@article {pmid38641562, year = {2024}, author = {Covre, LS and Atkinson, TH and Johnson, AJ and Flechtmann, CAH}, title = {Introduction and establishment of Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Brazil.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toae081}, pmid = {38641562}, issn = {1938-291X}, support = {//National Science Foundation/ ; //US Forest Service/ ; //USDA Aphis/ ; //FDACS-Division of Plant Industry/ ; }, abstract = {Euwallacea fornicatus is an invasive tree pest able to infest healthy plants and cause damage to many host plants. This beetle has become established in several countries where it was introduced. It has now become established in Brazil, and while the original introduction site remains uncertain, there is a possibility of multiple introductions. We report the first evidence for the establishment of E. fornicatus with molecular confirmation, as well as its distribution, and host plants in Brazil. Euwallacea fornicatus has spread to main commercial avocado groves, other monocultures, and native vegetation in the country, and its pest status puts it as a threat, mainly to Brazilian avocado producers.}, }
@article {pmid38638363, year = {2024}, author = {Peter, N and Schantz, AV and Dörge, DD and Steinhoff, A and Cunze, S and Skaljic, A and Klimpel, S}, title = {Evidence of predation pressure on sensitive species by raccoons based on parasitological studies.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {24}, number = {}, pages = {100935}, pmid = {38638363}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {To demonstrate predation and potential impacts of raccoons on various species, a total of 108 raccoons from aquatic-associated nature reserves and natural areas in three federal states of Germany, Hesse (n = 36), Saxony-Anhalt (n = 36) and Brandenburg (n = 36), were investigated from a dietary ecological perspective in the present study. Fecal analyses and stomach content examinations were conducted for this purpose. Additionally, as a supplementary method for analyzing the dietary spectrum of raccoons, the parasite fauna was considered, as metazoan parasites, in particular, can serve as indicators for the species and origin of food organisms. While stomach content analyses allow for a detailed recording of trophic relationships solely at the time of sampling, parasitological examinations enable inferences about more distant interaction processes. With their different developmental stages and heteroxenous life cycles involving specific, sometimes obligate, intermediate hosts, they utilize the food web to reach their definitive host. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that spawning areas of amphibians and reptiles were predominantly utilized as food resources by raccoons in the study areas. Thus, common toad (Bufo bufo), common newt (Lissotriton vulgaris), grass frog (Rana temporaria), and grass snake (Natrix natrix) were identified as food organisms for raccoons. The detection of the parasite species Euryhelmis squamula, Isthmiophora melis, and Physocephalus sexalatus with partially high infestation rates also suggests that both amphibians and reptiles belong to the established dietary components of raccoons from an ecological perspective, as amphibians and reptiles are obligate intermediate hosts in the respective parasitic life cycles of the detected parasites. The study clearly demonstrates that raccoons have a significant impact on occurrence-sensitive animal species in certain areas and, as an invasive species, can exert a negative influence on native species and ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid38638064, year = {2024}, author = {Kinsley, AC and Kao, SZ and Enns, EA and Escobar, LE and Qiao, H and Snellgrove, N and Muellner, U and Muellner, P and Muthukrishnan, R and Craft, ME and Larkin, DJ and Phelps, NBD}, title = {Modeling the risk of aquatic species invasion spread through boater movements and river connections.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e14260}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.14260}, pmid = {38638064}, issn = {1523-1739}, support = {//Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources/ ; }, abstract = {Aquatic invasive species (AIS) are one of the greatest threats to the functioning of aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Once an invasive species has been introduced to a new region, many governments develop management strategies to reduce further spread. Nevertheless, managing AIS in a new region is challenging because of the vast areas that need protection and limited resources. Spatial heterogeneity in invasion risk is driven by environmental suitability and propagule pressure, which can be used to prioritize locations for surveillance and intervention activities. To better understand invasion risk across aquatic landscapes, we developed a simulation model to estimate the likelihood of a waterbody becoming invaded with an AIS. The model included waterbodies connected via a multilayer network that included boater movements and hydrological connections. In a case study of Minnesota, we used zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and starry stonewort (Nitellopsis obtusa) as model species. We simulated the impacts of management scenarios developed by stakeholders and created a decision-support tool available through an online application provided as part of the AIS Explorer dashboard. Our baseline model revealed that 89% of new zebra mussel invasions and 84% of new starry stonewort invasions occurred through boater movements, establishing it as a primary pathway of spread and offering insights beyond risk estimates generated by traditional environmental suitability models alone. Our results highlight the critical role of interventions applied to boater movements to reduce AIS dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid38632991, year = {2024}, author = {Banerjee, AK and Feng, H and Bhowmick, AR and Peng, H and Liang, X and Yin, M and Duan, F and Yan, Y and Huang, Y}, title = {Alien flora are accumulating steadily in China over the last 80 years.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {109552}, pmid = {38632991}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {New alien species are increasingly introduced and established outside their native range. The knowledge of the spatiotemporal dynamics of their accumulation and the factors determining their residence time in the introduced range is critical for proactive management, especially in emerging economies. Based on a comprehensive time series dataset of 721 alien angiosperms in China, we show that new alien flora has been accumulating steadily in China, particularly in the coastal regions, for the last 80 years without saturation. The ability to occupy a large number of habitats facilitates the early introduction of alien flora, whereas a large naturalized range, greater number of uses, and multiple introduction pathways directly contribute to their naturalization and invasion. The temporal pattern is predicted to remain consistent in the foreseeable future. We propose upgrading the country's biosecurity infrastructure based on a standardized risk assessment framework to safeguard the country from ongoing and future invasions.}, }
@article {pmid38629795, year = {2024}, author = {Zhang, X and Li, Z and Ren, L and Liu, X and Zeng, T and Tao, J}, title = {Detection and Recognition of the Invasive species, Hylurgus ligniperda, in Traps, Based on a Cascaded Convolution Neural Network.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.8126}, pmid = {38629795}, issn = {1526-4998}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hylurgus ligniperda, an invasive species originating from Eurasia, is now a major forestry quarantine pest worldwide. In recent years, it has caused significant damage in China. While traps have been effective in monitoring and controlling pests, manual inspections are labor-intensive and require expertise in insect classification. To address this, we applied a two-stage cascade convolutional neural network, YOLOX-MobileNetV2 (YOLOX-Mnet), for identifying H. ligniperda and other pests captured in traps. This method streamlines target and non-target insect detection from trap images, offering a more efficient alternative to manual inspections.<br><br>RESULTS: Two cascade convolutional neural network models were employed in two stages to detect both target and non-target insects from images captured in the same forest. Initially, You Only Look Once X (YOLOX) served as the target detection model, identifying insects and non-insects from the collected images, with non-insect targets subsequently filtered out. In the second stage, MobileNetV2, a classification network, classified the captured insects. This approach effectively reduced false positives from non-insect objects, enabled the inclusion of additional classification terms for multi-class insect classification models, and utilized sample control strategies to enhance classification performance.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Application of the cascade convolutional neural network model accurately identified H. ligniperda, and Mean F1-score of all kinds of insects in the trap was 0.98. Compared to traditional insect classification, this method offers great improvement in the identification and early warning of forest pests, as well as provide technical support for the early prevention and control of forest pests. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid38629131, year = {2024}, author = {Reginato, M and Ordónez-Parra, CA and Messeder, JVS and Brito, VLG and Dellinger, A and Kriebel, R and Marra, C and Melo, L and Cornelissen, T and Fuzessy, L and Sperotto, P and Calderón-Hernández, M and Guerra, TJ and Kopper, C and Mancipe-Murillo, C and Pizo, MA and Posada-Herrera, JM and Hasui, &#xc9; and Silva, WR and Silveira, FAO}, title = {MelastomaTRAITs 1.0: A database of functional traits in Melastomataceae, a large pantropical angiosperm family.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e4308}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.4308}, pmid = {38629131}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; FWF P-30669 T-1186//Austrian Science Fund/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais/ ; //Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; //Fulbright Association/ ; }, abstract = {The recent availability of open-access repositories of functional traits has revolutionized trait-based approaches in ecology and evolution. Nevertheless, the underrepresentation of tropical regions and lineages remains a pervasive bias in plant functional trait databases, which constrains large-scale assessments of plant ecology, evolution, and biogeography. Here, we present MelastomaTRAITs 1.0, a comprehensive and updatable database of functional traits for the pantropical Melastomataceae, the ninth-largest angiosperm family with 177 genera and more than 5800 species. Melastomataceae encompass species with a wide diversity of growth forms (herbs, shrubs, trees, epiphytes, and woody climbers), habitats (including tropical forests, savannas, grasslands, and wetlands from sea level to montane areas above the treeline), ecological strategies (from pioneer, edge-adapted and invasive species to shade-tolerant understory species), geographic distribution (from microendemic to continental-wide distribution), reproductive, pollination, and seed dispersal systems. MelastomaTRAITs builds on 581 references, such as taxonomic monographs, ecological research, and unpublished data, and includes four whole-plant traits, six leaf traits, 11 flower traits, 18 fruit traits, and 27 seed traits for 2520 species distributed in 144 genera across all 21 tribes. Most data come from the Neotropics where the family is most species-rich. Miconieae (the largest tribe) contains the highest number of trait records (49.6%) and species (41.1%) records. The trait types with the most information in the database were whole-plant traits, flowers, and leaf traits. With the breadth of functional traits recorded, our database helps to fill a gap in information for tropical plants and will significantly improve our capacity for large-scale trait-based syntheses across levels of organization, plant-animal interactions, regeneration ecology, and thereby support conservation and restoration programs. There are no copyright restrictions on the dataset; please cite this data paper when reusing the data.}, }
@article {pmid38628870, year = {2024}, author = {Jeevannavar, A and Narwani, A and Matthews, B and Spaak, P and Brantschen, J and Mächler, E and Altermatt, F and Tamminen, M}, title = {Foundation species stabilize an alternative eutrophic state in nutrient-disturbed ponds via selection on microbial community.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1310374}, pmid = {38628870}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Eutrophication due to nutrient addition can result in major alterations in aquatic ecosystem productivity. Foundation species, individually and interactively, whether present as invasive species or as instruments of ecosystem management and restoration, can have unwanted effects like stabilizing turbid eutrophic states. In this study, we used whole-pond experimental manipulations to investigate the impacts of disturbance by nutrient additions in the presence and absence of two foundation species: Dreissena polymorpha (a freshwater mussel) and Myriophyllum spicatum (a macrophyte). We tracked how nutrient additions to ponds changed the prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities, using 16S, 18S, and COI amplicon sequencing. The nutrient disturbance and foundation species imposed strong selection on the prokaryotic communities, but not on the microbial eukaryotic communities. The prokaryotic communities changed increasingly over time as the nutrient disturbance intensified. Post-disturbance, the foundation species stabilized the prokaryotic communities as observed by the reduced rate of change in community composition. Our analysis suggests that prokaryotic community change contributed both directly and indirectly to major changes in ecosystem properties, including pH and dissolved oxygen. Our work shows that nutrient disturbance and foundation species strongly affect the prokaryotic community composition and stability, and that the presence of foundation species can, in some cases, promote the emergence and persistence of a turbid eutrophic ecosystem state.}, }
@article {pmid38628453, year = {2024}, author = {Sousa, MA and Lamelas-López, L and Elias, RB and Gabriel, R and Borges, PAV}, title = {A multitaxa approach to biodiversity inventory in Matela protected area (Terceira, Azores, Portugal).}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {e121884}, pmid = {38628453}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: This manuscript is the first contribution of the project, "Matela - uma ilha de biodiversidade" ("Matela - an island of biodiversity"), that aims to restore the native vegetation within the Azorean Protected Area of the Terceira Island Nature Park known as the "Protected Area for the Management of Habitats or Species of Matela" (TER08), situated on Terceira Island, the Azores Archipelago, Portugal. This small fragment of native forest, positioned at a low-medium altitude (300-400 m a.s.l.), is facing some conservation impacts as a consequence of the spread of different invasive exotic plant species, mainly Pittosporumundulatum, Rubusulmifolius and Hedychiumgardnerianum. The database we present encompasses diverse taxonomic groups, including bryophytes, vascular plants, arthropods, birds and mammals. It is derived from intensive sampling campaigns conducted in 2022, but some data from a previous vascular plant survey in 2015 were also included. The objective of this study was to provide an updated inventory of bryophytes, vascular plants, arthropods, birds and mammals within this protected area. In this way we are providing the reference conditions necessary for the monitoring of the impacts of the current ongoing restoration efforts within the project "Matela - an island of biodiversity". Whenever feasible, the present inventory is juxtaposed with historical data from previous surveys conducted in Matela.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: In the realm of bryophytes, our analysis revealed the presence of 75 taxa, comprising 44 mosses and 32 liverworts. Amongst these, 71 were indigenous, while three remained indeterminate and one, Campylopusintroflexus, was identified as invasive. A comparison with previous historical data revealed a decrease in species richness, which was partially counterbalanced by the discovery of 23 new recorded species in the area.Regarding vascular plants, we distinguished 54 species, comprising 28 indigenous and 26 introduced taxa. Almost 80% of the inventoried species (n = 43) were newly documented in Matela.The study of arthropods encompassed a total of 103 taxa. Within the realm of soil arthropods, we documented eight indigenous and 25 introduced taxa, witnessing the disappearance of endemic species alongside a substantial increase in introduced ones between 2002 and 2022. Canopy arthropods, totalling 36 indigenous and 18 introduced taxa, exhibited few changes when compared with data from 2002. SLAM traps captured 24 indigenous and 15 introduced arthropod taxa and no historical data are available for comparison.As for avian species, we noted 12 indigenous birds and one introduced species, confirming the presence of most of the historical recorded native species.The mammalian census revealed eight introduced species, setting new precedents for Matela, alongside the identification of one endemic species: the Azorean endemic bat Nyctalusazoreum.}, }
@article {pmid38628146, year = {2024}, author = {Lundgren, EJ and Wallach, AD and Svenning, JC and Schlaepfer, MA and Andersson, ALA and Ramp, D}, title = {Preventing extinction in an age of species migration and planetary change.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e14270}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.14270}, pmid = {38628146}, issn = {1523-1739}, support = {16549//Daniel National Research Foundation/ ; 16549//Villum Funden/ ; FT210100243//Australian&#xa0;Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {International and national conservation policies almost exclusively focus on conserving species in their historic native ranges, thus excluding species that have been introduced by people and some of those that have extended their ranges on their own accord. Given that many of such migrants are threatened in their native ranges, conservation goals that explicitly exclude these populations may overlook opportunities to prevent extinctions and respond dynamically to rapidly changing environmental and climatic conditions. Focusing on terrestrial mammals, we quantified the number of threatened mammals that have established new populations through assisted migration (i.e., introduction). We devised 4 alternative scenarios for the inclusion of assisted-migrant populations in mainstream conservation policy with the aim of preventing global species extinctions. We then used spatial prioritization algorithms to simulate how these scenarios could change global spatial conservation priorities. We found that 22% (70 species out of 265) of all identified assisted-migrant mammals were threatened in their native ranges, mirroring the 25% of all mammals that are threatened. Reassessing global threat statuses by combining native and migrant ranges reduced the threat status of 23 species (∼33% of threatened assisted migrants). Thus, including migrant populations in threat assessments provides a more accurate assessment of actual global extinction risk among species. Spatial prioritization simulations showed that reimagining the role of assisted-migrant populations in preventing species extinction could increase the importance of overlooked landscapes, particularly in central Australia, Europe, and the southwestern United States. Our results indicated that these various and nonexhaustive ways to consider assisted-migrant populations, with due consideration of potential conservation conflicts with resident taxa, may provide unprecedented opportunities to prevent species extinctions.}, }
@article {pmid38467214, year = {2024}, author = {Tang, YH and Bi, SY and Wang, XD and Ji, SX and Huang, C and Zhang, GF and Guo, JY and Yang, NW and Ma, DF and Wan, FH and Lü, ZC and Liu, WX}, title = {Opsin mutants alter host plant selection by color vision in the nocturnal invasive pest Tuta absoluta.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {265}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {130636}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130636}, pmid = {38467214}, issn = {1879-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; Opsins/genetics/metabolism ; *Color Vision ; Introduced Species ; *Moths/genetics/metabolism ; Insecta/metabolism ; }, abstract = {In insects, vision is crucial in finding host plants, but its role in nocturnal insects is largely unknown. Vision involves responses to specific spectra of photon wavelengths and opsins plays an important role in this process. Long-wavelength sensitive opsin (LW opsin) and blue-sensitive opsin (BL opsin) are main visual opsin proteins and play important in behavior regulation.We used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to mutate the long-wavelength-sensitive and blue wavelength-sensitive genes and explored the role of vision in the nocturnal invasive pest Tuta absoluta. Light wave experiments revealed that LW2[(-/-)] and BL[(-/-)] mutants showed abnormal wavelength tropism. Both LW2 and BL mutations affected the preference of T. absoluta for the green environment. Mutations in LW2 and BL are necessary to inhibit visual attraction. The elimination of LW2 and BL affected the preference of leaf moths for green plants, and mutations in both induced a preference in moths for white plants. Behavioral changes resulting from LW2[(-/-)] and BL[(-/-)] mutants were not affected by sense of smell, further supporting the regulatory role of vision in insect behavior. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal that vision, not smell, plays an important role in the host-seeking behavior of nocturnal insects at night, of which LW2 and BL opsins are key regulatory factors. These study findings will drive the development of the "vision-ecology" theory.}, }
@article {pmid38461991, year = {2024}, author = {Chen, W and Zhang, W and Qiu, Y and Shu, Z and Liu, JE and Zhang, X and Waqas, K and Song, G}, title = {How does exotic Spartina alterniflora affect the contribution of iron-bound organic carbon to soil organic carbon in salt marshes?.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {926}, number = {}, pages = {171605}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171605}, pmid = {38461991}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Soil/chemistry ; *Wetlands ; Ecosystem ; Carbon/analysis ; Iron ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae/physiology ; Oxides ; China ; *Ferric Compounds ; }, abstract = {Iron-bound organic carbon (OC-FeR) is important for the stability of soil organic carbon (SOC) in salt marshes, and the Spartina alterniflora invasion reshaped local salt marshes and changed the SOC pool. To evaluate the effects of S. alterniflora invasion on the contribution of OC-FeR to SOC, we determined the OC-FeR content and soil characteristics in the 0-50 cm soil profile along the vegetation sequence, including mudflats (MF), S. alterniflora marshes established in 2003 (SA03) and 1989 (SA89), the ecotone of S. alterniflora and Phragmites australis (SE), S. salsa marsh (SS), and P. australis marsh (PA). The SOC content was 6.55-17.5 mg g[-1] in the S. alterniflora marshes. Reactive iron oxides (Fed, Feo, Fep) accumulated significantly in the S. alterniflora and P. australis salt marshes. PA and S. alterniflora marshes had higher DOC contents of 0.28-0.77 mg g[-1]. The OC-FeR content in the 0-50 cm soil profile in these ecosystems ranged from 0.3 to 3.29 mg g[-1], with a contribution to the SOC content (fOC-FeR) of approximately 11 %, which was highest in SA03 (16.3 % ~ 18.8 %), followed by SA89, SE, and PA. In addition, the molar ratios of OC-FeR to Fed were <1, indicating that the iron oxides were associated with SOC through sorption more than coprecipitation. According to the structural equation model, SOC, DOC and iron oxides were the direct driving factors of OC-FeR formation, while the vegetation zone indirectly functioned by regulating organic C inputs, iron oxide formation, and pH. This study suggested that S. alterniflora invasion promotes iron-bound organic carbon accumulation by increasing organic C inputs and regulating iron oxide formation in salt marshes, but such promotion will degenerate with development duration.}, }
@article {pmid38236322, year = {2024}, author = {Lantschner, V and Gomez, DF and Vilardo, G and Stazione, L and Ramos, S and Eskiviski, E and Fachinetti, R and Schiappacassi, M and Vallejos, N and Germano, M and Villacide, J and Grilli, MP and Martinez, G and Ahumada, R and Estay, SA and Dumois, I and Corley, J}, title = {Distribution, Invasion History, and Ecology of Non-native Pine Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Southern South America.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {53}, number = {2}, pages = {351-363}, pmid = {38236322}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {PICT 2019-235//Foncyt/ ; PIP 11220200100764CO//CONICET/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Weevils ; *Coleoptera ; Commerce ; Plant Bark ; Internationality ; *Pinus ; Introduced Species ; Chile ; }, abstract = {The growth of international trade, coupled with an expansion of large-scale pine plantations in South America during the second half of the twentieth century, has significantly increased the opportunities for the invasion of forest insects. Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) are a large and diverse group of insects, commonly recognized as one of the most important tree mortality agents in coniferous forests worldwide and an important group among invasive forest species. In this study, we combined data from field sampling with published records of established non-native pine bark beetles, to describe their distribution and invasion history in pine plantations across southern South America, reviewing the available information on their phenology and host range. We obtained records of established populations of six Eurasian species distributed in two major regions: the southwest region comprises plantations in Chile and the Argentine Patagonia, with four bark beetle species: Hylastes ater, Hylastes linearis, Hylurgus ligniperda, and Orthotomicus laricis; the northeastern zone includes northeastern Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil, and includes three bark beetle species: Cyrtogenius luteus, H. ligniperda, and O. erosus. The establishment of non-native populations across the study area began in the 1950s, and from the 1980s onwards, there has been an exponential increase in introductions. We predict that several of these species will continue spreading across South America and that new species will continue arriving. We highlight the importance of international collaboration for early detection and management of non-native pine bark beetles.}, }
@article {pmid38228819, year = {2024}, author = {Reche, VA and Buonocore Biancheri, MJ and Cao, LM and Del Carmen Suárez, L and Ovruski, SM and Kirschbaum, DS and Garcia, FRM and Gallardo, FE}, title = {Survey on Drosophila suzukii and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Tephritidae) and Associated Eucoilinae Species (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) in Northwestern Argentina. First Record of Dicerataspis grenadensis and Leptopilina boulardi as Parasitoids of D. suzukii.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {53}, number = {2}, pages = {200-215}, pmid = {38228819}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {PICT 2020-01050//Fondo para la Investigaci&#xf3;n Cient&#xed;fica y Tecnol&#xf3;gica/ ; PICT 2017-0512//Fondo para la Investigaci&#xf3;n Cient&#xed;fica y Tecnol&#xf3;gica/ ; #311896/2021-9//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Drosophila ; *Tephritidae ; *Hymenoptera/physiology ; *Ceratitis capitata ; Argentina ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The Southeast Asian-native Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), also known as "spotted-wing Drosophila," is one of the most globally invasive agricultural species. Although D. suzukii is a pest spread throughout all the Argentinian fruit-growing regions, few information has been published on its impact on local fruit production. Parasitoid species associated with D. suzukii in Argentina belong to Pteromalidae (Chalcidoidea), Diapriidae (Diaprioidea), both attacking host pupae, and Figitidae (Cynipoidea), which attack host larvae. Nine Eucoilinae (Figitidae) species, belonging to Dicerataspis, Dieucoila, Euxestophaga, Ganaspis, Hexacola, and Leptopilina genera, have been associated with D. suzukii in Argentina. Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), commonly known as "medfly," is native to Africa and has a worldwide distribution, covering many tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. In Argentina, C. capitata has been associated with several native hymenopterous parasitoids belonging to Braconidae (Ichneumonioidea), Eulophidae (Chalcidoidea), Pteromalidae, Diapriidae, and Figitidae families. Only two eucoline species, Ganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes) and Leptopilina haywardi (Blanchard) have been related to medfly in Argentina. We report new trophic associations between the parasitoids Dicerataspis grenadensis Ashmead and Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carton and Kelner-Pillault) and D. suzukii, and between the parasitoid Odontosema albinerve Kieffer and C. capitata, after surveys conducted in Tucumán, northwestern Argentina. An annotated checklist and a taxonomic key of Eucoilinae associated with both invasive pests, in Argentina, are also provided.}, }
@article {pmid38625892, year = {2024}, author = {Baek, S and Lee, G and Park, CG}, title = {Damage analysis of Pochazia shantungensis (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae) in persimmons.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, pages = {e0301471}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0301471}, pmid = {38625892}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {An invasive species, Pochazia shantungensis (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae), causes serious economic damage to fruit trees. In Korea, this pest is mainly managed using chemical insecticides. However, the management timing and insecticides for P. shantungensis negatively affect honeybee populations. Thus, this study estimated the decision-making level for P. shantungensis in persimmons to decrease insecticide application and increase management efficiency. We determined which developmental stage (i.e., egg, nymph, and adult) affected the damage-related factors (numbers of new shoots and fruit formations, and harvest amount) of persimmons using both spatial analyses and linear relationships. The distribution of P. shantungensis eggs was spatially correlated with the one of persimmon fruit number. However, we did not find any linear relationships between the densities of P. shantungensis eggs and damage-related factors of persimmons. Instead, we found that the density of P. shantungensis correlated with the death of oviposited branches. From the developed model of branch death possibility based on egg mass density, 5.75 egg masses per newly developed branch were proposed as the decision-making level. The findings would help increase the efficiency of P. shantungensis management in persimmon orchards and develop decision-making levels for other insects.}, }
@article {pmid38624075, year = {2024}, author = {Dondina, O and Orioli, V and Tirozzi, P and Bani, L}, title = {Estimating risk to prevent damage: predicting and preventing coypu (Myocastor coypus) damage to transport infrastructure.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.8128}, pmid = {38624075}, issn = {1526-4998}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A major impact of the invasive Myocastor coypus in the introduction range is the collapse of riverbanks and nearby infrastructure, such as railway lines, due to the species' burrowing activities. As the ubiquitous implementation of preventive measures along watercourses is unfeasible, identifying susceptible areas is key to guide targeted management actions. This study used species-habitat models to (i) identify the local environmental features of the railway line/watercourse intersections (RLWIs) that make them particularly susceptible to coypu damage, and (ii) predict species occurrence probability in a wide lowland-hilly area of northern Italy (Lombardy) to identify priority areas for monitoring.<br><br>RESULTS: The local scale models stressed that the RLWIs most susceptible to burrowing were those surrounded by arable lands with interspersed hedgerows locally characterized by high herbaceous vegetation and clay soil. In urbanized and intensive agricultural areas coypu dens were generally located significantly closer to the railway, increasing the collapse risk. The landscape-scale species distribution model showed that lowland areas located along major rivers and lake shores, but also agricultural areas with a dense minor hydrographic network especially in the southeast of the study area, are more likely occupied by the species.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The local scale models shown that specific environmental characteristics increase the risk of burrowing near RLWIs. The landscape scale model allowed predicting which areas require thorough monitoring of RLWIs in search of such local characteristics to implement preventive management measures. The proposed model-based framework can be applied to any geographical context to predict and prevent coypu damages. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid38623521, year = {2024}, author = {Čuda, J and Pyšková, K and Hejda, M and Foxcroft, LC and MacFadyen, S and Storch, D and Tropek, R and Zambatis, G and Pyšek, P}, title = {Habitat modifies the relationship between grass and herbivore species richness in a South African savanna.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {e11167}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.11167}, pmid = {38623521}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The savanna ecosystem is dominated by grasses, which are a key food source for many species of grazing animals. This relationship creates a diverse mosaic of habitats and contributes to the high grass species richness of savannas. However, how grazing interacts with environmental conditions in determining grass species richness and abundance in savannas is still insufficiently understood. In the Kruger National Park, South Africa, we recorded grass species and estimated their covers in 60 plots 50 × 50 m in size, accounting for varying proximity to water and different bedrocks. To achieve this, we located plots (i) near perennial rivers, near seasonal rivers, and on crests that are distant from all water sources and (ii) on nutrient-rich basaltic and nutrient-poor granitic bedrock. The presence and abundance of large herbivores were recorded by 60 camera traps located in the same plots. Grass cover was higher at crests and seasonal rivers than at perennial rivers and on basalts than on granites. The relationship between grass species richness and herbivore abundance or species richness was positive at crests, while that between grass species richness and herbivore species richness was negative at seasonal rivers. We found no support for controlling the dominance of grasses by herbivores in crests, but herbivore-induced microsite heterogeneity may account for high grass species richness there. In contrast, the decrease in grass species richness with herbivore species richness at seasonal rivers indicates that the strong grazing pressure over-rides the resistance of some species to grazing and trampling. We suggest that the relationships between grasses and herbivores may work in both directions, but the relationship is habitat-dependent, so that in less productive environments, the effect of herbivores on vegetation prevails, while in more productive environments along rivers the effect of vegetation and water supply on herbivores is more important.}, }
@article {pmid38616044, year = {2024}, author = {Hernández-Teixidor, D and Duarte, S and Taheri, A and Borges, PAV and Nunes, L}, title = {Molecular identification of the invasive subterranean termite Reticulitermes grassei (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) outside its known distribution: introduction routes and implications for pest management strategies.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toae071}, pmid = {38616044}, issn = {1938-291X}, support = {FCT-PTDC/BIABIC/0054/2014//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; M1.1.A/FUNC.UI&amp;D/010/2021-2024//DRCT Pluriannual Funding/ ; //Portal da Biodiversidade dos A&#xe7;ores - PO Azores Project/ ; //M1.1.A/INFRAEST CIENT/001/2022 (2022-2023)/ ; //Cabildo de Tenerife/ ; }, abstract = {Despite providing important ecosystem services, termites are also serious pests of wooden structures. Termites are highly adaptive organisms that cause concern as an invasive species. Predictions of the future spread of their distribution range due to factors such as climate change, urban growth, and global trade present new challenges to our capacity to protect our wood and wood-based materials and structures effectively. Reticulitermes grassei Clément, 1978 (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) is a subterranean termite native to the Iberian Peninsula and France, whose global distribution has widened over recent years. This article updates the distribution range of this species, confirming its identification in the Azores, Madeira, and Morocco through molecular analysis. The origin and consequences of these putative invasive populations are discussed in light of previously available data. The resulting network showed a highly structured base consisting of many haplotypes from the southern and southwestern Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), including those from Morocco (in natural landscapes) and Switzerland (in infrastructures). The more derived part of the network includes the haplotypes from southwest France, the northwest Iberian Peninsula, the United Kingdom, Azores, and Madeira, the last 3 being linked probably to human-mediated transportation events. The potential impacts of invasive subterranean termite populations expanding into new regions are concerning, especially in urban environments, and remain uncertain in natural areas. The challenges posed by these termites could be especially worrying in island ecosystems. Hence, it is crucial to implement early warning systems and monitoring programs in regions susceptible to subterranean termite invasions.}, }
@article {pmid38615656, year = {2024}, author = {Peš, T and Straková, B and Kratochvíl, L}, title = {Environmental (and random?) sex determination in endangered and invasive Phelsuma geckos.}, journal = {Sexual development : genetics, molecular biology, evolution, endocrinology, embryology, and pathology of sex determination and differentiation}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1159/000538906}, pmid = {38615656}, issn = {1661-5433}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Sex is a fundamental characteristic of an individual. It is therefore puzzling why in some systems sex is precisely determined by a genotype, while in others it is influenced by the environment or even subtle, not to say random, factors. Some stochasticity in sex determination would be expected if environmental conditions did not have a large sex-specific effect on fitness. Although data are only available for a small fraction of species, geckos show exceptional variability in sex determination.<br><br>METHODS: We tested the effects of three incubation temperatures on sex ratio and adult body size in the invasive gecko Phelsuma laticauda and the vulnerable gecko Phelsuma nigristriata.<br><br>RESULTS: We document temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) in both species. Only females hatched at a low temperature (24 &#xb0;C), whereas male production peaked at an intermediate temperature (29 &#xb0;C) and declined, at least in P. laticauda, again at the highest temperature (31 &#xb0;C). Interestingly, full siblings hatched from eggs glued together during the incubation at temperatures producing both sexes are often of the opposite sex. We found no significant effect of incubation temperature on adult body length.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Documentation of TSD in the day geckos has implications for conservation practice in environmental management of endangered species or eradication of invasive species. However, it appears that a very subtle (random?) factor may also be involved in their sex determination. In line with this, we found no significant effect of incubation temperature on adult body length, suggesting that, at least in this trait, there is no strong selection against producing females at "male" temperatures.}, }
@article {pmid38614293, year = {2024}, author = {Salti, B and Atkinson, SD and Brekhman, V and Smirnov, M and Lotan, T}, title = {Exotic myxozoan parasites establish complex life cycles in farm pond aquaculture.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108105}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2024.108105}, pmid = {38614293}, issn = {1096-0805}, abstract = {Myxozoans are obligate parasites with complex life cycles, typically infecting fish and annelids. Here, we examined annelids from fish farm pond sediments in the Beit Shean Valley, in the Syrian-African Rift Valley, Israel, for myxozoan infections. We examined 1486 oligochaetes, and found 74 (5 %) were infected with actinospore stages. We used mitochondrial 16S sequencing to infer identity of 25 infected annelids as species of Potamothrix, Psammoryctides, Tubifex and Dero. We identified 7 myxozoan types from collective groups Neoactinomyxum and Sphaeractinomyxon, and characterized them by small subunit ribosomal DNA sequencing. The Neoactinomyxum type was genetically most similar (∼93 %) to cyprinid fish-infecting Myxobolus spp. The six Sphaeractinomyxon types were genetically similar (93-100 %) to Mugilid-infecting Myxobolus spp.; with one being the previously unknown actinospore stage of a myxospore that infects mullet from aquaculture from the Israeli coast of the Mediterranean Sea. As the farm pond system is artificial and geographically isolated from the Mediterranean, the presence of at least seven myxozoans in their annelid hosts demonstrates introduction and establishment of these parasites in a novel, brackish environment.}, }
@article {pmid38613235, year = {2024}, author = {Thomas, SM and Verhoeven, MR and Walsh, JR and Larkin, DJ and Hansen, GJA}, title = {Improving species distribution forecasts by measuring and communicating uncertainty: An invasive species case study.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e4297}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.4297}, pmid = {38613235}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {//Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center and the State of Minnesota (MAISRC)/ ; //Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR)/ ; }, abstract = {Forecasting invasion risk under future climate conditions is critical for the effective management of invasive species, and species distribution models (SDMs) are key tools for doing so. However, SDM-based forecasts are uncertain, especially when correlative statistical models extrapolate to nonanalog environmental domains, such as future climate conditions. Different assumptions about the functional form of the temperature-suitability relationship can impact predicted habitat suitability under novel conditions. Hence, methods to understand the sources of uncertainty are critical when applying SDMs. Here, we use high-resolution predictions of lake water temperatures to project changes in habitat suitability under future climate conditions for an invasive macrophyte (Myriophyllym spicatum). Future suitability was predicted using five global circulation models and three statistical models that assumed different species-temperature functional responses. The suitability of lakes for M. spicatum was overall predicted to increase under future climate conditions, but the magnitude and direction of change in suitability varied greatly among lakes. Variability was most pronounced for lakes under nonanalog temperature conditions, indicating that predictions for these lakes remained highly uncertain. Integrating predictions from SDMs that differ in their species-environment response function, while explicitly quantifying uncertainty across analog and nonanalog domains, can provide a more robust and useful approach to forecasting invasive species distribution under climate change.}, }
@article {pmid38611543, year = {2024}, author = {Van der Cruysse, L and De Cock, A and Lock, K and Boets, P and Goethals, PLM}, title = {Introduction of Native Submerged Macrophytes to Restore Biodiversity in Streams.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants13071014}, pmid = {38611543}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Streams are biodiversity hotspots that provide numerous ecosystem services. Safeguarding this biodiversity is crucial to uphold sustainable ecosystem functioning and to ensure the continuation of these ecosystem services in the future. However, in recent decades, streams have witnessed a disproportionate decline in biodiversity compared to other ecosystems, and are currently considered among the most threatened ecosystems worldwide. This is the result of the combined effect of a multitude of stressors. For freshwater systems in general, these have been classified into five main pressures: water pollution, overexploitation, habitat degradation and destruction, alien invasive species, and hydromorphological pressures. On top of these direct stressors, the effects of global processes like environmental and climate change must be considered. The intricate and interconnected nature of various stressors affecting streams has made it challenging to formulate effective policies and management strategies. As a result, restoration efforts have not always been successful in creating a large-scale shift towards a better ecological status. In order to achieve an improved status in these systems, situation-specific management strategies tailored to specific stressor combinations may be needed. In this paper, we examine the potential of introducing native submerged macrophyte species to advance the restoration of stream ecosystems. Through successful introductions, we anticipate positive ecological outcomes, including enhanced water quality and increased biodiversity. This research is significant, as the potential success in restoring stream biodiversity not only represents progress in ecological understanding but also offers valuable insights for future restoration and management strategies for these vital ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid38609398, year = {2024}, author = {Mowery, MA and Rosenwald, LC and Chapman, E and Lubin, Y and Segoli, M and Khoza, T and Lyle, R and White, JA}, title = {Endosymbiont diversity across native and invasive brown widow spider populations.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {8556}, pmid = {38609398}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {1953223//National Science Foundation/ ; 1020740//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {The invasive brown widow spider, Latrodectus geometricus (Araneae: Theridiidae), has spread in multiple locations around the world and, along with it, brought associated organisms such as endosymbionts. We investigated endosymbiont diversity and prevalence across putative native and invasive populations of this spider, predicting lower endosymbiont diversity across the invasive range compared to the native range. First, we characterized the microbial community in the putative native (South Africa) and invasive (Israel and the United States) ranges via high throughput 16S sequencing of 103 adult females. All specimens were dominated by reads from only 1-3 amplicon sequence variants (ASV), and most individuals were infected with an apparently uniform strain of Rhabdochlamydia. We also found Rhabdochlamydia in spider eggs, indicating that it is a maternally-inherited endosymbiont. Relatively few other ASV were detected, but included two variant Rhabdochlamydia strains and several Wolbachia, Spiroplasma and Enterobacteriaceae strains. We then diagnostically screened 118 adult female spiders from native and invasive populations specifically for Rhabdochlamydia and Wolbachia. We found Rhabdochlamydia in 86% of individuals and represented in all populations, which suggests that it is a consistent and potentially important associate of L. geometricus. Wolbachia was found at lower overall prevalence (14%) and was represented in all countries, but not all populations. In addition, we found evidence for geographic variation in endosymbiont prevalence: spiders from Israel were more likely to carry Rhabdochlamydia than those from the US and South Africa, and Wolbachia was geographically clustered in both Israel and South Africa. Characterizing endosymbiont prevalence and diversity is a first step in understanding their function inside the host and may shed light on the process of spread and population variability in cosmopolitan invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid38608990, year = {2024}, author = {Aparna,  and Kumar, V and Nautiyal, R}, title = {Box-Behnken design-based isolation and chemical characterization of lignocellulosic fiber from Pueraria montana for weed management.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {131479}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131479}, pmid = {38608990}, issn = {1879-0003}, abstract = {The huge demand for natural fibers necessitates the search for non-traditional bioresources including invasive species which are deteriorating the ecosystem and biodiversity. The study aims to utilize Pueraria montana weed for the extraction of lignocellulosic fiber using both traditional (water retting) and chemical extraction methods to determine the better extraction method. Chemically extracted fiber showed 17.09 g/tex bundle strength whereas water-extracted fiber showed 11.7 g/tex bundle strength. Therefore, chemical extraction method was chosen for fiber isolation by optimization of reaction conditions using Box Behnken Design. Based on the design, optimal conditions obtained were 1 % w/v NaOH, 0.75 % v/v H2O2, and 3 days retting time. Solid-state NMR illustrated the breakdown of hemicellulose linkages at 25.89 ppm. FTIR revealed the disappearance of CO groups of hemicellulose at 1742 cm[-1]. TGA demonstrated thermal stability of chemically treated fiber up to 220 °C and activation energy of 60.122 KJ/mol. XRD evidenced that chemically extracted fiber has a crystallinity index of 71.1 % and a crystal size of 2 nm. Thus P. montana weed holds potential for the isolation of natural fiber as its chemical composition and properties are comparable to commercial lignocellulosic fibers. The study exemplifies the transformation of weed to a bioresource of natural fibers.}, }
@article {pmid38604171, year = {2024}, author = {Hong, Y and Bie, L and Zhang, T and Yan, X and Jin, G and Chen, Z and Wang, Y and Li, X and Pei, G and Zhang, Y and Hong, Y and Gong, L and Li, P and Xie, W and Zhu, Y and Shen, X and Liu, N}, title = {SAFB restricts contact domain boundaries associated with L1 chimeric transcription.}, journal = {Molecular cell}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.molcel.2024.03.021}, pmid = {38604171}, issn = {1097-4164}, abstract = {Long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) comprises 17% of the human genome, continuously generates genetic variations, and causes disease in certain cases. However, the regulation and function of L1 remain poorly understood. Here, we uncover that L1 can enrich RNA polymerase IIs (RNA Pol IIs), express L1 chimeric transcripts, and create contact domain boundaries in human cells. This impact of L1 is restricted by a nuclear matrix protein scaffold attachment factor B (SAFB) that recognizes transcriptionally active L1s by binding L1 transcripts to inhibit RNA Pol II enrichment. Acute inhibition of RNA Pol II transcription abolishes the domain boundaries associated with L1 chimeric transcripts, indicating a transcription-dependent mechanism. Deleting L1 impairs domain boundary formation, and L1 insertions during evolution have introduced species-specific domain boundaries. Our data show that L1 can create RNA Pol II-enriched regions that alter genome organization and that SAFB regulates L1 and RNA Pol II activity to preserve gene regulation.}, }
@article {pmid38604116, year = {2024}, author = {Padilla, P and Herrel, A and Denoël, M}, title = {Invading new climates at what cost? Ontogenetic differences in the thermal dependence of metabolic rate in an invasive amphibian.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {121}, number = {}, pages = {103836}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103836}, pmid = {38604116}, issn = {0306-4565}, abstract = {Global warming can either promote or constrain the invasive potential of alien species. In ectotherm invaders that exhibit a complex life cycle, success is inherently dependent on the capacity of each developmental stage to cope with environmental change. This is particularly relevant for invasive anurans, which disperse on land while requiring water for reproduction. However, it remains unknown how the different life stages respond in terms of energy expenditure under different climate change scenarios. We here quantified the oxygen uptake of frogs at rest (a proxy of the standard metabolic rate) in the aquatic phase (at the tadpole and climax, i.e. during metamorphosis, stages) and in the terrestrial phase (metamorphosed stage) at three environmental temperatures. To do so, we used marsh frogs (Pelophylax ridibundus), an amphibian with the largest invasive range within the palearctic realm and for which their adaptation to global warming might be key to their invasion success. Beyond an increase of metabolic rate with temperature, our data show variation in thermal adaptation across life stages and a higher metabolic cost during metamorphosis. These results suggest that the cost to shift habitat and face changes in temperature may be a constraint on the invasive potential of species with a complex life cycle which may be particularly vulnerable during metamorphosis.}, }
@article {pmid38605078, year = {2024}, author = {Guerin, AJ and Weise, AM and Chu, JWF and Wilcox, MA and Greene, ES and Therriault, TW}, title = {High-resolution freshwater dissolved calcium and pH data layers for Canada and the United States.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {370}, pmid = {38605078}, issn = {2052-4463}, abstract = {Freshwater ecosystems are biologically important habitats that provide many ecosystem services. Calcium concentration and pH are two key variables that are linked to multiple chemical processes in these environments, influence the biology of organisms from diverse taxa, and can be important factors affecting the distribution of native and non-native species. However, it can be challenging to obtain high-resolution data for these variables at regional and national scales. To address this data gap, water quality data for lakes and rivers in Canada and the continental USA were compiled and used to generate high-resolution (10 × 10 km) interpolated raster layers, after comparing multiple spatial interpolation approaches. This is the first time that such data have been made available at this scale and resolution, providing a valuable resource for research, including projects evaluating risks from environmental change, pollution, and invasive species. This will aid the development of conservation and management strategies for these vital habitats.}, }
@article {pmid38605058, year = {2024}, author = {Pozsgai, G and Lhoumeau, S and Amorim, IR and Boieiro, M and Cardoso, P and Costa, R and Ferreira, MT and Leite, A and Malumbres-Olarte, J and Oyarzabal, G and Rigal, F and Ros-Prieto, A and Santos, AMC and Gabriel, R and Borges, PAV}, title = {The BALA project: A pioneering monitoring of Azorean forest invertebrates over two decades (1999-2022).}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {368}, pmid = {38605058}, issn = {2052-4463}, abstract = {Globally, there is a concerning decline in many insect populations, and this trend likely extends to all arthropods, potentially impacting unique island biota. Native non-endemic and endemic species on islands are under threat due to habitat destruction, with the introduction of exotic, and potentially invasive, species, further contributing to this decline. While long-term studies of plants and vertebrate fauna are available, long-term arthropod datasets are limited, hindering comparisons with better-studied taxa. The Biodiversity of Arthropods of the Laurisilva of the Azores (BALA) project has allowed gathering comprehensive data since 1997 in the Azorean Islands (Portugal), using standardised sampling methods across islands. The dataset includes arthropod counts from epigean (pitfall traps) and canopy-dwelling (beating samples) communities, enriched with species information, biogeographic origins, and IUCN categories. Metadata associated with the sample protocol and events, like sample identifier, archive number, sampled tree species, and trap type are also recorded. The database is available in multiple formats, including Darwin Core, which facilitates the ecological analysis of pressing environmental concerns, such as arthropod population declines and biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid38601057, year = {2024}, author = {Musese, LJ and Kitegile, AS and Kilawe, CJ}, title = {Ectoparasites of wild rodents in forest sites invaded and uninvaded by Maesopsis eminii in Amani nature forest reserve, Tanzania.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {24}, number = {}, pages = {100932}, pmid = {38601057}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {Parasites are important component of communities in a forest ecosystem with profound effects on trophic interactions such as food web. Modification of the forest structure (e.g. changes in species composition and abundance of key species) can have a strong impact on the occurrence, diversity, and abundance of parasites, with subsequent repercussions for ecosystem functioning. In this study, we compared the occurrence and abundance of wild rodents' ectoparasites from forest sites invaded and uninvaded by an invasive tree, Maesopsis eminii in Amani Nature Forest Reserve, Tanzania. Three large plots (40 m × 100 m) were randomly established in each forest sites invaded and uninvaded by M. eminii. In each plot, 50 Sherman traps were systematically placed at 10 m interval for capturing wild rodents through a capture-mark-recapture technique. Wilcox rank sum test was used to compare for differences in the abundance of infested rodents and ectoparasites between the invaded and uninvaded forest sites. A total of 297 individual rodents were captured and screened for ectoparasites, including 174 rodents from uninvaded forest site and 123 rodents from invaded forest site. The number of infested rodents were significantly (W = 8592, P < 0.001) greater in uninvaded forest site (66.27%) than in the invaded forest site (36.2%). Furthermore, a significant greater number of Echinolaelaps echidninus (W = 1849, P < 0.01) and Dinopsyllus ellobius (W = 2800.5, P < 0.05) ectoparasites were found in uninvaded as compared to the invaded forest sites. The results of this study suggest that the invasion and dominance by, M. eminii in Amani Nature Reserve has created unfavorable conditions for rodents and ectoparasites and therefore impacting the diversity and function of the forest ecosystem. We recommend prevention of further introduction of the M. eminii outside their natural range and mitigating the impact of the established M. eminii in Amani Forest Nature Reserve.}, }
@article {pmid38600958, year = {2024}, author = {Visagie, CM and Yilmaz, N and Kocsubé, S and Frisvad, JC and Hubka, V and Samson, RA and Houbraken, J}, title = {A review of recently introduced Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces and other Eurotiales species.}, journal = {Studies in mycology}, volume = {107}, number = {}, pages = {1-66}, pmid = {38600958}, issn = {0166-0616}, abstract = {The order Eurotiales is diverse and includes species that impact our daily lives in many ways. In the past, its taxonomy was difficult due to morphological similarities, which made accurate identification of species difficult. This situation improved and stabilised with recent taxonomic and nomenclatural revisions that modernised Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces. This was mainly due to the availability of curated accepted species lists and the publication of comprehensive DNA sequence reference datasets. This has also led to a sharp increase in the number of new species described each year with the accepted species lists in turn also needing regular updates. The focus of this study was to review the 160 species described between the last list of accepted species published in 2020 until 31 December 2022. To review these species, single-gene phylogenies were constructed and GCPSR (Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition) was applied. Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses were performed to further determine the relationships of the newly introduced species. As a result, we accepted 133 species (37 Aspergillus, two Paecilomyces, 59 Penicillium, two Rasamsonia, 32 Talaromyces and one Xerochrysium), synonymised 22, classified four as doubtful and created a new combination for Paraxerochrysium coryli, which is classified in Xerochrysium. This brings the number of accepted species to 453 for Aspergillus, 12 for Paecilomyces, 535 for Penicillium, 14 for Rasamsonia, 203 for Talaromyces and four for Xerochrysium. We accept the newly introduced section Tenues (in Talaromyces), and series Hainanici (in Aspergillus sect. Cavernicolarum) and Vascosobrinhoana (in Penicillium sect. Citrina). In addition, we validate the invalidly described species Aspergillus annui and A. saccharicola, and series Annuorum (in Aspergillus sect. Flavi), introduce a new combination for Dichlaena lentisci (type of the genus) and place it in a new section in Aspergillus subgenus Circumdati, provide an updated description for Rasamsonia oblata, and list excluded and recently synonymised species that were previously accepted. This study represents an important update of the accepted species lists in Eurotiales. Taxonomic novelties: New sections: Aspergillus section Dichlaena Visagie, Kocsubé &amp; Houbraken. New series: Aspergillus series Annuorum J.J. Silva, B.T. Iamanaka, Frisvad. New species: Aspergillus annui J.J. Silva, M.H.P. Fungaro, Frisvad, M.H. Taniwaki &amp; B.T. Iamanaka; Aspergillus saccharicola J.J. Silva, Frisvad, M.H.P. Fungaro, M.H. Taniwaki &amp; B.T. Iamanaka. New combinations: Aspergillus lentisci (Durieu &amp; Mont.) Visagie, Malloch, L. Kriegsteiner, Samson &amp; Houbraken; Xerochrysium coryli (Crous &amp; Decock) Visagie &amp; Houbraken. Citation: Visagie CM, Yilmaz N, Kocsubé S, Frisvad JC, Hubka V, Samson RA, Houbraken J (2024). A review of recently introduced Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces and other Eurotiales species. Studies in Mycology 107: 1-66. doi: 10.3114/sim.2024.107.01.}, }
@article {pmid38593850, year = {2024}, author = {Brett, MF and Strauss, P and van Wyk, K and Vaughan, IP and Memmott, J}, title = {Spillover effects from invasive Acacia alter the plant-pollinator networks and seed production of native plants.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {291}, number = {2020}, pages = {20232941}, pmid = {38593850}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Pollination ; *Acacia ; Australia ; Plants ; Seeds ; Insecta ; Flowers ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive flowering plants can disrupt plant-pollinator networks. This is well documented where invasives occur amongst native plants; however, the potential for 'spillover' effects of invasives that form stands in adjacent habitats are less well understood. Here we quantify the impact of two invasive Australian species, Acacia saligna and Acacia longifolia, on the plant-pollinator networks in fynbos habitats in South Africa. We compared networks from replicate 1 ha plots of native vegetation (n = 21) that were subjected to three treatments: (1) at least 400 m from flowering Acacia; (2) adjacent to flowering Acacia, or (3) adjacent to flowering Acacia where all Acacia flowers were manually removed. We found that native flowers adjacent to stands of flowering Acacia received significantly more insect visits, especially from beetles and Apis mellifera capensis, and that visitation was more generalized. We also recorded visitation to, and the seed set of, three native flowering species and found that two received more insect visits, but produced fewer seeds, when adjacent to flowering Acacia. Our research shows that 'spillover' effects of invasive Acacia can lead to significant changes in visitation and seed production of native co-flowering species in neighbouring habitats-a factor to be considered when managing invaded landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid38599083, year = {2024}, author = {Tarkan, AS and Bayçelebi, E and Giannetto, D and Özden, ED and Yazlık, A and Emiroğlu, &#xd6; and Aksu, S and Uludağ, A and Aksoy, N and Baytaşoğlu, H and Kaya, C and Mutlu, T and Kırankaya, &#x15e;G and Ergüden, D and Per, E and Üremiş, &#x130; and Candan, O and Kekillioğlu, A and Yoğurtçuoğlu, B and Ekmekçi, FG and Başak, E and Özkan, H and Kurtul, I and Innal, D and Killi, N and Yapıcı, S and Ayaz, D and Çiçek, K and Mol, O and Çınar, E and Yeğen, V and Angulo, E and Cuthbert, RN and Soto, I and Courchamp, F and Haubrock, PJ}, title = {Economic costs of non-native species in Türkiye: A first national synthesis.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {358}, number = {}, pages = {120779}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120779}, pmid = {38599083}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Biological invasions are increasingly recognised as a major global change that erodes ecosystems, societal well-being, and economies. However, comprehensive analyses of their economic ramifications are missing for most national economies, despite rapidly escalating costs globally. Türkiye is highly vulnerable to biological invasions owing to its extensive transport network and trade connections as well as its unique transcontinental position at the interface of Europe and Asia. This study presents the first analysis of the reported economic costs caused by biological invasions in Türkiye. The InvaCost database which compiles invasive non-native species' monetary costs was used, complemented with cost searches specific to Türkiye, to describe the spatial and taxonomic attributes of costly invasive non-native species, the types of costs, and their temporal trends. The total economic cost attributed to invasive non-native species in Türkiye (from 202 cost reporting documents) amounted to US$ 4.1 billion from 1960 to 2022. However, cost data were only available for 87 out of 872 (10%) non-native species known for Türkiye. Costs were biased towards a few hyper-costly non-native taxa, such as jellyfish, stink bugs, and locusts. Among impacted sectors, agriculture bore the highest total cost, reaching US$ 2.85 billion, followed by the fishery sector with a total cost of US$ 1.20 billion. Management (i.e., control and eradication) costs were, against expectations, substantially higher than reported damage costs (US$ 2.89 billion vs. US$ 28.4 million). Yearly costs incurred by non-native species rose exponentially over time, reaching US$ 504 million per year in 2020-2022 and are predicted to increase further in the next 10 years. A large deficit of cost records compared to other countries was also shown, suggesting a larger monetary underestimate than is typically observed. These findings underscore the need for improved cost recording as well as preventative management strategies to reduce future post-invasion management costs and help inform decisions to manage the economic burdens posed by invasive non-native species. These insights further emphasise the crucial role of standardised data in accurately estimating the costs associated with invasive non-native species for prioritisation and communication purposes.}, }
@article {pmid38600085, year = {2024}, author = {Gallardo, B and Bacher, S and Barbosa, AM and Gallien, L and González-Moreno, P and Martínez-Bolea, V and Sorte, C and Vimercati, G and Vilà, M}, title = {Risks posed by invasive species to the provision of ecosystem services in Europe.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {2631}, pmid = {38600085}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {PCI2018-092986//Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Agencia Estatal de Investigaci&#xf3;n (Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigaci&#xf3;n)/ ; PCI2018-092939//Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Agencia Estatal de Investigaci&#xf3;n (Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigaci&#xf3;n)/ ; 31003A_179491//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Swiss National Science Foundation)/ ; 31BD30_184114//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Swiss National Science Foundation)/ ; 31003A_179491//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Swiss National Science Foundation)/ ; 31BD30_184114//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Swiss National Science Foundation)/ ; ANR-18-EBI4-0001-06//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (French National Research Agency)/ ; IJCI-2017-31733//Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient&#xed;ficas (Spanish National Research Council)/ ; (ICER-1852060//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive species significantly impact biodiversity and ecosystem services, yet understanding these effects at large spatial scales remains a challenge. Our study addresses this gap by assessing the current and potential future risks posed by 94 invasive species to seven key ecosystem services in Europe. We demonstrate widespread potential impacts, particularly on outdoor recreation, habitat maintenance, crop provisioning, and soil and nitrogen retention. Exposure to invasive species was higher in areas with lower provision of ecosystem services, particularly for regulating and cultural services. Exposure was also high in areas where ecosystem contributions to crop provision and nitrogen retention were at their highest. Notably, regions vital for ecosystem services currently have low invasion suitability, but face an average 77% increase in potential invasion area. Here we show that, while high-value ecosystem service areas at the highest risk represent a small fraction of Europe (0-13%), they are disproportionally important for service conservation. Our study underscores the importance of monitoring and protecting these hotspots to align management strategies with international biodiversity targets, considering both invasion vulnerability and ecosystem service sustainability.}, }
@article {pmid38597960, year = {2024}, author = {Espíndola, WD and Carlo, TA}, title = {Seabird guano inputs increase impacts from introduced mammals on the native plants and animals of an oceanic island.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38597960}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {Seabirds create fluxes of nutrients from marine to terrestrial ecosystems that influence the food webs of small islands. We investigated how guano inputs shape terrestrial food webs by comparing species of selected plant and animal species in a red-footed booby colony in Mona Island (Puerto Rico, Caribbean Sea), to sites of the island lacking guano inputs. We quantified guano deposition and its relationship to plant biomass production, fecundity and density, as well as the activity of native and introduced animal species. In general, guano inputs increased the gross primary plant productivity, size, and fecundity by twofold. Guano inputs were also associated with twofold increases in density of Anole lizards, but also to increases in the activity of introduced pigs (> 500%), goats (> 30%), and cats (> 500%), which negatively impact native species. In particular, elevated pig and cat activity within the booby colony was correlated with lower activity of endemic ground lizards and of introduced rats. Our results also suggest that severe droughts associated with climate change exacerbate the negative effects that introduced species have on vegetation and reduce the positive effects of seabird guano inputs. Our findings underscore the importance of allochthonous guano inputs in subsidizing plant productivity and native and endemic species in small oceanic islands, but also in increasing the negative impacts of introduced mammals. Management and conservation efforts should focus on the exclusion (or eradication) of introduced mammals, particularly pigs and goats, from remnant seabird colonies in Mona Island.}, }
@article {pmid38597570, year = {2024}, author = {Assis, JCA and Pinto, HA}, title = {Infection of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) with the Asian fish tapeworm Schyzocotyle acheilognathi in an urban stream in Brazil.}, journal = {Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, pages = {e020323}, doi = {10.1590/S1984-29612024018}, pmid = {38597570}, issn = {1984-2961}, abstract = {Schyzocotyle acheilognathi is a fish tapeworm native to Asia but has been reported as an alien species on practically all other continents. Its invasive potential is due to its low host specificity and high adaptability to different environments, and its spread to new areas can result in economic and ecological impacts. Studies reporting this species in South America are still scarce, indicating the need to monitor its dispersion to new areas. Herein, tapeworms found in guppies, Poecilia reticulata, from an urban stream located in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in April 2021 were subjected to morphological and molecular characterization. As a result, 5/13 (38.5%) of the P. reticulata specimens evaluated were infected with intestinal tapeworms. It was verified a mean intensity of infection of 7.8 (1-25) and a mean abundance of infection of 3 (0-25). The morphology of the cestodes obtained was compatible with that of S. acheilognathi. Moreover, genetic analysis based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (Cox-1) revealed 97.89-99.77% similarity to isolates of this species from different localities. The possibility that S. acheilognathi is expanding to new regions of South America is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid38597328, year = {2024}, author = {Feng, X and Peterson, AT and Aguirre-López, LJ and Burger, JR and Chen, X and Papeş, M}, title = {Rethinking ecological niches and geographic distributions in face of pervasive human influence in the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/brv.13077}, pmid = {38597328}, issn = {1469-185X}, abstract = {Species are distributed in predictable ways in geographic spaces. The three principal factors that determine geographic distributions of species are biotic interactions (B), abiotic conditions (A), and dispersal ability or mobility (M). A species is expected to be present in areas that are accessible to it and that contain suitable sets of abiotic and biotic conditions for it to persist. A species' probability of presence can be quantified as a combination of responses to B, A, and M via ecological niche modeling (ENM; also frequently referred to as species distribution modeling or SDM). This analytical approach has been used broadly in ecology and biogeography, as well as in conservation planning and decision-making, but commonly in the context of 'natural' settings. However, it is increasingly recognized that human impacts, including changes in climate, land cover, and ecosystem function, greatly influence species' geographic ranges. In this light, historical distinctions between natural and anthropogenic factors have become blurred, and a coupled human-natural landscape is recognized as the new norm. Therefore, B, A, and M (BAM) factors need to be reconsidered to understand and quantify species' distributions in a world with a pervasive signature of human impacts. Here, we present a framework, termed human-influenced BAM (Hi-BAM, for distributional ecology that (i) conceptualizes human impacts in the form of six drivers, and (ii) synthesizes previous studies to show how each driver modifies the natural BAM and species' distributions. Given the importance and prevalence of human impacts on species distributions globally, we also discuss implications of this framework for ENM/SDM methods, and explore strategies by which to incorporate increasing human impacts in the methodology. Human impacts are redefining biogeographic patterns; as such, future studies should incorporate signals of human impacts integrally in modeling and forecasting species' distributions.}, }
@article {pmid38592890, year = {2024}, author = {de Groot, M and Kozamernik, E and Kermavnar, J and Kolšek, M and Marinšek, A and Nève Repe, A and Kutnar, L}, title = {Importance of Habitat Context in Modelling Risk Maps for Two Established Invasive Alien Plant Species: The Case of Ailanthus altissima and Phytolacca americana in Slovenia (Europe).}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants13060883}, pmid = {38592890}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {//Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning/ ; //Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food/ ; P4-0107//Slovenian research and innovation agency/ ; }, abstract = {Forests are important ecosystems that face threats from climate change and global environmental shifts, with invasive alien plant species being a significant concern. Some of these invasive species have already become established, while others are in the process of naturalisation. Although forests are a relatively stable ecosystem, extreme weather events increase their vulnerability to change, and clearings left after natural disturbances are particularly susceptible to invasion by alien plant species (IAPS). We created risk maps of two species that have spread rapidly in the last decade: American pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) and the tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima). We prepared a generalised linear model based on the occurrence data collected within the LIFE ARTEMIS project. Eleven environmental variables were used to determine habitat characteristics. We constructed two models for each species: one covering the entirety of Slovenia and the other specifically for the forested areas in Slovenia, with the latter incorporating forest-specific variables (such as forest sanitation felling and monocultures). We observed the presence of both species at lower altitudes and in close proximity to water sources. American pokeweed tends to occur nearer to railways, while the presence of the tree of heaven is associated with areas lacking carbonate parent material and influenced by land use patterns. In forested areas, the occurrence of American pokeweed is influenced by forest habitat characteristics, such as disturbances caused by extreme weather events or the prevalence of Norway spruce monocultures. In contrast, the occurrence of the tree of heaven is influenced by more general environmental variables, such as altitude and proximity to railways. Consequently, we have generated risk maps for the entirety of Slovenia and separately for forested areas, both of which indicate similar levels of risk, particularly for the tree of heaven. The risk map for American pokeweed highlights numerous vulnerable areas, especially forest edges, which are highly susceptible to invasion. Furthermore, there is a higher likelihood of this species occurring in areas that have undergone sanitation felling. This study suggests that the production of risk maps of IAPS could be improved by focussing on habitat types and taking into account habitat-specific variables. This approach could enhance the early detection and management of these invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid38592858, year = {2024}, author = {Nelufule, T and Shivambu, TC and Shivambu, N and Moshobane, MC and Seoraj-Pillai, N and Nangammbi, T}, title = {Assessing Alien Plant Invasions in Urban Environments: A Case Study of Tshwane University of Technology and Implications for Biodiversity Conservation.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants13060872}, pmid = {38592858}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {NA//Tshwane University of Technology/ ; }, abstract = {Preserving the dwindling native biodiversity in urban settings poses escalating challenges due to the confinement of remaining natural areas to isolated and diminutive patches. Remarkably scarce research has scrutinised the involvement of institutions, particularly universities, in introducing alien plant species in South Africa, thus creating a significant gap in effective monitoring and management. In this study, the Tshwane University of Technology in Tshwane Metropole, South Africa serves as a focal point, where we conducted a comprehensive survey of alien plants both within the university premises and beyond its confines. The investigation involved the classification of invasion status and a meticulous assessment of donor and recipient dynamics. Our findings encompass 876 occurrence records, revealing the presence of 94 alien plant species spanning 44 distinct families. Noteworthy occurrences among the dominant plant families are Asteraceae and Solanaceae. Herbaceous and woody plants emerged as the most prevalent alien species, with common representation across both sampling sites. A substantial majority of recorded species were initially introduced for horticultural purposes (51%) before escaping and establishing self-sustaining populations (62%). Furthermore, 43 species identified are listed in South African invasive species legislation, with some manifesting invasive tendencies and altering the distribution of native species in the remaining natural areas. The notable overlap in species observed between the university premises and adjacent areas provides crucial insights into the influence of institutions on the dynamics of plant invasions within the urban landscape. This underscores the prevailing gaps in the management of invasive alien plants in urban zones and accentuates the imperative of an integrated approach involving collaboration between municipalities and diverse institutions for effective invasive species management in urban environments.}, }
@article {pmid38592125, year = {2024}, author = {Yang, X and Wang, M and Gu, Y and Han, W and Li, X and Li, X and Zhong, Y and Gao, J}, title = {The oviposition preference and offspring performance of Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toae051}, pmid = {38592125}, issn = {1938-291X}, support = {ZDYF2021XDNY282//Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund/ ; }, abstract = {Given the rapid spread and potential harm caused by the small hive beetle, Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in China, it has become imperative to comprehend the developmental biology of this invasive species. Currently, there is limited knowledge regarding the impact of A. tumida female oviposition site preference on larval growth and development. To examine this, we investigated the ovipositional preference of adult female A. tumida on bee pupae, beebread, banana, and honey through a free choice test. Furthermore, we assessed the impact of these food resources on offspring performance, which included larval development time, survival, wandering larvae weight, emerged adult body mass, reproduction, and juvenile hormone titer. Our results showed that A. tumida females exhibited a strong preference for ovipositing on bee pupae compared to other diets, while showing reluctance toward honey. Moreover, A. tumida larvae that were fed on bee pupae displayed accelerated growth compared to those fed on other diets. Furthermore, A. tumida fed on bee pupae exhibited higher weights for wandering larvae, and emerged adult, increased pupation rates, enhanced fecundity and fertility, as well as a larger number of unilateral ovarioles during the larval stage when compared to those fed on other diets. Overall, the results indicate that the oviposition preferences of A. tumida females are adaptive, as their choices can enhance the fitness of their offspring. This finding aligns broadly with the hypothesis of oviposition preference and larval performance. This study can provide a foundation for the development of attractants aimed at promoting the oviposition of the A. tumida adults.}, }
@article {pmid38588741, year = {2024}, author = {Chen, Y and Wang, X and Li, M and Liu, L and Xiang, C and Li, H and Sun, Y and Wang, T and Guo, X}, title = {Impact of trace element on invasive plants: Attenuated competitiveness yet sustained dominance over native counterparts.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {172292}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172292}, pmid = {38588741}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Trace element pollution has emerged as an increasingly severe environmental challenge owing to human activities, particularly in urban ecosystems. In farmlands, invasive species commonly outcompete native species when subjected to trace element treatments, as demonstrated in experiments with individual invader-native pairs. However, it is uncertain if these findings apply to a wider range of species in urban soils with trace elements. Thus, we designed a greenhouse experiment to simulate the current copper and zinc levels in urban soils (102.29 mg kg[-1] and 148.32 mg kg[-1], respectively). The experiment involved four pairs of invasive alien species and their natural co-existing native species to investigate the effects of essential trace elements in urban soil on the growth and functional traits of invasive and native species, as well as their interspecific relationship. The results showed that adding trace elements weakened the competitiveness of invasive species. Nonetheless, trace element addition did not change the outcome of competition, consistently favoring invasion successfully. Under trace element addition treatment, invasive species and native species still maintained functional differentiation trend. Furthermore, the crown area, average leaf area and leaf area per plant of invasive species were higher than those of native species by 157 %, 177 % and 178 % under copper treatment, and 194 %, 169 % and 188 % under zinc treatment, respectively. Additionally, interspecific competition enhanced the root growth of invasive species by 21 % with copper treatment and 14 % with zinc treatment. The ability of invasive species to obtain light energy and absorb water and nutrients might be the key to their successful invasion.}, }
@article {pmid38586581, year = {2024}, author = {Ash, LV and Campião, KM and Teixeira, CP and Gotelli, NJ}, title = {Ranavirus and helminth parasite co-infection in invasive American bullfrogs in the Atlantic forest, Brazil.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {23}, number = {}, pages = {100924}, pmid = {38586581}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {Emerging infectious diseases threaten amphibian species across the globe. In Brazil, the American bullfrog (Aquarana catesbeiana) is a highly invasive species that can potentially transmit parasites and pathogens to native amphibians. This is the first assessment of co-infection of Ranavirus and helminth macroparasites in invasive populations of bullfrogs in South America. We collected, measured, and euthanized 65 specimens of A. catesbeiana sampled from 9 sites across three states of Brazil in the Atlantic Forest biome. We collected and identified helminth macroparasites and sampled host liver tissue to test for the presence and load of Ranavirus with quantitative PCR. We documented patterns of prevalence, parasite load, and co-infection with generalized linear mixed models, generalized logistic regressions, and randomization tests. Most individual bullfrogs did not exhibit clinical signs of infection, but the overall Ranavirus prevalence was 27% (95% confidence interval, [CI 17-38]). Bullfrogs were infected with helminth macroparasites from 5 taxa. Co-infection of helminth macroparasites and Ranavirus was also common (21% CI [12-31]). Bullfrog size was positively correlated with total macroparasite abundance and richness, and the best-fitting model included a significant interaction between bullfrog size and Ranavirus infection status. We observed a negative correlation between Ranavirus viral load and nematode abundance (slope = -0.22, P = 0.03). Invasive bullfrogs (A. catesbeiana) in Brazil were frequently infected with both Ranavirus and helminth macroparasites, so adult bullfrogs could serve as reservoir hosts for both pathogens and parasites. However, many macroparasites collected were encysted and not developing. Coinfection patterns suggest a potential interaction between Ranavirus and macroparasites because helminth abundance increased with bullfrog size but was lower in Ranavirus infected individuals. Future studies of bullfrogs in the Atlantic Forest should investigate their potential role in pathogen and parasite transmission to native anurans.}, }
@article {pmid38586529, year = {2024}, author = {Crespo, LCF and Cardoso, P and Malumbres-Olarte, J and Pereira, F and Romeiras, M and Ros-Prieto, A and Rigal, F and Borges, PAV}, title = {Standardised inventories of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of Macaronesia III: dry habitats of Cabo Verde Archipelago (São Vicente and Santo Antão).}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {e115464}, pmid = {38586529}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: With this publication, we contribute to the knowledge of the arachnofauna of Cabo Verde, focusing specifically on the Islands of Santo Antão and São Vicente. Data were obtained from samples collected as part of the project "Macaronesian Islands as a testing ground to assess biodiversity drivers at multiple scales" (FCT - MACDIV, 2015-2018). This project aimed to identify the factors influencing community assembly in Macaronesian islands. For the Cabo Verde Islands, we focused on dry habitats with the additional aim to revise the aracnofauna of this poorly-known fauna. We applied the COBRA (Conservation Oriented Biodiversity Rapid Assessment) sampling protocol in ten 50 m x 50 m dry shrub plots, with five on each of the two islands, using pitfall traps, sweep-netting and active search. Additional ad-hoc samples were also collected and reported.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: Our sampling of spiders from Cabo Verde (Santo Ant&#xe3;o and S&#xe3;o Vicente) yielded a total of 3,368 specimens, of which 1300 (39%) were adults. The samples include 21 families, 87 species, 18 of which are morphospecies awaiting formal identification or description at species level. Species in the families Oxyopidae (2 spp.) and Araneidae (8 spp.) were the most abundant, making up 49% of the specimens. From the 68 named species, 14 are endemic to Cabo Verde, 40 are native non-endemic and 14 are introduced. The colonisation status of Cithaeronreimoseri Platnick, 1991 is unknown. Endemic species accounted for 24% (n = 818) of the specimens and native non-endemic for 63% (n = 2122). A total of 29 species were new records for Cabo Verde, with 15 for Santo Ant&#xe3;o, seven for S&#xe3;o Vicente and seven for both Islands.}, }
@article {pmid38583473, year = {2024}, author = {McGeoch, MA and Clarke, DA and Mungi, NA and Ordonez, A}, title = {A nature-positive future with biological invasions: theory, decision support and research needs.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {379}, number = {1902}, pages = {20230014}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2023.0014}, pmid = {38583473}, issn = {1471-2970}, abstract = {In 2050, most areas of biodiversity significance will be heavily influenced by multiple drivers of environmental change. This includes overlap with the introduced ranges of many alien species that negatively impact biodiversity. With the decline in biodiversity and increase in all forms of global change, the need to envision the desired qualities of natural systems in the Anthropocene is growing, as is the need to actively maintain their natural values. Here, we draw on community ecology and invasion biology to (i) better understand trajectories of change in communities with a mix of native and alien populations, and (ii) to frame approaches to the stewardship of these mixed-species communities. We provide a set of premises and actions upon which a nature-positive future with biological invasions (NPF-BI) could be based, and a decision framework for dealing with uncertain species movements under climate change. A series of alternative management approaches become apparent when framed by scale-sensitive, spatially explicit, context relevant and risk-consequence considerations. Evidence of the properties of mixed-species communities together with predictive frameworks for the relative importance of the ecological processes at play provide actionable pathways to a NPF in which the reality of mixed-species communities are accommodated and managed. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ecological novelty and planetary stewardship: biodiversity dynamics in a transforming biosphere'.}, }
@article {pmid38583467, year = {2024}, author = {Henriksen, MV and Arlé, E and Pili, A and Clarke, DA and García-Berthou, E and Groom, Q and Lenzner, B and Meyer, C and Seebens, H and Tingley, R and Winter, M and McGeoch, MA}, title = {Global indicators of the environmental impacts of invasive alien species and their information adequacy.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {379}, number = {1902}, pages = {20230323}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2023.0323}, pmid = {38583467}, issn = {1471-2970}, abstract = {Monitoring the extent to which invasive alien species (IAS) negatively impact the environment is crucial for understanding and mitigating biological invasions. Indeed, such information is vital for achieving Target 6 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. However, to-date indicators for tracking the environmental impacts of IAS have been either lacking or insufficient. Capitalizing on advances in data availability and impact assessment protocols, we developed environmental impact indicators to track realized and potential impacts of IAS. We also developed an information status indicator to assess the adequacy of the data underlying the impact indicators. We used data on 75 naturalized amphibians from 82 countries to demonstrate the indicators at a global scale. The information status indicator shows variation in the reliability of the data and highlights areas where absence of impact should be interpreted with caution. Impact indicators show that growth in potential impacts are dominated by predatory species, while potential impacts from both predation and disease transmission are distributed worldwide. Using open access data, the indicators are reproducible and adaptable across scales and taxa and can be used to assess global trends and distributions of IAS, assisting authorities in prioritizing control efforts and identifying areas at risk of future invasions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ecological novelty and planetary stewardship: biodiversity dynamics in a transforming biosphere'.}, }
@article {pmid38582574, year = {2024}, author = {Tan, SY and Liu, CL and Han, HL and Zhai, XD and Jiang, H and Wang, BJ and Wang, JJ and Wei, D}, title = {Two heat shock cognate 70 genes involved in spermatogenesis regulate the male fertility of Zeugodacus cucurbitae, as potential targets for pest control.}, journal = {Pesticide biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {200}, number = {}, pages = {105816}, doi = {10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105816}, pmid = {38582574}, issn = {1095-9939}, abstract = {The melon fly Zeugodacus cucurbitae Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an agricultural quarantine pest threatening fruit and vegetable production. Heat shock cognate 70 (Hsc70), which is a homolog of the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), was first discovered in mice testes and plays an important role in spermatogenesis. In this study, we identified and cloned five Hsc70 genes from melon fly, namely ZcHsc70_1/2/3/4/5. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these proteins are closely related to Hsc70s from other Diptera insects. Spatiotemporal expression analysis showed that ZcHsc70_1 and ZcHsc70_2 are highly expressed in Z. cucurbitae testes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization further demonstrated that ZcHsc70_1 and ZcHsc70_2 are expressed in the transformation and maturation regions of testes, respectively. Moreover, RNA interference-based suppression of ZcHsc70_1 or ZcHsc70_2 resulted in a significant decrease of 74.61% and 63.28% in egg hatchability, respectively. Suppression of ZcHsc70_1 expression delayed the transformation of sperm cells to mature sperms. Meanwhile, suppression of ZcHsc70_2 expression decreased both sperm cells and mature sperms by inhibiting the meiosis of spermatocytes. Our findings show that ZcHsc70_1/2 regulates spermatogenesis and further affects the male fertility in the melon fly, showing potential as targets for pest control in sterile insect technique by genetic manipulation of males.}, }
@article {pmid38578198, year = {2024}, author = {Barbour, MT and Meulemans, MJ and Severson, TJ and Wise, JK and Waller, DL}, title = {Carbon Dioxide Toxicity to Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) is Dependent on Water Chemistry.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/etc.5864}, pmid = {38578198}, issn = {1552-8618}, support = {//U.S. Geological Survey/ ; }, abstract = {Carbon dioxide (CO2) is gaining interest as a tool to combat aquatic invasive species, including zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). However, the effects of water chemistry on CO2 efficacy are not well described. We conducted five trials in which we exposed adult zebra mussels to a range of CO2 in water with adjusted total hardness and specific conductance. We compared dose-responses and found differences in lethal concentration to 50% of organisms (LC50) estimates ranging from 108.3 to 179.3 mg/L CO2 and lethal concentration to 90% of organisms (LC90) estimates ranging from 163.7 to 216.6 mg/L CO2. We modeled LC50 and LC90 estimates with measured water chemistry variables from the trials. We found sodium (Na[+]) concentration to have the strongest correlation to changes in the LC50 and specific conductance to have the strongest correlation to changes in the LC90. Our results identify water chemistry as an important factor in considering efficacious CO2 concentrations for zebra mussel control. Additional research into the physiological responses of zebra mussels exposed to CO2 may be warranted to further explain mode of action and reported selectivity. Further study could likely develop a robust and relevant model to refine CO2 applications for a wider range of water chemistries. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-8. Published 2024. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.}, }
@article {pmid38570722, year = {2024}, author = {O'Shea-Wheller, TA and Corbett, A and Osborne, JL and Recker, M and Kennedy, PJ}, title = {VespAI: a deep learning-based system for the detection of invasive hornets.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {354}, pmid = {38570722}, issn = {2399-3642}, support = {BB/S015523/1//RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)/ ; IDSAI Research Award Round 5//University of Exeter/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Wasps ; *Deep Learning ; Introduced Species ; Europe ; Asia, Eastern ; }, abstract = {The invasive hornet Vespa velutina nigrithorax is a rapidly proliferating threat to pollinators in Europe and East Asia. To effectively limit its spread, colonies must be detected and destroyed early in the invasion curve, however the current reliance upon visual alerts by the public yields low accuracy. Advances in deep learning offer a potential solution to this, but the application of such technology remains challenging. Here we present VespAI, an automated system for the rapid detection of V. velutina. We leverage a hardware-assisted AI approach, combining a standardised monitoring station with deep YOLOv5s architecture and a ResNet backbone, trained on a bespoke end-to-end pipeline. This enables the system to detect hornets in real-time-achieving a mean precision-recall score of ≥0.99-and send associated image alerts via a compact remote processor. We demonstrate the successful operation of a prototype system in the field, and confirm its suitability for large-scale deployment in future use cases. As such, VespAI has the potential to transform the way that invasive hornets are managed, providing a robust early warning system to prevent ingressions into new regions.}, }
@article {pmid38572713, year = {2024}, author = {Wesselmann, M and Hendriks, IE and Johnson, M and Jordà, G and Mineur, F and Marbà, N}, title = {Increasing spread rates of tropical non-native macrophytes in the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {e17249}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.17249}, pmid = {38572713}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {SuMaEco RTI2018-095441-B-C21//Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities/ ; BES-2016-078241//Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities/ ; }, abstract = {Warming as well as species introductions have increased over the past centuries, however a link between cause and effect of these two phenomena is still unclear. Here we use distribution records (1813-2023) to reconstruct the invasion histories of marine non-native macrophytes, macroalgae and seagrasses, in the Mediterranean Sea. We defined expansion as the maximum linear rate of spread (km year[-1]) and the accumulation of occupied grid cells (50 km[2]) over time and analyzed the relation between expansion rates and the species' thermal conditions at its native distribution range. Our database revealed a marked increase in the introductions and spread rates of non-native macrophytes in the Mediterranean Sea since the 1960s, notably intensifying after the 1990s. During the beginning of this century species velocity of invasion has increased to 26 ± 9 km[2] year[-1], with an acceleration in the velocity of invasion of tropical/subtropical species, exceeding those of temperate and cosmopolitan macrophytes. The highest spread rates since then were observed in macrophytes coming from native regions with minimum SSTs two to three degrees warmer than in the Mediterranean Sea. In addition, most non-native macrophytes in the Mediterranean (>80%) do not exceed the maximum temperature of their range of origin, whereas approximately half of the species are exposed to lower minimum SST in the Mediterranean than in their native range. This indicates that tropical/subtropical macrophytes might be able to expand as they are not limited by the colder Mediterranean SST due to the plasticity of their lower thermal limit. These results suggest that future warming will increase the thermal habitat available for thermophilic species in the Mediterranean Sea and continue to favor their expansion.}, }
@article {pmid38571798, year = {2024}, author = {Rani, V and Horváth, Z and Nejstgaard, JC and Fierpasz, &#xc1; and Pálffy, K and Vad, CF}, title = {Food density drives diet shift of the invasive mysid shrimp, Limnomysis benedeni.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {e11202}, pmid = {38571798}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Understanding the diet preferences and food selection of invasive species is crucial to better predict their impact on community structure and ecosystem functioning. Limnomysis benedeni, a Ponto-Caspian invasive mysid shrimp, is one of the most successful invaders in numerous European river and lake ecosystems. While existing studies suggest potentially strong trophic impact due to high predation pressure on native plankton communities, little is known of its food selectivity between phyto- and zooplankton, under different food concentrations. Here, we therefore investigated the feeding selectivity of L. benedeni on two commonly occurring prey organisms in freshwaters, the small rotifer zooplankton Brachionus calyciflorus together with the microphytoplankton Cryptomonas sp. present in increasing densities. Our results demonstrated a clear shift in food selection, with L. benedeni switching from B. calyciflorus to Cryptomonas sp. already when the two prey species were provided in equal biomasses. Different functional responses were observed for the two food types, indicating somewhat different foraging mechanisms for each food type. These findings provide experimental evidence on the feeding flexibility of invasive mysid shrimps and potential implications for trophic interactions in invaded ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid38571792, year = {2024}, author = {Baudry, T and Millet, L and Jarne, P and David, P and Grandjean, F}, title = {Multiple invasions and predation: The impact of the crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus on invasive and native snails.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {e11191}, pmid = {38571792}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The pace of biological invasions has increased in recent decades, leading to multiple invasions and the potential dominance of invasive species, destabilizing local ecological networks. This provides opportunities to study new ecological species interactions, including predation. Tropical freshwaters have been particularly concerned by aquatic invasions and we focused here on the Martinique island (Lesser Antilles). We examined the predator-prey relationships involving invasive Thiarid snails (Tarebia granifera and Melanoides tuberculata) and the native Neritina punctulata, both confronted with a newcomer predator, the redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus). We conducted several mesocosm experiments to assess the impact of crayfish predation on snail survival and the passive and active antipredator responses of snails. A first experiment indicated snail survival rates between 50% and 80%, depending on crayfish size and sex. Notably, there was a negative correlation between snail survival and male crayfish size and the predation method (shell crushing vs. "body sucking") varied with crayfish size. The second experiment suggested no refuge size for snails, with both very small (<5 mm) and very large (>5 mm) unable to escape predation, regardless of crayfish size (from 77 to 138 mm) or sex. Finally, we investigated the escape behavior of Thiarids regarding three crayfish cues. Melanoides tuberculata tend to bury in the substrate and T. granifera to climb up aquarium walls, what was expected from their shell morphologies, and both responding to crayfish cues within minutes. Overall, C. quadricarinatus proves to be an efficient snail predator with limited escape options for snails, potentially contributing to the decline of certain snail populations in Martinique. This omnivorous predator might impact other native species across different groups, including shrimps and fish. Our study underscores the urgent need for monitoring efforts, solidifying the redclaw crayfish reputation as a dangerous invasive species for freshwater macrobenthic faunas worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid38571283, year = {2024}, author = {Burlakova, LE and Karatayev, AY and Hrycik, AR and Daniel, SE and Mehler, K and Hinchey, EK and Dermott, R and Griffiths, R and Denecke, LE}, title = {Density data for Lake Erie benthic invertebrate assemblages from 1930 to 2019.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e4301}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.4301}, pmid = {38571283}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {00E02259//U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/ ; }, abstract = {Benthic invertebrates are important trophic links in food webs and useful bioindicators of environmental conditions, but long-term benthic organism abundance data across broad geographic areas are rare and historic datasets are often not readily accessible. This dataset provides densities of benthic macroinvertebrates collected from 1930 to 2019 during surveys in Lake Erie, a Laurentian Great Lake. The surveys were funded by the governments of the United States and Canada to investigate the status and changes in the benthic community. From the total of 21 lake-wide and basin-wide benthic surveys conducted in Lake Erie from 1929 to 2019, we were able to acquire data for 17 surveys, including species-level data for 10 surveys and data by higher taxonomic groups for seven surveys. Our amassed Lake Erie dataset includes data from 11 surveys (including five with species-level data) conducted in the western basin in 1930-2019, seven surveys (six with species-level data) in the central basin, and eight surveys (seven with species-level data) in the eastern basin (1973-2019). This Lake Erie dataset represents the most extensive temporal dataset of benthic invertebrates available for any of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Benthic samples were collected using Ponar or Shipek bottom dredges and taxa densities were calculated as individuals per square meter using the area of the dredge. Density data are provided for taxa in the Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Cnidaria, Nemertea, and Platyhelminthes phyla. Current taxonomy was used for most groups but, in a few cases, older taxonomic names were used for consistency with historical data. Analysis of this dataset indicates that eutrophication, water quality improvement, and dreissenid introduction were the major drivers of changes in the benthic community in the western basin, while hypoxia was a major factor in the central basin, and dreissenid introduction was the most important driver in the eastern basin. Considering the rarity of high taxonomic resolution long-term benthic data for lake ecosystems, this dataset could be useful to explore broader aspects of ecological theory, including effects of eutrophication, hypoxia, invasive species, and other factors on community organization, phylogenetic and functional diversity, and spatial and temporal scales of variation in community structure. In addition, the dataset could be useful for studies on individual species, including abundance and distribution, species co-occurrence, and how the patterns of dominance and rarity change over space and time. Use of this dataset for academic or educational purposes is encouraged as long as this data paper is properly cited.}, }
@article {pmid38570743, year = {2024}, author = {Deng, Y and Ren, S and Liu, Q and Zhou, D and Zhong, C and Jin, Y and Xie, L and Gu, J and Xiao, C}, title = {A high heterozygosity genome assembly of Aedes albopictus enables the discovery of the association of PGANT3 with blood-feeding behavior.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {336}, pmid = {38570743}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {2022A1515140091//Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of GuangDong Province/ ; 2021A1515220032//Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is a global invasive species, notorious for its role in transmitting dangerous human arboviruses such as dengue and Chikungunya. Although hematophagous behavior is repulsive, it is an effective strategy for mosquitoes like Aedes albopictus to transmit viruses, posing a significant risk to human health. However, the fragmented nature of the Ae. albopictus genome assembly has been a significant challenge, hindering in-depth biological and genetic studies of this mosquito. In this research, we have harnessed a variety of technologies and implemented a novel strategy to create a significantly improved genome assembly for Ae. albopictus, designated as AealbF3. This assembly boasts a completeness rate of up to 98.1%, and the duplication rate has been minimized to 1.2%. Furthermore, the fragmented contigs or scaffolds of AealbF3 have been organized into three distinct chromosomes, an arrangement corroborated through syntenic plot analysis, which compared the genetic structure of Ae. albopictus with that of Ae. aegypti. Additionally, the study has revealed a phylogenetic relationship suggesting that the PGANT3 gene is implicated in the hematophagous behavior of Ae. albopictus. This involvement was preliminarily substantiated through RNA interference (RNAi) techniques and behavioral experiment. In summary, the AealbF3 genome assembly will facilitate new biological insights and intervention strategies for combating this formidable vector of disease. The innovative assembly process employed in this study could also serve as a valuable template for the assembly of genomes in other insects characterized by high levels of heterozygosity.}, }
@article {pmid38569003, year = {2024}, author = {Lampert, A}, title = {Optimizing strategies for slowing the spread of invasive species.}, journal = {PLoS computational biology}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {e1011996}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011996}, pmid = {38569003}, issn = {1553-7358}, abstract = {Invasive species are spreading worldwide, causing damage to ecosystems, biodiversity, agriculture, and human health. A major question is, therefore, how to distribute treatment efforts cost-effectively across space and time to prevent or slow the spread of invasive species. However, finding optimal control strategies for the complex spatial-temporal dynamics of populations is complicated and requires novel methodologies. Here, we develop a novel algorithm that can be applied to various population models. The algorithm finds the optimal spatial distribution of treatment efforts and the optimal propagation speed of the target species. We apply the algorithm to examine how the results depend on the species' demography and response to the treatment method. In particular, we analyze (1) a generic model and (2) a detailed model for the management of the spongy moth in North America to slow its spread via mating disruption. We show that, when utilizing optimization approaches to contain invasive species, significant improvements can be made in terms of cost-efficiency. The methodology developed here offers a much-needed tool for further examination of optimal strategies for additional cases of interest.}, }
@article {pmid38567802, year = {2024}, author = {Eleftheriou, A and Zeiger, B and Jennings, J and Pesapane, R}, title = {Phenology and habitat associations of the invasive Asian longhorned tick from Ohio, USA.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12719}, pmid = {38567802}, issn = {1365-2915}, support = {2018-70006-28883//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {Geographically expanding and invading ticks are a global concern. The Asian longhorned tick (ALT, Haemaphysalis longicornis) was introduced to the mid-Atlantic US between 2010 and 2017 and recently invaded Ohio, an inland state. To date, ALTs in the US have been associated with livestock exsanguination and transmission of the agent of bovine theileriosis. To inform management, studies describing tick ecology and epidemiology of associated disease agents are critical. In this study, we described phenology, habitat and host associations, and tested for agents of medical and veterinary concern at the site of the first known established ALT population in Ohio, where pesticide treatment was applied in early fall 2021. In spring-fall 2022, we sampled wildlife (small mammals) and collected ticks from forest, edge, and grassland habitats. We also opportunistically sampled harvested white-tailed deer at nearby processing stations and fresh wildlife carcasses found near roads. Field-collected ALTs were tested for five agents using real-time PCR. We found that ALT nymphs emerged in June, followed by adults, and concluded with larvae in the fall. ALTs were detected in all habitats but not in wildlife. We also found a 4.88% (2/41) prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum across ALT adults and nymphs. Host and habitat associations were similar to other studies in the eastern United States, but two potential differences in phenology were identified. Whether ALTs will acquire more endemic disease agents requires further investigations. Our findings provide the first evidence regarding ALT life history from the Midwest region of the United States and can inform exposure risk and guide integrated management.}, }
@article {pmid38453070, year = {2024}, author = {Wu, H and Zhang, Z and Zhao, W and Jin, H and Sang, L and Wu, H}, title = {Spartina alterniflora invasion decouples multiple elements in coastal wetland soils.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {924}, number = {}, pages = {171502}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171502}, pmid = {38453070}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Wetlands ; *Ecosystem ; Soil ; Carbon/analysis ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae/physiology ; China ; }, abstract = {Deciphering the biogeochemical coupling of multiple elements in soils could better mechanistic understanding of ecosystem stability response to the alien invasion. The coupling of 45 elements in soils from wetlands covered by Spartina alterniflora (Sa) was compared with that in soils covered by native Phragmites australis (Pa) in coastal regions of China. Results showed that S. alterniflora invasion not only significantly reshaped geochemical enrichment and dispersion states, but also decoupled the coupling of multiple elements in soils compared with Pa. Atomic mass emerged as the primary factor governing the coupling of multiple elements, of which a significantly positive correlation exhibited between atomic mass with elemental coupling in Pa, but no such relation was observed in SaThe coupling of lighter elements was more susceptible to and generally enhanced by the invasion of S. alterniflora compared to the heavier, of which carbon, iron (Fe), and cadmium (Cd) had the highest susceptibility. Besides atomic mass, biological processes (represented by soil organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur), interactions between sea and land (represented by salinity and pH), and their combination explained 17 %, 10 %, and 13 % variation in the coupling of multiple elements, respectively. The present work confirmed that S. alterniflora invasion was the important factor driving soil multi-element cycling and covariation in coastal wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid38565327, year = {2024}, author = {Tang, B and Hu, S and Luo, Y and Shi, D and Liu, X and Zhong, F and Jiang, X and Hu, G and Li, C and Duan, H and Wu, Y}, title = {Impact of Three Thiazolidinone Compounds with Piperine Skeletons on Trehalase Activity and Development of Spodoptera frugiperda Larvae.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08898}, pmid = {38565327}, issn = {1520-5118}, abstract = {Trehalases (TREs) are pivotal enzymes involved in insect development and reproduction, making them prime targets for pest control. We investigated the inhibitory effect of three thiazolidinones with piperine skeletons (6a, 7b, and 7e) on TRE activity and assessed their impact on the growth and development of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda. The compounds were injected into FAW larvae, while the control group was treated with 2% DMSO solvent. All three compounds effectively inhibited TRE activity, resulting in a significant extension of the pupal development stage. Moreover, the treated larvae exhibited significantly decreased survival rates and a higher incidence of abnormal phenotypes related to growth and development compared to the control group. These results suggest that these TRE inhibitors affect the molting of larvae by regulating the chitin metabolism pathway, ultimately reducing their survival rates. Consequently, these compounds hold potential as environmentally friendly insecticides.}, }
@article {pmid38564572, year = {2024}, author = {Hughes, EH and Moyers-Gonzalez, M and Murray, R and Wilson, PL}, title = {Partial differential equation models for invasive species spread in the presence of spatial heterogeneity.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, pages = {e0300968}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0300968}, pmid = {38564572}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Models of invasive species spread often assume that landscapes are spatially homogeneous; thus simplifying analysis but potentially reducing accuracy. We extend a recently developed partial differential equation model for invasive conifer spread to account for spatial heterogeneity in parameter values and introduce a method to obtain key outputs (e.g. spread rates) from computational simulations. Simulations produce patterns of spatial spread which appear qualitatively similar to observed patterns in grassland ecosystems invaded by exotic conifers, validating our spatially explicit strategy. We find that incorporating spatial variation in different parameters does not significantly affect the evolution of invasions (which are characterised by a long quiescent period followed by rapid evolution towards to a constant rate of invasion) but that distributional assumptions can have a significant impact on the spread rate of invasions. Our work demonstrates that spatial variation in site-suitability or other parameters can have a significant impact on invasions and must be considered when designing models of invasive species spread.}, }
@article {pmid38564408, year = {2024}, author = {Madalinska, K and Nielsen, AL}, title = {Effects of host plants on spotted lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) nymphal survival and development.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvae026}, pmid = {38564408}, issn = {1938-2936}, support = {SCRI 2019 2019-51181-30014//USDA/ ; PPA 7721//APHIS/ ; }, abstract = {Spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White), is an invasive planthopper from China, which was first detected in Berks County, PA, in 2014 and has since spread to adjacent states including New Jersey in 2018. Lycorma delicatula is a polyphagous species that gregariously feeds on over 172 known hosts. We investigated development on key host plants Ailanthus altissima (Miller) (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae), Juglans nigra (L.) (Fagales: Juglandaceae), Acer rubrum (L.) (Sapindales: Sapindaceae), and Vitis vinifera (L.) (Vitales: Vitaceae) for each instar to elucidate potential host use throughout the season and target monitoring efforts. Our study indicated significant differences in survivorship and time spent in each nymphal life stage between host plants. We applied a host suitability index as a function of survivorship and development for each host plant and instar, which indicated A. altissima and J. nigra as suitable hosts for all 4 nymphal instars. Vitis vinifera was highly suitable for first and second instars but had low indices for the third and fourth instars, although suitability of V. vinifera may have varied based on variety and age of the vine. Lycorma delicatula nymphs had the lowest survivorship and longest development time on A. rubrum across all 4 life stages, despite this being a preferred oviposition host. Host had a significant effect on the morphometrics we measured within the first and second instars.}, }
@article {pmid38563512, year = {2024}, author = {Yang, LF and Liu, YG and Tao, YL and Zhang, WM and Li, JY and Chi, SQ and Zhang, GF and Chu, D}, title = {Development of an on-site diagnostic LAMP assay for rapid differentiation of the invasive pest Phthorimaea absoluta (Meyrick) using insect tissues.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.8114}, pmid = {38563512}, issn = {1526-4998}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The tomato leafminer, Phthorimaea absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a destructive invasive pest that originated in South America and has spread within China since 2017. A rapid method for on-site identification of P. absoluta is urgently needed for interception of this pest across China.<br><br>RESULTS: We developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique to differentiate P. absoluta from L. sativae, C. horticola, and P. operculella using extracted genomic DNA, which was then refined to create an on-site LAMP diagnostic method that can be performed under field conditions without the need for laboratory equipment.<br><br>CONCLUSION: In the present research, we developed an on-site diagnostic method for rapid differentiation of P. absoluta from other insects with similar morphology or damage characteristics in China. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid38562660, year = {2024}, author = {Sambaraju, KR and Srivastava, V and Barker, BS and Keena, MA and Ormsby, MD and Carroll, AL}, title = {Editorial: Forest insect invasions - risk mapping approaches and applications.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {1378061}, pmid = {38562660}, issn = {2673-8600}, }
@article {pmid38561674, year = {2024}, author = {Sharma, P and Rathee, S and Ahmad, M and Siddiqui, MH and Alamri, S and Kaur, S and Kohli, RK and Singh, HP and Batish, DR}, title = {Leaf functional traits and resource use strategies facilitate the spread of invasive plant Parthenium hysterophorus across an elevational gradient in western Himalayas.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {234}, pmid = {38561674}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {RSP2024R347//Researchers Supporting Project, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia/ ; RSP2024R347//Researchers Supporting Project, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia/ ; }, abstract = {Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae) is a highly prevalent invasive species in subtropical regions across the world. It has recently been seen to shift from low (subtropical) to high (sub-temperate) elevations. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of research investigating the adaptive responses and the significance of leaf functional traits in promoting the expansion to high elevations. The current study investigated the variations and trade-offs among 14 leaf traits (structural, photosynthetic, and nutrient content) of P. hysterophorus across different elevations in the western Himalayas, India. Plots measuring 20 × 40 m were established at different elevations (700 m, 1100 m, 1400 m, and 1800 m) to collect leaf trait data for P. hysterophorus. Along the elevational gradient, significant variations were noticed in leaf morphological parameters, leaf nutrient content, and leaf photosynthetic parameters. Significant increases were observed in the specific leaf area, leaf thickness, and chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content, as well as leaf nitrogen and phosphorus content with elevation. On the other hand, there were reductions in the amount of chlorophyll b, photosynthetic efficiency, leaf dry matter content, leaf mass per area, and leaf water content. The trait-trait relationships between leaf water content and dry weight and between leaf area and dry weight were stronger at higher elevations. The results show that leaf trait variability and trait-trait correlations are very important for sustaining plant fitness and growth rates in low-temperature, high-irradiance, resource-limited environments at relatively high elevations. To summarise, the findings suggest that P. hysterophorus can expand its range to higher elevations by broadening its functional niche through changes in leaf traits and resource utilisation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid38559769, year = {2024}, author = {Bellini, G and Schrieber, K and Kirleis, W and Erfmeier, A}, title = {Exploring the complex pre-adaptations of invasive plants to anthropogenic disturbance: a call for integration of archaeobotanical approaches.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1307364}, doi = {10.3389/fpls.2024.1307364}, pmid = {38559769}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Pre-adaptation to anthropogenic disturbance is broadly considered key for plant invasion success. Nevertheless, empirical evidence remains scarce and fragmentary, given the multifaceted nature of anthropogenic disturbance itself and the complexity of other evolutionary forces shaping the (epi)-genomes of recent native and invasive plant populations. Here, we review and critically revisit the existing theory and empirical evidence in the field of evolutionary ecology and highlight novel integrative research avenues that work at the interface with archaeology to solve open questions. The approaches suggested so far focus on contemporary plant populations, although their genomes have rapidly changed since their initial introduction in response to numerous selective and stochastic forces. We elaborate that a role of pre-adaptation to anthropogenic disturbance in plant invasion success should thus additionally be validated based on the analyses of archaeobotanical remains. Such materials, in the light of detailed knowledge on past human societies could highlight fine-scale differences in the type and timing of past disturbances. We propose a combination of archaeobotanical, ancient DNA and morphometric analyses of plant macro- and microremains to assess past community composition, and species' functional traits to unravel the timing of adaptation processes, their drivers and their long-term consequences for invasive species. Although such methodologies have proven to be feasible for numerous crop plants, they have not been yet applied to wild invasive species, which opens a wide array of insights into their evolution.}, }
@article {pmid38559089, year = {2024}, author = {Kent, TV and Schrider, DR and Matute, DR}, title = {Demographic history and the efficacy of selection in the globally invasive mosquito Aedes aegypti.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2024.03.07.584008}, pmid = {38559089}, abstract = {Aedes aegypti is the main vector species of yellow fever, dengue, zika and chikungunya. The species is originally from Africa but has experienced a spectacular expansion in its geographic range to a large swath of the world, the demographic effects of which have remained largely understudied. In this report, we examine whole-genome sequences from 6 countries in Africa, North America, and South America to investigate the demographic history of the spread of Ae. aegypti into the Americas its impact on genomic diversity. In the Americas, we observe patterns of strong population structure consistent with relatively low (but probably non-zero) levels of gene flow but occasional long-range dispersal and/or recolonization events. We also find evidence that the colonization of the Americas has resulted in introduction bottlenecks. However, while each sampling location shows evidence of a past population contraction and subsequent recovery, our results suggest that the bottlenecks in America have led to a reduction in genetic diversity of only ∼35% relative to African populations, and the American samples have retained high levels of genetic diversity (expected heterozygosity of ∼0.02 at synonymous sites) and have experienced only a minor reduction in the efficacy of selection. These results evoke the image of an invasive species that has expanded its range with remarkable genetic resilience in the face of strong eradication pressure.}, }
@article {pmid38557482, year = {2024}, author = {Ong, SQ and Ab Majid, AH and Li, WJ and Wang, JG}, title = {Application of computer vision and deep learning models to automatically classify medically important mosquitoes in North Borneo, Malaysia.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-6}, doi = {10.1017/S000748532400018X}, pmid = {38557482}, issn = {1475-2670}, abstract = {Mosquito-borne diseases have emerged in North Borneo in Malaysia due to rapid changes in the forest landscape, and mosquito surveillance is key to understanding disease transmission. However, surveillance programmes involving sampling and taxonomic identification require well-trained personnel, are time-consuming and labour-intensive. In this study, we aim to use a deep leaning model (DL) to develop an application capable of automatically detecting mosquito vectors collected from urban and suburban areas in North Borneo, Malaysia. Specifically, a DL model called MobileNetV2 was developed using a total of 4880 images of Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes, which are widely distributed in Malaysia. More importantly, the model was deployed as an application that can be used in the field. The model was fine-tuned with hyperparameters of learning rate 0.0001, 0.0005, 0.001, 0.01 and the performance of the model was tested for accuracy, precision, recall and F1 score. Inference time was also considered during development to assess the feasibility of the model as an app in the real world. The model showed an accuracy of at least 97%, a precision of 96% and a recall of 97% on the test set. When used as an app in the field to detect mosquitoes with the elements of different background environments, the model was able to achieve an accuracy of 76% with an inference time of 47.33 ms. Our result demonstrates the practicality of computer vision and DL in the real world of vector and pest surveillance programmes. In the future, more image data and robust DL architecture can be explored to improve the prediction result.}, }
@article {pmid38555322, year = {2024}, author = {Nagy, NA and Tóth, GE and Kurucz, K and Kemenesi, G and Laczkó, L}, title = {The updated genome of the Hungarian population of Aedes koreicus.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {7545}, pmid = {38555322}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {OTKA PD142602//National Research, Development and Innovation Office/ ; FK-138563//National Research, Development and Innovation Office/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Aedes/genetics ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics ; Hungary ; Europe/epidemiology ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Vector-borne diseases pose a potential risk to human and animal welfare, and understanding their spread requires genomic resources. The mosquito Aedes koreicus is an emerging vector that has been introduced into Europe more than 15 years ago but only a low quality, fragmented genome was available. In this study, we carried out additional sequencing and assembled and characterized the genome of the species to provide a background for understanding its evolution and biology. The updated genome was 1.1 Gbp long and consisted of 6099 contigs with an N50 value of 329,610 bp and a BUSCO score of 84%. We identified 22,580 genes that could be functionally annotated and paid particular attention to the identification of potential insecticide resistance genes. The assessment of the orthology of the genes indicates a high turnover at the terminal branches of the species tree of mosquitoes with complete genomes, which could contribute to the adaptation and evolutionary success of the species. These results could form the basis for numerous downstream analyzes to develop targets for the control of mosquito populations.}, }
@article {pmid38554966, year = {2024}, author = {Li, G and Tang, Y and Lou, J and Wang, Y and Yin, S and Li, L and Iqbal, B and Lozano, YM and Zhao, T and Du, D}, title = {The promoting effects of soil microplastics on alien plant invasion depend on microplastic shape and concentration.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {172089}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172089}, pmid = {38554966}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Both alien plant invasions and soil microplastic pollution have become a concerning threat for terrestrial ecosystems, with consequences on the human well-being. However, our current knowledge of microplastic effects on the successful invasion of plants remains limited, despite numerous studies demonstrating the direct and indirect impacts of microplastics on plant performance. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a greenhouse experiment involving the mixtures of soil and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) microplastic pellets and fragments at the concentrations of 0, 0.5 % and 2.0 %. Additionally, we included Solidago decurrens (native plant) and S. canadensis (alien invasive plant) as the target plants. Each pot contained an individual of either species, after six-month cultivation, plant biomass and antioxidant enzymes, as well as soil properties including soil moisture, pH, available nutrients, and microbial biomass were measured. Our results indicated that microplastic effects on soil properties and plant growth indices depended on the Solidago species, microplastic shapes and concentrations. For example, microplastics exerted positive effects on soil moisture of the soil with native species but negative effects with invasive species, which were impacted by microplastic shapes and concentrations, respectively. Microplastics significantly impacted catalase (P < 0.05) and superoxide dismutase (P < 0.01), aboveground biomass (P < 0.01), and belowground/aboveground biomass (P < 0.01) of the native species depending on microplastic shapes, but no significant effects on those of the invasive species. Furthermore, microplastics effects on soil properties, nutrients, nutrient ratio, and plant antioxidant enzyme activities contributed to plant biomass differently among these two species. These results suggested that the microplastics exerted a more pronounced impact on native Solidago plants than the invasive ones. This implies that the alien invasive species displays greater resistance to microplastic pollution, potentially promoting their invasion. Overall, our study contributes to a better understanding of the promoting effects of microplastic pollution on plant invasion.}, }
@article {pmid38553993, year = {2024}, author = {Gering, E and Johnsson, M and Theunissen, D and Martin Cerezo, ML and Steep, A and Getty, T and Henriksen, R and Wright, D}, title = {Signals of selection and ancestry in independently feral Gallus gallus populations.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e17336}, doi = {10.1111/mec.17336}, pmid = {38553993}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {772874//H2020 European Research Council/ ; 302790//Vetenskapsr&#xe5;det/ ; }, abstract = {Recent work indicates that feralisation is not a simple reversal of domestication, and therefore raises questions about the predictability of evolution across replicated feral populations. In the present study we compare genes and traits of two independently established feral populations of chickens (Gallus gallus) that inhabit archipelagos within the Pacific and Atlantic regions to test for evolutionary parallelism and/or divergence. We find that feral populations from each region are genetically closer to one another than other domestic breeds, despite their geographical isolation and divergent colonisation histories. Next, we used genome scans to identify genomic regions selected during feralisation (selective sweeps) in two independently feral populations from Bermuda and Hawaii. Three selective sweep regions (each identified by multiple detection methods) were shared between feral populations, and this overlap is inconsistent with a null model in which selection targets are randomly distributed throughout the genome. In the case of the Bermudian population, many of the genes present within the selective sweeps were either not annotated or of unknown function. Of the nine genes that were identifiable, five were related to behaviour, with the remaining genes involved in bone metabolism, eye development and the immune system. Our findings suggest that a subset of feralisation loci (i.e. genomic targets of recent selection in feral populations) are shared across independently established populations, raising the possibility that feralisation involves some degree of parallelism or convergence and the potential for a shared feralisation 'syndrome'.}, }
@article {pmid38549561, year = {2024}, author = {Dostál, P}, title = {Temporal development in the impacts of plant invasions: search for the underlying mechanisms.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jeb/voae042}, pmid = {38549561}, issn = {1420-9101}, abstract = {Many invasive plants have negative impacts on native populations and communities, but there remains much uncertainty about how these impacts develop over time. In this review, I describe the mechanisms that promote the initial dominance of invaders, the characteristic associated with large negative impacts, and present the processes that contribute to changes in invader abundance and impacts over time. Together with ecological processes such as ecosystem engineering or enemy accumulation, I show that temporal variation in impacts can be linked to evolution in both native and invasive species. I also show that multiple processes operating in the same invasion system can jointly shape long-term impacts. Finally, I present the framework of modern of coexistence theory as a tool for predicting the effects of invaders on native populations, and how these effects change with processes ongoing within invaded communities.}, }
@article {pmid38549250, year = {2024}, author = {Ørsted, M and Willot, Q and Olsen, AK and Kongsgaard, V and Overgaard, J}, title = {Thermal limits of survival and reproduction depend on stress duration: A case study of Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {e14421}, doi = {10.1111/ele.14421}, pmid = {38549250}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {NNF23OC0082599//Novo Nordisk Fonden/ ; 0170-00006B//Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond/ ; 9040-00348B//Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond/ ; }, abstract = {Studies of ectotherm responses to heat extremes often rely on assessing absolute critical limits for heat coma or death (CTmax), however, such single parameter metrics ignore the importance of stress exposure duration. Furthermore, population persistence may be affected at temperatures considerably below CTmax through decreased reproductive output. Here we investigate the relationship between tolerance duration and severity of heat stress across three ecologically relevant life-history traits (productivity, coma and mortality) using the global agricultural pest Drosophila suzukii. For the first time, we show that for sublethal reproductive traits, tolerance duration decreases exponentially with increasing temperature (R[2] > 0.97), thereby extending the Thermal Death Time framework recently developed for mortality and coma. Using field micro-environmental temperatures, we show how thermal stress can lead to considerable reproductive loss at temperatures with limited heat mortality highlighting the importance of including limits to reproductive performance in ecological studies of heat stress vulnerability.}, }
@article {pmid38544869, year = {2024}, author = {Mayack, C and Le Gall, M and Ihle, K}, title = {Editorial: New advances in understanding the regulation of appetite in insects.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {1394092}, pmid = {38544869}, issn = {2673-8600}, }
@article {pmid38543804, year = {2024}, author = {Smertina, E and Keller, LM and Huang, N and Flores-Benner, G and Correa-Cuadros, JP and Duclos, M and Jaksic, FM and Briceño, C and Ramirez, VN and Díaz-Gacitúa, M and Carrasco-Fernández, S and Smith, IL and Strive, T and Jenckel, M}, title = {First Detection of Benign Rabbit Caliciviruses in Chile.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/v16030439}, pmid = {38543804}, issn = {1999-4915}, support = {P.PSH.1059//Meat and Livestock Australia/ ; FB0002//ANID PIA/BASAL/ ; 3220027//FONDECYT/ ; }, abstract = {Pathogenic lagoviruses (Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, RHDV) are widely spread across the world and are used in Australia and New Zealand to control populations of feral European rabbits. The spread of the non-pathogenic lagoviruses, e.g., rabbit calicivirus (RCV), is less well studied as the infection results in no clinical signs. Nonetheless, RCV has important implications for the spread of RHDV and rabbit biocontrol as it can provide varying levels of cross-protection against fatal infection with pathogenic lagoviruses. In Chile, where European rabbits are also an introduced species, myxoma virus was used for localised biocontrol of rabbits in the 1950s. To date, there have been no studies investigating the presence of lagoviruses in the Chilean feral rabbit population. In this study, liver and duodenum rabbit samples from central Chile were tested for the presence of lagoviruses and positive samples were subject to whole RNA sequencing and subsequent data analysis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a novel RCV variant in duodenal samples that likely originated from European RCVs. Sequencing analysis also detected the presence of a rabbit astrovirus in one of the lagovirus-positive samples.}, }
@article {pmid38542267, year = {2024}, author = {Ma, S and Zhao, X and Song, N}, title = {Whole-Genome Survey Analyses of Five Goby Species Provide Insights into Their Genetic Evolution and Invasion-Related Genes.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms25063293}, pmid = {38542267}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {2019YFD0901301//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; MNR (BH202203)//the Observation and Research Station of Bohai Strait Eco-Corridor./ ; }, abstract = {As one of the most abundant groups in marine fish families, Gobiidae fish are important fishery resources in China, and some are also invasive species in certain regions worldwide. However, the phylogenetic relationships of Gobiidae fish remain ambiguous, and the study of their invasion-related genes is still scarce. This study used high-throughput sequencing technology to conduct a whole-genome survey of five Gobiidae fish species: Acanthogobius flavimanus, Acanthogobius stigmothonus, Favonigobius gymnauchen, Ctenotrypauchen microcephalus, and Tridentiger barbatus. De novo assembly of five fish genomes was performed, and genomic traits were compared through K-mer analysis. Among the five Gobiidae fish genomes, F. gymnauchen had the largest genome size (1601.98 Mb) and the highest heterozygosity (1.56%) and repeat rates (59.83%). Phylogenetic studies showed that A. flavimanus was most closely linked to A. stigmothonus, while Apogonidae and Gobiidae were closely related families. PSMC analysis revealed that C. microcephalus experienced a notable population expansion than the other four fish species in the Early Holocene. By using the KOG, GO, and KEGG databases to annotate single-copy genes, the annotated genes of the five fish were mainly classified as "signal transduction mechanisms", "cellular process", "cellular anatomical entity", and "translation". Acanthogobius flavimanus, A. stigmothonus, and T. barbatus had more genes classified as "response to stimulus" and "localization", which may have played an important role in their invasive processes. Our study also provides valuable material about Gobiidae fish genomics and genetic evolution.}, }
@article {pmid38542246, year = {2024}, author = {Mancuso, DM and Gainor, K and Dore, KM and Gallagher, CA and Beierschmitt, A and Malik, YS and Ghosh, S}, title = {Molecular Detection and Genetic Diversity of Cytomegaloviruses and Lymphocryptoviruses in Free-Roaming and Captive African Green Monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus).}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms25063272}, pmid = {38542246}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {Research X Ctr 1 Ghosh (Virus Interface)//GEF-UNEP-CABI-Ministry Environment, St. Kitts grant/ ; 41017-2023/FY24//One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts and Nevis./ ; }, abstract = {To date, limited information is available on cytomegalovirus (CMV) and lymphocryptovirus (LCV) from Chlorocebus monkeys. We report here high detection rates of herpesviruses in free-roaming African green monkeys (AGMs, Chlorocebus sabaeus) (26.4%, 23/87) and in captive AGMs (75%, 3/4) with respiratory disease on the Caribbean Island of St. Kitts. LCV (81.25%) was more prevalent than CMV (18.75%) in the AGMs. Applying a bigenic PCR approach (targeting DNA polymerase (DPOL) and glycoprotein B (gB) genes), long sequences were obtained from representative AGM CMV (KNA-SD6) and LCV (KNA-E4, -N6 and -R15) samples, and mixed LCV infections were identified in KNA-N6 and -R15. The nucleotide (nt) sequence (partial DPOL-intergenic region-partial gB) and partial DPOL- and gB-amino acid (aa) sequences of AGM CMV KNA-SD6 were closely related to Cytomegalovirus cercopithecinebeta5 isolates from grivet monkeys, whilst those of AGM LCV KNA-E4 and -N6 (and E4-like gB of KNA-R15) were more closely related to cognate sequences of erythrocebus patas LCV1 from patas monkey than other LCVs, corroborating the concept of cospeciation in the evolution of CMV/LCV. On the other hand, the partial DPOL aa sequence of KNA-R15, and additional gB sequences (N6-gB-2 and R15-gB-2) from samples KNA-N6 and -R15 (respectively) appeared to be distinct from those of Old World monkey LCVs, indicating LCV evolutionary patterns that were not synchronous with those of host species. The present study is the first to report the molecular prevalence and genetic diversity of CMV/LCV from free-roaming/wild and captive AGMs, and is the first report on analysis of CMV nt/deduced aa sequences from AGMs and LCV gB sequences from Chlorocebus monkeys.}, }
@article {pmid38541609, year = {2024}, author = {Freeman, A and Xia, X}, title = {Phylogeographic Reconstruction to Trace the Source Population of Asian Giant Hornet Caught in Nanaimo in Canada and Blaine in the USA.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/life14030283}, pmid = {38541609}, issn = {2075-1729}, support = {RGPIN/2018-03878//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {The Asian giant hornet, Vespa mandarinia, is an invasive species that could potentially destroy the local honeybee industry in North America. It has been observed to nest in the coastal regions of British Columbia in Canada and Washington State in the USA. What is the source population of the immigrant hornets? The identification of the source population can shed light not only on the route of immigration but also on the similarity between the native habitat and the potential new habitat in the Pacific Northwest. We analyzed mitochondrial COX1 sequences of specimens sampled from multiple populations in China, the Republic of Korea, Japan, and the Russian Far East. V. mandarinia exhibits phylogeographic patterns, forming monophyletic clades for 16 specimens from China, six specimens from the Republic of Korea, and two specimens from Japan. The two mitochondrial COX1 sequences from Nanaimo, British Columbia, are identical to the two sequences from Japan. The COX1 sequence from Blaine, Washington State, clustered with those from the Republic of Korea and is identical to one sequence from the Republic of Korea. Our geophylogeny, which allows visualization of genetic variation over time and space, provides evolutionary insights on the evolution and speciation of three closely related vespine species (V. tropica, V. soror, and V. mandarinia), with the speciation events associated with the expansion of the distribution to the north.}, }
@article {pmid38540065, year = {2024}, author = {Nunes, HPB and Maduro Dias, CSAM and Álvaro, NV and Borba, AES}, title = {Evaluation of Two Species of Macroalgae from Azores Sea as Potential Reducers of Ruminal Methane Production: In Vitro Ruminal Assay.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ani14060967}, pmid = {38540065}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {The utilisation of seaweeds as feed supplements has been investigated for their potential to mitigate enteric methane emissions from ruminants. Enteric methane emissions are the primary source of direct greenhouse gas emissions in livestock and significantly contribute to anthropogenic methane emissions worldwide. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the nutritional role and the in vitro effect on cumulative gas and methane production of Asparagopsis taxiformis (native species) and Asparagopsis armata (invasive species), two species of red algae from the Azorean Sea, as well as the ability to reduce biogas production when incubated with single pasture (Lolium perenne and Trifollium repens) as substrate. Four levels of concentrations marine algae were used (1.25%, 2.25%, 5%, and 10% DM) and added to the substrate to evaluate ruminal fermentation using the in vitro gas production technique. The total amount of gas and methane produced by the treatment incubation was recorded during 72 h of incubation. The results indicate that both algae species under investigation contain relatively high levels of protein (22.69% and 24.23%, respectively, for Asparagopsis taxiformis and Asparagopsis armata) and significant amounts of minerals, namely magnesium (1.15% DM), sodium (8.6% DM), and iron (2851 ppm). Concerning in vitro ruminal fermentation, it was observed that A. taxiformis can reduce enteric methane production by approximately 86%, during the first 24 h when 5% is added. In the same period and at the same concentration, A. armata reduced methane production by 34%. Thus, it can be concluded that Asparagopsis species from the Azorean Sea have high potential as a protein and mineral supplement, in addition to enabling a reduction in methane production from rumen fermentation.}, }
@article {pmid38540046, year = {2024}, author = {Ohnstad, H and Jones, AM and Howard, B and Schirrmacher, P and Bartels-Hardege, HD and Hardege, JD}, title = {Effects of pH on Olfactory Behaviours in Male Shore Crabs, Carcinus maenas.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ani14060948}, pmid = {38540046}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {The effects of climate change are becoming more apparent, predominantly concerning the impacts of ocean acidification on calcifying species. Many marine organisms rely on chemical signals for processes such as foraging for food, predator avoidance, or locating mates. The process of how chemical cues in marine invertebrates function, and how this sensory mode is affected by pH levels, is less researched. We tested the impact of reduced pH (7.6), simulating end-of-the-century predicted average ocean pH, against current oceanic pH conditions (8.2), on the behavioural response of male shore crabs Carcinus maenas to the female sex pheromone bouquet consisting of Uridine-diphosphate (UDP) and Uridine-triphosphate (UTP). While in current pH conditions (8.2), there was a significant increase in sexual interactions in the presence of female pheromone, males showed reduced sexual behaviours at pH 7.6. The crab weight-pH relationship, in which larger individuals respond more intensely sexually in normal pH (8.2), is reversed for both the initial detection and time to locate the cue. These results indicate that lowered pH alters chemical signalling in C. maenas also outside the peak reproductive season, which may need to be taken into account when considering the future management of this globally invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid38539921, year = {2024}, author = {Oyarzún, PA and Toro, JE and Nuñez, JJ and Ruiz-Tagle, G and Gardner, JPA}, title = {The Mediterranean Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in Chile: Distribution and Genetic Structure of a Recently Introduced Invasive Marine Species.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ani14060823}, pmid = {38539921}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {1230212//FONDECYT/ ; 11220478//FONDECYT/ ; }, abstract = {The genetic characteristics of invasive species have a significant impact on their ability to establish and spread. The blue mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), native to the Mediterranean Sea, is a leading invasive species of intertidal coasts throughout much of the world. Here, we used mitochondrial DNA sequence data to investigate the genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of invasive (M. galloprovincialis) versus native (Mytilus chilensis) populations of blue mussels in Chile. We evaluated whether genetic diversity in invasive populations could be explained by the genetic characteristics of the native sources from which they might be derived. A phylogenetic analysis confirmed two lineages of the invasive M. galloprovincialis, i.e., the NW Atlantic and the Mediterranean lineages. We found no evidence of genetic structure in the invasive range of M. galloprovincialis in Chile, most probably because of its recent arrival. We did, however, detect a spatial mixture of both M. galloprovincialis lineages at sampling locations along the Chilean coast, giving rise to higher levels of genetic diversity in some areas compared to the population of native M. chilensis. The coastal area of the invasion is still small in extent (~100 km on either side of two large ports), which supports the hypothesis of a recent introduction. Further expansion of the distribution range of M. galloprovincialis may be limited to the north by increasing water temperatures and to the south by a natural biogeographic break that may slow or perhaps stop its spread. The use of internal borders as a tool to minimise or prevent M. galloprovincialis spread is therefore a genuine management option in Chile but needs to be implemented rapidly.}, }
@article {pmid38537457, year = {2024}, author = {Raheem, A and Yohanna, P and Li, G and Noh, NJ and Iqbal, B and Tang, J and Du, D and Alahmadi, TA and Ansari, MJ and Zhan, A and Son, Y}, title = {Unraveling the ecological threads: How invasive alien plants influence soil carbon dynamics.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {356}, number = {}, pages = {120556}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120556}, pmid = {38537457}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Invasive alien plants (IAPs) pose significant threats to native ecosystems and biodiversity worldwide. However, the understanding of their precise impact on soil carbon (C) dynamics in invaded ecosystems remains a crucial area of research. This review comprehensively explores the mechanisms through which IAPs influence soil C pools, fluxes, and C budgets, shedding light on their effects and broader consequences. Key mechanisms identified include changes in litter inputs, rates of organic matter decomposition, alterations in soil microbial communities, and shifts in nutrient cycling, all driving the impact of IAPs on soil C dynamics. These mechanisms affect soil C storage, turnover rates, and ecosystem functioning. Moreover, IAPs tend to increase gross primary productivity and net primary productivity leading to the alterations in fluxes and C budgets. The implications of IAP-induced alterations in soil C dynamics are significant and extend to plant-soil interactions, ecosystem structure, and biodiversity. Additionally, they have profound consequences for C sequestration, potentially impacting climate change mitigation. Restoring native plant communities, promoting soil health, and implementing species-specific management are essential measures to significantly mitigate the impacts of IAPs on soil C dynamics. Overall, understanding and mitigating the effects of IAPs on soil C storage, nutrient cycling, and related processes will contribute to the conservation of native biodiversity and complement global C neutrality efforts.}, }
@article {pmid38535613, year = {2024}, author = {Klink, JC and Rieger, A and Wohlsein, P and Siebert, U and Obiegala, A}, title = {Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Pathogens in Raccoon Dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and Raccoons (Procyon lotor) from Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens13030270}, pmid = {38535613}, issn = {2076-0817}, support = {V542-32753/2021 and V542-53978/2022//Ministry of Energy Transition, Agriculture, Environment, Nature, and Digitalization (MELUND) Schleswig-Holstein (now: Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Areas, European Affairs and Consumer Protection (MLLEV)/ ; }, abstract = {Raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and raccoons (Procyon lotor) are invasive alien species originating from East Asia and North America, respectively. They are discussed as vectors and reservoirs for various infectious diseases, including vector-borne and zoonotic pathogens, and are therefore a potential threat to human and domestic animal health, as well as to biodiversity and conservation. In the years 2021 and 2022, 110 raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and 30 raccoons (Procyon lotor) were screened via qPCR for the presence of Leptospira spp., Rickettsia spp. and Borreliella spp. in the German federal state of Schleswig-Holstein as part of a health and risk assessment study. Borreliella spp. were confirmed in one raccoon dog and one raccoon, identified as Borreliella afzelii in the raccoon. Leptospira spp. were found in 21 (19.44%) raccoon dogs and 2 (6.90%) raccoons. In five raccoon dogs, Leptospira spp. were identified as Leptospira borgpetersenii, Leptospira kirschneri and Leptospira interrogans.}, }
@article {pmid38535553, year = {2024}, author = {Osten-Sacken, N and Pikalo, J and Steinbach, P and Heddergott, M}, title = {Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies and Risk Factors in Two Sympatric Invasive Carnivores (Procyon lotor and Nyctereutes procyonoides) from Zgorzelec County, Poland.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens13030210}, pmid = {38535553}, issn = {2076-0817}, abstract = {The intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii is distributed worldwide and infects many species of warm-blooded animals. Most mammals, including humans, can serve as intermediate hosts. This pathogen, with its zoonotic potential, causes toxoplasmosis, a condition that can range from subclinical to fatal in humans. It is therefore important to assess the occurrence of the pathogen, even if only indirectly through the detection of antibodies. Epidemiological data on the seroprevalence in wild animals, including invasive species, are rare in Poland. Therefore, we tested 197 wild raccoons (Procyon lotor) and 89 raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) from Zgorzelec County, southwestern Poland, for the presence of antibodies. Samples were collected between January 2019 and December 2020 and analysed using a commercial indirect modified agglutination test (MAT, cut-off 1:25). The statistical analysis revealed significant differences in seroprevalence between the two predatory species. Of the 197 surveyed raccoons, 96 (48.73%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 41.73-55.73%) tested positive, while 25 of the 89 raccoon dogs (28.09%; 95% CI: 18.70-37.48%) were positive. Regarding risk factors, body weight and sex influenced the presence of T. gondii antibodies in both the species, with a higher likelihood of seropositivity among heavier animals and females, respectively. For raccoon dogs, juveniles were more likely to be seropositive than adults at a given weight. Our results suggest that T. gondii infection is widespread in the regional raccoon and raccoon dog populations, indicating a high level of parasite circulation in the environment.}, }
@article {pmid38535403, year = {2024}, author = {Yang, H and Zhang, C and Shen, Y and Gao, H and Zhang, G and Liu, W and Jiang, H and Zhang, Y}, title = {Life Table Parameters of the Tomato Leaf Miner Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on Five Tomato Cultivars in China.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects15030208}, pmid = {38535403}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2022YFC2601004//National Key R &amp; D Project of China/ ; }, abstract = {Tomato is the most preferred host plant for Tuta absoluta, a newly emerged devastating invasive pest in China. However, no study has evaluated the damage risk of T. absoluta on processed tomato worldwide. In the current study, the life table parameters of T. absoluta were systematically investigated on five tomato cultivars (one fresh tomato cultivar, four processed tomato cultivars) to determine their susceptibility to T. absoluta infestation. T. absoluta had a better population growth ability on the fresh tomato, "Dafen", showing shorter duration of the preadult stage, higher lifetime fecundity, and a higher intrinsic rate of increase compared to four processed tomato cultivars. Meanwhile, the life table parameters of T. absoluta among different processed tomato cultivars also showed significant differences. Th9 was the most susceptible to T. absoluta attack, while Th1902, Heinz1015, and Dimen2272 were the least suitable ones for its development and reproduction. In summary, these tomato cultivars are the most recommended for commercial tomato production to reduce the damage caused by T. absoluta and improve the integrated pest management strategy.}, }
@article {pmid38535390, year = {2024}, author = {Wei, J and Niu, M and Zhang, H and Cai, B and Ji, W}, title = {Global Potential Distribution of Invasive Species Pseudococcus viburni (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) under Climate Change.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects15030195}, pmid = {38535390}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The potential distribution range and management strategies for P. viburni are poorly understood. Based on historical distribution data and environmental factors, the present study predicted the potentially suitable areas for P. viburni spread under different climate change scenarios using MaxEnt (maximum entropy). The results showed that precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio19), precipitation seasonality (Bio15), and mean temperature of the wettest quarter (Bio8) were the most important environmental factors determining the distribution of P. viburni. Under the current climate conditions, its potential suitable areas are southern China, the whole of Japan, North America (especially the eastern part of the United States), the southwestern part of South America, the Mediterranean coast and most of Europe, the central part of Africa, i.e., the south of the Sahara Desert, and most of the southern coast of Australia. The total area of habitats suitable for this insect pest is predicted to be increased in the future. In order to prevent P. viburni transmission and spread, there is a need to strengthen the monitoring and quarantine measures against this pest at the Southern ports.}, }
@article {pmid38535381, year = {2024}, author = {Cai, Y and Chen, H and Hu, M and Wang, X and Zhang, L}, title = {Discovery of Novel Potential Insecticide-Resistance Mutations in Spodoptera frugiperda.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects15030186}, pmid = {38535381}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2022YFSY0034//Sichuan Science and Technology Program/ ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a worldwide agricultural pest that invaded China in 2018, and has developed resistance to multiple insecticides. The evolution of insecticide resistance is facilitated by mutations of target genes responsible for conferring resistance. In this study, amplicon sequencing analyzed 21 sites in six resistance genes. In addition to known mutations, unknown variants were also found, including novel variants: F290C (ace-1 gene, 0.1% frequency), I1040T/V (CHSA gene, 0.1% frequency), A309T (GluCl gene, 0.1% frequency), and I4790T/V (RyR gene, 0.1% frequency). Additionally, molecular docking was employed to investigate the impact of the aforementioned new mutations on insecticide binding to proteins. The analyses indicated that the binding abilities were reduced, similar to the resistance mutations that were reported, implying these novel mutations may confer transitional resistance. This study may provide a foundation for understanding the functions of these novel mutations in the evolutionary processes that drive the emergence of insecticide resistance in this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid38534430, year = {2024}, author = {Mlambo, S and Mubayiwa, M and Tarusikirwa, VL and Machekano, H and Mvumi, BM and Nyamukondiwa, C}, title = {The Fall Armyworm and Larger Grain Borer Pest Invasions in Africa: Drivers, Impacts and Implications for Food Systems.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology13030160}, pmid = {38534430}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) are a major biosecurity threat affecting globalisation and the international trade of agricultural products and natural ecosystems. In recent decades, for example, field crop and postharvest grain insect pests have independently accounted for a significant decline in food quantity and quality. Nevertheless, how their interaction and cumulative effects along the ever-evolving field production to postharvest continuum contribute towards food insecurity remain scant in the literature. To address this within the context of Africa, we focus on the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and the larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), two of the most important field and postharvest IAS, respectively, that have invaded Africa. Both insect pests have shown high invasion success, managing to establish themselves in >50% of the African continent within a decade post-introduction. The successive and summative nature of field and postharvest damage by invasive insect pests on the same crop along its value chain results in exacerbated food losses. This systematic review assesses the drivers, impacts and management of the fall armyworm and larger grain borer and their effects on food systems in Africa. Interrogating these issues is important in early warning systems, holistic management of IAS, maintenance of integral food systems in Africa and the development of effective management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid38532112, year = {2024}, author = {Rajashekhar, M and Rajashekar, B and Reddy, TP and Manikyanahalli Chandrashekara, K and Vanisree, K and Ramakrishna, K and Sunitha, V and Shaila, O and Sathyanarayana, E and Shahanaz,  and Reddy, SS and Shankar, A and Jahan, A and Kumar, PV and Reddy, MJM}, title = {Evaluation of farmers friendly IPM modules for the management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) in maize in the hot semiarid region of India.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {7118}, pmid = {38532112}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) pose a severe threat to global agriculture, with their impact projected to escalate due to climate change and expanding international trade. The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), a native of the Americas, has rapidly spread across various continents, causing significant damage to several food crops, especially maize. Integrated pest management (IPM) programs are vital for sustainable FAW control, combining multiple strategies for sustainable results. Over three consecutive years, 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22, the field demonstrations were conducted in semiarid regions of India, testing a four-component IPM approach viz., pheromone traps, microbial, botanicals and ETL based applications of insecticides against farmers' practices (sole insecticide application). IPM implementation led to substantial reductions in FAW infestation. Furthermore, egg mass and larvae infestations were significantly lower in IPM-adopted villages compared to conventional practices. Pheromone-based monitoring demonstrated a consistent reduction in adult moth populations. The lowest technology gap (10.42), extension gap (8.33) and technology index (12.25) was recorded during 2020-21. The adoption of IPM led to increased maize yields (17.49, 12.62 and 24.87% over control), higher net returns (919, 906.20 and 992.93 USD), and favourable benefit-cost ratios (2.74, 2.39 and 2.33) compared to conventional practices respectively during 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22. The economic viability of IPM strategies was evident across three consecutive years, confirming their potential for sustainable FAW management in the semiarid region of India. These strategies hold promise for adoption in other parts of the world sharing similar climatic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid38460690, year = {2024}, author = {Zhou, XH and Li, JJ and Peng, PH and He, WM}, title = {Climate warming impacts chewing Spodoptera litura negatively but sucking Corythucha marmorata positively on native Solidago canadensis.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {923}, number = {}, pages = {171504}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171504}, pmid = {38460690}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Spodoptera ; *Solidago ; Mastication ; Insecta ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Insect-plant interactions are among importantly ecological processes, and rapid environmental changes such as temperature and resource fluctuations can disrupt long-standing insect-plant interactions. While individual impacts of climate warming, atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, and plant provenance on insect-plant interactions are well studied, their joint effects on insect-plant interactions are less explored in ecologically realistic settings. To this end, we performed five experiments with native and invasive Solidago canadensis populations from home and introduced ranges and two insect herbivores (leaf-chewing Spodoptera litura and sap-sucking Corythucha marmorata) in the context of climate warming and N deposition. We determined leaf defensive traits, feeding preference, and insect growth and development, and quantified the possible associations among climate change, host-plant traits, and insect performance with structural equation modeling. First, native S. canadensis populations experienced higher damage by S. litura but lower damage by C. marmorata than invasive S. canadensis populations in the ambient environment. Second, warming decreased the leaf consumption, growth, and survival of S. litura on native S. canadensis populations, but did not affect these traits on invasive S. canadensis populations; warming increased the number of C. marmorata on native S. canadensis populations via direct facilitation, but decreased that on invasive S. canadensis populations via indirect suppression. Third, N addition enhanced the survival of S. litura on native S. canadensis populations, and its feeding preference and leaf consumption on invasive S. canadensis populations. Finally, warming plus N addition exhibited non-additive effects on insect-plant interactions. Based on these results, we tentatively conclude that climate warming could have contrasting effects on insect-plant interactions depending on host-plant provenance and that the effects of atmospheric N deposition on insects might be relatively weak compared to climate warming. Future studies should focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying these different patterns.}, }
@article {pmid38530816, year = {2024}, author = {Durand, M and Guilbert, E}, title = {Corythauma ayyari (Insecta, Heteroptera, Tingidae) depends on its host plant to spread in Europe.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {e0295102}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0295102}, pmid = {38530816}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Biological invasions increase with the intensity of globalization, human activities, and climate change. Insects represent a high potential of invasive species due to their adaptability to new environment. We analysed here the potential of an Asian phytophagous bug, Corythauma ayyari (Heteroptera, Tingidae) to become widespread, recently recorded in Europe, and that depends on Jasminum spp., an ornamental plant widespread in Europe. We modelled its current distribution, projected it into the future and tested its niche overlap between native and invaded areas. When considering the host plants as environmental variables, the analysis shows that C. ayyari shifted to a new ecological niche but its distribution is restricted by its host plant distribution. Including or excluding the host plants as environmental variables has an impact on C. ayyari distribution. We recommend to consider host plant interactions when dealing with niche modelling of phytophagous species.}, }
@article {pmid38530499, year = {2024}, author = {Lin, FC and Shaner, PL and Hsieh, MY and Whiting, MJ and Lin, SM}, title = {Trained quantity discrimination in invasive red-eared slider and a comparison with the native stripe-necked turtle.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {26}, pmid = {38530499}, issn = {1435-9456}, support = {MOST 111-2621-B-003-001-MY3//National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan/ ; }, abstract = {Little is known about the behavioral and cognitive traits that best predict invasion success. Evidence is mounting that cognitive performance correlates with survival and fecundity, two pivotal factors for the successful establishment of invasive populations. We assessed the quantity discrimination ability of the globally invasive red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans). We further compared it to that of the native stripe-necked turtle (Mauremys sinensis), which has been previously evaluated for its superior quantity discrimination ability. Specifically, our experimental designs aimed to quantify the learning ability as numerosity pairs increased in difficulty (termed fixed numerosity tests), and the immediate response when turtles were presented with varied challenges concurrently in the same tests (termed mixed numerosity tests). Our findings reaffirm the remarkable ability of freshwater turtles to discern numerical differences as close as 9 vs 10 (ratio = 0.9), which was comparable to the stripe-necked turtle's performance. However, the red-eared slider exhibited a moderate decrease in performance in high ratio tests, indicating a potentially enhanced cognitive capacity to adapt to novel challenges. Our experimental design is repeatable and is adaptable to a range of freshwater turtles. These findings emphasize the potential importance of cognitive research to the underlying mechanisms of successful species invasions.}, }
@article {pmid38527454, year = {2024}, author = {Treudler, R}, title = {Emerging and Novel Elicitors of Anaphylaxis: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum Update 2024.}, journal = {International archives of allergy and immunology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-9}, doi = {10.1159/000537958}, pmid = {38527454}, issn = {1423-0097}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Anaphylaxis represents the most severe end of the spectrum of allergic reactions. Frequent elicitors of anaphylaxis are insects, foods, and drugs. This paper summarizes recent development with regard to emerging and novel elicitors of anaphylaxis.<br><br>SUMMARY: Food allergens on the rise include pulses (like pea, chickpea), seeds (hemp, chia), nuts (cashew), pseudograins (buckwheat, quinoa), fruits, and microalgae. Novel foods are foods that were not consumed to any significant extent in the European Union before May 1997, which includes four edible insects (mealworm, migratory locust, house cricket, and buffalo worm). Recent investigations have pointed out the risk of anaphylaxis associated with the consumption of yellow mealworm for people allergic to shellfish and house dust mites. In Europe, fire ants (mostly Solenopsis invicta) and Vespa velutina nigrithorax represent invasive species, which account for increasing numbers of anaphylactic reactions. Also, several new drugs, especially biologicals, have been associated with anaphylaxis.<br><br>KEY MESSAGES: Elicitors of anaphylaxis are changing as a result of (i) increase in demand for plant-based food, (ii) introduction of novel foods, (iii) spreading of allergens by climate changes and globalization, or (iv) due to exposure to newly developed drugs.}, }
@article {pmid38527270, year = {2024}, author = {Marshall, AT and Beers, EH}, title = {Using stink bug migration behavior for physical exclusion.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvae025}, pmid = {38527270}, issn = {1938-2936}, support = {CP-16-101//Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission/ ; 2016-51181-25409//National Institute of Food and Agriculture Specialty Crop Research Initiative/ ; 1016563//United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Act/ ; GW17-025//Western Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Graduate Student Research and Education/ ; }, abstract = {Stink bugs have become an increasing concern for tree fruit growers due to changing management strategies and the introduction of an invasive species. The use of broad-spectrum insecticides for stink bug control disrupts biological control and leads to secondary pest outbreaks. To seek alternative tactics, we investigated the physical exclusion of native stink bugs with single-wall net barriers at orchard borders. First, stink bug capture on clear sticky panels along orchard edges showed that movement between the native shrub-steppe vegetation and the orchard occurs for much of the growing season instead of the presumed single migration event in August. Most stink bugs were captured between 1 m and 3 m heights, signifying a 4 m exclusion barrier would intercept migrating bugs. We tested large net barriers (4 m × 23 m) constructed of plain netting with or without deltamethrin-infused netting in flaps compared to a no-net control. The capture of target and nontarget arthropods was determined with plastic tarps below the nets or on the open ground of the control. Net barriers did not directly affect stink bug densities in the orchards, although orchard populations were low overall. Barriers did intercept stink bugs, and the addition of deltamethrin flaps enhanced stink bug mortality but at the price of nontarget arthropod mortality. Our results indicate that stink bug management efforts should focus earlier in the growing season and given the long period of migration, barriers are a more sustainable way of slowing movement into the orchard than the current sole reliance on chemical control.}, }
@article {pmid38524627, year = {2024}, author = {Khan, N and Ullah, R and Okla, MK and Abdel-Maksoud, MA and Saleh, IA and Abu-Harirah, HA and AlRamadneh, TN and AbdElgawad, H}, title = {Climate and soil factors co-derive the functional traits variations in naturalized downy thorn apple (Datura innoxia Mill.) along the altitudinal gradient in the semi-arid environment.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {e27811}, pmid = {38524627}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Plant functional traits are consistently linked with certain ecological factors (i.e., abiotic and biotic), determining which components of a plant species pool are assembled into local communities. In this sense, non-native naturalized plants show more plasticity of morphological traits by adopting new habitat (an ecological niche) of the invaded habitats. This study focuses on the biomass allocation pattern and consistent traits-environment linkages of a naturalized Datura innoxia plant population along the elevation gradient in NW, Pakistan. We sampled 120 plots of the downy thorn apple distributed in 12 vegetation stands with 18 morphological and functional biomass traits during the flowering season and were analyzed along the three elevation zones having altitude ranges from 634.85 m to 1405.3 m from sear level designated as Group I to III identified by Ward's agglomerative clustering strategy (WACS). Our results show that many morphological traits and biomass allocation in different parts varied significantly (p < 0.05) in the pair-wise comparisons along the elevation. Likewise, all plant traits decreased from lower (drought stress) to high elevation zones (moist zones), suggesting progressive adaptation of Datura innoxia with the natural vegetation in NW Pakistan. Similarly, the soil variable also corresponds with the trait's variation e.g., significant variations (P < 0.05) of soil organic matter, organic carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus was recorded. The trait-environment linkages were exposed by redundancy analysis (RDA) that was co-drive by topographic (elevation, r = -0.4897), edaphic (sand, r = -0.4565 and silt, r = 0.5855) and climatic factors. Nevertheless, the influences of climatic factors were stronger than soil variables that were strongly linked with elevation gradient. The study concludes that D. innoxia has adopted the prevailing environmental and climatic conditions, and further investigation is required to evaluate the effects of these factors on their phytochemical and medicinal value.}, }
@article {pmid38428182, year = {2024}, author = {Kaštovská, E and Mastný, J and Konvička, M}, title = {Rewilding by large ungulates contributes to organic carbon storage in soils.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {355}, number = {}, pages = {120430}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120430}, pmid = {38428182}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; Horses ; Humans ; *Ecosystem ; *Soil/chemistry ; Carbon ; Herbivory ; Biomass ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The concept of rewilding, which focuses on managing ecosystem functions through self-regulation by restoring trophic interactions through introduced animal species with little human intervention, has gained increasing attention as a proactive and efficient approach to restoring ecosystems quickly and on a large scale. However, the science of rewilding has been criticized for being largely theory-based rather than evidence-based, with available data being geographically biased towards the Netherlands and Scandinavian countries, and a lack of objective data on rewilding effects on soil processes and C sequestration. In response to a call for data-driven experimental rewilding projects focused on national contexts, we collected unique data on the effects of large herbivore rewilding on soil properties from eight sites in the Czech Republic. These include sites with a wide range of edaphic characteristics that were grazed by Exmoor ponies, European bison, and back-bred Bos primigenius cattle (singly or in combination) for 2-6 years on areas ranging from ≈30 to ≈250 ha. Despite the relatively short duration of rewilding actions and considerable variability in the response rate of soil properties to grazing, our results indicate improved nutrient availability (evidenced by higher nitrification rate or higher soluble nitrogen concentration) and accelerated ecosystem metabolism (higher soil microbial biomass and dissolved carbon content). On longer-grazed pastures, rewilding contributed to soil carbon sequestration associated with increased water holding capacity and improved soil structure. However, other soil properties (reduced dissolved P concentration or total P content) showed signs of low P availability in the soils of the rewilding sites. Therefore, carcass retention should be considered where possible. Our data, although limited in number and geographic coverage, allow us to conclude that large ungulate rewilding has the potential to enhance soil carbon sequestration and related ecosystem services in rewilding areas. At the same time, we urge similar monitoring as an essential part of other rewilding projects, which will ultimately allow much more robust conclusions about the effects of this management on soils.}, }
@article {pmid38519878, year = {2024}, author = {O'Connor, LMJ and Cosentino, F and Harfoot, MBJ and Maiorano, L and Mancino, C and Pollock, LJ and Thuiller, W}, title = {Vulnerability of terrestrial vertebrate food webs to anthropogenic threats in Europe.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {e17253}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.17253}, pmid = {38519878}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {ANR-18-EBI4-0009//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; 101060429//Horizon Europe European Innovation/ ; 101134954//Belmont Forum and BiodivERsA/ ; 10.13039/501100004792//French Ministry of Higher Education and Research/ ; //French Biodiversity Office/ ; }, abstract = {Vertebrate species worldwide are currently facing significant declines in many populations. Although we have gained substantial knowledge about the direct threats that affect individual species, these threats only represent a fraction of the broader vertebrate threat profile, which is also shaped by species interactions. For example, threats faced by prey species can jeopardize the survival of their predators due to food resource scarcity. Yet, indirect threats arising from species interactions have received limited investigation thus far. In this study, we investigate the indirect consequences of anthropogenic threats on biodiversity in the context of European vertebrate food webs. We integrated data on trophic interactions among over 800 terrestrial vertebrates, along with their associated human-induced threats. We quantified and mapped the vulnerability of various components of the food web, including species, interactions, and trophic groups to six major threats: pollution, agricultural intensification, climate change, direct exploitation, urbanization, and invasive alien species and diseases. Direct exploitation and agricultural intensification were two major threats for terrestrial vertebrate food webs: affecting 34% and 31% of species, respectively, they threaten 85% and 69% of interactions in Europe. By integrating network ecology with threat impact assessments, our study contributes to a better understanding of the magnitude of anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid38519631, year = {2024}, author = {Pan, YF and Zhao, H and Gou, QY and Shi, PB and Tian, JH and Feng, Y and Li, K and Yang, WH and Wu, D and Tang, G and Zhang, B and Ren, Z and Peng, S and Luo, GY and Le, SJ and Xin, GY and Wang, J and Hou, X and Peng, MW and Kong, JB and Chen, XX and Yang, CH and Mei, SQ and Liao, YQ and Cheng, JX and Wang, J and Chaolemen,  and Wu, YH and Wang, JB and An, T and Huang, X and Eden, JS and Li, J and Guo, D and Liang, G and Jin, X and Holmes, EC and Li, B and Wang, D and Li, J and Wu, WC and Shi, M}, title = {Metagenomic analysis of individual mosquito viromes reveals the geographical patterns and drivers of viral diversity.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38519631}, issn = {2397-334X}, abstract = {Mosquito transmitted viruses are responsible for an increasing burden of human disease. Despite this, little is known about the diversity and ecology of viruses within individual mosquito hosts. Here, using a meta-transcriptomic approach, we determined the viromes of 2,438 individual mosquitoes (81 species), spanning ~4,000 km along latitudes and longitudes in China. From these data we identified 393 viral species associated with mosquitoes, including 7 (putative) species of arthropod-borne viruses (that is, arboviruses). We identified potential mosquito species and geographic hotspots of viral diversity and arbovirus occurrence, and demonstrated that the composition of individual mosquito viromes was strongly associated with host phylogeny. Our data revealed a large number of viruses shared among mosquito species or genera, enhancing our understanding of the host specificity of insect-associated viruses. We also detected multiple virus species that were widespread throughout the country, perhaps reflecting long-distance mosquito dispersal. Together, these results greatly expand the known mosquito virome, linked viral diversity at the scale of individual insects to that at a country-wide scale, and offered unique insights into the biogeography and diversity of viruses in insect vectors.}, }
@article {pmid38517654, year = {2024}, author = {Dos Reis, CHG and da Silva, PN and de Castro, EM and Pereira, FJ}, title = {Tolerance to mild shading levels in cattail as related to increased photosynthesis and changes in its leaf area and anatomy.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38517654}, issn = {1618-0860}, abstract = {Shading is an environmental factor that has been little investigated regarding its effects on emergent aquatic plants. Typha domingensis Pers. is an emergent macrophyte that demonstrates some plasticity for self-shading, and as it can shade other species in the same area, the effect of shading on its traits deserves further investigation. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the gas exchange, leaf anatomy, and growth of T. domingensis cultivated under increasing shading intensities. The plants were collected and propagated in a greenhouse, and the clones were subjected to four shading intensities: 0% (unshaded), 35%, 73%, and 83% shading created by black nets. Growth traits, clonal production, photosynthesis, transpiration, and leaf anatomy were evaluated. The 73% and 83% shading promoted the death of all plants, but all plants survived in the 35% and unshaded treatments. Compared with the unshaded treatment, the 35% shading treatment promoted a higher photosynthetic rate and greater transpiration, supporting increased growth and production of clones. The increase in the photosynthetic rate in the 35% shading was related to the increase in leaf area which increased the photosynthesis of the whole plant. The 73% and 83% treatments inhibited the development of photosynthetic parenchyma and stomata in T. domingensis, leading to a drastic reduction in photosynthesis and energy depletion. Therefore, T. domingensis does not tolerate intense shading, but its photosynthetic characteristics and growth are favored by mild shading, a factor that may be of great importance for its competitiveness and invasive behavior.}, }
@article {pmid38517160, year = {2024}, author = {Richard, MA and Elliott, S and Hummel, SL and Woolnough, DA and Rzodkiewicz, LD and Gill, SP and Rappold, J and Annis, ML}, title = {Reduced Freshwater Mussel Juvenile Production as a Result of Agricultural and Urban Contaminant Mixture Exposures.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/etc.5844}, pmid = {38517160}, issn = {1552-8618}, support = {//Great Lakes Restoration Initiative/ ; }, abstract = {Freshwater mussels provide invaluable ecological services but are threatened by habitat alteration, poor water quality, invasive species, climate change, and contaminants, including contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Contaminants of emerging concerns are well documented in aquatic environments, including the Great Lakes Basin, but limited information is available on how environmentally relevant mixtures affect freshwater mussel biology throughout their varied life stages. Our main goal was to assess mussels' reproductive output in response to exposure to agricultural and urban CEC mixtures during glochidial development through juvenile transformation and excystment focusing on how exposure duration and treatment affect: (1) the number of glochidia prematurely released by brooding females, (2) glochidial transformation through host-fish excystment, and (3) the number of fully metamorphosed juveniles able to continue the lifecycle. Mussels and host fish were exposed to either a control water (CW), control ethanol (CE), agriculture CEC mixture (AM), or urban CEC mixture (UM) for 40 and 100 days. We found no effect from treatment or exposure duration on the number of glochidia prematurely released. Fewer partially and fully metamorphosed AM juveniles were observed during the 100-day exposure, compared with the 40-day. During the 40-day exposure, CW produced more fully metamorphosed individuals compared with CE and UM, but during the 100-day exposure AM produced more fully metamorphosed individuals compared with the CW. There was reduction in fully metamorphosed juveniles compared with partially metamorphosed for CE and UM during the 40-day exposure, as well as in the CW during the 100-day exposure. These results will be important for understanding how mussel populations are affected by CEC exposure. The experiments also yielded many insights for laboratory toxicology exposure studies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-14. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.}, }
@article {pmid38516807, year = {2024}, author = {Hafker, P and Thompson, LM and Walter, JA and Parry, D and Grayson, KL}, title = {Geographic variation in larval cold tolerance and exposure across the invasion front of a widely established forest insect.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.13358}, pmid = {38516807}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {//Thomas F. and Kate Miller Jeffress Memorial Trust/ ; //Slow-the-Spread Foundation/ ; 1702312//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; 1702701//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; //University of Richmond School of Arts &amp; Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {Under global climate change, high and low temperature extremes can drive shifts in species distributions. Across the range of a species, thermal tolerance is based on acclimatization, plasticity, and may undergo selection, shaping resilience to temperature stress. In this study, we measured variation in cold temperature tolerance of early instar larvae of an invasive forest insect, Lymantria dispar dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), using populations sourced from a range of climates within the current introduced range in the Eastern United States. We tested for population differences in chill coma recovery (CCR) by measuring recovery time following a period of exposure to a nonlethal cold temperature in 2 cold exposure experiments. A 3rd experiment quantified growth responses after CCR to evaluate sublethal effects. Our results indicate that cold tolerance is linked to regional climate, with individuals from populations sourced from colder climates recovering faster from chill coma. While this geographic gradient is seen in many species, detecting this pattern is notable for an introduced species founded from a single point-source introduction. We demonstrate that the cold temperatures used in our experiments occur in nature during cold spells after spring egg hatch, but impacts to growth and survival appear low. We expect that population differences in cold temperature performance manifest more from differences in temperature-dependent growth than acute exposure. Evaluating intraspecific variation in cold tolerance increases our understanding of the role of climatic gradients on the physiology of an invasive species, and contributes to tools for predicting further expansion.}, }
@article {pmid38516802, year = {2024}, author = {Han, L and Chang, ZM and Ren, CS and Chen, XS and Smagghe, G and Yuan, YG and Long, JK}, title = {Colony performance of three native bumblebee species from South China and association with their gut microbiome.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.13351}, pmid = {38516802}, issn = {1744-7917}, abstract = {Bumblebees play an important ecological economic role as pollinators in nature and agriculture. For reasons of biosecurity, many countries promote the cultivation of native bumblebee species for crop pollination instead of importing "alien" species. In South China, a few bumblebee species are considered useful in this way, particularly, Bombus atripes, Bombus bicoloratus and Bombus breviceps. However, whether they are suitable for artificial rearing and forming healthy colonies for pollination, remains unknown. In this project, queens from the 3 native species of Guizhou Province were collected and colonies were started under standardized conditions. The colonies were scored based on 19 parameters, including the stage of colony development, number and weight of offspring, and diet consumed. The data revealed that B. breviceps had the best performance, produced more workers and consumed the smallest diet. Next, we performed 16S rDNA sequencing of the bacterial communities found in the guts of offspring workers, and then a correlation analysis between colony performance and gut bacteria was conducted. Here, B. breviceps showed the highest diversity in gut bacterial composition, dominated by the bacteria Gilliamella, Snodgrassella, Enterobacter, and Lactobacillus Firm5. The higher the abundance of Snodgrassella, the better the performance of the colony in the foundation stage, and later Lactobacillus Firm5, Apibacter and Bifidobacterium were beneficial during the stages of rapid growth and colony decline. Although we do not understand all of the interactions yet, these correlations explain why B. breviceps demonstrated better colony performance. Our data provide valuable information for breeding local Bombus species and will contribute to developing strong colonies for crop pollination.}, }
@article {pmid38516741, year = {2024}, author = {Fu, C and Wang, F and Zhao, Y and Zhu, Q and Luo, Y and Li, Y and Zhang, Z and Yan, X and Sun, T and Liu, Y and Li, Z}, title = {Challenges and opportunities in human dimensions behind cat-wildlife conflict.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e14253}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.14253}, pmid = {38516741}, issn = {1523-1739}, support = {BK20211151//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China/ ; 2022YFC3202104//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 32270543//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; XZ201901-GA-06//Tibet Major Science and Technology Project/ ; }, abstract = {Because global anthropogenic activities cause vast biodiversity loss, human dimensions research is essential to forming management plans applicable to biodiversity conservation outside wilderness areas. Engaging public participation is crucial in this context to achieve social and environmental benefits. However, knowledge gaps remain in understanding how a balance between conservation and public demands can be reached and how complicated sociocultural contexts in the Anthropocene can be incorporated in conservation planning. We examined China's nationwide conflict between free-ranging cats (owned cats that are allowed to go outdoors or homeless cats living outdoors) and wildlife to examine how a consensus between compassion and biodiversity conservation can help in decision-making. We surveyed a random sample of people in China online. Over 9000 questionnaires were completed (44.2% response). In aggregate, respondents reported approximately 29 million free-ranging owned cats and that over 5 million domestic cats per year become feral in mainland China. Respondents who were cat owners, female, and religious were more likely to deny the negative impacts of cats on wildlife and ongoing management strategies and more supportive of stray cat shelters, adoption, and community-based fund raising than nonowners, male, and nonreligious respondents (p < 0.05). Free-ranging cat ownership and abandonment occurred less with owners with more knowledge of biodiversity and invasive species than with respondents with less knowledge of these subjects (p < 0.05). We recommend that cat enthusiasts and wildlife conservationists participate in community-based initiatives, such as campaigns to keep cats indoors. Our study provides a substantially useful framework for other regions where free-ranging cats are undergoing rapid expansion.}, }
@article {pmid38515765, year = {2024}, author = {Essl, F and García-Rodríguez, A and Lenzner, B and Alexander, JM and Capinha, C and Gaüzère, P and Guisan, A and Kühn, I and Lenoir, J and Richardson, DM and Rumpf, SB and Svenning, JC and Thuiller, W and Zurell, D and Dullinger, S}, title = {Potential sources of time lags in calibrating species distribution models.}, journal = {Journal of biogeography}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {89-102}, doi = {10.1111/jbi.14726}, pmid = {38515765}, issn = {0305-0270}, abstract = {The Anthropocene is characterized by a rapid pace of environmental change and is causing a multitude of biotic responses, including those that affect the spatial distribution of species. Lagged responses are frequent and species distributions and assemblages are consequently pushed into a disequilibrium state. How the characteristics of environmental change-for example, gradual 'press' disturbances such as rising temperatures due to climate change versus infrequent 'pulse' disturbances such as extreme events-affect the magnitude of responses and the relaxation times of biota has been insufficiently explored. It is also not well understood how widely used approaches to assess or project the responses of species to changing environmental conditions can deal with time lags. It, therefore, remains unclear to what extent time lags in species distributions are accounted for in biodiversity assessments, scenarios and models; this has ramifications for policymaking and conservation science alike. This perspective piece reflects on lagged species responses to environmental change and discusses the potential consequences for species distribution models (SDMs), the tools of choice in biodiversity modelling. We suggest ways to better account for time lags in calibrating these models and to reduce their leverage effects in projections for improved biodiversity science and policy.}, }
@article {pmid38515563, year = {2024}, author = {Zhang, X and Li, YL and Kaldy, JE and Suonan, Z and Komatsu, T and Xu, S and Xu, M and Wang, F and Liu, P and Liu, X and Yue, S and Zhang, Y and Lee, KS and Liu, JX and Zhou, Y}, title = {Population genetic patterns across the native and invasive range of a widely distributed seagrass: Phylogeographic structure, invasive history and conservation implications.}, journal = {Diversity &amp; distributions}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {1-18}, doi = {10.1111/ddi.13803}, pmid = {38515563}, issn = {1366-9516}, abstract = {AIM: The seagrass Zostera japonica is a dramatically declined endemic species in the Northwestern Pacific from the (sub)tropical to temperate areas, however, it is also an introduced species along the Pacific coast of North America from British Columbia to northern California. Understanding the population's genetic patterns can inform the conservation and management of this species.<br><br>LOCATION: North Pacific.<br><br>METHODS: We used sequences of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast trnK intron maturase (matK), and 24 microsatellite loci to survey 34 native and nonnative populations (>1000 individuals) of Z. japonica throughout the entire biogeographic range. We analysed the phylogeographic relationship, population genetic structure and genetic diversity of all populations and inferred possible origins and invasion pathways of the nonnative ones.<br><br>RESULTS: All markers revealed a surprising and significant deep divergence between northern and southern populations of Z. japonica in the native region separated by a well-established biogeographical boundary. A secondary contact zone was found along the coasts of South Korea and Japan. Nonnative populations were found to originate from the central Pacific coast of Japan with multiple introductions from at least two different source populations, and secondary spread was likely aided by waterfowl.<br><br>MAIN CONCLUSIONS: The divergence of the two distinct clades was likely due to the combined effects of historical isolation, adaptation to distinct environments and a contemporary physical barrier created by the Yangtze River, and the warm northward Kuroshio Current led to secondary contact after glacial separation. Existing exchanges among the nonnative populations indicate the potential for persistence and further expansion. This study not only helps to understand the underlying evolutionary potential of a widespread seagrass species following global climate change but also provides valuable insights for conservation and restoration.}, }
@article {pmid38511442, year = {2024}, author = {Zhang, Y and Ma, WG and Liu, G and Zhou, QL and Guo, J and Cao, W}, title = {[Assessment of the current invasive situation of alien plants in semi-arid area of Northeast China].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, pages = {73-79}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202401.001}, pmid = {38511442}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Europe ; China ; Vegetables ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Alien invasive plants have been found in the semi-arid region of Northeast China for a long time, but the overall invasion situation is rarely reported. In this study, we established a database of alien invasive plants in the semi-arid area of Northeast China through field investigation, specimen collection, research of specimen online information platform and literature. The results showed that there were 34 species of alien invasive plants belonging to 26 genera and 10 families in the semi-arid area of Northeast China, among which the Composite family had the largest number of richness, with 9 genera (34.6%) and 11 species (32.4%). There were 15 species (44.1%) in 11 genera (42.3%) of Legumes, Solanaceae and Gramineae. In all the alien invasive plants, 33 species were herbaceous plants, being overwhelmingly dominant (97.1%). There were both 7 species of countrywide invasive plants with invasive grade 1 and 2, each accounting for 20.6% of the total. The number of species with invasive grade 4 was the largest, 17 species, accounting for 50% of the total. The invasive plants originated in North America and Europe was the most, accounting for 64.7%, while those from South America, Asia and Africa accounted for 35.3%. Totally, 44.1% of all the invasive alien plants were intentionally introduced, while 55.9% were unintentionally introduced. In the semi-arid area of Northeast China, 81.3% of the counties (cities) had the distribution of alien invasive plants, and the invasion situation was very serious.}, }
@article {pmid38509139, year = {2024}, author = {Vagenas, G and Karachle, PK and Oikonomou, A and Stoumboudi, MT and Zenetos, A}, title = {Decoding the spread of non-indigenous fishes in the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {6669}, pmid = {38509139}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {MIS: 5049511//National Strategic Reference Framework 2017-2020/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Fishes ; *Environment ; Indian Ocean ; Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {The ocean is dynamically changing due to the influence of climate processes and human activities. The construction of the Suez Canal in the late nineteenth century opened the Pandora's box by facilitating the dispersal of Red Sea species in the Mediterranean Sea. In this study, we developed an open-source spatio-temporal numerical analysis framework to decodify the complex spread of Mediterranean non-indigenous fish species (NIS) that entered through the Suez Canal. We utilized 772 historical detection records of 130 NIS to disentangle their dynamic spread through space and time. The results indicated that species follow a north-westward trajectory with an average expansion time step of 2.5 years. Additionally, we estimated the overall time for a NIS to reach the Central Mediterranean Sea from the Suez Canal at approximately 22 years. Based on the analysis, more than half of the introduced fishes have been established in less than 10 years. Finally, we proceeded in the cross-validation of our results using actual spread patterns of invasive fishes of the Mediterranean Sea, resulting up to 90% of temporal and spatial agreement. The methodology and the findings presented herein may contribute to management initiatives in highly invaded regions around the globe.}, }
@article {pmid37516913, year = {2023}, author = {Tungadi, TD and Powell, G and Shaw, B and Fountain, MT}, title = {Factors influencing oviposition behaviour of the invasive pest, Drosophila suzukii, derived from interactions with other Drosophila species: potential applications for control.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {11}, pages = {4132-4139}, pmid = {37516913}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {BB/S005994/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Female ; Animals ; *Drosophila ; Oviposition ; Introduced Species ; Reproduction ; *Insecticides ; Larva ; Fruit ; Insect Control ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) or spotted wing Drosophila is a worldwide invasive pest of soft- and stone-fruit production. Female D. suzukii lay their eggs in ripening fruit and the hatched larvae damage fruit from the inside, rendering it unmarketable and causing significant economic loss. Current methods to reduce D. suzukii population in the field primarily rely on chemical insecticides which are not a sustainable long-term solution and increase the risk of resistance developing. Several studies demonstrate that when D. suzukii encounter or coexist with other Drosophila on a food source, this is usually a disadvantage to D. suzukii, leading to reduced oviposition and increased larval mortality. These effects have potential to be exploited from a pest management perspective. In this review we summarise recent research articles focusing on the interspecific interactions between D. suzukii and other Drosophila species aimed at understanding how this drives D. suzukii behaviour. Potential semiochemical and microbiome impacts are postulated as determinants of D. suzukii behaviour. Development of control practices focusing on reducing D. suzukii populations and deterring them from laying eggs by utilising factors that drive their behaviour are discussed. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid38514244, year = {2024}, author = {Bonthoux, S and Chollet, S}, title = {Wilding cities for biodiversity and people: a transdisciplinary framework.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/brv.13076}, pmid = {38514244}, issn = {1469-185X}, abstract = {Accelerating urbanisation and associated lifestyle changes result in loss of biodiversity and diminished wellbeing of people through fewer direct interactions and experiences with nature. In this review, we propose the notion of urban wilding (the promotion of autonomous ecological processes that are independent of historical land-use conditions, with minimal direct human maintenance and planting interventions) and investigate its propensity to improve biodiversity and people-nature connections in cities. Through a large interdisciplinary synthesis, we explore the ecological mechanisms through which urban wilding can promote biodiversity in cities, investigate the attitudes and relations of city dwellers towards urban wild spaces, and discuss the integration of urban wilding into the fabric of cities and its governance. We show that favouring assembly spontaneity by reducing planting interventions, and functional spontaneity by limiting maintenance practices, can promote plant diversity and provide ecological resources for numerous organisms at habitat and city scales. These processes could reverse biotic homogenisation, but further studies are needed to understand the effects of wilding on invasive species and their consequences. From a socio-ecological perspective, the attitudes of city dwellers towards spontaneous vegetation are modulated by successional stages, with grassland and woodland stages preferred, but dense shrubby vegetation stages disliked. Wild spaces can diversify physical interactions with nature, and enrich multi-sensory, affective and cognitive experiences of nature in cities. However, some aspects of wild spaces can cause anxiety, feeling unsafe, and the perception of abandonment. These negative attitudes could be mitigated by subtle design and maintenance interventions. While nature has long been thought of as ornamental and instrumental in cities, urban wilding could help to develop relational and intrinsic values of nature in the fabric of cities. Wildness and its singular aesthetics should be combined with cultural norms, resident uses and urban functions to plan and design urban spatial configurations promoting human-non-human cohabitation. For urban wilding to be socially just and adapted to the needs of residents, its implementation should be backed by inclusive governance opening up discussion forums to residents and urban workers. Scientists can support these changes by collaborating with urban actors to design and experiment with new wild spaces promoting biodiversity and wellbeing of people in cities.}, }
@article {pmid38513869, year = {2024}, author = {Bell, KL and Campos, M and Hoffmann, BD and Encinas-Viso, F and Hunter, G and Webber, BL}, title = {Environmental DNA methods for biosecurity and invasion biology in terrestrial ecosystems: Progress, pitfalls, and prospects.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {171810}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171810}, pmid = {38513869}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Analysis of environmental DNA (eDNA) enables indirect detection of species without the need to directly observe and sample them. For biosecurity and invasion biology, eDNA-based methods are useful to address biological invasions at all phases, from detecting arrivals to confirming eradication of past invasions. We conducted a systematic review of the literature and found that in biosecurity and invasion biology, eDNA has primarily been used to detect new incursions and monitor spread in marine and freshwater ecosystems, with much slower uptake in terrestrial ecosystems, reflecting a broader trend common to usage of eDNA tools. In terrestrial ecosystems, eDNA research has mostly focussed on the use of eDNA metabarcoding to characterise biodiversity, rather than targeting biosecurity threats or non-native populations. We discuss how eDNA-based methods are being applied to terrestrial ecosystems for biosecurity and managing non-native populations at each phase of the invasion continuum: transport, introduction, establishment, and spread; across different management options: containment, control, and eradication; and for detecting the impact of non-native organisms. Finally, we address some of the current technical issues and caveats of eDNA-based methods, particularly for terrestrial ecosystems, and how these might be solved. As eDNA-based methods improve, they will play an increasingly important role in the early detection and adaptive management of biological invasions, and the implementation of effective biosecurity controls.}, }
@article {pmid38512951, year = {2024}, author = {Fezza, T and Shelly, TE and Fox, A and Beucke, K and Rohrig, E and Aldebron, C and Manoukis, NC}, title = {Less is more: Fewer attract-and-kill sites improve the male annihilation technique against Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {e0300866}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0300866}, pmid = {38512951}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {The Male Annihilation Technique (also termed the Male Attraction Technique; "MAT") is often used to eradicate pestiferous tephritid fruit flies, such as Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). MAT involves the application of male-specific attractants combined with an insecticide in spots or stations across an area to reduce the male population to such a low level that suppression or eradication is achieved. Currently, implementations of MAT in California and Florida targeting B. dorsalis utilize the male attractant methyl eugenol (ME) accompanied with a toxicant, such as spinosad, mixed into a waxy, inert emulsion STATIC ME (termed here "SPLAT-MAT-ME"). While highly effective against ME-responding species, such applications are expensive owing largely to the high cost of the carrier matrix and labor for application. Until recently the accepted protocol called for the application of approximately 230 SPLAT-MAT-ME spots per km2; however, findings from Hawaii suggest a lower density may be more effective. The present study adopted the methods of that earlier work and estimated kill rates of released B. dorsalis under varying spot densities in areas of California and Florida that have had recent incursions of this invasive species. Specifically, we directly compared trap captures of sterilized marked B. dorsalis males released in different plots under three experimental SPLAT-MAT-ME densities (50, 110, and 230 per km2) in Huntington Beach, CA; Anaheim, CA; and Sarasota-Bradenton, FL. The plots with a density of 110 sites per km2 had a significantly higher recapture proportion than plots with 50 or 230 sites per km2. This result suggests that large amounts of male attractant may reduce the ability of males to locate the source of the odor, thus lowering kill rates and the effectiveness of eradication efforts. Eradication programs would directly benefit from reduced costs and improved eradication effectiveness by reducing the application density of SPLAT-MAT-ME.}, }
@article {pmid38512221, year = {2024}, author = {Krueger, CJ and Dai, Z and Zhu, C and Zhang, B}, title = {Heritable CRISPR Mutagenesis of Essential Maternal Effect Genes as a Simple Tool for Sustained Population Suppression of Invasive Species in a Zebrafish Model.}, journal = {Zebrafish}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1089/zeb.2023.0108}, pmid = {38512221}, issn = {1557-8542}, abstract = {Invasive species control is important for ecological and agricultural management. Genetic methods can provide species specificity for population control. We developed heritable maternal effect embryo lethality (HMEL), a novel strategy allowing negative population pressure from HMEL individuals to be transmitted within a population across generations. We demonstrate the HMEL technique in zebrafish through genome-integrated CRISPR/Cas targeted mutagenic disruption of nucleoplasmin 2b (npm2b), a female-specific essential maternal effect gene, causing heritable sex-limited disruption of reproduction. HMEL-induced high-efficiency mutation of npm2b in females suppresses population, while males transmit the HMEL allele across generations. HMEL could be easily modified to target other genes causing sex-specific sterility, or generalized to control invasive fish or other vertebrate species for environmental conservation or agricultural protection.}, }
@article {pmid38503343, year = {2024}, author = {Ngoepe, N and Merz, A and King, L and Wienhues, G and Kishe, MA and Mwaiko, S and Misra, P and Grosjean, M and Matthews, B and Mustaphi, CC and Heiri, O and Cohen, A and Tinner, W and Muschick, M and Seehausen, O}, title = {Testing alternative hypotheses for the decline of cichlid fish in Lake Victoria using fish tooth time series from sediment cores.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {20230604}, pmid = {38503343}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Lakes ; *Cichlids ; Time Factors ; Tanzania ; Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Lake Victoria is well known for its high diversity of endemic fish species and provides livelihoods for millions of people. The lake garnered widespread attention during the twentieth century as major environmental and ecological changes modified the fish community with the extinction of approximately 40% of endemic cichlid species by the 1980s. Suggested causal factors include anthropogenic eutrophication, fishing, and introduced non-native species but their relative importance remains unresolved, partly because monitoring data started in the 1970s when changes were already underway. Here, for the first time, we reconstruct two time series, covering the last approximately 200 years, of fish assemblage using fish teeth preserved in lake sediments. Two sediment cores from the Mwanza Gulf of Lake Victoria, were subsampled continuously at an intra-decadal resolution, and teeth were identified to major taxa: Cyprinoidea, Haplochromini, Mochokidae and Oreochromini. None of the fossils could be confidently assigned to non-native Nile perch. Our data show significant decreases in haplochromine and oreochromine cichlid fish abundances that began long before the arrival of Nile perch. Cyprinoids, on the other hand, have generally been increasing. Our study is the first to reconstruct a time series of any fish assemblage in Lake Victoria extending deeper back in time than the past 50 years, helping shed light on the processes underlying Lake Victoria's biodiversity loss.}, }
@article {pmid38508924, year = {2024}, author = {Nuñez, MA and August, T and Bacher, S and Galil, BS and Hulme, PE and Ikeda, T and McGeoch, MA and Ordonez, A and Rahlao, S and Truong, TR and Pauchard, A and Roy, HE and Sankaran, KV and Schwindt, E and Seebens, H and Sheppard, AW and Stoett, P and Vandvik, V and Meyerson, LA}, title = {Including a diverse set of voices to address biological invasions.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2024.02.009}, pmid = {38508924}, issn = {1872-8383}, abstract = {Inclusivity is fundamental to progress in understanding and addressing the global phenomena of biological invasions because inclusivity fosters a breadth of perspectives, knowledge, and solutions. Here, we report on how the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) assessment on invasive alien species (IAS) prioritized inclusivity, the benefits of this approach, and the remaining challenges.}, }
@article {pmid38505669, year = {2023}, author = {Tercel, MPTG and Cuff, JP and Symondson, WOC and Vaughan, IP}, title = {Non-native ants drive dramatic declines in animal community diversity: A meta-analysis.}, journal = {Insect conservation and diversity}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {733-744}, pmid = {38505669}, issn = {1752-458X}, abstract = {Non-native ants can cause ecosystem-wide ecological change, and these changes are generally assumed to be negative. Despite this, the evidence base has never been holistically synthesised to quantify whether and to what degree non-native ants impact native species diversity.In this study, we performed a meta-analysis of the effects of ant invasion on animal communities. We extracted data from 46 published articles investigating abundance (156 effect sizes) and richness (53 effect sizes) responses of animal taxa to ant invasion in locations relatively unimpacted by other stressors (e.g. human disturbance, other non-native species) to help isolate the effects of invasion.Overall, local animal diversity declined severely, with species abundance and richness lower by 42.79% and 53.56%, respectively, in areas with non-native ants compared with intact uninvaded sites. We then combined responses of individual animal taxa extracted from an article into a single response to represent the 'community' abundance (40 effect sizes) or richness (28 effect sizes) response to non-native ants represented in each article. Local communities decreased substantially in total abundance (52.67%) and species richness (53.47%) in invaded sites.These results highlight non-native ants as the drivers, rather than passengers, of large net-negative reductions to animal community diversity in relatively undisturbed systems around the world, approximately halving local species abundance and richness in invaded areas. Improved international prevention processes, early detection systems harnessing emerging technologies, and well-designed control measures deployable by conservation practitioners are urgently needed if these effects are to be mitigated, prevented or reversed.}, }
@article {pmid38505180, year = {2024}, author = {Binama, B and Caroline, M}, title = {Differences in growth and competition between plants of a naturalized and an invasive population of Bunias orientalis.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {e11153}, pmid = {38505180}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The global shift of species' distributions has led to high numbers of noninvasive naturalized plants and the accumulation of invasive species within ecosystems. Competition between species may influence population dynamics, but little is known about the impacts of competition between conspecifics of naturalized and invasive populations. We investigated several plant traits at initial growth and regrowth following artificial defoliation in intra and interpopulation competition. Therefore, we used plants of Bunias orientalis from one noninvasive naturalized and one invasive population grown alone or in competition of two or three. Plants from the naturalized population were expected to be less competitive than plants from the invasive population, reflecting their differential impact in the introduced range. Independent of status, intrapopulation competition was expected to have less negative impacts on plants than interpopulation competition. Our results show that competition impacted mostly growth- rather than physiology-related traits. The relative magnitude of intra and interpopulation competition differed among plant traits at the first and second harvest. Plants of the invasive population outperformed the naturalized population by allocating relatively more resources to the aboveground biomass and producing more and longer leaves particularly when grown in competition against two plants. Moreover, plants of the invasive population were more competitive, which may influence their successful establishment and range expansion in the introduced range, but growth patterns differed after artificial defoliation. Although evolution of intrapopulation competition in naturalized and invasive ranges may be expected, interpopulation competition seems to adversely impact the performance of the naturalized plant population of B. orientalis studied here. Apart from the status (naturalized vs. invasive), other factors may have had an influence on plant performance. Thus, further research is needed with more naturalized and invasive populations to test the generality of our findings and to isolate the specific mechanisms driving differences in competitiveness.}, }
@article {pmid38505179, year = {2024}, author = {Van de Weyer, N and Ruscoe, WA and Brown, PR and Henry, S and Robinson, F and Hinds, LA and Oh, KP}, title = {Exploring patterns of female house mouse spatial organisation among outbreaking and stable populations.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {e10843}, pmid = {38505179}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The size and distribution of home ranges reflect how individuals within a population use, defend, and share space and resources, and may thus be an important predictor of population-level dynamics. Eruptive species, such as the house mouse in Australian grain-growing regions, are an ideal species in which to investigate variations in space use and home range overlap between stable and outbreaking populations. In this study, we use spatially explicit capture-recapture models to explore if space use and home range overlap among female mice could serve as indicators of changes in population density leading into summer. Additionally, we assess the sensitivity of space use and home range estimates to reduced recapture rates. Our analysis did not reveal variations in the spring spatial organisation of female mice based on existing capture-mark-recapture data. However, our study highlights the need to balance monitoring efforts within regions, emphasising the importance of exploring studies that can improve spatial recaptures by optimising trapping efforts. This is particularly important in Australian agricultural systems, where varying farm management practices may drive differences in population dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid38504663, year = {2024}, author = {Begna, R and Masho, W}, title = {Valuation of livestock population and national feed security to enhance livestock productivity in Ethiopia.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine and science}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e1415}, doi = {10.1002/vms3.1415}, pmid = {38504663}, issn = {2053-1095}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Feed is a major input in the livestock industry and covers about 60%-70% of the total cost of producing meat, milk and eggs. Inadequate feed supply in terms of quality and quantity leads to lower production performance in livestock. However, the development of an appropriate livestock production strategy through efficient utilization of existing feed resources could raise the production and per capita consumption of livestock products. Efficiency of feed resource utilization can be measured as the ratio between input to production activities and output (e.g. kg of protein used per unit of meat, milk and eggs produced or hectare of land used per unit of milk produced).<br><br>METHODOLOGY: This study was designed with the objective of evaluating the livestock population and national feed security to enhance livestock productivity in Ethiopia. To achieve this objective, data were collected from the websites of the Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency from 2007 to 2021, FAO publications and websites, books and journals. The data obtained on different feed resources, livestock population and livestock feed requirement and balance were entered into an MS Excel spread sheet (Excel, 2010) and analysed using the general linear model (PRO GLM) procedure of SAS (2014) and multivariate analysis of covariance.<br><br>RESULTS: The study results revealed that the livestock population had increased from 58.31 million tropical livestock units (TLU) to 81.10 million tropical livestock units (TLU), and the emission of entericCH4 had increased from 2511.08 Gg/year to 3661.74 Gg/year from 2008 to 2021. The study results also showed that the major available feed resources for ruminants are natural pasture and crop residues, which account for 56.83% (87.56&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;10[6]) and 37.37% (57.57&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;10[6]) of total feed production in the country, respectively. The contribution of concentrate and improved cultivated pasture and feed from permanent crops used as feed sources is very insignificant (3.05% and 1.96%, respectively). The estimated quantity of these feed resources was sufficient to meet the livestock feed requirement in the country in terms of dry matter (DM), digestible crude protein (DCP) and MEJ, which estimated about 153.31&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;10[6] &#xa0;t, 4.56&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;10[6] &#xa0;t and 1203.97&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;10[9] &#xa0;MJ DM, DCP and MEJ, respectively. The estimated livestock feed requirements were 134.62&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;10[6] , 4.52&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;10[6] , and 918.83&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;10[9] in DM, DCP and MEJ, respectively. The supply covered about 114.33, 100.04 and 131.33% of the DM, DCP and MEJ total annual feed requirements of livestock in the country. Hence, the current feed surplus obtained on feed requirements of ruminants and equines can support the nutrient requirements of 500&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;10[6] broilers, about 5&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;10[6] bulls, about 50&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;10[6] small ruminants or 3&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;10[6] crossbred lactating dairy cows, yielding 10&#xa0;L of milk per day.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The findings of study indicated that natural pasture and crop residues cover a major proportion of the annual feed supply in the country. Therefore, proper grazing management, feed conservation practices, improving grazing land vegetation through clearing invasive species, replacing the grazing land with an improved grass and legume mixture, effective collection, conservation and proper utilization of crop residues, and other alternative options such as the use of chemical, physical and biological treatments to improve the nutritive value of fibrous feed should be practiced. More effective extension services and farmer training are also required to increase feed productivity and, hence, human development.}, }
@article {pmid38504599, year = {2024}, author = {Kirk, DA and Martínez-Lanfranco, JA and Forsyth, DJ and Martin, AE}, title = {Farm management and landscape context shape plant diversity at wetland edges in the Prairie Pothole Region of Canada.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e2943}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2943}, pmid = {38504599}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {//Environment and Climate Change Canada/ ; }, abstract = {Evaluating the impacts of farming systems on biodiversity is increasingly important given the need to stem biodiversity loss, decrease fossil fuel dependency, and maintain ecosystem services benefiting farmers. We recorded woody and herbaceous plant species diversity, composition, and abundance in 43 wetland-adjacent prairie remnants beside crop fields managed using conventional, minimum tillage, organic, or perennial cover (wildlife-friendly) land management in the Prairie Pothole Region. We used a hierarchical framework to estimate diversity at regional and local scales (gamma, alpha), and how these are related through species turnover (beta diversity). We tested the expectation that gamma richness/evenness and beta diversity of all plants would be higher in remnants adjacent to perennial cover and organic fields than in conventional and minimum tillage fields. We expected the same findings for plants providing ecosystem services (bee-pollinated species) and disservices (introduced species). We predicted similar relative effects of land management on alpha diversity, but with the expectation that the benefits of organic farming would decrease with increasing grassland in surrounding landscapes. Gamma richness and evenness of all plants were highest for perennial cover, followed by minimum tillage, organic, and conventional sites. Bee-pollinated species followed a similar pattern for richness, but for evenness organic farming came second, after perennial cover sites, followed by minimum tillage and conventional. For introduced species, organic sites had the highest gamma richness and evenness. Grassland amount moderated the effect of land management type on all plants and bee-pollinated plant richness, but not as expected. The richness of organic sites increased with the amount of grassland in the surrounding landscape. Conversely, for conventional sites, richness increased as the amount of grassland in the landscape declined. Our results are consistent with the expectation that adopting wildlife-friendly land management practices can benefit biodiversity at regional and local scales, in particular the use of perennial cover to benefit plant diversity at regional scales. At more local extents, organic farming increased plant richness, but only when sufficient grassland was available in the surrounding landscape; organic farms also had the highest beta diversity for all plants and bee-pollinated plants. Maintaining native cover in agroecosystems, in addition to low-intensity farming practices, could sustain plant biodiversity and facilitate important ecosystem services.}, }
@article {pmid38503866, year = {2024}, author = {Peller, T and Altermatt, F}, title = {Invasive species drive cross-ecosystem effects worldwide.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38503866}, issn = {2397-334X}, support = {10030_197410//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Swiss National Science Foundation)/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are pervasive around the world and have profound impacts on the ecosystem they invade. Invasive species, however, can also have impacts beyond the ecosystem they invade by altering the flow of non-living materials (for example, nutrients or chemicals) or movement of organisms across the boundaries of the invaded ecosystem. Cross-ecosystem interactions via spatial flows are ubiquitous in nature, for example, connecting forests and lakes, grasslands and rivers, and coral reefs and the deep ocean. Yet, we have a limited understanding of the cross-ecosystem impacts invasive species have relative to their local effects. By synthesizing emerging evidence, here we demonstrate the cross-ecosystem impacts of invasive species as a ubiquitous phenomenon that influences biodiversity and ecosystem functioning around the world. We identify three primary ways by which invasive species have cross-ecosystem effects: first, by altering the magnitude of spatial flows across ecosystem boundaries; second, by altering the quality of spatial flows; and third, by introducing novel spatial flows. Ultimately, the strong impacts invasive species can drive across ecosystem boundaries suggests the need for a paradigm shift in how we study and manage invasive species around the world, expanding from a local to a cross-ecosystem perspective.}, }
@article {pmid38501943, year = {2024}, author = {Wiens, JJ and Zelinka, J}, title = {Predict the effects of climate change by studying the effects of climate change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {e17244}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.17244}, pmid = {38501943}, issn = {1365-2486}, }
@article {pmid38500298, year = {2024}, author = {Soto, I and Balzani, P and Carneiro, L and Cuthbert, RN and Macêdo, R and Serhan Tarkan, A and Ahmed, DA and Bang, A and Bacela-Spychalska, K and Bailey, SA and Baudry, T and Ballesteros-Mejia, L and Bortolus, A and Briski, E and Britton, JR and Buřič, M and Camacho-Cervantes, M and Cano-Barbacil, C and Copilaș-Ciocianu, D and Coughlan, NE and Courtois, P and Csabai, Z and Dalu, T and De Santis, V and Dickey, JWE and Dimarco, RD and Falk-Andersson, J and Fernandez, RD and Florencio, M and Franco, ACS and García-Berthou, E and Giannetto, D and Glavendekic, MM and Grabowski, M and Heringer, G and Herrera, I and Huang, W and Kamelamela, KL and Kirichenko, NI and Kouba, A and Kourantidou, M and Kurtul, I and Laufer, G and Lipták, B and Liu, C and López-López, E and Lozano, V and Mammola, S and Marchini, A and Meshkova, V and Milardi, M and Musolin, DL and Nuñez, MA and Oficialdegui, FJ and Patoka, J and Pattison, Z and Pincheira-Donoso, D and Piria, M and Probert, AF and Rasmussen, JJ and Renault, D and Ribeiro, F and Rilov, G and Robinson, TB and Sanchez, AE and Schwindt, E and South, J and Stoett, P and Verreycken, H and Vilizzi, L and Wang, YJ and Watari, Y and Wehi, PM and Weiperth, A and Wiberg-Larsen, P and Yapıcı, S and Yoğurtçuoğlu, B and Zenni, RD and Galil, BS and Dick, JTA and Russell, JC and Ricciardi, A and Simberloff, D and Bradshaw, CJA and Haubrock, PJ}, title = {Taming the terminological tempest in invasion science.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/brv.13071}, pmid = {38500298}, issn = {1469-185X}, support = {CE170100015//Australian Research Council Centre for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage/ ; ECF-2021-001//Leverhulme Trust/ ; 22-16-00075//Russian Science Foundation/ ; 21-16-00050//Russian Science Foundation/ ; //Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior - Brasil (Capes)/ ; SS02030018//Technology Agency of the Czech Republic/ ; //Indonesian Centre for Research on Bioinvasions/ ; CEEC/0482/2020//FCT/ ; UIDB/ 04292/2020//FCT/ ; UIDP/04292//FCT/ ; LA/P/0069/2020//Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ ; PIP 11220210100507CO//Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient&#xed;ficas y T&#xe9;cnicas/ ; //Research Council of Norway/ ; MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033//Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities/ ; PID2019-103936GB-C21//European Union/ ; TED2021-129889B-I00//European Union/ ; RED2022-134338-T//European Union/ ; }, abstract = {Standardised terminology in science is important for clarity of interpretation and communication. In invasion science - a dynamic and rapidly evolving discipline - the proliferation of technical terminology has lacked a standardised framework for its development. The result is a convoluted and inconsistent usage of terminology, with various discrepancies in descriptions of damage and interventions. A standardised framework is therefore needed for a clear, universally applicable, and consistent terminology to promote more effective communication across researchers, stakeholders, and policymakers. Inconsistencies in terminology stem from the exponential increase in scientific publications on the patterns and processes of biological invasions authored by experts from various disciplines and countries since the 1990s, as well as publications by legislators and policymakers focusing on practical applications, regulations, and management of resources. Aligning and standardising terminology across stakeholders remains a challenge in invasion science. Here, we review and evaluate the multiple terms used in invasion science (e.g. 'non-native', 'alien', 'invasive' or 'invader', 'exotic', 'non-indigenous', 'naturalised', 'pest') to propose a more simplified and standardised terminology. The streamlined framework we propose and translate into 28 other languages is based on the terms (i) 'non-native', denoting species transported beyond their natural biogeographic range, (ii) 'established non-native', i.e. those non-native species that have established self-sustaining populations in their new location(s) in the wild, and (iii) 'invasive non-native' - populations of established non-native species that have recently spread or are spreading rapidly in their invaded range actively or passively with or without human mediation. We also highlight the importance of conceptualising 'spread' for classifying invasiveness and 'impact' for management. Finally, we propose a protocol for classifying populations based on (i) dispersal mechanism, (ii) species origin, (iii) population status, and (iv) impact. Collectively and without introducing new terminology, the framework that we present aims to facilitate effective communication and collaboration in invasion science and management of non-native species.}, }
@article {pmid38498464, year = {2024}, author = {Salomé-Díaz, J and Golubov, J and Eguiarte, LE and Búrquez, A}, title = {Difference in Germination Traits between Congeneric Native and Exotic Species May Affect Invasion.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants13040478}, pmid = {38498464}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {697388//Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologias/ ; }, abstract = {Germination traits are components of invasion potential, and comparing seed traits in sympatric native and invasive species can offer insights into the invasion process. We characterized seed germination traits and how they influenced the success of Eragrostis mexicana, a native species, and Eragrostis tenuifolia, an exotic species (Poaceae) in Mexico, in the context of their potential for biological invasion. Seeds from both species were collected from four sites in a natural protected area in Mexico City, and the germination of seeds of different ages was conducted in experiments at different temperatures. E. tenuifolia exhibited higher germination percentages than the native E. mexicana across all treatments. Seed age had differential effects, with older seeds of the native E. mexicana germinating better, while E. tenuifolia performed better with younger seeds. Temperature positively impacted germination for both species, although E. mexicana was limited at lower temperatures. Exotic E. tenuifolia can germinate over a wider temperature range with earlier germination rates, and generate a seed bank lasting several years, which may contribute to naturalization. The importance of germination traits in the context of invasive species establishment underscores the potential role of seed banks in facilitating biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid38495930, year = {2024}, author = {Sciandra, C and Amoriello, S and Degli, EI and Nicotera, V and Barbieri, F and Mazza, G and Torrini, G and Roversi, PF and Strangi, A}, title = {First report of Rhabditis (Rhabditella) axei with the invasive palm borer Paysandisia archon.}, journal = {Journal of nematology}, volume = {56}, number = {1}, pages = {20240005}, pmid = {38495930}, issn = {0022-300X}, abstract = {Rhabditis (Rhabditella) axei is a free-living, pseudoparasitic, necromenic, and parasitic nematode, depending on the host. This species feeds mainly on bacteria present in decaying organic matter, soil, and other substrates; however, in its parasitic form, it can colonize some species of snails. Moreover, the presence of R. axei has also been detected in birds and mammals, including humans. In 2021-2023, during monitoring of the palm borer Paysandisia archon in Central Italy, R. axei emerged from dead larvae of this alien invasive moth and was extracted from palm fibres of Trachycarpus fortunei in three independent sites. The nematode was identified by morphological and morphometric analyses. Molecular analyses using SSU and LSU gene fragments were used to confirm the identification and to perform Bayesian reconstruction of the phylogeny. Each sampling site showed a unique haplotype. Concerning the pathogenicity of this nematode against insects, the test performed on Galleria mellonella larvae did not show any entomopathogenic effect. This is the first time that R. axei was found associated with P. archon, and this recurrent association was discussed.}, }
@article {pmid38495311, year = {2024}, author = {Juhász, A and Nkolokosa, C and Kambewa, E and Jones, S and Cunningham, LJ and Chammudzi, P and Kapira, D and Namacha, G and Lally, D and Kayuni, SA and Makaula, P and Musaya, J and Stothard, JR}, title = {An alien intermediate snail host in Malawi - Orientogalba viridis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1832) - A new concern for schistosomiasis transmission in Africa?.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {23}, number = {}, pages = {100919}, pmid = {38495311}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {The freshwater amphibious snail Orientogalba viridis commonly occurs in eastern Asia, on certain Pacific islands and more importantly has recently dispersed into Europe. Since this snail is now considered an invasive species, its distribution is of growing parasitological interest as an alien intermediate host for various trematodes, particularly liver flukes. As part of ongoing surveillance for snail-borne diseases in Malawi, a population of O. viridis was first observed in May 2023, alongside an alarming presence of a human schistosome cercaria. This snail population later underwent detailed morphological characterisation with both snail and parasite identities confirmed upon DNA barcoding. This seminal observation triggered more extensive local snail surveys, finding 3 further populations in separated rice paddies, with further field-caught snails (n = 465) screened for infection and a selection used for repeated experimental challenges with miracidia from Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mattheei. Although no field-caught (and experimentally exposed) snail was seen to shed schistosome cercariae, molecular xenomonitoring for schistosomiasis provided tangible evidence of putative transmission potential. Our first report of O. viridis here in Malawi, and more broadly in Africa, flags a need for increased vigilance for this invasive species alongside local clarification(s) of its transmission potential for trematodiases of either medical and/or veterinary importance.}, }
@article {pmid38494654, year = {2024}, author = {Howell, E and White, A and Lurz, PWW and Boots, M}, title = {Immune interactions and heterogeneity in transmission drives the pathogen-mediated invasion of grey squirrels in the UK.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.14074}, pmid = {38494654}, issn = {1365-2656}, support = {BB/V00378X/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Mathematical models highlighted the importance of pathogen-mediated invasion, with the replacement of red squirrels by squirrelpox virus (SQPV) carrying grey squirrels in the UK, a well-known example. In this study, we combine new epidemiological models, with a range of infection characteristics, with recent longitudinal field and experimental studies on the SQPV dynamics in red and grey squirrel populations to better infer the mechanistic basis of the disease interaction. A key finding is that a model with either partial immunity or waning immunity and reinfection, where individuals become seropositive on the second exposure to infection, that up to now has been shown in experimental data only, can capture the key aspects of the field study observations. By fitting to SQPV epidemic observations in isolated red squirrel populations, we can infer that SQPV transmission between red squirrels is significantly (4×) higher than the transmission between grey squirrels and as a result our model shows that disease-mediated replacement of red squirrels by greys is considerably more rapid than replacement in the absence of SQPV. Our findings recover the key results of the previous model studies, which highlights the value of simple strategic models that are appropriate when there are limited data, but also emphasise the likely complexity of immune interactions in wildlife disease and how models can help infer disease processes from field data.}, }
@article {pmid38493987, year = {2024}, author = {Wang, S and Li, Y and Jiang, K and Zhou, J and Chen, J and Liang, J and Ndoni, A and Xue, H and Ye, Z and Bu, W}, title = {Identifying a potentially invasive population in the native range of a species: the enlightenment from the phylogeography of the yellow spotted stink bug, Erthesina fullo (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108056}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108056}, pmid = {38493987}, issn = {1095-9513}, abstract = {The yellow spotted stink bug (YSSB), Erthesina fullo (Thunberg, 1783) is an important Asian pest that has recently successfully invaded Europe and an excellent material for research on the initial stage of biological invasion. Here, we reported the native evolutionary history, recent invasion history, and potential invasion threats of YSSB for the first time based on population genetic methods [using double digest restriction-site associated DNA (ddRAD) data and mitochondrial COI and CYTB] and ecological niche modelling. The results showed that four lineages (east, west, southwest, and Hainan Island) were established in the native range with a strong east-west differentiation phylogeographical structure, and the violent climate fluctuation might cause population divergence during the Middle and Upper Pleistocene. In addition, land bridges and monsoon promote dispersal and directional genetic exchanging between island populations and neighboring continental populations. The east lineage (EA) was identified as the source of invasion in Albania. EA had the widest geographical distribution among all other lineages, with a star-like haplotype network with the main haplotype as the core. It also had a rapid population expansion history, indicating that the source lineage might have stronger diffusion ability and adaptability. Our findings provided a significant biological basis for fine tracking of invasive source at the lineage or population level and promote early invasion warning of potential invasive species on a much subtler lineage level.}, }
@article {pmid38493298, year = {2024}, author = {Elias, SP and Rand, PW and Lubelczyk, CB and McVety, MR and Smith, RP}, title = {Partial trailside Japanese barberry (Ranunculales: Berberidaceae) removal did not reduce the abundance of questing blacklegged ticks (Acari: Ixodidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvae012}, pmid = {38493298}, issn = {1938-2936}, support = {//USDA Northeastern IPM Center Project/ ; //IPM Partnership Grants Program/ ; }, abstract = {In a nature reserve in southern Maine, we removed invasive Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii de Candolle) along sections of forested recreational trails that ran through dense barberry infestations. Barberry thickets provide questing substrate and a protective microclimate for blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis Say), and trail users could brush up against encroaching barberry and acquire ticks. Trailside barberry removal will reduce or eliminate encroaching tick questing substrate and could reduce trailside questing tick abundance by creating a microclimate more hostile to ticks. The same-day cut-and-spray treatment comprised mechanical cutting of barberry clumps (individual plants with numerous ramets) followed immediately by targeted herbicide application to the resulting root crowns. The treatment created trail shoulders to a lateral width of 1-2 m on both sides of 100-m trail sections, with initial treatment in the fall of 2013 and one retreatment in the summer of 2014. Our aim was to remove 90% of barberry clumps to achieve a 50% or better reduction in questing tick abundance on trail shoulders. However, by the fall of 2015, there were only 41% fewer barberry clumps on treated vs. untreated trail sections and there was no reduction in either adults or nymphs. We concluded that our barberry treatment protocol was not sufficiently aggressive since the resulting ecotone habitat on trail shoulders proved suitable for questing I. scapularis. In principle, cutting back barberry along trails should reduce trail user contact with questing deer ticks, but we were unable to demonstrate a reduction in trailside tick abundance.}, }
@article {pmid38493297, year = {2024}, author = {Copeman, SM and Frank, SD}, title = {Differential feeding on ornamental plants by Duponchelia fovealis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) larvae.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvae020}, pmid = {38493297}, issn = {1938-2936}, support = {20-070-4005//North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Specialty Crop Block/ ; 2021-70006-35317//USDA NIFA/ ; //North Carolina State University Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology/ ; //Genetics and Genomics Scholars Program/ ; }, abstract = {Duponchelia fovealis (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a polyphagous pest that feeds on a variety of ornamental and crop plants. At least 47 plant families have been identified as hosts for D. fovealis in literature based on empirical data and observations. This list is surely incomplete based on the broad feeding habits of D. fovealis. We sought to expand the list of known D. fovealis host plants and to identify species that may be less preferred or not fed upon by D. fovealis. We used laboratory feeding assays to measure D. fovealis consumption rate of leaf disks from 32 herbaceous plant species and 32 woody species grown outdoors throughout the Southeastern United States, and 24 tropical species typically grown as house plants. These plants were from 65 genera and 36 families. Between the 3 ornamental plant groups, we tested (herbaceous, woody, and tropical) that, after 24 h, plants in the tropical group were the least consumed by D. fovealis. After 24 h, the average proportion of leaf disks eaten by D. fovealis was 0.80 or higher for 5 herbaceous and 12 woody species. Proportions of leaf disks eaten varied at the family and genus level in many cases. Our research can improve integrated pest management of D. fovealis by informing growers that plants may be at more or less risk of infestation and damage by larvae.}, }
@article {pmid38492361, year = {2024}, author = {Liu, Z and Zhang, J and Ma, X and Wang, M and Jiang, L and Zhang, M and Lu, M and Chang, O and Cao, J and Ke, X and Yi, M}, title = {Aggregation-induced emission of TTCPy-3: A novel approach for eradicating Nocardia seriolae infections in aquatic fishes.}, journal = {Biosensors &amp; bioelectronics}, volume = {254}, number = {}, pages = {116208}, doi = {10.1016/j.bios.2024.116208}, pmid = {38492361}, issn = {1873-4235}, abstract = {Aquatic fishes are threatened by the strong pathogenic bacterium Nocardia seriolae, which challenges the current prevention and treatment approaches. This study introduces luminogens with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) as an innovative and non-antibiotic therapy for N. seriolae. Specifically, the AIE photosensitizer, TTCPy-3 is employed against N. seriolae. We evaluated the antibacterial activity of TTCPy-3 and investigated the killing mechanism against N. seriolae, emphasizing its ability to aggregate within the bacterium and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). TTCPy-3 could effectively aggregate in N. seriolae, generate ROS, and perform real-time imaging of the bacteria. A bactericidal efficiency of 100% was observed while concentrations exceeding 4 μM in the presence of white light irradiation for 10 min. In vivo, evaluation on zebrafish (Danio rerio) confirmed the superior therapeutic efficacy induced by TTCPy-3 to fight against N. seriolae infections. TTCPy-3 offers a promising strategy for treating nocardiosis of fish, paving the way for alternative treatments beyond traditional antibiotics and potentially addressing antibiotic resistance.}, }
@article {pmid38492267, year = {2024}, author = {Ibabe, A and Menéndez-Teleña, D and Soto-López, V and Ardura, A and Arias, A and Bartolomé, M and Borrell, YJ and Fernandez, S and Machado-Schiaffino, G and Mateo, JL and Dopico, E and Garcia-Vazquez, E}, title = {New dockside eDNA based protocol to detect the seaweed Asparagopsis armata evaluated by stakeholders.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {201}, number = {}, pages = {116259}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116259}, pmid = {38492267}, issn = {1879-3363}, abstract = {Early detection of invasive species is crucial to deal effectively with biological invasions in ports, which are hotspots of species introductions. In this study, a simplified end-time PCR methodology conducted on eDNA from water samples was developed for rapid detection of the invasive seaweed Asparagopsis armata (four hours from water collection to result visualization). It was tested dockside in four international Spanish ports in presence of stakeholders, whose feedback was obtained to explore the real applicability of this biotechnology. Although biological invasions were not a main concern for them, results indicate a unanimous approval of the methodology by the stakeholders, having detected the presence of A. armata in three of the ports. Stakeholders suggested further developments for easier application of the tool and multiple species detection, to be adopted for the control of invasive species in ports.}, }
@article {pmid38492140, year = {2024}, author = {Han, X and Chen, J and Wu, L and Zhang, G and Fan, X and Yan, T and Zhu, L and Guan, Y and Zhou, L and Hou, T and Xue, X and Li, X and Wang, M and Xing, H and Xiong, X and Wang, Z}, title = {Species distribution modeling combined with environmental DNA analysis to explore distribution of invasive alien mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) in China.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38492140}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {32001196//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {China has become one of the most serious countries suffering from biological invasions in the world. In the context of global climate change, invasive alien species (IAS) are likely to invade a wider area, posing greater ecological and economic threats in China. Western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), which is known as one of the 100 most invasive alien species, has distributed widely in southern China and is gradually spreading to the north, causing serious ecological damage and economic losses. However, its distribution in China is still unclear. Hence, there is an urgent need for a more convenient way to detect and monitor the distribution of G. affinis to put forward specific management. Therefore, we detected the distribution of G. affinis in China under current and future climate change by combing Maxent modeling prediction and eDNA verification, which is a more time-saving and reliable method to estimate the distribution of species. The Maxent modeling showed that G. affinis has a broad habitat suitability in China (especially in southern China) and would continue to spread in the future with ongoing climate change. However, eDNA monitoring showed that occurrences can already be detected in regions that Maxent still categorized as unsuitable. Besides temperature, precipitation and human influence were the most important environmental factors affecting the distribution of G. affinis in China. In addition, by environmental DNA analysis, we verified the presence of G. affinis predicted by Maxent in the Qinling Mountains where the presence of G. affinis had not been previously recorded.}, }
@article {pmid38491952, year = {2024}, author = {Zhou, M and Pan, B and Guan, L and Wang, Y and Xu, K and Wang, S and Tang, B and Li, C}, title = {Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomics analysis of modified atmosphere responses in Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jisesa/ieae015}, pmid = {38491952}, issn = {1536-2442}, support = {31960542//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; [2019] 5605//Academician Workstation of Guiyang University, Guizhou Province/ ; GYU-KY-[2021]//Special Funding of Guiyang Science and Technology Bureau and Guiyang University/ ; (2021)013//Innovation Group Project of Education Department of Guizhou Province/ ; [2022] 5-20//Guiyang Science and Technology Planning Project/ ; [2022-xk]//Discipline and Master's Site Construction Project of Guiyang University by Guiyang City Financial Support Guiyang University/ ; QJJ[2023]024//Program for Natural Science Research in Guizhou Education Department/ ; }, abstract = {Modified atmosphere is effective in controlling Tribolium castaneum Herbst, but it has adaptations. Comprehending the potential mechanism of resistance to T. castaneum in a modified atmosphere will help advance related management methods. This study conducted a comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis to understand the physiological mechanism of T. castaneum in adapting to CO2 stress. Results showed that there were a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in T. castaneum treated with different concentrations of CO2. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed significant enrichment of DEGs mainly in binding, catalytic activity, cell, membrane, membrane part, protein-containing complex, biological regulation, and cellular and metabolic process. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that different treatments had different effects on the metabolic pathways of T. castaneum. DEGs induced by 25% CO2 were involved in arginine and proline metabolism, and 50% air + 50% CO2 treatment affected most kinds of metabolic pathways, mainly the signal transduction pathway, including PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, neurotrophin signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, and thyroid hormone signaling. Ribosome and DNA replication were enriched under high CO2 stress (75% and 95%). The metabolomics revealed that different concentrations of CO2 treatments might inhibit the growth of T. castaneum through acidosis, or they may adapt to anoxic conditions through histamine and N-acetylhistamine. Multiple analyses have shown significant changes in histamine and N-acetylhistamine levels, as well as their associated genes, with increasing CO2 concentration. In conclusion, this study comprehensively revealed the molecular mechanism of T. castaneum responding to CO2 stress and provided the basis for an effectively modified atmosphere in the T. castaneum.}, }
@article {pmid38490407, year = {2024}, author = {Kurtul, I and Tarkan, AS and Sarı, HM and Haubrock, PJ and Soto, I and Aksu, S and Britton, JR}, title = {Exploring invasiveness and versatility of used microhabitats of the globally invasive Gambusia holbrooki.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {171718}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171718}, pmid = {38490407}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Introductions of non-native species can lead to severe impacts, including the decline of ecosystem function through deleterious impacts on species diversity. The successful establishment of non-native species in new environments is the first barrier a species must overcome, ultimately depending on its ability to either cope with or adapt to local site-specific conditions. Despite the widespread distribution and ecological consequences of many freshwater invaders, site-specific and climatic preferences are often unknown, as in the case of the Eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki, a global invader considered as a pervasive threat to endemic species. Here, we determined the ecological features and preferred site-specific conditions of G. holbrooki in Türkiye, which spans a wide range of diverse biogeographically distinct ecosystems, by surveying populations from 130 localities in 2016 and 2017. Gambusia holbrooki were detected by hand-net in 48 of these sites (19 lotic, 29 lentic). It showed a preference for shallow waters with medium sized rocks, and abundances differed spatially across a latitudinal gradient and was influenced predominantly by variations in pH. The only other factors predicting its presence were low current velocities and gravel substrate, highlighting its ecological versatility in utilising a wide range of microhabitats. Bioclimatic models suggest that G. holbrooki is found in areas with an average annual temperature ranging from 10 to 20 °C, but with temperature not being a limiting factor to its invasion. Gambusia holbrooki shows a preference for xeric freshwater ecosystems and endorheic basins, as well as temperate coastal rivers, temperate upland rivers, temperate floodplain rivers and wetlands, and tropical and subtropical coastal rivers. These results, particularly the wide occurrence with only few limiting factors, emphasise the invasion potential of mosquitofish and should substantiate the need for localised invasive species management and conservation efforts, particularly in smaller or insular areas where mosquitofish and endemic fish species co-exist.}, }
@article {pmid38489098, year = {2024}, author = {Calleros-González, P and Ibarra-Juarez, A and Lamelas, A and Suárez-Moo, P}, title = {How host species and body part determine the microbial communities of five ambrosia beetle species.}, journal = {International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38489098}, issn = {1618-1905}, abstract = {The ambrosia beetles are farming insects that feed mainly on their cultivated fungi, which in some occasions are pathogens from forest and fruit trees. We used a culture-independent approach based on 16S and 18S rRNA gene metabarcoding analysis to investigate the diversity and composition of the bacterial and fungal communities associated with five ambrosia beetle species: four species native to America (Monarthrum dimidiatum, Dryocoetoides capucinus, Euwallacea discretus, Corthylus consimilis) and an introduced species (Xylosandrus morigerus). For the bacterial community, the beetle species hosted a broad diversity with 1,579 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and 66 genera, while for the fungal community they hosted 288 ASVs and 39 genera. Some microbial groups dominated the community within a host species or a body part (Wolbachia in the head-thorax of E. discretus; Ambrosiella in the head-thorax and abdomen of X. morigerus). The taxonomic composition and structure of the microbial communities appeared to differ between beetle species; this was supported by beta-diversity analysis, which indicated that bacterial and fungal communities were clustered mainly by host species. This study characterizes for the first time the microbial communities associated with unexplored ambrosia beetle species, as well as the factors that affect the composition and taxonomic diversity per se, contributing to the knowledge of the ambrosia beetle system.}, }
@article {pmid38489086, year = {2024}, author = {Lu, C and Hao, SD and Ha, PZ and Huang, LB and Dai, LZ and Wang, JW and Wang, L and Zhang, ZY and Ren, ZG and Wang, JZ}, title = {A multiplex direct PCR method for the rapid and accurate discrimination of three species of spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in fruit orchards in Beijing.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38489086}, issn = {1572-9702}, support = {KZ201810020026//Beijing Municipal Education Commission Science and Technology Plan/ ; 6182002//the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation/ ; 31272099//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) are polyphagous pests of economic importance in agriculture, among which the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch has spread widely worldwide as an invasive species, posing a serious threat to fruit tree production in China, including Beijing. The hawthorn spider mite, Amphitetranychus viennensis Zacher, is also a worldwide pest of fruit trees and woody ornamental plants. The cassava mite, Tetranychus truncatus Ehara, is mainly found in Asian countries, including China, Korea and Japan, and mainly affects fruit trees and agricultural crops. These three species of spider mites are widespread and serious fruit tree pests in Beijing. Rapid and accurate identification of spider mites is essential for effective pest and plant quarantine in Beijing orchard fields. The identification of spider mite species is difficult due to their limited morphological characteristics. Although the identification of insect and mite species based on PCR and real-time polymerase chain reaction TaqMan is becoming increasingly common, DNA extraction is difficult, expensive and time-consuming due to the minute size of spider mites. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish a direct multiplex PCR method for the simultaneous identification of three common species of spider mites in orchards, A. viennensis, T. truncatus and T. urticae, to provide technical support for the differentiation of spider mite species and phytosanitary measures in orchards in Beijing. Based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) of the two-spotted spider mite and the cassava mite and the 18S gene sequence of the hawthorn spider mite as the amplification target, three pairs of specific primers were designed, and the primer concentrations were optimized to establish a direct multiplex PCR system for the rapid and accurate discrimination of the three spider mites without the need for DNA extraction and purification. The method showed a high sensitivity of 0.047 ng for T. truncatus and T. urticae DNA and 0.0002 ng for A. viennensis. This method eliminates the DNA extraction and sequencing procedures of spider mite samples, offers a possibility for rapid monitoring of multiple spider mites in an integrated microarray laboratory system, reducing the time and cost of leaf mite identification and quarantine monitoring in the field.}, }
@article {pmid38487454, year = {2023}, author = {De Ruyver, C and Baert, K and Cartuyvels, E and Beernaert, LA and Tuyttens, FA and Leirs, H and Moons, CP}, title = {Assessing animal welfare impact of fourteen control and dispatch methods for house mouse (Mus musculus), Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) and black rat (Rattus rattus).}, journal = {Animal welfare (South Mimms, England)}, volume = {32}, number = {}, pages = {e2}, pmid = {38487454}, issn = {2054-1538}, abstract = {Population control of the house mouse (Mus musculus), Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) and black rat (Rattus rattus) is common practice worldwide. Our objective was to assess the impact on animal welfare of lethal and non-lethal control methods, including three dispatch methods. We used the Sharp and Saunders welfare assessment model with eight experts scoring eleven control methods and three dispatch methods used on the three species. We presumed the methods were performed as prescribed, only taking into account the effect on the target animal (and not, for example, on non-target catches). We did not assess population control efficacy of the methods. Methods considered to induce the least suffering to the target animal were captive-bolt traps, electrocution traps and cervical dislocation, while those with the greatest impact were anticoagulants, cholecalciferol and deprivation. Experts indicated considerable uncertainty regarding their evaluation of certain methods, which emphasises the need for further scientific research. In particular, the impact of hydrogen cyanide, chloralose and aluminium phosphide on animal welfare ought to be investigated. The experts also stressed the need to improve Standard Operating Procedures and to incorporate animal welfare assessments in Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The results of our study can help laypeople, professionals, regulatory agencies and legislators making well-informed decisions as to which methods to use when controlling commensal rodents.}, }
@article {pmid38485013, year = {2024}, author = {Kim, H and Lazurko, A and Linney, G and Maskell, L and Díaz-General, E and Březovská, RJ and Keune, H and Laspidou, C and Malinen, H and Oinonen, S and Raymond, J and Rounsevell, M and Vaňo, S and Venâncio, MD and Viesca-Ramirez, A and Wijesekera, A and Wilson, K and Ziliaskopoulos, K and Harrison, PA}, title = {Understanding the role of biodiversity in the climate, food, water, energy, transport and health nexus in Europe.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {171692}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171692}, pmid = {38485013}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Biodiversity underpins the functioning of ecosystems and the diverse benefits that nature provides to people, yet is being lost at an unprecedented rate. To halt or reverse biodiversity loss, it is critical to understand the complex interdependencies between biodiversity and key drivers and sectors to inform the development of holistic policies and actions. We conducted a literature review on the interlinkages between biodiversity and climate change, food, water, energy, transport and health ("the biodiversity nexus"). Evidence extracted from 194 peer-reviewed articles was analysed to assess how biodiversity is being influenced by and is influencing the other nexus elements. Out of the 354 interlinkages between biodiversity and the other nexus elements, 53 % were negative, 29 % were positive and 18 % contained both positive and negative influences. The majority of studies provide evidence of the negative influence of other nexus elements on biodiversity, highlighting the substantial damage being inflicted on nature from human activities. The main types of negative impacts were land or water use/change, land or water degradation, climate change, and direct species fatalities through collisions with infrastructure. Alternatively, evidence of biodiversity having a negative influence on the other nexus elements was limited to the effects of invasive alien species and vector-borne diseases. Furthermore, a range of studies provided evidence of how biodiversity and the other nexus elements can have positive influences on each other through practices that promote co-benefits. These included biodiversity-friendly management in relevant sectors, protection and restoration of ecosystems and species that provide essential ecosystem services, green and blue infrastructure including nature-based solutions, and sustainable and healthy diets that mitigate climate change. The review highlighted the complexity and context-dependency of interlinkages within the biodiversity nexus, but clearly demonstrates the importance of biodiversity in underpinning resilient ecosystems and human well-being in ensuring a sustainable future for people and the planet.}, }
@article {pmid38483352, year = {2024}, author = {Boulton, RA and Cahuana, A and Lahuatte, PF and Ramírez, E and Sevilla, C and Causton, CE}, title = {Using modified trapping regimes to understand the behavioral and spatial ecology of Philornis downsi (Diptera: Muscidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvae014}, pmid = {38483352}, issn = {1938-2936}, support = {1-68-308//Galapagos Conservancy/ ; 20140045//International Community Foundation/ ; 1-01-106//Lindblad Expeditions-National Geographic Fund/ ; }, abstract = {The avian vampire fly Philornis downsi (Dodge &amp; Aitken) (Diptera: Muscidae) is native to continental South America and the Caribbean, but invasive in the Galapagos Archipelago. The larvae of P. downsi feed on the blood and tissues of the nestlings of 75% of the small land bird species that are endemic or native to Galapagos, causing high in-nest mortality and severe population declines in some species. Efficient trapping techniques are vital to safeguarding these birds in the short term as well as for monitoring fly populations, but basic information about the ecology of the fly is still needed to help develop a species-appropriate trapping method. In this study, we used a novel trapping regime with a vertical distribution to make inferences about P. downsi's behavioral and spatial ecology and to optimize trap catch. Our results showed that male and female P. downsi were trapped in greater numbers below the canopy (3.1-7.5 m), lower down than other commonly caught insect species (5.1-11.5 m). Notably, the effect of trap height remained consistent across seasons and different weather conditions. These findings suggest that P. downsi tend to move at heights where their hosts nest (at or below the canopy) and do not spend time above the canopy. This also makes it unlikely that strategies such as hill-topping or aerial swarming are being used to locate mates. As such, trapping and control efforts should be focused below the canopy in forests with similar canopy heights to effectively capture P. downsi and reduce bycatch of other insects.}, }
@article {pmid38480430, year = {2024}, author = {Knek, M and Smith, SM}, title = {A new widely distributed invasive alien species of Amasa ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5403}, number = {3}, pages = {385-390}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5403.3.8}, pmid = {38480430}, issn = {1175-5334}, abstract = {Amasa parviseta Knek &amp; Smith, new species is described from Australia, Brazil, Uruguay, France and Spain. The species is native to Australia and appears to have spread widely in association with introduced Eucalyptus species.}, }
@article {pmid38480230, year = {2024}, author = {Smith, RJ and Ozawa, H and Nishida, S and Nakai, S}, title = {Non-marine Ostracoda (Crustacea) collected from pet shops and a hobbyists aquaria in Japan, including two new species.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5410}, number = {4}, pages = {451-494}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5410.4.1}, pmid = {38480230}, issn = {1175-5334}, abstract = {Samples obtained from pet shops and a hobbyists aquaria in Japan have revealed a diverse non-marine ostracod fauna, consisting of 19 species, all contaminants of aquaria stocked with exotic fish, shrimps and/or aquatic plants. Of these, six are newly recorded for Japan, including two new species, belonging to the genera Pseudostrandesia and Tanycypris. Pseudostrandesia tenebrarum Smith &amp; Ozawa, 2021, previously suspected to be an alien species in Japan, was again found in pet shops in this study. We also report living specimens of Potamocypris acuminata Fuhrmann &amp; Goth, 2011, a species previously only known from Pleistocene deposits of Germany. The six new records for Japan reported herein are likely alien species as evidenced by previous records or congeneric species, with origins in East Asia, South East Asia, and the Americas. Thus, there are now seven ostracod species recognized as probable alien hitchhikers in the Japanese pet trade. This study highlights that the pet trade is a viable route for hitchhiking ostracod species to enter Japan, and such species have the potential to become invasive.}, }
@article {pmid38476706, year = {2024}, author = {Patel, KK and Austin, C and Warner, K and Pickett, M and Khabiri, A and Mahzounieh, M and Hemmatzadeh, F and Taggart, PL}, title = {The impact of integrating rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (K5) release with pindone baiting on wild rabbit populations.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {e10991}, pmid = {38476706}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Several conventional and recently available tools are available for an integrated control of European rabbits in Australia. We quantified the impact of the release of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus K5 (RHDV K5, hereafter K5) and pindone (2-pivalyl-1,3-indandione) baiting at 13 sites within Cudlee Creek fire scar in the Adelaide Hills, South Australia. K5 release was followed by pindone baiting between December 2021 and March 2022; the application of both control methods followed industry best practice. We counted rabbits using spotlights before and after the application of both control methods. Fly samples and livers from dead rabbits were collected to track K5 transmission within and between sites, and to detect the natural circulation of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2). K5 release had minimal impact on rabbit populations, with treated populations increasing by a mean of 65.5% at 14 days post-release and 27.9% at 77 days post-K5 release across all sites, comparable to the changes at control sites. K5 detection in flies up to 77 days post its release, and its detection in rabbit livers, demonstrates that it can survive and transmit in the environment for prolonged periods and that it can lethally infect some rabbits. This limited impact of K5 is consistent with previous studies and may be explained by pre-existing RHDV/RHDV2 immunity in the target populations or the presence of young rabbits with natural innate RHDV immunity. The detection of K5 in flies from control sites demonstrates that it was vectored beyond its release location. A reduction in rabbit counts post-pindone baiting was observed at most treatment sites, with a mean population reduction of 36.6% across all sites. Landholders need to carefully and strategically plan their integrated rabbit control programmes. Not all combinations of controls, even if theoretically logical, achieve meaningful outcomes for rabbit management.}, }
@article {pmid38476700, year = {2024}, author = {Culley, TM and Bécus, MS and Cameron, GN}, title = {Long-term effects of a tornado: Impacts on woody native vegetation and invasive Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) in an urban forest.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {e10890}, pmid = {38476700}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {As tornados become increasingly common with global climate change, recovery of the woody vegetation in temperate forests is imperative to maintain an intact ecosystem. In many urbanized landscapes, invasive species are also increasing and could interfere with natural recovery from environmental disturbance. We quantified the impact and 17-year recovery from a major tornado in a temperate deciduous forest. We used vegetational surveys in southwestern Ohio at the Harris M. Benedict Nature Preserve, where approximately a third of this site was damaged by a tornado in 1999. Plots were established in the tornado-damaged area and the nearby undisturbed forest to examine forest recovery of trees/saplings, shrubs and vines, and tree seedlings during 2003, 2006, 2010, and 2016/2017. The number of tree saplings, shrubs, and vines increased immediately after the tornado, but then declined by 2010, relative to the undisturbed forest. Forest tree recruitment was lower in tornado-damaged sites with fewer tree seedlings, but more saplings. Tree diversity was also affected by Agrilus planipennis (Emerald Ash borer) which targeted native ash trees within this time period. Despite an initial increase in shrubs and vines in the damaged area, the diversity and density of shrubs approached equality in both sites by 2016. Most shrubs in both sites were the invasive Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle). In tornado sites, honeysuckle thinned out over time, leaving larger shrubs with greater mean basal diameter compared to the undisturbed forest. Other woody invasive species were also more prevalent in the damaged area, but increased in number in both locations by 2017. The forest has the capability to begin to recover from the initial tornado, but its future composition may differ from its initial trajectory due to invasive species, loss of ash trees, and anthropogenic impacts within the urban landscape.}, }
@article {pmid38475984, year = {2024}, author = {Zhang, Y and Chang, YW and Wang, YC and Yan, YQ and Du, YZ}, title = {The small heat shock protein Hsp20.8 imparts tolerance to high temperatures in the leafminer fly, Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agtomyzidae).}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-7}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485324000026}, pmid = {38475984}, issn = {1475-2670}, abstract = {As an environmental factor, temperature impacts the distribution of species and influences interspecific competition. The molecular chaperones encoded by small heat shock proteins (sHsps) are essential for rapid, appropriate responses to environmental stress. This study focuses on Hsp20.8, which encodes a temperature-responsive sHsp in Liriomyza trifolii, an insect pest that infests both agricultural and ornamental crops. Hsp20.8 expression was highest at 39℃ in L. trifolii pupae and adults, and expression levels were greater in pupae than in adults. Recombinant Hsp20.8 was expressed in Escherichia coli and conferred a higher survival rate than the empty vector to bacterial cells exposed to heat stress. RNA interference experiments were conducted using L. trifolii adults and prepupae and the knockdown of Hsp20.8 expression increased mortality in L. trifolii during heat stress. The results expand our understanding of sHsp function in Liriomyza spp. and the ongoing adaptation of this pest to climate change. In addition, this study is also important for predicting the distribution of invasive species and proposing new prevention and control strategies based on temperature adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid38475721, year = {2024}, author = {Cucini, C and Boschi, S and Funari, R and Cardaioli, E and Iannotti, N and Marturano, G and Paoli, F and Bruttini, M and Carapelli, A and Frati, F and Nardi, F}, title = {De novo assembly and annotation of Popillia japonica's genome with initial clues to its potential as an invasive pest.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {275}, pmid = {38475721}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {861852//Horizon 2020 Framework Programme/ ; 861852//Horizon 2020 Framework Programme/ ; 861852//Horizon 2020 Framework Programme/ ; CN00000033//Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universit&#xe0; e della Ricerca/ ; CN00000033//Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universit&#xe0; e della Ricerca/ ; CN00000033//Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universit&#xe0; e della Ricerca/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The spread of Popillia japonica in non-native areas (USA, Canada, the Azores islands, Italy and Switzerland) poses a significant threat to agriculture and horticulture, as well as to endemic floral biodiversity, entailing that appropriate control measures must be taken to reduce its density and limit its further spread. In this context, the availability of a high quality genomic sequence for the species is liable to foster basic research on the ecology and evolution of the species, as well as on possible biotechnologically-oriented and genetically-informed control measures.<br><br>RESULTS: The genomic sequence presented and described here is an improvement with respect to the available draft sequence in terms of completeness and contiguity, and includes structural and functional annotations. A comparative analysis of gene families of interest, related to the species ecology and potential for polyphagy and adaptability, revealed a contraction of gustatory receptor genes and a paralogous expansion of some subgroups/subfamilies of odorant receptors, ionotropic receptors and cytochrome P450s.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The new genomic sequence as well as the comparative analyses data may provide a clue to explain the staggering invasive potential of the species and may serve to identify targets for potential biotechnological applications aimed at its control.}, }
@article {pmid38475457, year = {2024}, author = {Scramoncin, L and Gerdol, R and Brancaleoni, L}, title = {How Effective Is Environmental Protection for Ensuring the Vitality of Wild Orchid Species? A Case Study of a Protected Area in Italy.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants13050610}, pmid = {38475457}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {2021-PON-DM-1062-MW-RIC//European Social Fund (ESF)-National Operational Programme (NOP) on Research and Innovation 2014-2020/ ; }, abstract = {Orchids are among the plants most threatened by anthropic impact and environmental changes. Therefore, all known orchid species are protected in several countries by regional, national and international legislation. Several studies have cast doubts on the effectiveness of legislation to ensure the protection of wild orchids. We assessed the vitality of four orchid populations in a coastal area in Northern Italy, by monitoring the vegetative and reproductive traits of the orchid populations growing both in the protected sites comprising the Natura 2000 network, and in non-protected sites. We also monitored the level of environmental threat to orchid vitality. The early-flowering deceptive species (Ophrys sphegodes and Anacamptis morio) exhibited high vegetative vitality and experienced similar levels of environmental threat in the protected and non-protected areas. However, their reproductive success was strongly jeopardized, probably by a failed pollination that impeded the fruit set. The late-flowering, partially or totally rewarding species (Anacamptis pyramidalis and Anacamptis coriophora) were more strongly impacted by spring mowing and ungulate herbivory and alien species. Only for A. coriophora were the herbivory and alien species invasions lower at the protected vs. non-protected sites, which ensured a higher population vitality at the protected sites. We conclude that the environmental protection in our study area is ineffective for preserving orchids without targeted actions against specific environmental threats.}, }
@article {pmid38474908, year = {2024}, author = {Hernández-López, R and Travieso-González, CM}, title = {Reptile Identification for Endemic and Invasive Alien Species Using Transfer Learning Approaches.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/s24051372}, pmid = {38474908}, issn = {1424-8220}, abstract = {The Canary Islands are considered a hotspot of biodiversity and have high levels of endemicity, including endemic reptile species. Nowadays, some invasive alien species of reptiles are proliferating with no control in different parts of the territory, creating a dangerous situation for the ecosystems of this archipelago. Despite the fact that the regional authorities have initiated actions to try to control the proliferation of invasive species, the problem has not been solved as it depends on sporadic sightings, and it is impossible to determine when these species appear. Since no studies for automatically identifying certain species of reptiles endemic to the Canary Islands have been found in the current state-of-the-art, from the Signals and Communications Department of the Las Palmas de Gran Canaria University (ULPGC), we consider the possibility of developing a detection system based on automatic species recognition using deep learning (DL) techniques. So this research conducts an initial identification study of some species of interest by implementing different neural network models based on transfer learning approaches. This study concludes with a comparison in which the best performance is achieved by integrating the EfficientNetV2B3 base model, which has a mean Accuracy of 98.75%.}, }
@article {pmid38473084, year = {2024}, author = {Hu, Z and Su, Y and Zong, W and Niu, N and Zhao, R and Liang, R and Wang, L and Zhang, Y and Zhang, L}, title = {Unveiling the Genetic Secrets of Chinese Indigenous Pigs from Guizhou Province: Diversity, Evolution and Candidate Genes Affecting Pig Coat Color.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ani14050699}, pmid = {38473084}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {2021YFD1200303//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; CARS-35//National Swine Industry Technology System/ ; ASTIP-IAS02//Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program/ ; }, abstract = {The local pig breeds in Guizhou possess exceptional meat quality, robust adaptability, and resilience to harsh feeding conditions, making them ideal for producing high-quality pork. With over 10 local pig breeds in the region, we focused on 7 specific breeds: Baixi pigs (BX), Congjiang Xiang pigs (CJX), Guanling pigs (GL), Jianhe White Xiang pigs (JHBX), Jiangkou Luobo pigs (JKLB), Kele pigs (KL), and Qiandong Hua pigs (QDH). Unfortunately, these breeds face threats such as introduced species and inbreeding, resulting in a decline in population size and numbers. To better protect and utilize these breeds, we employed genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to investigate the population structure, genetic diversity, and selection characteristics of 283 pigs across these seven breeds. Our findings revealed distinct ancestral sources between Chinese and Western pig breeds, as demonstrated by principal component analysis, adjacent tree analysis, and ADMIXTURE analysis. Notably, JHBX exhibited a distant genetic relationship from the other six local pig breeds in Guizhou province, showcasing unique genetic characteristics. While the genetic diversity of the six Chinese native pig populations, excluding JHBX, was generally moderate in Guizhou province, the JHBX population displayed low genetic diversity. Therefore, it is imperative to intensify selection efforts to prevent inbreeding decline in JHBX while further enhancing the protection measures for the other six pig populations. Additionally, we identified candidate genes influencing the size disparity among pigs in Guizhou province through signal selection. Our study outcomes serve as a reference for developing effective conservation and utilization plans for pig breeds in Guizhou province and deepen our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying pig body size.}, }
@article {pmid38476136, year = {2024}, author = {Galante, H and Czaczkes, TJ}, title = {Invasive ant learning is not affected by seven potential neuroactive chemicals.}, journal = {Current zoology}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, pages = {87-97}, pmid = {38476136}, issn = {1674-5507}, abstract = {Argentine ants Linepithema humile are one of the most damaging invasive alien species worldwide. Enhancing or disrupting cognitive abilities, such as learning, has the potential to improve management efforts, for example by increasing preference for a bait, or improving ants' ability to learn its characteristics or location. Nectar-feeding insects are often the victims of psychoactive manipulation, with plants lacing their nectar with secondary metabolites such as alkaloids and non-protein amino acids which often alter learning, foraging, or recruitment. However, the effect of neuroactive chemicals has seldomly been explored in ants. Here, we test the effects of seven potential neuroactive chemicals-two alkaloids: caffeine and nicotine; two biogenic amines: dopamine and octopamine, and three nonprotein amino acids: β-alanine, GABA and taurine-on the cognitive abilities of invasive L. humile using bifurcation mazes. Our results confirm that these ants are strong associative learners, requiring as little as one experience to develop an association. However, we show no short-term effect of any of the chemicals tested on spatial learning, and in addition no effect of caffeine on short-term olfactory learning. This lack of effect is surprising, given the extensive reports of the tested chemicals affecting learning and foraging in bees. This mismatch could be due to the heavy bias towards bees in the literature, a positive result publication bias, or differences in methodology.}, }
@article {pmid38471556, year = {2024}, author = {Plata, &#xc1; and Züst, T and Bermejo, A and Beitia, FJ and Tena, A}, title = {Exotic predators can sequester and use novel toxins from exotic non-coevolved prey.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {291}, number = {2018}, pages = {20232478}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2023.2478}, pmid = {38471556}, issn = {1471-2954}, abstract = {Defensive chemicals of prey can be sequestered by some coevolved predators, which take advantage of prey toxins for their own defence. The increase in the number of invasive species in the Anthropocene has resulted in new interactions among non-coevolved predator and prey species. While novelty in chemical defence may provide a benefit for invasive prey against non-coevolved predators, resident predators with the right evolutionary pre-adaptations might benefit from sequestering these novel defences. Here, we chose a well-known system of invasive species to test whether non-coevolved predators can sequester and use toxins from exotic prey. Together with the invasive prickly pear plants, cochineal bugs (Dactylopius spp.) are spreading worldwide from their native range in the Americas. These insects produce carminic acid, a defensive anthraquinone that some specialized predators sequester for their own defence. Using this system, we first determined whether coccinellids that prey on cochineal bugs in the Mediterranean region tolerated, sequestered, and released carminic acid in reflex bleeding. Then, we quantified the deterrent effect of carminic acid against antagonistic ants. Our results demonstrate that the Australian coccinellid Cryptolaemus montrouzieri sequestered carminic acid, a substance absent in its coevolved prey, from exotic cochineal bugs. When attacked, the predator released this substance through reflex bleeding at concentrations that were deterrent against antagonistic ants. These findings reveal that non-coevolved predators can sequester and use novel toxins from exotic prey and highlights the surprising outcomes of novel interactions that arise from species invasions.}, }
@article {pmid38469528, year = {2023}, author = {Rutledge, CE and Clark, RE}, title = {Temporal and spatial dynamics of the emerald ash borer invasion in Connecticut as shown by the native digging wasp Cerceris fumipennis (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae).}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {1179368}, pmid = {38469528}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {Detecting and monitoring populations of the invasive emerald ash borer (EAB) is crucial to successful management of the pest and evaluation of its ecological impacts. However, the beetle's cryptic habit makes accurate monitoring costly and time-consuming. Biosurveillance takes advantage of the foraging effort of a predatory wasp Cerceris fumipennis (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae). This native, solitary, ground-nesting hunting wasp hunts adult buprestid beetles to provision its brood cells. By intercepting the hunting wasps, we can learn which species of buprestids are in the surrounding forest. The resulting data provides information on the presence and relative abundance of invasive buprestids like EAB which can supplement other monitoring efforts. In this paper we share results of ten years of biosurveillance surveys of the EAB in Connecticut. Among 112 sites, we observed EAB populations; from first detection, through the population peak and then through to the population crash, matching patterns observed in other regions of the United States. We also observed the spread of the EAB relative abundance as it moved through the state following an invasion front starting in New Haven, Co. The average time from first detection to population crash was nine years. On average, populations peaked three years after first detection, and remained at peak levels for three to four years. Population decline was gradual and took another three to four years. Notably, no evidence of a second introduction to Connecticut was seen with proportional abundance increasing over time after expanding outward from the introduction point. These results corroborate other traditional monitoring efforts in the eastern U.S. and provide independent validation of predicted population dynamics in ash stands.}, }
@article {pmid38469527, year = {2023}, author = {Otis, GW and Taylor, BA and Mattila, HR}, title = {Corrigendum: Invasion potential of hornets (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Vespa spp.).}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {1253176}, doi = {10.3389/finsc.2023.1253176}, pmid = {38469527}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1145158.].}, }
@article {pmid38469525, year = {2023}, author = {Straubinger, FB and Venus, TE and Benjamin, EO and Sauer, J}, title = {Private management costs of Popillia japonica: a study of viticulture in Italy.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {1176405}, pmid = {38469525}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {The Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) is classified as a high-priority pest in the European Union and is reported to have caused extensive damage to grapevine leaves in Italy. As there are few studies, which measure the beetle's socio-economic impact, we conduct a first descriptive assessment of grapevine farmers' perception of the beetle's impact and assess the pest's effect on private management costs using a partial budgeting approach. Our sample includes data from 65 producers and 118 vineyard plots. In terms of farmers' perception, we find that farmers anticipate increased management costs and believe a further spread of the beetle will lead to at least moderate yield and quality damages for the majority of plots (58-91%). While farmers do not expect to stop grapevine cultivation for the majority of vineyard plots, affected farmers they believe it is likely to very likely for 29% of plots. We also find that affected farmers rate their vines' resilience higher than unaffected farmers do. Using a partial budgeting approach, we find that a Japanese beetle infestation leads on average to a net income decrease of around €2727 per hectare. This decrease is due to an average increase in labor costs of around €1715. Additionally, an average yield reduction that results in a revenue loss of around €966 and additional control costs of around €47 per infested hectare, further contribute to the net income decrease. Even though the small number of observations does not allow us to make conclusions about the beetle's impact on the Italian viticulture sector as a whole, our findings provide first insights and demonstrate the need for environmentally friendly and effective control products that can replace labor-intensive manual control measures, which are currently applied in Japanese beetle infested vineyards.}, }
@article {pmid38469513, year = {2023}, author = {Gómez Marco, F and Yanega, D and Ruiz, M and Hoddle, MS}, title = {Proactive classical biological control of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in California (U.S.): Host range testing of Anastatus orientalis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae).}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {1134889}, pmid = {38469513}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), the spotted lanternfly, native to China, invaded and established in the northeast U.S. in 2014. Since this time, populations have grown and spread rapidly, and invasion bridgeheads have been detected in mid-western states (i.e., Indiana in 2021). This invasive pest presents a significant threat to Californian agriculture. Therefore, a proactive classical biological control program using Anastatus orientalis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), a L. delicatula egg parasitoid native to China, was initiated in anticipation of eventual establishment of L. delicatula in California. In support of this proactive approach, the potential host range of A. orientalis was investigated. Eggs of 34 insect species either native or non-native to the southwestern U.S. were assessed for suitability for parasitism and development of A. orientalis. Of the native species tested, 10, 13, and one were Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, and Mantodea, respectively. Of the non-native species, eight Hemiptera and two Lepidoptera were evaluated. Host range tests conducted in a quarantine facility, exposed individually mated A. orientalis females (Haplotype C) to non-target and target (i.e., L. delicatula) eggs in sequential no-choice and static choice experiments to determine suitability for parasitization and development. Additionally, the sex ratio, fertility, and size of offspring obtained from non-target and target eggs were evaluated. Results of host range testing indicated that A. orientalis is likely polyphagous and can successfully parasitize and develop in host species belonging to at least two different orders (i.e., Hemiptera, Lepidoptera) and seven families (Coreidae, Erebidae, Fulgoridae, Lasiocampidae, Pentatomidae, Saturniidae and Sphingidae). Prospects for use of A. orientalis as a classical biological control agent of L. delicatula in the southwestern U.S. are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid38469507, year = {2023}, author = {Wilson, T and Looney, C and Tembrock, LR and Dickerson, S and Orr, J and Gilligan, TM and Wildung, M}, title = {Insights into the prey of Vespa mandarinia (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Washington state, obtained from metabarcoding of larval feces.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {1134781}, pmid = {38469507}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {The northern giant hornet, Vespa mandarinia (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), was detected for the first time in North America in 2019. Four nests have since been located and removed in northwestern Washington State as part of an extensive survey and eradication program. This recent introduction into North America has prompted new research on the biology and ecology of V. mandarinia to help inform management strategies. In its native range, V. mandarinia is known to prey on a variety of insects including the economically important honey bee species Apis cerana and Apis mellifera. Although A. cerana has developed defense mechanisms against attack by V. mandarinia, A. mellifera have no such defenses and an entire hive can be quickly destroyed by only a few hornets. In North America the hornet has been observed foraging on paper wasps (Polistes dominula) and honey bees, but little else is known about prey use in its novel range. To address this knowledge gap, we employed a DNA metabarcoding approach to characterize species detected in larval feces collected from 3 of the 4 Washington V. mandarinia nests found to date. Sequences were recovered for 56 species across fourteen orders, of which 36 species were likely prey items and 20 were suspected inquilines. The most frequently detected species were other social Hymenoptera, with Dolichovespula maculata, P. dominula, and A. mellifera present in most samples. All of the species detected, except for A. mellifera, represent new prey records for V. mandarinia, with eight families of insects newly associated with giant hornets. These results suggest that V. mandarinia in Washington preys on an assortment of insects similar to those documented in its native range, and that this new invader has readily incorporated novel species into its foraging and diet.}, }
@article {pmid38469505, year = {2023}, author = {Trotter, RT and Ryan, JK and Chandler, JL and Pfister, S}, title = {Tracking the push towards extinction: combining dispersal and management data to monitor Asian longhorned beetle eradication in the U.S.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {1286935}, pmid = {38469505}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Based on the threat posed by the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky), many countries including the United States have adopted policies of eradication. The eradication of infestations that cover hundreds of square kilometers can require multiple visual surveys of millions of individual trees. At these scales, eradication may take several decades and span multiple beetle generations. During this period the infestation of new trees adds spatially-explicit risk to the landscape while surveys and the removal of infested trees reduce it.<br><br>METHODS: To track dynamic risk on the landscape we have developed the Asian Longhorned Beetle Hazard Management and Monitoring Tool. The geospatial tool combines data documenting; the locations, levels of infestation, and dates of detection of infested trees; the locations, methods, and timing of survey and host removal activities; and a reconstruction of beetle movement within the infested landscape to generate annual spatial estimates of infestation risk based on the combination of beetle dispersal and survey and host removal activities.<br><br>RESULTS: The analyses of three eradication programs highlight similar patterns in risk through time with risk peaking at the time infestations are detected and declining as management activities slow beetle spread and reduce risk through surveys. However, the results also highlight differences in risk reduction among the eradication programs associated with differences in beetle dispersal among infestations and the size of the infested landscape, highlighting the importance of applying local information to structure eradication programs.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The Asian Longhorned Beetle Hazard Management and Monitoring Tool provides a quantitative repeatable approach to tracking changes in infestation risk using local beetle behavior and management efforts. In addition to this, the tool may provide a structure to optimize eradication efforts by allowing managers to estimate expected risk reduction based on proposed survey and host removal strategies.}, }
@article {pmid38469500, year = {2023}, author = {Barker, BS and Coop, L and Duan, JJ and Petrice, TR}, title = {An integrative phenology and climatic suitability model for emerald ash borer.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {1239173}, pmid = {38469500}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Decision support models that predict both when and where to expect emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), are needed for the development and implementation of effective management strategies against this major invasive pest of ash (Fraxinus species) in North America and other regions such as Europe. We present a spatialized model of phenology and climatic suitability for EAB for use in the Degree-Days, Risk, and Phenological event mapping (DDRP) platform, which is an open-source decision support tool to help detect, monitor, and manage invasive threats.<br><br>METHODS: We evaluated the model using presence records from three geographic regions (China, North America, and Europe) and a phenological dataset consisting primarily of observations from the northeastern and midwestern United States. To demonstrate the model, we produced phenological event maps for a recent year and tested for trends in EAB's phenology and potential distribution over a recent 20-year period.<br><br>RESULTS: Overall, the model exhibited strong performance. Presence was correctly estimated for over 99% of presence records and predicted dates of adult phenological events corresponded closely with observed dates, with a mean absolute error of ca. 7 days and low estimates of bias. Climate stresses were insufficient to exclude EAB from areas with native Fraxinus species in North America and Europe; however, extreme weather events, climate warming, and an inability for EAB to complete its life cycle may reduce suitability for some areas. Significant trends toward earlier adult emergence over 20 years occurred in only some areas.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Near real-time model forecasts for the conterminous United States are available at two websites to provide end-users with decision-support for surveillance and management of this invasive pest. Forecasts of adult emergence and egg hatch are particularly relevant for surveillance and for managing existing populations with pesticide treatments and parasitoid introductions.}, }
@article {pmid38469478, year = {2023}, author = {Broadley, HJ and Sipolski, SJ and Pitt, DB and Hoelmer, KA and Wang, XY and Cao, LM and Tewksbury, LA and Hagerty, TJ and Bartlett, CR and Russell, AD and Wu, Y and Davis, SC and Kaser, JM and Elkinton, JS and Gould, JR}, title = {Assessing the host range of Anastatus orientalis, an egg parasitoid of spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) using Eastern U.S. non-target species.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {1154697}, pmid = {38469478}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), an invasive planthopper discovered in Pennsylvania, U.S. in 2014, has spread to many surrounding states despite quarantines and control efforts, and further spread is anticipated. A classical (importation) biological control program would contribute to the long-term management of L. delicatula in the eastern U.S. In its native range of China, Anastatus orientalis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), an egg parasitoid, causes significant mortality. Anastatus orientalis consists of multiple haplotypes that differ in important biological parameters. To delineate the physiological host range of A. orientalis Haplotype C, we completed no-choice and choice testing. No-choice testing of non-target eggs from 36 insect species spanning six orders and 18 families showed that physiologically this haplotype of A. orientalis can develop in a variety of host species eggs from the families Coreidae, Fulgoridae, Pentatomidae, and Saturniidae. Ten of the 16 species that were attacked in the no-choice tests were also attacked in the choice tests. The production of progeny on non-target egg masses was significantly lower than on the controls (L. delicatula egg masses run simultaneously) in the no-choice and choice tests. For the non-target species that were attacked and resulted in female wasp progeny, these females were able to produce their own progeny at the same rate as control females that were reared from the L. delicatula eggs. Larger host eggs corresponded to an increased female-biased sex ratio of the progeny, suggesting that gravid females select them for fertilized eggs. Results from these studies suggest that A. orientalis Haplotype C prefers to parasitize L. delicatula egg masses but is capable of developing in some non-target species.}, }
@article {pmid38469472, year = {2023}, author = {Otis, GW and Taylor, BA and Mattila, HR}, title = {Invasion potential of hornets (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Vespa spp.).}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {1145158}, pmid = {38469472}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {Hornets are large, predatory wasps that have the potential to alter biotic communities and harm honey bee colonies once established in non-native locations. Mated, diapausing females (gynes) can easily be transported to new habitats, where their behavioral flexibility allows them to found colonies using local food and nest materials. Of the 22 species in the genus Vespa, five species are now naturalized far from their endemic populations and another four have been detected either in nature or during inspections at borders of other countries. By far the most likely pathway of long-distance dispersal is the transport of gynes in transoceanic shipments of goods. Thereafter, natural dispersal of gynes in spring and accidental local transport by humans cause shorter-range expansions and contribute to the invasion process. Propagule pressure of hornets is unquantified, although it is likely low but unrelenting. The success of introduced populations is limited by low propagule size and the consequences of genetic founder effects, including the extinction vortex linked to single-locus, complementary sex determination of most hymenopterans. Invasion success is enhanced by climatic similarity between source locality and introduction site, as well as genetic diversity conferred by polyandry in some species. These and other factors that may have influenced the successful establishment of invasive populations of V. velutina, V. tropica, V. bicolor, V. orientalis, and V. crabro are discussed. The highly publicized detections of V. mandarinia in North America and research into its status provide a real-time example of an unfolding hornet invasion.}, }
@article {pmid38469468, year = {2023}, author = {Deans, C and Hutchison, W}, title = {The importance of time in nutrient regulation: a case study with spotted-wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii).}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {1105531}, pmid = {38469468}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The ability of living organisms to acquire the nutrients needed to carry out required physiological functions has important consequences for fitness. However, an organism must not simply meet the requirements for individual nutrients, but must ingest an optimal balance of multiple nutrients. Despite this, animals rarely consume truly balanced resources, and instead commonly feed selectively across multiple unbalanced resources to reach an optimal balance, i.e., intake target. Nutritional research has predominantly focused on the behavioral strategies employed during nutrient regulation, as well as the fitness consequence of failing to meet intake targets, but little work has been done on the temporal aspects of this process. For instance, within what timeframe must organisms reach their intake target before a fitness cost is incurred? Hours, days, weeks?<br><br>METHODS: In this study, we investigated how nutrient regulation interval impacts consumption and performance in adult female spotted-wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii). Females were constrained to either a protein- orcarbohydrate-biased diet over different time intervals and at different schedules, while control flies were constrained to one diet for the entire feeding period.<br><br>RESULTS: Regulation interval had a significant impact on feeding behavior and consumption. Total consumption was highest on the shorter interval treatments, where diets were alternated more frequently, and declined as the interval period increased. The relative consumption of both diets was statistically-different across intervals and was higher for the carbohydrate-biased diet. Consumption of the protein-biased diet was more variable across intervals and was more strongly impacted by the daily timing of diet switches. Performance data showed that shorter regulation intervals led to longer fly lifespans, a result commonly observed in studies exploring the impacts of diet macronutrient ratio variability on performance.<br><br>DISCUSSION: These results show that the temporal aspects of nutrition, such as feeding intervals and the timing of resource availability, can have strong impacts on feeding behavior, nutrient regulation, and fitness. These results provide an insight into how consumers may deal with changes in host phenology, the availability of hosts, and changes in nutrient availability within hosts. Understanding these mechanisms will be important for predicting responses to changes in nutrient cycling and resource availability mediated by natural and anthropogenic habitat modifications, such as global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid38469467, year = {2023}, author = {Ndaba, A and Munyai, TC and Mbanyana, N and van Noort, S and Janion-Scheepers, C}, title = {Now you see me, now you don't: verifying the absence of alien invasive yellow crazy ant Anoplolepis gracilipes in South Africa.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {1176810}, pmid = {38469467}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {Anoplolepis gracilipes is an invasive species that is a major threat to native ecosystems worldwide. It has been listed as one of the top 100 worst invasive species in the world and is well known for its negative impact on native arthropods and some vertebrates. This study aimed to confirm the presence or absence of A. gracilipes in some major South African harbours. We did so by surveying four harbours in the Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces, using pitfall trapping, yellow pan traps, and baiting. In addition, ant collections from Iziko Museums of South Africa (Cape Town, South Africa), University of KwaZulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg campus, South Africa), Iimbovane Outreach Project (Stellenbosch University, South Africa), and AfriBugs CC (Pretoria, South Africa) were examined for specimens of A. gracilipes. The invasive species A. gracilipes was not detected from any of the sampled harbours during this study, nor in the main ant collections in South Africa. The only, and potentially erroneous published record of A. gracilipes in South Africa, is from Durban harbour and subsequent possibly erroneous citizen science observations are from other coastal sites such as Gansbaai, Knysna, Table Bay, and Kalk Bay. This is a positive outcome for conservation authorities as this species is highly invasive and, if introduced, will likely outcompete native fauna and result in ecosystem collapse. Although A. gracilipes was not detected in the samples from this study, early detection and eradication of this species should be prioritised. This can be achieved through existing pest monitoring programs at harbours, and continued border biosecurity measures.}, }
@article {pmid38469344, year = {2024}, author = {Trujillo, D and Mastrangelo, T and Estevez de Jensen, C and Verle Rodrigues, JC and Lawrie, R and Massey, SE}, title = {Accurate identification of Helicoverpa armigera-Helicoverpa zea hybrids using genome admixture analysis: implications for genomic surveillance.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {1339143}, pmid = {38469344}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {Helicoverpa armigera, the cotton bollworm moth, is one of the world's most important crop pests, and is spreading throughout the New World from its original range in the Old World. In Brazil, invasive H. armigera has been reported to hybridize with local populations of Helicoverpa zea. The correct identification of H. armigera-H. zea hybrids is important in understanding the origin, spread and future outlook for New World regions that are affected by outbreaks, given that hybridization can potentially facilitate H. zea pesticide resistance and host plant range via introgression of H. armigera genes. Here, we present a genome admixture analysis of high quality genome sequences generated from two H. armigera-H. zea F1 hybrids generated in two different labs. Our admixture pipeline predicts 48.8% and 48.9% H. armigera for the two F1 hybrids, confirming its accuracy. Genome sequences from five H. zea and one H. armigera that were generated as part of the study show no evidence of hybridization. Interestingly, we show that four H. zea genomes generated from a previous study are predicted to possess a proportion of H. armigera genetic material. Using unsupervised clustering to identify non-hybridized H. armigera and H. zea genomes, 8511 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) were identified. Their relative frequencies are consistent with a minor H. armigera component in the four genomes, however its origin remains to be established. We show that the size and quality of genomic reference datasets are critical for accurate hybridization prediction. Consequently, we discuss potential pitfalls in genome admixture analysis of H. armigera-H. zea hybrids, and suggest measures that will improve such analyses.}, }
@article {pmid38469337, year = {2024}, author = {Venette, RC and Ambourn, A and Aukema, BH and Jetton, RM and Petrice, TR}, title = {Hosts and impacts of elongate hemlock scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae): A critical review.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {1356036}, pmid = {38469337}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {Fiorinia externa Ferris, elongate hemlock scale, was inadvertently introduced to North America from Japan. This insect is particularly problematic on hemlock, Tsuga spp., though it has been reported in association with several other conifers. The evidence that other conifers might be hosts, capable of supporting growing populations of the insect, has not been previously reviewed. Our review confirms that F. externa is an oligophagous pest of members of Pinaceae. Although species of Cupressaceae and Taxaceae have been reported as hosts of F. externa, they seem unable to support population growth of this pest. Evidence of the tree-killing potential of the insect, even on suitable hosts, is remarkably scant. The degree of pest risk posed by F. externa with respect to tree mortality in areas beyond the geographic range of hemlock seems modest, but uncertain.}, }
@article {pmid38469335, year = {2024}, author = {Ghanem, S and Akülkü, &#x130; and Güzle, K and Khan, Z and Mayack, C}, title = {Regulation of forager honey bee appetite independent of the glucose-insulin signaling pathway.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {1335350}, pmid = {38469335}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: To maintain energetic homeostasis the energetic state of the individual needs to communicate with appetite regulatory mechanisms on a regular basis. Although hunger levels indicated by the energetic state and appetite levels, the desire for food intake, tend to be correlated, and on their own are well studied, how the two cross-talk and regulate one another is less known. Insects, in contrast to vertebrates, tend to have trehalose as the primary sugar found in the hemolymph, which could possibly serve as an alternative monitor of the energetic state in comparison to the glucose-insulin signaling pathway, found in vertebrates.<br><br>METHODS: We investigate how manipulating hemolymph sugar levels alter the biogenic amines in the honey bee brain, appetite levels, and insulin like peptide gene expression, across three age classes, to determine how the energetic state of the honey bee might be connected to appetite regulation.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that only in the forager bees, with a lowering of hemolymph trehalose levels, there was an increase in octopamine and a decrease in tyramine levels in the honey bee brain that corresponded with increased appetite levels, while there was no significant changes in Insulin Like Peptide-1 or 2 gene expression.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that hemolymph trehalose levels aid in regulating appetite levels, in forager bees, via octopamine and tyramine, and this regulation appears to be functioning independent of the glucose insulin signaling pathway. Whether this potentially more direct and rapid appetite regulatory pathway can be generalized to other insects, which also undergo energy demanding activities, remains to be investigated.}, }
@article {pmid38469224, year = {2024}, author = {Mariottini, P and Smriglio, C and Oliverio, M and Rossi, S and Di Giulio, A}, title = {Checklist of the marine malacofauna of Culuccia Peninsula (NW Sardinia, Italy), with notes on relevant species.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {e115051}, pmid = {38469224}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Culuccia is a small peninsula of about 3 km[2] placed in north-western Sardinia (Italy) at the margin of the Maddalena Archipelago. The marine area surrounding this Peninsula is a Special Area of Conservation, included in the European Natura 2000 Ecological Network of protected areas, but until now, no information on biodiversity of this area is available. In 2021, a research project to study both terrestrial and marine biodiversity of Culuccia has started in order to fill this gap of knowledge.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: This work provides the first inventory of the marine malacofauna of the coast of Culuccia. Fifteen sites were sampled seasonally for one-year by using different sampling methods and the present study shows the results from approximately 50 scientific SCUBA and free dive surveys, carried out in all main marine habitats of the studied area. In total, 259 species of molluscs were recorded along the coasts of the Culuccia Peninsula (0-25 m depth), belonging to the classes Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Polyplacophora and Scaphopoda. Amongst the four classes recorded, gastropods were the most represented (66.90%; 173 species), followed by bivalves (28.10%; 73 species), polyplacophorans (4.60%; 12 species) and scapophods (0.40%; 1 species). Notes about distribution, conservation status and ecology for some valuable species are provided, together with images of representative species, consisting mainly of in situ photographs. Additionally, the present investigation recorded the presence of four alien species, whose Mediterranean distribution was extended to north-western Sardinia.}, }
@article {pmid38032050, year = {2024}, author = {Ameline, A and Denoirjean, T and Casati, M and Dorland, J and Decocq, G}, title = {How generalist insect herbivores respond to alien plants? The case of Aphis fabae-Myzus persicae-Rhododendron ponticum.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {80}, number = {4}, pages = {1795-1801}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7908}, pmid = {38032050}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Herbivory ; *Aphids ; *Rhododendron ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; Insecta ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) predicts that alien plant species are unsuitable hosts for native phytophagous insects. However, the biotic resistance hypothesis (BRH) predicts that generalist herbivores may prefer an alien plant over their common host plant. In this study, we have tested these two hypotheses by comparing the potential colonization of the invasive Pontic rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum L.) versus the common rearing host plants by two generalist aphid species (Aphis fabae and Myzus persicae). We assessed (i) the probing behavior using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique and (ii) survival and fecundity in Petri dishes.<br><br>RESULTS: The results showed the inability of A. fabae and Myzus persicae to immediately colonize R. ponticum. Despite their ability to feed on this invasive plant, the two aphid species hardly survived and poorly reproduced.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results are consistent with the ERH, since R. ponticum appeared as an unsuitable host for native phytophagous insects. &#xa9; 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid38469543, year = {2023}, author = {Elsensohn, JE and Nixon, LJ and Urban, J and Jones, SK and Leskey, TC}, title = {Survival and development of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) on common secondary host plants differ by life stage under controlled conditions.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {1134070}, pmid = {38469543}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {Host range assessment for emerging invasive insects is a vital step toward fully defining the issues the insect may pose. Spotted lanternfly (SLF) is an invasive species that is rapidly expanding its presence in the United States. The primary hosts facilitating this spread are tree of heaven, a plant from SLF's native range, and the economically important winegrape. Black walnut is also implicated as an important and common host plant. This study investigated the survival and development of SLF on diets that included a variety of crop host plants in the presence or absence of tree of heaven. The following plant species, 'Honeycrisp' apple, 'Reliance' peach, silver maple, and tree of heaven were paired with winegrape or black walnut throughout the study. SLF had strong development and high survival on a diet of winegrape alone, and winegrape or black walnut paired with tree of heaven. Survival parameters were reduced with all other plant pairings. In particular, SLF in the winegrape and peach diet treatment did not develop past the third nymphal instar. A second experiment evaluated the survival of early and late instar nymphs and adult SLF life stages on three specialty crops - 'Cascade' hops, muscadine grapes, and kiwifruit over a two-week period. Nymphs survived longer than adults, with survival of first and second instar nymphs on hops not differing from the control tree of heaven treatment. The adult stage survived best on kiwi and muscadine grape. Our results show tree of heaven and winegrape were the only single plant diets evaluated that are sufficient for complete SLF development, while other host plants may require additional host or hosts of sufficient nutritional quality for SLF survival.}, }
@article {pmid38468771, year = {2022}, author = {Kreitman, D and Keena, MA and Nielsen, AL and Hamilton, G}, title = {The impact of host plant species on instar duration and body weight of nymphal Lycorma delicatula.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {1110480}, pmid = {38468771}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), is an invasive species of planthopper that was introduced to North America and is a threat to multiple industries. Nymphs and egg masses were collected to assess each instar's rate of development at a constant temperature of 25°C on the following hosts: Ailanthus altissima (Miller) (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae), Vitis labrusca (L.) (Vitales: Vitaceae), Salix babylonica (L.) (Malpighiales: Salicaceae), Acer rubrum (L.) (Sapindales: Sapindaceae), Celastrus orbiculata (Thunberg) (Celastrales: Celastraceae), Ocimum basilicum (L.) (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), and Rosa multiflora (Thunberg) (Rosales: Rosaceae). Host plant species was found to have a significant effect on developmental time for nymphs in the first through third instars, as well as on nymphal survival. Nymphs failed to develop through the second instar on O. basilicum and the third and fourth instars on A. rubrum. Host plant species also had a significant effect on the mean weight of nymphs in the first, second, and fourth instars (but not in the third instar), and on the hind tibia length and forewing width of adult nymphs. This variability in L. delicatula developmental time by host plant species can potentially impact phenology models, which should be updated to reflect these new insights. Rearing practices should also be refined to account for host plant influences on the physiology of L. delicatula.}, }
@article {pmid38468786, year = {2022}, author = {Rabelo, MM and Dimase, M and Paula-Moraes, SV}, title = {Ecology and management of the invasive land snail Bulimulus bonariensis (Rafinesque, 1833) (Stylommatophora: Bulimulidae) in row crops.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {1056545}, pmid = {38468786}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {Solutions for managing the growing populations of the snail Bulimulus bonariensis (Rafinesque, 1833) in row crops, notably peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), are urgently needed in the United States. This species has become a concern to the economy and food security for infesting commercial crops in U.S. southern states. In the present study, sampling, trapping, and management strategies were investigated to support a management program for B. bonariensis in row crops. In addition, the preference of B. bonariensis for species of row crops and weeds, used as a shelter, and snail dispersal capacity were documented. The results indicated that the ideal tools for monitoring and capturing snails are beat cloth and cardboard trap, respectively. Metaldehyde 4% bait produced effective control. Tillage was tested as an alternative cultural management tactic and produced the most promising outcomes in lowering snail populations. According to snail ecological studies, peanut and soybean are the preferred crops used as shelter over cotton and corn. Among eight common winter-growing weeds, the favored non-crop host plants are cutleaf primrose (Oenothera laciniata) and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). The snail field population tends to increase as early spring temperatures rise, with more snails becoming trapped in warm, humid conditions but not through heavy precipitation. This study provides ecology information on B. bonariensis and validates tactics to manage this invasive species in row crops, in an IPM approach.}, }
@article {pmid38468788, year = {2022}, author = {Ebbenga, DN and Hanson, AA and Burkness, EC and Hutchison, WD}, title = {A degree-day model for forecasting adult phenology of Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in a temperate climate.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {1075807}, pmid = {38468788}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Newman), was first detected in the United States in New Jersey in 1916. The beetle gradually spread to the Midwest U.S. region, and was first confirmed in Minnesota in the late 1960's. Popillia japonica has subsequently become a major invasive insect pest in turfgrass and several agricultural crops. As P. japonica continues to spread throughout the U.S., and other countries, it is important to develop efficient ways to monitor adult populations, and where possible, forecast the phenology of adult population dynamics. During 2019-2021, field trials were conducted to develop a degree-day model that can be used to forecast P. japonica adult phenology under Minnesota, and Midwest summer climatic conditions in. We used commercially available traps and lures to monitor adult flight phenology, specifically beetle trap-catch, along with weather data at four locations in Minnesota, to relate ambient field temperatures to population phenology. The concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), an index of both precision and accuracy, was used to develop a final degree-day model. Model development included evaluation of simple and sine-wave degree-day calculation methods, start dates between 1 Jan. and 1 April, and a range of lower (0-15 °C) and upper (20-37 °C) thresholds. The optimum model was found to be a simple degree-day calculation, using a biofix date of 1 Jan, and lower and upper thresholds of 15 and 21.7 °C, respectively, for predicting 10% beetle trap-catch. The model will aid in future integrated pest management (IPM) and regulatory strategies by providing a tool for prediction of P. japonica adult flight phenology.}, }
@article {pmid38468780, year = {2022}, author = {Nixon, LJ and Jones, S and Dechaine, AC and Ludwick, D and Hickin, M and Sullivan, L and Elsensohn, JE and Gould, J and Keena, M and Kuhar, T and Pfeiffer, DG and Leskey, TC}, title = {Development of rearing methodology for the invasive Spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae).}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {1025193}, pmid = {38468780}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {Lycorma delicatula, White (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), spotted lanternfly, is a univoltine, phloem-feeding, polyphagous and invasive insect in the USA. Although a primary host for this species is Ailanthus altissima, tree of heaven, L. delicatula also feeds on a wide range of hosts important to the USA including cultivated grapevines. Due to the need for classical or augmentative biological control programs to reduce impacts of L. delicatula across invaded areas, we developed a laboratory-based rearing protocol for this invasive species. Here, we evaluated the use of A. altissima apical meristems, epicormic shoots, and fresh foliage cut from A. altissima as a food source for rearing newly hatched L. delicatula. On these sources of plant material <20% of L. delicatula developed into adults and no oviposition occurred. However, when young, potted A. altissima trees were used as a food source, >50% of L. delicatula nymphs developed to the adult stage under natural daylengths and temperatures ranging from 20-25°C. The addition of wild grapevine, Vitis riparia, did not increase survivorship or reduce development time. To elicit mating and oviposition, adults were provided with A. altissima logs as an oviposition substrate and maintained under shortened daylengths and reduced nighttime temperatures (12L:12D and 24°C:13°C). This resulted in 2.12 egg masses deposited per female, which was 4× more than when adults were maintained in standard rearing conditions (16L:8D and 25°C). Based on these experiments, we present a protocol for reliably rearing L. delicatula under laboratory and/or greenhouse conditions.}, }
@article {pmid38468784, year = {2022}, author = {Feltman, NR and Burkness, EC and Ebbenga, DN and Hutchison, WD and Smanski, MJ}, title = {HUGE pipeline to measure temporal genetic variation in Drosophila suzukii populations for genetic biocontrol applications.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {981974}, pmid = {38468784}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {Understanding the fine-scale genome sequence diversity that exists within natural populations is important for developing models of species migration, temporal stability, and range expansion. For invasive species, agricultural pests, and disease vectors, sequence diversity at specific loci in the genome can impact the efficacy of next-generation genetic biocontrol strategies. Here we describe a pipeline for haplotype-resolution genetic variant discovery and quantification from thousands of Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii, SWD) isolated at two field sites in the North-Central United States (Minnesota) across two seasons. We observed highly similar single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) frequencies at each genomic location at each field site and year. This supports the hypotheses that SWD overwinters in Minnesota, is annually populated by the same source populations or a combination of both theories. Also, the stable genetic structure of SWD populations allows for the rational design of genetic biocontrol technologies for population suppression.}, }
@article {pmid38468761, year = {2022}, author = {Palli, SR}, title = {Molecular genetics solutions to grand challenges in Entomology.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {999165}, pmid = {38468761}, issn = {2673-8600}, }
@article {pmid38468770, year = {2022}, author = {Madalinska, K and McDougall, R and Nielsen, AL}, title = {Characterizing location of spotted lanternfly egg masses in wooded habitat during early invasion stages.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {964736}, pmid = {38468770}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), is an invasive planthopper from Asia that is estimated to have spread 17 km/yr since it's initial detection in Pennsylvania in 2014. Lycorma delicatula is a pest to the agricultural and forestry industries in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, in part due to its highly polyphagous nature. Current detection relies on visual observations, unbaited traps, or eDNA surveillance in its primary hosts, including grape and hardwoods. These approaches narrow the surveillance area by concentrating on known host plants but could be further refined to narrow the search parameters from the 100+ known host plants. Because L. delicatula appears to have a strong population buildup in wooded areas, we evaluated the relationship between egg mass presence and habitat characteristics in wooded habitats adjacent to vineyards in New Jersey at six farms within the first two years of L. delicatula detection. Habitat characteristics included distance from wood edge, and presence of a critical host plant Ailanthus altissima, and presence of Vitis spp. within 4.5 m. We identified a significant relationship between egg mass presence and Vitis spp. with an 88% probability of finding an egg mass close to a wild grapevine, dropping to 9% where grapes were absent. During the early invasion stages when this research was conducted, a two-year delay from initial detection in wooded habitats to nymphal presence in the vineyard was observed.}, }
@article {pmid38468776, year = {2022}, author = {Islam, MT and Kudla-Williams, C and Kar, S and Londo, JP and Centinari, M and Rosa, C}, title = {Deciphering genome-wide transcriptomic changes in grapevines heavily infested by spotted lanternflies.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {971221}, pmid = {38468776}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {The spotted lanternfly, a newly invasive insect in the U.S. that is a great concern for the grapevine industry, produces damage on its host plants through aggressive feeding, using a piercing and sucking method to feed on the phloem of plants. In the eastern US, adult SLF can invade vineyards through fruit ripening until the end of the growing season; however, it is still unclear how prolonged late-season SLF feeding can affect the health of grapevines, as well as the host responses to this extensive damage. Thus, we have performed a comprehensive genome-wide transcriptome analysis in grapevines heavily infested by the spotted lanternfly, as it occurs in Pennsylvania vineyards, and compared it to other relevant transcriptomes in grapes with different degrees to susceptibility to similar pests. Among a variety of plant responses, we highlight here a subset of relevant biological pathways that distinguish or are common to the spotted lanternfly and other phloem feeders in grapevine. The molecular interaction between spotted lanternfly and the vine begins with activation of signal transduction cascades mediated mainly by protein kinase genes. It also induces the expression of transcription factors in the nucleus, of other signaling molecules like phytohormones and secondary metabolites, and their downstream target genes responsible for defense and physiological functions, such as detoxification and photosynthesis. Grapevine responses furthermore include the activation of genes for cell wall strengthening via biosynthesis of major structural components. With this study, we hope to provide the regulatory network to explain effects that the invasive spotted lanternfly has on grapevine health with the goal to improve its susceptibility.}, }
@article {pmid38468805, year = {2022}, author = {Liu, H}, title = {Oviposition selection in spotted lanternfly: impact of habitat and substrate on egg mass size and hatchability.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {932433}, pmid = {38468805}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {Oviposition strategies adopted by insects (e.g., habitat selection, substrate preference, egg size, clutch size, structure, arrangement, parental care) are critical to the survival and development of their eggs. The impact of habitat and oviposition substrate on spotted lanternfly egg mass size and hatchability was studied in Pennsylvania through laboratory observations and field monitoring in 2019 and 2021. Eggs were arranged in single layers of 1-13 columns (1-18 eggs/column) on surfaces of various types of oviposition substrates, with the longest column(s) in the middle of the egg mass. Egg mass size was positively correlated with column number, with a mean of 26.6-35.1 (0-105) eggs/egg mass for different samples. Significant differences in egg mass size were observed between study sites, with larger egg masses found at Wertz (44.8), Sam Lewis (40.6), Pinnacle (39.1), Marsh Creek (37.9), Susquehannock (34.5), and Memorial Lake (33.3) and smaller egg masses at Nolde Forest (25.0), Gordon (24.4), and Antietam (21.0). Significant differences were also detected between types of oviposition substrates with smaller egg masses found on American hornbeam (22.7). In general, more (31.6%-48.0%) eggs hatched in the field compared with the laboratory (10.0%). Egg hatch success was positively correlated with egg mass size, with the highest rates recorded on American beech, American hophornbeam, black birch, black cherry, black locust, hackberry, Norway maple, red maple, and sweet cherry at Wertz, Marsh Creek, Memorial Lake, and Pinnacle. Potential (positive or negative) impacts of tree-of-heaven density, initial infestation, treatment history, and incubation conditions are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid38468797, year = {2022}, author = {Gómez-Marco, F and Hoddle, MS}, title = {Effects of Freezing Lycorma delicatula Egg Masses on Nymph Emergence and Parasitization by Anastatus orientalis.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {937129}, pmid = {38468797}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), native to China, was first detected in Pennsylvania, U.S. in 2014. This polyphagous pest can feed on over 70 plant species including agricultural crops, like grapes, that have high economic value. Anastatus orientalis Yang and Choi (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) is an egg parasitoid associated with L. delicatula egg masses in China that is being evaluated for possible introduction into the U.S. for classical biological control of L. delicatula. In support of this program, the suitability of frozen L. delicatula eggs for parasitization by A. orientalis was evaluated in a quarantine laboratory. Host egg masses held for four different cold storage periods (5°C for <1, 4, 8 and 11 months) were frozen at -40°C for 1 hour or 24 hours and exposed to female A. orientalis for parasitization for seven days. Following this experimental exposure period, rates of L. delicatula nymph emergence and A. orientalis parasitism were assessed for each of the eight different cold storage treatments. Host acceptance and suitability of frozen L. delicatula eggs by A. orientalis was assessed in terms of percentage parasitism, offspring sex ratio, and hind tibia length of emerged parasitoids. Results indicated that L. delicatula nymphs failed to emerge from eggs that were exposed to -40°C for 1 hour and 24 hours and A. orientalis could successfully parasitize L. delicatula eggs regardless of cold storage and freezing treatment. These results add a new tool for long term maintenance of L. delicatula egg masses and rearing methods for egg parasitoids of this pest. Additionally, it may be possible to field deploy sentinel eggs of L. delicatula frozen at -40°C to survey for resident natural enemy species capable of parasitizing eggs of this pest in advance of anticipated L. delicatula invasions into new areas.}, }
@article {pmid38468766, year = {2022}, author = {Fernández, MB and Bleidorn, C and Calcaterra, LA}, title = {Wolbachia Infection in Native Populations of the Invasive Tawny Crazy Ant Nylanderia fulva.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {905803}, pmid = {38468766}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {Antagonistic interactions can affect population growth and dispersal of an invasive species. Wolbachia are intracellular endosymbiont bacteria that infect arthropod and nematode hosts and are able to manipulate reproduction, which in some cases leads to cocladogenesis. Moreover, the presence of the strictly maternally transferred Wolbachia in a population can indirectly induce selective sweeps on the hosts' mitochondria. Ants have a Wolbachia infection rate of about 34%, which makes phylogenetic studies using mitochondrial markers vulnerable of being confounded by the effect of the endosymbiont. Nylanderia fulva is an invasive ant native to South America, considered a pest in the United States. Its distribution and biology are poorly known in its native range, and the taxonomic identity of this and its closely related species, Nylanderia pubens, has only recently been understood with the aid of molecular phylogenies. Aiming at estimating robust phylogenetic relationships of N. fulva in its native range, we investigated the presence and pattern of Wolbachia infection in populations of N. fulva from Argentina, part of its native range, to account for its possible effect on the host population structure. Using the ftsZ gene, 30 nests of N. fulva and four from sympatric Nylanderia species were screened for the presence of Wolbachia. We sequenced the MLST genes, the highly variable gene wsp, as well as glyQ, a novel target gene for which new primers were designed. Phylogeny of the ants was estimated using mtDNA (COI). We found supergroup A Wolbachia strains infecting 73% of N. fulva nests and two nests of Nylanderia sp. 1. Wolbachia phylogenetic tree inferred with MLST genes is partially congruent with the host phylogeny topology, with the exception of a lineage of strains shared by ants from different N. fulva clades. Furthermore, by comparing with Wolbachia sequences infecting other ants, we found that the strains infecting different N. fulva clades are not monophyletic. Our findings suggest there are three recent independent horizontally transmitted Wolbachia infections in N. fulva, and we found no evidence of influence of Wolbachia in the host mtDNA based phylogeny.}, }
@article {pmid38468793, year = {2022}, author = {Ebbenga, DN and Burkness, EC and Clark, MD and Hutchison, WD}, title = {Impact of Adult Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Foliar Feeding Injury on Fruit Yield and Quality of a Temperate, Cold-Hardy Wine Grape, 'Frontenac'.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {887659}, pmid = {38468793}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {Popillia japonica (Newman), is a highly polyphagous, invasive species, first recorded in the U.S. in 1916, and detected in Minnesota in the late 1960s. Historically, research on this pest in the Midwest U.S. has focused primarily on ornamental and turf crops, with little attention placed on adult feeding damage to fruit crops. Recently, wine grape producers in the region noted substantial increases in defoliation from P. japonica feeding, confirming concerns for this perennial high value crop. To address these concerns, studies were conducted during the summers of 2020-2021 to understand the impact of P. japonica foliar feeding on the quality and yield of wine grapes. Trials utilized vines of the wine grape variety, 'Frontenac.' In addition to open plots, whole vines were caged within fine mesh netting and infested with P. japonica at 0, 25, 50, and 100 beetles per meter-row of vine. Beetles used for infestations were collected from natural field populations of P. japonica and left to feed until grapes were ready for harvest. During harvest, data collection included leaf samples for obtaining average percent defoliation, cluster weights, and berry subsamples for soluble solid content, pH, titratable acidity, and phenolic compound measurements. Results from these studies demonstrated that as beetle population density and defoliation per m-row increases, at-harvest measurements of quality parameters are significantly and negatively affected (P < 0.05) when compared with uninfested vines. The negative impacts to fruit quality exhibited in these studies will be important in the development of future management strategies for P. japonica in 'Frontenac.'}, }
@article {pmid38468792, year = {2022}, author = {Brewer, MJ and Elliott, NC and Esquivel, IL and Jacobson, AL and Faris, AM and Szczepaniec, A and Elkins, BH and Gordy, JW and Pekarcik, AJ and Wang, HH and Koralewski, TE and Giles, KL and Jessie, CN and Grant, WE}, title = {Natural Enemies, Mediated by Landscape and Weather Conditions, Shape Response of the Sorghum Agroecosystem of North America to the Invasive Aphid Melanaphis sorghi.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {830997}, pmid = {38468792}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {The sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.]) agroecosystem of North America provided an opportunity to evaluate agroecosystem response to an invading insect herbivore, Melanaphis sorghi (Theobald) (sorghum aphid) (previously published as Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) onto a widely planted crop that experiences a range of agro-landscape and weather conditions. Initial sorghum risk assessments after M. sorghi's invasion in the mid-2010s provided forecasts of range expansion and annual migration, which were based on aphid life history, extent of sorghum cultivation and susceptibility to M. sorghi, and weather (aphid-plant-weather [APW] risk scenario). A more comprehensive risk assessment proposed here brings top-down forces of M. sorghi-natural enemy interactions to the forefront as mediated by agro-landscape and weather conditions (aphid-enemy/landscape-weather mediated [AE/LW] risk scenario). A hypothesis of regional differences in aphids and natural enemies and sensitivity to agro-landscape and weather was tested using empirical data of insect, landscape, and weather data across 5 years and four regions (two in the U.S. Great Plains [South GP and North GP], one farther south (South), and one in the southeast U.S. [South E]). Natural enemies were widespread with two parasitoids and four coccinellid species common across regions, but regional variation in M. sorghi and natural enemy abundance was detected. The AE/LW risk scenario accounted for natural enemy abundance and activity that was highest in the South region, functioned well across agro-landscape and weather conditions, and was accompanied by average low M. sorghi abundance (~23 M. sorghi per leaf). Positive correlations of natural enemy-M. sorghi abundance also occurred in the South GP region where M. sorghi abundance was low (~20 M. sorghi per leaf), and selected natural enemy activity appeared to be mediated by landscape composition. Melanaphis sorghi abundance was highest in the South E region (~136 aphids/leaf) where natural enemy activity was low and influenced by weather. The AE/LW risk scenario appeared suited, and essential in the South region, in assessing risk on a regional scale, and sets the stage for further modeling to generate estimates of the degree of influence of natural enemies under varying agro-landscape and weather conditions considered in the AE/LW risk scenario. Broadly, these findings are relevant in understanding agroecosystem resilience and recommending supportive management inputs in response to insect invasions in context of natural enemy activity and varied environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid38467363, year = {2024}, author = {Saqira, S and Chariton, A and Hose, GC}, title = {Multiple stressors unpredictably affect primary producers and decomposition in a model freshwater ecosystem.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {123680}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123680}, pmid = {38467363}, issn = {1873-6424}, abstract = {Freshwater ecosystems are affected by various stressors, such as contamination and exotic species, making them amongst the most imperilled biological systems on the planet. In Australia and elsewhere, copper is one of the most common metal contaminants in freshwater systems and the European carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is one of the most pervasive and widespread invasive fish species. Copper (Cu) and carp can both directly affect primary production and decomposition, which are critical and interrelated nutrient cycling processes and ecosystem services. The aim of this study was to explore the direct and indirect effects of Cu and carp individually, and together on periphyton cover, chlorophyll a concentration, growth of the macrophyte Vallisneria spiralis L., and the decomposition of leaf litter and cotton strips in a controlled, factorial experiment in outdoor experimental ponds. In isolation, Cu reduced macrophyte growth and organic matter decomposition, while chlorophyll a concentrations and periphyton cover remained unchanged, possibly due to the Low-Cu concentrations in the overlying water. Carp addition alone had a direct negative effect on the biomass of aquatic plants outside protective cages, but also increased plant biomass inside the cages, periphyton cover and chlorophyll a concentrations. Leaf litter was more decomposed in the carp only ponds compared to controls, while there was no significant effect on cotton strip decomposition. Aquatic plants were absent in the Cu + carp ponds caused by the combined effects of Cu toxicity, carp disturbance and the increase in turbidity due to carp bioturbation. Increases in periphyton cover in Low-Cu + carp, while absence in the High-Cu + carp ponds, and differences in the decomposition of surface and buried cotton strips were not as predicted, which highlights the need for such studies to understand the complex interactions among stressors for environmental risk assessment.}, }
@article {pmid38466407, year = {2024}, author = {TuckerWilliams, E and Lepczyk, CA and Morse, W and Smith, M}, title = {Perceptions of Wild Pig Impact, Management, and Policy in Alabama.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38466407}, issn = {1432-1009}, support = {ALA031-1-15025//United States Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Grant/ ; ALA031-1-15025//United States Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Grant/ ; ALA031-1-15025//United States Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Grant/ ; ALA031-1-15025//United States Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Grant/ ; }, abstract = {Successful management of invasive species often requires working across public and private landownerships. A prime example of an invasive species that commonly occurs on privately and publicly owned and managed lands is the wild pig (Sus scrofa). Because of the multitude of negative impacts associated with wild pigs, management must occur across both private and public lands to achieve widespread control and sustained success. However, managing wild pigs across property boundaries is challenging as we know very little about differing management practices and landowner perspectives. To address this knowledge gap, we sought to understand wild pig management efforts on privately owned lands, the perceived economic, ecological, and human health impact of wild pigs, and beliefs related to policy. Generally, stakeholders believe wild pigs have negative impacts on wildlife, the economy, and ecological and public health, however less than half of landowners participate in wild pig control. Furthermore, stakeholders believe that the responsibility of managing and paying for damages associated with wild pigs lies with individual landowners. Our findings suggest that increased efficacy of wild pig control and collaboration between private and public landowners is not only possible but also necessary if wild pig population control is to be regionally successful.}, }
@article {pmid38465701, year = {2024}, author = {Dufresnes, C and Monod-Broca, B and Bellati, A and Canestrelli, D and Ambu, J and Wielstra, B and Dubey, S and Crochet, PA and Denoël, M and Jablonski, D}, title = {Piecing the barcoding puzzle of Palearctic water frogs (Pelophylax) sheds light on amphibian biogeography and global invasions.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {e17180}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.17180}, pmid = {38465701}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {3211101356//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; T.0070.19//Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique-FNRS/ ; }, abstract = {Palearctic water frogs (genus Pelophylax) are an outstanding model in ecology and evolution, being widespread, speciose, either threatened or threatening to other species through biological invasions, and capable of siring hybrid offspring that escape the rules of sexual reproduction. Despite half a century of genetic research and hundreds of publications, the diversity, systematics and biogeography of Pelophylax still remain highly confusing, in no small part due to a lack of correspondence between studies. To provide a comprehensive overview, we gathered >13,000 sequences of barcoding genes from >1700 native and introduced localities and built multigene mitochondrial (~17 kb) and nuclear (~10 kb) phylogenies. We mapped all currently recognized taxa and their phylogeographic lineages (>40) to get a grasp on taxonomic issues, cyto-nuclear discordances, the genetic makeup of hybridogenetic hybrids, and the origins of introduced populations. Competing hypotheses for the molecular calibration were evaluated through plausibility tests, implementing a new approach relying on predictions from the anuran speciation continuum. Based on our timetree, we propose a new biogeographic paradigm for the Palearctic since the Paleogene, notably by attributing a prominent role to the dynamics of the Paratethys, a vast paleo-sea that extended over most of Europe. Furthermore, our results show that distinct marsh frog lineages from Eastern Europe, the Balkans, the Near East, and Central Asia (P. ridibundus ssp.) are naturally capable of inducing hybridogenesis with pool frogs (P. lessonae). We identified 14 alien lineages (mostly of P. ridibundus) over ~20 areas of invasions, especially in Western Europe, with genetic signatures disproportionally pointing to the Balkans and Anatolia as the regions of origins, in line with exporting records of the frog leg industry and the stocks of pet sellers. Pelophylax thus emerges as one of the most invasive amphibians worldwide, and deserves much higher conservation concern than currently given by the authorities fighting biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid38402976, year = {2024}, author = {He, F and Sun, J and Wan, JSH and Nawaz, M and Javed, Q and Pan, L and Khattak, WA and Bo, Y and Xiang, Y and Ren, G and Lin, X and Du, D}, title = {Microplastics and cadmium affect invasion success by altering complementarity and selection effects in native community.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {921}, number = {}, pages = {171135}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171135}, pmid = {38402976}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Cadmium/toxicity ; Microplastics ; Plastics ; Ecosystem ; Biodiversity ; Plants ; *Environmental Pollutants ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The diversity-invasibility hypothesis predicts that native plant communities with high biodiversity should be more resistant to invasion than low biodiversity communities. However, observational studies have found that there is often a positive relationship between native community diversity and invasibility. Pollutants were not tested for their potential to cause this positive relationship. Here, we established native communities with three levels of diversity (1, 2 and 4 species) and introduced an invasive plant [Symphyotrichum subulatum (Michx.) G. L. Nesom] to test the effects of different pollutant treatments (i.e., unpolluted control, microplastics (MPs) alone, cadmium (Cd) alone, and their combination) on the relationship between native community diversity and community invasibility. Our results indicate that different MPs and Cd treatments altered the invasibility of native communities, but this effect may depend on the type of pollutant. MPs single treatment reduced invasion success, and the degree of reduction increased with increasing native community diversity (Diversity 2: - 14.1 %; Diversity 4: - 63.1 %). Cd single treatment increased the aboveground biomass of invasive plants (+ 40.2 %) and invasion success. The presence of MPs inhibited the contribution of Cd to invasion success. Furthermore, we found that the complementarity and selection effects of the native community were negatively correlated with invasion success, and their relative contributions to invasion success also depended on the pollutant type. We found new evidence of how pollutants affect the relationship between native community diversity and habitat invasibility, which provides new perspectives for understanding and managing biological invasions in the context of environmental pollution. This may contribute to promoting the conservation of biodiversity, especially in ecologically sensitive and polluted areas.}, }
@article {pmid38458676, year = {2024}, author = {Takeda, K and Shimizu, K and Sato, M and Katayama, M and Nakayama, SMM and Tanaka, K and Ikenaka, Y and Hashimoto, T and Minato, R and Oyamada, Y and Tanaka, KD and Kimura, G and Tanikawa, T and Kato, K and Kusakabe, T and Ishizuka, M and Kamata, R}, title = {Sensitivity assessment of diphacinone by pharmacokinetic analysis in invasive black rats in the Bonin (Ogasawara) Archipelago, Japan.}, journal = {Pesticide biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {199}, number = {}, pages = {105767}, doi = {10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105767}, pmid = {38458676}, issn = {1095-9939}, abstract = {The Bonin Archipelago is a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's World Natural Heritage Site in Japan with a unique ecosystem; however, the invasive rodents preying on endemic species have been a significant concern. The anticoagulant rodenticide, diphacinone, sprayed by the Ministry of the Environment, has succeeded; however, its repeated use leads to rodenticide resistance. This study evaluated the sensitivity by in vivo pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) analysis and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to diphacinone in black rats (Rattus rattus) captured on the Bonin Archipelago in February 2022. The Bonin rats exhibited prolonged coagulation time after diphacinone administration. They recovered earlier than susceptible black rats, indicating that Bonin rats were less susceptible, though there were no genetic mutations in Vkorc1, the target enzyme of diphacinone. After the administration of diphacinone, hepatic expression levels of Fsp1, identified as the vitamin K reductase, was decreased, however, the Bonin rats exhibited the most minor suppression. The PK analysis showed that the excretion capacity of the Bonin rats was lower than that of the resistant black rats. In the PBPK modeling, the resistant black rats showed higher clearance than the Bonin and susceptible black rats due to high hepatic metabolic capacity. The Bonin rats demonstrated slow absorption and relatively low clearance. This study highlighted the reduced rodenticide-sensitive tendency of wild black rats in the Bonin Archipelago at an in vivo phenotype level. At the same time, they do not have known rodenticide resistance mechanisms, such as hepatic metabolic enhancement or Vkorc1 mutations. It is crucial to monitor the biological levels to evaluate rodenticide sensitivity accurately.}, }
@article {pmid38457456, year = {2024}, author = {Aguirre, M and Logarzo, G and Triapitsyn, S and Diaz-Soltero, H and Hight, S and Bruzzone, OA}, title = {Effect of egg production dynamics on the functional response of two parasitoids.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {e0283916}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0283916}, pmid = {38457456}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Functional response describes the number of hosts attacked by a parasitoid in relation to host densities and plays an important role by connecting behavioral-level processes with community-level processes. Most functional response studies were carried out using simple experimental designs where the insects were confined to a plain and small arena with different host densities during a fixed period of time. With these designs, other factors that might affect the functional response of parasitoids were not analyzed, such as fecundity, age, and experience. We proposed a series of latent-variables Markovian models that comprised an integrated approach of functional response and egg production models to estimate the realized lifetime reproductive success of parasitoids. As a case study, we used the parasitoids Anagyrus cachamai and A. lapachosus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), two candidate agents for neoclassical biocontrol of the Puerto Rican cactus pest mealybug, Hypogeococcus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). The tested species were assessed according to their physiology and prior experience. We estimated the number of mature eggs after emergence, egg production on the first day, egg production rate, the proportion of eggs resorbed, egg resorption threshold, and egg storage capacity. Anagyrus cachamai and A. lapachosus both presented a type III functional response. However, the two parasitoids behaved differently; for A. cachamai, the number of parasitized hosts decreased with female age and depended on the number of mature eggs that were available for oviposition, whereas A. lapachosus host parasitism increased with female age and was modulated by its daily egg load and previous experience. The methodology presented may have large applicability in pest control, invasive species management, and conservation biology, as it has the potential to increase our understanding of the reproductive biology of a wide variety of species, ultimately leading to improved management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid38457426, year = {2024}, author = {Escobar Camacho, D and Barragán, KS and Guayasamin, JM and Gavilanes, G and Encalada, AC}, title = {New records of native and introduced fish species in a river basin of Western Ecuador, the Chocó-Darien Ecoregion, using DNA barcoding.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {e0298970}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0298970}, pmid = {38457426}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {DNA barcoding, based on mitochondrial markers, is widely applied in species identification and biodiversity studies. The aim of this study was to establish a barcoding reference database of fishes inhabiting the Cube River from Western Ecuador in the Chocó-Darien Global Ecoregion (CGE), a threatened ecoregion with high diversity and endemism, and evaluate the applicability of using barcoding for the identification of fish species. Barcode sequences were obtained from seven orders, 17 families, 23 genera and 26 species, which were validated through phylogenetic analysis, morphological measurements, and literature review. Our results showed that 43% of fish species in this region are endemic, confirmed the presence of known species in the area, and included the addition of three new records of native (Hoplias microlepis, Rhamdia guatemalensis and Sicydium salvini) and an introduced species (Xiphophorus maculatus) to Ecuador. In addition, eight species were barcoded for the first time. Species identification based on barcoding and morphology showed discrepancy with species lists from previous studies in the CGE, suggesting that the current baseline of western fishes of Ecuador is still incomplete. Because this study analyzed fishes from a relatively small basin (165 km2), more molecular-based studies focusing on fish are needed to achieve a robust sequence reference library of species inhabiting Western Ecuador. The new sequences of this study will be useful for future comparisons and biodiversity monitoring, supporting the application of barcoding tools for studying fish diversity in genetically unexplored regions and to develop well-informed conservation programs.}, }
@article {pmid38454541, year = {2024}, author = {Carlassara, M and Khorramnejad, A and Oker, H and Bahrami, R and Lozada-Chávez, AN and Mancini, MV and Quaranta, S and Body, MJA and Lahondère, C and Bonizzoni, M}, title = {Population-specific responses to developmental temperature in the arboviral vector Aedes albopictus: Implications for climate change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {e17226}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.17226}, pmid = {38454541}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//2022J45MLL/ ; PE00000007//NextGeneration EU-MUR PNRR Extended Partnership/ ; }, abstract = {The increase of environmental temperature due to current global warming is not only favouring the expansion of the distribution range of many insect species, but it is also changing their phenology. Insect phenology is tightly linked to developmental timing, which is regulated by environmental temperatures. However, the degree to which the effects of developmental temperatures extend across developmental stages and their inter-stage relationships have not been thoroughly quantified in mosquitoes. Here, we used the mosquito Aedes albopictus, which is an aggressive invasive species and an arboviral vector, to study how developmental temperature influences fitness across developmental stages, thermal traits, energy reserves, transcriptome and Wolbachia prevalence in laboratory-reared populations originally collected from either temperate or tropical regions. We show that hatchability, larval and pupal viability and developmental speed are strongly influenced by temperature, and these effects extend to wing length, body mass, longevity and content of water, protein and lipids in adults in a population-specific manner. On the contrary, neither adult thermal preference nor heat resistance significantly change with temperature. Wolbachia density was generally lower in adult mosquitoes reared at 18°C than at other tested temperatures, and transcriptome analysis showed enrichment for functions linked to stress responses (i.e. cuticle proteins and chitin, cytochrome p450 and heat shock proteins) in mosquitoes reared at both 18 and 32°C. Our data showed an overall reduced vector fitness performance when mosquitoes were reared at 32°C, and the absence of isomorphy in the relationship between developmental stages and temperature in the laboratory population deriving from larvae collected in northern Italy. Altogether, these results have important implications for reliable model projections of the invasion potentials of Ae. albopictus and its epidemiological impact.}, }
@article {pmid38449332, year = {2024}, author = {Rohner, PT and Jones, JA and Moczek, AP}, title = {Plasticity, symbionts and niche construction interact in shaping dung beetle development and evolution.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {227}, number = {Suppl_1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.245976}, pmid = {38449332}, issn = {1477-9145}, support = {P400PB_199257/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera/genetics ; Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Developmental plasticity is an important product of evolutionary processes, allowing organisms to maintain high fitness in the face of environmental perturbations. Once evolved, plasticity also has the potential to influence subsequent evolutionary outcomes, for example, by shaping phenotypic variation visible to selection and facilitating the emergence of novel trait variants. Furthermore, organisms may not just respond to environmental conditions through plasticity but may also actively modify the abiotic and (sym)biotic environments to which they themselves respond, causing plasticity to interact in complex ways with niche construction. Here, we explore developmental mechanisms and evolutionary consequences of plasticity in horned dung beetles. First, we discuss how post-invasion evolution of plasticity in an introduced Onthophagus species facilitated rapid range expansion and concurrent local adaptation of life history and morphology to novel climatic conditions. Second, we discuss how, in addition to plastically responding to variation in nutritional conditions, dung beetles engage in behaviors that modify the environment that they themselves respond to during later development. We document that these environment-modifying behaviors mask heritable variation for life history traits within populations, thereby shielding genetic variants from selection. Such cryptic genetic variation may be released and become selectable when these behaviors are compromised. Together, this work documents the complex interactions between plasticity, symbionts and niche construction, and highlights the usefulness of an integrative Eco-Evo-Devo framework to study the varied mechanisms and consequences of plasticity in development and evolution.}, }
@article {pmid38447369, year = {2024}, author = {Nawaz, M and Sun, J and Bo, Y and He, F and Shabbir, S and Hassan, MU and Pan, L and Ahmad, P and Sonne, C and Du, D}, title = {Cadmium induced defense enhance the invasive potential of Wedelia trilobata under herbivore infestation.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {469}, number = {}, pages = {133931}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133931}, pmid = {38447369}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Cadmium (Cd) pollution is on the rise due to rapid urbanization, which emphasize the potential adverse effects on plant biodiversity and human health. Wedelia as a dominant invasive species, is tested for its tolerance to Cd-toxicity and herbivore infestation. We investigate defense mechanism system of invasive Wedelia trilobata and its native congener Wedelia chinensis against the Cd-pollution and Spodoptera litura infestation. We found that Cd-toxicity significantly increase hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxyl ions (O2[•]) in W. chinensis 20.61%, 4.78% and 15.68% in leave and 27.44%, 25.52% and 30.88% in root, respectively. The photosynthetic pigments (Chla, Chla and Caro) and chlorophyll florescence (Fo and Fv/Fm) declined by (60.23%, 58.48% and 51.96%), and (73.29% and 55.75%) respectively in W. chinensis and (44.76%, 44.24% and 44.30%), and (54.66% and 45.36%) in W. trilobata under Cd treatment and S. litura. Invasive W. trilobata had higher enzymatic antioxidant SOD 126.9/71.64%, POD 97.24/94.92%, CAT 53.99/25.62% and APX 82.79/50.19%, and nonenzymatic antioxidant ASA 10.47/16.87%, DHA 15.07/27.88%, GSH 15.91/10.03% and GSSG 13.56/17.93% activity in leaf/root, respectively. Overall, W. trilobata accumulate higher Cd content 55.41%, 50.61% and 13.95% in root, shoot and leaf tissues respectively, than its native congener W. chinensis. While, nutrient profile of W. chinensis reveals less uptake of Fe, Cu and Zn than W. trilobata. W. trilobata showed efficient alleviation of oxidative damage through upregulating the genes related to key defense such as SOD, POD, CAT, APX, GR, PROL, FLV, ABA and JAZ, and metal transporter in leaves, shoot and root tissues, respectively. Conclusively, W. trilobata efficiently employed Cd-triggered defense for successful invasion, even under S. litura infestation, in Cd-contaminated soil.}, }
@article {pmid38440083, year = {2024}, author = {Holdgrafer, JP and Mason, DS and Coleman, TS and Lashley, MA}, title = {Food resource richness increases seed disperser visitations and seed rain richness.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {e11093}, pmid = {38440083}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Within the context of global change, seed dispersal research often focuses on changes in disperser communities (i.e., seed dispersers, such as birds, in an area) resulting from habitat fragmentation. This approach may not be completely illustrative due to certain seed disperser communities being more robust to fragmentation. Additionally, this top-down approach overlooks how changing food resources on landscapes impacts resource tracking and, subsequently, seed dispersal. We hypothesized resource tracking may promote diffuse plant-animal dispersal mutualisms if resource richness is positively linked to disperser and seed rain richness. We predicted increasing food resource richness attracts more visits and species of avian dispersers, resulting in higher counts and greater species richness of seeds deposited at sites (i.e., seed rain). We tested this mechanism in two replicated field experiments using a model system with bird feeders positioned above seed traps. In the first experiment, we demonstrated resource presence skews seed rain. In the second experiment, we explored how species richness of food resources (0, 4, 8, or 12 species) affected the species richness and visitation of avian seed dispersers at feeders and in subsequent seed rain. Collectively, we observed a positive relationship between available food resources and seed rain, likely mediated by resource tracking behavior of avian dispersers. Our findings underscore a potential key mechanism that may facilitate ecological diversity, whereby accumulating species richness in the plant community attracts a more diverse seed disperser community and indirectly promotes more species in seed rain. Importantly, the resource tracking mechanism driving this potential positive feedback loop may also result in negative ecosystem effects if global change diminishes resource availability through homogenization processes, such as invasive species colonization. Future research should explore the bottom-up effects of global change on food resources and seed disperser behavior to complement the literature on changing disperser communities.}, }
@article {pmid38437901, year = {2024}, author = {Neokye, EO and Wang, X and Thakur, KK and Quijon, P and Nawaz, RA and Basheer, S}, title = {Climate change impacts on oyster aquaculture - Part I: Identification of key factors.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {118561}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2024.118561}, pmid = {38437901}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Oysters are enriched with high-quality protein and are widely known for their exquisite taste. The production of oysters plays an important role in the local economies of coastal communities in many countries, including Atlantic Canada, because of their high economic value. However, because of the changing climatic conditions in recent years, oyster aquaculture faces potentially negative impacts, such as increasing water acidification, warming water temperature, high salinity, invasive species, algal blooms, and other environmental factors. Although a few isolated effects of climate change on oyster aquaculture have been reported in recent years, it is not well understood how climate change will affect oyster aquaculture from a systematic perspective. In the first part of this study, we present a systematic review of the impacts of climate change and some key environmental factors affecting oyster production on a global scale. The study also identifies knowledge gaps and challenges. In addition, we present key research directions that will facilitate future investigations.}, }
@article {pmid38439081, year = {2024}, author = {Cosme, LV and Corley, M and Johnson, T and Severson, DW and Yan, G and Wang, X and Beebe, N and Maynard, A and Bonizzoni, M and Khorramnejad, A and Martins, AJ and Lima, JBP and Munstermann, LE and Surendran, SN and Chen, CH and Maringer, K and Wahid, I and Mukherjee, S and Xu, J and Fontaine, MC and Estallo, EL and Stein, M and Livdahl, T and Scaraffia, PY and Carter, BH and Mogi, M and Tuno, N and Mains, JW and Medley, KA and Bowles, DE and Gill, RJ and Eritja, R and González-Obando, R and Trang, HTT and Boyer, S and Abunyewa, AM and Hackett, K and Wu, T and Nguyễn, J and Shen, J and Zhao, H and Crawford, JE and Armbruster, P and Caccone, A}, title = {A genotyping array for the globally invasive vector mosquito, Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {106}, pmid = {38439081}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {RO1A13409/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is the preferred genotyping method for most genomic analyses, limitations are often experienced when studying genomes characterized by a high percentage of repetitive elements, high linkage, and recombination deserts. The Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus), for example, has a genome comprising up to 72% repetitive elements, and therefore we set out to develop a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip to be more cost-effective. Aedes albopictus is an invasive species originating from Southeast Asia that has recently spread around the world and is a vector for many human diseases. Developing an accessible genotyping platform is essential in advancing biological control methods and understanding the population dynamics of this pest species, with significant implications for public health.<br><br>METHODS: We designed a SNP chip for&#xa0;Ae. albopictus (Aealbo chip) based on approximately 2.7 million SNPs identified using WGS data from 819 worldwide samples. We validated the chip using laboratory single-pair crosses, comparing technical replicates, and comparing genotypes of samples genotyped by WGS and the SNP chip. We then used the chip for a population genomic analysis of 237 samples from 28 sites in the native range to evaluate its usefulness in describing patterns of genomic variation and tracing the origins of invasions.<br><br>RESULTS: Probes on the Aealbo chip targeted 175,396 SNPs in coding and non-coding regions across all three chromosomes, with a density of 102 SNPs per 1&#xa0;Mb window, and at least one SNP in each of the 17,461 protein-coding genes. Overall, 70% of the probes captured the genetic variation. Segregation analysis found that 98% of the SNPs followed expectations of single-copy Mendelian genes. Comparisons with WGS indicated that sites with genotype disagreements were mostly heterozygotes at loci with WGS read depth&#x2009;<&#x2009;20, while there was near complete agreement with WGS read depths&#x2009;>&#x2009;20, indicating that the chip more accurately detects heterozygotes than low-coverage WGS. Sample sizes did not affect the accuracy of the SNP chip genotype calls. Ancestry analyses identified four to five genetic clusters in the native range with various levels of admixture.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The Aealbo chip is highly accurate, is concordant with genotypes from WGS with high sequence coverage, and may be more accurate than low-coverage WGS.}, }
@article {pmid38437713, year = {2024}, author = {Cooke, SJ and Piczak, ML and Singh, NJ and Åkesson, S and Ford, AT and Chowdhury, S and Mitchell, GW and Norris, DR and Hardesty-Moore, M and McCauley, D and Hammerschlag, N and Tucker, MA and Horns, JJ and Reisinger, RR and Kubelka, V and Lennox, RJ}, title = {Animal migration in the Anthropocene: threats and mitigation options.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/brv.13066}, pmid = {38437713}, issn = {1469-185X}, support = {//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; //Canada Foundation for Innovation/ ; 31-2307692M_Kubelka//Czech Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Animal migration has fascinated scientists and the public alike for centuries, yet migratory animals are facing diverse threats that could lead to their demise. The Anthropocene is characterised by the reality that humans are the dominant force on Earth, having manifold negative effects on biodiversity and ecosystem function. Considerable research focus has been given to assessing anthropogenic impacts on the numerical abundance of species/populations, whereas relatively less attention has been devoted to animal migration. However, there are clear linkages, for example, where human-driven impacts on migration behaviour can lead to population/species declines or even extinction. Here, we explore anthropogenic threats to migratory animals (in all domains - aquatic, terrestrial, and aerial) using International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Threat Taxonomy classifications. We reveal the diverse threats (e.g. human development, disease, invasive species, climate change, exploitation, pollution) that impact migratory wildlife in varied ways spanning taxa, life stages and type of impact (e.g. from direct mortality to changes in behaviour, health, and physiology). Notably, these threats often interact in complex and unpredictable ways to the detriment of wildlife, further complicating management. Fortunately, we are beginning to identify strategies for conserving and managing migratory animals in the Anthropocene. We provide a set of strategies that, if embraced, have the potential to ensure that migratory animals, and the important ecological functions sustained by migration, persist.}, }
@article {pmid38435985, year = {2024}, author = {Hernández-Teixidor, D and Pérez-Morín, A and Pestano, J and Mora, D and Fajardo, S}, title = {The destructive subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) can colonize arid territories.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {e16936}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.16936}, pmid = {38435985}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Reticulitermes flavipes, one of the most destructive subterranean termite species, has been detected for the first time in an arid territory: Lanzarote (Canary Islands, Spain). This invasive species was introduced into several countries but never such a dry region. Although there are places with presence of this termite at similar or even higher temperatures, none has annual rainfall (10.1 mm) as low as Lanzarote. On this island it is present in semi-desert, near an affected urban area. Distribution, genetic, climate and host-plant data are evaluated to track and understand its invasion process in the archipelago.}, }
@article {pmid38435005, year = {2024}, author = {Cheung, K and Amos, TG and Shine, R and DeVore, JL and Ducatez, S and Edwards, RJ and Rollins, LA}, title = {Whole-mitogenome analysis unveils previously undescribed genetic diversity in cane toads across their invasion trajectory.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {e11115}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.11115}, pmid = {38435005}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive species offer insights into rapid adaptation to novel environments. The iconic cane toad (Rhinella marina) is an excellent model for studying rapid adaptation during invasion. Previous research using the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase 3 (ND3) gene in Hawai'ian and Australian invasive populations found a single haplotype, indicating an extreme genetic bottleneck following introduction. Nuclear genetic diversity also exhibited reductions across the genome in these two populations. Here, we investigated the mitochondrial genomics of cane toads across this invasion trajectory. We created the first reference mitochondrial genome for this species using long-read sequence data. We combined whole-genome resequencing data of 15 toads with published transcriptomic data of 125 individuals to construct nearly complete mitochondrial genomes from the native (French Guiana) and introduced (Hawai'i and Australia) ranges for population genomic analyses. In agreement with previous investigations of these populations, we identified genetic bottlenecks in both Hawai'ian and Australian introduced populations, alongside evidence of population expansion in the invasive ranges. Although mitochondrial genetic diversity in introduced populations was reduced, our results revealed that it had been underestimated: we identified 45 mitochondrial haplotypes in Hawai'ian and Australian samples, none of which were found in the native range. Additionally, we identified two distinct groups of haplotypes from the native range, separated by a minimum of 110 base pairs (0.6%). These findings enhance our understanding of how invasion has shaped the genetic landscape of this species.}, }
@article {pmid38435001, year = {2024}, author = {Wang, L and He, K and Hui, C and Ratkowsky, DA and Yao, W and Lian, M and Wang, J and Shi, P}, title = {Comparison of four performance models in quantifying the inequality of leaf and fruit size distribution.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {e11072}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.11072}, pmid = {38435001}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The inequality in leaf and fruit size distribution per plant can be quantified using the Gini index, which is linked to the Lorenz curve depicting the cumulative proportion of leaf (or fruit) size against the cumulative proportion of the number of leaves (or fruits). Prior researches have predominantly employed empirical models-specifically the original performance equation (PE-1) and its generalized counterpart (GPE-1)-to fit rotated and right-shifted Lorenz curves. Notably, another potential performance equation (PE-2), capable of generating similar curves to PE-1, has been overlooked and not systematically compared with PE-1 and GPE-1. Furthermore, PE-2 has been extended into a generalized version (GPE-2). In the present study, we conducted a comparative analysis of these four performance equations, evaluating their applicability in describing Lorenz curves related to plant organ (leaf and fruit) size. Leaf area was measured on 240 culms of dwarf bamboo (Shibataea chinensis Nakai), and fruit volume was measured on 31 field muskmelon plants (Cucumis melo L. var. agrestis Naud.). Across both datasets, the root-mean-square errors of all four performance models were consistently smaller than 0.05. Paired t-tests indicated that GPE-1 exhibited the lowest root-mean-square error and Akaike information criterion value among the four performance equations. However, PE-2 gave the best close-to-linear behavior based on relative curvature measures. This study presents a valuable tool for assessing the inequality of plant organ size distribution.}, }
@article {pmid38434306, year = {2024}, author = {Baek, S and Kim, MJ and Seo, BY and Kim, KH and Park, CG and Cho, J and Park, HH}, title = {Phenology model development for Neodryinus typhlocybae: Evaluation of phenological synchrony with its host, Metcalfa pruinosa.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {e26825}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26825}, pmid = {38434306}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The invasive species Metcalfa pruinosa has inflicted significant economic losses in various European and Asian regions. To combat this pest, the parasitoid wasp Neodryinus typhlocybae has been effectively introduced in Europe. Despite its success, research on the field occurrence patterns of N. typhlocybae, particularly its phenology, remains scarce. This study aims to develop a degree-day model for predicting the adult emergence of N. typhlocybae from overwintering cocoons and to assess the phenological synchrony between N. typhlocybae adults and the nymphal stages of M. pruinosa in Korea. In this study, we estimated the thermal parameters of N. typhlocybae under field temperatures and six constant temperatures (13.92, 17.71, 18.53, 20.53, 22.78, and 24.03 °C) conditions. The lower developmental temperature was estimated using the values of the coefficient of variation for the cumulative degree days of emerged individual adults. The estimated lower developmental threshold temperature was 12.3 °C. With this developmental threshold, a degree-day model was developed, and this model well-predicted emergence in field conditions. By simulating this developed model with the actual occurrence of the nymphal stages of its host, M. pruinosa, adult wasp emergence was estimated to be 1.5 weeks later than the first instar nymph of the host but faster than other nymphal stages of M. pruinosa. Thus, the findings in this study would be helpful in determining the possibility of establishing N. typhlocybae and improving the management efficiency of M. pruinosa.}, }
@article {pmid38434263, year = {2024}, author = {Mashamaite, CV and Phiri, EE and Mandizvidza, TC and Mothapo, PN and Pieterse, PJ and Albien, AJ}, title = {Assessing a potential conflict associated with the production of Moringa oleifera in the Limpopo Province of South Africa: A systems thinking approach.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {e26906}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26906}, pmid = {38434263}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The increased movement of humans throughout the world allowed the transportation of several species, such as Moringa oleifera Lam. (moringa), into biomes far away from their native habitation. Native to India, moringa is a versatile, drought-tolerant, and fast-growing tree that is easily adaptable to wide-ranging tropical and sub-tropical conditions around the world. It is used in cosmetics, as food and medicine for humans, livestock feed, crop biostimulant, and green manure. Even though moringa is an alien species to South Africa, its production is increasing, and its numerous uses are recognised by communities. Moringa forms part of a highly complex (social, ecological, and economic) system. This is because it is on the Species Under Surveillance for Possible Eradication or Containment Targets (SUSPECT) list under the National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act (NEM:BA) of South Africa. Listing species that are regarded as beneficial to communities on national regulations can cause conflicts and uncertainties among various stakeholders (i.e., environmental policymakers, farmers, rural communities, and government bodies). In this paper, a systems thinking approach was applied to address complex and conflicting issues linked to the production and overall status (economic, ecological, legal, and social) of moringa in South Africa. The Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) was developed to present a broad insight into the complexity of moringa in South Africa and assist in underscoring the feedback mechanisms within the system. Moreover, the CLD indicated that the position of moringa within the country comprised a variety of interdependent variables of government policies, environment, and society, which are interconnected into a multifaceted system. The potential conflict dimensions and types associated with allocating moringa an impact category within the South African context were identified, and this may serve as a useful tool for facilitating engagements and decision-making processes among stakeholders in resolving the status of moringa in South Africa.}, }
@article {pmid38434106, year = {2024}, author = {Navarro, D and Drula, E and Chaduli, D and Cazenave, R and Ahrendt, S and Wang, J and Lipzen, A and Daum, C and Barry, K and Grigoriev, IV and Favel, A and Rosso, MN and Martin, F}, title = {Draft genome sequencing and assembly of Favolaschia claudopus CIRM-BRFM 2984 isolated from oak limbs.}, journal = {Journal of genomics}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {44-46}, doi = {10.7150/jgen.92255}, pmid = {38434106}, issn = {1839-9940}, abstract = {Favolaschia claudopus, a wood-inhabiting basidiomycete of the Mycenaceae family, is considered an invasive species that has recently spread from Oceania to Europe. The CIRM-BRFM 2984 strain of this fungus was originally isolated from a basidiome collected from the fallen limb of a decayed oak tree in Southwest France. The genome sequence of this strain shared characteristics with other Mycenaceae species, including a large genome size and enriched content of protein-coding genes. The genome sequence provided here will facilitate further investigation on the factors that contribute to the successful global dissemination of F. claudopus.}, }
@article {pmid38433966, year = {2024}, author = {Glamuzina, B and Vilizzi, L and Piria, M and Žuljević, A and Cetinić, AB and Pešić, A and Dragičević, B and Lipej, L and Pećarević, M and Bartulović, V and Grđan, S and Cvitković, I and Dobroslavić, T and Fortič, A and Glamuzina, L and Mavrič, B and Tomanić, J and Despalatović, M and Trkov, D and Šćepanović, MB and Vidović, Z and Simonović, P and Matić-Skoko, S and Tutman, P}, title = {Global warming scenarios for the Eastern Adriatic Sea indicate a higher risk of invasiveness of non-native marine organisms relative to current climate conditions.}, journal = {Marine life science &amp; technology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {143-154}, doi = {10.1007/s42995-023-00196-9}, pmid = {38433966}, issn = {2662-1746}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Globally, marine bioinvasions threaten marine ecosystem structure and function, with the Mediterranean Sea being one of the most affected regions. Such invasions are expected to increase due to climate change. We conducted a risk screening of marine organisms (37 fishes, 38 invertebrates, and 9 plants), both extant and 'horizon' (i.e., not present in the area but likely to enter it). Based on expert knowledge for the Eastern Adriatic Sea coasts of Slovenia, Croatia, and Montenegro, screenings were conducted under both current and predicted climate conditions indicating with an increase in sea surface temperature and salinity of the Adriatic Sea together with changes in precipitation regime. Our aims were to: (1) identify non-native extant and horizon marine species that may pose threats to native biodiversity and (2) evaluate the risk of invasiveness of the selected species under current and predicted climate conditions. Of the 84 species screened, there was an increase in those ranked as 'high risk' from 33 (39.3%) under current climate conditions and to 47 (56.0%) under global warming scenarios. For those ranked as 'very high' risk, the increase was from 6 (7.1%) to 21 (25.0%). Amongst the screened species, the already established high-risk species Pacific oyster Magallana gigas and Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus represent a threat to ecosystem services. Given the under-representation of marine species in the current European Union List, the species we have ranked as high to very high risk should be included.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-023-00196-9.}, }
@article {pmid38430432, year = {2024}, author = {Lonare, N and Patil, G and Waghmare, S and Bhor, R and Hardikar, H and Tembe, S}, title = {DNA Barcoding of Invasive Terrestrial Plant Species in India.}, journal = {Molecular biotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38430432}, issn = {1559-0305}, abstract = {Invasive plants are known to cause biodiversity loss and pose a major risk to human health and environment. Identification of invasive plants and distinguishing them from native species has been relied on morphological examination. Stringent requirement of floral characters and decreasing number of expert taxonomists are making conventional morphology-based identification system tedious and resource-intensive. DNA barcoding may help in quick identification of invasive species if distinct sequence divergence pattern at various taxonomic levels is observed. The present work evaluates the utility of four molecular markers; rbcL, matK, their combination (rbcL + matK), and psbA-trnH for identification of 37 invasive plant species from India and also in distinguishing them from 97 native species. A psbA-trnH locus was found to be of restricted utility in this work as it was represented by the members of a single family. A hierarchical increase in K2P mean divergence across different taxonomic levels was found to be the maximum for matK alone followed by rbcL + matK and rbcL alone, respectively. NJ clustering analysis, however, confirmed the suitability of combined locus (rbcL + matK) over individual rbcL and matK as the DNA barcode. RbcL showed the lowest resolution power among the three markers studied. MatK exhibited much better performance compared to rbcL alone in identifying most of the species accurately although it failed to show monophyly of genus Dinebra. Two families; Asteraceae and Poaceae, remained polyphyletic in the trees constructed by all three markers. Combined locus (rbcL + matK) was found to be the most suitable marker as it raised the resolution power of both the markers and could identify more than 90% of genera correctly. Phylogenetic tree constructed by Maximum-Parsimony method using combined locus as a molecular marker exhibited the best resolution, thus, supporting the significance of two-locus combination of rbcL + matK for barcoding invasive plant species from India. Present study contributes to the global barcode data of invasive plant species by adding fifty-one new sequences to it. Effective barcoding of additional number of native as well as invasive plant species from India is possible using this dual locus if it is combined with one or more new molecular plastid markers. Expansion of barcode database with a focus on barcode performance optimisation to improve discrimination ability at species level can be undertaken in future.}, }
@article {pmid38429543, year = {2024}, author = {Dudliv, I and Kvach, Y and Tkachenko, MY and Nazaruk, K and Ondračková, M}, title = {Comparative Analysis of Parasite Load on Recently Established Invasive Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus (Actinopterygii: Centrarchidae) in Europe.}, journal = {Acta parasitologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38429543}, issn = {1896-1851}, support = {20-29111S//Ministerstvo &#x160;kolstv&#xed;, Ml&#xe1;de&#x17e;e a T&#x11b;lov&#xfd;chovy/ ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: The aim of this study was the comparative analysis of the parasite communities of new populations of invasive pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) in western Ukraine with pumpkinseed from Czechia, where populations have rapidly expanded over the last two decades.<br><br>METHODS: Sampling took place at three localities in the western part of Ukraine (i.e. Dobrotvir Reservoir (Vistula basin), Burshtyn Reservoir (Dniester basin), Mynai Pond (Danube basin)) and four in Czechia (i.e. Oxbow D2, Her&#x161;pick&#xfd; Pond (Danube basin), and Kol&#xed;n oxbow and &#x158;&#xed;mov Reservoir (Elbe basin).<br><br>RESULTS: In total, 11 parasite taxa were recorded in Ukraine and 17 in Czechia. Four species were co-introduced from North America with their host, i.e. the myxosporean Myxobolus dechtiari, the monogeneans Onchocleidus dispar and Onchocleidus similis, and metacercariae of a trematode Posthodiplostomum centrarchi. High dominance indices were related to a high abundance of co-introduced parasites, i.e. O. similis in Mynai pond and P. centrarchi in Dobrotvir Reservoir. Overall abundance of acquired parasites was generally low.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study shows that parasite communities in recently established pumpkinseed populations in the western part of Ukraine and Czechia are less diverse than those established in Europe for decades. The generally low parasite load in these new populations may play an important role in their ability to successfully establish and create strong populations by providing a competitive advantage over local species.}, }
@article {pmid38429361, year = {2024}, author = {Bakacsy, L and Szepesi, &#xc1;}, title = {A case study on the early stage of Pinus nigra invasion and its impact on species composition and pattern in Pannonic sand grassland.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {5125}, pmid = {38429361}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {6474//University of Szeged Open Access Fund/ ; }, abstract = {Alien woody species are successful invaders, frequently used for afforestation in regions like semi-arid lands. Shrubs and trees create important microhabitats in arid areas. Understorey vegetation in these habitats has unique species composition and coexistence. However, the impact of solitary woody species on understorey vegetation is less understood. This study evaluated the effect of native (Juniperus communis) and invasive solitary conifers (Pinus nigra) on surrounding vegetation, where individuals were relatively isolated (referred to as solitary conifers). The field study conducted in Pannonic dry sand grassland in 2018 recorded plant and lichen species presence around six selected solitary conifers. Composition and pattern of understorey vegetation were assessed using 26 m belt transects with 520 units of 5 cm × 5 cm contiguous microquadrats. Compositional diversity (CD) and the number of realized species combinations (NRC) were calculated from the circular transects. Results showed native conifer J. communis created more complex, organized microhabitats compared to alien P. nigra. CD and NRC values were significantly higher under native conifers than invasive ones (p = 0.045 and p = 0.026, respectively). Native species also had more species with a homogeneous pattern than the alien species. Alien conifers negatively affected understorey vegetation composition and pattern: some species exhibited significant gaps and clusters of occurrences along the transects under P. nigra. Based on our study, the removal of invasive woody species is necessary to sustain habitat diversity.}, }
@article {pmid38426584, year = {2024}, author = {Cheng, C and Liu, Z and Zhang, Q and Tian, X and Ju, R and Li, B and van Kleunen, M and Chase, JM and Wu, J}, title = {Genotype diversity enhances invasion resistance of native plants via soil biotic feedbacks.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {e14384}, doi = {10.1111/ele.14384}, pmid = {38426584}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {2022YFC2601100//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 32030067//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 41871035//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; FZT 118//German Research Foundation/ ; 202548816//German Research Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Although native species diversity is frequently reported to enhance invasion resistance, within-species diversity of native plants can also moderate invasions. While the positive diversity-invasion resistance relationship is often attributed to competition, indirect effects mediated through plant-soil feedbacks can also influence the relationship. We manipulated the genotypic diversity of an endemic species, Scirpus mariqueter, and evaluated the effects of abiotic versus biotic feedbacks on the performance of a global invader, Spartina alterniflora. We found that invader performance on live soils decreased non-additively with genotypic diversity of the native plant that trained the soils, but this reversed when soils were sterilized to eliminate feedbacks through soil biota. The influence of soil biota on the feedback was primarily associated with increased levels of microbial biomass and fungal diversity in soils trained by multiple-genotype populations. Our findings highlight the importance of plant-soil feedbacks mediating the positive relationship between genotypic diversity and invasion resistance.}, }
@article {pmid38425367, year = {2023}, author = {Quattrocchi, G and Christensen, E and Sinerchia, M and Marras, S and Cucco, A and Domenici, P and Behrens, JW}, title = {Aerobic metabolic scope mapping of an invasive fish species with global warming.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {coad094}, doi = {10.1093/conphys/coad094}, pmid = {38425367}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Climate change will exacerbate the negative effects associated with the introduction of non-indigenous species in marine ecosystems. Predicting the spread of invasive species in relation to environmental warming is therefore a fundamental task in ecology and conservation. The Baltic Sea is currently threatened by several local stressors and the highest increase in sea surface temperature of the world's large marine ecosystems. These new thermal conditions can further favour the spreading of the invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), a fish of Ponto-Caspian origin, currently well established in the southern and central parts of the Baltic Sea. This study aims to assess the thermal habitat suitability of the round goby in the Baltic Sea considering the past and future conditions. The study combines sightings records with known physiological models of aerobic performance and sea surface temperatures. Physiological models read these temperatures, at sighting times and locations, to determine their effects on the aerobic metabolic scope (AMS) of the fish, a measure of its energetic potential in relation to environmental conditions. The geographical mapping of the AMS was used to describe the changes in habitat suitability during the past 3 decades and for climatic predictions (until 2100) showing that the favourable thermal habitat in the Baltic Sea has increased during the past 32 years and will continue to do so in all the applied climate model predictions. Particularly, the predicted new thermal conditions do not cause any reduction in the AMS of round goby populations, while the wintertime cold ranges are likely expected to preserve substantial areas from invasion. The results of this research can guide future monitoring programs increasing the chance to detect this invader in novel areas.}, }
@article {pmid38423339, year = {2024}, author = {Santicchia, F and Tranquillo, C and Wauters, LA and Palme, R and Panzeri, M and Preatoni, D and Bisi, F and Martinoli, A}, title = {Physiological stress response to urbanisation differs between native and invasive squirrel species.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {171336}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171336}, pmid = {38423339}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Novel pressures derived from urbanisation can alter native habitats and ultimately impact wildlife. Coping with such human-driven changes might induce shifts in species phenotypic traits, such as physiological responses to anthropogenic stressors. Preadaptation to face those challenges has been suggested to favour settlement and spread of invasive alien species in urbanised areas which, consequently, might respond differently than ecologically similar native species to stressors posed by urbanisation. The activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the subsequent release of glucocorticoids (GCs) has been suggested to mediate responses to anthropogenic disturbance in vertebrates. Furthermore, intraspecific competition, in conjunction with stressors related to urbanisation, might affect invasive and native species physiological stress responses differently. Using a parallel pseudo-experimental study system we measured faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentrations of the native Eurasian red squirrel and the invasive alien Eastern grey squirrel along a rural-urban gradient and in relation to conspecific density. The two species responded differently to challenges posed by the synergic effect of urbanisation and intraspecific competition. Association of FGMs and conspecific density in native red squirrels varied between rural and suburban sites, potentially depending on differential HPA axis responses. In urban sites, this relationship did not differ significantly from that in rural and suburban ones. Conversely, invasive grey squirrels' FGMs did not vary in relation to conspecific density, nor differed along the rural-urban gradient. Improving knowledge about native and competing invasive species' physiological responses to anthropogenic stressors can support conservation strategies in habitats altered by man. Our findings suggested that the invasive squirrels might be preadapted to cope with these challenges in urbanised areas, potentially increasing their success under the future global change scenario.}, }
@article {pmid38422818, year = {2024}, author = {Janiak, DS and Branson, DR}, title = {A reciprocal transplant approach to predation in fouling communities found in natural and artificial habitats.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {196}, number = {}, pages = {106411}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106411}, pmid = {38422818}, issn = {1879-0291}, abstract = {Human influence along the coastline is a significant threat to biodiversity and includes the alteration or replacement of natural habitat with artificial structures. Infrastructure such as docks and marinas are common throughout the world and typically have negative impacts on coastal flora and fauna. Impacts include the reduction of native biodiversity, the increase of introduced species, and the alteration of biotic interactions (e.g., predation). Many studies examine human disturbance on biotic interactions within a single habitat (i.e., docks or marinas) but what lacks are paired comparisons using standardized methods of biotic interactions between artificial and nearby natural habitats. In the current study, benthic fouling communities were allowed to develop, with and without predator access, in artificial and seagrass habitats. Cages were used to reduce predation and removed to expose communities to fish predators. Prior to exposure, communities were either left at their original site or transplanted to the opposite habitat and changes in the percent cover of species found were compared. Initially, community composition differed between habitats and when predation was reduced (caged vs. open). When developed communities within cages were exposed to predators, predation was strong but only in artificial habitats and regardless of where communities originated. In contrast, little predation occurred at seagrass sites on previously caged communities developed within seagrass beds or that were transplanted from artificial habitat. Taken together, results indicate that the strength of biotic interactions can differ depending on habitat, leading to changes in community composition. With the continuous expansion of artificial structures world-wide, it is becoming increasingly important to understand not only their effects on biotic interactions and biodiversity but also how these effects extend and compare to adjacent natural habitats.}, }
@article {pmid38422260, year = {2024}, author = {Rangel, FCS and Gomes, SR and Silva, GM and Sousa, AKP and de-Souza, JR and Thiengo, SC}, title = {Population dynamics of Achatina fulica in a peri-urban area adjacent to the Fiocruz Atlantic Forest Biological Station (EFMA), in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with report on Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {83}, number = {}, pages = {e274620}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.274620}, pmid = {38422260}, issn = {1678-4375}, abstract = {Achatina fulica is a species native to East Africa, considered one of the 100 worst invasive alien species in the world. The present study investigated the population of the snail, A. fulica, in a peri-urban area adjacent to the Fiocruz Atlantic Forest Biological Station (EFMA), in Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, focusing on population dynamics and the nematodes associated with this species. To this end, specimens were collected during four climatic seasons of the years 2021 and 2022 in three fixed 20 m × 10 m plots. The abundance of A. fulica in these areas was evaluated in relation to a set of environmental variables (temperature, relative humidity air, and soil pH and calcium). The abundance of snails infected by nematodes was also evaluated in relation to the season and body size of the specimens. The molluscs were found by active search, and standardized (15 minutes/three collections). Nematode larvae were extracted from the specimens by artificial digestion and identified by their external morphology and the sequencing of molecular markers. A total of 280 specimens of A. fulica were collected, with the highest abundances being recorded in the autumn and summer, although no significant relationship was found between the number of specimens collected and the environmental variables. Overall, 192 snails were infected by nematodes: Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Cruzia tentaculata and free-living nematodes, including Caenorhabditis briggsae. These findings demonstrate the epidemiological importance of the study area and the need to implement educational measures in the community, with the aim of controlling the local A. fulica population, thereby minimizing the risk of parasitic infection in the local human population.}, }
@article {pmid38419360, year = {2024}, author = {Rogers, TL and Bashevkin, SM and Burdi, CE and Colombano, DD and Dudley, PN and Mahardja, B and Mitchell, L and Perry, S and Saffarinia, P}, title = {Evaluating top-down, bottom-up, and environmental drivers of pelagic food web dynamics along an estuarine gradient.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e4274}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.4274}, pmid = {38419360}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {19167//Delta Science Program, Delta Stewardship Council/ ; }, abstract = {Identification of the key biotic and abiotic drivers within food webs is important for understanding species abundance changes in ecosystems, particularly across ecotones where there may be strong variation in interaction strengths. Using structural equation models (SEMs) and four decades of integrated data from the San Francisco Estuary, we investigated the relative effects of top-down, bottom-up, and environmental drivers on multiple trophic levels of the pelagic food web along an estuarine salinity gradient and at both annual and monthly temporal resolutions. We found that interactions varied across the estuarine gradient and that the detectability of different interactions depended on timescale. For example, for zooplankton and estuarine fishes, bottom-up effects appeared to be stronger in the freshwater upstream regions, while top-down effects were stronger in the brackish downstream regions. Some relationships (e.g., bottom-up effects of phytoplankton on zooplankton) were seen primarily at annual timescales, whereas others (e.g., temperature effects) were only observed at monthly timescales. We also found that the net effect of environmental drivers was similar to or greater than bottom-up and top-down effects for all food web components. These findings can help identify which trophic levels or environmental factors could be targeted by management actions to have the greatest impact on estuarine forage fishes and the spatial and temporal scale at which responses might be observed. More broadly, this study highlights how environmental gradients can structure community interactions and how long-term data sets can be leveraged to generate insights across multiple scales.}, }
@article {pmid38417736, year = {2024}, author = {Campião, KM and da Luz Rico, JA and de Souza Monteiro, G and Ash, LV and Teixeira, CP and Gotelli, NJ}, title = {High prevalence and concomitant infection of Eustrongylides sp. and Ranavirus in the invasive American Bullfrog in Brazil.}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {102875}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2024.102875}, pmid = {38417736}, issn = {1873-0329}, abstract = {American Bullfrogs, Aquarana catesbeiana, are invasive anuran species distributed worldwide. One of the adverse impacts that this species causes in native communities is as a reservoir host for pathogens and parasites. Here, we report the coinfection of two pathogenic organisms in L. catesbeianus: Ranavirus and the nematode Eustrongylides. Bullfrogs were collected in the wild in an pond close to the urban of São Paulo, Brazil. The prevalence of both pathogens was high: 77% were infected with ranavirus with a mean viral load of 971 b, and 100% of the bullfrogs were infected by Eustrongylides sp. with a mean intensity of infection of 14.08. Four host specimens (31%) presented pathological signs that seemed to be related to the Eustrongylides sp., such as internal organs adhered to each other due to high intensity and large size of the nematodes, ulcers, and raw flesh wounds caused by the nematode. The pathogenic and concomitant infections have potential zoonotic implications and raise concerns about human infection risks for Eustrongylides infection. Moreover, such infections may represent an additional level of threat to native communities through the potential shifts in patterns of parasite and pathogen transmission. Future research involving the native anuran community is essential to ascertain whether invasive bullfrogs are attenuating or exacerbating diseases such as ranavirosis and eustrongylidiosis.}, }
@article {pmid38418955, year = {2024}, author = {Heneidy, SZ and Al-Sodany, YM and Fakhry, AM and Kamal, SA and Halmy, MWA and Bidak, LM and Kenany, ETE and Toto, SM}, title = {Biology of Nicotiana glutinosa L., a newly recorded species from an archaeological excavation site in Egypt.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {148}, pmid = {38418955}, issn = {1471-2229}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: During a field survey of urban flora in Alexandria city in 2019-2022, an interesting species belonging to the Solanaceae was collected from a newly archaeological excavation site and identified as Nicotiana glutinosa L. Many visits were made to the herbaria of Egypt to confirm the species records, but no single record was found. Reviewing the available literature revealed that this tropical American taxon was never recorded in the flora of Egypt.<br><br>AIMS: The present study was focused on N. glutinosa growth structure and plant macro- and micromorphology.<br><br>METHODS: Ten sampling sites were covered for N. glutinosa size structure. Plant samples were examined for stem anatomy, leaf, seed, and pollen morphology.<br><br>RESULTS: The species size structure reveals that the individual size index ranges from 1.33 to 150&#xa0;cm, while its density ranges from 4 to 273 individuals /100&#xa0;m[-2]. N. glutinosa has successfully established itself in one of the archaeological sites in Egypt, showing a "healthy" population with a high degree of size inequality, characterized by a relative majority of the juvenile individuals. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of Alexandria University (ALEX) Faculty of Science, another specimen is processed to make herbarium specimens at the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden (Heneidy et al. collection, deposition number. 5502).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: From our observations, N. glutinosa seems to have invasive potential, as it shows characteristics shared by most invasive species that are thought to help in their successful establishment in new habitats. This article emphasizes the importance of monitoring and regularly reporting the threats of alien invasive species to avoid any possible negative impacts on indigenous biodiversity in the future.}, }
@article {pmid38415200, year = {2024}, author = {Hayashi, I and Fujita, H and Toju, H}, title = {Deterministic and stochastic processes generating alternative states of microbiomes.}, journal = {ISME communications}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {ycae007}, pmid = {38415200}, issn = {2730-6151}, abstract = {The structure of microbiomes is often classified into discrete or semi-discrete types potentially differing in community-scale functional profiles. Elucidating the mechanisms that generate such "alternative states" of microbiome compositions has been one of the major challenges in ecology and microbiology. In a time-series analysis of experimental microbiomes, we here show that both deterministic and stochastic ecological processes drive divergence of alternative microbiome states. We introduced species-rich soil-derived microbiomes into eight types of culture media with 48 replicates, monitoring shifts in community compositions at six time points (8 media × 48 replicates × 6 time points = 2304 community samples). We then confirmed that microbial community structure diverged into a few state types in each of the eight medium conditions as predicted in the presence of both deterministic and stochastic community processes. In other words, microbiome structure was differentiated into a small number of reproducible compositions under the same environment. This fact indicates not only the presence of selective forces leading to specific equilibria of community-scale resource use but also the influence of demographic drift (fluctuations) on the microbiome assembly. A reference-genome-based analysis further suggested that the observed alternative states differed in ecosystem-level functions. These findings will help us examine how microbiome structure and functions can be controlled by changing the "stability landscapes" of ecological community compositions.}, }
@article {pmid38414265, year = {2024}, author = {Mata, JC and Davison, CW and Frøslev, TG and Buitenwerf, R and Svenning, JC}, title = {Resource partitioning in a novel herbivore assemblage in South America.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.14069}, pmid = {38414265}, issn = {1365-2656}, support = {DNRF173//Danmarks Grundforskningsfond/ ; 16549//Villum Fonden/ ; }, abstract = {Human-induced species declines and extinctions have led to the downsizing of large-herbivore assemblages, with implications for many ecosystem processes. Active reintroduction of extirpated large herbivores or their functional equivalents may help to reverse this trend and restore diverse ecosystems and their processes. However, it is unclear whether resource competition between native and non-native herbivores could threaten restoration initiatives, or to what extent (re)introduced species may influence local vegetation dynamics. To answer these questions, we investigated the diets of a novel South American herbivore assemblage that includes resident native species, reintroduced native species and introduced non-native species. We examined plant composition, diet breadth and the overlap between species to describe the local herbivory profile and the potential for resource competition. Using DNA metabarcoding on faecal samples (n = 465), we analysed the diets of the herbivore assemblage in the Rincón del Socorro rewilding area of Iberá National Park, Argentina. We compared the species richness of faecal samples, the occurrence of plant families/growth forms and the compositional similarity of samples (inter- and intraspecifically). Our results indicate species-level taxonomic partitioning of plant resources by herbivores in this system. Differences in sample richness, composition and diet breadth reflected a diverse range of herbivory strategies, from grazers (capybara) to mixed feeders/browsers (brocket deer, lowland tapir). Differences in diet compositional similarity (Jaccard) revealed strong taxonomic resource partitioning. The two herbivores with the most similar diets (Pampas deer and brocket deer) still differed by more than 80%. Furthermore, all but one species (axis deer) had more similar diet composition intraspecifically than compared to the others. Overall, we found little evidence for resource competition between herbivore species. Instead, recently reintroduced native species and historically introduced non-natives are likely expanding the range of herbivory dynamics in the ecosystem. Further research will be needed to determine the full ecological impacts of these (re)introduced herbivores. In conclusion, we show clear differences in diet breadth and composition among native, reintroduced and non-native herbivore species that may be key to promoting resource partitioning, species coexistence and the restoration of ecological function.}, }
@article {pmid38413372, year = {2024}, author = {Li, S and Wei, H and Copp, GH}, title = {Research advances in diversity and conservation science of freshwater fish in China.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, pages = {343-344}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15698}, pmid = {38413372}, issn = {1095-8649}, }
@article {pmid38409804, year = {2024}, author = {Hoenle, PO and Plowman, NS and Matos-Maraví, P and de Bello, F and Bishop, TR and Libra, M and Idigel, C and Rimandai, M and Klimes, P}, title = {Forest disturbance increases functional diversity but decreases phylogenetic diversity of an arboreal tropical ant community.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.14060}, pmid = {38409804}, issn = {1365-2656}, support = {152/2016/P//Grant Agency of University of South Bohemia/ ; 038/2019/P//Grant Agency of University of South Bohemia/ ; 21-00828S//Czech Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Tropical rainforest trees host a diverse arthropod fauna that can be characterised by their functional diversity (FD) and phylogenetic diversity (PD). Human disturbance degrades tropical forests, often coinciding with species invasion and altered assembly that leads to a decrease in FD and PD. Tree canopies are thought to be particularly vulnerable, but rarely investigated. Here, we studied the effects of forest disturbance on an ecologically important invertebrate group, the ants, in a lowland rainforest in New Guinea. We compared an early successional disturbed plot (secondary forest) to an old-growth plot (primary forest) by exhaustively sampling their ant communities in a total of 852 trees. We expected that for each tree community (1) disturbance would decrease FD and PD in tree-dwelling ants, mediated through species invasion. (2) Disturbance would decrease ant trait variation due to a more homogeneous environment. (3) The main drivers behind these changes would be different contributions of true tree-nesting species and visiting species. We calculated FD and PD based on a species-level phylogeny and 10 ecomorphological traits. Furthermore, we assessed by data exclusion the influence of species, which were not nesting in individual trees (visitors) or only nesting species (nesters), and of non-native species on FD and PD. Primary forests had higher ant species richness and PD than secondary forest. However, we consistently found increased FD in secondary forest. This pattern was robust even if we decoupled functional and phylogenetic signals, or if non-native ant species were excluded from the data. Visitors did not contribute strongly to FD, but they increased PD and their community weighted trait means often varied from nesters. Moreover, all community-weighted trait means changed after forest disturbance. Our finding of contradictory FD and PD patterns highlights the importance of integrative measures of diversity. Our results indicate that the tree community trait diversity is not negatively affected, but possibly even enhanced by disturbance. Therefore, the functional diversity of arboreal ants is relatively robust when compared between old-growth and young trees. However, further study with higher plot-replication is necessary to solidify and generalise our findings.}, }
@article {pmid38407522, year = {2024}, author = {Jarvis-Lowry, B and Harrington, KC and Ghanizadeh, H and Robertson, AW}, title = {Viability and dormancy of the Clematis vitalba aerial seed bank.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/plb.13629}, pmid = {38407522}, issn = {1438-8677}, support = {//Horizons Regional Council/ ; //New Zealand Tree Crops Association/ ; //New Zealand Plant Protection Society/ ; //George Mason Charitable Trust/ ; //Massey University/ ; //New Zealand Biosecurity Institute/ ; }, abstract = {Old man's beard (Clematis vitalba L.) is a liana species that has become invasive in many areas of its introduced range. Seeds are produced in abundance and are both physiologically and morphologically dormant upon maturity. To understand the importance of seeds to its invasiveness, changes in viability and dormancy of the aerial seed bank were tracked throughout the after-ripening period and during storage. Seeds collected every second month for 2 years were subjected to germination tests. Other seeds stored in outdoor ambient conditions or in a dry, chilled state were dissected before, during, and after imbibition, as well as during incubation, to measure embryo size. Less than 72% of seeds on the mother plant were viable. Viable seeds remained completely morpho-physiologically dormant throughout autumn, even when treated with nitrate. Physiological dormancy declined in response to seasonal changes, yet morphological dormancy did not change until seeds had been exposed to appropriate germination conditions for several days. Fully dormant autumn seeds decayed at higher rates during incubation than partially or fully after-ripened seeds, which were also more germinable and less dormant. Furthermore, seeds incubated in complete darkness were more likely to decay or remain dormant than those exposed to light. This study demonstrates that fewer than three-quarters of seeds produced are viable and further decay occurs after dispersal, yet total fertility is still very high, with enormous propagule pressure from seeds alone. Viable seeds are protected with two forms of dormancy; morphological dormancy requires additional germination cues in order to break after seasonal changes break physiological dormancy.}, }
@article {pmid38406273, year = {2024}, author = {Doğdu, SA and Turan, C}, title = {Biological and growth parameters of Plotosus lineatus in the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {e16945}, pmid = {38406273}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {This study examined the age distribution and growth characteristics of the striped eel catfish (Plotosus lineatus), which is an invasive alien species in the eastern Mediterranean. A total of 1,011 samples were collected from Iskenderun Bay (Turkey), with lengths ranging from 5.1 to 16.8 cm, predominantly comprising females (1:1.92). Age 3 represented the majority in the population (52.03%). The value of the scaling exponent "b" of the length-weight relationship was less than "3" for both sexes (females: 2.28; males: 2.26; combined: 2.27). The results for the von Bertalanffy growth parameters were observed for the combined sexes as, L∞ = 24.9934 cm, k = 0.1718 year[-1], and t0 = -1.7707 years. The striped eel catfish populations in Iskenderun Bay exhibited negative allometric growth patterns and were predominantly composed of adult individuals. This study presents the dataset on the length-weight correlations, age-growth characteristics, and von Bertalanffy growth parameters of Plotosus lineatus in the Mediterranean Sea, thereby significantly contributing to comprehending the stock dynamics. It is anticipated that this study will make a significant contribution to the management of P. lineatus stocks, given its invasive nature.}, }
@article {pmid38405850, year = {2024}, author = {Goel, N and Liebhold, AM and Bertelsmeier, C and Hooten, MB and Korolev, KS and Keitt, TH}, title = {A mechanistic statistical approach to infer invasion characteristics of human-dispersed species with complex life cycle.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2024.02.09.578762}, pmid = {38405850}, abstract = {The rising introduction of invasive species through trade networks threatens biodiversity and ecosystem services. Yet, we have a limited understanding of how transportation networks determine patterns of range expansion. This is partly because current analytical models fail to integrate the invader's life-history dynamics with heterogeneity in human-mediated dispersal patterns. And partly because classical statistical methods often fail to provide reliable estimates of model parameters due to spatial biases in the presence-only records and lack of informative demographic data. To address these gaps, we first formulate an age-structured metapopulation model that uses a probability matrix to emulate human-mediated dispersal patterns. The model reveals that an invader spreads along the shortest network path, such that the inter-patch network distances decrease with increasing traffic volume and reproductive value of hitchhikers. Next, we propose a Bayesian statistical method to estimate model parameters using presence-only data and prior demographic knowledge. To show the utility of the statistical approach, we analyze zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) expansion in North America through the commercial shipping network. Our analysis underscores the importance of correcting spatial biases and leveraging priors to answer questions, such as where and when the zebra mussels were introduced and what life-history characteristics make these mollusks successful invaders.}, }
@article {pmid38280165, year = {2024}, author = {Li, Y and Hua, J and Tao, Y and He, C}, title = {Invasion mechanism of Spartina alterniflora by regulating soil sulfur and iron cycling and microbial composition in the Jiuduansha Wetland.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {31}, number = {10}, pages = {14775-14790}, pmid = {38280165}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {41971055//Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Wetlands ; Soil/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae/physiology ; *Microbiota ; *Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria ; Sulfur ; Sulfates ; Sulfides ; China ; }, abstract = {Spartina alterniflora, an invasive plant widely distributed in China's coastal regions, has had a significant impact on the stability of wetland ecosystems and elemental biogeochemical cycles. The invasion of S. alterniflora has been found to lead to the accumulation of sulfides in the soil. The cycling of sulfur and iron in the soil is closely interconnected. Coastal estuarine wetlands are influenced by both freshwater in rivers and seawater tides, as well as the frequent variations in redox conditions caused by tidal fluctuations, which makes the cycling of sulfur and iron in the soil invaded by S. alterniflora more intricate. In this study, field surveys and laboratory experiments were conducted to explore the effects of S. alterniflora invasion and hydrological changes on the cycling of sulfur and iron as well as related functional microorganisms in the soil. The invasion of S. alterniflora showed an increase in soil reduced inorganic sulfur (RIS) components in both high and low marshes of Jiuduansha wetland, with higher content observed in summer and autumn. The tidal simulation experiments revealed abundant sulfate in seawater tidal conditions could promote the formation of acid volatile sulfides (AVS) in the soil of low marshes invaded by S. alterniflora and ensuring the continuous increase in AVS content. Diffusive gradients in-thin-films (DGT) technology indicated the existence of high-concentration soluble S[2-] enrichment zones in the soil of low marshes invaded by S. alterniflora, which may be related to S. alterniflora root exudates. Tidal action increased the relative abundance of sulfur-reducing bacteria (SRB) in the soil of low marshes, and under the influence of seawater tidal action, SRB exhibited higher relative abundance. However, S. alterniflora might inhibit the activity of iron-reducing bacteria (FeRB) in the soil of low marshes. In conclusion, S. alterniflora may enhance the sulfate reduction rate and promote the formation of free sulfides in tidal salt marsh ecosystems by releasing root exudates that stimulate the activity of SRB, while concurrently inhibiting the activity of FeRB and reducing their competition with SRB. This effect is particularly pronounced in low marshes under seawater tidal conditions. Thus, S. alterniflora is capable of rapidly invading tidal salt marshes by utilizing sulfides effectively.}, }
@article {pmid38211878, year = {2024}, author = {He, L and Xu, Y and Yang, Z and Lu, X and Yao, X and Li, C and Xu, D and Wu, C and Yao, Z}, title = {Copper-decorated strategy based on defect-rich NH2-MIL-125(Ti) boosts efficient photocatalytic degradation of methyl mercaptan under sunlight.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {344}, number = {}, pages = {123341}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123341}, pmid = {38211878}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {*Copper ; *Titanium ; Sulfhydryl Compounds ; Introduced Species ; Sunlight ; }, abstract = {Photocatalysis has received significant attention as a technology that can solve environmental problems. Metal-organic frameworks are currently being used as novel photocatalysts but are still limited by the rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers, low photogenerated electron migration efficiency and poor solar light utilization rate. In this work, a novel photocatalyst was successfully constructed by introducing Cu species into thermal activated mixed-ligand NH2-MIL-125 (Ti) via defect engineering strategy. The constructed defect structure not only provided 3D-interconnected gas transfer channels, but also offered suitable space to accommodate introduced Cu species. For the most effective photocatalyst 0.2Cu/80%NH2-MIL-125 (300 °C) with optimized Cu content, the photocatalytic degradation rate of CH3SH achieved 4.65 times higher than that of pristine NH2-MIL-125 under visible light (λ > 420 nm). At the same time, it showed great degradation efficiency under natural sunlight, 100 ppm CH3SH was completely removed within 25 min in full solar light illumination. The improved catalytic efficiency is mainly due to the synergistic effect of the integrated Schottky junction and rich-defective NH2-MIL-125, which improved the bandgap and band position, and thus facilitated the separation and transfer of the photo-generated carriers. This work provided a facile way to integrate Schottky junctions and rich-defective MOFs with high stability. Due to its excellent degradation performance under sunlight, it also offered a prospective strategy for rational design of high-efficiency catalysts applied in environmental technologies.}, }
@article {pmid38401736, year = {2024}, author = {Hilliam, K and Floerl, O and Treml, EA}, title = {Priorities for improving predictions of vessel-mediated marine invasions.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {171162}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171162}, pmid = {38401736}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Nonindigenous marine species are impacting the integrity of marine ecosystems worldwide. The invasion rate is increasing, and vessel traffic, the most significant human-assisted transport pathway for marine organisms, is predicted to double by 2050. The ability to predict the transfer of marine species by international and domestic maritime traffic is needed to develop cost-effective proactive and reactive interventions that minimise introduction, establishment and spread of invasive species. However, despite several decades of research into vessel-mediated species transfers, some important knowledge gaps remain, leading to significant uncertainty in model predictions, often limiting their use in decision making and management planning. In this review, we discuss the sequential ecological process underlying human-assisted biological invasions and adapt it in a marine context. This process includes five successive stages: entrainment, transport, introduction, establishment, and the subsequent spread. We describe the factors that influence an organism's progression through these stages in the context of maritime vessel movements and identify key knowledge gaps that limit our ability to quantify the rate at which organisms successfully pass through these stages. We then highlight research priorities that will address these knowledge gaps and improve our capability to manage biosecurity risks at local, national and international scales. We identified four major data and knowledge gaps: (1) quantitative rates of entrainment of organisms by vessels; (2) the movement patterns of vessel types lacking maritime location devices; (3) quantifying the release (introduction) of organisms as a function of vessel behaviour (e.g. time spent at port); and (4) the influence of a species' life history on establishment success, for a given magnitude of propagule pressure. We discuss these four research priorities and how they can be addressed in collaboration with industry partners and stakeholders to improve our ability to predict and manage vessel-mediated biosecurity risks over the coming decades.}, }
@article {pmid38399996, year = {2024}, author = {Jansen, S and Höller, P and Helms, M and Lange, U and Becker, N and Schmidt-Chanasit, J and Lühken, R and Heitmann, A}, title = {Mosquitoes from Europe Are Able to Transmit Snowshoe Hare Virus.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/v16020222}, pmid = {38399996}, issn = {1999-4915}, support = {FKZ 2819107A22//Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture/ ; 01Kl2022//Federal Ministry of Education and Research/ ; }, abstract = {Snowshoe hare virus (SSHV) is a zoonotic arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) circulating in colder areas of the Northern Hemisphere. SSHV is maintained in an enzootic cycle between small mammals and mosquitoes, assumably of the genera Aedes and Culiseta. Symptoms of SSHV human infection can range from asymptomatic to severe neuroinvasive disease. Studies on SSHV transmission are limited, and there is no information available on whether mosquitoes of the genus Culex are able to transmit SSHV. Therefore, we investigated six mosquito species via salivation assay for their vector competence. We demonstrated that SSHV can be transmitted by the abundant European Culex species Cx. pipiens biotype pipiens, Cx. pipiens biotype molestus, and Cx. torrentium with low transmission efficiency between 3.33% and 6.67%. Additionally, the invasive species Ae. albopictus can also transmit SSHV with a low transmission efficiency of 3.33%. Our results suggest that local transmission of SSHV after introduction to Europe seems to be possible from a vector perspective.}, }
@article {pmid38398526, year = {2024}, author = {Migaou, M and Macé, S and Maalej, H and Marchand, L and Bonnetot, S and Noël, C and Sinquin, C and Jérôme, M and Zykwinska, A and Colliec-Jouault, S and Maaroufi, RM and Delbarre-Ladrat, C}, title = {Exploring the Exopolysaccharide Production Potential of Bacterial Strains Isolated from Tunisian Blue Crab Portunus segnis Microbiota.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/molecules29040774}, pmid = {38398526}, issn = {1420-3049}, support = {20G0806//Campus France/ ; }, abstract = {The blue crab (BC) Portunus segnis is considered an invasive species colonizing Tunisian coasts since 2014. This work aims to explore its associated bacteria potential to produce anionic exopolysaccharides (EPSs) in order to open up new ways of valorization. In this study, different BC samples were collected from the coastal area of Sfax, Tunisia. First, bacterial DNA was extracted from seven different fractions (flesh, gills, viscera, carapace scraping water, and three wastewaters from the production plant) and then sequenced using the metabarcoding approach targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S rDNA to describe their microbiota composition. Metabarcoding data showed that the dominant bacterial genera were mainly Psychrobacter, Vagococcus, and Vibrio. In parallel, plate counting assays were performed on different culture media, and about 250 bacterial strains were isolated and identified by sequencing the 16S rDNA. EPS production by this new bacterial diversity was assessed to identify new compounds of biotechnological interest. The identification of the bacterial strains in the collection confirmed the dominance of Psychrobacter spp. strains. Among them, 43 were identified as EPS producers, as revealed by Stains-all dye in agarose gel electrophoresis. A Buttiauxella strain produced an EPS rich in both neutral sugars including rare sugars such as rhamnose and fucose and uronic acids. This original composition allows us to assume its potential for biotechnological applications and, more particularly, for developing innovative therapeutics. This study highlights bacterial strains associated with BC; they are a new untapped source for discovering innovative bioactive compounds for health and cosmetic applications, such as anionic EPS.}, }
@article {pmid38396942, year = {2024}, author = {Wang, YL and Li, L and Paudel, BR and Zhao, JL}, title = {Genomic Insights into High-Altitude Adaptation: A Comparative Analysis of Roscoea alpina and R. purpurea in the Himalayas.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms25042265}, pmid = {38396942}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {No. 41871047//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; YNWR-QNBJ-2019-214//Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program "Young Talent Project"/ ; }, abstract = {Environmental stress at high altitudes drives the development of distinct adaptive mechanisms in plants. However, studies exploring the genetic adaptive mechanisms of high-altitude plant species are scarce. In the present study, we explored the high-altitude adaptive mechanisms of plants in the Himalayas through whole-genome resequencing. We studied two widespread members of the Himalayan endemic alpine genus Roscoea (Zingiberaceae): R. alpina (a selfing species) and R. purpurea (an outcrossing species). These species are distributed widely in the Himalayas with distinct non-overlapping altitude distributions; R. alpina is distributed at higher elevations, and R. purpurea occurs at lower elevations. Compared to R. purpurea, R. alpina exhibited higher levels of linkage disequilibrium, Tajima's D, and inbreeding coefficient, as well as lower recombination rates and genetic diversity. Approximately 96.3% of the genes in the reference genome underwent significant genetic divergence (FST ≥ 0.25). We reported 58 completely divergent genes (FST = 1), of which only 17 genes were annotated with specific functions. The functions of these genes were primarily related to adapting to the specific characteristics of high-altitude environments. Our findings provide novel insights into how evolutionary innovations promote the adaptation of mountain alpine species to high altitudes and harsh habitats.}, }
@article {pmid38394143, year = {2024}, author = {Amer, NR and Stoks, R and Antoł, A and Sniegula, S}, title = {Microgeographic differentiation in thermal and antipredator responses and their carry-over effects across life stages in a damselfly.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, pages = {e0295707}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0295707}, pmid = {38394143}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Global warming and invasive species, separately or combined, can impose a large impact on the condition of native species. However, we know relatively little about how these two factors, individually and in combination, shape phenotypes in ectotherms across life stages and how this can differ between populations. We investigated the non-consumptive predator effects (NCEs) imposed by native (perch) and invasive (signal crayfish) predators experienced only during the egg stage or during both the egg and larval stages in combination with warming on adult life history traits of the damselfly Ischnura elegans. To explore microgeographic differentiation, we compared two nearby populations differing in thermal conditions and predator history. In the absence of predator cues, warming positively affected damselfly survival, possibly because the warmer temperature was closer to the optimal temperature. In the presence of predator cues, warming decreased survival, indicating a synergistic effect of these two variables on survival. In one population, predator cues from perch led to increased survival, especially under the current temperature, likely because of predator stress acclimation phenomena. While warming decreased, predator cues increased larval development time with a proportionally stronger effect of signal crayfish cues experienced during the egg stage, indicating a negative carry-over effect from egg to larva. Warming and predator cues increased mass at emergence, with the predator effect driven mainly by exposure to signal crayfish cues during the egg stage, indicating a positive carry-over effect from egg to adult. Notably, warming and predator effects were not consistent across the two studied populations, suggesting a phenotypic signal of adaptation at a microgeographic scale to thermal conditions and predator history. We also observed pronounced shifts during ontogeny from synergistic (egg and early larval stage) toward additive (late larval stage up to emergence) effects between warming and predator stress. The results point out that population- and life-stage-specific responses in life-history traits to NCEs are needed to predict fitness consequences of exposure to native and invasive predators and warming in prey at a microgeographic scale.}, }
@article {pmid38392891, year = {2024}, author = {Heddergott, M and Pikalo, J and Müller, F and Osten-Sacken, N and Steinbach, P}, title = {Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Wild American Mink (Neogale vison): The First Serological Study in Germany and Poland.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens13020153}, pmid = {38392891}, issn = {2076-0817}, abstract = {Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan that causes toxoplasmosis in warm-blooded animals. Although most infections in humans and animals are subclinical, an infection can nevertheless be fatal. One of the important characteristics in the epidemiology of this parasite is waterborne transmission. The American mink (Neogale vison), a mammal closely adapted to freshwater ecosystems, is a potential sentinel for T. gondii. We analysed meat juice from the heart of 194 wild minks collected between 2019 and 2022 in five study areas from Germany and Poland and tested for the presence of antibodies against T. gondii. The analysis was performed using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test (ELISA). Antibodies were detected in 45.36% (88/194, 95% confidence interval (CI): 38.39-52.41%) of the analysed animals. While the prevalence values ranged from 37.50% to 49.30%, there was no significant difference in seroprevalence between the study areas. Juveniles were less likely to carry T. gondii antibodies than adults (odds ratio: 0.216), whereas there was no significant difference in prevalence between the sexes (odds ratio: 0.933). The results of our study show that contact with T. gondii is widespread in minks, and the parasite is common in inland freshwater ecosystems in Germany and Poland. This indicates that watercourses play an important role in the spread of T. gondii oocysts.}, }
@article {pmid38392517, year = {2024}, author = {Zhao, Q and Li, H and Chen, C and Fan, S and Wei, J and Cai, B and Zhang, H}, title = {Potential Global Distribution of Paracoccus marginatus, under Climate Change Conditions, Using MaxEnt.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects15020098}, pmid = {38392517}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {31872272//Qing Zhao/ ; 202103021224331//Hufang Zhang/ ; }, abstract = {The papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus, is an invasive pest species found all over the world. It is native to Mexico and Central America, but is now present in more than 50 countries and regions, seriously threatening the economic viability of the agricultural and forestry industry. In the current study, the global potential distribution of P. marginatus was predicted under current and future climatic conditions using MaxEnt. The results of the model assessment indicated that the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC-AUC) was 0.949, while the TSS value was 0.820. The results also showed that the three variables with the greatest impact on the model were min temperature of coldest month (bio6), precipitation of wettest month (bio13), and precipitation of coldest quarter (bio19), with corresponding contributions of 46.8%, 31.1%, and 13.1%, respectively. The results indicated that the highly suitable areas were mainly located in tropical and subtropical regions, including South America, southern North America, Central America, Central Africa, Australia, the Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia. Under four climate scenarios in the 2050s and 2070s, the area of suitability will change very little. Moreover, the results showed that the area of suitable areas in 2070s increased under all four climate scenarios compared to the current climate. In contrast, the area of suitable habitat increases from the current to the 2050s under the SSP370 and SSP585 climate scenarios. The current study could provide a reference framework for the future control and management of papaya mealybug and other invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid38392515, year = {2024}, author = {Ma, Z and Fu, J and Zhang, Y and Wang, L and Luo, Y}, title = {Toxicity and Behavior-Altering Effects of Three Nanomaterials on Red Imported Fire Ants and Their Effectiveness in Combination with Indoxacarb.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects15020096}, pmid = {38392515}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {ZDYF2022XDNY138//Hainan Province Science and technology species fund/ ; 2022GDASZH-2022030604//GDAS' Project of Science and Technology Development/ ; CARS-170306//China Agriculture Research System of Sugar/ ; }, abstract = {The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) is one of the 100 worst invasive alien species in the world. At present, the control of red imported fire ants is still mainly based on chemical control, and the most commonly used is indoxacarb bait. In this study, the contact and feeding toxicity of 16 kinds of nanomaterials to workers, larvae, and reproductive ants were evaluated after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. The results showed that the mortality of diatomite, Silica (raspberry-shaped), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes among workers reached 98.67%, 97.33%, and 68%, respectively, after contact treatment of 72 h. The mortality of both larval and reproductive ants was less than 20% after 72 h of treatment. All mortality rates in the fed treatment group were below 20% after 72 h. Subsequently, we evaluated the digging, corpse-removal, and foraging behaviors of workers after feeding with diatomite, Silica (raspberry-shaped), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes for 24 h, which yielded inhibitory effects on the behavior of red imported fire ants. The most effective was diatomite, which dramatically decreased the number of workers that dug, extended the time needed for worker ant corpse removal and foraging activities, decreased the number of workers that foraged, and decreased the weight of the food carried by the workers. In addition, we also evaluated the contact and feeding toxicity of these three nanomaterials in combination with indoxacarb on red imported fire ants. According to contact toxicity, after 12 h of contact treatment, the death rate among the red imported fire ants exposed to the three materials combined with indoxacarb reached more than 97%. After 72 h of exposure treatment, the mortality rate of larvae was more than 73% when the nanomaterial content was above 1% and 83% when the diatomite content was 0.5%, which was significantly higher than the 50% recorded in the indoxacarb control group. After 72 h of feeding treatment, the mortality of diatomite, Silica (raspberry-shaped), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes combined with indoxacarb reached 92%, 87%, and 98%, respectively. The death rates of the three kinds of composite ants reached 97%, 67%, and 87%, respectively. The three kinds of composite food had significant inhibitory effects on the behavior of workers, and the trend was largely consistent with the effect of nanomaterials alone. This study provides technical support for the application of nanomaterials in red imported fire ant control.}, }
@article {pmid38392510, year = {2024}, author = {Wang, Y and Zhao, Y and Zhang, J and Li, Z}, title = {Heat Shock Protein Genes Affect the Rapid Cold Hardening Ability of Two Invasive Tephritids.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects15020090}, pmid = {38392510}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {31772230//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera correcta are two invasive species that can cause major economic damage to orchards and the fruit import and export industries. Their distribution is advancing northward due to climate change, which is threatening greater impacts on fruit production. This study tested the rapid cold-hardening ability of the two species and identified the temperature associated with the highest survival rate. Transcriptome data and survival data from the two Bactrocera species' larvae were obtained after rapid cold-hardening experiments. Based on the sequencing of transcripts, four Hsp genes were found to be affected: Hsp68 and Hsp70, which play more important roles in the rapid cold hardening of B. dorsalis, and Hsp23 and Hsp70, which play more important roles in the rapid cold hardening of B. correcta. This study explored the adaptability of the two species to cold, demonstrated the expression and function of four Hsps in response to rapid cold hardening, and explained the occurrence and expansion of these two species of tephritids, offering information for further studies.}, }
@article {pmid38390311, year = {2024}, author = {Kumschick, S and Fernandez Winzer, L and McCulloch-Jones, EJ and Chetty, D and Fried, J and Govender, T and Potgieter, LJ and Rapetsoa, MC and Richardson, DM and van Velden, J and Van der Colff, D and Miza, S and Wilson, JRU}, title = {Considerations for developing and implementing a safe list for alien taxa.}, journal = {Bioscience}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, pages = {97-108}, doi = {10.1093/biosci/biad118}, pmid = {38390311}, issn = {0006-3568}, abstract = {Many species have been intentionally introduced to new regions for their benefits. Some of these alien species cause damage, others do not (or at least have not yet). There are several approaches to address this problem: prohibit taxa that will cause damage, try to limit damages while preserving benefits, or promote taxa that are safe. In the present article, we unpack the safe list approach, which we define as "a list of taxa alien to the region of interest that are considered of sufficiently low risk of invasion and impact that the taxa can be widely used without concerns of negative impacts." We discuss the potential use of safe lists in the management of biological invasions; disentangle aspects related to the purpose, development, implementation, and impact of safe lists; and provide guidance for those considering to develop and implement such lists.}, }
@article {pmid38390295, year = {2024}, author = {Oddi, L and Volpe, V and Carotenuto, G and Politi, M and Barni, E and Crosino, A and Siniscalco, C and Genre, A}, title = {Boosting species evenness, productivity and weed control in a mixed meadow by promoting arbuscular mycorrhizas.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1303750}, doi = {10.3389/fpls.2024.1303750}, pmid = {38390295}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Lowland meadows represent aboveground and belowground biodiversity reservoirs in intensive agricultural areas, improving water retention and filtration, ensuring forage production, contrasting erosion and contributing to soil fertility and carbon sequestration. Besides such major ecosystem services, the presence of functionally different plant species improves forage quality, nutritional value and productivity, also limiting the establishment of weeds and alien species. Here, we tested the effectiveness of a commercial seed mixture in restoring a lowland mixed meadow in the presence or absence of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and biostimulation of symbiosis development with the addition of short chain chito-oligosaccharides (CO). Plant community composition, phenology and productivity were regularly monitored alongside AM colonization in control, inoculated and CO-treated inoculated plots. Our analyses revealed that the CO treatment accelerated symbiosis development significantly increasing root colonization by AM fungi. Moreover, the combination of AM fungal inoculation and CO treatment improved plant species evenness and productivity with more balanced composition in forage species. Altogether, our study presented a successful and scalable strategy for the reintroduction of mixed meadows as valuable sources of forage biomass; demonstrated the positive impact of CO treatment on AM development in an agronomic context, extending previous observations developed under controlled laboratory conditions and leading the way to the application in sustainable agricultural practices.}, }
@article {pmid38389999, year = {2024}, author = {Rickward, RA and Santostefano, F and Wilson, AJ}, title = {Among-individual behavioural variation in the ornamental red cherry shrimp, Neocaridina heteropoda.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {e11049}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.11049}, pmid = {38389999}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Personality variation, defined as among-individual differences in behaviour that are repeatable across time and context, is widely reported across animal taxa. From an evolutionary perspective, characterising the amount and structure of this variation is useful since differences among individuals are the raw material for adaptive behavioural evolution. However, behavioural variation among individuals also has implications for more applied areas of evolution and ecology-from invasion biology to ecotoxicology and selective breeding in captive systems. Here, we investigate the structure of personality variation in the red cherry shrimp, Neocaridina heteropoda, a popular ornamental species that is readily kept and bred under laboratory conditions and is emerging as a decapod crustacean model across these fields, but for which basic biological, ecological and behavioural data are limited. Using two assays and a repeated measures approach, we quantify behaviours putatively indicative of shy-bold variation and test for sexual dimorphism and/or size-dependent behaviours (as predicted by some state-dependent models of personality). We find moderate-to-high behavioural repeatabilities in most traits. Although strong individual-level correlations across behaviours are consistent with a major personality axis underlying these observed traits, the multivariate structure of personality variation does not fully match a priori expectations of a shy-bold axis. This may reflect our ecological naivety with respect to what really constitutes bolder, more risk-prone, behaviour in this species. We find no evidence for sexual dimorphism and only weak support for size-dependent behaviour. Our study contributes to the growing literature describing behavioural variation in aquatic invertebrates. Furthermore, it lays a foundation for further studies harnessing the potential of this emerging model system. In particular, this existing behavioural variation could be functionally linked to life-history traits and invasive success and serve as a target of artificial selection or bioassays. It thus holds significant promise in applied research across ecotoxicology, aquaculture and invasion biology.}, }
@article {pmid38388475, year = {2024}, author = {Rivera-Estay, V and Córdova-Lepe, F and Moreno-Gómez, FN and Benitez, H and Gutiérrez, R}, title = {Exploring the effects of competition and predation on the success of biological invasion through mathematical modeling.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {4416}, pmid = {38388475}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {21211263//Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo of Chile/ ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a major cause of species extinction and biodiversity loss. Exotic predators are the type of introduced species that have the greatest negative impact, causing the extinction of hundreds of native species. Despite this, they continue to be intentionally introduced by humans. Understanding the causes that determine the success of these invasions is a challenge within the field of invasion biology. Mathematical models play a crucial role in understanding and predicting the behavior of exotic species in different ecosystems. This study examines the effect of predation and competition on the invasion success of an exotic generalist predator in a native predator-prey system. Considering that the exotic predator both consumes the native prey and competes with the native predator, it is necessary to study the interplay between predation and competition, as one of these interspecific interactions may either counteract or contribute to the impact of the other on the success of a biological invasion. Through a mathematical model, represented by a system of ordinary differential equations, it is possible to describe four different scenarios upon the arrival of the exotic predator in a native predator-prey system. The conditions for each of these scenarios are described analytically and numerically. The numerical simulations are performed considering the American mink (Mustela vison), an invasive generalist predator. The results highlight the importance of considering the interplay between interspecific interactions for understanding biological invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid38386057, year = {2024}, author = {Byeon, DH and Lee, WH}, title = {Ensemble evaluation of potential distribution of Procambarus clarkii using multiple species distribution models.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38386057}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {2018002270005//Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute/ ; }, abstract = {Procambarus clarkii is a notorious invasive species that has led to ecological concerns owing to its high viability and rapid reproduction. South Korea, a country exposed to a high risk of introduction of invasive species due to active international trade, has suffered from recent massive invasions by invasive species, necessitating the evaluation of potential areas requiring intensive monitoring. In this study, we developed two different types of species distribution models, CLIMEX and random forest, for P. clarkii using occurrence records from the United States. The potential distribution in the United States was predicted along coastal lines and inland regions located below 40°N latitude The model was then applied to evaluate the potential distribution in South Korea, and an ensemble map was constructed to identify the most vulnerable domestic regions. According to both models, the domestic potential distribution was highest in most areas located at low altitudes. In the ensemble model, most of the low-altitude western regions, the eastern coast, and some southern inland regions were predicted to be suitable for the distribution of P. clarkii, and a similar distribution pattern was predicted when the model was projected into the future climate. Through this study, it is possible to secure basic data that can be used for the early monitoring of the introduction and subsequent distribution of P. clarkii.}, }
@article {pmid38384827, year = {2024}, author = {Arlé, E and Knight, TM and Jiménez-Muñoz, M and Biancolini, D and Belmaker, J and Meyer, C}, title = {The cumulative niche approach: A framework to assess the performance of ecological niche model projections.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {e11060}, pmid = {38384827}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Ecological Niche Models (ENMs) are often used to project species distributions within alien ranges and in future climatic scenarios. However, ENMs depend on species-environment equilibrium, which may be absent for actively expanding species. We present a novel framework to estimate whether species have reached environmental equilibrium in their native and alien ranges. The method is based on the estimation of niche breadth with the accumulation of species occurrences. An asymptote will indicate exhaustive knowledge of the realised niches. We demonstrate the CNA framework for 26 species of mammals, amphibians, and birds. Possible outcomes of the framework include: (1) There is enough data to quantify the native and alien realised niches, allowing us to calculate niche expansion between the native and alien ranges, also indicating that ENMs can be reliably projected to new environmental conditions. (2) The data in the native range is not adequate but an asymptote is reached in the alien realised niche, indicating low confidence in our ability to evaluate niche expansion in the alien range but high confidence in model projections to new environmental conditions within the alien range. (3) There is enough data to quantify the native realised niche, but not enough knowledge about the alien realised niche, hindering the reliability of projections beyond sampled conditions. (4) Both the native and alien ranges do not reach an asymptote, and thus few robust conclusions about the species' niche or future projections can be made. Our framework can be used to detect species' environmental equilibrium in both the native and alien ranges, to quantify changes in the realised niche during the invasion processes, and to estimate the likely accuracy of model projections to new environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid38384788, year = {2024}, author = {Gavrilko, D and Zhikharev, V and Zolotareva, T and Kudrin, I and Yakimov, B and Erlashova, A}, title = {Biodiversity of zooplankton (Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda) in the tributaries of Cheboksary Reservoir (Middle Volga, Russia).}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {e116330}, pmid = {38384788}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Freshwater zooplankton is an important component of the ecological communities of inland water bodies. It acts as an important part of the food web and participates in the self-purification processes of aquatic ecosystems. To study the abundance and distribution of species, a sampling event dataset was compiled and then published through GBIF. The aim of the work was to describe the current zooplankton fauna (Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda) and its abundance, based on a recently published dataset. The research was conducted from 2015 to 2022. Zooplankton samples were collected by vertical towing a plankton net (70 μm mesh) from the bottom to the water surface or by filtering through a net, the water being collected with a measuring bucket. The samples were concentrated to 100 ml and fixed with a final concentration of 4% formalin solution. For each sampling event, the coordinates of the location, number of individuals and date were recorded.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: The dataset contains information on 259 tax&#x430;, including 257 species and subspecies of zooplankton from 36 families found in the tributaries of the Cheboksary Reservoir. The families Chydoridae (35 species), Brachionidae (31) and Cyclopidae (27) were the most species-rich. Four invasive species were found: Kellicottiabostoniensis (Rousselet, 1908), Acanthocyclopsamericanus (Marsh, 1893), Ilyocryptusspinifer Herrick, 1882 and Thermocyclopstaihokuensis Harada, 1931.}, }
@article {pmid38384340, year = {2024}, author = {Akomolafe, GF and Rosazlina, R and Omomoh, B}, title = {Soil seed bank dynamics of two invasive alien plants in Nigeria: implications for ecosystem restoration.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {plae003}, pmid = {38384340}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {The assessment of seed banks could provide useful hints towards ensuring restoration planning and invasive species management. In this study, the impacts of two invaders such as Hyptis suaveolens and Urena lobata on the soil seed banks were investigated. We also assessed the seed characteristics of the invaders at the invaded sites. This was achieved using 10 sites each for H. suaveolens- and U. lobata-invaded habitats and -non-invaded habitats making a total of 30 sites. We collected 200 soil samples from each habitat type. A seedling emergence method was used to determine the seed bank recruitment of both invasive plants. The diversity indices of the above-ground vegetation of sites invaded by the two plants were significantly lower than those of the non-invaded sites. Only two plant species emerged from the seed banks of H. suaveolens and five plants from those of U. lobata when compared with non-invaded sites where 53 species emerged. A larger portion of the seeds was located in the soil's lower layer at all the sites invaded by H. suaveolens while those of U. lobata and non-invaded sites were found in the upper layers and there are significant associations between the habitats. The lower soil layers of the two species have the highest percentage of viable seeds. These results help us to understand more about the invasiveness of both species as related to their impacts on the seed banks and native vegetation. It also indicates that the native species that emerged from the invaded seed banks could be used for the restoration of the invaded habitats.}, }
@article {pmid38359128, year = {2024}, author = {Parr, CL and Te Beest, M and Stevens, N}, title = {Conflation of reforestation with restoration is widespread.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {383}, number = {6684}, pages = {698-701}, doi = {10.1126/science.adj0899}, pmid = {38359128}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Africa ; *Trees ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Across Africa, vast areas of nonforest are threatened by inappropriate restoration in the form of tree planting.}, }
@article {pmid38381797, year = {2024}, author = {Mendoza-Roldan, JA and Perles, L and Filippi, E and Szafranski, N and Montinaro, G and Carbonara, M and Scalera, R and de Abreu Teles, PP and Walochnik, J and Otranto, D}, title = {Parasites and microorganisms associated with the snakes collected for the "festa Dei serpari" in Cocullo, Italy.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {e0011973}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0011973}, pmid = {38381797}, issn = {1935-2735}, abstract = {While in much of the Western world snakes are feared, in the small, rural, mountainous town of Cocullo, in the middle of central Italy, snakes are annually collected and celebrated in a sacro-profane ritual. Every 1st of May, Serpari (snake catchers) capture and showcase dozens of non-venomous snakes to celebrate the ritual of San Domenico. In order to detect potential zoonotic pathogens within this unique epidemiological context, parasites and microorganisms of snakes harvested for the "festa dei serpari" ritual was investigated. Snakes (n = 112) were examined and ectoparasites collected, as well as blood and feces sampled. Ectoparasites were identified morpho-molecularly, and coprological examination conducted through direct smear and flotation. Molecular screenings were performed to identify parasites and microorganisms in collected samples (i.e., Mesostigmata mites, Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp., Rickettsia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Coxiella burnetii, Babesia/Theileria spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp., Leishmania spp. and helminths). Overall, 28.5% (32/112) of snakes were molecularly positive for at least one parasite and/or microorganism. Endosymbiont Wolbachia bacteria were identified from Macronyssidae mites and zoonotic vector-borne bacteria (e.g., Rickettsia, Leishmania), as well as orally transmitted pathogens (i.e., Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas), were detected from blood and feces. Thus, given the central role of the snakes in the tradition of Cocullo, surveys of their parasitic fauna and associated zoonotic pathogens may aid to generate conservation policies to benefit the human-snake interactions, whilst preserving the cultural patrimony of this event.}, }
@article {pmid38380597, year = {2024}, author = {Kimball, S and Rath, J and Coffey, JE and Perea-Vega, MR and Walsh, M and Fiore, NM and Ta, PM and Schmidt, KT and Goulden, ML and Allison, SD}, title = {Long-term drought promotes invasive species by reducing wildfire severity.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e4265}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.4265}, pmid = {38380597}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {//The Nature Conservancy/ ; DE-SC0020382//the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research/ ; //Natural Communities Coalition/ ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic climate change has increased the frequency of drought, wildfire, and invasions of non-native species. Although high-severity fires linked to drought can inhibit recovery of native vegetation in forested ecosystems, it remains unclear how drought impacts the recovery of other plant communities following wildfire. We leveraged an existing rainfall manipulation experiment to test the hypothesis that reduced precipitation, fuel load, and fire severity convert plant community composition from native shrubs to invasive grasses in a Southern California coastal sage scrub system. We measured community composition before and after the 2020 Silverado wildfire in plots with three rainfall treatments. Drought reduced fuel load and vegetation cover, which reduced fire severity. Native shrubs had greater prefire cover in added water plots compared to reduced water plots. Native cover was lower and invasive cover was higher in postfire reduced water plots compared to postfire added and ambient water plots. Our results demonstrate the importance of fuel load on fire severity and plant community composition on an ecosystem scale. Management should focus on reducing fire frequency and removing invasive species to maintain the resilience of coastal sage scrub communities facing drought. In these communities, controlled burns are not recommended as they promote invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid38378569, year = {2024}, author = {Zhang, Q and Ding, X and Zhang, Y and Yang, Y and Mao, F and Ni, B and Liu, Y and Culleton, R and Dai, Y and Cao, J}, title = {A smartphone-based crowd-sourced real-time surveillance platform (apple snail inspector) for the invasive snails: a design and development study.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {78}, pmid = {38378569}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {2020YFC1200100//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The large amphibious freshwater apple snail is an important invasive species in China, but there is currently no method available for their surveillance. The development and popularization of smartphones provide a new platform for research on surveillance technologies for the early detection and effective control of invasive species.<br><br>METHODS: The ASI surveillance system was developed based on the infrastructure of the WeChat platform and Amap. The user can directly enter the game interface through the WeChat port on their mobile phone, and the system automatically obtains their location. The user can then report the location of apple snails. The administrator can audit the reported information, and all information can be exported to Microsoft Excel version 2016 for analysis. The map was generated by ArcGIS 10.2 and was used to characterize the spatial and temporal distribution of apple snails in Jiangsu Province.<br><br>RESULTS: The architecture of ASI consists of three parts: a mobile terminal, a server terminal and a desktop terminal. We published more than 10 tweets on the official WeChat account of the system to announce it to the public, and a total of 207 users in 2020 and 2021 correctly reported sightings of apple snails. We identified 550 apple snails breeding sites in 2020 and 2021, featuring ponds (81%), parks (17%) and farmland (2%). In addition, most of the locations contained snail eggs, and the reporting times mainly occurred between May and September.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The ASI is an effective surveillance system that can be used to identify the breeding locations of apple snails and provides the basis of prevention and control for its dispersal. Its successful development and operation provide new potential avenues for surveillance of other public health issues.}, }
@article {pmid38378475, year = {2024}, author = {Karin, BR and Lough-Stevens, M and Lin, TE and Reilly, SB and Barley, AJ and Das, I and Iskandar, DT and Arida, E and Jackman, TR and McGuire, JA and Bauer, AM}, title = {The natural and human-mediated expansion of a human-commensal lizard into the fringes of Southeast Asia.}, journal = {BMC ecology and evolution}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {25}, pmid = {38378475}, issn = {2730-7182}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Human-commensal species often display deep ancestral genetic structure within their native range and founder-effects and/or evidence of multiple introductions and admixture in newly established areas. We investigated the phylogeography of Eutropis multifasciata, an abundant human-commensal scincid lizard that occurs across Southeast Asia, to determine the extent of its native range and to assess the sources and signatures of human introduction outside of the native range. We sequenced over 350 samples of E. multifasciata for the mitochondrial ND2 gene and reanalyzed a previous RADseq population genetic dataset in a phylogenetic framework.<br><br>RESULTS: Nuclear and mitochondrial trees are concordant and show that E. multifasciata has retained high levels of genetic structure across Southeast Asia despite being frequently moved by humans. Lineage boundaries in the native range roughly correspond to several major biogeographic barriers, including Wallace's Line and the Isthmus of Kra. Islands at the outer fringe of the range show evidence of founder-effects and multiple introductions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Most of enormous range of E. multifasciata across Southeast Asia is native and it only displays signs of human-introduction or recent expansion along the eastern and northern fringe of its range. There were at least three events of human-introductions to Taiwan and offshore islands, and several oceanic islands in eastern Indonesia show a similar pattern. In Myanmar and Hainan, there is a founder-effect consistent with post-warming expansion after the last glacial maxima or human introduction.}, }
@article {pmid38376726, year = {2024}, author = {Guo, W and Yu, L and Tang, L and Wan, Y and Lin, Y}, title = {Recent Advances in Mechanistic Understanding of Metal-Free Carbon Thermocatalysis and Electrocatalysis with Model Molecules.}, journal = {Nano-micro letters}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {125}, pmid = {38376726}, issn = {2150-5551}, abstract = {Metal-free carbon, as the most representative heterogeneous metal-free catalysts, have received considerable interests in electro- and thermo-catalytic reactions due to their impressive performance and sustainability. Over the past decade, well-designed carbon catalysts with tunable structures and heteroatom groups coupled with various characterization techniques have proposed numerous reaction mechanisms. However, active sites, key intermediate species, precise structure-activity relationships and dynamic evolution processes of carbon catalysts are still rife with controversies due to the monotony and limitation of used experimental methods. In this Review, we summarize the extensive efforts on model catalysts since the 2000s, particularly in the past decade, to overcome the influences of material and structure limitations in metal-free carbon catalysis. Using both nanomolecule model and bulk model, the real contribution of each alien species, defect and edge configuration to a series of fundamentally important reactions, such as thermocatalytic reactions, electrocatalytic reactions, were systematically studied. Combined with in situ techniques, isotope labeling and size control, the detailed reaction mechanisms, the precise 2D structure-activity relationships and the rate-determining steps were revealed at a molecular level. Furthermore, the outlook of model carbon catalysis has also been proposed in this work.}, }
@article {pmid38375602, year = {2024}, author = {Bird, JP and Fuller, RA and Shaw, JD}, title = {Patterns of recovery in extant and extirpated seabirds after the world's largest multipredator eradication.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e14239}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.14239}, pmid = {38375602}, issn = {1523-1739}, support = {AAS 4305//Australian Antarctic Science Program/ ; }, abstract = {Eradicating invasive predators from islands can result in substantial recovery of seabirds, but the mechanisms that drive population changes remain poorly understood. Meta-analyses have recently revealed that immigration is surprisingly important to the recovery of philopatric seabirds, but it is not known whether dispersal and philopatry interact predictably to determine rates of population growth and changes of distribution. We used whole-island surveys and long-term monitoring plots to study the abundance, distribution, and trends of 4 burrowing seabird species on Macquarie Island, Australia, to examine the legacy impacts of invasive species and ongoing responses to the world's largest eradication of multiple species of vertebrates. Wekas (Gallirallus australis) were eradicated in 1988; cats (Felis catus) in 2001; and rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), black rats (Rattus rattus), and mice (Mus mus) in 2011-2014. We compared surveys from 1976-1979 and 2017-2018 and monitoring from the 1990s and 2000s onward. Antarctic prions (Pachyptila desolata) and white-headed petrels (Pterodroma lessonii) increased ∼1% per year. Blue petrels (Halobaena caerulea) and gray petrels (Procellaria cinerea) recolonized following extirpation from the main island in the 1900s but remained spatially and numerically rare in 2018. However, they increased rapidly at 14% and 10% per year, respectively, since cat eradication in 2001. Blue and gray petrel recolonization occurred on steep, dry, west-facing slopes close to ridgelines at low elevation (i.e., high-quality petrel habitat). They overlapped <5% with the distribution of Antarctic prion and white-headed petrels which occurred in suboptimal shallow, wet, east-facing slopes at high elevation. We inferred that the speed of population growth of recolonizing species was related to their numerically smaller starting size compared with the established species and was driven by immigration and selection of ideal habitat.}, }
@article {pmid38374294, year = {2024}, author = {Alencar, JBR and Sampaio, A and da Fonseca, CRV}, title = {Ecological niche modeling of two Microtheca Stål, 1860 species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae) in the Americas: insights from Brassicaceae occurrence.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38374294}, issn = {1432-1254}, abstract = {Biological invasions pose significant threats to biodiversity, with invasive species spread often facilitated by human activities. Consequently, this research utilized ecological niche modeling (ENM) to overcome this limitation and map the potential suitability of Microtheca ochroloma Stål, 1860 and Microtheca semilaevis Stål, 1860, which have been evaluated as potential insect pests in the Americas, zones for four genera of Brassicaceae, which include globally cultivated species such as Sinapis L., Raphanus L., Eruca Mill., and Brassica L. We utilized multiple methods to forecast the ecological habitat of Microtheca Stål, 1860 species based on distribution data and various environmental indicators. Our models, exhibiting high-performance metrics (TSS ranging from 0.84 to 0.96), revealed extensive environmental suitability for these species across the Americas, including previously unreported regions. The predicted zones overlapped significantly with areas where Brassicaceae crops were grown. Contrary to some previous assertions, our findings suggest that while these Microtheca species are recognized pests on these crops, their consistent widespread damage may be overstated. Nevertheless, their invasive potential could have broad ecological impacts, including biodiversity loss. Our research emphasizes the need for focused sampling in potential distribution zones and underlines the value of integrating ENM in predicting and managing invasive species spread.}, }
@article {pmid38370144, year = {2024}, author = {Marhri, A and Boumediene, M and Tikent, A and Melhaoui, R and Jdaini, K and Mihamou, A and Serghini-Caid, H and Elamrani, A and Hano, C and Abid, M and Addi, M}, title = {A Comparative Analysis of Morphological Characteristics between Endangered Local Prickly Pear and the Newly Introduced Dactylopius opuntiae-Resistant Species in Eastern Morocco.}, journal = {Scientifica}, volume = {2024}, number = {}, pages = {7939465}, pmid = {38370144}, issn = {2090-908X}, abstract = {Prickly pear serves as a significant source of income for farmers worldwide, with production taking place in temperate, subtropical, and cold regions. The objective of the present investigation is to explore the morphological parameters of Opuntia robusta and Opuntia dillenii which are resistant to the white cochineal (Dactylopius opuntiae), as well as the local prickly pear that is currently threatened with extinction. This investigation aims to evaluate the feasibility of replacing the endangered local prickly pear with the recently introduced species O. robusta and O. dillenii. This analysis is based on a comprehensive assessment of 26 qualitative and 25 quantitative traits pertaining to cladodes and fruits. In terms of species differentiation and the selection of discriminative features, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of various statistical methods, as well as the analysis carried out according to the descriptors recommended by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). Of the 51 parameters evaluated, 13 qualitative and 23 quantitative characters are significant in differentiating the species under study. This underscores the importance of quantitative traits in distinguishing different prickly pear species. Furthermore, color is identified as a crucial characteristic for discriminating between the studied samples. O. robusta is characterized by its high fruit weight, large size, greater pulp content, and high pulp-to-peel ratio, all of which are desirable traits for fresh consumption. Additionally, O. robusta has the highest number of fully developed seeds, making it an attractive option for use in the cosmetic industry. This characteristic renders the O. robusta a potential substitute for the endangered ecotype . However, O. robusta is distinguished by its short stalk, which poses a challenge for fruit harvesting and leaves it susceptible to physical damage and quality loss. Conversely, O. dillenii displays a low pulp content, which serves as a critical indicator of fruit quality. The only desirable agronomic trait of this species is its elevated seed content, which has the potential for utilization in oil production for the cosmetic industry.}, }
@article {pmid38366840, year = {2024}, author = {Stuart, KC and Johnson, RN and Major, R and Atsawawaranunt, K and Ewart, KM and Rollins, LA and Santure, AW and Whibley, A}, title = {The genome of a globally invasive passerine, the common myna, Acridotheres tristis.}, journal = {DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/dnares/dsae005}, pmid = {38366840}, issn = {1756-1663}, abstract = {In an era of global climate change, biodiversity conservation is receiving increased attention. Conservation efforts are greatly aided by genetic tools and approaches, which seek to understand patterns of genetic diversity and how they impact species health and ability to persist under future climate regimes. Invasive species offer vital model systems in which to investigate questions regarding adaptive potential, with a particular focus on how changes in genetic diversity and effective population size interact with novel selection regimes. The common myna (Acridotheres tristis) is a globally invasive passerine and is an excellent model species for research both into the persistence of low-diversity populations and the mechanics of biological invasion. To underpin research on the invasion genetics of this species, we present the genome assembly of the common myna. We describe the genomic landscape of this species, including genome wide allelic diversity, methylation, repeats, and recombination rate, as well as an examination of gene family evolution. Finally, we use demographic analysis to identify that some native regions underwent a dramatic population increase between the two most recent periods of glaciation, and reveal artefactual impacts of genetic bottlenecks on demographic analysis.}, }
@article {pmid38366252, year = {2024}, author = {Holmberg, I and Tolonen, L and Paviala, J and Pedersen, JS and Helanterä, H and Viljakainen, L}, title = {Positive selection has shaped the evolution of Argentine ant immune genes both in native and introduced supercolonies.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, pages = {131-140}, doi = {10.1093/jeb/voad014}, pmid = {38366252}, issn = {1420-9101}, support = {343022//Academy of Finland/ ; }, abstract = {The highly invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) started its colonisation from the species' native range in South America approximately 150 years ago and has since become one of the major pests in the world. We investigated how the shifts into new ranges have affected the evolution of Argentine ants' immune genes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first broadscale population genetic study focusing on ants' immune genes. We analysed comprehensive targeted-seq data of immune and non-immune genes containing 174 genes from 18 Argentine ant supercolonies covering the species' native and introduced ranges. We predicted that the immune gene evolution of introduced supercolonies differs from that of the native supercolonies and proposed two different, non-mutually exclusive hypotheses for this: 1) the enemy release hypothesis and 2) the higher pathogen pressure hypothesis - both of which seem to explain the observed evolutionary patterns on their behalf. Our results show that the introduced supercolonies were targeted by weaker selection than natives, but positive selection was evident among supercolonies of both ranges. Moreover, in some cases, such as the antiviral RNAi genes, introduced range supercolonies harboured a higher proportion of positively selected genes than natives. This observation was striking, knowing the recent demographic history and the detected generally lower selection efficacy of introduced supercolonies. In conclusion, it is evident that pathogen pressure is ubiquitous and strongly affects the immune gene evolution in Argentine ants.}, }
@article {pmid38363824, year = {2024}, author = {Chen, X and Lei, Y and Liang, C and Lei, Q and Wang, J and Jiang, H}, title = {Odorant Binding Protein Expressed in Legs Enhances Malathion Tolerance in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel).}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08458}, pmid = {38363824}, issn = {1520-5118}, abstract = {Bactrocera dorsalis is a highly invasive species and is one of the most destructive agricultural pests worldwide. Organophosphorus insecticides have been widely and chronically used to control it, leading to the escalating development of resistance. Recently, odorant binding proteins (OBPs) have been found to play a role in reducing insecticide susceptibility. In this study, we used RT-qPCR to measure the expression levels of four highly expressed OBP genes in the legs of B. dorsalis at different developmental stages and observed the effect of malathion exposure on their expression patterns. The results showed that OBP28a-2 had a high expression level in 5 day old adults of B. dorsalis, and its expression increased after exposure to malathion. By CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, we generated OBP28a-2[-/-] null mutants and found that they were more susceptible to malathion than wild-type adults. Furthermore, in vitro direct affinity assays confirmed that OBP28a-2 has a strong affinity for malathion, suggesting that it plays a role in reducing the susceptibility of B. dorsalis to malathion. Our findings enriched our understanding of the function of OBPs. The results highlighted the potential role of OBPs as buffering proteins that help insects survive exposure to insecticides.}, }
@article {pmid38361769, year = {2024}, author = {Andraca-Gómez, G and Ordano, M and Lira-Noriega, A and Osorio-Olvera, L and Domínguez, CA and Fornoni, J}, title = {Climatic and soil characteristics account for the genetic structure of the invasive cactus moth Cactoblastis cactorum, in its native range in Argentina.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {e16861}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.16861}, pmid = {38361769}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the physical and environmental conditions that may limit the migration of invasive species is crucial to assess the potential for expansion outside their native ranges. The cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, is native to South America (Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Brazil) and has been introduced and invaded the Caribbean and southern United States, among other regions. In North America there is an ongoing process of range expansion threatening cacti biodiversity of the genus Opuntia and the commercial profits of domesticated Opuntia ficus-indica.<br><br>METHODS: To further understand what influences the distribution and genetic structure of this otherwise important threat to native and managed ecosystems, in the present study we combined ecological niche modeling and population genetic analyses to identify potential environmental barriers in the native region of Argentina. Samples were collected on the host with the wider distribution range, O. ficus-indica.<br><br>RESULTS: Significant genetic structure was detected using 10 nuclear microsatellites and 24 sampling sites. At least six genetic groups delimited by mountain ranges, salt flats and wetlands were mainly located to the west of the Dry Chaco ecoregion. Niche modeling supports that this region has high environmental suitability where the upper soil temperature and humidity, soil carbon content and precipitation were the main environmental factors that explain the presence of the moth. Environmental filters such as the upper soil layer may be critical for pupal survival and consequently for the establishment of populations in new habitats, whereas the presence of available hosts is a necessary conditions for insect survival, upper soil and climatic characteristics will determine the opportunities for a successful establishment.}, }
@article {pmid38360933, year = {2024}, author = {Sisay, B and Tamiru, A and Subramanian, S and Weldon, CW and Khamis, F and Green, KK and Anderson, P and Torto, B}, title = {Pheromonal variation and mating between two mitotypes of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Africa.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {3848}, pmid = {38360933}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {In the Americas, the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) exists in two genetically distinct strains, the corn (C) and rice (R) strains. Despite their names, these strains are not associated with host plant preferences but have been shown to vary in pheromone composition and male responses. Recently, S. frugiperda was detected in Africa as an invasive species, but knowledge about variation in strain types, pheromone composition and inter-strain mating of populations of the pest in the continent has not been fully examined. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate variations, if any in the pheromone composition of female moths, male moth responses, and mating between C and R mitotypes of S. frugiperda populations in Kenya, as well as their geographic distribution. Strains (mitotypes) of S. frugiperda were identified using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers, and their pheromonal composition determined by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis. Male moth responses to these compounds were evaluated using GC-electroantennographic detection (EAD), electroantennogram (EAG), and wind tunnel assays. Oviposition assays were used to determine whether R and C mitotype moths could mate and produce eggs. The results showed that both the R and C mitotypes were present, and there were no statistically significant differences in their distribution across all sampled locations. Five pheromone compounds including (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:OAc), (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7-14:OAc), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc), (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc) and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:OAc), were detected in the pheromone glands of female moths of both mitotypes, with Z9-14:OAc being the most abundant. The relative percentage composition of Z9-14:OAc was similar in both mitotypes. However, the R mitotype had a 2.7 times higher relative percentage composition of Z7-12:OAc compared to the C mitotype moth, while the C mitotype moth had a 2.4 times higher relative percentage composition of Z11-16:OAc than the R mitotype moth. Male moths of both mitotypes exhibited similar responses to the pheromone compounds, showing the strongest responses to Z9-14:OAc and Z7-12:OAc in electrophysiological and behavioural assays. There was mating between R and C mitotypes with egg production comparable to mating within the same mitotype. Our results revealed that differences between the two S. frugiperda mitotypes are characterized by female moth pheromone composition rather than male moth responses to the pheromones, and that this does not prevent hybridisation between the mitotypes, which may have implications for their management.}, }
@article {pmid38360829, year = {2024}, author = {Xu, M and Li, SP and Liu, C and Tedesco, PA and Dick, JTA and Fang, M and Wei, H and Yu, F and Shu, L and Wang, X and Gu, D and Mu, X}, title = {Global freshwater fish invasion linked to the presence of closely related species.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {1411}, pmid = {38360829}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {In the Anthropocene, non-native freshwater fish introductions and translocations have occurred extensively worldwide. However, their global distribution patterns and the factors influencing their establishment remain poorly understood. We analyze a comprehensive database of 14953 freshwater fish species across 3119 river basins and identify global hotspots for exotic and translocated non-native fishes. We show that both types of non-native fishes are more likely to occur when closely related to native fishes. This finding is consistent across measures of phylogenetic relatedness, biogeographical realms, and highly invaded countries, even after accounting for the influence of native diversity. This contradicts Darwin's naturalization hypothesis, suggesting that the presence of close relatives more often signifies suitable habitats than intensified competition, predicting the establishment of non-native fish species. Our study provides a comprehensive assessment of global non-native freshwater fish patterns and their phylogenetic correlates, laying the groundwork for understanding and predicting future fish invasions in freshwater ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid38360327, year = {2024}, author = {Liu, T and Chen, X and Du, M and Sanders, CJ and Li, C and Tang, J and Yang, H}, title = {Replacing Spartina alterniflora with northward-afforested mangroves has the potential to acquire extra blue carbon.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {170952}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170952}, pmid = {38360327}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Climate change provides an opportunity for the northward expansion of mangroves, and thus, the afforestation of mangroves at higher latitude areas presents an achievable way for coastal restoration, especially where invasive species S. alterniflora needs to be clipped. However, it is unclear whether replacing S. alterniflora with northward-afforested mangroves would benefit carbon sequestration or not. In the study, we examined the key CO2 and CH4 exchange processes in a young (3 yr) northward-afforested wetland dominated by K. obovata. We also collected soil cores from various ages (3, 15, 30, and 60 years) to analyze the carbon storage characteristics of mangrove stands using a space-for-time substitution approach. Our findings revealed that the young northward mangroves exhibited obvious seasonal variations in net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and functioned as a modest carbon sink, with an annual mean NEE of -107.9 g C m[-2] yr[-1]. Additionally, the CH4 emissions from the northward mangroves were lower in comparison to natural mangroves, with the primary source being the soil. Furthermore, when comparing the vertical distribution of soil carbon, it became evident that both S. alterniflora and mangroves contributed to organic carbon accumulation in the upper soil layers. Our study also identified a clear correlation that the biomass and carbon stocks of mangroves increased logarithmically with age (R[2] = 0.69, p < 0.001). Notably, both vegetation and soil carbon stocks (especially in the deeper layers) of the 15 yr northward mangroves, were markedly higher than those of S. alterniflora. This suggests that replacing S. alterniflora with northward-afforested mangroves is an effective long-term strategy for future coasts to enhance blue carbon sequestration.}, }
@article {pmid38359470, year = {2024}, author = {Patel, KK and Toft, N and Kovaliski, J and Page, B and Appuhamilage, RMJJE and Taggart, PL}, title = {Bayesian evaluation of temporal changes in sensitivity and specificity of three serological tests for multiple circulating strains of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus.}, journal = {Preventive veterinary medicine}, volume = {225}, number = {}, pages = {106137}, doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106137}, pmid = {38359470}, issn = {1873-1716}, abstract = {Competition and indirect ELISAs are currently being used to monitor rabbit haemorrhagic disease viruses (RHDV1 and RHDV2) in rabbits worldwide. Temporal changes in the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of RHDV1 competition-ELISA (cELISA1), RHDV2 competition-ELISA (cELISA2), and RHDV1 Immunoglobulin G (IgG1) ELISA, were investigated using Bayesian Latent Class models (BCLM) in the Australian wild rabbit population where both viruses circulate simultaneously and a long-term serological dataset exists. When cELISA1 was compared to IgG1 ELISA, the Se of cELISA1 improved while the Sp of IgG1 ELISA declined over the 2011-21. This corresponded with a decline in the true RHDV1 prevalence in 2018-21, suggesting that a large proportion of RHDV1 exposed rabbits survived the introduction and dominance of RHDV2 up to approximately 2017/2018, after which they died and were not replaced. The Se and Sp estimates for 2014-15 for both cELISA1 and IgG1 ELISA, and the true prevalence when analysing all three tests together were similar to those obtained from the analysis of cELISA1/IgG1 ELISA. The same was also true for the Se and Sp of cELISA2 and IgG1 ELISA estimates from 2018 onwards. This suggests that RHDV1 was the dominant infection type in 2014-15, but RHDV2 was the dominant infection type in 2018-21. Further, the increase in Se of cELISA2 and the low Sp of IgG1 ELISA in the cELISA2/IgG1 ELISA analysis, compared to the Se of cELISA2 and Sp of IgG1 ELISA when analysing all three tests together suggests that the underlying infection status was more influenced by RHDV2 and that the higher Se of IgG1 ELISA is due to cross-reaction of RHDV2 antibodies on IgG1 ELISA. The true prevalence data suggest that RHDV2 exposure peaked in 2017. Our findings show that test characteristics changed in response to the changing virus prevalences over time. IgG1 ELISA, currently having a high Se, should be used to monitor both viruses and will perform better than both cELISAs.}, }
@article {pmid38358840, year = {2024}, author = {Berger, L and Skerratt, LF and Kosch, TA and Brannelly, LA and Webb, RJ and Waddle, AW}, title = {Advances in Managing Chytridiomycosis for Australian Frogs: Gradarius Firmus Victoria.}, journal = {Annual review of animal biosciences}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {113-133}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-animal-021122-100823}, pmid = {38358840}, issn = {2165-8110}, abstract = {Extensive knowledge gains from research worldwide over the 25 years since the discovery of chytridiomycosis can be used for improved management. Strategies that have saved populations in the short term and/or enabled recovery include captive breeding, translocation into disease refugia, translocation from resistant populations, disease-free exclosures, and preservation of disease refuges with connectivity to previous habitat, while antifungal treatments have reduced mortality rates in the wild. Increasing host resistance is the goal of many strategies under development, including vaccination and targeted genetic interventions. Pathogen-directed strategies may be more challenging but would have broad applicability. While the search for the silver bullet solution continues, we should value targeted local interventions that stop extinction and buy time for evolution of resistance or development of novel solutions. As for most invasive species and infectious diseases, we need to accept that ongoing management is necessary. For species continuing to decline, proactive deployment and assessment of promising interventions are more valid than a hands-off, do-no-harm approach that will likely allow further extinctions.}, }
@article {pmid38357592, year = {2024}, author = {Blake, S and Cabrera, F and Rivas-Torres, G and Deem, SL and Nieto-Claudin, A and Zahawi, RA and Bastille-Rousseau, G}, title = {Invasion by Cedrela odorata threatens long distance migration of Galapagos tortoises.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {e10994}, pmid = {38357592}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive alien species are among the most pervasive threats to biodiversity. Invasive species can cause catastrophic reductions in populations of native and endemic species and the collapse of ecosystem function. A second major global conservation concern is the extirpation of large-bodied mobile animals, including long-distance migrants, which often have keystone ecological roles over extensive spatial extents. Here, we report on a potentially catastrophic synergy between these phenomena that threatens the endemic biota of the Galapagos Archipelago. We used GPS telemetry to track 140 migratory journeys by 25 Western Santa Cruz Island Galapagos tortoises. We plotted the spatial interaction between tortoise migrations and recently established non-native forest dominated by the invasive tree Cedrela odorata (Cedrela forest). We qualified (a) the proportion of migratory journeys that traversed Cedrela forest, and (b) the probability that this observed pattern occurred by chance. Tortoise migrations were overwhelmingly restricted to small corridors between Cedrela forest blocks, indicating clear avoidance of those blocks. Just eight of 140 migrations traversed extensive Cedrela stands. Tortoises avoid Cedrela forest during their migrations. Further expansion of Cedrela forest threatens long-distance migration and population viability of critically endangered Galapagos tortoises. Applied research to determine effective management solutions to mitigate Cedrela invasion is a high priority.}, }
@article {pmid38351066, year = {2024}, author = {Guo, K and Pyšek, P and van Kleunen, M and Kinlock, NL and Lučanová, M and Leitch, IJ and Pierce, S and Dawson, W and Essl, F and Kreft, H and Lenzner, B and Pergl, J and Weigelt, P and Guo, WY}, title = {Plant invasion and naturalization are influenced by genome size, ecology and economic use globally.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {1330}, pmid = {38351066}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {32171588//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Ecosystem ; Genome Size ; *Citizenship ; Introduced Species ; Ecology ; Biodiversity ; Plants/genetics ; }, abstract = {Human factors and plant characteristics are important drivers of plant invasions, which threaten ecosystem integrity, biodiversity and human well-being. However, while previous studies often examined a limited number of factors or focused on a specific invasion stage (e.g., naturalization) for specific regions, a multi-factor and multi-stage analysis at the global scale is lacking. Here, we employ a multi-level framework to investigate the interplay between plant characteristics (genome size, Grime's adaptive CSR-strategies and native range size) and economic use and how these factors collectively affect plant naturalization and invasion success worldwide. While our findings derived from structural equation models highlight the substantial contribution of human assistance in both the naturalization and spread of invasive plants, we also uncovered the pivotal role of species' adaptive strategies among the factors studied, and the significantly varying influence of these factors across invasion stages. We further revealed that the effects of genome size on plant invasions were partially mediated by species adaptive strategies and native range size. Our study provides insights into the complex and dynamic process of plant invasions and identifies its key drivers worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid38357012, year = {2018}, author = {Lee, MR and Flory, SL and Phillips, RP and Wright, JP}, title = {Site conditions are more important than abundance for explaining plant invasion impacts on soil nitrogen cycling.}, journal = {Ecosphere (Washington, D.C)}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {1-13}, pmid = {38357012}, issn = {2150-8925}, abstract = {Invasive plant species can alter critical ecosystem processes including nitrogen transformations, but it is often difficult to anticipate where in an invaded landscape, these effects will occur. Our predictive ability lags because we lack a framework for understanding the multiple pathways through which environmental conditions mediate invader impacts. Here, we present a framework using structural equation modeling to evaluate the impact of an invasive grass, Microstegium vimineum (M.v.), on nitrogen cycling based on a series of invaded sites that varied in invader biomass and non-M.v. understory biomass, tree basal area, light availability, and soil conditions. Unlike previous studies, we did not find an overall pattern of elevated nitrate concentrations or higher nitrification rates in M.v.-invaded areas. We found that reference plot conditions mediated differences in mineralization between paired invaded and reference plots at each site through indirect (via M.v. biomass), direct, and interactive pathways; however, the strongest pathways were independent of M.v. biomass. For example, sites with low reference soil nitrate and high non-M.v. understory biomass tended to have faster mineralization at 5-15 cm in invaded plots. These findings suggest that more attention to reference conditions is needed to understand the impact of invasive species on soil nitrogen cycling and other ecosystem processes and that the greatest impacts will not necessarily be where the invader is most abundant.}, }
@article {pmid38352914, year = {2024}, author = {Langner, T and Otranto, D and Bezerra-Santos, MA and Franzen, J and Johne, A and Tonanzi, D and Pfeffer, M and Birka, S}, title = {Detection of Spirocerca lupi and an unknown Trichinella-like nematode in raccoon (Procyon lotor).}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {23}, number = {}, pages = {100911}, pmid = {38352914}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {The raccoon Procyon lotor (Carnivora: Procyonidae) is an invasive species of growing importance for the introduction of alien pathogens or as additional hosts for autochthonous pathogens in Europe, including zoonotic parasites. As the population is steadily increasing and outcompeting the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Germany, the consumption of raccoon meat raises concerns about pathogens they may transmit. Therefore the presence of Trichinella larvae was here investigated in muscle samples (n = 904) of raccoons from northern Germany. No Trichinella larvae were found, thus confirming the general low occurrence of this parasite in Germany. However, Spirocerca lupi (n = 12) and an unidentified Trichinella-like nematode (n = 1) were accidently detected in the examined samples. The first is not a zoonotic parasite but has a high veterinary relevance as it can cause severe diseases in dogs. It is the first documented autochthonous infection of this nematode in Germany. The larvae of an unidentified Trichinella-like nematode were found in high abundance in all examined muscles of one raccoon, though they could not be identified to species level. Histological investigation revealed intramuscular cystic structures. This is the largest study investigating muscular parasites of raccoons in Europe so far, which suggests that this invasive animal species is infected by S. lupi and by a yet unknown Trichinella -like parasite.}, }
@article {pmid38352206, year = {2024}, author = {Park, HB and Lim, A}, title = {New insights into predator-prey dynamics: First evidence of a leopard cat hunting coypus.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {e11016}, pmid = {38352206}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {We present the first documented evidence of interactions between the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) and the invasive coypu (Myocastor coypus) in South Korea, captured through camera traps in Hwapocheon wetland park from May 2015 to April 2017. Two interactions were recorded: one showing a leopard cat carrying a carcass of sub-adult coypu and the other a 4-min sequence of predation and defense between two species. The observed interactions indicate active predatory behavior by the leopard cat against coypus and cooperative defense by coypus. These findings shed new light on predator-prey dynamics, highlighting the leopard cat's potential role as a predator of coypus and coypus' defensive abilities. Understanding these relationships could facilitate more effective management of invasive species and offer broader implications for ecosystem dynamics and conservation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid38351807, year = {2024}, author = {Brown, GP and Shine, R and Rollins, LA}, title = {A biological invasion modifies the dynamics of a host-parasite arms race.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {291}, number = {2016}, pages = {20232403}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2023.2403}, pmid = {38351807}, issn = {1471-2954}, abstract = {By imposing novel selection pressures on both participants, biological invasions can modify evolutionary 'arms races' between hosts and parasites. A spatially replicated cross-infection experiment reveals strong spatial divergence in the ability of lungworms (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) to infect invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) in Australia. In areas colonized for longer than 20 years, toads are more resistant to infection by local strains of parasites than by allopatric strains. The situation reverses at the invasion front, where super-infective parasites have evolved. Invasion-induced shifts in genetic diversity and selective pressures may explain why hosts gain advantage over parasites in long-colonized areas, whereas parasites gain advantage at the invasion front.}, }
@article {pmid37922704, year = {2023}, author = {Yang, L and Shi, J and Pan, R and Yang, R and Li, H and Wang, S and Ge, B}, title = {Distribution of mudsnail Bullacta caurina along smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora invasion stages on a coast of the Yellow Sea, China.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {192}, number = {}, pages = {106248}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106248}, pmid = {37922704}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {*Wetlands ; Chlorophyll A ; *Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; Poaceae ; China ; }, abstract = {On a Chinese coast of the Yellow Sea, a 15-year Spartina alterniflora invasion sequence was classified into five stages: no invasion, initial invasion, immature invasion, mature invasion, and senescing invasion. The effects of invasion on Bullacta caurina distribution were studied. The stem density and vegetation coverage, and sediment organic matter content increased after S. alterniflora invaded, whereas chlorophyll a concentration and porewater salinity decreased. The stem density and vegetation coverage, and porewater salinity were the dominant factors explaining habitat variations. The invasion stages, seasons and their interaction had significant effects on B. caurina density, and the density decreased after initial invasion stage of S. alterniflora. Here, a clumped spatial distribution pattern was detected on B. caurina population. Organic matter content and chlorophyll a concentration were distinguished for predicting B. caurina density. The hydrologic condition, food resources, temperature, and predation risk comprehensively affected B. caurina distribution after S. alterniflora invasion.}, }
@article {pmid37921034, year = {2023}, author = {Brian, JI and Catford, JA}, title = {A mechanistic framework of enemy release.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {26}, number = {12}, pages = {2147-2166}, doi = {10.1111/ele.14329}, pmid = {37921034}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {101002987//H2020 European Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; *Population Growth ; }, abstract = {The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) is the best-known hypothesis explaining high performance (e.g. rapid population growth) of exotic species. However, the current framing of the ERH does not explicitly link evidence of enemy release with exotic performance. This leads to uncertainty regarding the role of enemy release in biological invasions. Here, we demonstrate that the effect of enemy release on exotic performance is the product of three factors: enemy impact, enemy diversity, and host adaptation. These factors are modulated by seven contexts: time since introduction, resource availability, phylogenetic relatedness of exotic and native species, host-enemy asynchronicity, number of introduction events, type of enemy, and strength of growth-defence trade-offs. ERH-focused studies frequently test different factors under different contexts. This can lead to inconsistent findings, which typifies current evidence for the ERH. For example, over 80% of meta-analyses fail to consider ecological contexts which can alter study findings; we demonstrate this by re-analysing a recent ERH synthesis. Structuring the ERH around factors and contexts promotes generalisable predictions about when and where exotic species may benefit from enemy release, empowering effective management. Our mechanistic factor-context framework clearly lays out the evidence required to support the ERH, unifies many enemy-related invasion hypotheses, and enhances predictive capacity.}, }
@article {pmid38351235, year = {2024}, author = {Tawiah-Mensah, CNL and Addo, SO and Ansah-Owusu, J and Abudu, M and Malm, RO and Yartey, KN and Oduro, D and Akorli, J and Dadzie, SK}, title = {Molecular identification of cattle ticks in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana: a high occurrence of Rhipicephalus microplus.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38351235}, issn = {1572-9702}, abstract = {Ticks are competent vectors of a wide range of pathogens. They are of veterinary and public health importance as they affect both animal and human health. Transhumance and the transboundary movements of cattle within the West African Sub-region have facilitated the spread of ticks which threatens the introduction of invasive species. Currently, Rhipicephalus microplus have been identified in the Upper East Region of Ghana which could mean a wider distribution of the species across the country due to livestock trade. This study focused on three sites in the Greater Accra Region, which serves as the gateway to receiving most of the cattle transported from the northern regions of Ghana. Ticks were sampled from August 2022 in the wet season to January 2023 in the dry season. Three tick genera were identified: Amblyomma (19.5%), Hyalomma (1.1%), and Rhipicephalus (79.3%) from the 1,489 feeding ticks collected from cattle. Furthermore, Rhipicephalus microplus, Hyalomma rufipes and Amblyomma variegatum were identified molecularly using primers that target the mitochondrial COI gene. There was a significant association between the tick species and seasons (p < 0.001). Finding R. microplus in this study indicates the extent of the spread of this invasive tick species in Ghana and highlights the need for efficient surveillance systems and control measures within the country.}, }
@article {pmid38350524, year = {2024}, author = {Gök Yurttaş, A and Çinar, K and Khan, Z and Elgün, T and Mayack, C}, title = {Inactivation of Nosema spp. with zinc phthalacyonine.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108074}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2024.108074}, pmid = {38350524}, issn = {1096-0805}, abstract = {Most honey bee pathogens, such as Vairimorpha (Nosema), cannot be rapidly and definitively diagnosed in a natural setting, consequently there is typically the spread of these diseases through shared and re-use of beekeeping equipment. Furthermore, there are no viable treatment options available for Nosema spores to aid in managing the spread of this bee disease. We therefore aimed to develop a new method using novel Zinc Phthalacyonine (ZnPc) as a photosensitizer for the photodynamic inactivation of Nosema spores that could be used for the decontamination of beekeeping equipment. Nosema spores were propagated for in vitro testing using four caged Apis mellifera honey bees. The ZnPc treatment was characterized, encapsulated with a liposome, and then used as either a 10 or 100 µM treatment for the freshly harvested Nosema spores, for either a 30 and or 60-minute time period, under either light or dark conditions, in-vitro, in 96-well plates. In the dark treatment, after 30-min, the ZnPc 100 µM treatment, caused a 30 % Nosema mortality, while this increased to 80 % at the same concentration after the light treatment. The high rate of anti-spore effects, in a short period of time, supports the notion that this could be an effective treatment for managing honey bee Nosema infections in the future. Our results also suggest that the photo activation of the treatment could be applied in the field setting and this would increase the sterilization of beekeeping equipment against Nosema.}, }
@article {pmid38348640, year = {2024}, author = {Botella, C and Gaüzère, P and O'Connor, L and Ohlmann, M and Renaud, J and Dou, Y and Graham, CH and Verburg, PH and Maiorano, L and Thuiller, W}, title = {Land-use intensity influences European tetrapod food webs.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {e17167}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.17167}, pmid = {38348640}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {787638//H2020 European Research Council/ ; E10005//Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; 20BD21_184131/1//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; ANR-18-EBI4-0009//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-18-CE02-0010//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-18-MPGA-0004//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-19-P3IA-0003//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; 101060429//NaturaConnect project from HORIZON EUROPE/ ; 101026394//Marie Curie Actions of the European Horizon 2020/ ; }, abstract = {Land use intensification favours particular trophic groups which can induce architectural changes in food webs. These changes can impact ecosystem functions, services, stability and resilience. However, the imprint of land management intensity on food-web architecture has rarely been characterized across large spatial extent and various land uses. We investigated the influence of land management intensity on six facets of food-web architecture, namely apex and basal species proportions, connectance, omnivory, trophic chain lengths and compartmentalization, for 67,051 European terrestrial vertebrate communities. We also assessed the dependency of this influence of intensification on land use and climate. In addition to more commonly considered climatic factors, the architecture of food webs was notably influenced by land use and management intensity. Intensification tended to strongly lower the proportion of apex predators consistently across contexts. In general, intensification also tended to lower proportions of basal species, favoured mesopredators, decreased food webs compartmentalization whereas it increased their connectance. However, the response of food webs to intensification was different for some contexts. Intensification sharply decreased connectance in Mediterranean and Alpine settlements, and it increased basal tetrapod proportions and compartmentalization in Mediterranean forest and Atlantic croplands. Besides, intensive urbanization especially favoured longer trophic chains and lower omnivory. By favouring mesopredators in most contexts, intensification could undermine basal tetrapods, the cascading effects of which need to be assessed. Our results support the importance of protecting top predators where possible and raise questions about the long-term stability of food webs in the face of human-induced pressures.}, }
@article {pmid38347314, year = {2024}, author = {Singh, S and Miller, CT and Singh, P and Sharma, R and Rana, N and Dhakad, AK and Dubey, RK}, title = {A comprehensive review on ecology, life cycle and use of Tecoma stans (bignoneaceae).}, journal = {Botanical studies}, volume = {65}, number = {1}, pages = {6}, pmid = {38347314}, issn = {1817-406X}, abstract = {Tecoma stans is a widely distributed tall ornamental shrub in the plains of Indian subcontinent and is considered an invasive species across Argentina, Australia, South Africa, Pacific Islands and tropical regions of Asia. Besides having an ornamental significance, T. stans has been extensively investigated for its pharmaceutical applications as a source of bioactive compounds. In addition, the shrub is cultivated commercially as a potted flowering plant. We believe that T. stans, being a hardy, invasive and aggressively growing species, holds a considerable potential and a promising solution for re-greening waste and degraded lands outside its invasive range, due to its wider adaptability and drought tolerant characteristics. The shrub is an excellent source of pollen and nectar, that attracts diverse insect-pollinators and several species of birds. The prudent plantation of this shrub has the potential to restore the ecology of barren landscapes, that can change its perspective of 'being invasive' to 'being ecologically healthy' across the tropical, semi-arid and subtropical regions worldwide. This paper reviews the current updates on ecology, life cycle including morphology, plant growth characteristics, flowering phenology, reproductive biology, breeding system and fruiting of T. stans. In addition, details on insect-pollinator diversity and natural regeneration potential have also been discussed, besides highlighting its therapeutic and landscape use.}, }
@article {pmid38346970, year = {2024}, author = {Clements, HS and Do Linh San, E and Hempson, G and Linden, B and Maritz, B and Monadjem, A and Reynolds, C and Siebert, F and Stevens, N and Biggs, R and De Vos, A and Blanchard, R and Child, M and Esler, KJ and Hamann, M and Loft, T and Reyers, B and Selomane, O and Skowno, AL and Tshoke, T and Abdoulaye, D and Aebischer, T and Aguirre-Gutiérrez, J and Alexander, GJ and Ali, AH and Allan, DG and Amoako, EE and Angedakin, S and Aruna, E and Avenant, NL and Badjedjea, G and Bakayoko, A and Bamba-Kaya, A and Bates, MF and Bates, PJJ and Belmain, SR and Bennitt, E and Bradley, J and Brewster, CA and Brown, MB and Brown, M and Bryja, J and Butynski, TM and Carvalho, F and Channing, A and Chapman, CA and Cohen, C and Cords, M and Cramer, JD and Cronk, N and Cunneyworth, PMK and Dalerum, F and Danquah, E and Davies-Mostert, HT and de Blocq, AD and De Jong, YA and Demos, TC and Denys, C and Djagoun, CAMS and Doherty-Bone, TM and Drouilly, M and du Toit, JT and Ehlers Smith, DA and Ehlers Smith, YC and Eiseb, SJ and Fashing, PJ and Ferguson, AW and Fernández-García, JM and Finckh, M and Fischer, C and Gandiwa, E and Gaubert, P and Gaugris, JY and Gibbs, DJ and Gilchrist, JS and Gil-Sánchez, JM and Githitho, AN and Goodman, PS and Granjon, L and Grobler, JP and Gumbi, BC and Gvozdik, V and Harvey, J and Hauptfleisch, M and Hayder, F and Hema, EM and Herbst, M and Houngbédji, M and Huntley, BJ and Hutterer, R and Ivande, ST and Jackson, K and Jongsma, GFM and Juste, J and Kadjo, B and Kaleme, PK and Kamugisha, E and Kaplin, BA and Kato, HN and Kiffner, C and Kimuyu, DM and Kityo, RM and Kouamé, NG and Kouete T, M and le Roux, A and Lee, ATK and Lötter, MC and Lykke, AM and MacFadyen, DN and Macharia, GP and Madikiza, ZJK and Mahlaba, TAM and Mallon, D and Mamba, ML and Mande, C and Marchant, RA and Maritz, RA and Markotter, W and McIntyre, T and Measey, J and Mekonnen, A and Meller, P and Melville, HI and Mganga, KZ and Mills, MGL and Minnie, L and Missoup, AD and Mohammad, A and Moinde, NN and Moise, BFE and Monterroso, P and Moore, JF and Musila, S and Nago, SGA and Namoto, MW and Niang, F and Nicolas, V and Nkenku, JB and Nkrumah, EE and Nono, GL and Norbert, MM and Nowak, K and Obitte, BC and Okoni-Williams, AD and Onongo, J and O'Riain, MJ and Osinubi, ST and Parker, DM and Parrini, F and Peel, MJS and Penner, J and Pietersen, DW and Plumptre, AJ and Ponsonby, DW and Porembski, S and Power, RJ and Radloff, FGT and Rambau, RV and Ramesh, T and Richards, LR and Rödel, MO and Rollinson, DP and Rovero, F and Saleh, MA and Schmiedel, U and Schoeman, MC and Scholte, P and Serfass, TL and Shapiro, JT and Shema, S and Siebert, SJ and Slingsby, JA and Sliwa, A and Smit-Robinson, HA and Sogbohossou, EA and Somers, MJ and Spawls, S and Streicher, JP and Swanepoel, L and Tanshi, I and Taylor, PJ and Taylor, WA and Te Beest, M and Telfer, PT and Thompson, DI and Tobi, E and Tolley, KA and Turner, AA and Twine, W and Van Cakenberghe, V and Van de Perre, F and van der Merwe, H and van Niekerk, CJG and van Wyk, PCV and Venter, JA and Verburgt, L and Veron, G and Vetter, S and Vorontsova, MS and Wagner, TC and Webala, PW and Weber, N and Weier, SM and White, PA and Whitecross, MA and Wigley, BJ and Willems, FJ and Winterbach, CW and Woodhouse, GM}, title = {The bii4africa dataset of faunal and floral population intactness estimates across Africa's major land uses.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {191}, pmid = {38346970}, issn = {2052-4463}, abstract = {Sub-Saharan Africa is under-represented in global biodiversity datasets, particularly regarding the impact of land use on species' population abundances. Drawing on recent advances in expert elicitation to ensure data consistency, 200 experts were convened using a modified-Delphi process to estimate 'intactness scores': the remaining proportion of an 'intact' reference population of a species group in a particular land use, on a scale from 0 (no remaining individuals) to 1 (same abundance as the reference) and, in rare cases, to 2 (populations that thrive in human-modified landscapes). The resulting bii4africa dataset contains intactness scores representing terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods: ±5,400 amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) and vascular plants (±45,000 forbs, graminoids, trees, shrubs) in sub-Saharan Africa across the region's major land uses (urban, cropland, rangeland, plantation, protected, etc.) and intensities (e.g., large-scale vs smallholder cropland). This dataset was co-produced as part of the Biodiversity Intactness Index for Africa Project. Additional uses include assessing ecosystem condition; rectifying geographic/taxonomic biases in global biodiversity indicators and maps; and informing the Red List of Ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid38346692, year = {2024}, author = {Green, ES and Chan, HY and Frost, E and Griffiths, M and Hutchison, J and Martin, JH and Mihalas, BP and Newman, T and Dunleavy, JEM}, title = {Recent advances in reproductive research in Australia and New Zealand: highlights from the Annual Meeting of the Society for Reproductive Biology, 2022.}, journal = {Reproduction, fertility, and development}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1071/RD23213}, pmid = {38346692}, issn = {1448-5990}, abstract = {In 2022, the Society for Reproductive Biology came together in Christchurch New Zealand (NZ), for its first face-to-face meeting since the global COVID-19 pandemic. The meeting showcased recent advancements in reproductive research across a diverse range of themes relevant to human health and fertility, exotic species conservation, and agricultural breeding practices. Here, we highlight the key advances presented across the main themes of the meeting, including advances in addressing opportunities and challenges in reproductive health related to First Nations people in Australia and NZ; increasing conservation success of exotic species, including ethical management of invasive species; improvements in our understanding of developmental biology, specifically seminal fluid signalling, ovarian development and effects of environmental impacts such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals; and leveraging scientific breakthroughs in reproductive engineering to drive solutions for fertility, including in assisted reproductive technologies in humans and agricultural industries, and for regenerative medicine.}, }
@article {pmid38346402, year = {2024}, author = {Phillips, EW and Bottacini, D and Schoonhoven, ANM and Kamstra, YJJ and De Waele, H and Jimenez, C and Hadjioannou, L and Kotrschal, A}, title = {Limited effects of culling on the behavior of invasive lionfish (Pterois miles) in the Mediterranean.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15686}, pmid = {38346402}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//Stichting Lucie Burgers/ ; //Ethologische Gesellschaft e.V/ ; 857586//HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive species pose serious threats to ecosystems. To reduce ecological and economic consequences of invasions, efforts are made to control invaders and evaluating the effects of such efforts is paramount. Lionfishes (Pterois volitans and Pterois miles) are native to the Indo-Pacific Ocean and pose a major threat to local ecosystems in the invaded Atlantic and Mediterranean. Culling via spearfishing is a widespread measure to limit lionfish population size in invaded ranges. However, like most hunted fishes, lionfish alter their behavior after repeated culling, potentially decreasing the effectiveness of future culls. Previous studies on lionfish in the Caribbean have shown that lionfish are less bold after repeated culling. However, the impact of culling on lionfish in their newest invasive range, the Mediterranean, remains enigmatic. To determine the behavioral changes in response to culling in this second area of invasion, we tested for effects of culling on the behavior of lionfish in Cyprus, a region heavily impacted by the lionfish invasion in the Mediterranean. We compared the response of lionfish to an approaching free diver holding a metal pole (imitating a spear fisher) between protected areas where spearfishing is restricted and areas where culls are frequently conducted. We also assessed whether activity, hiding pattern, and site fidelity differed between these culled and unculled sites. Overall, we found limited effects of culling on the traits measured, indicating surprising resistance to culling-induced behavioral changes in Mediterranean lionfish. Future studies should monitor invasive lionfish population densities and the effects of culling in more detail to tailor management plans and reduce the negative effects of these fish in specific invaded ranges.}, }
@article {pmid38344188, year = {2024}, author = {Liu, D and Liu, M and Ju, R and Li, B and Wang, Y}, title = {Rapid seedling emergence of invasive Phytolacca americana is related to higher soluble sugars produced by starch metabolism and photosynthesis compared to native P. acinosa.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1255698}, pmid = {38344188}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Seedling emergence is an essential event in the life cycle of plants. Most invasive plants have an advantage in population colonization over native congeners. However, differential seedling emergence between invasive plants and native congeners, especially their mechanisms, have rarely been explored. In this study, we show that the seedlings of invasive Phytolacca americana emerge faster compared to native P. acinosa. Genome-wide transcriptomes of initially germinated seeds versus seedlings at 4 days after germination (DAG) suggested that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the photosynthesis-antenna proteins pathway were up-regulated in both P. americana and P. acinosa, while DEGs in starch and sucrose metabolism were significantly down-regulated in P. americana. Gene expression analysis indicated that photosynthesis-related DEGs reached their highest level at 3 DAG in P. americana, while they peaked at 4 DAG in P. acinosa. We also identified one β-amylase gene in P. americana (PameAMYB) that showed the highest expression at 1 DAG, and two β-amylase genes in P. acinosa that expressed lower than PameAMYB at 0 and 1 DAG. Enzymatic activity of β-amylases also suggested that P. americana had the highest activity at 1 DAG, which was earlier than P. acinosa (at 4 DAG). Soluble sugars, the main source of energy for seedling emergence, were showed higher in P. americana than in P. acinosa, and reached the highest at 4 DAG that positively affected by photosynthesis. These results indicate that the rapid seedling emergence of invasive P. americana benefited from the high soluble sugar content produced by starch metabolism and photosynthesis. Altogether, this work contributes to our fundamental knowledge on physiological and molecular mechanisms for plant invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid38343577, year = {2024}, author = {Petit, S and Scanlon, AT and Naikatini, A and Pukala, T}, title = {Dillenia (Dilleniaceae) pollen heteromorphy and presentation, and implications for pollination by bats.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {e10997}, pmid = {38343577}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Bat pollination of Dillenia in Fiji, a genus that was presumed to be pollinated by bees, posits that other Dillenia species may be bat-pollinated, with implications for conservation and the understanding of angiosperm evolution. Botanical descriptions of some corolla behaviours ('falling as a whole') suggest bat removal of permanently closed corollas, as in D. biflora. Considering the remoteness of species of interest, we reviewed some Dillenia floral traits to hypothesise what they may mean for bat pollination of the genus. We investigated D. biflora pollen grains apertures and reviewed Dillenia literature concerning corolla behaviour and colour, and pollen apertures and presentation, including pores and staminodes. Our samples had dramatically different ratios of tricolpate to tetracolpate pollen grains, a trait that does not exclude pollination by bees. Petal colour polymorphism occurs, with mixed colours proportionately less common in flowers with corollas that open. The proportion of species with staminodes did not differ between those presumed to be pollinated by bats and others, but anthers of the former were significantly more likely to have apical pores, and stamens all had similar length or were slightly longer in the middle, whereas stamens in two distinct groups occurred in 55% of bee-pollinated species. Pollen heteromorphy may facilitate pollination by different taxa in tropical environments. However, anther apical pores and stamen uniformity are more likely to be associated with bat-pollinated species than are other morphologies. Dillenia could be a useful model to examine evolutionary aspects of colour, heteranthery, staminodes and pollen heteromorphy. Only field work will verify bat pollination and the implications of bat dependence for Dillenia species.}, }
@article {pmid38343575, year = {2024}, author = {Rana, SK and Dangwal, B and Rawat, GS and Price, TD}, title = {Constructing a database of alien plants in the Himalaya to test patterns structuring diversity.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {e10884}, pmid = {38343575}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Differences in the number of alien plant species in different locations may reflect climatic and other controls that similarly affect native species and/or propagule pressure accompanied with delayed spread from the point of introduction. We set out to examine these alternatives for Himalayan plants, in a phylogenetic framework. We build a database of alien plant distributions for the Himalaya. Focusing on the well-documented regions of Jammu &amp; Kashmir (west) and Bhutan (east) we compare alien and native species for (1) richness patterns, (2) degree of phylogenetic clustering, (3) the extent to which species-poor regions are subsets of species-rich regions and (4) continental and climatic affinities/source. We document 1470 alien species (at least 600 naturalised), which comprise ~14% of the vascular plants known from the Himalaya. Alien plant species with tropical affinities decline in richness with elevation and species at high elevations form a subset of those at lower elevations, supporting location of introduction as an important driver of alien plant richness patterns. Separately, elevations which are especially rich in native plant species are also rich in alien plant species, suggesting an important role for climate (high productivity) in determining both native and alien richness. We find no support for the proposition that variance in human disturbance or numbers of native species correlate with alien distributions. Results imply an ongoing expansion of alien species from low elevation sources, some of which are highly invasive.}, }
@article {pmid32561634, year = {2020}, author = {Rew-Duffy, M and Cameron, SF and Freeman, NJ and Wheatley, R and Latimer, JM and Wilson, RS}, title = {Greater agility increases probability of survival in the endangered northern quoll.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {223}, number = {Pt 15}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.218503}, pmid = {32561634}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Australia ; Ecosystem ; *Marsupialia ; *Predatory Behavior ; Probability ; Introduced Species ; *Endangered Species ; }, abstract = {Introduced predators combined with habitat loss and modification are threatening biodiversity worldwide, particularly the 'critical weight range' (CWR) mammals of Australia. In order to mitigate the impacts of invasive predators on native species in different landscapes, we must understand how the prey's morphology and performance determine their survival. Here, we evaluated how phenotypic traits related to escape performance predict the probability of survival for an endangered CWR mammal, the northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus). We measured mass, body size, body shape, body condition and age, as well as maximum sprint speed, acceleration and agility of female quolls over two consecutive years. Those with higher body condition and agility around a 135 deg corner were more likely to survive their first 21 months of life but were not more likely to survive after this period. No other morphological or performance traits affected survival. Heavier second-year individuals were more agile than first years but second years experienced higher mortality rates throughout the year. Females with higher body condition and agility around a 135 deg corner tended to have shorter limbs and feet but longer heads. Our findings suggest that higher body condition and agility are advantageous for survival in female northern quolls. These results can be used to develop predictive models of predator-prey interactions based on performance capacity and how performance is affected by habitat, aiding conservation efforts to predict and manage the impact of introduced predators on native species.}, }
@article {pmid38341263, year = {2024}, author = {Kozhar, O and Burns, KS and Schoettle, AW and Stewart, JE}, title = {Distribution of Cronartium x flexili, an interspecific hybrid of two fungal tree rust pathogens, in subalpine forest ecosystems of western USA.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {128}, number = {1}, pages = {1578-1589}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2023.11.005}, pmid = {38341263}, issn = {1878-6146}, abstract = {Interspecific hybridization plays a key role in the evolution of novel fungal pathogens, and when it occurs between native and invasive species, can lead to potentially serious consequences. In this study, we examined the temporal and spatial distribution of a recently detected hybrid (Cronartium x flexili) of two tree pathogens, invasive to North America Cronartium ribicola and native Cronartium comandrae. In total, 726 and 1452 aecia from 178 Pinus contorta ssp. latifolia and 357 Pinus flexilis trees were collected from 26 sites in four national forests in 2019-2021. Using morphological and molecular analyses, 71 aecia collected from 25 P. flexilis trees had intermediate morphology and contained heterozygous SNPs in two genomic regions. Population analyses revealed the presence of multiple hybrid genotypes randomly distributed among sites and years. No aecia from P. contorta ssp. latifolia were identified as hybrids suggesting unidirectional gene flow from native C. comandrae to invasive C. ribicola. Aeciospores from 2 hybrid aecia produced urediniospores on Ribes nigrum. Overall, these results suggest that, even though low in frequency, C. x flexili is persistent in the region and has pathogenic potential. Hybrid expansion into the large range of susceptible pines could have cascading impacts on forest health.}, }
@article {pmid38340244, year = {2024}, author = {Alarcón-Elbal, PM and Suárez-Balseiro, C and De Souza, C and Soriano-López, A and Riggio-Olivares, G}, title = {History of research on Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Europe: approaching the world's most invasive mosquito species from a bibliometric perspective.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {123}, number = {2}, pages = {130}, pmid = {38340244}, issn = {1432-1955}, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is an invasive species native to Southeast Asia. This insect, which is an important vector of arbovirus such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, has spread rapidly to several parts of the world over the last few decades. This study employed a bibliometric approach to explore, for the first time, Ae. albopictus research activity and output in Europe. We used the Web of Science Core Collection data source to characterize the current scientific research. A total of 903 publications from 1973 to 2022 were retrieved. We also provided a comprehensive analysis by year of publication; distribution by most productive European countries, institutions, and authors; collaboration networks; research topics; most productive journals; and most cited publications. Results showed a notable increase in the number of studies after the chikungunya virus outbreak in Northeast Italy in 2007. More than 60% of these publications across the entire European continent originated from France and Italy. Research output related to 'population and community ecology' topics was significantly high. The most common type of collaboration was national, which occurred between institutions in the same European country. By providing an overview of Ae. albopictus research in Europe, this work contributes to upcoming debates, decision-making, planning on research and development, and public health strategies on the continent and worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid38338903, year = {2024}, author = {Neagu, AN and Whitham, D and Bruno, P and Arshad, A and Seymour, L and Morrissiey, H and Hukovic, AI and Darie, CC}, title = {Onco-Breastomics: An Eco-Evo-Devo Holistic Approach.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms25031628}, pmid = {38338903}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {R15CA260126/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Known as a diverse collection of neoplastic diseases, breast cancer (BC) can be hyperbolically characterized as a dynamic pseudo-organ, a living organism able to build a complex, open, hierarchically organized, self-sustainable, and self-renewable tumor system, a population, a species, a local community, a biocenosis, or an evolving dynamical ecosystem (i.e., immune or metabolic ecosystem) that emphasizes both developmental continuity and spatio-temporal change. Moreover, a cancer cell community, also known as an oncobiota, has been described as non-sexually reproducing species, as well as a migratory or invasive species that expresses intelligent behavior, or an endangered or parasite species that fights to survive, to optimize its features inside the host's ecosystem, or that is able to exploit or to disrupt its host circadian cycle for improving the own proliferation and spreading. BC tumorigenesis has also been compared with the early embryo and placenta development that may suggest new strategies for research and therapy. Furthermore, BC has also been characterized as an environmental disease or as an ecological disorder. Many mechanisms of cancer progression have been explained by principles of ecology, developmental biology, and evolutionary paradigms. Many authors have discussed ecological, developmental, and evolutionary strategies for more successful anti-cancer therapies, or for understanding the ecological, developmental, and evolutionary bases of BC exploitable vulnerabilities. Herein, we used the integrated framework of three well known ecological theories: the Bronfenbrenner's theory of human development, the Vannote's River Continuum Concept (RCC), and the Ecological Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Eco-Evo-Devo) theory, to explain and understand several eco-evo-devo-based principles that govern BC progression. Multi-omics fields, taken together as onco-breastomics, offer better opportunities to integrate, analyze, and interpret large amounts of complex heterogeneous data, such as various and big-omics data obtained by multiple investigative modalities, for understanding the eco-evo-devo-based principles that drive BC progression and treatment. These integrative eco-evo-devo theories can help clinicians better diagnose and treat BC, for example, by using non-invasive biomarkers in liquid-biopsies that have emerged from integrated omics-based data that accurately reflect the biomolecular landscape of the primary tumor in order to avoid mutilating preventive surgery, like bilateral mastectomy. From the perspective of preventive, personalized, and participatory medicine, these hypotheses may help patients to think about this disease as a process governed by natural rules, to understand the possible causes of the disease, and to gain control on their own health.}, }
@article {pmid38338056, year = {2024}, author = {Guo, W and Li, S and Zhan, A}, title = {eDNA-Based Early Detection Illustrates Rapid Spread of the Non-Native Golden Mussel Introduced into Beijing via Water Diversion.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ani14030399}, pmid = {38338056}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {2018054//Youth Innovation Promotion Association, Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {The world's largest water diversion, the South-to-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP) in China, has created an "invasion highway" to introduce invasive golden mussels (Limnoperna fortunei) from the Yangtze River basin to Beijing. To examine the spread and colonization patterns of this newly introduced invasive species, we conducted comprehensive environmental DNA (eDNA)-based early detection and conventional field surveys across all water bodies in five river basins in Beijing from 2020 to 2023. Our results indicated a rapid spread over the past four years. Among the 130 tested sites, the number of sites with positive signals from eDNA analysis exhibited an annual increase: Commencing with four infested sites identified through field surveys in 2019, eDNA analysis detected an additional 13, 11, and 10 positive sites in 2020, 2021, and 2022, respectively, and a substantial rise comprising an additional 28 sites in 2023. Conventional field surveys detected mussels 1-3 years later than eDNA-based analysis at 16 sites. Across all 16 sites, we detected a low population density ranging from 1 to 30 individuals/m[2]. These findings collectively indicate that the invasions by golden mussels in Beijing are still in their early stages. To date, golden mussels have successfully colonized four out of the five investigated river basins, including the Jiyun River (22.2% positive sites), North Canal River (59.6% positive sites), Chaobai River (40% positive sites), and Yongding River (63.6% positive sites), with the North Canal River and Yongding River being the most heavily infested. Currently, only the Daqing River basin remains uninfested. Given the significant number of infested sites and the ongoing transport of large new propagules via SNWTP, further rapid spread and colonization are anticipated across aquatic ecosystems in Beijing and beyond. Consequently, we call for the proper implementation of effective management strategies, encompassing early detection, risk assessment, and the use of appropriate control measures to mitigate the potential ecological and economic damages in invaded ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid38338053, year = {2024}, author = {Nie, X and Huang, C and Wei, J and Wang, Y and Hong, K and Mu, X and Liu, C and Chu, Z and Zhu, X and Yu, L}, title = {Effects of Photoperiod on Survival, Growth, Physiological, and Biochemical Indices of Redclaw Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) Juveniles.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ani14030411}, pmid = {38338053}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {Nos. 2022SJ-XT1, 2021SJXK3, 2020TD35 and 2020ZJTD01//Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS/ ; No. CAMC-2018F//China-ASEAN Maritime Cooperation Fund/ ; No. NFGR2020//National Freshwater Genetic Resource Center/ ; 2022-SBH-00-001//Guangdong Rural Revitalization Strategy Special Provincial Organization and Implementation Project Funds/ ; FGRC18537//National Freshwater Genetic Resource Center/ ; }, abstract = {Through a 30-day experiment, this study investigated the effects of five photoperiods (0L:24D, 6L:18D, 12L:12D, 18L:6D, and 24L:0D) on the survival, enzyme activity, body color, and growth-related gene expression of redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) juveniles. The results showed that C. quadricarinatus juveniles under 18L:6D and 24L:0D photoperiods exhibited the highest survival rate, which was significantly higher than the survival rates of juveniles under the other three photoperiods (p < 0.05). However, the 0L:24D group had the highest final body weight and weight gain rate, significantly surpassing those of the 12L:12D, 18L:6D, and 24L:0D groups (p < 0.05). Regarding enzyme activity and hormone levels, juveniles under the 18L:6D photoperiod exhibited relatively higher activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), acid phosphatase (ACP), and lysozyme (LZM) enzymes than those under other photoperiods, but their levels of melatonin and cortisol were relatively low. In addition, the 24L:0D group showed the highest malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Analysis of gene expression levels revealed that retinoid X receptor (RXR) and α-amylase (α-AMY) genes in C. quadricarinatus juveniles exhibited significantly higher expression levels under the 18L:6D photoperiod than those under the other four photoperiods (p < 0.05). With increasing daylight exposure, the body color of C. quadricarinatus changed from pale blue to yellow-brown. In summary, C. quadricarinatus juveniles achieved high survival rates, good growth performance, strong antioxidant stress response, and immune defense capabilities under an 18 h photoperiod. Therefore, in the industrial seedling cultivation of redclaw crayfish, it is recommended to provide 18 h of daily light. Further, the study demonstrated the ability to manipulate the body color of C. quadricarinatus through controlled artificial photoperiods. These findings provide essential technical parameters needed for the industrial cultivation of C. quadricarinatus juveniles.}, }
@article {pmid38337874, year = {2024}, author = {Hall, RM and Urban, B and Durec, N and Renner-Martin, K and Kaul, HP and Wagentristl, H and Karrer, G}, title = {Heat Treatment of Seeds to Control Invasive Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), Narrow-Leaved Ragwort (Senecio inaequidens) and Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum).}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants13030341}, pmid = {38337874}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {2012818G34//Landesbaudirektion Bayern, Referat 75 Zentralstelle Landschaftsplanung (ZLP)/ ; }, abstract = {The intended or unintentional transport of soil material contaminated with weed seeds is one of the most important drivers in the spreading dynamics of invasive alien plants (IAPs). This phenomenon can be observed at any kind of construction site. Typical transfer of soil contaminated with IAP seeds can be observed along with road construction (soil translocation) or road maintenance services (deposit of mown plant biomass). Thus, an effective inactivation of these seeds by heating can avoid the spread of IAPs substantially. In the present study, the effects of various thermal control techniques (dry air heating and wet heating with hot steam, hot water, and hot foam) on seed survival of the widespread European IAPs common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), narrow-leaved ragwort (Senecio inaequidens), and giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) are discussed. Dry and wet seeds which were either uncovered or covered with soil were tested for survival at different treatment temperatures and different exposure times. Results revealed that particularly dry seeds of all three species could withstand temperatures of 100 °C for at least 6 h in climate chambers. Dry seeds of common ragweed and narrow-leaved ragwort survived exposure times of up to 48 h. Wet seeds were significantly more susceptible to heat treatments. Giant hogweed seeds were completely killed after 12 h at 70 °C. The exposure of IAP seeds to hot water was generally more effective than the treatment with hot steam. The treatment with hot foam was only effective when seeds were lying unprotected on the soil surface. Dry seeds of all the three species survived hot foam application in the field when they were covered by vegetation and leaf litter or soil. Due to the robustness of the seeds, a preventive management of IAPs by an efficient control before seeds formation is substantial to avoid their further dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid38335247, year = {2024}, author = {Sun, C and Hassin, Y and Boonman, A and Shwartz, A and Yovel, Y}, title = {Species and habitat specific changes in bird activity in an urban environment during Covid 19 lockdown.}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.7554/eLife.88064}, pmid = {38335247}, issn = {2050-084X}, support = {3-17988//Israeli Ministry of Science/ ; 201906620060//China Scholarship Council/ ; }, abstract = {Covid-19 lockdowns provided ecologists with a rare opportunity to examine how animals behave when humans are absent. Indeed many studies reported various effects of lockdowns on animal activity, especially in urban areas and other human-dominated habitats. We explored how Covid-19 lockdowns in Israel have influenced bird activity in an urban environment by using continuous acoustic recordings to monitor three common bird species that differ in their level of adaptation to the urban ecosystem: (1) the hooded crow, an urban exploiter, which depends heavily on anthropogenic resources; (2) the rose-ringed parakeet, an invasive alien species that has adapted to exploit human resources; and (3) the graceful prinia, an urban adapter, which is relatively shy of humans and can be found in urban habitats with shrubs and prairies. Acoustic recordings provided continuous monitoring of bird activity without an effect of the observer on the animal. We performed dense sampling of a 1.3 square km area in northern Tel-Aviv by placing 17 recorders for more than a month in different micro-habitats within this region including roads, residential areas and urban parks. We monitored both lockdown and no-lockdown periods. We portray a complex dynamic system where the activity of specific bird species depended on many environmental parameters and decreases or increases in a habitat-dependent manner during lockdown. Specifically, urban exploiter species decreased their activity in most urban habitats during lockdown, while human adapter species increased their activity during lockdown especially in parks where humans were absent. Our results also demonstrate the value of different habitats within urban environments for animal activity, specifically highlighting the importance of urban parks. These species- and habitat-specific changes in activity might explain the contradicting results reported by others who have not performed a habitat specific analysis.}, }
@article {pmid38333094, year = {2024}, author = {Sharma, HP and Katuwal, HB and Regmi, S and Suwal, RN and Acharya, R and Nepali, A and Kc, S and Aryal, B and Tamang, K and Rawal, B and Basnet, A and Baral, BD and Devkota, S and Parajuli, S and Regmi, N and Kandel, P and Subedi, B and Giri, HS and Kawan, S and Thapa, GJ and Bhattarai, BP}, title = {Population and conservation threats to the vulnerable Sarus crane Grus antigone in Nepal.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {e10929}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.10929}, pmid = {38333094}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Globally, biodiversity is declining due to habitat loss and degradation, over-exploitation, climate change, invasive species, pollution, and infrastructure development. These threats affect the populations of large waterbird species, such as Sarus crane (Grus antigone), which inhabits agricultural-wetland ecosystems. Despite the burgeoning built-up areas and diminishing agricultural and wetland spaces, scant research investigates the impact of these changing land uses on the globally vulnerable Sarus crane in Nepal. During the pre-breeding season from April to June 2023, our comprehensive study meticulously scrutinized Sarus crane population status and factors associated with the occurrences and conservation challenges across 10 specific districts of Nepal. Our study documented a total of 690 individuals of Sarus cranes in five districts. The Lumbini Province has 685 individuals, occupying 11 roosting sites. Conversely, the remaining five districts have no Sarus cranes presence during this period. Wetland, farmland and built-up areas exhibited a significantly positive influence on Sarus crane occurrences in the Lumbini Province. Additionally, we recorded 47 fatalities of Sarus cranes over the past 13 years in the Lumbini Province due to electrocution and collisions. Our study provides a baseline dataset crucial for developing conservation policies, particularly during the dry season when Sarus crane populations tend to congregate in larger flocks. The adaptation of the Sarus crane to urbanized landscapes exposes them to several anthropogenic threats in the coming days. Therefore, protecting wetlands and farmland areas and adopting transboundary conservation approaches are imperative for the long-term conservation of the Sarus crane and its habitat.}, }
@article {pmid38332475, year = {2024}, author = {Borgelt, J and Dorber, M and Géron, C and Kuipers, KJJ and Huijbregts, MAJ and Verones, F}, title = {What Is the Impact of Accidentally Transporting Terrestrial Alien Species? A New Life Cycle Impact Assessment Model.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.3c08500}, pmid = {38332475}, issn = {1520-5851}, abstract = {Alien species form one of the main threats to global biodiversity. Although Life Cycle Assessment attempts to holistically assess environmental impacts of products and services across value chains, ecological impacts of the introduction of alien species are so far not assessed in Life Cycle Impact Assessment. Here, we developed country-to-country-specific characterization factors, expressed as the time-integrated potentially disappeared fraction (PDF; regional and global) of native terrestrial species due to alien species introductions per unit of goods transported [kg] between two countries. The characterization factors were generated by analyzing global data on first records of alien species, native species distributions, and their threat status, as well as bilateral trade partnerships from 1870-2019. The resulting characterization factors vary over several orders of magnitude, indicating that impact greatly varies per transportation route and trading partner. We showcase the applicability and relevance of the characterization factors for transporting 1 metric ton of freight to France from China, South Africa, and Madagascar. The results suggest that the introduction of alien species can be more damaging for terrestrial biodiversity as climate change impacts during the international transport of commodities.}, }
@article {pmid38332027, year = {2024}, author = {Robeck, P and Essl, F and van Kleunen, M and Pyšek, P and Pergl, J and Weigelt, P and Mesgaran, MB}, title = {Invading plants remain undetected in a lag phase while they explore suitable climates.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38332027}, issn = {2397-334X}, support = {264740629//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; 67985939//Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic | Parazitologick&#xfd; &#xfa;stav, Akademie V&#x11b;d &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky (Institute of Parasitology AS CR)/ ; 67985939//Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic | &#xda;stav Organick&#xe9; Chemie a Biochemie, Akademie V&#x11b;d &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky (Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, CAS)/ ; }, abstract = {Successful alien species may experience a period of quiescence, known as the lag phase, before becoming invasive and widespread. The existence of lags introduces severe uncertainty in risk analyses of aliens as the present state of species is a poor predictor of future distributions, invasion success and impact. Predicting a species' ability to invade and pose negative impacts requires a quantitative understanding of the commonality and magnitude of lags, environmental factors and mechanisms likely to terminate lag. Using herbarium and climate data, we analysed over 5,700 time series (species × regions) in 3,505 naturalized plant species from nine regions in temperate and tropical climates to quantify lags and test whether there have been shifts in the species' climatic space during the transition from the lag phase to the expansion phase. Lags were identified in 35% of the assessed invasion events. We detected phylogenetic signals for lag phases in temperate climate regions and that annual self-fertilizing species were less likely to experience lags. Where lags existed, they had an average length of 40 years and a maximum of 320 years. Lengthy lags (>100 years) were more likely to occur in perennial plants and less frequent in self-pollinating species. For 98% of the species with a lag phase, the climate spaces sampled during the lag period differed from those in the expansion phase based on the assessment of centroid shifts or degree of climate space overlap. Our results highlight the importance of functional traits for the onset of the expansion phase and suggest that climate discovery may play a role in terminating the lag phase. However, other possibilities, such as sampling issues and climate niche shifts, cannot be ruled out.}, }
@article {pmid38332024, year = {2024}, author = {Mathieu, J and Reynolds, JW and Fragoso, C and Hadly, E}, title = {Multiple invasion routes have led to the pervasive introduction of earthworms in North America.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38332024}, issn = {2397-334X}, abstract = {Soil-dwelling organisms play a key role in ecosystem functioning and the delivery of ecosystem services. As a consequence, soil taxa such as earthworms are iconic in good land management practices. However, their introduction in places where species did not co-evolve with them can trigger catastrophic changes. This issue has been largely ignored so far in nature management policies because of the positive image of soil taxa and the lack of knowledge of the magnitude of soil fauna introductions outside their native range. Here we address this gap with a large spatio-temporal database of introduced alien earthworms. We show that 70 alien earthworm species have colonized the North American continent. They have larger geographical ranges than native species and novel ecological functions, representing a serious threat to the biodiversity and functioning of native ecosystems. The probably continuous introduction of alien earthworms, from a variety of sources and introduction pathways, into many distant and often empty niches, contrasts with the classical patterns of invasions in most aboveground taxa. This suggests that earthworms, and probably other soil organisms, constitute a major but overlooked pool of invasive species that are not adequately managed by existing control and mitigation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid38331570, year = {2024}, author = {Trouvé, R and Robinson, AP}, title = {Efficient border biosecurity inspection leverages superspreading to reduce biological invasion risk.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/risa.14277}, pmid = {38331570}, issn = {1539-6924}, support = {//Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis/ ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a growing threat to biodiversity, food security, and economies. Rising pressure from increased global trade requires improving border inspection efficiency. Here, we depart from the conventional consignment-by-consignment approach advocated in current inspection standards. Instead, we suggest a broader perspective: evaluating border inspection regimes based on their ability to reduce propagule pressure across entire pathways. Additionally, we demonstrate that most biosecurity pathways exhibit superspreading behavior, that is, consignments from the same pathway have varying infestation rates and contain rare right-tail events (also called overdispersion). We show that greater overdispersion leads to more pronounced diminishing returns, with consequences on the optimal allocation of sampling effort. We leverage these two insights to develop a simple and efficient border inspection regime that can significantly reduce propagule pressure compared to current standards. Our analysis revealed that consignment size is a key driver of biosecurity risk and that sampling proportional to the square root of consignment size is near optimal. In testing, our framework reduced propagule pressure by 31 to 38% compared to current standards. We also identified opportunities to further improve inspection efficiency by considering additional pathway characteristics (i.e., overdispersion parameters, zero inflation, relative risk, sampling cost, detectability) and developed solutions for these more complex scenarios. We anticipate our result will mitigate biological invasion risk with significant implications for biodiversity conservation, food security, and economies worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid38331107, year = {2024}, author = {Wang, J and Wang, S and Okyere, SK and Wen, J and Wang, X and Huang, R and Tang, Z and Cao, S and Deng, J and Ren, Z and Hu, Y}, title = {Ageratina adenophora causes intestinal integrity damage in goats via the activation of the MLCK/ROCK signaling pathway.}, journal = {Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {107633}, doi = {10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107633}, pmid = {38331107}, issn = {1879-3150}, abstract = {As a global toxin invasive species, the whole herb of Ageratina adenophora (A. adenophora) contains various sesquiterpenes, which can cause various degrees of toxic reactions characterized by inflammatory damage when ingested by animals. Current studies on the toxicity of A. adenophora have focused on parenchymatous organs such as the liver and spleen, but few studies have been conducted on the intestine as the organ that is first exposed to A. adenophora and digests and absorbs its toxic components. In this study, after feeding goats with 40 % A. adenophora herb powder for 90 d, we found that the intestinal structure of goats showed pathological changes characterized, and the damage to the small intestinal segments was more severe than that of the large intestine. The MLCK/ROCK signaling pathway was activated, the cytoskeleton underwent centripetal contraction, the composition of tight junctions between intestinal epithelial cells was altered table, Occludin, Claudin-1 and Zonula occluden (ZO-1) amount was decreased, and the intestinal mechanical barrier was disrupted. The intestinal damage markers diamine oxidase (DAO) and D-lactate (D-LA) levels were elevated. In addition, we also found that intestinal bacteria translocate and enter the portal vein to colonize the liver and mesenteric lymph nodes. The expression of intestinal pro-inflammatory factors and anti-inflammatory factors was changed, the intestinal immune function was disrupted. The present study is the first to analyze the mechanism of poisoning of A. adenophora from the intestinal tract in compound-gastric animals.}, }
@article {pmid38330047, year = {2024}, author = {Baliwe, NG and Pfaff, MC and Branch, GM}, title = {Effects of harvesting and an invasive mussel on intertidal rocky shore communities based on historical and spatial comparisons.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, pages = {e0294404}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0294404}, pmid = {38330047}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Intertidal rocky shores are the most accessible marine habitats and therefore heavily impacted by harvesting. In recent years, they have also been increasingly invaded by alien species, which compounds the effects of harvesting on rocky shore community composition and functioning. Recent survey data, combined with historical data from 1970, were used to assess temporal changes over the intervening period in rocky shore communities at two sites (Wireless Point and Wireless Island). Three kinds of changes emerged: (1) the appearance of alien species; (2) the effects of increased harvesting pressure; and (3) the direct and indirect effects of these changes on other species. A striking result was transformation of mid-shore zones on exposed shores by the appearance of the invasive Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, and the indirect effects of this on the demography and vertical zonation patterns of the granular limpet Scutellastra granularis. Adult limpets have become excluded by the mussel, whereas juveniles find a secondary home on the shells of the mussel and their abundance has increased. To further disentangle the effects of harvesting from those of alien invasions, a spatial comparison was made between two currently unharvested no-take sites (Scarborough South and Scarborough North) and two regularly harvested sites (Kommetjie and Wireless Point). Harvesting has substantially depleted the granite limpet Cymbula granatina and Argenville's limpet Scutellastra argenvillei. This has led to the proliferation of opportunistic seaweeds, such as Ulva spp. The dual effects of alien invasive species and over-harvesting have major ecosystem effects but do not necessarily diminish biodiversity because the alternative habitats that have developed provide opportunities for colonisation by additional species.}, }
@article {pmid38328638, year = {2023}, author = {Zini, V and Wäber, K and Dolman, PM}, title = {Relative influence of inter- and intraspecific competition in an ungulate assemblage modified by introduced species.}, journal = {Journal of mammalogy}, volume = {104}, number = {4}, pages = {879-891}, doi = {10.1093/jmammal/gyad030}, pmid = {38328638}, issn = {0022-2372}, abstract = {Interspecific competition from introduced and naturally colonizing species has potential to affect resident populations, but demographic consequences for vertebrates have rarely been tested. We tested hypotheses of interspecific and intraspecific competition for density, body mass, and fertility of adult female Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) across a heterogeneous forest landscape occupied by two introduced deer species: Mediterranean Fallow Deer (Dama dama); and subtropical Reeve's Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi). Species-specific deer densities in buffers around culling locations of 492 adult female Roe Deer, sampled over seven years, were extracted from spatially explicit models calibrated through annual nocturnal distance sampling. Roe Deer fertility and body mass were related to species-specific deer densities and extent of arable lands using piecewise structural equation models. Reeve's Muntjac density was lower at higher Fallow Deer densities, suggesting interspecific avoidance via interference competition, but greater when buffers included more arable land. Roe Deer body mass was marginally greater when buffers included more arable land and was independent of deer densities. However, Roe Deer fertility was unrelated to female body mass, suggesting that fertility benefits exceeded an asymptotic threshold of body condition in this low-density population. However, Roe Deer fertility was slightly greater rather than reduced in areas with greater local Roe Deer density, suggesting negligible intraspecific competition. In contrast, Roe Deer was less fertile in areas with greater Reeve's Muntjac densities; thus, interspecific exceeded intraspecific competition in this assemblage. In contrast, we found no support for any effects of Fallow Deer density on Roe Deer density, body mass, or fertility. Complex networks of interspecific competition operating in this deer assemblage include: interspecific interference from Fallow Deer exceeded habitat effects for Reeve's Muntjac; and interspecific competition from introduced, smaller sedentary Reeve's Muntjac reduced fertility, unlike intraspecific, or potential competition with larger, more mobile, Fallow Deer for native Roe Deer. Mechanisms driving Roe Deer fertility may include interspecific behavioral interference or stress-resource depletion is considered less likely because Roe Deer fertility was independent of body mass. Findings emphasize the importance of ensuring appropriate management strategies for controlling invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid38327851, year = {2024}, author = {Zhao, W}, title = {Meeting the challenges of invasive alien species.}, journal = {National science review}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {nwae017}, doi = {10.1093/nsr/nwae017}, pmid = {38327851}, issn = {2053-714X}, abstract = {Here we report the Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and their Control released by IPBES, and the status of IAS in China.}, }
@article {pmid38327690, year = {2024}, author = {de Necker, L and van Rooyen, D and Gerber, R and Brendonck, L and Wepener, V and Smit, NJ}, title = {Effects of river regulation on aquatic invertebrate community composition: A comparative analysis in two southern African rivers.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {e10963}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.10963}, pmid = {38327690}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {While natural floods play a crucial role in shaping the composition of aquatic communities, the most rivers worldwide are regulated or dammed for anthropogenic purposes, resulting in alterations to the biological and chemical composition of these ecosystems. Studies have demonstrated various negative effects of river regulation on aquatic invertebrate communities globally. However, there is a scarcity of research in Africa, despite its vulnerability to anthropogenic impacts. This study aimed to compare aquatic invertebrate communities in the Phongolo River, an impacted regulated river, and the Usuthu River, a less impacted unregulated river, in South Africa. It further aimed to ascertain whether Lake Nyamithi, a naturally saline lake receiving water from both of the aforementioned systems, exhibited a stronger similarity to one of the two rivers in terms of its aquatic invertebrate composition. Aquatic invertebrate and water samples were collected from 2012 to 2018 over several surveys. The Usuthu River demonstrated a diverse and sensitive aquatic invertebrate community, emphasising its high conservation value. The Phongolo River demonstrated effects of anthropogenic impact, with taxa more resilient to changes in water quality and flow compared to the Usuthu River. Mismanagement and excessive water use may lead to the loss of any remaining sensitive aquatic invertebrate communities in this river. The presence of invasive molluscan in the Phongolo River and Lake Nyamithi also poses a threat to the native aquatic invertebrate communities. These invasive species are currently absent from the Usuthu River although other invasive species, such as the Australian redclaw crayfish, are found in both river systems. Lake Nyamithi displayed a unique aquatic invertebrate community, distinct from both rivers and their floodplains. This study provides important baseline information on the Usuthu River's aquatic invertebrates and emphasises the need to maintain adequate water flow in rivers and floodplains to protect biodiversity and sensitive species.}, }
@article {pmid38327679, year = {2023}, author = {Short, AEZ and Girón, JC}, title = {Revision of the Neotropical water scavenger beetle genus Novochares Girón &amp; Short (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Acidocerinae).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {1171}, number = {}, pages = {1-112}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.1171.104142}, pmid = {38327679}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The water scavenger beetle genus Novochares Girón &amp; Short, 2021 is revised using a combination of adult morphological and DNA sequence data. Thirty-eight new species are described: Novocharesaperitosp. nov. (Bolivia), N.bacasp. nov. (Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Suriname), N.bidenssp. nov. (Brazil), N.bisinuatussp. nov. (Brazil), N.clavierisp. nov. (Brazil, French Guiana, Peru), N.dantasp. nov. (Venezuela), N.dentatussp. nov. (Ecuador, Venezuela), N.dicranospathussp. nov. (Peru), N.duosp. nov. (Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela), N.fernandezaesp. nov. (Brazil, Peru, Venezuela), N.florifersp. nov. (Brazil), N.furcatussp. nov. (Brazil), N.garciaisp. nov. (Venezuela), N.garfosp. nov. (Brazil), N.geminussp. nov. (Brazil), N.kawsaysp. nov. (Ecuador, Peru), N.latussp. nov. (Brazil), N.minorsp. nov. (Peru, Suriname, Venezuela), N.mojenossp. nov. (Bolivia), N.murasp. nov. (Brazil), N.orchissp. nov. (Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname), N.pastinumsp. nov. (Ecuador), N.pertusussp. nov. (Brazil), N.piaroasp. nov. (Venezuela), N.pilatussp. nov. (Venezuela), N.pumesp. nov. (Venezuela), N.punctatostriatussp. nov. (Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname), N.quadrispinussp. nov. (Brazil, Guyana, Suriname), N.spanglerisp. nov. (Peru), N.tambopatensesp. nov. (Peru), N.tenedorsp. nov. (Guyana, Venezuela), N.triangularissp. nov. (Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay), N.tridentissp. nov. (Brazil), N.trifurcatussp. nov. (Peru), N.unguissp. nov. (Bolivia, Peru), N.xingusp. nov. (Brazil), and N.yanomamisp. nov. (Venezuela), N.yorasp. nov. (Peru). One new synonym is proposed: N.carmona (Short, 2005) syn. nov. was determined to be a junior subjective synonym of N.chaquensis (Fernández, 1982). Novocharesinornatus (d'Orchymont, 1926) is considered incertae sedis. Updated distributions and new records are provided for most previously described species in the genus. Novocharessallaei (Sharp, 1882) is considered native to the USA (Florida) and not an introduced species as previously suggested. Novochares now contains 52 species and spans the entire Neotropical region from Mexico to Argentina, including the Caribbean islands.}, }
@article {pmid38327370, year = {2023}, author = {Lamelas-Lopez, L and Gabriel, R and Ros-Prieto, A and Borges, PAV}, title = {SLAM Project - Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change in the natural forest of Azores: VI - Inventory of Arthropods of Azorean Urban Gardens.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e98286}, doi = {10.3897/BDJ.11.e98286}, pmid = {38327370}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The data we present are part of the long-term project SLAM (Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change in the natural forest of Azores) aiming to assess the impact of biodiversity erosion drivers on Azorean native biota, using long-term ecological data. Additionally to SLAM (Sea, Land and Air Malaise) traps, nocturnal Active Aerial Searching and nocturnal Foliage Beating methods were used to sample, between 2017 and 2018, the arthropod biodiversity on two historical urban gardens of Azores, the "Jardim Botânico" of Faial Island and "Jardim Duque da Terceira" of Terceira Island.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: We provided an inventory of arthropods collected between 2017 and 2018 in two urban gardens of Faial and Terceira Islands (Azores). A total of 8342 specimens were collected, in which 7493 specimens were identified to species/subspecies level (Faial n = 3296; Terceira n = 4197). The identified specimens belong to four classes, 15 orders, 80 families and 159 species and subspecies of arthropods. A total of 84 species and subspecies are considered introduced (n = 2454 specimens), 50 native non-endemic (n = 4444 specimens), eight endemic (n = 217) and 17 have an indeterminate origin (n = 378). This study also revises the arthropod inventory of these Azorean gardens, by adding/updating the taxonomic names of three orders, ten families and 22 species.}, }
@article {pmid38327369, year = {2023}, author = {Aqmal-Naser, M and Ali, NA and Azmi, NU and Fahmi-Ahmad, M and Rizal, SA and Ahmad, AB}, title = {Freshwater fishes (Actinopterygii) of Kenyir Reservoir, Peninsular Malaysia: Updated checklist, taxonomic concerns and alien species.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e100337}, doi = {10.3897/BDJ.11.e100337}, pmid = {38327369}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A total of 87 freshwater fish species from 30 families were recorded from the Kenyir Reservoir, Peninsular Malaysia, where 75 are native and 12 are introduced species. Few species still have unstable taxonomy identities which urge further studies. Most of the species were categorised as Least Concern (LC) and two were threatened species; Endangered and Critically Endangered (EN and CR). One introduced species, Gambusiaaffinis is widespread in the human-associated area, while other introduced fish species can be considered low in numbers.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: Twenty five fish species are recorded for the first time in the Kenyir Reservoir.}, }
@article {pmid38327345, year = {2023}, author = {Di Muri, C and Lazic, T and Rosati, I and Pierri, C and Boggero, A and Corriero, G and Basset, A}, title = {Alien and native species in Italian marine and transitional waters.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e101464}, doi = {10.3897/BDJ.11.e101464}, pmid = {38327345}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biological invasions are one of the major threats to the ecosystem structure and functioning. After the initial introduction, frequently mediated by human activities, alien species can overcome different biogeographical and ecological barriers and determine severe impacts on native biodiversity and socio-economic activities. The Italian peninsula is located at the intersection of large trade routes within the Mediterranean Sea. Such position, along with the intense commercial activity and the high population density of the Italian coast, are considered important drivers of alien species in Italian marine and transitional ecosystems. The Italian peninsula, however, is also one of the regions with the highest native species richness within the Mediterranean Sea and, therefore, it is crucial to account for both alien and native species diversity when estimating the impact of biological invasion. Yet, such comprehensive information is frequently scattered across several biodiversity information systems and databases.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: Here, two datasets with alien and native species records in Italian marine and transitional waters are described. These datasets, created for the LifeWatch Italy case study on alien species, are the result of a large-scale collaboration involving experts working across the whole range of taxonomic diversity. The marine dataset includes a total of 12,219 records belonging to 3,772 species gathered from 91 investigated sites and seven EUNIS habitats. The dataset on transitional waters biodiversity includes 3,838 records belonging to 2,019 species found in 23 locations and four EUNIS habitats. Alien species were recorded in both marine and transitional waters, accounting respectively for 140 and 171 biological records belonging to 59 and 97 species. These occurrence data can be used for further research studies or management purposes, including the evaluation of the invasion risk and the formulation of alien species control and management plans. Furthermore, these compiled datasets can be used as input data for the Biotope vulnerability case study of LifeWatch ERIC, which offers a number of ICT services for the calculation of the incidence and of the impact of alien species on European biotopes.}, }
@article {pmid38301018, year = {2024}, author = {Lundgren, EJ and Bergman, J and Trepel, J and le Roux, E and Monsarrat, S and Kristensen, JA and Pedersen, R&#xd8; and Pereyra, P and Tietje, M and Svenning, JC}, title = {Functional traits-not nativeness-shape the effects of large mammalian herbivores on plant communities.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {383}, number = {6682}, pages = {531-537}, doi = {10.1126/science.adh2616}, pmid = {38301018}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Herbivory/physiology ; *Mammals ; Phylogeny ; *Plants ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Introduced Species ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; }, abstract = {Large mammalian herbivores (megafauna) have experienced extinctions and declines since prehistory. Introduced megafauna have partly counteracted these losses yet are thought to have unusually negative effects on plants compared with native megafauna. Using a meta-analysis of 3995 plot-scale plant abundance and diversity responses from 221 studies, we found no evidence that megafauna impacts were shaped by nativeness, "invasiveness," "feralness," coevolutionary history, or functional and phylogenetic novelty. Nor was there evidence that introduced megafauna facilitate introduced plants more than native megafauna. Instead, we found strong evidence that functional traits shaped megafauna impacts, with larger-bodied and bulk-feeding megafauna promoting plant diversity. Our work suggests that trait-based ecology provides better insight into interactions between megafauna and plants than do concepts of nativeness.}, }
@article {pmid38326540, year = {2024}, author = {Heneidy, SZ and Bidak, LM and Halmy, MWA and Fakhry, AM and Toto, SM and El Kenany, ET}, title = {Naturalization and invasion potential of Sesuvium portulacastrum L. recorded as alien species in Egypt.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {3117}, pmid = {38326540}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Sesuvium portulacastrum is a perennial halophyte of family Aizoaceae, non-native to Egypt, which was introduced from France ten years ago as an ornamental species. This study reports the detection of S. portulacastrum in the wild in Egypt. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of Alexandria University (ALEX). A population of the species was recorded in the wild near Maruit Lake in the north-western coast of Egypt in 2018 during plant resources surveys of the region. The study aimed to assess the potential for S. portulacastrum to spread as an alien species through field observations and geospatial measurements under current conditions in its new habitat. The measured morphological parameters were higher than those recorded in its native habitats. The field observation for three years revealed that the species is proliferating and expanding in the investigated site forming large mats of mean size of up to 9 m[2]. The spatial extent of S. portulacastrum based on the EOO and AOO was quantified, and the expansion rate was estimated at 0.16 ha/year in the investigated site. The geospatial parameter used in the study will not only help in determining the spread rate of the alien species spatially and temporally, but also in its effective management through guiding managers in developing monitoring plans for the species under the changing climate uncertainty. Continuous monitoring and early detection of any potential threats of the introduced species are highly recommended, to avert any potential adverse impacts on native biodiversity and assess its behaviour in the wild habitat.}, }
@article {pmid38323131, year = {2024}, author = {Wilsey, B and Kaul, A and Polley, HW}, title = {Establishment from seed is more important for exotic than for native plant species.}, journal = {Plant-environment interactions (Hoboken, N.J.)}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {e10132}, doi = {10.1002/pei3.10132}, pmid = {38323131}, issn = {2575-6265}, abstract = {Climate change has initiated movement of both native and non-native (exotic) species across the landscape. Exotic species are hypothesized to establish from seed more readily than comparable native species. We tested the hypothesis that seed limitation is more important for exotic species than native grassland species. We compared seed limitation and invasion resistance over three growing seasons between 18 native and 18 exotic species, grown in both monocultures and mixtures in a field experiment. Half of the plots received a seed mix of the contrasting treatment (i.e., exotic species were seeded into native plots, and native species were seeded into exotic plots), and half served as controls. We found that (1) establishment in this perennial grassland is seed limited, (2) establishment from seed is greater in exotic than native species, and (3) community resistance to seedling establishment was positively related to diversity of extant species, but only in native communities. Native-exotic species diversity and composition differences did not converge over time. Our results imply that native to exotic transformations occur when diversity declines in native vegetation and exotic seeds arrive from adjacent sites, suggesting that managing for high diversity will reduce transformations to exotic dominance.}, }
@article {pmid38323127, year = {2024}, author = {Glaser, M and Essl, F and Follak, S}, title = {Austrian farmers perception of new weeds.}, journal = {Plant-environment interactions (Hoboken, N.J.)}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {e10129}, doi = {10.1002/pei3.10129}, pmid = {38323127}, issn = {2575-6265}, abstract = {The composition of weed floras in Central European fields has shifted creating a novel management issue: new weeds, that is, species that are currently spreading and increasing in impact. In their role as primary decision makers on the ground, farmers' perception of these new weeds plays a pivotal role in collecting information on their occurrence and control. We conducted an online survey to determine if Austrian farmers recognized 15 selected new weed taxa (12 species and 3 genera) from their farm. The 181 surveyed farmers also estimated the required management effort for these species and elicited their current management practices. Additional questions were posed to understand farmers' general perception of changes in the weed flora. We used a generalized linear mixed model to estimate differences in management effort and identify new weeds that merit monitoring and management programs. Two weed genera (Fallopia spp. and Panicum spp.) showed significantly higher than average management effort. The most commonly used management measures were manual removal, herbicide use and crop rotation. A majority of farmers reported changes in the weed flora; over two thirds reported new species and over one third reported new weeds that were difficult to control. In summary, our results suggest that respondents were aware of the challenges posed by new weeds but required more information on management and prevention strategies.}, }
@article {pmid38322004, year = {2024}, author = {Benitez, HA and Salinas, C and Hernández, J and Contador Mejías, T and Kim, S and Maturana, CS and Rebolledo, L and Pérez, LM and Câmara, PEAS and Alves Ferreira, V and Lobos, I and Piñeiro, A and Convey, P}, title = {An outsider on the Antarctic Peninsula: A new record of the non-native moth Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {e10838}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.10838}, pmid = {38322004}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {We report the first record of the microlepidopteran Plodia interpunctella beyond the South Shetland Islands at the Chilean Yelcho scientific station (64°52'33.1428″ S; 63°35'1.9572″ W), Doumer Island, close to the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. It is notable that P. interpunctella, a globally distributed stored product pest species, exhibits a remarkable capacity for prolonged viability within food storage facilities. The dual challenges of food transportation and storage in the context of Antarctica's challenging operational conditions may have facilitated P. interpunctella's initial arrival to the Antarctic region. Non-perishable food items, such as grains, flour and rice, provide practical options for the bulk food transportation and storage required in the long-term operation of Antarctic research stations. The presence of P. interpunctella in Antarctica, even if restricted to synanthropic environments within buildings, is a clear threat to Antarctic biodiversity, not only through being an invasive species itself but also as a potential vector for other non-native species (bacteria, acari, between others.), which could carry diseases to the native species.}, }
@article {pmid38319237, year = {2024}, author = {Zhai, XD and Wang, SH and Ma, M and Pan, D and Wang, JJ and Wei, D}, title = {Suppressing the expression of glutathione S-transferase gene GSTd10 increases the sensitivity of Zeugodacus cucurbitae against β-cypermethrin.}, journal = {Insect molecular biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/imb.12892}, pmid = {38319237}, issn = {1365-2583}, support = {2023YFE0104800//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; SWU-XJLJ202304//Southwest University/ ; QJJ[2023]024//Program for Natural Science Research in Guizhou Education Department/ ; }, abstract = {Zeugodacus cucurbitae Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an agriculturally and economically important pest worldwide that has developed resistance to β-cypermethrin. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have been reported to be involved in the detoxification of insecticides in insects. We have found that both ZcGSTd6 and ZcGSTd10 were up-regulated by β-cypermethrin induction in our previous study, so we aimed to explore their potential relationship with β-cypermethrin tolerance in this study. The heterologous expression of ZcGSTd6 and ZcGSTd10 in Escherichia coli showed significantly high activities against 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The kinetic parameters of ZcGSTd6 and ZcGSTd10 were determined by Lineweaver-Burk. The Vmax and Km of ZcGSTd6 were 0.50 μmol/min·mg and 0.3 mM, respectively. The Vmax and Km of ZcGSTd10 were 1.82 μmol/min·mg and 0.53 mM. The 3D modelling and molecular docking results revealed that β-cypermethrin exhibited a stronger bounding to the active site SER-9 of ZcGSTd10. The sensitivity to β-cypermethrin was significantly increased by 18.73% and 27.21%, respectively, after the knockdown of ZcGSTd6 and ZcGSTd10 by using RNA interference. In addition, the inhibition of CDNB at 50% (IC50) and the inhibition constants (Ki) of β-cypermethrin against ZcGSTd10 were determined as 0.41 and 0.33 mM, respectively. The Ki and IC50 of β-cypermethrin against ZcSGTd6 were not analysed. These results suggested that ZcGSTd10 could be an essential regulator involved in the tolerance of Z. cucurbitae to β-cypermethrin.}, }
@article {pmid38318972, year = {2024}, author = {He, L and Liu, Y and Mao, Y and Wu, X and Zheng, X and Zhao, W and Mo, X and Wang, R and Wu, Q and Wang, D and Li, Y and Yang, Y and Bai, Q and Zhang, X and Zhou, S and Zhao, B and Liu, C and Liu, Y and Tadege, M and Chen, J}, title = {GRAS transcription factor PINNATE-LIKE PENTAFOLIATA2 controls compound leaf morphogenesis in Medicago truncatula.}, journal = {The Plant cell}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plcell/koae033}, pmid = {38318972}, issn = {1532-298X}, abstract = {The milestone of compound leaf development is the generation of separate leaflet primordia during the early stages, which involves two linked but distinct morphogenetic events: leaflet initiation and boundary establishment for leaflet separation. Although some progress in understanding the regulatory pathways for each event have been made, it is unclear how they are intrinsically coordinated. Here, we identify the PINNATE-LIKE PENTAFOLIATA2 (PINNA2) gene encoding a newly identified GRAS transcription factor in Medicago truncatula. PINNA2 transcripts are preferentially detected at organ boundaries. Its loss-of-function mutations convert trifoliate leaves into a pinnate pentafoliate pattern. PINNA2 directly binds to the promoter region of the LEAFY orthologue SINGLE LEAFLET1 (SGL1), which encodes a key positive regulator of leaflet initiation, and down-regulates its expression. Further analysis revealed that PINNA2 synergizes with two other repressors of SGL1 expression, the BEL1-like homeodomain protein PINNA1 and the C2H2 zinc finger protein PALMATE-LIKE PENTAFOLIATA1 (PALM1), to precisely define the spatiotemporal expression of SGL1 in compound leaf primordia, thereby maintaining a proper pattern of leaflet initiation. Moreover, we showed that the enriched expression of PINNA2 at the leaflet-to-leaflet boundaries is positively regulated by the boundary-specific gene MtNAM, which is essential for leaflet boundary formation. Together, these results unveil a pivotal role of the boundary-expressed transcription factor PINNA2 in regulating leaflet initiation, providing molecular insights into the coordination of intricate developmental processes underlying compound leaf pattern formation.}, }
@article {pmid38318929, year = {2024}, author = {Escribano-Álvarez, P and Castro, MG and Pertierra, LR and Olalla-Tárraga, M&#xc1;}, title = {Intra and interspecific differences in desiccation tolerance in native and alien Antarctic springtails in geothermal grounds.}, journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/jez.2789}, pmid = {38318929}, issn = {2471-5646}, support = {//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n, Gobierno de Espa&#xf1;a/ ; }, abstract = {The extreme low humidity and temperatures in Antarctica make it one of the harsher areas for life on our planet. In a global change context, environmental barriers that prevented the arrival of alien species in Antarctica are weakening. Deception Island, one of the four active volcanoes of Antarctica, is especially vulnerable to the impacts of alien species. Geothermal areas (GA) in this Island offer unique microclimatic conditions that could differentially affect native and alien soil arthropods. Here we explore the desiccation tolerance of a native (Cryptopygus antarcticus) and an alien (Proisotoma minuta) springtail (Collembola) species to these extreme environmental conditions. GA and non-geothermal areas (NGA) were selected to evaluate intra- and interspecific variation in desiccation tolerance. Populations of P. minuta from GA had greater desiccation tolerance than populations from NGA. However, desiccation tolerance of C. antarcticus did not differ between GA and NGA. This native species had greater desiccation tolerance than the alien P. minuta, but also greater body size. Our findings show that the alien P. minuta responds differently to environmental conditions than the native C. antarcticus. Furthermore, body size may influence desiccation tolerance in these two springtail species.}, }
@article {pmid38318523, year = {2023}, author = {Lugo, D and Suárez, D and Martín, S and Afonso, &#xd3;M and Martín, A and Ruiz, C}, title = {First record of Leptoglossusoccidentalis Heidemann, 1910 (Hemiptera, Coreidae) in the Canary Islands, a novel pine pest detected through citizen science in an oceanic archipelago.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e109851}, doi = {10.3897/BDJ.11.e109851}, pmid = {38318523}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The 'western seed bug', known as Leptoglossusoccidentalis, is considered a global invasive species that has experienced a recent rapid expansion worldwide, becoming an important pest species for coniferous forests.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: With the 'Canary Islands early-warning network for the detection and intervention of invasive exotic species' (RedEXOS), this species was detected for the first time in the Canarian archipelago in an urban area in the eastern part of the island of Gran Canaria. This early detection is crucial for understanding the potential damage in one of the islands with the highest surface area of natural endemic pine forest.}, }
@article {pmid38318514, year = {2023}, author = {Zanolli, P and Scaccini, D and Pozzebon, A}, title = {New insights into the distribution and spreading of the Asian walnut moth, Garellamusculana (Erschov, 1874) (Lepidoptera, Nolidae) in Europe with a focus on the Italian range.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e107609}, doi = {10.3897/BDJ.11.e107609}, pmid = {38318514}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {The Asian walnut moth, Garellamusculana (Erschov, 1874) (Lepidoptera, Nolidae) is an alien pest originating from Central Asia and is now spreading in Europe, attacking walnut trees. In this study, we updated the current distribution of G.musculana, focusing on the Italian range, where it was reported for the first time in 2021. Field surveys showed an extensive distribution of G.musculana in northern Italy, particularly in the Veneto Region. In this area, the Asian walnut moth developed on English and black walnut, attacking almost exclusively tree shoots. Based on current distribution data, further investigations are required in the nearby regions as well as in those that were less surveyed. Lastly, it is imperative to conduct more studies on insect biology and the impact on walnut production.}, }
@article {pmid38316032, year = {2024}, author = {Afrane, YA and Abdulai, A and Mohammed, AR and Akuamoah-Boateng, Y and Owusu-Asenso, CM and Sraku, IK and Yanney, SA and Malm, K and Lobo, NF}, title = {Detection of Invasive Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes through Molecular Surveillance, Ghana.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3201/eid3003.231638}, pmid = {38316032}, issn = {1080-6059}, abstract = {The invasive Anopheles stephensi mosquito has rapidly expanded in range in Africa over the past decade. Consistent with World Health Organization guidelines, routine entomologic surveillance of malaria vectors in Accra, Ghana, now includes morphologic and molecular surveillance of An. stephensi mosquitoes. We report detection of An. stephensi mosquitoes in Ghana.}, }
@article {pmid38314854, year = {2024}, author = {Tammone Santos, A and Riva, E and Condorí, WE and Fernández, V and Rodriguez, MG and Rivero, MA and Faraco, M and Aguirre, P and Loyza, L and Caselli, AE and Uhart, MM and Estein, SM}, title = {Trichinella Infection in Culled Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) from El Palmar National Park, Argentina, and Exposure Risk in Humans and Dogs Consuming Wild Boar Meat.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.7589/JWD-D-23-00027}, pmid = {38314854}, issn = {1943-3700}, abstract = {Trichinellosis is a foodborne disease caused by ingestion of raw or undercooked meat containing Trichinella spp. larvae. Consumption of wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat represents an important source of human trichinellosis worldwide. In El Palmar National Park (EPNP), Argentina, invasive alien wild boars are controlled and meat from culled animals is released for public consumption following on-site artificial digestion (AD) testing. Meat trimmings and offal from the control program are often used as food for dogs (Canis familiaris). We evaluated infection and exposure to Trichinella spp. in wild boars from EPNP, as well as exposure to Trichinella spp. and associated risk factors in dogs and human consumers of wild boar meat. Trichinella spp. larvae were detected in muscle samples from 5/49 wild boars by AD (10.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.8%-23%), with a mean burden of 0.24 larvae per gram (lpg; range, 0.06-0.95 lpg). Anti-Trichinella antibodies were not detected in wild boar serum samples (n=42). In dogs, 12/34 were seropositive to Trichinella spp. (35.29%; 95%, CI, 20.3%-53.5%). Immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies were not detected in human serum samples (n=63). Our results reveal the presence, albeit at low prevalence, of Trichinella spp. in wild boars and exposure in dogs fed game offal. These findings suggest that the low prevalence and parasitic load in wild boars, together with the best practices applied by EPNP culling program personnel, contribute to keeping the risk of infection in people low. The dog results highlight that the parasite is circulating in the area, and therefore the risk of infection is not negligible. We recommend the implementation of an animal surveillance strategy in order to monitor the evolution of this zoonosis in the study area.}, }
@article {pmid38314124, year = {2024}, author = {Marushchak, O and Syrota, Y and Dmytrieva, I and Kuzmin, Y and Nechai, A and Lisitsyna, O and Svitin, R}, title = {Helminths found in common species of the herpetofauna in Ukraine.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {e113770}, doi = {10.3897/BDJ.12.e113770}, pmid = {38314124}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Only a few comprehensive studies have been carried out on parasites in amphibians and reptiles in Ukraine. This has resulted in identifying over 100 helminth species across these vertebrate groups. However, most of the studies were performed in the 20[th] century and the taxonomy of many parasites and their hosts has changed ever since, in addition to the discovery of new species and registrations of species that had not been previously known for Ukraine. In recent decades, there have been very few publications on helminths from amphibian or reptile hosts in this region. Notably, just one of these recent studies is a faunistic study, providing a list of helminths found in two species of green frogs - Pelophylaxridibundus (Pallas, 1771) and Pelophylaxesculentus (Linnaeus, 1758). Therefore, it is clear that publishing datasets of modern records of helminths in these vertebrate groups, based on modern taxonomy, is an essential step in further studies of their parasitic diversity. Additionally, such study is important in terms of global climate change, the growing number of possibilities of invasion of alien species (both hosts and parasites) that might potentially become a threat to native biota and growing anthropogenic pressure on local populations of hosts that affect the parasites as well. In future, this study is planned to be used for the creation of a checklist of helminths of the herpetofauna of Ukraine. The present dataset is an inventory of various species of helminths parasitising common species of the herpetofauna in central, northern, western and southern Ukraine recorded during field studies in the 2021-2023 period.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: The dataset is the first one to represent the up-to-date and unified data on helminths of reptiles and amphibians of Ukraine. Previously, records of this group of organisms with reference to their hosts were presented as several separate records within the country. Currently, this is the largest dataset presenting geocoded records of non-human-related helminths in the fauna of Ukraine. It reports helminth species from 15 hosts (205 individuals), including eight amphibians and seven reptilian species found in various Ukrainian regions. A total of 47 helminth species have been documented in the research and during 2021-2023 period on the territory of northern (Kyiv and Zhytomyr), western (Lviv, Zakarpattia Ivano-Frankivsk), central (Vinnytsia, Dnipropetrovsk, Cherkasy, Zaporizhzhia and Poltava) and southern (Odesa) regions of Ukraine. The identified helminth species belong to the following phyla: Acanthocephala (Centrorhynchidae (2), Echinorhynchidae (2)); Nematoda (Acuariidae, Anisakidae, Cosmocercidae (3), Dioctophymatidae, Gnathostomatidae (1), Kathlanidae (1), Molineidae (7), Onchocercidae (1), Pharyngodonidae (1), Rhabdiasidae (6), Strongyloididae); Platyhelminthes (Diplodiscidae (1), Diplostomidae (2), Encyclometridae (1), Haematoloechidae (1), Leptophallidae (2), Macroderidae (1), Mesocestoididae, Opisthorchiidae (2), Plagiorchiidae (3), Pleurogenidae (2), Polystomatidae (3), Proteocephalidae (1), Strigeidae (1) and Telorchiidae (3)). Only some helminths in the dataset were not identified to species level. Material is stored in the collection of the department of Parasitology of the I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine.}, }
@article {pmid38301019, year = {2024}, author = {Buckley, YM and Torsney, A}, title = {When function, not origin, matters.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {383}, number = {6682}, pages = {478-479}, doi = {10.1126/science.adn4126}, pmid = {38301019}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Population Density ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Native and introduced megaherbivores similarly affect plant diversity and abundance.}, }
@article {pmid38311201, year = {2024}, author = {Xing, D and Zhu, X}, title = {Niche overlap between native Cirrhinus molitorella and potential invasive competitors.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {118407}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2024.118407}, pmid = {38311201}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Biological invasion is one of the important reasons for the decline of freshwater biodiversity in China and even in the world. The Pearl river basin is one of the most threatened areas in China by biological invasion. Over the past four decades, mrigal carp Cirrhinus mrigala and rohu Labeo rohita have invaded the Pearl river. They potentially pose a huge threat to a well-known economic species, native mud carp Cirrhinus molitorella. However, little is known about the likely habitat distributions of these two invasive species, which limits our management of them. In this study, we detected the stable isotope ratios of nitrogen and carbon for fish and quantified their niche overlap with nicheROVER in R. The result showed that the individuals of two invasive species had a higher probability to be found in niche region of native C. molitorella (i.e., 65 % for C. mrigala and 74 % for L. rohita). Moreover, to increase understanding of their habitat distributions and potential range of spread, the existing habitats data of these three fish species obtained from previous literatures and the high-resolution bioclimatic parameters from WorldClim were analyzed via Maxent model. The results stressed that niche overlap was high among species, which could have an impact on local biodiversity in future. Furthermore, the visualization of habitat distributions could help show the dynamic habitat changes of invasive and native species over time, while also provide new insights into the subsequent prevention and control for invasive species in other river regions around the world.}, }
@article {pmid38309178, year = {2024}, author = {Olenin, S and Elliott, M and Minchin, D and Katsanevakis, S}, title = {Marine ecosystem health and biological pollution: Reconsidering the paradigm.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {200}, number = {}, pages = {116054}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116054}, pmid = {38309178}, issn = {1879-3363}, abstract = {Our study re-evaluates a fundamental paradigm in marine invasion ecology - whether introduced species are considered as contaminants, i.e. just present in the system, or whether they are pollutants per se, i.e. they cause biological harm. This re-evaluation includes the concepts of marine ecosystem health and biological pollution using the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) as an example. Hence, we clarify the distinction between "biological contamination" (pertaining to Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) introductions) and "biological pollution" (associated with Invasive Alien Species - IAS). We emphasize the need for comprehensive indicators that consider their ecological, economic, and societal impacts. The MSFD Descriptor D2 NIS is analysed using the "biocontamination-biopollution" gradient to better reflect the complexities of ecosystem health. We discuss limitations in current monitoring and evaluation criteria, such as the absence of unified NIS/IAS monitoring, challenges in interpreting ecological impacts, and context-dependent assessment results. We emphasize the importance of context-specific management measures, considering the origin of pressures, whether endogenic (caused within a management area such a regional sea) or exogenic (with causes from outside a management area). Ultimately, we underscore the importance of a holistic and adaptable approach to address the diverse challenges posed by biocontamination and biopollution, protecting both marine ecosystems and human well-being in an ever-changing environment.}, }
@article {pmid38308673, year = {2024}, author = {Mathur, M and Mathur, P}, title = {Habitat suitability of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) MILL. (CACTACEAE): a comparative temporal evaluation using diverse bio-climatic earth system models and ensemble machine learning approach.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {196}, number = {3}, pages = {232}, pmid = {38308673}, issn = {1573-2959}, abstract = {A comprehensive evaluation of the habitat suitability across the India was conducted for the introduced species Opuntia ficus-indica. This assessment utilized a newly developed model called BioClimInd, takes into account five Earth System Models (ESMs). These ESMs consider two different emission scenarios known as Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP), specifically RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. Additionally, the assessment considered two future time frames: 2040-2079 (60) and 2060-2099 (80). Current study provided the threshold limit of different climatic variables in annual, quarter and monthly time slots like temperature annual range (26-30 °C), mean temperature of the driest quarter (25-28 °C); mean temperature of the coldest month (22-25 °C); minimum temperature of coldest month (13-17 °C); precipitation of the wettest month (250-500 mm); potential evapotranspiration Thronthwaite (1740-1800 mm). Predictive climatic habitat suitability posits that the introduction of this exotic species is deemed unsuitable in the Northern as well as the entirety of the cooler eastern areas of the country. The states of Rajasthan and Gujarat exhibit the highest degree of habitat suitability for this particular species. Niche hypervolumes and climatic variables affecting fundamental and realized niches were also assessed. This study proposes using multi-climatic exploration to evaluate habitats for introduced species to reduce modeling uncertainties.}, }
@article {pmid38305946, year = {2024}, author = {De Ros, G}, title = {The Economic Analyses of the Drosophila suzukii's Invasions: A Mini-review.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38305946}, issn = {1678-8052}, abstract = {The objective of this paper is to bring to the fore the type of economic analyses that have been carried out on the invasion of the Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and what has been learned. The analysis is limited to the original research articles published in peer-reviewed journals and book chapters. A total of 20 relevant studies are identified. The studies are analysed based on their main purpose, which is either economic impact assessment or economic evaluation of management programmes. The analysis also considers the key methodological points highlighted in recent reviews of the economic literature on alien invasive species. Over time, the focus of these studies has gradually shifted from raising awareness of the magnitude of the impact, particularly on agricultural production, to supporting the decision-making process concerning effective pest management. Most studies have been conducted from a private perspective, measuring private costs and providing guidance to the industry. However, some papers include, or focus on, the societal costs caused by the invasions of D. suzukii. This review has found few impact studies in the recently invaded areas and no economic evaluation of management programmes. There are not only geographical areas, but also themes that need more attention and analysis in the economic studies on D. suzukii. Assessing the economic effectiveness of integrated pest management programmes in specific settings, included the Latin American countries, is crucial.}, }
@article {pmid38303408, year = {2024}, author = {Quiles, P and Barrientos, R}, title = {Interspecific interactions disrupted by roads.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/brv.13061}, pmid = {38303408}, issn = {1469-185X}, support = {2018T1/AMB10374//Comunidad de Madrid/ ; 2022-5A/AMB-24242//Comunidad de Madrid/ ; CT63/19-CT64/19//Universidad Complutense de Madrid/ ; }, abstract = {Roads have pervasive impacts on wildlife, including habitat loss and fragmentation, road mortality, habitat pollution and increased human use of habitats surrounding them. However, the effects of roads on interspecific interactions are less understood. Here we provide a synthesis of the existing literature on how species interactions may be disrupted by roads, identify knowledge gaps, and suggest avenues for future research and conservation management. We conducted a systematic search using the Web of Science database for each species interaction (predation, competition, mutualism, parasitism, commensalism and amensalism). These searches yielded 2144 articles, of which 195 were relevant to our topic. Most of these studies focused on predation (50%) or competition (24%), and less frequently on mutualism (17%) or, parasitism (9%). We found no studies on commensalism or amensalism. Studies were biased towards mammals from high-income countries, with most conducted in the USA (34%) or Canada (18%). Our literature review identified several patterns. First, roads disrupt predator-prey relationships, usually with negative impacts on prey populations. Second, new disturbed habitats created in road corridors often benefit more competitive species, such as invasive species, although some native or endangered species can also thrive there. Third, roads degrade mutualistic interactions like seed dispersal and pollination. Fourth, roads can increase parasitism rates, although the intensity of the alteration is species specific. To reduce the negative impacts of roads on interspecific interactions, we suggest the following management actions: (i) verges should be as wide and heterogenous as possible, as this increases microhabitat diversity, thus enhancing ecosystem services like pollination and seed dispersal; (ii) combining different mowing regimes can increase the complexity of the habitat corridor, enabling it to act as a habitat for more species; (iii) the use of de-icing salts should be gradually reduced and replaced with less harmful products or maintenance practices; (iv) wildlife passes should be implemented in groups to reduce animal concentrations inside them; (v) periodic removal of carcasses from the road to reduce the use of this resource by wildlife; and (vi) implementation of traffic-calming schemes could enhance interspecific interactions like pollination and avoid disruption of predator-prey relationships.}, }
@article {pmid38302527, year = {2024}, author = {Bajcz, AW and Glisson, WJ and Doser, JW and Larkin, DJ and Fieberg, JR}, title = {A within-lake occupancy model for starry stonewort, Nitellopsis obtusa, to support early detection and monitoring.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {2644}, pmid = {38302527}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {To efficiently detect aquatic invasive species early in an invasion when control may still be possible, predictions about which locations are likeliest to be occupied are needed at fine scales but are rarely available. Occupancy modeling could provide such predictions given data of sufficient quality and quantity. We assembled a data set for the macroalga starry stonewort (Nitellopsis obtusa) across Minnesota and Wisconsin, USA, where it is a new and high-priority invader. We used these data to construct a multi-season, single-species spatial occupancy model that included biotic, abiotic, and movement-related predictors. Distance to the nearest access was an important occurrence predictor, highlighting the likely role boats play in spreading starry stonewort. Fetch and water depth also predicted occupancy. We estimated an average detection probability of 63% at sites with mean non-N. obtusa plant cover, declining to ~ 38% at sites with abundant plant cover, especially that of other Characeae. We recommend that surveyors preferentially search for starry stonewort in areas of shallow depth and high fetch close to boat accesses. We also recommend searching during late summer/early fall when detection is likelier. This study illustrates the utility of fine-scale occupancy modeling for predicting the locations of nascent populations of difficult-to-detect species.}, }
@article {pmid38300414, year = {2024}, author = {Li, C and Li, Y and Xu, Z and Zhong, S and Cheng, H and Liu, J and Yu, Y and Wang, C and Du, D}, title = {The effects of co-invasion by three Asteraceae invasive alien species on plant taxonomic and functional diversity in herbaceous ruderal communities in southern Jiangsu, China.}, journal = {Biologia futura}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38300414}, issn = {2676-8607}, support = {KY-C-01//Special Research Project of School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University/ ; 32071521//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; BK20220030//Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality Technology Innovation Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; no grant number//Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment/ ; K2020B02//Open Science Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, China/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species can affect plant taxonomic and functional diversity. Multiple invasive alien species can co-invade the same plant community. However, the effects of such co-invasion on plant taxonomic and functional diversity are currently unclear. Our study aimed to estimate the effects of co-invasion by three Asteraceae invasive alien species (i.e., Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist, Conyza sumatrensis (S.F. Blake) Pruski and G. Sancho, and Solidago canadensis L.) on plant taxonomic and functional diversity in herbaceous ruderal communities in southern Jiangsu, China. The effects of these three invasive alien species under seven invasion combinations (including invasion by one invasive alien species, co-invasion by two invasive alien species, and co-invasion by these three invasive alien species) on plant taxonomic and functional diversity were investigated in a comparative field study of herbaceous ruderal communities. Niche differentiation mediated the functional divergence between these three invasive alien species and natives under all invasion combinations. These three invasive alien species significantly increased plant taxonomic diversity (especially plant diversity and richness) and plant functional diversity (especially Rao's quadratic entropies) under all invasion combinations. The relative abundance of invasive alien species was significantly positively associated with plant functional diversity (especially community-weighted mean trait values and Rao's quadratic entropy). The number of invasive alien species was significantly positively associated with plant taxonomic diversity (especially plant diversity and richness) and plant functional diversity (especially Rao's quadratic entropies). Thus, co-invasion by these three invasive alien species may synergistically increase plant taxonomic diversity (especially plant diversity and richness) and functional diversity (especially Rao's quadratic entropies).}, }
@article {pmid38086734, year = {2023}, author = {Lepeschkin-Noel, S and Lewis, P and McCullough, DG}, title = {Persistence and recovery of dinotefuran in eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) foliage and twigs by UPLC-MS/MS and ELISA.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7926}, pmid = {38086734}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Michigan Invasive Species Grant Program/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dinotefuran, a systemic neonicotinoid insecticide, is approved for control of hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) (Adelges tsugae Annand), an invasive sap-feeding insect that can kill eastern hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis). Dinotefuran is highly water soluble, facilitating more rapid translocation and HWA control than other neonicotinoids, but its persistence is not well-known. Samples of needles and twigs were collected in spring 2021 from 50 hemlocks treated with a dinotefuran basal trunk spray in 2018 or 2019 (131-145 weeks and 85-93 weeks before sampling, respectively). Processed samples were analyzed with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).<br><br>RESULTS: Dinotefuran residues were 4.6-6.1 times higher in needles than in twigs collected from the same trees. Average (&#xb1;SE) residues in foliage samples collected from trees treated in 2019 ranged from 0.663&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.243 to 0.564&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.119&#x2009;mg&#x2009;kg[-1] , compared with 0.213&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.033 and 0.225&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.132&#x2009;mg&#x2009;kg[-1] in foliage from trees treated in 2018. Foliage residues from UPLC-MS/MS were consistently lower but strongly related to those from ELISA. Matrix effects appeared to disrupt ELISA analysis of twigs. None of the 25 trees treated in 2019 had live HWA when samples were collected in 2021 while low densities of HWA were observed on 52% of trees treated in 2018.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Dinotefuran was recovered from hemlock foliage, and to a lesser extent twigs, >2&#x2009;years post-treatment. This, along with its relatively rapid translocation, suggests dinotefuran is a viable option for protecting declining or heavily infested hemlocks from HWA. &#xa9; 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid38296217, year = {2024}, author = {Ding, L and Huang, Z and Liang, L and Shi, H and Fang, Z and Hong, M}, title = {Comparative toxic effect of ammonia exposure on Mauremys sinensis and invasive species Trachemys scripta elegans.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology &amp; pharmacology : CBP}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {109847}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109847}, pmid = {38296217}, issn = {1532-0456}, abstract = {As one of main pollutants, ammonia could cause adverse effects to aquatic animals. To explore the toxic effects of ammonia on Chinese striped-necked turtles (Mauremys sinensis) and invasive species red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans), we compared the activities of antioxidant enzymes, the mRNA levels of genes involved in immune status, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis between T. s. elegans and M. sinensis under ammonia exposed for 30 days. The results showed that ammonia obviously increased the activities of SOD, CAT, GPX and T-AOC in both T. s. elegans and M. sinensis, especially CAT and GPX in T. s. elegans were higher than that in M. sinensis. The expression levels of JAK, RELA and Mcl-1 in T. s. elegans obviously increased, while IL-6 mRNA levels significantly increased in M. sinensis. In addition, Bip and IRE1 levels in M. sinensis showed a marked increase, and were significantly higher than that in T. s. elegans. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL transcriptional levels in T. s. elegans showed an increase, especially Bcl-xL were significantly higher than that in M. sinensis. These results indicated that T. s. elegans exhibited more stronger antioxidant defense and immune function than M. sinensis under ammonia exposure. M. sinensis was more likely to occur endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation in ammonia environment. This research reveals the physiological response of turtles to ammonia, helps to understand adverse effects of environmental pressure on aquatic turtles, and further explains the tolerance of invasive species T. s. elegans to environmental pollution.}, }
@article {pmid38296092, year = {2024}, author = {Vilizzi, L and Piria, M and Pietraszewski, D and Giannetto, D and Flory, SL and Herczeg, G and Sermenli, HB and Britvec, M and Jukoniene, I and Petrulaitis, L and Vitasović-Kosić, I and Almeida, D and Al-Wazzan, Z and Bakiu, R and Boggero, A and Chaichana, R and Dashinov, D and De Zoysa, M and Gilles, AS and Goulletquer, P and Interesova, E and Kopecký, O and Koutsikos, N and Koyama, A and Kristan, P and Li, S and Lukas, J and Moghaddas, SD and Monteiro, JG and Mumladze, L and Oh, C and Olsson, KH and Pavia, RT and Perdikaris, C and Pickholtz, R and Preda, C and Ristovska, M and Švolíková, KS and Števove, B and Ta, KAT and Uzunova, E and Vardakas, L and Verreycken, H and Wei, H and Yoğurtçuoğlu, B and Ferincz, &#xc1; and Kirkendall, LR and Marszał, L and Paganelli, D and Stojchevska, C and Tarkan, AS and Yazlık, A}, title = {Development and application of a second-generation multilingual tool for invasion risk screening of non-native terrestrial plants.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {170475}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170475}, pmid = {38296092}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Under the increasing threat to native ecosystems posed by non-native species invasions, there is an urgent need for decision support tools that can more effectively identify non-native species likely to become invasive. As part of the screening (first step) component in non-native species risk analysis, decision support tools have been developed for aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Amongst these tools is the Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) for screening non-native plants. The WRA has provided the foundations for developing the first-generation WRA-type Invasiveness Screening Kit (ISK) tools applicable to a range of aquatic species, and more recently for the second-generation ISK tools applicable to all aquatic organisms (including plants) and terrestrial animals. Given the most extensive usage of the latter toolkits, this study describes the development and application of the Terrestrial Plant Species Invasiveness Screening Kit (TPS-ISK). As a second-generation ISK tool, the TPS-ISK is a multilingual turnkey application that provides several advantages relative to the WRA: (i) compliance with the minimum standards against which a protocol should be evaluated for invasion process and management approaches; (ii) enhanced questionnaire comprehensiveness including a climate change component; (iii) provision of a level of confidence; (iv) error-free computation of risk scores; (v) multilingual support; (vi) possibility for across-study comparisons of screening outcomes; (vii) a powerful graphical user interface; (viii) seamless software deployment and accessibility with improved data exchange. The TPS-ISK successfully risk-ranked five representative sample species for the main taxonomic groups supported by the tool and ten angiosperms previously screened with the WRA for Turkey. The almost 20-year continuous development and evolution of the ISK tools, as opposed to the WRA, closely meet the increasing demand by scientists and decision-makers for a reliable, comprehensive, updatable and easily deployable decision support tool. For terrestrial plant screening, these requirements are therefore met by the newly developed TPS-ISK.}, }
@article {pmid38293732, year = {2024}, author = {Razafindrakoto, ZR and Tombozara, N and Ramanitrahasimbola, D and Andrianjara, C and Zhao, M and Marchioni, E and Rakotondramanana, DA and Julien David, D}, title = {In silico ADMET and anti-inflammatory profiles of the stigmast-4-en-3-one and isolation of isovanillin as the antioxidant principle of Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv.}, journal = {Natural product research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-8}, doi = {10.1080/14786419.2024.2305649}, pmid = {38293732}, issn = {1478-6427}, abstract = {Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. is an invasive species widely used in treatment of several diseases associated with pain and inflammation in different countries including Madagascar. This work aims to report the isolation of the antioxidant, analgesic and anti-nflammatory compounds from the methanol extract of I. cylindrica. The bio-guided method was used to isolate its bioactive compounds by combining chromatographic methods, writhing test in mice and antioxidant assays. Stigmast-4-en-3-one was isolated as one among the compounds responsible for the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties and isovanillin as one among the antioxidant compounds from the extract. Stigmast-4-en-3-one showed a good oral pharmacokinetic profile and good binding affinities with some pro-inflammatory targets. It did not show any mutagenic effect, nor a carcinogenic one and had a low risk to be a cardiotoxic agent. All of our results provide scientific justification for its traditional medicinal use in the management of pain and inflammatory related diseases.}, }
@article {pmid38293477, year = {2024}, author = {Lusizi, Z and Motsi, H and Nyambo, P and Elephant, DE}, title = {Black (Acacia mearnsii) and silver wattle (Acacia dealbata) invasive tree species impact on soil physicochemical properties in South Africa: A systematic literature review.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {e24102}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24102}, pmid = {38293477}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Invasive alien plant species are a problem to global biodiversity, ecosystem dynamics, and human livelihood. The risks and potential effects of invasive alien species on local vegetation are growing, particularly the potential loss of ecological services. Thus, this study aimed to synthesise the impacts of acacia 'species' on soil physicochemical properties in South Africa. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework for conducting a systematic review was followed. A total of 16 studies that met the study selection criteria were used. Data were extracted and evaluated by checking if any soil physicochemical parameters increased (+) or decreased (-) the impacts on invaded and cleared soils. The results showed increased quantities of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and gravimetric water content in invaded soil than in cleared soil. Acacia species generally positively improved the soil's physical and chemical properties during their invasion, and some minor changes may occur after their clearance, such as a decrease in cations. The results of this study only explain how acacias affect soil physical and chemical properties in three provinces; therefore, there need to be more studies from other provinces which could have further given insights into a particular region.}, }
@article {pmid38293406, year = {2024}, author = {Gaultier, S and Jousset, AB and Soudani, M and Durroux, A and Mihaila, L and Neiss, M and Collarino, R and Jauréguiberry, S and Escaut, L}, title = {Campylobacter coli enteritis associated with Campylobacter fetus bacteremia, spondylodiscitis, and late CIED-related endocarditis, a case report.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {e24418}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24418}, pmid = {38293406}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Campylobacter sp. is widely considered a leading causative agent of bacterial food-borne gastrointestinal illness. Discitis and endocarditis caused by Campylobacter spp. are extremely rare. We describe the case of a 94-year-old man who was admitted for recent lumbar pain, diarrhea, and fever. C. fetus and C. coli were identified by MALDI-TOF from blood and stool samples respectively. MRI of the spine showed L5-S1 discitis. Patient was treated with 6 weeks of amoxicillin with clinical and microbiological response until cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) related endocarditis occurred four weeks after the end of the antibiotic treatment. He was treated with another 6 weeks amoxicillin regimen, with a favorable outcome after a 6-month follow-up. Enteric infection with Campylobacter spp. in a debilitated patient should raise the possibility of a co-infection with another more invasive species such as C. fetus, leading to systemic invasion. In case of Campylobacter fetus bacteremia, a search for endocarditis and spondylodiscitis is recommended even in the absence of specific clinical signs.}, }
@article {pmid38292912, year = {2024}, author = {Ali, HE and Al-Wahaibi, AM and Shahid, MS}, title = {Plant-soil feedback and plant invasion: effect of soil conditioning on native and invasive Prosopis species using the plant functional trait approach.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1321950}, doi = {10.3389/fpls.2024.1321950}, pmid = {38292912}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Invasive species have been identified as a major threat to native biodiversity and ecosystem functioning worldwide due to their superiority in spread and growth. Such superiority is explained by the invasional meltdown phenomena, which suggests that invasive species facilitate the establishment of more invasive species rather than native species by modifying the plant-soil feedback (PSF).<br><br>METHODS: We conducted a two-phase plant-soil feedback experiment using the native Prosopis cineraria and the invasive Prosopis juliflora in Oman. Firstly, we conditioned the soil by planting seedlings of native species, invasive species, native and invasive species "mixed", and unconditioned soil served as a control. Secondly, we tested the feedback of these four conditioned soil on the two species separately by measuring the productivity (total biomass) and the performance in the form of plant functional traits (plant height, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf nitrogen content (Nmass), leaf carbon content (Cmass) and specific root length (SRL) of native and invasive species as well as the nutrient availability in soil (soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN)).<br><br>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We found that the native species produced more biomass, best performance, and higher SOC and STN when grown in soil conditioned by native species, additionally, it gave lower biomass, reduced performance, and lower SOC and STN when grown in the soil conditioned by invasive and mixed species. These results suggest negative PSF for native species and positive PSF for invasive species in the soil conditioned by invasive species, which can be considered as red flag concerning the restoration of P. cineraria as an important native species in Oman, as such positive PSF of the invasive species P. juliflora will inhibit the regeneration of P. cineraria.}, }
@article {pmid38292037, year = {2024}, author = {Hamiche, FZ and Aksissou, M}, title = {The invasive blue crab Callinectessapidus Rathbun, 1896 (Decapoda, Portunidae) is rapidly expanding its distributional range in the north-western Mediterranean coast of Morocco.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {e115875}, doi = {10.3897/BDJ.12.e115875}, pmid = {38292037}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {In this study, we report the first occurrence of Callinectessapidus in the rivers of 'Oued Tani' (Martil) and 'Oued Negro' (Fnideq), based on 127 individuals of the blue crab caught from November 2022 to August 2023. Additionally, we were able to determine the potential consequences of C.sapidus on the indigenous species as well as the socioeconomic implications on artisanal fisheries activities. This research highlights further data that reinforces recent findings on recorded blue crab from various locations along the Moroccan coastline.}, }
@article {pmid38287032, year = {2024}, author = {Zhang, Q and Wang, Y and Liu, X}, title = {Risk of introduction and establishment of alien vertebrate species in transboundary neighboring areas.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {870}, pmid = {38287032}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {2022xjkk0800//Ministry of Science and Technology of the People&apos;s Republic of China (Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology)/ ; 32171657//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 32271734//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; Y201920//Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Vertebrates ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Internationality ; }, abstract = {Cross-border neighboring areas could be particularly vulnerable to biological invasions due to short geographic distances and frequent interactions, although the invasion risk remains unevaluated worldwide. Here, based on global datasets of distributions of established alien vertebrates as well as vectors of introduction and establishment, we show that more than one-third of the world's transboundary neighboring areas are facing high invasion risk of alien vertebrates, especially in Europe, North America, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. The most important predictors of high introduction and establishment risk are bilateral trade, habitat disturbance and the richness of established alien vertebrates. Interestingly, we found that border fences may have limited effects in reducing the risk, as only 7.9% of border fences spatially overlap with hotspots of biological invasion even in the Eurasia areas (13.7% overlap) where physical border barriers are mainly located. We therefore recommend the implementation of immediate and proactive prevention and control measures to cope with cross-border invasions in response to continued globalization.}, }
@article {pmid38290260, year = {2024}, author = {Świerszcz, S and Czarniecka-Wiera, M and Szymura, TH and Szymura, M}, title = {From invasive species stand to species-rich grassland: Long-term changes in plant species composition during Solidago invaded site restoration.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {353}, number = {}, pages = {120216}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120216}, pmid = {38290260}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Biological invasions degrade ecosystems, negatively affecting human well-being and biodiversity. Restoration of invaded agricultural ecosystems is among specific goals of European Union Biodiversity Strategy. Successful restoration of invaded lands is a long-term process that requires monitoring to assess the effects of interventions. Here, we present the results of a long-term experiment (8 years) on restoration of semi-natural grassland on abandoned arable field overgrown by invasive Solidago species (S. gigantea and S. canadensis). We examined effect of different invaders removal methods (rototilling, turf stripping, herbicide application) and seed application practices (commercial seed mixture, fresh hay) on changes in species composition and taxonomic diversity of restored vegetation. Our results showed a positive effect of grassland restoration on taxonomic diversity and species composition, manifested by a decrease in Solidago cover and an increase in cover and richness of target graminoids and forbs characteristic of grassland. The seed source had a longer lasting and still observable effect on the vegetation composition than the Solidago removal treatments, which ceased to differ significantly in their influence after the first few years. Applying fresh hay as a seed source increased the cover of grassland species such as Arrhenatherum elatius and Poa pratensis. For commercial seed mixture, we observed the high cover of Lolium perenne and Schedonorus pratensis (introduced with seed mixture) at the beginning and the slow decrease along the experiment course. The most striking effect was the fresh hay with herbicide application, which resulted in the lowest Solidago cover and the highest cover of target graminoids. Nonetheless, with years the non-chemical methods, including no treatment, gives comparable to herbicide effectiveness of restoration. Overall, during the experiment, alpha diversity increased, while beta and gamma diversity reached a species maximum in the third year, and then decreased. In conclusion, this study gives guidance to successful restoration of species-rich grasslands on sites invaded by Solidago. It should be emphasised that short-term effect differ considerably from long-term outputs, especially highlighting the importance of seed source, as well as effectiveness of environmentally friendly methods such as regular mowing to control the invader.}, }
@article {pmid38289983, year = {2024}, author = {Ke, Z and Mao, M and Steve Bamisile, B and Li, Z and Xu, Y}, title = {Predicting the potential distribution of the Pheidole megacephala in light of present and future climate variations.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toae013}, pmid = {38289983}, issn = {1938-291X}, support = {2021YFC2600400//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 20230500007zbzjbc//Project of Shenzhen Agricultural Science and Technology Promotion Center/ ; }, abstract = {The big-headed ant, Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius), has a widespread distribution across numerous regions globally. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has identified it as one of the 100 worst invasive alien species worldwide, given the severe ecological and economic harm it causes in invaded areas. In this study, we predicted the present and future global distribution of P. megacephala, taking into account known distribution points and bioclimatic factors. Our results indicated that temperature is the primary factor affecting the distribution of P. megacephala, with potential suitable areas currently found mainly in South America, Southern North America, Western Europe, Coastal areas of the Mediterranean and Red Seas, Southern Africa, Southern Asia, Islands in Southeast Asia, and coastal regions of Australia. The total suitable area spans 3,352.48 × 104 km2. In China, the potential suitable area for P. megacephala is 109.02 × 104 km2, representing 11.36% of China's land area. In the future, based on different climatic conditions, the suitable area of P. megacephala generally showed a declining trend, but some newly added suitable areas showed that it had a tendency to expand to higher latitudes. Relevant agencies should implement effective measures to control P. megacephala populations to mitigate damage in invaded areas and slow down or prevent the spread of big-headed ants into noninvaded regions.}, }
@article {pmid38289584, year = {2024}, author = {Litsey, EM and Fine, JD}, title = {Developmental exposure to hormone-mimicking insect growth disruptors alters expression of endocrine-related genes in worker honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) brains and hypopharyngeal glands.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toae006}, pmid = {38289584}, issn = {1938-291X}, support = {2030-21000-055-000-D//United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service/ ; }, abstract = {Division of labor within a honey bee colony creates a codependence between bees performing different tasks. The most obvious example of this is between the reproductive queen and worker bees. Queen bees lay 1,000 or more eggs a day, while young worker bees tend and feed queens. Young workers and queens can be exposed to pesticides when foragers return to the hive with contaminated resources. Previous research has found negative effects of larval exposure to insect-grown disruptors (IGD) methoxyfenozide and pyriproxyfen, on adult responsiveness to artificial queen pheromone. The present work investigates potential physiological and molecular mechanisms underpinning this behavioral change by examining the development of hypopharyngeal glands and ovaries as well as the expression of genes related to reproduction and worker endocrine signaling in the brain and hypopharyngeal gland tissues. Though hypopharyngeal gland and ovary development were not altered by developmental exposure to IGDs, gene expression differed. Specifically, in the brain tissue, ilp1 was downregulated in bees exposed to pyriproxyfen during development, and Kr-h1 was downregulated in both methoxyfenozide- and pyriproxyfen-exposed bees. In the hypopharyngeal glands, Kr-h1, EcR-A, EcR-B, and E75 were upregulated in honey bees exposed to methoxyfenozide compared to those in the pyriproxyfen or control treatments. Here we discuss these results and their potential implications for the health and performance of honey bee colonies.}, }
@article {pmid38289441, year = {2024}, author = {Morris, B}, title = {New geographic location data on the occurrence and abundance of carrion insects of forensic interest.}, journal = {Forensic science, medicine, and pathology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38289441}, issn = {1556-2891}, abstract = {The world's forensic entomologists have much in common. They face similar research challenges, apply the same scientific methodology, study the same kinds of evidence, and access global research databases. Nevertheless, some regional heterogeneity inevitably exists. For most countries, and particularly those that have complex and diverse ecosystems, the current priority is to stimulate use of forensic entomology by establishing open access databases with time series data using standardised protocols for occurrence, abundance, distribution, niche preferences, life cycle, and identification characteristics for the key regional species that may be encountered in forensic entomology cases. Even in countries where forensic entomology is routinely used as a tool in reconstructing the history of corpses found on crime scenes in accordance with principles found in the rapidly developing body of literature, there is still much to learn about forensically useful insects. Examples of regional gaps include the taxonomy of lesser-known carrion insect species, seasonal occurrence of carrion species in the country's various geographical regions, and rates of development of the local species modeled in the many site situations of forensic interest. The first published study of carrion insects found in Athens, Greece published in this journal is an example of entomologists in a region taking the necessary first step towards establishing baseline data about native and introduced species and hence, physiological and behavioural responses to local environmental conditions, including life cycles and likelihood of occurrence or absence in the region.}, }
@article {pmid38287964, year = {2024}, author = {Marchowski, D and Szlauer-Łukaszewska, A and Ławicki, &#x141; and Engel, J and Drewniak, E and Ciężak, K}, title = {Methods of quantifying a mass mortality event in freshwater wildlife within the river ecosystem.}, journal = {MethodsX}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {102567}, doi = {10.1016/j.mex.2024.102567}, pmid = {38287964}, issn = {2215-0161}, abstract = {This study introduces a comprehensive method for quantifying mass mortality events in freshwater wildlife, exemplified by the ecological disaster in the Odra River in 2022. Our approach integrates field observations, statistical analysis, and ecological assessment to measure the impact of such events on various aquatic species. Key steps include systematic counting of deceased organisms, assessing population declines, and evaluating the ecological repercussions of invasive species. Utilizing the R programming language, we developed a framework that is adaptable to similar ecological crises in different aquatic environments. This methodology facilitates a detailed understanding of the scale and implications of mass mortality events, thereby contributing to effective environmental management and conservation efforts. •The analysis and modeling methods of the disaster are presented in the R programming language.•Exclusively open-source software was used for the analysis.•The analysis includes detailed data on the disaster's impact on various species.}, }
@article {pmid38287673, year = {2024}, author = {Narwal, S and Kaur, M and Yadav, DS and Bast, F}, title = {Sustainable blue economy: Opportunities and challenges.}, journal = {Journal of biosciences}, volume = {49}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38287673}, issn = {0973-7138}, abstract = {The term 'blue economy', first introduced in 2010, is the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, jobs, ocean health, and to improve livelihoods. However, a sustainable blue economy faces various challenges in the form of global warming, ocean acidification, and lack of knowledge about the ocean; for example, 95% of the sea is still unexplored, making it more important to understand the blue economy and implement it on a global scale. Other challenges include harmful algal blooms (HABs), invasive species, coral bleaching, and thermohaline circulation. This review discusses various aspects of the blue economy like food, value-added products, offshore energy, oxygen source, mining, fisheries, carbon sequestration, and cloud seeding. The future aspects of blue economy, like sustainability, effective policies, and reducing carbon footprints and microplastics are also explored here.}, }
@article {pmid38287455, year = {2024}, author = {Garrigós, M and Veiga, J and Garrido, M and Marín, C and Recuero, J and Rosales, MJ and Morales-Yuste, M and Martínez-de la Puente, J}, title = {Avian Plasmodium in invasive and native mosquitoes from southern Spain.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {40}, pmid = {38287455}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {PRE2021-098544//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; FJC2021-048057-I//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; MICROVEC-PID2020-118205GB-I00//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; Mar&#xed;a Zambrano program//Ministerio de Universidades/ ; P21_00049//Consejer&#xed;a de Universidad, Investigaci&#xf3;n e Innovaci&#xf3;n, Junta de Andaluc&#xed;a/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The emergence of diseases of public health concern is enhanced by factors associated with global change, such as the introduction of invasive species. The Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus), considered a competent vector of different viruses and parasites, has been successfully introduced into Europe in recent decades. Molecular screening of parasites in mosquitoes (i.e. molecular xenomonitoring) is essential to understand the potential role of different native and invasive mosquito species in the local circulation of vector-borne parasites affecting both humans and wildlife.<br><br>METHODS: The presence of avian Plasmodium parasites was molecularly tested in mosquitoes trapped in five localities with different environmental characteristics in southern Spain from May to November 2022. The species analyzed included the native Culex pipiens and Culiseta longiareolata and the invasive Ae. albopictus.<br><br>RESULTS: Avian Plasmodium DNA was only found in Cx. pipiens with 31 positive out of 165 mosquito pools tested. None of the Ae. albopictus or Cs. longiareolata pools were positive for avian malaria parasites. Overall, eight Plasmodium lineages were identified, including a new lineage described here. No significant differences in parasite prevalence were found between localities or sampling sessions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Unlike the invasive Ae. albopictus, Cx. pipiens plays a key role in the transmission of avian Plasmodium in southern Spain. However, due to the recent establishment of Ae. albopictus in the area, further research on the role of this species in the local transmission of vector-borne pathogens with different reservoirs is required.}, }
@article {pmid38286314, year = {2024}, author = {Cheng, Q and Lyu, B and Hu, J and Zhang, Z and Huang, Y and Wang, Z}, title = {Research on the antipruritic active ingredients of Mikania micrantha.}, journal = {Fitoterapia}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {105837}, doi = {10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105837}, pmid = {38286314}, issn = {1873-6971}, abstract = {Mikania micrantha is a perennial liana of the genus Mikania of the Asteraceae family. It is a commonly used medicine in South America for treating fever, malaria, dysentery, snake bites, etc. Because of its strong adaptability and ability to inhibit the growth of its associated plants, Mikania micrantha is considered an invasive species in China and is known as a plant killer. Preliminary studies have shown that Mikania micrantha has an antipruritic effect, but the antipruritic active substance is not yet clear. In this study, a 4-aminopyridine-induced itching model in mice was used to determine the antipruritic effects of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol extraction site, and Mikania micrantha volatile oil. GC-MS was used to analyze the components of the antipruritic fractions, combined with mice itch-causing models to study the antipruritic effects of β-caryophyllene and humulene. The safety of β-caryophyllene was preliminarily evaluated through the acute toxicity test of mice skin. The ethyl acetate and volatile oil of Mikania micrantha have apparent antipruritic effects. Humulene and β-caryophyllene have a quantitative-effective relationship to inhibit itching in mice. The acute toxicity test of mouse skin showed that β-caryophyllene has no acute toxicity. This study indicated that the main antipruritic active ingredients of Mikania micrantha are β-caryophyllene and humulene.}, }
@article {pmid38285400, year = {2024}, author = {Wang, C and Guo, K}, title = {Application of dsRNA in the Pine Wood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, volume = {2771}, number = {}, pages = {133-139}, pmid = {38285400}, issn = {1940-6029}, abstract = {The pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is one of the most destructive invasive species worldwide, causing the wilting and eventual death of pine trees. Despite recognition of their economic and environmental significance, it has thus far been impossible to study the detailed gene functions of plant parasitic nematodes through conventional forward genetics and transgenic methods. RNA interference (RNAi), as a reverse genetics technology, offers great convenience for studying the functional genes of nematodes, including B. xylophilus. We here outline a protocol for RNAi of the ppm-1 gene in B. xylophilus, which has been reported to play crucial roles in the development and reproduction of other pathogenic nematodes. For RNAi, the T7 promoter was linked to the 5'-terminal of the target fragment by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and then double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was synthesized by in vitro transcription. Subsequently, dsRNA delivery was accomplished by soaking nematodes with the dsRNA solution mixed with synthetic neurostimulants. Synchronized eggs, juveniles, and adults of B. xylophilus (approximately 20,000 individuals of each stage) were washed and soaked in dsRNA (0.8 μg/mL) with the soaking buffer for 24 h in the dark at 25 °C. The same quantity of nematodes was placed in the soaking buffer without dsRNA or with green fluorescent protein dsRNA as a control. After soaking, the expression level of the target transcripts was determined by real-time quantitative PCR. The effects of RNAi were then confirmed by microscopic observation of the phenotypes and comparison of the body size of adults among groups. The current protocol can help to progress research to understand the functions of the genes of B. xylophilus and other parasitic nematodes toward developing control strategies through genetic engineering.}, }
@article {pmid38283609, year = {2024}, author = {Cheek, RG and McLaughlin, JF and Gamboa, MP and Marshall, CA and Johnson, BM and Silver, DB and Mauro, AA and Ghalambor, CK}, title = {A lack of genetic diversity and minimal adaptive evolutionary divergence in introduced Mysis shrimp after 50 years.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {e13637}, doi = {10.1111/eva.13637}, pmid = {38283609}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The successes of introduced populations in novel habitats often provide powerful examples of evolution and adaptation. In the 1950s, opossum shrimp (Mysis diluviana) individuals from Clearwater Lake in Minnesota, USA were transported and introduced to Twin Lakes in Colorado, USA by fisheries managers to supplement food sources for trout. Mysis were subsequently introduced from Twin Lakes into numerous lakes throughout Colorado. Because managers kept detailed records of the timing of the introductions, we had the opportunity to test for evolutionary divergence within a known time interval. Here, we used reduced representation genomic data to investigate patterns of genetic diversity, test for genetic divergence between populations, and for evidence of adaptive evolution within the introduced populations in Colorado. We found very low levels of genetic diversity across all populations, with evidence for some genetic divergence between the Minnesota source population and the introduced populations in Colorado. There was little differentiation among the Colorado populations, consistent with the known provenance of a single founding population, with the exception of the population from Gross Reservoir, Colorado. Demographic modeling suggests that at least one undocumented introduction from an unknown source population hybridized with the population in Gross Reservoir. Despite the overall low genetic diversity we observed, F ST outlier and environmental association analyses identified multiple loci exhibiting signatures of selection and adaptive variation related to elevation and lake depth. The success of introduced species is thought to be limited by genetic variation, but our results imply that populations with limited genetic variation can become established in a wide range of novel environments. From an applied perspective, the observed patterns of divergence between populations suggest that genetic analysis can be a useful forensic tool to determine likely sources of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid38283607, year = {2024}, author = {Cang, FA and Welles, SR and Wong, J and Ziaee, M and Dlugosch, KM}, title = {Genome size variation and evolution during invasive range expansion in an introduced plant.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {e13624}, doi = {10.1111/eva.13624}, pmid = {38283607}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Plants demonstrate exceptional variation in genome size across species, and their genome sizes can also vary dramatically across individuals and populations within species. This aspect of genetic variation can have consequences for traits and fitness, but few studies attributed genome size differentiation to ecological and evolutionary processes. Biological invasions present particularly useful natural laboratories to infer selective agents that might drive genome size shifts across environments and population histories. Here, we test hypotheses for the evolutionary causes of genome size variation across 14 invading populations of yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis, in California, United States. We use a survey of genome sizes and trait variation to ask: (1) Is variation in genome size associated with developmental trait variation? (2) Are genome sizes smaller toward the leading edge of the expansion, consistent with selection for "colonizer" traits? Or alternatively, does genome size increase toward the leading edge of the expansion, consistent with predicted consequences of founder effects and drift? (3) Finally, are genome sizes smaller at higher elevations, consistent with selection for shorter development times? We found that 2C DNA content varied 1.21-fold among all samples, and was associated with flowering time variation, such that plants with larger genomes reproduced later, with lower lifetime capitula production. Genome sizes increased toward the leading edge of the invasion, but tended to decrease at higher elevations, consistent with genetic drift during range expansion but potentially strong selection for smaller genomes and faster development time at higher elevations. These results demonstrate how genome size variation can contribute to traits directly tied to reproductive success, and how selection and drift can shape that variation. We highlight the influence of genome size on dynamics underlying a rapid range expansion in a highly problematic invasive plant.}, }
@article {pmid38283606, year = {2024}, author = {Putra, AR and Hodgins, KA and Fournier-Level, A}, title = {Assessing the invasive potential of different source populations of ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) through genomically informed species distribution modelling.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {e13632}, doi = {10.1111/eva.13632}, pmid = {38283606}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The genetic composition of founding populations is likely to play a key role in determining invasion success. Individual genotypes may differ in habitat preference and environmental tolerance, so their ability to colonize novel environments can be highly variable. Despite the importance of genetic variation on invasion success, its influence on the potential distribution of invaders is rarely investigated. Here, we integrate population genomics and ecological niche models (ENMs) into a single framework to predict the distribution of globally invasive common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) in Australia. We identified three genetic clusters for ragweed and used these to construct cluster-specific ENMs and characterize within-species niche differentiation. The potential range of ragweed in Australia depended on the genetic composition and continent of origin of the introduced population. Invaders originating from warmer, wetter climates had a broader potential distribution than those from cooler, drier ones. By quantifying this change, we identified source populations most likely to expand the ragweed distribution. As prevention remains the most effective method of invasive species management, our work provides a valuable way of ranking the threat posed by different populations to better inform management decisions.}, }
@article {pmid38280594, year = {2024}, author = {Heringer, G and Fernandez, RD and Bang, A and Cordonnier, M and Novoa, A and Lenzner, B and Capinha, C and Renault, D and Roiz, D and Moodley, D and Tricarico, E and Holenstein, K and Kourantidou, M and Kirichenko, NI and Adelino, JRP and Dimarco, RD and Bodey, TW and Watari, Y and Courchamp, F}, title = {Economic costs of invasive non-native species in urban areas: An underexplored financial drain.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {170336}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170336}, pmid = {38280594}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Urbanization is an important driver of global change associated with a set of environmental modifications that affect the introduction and distribution of invasive non-native species (species with populations transported by humans beyond their natural biogeographic range that established and are spreading in their introduced range; hereafter, invasive species). These species are recognized as a cause of large ecological and economic losses. Nevertheless, the economic impacts of these species in urban areas are still poorly understood. Here we present a synthesis of the reported economic costs of invasive species in urban areas using the global InvaCost database, and demonstrate that costs are likely underestimated. Sixty-one invasive species have been reported to cause a cumulative cost of US$ 326.7 billion in urban areas between 1965 and 2021 globally (average annual cost of US$ 5.7 billion). Class Insecta was responsible for >99 % of reported costs (US$ 324.4 billion), followed by Aves (US$ 1.4 billion), and Magnoliopsida (US$ 494 million). The reported costs were highly uneven with the sum of the five costliest species representing 80 %. Most reported costs were a result of damage (77.3 %), principally impacting public and social welfare (77.9 %) and authorities-stakeholders (20.7 %), and were almost entirely recorded in terrestrial environments (99.9 %). We found costs reported to 24 countries, yet there were 73 countries with records of species that cause urban costs elsewhere but with no urban costs reported themselves. Although covering a relatively small area of the earth surface, urban areas represent about 15 % of the total reported costs attributed to invasive species. These results highlight the conservative nature of the estimates and impacts, revealing important biases present in the evaluation and publication of reported data on costs. Thus, we emphasize the urgent need for more focused assessments of invasive species' economic impacts in urban areas.}, }
@article {pmid38278818, year = {2024}, author = {Piccinno, R and Tatti, A and Avosani, S and Galla, G and Lazazzara, V and Pedrazzoli, F and Zadra, N and Rodeghiero, M and Seljak, G and Özgen, &#x130; and Hauffe, HC and Verrastro, V and Stacconi, MVR and Mazzoni, V and Rota-Stabelli, O}, title = {A multidisciplinary approach to tackling invasive species: barcoding, morphology, and metataxonomy of the leafhopper Arboridia adanae.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {2229}, pmid = {38278818}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The leafhopper genus Arboridia includes several species that feed on Vitis vinifera and cause leaf chlorosis. We report the first alien Arboridia infestation in Italy in 2021 in an Apulian vineyard. To confirm the taxonomic status of the species responsible for crop damage, and reconstruct its demographic history, we barcoded individuals from Apulia together with Arboridia spp. from Crete (Greece), A. adanae from Central Turkey and other specimens of the presumed sister species, A. dalmatina from Dalmatia (Croatia). Molecular phylogenies and barcoding gap analysis identified clades not associated with sampling locations. This result is incongruent with classical specimen assignment and is further supported by morphological analyses, which did not reveal significant differences among the populations. Therefore, we propose A. dalmatina as a junior synonym of A. adanae, which would become the only grapevine-related Arboridia species in the eastern Mediterranean. To further characterise A. adanae evolution, we performed a molecular clock analysis that suggested a radiation during the Pleistocene glaciations. Finally, to assess whether the Apulian individuals carried microorganisms of agricultural relevance, we sequenced their bacterial microbiota using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing identifying three phytopathogens not generally associated with Arboridia activities as well as Wolbachia in one Apulian haplogroup. We discuss the agricultural implications of this infestation.}, }
@article {pmid38278225, year = {2024}, author = {Encerrado-Manriquez, AM and Pouv, AK and Fine, JD and Nicklisch, SCT}, title = {Enhancing knowledge of chemical exposures and fate in honey bee hives: Insights from colony structure and interactions.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {170193}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170193}, pmid = {38278225}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Honey bees are unintentionally exposed to a wide range of chemicals through various routes in their natural environment, yet research on the cumulative effects of multi-chemical and sublethal exposures on important caste members, including the queen bee and brood, is still in its infancy. The hive's social structure and food-sharing (trophallaxis) practices are important aspects to consider when identifying primary and secondary exposure pathways for residential hive members and possible chemical reservoirs within the colony. Secondary exposures may also occur through chemical transfer (maternal offloading) to the brood and by contact through possible chemical diffusion from wax cells to all hive members. The lack of research on peer-to-peer exposures to contaminants and their metabolites may be in part due to the limitations in sensitive analytical techniques for monitoring chemical fate and dispersion. Combined application of automated honey bee monitoring and modern chemical trace analysis techniques could offer rapid progress in quantifying chemical transfer and accumulation within the hive environment and developing effective mitigation strategies for toxic chemical co-exposures. To enhance the understanding of chemical fate and toxicity within the entire colony, it is crucial to consider both the intricate interactions among hive members and the potential synergistic effects arising from combinations of chemical and their metabolites.}, }
@article {pmid38277375, year = {2024}, author = {Dumidae, A and Subkrasae, C and Ardpairin, J and Pansri, S and Polseela, R and Thanwisai, A and Vitta, A}, title = {Population genetic structure of Indoplanorbis exustus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Thailand and its infection with trematode cercariae.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {e0297761}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0297761}, pmid = {38277375}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Indoplanorbis exustus is a freshwater gastropod belonging to the family Planorbidae. This snail is widely distributed across the tropics and plays an important role as the intermediate host for trematodes. However, relatively little is understood regarding the genetic relationship between I. exustus and trematodes. The goals of this study were to investigate the current transmission status of trematode cercariae in I. exustus in Thailand and to examine the genetic diversity, genetic structure, and demographic history of I. exustus. We collected 575 I. exustus from 21 provinces across six regions of Thailand and investigated cercarial infections by using the shedding method. I. exustus from two provinces were infected with cercarial trematodes, and two types of cercarial stages were molecularly identified as furcocercous cercaria and xiphidiocercariae. Phylogenetic tree analysis based on 28S rDNA and ITS2 sequences demonstrated that furcocercous cercaria and xiphidiocercariae were closely clustered with a clade of Euclinostomum sp. and Xiphidiocercariae sp., respectively. Phylogenetic and network analyses of I. exustus haplotypes based on the COI, 16S rDNA, and ITS1 genes demonstrated four main clades. Only snails in clade A were distributed in all regions of Thailand and harbored trematode cercariae. The level of genetic diversity of I. exustus was relatively high, but most populations were not genetically different, thus suggesting the appearance of gene flow within the I. exustus populations. Overall, the haplotype network was star-shaped, thus suggesting the recent demographic expansion of populations. This result was also supported by the unimodal mode of the mismatch distribution graph and the large negative values of the neutrality tests. Therefore, the I. exustus snail was likely another freshwater snail of the invasive species in Thailand. This information will aid in monitoring the spread of the parasitic trematodes carried by I. exustus from different populations.}, }
@article {pmid38276828, year = {2024}, author = {Kim, S and Jung, JK and Park, I and Lee, BW and Kim, YH}, title = {Integrated Identification and Genetic Diversity of Potentially Invasive Clearwing Moths (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Sesiidae) in Korea.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects15010079}, pmid = {38276828}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {none//research funds for newly appointed professors of Jeonbuk National University in 2021/ ; MAFRA no. 32100103//Korean Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry/ ; NIBR202304203//National Institute of Biological Resources/ ; 2019151D10-2323-0301//Korea Forest Service/ ; }, abstract = {The populations of clearwing moth borers in Korea have recently caused extensive and severe damage to pin oaks (Quercus palustris Munchh.). We conducted field monitoring and molecular analyses to identify them in an integrated manner. Morphological examination and molecular analyses of the COI gene, based on intra- and interspecific genetic divergences (GDs), revealed that the borers were identified as two invasive species, Sphecodoptera sheni and Paranthrenella pinoakula sp. nov. The maximum intraspecific GD was found to be 1.9%, whereas the minimum interspecific GD was confirmed as 8.1%, indicating a distinct barcoding gap. Both the MJ network and NJ tree also showed that 18 haplotypes (Hs) were detected from the 52 COI sequences. The borers revealed a total of 17 Hs: (i) H1-H7 were detected in all seven regions with S. sheni; (ii) Wonju and Goyang populations of S. sheni revealed more than three Hs; (iii) H7 was closely connected with H8 of the Chinese population of S. sheni; (iv) H9-H10 were detected in other samples from the Wonju population with P. pinoakula sp. n. and were closely located with congeneric species. A maximum likelihood tree also revealed that P. pinoacula sp. n. nested within the congeneric species, genetically separating from S. sheni.}, }
@article {pmid38275740, year = {2024}, author = {Paganelli, D and Bellati, A and Gazzola, A and Bracco, F and Pellitteri-Rosa, D}, title = {Impacts, Potential Benefits and Eradication Feasibility of Aquatic Alien Species in an Integral Natural State Reserve.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology13010064}, pmid = {38275740}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {Riverine wetlands are stepping-stone environments for the protection of local biodiversity, but they are particularly vulnerable to biological invasions. In order to take action against biological invasions, it is crucial to assess the impacts of alien species. However, it is also important to assess the potential benefits on ecosystem services that alien species could have. Once it has been verified that negative impacts are higher than potential benefits, it is important to propose feasible actions to contrast them. In this study, we assessed eight freshwater alien species recorded in an integral protected wetland using the Invasive Species Effects Assessment Tool (INSEAT) to quantify their negative impacts and potential benefits on ecosystem services. Moreover, for each species, we evaluated the feasibility of the main eradication techniques currently proposed in the literature using the Non-Native Risk Management scheme (NNRM), with the final aim of suggesting effective actions for their management. The INSEAT results indicated that all the assessed species had more impacts than benefits while NNRM provided useful indications on the best practical conservation actions to use for reducing the density, and therefore, the negative impacts on ecosystem services and the local biodiversity of the assessed alien species.}, }
@article {pmid38273574, year = {2024}, author = {Valliere, JM and Irvine, IC and Allen, EB}, title = {Nitrogen deposition suppresses ephemeral post-fire plant diversity.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {e17117}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.17117}, pmid = {38273574}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {P11AC91032//National Park Service Air Resources Division/ ; }, abstract = {Fire is a dominant force shaping patterns of plant diversity in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. In these biodiversity hotspots, including California's endangered coastal scrub, many species remain hidden belowground as seeds and bulbs, only to emerge and flower when sufficient rainfall occurs after wildfire. The unique adaptations possessed by these species enable survival during prolonged periods of unfavorable conditions, but their continued persistence could be threatened by nonnative plant invasion and environmental change. Furthermore, their fleeting presence aboveground makes evaluating these threats in situ a challenge. For example, nitrogen (N) deposition resulting from air pollution is a well-recognized threat to plant diversity worldwide but impacts on fire-following species are not well understood. We experimentally evaluated the impact of N deposition on post-fire vegetation cover and richness for three years in stands of coastal sage scrub that had recently burned in a large wildfire in southern California. We installed plots receiving four levels of N addition that corresponded to the range of N deposition rates in the region. We assessed the impact of pre-fire invasion status on vegetation dynamics by including plots in areas that had previously been invaded by nonnative grasses, as well as adjacent uninvaded areas. We found that N addition reduced native forb cover in the second year post-fire while increasing the abundance of nonnative forbs. As is typical in fire-prone ecosystems, species richness declined over the three years of the study. However, N addition hastened this process, and native forb richness was severely reduced under high N availability, especially in previously invaded shrublands. An indicator species analysis also revealed that six functionally and taxonomically diverse forb species were especially sensitive to N addition. Our results highlight a new potential mechanism for the depletion of native species through the suppression of ephemeral post-fire bloom events.}, }
@article {pmid38273552, year = {2024}, author = {Lindken, T and Anderson, CV and Ariano-Sánchez, D and Barki, G and Biggs, C and Bowles, P and Chaitanya, R and Cronin, DT and Jähnig, SC and Jeschke, JM and Kennerley, RJ and Lacher, TE and Luedtke, JA and Liu, C and Long, B and Mallon, D and Martin, GM and Meiri, S and Pasachnik, SA and Reynoso, VH and Stanford, CB and Stephenson, PJ and Tolley, KA and Torres-Carvajal, O and Waldien, DL and Woinarski, JCZ and Evans, T}, title = {What factors influence the rediscovery of lost tetrapod species?.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.17107}, pmid = {38273552}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {406/19//Israel Science Foundation/ ; //Leibniz-Institut f&#xfc;r Gew&#xe4;sser&#xf6;kologie und Binnenfischerei/ ; //Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung/ ; //Pontificia Universidad Cat&#xf3;lica del Ecuador/ ; }, abstract = {We created a database of lost and rediscovered tetrapod species, identified patterns in their distribution and factors influencing rediscovery. Tetrapod species are being lost at a faster rate than they are being rediscovered, due to slowing rates of rediscovery for amphibians, birds and mammals, and rapid rates of loss for reptiles. Finding lost species and preventing future losses should therefore be a conservation priority. By comparing the taxonomic and spatial distribution of lost and rediscovered tetrapod species, we have identified regions and taxa with many lost species in comparison to those that have been rediscovered-our results may help to prioritise search effort to find them. By identifying factors that influence rediscovery, we have improved our ability to broadly distinguish the types of species that are likely to be found from those that are not (because they are likely to be extinct). Some lost species, particularly those that are small and perceived to be uncharismatic, may have been neglected in terms of conservation effort, and other lost species may be hard to find due to their intrinsic characteristics and the characteristics of the environments they occupy (e.g. nocturnal species, fossorial species and species occupying habitats that are more difficult to survey such as wetlands). These lost species may genuinely await rediscovery. However, other lost species that possess characteristics associated with rediscovery (e.g. large species) and that are also associated with factors that negatively influence rediscovery (e.g. those occupying small islands) are more likely to be extinct. Our results may foster pragmatic search protocols that prioritise lost species likely to still exist.}, }
@article {pmid38273539, year = {2024}, author = {Guareschi, S and Cancellario, T and Oficialdegui, FJ and Clavero, M}, title = {Insights from the past: Invasion trajectory and niche trends of a global freshwater invader.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {e17059}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.17059}, pmid = {38273539}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//European Regional Development Fund/ ; PID2020-120026RB-I00//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; PRTR-C17.I1//European Union-NextGenerationEU/ ; }, abstract = {Freshwater ecosystems are invaded by a non-random selection of taxa, among which crayfish stand out with successful examples worldwide. Species distribution models (SDMs) have been used to detect suitable areas for invasive species and predict their potential distributions. However, these prediction exercises assume the stability of realized environmental niches, which is uncertain during invasion. Worldwide evaluations involving cosmopolitan invaders may be particularly useful but have seldom been considered. Focusing on the successful invasion history of the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, we assessed its geographic expansion and niche trends over time. Based on global occurrences from 1854 to 2022, multiple sequential SDMs have been implemented based on a set of bioclimatic variables. The environmental suitability for each period was projected through to the next period(s) using an ensemble procedure of commonly used SDM algorithms. As the records of the species are known, it was possible to check whether the modelling projections were concordant with the observed expansion of red swamp crayfish at a global scale. This also permitted analysis of its realized niche, and its dynamics, during different expansion phases. SDM maps based on past species records showed concordance with the known crayfish distributions and yielded similar spatial patterns with outputs overperforming random combinations of cells in term of suitability. The results also reflect the stability of the species niche, which despite some expansions during the invasion process, changed little in terms of main position in functional space over time. SDMs developed in the early stages of invasion provide useful insights but also tend to underpredict the potential range compared to models that were built for later stages. Our approach can be easily transferable to other well-documented taxa and represents valuable evidence for validating the use of SDMs, considering a highly dynamic world where biogeographical barriers are often bypassed.}, }
@article {pmid38273516, year = {2024}, author = {Knutie, SA and Webster, CN and Vaziri, GJ and Albert, L and Harvey, JA and LaRue, M and Verrett, TB and Soldo, A and Koop, JAH and Chaves, JA and Wegrzyn, JL}, title = {Urban living can rescue Darwin's finches from the lethal effects of invasive vampire flies.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {e17145}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.17145}, pmid = {38273516}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {DBI-1943371//National Science Foundation/ ; DEB-1949858//National Science Foundation/ ; IOS-2143899//National Science Foundation/ ; //University of Connecticut/ ; NGS-60873R-19//National Geographic Society/ ; //Explorers Club Mamont Scholar Grant/ ; //Animal Behavior Society Student Research Grant/ ; }, abstract = {Human activity changes multiple factors in the environment, which can have positive or negative synergistic effects on organisms. However, few studies have explored the causal effects of multiple anthropogenic factors, such as urbanization and invasive species, on animals and the mechanisms that mediate these interactions. This study examines the influence of urbanization on the detrimental effect of invasive avian vampire flies (Philornis downsi) on endemic Darwin's finches in the Galápagos Islands. We experimentally manipulated nest fly abundance in urban and non-urban locations and then characterized nestling health, fledging success, diet, and gene expression patterns related to host defense. Fledging success of non-parasitized nestlings from urban (79%) and non-urban (75%) nests did not differ significantly. However, parasitized, non-urban nestlings lost more blood, and fewer nestlings survived (8%) compared to urban nestlings (50%). Stable isotopic values (δ[15] N) from urban nestling feces were higher than those from non-urban nestlings, suggesting that urban nestlings are consuming more protein. δ[15] N values correlated negatively with parasite abundance, which suggests that diet might influence host defenses (e.g., tolerance and resistance). Parasitized, urban nestlings differentially expressed genes within pathways associated with red blood cell production (tolerance) and pro-inflammatory response (innate immunological resistance), compared to parasitized, non-urban nestlings. In contrast, parasitized non-urban nestlings differentially expressed genes within pathways associated with immunoglobulin production (adaptive immunological resistance). Our results suggest that urban nestlings are investing more in pro-inflammatory responses to resist parasites but also recovering more blood cells to tolerate blood loss. Although non-urban nestlings are mounting an adaptive immune response, it is likely a last effort by the immune system rather than an effective defense against avian vampire flies since few nestlings survived.}, }
@article {pmid38273500, year = {2024}, author = {Du, Y and Wang, X and Ashraf, S and Tu, W and Xi, Y and Cui, R and Chen, S and Yu, J and Han, L and Gu, S and Qu, Y and Liu, X}, title = {Climate match is key to predict range expansion of the world's worst invasive terrestrial vertebrates.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {e17137}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.17137}, pmid = {38273500}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {31870507//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32171657//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32270549//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; Y201920//Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; 2022xjkk0800//The Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program/ ; 2021xjkk0600//The Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program/ ; NFS2101//High Quality Economic and Social Development in Southern Xinjiang/ ; }, abstract = {Understanding the determinants of the range expansion of invasive alien species is crucial for developing effective prevention and control strategies. Nevertheless, we still lack a global picture of the potential factors influencing the invaded range expansion across taxonomic groups, especially for the world's worst invaders with high ecological and economic impacts. Here, by extensively collecting data on 363 distributional ranges of 19 of world's worst invasive terrestrial vertebrates across 135 invaded administrative jurisdictions, we observed remarkable variations in the range expansion across species and taxonomic groups. After controlling for taxonomic and geographic pseudoreplicates, model averaging analyses based on generalized additive mixed-effect models showed that species in invaded regions having climates more similar to those of their native ranges tended to undergo a larger range expansion. In addition, as proxies of propagule pressure and human-assisted transportation, the number of introduction events and the road network density were also important predictors facilitating the range expansion. Further variance partitioning analyses validated the predominant role of climate match in explaining the range expansion. Our study demonstrated that regions with similar climates to their native ranges could still be prioritized to prevent the spread of invasive species under the sustained global change.}, }
@article {pmid38272490, year = {2024}, author = {Yi, J and Wan, J and Tielbörger, K and Tao, Z and Siemann, E and Huang, W}, title = {Specialist reassociation and residence time modulate the evolution of defense in invasive plants: A meta-analysis.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e4253}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.4253}, pmid = {38272490}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {//2019 Sino-German (CSC-DAAD) Postdoc Scholarship Program/ ; 31822007//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32001239//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32071660//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32371754//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants typically escape specialist herbivores but are often attacked by generalist herbivores in their introduced ranges. The shifting defense hypothesis suggests that this will cause invasive plants to evolve lower resistance against specialists, higher resistance against generalists, and greater tolerance to herbivore damage. However, the duration and direction of selective pressures can shape the evolutionary responses of resistance and tolerance for invasive plants. Two critical factors are (1) residence time (length of time that an invasive species has been in its introduced range) and (2) specialist herbivore reassociation (attack by purposely or accidentally introduced specialists). Yet, these two factors have not been considered simultaneously in previous quantitative syntheses. Here, we performed a meta-analysis with 367 effect sizes from 70 studies of 35 invasive plant species from native and invasive populations. We tested how the residence time of invasive plant species and specialist reassociation in their introduced ranges affected evolutionary responses of defenses against specialists and generalists, including herbivore resistance traits (physical barriers, digestibility reducers and toxins), resistance effects (performance of and damage caused by specialists or generalists) and tolerance to damage (from specialists or generalists). We found that residence time and specialist reassociation each significantly altered digestibility reducers, specialist performance, generalist damage, and tolerance to specialist damage. Furthermore, residence time and specialist reassociation strongly altered toxins and generalist performance, respectively. When we restricted consideration to invasive plant species with both longer residence times and no reassociation with specialists, invasive populations had lower resistance to specialists, similar resistance to generalists, and higher tolerance to damage from both herbivore types, compared with native populations. We conclude that the duration and direction of selective pressure shape the evolutionary responses of invasive plants. Under long-term (long residence time) and stable (no specialist reassociation) selective pressure, invasive plants generally decrease resistance to specialists and increase tolerance to generalist damage that provides mixed support for the shifting defense hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid38270987, year = {2024}, author = {Hoddle, MS and Antony, B and El-Shafie, HAF and Chamorro, ML and Milosavljević, I and Löhr, B and Faleiro, JR}, title = {Taxonomy, Biology, Symbionts, Omics, and Management of Rhynchophorus Palm Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae).}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {69}, number = {}, pages = {455-479}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-013023-121139}, pmid = {38270987}, issn = {1545-4487}, abstract = {Palm weevils, Rhynchophorus spp., are destructive pests of native, ornamental, and agricultural palm species. Of the 10 recognized species, two of the most injurious species, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and Rhynchophorus palmarum, both of which have spread beyond their native range, are the best studied. Due to its greater global spread and damage to edible date industries in the Middle East, R. ferrugineus has received more research interest. Integrated pest management programs utilize traps baited with aggregation pheromone, removal of infested palms, and insecticides. However, weevil control is costly, development of resistance to insecticides is problematic, and program efficacy can be impaired because early detection of infestations is difficult. The genome of R. ferrugineus has been sequenced, and omics research is providing insight into pheromone communication and changes in volatile and metabolism profiles of weevil-infested palms. We outline how such developments could lead to new control strategies and early detection tools.}, }
@article {pmid37708417, year = {2024}, author = {Sun, J and Koski, TM and Wickham, JD and Baranchikov, YN and Bushley, KE}, title = {Emerald Ash Borer Management and Research: Decades of Damage and Still Expanding.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {69}, number = {}, pages = {239-258}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-012323-032231}, pmid = {37708417}, issn = {1545-4487}, abstract = {Since the discovery of the ash tree (Fraxinus spp.) killer emerald ash borer (EAB; Agrilus planipennis) in the United States in 2002 and Moscow, Russia in 2003, substantial detection and management efforts have been applied to contain and monitor its spread and mitigate impacts. Despite these efforts, the pest continues to spread within North America. It has spread to European Russia and Ukraine and is causing sporadic outbreaks in its native range in China. The dynamics of EAB's range expansion events appear to be linked to the lack of resistant ash trees in invaded ranges, facilitated by the abundance of native or planted North American susceptible ash species. We review recently gained knowledge of the range expansion of EAB; its ecological, economic, and social impacts; and past management efforts with their successes and limitations. We also highlight advances in biological control, mechanisms of ash resistance, and new detection and management approaches under development, with the aim of guiding more effective management.}, }
@article {pmid37562050, year = {2024}, author = {Rust, MK and Lee, CY and Bennett, GW and Robinson, WH}, title = {The Emergence and Sustainability of Urban Entomology.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {69}, number = {}, pages = {59-79}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-012423-110612}, pmid = {37562050}, issn = {1545-4487}, abstract = {Urban entomology is the study of arthropod and other pests of the urban environment. It has gained worldwide recognition as a distinct discipline. Its origin is associated with Walter Ebeling's publication Urban Entomology in 1975. Urbanization, invasive pests, increased demand for pest management services, and changes in legislation collided in the 1970s to create a need for research and extension activities worldwide. This resulted in urban entomology as a discipline and, within two decades, its national and international recognition. In this review, we present the factors that led to the development of urban entomology and how they have shaped its current meaning. As urbanization intensifies and the global economy increases, the demands for urban pest management will continue to grow. We discuss how these future challenges may shape and alter the discipline.}, }
@article {pmid38269301, year = {2022}, author = {Pagenkopp Lohan, KM and Darling, JA and Ruiz, GM}, title = {International shipping as a potent vector for spreading marine parasites.}, journal = {Diversity &amp; distributions}, volume = {28}, number = {9}, pages = {1922-1933}, pmid = {38269301}, issn = {1366-9516}, abstract = {AIM: The global shipping fleet, the primary means of transporting goods among countries, also serves as a major dispersal mechanism for marine invasive species. To date, researchers have primarily focussed on the role of ships in transferring marine macrofauna, often overlooking transfers of associated parasites, which can have larger impacts on naïve host individuals and populations. Here, we re-examine three previously published metabarcode datasets targeting zooplankton and protists in ships' ballast water to assess the diversity of parasites across life stages arriving to three major US ports.<br><br>LOCATION: Port of Hampton Roads in the Chesapeake Bay, Virginia; Ports of Texas City, Houston and Bayport in Galveston Bay, Texas; and Port of Valdez in Prince William Sound, Alaska.<br><br>METHODS: We selected all known parasitic taxa, using sequences generated from the small subunit gene (SSU) from ribosomal RNA (rRNA) amplified from (1) zooplankton collected from plankton tows (35 and 80 &#x3bc;m datasets) and (2) eukaryotes collected from samples of ships' ballast water (3 &#x3bc;m dataset).<br><br>RESULTS: In all three datasets, we found a broad range of parasitic taxa, including many protistan and metazoan parasites, that infect a wide range of hosts, from teleost fish to dinoflagellates. Parasite richness was highest in the 3 &#x3bc;m dataset and relatively uniform across arrival regions. Several parasite taxa were found in high relative abundance (based on number of sequences recovered) either in ships entering a single or across multiple regions.<br><br>MAIN CONCLUSIONS: The ubiquity, diversity and relative abundance of parasites detected demonstrate ships are a potent vector for spreading marine parasites across the world's oceans, potentially contributing to reported increases in outbreaks of marine diseases. Future research is urgently needed to evaluate the fate of parasites upon arrival and the efficacy of ballast water treatment systems to reduce future transfers and colonization.}, }
@article {pmid38269398, year = {2020}, author = {Tepolt, CK and Blakeslee, AMH and Fowler, AE and Darling, JA and Torchin, ME and Miller, AW and Ruiz, GM}, title = {Strong genetic structure in a widespread estuarine crab: A test of potential versus realized dispersal.}, journal = {Journal of biogeography}, volume = {47}, number = {11}, pages = {2532-2542}, pmid = {38269398}, issn = {0305-0270}, abstract = {AIM: Genetic structure has proven difficult to predict for marine and estuarine species with multi-day pelagic larval durations, since many disperse far less than expected based on passive transport models. In such cases, the gap between potential and realized dispersal may result from larval behaviours that evolved to facilitate retention and settlement in favourable environments. Behaviour is predicted to play a particularly key role in structuring truly estuarine species, which often moderate their behaviour to remain within their natal estuaries. In such systems, this restricted dispersal may lead to high divergence, local adaptation and eventual speciation across their range. Here, we test whether a geographically widespread estuarine crab, known to have behaviour promoting larval retention, exhibits high population structure despite a 2- to 4-week larval duration.<br><br>LOCATION: Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of North America.<br><br>TAXON: White-fingered mud crab, Rhithropanopeus harrisii.<br><br>METHODS: Population genomic analyses across nine estuaries from New Hampshire to Louisiana using 12,638 transcriptome-derived SNPs.<br><br>RESULTS: We found highly differentiated genetic signatures among all nine estuaries, separated by 200-5,000 km of coastline. Estimates of gene flow suggest that migration is low and largely symmetrical between sites. We also observed deep phylogenetic divides corresponding to major biogeographical breaks.<br><br>MAIN CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate substantial and longstanding constraints to dispersal in the species' native range, likely arising from the emergence of geological and oceanographic barriers and sustained by behaviour that promotes estuarine retention during larval development. This work supports the idea that larval behaviour promoting estuarine retention can be reflected in substantial genetic structure even in species with multi-week pelagic larval durations. Such behaviour-restricted dispersal has implications for predicting adaptation and spread in estuarine species, many of which have been introduced outside their native ranges.}, }
@article {pmid38267495, year = {2024}, author = {Garrido, M and Veiga, J and Garrigós, M and Morales-Yuste, M and Recuero-Gil, J and Martínez-de la Puente, J}, title = {Aedes albopictus in a recently invaded area in Spain: effects of trap type, locality, and season on mosquito captures.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {2131}, pmid = {38267495}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {Mar&#xed;a Zambrano Grant//Ministerio de Universidades/ ; Margarita Salas//Ministerio de Universidades/ ; PID2022-137746NA-I00//MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ ; PID2020-118205GB-I00//MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ ; P9 program for the Incorporation of Young Doctors//Vicerrectorado de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Transferencia, Universidad de Granada/ ; Juan de la Cierva (FJC2021-048057-I)//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; FPI grant (PRE2021-098544)//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; }, abstract = {Mosquitoes are primary vectors of pathogens impacting humans, wildlife, and livestock. Among them, the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, stands out as an invasive species with a global distribution, having established populations on every continent except Antarctica. Recent findings incriminate Ae. albopictus in the local transmission of several pathogens causing human diseases, including dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses and worm parasites as Dirofilaria. In Spain, the establishment of Ae. albopictus occurred in 2004 and it rapidly expanded, currently reaching southern provinces and creating novel epidemiological scenarios in recently invaded areas. In this study, we conducted captures of Ae. albopictus from May to November 2022 in two provinces, Granada and Malaga, situated near the current edge of the species' expanding range in Spain. The objective was to identify the primary factors influencing their captures in these regions. Mosquitoes were captured using BG-Sentinel traps baited with CO2 and BG-Lure, and miniature CDC-UV traps in five different localities. Our findings underscore the influence of both extrinsic factors, such as locality, and intrinsic factors, including mosquito sex, on the abundance of captured Ae. albopictus. A higher abundance of Ae. albopictus was observed in the Malaga province compared to localities in the Granada province. Furthermore, similar numbers of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were captured in more urbanized areas of Granada, while the lowest counts were recorded in the less urbanized area. These results were compared to captures of another common species in the area, specifically Culex pipiens. Overall, these results represent the first monitoring of invasive Ae. albopictus in the area and are discussed in the light of the potential importance of the species as a nuisance for humans and vectors of pathogens of public health relevance.}, }
@article {pmid38267479, year = {2024}, author = {Marchioro, M and Vallotto, D and Ruzzier, E and Besana, L and Rossini, M and Ortis, G and Faccoli, M and Martinez-Sañudo, I}, title = {The first host plant dataset of Curculionidae Scolytinae of the world: miscellaneous Tribes.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {120}, pmid = {38267479}, issn = {2052-4463}, abstract = {Tribes Coriacephilini, Corthylini, Cryphalini, Ernoporini, Trypophloeini, Xyloctonini, and Xyloterini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Scolytinae) include spermophagous, phloeophagous, and xylomycetophagous species. Besides direct damage caused by burrowing into host plant tissues, some species are vectors of aggressive pathogens causing plant dieback and death, with consequent economic and ecological relevance. The international trade in plants and wood products is one of the main pathways for the introduction of non-native species worldwide. In this context, data availability on host plants and their economic uses is essential in pest risk assessment and for planning effective detection and monitoring strategies against invasive species. This paper provides a complete and updated list of host plants, with economic categorization, for 2139 scolytine species.}, }
@article {pmid38266734, year = {2024}, author = {Reza, VA and Stefania, Z and Elisa, R and Flavia, O and Rachele, V and Francesco, B and Ezio, F}, title = {Development of a qPCR Duplex Assay for simultaneous detection of Fascioloides magna and Galba truncatula in eDNA samples: Monitoring beyond boundaries.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {170338}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170338}, pmid = {38266734}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Parasites constitute a significant economic burden and highly impact environmental, public, and animal health. The emergence of many parasitic diseases is environmentally mediated and they share the same biogeography with humans and both domestic and wild animals. American liver fluke, Fascioloides magna - a trematode parasite of domestic and wild ungulates - is an example of the anthropogenic introduction of an "invasive alien species" in Italy and Europe. Multiple introductions to Europe have led to the biogeographical expansion of the parasite across the Danube region mainly provided by the presence of suitable habitats for all hosts involved in the parasite's life cycle, human-assisted transport, and drastic environmental events such as flooding. In Italy, it was introduced and established in La Mandria Regional Park (LMRP) near Turin in 1865 along with imported wapitis (Cervus elaphus canadensis) from North America (Bassi, 1875), but with no reported expansion to the surrounding areas. LMRP isolated F. magna focus, poses an important threat of possible expansion since the enclosed area is vulnerable to occasional incursions of roe deer. Additionally, tributary rivers to the Po river system, traversing the enclosed area, could further bolster the possibility of such spread. In this study, we developed a duplex qPCR assay for F. magna and its principal intermediate host Galba truncatula optimized for testing eDNA samples to meet the needs for surveillance of the parasite. Moreover, we validated the developed assay in natura by testing samples derived from filtered water and sediments inside and outside of LMRP's fenced-off area. Our findings for the first time demonstrate the presence of F. magna's eDNA outside the park's internal fenced-off area.}, }
@article {pmid38265744, year = {2024}, author = {Pasha, SV and Reddy, CS}, title = {Global spatial distribution of Prosopis juliflora - one of the world's worst 100 invasive alien species under changing climate using multiple machine learning models.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {196}, number = {2}, pages = {196}, pmid = {38265744}, issn = {1573-2959}, abstract = {Climate change is one of the factors contributing to the spread of invasive alien species. As a result, it is critical to investigate potential invasion dynamics on a global scale in the face of climate change. We used updated occurrence data, bioclimatic variables, and Köppen-Geiger climatic zones to better understand the climatic niche dynamics of Prosopis juliflora L. (Fabaceae). In this study, we first compared several algorithms-MaxEnt, generalized linear model (GLM), artificial neural network (ANN), generalized boosted model (GBM), generalized additive model (GAM), and random forest (RF)-to investigate the relationships between species-environment and climate for mesquite. We identified the global climate niche similarity sites (NSSs) using the coalesce approach. This study focused on the current and future climatic suitability of P. juliflora under two global circulation models (GCMs) and two climatic scenarios, i.e., Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), 4.5 and 8.5, for 2050 and 2070, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, true skill statistic (TSS), kappa coefficient, and correlation were used to evaluate model performance. Among the tested models, the machine learning algorithm random forest (RF) demonstrated the highest accuracy. The vast swaths of currently uninvaded land on multiple continents are ideal habitats for invasion. Approximately 9.65% of the area is highly suitable for the establishment of P. juliflora. Consequently, certain regions in the Americas, Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania have become particularly vulnerable to invasion. In relation to RCPs, we identified suitable area changes (expansion, loss, and stability). The findings of this study show that NSSs and RCPs increase the risk of invasion in specific parts of the world. Our findings contribute to a cross-border continental conservation effort to combat P. juliflora expansion into new potential invasion areas.}, }
@article {pmid38262355, year = {2024}, author = {Genovesi, P and Carnevali, L and Hoffmann, BD and Monaco, A and Roy, HE and Simberloff, D}, title = {Conservation action should come before publication.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {R49-R50}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.054}, pmid = {38262355}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {With regard to the recent discovery of the red imported fire ant in Sicily (Menchetti et al. 2023), Genovesi et al. highlight the delay in communicating the observation and call on the scientific communities, scientific journals, and local authorities to ensure that new invasive alien species records are immediately reported for enhancing action.}, }
@article {pmid38259957, year = {2024}, author = {Xu, YH and Guo, YJ and Bai, YF and Liu, YY and Wang, YJ}, title = {Soil nutrient limitation and natural enemies promote the establishment of alien species in native communities.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {e10853}, pmid = {38259957}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The invasion of alien plant species threatens the composition and diversity of native communities. However, the invasiveness of alien plants and the resilience of native communities are dependent on the interactions between biotic and abiotic factors, such as natural enemies and nutrient availability. In our study, we simulated the invasion of nine invasive plant species into native plant communities using two levels of nutrient availability and suppression of natural enemies. We evaluated the effect of biotic and abiotic factors on the response of alien target species and the resistance of native communities to invasion. The results showed that the presence of enemies (enemy release) increased the biomass proportion of alien plants while decreasing that of native communities in the absence of nutrient addition. Furthermore, we also found that the negative effect of enemy suppression on the evenness of the native community and the root-to-shoot ratio of alien target species was greatest under nutrient addition. Therefore, nutrient-poor and natural enemies might promote the invasive success of alien species in native communities, whereas nutrient addition and enemy suppression can better enhance the resistance of native plant communities to invasion.}, }
@article {pmid38259625, year = {2023}, author = {Li, J and Huang, E and Wu, Y and Zhu, C and Li, W and Ai, L and Xie, Q and Tian, Z and Zhong, W and Sun, G and Zhang, L and Tan, W}, title = {Population structure, dispersion patterns and genetic diversity of two major invasive and commensal zoonotic disease hosts (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus tanezumi) from the southeastern coast of China.}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1174584}, pmid = {38259625}, issn = {1664-8021}, abstract = {Background: The invasive brownrat (Rattus norvegicus) and the Oriental rats (Rattus tanezumi) are common commensal murid that are important hosts for rodent-borne diseases in southeast Asia. Understanding their population structure and genetic diversity is essential to uncover their invasion biology and distribution dynamics that are essential for controlling rodent-borne diseases. Methods: TA total of 103 R. norvegicus and 85 R. tanezumi were collected from 13 to 9 coastal areas of six provincial monitoring sentinel sites, respectivelyto assess patterns in their microsatellite loci and their mitochondrial coxl gene region. Results: Eleven sampled populations of R. norvegicus were divided into two major clusters by region. The observed heterozygosity values of all regional populations were smaller than expected genetic diversity heterozygosity values and deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium Nine sample populations of R. tanezumi were divided into three clusters; two that included sample from Hainan and Fujian provinces, and one that included samples from the other provinces and cities. The genetic diversity of R. tanezumi was highest in samples from Jiangsu and Guangdong provinces. Conclusion: The data in this paper confirm the two invasive rodent species from the southeastern coastal region of China may have relied on maritime transport to spread from the southern region of China to the Yangtze River basin. R. tanezumi may then hanve migrated unidirectionally, along the southeastern provinces of China towards the north, while R. norvegicus spread in a complex and multidirectional manner in Hainan, Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangsu Provinces of the country.}, }
@article {pmid38257931, year = {2024}, author = {Paiva, DS and Fernandes, L and Portugal, A and Trovão, J}, title = {First Genome Sequence of the Microcolonial Black Fungus Saxispiralis lemnorum MUM 23.14: Insights into the Unique Genomic Traits of the Aeminiaceae Family.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms12010104}, pmid = {38257931}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {UI/BD/150843/2021//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; }, abstract = {Saxispiralis lemnorum MUM 23.14 is an extremotolerant microcolonial black fungus, originally isolated from a biodeteriorated limestone artwork in Portugal. This recently introduced species belongs to the Aeminiaceae family, representing the second member of this monophyletic clade. This fungus exhibits a unique set of characteristics, including xerophily, cold tolerance, high UV radiation tolerance, and an exceptional ability to thrive in NaCl concentrations of up to 30% while also enduring pH levels ranging from 5 to 11. To gain insights into its genomic traits associated with stress resistance mechanisms, specialization, and their potential implications in stone biodeterioration, we conducted a comprehensive genome sequencing and analysis. This draft genome not only marks the first for the Saxispiralis genus but also the second for the Aeminiaceae family. Furthermore, we performed two comparative genomic analyses: one focusing on the closest relative within the Aeminiaceae family, Aeminium ludgeri, and another encompassing the genome of different extremotolerant black fungi. In this study, we successfully achieved high genome completeness for S. lemnorum and confirmed its close phylogenetic relationship to A. ludgeri. Our findings revealed traits contributing to its extremophilic nature and provided insights into potential mechanisms contributing to stone biodeterioration. Many traits are common to both Aeminiaceae species and are shared with other black fungi, while numerous unique traits may be attributed to species-specific characteristics.}, }
@article {pmid38257929, year = {2024}, author = {Brady, DJ and Meade, R and Reynolds, JD and Vilcinskas, A and Theissinger, K}, title = {The Crayfish Plague Pathogen Aphanomyces astaci in Ireland.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms12010102}, pmid = {38257929}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Crayfish plague is a devastating disease of European freshwater crayfish and is caused by the oomycete Aphanomyces astaci (Ap. astaci), believed to have been introduced to Europe around 1860. All European species of freshwater crayfish are susceptible to the disease, including the white-clawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes. Ap. astaci is primarily spread by North American crayfish species and can also disperse rapidly through contaminated wet gear moved between water bodies. This spread, coupled with competition from non-indigenous crayfish, has drastically reduced and fragmented native crayfish populations across Europe. Remarkably, the island of Ireland remained free from the crayfish plague pathogen for over 100 years, providing a refuge for A. pallipes. However, this changed in 1987 when a mass mortality event was linked to the pathogen, marking its introduction to the region. Fortunately, crayfish plague was not detected again in Ireland until 2015 when a molecular analysis linked a mass mortality event in the Erne catchment to Ap. astaci. Since then, the pathogen has appeared across the island. Between 2015 and 2023, Ap. astaci was detected in 18 water catchments, revealing multiple genotypes. Intriguingly, the pathogen in Ireland is present without its natural host species. The uneven distribution of various genetic lineages strongly suggests the human-mediated transport of zoospores via contaminated water equipment as a primary cause of spread. This review details the timeline of these events, Ap. astaci's introduction into Ireland, and its rapid spread. As well, this review references the genotypes that have been determined, and discusses the issue of non-indigenous crayfish species in Ireland and management efforts.}, }
@article {pmid38256839, year = {2024}, author = {Sennikov, AN and Lazkov, GA}, title = {Alien Plants of Kyrgyzstan: The First Complete Inventory, Distributions and Main Patterns.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants13020286}, pmid = {38256839}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {The first inventory of casual and naturalised alien plants of Kyrgyzstan is based on an overview of published data, which were re-assessed and re-evaluated using modern standards. Altogether, 151 alien species were registered in the country, of which nearly 40% became naturalised. The total number of alien plant species and the proportion of casual aliens are relatively low due to the harsh climatic conditions (high aridity and continentality) and predominantly high elevations. The highest number of alien plant species in Kyrgyzstan originated from the Mediterranean, which can be explained by some common climatic features between this area and Central Asia, but half of the ten most harmful aliens originated from the Americas. The intensity of plant invasions was the greatest during the period of the Russian Empire and the USSR, and this rapid accumulation of alien plants continues in independent Kyrgyzstan. The uneven distribution of alien plants in Kyrgyzstan is explained by different elevations and climatic conditions across its regions, as well as by the concentration of agricultural activities and human population along warm lowland depressions. More research is required to uncover pathways and particular times of introduction and to produce detailed distribution maps.}, }
@article {pmid38255675, year = {2023}, author = {Kulizin, P and Vodeneeva, E and Martynenko, N and Sharagina, E and Okhapkin, A}, title = {Alien Algae Species Invasions in Humic Rivers within Weakly Human Impact Basin.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/life14010061}, pmid = {38255675}, issn = {2075-1729}, support = {N-477-99_2021-2023//Federal Academic Leadership Program "Priority-2030" of Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod/ ; }, abstract = {Increasing anthropogenic influence and climate change are leading to significant transformations in living conditions for indigenous representatives of aquatic communities. The problem of alien species invasions is actively discussed in the example of large rivers and water reservoirs, but medium and small rivers with weak anthropogenic influence have been insufficiently studied in this aspect. With the help of analysis of literary data and the results of our own long-term observations of phytoplankton using morphological and molecular genetic methods in some left-bank Volga tributaries, we identified six invasive species of different taxonomic groups of algae, with a predominance of diatoms. The relevance of using both traditional and modern approaches to identifying invasive algae species is revealed. Such invasive species as Thalassiosira incerta, T. faurii, Skeletonema subsalsum, Unruhdinium kevei, and Gonyostomum semen were part of planktonic communities; the benthic species Plagiotropis lepidoptera var. proboscidea sometimes reached a significant level of development (up 6 to 44% from total biomass) in plankton. It was demonstrated that some algae species have firmly taken the position of dominants and subdominants in planktonic algae communities. The expansion of alien representatives of microphytobenthos was noted in the Volga River basin for the first time. For Gonyostomum semen, its European origin was revealed, for plankton and benthic diatom-Ponto-Caspian. Our study showed that the processes of invasion and subsequent development of alien species take place in habitats with weak anthropogenic influence, which is likely determined by the hydrological, hydrochemical, and climatic changes in river basins and the high adaptive capabilities of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid38254389, year = {2024}, author = {Nishida, S and Kitamura, W}, title = {An Influx of Non-Native Bird Species into the Natural Environment Owing to the Accidental Release of Pet Birds in Japan.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ani14020221}, pmid = {38254389}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {BR2019001//Bird Research Support Program of the Japan Bird Research Association/ ; }, abstract = {The escape of pet birds into the wild raises concerns about the introduction of invasive avian species. This study investigated the impact of escaped pet birds on the introduction of non-native species in Japan. Data sourced from four lost-and-found pet websites between January 2018 and December 2021 revealed 12,125 recorded escapes exhibiting both daily occurrences and seasonal fluctuations. Statistical modeling identified the monthly average temperature (positively correlated) and maximum electricity demand (negatively correlated) as influential factors. Text analysis revealed "window" and "open" as frequently cited reasons for escapes. Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) accounted for 76% of the total escape, suggesting a low perceived risk of establishment in nonnative environments. Interestingly, two globally established invasive species, the Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri) and Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus), were among the escaped birds. While the Rose-ringed Parakeet is locally naturalized in Tokyo and its adjacent prefectures, the Monk Parakeet failed to establish itself in Japan. Despite the limited number of escaped Monk Parakeets, ongoing efforts are crucial for preventing the potential re-establishment of species with such capabilities.}, }
@article {pmid38251000, year = {2024}, author = {Martins, I and Capel, KCC and Abessa, DMS}, title = {Adults of Sun Coral Tubastraea coccinea (Lesson 1829) Are Resistant to New Antifouling Biocides.}, journal = {Toxics}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/toxics12010044}, pmid = {38251000}, issn = {2305-6304}, support = {#2020/03004-0//S&#xe3;o Paulo Research Foundation/ ; #2020/15945-4//S&#xe3;o Paulo Research Foundation/ ; #308533/2018-6//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; PIBIC-CNPq 2021 - Process 4297//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; }, abstract = {Biocides used in antifouling (AF) paints, such as 4,5-dichlorine-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazole-3-one (DCOIT), can gradually leach into the environment. Some AF compounds can persist in the marine environment and cause harmful effects to non-target organisms. Nanoengineered materials, such as mesoporous silica nanocapsules (SiNCs) containing AF compounds, have been developed to control their release rate and reduce their toxicity to aquatic organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity of new nanoengineered materials, SiNC-DCOIT and a silver-coated form (SiNC-DCOIT-Ag), as well as the free form of DCOIT and empty nanocapsules (SiNCs), on the sun coral Tubastraea coccinea. T. coccinea is an invasive species and can be an alternative test organism for evaluating the risks to native species, as most native corals are currently threatened. The colonies were collected from the Alcatrazes Archipelago, SP, Brazil, and acclimatized to laboratory conditions. They were exposed for 96 h to different concentrations of the tested substances: 3.33, 10, 33, and 100 µg L[-1] of free DCOIT; 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 µg L[-1] of SiNC; and 74.1, 222.2, 666.7, and 2000 µg L[-1] of SiNC-DCOIT and SiNC-DCOIT-Ag. The test chambers consisted of 500 mL flasks containing the test solutions, and the tests were maintained under constant aeration, a constant temperature of 23 ± 2 °C, and photoperiod of 12 h:12 h (light/dark). At the end of the experiments, no lethal effect was observed; however, some sublethal effects were noticeable, such as the exposure of the skeleton in most of the concentrations and replicates, except for the controls, and embrittlement at higher concentrations. Adults of T. coccinea were considered slightly sensitive to the tested substances. This resistance may indicate a greater capacity for proliferation in the species, which is favored in substrates containing antifouling paints, to the detriment of the native species.}, }
@article {pmid38249071, year = {2024}, author = {Saveer, AM and Hu, J and Strickland, J and Krueger, R and Clafford, S and Zhang, A}, title = {Reproductive Behavior and Development of the Global Insect Pest, Cotton Seed Bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects15010065}, pmid = {38249071}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {ARS in-house Project # 8042-22000-315-000D//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; #58-8042-2-010//Cotton Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Understanding the fundamental life cycle and reproductive behavior of a pest insect is essential for developing efficient control strategies; however, much of this knowledge remains elusive for a multitude of insects, including the cotton seed bug, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis. Here, we report the results of our comprehensive study on the cotton seed bug's life cycle, including mating behavior, adult lifespan, and egg-to-adulthood development. Our findings showed that adult males and females began mating as early as three days after emerging (75%), and the frequency of mating increased to 100% by the fifth day. Mated females commenced oviposition on cotton seeds as early as two days after mating, with a cumulative mean number of 151 fertile eggs oviposited during the first oviposition cycle. Furthermore, around 10% of eggs from both mated and unmated females remained unfertilized. The first instar nymphs began emerging approximately seven days following oviposition. To track their development, we monitored the newly hatched nymphs daily until they reached adulthood. There were five nymphal stages, which cumulatively took roughly 28 to 30 days. Notably, mating positively influenced the survivorship and lifespan of adult O. hyalinipennis. Mated males and females exhibited median lifespans of 28 and 25 days, respectively. In contrast, unmated males and females only lived for a median lifespan of 9.5 days, about one-third that of the mated O. hyalinipennis. Our study provides key insights into the O. hyalinipennis life history for new IPM strategies.}, }
@article {pmid38249051, year = {2024}, author = {Madeira, S and Bernardino, R and Osório, HC and Boinas, F}, title = {Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Fauna of a Zoological Park in an Urban Setting: Analysis of Culex pipiens s.l. and Their Biotypes.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects15010045}, pmid = {38249051}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {UIDB/00276/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; SFRH/BD/117431/2016//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; LA/P/0059/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; }, abstract = {Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) are important emerging diseases that affect humans and animals. Zoological parks can work as early warning systems for the occurrence of MBDs. In this study, we characterized the mosquito fauna captured inside Lisbon Zoo from May 2018 to November 2019. An average of 2.4 mosquitos per trap/night were captured. Five mosquito species potentially causing MBDs, including Culex pipiens biotypes, were found in the zoo. The sympatric occurrence of Culex pipiens biotypes represents a risk factor for the epizootic transmission of West Nile virus and Usutu virus. The mosquito occurrence followed the expected seasonality, with the maximum densities during summer months. However, mosquito activity was detected in winter months in low numbers. The minimum temperature and the relative humidity (RH) on the day of capture showed a positive effect on Culex pipiens abundance. Contrary, the RH the week before capture and the average precipitation the week of capture had a negative effect. No invasive species were identified, nor have flaviviruses been detected in the mosquitoes. The implementation of biosecurity measures regarding the hygiene of the premises and the strict control of all the animals entering the zoo can justify the low prevalence of mosquitoes and the absence of flavivirus-infected mosquitoes.}, }
@article {pmid38249023, year = {2023}, author = {Siderhurst, MS and Murman, KM and Kaye, KT and Wallace, MS and Cooperband, MF}, title = {Radio Telemetry and Harmonic Radar Tracking of the Spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects15010017}, pmid = {38249023}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2019 projects 6.0383, 6.0386, and 2020 projects 6.0129 and 3.0106//Plant Protection Act Section 7721/ ; }, abstract = {Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), spotted lanternfly (SLF), is an invasive pest that feeds and oviposits on numerous woody and herbaceous plants important to agricultural, forest, ornamental, and nursery industries. Describing and understanding SLF movements is key to implementing surveillance and control strategies for this pest and projecting population spread. We used radio telemetry (RT) and harmonic radar (HR) to track the movements of individual SLF at field sites in eastern Pennsylvania and northwestern New Jersey. SLF equipped with HR or RT tags were tracked in 2019 and 2020 from adult emergence until oviposition time, and their movements are described. Although the bulkier RT tags disproportionately affected the distance traveled by males, which are smaller than females, both males and females were more likely to be lost due to signal attenuation when affixed with the lighter-weight HR tags. Females were tracked moving longer distances than males, with maximum distances of 434 m by a single female and 57 m by a single male. A significant positive relationship was found between their height in trees and the distance of subsequent movement. Adult SLF were found in trees predominantly at heights between 6-9 m high. For the fraction of SLF found at eye level, males, but not females, significantly moved above eye level in the weeks prior to mating, likely resulting in the observed sex ratio shift that defines the Early-2 stage. During mating time, tracked SLF were significantly higher than 8 m and oriented to trees where tight aggregations of SLF were present. This orientation towards tight aggregations started when mating began and peaked in the following 2.5 weeks for males in Late-1 and the beginning of Late-2 (after oviposition began), whereas females started this orientation behavior a half-week after males, and this activity peaked for two weeks. Male and female SLF adults exhibited slight differences in host preference, and strong preferences for wild grape, black walnut, sweet birch, and tree-of-heaven were observed. The HR-tagged nymphs moved up to 27.6 m over a five-day period in a cornfield. Nitinol wire HR tags performed better than Wollaston process or tungsten wire tags. SLF movement parameters in the field are described.}, }
@article {pmid38248509, year = {2023}, author = {Neves, RAF and Guimarães, TB and Santos, LN}, title = {First Record of Microplastic Contamination in the Non-Native Dark False Mussel Mytilopsis leucophaeata (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) in a Coastal Urban Lagoon.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph21010044}, pmid = {38248509}, issn = {1660-4601}, support = {E-26/211.127/2019250845//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; E-26/201.283/2021//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; E-26/200.489/2023//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; 306212/2022-6//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; 315020/2021-0//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; IN-UNIRIO (n&#xb0;02/2022)//Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; }, abstract = {Microplastic contamination is a global concern due to its conspicuous presence in aquatic ecosystems and its toxic nature to environmental and human health. False mussels are among the most notable fresh- and brackish water invaders. The invasive Mytilopsis leucophaeata in Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon-RFL (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is the most abundant macrofaunal invertebrate, widely established and distributed throughout the lagoon. This study aimed to assess microplastic contamination in this invasive filter feeder and evaluate its potential use as a bioindicator. Agglomerates (~100 mussels) were manually collected using a stainless-steel spatula in ten sampling areas distributed throughout the whole lagoon and kept frozen. In the laboratory, 60 individuals were sorted by area for soft-tissue digestion. Each pool of 10 soft-tissue mussels (n = 6 by area) was wet-weighted and then placed in a 150-mL decontaminated glass beaker with 50 mL of 10% KOH. Samples were heated (40 °C) for 48 h, and digested samples were filtered in glass-fiber membranes. Microplastics were found in all samples of mussels (n = 60) from RFL; the particles were mostly lower than 100 µm with a mean concentration (±SD) of 35.96 ± 47.64 MPs g wet-weight[-1]. Microplastics were distinguished in seven shapes with different occurrences in samples (%): fiber (43.3%); fragment (34.3%); film (16.3%); sponge/foam (4.9%); pellet (0.57%), rope/filaments (0.17%); and undefined (0.4%). Thirteen colors of microplastics were found, but transparent (54.94%), black (10.77%), and white (9.36%) were the most common. Mytilopsis leucophaeata were useful to assess microplastic contamination in RFL and might be preferentially used in other invaded brackish systems instead of native and often threatened bivalves. Our results confirm the effective application of bivalves as an indicator of coastal microplastic pollution.}, }
@article {pmid38248472, year = {2024}, author = {Madsen, H and Stauffer, JR}, title = {Aquaculture of Animal Species: Their Eukaryotic Parasites and the Control of Parasitic Infections.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology13010041}, pmid = {38248472}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {#PEN04584 (JRS)//the Penn State Agriculture Experiment project/ ; }, abstract = {Parasites are very diverse and common in both natural populations and in stocks kept in aquacultural facilities. For most cultured species, there are important bacteria and viruses causing diseases, but eukaryotic parasites are also very important. We review the various combinations of aquacultured species and eukaryotic parasitic groups and discuss other problems associated with aquaculture such as eutrophication, zoonotic species, and invasive species, and we conclude that further development of aquaculture in a sustainable manner must include a holistic approach (One Health) where many factors (e.g., human health, food safety, animal health and welfare, environmental and biodiversity protection and marketability mechanisms, etc.) are considered.}, }
@article {pmid38248445, year = {2023}, author = {Xiao, Y and He, J and Aishan, T and Sui, X and Zhou, Y and Yimingniyazi, A}, title = {Effects of Different Degrees of Xanthium spinosum Invasion on the Invasibility of Plant Communities in the Yili Grassland of Northwest China.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology13010014}, pmid = {38248445}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {31760179//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; XJLCRQSW-3//General Survey of Exotic Invasive Wild Plants in Forest, Grassland, and Wetland Ecosystems in Xinjiang/ ; 2022xjkk0401//Third Xinjiang Comprehensive Scientific Expedition Project/ ; }, abstract = {Studying the effects of different degrees of exotic plant invasion on native plants' community structure and plant diversity is essential for evaluating the harm caused to ecosystems by plant invasion. In this study, we investigated the effects of Xanthium spinosum, a widespread invasive species, on plant community species diversity and community stability in the Ili River Valley area of Xinjiang, China, under three invasion levels (no invasion and low, moderate, and heavy invasion), and the competitive advantage index, invasion intensity, and contribution of plant community species diversity to community stability and invasibility were determined for the prickly fungus under different degrees of invasion. The results show that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the species diversity and community stability of plant communities caused by different degrees of invasion of X. spinosum. The species diversity and stability of plant communities were negatively correlated with the community invasibility, competitive advantage, and invasion intensity of X. spinosum (p < 0.05); therefore, the competitive advantage and invasion intensity of X. spinosum increase with the increase of its invasion degree. On the contrary, community species diversity and stability decreased with the increase of its invasion degree, ultimately leading to differences in community invasibility under different invasion degrees. The Shannon-Wiener and Simpson's indices were the greatest contributors to community stability and invasibility, respectively. Moderate and heavy levels of invasion by X. spinosum reduced the diversity and stability of local plant communities, increased the invasibility of communities, and substantially affected the structures of plant communities. Therefore, the continued invasion by X. spinosum will have an immeasurable impact on the fragile ecosystems and diversity of indigenous species in Xinjiang. We recommend that this invasive species be controlled and eradicated at the early stages of invasion to prevent further harm.}, }
@article {pmid38246384, year = {2024}, author = {Wang, Y and Kong, J and Gu, S and Huang, B and Sun, P}, title = {Dynamics of benthic microeukaryotic communities in a mangrove wetland invaded by Spartina alterniflora: Effects of vegetation, seasonality, and sediment depth.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {170231}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170231}, pmid = {38246384}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Benthic microeukaryotes are crucial mediators of biogeochemical cycles in coastal wetland ecosystems, yet their spatial and temporal variability remains poorly understood. This study delineates the diversity patterns of benthic microeukaryotes in a Spartina alterniflora-invaded mangrove ecosystem in Fujian, China. Using high-throughput sequencing of 18S rRNA gene transcripts, we identified the influences of vegetation, seasonality, and sediment depth on microeukaryotic communities. We discovered that vegetation cover significantly affects community composition, primarily driven by nutrient concentrations and pH. The community structure of microeukaryotes varied seasonally and vertically, correlating with changes in sediment temperature, pH, salinity, and fucoxanthin concentration. Notably, invasive Spartina alterniflora habitats showed enhanced heterotrophic interactions, suggesting that invasive species can reshape benthic microeukaryotic co-occurrence patterns. Seasonal co-occurrence patterns revealed dominant Bacillariophyta assemblages exhibited distinct network modules enriched in the cold (spring) and warm (summer and fall) seasons, respectively, which indicated potential ecological niche differentiation. Our findings reveal the complex relationships between environmental factors and benthic microeukaryotic diversity, offering insights into microbial responses to natural and invasive vegetation influences.}, }
@article {pmid38244690, year = {2024}, author = {Lemic, D and Kriticos, DJ and Gasparic, HV and Živković, IP and Duffy, C and Akrivou, A and Ota, N}, title = {Global change and adaptive biosecurity: managing current and emerging Aleurocanthus woglumi threats to Europe.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101164}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2024.101164}, pmid = {38244690}, issn = {2214-5753}, abstract = {Global climate changes undermine the effectiveness of "set and forget" phytosanitary regulations. Uncertainties in future greenhouse gas emission profiles render it impossible to accurately forecast future climates, thus limiting the ability to make long-term biosecurity policy decisions. Agile adaptive biosecurity frameworks are necessary to address these climatic uncertainties and to effectively manage current and emerging threats. This paper provides opinions on these issues and presents a case study focusing on the threats posed by Aleurocanthus woglumi (citrus blackfly) to Europe. It delves into the biology of the species, its preferred hosts, and how climate change could affect its spread. Utilizing a bioclimatic niche model, the paper estimates the potential distribution of A. woglumi in Europe under recent historical and medium-term future conditions, revealing a potential expansion of its range into higher elevations and more northern regions by the year 2050. The main aim is to leverage the results to showcase the system's sensitivity to likely emissions scenarios, essentially stress-testing for potential emerging threats to biosecurity policies and phytosanitary regulations. The results underscore the significance of considering global change factors in pest risk assessment and phytosanitary regulations for effective risk mitigation. Consequently, adaptive biosecurity measures are essential, encompassing horizon scanning, enhanced targeted surveillance, periodic updates of risk assessments, and adjustments to regulations. For instance, biosecurity risk management could involve establishing a set of trigger conditions to prompt updates of risk assessments, such as identifying a zone where the confirmed establishment of a pest signifies a significant change in the pest risk profile. For jurisdictions containing areas modelled as being climatically suitable under historical climates or future climate scenarios, we caution against importing untreated host materials from regions that are likely to become suitable habitats for A. woglumi in the future. Moreover, it is important to consider both present and future climate change scenarios when making decisions to effectively address the threats posed by invasive species. In the case of highly impactful invasives, investing in pre-emptive biological control measures may prove to be a prudent choice.}, }
@article {pmid38239339, year = {2024}, author = {Yi, XL and Liu, J and Cao, ML and Xiong, J and Deng, YP and Wang, HM and Ma, PP and Liu, GH and Yang, H}, title = {Population genetics and genetic variation of Pomacea canaliculata (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) in China revealed by sequence analyses of three mitochondrial genes.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {e10836}, pmid = {38239339}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The Golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, is one of the world's 100 worst invasive alien species that is best known for its damage to wetland agriculture. It also acts as an intermediate host of some zoonotic parasites such as Angiostrongylus cantonensis, posing threats to human public health and safety. Despite is being an important agricultural pest, the genetic information and population expansion history of this snail remains poorly understood in China. In this study, we analyzed the genetic variation and population genetics of P. canaliculata populations in seven regions of China based on molecular markers of three mitochondrial (mt) genes. A total of 15 haplotypes were recognized based on single mt cox1, nad1, and nad4, and eight haplotypes were identified using the concatenated genes. High haplotype diversity, moderate nucleotide diversity, low gene flow, and high rates of gene differentiation among the seven P. canaliculata populations were detected. Shanghai and Yunnan populations showed higher genetic flow and very low genetic differentiation. The results of Tajima's D, Fu's F s, and mismatch distribution showed that P. canaliculata did not experience population expansion in China. Genetic distance based on haplotypes suggested that nad1 gene was more conserved than cox1 gene within P. canaliculata. The phylogenetic analyses showed there may be two geographical lineages in the Chinese mainland. The present study may provide a new genetic marker to analyze P. canaliculata, and results support more evidence for studying the genetic distribution of P. canaliculata in China and contribute to a deeper understanding of its population genetics and evolutionary biology.}, }
@article {pmid38239294, year = {2024}, author = {Vera-Escalona, I and Brante, A}, title = {A simulation study evaluating how population survival and genetic diversity in a newly established population can be affected by propagule size, extinction rates, and initial heterozygosity.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {e16628}, pmid = {38239294}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The introduction and establishment of invasive species in regions outside their native range, is one of the major threats for the conservation of ecosystems, affecting native organisms and the habitat where they live in, causing substantial biological and monetary losses worldwide. Due to the impact of invasive species, it is important to understand what makes some species more invasive than others. Here, by simulating populations using a forward-in-time approach combining ecological and single polymorphic nucleotides (SNPs) we evaluated the relation between propagule size (number of individuals = 2, 10, 100, and 1,000), extinction rate (with values 2%, 5%, 10%, and 20%), and initial heterozygosity (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5) on the population survival and maintenance of the heterozygosity of a simulated invasive crab species over 30 generations assuming a single introduction. Our results revealed that simulated invasive populations with initial propagule sizes of 2-1,000 individuals experiencing a high extinction rate (10-20% per generation) were able to maintain over 50% of their initial heterozygosity during the first generations and that under scenarios with lower extinction rates invasive populations with initial propagule sizes of 10-1,000 individuals can survive up to 30 generations and maintain 60-100% of their initial heterozygosity. Our results can help other researchers better understand, how species with small propagule sizes and low heterozygosities can become successful invaders.}, }
@article {pmid38238765, year = {2024}, author = {Blanco-Sierra, L and Savvidou, EC and Mpakovasili, ED and Ioannou, CS and Bartumeus, F and Papadopoulos, NT}, title = {Effect of water salinity on immature performance and lifespan of adult Asian tiger mosquito.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {24}, pmid = {38238765}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {HR 18-00336//'la Caixa' Foundation/ ; T2E&#x394;K-02020//MoSquITo project/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) is a vector for pathogens like dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. Its adaptive capacity enables reproduction in temperate climates and development mainly in artificial containers with fresh water in urbanized areas. Nevertheless, breeding in coastal areas may also occur along with its aggressive invasiveness. Global warming and the consequent rise in sea levels will increase saline (> 30 ppt) or brackish (0.5-30 ppt salt) water in coastal regions. To address whether Ae. albopictus can breed in brackish water, we initiated the current study that analyses the survival of immature stages at different salinity concentrations and explores whether carryover effects occur in the resulting adults. This possible adaptation is important when considering the potential for development in new habitats and expansion of one of the world's most invasive species.<br><br>METHODS: We investigated the influence of salinity on the survival of Ae. albopictus larvae and adults under laboratory-controlled conditions. First instar larvae were exposed to different salinity concentrations (0 to 30 ppt) and their development time, pupation, adult emergence, and overall survival were monitored daily. We used Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models to analyze the survival rates at different salinity levels. Furthermore, life tables were constructed under each salinity concentration.<br><br>RESULTS: Increasing salt concentrations significantly increased the mortality risk during immature development, while no significant effect was observed on adult mortality risk. A comparison between distilled and bottled water revealed a notable increase in overall mortality risk for individuals developing in distilled water. However, no significant effects were found when analyzing survival from the first larval stage to adult emergence and adult lifespan. The life expectancy of immature stages decreased with increasing salt concentrations, although salinity concentration did not significantly impact adult life expectancy.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that Ae. albopictus, previously considered freshwater species, can successfully develop and survive in brackish waters, even in the absence of characteristic structures found in euryhaline species. These adaptations may enable Ae. albopictus to establish new breeding sites and colonize unexplored territories. Knowledge of these physiological adaptations of Ae. albopictus to salinity should be pursued to increase the range of control of the species, and to make more accurate predictions of its dispersal and vectoring ability.}, }
@article {pmid38236915, year = {2024}, author = {Vejřík, L and Vejříková, I and Sajdlová, Z and Kočvara, L and Kolařík, T and Bartoň, D and Jůza, T and Blabolil, P and Peterka, J and Čech, M and Vašek, M}, title = {A non-lethal stable isotope analysis of valued freshwater predatory fish using blood and fin tissues as alternatives to muscle tissue.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {e0297070}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0297070}, pmid = {38236915}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Stable isotope analysis (SIA) is widely used to study trophic ecology and food webs in aquatic ecosystems. In the case of fish, muscle tissue is generally preferred for SIA, and the method is lethal in most cases. We tested whether blood and fin clips can be used as non-lethal alternatives to muscle tissue for examining the isotopic composition of two freshwater predatory fish, European catfish (Silurus glanis) and Northern pike (Esox lucius), species of high value for many freshwater systems as well as invasive species in many others. Blood samples from the caudal vein, anal fin clips, and dorsal muscle obtained by biopsy punch were collected from four catfish and pike populations (14-18 individuals per population). Subsequently, these samples were analyzed for δ13C and δ15N. The effects of alternative tissues, study site, and fish body mass on the isotopic offset were investigated. Both species showed a correlation between the isotopic offset and the tissue type, as well as the study site, but no significant relationship with the body mass. The isotopic offsets between tissues were used to calculate the conversion equations. The results demonstrated that both blood and fin clips are suitable and less invasive alternative to muscle in SIA studies focused on European catfish and Northern pike. Blood provided better correspondence to muscle isotope values. However, our results clearly demonstrated that isotopic offsets between tissues vary significantly among populations of the same species. Therefore, obtaining a muscle biopsy from several individuals in any population is advisable to gain initial insights and establish a possible population-specific inter-tissue conversion.}, }
@article {pmid38236841, year = {2024}, author = {Moinet, M and Rogers, L and Biggs, P and Marshall, J and Muirhead, R and Devane, M and Stott, R and Cookson, A}, title = {High-resolution genomic analysis to investigate the impact of the invasive brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and other wildlife on microbial water quality assessments.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {e0295529}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0295529}, pmid = {38236841}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Escherichia coli are routine indicators of fecal contamination in water quality assessments. Contrary to livestock and human activities, brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), common invasive marsupials in Aotearoa/New Zealand, have not been thoroughly studied as a source of fecal contamination in freshwater. To investigate their potential role, Escherichia spp. isolates (n = 420) were recovered from possum gut contents and feces and were compared to those from water, soil, sediment, and periphyton samples, and from birds and other introduced mammals collected within the Mākirikiri Reserve, Dannevirke. Isolates were characterized using E. coli-specific real-time PCR targeting the uidA gene, Sanger sequencing of a partial gnd PCR product to generate a gnd sequence type (gST), and for 101 isolates, whole genome sequencing. Escherichia populations from 106 animal and environmental sample enrichments were analyzed using gnd metabarcoding. The alpha diversity of Escherichia gSTs was significantly lower in possums and animals compared with aquatic environmental samples, and some gSTs were shared between sample types, e.g., gST535 (in 85% of samples) and gST258 (71%). Forty percent of isolates gnd-typed and 75% of reads obtained by metabarcoding had gSTs shared between possums, other animals, and the environment. Core-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis showed limited variation between several animal and environmental isolates (<10 SNPs). Our data show at an unprecedented scale that Escherichia clones are shared between possums, other wildlife, water, and the wider environment. These findings support the potential role of possums as contributors to fecal contamination in Aotearoa/New Zealand freshwater. Our study deepens the current knowledge of Escherichia populations in under-sampled wildlife. It presents a successful application of high-resolution genomic methods for fecal source tracking, thereby broadening the analytical toolbox available to water quality managers. Phylogenetic analysis of isolates and profiling of Escherichia populations provided useful information on the source(s) of fecal contamination and suggest that comprehensive invasive species management strategies may assist in restoring not only ecosystem health but also water health where microbial water quality is compromised.}, }
@article {pmid38234082, year = {2024}, author = {Bang, A and Ranganath, HA and Gadagkar, R}, title = {A crazy ants' crazy form of reproduction: Causes and consequences.}, journal = {Journal of biosciences}, volume = {49}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38234082}, issn = {0973-7138}, abstract = {The yellow crazy ant, or the long-legged ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes (formerly Anoplolepis longipes) - named so for its meandering movements when disturbed, possibly owing to its long legs and antennae - is globallywidespread and currently classified as one of '100 of the world's worst invasive species' (Lowe et al. 2000). This status is assigned to species that are non-native in a region and cause significant negative ecological and/or socioeconomic impacts, including declines in native biodiversity, changes in native ecosystem structure and function, and the breakdown of native biogeographic realms. Possibly, themost devastating and multipronged impacts of A. gracilipes have been observed on island ecosystems, such as on Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean, where it impacted the entire island ecosystem by reducing arthropod, reptile, bird, and mammalian diversity on the forest floor and canopy, causing an 'invasional meltdown' (O'Dowd et al. 2003).}, }
@article {pmid38163592, year = {2024}, author = {Sun, D and Huang, Y and Wang, Z and Tang, X and Ye, W and Cao, H and Shen, H}, title = {Soil microbial community structure, function and network along a mangrove forest restoration chronosequence.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {913}, number = {}, pages = {169704}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169704}, pmid = {38163592}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Humans ; Middle Aged ; Child ; Adolescent ; *Wetlands ; Soil/chemistry ; Forests ; Carbon/analysis ; China ; Nitrogen ; Introduced Species ; Microbial Consortia ; *Ammonium Compounds ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Mangrove forests have high ecological, social and economic values, but due to environmental changes and human activities, natural mangrove forests have experienced serious degradations and reductions in distribution area worldwide. In the coastal zones of southern China, an introduced mangrove species, Sonneratia apetala, has been extensively used for mangrove restoration because of its rapid growth and strong environmental adaptability. However, little is known about how soil microorganisms vary with the restoration stages of the afforested mangrove forests. Here, we examined the changes in soil physicochemical properties and microbial biomass, community structure and function, and network in three afforested S. apetala forests with restoration time of 7, 12, and 18 years and compared them with a bare flat and a 60-year-old natural Kandelia obovata forest in a mangrove nature reserve. Our results showed that the contents of soil salinity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and microbial biomass increased, while soil pH and bacterial alpha diversity decreased with afforestation age. Soil microbial community structure was significantly affected by soil salinity, organic carbon, pH, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available kalium, and susceptibility to environmental factors was more pronounced in bacterial than fungal community structure. The relative abundances of aerobic chemoheterotrophy were significantly higher in 12- and 18-year-old S. apetala than in K. obovata forest, while that of sulfate-reducing bacteria showed a decreasing trend with afforestation age. The abundance of dung saprotroph was significantly higher in 12- and 18-year-old S. apetala forests than in the natural forest. With the increasing afforestation age, the modularity of microbial networks increased, while stability and robustness decreased. Our results suggest that planting S. apetala contributes to improving soil fertility and microbial biomass but may make soil microbial networks more vulnerable.}, }
@article {pmid38101642, year = {2024}, author = {Soto, I and Balzani, P and Oficialdegui, FJ and Molinero, C and Kouba, A and Ahmed, DA and Turbelin, AJ and Hudgins, EJ and Bodey, TW and Gojery, SA and Courchamp, F and Cuthbert, RN and Haubrock, PJ}, title = {The wild cost of invasive feral animals worldwide.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {912}, number = {}, pages = {169281}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169281}, pmid = {38101642}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Introduced Species ; Agriculture ; Animals, Domestic ; North America ; }, abstract = {Invasive non-native species are a growing burden to economies worldwide. While domesticated animals (i.e. livestock, beasts of burden or pets) have enabled our ways of life and provide sustenance for countless individuals, they may cause substantial impacts when they escape or are released (i.e. become feral) and then become invasive with impacts. We used the InvaCost database to evaluate monetary impacts from species in the Domestic Animal Diversity Information System database. We found a total cost of $141.95 billion from only 18 invasive feral species. Invasive feral livestock incurred the highest costs at $90.03 billion, with pets contributing $50.93 billion and beasts of burden having much lower costs at $0.98 billion. Agriculture was the most affected sector at $80.79 billion, followed by the Environment ($43.44 billion), and Authorities-Stakeholders sectors ($5.52 billion). Damage costs comprised the majority ($124.94 billion), with management and mixed damage-management costs making up the rest ($9.62 and $7.38 billion, respectively). These economic impacts were observed globally, where Oceania, North America and Europe were the most impacted regions. Islands recorded a higher economic burden than continental areas, with livestock species dominating costs more on islands than mainlands compared to other feral species. The costs of invasive feral animals were on average twice higher than those of wild species. The management of invasive feral populations requires higher investment, updated regulations, and comprehensive risk assessments. These are especially complex when considering the potential conflicts arising from interventions with species that have close ties to humans. Effective communication to raise public awareness of the impacts of feral populations and appropriate legislation to prevent or control such invasive feral populations will substantially contribute to minimizing their socioeconomic and environmental impacts.}, }
@article {pmid38230841, year = {2024}, author = {Lediuk, KD and Svriz, M and Puntieri, JG and Damascos, MA}, title = {Species traits related to the invasion of woody plants in Patagonian deciduous forests.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/plb.13609}, pmid = {38230841}, issn = {1438-8677}, support = {B135//Fundaci&#xf3;n de la Universidad Nacional del Comahue para el Desarrollo Regional/ ; B164//Fundaci&#xf3;n de la Universidad Nacional del Comahue para el Desarrollo Regional/ ; PI UNRN 40-B-663//Universidad Nacional de R&#xed;o Negro/ ; }, abstract = {The comparison of ecological, phenological, morphological and developmental traits between exotic invasive species and coexisting native species contributes to understand the driving mechanisms of successful invasions. This study aimed to examine which of these traits are related to the invasion of woody plants in the understory of deciduous North Patagonian forests of Argentina. We compared the phenology, shoot growth rate, number of leaves, biomass allocation, leaf herbivory, and recruitment type of two exotic deciduous trees, Crataegus monogyna and Sorbus aucuparia, with those of four coexisting native woody species (one deciduous, one semi-deciduous, and two evergreen species). Spring shoot growth took place several weeks earlier in both exotic species and in the deciduous native species than in the other native species; growth rates were higher in the exotics. Compared to coexisting native species, both exotic species developed shoots that were as long as or longer, had lower biomass allocation to leaves and higher allocation to roots, suffered lower leaf damage by herbivores and exhibited higher seed than vegetative recruitment. This study supports the idea that a combination of phenological, growth rate and mass allocation traits allow exotic species to preempt resources, thus favouring invasion processes.}, }
@article {pmid38228918, year = {2024}, author = {Alonso, A and Boyero, L and Solla, A and Ferreira, V}, title = {Dieback and Replacement of Riparian Trees May Impact Stream Ecosystem Functioning.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {87}, number = {1}, pages = {32}, pmid = {38228918}, issn = {1432-184X}, abstract = {Alders are nitrogen (N)-fixing riparian trees that promote leaf litter decomposition in streams through their high-nutrient leaf litter inputs. While alders are widespread across Europe, their populations are at risk due to infection by the oomycete Phytophthora ×alni, which causes alder dieback. Moreover, alder death opens a space for the establishment of an aggressive N-fixing invasive species, the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). Shifts from riparian vegetation containing healthy to infected alder and, eventually, alder loss and replacement with black locust may alter the key process of leaf litter decomposition and associated microbial decomposer assemblages. We examined this question in a microcosm experiment comparing three types of leaf litter mixtures: one representing an original riparian forest composed of healthy alder (Alnus lusitanica), ash (Fraxinus angustifolia), and poplar (Populus nigra); one with the same species composition where alder had been infected by P. ×alni; and one where alder had been replaced with black locust. The experiment lasted six weeks, and every two weeks, microbially driven decomposition, fungal biomass, reproduction, and assemblage structure were measured. Decomposition was highest in mixtures with infected alder and lowest in mixtures with black locust, reflecting differences in leaf nutrient concentrations. Mixtures with alder showed distinct fungal assemblages and higher sporulation rates than mixtures with black locust. Our results indicate that alder loss and its replacement with black locust may alter key stream ecosystem processes and assemblages, with important changes already occurring during alder infection. This highlights the importance of maintaining heathy riparian forests to preserve proper stream ecosystem functioning.}, }
@article {pmid38228754, year = {2024}, author = {Su, M and Ma, Q and Hui, C}, title = {Adaptive rewiring shapes structure and stability in a three-guild herbivore-plant-pollinator network.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {103}, pmid = {38228754}, issn = {2399-3642}, support = {2308085MA09//Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province (Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation)/ ; IPM2104//State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents)/ ; 32371555//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, abstract = {Animal species, encompassing both pollinators and herbivores, exhibit a preference for plants based on optimal foraging theory. Understanding the intricacies of these adaptive plant-animal interactions in the context of community assembly poses a main challenge in ecology. This study delves into the impact of adaptive interaction rewiring between species belonging to different guilds on the structure and stability of a 3-guild ecological network, incorporating both mutualistic and antagonistic interactions. Our findings reveal that adaptive rewiring results in sub-networks becoming more nested and compartmentalized. Furthermore, the rewiring of interactions uncovers a positive correlation between a plant's generalism concerning both pollinators and herbivores. Additionally, there is a positive correlation between a plant's degree centrality and its energy budget. Although network stability does not exhibit a clear relationship with non-random structures, it is primarily influenced by the balance of multiple interaction strengths. In summary, our results underscore the significance of adaptive interaction rewiring in shaping the structure of 3-guild networks. They emphasize the importance of considering the balance of multiple interactions for the stability of adaptive networks, providing valuable insights into the complex dynamics of ecological communities.}, }
@article {pmid38225903, year = {2024}, author = {Mendonça, CLF and Caldeira, RL and Carvalho, OS and D'ávila, S and Gomes, SR}, title = {Semperula wallacei (Mollusca, Veronicellidae) um hospedeiro natural recém-descoberto de Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda, Angiostrongylidae) na Bacia do Pacífico.}, journal = {Journal of helminthology}, volume = {98}, number = {}, pages = {e7}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X23000809}, pmid = {38225903}, issn = {1475-2697}, abstract = {Semperula wallacei (Issel, 1874) is a species of terrestrial slug that occurs in southeast China and the Pacific Basin and is the only species of its genus that occurs beyond the Oriental region and to the east of Wallace's line in the Australian region, where it has probably been introduced. In this study, we report for the first time S. wallacei as an intermediate host for Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen, 1935) based on histological and molecular analyses of slugs from Tuamasaga, Samoa, deposited at the Medical Malacological Collection (Fiocruz-CMM). DNA was obtained from the deparafinized tissues scraped from specimen slides. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) targeted to the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region were carried out using the restriction enzyme Cla I. The RFLP profile observed for our larval specimen of S. wallacei was identical to the profile previously established for A. cantonensis, demonstrating that S. wallacei can be naturally infected with A. cantonensis and is likely to be an intermediate host for this parasitic nematode species in the field. The potential for geographical range expansion of S. wallacei in the Pacific Basin, its small size, and the general role of veronicellids as crop pests and hosts of nematodes, indicate the significance of S. wallacei as an invasive species in the Pacific Basin. Our work also highlights the importance of biological collections for investigating the environmental impact of invasive species on agriculture, public health, and biodiversity conservation.}, }
@article {pmid38221246, year = {2023}, author = {Jarayseh, B and Amaya, M and Gustafsson, DR}, title = {Review of the chewing louse fauna of the invasive common myna (Acridotheres tristis), with new records from Palestine and a redescription of Brueelia chayanh Ansari, 1955 (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera, Brueelia-complex).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5383}, number = {3}, pages = {325-351}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5383.3.3}, pmid = {38221246}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ischnocera ; *Lice Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary/parasitology ; *Bird Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology ; *Amblycera ; Birds ; Introduced Species ; *Phthiraptera ; }, abstract = {Palestine hosts a large diversity of birds, with 393 recorded species, but little data are available on the chewing lice fauna found on these birds. In this study, we surveyed the species of chewing lice found on the common myna, Acridotheres tristis, which is one of the most invasive bird species in the world. Forty-five mynas were examined to collect their ectoparasites, which were preserved and slide mounted. Among the 1004 chewing lice processed, we identified two species: Menacanthus eurysternus (Burmeister, 1838) (prevalence 100%) and Brueelia chayanh Ansari, 1955 (prevalence 82.2%). No other species of chewing louse known from A. tristis in its native range was found, showing a possible sorting event in the founding population of common myna in the region. Prevalence (100%) and abundance (22.3) were high compared to similar studies of the common myna. To contribute to future research on the lice of common mynas, we provide an annotated checklist of the louse species reported from this host globally. Also, we redescribe and illustrate Brueelia chayanh, and place Sturnidoecus tristisae Bughio et al., 2018 as a new junior synonym of Sturnidoecus bannoo Ansari, 1968.}, }
@article {pmid38220744, year = {2023}, author = {Stepanyan, I and Barjadze, S and Karagyan, G and Kalashian, M}, title = {CHECK LIST OF ARMENIAN APHIDS (HEMIPTERA: APHIDOMORPHA).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5361}, number = {4}, pages = {497-525}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5361.4.3}, pmid = {38220744}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Armenia ; *Aphids ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {This paper presents a checklist of aphids of Armenia. Nowadays, 203 species of aphids belonging to 83 genera, 10 subfamilies, two families and two superfamilies are known, of which nine species are recognized in Armenia for the first time: Aphis cephalariae Barjadze, A. chloris Koch, A. solanella Theobald, A. urticata Gmelin, A. wellensteini (Brner), Brachyunguis harmalae Das, Macrosiphoniella millefolii (De Geer), Microlophium carnosum (Buckton), and Metopeurum buryatica (Pashtshenko). Twelve alien aphid species are cited in the paper.}, }
@article {pmid38225083, year = {2024}, author = {Pagnoncelli Jr, FB and Losada, FB and Alvear, MJG and Gonzalez-Andujar, JL and Trezzi, MM and Bittencourt, HVH and Salomão, HM}, title = {Response characterization and target site mechanism study in glyphosate-resistant populations of Lolium multiflorum L. from Brazil.}, journal = {Pesticide biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {198}, number = {}, pages = {105737}, doi = {10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105737}, pmid = {38225083}, issn = {1095-9939}, abstract = {Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) is an invasive species widely spread in croplands worldwide. The intensive use of glyphosate has resulted in the selection of resistance to this herbicide in Italian ryegrass. This work characterized the response to glyphosate of Italian ryegrass populations from the South and Southwest regions of Paraná, Brazil. A total of 44 Italian ryegrass populations were collected in farming areas, and were classified for glyphosate resistance with 75% of populations resistant to gloyphosate. Of these, 3 resistant (VT05AR, MR20AR and RN01AR) and three susceptible (VT07AS, MR05AS and RN01AS) of these populations were selected to determine the resistance level and the involvement of the target site mechanisms for glyphosate resistance. Susceptible populations GR50 ranged from 165.66 to 218.17 g.e.a. ha[-1] and resistant populations from 569.37 to 925.94, providing RI ranging from 2.88 and 4.70. No mutation in EPSPS was observed in the populations, however, in two (MR20AR and RN02AR) of the three resistant populations, an increase in the number of copies of the EPSPs gene (11 to 57×) was detected. The number of copies showed a positive correlation with the gene expression (R[2] = 0.86) and with the GR50 of the populations (R[2] = 0.81). The increase in EPSPS gene copies contributes to glyphosate resistance in Italian ryegrass populations from Brazil.}, }
@article {pmid38222978, year = {2024}, author = {Ji, YE and Park, KH and Choi, JH and Park, J and Sung, HC and Lee, DH}, title = {Complete mitochondrial genome of the southern painted turtle (Chrysemys dorsalis, Testudines: Emydidae) in Korea.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {70-74}, doi = {10.1080/23802359.2023.2301025}, pmid = {38222978}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {The complete mitochondrial genome of Chrysemys dorsalis in Korea was sequenced and characterized. The mitochondrial genome is 17,258 bp in length and the GC content is 39%. It is constituted of 37 genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and a noncoding region. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that C. dorsalis forms a monophyletic group with C. picta turtles but is distinctly separated from them, aligning with previous findings. In Korea, C. dorsalis forms a discrete clade, separate from both native and invasive turtle species. No evidence of genetic disturbance or intermingling is observed. This is the first case of a complete mitochondrial genome from C. dorsalis and provides crucial data for understanding C. dorsalis and managing invasive species effectively, emphasizing the need for continued mitochondrial genome data accumulation.}, }
@article {pmid38222490, year = {2023}, author = {Tkachenko, MY and Dudliv, I and Kvach, Y and Dykyi, I and Nazaruk, K and Ondračková, M}, title = {First data on parasites of the invasive brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) in Ukraine.}, journal = {Helminthologia}, volume = {60}, number = {4}, pages = {357-369}, doi = {10.2478/helm-2023-0035}, pmid = {38222490}, issn = {0440-6605}, abstract = {This study describes the parasite community of non-native brown bullhead, Ameiurus nebulosus (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae), collected at three sites in the river Vistula Basin (Lake Svitiaz, Lake Pisochne, and Lake on Plastova) and one site in the river Diester Basin (Lake Stryiska), in Ukraine. Our data represent the first comprehensive study of parasite community in this fish species in Europe. Sixteen parasite taxa were found, including species co-introduced from North America and species acquired in the European range. Maximum parasite richness (13 spp.) was recorded in Lake Svitiaz situated in a Natural Protected Area, while lowest species richness (3 spp.) was observed at Lake on Plastova, an artificial pond in the city of Lviv. Three co-introduced monogenean species, Gyrodactylus nebulosus, Ligictaluridus pricei and Ligictaluridus monticellii, are recorded in Ukraine for the first time, widening the knowledge of the European distribution of these North American parasites. Metric features for hard parts of invasive and native monogeneans showed overlap in ligictalurid parasites, but slightly smaller metrics in Ukrainian G. nebulosus, possibly reflecting water temperature during fish sampling. Though prevalence and abundance of acquired parasites was relatively low, infection parameters for metacercariae of Diplostomum spp. were relatively high at Lake Svitiaz and the natural Lake Stryiska in Lviv. In two lakes in the Vistula basin, we found high prevalence and abundance of Anguillicola crassus, an Asian nematode infecting eels, possibly supporting the invasional meltdown hypothesis. Our study confirms both further spread of non-native parasites in Europe and use of non-native fish as competent hosts for local native and introduced parasites.}, }
@article {pmid38222484, year = {2023}, author = {Torralba, CV and Gamalinda, EF and Estaño, LA}, title = {Parasitic helminths of alien invasive anurans in Butuan City, Northeastern Mindanao, Philippines.}, journal = {Helminthologia}, volume = {60}, number = {4}, pages = {385-392}, doi = {10.2478/helm-2023-0040}, pmid = {38222484}, issn = {0440-6605}, abstract = {This study aimed to identify the helminth parasites of invasive anuran species in selected barangays in Butuan City, Philippines. In urbanized areas, invasive species dominate anuran diversity, and one of the primary threats they pose to native wildlife is the transmission of diseases and parasites. Out of the 91 collected individuals of invasive anuran species, Rhinella marina was the most abundant (88 %), followed by Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (12 %) and Kaloula pulchra (3 %). The study identified five species of parasites, with Spirometra sp. being the most prevalent (17.58 %), followed by Echinostoma sp. (16.5 %), Rhabdias bufonis (14.3 %), Cosmocerca sp. (6.6 %), and Strongyloides stercoralis (3.30 %), respectively. Spirometra sp. also had the highest intensity (7.67), followed by Cosmocerca sp. (5), Strongyloides stercoralis (3.33), Rhabdias bufonis (3.30), and Echinostoma sp. (2.73). This parasitological survey revealed that H. rugulosus had the highest prevalence and infection of parasites, and residential areas had the highest parasite prevalence among the habitat types. Adult hosts were found to harbor a higher prevalence and intensity, and male hosts had a higher prevalence. The results highlight the high risk of parasite transmission from anurans to other animals and emphasize the need for the community to control the population of invasive anuran species for the safety of native anurans and to prevent zoonotic transmission to other animals and humans.}, }
@article {pmid38221758, year = {2024}, author = {Hao, Y and Wang, XF and Guo, Y and Li, TY and Yang, J and Ainouche, ML and Salmon, A and Ju, RT and Wu, JH and Li, LF and Li, B}, title = {Genomic and phenotypic signatures provide insights into the wide adaptation of a global plant invader.}, journal = {Plant communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {100820}, doi = {10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100820}, pmid = {38221758}, issn = {2590-3462}, abstract = {Invasive alien species are a primary driver of biodiversity loss and species extinction. Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) is one of the most aggressive invasive plants in coastal ecosystems around the world. However, genomic bases and evolutionary mechanisms underlying the invasion success of this species remained largely unknown. Here we assembled a chromosome-level reference genome and performed phenotypic and population genomic analysis between native US and introduced Chinese populations. Our phenotypic comparisons showed that introduced Chinese populations evolved competitive traits, such as early flowering time and greater plant biomass, during the secondary introductions along China's coast. Population genomic and transcriptomic inferences revealed distinct evolutionary trajectories of the low- and high-latitude Chinese populations. In particular, genetic mixture among different source populations together with independent natural selection acting on distinct target genes might have resulted in high genome dynamics of the introduced Chinese populations. Our study provides novel phenotypic and genomic evidence of how smooth cordgrass rapidly adapts to variable environmental conditions in its introduced ranges. Moreover, candidate genes related to flowering time, fast growth and stress tolerance (i.e., salinity and submergence) provide valuable genetic resources for future improvement of the other cereal crops.}, }
@article {pmid38221500, year = {2023}, author = {Saad, A and Iek, E and Esmaeili, HR and Fricke, R and Sungur, S and Eagderi, S}, title = {Freshwater fishes of Syria: a revised and updated annotated checklist-2023.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5350}, number = {1}, pages = {1-62}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5350.1.1}, pmid = {38221500}, issn = {1175-5334}, abstract = {The current status of the freshwater fishes of Syria is revised, and an updated checklist is presented. The confirmed freshwater fishes of Syria comprise 108 species belonging to 15 orders, 25 families, and 51 genera. Among these, 11 species (10.2%) are alien, and six species (5.6%) are considered endemic to Syria. The orders with the largest numbers of species in the ichthyofauna of Syria are Cypriniformes (68 species), followed by Siluriformes and (nine species), Cichliformes (eight species), Mugiliformes (seven species), Cyprinodontiformes (six species), and others represent one species in each. At the family level, Cyprinidae has the greatest number of species (30 species; 27.8% of the total species), followed by Leuciscidae (21 species), Nemacheilidae (11 species), Cichlidae (eight species), and Mugilidae (seven species). According to IUCN Red List criteria, among 97 naturally distributed species (alien species not included), Tristramella sacra extinct (EX) and 24 species (26.5%) are categorized as threatened extinctions, CR, EN, and VU (eight species in each). A total of 17 species previously reported from Syria have been excluded from the checklist, either in the present study or in previous studies.}, }
@article {pmid38221397, year = {2023}, author = {Kraus, F}, title = {Redescription of Lepidodactylus flaviocularis (Squamata: Gekkonidae), with the description of a new species from Makira Island, Solomon Islands.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5339}, number = {6}, pages = {562-576}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5339.6.5}, pmid = {38221397}, issn = {1175-5334}, abstract = {Several species of geckos of the genus Lepidodactylus are endemic to the Solomon Islands and very poorly known. I redescribe one of these, L. flaviocularis, from Guadalcanal, based on examination of a second, newly obtained specimen and quantification of diagnostically useful features of the digits. I also describe a closely related new species from nearby Makira Island in the southern Solomon Islands. Both species are distinguished by their large number of undivided subdigital lamellae, extensive toe webbing, and a continuous row of enlarged precloacal/femoral scales. The new species is distinguished from L. flaviocularis by a number of scalational features and the color of the circumorbial scales. Both species are inhabitants of interior forest, and it remains uncertain whether they are naturally rare, rare due to interactions with invasive species, or simply have cryptic ecological habits, though the last seems most likely. Current evidence for both species is consistent with the taxon-cycle hypothesis, which posits ecological displacement to inland habitats of ancient island inhabitants by newer colonizers, but this remains to be critically tested. The limited pool of specimens available for both species necessitates assessing the IUCN conservation status of each as Data Deficient.}, }
@article {pmid38221113, year = {2023}, author = {Sol, E and Sluys, R and Riutort, M and Kawakatsu, M}, title = {Molecular phylogenetics facilitates the first historical biogeographic analysis of the hammerhead worms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae), with the description of twelve new species and two new genera.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5335}, number = {1}, pages = {1-77}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5335.1.1}, pmid = {38221113}, issn = {1175-5334}, abstract = {The hammerhead worms constitute a land planarian subfamily (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae) that is popular among natural historians as well as citizen scientists due to their characteristic semi-lunar-shaped head, the striking colours of many species, and the worldwide presence of introduced species, which has raised much concern about their putative impact on the receiving ecosystems. Despite such current awareness, the majority of Bipaliinae species was described before the second half of the 20th century. Over the past few decades, description of new species has been rather scarce. In the present paper, we describe twelve new species and two new genera from Madagascar, Borneo, and Japan, mainly using specimens that form part of the collections of Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden. Species identification has been based on morphology, inner anatomy, and, when available, molecular information. Our molecular phylogenetic tree suggests that either Malagasy or Bornean representatives form the sister-group to the rest of Bipaliinae. The phylogeny suggests also that the Bipaliinae comprises several new and, as yet, undescribed genera. Although the geographical origin of the subfamily is uncertain and may involve either Madagascar or the Bornean region, a molecular time-calibration of the phylogenetic tree indicated that the origin of the Bipaliinae may date back to about 253 Mya, placing its origin near the Permian-Triassic transition and, thus, on Pangea.}, }
@article {pmid38220703, year = {2023}, author = {Iek, E and Fricke, R and Sungur, S and Apar, OB and Golani, D}, title = {Freshwater fishes of Israel; a revised and updated annotated checklist2023.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5369}, number = {4}, pages = {451-484}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5369.4.1}, pmid = {38220703}, issn = {1175-5334}, abstract = {The current status of the freshwater fishes of Israel is revised, and an updated checklist is presented. The confirmed freshwater fishes of Israel comprise 55 species belonging to nine orders, 14 families, and 39 genera. Among these, 19 species (34.6%) are alien, and four species (7.3%) are considered endemic to Israel. The orders with the largest numbers of species in the ichthyofauna of Israel are Cypriniformes (19 species), followed by Cichliformes (14 species), Cyprinodontiformes (seven species), Mugiliformes (six species), Siluriformes (four species), Salmoniformes (two species), and the others represent one species in each. At the family level, the Cichlidae have the greatest number of species (14 species; 25.5% of the total species), followed by Cyprinidae (10 species), Leuciscidae and Mugilidae (six species in each), Aphaniidae (four species), Nemacheilidae and Poecilidae (three species in each). According to IUCN Red List criteria, among 36 naturally distributed species (alien species not included), two species are extinct (EX) and nine species (25.0%) are categorized as threatened extinctions, with two (5.6%) CR, four (11.1%) EN, and three (8.3%) VU.}, }
@article {pmid38220656, year = {2023}, author = {Iek, E and Jawad, L and Eagderi, S and Esmaeili, HR and Mouludi-Saleh, A and Sungur, S and Fricke, R}, title = {Freshwater fishes of Iraq: a revised and updated annotated checklist2023.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5357}, number = {1}, pages = {1-49}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5357.1.1}, pmid = {38220656}, issn = {1175-5334}, abstract = {The current status of the freshwater fishes of Iraq is revised, and an updated checklist is presented. The confirmed freshwater fishes of Iraq comprise 98 species belonging to 16 orders, 28 families, and 56 genera. Among these, 21 species (21.4%) are alien, and three species (3.0%) are considered endemic to Iraq. The orders with the largest numbers of species in the ichthyofauna of Iraq are Cypriniformes (57 species), followed by Siluriformes (12 species), Mugiliformes and Cyprinodontiformes (six species in each), Acanthuriformes and Cichliformes (three species in each), Centrarchiformes and Gobiiformes (two species in each), and the others represent only one species. At the family level, the Cyprinidae have the greatest number of species (28; 28.3% of the total species), followed by Nemacheilidae (16 species), Leuciscidae (eight species), Mugilidae (six species), Sisoridae (five species), and Xenocyprididae (four species in each). A total of 20 species that have been previously reported from Iraq have been excluded from the checklist. According to IUCN Red List criteria, among 77 naturally distributed species (alien species not included), 10 species (13.0%) are categorized as threatened extinctions, with three (3.9%) as CR, one (1.3%) as EN, and six (7.8%) as VU. A total of 38 taxa were assessed (49.4%) as LC, 27 species were not assigned NE (35.1%), and two species (2.0%) were classified as DD, i.e., with insufficient knowledge.}, }
@article {pmid38220635, year = {2023}, author = {Mora, JM and Ruedas, LA}, title = {Updated list of the mammals of Costa Rica, with notes on recent taxonomic changes.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5357}, number = {4}, pages = {451-501}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5357.4.1}, pmid = {38220635}, issn = {1175-5334}, abstract = {Although Costa Rica occupies a mere 0.03% of the Earths land area, it nevertheless has recorded within its borders approximately 5% of the global diversity of mammals, thus making it one of the worlds megadiverse countries. Over the past ten years, 22 species have been added to the countrys inventory, bringing the total number known as here documented to 271; Chiroptera account for ten of these, having grown to 124 from 114; rodents have increased by eight species, from 47 to 55, with the caveat that we include three invasive species of Muridae that have gone feral. In contrast, the number of orders has decreased by one, by Artiodactyla incorporating the former Cetacea. Notes are provided for all taxonomic novelties since the last update. Since the first taxonomic compendium of the mammals of Costa Rica in 1869, the number of known species has grown by approximately 1.22 species year-1 (R2 = 0.96). Since 1983 however, this growth rate has been 1.64 species year-1 (R2 = 0.98). Despite this strong growth, an asymptote in the number of known species has not been reached. Conservation remains a primary need: over 60% of the countrys mammal species show population trends that are decreasing (13%), unknown (37%), or not assessed (11%), based on IUCN criteria. These analyses suggest that much remains to be known regarding the number of mammal species living in Costa Rica, but also that much more remains to be done to safeguard Costa Ricas exceptional biodiversity heritage.}, }
@article {pmid38217916, year = {2024}, author = {Wilman, B and Normant-Saremba, M and Rychter, A and Bełdowska, M}, title = {Total body burden of neurotoxicant Hg in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) - Considerations of distribution and human risk assessment.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {199}, number = {}, pages = {116028}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116028}, pmid = {38217916}, issn = {1879-3363}, abstract = {The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is considered one of the 100 most invasive alien species in the world. Despite this, its role in ecosystems, among others, in the trophodynamics of pollutants including mercury, is still not fully understood. Becoming an increasingly important and widespread element of the trophic chain in new areas arouses interest from humans as consumers. Hence it is important to determine the level of contaminants (including Hg) in alien species. In the present study, great attention was paid separately to the soft tissues and hard tissues of the exoskeleton, which may play an important role in the detoxification of the crab's body from toxic Hg. The study was conducted on crabs collected in 2011-2021 in the Vistula Lagoon. Concentrations of total mercury and its forms were carried out using a Direct Mercury Analyzer, DMA-80 (Milestone, Italy). The present study showed that mercury accumulation of the crab's body largely occurred through the gills, followed by the oral route. The distribution of Hg in the crab's organs was related to the trophic origin of the mercury, while halide-bound mercury and semilabile forms from the respiration (filtration) process were redistributed into the crab's exoskeleton. Male crabs, compared to females, had a higher Hg burden on internal organs such as their hepatopancreas and gonads. Hg concentration in hard tissues was closely related to the type of mineralization of the carapace. The elimination of Hg from the muscles and from the hepatopancreas into the carapace was one of the important detoxification processes of the crab's body. Thus, moulting crabs effectively remove Hg protecting its body from the neurotoxin. As a result, a smaller Hg load is biomagnified, making the crab's muscle tissue fit for human consumption. The observed decrease in Hg concentrations from 2011 to 2021, as well as the spatial variability of Hg in the crab's muscles, testify that the crab can serve as a biomonitor for ecosystem changes.}, }
@article {pmid38214725, year = {2024}, author = {Ruëff, F}, title = {[Insect venom allergies-What will change in times of global change?].}, journal = {Dermatologie (Heidelberg, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38214725}, issn = {2731-7013}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In Germany, honeybees (Apis mellifera) and various Vespula species (wasps) are primarily relevant for hypersensitivity reactions to stings. Hornets (Vespa crabro), bumblebees, paper wasps (Polistes) and yellowjackets (Dolichovespula) less frequently cause sting reactions.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: What effects do intensive agricultural utilization and climate change have on the living conditions and occurrence of Hymenoptera and what consequences do they have for the diagnostics and treatment of hypersensitivity reactions to Hymenoptera stings.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: A literature search was carried out.<br><br>RESULTS: Honeybees and wild bees are endangered due to introduced diseases, invasive species and pesticides. The aim of widespread beekeeping activity is to protect honeybees, which is why no reduction in stings is to be expected despite increased bee mortality. In Germany, there is evidence of the spread of thermophilic Polistes species (paper wasps) from south to north and the immigration of Vespa velutina nigrithorax (Asian hornet). It is unlikely that these species will lead to a&#xa0;significant increase in sting reactions. Nests of the red fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), which was originally common in South America, were first detected in Sicily in 2022. Red fire ants are aggressive insects with a&#xa0;high potential for adverse sting reactions.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Invasive insects must be considered as a trigger in the anamnesis and diagnostics. Diagnostics are only available for the detection of Polistes sensitization. Therapeutic allergens can be obtained from other European countries for venom immunotherapy of a Polistes allergy. Due to cross-reactivity, diagnostic and therapeutic allergens from Vespula spp. are used for the diagnosis and treatment of suspected allergies to the Asian hornet.}, }
@article {pmid38205243, year = {2024}, author = {Pocock, MJO and Adriaens, T and Bertolino, S and Eschen, R and Essl, F and Hulme, PE and Jeschke, JM and Roy, HE and Teixeira, H and de Groot, M}, title = {Citizen science is a vital partnership for invasive alien species management and research.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {108623}, pmid = {38205243}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) adversely impact biodiversity, ecosystem functions, and socio-economics. Citizen science can be an effective tool for IAS surveillance, management, and research, providing large datasets over wide spatial extents and long time periods, with public participants generating knowledge that supports action. We demonstrate how citizen science has contributed knowledge across the biological invasion process, especially for early detection and distribution mapping. However, we recommend that citizen science could be used more for assessing impacts and evaluating the success of IAS management. Citizen science does have limitations, and we explore solutions to two key challenges: ensuring data accuracy and dealing with uneven spatial coverage of potential recorders (which limits the dataset's "fit for purpose"). Greater co-development of citizen science with public stakeholders will help us better realize its potential across the biological invasion process and across ecosystems globally while meeting the needs of participants, local communities, scientists, and decision-makers.}, }
@article {pmid38202440, year = {2024}, author = {Radušienė, J and Karpavičienė, B and Vilkickytė, G and Marksa, M and Raudonė, L}, title = {Comparative Analysis of Root Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activity of Five Native and Invasive Solidago L. Species.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {38202440}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {The high environmental importance of invasive goldenrod has prompted research to find potential benefits that can be derived from these species. This study aimed to identify differences in root phenolic profiles among five Solidago species, thus providing valuable information on their potential applications and the botanical origin of the raw material. The roots of native S. virgaurea L., two alien species S. gigantea Aiton and S. canadensis L. and their hybrids S. ×niederederi Khek and S. ×snarskisii Gudž. &amp; Žaln. were sampled from mixed-species stands in Lithuania. A complex of twelve phenolic acids and their derivatives was identified and quantified in methanol-water root extracts using the HPLC-PDA and LC/MS systems. The radical-scavenging capacities of the extracts were assessed by ABTS. The chemical content of the roots of S. virgaurea, S. gigantea and S. ×niederederi were statistically similar, while the roots of S. canadensis and S. ×snarskisii contained lower amounts of compounds than the other species. The PCA score-plot models of the phenolic profiles only partially confirmed the identification of S. ×niederederi and S. ×snarskisii as crosses between native and alien species. The findings from the phenolic profiles and the observed radical-scavenging activity of root extracts of Solidago species provide valuable insights into their potential applications in various fields.}, }
@article {pmid38202439, year = {2024}, author = {Núñez-Farfán, J and Velázquez-Márquez, S and Torres-García, JR and De-la-Cruz, IM and Arroyo, J and Valverde, PL and Flores-Ortiz, CM and Hernández-Portilla, LB and López-Cobos, DE and Matías, JD}, title = {A Trip Back Home: Resistance to Herbivores of Native and Non-Native Plant Populations of Datura stramonium.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {38202439}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {IN216620//Programa de Apoyos a Proyectos de Investigaci&#xf3;n e Innovaci&#xf3;n Tecnol&#xf3;gica (PAPIIT) UNAM/ ; }, abstract = {When colonizing new ranges, plant populations may benefit from the absence of the checks imposed by the enemies, herbivores, and pathogens that regulated their numbers in their original range. Therefore, rates of plant damage or infestation by natural enemies are expected to be lower in the new range. Exposing both non-native and native plant populations in the native range, where native herbivores are present, can be used to test whether resistance mechanisms have diverged between populations. Datura stramonium is native to the Americas but widely distributed in Spain, where populations show lower herbivore damage than populations in the native range. We established experiments in two localities in the native range (Mexico), exposing two native and two non-native D. stramonium populations to natural herbivores. Plant performance differed between the localities, as did the abundance of the main specialist herbivore, Lema daturaphila. In Teotihuacán, where L. daturaphila is common, native plants had significantly more adult beetles and herbivore damage than non-native plants. The degree of infestation by the specialist seed predator Trichobaris soror differed among populations and between sites, but the native Ticumán population always had the lowest level of infestation. The Ticumán population also had the highest concentration of the alkaloid scopolamine. Scopolamine was negatively related to the number of eggs deposited by L. daturaphila in Teotihuacán. There was among-family variation in herbivore damage (resistance), alkaloid content (scopolamine), and infestation by L. daturaphila and T. soror, indicating genetic variation and potential for further evolution. Although native and non-native D. stramonium populations have not yet diverged in plant resistance/constitutive defense, the differences between ranges (and the two experimental sites) in the type and abundance of herbivores suggest that further research is needed on the role of resource availability and adaptive plasticity, specialized metabolites (induced, constitutive), and the relationship between genealogical origin and plant defense in both ranges.}, }
@article {pmid38202429, year = {2023}, author = {Suraweera, C and Gallo, J and Vacek, Z and Cukor, J and Vacek, S and Baláš, M}, title = {Silvicultural Practices for Diversity Conservation and Invasive Species Suppression in Forest Ecosystems of the Bundala National Park, Sri Lanka.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {38202429}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Forest ecosystems in Sri Lanka are under pressure from intensive human activity and climate change. Invasive species are one of the greatest threats to autochthonous species and ecosystems. In Bundala National Park of Sri Lanka, there are efforts to control and limit the spreading of unwanted invasive Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. and Opuntia dillenii (Ker-Gawl.) Haw., which poses a significant risk to natural ecosystem conservation. Nine different treatment variants (four replications) were used to test which management approach provides the control of Prosopis juliflora. This research is based on nine repeated measurements from 2017 to 2021 on 36 permanent research plots (each 625 m[2]) with 27 observed plant species and a total of 90,651 recorded plant individuals. The results confirmed that the dynamics of species richness, heterogeneity, and evenness showed significant differences between treatments during the five years of dynamics. The lowest species diversity was found in the control variant, followed by treatments based on the hard pruning and thinning of Prosopis juliflora trees. In contrast, strategies emphasizing the complete uprooting of Prosopis juliflora trees, replanting, and support of the natural regeneration of native species showed high species diversity and a high overall number of plant species. Generally, treatments had a significant effect on species diversity and the number of individuals of Prosopis juliflora, while changes in the overall number of plant species were more affected by time and succession. Silvicultural treatments including pruning, uprooting, and thinning have proven to be essential tools for nature conservation across various sites, aimed at enhancing habitat diversity in the face of ongoing climate change.}, }
@article {pmid38202380, year = {2023}, author = {Cui, M and Yu, H and Fan, X and Nawaz, M and Lian, J and Liu, S and Zhu, Z and Zhang, H and Du, D and Ren, G}, title = {Nitrogen Deposition Amplifies the Legacy Effects of Plant Invasion.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {38202380}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {32071521, 32271587, 31971427, 32201297//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 23KJB180003//Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China/ ; 2021K384C//Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds/ ; BK20220030//Carbon peak and carbon neutrality technology innovation foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; BK20211321//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; }, abstract = {The legacy effects of invasive plant species can hinder the recovery of native communities, especially under nitrogen deposition conditions, where invasive species show growth advantages and trigger secondary invasions in controlled areas. Therefore, it is crucial to thoroughly investigate the effects of nitrogen deposition on the legacy effects of plant invasions and their mechanisms. The hypotheses of this study are as follows: (1) Nitrogen deposition amplifies the legacy effects of plant invasion. This phenomenon was investigated by analysing four potential mechanisms covering community system structure, nitrogen metabolism, geochemical cycles, and microbial mechanisms. The results suggest that microorganisms drive plant-soil feedback processes, even regulating or limiting other factors. (2) The impact of nitrogen deposition on the legacy effects of plant invasions may be intensified primarily through enhanced nitrogen metabolism via microbial anaerobes bacteria. Essential insights into invasion ecology and ecological management have been provided by analysing how nitrogen-fixing bacteria improve nitrogen metabolism and establish sustainable methods for controlling invasive plant species. This in-depth study contributes to our better understanding of the lasting effects of plant invasions on ecosystems and provides valuable guidance for future ecological management.}, }
@article {pmid38202376, year = {2023}, author = {Lal, R and Chauhan, S and Kaur, A and Jaryan, V and Kohli, RK and Singh, R and Singh, HP and Kaur, S and Batish, DR}, title = {Projected Impacts of Climate Change on the Range Expansion of the Invasive Straggler Daisy (Calyptocarpus vialis) in the Northwestern Indian Himalayan Region.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {38202376}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Human-induced climate change modifies plant species distribution, reorganizing ecologically suitable habitats for invasive species. In this study, we identified the environmental factors that are important for the spread of Calyptocarpus vialis, an emerging invasive weed in the northwestern Indian Himalayan Region (IHR), along with possible habitats of the weed under current climatic scenarios and potential range expansion under several representative concentration pathways (RCPs) using MaxEnt niche modeling. The prediction had a high AUC (area under the curve) value of 0.894 ± 0.010 and a remarkable correlation between the test and expected omission rates. BIO15 (precipitation seasonality; 38.8%) and BIO1 (annual mean temperature; 35.7%) had the greatest impact on the probable distribution of C. vialis, followed by elevation (11.7%) and landcover (6.3%). The findings show that, unlike the current situation, "high" and "very high" suitability areas would rise while less-suited habitats would disappear. All RCPs (2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) indicate the expansion of C. vialis in "high" suitability areas, but RCP 4.5 predicts contraction, and RCPs 2.6, 6.0, and 8.5 predict expansion in "very high" probability areas. The current distribution of C. vialis is 21.59% of the total area of the state, with "medium" to "high" invasion suitability, but under the RCP 8.5 scenario, it might grow by 10% by 2070. The study also reveals that C. vialis may expand its niche at both lower and higher elevations. This study clarifies how bioclimatic and topographic factors affect the dispersion of invasive species in the biodiverse IHR. Policymakers and land-use managers can utilize the data to monitor C. vialis hotspots and develop scientifically sound management methods.}, }
@article {pmid38202366, year = {2023}, author = {Afzal, MR and Naz, M and Ullah, R and Du, D}, title = {Persistence of Root Exudates of Sorghum bicolor and Solidago canadensis: Impacts on Invasive and Native Species.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {38202366}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {2022ZB656//Jiangsu Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent/ ; }, abstract = {Root exudates of the invasive Solidago canadensis and the cereal crop Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. 'Hybridsorgo' were tested for allelopathic interactions against native and invasive plant species in a controlled environment. After the surface was sterilized, the seeds of two invasive species (Bromus sterilis and Veronica persica) and two native species (Youngia japonica and Rumex acetosa) were germinated and transplanted into the soil (1:1 mixture of coco peat and sand) that had been conditioned for one month by the cultivation of Solidago canadensis and Sorghum bicolor, both in combination or as unplanted controls. After an additional eight weeks of growth, morphometric measurements of the shoot and root, including foliar characteristics and above- and below-ground biomass accumulation, were performed. The results revealed significant inhibitory effects of root exudates released by Sorghum bicolor and Solidago canadensis on native species' productivity and physiology. The invasive species exhibited variable growth responses, with Veronica persica showing reduced shoot and root expansion, but Bromus sterilis revealed increased shoot and root biomass allocation and nutrition under the exudate treatments. Exudates from Solidago canadensis and Sorghum bicolor together showed synergistic negative effects on native species, while they promoted growth and nutrition in Veronica persica. Taken together, the differential species responses indicate that the tested native species were more sensitive to the allelopathic compounds than the invasive species, which is in line with the theory of novel weapons. The legacy effects of root exudates of both Sorghum bicolor and Solidago canadensis could promote invasive establishment through imposing allelochemical interference competition against native plant species. Understanding the specific allelopathic mechanisms may help with the development of integrated strategies for managing invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid38202320, year = {2023}, author = {D'Antraccoli, M and Peruzzi, L and Conti, F and Galasso, G and Roma-Marzio, F and Bartolucci, F}, title = {Floristic Richness in a Mediterranean Hotspot: A Journey across Italy.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {38202320}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Species richness is a fundamental property of biodiversity patterns and is properly expressed by the species-area relationship (SAR), namely the increase in the number of species with the area. Here, we studied and explored the species-area relationship with respect to vascular plant species in Italy and compared vascular plant richness among Italian administrative regions. Concerning the entire vascular flora (native and alien), the best-performing formula is the Arrhenius' Power function: S = c A[z]. The constants of this function are c = 241.2 and z = 0.281. The best-performing formula concerning just native (c = 245.2 and z = 0.263) and alien (c = 10.1 and z = 0.404) richness is the Power function as well. The floristically richest Italian regions considering the entire flora are Liguria, Friuli Venezia Giulia, and Trentino-Alto Adige, which are also the regions that are richest in alien flora unfortunately. Regions of particular naturalistic interest are Abruzzo, Valle d'Aosta, and Molise, because only these three regions exhibit native floristic richness that is higher than expected, and this is coupled with an alien floristic richness that is lower than expected. On the contrary, four regions (Lombardia, Veneto, Toscana, and Emilia-Romagna) show potentially severe conservation problems due to biological invasions since they experience native floristic richness that is lower than expected, with an alien floristic richness that is higher than expected. This study offers for the first time the 'c' and 'z' constants specifically calibrated at the national level for Italian vascular flora. The availability of such constants allows the calculation of the number of expected species for a given area to be investigated, providing a robust starting hypothesis for floristic studies.}, }
@article {pmid38200860, year = {2023}, author = {Rojas-Nossa, SV and Mato, S and Feijoo, P and Lagoa, A and Garrido, J}, title = {Comparison of Effectiveness and Selectiveness of Baited Traps for the Capture of the Invasive Hornet Vespa velutina.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {38200860}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {EAPA_800/2018 - Atlantic-Positive//Interreg Atlantic Area Program (European Regional Development Fund - ERDF, European Union)/ ; }, abstract = {The invasive hornet Vespa velutina affects apiculture, biodiversity, and human health. The use of baited traps with the aim of reducing the population and mitigating its impacts is a common practice. However, the lack of impact on the number of colonies and the high capture rate of non-target insects make it controversial. Our objective was to compare the effectiveness and selectiveness of four trap models. We measured effectiveness as the capture rate of V. velutina per day per trap, and selectiveness as the capture rate of V. velutina/capture rate of non-target species. The E trap had better performance with a higher selectiveness and effectiveness. Traps V and X had a higher effectiveness but the lowest selectiveness, with high capture rates of native insects, including threatened species. The R trap had the lowest effectiveness and selectiveness. Results show that small changes in the design can contribute to achieving more sustainable tools. Otherwise, with the current tools, bait trapping continues to be non-sustainable from an environmental perspective due to the impacts on native biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid38199676, year = {2024}, author = {de Freitas, BR and da Rosa, G and Roman, IJ and Gressler, LT and Cargnelutti, JF and Vogel, FSF and Cunha, RC}, title = {Molecular detection of DNA from Trypanosoma spp. and Leishmania spp. in wild boar (Sus scrofa) tissues.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports}, volume = {47}, number = {}, pages = {100970}, doi = {10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100970}, pmid = {38199676}, issn = {2405-9390}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Swine ; *Leishmania/genetics ; DNA ; Introduced Species ; *Trypanosoma/genetics ; Sus scrofa ; }, abstract = {Due to the proximity of humans to the countryside and the progressive increase in populations of invasive species, such as wild boars (Sus scrofa), the risk of disease spread is also exacerbated, some of which are zoonoses caused by protozoa. In the present study, 75 tissue/organ samples from 25 wild boars obtained from authorized hunting in the northern region of Rio Grande do Sul were evaluated to investigate the presence of Trypanosoma spp. using conventional PCR with specific primers and amplification of the ITS1 region for Leishmania spp. detection and species differentiation, multiplex PCR with kDNA minicircle amplification was performed. Trypanosoma spp. DNA was detected in 11 out of 25 hearts, representing 44% of the culled animals. Regarding the detection of Leishmania DNA, L. infantum was detected in one spleen sample, accounting for 4%, and L. amazonensis in one liver sample from the same animal, also representing 4% (1/25) of the samples. It is important to note that this wild boar, with detection for both L. amazonensis and L. infantum, also had Trypanosoma spp. DNA detected in a heart sample, indicating the potential of this species to have multiple infections with these agents. Furthermore, this is the first reported case of multiple infection in a wild boar with these agents. Therefore, the results obtained reinforce the risk posed by invasive species, especially wild boars, as potential sources of infectious agent dissemination and their role as possible reservoirs for numerous diseases.}, }
@article {pmid38197002, year = {2023}, author = {Son, D and Waldman, B and Song, U}, title = {Effects of land-use types and the exotic species, Hypochaeris radicata, on plant diversity in human-transformed landscapes of the biosphere reserve, Jeju Island, Korea.}, journal = {Plant diversity}, volume = {45}, number = {6}, pages = {685-693}, pmid = {38197002}, issn = {2468-2659}, abstract = {Land-use and plant invasion influence biodiversity. Understanding the effects of land-use types and invasive plants on the ecosystem is crucial for better management and the development of strategic plans for increasing biodiversity in Jeju Island, Korea, a designated Biosphere Reserve by the United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. The effect of the most dominant invasive exotic species, Hypochaeris radicata, on the four land-use types of Jeju Island was investigated. Plant composition, soil characteristics, and plant diversity among four land-use types (cropland, green space, neglected land, and residential) were compared. Among the land-use types, croplands had the most diverse plant composition and the highest richness in exotic and native plant species. Croplands, such as tangerine orchards, which are widely distributed throughout Jeju Island, showed the highest plant diversity because of medium intensity disturbance caused by weed removal. The relative cover of H. radicata did not differ between land-use types. However, H. radicata invasion was negatively related with plant species richness, making this invasive species a threat to the biodiversity of native herbs present in land-use areas. H. radicata adapts to areas with a broad range of soil properties and a variety of land-use types. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor land-use types and patterns of plant invasion to guide the implementation of consistent management and conservation strategies for maintaining ecosystem integrity of the transformed habitat in Jeju Island.}, }
@article {pmid38196795, year = {2023}, author = {Park, J and Park, SM and Choi, JH and Sung, HC and Lee, DH}, title = {Complete mitochondrial genome of the western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta bellii, Testudines: Emydidae) in Korea.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {1316-1319}, pmid = {38196795}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {The complete mitochondrial genome of Chrysemys picta bellii in Korea was sequenced and characterized. The mitochondrial genome consists of 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes) and a noncoding region. Phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial genome sequences revealed that C. p. bellii from Korea formed a cluster with C. p. bellii from China and C. picta from the USA, while showing clear separation from other turtle species within the C. picta cluster. This study presented the first complete mitochondrial genome from C. p. bellii in Korea, offering crucial information for managing invasive species and protecting the local ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid38195205, year = {2024}, author = {González, J and Fonseca, DM and Toledo, A}, title = {Effect of short photoperiod on the development of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodida: Ixodidae).}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjad171}, pmid = {38195205}, issn = {1938-2928}, abstract = {The invasive tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, is now present across most of the mid-Atlantic States in the eastern United States. This tick ends its seasonal activity in late October to early November, with larvae being the last life-stage observed questing. Previous research has revealed that the activity of H. longicornis is influenced by photoperiod: short daylight lengths trigger diapause in nymphs, marking it as the primary overwintering stage. However, whether engorged larvae can enter diapause or are affected by short daylight is unclear. In this study, we tested in the laboratory whether the photoperiod Affects the development of H. longicornis engorged larvae and engorged nymphs under constant temperature and humidity. The results showed that engorged larvae molted significantly faster (3 days faster) when the photoperiod was 9 h of light as opposed to 14 h. In contrast, changes in the photoperiod did not affect the molting of engorged nymphs. Our results demonstrate that engorged larvae respond to short daylight length, by molting faster. These results suggest that engorged larvae are unlikely to overwinter under field conditions and support the expectation that nymphs are the primary overwintering stage for H. longicornis in the United States.}, }
@article {pmid38193017, year = {2024}, author = {Chen, FSE and Dawson, SJ and Fleming, PA}, title = {Housework or vigilance? Bilbies alter their burrowing activity under threat of predation by feral cats.}, journal = {Behavioral ecology : official journal of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, pages = {arad073}, pmid = {38193017}, issn = {1045-2249}, abstract = {Behavioral adjustments to predation risk not only impose costs on prey species themselves but can also have cascading impacts on whole ecosystems. The greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis) is an important ecosystem engineer, modifying the physical environment through their digging activity, and supporting a diverse range of sympatric species that use its burrows for refuge and food resources. The bilby has experienced a severe decline over the last 200 years, and the species is now restricted to ~20% of its former distribution. Introduced predators, such as the feral cat (Felis catus), have contributed to this decline. We used camera traps to monitor bilby burrows at four sites in Western Australia, where bilbies were exposed to varying levels of cat predation threat. We investigated the impact of feral cats on bilby behavior at burrows, particularly during highly vulnerable periods when they dig and clear away soil or debris from the burrow entrance as they perform burrow maintenance. There was little evidence that bilbies avoided burrows that were visited by a feral cat; however, bilbies reduced the time spent performing burrow maintenance in the days following a cat visit (P = 0.010). We found the risk posed to bilbies varied over time, with twice the cat activity around full moon compared with dark nights. Given bilby burrows are an important resource in Australian ecosystems, predation by feral cats and the indirect impact of cats on bilby behavior may have substantial ecosystem function implications.}, }
@article {pmid38191559, year = {2024}, author = {Labuzzetta, CJ and Coulter, AA and Erickson, RA}, title = {Comparing maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods for fitting hidden Markov models to multi-state capture-recapture data of invasive carp in the Illinois River.}, journal = {Movement ecology}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {2}, pmid = {38191559}, issn = {2051-3933}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) are often used to model multi-state capture-recapture data in ecology. However, a variety of HMM modeling approaches and software exist, including both maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. The diversity of these methods obscures the underlying HMM and can exaggerate minor differences in parameterization.<br><br>METHODS: In this paper, we describe a general framework for modelling multi-state capture-recapture data via HMMs using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. We then apply an HMM to invasive silver carp telemetry data from the Illinois River and compare the results estimated by both methods.<br><br>RESULTS: Our analysis demonstrates disadvantages of relying on a single approach and highlights insights obtained from implementing both methods together. While both methods often struggled to converge, our results show biologically informative priors for Bayesian methods and initial values for maximum likelihood methods can guide convergence toward realistic solutions. Incorporating prior knowledge of the system can successfully constrain estimation to biologically realistic movement and detection probabilities when dealing with sparse data.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Biologically unrealistic estimates may be a sign of poor model convergence. In contrast, consistent convergence behavior across approaches can increase the credibility of a model. Estimates of movement probabilities can strongly influence the predicted population dynamics of a system. Therefore, thoroughly assessing results from HMMs is important when evaluating potential management strategies, particularly for invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid38189026, year = {2023}, author = {Park, J and Cheon, SJ and Choi, JH and Park, SM and Sung, HC and Lee, DH}, title = {Complete mitochondrial genome of the razor-backed musk turtle (Sternotherus carinatus, testudines: emydidae) in Korea.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {1396-1400}, pmid = {38189026}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {Sternotherus carinatus has been considered as a potential invasive species in Korea. However, the mitochondrial genome information of S. carinatus which can be used to control its effect on ecosystem is lacking. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of S. carinatus in Korea was sequenced and characterized. The mitochondrial genome consists of 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes) and a noncoding region. Phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial genome sequences showed that S. carinatus from Korea is separated from other turtles which are the invasive species in Korea. Sequence divergence calculations indicated near-zero divergence between S. carinatus populations in Korea, the USA, and China, suggesting limited genetic differentiation. In the context of the broader issue of invasive species disrupting ecosystems, this research contributes to the identification of mitochondrial genomes for various freshwater turtle species, emphasizing the need for extended data collection to discern genetic mixing trends between native and non-native species. This study is a significant step toward managing S. carinatus as a potential invasive species in Korea.}, }
@article {pmid38188168, year = {2024}, author = {Ruiz-Diaz, CP and Toledo-Hernández, C and Sánchez-González, JL and Mercado-Molina, AE}, title = {A successful method to restore seagrass habitats in coastal areas affected by consecutive natural events.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {e16700}, pmid = {38188168}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Alismatales ; Anthropogenic Effects ; *Brugmansia ; *Hydrocharitaceae ; Suppuration ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Seagrass meadows, known for providing essential ecosystem services like supporting fishing, coastline protection from erosion, and acting as carbon sinks to mitigate climate change effects, are facing severe degradation. The current deteriorating state can be attributed to the combination of anthropogenic activities, biological factors (i.e., invasive species), and natural forces (i.e., hurricanes). Indeed, the global seagrass cover is diminishing at an alarming mean rate of 7% annually, jeopardizing the health of these vital ecosystems. However, in the Island Municipality of Culebra, Puerto Rico, losses are occurring at a faster pace. For instance, hurricanes have caused over 10% of cover seagrass losses, and the natural recovery of seagrasses across Culebra's coast has been slow due to the low growth rates of native seagrasses (Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme) and the invasion of the invasive species Halophila stipulacea. Restoration programs are, thus, necessary to revitalize the native seagrass communities and associated fauna while limiting the spread of the invasive species.<br><br>METHODS: Here, we present the results of a seagrass meadow restoration project carried out in Punta Melones (PTM), Culebra, Puerto Rico, in response to the impact of Hurricanes Irma and Mar&#xed;a during 2017. The restoration technique used was planting propagation units (PUs), each with an area of 900 cm[2] of native seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme, planted at a depth between 3.5 and 4.5 m. A total of 688 PUs were planted between August 2021 and August 2023, and a sub-sample of 88 PUs was monitored between August 2021 and April 2023.<br><br>RESULTS: PUs showed over 95% of the seagrass survived, with Hurricane Fiona causing most of the mortalities potentially due to PUs burial by sediment movement and uplifting by wave energy. The surface area of the planting units increased by approximately 200% (i.e., 2,459 cm[2]), while seagrass shoot density increased by 168% (i.e., 126 shoots by PU). Additionally, flowering and fruiting were observed in multiple planting units, indicating 1) that the action taken did not adversely affect the PUs units and 2) that the project was successful in revitalizing seagrass populations. The seagrass restoration project achieved remarkable success, primarily attributed to the substantial volume of each PUs. Likely this high volume played a crucial role in facilitating the connection among roots, shoots, and microfauna while providing a higher number of undamaged and active rhizome meristems and short shoots. These factors collectively contributed to the enhanced growth and survivorship of the PUs, ultimately leading to the favorable outcome observed in the seagrass restoration project.}, }
@article {pmid38186600, year = {2023}, author = {Ahmad, F and Diez, JJ}, title = {Spanish ecological battleground: population structure of two invasive fungi, Cryphonectria parasitica and Fusarium circinatum.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1310254}, pmid = {38186600}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Invasive fungi distributed worldwide through globalization have caused devastating diseases in different forests, causing economic and ecologic disturbances. Two such invasive species are Cryphonectria parasitica and Fusarium circinatum, which were introduced to Europe from North America, separated temporally: C. parasitica was introduced about nine decades ago, whereas F. circinatum was introduced around two decades ago. As C. parasitica had a longer time to undergo genetic changes, we hypothesized that it has higher genetic diversity than the recently introduced F. circinatum in Spain. In addition, we studied the genetic characterization of both fungi present in similar ecological conditions in Northern Spain with the aim of providing data for biocontrol measures.<br><br>METHODS: Molecular genetic markers were used to test these hypotheses, including mating type and DNA sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. In addition, we used vegetative compatibility (VC) type markers in C. parasitica as the information about VC type is essential to apply biocontrol against the fungus.<br><br>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: All the isolates of C. parasitica from the studied area belonged to only one VC type (EU-1) and one mating type (MAT-2). However, three distinct haplotypes of C. parasitica were identified through ITS sequencing, showing that multiple introductions might have happened to Cantabria. Among F. circinatum, no diversity was observed in ITS and MAT loci in the studied area but isolates from other Spanish regions showed the presence of both mating types. Overall, C. parasitica had higher genetic diversity than F. circinatum, despite both organisms appearing to reproduce clonally. This study helped understand the invasion patterns of C. parasitica and F. circinatum in northern Spain and will be useful in applying biocontrol measures against both pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid38185188, year = {2024}, author = {Rader, JA and Serrato-Capuchina, A and Anspach, T and Matute, DR}, title = {The spread of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {107106}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107106}, pmid = {38185188}, issn = {1873-6254}, abstract = {The mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) is a vector species of the causal agents of Dengue, yellow fever, and Zika among other diseases pathogens. The species originated in Southeast Asia and has spread widely and rapidly in the last century. The species has been reported in localities from the Gulf of Guinea since the early 2000s, but systematic sampling has been scant. We sampled Ae. albopictus twice, in 2013 and 2023 across the altitudinal gradient in São Tomé and found that the species was present in all sampled years at altitudes up to 680 meters. We also found some evidence of increases in proportional representation compared to Ae. aegypti over time. We report the presence of the species in Príncipe for the first time, suggesting that the range of Ae. albopictus is larger than previously thought. Finally, we use bioclimatic niche modeling to infer the potential range of Ae. albopictus and infer that the species has the potential to spread across a large portion of São Tomé and Príncipe. Our results suggest that Ae. albopictus has established itself as a resident species of the islands of the Gulf of Guinea and should be incorporated into the list of potential vectors that need to be surveyed and controlled.}, }
@article {pmid38182847, year = {2024}, author = {Mahmoud, NE and Fahmy, MM and Khattab, MS and Abuowarda, M}, title = {Phylogeny and ultrastructure of Elthusa raynaudii (Isopoda, Cymothoidae) firstly recorded from the invasive silver cheeked toadfish (Lagocephalus sceleratus) (Gmelin 1789) in eastern Mediterranean Sea coast.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {123}, number = {1}, pages = {86}, pmid = {38182847}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Female ; Animals ; *Isopoda ; Phylogeny ; Silver ; Ecosystem ; Mediterranean Sea ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Tetraodontiformes ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, many changes have occurred in the Mediterranean Sea ecosystem so became a home to many invasive Lessepsian marine species that have migrated from the Red Sea. About 500 marine species including pufferfish have immigrated and rapidly established a population in the Mediterranean Sea causing significant impact on its ecosystem and fisheries sector. The parasitic fauna of these pufferfish has scarcely been studied in the Mediterranean Sea and also in their native habitat. During this surveillance study on the invasive pufferfish species from the Egyptian Mediterranean coast, the female cymothoid isopod Elthusa raynaudii was detected from the branchial cavity and also in the buccal cavity of 23.9% of the examined Lagocephalus sceleratus. The isolated isopod species was firstly identified and described through electron microscopy and molecular phylogeny based on the sequences of mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. Additionally, the description of eggs, embryonic stage, and manca of E. raynaudii was firstly provided. The pathological impact on the infested fish tissues was investigated and revealed curling and loss of secondary gill lamellae in addition to mucous exudates in between the gill filaments and granuloma formation in the gill arch. The study provided the first report of L. sceleratus as a new host for the isopod E. raynaudii collected from the Egyptian Mediterranean coast as a new locality record. The role of the Lessepsian invasive pufferfish in transmitting parasites to the native fish species was discussed.}, }
@article {pmid38182629, year = {2024}, author = {Perera, NN and Barrow, RA and Weston, PA and Weston, LA and Gurr, GM}, title = {Field evaluation of electrophysiologically-active dung volatiles as chemical lures for trapping of dung beetles.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {584}, pmid = {38182629}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {RnD4Profit-16-03-016//Meat and Livestock Australia/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; *Coleoptera ; Eucalyptol ; Butyric Acid ; Introduced Species ; Toluene ; }, abstract = {Dung beetles are economically important beneficial insects that process dung. To locate this source, they use volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The objectives of the study were to evaluate the attractiveness of ten electrophysiologically-active dung volatiles (phenol, skatole, indole, p-cresol, butanone, butyric acid, eucalyptol, dimethyl sulphide, dimethyl disulphide, and toluene) to dung beetles in the field and to investigate how the composition of volatile blends influences efficacy as lures for use in traps. Six combinations of the compounds were compared with field collected cattle dung bait and a negative control, across three seasons. Both dung and synthetic baits captured all exotic dung beetle species present in the study area. A six-compound mix (M1), comprising major dung volatiles, served as an attractive chemical mixture. The addition of dimethyl sulphide, dimethyl disulphide (M2) and toluene (M4) enhanced attractancy of M1 for dung beetles, while eucalyptol (M3) decreased the attractancy. The degree of attraction by various dung beetle species to synthetic baits varied, but baits proved to be effective, especially for summer trapping. The trap design used in this study presented a convenient and practical way to sample dung beetle and other associated scarabs from open pastures. The attraction of introduced dung beetle species to synthetic baits is documented here for the first time in Australia. In addition, necrophagous Omorgus sp. is reported here for the first time to be attracted to synthetic baits. They showed a significant attraction to the mixture containing dimethyl sulphide and dimethyl disulphide (M2). The current study represents a promising first step towards formulating a synthetic chemical lure for dung beetles, offering a consistent, standardised, and bio-secure trapping method compared to use of naturally occurring dung baits, especially as a multi-species lure.}, }
@article {pmid38179982, year = {2024}, author = {Bogo, G and Fisogni, A and Iannone, A and Grillenzoni, FV and Corvucci, F and Bortolotti, L}, title = {Nesting biology and nest structure of the exotic bee Megachile sculpturalis.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-10}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485323000627}, pmid = {38179982}, issn = {1475-2670}, abstract = {From the 1990s, the Southeast Asia native giant resin bee Megachile sculpturalis (Smith, 1853) was introduced first to North America, and then to many countries in Europe. Despite increasing studies on its invasive potential and geographical expansion, information on nesting behaviour of this species is still extremely scarce. To increase knowledge on the nesting biology of M. sculpturalis, we studied multiple aspects of nesting and pollen provisioning in three consecutive years in artificial nests in Bologna, Italy. We observed 166 bees visiting nests, and followed individual nesting behaviour and success of 41 adult females. We measured cavity diameter in 552 nests and characterised the structure in 100 of them. More than 95% of nest diameters ranged between 0.6 and 1.2 cm, overlapping with several sympatric species of cavity-nesting hymenopterans in the study area. Most nests had a first chamber from the entrance of variable length without brood, followed by an average of about two brood cells with a mean length of 2.85 ± 0.13 cm each. The pollen stored in brood cells was almost monofloral, belonging to the ornamental plant Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott. We estimated that a single female should visit ≈180 flowers to collect enough pollen for a single brood cell. These results fill knowledge gaps on the nesting biology and nest structure of the exotic M. sculpturalis, and they are discussed in relation to possible competition with native bees for nesting sites and foraging resources.}, }
@article {pmid38174626, year = {2024}, author = {Khattak, WA and Sun, J and Hameed, R and Zaman, F and Abbas, A and Khan, KA and Elboughdiri, N and Akbar, R and He, F and Ullah, MW and Al-Andal, A and Du, D}, title = {Unveiling the resistance of native weed communities: insights for managing invasive weed species in disturbed environments.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/brv.13043}, pmid = {38174626}, issn = {1469-185X}, support = {//Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Treatment Technology and Materials/ ; 31971427//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32071521//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2022ZB657//Jiangsu Provincial Excellent Postdoctoral Program/ ; RGP/110/44//Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University/ ; //Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)/ ; BK20220030//Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality Technology Innovation Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; }, abstract = {Weed communities influence the dynamics of ecosystems, particularly in disturbed environments where anthropogenic activities often result in higher pollution. Understanding the dynamics existing between native weed communities and invasive species in disturbed environments is crucial for effective management and normal ecosystem functioning. Recognising the potential resistance of native weed communities to invasion in disturbed environments can help identify suitable native plants for restoration operations. This review aims to investigate the adaptations exhibited by native and non-native weeds that may affect invasions within disturbed environments. Factors such as ecological characteristics, altered soil conditions, and adaptations of native weed communities that potentially confer a competitive advantage relative to non-native or invasive weeds in disturbed environments are analysed. Moreover, the roles of biotic interactions such as competition, mutualistic relationships, and allelopathy in shaping the invasion resistance of native weed communities are described. Emphasis is given to the consideration of the resistance of native weeds as a key factor in invasion dynamics that provides insights for conservation and restoration efforts in disturbed environments. Additionally, this review underscores the need for further research to unravel the underlying mechanisms and to devise targeted management strategies. These strategies aim to promote the resistance of native weed communities and mitigate the negative effects of invasive weed species in disturbed environments. By delving deeper into these insights, we can gain an understanding of the ecological dynamics within disturbed ecosystems and develop valuable insights for the management of invasive species, and to restore long-term ecosystem sustainability.}, }
@article {pmid38172161, year = {2024}, author = {Kumar, A and Singh, S and Kumar, D and Singh, RK and Gupta, AK and Premkumar, K and Chand, HB and Kewat, AK}, title = {Investigating the phenology and interactions of competitive plant species co-occurring with invasive Lantana camara in Indian Himalayan Region.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {400}, pmid = {38172161}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Lantana ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Ecology ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant species are considered one of the significant drivers of habitat loss, leading to biodiversity loss. They have also been observed to alter the local ecology, resulting in a decline of native flora. The management of invasive species is widely recognised as one of the most severe challenges to biodiversity conservation. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) considers Lantana camara, as one of the ten worst weeds. Over time, native and indigenous species may evolve to co-exist or compete with invasive species, reducing invader fitness. It is observed that species competition fluctuates throughout environmental gradients, life phases, and abundances. Hence, competition outcome is very context-dependent. To address this challenge, we conducted a comprehensive study in three phases: we identified native species coexisting with Lantana in their natural habitats in the Doon Valley (Phase I) and documented the phenotypic traits of selected coexisting species using the Landmark BBCH (Biologische Bun-desantalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie) scale, revealing the phenological growth patterns of selected co-existing species (Phase II). This was followed by conducting pot (Phase IIIa) and field (Phase IIIb) experiments to study the interactions between them. Notably, Justicia adhatoda, Broussonetia papyrifera, Pongamia pinnata, Urtica dioica and Bauhinia variegata demonstrated promising results in both pot and field conditions. Furthermore, after the mechanical removal of Lantana and prior to the plantation in the field experiments, four native grass species were introduced using the seed ball method. Among these, Pennisetum pedicellatum and Sorghum halpense exhibited prompt regeneration and effectively colonised the field, densely covering the cleared area. The study provides a comprehensive management plan for the restoration of Lantana affected areas through competition using native species. This study utilizes phenological assessment for native plant selection using reclamation from native grasses and proposes a management plan for combating invasive Lantana.}, }
@article {pmid38172139, year = {2024}, author = {Potapov, AM and Chen, TW and Striuchkova, AV and Alatalo, JM and Alexandre, D and Arbea, J and Ashton, T and Ashwood, F and Babenko, AB and Bandyopadhyaya, I and Baretta, CRDM and Baretta, D and Barnes, AD and Bellini, BC and Bendjaballah, M and Berg, MP and Bernava, V and Bokhorst, S and Bokova, AI and Bolger, T and Bouchard, M and Brito, RA and Buchori, D and Castaño-Meneses, G and Chauvat, M and Chomel, M and Chow, Y and Chown, SL and Classen, AT and Cortet, J and Čuchta, P and de la Pedrosa, AM and De Lima, ECA and Deharveng, LE and Doblas Miranda, E and Drescher, J and Eisenhauer, N and Ellers, J and Ferlian, O and Ferreira, SSD and Ferreira, AS and Fiera, C and Filser, J and Franken, O and Fujii, S and Koudji, EG and Gao, M and Gendreau-Berthiaume, B and Gers, C and Greve, M and Hamra-Kroua, S and Handa, IT and Hasegawa, M and Heiniger, C and Hishi, T and Holmstrup, M and Homet, P and Høye, TT and Ivask, M and Jacques, B and Janion-Scheepers, C and Jochum, M and Joimel, S and Jorge, BCS and Juceviča, E and Kapinga, EM and Kováč, &#x13d; and Krab, EJ and Krogh, PH and Kuu, A and Kuznetsova, N and Lam, WN and Lin, D and Lindo, Z and Liu, AWP and Lu, JZ and Luciáñez, MJ and Marx, MT and Mawan, A and McCary, MA and Minor, MA and Mitchell, GI and Moreno, D and Nakamori, T and Negri, I and Nielsen, UN and Ochoa-Hueso, R and Oliveira Filho, LCI and Palacios-Vargas, JG and Pollierer, MM and Ponge, JF and Potapov, MB and Querner, P and Rai, B and Raschmanová, N and Rashid, MI and Raymond-Léonard, LJ and Reis, AS and Ross, GM and Rousseau, L and Russell, DJ and Saifutdinov, RA and Salmon, S and Santonja, M and Saraeva, AK and Sayer, EJ and Scheunemann, N and Scholz, C and Seeber, J and Shaw, P and Shveenkova, YB and Slade, EM and Stebaeva, S and Sterzynska, M and Sun, X and Susanti, WI and Taskaeva, AA and Tay, LS and Thakur, MP and Treasure, AM and Tsiafouli, M and Twala, MN and Uvarov, AV and Venier, LA and Widenfalk, LA and Widyastuti, R and Winck, B and Winkler, D and Wu, D and Xie, Z and Yin, R and Zampaulo, RA and Zeppelini, D and Zhang, B and Zoughailech, A and Ashford, O and Klauberg-Filho, O and Scheu, S}, title = {Global fine-resolution data on springtail abundance and community structure.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {22}, pmid = {38172139}, issn = {2052-4463}, support = {SCHE 376/22-3//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Arthropods ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Seasons ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Springtails (Collembola) inhabit soils from the Arctic to the Antarctic and comprise an estimated ~32% of all terrestrial arthropods on Earth. Here, we present a global, spatially-explicit database on springtail communities that includes 249,912 occurrences from 44,999 samples and 2,990 sites. These data are mainly raw sample-level records at the species level collected predominantly from private archives of the authors that were quality-controlled and taxonomically-standardised. Despite covering all continents, most of the sample-level data come from the European continent (82.5% of all samples) and represent four habitats: woodlands (57.4%), grasslands (14.0%), agrosystems (13.7%) and scrublands (9.0%). We included sampling by soil layers, and across seasons and years, representing temporal and spatial within-site variation in springtail communities. We also provided data use and sharing guidelines and R code to facilitate the use of the database by other researchers. This data paper describes a static version of the database at the publication date, but the database will be further expanded to include underrepresented regions and linked with trait data.}, }
@article {pmid38169692, year = {2023}, author = {Yang, Q and Xin, C and Xiao, QS and Lin, YT and Li, L and Zhao, JL}, title = {Codon usage bias in chloroplast genes implicate adaptive evolution of four ginger species.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1304264}, pmid = {38169692}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Codon usage bias (CUB) refers to different codons exhibiting varying frequencies of usage in the genome. Studying CUB is crucial for understanding genome structure, function, and evolutionary processes. Herein, we investigated the codon usage patterns and influencing factors of protein-coding genes in the chloroplast genomes of four sister genera (monophyletic Roscoea and Cautleya, and monophyletic Pommereschea and Rhynchanthus) from the Zingiberaceae family with contrasting habitats in southwestern China. These genera exhibit distinct habitats, providing a unique opportunity to explore the adaptive evolution of codon usage. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of nucleotide composition and codon usage on protein-coding genes in the chloroplast genomes. The study focused on understanding the relationship between codon usage and environmental adaptation, with a particular emphasis on genes associated with photosynthesis. Nucleotide composition analysis revealed that the overall G/C content of the coding genes was ˂ 48%, indicating an enrichment of A/T bases. Additionally, synonymous and optimal codons were biased toward ending with A/U bases. Natural selection is the primary factor influencing CUB characteristics, particularly photosynthesis-associated genes. We observed differential gene expressions related to light adaptation among sister genera inhabiting different environments. Certain codons were favored under specific conditions, possibly contributing to gene expression regulation in particular environments. This study provides insights into the adaptive evolution of these sister genera by analyzing CUB and offers theoretical assistance for understanding gene expression and regulation. In addition, the data support the relationship between RNA editing and CUB, and the findings shed light on potential research directions for investigating adaptive evolution.}, }
@article {pmid38169086, year = {2024}, author = {Jiang, S and Zhang, C and Pan, X and Storey, KB and Zhang, W}, title = {Distinct metabolic responses to thermal stress between invasive freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta elegans and native freshwater turtles in China.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12804}, pmid = {38169086}, issn = {1749-4877}, support = {31901094//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 22KJD190002//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; }, abstract = {Different responses or tolerance to thermal stress between invasive and native species can affect the outcome of interactions between climate change and biological invasion. However, knowledge about the physiological mechanisms that modulate the interspecific differences in thermal tolerance is limited. The present study analyzes the metabolic responses to thermal stress by the globally invasive turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans, as compared with two co-occurring native turtle species in China, Pelodiscus sinensis and Mauremys reevesii. Changes in metabolite contents and the expression or enzyme activities of genes involved in energy sensing, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle after exposure to gradient temperatures were assessed in turtle juveniles. Invasive and native turtles showed distinct metabolic responses to thermal stress. T. scripta elegans showed greater transcriptional regulation of energy sensors than the native turtles. Enhanced anaerobic metabolism was needed by all three species under extreme heat conditions, but phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and lactate dehydrogenase in the invader showed stronger upregulation or stable responses than the native species, which showed inhibition by high temperatures. These contrasts were pronounced in the muscles of the three species. Regulation of lipid metabolism was observed in both T. scripta elegans and P. sinensis but not in M. reevesii under thermal stress. Thermal stress did not inhibit the TCA cycle in turtles. Different metabolic responses to thermal stress may contribute to interspecific differences in thermal tolerance. Overall, our study further suggested the potential role of physiological differences in mediating interactions between climate change and biological invasion.}, }
@article {pmid38168594, year = {2023}, author = {Heylen, DJA and Labuschagne, M and Meiring, C and van der Mescht, L and Klafke, G and Costa Junior, LM and Strydom, T and Wentzel, J and Shacklock, C and Halos, L and Maree, F and Fourie, J and Madder, M and Evans, A}, title = {Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus field isolates from South Africa and Brazil.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance}, volume = {24}, number = {}, pages = {100519}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.100519}, pmid = {38168594}, issn = {2211-3207}, abstract = {Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the most successful ticks infesting cattle around the world. This highly-invasive species transmits cattle parasites that cause cattle fever leading to a high socio-economic burden. Tick eradication programs have often failed, due to the development of acaricide resistance. Here we characterize acaricide resistance in a large number of tick isolates from regions in South Africa (KwaZulu Natal, Mpumalanga, Western &amp; Eastern Cape provinces) and two Brazilian regions. By means of Larval Packet Tests (LPT's) acaricide resistance was evaluated against five commonly used acaricides (chlorfenvinphos, fipronil, deltamethrin, amitraz, and ivermectin). Furthermore, the coding region containing the knock down resistance (kdr) mutation, known to result in pyrethroid resistance, was sequenced. Resistance to at least one acaricide class was reported in each of the five regions, and a high proportion of tick isolates exhibited multi-resistance to at least two acaricide classes (range: 22.2-80.0%). Furthermore, resistance ratios (RR) showed high spatial variation (intercontinental, as well as regional) but low regional spatial autocorrelation. Previous and current acaricide use correlated with current RR, and several combinations of acaricide RR were positively correlated. Moreover, fipronil resistance tended to be higher in farms with more intense acaricide use. The kdr-mutations provided the ticks a fitness advantage under the selection pressure of synthetic pyrethroids based on population (kdr-allele frequency) and individual level data (genotypes). The data show the threat of acaricide (multi-)resistance is high in Brazil and South Africa, but acaricide specific levels need to be assessed locally. For this purpose, gathering complementary molecular information on mutations that underlie resistance can reduce costs and expedite necessary actions. In an era of human-caused habitat alterations, implementing molecular data-driven programs becomes essential in overcoming tick-induced socio-economic losses.}, }
@article {pmid38163603, year = {2023}, author = {Tasker, SJL and Foggo, A and Scheers, K and van der Loop, J and Giordano, S and Bilton, DT}, title = {Nuanced impacts of the invasive aquatic plant Crassula helmsii on Northwest European freshwater macroinvertebrate assemblages.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {913}, number = {}, pages = {169667}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169667}, pmid = {38163603}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Invasive alien species are considered one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity, and are particularly problematic in aquatic systems. Given the foundational role of macrophytes in most freshwaters, alien aquatic plant invasions may drive strong bottom-up impacts on recipient biota. Crassula helmsii (New Zealand pygmyweed) is an Australasian macrophyte, now widespread in northwest Europe. Crassula helmsii rapidly invades small lentic waterbodies, where it is generally considered a serious threat to native biodiversity. The precise ecological impacts of this invasion remain poorly understood, however, particularly with respect to macroinvertebrates, which comprise the bulk of freshwater faunal biodiversity. We conducted a field study of ponds, ditches and small lakes across the core of C. helmsii's invasive range (United Kingdom, Belgium and the Netherlands), finding that invaded sites had higher macroinvertebrate taxon richness than uninvaded sites, and that many infrequent and rare macroinvertebrates co-occurred with C. helmsii. Alien macroinvertebrates were more abundant in C. helmsii sites, however, particularly the North American amphipod Crangonyx pseudogracilis. At the order level, water beetle (Coleoptera) richness and abundance were higher in C. helmsii sites, whereas true fly (Diptera) abundance was higher in uninvaded sites. Taxonomic and functional assemblage composition were both impacted by invasion, largely in relation to taxa and traits associated with detritivory, suggesting that the impacts of C. helmsii on macroinvertebrates are partly mediated by the availability and palatability of its detritus. The nuanced effects of C. helmsii on macroinvertebrates found here should encourage further quantitative research on the impacts of this invasive plant, and perhaps prompt a more balanced re-evaluation of its effects on native aquatic macrofauna.}, }
@article {pmid38161718, year = {2023}, author = {Proshchalykin, MY and Fateryga, AV and Astafurova, YV}, title = {Corrections and additions to the catalogue of the bees (Hymenoptera, Anthophila) of Russia.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {1187}, number = {}, pages = {301-339}, pmid = {38161718}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The present study is an update to the first catalogue of Russian bees published in 2017. For the Russian fauna, five recently described species are reported, as well as 45 species newly recorded since the first catalogue (including one invasive species), nine species overlooked in this previous Russian checklist, and 17 published synonymies. Original records are provided for nine species previously unknown to Russia and, as a taxonomic act, one species, Anthidiumovasi Warncke, 1980, syn. nov., is synonymised with Icteranthidiumfloripetum (Eversmann, 1852). Additionally, 14 species are excluded from the original catalogue and numerous other taxonomic changes and clarifications are included. The present work revises the total number of genera for Russia to 64 and the total number of species to 1,268.}, }
@article {pmid38161491, year = {2023}, author = {Lamelas-Lopez, L and Ferrante, M and Borges, PAV and Amorim do Rosário, I and Neves, V}, title = {Nest predation of Cory's shearwater Calonectrisborealis (Aves, Procellariiformes) by introduced mammals on Terceira Island, Azores.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e112871}, pmid = {38161491}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {The Azores holds the largest population of Cory's shearwater Calonectrisborealis (Cory, 1881) (Aves, Procellariiformes) in the world. Apart from a few mammal-free islets, the bulk of the population breeds in coastal areas on the main human-inhabited islands, where several non-native predators have been introduced. Throughout the entire year of the 2019 breeding season, we used motion-triggered cameras and regularly visited three colonies of Cory's shearwater to identify nest predators and the factors affecting nest predation. A total of 292,624 photos were obtained, of which 97.7% were of Cory's shearwaters, 1.7% of non-target species (e.g. other birds, rabbits) and 0.52% of potential predators. Of the monitored nests, 25.7% were predated (n = 9), mainly by black rats (n = 8), but also by cats (n = 1). The relative abundance of black rats in the nests was the main factor explaining nest mortality. This variable was significantly and negatively related with the daily survival rate of Cory's shearwater nestlings. Identification of the main nest predators is crucial for the management and conservation of native bird populations, particularly on oceanic islands, which harbour an important number of threatened and endemic species.}, }
@article {pmid38158426, year = {2023}, author = {Reichl, J and Prossegger, C and Eichholzer, B and Plauder, P and Unterköfler, MS and Bakran-Lebl, K and Indra, A and Fuehrer, HP}, title = {A citizen science report-Tiger mosquitoes (Aedes albopictus) in allotment gardens in Graz, Styria, Austria.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {123}, number = {1}, pages = {79}, pmid = {38158426}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aedes/genetics ; Gardens ; Austria ; *Citizen Science ; *Zika Virus ; *Zika Virus Infection ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito, is an invasive species not native to Europe. Due to its ability to transmit pathogens, such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses, Ae. albopictus is considered a major health threat. In Austria, it was first reported in 2012 in the Western province of Tyrol and was documented in the metropolitan area of Vienna in 2020, demonstrating its ability to colonize urban areas. In July 2021, a garden owner from Graz, Styria, Austria, contacted experts because of the possible presence of tiger mosquitoes in an allotment garden complex. Accordingly, citizen scientists collected adult mosquitoes and set up ovitraps. Adults and eggs were sent to the laboratory for morphological examination and molecular DNA barcoding within the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. In total, 217 eggs of Ae. albopictus were found at the allotment garden as well as at a second location in the city of Graz. In addition, 14 adult Ae. albopictus specimens, of which 7 were molecularly identified as an identical haplotype, were collected at the allotment garden. With its mild climate and numerous parks and gardens, Graz provides the perfect environment for reproduction of tropical/subtropical alien Aedes mosquitoes. The presence of eggs and adult specimens in the current study period indicates that Ae. albopictus is already breeding in Graz. However, monitoring efforts need to be continued to determine whether stable populations of Ae. albopictus can survive there.}, }
@article {pmid38157904, year = {2023}, author = {Cuthbert, RN and Dick, JTA and Haubrock, PJ and Pincheira-Donoso, D and Soto, I and Briski, E}, title = {Economic impact disharmony in global biological invasions.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {913}, number = {}, pages = {169622}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169622}, pmid = {38157904}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {A dominant syndrome of the Anthropocene is the rapid worldwide spread of invasive species with devastating environmental and socio-economic impacts. However, the dynamics underlying the impacts of biological invasions remain contested. A hypothesis posits that the richness of impactful invasive species increases proportionally with the richness of non-native species more generally. A competing hypothesis suggests that certain species features disproportionately enhance the chances of non-native species becoming impactful, causing invasive species to arise disproportionately relative to the numbers of non-native species. We test whether invasive species with reported monetary costs reflect global numbers of established non-native species among phyla, classes, and families. Our results reveal that numbers of invasive species with economic costs largely reflect non-native species richness among taxa (i.e., in 96 % of families). However, a few costly taxa were over- and under-represented, and their composition differed among environments and regions. Chordates, nematodes, and pathogenic groups tended to be the most over-represented phyla with reported monetary costs, with mammals, insects, fungi, roundworms, and medically-important microorganisms being over-represented classes. Numbers of costly invasive species increased significantly with non-native richness per taxon, while monetary cost magnitudes at the family level were also significantly related to costly invasive species richness. Costs were biased towards a few 'hyper-costly' taxa (such as termites, mosquitoes, cats, weevils, rodents, ants, and asters). Ordination analysis revealed significant dissimilarity between non-native and costly invasive taxon assemblages. These results highlight taxonomic groups which harbour disproportionately high numbers of costly invasive species and monetary cost magnitudes. Collectively, our findings support prevention of arrival and containment of spread of non-native species as a whole through effective strategies for mitigation of the rapidly amplifying impacts of invasive species. Yet, the hyper- costly taxa identified here should receive greater focus from managers to reduce impacts of current invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid38155367, year = {2023}, author = {Walsh, HL and Blazer, VS and Wolf, JC and Densmore, CL}, title = {Splenic hemangioendothelial neoplasm in a captive Northern Snakehead from the Potomac River.}, journal = {Journal of aquatic animal health}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/aah.10208}, pmid = {38155367}, issn = {1548-8667}, support = {//U.S. Geological Survey's Ecosystem Mission Area's Species Management and Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research programs/ ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: At the U.S. Geological Survey Leetown Research Laboratory in Kearneysville, West Virginia, an approximately 3-year-old, captive-held Northern Snakehead Channa argus with clinical signs of abdominal distention died and was necropsied 1 day after an examination under anesthesia. A mass discovered in the midcoelomic cavity, presumed to be deformed spleen, was comprised of large, pseudocystic structures that contained considerable volumes of opaque, straw-colored fluid.<br><br>METHODS: A histopathological evaluation revealed that the tissue consisted of foci of small capillaries, nodular areas of proliferating, pleomorphic endothelial cells, and areas of necrosis within the pseudocyst wall. Positive nuclear and nonspecific immunolabeling with a vascular marker, cluster of differentiation 31, was concentrated in and around vascular spaces.<br><br>RESULT: Based on these observations, the tumor has been putatively identified as a hemangioendothelial neoplasm.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This would represent the first report of a vascular tumor in a Northern Snakehead and, globally, one of the few described neoplasms identified in a member of the Channidae family.}, }
@article {pmid38153652, year = {2023}, author = {Jothinarayanan, N and Karlsen, F and Roseng, LE}, title = {Characterization and Validation of a Lyophilized Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for the Detection of Esox lucius.}, journal = {Applied biochemistry and biotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38153652}, issn = {1559-0291}, abstract = {In many ways, globalization is beneficial, but in one way, it promotes the spread of alien (invasive) species through international trade and transport. In different habitats, Esox lucius (northern pike) can be considered a regionally alien species, and this fish tends to establish a higher density population than desired in fresh water. Early identification of such invasive species using sensitive and quick methods is important to be able to take immediate measures and avoid environmental problems. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has emerged as the best DNA/RNA detection technique, without any expensive equipment and could be used to detect environmental DNA (eDNA). However, the reagents for amplification are not stable at ambient temperature for field applications. Therefore, this work aims to lyophilize the entire reaction mixture as a single microbead, with enzyme, and LAMP primers towards the detection of mitochondrial cytochrome B (Cyt B), a housekeeping gene in Esox lucius. Analytical and molecular techniques were performed to characterize and validate the lyophilized beads, respectively. The lyophilized beads were stored at two different temperatures, at 20 °C and 4 °C, and tested for biological activity after different time intervals. The result shows that lyophilized beads are bioactive for almost 30 days when stored at 20 °C, while beads at 4 °C did not lose their bioactivity after storage for up to one year. This study will be particularly useful for conducting on-site LAMP analyses in the field, where resources for freezing and storage are limited.}, }
@article {pmid38152159, year = {2023}, author = {Shahraki, MZ and Keivany, Y and Dorche, EE and Blocksom, K and Bruder, A and Flotemersch, J and Bănăduc, D}, title = {Distribution and Expansion of Alien Fish Species in the Karun River Basin, Iran.}, journal = {Fishes}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, pages = {1-24}, pmid = {38152159}, issn = {2410-3888}, support = {EPA999999/ImEPA/Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {We assessed the distribution of alien fishes in the Karun River Basin, Iran. Fish were collected from 39 sites during the November-December 2018 low-flow period. In total, 39 fish species from nine orders and 14 families were documented. Among these, 10 species were alien to the basin (986 individuals; 15.7%). Four species were the most abundant alien species and primarily in impounded, downstream reaches. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was conducted to identify the extent of changes in alien fish assemblages with environmental parameters. RDA1 and RDA2 accounted for 36.24% and 25.33% of the variation of alien species, respectively. Altitude, depth, electrical conductivity, water temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and river width were the most significant parameters affecting alien species distributions. We present a dual-pathway cause-and-effect hypothesis proposing that alien fish species presence causes declines in the ecological status of native fish communities. We then explore how human-induced aquatic ecosystem degradation creates opportunities for alien species to invade new ecosystems, further impacting native fish communities. Our study contributes insight into the cause and effect of the presence of alien fish species in the Karun River Basin and emphasizes the urgency of conservation measures to protect this critically endangered watershed.}, }
@article {pmid38151297, year = {2023}, author = {Capizzi, D and Sposimo, P and Sozio, G and Fratini, S and Zanet, S and Biondo, C and Romano, A and Dell'Agnello, F and Baccetti, N and Petrassi, F}, title = {For Birds and Humans: Challenges and Benefits of Rat Eradications From an Inhabited Islands (Ventotene, Central Italy).}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7947}, pmid = {38151297}, issn = {1526-4998}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rat eradication from islands is a very effective tool that can free entire ecosystems from the pressure of alien predators. In this study we present the case study of Ventotene (Ponziane Archipelago, Central Italy), which to date is by far the island with the greatest number of human inhabitants ever freed from the negative implications of rats. Rat eradication was carried out in the framework of the Life PonDerat project, co-financed by European Union. Besides considering the conservation benefits due to the removal of rats, we also considered the socio-economic and pathogenic impacts from introduced rats.<br><br>RESULTS: The overall economic cost of rats was quantified at least &#x20ac; 18,500 per year to the residents of the island. Several zoonotic pathogens were detected in the rat population prior to eradication. A reduction in the rodenticide distributed over time on the island was also estimated. Identifying the origin of the rat population allowed for the development of a more targeted and effective biosecurity measures. The eradication effort was challenged by the presence of domestic animals and variability in support for baiting in urbanised areas.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study open new perspectives about island restoration projects. We demonstrated the cost-effectiveness of the action including ecosystem restoration, reduction of rat impacts in agricultural systems and improving overall health and food safety. Our findings will have significant implications for similar interventions on other islands, potentially bringing significant benefits. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid38151047, year = {2023}, author = {Laidemitt, MR and Loker, ES}, title = {VECTOR COMPATIBILITY OF NEW MEXICO GALBA SPECIES WITH THE CANINE SCHISTOSOME HETEROBILHARZIA AMERICANA, INCLUDING THE FIRST REPORT OF GALBA SCHIRAZENSIS AS A COMPATIBLE HOST.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {109}, number = {6}, pages = {633-637}, doi = {10.1645/23-50}, pmid = {38151047}, issn = {1937-2345}, support = {P30 GM110907/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI101438/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Dogs ; Animals ; New Mexico/epidemiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Snails/genetics ; *Schistosomatidae/genetics ; Schistosoma ; Mammals/genetics ; }, abstract = {The indigenous North American mammalian schistosome Heterobilharzia americana has recently attracted attention for causing outbreaks in dogs in states outside of its southeastern U.S. distribution. Although H. americana has yet to be reported in New Mexico, we examined 2 New Mexico isolates of Galba snails to determine their susceptibility to experimental infection with an isolate of H. americana from Utah. One of the Galba isolates from the Rio Grande bosque in the Albuquerque suburb of Corrales was identified as Galba humilis, and like specimens of the same taxon from Utah, proved susceptible to H. americana (27.6% of exposed surviving snails positive). The second Galba isolate sourced from the northern mountains of New Mexico, which surprisingly was revealed to be Galba schirazensis based on cytochrome c oxidase 1, 16S rRNA, and the internal transcribed spacer 2 markers, was also susceptible to H. americana (56.3% of exposed surviving field-derived snails and 46.4% first generation [F1] snails positive). This is the first report of the latter snail being a compatible snail host for H. americana. As G. schirazensis has a wide, albeit spotty, distribution and is considered an invasive species, it provides yet another opportunity for H. americana to expand its known range, potentially including the state of New Mexico as well.}, }
@article {pmid38148253, year = {2023}, author = {Newsome, T and Cairncross, R and Cunningham, CX and Spencer, EE and Barton, PS and Ripple, WJ and Wirsing, AJ}, title = {Scavenging with invasive species.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/brv.13035}, pmid = {38148253}, issn = {1469-185X}, abstract = {Carrion acts as a hotspot of animal activity within many ecosystems globally, attracting scavengers that rely on this food source. However, many scavengers are invasive species whose impacts on scavenging food webs and ecosystem processes linked to decomposition are poorly understood. Here, we use Australia as a case study to review the extent of scavenging by invasive species that have colonised the continent since European settlement, identify the factors that influence their use of carcasses, and highlight the lesser-known ecological effects of invasive scavengers. From 44 published studies we identified six invasive species from 48 vertebrates and four main groups of arthropods (beetles, flies, ants and wasps) that scavenge. Invasive red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), feral pigs (Sus scrofa), black rats (Rattus rattus) and feral cats (Felis catus) were ranked as highly common vertebrate scavengers. Invasive European wasps (Vespula germanica) are also common scavengers where they occur. We found that the diversity of native vertebrate scavengers is lower when the proportion of invasive scavengers is higher. We highlight that the presence of large (apex) native vertebrate scavengers can decrease rates of scavenging by invasive species, but that invasive scavengers can monopolise carcass resources, outcompete native scavengers, predate other species around carcass resources and even facilitate invasion meltdowns that affect other species and ecological processes including altered decomposition rates and nutrient cycling. Such effects are likely to be widespread where invasive scavengers occur and suggest a need to determine whether excessive or readily available carcass loads are facilitating or exacerbating the impacts of invasive species on ecosystems globally.}, }
@article {pmid38147299, year = {2023}, author = {Ortega-Morales, AI and León-Espinosa, GA and Rodríguez-Rojas, JJ}, title = {Updated checklist of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Mexico.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, pages = {28-43}, doi = {10.52707/1081-1710-49.1.28}, pmid = {38147299}, issn = {1948-7134}, mesh = {Animals ; Mexico ; Checklist ; *Culex ; *Anopheles ; *Coleoptera ; }, abstract = {Based on historical and recent records, an updated list of 244 nominal species and three undescribed mosquitoes from Mexico is presented. Since 1990, 15 species have been recorded for the first time in Mexico: Aedes guatemala, Ae. brelandi, Ae. insolitus, Ae. melanimon, Ae. albopictus, Culex daumastocampa, Cx. metempsytus, Cx. erethyzonfer, Culiseta melanura, Limatus asulleptus, Sabethes gymnothorax, Trichoprosopon pallidiventer, Toxorhynchites moctezuma, Uranotaenia socialis, and Wyeomyia chalcocephala. Five species were discovered and described: Ae. amaterui, Ae. lewnielseni, Cx. diamphidius, Shannoniana huasteca, and Tr. mixtli. Three species were discovered without yet describing or naming them: Ae. (Protomacleaya) sp. 1, Ae. (Ochlerotatus) sp. 2, and Wyeomyia sp. 3. Five species had been removed from the Mexican mosquito fauna: Ae. stigmaticus, Cx. imitator, Onirion personatum, Sa. tarsopus, and Tx. theobaldi. With the intention of updating the checklist of the mosquito species in Mexico, historical and recent species records were reviewed, as well as the review of entomological collections, resulting in the confirmation of the presence in Mexico of Ae. thelcter, Cs. impatiens, and Orthopodomyia alba. Morphological and molecular evidence confirms the presence of Wy. jocosa, while Anopheles atropos, Psorophora confinnis, Cx. jenningsi, Mansonia indubitans, Tr. pallidiventer, and Tr. soaresi are removed from the Mexican mosquito fauna.}, }
@article {pmid38147230, year = {2023}, author = {Mishra, B and Gautam, GJ and Chaturvedi, RK and Ansari, NG and Mishra, VN}, title = {Ecological and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation in Ganges Fish Near Varanasi, India.}, journal = {Biological trace element research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38147230}, issn = {1559-0720}, abstract = {Heavy metal contamination in river Ganga is one of the factors for deterioration in its water quality and also adds to human health risks. We designed our study to achieve a holistic approach by not only estimating the concentration of heavy metals (lead, manganese, chromium, and cadmium) in the river water at different sites based on human anthropogenic activities but also in the fishes residing in the same sites that are collected for human consumption on daily basis. We found that Ganga River in Varanasi is highly loaded with metals (PLI = 6.698). Mean concentration in water was 1.29 mg/L for Pb, 1.325 mg/L for Mn, 0.169 mg/L for Cr, and 0.161 mg/L for Cd, which were above the permissible limits stated by Environment Protection Agency (EPA) in drinking water. Fish, including exotic and invasive species, were collected from the wild and were processed for the presence of these metals in their tissues. Degree of heavy metal concentration followed liver > gills > muscles. The highest accumulation of Pb was observed in Carpio (Cyprinus carpio) liver (8.86 µg/g) and lowest in Baikari (Clupisoma garua) muscles (0.07 µg/g). Total target hazard quotient (THQ) value, i.e., hazard index (HI) showed values in following sequence: Cyprinus carpio > Oreochromis niloticus > Channa gachua > Johnius coitor > Mastacembelus armatus > Mystus tengara > Clupisoma garua. Maximum HI value was recorded in C. carpio, which is highly consumed fish by humans, hence, may be harmful to them.}, }
@article {pmid38146206, year = {2023}, author = {Golan, J and Wang, YW and Adams, CA and Cross, H and Elmore, H and Gardes, M and Gonçalves, SC and Hess, J and Richard, F and Wolfe, B and Pringle, A}, title = {Death caps (Amanita phalloides) frequently establish from sexual spores, but individuals can grow large and live for more than a decade in invaded forests.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.19483}, pmid = {38146206}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {DGE-1747503//Directorate for Biological Sciences/ ; RGP0053/2012//Human Frontier Science Program/ ; //Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison/ ; }, abstract = {Global change is reshaping Earth's biodiversity, but the changing distributions of nonpathogenic fungi remain largely undocumented, as do mechanisms enabling invasions. The ectomycorrhizal Amanita phalloides is native to Europe and invasive in North America. Using population genetics and genomics, we sought to describe the life history traits of this successfully invading symbiotic fungus. To test whether death caps spread underground using hyphae, or aboveground using sexual spores, we mapped and genotyped mushrooms from European and US sites. Larger genetic individuals (genets) would suggest spread mediated by vegetative growth, while many small genets would suggest dispersal mediated by spores. To test whether genets are ephemeral or persistent, we also sampled from populations over time. At nearly every site and across all time points, mushrooms resolve into small genets. Individuals frequently establish from sexual spores. But at one Californian site, a single individual measuring nearly 10 m across dominated. At two Californian sites, the same genetic individuals were discovered in 2004, 2014, and 2015, suggesting single individuals (both large and small) can reproduce repeatedly over relatively long timescales. A flexible life history strategy combining both mycelial growth and spore dispersal appears to underpin the invasion of this deadly perennial ectomycorrhizal fungus.}, }
@article {pmid38142593, year = {2023}, author = {Miletić, Z and Marković, M and Jarić, S and Radulović, N and Sekulić, D and Mitrović, M and Pavlović, P}, title = {Lithium and strontium accumulation in native and invasive plants of the Sava River: Implications for bioindication and phytoremediation.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {270}, number = {}, pages = {115875}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115875}, pmid = {38142593}, issn = {1090-2414}, abstract = {The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of native and invasive plant species for the uptake and accumulation of lithium (Li) and strontium (Sr) along the Sava River, focusing on their bioindication and phytoremediation capabilities. Sampling was carried out in riparian zones exposed to different pollution sources in Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia. Plant samples of native (Salix alba, Populus alba, Populus nigra, Ulmus glabra, Juglans regia) and invasive (Amorpha fruticosa, Reynoutria japonica, Solidago canadensis, Impatiens glandulifera) species were collected. The content of Li and Sr was analyzed in the soils, roots, and leaves of the selected plants, as well as physical and chemical soil properties. Both Li and Sr content in the soils increased from the source to the mouth of the Sava River. The native species showed significant potential for Li and Sr accumulation based on the metal accumulation index. The highest Sr accumulation was measured in the leaves of Salix alba and the roots of Juglans regia, while the highest Li accumulation was measured in Ulmus glabra. Native species, especially Salix alba, proved to be better bioindicators of Li and Sr. Invasive species, especially Amorpha fruticosa and Impatiens glandulifera, showed a remarkable ability to translocate Sr and Li, respectively, to leaves. These results provide valuable insight into the suitability of plants for biomonitoring soil contamination and potential applications in phytoremediation strategies. In summary, the study shows the importance of native species in the context of the accumulation and bioindication of soil pollution.}, }
@article {pmid38142234, year = {2023}, author = {Sun, Y and Hu, C and Chen, G and Li, X and Liu, J and Xu, Z and Zhou, Y and Wu, D and Zhang, X}, title = {Insecticide-mediated changes in the population and toxicity of the thrips species, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and Thrips flavus (Schrank) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad226}, pmid = {38142234}, issn = {1938-291X}, support = {202105AC160071//Reserve Talent Project of Yunnan's Young and Middle-aged Academic and Technical Leaders/ ; 202001AT070134//Yunnan Basic Research Project/ ; }, abstract = {Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and Thrips flavus (Schrank) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) cause considerable damage to agricultural crops. In this study, we investigated the variations in the population density of these 2 thrips species in 2 sites (Dabai and Heilongtan) with different insecticide application levels. Bioassays were performed to determine the susceptibility of both thrips species to imidacloprid, abamectin, and high-bromine cyhalothrin in summer. The results showed that the F. occidentalis species were more abundant in Dabai than in Heilongtan during both winter and summer. The proportions of F. occidentalis in winter and summer were 28.32-43.35% and 61.79-76.02%, respectively. Moreover, F. occidentalis resistance against the 3 insecticides was significantly higher than that of T. flavus in both 2017 and 2019. Compared with 2017, the LC50 values of F. occidentalis populations in Dabai to imidacloprid, abamectin, and lambda-cyhalothrin increased to 100.076, 16.52, and 130.44 mg/liter, respectively. The number of F. occidentalis, reaching the proportion of 91.63% in 90 days, was significantly higher than that of the control after imidacloprid treatment. In conclusion, thrips interspecies competition is affected by the irrational use of insecticides, which may cause the replacement of native species by invasive species, thereby leading to an outbreak.}, }
@article {pmid38141439, year = {2023}, author = {Cebrián-Lloret, V and Cartan-Moya, S and Martínez-Sanz, M and Gómez-Cortés, P and Calvo, MV and López-Rubio, A and Martínez-Abad, A}, title = {Characterization of the invasive macroalgae Rugulopteryx Okamurae for potential biomass valorisation.}, journal = {Food chemistry}, volume = {440}, number = {}, pages = {138241}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138241}, pmid = {38141439}, issn = {1873-7072}, abstract = {This study aimed to examine the composition and properties of the invasive macroalgae R. okamurae and explore potential applications. The results showed that the seaweed biomass is mainly composed of structural carbohydrates, with alginate being the main constituent, accounting for 32 % of its total composition and with a mannuronic and guluronic acid ratio (M/G) ratio of 0.93. It also has a relatively high concentration of fucose, related to the presence of fucoidans that have important biological functions. Among the mineral contents, a high magnesium and calcium (7107 and 5504 mg/kg) concentration, and the presence of heavy metals above legislated thresholds, were notable. R. okamurae also contained a high lipid content of 17 %, mainly composed of saturated fatty acids, but with a significant fraction of n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (18 %) resulting in a low n6/n3 ratio (0.31), that has health benefits. The protein content of R. okamurae was 12 %, with high-quality proteins, as essential amino acids (mainly leucine, phenylalanine and valine) constitute 32 % of the total amino acids. It also showed a high polyphenol content and outstanding antioxidant properties (106.88 mg TE/g). Based on these findings, R. okamurae has significant potential as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds that can add value to different sectors, including food, feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.}, }
@article {pmid38140589, year = {2023}, author = {Peng, NYG and Hall, RN and Huang, N and West, P and Cox, TE and Mahar, JE and Mason, H and Campbell, S and O'Connor, T and Read, AJ and Patel, KK and Taggart, PL and Smith, IL and Strive, T and Jenckel, M}, title = {Utilizing Molecular Epidemiology and Citizen Science for the Surveillance of Lagoviruses in Australia.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {38140589}, issn = {1999-4915}, support = {P01-B-002//Centre for Invasive Species Solution/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Rabbits ; *Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/genetics ; Molecular Epidemiology ; *Citizen Science ; *Caliciviridae Infections ; *Lagovirus/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Australia/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Australia has multiple lagoviruses with differing pathogenicity. The circulation of these viruses was traditionally determined through opportunistic sampling events. In the lead up to the nationwide release of RHDVa-K5 (GI.1aP-GI.1a) in 2017, an existing citizen science program, RabbitScan, was augmented to allow members of the public to submit samples collected from dead leporids for lagovirus testing. This study describes the information obtained from the increased number of leporid samples received between 2015 and 2022 and focuses on the recent epidemiological interactions and evolutionary trajectory of circulating lagoviruses in Australia between October 2020 and December 2022. A total of 2771 samples were tested from January 2015 to December 2022, of which 1643 were lagovirus-positive. Notable changes in the distribution of lagovirus variants were observed, predominantly in Western Australia, where RHDV2-4c (GI.4cP-GI.2) was detected again in 2021 after initially being reported to be present in 2018. Interestingly, we found evidence that the deliberately released RHDVa-K5 was able to establish and circulate in wild rabbit populations in WA. Overall, the incorporation of citizen science approaches proved to be a cost-efficient method to increase the sampling area and enable an in-depth analysis of lagovirus distribution, genetic diversity, and interactions. The maintenance of such programs is essential to enable continued investigations of the critical parameters affecting the biocontrol of feral rabbit populations in Australia, as well as to enable the detection of any potential future incursions.}, }
@article {pmid38140513, year = {2023}, author = {He, K and Hui, C and Yao, W and Wang, J and Wang, L and Li, Q and Shi, P}, title = {Evidence That Field Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. var. agrestis Naud.) Fruits Are Solids of Revolution.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {24}, pages = {}, pmid = {38140513}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {In nature, the fruit shapes of many plants resemble avian eggs, a form extensively studied as solids of revolution. Despite this, the hypothesis that egg-shaped fruits are themselves solids of revolution remains unvalidated. To address this, 751 Cucumis melo L. var. agrestis Naud. fruits were photographed, and the two-dimensional (2D) boundary coordinates of each fruit profile were digitized. Then, the explicit Preston equation (EPE), a universal egg-shape model, was used to fit the 2D boundary coordinates to obtain the estimates of the EPE's parameters of each fruit. Under the hypothesis that egg-shaped fruits are solids of revolution, the fruit volumes were estimated using the solid of revolution formula based on the estimated EPE's parameters. To test whether the fruits are solids of revolution, the fruit volumes were measured by using a graduated cylinder and compared with the estimated volumes using the solid of revolution formula. The EPE was demonstrated to be valid in describing the 2D profiles of C. melo var. agrestis fruits. There was a significant correlation between the measured fruit volumes using the graduated cylinder and the estimated fruit volumes using the solid of revolution formula based on the estimated EPE's parameters. Acknowledging potential measurement errors, particularly fruit fuzz causing air bubbles during volume measurements, we recognize slight deviations between measured volumes and estimated values. Despite this, our findings strongly suggest that C. melo var. agrestis fruits are solids of revolution. This study contributes insights into the evolutionary aspects of fruit geometries in plants with egg-shaped fruits and introduces a practical tool for non-destructively calculating fruit volume and surface area based on photographed 2D fruit profiles.}, }
@article {pmid38140411, year = {2023}, author = {Shelepova, OV and Tkacheva, EV and Ivanovskii, AA and Ozerova, LV and Vinogradova, YK}, title = {Leaf Extracts of Invasive Woody Species Demonstrate Allelopathic Effects on the Growth of a Lawn Grass Mixture.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {24}, pages = {}, pmid = {38140411}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {122042600141-3//Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation/ ; }, abstract = {Biochemical composition was studied in the leaf litter of alien woody species included in the 100 most aggressive invasive species of Europe: Ailanthus altissima, Quercus rubra, Acer negundo, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Elaeagnus angustifolia. Using GC-MS, we detected 187 metabolites in the leaf litter, which are phenolic acids and their derivatives, carbohydrates and their derivatives, polyphenolic compounds, cyclic esters, glycosides, and amino acids and their derivatives. Species-specific metabolites were identified for each species. The main allelochemicals in the leaf litter extract of Q. rubra are determined mainly by the relative abundance of phenolic and fatty acids and their esters, whereas those in the leaf litter extract of R. pseudoacacia are determined by carbohydrates and their derivatives and ester of fatty acid, and those in the leaf litter extract of A. altissima are determined by glycosides. Profiles of macro- and microelements were characterized. It was found that aqueous extracts of leaf litter from all the invasive woody plants under study have a negative effect on the seed germination and initial growth of Vicia cracca and Avena strigosa used for the reclamation of disturbed urban and industrial lands. At the same time, V. cracca is potentially more sensitive.}, }
@article {pmid38139183, year = {2023}, author = {Jia, Y and Shen, T and Wen, Z and Chen, J and Liu, Q}, title = {Combining Transcriptome and Whole Genome Re-Sequencing to Screen Disease Resistance Genes for Wheat Dwarf Bunt.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {24}, number = {24}, pages = {}, pmid = {38139183}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {32360659//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31860477//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Disease Resistance/genetics ; Triticum/genetics ; Transcriptome ; *Basidiomycota/genetics ; Plant Diseases/genetics ; }, abstract = {Wheat dwarf bunt is a damaging disease caused by Tilletia controversa Kühn (TCK). Once the disease infects wheat, it is difficult to control and will significantly reduce wheat output and quality. RNA sequencing and whole genome re-sequencing were used to search for potential TCK resistance genes in Yili 053 (sensitive variety) and Zhongmai 175 (moderately resistant variety) in the mid-filling, late-filling, and maturity stages. The transcriptomic analysis revealed 11 potential disease resistance genes. An association analysis of the findings from re-sequencing found nine genes with single nucleotide polymorphism mutations. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis showed that three up-regulated genes were involved in the synthesis of benzoxazinone and tryptophan metabolism. Additionally, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction confirmed the RNA sequencing results. The results revealed novel TCK resistance genes and provide a theoretical basis for researching the function of resistance genes and molecular breeding.}, }
@article {pmid38139108, year = {2023}, author = {Su, S and Zhang, Z and Shen, T and Chen, J and Liu, Q}, title = {Kernel Transcriptome Profiles of Susceptible Wheat Genotypes in Response to Wheat Dwarf Bunt.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {24}, number = {24}, pages = {}, pmid = {38139108}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {32360659//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31860477//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Transcriptome ; *Triticum/genetics/microbiology ; Plant Diseases/genetics/microbiology ; Genotype ; Gene Expression Profiling ; }, abstract = {Wheat dwarf bunt is caused by Tilletia controversa J. G. Kühn (TCK), which is a serious fungal diseases affecting kernels of wheat. In order to identify candidate genes involved in the abnormal development of kernels in wheat, we used RNA sequencing technology to analyze the transcriptome of the abnormal and healthy kernels of a susceptible variety (Yili053) at the mid-filling stage, late-filling stage, and maturity stage, respectively. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed, and there were 3930 DEGs, 28,422 DEGs, and 20,874 DEGs found at the mid-filling stage, late-filling stage, and maturity stage in Yili053, respectively. A total of 1592 DEGs (506 DEGs up-regulated) showed continuously differential expression in the three stages. Gene ontology analysis showed that these DEGs were related to biological regulation, metabolic processes, and the response to stimulus. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs play major roles in pathways including photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. Moreover, we predicted that 13 MADS-MIKC transcription factors, which were continuously up-regulated, were crucial for regulating the maturation and senescence of eukaryotes. Some 21 genes related to the plant hormone signaling transduction pathway and 61 genes related to the response to stimulus were analyzed. A total of 26 of them were successful validated with a qPCR analysis. These genes were thought to be involved in the abnormal development of kernels infected by TCK. A transcriptomics analysis of wheat kernels in response to TCK will contribute to understanding the interaction of TCK and wheat, and may provide a basis for knowledge of molecular events in the abnormal development of kernels, which will be helpful for more efficient TCK management.}, }
@article {pmid38139088, year = {2023}, author = {Jakubska-Busse, A and Czeluśniak, I and Hojniak, M and Myśliwy, M and Najberek, K}, title = {Chemical Insect Attractants Produced by Flowers of Impatiens spp. (Balsaminaceae) and List of Floral Visitors.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {24}, number = {24}, pages = {}, pmid = {38139088}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Bees ; Animals ; *Balsaminaceae ; Flowers ; Pheromones ; }, abstract = {The study of the semiochemicals produced by the flowers of Impatiens spp. is an important topic that may explain the reason for the rapid expansion of some species in this genus. Impatiens L. belongs to the Balsaminaceae family, which includes several species considered to be invasive plants in Europe. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemistry of four naturally occurring plant species in Poland, including three invasive alien taxa (Impatiens parviflora, I. glandulifera, and I. capensis) and one native species (I. noli-tangere). Gas chromatographic techniques were used to assess phytochemical profiles of chemical attractant cues in their pollination biology. We detected differences in the scent profiles of the investigated species. All the examined Impatiens species produce various alcohols, i.e., heptacosanol, octacosanol, aldehydes (e.g., octadecanal, eicosanal, etc.), and fatty acids, as well as long-chain hydrocarbons such as dodecane, tricosane, petacosane, hexacosane, and farnesene. Impatiens parviflora, I. glandulifera, and I. capensis produce geraniol and linalool, which attract members of the Apidae family, including bumblebees and honeybees. Impatiens parviflora also produces linalool-derived monoterpenes (linalool oxide and 8-hydroxylinalool), which are a strong attractant for Diptera; this may clarify why the species is mainly visited and pollinated by syrphid flies. A list of insect visitors to the Impatiens species under study can be found in the article.}, }
@article {pmid38133734, year = {2023}, author = {Dos Santos, VF and Abeijon, LM and da Cruz Araújo, SH and Garcia, FRM and de Oliveira, EE}, title = {The Potential of Plant-Based Biorational Products for the Drosophila suzukii Control: Current Status, Opportunities, and Limitations.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38133734}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {Finance code 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; 309890/2022-5//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 427304/2018-0//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 152366/2022-9//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; APQ-03771-18//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais/ ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an invasive species that causes serious damage to soft-skinned fruits. The use of plant-based biorational insecticides (plant extracts and essential oils) to control this pest has grown extensively. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the current status, trends, and perspectives of these studies, with a focus on the plant families and major compounds used as insecticides to control D. suzukii. The first article in this research field was published in 2015, and there has been exponential growth in subsequent years. Thirty-six botanical families were studied in these articles, with a prevalent interest in Myrtaceae and Lamiaceae plant species. The major constituents of these plant-based biorational molecules belong to monoterpenoids, followed by monoterpenes, benzene derivatives, and others. Geranial was the most frequent major constituent of these plant-based compounds. Our analysis revealed a few crucial consequences of the bias provided by the investigations using plant-based biorational insecticides for controlling D. suzukii. Firstly, there is a major focus on the pest species, with little or no attention paid to undesired effects on non-target beneficial organisms (e.g., pollinator bees, predators; parasitoids) and non-target pests. Secondly, the poor knowledge of how these plant-based biorational insecticides act on target and non-target organisms. Finally, there is a need to assess the efficacy of these substances under field conditions. Thus, attention is needed to address these gaps so that plant-based biorational insecticides can become a viable pest management tool for controlling D. suzukii.}, }
@article {pmid38133264, year = {2023}, author = {Klink, JC and Rieger, A and Ansorge, H and Aurich, S and Hoffmann, C and Ewers, C and Raulf, MK and Strube, C and Siebert, U}, title = {Malicious Mites-Sarcoptes scabiei in Raccoon Dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {38133264}, issn = {2076-0817}, support = {xxx//Ministry of Energy Transition, Agriculture, Environment, Nature, and Digitalization (MELUND) Schleswig-Holstein (now: Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Areas, European Affairs and Consumer Protection (MLLEV)/ ; }, abstract = {Sarcoptic mange was detected in five free-ranging raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in the federal state of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, during a health assessment study of invasive species, including raccoon dogs, carried out between 2021 and 2022. Four raccoon dogs showed severe lesions, including extensive alopecia with thickening and hyperpigmentation of the skin (lichenification). The fifth animal was less affected, showing only thinning of the hair coat in multiple body locations. Skin scrapings were performed and confirmed the presence of Sarcoptes scabiei. Histopathology of the skin revealed diffuse epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis, mild eosinophilic dermatitis, and varying amounts of intralesional mites. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Corynebacterium auriscanis were detected in the skin samples of the affected animals, indicating a secondary bacterial infection. The source of sarcoptic mange remains unclear; interspecies transmission via direct or indirect contact seems likely. Raccoon dogs are therefore a potential vector for sarcoptic mange, and their behaviour could contribute to disease spread and persistence.}, }
@article {pmid38132941, year = {2023}, author = {Costa, JP and Custódio, L and Reis, CP}, title = {Exploring the Potential of Using Marine-Derived Ingredients: From the Extraction to Cutting-Edge Cosmetics.}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {21}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {38132941}, issn = {1660-3397}, support = {UIDB/00645/2020, UIDB/04138/2020 and UIDP/04138/2020.//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; }, mesh = {*Cosmetics ; Biotechnology ; Industry ; }, abstract = {The growing understanding and knowledge of the potential of marine species, as well as the application of "blue biotechnology" have been motivating new innovative solutions in cosmetics. It is widely noted that that marine species are important sources of compounds with several biological activities that are yet to be discovered. This review explores various biological properties of marine-derived molecules and briefly outlines the main extraction methods. Alongside these, it is well known the legislative and normative framework of cosmetics is increasingly being developed. In this research segment, there is a growing concern with sustainability. In this sense, "blue biotechnology", together with the use of invasive species or marine waste products to obtain new active ingredients, haven been emerging as innovative and sustainable solutions for the future's cosmetics industry. This review also examines the regulatory framework and focus on the recent advancements in "blue biotechnology" and its relevance to the sustainable development of innovative cosmetics.}, }
@article {pmid38132926, year = {2023}, author = {Vieira, H and Lestre, GM and Solstad, RG and Cabral, AE and Botelho, A and Helbig, C and Coppola, D and de Pascale, D and Robbens, J and Raes, K and Lian, K and Tsirtsidou, K and Leal, MC and Scheers, N and Calado, R and Corticeiro, S and Rasche, S and Altintzoglou, T and Zou, Y and Lillebø, AI}, title = {Current and Expected Trends for the Marine Chitin/Chitosan and Collagen Value Chains.}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {21}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {38132926}, issn = {1660-3397}, support = {Horizon 2020 R&amp;I programme GA817992//European Union/ ; FCT/MCTES BLUEBIO/0001/2019//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; Horizon Europe CSA- ERA Chair BESIDE project GA 951389//European Union/ ; FCT/MCTES national funds to CESAM (UIDP/50017/2020; UIDB/50017/2020 and LA/P/0094/2020)//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; FCT/MCTES national funds to GOVCOPP (UIDB/04058/2020 and UIDP/04058/2020)//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biocompatible Materials/economics ; *Chitin/economics ; *Chitosan/economics ; Cosmetics ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Shellfish ; *Collagen/economics ; }, abstract = {Chitin/chitosan and collagen are two of the most important bioactive compounds, with applications in the pharmaceutical, veterinary, nutraceutical, cosmetic, biomaterials, and other industries. When extracted from non-edible parts of fish and shellfish, by-catches, and invasive species, their use contributes to a more sustainable and circular economy. The present article reviews the scientific knowledge and publication trends along the marine chitin/chitosan and collagen value chains and assesses how researchers, industry players, and end-users can bridge the gap between scientific understanding and industrial applications. Overall, research on chitin/chitosan remains focused on the compound itself rather than its market applications. Still, chitin/chitosan use is expected to increase in food and biomedical applications, while that of collagen is expected to increase in biomedical, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and nutritional applications. Sustainable practices, such as the reuse of waste materials, contribute to strengthen both value chains; the identified weaknesses include the lack of studies considering market trends, social sustainability, and profitability, as well as insufficient examination of intellectual property rights. Government regulations, market demand, consumer preferences, technological advancements, environmental challenges, and legal frameworks play significant roles in shaping both value chains. Addressing these factors is crucial for seizing opportunities, fostering sustainability, complying with regulations, and maintaining competitiveness in these constantly evolving value chains.}, }
@article {pmid38132752, year = {2023}, author = {Afshari, N and Karimi, O and Gomes de Farias, AR and Suwannarach, N and Bhunjun, CS and Zeng, XY and Lumyong, S}, title = {Additions to Diatrypaceae (Xylariales): Novel Taxa and New Host Associations.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {38132752}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {N42A650547//National Research Council of Thailand/ ; 662A1616047//Thailand Science Research and Innovation/ ; 662A01003//Thailand Science Research Innovation/ ; }, abstract = {Diatrypaceae members have a broad distribution and are commonly found on decaying wood. Despite taxonomic and morphological challenges within this group, there has been a growing interest in Diatrypaceae in recent years. The dead branches of several plant hosts with fungal fruiting bodies were collected from Doi Tung National Park, Chiang Rai, and the Narathiwat Provinces in Thailand. Their morphological characteristics, coupled with a molecular phylogeny of combined ITS and tub2 sequence data, were used to introduce two novel Allodiatrype species (A. dalbergiae and A. eleiodoxae) and one new Melanostictus species (M. chiangraiensis). Moreover, four new host records, Diatrypella heveae, D. major, Melanostictus thailandicus, and Paraeutypella citricola on Microcos paniculata, Nayariophyton zizyphifolium, Dalbergia cultrata, and M. paniculata, respectively, as well as a new geographical record of D. major are reported. This research provides detailed descriptions of macro- and microcharacteristics, coupled with a phylogenetic tree for the newly introduced species and host records. The morphological features of Allodiatrype and Melanostictus are listed in the synoptic table.}, }
@article {pmid38132597, year = {2023}, author = {Nagamine, WT and Yalemar, JA and Wright, MG and Ramadan, MM}, title = {Reproductive Parameters and Host Specificity of Eurytoma erythrinae (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), a Biological Control Agent of the Erythrina Gall Wasp, Quadrastichus erythrinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {38132597}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {NA//This research was partially funded by the Maui RC&amp;D/ ; }, abstract = {Eurytoma erythrinae Gates &amp; Delvare (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) is an important biological control agent of the erythrina gall wasp (EGW), Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), an invasive species likely originating in eastern Africa that is a threat to Erythrina trees in Hawaii and worldwide. Thousands of Erythrina trees in Hawaii have succumbed to EGW since 2005 and died within a few years of infestation. The endemic wiliwili tree, Erythrina sandwicensis, an important component of Hawaii's dry forests and one of few deciduous native trees, were severely impacted by this wasp. Early during the invasion by EGW it became evident that the endemic species may be driven to extinction, and exploration programs for natural enemies of the EGW started in December 2005. East Africa was selected as the starting point for natural enemy exploration owing to high native Erythina species richness. Several gall formers were found in Tanzania and a putative color variant type of Q. erythrinae was detected in association with three ectoparasitoids. During January 2006, the dominant parasitoid of this gall former was introduced to Hawaii and described as the new species, E. erythrinae. It was found in Ghana and South Africa attacking other gall wasp species on Erythrina. Eurytoma erythrinae was a voracious ectoparasitoid feeding as a predator on 1-5 adjacent EGW immatures to complete its development. Host specificity studies that included seven nontarget gall-forming species showed no evidence of attraction or parasitism by this parasitoid. Mean ± SEM longevity of host-deprived females (40.4 ± 2.2 days) was significantly higher than males (20.5 ± 1.1 days). Host feeding enhanced longevity of ovipositing females (51.3 ± 1.5 days). Female E. erythrinae is synovigenic, with high egg-maturation rate. Peak fecundity (105-239 offspring/female), host feeding biology, short life cycle (18.4 ± 0.1 days), and synchronization with the host were additional desirable attributes of this species. The parasitoid was approved for field release in Hawaii in November 2008. A total of 3998 wasps were distributed on six Hawaiian Islands, with establishment in less than a year. Impacts on high density infestations of EGW were sufficient to prevent tree deaths. Limited rates of parasitism on low-density galled leaves, flowers, and seedpods necessitated the consideration for releasing a second parasitoid, Aprostocetus nitens Prinsloo &amp; Kelly (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). We report on the reproductive characteristics and host specificity of E. erythinae that could be of importance for classical biocontrol programs in areas with an EGW problem.}, }
@article {pmid38132590, year = {2023}, author = {Streito, JC and Mendes, E and Sanquer, E and Strugarek, M and Ouvrard, D and Robin-Havret, V and Poncet, L and Lannou, C and Rossi, JP}, title = {Incursion Preparedness, Citizen Science and Early Detection of Invasive Insects: The Case of Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) in France.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {38132590}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {We describe the process by which the quarantine whitefly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae), was detected in France. The initial observation was made by a volunteer who reported a picture of an adult in the Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel (INPN Espèces), a citizen science resource developed by l'Office Français de la Biodiversité and the French Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. The specimen was suspected to be A. spiniferus from this picture by one of the expert entomologists in charge of the Hemiptera group validation. Once the species was identified, it was mounted on a slide and the information was officially passed on to the ministry in charge of agriculture via a communication channel set up in advance for this type of situation. The ministry then triggered the regulatory actions planned in the event of the suspected detection of quarantine organisms. Sampling was quickly carried out and the specimens collected on this occasion were formally identified as belonging to the species A. spiniferus. This led to the formalization of an outbreak in France. This sequence of decisions took just two months from the first observation to the implementation of a management plan. This case presents how incursion preparedness contributes to a rapid response. Furthermore, this case exemplifies how citizen science can contribute to the early detection of invasive species and highlights the importance of informing both the general public and professionals about major environmental issues.}, }
@article {pmid38132587, year = {2023}, author = {Greenleaf, J and Holásková, I and Rowen, E and Gutensohn, M and Turcotte, R and Park, YL}, title = {Arthropods Associated with Invasive Frangula alnus (Rosales: Rhamnaceae): Implications for Invasive Plant and Insect Management.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects14120913}, pmid = {38132587}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2021-67014-33757//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; 2021-70410-35682//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {The invasive shrub glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus) has been progressively colonizing the Northeastern United States and Southeastern Canada for more than a century. To determine the dominant arthropod orders and species associated with F. alnus, field surveys were conducted for two years across 16 plots within the Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania, USA. Statistical analyses were employed to assess the impact of seasonal variation on insect order richness and diversity. The comprehensive arthropod collection yielded 2845 insects and arachnids, with hemipterans comprising the majority (39.8%), followed by dipterans (22.3%) and arachnids (15.5%). Notably, 16.2% of the hemipterans collected were in the immature stages, indicating F. alnus as a host for development. The two dominant insect species of F. alnus were Psylla carpinicola (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae); D. suzukii utilized F. alnus fruits for reproduction. Species richness and diversity exhibited significant variations depending on the phenology of F. alnus. The profiles of volatile compounds emitted from the leaves and flowers of F. alnus were analyzed to identify factors that potentially contribute to the attraction of herbivores and pollinators. The results of our study will advance the development of novel F. alnus management strategies leveraging the insects associated with this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid38132578, year = {2023}, author = {Zadra, N and Tatti, A and Silverj, A and Piccinno, R and Devilliers, J and Lewis, C and Arnoldi, D and Montarsi, F and Escuer, P and Fusco, G and De Sanctis, V and Feuda, R and Sánchez-Gracia, A and Rizzoli, A and Rota-Stabelli, O}, title = {Shallow Whole-Genome Sequencing of Aedes japonicus and Aedes koreicus from Italy and an Updated Picture of Their Evolution Based on Mitogenomics and Barcoding.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {38132578}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {PRIN 2022 Prot. n 2022YNL8ZH//Partially funded by the European Union under NextGenerationEU/ ; }, abstract = {Aedes japonicus and Aedes koreicus are two invasive mosquitoes native to East Asia that are quickly establishing in temperate regions of Europe. Both species are vectors of arboviruses, but we currently lack a clear understanding of their evolution. Here, we present new short-read, shallow genome sequencing of A. japonicus and A. koreicus individuals from northern Italy, which we used for downstream phylogenetic and barcode analyses. We explored associated microbial DNA and found high occurrences of Delftia bacteria in both samples, but neither Asaia nor Wolbachia. We then assembled complete mitogenomes and used these data to infer divergence times estimating the split of A. japonicus from A. koreicus in the Oligocene, which was more recent than that previously reported using mitochondrial markers. We recover a younger age for most other nodes within Aedini and other Culicidae. COI barcoding and phylogenetic analyses indicate that A. japonicus yaeyamensis, A. japonicus amamiensis, and the two A. koreicus sampled from Europe should be considered as separate species within a monophyletic species complex. Our studies further clarify the evolution of A. japonicus and A. koreicus, and indicate the need to obtain whole-genome data from putative species in order to disentangle their complex patterns of evolution.}, }
@article {pmid38132308, year = {2023}, author = {Lin, YJ and Yeh, CH and Wu, CZ and Wu, LH}, title = {Climate and Wolbachia Impacts on Anoplolepis gracilipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology12121482}, pmid = {38132308}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {111-2313-B-020-003-MY3//National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan/ ; 112AS-5.5.3-BQ-B1//Animal and Plant Health Inspection Agency (APHIA), Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), Taiwan/ ; }, abstract = {The yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes (Smith, 1857)) is a prominent invasive species exhibiting variable population dynamics. Through collecting long-term climate data and validating field surveys with MaxEnt SDM projections, our results indicated that winter temperature and precipitation accumulation strongly influence the population dynamics. An aggression analysis showed that A. gracilipes nests with higher aggression levels (over 2.5 scores) experienced a higher mean maximum temperature (31.84 ± 0.43 °C) and lower prevalence of wAgra (84.8 ± 4.70%) in A. gracilipes from June to October. The nest manipulation and aggression experiments confirmed that temperature increases aggression (1.3 to 2.8 scores) among A. gracilipes workers due to the reduced prevalence of wAgra. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of a notable reduction in the prevalence of Wolbachia (100 to 66%) within a colony of A. gracilipes while maintaining stable nests for further experiments.}, }
@article {pmid38130710, year = {2023}, author = {Błońska, D and Tarkan, AS and Janic, B and Tszydel, M and Bukowska, B}, title = {Does intraspecific competition cause oxidative stress? Influence of biotic and abiotic factors on antioxidant system of an invasive round goby.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {e10795}, pmid = {38130710}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Changes in oxidative status represent organismal response to stressful external stimuli. While there is substantial knowledge on the influence of abiotic factors on the antioxidant system of different organisms, the impact of biotic factors remains largely unexplored. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of acute competitive interactions on oxidative stress. Territory-resident and intruder round goby Neogobius melanostomus individuals were experimentally subjected to competition for limited shelter resource in three treatments (lasting 1, 6 and 12 h), and oxidative stress parameters (total antioxidant capacity, catalase activity, reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation), as well as behaviour (time spent in the shelter, guarding the shelter and aggression) were measured. All tested biochemical parameters reached higher values in the liver than in the muscle tissue. Fish behaviour and antioxidant defence did not show any potential relationships reflecting changes in antioxidant status and aggression. Particularly, there was no difference between resident and intruder fish in oxidative stress parameters. We compared our results to the outcome of our previous studies (similar experimental protocol and species) but with acute heat shock as a stressor instead of competition. The higher temperature was found to be a stronger stressor than the competition, most pronounced in total antioxidant capacity and oxidative damage.}, }
@article {pmid38129632, year = {2023}, author = {González-Ortegón, E and de Carvalho-Souza, GF and Vilas, C and Baldó, F and Cuesta, JA}, title = {Trends in the decapod crustacean community at the southernmost estuary of the Atlantic coast of Europe.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {22857}, pmid = {38129632}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Estuaries ; Europe ; Spain ; *Decapoda ; }, abstract = {Climate change may enhance the establishment of introduced species, as well as the poleward shift in distribution of numerous species over decades. Long-term research and monitoring of an ecosystem at the southernmost point of the Atlantic coast of Europe should be an important priority in order to detect and understand trends in species composition and the related environmental changes. The Guadalquivir estuary (South West Spain) is more likely to suffer the exacerbated effects of climate change due to its location in the Mediterranean-climate zone. The long-term data set between 1997 and 2006 has allowed us to analyse the variability of the natural and anthropogenic stressors. The mean interannual dissimilarity of the estuarine fauna (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index) has showed important differences throughout the years, and the species that most contributed to these differences were the exotic species capable of completing their life cycles. This long-term monitoring of the estuarine community has allowed us to anticipate future events and ecological risk assessment in European waters.}, }
@article {pmid38127953, year = {2023}, author = {Nnaji, PT and Adukwu, E and Morse, HR and Chidugu-Ogborigbo, RU}, title = {Amylase production from marine sponge Hymeniacidon perlevis; potentials sustainability benefits.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {12}, pages = {e0294931}, pmid = {38127953}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Amylases ; Maltose ; *Porifera/metabolism ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Glucose ; Starch ; alpha-Amylases/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The marine sponge Hymeniacidon perlevis is a globally distributed and invasive species with extensive filter-feeding characteristics. The symbiotic relationship fostered between the sea sponge and the inhabiting microorganism is key in the production of metabolic enzymes which is the focus of this study. Sponge bacterial symbionts were grown on starch agar for 48hrs. Colourimetric analyses of amylase were conducted at 540nm using a spectrophotometric plate reader. Using an X-Bridge column (3.5μM, 4.6x150mm), 80/20 acetonitrile/water in 0.1% ammonium were the conditions used for the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses. Seven reducing sugars were used to optimise LC-MS to determine the presence of the crude enzyme formed. Not all the bacterial symbionts isolated from H perlevis produced alpha and beta amylases to break down starch. From the statistical mean of crude enzyme concentrations from the hydrolysis of starch by amylase, isolate seven had the highest optical density (OD) at 0.43475 while isolate twelve had the lowest OD at 0.141417. From the LC-MS analysis, out of the seven sugars, Glucose and maltose constituted > 65% of the reducing sugars formed from the hydrolysis of starch by the amylases. Isolates 3,6 and 7 produced 6.906 mg/l, 12.309 mg/l, and 5.909 mg/l of glucose, while isolates 3,4,5,6 and 7 produced 203.391 mg/l, 176.238 mg/l, 139.938 mg/l, 39.030 mg/l, and 18.809 mg/l of maltose, respectively. Isolate two had the highest amount of maltose at a concentration of 267.237 mg/l while isolate four had the highest amount of glucose concentration of 53.084 mg/l. Enzymes from marine sponge bacteria offer greater potential for a green and sustainable production process. Amylase extraction from bacterial symbionts in H perlevis is sustainable and should be supported. They can serve as reliable sources of revenue for enzyme industries, and applications in food industries and biotechnological processes.}, }
@article {pmid38124676, year = {2023}, author = {Hilborn, R and Smith, DR}, title = {Is the long-tailed macaque at risk of extinction?.}, journal = {American journal of primatology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e23590}, doi = {10.1002/ajp.23590}, pmid = {38124676}, issn = {1098-2345}, support = {//National Association for Biomedical Research/ ; }, abstract = {We review the evidence that long-tailed macaques are at risk of extinction and find that papers supporting this argument present no data supporting a hypothesized decline in abundance. These papers contain numerous misrepresentations of the published literature. Long-tailed macaques thrive in human-altered habitats, are listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature as an invasive species of concern, and have shown the ability to increase by 7%-10% per year from low numbers, making the probability of extinction very low.}, }
@article {pmid38123786, year = {2023}, author = {Michielini, JP and Yi, X and Brown, LM and Gao, SM and Orians, C and Crone, EE}, title = {Novel host plant use by a specialist insect depends on geographic variation in both the host and herbivore species.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38123786}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {RC-2700//Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program/ ; NSF DBI 1560380//National Science Foundation/ ; NSFC 32070447//National Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Understanding the circumstances under which insect herbivores will adopt a novel host plant is a longstanding question in basic and applied ecology. While geographic variation in host use can arise through differences in both herbivore preference and plant characteristics, there is a tendency to attribute geographic variation in host use to regional differences in herbivore preference alone. This is especially true for herbivores specialized to one or a few plant species. We compared how geographic variation in herbivore preference and host plant origin shape regional differences in host plant use by the specialized herbivore, Euphydryas phaeton. In parts of its range, E. phaeton uses only a native host, Chelone glabra, while in others, it also uses an introduced host, Plantago lanceolata. We offered female butterflies from each region the non-native host plant sourced from both regions and compared their oviposition behavior. The non-native host was almost universally rejected by butterflies in the region where only the native plant is used. In the region where butterflies use both hosts, females accepted non-native plants from their natal region twice as often as non-native plants from the other region where they are not used. Acceptance differed substantially among individual butterflies within regions but not among plants within regions. Thus, both individual preference and regional differences in both the insect and non-native host contributed to the geographic variation in different ways. These results highlight that, in addition to herbivore preference, regional differences in perceived plant suitability may be an important driver of diet breadth.}, }
@article {pmid38114469, year = {2023}, author = {Cooke, R and Sayol, F and Andermann, T and Blackburn, TM and Steinbauer, MJ and Antonelli, A and Faurby, S}, title = {Undiscovered bird extinctions obscure the true magnitude of human-driven extinction waves.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {8116}, pmid = {38114469}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {CTS 18:105//Carl Tryggers Stiftelse f&#xf6;r Vetenskaplig Forskning (Carl Trygger Foundation)/ ; CTS 18:105//Carl Tryggers Stiftelse f&#xf6;r Vetenskaplig Forskning (Carl Trygger Foundation)/ ; LCF/BQ/PI23/11970019//"la Caixa" Foundation (Caixa Foundation)/ ; KAW 2020.0239//Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab)/ ; STE 2360/2-1 embedded in FOR 2332//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; 741413 Humans on Planet Earth (HOPE)//EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Excellent Science (H2020 Priority Excellent Science)/ ; 2019-05191//Vetenskapsr&#xe5;det (Swedish Research Council)/ ; 2017-03862//Vetenskapsr&#xe5;det (Swedish Research Council)/ ; MISTRA (Project BioPath)//Stiftelsen f&#xf6;r Milj&#xf6;strategisk Forskning (Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; *Extinction, Biological ; Introduced Species ; Anthropogenic Effects ; }, abstract = {Birds are among the best-studied animal groups, but their prehistoric diversity is poorly known due to low fossilization potential. Hence, while many human-driven bird extinctions (i.e., extinctions caused directly by human activities such as hunting, as well as indirectly through human-associated impacts such as land use change, fire, and the introduction of invasive species) have been recorded, the true number is likely much larger. Here, by combining recorded extinctions with model estimates based on the completeness of the fossil record, we suggest that at least ~1300-1500 bird species (~12% of the total) have gone extinct since the Late Pleistocene, with 55% of these extinctions undiscovered (not yet discovered or left no trace). We estimate that the Pacific accounts for 61% of total bird extinctions. Bird extinction rate varied through time with an intense episode ~1300 CE, which likely represents the largest human-driven vertebrate extinction wave ever, and a rate 80 (60-95) times the background extinction rate. Thus, humans have already driven more than one in nine bird species to extinction, with likely severe, and potentially irreversible, ecological and evolutionary consequences.}, }
@article {pmid38114031, year = {2023}, author = {Ioannou, CS and Savvidou, EC and Apocha, L and Terblanche, JS and Papadopoulos, NT}, title = {Insecticide resistant mosquitoes remain thermal stress resistant, without loss of thermal plasticity.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {912}, number = {}, pages = {169443}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169443}, pmid = {38114031}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {A major component of mosquito's climate change response is their heat tolerance, and any ability to rapidly adjust to extreme environmental conditions through phenotypic plasticity. The excessive use of insecticides for the control of major mosquito species leads to resistant populations, however it is largely unclear if this concurrently impacts thermal stress resistance and their potential to adjust tolerance via phenotypic plasticity. Culex pipiens pipiens, Culex pipiens molestus and Aedes albopictus populations obtained from the same region were subjected for 12 generations to selection trials to larvicides Diflubenzuron (DFB) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) to develop insecticide resistance. Adults emerging from the selected populations were acclimated at different temperatures and the upper and lower critical thermal limits (CTmax and CTmin) were estimated using dynamic thermal assays. In addition, the supercooling points (SCPs) of non-acclimated adults of resistant and control populations were determined. Our results revealed marked differences in thermal response among the three species, the different acclimation regimes and sexes. Aedes albopictus was more resistant in high than low temperatures compared to both Culex pipiens biotypes. Culex forms responded similarly to heat but differently to cold stress. In both forms, females responded better than males to all thermal stressors. Acclimation at higher and lower temperatures improves CTmax and CTmin values, respectively in both insecticide resistant and control populations of all three species. Overall, selection to insecticides did not affect the thermal performance of adults. Hence, insecticide-resistant mosquito populations perform similarly to untreated ones and are capable of readily adapting to new environmental changes rising concerns regarding their geographic range expansion and disease transmission globally.}, }
@article {pmid38110760, year = {2023}, author = {van Dalen, EMSP and Jansen van Rensburg, C}, title = {Competitive displacement and acaricide resistance of two Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) species collected on commercial farms in South Africa.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38110760}, issn = {1572-9702}, abstract = {Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, an invasive species to Africa, and the endemic R. (B.) decoloratus are of high economic importance in the cattle industry. Invasion of the alien species in South Africa has mostly been reported for traditional communal grazing areas where it seemed to be rapid and, in some cases, even replaced the native species. The alien species is also assumed to already be resistant to acaricides upon invasion. The presence of R. (B.) microplus on commercial farms was therefore investigated and resistance screening of both species to field concentrations of cypermethrin, amitraz, and chlorfenvinphos was determined by means of the larval immersion test. Results showed that only 3.7% (of 383) tick collections submitted were R. (B.) microplus populations. A further 1.6% (of 383) showed co-existence of the two species. Comparing the level of resistance to the acaricides between the two species indicated a mean phenotypic resistance of 66.2 and 26.5% of R. (B.) decoloratus populations to cypermethrin and amitraz, respectively. This was significantly lower for R. (B.) microplus, with 23.0 and 4.1% of its populations resistant to cypermethrin and amitraz, respectively. Closed commercial farming areas seemed to have a preventative advantage for the invasion of R. (B.) microplus and displacement of R. (B.) decoloratus by R. (B.) microplus. Regular monitoring of these two species may be of high importance to prevent unnecessary financial losses due to insufficient control and increased awareness of the threat of Asiatic babesiosis vectored by R. (B.) microplus.}, }
@article {pmid38109935, year = {2024}, author = {McGaughran, A and Dhami, MK and Parvizi, E and Vaughan, AL and Gleeson, DM and Hodgins, KA and Rollins, LA and Tepolt, CK and Turner, KG and Atsawawaranunt, K and Battlay, P and Congrains, C and Crottini, A and Dennis, TPW and Lange, C and Liu, XP and Matheson, P and North, HL and Popovic, I and Rius, M and Santure, AW and Stuart, KC and Tan, HZ and Wang, C and Wilson, J}, title = {Genomic Tools in Biological Invasions: Current State and Future Frontiers.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {38109935}, issn = {1759-6653}, mesh = {Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Genomics ; Climate ; }, abstract = {Human activities are accelerating rates of biological invasions and climate-driven range expansions globally, yet we understand little of how genomic processes facilitate the invasion process. Although most of the literature has focused on underlying phenotypic correlates of invasiveness, advances in genomic technologies are showing a strong link between genomic variation and invasion success. Here, we consider the ability of genomic tools and technologies to (i) inform mechanistic understanding of biological invasions and (ii) solve real-world issues in predicting and managing biological invasions. For both, we examine the current state of the field and discuss how genomics can be leveraged in the future. In addition, we make recommendations pertinent to broader research issues, such as data sovereignty, metadata standards, collaboration, and science communication best practices that will require concerted efforts from the global invasion genomics community.}, }
@article {pmid38108991, year = {2023}, author = {Nishida, S and Tamakoshi, N and Takakura, KI and Watanabe, Y and Kanaoka, MM}, title = {Reproductive interference between alien species in Veronica.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38108991}, issn = {1618-0860}, support = {20K06783//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 21770041//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 24113510//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 19770023//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, abstract = {Reproductive interference can lead to the exclusive distribution of species. Reports on reproductive interference between alien species are scarce, although alien species are becoming more abundant and evaluations of the interference between aliens and its influence on community structure are essential. We therefore investigated the presence of interference in two alien species of Veronica, V. cymbalaria and V. persica. Hand-pollination experiments revealed that heterospecific pollen adversely affected both species, but asymmetrically: in V. cymbalaria, it reduced the number of seeds both before and after conspecific pollination, but in V. persica it reduced the number of seeds only when it occurred before conspecific pollination. Field observation suggested that the number of seeds produced by V. cymbalaria was more influenced by the number of conspecific flowers than by the frequency of surrounding V. persica flowers. Pot experiments did not show a negative effect of heterospecific individuals on the reproductive success of focal species in either species. Observations of visiting pollinators revealed no pollinator preference between the plant species. Although we demonstrated asymmetrical reproductive interference between V. cymbalaria and V. persica, its effect in the field seemed limited. An essential factor mitigating the adverse effect of reproductive interference might be a shortage of pollinators that could facilitate interspecific pollination. We predict that further invasion of V. cymbalaria into areas where V. persica prevails is unlikely, although swift displacement of V. cymbalaria by V. persica in areas where V. cymbalaria is already established is also unlikely.}, }
@article {pmid38108425, year = {2023}, author = {Heinig, R and Morreale, R and Reeves, L and Lloyd, A and Hoel, D and Lucas, KJ}, title = {Detection of Aedes Scapularis In Southwestern Florida.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, pages = {281-283}, doi = {10.2987/23-7146}, pmid = {38108425}, issn = {1943-6270}, mesh = {Female ; Animals ; *Aedes ; *Ochlerotatus ; *Alphavirus ; Ecosystem ; Mosquito Control ; }, abstract = {Aedes scapularis has recently been detected for the first time in southwestern Florida. During the course of research and surveillance activities by local mosquito control districts in 2020 and 2021, a total of 190 adult females were collected from 14 separate locations in Collier and Lee Counties. To date, Ae. scapularis has been found in 5 counties since its rediscovery in Florida in 2006. Its detection and likely northward expansion into Collier and Lee Counties from the southern Florida Peninsula is in line with ecological niche model predictions that found the environment of the Gulf Coast of southwestern Florida to be highly suitable for the species. Due to its potential ability to transmit both exotic and endemic pathogens such as Everglades virus and Dirofilaria immitis, understanding the range and distribution of Ae. scapularis should be a priority for Florida mosquito control and public health agencies.}, }
@article {pmid38108424, year = {2023}, author = {Cawthon, SMO and Dimise, MM and Frazier, R}, title = {First Record of Aedes Japonicus in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, pages = {278-280}, doi = {10.2987/23-7142}, pmid = {38108424}, issn = {1943-6270}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Aedes ; Louisiana ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Information of species presence and abundance is useful for taking a targeted approach to controlling populations of medically important and nuisance mosquito species. In April 2023, staff at St. Tammany Parish Mosquito Abatement District (STPMAD), in Slidell, Louisiana, identified Aedes japonicus (Theobald, 1901) mosquitoes from a larval sample brought in from the field for identification. Although invasive Aedes species like Aedes albopictus are commonly found in Louisiana, this is the first record of Ae. japonicus in St. Tammany Parish.}, }
@article {pmid38108379, year = {2023}, author = {Li, Q and Guo, J and Zhao, M}, title = {Quantification of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Colonization Rate in the Study of Invasive Alien Plants.}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {202}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3791/65971}, pmid = {38108379}, issn = {1940-087X}, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae ; Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; Hyphae ; Biological Transport ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widely distributed soil fungi in ecosystems and can form symbiotic associations (mycorrhizae) with the roots of most terrestrial plants. Plants provide carbon sources to AMF through mycorrhizal associations, while AMF hyphae can expand the range of nutrient absorption by roots and promote plant nutrient uptake. There are many different species of AMF, and the symbiotic relationships between different species of AMF and different plants vary. Invasive plants can enrich AMF species with better symbiotic capabilities through root exudates, promoting their growth and thereby increasing their colonization in invasive plant roots. At the same time, invasive plants can also disrupt the symbiotic relationship between AMF and native plants, affecting the local plant community, which is one of the mechanisms for successful plant invasion. The colonization rate of AMF in the roots of invasive and native plants indirectly reflects the role of AMF in the process of invasive plant invasion. In this method, collected plant roots can be processed directly or saved in a fixative for later batch processing. Through decolorization, acidification, staining, and destaining treatment of roots, the hyphae, spores, and arbuscular structures of AMF in the root system can be clearly observed. This method can be completed in a basic laboratory to observe and calculate the colonization rate of AMF in the root systems of invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid38108226, year = {2023}, author = {Al-Qahtani, WH}, title = {Revealing the intricate microcosm: Advancing invasive species pollen analysis through scanning microscopy of ultra sculpture.}, journal = {Microscopy research and technique}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/jemt.24468}, pmid = {38108226}, issn = {1097-0029}, support = {RSP2024R293//King Saud University/ ; }, abstract = {Micromorphological visualization of plant surface peculiarities provides valuable characters for the precise identification of plant species. Invasive alien species, introduced outside their native range, pose significant ecological, and health challenges. This study focuses on micromorphological investigations of selected invasive plant species belonging to the families Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Moraceae, Crassulaceae, Cannabaceae, Fabaceae, Commelinaceae, and Oxalidaceae. The study employs scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze the species micromorphology of pollen structure in depth to characterize the sculpturing patterns. Additionally, the study examines the pollen characteristics of these invasive plants, including shape, size, and fertility, along with exine sculpturing. The maximum polar diameter was observed for Senna tora (41.2 μm). The spines in Achillea fragrantissima were measured to have dimensions of approximately 1.91 μm in length and 2.11 μm in width. The findings shed light on the allergy-causing potential of these invasive species, providing crucial information for accurate identification and effective management strategies to safeguard the indigenous flora of the region. The study contributes to the knowledge base for botanists, taxonomists, policy makers, climate experts, and biodiversity specialists. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Integrating SEM to analyze the pollen of invasive species. Unveiling pollen micromorphology of invasive species. Exploring the microscopic realm of invasive pollen to accurately identify the species.}, }
@article {pmid38105301, year = {2023}, author = {Castro, M and Garreta, C and Arocena, R}, title = {Urban effluents affect the invasive bivalve Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker 1857) fitness in a large Pampasic river (Río Negro, Uruguay).}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {196}, number = {1}, pages = {48}, pmid = {38105301}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; *Mytilidae/physiology ; Uruguay ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) exert a negative impact on native ecosystems and on various human activities. Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker 1857), a sessile mytilid introduced from Asia in the Río de la Plata, demonstrates a high dispersal capacity, growing over other organisms and artificial structures. Understanding its behavior is crucial for developing appropriate control and mitigating its detrimental effects. This study investigated the population dynamics of this mollusk in response to urban effluents in a large river. Water and population parameters of L. fortunei were measured both upstream and downstream of a small town from July to December 2020. Downstream areas exhibited increased temperature and decreased transparency compared to upstream locations, while pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen remained relatively constant. However, downstream, the L. fortunei population comprised fewer and smaller individuals, displaying high width-to-length ratios. Most measured water parameters exhibited significant differences between sampling months. The abundance of L. fortunei remained relatively stable over time due to its nearly continuous reproduction in Uruguay. Nonetheless, shell elongation (15.3-22.8 mm) coincided with an increase in dry weight (0.009-0.038 g) from winter to spring. Allometric relationships, primarily following a power-law model, varied between months, ranging from H = 0.39L[1.04] to H = 1.36L[0.57]. This study contributes to the comprehension of the population dynamics and life history of L. fortunei, thereby aiding in the conservation of invaded aquatic systems. Moreover, it provides valuable insights into the effects of urban effluents on this species, contributing to our understanding of its potential role as a bioindicator.}, }
@article {pmid38104843, year = {2023}, author = {Boonmachai, T and Bergey, EA and Wongsawad, C and Nantarat, N}, title = {Influence of limestone and anthropogenic activities on land snail communities in Satun Province, Thailand.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {912}, number = {}, pages = {169372}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169372}, pmid = {38104843}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Southeast Asia is renowned for its rich biodiversity and serves as a global hotspot for organisms. Satun Province, located in southern Thailand, represents a significant biogeographic and biodiversity region situated in the transition zone between the Indochinese and Sundaland hotspots. Thus, Satun Province has high diversity and abundance of organisms, especially land snails. However, Satun Province has been largely understudied for both diversity and biogeography. Our study aimed to investigate land snail communities, emphasizing comparisons between the mainland and island sites, and the influence of limestone and other rock types in Satun Province. Our exploration efforts identified a diverse land snail community comprising 17 families, which updated the total reported species in the province from 22 to 58 species. The results showed that islands had significantly greater land snail species richness and abundance, and larger Shannon index values in comparison to the mainland. Anthropogenic activities on the mainland led to habitat transformation and had detrimental impacts on native land snail diversity while promoting the spread of invasive species. In contrast, the presence of little-disturbed limestone habitats on some of the islands contributed to higher richness of land snails, as limestone areas are known for their high diversity and endemism. Snail communities varied along site characteristics; especially, limestone versus non-limestone areas and human activity levels (which were associated with national park protection), with limestone and protected areas having the highest diversity. Our study illustrates the value of protected areas as potential hotspots of biodiversity, especially for islands that are little disturbed by human activities and that have habitats that support high diversity, such as limestone outcrops. This study provides valuable insights into the biogeography of land snails in Satun Province and Southeast Asia and contributes to our understanding of the factors influencing land snail diversity.}, }
@article {pmid38104628, year = {2023}, author = {Lee, J and Secor, R and Prokopyeva, N and Chen, X and Macdonald, O and Frost, R and Finnerty, JR}, title = {TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY AFFECT DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARASITIC SEA ANEMONE EDWARDSIELLA LINEATA POTENTIALLY LIMITING ITS IMPACT AS A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ON THE CTENOPHORE MNEMIOPSIS LEIDYI.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {109}, number = {6}, pages = {574-579}, doi = {10.1645/23-15}, pmid = {38104628}, issn = {1937-2345}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ctenophora ; *Sea Anemones ; Temperature ; *Parasites ; Salinity ; }, abstract = {The lined sea anemone, Edwardsiella lineata, parasitizes the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, which is one of the most destructive marine invasive species in the world. Mnemiopsis leidyi is known to tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions. However, the environmental tolerances of its most prominent parasite have never been characterized. Here we determined the effects of temperature (18, 22, 26, and 30 C) and salinity (6, 15, 24, and 33 ppt) on the survival and development of E. lineata from a vermiform parasite to a free-living polyp. At higher temperatures and lower salinities, E. lineata experienced significantly higher mortality, and it failed to develop into an adult polyp at the highest temperature (30 C) and lowest salinities we tested (6 ppt or 15 ppt). While such temperature and salinity restrictions would not currently prevent E. lineata from infecting M. leidyi in many of the European waters where it has become a destructive invasive species, these environmental limitations may be reducing overlap between host and parasite within the host's native range, a situation that could be exacerbated by climate change.}, }
@article {pmid38102766, year = {2023}, author = {Long, RW and Pratt, RB and Jacobsen, AL}, title = {Drought resistance in two populations of invasive Tamarix compared using multiple methods.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpad140}, pmid = {38102766}, issn = {1758-4469}, abstract = {An on-going question in plant hydraulic research is whether there is intra-specific variability and/or plasticity in xylem traits. Plasticity could be important in taxa that colonize diverse habitats. We used Tamarix, a non-native woody plant, to investigate population differences in hydraulic conductivity (Ks), vulnerability-to-embolism curves, and vessel anatomy. We also conducted a season-long drought experiment to determine water potentials associated with crown dieback of field-grown plants. We measured vessel length and diameter, and compared visual (microCT) and hydraulic methods to quantify percentage loss in hydraulic conductivity (PLC). Among plants grown in a common environment, we did not find differences in our measured traits between two populations of Tamarix that differ in salinity at their source habitats. This taxon is relatively vulnerable to embolism. Within samples, large diameter vessels displayed increased vulnerability to embolism. We found that the microCT method overestimated theoretical conductivity and underestimated PLC compared to the hydraulic method. We found agreement for water potentials leading to crown dieback and results from the hydraulic method. Saplings, grown under common conditions in the present study, did not differ in their xylem traits, but prior research has found difference among source-site grown adults. This suggests that plasticity may be key in the success of Tamarix occurring across a range of habits in the arid southwest USA.}, }
@article {pmid38102760, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, L and Luo, X and Zhang, G and Zang, X and Wen, D}, title = {Nitrogen and phosphorus addition promote invasion success of invasive species via increased growth and nutrient accumulation under elevated CO2.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpad150}, pmid = {38102760}, issn = {1758-4469}, abstract = {In the context of the resource allocation hypothesis regarding the trade-off between growth and defence, compared with native species, invasive species generally allocate more energy to growth and less to defence. However, it remains unclear how global change and nutrient enrichment will influence competition between invasive species and co-occurring native species. Here, we tested whether: nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) addition under elevated CO2 cause invasive species (Mikania micrantha and Chromolaena odorata) to produce greater biomass, higher growth-related compounds, and lower defence-related compounds than native plants (Paederia scandens and Eupatorium chinense). We grew these native and invasive species with similar morphology with the addition of N and P under elevated CO2 in open-top chambers. The addition of N alone increased the relative growth rate (RGR) by 5.4% in invasive species, and its combination with P addition or elevated CO2 significantly increased the RGR of invasive species by 7.5% or 8.1%, respectively, and to a level higher than that of native species (by 14.4%, P < 0.01). Combined N + P addition under elevated CO2 decreased the amount of defence-related compounds in the leaf, including lipids (by 17.7%) and total structural carbohydrates (TSC, by 29.0%), whereas increased growth-related compounds in the leaf, including proteins (by 75.7%), minerals (by 9.6%), and total non-structural cabohydrates (TNC, by 8.5%). The increased concentrations of growth-related compounds were possibly associated with the increase in Rubisco content and mineral nutrition (magnesium, iron, and calcium), all of which were higher in invasive species than in native species. These results suggest that rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and N deposition combined with nutrient enrichment will increase the growth of invasive species more than that of native species. Our result also suggest that invasive species respond more readily to produce growth-related compounds under increased soil nutrient availability and elevated CO2.}, }
@article {pmid38098152, year = {2023}, author = {Wilsey, B and Martin, L and Xu, X and Isbell, F and Polley, HW}, title = {Biodiversity: Net primary productivity relationships are eliminated by invasive species dominance.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/ele.14342}, pmid = {38098152}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; //National Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Experiments often find that net primary productivity (NPP) increases with species richness when native species are considered. However, relationships may be altered by exotic (non-native) species, which are hypothesized to reduce richness but increase productivity (i.e., 'invasion-diversity-productivity paradox'). We compared richness-NPP relationships using a comparison of exotic versus native-dominated sites across the central USA, and two experiments under common environments. Aboveground NPP was measured using peak biomass clipping in all three studies, and belowground NPP was measured in one study with root ingrowth cores using root-free soil. In all studies, there was a significantly positive relationship between NPP and richness across native species-dominated sites and plots, but no relationship across exotic-dominated ones. These results indicate that relationships between NPP and richness depend on whether native or exotic species are dominant, and that exotic species are 'breaking the rules', altering richness-productivity and richness-C stock relationships after invasion.}, }
@article {pmid38097037, year = {2024}, author = {Dragičević, P and Rosado, D and Bielen, A and Hudina, S}, title = {Host-related traits influence the microbial diversity of the invasive signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {202}, number = {}, pages = {108039}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2023.108039}, pmid = {38097037}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Astacoidea ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Europe ; Croatia ; }, abstract = {The microbiome influences a variety of host-environment interactions, and there is mounting evidence of its significant role in biological invasions. During invasion, shifts in microbial diversity and function can occur due to both changing characteristics of the novel environment and physiological condition of the host. The signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) is one of the most successful crayfish invaders in Europe. During range expansion, its populations often exhibit differences in many traits along the invasion range, including sex-composition, size-structure and aggressiveness, but to date it was not studied whether crayfish traits can also drive changes in the host microbiome. Thus, we used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to examine the effects of host-related traits, namely total length (TL), body condition index (FCF), hepatosomatic index (HSI) and sex on the microbial diversity of the signal crayfish. We examined both external (exoskeletal) and internal (intestinal, hepatopancreatic, hemolymph) microbiomes of 110 signal crayfish individuals from four sites along its invasion range in the Korana River, Croatia. While sex did not exhibit a significant effect on the microbial diversity in any of the examined tissues, exoskeletal, intestinal and hemolymph microbial diversity significantly decreased with increasing crayfish size. Additionally, significant effects of signal crayfish condition (FCF, HSI) on microbial diversity were recorded in the hepatopancreas, a main energy storage organ in crayfish that supports reproduction and growth and also regulates immune response. Our findings provide a baseline for evaluating the contribution of microbiome to an invader's overall health, fitness and subsequent invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid38095364, year = {2023}, author = {Goggin, CL and Leung, TLF and Byrne, M and Murphy, NE and Koen, T}, title = {Prevalence of the scuticociliate Orchitophrya stellarum in seastars from the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {156}, number = {}, pages = {89-98}, doi = {10.3354/dao03764}, pmid = {38095364}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Male ; Female ; Animals ; *Starfish/parasitology ; Prevalence ; *Oligohymenophorea ; Oceans and Seas ; Atlantic Ocean ; Pacific Ocean ; }, abstract = {As part of a study to investigate the use of the scuticociliate Orchitophrya stellarum as a biological control for the invasive seastar Asterias amurensis in Australia, we collected prevalence data for O. stellarum from 3 seastar species (A. amurensis, A. rubens, Pisaster ochraceus) between 1996 and 1999 from the Pacific (Australia, Japan, Korea, Canada) and Atlantic (France, Netherlands, Canada) oceans. In the Pacific Ocean, for the first time, we found O. stellarum in male A. amurensis in Korea and female A. amurensis in Japan. The parasite was not detected in the invasive A. amurensis from Australia. There was no significant difference between size of infected and uninfected male seastars, nor a correlation between biased sex ratio and parasite prevalence in populations in the Pacific or Atlantic oceans. Therefore, unlike other studies, we found size and sex ratio in seastar populations in the field are unreliable indicators of parasite impacts. Regular monitoring of infected seastar populations in the field would be useful to better understand how sex ratio varies with parasite prevalence. We recommend laboratory studies under controlled conditions to determine the effect of O. stellarum on seastar populations.}, }
@article {pmid38092817, year = {2023}, author = {Lenda, M and Steudel, B and Skórka, P and Zagrodzka, ZB and Moroń, D and Bączek-Kwinta, R and Janowiak, F and Baran, A and Possingham, HP and Knops, JMH}, title = {Multiple invasive species affect germination, growth, and photosynthesis of native weeds and crops in experiments.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {22146}, pmid = {38092817}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {2021/43/D/NZ9/02990//Polish National Science Centre/ ; CE11001000104//Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions/ ; IP2012 029472//Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education/ ; }, mesh = {*Germination ; *Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; Plant Weeds ; Crops, Agricultural ; Photosynthesis ; }, abstract = {Alien plant species regularly and simultaneously invade agricultural landscapes and ecosystems; however, the effects of co-invasion on crop production and native biodiversity have rarely been studied. Secondary metabolites produced by alien plants may be allelopathic; if they enter the soil, they may be transported by agricultural activities, negatively affecting crop yield and biodiversity. It is unknown whether substances from different alien species in combination have a greater impact on crops and wild plants than if they are from only one of the alien species. In this study, we used a set of common garden experiments to test the hypothesis that mixed extracts from two common invasive species have synergistic effects on crops and weeds (defined as all non-crop plants) in European agricultural fields compared to single-species extracts. We found that both the combined and individual extracts had detrimental effects on the seed germination, seedling growth, biomass, and photosynthetic performance of both crops and weeds. We found that the negative effect of mixed extracts was not additive and that crop plants were more strongly affected by invasive species extracts than the weeds. Our results are important for managing invasive species in unique ecosystems on agricultural land and preventing economic losses in yield production.}, }
@article {pmid38092204, year = {2023}, author = {Russo, T and Coppola, F and Paris, D and De Marchi, L and Meucci, V and Motta, A and Carbone, M and Di Cosmo, A and Soares, AMVM and Pretti, C and Mollo, E and Freitas, R and Polese, G}, title = {Exploring toxicological interactions in a changing sea: The case of the alkaloids caffeine and caulerpin.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {912}, number = {}, pages = {169190}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169190}, pmid = {38092204}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {The bisindolic alkaloid caulerpin (CAU) is a bioactive compound isolated from green algae of the genus Caulerpa that are highly invasive in the Mediterranean Sea. On the other side, the purine alkaloid caffeine (CAF) is one of the most globally consumed psychoactive substances and a widespread anthropogenic water pollutant. Both compounds display a large panel of biological properties and are well known to accumulate in the tissues of aquatic organisms and, in certain circumstances, co-occur in the human diet. On this premise, the present study aimed to investigate possible synergistic interactions between CAU and CAF by using the bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis as a model organism. Mussels were exposed to CAF via medium while they were fed with food enriched with CAU. After treatments, biochemical analysis confirmed the toxic potential of CAF, with increased AChE activity and lipid peroxidation. Also, histopathological alterations were observed in the gills and digestive tubules. The NMR-based metabolomics analysis detected higher levels of free amino acids under CAF treatments. Conversely, the food administration of CAU did not affect the above toxicological biomarkers. In addition, we did not observe any cumulative effect between CAF and CAU toward increased cellular damage and neurotoxicity. On the other hand, a possible action of CAU in decreasing CAF toxicity could be hypothesized based on our results. This hypothesis is supported by the activity of CAU as an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). PPARs mediate xenobiotic detoxification via cytochromes P450, which is involved in CAF metabolism. Overall, the results obtained not only rule out any cumulative adverse effects of CAF and CAU but also encourage further research to evaluate the possible use of CAU, a compound easily obtained through the valorization of biomass from invasive species, as a food additive to improve the clearance of xenobiotics.}, }
@article {pmid38091278, year = {2024}, author = {Duke, SO and Marrone, PG and Vurro, M}, title = {The future of microbial bioherbicides.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {80}, number = {1}, pages = {6-7}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7885}, pmid = {38091278}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {*Herbicides ; *Pest Control, Biological ; }, }
@article {pmid38089477, year = {2023}, author = {Du, C and Jiang, K and Xu, Z and Wang, L and Chen, J and Wang, C}, title = {Transcriptome and metabolome comprehensive analysis reveal the molecular basis of slow-action and non-repellency of cycloxaprid against an eusocial pest, Solenopsis invicta.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1274416}, pmid = {38089477}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {The eusocial pest, red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), is a highly invasive species that poses significant threats to public safety, agriculture, and the ecological environment. Cycloxaprid, a newly identified effective, slow-acting, and non-repellent insecticide against S. invicta, allows contaminated individuals to transfer the insecticide among nestmates through body contact. However, the molecular-level changes occurring in S. invicta post cycloxaprid exposure and any molecular alterations contributing to the slow demise or decreased sensitivity remain unclear. In this study, transcriptomic and metabolomic techniques were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of S. invicta exposed to cycloxaprid. Differential analysis results revealed 275, 323, and 536 differentially expressed genes at 12, 24, and 48 h, respectively. Genes involved in lipid and energy metabolism, DNA integration, and hormone synthesis were largely upregulated at 12 h, suggesting S. invicta might actively resist cycloxaprid impacts, and predominantly downregulated at 48 h, indicating further functional impairment and impending death. Also, we observed an imbalance in olfactory perception pathways at 12 h, which may indicate a disruption in the olfactory system of S. invicta. Metabolomic results showed that the regulation of most differential metabolites (DMs) was consistent with the expression changes of their related DEGs at different time points. Our study provides insights into the mechanism underlying slow-acting and non-repellent properties of cycloxaprid against S. invicta.}, }
@article {pmid38086107, year = {2024}, author = {Chebaane, S and Pais, MP and Engelen, AH and Ramalhosa, P and Silva, R and Gizzi, F and Canning-Clode, J and Bernal-Ibáñez, A and Monteiro, JG}, title = {Exploring foraging preference of local fish species towards non-indigenous fouling communities near marinas: Insights from Remote Video Foraging System (RVFS) trials.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {198}, number = {}, pages = {115871}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115871}, pmid = {38086107}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; *Tetraodontiformes ; Portugal ; }, abstract = {Non-indigenous species (NIS) spread from marinas to natural environments is influenced by niche availability, habitat suitability, and local biotic resistance. This study explores the effect of indigenous fish feeding behaviour on NIS proliferation using fouling communities, pre-grown on settlement plates, as two distinct, representative models: one from NIS-rich marinas and the other from areas outside marinas with fewer NIS. These plates were mounted on a Remote Video Foraging System (RVFS) near three marinas on Madeira Island. After 24-h, NIS abundance was reduced by 3.5 %. Canthigaster capistrata's preference for marinas plates suggests potential biotic resistance. However, Sparisoma cretense showed equal biting frequencies for both plate types. The cryptogenic ascidian Trididemnum cereum was the preferred target for the fish. Our study introduces a global framework using RVFS for in-situ experiments, replicable across divers contexts (e.g., feeding behaviour, biotic resistance), which can be complemented by metabarcoding and isotopic analysis to confirm consumption patterns.}, }
@article {pmid38085787, year = {2023}, author = {Duke, SO}, title = {Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase as a herbicide target.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {120}, number = {51}, pages = {e2319097120}, pmid = {38085787}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {58-6060-6-015//United States Departement of Agriculture/ ; }, mesh = {*Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase ; *Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors/genetics ; Oxidoreductases/biosynthesis ; Pyrimidines ; }, }
@article {pmid38078776, year = {2023}, author = {Linklater, WL and Steer, J and Munro, D}, title = {An update on allegations of invasive species denialism.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e14223}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.14223}, pmid = {38078776}, issn = {1523-1739}, }
@article {pmid38077517, year = {2023}, author = {Chiu-Werner, A and Jones, M}, title = {Human land-use changes the diets of sympatric native and invasive mammal species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {e10800}, pmid = {38077517}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The consequences of biological invasions and habitat degradation for native biodiversity depend on how species cope with the individual and synergetic challenges these processes present. To assess the impact of anthropogenic land-use on the food web architecture of an invaded community, we examine the diets of nine native and two highly invasive mammal species at different trophic levels, inhabiting different land-uses across six biogeographic regions in Tasmania, Australia. We use two complementary methods, environmental DNA metabarcoding analysis (eDNA) of faeces and stable isotope analysis (SIA) of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) in whole blood, to account for the high interindividual and temporal variability in the diets of multiple species simultaneously. eDNA showed regionalisation in the diet of smaller species, with land-use further defining dietary taxa within each region. SIA revealed that bioregion and land-use influence the δ[13]C values of all carnivore species and omnivores, whereas the δ[15]N values of these species are influenced only by land-use and not bioregion. Including multiple species showed that native rats are changing their diet in response to the presence of invasive rats, an impact that would have otherwise been attributed to land-use. Our findings demonstrate that human activities and invasive species are moulding the diets of invaded communities, raising questions about the potential impacts that dietary modifications will have on the life-history traits and the evolutionary consequences these modifications might have on the survival of native species. This highlights the urgency of including human activities in ecological studies and the importance of targeting multispecies assemblages to gain a better understanding of synergetic impacts on native biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid38077133, year = {2023}, author = {Pujolar, JM and Breitburg, D and Lee, J and Decker, MB and Jaspers, C}, title = {Hybridization and adaptive introgression in a marine invasive species in native habitats.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {26}, number = {12}, pages = {108430}, pmid = {38077133}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {Hybridization of distinct populations or species is an important evolutionary driving force. For invasive species, hybridization can enhance their competitive advantage as a source of adaptive novelty by introgression of selectively favored alleles. Using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarrays we assess genetic diversity and population structure in the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in native habitats. Hybrids are present at the distribution border of two lineages, especially in highly fluctuating environments including very low salinities, while hybrids occur at lower frequency in stable high-saline habitats. Analyses of hybridization status suggest that hybrids thriving in variable environments are selected for, while they are selected against in stable habitats. Translocation of hybrids might accelerate invasion success in non-native habitats. This could be especially relevant for M. leidyi as low salinity limits its invasion range in western Eurasia. Although hybridization status is currently disregarded, it could determine high-risk areas where ballast water exchange should be prevented.}, }
@article {pmid38077009, year = {2023}, author = {Stein, A and Kizhuttil, R and Bak, M and Noble, R}, title = {Selective sweep probabilities in spatially expanding populations.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38077009}, support = {U54 CA217376/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Evolution during range expansions is an important feature of many biological systems including tumours, microbial communities, and invasive species. A selective sweep is a fundamental process, in which an advantageous mutation evades clonal interference and spreads through the population to fixation. However, most theoretical investigations of selective sweeps have assumed constant population size or have ignored spatial structure. Here we use mathematical modelling and analysis to investigate selective sweep probabilities in populations that grow with constant radial expansion speed. We derive probability distributions for the arrival time and location of the first surviving mutant and hence find simple approximate and exact expressions for selective sweep probabilities in one, two and three dimensions, which are independent of mutation rate. Namely, the selective sweep probability is approximately (1-cwt/cm)d, where cwt and cm are the wildtype and mutant radial expansion speeds, and d is the spatial dimension. Using agent-based simulations, we show that our analytical results accurately predict selective sweep frequencies in the two-dimensional spatial Moran process. We further compare our results with those obtained for alternative growth laws. Parameterizing our model for human tumours, we find that selective sweeps are predicted to be rare except during very early solid tumour growth, thus providing a general, pan-cancer explanation for findings from recent sequencing studies.}, }
@article {pmid38076990, year = {2023}, author = {Afrane, YA and Abdulai, A and Mohammed, AR and Akuamoah-Boateng, Y and Owusu-Asenso, CM and Sraku, IK and Yanney, SA and Malm, K and Lobo, NF}, title = {First detection of Anopheles stephensi in Ghana using molecular surveillance.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38076990}, support = {D43 TW011513/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {The invasive Anopheles stephensi mosquito has been rapidly expanding in range in Africa over the last decade, spreading from the Indian sub-continent to several East African countries (Djibouti, Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia and Kenya) and now in West Africa, Nigeria. The rapid expansion of this invasive vector poses a major threat to current malaria control and elimination efforts. In line with the WHO's strategy to stop the spread of this invasive species by enhancing surveillance and control measures in Africa, we incorporated morphological and molecular surveillance of An. stephensi into routine entomological surveillance of malaria vectors in the city of Accra, Ghana. Here, we report on the first detection of An. stephensi in Ghana. An. stephensi mosquitoes were confirmed using PCR and sequencing of the ITS2 regions. These findings highlight the urgent need for increased surveillance and response strategies to mitigate the spread of An. stephensi in Ghana.}, }
@article {pmid38076867, year = {2023}, author = {Goldman, DA and Xue, KS and Parrott, AB and Jeeda, RR and Franzese, LR and Lopez, JG and Vila, JCC and Petrov, DA and Good, BH and Relman, DA and Huang, KC}, title = {Competition for shared resources increases dependence on initial population size during coalescence of gut microbial communities.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38076867}, support = {R01 AI147023/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI168860/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; RM1 GM135102/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {The long-term success of introduced populations depends on their initial size and ability to compete against existing residents, but it remains unclear how these factors collectively shape colonization. Here, we investigate how initial population (propagule) size and resource competition interact during community coalescence by systematically mixing eight pairs of in vitro microbial communities at ratios that vary over six orders of magnitude, and we compare our results to a neutral ecological model. Although the composition of the resulting co-cultures deviated substantially from neutral expectations, each co-culture contained species whose relative abundance depended on propagule size even after ~40 generations of growth. Using a consumer-resource model, we show that this dose-dependent colonization can arise when resident and introduced species have high niche overlap and consume shared resources at similar rates. This model predicts that propagule size will have larger, longer-lasting effects in diverse communities in which niche overlap is higher, and we experimentally confirm that strain isolates show stronger dose dependence when introduced into diverse communities than in pairwise co-culture. This work shows how neutral-like colonization dynamics can emerge from non-neutral resource competition and have lasting effects on the outcomes of community coalescence.}, }
@article {pmid38076556, year = {2023}, author = {Herath, J and Sun, D and Ellepola, G and Subramaniam, K and Meegaskumbura, M}, title = {Emerging threat of ranavirus: prevalence, genetic diversity, and climatic drivers of Ranavirus (Iridoviridae) in ectothermic vertebrates of Asia.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {1291872}, pmid = {38076556}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Ranavirus disease, caused by viruses within the genus Ranavirus (Iridoviridae), is considered a globally emerging infectious disease linked to mass mortality events in both wild and cultured ectothermic vertebrates. Surveillance work is, however, limited in Asia hence prevalence and the dynamics of the disease remain poorly understood. To understand disease burden and the potential biotic and abiotic drivers in southern China region, we conducted a systematic surveillance of the ranavirus across Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region (GAR).<br><br>METHODS: For this, we used a multifaceted approach involving screening of amphibians and other potential hosts, diagnostic tests, phylogenetic analyses, prevalence estimation, co-infection assessments, and climatic niche analyses. Over one thousand individuals were sampled across 25 sampling sites.<br><br>RESULTS: We found ninety-two individuals from 18 species of ectothermic vertebrates to be infected with ranavirus. Two lineages were responsible - Rana nigromaculata ranavirus and tiger frog virus were identified using phylogenetic analysis based on the major capsid protein (MCP) gene fragment. Out of these two lineages, the presence of tiger frog virus is rare as we came across only one case. We also found evidence of a co-infection with ranavirus and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis that can be highly detrimental to host populations; possibly the first such documentation in Asia. Our niche modelling analysis suggests that precipitation seasonality plays an important role in ranavirus prevalence in GAR - southwestern, southeastern, central and northeastern regions of GAR can be considered to be optimum habitats for ranaviruses. Infection rates in wild frog species have reached 100% in some areas, even in nature reserves.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Our research also indicates that culture facilities and pet markets are frequently infected, serving as likely vectors for the regional and global spread of ranaviruses. The knowledge generated suggests the need for systematic surveillance, stringent biosecurity measures, and control of international animal trade to prevent further transmission and protection of biodiversity and aquaculture industries across Asia.}, }
@article {pmid38075909, year = {2023}, author = {Nakamura, N and Toju, H and Kitajima, K}, title = {Leaf, root, and soil microbiomes of an invasive plant, Ardisia crenata, differ between its native and exotic ranges.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1302167}, pmid = {38075909}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Ecological underpinnings of the invasion success of exotic plants may be found in their interactions with microbes, either through the enemy release hypothesis and the enhanced mutualism hypothesis. Whereas recent high-throughput sequencing techniques have significantly expanded our understanding of plant-associated microbiomes and their functional guilds, few studies to date have used these techniques to compare the microbiome associated with invasive plants between their native and exotic ranges.<br><br>METHODS: We extracted fungal and bacterial DNA within leaf endosphere, root endosphere and soil of an invasive plant, Ardisia crenata, sampled from their native range Japan and exotic range Florida, USA. Using Illumina sequencing data, we compared microbial community compositions and diversity between the native and exotic ranges, and tested whether abundance of pathogenic or mutualistic microbes differ between the native or exotic ranges in accordance to the enemy release hypothesis or the enhanced mutualism hypothesis.<br><br>RESULTS: Fungal and bacterial community compositions differed among leaves, roots and soil, and between the native and exotic ranges. Despite a higher microbial diversity in the soil in the exotic range than in the native range, the microbial diversity within leaf and root was lower in the exotic range compared to the native range. In addition, leaves in the native range harbored a greater number of plant pathogenic fungi compared to those in the exotic range.<br><br>DISCUSSION: These patterns suggest plant controls over what microbes become associated with leaves and roots. The higher abundance of leaf pathogenic fungi, including the pathogen which is known to cause specific disease in A. crenata in the exotic range than in the native range, support the enemy release hypothesis and highlighted potential importance of examining microbial communities both above- and below-ground.}, }
@article {pmid38075625, year = {2023}, author = {Marchowski, D and Szlauer-Łukaszewska, A and Ławicki, &#x141; and Engel, J and Drewniak, E and Ciężak, K}, title = {A dataset on quantifying a mass mortality event in freshwater wildlife within the Lower Odra River.}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {51}, number = {}, pages = {109753}, pmid = {38075625}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {In response to the significant ecological disaster in the Odra River during the summer of 2022, a comprehensive data collection process was initiated to quantify the extent of mortality among aquatic species. The dataset focuses on the downstream section of the river, identified as the area with the highest accumulation of deceased organisms. The data collection involved systematic sampling and counting of dead organisms, including fish, bivalves , and aquatic snails. Special attention was given to specific species such as Unionidae mussels, Anodonta anatina, Sinanodonta woodiana, and Viviparus viviparus. Additionally, transects were designated for focused data collection on fish mortality. The dataset provides detailed mortality figures, biomass estimates, and percentage reductions for each species. This comprehensive dataset holds significant potential for reuse by researchers studying the effects of toxins on freshwater ecosystems, the impact of invasive species on native populations, and conservationists aiming to restore the affected areas.}, }
@article {pmid38074902, year = {2023}, author = {Azarkina, GN and Foord, SH}, title = {Further notes on the Afrotropical genus Festucula Simon, 1901 (Araneae, Salticidae).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {1185}, number = {}, pages = {295-308}, pmid = {38074902}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Notes on four Festucula species are provided. One species, F.botswanasp. nov., is described as new to science (♀, Botswana). The name F.monticola is revalidated and the male of this species is assigned. The female of F.lawrencei is described for the first time. A new record of F.leroyae is provided.}, }
@article {pmid38072925, year = {2023}, author = {Murphy, M and Hubert, J and Wang, R and Galindo-González, L}, title = {Seed protein biotyping in Amaranthus species: a tool for rapid identification of weedy amaranths of concern.}, journal = {Plant methods}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {143}, pmid = {38072925}, issn = {1746-4811}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Amaranthus genus contains at least 20 weedy and invasive species, including Amaranthus palmeri (palmer's amaranth) and Amaranthus tuberculatus (tall waterhemp), two species of regulatory concern in North America, impacting production and yield in crops like corn, soybean and cotton. Amaranthus tuberculatus is regulated in Canada with limited establishment, while current climate models predict a range expansion of A. palmeri impacting crop growing areas in Ontario, Quebec and Manitoba. Since many Amaranthus species are similar in their morphology, especially at the seed stage, this demands the development of additional methods that can efficiently aid in the detection and identification of these species. Protein biotyping using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) has been traditionally used to identify microorganism species, races and pathotypes. Major protein fractions extracted from an organism, ionized and run through a biotyper using mass spectrometry, result in protein spectra that represent a fingerprint at the species or lower taxonomic rank, providing an efficient molecular diagnostics method. Here we use a modified protein biotyping protocol to extract major protein fractions from seeds of the family Brassicaceae to test our protocol, and then implemented the standardized approach in seeds from Amaranthus species. We then created a database of Amaranthus protein spectra that can be used to test blind samples for a quick identification of species of concern.<br><br>RESULTS: We generated a protein spectra database with 16 Amaranthus species and several accessions per species, spanning target species of regulatory concern and species which are phylogenetically related or easily confused at the seed stage due to phenotypic plasticity. Testing of two Amaranthus blind sample seed sets against this database showed accuracies of 100% and 87%, respectively.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our method is highly efficient in identifying Amaranthus species of regulatory concern. The mismatches between our protein biotyping approach and phenotypic identification of seeds are due to absence of the species in the database or close phylogenetic relationship between the species. While A. palmeri cannot be distinguished from A. watsonii, there is evidence these two species have the same native range and are closely related.}, }
@article {pmid38071896, year = {2023}, author = {Tobias, Z and Solow, A and Tepolt, C}, title = {Geography and developmental plasticity shape post-larval thermal tolerance in the golden star tunicate, Botryllus schlosseri.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {119}, number = {}, pages = {103763}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103763}, pmid = {38071896}, issn = {0306-4565}, abstract = {Local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity play key roles in mediating organisms' ability to respond to spatiotemporal variation in temperature. These two processes often act together to generate latitudinal or elevational clines in acute temperature tolerance. Phenotypic plasticity is also subject to local adaptation, with the expectation that populations inhabiting more variable environments should exhibit greater phenotypic plasticity of thermal tolerance. Here we examine the potential for local adaptation and developmental plasticity of thermal tolerance in the widespread invasive tunicate Botryllus schlosseri. By comparing five populations across a thermal gradient spanning 4.4° of latitude in the northwest Atlantic, we demonstrate that warmer populations south of the Gulf of Maine exhibit significantly increased (∼0.2 °C) post-larval temperature tolerance relative to the colder populations within it. We also show that B. schlosseri post-larvae possess a high degree of developmental plasticity for this trait, shifting their median temperature of survival (LT50) upwards by as much as 0.18 °C per 1 °C increase in environmental temperature. Lastly, we found that populations vary in their degrees of developmental plasticity, with populations that experience more pronounced short-term temperature variability exhibiting greater developmental plasticity, suggesting the local adaptation of developmental plasticity. By comparing the thermal tolerance of populations across space and through time, we demonstrate how geography and developmental plasticity have shaped thermal tolerance in B. schlosseri. These results help inform our understanding of how species are able to adjust their thermal physiology in new environments, including those encountered during invasion and under increasingly novel climate conditions.}, }
@article {pmid38070574, year = {2023}, author = {Son, D and Chu, Y and Lee, H}, title = {Roads as conduits for alien plant introduction and dispersal: The amplifying role of road construction in Ambrosia trifida dispersal.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {912}, number = {}, pages = {169109}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169109}, pmid = {38070574}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {The initial disruption caused by road construction, combined with ongoing vehicular traffic and regular road maintenance, can repeatedly disturb the environment in ways that favor introduced alien plants. We hypothesized that several characteristics of road construction influence the introduction of alien plants and analyzed 444 Environmental Impact Assessment reports for insights into the relationship between the progression of construction and alien plant richness. Additionally, we believed that roads enhance seed dispersal post-construction, and tested this using Ambrosia trifida patches on completed roads. In 41 construction sites, a total of 137 alien plant species were identified, with 120 introduced after the onset of construction. Significant correlations were found between alien plant richness and road characteristics, with wider roads experiencing more newly introduced species, while longer roads had more total alien plants. As construction progressed, the richness of alien plants generally increased, with around 88 % of sites showing this trend. Changes in alien plant composition during construction revealed a transition from perennial to annual dominance. Post-construction, we found that vehicles played a role in Ambrosia trifida seed dispersal, with seeds predominantly dispersing in the direction of traffic. This study provides information on alien plant species that are commonly introduced and rapidly dispersed due to road construction. Overall, we showed that road construction and subsequent vehicle traffic are primary factors in the spread of alien plants, necessitating early management measures during construction to prevent their proliferation.}, }
@article {pmid38070553, year = {2023}, author = {Gulzar, R and Hamid, M and Hassan, T and Rashid, I and Khuroo, AA}, title = {Different sets of traits determine transition of alien species along the invasion continuum.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {912}, number = {}, pages = {169137}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169137}, pmid = {38070553}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Invasive alien species are currently considered as one of the dominant drivers of global environmental change. Till now, the majority of studies have focused on single or a few traits of alien species that facilitate their invasion. Also inclusion of all the traits which determine the transition of aliens along the different stages of invasion continuum (casual, naturalised and invasive) has remained largely overlooked. In this study, we collected a comprehensive trait dataset on 144 alien plant species of Kashmir Himalaya - a global biodiversity hotspot region. To test which traits of alien species, individually or in combination along with anthropogenic factors, determine their transition along the invasion continuum, we employed chi-square tests, boosted regression trees and phylogenetic methods. We found the perennial life span, longer residence time, greater number of introduced regions, and better seed dispersal mechanism were critical in determining the transition from casual to naturalised. The herbaceous growth form, therophyte Raunkiaer life-form, annual life span, achene fruit, longer residence time and broader introduced range were the species' traits determining transition from naturalised to invasive. Aliens introduced as ornamentals have more propensity to become naturalised; whereas aliens introduced unintentionally show overrepresentation at the invasive stage. Phylogeny alone showed mixed results indicating both clustering and dispersion; however, in combination with other traits, it plays a significant role in determining the stage of invasion. Overall, our study disentangles the individual and interactive roles of multiple traits that determine the transition of alien species' along the invasion continuum. Further, we foresee the potential applicability of our findings in designing robust invasion risk analysis protocols and stage-specific invasion management strategies in this Himalayan region, with learnings for elsewhere in the world.}, }
@article {pmid38070421, year = {2024}, author = {Moscovitz, S and Glassner, H and Wokam Njomgang, RM and Aflalo, ED and Ovadia, O and Sagi, A}, title = {Community composition of invasive, outbreak, and non-pest snail species along a source spring-to-fishpond gradient in a spatially structured aquacultural region.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {351}, number = {}, pages = {119653}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119653}, pmid = {38070421}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Agricultural lands are integrated into and interact with natural areas. Such is the case of Emek HaMa'ayanot, northern Israel, comprising a springs-rich area characterized by multiple land-uses, including spring-water-based aquaculture, recreational springs, and nature reserves. Aquacultural farms suffer from pest snails that carry fish disease; in the study region, these species are invasive (Thiara scabra, Tarebia granifera, Pseudosuccinea columella) and outbreak endemic (Melanoides tuberculata). Previous snail control efforts have focused on individual fishponds without considering management on larger environmental scales in the waterways from the source springs to the fish farms. To broaden our understanding of the status of the pest snail problem in the study area prior to suggesting environmental managerial solutions, we quantified changes in the community composition of snail species along the springs-to-fishponds gradients in a spatially explicit system. We found a remarkable increase in pest snail abundances along these gradients, indicating that pest snails might be invading upstream towards the springs. There were always nearly 100% pest snails in the endpoint sites for water tracks that ended in fishponds. Moreover, pest snails dominated the site when it was used as a fishpond, even though the site was also a spring. In contrast, in a water track that does not end in a fish farm, the relative abundances of non-pest snail species was similar between the source spring and the downstream endpoint, in spite of an increase in pest snail abundance at a midpoint site. These results suggest that invasive pest snails are actively moving upstream and that the fishponds have a marked upstream effect on the ability of non-pest snails to resist pest species invasions. We suggest further investigation of possible strategies for biocontrol of the observed invasion of the snails into natural areas as a basis for environmental management efforts. Finally, the observations made during this study could have practical global implications for snail management in aquaculture and agriculture, and for the control of snails and snail vectors implicated in animal and human diseases.}, }
@article {pmid38068634, year = {2023}, author = {Qin, X and Li, M}, title = {Predicting the Potential Distribution of Oxalis debilis Kunth, an Invasive Species in China with a Maximum Entropy Model.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {23}, pages = {}, pmid = {38068634}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {GDZZDC20228703//Forestry science and technology innovation project of Guangdong Forestry Administration/ ; }, abstract = {Oxalis debilis Kunth, an invasive plant native to South America, has already spread extensively throughout various regions in China including West China, East China, Central China, and South China. It poses a certain degree of damage to the local ecosystem and demonstrates significant invasive potential. Utilizing distribution information along with environmental variables such as bioclimate, soil factors, elevation, and UV-B radiation, the MaxEnt model combined with ArcGIS was employed to forecast the potential distribution of O. debilis in China. The ROC curve was employed to assess the accuracy of the model, while the jackknife test was utilized to identify dominant environmental variables and determine their optimal values. The simulated AUC value was 0.946 ± 0.004, and the predicted results exhibited a remarkable concordance with the actual outcomes, thereby indicating that the Maxent model demonstrated a high level of confidence in its predictive capabilities. The potential distribution of O. debilis in China spanned 18,914,237 km[2], accounting for 19.70% of the total land area. This distribution was primarily observed in East, Central, and South China, with Guangdong, Guangxi, and Guizhou being identified as highly suitable habitats for O. debilis. Furthermore, it was observed that the distribution of O. debilis is primarily influenced by environmental variables such as the precipitation of the driest month, the monthly diurnal range, the mean temperature of the wettest quarter, and the isothermality. The findings can serve as a valuable point of reference for the prevention and monitoring of O. debilis spread, thereby contributing to the protection of China's agricultural, forestry, and ecological environments. It is imperative to acknowledge the hazards associated with O. debilis, closely monitor its invasion, and prevent uncontrolled dissemination.}, }
@article {pmid38068626, year = {2023}, author = {Heymans, L and Meyer, JY and Ah-Peng, C and Ethève, Q and Flores, O and Lavergne, C and Mallet, B and Parlevliet, H and Strasberg, D and Pouteau, R}, title = {Do Native and Alien Species Differ in Their Ecological Strategies? A Test with Woody Plants in Tropical Rainforests on Réunion Island (Mascarene Archipelago, Indian Ocean).}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {23}, pages = {}, pmid = {38068626}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {ANR-22-CE32-0006//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; }, abstract = {Understanding the mechanisms of biological invasions (e.g., competitive exclusion) is a key conservation challenge, especially on islands. Many mechanisms have been tested by comparing the characteristics of native and alien species, but few studies have considered ecological strategies. Here we aim at comparing the competitive ability, stress tolerance, and ruderalism (CSR) of native and alien trees in the tropical rainforests of Réunion Island. A total of sixteen 100 m[2] plots (eight 'near-trail' and eight 'off-trail', at less disturbed sites) were established over a 2100 m elevational gradient. Three traits were measured in 1093 leaves from 237 trees: leaf area, leaf dry matter content and specific leaf area. They were converted into a CSR score assigned to each of the 80 surveyed tree species (70 native and 10 alien) using the 'Stratefy' ordination approach. C scores increased with basal area and S scores with elevation, but R scores were not higher along the trail, thus only partially validating Stratefy. Native and alien trees had similar CS strategies, thus challenging invasion hypotheses predicting a difference in ecological strategies and rather demonstrating the importance of environmental filtering. However, other differences falling outside the CSR theory may also explain the success of alien species on Réunion.}, }
@article {pmid38067007, year = {2023}, author = {Ruiz-Saenz, J and Barragan, V and Grijalva-Rosero, CJ and Diaz, EA and Páez-Rosas, D}, title = {Seroconversion in Galapagos Sea Lions (Zalophus wollebaeki) Confirms the Presence of Canine Distemper Virus in Rookeries of San Cristóbal Island.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {23}, pages = {}, pmid = {38067007}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {N/A//USFQ Chancellor Grant 2016/ ; N/A//Galapagos Science Center POA Grant 2022/ ; N/A//Galapagos Sience Center POA Grant 2016 and 2017/ ; N/A//CONADI-UCC/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The emblematic Galapagos sea lion (GSL-Zalophus wollebaeki) has faced an important population decline over the last four decades. There are multiple environmental and biological factors that might be implied in this decrease. Recently, evidence of various zoonotic infectious diseases that can be potential threats has been reported. Considering that in some islands of the archipelago the risk of transmission of infectious diseases may be promoted by the increasing population of domestic dogs, epidemiological vigilance and search of new pathogens are essential. The canine distemper virus (CDV), one of the viral pathogens that generate the most concern for the agencies responsible for the management and conservation of the Galapagos pinnipeds, was detected in the GSL in 2010. However, there is scarce information about its impact on GSL health and about its epidemiology.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, 110 GSL serum samples were collected during the summer of 2016 and 2017. All samples were exposed to VERO dog SLAM cells expressing the canine SLAM receptor.<br><br>RESULTS: Our results showed a significative increase (p = 0.04) in the frequency of neutralizing antibodies to CDV in the 2017 (53.1%) samples compared to the 2016 samples (19.6%).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our work confirmed the continuous and increasing circulation of the CDV in the GSL and highlights the importance of monitoring emerging diseases that can be transmitted from domestic to wildlife species. Vigilance of CDV is essential to understand the role of this virus in GSL mortality and to take informed decisions for wildlife conservation.}, }
@article {pmid38066049, year = {2023}, author = {Baek, JW and Kim, JI and Kim, CB}, title = {Deep learning-based image classification of turtles imported into Korea.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {21677}, pmid = {38066049}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {NIBR202333202//National Institute of Biological Resources/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Turtles ; *Deep Learning ; Introduced Species ; Republic of Korea ; }, abstract = {Although turtles play a key role in maintaining healthy and balanced environments, these are endangered due to global trade to meet the high demand for food, medicine, and pets in Asia. In addition, imported non-native turtles have been controlled as alien invasive species in various countries, including Korea. Therefore, a rapid and accurate classification of imported turtles is needed to conserve and detect those in native ecosystems. In this study, eight Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) models using different backbone networks were used to classify 36 imported turtles in Korea. The images of these species were collected from Google and were identified using morphological features. Then, these were divided into 70% for training, 15% for validation, and 15% for test sets. In addition, data augmentation was applied to the training set to prevent overfitting. Among the eight models, the Resnet18 model showed the highest mean Average Precision (mAP) at 88.1% and the fastest inference time at 0.024 s. The average correct classification rate of 36 turtles in this model was 82.8%. The results of this study could help in management of the turtle trade, specifically in improving detection of alien invasive species in the wild.}, }
@article {pmid38059428, year = {2023}, author = {Gilmour, KM and Daley, MA and Egginton, S and Kelber, A and McHenry, MJ and Patek, SN and Sane, SP and Schulte, PM and Terblanche, JS and Wright, PA and Franklin, CE}, title = {Through the looking glass: attempting to predict future opportunities and challenges in experimental biology.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {226}, number = {24}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.246921}, pmid = {38059428}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; *Genomics ; *Environment ; }, abstract = {To celebrate its centenary year, Journal of Experimental Biology (JEB) commissioned a collection of articles examining the past, present and future of experimental biology. This Commentary closes the collection by considering the important research opportunities and challenges that await us in the future. We expect that researchers will harness the power of technological advances, such as '-omics' and gene editing, to probe resistance and resilience to environmental change as well as other organismal responses. The capacity to handle large data sets will allow high-resolution data to be collected for individual animals and to understand population, species and community responses. The availability of large data sets will also place greater emphasis on approaches such as modeling and simulations. Finally, the increasing sophistication of biologgers will allow more comprehensive data to be collected for individual animals in the wild. Collectively, these approaches will provide an unprecedented understanding of 'how animals work' as well as keys to safeguarding animals at a time when anthropogenic activities are degrading the natural environment.}, }
@article {pmid38059050, year = {2023}, author = {de Andrade, ARM and Cardoso, DC and Cristiano, MP}, title = {Assessing ploidy levels and karyotype structure of the fire ant Solenopsissaevissima Smith, 1855 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae).}, journal = {Comparative cytogenetics}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {59-73}, pmid = {38059050}, issn = {1993-0771}, abstract = {The family Formicidae is composed of ants that organize themselves into castes in which every individual has a joint organizational function. Solenopsis Westwood, 1840 is an ant genus with opportunistic and aggressive characteristics, known for being invasive species and stings that cause burning in humans. This genus is particularly difficult to classify and identify since its morphology provides few indications for species differentiation. For this, a tool that has been useful for evolutionary and taxonomic studies is cytogenetics. Here, we cytogenetically studied Solenopsissaevissima Smith, 1855 from Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We evaluated the occurrence of polyploid cells in individuals and colonies by conventional cytogenetics. A total of 450 metaphases were analyzed and counted. Chromosome counts of individuals and colonies showed varied numbers of ploidies, from n = 16 to 8n = 128. The karyomorphometrical approach allowed determination of the following karyotypes: n = 10 m + 4 sm + 2 st, 2n = 20 m + 8 sm + 4 st, and 4n = 40 m + 16 sm + 8 st. Polyploidy can be found naturally in individuals and colonies and may represent an adaptative trait related to widespread distribution and invasion ability of new habitats.}, }
@article {pmid38056697, year = {2024}, author = {Yan, H and Xu, LL and Zheng, XF and Zou, XF and Xiao, LG and Zhou, YS and He, L and Liu, HY}, title = {Sesquiterpenes from Chloranthus holostegius with anti-inflammatory activities.}, journal = {Fitoterapia}, volume = {172}, number = {}, pages = {105766}, doi = {10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105766}, pmid = {38056697}, issn = {1873-6971}, mesh = {Molecular Structure ; *Magnoliopsida/chemistry ; *Sesquiterpenes/pharmacology/chemistry ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Circular Dichroism ; }, abstract = {The phytoconstituents of the whole plants of Chloranthus holostegius were investigated. As a result, thirteen undescribed sesquiterpenes (chloranholosins A-M, 1-13), including ten acorane-type sesquiterpenes (1-10), one germacrene-type sesquiterpene (11), and two lindenane-type sesquiterpenes (12-13), together with fifteen known sesquiterpenes were isolated. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by a comprehensive method including the spectroscopic data, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Chloranholosin L (12) was elucidated as a rare lindenane-type sesquiterpene featuring 14α-Me and 5-OH moieties. And chloranholosin M (13) was the first lindenane-type sesquiterpene possessing β-cyclopropane, 14α-Me, and 5β-H configuration from the family Chloranthaceae. Furthermore, twelve new isolates and some known sesquiterpenes were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Among them, compounds 12, 16, and 23 showed comparable inhibitory activity to that of the positive control, with IC50 values of 47.9, 41.5, and 48.3 μM, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid38056660, year = {2023}, author = {Gao, J and Wu, M and Zhang, H and Yuan, H and Kang, Y and Fei, Q and Cuthbert, RN and Liu, Z and Jeppesen, E}, title = {Native molluscs alleviate water quality impacts of invasive crayfish.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {912}, number = {}, pages = {169039}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169039}, pmid = {38056660}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Freshwaters are considered to be the most vulnerable ecosystems facing biological invasions, and the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is one of the most widespread aquatic invasive species in the world. P. clarkii has negative impacts on water quality in the lakes that it invades by, for instance, increasing their turbidity and nutrient concentrations and reducing macrophyte biomass. However, native taxa such as snails and mussels could potentially help to maintain a clear-water status in lakes by grazing on periphyton or by phytoplankton filtration. To examine the potential negative effects of P. clarkii on the clear-water state in lakes dominated by the macrophyte Vallisneria denseserrulata and the potential for native species to buffer these effects, we tested the crayfish impact in the absence and presence of the snail Bellamya aeruginosa and the mussel Sinanodonta woodiana at different biomasses. In the presence of crayfish, total suspended solids, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a concentrations significantly increased compared to the control treatments without crayfish. However, when crayfish coexisted with snails or mussels, these three environmental variables all decreased in concentration compared to the crayfish-only treatment. Low (500 g/m[2]) and high (1500 g/m[2]) snail or mussel biomass had similar buffering effects. Macrophyte biomass in the crayfish and high mussel biomass treatment was 43 % higher than in the crayfish-only treatment. Native molluscs therefore alleviated the negative effects of crayfish on lake water quality and promoted native macrophyte growth. We conclude that a thriving native mollusc community may help in maintaining the clear-water state in lakes following crayfish invasion.}, }
@article {pmid38056641, year = {2023}, author = {Bommarito, C and Noè, S and Díaz-Morales, DM and Lukić, I and Hiebenthal, C and Rilov, G and Guy-Haim, T and Wahl, M}, title = {Co-occurrence of native and invasive macroalgae might be facilitated under global warming.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {912}, number = {}, pages = {169087}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169087}, pmid = {38056641}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Climate change is driving compositional shifts in ecological communities directly by affecting species and indirectly through changes in species interactions. For example, competitive hierarchies can be inversed when competitive dominants are more susceptible to climate change. The brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus is a foundation species in the Baltic Sea, experiencing novel interactions with the invasive red seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla, which is known for its high tolerance to environmental stress. We investigated the direct and interactive effects of warming and co-occurrence of the two algal species on their performance, by applying four climate change-relevant temperature scenarios: 1) cooling) 2 °C below ambient - representing past conditions), 2) ambient summer temperature (18 °C), 3) IPCC RCP2.6 warming scenario (1 °C above ambient), and 4) RCP8.5 warming (3 °C above ambient) for 30 days and two compositional levels (mono and co-cultured algae) in a fully-crossed design. The RCP8.5 warming scenario increased photosynthesis, respiration, and nutrients' uptake rates of mono- and co-cultured G. vermiculophylla while growth was reduced. An increase in photosynthesis and essential nutrients' uptake and, at the same time, a growth reduction might result from increasing stress and energy demand of G. vermiculophylla under warming. In contrast, the growth of mono-cultured F. vesiculosus significantly increased in the highest warming treatment (+3 °C). The cooling treatment (-2 °C) exerted a slight negative effect only on co-cultured F. vesiculosus photosynthesis, compared to the ambient treatment. Interestingly, at ambient and warming (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios) treatments, both F. vesiculosus and G. vermiculophylla appear to benefit from the presence of each other. Our results suggest that short exposure of F. vesiculosus to moderate or severe global warming scenarios may not directly affect or even slightly enhance its performance, while G. vermiculophylla net performance (growth) could be directly hampered by warming.}, }
@article {pmid38053447, year = {2023}, author = {Guo, J and Shi, J and Han, H and Rwomushana, I and Ali, A and Myint, Y and Wang, Z}, title = {Competitive interactions between invasive fall armyworm and Asian corn borer at intraspecific and interspecific level on the same feeding guild.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.13300}, pmid = {38053447}, issn = {1744-7917}, abstract = {Interspecific competition is an important factor in the population dynamics and geographical distribution of insect populations. Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, an invasive species, and the Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis, a native pest species are major pests on maize in China, posing a threat to maize yield and grain quality. A series of laboratory, greenhouse, and field experiments were conducted to elucidate the competitive interactions between FAW and ACB. In the laboratory experiments, FAW exhibited aggressive behaviors more frequently when compared with ACB, while the latter species exhibited defense behaviors more frequently. Higher intraspecific competition was recorded in the FAW conspecific rather than in ACB, particularly in the 6th larval stage. FAW had a higher interspecific competitive advantage through intraguild predation over ACB, resulting in partial or complete displacement ACB when initially the ratio of the 2 species was 1 : 1. The interspecific competition also had significantly influenced on the population parameters, defensive enzymes, and nutrient of these 2 species. Competitive interaction proved that the response of superoxide, catalase, and soluble protein in FAW were significantly increased, whereas the total sugar content in both species was substantially decreased. Survival rate, and the plant damage that co-infested by both species varied significantly among the sequential combinations under greenhouse and field conditions. FAW consistently exhibited stronger intraspecific aggression than ACB under laboratory and field conditions when co-existing on the same feeding guild. These findings contribute to efforts toward the improvement of integrated pest management programs for FAW, in decision making for invasive and native pests' management strategies to reduce the high risks of FAW and ACB outbreaks.}, }
@article {pmid38053206, year = {2023}, author = {Oliveira, WJ and Perin, PP and Arias Pacheco, CA and Mendonça, TO and de Souza Pollo, A and do Amaral, RB and de Oliveira Zolla, N and de Oliveira Andrade, L and Gomes, JS and Dos Santos, VMS and de Moraes Ferreira, AF and Lux Hoppe, EG}, title = {Integrative taxonomy of Metastrongylus spp. in wild boars from Brazil.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {449}, pmid = {38053206}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {Finance Code 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; Finance Code 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; Finance Code 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; Finance Code 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; MEC/SUS//Minist&#xe9;rio da Educa&#xe7;&#xe3;o/ ; 2022/12529-5//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 2022/13548-3//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; #311063/2022-5//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; #407965/2021-1//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, mesh = {Swine ; Animals ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Phylogeny ; *Parasites ; *Metastrongyloidea ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Sus scrofa ; *Swine Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Wild boars (Sus scrofa) may cause substantial damage to crops and can spread zoonotic parasites to domestic animals, posing a risk to health and animal production. Metastrongylus spp. can negatively affect the wild boar population, increasing piglet mortality. In addition to that, studies with Metastrongylus genetic characterization are still scarce in Brazil. The present study aims to characterize Metastrongylus spp. from wild boars hunted in the states of São Paulo, Paraná, and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, using traditional morphological description and DNA sequences in an integrative taxonomic approach.<br><br>METHODS: After nematode collection from 58 wild boars, the parasites were morphologically identified and genetically characterized by the amplification of 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), 28S rDNA, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and cox-1 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Descriptors of infection were determined and Pearson's Chi-square test was applied to compare the prevalence of infections among the identified parasite species, host age group (juveniles and adults), and sex. The Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare the mean intensity between the age groups and sex.<br><br>RESULTS: Metastrongylus salmi, Metastrongylus apri, and Metastrongylus pudendotectus were identified in 77.6% (45/58) of the necropsied wild boars. Metastrongylus salmi was the most prevalent and abundant species (70.7%, 11.1), followed by M. pudendotectus (18.9%, 4.3) and M. apri (17.2%, 2.2). Metastrongylus pudendotectus showed the highest mean intensity and range (25.2, 1-93), followed by M. salmi (15.7, 1-58) and M. apri (12.6, 3-27). We found a significantly higher prevalence of Metastrongylus spp. and M. salmi in adult wild boars, probably associated with a more prolonged time of exposure to intermediate host species. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that ITS2 region and cox-1 mtDNA are the most suitable genetic markers for Metastrongylus species characterization. Genetic variability between M. apri and M. salmi isolates was verified.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We expand the knowledge about the Metastrongylus community in the non-captive wild boar population from Brazil as well as the importance of this exotic species in the maintenance of Metastrongylus spp. in its areas of occurrence. The novel genetic sequences obtained may help further studies to understand the genetic diversity in other nematode populations from Brazil and other countries.}, }
@article {pmid38051051, year = {2024}, author = {Custer, GF and Mealor, BA and Fowers, B and van Diepen, LTA}, title = {Soil microbiome analysis supports claims of ineffectiveness of Pseudomonas fluorescens D7 as a biocontrol agent of Bromus tectorum.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {e0177123}, pmid = {38051051}, issn = {2165-0497}, support = {1002941//U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)/ ; EPS-1655726//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; }, abstract = {Cheatgrass is one of North America's most problematic invasive species. Invasion by this annual grass alters ecosystem structure and function and has proven very challenging to remove with traditional approaches. Commercially available bioherbicides, like P. fluorescens D7, are applied with the goal of providing lasting control from a single application. However, experimental results suggest that this bioherbicide has limited efficacy under field conditions. Potential explanations for variable efficacy include a failure of this bioherbicide to establish in the soil microbiome. However, to our knowledge, no data exist to support or refute this hypothesis. Here, we use a deep-sequencing approach to better understand the effects of this bioherbicide on the soil microbiome and screen for P. fluorescens at 18 months post-application.}, }
@article {pmid38051018, year = {2023}, author = {Kumschick, S and Bertolino, S and Blackburn, TM and Brundu, G and Costello, KE and de Groot, M and Evans, T and Gallardo, B and Genovesi, P and Govender, T and Jeschke, JM and Lapin, K and Measey, J and Novoa, A and Nunes, AL and Probert, AF and Pyšek, P and Preda, C and Rabitsch, W and Roy, HE and Smith, KG and Tricarico, E and Vilà, M and Vimercati, G and Bacher, S}, title = {Using the IUCN Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa to inform decision-making.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e14214}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.14214}, pmid = {38051018}, issn = {1523-1739}, support = {//DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology/ ; //South African Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment/ ; EUR2022-134026//Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; PID2021-122690OB-I00//Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; //Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)/ ; P4-107//Slovenian&#xa0;Research Agency/ ; //Administration of the Republic of Slovenia for Food Safety, Veterinary Sector and Plant Protection/ ; //Federal Ministry for Climate Action, Environment, Energy, Mobility, Innovation and Technology, Austria/ ; //Czech Academy of Sciences/ ; 31003A_179491//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; 31BD30_184114//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; //Belmont Forum-BiodivERsA International joint call project InvasiBES/ ; PCI2018-092939//Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/ ; 19-28807X//EXPRO/ ; PCI2018-092986//Ministerio&#xa0;de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; 16LC1803A//German Federal Ministry of Education and Research/ ; //Czech&#xa0;Science Foundation/ ; Project code CNS00000033//Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union - NextGenerationEU/ ; Concession Decree No. 1034 of 17 June 2022 adopted by the Italian Ministry of Universityand Research//Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union - NextGenerationEU/ ; CUPJ83C22000870007//Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union - NextGenerationEU/ ; B833C22002910001//Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union - NextGenerationEU/ ; Projecttitle"National Biodiversity Future Center-NBFC//Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union - NextGenerationEU/ ; }, abstract = {The Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT) is an important tool for biological invasion policy and management and has been adopted as an International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) standard to measure the severity of environmental impacts caused by organisms living outside their native ranges. EICAT has already been incorporated into some national and local decision-making procedures, making it a particularly relevant resource for addressing the impact of non-native species. Recently, some of the underlying conceptual principles of EICAT, particularly those related to the use of the precautionary approach, have been challenged. Although still relatively new, guidelines for the application and interpretation of EICAT will be periodically revisited by the IUCN community, based on scientific evidence, to improve the process. Some of the criticisms recently raised are based on subjectively selected assumptions that cannot be generalized and may harm global efforts to manage biological invasions. EICAT adopts a precautionary principle by considering a species' impact history elsewhere because some taxa have traits that can make them inherently more harmful. Furthermore, non-native species are often important drivers of biodiversity loss even in the presence of other pressures. Ignoring the precautionary principle when tackling the impacts of non-native species has led to devastating consequences for human well-being, biodiversity, and ecosystems, as well as poor management outcomes, and thus to significant economic costs. EICAT is a relevant tool because it supports prioritization and management of non-native species and meeting and monitoring progress toward the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) Target 6.}, }
@article {pmid38043480, year = {2024}, author = {Cleveland, CA and Haynes, E and Callaghan, KC and Fojtik, A and Coker, S and Doub, E and Brown, VR and Majewska, AA and Yabsley, MJ}, title = {Distribution and prevalence of antibodies to Trichinella spp. and Toxoplasma gondii in wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in the United States.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {325}, number = {}, pages = {110090}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110090}, pmid = {38043480}, issn = {1873-2550}, mesh = {Male ; Female ; Swine ; Animals ; United States/epidemiology ; Humans ; *Trichinella ; *Trichinellosis/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Toxoplasma ; Prevalence ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Antibodies, Protozoan ; *Swine Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology ; *Toxoplasmosis, Animal/parasitology ; Antibodies, Helminth ; Pennsylvania ; Sus scrofa ; }, abstract = {Invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are a reservoir for over 100 viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens that are transmissible to humans, livestock, domestic animals, and wildlife in North America. Numerous historical local surveys and results from a nation-wide survey (2006-2010) indicated that wild pigs in the United States act as reservoirs for Trichinella spp. and Toxoplasma gondii, two zoonotic pathogens of importance for human and animal health. Since that time, wild pig populations have expanded and increased in density in many areas. Population expansion of wild pigs creates opportunities for the introduction of pathogens to new areas of the country, increasing health risks. The goal of this study was to investigate the current geographic distribution and prevalence of Trichinella spp. and T. gondii antibodies in wild pigs using serum samples collected from 2014 to 2020. Serum samples from 36 states were tested for antibodies to Trichinella spp. (n = 7467) and T. gondii (n = 5984) using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Seroprevalence for Trichinella spp. (12.4%, 927/7467) and T. gondii (40.8%, 2444/5984) are significantly higher compared to a previous 2006-2010 study across all regions. Results from this study also showed a lower seroprevalence (4.8%) for Trichinella spp. in the West region compared to the other regions (South: 13.4%; Midwest: 18.4%; Northeast: 19.1%). There were new detection records for antibodies to Trichinella spp. in 11 states, mostly in the West, Midwest, and Northeast regions compared to a previous study in 2014. Males and juveniles were less likely to be positive for Trichinella spp. antibodies, compared to females and older animals, respectively. Seroprevalence was similar for T. gondii across the regions (31.8-56%) with some states having particularly high seroprevalence (e.g., Hawaii 79.4% and Pennsylvania 68%). There were new T. gondii antibody detection records for 12 states, mostly in the West, Midwest, and Northeast regions. Adults were more likely than juveniles and subadults to be seropositive. These data confirm that the distribution and prevalence of antibodies for Trichinella spp. and T. gondii are increasing in the United States, likely driven by wild pig population growth and range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid38040869, year = {2024}, author = {Luedtke, JA and Chanson, J and Neam, K and Hobin, L and Maciel, AO and Catenazzi, A and Borzée, A and Hamidy, A and Aowphol, A and Jean, A and Sosa-Bartuano, &#xc1; and Fong G, A and de Silva, A and Fouquet, A and Angulo, A and Kidov, AA and Muñoz Saravia, A and Diesmos, AC and Tominaga, A and Shrestha, B and Gratwicke, B and Tjaturadi, B and Martínez Rivera, CC and Vásquez Almazán, CR and Señaris, C and Chandramouli, SR and Strüssmann, C and Cortez Fernández, CF and Azat, C and Hoskin, CJ and Hilton-Taylor, C and Whyte, DL and Gower, DJ and Olson, DH and Cisneros-Heredia, DF and Santana, DJ and Nagombi, E and Najafi-Majd, E and Quah, ESH and Bolaños, F and Xie, F and Brusquetti, F and Álvarez, FS and Andreone, F and Glaw, F and Castañeda, FE and Kraus, F and Parra-Olea, G and Chaves, G and Medina-Rangel, GF and González-Durán, G and Ortega-Andrade, HM and Machado, IF and Das, I and Dias, IR and Urbina-Cardona, JN and Crnobrnja-Isailović, J and Yang, JH and Jianping, J and Wangyal, JT and Rowley, JJL and Measey, J and Vasudevan, K and Chan, KO and Gururaja, KV and Ovaska, K and Warr, LC and Canseco-Márquez, L and Toledo, LF and Díaz, LM and Khan, MMH and Meegaskumbura, M and Acevedo, ME and Napoli, MF and Ponce, MA and Vaira, M and Lampo, M and Yánez-Muñoz, MH and Scherz, MD and Rödel, MO and Matsui, M and Fildor, M and Kusrini, MD and Ahmed, MF and Rais, M and Kouamé, NG and García, N and Gonwouo, NL and Burrowes, PA and Imbun, PY and Wagner, P and Kok, PJR and Joglar, RL and Auguste, RJ and Brandão, RA and Ibáñez, R and von May, R and Hedges, SB and Biju, SD and Ganesh, SR and Wren, S and Das, S and Flechas, SV and Ashpole, SL and Robleto-Hernández, SJ and Loader, SP and Incháustegui, SJ and Garg, S and Phimmachak, S and Richards, SJ and Slimani, T and Osborne-Naikatini, T and Abreu-Jardim, TPF and Condez, TH and De Carvalho, TR and Cutajar, TP and Pierson, TW and Nguyen, TQ and Kaya, U and Yuan, Z and Long, B and Langhammer, P and Stuart, SN}, title = {Author Correction: Ongoing declines for the world's amphibians in the face of emerging threats.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {625}, number = {7993}, pages = {E2}, doi = {10.1038/s41586-023-06851-6}, pmid = {38040869}, issn = {1476-4687}, }
@article {pmid38040553, year = {2023}, author = {Munné-Bosch, S}, title = {Achieving the impossible: prevention and eradication of invasive plants in Mediterranean-type ecosystems.}, journal = {Trends in plant science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2023.11.007}, pmid = {38040553}, issn = {1878-4372}, abstract = {An in-depth analysis of the mechanistic processes underlying the evolution and ecophysiology of typical invasive plants such as Carpobrotus spp., Acacia spp., Agave spp., and Opuntia spp. in Mediterranean-type ecosystems shows very sophisticated, complex, and efficient strategies for invasion success, particularly in fragmented habitats. Propagule pressure at both geographical and temporal scales and the establishment of long-term seed banks are determinant for invasion success. A two-sword strategy based on long-term prevention and eradication is proposed for the management of Mediterranean-type ecosystems. Eradication of invasive plants in Mediterranean-type ecosystems appears to be extremely difficult nowadays and, at least for some invaders like Carpobrotus spp., long-term approaches that ultimately culminate in the elimination of seed banks is the only path for success.}, }
@article {pmid38039573, year = {2024}, author = {Nkouefuth Nfongmo, Y and Onana, FM and Masseret, E and Nana, PA and Ewoukem, TE and Kacimi, A}, title = {Estimation of the introduction risk of non-indigenous species through ship ballast water in the Port of Douala (Cameroon).}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {198}, number = {}, pages = {115794}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115794}, pmid = {38039573}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Ships ; *Water ; Introduced Species ; Cameroon ; Models, Theoretical ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; Senegal ; Tanzania ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {The transport of non-indigenous species in ship's ballast water represents a threat to marine biodiversity. This study is the first on marine bioinvasion in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Port of Douala (PoD), located in the Gulf of Guinea, is experiencing increasing maritime traffic, hence the importance of preventing biological invasions. PoD received ballast water from 41 ports and 20 ecoregions during the study period (2018-2021). We used a biological invasion model and showed that ships from the ports of Antwerp, Durban, Dar es Salaam, Pointe-Noire (Southern Gulf of Guinea) and Dakar (Sahelian Upwelling), with their associated ecoregions present a major invasion risk. Treating ballast water from these ships to IMO D-2 standards could reduce their probability of biological invasion by 97.18, 98.43, 98.80, 98.77 and 98.84 %, respectively. Climate change may also mitigate the risk of biological invasion, particularly for ships in the North Sea ecoregion from the port of Antwerp.}, }
@article {pmid38039342, year = {2023}, author = {Rothschild, J and Ma, T and Milstein, JN and Zilman, A}, title = {Spatial exclusion leads to "tug-of-war" ecological dynamics between competing species within microchannels.}, journal = {PLoS computational biology}, volume = {19}, number = {12}, pages = {e1010868}, pmid = {38039342}, issn = {1553-7358}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Population Dynamics ; Biological Evolution ; Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Competition is ubiquitous in microbial communities, shaping both their spatial and temporal structure and composition. Classical minimal models of competition, such as the Moran model, have been employed in ecology and evolutionary biology to understand the role of fixation and invasion in the maintenance of population diversity. Informed by recent experimental studies of cellular competition in confined spaces, we extend the Moran model to incorporate mechanical interactions between cells that divide within the limited space of a one-dimensional open microchannel. The model characterizes the skewed collective growth of the cells dividing within the channel, causing cells to be expelled at the channel ends. The results of this spatial exclusion model differ significantly from those of its classical well-mixed counterpart. The mean time to fixation of a species is greatly accelerated, scaling logarithmically, rather than algebraically, with the system size, and fixation/extinction probability sharply depends on the species' initial fractional abundance. By contrast, successful takeovers by invasive species, whether through mutation or immigration, are substantially less likely than in the Moran model. We also find that the spatial exclusion tends to attenuate the effects of fitness differences on the fixation times and probabilities. We find that these effects arise from the combination of the quasi-neutral "tug-of-war" diffusion dynamics of the inter-species boundary around an unstable equipoise point and the quasi-deterministic avalanche dynamics away from the fixed point. These results, which can be tested in microfluidic monolayer devices, have implications for the maintenance of species diversity in dense bacterial and cellular ecosystems where spatial exclusion is central to the competition, such as in organized biofilms or intestinal crypts.}, }
@article {pmid38038399, year = {2023}, author = {Drees, TH and Shea, K}, title = {Climate warming increases insect-driven seed removal of two elaiosome-bearing invasive thistle species.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e4223}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.4223}, pmid = {38038399}, issn = {1939-9170}, abstract = {Ants and other insects are often a source of localized secondary dispersal for wind-dispersed plants and thus play an important ecological role in their spatial dynamics, but there is limited information on how climate change will affect such dispersal processes. Here, we use field experiments to investigate how climate warming affects seed removal, as this initiation of movement represents the first step in insect-driven secondary dispersal. Our results indicate that for the invasive thistles Carduus nutans and Carduus acanthoides, increased growing temperature influences seed attractiveness to insect dispersers, with seeds from maternal plants grown at temperatures 0.6°C above ambient removed by insect dispersers at higher rates than their unwarmed counterparts. We also observe that seed elaiosomes in these two species play an important role in dispersal, as seeds without elaiosomes were significantly less likely to be removed over the same period. Significant interactions between elaiosome presence/absence and warming treatment were also observed, though only for C. acanthoides, with the boost in seed removal from warming dampened when the elaiosome was present compared to when it was absent. These findings provide evidence that climate warming may alter aspects of dispersal such as seed removal by secondary dispersers, with potential ramifications for dispersal in future climates since seed-bearing plants around the world may be subject to increased growing temperatures, and many of these plant species bear elaiosomes and experience seed dispersal by insects.}, }
@article {pmid38037192, year = {2023}, author = {Lühken, R and Brattig, N and Becker, N}, title = {Introduction of invasive mosquito species into Europe and prospects for arbovirus transmission and vector control in an era of globalization.}, journal = {Infectious diseases of poverty}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {109}, pmid = {38037192}, issn = {2049-9957}, support = {01Kl2022//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Bildung und Forschung/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Arboviruses ; Introduced Species ; Europe/epidemiology ; Mosquito Vectors ; *Aedes ; *Zika Virus ; *Zika Virus Infection ; Mosquito Control ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mosquito research in Europe has a long history, primarily focused on malaria vectors. In recent years, invasive mosquito species like the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) and the spread of arboviruses like dengue virus, chikungunya virus or bluetongue virus have led to an intensification of research and monitoring in Europe. The risk of further dissemination of exotic species and mosquito-borne pathogens is expected to increase with ongoing globalization, human mobility, transport geography, and climate warming. Researchers have conducted various studies to understand the ecology, biology, and effective control strategies of mosquitoes and associated pathogens.<br><br>MAIN BODY: Three invasive mosquito species are established in Europe: Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus), Japanese bush mosquito (Ae. japonicus), and Korean bush mosquito (Aedes koreicus). Ae. albopictus is the most invasive species and has been established in Europe since 1990. Over the past two decades, there has been an increasing number of outbreaks of infections by mosquito-borne viruses in particular chikungunya virus, dengue virus or Zika virus in Europe primary driven by Ae. albopictus. At the same time, climate change with rising temperatures results in increasing threat of invasive mosquito-borne viruses, in particular Usutu virus and West Nile virus transmitted by native Culex mosquito species. Effective mosquito control programs require a high level of community participation, going along with comprehensive information campaigns, to ensure source reduction and successful control. Control strategies for container breeding mosquitoes like Ae. albopictus or&#xa0;Culex species involve community participation, door-to-door control activities in private areas. Further measures can involve integration of sterile insect techniques, applying indigenous copepods, Wolbachia sp. bacteria, or genetically modified mosquitoes, which is very unlike to be practiced as standard method in the near future.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Climate change and globalization resulting in the increased establishment of invasive mosquitoes in particular of the Asian tiger mosquito Ae. albopictus in Europe within the last 30&#xa0;years and increasing outbreaks of infections by mosquito-borne viruses warrants intensification of research and monitoring. Further, effective future mosquito control programs require increase in intense community and private participation, applying physical, chemical, biological, and genetical control activities.}, }
@article {pmid38037177, year = {2023}, author = {Uhey, DA and Vissa, S and Haubensak, KA and Ballard, AD and Aguilar, MB and Hofstetter, RW}, title = {Increased cover of native and exotic plants on the rims of harvester ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) nests under grazing and drought.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvad113}, pmid = {38037177}, issn = {1938-2936}, support = {#1126840//National Science Foundation/ ; //Charles Redd Center for Western Studies/ ; }, abstract = {Harvester ants create habitats along nest rims, which some plants use as refugia. These refugia can enhance ecosystem stability to disturbances like drought and grazing, but their potential role in invasion ecology is not yet tested. Here we examine the effects of drought and grazing on nest-rim refugia of 2 harvester ant species: Pogonomyrmex occidentals and P. rugosus. We selected 4 rangeland sites with high harvester ant nest densities in northern Arizona, USA, with pre-existing grazing exclosures adjacent to heavily grazed habitat. Our objective was to determine whether nest refugia were used by native or exotic plant species for each site and scenario of drought and grazing. We measured vegetation cover on nest surfaces, on nest rims, and at 3 distances (3, 5, and 10 m) from nests. At each site, we sampled 2 treatments (grazed/excluded) during 2 seasons (drought/monsoon). We found that nest rims increased vegetation cover compared with background levels at all sites and in almost all scenarios of treatment and season, indicating that nest rims provide important refugia for plants from drought and cattle grazing. In some cases, plants enhanced on nest rims were native grasses such as blue gramma (Bouteloua gracilis) or forbs such as sunflowers (Helianthus petiolaris). However, nest rims at all sites enhanced exotic species, particularly Russian thistle (Salsola tragus), purslane (Portulaca oleracea), and bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare). These results suggest that harvester ants play important roles in invasion ecology and restoration. We discuss potential mechanisms for why certain plant species use nest-rim refugia and how harvester ant nests contribute to plant community dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid38036540, year = {2023}, author = {Li, Y and Blackburn, TM and Luo, Z and Song, T and Watters, F and Li, W and Deng, T and Luo, Z and Li, Y and Du, J and Niu, M and Zhang, J and Zhang, J and Yang, J and Wang, S}, title = {Quantifying global colonization pressures of alien vertebrates from wildlife trade.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {7914}, pmid = {38036540}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {32030070//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Wildlife Trade ; Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {The global trade in live wildlife elevates the risk of biological invasions by increasing colonization pressure (the number of alien species introduced to an area). Yet, our understanding of species traded as aliens remains limited. We created a comprehensive global database on live terrestrial vertebrate trade and use it to investigate the number of traded alien species, and correlates of establishment richness for aliens. We identify 7,780 species involved in this trade globally. Approximately 85.7% of these species are traded as aliens, and 12.2% of aliens establish populations. Countries with greater trading power, higher incomes, and larger human populations import more alien species. These countries, along with island nations, emerge as hotspots for establishment richness of aliens. Colonization pressure and insularity consistently promote establishment richness across countries, while socio-economic factors impact specific taxa. Governments must prioritize policies to mitigate the release or escape of traded animals and protect global biosecurity.}, }
@article {pmid38035779, year = {2023}, author = {Noshad, D and van der Merwe, L and Yanchuk, A}, title = {First report of Truncatella angustata causing leaf blight on Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don in Canada.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-03-23-0471-PDN}, pmid = {38035779}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) is one of the most important commercial tree species in British Columbia, generates more than $1 billion in economic activity annually and about 8-10 million trees are planted in reforestation efforts (Gregory et al. 2018). It has been selected as the provincial tree of British Columbia (BC) because of its tremendous economic, ecoogical and cultural value. However, foliar diseases such as leaf blights have serious impact on redcedar growth and may cause significant loss of tree volume (Russell, 2007). Our 2014 - 2015 surveys of western redcedar forests in coastal areas of BC indicated high incidence of a distinctive type of blight. We observed the incidence of this disease on more than 80% of western redcedar (approximately 493) trees from late May to early December. Early symptoms appeared as circular to oval, brownish to black spots (2-3 mm), 1-5 spots per branch tip, scattered at the tip margins. Sequentially, the spots enlarged and developed into necrotic lesions on both young and old leaves. More than 50 symptomatic leaves from 10 different trees were collected and rinsed in distilled water then surface-sterilized with three times washing in Tween 20 (%5 solution) for 2 minutes (each time) and %70 ethanol for 30 second (3 times repeat). Tissues from under lesions were placed on MEA (Malt Extract Agar; Phyto Tech® labs-Product ID: M498) and PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar; Phyto Tech® Labs-Product ID: P772). The plates were incubated at 21°C in the dark. They developed distinct dull white to brown, cottony colonies with each black acervuli approximately 450-500µm. The isolates produced fusiform conidia with four cells. They didn't have any distinct color. The conidiophore size was approximately 23-24 x 2-3 µm with mostly hyaline to light brown color, branched and conidiogenous was hyaline and not branched and simple. The spore size was approximately 15-20μm by 7-10μm with three transverse septa and endogenous papillae with hyaline apical appendages. Next, we collected spores and replated them on fresh MEA media culture and placed back in the incubator to produce pure cultures. We studied conidia from leaves of trees mentioned above using light and electron microscopy using Hitachi S-3500N Scanning Electron Microscope (Noshad et al. 2023). After morphological study, further identification to the species level conducted using Zambounis and Wenneker's approach (Zambounis 2019; Wenneker,2017). Genomic DNA from two single-spore isolates were isolated and sequenced. Sequences of ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) region amplified using primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced. Final sequences were deposited in Genbank and published (accession numbers OP086244 and OP086251). Blast analysis of these sequences showed 99% and 99% resemblances with T. angustata sequence (Sutton 1980). To verify its pathogenicity, we performed a comprehensive pathogenicity test to fulfill Koch's postulates. We collected their distinctive spores in an aseptic environment and standardized them (5000/ml) using a haemocytometer. Then we inoculated 100 western redcedar seedlings (three years old) by injecting standardized spore suspension solution (inoculum) using ultra-fine 0.3ml, 31G, 8mm syringes (approximately 0.1ml per inoculation site). Ten positive control seedlings were inoculated with distilled water and ten negative control seedlings were not inoculated at all. All inoculated (experimental) seedlings demonstrated same symptoms (black spots and characteristic spores) after eight weeks. None of the control seedlings showed any similar symptoms. In the next stage, we isolated and cultured spores from inoculated seedlings and studied them. The identity of reisolates confirmed using DNA sequencing. We used these spores for our next set of disease screening which was successful again. We identified Truncatella angustata (Pers.) Hughes as the causal agent for shoot-tip blight (STB) on western redcedar by examining morphological and molecular characteristics of the pathogen. This is the first report of T. angustata as a primary pathogen on western redcedar in British Columbia, Canada.}, }
@article {pmid38035481, year = {2024}, author = {Sales, I and Vieira-da-Motta, O and Tavares, A and Ruiz-Miranda, CR and de Lencastre, H and Miragaia, M}, title = {Impact of human created environments in the pathogenic potential and antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci from wild neotropical primates in Brazil.}, journal = {Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases}, volume = {104}, number = {}, pages = {102094}, doi = {10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102094}, pmid = {38035481}, issn = {1878-1667}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Staphylococcus aureus/genetics ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Callithrix ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; *Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology/veterinary/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary ; }, abstract = {The non-human primate (NHP) Leontopithecus rosalia is an endangered species native of Brazil and lives in forest fragments with different levels of contact with humans (natural, private and urban). Other NHPs - Callithrix spp. - were introduced by humans and co-exist and interact with the native species in these forests. To evaluate if living in or close to human-modified environments could constitute a risk for L. rosalia, we compared the prevalence, genetic background, antibiotic susceptibility and virulence gene content of staphylococci collected from the native and the introduced species from different forest fragments. We found that presence in human-dominated environments increased the colonization rate of L. rosalia with Mammaliicoccus sciuri (former Staphylococcus sciuri) from 18 % to 85 % (p = 0.0001) and of Callithrix spp with Staphylococcus aureus from 6 % to 100 % (p = 0.0001). According to molecular typing data obtained differences probably resulted from dissemination of these bacterial species from the invader NHP species and from humans. Changes in microbiota were paralleled by an increase in the prevalence of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin gene and in resistance to beta-lactams, macrolides and/or lincosamides as exposure to human environment increased. In particular, erythromycin resistance in S. aureus from Callithrix spp. increased from 0 % to 50 % and resistance rate to at least one antibiotic in coagulase-negative staphylococci species from L. rosalia increased from 13 % to 56 % (p = 0.0003). Our results showed that contact of native animal species with human-created environments increased the content of antimicrobial resistant and pathogenic bacteria on their commensal microbiota, which ultimately can impact on their health. IMPORTANCE: Endangered animal species are vulnerable to environmental alterations and human activities have been repeatedly identified as factors driving drastic changes in the natural landscape. It is extremely important to monitor changes in the environment surrounding protected species, because this could lead to early detection of any potential threats. In this study, we found that the contact of L. rosalia - a protected non-human primate from Brazil - with human environments is related to changes in their commensal microbiota. These included an increase in the number of pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria, which have a higher potential to cause infections that are more difficult to treat. We provided evidence for the harmful impact human contact has on L. rosalia. Also, our results suggest that monitoring of commensal microbiota of protected animal species might be a useful way of sensing the risks of protected species to human exposure.}, }
@article {pmid38034734, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, X and Guo, X and Ding, W and Du, N and Guo, W and Pang, J}, title = {Precipitation pattern alters the effects of nitrogen deposition on the growth of alien species Robinia pseudoacacia.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {e21822}, pmid = {38034734}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {AIMS: Nitrogen (N) supply and precipitation pattern (amount and frequency) both affect plant growth. However, N deposition is increasing and precipitation regimes are changing in the context of global change. An experiment was conducted to access how the growth of Robinia pseudoacacia, a widely distributed and cultivated N2-fixing alien species, is affected by both the pattern of precipitation and N supplies.<br><br>METHODS: Seedlings were grown in a glasshouse at four different N levels combined with different precipitation regimes, including three precipitation amounts, and two precipitation frequencies. After treatment for 75 days, plant height, biomass allocation, leaf and soil nutrient concentrations were measured.<br><br>RESULTS: Plants under high precipitation frequency had greater biomass compared with plants lower precipitation frequency, despite receiving the same amount of precipitation. Higher N supply reduced biomass allocation to nodules. Under low precipitation level, nodule growth and N2 fixation of R. pseudoacacia was more inhibited by high N deposition compared with plants under higher precipitation level. Even slightly N deposition under higher precipitation inhibited N2 fixation but it was insufficient to meet the N needs of the plants.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Even at low levels, N deposition might inhibit N2 fixation of plants but low N in soil cannot meet the N requirements of plants, and caused N2 fixation limitation in plants during seedling stage. There was likely a transition from N2 fixation to acquisition of N from soil directly with root when N supply was increased.}, }
@article {pmid38034333, year = {2023}, author = {Quin, MJ and Morgan, JW and Murphy, NP}, title = {Assessing the diet and seed dispersal ability of non-native sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) in native ecosystems of south-eastern Australia.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e10711}, pmid = {38034333}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Understanding the influence of non-native herbivores on ecosystems by means of dietary foraging and seed dispersal is important for understanding how non-native species can alter an invaded landscape, yet requires multiple methodologies. In south-eastern Australia, introduced sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) are rapidly expanding in range and placing native ecosystems at risk through browsing and as vectors for seed dispersal. We simultaneously investigated sambar deer dietary composition and seed dispersal using DNA sequencing and germination trials, from faecal pellets collected in alpine and wet forest ecosystems. This allowed us to contrast the dietary impacts of introduced sambar deer in different environments, and to explore the potential for habitat-specific variation in diet. DNA sequencing of the trnL, ITS2 and rbcL gene regions revealed a diverse plant species dietary composition comprising 1003 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Sambar deer exhibited intermediate feeder behaviours dominated by forbs in alpine and shrubs in wet forest ecosystems. A large proportion of plant OTUs were considered likely to be native, however, the proportion of exotic species in the diet in both ecosystems was greater than would be expected based on the proportion of exotic species in each of the two landscapes. Seed germination trials indicated that sambar deer can disperse a substantial number of native and exotic species in both alpine and wet forest ecosystems. In alpine ecosystems, an individual sambar deer was estimated to disperse on average 816 (±193) seeds per day during the study period, of which 652 (±176) were exotic. Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that native plant species comprise the majority of sambar deer diets in Australian ecosystems and that the introduced species is dispersing both native and exotic plant species via endozoochory. However, exotic species seedling germination numbers were significantly higher in alpine ecosystems, and given the large daily movements of sambar deer, represents a significant vector for the spread of exotic plant species. Management of native plant species and vegetation communities of conservation significance, or at risk to sambar deer browsing is of high priority, through either the removal of sambar deer or implementation of exclusion-based methods.}, }
@article {pmid38034021, year = {2023}, author = {Mendoza-Becerril, MA and Pedroche, FF and Estrada-González, MC and Serviere-Zaragoza, E}, title = {Records of the non-native alga Acanthophoraspicifera (Rhodophyta) and their colonial epibionts in La Paz Bay, Gulf of California.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e114262}, pmid = {38034021}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {Acanthophoraspicifera, a red alga considered an alien species, was discovered for the first time on the Pacific coast of Mexico in 2006 from a locality inside La Paz Bay, Gulf of California. Since then, more records have shown its presence, 17 localities having been added up to 2015. A two-year field study (2020-2022) visiting 31 sites along the coast of La Paz Bay, complemented with data from literature and citizen science, resulted in a database of 709 entries that spans the data from 2004 to 2023. These data showed a distribution that goes from Punta Coyote, close to Boca Grande, the northern entrance to the Bay to Playa Tecolote in the south, more than 100 km of coastline, including Espiritu Santo Archipelago, an area considered a natural reserve since 2007. Anthropogenic activity and environmental variables did not present statistical differences that explain A.spicifera spreading. It represents a naturalised alien species without evidence of a negative impact. Still, it soon could acquire the status of invasive species together with its epibionts Bryozoa and Hydrozoa detected in this study.}, }
@article {pmid38032393, year = {2023}, author = {Xu, Z and Zhong, S and Li, Y and Li, C and Liu, J and Xu, Z and Zhu, M and Wang, C and Du, D}, title = {The co-phytotoxicity of two Asteraceae invasive plants Solidago canadensis L. and Bidens pilosa L. with different invasion degrees.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)}, volume = {32}, number = {10}, pages = {1221-1232}, pmid = {38032393}, issn = {1573-3017}, support = {KY-C-01//Special Research Project of School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University/ ; 32071521//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; BK20220030//Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality Technology Innovation Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Solidago ; *Asteraceae ; *Bidens ; Introduced Species ; Lettuce ; }, abstract = {The phytotoxicity of invasive plants (IPS) has been identified as one of the main factors influencing their invasion success. The invasion of IPS can occur to varying degrees in the habitats. Two IPS can invade one habitat. This study aimed to evaluate the mono- and co-phytotoxicity of two Asteraceae IPS Solidago canadensis L. and Bidens pilosa L. with different invasion degrees (including light invasion (relative abundance <50%) and heavy invasion (relative abundance ≥50%)) on the horticultural Asteraceae species Lactuca sativa L., through a hydroponic experiment conducted on 9 cm Petri dishes. Leaf extracts of the two IPS can cause significant mono- and co-phytotoxicity. The mono- and co-phytotoxicity of the two IPS were concentration-dependent. The mono-phytotoxicity of S. canadensis was significantly increased with increasing invasion degree, but the opposite was true for the mono-phytotoxicity of B. pilosa. Leaf extracts of B. pilosa with light invasion caused stronger phytotoxicity than those of S. canadensis with light invasion. There may be an antagonistic effect for the co-phytotoxicity caused by mixed leaf extracts of the two IPS compared with those of either S. canadensis or B. pilosa. The phytotoxicity of the two IPS on the growth performance of neighboring plants may play a more important role in their mono-invasion than in their co-invasion. The phytotoxicity appeared to affect the growth performance of S. canadensis individuals more significantly when the invasion was heavy, while the growth performance of B. pilosa individuals seemed to be more influenced by phytotoxicity when the invasion was light. Consequently, the concentration of leaf extracts of IPS, the invasion degree of IPS, the species identity of IPS, and the species number of IPS modulated the mono- and co-phytotoxicity of the two IPS.}, }
@article {pmid38031439, year = {2023}, author = {Root, HT and Chan, J and Ponzetti, J and Pyke, DA and McCune, B}, title = {Long-term biocrust responses to wildfires in Washington, USA.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {110}, number = {12}, pages = {e16261}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.16261}, pmid = {38031439}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Wildfires ; Washington ; Bayes Theorem ; Soil ; Poaceae ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: Dryland ecosystems in the western United States are affected by invasive species, wildfires, livestock grazing, and climate change in ways that are difficult to distinguish. Biocrusts perform important ecological roles in these systems and are sensitive to all of these pressures.<br><br>METHODS: We revisited a Washington, USA, site sampled for biocrusts in 1999 to focus on effects of exotic annual grass invasion and wildfires in the absence of livestock grazing. We examined changes between 1999 and 2020 using a Bayesian directed acyclic graph (DAG) to interpret direct and indirect causal impacts of wildfire on perennial bunchgrasses, exotic annual grasses, and biocrusts.<br><br>RESULTS: Between 1999 and 2020, exotic annual grass cover increased in all plots and in unburned plots by 16% and 18%, respectively, bunchgrass cover decreased by 21% and 25%, and biocrust cover decreased by 8.9% and 9.8%. Our DAG suggested that decreases in bunchgrass increased exotic annual grass, which reduced biocrust cover. Wildfires did not directly influence changes in bunchgrass, exotic annual grass, or biocrust cover. Areas dominated by exotic annual grass had less abundant and diverse biocrusts than areas with less exotic annual grass.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Biocrust community changes were more strongly related to increasing exotic annual grasses than to wildfires. Changes may relate to other soil disturbances or broad-scale changes in climate or air quality. The minimal influence of wildfire on exotic annual grass and biocrusts suggests that apparent negative impacts of wildfire at other sites may be due to exacerbation by livestock grazing or other surface disturbance.}, }
@article {pmid38030801, year = {2023}, author = {Trindade de Castro, MC and Peixoto Scapolatempore, M and da Silva Rangel-Pereira, F}, title = {Biofouling in-water cleaning and scrubbers wash waters, potential sources of marine pollution: the Brazilian case.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {195}, number = {12}, pages = {1551}, pmid = {38030801}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {*Biofouling/prevention &amp; control ; Water ; Brazil ; Environmental Monitoring ; Ships ; Sulfur ; }, abstract = {Maritime transport is considered a sustainable mean of transporting goods worldwide. In addition to cargo, ships unintentionally transport non-native species. While managing the transport of organisms through ballast water has been at the centre of international efforts, biofouling from ships has not been addressed in the same way and some potentially harmful practices, such as in-water cleaning, still occur worldwide. Another problem arising from ship operating standards is the equipment known as "open-loop scrubbers," which utilizes seawater to "wash" the sulfur content out of the heavy fuel oil (HFO) and, in turn, discharges an acidic wash water full of sulfur and other substances from fuel oils in the environment. Here, we compare the international regulations applied to both issues and how they have been implemented in Brazil so far, considering the perspective of ports and terminals. Results showed that six of sixteen states have already imposed restrictions/bans on scrubbers wash waters, indicating a clear movement in the direction of restricting the discharge as the best way to prevent air and marine pollution. Regarding biofouling, although there is hope with the adoption of the revised guidelines, there are still some doubts considering these are non-binding, depending on national policies to be implemented. In Brazil, there is no national policy yet, and all public ports prohibit vessels in-water cleaning.}, }
@article {pmid38029974, year = {2023}, author = {Wen, Y and Su, X and Cai, F and Qian, R and Bejarano, MD and Wu, S and Yang, Q and Liu, X and Zeng, B}, title = {The differences in plant invasion in two types of shorelines under flow regulation of the Three Gorges Reservoir.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {912}, number = {}, pages = {168892}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168892}, pmid = {38029974}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Riparian zones, crucial for linking fluvial and terrestrial habitats, are among the most diverse ecosystems. However, they are intensively invaded by alien plants, particularly in dam-regulated rivers. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying plant invasion in dam-regulated river systems has become increasingly important, given that over two-thirds of global rivers are artificially regulated. Regulated rivers may flood upland areas or pristine riparian zones, resulting in shorelines developed from pre-upland and pre-riparian areas. However, differences in invasion intensities, adaptive strategies of invasive plants, and native species' resistance (namely the diversity-invasibility relationship) across these shorelines are unclear. To address these uncertainties, we performed field investigations in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) on the upper Yangtze River, where both pre-upland and pre-riparian shorelines are present. Our findings indicate that pre-upland shorelines are more intensively invaded, showing higher relative richness and cover of invasive species. Invasive plants in this area displayed more conservative resource strategies and greater drought tolerance, exhibiting lower community-weighted mean (CWM) specific leaf area, higher CWM leaf dry mass content, and larger CWM seed mass. Pre-upland shorelines' invasibility decreased as the richness and cover of native species increased, a trend not observed in pre-riparian shorelines. The observed variations in plant invasion between the two shoreline types are primarily driven by differences in resident plant presence, soil moisture levels, and hydrological disturbances. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners involved in managing invasive plants in regulated river ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid38029066, year = {2023}, author = {Istas, O and Szűcs, M}, title = {Biological control potential of a laboratory selected generalist parasitoid versus a co-evolved specialist parasitoid against the invasive Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {1819-1829}, pmid = {38029066}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {A few generations of laboratory selection can increase the developmental success of native parasitoids on invasive targets. However, for this approach to be used more widely for biological control, we need to understand if the improved performance of native species, achieved under artificial laboratory conditions, translates to improved control in more natural environments. It is also unknown what the biocontrol potential of laboratory selected generalist native parasitoids may be compared to co-evolved specialists that are typically introduced for biological control of invasive species. To assess how rearing in artificial diet affected host finding ability in natural hosts, we used laboratory selected (adapted) and nonadapted populations of the generalist native parasitoid Trichopria drosophilae to parasitize the invasive fly, Drosophila suzukii in three different fruit types. In a separate experiment, we compared the effectiveness of adapted and nonadapted populations of T. drosophilae in raspberries with a co-evolved specialist larval parasitoid Ganaspis brasiliensis from Asia that was recently approved for release in the USA. More adult parasitoids emerged in each fruit type of the adapted compared to the nonadapted population of T. drosophilae. D. suzukii emergence rates were reduced on average by 85% by the adapted T. drosophilae population indicating that the artificial rearing conditions did not significantly impair the ability of parasitoids to locate and attack hosts in natural hosts. The specialist G. brasiliensis had higher adult emergence than the adapted population of T. drosophilae; however, both parasitoid species were able to reduce D. suzukii populations to the same extent. These results show that despite the lower developmental success of the laboratory selected T. drosophilae, they killed the same proportion of D. suzukii as G. brasiliensis when host choice was restricted. In nature, where host choices are available, specialist and generalist parasitoids will be unlikely to exhibit the same biocontrol potential.}, }
@article {pmid38028807, year = {2023}, author = {White, SA and Dillon, ME}, title = {Climate warming and bumble bee declines: the need to consider sub-lethal heat, carry-over effects, and colony compensation.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1251235}, pmid = {38028807}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {Global declines in abundance and diversity of insects are now well-documented and increasingly concerning given the critical and diverse roles insects play in all ecosystems. Habitat loss, invasive species, and anthropogenic chemicals are all clearly detrimental to insect populations, but mounting evidence implicates climate change as a key driver of insect declines globally. Warming temperatures combined with increased variability may expose organisms to extreme heat that exceeds tolerance, potentially driving local extirpations. In this context, heat tolerance limits (e.g., critical thermal maximum, CTmax) have been measured for many invertebrates and are often closely linked to climate regions where animals are found. However, temperatures well below CTmax may also have pronounced effects on insects, but have been relatively less studied. Additionally, many insects with out-sized ecological and economic footprints are colonial (e.g., ants, social bees, termites) such that effects of heat on individuals may propagate through or be compensated by the colony. For colonial organisms, measuring direct effects on individuals may therefore reveal little about population-level impacts of changing climates. Here, we use bumble bees (genus Bombus) as a case study to highlight how a limited understanding of heat effects below CTmax and of colonial impacts and responses both likely hinder our ability to explain past and predict future climate change impacts. Insights from bumble bees suggest that, for diverse invertebrates, predicting climate change impacts will require a more nuanced understanding of the effects of heat exposure and additional studies of carry-over effects and compensatory responses by colonies.}, }
@article {pmid38028747, year = {2023}, author = {Fletcher, RA and Atwater, DZ and Haak, DC and Bagavathiannan, MV and DiTommaso, A and Lehnhoff, E and Paterson, AH and Auckland, S and Govindasamy, P and Lemke, C and Morris, E and Rainville, L and Barney, JN}, title = {Adaptive constraints at the range edge of a widespread and expanding invasive plant.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {plad070}, pmid = {38028747}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Identifying the factors that facilitate and limit invasive species' range expansion has both practical and theoretical importance, especially at the range edges. Here, we used reciprocal common garden experiments spanning the North/South and East/West range that include the North American core, intermediate and range edges of the globally invasive plant, Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) to investigate the interplay of climate, biotic interactions (i.e. competition) and patterns of adaptation. Our results suggest that the rapid range expansion of Johnsongrass into diverse environments across wide geographies occurred largely without local adaptation, but that further range expansion may be restricted by a fitness trade-off that limits population growth at the range edge. Interestingly, plant competition strongly dampened Johnsongrass growth but did not change the rank order performance of populations within a garden, though this varied among gardens (climates). Our findings highlight the importance of including the range edge when studying the range dynamics of invasive species, especially as we try to understand how invasive species will respond to accelerating global changes.}, }
@article {pmid38028240, year = {2023}, author = {Altamirano-Ponce, L and Dávila-Játiva, M and Pozo, G and Pozo, MJ and Terán-Velástegui, M and Cadena, CD and Cisneros-Heredia, DF and Torres, ML}, title = {First genetic insights of Gonatodescaudiscutatus (Reptilia, Gekkota) in the Galapagos Islands and mainland Ecuador.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e113396}, pmid = {38028240}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {Studies on genetic variability amongst native and introduced species contribute to a better understanding of the genetic diversity of species along their autochthonous distribution and identify possible routes of introduction. Gonatodescaudiscutatus is a gecko native to western Ecuador and introduced to the Galapagos Islands. Despite being a successful species in human-modified habitats along its native and non-native ranges, neither the colonisation process nor the genetic diversity of this gecko is known. In this study, we analysed 55 individuals from 14 localities in western Ecuador and six localities in San Cristobal Island, Galapagos - the only island with a large, self-sustaining population. We amplified and analysed the genetic variability of two nuclear genes (Cmos and Rag2) and one mitochondrial gene (16S). Cmos and Rag2 sequences presented little to none genetic variability, while 16S allowed us to build a haplotype network. We identified nine haplotypes across mainland Ecuador, two of which are also present in Galapagos. Low genetic diversity between insular and continental populations suggests that the introduction of G.caudiscutatus on the Islands is relatively recent. Due to the widespread geographical distribution of mainland haplotypes, it was not possible to determine the source population of the introduction. This study represents the first exploration of the genetic diversity of Gonatodescaudiscutatus, utilising genetic tools to gain insights into its invasion history in the Galapagos.}, }
@article {pmid38026021, year = {2023}, author = {Buldrini, F and Alessandrini, A and Mossetti, U and Muzzi, E and Pezzi, G and Soldano, A and Nascimbene, J}, title = {Botanical memory: five centuries of floristic changes revealed by a Renaissance herbarium (Ulisse Aldrovandi, 1551-1586).}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {230866}, pmid = {38026021}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {We analysed the spatially explicit floristic information available in the herbarium of Ulisse Aldrovandi (1551-1586) to track floristic changes in the surroundings of Bologna across five centuries. Aldrovandi's data were compared with the Flora della Provincia di Bologna by Girolamo Cocconi (1883) and the Floristic Database of Emilia-Romagna (1965-2021). We explored potential variations in native range and life forms composition, and habitat affinity of the species in the three floras, also contrasting between native and alien species. Native species, mainly in terms of variations of hydro-hygrophytes, chamaephytes and therophytes, provide clear signals of human disturbance and habitat loss. Signals of climate change are provided by the high-mountain species, that were comparably rare between Aldrovandi and current flora and more represented in Cocconi, probably reflecting the effect of the Little Ice Age. Our findings also indicate the increasing importance of alien species from the Renaissance onwards. In this perspective, Aldrovandi's herbarium preserves the memory of the first signs of a radical transformation of the European flora and habitats. Finally, the study warns about the risk of dismissing herbaria and herbarium specimens collection, which would cause irreparable lacunas in our botanical memory, hindering our ability to predict biodiversity trajectories.}, }
@article {pmid38025706, year = {2023}, author = {Becoche-Mosquera, JM and Gomez-Bernal, LG and Zambrano-Gonzalez, G and Angulo-Ortiz, D}, title = {Unraveling plant-pollinator interactions from a south-west Andean forest in Colombia.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e16133}, pmid = {38025706}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Colombia ; *Forests ; Pollination ; Insecta ; Plants ; Birds ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Loss of biological connectivity increases the vulnerability of ecological dynamics, thereby affecting processes such as pollination. Therefore, it is important to understand the roles of the actors that participate in these interaction networks. Nonetheless, there is a significant oversight regarding the main actors in the pollination networks within the highly biodiverse forests of Colombia. Hence, the present study aims to evaluate the interaction patterns of a network of potential pollinators that inhabit an Andean Forest in Totoró, Cauca, Colombia.<br><br>METHODS: The interactions between plants and potential pollinators were recorded through direct observation in 10 transects during six field trips conducted over the course of one year. Subsequently, an interaction matrix was developed, and network metrics such as connectance, specialization, nestedness, and asymmetry of interaction strength were evaluated by applying null models. An interpolation/extrapolation curve was calculated in order to assess the representativeness of the sample. Finally, the key species of the network were identified by considering degree (k), centrality, and betweenness centrality.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 53 plant species and 52 potential pollinator species (including insects and birds) were recorded, with a sample coverage of 88.5%. Connectance (C = 0.19) and specialization (H2' = 0.19) were low, indicating a generalist network. Freziera canescens, Gaiadendron punctatum, Persea mutisii, Bombus rubicundus, Heliangelus exortis, Chironomus sp., and Metallura tyrianthina were identified as the key species that contribute to a more cohesive network structure.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The present study characterized the structure of the plant-pollinator network in a highly diverse Andean forest in Colombia. It is evident that insects are the largest group of pollinators; however, it is interesting to note that birds form a different module that specializes in pollinating a specific group of plants. On the other hand, the diversity and generality of the species found suggest that the network may be robust against chains of extinction. Nevertheless, the presence of certain introduced species, such as Apis mellifera, and the rapid changes in vegetation cover may affect the dynamics of this mutualistic network. So, it is imperative to apply restoration and conservation strategies to these ecosystems in order to enhance plant-animal interactions and prevent the loss of taxonomical and functional diversity.}, }
@article {pmid38023767, year = {2023}, author = {Pauwels, OSG and Brecko, J and Baeghe, D and Venderickx, J and Vanderheyden, A and Backeljau, T}, title = {Morphological, acoustic and genetic identification of a reproducing population of the invasive African clawed frog Xenopuslaevis (Anura, Pipidae) recently discovered in Belgium.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {1184}, number = {}, pages = {41-64}, pmid = {38023767}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Using external morphology of adults and tadpoles, osteology from high-resolution microcomputed tomography, vocalization analysis, and DNA sequence data, the identity of a reproducing Belgian population of invasive Xenopus at the current northernmost edge of the distribution of the genus in Europe was assessed. All data concur to an identification as Xenopus (Xenopus) laevis (Daudin, 1802). Genetically it is most closely related to populations of the Cape region in South Africa. No studies on the natural history of the Belgian Xenopus population and its impact on the local environment have been made to date.}, }
@article {pmid38020872, year = {2023}, author = {Lake, TA and Briscoe Runquist, RD and Flagel, LE and Moeller, DA}, title = {Chronosequence of invasion reveals minimal losses of population genomic diversity, niche expansion, and trait divergence in the polyploid, leafy spurge.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {1680-1696}, pmid = {38020872}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Rapid evolution may play an important role in the range expansion of invasive species and modify forecasts of invasion, which are the backbone of land management strategies. However, losses of genetic variation associated with colonization bottlenecks may constrain trait and niche divergence at leading range edges, thereby impacting management decisions that anticipate future range expansion. The spatial and temporal scales over which adaptation contributes to invasion dynamics remain unresolved. We leveraged detailed records of the ~130-year invasion history of the invasive polyploid plant, leafy spurge (Euphorbia virgata), across ~500 km in Minnesota, U.S.A. We examined the consequences of range expansion for population genomic diversity, niche breadth, and the evolution of germination behavior. Using genotyping-by-sequencing, we found some population structure in the range core, where introduction occurred, but panmixia among all other populations. Range expansion was accompanied by only modest losses in sequence diversity, with small, isolated populations at the leading edge harboring similar levels of diversity to those in the range core. The climatic niche expanded during most of the range expansion, and the niche of the range core was largely non-overlapping with the invasion front. Ecological niche models indicated that mean temperature of the warmest quarter was the strongest determinant of habitat suitability and that populations at the leading edge had the lowest habitat suitability. Guided by these findings, we tested for rapid evolution in germination behavior over the time course of range expansion using a common garden experiment and temperature manipulations. Germination behavior diverged from the early to late phases of the invasion, with populations from later phases having higher dormancy at lower temperatures. Our results suggest that trait evolution may have contributed to niche expansion during invasion and that distribution models, which inform future management planning, may underestimate invasion potential without accounting for evolution.}, }
@article {pmid38020707, year = {2023}, author = {Tóth, P and Green, AJ and Wilkinson, DM and Brides, K and Lovas-Kiss, &#xc1;}, title = {Plant traits associated with seed dispersal by ducks and geese in urban and natural habitats.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e10677}, pmid = {38020707}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Ducks and geese are little studied dispersal vectors for plants lacking a fleshy fruit, and our understanding of the traits associated with these plants is limited. We analyzed 507 faecal samples of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and Canada goose (Branta canadensis) from 18 natural and urban wetlands in England, where they are the dominant resident waterfowl. We recovered 930 plant diaspores from 39 taxa representing 18 families, including 28 terrestrial and five aquatic species and four aliens. Mallards had more seeds and seed species per sample than geese, more seeds from barochory and hydrochory syndromes, and seeds that on average were larger and from plants with greater moisture requirements (i.e., more aquatic). Mallards dispersed more plant species than geese in natural habitats. Plant communities and traits dispersed were different between urban (e.g., more achenes) and natural (e.g., more capsules) habitats. Waterfowl can readily spread alien species from urban into natural environments but also allow native terrestrial and aquatic plants to disperse in response to climate heating or other global change. Throughout the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, the mallard is accompanied by a goose (either the Canada goose or the greylag goose) as the most abundant waterfowl in urbanized areas. This combination provides a previously overlooked seed dispersal service for plants with diverse traits.}, }
@article {pmid38020683, year = {2023}, author = {Nelsen, DR and Corbit, AG and Chuang, A and Deitsch, JF and Sitvarin, MI and Coyle, DR}, title = {Veni, vidi, vici? Future spread and ecological impacts of a rapidly expanding invasive predator population.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e10728}, pmid = {38020683}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Economic and ecological consequences of invasive species make biological invasions an influential driver of global change. Monitoring the spread and impacts of non-native species is essential, but often difficult, especially during the initial stages of invasion. The Jorō spider, Trichonephila clavata (L. Koch, 1878, Araneae: Nephilidae), is a large-bodied orb weaver native to Asia, likely introduced to northern Georgia, U.S. around 2010. We investigated the nascent invasion of T. clavata by constructing species distribution models (SDMs) from crowd-sourced data to compare the climate T. clavata experiences in its native range to its introduced range. We found evidence that the climate of T. clavata's native range differs significantly from its introduced range. Species distribution models trained with observations from its native range predict that the most suitable habitats in North America occur north of its current introduced range. Consistent with SDM predictions, T. clavata appears to be spreading faster to the north than to the south. Lastly, we conducted surveys to investigate potential ecological impacts of T. clavata on the diversity of native orb weaving spiders. Importantly, Trichonephila clavata was the most common and abundant species observed in the survey, and was numerically dominant at half of the sites it was present in. Our models also suggest that there is lower native orb weaver species richness and diversity closer to where T. clavata was initially found and where it has been established the longest, though human population density complicates this finding. This early study is the first to forecast how widely this spider may spread in its introduced range and explore its potential ecological impacts. Our results add evidence that T. clavata is an invasive species and deserves much more ecological scrutiny.}, }
@article {pmid38020474, year = {2023}, author = {Sennikov, AN and Kozhin, MN}, title = {Taxonomic revision of the Erigeronacris group (Asteraceae) in Murmansk Region, Russia, reveals a complex pattern of native and alien taxa.}, journal = {PhytoKeys}, volume = {235}, number = {}, pages = {83-128}, pmid = {38020474}, issn = {1314-2011}, abstract = {Based on the evidence of morphology and a comprehensive revision of herbarium collections and field records, the taxonomy of the Erigeronacris group in Murmansk Region, European Russia, is completely revised. Its accepted diversity is increased from 2 to 8 taxa, including putative hybrids. The only native species, E.politus, is distributed in mountainous regions, along sea coasts and in the Kutsa River basin. Five species are alien: E.rigidus (previously confused with E.acris s.str.), E.acris s.str. (first recorded in the narrow taxonomic definition), E.brachycephalus (previously unrecorded), E.droebachiensis and E.uralensis (previously reported in error). Two major waves of the introduction of alien taxa are discovered, with different occurrences and species compositions. Regional and local dispersal by pomors (historical Russian settlers) occurred during their colonisation and traditional activities since the 12[th] century (archaeophytes or early neophytes); such alien taxa (E.rigidus, E.brachycephalus, and partly E.acris) are particularly common within the territory traditionally settled by Russian colonists but also found elsewhere along historical trade routes. Other alien species of the E.acris group (E.droebachiensis, E.uralensis, and partly E.acris and E.brachycephalus) colonised industrial areas in the 1960s-1990s as seed contaminants introduced during revegetation of slag dumps, stockyards, dams and channels. Putative hybrids between E.politus (native), E.rigidus and E.acris (aliens) are found in the places of co-occurrence. Updated nomenclature, synonymy and descriptions are provided for all accepted taxa.}, }
@article {pmid38019872, year = {2023}, author = {Kampouris, TE and Pappou, S and Erga, Z and Kouloumperis, V and Batjakas, IE}, title = {Assessing the fish fauna diversity and abundance at Aegean and Ionian seas, with emphasis on certain NIS fish species via Scientific diving and Visual Census.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {11}, pages = {e0294770}, pmid = {38019872}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Censuses ; Diving ; *Fishes ; Mediterranean Sea ; Humans ; }, abstract = {The Mediterranean Sea and its exceptional biodiversity suffer from non-indigenous (NIS) and invasive species. These result from Lessepsian migration and human activities. Species with the highest negative impact include Pterois miles, Lagocephalus sceleratus and Fistularia commersonii. The current study assessed the distribution and abundance of these three species in the Aegean and Ionian Seas in the context of the regional diversity of ichthyofauna. Using Scientific Diving and Visual Census, we focused on NIS fish fauna, and surveyed most of the areas where the occurrence or establishment of NIS had been documented. Emphasis was given to regions with limited available data. This study assessed the homogeneity of diversity and abundance of the fish species at the diving sites; assessed the most dominant species per region; and calculated relevant biodiversity indexes. Our results suggest that the south and east parts of the Aegean Sea are the most affected by the establishment of NIS. Samos Island is concluded to be an important region for the expansion of NIS to the northern parts of the Aegean Sea. Also, both the Saronikos Gulf and the whole area of the Peloponnese seem to have a pivotal role in the expansion of distribution of NIS from the east Mediterranean sub-basin to the west sub-basin. The genus Siganus seems to have very high abundances and population densities in certain areas, and therefore its establishment could have negative impacts in these regions. We conclude that scientific diving is not appropriate for monitoring the population status of L. sceleratus and we propose more appropriate methodologies such as the use of baited cameras and ROV's to be used in the future.}, }
@article {pmid38016006, year = {2023}, author = {Tonkel, KC and Kirchoff, VS and Rector, BG}, title = {Carabidae and Tenebrionidae diversity in the Great Basin Province of California.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {23}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {38016006}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Coleoptera ; Biodiversity ; California ; }, abstract = {The high desert regions of eastern California within the Great Basin are vast areas of shrub-dominated habitat heavily impacted by invasive exotic grasses and forbs. Trapping efforts within these areas provided distributional information about various surface-active arthropod taxa. Two groups with high species diversity and abundance encountered at our sites were the coleopteran families Carabidae and Tenebrionidae. Here, we report trapping of 45 species of carabids and 46 species of tenebrionids, along with mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequence data for 65 of these 92 species. These results build upon existing distributional information regarding these families in California and further refine our knowledge of the biodiversity of the understudied Great Basin provinces.}, }
@article {pmid38012232, year = {2023}, author = {Martín-Forés, I and Guerin, GR and Lewis, D and Gallagher, RV and Vilà, M and Catford, JA and Pauchard, A and Sparrow, B}, title = {The Alien Flora of Australia (AFA), a unified Australian national dataset on plant invasion.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {834}, pmid = {38012232}, issn = {2052-4463}, mesh = {Australia ; Forecasting ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a major threat to Australia. Information on alien flora in Australia is collated independently by different jurisdictions, which has led to inconsistencies at the national level, hampering efficient management. To harmonise different information sources, we present the Alien Flora of Australia (AFA), a nationally unified dataset. To create the AFA, we developed an R script that compares existing data sources (the Australian Plant Census and state and territory censuses), identifies mismatches among them and integrates the information into unified invasion statuses at the national scale. The AFA follows the taxonomy and nomenclature adopted for the Australian Plant Census, introduction status and impact of plants known to occur in Australia. The up-to-date information presented in this dataset can aid early warning of alien species invasions, facilitate decision-making at different levels, and biosecurity at national scale. The associated script is ready to be implemented into new versions of the AFA with updated releases of any of the data sources, streamlining future efforts to track of alien flora across Australia.}, }
@article {pmid38011810, year = {2023}, author = {Wheeler, CE and Vandervoort, C and Wise, JC}, title = {Trunk injection to control Xylosandrus germanus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in topworked apple trees.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad217}, pmid = {38011810}, issn = {1938-291X}, support = {//Michigan Apple Committee/ ; }, abstract = {Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) is an invasive species of ambrosia beetle known to attack apple trees in North America. Xylosandrus germanus are attracted to ethanol produced by stressed and injured trees and can be a serious problem when grafting a new cultivar onto established fruit trees (topworking). The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 2 insecticides (emamectin benzoate and azadirachtin) and injection timing (fall and spring) on their ability to control X. germanus colonization in apple trees with simulated topworking. Our study shows evidence that both emamectin benzoate and azadirachtin injections can reduce X. germanus infestations; however, our results were inconsistent. The timing of injections influenced X. germanus, with spring injected azadirachtin being more effective than fall injections. Residue analyses of emamectin benzoate and azadirachtin showed the presence of residues in woody tissue comparable to those found in leaves.}, }
@article {pmid38008240, year = {2024}, author = {Matskiv, T and Martyniuk, V and Khoma, V and Yunko, K and Orlova-Hudim, K and Gnatyshyna, L and Geffard, A and Palos-Ladeiro, M and Stoliar, O}, title = {Biochemical basis of resistance to multiple contaminations in the native and invasive populations of Dreissena polymorpha.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology &amp; pharmacology : CBP}, volume = {276}, number = {}, pages = {109803}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109803}, pmid = {38008240}, issn = {1532-0456}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dreissena ; Microplastics/metabolism ; Caffeine ; Plastics ; Rivers ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) is an invasive species and a valuable bioindicator in the inland waters. Nevertheless, the biochemical reasons for the unique competitiveness of zebra mussels are not clear. This study aimed to compare the native and invasive populations of D. polymorpha in their ability to withstand the same multiple environmental challenges (i.e. chemical: microplastics and caffeine; physical: temperatures). The specimens from the invasive population in west Ukraine (Tn) and native population at lower streams of river Dnipro (south Ukraine, Kh) were sampled in the August of 2021 y. Molluscs from both populations were treated simultaneously with microplastics (MP, 1 mg L[-1], pore size 2 μm); caffeine (Caf, 20.0 μg L[-1]) at 18 °C, elevated temperature (25 °C) and MP and Caf combinations at 18 °C and 25 °C for 14 days. Untreated molluscs exposed at 18 °C represented control groups. A set of the 20 markers of oxidative stress, biotransformation, detoxification and apoptosis were assayed in the total soft tissues. From the two controls, Kh-group indicated lower stressful impact. However, both populations increased caspase-3 and GST activities and lysosomal instability in most exposures, and cholinesterase and phenoloxidase activities under the heating and combine exposures, indicating the remarkable properties to respond to new challenges and synergistic effect of mixtures. Inter-population differences were related to the metallothionein, cathepsin D, cytochrome P540 and oxidative stress responses that reflect population-dependent adverse outcome pathways. The discriminant analysis separated two populations with a substantially lesser magnitude of responses in the invasive population as a sign of higher resistance.}, }
@article {pmid38007177, year = {2023}, author = {Casabella-Herrero, G and Martín-Torrijos, L and Diéguez-Uribeondo, J}, title = {eDNA monitoring as a tool for evaluating the reintroduction of Austropotamobius pallipes after a crayfish plague outbreak.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {201}, number = {}, pages = {108026}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2023.108026}, pmid = {38007177}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea ; *DNA, Environmental ; *Aphanomyces/genetics ; *Oomycetes ; Disease Outbreaks ; }, abstract = {The crayfish plague, a severe disease caused by the oomycete Aphanomyces astaci, is responsible for most population declines of susceptible crayfish in Europe. This pathogen has been devastating native populations of Austropotamobius pallipes since the 1970s in the Iberian Peninsula. In this study, we report a massive mortality event in one of the most important Spanish populations of A. pallipes. We aimed to: (i) identify the cause of the mortality, and (ii) evaluate the reintroduction viability of the species. Over the course of six months, we used environmental DNA (eDNA) and traditional trap-based methods to detect the presence of A. astaci or of native or invasive crayfish in order to evaluate the reintroduction viability of A. pallipes to the affected population. We did not capture any live crayfish or detect the presence of A. astaci in the reservoir water during the six months following the mass mortality event. Our analyses indicated that it was feasible to initiate a reintroduction program at the site, which will continue to be monitored for three to five years and will help improve the conservation status of A. pallipes.}, }
@article {pmid38006852, year = {2024}, author = {Guerra-García, JM and Ruiz-Velasco, S and Navarro-Barranco, C and Moreira, J and Angulo, G and García-Domínguez, R and Amengual, J and Saenz-Arias, P and López-Fé, CM and Martínez-Pita, I and García-García, FJ and Ros, M}, title = {Facilitation of macrofaunal assemblages in marinas by the habitat-forming invader Amathia verticillata (Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata) across a spatiotemporal scale.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {193}, number = {}, pages = {106256}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106256}, pmid = {38006852}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bryozoa ; Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; Crustacea ; Food ; }, abstract = {Widespread habitat-forming invaders inhabiting marinas, such as the spaghetti bryozoan Amathia verticillata, allow exploring facilitation processes across spatiotemporal contexts. Here we investigate the role of this bryozoan as habitat for native and exotic macrofaunal assemblages across different ecoregions of Western Mediterranean and East Atlantic coasts, and a monthly variation over a year. While only 7 (all peracarid crustaceans) of the 54 associated species were NIS, they dominated macrofaunal assemblages in terms of abundance, raising the potential for invasional meltdown. NIS richness and community structure differed among marinas but not among ecoregions, highlighting the importance of marina singularities in modulating facilitation at spatial scale. Despite facilitation did not depend on bryozoan abundance fluctuations, it was affected by its deciduous pattern, peaking in summer and disappearing in late winter. Monitoring A. verticillata in marinas, especially in summer periods, may improve the detection and management of multiple associated NIS.}, }
@article {pmid38004265, year = {2023}, author = {Wen, X and Zeng, M and Chen, J and Maimaiti, M and Liu, Q}, title = {Recognition of Wheat Leaf Diseases Using Lightweight Convolutional Neural Networks against Complex Backgrounds.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {38004265}, issn = {2075-1729}, support = {31860477//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; XNCDKY2021004//Crop Science Key Discipline Development Fund of Xinjiang Agricultural University/ ; }, abstract = {Wheat leaf diseases are considered to be the foremost threat to wheat yield. In the realm of crop disease detection, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have emerged as important tools. The training strategy and the initial learning rate are key factors that impact the performance and training speed of the model in CNNs. This study employed six training strategies, including Adam, SGD, Adam + StepLR, SGD + StepLR, Warm-up + Cosine annealing + SGD, Warm-up + Cosine, and annealing + Adam, with three initial learning rates (0.05, 0.01, and 0.001). Using the wheat stripe rust, wheat powdery mildew, and healthy wheat datasets, five lightweight CNN models, namely MobileNetV3, ShuffleNetV2, GhostNet, MnasNet, and EfficientNetV2, were evaluated. The results showed that upon combining the SGD + StepLR with the initial learning rate of 0.001, the MnasNet obtained the highest recognition accuracy of 98.65%. The accuracy increased by 1.1% as compared to that obtained with the training strategy with a fixed learning rate, and the size of the parameters was only 19.09 M. The above results indicated that the MnasNet was appropriate for porting to the mobile terminal and efficient for automatically identifying wheat leaf diseases.}, }
@article {pmid38003306, year = {2023}, author = {Xiong, Q and Yang, J and Ni, S}, title = {Microbiome-Mediated Protection against Pathogens in Woody Plants.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {24}, number = {22}, pages = {}, pmid = {38003306}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {2022YFD2201900, 2021YDF22011202//National Key Research and Development Program/ ; 32122056, 42011045, 31600512//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; CX-21-3045//Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund/ ; 2021M691605//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; 2021K641C//Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; SJCX23_0350//Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province/ ; 2022NFUSPITP0364&#xff0c;202310298135Y//Students Practice Innovation and Training Program of Nanjing Forestry University/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Microbiota ; Plants ; Rhizosphere ; Plant Diseases/prevention &amp; control ; Introduced Species ; Soil Microbiology ; Plant Roots ; }, abstract = {Pathogens, especially invasive species, have caused significant global ecological, economic, and social losses in forests. Plant disease research has traditionally focused on direct interactions between plants and pathogens in an appropriate environment. However, recent research indicates that the microbiome can interact with the plant host and pathogens to modulate plant resistance or pathogen pathogenicity, thereby altering the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. Thus, this presents new opportunities for studying the microbial management of forest diseases. Compared to parallel studies on human and crop microbiomes, research into the forest tree microbiome and its critical role in forest disease progression has lagged. The rapid development of microbiome sequencing and analysis technologies has resulted in the rapid accumulation of a large body of evidence regarding the association between forest microbiomes and diseases. These data will aid the development of innovative, effective, and environmentally sustainable methods for the microbial management of forest diseases. Herein, we summarize the most recent findings on the dynamic structure and composition of forest tree microbiomes in belowground and aboveground plant tissues (i.e., rhizosphere, endosphere, and phyllosphere), as well as their pleiotropic impact on plant immunity and pathogen pathogenicity, highlighting representative examples of biological control agents used to modulate relevant tree microbiomes. Lastly, we discuss the potential application of forest tree microbiomes in disease control as well as their future prospects and challenges.}, }
@article {pmid38002981, year = {2023}, author = {Yan, S and Ma, P and Zuo, C and Zhu, Y and Ma, X and Zhang, Z}, title = {Genetic Analysis Based on Mitochondrial nad2 Gene Reveals a Recent Population Expansion of the Invasive Mussel, Mytella strigata, in China.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {38002981}, issn = {2073-4425}, support = {42006080//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2022YFD2401204//National Key PhD Program of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Genetic Variation/genetics ; Genetics, Population ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Bivalvia/genetics ; China ; }, abstract = {Mytella strigata is a highly adaptable invasive alien species that has been established in coastal China since 2014. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is an important tool for studying the evolution and population genetics of invasive species. In this study, the mitochondrial genome of M. strigata from China was sequenced by Illumina high-throughput sequencing and characterized with 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs). By assessing the selective pressure of 13 PCGs, the nad2 gene had the fastest evolutionary rate and was finally selected for population genetic analysis. A total of 285 nad2 sequences from seven M. strigata populations in China were analyzed and showed obviously T-rich and C-rich characteristics. According to population genetic diversity analysis, all the seven populations had haplotype (gene) diversity (Hd) ≥ 0.5 and nucleotide diversity (Pi) < 0.005. Haplotype networks showed a "star" distribution. Population historical dynamic analyses showed that Fu's Fs and Tajima's D values of all populations were negative except the Qukou (QK) and Beihai (BH) populations. The Zhangzhou (ZJ) and Xiamen (XM) populations were unimodal while the other populations were multimodal. These results suggested that the population of M. strigata in China may have passed the bottleneck period and is currently in a state of population expansion.}, }
@article {pmid38001336, year = {2023}, author = {Tesfay, YB and Blaschke, A and Kreyling, J}, title = {An inferior competitor is a successful invader due to its stress tolerance and productivity.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {20694}, pmid = {38001336}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Biomass ; Introduced Species ; Biodiversity ; *Opuntia/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The invasion of ecosystems by non-native species is recognized as one of the most significant global challenges, particularly in semiarid regions where native biodiversity is already under stress from drought and land degradation. The implicit assumption is that invaders are strong competitors, but a greenhouse pairwise experiment conducted to examine intraspecific and interspecific competition effects of Opuntia ficus-indica, a widespread invader in semiarid ecosystems, with two species native to the highlands of Eritrea, Ricinus communis and Solanum marginatum, revealed that O. ficus-indica is a weak competitor. The unique ability of O. ficus-indica's fallen cladodes to undergo vegetative growth becomes a fundamental trait contributing to its spread. This growth strategy allows O. ficus-indica to outgrow native species and establish a significant presence. In direct interaction, the competition in aboveground productivity measured by the logarithmic response ratio for O. ficus-indica was 3.4-fold and 5.9-fold higher than for R. communis and S. marginatum, respectively. Belowground, the native R. communis was facilitated (- 1.00 ± 0.69) by O. ficus-indica which itself suffered from high competition. This pattern became even more evident under water shortage, where aboveground competition for S. marginatum decreased 5.7-fold, and for O. ficus-indica, it increased 1.4-fold. Despite being a poor competitor, O. ficus-indica outperformed R. communis and S. marginatum in both aboveground (4.3 and 3.8 times more) and belowground (27 and 2.8 times more) biomass production, respectively. The findings of this study challenge the common interpretation that invasive species are strong competitors and highlight the importance of considering other factors, such as productivity and tolerance limits when assessing the potential impacts of invasive species on semiarid ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid37999591, year = {2023}, author = {Lopes, C and Rodrigues, ACM and Pires, SFS and Campos, D and Soares, AMVM and Vieira, HC and Bordalo, MD}, title = {Responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis in a Multi-Stressor Scenario: Effects of an Invasive Seaweed Exudate and Microplastic Pollution under Ocean Warming.}, journal = {Toxics}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {37999591}, issn = {2305-6304}, support = {UIDP/50017/2020+UIDB/50017/2020+LA/P/ 0094/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; PTDC/CTA-AMB/30495/2017//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; Decree-Law 57/2016, of 29 August, changed by Law 57/2017, of 19 July//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; }, abstract = {Microplastic pollution, global warming, and invasive species are known threats to marine biota, but the impact of their simultaneous exposure is still not well understood. This study investigated whether the toxic effects posed by the invasive red seaweed Asparagopsis armata exudate (2%) to the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis are amplified by a 96 h exposure to increased temperature (24 °C) and polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs, 1 mg/L). Biochemical (neurotoxicity, energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and damage) and physiological (byssal thread production) responses were evaluated. The number of produced byssus greatly decreased under concomitant exposure to all stressors. The antioxidant defences were depleted in the gills of mussels exposed to temperature rises and PE-MPs, regardless of exudate exposure, preventing oxidative damage. Moreover, the heat shock protein content tended to decrease in all treatments relative to the control. The increased total glutathione in the mussels' digestive gland exposed to 24 °C, exudate, and PE-MPs avoided oxidative damage. Neurotoxicity was observed in the same treatment. In contrast, the energy metabolism remained unaltered. In conclusion, depending on the endpoint, simultaneous exposure to A. armata exudate, PE-MPs, and warming does not necessarily mean an amplification of their single effects. Studies focusing on the impact of multiple stressors are imperative to better understand the underlying mechanisms of this chronic exposure.}, }
@article {pmid37999081, year = {2023}, author = {Bălăcenoiu, F and Toma, D and Nețoiu, C}, title = {From Field Data to Practical Knowledge: Investigating the Bioecology of the Oak Lace Bug-An Invasive Insect Species in Europe.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {37999081}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {PN 23090102 and 34PFE./30.12.2021 "Increasing the institutional capacity and performance of INCDS 'Marin Dr&#x103;cea' in the activity of RDI-CresPerfInst//Ministerul Cercet&#x103;rii &#x219;i Inov&#x103;rii/ ; }, abstract = {Corythucha arcuata, commonly known as the oak lace bug (OLB), is an insect species originally native to North America that has become an invasive species of significant concern in Europe. This invasive pest has been observed in various European countries, raising concerns about its impact on forest ecosystems. In 2015, it was first documented in Romania, further highlighting the need for research on its bioecology and life cycle. This study investigated the bioecology of the OLB in the southern region of Romania, focusing on its life cycle, development, and population dynamics. The results indicated that the OLB has three generations per year and overwinters in the adult stage in sheltered locations. Temperature significantly influenced the timing of egg hatching, nymph appearance, and adult development, with variation observed between generations. Additionally, a life table analysis provided insights into the population dynamics of the OLB in its natural environment, revealing variation in egg laying trends across generations. This research contributes to a better understanding of the OLB's bioecology and provides essential data for forest managers developing science-based management strategies to mitigate its impact. By elucidating the life cycle and development patterns of the OLB in southern Romania, this study aids in the development of predictive models and life tables tailored to the region. These findings empower forest managers with the knowledge needed to make informed decisions for effective OLB management, ultimately preserving the health of forest ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid37999047, year = {2023}, author = {Daher, E and Chierici, E and Urbani, S and Cinosi, N and Rondoni, G and Servili, M and Famiani, F and Conti, E}, title = {Characterization of Olive Fruit Damage Induced by Invasive Halyomorpha halys.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {37999047}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive species causing economic crop losses. This species was recently detected attacking olive fruits. The aim of this study was to characterize feeding damage. Olive samples were initially collected from a field where H. halys was reported to cause damage to olive fruits. Hence, we conducted a field trial on the Moraiolo variety using sleeve cages to test the effect of H. halys feeding pressure on olive fruit drop and evaluated the effect of feeding on fruit quality. We tested two densities of H. halys (two or eight adults/cage) at two different stages of olive development, pre- and post-pit hardening. High pressure of H. halys before pit hardening caused a significant fruit drop compared to the control. In addition, chemical analysis of damaged and infested fruits revealed higher levels of total phenols compared to healthy fruits. These findings indicate that feeding by H. halys induced a stress response in the plants that could translate in quality variations in the olive drupes.}, }
@article {pmid37999042, year = {2023}, author = {Käfer, H and Kovac, H and Stabentheiner, A}, title = {Habitat Temperatures of the Red Firebug, Pyrrhocoris apterus: The Value of Small-Scale Climate Data Measurement.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {37999042}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {P25042-B16, P30350-B25//FWF Austrian Science Fund/ ; }, abstract = {Ambient temperature is a main parameter that determines the thriving and propagation of ectothermic insects. It affects egg and larval development as well as adults' survival and successful overwintering. Pyrrhocoris apterus is a herbivorous bug species almost ubiquitous in Eurasia. Its distribution extends from the Atlantic Coast to Siberia, Northwest China and Mongolia. After introduction, it established successfully in the USA, Central America, India and Australia, which indicates a high invasive potential of this species. We determined the climatic conditions in Central Europe in a habitat where P. apterus has been continuously observed for decades. We conducted temperature measurements in the habitat and in the microhabitats where individuals could be found during the year and set them against freely available climate data commonly used to characterize habitat climate. Our temperature measurements were also compared to thermal limits (critical thermal minima and maxima). Although ambient temperatures outside the thermal boundaries of P. apterus can and do occur in the habitat, the bugs thrive and propagate. Microhabitat measurement in winter showed that individuals sought areas with favorable temperatures for hibernation. In particular, these areas are not (always) represented in large-scale climate tables, leading to possible misinterpretation of future patterns of spread of invasive species spread.}, }
@article {pmid37998009, year = {2023}, author = {Zhou, Y and Zhang, G}, title = {Competitive Advantage of Broussonetia papyrifera Growing in a Native Area as Suggested by Structural Diversity.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {37998009}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {2023053SMnull0162//Jiangsu Forestry Bureau/ ; }, abstract = {Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) is currently an invasive species on several continents. However, little is known about whether paper mulberry has a competitive advantage over its surrounding trees in its native distribution range, subtropical regions of China. Here, we determined the relative intraspecific and interspecific competitive capacity of paper mulberry in three subtropical deciduous broad-leaved forests using the indices of structural diversity including the mixing index, the tree-tree interval index, and the diameter/height differentiation index. It was found that more than 80% of mingling index values were not greater than 0.25, suggesting a stronger competitiveness of paper mulberry relative to other tree species. The tree-tree interval index values ranged between 1 m and 2 m, suggesting a strong competition between paper mulberry and its neighbors. Moreover, more than 60% of the height differentiation index and diameter differentiation index values were positive, suggesting that the reference paper mulberry had a slight competitive advantage over neighboring trees in both the horizontal and vertical planes. These collectively suggest a competitive advantage over other tree species in the native distribution range, which may play a significant role in the ecological invasion of paper mulberry. Our findings not only help to reveal the invasion mechanism of paper mulberry, but also provide an important reference for the management and utilization of paper mulberry in invaded areas.}, }
@article {pmid37997992, year = {2023}, author = {Greenleaf, J and Karimzadeh, R and Park, YL}, title = {Spatial Patterns of Frangula alnus (Rosales: Rhamnaceae): Implications for Invasive Plant Management.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {37997992}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {2021-67014-33757//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; WVA00724//West Virginia University/ ; }, abstract = {Glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus) (Rosales: Rhamnaceae) is an invasive shrub from Europe that has been invading North America for over a century and threatening native vegetation in open and disturbed habitats. The treatment of F. alnus is currently restricted to the roadside, suggesting any individual F. alnus residing within the forest would be left unmanaged and would continue to spread in the area. This research was conducted to determine the spatial patterns and relationship of F. alnus with forest roads. The presence and density of F. alnus at 1412 sample points were recorded on four sites in the Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania, USA. Buffer analyses were conducted along roads to determine the relationship between F. alnus density and proximity to forest roads. Geostatistics and spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) were used to characterize the spatial pattern of F. alnus. Results of this study showed that F. alnus was spatially aggregated and resided beyond forest roads. Both the density and presence of F. alnus decreased as the distance from the forest road increased. These results imply the potential for precision management of F. alnus by locating and managing only where F. alnus presents.}, }
@article {pmid37997408, year = {2023}, author = {Gong, Z and Wen, TY and Jin, C and Zhao, K and Su, M}, title = {Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of soil organic carbon in tidal flat wetland of central Jiangsu, China.}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {34}, number = {11}, pages = {2978-2984}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202311.030}, pmid = {37997408}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {*Wetlands ; *Ecosystem ; Carbon/analysis ; Soil/chemistry ; China ; Poaceae ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {We measured winter and summer soil organic carbon (SOC) contents in two typical coastal wetlands, the Spartina alterniflora salt marsh and the non-vegetation mudflat, on the south side of the Chuandong River Estuary in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province. We investigated the spatiotemporal variations of soil organic carbon contents and its driving factors. The results showed that SOC content ranged from 0.75 to 2.38 g·kg[-1] in the mudflat area and from 2.07 to 18.59 g·kg[-1] in the S. alterniflora salt marsh area, showing a decreasing trend towards the sea. The SOC content in the S. alterniflora salt marsh area was approximately 2.5 to 3.5 times of that in the mudflat area. Within a depth range of 1 m, there was no vertical variation in SOC content in the mudflat area, but an increasing and then decreasing pattern in the S. alterniflora marsh area with the peak occurring in the depth range of 20 to 30 cm. Soil organic carbon content exhibited significant seasonal difference, with higher value in summer than in winter. The summer SOC content was 5% to 10% higher than that in winter in the S. alterniflora marsh area, while it was 43% higher in summer than in winter in the mudflat area. In the S. alterniflora marsh area, soil organic carbon content was positively correlated with soil moisture and salinity, but negatively correlated with sediment particle size. In contrast, there was no significant correlation between soil organic carbon content and soil physicochemi-cal factors in the mudflat area. Those results indicated that the correlation between various soil physicochemical factors and SOC is established on the basis of vegetation cover in coastal wetlands. Our findings could provide valuable insights for the conservation of blue carbon ecosystems in coastal wetlands in China.}, }
@article {pmid37996749, year = {2023}, author = {Chase-Lubitz, J}, title = {Anthropocene briefing: Invasive species could replace native species in extreme weather.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-023-03708-w}, pmid = {37996749}, issn = {1476-4687}, }
@article {pmid37996022, year = {2024}, author = {Martín-Cruz, B and Cecchetti, M and Simbaña-Rivera, K and Rial-Berriel, C and Acosta-Dacal, A and Zumbado-Peña, M and Henríquez-Hernández, LA and Gallo-Barneto, R and Cabrera-Pérez, M&#xc1; and Melián-Melián, A and Suárez-Pérez, A and Luzardo, OP}, title = {Potential exposure of native wildlife to anticoagulant rodenticides in Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain): Evidence from residue analysis of the invasive California Kingsnake (Lampropeltis californiae).}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {911}, number = {}, pages = {168761}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168761}, pmid = {37996022}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Anticoagulants/analysis ; Animals, Wild ; *Rodenticides/analysis ; *Colubridae ; Spain ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Ecosystem ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; *Raptors ; Sentinel Species ; }, abstract = {Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs), particularly second-generation compounds (SGARs), are extensively used in pest management, impacting non-target wildlife. The California kingsnake (Lampropeltis californiae), an invasive species in Gran Canaria, is under a control plan involving capture and euthanasia. This research aimed to detect 10 different ARs in these snakes, explore geographical and biometrical factors influencing AR exposure, and assess their potential as sentinel species for raptors, sharing similar foraging habits. Liver samples from 360 snakes, euthanized between 2021 and 2022, were analysed for ARs using LC-MS/MS. Results showed all detected rodenticides were SGARs, except for one instance of diphacinone. Remarkably, 90 % of the snakes tested positive for ARs, with over half exposed to multiple compounds. Brodifacoum was predominant, found in over 90 % of AR-positive snakes, while bromadiolone and difenacoum were also frequently detected but at lower levels. The study revealed that larger snakes and those in certain geographic areas had higher AR concentrations. Snakes in less central or more peripheral areas showed lower levels of these compounds. This suggests a correlation between the snakes' size and distribution with the concentration of ARs in their bodies. The findings indicate that the types and prevalence of ARs in California kingsnakes on Gran Canaria mirror those in the island's raptors. This similarity suggests that the kingsnake could serve as a potential sentinel species for monitoring ARs in the ecosystem. However, further research is necessary to confirm their effectiveness in this role.}, }
@article {pmid37993633, year = {2023}, author = {Masciocchi, M and Mattiacci, A and Villacide, JM and Buteler, M and Porrino, AP and Martínez, AS}, title = {Sugar responsiveness could determine foraging patterns in yellowjackets.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {20448}, pmid = {37993633}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {projects PICT 2018-0657//Agenciad e promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica Argentina/ ; projects PICT 2021-363//Agenciad e promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica Argentina/ ; project ID 2023-PE-L03-I033//Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog&#xed;a Agropecuaria/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Sugars ; Feeding Behavior ; Introduced Species ; *Wasps/physiology ; Sucrose ; }, abstract = {Sympatric-related species often exhibit resource partitioning. This can occur through different mechanisms, such as behavioral, morphological, and sensory variations, leading to qualitative, temporal, or spatial differences in resource exploitation, such as consuming different types of food. Sensory-based niche partitioning could be the underlying mechanism through which closely related species effectively reduce niche overlap. Here we ask whether variations in sensory responses to carbohydrates could reflect differences in the foraging patterns of two Vespula species present in Patagonia. For this, we established (i) the response thresholds toward carbohydrate solutions of foraging V. germanica and V. vulgaris in the laboratory, (ii) the sugar concentration of foraged carbohydrates in the field, and (iii) possible effects of incoming sugar concentration and performance at individual and colony levels. Results indicate a higher sucrose response threshold in V. germanica than V. vulgaris. Field results indicate that higher carbohydrate concentrations foraged by V. germanica, with 57% of V. germanica foragers returning with concentrations above 50% w/w, while only 23% of V. vulgaris foragers did so. These differences in sucrose sensitivity and foraging patterns positively correlate with colony size, irrespective of the species. Our results suggest that competition could be reduced in these closely related invasive social wasp species through sensory differences in their sugar perception levels, which would lead to them foraging different carbohydrate sources. This study suggests that sensory niche partitioning could promote species coexistence in these social wasps.}, }
@article {pmid37993480, year = {2023}, author = {Pérez-Fleitas, E and Milián-García, Y and Sosa-Rodríguez, G and Amato, G and Rossi, N and Shirley, MH and Hanner, RH}, title = {Environmental DNA-based biomonitoring of Cuban Crocodylus and their accompanying vertebrate fauna from Zapata Swamp, Cuba.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {20438}, pmid = {37993480}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Humans ; Mice ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Biological Monitoring ; *DNA, Environmental/genetics ; *Alligators and Crocodiles/genetics ; Wetlands ; Phylogeny ; Cuba ; Vertebrates/genetics ; Endangered Species ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Biodiversity ; }, abstract = {Crocodylians globally face considerable challenges, including population decline and extensive habitat modification. Close monitoring of crocodylian populations and their habitats is imperative for the timely detection of population trends, especially in response to management interventions. Here we use eDNA metabarcoding to identify the Critically Endangered Crocodylus rhombifer and the Vulnerable C. acutus, as well as vertebrate community diversity, in Cuba's Zapata Swamp. We tested four different primer sets, including those used previously in Crocodylus population genetic and phylogenetic research, for their efficiency at detecting crocodylian eDNA. We detected C. rhombifer eDNA in 11 out of 15 sampled locations within its historical geographic distribution. We found that data analyses using the VertCOI primers and the mBRAVE bioinformatics pipeline were the most effective molecular marker and pipeline combination for identifying this species from environmental samples. We also identified 55 vertebrate species in environmental samples across the four bioinformatics pipelines- ~ 85% known to be present in the Zapata ecosystem. Among them were eight species previously undetected in the area and eight alien species, including known predators of hatchling crocodiles (e.g., Clarias sp.) and egg predators (e.g., Mus musculus). This study highlights eDNA metabarcoding as a powerful tool for crocodylian biomonitoring within fragile and diverse ecosystems, particularly where fast, non-invasive methods permit detection in economically important areas and will lead to a better understanding of complex human-crocodile interactions and evaluate habitat suitability for potential reintroductions or recovery programs for threatened crocodylian species.}, }
@article {pmid37990959, year = {2024}, author = {Kardum Hjort, C and Paris, JR and Smith, HG and Dudaniec, RY}, title = {Selection despite low genetic diversity and high gene flow in a rapid island invasion of the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {e17212}, doi = {10.1111/mec.17212}, pmid = {37990959}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {//Macquarie University/ ; //School of Natural Sciences at Macquarie University/ ; //Tony Price Award/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are predicted to adjust their morphological, physiological and life-history traits to adapt to their non-native environments. Although a loss of genetic variation during invasion may restrict local adaptation, introduced species often thrive in novel environments. Despite being founded by just a few individuals, Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) has in less than 30 years successfully spread across the island of Tasmania (Australia), becoming abundant and competitive with native pollinators. We use RADseq to investigate what neutral and adaptive genetic processes associated with environmental and morphological variation allow B. terrestris to thrive as an invasive species in Tasmania. Given the widespread abundance of B. terrestris, we expected little genetic structure across Tasmania and weak signatures of environmental and morphological selection. We found high gene flow with low genetic diversity, although with significant isolation-by-distance and spatial variation in effective migration rates. Restricted migration was evident across the mid-central region of Tasmania, corresponding to higher elevations, pastural land, low wind speeds and low precipitation seasonality. Tajima's D indicated a recent population expansion extending from the south to the north of the island. Selection signatures were found for loci in relation to precipitation, wind speed and wing loading. Candidate loci were annotated to genes with functions related to cuticle water retention and insect flight muscle stability. Understanding how a genetically impoverished invasive bumblebee has rapidly adapted to a novel island environment provides further understanding about the evolutionary processes that determine successful insect invasions, and the potential for invasive hymenopteran pollinators to spread globally.}, }
@article {pmid37990942, year = {2023}, author = {Araspin, L and Measey, J and Herrel, A}, title = {Does aquatic performance predict terrestrial performance: a case study with an aquatic frog, Xenopus laevis.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {226}, number = {24}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.246545}, pmid = {37990942}, issn = {1477-9145}, support = {//DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology/ ; //Stellenbosch University/ ; //MNHN 227 doctoral school/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Xenopus laevis ; *Locomotion ; *Swimming ; Hindlimb/anatomy &amp; histology ; Water ; }, abstract = {The physical properties of the environment impose strong selection on organisms and their form-function relationships. In water and on land, selective pressures differ, with water being more viscous and denser than air, and gravity being the most important external force on land for relatively large animals such as vertebrates. These different properties of the environment could drive variation in the design and mechanics of the locomotor system of organisms. Animals that use multiple environments can consequently exhibit locomotion conflicts between the demands imposed by the media, leading to potential trade-offs. Here, we tested for the presence of such locomotor trade-offs depending on the environment (water or land) in a largely aquatic frog, Xenopus laevis. We focused on terrestrial and aquatic exertion capacity (time and distance swum or jumped until exhaustion) and aquatic and terrestrial burst capacity (maximal instantaneous swimming velocity and maximal force jump) given the ecological relevance of these traits. We tested these performance traits for trade-offs, depending on environments (water versus air) and locomotor modes (i.e. exertion and burst performance). Finally, we assessed the contribution of morphological traits to each performance trait. Our data show no trade-offs between the performance traits and between the environments, suggesting that X. laevis is equally good at swimming and jumping thanks to the same underlying morphological specialisations. We did observe, however, that morphological predictors differed depending on the environment, with variation in head shape and forelimb length being good predictors for aquatic locomotion and variation in hindlimb and forelimb segments predicting variation in jumping performance on land.}, }
@article {pmid37988966, year = {2023}, author = {Yuan, L and Xiang, J and Xue, J and Lin, Y and Wu, H}, title = {Recommendations for representative sampling methodologies in ballast water: A case study from the land-based test.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {197}, number = {}, pages = {115814}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115814}, pmid = {37988966}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Ships ; Introduced Species ; *Water Purification ; }, abstract = {Accurate assessment of ballast water's community composition and organism concentrations is crucial for effective management. Yet, the lack of standardized global sampling methods presents challenges to achieving this objective. Inconsistencies hinder data comparison across regions and vessels, impeding efficient ballast water treatment and discharge regulation. This study conducted land-based tests to establish suitable methodologies. For organisms ≥50 μm and ≥10 μm to <50 μm, the recommended max flow rate is 50 L/min; for <10 μm organisms, 25 L/min is advised to prevent cell damage. Sampling should cover substantial discharge durations. To ensure representation, ≥50 μm organisms require ≥1m[3], while ≥10 μm to <50 μm and <10 μm organisms need 20 L. The ultimate aim is standardized methods for assessing ballast water across regions and vessel types, facilitating effective management to curb invasive species and protect aquatic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid37988866, year = {2024}, author = {Groffen, T and Keirsebelik, H and Dendievel, H and Falcou-Préfol, M and Bervoets, L and Schoelynck, J}, title = {Are Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) suitable as biomonitor or bioindicator of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) pollution?.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {464}, number = {}, pages = {133024}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133024}, pmid = {37988866}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {*Environmental Biomarkers ; Ecosystem ; Seafood ; Environmental Pollution ; *Fluorocarbons ; }, abstract = {Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in the environment. In Flanders, the bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms is currently being monitored using European perch and European eel. Since both are native species, there is an ethical need to search for other suitable biomonitors. This study aims to investigate whether the invasive Chinese mitten crab could be used in biomonitoring programs by assessing PFAS accumulation in hepatopancreas, muscle tissue, and carapace. Furthermore, we correlated accumulated concentrations to those in the local abiotic environment. Concentrations in the crabs (highest average ∑PFAS concentration of 688 ± 505 ng/g ww) were often higher than those in crab species from other regions across the globe, confirming that Flanders is highly polluted with PFAS. Concentrations in the crabs did not reflect those in the abiotic environment. This implies that biomonitoring is necessary to investigate the impact of PFAS pollution on organisms in aquatic ecosystems, as important data is missing when only the abiotic environment is monitored. The accumulation profiles differed between the invasive crab and the native European perch and European eel, potentially due to a different ecology and trophic position. Since all three species provide complementary information on the PFAS pollution, a multi-species approach in biomonitoring is recommended. Overall, our results show that the crabs can be used as biomonitor, but more information is necessary to confirm their suitability as bioindicator.}, }
@article {pmid37986625, year = {2024}, author = {Sun, X and Guo, N and Gao, J and Xiao, N}, title = {Using eDNA to survey amphibians: Methods, applications, and challenges.}, journal = {Biotechnology and bioengineering}, volume = {121}, number = {2}, pages = {456-471}, doi = {10.1002/bit.28592}, pmid = {37986625}, issn = {1097-0290}, abstract = {In recent years, environmental DNA (eDNA) has received attention from biologists due to its sensitivity, convenience, labor and material efficiency, and lack of damage to organisms. The extensive application of eDNA has opened avenues for the monitoring and biodiversity assessment of amphibians, which are frequently small and difficult to observe in the field, in areas such as biodiversity survey assessment and detection of specific, rare and threatened, or alien invasive species. However, the accuracy of eDNA can be influenced by factors such as ambient temperature, pH, and false positives or false negatives, which makes eDNA an adjunctive tool rather than a replacement for traditional surveys. This review provides a concise overview of the eDNA method and its workflow, summarizes the differences between applying eDNA for detecting amphibians and other organisms, reviews the research progress in eDNA technology for amphibian monitoring, identifies factors influencing detection efficiency, and discusses the challenges and prospects of eDNA. It aims to serve as a reference for future research on the application of eDNA in amphibian detection.}, }
@article {pmid37986088, year = {2023}, author = {Catapano, PL and Falcinelli, M and Damiani, C and Cappelli, A and Koukouli, D and Rossi, P and Ricci, I and Napolioni, V and Favia, G}, title = {De novo genome assembly of the invasive mosquito species Aedes japonicus and Aedes koreicus.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {427}, pmid = {37986088}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Aedes/genetics ; Introduced Species ; *Insecticides ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics ; Europe ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recently, two invasive Aedes mosquito species, Ae. japonicus and Ae. koreicus, are circulating in several European countries posing potential health risks to humans and animals. Vector control is the main option to prevent mosquito-borne diseases, and an accurate genome sequence of these mosquitoes is essential to better understand their biology and to develop effective control strategies.<br><br>METHODS: A de novo genome assembly of Ae. japonicus (Ajap1) and Ae. koreicus (Akor1) has been produced based on a hybrid approach that combines Oxford Nanopore long-read and Illumina short-read data. Their quality was ascertained using various metrics. Masking of repetitive elements, gene prediction and functional annotation was performed.<br><br>RESULTS: Sequence analysis revealed a very high presence of repetitive DNA and, among others, thermal adaptation genes and insecticide-resistance genes. Through the RNA-seq analysis of larvae and adults of Ae. koreicus and Ae. japonicus exposed to different temperatures, we also identified genes showing a differential temperature-dependent activation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The assembly of Akor1 and Ajap1 genomes constitutes the first updated collective knowledge of the genomes of both mosquito species, providing the possibility of understanding key mechanisms of their biology such as the ability to adapt to harsh climates and to develop insecticide-resistance mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid37986023, year = {2023}, author = {Erkinaro, J and Orell, P and Kytökorpi, M and Pohjola, JP and Power, M}, title = {Active feeding of downstream migrating juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) revealed in a large Barents Sea river using diet and stable isotope analysis.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15625}, pmid = {37986023}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland/ ; //NSERC Discovery/ ; }, abstract = {The recent, rapid spreading of non-native pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in the North Atlantic area has raised concerns about their possible negative impacts on native salmonid species. Potential interactions include competition for food resources during the short freshwater phase of juvenile O. gorbuscha, but little is known about their feeding behavior in the newly occupied North Atlantic rivers. Using stable isotope and stomach content analyses, patterns of freshwater feeding of non-native O. gorbuscha fry were studied in a large Fennoscandian river, the Teno, that discharges to the Barents Sea. Changes in stable isotope values (δ[13] C, δ[15] N, δ[34] S) and stomach contents from the period of emergence (April to mid-May) to estuarine entry (late May/June) were examined and provided both temporally integrated and short-term indicators of freshwater feeding dependency. In addition, the occurrence of juvenile O. gorbuscha and changes in their length and weight during their emergence/migration period were investigated. Juvenile O. gorbuscha were at the spawning grounds from April through to mid-May with abundance peaking in mid-May. Fish moved to the estuary by late May and their abundance decreased toward June, and their body size increased concurrently. Stomach analyses indicated no feeding activity in April-early May in the spawning areas, but the stomach fullness indices increased markedly in fish sampled in the estuary in May and June. The most important prey items in stomachs were Chironomidae and Ephemeroptera larvae. Significant changes in all analysed stable isotopes were detected among sample periods, with a peak in mid-May and June showing significantly lower values than other sample periods. A change from the higher values reflective of parental marine feeding to the lower values reflective of freshwater feeding indicated active in-river feeding by juveniles during the study period. The documented active freshwater feeding of non-native juvenile O. gorbuscha suggests potential resource competition with native fluvial fishes, particularly salmonids.}, }
@article {pmid37984817, year = {2023}, author = {Dumith, MT and Santos, AFGN}, title = {Use of trophic ecology of omnivorous fish and abiotic factors as supporting tools for assessing environmental impacts in a neotropical river.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15616}, pmid = {37984817}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; 405984/2016-2//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico do Maranh&#xe3;o/ ; }, abstract = {The study of diet is one of the mechanisms by which competition for resources between species that cohabit in the same ecosystem can be inferred. Therefore, the relationships of the indices that measure specialization in the diet of fish species are necessary to characterize the nutritional quality of these populations and the ecosystem's environmental health. Three species of catfish were selected: one invasive (Clarias gariepinus) and two natives (Trachelyopterus striatulus and Rhamdia quelen), with similar distribution along the Guapi-Macacu River, in the Guapimirim Protection Area (Rio de Janeiro). Fifty-nine catfish of the three species were collected in total, along 32 collection points in the Guapi-Macacu River in two periods (dry and rainy) in 2018. Non-parametric statistics showed the partition of resources between species and the influence of abiotic factors (temperature, pH, transparency, and dissolved oxygen) contributing to the selection of available resources in the environment. Diet-related indices-repletion index (RI), condition factor (K), niche width, and trophic position (TP) of the specimens collected-contributed to measuring the nutritional status of each of these catfish species, showing that R. quelen has a relationship between RI and K, tending to absorb and metabolize nutrients faster than other species. In addition, the invasive species occupies a wide range of TPs compared to native species, confirming its feeding plasticity. On the contrary, T. striatulus needs large amounts of terrestrial insects to maintain its poor condition factor. Also, the RI showed direct influences of abiotic variables, with the temperature being the most prominent. Our results suggest that the invasive species can benefit from this environment that shows signs of environmental degradation.}, }
@article {pmid37983489, year = {2023}, author = {Simmons, M and Horbelt, N and Sverko, T and Scoppola, E and Jackson, DJ and Harrington, MJ}, title = {Invasive mussels fashion silk-like byssus via mechanical processing of massive horizontally acquired coiled coils.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {120}, number = {48}, pages = {e2311901120}, pmid = {37983489}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {RGPIN-2018-05243//Gouvernement du Canada | Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)/ ; CRC Tier 2 950-231953//Canada Research Chairs (Chaires de recherche du Canada)/ ; 528314512//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Silk/chemistry ; Proteomics ; *Bivalvia/chemistry ; *Dreissena ; Protein Precursors/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Zebra and quagga mussels (Dreissena spp.) are invasive freshwater biofoulers that perpetrate devastating economic and ecological impact. Their success depends on their ability to anchor onto substrates with protein-based fibers known as byssal threads. Yet, compared to other mussel lineages, little is understood about the proteins comprising their fibers or their evolutionary history. Here, we investigated the hierarchical protein structure of Dreissenid byssal threads and the process by which they are fabricated. Unique among bivalves, we found that threads possess a predominantly β-sheet crystalline structure reminiscent of spider silk. Further analysis revealed unexpectedly that the Dreissenid thread protein precursors are mechanoresponsive α-helical proteins that are mechanically processed into β-crystallites during thread formation. Proteomic analysis of the byssus secretory organ and byssus fibers revealed a family of ultrahigh molecular weight (354 to 467 kDa) asparagine-rich (19 to 20%) protein precursors predicted to form α-helical coiled coils. Moreover, several independent lines of evidence indicate that the ancestral predecessor of these proteins was likely acquired via horizontal gene transfer. This chance evolutionary event that transpired at least 12 Mya has endowed Dreissenids with a distinctive and effective fiber formation mechanism, contributing significantly to their success as invasive species and possibly, inspiring new materials design.}, }
@article {pmid37981144, year = {2024}, author = {Beca-Carretero, P and Winters, G and Teichberg, M and Procaccini, G and Schneekloth, F and Zambrano, RH and Chiquillo, K and Reuters, H}, title = {Climate change and the presence of invasive species will threaten the persistence of the Mediterranean seagrass community.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {910}, number = {}, pages = {168675}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168675}, pmid = {37981144}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Introduced Species ; Climate Change ; *Alismatales ; Ecosystem ; *Hydrocharitaceae ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {The Mediterranean Sea has been experiencing rapid increases in temperature and salinity triggering its tropicalization. Additionally, its connection with the Red Sea has been favouring the establishment of non-native species. In this study, we investigated the effects of predicted climate change and the introduction of invasive seagrass species (Halophila stipulacea) on the native Mediterranean seagrass community (Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa) by applying a novel ecological and spatial model with different configurations and parameter settings based on a Cellular Automata (CA). The proposed models use a discrete (stepwise) representation of space and time by executing deterministic and probabilistic rules that develop complex dynamic processes. Model applications were run under two climate scenarios (RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5) projected from 2020 to 2100 in four different regions within the Mediterranean. Results indicate that the slow-growing P. oceanica will be highly vulnerable to climate change, suffering vast declines in its abundance. However, the results also show that western and colder areas of the Mediterranean Sea might represent refuge areas for this species. Cymodocea nodosa has been reported to exhibit resilience to predicted climate scenarios; however, it has shown habitat regression in the warmest predicted regions in the easternmost part of the basin. Our models indicate that H. stipulacea will thrive under projected climate scenarios, facilitating its spread across the basin. Also, H. stipulacea grew at the expense of C. nodosa, limiting the distribution of the latter, and eventually displacing this native species. Additionally, simulations demonstrated that areas from which P. oceanica meadows disappear would be partially covered by C. nodosa and H. stipulacea. These outcomes project that the Mediterranean seagrass community will experience a transition from long-lived, large and slow-growing species to small and fast-growing species as climate change progresses.}, }
@article {pmid37979950, year = {2024}, author = {Liu, W and Liu, Y and Wei, F and Chen, J and Zhou, L and Yu, H and Zhang, J and Hu, J}, title = {NTR-1's essential contribution to asymmetric mating between two sibling nematode Species: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and B. Mucronatus.}, journal = {Gene}, volume = {895}, number = {}, pages = {148006}, doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2023.148006}, pmid = {37979950}, issn = {1879-0038}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Male ; Humans ; Xylophilus ; Siblings ; *Nematoda/genetics ; Reproduction ; Introduced Species ; *Pinus ; *Tylenchida/genetics ; }, abstract = {The pine-wood invasive species nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus causes great forestry damage globally, particularly in Eurasia. B. xylophilus can hybridize with its native sibling, Bursaphelenchus mucronatus, with whom it shares an interestingly asymmetric mating behavior. However, the molecular mechanism underlying interspecific asymmetric mating has yet to be clarified. ntr-1, a nematocin receptor gene, is involved in an oxytocin/vasopressin-like signaling system that can regulate reproduction. Structural analysis using bioinformatics revealed that both Bxy- and Bmu-ntr-1 encode 7TM-GPCR, a conserved sequence. In situ hybridization and qPCR showed that both Bxy- and Bmu-ntr-1 were highly expressed in adult nematodes. Specifically, Bxy-ntr-1 was expressed in the vulva of females and caudal gonad of males, whereas Bmu-ntr-1 was expressed in the postal vulva and uterus of females and the whole gonads of males. Furthermore, RNAi of ntr-1 further demonstrated the biological function of interspecific mating: ntr-1 can regulate mating behavior, lead to male-female specificity, and ultimately result in interspecific differences. In B. mucronatus, ntr-1 influenced male mating more than female mating success, while downregulation of ntr-1 in B. xylophilus resulted in a significant decline in the female mating rate. Competitive tests revealed that the mating rate of the cross significantly declined after downregulation of Bxy♀- and Bmu♂-ntr-1, but no obvious change occurred in the reciprocal cross. Thus, we speculate that ntr-1 may be the key factor behind interspecific asymmetric mating. The current study (1) demonstrated the regulatory function of ntr-1 on mating behavior and (2) theoretically revealed the molecular basis of interspecific asymmetric mating.}, }
@article {pmid37979865, year = {2024}, author = {Peng, Q and Huo, B and Yang, H and Xu, Z and Mao, H and Yang, S and Dai, Y and Li, Z and Deng, X}, title = {Increased invasion of submerged macrophytes makes native species more susceptible to eutrophication in freshwater ecosystems.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {909}, number = {}, pages = {168658}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168658}, pmid = {37979865}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; Biodiversity ; Eutrophication ; *Hydrocharitaceae ; Lakes ; }, abstract = {Invasion and eutrophication are considered to pose serious threats to freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem function. However, little is known about the synergistic effects of invasion density and nutrient concentration on native submerged macrophytes. Here, we selected a common invasive species (Elodea nuttallii) and two native plants (Hydrilla verticillata and Potamogeton maackianus) to elucidate the effects of invasion density and eutrophication on native submerged plants. We found that (1) high nutrient concentrations inhibited the growth of both invasive and native species, but E. nuttallii, with a wide ecological niche, was more tolerant to eutrophication than the two native species. (2) High invasion density had a remarkable negative effect on the growth of the two native species under the medium and high nutrient concentrations. (3) Medium and high invasion densities of E. nuttallii made native macrophytes more susceptible to eutrophication. (4) The two native macrophytes had species-specific responses to medium and high invasion densities under medium and high nutrient concentrations. Specifically, a high invasion density of E. nuttallii significantly delayed the growth of H. verticillata rather than P. maackianus. Thus, it is necessary to consider the synergistic effects of invasion with eutrophication when assessing invasion in freshwater ecosystems. And our results implied that invasion with eutrophication was a powerful factor determining the results of interspecific competition among submerged macrophytes, which could change the biodiversity, community structure and functions of freshwater ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid37976587, year = {2023}, author = {Dong, H and Liu, J and Zhao, L and Liu, C}, title = {Applying an ensemble of small models in predicting habitat suitability of invasive M. sallei along the southern coast of China.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {197}, number = {}, pages = {115777}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115777}, pmid = {37976587}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; China ; *Bivalvia ; Ecosystem ; Salinity ; Climate Change ; }, abstract = {A false mussel Mytilopsis sallei has caused serious ecological and economic losses after invading in China. In this research, we first assessed the niche differentiation between its native range and invasive range in China and then predicted the habitat suitability along the southern coast of China under present and future climatic circumstances. Distance to shore and water depth were the first two important factors in affecting the distribution of M. sallei, followed by minimum chlorophyll concentration and salinity. The niche of M. sallei shows significant expansion and unfilling. The ensemble of small models can account for few occurrences and presents high predictive performance. A general reduction and northward movement of suitable areas were found in the southern coast of China in the future. This study furnished significant insights regarding the areas under invasive risks, and provided valuable information for preventing the further invasion of M. sallei in China.}, }
@article {pmid37975975, year = {2023}, author = {Rock, SL and Oudendijk, Z and Kürten, FT and Veglia, L and Tyukosova, V and Bourtzi, I and Verzé, N and Sloggett, JJ}, title = {The effect of stress on rates of asexual reproduction in an invasive planarian.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)}, volume = {32}, number = {10}, pages = {1201-1208}, pmid = {37975975}, issn = {1573-3017}, mesh = {Animals ; *Planarians ; Reproduction, Asexual ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Animal reproduction under stressful conditions is often reduced, with current survival and future reproduction being generally traded off against current reproductive activity. This study examines the impacts of physical and chemical stressors on the rates of asexual reproduction of the invasive planarian Girardia tigrina. 320 wild-caught planaria (mixed size class) were kept individually in Petri dishes such that their individual rates of fission through fragmentation could be easily monitored. Four treatment groups were compared, one chemical (5 mg/L ammonia) and one physical (decapitation), in comparison to a negative control (animals were starved of food) and a positive control where the animals were given an abundance of food. The two treatment groups immediately began reproducing asexually and accumulated the highest number of fissions over the course of the 12-day investigation period, while the positive control only began to fission after 7 days. We propose that the reproductive response observed here is an adaptive one to stressful conditions, whereby the likelihood of survival through numerical abundance is enhanced, although the size and vulnerability of resulting fragments may impose a balancing cost. The response may play a role in the invasiveness of G. tigrina by making it able to colonize environments where adverse conditions prevail.}, }
@article {pmid37971598, year = {2023}, author = {Heddergott, M and Lippert, S and Schliephake, A and Gaede, W and Schleimer, A and Frantz, AC}, title = {Spread of the Zoonotic Nematode Baylisascaris procyonis into a Naive Raccoon Population.}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {263-272}, pmid = {37971598}, issn = {1612-9210}, support = {C20/SR/14748041//Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Raccoons/parasitology ; *Ascaridida Infections/epidemiology/veterinary/parasitology ; *Ascaridoidea/genetics ; Europe ; }, abstract = {The raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis), a gastrointestinal nematode of the raccoon (Procyon lotor), may cause a severe form of larva migrans in humans, which can lead to death or permanent neurological damage. Although roundworms were inadvertently introduced to Europe alongside their raccoon hosts, the parasite is not present in every raccoon population. It is important to understand the geographic distribution of B. procyonis, as early and rapid treatment can prevent severe pathologies in humans. We present evidence for the roundworm spreading into a naive raccoon population through natural dispersal of infected raccoons. We sampled 181 raccoons from Saxony-Anhalt, a German federal state containing contact zones of different raccoon populations, two of which were previously free of the parasite. We screened the raccoons for roundworms and used microsatellite-based assignment tests to determine the genetic origin of the raccoons and their parasites. We detected roundworms in 16 of 45 raccoons sampled in a previously roundworm-free area in the northern part of the state. The largest proportion of the genetic ancestry (≥ 0.5) of the 16 raccoon hosts was assigned to the previously naive raccoon population. Conversely, the genetic ancestry of almost all the roundworms was assigned to the nearest roundworm population in the southern part of the state. Infected raccoons have, therefore, spread to the north of the state, where they interbred with and infected local raccoons. It seems likely that the roundworms will continue to spread. Health authorities should consider continuous surveillance programmes of naive populations and raise public awareness.}, }
@article {pmid37970901, year = {2023}, author = {Monroe, TGR and Cantanhêde, SPD and Sousa, NSM and Monroe, NB and Piorski, NM and Tchaicka, L}, title = {Inventory reveals non-native species and variation in spatial-temporal dynamics of fish community in a Brazilian protected area.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {83}, number = {}, pages = {e274232}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.274232}, pmid = {37970901}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Introduced Species ; Brazil ; Biodiversity ; *Cichlids ; *Tilapia ; }, abstract = {The increase in the number of Brazilian protected areas has been progressive and, although it is essential for the conservation of biodiversity, it is important to monitor and properly manage these areas, as they present several cases of biological invasions. The Lençóis Maranhenses constitute the peculiar delta of the Americas and are under the consequences of the bioinvasion of tilapias and peacock bass. Collections were carried out in the Lençóis Maranhenses National Park from March/2016 to November/2020, with the aid of gill nets and cast nets. The species were identified with the help of specialized literature and a historical comparison with previous works was carried out. Cytochrome oxidase subunit I was sequenced to confirm identification of non-native species. We recorded the expansion of the occurrence of Oreochromis niloticus, and the first record of the species Oreochromis mossambicus and Cichla monoculus. A total of 31 species belonging to eight orders, eighteen families and twenty-nine genera were identified, indicating a lag in the diversity of species found in relation to previous studies. After 20 years of the first record of invasive fish, there is an expansion of bioinvasion and new cases that indicate a lack of monitoring and containment measures for the species, indicating the fragility of conservation in the area.}, }
@article {pmid37968721, year = {2023}, author = {Sauer, FG and Pfitzner, WP and Jöst, H and Rauhöft, L and Kliemke, K and Lange, U and Heitmann, A and Jansen, S and Lühken, R}, title = {Using geometric wing morphometrics to distinguish Aedes japonicus japonicus and Aedes koreicus.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {418}, pmid = {37968721}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {01Kl2022//Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany/ ; 01Kl2022//Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany/ ; 01Kl2022//Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany/ ; 01Kl2022//Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany/ ; 2819107A22//German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, mesh = {Male ; Female ; Animals ; *Aedes ; Reproducibility of Results ; Europe ; Germany ; Species Specificity ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) and Aedes koreicus (Edwards, 1917) have rapidly spread in Europe over the last decades. Both species are very closely related and occur in sympatry. Females and males are difficult to distinguish. However, the accurate species discrimination is important as both species may differ in their vectorial capacity and spreading behaviour. In this study, we assessed the potential of geometric wing morphometrics as alternative to distinguish the two species.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 147 Ae. j. japonicus specimens (77 females and 70 males) and 124 Ae. koreicus specimens (67 females and 57 males) were collected in southwest Germany. The left wing of each specimen was removed, mounted and photographed. The coordinates of 18 landmarks on the vein crosses were digitalised by a single observer. The resulting two-dimensional dataset was used to analyse the differences in the wing size (i.e. centroid size) and wing shape between Ae. j. japonicus and Ae. koreicus using geometric morphometrics. To analyse the reproducibility of the analysis, the landmark collection was repeated for 20 specimens per sex and species by two additional observers.<br><br>RESULTS: The wing size in female Ae. koreicus was significantly greater than in Ae. j. japonicus but did not differ significantly for males. However, the strong overlap in wing size also for the females would not allow to discriminate the two species. In contrast, the wing shape clustering was species specific and a leave-one-out validation resulted in a reclassification accuracy of 96.5% for the females and 91.3% for the males. The data collected by different observers resulted in a similar accuracy, indicating a low observer bias for the landmark collection.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Geometric wing morphometrics provide a reliable and robust tool to distinguish female and male specimens of Ae. j. japonicus and Ae. koreicus.}, }
@article {pmid37965020, year = {2023}, author = {Yang, Q and Ribeiro-Barros, AIF and Silva, L and Zhao, JL}, title = {Editorial: Adaptive evolution of plants in mountainous regions.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1296987}, pmid = {37965020}, issn = {1664-462X}, }
@article {pmid37963154, year = {2023}, author = {Park, JS and Lee, H}, title = {Predicting the spatio-temporal distribution of the invasive alien plant Andropogon virginicus, in the South Korean peninsula considering long-distance dispersal capacities.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {11}, pages = {e0291365}, pmid = {37963154}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Humans ; *Andropogon ; Plants ; Ecosystem ; Seeds ; Introduced Species ; Republic of Korea ; }, abstract = {The spread of invasive alien species is a major threat to biodiversity. Estimating the long-distance dispersal capacity of invasive alien plants is vital for understanding their population dynamics and community composition. We predicted the spatial-temporal distribution of the alien plant Andropogon virginicus, in the Korean peninsula under climate change scenario using Random Forest (RF) and Cellular Automaton (CA) methods. Land use, barriers to dispersal, long-distance dispersal frequency, and maximum long-distance dispersal range were considered in our analysis. Our results showed that, among the five selected environmental variables, annual mean temperature and Human Foot-Printing (HFP) were positively associated with the occurrence probability of A. virginicus. This suggests that A. virginicus is likely to spread to the disturbed northern part of the Korean Peninsula due to climate change and habitat preference. When comparing modeling results for dispersal to field survey data, the modeling raster sets drawn from the long-distance dispersal frequency of 0.05 and maximum long-distance dispersal distance of 30 km y-1 had the most similar spatial expansion among the six long-distance dispersal parameter sets. The dispersal directions were associated with the landscape. Specifically, seeds dispersed by wind (anemochorous seeds) could propagate into open landscapes more easily than in forests. Regarding A. virginicus management, this grass can quickly invade bare ground with their wind-dispersed seeds, therefore habitat destruction, such as excessive logging and weeding, should be restrained.}, }
@article {pmid37962842, year = {2023}, author = {Foote, S and Sinhadc, P and Mathis, C and Walker, SI}, title = {False Positives and the Challenge of Testing the Alien Hypothesis.}, journal = {Astrobiology}, volume = {23}, number = {11}, pages = {1189-1201}, doi = {10.1089/ast.2023.0005}, pmid = {37962842}, issn = {1557-8070}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; *Introduced Species ; *Atmosphere ; Exobiology ; Research Design ; }, abstract = {The origin of life and the detection of alien life have historically been treated as separate scientific research problems. However, they are not strictly independent. Here, we discuss the need for a better integration of the sciences of life detection and origins of life. Framing these dual problems within the formalism of Bayesian hypothesis testing, we demonstrate via simple examples how high confidence in life detection claims require either (1) a strong prior hypothesis about the existence of life in a particular alien environment, or conversely, (2) signatures of life that are not susceptible to false positives. As a case study, we discuss the role of priors and hypothesis testing in recent results reporting potential detection of life in the venusian atmosphere and in the icy plumes of Enceladus. While many current leading biosignature candidates are subject to false positives because they are not definitive of life, our analyses demonstrate why it is necessary to shift focus to candidate signatures that are definitive. This indicates a necessity to develop methods that lack substantial false positives, by using observables for life that rely on prior hypotheses with strong theoretical and empirical support in identifying defining features of life. Abstract theories developed in pursuit of understanding universal features of life are more likely to be definitive and to apply to life-as-we-don't-know-it. We discuss Molecular Assembly theory as an example of such an observable which is applicable to life detection within the solar system. In the absence of alien examples these are best validated in origin of life experiments, substantiating the need for better integration between origins of life and biosignature science research communities. This leads to a conclusion that extraordinary claims in astrobiology (e.g., definitive detection of alien life) require extraordinary explanations, whereas the evidence itself could be quite ordinary.}, }
@article {pmid37960091, year = {2023}, author = {Hassan, MO and Mohamed, HY and Okla, MK and Kiani, BH and Amro, A}, title = {Dense Cover, but Not Allelopathic Potential, of Naturalized Alien Cenchrus echinatus L. Threatens the Native Species in Urban Vegetation.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {37960091}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {RSP2023R374//King Saud University/ ; }, abstract = {Exotic plants usually exhibit problems for native species where they coexist. This study evaluated the effect of naturalized alien Cenchrus echinatus L. on native plants in urban vegetation. A field trial was conducted to assess the effect of this species on the cover and diversity of the native vegetation. The allelopathic potential of such species was examined. Sites comprising C. echinatus had a lower cover than some native species. Lower floristic diversity was observed at higher densities of this plant. The soil under this plant attained lower N, P, and K contents. This soil had no effect on the germination and growth of native species. It also comprised germinable seeds of some species which were absent from the standing vegetation. Exotic C. echinatus may exert negative effects on the native vegetation of the urban plant communities. A dense cover of this species may inhibit the germination of native species, leading to a reduction in their cover. Reduction in cover and diversity of native species may not be attributed to allelopathy. These results suggest that naturalized C. echinatus may be more competitive than the native ones, particularly at higher densities. Furthermore, it may represent a threat to the native plants in the urban vegetation.}, }
@article {pmid37958734, year = {2023}, author = {Shi, L and Zhu, X and Qian, T and Du, J and Du, Y and Ye, J}, title = {Mechanism of Salt Tolerance and Plant Growth Promotion in Priestia megaterium ZS-3 Revealed by Cellular Metabolism and Whole-Genome Studies.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {24}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {37958734}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {No. G191208//The Science and Technology Project of Shanghai Greening Bureau/ ; No. 201304404//The Chinese State Forestry Administration Special Research Program for Forestry Sectors Benefi-cial to Public/ ; PAPD//The Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions/ ; }, mesh = {*Salt Tolerance/genetics ; Ecosystem ; *Bacillus megaterium ; Salt Stress ; Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Approximately one-third of agricultural land worldwide is affected by salinity, which limits the productivity and sustainability of crop ecosystems. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a potential solution to this problem, as PGPR increases crop yield through improving soil fertility and stress resistance. Previous studies have shown that Priestia megaterium ZS-3(ZS-3) can effectively help plants tolerate salinity stress. However, how ZS-3 regulates its metabolic adaptations in saline environments remains unclear. In this study, we monitored the metabolic rearrangement of compatibilisers in ZS-3 and combined the findings with genomic data to reveal how ZS-3 survives in stressful environments, induces plant growth, and tolerates stress. The results showed that ZS-3 tolerated salinity levels up to 9%. In addition, glutamate and trehalose help ZS-3 adapt to osmotic stress under low NaCl stress, whereas proline, K[+], and extracellular polysaccharides regulate the osmotic responses of ZS-3 exposed to high salt stress. Potting experiments showed that applying the ZS-3 strain in saline and neutral soils could effectively increase the activities of soil acid phosphatase, urease, and invertase in both soils, thus improving soil fertility and promoting plant growth. In addition, strain ZS-3-GFP colonised the rhizosphere and leaves of Cinnamomum camphora well, as confirmed by confocal microscopy and resistance plate count analysis. Genomic studies and in vitro experiments have shown that ZS-3 exhibits a variety of beneficial traits, including plant-promoting, antagonistic, and other related traits (such as resistance to saline and heavy metal stress/tolerance, amino acid synthesis and transport, volatile compound synthesis, micronutrient utilisation, and phytohormone biosynthesis/regulatory potential). The results support that ZS-3 can induce plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. These data provide important clues to further reveal the interactions between plants and microbiomes, as well as the mechanisms by which micro-organisms control plant health.}, }
@article {pmid37958181, year = {2023}, author = {Santiago, SM and Paes Cavalcante, N and Leveau, LM}, title = {What Drives the Alien Parrot Richness and Occurrence in Urban Green Spaces along the Annual Cycle in Buenos Aires City, Argentina?.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {37958181}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Biological invasions are often one of the main causes of global biodiversity loss. Parrots are among the most globally traded taxa and have successfully invaded urban areas. Studies analyzing alien parrot-habitat relationships are scarce in cities of the southern hemisphere. This study aims to determine habitat characteristics influencing exotic parrot species richness, presence, and composition in urban parks in Buenos Aires City and to analyze variations during breeding and non-breeding seasons. A total of 35 parks were sampled during the breeding season and the non-breeding season, and habitat variables at local and landscape scales were measured. Parrot species richness was positively associated with tree species richness and a shorter distance to the La Plata River throughout the year. During the non-breeding season, parrot species richness increased in parks with a higher abundance of tree genera such as Eugenia, Podocarpus, Olea, and Washingtonia. However, during the breeding season, parrot species richness decreased with increased environmental noise. Taxonomic richness was higher during the breeding season. The occurrence of different species and composition depended differentially on each variable, and it varied between seasons. Our findings suggest that exotic parrot richness and presence may be influenced not only by tree diversity and park proximity to green corridors but also by specific exotic tree species providing resources for the parrots. Future urban green space designs should prioritize native tree planting to support local biodiversity over exotic trees that benefit invasive bird species.}, }
@article {pmid37958158, year = {2023}, author = {Fischer, EF and Müller, R and Todte, M and Taubert, A and Hermosilla, C}, title = {Role of Free-Ranging Synanthropic Egyptian Geese (Alopochen aegyptiaca) as Natural Host Reservoirs for Salmonella spp. in Germany.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {37958158}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Salmonella is one of the most common and pathogenic bacteria worldwide, causing severe enteritis in humans and representing a relevant intestinal illness in One Health for young, old and immunosuppressed patients. Various Salmonella serovars have been described to be responsible for human Salmonellosis. Birds represent natural carriers of different zoonotic-relevant Salmonella serovars and Anseriformes can not only transmit Salmonella spp. to humans but also manifest clinical Salmonellosis. In this study, 138 scat samples (n = 138) of free-ranging Egyptian geese (EG; Alopochen aegyptiaca) were collected in Germany, including 83 scat samples from city parks, 30 samples from 14 public swimming pools and 25 fresh caecal samples of dead EG. Collected EG scat samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella spp. according either to the ISO 6579 (2017) norm or to a combination of bacterial pre-enrichment and specific PCR for detection of Salmonella DNA. All 138 analysed EG faecal samples resulted Salmonella-negative. Furthermore, the survival of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Anatum in spiked EG droppings was tested in four different concentrations of chlorinated pool water. In vitro testing demonstrated that S. Anatum-spiked EG droppings were still infectious for up to six hours in chlorinated pool water according to current German regulations for public swimming pools. This study is to be considered as a baseline investigation to clarify the role of synanthropic EG as natural carriers of zoonotic Salmonella in cities; nonetheless, large-scale epidemiological studies, including higher numbers of samples as well as more urban locations, are needed for final conclusions on the occurrence of this intestinal bacteria in neozootic EG.}, }
@article {pmid37957399, year = {2023}, author = {Mo, L and Zohner, CM and Reich, PB and Liang, J and de Miguel, S and Nabuurs, GJ and Renner, SS and van den Hoogen, J and Araza, A and Herold, M and Mirzagholi, L and Ma, H and Averill, C and Phillips, OL and Gamarra, JGP and Hordijk, I and Routh, D and Abegg, M and Adou Yao, YC and Alberti, G and Almeyda Zambrano, AM and Alvarado, BV and Alvarez-Dávila, E and Alvarez-Loayza, P and Alves, LF and Amaral, I and Ammer, C and Antón-Fernández, C and Araujo-Murakami, A and Arroyo, L and Avitabile, V and Aymard, GA and Baker, TR and Bałazy, R and Banki, O and Barroso, JG and Bastian, ML and Bastin, JF and Birigazzi, L and Birnbaum, P and Bitariho, R and Boeckx, P and Bongers, F and Bouriaud, O and Brancalion, PHS and Brandl, S and Brearley, FQ and Brienen, R and Broadbent, EN and Bruelheide, H and Bussotti, F and Cazzolla Gatti, R and César, RG and Cesljar, G and Chazdon, RL and Chen, HYH and Chisholm, C and Cho, H and Cienciala, E and Clark, C and Clark, D and Colletta, GD and Coomes, DA and Cornejo Valverde, F and Corral-Rivas, JJ and Crim, PM and Cumming, JR and Dayanandan, S and de Gasper, AL and Decuyper, M and Derroire, G and DeVries, B and Djordjevic, I and Dolezal, J and Dourdain, A and Engone Obiang, NL and Enquist, BJ and Eyre, TJ and Fandohan, AB and Fayle, TM and Feldpausch, TR and Ferreira, LV and Finér, L and Fischer, M and Fletcher, C and Frizzera, L and Gianelle, D and Glick, HB and Harris, DJ and Hector, A and Hemp, A and Hengeveld, G and Hérault, B and Herbohn, JL and Hillers, A and Honorio Coronado, EN and Hui, C and Ibanez, T and Imai, N and Jagodziński, AM and Jaroszewicz, B and Johannsen, VK and Joly, CA and Jucker, T and Jung, I and Karminov, V and Kartawinata, K and Kearsley, E and Kenfack, D and Kennard, DK and Kepfer-Rojas, S and Keppel, G and Khan, ML and Killeen, TJ and Kim, HS and Kitayama, K and Köhl, M and Korjus, H and Kraxner, F and Kucher, D and Laarmann, D and Lang, M and Lu, H and Lukina, NV and Maitner, BS and Malhi, Y and Marcon, E and Marimon, BS and Marimon-Junior, BH and Marshall, AR and Martin, EH and Meave, JA and Melo-Cruz, O and Mendoza, C and Mendoza-Polo, I and Miscicki, S and Merow, C and Monteagudo Mendoza, A and Moreno, VS and Mukul, SA and Mundhenk, P and Nava-Miranda, MG and Neill, D and Neldner, VJ and Nevenic, RV and Ngugi, MR and Niklaus, PA and Oleksyn, J and Ontikov, P and Ortiz-Malavasi, E and Pan, Y and Paquette, A and Parada-Gutierrez, A and Parfenova, EI and Park, M and Parren, M and Parthasarathy, N and Peri, PL and Pfautsch, S and Picard, N and Piedade, MTF and Piotto, D and Pitman, NCA and Poulsen, AD and Poulsen, JR and Pretzsch, H and Ramirez Arevalo, F and Restrepo-Correa, Z and Rodeghiero, M and Rolim, SG and Roopsind, A and Rovero, F and Rutishauser, E and Saikia, P and Salas-Eljatib, C and Saner, P and Schall, P and Schelhaas, MJ and Schepaschenko, D and Scherer-Lorenzen, M and Schmid, B and Schöngart, J and Searle, EB and Seben, V and Serra-Diaz, JM and Sheil, D and Shvidenko, AZ and Silva-Espejo, JE and Silveira, M and Singh, J and Sist, P and Slik, F and Sonké, B and Souza, AF and Stereńczak, KJ and Svenning, JC and Svoboda, M and Swanepoel, B and Targhetta, N and Tchebakova, N and Ter Steege, H and Thomas, R and Tikhonova, E and Umunay, PM and Usoltsev, VA and Valencia, R and Valladares, F and van der Plas, F and Van Do, T and van Nuland, ME and Vasquez, RM and Verbeeck, H and Viana, H and Vibrans, AC and Vieira, S and von Gadow, K and Wang, HF and Watson, JV and Werner, GDA and Wiser, SK and Wittmann, F and Woell, H and Wortel, V and Zagt, R and Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, T and Zhang, C and Zhao, X and Zhou, M and Zhu, ZX and Zo-Bi, IC and Gann, GD and Crowther, TW}, title = {Integrated global assessment of the natural forest carbon potential.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {624}, number = {7990}, pages = {92-101}, pmid = {37957399}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Carbon/analysis/metabolism ; *Carbon Sequestration ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; *Forests ; Human Activities ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/trends ; Sustainable Development/trends ; Global Warming/prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {Forests are a substantial terrestrial carbon sink, but anthropogenic changes in land use and climate have considerably reduced the scale of this system[1]. Remote-sensing estimates to quantify carbon losses from global forests[2-5] are characterized by considerable uncertainty and we lack a comprehensive ground-sourced evaluation to benchmark these estimates. Here we combine several ground-sourced[6] and satellite-derived approaches[2,7,8] to evaluate the scale of the global forest carbon potential outside agricultural and urban lands. Despite regional variation, the predictions demonstrated remarkable consistency at a global scale, with only a 12% difference between the ground-sourced and satellite-derived estimates. At present, global forest carbon storage is markedly under the natural potential, with a total deficit of 226 Gt (model range = 151-363 Gt) in areas with low human footprint. Most (61%, 139 Gt C) of this potential is in areas with existing forests, in which ecosystem protection can allow forests to recover to maturity. The remaining 39% (87 Gt C) of potential lies in regions in which forests have been removed or fragmented. Although forests cannot be a substitute for emissions reductions, our results support the idea[2,3,9] that the conservation, restoration and sustainable management of diverse forests offer valuable contributions to meeting global climate and biodiversity targets.}, }
@article {pmid37955111, year = {2023}, author = {Padilla, P and Herrel, A and Denoël, M}, title = {What makes a great invader? Anatomical traits as predictors of locomotor performance and metabolic rate in an invasive frog.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {226}, number = {24}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.246717}, pmid = {37955111}, issn = {1477-9145}, support = {T.0070.19//Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique/ ; //Royal Belgian Zoological Society/ ; //University of Li&#xe8;ge/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Anura/physiology ; *Locomotion/physiology ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Phenotype ; Europe ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are characterized by their ability to establish and spread in a new environment. In alien populations of anurans, dispersal and fitness-related traits such as endurance, burst performance and metabolism are key to their success. However, few studies have investigated inter-individual variation in these traits and more specifically have attempted to understand the drivers of variation in these traits. Associations of anatomical features may be excellent predictors of variation in performance and could be targets for selection or subject to trade-offs during invasions. In this study, we used marsh frogs (Pelophylax ridibundus), a species that has been introduced in many places outside its native range and which is now colonizing large areas of Western Europe. We first measured the inter-individual variation in resting metabolism, the time and distance they were able to jump until exhaustion, and their peak jump force, and then measured the mass of specific organs and lengths of body parts suspected to play a role in locomotion and metabolism. Among the 5000 bootstrap replicates on body size-corrected variables, our statistical models most often selected the stomach (75.42%), gonads (71.46%) and the kidneys (67.26%) as predictors of inter-individual variation in metabolism, and the gluteus maximus muscle (97.24%) mass was the most frequently selected predictor of jump force. However, endurance was poorly associated with the anatomical traits (R2distance=0.42, R2time=0.37). These findings suggest that selection on these predictors may lead to physiological changes that may affect the colonization, establishment and dispersal of these frogs.}, }
@article {pmid37953786, year = {2023}, author = {Stanczak, N and Harvey, MS and Harms, D and Hammel, JU and Kotthoff, U and Loria, SF}, title = {A new pseudoscorpion genus (Garypinoidea: Garypinidae) from the Eocene supports extinction and range contraction in the European paleobiota.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e15989}, pmid = {37953786}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Amber ; Europe ; Fossils ; *Arachnida ; Baltic States ; }, abstract = {During the Paleogene, the Holarctic experienced drastic climatic oscillations, including periods of extensive glaciation. These changes had a severe impact on both the flora and fauna causing widespread extinction and range shifts with some taxa retreating to refugia in the Mediterranean Basin. Here we provide evidence for this hypothesis using fossils from the pseudoscorpion family Garypinidae Daday, 1889 (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones). This family comprises 21 extant genera from all continents except Antarctica but is restricted to low mid-latitudes (<44°N) in the Northern Hemisphere. We provide the second record of garypinids from the European succinite ambers of the Eocene by describing the first extinct genus in Garypinidae, Baltamblyolpium gen. nov., which includes two species: Baltamblyolpium gizmotum sp. nov. from Baltic amber and Baltamblyolpium grabenhorsti sp. nov. from Bitterfeld amber. The new genus exhibits a morphology that closely resembles Neoamblyolpium Hoff, 1956 from western North America and the genus Amblyolpium Simon, 1898, which is widespread but includes taxa restricted to Mediterranean refugia in Europe. The discovery of a new fossil genus of Garypinidae from Europe confirms that the family was found at more northerly latitudes during the Eocene, however, extinction and range contraction resulted in their present-day relictual distribution in southern Europe like many other lineages that once thrived in the European "Baltic amber forest" of the Eocene.}, }
@article {pmid37952853, year = {2023}, author = {Kang, S and Kim, S and Park, KC and Petrašiūnas, A and Shin, HC and Jo, E and Cho, SM and Kim, JH}, title = {Molecular evidence for multiple origins and high genetic differentiation of non-native winter crane fly, Trichocera maculipennis (Diptera: Trichoceridae), in the maritime Antarctic.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {242}, number = {}, pages = {117636}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2023.117636}, pmid = {37952853}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Native biodiversity and ecosystems of Antarctica safeguarded from biological invasion face recent threats from non-native species, accelerated by increasing human activities and climate changes. Over two decades ago, the winter crane fly, Trichocera maculipennis, was first detected on King George Island. It has now successfully colonized several research stations across King George Island. To understand the origin, genetic diversity, and population structure of this Holarctic species, we conducted mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequence analysis across both its native and invasive ranges. In parallel, we performed microsatellite loci analysis within the invasive ranges, utilizing 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Furthermore, we compared body sizes among adult males and females collected from three different locations of King George Island. Our COI sequence analysis exhibited two different lineages present on King George Island. Lineage I was linked to Arctic Svalbard and Polish cave populations and Lineage II was related to Canadian Terra Nova National Park populations, implying multiple origins. Microsatellite analysis further exhibited high levels of genetic diversity and significant levels of genetic differentiation among invasive populations. Body sizes of adult T. maculipennis were significantly different among invasive populations but were not attributed to genetics. This significant genetic diversity likely facilitated the rapid colonization and establishment of T. maculipennis on King George Island, contributing to their successful invasion. Molecular analysis results revealed a substantial amount of genetic variation within invasive populations, which can serve as management units for invasive species control. Furthermore, the genetic markers we developed in the study will be invaluable tools for tracking impending invasion events and the travel routes of new individuals. Taken together, these findings illustrate the highly invasive and adaptable characteristics of T. maculipennis. Therefore, immediate action is necessary to mitigate their ongoing invasion and facilitate their eradication.}, }
@article {pmid37952653, year = {2024}, author = {Macêdo, RL and Haubrock, PJ and Klippel, G and Fernandez, RD and Leroy, B and Angulo, E and Carneiro, L and Musseau, CL and Rocha, O and Cuthbert, RN}, title = {The economic costs of invasive aquatic plants: A global perspective on ecology and management gaps.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {908}, number = {}, pages = {168217}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168217}, pmid = {37952653}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Ecology ; Plants ; Introduced Species ; Fresh Water ; }, abstract = {Safeguarding aquatic ecosystems from invasive species requires a comprehensive understanding and quantification of their impacts, as this information is crucial for developing effective management strategies. In particular, aquatic invasive plants cause profound alterations to aquatic ecosystem composition, structure and productivity. Monetary cost assessments have, however, lacked at large scales for this group. Here, we synthesize the global economic impacts of aquatic and semi-aquatic invasive plants to describe the distributions of these costs across taxa, habitat types, environments, impacted sectors, cost typologies, and geographic regions. We also examine the development of recorded costs over time using linear and non-linear models and infer the geographical gaps of recorded costs by superimposing cost and species distribution data. Between 1975 and 2020, the total cost of aquatic and semi-aquatic invasive plants to the global economy exceeded US$ 32 billion, of which the majority of recorded costs (57 %) was attributable to multiple or unspecified taxa. Submerged plants had $8.4 billion (25.5 %) followed by floating plants $4.7 billion (14.5 %), emergent $684 million (2.1 %) and semi-aquatic $306 million (0.9 %). Recorded costs were disproportionately high towards freshwater ecosystems, which have received the greatest cost research effort compared to marine and brackish systems. Public and social welfare and fisheries were the sectors most affected, while agriculture and health were most underreported. Cost attributed to management (4.8 %; $1.6 billion) represented only a fraction of damages (85.8 %; $28.2 billion). While recorded costs are rising over time, reporting issues e.g., robustness of data, lack of higher taxonomic resolution and geographical gaps likely have led to a dampening of trajectories. In particular, invasive taxa currently occupy regions where monetary cost reports are lacking despite well-known impacts. More robust and timely cost estimates will enhance interpretation of current and future impacts of aquatic invasive plants, assisting the long-term sustainability of our aquatic ecosystems and associated economic activities.}, }
@article {pmid37951270, year = {2024}, author = {Yang, S and Yang, H and Xu, Z and Peng, Q and Mao, H and Yang, Y and Li, Z}, title = {Use of CMIP6 scenarios as a reference to understand the responses of macrophyte germination and seedling growth to future warming and allelopathy co-stressors.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {908}, number = {}, pages = {168463}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168463}, pmid = {37951270}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Germination/physiology ; *Seedlings ; Allelopathy ; Ecosystem ; Climate Change ; }, abstract = {The application of appropriate references such as CMIP6 climate scenarios for benchmarking studies of climate change on ecosystems can promote consistency among different climate change research. However, the use of CMIP6 climate scenarios is not common among experiments on the effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems. Also, little is known about the impact of ecological factor such as allelopathy of alien species on macrophyte germination and seedling growth under different climate scenarios. In our study, by simulating three annual mean temperature changes at global warming levels of 1.5 °C (low warming scenario), 2 °C (medium warming scenario) and 4 °C (high warming scenario) corresponding to CMIP6 multi-model mean change at the corresponding global warming level, we conducted a mesocosm experiment to investigate their possible effects of different climate scenarios and allelopathy co-stressors on macrophyte germination and seedling growth. Our study showed that three warming scenarios all can facilitate macrophyte propagule germination and seedling growth, but the effect paths vary with CMIP6 warming scenarios and there are more influence pathways under high warming scenarios than under low and medium warming scenarios. Higher aqueous extract concentrations of Eichhornia crassipes can significantly stimulate macrophyte propagule germination and seedling growth. And the medium and high warming scenarios may exacerbate the impacts of allelopathic substances on macrophyte germination and seedling growth, and their effects depend on the combination of the two stressors. These results indicated that medium- and high-temperature scenarios may have greater ecological effects on macrophytes than low-temperature scenarios. Thus, our results highlighted that future climate studies need proper benchmarks such as CMIP6 warming scenarios, because it can provide relatively more accurate and realistic simulations, valid comparative results, comprehensive understanding and supportive coordination among researchers.}, }
@article {pmid37951125, year = {2023}, author = {Winston, M and Fuller, K and Neilson, BJ and Donovan, MK}, title = {Complex drivers of invasive macroalgae boom and bust in Kāne'ohe Bay, Hawai'i.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {197}, number = {}, pages = {115744}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115744}, pmid = {37951125}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Seaweed ; Hawaii ; Bays ; Coral Reefs ; *Anthozoa ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Invasive macroalgae Eucheuma sp. and Kappaphycus spp. (E/K) became a dominant benthic feature in Kāne'ohe Bay throughout the past four decades - occurring on up to 74 ha of reef area and growing up to three meters thick, which prompted intensive management action. In 2013, E/K cover began decreasing at managed and unmanaged sites. This study examined the extent and timing of the E/K decline and evaluated environmental and ecological drivers beyond management contributing to the decline. E/K continued to recede into 2017 and remains sparse in Kāne'ohe Bay today. Increasing over the sampling period, herbivore biomass was negatively correlated with E/K cover, and other significant, non-linear relationships emerged between E/K cover and coral cover, sea surface temperature, wind, and rainfall. This study uncovers several possible mechanisms explaining a boom and bust in E/K abundance, emphasizes the importance of herbivory, and highlights the resilience of coral reefs in Kāne'ohe Bay.}, }
@article {pmid37951124, year = {2023}, author = {Ruiz-Velasco, S and Ros, M and Guerra-García, JM}, title = {Estuarine versus coastal marinas: Influence of the habitat on the settlement of non-indigenous peracarids on the polychaete Sabella spallanzanii (Gmelin, 1791).}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {197}, number = {}, pages = {115740}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115740}, pmid = {37951124}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Polychaeta ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; }, abstract = {Recreational marinas are key points for the introduction and secondary spread of non-indigenous species (NIS). However, little is known about the influence of the habitat surrounding the marina on NIS communities. To explore this issue, we compared peracarid assemblages associated to the widespread ecosystem engineer Sabella spallanzanii in lower estuarine marinas (with oceanic salinity) and coastal marinas of the south of the Iberian Peninsula. Sabella spallanzanii hosted a total of 23 species, 7 of them NIS. While NIS richness was similar between marinas located in estuaries and coastal habitats, NIS abundance was significantly higher in estuarine marinas. The NIS community structure was influenced by both the marina itself and the surrounding habitat. These results suggest that lower estuarine conditions promote NIS abundance in marinas, increasing potential invasion risks. This supports prioritization of estuarine marinas in NIS monitoring programs and the suitability of S. spallanzanii as a bioinvasion monitoring tool.}, }
@article {pmid37950070, year = {2023}, author = {Taylor, M and Davison, A and Harwood, A}, title = {Local Ecological Learning: Creating Place-based Knowledge through Collaborative Wildlife Research on Private Lands.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {37950070}, issn = {1432-1009}, support = {n/a//Tasmanian Land Conservancy/ ; n/a//University of Tasmania/ ; n/a//University of Tasmania/ ; n/a//University of Tasmania/ ; }, abstract = {Wildlife across all land tenures is under threat from anthropogenic drivers including climate change, invasive species, and habitat loss. This study focuses on private lands, where effective management for wildlife conservation requires locally relevant knowledge about wildlife populations, habitat condition, threatening ecological processes, and social drivers of and barriers to conservation. Collaborative socio-ecological research can inform wildlife management by integrating the place-based ecological and social knowledge of private landholders with the theoretical and applied knowledge of researchers and practitioners, including that of Traditional Owners. In privately-owned landscapes, landholders are often overlooked as a source of local ecological knowledge grounded in learning through continuous embodied interaction with their environment and community. Here we report on WildTracker, a transdisciplinary socio-ecological research collaboration involving 160 landholders in Tasmania, Australia. This wildlife-focused citizen science project generated and integrated local socio-ecological knowledge in the research process. The project gathered quantitative and qualitative data on wildlife ecology, land management practices, and landholder learning via wildlife cameras, sound recorders, workshops, questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews. Through this on-going collaboration, landholders, researchers, and conservation practitioners established relationships based on mutual learning, gathering and sharing knowledge, and insights about wildlife conservation. Our project documents how local ecological knowledge develops and changes through everyday processes of enquiry and interaction with other knowledge holders including researchers and conservation practitioners. Qualitative insights derived from the direct experience and citizen science practices of landholders were integrated with quantitative scientific assessments of wildlife populations and habitat condition to produce a novel model of collaborative conservation research.}, }
@article {pmid37949991, year = {2023}, author = {Taylor, L}, title = {Colombia begins sterilizing its invasive hippos: what scientists think.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {623}, number = {7988}, pages = {678}, pmid = {37949991}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Colombia ; *Animal Culling ; *Introduced Species ; *Artiodactyla ; *Research Personnel ; Biodiversity ; Ecology/methods ; }, }
@article {pmid37948134, year = {2024}, author = {Corbett, JJ and Trussell, GC}, title = {Local and regional geographic variation in inducible defenses.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {105}, number = {1}, pages = {e4207}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.4207}, pmid = {37948134}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {//Doherty Foundation/ ; OCE-2017626//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Snails/genetics ; *Brachyura/physiology ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Cues ; }, abstract = {Invasive predators can cause substantial evolutionary change in native prey populations. Although invasions by predators typically occur over large scales, their distributions are usually characterized by substantial spatiotemporal heterogeneity that can lead to patchiness in the response of native prey species. Our ability to understand how local variation shapes patterns of inducible defense expression has thus far been limited by insufficient replication of populations within regions. Here, we examined local and regional variation in the inducible defenses of 12 native marine snail (Littorina obtusata) populations within two geographic regions in the Gulf of Maine that are characterized by vastly different contact histories with the invasive predatory green crab (Carcinus maenas). When exposed in the field to waterborne risk cues from the green crab for 90 days, snails expressed plastic increases in shell thickness that reduced their vulnerability to this shell-crushing predator. Despite significant differences in contact history with this invasive predator, snail populations from both regions produced similar levels of shell thickness and shell thickness plasticity in response to risk cues. Such phenotypic similarity emerged even though there were substantial geographic differences in the shell thickness of juvenile snails at the beginning of the experiment, and we suggest that it may reflect the effects of warming ocean temperatures and countergradient variation. Consistent with plasticity theory, a trend in our results suggests that southern snail populations, which have a longer contact history with the green crab, paid less in the form of reduced tissue mass for thicker shells than northern populations.}, }
@article {pmid37946557, year = {2023}, author = {Elmore, JW and Wilcox, TM and Dutcher, AE and Reiss, Y and Schwartz, MK}, title = {An inside "beak": Molecular analysis of swab samples reveals the seabird diet of invasive Barn Owls in Hawai'i.}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jhered/esad068}, pmid = {37946557}, issn = {1465-7333}, abstract = {Predation is an important species interaction to monitor when assessing an invasive species' impact on a particular ecosystem, but it can be difficult to observe and thus, fully understand. On Kaua'i island, invasive Barn Owls (Tyto alba) predate native seabirds, but difficult terrain in this region and the cryptic nature of owl predation make traditional monitoring of predation quite challenging. Using Barn Owls collected as part of removal efforts on Kaua'i and Lehua islands, we conducted DNA metabarcoding of owl digestive tracts to detect and determine seabird species they predate. We used a seabird-targeted 12s marker to sequence 112 swabs from 55 owls and detected six seabird species, including two ESA-listed seabirds - Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis) and Newell's Shearwater (Puffinus newelli), in 12 swabs from 11 owls (20% of sampled owls). Corresponding morphological assessment of owl stomach contents detected seabird species as prey items in only 2% (1/55) of sampled owls, highlighting the utility of molecular approaches for detecting diet items, especially degraded or visually absent items. Additionally, this approach has proven very useful in revealing cryptic trophic interactions in inaccessible seabird populations. For the most comprehensive analysis of diet, the use of both esophageal and cloacal swabs for metabarcoding is recommended. Supplementing metabarcoding with other methods that can provide complementary prey information, such as stable isotope analysis, would help to characterize trophic interactions more fully. The method described here has proven to be a reliable tool for investigating diet in invasive owls and may be used to investigate cryptic predation in living birds as a minimally invasive technique, as well.}, }
@article {pmid37942726, year = {2023}, author = {Palomba, M and Marchiori, E and Tedesco, P and Fioravanti, M and Marcer, F and Gustinelli, A and Aco-Alburqueque, R and Belli, B and Canestrelli, D and Santoro, M and Cipriani, P and Mattiucci, S}, title = {An update and ecological perspective on certain sentinel helminth endoparasites within the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {150}, number = {12}, pages = {1139-1157}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182023000951}, pmid = {37942726}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Mediterranean Sea ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Fisheries ; *Helminths ; }, abstract = {The Mediterranean Sea is recognized as a marine biodiversity hotspot. This enclosed basin is facing several anthropogenic-driven threats, such as seawater warming, pollution, overfishing, bycatch, intense maritime transport and invasion by alien species. The present review focuses on the diversity and ecology of specific marine trophically transmitted helminth endoparasites (TTHs) of the Mediterranean ecosystems, aiming to elucidate their potential effectiveness as ‘sentinels’ of anthropogenic disturbances in the marine environment. The chosen TTHs comprise cestodes and nematodes sharing complex life cycles, involving organisms from coastal and marine mid/upper-trophic levels as definitive hosts. Anthropogenic disturbances directly impacting the free-living stages of the parasites and their host population demographies can significantly alter the distribution, infection levels and intraspecific genetic variability of these TTHs. Estimating these parameters in TTHs can provide valuable information to assess the stability of marine trophic food webs. Changes in the distribution of particular TTHs species can also serve as indicators of sea temperature variations in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the bioaccumulation of pollutants. The contribution of the chosen TTHs to monitor anthropogenic-driven changes in the Mediterranean Sea, using their measurable attributes at both spatial and temporal scales, is proposed.}, }
@article {pmid37942571, year = {2023}, author = {Cottier-Cook, EJ and Bentley-Abbot, J and Cottier, FR and Minchin, D and Olenin, S and Renaud, PE}, title = {Horizon scanning of potential threats to high-Arctic biodiversity, human health and the economy from marine invasive alien species: A Svalbard case study.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e17009}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.17009}, pmid = {37942571}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {S-LL-18-8//Lietuvos Mokslo Taryba/ ; NE/P006302/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; 243702//Norges Forskningsr&#xe5;d/ ; 294464//Norges Forskningsr&#xe5;d/ ; }, abstract = {The high Arctic is considered a pristine environment compared with many other regions in the northern hemisphere. It is becoming increasingly vulnerable to invasion by invasive alien species (IAS), however, as climate change leads to rapid loss of sea ice, changes in ocean temperature and salinity, and enhanced human activities. These changes are likely to increase the incidence of arrival and the potential for establishment of IAS in the region. To predict the impact of IAS, a group of experts in taxonomy, invasion biology and Arctic ecology carried out a horizon scanning exercise using the Svalbard archipelago as a case study, to identify the species that present the highest risk to biodiversity, human health and the economy within the next 10 years. A total of 114 species, currently absent from Svalbard, recorded once and/or identified only from environmental DNA samples, were initially identified as relevant for review. Seven species were found to present a high invasion risk and to potentially cause a significant negative impact on biodiversity and five species had the potential to have an economic impact on Svalbard. Decapod crabs, ascidians and barnacles dominated the list of highest risk marine IAS. Potential pathways of invasion were also researched, the most common were found associated with vessel traffic. We recommend (i) use of this approach as a key tool within the application of biosecurity measures in the wider high Arctic, (ii) the addition of this tool to early warning systems for strengthening existing surveillance measures; and (iii) that this approach is used to identify high-risk terrestrial and freshwater IAS to understand the overall threat facing the high Arctic. Without the application of biosecurity measures, including horizon scanning, there is a greater risk that marine IAS invasions will increase, leading to unforeseen changes in the environment and economy of the high Arctic.}, }
@article {pmid37942008, year = {2023}, author = {Li, Y and Yu, FH}, title = {Managing the risk of biological invasions.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {26}, number = {11}, pages = {108221}, pmid = {37942008}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {The large environmental impacts and enormous economic costs caused by biological invasions provide a strong impetus for managing invasion risks. Understanding the factors driving the invasion process and their consequences will raise awareness of invasions among the general public, stakeholders, and policymakers and inform effective management strategies. The identification of priority species and introduction pathways and sites and the development of national capabilities for prevention and preparedness, early detection, monitoring, and rapid response will reduce the impacts of invasive species in terms of effectiveness and cost efficiency.}, }
@article {pmid37941997, year = {2023}, author = {Harvey, E and Mifsud, JCO and Holmes, EC and Mahar, JE}, title = {Divergent hepaciviruses, delta-like viruses, and a chu-like virus in Australian marsupial carnivores (dasyurids).}, journal = {Virus evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {vead061}, pmid = {37941997}, issn = {2057-1577}, abstract = {Although Australian marsupials are characterised by unique biology and geographic isolation, little is known about the viruses present in these iconic wildlife species. The Dasyuromorphia are an order of marsupial carnivores found only in Australia that include both the extinct Tasmanian tiger (thylacine) and the highly threatened Tasmanian devil. Several other members of the order are similarly under threat of extinction due to habitat loss, hunting, disease, and competition and predation by introduced species such as feral cats. We utilised publicly available RNA-seq data from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database to document the viral diversity within four Dasyuromorph species. Accordingly, we identified fifteen novel virus sequences from five DNA virus families (Adenoviridae, Anelloviridae, Gammaherpesvirinae, Papillomaviridae, and Polyomaviridae) and three RNA virus taxa: the order Jingchuvirales, the genus Hepacivirus, and the delta-like virus group. Of particular note was the identification of a marsupial-specific clade of delta-like viruses that may indicate an association of deltaviruses with marsupial species. In addition, we identified a highly divergent hepacivirus in a numbat liver transcriptome that falls outside of the larger mammalian clade. We also detect what may be the first Jingchuvirales virus in a mammalian host-a chu-like virus in Tasmanian devils-thereby expanding the host range beyond invertebrates and ectothermic vertebrates. As many of these Dasyuromorphia species are currently being used in translocation efforts to reseed populations across Australia, understanding their virome is of key importance to prevent the spread of viruses to naive populations.}, }
@article {pmid37940945, year = {2023}, author = {Liu, S and Huang, X and Bin, Z and Yu, B and Lu, Z and Hu, R and Long, C}, title = {Wild edible plants and their cultural significance among the Zhuang ethnic group in Fangchenggang, Guangxi, China.}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {52}, pmid = {37940945}, issn = {1746-4269}, support = {2022YM19//Scientific Research Fund of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ ; BZKY2023018//Graduate Research and Practice Projects of Minzu University of China/ ; 2023GXNSFAA026089//the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi/ ; (GXFS-2021-34)//Survey and Collection of Germplasm Resources of Woody &amp; Herbaceous Plants in Guangxi, China/ ; (31761143001&amp; 31870316)//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2020MDJC03, 2023GJAQ09 &amp; 2022ZDPY10//Minzu University of China/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Plants, Edible ; China ; *Ethnicity ; Plant Breeding ; Ethnobotany/methods ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Fangchenggang is situated in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, renowned for its rich biodiversity and ethnically diverse population. The Zhuang people, constituting the largest minority group in the area, possess a wealth of traditional knowledge concerning wild edible plants (WEPs) owing to the region's favorable environment and dietary customs. With the rapid development of urbanization, tourism, and trade, the Zhuang people's food culture, including the consumption of wild edible plants, has become an attractive aspect of urban development. However, there is almost no comprehensive report available on WEPs consumed by the Zhuang people. The objectives of this study were to: (1) conduct a comprehensive ethnobotanical investigation of the WEPs among the Zhuang people in the region; (2) evaluate the cultural food significance index (CFSI) for the local communities; (3) summarize the cultural characteristics of the wild edible plants consumed, providing scientific support for the development of Fangchenggang as a sustainable and attractive tourism destination.<br><br>METHODS: Ethnobotanical investigation including market surveys, semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews and participatory observations was conducted in Fangchenggang from January 2021 to March 2023. A total of 137 informants were selected using the snowball method. Information about WEPs, including vernacular names, food categories, parts used, mode of consumption, collecting season, and recipes, was collected and recorded. The CFSI (cultural food significance index) was calculated to identify the most culturally significant WEPs.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 163 species of wild edible plants consumed by the Zhuang people were identified, belonging to 67 families. The main categories of WEPs include wild vegetables (69) and tea substitutes (42). The most commonly consumed parts are fruits (37), followed by whole plants (33) and leaves (21), with herbaceous plants (74) being the most numerous. The availability of wild edible plants remains high throughout the year, with the peak seasons occurring in August and October, and significant abundance also noted in July and November. In the highly significant category (CFSI&#x2009;>&#x2009;500), a total of 15 plant species were identified, which play a crucial role in the local diet. Additionally, 17 alien species have become part of the local consumption of wild plants, with 7 species listed as invasive alien species. DISCUSSION AND&#xa0;CONCLUSIONS: This study documented 163 wild edible plant species and their associated traditional knowledge of the Zhuang people. The research identified culturally significant WEPs and analyzed their multiple uses. The historical development of wild plant consumption in Fangchenggang showed the strong influence of natural and social environments on the Zhuang ethnic group's dietary traditions. The WEPs are characterized by "sour food", "fresh ingredients" and "cold dishes", aligning with their health-oriented philosophy of "homology of medicine and food". Future prospects encompass the cultivation of economically sustainable wild edible plants (WEPs), the preservation of their traits through cross-breeding, ensuring safe consumption through research and safety evaluations, and advocating for the preservation of WEPs' culinary culture to support tourism and sustainable urban development.}, }
@article {pmid37940207, year = {2023}, author = {Thomas, SM}, title = {Invasive alien species: a rising global threat that needs control.}, journal = {The Lancet. Planetary health}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, pages = {e875-e876}, doi = {10.1016/S2542-5196(23)00233-4}, pmid = {37940207}, issn = {2542-5196}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Ecosystem ; }, }
@article {pmid37935268, year = {2024}, author = {Kang, Y and Wu, H and Guan, Q and Zhang, Z}, title = {Responses of soil greenhouse gas emissions to soil mesofauna invasions and its driving mechanisms in the alpine tundra: A microcosm study.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {908}, number = {}, pages = {168255}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168255}, pmid = {37935268}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Greenhouse Gases/analysis ; Soil/chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Forests ; Tundra ; Nitrous Oxide/analysis ; Methane/analysis ; }, abstract = {Climate change is resulting in significant modifications of the altitudinal patterns of soil fauna in mountains, leading to their upward invasion and alteration of soil ecological processes. However, the effects of soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soil mesofauna invasion and their driving mechanisms have not been clearly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we simulated a soil mesofauna invasion from an Erman's birch forest (EB) to the alpine tundra (AT) of the Changbai Mountain in Northeast China. Four treatments were established: no soil mesofauna (S0), native species (SN), invasive species (SI), and invasive species superposed native species (SS). We conducted a 79-day microcosm experiment, utilizing gas chromatography and high-throughput sequencing, to explore the variations in soil greenhouse gas emissions and their driving factors. Results showed that the cumulative CO2 emissions under SN, SI, and SS, compared with S0, increased by 34.13 %, 73.93 %, and 107.64 % and cumulative N2O emissions increased by 59.05 %, 101.18 %, and 183.88 %, respectively. Compared to SN, the cumulative emissions of CO2 and N2O increased by 29.89 % and 26.31 % under SI and by 54.91 % and 78.59 % under SS, respectively. The impacts of invasive species and native species on greenhouse gases were not a simple additive effect. Abiotic (soil variables) and biotic (soil mesofauna and microbial diversity) factors explained 37.76 % and 44.41 % of the total variations in CO2 and N2O emissions, respectively, in which NH4[+]-N and C: N ratios contributed the largest variations. The contribution of soil mesofauna diversity to the variations in CO2 and N2O emissions was higher than that of microbial diversity. The bacterial network graph density was correlated with soil CO2 and N2O emissions. Our findings highlight that soil mesofauna invasions increased GHG emissions, and these variations were predominantly explained by biotic rather than abiotic factors.}, }
@article {pmid37933429, year = {2023}, author = {Hofmeister, NR and Stuart, KC and Warren, WC and Werner, SJ and Bateson, M and Ball, GF and Buchanan, KL and Burt, DW and Cardilini, APA and Cassey, P and De Meyer, T and George, J and Meddle, SL and Rowland, HM and Sherman, CDH and Sherwin, WB and Vanden Berghe, W and Rollins, LA and Clayton, DF}, title = {Concurrent invasions of European starlings in Australia and North America reveal population-specific differentiation in shared genomic regions.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/mec.17195}, pmid = {37933429}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {//Newnham College, Cambridge/ ; //The Winston Churchill Memorial Trust/ ; BB/P013759/1//UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/ ; //University of New South Wales/ ; }, abstract = {A species' success during the invasion of new areas hinges on an interplay between the demographic processes common to invasions and the specific ecological context of the novel environment. Evolutionary genetic studies of invasive species can investigate how genetic bottlenecks and ecological conditions shape genetic variation in invasions, and our study pairs two invasive populations that are hypothesized to be from the same source population to compare how each population evolved during and after introduction. Invasive European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) established populations in both Australia and North America in the 19th century. Here, we compare whole-genome sequences among native and independently introduced European starling populations to determine how demographic processes interact with rapid evolution to generate similar genetic patterns in these recent and replicated invasions. Demographic models indicate that both invasive populations experienced genetic bottlenecks as expected based on invasion history, and we find that specific genomic regions have differentiated even on this short evolutionary timescale. Despite genetic bottlenecks, we suggest that genetic drift alone cannot explain differentiation in at least two of these regions. The demographic boom intrinsic to many invasions as well as potential inversions may have led to high population-specific differentiation, although the patterns of genetic variation are also consistent with the hypothesis that this infamous and highly mobile invader adapted to novel selection (e.g., extrinsic factors). We use targeted sampling of replicated invasions to identify and evaluate support for multiple, interacting evolutionary mechanisms that lead to differentiation during the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid37932386, year = {2023}, author = {Doherty, TS and Macdonald, KJ}, title = {Non-native species resist extreme events.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {1959-1960}, pmid = {37932386}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Ecosystem ; Biodiversity ; }, }
@article {pmid37931441, year = {2023}, author = {Guastella, R and Evans, J and Mancin, N and Caruso, A and Marchini, A}, title = {Assessing the effect of Amphistegina lobifera invasion on infralittoral benthic foraminiferal assemblages in the Sicily Channel (Central Mediterranean).}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {192}, number = {}, pages = {106247}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106247}, pmid = {37931441}, issn = {1879-0291}, abstract = {This article documents, through a quantitative approach, the negative effect of the highly invasive species Amphistegina lobifera Larsen, 1976 on native benthic foraminiferal assemblages of coastal areas in the Sicily Channel (Central Mediterranean). A nested sampling design was applied through the comparison of benthic foraminiferal community structure across three areas that are known to be at different stages of invasion (i.e. Maltese Islands - advanced, southern Sicily - medium, and eastern Sicily - early). Results suggested that both diversity and richness of benthic foraminiferal community from the Maltese Islands were strongly modified by increased abundances of A. lobifera. In contrast, this phenomenon is less evident in southern and eastern Sicily, where the invader displayed lower abundances and the community structure was more diversified. Collected data also allowed for predicting what could happen in the near future in the whole Sicily Channel, as well as in the rest of the Mediterranean Sea.}, }
@article {pmid37931223, year = {2023}, author = {Elsensohn, JE and Nixon, LJ and Kloos, A and Leskey, TC}, title = {Development and survivorship of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) on cultivated and native Vitis spp. (Vitales: Vitaceae) of the Eastern United States.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {6}, pages = {2207-2211}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad198}, pmid = {37931223}, issn = {1938-291X}, support = {//Plant Protection Act Section/ ; 2019-51181-30014//NIFA/ ; 8080-21000-032-00D//USDA/ ; }, mesh = {United States ; Animals ; *Vitis ; *Vitaceae ; Survivorship ; *Hemiptera ; }, abstract = {As Lycorma delicatula (White) continues to spread across the United States, more winegrapes are potentially susceptible to damage from this pest. Lycorma delicatula, spotted lanternfly, is primarily associated with Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, a tree from its native range that is now globally distributed. While L. delicatula is a known pest of cultivated Vitis spp. in South Korea, its relationship with the specific grape species grown in the United States is unclear. This study assessed L. delicatula survivorship and development on 5 Vitis species, including 2 winegrape V. vinifera L. varieties, 'Pinot Noir' and 'Chardonnay', Concord grape, Vitis labrusca L., River grape, Vitis riparia Michx., and muscadine grape, Vitis rotundifolia Michx. var. 'Carlos'. A diet of A. altissima served as a positive control. Lycorma delicatula provided with a diet of V. riparia or V. vinifera 'Pinot Noir' yielded the highest survivorship and fastest rates of development among grape diets and were statistically equivalent to those provided with A. altissima. Vitis rotundifolia did not support L. delicatula growth past the third-instar life stage, indicating this species is a poor host for the early development of this pest. Our results indicate that both V. riparia and V. vinifera are favorable hosts for L. delicatula and may provide the means for this insect to invade and establish in new regions.}, }
@article {pmid37923265, year = {2024}, author = {Gorule, PA and Šmejkal, M and Tapkir, S and Stepanyshyna, Y and Stejskal, V and Follesa, MC and Cau, A}, title = {Long-term sublethal exposure to polyethylene and tire wear particles: Effects on risk-taking behaviour in invasive and native fish.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {908}, number = {}, pages = {168233}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168233}, pmid = {37923265}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Polyethylene/toxicity ; Ecosystem ; *Carps ; *Cyprinidae ; Risk-Taking ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic polymeric particles pollute even the most remote ecosystems and may compromise organisms' behaviour and movement skills. It is expected that invasive species cope better with pollutants than native species (i.e., pollution resistance hypothesis). In this study, invasive gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) and native crucian carp (Carassius carassius) were used as model organisms. Specimens were fed daily with food pellets (1 % body weight) added with 0.1 % polyethylene (PE), tire wear particles (TWPs) and control. Their behavioural parameters were compared before and after 14 and 60 days of exposure. Additionally, we evaluated burst swimming capacity after 60 days of exposure to the treatments. The fishes exposed to the PE and TWPs treatments showed significant trends toward increased boldness scores and, in the PE treatment, higher utilization of the open field, and both behavioural changes are associated with higher risk-taking. Invasive gibel carp had substantially better swimming performance than crucian carp, but the expected trend in relation to the treatments was not found. Fish exposed to sublethal doses of PE and TWPs showed signs of behavioural changes after two months of exposure that may affect risk-taking behaviour, which might impact species interactions with predators.}, }
@article {pmid37922977, year = {2023}, author = {Seidl, CM and Ferreira, FC and Parise, KL and Paxton, KL and Paxton, EH and Atkinson, CT and Fleischer, RC and Foster, JT and Marm Kilpatrick, A}, title = {Linking avian malaria parasitemia estimates from quantitative PCR and microscopy reveals new infection patterns in Hawai'i.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.10.001}, pmid = {37922977}, issn = {1879-0135}, abstract = {Plasmodium parasites infect thousands of species and provide an exceptional system for studying host-pathogen dynamics, especially for multi-host pathogens. However, understanding these interactions requires an accurate assay of infection. Assessing Plasmodium infections using microscopy on blood smears often misses infections with low parasitemias (the fractions of cells infected), and biases in malaria prevalence estimates will differ among hosts that differ in mean parasitemias. We examined Plasmodium relictum infection and parasitemia using both microscopy of blood smears and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) on 299 samples from multiple bird species in Hawai'i and fit models to predict parasitemias from qPCR cycle threshold (Ct) values. We used these models to quantify the extent to which microscopy underestimated infection prevalence and to more accurately estimate infection patterns for each species for a large historical study done by microscopy. We found that most qPCR-positive wild-caught birds in Hawaii had low parasitemias (Ct scores ≥35), which were rarely detected by microscopy. The fraction of infections missed by microscopy differed substantially among eight species due to differences in species' parasitemia levels. Infection prevalence was likely 4-5-fold higher than previous microscopy estimates for three introduced species, including Zosterops japonicus, Hawaii's most abundant forest bird, which had low average parasitemias. In contrast, prevalence was likely only 1.5-2.3-fold higher than previous estimates for Himatione sanguinea and Chlorodrepanis virens, two native species with high average parasitemias. Our results indicate that relative patterns of infection among species differ substantially from those observed in previous microscopy studies, and that differences depend on variation in parasitemias among species. Although microscopy of blood smears is useful for estimating the frequency of different Plasmodium stages and host attributes, more sensitive quantitative methods, including qPCR, are needed to accurately estimate and compare infection prevalence among host species.}, }
@article {pmid37922749, year = {2023}, author = {Wilman, B and Bełdowska, M and Rychter, A and Popławska, A}, title = {Factors determining bioaccumulation of neurotoxicant Hg in the zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha): Influence of biometric parameters, sex and storage of shell.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {197}, number = {}, pages = {115718}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115718}, pmid = {37922749}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dreissena ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Bioaccumulation ; *Bivalvia ; *Mercury ; Biometry ; }, abstract = {One of benthic organisms exposed to contact with mercury in the southern Baltic is alien species of clam: Dreissena polymorpha. As this organism is increasingly dynamic in various regions of the world including the southern Baltic region, it is reasonable to ask whether it tolerates elevated concentrations of xenobiotics? Does it effectively eliminate Hg? The study determined the effects of biometric parameters and water temperature on the rate of accumulation and efficiency of eliminating Hg from body. Investigations focused on the shell which represents poorly-recognized role in the process of Hg distribution in clams. The results showed that especially during warm season, clams effectively reduced the levels of Hg in their body by the biodilution of Hg and reproduction. Important factor influencing detoxification was Hg transfer from the soft tissue to the shell. This protects the soft tissue against the toxic effect of Hg.}, }
@article {pmid37924412, year = {2023}, author = {Compa, M and Perelló, E and Box, A and Colomar, V and Pinya, S and Sureda, A}, title = {Ingestion of microplastics and microfibers by the invasive blue crab Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun 1896) in the Balearic Islands, Spain.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {30}, number = {56}, pages = {119329-119342}, pmid = {37924412}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {CIBEROBN CB12/03/30038//Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ ; FJC2021-047606-I//MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and NextGeneration EU/PRTR Recovery/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Microplastics ; Spain ; Plastics ; *Brachyura ; Introduced Species ; Polyethylene ; Eating ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {The blue crab Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 is native to the western coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and is currently considered an invasive species in the Mediterranean Sea. In this study, we examined the stomach contents of C. sapidus to determine the frequency of occurrence of microplastics (MPs) and microfibers (MFs) in the Balearic Islands archipelago in the western Mediterranean Sea. A total of 120 individuals were collected from six locations between 2017 and 2020. Overall, 65.8% of the individuals had MPs and/or MFs particles with an average of 1.4 ± 1.6 particles ind.[-1] of which an average of 1.0 ± 1.3 items ind.[-1] were MFs and an average of 0.4 ± 0.8 items ind.[-1] were MPs. In terms of type, fragments were the dominant type of MPs and the most common size of items ranged from between 0.5 and 1 mm (40%) followed by 1-5 mm (31%). The most prevalent polymers were low-density polyethylene (39%) and high-density polyethylene (26%). In terms of links to human activities, MP ingestion was positively correlated with an increase in drain pipes, whereas MF ingestion was positively correlated with an increase in sewage pipelines, providing evidence of potential sources and the bioavailability of these particles in various environments. This study confirms the widespread presence of MP and MF particles, even in areas that are currently managed under different protection statuses, in the stomach contents of invasive blue crab species throughout coastal communities.}, }
@article {pmid37924137, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, B and Hastings, A and Grosholz, ED and Zhai, L}, title = {The comparison of dispersal rate between invasive and native species varied by plant life form and functional traits.}, journal = {Movement ecology}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {73}, pmid = {37924137}, issn = {2051-3933}, abstract = {A long dispersal distance is widely used to indicate high invasiveness, but it ignores the temporal dimensions of plant invasion. Faster dispersal rates (= distance/time) of invasive species than native ones have been widely used in modeling species invasion and planning control management. However, the comparison of dispersal rate between invasive and native plants, particularly for dispersal on a local or landscape scale, has not been tested with a comprehensive dataset. Moreover, both the effects of plant functional traits on the dispersal rate and variation in the functional-trait effects between invasive and native plants remain elusive. Compiling studies from 30 countries globally, we compared seed dispersal rates (km/year) on a local or landscape scale between 64 observations of invasive and 78 observations of native plants given effects of plant life forms, disturbance levels, and measurement methods. Furthermore, we compared the effects of functional traits on dispersal rate between invasive and native species. We found that: (1) Trait values were similar between the invasive and native plants except for the greater height of woody native plants than woody invasive ones; (2) Compared within the same plant life form, the faster dispersal rates of invasive species were found in herbaceous plants, not in woody plants, and disturbance level and measurement methods did not affect the rate comparison; (3) Plant height and seed length had significant effects on dispersal rates of both invasive and native plants, but the effect of leaf dry matter content (LDMC) was only significant on herbaceous invasive plants. The comparison of dispersal rate between invasive and native plants varied by plant life form. The convergent values but divergent dispersal effects of plant traits between invasive and native species suggest that the trait effects on invasiveness could be better understood by trait association with key factors in invasiveness, e.g., dispersal rate, than the direct trait comparison between invasive and native plants.}, }
@article {pmid37923751, year = {2023}, author = {Dhakal, T and Kim, TS and Kim, SH and Tiwari, S and Kim, JY and Jang, GS and Lee, DH}, title = {Distribution of sika deer (Cervus nippon) and the bioclimatic impact on their habitats in South Korea.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {19040}, pmid = {37923751}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Deer ; Biodiversity ; Republic of Korea ; }, abstract = {Invasive species and climate change are primary factors influencing biodiversity, and examining the behavior of invasive species is essential for effective conservation management. Here, we report the global distribution of the sika deer (Cervus nippon) based on locations reported in published literature (Google Scholar), the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) database, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature report. We used the maximum entropy (Maxent) model to examine the impact of climate change on sika deer habitats in South Korea based on GBIF occurrence data and WorldClim bioclimatic variables. Habitat suitability analysis was performed using the Maxent model under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 (for predicted climatic conditions in both 2050 and 2070) to project the effects of different climate change scenarios on South Korean sika deer habitats. We identified that the sika deer is distributed in 39 countries worldwide. Due to climate change effects, South Korean sika deer habitats will decline by approximately 24.98% and 20.63% (under RCP 4.5) and by 50.51% and 57.35% (under RCP 8.5) by 2050 and 2070, respectively. Our findings shed light on sika deer ecology and provide reference data for future conservation management strategies and policy design.}, }
@article {pmid37922020, year = {2023}, author = {Nobinraja, M and Aravind, NA and Ravikanth, G}, title = {Opening the floodgates for invasion-modelling the distribution dynamics of invasive alien fishes in India.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {195}, number = {12}, pages = {1411}, pmid = {37922020}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Biodiversity ; Fishes ; Endangered Species ; India ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species have become the second major threat to biodiversity affecting all three major ecosystems (terrestrial, marine, and freshwater). Increasing drivers such as habitat destruction, expanding horticulture and aquaculture industries, and global pet and food trade have created pathways for exotic species to be introduced leading to severe impacts on recipient ecosystems. Although relatively less studied than terrestrial ecosystems, freshwater ecosystems are highly susceptible to biological invasions. In India, there has been a noticeable increase in the introduction of alien fish species in freshwater environments. In the current study, we aimed to understand how climate change can affect the dynamics of the biological invasion of invasive alien fishes in India. We also evaluated the river-linking project's impact on the homogenization of biota in Indian freshwater bodies. We used species occurrence records with selected environmental variables to assess vulnerable locations for current and future biological invasion using species distribution models. Our study has identified and mapped the vulnerable regions to invasion in India. Our research indicates that the interlinking of rivers connects susceptible regions housing endangered fish species with invasive hotspots. Invasive alien fishes from the source basin may invade vulnerable basins and compete with the native species. Based on the results, we discuss some of the key areas for the management of these invasive alien species in the freshwater ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid37920203, year = {2023}, author = {Stein, W and Torres, G and Giménez, L and Espinosa-Novo, N and Geißel, JP and Vidal-Gadea, A and Harzsch, S}, title = {Thermal acclimation and habitat-dependent differences in temperature robustness of a crustacean motor circuit.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular neuroscience}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1263591}, pmid = {37920203}, issn = {1662-5102}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: At the cellular level, acute temperature changes alter ionic conductances, ion channel kinetics, and the activity of entire neuronal circuits. This can result in severe consequences for neural function, animal behavior and survival. In poikilothermic animals, and particularly in aquatic species whose core temperature equals the surrounding water temperature, neurons experience rather rapid and wide-ranging temperature fluctuations. Recent work on pattern generating neural circuits in the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system have demonstrated that neuronal circuits can exhibit an intrinsic robustness to temperature fluctuations. However, considering the increased warming of the oceans and recurring heatwaves due to climate change, the question arises whether this intrinsic robustness can acclimate to changing environmental conditions, and whether it differs between species and ocean habitats.<br><br>METHODS: We address these questions using the pyloric pattern generating circuits in the stomatogastric nervous system of two crab species, Hemigrapsus sanguineus and Carcinus maenas that have seen a worldwide expansion in recent decades.<br><br>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Consistent with their history as invasive species, we find that pyloric activity showed a broad temperature robustness (>30&#xb0;C). Moreover, the temperature-robust range was dependent on habitat temperature in both species. Warm-acclimating animals shifted the critical temperature at which circuit activity breaks down to higher temperatures. This came at the cost of robustness against cold stimuli in H. sanguineus, but not in C. maenas. Comparing the temperature responses of C. maenas from a cold latitude (the North Sea) to those from a warm latitude (Spain) demonstrated that similar shifts in robustness occurred in natural environments. Our results thus demonstrate that neuronal temperature robustness correlates with, and responds to, environmental temperature conditions, potentially preparing animals for changing ecological conditions and shifting habitats.}, }
@article {pmid37919519, year = {2023}, author = {Reid, N and Emmerson, MC}, title = {Britain and Ireland's largest lake is dying in plain sight.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {622}, number = {7984}, pages = {697}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-023-03313-x}, pmid = {37919519}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Climate Change ; *Eutrophication ; Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Northern Ireland ; United Kingdom ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Animals ; }, }
@article {pmid37917728, year = {2023}, author = {Trout Fryxell, RT and Chavez-Lindell, T and Butler, RA and Odoi, A}, title = {Environmental variables serve as predictors of the invasive Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann): An approach for targeted tick surveillance.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {11}, pages = {e0292595}, pmid = {37917728}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; United States ; *Ticks ; *Tick Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Ixodidae ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Since the 2017 discovery of established populations of the Asian longhorned tick, (Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann) in the United States, populations continue to be detected in new areas. For this exotic and invasive species, capable of transmitting a diverse repertoire of pathogens and blood feeding on a variety of host species, there remains a lack of targeted information on how to best prepare for this tick and understand when and where it occurs. To fill this gap, we conducted two years of weekly tick surveillance at four farms in Tennessee (three H. longicornis-infested and one without) to identify environmental factors associated with each questing life stage, to investigate predictors of abundance, and to determine the likelihood of not collecting ticks at different life stages. A total of 46,770 ticks were collected, of which 12,607 H. longicornis and five other tick species were identified. Overall, abundance of H. longicornis were associated with spring and summer seasons, forested environments, relative humidity and barometric pressure, sunny conditions, and in relation with other tick species. The likelihood of not collecting H. longicornis was associated with day length and barometric pressure. Additional associations for different life stages were also identified and included other tick species, climatic variables, and environmental conditions. Here, we demonstrated that environmental variables can be useful to predict the presence of questing H. longicornis and provide ideas on how to use this information to develop a surveillance plan for different southeastern areas with and without infestations.}, }
@article {pmid37917679, year = {2023}, author = {Xu, C and Silliman, BR and Chen, J and Li, X and Thomsen, MS and Zhang, Q and Lee, J and Lefcheck, JS and Daleo, P and Hughes, BB and Jones, HP and Wang, R and Wang, S and Smith, CS and Xi, X and Altieri, AH and van de Koppel, J and Palmer, TM and Liu, L and Wu, J and Li, B and He, Q}, title = {Herbivory limits success of vegetation restoration globally.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {382}, number = {6670}, pages = {589-594}, doi = {10.1126/science.add2814}, pmid = {37917679}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Herbivory ; *Plants ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; }, abstract = {Restoring vegetation in degraded ecosystems is an increasingly common practice for promoting biodiversity and ecological function, but successful implementation is hampered by an incomplete understanding of the processes that limit restoration success. By synthesizing terrestrial and aquatic studies globally (2594 experimental tests from 610 articles), we reveal substantial herbivore control of vegetation under restoration. Herbivores at restoration sites reduced vegetation abundance more strongly (by 89%, on average) than those at relatively undegraded sites and suppressed, rather than fostered, plant diversity. These effects were particularly pronounced in regions with higher temperatures and lower precipitation. Excluding targeted herbivores temporarily or introducing their predators improved restoration by magnitudes similar to or greater than those achieved by managing plant competition or facilitation. Thus, managing herbivory is a promising strategy for enhancing vegetation restoration efforts.}, }
@article {pmid37915803, year = {2023}, author = {Pyke, GH and Prendergast, KS and Ren, ZX}, title = {Pollination crisis Down-Under: Has Australasia dodged the bullet?.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e10639}, pmid = {37915803}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Since mid-1990s, concerns have increased about a human-induced "pollination crisis." Threats have been identified to animals that act as plant pollinators, plants pollinated by these animals, and consequently human well-being. Threatening processes include loss of natural habitat, climate change, pesticide use, pathogen spread, and introduced species. However, concern has mostly been during last 10-15 years and from Europe and North America, with Australasia, known as Down-Under, receiving little attention. So perhaps Australasia has "dodged the bullet"? We systematically reviewed the published literature relating to the "pollination crisis" via Web of Science, focusing on issues amenable to this approach. Across these issues, we found a steep increase in publications over the last few decades and a major geographic bias towards Europe and North America, with relatively little attention in Australasia. While publications from Australasia are underrepresented, factors responsible elsewhere for causing the "pollination crisis" commonly occur in Australasia, so this lack of coverage probably reflects a lack of awareness rather than the absence of a problem. In other words, Australasia has not "dodged the bullet" and should take immediate action to address and mitigate its own "pollination crisis." Sensible steps would include increased taxonomic work on suspected plant pollinators, protection for pollinator populations threatened with extinction, establishing long-term monitoring of plant-pollinator relationships, incorporating pollination into sustainable agriculture, restricting the use of various pesticides, adopting an Integrated Pest and Pollinator Management approach, and developing partnerships with First Nations peoples for research, conservation and management of plants and their pollinators. Appropriate Government policy, funding and regulation could help.}, }
@article {pmid37914135, year = {2024}, author = {Hulme, PE and Ahmed, DA and Haubrock, PJ and Kaiser, BA and Kourantidou, M and Leroy, B and McDermott, SM}, title = {Widespread imprecision in estimates of the economic costs of invasive alien species worldwide.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {909}, number = {}, pages = {167997}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167997}, pmid = {37914135}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Reproducibility of Results ; Databases, Factual ; *Research Design ; }, abstract = {Several hundred studies have attempted to estimate the monetary cost arising from the management and/or impacts of invasive alien species. However, the diversity of methods used to estimate the monetary costs of invasive alien species, the types of costs that have been reported, and the spatial scales at which they have been assessed raise important questions as to the precision of these reported monetary costs. Benford's Law has been increasingly used as a diagnostic tool to assess the accuracy and reliability of estimates reported in financial accounts but has rarely been applied to audit data on environmental costs. Therefore, the distributions of first, second- and leading double-digits of the monetary costs arising from biological invasions, as reported in the InvaCost database, were compared with the null expectations under Benford's Law. There was strong evidence that the reported monetary costs of biological invasions departed considerably from Benford's Law and the departures were of a scale equal to that found in global macroeconomic data. The rounding upwards of costs appears to be widespread. Furthermore, numerical heaping, where values cluster around specific numbers was evident with only 901 unique cost values accounting for half of the 13,553 cost estimates within the InvaCost database. Irrespective of the currency, the value of 1,000,000 was the most common cost estimate. An investigation of anomalous data entries concluded that non-peer reviewed official government reports need to provide greater detail regarding how costs are estimated. Despite the undeniably high economic cost of biological invasions worldwide, individual records of costs were often found to be imprecise and possibly inflated and this emphasises the need for greater transparency and rigour when reporting the costs of biological invasions. Identifying whether the irregularities found for the costs of biological invasions are general for other types of environmental costs should be a research priority.}, }
@article {pmid37914130, year = {2024}, author = {Schulz, R and Bundschuh, M and Entling, MH and Jungkunst, HF and Lorke, A and Schwenk, K and Schäfer, RB}, title = {A synthesis of anthropogenic stress effects on emergence-mediated aquatic-terrestrial linkages and riparian food webs.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {908}, number = {}, pages = {168186}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168186}, pmid = {37914130}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Food Chain ; Ecosystem ; Insecta/chemistry ; Metals ; *Environmental Pollutants ; *Pesticides ; *Spiders/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic stress alters the linkage between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in various ways. Here, we review the contemporary literature on how alterations in aquatic systems through environmental pollution, invasive species and hydromorphological changes carry-over to terrestrial ecosystems and the food webs therein. We consider both the aquatic insect emergence and flooding as pathways through which stressors can propagate from the aquatic to the terrestrial system. We specifically synthesize and contextualize results on the roles of pollutants in the emergence pathway and their top-down consequences. Our review revealed that the emergence and flooding pathway are only considered in isolation and that the overall effects of invasive species or pollutants on food webs at the water-land interface require further attention. While very few recent studies looked at invasive species, a larger number of studies focused on metal transfer compared to pesticides, pharmaceuticals or PCBs, and multiple stress studies up to now left aquatic-terrestrial linkages unconsidered. Recent research on pollutants and emergence used aquatic-terrestrial mesocosms to elucidate the effects of aquatic stressors such as the mosquito control agent Bti, metals or pesticides to understand the effects on riparian spiders. Quality parameters, such as the structural and functional composition of emergent insect communities, the fatty acid profiles, yet also the composition of pollutants transferred to land prove to be important for the effects on riparian spiders. Process-based models including quality of emergence are useful to predict the resulting top-down directed food web effects in the terrestrial recipient ecosystem. In conclusion, we present and recommend a combination of empirical and modelling approaches in order to understand the complexity of aquatic-terrestrial stressor propagation and its spatial and temporal variation.}, }
@article {pmid37910845, year = {2023}, author = {Lauer, ME and Kodak, H and Albayrak, T and Lima, MR and Ray, D and Simpson-Wade, E and Tevs, DR and Sheldon, EL and Martin, LB and Schrey, AW}, title = {Introduced house sparrows (Passer domesticus) have greater variation in DNA methylation than native house sparrows.}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jhered/esad067}, pmid = {37910845}, issn = {1465-7333}, abstract = {As a highly successful introduced species, house sparrows (Passer domesticus) respond rapidly to their new habitats, generating phenotypic patterns across their introduced range that resemble variation in native regions. Epigenetic mechanisms likely facilitate the success of introduced house sparrows by aiding particular individuals to adjust their phenotypes plastically to novel conditions. Our objective here was to investigate patterns of DNA methylation among populations of house sparrows at a broad geographic scale that included different introduction histories: invading, established, and native. We defined the invading category as the locations with introductions less than 70 years ago and the established category as the locations with greater than 70 years since introduction. We screened DNA methylation among individuals (n = 45) by epiRADseq, expecting that variation in DNA methylation among individuals from invading populations would be higher when compared with individuals from established and native populations. Invading house sparrows had the highest variance in DNA methylation of all three groups, but established house sparrows also had higher variance than native ones. The highest number of differently methylated regions were detected between invading and native populations of house sparrow. Additionally, DNA methylation was negatively correlated to time-since introduction, which further suggests that DNA methylation had a role in the successful colonizations of house sparrows.}, }
@article {pmid37910569, year = {2023}, author = {Anicic, N and Steigmiller, K and Renaux, C and Ravasi, D and Tanadini, M and Flacio, E}, title = {Optical recognition of the eggs of four Aedine mosquito species (Aedes albopictus, Aedes geniculatus, Aedes japonicus, and Aedes koreicus).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {11}, pages = {e0293568}, pmid = {37910569}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Humans ; *Aedes ; Mosquito Vectors ; Europe ; Eggs ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The continuous expansion of exotic Aedine mosquito species potential vectors of pathogens into new areas is a public health concern. In continental Europe, the surveillance of these mosquitoes is hindered by the simultaneous presence of three main invasive species (i.e., Aedes albopictus, Ae. japonicus, and Ae. koreicus). Standard low-cost surveillance methods (i.e., the deployment of oviposition traps and count of eggs under stereoscopic microscope) fail to distinguish the eggs of the different species. Identification of eggs by molecular methods is costly and time consuming and prevents measuring the density of invasive species and detecting early new invaders. Here we tested whether certain species could be identified by the patterns on the exochorionic membrane of their eggs. In a first step, we examined Aedine eggs of the three mentioned invasive and one indigenous (i.e., Ae. geniculatus) species with a high-resolution stereomicroscope and we identified each egg by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. In a second step, we submitted images of the eggs to 60 entomology experts and non-experts and tested their ability to distinguish among the species after an initial short training. The results obtained were consistent. Participants did not encounter difficulties in determining Ae. albopictus and Ae. geniculatus, while they had more difficulties in distinguishing Ae. japonicus from Ae. koreicus. In general, the quality of the exochorion seemed to play a more important role than the expertise level of the rater. The feasibility to differentiate Ae. albopictus from the other two invasive species is a significant achievement, as this is currently the most problematic species at the level of public health in Europe. Due to the presence of multiple invasive species that might prevent the correct quantification of mosquito population densities using standard surveillance methods and due to Ae. aegypti threat, it is recommended to optically determine also other species.}, }
@article {pmid37906547, year = {2023}, author = {Parker, MR and Tillman, EA and Nazarian, LA and Barlowe, ML and Lincoln, JM and Kluever, BM}, title = {Skin lipids alone enable conspecific tracking in an invasive reptile, the Argentine black and white tegu lizard (Salvator merianae).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, pages = {e0293591}, pmid = {37906547}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Male ; *Lizards ; Snakes ; Ecosystem ; Florida ; Introduced Species ; Pheromones ; Lipids ; }, abstract = {Locating potential mates in non-native habitats is one of the most important challenges faced by invasive vertebrate species. The Argentine black and white tegu lizard (Salvator merianae) is a major invasive reptile species in the contiguous United States and is rapidly expanding its range across Florida and the Southeast, in part due to inadequate management strategies and tools. Because a wide array of reptiles, especially squamates (snakes and lizards), have been well-studied for their reliance on chemical cues to locate conspecifics, our project aimed to isolate chemical cues from tegus and assess the ability of adult males and females to use only these cues to make navigation decisions within a Y-maze. Previously, we found that both males and females can follow conspecific scent trails, but the nature of the specific cues used by the tegus was unknown. In this study, we extracted skin lipids from male and female shed skins acquired during the breeding season then tested the extracts for bioactivity at different dilutions prior to Y-maze trials. Both sexes showed positive reactions (e.g., tongue-flicking, nose taps, scratching) to 2:1 skin lipid:hexane dilutions. In the Y-maze, males (n = 7) and females (n = 7) were run in three types of trailing scenarios with these skin lipid extracts: Male-only (pooled lipid extracts from male shed skins), Female-only (extracts from female shed skins), and Male vs. female. Regardless of the tegu lipid type present, tegus preferred to follow the conspecific lipid trail when paired with a neutral control (peanut oil; 2:1 dilution). They also preferred opposite-sex skin lipid trails when paired with same-sex skin lipid trails. We analyzed our results further by comparing them to those of Richard, Bukovich, et al. (2020). We found a synchronization effect of the skin lipids: sex differences in behavior detectable in the scent trail trials were absent when only conspecific skin lipids were present in the environment. Our results indicate that skin lipids alone are sufficient to facilitate mate tracking in S. merianae, these chemical cues induce reliable behavior, and extracted skin lipids have potential for modifying movement patterns of an invasive reptile in their non-native range. If leveraged in concert with current tegu management strategies (i.e., trapping), extracted skin lipids have the potential to bolster management efficacy but field trials are a requisite next step.}, }
@article {pmid37903920, year = {2023}, author = {Halassy, M and Batáry, P and Csecserits, A and Török, K and Valkó, O}, title = {Meta-analysis identifies native priority as a mechanism that supports the restoration of invasion-resistant plant communities.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {1100}, pmid = {37903920}, issn = {2399-3642}, mesh = {*Plants ; *Introduced Species ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {The restoration of invasion-resistant plant communities is an important strategy to combat the negative impacts of alien invasions. Based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of seed-based ecological restoration experiments, here we demonstrate the potential of functional similarity, seeding density and priority effect in increasing invasion resistance. Our results indicate that native priority is the most promising mechanism to control invasion that can reduce the performance of invasive alien species by more than 50%. High-density seeding is effective in controlling invasive species, but threshold seeding rates may exist. Overall seeding functionally similar species do not have a significant effect. Generally, the impacts are more pronounced on perennial and grassy invaders and on the short-term. Our results suggest that biotic resistance can be best enhanced by the early introduction of native plant species during restoration. Seeding of a single species with high functional similarity to invasive alien species is unpromising, and instead, preference should be given to high-density multifunctional seed mixtures, possibly including native species favored by the priority effect. We highlight the need to integrate research across geographical regions, global invasive species and potential resistance mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid37903086, year = {2023}, author = {Corral-Lou, A and Doadrio, I}, title = {Environmental DNA metabarcoding of water samples as a tool for monitoring Iberian freshwater fish composition.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, pages = {e0283088}, pmid = {37903086}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *DNA, Environmental ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; Biodiversity ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Fishes/genetics ; Fresh Water ; *Cypriniformes/genetics ; Water ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has been increasingly used to monitor the community assemblages of a wide variety of organisms. Here, we test the efficacy of eDNA metabarcoding to assess the composition of Iberian freshwater fishes, one of the most endangered groups of vertebrates in Spain. For this purpose, we sampled 12 sampling sites throughout one of Spain's largest basins, the Duero, which is home to approximately 70% of the genera and 30% of the primary freshwater fish in Spain. We sampled these sampling sites in the summer by using electrofishing, a traditional sampling method, and eDNA metabarcoding of river water samples using the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene (12S) as a marker. We also resampled four of these sampling sites in autumn by eDNA. We compared the results obtained through eDNA metabarcoding with those of electrofishing surveys (ones conducted for the present study and past ones) and assessed the suitability of 12S as an eDNA metabarcoding marker for this group of freshwater fishes. We found that the 12S fragment, analysed for 25 Iberian species, showed sufficient taxonomic resolution to be useful for eDNA approaches, and even showed population-level differences in the studied populations across the tissue samples for Achondrostoma arcasii. In most cases, a greater number of species was detected through eDNA metabarcoding than through electrofishing. Based on our results, eDNA metabarcoding is a powerful tool to study the freshwater fish composition in the Iberian Peninsula and to unmask cryptic diversity. However, we highlight the need to generate a local genetic database for 12S gene for such studies and to interpret the results with caution when studying only mitochondrial DNA. Finally, our survey shows that the high detection sensitivity of eDNA metabarcoding and the non-invasiveness of this method allows it to act as a detection system for species of low abundance, such as early invasive species or species in population decline, two key aspects of conservation management of Spanish freshwater fishes.}, }
@article {pmid37901946, year = {2024}, author = {Drees, TH and Shea, K}, title = {Elevated temperatures shift flower head height distributions and seed dispersal patterns in two invasive thistle species.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {105}, number = {1}, pages = {e4201}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.4201}, pmid = {37901946}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Humans ; Introduced Species ; Temperature ; Inflorescence ; *Seed Dispersal ; Seeds ; *Carduus ; }, abstract = {Climate change may significantly alter how organisms disperse, with implications for population spread and species management. Wind-dispersed plants have emerged as a useful study system for investigating how climate change affects dispersal, although studies modeling wind dispersal often assume propagules are released from a single point on an individual. This simplifying assumption, while useful, may misestimate dispersal. Here, we investigate the effects of climate change on dispersal distances and spread rates, examining how these quantities shift when accounting for all points of seed release on an individual. Using the wind-dispersed invasive thistles Carduus nutans and Carduus acanthoides, we quantify temperature-driven shifts in the distribution of flower head heights using a passive warming field experiment, and estimate how these shifts affect dispersal using the Wald analytical long-distance (WALD) model; for C. nutans, we use existing demographic data to simulate how these shifts affect population spread rates. We also compare dispersal distances for both warmed and ambient temperature plants, considering the entire distribution of flower head heights versus the common assumption of point-source seed release at the maximum height. For experimentally grown individuals, an ~0.6°C higher growing temperature increased mean and maximum flower head height by 14.1 cm (15.0%) and 14.0 cm (13.2%), respectively, in C. nutans and by 21.2 cm (26.6%) and 31.8 cm (36.7%), respectively, in C. acanthoides. Seeds from warmed individuals were more likely to exceed a given dispersal distance than those from their unwarmed counterparts; warmed C. nutans and C. acanthoides seeds were on average 1.36 and 1.71 times as likely, respectively, to travel 10 m or more in dispersal simulations, with this disparity increasing at longer dispersal distances. For C. nutans, increased growing temperatures boosted simulated rates of population spread by 42.2%, while assuming dispersal from a maximum height point source rather than the true distribution of flower head heights increased simulated spread by up to 28.5%. Our results not only demonstrate faster population spread under increased temperatures, but also have substantial implications for modeling such spread, as the common simplifying assumption of dispersal from a single maximum height source may substantially overestimate spread rates.}, }
@article {pmid37899642, year = {2024}, author = {Lin, T and He, W and Yang, M and Wang, X and Vrieling, K and Chen, G}, title = {Soil cadmium pollution facilitated the invasion of alligator weed through enhanced herbivore resistance and competitive ability over a congeneric species.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, pages = {585-599}, doi = {10.1111/pce.14747}, pmid = {37899642}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; //National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cadmium/toxicity ; Herbivory ; *Alligators and Crocodiles ; Plants ; Introduced Species ; *Amaranthaceae ; Soil ; }, abstract = {A number of invasive plant species, such as Alternanthera philoxeroides, have been documented to be able to accumulate trace metal elements in their tissues. Since metal accumulation in plants can serve as a defence against herbivores, we hypothesized that metal pollution will increase herbivore resistance of metal-accumulating invasive plant species and such a benefit will grant them a competitive advantage over local co-occurring plants. In this study, we compared the differences in plant growth and herbivore feeding preference between A. philoxeroides and its native congener Alternanthera sessilis in single and mixed cultures with and without soil cadmium (Cd) pollution. The results showed that A. philoxeroides plants were more tolerant to Cd stress and accumulated more Cd in the leaves than A. sessilis. Cd exposure increased the resistance of A. philoxeroides against a specialist and a generalist herbivore compared with A. sessilis. Competition experiments indicated that Cd stress largely increased the competitive advantage of A. philoxeroides over A. sessilis with or without herbivore pressures. The differences in herbivore resistance between the two plant species under soil Cd stress are most likely due to the deterring effect of Cd accumulation and Cd-enhanced mechanical defences rather than changes in leaf specialized metabolites.}, }
@article {pmid37897289, year = {2023}, author = {Xie, J and Zhang, YY and Tang, ZH and Sun, X}, title = {[Characteristics of gut microbiome communities in the invasive African giant snail under urbanization gradient].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {34}, number = {10}, pages = {2813-2819}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202310.030}, pmid = {37897289}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Urbanization ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Snails/genetics/microbiology ; *Microbiota ; Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {To investigate the diversity and community structure of gut microbiome of the invasive species, Achatina fulica, along an urbanization gradient, we collected 30 A. fulica samples from five parks in the urban, suburban, and rural areas of Xiamen City. Using full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing performed by the third generation PacBio sequencing platform, we analyzed the community characteristics of gut microbiome and soil microbiome in different habitats. We found a significant disparity between the composition of gut microbiome of A. fulica and that of the soil microbiome in their habitats. Furthermore, the gut microbiome of A. fulica were more sensitive to urbanization. The microbial α-diversity indices (Sobs, Chao, Shannon indices) in the soil of A. fulica habitats were consistently higher than those within their guts. Despite the similar β-diversity indices of microbial communities in urban, suburban, and rural soils, we found a significant discrepancy in gut microbiome composition. Urbanization significantly influenced A. fulica gut microbiome composition. Gut microbiome of A. fulica in urban and suburban regions primarily consisted of Enterobacteriaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, and Mycoplasmataceae, while that in rural areas chiefly composed of Streptococcaceae and Paenibacillaceae. The diversity and abundance of potential human pathogenic bacteria within the gut microbiome of A. fulica significantly increased in urban environments, suggesting that urbanization escalated the risk of A. fulica transmitting potential pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid37897273, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, Q and Li, B}, title = {[Field practice of Scirpus mariqueter restoration in the bird habitats of Chongming Dongtan Wetland, China].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {34}, number = {10}, pages = {2663-2671}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202310.029}, pmid = {37897273}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Animals ; *Wetlands ; China ; Ecosystem ; Plants ; Poaceae/metabolism ; Birds ; *Cyperaceae ; Seedlings ; }, abstract = {The coastal saltmarshes in China have been seriously degraded and artificial restoration strategies have become one of the primary measures to protect the coastal habitats. In this study, we investigated efficient restoration techniques for native saltmarsh plants in vacant habitats within the project area of the Ecological Control of Spartina alterniflora and Improvement of Birds Habitats in the Shanghai Chongming Dongtan Bird National Nature Reserve in the Yangtze Estuary. Through field and pilot experiments, we analyzed the effects of propagule types and transplanting methods on the restoration efficiency of Scirpus mariqueter, a dominant saltmarsh species in the Yangtze Estuary. We further evaluated the cost and efficiency of various restoration strategies. Our results indicated that: 1) The corm seedlings of S. mariqueter had higher flood tolerance, and were suitable for use in the habitats with higher environmental heterogeneity. 2) Across the four treatments for S. mariqueter restoration, the most economically efficient treatment was to transplant low-density corm seedlings without sediment, with an investment cost of approximately ￥10100 per hectare. The costs were ￥41100, ￥30000, and ￥120100 per hectare for high-density without sediment, low-density with sediment, and high-density with sediment restoration, respectively. 3) After nearly 5-yr efforts, the S. mariqueter community of Plot C3 in project area had achieved a coverage of over 60%, marking a relatively successful large-scale field restoration. This study could provide the foundation and support for large-scale coastal saltmarsh restoration projects.}, }
@article {pmid37896047, year = {2023}, author = {Rodríguez-Cerda, L and Guedes, LM and Torres, S and Gavilán, E and Aguilera, N}, title = {Phenolic Antioxidant Protection in the Initial Growth of Cryptocarya alba: Two Different Responses against Two Invasive Fabaceae.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {37896047}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {FONDECYT INICIACI&#xd3;N 11200360//Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo/ ; }, abstract = {The allelophatic effect of the invasive Fabaceae, Ulex europaeus and Teline monspessulana, on the production of phenolic compounds in C. alba seedlings was investigated. It was expected that the oxidative stress caused by the allelochemicals released by both invaders would induce a differential response in the production of phenolic compounds in C. alba seedlings. These antioxidant mechanisms guaranteed C. alba plants' survival, even to the detriment of their initial growth. Cryptocarya alba seedlings were irrigated with T. monspessulana (TE) and U. europaeus (UE) extracts and water as a control. After eight months, morphometric variables were evaluated, and leaves were collected for histochemical analysis. The methanol extracts from treatments and control leaves were used for anthocyanin, phenol, and antioxidant activity quantifications. Both invasive species induced an inhibitory effect on the morphometric variables. Teline monspessulana induced leaf damage and increased the anthocyanin content by 4.9-fold, but did not affect the phenol content. Ulex europaeus induces root damage and a decrease in phenol content, but does not affect the anthocyanin content. Both Fabaceae extracts affected the profile and polyphenol concentration and consequently decreased the antioxidant capacity of C. alba leaves at low extract concentrations. Phenols, lignin, and ROS accumulate on C. alba leaves, but the histochemical reactions were less intense under UE. Although C. alba develops different antioxidant protection mechanisms against stress induced by UE and TE, its survival is guaranteed, even to the detriment of its initial growth.}, }
@article {pmid37895386, year = {2023}, author = {Thiébaut, G}, title = {Impact of Mechanical Removal on the Regeneration and Colonization Abilities of the Alien Aquatic Macrophyte Egeria densa.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {37895386}, issn = {2075-1729}, support = {no grant number//Agence de l'Eau Loire-Bretagne/ ; }, abstract = {The development of aquatic plant beds can obstruct boat traffic, hinder the practice of water activities, and impact the functioning of freshwaters. In order to mitigate their effects, mechanical removal is often the preferred management solution. The objective of this study was to test, in mesocosms, the effect of frequency (none, one, and two cuts) and cutting dates (May and/or July) on the regeneration and colonization capabilities of the aquatic plant Egeria densa, an invasive alien species in France. The cutting date had no effect on the capabilities of E. densa, but the two cuts significantly reduced the plant's biomass. Removal produced numerous fragments, which exhibited very high survival and anchoring rates. However, summer removal produced fragments with lower regeneration and colonization abilities compared to fragments from spring cutting. Mechanical removal only temporarily reduced the biomass of the aquatic plant beds and could promote the formation of new beds from the fragments generated by management and dispersed by water flow.}, }
@article {pmid37894002, year = {2023}, author = {Zanet, S and Occhibove, F and Capizzi, D and Fratini, S and Giannini, F and Hoida, AD and Sposimo, P and Valentini, F and Ferroglio, E}, title = {Zoonotic Microparasites in Invasive Black Rats (Rattus rattus) from Small Islands in Central Italy.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {37894002}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Invasive species have a detrimental impact on native populations, particularly in island ecosystems, and they pose a potential zoonotic and wildlife threat. Black rats (Rattus rattus) are invasive species that disrupt native flora and fauna on islands and serve as potential competent reservoirs for various pathogens and parasites. Microparasites screening was conducted in rat populations from small islands in central Italy (the Pontine Islands and Pianosa) with the aim of assessing the role of rats in maintaining infections, particularly in cases where key reservoir hosts were scarce or absent. We focused on microparasites of zoonotic and veterinary relevance. A total of 53 rats was kill-trapped and target tissues were analysed with molecular techniques. We observed the absence or very low prevalence of Anaplasma spp., while Babesia was found in rats from all locations, marking the first recorded instance of Babesia divergens in wild rats. Data from Pianosa strongly suggest the presence of an autochthonous Leishmania infantum cycle in the Tuscan archipelago islands. Neospora caninum was absent from all islands, even in areas where dogs, the main reservoirs, were present. Toxoplasma gondii was only recorded on the Pontine Islands, where genotyping is needed to shed light on infection dynamics. This study confirms that invasive species, such as rats, may be responsible for maintaining an increased parasitological threat to fauna and human communities in certain ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid37893996, year = {2023}, author = {Balčiauskas, L and Kučas, A and Balčiauskienė, L}, title = {Mammal Roadkills in Lithuanian Urban Areas: A 15-Year Study.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {37893996}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {05.5.1-APVA-V-018-01-0012//Investigations of the Status of Invasive and Alien Species in Lithuania" (Contract No. 05.5.1-APVA-V-018-01-0012)./ ; }, abstract = {We investigated roadkills in urban areas in Lithuania from 2007 to 2022, including two periods with COVID-19 restrictions on people's movement. We analyzed the proportions of wild and domestic animals in roadkill, annual trends, the predominant species involved, and monthly changes during the restrictions. Urban roads were characterized by a low species diversity of roadkilled mammals, with roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) dominating. Total numbers increased exponentially during the study period. The proportion of domestic animals, 12.2%, significantly exceeded that on non-urban roads in the country. The proportion of domestic animals decreased from over 40% in 2007-2009 to 3.7-5.4% in 2020-2022, while the proportion of wild mammals increased from 36.1-39.6% to 89.9-90.6%, respectively. During the periods of COVID-19 restrictions, the number of roadkills in urban areas was significantly higher than expected based on long-term trends. Compared to 2019, the number of roadkilled roe deer in 2020-2021 almost doubled from 700 to 1281-1325 individuals. These anthropause effects were, however, temporary. The imbalance between the roadkill number and transport intensity might require new mitigation strategies to sustain mammal populations in urban areas, at least through improving driver awareness on the issue.}, }
@article {pmid37893911, year = {2023}, author = {Ficetola, GF and Manenti, R and Lo Parrino, E and Muraro, M and Barzaghi, B and Messina, V and Giachello, S and Melotto, A and Falaschi, M}, title = {Decline and Extinction of the Italian Agile Frog Rana latastei from Core Areas of Its Range.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {37893911}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {MUSA Project//European Union - NextGenerationEU, Italian National Recovery and Resilience Plan (Mission 4, Component 2, Investment 1.5 'Innovation Ecosystems'), project MUSA/ ; }, abstract = {Detecting the trends of species and populations is fundamental to identifying taxa with high conservation priority. Unfortunately, long-term monitoring programs are challenging and often lacking. The Italian agile frog Rana latastei is endemic to Northern Italy and adjacent countries, is considered vulnerable by the IUCN, and is protected at the European level. However, quantitative estimates of its decline are extremely scarce. In this study, we document the trends in abundance and distribution of Rana latastei within Monza Park, which currently represents the area closer to the type locality of the species and holds unique genetic features. Wetlands within the park were monitored from 2000 to 2023; counts of egg clutches were taken as a measure of reproductive output and the abundance of breeding females. In 2000, the species occurred over a significant proportion of the park. Total abundance showed strong yearly variation but remained rather constant from 2000 to 2019. However, Rana latastei disappeared from the park around 2021 and was never detected in 2022-2023. The decline is probably related to the joint effect of multiple factors, including the conversion of breeding sites for farming, inappropriate water management, invasive alien species, and severe drought. The local extinction of Rana latastei occurred despite legal protection, highlighting the need for more effective and stringent tools for the conservation of European biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid37890313, year = {2023}, author = {Wei, H and Jiang, X and Liu, L and Ma, Y and He, J and Wang, N and Gao, C and Wang, W and Song, X and Wang, J}, title = {Efficiency and ecological safety of herbicide haloxyfop-R-methyl on removal of coastal invasive plant Spartina alterniflora.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {197}, number = {}, pages = {115662}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115662}, pmid = {37890313}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Herbicides ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; Poaceae ; Wetlands ; *Microbiota ; China ; }, abstract = {Spartina alterniflora is a global invasive plant and has caused considerable damage to coastal wetland ecosystem. This study evaluated the efficiency and ecological safety of herbicide haloxyfop-R-methyl (HPME) in removing S alterniflora in Laizhou Bay. The results showed that the density of regenerated S. alterniflora after 10 months of application of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03 g/m[2] HPME decreased by 86.67 %, 99.16 % and 99.31 %, respectively. Moreover, seed abortion rates were 62.25 %, 92.24 % and 94.82 %, and weight of roots in HPME groups were 56.63 %, 59.99 %, and 40.10 % of those in the control group. After 4 days of application, HPME could not be detected in S. alterniflora and sediments. In addition, HPME did not change sediment physicochemical properties, macrozoobenthos community and microbial community structure during 16 days, but increased the density of native macrozoobenthos after 1 year. Therefore, HPME might be an effective and ecologically safe chemical for the eradication of S. alterniflora.}, }
@article {pmid37889720, year = {2023}, author = {Rogers, AM and Lermite, F and Griffin, AS and van Rensburg, BJ and Kark, S}, title = {Alien vs. Predator: Impacts of Invasive Species and Native Predators on Urban Nest Box Use by Native Birds.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {37889720}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {DP140100524//Australian Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {Many bird species in Australia require tree hollows for breeding. However, assessing the benefits of urban nest boxes to native birds requires frequent monitoring that allows to assess nesting success. To better understand the benefits of nest boxes for native birds, we examined the impact of local habitat characteristics, invasive species (common myna, Acridotheres tristis), and native mammalian predators on urban nest box use and nesting success of native birds. We installed 216 nest boxes across nine locations in southeastern Australia (S.E. Queensland and northern New South Wales) in both long-invaded sites (invaded before 1970) and more recently invaded sites (after 1990). We monitored all boxes weekly over two breeding seasons. We recorded seven bird species and three mammal species using the nest boxes. Weekly box occupancy by all species averaged 8% of all boxes, with the species most frequently recorded in the nest boxes being the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), a native cavity user and nest predator. We recorded 137 nesting attempts in the boxes across all bird species. The most frequent nesting species were the invasive alien common mynas (72 nesting attempts). We recorded an average nesting failure rate of 53.3% for all bird species. We did not record any common mynas evicting other nesting birds, and found that several native species used the same box after the common myna completed its nesting. We recorded native possums in 92% of the boxes, and possum occupancy of boxes per site was negatively correlated with bird nesting success (p = 0.021). These results suggest that when boxes are accessible to invasive species and native predators, they are unlikely to significantly improve nesting opportunities for native birds. To ensure efficient use of limited conservation resources, nest boxes should be designed to target species of high conservation importance and limit other species of both predators and competitors.}, }
@article {pmid37888599, year = {2023}, author = {Liu, Q and Xie, JW and Wang, M and Du, YT and Yin, ZG and Zhou, NX and Zhao, TY and Huang, EJ and Zhang, HD}, title = {Potential Global Distribution of the Invasive Mosquito Aedes koreicus under a Changing Climate.}, journal = {Tropical medicine and infectious disease}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {37888599}, issn = {2414-6366}, support = {No.2017ZX10303404//the Infective Diseases Prevention and Cure Project of China/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species are a growing threat to natural systems, the economy, and human health. Active surveillance and responses that readily suppress newly established colonies are effective actions to mitigate the noxious consequences of biological invasions. Aedes (Hulecoeteomyia) koreicus (Edwards), a mosquito species native to East Asia, has spread to parts of Europe and Central Asia since 2008. In the last decade, Ae. koreicus has been shown to be a competent vector for chikungunya virus and Dirofilaria immitis. However, information about the current and potential distribution of Ae. koreicus is limited. Therefore, to understand the changes in their global distribution and to contribute to the monitoring and control of Ae. koreicus, in this study, the MaxEnt model was used to predict and analyze the current suitable distribution area of Ae. koreicus in the world to provide effective information.}, }
@article {pmid37888462, year = {2023}, author = {Kosker, AR and Karakus, M and Katikou, P and Dal, &#x130; and Durmus, M and Ucar, Y and Ayas, D and Özogul, F}, title = {Monthly Variation of Tetrodotoxin Levels in Pufferfish (Lagocephalus sceleratus) Caught from Antalya Bay, Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {21}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {37888462}, issn = {1660-3397}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Male ; Bays ; Introduced Species ; Mass Spectrometry ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Tetraodontiformes ; Tetrodotoxin/toxicity ; }, abstract = {The silver-cheeked toadfish (Lagocephalus sceleratus), an invasive alien pufferfish species that has rapidly settled throughout the Mediterranean region, poses significant threats not only to native marine species and fisheries but also to public health due to the tetrodotoxin (TTX) they harbor. In this study, TTX concentrations in L. sceleratus from Antalya Bay in the Northeastern Mediterranean Sea were investigated using Q-TOF-LC-MS on a monthly basis over a one-year period. Pufferfish were caught by angling from May 2018 to April 2019. The TTX levels in three different tissues (gonads, liver, and muscle) of 110 pufferfish in total were determined in both male and female individuals caught for 11 months. The highest TTX mean levels generally occurred in the gonads and the lowest in the muscle samples. As regards the maximum TTX contents, the highest concentrations determined were 68.2, 34.2, and 7.8 µg/g in the gonad, liver, and muscle tissues, respectively. The highest levels were generally observed in late autumn to winter (especially in November and December) in all tissues from both genders. Female individuals were generally found to be more toxic than male individuals. The TTX levels found confirm that the consumption of L. sceleratus from Antalya Bay remains dangerous throughout the year, and thus L. sceleratus constantly constitutes an important risk source for public health.}, }
@article {pmid37886992, year = {2023}, author = {Ye, X and Meng, J and Ma, R and Wu, M}, title = {Effects of Clipping an Invasive Plant Species on the Growth of Planted Plants of Two Co-Occurring Species in a Greenhouse Study.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {37886992}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {LTGS23C030002//Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32171516//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {The restoration of native plants in invaded habitats is constrained with the presence of highly competitive exotic species. Aboveground removal, such as clipping or mowing, of invasive plants is required for successful restoration. The effects of clipping an invasive plant species, Solidago canadensis, grown at five densities (1-5 plants per pot), and planting two co-occurring and competitive species, Sesbania cannabina and Imperata cylindrica, on the growth of both the invasive species and the co-occurring species were investigated in a greenhouse experiment. The established S. canadensis suppressed the growth of planted seedlings with 47.8-94.4% reduction in biomass, with stronger effects at higher densities; clipping significantly reduced 97.5-97.4% of biomass of S. canadensis and ameliorated the suppression effects (with only 8.7-52.7% reduction in biomass of the co-occurring plants), irrespective of density. Both the aboveground and belowground part of S. canadensis contributed to its suppression effects on planted co-occurring species. Seed sowing of co-occurring species reduced the belowground growth, but not the underground growth of S. canadensis. S. cannabina appeared to be more effective at reducing the growth of S. canadensis than I. cylindrica. Therefore, clipping together with planting competitive species that can overcome the belowground priority effects of S. canadensis could be a promising strategy for controlling S. canadensis invasion and restoring native plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid37884464, year = {2023}, author = {Amer, A and Spears, S and Vaughn, PL and Colwell, C and Livingston, EH and McQueen, W and Schill, A and Reichard, DG and Gangloff, EJ and Brock, KM}, title = {Physiological phenotypes differ among color morphs in introduced common wall lizards (Podarcis muralis).}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12775}, pmid = {37884464}, issn = {1749-4877}, abstract = {Many species exhibit color polymorphisms which have distinct physiological and behavioral characteristics. However, the consistency of morph trait covariation patterns across species, time, and ecological contexts remains unclear. This trait covariation is especially relevant in the context of invasion biology and urban adaptation. Specifically, physiological traits pertaining to energy maintenance are crucial to fitness, given their immediate ties to individual reproduction, growth, and population establishment. We investigated the physiological traits of Podarcis muralis, a versatile color polymorphic species that thrives in urban environments (including invasive populations in Ohio, USA). We measured five physiological traits (plasma corticosterone and triglycerides, hematocrit, body condition, and field body temperature), which compose an integrated multivariate phenotype. We then tested variation among co-occurring color morphs in the context of establishment in an urban environment. We found that the traits describing physiological status and strategy shifted across the active season in a morph-dependent manner-the white and yellow morphs exhibited clearly different multivariate physiological phenotypes, characterized primarily by differences in plasma corticosterone. This suggests that morphs have different strategies in physiological regulation, the flexibility of which is crucial to urban adaptation. The white-yellow morph exhibited an intermediate phenotype, suggesting an intermediary energy maintenance strategy. Orange morphs also exhibited distinct phenotypes, but the low prevalence of this morph in our study populations precludes clear interpretation. Our work provides insight into how differences among stable polymorphisms exist across axes of the phenotype and how this variation may aid in establishment within novel environments.}, }
@article {pmid37882872, year = {2023}, author = {Sawada, K and Inoue, T and Mori, N and Mori, A and Kamijo, T}, title = {DO Toxic Invasive Prey Become a Toxin Source for Native Consumers?.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {37882872}, issn = {1573-1561}, support = {22KJ0402//Japan Science and Technology Agency/ ; 21H04714//Japan Science and Technology Agency/ ; 17H03719//Japan Science and Technology Agency/ ; }, abstract = {Toxic organisms can become food that potentially harms consumers. When these organisms become invasive species, the harm often turns to a serious threat that disrupts native ecosystems. On the other hand, there are consumers that can exploit toxic organisms for food and sequester intact toxins from them for the consumers' own chemical defense. Therefore, it can be expected that toxic invasive prey can become a toxin source for native consumers. Here, we focused on the relationship between toads, which are one of the major toxic invasive organisms and possess bufadienolides (BDs), and Rhabdophis snakes, which sequester BDs from toads. On Sado Island, Japan, R. tigrinus is native, but no toads had inhabited this island until Bufo japonicus formosus was introduced as a domestic invasive species in 1963 and 1964. At present, invasive toads are distributed only in the southwestern part of the island. We collected a total of 25 and 24 R. tigrinus from areas allopatric and sympatric with toads, respectively. Then, we investigated the possession of BDs and the BD profile of these snakes. We found that only R. tigrinus sympatric with toads possessed BDs, whereas all snakes allopatric with toads lacked BDs. Based on the characteristics of the BD profile, the toxin source was identified as B. j. formosus. Our findings show that a new case of impact caused by toxic invasive species, i.e., "toxin supply to native consumers from invasive prey", could occur.}, }
@article {pmid37877294, year = {2024}, author = {Ratcliffe, H and Kendig, A and Vacek, S and Carlson, D and Ahlering, M and Dee, LE}, title = {Extreme precipitation promotes invasion in managed grasslands.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {105}, number = {1}, pages = {e4190}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.4190}, pmid = {37877294}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Grassland ; Poaceae ; Plants ; Bromus ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme events like drought and flooding, which threaten to amplify other global change drivers such as species invasion. We investigate the effect of wet and dry extreme precipitation regimes on invasive species' abundances in northern tallgrass prairies. Because soil moisture is a key determinant of prairie composition, theory and evidence suggest drought conditions will hinder invasion, whereas wetter conditions will enhance invasion. To test this hypothesis, we explored the effect of precipitation on invasive plant species abundance from 2010 to 2019 in 25 managed prairies using observations from 267 transects comprising 6675 plots throughout western Minnesota, USA. We estimated how increases in the number of extremely wet or dry months in a year altered overall invasive species abundance and the abundance of the highly invasive grasses Poa pratensis and Bromus inermis. We found that a greater occurrence of abnormally wet months increased invasive species abundance but found mixed evidence that abnormally dry conditions hindered invasion. Further, more moderately wet and dry months reduced native grass abundance. Together, these results suggest that more frequent extremely wet months may intensify invasive dominance and that dry months may not counterbalance these trends. Given the considerable uncertainty still surrounding the interactive effects of climate change and invasion on native plant communities, this research represents an important step toward quantifying the complex influence of precipitation extremes on invasion dynamics in managed ecosystems of critical conservation concern.}, }
@article {pmid37874951, year = {2023}, author = {Hadden, W and Brewster, CC and Leskey, TC and Bergh, JC}, title = {Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) trap captures at orchard and nonorchard sites and the influence of uncultivated woody host plants in adjoining woodlots.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {6}, pages = {2076-2084}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad190}, pmid = {37874951}, issn = {1938-291X}, support = {2016-51181-2540//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; //National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; 2016-51181-2540//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Heteroptera ; *Malus ; Fruit ; Trees ; Wood ; Nymph ; }, abstract = {The invasive Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) has threatened Mid-Atlantic tree fruit since 2010. To identify factors underlying observed differences in H. halys pest pressure among individual orchards within a geographically proximate area, a 3-yr study was conducted across 10 apple orchard and 8 nonorchard sites bordered by unmanaged woodlots. At each site, 3 pheromone traps were monitored weekly for H. halys captures from late April to mid-October. Apple injury was assessed at harvest at orchard sites annually, and a survey of woody plants found in woodlots adjacent to all sites was conducted. There were no significant differences in captures between orchard and nonorchard site types, but captures were significantly different among individual orchard sites and among individual nonorchard sites. A significant positive relationship between the amount of stink bug injury on apple at harvest and late season captures was detected at orchard sites in 2018 and 2019. Among woodlots adjacent to all sites, a significant positive relationship between the proportion of Lonicera spp. and mid- and late-season nymphal captures was identified. Season-long nymphal captures were positively related to the proportion of Lonicera and Elaeagnus and negatively with Sassafras. For adults, captures were negatively related to the proportion of Ailanthus and positively related to the proportion of Fraxinus in the early and mid-season, respectively. Our results indicate that orchard presence was not driving the relative abundance of localized H. halys populations and that differences in relative densities among sites point to other factors, such as abundance of specific uncultivated woody hosts in unmanaged areas.}, }
@article {pmid37874855, year = {2023}, author = {Jin, M and Shan, Y and Peng, Y and Wang, W and Zhang, H and Liu, K and Heckel, DG and Wu, K and Tabashnik, BE and Xiao, Y}, title = {Downregulation of a transcription factor associated with resistance to Bt toxin Vip3Aa in the invasive fall armyworm.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {120}, number = {44}, pages = {e2306932120}, pmid = {37874855}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {2022ZD04021//the Sci-Tech Innovation 2030 Agenda/ ; 32001944//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; na//CAAS | Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP)/ ; na//Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality ()/ ; 2020-67013-31924//USDA National Institute for Food and Agriculture/ ; CAAS-CSCB-202303//Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Bacillus thuringiensis/genetics ; Spodoptera/genetics ; Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins/metabolism ; Down-Regulation ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; *Insecticides/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/pharmacology/metabolism ; Crops, Agricultural/genetics ; Endotoxins/genetics/pharmacology/metabolism ; Hemolysin Proteins/metabolism ; Insecticide Resistance/genetics ; Larva/metabolism ; Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have revolutionized control of some major pests. However, more than 25 cases of field-evolved practical resistance have reduced the efficacy of transgenic crops producing crystalline (Cry) Bt proteins, spurring adoption of alternatives including crops producing the Bt vegetative insecticidal protein Vip3Aa. Although practical resistance to Vip3Aa has not been reported yet, better understanding of the genetic basis of resistance to Vip3Aa is urgently needed to proactively monitor, delay, and counter pest resistance. This is especially important for fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), which has evolved practical resistance to Cry proteins and is one of the world's most damaging pests. Here, we report the identification of an association between downregulation of the transcription factor gene SfMyb and resistance to Vip3Aa in S. frugiperda. Results from a genome-wide association study, fine-scale mapping, and RNA-Seq identified this gene as a compelling candidate for contributing to the 206-fold resistance to Vip3Aa in a laboratory-selected strain. Experimental reduction of SfMyb expression in a susceptible strain using RNA interference (RNAi) or CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing decreased susceptibility to Vip3Aa, confirming that reduced expression of this gene can cause resistance to Vip3Aa. Relative to the wild-type promoter for SfMyb, the promoter in the resistant strain has deletions and lower activity. Data from yeast one-hybrid assays, genomics, RNA-Seq, RNAi, and proteomics identified genes that are strong candidates for mediating the effects of SfMyb on Vip3Aa resistance. The results reported here may facilitate progress in understanding and managing pest resistance to Vip3Aa.}, }
@article {pmid37873879, year = {2023}, author = {Kim, AS and Kreiner, JM and Hernández, F and Bock, DG and Hodgins, KA and Rieseberg, LH}, title = {Temporal collections to study invasion biology.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {24}, pages = {6729-6742}, doi = {10.1111/mec.17176}, pmid = {37873879}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*DNA/genetics ; *Museums ; Biology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions represent an extraordinary opportunity to study evolution. This is because accidental or deliberate species introductions have taken place for centuries across large geographical scales, frequently prompting rapid evolutionary transitions in invasive populations. Until recently, however, the utility of invasions as evolutionary experiments has been hampered by limited information on the makeup of populations that were part of earlier invasion stages. Now, developments in ancient and historical DNA technologies, as well as the quickening pace of digitization for millions of specimens that are housed in herbaria and museums globally, promise to help overcome this obstacle. In this review, we first introduce the types of temporal data that can be used to study invasions, highlighting the timescale captured by each approach and their respective limitations. We then discuss how ancient and historical specimens as well as data available from prior invasion studies can be used to answer questions on mechanisms of (mal)adaptation, rates of evolution, or community-level changes during invasions. By bridging the gap between contemporary and historical invasive populations, temporal data can help us connect pattern to process in invasion science. These data will become increasingly important if invasions are to achieve their full potential as experiments of evolution in nature.}, }
@article {pmid37872262, year = {2023}, author = {Ma, H and Crowther, TW and Mo, L and Maynard, DS and Renner, SS and van den Hoogen, J and Zou, Y and Liang, J and de-Miguel, S and Nabuurs, GJ and Reich, PB and Niinemets, &#xdc; and Abegg, M and Adou Yao, YC and Alberti, G and Almeyda Zambrano, AM and Alvarado, BV and Alvarez-Dávila, E and Alvarez-Loayza, P and Alves, LF and Ammer, C and Antón-Fernández, C and Araujo-Murakami, A and Arroyo, L and Avitabile, V and Aymard, GA and Baker, TR and Bałazy, R and Banki, O and Barroso, JG and Bastian, ML and Bastin, JF and Birigazzi, L and Birnbaum, P and Bitariho, R and Boeckx, P and Bongers, F and Bouriaud, O and Brancalion, PHS and Brandl, S and Brearley, FQ and Brienen, R and Broadbent, EN and Bruelheide, H and Bussotti, F and Cazzolla Gatti, R and César, RG and Cesljar, G and Chazdon, R and Chen, HYH and Chisholm, C and Cho, H and Cienciala, E and Clark, C and Clark, D and Colletta, GD and Coomes, DA and Valverde, FC and Corral-Rivas, JJ and Crim, PM and Cumming, JR and Dayanandan, S and de Gasper, AL and Decuyper, M and Derroire, G and DeVries, B and Djordjevic, I and Dolezal, J and Dourdain, A and Engone Obiang, NL and Enquist, BJ and Eyre, TJ and Fandohan, AB and Fayle, TM and Feldpausch, TR and Ferreira, LV and Finér, L and Fischer, M and Fletcher, C and Fridman, J and Frizzera, L and Gamarra, JGP and Gianelle, D and Glick, HB and Harris, DJ and Hector, A and Hemp, A and Hengeveld, G and Hérault, B and Herbohn, JL and Herold, M and Hillers, A and Honorio Coronado, EN and Hui, C and Ibanez, TT and Amaral, I and Imai, N and Jagodziński, AM and Jaroszewicz, B and Johannsen, VK and Joly, CA and Jucker, T and Jung, I and Karminov, V and Kartawinata, K and Kearsley, E and Kenfack, D and Kennard, DK and Kepfer-Rojas, S and Keppel, G and Khan, ML and Killeen, TJ and Kim, HS and Kitayama, K and Köhl, M and Korjus, H and Kraxner, F and Kucher, D and Laarmann, D and Lang, M and Lewis, SL and Lu, H and Lukina, NV and Maitner, BS and Malhi, Y and Marcon, E and Marimon, BS and Marimon-Junior, BH and Marshall, AR and Martin, EH and Meave, JA and Melo-Cruz, O and Mendoza, C and Merow, C and Monteagudo Mendoza, A and Moreno, VS and Mukul, SA and Mundhenk, P and Nava-Miranda, MG and Neill, D and Neldner, VJ and Nevenic, RV and Ngugi, MR and Niklaus, PA and Oleksyn, J and Ontikov, P and Ortiz-Malavasi, E and Pan, Y and Paquette, A and Parada-Gutierrez, A and Parfenova, EI and Park, M and Parren, M and Parthasarathy, N and Peri, PL and Pfautsch, S and Phillips, OL and Picard, N and Piedade, MTF and Piotto, D and Pitman, NCA and Mendoza-Polo, I and Poulsen, AD and Poulsen, JR and Pretzsch, H and Ramirez Arevalo, F and Restrepo-Correa, Z and Rodeghiero, M and Rolim, SG and Roopsind, A and Rovero, F and Rutishauser, E and Saikia, P and Salas-Eljatib, C and Saner, P and Schall, P and Schelhaas, MJ and Schepaschenko, D and Scherer-Lorenzen, M and Schmid, B and Schöngart, J and Searle, EB and Seben, V and Serra-Diaz, JM and Sheil, D and Shvidenko, AZ and Silva-Espejo, JE and Silveira, M and Singh, J and Sist, P and Slik, F and Sonké, B and Souza, AF and Miścicki, S and Stereńczak, KJ and Svenning, JC and Svoboda, M and Swanepoel, B and Targhetta, N and Tchebakova, N and Ter Steege, H and Thomas, R and Tikhonova, E and Umunay, PM and Usoltsev, VA and Valencia, R and Valladares, F and van der Plas, F and Van Do, T and van Nuland, ME and Vasquez, RM and Verbeeck, H and Viana, H and Vibrans, AC and Vieira, S and von Gadow, K and Wang, HF and Watson, JV and Werner, GDA and Westerlund, B and Wiser, SK and Wittmann, F and Woell, H and Wortel, V and Zagt, R and Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, T and Zhang, C and Zhao, X and Zhou, M and Zhu, ZX and Zo-Bi, IC and Zohner, CM}, title = {The global biogeography of tree leaf form and habit.}, journal = {Nature plants}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {1795-1809}, pmid = {37872262}, issn = {2055-0278}, support = {PZ00P3_193612//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Swiss National Science Foundation)/ ; 0452995//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; 7330//Wenner-Gren Foundation (Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, Inc.)/ ; PELD/441244/2016-5//Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation | Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development)/ ; 1656'RAINFOR'//Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (Gordon E. and Betty I. Moore Foundation)/ ; NE/B503384/1//RCUK | Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)/ ; NE/N012542/1//RCUK | Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)/ ; ICA/R1/180100 - 'FORAMA'//Royal Society/ ; DNRF173//Statens Naturvidenskabelige Forskningsrad (Danish National Science Foundation)/ ; 16549//Villum Fonden (Villum Foundation)/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Trees/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Habits ; Carbon/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Understanding what controls global leaf type variation in trees is crucial for comprehending their role in terrestrial ecosystems, including carbon, water and nutrient dynamics. Yet our understanding of the factors influencing forest leaf types remains incomplete, leaving us uncertain about the global proportions of needle-leaved, broadleaved, evergreen and deciduous trees. To address these gaps, we conducted a global, ground-sourced assessment of forest leaf-type variation by integrating forest inventory data with comprehensive leaf form (broadleaf vs needle-leaf) and habit (evergreen vs deciduous) records. We found that global variation in leaf habit is primarily driven by isothermality and soil characteristics, while leaf form is predominantly driven by temperature. Given these relationships, we estimate that 38% of global tree individuals are needle-leaved evergreen, 29% are broadleaved evergreen, 27% are broadleaved deciduous and 5% are needle-leaved deciduous. The aboveground biomass distribution among these tree types is approximately 21% (126.4 Gt), 54% (335.7 Gt), 22% (136.2 Gt) and 3% (18.7 Gt), respectively. We further project that, depending on future emissions pathways, 17-34% of forested areas will experience climate conditions by the end of the century that currently support a different forest type, highlighting the intensification of climatic stress on existing forests. By quantifying the distribution of tree leaf types and their corresponding biomass, and identifying regions where climate change will exert greatest pressure on current leaf types, our results can help improve predictions of future terrestrial ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling.}, }
@article {pmid37869059, year = {2023}, author = {Schantz, AV and Dörge, DD and Peter, N and Klimpel, S}, title = {The hidden threat: Exploring the parasite burden and feeding habits of invasive raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in central Europe.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {22}, number = {}, pages = {155-166}, pmid = {37869059}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {Originally from Asia, the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides is an invasive alien species in Europe, listed since 2019 on the List of invasive alien species of Union concern. The raccoon dog is considered to have negative impact on native biodiversity, as well as a crucial role in hosting and transmitting diverse parasites and pathogens of human and veterinary importance. In the present study, stomach content analyses and parasitological examinations were performed on 73 raccoon dogs from Germany. In addition, fecal samples were analyzed. The results of the study confirm the assumption that the examined raccoon dogs were infested with a various ecto- and endoparasite fauna. A total of 9 ecto- and 11 endoparasites were detected, with 6 of the endoparasites having human pathogenic potential. Trichodectes canis (P = 53.42%), Toxocara canis (P = 50.68%) and Uncinaria stenocephala (P = 68.49%) were the most abundant parasite species. The stomach contents consisted of approximately one-third vegetable and two-thirds animal components, composed of various species of amphibians, fish, insects, mammals and birds. Among them were specially protected or endangered species such as the grass frog Rana temporaria. The study shows that the raccoon dog exerts predation pressure on native species due to its omnivorous diet and, as a carrier of various parasites, poses a potential risk of infection to wild, domestic and farm animals and humans.}, }
@article {pmid37868047, year = {2023}, author = {Yek, SH and Sethu Pathy, T and Yeo, DYC and Gan, JYS}, title = {The effects of anthropogenic disturbance and seasonality on the ant communities of Lang Tengah Island.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e16157}, pmid = {37868047}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Anthropogenic Effects ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic disturbances and seasonal changes significantly impact diversity and community composition of ants, but their effects are often intertwined. We investigated these drivers on Lang Tengah Island, a location with a pronounced monsoon season and three resorts that close during this period. We surveyed four sites, two disturbed and two undisturbed, before and after the monsoon season, using pitfall traps to sample epigaeic ant communities. Undisturbed habitats had higher species diversity, but both habitats (undisturbed and disturbed sites) have a high proportion of ants with characteristics of being encroached by generalist and invasive/tramp ant species. Post-monsoon sampling yielded an increase in species richness and diversity. Seasonal changes, such as monsoonal rains, can temporarily alter ant interactions and resource distribution, potentially maintaining diversity. Future studies should validate these findings for ant communities under similar pressures, using ant composition and functional roles for conservation and management purposes.}, }
@article {pmid37867910, year = {2023}, author = {Dantzer, B and Mabry, KE and Bernhardt, JR and Cox, RM and Francis, CD and Ghalambor, CK and Hoke, KL and Jha, S and Ketterson, E and Levis, NA and McCain, KM and Patricelli, GL and Paull, SH and Pinter-Wollman, N and Safran, RJ and Schwartz, TS and Throop, HL and Zaman, L and Martin, LB}, title = {Understanding Organisms Using Ecological Observatory Networks.}, journal = {Integrative organismal biology (Oxford, England)}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {obad036}, pmid = {37867910}, issn = {2517-4843}, abstract = {Human activities are rapidly changing ecosystems around the world. These changes have widespread implications for the preservation of biodiversity, agricultural productivity, prevalence of zoonotic diseases, and sociopolitical conflict. To understand and improve the predictive capacity for these and other biological phenomena, some scientists are now relying on observatory networks, which are often composed of systems of sensors, teams of field researchers, and databases of abiotic and biotic measurements across multiple temporal and spatial scales. One well-known example is NEON, the US-based National Ecological Observatory Network. Although NEON and similar networks have informed studies of population, community, and ecosystem ecology for years, they have been minimally used by organismal biologists. NEON provides organismal biologists, in particular those interested in NEON's focal taxa, with an unprecedented opportunity to study phenomena such as range expansions, disease epidemics, invasive species colonization, macrophysiology, and other biological processes that fundamentally involve organismal variation. Here, we use NEON as an exemplar of the promise of observatory networks for understanding the causes and consequences of morphological, behavioral, molecular, and physiological variation among individual organisms.}, }
@article {pmid37866197, year = {2023}, author = {Tiralongo, F and Marino, S and Ignoto, S and Martellucci, R and Lombardo, BM and Mancini, E and Scacco, U}, title = {Impact of Hermodice carunculata (Pallas, 1766) (Polychaeta: Amphinomidae) on artisanal fishery: A case study from the Mediterranean sea.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {192}, number = {}, pages = {106227}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106227}, pmid = {37866197}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Ecosystem ; *Polychaeta ; Fisheries ; Mediterranean Sea ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can cause severe economic damages, ecosystem alterations, and can even threat human health. In the global warming scenario, which can act as a driving force for the expansion of thermophilic species, we investigated for the first time the economic damage caused by the invasive bearded fireworm, Hermodice carunculata, to artisanal longline fishery in the Mediterranean Sea. We focused on bottom longline fishery targeting the highly prized white seabream Diplodus sargus, investigating catch composition of the fishing gear and Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) of species caught, with particular emphasis on the economic damage caused by the bearded fireworm, H. carunculata, in relation to water temperature. Our results clearly indicated direct and indirect economic damage to fishing activities practiced in the southeastern coast of Sicily (Ionian Sea). Type and extent of the damage caused by the invasive worm (H. carunculata) were discussed in relation to temporal scale and overall yields obtained by this traditional artisanal fishery, and some solutions are proposed. However, the actual situation requires special attention because it is expected to worsen in the context of the global warming future scenarios, such that further studies are urgently needed.}, }
@article {pmid37865654, year = {2023}, author = {Lu, S and Luo, X and Wang, H and Gentili, R and Citterio, S and Yang, J and Jin, J and Li, J and Yang, J}, title = {China-US grain trade shapes the spatial genetic pattern of common ragweed in East China cities.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {1072}, pmid = {37865654}, issn = {2399-3642}, mesh = {United States ; Cities ; *Ambrosia/genetics ; *Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Agriculture ; }, abstract = {Common ragweed is an invasive alien species causing severe allergies in urban residents. Understanding its urban invasion pathways is crucial for effective control. However, knowledge is limited, with most studies focusing on agricultural and natural areas, and occurrence record-based studies exhibiting uncertainties. We address this gap through a study in East China cities, combining population genetics and occurrence records. Leaf samples from 37 urban common ragweed populations across 15 cities are collected. Genomic and chloroplast DNA extraction facilitate analysis of spatial genetic patterns and gene flows. Additionally, international grain trade data is examined to trace invasion sources. Results indicate spatial genetic patterns impacted by multiple introductions over time. We infer the modern grain trade between the United States and China as the primary invasion pathway. Also, cities act as transportation hubs and ports of grain importation might disperse common ragweed to urban areas. Invasive species control should account for cities as potential landing and spread hubs of common ragweed.}, }
@article {pmid37864784, year = {2024}, author = {Liu, X and Huang, W and Liu, Y and Zhan, A}, title = {Perspectives of invasive alien species management in China.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {e2926}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2926}, pmid = {37864784}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Ecosystem ; China ; }, }
@article {pmid37862892, year = {2023}, author = {Ahmad, M and Uniyal, SK and Sharma, P and Rathee, S and Batish, DR and Singh, HP}, title = {Enhanced plasticity and reproductive fitness of floral and seed traits facilitate non-native species spread in mountain ecosystems.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {348}, number = {}, pages = {119222}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119222}, pmid = {37862892}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Pollination/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Genetic Fitness ; Seeds ; Plants ; Flowers/physiology ; }, abstract = {Floral and seed traits, their relationships, and responses to abiotic constraints are considered the key determinants of the invasion success of non-native plant species. However, studies evaluating the pattern of floral and seed traits of non-native species in mountain ecosystems are lacking. In this study, we determined (a) whether the floral and seed traits of native and non-native species show similarity or dissimilarity across elevations in mountains, and (b) whether the non-native species follow different allometric patterns compared with native species. Functional variations between native and non-native species were assessed through floral and seed traits: flower count, flower display area, flower mass, specific flower area, seed count, and seed mass across an elevational gradient. Permanent plots (20 × 20 m) were laid at each 100 m elevation rise from 2000 to 4000 m a.s.l. for sampling of herbaceous plant species. The mean values of floral and seed traits such as flower display area, specific flower area, and seed count were significantly higher for non-native species compared to native species. A significant difference in trait values (flower display area, flower mass, seed count, and seed mass) between non-native species and native species was observed along the elevational gradient, except for flower count and specific flower area. The bivariate relationship revealed non-native species to exhibit a stronger relationship between flower display area ∼ flower mass, and flower display area ∼ seed mass traits than the native species. Non-native species showed enhanced reproductive ability under varying environmental conditions along an elevational gradient in mountain ecosystems. Greater flower display area and seed mass at lower elevations and a stronger overall trait-trait relationship among non-native species implied resource investment in pollinator visualization, flower mass, and seed quality over seed quantity. The study concludes that enhanced plasticity and reproductive fitness of floral and seed traits would consequently aid non-native species to adapt, become invasive, and displace native species in mountain ecosystems if the climatic barriers acting on non-native species are reduced with climate change.}, }
@article {pmid37862887, year = {2023}, author = {Abeysinghe, N and Guerrero, AM and Rhodes, JR and McDonald-Madden, E and O'Bryan, CJ}, title = {How success is evaluated in collaborative invasive species management: A systematic review.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {348}, number = {}, pages = {119272}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119272}, pmid = {37862887}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Ecosystem ; Biodiversity ; Endangered Species ; Extinction, Biological ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are one of the most pressing global challenges for biodiversity and agriculture. They can cause species extinctions, ecosystem alterations, crop damage, and spread harmful diseases across broad regions. Overcoming this challenge requires collaborative management efforts that span multiple land tenures and jurisdictions. Despite evidence on the importance and approaches to collaboration, there is little understanding of how success is evaluated in the invasive species management literature. This is a major gap, considering evaluating success is crucial for enhancing the efficacy of future management projects. To overcome this knowledge gap, we systematically reviewed the published literature to identify the stages at which success is evaluated - that is, the Process stage (collaborative management actions and Processes), Outputs stage (results of management actions to protect environmental, economic, and social values) and Outcomes stage (effects of Outputs on environmental, economic, and social values) of collaborative invasive species management projects. We also assessed what indicators were used to identify success and whether these evaluations vary across different characteristics of collaborative invasive species management. Our literature search detected 1406 papers, of which 58 met our selection criteria. Out of these, the majority of papers evaluated success across two stages (n = 25, 43.1%), whereas only ten (17.2%) papers evaluated success across all stages. Outputs were the most commonly evaluated stage (n = 40, 68.9%). The most widely used indicators of success for these stages included increased collaboration of stakeholders (Process stage), the number of captured/eradicated/controlled invasive species (Outputs stage) and change in biodiversity values, such as the number of threatened species (Outcomes stage). Most indicators of success were environmentally focused. We highlight the need to align the indicators of success and evaluation stages with the fundamental objectives of the projects to increase the effectiveness of evaluations and thereby maximise the benefits of collaborative invasive species management.}, }
@article {pmid37861380, year = {2024}, author = {Fine, JD and Cox-Foster, DL and Moor, KJ and Chen, R and Avalos, A}, title = {Trisiloxane Surfactants Negatively Affect Reproductive Behaviors and Enhance Viral Replication in Honey Bees.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {43}, number = {1}, pages = {222-233}, doi = {10.1002/etc.5771}, pmid = {37861380}, issn = {1552-8618}, support = {58-2030-1-012//Project Apis m./ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; Female ; Bees ; Animals ; *Surface-Active Agents/toxicity ; *RNA Viruses ; Reproduction ; Virus Replication ; }, abstract = {Trisiloxane surfactants are often applied in formulated adjuvant products to blooming crops, including almonds, exposing the managed honey bees (Apis mellifera) used for pollination of these crops and persisting in colony matrices, such as bee bread. Despite this, little is known regarding the effects of trisiloxane surfactants on important aspects of colony health, such as reproduction. In the present study, we use laboratory assays to examine how exposure to field-relevant concentrations of three trisiloxane surfactants found in commonly used adjuvant formulations affect queen oviposition rates, worker interactions with the queen, and worker susceptibility to endogenous viral pathogens. Trisiloxane surfactants were administered at 5 mg/kg in pollen supplement diet for 14 days. No effects on worker behavior or physiology could be detected, but our results demonstrate that hydroxy-capped trisiloxane surfactants can negatively affect queen oviposition and methyl-capped trisiloxane surfactants cause increased replication of Deformed Wing Virus in workers, suggesting that trisiloxane surfactant use while honey bees are foraging may negatively impact colony longevity and growth. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:222-233. © 2023 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.}, }
@article {pmid37861164, year = {2023}, author = {Di Guardo, G}, title = {Role of alien crab species in pathogen transmission.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {193}, number = {8}, pages = {331-332}, doi = {10.1002/vetr.3590}, pmid = {37861164}, issn = {2042-7670}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Brachyura ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; }, }
@article {pmid37858826, year = {2024}, author = {Szlauer-Łukaszewska, A and Ławicki, &#x141; and Engel, J and Drewniak, E and Ciężak, K and Marchowski, D}, title = {Quantifying a mass mortality event in freshwater wildlife within the Lower Odra River: Insights from a large European river.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {907}, number = {}, pages = {167898}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167898}, pmid = {37858826}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; *Unionidae ; *Perches ; *Anodonta ; Water ; }, abstract = {In the summer of 2022, the River Odra in Europe witnessed a significant ecological disaster, leading to an unprecedented mass mortality among fish, bivalves, and water snails. The disaster was attributed to toxins released by the haptophyte golden algae, Prymnesium parvum. This study primarily focused on the river's lower section, where the disaster's impacts were exacerbated by the downstream flow of deceased organisms. The Unionidae mussels' mortality rate in this section was estimated at 65 million individuals, marking an 88 % decline in their population. The native mussel, Anodonta anatina, saw the steepest decline at 95 %, while the invasive Sinanodonta woodiana decreased by 15 %. Additionally, a minimum of 147 million dead water snails, predominantly Viviparus viviparus, were found ashore, indicating an 85 % population decline. An estimated 3.3 million fish, predominantly ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernua), bream (Abramis brama), and perch (Perca fluviatilis), were found deceased along the lower Odra, amounting to a biomass of 1025 tons. Across the entire 560 km affected stretch of the river, the estimated fish mortality was 1650 tons, a 60 % decline from pre-disaster levels. The swift deterioration of the river's ecosystem underscores the need for further studies on its adaptive capacity and potential recovery.}, }
@article {pmid37856477, year = {2023}, author = {Holthuijzen, WA and Flint, EN and Green, SJ and Plissner, JH and Simberloff, D and Sweeney, D and Wolf, CA and Jones, HP}, title = {An invasive appetite: Combining molecular and stable isotope analyses to reveal the diet of introduced house mice (Mus musculus) on a small, subtropical island.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, pages = {e0293092}, pmid = {37856477}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {UL1 TR002003/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Mice ; Appetite ; *Arthropods ; Birds/physiology ; Diet ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Isotopes ; }, abstract = {House mice (Mus musculus) pose a conservation threat on islands, where they adversely affect native species' distributions, densities, and persistence. On Sand Island of Kuaihelani, mice recently began to depredate nesting adult mōlī (Laysan Albatross, Phoebastria immutabilis). Efforts are underway to eradicate mice from Sand Island, but knowledge of mouse diet is needed to predict ecosystem response and recovery following mouse removal. We used next-generation sequencing to identify what mice eat on Sand Island, followed by stable isotope analysis to estimate the proportions contributed by taxa to mouse diet. We collected paired fecal and hair samples from 318 mice between April 2018 to May 2019; mice were trapped approximately every eight weeks among four distinct habitat types to provide insight into temporal and spatial variation. Sand Island's mice mainly consume arthropods, with nearly equal (but substantially smaller) contributions of C3 plants, C4 plants, and mōlī. Although seabird tissue is a small portion of mouse diet, mice consume many detrital-feeding arthropods in and around seabird carcasses, such as isopods, flesh flies, ants, and cockroaches. Additionally, most arthropods and plants eaten by mice are non-native. Mouse diet composition differs among habitat types but changes minimally throughout the year, indicating that mice are not necessarily limited by food source availability or accessibility. Eradication of house mice may benefit seabirds on Sand Island (by removing a terrestrial, non-native predator), but it is unclear how arthropod and plant communities may respond and change. Non-native and invasive arthropods and plants previously consumed (and possibly suppressed) by mice may be released post-eradication, which could prevent recovery of native taxa. Comprehensive knowledge of target species' diet is a critical component of eradication planning. Dietary information should be used both to identify and to monitor which taxa may respond most strongly to invasive species removal and to assess if proactive, pre-eradication management activities are warranted.}, }
@article {pmid37856447, year = {2023}, author = {Sampaio, F and Batista, MM and Marchioro, CA}, title = {Temperature-dependent reproduction of Spodoptera eridania: developing an oviposition model for a novel invasive species.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7842}, pmid = {37856447}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa e Inova&#xe7;&#xe3;o do Estado de Santa Catarina/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Temperature plays a critical role in the development and reproductive process of insects, therefore understanding how insects respond to temperature is vital for comprehending and predicting their population dynamics, particularly when it comes to agricultural pests. Spodoptera eridania Stoll is a polyphagous pest that has recently expanded its distribution beyond its native range. In this study, we assessed the impact of temperature on the reproduction of S. eridania and used the obtained data to develop an oviposition model that could be used to predict egg-laying behavior under field conditions. The reproductive parameters were evaluated at temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 28, and 32 °C.<br><br>RESULTS: Temperature had a significant impact on the reproductive parameters examined. Overall, as temperature increased, the pre-oviposition period, oviposition period, and longevity decreased. Total fecundity exhibited a bell-shaped response to temperature, with peak egg-laying observed at 20 and 25&#x2009;&#xb0;C. In line with the experimental data, our model predicted higher rates of oviposition between 20 and 26&#x2009;&#xb0;C, thus reinforcing that this temperature range may represent the optimal conditions for the reproduction of S. eridania.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The findings from our study provide a significant contribution to the understanding of the ecology of an important agricultural pest. The information generated can have practical applications in developing control strategies by enabling the aligning of the timing of control measures with peaks of reproductive activity. &#xa9; 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid37854296, year = {2023}, author = {Nikkel, E and Clements, DR and Anderson, D and Williams, JL}, title = {Regional habitat suitability for aquatic and terrestrial invasive plant species may expand or contract with climate change.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {25}, number = {12}, pages = {3805-3822}, pmid = {37854296}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The threat of invasive species to biodiversity and ecosystem structure is exacerbated by the increasingly concerning outlook of predicted climate change and other human influences. Developing preventative management strategies for invasive plant species before they establish is crucial for effective management. To examine how climate change may impact habitat suitability, we modeled the current and future habitat suitability of two terrestrial species, Geranium lucidum and Pilosella officinarum, and two aquatic species, Butomus umbellatus and Pontederia crassipes, that are relatively new invasive plant species regionally, and are currently spreading in the Pacific Northwest (PNW, North America), an area of unique natural areas, vibrant economic activity, and increasing human population. Using North American presence records, downscaled climate variables, and human influence data, we developed an ensemble model of six algorithms to predict the potential habitat suitability under current conditions and projected climate scenarios RCP 4.5, 7.0, and 8.5 for 2050 and 2080. One terrestrial species (P. officinarum) showed declining habitat suitability in future climate scenarios (contracted distribution), while the other terrestrial species (G. lucidum) showed increased suitability over much of the region (expanded distribution overall). The two aquatic species were predicted to have only moderately increased suitability, suggesting aquatic plant species may be less impacted by climate change. Our research provides a template for regional-scale modelling of invasive species of concern, thus assisting local land managers and practitioners to inform current and future management strategies and to prioritize limited available resources for species with expanding ranges.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10530-023-03139-8.}, }
@article {pmid37853794, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, M and Zheng, G and Yin, Y and Zhou, H and Ma, L and Li, L and Lin, J and Liu, S and Zhao, C and Dai, X and Wei, L and Shan, Q}, title = {Pharmacokinetics, withdrawal period and risk assessment of enrofloxacin in the northern snakehead (Channa argus) following bath administration.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jvp.13413}, pmid = {37853794}, issn = {1365-2885}, support = {CAMC-2018F//the China-ASEAN Maritime Cooperation Fund/ ; }, abstract = {Enrofloxacin (ENR) is widely used in aquaculture practice, but little is known about its pharmacokinetic, withdrawal period and dietary risk in fish via bath administration. The purpose of this study was to provide data support for the use of ENR bath therapy in the northern snakehead (Channa argus). The pilot study was carried out to evaluate the therapy concentrations of ENR in northern snakehead with immersion concentrations ranged from 5 to 40 mg/L for 6 h. Based on results of the pilot study, an ENR immersion concentration of 20 mg/L was used for the formal experiment. At this dose, the peak concentrations of ENR in plasma, muscle plus skin, liver and kidney were 4.85, 4.55, 3.87 and 7.42 μg/mL (or g), respectively. According to the AUC0-∞ values, the distribution of ENR in northern snakehead followed the order of kidney > plasma > liver > muscle + skin. The elimination of ENR in northern snakehead was very slow, the half-lives (T1/2λz) were up to 90.31, 85.5, 104.56 and 120.9 h in plasma, muscle plus skin, liver and kidney, respectively. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) was not detected in any samples in the pilot study and was only occasionally detected in muscle plus skin and liver samples in formal experiment. Based on the calculated PK/PD index AUC/MIC and Cmax /MIC, the current bath treatment regimen will have a good therapeutic effect on infections caused by bacteria with MIC below 0.6 μg/mL. The dietary risk assessment suggested that there was a dietary risk (Hazard Quotients > 10%) until day 6 after bath treatment. It is mandatory for ENR to maintain a withdrawal period of at least 450°C-day in northern snakehead after bath treatment ceased.}, }
@article {pmid37853498, year = {2023}, author = {Lesiczka, PM and Myśliwy, I and Buńkowska-Gawlik, K and Modrý, D and Hrazdilová, K and Hildebrand, J and Perec-Matysiak, A}, title = {Circulation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum among invasive and native carnivore species living in sympatry in Poland.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {368}, pmid = {37853498}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {LX22NPO5103//National Institute of Virology and Bacteriology/ ; }, mesh = {Swine ; Animals ; Humans ; Dogs ; *Anaplasma phagocytophilum/genetics ; Poland/epidemiology ; Phylogeny ; Sympatry ; *Carnivora ; *Ticks ; *Mustelidae ; Sus scrofa ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Anaplasma phagocytophilum is characterized by a worldwide distribution and distinguished from other Anaplasmataceae by the broadest range of mammalian hosts and high genetic diversity. The role carnivores play in the life cycle of A. phagocytophilum in Europe is uncertain. Currently, only the red fox is considered a suitable reservoir host. In this study, we focused on native and invasive medium-sized carnivore species that live in sympatry and represent the most abundant species of wild carnivores in Poland.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 275 individual spleen samples from six carnivore species (Vulpes vulpes, Meles meles, Procyon lotor, Nyctereutes procyonoides and Martes spp.) were screened combining nested PCR and sequencing for A. phagocytophilum targeting a partial groEL gene with subsequent phylogenetic analysis inferred by the maximum likelihood method.<br><br>RESULTS: The DNA of A. phagocytophilum was detected in 16 of 275 individuals (5.8%). Eight unique genetic variants of A. phagocytophilum were obtained. All detected haplotypes clustered in the clade representing European ecotype I. Three variants belonged to the subclade with European human cases together with strains from dogs, foxes, cats, and wild boars.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: While carnivores might have a restricted role in the dissemination of A. phagocytophilum due to their relatively low to moderate infection rates, they hold significance as hosts for ticks. Consequently, they could contribute to the transmission of tick-borne infections to humans indirectly, primarily through tick infection. This underscores the potential risk of urbanization for the A. phagocytophilum life cycle, further emphasizing the need for comprehensive understanding of its ecological dynamics&#xfeff;.}, }
@article {pmid37851652, year = {2023}, author = {Evans, T and Angulo, E and Bradshaw, CJA and Turbelin, A and Courchamp, F}, title = {Global economic costs of alien birds.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, pages = {e0292854}, pmid = {37851652}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Birds/physiology ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {The adverse impacts of alien birds are widespread and diverse, and associated with costs due to the damage caused and actions required to manage them. We synthesised global cost data to identify variation across regions, types of impact, and alien bird species. Costs amount to US$3.6 billion, but this is likely a vast underestimate. Costs are low compared to other taxonomic groups assessed using the same methods; despite underreporting, alien birds are likely to be less damaging and easier to manage than many other alien taxa. Research to understand why this is the case could inform measures to reduce costs associated with biological invasions. Costs are biassed towards high-income regions and damaging environmental impacts, particularly on islands. Most costs on islands result from actions to protect biodiversity and tend to be low and one-off (temporary). Most costs at mainland locations result from damage by a few, widespread species. Some of these costs are high and ongoing (permanent). Actions to restrict alien bird invasions at mainland locations might prevent high, ongoing costs. Reports increased sharply after 2010, but many are for local actions to manage expanding alien bird populations. However, the successful eradication of these increasingly widespread species will require a coordinated, international response.}, }
@article {pmid37848487, year = {2023}, author = {Tarkan, AS and Haubrock, PJ and Aksu, S and Mol, O and Balzani, P and Emiroğlu, &#xd6; and Köse, E and Kurtul, I and Başkurt, S and Çınar, E and Oztopcu-Vatan, P}, title = {Predicting the potential implications of perch (Perca fluviatilis) introductions to a biodiversity-rich lake using stable isotope analysis.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {17635}, pmid = {37848487}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Perches ; Lakes ; Ecosystem ; *Cyprinidae ; *Catfishes ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions, particularly of fish species, significantly threaten aquatic ecosystems. Among these invaders, the introduction of the European perch (Perca fluviatilis) can have particularly detrimental effects on native communities, affecting both ecosystem functioning and human well-being. In this study, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis was employed, using perch originating from five different ecosystems, to model the effects of their hypothetical introduction into İznik Lake, an economically and ecologically important, biodiversity-rich lake in northern Turkey, to ultimately assess their potential predation impact and competition with native predators. The results revealed that if perch were introduced to the community, they would - considering gape size limitations - primarily prey upon Vimba vimba and Rutilus rutilus, indicating a significant feeding pressure on these species. Furthermore, the study identified a potential overlap and competition for resources between commonly mesopredator perch and the European catfish Silurus glanis, the current top predator in the ecosystem. Both species would occupy top predatory positions, emphasizing the potential disruption of predator-prey dynamics. Our findings underscore the potential ecological repercussions of perch invasions. The selective predation on V. vimba and R. rutilus, with the latter being consumed to a lesser extent by perch, could lead to cascading effects throughout the food web, altering the community structure, and ecosystem dynamics. Additionally, the competition between perch and S. glanis raises concerns about effects on the stability and functioning of the fish community. These results highlight the need for proactive management strategies to mitigate the risk of perch introductions. Strict regulations on the movement and introduction of invasive species, along with comprehensive monitoring, are crucial for preserving native communities and maintaining the ecological integrity of freshwater ecosystems. Our study demonstrates the potential predation impact of perch on vulnerable fish species and the competition with the established apex predator, emphasizing the importance of considering the ecological consequences of perch invasions and informing management decisions to ensure the conservation and sustainability of aquatic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid37847646, year = {2023}, author = {Lear, L and Inamine, H and Shea, K and Buckling, A}, title = {Diversity loss from multiple interacting disturbances is regime-dependent.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {26}, number = {12}, pages = {2056-2065}, doi = {10.1111/ele.14325}, pmid = {37847646}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {DEB-1556444//National Science Foundation-Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/ R011524/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic activities expose many ecosystems to multiple novel disturbances simultaneously. Despite this, how biodiversity responds to simultaneous disturbances remains unclear, with conflicting empirical results on their interactive effects. Here, we experimentally test how one disturbance (an invasive species) affects the diversity of a community over multiple levels of another disturbance regime (pulse mortality). Specifically, we invade stably coexisting bacterial communities under four different pulse frequencies, and compare their final resident diversity to uninvaded communities under the same pulse mortality regimes. Our experiment shows that the disturbances synergistically interact, such that the invader significantly reduces resident diversity at high pulse frequency, but not at low. This work therefore highlights the need to study simultaneous disturbance effects over multiple disturbance regimes as well as to carefully document unmanipulated disturbances, and may help explain the conflicting results seen in previous multiple-disturbance work.}, }
@article {pmid37846604, year = {2023}, author = {Schelkunov, MI and Shtratnikova, VY and Klepikova, AV and Makarenko, MS and Omelchenko, DO and Novikova, LA and Obukhova, EN and Bogdanov, VP and Penin, AA and Logacheva, MD}, title = {The genome of the toxic invasive species Heracleum sosnowskyi carries an increased number of genes despite absence of recent whole-genome duplications.}, journal = {The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/tpj.16500}, pmid = {37846604}, issn = {1365-313X}, support = {075-01645-22-06//Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation/ ; FFNU-2022-0037//Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation/ ; 21-74-20145//Russian Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Heracleum sosnowskyi, belonging to a group of giant hogweeds, is a plant with large effects on ecosystems and human health. It is an invasive species that contributes to the deterioration of grassland ecosystems. The ability of H. sosnowskyi to produce linear furanocoumarins (FCs), photosensitizing compounds, makes it very dangerous. At the same time, linear FCs are compounds with high pharmaceutical value used in skin disease therapies. Despite this high importance, it has not been the focus of genetic and genomic studies. Here, we report a chromosome-scale assembly of Sosnowsky's hogweed genome. Genomic analysis revealed an unusually high number of genes (55106) in the hogweed genome, in contrast to the 25-35 thousand found in most plants. However, we did not find any traces of recent whole-genome duplications not shared with its confamiliar, Daucus carota (carrot), which has approximately thirty thousand genes. The analysis of the genomic proximity of duplicated genes indicates on tandem duplications as a main reason for this increase. We performed a genome-wide search of the genes of the FC biosynthesis pathway and surveyed their expression in aboveground plant parts. Using a combination of expression data and phylogenetic analysis, we found candidate genes for psoralen synthase and experimentally showed the activity of one of them using a heterologous yeast expression system. These findings expand our knowledge on the evolution of gene space in plants and lay a foundation for further analysis of hogweed as an invasive plant and as a source of FCs.}, }
@article {pmid37844632, year = {2024}, author = {Beyene, BB and Li, J and Yuan, J and Liu, D and Chen, Z and Kim, J and Kang, H and Freeman, C and Ding, W}, title = {Climatic zone effects of non-native plant invasion on CH4 and N2O emissions from natural wetland ecosystems.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {906}, number = {}, pages = {167855}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167855}, pmid = {37844632}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Wetlands ; *Greenhouse Gases/analysis ; Carbon/analysis ; Soil ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Plants ; Methane/analysis ; Nitrous Oxide/analysis ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Plant invasion can significantly alter the carbon and nitrogen cycles of wetlands, which potentially affects the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The extent of these effects can vary depending on several factors, including the species of invasive plants, their growth patterns, and the climatic conditions prevailing in the wetland. Understanding the global effects of plant invasion on the emission of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) is crucial for the climate-smart management of wetlands. Here, we performed a global meta-analysis of 207 paired case studies that quantified the effect of non-native plant invasion on CH4 and N2O emissions in tropical/sub-tropical (TS) and temperate (TE) wetlands. The average emission rate of CH4 from the TS wetlands increased significantly from 337 to 577 kg CH4 ha[-1] yr[-1] in areas where native plants had been displaced by invasive plants. Similarly, in TE wetlands, the emission rates increased from 211 to 299 kg CH4 ha[-1] yr[-1] following the invasion of alien plant species. The increase in CH4 emissions at invaded sites was attributed to the increase in plant biomass, soil organic carbon (SOC), and soil moisture (SM). The effects of plant invasion on N2O emissions differed between TS and TE wetlands in that there was no significant effect in TS wetlands, whereas the N2O emissions reduced in TE wetlands. This difference in N2O emissions between climate zones was attributed to the depletion of NH4[+] and NO3[-] in soils and the lower soil temperature in temperate regions. Overall, plant invasion increased the global net CH4 emissions from natural wetlands by 10.54 Tg CH4 yr[-1]. However, there were variations in CH4 emissions across different climatic zones, indicated by a net increase in CH4 emissions, of 9.97 and 0.57 Tg CH4 yr[-1] in TS and TE wetlands, respectively. These findings highlight that plant invasion not only strongly stimulates the emission of CH4 from TS wetlands, but also suppresses N2O emissions from TE wetlands. These novel insights immensely improve our current understanding of the effects of climatic zones on biogeochemical controlling factors that influence the production of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from wetlands following plant invasion. By analyzing the specific mechanisms by which invasive plants affect GHG emissions in different climatic zones, effective strategies can be devised to reduce GHG emissions and preserve wetland ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid37843647, year = {2023}, author = {Lebrazi, S and Fadil, M and Chraibi, M and Fikri-Benbrahim, K}, title = {Phenotypic, molecular, and symbiotic characterization of the rhizobial symbionts isolated from Acacia saligna grown in different regions in Morocco: a multivariate approach.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {39}, number = {12}, pages = {343}, pmid = {37843647}, issn = {1573-0972}, mesh = {*Acacia/genetics/microbiology ; *Rhizobium/genetics ; Morocco ; Soil/chemistry ; Genotype ; Symbiosis/genetics ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; }, abstract = {The introduced species Acacia saligna is a very promiscuous host as it can be efficiently nodulated with a wide range diversity of rhizobia taxa, including both fast and slow-growing strains. Fourteen nitrogen (N)-fixing bacteria were isolated from root nodules of wild Acacia saligna growing in distinct geographic locations in Morocco and were examined for their symbiotic efficiency and phenotypic properties. Multivariate tools, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), were used to study the correlation between phenotypic and symbiotic variables and discriminate and describe the similarities between different isolated bacteria with respect to all the phenotypic and symbiotic variables. Phenotypic characterization showed a variable response to extreme temperature, salinity and soil pH. At the plant level, the nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and the shoot and root dry weights were considered. The obtained results show that some of the tested isolates exhibit remarkable tolerances to the studied abiotic stresses while showing significant N2 fixation, indicating their usefulness as effective candidates for the inoculation of acacia trees. The PCA also allowed showing the isolates groups that present a similarity with evaluated phenotypic and symbiotic parameters. The genotypic identification of N2-fixing bacteria, carried out by the 16S rDNA approach, showed a variable genetic diversity among the 14 identified isolates, and their belonging to three different genera, namely Agrobacterium, Phyllobacterium and Rhizobium.}, }
@article {pmid37842070, year = {2023}, author = {Muñoz-Galicia, D and Lara, C and Castillo-Guevara, C and Cuautle, M and Rodríguez-Flores, C}, title = {Impacts of land use change on native plant-butterfly interaction networks from central Mexico.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e16205}, pmid = {37842070}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Butterflies ; Mexico ; Biodiversity ; Forests ; Plants ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Land use change is a key catalyst of global biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation. Deforestation and conversion of natural habitats to agricultural or urban areas can profoundly disrupt plant-flower visitor interactions by altering their abundances and distribution. Yet, specific studies analyzing the effects of land use change on the structure of networks of the interactions between particular groups of flower visitors and their plants are still scarce. Here, we aimed to analyze how converting native habitats affects the species composition of butterfly communities and their plants, and whether this, in turn, leads to changes in the structure of interaction networks in the modified habitats.<br><br>METHODS: We performed bi-monthly censuses for a year to record plant-butterfly interactions and assess species diversity across three habitat types, reflecting a land-use change gradient. From original native juniper forest to urban and agricultural zones in central Mexico, one site per land use type was surveyed. Interactions were summarized in matrices on which we calculated network descriptors: connectance, nestedness and modularity.<br><br>RESULTS: We found highest butterfly diversity in native forest, with the most unique species (i.e., species not shared with the other two sites). Agricultural and urban sites had similar diversity, yet the urban site featured more unique species. The plant species richness was highest in the urban site, and the native forest site had the lowest plant species richness, with most of the plants being unique to this site. Butterfly and plant compositions contrasted most between native forest and modified sites. Network analysis showed differences between sites in the mean number of links and interactions. The urban network surpassed agriculture and native forest networks in links, while the native forest network had more interactions than the agriculture and urban networks. Native plants had more interactions than alien species. All networks exhibited low connectance and significant nestedness and modularity, with the urban network featuring the most modules (i.e., 10 modules).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Converting native habitats to urban or agricultural areas reshapes species composition, diversity and interaction network structure for butterfly communities and plants. The urban network showed more links and modules, suggesting intricate urban ecosystems due to diverse species, enhanced resources, and ecological niches encouraging interactions and coexistence. These findings emphasize the impacts of land use change on plant-butterfly interactions and the structure of their interaction networks.}, }
@article {pmid37840022, year = {2023}, author = {Kim, J and Harris, KD and Kim, IK and Shemesh, S and Messer, PW and Greenbaum, G}, title = {Incorporating ecology into gene drive modelling.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {26 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {S62-S80}, doi = {10.1111/ele.14194}, pmid = {37840022}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {R01GM127418/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Gene Drive Technology ; Biological Evolution ; Alleles ; Feedback ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Gene drive technology, in which fast-spreading engineered drive alleles are introduced into wild populations, represents a promising new tool in the fight against vector-borne diseases, agricultural pests and invasive species. Due to the risks involved, gene drives have so far only been tested in laboratory settings while their population-level behaviour is mainly studied using mathematical and computational models. The spread of a gene drive is a rapid evolutionary process that occurs over timescales similar to many ecological processes. This can potentially generate strong eco-evolutionary feedback that could profoundly affect the dynamics and outcome of a gene drive release. We, therefore, argue for the importance of incorporating ecological features into gene drive models. We describe the key ecological features that could affect gene drive behaviour, such as population structure, life-history, environmental variation and mode of selection. We review previous gene drive modelling efforts and identify areas where further research is needed. As gene drive technology approaches the level of field experimentation, it is crucial to evaluate gene drive dynamics, potential outcomes, and risks realistically by including ecological processes.}, }
@article {pmid37839209, year = {2023}, author = {Zhao, W and Li, X and Xue, L and Lin, S and Ma, Y and Su, L and Li, Z and Gong, L and Yan, Z and Macreadie, PI}, title = {Mapping trade-offs among key ecosystem functions in tidal marsh to inform spatial management policy for exotic Spartina alterniflora.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {348}, number = {}, pages = {119216}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119216}, pmid = {37839209}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Wetlands ; Poaceae/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; China ; Carbon/analysis ; }, abstract = {Invasive Spartina alterniflora has become a global management challenge in coastal wetlands. China has decided to eradicate it completely, but the high costs and its provision of beneficial ecosystem functions (EF, in the form of blue carbon and coastal protection) have raised concerns about its removal. Here, using the Yangtze Estuary as a case study, we explore a reasonable pathway of S. alterniflora management that balanced control of invasive species and EF. We simulated the spatial patterns of two key EF - blue carbon storage and wave attenuation - and identified appropriate zones for eradicating S. alterniflora based on their trade-offs. We observed contrasting patterns along the land-sea gradient for S. alterniflora community, with a decrease in blue carbon storage and an increase in wave attenuation. Notably, pioneer S. alterniflora near the foreshore displayed a high cluster of blue carbon storage (63.61 ± 7.33 Mg C ha[-1]) and dissipated nearly 70% of wave energy by a width of 163 m. The trade-offs between the two EF indicated that the eradication project should be implemented along the seawall rather than the foreshore. Even in the scenario of prioritized shore defense with the largest eradication zone, S. alterniflora still stored 43.1% more carbon (10.67 Gg C) compared to complete eradication and dissipated over 70% of wave energy in extreme events. Our study innovatively integrates eradication and reservation in S. alterniflora management, providing a sustainable and flexible spatial strategy that meets the needs of stakeholders.}, }
@article {pmid37837269, year = {2023}, author = {Solomon, G and Love, AC and Vaziri, GJ and Harvey, J and Verrett, T and Chernicky, K and Simons, S and Albert, L and Chaves, JA and Knutie, SA}, title = {Effect of urbanization and parasitism on the gut microbiota of Darwin's finch nestlings.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {22}, pages = {6059-6069}, doi = {10.1111/mec.17164}, pmid = {37837269}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {//College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Connecticut/ ; DEB-1949858//National Science Foundation/ ; Research Excellence Program//University of Connecticut/ ; //National Science Foundation: Post-doctoral Fellowship in Biology/ ; NGS-60873R-19//National Geographic Society/ ; NGS-82114R-20//National Geographic Society/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Urbanization ; *Finches/microbiology ; *Passeriformes ; *Muscidae ; Bacteria ; }, abstract = {Host-associated microbiota can be affected by factors related to environmental change, such as urbanization and invasive species. For example, urban areas often affect food availability for animals, which can change their gut microbiota. Invasive parasites can also influence microbiota through competition or indirectly through a change in the host immune response. These interacting factors can have complex effects on host fitness, but few studies have disentangled the relationship between urbanization and parasitism on an organism's gut microbiota. To address this gap in knowledge, we investigated the effects of urbanization and parasitism by the invasive avian vampire fly (Philornis downsi) on the gut microbiota of nestling small ground finches (Geospiza fuliginosa) on San Cristóbal Island, Galápagos. We conducted a factorial study in which we experimentally manipulated parasite presence in an urban and nonurban area. Faeces were then collected from nestlings to characterize the gut microbiota (i.e. bacterial diversity and community composition). Although we did not find an interactive effect of urbanization and parasitism on the microbiota, we did find main effects of each variable. We found that urban nestlings had lower bacterial diversity and different relative abundances of taxa compared to nonurban nestlings, which could be mediated by introduction of the microbiota of the food items or changes in host physiology. Additionally, parasitized nestlings had lower bacterial richness than nonparasitized nestlings, which could be mediated by a change in the immune system. Overall, this study advances our understanding of the complex effects of anthropogenic stressors on the gut microbiota of birds.}, }
@article {pmid37836194, year = {2023}, author = {Domínguez-Meneses, A and Martínez-Gómez, JE and Mejía-Saulés, T and Acosta-Rosado, I and Stadler, S}, title = {Vascular Plant Species Inventory of Mexico's Revillagigedo National Park: Awareness of Alien Invaders as a Sine Qua Non Prerequisite for Island Conservation.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {19}, pages = {}, pmid = {37836194}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {2019-000037-02NACF-18646//Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog&#xed;a/ ; CONANP/PROMANP/MB/037/2017//Comisi&#xf3;n Nacional de &#xc1;reas Naturales Protegidas/ ; Presupuesto operativo//Instituto de Ecolog&#xed;a AC/ ; Socorro Dove Project//Island Endemics Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {The Revillagigedo Archipelago, located in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, stands out for its unique biological richness and endemism. These islands remained uninhabited until the second half of the twentieth century, allowing a better conservation status than on other oceanic islands. However, the continuous introduction of potentially invasive alien plant species, and the lack of adequate control or eradication actions, jeopardize the conservation and restoration of these islands' fragile ecosystems. We present the most complete vascular plant species inventory and an updated list of alien plant species of the Revillagigedo Archipelago, which was compiled through an extensive review of national and international plant collections and other sources. Our 272 species list includes 106 alien plant species (39.3%; 104 in Socorro, and 16 in Clarion): 67 (24.8%) are naturalized, 14 (5.2%) are casual aliens, and 25 (9.3%) subsist under cultivation. The documented alien species belong to 73 families. Annual and perennial herbs are the prevailing life forms in the alien flora, while naturalized species are primarily native to North America. The number of introduced species has increased significantly since the islands became inhabited. Many of the recently introduced species pose a major invasion risk like on other islands of the world.}, }
@article {pmid37836159, year = {2023}, author = {Aguilera, N and Guedes, LM and Alvarado, U and Sáez-Carrillo, K}, title = {Teline monspessulana Can Harm the Chilean Native Tree Nothofagus obliqua: Effects on Germination and Initial Growth.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {19}, pages = {}, pmid = {37836159}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {FONDECYT/Iniciaci&#xf3;n 11200360//Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo/ ; }, abstract = {Teline monspessulana is highly invasive in several countries around the world. This species pressurizes and displaces several native and endemic tree species in south-central Chile such as Nothofagus obliqua, the native species of greatest timber interest. We determined the effects induced by allelochemical stress of T. monspessulana on N. obliqua germination and initial growth. Germination was evaluated under in vitro conditions and in natural substrate obtained from sites inhabited by N. obliqua and from nearby areas invaded by T. monspessulana. Controls irrigated with tap water and treatments with aqueous extracts of aerial organs of the invasive species were used. Morphometric and morphological variables were evaluated, and the composition of alkaloids and phenols from the plant organs used for the aqueous extracts was determined. The substrates were also chemically characterized. Allelochemicals synthesized by T. monspessulana caused germination and growth inhibition and tissue-level alterations, as well as leaf and root damage in N. obliqua seedlings. In the aerial organs of T. monspessulana, the quinolizidine alkaloids aphylline, caulophylline, anagyrine, and sophocarpine were mainly detected. In addition, 21 phenolic compounds were identified, including gallic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, and quercetin. The phytotoxic potential of T. monspessulana can compromise the natural multiplication of N. obliqua and its survival from its first phenological stages. This interdisciplinary study model facilitated the clarification of the plant-plant relationship mediated by allelochemicals. The model can be replicated to investigate other interspecific interactions between invasive and native species.}, }
@article {pmid37835650, year = {2023}, author = {Lemic, D and Viric Gasparic, H and Majcenic, P and Pajač Živković, I and Bjeliš, M and Suazo, MJ and Correa, M and Hernández, J and Benítez, HA}, title = {Wing Shape Variation between Terrestrial and Coastal Populations of the Invasive Box Tree Moth, Cydalima perspectalis, in Croatia.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {19}, pages = {}, pmid = {37835650}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {The box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis Walker, 1859; Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is an invasive species naturally distributed in Asia. The caterpillars in all developmental stages cause damage through defoliation of plants, and ultimately the death of the plant itself may occur. It is possible to recognize this species by its silk barriers and threads, and in the case of an intense attack, the entire plant will be covered with them. In Europe, this species' presence was first recorded in 2007 in Germany and the Netherlands, and it is now widely distributed. In Croatia, its existence was first recorded in 2012, in Istria, while substantial damages were recorded in 2013. This work aimed to determine the morphological variability of C. perspectalis from Croatia and assess its invasive character, the possibility of flight, and the risk of further spread. The methods of geometric morphometrics were used as the analysis of wing shape. A total of 269 moths from different locations in Croatia were collected, the upper wings of males and females were analyzed using 14 landmarks. Significant differences in wing shapes between terrestrial and coastal populations were found, as well as subtle wing shape sexual dimorphism. The implications of this variability in species invasiveness and capacity of spread are discussed in this paper. We also extrapolate the usefulness of our results and suggest strategies for predicting and managing invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid37835643, year = {2023}, author = {Diéguez-Antón, A and Escuredo, O and Meno, L and Seijo, MC and Rodríguez-Flores, MS}, title = {Describing the Pollen Content in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Vespa velutina Larvae.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {19}, pages = {}, pmid = {37835643}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {ED481D-2022-021//Conseller&#xed;a de Cultura, Educaci&#xf3;n e Ordenaci&#xf3;n Universitaria/ ; EAPA_800/2018-Atlantic-POSitive//European Regional Development Fund/ ; }, abstract = {Vespa velutina is an invasive species that exhibits flexible social behavior, which may have contributed to its introduction in several European countries. It is important to understand its behavior in order to combat the effects of its introduction in different areas. This implies knowing the resources that it uses during its biological cycle. Hornets require protein resources taken from insects and organic matter as well as carbohydrates as an energy source to fly and also to forage for food and nest-building materials. The gastrointestinal tract of adults and larvae contains a wide variety of pollen types. The identification of this pollen in larvae collected from nests could offer information about the plant species that V. velutina visits as a foraging place. The main objective of this research was to study the pollen content in the gastrointestinal tract of larvae. Patterns of pollen content and pollen diversity were established according to the nest type, altitude, season, and location in the nest comb. The abundance of pollen types such as Eucalyptus, Castanea, Foeniculum vulgare, Hedera helix, Taraxacum officinale, Echium, or Cytisus pollen type stands out in many of the samples.}, }
@article {pmid37830396, year = {2024}, author = {Wu, L and Osugi, T and Inagawa, T and Okitsu, J and Sakamoto, S and Minamoto, T}, title = {Monitoring of multiple fish species by quantitative environmental DNA metabarcoding surveys over two summer seasons.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {e13875}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.13875}, pmid = {37830396}, issn = {1755-0998}, support = {JP20H03326//JSPS KAKENHI/ ; //Water Resources Environment Center/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *DNA, Environmental/genetics ; Biodiversity ; Seasons ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Fishes/genetics ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Periodic monitoring can provide important information for the protection of endangered fish, sustainable use of fishery resources and management of alien species. Previous studies have attempted to monitor fish using non-invasive environmental DNA (eDNA) technology, generally employing quantitative PCR to quantify the eDNA concentration. However, the throughput was limited. High-throughput metabarcoding technology can detect the DNA of multiple species simultaneously in a single experiment but does not provide sufficient quantification. In this study, we applied a quantitative metabarcoding approach to simultaneously quantify the eDNA concentration of an entire fish assemblage in a small reservoir over two summer seasons. Traditional surveys were also conducted to investigate the individuals of fish. The eDNA concentrations were quantified using quantitative metabarcoding, and the fish species detected using this approach were highly consistent with the results of traditional fish monitoring. A significant positive relationship was observed between the eDNA concentration and fish species abundance. Seasonal changes in fish community structure were estimated using eDNA concentrations, which may reveal the activity seasons of different fish. The eDNA concentrations of different fish species peaked at different water temperatures, reflecting the differential responses of fish species to this environmental factor. Finally, by detecting outlier eDNA concentrations, the spawning activities of 13 fish species were estimated, 12 of which were roughly consistent with the current knowledge of fish spawning periods. These results indicate that quantitative eDNA metabarcoding with dozens of sampling times is useful for the simultaneous ecological monitoring of multiple fish species.}, }
@article {pmid37828007, year = {2023}, author = {Fan, SY and Yang, Q and Li, SP and Fristoe, TS and Cadotte, MW and Essl, F and Kreft, H and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and Weigelt, P and Kartesz, J and Nishino, M and Wieringa, JJ and van Kleunen, M}, title = {A latitudinal gradient in Darwin's naturalization conundrum at the global scale for flowering plants.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {6244}, pmid = {37828007}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Humans ; *Ecosystem ; *Magnoliopsida ; Citizenship ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Darwin's naturalization conundrum describes two seemingly contradictory hypotheses regarding whether alien species closely or distantly related to native species should be more likely to naturalize in regional floras. Both expectations have accumulated empirical support, and whether such apparent inconsistency can be reconciled at the global scale is unclear. Here, using 219,520 native and 9,531 naturalized alien plant species across 487 globally distributed regions, we found a latitudinal gradient in Darwin's naturalization conundrum. Naturalized alien plant species are more closely related to native species at higher latitudes than they are at lower latitudes, indicating a greater influence of preadaptation in harsher climates. Human landscape modification resulted in even steeper latitudinal clines by selecting aliens distantly related to natives in warmer and drier regions. Our results demonstrate that joint consideration of climatic and anthropogenic conditions is critical to reconciling Darwin's naturalization conundrum.}, }
@article {pmid37822279, year = {2023}, author = {Kulessa, AK and Balzani, P and Soto, I and Kouba, A and Renault, D and Tarkan, AS and Haubrock, PJ}, title = {The neglect of nonnative orthopterans as potential invaders: A call for awareness.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.13277}, pmid = {37822279}, issn = {1744-7917}, abstract = {Despite the potential ecological and economic impacts of invasive species, there is a dearth of data on the presence, impacts, and management implications of potentially invasive Orthoptera species. This lack of research and inconsistent data, including risk screenings and impact assessments, is especially evident in Europe. Consequently, assessing the status, distribution, and potential threats of nonnative Orthoptera in Europe remains challenging, impeding the development of effective management strategies. To address this gap, we call for increased efforts to collect and curate data on non-native and possibly invasive Orthoptera in Europe. Such efforts will improve our understanding of this order's invasion dynamics, facilitate the identification of priority areas for conservation, and support the development of effective management policies and preventive measures.}, }
@article {pmid37819594, year = {2023}, author = {Korda, M and Ripka, G and Hradil, K and Glavendekic, M and Matosevic, D and Hrasovec, B and Paulin, M and Hirka, A and Csóka, G}, title = {Alien eating alien - rapid spread of Aceria fraxiniflora, a non-native gall mite of the invasive green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) in Central-Eastern Europe.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, pages = {405-412}, pmid = {37819594}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; *Fraxinus ; *Coleoptera ; *Mites ; Europe ; Europe, Eastern ; }, abstract = {The North American gall mite Aceria fraxiniflora was first recorded in Europe in southeast Hungary in 2017. Since then, it has shown a remarkably rapid spread on its host, the also North American green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica). By the beginning of 2023 it has been recorded in eight Central-Eastern European countries. In 2022 it was recorded on the other North American ash (Fraxinus Americana) in Zagreb (Croatia) and in Szarvas Arboretum (SE Hungary). Possible reasons and outcomes of this spread are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid37819481, year = {2023}, author = {Savaris, M and Saldanha, AV and Corrêa, AS and Rainho, HL and Scarpare Filho, JA and Silveira Neto, S and Zucchi, RA}, title = {Establishment of Sinoxylon anale Lesne (Coleoptera, Bostrichidae) in Brazil: Identification, Host Plants, Distribution, and Damage.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, pages = {1144-1154}, pmid = {37819481}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Brazil ; Larva ; Trees ; *Fabaceae ; *Myrtaceae ; }, abstract = {Damage from Sinoxylon anale Lesne, a woodboring beetle not previously known to be established in Brazil, was observed in young jabuticaba trees (Plinia cauliflora, Myrtaceae) in a nursery in the municipality of Laranjal Paulista, state of São Paulo. We immediately advised MAPA ("Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento") and collected samples from the nursery and from different hosts in nearby areas, to identify the specimens and investigate the dynamics of the infestation in the jabuticaba trees. Sinoxylon anale was also collected in ethanol-baited and ultraviolet-light traps and in dry branches of the native species pau-jacaré (Piptadenia gonoacantha, Fabaceae) and inga (Inga vera, Fabaceae), and the exotic pau-d'água (Dracaena fragrans, Asparagaceae) in the municipality of Piracicaba, state of São Paulo. These collections established that S. anale larvae and adults develop in dead branches of four new host plants. Taxonomic studies using morphological parameters and DNA barcoding confirmed the identification of S. anale. An illustrated key to the three Sinoxylon species now recorded in Brazil is provided, and the COI gene sequences have been made available in a public database. Sinoxylon anale probably attacked the young jabuticaba trees after they were killed by larvae of long-horned beetles (Cerambycidae). So far, S. anale has been found established only in two locations in the same area of the state of São Paulo.}, }
@article {pmid37817673, year = {2023}, author = {Stanley, AE and Epanchin-Niell, R and Treakle, T and Iacona, GD}, title = {Attributes of preemptive conservation efforts for species' precluded from listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.14200}, pmid = {37817673}, issn = {1523-1739}, abstract = {Preemptive conservation efforts to reduce threats have been credited with precluding the need to list some imperiled species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). Such efforts can result in outcomes where species are conserved and regulatory costs associated with ESA listing are avoided. Yet, the extent and type of conservation effort that has been involved in achieving preclusion from listing is not well understood. Here, we quantify the attributes of conservation efforts that were identified as important for 43 species whose preclusion from listing was attributed to conservation efforts, as described by Federal Register documents that reported the decisions not to list. We consider two features of preemptive conservation: the effort applied - measured as the number of conservation initiatives- and the number of conservation partners involved. We also quantified the type and location of conservation actions. We found a mean of 4.3 initiatives (range: one to 22) and 8.2 partners (range: one to 31) documented per precluded species, with both measures of conservation effort significantly and positively associated with the species' range area and the percentage of private land across its range. The number of initiatives was also positively related to the number of threats affecting a species. Locations of conservation actions varied, with more species having actions on public land than on private land (p = 0.003). Similar numbers of species had restorative actions (e.g., invasive species control) as prohibitive actions. Our findings highlight relationships between species' context and preemptive conservation activities, providing a first cross-species analysis of conservation efforts for species that were precluded from listing under the ESA due to conservation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid37817449, year = {2023}, author = {Arcángel, AE and Rodríguez, EA and Saad, JF and de la Barra, P and Narvarte, MA and Storero, LP and Pereyra, PJ}, title = {Same species, different population dynamics: Spatio-temporal differences of Undaria pinnatifida (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae) in the intertidal of North Patagonia, Argentina.}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {59}, number = {6}, pages = {1310-1322}, doi = {10.1111/jpy.13395}, pmid = {37817449}, issn = {1529-8817}, mesh = {Argentina ; Biological Factors ; Biomass ; Population Dynamics ; *Undaria ; }, abstract = {Population dynamics can be influenced by physical and biological factors, particularly in stressful environments. Introduced species usually have great physiological plasticity, resulting in populations with different traits. Undaria pinnatifida, a macroalga originally described from northeast Asia, was introduced in Northern Patagonia, Argentina (San Matías Gulf) around 2010. To describe the spatio-temporal variability in population structure and morphometry of U. pinnatifida, we conducted monthly field samplings for 2 years at the intertidal area of two contrasting sites in the San Matías Gulf. Individuals of U. pinnatifida were classified by developmental stage, and their morpho-gravimetric variables were measured. In both intertidal sites juveniles were found in higher proportion during austral autumn and grew and matured during the autumn-winter months (from May onwards), and individuals senesced during early austral summer (December and January). Conversely, density and biomass were largely different between sites, and individuals showed slight morphological variability between sites. Environmental (e.g., nutrient concentration, available substrate) and biological factors (e.g., facilitation, competition) may explain the observed differences. Since there is not a macroalga with U. pinnatifida morphometrical characteristics in the intertidal environments of San Matías Gulf, studying this recent introduction gives us a better understanding of its potential ecological effects.}, }
@article {pmid37816046, year = {2023}, author = {Bajgai, RC and Bajgai, Y and Johnson, SB}, title = {The presence of wild edible plants and determinants influencing their harvest, consumption, and conservation in south eastern Bhutan.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, pages = {e0285936}, pmid = {37816046}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Humans ; *Plants, Edible ; *Ethnobotany ; Ecosystem ; Bhutan ; Fruit ; }, abstract = {DEFINITION: Wild edible plants (WEPs) grow naturally in self-maintaining ecosystems. WEPs are harvested for consumption, sale, and medicinal uses. We hypothesize that WEPs play a major role in supplying food and generating income for the rural people in a world that is increasingly recognising its emerging conservation issues. We tested this hypothesis by identifying the reasons for harvest, consumption, and conservation of WEPs using focus group discussion, field observations and questionnaire surveys in south eastern Bhutan in late 2019.<br><br>METHODS: Focused group discussions were held with the local people to identify reasons for harvest and consumption of WEPs. Data on the identified reasons for harvest, consumption, and conserving WEPs were determined using a questionnaire survey with ranking scales for a set of 76 randomly selected households. Representative field-observations and questionnaire surveys were carried out in villages close to forests. Parts of the plant used, how these were consumed, harvest season, and plant (life form) were recorded. The data was subjected to a Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test and weighted averages calculated.<br><br>RESULT AND CONCLUSION: A total of 120 WEPs belonging to 63 families (including Agaricaceae) were reported. Most of the WEPs recorded were trees (45.0%) then herbs (25.8%), vines (13.3%) and shrubs (10.8%). The commonly consumed plant parts were the fruit (43.3%), shoots (28.3%) and leaves (20.8%). The purposes for harvesting and consumption, conservation of WEPs were significantly (P<0.001) different, while the motivations for collecting WEPs were not. The motivation for collecting WEPs were family consumption > sale > medicinal uses > preservation for future use > insufficient food from cultivated source's. The two most important strategies for conservation were to domesticate the WEPs and cultivate in forests. The findings reveal valuable lessons and insights about the reasons for harvesting, collection, consumption, and conservation of WEPs.}, }
@article {pmid37815598, year = {2023}, author = {Fayet, AL and Sanchez, C and Appoo, J and Constance, J and Clucas, G and Turnbull, LA and Bunbury, N}, title = {Marked differences in foraging area use and susceptibility to predation between two closely-related tropical seabirds.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {203}, number = {1-2}, pages = {167-179}, pmid = {37815598}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {160022/F40//Norges Forskningsr&#xe5;d/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Rats ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Birds ; }, abstract = {Ecological theory predicts that closely-related species must occupy different niches to coexist. How marine top predators achieve this during breeding, when they often gather in large multi-species colonies and are constrained to central-place foraging, has been mostly studied in productive temperate and polar oceans with abundant resources, but less so in poorer, tropical waters. Here, we track the foraging movements of two closely-related sympatric seabirds-the white-tailed and red-tailed tropicbirds Phaethon lepturus and P. rubricauda-breeding on Aldabra Atoll, Seychelles, to investigate potential mechanisms of niche segregation and shed light on their contrasting population trends. Combining data from GPS, immersion, depth and accelerometry loggers, we show that the two species have similar behaviour at sea, but are completely segregated spatially, with red-tailed tropicbirds flying further to feed and using different feeding areas than white-tailed tropicbirds. Using nest-based camera traps, we show that low breeding success of both species-which likely drives observed population declines-is caused by high nest predation. However, the two species are targeted by different predators, with native avian predators mainly targeting red-tailed tropicbird nests, and invasive rats raiding white-tailed tropicbird nests when they leave their eggs unattended. Our findings provide new insight into the foraging ecology of tropicbirds and have important conservation implications. The extensive range and spatial segregation highlight the importance of considering large-scale protection of waters around tropical seabird colonies, while the high level of nest predation provides evidence in support of rat eradication and investigating potential nest protection from native avian predators.}, }
@article {pmid37815486, year = {2023}, author = {Shan, L and Oduor, AMO and Liu, Y}, title = {Herbivory and elevated levels of CO2 and nutrients separately, rather than synergistically, impacted biomass production and allocation in invasive and native plant species.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {29}, number = {23}, pages = {6741-6755}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.16973}, pmid = {37815486}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {Y9B7041001//Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; 2021VBB0004//Chinese Academy of Sciences-President's International Fellowship Initiative/ ; 2022CXTD01//Innovation Team Project of Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {Biomass ; *Carbon Dioxide ; *Herbivory ; Plants ; Introduced Species ; Nutrients ; }, abstract = {Large parts of the Earth are experiencing environmental change caused by alien plant invasions, rising atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), and nutrient enrichments. Elevated CO2 and nutrient concentrations can separately favour growth of invasive plants over that of natives but how herbivory may modulate the magnitude and direction of net responses by the two groups of plants to simultaneous CO2 and nutrient enrichments remains unknown. In line with the enemy release hypothesis, invasive plant species should reallocate metabolites from costly anti-herbivore defences into greater growth following escape from intense herbivory in the native range. Therefore, invasive plants should have greater growth than native plants under simultaneous CO2 and nutrient enrichments in the absence of herbivory. To test this prediction, we grew nine congeneric pairs of invasive and native plant species that naturally co-occurred in grasslands in China under two levels each of nutrient enrichment (low-nutrient vs. high-nutrient), herbivory (with herbivory vs. without herbivory) and under ambient (412.9 ± 0.6 ppm) and elevated (790.1 ± 6.2 ppm) levels of CO2 concentrations in open top chambers in a common garden. Elevated CO2 and nutrient enrichment separately increased total plant biomass, while herbivory reduced it regardless of the plant invasive status. High-nutrient treatment caused the plants to allocate a significantly lower proportion of total biomass to roots, while herbivory induced an opposite pattern. Herbivory suppressed total biomass production more strongly in native plants than invasive plants. The plants exhibited significant interspecific and intergeneric variation in their responses to the various treatment combinations. Overall, these results suggest that elevated CO2 and nutrients and herbivory may separately, rather than synergistically, impact productivity of the invasive and co-occurring native plant species in our study system. Moreover, interspecific variation in resource-use strategies was more important than invasive status in determining plant responses to the various treatment combinations.}, }
@article {pmid37815356, year = {2023}, author = {Fang, K and Yang, A-L and Li, Y-X and Zeng, Z-Y and Wang, R-F and Li, T and Zhao, Z-W and Zhang, H-B}, title = {Native plants change the endophyte assembly and growth of an invasive plant in response to climatic factors.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {89}, number = {10}, pages = {e0109323}, pmid = {37815356}, issn = {1098-5336}, mesh = {Endophytes/physiology ; Plants/microbiology ; *Asteraceae ; *Ageratina/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Bacteria ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Climate change, microbial endophytes, and local plants can affect the establishment and expansion of invasive species, yet no study has been performed to assess these interactions. Using a growth chamber, we integrated the belowground (rhizosphere soils) and aboveground (mixture of mature leaf and leaf litter) microbiota into an experimental framework to evaluate the impacts of four native plants acting as microbial inoculation sources on endophyte assembly and growth of the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora in response to drought stress and temperature change. We found that fungal and bacterial enrichment in the leaves and roots of A. adenophora exhibited distinct patterns in response to climatic factors. Many fungi were enriched in roots in response to high temperature and drought stress; in contrast, many bacteria were enriched in leaves in response to low temperature and drought stress. Inoculation of microbiota from phylogenetically close native plant species (i.e., Asteraceae Artemisia atrovirens) causes the recipient plant A. adenophora (Asteraceae) to enrich dominant microbial species from inoculation sources, which commonly results in a lower dissimilar endophytic microbiota and thus produces more negative growth effects when compared to non-Asteraceae inoculations. Drought, microbial inoculation source, and temperature directly impacted the growth of A. adenophora. Both drought and inoculation also indirectly impacted the growth of A. adenophora by changing the root endophytic fungal assembly. Our data indicate that native plant identity can greatly impact the endophyte assembly and host growth of invasive plants, which is regulated by drought and temperature.IMPORTANCEThere has been increasing interest in the interactions between global changes and plant invasions; however, it remains to quantify the role of microbial endophytes in plant invasion with a consideration of their variation in the root vs leaf of hosts, as well as the linkages between microbial inoculations, such as native plant species, and climatic factors, such as temperature and drought. Our study found that local plants acting as microbial inoculants can impact fungal and bacterial enrichment in the leaves and roots of the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora and thus produce distinct growth effects in response to climatic factors; endophyte-mediated invasion of A. adenophora is expected to operate more effectively under favorable moisture. Our study is important for understanding the interactions between climate change, microbial endophytes, and local plant identity in the establishment and expansion of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid37813269, year = {2024}, author = {Yang, S and Yuan, Z and Ye, B and Zhu, F and Chu, Z and Liu, X}, title = {Impacts of landscape pattern on plants diversity and richness of 20 restored wetlands in Chaohu Lakeside of China.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {906}, number = {}, pages = {167649}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167649}, pmid = {37813269}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Wetlands ; *Ecosystem ; Biodiversity ; Plants ; China ; }, abstract = {The recovery of wetland function and biodiversity conservation aroused considerable interest in the past decades. Although many advances have been achieved in revealing disturbing factors on plants diversity, the knowledge of biodiversity manipulation, landscape configuration and ecosystem process in restored wetlands remains incomplete. To address this issue, the landscape of 20 restored wetlands' vegetation was classified into five vegetation formations including: upland plants, wet grassland, emergent plants, floating plants and submerged plants. Meanwhile, the configuration of landscape, plants' function traits and the structure of plants communities of each wetland were analyzed. A total of 142 herbaceous plants were identified from 399 samples of 20 lakeside wetlands. The top five predominant species were Typha orientalis, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Phragmites australis, Echinochloa caudata, and Erigeron canadensis. The highest of diversity index was observed in upland plants with Shannon-Wiener index (H) of 0.92 while higher richness of plants was obtained in wet grassland with species of 88. In dry year, the immigration of upland xerophyte and obligated aquatic species to facultative area increased the biodiversity of the ecotone. Meanwhile, this change may also aggravate the diffusion risk of exotic invasive species Erigeron canadensis. Additionally, the results indicated that number and evenness of landscape outweighed Shannon diversity index (SHDI) of wetlands in shaping the richness and diversity of wetland plants. Whereas, the high value of maximum proportion of landscape (Pmax) have reduced the landscape evenness and species richness. A suggested Pmax of <0.5 was benefit for the stability and biodiversity of restored wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid37812005, year = {2023}, author = {Van Cauwenberghe, J and Simms, EL}, title = {How might bacteriophages shape biological invasions?.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {e0188623}, pmid = {37812005}, issn = {2150-7511}, support = {DEB-1457508//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; IOS-1759048//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; 390713860//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)/ ; //Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung (AvH)/ ; 955974//EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (H2020)/ ; }, mesh = {*Bacteriophages ; Bacteria ; *Rhizobium ; Ecology ; *Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Invasions by eukaryotes dependent on environmentally acquired bacterial mutualists are often limited by the ability of bacterial partners to survive and establish free-living populations. Focusing on the model legume-rhizobium mutualism, we apply invasion biology hypotheses to explain how bacteriophages can impact the competitiveness of introduced bacterial mutualists. Predicting how phage-bacteria interactions affect invading eukaryotic hosts requires knowing the eco-evolutionary constraints of introduced and native microbial communities, as well as their differences in abundance and diversity. By synthesizing research from invasion biology, as well as bacterial, viral, and community ecology, we create a conceptual framework for understanding and predicting how phages can affect biological invasions through their effects on bacterial mutualists.}, }
@article {pmid37809278, year = {2023}, author = {Zakardjian, M and Jourdan, H and Cochenille, T and Mahé, P and Geslin, B}, title = {Checklist of the bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) of New Caledonia.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e105291}, pmid = {37809278}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In a world where insects and notably bees are declining, assessing their distribution over time and space is crucial to evaluate species status and highlight conservation priorities. However, this can be a daunting task, especially in areas such as tropical oceanic islands where exhaustive samplings over time have been lacking. This is the case in New Caledonia, an archipelago located in the southwest Pacific. Historical records of bee species are piecemeal and, although contemporary samplings have significantly advanced our knowledge of the bee fauna of New Caledonia, the status of several species remains to be elucidated.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: Here, we provide an updated checklist of the 51 bee species recorded for New Caledonia using previous publications and personal samplings. We documented their distribution, origin (i.e. endemic, native or alien) and the year and location of their occurrences. Based on the year of their first capture and the year of their last capture, we determined an occurrence status for each species. Thus, 10 years after the last checklist of the New Caledonian bee fauna, the literature review and recent samplings allowed us to add six new species to the list. Half of them are recently introduced species including one firstly mentioned in this paper (i.e. Hylaeusalbonitens). We consider here that 30 species are effectively present on the territory and the presence of 21 species could not be determined due to a lack of data, which highlights the need to increase sampling efforts across New Caledonia. Given the difficulty of exhaustively sampling the entire archipelago, we would recommend taking, as a starting point, altitude environments and areas where data-deficient species were captured. In a broader perspective, biomolecular analyses are crucial to confirm species identifications. This is also needed to make comparisons between archipelagoes and thus clarify the distribution and status of species at the scale of the southwest Pacific.}, }
@article {pmid37806200, year = {2024}, author = {Zhou, H and Shan, Q and He, L and Zhang, M and Zhao, C and Zheng, G and Li, L and Xu, F and Ma, L and Yin, Y}, title = {Simultaneous determination of enantiomer residues of metalaxyl and its metabolite metalaxyl acid in animal muscle tissues by chiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.}, journal = {Food chemistry}, volume = {435}, number = {}, pages = {137599}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137599}, pmid = {37806200}, issn = {1873-7072}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; Swine ; *Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods ; Chromatography, Liquid/methods ; *Alanine/chemistry ; Muscles/metabolism ; Solid Phase Extraction/methods ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods ; }, abstract = {The toxicity of the two enantiomers of metalaxyl is significantly different and, for food safety concerns, stereoselective analysis of its residues is extremely important in animal muscle tissues. Herein, a simple, sensitive and reproducible method for the simultaneous stereoselective analysis of metalaxyl and its metabolite metalaxyl acid in animal-derived foods has been established based on mixed-mode anion exchange solid phase extraction and chiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Under the optimized separation and sample pretreatment conditions, good linearity (r > 0.99) was obtained for four target analytes in four animal muscle tissues including bovine, chicken, swine and fish. Mean recoveries of all enantiomers in muscle tissue samples were 89.5-110.3 % with relative standard deviations below 12.4 %. The limits of quantification of the analytes were 0.3-1.0 µg/kg. The proposed method provides an effective means to monitor the enantiomer residues in real samples whether using highly active R-metalaxyl or racemic mixture drugs.}, }
@article {pmid37804526, year = {2023}, author = {Murphy, KJ and Ciuti, S and Burkitt, T and Morera-Pujol, V}, title = {Bayesian areal disaggregation regression to predict wildlife distribution and relative density with low-resolution data.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, pages = {e2924}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2924}, pmid = {37804526}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {2019-R-417//Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM) in Ireland through the research grant 2019-R-417 'A smart and open-science approach to monitor and analyse deer populations in the Republic of Ireland and set the scene for evidence-based deer management'/ ; //Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine through the research grant 'An investigation into the role of land-use and wildlife vectors in Bovine Tuberculosis (BTb) in the Republic of Ireland. A nationwide study to examine causal factors and identify high-risk areas for BTb breakdowns'/ ; //School of Biology and Environmental Sciences in University College Dublin and the HEA for the associated co-funding/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Animals, Wild ; Bayes Theorem ; Specific Gravity ; *Deer ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {For species of conservation concern and human-wildlife conflict, it is imperative that spatial population data be available to design adaptive-management strategies and be prepared to meet challenges such as land use and climate change, disease outbreaks, and invasive species spread. This can be difficult, perhaps impossible, if spatially explicit wildlife data are not available. Low-resolution areal counts, however, are common in wildlife monitoring, that is, the number of animals reported for a region, usually corresponding to administrative subdivisions, for example, region, province, county, departments, or cantons. Bayesian areal disaggregation regression is a solution to exploit areal counts and provide conservation biologists with high-resolution species distribution predictive models. This method originated in epidemiology but lacks experimentation in ecology. It provides a plethora of applications to change the way we collect and analyze data for wildlife populations. Based on high-resolution environmental rasters, the disaggregation method disaggregates the number of individuals observed in a region and distributes them at the pixel level (e.g., 5 × 5 km or finer resolution), thereby converting low-resolution data into a high-resolution distribution and indices of relative density. In our demonstrative study, we disaggregated areal count data from hunting bag returns to disentangle the changing distribution and population dynamics of three deer species (red, sika, and fallow) in Ireland from 2000 to 2018. We show an application of the Bayesian areal disaggregation regression method and document marked increases in relative population density and extensive range expansion for each of the three deer species across Ireland. We challenged our disaggregated model predictions by correlating them with independent deer surveys carried out in field sites and alternative deer distribution models built using presence-only and presence-absence data. Finding a high correlation with both independent data sets, we highlighted the ability of Bayesian areal disaggregation regression to accurately capture fine-scale spatial patterns of animal distribution. This study uncovers new scenarios for wildlife managers and conservation biologists to reliably use regional count data disregarded so far in species distribution modeling. Thus, it represents a step forward in our ability to monitor wildlife population and meet challenges in our changing world.}, }
@article {pmid37804145, year = {2023}, author = {Puppato, S and Fiorenza, G and Carraretto, D and Gomulski, LM and Gasperi, G and Caceres, C and Grassi, A and Mancini, MV and De Cristofaro, A and Ioriatti, C and Guilhot, R and Malacrida, AR}, title = {High promiscuity among females of the invasive pest species Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {22}, pages = {6018-6026}, doi = {10.1111/mec.17161}, pmid = {37804145}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {22244/R0//Joint Division of FAO/IAEA Co-ordinated Research Project on "Genetic and molecular approaches to identify traits of Drosophila suzukii reproductive biology which may impact the adoption of SIT in greenhouses"/ ; ECS00000036//Project NODES which has received funding from the MUR - M4C2 1.5 of PNRR funded by the European Union - NextGenerationEU/ ; AdP 2020-2021//Sant'Orsola S.C.A, Pergine Valsugana, Italy/ ; }, mesh = {Female ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Drosophila/genetics ; Reproduction ; Asia ; Europe ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931), the spotted-wing drosophila, is a highly invasive fruit fly that spread from Southern Asia across most regions of Asia and, in the last 15 years, has invaded Europe and the Americas. It is an economically important pest of small fruits such as berries and stone fruits. Drosophila suzukii speciated by adapting to cooler, mountainous, and forest environments. In temperate regions, it evolved seasonal polyphenism traits which enhanced its survival during stressful winter population bottlenecks. Consequently, in these temperate regions, the populations undergo seasonal reproductive dynamics. Despite its economic importance, no data are available on the behavioural reproductive strategies of this fly. The presence of polyandry, for example, has not been determined despite the important role it might play in the reproductive dynamics of populations. We explored the presence of polyandry in an established population in Trentino, a region in northern Italy. In this area, D. suzukii overcomes the winter bottleneck and undergoes a seasonal reproductive fluctuation. We observed a high remating frequency in females during the late spring demographic explosion that led to the abundant summer population. The presence of a high degree of polyandry and shared paternity associated with the post-winter population increase raises the question of the possible evolutionary adaptive role of this reproductive behaviour in D. suzukii.}, }
@article {pmid37803126, year = {2023}, author = {Lampo, EG and Vallazza, JM and Anderson, CA and Solomon, LE and Pendleton, RM and Holda, TJ and Lamer, JT}, title = {Predation of invasive silver carp by native largemouth bass is size-selective in the Illinois River.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {16870}, pmid = {37803126}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bass ; *Carps ; Rivers ; Predatory Behavior ; Illinois ; }, abstract = {Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) are a nonnative, planktivorous, and highly invasive species of cyprinid located throughout the Mississippi River Basin. Although they co-occur with largemouth bass (Micropterus nigricans), an abundant native predatory fish, their predator-prey relationship is poorly understood. This potential relationship warrants investigation as largemouth bass are large-gaped predators capable of exhibiting top-down control on planktivorous fishes. The objectives of this study were to determine if largemouth bass consume juvenile silver carp, and if there was a relationship between length of largemouth bass and length of silver carp consumed. Largemouth bass were collected from the La Grange Pool of the Illinois River using 60 Hz-pulsed DC electrofishing and their diets were analyzed (n = 389, total length = 70-578 mm). Evidence of silver carp was present in 18% of diets of largemouth bass that consumed fish. Lengths of consumed silver carp were estimated from the dimensions of their recovered chewing pads or pharyngeal teeth in the stomachs of largemouth bass. A significant relationship between length of largemouth bass and length of silver carp consumed (p < 0.001, F = 34.63, r[2] = 0.61) was observed. Estimated total lengths of silver carp were 34-101 mm and were recovered from diets of largemouth bass that were 94-262 mm total length. These results indicate enhancement of native largemouth bass populations is unlikely to substantially reduce silver carp populations in the Illinois River or in other waterways where these species co-occur.}, }
@article {pmid37801149, year = {2023}, author = {Rajora, K and Tyagi, S and Sarma, K and Sarma, AK and Jena, R}, title = {Evaluation of water hyacinth utility through geospatial mapping and in situ biomass estimation approach: a case study of Deepor beel (wetland), Assam, India.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {195}, number = {11}, pages = {1277}, pmid = {37801149}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {*Wetlands ; Biomass ; *Eichhornia/metabolism ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; India ; }, abstract = {As an invasive species, water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes) are known to progressively proliferate and cause the ecological invasions of the aquatic environment. The incursions of the water hyacinths not only cause the disappearance of native species but gradually degrade the natural habitats of freshwater regimes. The control and management of these species are laborious task; however, transforming weed into wealth can substantially serve a sustainable approach to reduce the efforts. Therefore, the present study intends to utilize the application of geospatial techniques for mapping the water hyacinths growth in the Deepor beel (wetland) of Assam, India. Sentinel based image analysis has shown that pre-monsoon seasons has encountered massive productivity and area coverage of water hyacinth, whereas in post-monsoon seasons, productivity of water hyacinths reduces to half. Furthermore, in situ biomass estimation of the water hyacinth samples, same around the productive season has been collected and was analyzed as 6 kg (green biomass) and 1 kg (dry biomass after sun-dried). Finally, this hybrid approach evaluated the production and revenue generation from Moorhen yoga mat (handicraft item) made from the dried water hyacinths. After assuming the actual availability of 50% of total mass yield of water hyacinths, around ~ 0.8 million (8.8 lakhs) yoga mats can be commercially produced within the most productive seasons. The revenue generation from the yoga mat in the domestic and international markets evaluated around US $12.79 million (Rs. 105.85 crore) and US $15.99 million (Rs. 132.31 crore), respectively, from a single productive season. Thus, applicative intent of this study can boost potential market in Assam, renovate the weed waste of water hyacinth into wealth generation, and sustainably support the livelihoods of the local communities.}, }
@article {pmid37797520, year = {2023}, author = {Xiang, T and Dong, X and Shi, L and Grenouillet, G}, title = {Species range shifts of notorious invasive fish species in China under global changes: Insights and implications for management.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {347}, number = {}, pages = {119197}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119197}, pmid = {37797520}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Carps ; Ecosystem ; China ; Climate Change ; }, abstract = {Due to global changes, e.g., climate change and trade globalization, China is facing an increasingly severe threat from invasive freshwater fish species, which have the potential to cause negative impacts across various aspects and pose significant challenges for their eradication once established. Therefore, prioritizing the understanding of invasive species' potential ranges and their determinants is vital for developing more targeted management strategies. Moreover, it is equally essential to consider the transitory range dynamics of invasive species that reflect changes in habitat availability and accessibility. Here, we used species distribution models (the maximum entropy algorithm) to assess the potential distributions of six notorious invasive fish species (i.e., Coptodon zillii, Cyprinus carpio, Gambusia affinis, Hemiculter leucisculus, Oreochromis mossambicus, and Oreochromis niloticus) in current and future (i.e., the 2030s, 2050s, and 2070s) periods along with their determinants, under two Shared Socio-economic Pathways scenarios (SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5; global climate model: MRI-ESM2-0). Our results showed that the habitat suitability for the six species substantially benefited from temperature conditions (i.e., annual mean temperature or maximum temperature of warmest month). Throughout the given time periods, dramatic range expansions would occur for C. zillii, G. affinis, O. mossambicus, and O. niloticus, ranging from 38.61% to 291.90%. In contrast, the range of C. carpio would change slightly and irregularly, while H. leucisculus would contract marginally, with losses ranging from 1.06% to 12.60%. By the 2070s, species richness of these species would be relatively high in South, Central, and East China and parts of Southwest China. Furthermore, transitory fluctuations in the species ranges for all six species were observed throughout the entire time period (the 2030s-2070s). Given the range shifts for each species during different time periods, as well as time costs and budgets, adaptation strategies should be developed and implemented in the areas where they are most needed in each time period.}, }
@article {pmid37797515, year = {2023}, author = {Sun, H and Zhang, F and Raza, ST and Zhu, Y and Ye, T and Rong, L and Chen, Z}, title = {Three decades of shade trees improve soil organic carbon pools but not methane uptake in coffee systems.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {347}, number = {}, pages = {119166}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119166}, pmid = {37797515}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Trees/chemistry ; *Soil/chemistry ; Carbon ; Methane ; Forests ; }, abstract = {The rapid expansion of coffee plantations in tropical area at the cost of natural forest may suppress the methane (CH4) uptake and change the soil fertility. However, observations on soil CH4 uptake rates and the ecological consequence studies on coffee-based plantations are sparse. The objectives of this study were to characterize the dynamics of CH4 uptake among natural forest, coffee monoculture (CM), and coffee intercropping with shade tree (CI), and to evaluate the key drivers of soil CH4 uptake. Results showed that the conversion of forest into 25-year and 34-year CM plantations significantly reduced the soil organic carbon (SOC) content by 57% and 76%, respectively, whereas CI plantation profoundly increased the SOC by 20%-76% compared with CM plantation. Although soils of forest, CM and CI functioned exclusively as CH4 sinks, the CM and CI plantations significantly decreased the ambient CH4 uptake rates by 64%-83% due to soil moisture shift and soil nitrate availability by using chemical fertilizer. Interestingly, the potential CH4 uptake of CM and CI plantations did not decrease and in some treatments, was even higher than that of the natural forest. Potential CH4 uptake showed a negative correlation with soil pH and SOC content, but a positive correlation with soil available phosphorus (AP). Collectively, although the SOC and soil pH were increased through intercropping with shade trees for decades, the inhibition of atmospheric CH4 uptake was still difficult to alleviate.}, }
@article {pmid37796948, year = {2023}, author = {Rees, HC and Measures, GH and Kane, SD and Maddison, BC}, title = {Quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for the specific detection of the Chinese mystery snail (Cipangopaludina chinensis) in the UK.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, pages = {e0292163}, pmid = {37796948}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *DNA, Environmental/analysis ; Introduced Species ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Snails/genetics/parasitology ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Cipangopaludina chinensis Gray 1833 is an East Asian freshwater snail and invasive species in many parts of the world (Global Invasive Species Database, 2022). Within the UK, it was first found at the Pevensey Levels, Sussex, and has since been reported at a second site at Southampton Common, Hampshire. Both sites are designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) for their wildlife importance. Although the impacts of this species within the UK have not yet been investigated several exotic parasites of the snail have been reported and research suggests that its presence can negatively impact native snail species. This is especially important at the Pevensey Levels due to the presence of the rare freshwater mollusc Anisus vorticulus (Little Whirlpool Rams's-horn snail). Here, we have developed a qPCR-based eDNA assay for the detection of C. chinensis and compared water samples tested for eDNA with results from manual survey of the ditches at the Pevensey Levels. Our eDNA analysis exhibited an overall observed percentage agreement of 80% with a kappa coefficient of agreement between manual and eDNA surveys of 0.59 (95% CI 0.31 to 0.88). Some samples which were qPCR negative for C. chinensis were positive by manual survey, and vice versa revealing the potential for improved overall detection rates when using a combination of manual and eDNA methodologies. eDNA analysis can therefore augment manual survey techniques for C. chinensis as a relatively quick and inexpensive tool for collecting presence and distribution data that could be used to inform further manual surveys and control measures within the ditches.}, }
@article {pmid37794184, year = {2023}, author = {Luedtke, JA and Chanson, J and Neam, K and Hobin, L and Maciel, AO and Catenazzi, A and Borzée, A and Hamidy, A and Aowphol, A and Jean, A and Sosa-Bartuano, &#xc1; and Fong G, A and de Silva, A and Fouquet, A and Angulo, A and Kidov, AA and Muñoz Saravia, A and Diesmos, AC and Tominaga, A and Shrestha, B and Gratwicke, B and Tjaturadi, B and Martínez Rivera, CC and Vásquez Almazán, CR and Señaris, C and Chandramouli, SR and Strüssmann, C and Cortez Fernández, CF and Azat, C and Hoskin, CJ and Hilton-Taylor, C and Whyte, DL and Gower, DJ and Olson, DH and Cisneros-Heredia, DF and Santana, DJ and Nagombi, E and Najafi-Majd, E and Quah, ESH and Bolaños, F and Xie, F and Brusquetti, F and Álvarez, FS and Andreone, F and Glaw, F and Castañeda, FE and Kraus, F and Parra-Olea, G and Chaves, G and Medina-Rangel, GF and González-Durán, G and Ortega-Andrade, HM and Machado, IF and Das, I and Dias, IR and Urbina-Cardona, JN and Crnobrnja-Isailović, J and Yang, JH and Jianping, J and Wangyal, JT and Rowley, JJL and Measey, J and Vasudevan, K and Chan, KO and Gururaja, KV and Ovaska, K and Warr, LC and Canseco-Márquez, L and Toledo, LF and Díaz, LM and Khan, MMH and Meegaskumbura, M and Acevedo, ME and Napoli, MF and Ponce, MA and Vaira, M and Lampo, M and Yánez-Muñoz, MH and Scherz, MD and Rödel, MO and Matsui, M and Fildor, M and Kusrini, MD and Ahmed, MF and Rais, M and Kouamé, NG and García, N and Gonwouo, NL and Burrowes, PA and Imbun, PY and Wagner, P and Kok, PJR and Joglar, RL and Auguste, RJ and Brandão, RA and Ibáñez, R and von May, R and Hedges, SB and Biju, SD and Ganesh, SR and Wren, S and Das, S and Flechas, SV and Ashpole, SL and Robleto-Hernández, SJ and Loader, SP and Incháustegui, SJ and Garg, S and Phimmachak, S and Richards, SJ and Slimani, T and Osborne-Naikatini, T and Abreu-Jardim, TPF and Condez, TH and De Carvalho, TR and Cutajar, TP and Pierson, TW and Nguyen, TQ and Kaya, U and Yuan, Z and Long, B and Langhammer, P and Stuart, SN}, title = {Ongoing declines for the world's amphibians in the face of emerging threats.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {622}, number = {7982}, pages = {308-314}, pmid = {37794184}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; *Amphibians/classification ; Biodiversity ; *Climate Change/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/trends ; *Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species/statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; Extinction, Biological ; Risk ; Urodela/classification ; }, abstract = {Systematic assessments of species extinction risk at regular intervals are necessary for informing conservation action[1,2]. Ongoing developments in taxonomy, threatening processes and research further underscore the need for reassessment[3,4]. Here we report the findings of the second Global Amphibian Assessment, evaluating 8,011 species for the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. We find that amphibians are the most threatened vertebrate class (40.7% of species are globally threatened). The updated Red List Index shows that the status of amphibians is deteriorating globally, particularly for salamanders and in the Neotropics. Disease and habitat loss drove 91% of status deteriorations between 1980 and 2004. Ongoing and projected climate change effects are now of increasing concern, driving 39% of status deteriorations since 2004, followed by habitat loss (37%). Although signs of species recoveries incentivize immediate conservation action, scaled-up investment is urgently needed to reverse the current trends.}, }
@article {pmid37794160, year = {2023}, author = {Rato, C and Deso, G and Renet, J and Delaugerre, MJ and Marques, V and Mochales-Riaño, G}, title = {Colonization routes uncovered in a widely introduced Mediterranean gecko, Tarentola mauritanica.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {16681}, pmid = {37794160}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Lizards/genetics ; Europe ; Morocco ; Geography ; Italy ; Genetic Variation ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {In this study, we aimed to understand the contemporary and ancient colonization routes of the Moorish gecko, Tarentola mauritanica, using simple sequence repeats. By analyzing the genetic diversity of populations in different regions, we found that Morocco is the genetic diversity hotspot for the species, followed by the Iberian Peninsula. However, historical gene flow estimates identified the Iberian Peninsula, not Morocco, as the primary contributor of colonizing individuals, along with continental Italy to a lesser extent. Currently, mainland Italy is the main source of introduced individuals, likely due to the plant nursery trade. The study suggests that human-facilitated introductions from various geographical origins, with numerous regions colonized through continental Italy during two distinct periods, are responsible for the recurrent entry of individuals belonging to the European lineage of T. mauritanica into the Mediterranean and Macaronesia. These findings can inform better monitoring surveys and conservation programs by identifying putative current colonization routes of alien species.}, }
@article {pmid37794058, year = {2023}, author = {Fishman, R and Koren, L and Ben-Shlomo, R and Shanas, U and Vortman, Y}, title = {Paternity share predicts sons' fetal testosterone.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {16737}, pmid = {37794058}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Female ; Male ; Animals ; *Testosterone ; *Nuclear Family ; Reproduction/genetics ; Fetus ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {Multiple paternity is common in many species. While its benefits for males are obvious, for females they are less clear. Female indirect benefits may include acquiring 'good genes' for offspring or increasing litter genetic diversity. The nutria (Myocastor coypus) is a successful invasive species. In its native habitat, it is polygynous, with larger and more aggressive males monopolizing paternity. Here, using culled nutria we genetically examined multiple paternity in-utero and found a high incidence of multiple paternity and maintenance of the number of fathers throughout gestation. Moreover, male fetuses sired by the prominent male have higher testosterone levels. Despite being retained, male fetuses of 'rare' fathers, siring commonly only one of the fetuses in the litter, have lower testosterone levels. Considering the reproductive skew of nutria males, if females are selected for sons with higher future reproductive success, low testosterone male fetuses are expected to be selected against. A possible ultimate explanation for maintaining multiple paternity could be that nutria females select for litter genetic diversity e.g., a bet-hedging strategy, even at the possible cost of reducing the reproductive success of some of their sons. Reproductive strategies that maintain genetic diversity may be especially beneficial for invasive species, as they often invade through a genetic bottleneck.}, }
@article {pmid37792943, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, Z and Yang, Q and Fristoe, TS and Dawson, W and Essl, F and Kreft, H and Lenzner, B and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and Weigelt, P and Winter, M and Fuentes, N and Kartesz, JT and Nishino, M and van Kleunen, M}, title = {The poleward naturalization of intracontinental alien plants.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {9}, number = {40}, pages = {eadi1897}, pmid = {37792943}, issn = {2375-2548}, mesh = {Humans ; *Citizenship ; Europe ; *Climate Change ; Plants ; North America ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Plant introductions outside their native ranges by humans have led to substantial ecological consequences. While we have gained considerable knowledge about intercontinental introductions, the distribution and determinants of intracontinental aliens remain poorly understood. Here, we studied naturalized (i.e., self-sustaining) intracontinental aliens using native and alien floras of 243 mainland regions in North America, South America, Europe, and Australia. We revealed that 4510 plant species had intracontinental origins, accounting for 3.9% of all plant species and 56.7% of all naturalized species in these continents. In North America and Europe, the numbers of intracontinental aliens peaked at mid-latitudes, while the proportion peaked at high latitudes in Europe. Notably, we found predominant poleward naturalization, primarily due to larger native species pools in low-latitudes. Geographic and climatic distances constrained the naturalization of intracontinental aliens in Australia, Europe, and North America, but not in South America. These findings suggest that poleward naturalizations will accelerate, as high latitudes become suitable for more plant species due to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid37787519, year = {2023}, author = {Firth, LB and Foggo, A and Watts, T and Knights, AM and deAmicis, S}, title = {Invasive macroalgae in native seagrass beds - vectors of spread and impacts.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/aob/mcad143}, pmid = {37787519}, issn = {1095-8290}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Worldwide, invasive species are spreading through marine systems at an unprecedented rate with both positive and negative consequences for ecosystems and biological functioning of organisms. Human activities from shipping to habitat damage and modification are known vectors of spread, although biological interactions including epibiosis are increasingly recognised as potentially important to introduction into susceptible habitats.<br><br>METHODS: We assessed a novel spread mechanism - limpets as transporters of invasive algae, Sargassum muticum into beds of the seagrass Zostera marina - and the physiological impact of its invasion. The association of S. muticum with three limpet species and other habitats was assessed using intertidal surveys on rocky shores and snorkelling at two seagrass sites in the UK. A 4-yr field study tested the effect of S. muticum on Z. marina shoot density, dry weight and phenolic compounds (caffeic and tannic acid) content, and a laboratory experiment tested the impact of S. muticum on nutrient partitioning (C/H/N/P/Si), photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) and growth of Z. marina.<br><br>RESULTS: On rocky shores 15% of S. muticum occurrences were attached to the shells of live limpets. In seagrass beds 5% of S. muticum occurrences were attached to the shells of dead limpets. The remainder were attached to rock, cobblestones, the seagrass matrix or embedded within the sand. Z. marina density and phenolics content was lower when S. muticum co-occurred with it. Over 3-years, photosynthetic response of Z. marina to S. muticum was idiosyncratic, and S. muticum had no effect on nutrient partitioning in Z. marina.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results show limpets support S. muticum as an epibiont and may act as a previous unreported transport mechanism introducing invaders into sensitive habitats. S. muticum reduced phenolics production in Z. marina which may weaken its defensive capabilities and facilitate proliferation of S. muticum. The effect of S. muticum on Z. marina photosynthesis requires further work but having no effect on the capacity of Z. marina to sequester nutrients suggests a degree of resilience to this invader.}, }
@article {pmid37783231, year = {2023}, author = {Grbin, D and Geček, S and Miljanović, A and Pavić, D and Hudina, S and Žučko, J and Rieder, J and Pisano, SRR and Adrian-Kalchhauser, I and Bielen, A}, title = {Comparison of exoskeleton microbial communities of co-occurring native and invasive crayfish species.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {201}, number = {}, pages = {107996}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2023.107996}, pmid = {37783231}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Astacoidea/microbiology ; Introduced Species ; *Exoskeleton Device ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Aphanomyces/genetics ; *Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Host-associated microbial communities are an important determinant of individual fitness and have recently been highlighted as one of the factors influencing the success of invasive species. Invasive hosts introduce their microbes into the new environment, and then both the host and its associated microbes enter into a series of interactions with the native macroscopic and microscopic biota. As these processes are largely unexplored, we aimed to compare the exoskeletal microbial communities of co-occurring and phylogenetically related crayfish: the native narrow-clawed crayfish Pontastacus leptodactylus and the invasive signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus from the recently invaded Korana River, Croatia. The results of high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing showed that the exoskeletal microbiome of both species is very diverse, significantly influenced by the local environment and dominated by low abundance bacterial families from the phylum Proteobacteria. Furthermore, the exoskeletal microbiomes of the crayfish species differed significantly in the composition and abundance of Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs), suggesting that they are to some extent shaped by species-specific intrinsic factors, despite sharing a common habitat. However, over 95% of the bacterial genera associated with the exoskeleton were detected in the exoskeleton samples of both native and invasive crayfish. We paid particular attention to two known crayfish pathogens, Aphanomyces astaci and Saprolegnia parasitica, and find that both species carry low amounts of both pathogens. On the side, we find that a non-standard ddPCR protocol outperforms standard qPCR test for A. astaci under low concentration conditions. Taken together, our results indicate the possibility of bidirectional mixing and homogenisation of exoskeleton microbiome. As such, they can serve as a baseline in future detangling of the processes that act together to shape the microbiomes of co-occuring native and invasive congeners during biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid37782819, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, H and Bearup, D and Barabás, G and Fagan, WF and Nijs, I and Chen, D and Liao, J}, title = {Complex nonmonotonic responses of biodiversity to habitat destruction.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {104}, number = {12}, pages = {e4177}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.4177}, pmid = {37782819}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {31901175//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32271548//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; YC2022-B077//Postgraduate Innovation Fund of Jiangxi Province/ ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Biodiversity ; }, abstract = {It has typically been assumed that habitat destruction, characterized by habitat loss and fragmentation, has consistently negative effects on biodiversity. While numerous empirical studies have shown the detrimental effects of habitat loss, debate continues as to whether habitat fragmentation has universally negative effects. To explore the effects of habitat fragmentation, we developed a simple model for site-occupancy dynamics in fragmented landscapes. With the model, we demonstrate that a competition-colonization trade-off can result in nonlinear oscillatory responses in biodiversity to both habitat loss and fragmentation. However, the overall pattern of habitat loss reducing species richness is still established, in line with empirical observations. Interestingly, the existence of localized oscillations in biodiversity can explain the mixed responses of species richness to habitat fragmentation per se observed in nature, thereby reconciling the debate on the fragmentation-diversity relationship. Therefore, this study offers a parsimonious mechanistic explanation for empirically observed biodiversity patterns in response to habitat destruction.}, }
@article {pmid37782633, year = {2023}, author = {Fine, JD and Foster, LJ and McAfee, A}, title = {Indirect exposure to insect growth disruptors affects honey bee (Apis mellifera) reproductive behaviors and ovarian protein expression.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, pages = {e0292176}, pmid = {37782633}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Bees ; Animals ; Larva ; *Phenylurea Compounds ; Reproduction ; *Pesticides/toxicity ; Insecta ; }, abstract = {Pesticide exposure and queen loss are considered to be major causes of honey bee colony mortality, yet little is known regarding the effects of regularly encountered agrochemicals on honey bee reproduction. Here, we present the results of a two-generational study using specialized cages to expose queens to commonly used insect growth disrupting pesticides (IGDs) via their retinue of worker bees. Under IGD exposure, we tracked queen performance and worker responses to queens, then the performance of the exposed queens' offspring was assessed to identify patterns that may contribute to the long-term health and stability of a social insect colony. The positive control, novaluron, resulted in deformed larvae hatching from eggs laid by exposed queens, and methoxyfenozide, diflubenzuron, and novaluron caused a slight decrease in daily egg laying rates, but this was not reflected in the total egg production over the course of the experiment. Curiously, eggs laid by queens exposed to pyriproxyfen exhibited increased hatching rates, and those larvae developed into worker progeny with increased responsiveness to their queens. Additionally, pyriproxyfen and novaluron exposure affected the queen ovarian protein expression, with the overwhelming majority of differentially expressed proteins coming from the pyriproxyfen exposure. We discuss these results and the potential implications for honey bee reproduction and colony health.}, }
@article {pmid37780892, year = {2023}, author = {Degabriele, G and Cavalleri, A and Goldarazena, A and Mifsud, D}, title = {The Tubulifera (Hexapoda, Thysanoptera) of the Maltese Islands.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {1180}, number = {}, pages = {201-223}, pmid = {37780892}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {This work records the presence of 13 species of tubuliferan thrips from the Maltese Islands. Eleven of these species, namely Bolothripsdentipes, B.insularis, Priesneriellamavromoustakisi, Gynaikothripsuzeli, Haplothripsacanthoscelis, H.aculeatus, H.setiger, H.tritici, Karnyothripsflavipes, Liothripsreuteri and Neoheegeriadalmatica are new records for the Maltese Islands. Two species: Gynaikothripsficorum and Karnyothripsflavipes can be described as subcosmopolitan in distribution, another three species: Haplothripsaculeatus, H.setiger and H.tritici are distributed across the Holarctic and Palaearctic regions, while a further seven: Bolothripsdentipes, B.insularis, Haplothripsacanthoscelis, Liothripsoleae, L.reuteri, Neoheegeriadalmatica and Priesneriellamavromoustakisi have a European and/or Mediterranean distribution. Gynaikothripsficorum and G.uzeli are considered as alien species. A key to the Tubulifera of the Maltese Islands as well as chorological data for these recorded species are provided in this work.}, }
@article {pmid37780379, year = {2023}, author = {Yang, JY and Sun, SC}, title = {Combined effects of temperature, photoperiod, and salinity on reproduction of the brine shrimp Artemia sinica (Crustacea: Anostraca).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e15945}, pmid = {37780379}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Artemia ; *Anostraca ; Temperature ; Photoperiod ; Salinity ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Artemia sinica is a brine shrimp species distributed in hypersaline salt lakes in northern China and Siberia and a successful invasive species in some coastal salterns. Although it is a commercially harvested and cultured species, knowledge of its reproductive characteristics is limited, and existing studies are often contradictory. The combined effects of temperature, salinity, and photoperiod on reproduction characteristics are experimentally studied to better understand its reproductive features.<br><br>METHODS: There were 36 combinations of three environmental factors (3&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;3&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;4), each with three or four levels, namely temperature (16, 25, 30&#xa0;&#xb0;C), photoperiod (6 L:18 D, 12 L:12D, 18 L:6D), and salinity (50, 100, 150, 200 PSU). In each treatment, 48 to 80 pairs of A. sinica from Yuncheng Salt Lake (Shanxi, China) were cultured. Females were observed daily for reproductive mode and the number of offspring produced.<br><br>RESULTS: Temperature, photoperiod, salinity, and their interactions significantly affected the lifespan and reproduction of A. sinica. The reproductive period was the longest and accounted for the largest proportion of life span at moderate temperature (25&#xa0;&#xb0;C). Total offspring, offspring per brood, and offspring per day increased as salinity decreased, and the number of broods per female was highest at 25&#xa0;&#xb0;C. Temperature, photoperiod, and salinity significantly influenced reproductive modes, and interactions among these factors were identified. Artemia sinica primarily reproduces oviparously under low temperature and short daylight conditions, and ovoviviparously under high temperature and long daylight conditions, with the maximum oviparity ratio recorded in treatments of 16&#xa0;&#xb0;C, 6L:18D, and 50 or 100 PSU. The maximum ovoviviparity ratio was recorded under 30&#xa0;&#xb0;C, 12L:12D, and 100 PSU. Unlike that documented for other Artemia species or populations, the brood size of A. sinica kept increasing throughout the reproductive period. It did not decline even in the last two broods. For the same brood number, the sizes of oviparous and ovoviviparous broods were similar. The length of the oviparous interval was often greater than that of the ovoviviparous interval, suggesting that oviparous offspring might require additional energy and time to construct the multi-layered eggshell. Compared to other species and populations, the A.&#xa0;sinica from Yuncheng Salt Lake has a relatively shorter pre-reproductive development time, a preference for ovoviviparity, and relatively higher fecundity and population growth capacity, making it a suitable culture species for obtaining fresh biomass.}, }
@article {pmid37780088, year = {2023}, author = {Ryan, J and Prentis, PJ and Fuller, S}, title = {Multiscale landscape genetic analysis identifies major waterways as a barrier to dispersal of feral pigs in north Queensland, Australia.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {e10575}, pmid = {37780088}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) are a destructive and widespread invasive pest in Australia. An understanding of feral pig movement is required to develop management strategies to control feral pigs in Australia. Because landscape structure can have a strong influence on animal movement, it is important to determine how landscape features facilitate or impede the movement of feral pigs. Consequently, we conducted a landscape genetic analysis of feral pig populations in the Herbert region of far north Queensland, Australia, to determine management units and provide recommendations to better inform feral pig population control strategies. Using microsatellite data obtained from 256 feral pig samples from 44 sites, we examined feral pig population structure at multiple spatial scales for univariate and multivariate landscape resistance surfaces to determine the optimal spatial scale and to identify which of the nine landscape features tested impede or facilitate feral pig gene flow. Only weak genetic structure was found among the 44 sampling sites, but major waterways were identified as a minor barrier to gene flow, and an isolation by distance model was supported. We also found that highways facilitated gene flow across the study area, and this suggests that they may act as movement corridors or indicate translocation of feral pigs. Additionally, incorporating a second spatial scale enhanced the ability of our landscape genetics analysis to detect the influence of landscape structure on gene flow. We identified three management units based on natural barriers to gene flow and future targeted control should be undertaken in these management units to deliver sustained reduction of feral pig populations in the Herbert region. This study demonstrates how a landscape genetic approach can be used to gain insight into the ecology of an invasive pest species and be used to develop population control strategies which utilise natural barriers to movement.}, }
@article {pmid37777630, year = {2023}, author = {Azrag, AGA and Obala, F and Tonnang, HEZ and Hogg, BN and Ndlela, S and Mohamed, SA}, title = {Predicting the impact of climate change on the potential distribution of the invasive tomato pinworm Phthorimaea absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {16477}, pmid = {37777630}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Lepidoptera ; Enterobius ; *Solanum lycopersicum ; Climate Change ; *Moths ; Larva ; }, abstract = {Phthorimaea absoluta (Meyrick) (= Tuta absoluta) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is the most damaging insect pest threatening the production of tomato and other solanaceous vegetables in many countries. In this study, we predicted the risk of establishment and number of generations for P. absoluta in the current and future climatic conditions under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5) of the years 2050 and 2070 using insect life cycle modelling (ILCYM) software. We used a temperature-dependent phenology model to project three risk indices viz., establishment risk index (ERI), generation index (GI), and activity index (AI) based on temperature data. The model projected large suitable areas for P. absoluta establishment in the Southern hemisphere under current and future climatic scenarios, compared to the Northern part. However, the risk of P. absoluta is expected to increase in Europe, USA, Southern Africa, and some parts of Asia in the future. Under current conditions, P. absoluta can complete between 6 and 16 generations per year in suitable areas. However, an increase in GI between 1 and 3 per year is projected for most parts of the world in the future, with an increase in AI between 1 and 4. Our results provide information on the risk of establishment of P. absoluta which could guide decision-makers to develop control strategies adapted for specific agro-ecological zones.}, }
@article {pmid37776724, year = {2024}, author = {Wang, H and Chen, R and Song, D and Sun, G and Yu, J and Liu, Q and Liu, J and Zhu, J and Liu, P and Wang, J}, title = {Silicone-modified polyurea-interpenetrating polymer network fouling release coatings with excellent wear resistance property tailored to regulations.}, journal = {Journal of colloid and interface science}, volume = {653}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {971-980}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcis.2023.09.129}, pmid = {37776724}, issn = {1095-7103}, abstract = {The invasion of alien species via marine organisms attaching to the surfaces of ship hulls is a growing problem. A number of countries have introduced corresponding regulations to combat ship biofouling. One effective way to solve this problem is to apply a fouling release coating with excellent wear resistance. In this study, a silicone-modified polyaspartic ester polyurea was synthesized by a simultaneous crosslinking polymerization. Polyaspartic ester polyurea is employed to form a tightly cross-linked network with excellent toughness and outstanding adhesion, while polydimethylsiloxane is used to form a relatively soft cross-linked network with low surface energy and surface elasticity modulus. Polyurea and silicone molecular chain lock onto each other to form interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) through their respective polymerization systems and cross-linking processes. The synergy between silicone and polyurea provides excellent mechanical properties as well as fouling release performance through the locking mechanism. This study provides a promising and universal strategy for the development of fouling release coatings with excellent wear resistance.}, }
@article {pmid37776366, year = {2022}, author = {R N Ferreira, JG and A Americo, J and L A S do Amaral, D and Sendim, F and R da Cunha, Y and ,  and Blaxter, M and Uliano-Silva, M and de F Rebelo, M}, title = {A chromosome-level assembly supports genome-wide investigation of the DMRT gene family in the golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei).}, journal = {GigaScience}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {37776366}, issn = {2047-217X}, support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 220540/Z/20/A/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Mytilidae/genetics ; Genome ; Chromosomes/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) is a highly invasive species that causes environmental and socioeconomic losses in invaded areas. Reference genomes have proven to be a valuable resource for studying the biology of invasive species. While the current golden mussel genome has been useful for identifying new genes, its high fragmentation hinders some applications.<br><br>FINDINGS: In this study, we provide the first chromosome-level reference genome for the golden mussel. The genome was built using PacBio HiFi, 10X, and Hi-C sequencing data. The final assembly contains 99.4% of its total length assembled to the 15 chromosomes of the species and a scaffold N50 of 97.05 Mb. A total of 34,862 protein-coding genes were predicted, of which 84.7% were functionally annotated. A significant (6.48%) proportion of the genome was found to be in a hemizygous state. Using the new genome, we have performed a genome-wide characterization of the Doublesex and Mab-3 related transcription factor gene family, which has been proposed as a target for population control strategies in other species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: From the applied research perspective, a higher-quality genome will support genome editing with the aim of developing biotechnology-based solutions to control invasion. From the basic research perspective, the new genome is a high-quality reference for molecular evolutionary studies of Mytilida and other Lophotrochozoa, and it may be used as a reference for future resequencing studies to assess genomic variation among different golden mussel populations, unveiling potential routes of dispersion and helping to establish better control policies.}, }
@article {pmid37776351, year = {2023}, author = {Manjarrés-López, DP and Vitale, D and Callejas-Martos, S and Usuriaga, M and Picó, Y and Pérez, S and Montemurro, N}, title = {An effective method for the simultaneous extraction of 173 contaminants of emerging concern in freshwater invasive species and its application.}, journal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry}, volume = {415}, number = {29-30}, pages = {7085-7101}, pmid = {37776351}, issn = {1618-2650}, support = {2022AEP007//PREWATERPOLLUT Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/ ; RTI 2018-097158-B-C31//Agencia Estatal de Investigaci&#xf3;n CICLIC-TRAPPER/ ; RTI2018-097158-B-C33//Agencia Estatal de Investigaci&#xf3;n CICLIC-TRAPPER/ ; RYC2021-031725-I//MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and, as appropriate, by "ESF Investing in your future"/ ; CEX2018-000794-S//Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the IDAEA-CSIC, a Centre of Excellence Severo Ochoa/ ; ONHEALTH//Economy and Knowledge Department of the Catalan Government through Consolidated Research Group/ ; 2021 SGR 01150//Economy and Knowledge Department of the Catalan Government through Consolidated Research Group/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods ; *Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Solvents/chemistry ; Solid Phase Extraction/methods ; }, abstract = {A robust and efficient extraction method was developed to detect a broad range of pollutants of emerging interest in three freshwater invasive species: American red crab (Prokambarus clarkii), Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea), and pumpkinseed fish (Lepomis gibbosus). One native species, "petxinot" clam (Anodonta cygnea), was also evaluated. Invasive species are often more resistant to contamination and could be used in biomonitoring studies to assess the effect of contaminants of emerging concern on aquatic ecosystems while preserving potentially threatened native species. So far, most extraction methods developed for this purpose have focused on analyzing fish and generally focus on a limited number of compounds, especially analyzing compounds from the same family. In this sense, we set out to optimize a method that would allow the simultaneous extraction of 87 PhACs, 11 flame retardants, 21 per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, and 54 pesticides. The optimized method is based on ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction. Two tests were performed during method development, one to choose the extraction solvent with the best recovery efficiencies and one to select the best clean-up. The analysis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. The method obtained recoveries between 40 and 120% and relative standard deviations of less than 25% for 85% of the analytes in the four validated matrices. Limits of quantification between 0.01 ng g[-1] and 22 ng g[-1] were obtained. Application of the method on real samples from the Albufera Natural Park of Valencia (Spain) confirmed the presence of contaminants of emerging concern in all samples, such as acetaminophen, hydrochlorothiazide, tramadol, PFOS, carbendazim, and fenthion. PFAS were the group of compounds with the highest mean concentrations. C. fluminea was the species with the highest detection frequency, and P. clarkii had the highest average concentrations, so its use is prioritized for biomonitoring studies.}, }
@article {pmid37772845, year = {2023}, author = {Vasquez, MI and Notarides, G and Meletiou, S and Patsoula, E and Kavran, M and Michaelakis, A and Bellini, R and Toumazi, T and Bouyer, J and Petrić, D}, title = {Two invasions at once: update on the introduction of the invasive species Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Cyprus - a call for action in Europe.}, journal = {Parasite (Paris, France)}, volume = {30}, number = {}, pages = {41}, pmid = {37772845}, issn = {1776-1042}, support = {CYP5020//International Atomic Energy Agency/ ; RER5026//International Atomic Energy Agency/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cyprus ; *Aedes ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control ; Mosquito Vectors ; }, abstract = {Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito and Aedes albopictus, the tiger mosquito, continue to expand their geographical distribution, reshaping the European epidemiological risks for mosquito-borne diseases. The reintroduction of Aedes aegypti near the airport and port in Larnaka and the detection of Aedes albopictus near the marina and old port of the Limassol area in Cyprus are reported herein. The measures taken to investigate these events included (i) communication to health authorities, (ii) expert on-site visits and verification of findings, (iii) enhanced active surveillance, and (iv) development of an Emergency Action Plan followed by a Contingency Plan. These emergency action plans were developed to delimitate the infested areas and to prevent the spreading of the mosquito populations into new areas. The general principles are presented along with their rationale to serve as guidelines for other geographical regions targeting suppression/eradication with a sterile insect technique component. In parallel, this manuscript serves as a call for action at the European level to impede the further spread of these species and support the activities being undertaken in Cyprus to combat the incursions of Aedes invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid37770473, year = {2023}, author = {Melo, R and Masciocchi, M and Corley, JC}, title = {Allee effects in an invasive social wasp: an experimental study in colonies of Vespula germanica.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {16323}, pmid = {37770473}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Wasps ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Allee effects rely on the existence of mutually beneficial intraspecific interactions that increase individual fitness and per capita growth rate, as the number of individuals in a population or group increases. When the number of individuals falls below a given number, the success of a group or population drops. Social insects heavily rely on cooperation between individuals for various tasks such as foraging and breeding. In this study, we experimentally explored component Allee effects and the underlying mechanisms in colonies of the social wasp Vespula germanica. After the removal of workers, we counted the number of gynes produced, estimated the body mass index as a proxy of their quality, and registered the protein-food collected by foragers in colonies. Our research revealed a correlation between the decrease in worker population and a subsequent decrease in the production of gynes. However, the removal of workers did not impact the quality of the produced gynes or the quantity of protein-food collected by the colonies. These findings highlight the crucial role of the worker caste in the success of eusocial species and suggested an ability of workers to perform multiple tasks that enable colonies to respond to disturbances. Additionally, our study provides the first evidence of Allee effects at the colony level of V. germanica, with potential practical implications for managing this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid37769469, year = {2023}, author = {Hu, S and Jin, C and Liao, R and Huang, L and Zhou, L and Long, Y and Luo, M and Jim, CY and Hu, W and Lin, D and Chen, S and Liu, C and Jiang, Y and Yang, Y}, title = {Herbaceous ornamental plants with conspicuous aesthetic traits contribute to plant invasion risk in subtropical urban parks.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {347}, number = {}, pages = {119059}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119059}, pmid = {37769469}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Humans ; *Ecosystem ; *Parks, Recreational ; Plants ; Introduced Species ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Global ornamental horticulture is a major pathway for plant invasions, while urban parks are key areas for introducing non-native ornamental plants. To react appropriately to the challenges (e.g., biological invasion issues) and opportunities (e.g., urban ecosystem services) of herbaceous ornamentals in urban parks, we conducted a comprehensive invasive risk assessment in 363 urban parks in Chongqing, a subtropical city in China. The results found more than 1/3 of the 119 non-native species recorded in urban parks had a high invasion risk, and more than five species had potential invasion risk in 96.29% of the study area, indicating herbaceous ornamentals in urban parks are potentially a pool of invasive species that deserves attention. Moreover, humans have chosen herbaceous ornamentals with more aesthetic characteristics in urban parks, where exotic species were more prominent than native species in floral traits, such as more conspicuous flowers and longer flowering periods. The findings can inform urban plant management, provide an integrated approach to assessing herbaceous ornamentals' invasion risk, and offer insights into understanding the filtering effects of human aesthetic preferences.}, }
@article {pmid37768609, year = {2023}, author = {Sharpe, DMT and Valverde, MP and De León, LF and Hendry, AP and Torchin, ME}, title = {Biological invasions alter the structure of a tropical freshwater food web.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {104}, number = {12}, pages = {e4173}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.4173}, pmid = {37768609}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {//NSERC CREATE in Biodiversity Ecosystem Services and Sustainability, BESS/ ; 3221-4//National Geographic Society/ ; ITE12-002//SENACYT/ ; //Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de Panama/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Food Chain ; *Lakes/chemistry ; Fishes ; Isotopes ; Panama ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are expected to alter food web structure, but there are limited empirical data directly comparing invaded versus uninvaded food webs, particularly in species-rich, tropical systems. We characterize for the first time the food web of Lake Gatun-a diverse and highly invaded tropical freshwater lake within the Panama Canal. We used stable isotope analysis to reconstruct the trophic structure of the fish community of Lake Gatun and to compare it to that of a minimally invaded reference lake, Lake Bayano. We found significant differences between the trophic structures of these two Neotropical lakes, notably that Lake Gatun's fish community was characterized by a longer food chain, greater isotopic diversity, a broader range of trophic positions and body sizes, and shifts in the isotopic positions of several native taxa relative to Lake Bayano. The degree of isotopic overlap between native and non-native trophic guilds in Lake Gatun was variable, with herbivores exhibiting the lowest (20%-29%) overlap and carnivores the greatest (81%-100%). Overall, our results provide some of the first empirical evidence for the ways in which multiple introduced and native species may partition isotopic space in a species-rich tropical freshwater food web.}, }
@article {pmid37768191, year = {2023}, author = {Pratt, EN and Lockwood, JL and King, EG and Pienaar, EF}, title = {Identifying inconsistencies in exotic pet regulations that perpetuate trade in risky species.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e14189}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.14189}, pmid = {37768191}, issn = {1523-1739}, support = {Graduate Student Assistantship//University of Georgia/ ; }, abstract = {Regulatory inconsistencies at different jurisdictional levels have contributed to the global expansion of the exotic pet trade, with resultant increases in the spread of invasive species and pathogens. Researchers have enumerated multiple limitations and environmental risks posed by international and national rules that govern the exotic pet trade, yet little attention has focused on the regulation of the exotic pet trade within national borders. We reviewed state-level regulations that apply to the trade of vertebrate animal taxa in the United States. Definitions and classifications for regulating different vertebrate taxa varied greatly across states, and the terms pet and companion animal were poorly defined and inconsistent across states. States implemented regulations that permit trade in exotic vertebrate pets that are banned from import into the United States owing to public health and conservation concerns. Once species have been imported into the United States, inconsistent internal regulations facilitate the movement of animals that pose substantial invasion and disease risks. Violations of state laws were typically listed as misdemeanors, and the median fine for violating state wildlife trade laws was $1000. Inconsistent and incomplete regulation of exotic vertebrate pets across state borders, in conjunction with limited penalties for violating regulations, has facilitated continued possession of exotic pets in states where these animals are banned. Based on our review of regulatory weaknesses, we conclude that a transition to a federally enforced list of vertebrate species that may be traded as pets is needed, with all other vertebrate species banned from the exotic pet trade unless their potential invasion and disease risks have been assessed and demonstrated to be low or nonexistent.}, }
@article {pmid37768181, year = {2023}, author = {Bellis, J and Osazuwa-Peters, O and Maschinski, J and Keir, MJ and Parsons, EW and Kaye, TN and Kunz, M and Possley, J and Menges, E and Smith, SA and Roth, D and Brewer, D and Brumback, W and Lange, JJ and Niederer, C and Turner-Skoff, JB and Bontrager, M and Braham, R and Coppoletta, M and Holl, KD and Williamson, P and Bell, T and Jonas, JL and McEachern, K and Robertson, KL and Birnbaum, SJ and Dattilo, A and Dollard, JJ and Fant, J and Kishida, W and Lesica, P and Link, SO and Pavlovic, NB and Poole, J and Reemts, CM and Stiling, P and Taylor, DD and Titus, JH and Titus, PJ and Adkins, ED and Chambers, T and Paschke, MW and Heineman, KD and Albrecht, MA}, title = {Identifying predictors of translocation success in rare plant species.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e14190}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.14190}, pmid = {37768181}, issn = {1523-1739}, abstract = {The fundamental goal of a rare plant translocation is to create self-sustaining populations with the evolutionary resilience to persist in the long term. Yet, most plant translocation syntheses focus on a few factors influencing short-term benchmarks of success (e.g., survival and reproduction). Short-term benchmarks can be misleading when trying to infer future growth and viability because the factors that promote establishment may differ from those required for long-term persistence. We assembled a large (n = 275) and broadly representative data set of well-documented and monitored (7.9 years on average) at-risk plant translocations to identify the most important site attributes, management techniques, and species' traits for six life-cycle benchmarks and population metrics of translocation success. We used the random forest algorithm to quantify the relative importance of 29 predictor variables for each metric of success. Drivers of translocation outcomes varied across time frames and success metrics. Management techniques had the greatest relative influence on the attainment of life-cycle benchmarks and short-term population trends, whereas site attributes and species' traits were more important for population persistence and long-term trends. Specifically, large founder sizes increased the potential for reproduction and recruitment into the next generation, whereas declining habitat quality and the outplanting of species with low seed production led to increased extinction risks and a reduction in potential reproductive output in the long-term, respectively. We also detected novel interactions between some of the most important drivers, such as an increased probability of next-generation recruitment in species with greater seed production rates, but only when coupled with large founder sizes. Because most significant barriers to plant translocation success can be overcome by improving techniques or resolving site-level issues through early intervention and management, we suggest that by combining long-term monitoring with adaptive management, translocation programs can enhance the prospects of achieving long-term success.}, }
@article {pmid37765468, year = {2023}, author = {Wyckhuys, KAG and Leatemia, JA and Fanani, MZ and Furlong, MJ and Gu, B and Hadi, BAR and Hasinu, JV and Melo, MC and Noya, SH and Rauf, A and Taribuka, J and Gc, YD}, title = {Generalist Predators Shape Biotic Resistance along a Tropical Island Chain.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {37765468}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {GCP/GLO/220/EC//European Commission/ ; LOA/RAP/2021/57//Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/ ; }, abstract = {Islands offer exclusive prisms for an experimental investigation of biodiversity x ecosystem function interplay. Given that species in upper trophic layers, e.g., arthropod predators, experience a comparative disadvantage on small, isolated islands, such settings can help to clarify how predation features within biotic resistance equations. Here, we use observational and manipulative studies on a chain of nine Indonesian islands to quantify predator-mediated biotic resistance against the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) and the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Across island settings, a diverse set of generalist lacewing, spider and ladybeetle predators aggregates on P. manihoti infested plants, attaining max. (field-level) abundance levels of 1.0, 8.0 and 3.2 individuals per plant, respectively. Though biotic resistance-as imperfectly defined by a predator/prey ratio index-exhibits no inter-island differences, P. manihoti population regulation is primarily provided through an introduced monophagous parasitoid. Meanwhile, resident predators, such as soil-dwelling ants, inflict apparent mortality rates up to 100% for various S. frugiperda life stages, which translates into a 13- to 800-fold lower S. frugiperda survivorship on small versus large islands. While biotic resistance against S. frugiperda is ubiquitous along the island chain, its magnitude differs between island contexts, seasons and ecological realms, i.e., plant canopy vs. soil surface. Hence, under our experimental context, generalist predators determine biotic resistance and exert important levels of mortality even in biodiversity-poor settings. Given the rapid pace of biodiversity loss and alien species accumulation globally, their active conservation in farmland settings (e.g., through pesticide phasedown) is pivotal to ensuring the overall resilience of production ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid37765461, year = {2023}, author = {Hall, RM and Markovic, D and Kaul, HP and Wagentristl, H and Urban, B and Durec, N and Renner-Martin, K and Ninkovic, V}, title = {Talking Different Languages: The Role of Plant-Plant Communication When an Invader Beats up a Strange Neighborhood.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {37765461}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {DOC scholarship//Austrian Academy of Sciences/ ; 773554//European Union's Horizon 2020/ ; }, abstract = {Communication through airborne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and root exudates plays a vital role in the multifarious interactions of plants. Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemesiifolia L.) is one of the most troublesome invasive alien species in agriculture. Below- and aboveground chemical interactions of ragweed with crops might be an important factor in the invasive species' success in agriculture. In laboratory experiments, we investigated the contribution of intra- and interspecific airborne VOCs and root exudates of ragweed to its competitiveness. Wheat, soybean, and maize were exposed to VOCs emitted from ragweed and vice versa, and the adaptation response was measured through plant morphological and physiological traits. We observed significant changes in plant traits of crops in response to ragweed VOCs, characterized by lower biomass production, lower specific leaf area, or higher chlorophyll contents. After exposure to ragweed VOCs, soybean and wheat produced significantly less aboveground dry mass, whereas maize did not. Ragweed remained unaffected when exposed to VOCs from the crops or a conspecific. All crops and ragweed significantly avoided root growth toward the root exudates of ragweed. The study shows that the plant response to either above- or belowground chemical cues is highly dependent on the identity of the neighbor, pointing out the complexity of plant-plant communication in plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid37765451, year = {2023}, author = {Tesfay, YB and Blaschke, A and Ashley, N and Portillo, L and Scalisi, A and Adli, B and Kreyling, J}, title = {Increased Plasticity in Invasive Populations of a Globally Invasive Cactus.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {37765451}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {57440921//German Academic Exchange Service/ ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions pose global threats to biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Invasive species often display a high degree of phenotypic plasticity, enabling them to adapt to new environments. This study examines plasticity to water stress in native and invasive Opuntia ficus-indica populations, a prevalent invader in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Through controlled greenhouse experiments, we evaluated three native and nine invasive populations. While all plants survived the dry treatment, natives exhibited lower plasticity to high water availability with only a 36% aboveground biomass increase compared to the invasives with a greater increase of 94%. In terms of belowground biomass, there was no significant response to increased water availability for native populations, but plants from the invasive populations showed a 75% increase from the dry to the wet treatment. Enhanced phenotypic plasticity observed in invasive populations of O. ficus-indica is likely a significant driver of their success and invasiveness across different regions, particularly with a clear environmental preference towards less arid conditions. Climate change is expected to amplify the invasion success due to the expansion of arid areas and desertification. Opuntia ficus-indica adapts to diverse environments, survives dry spells, and grows rapidly in times of high-water supply, making it a candidate for increased invasion potential with climate change.}, }
@article {pmid37765434, year = {2023}, author = {Yessoufou, K}, title = {The Patterns of Intraspecific Variations in Mass of Nectar Sugar along a Phylogeny Distinguish Native from Non-Native Plants in Urban Greenspaces in Southern England.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {37765434}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {SRUG22051210107//National Research Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {To serve human needs, non-native species are selected based on an array of functional traits, which generally confer competitive advantages to these species in their recipient environments. Identifying non-obvious functional traits that indirectly inform human selection of non-natives to introduce into urban greenspaces is not yet part of common discussions in invasion biology. We tested whether functional traits integrated within a phylogenetic framework, may reveal those subtle criteria underlying the introduction of non-native plants into urban greenspaces. We found no differences in terms of functional traits between natives and non-natives. We also found no evidence that functional traits predict nectar production, irrespective of how nectar production was measured. Finally, we found that the mean sugar concentration of nectar per flower is evolutionarily shared both within closely related non-native plants as well as within close native plants. However, phylogenetically close species share similar intraspecific variation in mass of nectar sugar per flower, but this is true only for non-native plants, thus revealing a non-obvious selection criteria of non-native plants for urban greenspaces. Our results indicate that the phylogenetic patterns of intraspecific variation in mass of nectar sugar per flower is the major criterion distinguishing non-natives from native plants in urban greenspaces in Southern England.}, }
@article {pmid37765421, year = {2023}, author = {Poudel, A and Adhikari, P and Na, CS and Wee, J and Lee, DH and Lee, YH and Hong, SH}, title = {Assessing the Potential Distribution of Oxalis latifolia, a Rapidly Spreading Weed, in East Asia under Global Climate Change.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {37765421}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {2018002270001 and 2022002450002//Korea Ministry of Environment/ ; }, abstract = {Oxalis latifolia, a perennial herbaceous weed, is a highly invasive species that poses a threat to agricultural lands worldwide. East Asia is under a high risk of invasion of O. latifolia under global climate change. To evaluate this risk, we employed maximum entropy modeling considering two shared socio-economic pathways (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5). Currently, a small portion (8.02%) of East Asia is within the O. latifolia distribution, with the highest coverages in Chinese Taipei, China, and Japan (95.09%, 9.8%, and 0.24%, respectively). However, our projections indicated that this invasive weed will likely be introduced to South Korea and North Korea between 2041 and 2060 and 2081 and 2100, respectively. The species is expected to cover approximately 9.79% and 23.68% (SSP2-4.5) and 11.60% and 27.41% (SSP5-8.5) of the total land surface in East Asia by these time points, respectively. South Korea and Japan will be particularly susceptible, with O. latifolia potentially invading up to 80.73% of their territory by 2081-2100. Mongolia is projected to remain unaffected. This study underscores the urgent need for effective management strategies and careful planning to prevent the introduction and limit the expansion of O. latifolia in East Asian countries.}, }
@article {pmid37765379, year = {2023}, author = {O'Brien, CJ and Campbell, S and Young, A and Vogler, W and Galea, VJ}, title = {Chinee Apple (Ziziphus mauritiana): A Comprehensive Review of Its Weediness, Ecological Impacts and Management Approaches.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {37765379}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. (Rhamnaceae) (Chinee Apple, Indian Jujube, or Ber) is a significant woody weed in the drier tropics of northern Queensland, Western Australia, and the Northern Territory. Throughout these regions, its densely formed thickets influence the structure, function, and composition of rangeland ecosystems by outcompeting native pasture species. Despite this, the recent literature is heavily focused on the horticultural value of domesticated Ziziphus species in South Asia (China, India, and Pakistan), particularly its potential for poverty alleviation in arid or semi-arid areas. In fact, there has been comparatively little research undertaken on its invasiveness or associated ecological factors in pastoral contexts. Currently, the management of Z. mauritiana is limited to the application of synthetic herbicides or mechanical clearing operations. There is also considerable interest in the exploitation of host-specific, natural enemies (biological control agents, herbivorous insects, fungi, bacteria, or viruses) for limiting the vigour, competitiveness, or reproductive capacity of Z. mauritiana in northern Australia. The development of a "bioherbicide" in lieu of synthetic counterparts may foster a more resilient coexistence between agricultural systems and the natural environment owing to its reduced environmental persistence and increased target specificity. This review summarises the current literature on the weediness, ecological impacts, and current management of this problematic weed, thereby identifying (i) opportunities for further research and (ii) recommendations for improved management within its invasive range.}, }
@article {pmid37764984, year = {2023}, author = {Di Guardo, G}, title = {Alien Crabs as Potential Hosts of Pathogens Impacting Marine Megafauna's Health and Conservation.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {37764984}, issn = {2076-0817}, abstract = {Climate change, with a special emphasis on global warming, is believed to be a key driver of the accelerated rate of alien species expansion into the Mediterranean Sea basin and, more generally, into all marine and oceanic ecosystems [...].}, }
@article {pmid37761909, year = {2023}, author = {Mendivil, A and Ramírez, R and Morin, J and Ramirez, JL and Siccha-Ramirez, R and Britzke, R and Rivera, F and Ampuero, A and Oliveros, N and Congrains, C}, title = {Comparative Mitogenome Analysis of Two Native Apple Snail Species (Ampullariidae, Pomacea) from Peruvian Amazon.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {37761909}, issn = {2073-4425}, mesh = {Animals ; Peru ; Phylogeny ; *Genome, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Snails/genetics ; Mitochondria/genetics ; }, abstract = {Apple snails of the genus Pomacea Perry, 1810 (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Ampullariidae) are native to the Neotropics and exhibit high species diversity, holding cultural and ecological significance as an important protein source in Peru. However, most genetic studies in Pomacea have focused mostly on invasive species, especially in Southeast Asia, where they are considered important pests. In this study, we assembled and annotated the mitochondrial genomes of two Pomacea species native to the Peruvian Amazon: Pomacea reevei Ampuero &amp; Ramírez, 2023 and Pomacea aulanieri (Deville &amp; Hupé, 1850). The mitogenomes of P. reevei and P. aulanieri comprise 15,660 and 16,096 bp, respectively, and contain the typical 37 genes of the animal mitochondria with a large control region of 292 bp in P. reevei and 524 bp in P. aulanieri-which fall within the range of what is currently known in Pomacea. Comparisons with previously published mitogenomes in Pomacea revealed differences in the overlapping of adjacent genes, the size of certain protein-coding genes (PCGs) and the secondary structure of some tRNAs that are consistent with the phylogenetic relationships between these species. These findings provide valuable insights into the systematics and genomics of the genus Pomacea.}, }
@article {pmid37760319, year = {2023}, author = {Balčiauskas, L and Stratford, J and Kučas, A and Balčiauskienė, L}, title = {Lockdown's Silver Lining? Different Levels of Roadkill during the COVID-19 Times in Lithuania.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {37760319}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {05.5.1-APVA-V-018-01-0012//project "Investigations of the Status of Invasive and Alien Species in Lithuania"/ ; }, abstract = {The impact of COVID-19 restrictions on human and vehicular mobility on the number of roadkills of wild mammals, and roe deer in particular, was assessed in Lithuania. We statistically analyzed the distribution of all mammals and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) as the most abundant species annually from 2002 to 2022 and monthly from 2020 to 2021, including during the two restriction periods. Notably, there was a marked decrease in roadkill incidents on main, national and regional roads, particularly in April-May 2020 (the beginning of lockdown period I) and November-December 2020 (the beginning of lockdown period II), 5.1-20.8% and 33.6-54.4%, respectively. During these months, collisions with mammals on the A14 main road were reduced by 75-90%. However, there was a significant increase in the number of roadkills in urban areas, resulting in the total number of mammal-vehicle and roe deer-vehicle collisions in 2020 and 2021 being higher than expected based on long-term trends. However, after restrictions were eased, collision numbers with wildlife on the main, national and regional roads increased again and became higher than expected.}, }
@article {pmid37760298, year = {2023}, author = {Schuman, MJ and Snyder, SL and Smoak, CH and Schmid, JR}, title = {Faunal Diet of Adult Cane Toads, Rhinella marina, in the Urban Landscape of Southwest Florida.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {37760298}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {We investigated the diet of cane toads (Rhinella marina) inhabiting urbanized areas in southwest Florida to provide high taxonomic resolution of prey items, contrast toad diets between sampling seasons and sexes, and assess this invasive species' ecological role in the urban landscape. A pest control agency collected cane toads from two golf course communities in Naples, Florida, USA during November-December 2018 (early dry season) and June-July 2019 (early wet season), and faunal stomach contents were quantified from a random subsample of 240 adult toads (30 males and 30 females from each community and season). Yellow-banded millipedes (Anadenobolus monilicornis), big-headed ants (Pheidole spp.), and hunting billbugs (Sphenophorus venatus vestitus) were the most frequently consumed prey items and had the highest total numbers and/or volume with corresponding highest indices of relative importance. There was considerable overlap in the seasonal prey importance values for each golf course community and little if any difference in the importance values between toad sexes in each community. Nonetheless, big-headed ants were the most important prey in both communities during the wet season, while yellow-banded millipedes were the most important dry season prey in one community and hunting billbugs the most important in the other. Despite limited spatiotemporal sampling effort, our results indicated that cane toad was consuming arthropod taxa considered pests in the urban ecosystem. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential effects of human activities and environmental variability on the cane toad diet and to determine whether cane toads act as a biological control for pest populations.}, }
@article {pmid37760285, year = {2023}, author = {Soultan, A and Darwish, M and Al-Johani, N and Abdulkareem, A and Alfaifi, Y and Assaeed, AM and El-Bana, M and Browne, S}, title = {Feral Donkey Distribution and Ecological Impacts in a Hyper-Arid Region.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {37760285}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {The feral donkey (Equus asinus L.) is an invasive species in Saudi Arabia and can cause severe damage to natural and cultural heritage. Over the last 30 years, feral donkeys have become a serious problem, as their abundance and geographic distribution has increased drastically. The impacts of feral donkeys are not well documented, and information about their abundance and distribution is lacking, certainly in Saudi Arabia, which hampers the implementation of effective management plans. Accordingly, we used the minimum population number approach (MPN) to determine the number of feral donkeys in this part of northwest Saudi Arabia. A total of 1135 feral donkeys were encountered in the region. The area around Khaybar harbors ~25% (n = 338) of the feral donkey population, whereas Tayma and AlGhrameel nature reserves were the least-inhabited sites (almost absent). The average population density of feral donkeys was estimated as 1.03 (0.19 SE) donkey/km[2]. We documented the negative ecological impact of feral donkeys on natural resources, which constituted overgrazing that resulted in habitat fragmentation and competition for resources with native species. We propose urgent actions to control the presence of feral donkeys in the region and suggest humane eradication as the most efficient and applicable to significantly reduce the negative impacts of feral donkeys.}, }
@article {pmid37759667, year = {2023}, author = {Cicala, D and Guerra, MT and Bardelli, R and Di Muri, C and Ludovisi, A and Vizzini, S and Mancinelli, G}, title = {Isotopic Overlap of Invasive and Native Consumers in the Food Web of Lake Trasimeno (Central Italy).}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {37759667}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {An advanced characterization of the trophic niche of non-indigenous species (NIS) may provide useful information on their ecological impact on invaded communities. Here, we used carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes to estimate pairwise niche overlaps between non-indigenous and native consumers in the winter food web of Lake Trasimeno (central Italy). Overall, a relatively low pairwise overlap of isotopic niches was observed between NIS and native species. The only exception was the Louisiana crayfish Procambarus clarkii, which showed a relatively high and diffuse overlap with other native invertebrates. Our findings highlighted a high niche divergence between non-indigenous and native species in Lake Trasimeno, suggesting a potentially low degree of interspecific competition that may facilitate coexistence and, in turn, limit the strength of impacts. The divergent results obtained for the Louisiana crayfish indicate that additional control measures for this invasive species are needed to mitigate its impact on the Lake Trasimeno system.}, }
@article {pmid37759619, year = {2023}, author = {Nativ, H and Galili, O and Almuly, R and Einbinder, S and Tchernov, D and Mass, T}, title = {New Record of Dendronephthya sp. (Family: Nephtheidae) from Mediterranean Israel: Evidence for Tropicalization?.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {37759619}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {23241//the Ministry of Innovation, Science &amp; Technology, Israel./ ; }, abstract = {Bio-invasions have the potential to provoke cascade effects that can disrupt natural ecosystems and cause ecological regime shifts. The Mediterranean Sea is particularly prone to bio-invasions as the changing water conditions, evoked by climate change, are creating advantageous conditions for Lessepsian migrants from the Red Sea. Recently, in May 2023, a new alien species was documented in the Mediterranean Sea-a soft coral of the genus Dendronephthya. This discovery was made by divers conducting 'Long-Term Ecological Research' surveys, along the coast of Israel, at a depth of 42 m. Genetic and morphological testing suggest that the species identity may be Dendronepthya hemprichi, an Indo-Pacific coral, common in the Red Sea. According to life history traits of this species, such as accelerated attachment to available surfaces and fast growth, we expect it to rapidly expand its distribution and abundance across the Mediterranean Sea.}, }
@article {pmid37759558, year = {2023}, author = {Perzia, P and Cillari, T and Crociata, G and Deidun, A and Falautano, M and Franzitta, G and Galdies, J and Maggio, T and Vivona, P and Castriota, L}, title = {Using Local Ecological Knowledge to Search for Non-Native Species in Natura 2000 Sites in the Central Mediterranean Sea: An Approach to Identify New Arrivals and Hotspot Areas.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {37759558}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {C1-3.1-31//Interreg V-A Italia-Malta Project - C1- 3.1-31, HARMONY "Italo-Maltese harmonization for a good state of the environment: integrity of the seabed and interaction with invasive species to preserve the functioning of marine ecosystems"./ ; }, abstract = {The management of biological invasions is among the most urgent of global challenges and requires a significant monitoring effort to obtain the information needed to take the appropriate decisions. To complement standard monitoring, citizen science is increasingly being used. Within citizen science, the approach of collecting and investigating Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) proved to be useful in the monitoring of non-native species. A LEK survey was carried out in 10 Sicilian and Maltese Natura 2000 sites in order to help in the early detection of non-native species. The survey was addressed to local fishers and SCUBA divers in order to investigate the occurrence of 24 selected marine non-native species and to identify potential hotspot areas of invasion through the use of six indicators: the occurrence of newly introduced nonindigenous species, the cumulative impacts of invasive alien species (CIMPAL) and the relative importance of species on the cumulative impacts (D1, D2, D3, and D4). The respondents confirmed the presence of 22 species since the year 2000 and reported 10 new ones registered in the investigated areas. The highest CIMPAL value was observed in two Sicilian Natura 2000 sites (ITA090028 and ITA040014) and the lowest on the western coast of Malta (MT0000101, MT0000102, MT0000103, and MT0000104) The four top-priority species according to indicators D1-D4 were Caulerpa cylindracea, C. taxifolia, Siganus luridus and S. rivulatus. The study produced a valid and useful scientific output to suggest and address management strategies to monitor the establishment of the non-native species.}, }
@article {pmid37758689, year = {2024}, author = {Chen, D and Zhang, L and Peng, Y and Si, X}, title = {Exploring the association between social media and farmers' knowledge of a worldwide invasive agricultural pest, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {80}, number = {2}, pages = {678-686}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7796}, pmid = {37758689}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {42161011//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 41461009//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 202303AP140018//Yunnan International Joint Laboratory of Fruit-Vegetable-Flower Invasive Insect Pests Management/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Spodoptera ; *Social Media ; Farmers ; Agriculture ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Public education has profound effects on the management effectiveness of invasive alien species by shaping stakeholders' knowledge systems. However, our understanding of the association between social media and farmers' knowledge is lacking for the majority of invasive agricultural pests. In this study, we used the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, one of the most invasive insects globally, as a case to test the hypothesis that social media has a significant association with farmers' knowledge of FAW. To address this, we developed a theoretical framework, conducted extensive household questionnaires in the China-Myanmar-Laos border region (China), and used quantitative descriptions and binary logistic regressions in statistical analyses.<br><br>RESULTS: Our results showed that (1) farmers frequently reported using 12 social media applications on smartphones (SMASs), and obtained FAW-relevant information from six of them, with high preferences for WeChat and TikTok, (2) farmers possessed a generally high level of knowledge of FAW which was significantly associated with their socio-demographic profiles, and (3) FAW-relevant information from SMASs was significantly associated with certain aspects of farmers' knowledge of FAW.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that social media has a significant association with farmers' knowledge of FAW. We suggest that well-designed and -conducted educational programs based on the use of SMASs could help improve the management of FAW, and the Department of Agricultural Extension could play an important and necessary role. Our findings provide insights into this novel educational approach for the management of serious invasive agricultural pests. &#xa9; 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid37754699, year = {2023}, author = {Almarinez, BJM and Amalin, DM and Aviso, KB and Cabezas, H and Lao, AR and Tan, RR}, title = {Network Modeling for Post-Entry Management of Invasive Pest Species in the Philippines: The Case of the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {37754699}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Crop shifting is considered as an important strategy to secure future food supply in the face of climate change. However, use of this adaptation strategy needs to consider the risk posed by changes in the geographic range of pests that feed on selected crops. Failure to account for this threat can lead to disastrous results. Models can be used to give insights on how best to manage these risks. In this paper, the socioecological process graph technique is used to develop a network model of interactions among crops, invasive pests, and biological control agents. The model is applied to a prospective analysis of the potential entry of the Colorado potato beetle into the Philippines just as efforts are being made to scale up potato cultivation as a food security measure. The modeling scenarios indicate the existence of alternative viable pest control strategies based on the use of biological control agents. Insights drawn from the model can be used as the basis to ecologically engineer agricultural systems that are resistant to pests.}, }
@article {pmid37753307, year = {2023}, author = {Feyten, LEA and Ramnarine, IW and Brown, GE}, title = {Microhabitat conditions drive uncertainty of risk and shape neophobic responses in Trinidadian guppies, Poecilia reticulata.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {e10554}, pmid = {37753307}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {In response to uncertain risks, prey may rely on neophobic phenotypes to reduce the costs associated with the lack of information regarding local conditions. Neophobia has been shown to be driven by information reliability, ambient risk and predator diversity, all of which shape uncertainty of risk. We similarly expect environmental conditions to shape uncertainty by interfering with information availability. In order to test how environmental variables might shape neophobic responses in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata), we conducted an in situ field experiment of two high-predation risk guppy populations designed to determine how the 'average' and 'variance' of several environmental factors might influence the neophobic response to novel predator models and/or novel foraging patches. Our results suggest neophobia is shaped by water velocity, microhabitat complexity, pool width and depth, as well as substrate diversity and heterogeneity. Moreover, we found differential effects of the 'average' and 'variance' environmental variables on food- and predator-related neophobia. Our study highlights that assessment of neophobic drivers should consider predation risk, various microhabitat conditions and neophobia being tested. Neophobic phenotypes are expected to increase the probability of prey survival and reproductive success (i.e. fitness), and are therefore likely linked to population health and species survival. Understanding the drivers and consequences of uncertainty of risk is an increasingly pressing issue, as ecological uncertainty increases with the combined effects of climate change, anthropogenic disturbances and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid37752352, year = {2023}, author = {Delavaux, CS and Crowther, TW and Zohner, CM and Robmann, NM and Lauber, T and van den Hoogen, J and Kuebbing, S and Liang, J and de-Miguel, S and Nabuurs, GJ and Reich, PB and Abegg, M and Adou Yao, YC and Alberti, G and Almeyda Zambrano, AM and Alvarado, BV and Alvarez-Dávila, E and Alvarez-Loayza, P and Alves, LF and Ammer, C and Antón-Fernández, C and Araujo-Murakami, A and Arroyo, L and Avitabile, V and Aymard, GA and Baker, TR and Bałazy, R and Banki, O and Barroso, JG and Bastian, ML and Bastin, JF and Birigazzi, L and Birnbaum, P and Bitariho, R and Boeckx, P and Bongers, F and Bouriaud, O and Brancalion, PHS and Brandl, S and Brienen, R and Broadbent, EN and Bruelheide, H and Bussotti, F and Gatti, RC and César, RG and Cesljar, G and Chazdon, R and Chen, HYH and Chisholm, C and Cho, H and Cienciala, E and Clark, C and Clark, D and Colletta, GD and Coomes, DA and Cornejo Valverde, F and Corral-Rivas, JJ and Crim, PM and Cumming, JR and Dayanandan, S and de Gasper, AL and Decuyper, M and Derroire, G and DeVries, B and Djordjevic, I and Dolezal, J and Dourdain, A and Engone Obiang, NL and Enquist, BJ and Eyre, TJ and Fandohan, AB and Fayle, TM and Feldpausch, TR and Ferreira, LV and Fischer, M and Fletcher, C and Frizzera, L and Gamarra, JGP and Gianelle, D and Glick, HB and Harris, DJ and Hector, A and Hemp, A and Hengeveld, G and Hérault, B and Herbohn, JL and Herold, M and Hillers, A and Honorio Coronado, EN and Hui, C and Ibanez, TT and Amaral, I and Imai, N and Jagodziński, AM and Jaroszewicz, B and Johannsen, VK and Joly, CA and Jucker, T and Jung, I and Karminov, V and Kartawinata, K and Kearsley, E and Kenfack, D and Kennard, DK and Kepfer-Rojas, S and Keppel, G and Khan, ML and Killeen, TJ and Kim, HS and Kitayama, K and Köhl, M and Korjus, H and Kraxner, F and Laarmann, D and Lang, M and Lewis, SL and Lu, H and Lukina, NV and Maitner, BS and Malhi, Y and Marcon, E and Marimon, BS and Marimon-Junior, BH and Marshall, AR and Martin, EH and Martynenko, O and Meave, JA and Melo-Cruz, O and Mendoza, C and Merow, C and Mendoza, AM and Moreno, VS and Mukul, SA and Mundhenk, P and Nava-Miranda, MG and Neill, D and Neldner, VJ and Nevenic, RV and Ngugi, MR and Niklaus, PA and Oleksyn, J and Ontikov, P and Ortiz-Malavasi, E and Pan, Y and Paquette, A and Parada-Gutierrez, A and Parfenova, EI and Park, M and Parren, M and Parthasarathy, N and Peri, PL and Pfautsch, S and Phillips, OL and Picard, N and Piedade, MTTF and Piotto, D and Pitman, NCA and Polo, I and Poorter, L and Poulsen, AD and Pretzsch, H and Ramirez Arevalo, F and Restrepo-Correa, Z and Rodeghiero, M and Rolim, SG and Roopsind, A and Rovero, F and Rutishauser, E and Saikia, P and Salas-Eljatib, C and Saner, P and Schall, P and Schepaschenko, D and Scherer-Lorenzen, M and Schmid, B and Schöngart, J and Searle, EB and Seben, V and Serra-Diaz, JM and Sheil, D and Shvidenko, AZ and Silva-Espejo, JE and Silveira, M and Singh, J and Sist, P and Slik, F and Sonké, B and Souza, AF and Miscicki, S and Stereńczak, KJ and Svenning, JC and Svoboda, M and Swanepoel, B and Targhetta, N and Tchebakova, N and Ter Steege, H and Thomas, R and Tikhonova, E and Umunay, PM and Usoltsev, VA and Valencia, R and Valladares, F and van der Plas, F and Do, TV and van Nuland, ME and Vasquez, RM and Verbeeck, H and Viana, H and Vibrans, AC and Vieira, S and von Gadow, K and Wang, HF and Watson, JV and Werner, GDA and Wiser, SK and Wittmann, F and Woell, H and Wortel, V and Zagt, R and Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, T and Zhang, C and Zhao, X and Zhou, M and Zhu, ZX and Zo-Bi, IC and Maynard, DS}, title = {Author Correction: Native diversity buffers against severity of non-native tree invasions.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {622}, number = {7982}, pages = {E2}, doi = {10.1038/s41586-023-06654-9}, pmid = {37752352}, issn = {1476-4687}, }
@article {pmid37751703, year = {2023}, author = {Junk, I and Schmitt, N and Krehenwinkel, H}, title = {Tracking climate-change-induced biological invasions by metabarcoding archived natural eDNA samplers.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {33}, number = {18}, pages = {R943-R944}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.035}, pmid = {37751703}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Retrospective Studies ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Environmental Monitoring ; Biodiversity ; *DNA, Environmental/genetics ; }, abstract = {In a time of unprecedented environmental change, understanding the response of organisms and ecosystems to change is paramount[1]. However, our knowledge of anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems is limited by a lack of standardized retrospective biomonitoring data[2]. Here, we use a four-decade time series of archived blue mussels to trace spatiotemporal biodiversity change in coastal ecosystems. The filter-feeding mussels, which were initially collected for pollution monitoring, can serve as natural eDNA samplers, carrying an imprint of the surrounding aquatic community at the time of sampling[3]. By sequencing the preserved DNA, we characterize highly diverse mussel-associated communities and reconstruct the invasion trajectory of an invasive species, the barnacle Austrominius modestus. We quantitatively trace population growth of the invader to the detriment of native taxa and uncover repeated population collapses and reinvasions after cold winters. By providing highly resolved temporal data on community assembly and global warming-driven invasion processes, natural eDNA sampler time series overcome a critical shortfall in our understanding of biodiversity change in the Anthropocene.}, }
@article {pmid37749679, year = {2023}, author = {da Silva, IB and Costa-Leonardo, AM}, title = {Functional Morphology and Development of the Colleterial Glands in Non- and Egg-Laying Females of the Pest Termite Coptotermes gestroi (Blattaria, Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae).}, journal = {Microscopy and microanalysis : the official journal of Microscopy Society of America, Microbeam Analysis Society, Microscopical Society of Canada}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, pages = {1277-1288}, doi = {10.1093/micmic/ozad040}, pmid = {37749679}, issn = {1435-8115}, mesh = {Female ; Animals ; *Isoptera ; *Cockroaches ; Biological Transport ; *Coleoptera ; Epithelium ; }, abstract = {Colleterial glands of female insects are accessory glands responsible for producing secretions associated with egg-laying. Within Dictyoptera, they synthesize compounds of the ootheca. However, their morphology and role in termites are poorly understood. Here, we compared the morphology, development, and secretory activity of the colleterial glands between non- and egg-laying females of the pest termite Coptotermes gestroi under light and transmission electron microscopy. We also provide the first description of these glands for Rhinotermitidae. The glands are paired, divided into anterior and posterior units, which join in a common duct via basal trunks. They are highly developed within egg-laying females, especially the posterior gland, secreting glycoproteins to lubricate the genital chamber and/or stick the eggs together. Ultrastructure revealed glandular epithelia composed of bicellular units of Class 3, whose secretory activity varied between groups and units. Posterior gland of egg-laying females showed richness of mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and secretory vesicles, including electron-dense secretory granules, indicating synthesis and transport of contents, especially proteins. The basal trunks were enfolded by muscles, supporting their role in conducting secretion. Morphophysiological modifications occur in the colleterial glands as females mature and lay eggs, and the mechanisms underlying the secretory cycle of the glands are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid37748607, year = {2023}, author = {Makra, L and Matyasovszky, I and Tusnády, G and Ziska, LH and Hess, JJ and Nyúl, LG and Chapman, DS and Coviello, L and Gobbi, A and Jurman, G and Furlanello, C and Brunato, M and Damialis, A and Charalampopoulos, A and Müller-Schärer, H and Schneider, N and Szabó, B and Sümeghy, Z and Páldy, A and Magyar, D and Bergmann, KC and Deák, &#xc1;J and Mikó, E and Thibaudon, M and Oliver, G and Albertini, R and Bonini, M and Šikoparija, B and Radišić, P and Josipović, MM and Gehrig, R and Severova, E and Shalaboda, V and Stjepanović, B and Ianovici, N and Berger, U and Seliger, AK and Rybníček, O and Myszkowska, D and Dąbrowska-Zapart, K and Majkowska-Wojciechowska, B and Weryszko-Chmielewska, E and Grewling, &#x141; and Rapiejko, P and Malkiewicz, M and Šaulienė, I and Prykhodo, O and Maleeva, A and Rodinkova, V and Palamarchuk, O and Ščevková, J and Bullock, JM}, title = {A temporally and spatially explicit, data-driven estimation of airborne ragweed pollen concentrations across Europe.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {905}, number = {}, pages = {167095}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167095}, pmid = {37748607}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Humans ; *Ambrosia ; Europe ; *Allergens ; Pollen ; }, abstract = {Ongoing and future climate change driven expansion of aeroallergen-producing plant species comprise a major human health problem across Europe and elsewhere. There is an urgent need to produce accurate, temporally dynamic maps at the continental level, especially in the context of climate uncertainty. This study aimed to restore missing daily ragweed pollen data sets for Europe, to produce phenological maps of ragweed pollen, resulting in the most complete and detailed high-resolution ragweed pollen concentration maps to date. To achieve this, we have developed two statistical procedures, a Gaussian method (GM) and deep learning (DL) for restoring missing daily ragweed pollen data sets, based on the plant's reproductive and growth (phenological, pollen production and frost-related) characteristics. DL model performances were consistently better for estimating seasonal pollen integrals than those of the GM approach. These are the first published modelled maps using altitude correction and flowering phenology to recover missing pollen information. We created a web page (http://euragweedpollen.gmf.u-szeged.hu/), including daily ragweed pollen concentration data sets of the stations examined and their restored daily data, allowing one to upload newly measured or recovered daily data. Generation of these maps provides a means to track pollen impacts in the context of climatic shifts, identify geographical regions with high pollen exposure, determine areas of future vulnerability, apply spatially-explicit mitigation measures and prioritize management interventions.}, }
@article {pmid37745989, year = {2023}, author = {Banerjee, AK and Tan, F and Feng, H and Liang, X and Wang, J and Yin, M and Peng, H and Lin, Y and Zhang, N and Huang, Y}, title = {Invasive alien plants are phylogenetically distinct from other alien species across spatial and taxonomic scales in China.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1075344}, pmid = {37745989}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Phylogenetic relatedness is one of the important factors in the community assembly process. Here, we aimed to understand the large-scale phylogenetic relationship between alien plant species at different stages of the invasion process and how these relationships change in response to the environmental filtering process at multiple spatial scales and different phylogenetic extents.<br><br>METHODS: We identified the alien species in three invasion stages, namely invasive, naturalized, and introduced, in China. The occurrence records of the species were used to quantify two abundance-based phylogenetic metrics [the net relatedness index (NRI) and the nearest taxon index (NTI)] from a highly resolved phylogenetic tree. The metrics were compared between the three categories of alien species. Generalized linear models were used to test the effect of climate on the phylogenetic pattern. All analyses were conducted at four spatial scales and for three major angiosperm families.<br><br>RESULTS: We observed significantly higher NRI and NTI values at finer spatial scales, indicating the formation of more clustered assemblages of phylogenetically closely related species in response to the environmental filtering process. Positive NTI values for the invasive and naturalized aliens suggested that the presence of a close relative in the community may help the successful naturalization and invasion of the introduced alien species. In the two-dimensional phylogenetic space, the invasive species communities significantly differed from the naturalized and introduced species, indicating that established alien species need to be phylogenetically different to become invasive. Positive phylogenetic measures for the invasive aliens across the spatial scales suggested that the presence of invasive aliens could facilitate the establishment of other invasive species. Phylogenetic relatedness was more influenced by temperature than precipitation, especially at a finer spatial scale. With decreased temperature, the invasive species showed a more clustered assemblage, indicating conservatism of their phylogenetic niche. The phylogenetic pattern was different at the family level, although there was a consistent tendency across families to form more clustered assemblages.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Overall, our study showed that the community assemblage became more clustered with the progression of the invasion process. The phylogenetic measures varied at spatial and taxonomic scales, thereby highlighting the importance of assessing phylogenetic patterns at different gradients of the community assembly process.}, }
@article {pmid37745790, year = {2023}, author = {Granjon, L and Artige, E and Bâ, K and Brouat, C and Dalecky, A and Diagne, C and Diallo, M and Fossati-Gaschignard, O and Gauthier, P and Kane, M and Husse, L and Niang, Y and Piry, S and Sarr, N and Sow, A and Duplantier, JM}, title = {Sharing space between native and invasive small mammals: Study of commensal communities in Senegal.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {e10539}, pmid = {37745790}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Urbanization processes are taking place at a very high rate, especially in Africa. At the same time, a number of small mammal species, be they native or invasive, take advantage of human-induced habitat modifications. They represent commensal communities of organisms that cause a number of inconveniences to humans, including potential reservoirs of zoonotic diseases. We studied via live trapping and habitat characterization such commensal small mammal communities in small villages to large cities of Senegal, to try to understand how the species share this particular space. Seven major species were recorded, with exotic invasive house mice (Mus musculus) and black rats (Rattus rattus) dominating in numbers. The shrew Crocidura olivieri appeared as the main and more widespread native species, while native rodent species (Mastomys natalensis, M. erythroleucus, Arvicanthis niloticus and Praomys daltoni) were less abundant and/or more localized. Habitat preferences, compared between species in terms of room types and characteristics, showed differences among house mice, black rats and M. natalensis especially. Niche (habitat component) breadth and overlap were measured. Among invasive species, the house mouse showed a larger niche breadth than the black rat, and overall, all species displayed high overlap values. Co-occurrence patterns were studied at the global and local scales. The latter show cases of aggregation (between the black rat and native species, for instance) and of segregation (as between the house mouse and the black rat in Tambacounda, or between the black rat and M. natalensis in Kédougou). While updating information on commensal small mammal distribution in Senegal, a country submitted to a dynamic process of invasion by the black rat and the house mouse, we bring original information on how species occupy and share the commensal space, and make predictions on the evolution of these communities in a period of ever-accelerating global changes.}, }
@article {pmid37745785, year = {2023}, author = {Weise, EM and Scribner, KT and Boeberitz, O and Bravener, G and Johnson, NS and Robinson, JD}, title = {Evaluating the utility of effective breeding size estimates for monitoring sea lamprey spawning abundance.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {e10519}, pmid = {37745785}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is an invasive species that is a significant source of mortality for populations of valued fish species across the North American Great Lakes. Large annual control programs are needed to reduce the species' impacts; however, the number of successfully spawning adults cannot currently be accurately assessed. In this study, effective breeding size (N b) and the minimum number of spawning adults (N s) were estimated for larval cohorts from 17 tributaries across all five Great Lakes using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) genotyped via RAD-capture sequencing. Reconstructed larval pedigrees showed substantial variability in the size and number of full- and half-sibling groups, N b (<1-367), and N s (5-545) among streams. Generalized linear models examining the effects of stream environmental characteristics and aspects of sampling regimes on N b and N s estimates identified sample size, the number of sampling sites, and drainage area as important factors predicting N b and N s. Correlations between N b, N s, and capture-mark-recapture estimates of adult census size (N c) increased when streams with small sample sizes (n < 50) were removed. Results collectively indicate that parameters estimated from genetic data can provide valuable information on spawning adults in a river system, especially if sampling regimes are standardized and physical stream covariates are included.}, }
@article {pmid37744040, year = {2023}, author = {Galià-Camps, C and Baños, E and Pascual, M and Carreras, C and Turon, X}, title = {Multidimensional variability of the microbiome of an invasive ascidian species.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {26}, number = {10}, pages = {107812}, pmid = {37744040}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {Animals, including invasive species, are complex entities consisting of a host and its associated symbionts (holobiont). The interaction between the holobiont components is crucial for the host's survival. However, our understanding of how microbiomes of invasive species change across different tissues, localities, and ontogenetic stages, is limited. In the introduced ascidian Styela plicata, we found that its microbiome is highly distinct and specialized among compartments (tunic, gill, and gut). Smaller but significant differences were also found across harbors, suggesting local adaptation, and between juveniles and adults. Furthermore, we found a correlation between the microbiome and environmental trace element concentrations, especially in adults. Functional analyses showed that adult microbiomes possess specific metabolic pathways that may enhance fitness during the introduction process. These findings highlight the importance of integrated approaches in studying the interplay between animals and microbiomes, as a first step toward understanding how it can affect the species' invasive success.}, }
@article {pmid37743350, year = {2023}, author = {Park, YL and Choi, K and Cullum, J and Hoelmer, KA and Weber, DC and Morrison, WR and Rice, KB and Krawczyk, G and Fleischer, SJ and Hamilton, G and Ludwick, D and Nielsen, AL and Kaser, J and Polk, D and Shrewsbury, PM and Bergh, JC and Kuhar, TP and Leskey, TC}, title = {Landscape-scale spatiotemporal dynamics of Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) populations: implications for spatially-based pest management.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7772}, pmid = {37743350}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {8080-21000-032//the USDA-ARS Areawide Program/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive and severe pest of specialty and row crops. A 2-year field study conducted in four Mid-Atlantic states in the USA characterized the spatial and temporal dynamics of BMSB populations and its association with landscape elements in commercial agriculture settings. In each state, two 1 km[2] sites included typical landscape elements (i.e., tree fruit orchards, annual field and vegetable crops, woodlands, and human-made structures). Twenty-seven georeferenced pheromone traps were deployed per site and the number of BMSB adults and nymphs captured was counted throughout the growing season.<br><br>RESULTS: Findings from spatial analysis by distance indices, along with time-series maps of BMSB distribution, showed that BMSB exhibited significant spatial aggregation, and that its distribution was spatially consistent between years. Analyses with geographic information systems (GIS) revealed that BMSB 'hot spots' occurred in different landscape elements throughout each season. Most patches (i.e., clusters of significantly higher trap captures) were found near woodlands early in the season, near tree fruit orchards in summer, and on the border of annual field crops in autumn. Buffer analysis with GIS indicated that more BMSB adults were captured closer to woodlands compared with other landscape elements.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Understanding the spatial and temporal movement and distribution of BMSB is critical to predicting their potential impact and ultimately devising strategies to mitigate this risk to vulnerable crops. The results of this study can be used to design streamlined, spatially-based areawide management of BMSB in heterogeneous and complex agricultural landscapes. &#xa9; 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.}, }
@article {pmid37741922, year = {2023}, author = {Claunch, NM and Goodman, CM and Kluever, BM and Barve, N and Guralnick, RP and Romagosa, CM}, title = {Commonly collected thermal performance data can inform species distributions in a data-limited invader.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {15880}, pmid = {37741922}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Cold Temperature ; *Lizards/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Florida ; }, abstract = {Predicting potential distributions of species in new areas is challenging. Physiological data can improve interpretation of predicted distributions and can be used in directed distribution models. Nonnative species provide useful case studies. Panther chameleons (Furcifer pardalis) are native to Madagascar and have established populations in Florida, USA, but standard correlative distribution modeling predicts no suitable habitat for F. pardalis there. We evaluated commonly collected thermal traits- thermal performance, tolerance, and preference-of F. pardalis and the acclimatization potential of these traits during exposure to naturally-occurring environmental conditions in North Central Florida. Though we observed temperature-dependent thermal performance, chameleons maintained similar thermal limits, performance, and preferences across seasons, despite long-term exposure to cool temperatures. Using the physiological data collected, we developed distribution models that varied in restriction: time-dependent exposure near and below critical thermal minima, predicted activity windows, and predicted performance thresholds. Our application of commonly collected physiological data improved interpretations on potential distributions of F. pardalis, compared with correlative distribution modeling approaches that predicted no suitable area in Florida. These straightforward approaches can be applied to other species with existing physiological data or after brief experiments on a limited number of individuals, as demonstrated here.}, }
@article {pmid37739133, year = {2023}, author = {Menicagli, V and Balestri, E and Corti, S and Arena, B and Protano, G and Corsi, I and Lardicci, C}, title = {Effects of TiO2 ultraviolet filter and sunscreens on coastal dune plant performance and competitive interactions.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {343}, number = {}, pages = {140236}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140236}, pmid = {37739133}, issn = {1879-1298}, abstract = {Ultraviolet filters (UVFs) added to sunscreens (SS) are emerging contaminants in marine environments due to their adverse effects on organisms and ecosystems. UVFs have also been detected in beach-dune systems, but their influence on resident organisms has not been explored yet. Native plants are fundamental components of coastal dunes, and these ecologically/economically important systems are currently among the most threatened globally. Thus, understanding whether UVFs may act as threats to dune plants is crucial. This field study evaluated and compared the effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2), one of the inorganic UVFs most commonly added to sunscreens, and those of a commercial sunscreen product containing it (SS-nTiO2) on the performance of adult dune plants of a native (Thinopyrum junceum) and a non-native invasive species (Carpobrotus sp. pl.) and their competitive interactions at environmentally realistic concentrations. The effects of nTiO2, SS-nTiO2 and of a sunscreen product containing just organic UVFs (SS-OF) on early life stages of T. junceum were also examined. Ti bulk content in sand and plants at the study site ranged from 970 to 1069 mg kg[-1] and from 2 to 7.9 mg kg[-1], respectively. Thinopyrum junceum adult plants periodically exposed during the summer season to seawater contaminated by SS-nTiO2 produced less biomass than un-exposed plants and nTiO2 exposed plants. nTiO2 and SS-nTiO2 reduced the capacity of T. junceum to control the spread of Carpobrotus. Both SS-nTiO2 and SS-OF reduced seedling emergence in T. junceum whereas nTiO2 did not. These results demonstrated that the periodical exposures of native dune plants to sunscreens could reduce their establishment success and growth and favor invasive plant spread potentially resulting in community structure changes. They also emphasize the need to assess the phytotoxicity not only of single UVFs but especially that of complete sunscreen products to design more eco-friendly formulations in the future.}, }
@article {pmid37738471, year = {2023}, author = {Knutsen, MC and Rieske, LK}, title = {Presence of the causal agent of laurel wilt disease in sassafras-associated insects.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, pages = {1042-1047}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvad099}, pmid = {37738471}, issn = {1938-2936}, support = {AP20PPQS&amp;T00C061//USDA APHIS/ ; //University of Kentucky/ ; //Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Sassafras ; *Coleoptera/microbiology ; *Weevils/microbiology ; *Persea ; }, abstract = {Laurel wilt disease (LWD) is a lethal vascular wilt caused by an exotic ambrosia beetle-fungal complex, the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff, and its nutritional symbiont, Harringtonia lauricola (Harr., Fraedrich &amp; Aghayeva) de Beer &amp; Procter. LWD is responsible for the widespread mortality of redbay, Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng., devastating coastal forests in the southeast United States. More recently, LWD is causing mortality of understory sassafras, Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees, in deciduous forests in Kentucky, USA; the biology, epidemiology, and long-term impacts of LWD in deciduous forests are unclear. All North American lauraceous species evaluated have shown susceptibility, and numerous additional ambrosia beetles have demonstrated vector potential, but no studies to date have assessed the presence of H. lauricola in other insects associated with LWD-infected sassafras. We sampled infected sassafras from the leading edge of the LWD range and collected insect associates to evaluate phoretic and internal presence of H. lauricola. We recorded 118 individuals of 38 morphospecies emerging; most were Coleoptera. Of the 48 specimens evaluated for H. lauricola, none tested positive for phoretic presence, but internal presence was evident in the granulate ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus Motschulsky, and in a hidden snout weevil, Apteromechus ferratus Say. This is the first report of H. lauricola associated with a non-ambrosia beetle and expands our understanding of the vector potential of additional insect species while confirming the role of the granulate ambrosia beetle. These findings contribute to our understanding of LWD epidemiology in sassafras hosts from more northerly latitudes.}, }
@article {pmid37738325, year = {2024}, author = {Ku, TH and Liao, HM and Nelson, S and Cimo, E and Jiang, L and Kuo, CC}, title = {Surveillance of ticks on a tropical island with introduced ungulates.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {61}, number = {1}, pages = {212-221}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjad122}, pmid = {37738325}, issn = {1938-2928}, support = {MOST 104-2314-B-003-002-MY3//Taiwan National Science and Technology Council/ ; //Navy Medicine Research and Development Enterprise In-house Laboratory Independent Research Program/ ; //National Taiwan Normal University/ ; }, abstract = {The abundance of hard ticks can be determined by abiotic factors and the presence of suitable hosts. Since deer represent important hosts for many tick species, it is imperative to investigate whether deer introduction will increase the number of ticks, which can transmit a wide variety of pathogens. The sika deer (Cervus nippon) was introduced to Green Island, Taiwan, to supply velvet antlers, a traditional Chinese medicine. However, they were later released into the wild after a steep decline in antler prices. We conducted surveys for questing ticks, ticks on rodents and shrews, and the fecal pellet groups of ungulates (deer and goats) in 31 transects within 3 habitat types (forest, grassland, and roadside) on Green Island every 2 months in 2019. A total of 5,321 questing ticks were collected. All collected ticks were Haemaphysalis mageshimaensis Saito and Hoogstraal, a species first identified on an island with an abundance of sika deer. Additionally, 48 ticks collected from 126 trapped rodents and shrews were almost invariably Ixodes granulatus (except for 1 larval Haemaphysalis sp.). We did not find a positive correlation between the number of questing ticks and the number of fecal pellet groups, suggesting that factors other than ungulate abundance affect tick abundance. Nevertheless, large populations of questing ticks along some roadsides suggest a high risk of tick-borne diseases to tourists on this tropical island.}, }
@article {pmid37738324, year = {2023}, author = {Calvin, DD and Rost, J and Keller, J and Crawford, S and Walsh, B and Bosold, M and Urban, J}, title = {Seasonal activity of spotted lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), in Southeast Pennsylvania.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, pages = {1108-1125}, pmid = {37738324}, issn = {1938-2936}, support = {44144949//Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture/ ; AP18PPQS&amp;T00C221//USDA/ ; 2019-51181-30014//NIFA/ ; PEN04695//Hatch/ ; }, mesh = {Female ; Male ; Animals ; Pennsylvania ; Seasons ; *Hemiptera ; *Ailanthus ; Nymph ; }, abstract = {The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White, 1845), is an invasive species in the United States. This pest causes damage to vineyards and has the potential to negatively affect other crops and industries. Information describing the seasonal timing of life stages can improve its management. In 2019 and 2020, spotted lanternfly seasonal activity was followed weekly from spring egg hatch to the first hard freeze. Weighted mean timing of activity for each nymphal instar, early adults, late adults, total adults, and egg mass deposition are presented for 2019 and 2020 on Acer rubrum and 2020 on Ailanthus altissima. Logistic equations describing the percentage completion of each activity period on these hosts were fitted using a start date of 1 January to calculate accumulated degree days (ADD). For the adult and egg mass deposition periods, we additionally used a biofix of the date adults were first observed to calculate ADD. ADD from 1 January adequately estimated the timing of nymphal instars but ADD from observation of the first adult better estimated the timing of adult activity and egg mass deposition. Late adult activity and egg mass deposition periods appeared to be influenced by another environmental cue, such as day length. Maps of season-long ADD show that spotted lanternflies are unlikely to reach adulthood in colder regions of the northeast United States, and therefore may not establish there. We also report a strong seasonal trend in sex ratio on A. rubrum, where the population shifted from over 80% male to over 80% female in October.}, }
@article {pmid37738311, year = {2023}, author = {Butler, RA and Trout Fryxell, RT}, title = {Management of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) on a cow-calf farm in East Tennessee, USA.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {60}, number = {6}, pages = {1374-1379}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjad121}, pmid = {37738311}, issn = {1938-2928}, support = {ROAR-0000000026//Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research/ ; S1076//United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, mesh = {Female ; Cattle ; Animals ; *Ixodidae ; Farms ; *Acaricides ; Tennessee ; *Theileria ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann is an exotic and invasive tick species rapidly expanding across the United States. Large infestations of these ticks on cattle can cause anemia, and in eastern regions of the country, they are transmitting Theileria orientalis Ikeda within herds. Methods for managing H. longicornis in the environment are rarely successful and rely on chemicals. To document population effects from producer management decisions, we investigated the change in H. longicornis populations to different tick management practices chosen by producers at 3 different H. longicornis-infested farms. Farm 1 kept a closed herd, chose to cut brush monthly, used on-animal acaricides, and allowed us to drag weekly. Farm 2 kept an open herd, chose to cut brush yearly, did not use on-animal acaricides, and allowed us to drag for ticks weekly/monthly. Farm 3 kept an open herd, chose to cut brush yearly, used on-animal acaracides, and allowed us to drag for ticks monthly. We assessed H. longicornis populations responding to those methods over time using active surveillance methods at each farm. Management decisions on Farms 1 and 3 significantly reduced H. longicornis on farms. Importantly, Farm 1 management decisions reduced the chance of a tick being present by 90%; the number of questing ticks collected fell from 5,000 to 12 H. longicornis in 2 years. Therefore, combined management strategies such as keeping a closed herd, use of on-animal chemical control, mechanical control, and reducing the amount of vegetation on farms were effective ways for producers to manage Haemaphysalis longicornis Neuman (Ixodidae).}, }
@article {pmid37736275, year = {2023}, author = {Crespo-Pérez, V and Soto-Centeno, JA and Pinto, CM and Avilés, A and Pruna, W and Terán, C and Barragán, &#xc1;}, title = {Presence of the Eucalyptus snout beetle in Ecuador and potential invasion risk in South America.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {e10531}, pmid = {37736275}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Eucalyptus snout beetles are a complex of at least eight cryptic species (Curculionidae: Gonipterus scutellatus complex), native to mainland Australia and Tasmania, that defoliate Eucalyptus trees and are considered important pests. Since the 19th century, three species of the complex have been introduced to other continents. Here, we document the presence of Eucalyptus snout beetles in Ecuador. We used DNA data for species identification and unambiguously demonstrated that the Ecuadorian specimens belong to the species Gonipterus platensis, which has low genetic diversity compared with other species in the complex. We analyzed G. platensis' potential distribution in South America with ecological niche models and found several areas of high to intermediate climatic suitability, even in countries where the pest has not been registered, like Peru and Bolivia. Accurate identification of species in the G. scutellatus complex and understanding of their potential distribution are essential tools for improved management and prevention tactics.}, }
@article {pmid37735177, year = {2023}, author = {Biedrzycka, A and Konopiński, MK and Popiołek, M and Zawiślak, M and Bartoszewicz, M and Kloch, A}, title = {Non-MHC immunity genes do not affect parasite load in European invasive populations of common raccoon.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {15696}, pmid = {37735177}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Raccoons ; Parasite Load ; Alleles ; Europe/epidemiology ; *Host Specificity ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Understanding the evolutionary mechanisms behind invasion success enables predicting which alien species and populations are the most predisposed to become invasive. Parasites may mediate the success of biological invasions through their effect on host fitness. The evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis assumes that escape from parasites during the invasion process allows introduced species to decrease investment in immunity and allocate resources to dispersal and reproduction. Consequently, the selective pressure of parasites on host species in the invasive range should be relaxed. We used the case of the raccoon Procyon lotor invasion in Europe to investigate the effect of gastrointestinal pathogen pressure on non-MHC immune genetic diversity of newly established invasive populations. Despite distinct differences in parasite prevalence between analysed populations, we detected only marginal associations between two analysed SNPs and infection intensity. We argue that the differences in parasite prevalence are better explained by detected earlier associations with specific MHC-DRB alleles. While the escape from native parasites seems to allow decreased investment in overall immunity, which relaxes selective pressure imposed on immune genes, a wide range of MHC variants maintained in the invasive range may protect from newly encountered parasites.}, }
@article {pmid37732272, year = {2023}, author = {Pan, YF and Zhao, H and Gou, QY and Shi, PB and Tian, JH and Feng, Y and Li, K and Yang, WH and Wu, D and Tang, G and Zhang, B and Ren, Z and Peng, S and Luo, GY and Le, SJ and Xin, GY and Wang, J and Hou, X and Peng, MW and Kong, JB and Chen, XX and Yang, CH and Mei, SQ and Liao, YQ and Cheng, JX and Wang, J and Chaolemen,  and Wu, YH and Wang, JB and An, T and Huang, X and Eden, JS and Li, J and Guo, D and Liang, G and Jin, X and Holmes, EC and Li, B and Wang, D and Li, J and Wu, WC and Shi, M}, title = {Metagenomic analysis of individual mosquitos reveals the ecology of insect viruses.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {37732272}, support = {U01 AI151810/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Mosquito transmitted viruses are responsible for an increasing burden of human disease. Despite this, little is known about the diversity and ecology of viruses within individual mosquito hosts. Using a meta-transcriptomic approach, we analysed the virome of 2,438 individual mosquitos (79 species), spanning ~4000 km along latitudes and longitudes in China. From these data we identified 393 core viral species associated with mosquitos, including seven (putative) arbovirus species. We identified potential species and geographic hotspots of viral richness and arbovirus occurrence, and demonstrated that host phylogeny had a strong impact on the composition of individual mosquito viromes. Our data revealed a large number of viruses shared among mosquito species or genera, expanding our knowledge of host specificity of insect-associated viruses. We also detected multiple virus species that were widespread throughout the country, possibly facilitated by long-distance mosquito migrations. Together, our results greatly expand the known mosquito virome, linked the viral diversity at the scale of individual insects to that at a country-wide scale, and offered unique insights into the ecology of viruses of insect vectors.}, }
@article {pmid37731241, year = {2023}, author = {Williamson, M and Gerhard, D and Hulme, PE and Millar, A and Chapman, H}, title = {High-performing plastic clones best explain the spread of yellow monkeyflower from lowland to higher elevation areas in New Zealand.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {36}, number = {10}, pages = {1455-1470}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.14218}, pmid = {37731241}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {*Mimulus ; New Zealand ; Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; *Lamiales ; Genotype ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {The relative contribution of adaptation and phenotypic plasticity can vary between core and edge populations, with implications for invasive success. We investigated the spread of the invasive yellow monkeyflower, Erythranthe gutatta in New Zealand, where it is spreading from lowland agricultural land into high-elevation conservation areas. We investigated the extent of phenotypic variation among clones from across the South Island, looked for adaptation and compared degrees of plasticity among lowland core versus montane range-edge populations. We grew 34 clones and measured their vegetative and floral traits in two common gardens, one in the core range at 9 m a.s.l. and one near the range-edge at 560 m a.s.l. Observed trait variation was explained by a combination of genotypic diversity (as identified through common gardens) and high phenotypic plasticity. We found a subtle signature of local adaptation to lowland habitats but all clones were plastic and able to survive and reproduce in both gardens. In the range-edge garden, above-ground biomass was on average almost double and stolon length almost half that of the same clone in the core garden. Clones from low-elevation sites showed higher plasticity on average than those from higher elevation sites. The highest performing clones in the core garden were also top performers in the range-edge garden. These results suggest some highly fit general-purpose genotypes, possibly pre-adapted to New Zealand montane conditions, best explains the spread of E. gutatta from lowland to higher elevation areas.}, }
@article {pmid37721500, year = {2023}, author = {Francati, S and Martini, A and Dindo, ML}, title = {Host stage and temperature for the rearing of Aridelus rufotestaceus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), with notes on acceptance and suitability of 2 stink bug species.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {37721500}, issn = {1536-2442}, support = {RFO2020//University of Bologna/ ; }, mesh = {Female ; Animals ; Temperature ; *Heteroptera ; *Wasps ; Crops, Agricultural ; Host Specificity ; Introduced Species ; Nymph ; }, abstract = {Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a harmful pest of many agricultural crops in different parts of the world. This stink bug is the preferred host species of Aridelus rufotestaceus Tobias (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an endoparasitoid of nymphs and adults of pentatomids. With the aim to improve the rearing procedure of this beneficial insect, the acceptance and suitability of all mobile stages of N. viridula (from first instar nymph to adult) were evaluated. At 25 °C, all host stages were accepted and suitable for A. rufotestaceus development, but the highest parasitoid cocoon and adult yields were obtained from second instar nymphs. The possibility to reduce the development time of A. rufotestasceus by increasing the rearing temperature was also evaluated, but 28 °C proved to be detrimental for parasitoid development, as shown by the very low cocoon and adult numbers obtained. The acceptance and suitability of the invasive pentatomid species Halyomorpha halys (Stål) for A. rufotestaceus was also tested. Female wasps were observed piercing H. halys nymphs with the ovipositor, but no cocoons were obtained, nor were larvae or head capsules detected in the exposed stink bugs.}, }
@article {pmid37720722, year = {2023}, author = {Menchaca, A}, title = {Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) and genome editing to support a sustainable livestock.}, journal = {Animal reproduction}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {e20230074}, pmid = {37720722}, issn = {1984-3143}, abstract = {This article provides an overview of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and genome engineering to improve livestock production systems for the contribution of global sustainability. Most ruminant production systems are conducted on grassland conditions, as is the case of South American countries that are leaders in meat and milk production worldwide with a well-established grass-feed livestock. These systems have many strengths from an environmental perspective and consumer preferences but requires certain improvements to enhance resource efficiency. Reproductive performance is one of the main challenges particularly in cow-calf operations that usually are conducted under adverse conditions and thus ART can make a great contribution. Fixed-time artificial insemination is applied in South America in large scale programs as 20 to 30% of cows receive this technology every year in each country, with greater calving rate and significant herd genetic gain occurred in this region. Sexed semen has also been increasingly implemented, enhancing resource efficiency by a) obtaining desired female replacement and improving animal welfare by avoiding newborn male sacrifice in dairy industry, or b) alternatively producing male calves for beef industry. In vitro embryo production has been massively applied, with this region showing the greatest number of embryos produced worldwide leading to significant improvement in herd genetics and productivity. Although the contribution of these technologies is considerable, further improvements will be required for a significant livestock transformation and novel biotechnologies such as genome editing are already available. Through the CRISPR/Cas-based system it is possible to enhance food yield and quality, avoid animal welfare concerns, overcome animal health threats, and control pests and invasive species harming food production. In summary, a significant enhancement in livestock productivity and resource efficiency can be made through reproductive technologies and genome editing, improving at the same time profitability for farmers, and global food security and sustainability.}, }
@article {pmid37720550, year = {2023}, author = {Sfara, E and El-Hani, CN}, title = {Ecosystem health and malfunctions: an organisational perspective.}, journal = {Biology &amp; philosophy}, volume = {38}, number = {5}, pages = {37}, pmid = {37720550}, issn = {0169-3867}, abstract = {A recent idea of "ecosystem health" was introduced in the 1970s and 1980s to draws attention to the fact that ecosystems can become ill because of a reduction of properties such as primary productivity, functions and diversity of interactions among system components. Starting from the 1990s, this idea has been deeply criticized by authors who argued that, insofar as ecosystems show many differences with respect to organismic features, these two kinds of systems cannot share a typical organismic property such as health. In recent years, an organisational approach in philosophy of biology and ecology argued that both organisms and ecosystems may share a fundamental characteristic despite their differences, namely, organisational closure. Based on this kind of closure, scholars have also discussed health and malfunctional states in organisms. In this paper, we examine the possibility of expanding such an organisational approach to health and malfunctions to the ecological domain. Firstly, we will see that a malfunction is related to a lower effectiveness in the functional behaviour of some biotic components with respect to other systemic components. We will then show how some introduced species do not satisfactorily interact in an organisational closure with other ecosystem components, thus posing a threat to the self-maintenance of the ecosystem in which they are found. Accordingly, we will argue that an ecosystem can be said to be healthy when it is a vital environment organisationally grounded on its intrinsic capacity to ensure, under favourable conditions, appropriate functional behaviours for ecosystem components and ecosystem self-maintenance.}, }
@article {pmid37720095, year = {2023}, author = {Sentís, M and Pacioni, C and De Cuyper, A and Janssens, GPJ and Lens, L and Strubbe, D}, title = {Biophysical models accurately characterize the thermal energetics of a small invasive passerine bird.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {26}, number = {10}, pages = {107743}, pmid = {37720095}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {Effective management of invasive species requires accurate predictions of their invasion potential in different environments. By considering species' physiological tolerances and requirements, biophysical mechanistic models can potentially deliver accurate predictions of where introduced species are likely to establish. Here, we evaluate biophysical model predictions of energy use by comparing them to experimentally obtained energy expenditure (EE) and thermoneutral zones (TNZs) for the common waxbill Estrilda astrild, a small-bodied avian invader. We show that biophysical models accurately predict TNZ and EE and that they perform better than traditional time-energy budget methods. Sensitivity analyses indicate that body temperature, metabolic rate, and feather characteristics were the most influential traits affecting model accuracy. This evaluation of common waxbill energetics represents a crucial step toward improved parameterization of biophysical models, eventually enabling accurate predictions of invasion risk for small (sub)tropical passerines.}, }
@article {pmid37717039, year = {2023}, author = {Yoshida, K and Hata, K and Kawakami, K and Hiradate, S and Osawa, T and Kachi, N}, title = {Predicting ecosystem changes by a new model of ecosystem evolution.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {15353}, pmid = {37717039}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Computer Simulation ; *Forests ; Biomass ; Goats ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {In recent years, computer simulation has been increasingly used to predict changes in actual ecosystems. In these studies, snapshots of ecosystems at certain points in time were instantly constructed without considering their evolutionary histories. However, it may not be possible to correctly predict future events unless their evolutionary processes are considered. In this study, we developed a new ecosystem model for reproducing the evolutionary process on an oceanic island, targeting Nakoudojima Island of the Ogasawara Islands. This model successfully reproduced the primitive ecosystem (the entire island covered with forest) prior to the invasion of alien species. Also, by adding multiple alien species to this ecosystem, we were able to reproduce temporal changes in the ecosystem of Nakoudojima Island after invasion of alien species. Then, we performed simulations in which feral goats were eradicated, as had actually been done on the island; these suggested that after the eradication of feral goats, forests were unlikely to be restored. In the ecosystems in which forests were not restored, arboreous plants with a high growth rate colonized during the early stage of evolution. As arboreous plants with a high growth rate consume a large amount of nutrient in soil, creating an oligotrophic state. As a result, plants cannot grow, and animal species that rely on plants cannot maintain their biomass. Consequently, many animals and plants become extinct as they cannot endure disturbances by alien species, and the ecosystem loses its resilience. Therefore, even if feral goats are eradicated, forests are not restored. Thus, the founder effect from the distant past influences future ecosystem changes. Our findings show that it is useful to consider the evolutionary process of an ecosystem in predicting its future events.}, }
@article {pmid37715513, year = {2023}, author = {McCabe, EA and Unfried, LN and Teets, NM}, title = {Survival and nutritional requirements for overwintering Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Kentucky.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, pages = {1071-1081}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvad094}, pmid = {37715513}, issn = {1938-2936}, support = {//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Drosophila ; Kentucky ; *Climate ; Seasons ; Nutritional Requirements ; }, abstract = {The ability to cope with novel climates is a key determinant of an invasive species' success. Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) is an invasive fruit pest, and its seasonality varies across its range. Current evidence suggests that D. suzukii occurs year-round in warmer climates but has low overwintering survival in colder climates and relies on refuges or reinvades each spring. Here, we assessed the capacity of D. suzukii ability to overwinter in Kentucky, a temperate mid-latitude state with relatively mild but variable winters. We tracked year-round population changes for 3 yr and observed the highest populations in early winter months. Following an annual population crash in winter, small numbers of flies remained through the late winter and spring. We also conducted outdoor cage studies to determine the extent to which food resources and microhabitat impact survival and postwinter fecundity under natural conditions. Flies with no food had poor survival during the warmest periods of winter, and flies in all treatments had lower survival in the coldest month. Provisioning flies with either artificial diet or wild berries improved survival. As a follow-up, we determined whether D. suzukii could survive and reproduce after long-term exposure to a typical winter temperature on various wild berries. Drosophila suzukii had the highest survival on privet (Ligustrum sp.), but all berry types yielded higher survival than flies without food. Our results suggest that noncrop berries play an important role for overwintering D. suzukii, and as winters warm the availability of wild berries could influence early-season populations.}, }
@article {pmid37713717, year = {2023}, author = {Haro, D and Pauly, GB and Liwanag, HEM}, title = {Rapid Physiological Plasticity in Response to Cold Acclimation for Nonnative Italian Wall Lizards (Podarcis siculus) from New York.}, journal = {Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ}, volume = {96}, number = {5}, pages = {356-368}, doi = {10.1086/726163}, pmid = {37713717}, issn = {1537-5293}, mesh = {Animals ; New York ; Temperature ; *Acclimatization/physiology ; Cold Temperature ; *Lizards/physiology ; Water ; }, abstract = {AbstractThermal physiology helps us understand how ectotherms respond to novel environments and how they persist when introduced to new locations. Researchers generally measure thermal physiology traits immediately after animal collection or after a short acclimation period. Because many of these traits are plastic, the conclusions drawn from such research can vary depending on the duration of the acclimation period. In this study, we measured the rate of change and extent to which cold tolerance (critical thermal minimum [CTmin]) of nonnative Italian wall lizards (Podarcis siculus) from Hempstead, New York, changed during a cold acclimation treatment. We also examined how cold acclimation affected heat tolerance (critical thermal maximum [CTmax]), thermal preference (Tpref), evaporative water loss (EWL), resting metabolic rate (RMR), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER). We predicted that CTmin, CTmax, and Tpref would decrease with cold acclimation but that EWL and RMR would increase with cold acclimation. We found that CTmin decreased within 2 wk and that it remained low during the cold acclimation treatment; we suspect that this cold tolerance plasticity reduces risk of exposure to lethal temperatures during winter for lizards that have not yet found suitable refugia. CTmax and Tpref also decreased after cold acclimation, while EWL, RMR, and RER increased after cold acclimation, suggesting trade-offs with cold acclimation in the form of decreased heat tolerance and increased energy demands. Taken together, our findings suggest that cold tolerance plasticity aids the persistence of an established population of invasive lizards. More generally, our findings highlight the importance of accounting for the plasticity of physiological traits when investigating how invasive species respond to novel environments.}, }
@article {pmid37708681, year = {2023}, author = {Cao, Y and Li, J and Yin, W and Li, W and Han, Q}, title = {Two negatives make an affirmative: can extreme flooding reduce the expansion of invasive submerged macrophyte in a large river?.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {346}, number = {}, pages = {118964}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118964}, pmid = {37708681}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Rivers ; Biomass ; Introduced Species ; *Hydrocharitaceae ; }, abstract = {Plant invasion and extreme climate event are both important ecological issues under the background of global climate change. However, how these two incidents interact with each other is still debatable in different ecosystems. In this study we investigated the interaction between the extreme flooding event during the autumn of 2021 in the Han River and the invasion of Elodea nuttallii based on a long-term field survey from 2020 to 2023 and two indoor controlled experiments (propagule bank experiment and decomposition experiment). We hypothesized that two negatives (extreme flooding event and invasive submerged macrophytes) can make an affirmative (macrophyte community consisting of native species). The field survey found that the extreme flooding caused a critical change of transparency until seven months later the water quality turned into the initial condition, and the maximum biomass of E. nuttallii decreased significantly in 2022 after the flooding. Abundant propagule bank of native macrophytes in the sediment contributed to the strong resilience of macrophyte community responding to the extreme flooding; the maximum total biomass of macrophyte community in 2022 did not differ from that in the two years prior to the flooding. Additionally, more species of native macrophyte was found in the field survey after the extreme flooding. Decomposition rates of E. nuttallii fragments was large as 0.69 d[-1], and long-time high turbidity lead to a very fast run-out of the only reproduction tissue (fragments) of this alien species in the river, which resulted in the slowing of its recovery. Inspired by this study, we further proposed a cost-effective methodology to control the invasive species E. nuttallii, i.e., the combination of propagule bank of native macrophytes in the sediment and artificially manipulated pulse flooding.}, }
@article {pmid37705000, year = {2023}, author = {Huaman, JL and Pacioni, C and Doyle, M and Forsyth, DM and Helbig, KJ and Carvalho, TG}, title = {Evidence of Australian wild deer exposure to N. caninum infection and potential implications for the maintenance of N. caninum sylvatic cycle.}, journal = {BMC veterinary research}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {153}, pmid = {37705000}, issn = {1746-6148}, support = {PO1-L-002//Centre for Invasive Species Solutions/ ; PO1-L-002//Centre for Invasive Species Solutions/ ; PO1-L-002//Centre for Invasive Species Solutions/ ; PO1-L-002//Centre for Invasive Species Solutions/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; Animals, Wild ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Australia/epidemiology ; *Deer ; Environment ; *Blood Group Antigens ; }, abstract = {Infections with the coccidian parasite Neospora caninum affect domestic and wild animals worldwide. In Australia, N. caninum infections cause considerable losses to the cattle industry with seroprevalence of 8.7% in beef and 10.9% in dairy cattle. Conversely, the role of wild animals, in maintaining the parasite cycle is also unclear. It is possible that native or introduced herbivorous species could be reservoir hosts of N. caninum in Australia, but to date, this has not been investigated. We report here the first large-scale screening of N. caninum antibodies in Australian wild deer, spanning three species (fallow, red and sambar deer). Consequently, we also assessed two commercial cELISA tests validated for detecting N. caninum in cattle for their ability to detect N. caninum antibodies in serum samples of wild deer. N. caninum antibodies were detected in 3.7% (7/189, 95% CI 1.8 - 7.45) of the wild deer serum samples collected in south-eastern Australia (n = 189), including 97 fallow deer (Dama dama), 14 red deer (Cervus elaphus), and 78 sambar deer (Rusa unicolor). Overall, our study provides the first detection of N. caninum antibodies in wild deer and quantifies deer's potential role in the sylvatic cycle of N. caninum.}, }
@article {pmid37704815, year = {2023}, author = {Flores-Rojas, AI and Medellín-Castillo, NA and Cisneros-Ontiveros, HG and Acosta-Doporto, GA and Cruz-Briano, SA and Leyva-Ramos, R and Berber-Mendoza, MS and Díaz-Flores, PE and Ocampo-Pérez, R and Labrada-Delgado, GJ}, title = {Detection and mapping of the seasonal distribution of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and valorization as a biosorbent of Pb(II) in water.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {37704815}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {CB-286990//Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog&#xed;a/ ; }, abstract = {In the present research, the presence of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) on the surface of the San Jose Dam located in the city of San Luis Potosi, S.L.P, Mexico, was monitored and mapped. The monitoring was conducted for 2 years (2018-2020) with remote sensing data from OLI Landsat 8 sensors, based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The results demonstrated the capability and accuracy of this method, where it was observed that the aboveground cover area, proliferation, and distribution of water hyacinth are influenced by climatic and anthropogenic factors during the four seasons of the year. As part of a sustainable environmental control of this invasive species, the use of water hyacinth (WH) root (RO), stem (ST), and leaf (LE) components as adsorbent material for Pb(II) present in aqueous solution was proposed. The maximum adsorption capacity was observed at pH 5 and 25 °C and was 107.3, 136.8, and 120.8 mg g[-1] for RO, ST, and LE, respectively. The physicochemical characterization of WH consisted of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 physisorption, infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), charge distribution, and zero charge point (pHPZC). Due to the chemical nature of WH, several Pb(II) adsorption mechanisms were proposed such as electrostatic attractions, ion exchange, microprecipitation, and π-cation.}, }
@article {pmid37703630, year = {2023}, author = {Kannan, G and Mghili, B and Di Martino, E and Sanchez-Vidal, A and Figuerola, B}, title = {Increasing risk of invasions by organisms on marine debris in the Southeast coast of India.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {195}, number = {}, pages = {115469}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115469}, pmid = {37703630}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring ; Plastics/chemistry ; *Bryozoa ; Wood/chemistry ; Textiles ; Introduced Species ; *Ostreidae ; Waste Products/analysis ; Bathing Beaches ; }, abstract = {Increasing amount of anthropogenic litter in the marine environment has provided an enormous number of substrates for a wide range of marine organisms, thus serving as a potential vector for the transport of fouling organisms. Here, we examined the fouling organisms on different types of stranded litter (plastic, glass, rubber, foam sponge, cloth, metal and wood) on eight beaches along the southeast coast of India. In total, 17 encrusting species belonging to seven phyla (Arthropoda, Bryozoa, Mollusca, Annelida, Cnidaria, Chlorophyta and Foraminifera) were identified on 367 items, with one invasive species, the mussel Mytella strigata, detected. The most common species associated with marine litter were the cosmopolitan bryozoans Jellyella tuberculata (%O = 31.64 %) and J. eburnea (28.61 %), the barnacle species Lepas anserifera (29.97 %), Amphibalanus amphitrite (22.34 %) and Amphibalanus sp. (14.16 %), and the oyster species Saccostrea cucullata (13.62 %) and Magallana bilineata (5.44 %). We also reported the first records on stranded litter of four species: the gastropod species Pirenella cingulata and Umbonium vestiarium, the foraminiferan Ammonia beccarii, and the oyster M. bilineata. This study is thus the first documentation of marine litter as a vector for species dispersal in India, where the production and consumption of plastic rank among the highest in the world. We also highlight the increasing risk of invasions by non-indigenous organisms attached to debris along the southeast coast of India. Comprehensive monitoring efforts are thus needed to elucidate the type of vectors responsible for the arrival of invasive species in this region. Raising awareness and promoting education are vital components in fostering sustainable solutions to combat plastic pollution in the country and globally.}, }
@article {pmid37703262, year = {2023}, author = {Faiad, SM and Williams, MA and Goodman, M and Sokolow, S and Olden, JD and Mitchell, K and Andriantsoa, R and Gordon Jones, JP and Andriamaro, L and Ravoniarimbinina, P and Rasamy, J and Ravelomanana, T and Ravelotafita, S and Ravo, R and Rabinowitz, P and De Leo, GA and Wood, CL}, title = {Temperature affects predation of schistosome-competent snails by a novel invader, the marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {9}, pages = {e0290615}, pmid = {37703262}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Astacoidea ; Temperature ; Predatory Behavior ; Schistosoma ; *Schistosomatidae ; *Biomphalaria ; }, abstract = {The human burden of environmentally transmitted infectious diseases can depend strongly on ecological factors, including the presence or absence of natural enemies. The marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis) is a novel invasive species that can tolerate a wide range of ecological conditions and colonize diverse habitats. Marbled crayfish first appeared in Madagascar in 2005 and quickly spread across the country, overlapping with the distribution of freshwater snails that serve as the intermediate host of schistosomiasis-a parasitic disease of poverty with human prevalence ranging up to 94% in Madagascar. It has been hypothesized that the marbled crayfish may serve as a predator of schistosome-competent snails in areas where native predators cannot and yet no systematic study to date has been conducted to estimate its predation rate on snails. Here, we experimentally assessed marbled crayfish consumption of uninfected and infected schistosome-competent snails (Biomphalaria glabrata and Bulinus truncatus) across a range of temperatures, reflective of the habitat range of the marbled crayfish in Madagascar. We found that the relationship between crayfish consumption and temperature is unimodal with a peak at ~27.5°C. Per-capita consumption increased with body size and was not affected either by snail species or their infectious status. We detected a possible satiation effect, i.e., a small but significant reduction in per-capita consumption rate over the 72-hour duration of the predation experiment. Our results suggest that ecological parameters, such as temperature and crayfish weight, influence rates of consumption and, in turn, the potential impact of the marbled crayfish invasion on snail host populations.}, }
@article {pmid37702970, year = {2023}, author = {Faria, FS and Areal, M and Bitner-Mathé, BC}, title = {Thermal Stress and Adult Fitness in a Drosophila suzukii Neotropical Propagule.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, pages = {993-1004}, pmid = {37702970}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Female ; Male ; Animals ; *Drosophila ; Temperature ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; Hot Temperature ; Genitalia ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura 1931) is a cosmopolitan horticultural pest originally from temperate East Asia; yet, its recent introduction in southeast and central Brazil raises the possibility it might expand into warmer climatic zones. In theoretical terms, the adaptive potential of invasive species can be impaired by the lack of genetic variation, but, on the other hand, phenotypic plasticity might play an important role in the adaptation to the new environment. In this context, we investigated the effects of temperature variation (18°C, 22°C, and 28°C) on fitness traits and size of male reproductive organs (accessory glands and testis) in a natural D. suzukii population recently introduced in the neotropical region. Development time decreased significantly with increasing temperature, but egg-to-adult survival was not affected, attaining rates around 50% for the three temperatures. Development at 28°C affected differentially adult male and female biological performance: males displayed higher mortality and severe and permanent reduction in offspring production, whereas females showed the same mortality as controls and a temporary decrease in offspring production, followed of a clear recovery. Finally, reproductive organs size in immature and mature males was affected by developmental temperature variation in the following ways. Testis length decreased with body size (i.e., at higher temperatures) and increased with maturation time after adult hatching, whereas for accessory glands there was no significant difference between different temperatures, resulting in proportionally larger glands for smaller body sizes. These results show differences in developmental dynamics of reproductive tract structures due to temperature variation.}, }
@article {pmid37702158, year = {2023}, author = {Perry, WB}, title = {The cold sting of climate change and its effect on the march of invasive fishes.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {103}, number = {3}, pages = {459}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15536}, pmid = {37702158}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid37701022, year = {2023}, author = {Tichit, P and Roy, HE and Convey, P and Brickle, P and Newton, RJ and Dawson, W}, title = {First record of the introduced ladybird beetle, Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus (1758), on South Georgia (sub-Antarctic).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {e10513}, pmid = {37701022}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Biological invasions represent a growing threat to islands and their biodiversity across the world. The isolated sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia in the South Atlantic Ocean is a highly protected area that relies on effective biosecurity including prevention, surveillance and eradication to limit the risk of biological invasions. Based on an opportunistic field discovery, we provide the first report of an introduced ladybird beetle on South Georgia. All specimens discovered belong to the Eurasian species Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus (1758) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Tens of individuals of both sexes were discovered at a single location, indicating that the species may already be established on South Georgia. Transport connectivity with this site suggests that the species most likely arrived recently from the Falkland Islands as a stowaway on a ship. We discuss the implications of our discovery for the continued development of South Atlantic biosecurity.}, }
@article {pmid37700658, year = {2023}, author = {Willot, Q and du Toit, A and de Wet, S and Huisamen, EJ and Loos, B and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Exploring the connection between autophagy and heat-stress tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {290}, number = {2006}, pages = {20231305}, pmid = {37700658}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Drosophila melanogaster ; Hot Temperature ; *Thermotolerance ; Autophagy ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Mechanisms aimed at recovering from heat-induced damages are closely associated with the ability of ectotherms to survive exposure to stressful temperatures. Autophagy, a ubiquitous stress-responsive catabolic process, has recently gained renewed attention as one of these mechanisms. By increasing the turnover of cellular structures as well as the clearance of long-lived protein and protein aggregates, the induction of autophagy has been linked to increased tolerance to a range of abiotic stressors in diverse ectothermic organisms. However, whether a link between autophagy and heat-tolerance exists in insect models remains unclear despite broad ecophysiological implications thereof. Here, we explored the putative association between autophagy and heat-tolerance using Drosophila melanogaster as a model. We hypothesized that (i) heat-stress would cause an increase of autophagy in flies' tissues, and (ii) rapamycin exposure would trigger a detectable autophagic response in adults and increase their heat-tolerance. In line with our hypothesis, we report that flies exposed to heat-stress present signs of protein aggregation and appear to trigger an autophagy-related homoeostatic response as a result. We further show that rapamycin feeding causes the systemic effect associated with target of rapamycin (TOR) inhibition, induces autophagy locally in the fly gut, and increases the heat-stress tolerance of individuals. These results argue in favour of a substantial contribution of autophagy to the heat-stress tolerance mechanisms of insects.}, }
@article {pmid37700642, year = {2023}, author = {Nathan, P and Economo, EP and Guénard, B and Simonsen, AK and Frederickson, ME}, title = {Generalized mutualisms promote range expansion in both plant and ant partners.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {290}, number = {2006}, pages = {20231083}, pmid = {37700642}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Symbiosis ; *Fabaceae ; Phenotype ; Probability ; }, abstract = {Mutualism improves organismal fitness, but strong dependence on another species can also limit a species' ability to thrive in a new range if its partner is absent. We assembled a large, global dataset on mutualistic traits and species ranges to investigate how multiple plant-animal and plant-microbe mutualisms affect the spread of legumes and ants to novel ranges. We found that generalized mutualisms increase the likelihood that a species establishes and thrives beyond its native range, whereas specialized mutualisms either do not affect or reduce non-native spread. This pattern held in both legumes and ants, indicating that specificity between mutualistic partners is a key determinant of ecological success in a new habitat. Our global analysis shows that mutualism plays an important, if often overlooked, role in plant and insect invasions.}, }
@article {pmid37699343, year = {2023}, author = {Menchetti, M and Schifani, E and Alicata, A and Cardador, L and Sbrega, E and Toro-Delgado, E and Vila, R}, title = {The invasive ant Solenopsis invicta is established in Europe.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {33}, number = {17}, pages = {R896-R897}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.036}, pmid = {37699343}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Ants/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) is classified as one of the worst invasive alien species[1] and as the fifth costliest worldwide[2], impacting ecosystems, agriculture and human health[3]. We report the establishment of S. invicta in Europe for the first time, documenting a mature population in Sicily. We use genetic analyses to assess its putative origin, as well as wind tracking and species distribution modelling to predict its potential range on the continent. We show that half of the urban areas in Europe are already suitable and that climate warming expected under current trends will favor the expansion of this invasive ant.}, }
@article {pmid37698063, year = {2023}, author = {Pita-Aquino, JN and Bock, DG and Baeckens, S and Losos, JB and Kolbe, JJ}, title = {Stronger evidence for genetic ancestry than environmental conditions in shaping the evolution of a complex signalling trait during biological invasion.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {20}, pages = {5558-5574}, doi = {10.1111/mec.17123}, pmid = {37698063}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Genome-Wide Association Study ; Selection, Genetic ; Phenotype ; Multifactorial Inheritance ; Southeastern United States ; *Lizards/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; }, abstract = {Introductions of invasive species to new environments often result in rapid rates of trait evolution. While in some cases these evolutionary transitions are adaptive and driven by natural selection, they can also result from patterns of genetic and phenotypic variation associated with the invasion history. Here, we examined the brown anole (Anolis sagrei), a widespread invasive lizard for which genetic data have helped trace the sources of non-native populations. We focused on the dewlap, a complex signalling trait known to be subject to multiple selective pressures. We measured dewlap reflectance, pattern and size in 30 non-native populations across the southeastern United States. As well, we quantified environmental variables known to influence dewlap signal effectiveness, such as canopy openness. Further, we used genome-wide data to estimate genetic ancestry, perform association mapping and test for signatures of selection. We found that among-population variation in dewlap characteristics was best explained by genetic ancestry. This result was supported by genome-wide association mapping, which identified several ancestry-specific loci associated with dewlap traits. Despite the strong imprint of this aspect of the invasion history on dewlap variation, we also detected significant relationships between dewlap traits and local environmental conditions. However, we found limited evidence that dewlap-associated genetic variants have been subject to selection. Our study emphasizes the importance of genetic ancestry and admixture in shaping phenotypes during biological invasion, while leaving the role of selection unresolved, likely due to the polygenic genetic architecture of dewlaps and selection acting on many genes of small effect.}, }
@article {pmid37696767, year = {2023}, author = {Bahamonde, PA and Chiang, G and Mancilla, G and Contador, T and Quezada-Romegialli, C and Munkittrick, KR and Harrod, C}, title = {Ecological variation in invasive brown trout (Salmo trutta) within a remote coastal river catchment in northern Patagonia complicates estimates of invasion impact.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15559}, pmid = {37696767}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {11180914//Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo/ ; 1161504//Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo/ ; NCN2021_056//Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo/ ; FB210018//Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo/ ; 18782-1//Rufford Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Salmonids were first introduced into the Chilean fresh waters in the 1880s, and c. 140 years later, they are ubiquitous across Chilean rivers, especially in the southern pristine fresh waters. This study examined the brown trout (Salmo trutta) and native taxa ecology in two adjacent but contrasting rivers of Chilean Patagonia. During spring 2016 and spring-fall 2017 we examined the variation in benthic macroinvertebrate and fish community composition and characterized fish size structure, stomach contents, and stable isotopes (δ[13] C and δ[15] N) to understand population structure, fish diet, and trophic interactions between S. trutta and native taxa. The native Galaxias maculatus (puye) dominated the fish community (74% of abundance). S. trutta was less abundant (16% of survey catch) but dominated the fish community (over 53%) in terms of biomass. S. trutta showed distinct diets (stomach content analysis) in the two rivers, and individuals from the larger river were notably more piscivorous, consuming native fish with a relatively small body size (<100-mm total length). Native fishes were isotopically distinct from S. trutta, which showed a wider isotopic niche in the smaller river, indicating that their trophic role was more variable than in the larger river (piscivorous). This study provides data from the unstudied pristine coastal rivers in Patagonia and reveals that interactions between native and introduced species can vary at very local spatial scales.}, }
@article {pmid37696523, year = {2023}, author = {Guo, G and Barabás, G and Takimoto, G and Bearup, D and Fagan, WF and Chen, D and Liao, J}, title = {Towards a mechanistic understanding of variation in aquatic food chain length.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {26}, number = {11}, pages = {1926-1939}, doi = {10.1111/ele.14305}, pmid = {37696523}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {31901175//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32271548//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Food Chain ; *Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Ecologists have long sought to understand variation in food chain length (FCL) among natural ecosystems. Various drivers of FCL, including ecosystem size, resource productivity and disturbance, have been hypothesised. However, when results are aggregated across existing empirical studies from aquatic ecosystems, we observe mixed FCL responses to these drivers. To understand this variability, we develop a unified competition-colonisation framework for complex food webs incorporating all of these drivers. With competition-colonisation tradeoffs among basal species, our model predicts that increasing ecosystem size generally results in a monotonic increase in FCL, while FCL displays non-linear, oscillatory responses to resource productivity or disturbance in large ecosystems featuring little disturbance or high productivity. Interestingly, such complex responses mirror patterns in empirical data. Therefore, this study offers a novel mechanistic explanation for observed variations in aquatic FCL driven by multiple environmental factors.}, }
@article {pmid37695782, year = {2023}, author = {Abe, JNA and Dhungana, I and Nguyen, NH}, title = {Legume-nodulating rhizobia are widespread in soils and plants across the island of O'ahu, Hawai'i.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {9}, pages = {e0291250}, pmid = {37695782}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Fabaceae ; Hawaii ; Soil ; Vegetables ; *Bradyrhizobium/genetics ; Introduced Species ; *Rhizobium/genetics ; }, abstract = {Legumes and their interaction with rhizobia represent one of the most well-characterized symbioses that are widespread across both natural and agricultural environments. However, larger distribution patterns and host associations on isolated Pacific islands with many native and introduced hosts have not been well-documented. Here, we used molecular and culturing techniques to characterize rhizobia from soils and 24 native and introduced legume species on the island of O'ahu, Hawai'i. We chose two of these isolates to inoculate an endemic legume tree, Erythina sandwicensis to measure nodulation potentials and host benefits. We found that all rhizobia genera can be found in the soil, where only Cupriavidus was found at all sites, although at lower abundance relative to other more common genera such as Rhizobium (and close relatives), Bradyzhizobium, and Devosia. Bradyrhizobium was the most common nodulator of legumes, where the strain Bradyrhizobium sp. strain JA1 is a generalist capable of forming nodules on nine different host species, including two native species. In greenhouse nursery inoculations, the two different Bradyrhizobium strains successfully nodulate the endemic E. sandwicensis; both strains equally and significantly increased seedling biomass in nursery inoculations. Overall, this work provides a molecular-based framework in which to study potential native and introduced rhizobia on one of the most isolated archipelagos on the planet.}, }
@article {pmid37694438, year = {2023}, author = {da Silva, IB and Costa-Leonardo, AM}, title = {On the reproductive strategies post-colony foundation: major termite pest species with distinct ecological habits differ in their oviposition dynamics.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {113}, number = {5}, pages = {716-724}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485323000421}, pmid = {37694438}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Humans ; Female ; Animals ; *Oviposition ; *Isoptera ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Termite colony foundation precedes the incipient stage, when the first oviposition cycle takes place, followed by months of reproductive inactivity. The royal couple is supposed to cease oviposition during this period, investing energy to care for the first brood. When a suitable number of alloparents differentiate, egg-laying resumes. Here we followed oviposition dynamics, embryo development and queen/king body changes in laboratory colonies of the major pest species Coptotermes gestroi (Rhinotermitidae) and Cryptotermes brevis (Kalotermitidae) during 9 months. We show that they differ in these oviposition dynamics, as C. gestroi queens displayed an uninterrupted oviposition whereas C. brevis laid a cohort of eggs and ceased oviposition during a 3-month period (lag phase). C. gestroi oviposition dynamic was remarkable and suggests that occurrence of progeny was not a limiting factor, thus queens and kings were able to concomitantly invest energy in reproduction and parental care. These findings contrast those reported for rhinotermitids from temperate areas, and we discuss the likely reasons for such a condition, including endogenous rhythms, avoidance of a high mortality rate of the first progeny and adaptation to the weather conditions of the Neotropical region. Oviposition dynamic in C. brevis resembled those of several termite species, in which the royal couple cease reproduction to care for the first brood. Rearing conditions did not influence oviposition dynamics (egg-laying cycle followed by a lag phase), thus our results on the oviposition of C. gestroi and C. brevis correspond to different reproductive strategies post-foundation adopted by these pest species.}, }
@article {pmid37688901, year = {2023}, author = {Iqbal, U and Hameed, M and Ahmad, F}, title = {Structural and functional traits underlying the capacity of Calotropis procera to face different stress conditions.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {203}, number = {}, pages = {107992}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107992}, pmid = {37688901}, issn = {1873-2690}, abstract = {Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton, originally native to tropical and sub-tropical regions of northwestern Africa to southwest Asia through the Arabian Peninsula. The present study was engaged to uncover the underlying mechanism (structural and functional) of C. procera sampled from six different ecological regions. The population of normal irrigated agriculture field (IAF) had better growth, high K[+] ion content, photosynthetic pigments (chl a chl b, Tchl and caro) and stomatal density. The population of dust and pollution stressed habitat (IWD) exhibited enlarged epidermal cells in stem and leaf, enhanced cortical proportion with largest cells in stem and phloem area in leaf. The population of drought and aridity stressed habitat (ARS) showed increased root cellular area, cortical region thickness and its cell area, and phloem region. The population from salt-affected habitat (SLF) possessed high root and shoot ionic contents (Na[+] and Ca[2+]), total soluble sugars, total antioxidant activity, chlorophyll a/b, widened metaxylem vessels and phloem area in the stem, while intensive sclerification observed in both stem and leaf. The population native to waterlogged and salinity stressed habitat (APC) represented vigorous root growth, total free amino acids, well-developed metaxylem vessels and stomatal area in leaf. The population from drought and salinity-prone habitat (UBL) indicate increased storage of parenchymatous tissue (pith region and its cells area) and epidermal cell area in leaf. It is concluded that C. procera showed much outmost behavior in view of growth, structural and functional attributes in response to prevailing environmental condition.}, }
@article {pmid37687388, year = {2023}, author = {Huang, L and Ratkowsky, DA and Hui, C and Gielis, J and Lian, M and Yao, W and Li, Q and Zhang, L and Shi, P}, title = {Inequality Measure of Leaf Area Distribution for a Drought-Tolerant Landscape Plant.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {17}, pages = {}, pmid = {37687388}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Measuring the inequality of leaf area distribution per plant (ILAD) can provide a useful tool for quantifying the influences of intra- and interspecific competition, foraging behavior of herbivores, and environmental stress on plants' above-ground architectural structures and survival strategies. Despite its importance, there has been limited research on this issue. This paper aims to fill this gap by comparing four inequality indices to measure ILAD, using indices for quantifying household income that are commonly used in economics, including the Gini index (which is based on the Lorenz curve), the coefficient of variation, the Theil index, and the mean log deviation index. We measured the area of all leaves for 240 individual plants of the species Shibataea chinensis Nakai, a drought-tolerant landscape plant found in southern China. A three-parameter performance equation was fitted to observations of the cumulative proportion of leaf area vs. the cumulative proportion of leaves per plant to calculate the Gini index for each individual specimen of S. chinensis. The performance equation was demonstrated to be valid in describing the rotated and right shifted Lorenz curve, given that >96% of root-mean-square error values were smaller than 0.004 for 240 individual plants. By examining the correlation between any of the six possible pairs of indices among the Gini index, the coefficient of variation, the Theil index, and the mean log deviation index, the data show that these indices are closely related and can be used interchangeably to quantify ILAD.}, }
@article {pmid37687334, year = {2023}, author = {Turner, NJ}, title = {New Plants, New Resources, New Knowledge: Early Introductions of Exotic Plants to Indigenous Territories in Northwestern North America.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {17}, pages = {}, pmid = {37687334}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Plants have always been important for the Indigenous Peoples of Northwestern North America. Collectively, these peoples named and used hundreds of different native plant species, along with diverse animal species. When traders and settlers from Europe and other parts of the world arrived in the region, they brought many new species of plants with them. Some (e.g., turnips (Brassica rapa) and onions (Allium cepa)), were from Europe, and some (e.g., potatoes (Solanum tuberosum)) were from South America or elsewhere. Other plants, like dandelion, Taraxacum officinale, probably arrived unintentionally, as weeds. Examining the ways in which the Indigenous Peoples have incorporated these new species into their lexicons and lifestyles provides insight into processes of acquiring and embracing new products and expanding the cultural knowledge base for human societies in general.}, }
@article {pmid37687316, year = {2023}, author = {Rodríguez-Merino, A}, title = {Identifying and Managing Areas under Threat in the Iberian Peninsula: An Invasion Risk Atlas for Non-Native Aquatic Plant Species as a Potential Tool.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {17}, pages = {}, pmid = {37687316}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Predicting the likelihood that non-native species will be introduced into new areas remains one of conservation's greatest challenges and, consequently, it is necessary to adopt adequate management measures to mitigate the effects of future biological invasions. At present, not much information is available on the areas in which non-native aquatic plant species could establish themselves in the Iberian Peninsula. Species distribution models were used to predict the potential invasion risk of (1) non-native aquatic plant species already established in the peninsula (32 species) and (2) those with the potential to invade the peninsula (40 species). The results revealed that the Iberian Peninsula contains a number of areas capable of hosting non-native aquatic plant species. Areas under anthropogenic pressure are at the greatest risk of invasion, and the variable most related to invasion risk is temperature. The results of this work were used to create the Invasion Risk Atlas for Alien Aquatic Plants in the Iberian Peninsula, a novel online resource that provides information about the potential distribution of non-native aquatic plant species. The atlas and this article are intended to serve as reference tools for the development of public policies, management regimes, and control strategies aimed at the prevention, mitigation, and eradication of non-native aquatic plant species.}, }
@article {pmid37687313, year = {2023}, author = {Kato-Noguchi, H}, title = {The Impact and Invasive Mechanisms of Pueraria montana var. lobata, One of the World's Worst Alien Species.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {17}, pages = {}, pmid = {37687313}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Pueraria montana var. lobata is native to East Asia, and was introduced to many countries due to its potential for multiple uses. This species escaped under the management conditions soon after its introduction, and became a harmful weed species. This species has been listed in the top 100 of the world's worst invasive alien species. P. montana stands expand quickly and threaten the native flora and fauna including microbiota. This species affects the concentration of carbon and nitrogen in soil and aquatic environments, and increases the amount of pollutants in the local atmosphere. Its infestation also causes serious economic losses on forestry and agriculture. Its characteristics of fast growth, thick canopy structure, enormous vegetative reproduction, and adaptative ability to the various environmental conditions may contribute to the invasiveness and naturalization of this species. The characteristics of P. montana regarding their defense functions against their natural enemies and pathogens, and allelopathy may also contribute to the invasiveness of this species. Potential allelochemicals such as xanthoxins, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, methyl caffeate and daidzein, and two isoflavones with anti-virus activity were identified in this species. In addition, fewer herbivore insects were found in the introduced ranges. These characteristics of P. montana may be involved in the invasive mechanisms of the species. This is the first review article focusing on the invasive mechanisms of this species.}, }
@article {pmid37687294, year = {2023}, author = {Mthethwa, K and Ruwanza, S}, title = {Topsoil and Vegetation Dynamics 14 Years after Eucalyptus grandis Removal in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {17}, pages = {}, pmid = {37687294}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {137789//National Research Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {A great deal of effort has been made to clear invasive alien plants in South Africa, yet it remains unclear if the clearing efforts are yielding positive soil and vegetation recovery trajectories. A few short-term studies have been conducted to monitor soil and vegetation recovery after alien plant removal in South Africa, but convincing, long-term monitoring studies are scarce yet needed. We investigated topsoil and vegetation recovery following Eucalyptus grandis removal 14 years ago by Working for Water in Makhanda, Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The detailed topsoil and vegetation surveys were conducted on forty 10 m × 10 m plots that were in paired cleared and natural sites. The results show no significant differences for the measured soil pH, total N, total C, K, Ca, and Na between the cleared and natural sites, an indication that the two sites are becoming similar. Similarly, the gravimetric soil moisture content shows no significant differences between the two sites, although monthly variations are observed. The topsoils in the cleared sites are hydrophobic as compared to those in the natural sites, which are wettable. We observed no significant vegetation diversity differences between the two sites, with native woody species, such as Crassula pellucida and Helichrysum petiolare, frequently occurring in the cleared sites. We recorded low reinvasion by E. grandis and other secondary invaders like Acacia mearnsii and Rubus cuneifolius in the cleared sites. Based on these results, we conclude that 14 years after E. grandis clearing, both topsoil and vegetation recovery are following a positive trajectory towards the natural sites. However, both reinvasion and secondary invasion have the potential to slow down soil and native vegetation recovery. Recommendations such as timeous follow-up clearing and incorporating restoration monitoring in the WfW clearing programme are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid37686178, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, M and Saimi, A and Liu, Q and Ma, Z and Chen, J}, title = {The Detection of Yr Genes in Xinjiang Wheat Cultivars Using Different Molecular Markers.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {24}, number = {17}, pages = {}, pmid = {37686178}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {31860477//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Triticum/genetics ; *Plant Breeding ; Biomarkers ; China ; Disease Resistance/genetics ; Puccinia ; }, abstract = {Wheat stripe rust is a fungal disease caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. Tritici (Pst). It significantly impacts wheat yields in Xinjiang, China. Breeding and promoting disease-resistant cultivars carrying disease-resistance genes remains the most cost-effective strategy with which to control the disease. In this study, 17 molecular markers were used to identify Yr5, Yr9, Yr10, Yr15, Yr17, Yr18, Yr26, Yr41, Yr44, and Yr50 in 82 wheat cultivars from Xinjiang. According to the differences in SNP loci, the KASP markers for Yr30, Yr52, Yr78, Yr80, and Yr81 were designed and detected in the same set of 82 wheat cultivars. The results showed that there was a diverse distribution of Yr genes across all wheat cultivars in Xinjiang, and the detection rates of Yr5, Yr15, Yr17, Yr26, Yr41, and Yr50 were the highest, ranging from 74.39% to 98.78%. In addition, Yr5 and Yr15 were prevalent in spring wheat cultivars, with detection rates of 100% and 97.56%, respectively. A substantial 85.37% of wheat cultivars carried at least six or more different combinations of Yr genes. The cultivar Xindong No.15 exhibited the remarkable presence of 11 targeted Yr genes. The pedigree analysis results showed that 33.33% of Xinjiang wheat cultivars shared similar parentage, potentially leading to a loss of resistance against Pst. The results clarified the Yr gene distribution of the Xinjiang wheat cultivars and screened out varieties with a high resistance against Pst.}, }
@article {pmid37682392, year = {2023}, author = {Shelly, T and Oehlschlager, C and Kurashima, R}, title = {Natural Oil Lure Outperforms Trimedlure in Capturing Males of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae).}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, pages = {1138-1143}, pmid = {37682392}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Female ; Male ; Animals ; *Tephritidae ; *Ceratitis capitata ; Insect Control/methods ; *Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids ; Drosophila ; Pheromones ; }, abstract = {Females of certain tephritid fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) pose an enormous agricultural threat, as they oviposit in commercially important fruits and vegetables. Trapping networks are often operated in fruit fly-free areas to detect incipient infestations. Trapping relies largely on male attractants, so-called male lures, with trimedlure (TML) being used to detect invasive Ceratitis spp. Operating large-scale surveillance programs incurs substantial costs for both supplies and labor, and the problem is exacerbated by the fact that trimedlure (as well as other male lures) is effective for relatively short intervals in the field (6-8 weeks). Because frequent servicing increases costs, there is considerable interest in modifying existing lures or developing new formulations to extend their effective field longevity. Here, we present results of a field study in Hawaii on a wild population of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), that compared male captures in traps baited with (i) fresh liquid TML, (ii) TML plugs, (iii) a novel controlled-release TML sachet, and (iv) a novel natural oil blend dispensed from a sachet. Catch was recorded weekly for 12 weeks and then at 16 and 20 weeks, with 12 traps deployed per treatment. The natural oil formulation, which contains the natural plant product α-copaene, was as effective as the fresh liquid TML even after weathering for 20 weeks. Future work will focus on developing a dispenser for this formulation that is compatible with standard trap design and deployment.}, }
@article {pmid37681253, year = {2023}, author = {Matthee, CA and Bierman, A and Krasnov, BR and Matthee, S and van der Mescht, L}, title = {Documenting the microbiome diversity and distribution in selected fleas from South Africa with an emphasis on the cat flea, Ctenocephalides f. felis.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {150}, number = {11}, pages = {979-989}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182023000835}, pmid = {37681253}, issn = {1469-8161}, support = {Grant to Conrad Matthee//Universiteit Stellenbosch/ ; Grant to Sonja Matthee//Universiteit Stellenbosch/ ; Grant to Luther van der Mescht//Claude Leon Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; Dogs ; *Ctenocephalides ; *Siphonaptera ; South Africa ; *Flea Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Felis ; *Cat Diseases/parasitology ; }, abstract = {The factors that influence parasite associated bacterial microbial diversity and the geographic distributions of bacteria are not fully understood. In an effort to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the bacterial diversity of Ctenocephalides fleas and host species and the external environment, we conducted a metagenetic analysis of 107 flea samples collected from 8 distinct sampling sites in South Africa. Pooled DNA samples mostly comprising of 2 or 3 individuals sampled from the same host, and belonging to the same genetic cluster, were sequenced using the Ion PGM™ Hi-Q™ Kit and the Ion 316™ Chip v2. Differences were detected in the microbiome compositions between Ctenocephalides felis, Ctenocephalides canis and Ctenocephalides connatus. Although based on a small sample, C. connatus occurring on wildlife harboured a higher bacterial richness when compared to C. felis on domestic animals. Intraspecific differences in the microbial OTU diversity were detected within C. f. felis that occurred on domestic cats and dogs. Different genetic lineages of C. f. felis were similar in microbial compositions but some differences exist in the presence or absence of rare bacteria. Rickettsia and Bartonella OTU's identified in South African cat fleas differ from those identified in the USA and Australia. Intraspecific microbial compositions also differ across geographic sampling sites. Generalized dissimilarity modelling showed that temperature and humidity are potentially important environmental factors explaining the pattern obtained.}, }
@article {pmid37680688, year = {2023}, author = {Ahmed, DA and Haubrock, PJ and Cuthbert, RN and Bang, A and Soto, I and Balzani, P and Tarkan, AS and Macêdo, RL and Carneiro, L and Bodey, TW and Oficialdegui, FJ and Courtois, P and Kourantidou, M and Angulo, E and Heringer, G and Renault, D and Turbelin, AJ and Hudgins, EJ and Liu, C and Gojery, SA and Arbieu, U and Diagne, C and Leroy, B and Briski, E and Bradshaw, CJA and Courchamp, F}, title = {Recent advances in availability and synthesis of the economic costs of biological invasions.}, journal = {Bioscience}, volume = {73}, number = {8}, pages = {560-574}, pmid = {37680688}, issn = {0006-3568}, abstract = {Biological invasions are a global challenge that has received insufficient attention. Recently available cost syntheses have provided policy- and decision makers with reliable and up-to-date information on the economic impacts of biological invasions, aiming to motivate effective management. The resultant InvaCost database is now publicly and freely accessible and enables rapid extraction of monetary cost information. This has facilitated knowledge sharing, developed a more integrated and multidisciplinary network of researchers, and forged multidisciplinary collaborations among diverse organizations and stakeholders. Over 50 scientific publications so far have used the database and have provided detailed assessments of invasion costs across geographic, taxonomic, and spatiotemporal scales. These studies have provided important information that can guide future policy and legislative decisions on the management of biological invasions while simultaneously attracting public and media attention. We provide an overview of the improved availability, reliability, standardization, and defragmentation of monetary costs; discuss how this has enhanced invasion science as a discipline; and outline directions for future development.}, }
@article {pmid37674089, year = {2023}, author = {Graham, F}, title = {Daily briefing: Invasive species contribute to most extinctions.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-023-02831-y}, pmid = {37674089}, issn = {1476-4687}, }
@article {pmid37672113, year = {2023}, author = {Mineau, A and Tian, N and Gan, J and Holley, G and Pelkki, M}, title = {Private Landowners' Perspectives on Feral Swine and Regulation-Evidence from Arkansas, Louisiana, and East Texas.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {72}, number = {5}, pages = {1061-1071}, pmid = {37672113}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Swine ; Animals ; Arkansas ; Texas ; Louisiana ; *Introduced Species ; *Knowledge ; }, abstract = {Feral swine (FS) (Sus scrofa) are an invasive species that has spread widely across the southern United States, including the West Gulf region. With their rapidly increasing population, they have caused severe damage to landowners. To better understand private landowners' knowledge and attitudes toward FS, we conducted a mail survey in the West Gulf region including Arkansas, Louisiana, and East Texas in 2021. The results indicated that the majority of landowners are familiar with, have overall negative opinions of, and are concerned about the presence and future population growth of FS in this region. Nearly 70% of the private landowners surveyed supported stricter FS control regulations. Logistic regression results further revealed that landowners' supportiveness for FS control regulations is associated with their perceived FS-induced economic damage and ownership characteristics (i.e., age and tenure). These findings shed new light on private landowners' perspectives on FS invasions and control regulations, aiding in developing and implementing FS control/management policies and programs in the West Gulf region and beyond.}, }
@article {pmid37672010, year = {2023}, author = {Davidson, JL and Shoemaker, LG}, title = {Resistance and resilience to invasion is stronger in synchronous than compensatory communities.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {104}, number = {11}, pages = {e4162}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.4162}, pmid = {37672010}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {#80NSSC19M0061/NASA/NASA/United States ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {While community synchrony is a key framework for predicting ecological constancy, the interplay between community synchrony and ecological invasions remains unclear. Yet the degree of synchrony in a resident community may influence its resistance and resilience to the introduction of an invasive species. Here we used a generalizable mathematical framework, constructed with a modified Lotka-Volterra competition model, to first simulate resident communities across a range of competitive strengths and species' responses to environmental fluctuations, which yielded communities that ranged from strongly synchronous to compensatory. We then invaded these communities at different timesteps with invaders of varying demographic traits, after which we quantified the resident community's susceptibility to initial invasion attempts (resistance) and the degree to which community synchrony was altered after invasion (resiliency of synchrony). We found that synchronous communities were not only more resistant but also more resilient to invasion than compensatory communities, likely due to stronger competition between resident species and thus lower cumulative abundances in compensatory communities, providing greater opportunities for invasion. The growth rate of the invader was most influenced by the resident and invader competition coefficients and the growth rate of the invader species. Our findings support prioritizing the conservation of compensatory and weakly synchronous communities which may be at increased risk of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid37670534, year = {2023}, author = {Skóra, ME and Guðbergsson, G and Copp, GH and Jones, JI}, title = {Evidence of successful recruitment of non-native pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in Iceland.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15556}, pmid = {37670534}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {101026030//European Union, Horizon 2020, Marie Sk&#x142;odowska-Curie Action/ ; //Cefas Science Excellence Fund/ ; EAPA_18/2018//European Union, INTERREG Atlantic Area Project "DiadES"/ ; }, abstract = {In mid-May 2022, pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha smolts were caught in the rivers Botnsá, Grímsá, and Langá in Iceland. This observation provides the first evidence of successful spawning and the completion of the freshwater phase of the life cycle in Icelandic rivers. It is the most western record of O. gorbuscha smolts in Europe, further west than Russia, Norway, and the UK. Smolts originating from Iceland potentially support the recruitment of this species in the North Atlantic and may lead to the establishment of a self-sustaining population in Iceland.}, }
@article {pmid37669978, year = {2023}, author = {Polo-Cavia, N and Arribas, R and Caballero-Díaz, C and Baltanás, &#xc1; and Gomez-Mestre, I}, title = {Widespread learned predator recognition to an alien predator across populations in an amphibian species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {14599}, pmid = {37669978}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Astacoidea ; *Anura/genetics/physiology ; Predatory Behavior ; Behavior, Animal ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Larva/physiology ; Spain ; Genetics, Population ; }, abstract = {Alien predators are a major cause of decline and extinction of species worldwide, since native organisms are rarely equipped with specific antipredatory strategies to cope with them. However, phenotypic plasticity and learned predator recognition may help prey populations to survive novel predators. Here we examine geographical variation in the learning ability of larval spadefoot toads (Pelobates cultripes) to recognize invasive predatory crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). We compare the learning-mediated behavioural responses of tadpoles from six populations across two regions in Spain (central and southern), with different histories of exposure to the presence of the invasive species. Two of the populations showed innate recognition of chemical cues from the invasive crayfish, whereas three of them learned to recognize such cues as a threat after conditioning with conspecific alarm cues. Learning abilities did not differ among southern populations, but they did among central populations. We assessed patterns of genetic variation within and among these two regions through microsatellite markers and found low genetic divergence among the southern populations but greater differentiation among the central ones. We hypothesize that similar responses to the invasive crayfish in southern populations may have arisen from a combination of extended historical exposure to this introduced predator (~ 50 y) and higher levels of gene flow, as they inhabit a highly interconnected pond network. In contrast, populations from central Spain show lower connectivity, have been exposed to the invasive crayfish for a shorter period of time, and are more divergent in their plastic responses.}, }
@article {pmid37669387, year = {2023}, author = {Andres, KJ and Lodge, DM and Andrés, J}, title = {Environmental DNA reveals the genetic diversity and population structure of an invasive species in the Laurentian Great Lakes.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {120}, number = {37}, pages = {e2307345120}, pmid = {37669387}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *DNA, Environmental ; Lakes ; Genetic Variation ; Water ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) has been established as a noninvasive and efficient approach to sample genetic material from aquatic environments. Although most commonly used to determine species presence and measure biodiversity, eDNA approaches also hold great potential to obtain population-level genetic information from water samples. In this study, we sequenced a panel of multiallelic microsatellite markers from filtered water and fish tissue samples to uncover patterns of intraspecific diversity in the freshwater Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus) across their invaded range in the Laurentian Great Lakes region. Although we found that the concentration of nuclear eDNA is lower than mitochondrial eDNA, we nonetheless detected over two-thirds of all nuclear alleles identified from genotyped tissues in our eDNA samples, with the greatest recovery of common alleles in the population. Estimates of allele frequencies and genetic variability within and between populations were detected from eDNA in patterns that were consistent with individual tissue-based estimates of genetic diversity and differentiation. The strongest genetic differentiation in both eDNA and tissues exists in an isolation by distance pattern. Our study demonstrates the potential for eDNA-based approaches to characterize key population parameters required to effectively monitor, manage, or sustain aquatic species.}, }
@article {pmid37669010, year = {2023}, author = {Vetrovec, M and Payne, CJ}, title = {Evaluating spotted lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) infestation in the Northern Ohio Valley.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {5}, pages = {1943-1947}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad173}, pmid = {37669010}, issn = {1938-291X}, abstract = {Lycorma delicatula White (spotted lanternfly; SLF) is an invasive pest insect threatening increased agricultural costs as it spreads rapidly westward across the United States. As such, surveying was conducted adjacent to the insect's westernmost quarantine area in 2021-2022 to support multi-state monitoring. Specifically, 2,077 visual and sticky-trap surveys were performed in 13 repeatedly surveyed plots strategically located near high-traffic roadways and rail-lines along the Ohio-West Virginia border. Sites were located in Jefferson (Ohio), Brooke (West Virginia), and Hancock (West Virginia) counties. Only one SLF was detected in 2021 (the third documented Ohio site containing SLF) in close proximity to a railway, consistent with rail-mediated dispersal trends recorded throughout the United States. Thirty-one SLF were captured in 2 Ohio sites in 2022, 30 of which were captured at the same railway site as in 2021. However, 1 of the 31 SLF was found in a plot on a university campus 1.25 km from the nearest railway, along with 10 additional specimens found in a follow-up visual survey of a neighboring woodlot. Failure to detect SLF at nearby survey plots nearer to the closest rail line and commuter parking lots suggests local unaided dispersal in a state with primarily train-mediated dispersal-mirroring trends in affected states with more established SLF populations. Data from this survey are valuable for establishing baselines and early-invasion patterns of SLF dispersal into Ohio, anticipating SLF expansion patterns in Ohio, and eventually contributing to improved SLF dispersal modeling in Ohio, the Midwest, and the United States.}, }
@article {pmid37668092, year = {2023}, author = {Sparks, MM and Schraidt, CE and Yin, X and Seeb, LW and Christie, MR}, title = {Rapid genetic adaptation to a novel ecosystem despite a large founder event.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/mec.17121}, pmid = {37668092}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {DEB-1856710//National Science Foundation/ ; //Purdue Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Waser Fellowship/ ; }, abstract = {Introduced and invasive species make excellent natural experiments for investigating rapid evolution. Here, we describe the effects of genetic drift and rapid genetic adaptation in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) that were accidentally introduced to the Great Lakes via a single introduction event 31 generations ago. Using whole-genome resequencing for 134 fish spanning five sample groups across the native and introduced range, we estimate that the source population's effective population size was 146,886 at the time of introduction, whereas the founding population's effective population size was just 72-a 2040-fold decrease. As expected with a severe founder event, we show reductions in genome-wide measures of genetic diversity, specifically a 37.7% reduction in the number of SNPs and an 8.2% reduction in observed heterozygosity. Despite this decline in genetic diversity, we provide evidence for putative selection at 47 loci across multiple chromosomes in the introduced populations, including missense variants in genes associated with circadian rhythm, immunological response and maturation, which match expected or known phenotypic changes in the Great Lakes. For one of these genes, we use a species-specific agent-based model to rule out genetic drift and conclude our results support a strong response to selection occurring in a period gene (per2) that plays a predominant role in determining an organism's daily clock, matching large day length differences experienced by introduced salmon during important phenological periods. Together, these results inform how populations might evolve rapidly to new environments, even with a small pool of standing genetic variation.}, }
@article {pmid37666884, year = {2023}, author = {Baker, CM and Blonda, P and Casella, F and Diele, F and Marangi, C and Martiradonna, A and Montomoli, F and Pepper, N and Tamborrino, C and Tarantino, C}, title = {Using remote sensing data within an optimal spatiotemporal model for invasive plant management: the case of Ailanthus altissima in the Alta Murgia National Park.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {14587}, pmid = {37666884}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Ailanthus ; Parks, Recreational ; Remote Sensing Technology ; Biodiversity ; Budgets ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {We tackle the problem of coupling a spatiotemporal model for simulating the spread and control of an invasive alien species with data coming from image processing and expert knowledge. In this study, we implement a spatially explicit optimal control model based on a reaction-diffusion equation which includes an Holling II type functional response term for modeling the density control rate. The model takes into account the budget constraint related to the control program and searches for the optimal effort allocation for the minimization of the invasive alien species density. Remote sensing and expert knowledge have been assimilated in the model to estimate the initial species distribution and its habitat suitability, empirically extracted by a land cover map of the study area. The approach has been applied to the plant species Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle within the Alta Murgia National Park. This area is one of the Natura 2000 sites under the study of the ongoing National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC) funded by the Italian National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), and pilot site of the finished H2020 project ECOPOTENTIAL, which aimed at the integration of modeling tools and Earth Observations for a sustainable management of protected areas. Both the initial density map and the land cover map have been generated by using very high resolution satellite images and validated by means of ground truth data provided by the EU Life Alta Murgia Project (LIFE12 BIO/IT/000213), a project aimed at the eradication of A. altissima in the Alta Murgia National Park.}, }
@article {pmid37666605, year = {2023}, author = {Zhou, Z and Wu, H and Wu, Z and Mo, L and Li, D and Zeng, W and Luo, H and Huang, J}, title = {Identification of sex pheromone of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii and exploration of the chemosensory mechanism of their antennae.}, journal = {Pesticide biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {195}, number = {}, pages = {105580}, doi = {10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105580}, pmid = {37666605}, issn = {1095-9939}, mesh = {Female ; Male ; Animals ; *Sex Attractants/pharmacology ; Astacoidea ; Mestranol ; Pheromones ; Adenosine Triphosphatases ; }, abstract = {Red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, is a globally invasive species, which has caused great damage to biodiversity, agriculture, and fishing. Therefore, the development of effective management methods, such as pheromone control, is necessary for biological control and biodiversity protection. However, the components of P. clarkii sex pheromones have not yet been explored, and the chemosensory mechanism of the P. clarkii antennae after stimulation by sex pheromone also remains unknown. In this study, we isolated and identified the candidate bioactive component of the female P. clarkii sex pheromone using ultrafiltration centrifugation, semi-preparative liquid phase separation and omics technologies and conducted bioassays to determine its attraction ability. Meanwhile, RNA-Seq technology was used to analyze the potential chemosensory mechanism of antennae. Our results indicated that the male P. clarkii were uniaxially attracted to the female crude conditioned water (FCW), medium fraction (MF, isolated by ultrafiltration centrifugation), and preparative fragment 6 of females (PFF6, isolated by semi-preparative liquid phase separation). Metabolomic analysis revealed the presence of 18 differential metabolites between the PFF6 and PFM6 samples, among which 15 were significantly upregulated in the PFF6 sample. Bioassay test also showed that mestranol, especially at concentrations of 10[-5]-10[-2] mol∙l[-1], could significantly attract P. clarkii males; therefore, mestranol was identified as the candidate sex pheromone component of P. clarkii females. Furthermore, RNA-Seq results showed that most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enriched in lipid metabolism and signal transduction pathways were up-regulated in P. clarkii males. In addition, high expressions of Ca[2+]-binding protein and ion transporting ATPases may enhance the sensitivity of the antennae of P. clarkii males towards sex pheromones. Our study provides data on P. clarkii sex pheromone composition and reveals the molecular mechanism of sex pheromone response in P. clarkii. Moreover, our study provides a referable method for the isolation of candidate bioactive molecules from the P. clarkii sex pheromone.}, }
@article {pmid37664495, year = {2023}, author = {Brendel, MR and Schurr, FM and Sheppard, CS}, title = {Alien plant fitness is limited by functional trade-offs rather than a long-term increase in competitive effects of native communities.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {e10468}, pmid = {37664495}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Alien plants experience novel abiotic conditions and interactions with native communities in the introduced area. Intra- and interspecific selection on functional traits in the new environment may lead to increased population growth with time since introduction (residence time). However, selection regimes might differ depending on the invaded habitat. Additionally, in high-competition habitats, a build-up of biotic resistance of native species due to accumulation of eco-evolutionary experience to aliens over time may limit invasion success. We tested if the effect of functional traits and the population dynamics of aliens depends on interspecific competition with native plant communities. We conducted a multi-species experiment with 40 annual Asteraceae that differ in residence time in Germany. We followed their population growth in monocultures and in interspecific competition with an experienced native community (varying co-existence times between focals and community). To more robustly test our findings, we used a naïve community that never co-existed with the focals. We found that high seed mass decreased population growth in monocultures but tended to increase population growth under high interspecific competition. We found no evidence for a build-up of competition-mediated biotic resistance by the experienced community over time. Instead, population growth of the focal species was similarly inhibited by the experienced and naïve community. By comparing the effect of experienced and naïve communities on population dynamics over 2 years across a large set of species with a high variation in functional traits and residence time, this study advances the understanding of the long-term dynamics of plant invasions. In our study system, population growth of alien species was not limited by an increase of competitive effects by native communities (one aspect of biotic resistance) over time. Instead, invasion success of alien plants may be limited because initial spread in low-competition habitats requires different traits than establishment in high-competition habitats.}, }
@article {pmid37658780, year = {2023}, author = {Dye-Braumuller, KC and Gual-Gonzalez, L and Abiodun, T and Rustin, LP and Evans, CL and Meyer, MM and Zellars, K and Neault, MJ and Nolan, MS}, title = {Invasive Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) investigation in South Carolina: new records of establishment, pathogen prevalence, and blood meal analyses.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {60}, number = {6}, pages = {1398-1405}, pmid = {37658780}, issn = {1938-2928}, support = {NU50CK000542/CD/ODCDC CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Cattle ; Animals ; Dogs ; *Ixodidae ; Prevalence ; South Carolina ; *Ticks ; *Theileria ; }, abstract = {The first established population of the Asian longhorned tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Neumann, Acari: Ixodidae) was discovered in a northern South Carolina county in June 2022. A coordinated investigation was launched to investigate the invasive tick's pathogen infection prevalence and blood meal preferences. Almost 2,000 Ha. longicornis ticks were collected from one cattle field. A majority of collected ticks had evidence of cattle and dog blood meals, and multiple samples were tested positive for Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and Theileria orientalis-first reports for these pathogens in this tick species in South Carolina. This investigation was the direct result of a collaborative education campaign and tick surveillance program launched earlier in the year with multiple state partners.}, }
@article {pmid37660144, year = {2023}, author = {Géron, C and Cuthbert, RN and Hotte, H and Renault, D}, title = {Density-dependent predatory impacts of an invasive beetle across a subantarctic archipelago.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {14456}, pmid = {37660144}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Predatory Behavior ; Biodiversity ; Biosecurity ; Global Warming ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions represent a major threat to biodiversity, especially in cold insular environments characterized by high levels of endemism and low species diversity which are heavily impacted by global warming. Terrestrial invertebrates are very responsive to environmental changes, and native terrestrial invertebrates from cold islands tend to be naive to novel predators. Therefore, understanding the relationships between predators and prey in the context of global changes is essential for the management of these areas, particularly in the case of non-native predators. Merizodus soledadinus (Guérin-Méneville, 1830) is an invasive non-native insect species present on two subantarctic archipelagos, where it has extensive distribution and increasing impacts. While the biology of M. soledadinus has recently received attention, its trophic interactions have been less examined. We investigated how characteristics of M. soledadinus, its density, as well as prey density influence its predation rate on the Kerguelen Islands where the temporal evolution of its geographic distribution is precisely known. Our results show that M. soledadinus can have high ecological impacts on insect communities when present in high densities regardless of its residence time, consistent with the observed decline of the native fauna of the Kerguelen Islands in other studies. Special attention should be paid to limiting factors enhancing its dispersal and improving biosecurity for invasive insect species.}, }
@article {pmid37659741, year = {2023}, author = {Casabella-Herrero, G and Higuera-Gamindez, M and Azcona, VA and Martín-Torrijos, L and Diéguez-Uribeondo, J}, title = {Austropotamobius pallipes can be infected by two haplotypes of Aphanomyces astaci: A key example from an outbreak at an ex-situ conservation facility.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {201}, number = {}, pages = {107989}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2023.107989}, pmid = {37659741}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Haplotypes ; *Astacoidea ; *Aphanomyces/genetics ; Europe ; Disease Outbreaks ; }, abstract = {The crayfish plague, caused by the pathogen Aphanomyces astaci, is a pandemic disease endemic to North America that has been devastating susceptible crayfish populations in Europe since the 19th century. In Spain, this disease has decimated populations of the native crayfish species Austropotamobius pallipes due to introductions of North American crayfish, which act as vectors of the pathogen. To combat against these losses, several regional governments have established ex-situ breeding programs to restock wild populations of the species. In this study, we report on an outbreak of A. astaci that occurred in one of the most important A. pallipes aquaculture centers in Spain. Using a variety of detection methods, we analyzed affected crayfish and environmental samples from the facilities over a period of six months and determined that the outbreak was caused by two haplotypes of A. astaci, d1 and d2, which are both associated with the North American crayfish species Procambarus clarkii. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a two-haplotype coinfection of A. astaci outside the native range of this pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid37659214, year = {2023}, author = {Lawrence, MJ and Grayson, P and Jeffrey, JD and Docker, MF and Garroway, CJ and Wilson, JM and Manzon, RG and Wilkie, MP and Jeffries, KM}, title = {Differences in the transcriptome response in the gills of sea lamprey acutely exposed to 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), niclosamide or a TFM:niclosamide mixture.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part D, Genomics &amp; proteomics}, volume = {48}, number = {}, pages = {101122}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101122}, pmid = {37659214}, issn = {1878-0407}, mesh = {Animals ; *Petromyzon/genetics/metabolism ; Niclosamide/pharmacology/metabolism ; Transcriptome ; Gills ; }, abstract = {Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) control in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America makes use of two pesticides: 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and niclosamide, which are often co-applied. Sea lamprey appear to be vulnerable to these agents resulting from a lack of detoxification responses with evidence suggesting that lampricide mixtures produce a synergistic effect. However, there is a lack of information pertaining to the physiological responses of sea lamprey to niclosamide and TFM:niclosamide mixtures. Here, we characterized the transcriptomic responses of the sea lamprey to TFM, niclosamide, and a TFM:niclosamide (1.5 %) mixture in the gill. Along with a control, larval sea lamprey were exposed to each treatment for 6 h, after which gill tissues were extracted for measuring whole-transcriptome responses using RNA sequencing. Differential gene expression patterns were summarized, which included identifying the broad roles of genes and common expression patterns among the treatments. While niclosamide treatment resulted in no differentially expressed genes, TFM- and mixture-treated fish had several differentially expressed genes that were associated with the cell cycle, DNA damage, metabolism, immune function, and detoxification. However, there was no common differential expression among treatments. For the first time, we characterized the transcriptomic response of sea lamprey to niclosamide and a TFM:niclosamide mixture and identified that these agents impact mRNA transcript abundance of genes associated with the cell cycle and cellular death, and immune function, which are likely mediated through mitochondrial dysregulation. These results may help to inform the production of more targeted and effective lampricides in sea lamprey control efforts.}, }
@article {pmid37653929, year = {2023}, author = {Vagge, I and Chiaffarelli, G}, title = {The Alien Plant Species Impact in Rice Crops in Northwestern Italy.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {37653929}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Alien species represent one of the causes of biodiversity loss, both in natural and anthropic environments. This study contributes to the assessment of alien species impact on Western Po Plain rice field cultivations, referring to different agricultural management practices and ecological traits. Flora and vegetation were studied (the latter through the phytosociological method), and α-biodiversity was estimated through Shannon and Simpson Indices. Results highlighted a significant floristic contingent depletion and increase in therophyte and alien components, compared to pre-existing studies (1950s); higher α-biodiversity levels in organic farms, compared to conventional farms, but also a higher invasive alien species percentage. The high deterioration of the territorial-landscape context appears to play a major role in shaping these patterns. Some of these alien species are particularly aggressive (e.g., Murdannia keisak), as confirmed by two experimental rice field plots which were left unharvested, continuously flooded, making it possible to assess the competitiveness between weed species. The detected weed vegetation is attributed to the Oryzo sativae-Echinochloetum cruris-galli association, already described for Southern Europe, with two different ecological and floristic variants. Future studies, by including other sites and framing their territorial-landscape context, may further complement this overview on the alien species distribution and behavior in rice fields, hence facilitating their strategic management.}, }
@article {pmid37653906, year = {2023}, author = {Szabó, K and Gergely, A and Tóth, B and Szilágyi, K}, title = {Assessing the Spontaneous Spread of Climate-Adapted Woody Plants in an Extensively Maintained Collection Garden.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {37653906}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Climate change may strongly modify the habitat conditions for many woody plant species. Some species could disappear from their natural habitats and become endangered, while others could adapt well to the changed environmental conditions and continue to survive successfully or even proliferate more easily. A similar process can occur within the artificial urban environment as the hitherto popularly planted urban trees may suffer from the extremities of the urban climate. However, among the planted taxa, there are species that spread spontaneously and appear as weeds in extensively managed gardens. In our study, we evaluated the native and non-native species involved in spontaneous spreading in the institutional garden of Buda Arboretum (Budapest) during the COVID-19 period in 2020-2021 when entry was prohibited, and maintenance went on in a restricted, minimal level. We investigated the correlation between spontaneously settling and planted individuals, and then performed multivariate analyses for native and non-native spreading plants for spatial and quantitative data. During our studies, we observed the spontaneous spreading of 114 woody species, of which 38 are native and 76 are non-native. Taking the total number of individuals into account, we found that, in addition to the 2653 woody species planted, a further 7087 spontaneously emerged weeds developed, which creates an additional task in the maintenance.}, }
@article {pmid37653876, year = {2023}, author = {Kato-Noguchi, H}, title = {Invasive Mechanisms of One of the World's Worst Alien Plant Species Mimosa pigra and Its Management.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {37653876}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Mimosa pigra is native to Tropical America, and it has naturalized in many other countries especially in Australia, Eastern and Southern Africa and South Asia. The species is listed in the top 100 of the world's worst invasive alien species and is listed as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. M. pigra forms very large monospecific stands in a wet-dry tropical climate with conditions such as floodplains, riverbanks, grasslands, forests and agricultural fields. The stands expand quickly and threaten the native flora and fauna in the invasive ranges. Possible mechanisms of the invasion of the species have been investigated and accumulated in the literature. The characteristics of the life history such as the high reproduction and high growth rate, vigorous mutualism with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, very few natural enemies, and allelopathy, and certain secondary metabolites may contribute to the invasiveness and naturalization of M. pigra. Herbicide application, such as aerial spraying, foliar, cut-stump and soil treatments, is the primary control methods of M. pigra. The investigation of the natural enemies of M. pigra has been conducted in its native ranges since 1979, and biological control agents have been selected based on host specificity, rearing and availability. Mechanical control practices, such as hand weeding, bulldozing, chaining and fire, were also effective. However, the species often regrow from the remaining plant parts. Integration of multiple weed control practices may be more effective than any single practice. This is the first review article focusing on the invasive mechanism of M. pigra.}, }
@article {pmid37652998, year = {2023}, author = {Fristoe, TS and Bleilevens, J and Kinlock, NL and Yang, Q and Zhang, Z and Dawson, W and Essl, F and Kreft, H and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and Weigelt, P and Dufour-Dror, JM and Sennikov, AN and Wasowicz, P and Westergaard, KB and van Kleunen, M}, title = {Evolutionary imbalance, climate and human history jointly shape the global biogeography of alien plants.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {1633-1644}, pmid = {37652998}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Biodiversity ; Climate ; Plants ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Human activities are causing global biotic redistribution, translocating species and providing them with opportunities to establish populations beyond their native ranges. Species originating from certain global regions, however, are disproportionately represented among naturalized aliens. The evolutionary imbalance hypothesis posits that differences in absolute fitness among biogeographic divisions determine outcomes when biotas mix. Here, we compile data from native and alien distributions for nearly the entire global seed plant flora and find that biogeographic conditions predicted to drive evolutionary imbalance act alongside climate and anthropogenic factors to shape flows of successful aliens among regional biotas. Successful aliens tend to originate from large, biodiverse regions that support abundant populations and where species evolve against a diverse backdrop of competitors and enemies. We also reveal that these same native distribution characteristics are shared among the plants that humans select for cultivation and economic use. In addition to influencing species' innate potentials as invaders, we therefore suggest that evolutionary imbalance shapes plants' relationships with humans, impacting which species are translocated beyond their native distributions.}, }
@article {pmid37651733, year = {2023}, author = {Seok, S and Kim, Z and Nguyen, VT and Lee, Y}, title = {The potential invasion into North America and Europe by non-native mosquito, Aedes koreicus (Diptera: Culicidae).}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {60}, number = {6}, pages = {1305-1313}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjad116}, pmid = {37651733}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aedes ; Europe ; North America ; New England ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Aedes koreicus (Edward, 1917) (Diptera: Culicidae), a mosquito species native to East Asia, has spread to parts of Europe and Central Asia since 2008. The species shares ecological characteristics with Aedes japonicus (Theobald, 1901) (Diptera: Culicidae), which has already successfully invaded and established in North America and Europe. Given these similarities, it is plausible that Ae. koreicus may also invade North America in the future. However, the invasion of Ae. koreicus may be masked or have delayed detection due to their similar morphologies with Ae. japonicus. This study highlights the potential risks of invasion of Ae. koreicus into North America, especially in the northeastern United States, and for further expansion in Europe. We used the maximum entropy model to identify areas with a high likelihood of presence in North America and Europe using comprehensive occurrence records from East Asia, Central Asia, and Europe. We have identified 15 additional countries in Europe and 7 states in the United States that will likely have suitable environments for Ae. koreicus. Additionally, we reviewed the morphological characteristics of Ae. koreicus and Ae. japonicus and provided morphological keys to distinguish the 2 species. Morphological results contradicting previous studies suggested that finding the origin by morphological comparison between Ae. koreicus populations may need re-evaluation. The information presented here will be useful for researchers and public health professionals in high-risk areas to be informed about morphological characteristics to distinguish Ae. koreicus from similar-looking Ae. japonicus. These tools will allow more careful monitoring of the potential introduction of this highly invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid37651731, year = {2023}, author = {Zhao, QY and Ma, FH and Deng, W and Li, ZH and Song, ZJ and Ma, C and Ren, YL and Du, X and Zhan, GP}, title = {Phytosanitary irradiation treatment of the aerial root mealybug, Pseudococcus baliteus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {5}, pages = {1567-1574}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad170}, pmid = {37651731}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Female ; Animals ; *Hemiptera/radiation effects ; Commerce ; Internationality ; X-Rays ; Gamma Rays ; }, abstract = {The aerial root mealybug, Pseudococcus baliteus Lit (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is an important invasive and quarantine pest that poses a potential threat to fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants. As a result, phytosanitary treatments are necessary to ensure the commodities of international trade are free from these pests. To determine the minimum absorbed dose required for phytosanitary irradiation (PI) application, irradiation dose-response and large-scale confirmatory tests were conducted. Eggs that were 2, 4, and 6 days old and late gravid females (containing 0-day-old eggs) of P. baliteus were X-ray irradiated with doses of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 Gray (Gy). The efficacy of preventing egg-hatching (mortality) was compared using two-way ANOVA, 95% confidence interval overlapping and lethal dose ratio test in probit analysis. The radiotolerance sequence of mealybugs egg was found to be 0 < 2 ≈ 4 < 6-day-old eggs, and their estimated LD99.9968 values with 95% confidence interval were 132.0 (118.9-149.5), 137.6 (125.2-153.7), 145.5 (134.5-159.1), and 157.4 (144.6-173.6) Gy, respectively. Subsequently, target doses of 135 and 145 Gy were used in the confirmatory gamma radiation treatments. No F1 generation neonates developed from a total of 47,316 late females irradiated at the measured dose of 107.7-182.5 Gy, resulting in the treatment efficiency of 99.9937% at the 95% confidence level. Therefore, the highest dose of 183 Gy measured in the confirmatory tests is recommended as the minimum absorbed dose in PI treatment of P. baliteus for establishing national and international standards.}, }
@article {pmid37651730, year = {2023}, author = {Hogg, BN and Grettenberger, IM and Borkent, CJ}, title = {Parasitism by Gryon aetherium (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) eggs in northcentral California.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {5}, pages = {1540-1550}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad172}, pmid = {37651730}, issn = {1938-291X}, abstract = {Bagrada bug, Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an invasive pest of cruciferous crops. The parasitoid Gryon aetherium Talamas (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) is a promising biological control agent for B. hilaris because it can forage in the soil where B. hilaris deposits most of its eggs. In this study, we assessed parasitism by G. aetherium on B. hilaris eggs in situ in northcentral California, including the Salinas Valley where most cruciferous crops in the United States are grown. Parasitism was documented by leaving soil-filled trays under infested plants for 7-14 days, then removing eggs and holding them for emergence of parasitoids. Gryon aetherium accounted for over 99% of emerged parasitoids, and occurred at 11 of the 12 sampled sites. Of the 17,729 and 31,759 B. hilaris eggs collected in 2021 and 2022, 1,518 (8.84%) and 2,654 (8.36%) were parasitized by G. aetherium, respectively. Parasitism rates were generally higher inland and ranged from 3.64% to 44.93% in 2021 and from 1.01% to 23.04% in 2022, and never exceeded 15% on any sample dates at several coastal sites in the Salinas Valley. Discovery efficiency (a measure of the ability of parasitoids to locate egg patches) reached 80% or higher at all but 1 site, but exploitation efficiency (a measure of the ability of parasitoids to exploit the egg patch after it has been discovered) was generally <20%, suggesting that G. aetherium can locate egg patches efficiently but is less efficient at finding eggs within patches.}, }
@article {pmid37649994, year = {2023}, author = {Zhou, Y and Chen, C and Xiong, Y and Xiao, F and Wang, Y}, title = {Heavy metal induced resistance to herbivore of invasive plant: implications from inter- and intraspecific comparisons.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1222867}, pmid = {37649994}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Heavy metals can affect the content of secondary metabolites in plants, which are one of the important defenses of plants against herbivores. However, studies on the effects of heavy metals on secondary metabolites of invasive plants are scarce. Phytolacca americana is an invasive plant in China, which can hyperaccumulate the heavy metal Mn.<br><br>METHODS: This study used two Mn treatments (control and treatment group) and four species from Phytolacca (including the native and introduced populations of P. americana, its native and exotic congeners in China) to investigate the impact of heavy metal Mn on the invasive ability of P. americana.<br><br>RESULTS: The results show that heavy metal Mn can enhance the inhibitory effect of the introduced populations of P. americana on the growth of herbivore (the weight of herbivore has decreased by 66%), and altered the feeding preferences of herbivore. We also found that heavy metal Mn can significantly increase the content of quantitative resistance in the leaves of the introduced populations of P. americana and is higher than its native populations, native and exotic congeners. In addition, heavy metal Mn caused the quantitative resistance of the exotic congener significantly higher than that of the native congeners.<br><br>DISCUSSION: In summary, the heavy metal Mn can increase the content of secondary metabolites in leaves to enhance the interspecific competitive advantage of P. americana and promote its invasion, and also increase the invasion risk of exotic species.}, }
@article {pmid37649736, year = {2023}, author = {Pincheira-Ulbrich, J}, title = {Exploring the vegetation of the coastal road in Puerto Cisnes, southern Chile: a vascular plant inventory.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e107217}, pmid = {37649736}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In areas of low disturbance, such as the Aysén Region of Chile, the presence of roads can inadvertently facilitate the spread of invasive species. To address this issue, it is imperative to maintain up-to-date biological inventories, as they serve as a primary source of information for the conservation of species and ecosystems. However, the maintenance of systematic inventories of vascular plants in Chile is virtually non-existent, especially outside protected wilderness areas. The data we have come from an inventory of vascular plant species along a stretch of coastal road in Puerto Cisnes (Aysén Region), characterised by a cut slope in the rock. The site is located between mountain ranges, in a region known for its protected wilderness areas and low levels of anthropogenic alteration. The study adopted an observational sampling design, using the road as a transect. For each species identified, the growth substrate, habit and dispersal mode were recorded. A total of 70 species (36 herbs, 23 shrubs and 11 trees) belonging to 42 families were found. The most represented families were Hymenophyllaceae (nine species) and Myrtaceae (four species). We recorded nine introduced species belonging to seven botanical families (Cirsiumvulgare (Savi) Ten., Crocosmiacrocosmiiflora (Lemoine ex Burb. &amp; Dean) N.E.Br., Cytisusscoparius (L.) Link, Digitalispurpurea L., Lotuspedunculatus Cav., Plantagolanceolata L., Polygonumcampanulatum Hook. f., Prunellavulgaris L., Rubusconstrictus Lefèvre &amp; P.J.Müll). Of these nine species, seven are invasive, while the remaining two species have not been assessed for invasive potential (i.e. Crocosmiacrocosmiiflora and Polygonumcampanulatum). In particular, Crocosmiacrocosmiiflora and Rubusconstrictus are new regional records. The majority of species were found growing on the ground (44 species), while a significant proportion were found exclusively on rocky slopes (17 species). According to their seed dispersal mechanism, the most common syndromes were anemochory (32 species) and ornithochory (20 species). Other mechanisms such as mammalochory, ballochory or myrmecochory were less common (less than four species).<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: This study provides valuable data on the vascular flora of Puerto Cisnes, Chile, a modest human settlement in a minimally altered landscape. The region, dominated by native forests and a burgeoning salmon farming industry, has few inventories, so the database presented here adds significantly to local botanical knowledge. The main novelty of this research is that it is the first inventory carried out on a road in a slightly altered area surrounded by protected wilderness areas (such as Magdalena Island National Park and Queulat National Park). The study systematically categorises species according to substrate, habitat and dispersal mode, dimensions that are rarely combined in a single database.The inventory identifies 70 species (36 herbs, 23 shrubs and 11 trees) in 42 families. The most represented families were Hymenophyllaceae (with nine species) and Myrtaceae (with four species). Additionally, we recorded, two introduced species (Crocosmiacrocosmiiflora and Rubusconstrictus) at least 100 km south of their known distribution.}, }
@article {pmid37649726, year = {2023}, author = {Charrière, E and Langston, N}, title = {Dumping military waste into Lake Superior: the historic legacies of secrecy, censorship, and uncertainty.}, journal = {Water history}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {173-200}, pmid = {37649726}, issn = {1877-7236}, abstract = {In recent years, the issue of military waste disposal in oceans and seas has gained significant attention; however, the impact of such waste in freshwater deposits has been understudied. The Laurentian Great Lakes of North America contain 20% of the world's fresh surface water and are particularly vulnerable to environmental stressors such as climate change, invasive species, and toxic chemicals, making the examination of military waste management in these waters crucial. This interdisciplinary study aims to investigate the legacy of two military waste disposal sites in Lake Superior, referred to as Site A (containing barrels) and Site B (containing bullets). Both are located within the ceded territories of the Ojibwe. Despite being in close proximity, these sites have had vastly different outcomes in terms of public concern, state and federal regulatory actions, and tribal restoration efforts. Based on this observation, this study aims to answer the following questions: How did these differences develop? How did military secrecy and the loss of memory influence the management of underwater military waste at each site? How do uncertainties and rumors continue to influence citizen concern and agency management of military waste? We argue for the importance of investigating the environmental legacies of underwater military waste in order to protect inland freshwater resources worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid37647964, year = {2023}, author = {Duarte, S and Simões, L and Costa, FO}, title = {Current status and topical issues on the use of eDNA-based targeted detection of rare animal species.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {904}, number = {}, pages = {166675}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166675}, pmid = {37647964}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Vertebrates/genetics ; *DNA, Environmental ; Fishes/genetics ; DNA/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Biodiversity ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; }, abstract = {Animal detection through DNA present in environmental samples (eDNA) is a valuable tool for detecting rare species, that are difficult to observe and monitor. eDNA-based tools are underpinned by molecular evolutionary principles, key to devising tools to efficiently single out a targeted species from an environmental sample. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the use of eDNA-based methods for the detection of targeted animal species, such as rare, endangered, or invasive species, through the analysis of 549 publications (2008-2022). Aquatic ecosystems have been the most surveyed, in particular, freshwaters (74 %), and to a less extent marine (14 %) and terrestrial systems (10 %). Vertebrates, in particular, fish (38 %), and endangered species, have been the focus of most of these studies, and Cytb and COI are the most employed markers. Among invertebrates, assays have been mainly designed for Mollusca and Crustacea species (21 %), in particular, to target invasive species, and COI the most employed marker. Targeted molecular approaches, in particular qPCR, have been the most adopted (75 %), while eDNA metabarcoding has been rarely used to target single or few species (approx. 6 %). However, less attention has been given in these studies to the effects of environmental factors on the amount of shed DNA, the differential amount of shed DNA among species, or the sensitivity of the markers developed, which may impact the design of the assays, particularly to warrant the required detection level and avoid false negatives and positives. The accuracy of the assays will also depend on the availability of genetic data and vouchered tissue or DNA samples from closely related species to assess both marker and primers' specificity. In addition, eDNA-based assays developed for a particular species may have to be refined for use in a new geographic area taking into account site-specific populations, as well as any intraspecific variation.}, }
@article {pmid37647798, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, M and Zou, Y and Xiao, S and Hou, J}, title = {Environmental DNA metabarcoding serves as a promising method for aquatic species monitoring and management: A review focused on its workflow, applications, challenges and prospects.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {194}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {115430}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115430}, pmid = {37647798}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*DNA, Environmental ; Workflow ; Artificial Intelligence ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Marine and freshwater biodiversity is under threat from both natural and manmade causes. Biological monitoring is currently a top priority for biodiversity protection. Given present limitations, traditional biological monitoring methods may not achieve the proposed monitoring aims. Environmental DNA metabarcoding technology reflects species information by capturing and extracting DNA from environmental samples, using molecular biology techniques to sequence and analyze the DNA, and comparing the obtained information with existing reference libraries to obtain species identification. However, its practical application has highlighted several limitations. This paper summarizes the main steps in the environmental application of eDNA metabarcoding technology in aquatic ecosystems, including the discovery of unknown species, the detection of invasive species, and evaluations of biodiversity. At present, with the rapid development of big data and artificial intelligence, certain advanced technologies and devices can be combined with environmental DNA metabarcoding technology to promote further development of aquatic species monitoring and management.}, }
@article {pmid37647021, year = {2023}, author = {Vaughan, AL and Parvizi, E and Matheson, P and McGaughran, A and Dhami, MK}, title = {Current stewardship practices in invasion biology limit the value and secondary use of genomic data.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.13858}, pmid = {37647021}, issn = {1755-0998}, support = {GA 2102//Genomics Aotearoa/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive species threaten native biota, putting fragile ecosystems at risk and having a large-scale impact on primary industries. Growing trade networks and the popularity of personal travel make incursions a more frequent risk, one only compounded by global climate change. With increasing publication of whole-genome sequences lies an opportunity for cross-species assessment of invasive potential. However, the degree to which published sequences are accompanied by satisfactory spatiotemporal data is unclear. We assessed the metadata associated with 199 whole-genome assemblies of 89 invasive terrestrial invertebrate species and found that only 38% of these were derived from field-collected samples. Seventy-six assemblies (38%) reported an 'undescribed' sample origin and, while further examination of associated literature closed this gap to 23.6%, an absence of spatial data remained for 47 of the total assemblies. Of the 76 assemblies that were ultimately determined to be field-collected, associated metadata relevant for invasion studies was predominantly lacking: only 35% (27 assemblies) provided granular location data, and 33% (n = 25) lacked sufficient collection date information. Our results support recent calls for standardized metadata in genome sequencing data submissions, highlighting the impact of missing metadata on current research in invasion biology (and likely other fields). Notably, large-scale consortia tended to provide the most complete metadata submissions in our analysis-such cross-institutional collaborations can foster a culture of increased adherence to improved metadata submission standards and a standard of metadata stewardship that enables reuse of genomes in invasion science.}, }
@article {pmid37643287, year = {2023}, author = {Shivambu, N and Shivambu, TC and Chimimba, CT}, title = {Zoonotic Pathogens Associated with Pet and Feeder Murid Rodent Species: A Global Systematic Review.}, journal = {Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)}, volume = {23}, number = {11}, pages = {551-560}, doi = {10.1089/vbz.2023.0024}, pmid = {37643287}, issn = {1557-7759}, mesh = {Rats ; Animals ; Mice ; Muridae ; Zoonoses/epidemiology ; Bacteria ; Disease Outbreaks ; *Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Background: Pet and feeder rodents are one of the main sources of emerging infectious diseases. These rodents are purchased from pet shops, breeders, and online. Consequently, some of these rodents may subtly transmit diseases as they may be asymptomatic to certain pathogens. Materials and Methods: We systematically searched four academic databases viz. Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus to determine zoonotic pathogens associated with pet and feeder rodents globally. Our searches were performed in R statistical software using the packages "metagear" and "revtool". Results: We found 62 studies reporting on zoonotic pathogens between 1973 and 2022 from 16 countries representing 4 continents, namely Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America. The review identified 30 zoonotic pathogens isolated from pet and feeder rodents, including the African pygmy mouse (Mus minutoides), brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), and the house mouse (Mus musculus). The greatest number of pathogens was reported from the United States, followed by Togo and the United Kingdom. Bacterial pathogens were the most prevalent. However, the Seoul virus and rat bite fever (Streptobacillus moniliformis) were the most studied pathogens, found in more than one country, with reported outbreak cases. Most of the zoonotic pathogens were isolated from rodents acquired from pet shops. Conclusions: We recommend that pet and feeder rodents purchased from pet shops should be regularly screened for potential zoonotic pathogens as some of these animals may not show clinical signs of the illness. There is also a critical need to develop strict regulations and policies, especially in underdeveloped and developing regions for an effective surveillance process, which will include early detection, rapid response, and control of zoonotic diseases globally.}, }
@article {pmid37642917, year = {2023}, author = {Cancela, F and Cravino, A and Icasuriaga, R and González, P and Bentancor, F and Leizagoyen, C and Echaides, C and Ferreiro, I and Cabrera, A and Arbiza, J and Mirazo, S}, title = {Co-circulation of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Genotype 3 and Moose-HEV-Like Strains in Free-Ranging-Spotted Deer (Axis axis) in Uruguay.}, journal = {Food and environmental virology}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {281-291}, pmid = {37642917}, issn = {1867-0342}, support = {2018-245//Comisi&#xf3;n Sectorial de Investigaci&#xf3;n Cient&#xed;fica/ ; }, mesh = {Swine ; Humans ; Cattle ; Animals ; *Hepatitis E virus/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Uruguay ; *Deer ; *Hepatitis E ; Sus scrofa ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Genotype ; }, abstract = {Hepatitis E caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV) is considered an emerging foodborne zoonosis in industrialized, non-endemic countries. Domestic pigs and wild boars are considered the main reservoir of HEV. However, HEV can also infect an ever-expanding host range of animals, but they exact role in transmitting the virus to other species or humans is mostly unknown. In this work, we investigated the spread of HEV in free-living and captive spotted deer (Axis axis) from Uruguay in a 2-year period (2020-2022) and examined the role of this invasive species as a new potential reservoir of the virus. In addition, with the aim to gain new insights into viral ecology in the context of One Health, by using camera trapping, we identified and quantified temporal and spatial coexistence of spotted deer, wild boars, and cattle. In free-living animals, we detected an anti-HEV seropositivity of 11.1% (6/54). HEV infection and viral excretion in feces were assessed by RT-PCR. Thirteen of 19 samples (68.4%) had HEV RNA. Six samples were amplified using a broadly reactive RT-PCR and sequenced. No captive animal showed evidence of HEV infection. Additionally, HEV RNA was detected in a freshwater pond shared by these species. Phylogenetic and p-distance analysis revealed that zoonotic HEV genotype 3 strains circulate together with unclassified variants related to moose HEV whose potential risk of transmission to humans and other domestic and wild animals is unknown. The data presented here suggest that spotted deer (A. axis) may be a novel host for zoonotic HEV strains.}, }
@article {pmid37640187, year = {2023}, author = {de Lima, TAM and de Lima, GG and Munir, N and Coutinho, JRT and Mitchell, GR and Magalhães, WLE and Nugent, MJD}, title = {Nanofibrillated cellulose originated from Rhododendron ponticum to produce scaffolds using 3D printing for biomedical applications.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {253}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {126556}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126556}, pmid = {37640187}, issn = {1879-0003}, mesh = {*Rhododendron ; Cellulose ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; }, abstract = {Rhododendron ponticum is an invasive species that spreads rapidly and is described as one of the biggest threats to peatlands in Ireland. This study offers an innovative approach to utilizing Rhododendron waste. Initially, sawdust was submitted to a bleaching treatment and the nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) was obtained using two different methods: ultra-fine friction grinding and twin-screw extrusion with the assistance of TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy) pre-treatment. The samples processed through twin-screw extrusion exhibited the presence of NFC at five intervals, as confirmed by TEM analysis. However, these samples displayed a higher diameter deviation compared to those processed through grinding alone. Notably, after 20 extrusion steps, the NFC diameter became more uniform, reaching approximately 35 nm. Sedimentation tests showed that extrusion produced more homogeneous cellulose size than the grinder method. However, FTIR characterization for the samples showed a unique band related to C-O-C glycosidic linkage. The results showed that grinding breaks these groups resulting in crystallinity values lower than extrusion, 50 % compared 60 %. Therefore, NFC with 20 steps by grinding was blended with polycaprolactone to produce a 3D scaffold using a 3D printer at different ratios of 1-5 % addition. The effect of 1 % of NFC was unique showing significant enhanced mechanical properties compared to pure polycaprolactone (PCL), additionally, the NFC does not exhibit toxicity so these materials show promise for biomedical applications.}, }
@article {pmid37639613, year = {2023}, author = {Lymbery, SJ and Webber, BL and Didham, RK}, title = {Complex battlefields favor strong soldiers over large armies in social animal warfare.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {120}, number = {37}, pages = {e2217973120}, pmid = {37639613}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aircraft ; Algorithms ; *Ants ; Empirical Research ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {In social animals, success can depend on the outcome of group battles. Theoretical models of warfare predict that group fighting ability is proportional to two key factors: the strength of each soldier in the group and group size. The relative importance of these factors is predicted to vary across environments [F. W. Lanchester, Aircraft in Warfare, the Dawn of the Fourth Arm (1916)]. Here, we provide an empirical validation of the theoretical prediction that open environments should favor superior numbers, whereas complex environments should favor stronger soldiers [R. N. Franks, L. W. Partridge, Anim. Behav. 45, 197-199 (1993)]. We first demonstrate this pattern using simulated battles between relatively strong and weak soldiers in a computer-driven algorithm. We then validate this result in real animals using an ant model system: In battles in which the number of strong native meat ant Iridomyrmex purpureus workers is constant while the number of weak non-native invasive Argentine ant Linepithema humile workers increases across treatments, fatalities of I. purpureus are lower in complex than in simple arenas. Our results provide controlled experimental evidence that investing in stronger soldiers is more effective in complex environments. This is a significant advance in the empirical study of nonhuman warfare and is important for understanding the competitive balance among native and non-native invasive ant species.}, }
@article {pmid37636074, year = {2023}, author = {Hulme, PE and Beggs, JR and Binny, RN and Bray, JP and Cogger, N and Dhami, MK and Finlay-Smits, SC and French, NP and Grant, A and Hewitt, CL and Jones, EE and Lester, PJ and Lockhart, PJ}, title = {Emerging advances in biosecurity to underpin human, animal, plant, and ecosystem health.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {26}, number = {9}, pages = {107462}, pmid = {37636074}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {One Biosecurity is an interdisciplinary approach to policy and research that builds on the interconnections between human, animal, plant, and ecosystem health to effectively prevent and mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species. To support this approach requires that key cross-sectoral research innovations be identified and prioritized. Following an interdisciplinary horizon scan for emerging research that underpins One Biosecurity, four major interlinked advances were identified: implementation of new surveillance technologies adopting state-of-the-art sensors connected to the Internet of Things, deployable handheld molecular and genomic tracing tools, the incorporation of wellbeing and diverse human values into biosecurity decision-making, and sophisticated socio-environmental models and data capture. The relevance and applicability of these innovations to address threats from pathogens, pests, and weeds in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems emphasize the opportunity to build critical mass around interdisciplinary teams at a global scale that can rapidly advance science solutions targeting biosecurity threats.}, }
@article {pmid37635675, year = {2023}, author = {Nguyen, QT and Huynh Thi, KL and Nguyen, MP and Trinh, T and Pham, NT and Ho, MN and Tran Thi, YN and Tran, NQ and Le Thi, P}, title = {A comparative study on essential oils from the leaves and stems of Vietnamese Mikania micrantha Kunth.}, journal = {Natural product research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-7}, doi = {10.1080/14786419.2023.2251168}, pmid = {37635675}, issn = {1478-6427}, abstract = {Mikania micrantha Kunth is widely known as potential herbal medicine, although it is an invasive alien species in Southeast Asia. In this study, the essential oils from leaves and stems of M. micrantha were extracted by hydrodistillation method, and the chemical profiles of essential oils were then analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). It was found that there were similarities and differences in chemical compositions and their percentage between the essential oils obtained from these two parts. The dominant components of leaves essential oil are β-Cubebene, Germacrene D, and α-Zingiberene, accounting for 11.34%, 10.96%, and 10.76%, respectively. Additionally, the major components of stems essential oils are D-Limonene (16.99%), β-Pinene (7.91%), and α-Zingiberene (7.26%). The research sheds fresh light on the chemical makeup of M. micrantha essential oils, emphasising their potential for the future.}, }
@article {pmid37635634, year = {2023}, author = {Thirunavukkarasu, S and Shadrin, N and Munuswamy, N}, title = {The pre- and postembryonic development of Artemia franciscana (Anostraca: Artemiidae).}, journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology}, volume = {339}, number = {10}, pages = {1003-1016}, doi = {10.1002/jez.2749}, pmid = {37635634}, issn = {2471-5646}, mesh = {Humans ; Male ; Female ; Animals ; *Artemia ; *Anostraca ; Ecosystem ; Sex Differentiation ; Aquaculture ; }, abstract = {Artemia franciscana is a universal live feed in aquaculture, and it has been reported as an invasive species in many Asian hypersaline ecosystems. The present observations illustrated the pre- and postembryonic development stages of the A. franciscana population confined to the Indian saltern of Kelambakkam. We observed their growth patterns during various hydration periods with specific time intervals. Results showed differences in the development stages with respect to unique identity. Interestingly, a period of hydration showed notable cellular movement toward clockwise positions in the hydrating cysts. After 10 h of hydration, blastocoel appeared, accelerating the dynamic route of nuclei movement. At the end of the invagination, the embryo burst out of the cyst, and a sequence of emerging stages was noted. With reference to light microscopic observations, a series of developmental stages were observed, and each instar was documented by developing limb buds of nauplii. Excitingly, the 10th and 11th instar stages reveal sexual differentiation between male and female individuals. Thus, the laboratory culture study clearly documented the different developmental stages with their specific characteristic features. However, further molecular study would provide a cellular basis for understanding the early development of A. franciscana.}, }
@article {pmid37634685, year = {2023}, author = {Liu, Q and Zhang, HD and Xing, D and Jia, N and Du, YT and Xie, JW and Wang, M and Li, CX and Zhao, T and Jiang, YT and Dong, YD and Guo, XX and Zhou, XY and Zhao, TY}, title = {The predicted potential distribution of Aedes albopictus in China under the shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP)1-2.6.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {248}, number = {}, pages = {107001}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107001}, pmid = {37634685}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aedes ; Commerce ; China ; Internationality ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Mosquito Vectors ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) is one of the 100 most invasive species in the world and represents a significant threat to public health. The distribution of Ae. albopictus has been expanding rapidly due to increased international trade, population movement, global warming and accelerated urbanization. Consequently, it is very important to know the potential distribution area of Ae. albopictus in advance for early warning and control of its spread and invasion. We randomly selected 282 distribution sites from 27 provincial-level administrative regions in China, and used the GARP and MaxEnt models to analyze and predict the current and future distribution areas of Ae. albopictus in China. The results showed that the current range of Ae. albopictus in China covers most provinces such as Yunnan and Guizhou Provinces, and the distribution of Ae. albopictus in border provinces such as Tibet, Gansu and Jilin Provinces tend to expand westwards. In addition, the potential distribution area of Ae. albopictus in China will continue to expand westwards due to future climate change under the SSP126 climate scenario. Furthermore, the results of environmental factor filtering showed that temperature and precipitation had a large effect on the distribution probability of Ae. albopictus.}, }
@article {pmid37632308, year = {2023}, author = {Glenn, KR and Pennuto, CM}, title = {Winter residency and foraging of non-native round goby populations in Great Lakes tributary streams.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {103}, number = {6}, pages = {1401-1408}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15540}, pmid = {37632308}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Lakes ; Rivers ; *Internship and Residency ; Seasons ; Introduced Species ; *Perciformes ; Fishes ; }, abstract = {Investigations of winter diets and foraging in fish are rare, and less so for migratory species in the temperate zone. In the Great Lakes, the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) is known to out-migrate from nearshore habitats to offshore depths in the winter months. However, in Great Lake tributaries, populations of this fish were found up to 25 km upstream during winter months. Distance upstream was a predictor of out-migration behavior with populations farthest upstream remaining as winter residents, whereas populations nearest the lakes out-migrated. Distance inland was also a predictor of fish total length, but not Fulton's condition index. Seasonal resources and local prey availability shaped the diets of these fish, but resource use remained unchanged over time since invasion. Total length and body condition also remained unchanged over time since the invasion. Plasticity in both diet and migration behavior seems to be beneficial traits for the inland invasion success of this fish.}, }
@article {pmid37631119, year = {2023}, author = {Jorge, AOS and Costa, ASG and Oliveira, MBPP}, title = {Adapting to Climate Change with Opuntia.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {16}, pages = {}, pmid = {37631119}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Adapting our food production chain and increasing the flora and fauna's livelihood in climate change-affected areas using Opuntia is not only theoretical but already exists in practice in many places. This cactus grows in unsuitable soil for most species as it is adapted to arid and semi-arid soils and hot weather. In these regions, Opuntia protects from erosion and contributes to soil health. The usage of this plant as fodder is also discussed, with immense potential in substituting a part of livestock's diet and even increasing the quality of the animal's by-products and decreasing water consumption. This would result in a feed that is low-cost and has a lower environmental impact. It is to be noted that Opuntia has a high potential as an invasive species, with caution always being recommended when dealing with this specie. The high content of specific compounds, such as proline, indicaxanthin, and betanin, found in Opuntia ficus-indica, influence the plant's adaptation to unfavourable conditions. This collective evidence depicts Opuntia as a crop that can battle climate change and ensure food security.}, }
@article {pmid37629141, year = {2023}, author = {Shavkunov, KS and Markelova, NY and Glazunova, OA and Kolzhetsov, NP and Panyukov, VV and Ozoline, ON}, title = {The Fate and Functionality of Alien tRNA Fragments in Culturing Medium and Cells of Escherichia coli.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {24}, number = {16}, pages = {}, pmid = {37629141}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {18-14-00348_P//Russian Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Escherichia coli/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Reproducibility of Results ; RNA, Transfer/genetics ; Culture Media ; RNA ; }, abstract = {Numerous observations have supported the idea that various types of noncoding RNAs, including tRNA fragments (tRFs), are involved in communications between the host and its microbial community. The possibility of using their signaling function has stimulated the study of secreted RNAs, potentially involved in the interspecies interaction of bacteria. This work aimed at identifying such RNAs and characterizing their maturation during transport. We applied an approach that allowed us to detect oligoribonucleotides secreted by Prevotella copri (Segatella copri) or Rhodospirillum rubrum inside Escherichia coli cells. Four tRFs imported by E. coli cells co-cultured with these bacteria were obtained via chemical synthesis, and all of them affected the growth of E. coli. Their successive modifications in the culture medium and recipient cells were studied by high-throughput cDNA sequencing. Instead of the expected accidental exonucleolysis, in the milieu, we observed nonrandom cleavage by endonucleases continued in recipient cells. We also found intramolecular rearrangements of synthetic oligonucleotides, which may be considered traces of intermediate RNA circular isomerization. Using custom software, we estimated the frequency of such events in transcriptomes and secretomes of E. coli and observed surprising reproducibility in positions of such rare events, assuming the functionality of ring isoforms or their permuted derivatives in bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid37628087, year = {2023}, author = {Czerniejewski, P and Bienkiewicz, G and Tokarczyk, G}, title = {Nutritional Quality and Fatty Acids Composition of Invasive Chinese Mitten Crab from Odra Estuary (Baltic Basin).}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {16}, pages = {}, pmid = {37628087}, issn = {2304-8158}, abstract = {The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is recognized as an invasive species in Europe but increasing fishing efforts may hold economic benefits and yield positive ecological and nutritional outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine the yield of edible parts and the compositional and nutritional characteristics of this crab, especially as a source of n-3 PUFA. The overall yield of edible parts amounted to 38.09%, with males (27.72%) exhibiting a higher meat content compared to females (25.30%). The gonads displayed the highest protein content (24.12%), while the hepatopancreas (11.67%) showcased the highest fat content. Furthermore, the fatty acid composition varied depending on the distribution within different crab segments and gender and individual size. Notably, the gonad lipids contained the most nutritionally valuable n-3 fatty acids, followed by muscle and hepatopancreas lipids. The determined index of atherogenicity (IA) from 0.2 for gonadal lipids to 0.42 for hepatopancreas lipids, index of thrombogenicity (IT) in the range of 0.10 for gonads to 0.41 for hepatopancreas, and flesh lipid quality (FLQ) from 6.9 for hepatopancreas to 23 for muscle lipids indicate their pro-health properties. The ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids showed Chinese mitten crab as an excellent source of oil that can be used for food fortification and dietary supplement production.}, }
@article {pmid37623717, year = {2023}, author = {Pereira, CG and Neng, NR and Custódio, L}, title = {From Threat to Opportunity: Harnessing the Invasive Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.Br for Nutritional and Phytotherapeutic Valorization Amid Seasonal and Spatial Variability.}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {21}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {37623717}, issn = {1660-3397}, support = {UIDB/04326/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; UIDP/04326/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; LA/P/0101/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; PTDC/BAA-AGR/1391/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; UIDB/00100/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; UIDP/00100/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; LA/P/0056/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; CEECIND/00425/2017//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; EMBRC.PT ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121//CRESC Algarve 2020 and COMPETE 2020/ ; }, mesh = {Prospective Studies ; Seasons ; *Antioxidants/pharmacology ; *Dietary Supplements ; Plant Extracts ; }, abstract = {Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.Br. (Hottentot-fig) is a problematic invasive species found in coastal areas worldwide. Mechanical removal is a common control method, leaving the removed biomass available as a possible source of natural phytochemicals with prospective commercial applications. While the Hottentot-fig's vegetative organs have been studied previously, this work establishes for the first time a seasonal and spatial comparative analysis of its nutritional, chemical, and bioactivity profiles (in three locations over four seasons). Proximate and mineral contents were assessed, along with its phenolic composition and in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Hottentot-fig's biomass offered a good supply of nutrients, mainly carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals, with a tendency for higher concentrations of the most relevant minerals and proteins in autumn and winter, and in plants from sites A (Ria de Alvor lagoon) and B (Ancão beach). The extracts were rich in polyphenolics, with higher levels in spring and summer, especially for luteolin-7-O-glucoside and salicylic and coumaric acids. The extracts were also effective antioxidants, with stronger radical scavenging activities in spring and summer, along with anti-inflammatory properties. Our results suggest that the usually discarded plant material of this invasive halophyte could be valuable as a source of natural products with potential biotechnological applications in the food and nutraceutical industries.}, }
@article {pmid37623411, year = {2023}, author = {Wu, H and Xu, Y and Zafar, J and Mandal, S and Lin, L and Lu, Y and Jin, F and Pang, R and Xu, X}, title = {Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Impact of the Biopesticide Metarhizium anisopliae on the Immune System of Major Workers in Solenopsis invicta.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {37623411}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2021YFD1000500//National Key R &amp; D Program of China/ ; 2023A1515010305//Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong, China/ ; }, abstract = {The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren, 1972) is a globally significant invasive species, causing extensive agricultural, human health, and biodiversity damage amounting to billions of dollars worldwide. The pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (1883), widely distributed in natural environments, has been used to control S. invicta populations. However, the interaction between M. anisopliae and the immune system of the social insect S. invicta remains poorly understood. In this study, we employed RNA-seq to investigate the effects of M. anisopliae on the immune systems of S. invicta at different time points (0, 6, 24, and 48 h). A total of 1313 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and classified into 12 expression profiles using short time-series expression miner (STEM) for analysis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was employed to partition all genes into 21 gene modules. Upon analyzing the statistically significant WGCNA model and conducting Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis on the modules, we identified key immune pathways, including the Toll and Imd signaling pathways, lysosomes, autophagy, and phagosomes, which may collectively contribute to S. invicta defense against M. anisopliae infection. Subsequently, we conducted a comprehensive scan of all differentially expressed genes and identified 33 immune-related genes, encompassing various aspects such as recognition, signal transduction, and effector gene expression. Furthermore, by integrating the significant gene modules derived from the WGCNA analysis, we constructed illustrative pathway diagrams depicting the Toll and Imd signaling pathways. Overall, our research findings demonstrated that M. anisopliae suppressed the immune response of S. invicta during the early stages while stimulating its immune response at later stages, making it a potential biopesticide for controlling S. invicta populations. These discoveries lay the foundation for further understanding the immune mechanisms of S. invicta and the molecular mechanisms underlying its response to M. anisopliae.}, }
@article {pmid37623399, year = {2023}, author = {Mayack, C and Cook, SE and Niño, BD and Rivera, L and Niño, EL and Seshadri, A}, title = {Poor Air Quality Is Linked to Stress in Honeybees and Can Be Compounded by the Presence of Disease.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {37623399}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {USDA-ARS 2030-21000-055-000-D//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; USDA-ARS cooperative agreement 58-2030-0-040//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {Climate change-related extreme weather events have manifested in the western United States as warmer and drier conditions with an increased risk of wildfires. Honeybees, essential for crop pollination in California, are at the center of these extreme weather events. We associated the maximum daily temperature and air quality index values with the performance of colonies placed in wildfire-prone areas and determined the impact of these abiotic stressors on gene expression and histopathology. Our results indicate that poor air quality was associated with higher maximum daily temperatures and a lower gene expression level of Prophenoloxidase (ProPO), which is tied to immune system strength; however, a higher gene expression level of Vitellogenin (Vg) is tied to oxidative stress. There was a positive relationship between Varroa mites and N. ceranae pathogen loads, and a negative correlation between Varroa mites and Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) gene expression, suggesting the limited ability of mite-infested colonies to buffer against extreme temperatures. Histological analyses did not reveal overt signs of interaction between pathology and abiotic stressors, but N. ceranae infections were evident. Our study provides insights into interactions between abiotic stressors, their relation to common biotic stressors, and the expression of genes related to immunity and oxidative stress in bees.}, }
@article {pmid37623386, year = {2023}, author = {Kavallieratos, NG and Boukouvala, MC and Skourti, A and Antonatos, S and Petrakis, PV and Papachristos, DP and Papadoulis, GT}, title = {Comparison of Three Attractants for the Effective Capture of Xylotrechus chinensis Adults in Multi-Funnel Traps.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {37623386}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {33.0256//Municipality of Athens/ ; }, abstract = {The Asian coleopteran Xylotrechus chinensis (Chevrolat) (Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae) is an invasive species in several European countries, attacking mulberry trees. In the current research, we evaluated the performance of three mixtures consisting of pheromones and attractants for the monitoring of X. chinensis adults. Attractant 1 (i.e., geranyl acetone, fuscumol acetate, fuscumol, monochamol, 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, 2-methyl-1-butanol, anti-2,3-hexanediol, prionic acid + ethanol), attractant 2 (i.e., geranyl acetone, fuscumol acetate, fuscumol, monochamol, 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, 2-methyl-1-butanol, anti-2,3-hexanediol, prionic acid + α-pinene + ethanol) and attractant 3 (i.e., geranyl acetone, fuscumol acetate, fuscumol, monochamol, 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, 2-methyl-1-butanol, anti-2,3-hexanediol, prionic acid + α-pinene + ipsenol + ethanol) were baited in multi-funnel traps and installed in mulberries for a two-year period in Athens (Greece). The flight activity of X. chinensis starts at the end of April and terminates at the end of October. The peaks of X. chinensis flight activity were observed on 16 August 2021 and on 6 July 2022. Attractant 3 proved to be the most effective blend, catching 953 adults, followed by attractant 2 (523 adults) and attractant 1 (169 adults), throughout the experimental period. It seems that the pest was not attracted to the basic part of the blend (i.e., pheromones + ethanol). The incorporation of α-pinene and ipsenol resulted in the elevated activity of the base lure. The elevated performance of attractant 3 may be attributed to only the α-pinene and the ipsenol, or possibly the α-pinene, ipsenol, and ethanol, because the pheromone blend did not contain any of the pheromone components of the target species. Overall, attractant 3 could be a useful tool to detect and track X. chinensis in new invasive areas, triggering early management strategies against further establishment of this species.}, }
@article {pmid37622600, year = {2023}, author = {Ciocchetta, S and Frentiu, FD and Montarsi, F and Capelli, G and Devine, GJ}, title = {Investigation on key aspects of mating biology in the mosquito Aedes koreicus.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, pages = {826-833}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12687}, pmid = {37622600}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {Female ; Male ; Animals ; *Aedes ; Reproduction ; Insemination ; Italy ; Biology ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors ; }, abstract = {Aedes koreicus Edwards, 1917 (Hulecoetomyia koreica) is a mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) from Northeast Asia with a rapidly expanding presence outside its original native range. Over the years, the species has been discovered in several new countries, either spreading after first introduction or remaining localised to limited areas. Notably, recent studies have demonstrated the ability of the species to transmit zoonotic parasites and viruses both in the field and in laboratory settings. Combined with its invasive potential, the possible role of Ae. koreicus in pathogen transmission highlights the public health risks resulting from its invasion. In this study, we used a recently established population from Italy to investigate aspects of biology that influence reproductive success in Ae. koreicus: autogeny, mating behaviour, mating disruption by the sympatric invasive species Aedes albopictus Skuse, 1894, and the presence of the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis Hertig, 1936. Our laboratory population did not exhibit autogenic behaviour and required a bloodmeal to complete its ovarian cycle. When we exposed Ae. koreicus females to males of Ae. albopictus, we observed repeated attempts at insemination and an aggressive, disruptive mating behaviour initiated by male Ae. albopictus. Despite this, no sperm was identified in Ae. koreicus spermathecae. Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium capable of influencing mosquito reproductive behaviour, was not detected in this Ae. koreicus population and, therefore, had no effect on Ae. koreicus reproduction.}, }
@article {pmid37622094, year = {2023}, author = {Lantiegne, TH and Purchase, CF}, title = {Can cryptic female choice prevent invasive hybridization in external fertilizing fish?.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {16}, number = {8}, pages = {1412-1421}, pmid = {37622094}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Polyandrous mating systems result in females mating with multiple males, generating opportunities for strong pre-mating and post-mating sexual selection. Polyandry also creates the potential for unintended matings and subsequent sperm competition with hybridizing species. Cryptic female choice allows females to bias paternity towards preferred males under sperm competition and may include conspecific sperm preference when under hybridization risk. The potential for hybridization becomes particularly important in context of invasive species that can novelly hybridize with natives, and by definition, have evolved allopatrically. We provide the first examination of conspecific sperm preference in a system of three species with the potential to hybridize: North American native Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis), and invasive brown trout (Salmo trutta) from Europe. Using naturalized populations on the island of Newfoundland, we measured changes in sperm swimming performance, a known predictor of paternity, to determine the degree of modification in sperm swimming to female cues related to conspecific sperm preference. Compared to water alone, female ovarian fluid in general had a pronounced effect and changed sperm motility (by a mean of 53%) and swimming velocity (mean 30%), but not linearity (mean 6%). However, patterns in the degree of modification suggest there is no conspecific sperm preference in the North American populations. Furthermore, female cues from both native species tended to boost the sperm of invasive males more than their own. We conclude that cryptic female choice via ovarian fluid mediated sperm swimming modification is too weak in this system to prevent invasive hybridization and is likely insufficient to promote or maintain reproductive isolation between the native North American species.}, }
@article {pmid37622092, year = {2023}, author = {Palomar, G and Wos, G and Stoks, R and Sniegula, S}, title = {Latitude-specific urbanization effects on life history traits in the damselfly Ischnura elegans.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {16}, number = {8}, pages = {1503-1515}, pmid = {37622092}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Many species are currently adapting to cities at different latitudes. Adaptation to urbanization may require eco-evolutionary changes in response to temperature and invasive species that may differ between latitudes. Here, we studied single and combined effects of increased temperatures and an invasive alien predator on the phenotypic response of replicated urban and rural populations of the damselfly Ischnura elegans and contrasted these between central and high latitudes. Adult females were collected in rural and urban ponds at central and high latitudes. Their larvae were exposed to temperature treatments (current [20°C], mild warming [24°C], and heat wave [28°C; for high latitude only]) crossed with the presence or absence of chemical cues released by the spiny-cheek crayfish (Faxonius limosus), only present at the central latitude. We measured treatment effects on larval development time, mass, and growth rate. Urbanization type affected all life history traits, yet these responses were often dependent on latitude, temperature, and sex. Mild warming decreased mass in rural and increased growth rate in urban populations. The effects of urbanization type on mass were latitude-dependent, with central-latitude populations having a greater phenotypic difference. Urbanization type effects were sex-specific with urban males being lighter and having a lower growth rate than rural males. At the current temperature and mild warming, the predator cue reduced the growth rate, and this independently of urbanization type and latitude of origin. This pattern was reversed during a heat wave in high-latitude damselflies. Our results highlight the context-dependency of evolutionary and plastic responses to urbanization, and caution for generalizing how populations respond to cities based on populations at a single latitude.}, }
@article {pmid37622008, year = {2023}, author = {Adkins, JF and Kaur, A and Alom, MS and Chandran, H and Ramezanipour, F and Wilson, AJ}, title = {Directing the size and dispersity of silver nanoparticles with kudzu leaf extracts.}, journal = {RSC advances}, volume = {13}, number = {36}, pages = {25360-25368}, pmid = {37622008}, issn = {2046-2069}, abstract = {Kudzu is an abundant and invasive species in the Southeastern United States. The prospective use of kudzu as a non-toxic, green and biocompatible reducing and stabilizing agent for one-pot Ag nanoparticle synthesis was investigated. Ag nanoparticles were synthesized using aqueous and ethanolic kudzu leaf and stem extracts. The size and dispersity of the synthesized nanoparticles were found to depend on the extract used. Ultraviolet-visible and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies were used to characterize the extracts. Surface-enhanced fluorescence and Raman scattering were used to characterize the surface species on synthesized Ag nanoparticles. The primary reducing and stabilizing agents in aqueous kudzu leaf extracts were determined to be reducing sugars and saponins which result in Ag nanoparticles with average diameters of 21.2 ± 4.8 nm. Ethanolic kudzu leaf extract was determined to be composed of chlorophyll, reducing sugars and saponins, producing Ag nanoparticles with average diameters of 9.0 ± 1.6 nm. Control experiments using a chlorophyllin standard as the reducing and stabilizing agent reveal that chlorophyll has a key role in the formation of small and monodisperse Ag nanoparticles. Experiments carried out in the absence of light demonstrate that reducing sugars and saponins also contribute to the formation of Ag nanoparticles in ethanolic kudzu leaf extracts. We propose a mechanism by which reducing sugars donate electrons to reduce Ag[+] leading to the formation of Ag nanoparticles, forming carboxylic acid sugars which stabilize and partially stabilize Ag nanoparticles synthesized with aqueous and ethanolic kudzu leaf extracts, respectively. In the ethanolic extract, photoexcited chlorophyll serves as a co-reducing and co-stabilizing agent, leading to small and monodisperse Ag nanoparticles.}, }
@article {pmid37621669, year = {2023}, author = {Sales, E and Rogers, L and Freire, R and Luiz, O and Kopf, RK}, title = {Bold-shy personality traits of globally invasive, native and hatchery-reared fish.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {231035}, pmid = {37621669}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Bold behaviour of non-native species is hypothesized to facilitate invasion success, yet extreme boldness in wild and domesticated animals can be maladaptive. The purpose of this study was to compare individual behaviour among Australian native hatchery-reared (n = 33) and wild (n = 38) Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii) with invasive common carp (Cyprinus carpio; n = 30). Three laboratory tests measured individual behaviour: (1) emergence from a shelter, (2) exploration of a novel environment, and (3) approaching a predator. Wild invasive carp and hatchery-reared cod were generally faster and more likely to emerge and explore novel environments when compared with wild Murray cod. The 'bold-type' behaviours of hatchery-reared native cod were more like invasive carp than they were to 'shy-type' wild conspecifics, yet an important difference was that hatchery-reared cod spent substantially more time near a large predator while carp rapidly escaped. We suggest that these results are consistent with a bold-type invasion syndrome in invasive carp and learned boldness of hatchery-reared Murray cod. The propensity of invasive carp to rapidly explore and enter new environments, along with a fast predator escape response may have been important to their invasion success, while extreme risk-taking and predator naivety of hatchery-reared Murray cod may exacerbate post-release mortality rates in fisheries and conservation stocking programmes.}, }
@article {pmid37621317, year = {2023}, author = {Egawa, C and Yuta, T and Koyama, A}, title = {Specific alien plant species predominantly deliver nectar sugar and pollen but are not preferentially visited by wild pollinating insects in suburban riparian ecosystems.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {e10441}, pmid = {37621317}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The invasion of alien plants has been rapidly proceeding worldwide due to urbanisation. This might be beneficial to wild pollinating insects, since some alien plant species have large flowers and/or long flowering periods, which can increase nectar sugar and pollen availability. To determine the relative contribution of alien plants to floral resource supply and whether resource-rich alien plants, if any, serve as an important food source of pollinating insects, we performed year-round field observations in suburban riverbanks. We quantified the per-unit-area availability of nectar sugar and pollen delivered by alien and native flowering species and counted wild flower visitors (bees and wasps, hoverflies and butterflies) per plant species. The available nectar sugar and pollen per area were predominantly delivered by a few specific alien species, and the relative contribution of other species to floral resource provision was low throughout the period that wild flower visitors were observed. Nonetheless, the resource-rich alien plants were not visited by as many insects as expected based on their contribution to resource provision. Rather, on a yearly basis, these plants received equal or even fewer visits than other flowering species, including resource-poor natives. We show that despite their great contribution to the gross floral resource supply, resource-rich alien plants do not serve as a principal food source for wild pollinating insects, and other plants, especially natives, are still needed to satisfy insect demand. For the conservation of pollinating insects in suburban ecosystems, maintaining floral resource diversity would be more beneficial than having an increase in gross floral resources by allowing the dominance of specific alien plants.}, }
@article {pmid37620681, year = {2023}, author = {Blackwood, PE and Jonasen, KL and Hoenig, BD and Heil, BN and Searle, CL}, title = {Epidemics in native species influence the outcome of a species invasion.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {37620681}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {DGE-1842166//National Science Foundation/ ; DEB-1856710//National Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can have large effects on native communities. When native and invasive species share parasites, an epidemic in a native species could facilitate or inhibit the invasion. We sought to understand how the incidence and timing of epidemics in native species caused by a generalist parasite influenced the success and impact of an invasive species. We focused on North American native and invasive species of zooplankton (Daphnia dentifera and Daphnia lumholtzi, respectively), that can both become infected with a fungal parasite (Metschnikowia bicuspidata). In a laboratory microcosm experiment, we exposed the native species to varying parasite inocula (none, low, high) and two invasive species introduction times (before or during an epidemic in the native species). We found that the invasive species density in treatments with the parasite was higher compared to uninfected treatments, though only the early invasion, low-parasite and uninfected treatments exhibited significant pairwise differences. However, invasive resting eggs were only found in the uninfected treatments. The density of the native species was lowest with a combination of the parasite present, and the invasive species introduced during the epidemic. Native infection prevalence in these treatments (late invasion, parasite present) was also higher than prevalence in treatments where the invasive species was introduced before the epidemic. Therefore, the timing of an invasion relative to an epidemic can affect both the native and invasive species. Our results suggest that the occurrence and timing of epidemics in native species can influence the impacts of a species invasion.}, }
@article {pmid37620219, year = {2023}, author = {Camacho-Cervantes, M and Wong, BBM}, title = {Invasive species behaviour in a toxic world.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {38}, number = {11}, pages = {1024-1027}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2023.07.006}, pmid = {37620219}, issn = {1872-8383}, abstract = {Invasive species and chemical pollution both threaten biodiversity. Here, we discuss how pollution, through its impacts on wildlife behaviour, shapes invasion dynamics by altering species interactions. Addressing knowledge gaps will have implications for the management of invasive species and conservation of native ecosystems in an increasingly toxic world.}, }
@article {pmid37619631, year = {2023}, author = {Mukarugwiro, JA and Newete, SW and Nsanganwimana, F and Byrne, MJ}, title = {Water turbidity affects the establishment of Neochetina eichhorniae (Warner) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Implications for biological control of water hyacinth.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {237}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {116946}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2023.116946}, pmid = {37619631}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Water hyacinth is the target of nine biological control agents in South Africa including Neochetina eichhorniae (Warner) and Neochetina bruchi (Hustache) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). These two weevils have also been released against water hyacinth in Rwanda, but failed to control the weed invasion, possibly due to high turbidity in the country's water bodies. This study therefore aimed to investigate the effect of water turbidity on the establishment and performance of N. eichhorniae in Rwanda. Turbidity levels were measured over two seasons in four Rwandan rivers and two lakes. The results were then used to benchmark laboratory trials to test the effect of turbidity on the weevils' development. Water hyacinth plants were maintained at four turbidity levels: Clear water (2 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU): low (85 NTU), medium (600 NTU) and high (1500 NTU). Each treatment plant was inoculated with three N. eichhorniae larvae, while control plants were free of larvae. Plant growth was measured weekly for three months, while adult weevil emergence was recorded from the 56th day of the experiment. The number of adults emerging from the treatment plants grown in the clear water, low, medium and high turbidity levels were 24, 21, 12 and 0, respectively. Larval feeding was greater on plants growing in clear water and the low turbidity, compared to the medium and high turbidity treatments. These results indicate that N. eichhorniae may not establish or perform well in water bodies with high levels of turbidity, which in turn enhances the growth of water hyacinth, allowing compensatory growth for weevil feeding.}, }
@article {pmid37612513, year = {2023}, author = {Delavaux, CS and Crowther, TW and Zohner, CM and Robmann, NM and Lauber, T and van den Hoogen, J and Kuebbing, S and Liang, J and de-Miguel, S and Nabuurs, GJ and Reich, PB and Abegg, M and Adou Yao, YC and Alberti, G and Almeyda Zambrano, AM and Alvarado, BV and Alvarez-Dávila, E and Alvarez-Loayza, P and Alves, LF and Ammer, C and Antón-Fernández, C and Araujo-Murakami, A and Arroyo, L and Avitabile, V and Aymard, GA and Baker, TR and Bałazy, R and Banki, O and Barroso, JG and Bastian, ML and Bastin, JF and Birigazzi, L and Birnbaum, P and Bitariho, R and Boeckx, P and Bongers, F and Bouriaud, O and Brancalion, PHS and Brandl, S and Brienen, R and Broadbent, EN and Bruelheide, H and Bussotti, F and Gatti, RC and César, RG and Cesljar, G and Chazdon, R and Chen, HYH and Chisholm, C and Cho, H and Cienciala, E and Clark, C and Clark, D and Colletta, GD and Coomes, DA and Cornejo Valverde, F and Corral-Rivas, JJ and Crim, PM and Cumming, JR and Dayanandan, S and de Gasper, AL and Decuyper, M and Derroire, G and DeVries, B and Djordjevic, I and Dolezal, J and Dourdain, A and Engone Obiang, NL and Enquist, BJ and Eyre, TJ and Fandohan, AB and Fayle, TM and Feldpausch, TR and Ferreira, LV and Fischer, M and Fletcher, C and Frizzera, L and Gamarra, JGP and Gianelle, D and Glick, HB and Harris, DJ and Hector, A and Hemp, A and Hengeveld, G and Hérault, B and Herbohn, JL and Herold, M and Hillers, A and Honorio Coronado, EN and Hui, C and Ibanez, TT and Amaral, I and Imai, N and Jagodziński, AM and Jaroszewicz, B and Johannsen, VK and Joly, CA and Jucker, T and Jung, I and Karminov, V and Kartawinata, K and Kearsley, E and Kenfack, D and Kennard, DK and Kepfer-Rojas, S and Keppel, G and Khan, ML and Killeen, TJ and Kim, HS and Kitayama, K and Köhl, M and Korjus, H and Kraxner, F and Laarmann, D and Lang, M and Lewis, SL and Lu, H and Lukina, NV and Maitner, BS and Malhi, Y and Marcon, E and Marimon, BS and Marimon-Junior, BH and Marshall, AR and Martin, EH and Martynenko, O and Meave, JA and Melo-Cruz, O and Mendoza, C and Merow, C and Mendoza, AM and Moreno, VS and Mukul, SA and Mundhenk, P and Nava-Miranda, MG and Neill, D and Neldner, VJ and Nevenic, RV and Ngugi, MR and Niklaus, PA and Oleksyn, J and Ontikov, P and Ortiz-Malavasi, E and Pan, Y and Paquette, A and Parada-Gutierrez, A and Parfenova, EI and Park, M and Parren, M and Parthasarathy, N and Peri, PL and Pfautsch, S and Phillips, OL and Picard, N and Piedade, MTTF and Piotto, D and Pitman, NCA and Polo, I and Poorter, L and Poulsen, AD and Pretzsch, H and Ramirez Arevalo, F and Restrepo-Correa, Z and Rodeghiero, M and Rolim, SG and Roopsind, A and Rovero, F and Rutishauser, E and Saikia, P and Salas-Eljatib, C and Saner, P and Schall, P and Schepaschenko, D and Scherer-Lorenzen, M and Schmid, B and Schöngart, J and Searle, EB and Seben, V and Serra-Diaz, JM and Sheil, D and Shvidenko, AZ and Silva-Espejo, JE and Silveira, M and Singh, J and Sist, P and Slik, F and Sonké, B and Souza, AF and Miscicki, S and Stereńczak, KJ and Svenning, JC and Svoboda, M and Swanepoel, B and Targhetta, N and Tchebakova, N and Ter Steege, H and Thomas, R and Tikhonova, E and Umunay, PM and Usoltsev, VA and Valencia, R and Valladares, F and van der Plas, F and Do, TV and van Nuland, ME and Vasquez, RM and Verbeeck, H and Viana, H and Vibrans, AC and Vieira, S and von Gadow, K and Wang, HF and Watson, JV and Werner, GDA and Wiser, SK and Wittmann, F and Woell, H and Wortel, V and Zagt, R and Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, T and Zhang, C and Zhao, X and Zhou, M and Zhu, ZX and Zo-Bi, IC and Maynard, DS}, title = {Native diversity buffers against severity of non-native tree invasions.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {621}, number = {7980}, pages = {773-781}, pmid = {37612513}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Databases, Factual ; Human Activities ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; Phylogeny ; Rain ; Temperature ; *Trees/classification/physiology ; *Environment ; }, abstract = {Determining the drivers of non-native plant invasions is critical for managing native ecosystems and limiting the spread of invasive species[1,2]. Tree invasions in particular have been relatively overlooked, even though they have the potential to transform ecosystems and economies[3,4]. Here, leveraging global tree databases[5-7], we explore how the phylogenetic and functional diversity of native tree communities, human pressure and the environment influence the establishment of non-native tree species and the subsequent invasion severity. We find that anthropogenic factors are key to predicting whether a location is invaded, but that invasion severity is underpinned by native diversity, with higher diversity predicting lower invasion severity. Temperature and precipitation emerge as strong predictors of invasion strategy, with non-native species invading successfully when they are similar to the native community in cold or dry extremes. Yet, despite the influence of these ecological forces in determining invasion strategy, we find evidence that these patterns can be obscured by human activity, with lower ecological signal in areas with higher proximity to shipping ports. Our global perspective of non-native tree invasion highlights that human drivers influence non-native tree presence, and that native phylogenetic and functional diversity have a critical role in the establishment and spread of subsequent invasions.}, }
@article {pmid37611175, year = {2023}, author = {Belouard, N and Behm, JE}, title = {Multiple paternity in the invasive spotted lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {5}, pages = {949-955}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvad083}, pmid = {37611175}, issn = {1938-2936}, support = {AP19PPQS&amp;T00C251//Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine/ ; //United States Department of Agriculture/ ; 2019-51181-30014//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; C9400000036//Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {In biological invasions, multiple paternity can preserve genetic diversity over time and space and contribute to invasion success. Therefore, knowledge on the mating system of invasive species is essential to develop adequate management practices to mitigate their impact on ecosystems. The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White, 1845), is an invasive pest that has colonized more than 10 eastern US states in less than 10 yr. Multiple paternity may contribute to its success, but little is known about spotted lanternfly's mating system. We explored the mating system using mated females and female-egg mass pairs sampled in the field. First, we assessed the existence of multiple mating by counting the number of spermatophores in the genital tract of all females. Second, we searched for genetic evidence for multiple paternity within egg masses by genotyping the female-egg mass pairs at 7 microsatellite loci. Third, we assessed whether multiple mating was correlated with female traits and distance from the introduction site. One to 3 spermatophores per female were found during dissections, confirming the existence of polyandrous female spotted lanternfly. We found genetic evidence for a minimum of 2 fathers in 4 egg masses associated with polyandrous females, validating multiple paternity in spotted lanternfly. Multiple paternity was associated with egg mass size, and multiple paternity was highest in populations closest to the original introduction site and decreased toward the invasion front. Multiple paternity may contribute to the invasion success of spotted lanternfly, and control efforts should consider the mating system and the implications of its spatial patterns.}, }
@article {pmid37611168, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, X and van Kleunen, M and Chang, C and Liu, Y}, title = {Soil microbes mediate the effects of resource variability on plant invasion.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {104}, number = {10}, pages = {e4154}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.4154}, pmid = {37611168}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {*Soil ; Plants ; *Microbiota ; Ecology ; Introduced Species ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {A fundamental question in ecology is which species will prevail over others amid changes in both environmental mean conditions and their variability. Although the widely accepted fluctuating resource hypothesis predicts that increases in mean resource availability and variability therein will promote nonnative plant invasion, it remains unclear to what extent these effects might be mediated by soil microbes. We grew eight invasive nonnative plant species as target plants in pot-mesocosms planted with five different synthetic native communities as competitors, and assigned them to eight combinations of two nutrient-fluctuation (constant vs. pulsed), two nutrient-availability (low vs. high) and two soil-microbe (living vs. sterilized) treatments. We found that when plants grew in sterilized soil, nutrient fluctuation promoted the dominance of nonnative plants under overall low nutrient availability, whereas the nutrient fluctuation had minimal effect under high nutrient availability. In contrast, when plants grew in living soil, nutrient fluctuation promoted the dominance of nonnative plants under high nutrient availability rather than under low nutrient availability. Analysis of the soil microbial community suggests that this might reflect that nutrient fluctuation strongly increased the relative abundance of the most dominant pathogenic fungal family or genus under high nutrient availability, while decreasing it under low nutrient availability. Our findings are the first to indicate that besides its direct effect, environmental variability could also indirectly affect plant invasion via changes in soil microbial communities.}, }
@article {pmid37609442, year = {2023}, author = {Rodrigues, N and Ribeiro, D and C Miyahira, I and G M Portugal, S and N Santos, L and A F Neves, R}, title = {Do feeding responses of a non-native bivalve outperform the native one in a coastal lagoon? A possible explanation for the invasion success of the dark false mussel Mytilopsis leucophaeata.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e15848}, pmid = {37609442}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Seafood ; *Mytilidae ; Carbon ; Kinetics ; Particulate Matter ; }, abstract = {The present study aimed to evaluate and compare feeding responses of the non-native and native bivalves, the dark false mussel Mytilopsis leucophaeata and the scorched mussel Brachidontes darwinianus, respectively, by offering different concentrations of seston from the coastal lagoon where these species coexist after dark false mussel introduction (Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, Rio de Janeiro-Brazil). For this purpose, independent laboratory experiments were carried out under five concentrations of seston to test the differences in clearance and ingestion rates of bivalves as a function of increasing concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) on seston. In addition, from the integrated analysis of data obtained in experiments, it can be inferred about the efficiency levels of these species to remove SPM from seston and their effects on water turbidity and nutrient concentrations (total carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus). Our hypothesis was that the non-native bivalve is more efficient to clear and ingest SPM from seston compared to the native one, which may lead to competitive advantages to the successful invasion of M. leucophaeata in coastal lagoons. Native species did not show a significant difference in clearance and ingestion rates with increasing concentrations of seston. Whereas the non-native bivalve showed a slight tendency to increase its clearance and ingestion rates with the increase in seston concentrations, evidencing its plasticity to adjust its feeding responses. The native bivalve was significantly more efficient to clear and ingest SPM at the lower seston concentration (i.e., close to natural concentrations found in the lagoon) compared to the non-native bivalve, which, on the other hand, showed a significant increase in its ingestion rates at the higher concentration tested (140 mg SPM L[-1]). Thus, the present results did not suggest food competition between the non-native M. leucophaeata and the native B. darwinianus in the introduced system. However, M. leucophaeata increased its feeding response with experimental increment in seston concentration, which suggests species ability to benefit from conditions of increased inputs of organic matter and higher primary production that could mediate its establishment in introduced systems.}, }
@article {pmid37609055, year = {2023}, author = {López, J and Mogedas, M and Ballesteros, C and Martín-Maldonado, B and Sacristán, I and García, R and Ortiz, JC and Esperón, F}, title = {Infectious agents present in monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) and rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) invasive species in the parks of Madrid and Seville, Spain.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {1162402}, pmid = {37609055}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The introduction of invasive species into an ecosystem could result in biodiversity loss and the spread of infectious agents that could cause re-emergent or emergent zoonotic diseases. Monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) and rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) are considered widespread invasive exotic species in urban habitats from the Iberian Peninsula. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of relevant infectious agents in wild parakeets captured in urban parks in Madrid and Seville (Spain).<br><br>METHODS: A total of 81 cloacal samples were collected and analysed using molecular techniques.<br><br>RESULTS: The prevalence of infectious agents varied between parakeet species: 9.5% of monk parakeets and 15% of rose-ringed parakeets were positive for enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), 13.3% of rose-ringed parakeets for avian influenza virus (AIV), 3.3% of rose-ringed parakeets for Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and a 23.8% of monk parakeets for Chlamydia psittaci.<br><br>DISCUSSION: All C. psittaci-identified isolates were classified as B, E, or E/B genotypes, indicating transmission from wild urban pigeons to parakeets. These results highlight the need for monitoring parakeet populations due to the implications for human and animal health.}, }
@article {pmid37606944, year = {2023}, author = {Magnani, M and Díaz-Sierra, R and Sweeney, L and Provenzale, A and Baudena, M}, title = {Fire Responses Shape Plant Communities in a Minimal Model for Fire Ecosystems across the World.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {202}, number = {3}, pages = {E83-E103}, doi = {10.1086/725391}, pmid = {37606944}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Forests ; Climate Change ; *Fires ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {AbstractAcross plant communities worldwide, fire regimes reflect a combination of climatic factors and plant characteristics. To shed new light on the complex relationships between plant characteristics and fire regimes, we developed a new conceptual mechanistic model that includes plant competition, stochastic fires, and fire-vegetation feedback. Considering a single standing plant functional type, we observed that highly flammable and slowly colonizing plants can persist only when they have a strong fire response, while fast colonizing and less flammable plants can display a larger range of fire responses. At the community level, the fire response of the strongest competitor determines the existence of alternative ecological states (i.e., different plant communities) under the same environmental conditions. Specifically, when the strongest competitor had a very strong fire response, such as in Mediterranean forests, only one ecological state could be achieved. Conversely, when the strongest competitor was poorly fire adapted, alternative ecological states emerged-for example, between tropical humid savannas and forests or between different types of boreal forests. These findings underline the importance of including the plant fire response when modeling fire ecosystems, for example, to predict the vegetation response to invasive species or to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid37605965, year = {2023}, author = {Obala, F and Mohamed, SA and Magomere, TO and Subramanian, S}, title = {Old and new association of Cotesia icipe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with alien invasive and native Spodoptera species and key stemborer species: implication for their management.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {12}, pages = {5312-5320}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7740}, pmid = {37605965}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {81235252//Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)/ ; DCI-FOOD/2018/402-634//European Union (EU)/ ; }, mesh = {Female ; Animals ; *Hymenoptera/physiology ; Spodoptera ; Introduced Species ; *Moths ; Zea mays ; Larva ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Maize production in Africa is hindered by a myriad of biotic challenges, key among them being invasive and native lepidopteran stemborers. Recent invasion of the continent by fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, has further exacerbated the situation. Fortunately, Cotesia icipe was found to be very promising against S. frugiperda. However, the co-occurrence and interaction between S. frugiperda and the stemborers (Busseola fusca, Sesamia calamistis, and Chilo partellus) in maize agroecosystem may jeopardize the efficiency of C. icipe as a biocontrol agent of S. frugiperda. This study investigated the performance of C. icipe on S. frugiperda, Spodoptera littoralis and the stemborers. Specifically, the preference and acceptability of C. icipe to the host insects, the physiological suitability of the hosts for its development, and the effect of these hosts on the fitness parameters of the offspring were assessed.<br><br>RESULTS: Cotesia icipe accepted all the tested hosts, albeit with higher preference for Spodoptera species than for stemborers under multiple-choice tests. Also, the highest parasitism of up to 97% was recorded on S. frugiperda compared with parasitism on the stemborers of 43% in B. fusca. Moreover, physiological suitability and fitness traits (except for per cent female offspring) varied with host species, again being optimal on Spodoptera species.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Cotesia icipe demonstrated strong potential to control S. frugiperda in maize due to its high affinity for parasitization and developmental success in this host; and despite its non-specific parasitization, the presence of other hosts may not prevent its maximum control of S. frugiperda. &#xa9; 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid37604337, year = {2023}, author = {Huynh, NC and Nguyen, TTT and Nguyen, DTC and Tran, TV}, title = {Production of MgFe2O4/activated carbons derived from a harmful grass Cynodon dactylon and their utilization for ciprofloxacin removal.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {343}, number = {}, pages = {139891}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139891}, pmid = {37604337}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {*Ciprofloxacin ; Cynodon ; Poaceae ; Charcoal/chemistry ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Adsorption ; Kinetics ; }, abstract = {Cynodon dactylon, an invasive species, exhibits its robust adaptability, reproduction and nutrient regime against the local species. Taking advantage of this harmful grass as a raw precursor to produce valuable materials for wastewater treatment has paid much attention. Herein, we report on the fabrication of Cynodom dactylon derived MgFe2O4@AC with a main goal of effective removal of ciprofloxacin antibiotic from water. Our findings showed that MgFe2O4@ACK1 composites attained mesoporous textures, high specific surface areas (884.3-991.6 m[2] g[-1]), and MgFe2O4-20%@ACK1 was the most effective with a very high removal efficiency of 96.7%. The Elovich model was suitable for describing the kinetic of adsorption with (Radj)[2] of 0.9988. Meanwhile, the isotherm data obeyed the Langmuir model corresponding to (Radj)[2] of 0.9993. Qmax value of MgFe2O4-20%@ACK1 was determined at 211.67 mg g[-1]. The proposed adsorption mechanism primarily comprises five routes as follows, (i) pore-filling, (ii) π-π interaction, (iii) electrostatic interaction, (iv) hydrogen bonding, and (v) hydrophobic interaction. MgFe2O4-20%@ACK1 adsorbent could reuse with three cycles. We recommend that MgFe2O4/ACs derived from Cynodom dactylon could be high-efficiency adsorbents for the elimination of antibiotics.}, }
@article {pmid37603394, year = {2023}, author = {Heinig, R and Reeves, LE and Lucas, KJ}, title = {Aedes Tortilis, Culex Declarator, and Culex Tarsalis: New County Records for Mosquito Species in Collier County, Florida.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {39}, number = {3}, pages = {149-156}, doi = {10.2987/23-7129}, pmid = {37603394}, issn = {1943-6270}, abstract = {Understanding the distribution of mosquito species is an important element of surveillance. This is especially true in Florida, where detections of nonnative mosquitoes have been increasing. Collier Mosquito Control District performs routine adult mosquito surveillance for operational purposes throughout the year. Here, we report records for 3 species collected in 2021 that had not been documented previously in Collier County, FL: Aedes tortilis, Culex declarator, and Cx. tarsalis. Specimens were initially identified based on morphology, then each species was confirmed by comparing the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences to those of other related mosquito species. Although Ae. tortilis and Cx. declarator were collected at multiple sites, Cx. tarsalis was collected only once, making it unclear whether this species has established a permanent population within the county.}, }
@article {pmid37602895, year = {2023}, author = {Tulloch, AIT and Healy, A and Silcock, J and Wardle, GM and Dickman, CR and Frank, ASK and Aubault, H and Barton, K and Greenville, AC}, title = {Long-term livestock exclusion increases plant richness and reproductive capacity in arid woodlands.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, pages = {e2909}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2909}, pmid = {37602895}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {DE170100599//Australian Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; *Ecosystem ; *Livestock ; Camelus ; Plants ; Forests ; Biodiversity ; Poaceae ; Soil ; Herbivory/physiology ; }, abstract = {Herbivore exclusion is implemented globally to recover ecosystems from grazing by introduced and native herbivores, but evidence for large-scale biodiversity benefits is inconsistent in arid ecosystems. We examined the effects of livestock exclusion on dryland plant richness and reproductive capacity. We collected data on plant species richness and seeding (reproductive capacity), rainfall, vegetation productivity and cover, soil strength and herbivore grazing intensity from 68 sites across 6500 km[2] of arid Georgina gidgee (Acacia georginae) woodlands in central Australia between 2018 and 2020. Sites were on an actively grazed cattle station and two destocked conservation reserves. We used structural equation modeling to examine indirect (via soil or vegetation modification) versus direct (herbivory) effects of grazing intensity by two introduced herbivores (cattle, camels) and a native herbivore (red kangaroo), on seasonal plant species richness and seeding of all plants, and the richness and seeding of four plant groups (native grasses, forbs, annual chenopod shrubs, and palatable perennial shrubs). Non-native herbivores had a strong indirect effect on plant richness and seeding by reducing vegetative ground cover, resulting in decreased richness and seeding of native grasses and forbs. Herbivores also had small but negative direct impacts on plant richness and seeding. This direct effect was explained by reductions in annual chenopod and palatable perennial shrub richness under grazing activity. Responses to grazing were herbivore-dependent; introduced herbivore grazing reduced native plant richness and seeding, while native herbivore grazing had no significant effect on richness or seeding of different plant functional groups. Soil strength decreased under grazing by cattle but not camels or kangaroos. Cattle had direct effects on palatable perennial shrub richness and seeding, whereas camels had indirect effects, reducing richness and seeding by reducing the abundance of shrubs. We show that considering indirect pathways improves evaluations of the effects of disturbances on biodiversity, as focusing only on direct effects can mask critical mechanisms of change. Our results indicate substantial biodiversity benefits from excluding livestock and controlling camels in drylands. Reducing introduced herbivore impacts will improve soil and vegetation condition, ensure reproduction and seasonal persistence of species, and protect native plant diversity.}, }
@article {pmid37601545, year = {2023}, author = {Zou, TT and Lyu, ST and Jiang, QL and Shang, SH and Wang, XF}, title = {Pre- and post-pollination barriers between two exotic and five native Sagittaria species: Implications for species conservation.}, journal = {Plant diversity}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {456-468}, pmid = {37601545}, issn = {2468-2659}, abstract = {Anthropogenic introduction of species has resulted in a breakdown of geographical barriers and hybridization in previously allopatric species. Thus, examining hybridization proneness of exotic species contributes to revealing its potential threat. Moreover, reproductive barriers may be strengthened or weakened due to long-term geographical isolation for these newly sympatric species. However, few studies have evaluated multiple barriers between alien and native species. In this study, we quantified the importance of four pre-pollination barriers (phenological, floral traits, pollen production, and floral constancy) and four post-pollination barriers (pollen-pistil incompatibility, seed set, seed viability, and seedling survival) between two introduced and five native Sagittaria species. Results showed that introduced S. platyphylla was cross-compatible with two native species, whereas introduced S. montevidensis was incapable of hybridizing with any native species. Different barriers were asymmetric within species pairs and multiple barriers acted in concert to maintain species boundaries. Post-pollination barriers contributed more to total reproductive isolation in native species, whereas pre-pollination barriers played a stronger role in total reproductive isolation for two introduced species. Seed set was the only barrier that was positively correlated with genetic distance. Our results provide a perspective to better understand reproductive barriers for secondary contact species. We highlight the importance of monitoring hybridization events before human introduction and the possible conservation strategies to remove invasive species with hybridization proneness.}, }
@article {pmid37601543, year = {2023}, author = {Qian, H}, title = {Intercontinental comparison of phylogenetic relatedness in introduced plants at the transition from naturalization to invasion: A case study on the floras of South Africa and China.}, journal = {Plant diversity}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {363-368}, pmid = {37601543}, issn = {2468-2659}, abstract = {Invasive species may pose significant threats to biodiversity and ecosystem structure and functioning. The number of introduced species that have become invasive is substantial and is rapidly increasing. Identifying potentially invasive species and preventing their expansion are of critical importance in invasion ecology. Phylogenetic relatedness between invasive and native species has been used in predicting invasion success. Previous studies on the phylogenetic relatedness of plants at the transition from naturalization to invasion have shown mixed results, which may be because different methods were used in different studies. Here, I use the same method to analyze two comprehensive data sets from South Africa and China, using two phylogenetic metrics reflecting deep and shallow evolutionary histories, to address the question whether the probability of becoming invasive is higher for naturalized species distantly related to the native flora. My study suggests that the probability of becoming invasive is higher for naturalized species closely related to the native flora. The finding of my study is consistent with Darwin's preadaptation hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid37600960, year = {2023}, author = {Stanek, M and Kushwaha, P and Murawska-Wlodarczyk, K and Stefanowicz, AM and Babst-Kostecka, A}, title = {Quercus rubra invasion of temperate deciduous forest stands alters the structure and functions of the soil microbiome.}, journal = {Geoderma}, volume = {430}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {37600960}, issn = {0016-7061}, support = {P42 ES004940/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants can modify the diversity and taxonomical structure of soil microbiomes. However, it is difficult to generalize the underlying factors as their influence often seems to depend on the complex plant-soil-microbial interactions. In this paper, we investigated how Quercus rubra impacts on the soil microbiome across two soil horizons in relation to native woodland. Five paired adjacent invaded vs native vegetation plots in a managed forest in southern Poland were investigated. Soil microbial communities were assessed along with soil enzyme activities and soil physicochemical parameters, separately for both organic and mineral horizons, as well as forest stand characteristics to explore plant-soil-microbe interactions. Although Q. rubra did not significantly affect pH, organic C, total N, available nutrients nor enzymatic activity, differences in soil abiotic properties (except C to N ratio) were primarily driven by soil depth for both vegetation types. Further, we found significant differences in soil microbiome under invasion in relation to native vegetation. Microbial richness and diversity were lower in both horizons of Q. rubra vs control plots. Moreover, Q. rubra increased relative abundance of unique amplicon sequence variants in both horizons and thereby significantly changed the structure of the core soil microbial communities, in comparison to the control plots. In addition, predicted microbial functional groups indicated a predominant soil depth effect in both vegetation plots with higher abundance of aerobic chemoheterotrophic bacteria and endophytic fungi in the organic horizon and greater abundance of methanotrophic and methylotrophic bacteria, and ectomycorrhizal fungi in the mineral horizon. Overall, our results indicate strong associations between Q. rubra invasion and changes in soil microbiome and associated functions, a finding that needs to be further investigated to predict modifications in ecosystem functioning caused by this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid37599385, year = {2023}, author = {Cunningham-Eurich, I and Kontou, D and Yordanova, M and Maeda-Obregon, A and Favreau, E and Wang, J and Hart, AG and Sumner, S}, title = {Using citizen science data to assess the population genetic structure of the common yellowjacket wasp, Vespula vulgaris.}, journal = {Insect molecular biology}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, pages = {634-647}, doi = {10.1111/imb.12862}, pmid = {37599385}, issn = {1365-2583}, mesh = {Animals ; *Wasps/genetics ; *Citizen Science ; Insecta ; Introduced Species ; Genetics, Population ; }, abstract = {Monitoring insect genetic diversity and population structure has never been more important to manage the biodiversity crisis. Citizen science has become an increasingly popular tool to gather ecological data affordably across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. To date, most insect-related citizen science initiatives have focused on occurrence and abundance data. Here, we show that poorly preserved insect samples collected by citizen scientists can yield population genetic information, providing new insights into population connectivity, genetic diversity and dispersal behaviour of little-studied insects. We analysed social wasps collected by participants of the Big Wasp Survey, a citizen science project that aims to map the diversity and distributions of vespine wasps in the UK. Although Vespula vulgaris is a notorious invasive species around the world, it remains poorly studied in its native range. We used these data to assess the population genetic structure of the common yellowjacket V. vulgaris at different spatial scales. We found a single, panmictic population across the UK with little evidence of population genetic structuring; the only possible limit to gene flow is the Irish sea, resulting in significant differentiation between the Northern Ireland and mainland UK populations. Our results suggest that queens disperse considerable distances from their natal nests to found new nests, resulting in high rates of gene flow and thus little differentiation across the landscape. Citizen science data has made it feasible to perform this study, and we hope that it will encourage future projects to adopt similar practices in insect population monitoring.}, }
@article {pmid37597112, year = {2023}, author = {Eski, A and Erdoğan, P and Demirbağ, Z and Demir, &#x130;}, title = {Isolation and identification of bacteria from the invasive pest Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and evaluation of their biocontrol potential.}, journal = {International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {37597112}, issn = {1618-1905}, abstract = {As an alternative to chemical insecticides, gut bacteria of insects could be used to control insect pests. In this study, bacteria associated with Tuta absoluta, an invasive species that has developed resistance to chemical insecticides, were isolated, and their potential for pest control was investigated. We isolated 13 bacteria from larvae of the pest and identified the isolates on the basis of their morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics as Bacillus thuringiensis (Ta1-8), Staphylococcus petrasii (Ta9), Citrobacter freundii (Ta10), Chishuiella changwenlii (Ta11), Enterococcus casseliflavus (Ta12), and Pseudomonas tremae (Ta13). A laboratory screening test at 10[9] cfu/ml showed that B. thuringiensis (Bt) isolates caused more than 90% mortality after 3 days. Among the isolates, Bt-Ta1 showed the highest mortality in a short time. The LC50 and LC90 values for Bt-Ta1 were estimated to be 1.2 × 10[6] and 2 × 10[9] cfu/ml, respectively. Detailed characterization of Bt-Ta1 revealed that it is one of the serotypes effective on lepidopterans and contains the genes cry1Aa, cry2Aa, and vip3Aa, which encode lepidopteran toxic proteins. Bt-Ta1 isolate has been shown to have the potential to be used in the integrated management of Tuta absoluta.}, }
@article {pmid37594600, year = {2023}, author = {Riaz, M and Warren, D and Wittwer, C and Cocchiararo, B and Hundertmark, I and Reiners, TE and Klimpel, S and Pfenninger, M and Khaliq, I and Nowak, C}, title = {Using eDNA to understand predator-prey interactions influenced by invasive species.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {202}, number = {4}, pages = {757-767}, pmid = {37594600}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *DNA, Environmental ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Anura ; Germany ; }, abstract = {Invasive predatory species may alter population dynamic processes of their prey and impact biological communities and ecosystem processes. Revealing biotic interactions, however, including the relationship between predator and prey, is a difficult task, in particular for species that are hard to monitor. Here, we present a case study that documents the utility of environmental DNA analysis (eDNA) to assess predator-prey interactions between two invasive fishes (Lepomis gibbosus, Pseudorasbora parva) and two potential amphibian prey species, (Triturus cristatus, Pelobates fuscus). We used species-specific TaqMan assays for quantitative assessment of eDNA concentrations from water samples collected from 89 sites across 31 ponds during three consecutive months from a local amphibian hotspot in Germany. We found a negative relationship between eDNA concentrations of the predators (fishes) and prey (amphibians) using Monte-Carlo tests. Our study highlights the potential of eDNA application to reveal predator-prey interactions and confirms the hypothesis that the observed local declines of amphibian species may be at least partly caused by recently introduced invasive fishes. Our findings have important consequences for local conservation management and highlight the usefulness of eDNA approaches to assess ecological interactions and guide targeted conservation action.}, }
@article {pmid37593753, year = {2023}, author = {Staude, IR and Ebersbach, J}, title = {Neophytes may promote hybridization and adaptations to a changing planet.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {e10405}, pmid = {37593753}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Human activities erode geographic barriers, facilitating hybridization among previously isolated taxa. However, limited empirical research exists on the consequences of introduced species (neophytes) for hybridization and subsequent evolutionary outcomes. To address this knowledge gap, we employed a macroecological approach. First, we examined the spatial and phylogenetic overlap between neophytes and hybrids by integrating the Plants of the World Online database with the Global Naturalized Alien Flora database. Second, leveraging the largest dated plant phylogeny available, we compared diversification rates between genera containing hybrids and neophytes versus those without. Third, focusing on the extensively studied hybrid flora of Britain, we studied the spatial distributions of hybrids in relation to neophyte and native parents, assessing potential adaptations to anthropogenic disturbances and impacts on native species. Overall, our findings highlight positive ties between contemporary biodiversity redistribution and hybridization. Spatially (across countries) and phylogenetically (across genera), neophyte incidence was positively associated with hybrid incidence. Genera comprising both hybrids and neophytes displayed significantly higher diversification rates. Neophyte hybrids primarily occupied areas with a higher human footprint, with limited evidence of hybrids threatening native species throughout their range in more natural habitats. These results challenge the notion that species naturalizations and hybridizations exclusively yield negative outcomes for biodiversity. While it is conceivable that anthropogenic hybridization may facilitate recombination of genetic variation and contribute to conserving genetic diversity in disturbed environments, further research is needed to fully understand these processes.}, }
@article {pmid37592863, year = {2023}, author = {Li, J and Pei, J and Fang, C and Li, B and Nie, M}, title = {Thermal adaptation of microbial respiration persists throughout long-term soil carbon decomposition.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {26}, number = {10}, pages = {1803-1814}, doi = {10.1111/ele.14296}, pmid = {37592863}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {21SG02//'Shuguang Program' supported by Shanghai Education Development Foundation and Shanghai Municipal Education Commission/ ; 32101377//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 92251305//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 21XD1420700//Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader/ ; 21DZ1201902//Science and Technology Department of Shanghai/ ; 21TQ004//Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research - Fudan University 21TQ1400100/ ; 23ZR1404400//the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai/ ; }, mesh = {*Soil/chemistry ; *Carbon ; Soil Microbiology ; Acclimatization ; Hot Temperature ; }, abstract = {Soil microbial respiration is expected to show adaptations to changing temperatures, greatly weakening the magnitude of feedback over time, as shown in labile carbon substrates. However, whether such thermal adaptation persists during long-term soil carbon decomposition as carbon substrates decrease in decomposability remains unknown. Here, we conducted a 6-year incubation experiment in natural and arable soils with distinct properties under three temperatures (10, 20 and 30°C). Mass-specific microbial respiration was consistently lower under higher long-term incubation temperatures, suggesting the occurrence and persistence of microbial thermal adaptation in long-term soil carbon decomposition. Furthermore, changes in microbial community composition and function largely explained the persistence of microbial respiratory thermal adaptation. If such thermal adaptation generally occurs in large low-decomposability carbon pools, warming-induced soil carbon losses may be lower than previously predicted and thus may not contribute as much as expected to greenhouse warming.}, }
@article {pmid37592197, year = {2024}, author = {Felton, A and Belyazid, S and Eggers, J and Nordström, EM and Öhman, K}, title = {Climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies for production forests: Trade-offs, synergies, and uncertainties in biodiversity and ecosystem services delivery in Northern Europe.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, pages = {1-16}, pmid = {37592197}, issn = {1654-7209}, support = {2021-02132//Svenska Forskningsr&#xe5;det Formas/ ; 2019-02007//Svenska Forskningsr&#xe5;det Formas/ ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Forests ; Biodiversity ; Trees ; Europe ; Forestry ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies (CCAMS) are changes to the management of production forests motivated by the need to mitigate climate change, or adapt production forests to climate change risks. Sweden is employing CCAMS with unclear implications for biodiversity and forest ecosystem services (ES). Here, we synthesized evidence from 51 published scientific reviews, to evaluate the potential implications for biodiversity and a range of provisioning, regulating, and cultural ES, from the adoption of CCAMS relative to standard forestry practice. The CCAMS assessed were the adoption of (i) mixed-species stands, (ii) continuous cover forestry, (iii) altered rotation lengths, (iv) conversion to introduced tree species, (v) logging residue extraction, (vi) stand fertilization, and (vii) altered ditching/draining practices. We highlight the complexity of biodiversity and ES outcomes, identify knowledge gaps, and emphasize the importance of evidence-based decision making and landscape-scale planning when navigating choices involving the widespread adoption of CCAMS.}, }
@article {pmid37591400, year = {2023}, author = {Huang, R and He, J and Wang, N and Christakos, G and Gu, J and Song, L and Luo, J and Agusti, S and Duarte, CM and Wu, J}, title = {Carbon sequestration potential of transplanted mangroves and exotic saltmarsh plants in the sediments of subtropical wetlands.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {904}, number = {}, pages = {166185}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166185}, pmid = {37591400}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Wetlands ; *Ecosystem ; Carbon Sequestration ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; Poaceae/physiology ; Carbon/analysis ; Carbon Isotopes ; China ; }, abstract = {Coastal blue carbon ecosystems offer promising benefits for both climate change mitigation and adaptation. While there have been widespread efforts to transplant mangroves from the tropics to the subtropics and to introduce exotic saltmarsh plants like Spartina alterniflora in China, few studies have thoroughly quantified the chronological records of carbon sequestration with different organic carbon (OC) sources. To understand how variations in OC sources can affect the carbon sequestration potential of coastal wetland environment over time, we conducted a study on typical islands with two scenarios: S. alterniflora invasion and mangrove transplantation. Our study determined chronological records of carbon sequestration and storage from five sediment profiles and traced changes in the OC sources using carbon stable isotope (δ[13]C) and C:N ratios in response to these scenarios. The S. alterniflora invasion resulted in an 84 ± 19 % increase in the OC burial rate compared to unvegetated mudflats, while mangrove transplantation resulted in a 167 ± 74 % increase in the OC burial rate compared to unvegetated mudflats. S. alterniflora and mangroves showed greater carbon sequestration potential in areas with high supplies of suspended particulate matter, while mangroves needed to grow to a certain scale to display obvious carbon sequestration benefits. In the mangrove saltmarsh ecotone, mature mangrove habitats exhibited resistance to the S. alterniflora invasion, while mangrove transplantation in the environment invaded by S. alterniflora had a significant effect on OC contribution. Besides, plant-derived OC can be exported to the surrounding environment due to the rapid turnover of sediments. The blue carbon chronosequence-based estimation of OC sources and burial rates provides a useful reference for establishing carbon accounting policies.}, }
@article {pmid37591337, year = {2023}, author = {Papa, G and Abbà, S and Galetto, L and Parise, C and Marzachì, C and Negri, I}, title = {Distribution and prevalence of viral genomes in Italian populations of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {200}, number = {}, pages = {107977}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2023.107977}, pmid = {37591337}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Prevalence ; *Genome, Viral ; *Heteroptera ; Agriculture ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; }, abstract = {Halyomorpha halys (Stål), the brown marmorated stink bug, is a highly invasive insect species that causes significant agricultural losses, especially to orchard fruits, vegetables, herbaceous and ornamental plants. It is also a nuisance pest that seeks shelter in indoor spaces during the winter months. Harnessing the H. halys virome can result in new environmentally sustainable approaches to contain its populations and its relatated agricultural damages. In this study, RNA-Seq data were used to explore the virome associated to ten field populations collected in the Lombardy region in Northern Italy. We identified six complete viral genomes, three of which were previously unknown, belonging to the orders Reovirales, Articulavirales, Ghabrivirales, Durnavirales, and Picornavirales. The prevalence of the six viruses was evaluated by Real-time reverse transcription-quantitative PCR on eighty individuals. Halyomorpha halys ifla-like virus 2 turned out to be the most geographically widespread virus, as it was found in more than 50% of the analyzed insects and in nine out of the ten sampling locations. Moreover, in some individuals, this iflavirus was found in association with each of the other viruses in various combinations that involved up to four viruses. Further studies on such virus-virus interactions and their relationships with the insect host may open the possibility to exploit these naturally occurring viruses as specific and targeted biocontrol agents of H. halys.}, }
@article {pmid37590245, year = {2023}, author = {Oh, KP and Van de Weyer, N and Ruscoe, WA and Henry, S and Brown, PR}, title = {From chip to SNP: Rapid development and evaluation of a targeted capture genotyping-by-sequencing approach to support research and management of a plaguing rodent.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {8}, pages = {e0288701}, pmid = {37590245}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Mice ; *Rodentia ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Genotype ; Australia ; Culture ; }, abstract = {The management of invasive species has been greatly enhanced by population genetic analyses of multilocus single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) datasets that provide critical information regarding pest population structure, invasion pathways, and reproductive biology. For many applications there is a need for protocols that offer rapid, robust and efficient genotyping on the order of hundreds to thousands of SNPs, that can be tailored to specific study populations and that are scalable for long-term monitoring schemes. Despite its status as a model laboratory species, there are few existing resources for studying wild populations of house mice (Mus musculus spp.) that strike this balance between data density and laboratory efficiency. Here we evaluate the utility of a custom targeted capture genotyping-by-sequencing approach to support research on plaguing house mouse populations in Australia. This approach utilizes 3,651 hybridization capture probes targeting genome-wide SNPs identified from a sample of mice collected in grain-producing regions of southeastern Australia genotyped using a commercially available microarray platform. To assess performance of the custom panel, we genotyped wild caught mice (N = 320) from two adjoining farms and demonstrate the ability to correctly assign individuals to source populations with high confidence (mean >95%), as well as robust kinship inference within sites. We discuss these results in the context of proposed applications for future genetic monitoring of house mice in Australia.}, }
@article {pmid37587755, year = {2023}, author = {Cook, SE and Niño, BD and Rivera, L and Alex, CE and Seshadri, A and Niño, EL}, title = {A practical approach to the sampling, fixation, softening, and sectioning of whole honey bees for histologic evaluation.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, pages = {630-638}, pmid = {37587755}, issn = {1943-4936}, mesh = {Bees ; Animals ; *Dry Ice ; *Formaldehyde ; Chitin ; Ethanol ; }, abstract = {The Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) is economically important as the primary managed pollinator of many agricultural crops and for the production of various hive-related commodities. Honey bees are not classically or thoroughly covered in veterinary pathology training programs. Given their unique anatomic and biological differences from the other species more traditionally evaluated by veterinary pathologists, establishing routine and consistent methods for processing samples for histology ensures accurate diagnostic and research conclusions. We developed and tested several field protocols for the sampling of honey bees. We compared the tissue-quality outcomes for worker bees fixed, collected, and/or softened under the following protocols: 1) routine formalin fixation; 2) softening chitin via exposure to Nair for 2 d or 3) 5 d; 4) shortened times between formalin submersion and trimming of body segments to enhance penetration of formalin into internal tissues; 5) ethanol submersion of specimen prior to formalin fixation; 6) indirect dry ice exposure; and 7) prolonged -80°C storage. Routine formalin fixation, exposure to Nair for 2 d, indirect dry ice exposure, and trimming body segments within 2 h of formalin submersion resulted in the highest quality histologic tissue sections. The poorest quality sections resulted from softening of chitin by exposure to Nair for 5 d, submersion in ethanol for 3 d before formalin fixation, and prolonged storage at -80°C. Our results indicate that routine formalin fixation is adequate, and that immobilizing bees with indirect dry ice exposure aids in sample collection without negatively impacting the quality of histologic sections.}, }
@article {pmid37586266, year = {2023}, author = {Chen, Y and Xue, J and Feng, W and Du, J and Wu, H}, title = {Bloom forming species transported by ballast water under the management of D-1 and D-2 standards-Implications for current ballast water regulations.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {194}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {115391}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115391}, pmid = {37586266}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Water ; *Ships ; Aquatic Organisms ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Ballast water (BW) is a well-known transporter for introducing non-indigenous aquatic organisms. To reduce such risks associated with BW discharge, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention). We examined the abundance and diversity of bloom forming species in BW under the management of Regulation D-1 Ballast Water Exchange Standard and D-2 Ballast Water Performance Standard. The abundance and richness of bloom forming species were also examined in relation to ballast water age. Our findings indicate the abundance and diversity of bloom forming species were significantly lower in BW under the management of D-2 standard than that under D-1 standard. The abundance and richness represent no statistically significant correlation with BW age (p = 0.76 and p = 0.43, respectively). Some resistant species persist in ballast water. Thereby, we further provide some advice to overcome the existing challenges for the implementation of the Regulation D-2.}, }
@article {pmid37585650, year = {2023}, author = {Liao, JR and Chiu, MC and Kuo, MH}, title = {Reassessing the presence of alien predatory mites and their prospects in the face of future climate change.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {12}, pages = {5186-5196}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7722}, pmid = {37585650}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {111-RA-BQ-01 (2-20)//Animal and Plant Health Inspection Agency, Taiwan/ ; JSPS KAKENHI n&#xb0;22P22380//YF2022 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 2017TW2SA0004-Y//Chinese Academy of Sciences Taiwan Young Talent Programme/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Mites ; Introduced Species ; Climate Change ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Climate change poses uncertainties in the effectiveness of classical biological control (CBC), and there is a lack of information on the establishment of natural enemy populations under present and future climatic conditions. The objective is to explore current traces of two alien predators (Neoseiulus californicus and Neoseiulus fallacis; introduced for the CBC program in the 1980s) and their future expansion under climate change in Taiwan.<br><br>RESULTS: The results indicated that N. californicus was present in alpine orchards (e.g., Lishan and Meifeng) but N. fallacis was not found. Under current climate condition, most areas in Taiwan were deemed highly suitable for N. californicus, but not for N. fallacis, which may explain the outcomes of the CBC program. With intensifying climate change, the ranges of both species are projected to contract to varying extents in Taiwan but expand in some countries.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The findings from this study can provide insights for evaluating and developing future CBC programs worldwide, and can help predict the implications of climate change on biological control efforts. &#xa9; 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid37584657, year = {2023}, author = {Kardia, E and Fakhri, O and Pavy, M and Mason, H and Huang, N and Smertina, E and Jenckel, M and Peng, NYG and Estes, MK and Strive, T and Frese, M and Smith, I and Hall, RN}, title = {Hepatobiliary organoids derived from leporids support the replication of hepatotropic lagoviruses.}, journal = {The Journal of general virology}, volume = {104}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1099/jgv.0.001874}, pmid = {37584657}, issn = {1465-2099}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; Mice ; Rabbits ; Phylogeny ; *Caliciviridae Infections ; *Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/genetics ; *Lagovirus/genetics ; *Hares ; Organoids ; }, abstract = {The genus Lagovirus of the family Caliciviridae contains some of the most virulent vertebrate viruses known. Lagoviruses infect leporids, such as rabbits, hares and cottontails. Highly pathogenic viruses such as Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 1 (RHDV1) cause a fulminant hepatitis that typically leads to disseminated intravascular coagulation within 24-72 h of infection, killing over 95 % of susceptible animals. Research into the pathophysiological mechanisms that are responsible for this extreme phenotype has been hampered by the lack of a reliable culture system. Here, we report on a new ex vivo model for the cultivation of lagoviruses in cells derived from the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and European brown hare (Lepus europaeus). We show that three different lagoviruses, RHDV1, RHDV2 and RHDVa-K5, replicate in monolayer cultures derived from rabbit hepatobiliary organoids, but not in monolayer cultures derived from cat (Felis catus) or mouse (Mus musculus) organoids. Virus multiplication was demonstrated by (i) an increase in viral RNA levels, (ii) the accumulation of dsRNA viral replication intermediates and (iii) the expression of viral structural and non-structural proteins. The establishment of an organoid culture system for lagoviruses will facilitate studies with considerable implications for the conservation of endangered leporid species in Europe and North America, and the biocontrol of overabundant rabbit populations in Australia and New Zealand.}, }
@article {pmid37583319, year = {2023}, author = {Xirocostas, ZA and Ollerton, J and Tamme, R and Peco, B and Lesieur, V and Slavich, E and Junker, RR and Pärtel, M and Raghu, S and Uesugi, A and Bonser, SP and Chiarenza, GM and Hovenden, MJ and Moles, AT}, title = {The great escape: patterns of enemy release are not explained by time, space or climate.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {290}, number = {2005}, pages = {20231022}, pmid = {37583319}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Phylogeny ; Australia ; *Plants ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {When a plant is introduced to a new ecosystem it may escape from some of its coevolved herbivores. Reduced herbivore damage, and the ability of introduced plants to allocate resources from defence to growth and reproduction can increase the success of introduced species. This mechanism is known as enemy release and is known to occur in some species and situations, but not in others. Understanding the conditions under which enemy release is most likely to occur is important, as this will help us to identify which species and habitats may be most at risk of invasion. We compared in situ measurements of herbivory on 16 plant species at 12 locations within their native European and introduced Australian ranges to quantify their level of enemy release and understand the relationship between enemy release and time, space and climate. Overall, plants experienced approximately seven times more herbivore damage in their native range than in their introduced range. We found no evidence that enemy release was related to time since introduction, introduced range size, temperature, precipitation, humidity or elevation. From here, we can explore whether traits, such as leaf defences or phylogenetic relatedness to neighbouring plants, are stronger indicators of enemy release across species.}, }
@article {pmid37579809, year = {2023}, author = {Yang, W and Sun, S and Wang, N and Fan, P and You, C and Wang, R and Zheng, P and Wang, H}, title = {Dynamics of the distribution of invasive alien plants (Asteraceae) in China under climate change.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {903}, number = {}, pages = {166260}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166260}, pmid = {37579809}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Climate change and biological invasions pose significant threats to the conservation of biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services. With the rapid development of international trade and economy, China has become one of the countries most seriously affected by invasive alien plants (IAPs), especially the Asteraceae IAPs. For this end, we selected occurrence data of 31 Asteraceae IAPs and 33 predictor variables to explore the distribution pattern under current climate using MaxEnt model. Based on future climate data, the changes in distribution dynamics of Asteraceae IAPs were predicted under two time periods (2041-2060 and 2081-2100) and three climate change scenarios (SSP126, SSP245 and SSP585). The results indicated that the potential distribution of IAPs was mainly in the southeast of China under current climate. Climatic variables, including precipitation of coldest quarter (BIO19), temperature annual range (BIO07) and annual precipitation (BIO12) were the main factors affecting the potential distribution. Besides, human footprint (HFP), population (POP) and soil moisture (SM) also had a great contribution for shaping the distribution pattern. With climate change, the potential distribution of IAPs would shift to the northwest and expand. It would also accelerate the expansion of most Asteraceae IAPs in China. The results of our study can help to understand the dynamics change of distributions of Asteraceae IAPs under climate change in advance so that early strategies can be developed to reduce the risk and influence of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid37578989, year = {2023}, author = {Lopes, KH and Miura, T and Hauk, B and Kosaki, R and Leonard, J and Hunter, C}, title = {Rapid expansion of the invasive-like red macroalga, Chondria tumulosa (Rhodophyta), on the coral reefs of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {59}, number = {5}, pages = {1107-1111}, doi = {10.1111/jpy.13369}, pmid = {37578989}, issn = {1529-8817}, mesh = {Animals ; Coral Reefs ; *Rhodophyta ; *Seaweed ; *Anthozoa ; }, abstract = {A cryptogenic, invasive-like red macroalga, Chondria tumulosa, was first observed in 2016 forming thick mats on the forereef of Manawai Atoll within Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Subsequent expeditions revealed an increased abundance of this alga. In 2021, unattached C. tumulosa was observed forming a network of dark, meandering accumulations throughout the atoll's inner lagoon. High-resolution satellite imagery revealed that these accumulations became visible in 2015 (length: ~0.74 km; area: ~0.88 km[2]) and increased 56-fold in length and 115-fold in area by 2021 (length: 41.32 km; area: 101.34 km[2]). An exponential expansion rate of ~16.02 km · y[-1] (length), ~44.75 km[2] · y[-1] (area). This study presents the comprehensive temporal and spatial expansion of C. tumulosa accumulations for Manawai Atoll since its discovery, providing ecologist and resource managers with a proxy to gauge the overall abundance trend of this invasive-like alga.}, }
@article {pmid37577436, year = {2023}, author = {Lim, YZ and Poh, YH and Lee, KC and Pointing, SB and Wainwright, BJ and Tan, EJ}, title = {Influence of native and exotic plant diet on the gut microbiome of the Gray's Malayan stick insect, Lonchodes brevipes.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1199187}, pmid = {37577436}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Herbivorous insects require an active lignocellulolytic microbiome to process their diet. Stick insects (phasmids) are common in the tropics and display a cosmopolitan host plant feeding preference. The microbiomes of social insects are vertically transmitted to offspring, while for solitary species, such as phasmids, it has been assumed that microbiomes are acquired from their diet. This study reports the characterization of the gut microbiome for the Gray's Malayan stick insect, Lonchodes brevipes, reared on native and introduced species of host plants and compared to the microbiome of the host plant and surrounding soil to gain insight into possible sources of recruitment. Clear differences in the gut microbiome occurred between insects fed on native and exotic plant diets, and the native diet displayed a more species-rich fungal microbiome. While the findings suggest that phasmids may be capable of adapting their gut microbiome to changing diets, it is uncertain whether this may lead to any change in dietary efficiency or organismal fitness. Further insight in this regard may assist conservation and management decision-making.}, }
@article {pmid37577425, year = {2023}, author = {Garrido, M and Veiga, J and Garrigós, M and Martínez-de la Puente, J}, title = {The interplay between vector microbial community and pathogen transmission on the invasive Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus: current knowledge and future directions.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1208633}, pmid = {37577425}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The invasive Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is nowadays broadly distributed with established populations in all continents except Antarctica. In the invaded areas, this species represents an important nuisance for humans and, more relevant, it is involved in the local transmission of pathogens relevant under a public health perspective. Aedes albopictus is a competent vector of parasites such as Dirofilaria and viruses including dengue virus, Zika virus, and chikungunya virus, among others. The mosquito microbiota has been identified as one of the major drivers of vector competence, acting upon relevant vector functions as development or immunity. Here, we review the available literature on the interaction between Ae. albopictus microbiota and pathogen transmission and identify the knowledge gaps on the topic. Most studies are strictly focused on the interplay between pathogens and Wolbachia endosymbiont while studies screening whole microbiota are still scarce but increasing in recent years, supported on Next-generation sequencing tools. Most experimental trials use lab-reared mosquitoes or cell lines, exploring the molecular mechanisms of the microbiota-pathogen interaction. Yet, correlational studies on wild populations are underrepresented. Consequently, we still lack sufficient evidence to reveal whether the microbiota of introduced populations of Ae. albopictus differ from those of native populations, or how microbiota is shaped by different environmental and anthropic factors, but especially, how these changes affect the ability of Ae. albopictus to transmit pathogens and favor the occurrence of outbreaks in the colonized areas. Finally, we propose future research directions on this research topic.}, }
@article {pmid37575071, year = {2023}, author = {Do, Y and Park, WB and Park, JK and Kim, CJ and Choi, MB}, title = {Gut bacterial diversity in Vespa velutina and implications for potential adaptation in South Korea.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {12}, pages = {5180-5185}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7721}, pmid = {37575071}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {KNA1-1-24//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; KNA1-18-2//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; 2022R1A2C1004240//The Korea National Arboretum/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Wasps ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Bacteria ; Republic of Korea ; Introduced Species ; Carbon ; Nitrogen ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive species such as the yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina), along with four other Vespa species - Vespa analis, Vespa crabro, Vespa ducalis, and Vespa mandarinia - pose significant threats to the environment, economy, and human health. This study focuses on understanding the key factors contributing to the successful invasion of these species, particularly V. velutina, in South Korea. The analysis encompasses the gut bacterial communities and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen of the queen hornets, aiming to identify variances in gut microbial composition and food resource utilization.<br><br>RESULTS: The gut bacterial communities in the five Vespa species were primarily composed of Proteobacteria, with Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes present. Vespa velutina and V. mandarinia had higher Firmicutes abundance at the phylum level, possibly indicating an increased capacity for dietary fiber breakdown and short-chain fatty acid production, providing them with a competitive edge. No significant differences in nitrogen and carbon stable isotope values were found among the five Vespa species, suggesting that they fed on similar food sources. However, V. velutina had a higher number of unique gut bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs), implying adaptation through the acquisition of a distinct gut bacterial set. Significant correlations were found between the observed index and the Shannon index, and between &#x3b4;[15] N and the observed index, suggesting that the food source diversity may influence the gut bacterial community diversity.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our study offered valuable insights regarding the adaptation of V. velutina to its new environment in South Korea. The potential role of gut microbiota in the success of invasive species was elucidated. This information is crucial for the management of invasive species, targeted control methods, and implementing preventive regulations. Further studies with larger sample sizes and comprehensive sampling are required to gain a complete understanding of the gut microbiota of Vespa species and their adaptation to new environments. &#xa9; 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid37573671, year = {2023}, author = {Hoeksema, BW and Samimi-Namin, K and McFadden, CS and Rocha, RM and van Ofwegen, LP and Hiemstra, AF and Vermeij, MJA}, title = {Non-native coral species dominate the fouling community on a semi-submersible platform in the southern Caribbean.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {194}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {115354}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115354}, pmid = {37573671}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Caribbean Region ; Introduced Species ; Curacao ; *Biofouling ; Coral Reefs ; }, abstract = {A coral community was examined on a semi-submersible platform that was moored at the leeward side of Curaçao, in the southern Caribbean, from August 2016 until August 2017. This community included several non-native or cryptogenic species. Among them were two scleractinian corals (Tubastraea coccinea and T. tagusensis) and two octocorals (Chromonephthea sp. and an unidentified Nephtheidae sp.). This is the first reported presence of T. tagusensis in the southern Caribbean, and the genus Chromonephthea in the Caribbean region. An ascidian, Perophora cf. regina, is also reported from the southern Caribbean for the first time, as well as a coral-associated vermetid gastropod, Petaloconchus sp., first recorded in the Caribbean in 2014. Lack of biofouling management could potentially harm indigenous marine fauna through the introduction of non-native species. Therefore monitoring communities associated with semi-submersible platforms is essential to track the presence and dispersal of non-native, potentially invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid37570968, year = {2023}, author = {Liu, Q and Sun, T and Wen, X and Zeng, M and Chen, J}, title = {Detecting the Minimum Limit on Wheat Stripe Rust in the Latent Period Using Proximal Remote Sensing Coupled with Duplex Real-Time PCR and Machine Learning.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {37570968}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {31860477//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Wheat stripe rust (WSR) is an airborne disease that causes severe damage to wheat. The rapid and early detection of WSR is essential for the prevention and control of this disease. The minimum detection limit (MDL) is one of the most important characteristics of quantitative methods that can be used to determine the scope and applicability of a measurement technique. Three wheat cultivars were inoculated with Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (Pst), and a spectrometer was used to collect the canopy hyperspectral data, and the Pst content was obtained via a duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) during the latent period, respectively. The disease index (DI) and molecular disease index (MDI) were calculated. The regression tree algorithm was used to determine the MDL of the Pst based on hyperspectral feature parameters. The logistic, IBK, and random committee algorithms were used to construct the classification model based on the MDL. The results showed that when the MDL was 0.7, IBK had the best recognition accuracy. The optimal model, which used the spectral feature R_2nd.dv ((the second derivative of the original hyperspectral value)) and the modeling ratio 2:1, had an accuracy of 91.67% on the testing set and 90.67% on the 10-fold cross-validation. Thus, during the latent period, the MDL of Pst was determined using hyperspectral technology as 0.7.}, }
@article {pmid37569567, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, X and Tang, Y and Li, Z and Wu, Q and Qiao, X and Wan, F and Qian, W and Liu, C}, title = {Investigation of Immune Responses in Giant African Snail, Achatina immaculata, against a Two-Round Lipopolysaccharide Challenge.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {24}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {37569567}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {31901950//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/metabolism ; Bromodeoxyuridine ; *Gastropoda/metabolism ; Immunologic Memory ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {As one of the 100 most-threatening invasive alien species, the giant African snail (Achatina immaculata) has successfully invaded and established itself in most areas of southern China. Protection against recurrent pathogen infections is vital to biological invasion. Enhanced immune protection has been previously found in other invertebrates, but not in the unique immune system of the giant African snail. In the present study, the survival rate of the giant African snail was recorded following a second infection with lethal doses of Escherichia coli after a previous first injection using lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the mechanism of immune enhancement was investigated by examining the cellular and transcriptomic response of the giant African snail after two successive stimuli using LPS. Snails injected first with LPS, sterilized physiologic (0.9%) saline (SPS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or untreated (Blank) were rechallenged at 7d with E. coli (Ec), and were named as LPS + Ec, SPS + Ec, PBS + Ec, Ec, and Blank. The log-rank test shows the survival rate of the LPS + Ec group as significantly higher than that of other control groups after the second injection (p < 0.05). By performing cell counting and BrdU labeling on newly generated circulating hemocytes, we found that the total hemocyte count (THC) and the ratio of BrdU-positive cells to total cells increased significantly after primary stimulation with LPS and that they further increased after the second challenge. Then, caspase-3 of apoptosis protease and two antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT and SOD) increased significantly after infection, and were significantly higher in the second response than they had been in the first round. Moreover, transcriptome analysis results showed that 84 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were expressed at higher levels in both the resting and activating states after the second immune response compared to the levels observed after the first challenge. Among them, some DEGs, including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its downstream signaling molecules, were verified using qRT-PCR and were consistent with the transcriptome assay results. Based on gene expression levels, we proposed that these genes related to the TLR signaling cascade participate in enhanced immune protection. All results provide evidence that enhanced immune protection exists in the giant African snail.}, }
@article {pmid37568190, year = {2023}, author = {Ferreira, CSM and de Mesquita, DC and de Freitas Lutz, &#xcd;A and Veneza, IB and Martins, TS and Santana, PDCP and Miranda, JAB and de Sousa, JM and Matos, SCDN and Holanda, FCAF and da Cunha Sampaio, MI and Evangelista-Gomes, GF}, title = {First record of rainbow shrimp, exotic species Mierspenaeopsis sculptilis (Heller, 1862), in the Brazilian coastal amazon, validated by DNA barcode.}, journal = {BMC zoology}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {11}, pmid = {37568190}, issn = {2056-3132}, support = {001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior, Brasil/ ; 439113/2018-0 - GEG//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: This is the first record of the alien shrimp Mierspenaeopsis sculptilis in Brazil. The invasion was detected within Marine Extractive Reserves based on eight specimens accidentally caught by local fishermen using trawlnets focused on fisheries of native species. These specimens were transported to the Laboratory of Applied Genetics and morphologically identified as Mierspenaeopsis sculptilis (rainbow shrimp). The taxonomic status of analyzed samples was confirmed by DNA barcoding using a 627-bp fragment of the Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene.<br><br>RESULTS: A single haplotype was recovered from the eight specimens, being identical to a haplotype reported in India, where this species naturally occurs, and in Mozambique, where the rainbow shrimp is considered an invasive species. The present analyses indicated a putative invasive route (i.e., India-Mozambique-Brazil) mediated by shipping trade.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study presents the first record of Mierspenaeopsis sculptilis in Brazil, in areas of extractive reserves on the Amazon coast. Notably exotic species can cause imbalance in the ecosystem, harming native species. In view of this, the registration of new invasions is essential as they contribute to the implementation of control plans.}, }
@article {pmid37567131, year = {2023}, author = {Feng, W and Chen, Y and Zhang, T and Xue, J and Wu, H}, title = {Evaluate the compliance of ballast water management system on various types of operational vessels based on the D-2 standard.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {194}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {115381}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115381}, pmid = {37567131}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Humans ; *Water ; *Ecosystem ; China ; Ships ; Water Supply ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The transfer of ship ballast water poses significant risks to the aquatic ecosystem and human health. To mitigate the influences of non-native species, ballast water management systems (BWMS) have been installed on international ships to ensure proper treatment of ballast water before discharge. This study investigates whether ballast water discharges managed by BWMS meet the requirements of the D-2 standard for organisms in different size classes. Representative ballast water samples were collected from 28 ships (a total of 20 different BWMS) arriving in Shanghai during the period 2020-2022. Results have shown that two samples (7.1 %) exceeded the D-2 Standard. The compliance rates varied among different vessel types, with cargo vessels achieving a compliance rate of 81.8 %, while LNG vessels and container vessels achieved 100 % compliance. The potential to achieve higher levels of ballast water management will increase as crews improve their skills in operating BWMS and BWMS is further developed.}, }
@article {pmid37566591, year = {2023}, author = {Milián-García, Y and Pyne, C and Lindsay, K and Romero, A and Hanner, RH}, title = {Unveiling invasive insect threats to plant biodiversity: Leveraging eDNA metabarcoding and saturated salt trap solutions for biosurveillance.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {8}, pages = {e0290036}, pmid = {37566591}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biosurveillance ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *DNA, Environmental/genetics ; Plants ; Introduced Species ; Insecta ; Ontario ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; }, abstract = {The negative global impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) on biodiversity are second only to habitat loss. eDNA metabarcoding allows for a faster and more comprehensive evaluation of community species composition, with a higher taxonomic resolution and less taxonomic expertise required than traditional morphological-based biosurveillance. These advantages have positioned eDNA metabarcoding as the standard method for molecular-based detection of invasive alien species, where fast and accurate detectability allows prompt responses to mitigate their adverse effects. Here, eDNA metabarcoding is used for biosurveillance of invasive alien species regulated by Canada in high-risk areas with four main objectives: i) validate the effectiveness of eDNA metabarcoding of salt trap solutions as a molecular technique for IAS detection, ii) compare detection from DNA extracts obtained from filter quarters versus whole filters, iii) benchmark two different bioinformatic pipelines (MetaWorks and mBRAVE), and iv) compare canopy and ground level trapping. eDNA from up to five IAS (Agrilus planipennis, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, Lymantria dispar, Popillia japonica, and Trichoferus campestris) were successfully detected across years from 2017 to 2022 in southern Ontario, Canada, with successful morphological validation for all except Lymantria dispar and Trichoferus campestris. Analysis of filter quarters in contrast to whole filters was demonstrated to be insufficient for effective IAS detection in each sample. All IAS were detected in only one filter quarter, suggesting a patchy eDNA distribution on the filter. The MetaWorks and mBRAVE bioinformatics pipelines proved effective in identifying IAS, with MetaWorks yielding a higher success rate when comparing molecular and morphological identifications. Ground-level and canopy-level sampling showed differential IAS recovery rates based on the molecular detection, which also varied per collection year, with all found IAS detected at the canopy level in 2022 while only one (Lymantria dispar) in 2020. The present study ratifies the efficacy and importance of eDNA-based detection in a regulatory context and the utility of adding eDNA metabarcoding of saturated salt trap solutions, a critical tool for IAS detection.}, }
@article {pmid37565594, year = {2023}, author = {Zarini, S and Poli, F and Balshine, S}, title = {Alternative reproductive tactics in goby fishes of the Caspian Sea.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {103}, number = {6}, pages = {1252-1263}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15524}, pmid = {37565594}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//Royal Bank of Canada Bluewater/ ; //NSERC Discovery Grant/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Male ; Female ; Caspian Sea ; Iran ; Fishes ; *Perciformes/anatomy &amp; histology ; *Parasites ; Haplorhini ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Here we report on the reproductive morphology and histology of three Gobiidae species (the Caspian monkey goby, Neogobius pallasi; the Caspian goby, Neogobius caspius; and the round goby, Neogobius melanostomus) from the Iranian coastline of the Caspian Sea. Based on ageing, reproductive histology, and internal and external morphological measures, it appears that all three of these goby species have two types of reproductive males, a large courting, territorial, male type and a small cuckolding parasitic male type, a phenomenon known as alternative reproductive tactics (ART). Although ARTs have been reported previously for one of these species, the round goby, all reports stem from its invasive range; ARTs have never been reported before in any fish species in the Caspian Sea. In all three goby species there was a large, older male type, with a wide head, dark body colouration, and a large investment in accessory glands (AG), an organ important for female attraction and parental care. But there was also a small, light, younger male type, with a narrow head, longer urogenital papilla, and little investment in AGs. The Caspian goby were the largest of the three species, and in this species the smaller, lighter, presumably cuckolding male morph was quite rare (only about 5% of the reproductive male population). In contrast, many of the round goby and monkey goby males were the small, lighter parasitic type, making up nearly half the population of reproductive males (48% and 40%, respectively). Round goby and Caspian goby males had a prominent mesorchial gland, a fibrous sheath of pheromone-releasing connective tissue that attaches the testes to the dorsal body wall, but all the monkey goby specimens examined lacked this structure. Although ARTs are well documented across fish species and appear to be particularly common in gobies, our study provides the first evidence for ARTs in goby fishes from the Caspian Sea.}, }
@article {pmid37564301, year = {2023}, author = {Clarke, DA and McGeoch, MA}, title = {Invasive alien insects represent a clear but variable threat to biodiversity.}, journal = {Current research in insect science}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {100065}, pmid = {37564301}, issn = {2666-5158}, abstract = {Invasive alien insects are an important yet understudied component of the general threat that biological invasions pose to biodiversity. We quantified the breadth and level of this threat by performing environmental impact assessments using a modified version of the Environmental Impact Assessment for Alien Taxa (EICAT) framework. This represents the largest effort to date on quantify the environmental impacts of invasive alien insects. Using a relatively large and taxonomically representative set of insect species that have established non-native populations around the globe, we tested hypotheses on: (1) socioeconomic and (2) taxonomic biases, (3) relationship between range size and impact severity and (4) island susceptibility. Socioeconomic pests had marginally more environmental impact information than non-pests and, as expected, impact information was geographically and taxonomically skewed. Species with larger introduced ranges were more likely, on average, to have the most severe local environmental impacts (i.e. a global maximum impact severity of 'Major'). The island susceptibility hypothesis found no support, and both island and mainland systems experience similar numbers of high severity impacts. These results demonstrate the high variability, both within and across species, in the ways and extents to which invasive insects impact biodiversity, even within the highest profile invaders. However, the environmental impact knowledge base requires greater taxonomic and geographic coverage, so that hypotheses about invasion impact can be developed towards identifying generalities in the biogeography of invasion impacts.}, }
@article {pmid37562581, year = {2023}, author = {Nakamura, S and Shioneri, M and Hakozaki, J and Nakayama, K and Kusakisako, K and Hashimoto, O and Kakino, W and Ikadai, H}, title = {Detection and molecular analysis of Philopinna higai (Digenea: Didymozoidae) from domestically introduced Sarcocheilichthys fishes in the Tohoku region, Japan.}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {97}, number = {}, pages = {102793}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2023.102793}, pmid = {37562581}, issn = {1873-0329}, mesh = {Animals ; Japan/epidemiology ; *Trematoda/genetics ; Fishes/parasitology ; *Cypriniformes ; Rivers ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Philopinna higai is a species of Didymozoidae (Digenea: Hemiuroidea). The definitive hosts of this parasite only belong to the fish genus Sarcocheilichthys. Sarcocheilichthys fishes are endemic to Lake Biwa and southwestern Japan and were introduced into the northeastern (Tohoku) region. However, P. higai parasitism has not been investigated in the Tohoku region. In this study, we surveyed the distribution of P. higai in the Tohoku region and sequenced 28S rDNA (994 bp) and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene (721 bp) of P. higai. We also sequenced mitochondrial cytochrome b (581 bp) of Sarcocheilichthys fishes from the Tohoku region and Lake Biwa. Our findings confirmed the distribution of P. higai in all seven surveyed river systems in the four prefectures of the Tohoku region. The 28S rDNA sequence of P. higai did not differ among regions, whereas 10 haplotypes of CO1 were identified and clustered into two major clades. The haplotypes of Sarcocheilichthys fishes introduced in the Tohoku region were identical to the dominant haplotypes in Lake Biwa. Thus, P. higai from Lake Biwa and the Tohoku region were genetically the same species, although genetically differentiated populations formed in the Tohoku region.}, }
@article {pmid37561866, year = {2023}, author = {Legge, S and Rumpff, L and Garnett, ST and Woinarski, JCZ}, title = {Loss of terrestrial biodiversity in Australia: Magnitude, causation, and response.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {381}, number = {6658}, pages = {622-631}, doi = {10.1126/science.adg7870}, pmid = {37561866}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Australia ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; Mammals ; }, abstract = {Australia's biota is species rich, with high rates of endemism. This natural legacy has rapidly diminished since European colonization. The impacts of invasive species, habitat loss, altered fire regimes, and changed water flows are now compounded by climate change, particularly through extreme drought, heat, wildfire, and flooding. Extinction rates, already far exceeding the global average for mammals, are predicted to escalate across all taxa, and ecosystems are collapsing. These losses are symptomatic of shortcomings in resourcing, law, policy, and management. Informed by examples of advances in conservation practice from invasive species control, Indigenous land management, and citizen science, we describe interventions needed to enhance future resilience. Many characteristics of Australian biodiversity loss are globally relevant, with recovery requiring society to reframe its relationship with the environment.}, }
@article {pmid37558875, year = {2023}, author = {Haase, P and Bowler, DE and Baker, NJ and Bonada, N and Domisch, S and Garcia Marquez, JR and Heino, J and Hering, D and Jähnig, SC and Schmidt-Kloiber, A and Stubbington, R and Altermatt, F and Álvarez-Cabria, M and Amatulli, G and Angeler, DG and Archambaud-Suard, G and Jorrín, IA and Aspin, T and Azpiroz, I and Bañares, I and Ortiz, JB and Bodin, CL and Bonacina, L and Bottarin, R and Cañedo-Argüelles, M and Csabai, Z and Datry, T and de Eyto, E and Dohet, A and Dörflinger, G and Drohan, E and Eikland, KA and England, J and Eriksen, TE and Evtimova, V and Feio, MJ and Ferréol, M and Floury, M and Forcellini, M and Forio, MAE and Fornaroli, R and Friberg, N and Fruget, JF and Georgieva, G and Goethals, P and Graça, MAS and Graf, W and House, A and Huttunen, KL and Jensen, TC and Johnson, RK and Jones, JI and Kiesel, J and Kuglerová, L and Larrañaga, A and Leitner, P and L'Hoste, L and Lizée, MH and Lorenz, AW and Maire, A and Arnaiz, JAM and McKie, BG and Millán, A and Monteith, D and Muotka, T and Murphy, JF and Ozolins, D and Paavola, R and Paril, P and Peñas, FJ and Pilotto, F and Polášek, M and Rasmussen, JJ and Rubio, M and Sánchez-Fernández, D and Sandin, L and Schäfer, RB and Scotti, A and Shen, LQ and Skuja, A and Stoll, S and Straka, M and Timm, H and Tyufekchieva, VG and Tziortzis, I and Uzunov, Y and van der Lee, GH and Vannevel, R and Varadinova, E and Várbíró, G and Velle, G and Verdonschot, PFM and Verdonschot, RCM and Vidinova, Y and Wiberg-Larsen, P and Welti, EAR}, title = {The recovery of European freshwater biodiversity has come to a halt.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {620}, number = {7974}, pages = {582-588}, pmid = {37558875}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Fresh Water ; Introduced Species/trends ; *Invertebrates/classification/physiology ; Europe ; Human Activities ; *Conservation of Water Resources/statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; Hydrobiology ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Time Factors ; Crop Production ; Urbanization ; Global Warming ; Water Pollutants/analysis ; }, abstract = {Owing to a long history of anthropogenic pressures, freshwater ecosystems are among the most vulnerable to biodiversity loss[1]. Mitigation measures, including wastewater treatment and hydromorphological restoration, have aimed to improve environmental quality and foster the recovery of freshwater biodiversity[2]. Here, using 1,816 time series of freshwater invertebrate communities collected across 22 European countries between 1968 and 2020, we quantified temporal trends in taxonomic and functional diversity and their responses to environmental pressures and gradients. We observed overall increases in taxon richness (0.73% per year), functional richness (2.4% per year) and abundance (1.17% per year). However, these increases primarily occurred before the 2010s, and have since plateaued. Freshwater communities downstream of dams, urban areas and cropland were less likely to experience recovery. Communities at sites with faster rates of warming had fewer gains in taxon richness, functional richness and abundance. Although biodiversity gains in the 1990s and 2000s probably reflect the effectiveness of water-quality improvements and restoration projects, the decelerating trajectory in the 2010s suggests that the current measures offer diminishing returns. Given new and persistent pressures on freshwater ecosystems, including emerging pollutants, climate change and the spread of invasive species, we call for additional mitigation to revive the recovery of freshwater biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid37551773, year = {2023}, author = {Cooper, RD and Shaffer, HB}, title = {Managing invasive hybrids with pond hydroperiod manipulation in an endangered salamander system.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e14167}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.14167}, pmid = {37551773}, issn = {1523-1739}, abstract = {When invasive and endangered native taxa hybridize, the resulting admixture introduces novel conservation challenges. Across a large region of central California, a hybrid swarm consisting of admixed endangered California tiger salamanders (CTS) (Ambystoma californiense) and introduced barred tiger salamanders (BTS) (Ambystoma mavortium) has replaced native populations, threatening the genetic integrity of CTS and the vernal pool systems they inhabit. We employed a large-scale, genomically informed field experiment to test whether shortening breeding pond hydroperiod would favor native CTS genotypes. We constructed 14 large, seminatural ponds to evaluate the effect of hydroperiod duration on larval survival and mass at metamorphosis. We tracked changes in non-native allele frequencies with a 5237-gene exon capture array and employed a combination of custom Bayesian and generalized linear models to quantify the effect of pond duration on salamander fitness. Earlier work on this system showed hybrid superiority under many conditions and suggested that hybrids are favored in human-modified ponds with artificially long hydroperiods. Consistent with these earlier studies, we found overwhelming evidence for hybrid superiority. Very short hydroperiods substantially reduced the mass (1.1-1.5 fold) and survival probability (10-13 fold) of both native and hybrid larvae, confirming that hydroperiod likely exerts a strong selective pressure in the wild. We identified 86 genes, representing 1.8% of 4723 screened loci, that significantly responded to this hydroperiod-driven selection. In contrast to earlier work, under our more natural experimental conditions, native CTS survival and size at metamorphosis were always less than hybrids, suggesting that hydroperiod management alone will not shift selection to favor native larval genotypes. However, shortening pond hydroperiod may limit productivity of hybrid ponds, complementing other strategies to remove hybrids while maintaining vernal pool ecosystems. This study confirms and expands on previous work that highlights the importance of hydroperiod management to control invasive aquatic species.}, }
@article {pmid37551764, year = {2023}, author = {Baquero, RA and Oficialdegui, FJ and Ayllón, D and Nicola, GG}, title = {The challenge of managing threatened invasive species at a continental scale.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {37}, number = {5}, pages = {e14165}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.14165}, pmid = {37551764}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Endangered Species ; *Introduced Species ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Biodiversity ; Europe ; }, abstract = {The European Union's (EU) environmental legislation establishes common measures to prevent the entry and spread of invasive non-native species and to minimize their impacts. However, species that are native to at least one member state but non-native and potentially invasive in others (NPIS) are in limbo because they are neither legally regulated at the EU level nor in most member states. We used the Communication and Information Resource Centre for Administrations, Businesses and Citizens (CIRCABC) raw data on NPIS (317 taxa) to analyze their distribution across the EU and identify which biogeographical regions are the main sources of invasions. We additionally evaluated the conservation challenge posed by NPIS that are threatened within their native ranges. We performed a pairwise analysis summarizing the number of species that are native to a given member state but non-native to another and vice versa. Although distribution patterns of NPIS varied across taxa groups, overall, southern and central EU countries were both donors and recipients of NPIS. Eastern countries were mainly a source, and western and northern countries mostly received NPIS. Around 27% of NPIS were threatened in some of their EU native ranges, which is a challenge for conservation and management because some of them have serious negative effects on European biodiversity, but hitherto remain outside the scope of the EU regulation of invasive non-native species. This highlights an unresolved paradox because efforts to manage species as invasive conflict with efforts to protect them as threatened within the same territory.}, }
@article {pmid37551431, year = {2023}, author = {Schmidt, RJ and King, MR and Aronson, MFJ and Struwe, L}, title = {Hidden cargo: The impact of historical shipping trade on the recent-past and contemporary non-native flora of northeastern United States.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {110}, number = {9}, pages = {e16224}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.16224}, pmid = {37551431}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Ships ; *Plants ; Introduced Species ; New England ; New Jersey ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: Understanding establishment and spread of non-native plants is important in the face of a homogenizing global flora. While many studies focus on successful, invasive species, fewer have studied failed plant introductions. Until the early 1900s, large quantities of ship ballast, often containing foreign plant propagules, were deposited in New Jersey (USA). The resulting ballast flora is documented in extensive herbarium records, providing us a unique opportunity to analyze successes and failures of novel plant species introductions.<br><br>METHODS: We used digitized specimens from 75 herbaria to study 264 non-native species introduced into New Jersey through 19th century ballast deposition. We used spatial (density-based clustering; HDBSCAN) and temporal analyses of species retention and geographic spread to quantify disappearance rate, survival, and dispersion through time and define trajectory groups.<br><br>RESULTS: Four distinct trajectory groups were identified: waif (only present during import; 32% of species), short-term (disappeared quickly; 20%), established-limited spread (survives locally, 30%), and established-widespread (widespread, 18%). Species disappearance rate was highest during ballast deposition and decreased soon after deposition stopped around 1900. Spatial patterns showed a strong association with 19th century railroads for inland dispersal from ports. The disappearance rate and spatial analyses are robust to herbarium collection bias.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study using New Jersey as a model is one of the few documenting multispecies successes and failures in inadvertent plant introductions. Results reveal distinct trends in species establishment and geographic spread and highlight the utility of herbarium specimens in answering questions that span large time scales.}, }
@article {pmid37551419, year = {2023}, author = {Eleftheriou, A and Beckett, J and Bai, N and Pesapane, R}, title = {An established population of Asian longhorned ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Ohio, USA.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {60}, number = {5}, pages = {1126-1130}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjad104}, pmid = {37551419}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Female ; Animals ; Humans ; Cattle ; *Ticks ; *Ixodidae/physiology ; Ohio ; *Theileria ; *Cattle Diseases/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {We describe the first known established Asian longhorned tick (ALT) (Acari: Ixodidae: Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann) population in Ohio, USA. In mid-summer 2021, we collected ALTs from an infested pasture in response to an alert that grazing cattle had been infested with ticks, and 3 of them had died. No ALTs were reported following pesticide treatment of the pasture in fall 2021. In the laboratory, we identified 9,287 ticks to species, representing all 3 life stages, as ALTs and tested 100 of the adult females for infectious agents relevant to human and animal health, including Theileria orientalis, a cattle disease agent. Eight field-collected ticks were positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum (n = 100, 8%); no other infectious agents were detected. Active environmental surveillance showed the return of ALTs in June 2022 despite the tick control efforts in 2021. As ALTs continue to expand their range in the United States, active and passive surveillance studies will be needed to characterize their evolving role in human and animal health.}, }
@article {pmid37550511, year = {2023}, author = {Scheele, BC and Heard, GW and Cardillo, M and Duncan, RP and Gillespie, GR and Hoskin, CJ and Mahony, M and Newell, D and Rowley, JJL and Sopniewski, J}, title = {An invasive pathogen drives directional niche contractions in amphibians.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {1682-1692}, pmid = {37550511}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Mycoses/veterinary/epidemiology/microbiology ; *Chytridiomycota ; Australia ; Anura ; }, abstract = {Global change is causing an unprecedented restructuring of ecosystems, with the spread of invasive species being a key driver. While population declines of native species due to invasives are well documented, much less is known about whether new biotic interactions reshape niches of native species. Here we quantify geographic range and realized-niche contractions in Australian frog species following the introduction of amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a pathogen responsible for catastrophic amphibian declines worldwide. We show that chytrid-impacted species experienced proportionately greater contractions in niche breadth than geographic distribution following chytrid emergence. Furthermore, niche contractions were directional, with contemporary distributions of chytrid-impacted species characterized by higher temperatures, lower diurnal temperature range, higher precipitation and lower elevations. Areas with these conditions may enable host persistence with chytrid through lower pathogenicity of the fungus and/or greater demographic resilience. Nevertheless, contraction to a narrower subset of environmental conditions could increase host vulnerability to other threatening processes and should be considered in assessments of extinction risk and during conservation planning. More broadly, our results emphasize that biotic interactions can strongly shape species realized niches and that large-scale niche contractions due to new species interactions-particularly emerging pathogens-could be widespread.}, }
@article {pmid37549639, year = {2023}, author = {Cano-Barbacil, C and Carrete, M and Castro-Díez, P and Delibes-Mateos, M and Jaques, JA and López-Darias, M and Nogales, M and Pino, J and Ros, M and Traveset, A and Turon, X and Vilà, M and Altamirano, M and Álvarez, I and Arias, A and Boix, D and Cabido, C and Cacabelos, E and Cobo, F and Cruz, J and Cuesta, JA and Dáder, B and Del Estal, P and Gallardo, B and Gómez Laporta, M and González-Moreno, P and Hernández, JC and Jiménez-Alfaro, B and Lázaro Lobo, A and Leza, M and Montserrat, M and Oliva-Paterna, FJ and Piñeiro, L and Ponce, C and Pons, P and Rotchés-Ribalta, R and Roura-Pascual, N and Sánchez, M and Trillo, A and Viñuela, E and García-Berthou, E}, title = {Identification of potential invasive alien species in Spain through horizon scanning.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {345}, number = {}, pages = {118696}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118696}, pmid = {37549639}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Ecosystem ; Spain ; Reproducibility of Results ; Biodiversity ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species have widespread impacts on native biodiversity and ecosystem services. Since the number of introductions worldwide is continuously rising, it is essential to prevent the entry, establishment and spread of new alien species through a systematic examination of future potential threats. Applying a three-step horizon scanning consensus method, we evaluated non-established alien species that could potentially arrive, establish and cause major ecological impact in Spain within the next 10 years. Overall, we identified 47 species with a very high risk (e.g. Oreochromis niloticus, Popillia japonica, Hemidactylus frenatus, Crassula helmsii or Halophila stipulacea), 61 with high risk, 93 with moderate risk, and 732 species with low risk. Many of the species categorized as very high or high risk to Spanish biodiversity are either already present in Europe and neighbouring countries or have a long invasive history elsewhere. This study provides an updated list of potential invasive alien species useful for prioritizing efforts and resources against their introduction. Compared to previous horizon scanning exercises in Spain, the current study screens potential invaders from a wider range of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine organisms, and can serve as a basis for more comprehensive risk analyses to improve management and increase the efficiency of the early warning and rapid response framework for invasive alien species. We also stress the usefulness of measuring agreement and consistency as two different properties of the reliability of expert scores, in order to more easily elaborate consensus ranked lists of potential invasive alien species.}, }
@article {pmid37549137, year = {2023}, author = {Marchessaux, G and Gjoni, V and Sarà, G}, title = {Environmental drivers of size-based population structure, sexual maturity and fecundity: A study of the invasive blue crab Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun, 1896) in the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {8}, pages = {e0289611}, pmid = {37549137}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Male ; *Brachyura/physiology ; Mediterranean Sea ; Fertility ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The blue crab Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun, 1896) is one of the most invasive species in the Mediterranean Sea. Understand how the populations are maintained and how the environment is driving the populations in the areas invaded is the key to an effective future management. This current study is presenting a monthly long-term monitoring of the blue crabs' population structure, body size, sexual maturity, reproduction periods and fecundity, and their relationships with environmental factors in a saltmarshes system in Italy. During winter, high densities (15 ± 8 ind m-2) of early juveniles (< 2 cm) were observed, and their numbers decreased due the population growth until summer. The size-spectra showed that across different temperature (18-26°C) and salinity (24-40 psu) gradients, the growth period for males is faster than for females. Based on abdominal analysis, sexual maturity was defined at ∼12 cm for males and females but the population was in favor of males that were more than 66% of the time mature throughout the year. Copulations periods were identified between spring and autumn when more than 50% of females were matures, and ovigerous females' migrations were observed in late summer. Our study expand our understanding of how the environment interacts to effect physiological and biological processes of alien species and improve our ability to make predictions of how environmental change the distribution of the alien species in the future. Based on our results, we also discuss which population control strategy would be most effective based on the data available in the literature.}, }
@article {pmid37548610, year = {2023}, author = {Di Febbraro, M and Bosso, L and Fasola, M and Santicchia, F and Aloise, G and Lioy, S and Tricarico, E and Ruggieri, L and Bovero, S and Mori, E and Bertolino, S}, title = {Different facets of the same niche: Integrating citizen science and scientific survey data to predict biological invasion risk under multiple global change drivers.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {29}, number = {19}, pages = {5509-5523}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.16901}, pmid = {37548610}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//NBFC/ ; //University of Florence/ ; //CNR-IRET/ ; CN00000033//Italian Ministry of University and Research/ ; //University of Turin/ ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Citizen Science ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Italy ; }, abstract = {Citizen science initiatives have been increasingly used by researchers as a source of occurrence data to model the distribution of alien species. Since citizen science presence-only data suffer from some fundamental issues, efforts have been made to combine these data with those provided by scientifically structured surveys. Surprisingly, only a few studies proposing data integration evaluated the contribution of this process to the effective sampling of species' environmental niches and, consequently, its effect on model predictions on new time intervals. We relied on niche overlap analyses, machine learning classification algorithms and ecological niche models to compare the ability of data from citizen science and scientific surveys, along with their integration, in capturing the realized niche of 13 invasive alien species in Italy. Moreover, we assessed differences in current and future invasion risk predicted by each data set under multiple global change scenarios. We showed that data from citizen science and scientific surveys captured similar species niches though highlighting exclusive portions associated with clearly identifiable environmental conditions. In terrestrial species, citizen science data granted the highest gain in environmental space to the pooled niches, determining an increased future biological invasion risk. A few aquatic species modelled at the regional scale reported a net loss in the pooled niches compared to their scientific survey niches, suggesting that citizen science data may also lead to contraction in pooled niches. For these species, models predicted a lower future biological invasion risk. These findings indicate that citizen science data may represent a valuable contribution to predicting future spread of invasive alien species, especially within national-scale programmes. At the same time, citizen science data collected on species poorly known to citizen scientists, or in strictly local contexts, may strongly affect the niche quantification of these taxa and the prediction of their future biological invasion risk.}, }
@article {pmid37544449, year = {2023}, author = {Frossard, V and Vagnon, C and Cottin, N and Pin, M and Santoul, F and Naffrechoux, E}, title = {The biological invasion of an apex predator (Silurus glanis) amplifies PCB transfer in a large lake food web.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {902}, number = {}, pages = {166037}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166037}, pmid = {37544449}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Food Chain ; Lakes/chemistry ; Ecosystem ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; *Catfishes ; Esocidae ; Fishes ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can affect food web structure possibly modifying the transfer of pollutants in ecosystems but this facet of biological invasion remains largely unexplored. We examined how trophic and ontogenetic characteristics of the invasive European catfish could differ from its native counterpart, the Northern pike, possibly resulting in the amplification of PCB transfer to the higher trophic levels in a large lake food web. The PCB contents of catfish and pike were on average low (Ʃ7 PCBi 42.4 ± 38.6 ng g[-1] ww and 37.9 ± 49.4 ng g[-1] ww respectively) and dominated by PCB153 (~35 % of the PCB contamination). Only the largest pike (126 cm) slightly exceeded the European sanitary threshold of 125 ng g[-1] ww Ʃ6 PCBi-NDL. Both species increased in trophic position with body size while catfish had clearly higher littoral reliance than pike indicating they exploited complementary trophic niches. PCB biomagnification was identified only for catfish (PCB153, Ʃ7 PCBi) leading to trophic magnification factor of ~5. PCB ontogenetic bioaccumulation was pervasive for catfish (PCB101, PCB118, PCB153, PCB138 and Ʃ7 PCBi) and identified for pike only regarding PCB101. The derived size accumulation factors (~1.02) indicated a size-doubling PCB contamination of ~40 cm for catfish. This finding suggested that catfish would exceed the European sanitary threshold at body size larger than 168 cm possibly constraining their commercial exploitation. Our results highlighted that the invasive catfish was a littoral-oriented apex predator occupying an alternative trophic niche as compared to pike thereby modifying the lake food web structure that resulted in an enhancement of PCB transfer to higher trophic levels. The biomagnification and ontogenetic bioaccumulation of catfish underlined the impact of this biological invasion on the fate of PCB in the ecosystem. Finally, the remarkable inter-individual PCB contamination suggested variable inter-individual PCB exposure likely associated to localized hotspots of PCB contamination in the lake.}, }
@article {pmid37541032, year = {2023}, author = {Svetlichny, L and Obertegger, U}, title = {Swimming behavior and energy metabolism of the calanoid copepod invader Sinodiaptomus sarsi.}, journal = {Zoology (Jena, Germany)}, volume = {159}, number = {}, pages = {126107}, doi = {10.1016/j.zool.2023.126107}, pmid = {37541032}, issn = {1873-2720}, mesh = {Female ; Male ; Animals ; *Swimming ; *Copepoda ; Ecosystem ; Energy Metabolism ; Locomotion ; }, abstract = {The appearance of invasive species threatens the integrity of aquatic ecosystems. Much is known about dispersal and introduction mechanisms while little is known on the biological properties of invasive species, such as behavior and energy efficiency, allowing them to successfully colonize new environments and compete with native species. This study examines the functional features of the Asian invasive copepod Sinodiaptomus sarsi (Rylov, 1923) that has invaded Europe since 2016. We focused on the energy metabolism and kinematic parameters of the main swimming types (i.e., gliding, hovering, small relocation jumps, and the escape reaction) of females and males of S. sarsi. Based on the above parameters, the mechanical energy for swimming and the respiration energy needed for movement were calculated. Females and males spend up to 95% of time hovering and slowly gliding at a speed of up to 0.5 cm s[-1]. During the remaining time, the average swimming speed was 8 cm s[-1] by small jumps. In contrast, the average speed was 42 cm s[-1] during escape swimming. Non-ovigerous females moved faster than ovigerous females during all relocation swimming types except for upward gliding. While performing small jumps with a frequency of 0.79 Hz, the respiration rate of active non-ovigerous females (0.32 ± 0.03 µg O2 ind[-1] h[-1]) was 2.1 times higher than that of anesthetized individuals. The respiration energy associated with movement was 2.6 * 10[-3] J h[-1], while the total mechanical energy was only 4.2% of this value. The low energy cost of feeding along with the high speed of locomotion may explain the success of this Asian invader in European waters.}, }
@article {pmid37540301, year = {2023}, author = {Nicolazzo, C and Francescangeli, F and Magri, V and Giuliani, A and Zeuner, A and Gazzaniga, P}, title = {Is cancer an intelligent species?.}, journal = {Cancer metastasis reviews}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {1201-1218}, pmid = {37540301}, issn = {1573-7233}, mesh = {Animals ; *Neoplasms/pathology ; Intelligence ; Tumor Microenvironment ; }, abstract = {Some relevant emerging properties of intelligent systems are "adaptation to a changing environment," "reaction to unexpected situations," "capacity of problem solving," and "ability to communicate." Single cells have remarkable abilities to adapt, make adequate context-dependent decision, take constructive actions, and communicate, thus theoretically meeting all the above-mentioned requirements. From a biological point of view, cancer can be viewed as an invasive species, composed of cells that move from primary to distant sites, being continuously exposed to changes in the environmental conditions. Blood represents the first hostile habitat that a cancer cell encounters once detached from the primary site, so that cancer cells must rapidly carry out multiple adaptation strategies to survive. The aim of this review was to deepen the adaptation mechanisms of cancer cells in the blood microenvironment, particularly referring to four adaptation strategies typical of animal species (phenotypic adaptation, metabolic adaptation, niche adaptation, and collective adaptation), which together define the broad concept of biological intelligence. We provided evidence that the required adaptations (either structural, metabolic, and related to metastatic niche formation) and "social" behavior are useful principles allowing putting into a coherent frame many features of circulating cancer cells. This interpretative frame is described by the comparison with analog behavioral traits typical of various animal models.}, }
@article {pmid37539025, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, J and Wang, S and Xu, C and Wang, S and Du, J and Niu, M and Yang, J and Li, Y}, title = {Pathogenic selection promotes adaptive immune variations against serious bottlenecks in early invasions of bullfrogs.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {26}, number = {8}, pages = {107316}, pmid = {37539025}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {Adaptive genetic variations are key for understanding evolutionary processes influencing invasions. However, we have limited knowledge on how adaptive genetic diversity in invasive species responds to new pathogenic environments. Here, we compared variations in immune major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-II β gene and neutral loci in relation to pathogenic chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd) infection across invasive and native populations of American bullfrog between China and United States (US). Chinese invasive populations show a 60% reduction in neutral cytb variations relative to US native populations, and there were similar MHC variation and functional diversity between them. One MHC allele private to China was under recent positive selection and associated with decreased Bd infection, partly explaining the lower Bd prevalence for Chinese populations than for native US populations. These results suggest that pathogen-mediated selection favors adaptive MHC variations and functional diversity maintenance against serious bottlenecks during the early invasions (within 15 generations) of bullfrogs.}, }
@article {pmid37536600, year = {2023}, author = {Alexander, JB and Marnane, MJ and Elsdon, TS and Bunce, M and Sitaworawet, P and Songploy, S and Chaiyakul, S and Harvey, ES}, title = {Using environmental DNA to better inform decision making around decommissioning alternatives for offshore oil and gas infrastructure.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {901}, number = {}, pages = {165991}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165991}, pmid = {37536600}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Artificial reefs are being utilised globally to aid in natural resource management, conservation, restoration or the creation of unique marine habitats. There is discussion around the optimal construction materials and designs for artificial reefs, the influences these have on biological communities, and the resulting ecological and social benefits. This discussion also includes the ecological value of repurposed marine infrastructure, such as decommissioned oil and gas platforms. Platforms often have an operational life spanning multiple decades, over which time they can develop extensive and unique community assemblages. The creation of artificial reefs by repurposing oil and gas platforms can have ecological, economic and sociological merit. However, with >12,000 platforms requiring decommissioning globally, there is the need for holistic assessment of biological communities associated with these platforms to inform the potential outcomes of different decommissioning options. We use environmental DNA metabarcoding (eDNA) of water, bio-foul and sediment samples to census broad eukaryotic diversity at eight platforms in the Gulf of Thailand (GoT) and five nearby soft sediment habitat locations. We sampled three target depths at sites (shallow, mid, deep) and detected 430 taxa at platforms, with higher diversity in shallow (near-surface) samples (313 taxa), compared to mid (30 m collection depth; 261 taxa) and deep (50 m; 273 taxa). Three percent of taxa were shared among all depths at platforms with distinct assembles at each depth. Introduced species are an ongoing risk for platforms, however the eDNA detected no known introduced species. While the eDNA data provide broad taxon coverage and significant assemblage patterns, ongoing sampling innovation, assay design and local reference material still require development to obtain the maximum benefit of the technique. This study highlights the versatility and scalability of eDNA metabarcoding to holistically census marine infrastructure and inform the management and potential conservation of extant communities.}, }
@article {pmid37529296, year = {2023}, author = {Kumar, V and Goyal, N and Prasad, A and Babu, S and Khare, K and Yadav, G}, title = {Quantification of pollen viability in Lantana camara by digital holographic microscopy.}, journal = {Quantitative plant biology}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e7}, pmid = {37529296}, issn = {2632-8828}, abstract = {Pollen grains represent the male gametes of seed plants and their viability is critical for sexual reproduction in the plant life cycle. Palynology and viability studies have traditionally been used to address a range of botanical, ecological and geological questions, but recent work has revealed the importance of pollen viability in invasion biology as well. Here, we report an efficient visual method for assessing the viability of pollen using digital holographic microscopy (DHM). Imaging data reveal that quantitative phase information provided by the technique can be correlated with viability as indicated by the outcome of the colorimetric test. We successfully test this method on pollen grains of Lantana camara, a well-known alien invasive plant in the tropical world. Our results show that pollen viability may be assessed accurately without the usual staining procedure and suggest potential applications of the DHM methodology to a number of emerging areas in plant science.}, }
@article {pmid37529210, year = {2023}, author = {Perera, PCD and Chmielowiec, C and Szymura, TH and Szymura, M}, title = {Effects of extracts from various parts of invasive Solidago species on the germination and growth of native grassland plant species.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e15676}, pmid = {37529210}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {*Germination ; *Solidago ; Introduced Species ; Grassland ; Seedlings ; }, abstract = {Allelopathy is an important factor influencing whether an invasive plant species can become successfully established in a new range through disrupting the germination and growth of native plant species. Goldenrods (Solidago species) are one of the most widespread invasive taxa in Central Europe of North American origin. Owing to their high environmental impact and wide distribution range, invasive Solidago species should be controlled in Europe, and the areas invaded by them should be restored. Numerous studies have reported the allelopathic effects of Solidago gigantea and Solidago canadensis, but the results are inconsistent regarding differences in the allelopathic effects of particular plant parts and in the sensitivity to Solidago allelopathic effects among native species as well as between the two invasive species themselves. In this study, we aimed to analyse the effect of water extracts from S. canadensis and S. gigantea parts (roots, rhizomes, stems, leaves, and inflorescences) on the germination and initial growth of seedlings of 13 grassland species that typically grow in Central Europe. The tested grassland species differed in susceptibility to Solidago allelopathy, with the most resistant species being Schedonorus pratensis, Lolium perenne, Trifolium pratense, Daucus carota and Leucanthemum vulgare. The inhibitory effect of 10% water extracts from leaves and flowers were stronger than those from rhizomes, roots, and stems without leaves, regardless of the Solidago species. Our study results imply that reducing the allelopathic effect of Solidago during habitat restoration requires removal of the aboveground parts, including fallen leaves. The allelopathic effects of roots and rhizomes seem to be of secondary importance.}, }
@article {pmid37528981, year = {2023}, author = {Tian, Z and Ma, C and Zhang, Y and Chen, H and Gao, X and Guo, J and Zhou, Z}, title = {Feeding on rapid cold hardening Ambrosia artemisiifolia enhances cold tolerance of Ophraella communa.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1114026}, pmid = {37528981}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Low temperatures greatly influence newly introduced species, and increased cold tolerance can facilitate their establishment in new environments. The invasive alien species Ambrosia artemisiifolia is distributed at high latitudes and altitudes, where it suffers more from cold stress than it would at low latitudes or altitudes. Whether cold stress influences the accumulation of cryoprotectants and cold tolerance in A. artemisiifolia, and further influences the cold tolerance of its biological control agent, Ophraella communa, through feeding remain unknown. We investigated the levels of cryoprotectants and metabolic changes in A. artemisiifolia. We found that the level of total sugar, trehalose, proline, and other cold responsible metabolites increased in A. artemisiifolia after rapid cold-hardening (RCH) treatment, when compared to normal plants. These indicated that RCH treatment could improve the cold-hardiness of A. artemisiifolia. We then investigated the levels of cryoprotectants and metabolic changes in O. communa. We found that O. communa fed on RCH-treated A. artemisiifolia had higher levels of total sugar, trehalose, proline, glycerol, lipid, lower water content, lower super-cooling point, and increased cold tolerance compared to O. communa fed on normal A. artemisiifolia. This suggested that O. communa fed on cold-hardened A. artemisiifolia could increase its cold tolerance. Results showed a trophic transmission in insect cold tolerance. Our study enriches the theoretical basis for the co-evolution of cold tolerance in invasive and herbivorous insects.}, }
@article {pmid37525658, year = {2023}, author = {Rech, S and Arias, RM and Vadell, S and Gordon, D and Thiel, M}, title = {Daily accumulation rates of floating debris and attached biota on continental and oceanic island shores in the SE Pacific: testing predictions based on global models.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e15550}, pmid = {37525658}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Plastics ; Oceans and Seas ; Biota ; Polynesia ; *Anthozoa ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Long-distance rafting on anthropogenic marine debris (AMD) is thought to have a significant impact on global marine biogeography and the dispersal of non-indigenous species. Therefore, early identification of arrival sites of AMD and its epibionts is crucial for the prioritization of preventive measures. As accumulation patterns along global coastlines are largely unstudied, we tested if existing oceanographic models and knowledge about upstream sources of litter and epibionts can be used as a simple and cost-efficient approach for predicting probable arrival sites of AMD-rafting biota in coastal zones.<br><br>METHODS: Using the Southeast Pacific as a model system, we studied daily accumulation rates, composition, and minimum floating times of AMD with and without epibionts on seven sandy beaches, covering the oceanic environment (Rapa Nui/Easter Island) and three regions (south, centre, north) along the Chilean continental coast, over a minimum of 10 consecutive days, and we contrast our results with predictions from published models.<br><br>RESULTS: Total AMD accumulation rates varied from 56 &#xb1; 36 (mean&#xa0;&#xb1;&#xa0;standard deviation) to 388 &#xb1; 433 items km[-1] d[-1] and differed strongly between regions, in accordance with local geomorphology and socioeconomic conditions (presence of larger cities and rivers upstream, main economic activities, etc.). Daily accumulation of items with pelagic epibionts (indicators of a pelagic trajectory) ranged from 46 &#xb1; 29 (Rapa Nui) to 0.0 items km[-1] d[-1] (northern continental region). Minimum floating times of rafts, as estimated from the size of pelagic epibionts, were longest in the South Pacific Subtropical Gyre's (SPSG) centre region, followed by the high-latitude continental region under the influence of the onshore West Wind Drift, and decreased along the continental alongshore upwelling current, towards lower latitudes. Apart from pelagic rafters, a wide range of benthic epibionts, including invasive and cryptogenic species, was found on rafts at the continental beaches. Similarly, we present another record of local benthic corals Pocillopora sp., on Rapa Nui rafts.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Our results agree with the predictions made by recent models based on the prevailing wind and surface current regimes, with high frequencies of long-distance rafting in the oceanic SPSG centre and very low frequencies along the continental coast. These findings confirm the suitability of such models in predicting arrival hotspots of AMD and rafting species. Moreover, storm surges as well as site-related factors seem to influence AMD arrival patterns along the Chilean continental coast and might cause the observed high variability between sampling sites and days. Our results highlight the possible importance of rafting as a vector of along-shore dispersal and range expansions along the SE Pacific continental coast and add to the discussion about its role in benthic species dispersal between South Pacific oceanic islands.}, }
@article {pmid37523024, year = {2023}, author = {Sandra, SM and Sreekanth, GB and Ranjeet, K}, title = {Trophic fingerprinting of a pristine but rapidly deteriorating downstream region of a Western Ghats River.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {195}, number = {8}, pages = {1008}, pmid = {37523024}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Biodiversity ; Embryonic Development ; Environmental Pollution ; }, abstract = {Chalakudy River is renowned for its pristine waters and rich ichthyofaunal biodiversity. The downstream area of the river is confronting a series of risks, including pollution, saline water ingression, sand mining, illegal and intensified fishing practices, and invasion of exotic and alien species. A mass balanced ecosystem model was constructed for the downstream region of Chalakudy River (DCR) using Ecopath with Ecosim (EWE), incorporating 12 functional groups to delineate the food web and network flow indices for the period 2020 to 2021. The trophic level (TL) of the ecosystem network ranged from TL-1 (detritus) to TL-3.4 (birds). High fishing pressure is one possible cause for the high ecotrophic efficiency values as evidenced by the fish groups. Both the grazing food chain and detritus food chain (detritivory: herbivory ratio 0.94) contributed more or less equal to the energy transfer between TL. Network analysis of the model indicated a mean transfer efficiency of 12%, with shares from primary producers (14%) and detritus (11%). A mixed trophic impact analysis demonstrated a strong positive impact of primary producers and detritus groups on most of the other ecological groups at higher trophic levels. The DCR model showed a high system throughput (32,464.7 t km[-2] year[-1]), low system omnivory (0.09), low connectance index (0.36), low Finn's cycling index (4.9), and mean path length (2.8), low relative ascendency (37.5%), and high system overhead (62.5%). These indices propound that DCR is an immature and developing ecosystem with moderate strength in reserve to resist external perturbations.}, }
@article {pmid37520695, year = {2023}, author = {Sato, DX and Matsuda, Y and Usio, N and Funayama, R and Nakayama, K and Makino, T}, title = {Genomic adaptive potential to cold environments in the invasive red swamp crayfish.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {26}, number = {8}, pages = {107267}, pmid = {37520695}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {Biological invasion refers to the introduction, spread, and establishment of non-native species in a novel habitat. The ways in which invasive species successfully colonize new and different environments remain a fundamental topic of research in ecology and evolutionary biology. Here, we investigated the genomic and transcriptomic characteristics of the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), a widespread invader in freshwater environments. Targeting a recently colonized population in Sapporo, Japan that appears to have acquired a high degree of cold tolerance, RNA-seq analysis revealed differentially expressed genes in response to cold exposure, and those involved in protease inhibitors and cuticle development were considered top candidates. We also found remarkable duplications for these gene families during evolution and their concerted expression patterns, suggesting functional amplification against low temperatures. Our study thus provides clues to the unique genetic characteristics of P. clarkii, possibly related to cold adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid37520263, year = {2023}, author = {Del Río, L and Navarro-Martínez, ZM and Cobián-Rojas, D and Chevalier-Monteagudo, PP and Angulo-Valdes, JA and Rodriguez-Viera, L}, title = {Biology and ecology of the lionfish Pterois volitans/Pterois miles as invasive alien species: a review.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e15728}, pmid = {37520263}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; Coral Reefs ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Introduced Species ; *Perciformes ; }, abstract = {The lionfish is an exotic invasive fish native to the Indo-Pacific, which is established in the western Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Lionfish can affect native fishes and invertebrates through direct predation or competition for food. The present review aims to analyze the most relevant characteristics of the biology and ecology of lionfish as an invasive alien species, with an emphasis on Cuba. We provide a current view of the well-known lionfish as a successful invasive fish, and we put in this context the information regarding lionfish in Cuban waters, enriching the background knowledge, and giving novel and relevant information. The compilation of numerous publications on the subject has allowed for a more complete analysis of essential aspects of this invader in the Cuban archipelago. The consulted literature records that the first report of lionfish in Cuba occurred in 2007; subsequently, sightings of lionfish were reported in numerous localities. In 2010, the lionfish was considered an invasive alien species, which currently is established in various habitats, at depths up to 188 m, throughout the Cuban archipelago (e.g., coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds, submerged artificial structures). In addition, it has reached very high densities (12.42 ind./100 m[2]), which exceed those reported in the Indo-Pacific as well as in many locations in the Western Atlantic. It has been confirmed that the lionfish in Cuba also presents numerous characteristics that guarantee its success as an invader, among them: less quantity and diversity of parasites than other Atlantic fishes found in similar environments, a high number of gametes in the gonads, reproductive activity during all year and wide diet. The most important fish families for the lionfish diet in Cuba have been Pomacentridae, Gobiidae, Scaridae, Holocentridae, Mullidae, Labridae and Acanthuridae; and the most important crustacean orders are Decapoda, Mysida, Stomatopoda and Isopoda. In Cuba, as in the entire invaded region, numerous investigations have been directed to evaluate the impact of this invader on ecosystems, and although there is enough information, their results differ. Additional studies are required to assess the impact of lionfish as a predator after several years of invasion on a larger geographic scale in Cuba and other areas of the region. This knowledge will allow the development of more effective control strategies. Periodic lionfish culling have been carried out in Cuban MPAs as a control strategy, and some positive results have been observed, such as the average size reduction; however, further efforts are still required. Due to the importance of the study of lionfish as an invader, this review is a necessity as it provides, for the first time, a comprehensive analysis of lionfish information and results from Cuba, which is adequately contrasted with previous studies of other areas, particularly, from the Greater Caribbean.}, }
@article {pmid37518793, year = {2023}, author = {Silva, VC and Rafael, JA and Amorim, DS}, title = {An introduced species, though remarkable: first record of Sepsidae (Diptera: Schizophora) from Chile.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5297}, number = {2}, pages = {294-300}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5297.2.9}, pmid = {37518793}, issn = {1175-5334}, }
@article {pmid37518781, year = {2023}, author = {Luna, M and Boll, PK}, title = {An annotated checklist of terrestrial flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from Mexico, with new records of invasive species from a citizen science platform and a new nomen dubium.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5297}, number = {4}, pages = {518-532}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5297.4.3}, pmid = {37518781}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Platyhelminths ; Introduced Species ; Mexico ; *Citizen Science ; }, abstract = {A checklist of species of terrestrial flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) recorded for Mexico is compiled, listing 11 species. Five are directly referenced in the literature: Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878, Bipalium vagum Jones &amp; Sterrer, 2005, Diporodemus yucatani Hyman, 1938, Geoplana multipunctata Fuhrmann, 1914, and Pseudogeoplana nigrofusca (Darwin, 1844); and one species had been indirectly mentioned for the country: Parakontikia ventrolineata (Dendy, 1892), which was described from material intercepted in the USA in a shipment of ornamental plants from Mexico. Mexican records from the citizen science platform iNaturalist were reviewed, revealing the presence of five widely distributed invasive species: Caenoplana coerulea Moseley, 1877, recorded in Ciudad de Mexico; Endeavouria septemlineata (Hyman, 1939), recorded in Ciudad de Mexico, Estado de Mexico, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Morelos, and Oaxaca; Dolichoplana carvalhoi Corrêa, 1947, recorded in Jalisco; Dolichoplana striata Moseley, 1877, recorded in Morelos, Nuevo Leon, Quintana Roo, Tamaulipas, and Veracruz; and Rhynchodemus sylvaticus (Leidy, 1851), recorded in Jalisco. The presence of Parakontikia ventrolineata is confirmed for the country, being recorded in Ciudad de Mexico, Estado de Mexico, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacan, Puebla, Queretaro, and Veracruz. The original description of Pseudogeoplana nigrofusca was revisited and compared to subsequent descriptions and keys, noting that the specimens are not conspecific and that the original description is too vague to accurately identify the species, therefore, this taxon is hereby relegated as a nomen dubium. A key for the higher taxa (subfamilies and tribes) of the North American terrestrial flatworms is proposed.}, }
@article {pmid37518708, year = {2023}, author = {Mondaca, J}, title = {A checklist of the Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) of Chile with exemplar live-photographed.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5285}, number = {2}, pages = {201-251}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5285.2.1}, pmid = {37518708}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Chile ; Phylogeny ; Fossils ; }, abstract = {An updated list of the Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) species registered in Chile is given, which includes current names, synonyms, and photographs of live specimens of 88 species. The photographs cover 35% of the species present in the country, with all families represented except for Glaresidae and Ochodaeidae. For each species, the geographical distribution is presented from north to south by administrative regions of the country. For species shared with neighboring countries, the distribution by provinces or departments is indicated, while for those that have a worldwide distribution, the countries, or regions where they have been reported are cited. This list includes species whose presence in continental and insular Chile has been verified and confirmed by studying specimens from collections, excluding all records considered erroneous. The systematic ordering is carried out at the family, subfamily, and tribe level following the current classification of the group; genera and species are presented in alphabetical order. Paranimbus peruanus (Erichson) (Aphodiinae) is recorded for the first time in Chile based on specimens collected in the locality of Visviri (Arica and Parinacota Region). The known distribution is extended for the following species: Allidiostoma landbecki (Philippi), A. simplicifrons (Fairmaire), Archophileurus chaconus Kolbe, Brachysternus germaini (Ohaus), Chiasognathus beneshi Lacroix, Cyclocephala modesta Burmeister, Frickius costulatus Germain, Martinezostes posticus (Germar), Martinezostes ruizi Gutiérrez, Megathopa villosa Eschscholtz, Oogenius chilensis Ohaus, O. kuscheli Gutiérrez, Oryctomorphus maculicollis Guérin-Méneville, Paranimbus zoai Dellacasa, Paranomala undulata peruviana (Guérin-Méneville), Phytholaema fenestra Smith &amp; Mondaca, Tesserodoniella meridionalis Vaz-de-Mello &amp; Halffter, Macrodactylus farinosus Philippi, and Ulata argentina Saylor. Considering the great morphological variability and differences in the color pattern of the integument, Chiasognathus grantii holometallicus Rataj, 2012 and Chiasognathus megalodon Rataj, 2013 are considered new synonyms of Chiasognathus grantii Stephens, 1831. The study of the syntype of Copris punctatissima Curtis, 1844 confirms that this species belongs to the genus Homocopris Burmeister, 1846 and that is not conspecific with H. torulosus (Eschscholtz, 1822), therefore, the combination Homocopris punctatissimus (Curtis, 1844) new combination is established. The study of the syntype of Copris valdiviana Philippi, 1859 confirms that this species is a synonymy of Homocopris torulosus and not of H. puntatissimus. The morphological study of specimens of the genus Germarostes Paulian, 1982 and the comparison with Chilean specimens of Germarostes posticus (Germar, 1843), confirms that this last species really belongs to the genus Martinezostes Paulian, 1982, therefore, the combination Martinezostes posticus (Curtis, 1843) new combination is established. Based on the inconsistencies that exist with the current definition of the subfamily Melolonthinae, and on the results of a previous phylogenetic analysis, Lichniini is elevated to the category of subfamily, placing Lichniinae new status very close to Aclopinae. There are 79 genera, 251 species and 10 subspecies of Scarabaeoidea in Chile, belonging to the families Geotrupidae (three genera, 10 species), Glaresidae (one genus, one species), Hybosoridae (one genus, six species), Trogidae (one genus, 11 species), Lucanidae (nine genera, 31 species, nine subspecies), Ochodaeidae (one genus, one species), and Scarabaeidae (63 genera, 191 species, one subspecies). In addition, Onthophagus pilauco Tello, Verdú, Rossini, &amp; Zunino, 2021, the first fossil scarab from Chile, is included. Approximately 58% of the listed species are endemic to the country, 39% are native to South America and 3% correspond to introduced species with a wide global distribution.}, }
@article {pmid37516267, year = {2023}, author = {Mo, X and Zhang, Z and Li, Y and Chen, X and Zhou, S and Liu, J and Wu, B and Chen, S and Zhang, M}, title = {Inhibition of Spartina alterniflora growth alters soil bacteria and their regulation of carbon metabolism.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {236}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {116771}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2023.116771}, pmid = {37516267}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {The state of growth of invasive species has a significant impact on the microbial regulation of the soil carbon (C) cycle. This study focused on the growth of Spartina alterniflora treated with imazapyr in the Tiaozini wetland of Jiangsu Province, China. The changes in soil bacterial structure, bacterial C metabolic activity, soil C, and regulation mechanism of soil C metabolic activity by biotic and abiotic factors were investigated. The results showed that soil bacterial diversity eventually decreased significantly (p < 0.05) along with significant changes in microbial structure (p < 0.05). Significant changes in soil physicochemical properties due to S. alterniflora growth inhibition were the key factors affecting the changes in the soil bacterial taxa composition (p < 0.05). Abiotic factors showed a greater effect on metabolic activities related to C fixation and biosynthesis of bacterial taxa than biotic factors (self-regulation). Additionally, bacterial taxa regulated soil C emission and degradation to a greater extent than abiotic factors. This study provides important information for understanding the regulators of C cycling in coastal wetland soil during the control of S. alterniflora invasion by imazapyr; moreover, it provides a scientific basis for the government to establish a prevention and control policy for S. alterniflora invasion. Understanding the complex interplay between abiotic and biotic factors is essential for developing effective strategies to manage soil C and mitigate the impacts of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid37515291, year = {2023}, author = {Mancuso, DM and Gainor, K and Dore, KM and Gallagher, CA and Cruz, K and Beierschmitt, A and Malik, YS and Ghosh, S}, title = {Detection and Molecular Characterization of Adenoviruses in Captive and Free-Roaming African Green Monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus): Evidence for Possible Recombination and Cross-Species Transmission.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {37515291}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {Animals ; Chlorocebus aethiops ; Adenoviridae/genetics ; *Adenoviruses, Simian/genetics ; *Adenoviruses, Human ; Primates ; Phylogeny ; Recombination, Genetic ; }, abstract = {In the present study, 31 samples (12 fecal, 9 nasal and 10 rectal swabs) from 28/92 (30.43%, 10 captive and 18 free-roaming African green monkeys (AGMs, Chlorocebus sabaeus)) apparently healthy AGMs in the Caribbean Island of St. Kitts tested positive for adenoviruses (AdVs) by DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (pol)-, or hexon-based screening PCR assays. Based on analysis of partial deduced amino acid sequences of Pol- and hexon- of nine AGM AdVs, at least two AdV genetic variants (group-I: seven AdVs with a Simian mastadenovirus-F (SAdV-F)/SAdV-18-like Pol and hexon, and group-II: two AdVs with a SAdV-F/SAdV-18-like Pol and a Human mastadenovirus-F (HAdV-F)/HAdV-40-like hexon) were identified, which was corroborated by analysis of the nearly complete putative Pol, complete hexon, and partial penton base sequences of a representative group-I (strain KNA-08975), and -II (KNA-S6) AdV. SAdV-F-like AdVs were reported for the first time in free-roaming non-human primates (NHPs) and after ~six decades from captive NHPs. Molecular characterization of KNA-S6 (and the other group-II AdV) indicated possible recombination and cross-species transmission events involving SAdV-F-like and HAdV-F-like viruses, corroborating the hypothesis that the evolutionary pathways of HAdVs and SAdVs are intermingled, complicated by recombination and inter-species transmission events, especially between related AdV species, such as HAdV-F and SAdV-F. To our knowledge, this is the first report on detection and molecular characterization of AdVs in AGMs.}, }
@article {pmid37514330, year = {2023}, author = {Uzelac, M and Sladonja, B and Šola, I and Dudaš, S and Bilić, J and Famuyide, IM and McGaw, LJ and Eloff, JN and Mikulic-Petkovsek, M and Poljuha, D}, title = {Invasive Alien Species as a Potential Source of Phytopharmaceuticals: Phenolic Composition and Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of Robinia pseudoacacia L. Leaf and Flower Extracts.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {14}, pages = {}, pmid = {37514330}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {IP-2020-02-6899//Croatian Science Foundation/ ; P4-0013-0481//Slovenian Research Agency/ ; }, abstract = {Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), an invasive tree in Europe, commonly known for its negative impact on biodiversity, is a rich source of phenolic compounds recognized in traditional medicine. Since the metabolite profile depends on the environment and climate, this study aimed to provide the first LC-MS phytochemical screening of the black locust from the Istria region (Croatia). The compounds were extracted from leaves and flowers with 70% ethanol and 80% methanol. Total phenolics (TP) and flavonoids (TF), as well as antioxidant capacity (AC) measured by ABTS (17.49-146.41 mg TE/g DW), DPPH (24.67-118.49 mg TE/g DW), and FRAP (7.38-77.53 mg TE/g DW) assays, were higher in leaf than in flower extracts. Higher TP and total non-flavonoid (TNF) values were displayed in ethanolic than in methanolic extracts. In total, 64 compounds were identified, of which flavonols (20) and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (15) were the most represented. Flavanols such as catechin dominated in leaf extracts, followed by flavonols, with kaempferol glucuronyl rhamnosyl hexosides as the main compound, respectively. Flower extracts had the highest share of flavones, followed by ellagitannins, with luteolin dirhamnosyl hexosides and vescalagin, respectively, being predominant. The extracts had good quorum sensing, biofilm formation prevention, and eradicating capacity. The results provided new insights into the phytochemical properties of R. pseudoacacia as the first step toward its potential pharmaceutical use.}, }
@article {pmid37514329, year = {2023}, author = {Ibáñez, N and Gómez-Bellver, C and Farelo, P and Montserrat, JM and Pyke, S and Nualart, N and López-Pujol, J}, title = {Montjuïc Hill (Barcelona): A Hotspot for Plant Invasions in a Mediterranean City.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {14}, pages = {}, pmid = {37514329}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {PID2020-119163GB-I00//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; 201630I024//Spanish National Research Council/ ; 2014SGR514//Government of Catalonia/ ; 2017SGR116//Government of Catalonia/ ; 2021SGR00315//Government of Catalonia/ ; }, abstract = {Cities are often hotspots for biological invasions, showing much higher percentages of alien species than non-urbanized settings. The reasons are multiple and are mostly related to two main factors: their heterogeneous, highly disturbed habitats and their many gateways that allow alien species introduction (e.g., airports, roads, train stations, or gardens). In addition to being a sink of biological invasions, cities can also be a source of the spread of alien species into surrounding landscapes, which adds further complexity to this issue. Herein, we are presenting the results of a five-year survey of the alien flora of Montjuïc, the largest urban hill in Barcelona (Spain). In just about 3.4 km[2], we recorded up to 247 alien plant taxa, a figure much higher than those of many other Mediterranean cities and which clearly points to the role of Montjuïc as a hotspot for alien plants. The comparison with the alien flora of its surrounding region (coastal Catalonia) suggests that the alien flora of Montjuïc would have become enriched through many immigration episodes from close geographic areas. The hill, however, would have also acted as a source of the spread of alien plants, and indeed, some species have not been detected yet beyond the confines of Montjuïc. This study aims to be a key tool to ensure early detection and also to develop appropriate management and/or eradication actions.}, }
@article {pmid37514304, year = {2023}, author = {Jiang, H and Zhang, Y and Tu, W and Sun, G and Wu, N and Zhang, Y}, title = {The General Trends of Genetic Diversity Change in Alien Plants' Invasion.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {14}, pages = {}, pmid = {37514304}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {2020YFE0203200//Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China/ ; E0117G1001//Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China/ ; 2005DKA21401//Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China/ ; }, abstract = {Genetic diversity is associated with invasion dynamics during establishment and expansion stages by affecting the viability and adaptive potential of exotics. There have been many reports on the comparison between the genetic diversity of invasive alien species (IAS) in and out of their native habitats, but the conclusions were usually inconsistent. In this work, a standard meta-analysis of the genetic diversity of 19 invasive plants based on 26 previous studies was carried out to investigate the general trend for the change of IASs' genetic diversity during their invasion process and its real correlation with the invasion fate. Those 26 studies were screened from a total of 3557 peer-reviewed publications from the ISI Web of Science database during the period of January 2000 to May 2022. Based on the selected studies in this work, a general reduction of IASs' genetic diversity was found in non-native populations compared to that in native ones, while the difference was not significant. This finding suggested that regardless of the change in genetic diversity, it had no substantial effect on the outcome of the invasion process. Therefore, genetic diversity might not serve as a reliable indicator for risk assessment and prediction of invasion dynamic prediction in the case of IASs.}, }
@article {pmid37514203, year = {2023}, author = {Póvoa, O and Lopes, V and Barata, AM and Farinha, N}, title = {Monitoring Genetic Erosion of Aromatic and Medicinal Plant Species in Alentejo (South Portugal).}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {14}, pages = {}, pmid = {37514203}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {UIDB/05064/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; }, abstract = {The main goal of this work was to study the genetic erosion risk of plants with aromatic, medicinal and gastronomic applications in Portugal, particularly in the Alentejo region. The target species were coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), hart's pennyroyal (Mentha cervina L.) and pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.). The methodology involved direct observations and surveys (2002/2003 and 2011). The GE formula applied in Hammer's studies was used to estimate genetic erosion. The main factors causing genetic erosion were the primary drivers of biodiversity loss: habitat loss, invasive species, and overexploitation influenced by human intervention such as the clearing of watercourses, vegetation control, grazing and desertification. The results indicate a reduction in individuals per species in Alentejo, with a net erosion loss of 11% for M. pulegium, 32% for M. cervina and 33% for C. sativum. The overall loss of accessions (genetic erosion risk) was higher in cultivated accessions (33%) than in wild accessions (11%), with an annual genetic erosion rate of 3.7% and 1.2%, respectively. The annual risk of genetic erosion for M. pulegium accessions collected in a natural habitat was 0.6%, which is much lower than the 3.7% for M. cervina. These results consolidate the importance of collecting and conserving genetic resources.}, }
@article {pmid37513766, year = {2023}, author = {Reinhardt, NP and Wassermann, M and Härle, J and Romig, T and Kurzrock, L and Arnold, J and Großmann, E and Mackenstedt, U and Straubinger, RK}, title = {Helminths in Invasive Raccoons (Procyon lotor) from Southwest Germany.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {37513766}, issn = {2076-0817}, abstract = {As hosts of numerous zoonotic pathogens, the role of raccoons needs to be considered in the One Health context. Raccoons progressively expand their range as invasive alien species in Europe. This study aimed to investigate the intestinal helminth fauna of raccoons in Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany, as no such screening had ever been conducted there. In total, we obtained 102 animals from hunters in 2019 and 2020. Intestinal helminths were retrieved using the SSCT (segmented sedimentation and counting technique) and identified morphologically and by PCR-based Sanger sequencing. Fecal samples were assessed using the ELISA PetChek[TM] IP assay (IDEXX, Germany) and flotation technique. The artificial digestion method was employed for analyzing muscle tissue. We detected species of four nematode genera (Baylisascaris procyonis, Toxocara canis, Capillaria spp., and Trichuris spp.), three cestode genera (Atriotaenia cf. incisa/procyonis, Taenia martis, and Mesocestoides spp.), and three trematode genera (Isthmiophora hortensis/melis, Plagiorchis muris, and Brachylaima spp.). Echinococcus spp. and Trichinella spp. were not found. The invasive behavior and synanthropic habits of raccoons may increase the infection risk with these helminths in wildlife, domestic and zoo animals, and humans by serving as a connecting link. Therefore, it is crucial to initiate additional studies assessing these risks.}, }
@article {pmid37513725, year = {2023}, author = {Solórzano Álava, L and Bedoya Pilozo, C and Hernandez Alvarez, H and Rojas Rivera, L and Rodriguez Ortega, M and Fraga Nodarse, J and Pereira, LM and Simões, RO and Vilela, RDV}, title = {In the Dawn of an Early Invasion: No Genetic Diversity of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Ecuador?.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {37513725}, issn = {2076-0817}, abstract = {The nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis has been reported worldwide. However, some basic questions remain unanswered about A. cantonensis in Ecuador: (1) Was the invasion of A. cantonensis in Ecuador unique, or did it occur in different waves? (2) Was this invasion as recent as historical records suggest? (3) Did this invasion come from other regions of South America or elsewhere? To address these issues, we assessed the genetic diversity of MT-CO1 gene sequences from isolates obtained in 11 of Ecuador's 24 provinces. Our Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree recovered A. cantonensis as a well-supported monophyletic group. All 11 sequences from Ecuador were identical and identified as AC17a. The haplotype AC17a, found in Ecuador and the USA, formed a cluster with AC17b (USA), AC13 (Thailand), and AC12a-b (Cambodia). Notably, all the samples obtained in Ecuadorian provinces' different geographic and climatic regions had no genetic difference. Despite the lack of genetic information on A. cantonensis in Latin America, except in Brazil, our finding differs from previous studies by its absence of gene diversity in Ecuador. We concluded that the invasion of A. cantonensis in Ecuador may have occurred: (1) as a one-time event, (2) recently, and (3) from Asia via the USA. Further research should include samples from countries neighboring Ecuador to delve deeper into this.}, }
@article {pmid37511971, year = {2023}, author = {Korpelainen, H and Pietiläinen, M}, title = {What Makes a Good Plant Invader?.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {37511971}, issn = {2075-1729}, abstract = {We explored traits that promote plant invasions. External factors affecting invasion success consist of various abiotic and biotic constraints. How well plants perform under those depends on multiple characteristics, such as life history traits, genetic variation patterns, competitive and dispersal abilities, phenotypic plasticity, resistance, tolerance, and possibly allelopathic interactions. Since the introduction of invasive species is often connected with humans, their geographical distribution and differentiation may not reflect adaptation. However, a lack of adaptation may be compensated for by repeated introductions via mixing genotypes from multiple populations or through novel mutations. As a case study, we used data from the Global Invasive Species Database of IUCN and attempted to reveal factors contributing to invasiveness. The most prevalent features are that the dispersal is strongly human assisted, many species are used as ornamentals, disturbed habitats are favored, and most species are perennial. Distribution features show that the worst invasive species typically have a narrower native distribution, but both groups, i.e., most serious invasive and other listed invasive species, have commonly developed a multicontinental distribution. The change in the multicontinental distribution from 6% to 63% in most serious invasive species reflects their effectiveness in global dispersal and establishment. High proportions of invasive species in both groups have mixed reproduction systems, i.e., they have the ability to propagate both sexually and asexually (57% and 50%, respectively). This provides flexibility for spreading and establishment. A lower proportion of the worst invasive species was mainly/only sexual (23%, often hermaphrodites) when compared to other invasive plants (40%). In the case of sexual reproduction, hermaphroditism combined with self-compatibility may enhance invasiveness, since selfing allows fertilization and recombination even under low population densities. Overall, the ability for asexual propagation and, in the case of sexuality, hermaphroditism, is an asset in the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid37510346, year = {2023}, author = {Sosa, CC and Arenas, C and García-Merchán, VH}, title = {Human Population Density Influences Genetic Diversity of Two Rattus Species Worldwide: A Macrogenetic Approach.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {37510346}, issn = {2073-4425}, mesh = {Humans ; Rats ; Animals ; Population Density ; Phylogeography ; *Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; }, abstract = {On a planet experiencing constant human population growth, it is necessary to explore the anthropogenic effects on the genetic diversity of species, and specifically invasive species. Using an analysis that integrates comparative phylogeography, urban landscape genetics, macrogenetics and a systematic review, we explore the worldwide genetic diversity of the human commensal and anthropogenic species Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus. Based on metadata obtained considering 35 selected studies related to observed heterozygosity, measured by nuclear molecular markers (microsatellites, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs-, restrictition site-associated DNA sequencing -RAD-Seq-), socioeconomic and mobility anthropogenic factors were used as predictors of genetic diversity of R. rattus and R. norvegicus, using the Gini index, principal component analysis and Random Forest Regression as analysis methodology. Population density was on average the best predictor of genetic diversity in the Rattus species analyzed, indicating that the species respond in a particular way to the characteristics present in urban environments because of a combination of life history characteristics and human-mediated migration and colonization processes. To create better management and control strategies for these rodents and their associated diseases, it is necessary to fill the existing information gap in urban landscape genetics studies with more metadata repositories, with emphasis on tropical and subtropical regions of the world.}, }
@article {pmid37508463, year = {2023}, author = {Petrosyan, V and Dinets, V and Osipov, F and Dergunova, N and Khlyap, L}, title = {Range Dynamics of Striped Field Mouse (Apodemus agrarius) in Northern Eurasia under Global Climate Change Based on Ensemble Species Distribution Models.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {37508463}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {21-14-00123//Russian Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {The striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius Pallas, 1771) is a widespread species in Northern Eurasia. It damages crops and carries zoonotic pathogens. Its current and future range expansion under climate change may negatively affect public health and the economy, warranting further research to understand the ecological and invasive characteristics of the species. In our study, we used seven algorithms (GLM, GAM, GBS, FDA, RF, ANN, and MaxEnt) to develop robust ensemble species distribution models (eSDMs) under current (1970-2000) and future climate conditions derived from global circulation models (GCMs) for 2021-2040, 2041-2060, 2061-2080, and 2081-2100. Simulation of climate change included high-, medium-, and low-sensitivity GCMs under four scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5). We analyzed the habitat suitability across GCMs and scenarios by constructing geographical ranges and calculating their centroids. The results showed that the range changes depended on both the sensitivity of GCMs and scenario. The main trends were range expansion to the northeast and partial loss of habitat in the steppe area. The striped field mouse may form a continuous range from Central Europe to East Asia, closing the range gap that has existed for 12 thousand years. We present 49 eSDMs for the current and future distribution of A. agrarius (for 2000-2100) with quantitative metrics (gain, loss, change) of the range dynamics under global climate change. The most important predictor variables determining eSDMs are mean annual temperature, mean diurnal range of temperatures, the highest temperature of the warmest month, annual precipitation, and precipitation in the coldest month. These findings could help limit the population of the striped field mouse and predict distribution of the species under global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid37508456, year = {2023}, author = {Arias, A and Woodin, SA and Paxton, H}, title = {An Introduction to Diopatra, the Amazing Ecosystem Engineering Polychaete.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {37508456}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {The annelid genus Diopatra occurs in all major oceans but is best represented in the shallow depths of warmer waters, where it lives in elaborately decorated tubes. This paper provides an introduction to the animals, discussing their history and diversity. We describe and illustrate its morphology and geographic distribution. While they were thought to be predominantly gonochoristic, recent reproductive studies show that several species are protandric simultaneous hermaphrodites. Development is by broadcast spawning with a brief pelagic stage or direct development in the parental tube or egg mass attached to it. Diopatra is a key ecosystem engineer, altering water flow and deposition and increasing the availability of refugia. We also discuss its harvesting as fishing bait, its role as an alien or introduced species, its capacity to regenerate, its therapeutic potential, and its applications as a bioindicator species for climate change, geographic distribution changes, and dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid37508363, year = {2023}, author = {Tsirintanis, K and Sini, M and Ragkousis, M and Zenetos, A and Katsanevakis, S}, title = {Cumulative Negative Impacts of Invasive Alien Species on Marine Ecosystems of the Aegean Sea.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {37508363}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {HFRI-FM17-1597//Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H.F.R.I.)/ ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a human-induced environmental disturbance that can cause major changes in ecosystem structure and functioning. Located in the northeastern Mediterranean basin, the Aegean Sea is a hotspot of biological invasions. Although the presence of alien species in the Aegean has been studied and monitored, no assessment has been conducted on their cumulative impacts on native biodiversity. To address this gap, we applied the CIMPAL index, a framework developed for mapping the cumulative impacts of invasive species, to identify the most affected areas and habitat types and determine the most invasive species in the region. Coastal areas showed stronger impacts than the open sea. The highest CIMPAL scores were four times more frequent in the South than in the North Aegean. Shallow (0-60 m) hard substrates were the most heavily impacted habitat type, followed by shallow soft substrates and seagrass meadows. We identified Caulerpa cylindracea, Lophocladia lallemandii, Siganus luridus, Siganus rivulatus, and Womersleyella setacea as the most impactful species across their range of occurrence in the Aegean but rankings varied depending on the habitat type and impact indicator applied. Our assessment can support marine managers in prioritizing decisions and actions to control biological invasions and mitigate their impacts.}, }
@article {pmid37508124, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, L and Liu, H and Carvalho, F and Chen, Y and Lai, L and Ge, J and Tian, X and Luo, Y}, title = {Top-Down Effect of Arthropod Predator Chinese Mitten Crab on Freshwater Nutrient Cycling.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {14}, pages = {}, pmid = {37508124}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {JBGS[2021]126//Jiangsu Provincial Department of Agriculture/ ; BE2019393//Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology/ ; LYKJ[2021]16//Jiangsu Forestry Science and technology innovation and promotion project/ ; SFRH/BD/119957/2016//Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through scholarship/ ; }, abstract = {Aquatic litter decomposition is highly dependent on contributions and interactions at different trophic levels. The invasion of alien aquatic organisms like the channeled apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) might lead to changes in the decomposition process through new species interactions in the invaded wetland. However, it is not clear how aquatic macroinvertebrate predators like the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) will affect the nutrient cycle in freshwater ecosystems in the face of new benthic invasion. We used the litter bag method to explore the top-down effect of crabs on the freshwater nutrient cycle with the help of soil zymography (a technology previously used in terrestrial ecosystems). The results showed significant feeding effects of crabs and snails on lotus leaf litter and cotton strips. Crabs significantly inhibited the intake of lotus litter and cotton strips and the ability to transform the environment of snails by predation. Crabs promoted the decomposition of various litter substrates by affecting the microbial community structure in the sediment. These results suggest that arthropod predators increase the complexity of detrital food webs through direct and indirect interactions, and consequently have an important impact on the material cycle and stability of freshwater ecosystems. This top-down effect makes macrobenthos play a key role in the biological control and engineering construction of freshwater ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid37506481, year = {2023}, author = {Domnanich, KA and Satija, S and Bodnar, VS and Bollen, G and Kleinfeldt, CR and Liu, Y and Rogers, S and Schwarz, S and Severin, GW and Sumithrarachchi, C and Villari, ACC}, title = {Preparation of stable and long-lived source samples for the stand-alone beam program at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams.}, journal = {Applied radiation and isotopes : including data, instrumentation and methods for use in agriculture, industry and medicine}, volume = {200}, number = {}, pages = {110958}, doi = {10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110958}, pmid = {37506481}, issn = {1872-9800}, abstract = {At the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB), an oven-ion source combination was used to create rare isotope beams in support of the stand-alone user beam program of the ReAccelerator (ReA) facility. This ion source, called Batch-Mode Ion Source (BMIS), was loaded with enriched stable nuclides ([30]Si, [50]Cr, and [58]Fe) and long-lived radionuclides ([26]Al, [32]Si). The introduced samples, herein designated as source samples, were thermally volatilized in the BMIS oven, and then ionization was used to generate the required beams. Owing to the different chemical behavior of the used samples, it was important to tailor the sample loading process for each desired beam species. An important parameter here is the volatility of the introduced species, which influences the adequate release of the isotope of interest. Additionally, any co-present, volatile components will affect the ion yields of the desired isotope, while isobaric contaminants will decrease the beam purity. To manufacture isotope source samples that meet these characteristics, various chemical methodologies were developed. All prepared samples were successfully used in BMIS to deliver beams for various user beam experiments. The here-established sample preparation techniques will greatly aid future efforts in developing offline rare-isotope beams.}, }
@article {pmid37505305, year = {2023}, author = {Silveira, MJ and Florêncio, FM and de Carvalho Harthman, V and Thiébaut, G}, title = {Responses of three invasive alien aquatic plant species to climate warming and plant density.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {136}, number = {6}, pages = {817-826}, pmid = {37505305}, issn = {1618-0860}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Climate Change ; Plant Leaves ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Climate warming may impact plant invasion success directly, as well as indirectly through changes among interactions within plant communities. However, the responses of invasive alien aquatic species to plant density and rising temperatures remain largely unknown. We tested the effects of plant density and neighbour plant identity at different temperatures to better understand the performance of a community of invasive species exposed to climate warming. A microcosm experiment was conducted with three invasive aquatic plants species-Elodea canadensis, Egeria densa and Lagarosiphon major-, at mono and polycultures with low and high plant density, at 16 °C, 19 °C and 23 °C. The results clearly demonstrated that rising temperature influenced, either as a single parameter or as a combined factor, at least one of the measured traits of the three invasive species. Leaf area of E. densa, root number of L. major and growth of E. densa and L. major were influenced by temperature, plant density and neighbour identity. Plant density influenced all traits with the exception of leaf area of E. canadensis and lateral branch production of E. densa. Neighbour identity had no effect on growth rate and leaf area of E. canadensis, on lateral branch and roots production of E. densa and on leaf area of L. major. These findings establish that rising temperature could enhance competition or facilitation among E. canadensis, L. major and E. densa and could cancel the beneficial effects of the presence of a neighbour species; however, the magnitude of this effect was strongly dependent on plant density. Rising temperature due to climate change will likely play a crucial role in interactions between invasive species within plant communities and in the further spread of these invasive aquatic plants.}, }
@article {pmid37504667, year = {2023}, author = {Cristofaro, M and Fornari, C and Mariani, F and Cemmi, A and Guedj, M and Ben Jamaa, ML and Msaad Guerfali, M and Tabone, E and Castellana, R and Sasso, R and Musmeci, S}, title = {Effects of γ-Irradiation on Mating Behavior of Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier, 1790) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {37504667}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier 1790) is a highly invasive species originating from Southeast Asia and Melanesia. Over the past 30 years, this alien pest has spread extensively in the Middle East and the Mediterranean basin. Its endophagous larvae feed on various palm species, causing significant damage that leads to the death of palm trees. Controlling RPW infestations is challenging due to their gregarious nature and the lack of detectable early symptoms. Systemic insecticides are effective means of control, but their use in urban areas is prohibited and resistance can develop. Considering alternative options with minimal environmental impact, the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) has been explored. Previous research has shown that male RPWs irradiated at 80 Gy or higher achieve full sterility. This study aimed to investigate in laboratory conditions whether RPW sterile males (irradiated at 60 and 80 Gy) could compete sexually with non-irradiate males. Laboratory bio-assays under both no-choice and choice conditions assessed sexual performance in terms of number of matings, mating duration and time elapsed until the first mating. The results confirmed that irradiation does not negatively affect the mating performance of sterile males, demonstrating their ability to compete successfully with non-irradiated males in both experimental setups.}, }
@article {pmid37504661, year = {2023}, author = {Roselli, G and Anfora, G and Sasso, R and Zapponi, L and Musmeci, S and Cemmi, A and Suckling, DM and Hoelmer, KA and Ioriatti, C and Cristofaro, M}, title = {Combining Irradiation and Biological Control against Brown Marmorated Stink Bug: Are Sterile Eggs a Suitable Substrate for the Egg Parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus?.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {37504661}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {# D40045.//International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA-FAO)/ ; }, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, is a phytophagous invasive pest native to south-eastern Asia, and it is now distributed worldwide. This species is considered to be one of the most damaging insect pests in North America and in Europe. In agriculture, the predominant approach to managing BMSB is based on the use of insecticides, specifically pyrethroids and neonicotinoids. Unfortunately, the biology of the species and its facility to develop mechanisms of resistance to available pesticides has induced farmers and scientists to develop different, least-toxic, and more effective strategies of control. In a territorial area-wide approach, the use of a classical biological control program in combination with other least-toxic strategies has been given prominent consideration. Following exploratory surveys in the native range, attention has focused on Trissolcus japonicus, a small scelionid egg parasitoid wasp that is able to oviposit and complete its larval development in a single egg of H. halys. A common method for detecting egg parasitoids in the native range involves the placement of so-called 'sentinel' egg masses of the pest in the environment for a short period, which are then returned to the laboratory to determine if any of them are parasitized. Outside of the area of origin, the use of fertile sentinel eggs of the alien species may lead to the further release of the pest species; an alternative is to use sterile sentinel eggs to record the presence of new indigenous egg parasitoids or to detect the dispersal of alien species (in this case, T. japonicus) released in a new environment to control the target insect pest species. This study evaluated the performance of three types of sterile sentinel eggs as a suitable substrate for the oviposition and larval development of the egg parasitoid T. japonicus in a context of combining classical biological control with a Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) approach.}, }
@article {pmid37504660, year = {2023}, author = {Romanowski, J and Ceryngier, P and Vĕtrovec, J and Szawaryn, K}, title = {The Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of La Palma.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {37504660}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2020/01/15//En Arche foundation/ ; }, abstract = {This paper provides new data on the ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) of La Palma, one of the western islands of the Canarian archipelago. The field survey of 54 study sites resulted in recording 2494 ladybird individuals belonging to 26 species. Seven of the species recorded were new to La Palma, including two, Harmonia quadripunctata (Pontoppidan) and Nephus reunioni (Fürsch), which were not registered so far on any of the Canary Islands. Novius conicollis (Korschefsky) is synonymized with N. cruentatus (Mulsant). Taking our survey and literature reports into account, a total of at least 35 species of Coccinellidae have so far been recorded on La Palma. This richness in species is lower compared to that of the central islands of the Canarian archipelago, Gran Canaria (42 species) and Tenerife (41 species), but higher than that of the remaining four islands (between 22 and 27 species). The detection of two alien species new to La Palma, Nephaspis bicolor Gordon and Nephus reunioni (Fürsch), confirms earlier observations that colonization of the Canary Islands by ladybird species of exotic origins seems to be a frequent phenomenon.}, }
@article {pmid37504648, year = {2023}, author = {Kirichenko, NI and Kolyada, NA and Gomboc, S}, title = {First Discovery of the North American Leaf-Mining Moth Chrysaster ostensackenella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Russia: The Genetic Diversity of a Novel Pest in Invaded vs. Native Range.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {37504648}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {121031000120-9//state assignment "Study and Monitoring of Terrestrial Biological Resources in the South of the Russian Far East" (code of the scientific topic 0207-2021-0003)/ ; 22-16-00075//Russian Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Here, we report the first detection of the North American leaf-mining moth Chrysaster ostensackenella (Fitch, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on North American black locust Robinia pseudoacacia (Fabaceae) in Primorsky Krai (the Russian Far East) in July 2022. Overall, six moths were reared from the leaf mines and identified based on adult morphology (forewing pattern and male genitalia) and three of them were DNA barcoding. Description of the leaf mines that allowed us to distinguish the damage of Ch. ostensackenella from other gracillariids associated with R. pseudoacacia is provided. The phylogeographic analysis comparing the DNA barcodes from Russia with those from other invaded countries in Europe (Italy) and East Asia (South Korea and Japan) and from the native range (North America) was performed. Intraspecific genetic diversity reached 3.29%. Altogether, 10 haplotypes were revealed among 21 studied specimens in the Holarctic. The detection of one haplotype common for Japan and the USA (North Carolina) suggests that the invasion to East Asia could have happened from the USA directly, rather than through Europe. A shared haplotype defined for Japan and the Russian Far East points at a possible moth species' spread to Primorsky Krai from earlier invaded Hokkaido. Further distribution of Ch. ostensackenella in East Asia and Europe is expected, bearing in mind the wide planting of R. pseudoacacia in these continents. Furthermore, an accidental introduction of the moth to the Southern Hemisphere, where black locust was introduced, is not ruled out.}, }
@article {pmid37504583, year = {2023}, author = {Philpott, SM and Lucatero, A and Andrade, S and Hernandez, C and Bichier, P}, title = {Promoting Beneficial Arthropods in Urban Agroecosystems: Focus on Flowers, Maybe Not Native Plants.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {37504583}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2016-67019-25185//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; 2016-67032-24987//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; 2019-38413-29026//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; NA//UCMEXUS-CONACYT Collaborative Grant/ ; NA//UC Santa Cruz Committee on Research/ ; NA//UC Santa Cruz Institute of International Studies/ ; }, abstract = {(1) Urbanization threatens biodiversity, yet urban native plants support native biodiversity, contributing to conservation and ecosystem services. Within urban agroecosystems, where non-native plants are abundant, native plants may boost the abundance and richness of beneficial arthropods. Nevertheless, current information focuses on pollinators, with little attention being paid to other beneficials, like natural enemies. (2) We examined how the species richness of native plants, garden management, and landscape composition influence the abundance and species richness of all, native, and non-native bees, ladybeetles, ants, and ground-foraging spiders in urban agroecosystems (i.e., urban community gardens) in California. (3) We found that native plants (~10% of species, but only ~2.5% of plant cover) had little influence on arthropods, with negative effects only on non-native spider richness, likely due to the low plant cover provided by native plants. Garden size boosted native and non-native bee abundance and richness and non-native spider richness; floral abundance boosted non-native spider abundance and native and non-native spider richness; and mulch cover and tree and shrub abundance boosted non-native spider richness. Natural habitat cover promoted non-native bee and native ant abundance, but fewer native ladybeetle species were observed. (4) While native plant richness may not strongly influence the abundance and richness of beneficial arthropods, other garden management features could be manipulated to promote the conservation of native organisms or ecosystem services provided by native and non-native organisms within urban agroecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid37504579, year = {2023}, author = {Deng, J and Li, J and Zhang, X and Zeng, L and Guo, Y and Wang, X and Chen, Z and Zhou, J and Huang, X}, title = {Potential Global Invasion Risk of Scale Insect Pests Based on a Self-Organizing Map.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {37504579}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {Kxjq21004//the Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars/ ; 32270499//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {In the present study, a global presence/absence dataset including 2486 scale insect species in 157 countries was extracted to assess the establishment risk of potential invasive species based on a self-organizing map (SOM). According to the similarities in species assemblages, a risk list of scale insects for each country was generated. Meanwhile, all countries in the dataset were divided into five clusters, each of which has high similarities of species assemblages. For those countries in the same neuron of the SOM output, they may pose the greatest threats to each other as the sources of potential invasive scale insect species, and therefore, require more attention from quarantine departments. In addition, normalized ζi values were used to measure the uncertainty of the SOM output. In total, 9 out of 63 neurons obtained high uncertainty with very low species counts, indicating that more investigation of scale insects should be undertaken in some parts of Africa, Asia and Northern Europe.}, }
@article {pmid37502013, year = {2023}, author = {,  and Álvarez, F and Arena, M and Auteri, D and Binaglia, M and Castoldi, AF and Chiusolo, A and Crivellente, F and Egsmose, M and Fait, G and Ferilli, F and Gouliarmou, V and Nogareda, LH and Ippolito, A and Istace, F and Jarrah, S and Kardassi, D and Kienzler, A and Lanzoni, A and Lava, R and Linguadoca, A and Lythgo, C and Mangas, I and Padovani, L and Panzarea, M and Parra Morte, JM and Rizzuto, S and Romac, A and Rortais, A and Serafimova, R and Sharp, R and Szentes, C and Terron, A and Theobald, A and Tiramani, M and Vianello, G and Villamar-Bouza, L}, title = {Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance glyphosate.}, journal = {EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority}, volume = {21}, number = {7}, pages = {e08164}, pmid = {37502013}, issn = {1831-4732}, abstract = {The conclusions of EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the Assessment Group on Glyphosate (AGG), consisting of the competent authorities of France, the Netherlands, Sweden and Hungary, acting jointly as rapporteur Member State for the pesticide active substance glyphosate are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of glyphosate as a herbicide as proposed by the applicants, covering uses pre-sowing, pre-planting and pre-emergence plus post-harvest in vegetables and sugar beet; post-emergence of weeds in orchards, vineyards, row vegetables, railway tracks against emerged annual, biennial and perennial weeds. Moreover, uses as spot treatment against invasive species in agricultural and non-agricultural areas, and in vegetables and sugar beet against couch grass are also included. The reliable endpoints, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are reported where identified.}, }
@article {pmid37498846, year = {2023}, author = {Strona, G and Bradshaw, CJA and Cardoso, P and Gotelli, NJ and Guillaume, F and Manca, F and Mustonen, V and Zaman, L}, title = {Time-travelling pathogens and their risk to ecological communities.}, journal = {PLoS computational biology}, volume = {19}, number = {7}, pages = {e1011268}, pmid = {37498846}, issn = {1553-7358}, mesh = {Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Biota ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Permafrost thawing and the potential 'lab leak' of ancient microorganisms generate risks of biological invasions for today's ecological communities, including threats to human health via exposure to emergent pathogens. Whether and how such 'time-travelling' invaders could establish in modern communities is unclear, and existing data are too scarce to test hypotheses. To quantify the risks of time-travelling invasions, we isolated digital virus-like pathogens from the past records of coevolved artificial life communities and studied their simulated invasion into future states of the community. We then investigated how invasions affected diversity of the free-living bacteria-like organisms (i.e., hosts) in recipient communities compared to controls where no invasion occurred (and control invasions of contemporary pathogens). Invading pathogens could often survive and continue evolving, and in a few cases (3.1%) became exceptionally dominant in the invaded community. Even so, invaders often had negligible effects on the invaded community composition; however, in a few, highly unpredictable cases (1.1%), invaders precipitated either substantial losses (up to -32%) or gains (up to +12%) in the total richness of free-living species compared to controls. Given the sheer abundance of ancient microorganisms regularly released into modern communities, such a low probability of outbreak events still presents substantial risks. Our findings therefore suggest that unpredictable threats so far confined to science fiction and conjecture could in fact be powerful drivers of ecological change.}, }
@article {pmid37497773, year = {2023}, author = {Whyte, BA and Sandidge, R and Buellesbach, J and Cash, EI and Scheckel, KJ and Gibson, JD and Tsutsui, ND}, title = {The role of body size and cuticular hydrocarbons in the desiccation resistance of invasive Argentine ants (Linepithema humile).}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {226}, number = {16}, pages = {}, pmid = {37497773}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/chemistry ; Desiccation ; Hydrocarbons/chemistry ; Body Size ; }, abstract = {An insect's cuticle is typically covered in a layer of wax prominently featuring various hydrocarbons involved in desiccation resistance and chemical communication. In Argentine ants (Linepithema humile), cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) communicate colony identity, but also provide waterproofing necessary to survive dry conditions. Theory suggests different CHC compound classes have functional trade-offs, such that selection for compounds used in communication would compromise waterproofing, and vice versa. We sampled sites of invasive L. humile populations from across California to test whether CHC differences between them can explain differences in their desiccation survival. We hypothesized that CHCs whose abundance was correlated with environmental factors would determine survival during desiccation, but our regression analysis did not support this hypothesis. Interestingly, we found the abundance of most CHCs had a negative correlation with survival, regardless of compound class. We suggest that the CHC differences between L. humile nests in California are insufficient to explain their differential survival against desiccation, and that body mass is a better predictor of desiccation survival at this scale of comparison.}, }
@article {pmid37496021, year = {2023}, author = {Raboin, M and Plumb, JM and Sholtis, MD and Smith, DL and Jackson, PR and Rivera, JM and Suski, CD and Cupp, AR}, title = {Movement and behavioral states of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in response to a behavioral deterrent in a navigational lock.}, journal = {Movement ecology}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {42}, pmid = {37496021}, issn = {2051-3933}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Freshwater ecosystems are some of the most affected by biological invasions due, in part, to the introduction of invasive carp worldwide. Where carp have become established, management programs often seek to limit further range expansion into new areas by reducing their movement through interconnected rivers and waterways. Lock and dams are important locations for non-physical deterrents, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), to reduce unwanted fish passage without disrupting human use. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the behavioral responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to non-physical deterrents within a navigation structure on the Fox River, Wisconsin. Acoustic telemetry combined with hidden Markov models (HMMs) was used to analyze variation in carp responses to treatments. Outcomes may inform CO2 effectiveness at preventing invasive carp movement through movement pinch-points.<br><br>METHODS: Carbon dioxide (CO2) was recently registered as a pesticide in the United States for use as a deterrent to invasive carp movement. As a part of a multi-component study to test a large-scale CO2 delivery system within a navigation lock, we characterized the influence of elevated CO2 and forced water circulation in the lock chamber on carp movements and behavior. Through time-to-event analyses, we described the responses of acoustic-tagged carp to experimental treatments including (1) CO2 injection in water with forced water circulation, (2) forced water circulation without CO2 and (3) no forced water circulation or CO2. We then used hidden Markov models (HMMs) to define fine-scale carp movement and evaluate the relationships between carp behavioral states and CO2 concentration, forced water circulation, and temperature.<br><br>RESULTS: Forced water circulation with and without CO2 injection were effective at expelling carp from the lock chamber relative to null treatments where no stimulus was applied. A portion of carp exposed to forced water circulation with CO2 transitioned from an exploratory to an encamped behavioral state with shorter step-lengths and a unimodal distribution in turning angles, resulting in some carp remaining in the lock chamber. Whereas carp exposed to forced water circulation only remained primarily in an exploratory behavioral state, resulting in all carp exiting the lock chamber.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings illustrate the potential of forced water circulation, alone, as a non-physical deterrent and the efficacy of CO2 injection with forced water circulation in expelling carp from a navigation lock. Results demonstrate how acoustic telemetry and HMMs in an experimental context can describe fish behavior and inform management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid37495556, year = {2023}, author = {Niedrist, GH and Hilpold, A and Kranebitter, P}, title = {Unveiling the rise of non-native fishes in eastern alpine mountain rivers: Population trends and implications.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {103}, number = {5}, pages = {1085-1094}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15508}, pmid = {37495556}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {CUP H34l19000370005//Forschungsfonds des Betriebes S&#xfc;dtiroler Landesmuseen/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Rivers ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Biomass ; *Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Fishes ; }, abstract = {Insufficient knowledge about the occurrence and spread of non-native fish in mountain regions has impeded effective management strategies worldwide. To address this gap, this study analysed over 1300 electrofishing surveys across 650 sites, encompassing a vast 7400 km[2] area in the Eastern Alps. The primary objectives were to quantify the occurrence of non-native species and predict their spread in different river types. Furthermore, the study estimated population sizes and biomass trends for over 150 sites that were surveyed multiple times between 2000 and 2020. Out of the 42 fish species in the study region, 11 were identified as non-native. Notably, two invasive species of Union concern, Lepomis gibbosus and Pseudorasbora parva, increased their population sizes by 8% and 9% per year, over the past decades, supposedly supported by increasing water temperatures. Among the non-native species relevant for recreational fishing, Oncorhynchus mykiss populations showed a significant increase of approximately 7% per year, Salmo trutta populations remained stable, and Salvelinus fontinalis populations experienced a notable decline of approximately 7.4% per year. These varying population trends may be attributed to disparities in stocking intensities, with S. fontinalis receiving minimal stocking compared to the other species. This study revealed that non-native and invasive fish species are a relevant part of fish communities in mountain rivers. Non-salmonid non-natives thrive in warm rivers at lower elevations, whereas salmonid non-natives consolidate in steeper habitats. Because rising temperatures in mountain rivers will accelerate the spread and growth of these species, this first quantification of the current extent will improve fish management strategies in mountainous areas.}, }
@article {pmid37495184, year = {2023}, author = {Putero, FA and Mensch, J and Schilman, PE}, title = {Effect of brief exposures of anesthesia on thermotolerance and metabolic rate of the spotted-wing fly, Drosophila suzukii: Differences between sexes?.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {149}, number = {}, pages = {104549}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104549}, pmid = {37495184}, issn = {1879-1611}, abstract = {The spotted-wing fly, Drosophila suzukii, is a world-wide pest insect for which there is increasing interest in its physiological traits including metabolism and thermotolerance. Most studies focus only on survival to different time exposures to extreme temperatures, mainly in female flies. In addition, it has not been tested yet how anesthesia affects these measurements. We analyzed the effects of anesthesia by brief exposures to cold, anoxia by CO2 or N2 on three standard thermotolerance assays, as well as the aerobic metabolic rate in both sexes. For heat tolerance we measured CTmax by thermolimit respirometry, and CTmin and chill-coma recovery time for cold tolerance. Aerobic metabolism was calculated by CO2 production of individual flies in real time by open flow respirometry. Results showed that females have a significantly higher V̇CO2 for inactive (at 25 °C) and maximum metabolic rate than males. This difference is mainly explained by body mass and disappears after mass correction. Males had a more sensitive MR to temperature than females showed by a significantly higher Q10 (2.19 vs. 1.98, for males and females, respectively). We observed a significantly lower CTmin (X[2] = 4.27, P = 0.03) in females (3.68 ± 0.38 °C) than males (4.56 ± 0.39 °C), although we did not find significant effects of anesthesia. In contrast, anesthesia significantly modifies CTmax for both sexes (F3,62 = 7.86, P < 0.001) with a decrease of the CTmax in cold-anesthetized flies. Finally, we found a significantly higher CTmax in females (37.87 ± 0.07 °C) than males (37.36 ± 0.09 °C). We conclude that cold anesthesia seems to have detrimental effects on heat tolerance, and females have broader thermotolerance range than males, which could help them to establish in invaded temperate regions with more variable environmental temperatures.}, }
@article {pmid37495139, year = {2023}, author = {Romeo, C and Filipe, J and Wauters, LA and Comazzi, S and Riva, F and Ferrari, N}, title = {Shifts in immune responses of an invasive alien species: A test of the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis using American Eastern gray squirrels in Italy.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {900}, number = {}, pages = {165747}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165747}, pmid = {37495139}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Sciuridae/genetics/parasitology ; Italy/epidemiology ; Immunity ; }, abstract = {Based on the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis, a reduced investment in immunity, consequent to parasite loss, could partly explain the success of invasive alien species. We investigated variation in parasite load and immune responses of alien Eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) along the invasion wave of an expanding population. We first verified by fecal analyses that 1) parasite abundance decreased moving from the core towards the invasion front. Next, we used multiple measures of immunity to investigate whether, in response to the lower parasite pressure, individuals at the invasion front 2) dampened their costly inflammatory response, and 3) increased their investment in less expensive acquired immunity. We first explored variation in hematological variables related either to the inflammatory or the acquired response. On a subset of individuals, we carried out ex vivo cell cultures to analyse the basal expression of MHC class II genes and the expression of TNF-α genes in response to an immune challenge. Platelet counts and TNF-α expression suggested higher inflammation in individuals living at the invasion core, whereas parameters associated with an acquired response (lymphocyte counts and MHC II expression by spleen cells), conversely, were higher in squirrels at the front. Overall, our results suggest a shift between different immune strategies along the invasion wave, supporting a reduced investment in costly inflammatory responses and an increased investment in acquired immunity in individuals at the expanding edge of the range, which are subjected to high selective pressures for dispersal and reproduction.}, }
@article {pmid37492003, year = {2023}, author = {Vagnon, C and Pomeranz, J and Loheac, B and Vallat, M and Guillard, J and Raymond, JC and Sentis, A and Frossard, V}, title = {Changes in vertical and horizontal diversities mediated by the size structure of introduced fish collectively shape food-web stability.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {26}, number = {10}, pages = {1752-1764}, doi = {10.1111/ele.14290}, pmid = {37492003}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {//P&#xf4;le R&amp;D Ecosyst&#xe8;mes Lacustres (ECLA)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Body Size ; Fishes ; Lakes ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Species introductions can alter local food-web structure by changing the vertical or horizontal diversity within communities, largely driven by their body size distributions. Increasing vertical and horizontal diversities is predicted to have opposing effects on stability. However, their interactive effects remain largely overlooked. We investigated the independent and collective effects of vertical and horizontal diversities on food-web stability in alpine lakes stocked with variable body size distributions of introduced fish species. Introduced predators destabilize food-webs by increasing vertical diversity through food chain lengthening. Alternatively, increasing horizontal diversity results in more stable food-web topologies. A non-linear interaction between vertical and horizontal diversities suggests that increasing vertical diversity is most destabilizing when horizontal diversity is low. Our findings suggest that the size structure of introduced predators drives their impacts on stability by modifying the structure of food-webs, and highlights the interactive effects of vertical and horizontal diversities on stability.}, }
@article {pmid37491488, year = {2023}, author = {Dylewski, &#x141; and Banaszak-Cibicka, W and Maćkowiak, &#x141; and Dyderski, MK}, title = {How do urbanization and alien species affect the plant taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity in different types of urban green areas?.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {30}, number = {40}, pages = {92390-92403}, pmid = {37491488}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Humans ; *Urbanization ; *Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; Phylogeny ; Biodiversity ; Cities ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Human pressure on urban landscapes has serious consequences for urban plant species. Therefore, environmental and anthropogenic factors affect the assembly of urban wildlife in plant communities. For biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services in urban areas, it is crucial to understand the impacts of urbanization as well as the introduction of alien plant species on urban plant communities. On 47 sites in Poznań (W Poland), we studied variation within and between three management greenery habitats, i.e., urban parks, greenery associated with housing estates, and urban grasslands, as they relate to taxonomical, functional, and phylogenetic alpha and beta diversity. We also examined how urbanization (measured by ISA) and alien plant species relate to vegetation compositional differences. We found that both urbanization and alien plant species cover decreased alpha diversity, while urbanization had various impacts on beta diversity within each studied habitat. Our results suggest that human pressure leads to similarities in the urban flora, where plant species with specific functional traits adapted to the urban environment. To achieve sustainable urbanization, urban planners should not only create diverse green spaces but also eliminate alien plants, increasing the role of urban land management in promoting the wildness of plant biodiversity in cities.}, }
@article {pmid37490944, year = {2023}, author = {Soares, MO and Garcia, TM and Giarrizzo, T and Filho, JEM and Tavares, TCL and Ziveri, P and Smith, TB and Bejarano, S and Teixeira, CEP}, title = {Marine debris provide long-distance pathways for spreading invasive corals.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {900}, number = {}, pages = {165637}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165637}, pmid = {37490944}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Ecosystem ; Coral Reefs ; Introduced Species ; Caribbean Region ; Plastics ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic marine debris and invasive species are pervasive in the ocean. However, research on the mechanisms and dynamics controlling their distribution in marine systems (e.g.; by floating debris acting as vectors for invasive species) is limited. Applying a numerical modeling approach, we demonstrate that rafting invasive corals (Tubastraea spp.) can be transported over long distances and reach important tropical receptor regions. In <180 days, buoyant debris can cover distances between 264 and 7170 km moving from the Brazilian semiarid coast to the Amazon coast and reaching eight regions in the Wider Caribbean (mainly the Eastern Caribbean and Greater Antilles). Analyzing 48 simulated scenarios (4 years × 3 depths × 4 months), we demonstrate that in ~86 % of the scenarios the particles are stranded in the Caribbean and in ~71 % they end up in the Amazon coast. Our results showed litter floating trajectories at 0-10 m water depth, transported every year to the Caribbean province. However, in August this transport is frequently blocked by the retroflection of the North Brazil Current adjacent to the Amazon River estuarine plume. Our results indicate routes for fast and long-distance transport of litter-rafting invasive species. We hypothesized a high risk of bioinvasion on important marine ecosystems (e.g., coral reefs) likely becoming increasingly threatened by these invasive species and debris. This highlights the imperative need for an ocean governance shift in prevention, control, and eradication, not only focused on local actions to prevent the spread of invasive species but also a broad international action to decrease and mitigate marine debris pollution globally.}, }
@article {pmid37489280, year = {2023}, author = {Duniway, MC and Finger-Higgens, R and Geiger, EL and Hoover, DL and Pfennigwerth, AA and Knight, AC and Van Scoyoc, M and Miller, M and Belnap, J}, title = {Ecosystem resilience to invasion and drought: Insights after 24 years in a rare never-grazed grassland.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {29}, number = {20}, pages = {5866-5880}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.16882}, pmid = {37489280}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//US Geological Survey, Ecosystems Mission Area/ ; //Canyonlands National Park/ ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Grassland ; Droughts ; Poaceae ; Bromus/physiology ; Plants ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Understanding the resilience of ecosystems globally is hampered by the complex and interacting drivers of change characteristic of the Anthropocene. This is true for drylands of the western US, where widespread alteration of disturbance regimes and spread of invasive non-native species occurred with westward expansion during the 1800s, including the introduction of domestic livestock and spread of Bromus tectorum, an invasive non-native annual grass. In addition, this region has experienced a multi-decadal drought not seen for at least 1200 years with potentially large and interacting impacts on native plant communities. Here, we present 24 years of twice-annual plant cover monitoring (1997-2021) from a semiarid grassland never grazed by domestic livestock but subject to a patchy invasion of B. tectorum beginning in ~1994, compare our findings to surveys done in 1967, and examine potential climate drivers of plant community changes. We found a significant warming trend in the study area, with more than 75% of study year temperatures being warmer than average (1966-2021). We observed a native perennial grass community with high resilience to climate forcings with cover values like those in 1967. In invaded patches, B. tectorum cover was greatest in the early years of this study (1997-2001; ~20%-40%) but was subsequently constrained by climate and subtle variation in soils, with limited evidence of long-term impacts to native vegetation, contradicting earlier studies. Our ability to predict year-to-year variation in functional group and species cover with climate metrics varied, with a 12-month integrated index and fall and winter patterns appearing most important. However, declines to near zero live cover in recent years in response to regional drought intensification leave questions regarding the resiliency of intact grasslands to ongoing aridification and whether the vegetation observations reported here may be a leading indicator of impending change in this protected ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid37489260, year = {2023}, author = {Bock, DG and Baeckens, S and Kolbe, JJ and Losos, JB}, title = {When adaptation is slowed down: Genomic analysis of evolutionary stasis in thermal tolerance during biological invasion in a novel climate.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/mec.17075}, pmid = {37489260}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {1218819N//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; 1218822N//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; DEB-1354897//National Science Foundation/ ; DEB-1927194//National Science Foundation/ ; //Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; //Belgian American Educational Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Research conducted during the past two decades has demonstrated that biological invasions are excellent models of rapid evolution. Even so, characteristics of invasive populations such as a short time for recombination to assemble optimal combinations of alleles may occasionally limit adaptation to new environments. Here, we investigated such genetic constraints to adaptation in the invasive brown anole (Anolis sagrei)-a tropical ectotherm that was introduced to the southeastern United States, a region with a much colder climate than in its native Caribbean range. We examined thermal physiology for 30 invasive populations and tested for a climatic cline in cold tolerance. Also, we used genomics to identify mechanisms that may limit adaptation. We found no support for a climatic cline, indicating that thermal tolerance did not shift adaptively. Concomitantly, population genomic results were consistent with the occurrence of recombination cold spots that comprise more than half of the genome and maintain long-range associations among alleles in invasive populations. These genomic regions overlap with both candidate thermal tolerance loci that we identified using a standard genome-wide association test. Moreover, we found that recombination cold spots do not have a large contribution to population differentiation in the invasive range, contrary to observations in the native range. We suggest that limited recombination is constraining the contribution of large swaths of the genome to adaptation in invasive brown anoles. Our study provides an example of evolutionary stasis during invasion and highlights the possibility that reduced recombination occasionally slows down adaptation in invasive populations.}, }
@article {pmid37488823, year = {2023}, author = {Manzoor, R and Zafar, M and Yaqoob, T and Ahmad, M and Ramadan, MF and Althobaiti, AT and Demirpolat, A and Çobanoğlu, DN and Sultana, S and Makhkamov, T and Mamarakhimov, O and Yuldashev, A and Khakimova, D and Nizomova, M and Ochilov, U and Majeed, S}, title = {Micromorphological Sculptural Diversity in Foliar Epidermis and Trichomes Features among Invasive Species.}, journal = {Microscopy and microanalysis : the official journal of Microscopy Society of America, Microbeam Analysis Society, Microscopical Society of Canada}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, pages = {1531-1555}, doi = {10.1093/micmic/ozad063}, pmid = {37488823}, issn = {1435-8115}, mesh = {*Trichomes/ultrastructure ; *Plant Epidermis/anatomy &amp; histology ; Plant Stomata/ultrastructure ; Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Epidermal Cells/ultrastructure ; Epidermis ; }, abstract = {This study examines the role of light microscopic (LM) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) micromorphological traits of the epidermis in identifying and classifying invasive plants. SEM was conducted to increase our understanding of microscopic qualities that are not visible in light microscopy and to elucidate unclear affinities among invasive species. The study examines invasive species' morphological and anatomical characteristics from the Pothohar Plateau of Pakistan for the first time. The results showed that various micromorphological features are very useful for species' accurate identification. Adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaves showed variations in subsidiary cells, glands, anticlinal wall patterns, stomata, and epidermal cells. Epidermal cell shapes observed were irregular, elongated, rectangular, and polygonal. Epidermal cells having maximum length were calculated in Stellaria media (126.3 μm) on adaxial side. On the abaxial surface, the minimum length was noticed in Eucalyptus camaldulensis (28.5 μm). Both glandular and nonglandular trichomes were examined, ranging from unicellular to multicellular. Most of the investigated specimens of leaves were amphistomatic, while some were hypostomatic, like Alternanthera pungens, Calotropis procera, Cannabis sativa, Lantana camara, and Thevetia peruviana. Leaf epidermal morphology contains numerous useful systematic features for accurate identifications of plant species. The micromorphological attributes under observation provide a standard criterion to the researcher for identifications of invasive flora in future morpho-taxonomic studies.}, }
@article {pmid37488494, year = {2023}, author = {Dai, J and Cai, X and Liu, L and Lin, Y and Huang, Y and Lin, J and Shu, B}, title = {The comparison of gut gene expression and bacterial community in Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) adults fed on Murraya exotica and 'Shatangju' mandarin (Citrus reticulate cv. Shatangju).}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {416}, pmid = {37488494}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {2022SDZG06//the open competition program of top ten critical priorities of Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation for the 14th Five-Year Plan of Guangdong Province/ ; 2021ZDJS001//Guangdong Province key construction discipline Scientific Research Capacity Improvement Program/ ; 2019A1515110878//Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera ; *Murraya ; *Citrus ; DNA, Ribosomal ; Gene Expression ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is an important citrus pest. It serves as the vector for the transmission of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), which induced a destructive disease, Huanglongbing, and caused huge economic losses. During the interaction between insects and plants, insects have evolved a series of mechanisms to adapt to various host plants. Murraya exotica and 'Shatangju' mandarin (Citrus reticulate cv. Shatangju) are the Rutaceae species from different genera that have been discovered as suitable hosts for D. citri adults. While the adaptation mechanism of this pest to these two host plants is unclear.<br><br>RESULTS: In this study, RNA-seq and 16&#xa0;S rDNA amplification sequencing were performed on the gut of D. citri adults reared on M. exotica and 'Shatangju' mandarin. RNA-seq results showed that a total of 964 differentially expressed genes were found in different gut groups with two host plant treatments. The impacted genes include those that encode ribosomal proteins, cathepsins, and mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes. According to 16&#xa0;S rDNA sequencing, the compositions of the gut bacterial communities were altered by different treatments. The &#x3b1; and &#x3b2; diversity analyses confirmed that the host plant changes influenced the gut microbial diversity. The functional classification analysis by Tax4Fun revealed that 27 KEGG pathways, mostly those related to metabolism, including those for nucleotide metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, xenbiotics biodegradation and metabolism, lipid metabolism, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, were significantly altered.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our preliminary findings shed light on the connection between D. citri and host plants by showing that host plants alter the gene expression profiles and bacterial community composition of D. citri adults.}, }
@article {pmid37483389, year = {2023}, author = {Song, J and Tang, Z and Zhao, X and Yin, Y and Li, X and Chen, F and Chen, A and Liu, Y}, title = {Red imported fire ant nesting affects the structure of soil microbial community.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {1221996}, pmid = {37483389}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/microbiology ; Ecosystem ; Soil ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; *Microbiota ; China ; }, abstract = {The red imported fire ants (RIFA, Solenopsis invicta) have become a well-known invasive species that poses significant ecological and economic threats globally. As of recent times, the geographic scope of its invasion in China is rapidly expanding, thereby aggravating the extent and severity of its detrimental effects. The importance of soil microorganisms for maintaining soil health and ecosystem function has been widely acknowledged. However, the negative impact of RIFAs on soil microbial communities and their functions has not yet been fully understood. In this study, we sequenced the V3-V4 variable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene in soil samples collected from three types of RIFA nests to investigate the impact of RIFA invasion on soil microbial diversity and composition. The results of alpha diversity analysis showed that the normal soil without nests of RIFAs exhibited the highest level of diversity, followed by the soil samples from RIFA-invaded nests and abandoned nests. Taxonomy and biological function annotation analyses revealed significant differences in microbial community structure and function among the different samples. Our findings demonstrate that RIFA invasion can significantly alter soil microbial community composition, which could ultimately affect ecosystem function. Therefore, effective management strategies are urgently needed to mitigate the negative impact of invasive species on native ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid37481260, year = {2023}, author = {Lipinska, AP and Krueger-Hadfield, SA and Godfroy, O and Dittami, SM and Ayres-Ostrock, L and Bonthond, G and Brillet-Guéguen, L and Coelho, S and Corre, E and Cossard, G and Destombe, C and Epperlein, P and Faugeron, S and Ficko-Blean, E and Beltrán, J and Lavaut, E and Le Bars, A and Marchi, F and Mauger, S and Michel, G and Potin, P and Scornet, D and Sotka, EE and Weinberger, F and Cabral de Oliveira, M and Guillemin, ML and Plastino, EM and Valero, M}, title = {The Rhodoexplorer Platform for Red Algal Genomics and Whole-Genome Assemblies for Several Gracilaria Species.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {37481260}, issn = {1759-6653}, mesh = {*Gracilaria/genetics ; Ecosystem ; *Rhodophyta/genetics ; Genomics ; Genome ; }, abstract = {Macroalgal (seaweed) genomic resources are generally lacking as compared with other eukaryotic taxa, and this is particularly true in the red algae (Rhodophyta). Understanding red algal genomes is critical to understanding eukaryotic evolution given that red algal genes are spread across eukaryotic lineages from secondary endosymbiosis and red algae diverged early in the Archaeplastids. The Gracilariales is a highly diverse and widely distributed order including species that can serve as ecosystem engineers in intertidal habitats and several notorious introduced species. The genus Gracilaria is cultivated worldwide, in part for its production of agar and other bioactive compounds with downstream pharmaceutical and industrial applications. This genus is also emerging as a model for algal evolutionary ecology. Here, we report new whole-genome assemblies for two species (Gracilaria chilensis and Gracilaria gracilis), a draft genome assembly of Gracilaria caudata, and genome annotation of the previously published Gracilaria vermiculophylla genome. To facilitate accessibility and comparative analysis, we integrated these data in a newly created web-based portal dedicated to red algal genomics (https://rhodoexplorer.sb-roscoff.fr). These genomes will provide a resource for understanding algal biology and, more broadly, eukaryotic evolution.}, }
@article {pmid37478561, year = {2023}, author = {Jiang, X and Zhong, F and Chen, Y and Shi, D and Chao, L and Yu, L and He, B and Xu, C and Wu, Y and Tang, B and Duan, H and Wang, S}, title = {Novel compounds ZK-PI-5 and ZK-PI-9 regulate the reproduction of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with insecticide potential.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {5}, pages = {1850-1861}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad140}, pmid = {37478561}, issn = {1938-291X}, support = {2022YFD1700200//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; //Guiyang Training Project for 'Thousand Level' Talents in Guizhou Province/ ; [2022]43-16//Guiyang Science and Technology Personnel Training Project/ ; //Hangzhou Normal University's Starlight Plan in 2022/ ; //Hangzhou Normal University Undergraduate Innovation Ability Improvement Project/ ; }, abstract = {Trehalase inhibitors prevent trehalase from breaking down trehalose to provide energy. Chitinase inhibitors inhibit chitinase activity affecting insect growth and development. This is an important tool for the investigation of regulation of trehalose metabolism and chitin metabolism in insect reproduction. There are few studies on trehalase or chitinase inhibitors' regulation of insect reproduction. In this study, ZK-PI-5 and ZK-PI-9 were shown to have a significant inhibitory effect on the trehalase, and ZK-PI-9 significantly inhibited chitinase activity in female pupae. We investigated the reproduction regulation of Spodoptera frugiperda using these new inhibitors and evaluated their potential as new insecticides. Compounds ZK-PI-5 and ZK-PI-9 were injected into the female pupae, and the control group was injected with solvent (2% DMSO). The results showed that the emergence failure rate for pupae treated with inhibitors increased dramatically and aberrant phenotypes such as difficulty in wings spreading occurred. The oviposition period and longevity of female adults in the treated group were significantly shorter than those in the control group, and the ovaries developed more slowly and shrank earlier. The egg hatching rate was significantly reduced by treatment with the inhibitor. These results showed that the two new compounds had a significant impact on the physiological indicators related to reproduction of S. frugiperda, and have pest control potential. This study investigated the effect of trehalase and chitin inhibitors on insect reproduction and should promote the development of green and efficient insecticides.}, }
@article {pmid37478526, year = {2023}, author = {McEachran, MC and Mladonicky, J and Picasso-Risso, C and Drake, DAR and Phelps, NBD}, title = {Release of live baitfish by recreational anglers drives fish pathogen introduction risk.}, journal = {Preventive veterinary medicine}, volume = {217}, number = {}, pages = {105960}, doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105960}, pmid = {37478526}, issn = {1873-1716}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Uncertainty ; *Biodiversity ; Disease Outbreaks ; Fisheries ; *Taenia ; }, abstract = {Emerging diseases of wildlife are an existential threat to biodiversity, and human-mediated movements of live animals are a primary vector of their spread. Wildlife disease risk analyses offer an appealing alternative to precautionary approaches because they allow for explicit quantification of uncertainties and consideration of tradeoffs. Such considerations become particularly important in high-frequency invasion pathways with hundreds of thousands of individual vectors, where even low pathogen prevalence can lead to substantial risk. The purpose of this study was to examine the landscape-level dynamics of human behavior-mediated pathogen introduction risk in the context of a high-frequency invasion pathway. One such pathway is the use and release of live fish used as bait by recreational anglers. We used a stochastic risk assessment model parameterized by angler survey data from Minnesota, USA, to simulate one year of fishing in Minnesota and estimate the total number of risky trips for each of three pathogens: viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, the microsporidian parasite Ovipleistophora ovariae, and the Asian fish tapeworm Schizocotyle acheilognathi. We assessed the number of introductions under four scenarios: current/baseline conditions, outbreak conditions (increased pathogen prevalence), source-focused control measures (decreased pathogen prevalence), and angler-focused control measures (decreased rates of release). We found that hundreds of thousands of introduction events can occur per year, even for regulated pathogens at low pathogen prevalence. Reducing the rate of illegal baitfish release had significant impact on risky trips in scenarios where a high number of anglers were involved, but was less impactful in circumstances with limited outbreaks and fewer affected anglers. In contrast, reducing pathogen prevalence in the source populations of baitfish had relatively little impact. In order to make meaningful changes in pathogen introduction risk, managers should focus efforts on containing local outbreaks and reducing illegal baitfish release to reduce pathogen introduction risk. Our study also demonstrates the risk associated with high-frequency invasion pathways and the importance of incorporating human behaviors into wildlife disease models and risk assessments.}, }
@article {pmid37476207, year = {2023}, author = {Douglas, HB and Smith, TW and Bouchard, P}, title = {Palaearctic leaf beetle Chrysolinafastuosa (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae) new to North America.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e103261}, pmid = {37476207}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The univoltine leaf beetle Chrysolinafastuosa (Scopoli, 1763) is native to in the Palearctic Region from eastern Siberia to western Europe.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: First North American records are presented for C.fastuosa (Scopoli, 1763) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae), as confirmed by vouchered specimens from Canada: Nova Scotia. Additional citizen science records from USA: Vermont are also discussed. Diagnostic information is presented to distinguish C.fastuosa from other North American Chrysomelidae and a species distribution model to assess its potential spread in North America is presented. This insect is expected to cause some feeding damage to above-ground parts of ornamental and invasive Lamiaceae, especially species of Galeopsis L. The species distribution model and the range of its host plant Galeopsistetrahit, suggest the north-eastern US and south-eastern Canada, from the Atlantic coast to the west end of Lake Superior provide the most suitable conditions for this species. The United States of America and Canada are now known to be home to 70 or more species of adventive Chrysomelidae.}, }
@article {pmid37474055, year = {2023}, author = {Masunungure, C and Manyani, A and Dalu, MTB and Ngorima, A and Dalu, T}, title = {Decision support tools for invasive alien species management should better consider principles of robust decision making.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {899}, number = {}, pages = {165606}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165606}, pmid = {37474055}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Decision Making ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) pose global threat to economies and biodiversity. With rising number of species and limited resources, IAS management must be prioritised; yet agreed tools to assist decision-making and their application are currently inadequate. There is need for simple decision support tools (DST) that guide stakeholders to optimise investment based on objective and quantifiable criteria. This paper reviews DSTs for IAS management to assess their availability and application of principles of robust decision-making. The aim is to provide guidance towards adopting the principles of robust decision-making to improve applicability and practical use of DST. A literature search conducted to identify relevant studies that report on DST in biological invasion. Results indicate an increase in availability of DST; however, available studies are largely biased in geographical, habitat and taxonomic focus. The results also show challenges in practical use of existing tools as most of them do not apply principles of robust decision-making. Application of these principles has the potential to overcome weakness of the current decision-making process and as such, enable decision-makers to efficiently allocate resources towards IAS management. A call is made for more consideration and adoption of principles of robust decision-making when developing DST for IAS invasions.}, }
@article {pmid37471549, year = {2023}, author = {Lenda, M and Skórka, P and Possingham, HP and Knops, JMH}, title = {Abandoned land: Linked to biological invasions.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {381}, number = {6655}, pages = {277}, doi = {10.1126/science.adi7833}, pmid = {37471549}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Soil ; *Biodiversity ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; *Introduced Species ; Animals ; }, }
@article {pmid37471327, year = {2023}, author = {Morreale, SJ and Lauber, TB and Stedman, RC}, title = {Anglers as potential vectors of aquatic invasive species: Linking inland water bodies in the Great Lakes region of the US.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {7}, pages = {e0276028}, pmid = {37471327}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Humans ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Great Lakes Region ; Lakes ; Water ; }, abstract = {Unimpeded transfer and spread of invasive species throughout freshwater systems is of global concern, altering species compositions, disrupting ecosystem processes, and diverting economic resources. The magnitude and complexity of the problem is amplified by the global connectedness of human movements and the multiple modes of inter-basin transport of aquatic invasive species. Our objective was to trace the fishing behavior of anglers delineating potential pathways of transfer of invasive species throughout the vast inland waters of the Great Lakes of North America, which contain more than 21% of the world's surface freshwater and are among the most highly invaded aquatic ecosystems in the world. Combining a comprehensive survey and a spatial analysis of the movements of thousands of anglers in 12 states within the US portion of the Great Lakes Basin and the Upper Mississippi and Ohio River Basins, we estimated that 6.5 million licensed anglers in the study area embarked on an average of 30 fishing trips over the course of the year, and 70% of the individuals fished in more than one county. Geospatial linkages showed direct connections made by individuals traveling between 99% of the 894 counties where fishing occurred, and between 61 of the 66 sub-watersheds in a year. Estimated numbers of fishing trips to individual counties ranged from 1199-1.95 million; generally highest in counties bordering the Great Lakes. Of these, 79 had more than 10,000 estimated fishing trips originating from anglers living in other counties. Although angler movements are one mechanism of invasive species transfer, there likely is a high cumulative probability of invasive species transport by several million people fishing each year throughout this extensive freshwater network. A comprehensive georeferenced survey, coupled with a spatial analysis of fishing destinations, provides a potentially powerful tool to track, predict, curtail and control the transfer and proliferation of invasive species in freshwater.}, }
@article {pmid37470191, year = {2023}, author = {Steffen, JBM and Sokolov, EP and Bock, C and Sokolova, IM}, title = {Combined effects of salinity and intermittent hypoxia on mitochondrial capacity and reactive oxygen species efflux in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {226}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {37470191}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; *Crassostrea/metabolism ; Salinity ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Hypoxia ; }, abstract = {Coastal environments commonly experience fluctuations in salinity and hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) stress that can negatively affect mitochondrial functions of marine organisms. Although intertidal bivalves are adapted to these conditions, the mechanisms that sustain mitochondrial integrity and function are not well understood. We determined the rates of respiration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) efflux in the mitochondria of oysters, Crassostrea gigas, acclimated to high (33 psu) or low (15 psu) salinity, and exposed to either normoxic conditions (control; 21% O2) or short-term hypoxia (24 h at <0.01% O2) and subsequent reoxygenation (1.5 h at 21% O2). Further, we exposed isolated mitochondria to anoxia in vitro to assess their ability to recover from acute (∼10 min) oxygen deficiency (<0.01% O2). Our results showed that mitochondria of oysters acclimated to high or low salinity did not show severe damage and dysfunction during H/R stress, consistent with the hypoxia tolerance of C. gigas. However, acclimation to low salinity led to improved mitochondrial performance and plasticity, indicating that 15 psu might be closer to the metabolic optimum of C. gigas than 33 psu. Thus, acclimation to low salinity increased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation rate and coupling efficiency and stimulated mitochondrial respiration after acute H/R stress. However, elevated ROS efflux in the mitochondria of low-salinity-acclimated oysters after acute H/R stress indicates a possible trade-off of higher respiration. The high plasticity and stress tolerance of C. gigas mitochondria may contribute to the success of this invasive species and facilitate its further expansion into brackish regions such as the Baltic Sea.}, }
@article {pmid37467993, year = {2023}, author = {Requier, F and Fournier, A and Pointeau, S and Rome, Q and Courchamp, F}, title = {Economic costs of the invasive Yellow-legged hornet on honey bees.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {898}, number = {}, pages = {165576}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165576}, pmid = {37467993}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bees ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; France ; Introduced Species ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions have ecological impacts worldwide with potential massive economic costs. Among other ecosystem services such as nitrogen cycle, carbon sequestration and primary production, invasive alien species are particularly known to impact pollination. By predating honey bees (Apis mellifera), the invasive Yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina nigrithorax) increases the mortality risk of European bee colonies; however, little is known about its economic costs. We developed an analytic process combining large-scale field data, niche modelling techniques and agent-based models to spatially assess the ecological and economic impacts of the Yellow-legged hornet on honey bees and beekeeping in France. In particular, we estimated (i) the hornet-related risk of bee colony mortality, (ii) the economic cost of colony loss for beekeepers and (iii) the economic impact of livestock replacement compared to honey revenues at regional and national scales. We estimated an overall density of 1.08 hornet nest/km[2] in France, based on the field record of 1260 nests over a searched area of 28,348 km[2]. However, this predator density was heterogeneously spread out across the country as well as the distribution of managed honey bee colonies. Overall, this hornet-related risk of bee colony mortality could reach up to 29.2 % of the beekeepers' livestock at national scale each year in high predation scenario. This national cost could reach as much as € 30.8 million per year due to colony loss, which represents for beekeepers an economic impact of livestock replacement of 26.6 % of honey revenues. Our results suggest non-negligible ecological and economic impacts of the invasive Yellow-legged hornet on honey bees and beekeeping activities. Moreover, this study meets the urgent need for more numerous and accurate economic estimations, necessary to calculate the impact of biological invasions on biodiversity and human goods, with a view to enhance policies of biodiversity conservation.}, }
@article {pmid37466511, year = {2023}, author = {Motta, JHS and Glória, LS and Radael, MC and Mattos, DC and Cardoso, LD and Vidal-Júnior, MV}, title = {Effect of temperature on embryonic development and first exogenous feeding of goldfish Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758).}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {83}, number = {}, pages = {e270943}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.270943}, pmid = {37466511}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; *Goldfish ; Temperature ; *Embryonic Development ; Aquaculture ; Industry ; Larva ; }, abstract = {Goldfish or Kinguio is a widely marketed species worldwide due to the ornamental market. There is some lack of acknowledgment of the production of the species under specific climatic conditions. To evaluate the effect of temperature on embryonic development and the first exogenous feeding of goldfish, an experiment was proposed. Fifteen incubators, organized in five treatments (18, 22, 26, 30, and 34 °C) with three replications each, were used to keep the fertilized goldfish eggs until the first exogenous feeding of the larvae. The main development events were observed to understand the possible effects of these temperatures on embryos and larvae of the species. Temperature influences embryo development and the time of first exogenous feeding of goldfish. The temperature of 34 °C was lethal to the species causing 100% of anomalies in the embryos and larvae. The experiment data allow us to conclude that the species presents a maximum thermal limit during embryogenesis, and these data are important to the aquaculture industry and to understand the effect of climate changes on goldfish. The data obtained in this experiment will assist in the management of invasive species and production of the species (aquaculture).}, }
@article {pmid37464936, year = {2023}, author = {Santacruz, A and Hernández-Mena, D and Miranda-Gamboa, R and De León, GP and Ornelas-García, CP}, title = {Host-parasite interactions in perpetual darkness: Macroparasite diversity in the cavefish Astyanax mexicanus.}, journal = {Zoological research}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, pages = {782-792}, pmid = {37464936}, issn = {2095-8137}, mesh = {Animals ; Darkness ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Characidae ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Caves ; Biological Evolution ; }, abstract = {Astyanax mexicanus has repeatedly colonized cave environments, displaying evolutionary parallelisms in many troglobitic traits. Despite being a model system for the study of adaptation to life in perpetual darkness, the parasites that infect cavefish are practically unknown. In this study, we investigated the macroparasite communities in 18 cavefish populations from independent lineages and compared them with the parasite diversity found in their sister surface fish populations, with the aim of better understanding the role that parasites play in the colonization of new environments. Within the cavefish populations, we identified 13 parasite taxa, including a subset of 10 of the 27 parasite taxa known for the surface populations. Parasites infecting the cavefish belong to five taxonomic groups, including trematodes, monogeneans, nematodes, copepods, and acari. Monogeneans are the most dominant group, found in 14 caves. The macroparasites include species with direct life cycles and trophic transmission, including invasive species. Surprisingly, paired comparisons indicate higher parasite richness in the cavefish than in the surface fish. Spatial variation in parasite composition across the caves suggests historical and geographical contingencies in the host-parasite colonization process and potential evolution of local adaptations. This base-line data on parasite diversity in cavefish populations of A. mexicanus provides a foundation to explore the role of divergent parasite infections under contrasting ecological pressures (cave vs. surface environments) in the evolution of cave adaptive traits.}, }
@article {pmid37462084, year = {2023}, author = {Treichler, JW and VerCauteren, KC and Taylor, CR and Beasley, JC}, title = {Changes in wild pig (Sus scrofa) relative abundance, crop damage, and environmental impacts in response to control efforts.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {12}, pages = {4765-4773}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7671}, pmid = {37462084}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Natural Resources Conservation Service/ ; //U.S. Department of Energy/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: As the population and range of wild pigs (Sus scrofa) continue to grow across North America, there has been an increase in environmental and economic damages caused by this invasive species, and control efforts to reduce damages have increased concomitantly. Despite the expanding impacts and costs associated with population control of wild pigs, the extent to which wild pig control reduces populations and diminishes environmental and agricultural damages are rarely quantified. The goal of this study is to quantify changes in wild pig relative abundance and subsequent changes in damages caused by invasive wild pigs in response to control.<br><br>RESULTS: Using a combination of wild pig population surveys, agricultural damage assessments, and environmental rooting surveys across 19 mixed forest-agricultural properties in South Carolina, USA, we quantified changes in wild pig relative abundance and associated damages over a 3-year period following implementation of a professional control program. Following implementation of control efforts, both the number of wild pig detections and estimated abundance decreased markedly. Within 24&#x2009;months relative abundance was reduced by an average of ~70%, which resulted in a corresponding decline in environmental rooting damage by ~99%.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that sustained wild pig control efforts can substantially reduce wild pig relative abundance, which in turn resulted in a reduction in environmental rooting damage by wild pigs. Ultimately this study will help fill critical knowledge gaps regarding the efficacy of wild pig control programs and the effort needed to reduce impacts to native ecosystems, livestock, and crops. &#xa9; 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid37456881, year = {2023}, author = {Akoglu, E}, title = {Ecological indicators reveal historical regime shifts in the Black Sea ecosystem.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e15649}, pmid = {37456881}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Black Sea ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Fisheries ; Food Chain ; *Ctenophora ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Black Sea is one of the most anthropogenically disturbed marine ecosystems in the world because of introduced species, fisheries overexploitation, nutrient enrichment via pollution through river discharge, and the impacts of climate change. It has undergone significant ecosystem transformations since the 1960s. The infamous anchovy and alien warty comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi shift that occurred in 1989 is the most well-known example of the drastic extent of anthropogenic disturbance in the Black Sea. Although a vast body of literature exists on the Black Sea ecosystem, a holistic look at the multidecadal changes in the Black Sea ecosystem using an ecosystem- and ecology-based approach is still lacking. Hence, this work is dedicated to filling this gap.<br><br>METHODS: First, a dynamic food web model of the Black Sea extending from 1960 to 1999 was established and validated against time-series data. Next, an ecological network analysis was performed to calculate the time series of synthetic ecological indicators, and a regime shift analysis was performed on the time series of indicators.<br><br>RESULTS: The model successfully replicated the regime shifts observed in the Black Sea. The results showed that the Black Sea ecosystem experienced four regime shifts and was reorganized due to effects instigated by overfishing in the 1960s, eutrophication and establishment of trophic dead-end organisms in the 1970s, and overfishing and intensifying interspecies trophic competition by the overpopulation of some r-selected organisms (i.e., jellyfish species) in the 1980s. Overall, these changes acted concomitantly to erode the structure and function of the ecosystem by manipulating the food web to reorganize itself through the introduction and selective removal of organisms and eutrophication. Basin-wide, cross-national management efforts, especially with regard to pollution and fisheries, could have prevented the undesirable changes observed in the Black Sea ecosystem and should be immediately employed for management practices in the basin to prevent such drastic ecosystem fluctuations in the future.}, }
@article {pmid37456873, year = {2023}, author = {Ferguson, JM and Jiménez, L and Keyes, AA and Hilding, A and McCartney, MA and St Clair, K and Johnson, DH and Fieberg, JR}, title = {A comparison of survey method efficiencies for estimating densities of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e15528}, pmid = {37456873}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dreissena ; Lakes ; Population Density ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Minnesota ; }, abstract = {Abundance surveys are commonly used to estimate plant or animal densities and frequently require estimating detection probabilities to account for imperfect detection. The estimation of detection probabilities requires additional measurements that take time, potentially reducing the efficiency of the survey when applied to high-density populations. We conducted quadrat, removal, and distance surveys of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in three central Minnesota lakes and determined how much survey effort would be required to achieve a pre-specified level of precision for each abundance estimator, allowing us to directly compare survey design efficiencies across a range of conditions. We found that the required sampling effort needed to achieve our precision goal depended on both the survey design and population density. At low densities, survey designs that could cover large areas but with lower detection probabilities, such as distance surveys, were more efficient (i.e., required less sampling effort to achieve the same level of precision). However, at high densities, quadrat surveys, which tend to cover less area but with high detection rates, were more efficient. These results demonstrate that the best survey design is likely to be context-specific, requiring some prior knowledge of the underlying population density and the cost/time needed to collect additional information for estimating detection probabilities.}, }
@article {pmid37456865, year = {2023}, author = {DeHart, HM and Gasser, MT and Dixon, J and Thielen, P}, title = {An aquatic environmental DNA filtration system to maximize recovery potential and promote filtration approach standardization.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e15360}, pmid = {37456865}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {*DNA, Environmental/genetics ; Fresh Water ; Water ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aquatic environmental DNA (eDNA) has emerged as a promising approach to identify organisms in freshwater and marine environments. While the recovery of eDNA from water most commonly involves capture of biological debris on a filter matrix, practitioners are yet to converge on standardized approaches for filtration, particularly in the field. This lack of standardization has resulted in inconsistent handling of samples following collection, limiting interpretation of results across studies and burdening groups with inconvenient storage and transport logistics that may compromise eDNA integrity.<br><br>METHODS: A simple to assemble and low-cost ($350 USD) water filtration system is demonstrated that can be used in field and laboratory settings to reduce time between sample acquisition and eDNA filtration, maximizing eDNA sample recovery. Quantitative PCR is used to show the utility of the platform for laboratory and marine eDNA analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: The resulting eDNA collection system is easily transported in a rugged water-resistant case, operates for more than eight hours on a 12-volt lead-acid battery, and has an unobstructed filtration rate of 150.05 &#xb1; 7.01 mL/min and 151.70 &#xb1; 6.72 mL/min with 0.22 &#xb5;m and 0.45 &#xb5;m Sterivex filters, respectively. We show that immediate sample filtration increases eDNA recovery in the laboratory, and demonstrate collections in aquaria and marine environments. We anticipate that providing easy to obtain, open hardware designs for eDNA sample collection will increase standardization of aquatic eDNA collection methods and improve cross-study comparisons.}, }
@article {pmid37451026, year = {2023}, author = {Yin, Z and Kamimura, Y and Imoto, T}, title = {Public tolerance of lethal wildlife management in Japan: A best-worst scaling questionnaire analysis.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {345}, number = {}, pages = {118602}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118602}, pmid = {37451026}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Animals, Wild ; Japan ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Sustainable Development ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Mammals ; }, abstract = {Human-wildlife conflict is a major problem for sustainable development worldwide. Lethal management options play an essential role in wildlife management. However, assessing public tolerance of lethal options is crucial. While this has been studied for specific targets, variations in public tolerance by wildlife characteristics such as biological class and nativeness remain unexplored. Accordingly, we administered a questionnaire survey (n = 1000) using best-worst scaling to reveal the comparative tolerance of lethal wildlife management for 10 wildlife species (including mammals, birds, fish, and plants) in Japan. We found that public tolerance of lethal wildlife management differed by species rather than biological class and nativeness. We then used cluster analysis to group respondents with similar lethal wildlife management tolerances and found commonalities based on age, sex, and beliefs. This study offers theoretical insights for understanding public tolerance of lethal wildlife management as well as practical recommendations for wildlife managers.}, }
@article {pmid37448712, year = {2023}, author = {Eylering, A and Neufeld, K and Kottmann, F and Holt, S and Fiebelkorn, F}, title = {Free word association analysis of German laypeople's perception of biodiversity and its loss.}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1112182}, pmid = {37448712}, issn = {1664-1078}, abstract = {Due to the dramatic biodiversity crisis, it is crucial to understand how people perceive biodiversity. Knowledge of how thoughts are organized around this concept can identify which ideas are best to focus on biodiversity conservation information campaigns. The primary aim of the present study was to identify social representations of the German public regarding the concept of biodiversity and its loss using a free word association test. Furthermore, unique association networks were analyzed. For this purpose, data collection was performed in September 2021 in Germany using an online questionnaire to assess participants' associations with the prompt "biodiversity" (n = 131) and "biodiversity loss" (n = 130). Additionally, we used the social network software Gephi to create biodiversity (loss) association networks. The five most commonly mentioned associations for biodiversity were "animal," "plant," "nature," "human," and "flower." For biodiversity loss, the five most commonly mentioned associations were "species extinction," "climate change," "plant," "insect," and "bee." Neither "land use change" nor "invasive species," as key drivers of biodiversity loss, were present in social representations of the German public. A difference was observed in the total number of mentioned associations between biodiversity and biodiversity loss. For both, the associations "plant" and "animal" were related. However, participants associated specific taxa only with animals, such as "insects" and "birds." For plants, no specific taxa were named. Based on the network analysis, the most commonly mentioned word pairs for biodiversity and biodiversity loss were "plant - animal" and "species loss - climate change," respectively. Based on our statistical network analysis, these associations were identified as the most central associations with the greatest influence in the network. Thus, they had the most connections and the function of predicting the flow in the network. In sum, the public's multifaceted views on biodiversity and its loss, as well as the aforementioned central associations, hold great potential to be utilized more for the communication and education of biodiversity conservation. In addition, our findings contribute to the scientific community's understanding of social representations and perceptions of biodiversity and its loss.}, }
@article {pmid37448692, year = {2023}, author = {Ruzzier, E and Lessio, F and Cinquatti, F and Poggi, F and Alma, A and Galli, A and Bani, L and Sanna, F}, title = {First record of the non-native Osbornellusauronitens (Provancher, 1889) (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae) in Italy.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e106166}, pmid = {37448692}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Globalisation and international trade, in particular, are the major drivers of introduction and the spread of non-native species. To date, more than 30 species of non-native Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha have been accidentally introduced into Europe. Some species are invasive with important repercussions primarily for agricultural activities, while almost no information exists on their impacts within natural ecosystems. Therefore, early detection of non-native species and their subsequent monitoring are extremely important actions to undertake.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: The North American Osbornellusauronitens (Provancher, 1889), firstly recorded for the Palearctic and Europe in Switzerland in 2016, is recorded in Italy for the first time on the basis of 77 specimens collected between August 2015 and October 2022.}, }
@article {pmid37448165, year = {2023}, author = {Qiu, YJ and Wu, XQ and Wen, TY and Hu, LJ and Rui, L and Zhang, Y and Ye, JR}, title = {The Bursaphelenchus xylophilus candidate effector BxLip-3 targets the class I chitinases to suppress immunity in pine.}, journal = {Molecular plant pathology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {1033-1046}, pmid = {37448165}, issn = {1364-3703}, mesh = {Animals ; Xylophilus ; Ecosystem ; *Chitinases/genetics ; *Pinus/parasitology ; *Tylenchida/genetics ; Plant Diseases/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Lipase is involved in lipid hydrolysis, which is related to nematodes' energy reserves and stress resistance. However, the role of lipases in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a notorious plant-parasitic nematode responsible for severe damage to pine forest ecosystems, remains largely obscure. Here, we characterized a class III lipase as a candidate effector and named it BxLip-3. It was transcriptionally up-regulated in the parasitic stages of B. xylophilus and specifically expressed in the oesophageal gland cells and the intestine. In addition, BxLip-3 suppressed cell death triggered by the pathogen-associated molecular patterns PsXEG1 and BxCDP1 in Nicotiana benthamiana, and its Lipase-3 domain is essential for immunosuppression. Silencing of the BxLip-3 gene resulted in a delay in disease onset and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Plant chitinases are thought to be PR proteins involved in the defence system against pathogen attack. Using yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays, we identified two class I chitinases in Pinus thunbergii, PtChia1-3 and PtChia1-4, as targets of BxLip-3. The expression of these two chitinases was up-regulated during B. xylophilus inoculation and inhibited by BxLip-3. Overall, this study illustrated that BxLip-3 is a crucial virulence factor that plays a critical role in the interaction between B. xylophilus and host pine.}, }
@article {pmid37446970, year = {2023}, author = {Rasran, L and Vogt, K and Trattnig, M and Bernhardt, KG}, title = {Hydrochorous Seed Transport in the Lower Traisen River before and after Riverbed Restoration.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {13}, pages = {}, pmid = {37446970}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {LIFE+ Traisen//VERBUND AG/ ; }, abstract = {Hydrological restoration was carried out in a Lower Traisen, a small river within the floodplain of the Danube. The main goal was the reestablishment of typical riparian plant communities by using the potential of natural dispersal processes. We studied the transport of plant diaspores in the river water before and after the reconstruction of the riverbed. Aquatic seed traps were placed upstream and downstream of the restoration site. We identified the transported species and tested the viability of propagules. Functional species traits were analyzed to predict the probability of successful hydrochorous dispersal and changes in the transport pool due to the restoration. One-third of the local species pool was detected as being diaspores in the river. We observed a significant increase of ruderal species and neophytes, while the competitors and stress-tolerant competitors declined. Hydrochory is an important dispersal pathway for numerous plant species in the study area, including those without specific adaptations to this vector. Hydrochorous transport appears to be a sink for large-seeded species, primarily adapted to endozoochory. Follow-up management should be recommended to control the invasive species and to improve the structural and biological diversity of the Traisen Valley by supporting target species, which are also represented in the transport pool.}, }
@article {pmid37446966, year = {2023}, author = {Cloonan, KR and Montgomery, WS and Narvaez, TI and Kendra, PE}, title = {A New Repellent for Redbay Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), Primary Vector of the Mycopathogen That Causes Laurel Wilt.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {13}, pages = {}, pmid = {37446966}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {6038-22000-007-00D//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; 58-6631-3-002FN//Non-Funded Cooperative Agreement between USDA-ARS and Synergy Semiochemicals Corp./ ; DE-SC0014664//an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the USDA/ ; }, abstract = {The redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, was detected in Georgia, USA, in 2002 and has since spread to 11 additional states. This wood-boring weevil carries a symbiotic fungus, Harringtonia lauricola, that causes laurel wilt, a lethal disease of trees in the Lauraceae family. Native ambrosia beetles that breed in infected trees can acquire H. lauricola and contribute to the spread of laurel wilt. Since 2002, laurel wilt has devastated native Persea species in coastal forests and has killed an estimated 200,000 avocado trees in Florida. Since laurel wilt is difficult to manage once it has entered a susceptible agrosystem, this study evaluated piperitone as a candidate repellent to deter attacks by X. glabratus and other ambrosia beetles. Additionally, piperitone was compared to the known repellent verbenone as a potential cost-effective alternative. The repellent efficacy was determined by comparing captures in traps baited with commercial beetle lures containing α-copaene versus captures in traps baited with lures plus a repellent. In parallel 10-week field tests, the addition of piperitone reduced the captures of X. glabratus in α-copaene-baited traps by 90%; however, there was no significant reduction in the captures of native ambrosia beetles in ethanol-baited traps. In two replicate 10-week comparative tests, piperitone and verbenone both reduced X. glabratus captures by 68-90%, with longevity over the full 10 weeks. This study identifies piperitone as a new X. glabratus repellent with potential for pest management.}, }
@article {pmid37443899, year = {2023}, author = {Dickinson, E and Young, MW and Tanis, D and Granatosky, MC}, title = {Patterns and Factors Influencing Parrot (Order: Psittaciformes) Success in Establishing Thriving Naturalized Populations within the Contiguous United States.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {13}, pages = {}, pmid = {37443899}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Parrots (Order: Psittaciformes) represent one of the most striking and ecomorphologically diverse avian clades, spanning more than two orders of magnitude in body size with populations occupying six continents. The worldwide diaspora of parrots is largely due to the pet trade, driven by human desire for bright, colorful, and intelligent animals as companions. Some introduced species have aptly inserted themselves into the local ecosystem and established successful breeding colonies all around the globe. Notably, the United States is home to several thriving populations of introduced species including red-masked parakeets (Psittacara erythrogenys), monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus), nanday conures (Aratinga nenday), and red-crowned amazons (Amazona viridigenalis). Their incredible success globally begs the question as to how these birds adapt so readily to novel environments. In this commentary, we trace parrots through evolutionary history, contextualize existent naturalized parrot populations within the contiguous United States, and provide a phylogenetic regression analysis of body mass and brain size based on success in establishing breeding populations. The propensity for a parrot species to become established appears to be phylogenetically driven. Notably, parrots in the family Cacatuidae and Neotropical Pyrrhua appear to be poor at establishing themselves in the United States once released. Although brain size among Psittaciformes did not show a significant impact on successful breeding in the continental United States, we propose that the success of parrots can be attributed to their charismatic nature, significant intelligence relative to other avian lineages, and behavioral flexibility.}, }
@article {pmid37443897, year = {2023}, author = {Guarino, FM and Andreone, F and Mezzasalma, M and Licata, F and Puoti, S and Santos, B and Cocca, W and Solofoniaina Fidy, JF and Ndriantsoa, SH and Noel, J and Rakotonanahary, TF and Harison, RF and Odierna, G and Crottini, A}, title = {Life History Traits and Longevity of the Invasive Asian Common Toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) in Madagascar.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {13}, pages = {}, pmid = {37443897}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {We analyzed the body length, age structure, and age at sexual maturity of the invasive Asian common toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus from different sites in Toamasina, east Madagascar. We used skeletochronology as a proxy for age estimation, while gonads were histologically analyzed to determine the age of sexual maturity. The analysis of pooled age data from three sites investigated in 2016 showed that both sexes were larger, although not older, than those of native populations. For the individuals from Madagascar, the males were significantly smaller and younger (mean ± SD, SVL: 71.4 ± 1.6 mm; age: 1.8 ± 0.7 years) than the females (SVL: 78.42 ± 1.9 mm; age: 2.7 ± 1.3 years), when the data were pooled, but when the data were analyzed separately for each of the three sites, similar results were obtained only for one site. The oldest recorded male and female were 3 and 6 years old, respectively. Gonadal histology showed that the males and females reach sexual maturity after the first and second years of age, respectively. Further studies are needed to understand if the larger size and faster growth rates observed in the invasive population of D. melanostictus in Madagascar are a consequence of more favorable environmental conditions with respect to the native range (e.g., the availability of larger trophic niches, a lack of competitors, and lower predatory pressure), and we suggest to extend the monitoring of these life history traits to understand how they might influence the invasion.}, }
@article {pmid37441096, year = {2023}, author = {Russell, MC}, title = {A difference in larval mosquito size allows a biocontrol agent to target the invasive species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {e10294}, pmid = {37441096}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {As the global temperature rises in the coming decades, Aedes albopictus is expected to invade and establish in South East England, where Culex pipiens is currently the most common native mosquito species. Biocontrol measures that use local cyclopoid copepods against Ae. albopictus may be compromised if the copepods prefer alternate Cx. pipiens prey. In this study, I assessed the predation efficiency of Megacyclops viridis copepods against Ae. albopictus larvae from France and larvae that hatched from egg rafts of Cx. pipiens collected in South East England. The experiments were conducted at 15 and 25°C, which are representative of present and future summer temperatures in South East England. Ae. albopictus larvae that survived the course of the experiment in the predator-absent controls were significantly smaller than Cx. pipiens larvae that survived in the absence of predation. The background mortality of Cx. pipiens larvae increased with the 10-degree increase in temperature, and the smaller size of surviving Cx. pipiens larvae at 25°C, relative to survivors at 15°C, suggests that larger Cx. pipiens larvae were more likely to die at the higher temperature setting. Across all experimental treatments, the ratio of copepod body length to mean prey length, based on larval lengths of survivors from the corresponding predator-absent controls, was a significant predictor of the copepod's predation efficiency. Adding temperature setting to the predation efficiency model as a predictor did not improve model fit. Within the mixed prey treatments, the predation efficiency of M. viridis was 34.5 percentage points higher against Ae. albopictus prey than against Cx. pipiens prey. The higher predation efficiency that M. viridis exhibited against invasive Ae. albopictus prey, likely due to the smaller size of these larvae, supports the future use of M. viridis as a biocontrol agent in the United Kingdom.}, }
@article {pmid37438886, year = {2023}, author = {Pyšek, P and Lučanová, M and Dawson, W and Essl, F and Kreft, H and Leitch, IJ and Lenzner, B and Meyerson, LA and Pergl, J and van Kleunen, M and Weigelt, P and Winter, M and Guo, WY}, title = {Small genome size and variation in ploidy levels support the naturalization of vascular plants but constrain their invasive spread.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {239}, number = {6}, pages = {2389-2403}, doi = {10.1111/nph.19135}, pmid = {37438886}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Genome Size ; Citizenship ; Ploidies ; Introduced Species ; *Tracheophyta ; DNA ; }, abstract = {Karyological characteristics are among the traits underpinning the invasion success of vascular plants. Using 11 049 species, we tested the effects of genome size and ploidy levels on plant naturalization (species forming self-sustaining populations where they are not native) and invasion (naturalized species spreading rapidly and having environmental impact). The probability that a species naturalized anywhere in the world decreased with increasing monoploid genome size (DNA content of a single chromosome set). Naturalized or invasive species with intermediate monoploid genomes were reported from many regions, but those with either small or large genomes occurred in fewer regions. By contrast, large holoploid genome sizes (DNA content of the unreplicated gametic nucleus) constrained naturalization but favoured invasion. We suggest that a small genome is an advantage during naturalization, being linked to traits favouring adaptation to local conditions, but for invasive spread, traits associated with a large holoploid genome, where the impact of polyploidy may act, facilitate long-distance dispersal and competition with other species.}, }
@article {pmid37438520, year = {2023}, author = {Rohr, JR and Sack, A and Bakhoum, S and Barrett, CB and Lopez-Carr, D and Chamberlin, AJ and Civitello, DJ and Diatta, C and Doruska, MJ and De Leo, GA and Haggerty, CJE and Jones, IJ and Jouanard, N and Lund, AJ and Ly, AT and Ndione, RA and Remais, JV and Riveau, G and Schacht, AM and Seck, M and Senghor, S and Sokolow, SH and Wolfe, C}, title = {A planetary health innovation for disease, food and water challenges in Africa.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {619}, number = {7971}, pages = {782-787}, pmid = {37438520}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Child ; Humans ; *Agriculture ; *Ecosystem ; *Schistosomiasis/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control/transmission ; *Snails/parasitology ; Africa, Western ; Fertilizers ; Introduced Species ; Intestines/parasitology ; Fresh Water ; Plants/metabolism ; Biodiversity ; Animal Feed ; *Rural Health ; Water Quality ; Crop Production/methods ; Public Health ; Poverty/prevention &amp; control ; Aquatic Organisms/metabolism ; Remote Sensing Technology ; }, abstract = {Many communities in low- and middle-income countries globally lack sustainable, cost-effective and mutually beneficial solutions for infectious disease, food, water and poverty challenges, despite their inherent interdependence[1-7]. Here we provide support for the hypothesis that agricultural development and fertilizer use in West Africa increase the burden of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis by fuelling the growth of submerged aquatic vegetation that chokes out water access points and serves as habitat for freshwater snails that transmit Schistosoma parasites to more than 200 million people globally[8-10]. In a cluster randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03187366) in which we removed invasive submerged vegetation from water points at 8 of 16 villages (that is, clusters), control sites had 1.46 times higher intestinal Schistosoma infection rates in schoolchildren and lower open water access than removal sites. Vegetation removal did not have any detectable long-term adverse effects on local water quality or freshwater biodiversity. In feeding trials, the removed vegetation was as effective as traditional livestock feed but 41 to 179 times cheaper and converting the vegetation to compost provided private crop production and total (public health plus crop production benefits) benefit-to-cost ratios as high as 4.0 and 8.8, respectively. Thus, the approach yielded an economic incentive-with important public health co-benefits-to maintain cleared waterways and return nutrients captured in aquatic plants back to agriculture with promise of breaking poverty-disease traps. To facilitate targeting and scaling of the intervention, we lay the foundation for using remote sensing technology to detect snail habitats. By offering a rare, profitable, win-win approach to addressing food and water access, poverty alleviation, infectious disease control and environmental sustainability, we hope to inspire the interdisciplinary search for planetary health solutions[11] to the many and formidable, co-dependent global grand challenges of the twenty-first century.}, }
@article {pmid37437762, year = {2023}, author = {Buteler, M and Villalobos, E and Alma, AM and Silva, L and Tomba, JP}, title = {Management practice for small hive beetle as a source of microplastic contamination in honey and honeybee colonies.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {334}, number = {}, pages = {122151}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122151}, pmid = {37437762}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Bees ; Animals ; *Honey/analysis ; *Coleoptera ; Plastics ; Microplastics ; Ecosystem ; *Urticaria ; }, abstract = {Microplastics (MP) have emerged as a widespread environmental contaminant affecting bee health. In this study we report on the impact of one of the cultural practices used to control the small hive beetle (SBH, Aethina tumida). Management of the beetle often includes the use of in-hive traps of different kinds, such as non-woven microfiber wipes. When placed inside the hive, bees chew on these wipes, which then become fuzzy and fray to the point where beetles become entangled in their fibers. The current study aimed to examine the composition of these microfiber sheets and to evaluate whether their use resulted in unintended MP contamination of bees and honey. We treated hives with one blue microfiber sheet placed on top of the frames for at least three months. After that time, we collected adult bees and honey samples from treated hives, control hives in the same apiary (control near), and control hives in an apiary 7.5 km away (control far). Honey from treated hives had a significantly greater number of blue MF than honey from the control hives (mean ± SD, treatment 11.83 ± 3.76, control near 2.25 ± 0.92 and control far 0.25 ± 0.5 MF/20 gr honey). Also, hives treated with the microfiber sheets had a significantly greater number of blue microfibers in the gut and cuticle of bees, than the control hives located in a different apiary. However, the control and treated bees located in the same apiary had a similar number of blue microfibers (mean ± SD, treatment 4.7 ± 2.28, control near 3 ± 1.63 and control far 0.5 ± 0.58 MF in 20 bees). Thus, the current study raises concerns of the use of microfibers sheets to trap the SBH as it results in the incorporation of microfibers into the ecosystem and the food chain.}, }
@article {pmid37434227, year = {2023}, author = {Theys, J and Tareau, MA and Ansoe-Tareau, C and Greene, A and Palisse, M and Ricardou, A and Odonne, G}, title = {Adaptive ecological knowledge among the Ndjuka Maroons of French Guiana; a case study of two 'invasive species': Melaleuca quinquenervia and Acacia mangium.}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {29}, pmid = {37434227}, issn = {1746-4269}, mesh = {Humans ; *Acacia ; *Melaleuca ; French Guiana ; Introduced Species ; *Emigrants and Immigrants ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: To understand how local ecological knowledge changes and adapts, here in the case of the recent introduction of plant species, we report the knowledge and perceptions of the Ndjuka (Maroon) of French Guiana concerning two tree species, Acacia mangium and niaouli (Melaleuca quinquenervia), which are categorized as "invasive alien plants" in the savannas of their territory.<br><br>METHODS: To this end, semi-structured interviews were conducted between April and July 2022, using a pre-designed questionnaire, plant samples and photographs. The uses, local ecological knowledge, and representations of these species were surveyed among populations of Maroon origin in western French Guiana. All responses to closed questions collected during the field survey were compiled into an Excel spreadsheet in order to perform quantitative analyses, including the calculation of use reports (URs).<br><br>RESULTS: It appears that the local populations have integrated these two plant species, which are named, used and even traded, into their knowledge systems. On the other hand, neither foreignness nor invasiveness seem to be relevant concepts in the perspective of the informants. The usefulness of these plants is the determining factor of their integration into the Ndjuka medicinal flora, thus resulting in the adaptation of their local ecological knowledge.<br><br>CONCLUSION: In addition to highlighting the need for the integration of the discourse of local stakeholders into the management of "invasive alien species," this study also allows us to observe the forms of adaptation that are set in motion by the arrival of a new species, particularly within populations that are themselves the result of recent migrations. Our results furthermore indicate that such adaptations of local ecological knowledge can occur very quickly.}, }
@article {pmid37429936, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, J and Pan, YF and Yang, LF and Yang, WH and Lv, K and Luo, CM and Wang, J and Kuang, GP and Wu, WC and Gou, QY and Xin, GY and Li, B and Luo, HL and Chen, S and Shu, YL and Guo, D and Gao, ZH and Liang, G and Li, J and Chen, YQ and Holmes, EC and Feng, Y and Shi, M}, title = {Individual bat virome analysis reveals co-infection and spillover among bats and virus zoonotic potential.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {4079}, pmid = {37429936}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {U01 AI151810/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Chiroptera ; *Coinfection ; Phylogeny ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Virome ; *COVID-19 ; China/epidemiology ; *Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/genetics ; }, abstract = {Bats are reservoir hosts for many zoonotic viruses. Despite this, relatively little is known about the diversity and abundance of viruses within individual bats, and hence the frequency of virus co-infection and spillover among them. We characterize the mammal-associated viruses in 149 individual bats sampled from Yunnan province, China, using an unbiased meta-transcriptomics approach. This reveals a high frequency of virus co-infection (simultaneous infection of bat individuals by multiple viral species) and spillover among the animals studied, which may in turn facilitate virus recombination and reassortment. Of note, we identify five viral species that are likely to be pathogenic to humans or livestock, based on phylogenetic relatedness to known pathogens or in vitro receptor binding assays. This includes a novel recombinant SARS-like coronavirus that is closely related to both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. In vitro assays indicate that this recombinant virus can utilize the human ACE2 receptor such that it is likely to be of increased emergence risk. Our study highlights the common occurrence of co-infection and spillover of bat viruses and their implications for virus emergence.}, }
@article {pmid37429777, year = {2023}, author = {Bezerra-Santos, MA and Dantas-Torres, F and Mendoza-Roldan, JA and Thompson, RCA and Modry, D and Otranto, D}, title = {Invasive mammalian wildlife and the risk of zoonotic parasites.}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {39}, number = {9}, pages = {786-798}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2023.06.004}, pmid = {37429777}, issn = {1471-5007}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Parasites ; Ecosystem ; Mammals ; Asia/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive wild mammals are present in all continents, with Europe, North America, and the Asian-Pacific region having the largest number of established species. In particular, Europe has been the continent with the highest number of zoonotic parasites associated with invasive wild mammals. These invasive species may represent a major threat for the conservation of native ecosystems and may enter in the transmission cycle of native parasites, or act as spreaders of exotic parasites. Here, we review the role of invasive wild mammals as spreaders of zoonotic parasites, presenting important examples from Europe, America, and the Asia-Pacific region. Finally, we emphasize the need for more research on these mammals and their parasites, especially in areas where their monitoring is scantily performed.}, }
@article {pmid37427560, year = {2023}, author = {Lin, Z and Shen, S and Wang, K and Ji, T}, title = {Biotic and abiotic stresses on honeybee health.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12752}, pmid = {37427560}, issn = {1749-4877}, support = {32272935//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; CARS-44//Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System/ ; YZLYJFJH2021YXBS155//Lvyangjinfeng Program of Yangzhou/ ; //COLOSS Ricola Award for Excellence/ ; }, abstract = {Honeybees are the most critical pollinators providing key ecosystem services that underpin crop production and sustainable agriculture. Amidst a backdrop of rapid global change, this eusocial insect encounters a succession of stressors during nesting, foraging, and pollination. Ectoparasitic mites, together with vectored viruses, have been recognized as central biotic threats to honeybee health, while the spread of invasive giant hornets and small hive beetles also increasingly threatens colonies worldwide. Cocktails of agrochemicals, including acaricides used for mite treatment, and other pollutants of the environment have been widely documented to affect bee health in various ways. Additionally, expanding urbanization, climate change, and agricultural intensification often result in the destruction or fragmentation of flower-rich bee habitats. The anthropogenic pressures exerted by beekeeping management practices affect the natural selection and evolution of honeybees, and colony translocations facilitate alien species invasion and disease transmission. In this review, the multiple biotic and abiotic threats and their interactions that potentially undermine bee colony health are discussed, while taking into consideration the sensitivity, large foraging area, dense network among related nestmates, and social behaviors of honeybees.}, }
@article {pmid37426502, year = {2022}, author = {Joshi, AG and Praveen, P and Ramakrishnan, U and Sowdhamini, R}, title = {Draft genome sequence of an invasive plant Lantana camara L.}, journal = {Bioinformation}, volume = {18}, number = {9}, pages = {739-741}, pmid = {37426502}, issn = {0973-2063}, abstract = {Lantana camara L. is an invasive species of global concern. An ornamental plant originating from central America, it has now spread across natural and human-dominated habitats across tropical and subtropical regions globally. Understanding the population and evolutionary genetics of this species could help gain deeper insights into invasion biology, and provide tools for more effective management. Such investigation would require a relatively good quality genome assembly. While there have been reports of a transcriptome, it has been challenging to construct the genome assembly because of the large genome size. We present here the first draft genome assembly of Lantana camara L. which has an N50 value of 62 Kb, genome completeness of 99.3% and genome coverage of 74.3%. We hope that such an assembly will help researchers study colonization history, the genetic basis of adaptation and invasiveness, and help design strategies to contain the invasiveness of this plant, allowing biodiversity recovery in several parts of the globe.}, }
@article {pmid37424941, year = {2023}, author = {Cheng, R and Luo, Y and Zhang, Y and Li, Q and Li, Y and Shen, Y}, title = {eDNA metabarcoding reveals differences in fish diversity and community structure in heterogeneous habitat areas shaped by cascade hydropower.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {e10275}, pmid = {37424941}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Freshwater ecosystems are under great threat from humans, among which habitat heterogeneity is the most obvious, being one of the important reasons for the decline of fish diversity. This phenomenon is particularly prominent in the Wujiang River, where the continuous rapids of the mainstream have been divided into 12 mutually isolated sections by 11 cascade hydropower reservoirs. Based on the fact that conventional survey methods are more harmful to the ecological environment, the efficient and noninvasive environmental DNA metabarcoding (eDNA) approach was used in this study to conduct an aquatic ecological survey of the 12 river sections of the mainstream of the Wujiang River. A total of 2299 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained, corresponding to 97 species, including four nationally protected fish species and 12 alien species. The results indicate that the fish community structure of the Wujiang River mainstream, which was originally dominated by rheophilic fish species, has been changed. And there are differences in fish species diversity and species composition among the reservoir areas of the mainstream of the Wujiang River. The fish species in the area have gradually declined under the influence of anthropogenic factors such as terraced hydropower and overfishing. The fish populations consequently have demonstrated a tendency to be species miniaturized, and the indigenous fish are severely threatened. In addition, the fish composition monitored by the eDNA approach was found to be close to the fish composition of historical information on the Wujiang River, indicating that eDNA approach may be used as a complementary tool to conventional methods in this basin.}, }
@article {pmid37422945, year = {2023}, author = {Kwak, ML and Jones, MD and Harman, MEA and Smith, SN and D'souza, A and Knierim, T and Barnes, CH and Waengsothorn, S and Amarga, AKS and Kuo, CC and Nakao, R}, title = {The East Indies reptile tick Amblyomma helvolum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae), taxonomy, biology and new host records, including the first record of human infestation.}, journal = {Ticks and tick-borne diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {102224}, doi = {10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102224}, pmid = {37422945}, issn = {1877-9603}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; *Ticks ; *Ixodidae ; Amblyomma ; Indonesia ; Reptiles ; Biology ; *Tick Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Amblyomma helvolum is a widespread, generalist ectoparasite of reptiles in the oriental region, and has the potential to become highly invasive should it be inadvertently introduced outside its native range through the exotic pet trade. All life stages of A. helvolum are re-characterised morphologically and the first examples of nanism (dwarfism) and gynandromorphy (male and female tissue in one animal) for the species are described. Eighteen new hosts records are presented for A. helvolum, including the first case of human infestation. The taxonomy, distribution, ecology, phenology, disease associations, and invasion biology of the species are also discussed.}, }
@article {pmid37422088, year = {2023}, author = {Warren, DA and Burgess, AL and Prati, S and Bacela-Spychalska, K and S J Rogers, M and Bojko, J}, title = {Histopathological screening of Pontogammarus robustoides (Amphipoda), an invader on route to the United Kingdom.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {200}, number = {}, pages = {107970}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2023.107970}, pmid = {37422088}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; *Amphipoda/microbiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Parasites ; *Microsporidia ; United Kingdom ; Introduced Species ; *Apicomplexa/physiology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions may act as conduits for pathogen introduction. To determine which invasive non-native species pose the biggest threat, we must first determine the symbionts (pathogens, parasites, commensals, mutualists) they carry, via pathological surveys that can be conducted in multiple ways (i.e., molecular, pathological, and histological). Whole animal histopathology allows for the observation of pathogenic agents (virus to Metazoa), based on their pathological effect upon host tissue. Where the technique cannot accurately predict pathogen taxonomy, it does highlight pathogen groups of importance. This study provides a histopathological survey of Pontogammarus robustoides (invasive amphipod in Europe) as a baseline for symbiont groups that may translocate to other areas/hosts in future invasions. Pontogammarus robustoides (n = 1,141) collected throughout Poland (seven sites), were noted to include a total of 13 symbiotic groups: a putative gut epithelia virus (overall prevalence = 0.6%), a putative hepatopancreatic cytoplasmic virus (1.4%), a hepatopancreatic bacilliform virus (15.7%), systemic bacteria (0.7%), fouling ciliates (62.0%), gut gregarines (39.5%), hepatopancreatic gregarines (0.4%), haplosporidians (0.4%), muscle infecting microsporidians (6.4%), digeneans (3.5%), external rotifers (3.0%), an endoparasitic arthropod (putatively: Isopoda) (0.1%), and Gregarines with putative microsporidian infections (1.4%). Parasite assemblages partially differed across collection sites. Co-infection patterns revealed strong positive and negative associations between five parasites. Microsporidians were common across sites and could easily spread to other areas following the invasion of P. robustoides. By providing this initial histopathological survey, we hope to provide a concise list of symbiont groups for risk-assessment in the case of a novel invasion by this highly invasive amphipod.}, }
@article {pmid37421703, year = {2023}, author = {Vejan, A and Patimar, R and Jafaryan, H and Gholizadeh, M and Adineh, H and Aghilinezhad, SM}, title = {Population parameters of the non-indigenous invasive shrimp Palaemon macrodactylus Rathbun, 1902 (Caridea: Palaemonidae) from the southeastern Caspian Sea, with implications for range expansions, threats and conservation.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {190}, number = {}, pages = {106078}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106078}, pmid = {37421703}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Male ; Female ; *Palaemonidae ; Ecosystem ; Caspian Sea ; Reproduction ; Fertility ; }, abstract = {Knowledge on invasive species is critical for the conservation. This study is the first documentation on population parameters of oriental shrimp (Palaemon macrodactylus) in the southern Caspian Sea, where the occurrence of invasive species is of great importance. The samples were collected using a small beach seine (35 m long and 2.5 m height) monthly from April 2019 to March 2020, and a total of 1643 specimens of P. macrodactylus were sampled. The growth form of the males was negative and that of females positive allometric nature. From the size-frequency distributions, the shrimp's lifespan was estimated to be about 2 years for both sexes. High recruitment can take place over nearly all months of late summer and autumn. The VBGF parameters were L∞ = 65.00 mm, K = 0.82 y[-1], and t0 = -0.80 for males, and TL∞ = 71.00 mm, K = 0.51 y[-1] and t0 = -0.59 for females. The estimated Z was 3.65 and 3.10 year[-1] for males and females, respectively. The total sex ratio was significantly biased toward females in the population. Length group analysis showed a clear pattern of female dominance in lengths larger than 29 mm. Based on the occurrence of ovigerous females, the reproductive period lasts for seven months (April-October). Fecundity, as the number of both eyed and non-eyed eggs per clutch of females, varied from 71 to 2308 eggs shrimp[-1] with a mean of 1074 ± 553.8 (±SD) eggs shrimp[-1]. The estimated relative number of eggs in a clutch of ovigerous females varies between 1208.8 and 1714, with a mean value of 889.1 eggs. female[-1]. The egg diameter averaged 0.675 ± 0.063 mm (±SD), ranging from 0.512 to 0.812 mm. The relationships of the total and relative number of eggs in a clutch of ovigerous females with their size were statistically significant, while the egg diameter in ovigerous females was independent of shrimp size (length and weight). P. macrodactylus underwent a life-history strategy including high abundance, short life span, high mortality rate, long reproductive season, and female dominance that showed characteristics of r-strategist species, promoting the invasion of this shrimp in the Caspian Sea as a new area of introduction. We are convinced that P. macrodactylus established in the Caspian Sea it is in the last stage of invasion (impact on the ecosystem).}, }
@article {pmid37415250, year = {2023}, author = {Soresinetti, L and Arnoldi, I and Negri, A and Naro, G and Michelutti, A and Montarsi, F and Mosca, A and Bandi, C and Gabrieli, P and Epis, S}, title = {Development of microsatellite markers for the invasive mosquito Aedes koreicus.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {223}, pmid = {37415250}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {2017J8JR57//Ministry of Education, University and Research, PRIN 2017/ ; 2017J8JR57//Ministry of Education, University and Research, PRIN 2017/ ; 2017-0798//Fondazione Cariplo/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Aedes/genetics ; Europe ; Italy ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes koreicus is a mosquito species native to East Asia which has recently invaded several countries in Europe. In Italy, this mosquito was first detected in the North-East in 2011 and is now widely distributed in the entire northern part of the country. The development of specific genetic markers, such as microsatellites, is necessary to uncover the dispersal routes of this mosquito from its native areas and, eventually, to plan future control interventions.<br><br>METHODS: Available raw sequences of genomic DNA of Ae. koreicus were screened in silico using BLASTn to identify possible microsatellite-containing sequences. Specific primer pairs were then designed, and their efficiency was determined through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on 32 individuals of Ae. koreicus collected in Italy. PCR conditions were optimised in three multiplex reactions. Genotyping of individual mosquitoes was performed on both single and multiplex PCR reactions. Finally, analysis of intra-population variation was performed to assess the level of polymorphism of the markers.<br><br>RESULTS: Mosquito genotyping provided consistent results in both single and multiplex reactions. Out of the 31 microsatellite markers identified in the Ae. koreicus genome raw sequences, 11 were polymorphic in the examined mosquito samples.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the 11 microsatellite markers developed here hold potential for investigating the genetic structure of Ae. koreicus populations. These markers could thus represent a novel and useful tool to infer the routes of invasion of this mosquito species into Europe and other non-native areas.}, }
@article {pmid37414208, year = {2023}, author = {Geraerts, M and Huyse, T and Barson, M and Bassirou, H and Bilong Bilong, CF and Bitja Nyom, AR and Manda, AC and Cruz-Laufer, AJ and Kabalika, CK and Kasembele, GK and Bukinga, FM and Njom, S and Van Steenberge, M and Artois, T and Vanhove, MPM}, title = {Sharing is caring? Barcoding suggests co-introduction of dactylogyrid monogeneans with Nile tilapia and transfer towards native tilapias in sub-Saharan Africa.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {53}, number = {13}, pages = {711-730}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.05.007}, pmid = {37414208}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Animals ; *Tilapia/parasitology ; *Cichlids/parasitology ; Ecosystem ; *Fish Diseases/parasitology ; Gills/parasitology ; *Trematoda/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Africa South of the Sahara ; }, abstract = {Invasive Nile tilapias negatively impact native tilapia species through hybridisation and competition. However, the co-introduction of parasites with Nile tilapia, and subsequent changes in parasite communities, are scarcely documented. Monogeneans are known pathogens of cultured Nile tilapia, although little is known about their fate once Nile tilapias establish in new ecosystems. We investigate the parasitological consequences of Nile tilapia introduction on native tilapias in basins in Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and Zimbabwe, focusing on ectoparasitic dactylogyrids (Monogenea). Using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI) and nuclear 18S-internal transcribed spacer 1 (18S-ITS1) rDNA region of 128 and 166 worms, respectively, we evaluated transmission of several dactylogyrid species. Parasite spillover from Nile tilapia was detected for Cichlidogyrus tilapiae to Coptodon guineensis in Cameroon, Cichlidogyrus thurstonae to Oreochromis macrochir in the DRC, and Cichlidogyrus halli and C. tilapiae to Coptodon rendalli in Zimbabwe. Parasite spillback to Nile tilapia was detected for Cichlidogyrus papernastrema and Scutogyrus gravivaginus from Tilapia sparrmanii and Cichlidogyrus dossoui from C. rendalli or T. sparrmanii in the DRC, and Cichlidogyrus chloeae from Oreochromis cf. mortimeri and S. gravivaginus from O. macrochir in Zimbabwe. 'Hidden' transmissions (i.e. transmission of certain parasite lineages of species that are naturally present on both alien and native hosts) were detected for C. tilapiae and Scutogyrus longicornis between Nile tilapia and Oreochromis aureus and C. tilapiae between Nile tilapia and Oreochromis mweruensis in the DRC, and Cichlidogyrus sclerosus and C. tilapiae between Nile tilapia and O. cf. mortimeri in Zimbabwe. A high density of Nile tilapia occurring together with native tilapias, and the broad host range and/or environmental tolerance of the transmitted parasites, are proposed as factors behind parasite transmission through ecological fitting. However, continuous monitoring and the inclusion of environmental variables are necessary to understand the long-term consequences of these transmissions on native tilapias and to elucidate other underlying factors influencing these transmissions.}, }
@article {pmid37414178, year = {2023}, author = {Ferraguti, M and Martínez-de la Puente, J and Brugueras, S and Millet, JP and Rius, C and Valsecchi, A and Figuerola, J and Montalvo, T}, title = {Spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of invasive and native mosquitoes in a large Mediterranean city.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {896}, number = {}, pages = {165322}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165322}, pmid = {37414178}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Mosquito Vectors ; *Aedes ; Cities ; *Culex ; Water ; Larva ; }, abstract = {Mosquitoes, including invasive species like the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus, alongside native species Culex pipiens s.l., pose a significant nuisance to humans and serve as vectors for mosquito-borne diseases in urban areas. Understanding the impact of water infrastructure characteristics, climatic conditions, and management strategies on mosquito occurrence and effectiveness of control measures to assess their implications on mosquito occurrence is crucial for effective vector control. In this study, we examined data collected during the local vector control program in Barcelona, Spain, focusing on 234,225 visits to 31,334 different sewers, as well as 1817 visits to 152 fountains between 2015 and 2019. We investigated both the colonization and recolonization processes of mosquito larvae within these water infrastructures. Our findings revealed higher larval presence in sandbox-sewers compared to siphonic or direct sewers, and the presence of vegetation and the use of naturalized water positively influenced larval occurrence in fountains. The application of larvicidal treatment significantly reduced larvae presence; however, recolonization rates were negatively affected by the time elapsed since treatment. Climatic conditions played a critical role in the colonization and recolonization of sewers and urban fountains, with mosquito occurrence exhibiting non-linear patterns and, generally, increasing at intermediate temperatures and accumulated rainfall levels. This study emphasizes the importance of considering sewers and fountains characteristics and climatic conditions when implementing vector control programs to optimize resources and effectively reduce mosquito populations.}, }
@article {pmid37409880, year = {2023}, author = {Greaves, E and Kron, P and Husband, BC}, title = {Demographic and reproductive impacts of hybridization unrelated to hybrid viability in a native plant.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {110}, number = {8}, pages = {e16208}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.16208}, pmid = {37409880}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Hybridization, Genetic ; Reproduction ; Seeds/genetics ; Endosperm/genetics ; *Malus ; Demography ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: Introduced species can influence native congeners through production of hybrids and introgression, but impacts not involving viable hybrids, such as reduced conspecific offspring and increased asexual seed production, are rarely examined. Here we tested for these demographic and reproductive consequences of hybridization between introduced, domesticated apple (Malus domestica) and native crabapple (M. coronaria) in southern Canada.<br><br>METHODS: We applied four pollination treatments (open, M. coronaria, M. domestica, open + M. coronaria) to focal M. coronaria trees across multiple years and assessed the number and reproductive origins of resulting seeds (hybrid or conspecific endosperm and, for each, sexual or asexual embryo) using flow cytometry.<br><br>RESULTS: In open-pollinated fruit, 27% of seeds had hybrid endosperm; 52% of embryos were asexual. The number of conspecific embryos (sexual or asexual) per fruit did not decline significantly with increasing hybridization, indicating no seed discounting, but hand pollinations using only domestic apple or crabapple pollen reduced the number of conspecific embryos significantly. Hybridization was not associated with a change in percentage asexual embryos, overall, but there was an increase in asexual embryos in tetraploid seeds, the maternal and most common offspring ploidy.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that hybridization can influence native Malus in ways beyond the production of viable hybrids, with significant implications for population dynamics and genetic structure.}, }
@article {pmid37409288, year = {2023}, author = {Docimo, T and D'Amelia, V and Piccinelli, AL}, title = {Editorial: The chemo-biological language of plants: exploring the diversity of specialized metabolites.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1226864}, pmid = {37409288}, issn = {1664-462X}, }
@article {pmid37408071, year = {2023}, author = {Daněk, O and Lesiczka, PM and Hammerbauerova, I and Volfova, K and Juránková, J and Frgelecová, L and Modrý, D and Hrazdilova, K}, title = {Role of invasive carnivores (Procyon lotor and Nyctereutes procyonoides) in epidemiology of vector-borne pathogens: molecular survey from the Czech Republic.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {219}, pmid = {37408071}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {IGA VETUNI 106/2021/FVL//Veterin&#xe1;rn&#xed; a Farmaceutick&#xe1; Univerzita Brno/ ; NU23-05-00511//Ministerstvo Zdravotnictv&#xed; Cesk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Raccoon Dogs ; Raccoons ; Czech Republic/epidemiology ; *Otters ; Phylogeny ; *Lynx ; *Carnivora ; *Babesia/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) are a major threat to humans, livestock and companion animals worldwide. The combined effect of climatic, socioeconomic and host composition changes favours the spread of the vectors, together with the expansion of invasive carnivores contributing to the spread of the pathogens. In Europe, the most widespread invasive species of carnivores are raccoons (Procyon lotor) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides). This study focused on the detection of four major groups of VBPs namely Babesia, Hepatozoon, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Bartonella in invasive and native carnivores in the Czech Republic, with the emphasis on the role of invasive carnivores in the eco-epidemiology of said VBPs.<br><br>METHODS: Spleen samples of 84 carnivores of eight species (Canis aureus, Canis lupus, Lynx lynx, P. lotor, Martes foina, Lutra lutra, Mustela erminea and N. procyonoides) were screened by combined nested PCR and sequencing for the above-mentioned VBPs targeting 18S rRNA and cytB in hemoprotozoa, groEL in A. phagocytophilum, and using multilocus genotyping in Bartonella spp. The species determination is supported by phylogenetic analysis inferred by the maximum likelihood method.<br><br>RESULTS: Out of 84 samples, 44% tested positive for at least one pathogen. Five different species of VBPs were detected in P. lotor, namely Bartonella canis, Hepatozoon canis, Hepatozoon martis, A. phagocytophilum and Bartonella sp. related to Bartonella washoensis. All C. lupus tested positive for H. canis and one for B. canis. Three VBPs (Hepatozoon silvestris, A. phagocytophilum and Bartonella taylorii) were detected in L. lynx for the first time. Babesia vulpes and yet undescribed species of Babesia, not previously detected in Europe, were found in N. procyonoides.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Wild carnivores in the Czech Republic are hosts of several VBPs with potential veterinary and public health risks. Among the studied carnivore species, the invasive raccoon is the most competent host. Raccoons are the only species in our study where all the major groups of studied pathogens were detected. None of the detected pathogen species were previously detected in these carnivores in North America, suggesting that raccoons adapted to local VBPs rather than introduced new ones. Babesia vulpes and one new, probably imported species of Babesia, were found in raccoon dogs.}, }
@article {pmid37407804, year = {2023}, author = {Kobayashi, G and Itoh, H and Nakajima, N}, title = {First report of the mitogenome of the invasive reef-building polychaete Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Annelida: Serpulidae) and a cryptic lineage from the Japanese Archipelago.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {50}, number = {9}, pages = {7183-7196}, pmid = {37407804}, issn = {1573-4978}, support = {1620AQ007//National Institute for Environmental Studies/ ; JP22K15174//JSPS KAKENHI/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Annelida/genetics ; *Genome, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Polychaeta/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of the family Serpulidae are characterized by a high nucleotide sequence divergence and a significant number of gene order rearrangements compared with other families within the phylum Annelida. However, only two of 50 genera of serpulids have mitogenomes already sequenced. In this study, we report the first sequencing and assembly of the complete mitogenome of Ficopomatus, thus providing further knowledge on mitochondrial gene sequences of Serpulidae.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: A mitogenome of the invasive reef-building polychaete Ficopomatus enigmaticus was amplified by long PCR and sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq System. It comprised 15,853&#xa0;bp and consisted of 12 protein-coding genes&#xa0;(atp8&#xa0;was not found), 23 tRNA, and two rRNA genes. The AT and GC skew values were infrequent when compared to annelid mitogenomes but similar to other serpulids sequenced to date (i.e., Spirobranchus and Hydroides). The mitochondrial gene order of F. enigmaticus was highly rearranged compared to other serpulids. To amplify 16S rRNA gene sequences, we developed a 16S rRNA primer set by modifying the universal primer set 16SarL/16SbrH. We detected the 16S rRNA sequence of F. enigmaticus deposited in GenBank erroneously characterized as of serpulid origin. We reported for the first time the presence of two lineages of F. enigmaticus in Japan, which have already been identified in California, Australia, and the Mediterranean.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The first mitochondrial genome of F. enigmaticus showed a unique gene order rearrangement, corroborating the remarkable diversity in the previously reported mitogenomes of other serpulid species. The presence of the two lineages of F. enigmaticus identified for the first time in Japan represents another case of cryptic invasion. The first 16S rRNA gene sequences of F. enigmaticus obtained in the present study can be used as reference sequences in future DNA metabarcoding studies.}, }
@article {pmid37406694, year = {2023}, author = {Allen, BL and Bobier, C and Dawson, S and Fleming, PJS and Hampton, J and Jachowski, D and Kerley, GIH and Linnell, JDC and Marnewick, K and Minnie, L and Muthersbaugh, M and O'Riain, MJ and Parker, D and Proulx, G and Somers, MJ and Titus, K}, title = {Why humans kill animals and why we cannot avoid it.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {896}, number = {}, pages = {165283}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165283}, pmid = {37406694}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Animals, Domestic ; *Animals, Wild ; Animal Welfare ; Agriculture ; Endangered Species ; }, abstract = {Killing animals has been a ubiquitous human behaviour throughout history, yet it is becoming increasingly controversial and criticised in some parts of contemporary human society. Here we review 10 primary reasons why humans kill animals, discuss the necessity (or not) of these forms of killing, and describe the global ecological context for human killing of animals. Humans historically and currently kill animals either directly or indirectly for the following reasons: (1) wild harvest or food acquisition, (2) human health and safety, (3) agriculture and aquaculture, (4) urbanisation and industrialisation, (5) invasive, overabundant or nuisance wildlife control, (6) threatened species conservation, (7) recreation, sport or entertainment, (8) mercy or compassion, (9) cultural and religious practice, and (10) research, education and testing. While the necessity of some forms of animal killing is debatable and further depends on individual values, we emphasise that several of these forms of animal killing are a necessary component of our inescapable involvement in a single, functioning, finite, global food web. We conclude that humans (and all other animals) cannot live in a way that does not require animal killing either directly or indirectly, but humans can modify some of these killing behaviours in ways that improve the welfare of animals while they are alive, or to reduce animal suffering whenever they must be killed. We encourage a constructive dialogue that (1) accepts and permits human participation in one enormous global food web dependent on animal killing and (2) focuses on animal welfare and environmental sustainability. Doing so will improve the lives of both wild and domestic animals to a greater extent than efforts to avoid, prohibit or vilify human animal-killing behaviour.}, }
@article {pmid37404705, year = {2023}, author = {Kelly, CL and Gordon, IJ and Schwarzkopf, L and Pintor, A and Pople, A and Hirsch, BT}, title = {Invasive wild deer exhibit environmental niche shifts in Australia: Where to from here?.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {e10251}, pmid = {37404705}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive species have established populations around the world and, in the process, characteristics of their realized environmental niches have changed. Because of their popularity as a source of game, deer have been introduced to, and become invasive in, many different environments around the world. As such, deer should provide a good model system in which to test environmental niche shifts. Using the current distributions of the six deer species present in Australia, we quantified shifts in their environmental niches that occurred since introduction; we determined the differences in suitable habitat between their international (native and invaded) and their Australian ranges. Given knowledge of their Australian habitat use, we then modeled the present distribution of deer in Australia to assess habitat suitability, in an attempt to predict future deer distributions. We show that the Australian niches of hog (Axis porcinus), fallow (Dama dama), red (Cervus elaphus), rusa (C. timorensis), and sambar deer (C. unicolor), but not chital deer (A. axis), were different to their international ranges. When we quantified the potential range of these six species in Australia, chital, hog, and rusa deer had the largest areas of suitable habitat outside their presently occupied habitat. The other three species had already expanded outside the ranges that we predicted as suitable. Here, we demonstrate that deer have undergone significant environmental niche shifts following introduction into Australia, and these shifts are important for predicting the future spread of these invasive species. It is important to note that current Australian and international environmental niches did not necessarily predict range expansions, thus wildlife managers should treat these analyses as conservative estimates.}, }
@article {pmid37401520, year = {2023}, author = {Macdonald, KJ and Driscoll, DA and Macdonald, KJ and Hradsky, B and Doherty, TS}, title = {Meta-analysis reveals impacts of disturbance on reptile and amphibian body condition.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {29}, number = {17}, pages = {4949-4965}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.16852}, pmid = {37401520}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {DE200100157//Australian Research Council/ ; LP170101134//Australian Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Amphibians/physiology ; Animals, Wild ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Reptiles/physiology ; }, abstract = {Ecosystem disturbance is increasing in extent, severity and frequency across the globe. To date, research has largely focussed on the impacts of disturbance on animal population size, extinction risk and species richness. However, individual responses, such as changes in body condition, can act as more sensitive metrics and may provide early warning signs of reduced fitness and population declines. We conducted the first global systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the impacts of ecosystem disturbance on reptile and amphibian body condition. We collated 384 effect sizes representing 137 species from 133 studies. We tested how disturbance type, species traits, biome and taxon moderate the impacts of disturbance on body condition. We found an overall negative effect of disturbance on herpetofauna body condition (Hedges' g = -0.37, 95% CI: -0.57, -0.18). Disturbance type was an influential predictor of body condition response and all disturbance types had a negative mean effect. Drought, invasive species and agriculture had the largest effects. The impact of disturbance varied in strength and direction across biomes, with the largest negative effects found within Mediterranean and temperate biomes. In contrast, taxon, body size, habitat specialisation and conservation status were not influential predictors of disturbance effects. Our findings reveal the widespread effects of disturbance on herpetofauna body condition and highlight the potential role of individual-level response metrics in enhancing wildlife monitoring. The use of individual response metrics alongside population and community metrics would deepen our understanding of disturbance impacts by revealing both early impacts and chronic effects within affected populations. This could enable early and more informed conservation management.}, }
@article {pmid37398071, year = {2023}, author = {Clark, AC and Alexander, A and Edison, R and Esvelt, K and Kamau, S and Dutoit, L and Champer, J and Champer, SE and Messer, PW and Gemmell, NJ}, title = {A framework for identifying fertility gene targets for mammalian pest control.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {37398071}, support = {R01 GM127418/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Fertility-targeted gene drives have been proposed as an ethical genetic approach for managing wild populations of vertebrate pests for public health and conservation benefit.This manuscript introduces a framework to identify and evaluate target gene suitability based on biological gene function, gene expression, and results from mouse knockout models.This framework identified 16 genes essential for male fertility and 12 genes important for female fertility that may be feasible targets for mammalian gene drives and other non-drive genetic pest control technology. Further, a comparative genomics analysis demonstrates the conservation of the identified genes across several globally significant invasive mammals.In addition to providing important considerations for identifying candidate genes, our framework and the genes identified in this study may have utility in developing additional pest control tools such as wildlife contraceptives.}, }
@article {pmid37395619, year = {2023}, author = {García-Rodríguez, A and Lenzner, B and Marino, C and Liu, C and Velasco, JA and Bellard, C and Jeschke, JM and Seebens, H and Essl, F}, title = {Patterns and drivers of climatic niche dynamics during biological invasions of island-endemic amphibians, reptiles, and birds.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {29}, number = {17}, pages = {4924-4938}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.16849}, pmid = {37395619}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {I-5825-B//Austrian Science Fund/ ; UNAM-PAPIIT IA201320//Direcci&#xf3;n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad&#xe9;mico, Universidad Nacional Aut&#xf3;noma de M&#xe9;xico/ ; //ENS-PSL/ ; }, abstract = {Shifts between native and alien climatic niches pose a major challenge for predicting biological invasions. This is particularly true for insular species because geophysical barriers could constrain the realization of their fundamental niches, which may lead to underestimates of their invasion potential. To investigate this idea, we estimated the frequency of shifts between native and alien climatic niches and the magnitude of climatic mismatches using 80,148 alien occurrences of 46 endemic insular amphibian, reptile, and bird species. Then, we assessed the influence of nine potential predictors on climatic mismatches across taxa, based on species' characteristics, native range physical characteristics, and alien range properties. We found that climatic mismatch is common during invasions of endemic insular birds and reptiles: 78.3% and 55.1% of their respective alien records occurred outside of the environmental space of species' native climatic niche. In comparison, climatic mismatch was evident for only 16.2% of the amphibian invasions analyzed. Several predictors significantly explained climatic mismatch, and these varied among taxonomic groups. For amphibians, only native range size was associated with climatic mismatch. For reptiles, the magnitude of climatic mismatch was higher for species with narrow native altitudinal ranges, occurring in topographically complex or less remote islands, as well as for species with larger distances between their native and alien ranges. For birds, climatic mismatch was significantly larger for invasions on continents with higher phylogenetic diversity of the recipient community, and when the invader was more evolutionarily distinct. Our findings highlight that apparently common niche shifts of insular species may jeopardize our ability to forecast their potential invasions using correlative methods based on climatic variables. Also, we show which factors provide additional insights on the actual invasion potential of insular endemic amphibians, reptiles, and birds.}, }
@article {pmid37394735, year = {2023}, author = {Hudson, CM and Cuenca Cambronero, M and Moosmann, M and Narwani, A and Spaak, P and Seehausen, O and Matthews, B}, title = {Environmentally independent selection for hybrids between divergent freshwater stickleback lineages in semi-natural ponds.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {36}, number = {8}, pages = {1166-1184}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.14194}, pmid = {37394735}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ponds ; *Smegmamorpha/genetics ; Lakes ; Phenotype ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Hybridization following secondary contact of genetically divergent populations can influence the range expansion of invasive species, though specific outcomes depend on the environmental dependence of hybrid fitness. Here, using two genetically and ecologically divergent threespine stickleback lineages that differ in their history of freshwater colonization, we estimate fitness variation of parental lineages and hybrids in semi-natural freshwater ponds with contrasting histories of nutrient loading. In our experiment, we found that fish from the older freshwater lineage (Lake Geneva) and hybrids outperformed fish from the younger freshwater lineage (Lake Constance) in terms of both growth and survival, regardless of the environmental context of our ponds. Across all ponds, hybrids exhibited the highest survival. Although wild-caught adult populations differed in their functional and defence morphology, it is unclear which of these traits underlie the fitness differences observed among juveniles in our experiment. Overall, our work suggests that when hybrid fitness is insensitive to environmental conditions, as observed here, introgression may promote population expansion into unoccupied habitats and accelerate invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid37394711, year = {2023}, author = {Constantine, KL and Makale, F and Mugambi, I and Chacha, D and Rware, H and Muvea, A and Kipngetich, VK and Tambo, J and Ogunmodede, A and Djeddour, D and Pratt, CF and Rwomushana, I and Williams, F}, title = {Assessment of the socio-economic impacts associated with the arrival of apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in Mwea irrigation scheme, Kenya.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {11}, pages = {4343-4356}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7638}, pmid = {37394711}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//European Commission (DG INTPA)/ ; //Netherlands Directorate-General for International Cooperation (DGIS)/ ; //Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)/ ; //UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO)/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In Kenya, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is mainly produced under irrigation by small-scale farmers. Mwea irrigation scheme (MIS) in Kirinyaga County accounts for 80-88% of rice production. Here, rice is the main source of livelihood and a source of revenue generation for the county. However, a recently established invasive freshwater snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) (family: Ampullariidae), a species of apple snail, presents a serious threat to rice production.<br><br>RESULTS: Household surveys, focus group discussions and key informant interviews highlight apple snail as a serious problem in MIS. Households that observed at least a moderate level of infestation (>20% of cultivated area) experienced significant reductions in rice yield (~14%) and net rice income (~60%). Farmers reported increased use of chemical pesticides for management of apple snail. In addition, the cost of hired labor for physical removal of egg masses and snails is resulting in substantial negative effects on net income. Farmer age, area of land owned, responsibility for decision-making, receipt of extension advice, training, and membership of a farmer organization, were all statistically significant variables to explain farmers awareness of the need for area-wide apple snail management.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Strategies to limit the spread of apple snail are urgently needed. A Multi-Institutional Technical Team (MITT) has been established to spearhead management efforts and consolidate advice to farmers on how to manage apple snail. However, without action to mitigate spread, the consequences could be disastrous for rice production and food security in Kenya, and for other rice growing regions across Africa. &#xa9; 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid37393907, year = {2023}, author = {Morin, F and Panova, MAZ and Schweizer, M and Wiechmann, M and Eliassen, N and Sundberg, P and Cluzel-Burgalat, L and Polovodova Asteman, I}, title = {Hidden aliens: Application of digital PCR to track an exotic foraminifer across the Skagerrak (North Sea) correlates well with traditional morphospecies analysis.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {11}, pages = {2321-2337}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.16458}, pmid = {37393907}, issn = {1462-2920}, mesh = {North Sea ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Foraminifera/genetics ; Sweden ; Estuaries ; }, abstract = {The problem of invasive species is a well-studied one, but knowledge of free-living unicellular eukaryotic invasive species is lacking. A potentially invasive foraminifer (Rhizaria), Nonionella sp. T1, was recently discovered in the Skagerrak and its fjords. Digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) was applied to track the spread of this non-indigenous species using a new dPCR assay (T1-1). The use of dPCR appears highly complementary to traditional hand picking of foraminiferal shells from the sediment, and is far less time-consuming. This study indicates that Nonionella sp. T1 has bypassed the outer Skagerrak strait, instead becoming established in Swedish west coast fjords, constituting up to half of the living foraminiferal community in fjord mouth areas. The ecology of Nonionella sp. T1 and its potential invasive impacts are still largely unknown, but it appears to be an opportunist using several energy sources such as nitrate respiration and kleptoplasty along with a possibly more efficient reproductive strategy to gain an advantage over the native foraminiferal species. Future ecological studies of Nonionella sp. T1 could be aided by dPCR and the novel Nonionella sp. T1-specific T1-1 assay.}, }
@article {pmid37384992, year = {2023}, author = {Huang, Y and Cai, H and Jian, S and Wang, J and Kollmann, J and Hui, D and Zhang, L and Lu, H and Ren, H}, title = {Spatial variation of soil seed banks along a gradient of anthropogenic disturbances in tropical forests on coral islands.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {344}, number = {}, pages = {118512}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118512}, pmid = {37384992}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Ecosystem ; Soil/chemistry ; Seed Bank ; *Anthozoa ; Anthropogenic Effects ; Islands ; Forests ; Plants ; Seeds ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Poor regeneration of natural vegetation is a major factor contributing to the degradation of tropical coral islands. Soil seed banks (SSB) are important for maintaining the resilience of plant communities. However, the community characteristics and spatial distribution of SSBs and the controlling factors along human disturbance on coral islands are unclear. To fill this gap, we measured the community structure and spatial distributions of forest SSBs on three coral islands in the South China Sea, with varying degrees of human disturbance. The results showed that strong human disturbance increased the diversity, richness, and density of SSBs, as well as increased the richness of invasive species. With increased human disturbance, the heterogeneity pattern of SSBs spatial distribution changed from difference between forest east and west to forest center and edge. The similarity between the SSBs and above-ground vegetation also increased, and the distribution of invasive species extended from the edge to the central area of the forests, demonstrating that human disturbance limited the outward dispersal of seeds of resident species but increased the inward dispersal of seeds of invasive species. Interaction between soil properties, plant characteristics, and human disturbance explained 23-45% of the spatial variation of forest SSBs on the coral islands. However, human disturbance reduced the correlations of plant communities and spatial distribution of SSBs with soil factors (i.e., available phosphorus and total nitrogen) and increased the correlations of the community characteristics of SSB with landscape heterogeneity index, road distance, and shrub and litter cover. Resident seed dispersal on tropical coral islands might be enhanced by reducing building height, constructing buildings in down-wind locations, and preserving corridors that support animal movement among forest fragments.}, }
@article {pmid37377495, year = {2023}, author = {Wolfe, PC and Tuske, AM and Tillitt, DE and Allen, F and Edwards, KA}, title = {Understanding and mitigating thiaminase activity in silver carp.}, journal = {Current research in food science}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {100502}, pmid = {37377495}, issn = {2665-9271}, abstract = {A deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1), an essential cofactor for enzymes involved in metabolic processes, can be caused by the enzyme thiaminase. Thiaminase in food stocks has been linked to morbidity and mortality due to thiamine depletion in many ecologically and economically important species. Thiaminase activity has been detected in certain bacteria, plants, and fish species, including carp. The invasive silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) presents an enormous burden to ecosystems throughout the Mississippi River watershed. Its large biomass and nutritional content offer an attractive possibility as a food source for humans, wild animals, or pets. Additionally, harvesting this fish could alleviate some of the effects of this species on waterways. However, the presence of thiaminase would detract from its value for dietary consumption. Here we confirm the presence of thiaminase in several tissues from silver carp, most notably the viscera, and systematically examine the effects of microwaving, baking, dehydrating, and freeze-drying on thiaminase activity. Certain temperatures and durations of baking and microwaving reduced thiaminase activity to undetectable levels. However, caution should be taken when carp tissue is concentrated by processes without sufficient heat treatment, such as freeze-drying or dehydration, which results in concentration, but not inactivation of the enzyme. The effects of such treatments on the ease of extracting proteins, including thiaminase, and the impact on data interpretation using the 4-nitrothiophenol (4-NTP) thiaminase assay were considered.}, }
@article {pmid37372135, year = {2023}, author = {Viviano, A and D'Amico, M and Mori, E}, title = {Aliens on the Road: Surveying Wildlife Roadkill to Assess the Risk of Biological Invasion.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {37372135}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {Monitoring the presence and distribution of alien species is pivotal to assessing the risk of biological invasion. In our study, we carried out a worldwide review of roadkill data to investigate geographical patterns of biological invasions. We hypothesise that roadkill data from published literature can turn out to be a valuable resource for researchers and wildlife managers, especially when more focused surveys cannot be performed. We retrieved a total of 2314 works published until January 2022. Among those, only 41 (including our original data) fitted our requirements (i.e., including a total list of roadkilled terrestrial vertebrates, with a number of affected individuals for each species) and were included in our analysis. All roadkilled species from retrieved studies were classified as native or introduced (domestic, paleo-introduced, or recently released). We found that a higher number of introduced species would be recorded among roadkill in Mediterranean and Temperate areas with respect to Tropical and Desert biomes. This is definitely in line with the current knowledge on alien species distribution at the global scale, thus confirming that roadkill datasets can be used beyond the study of road impacts, such as for an assessment of different levels of biological invasions among different countries.}, }
@article {pmid37372115, year = {2023}, author = {Pile, B and Warren, D and Hassall, C and Brown, LE and Dunn, AM}, title = {Biological Invasions Affect Resource Processing in Aquatic Ecosystems: The Invasive Amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus Impacts Detritus Processing through High Abundance Rather than Differential Response to Temperature.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {37372115}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {19100065//University of Leeds/ ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic stressors such as climate warming and invasive species and natural stressors such as parasites exert pressures that can interact to impact the function of ecosystems. This study investigated how these stressors interact to impact the vital ecosystem process of shredding by keystone species in temperate freshwater ecosystems. We compared metabolic rates and rates of shredding at a range of temperatures up to extreme levels, from 5 °C to 30 °C, between invasive and native amphipods that were unparasitised or parasitised by a common acanthocephalan, Echinorhynchus truttae. Shredding results were compared using the relative impact potential (RIP) metric to investigate how they impacted the scale with a numerical response. Although per capita shredding was higher for the native amphipod at all temperatures, the higher abundance of the invader led to higher relative impact scores; hence, the replacement of the native by the invasive amphipod is predicted to drive an increase in shredding. This could be interpreted as a positive effect on the ecosystem function, leading to a faster accumulation of amphipod biomass and a greater rate of fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) provisioning for the ecosystem. However, the high density of invaders compared with natives may lead to the exhaustion of the resource in sites with relatively low leaf detritus levels.}, }
@article {pmid37372048, year = {2023}, author = {Nikolaou, A and Tsirintanis, K and Rilov, G and Katsanevakis, S}, title = {Invasive Fish and Sea Urchins Drive the Status of Canopy Forming Macroalgae in the Eastern Mediterranean.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {37372048}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {HFRI-FM17-1597//Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H.F.R.I.)/ ; }, abstract = {Canopy-forming macroalgae, such as Cystoseira sensu lato, increase the three-dimensional complexity and spatial heterogeneity of rocky reefs, enhancing biodiversity and productivity in coastal areas. Extensive loss of canopy algae has been recorded in recent decades throughout the Mediterranean Sea due to various anthropogenic pressures. In this study, we assessed the biomass of fish assemblages, sea urchin density, and the vertical distribution of macroalgal communities in the Aegean and Levantine Seas. The herbivore fish biomass was significantly higher in the South Aegean and Levantine compared to the North Aegean. Very low sea urchin densities suggest local collapses in the South Aegean and the Levantine. In most sites in the South Aegean and the Levantine, the ecological status of macroalgal communities was low or very low at depths deeper than 2 m, with limited or no canopy algae. In many sites, canopy algae were restricted to a very narrow, shallow zone, where grazing pressure may be limited due to harsh hydrodynamic conditions. Using Generalized Linear Mixed Models, we demonstrated that the presence of canopy algae is negatively correlated with the biomass of the invasive Siganus spp. and sea urchins. The loss of Cystoseira s.l. forests is alarming, and urgent conservation actions are needed.}, }
@article {pmid37371996, year = {2023}, author = {Malagoli, D and Franchi, N and Sacchi, S}, title = {The Eco-Immunological Relevance of the Anti-Oxidant Response in Invasive Molluscs.}, journal = {Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {37371996}, issn = {2076-3921}, support = {Project code CN_00000033//National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), Mission 4, Component 2 Investment 1.4 - Call for tender No. 3138 of 16 December 2021, rectified by Decree n.3175 of 18 December 2021 of Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union/ ; }, abstract = {Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are volatile and short-lived molecules playing important roles in several physiological functions, including immunity and physiological adaptation to unsuitable environmental conditions. In an eco-immunological view, the energetic costs associated with an advantageous metabolic apparatus able to cope with wide changes in environmental parameters, e.g., temperature range, water salinity or drought, could be further balanced by the advantages that this apparatus may also represent in other situations, e.g., during the immune response. This review provides an overview of molluscs included in the IUCN list of the worst invasive species, highlighting how their relevant capacity to manage ROS production during physiologically challenging situations can also be advantageously employed during the immune response. Current evidence suggests that a relevant capacity to buffer ROS action and their damaging consequences is advantageous in the face of both environmental and immunological challenges, and this may represent a trait for potential invasiveness. This should be considered in order to obtain or update information when investigating the potential of the invasiveness of emerging alien species, and also in view of ongoing climate changes.}, }
@article {pmid37370545, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, X and Du, H and Zhao, Z and Wu, Y and Cao, Z and Zhou, Y and Sun, Y}, title = {Risk Assessment Model System for Aquatic Animal Introduction Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {37370545}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {No. 2021YFC2600601//key research and development program of China/ ; }, abstract = {The spread of invasive species (IS) has the potential to upset ecosystem balances. In extreme cases, this can hinder economical utilization of both aquatic (fisheries) and terrestrial (agricultural) systems. As a result, many countries regard risk assessment of IS as an important process for solving the problem of biological invasion. Yet, some IS are purposefully introduced for what is seen as their potential economic benefits. Thus, conducting IS risk assessments and then formulating policies based on scientific information will allow protocols to be developed that can reduce problems associated with IS incursions, whether occurring purposefully or not. However, the risk assessment methods currently adopted by most countries use qualitative or semiquantitative methodologies. Currently, there is a mismatch between qualitative and quantitative assessments. Moreover, most assessment systems are for terrestrial animals. What is needed is an assessment system for aquatic animals; however, those currently available are relatively rudimentary. To fill this gap, we used the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to build a risk assessment model system for aquatic IS. Our AHP has four primary indexes, twelve secondary indexes, and sixty tertiary indexes. We used this AHP to conduct quantitative risk assessments on five aquatic animals that are typically introduced in China, which have distinct biological characteristics, specific introduction purposes, and can represent different types of aquatic animals. The assessment results show that the risk grade for Pterygoplichthys pardalis is high; the risk grade for Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Crassostrea gigas, and Trachemys scripta elegans is medium; and the grade risk for Ambystoma mexicanum is low. Risk assessment of the introduction of aquatic animals using our AHP is effective, and it provides support for the introduction and healthy breeding of aquatic animals. Thus, the AHP model can provide a basis for decision-making risk management concerning the introduction of species.}, }
@article {pmid37370537, year = {2023}, author = {Shi, L and Liu, F and Peng, L}, title = {Impact of Red Imported Fire Ant Nest-Building on Soil Properties and Bacterial Communities in Different Habitats.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {37370537}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {2021YFD1000500//the National Key R &amp; D Program of China/ ; 32172404//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2020R1023006//the research institutes of basic research and public service in Fujian, China/ ; YC2021016//a project of the Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Fujian, China/ ; xjq201903//the Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars/ ; }, abstract = {The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) is a highly adaptable invasive species that can nest and reproduce in different habitat soils. We aimed to explore the adaptability of red imported fire ants in different habitats by analyzing changes in the physicochemical properties of nest soils and bacterial communities. Five habitat types (forest, tea plantation, rice field, lawn, and brassica field) were selected. The results showed that the pH of the nest soils increased significantly in all five habitats compared to the control soils of the same habitat. A significant increase in nitrogen content was detected in the nests. The Cr, Pb, Cu, and Ni levels were significantly reduced in the soils of the five habitats, due to nesting activities. Analysis of the composition and diversity of the soil microbial community showed that, although the richness and diversity of bacteria in the nest soils of red imported fire ants in the five habitats varied, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria significantly increased and it emerged as the dominant bacterial group. These results indicate that red imported fire ants modify the physicochemical properties of nest soils and bacterial communities to create a suitable habitat for survival and reproduction.}, }
@article {pmid37369671, year = {2023}, author = {Dahlberg, AD and Waller, DL and Hammond, D and Lund, K and Phelps, NBD}, title = {Open water dreissenid mussel control projects: lessons learned from a retrospective analysis.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {10410}, pmid = {37369671}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Water ; Retrospective Studies ; *Bivalvia ; Lakes ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Dreissenid mussels are one of the most problematic aquatic invasive species (AIS) in North America, causing substantial ecological and economic effects. To date, dreissenid mussel control efforts in open water have included physical, biological, and chemical methods. The feasibility of successful dreissenid mussel management or eradication in lakes is relatively undocumented in the freshwater management literature. This review presents information on 33 open water dreissenid mussel control projects in 23 North America lakes. We reviewed data from past dreissenid mussel control projects and identified patterns and knowledge gaps to help inform adaptive management strategies. The three key lessons learned include (1) pre- and post-treatment survey methods that are designed to meet management objectives are beneficial, e.g., by sampling for all life stages and taking into account that no survey method is completely comprehensive; (2) defining the treatment area-particularly ensuring it is sufficiently large to capture all life stages present-is critical to meeting management objectives; and (3) control projects provide an opportunity to collect water chemistry, effects on non-target organisms, and other efficacy-related data that can inform safe and effective adaptive management.}, }
@article {pmid37369526, year = {2023}, author = {Davidson, I and Cahill, P and Hinz, A and Major, R and Kluza, D and Scianni, C and Georgiades, E}, title = {Biofouling occlusion of ships' internal seawater systems: operational, economic, and biosecurity consequences.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, pages = {410-426}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2023.2225411}, pmid = {37369526}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {*Biofouling/prevention &amp; control ; Biofilms ; Ships ; Biosecurity ; Seawater ; }, abstract = {Biofouling of ships' internal seawater systems (ISS) can cause significant operational issues and is a potential transfer mechanism for marine nonindigenous species. This study used an engine room simulator and economic evaluation to quantify impacts on commercial ship performance of biofouling occlusion within various ISS nodes (sea chest, strainer, and heat exchangers). A characteristic hockey-stick relationship between occlusion and impact emerged, whereby engine room systems could tolerate up to 55% occlusion of a single node without operational impact, followed by rapid performance deterioration. The relative magnitude of impacts varied by ISS node and in response to changes in ambient seawater temperatures. System tolerance was much lower when simultaneous occlusion of multiple nodes was assessed. In economic terms, consequences included required freight rate increases of 1-26% prior to forced (automatic) slowdown of the ship and up to 82% increases if slowdown conditions were required.}, }
@article {pmid37367359, year = {2023}, author = {Tuno, N and Farjana, T and Uchida, Y and Iyori, M and Yoshida, S}, title = {Effects of Temperature and Nutrition during the Larval Period on Life History Traits in an Invasive Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {37367359}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Anopheles stephensi is an Asian and Middle Eastern malaria vector, and it has recently spread to the African continent. It is needed to measure how the malaria parasite infection in A. stephensi is influenced by environmental factors to predict its expansion in a new environment. Effects of temperature and food conditions during larval periods on larval mortality, larval period, female wing size, egg production, egg size, adult longevity, and malaria infection rate were studied using a laboratory strain. Larval survival and female wing size were generally reduced when reared at higher temperatures and with a low food supply during the larval period. Egg production was not significantly affected by temperature during the larval period. Egg size was generally smaller in females reared at higher temperatures during the larval period. The infection rate of mosquitoes that fed on blood from malaria-infected mice was not affected by rearing temperature or food conditions during the larval period. Higher temperatures may reduce infection. A. stephensi; however, larger individuals can still be infective. We suggest that routinely recording the body size of adults in field surveys is effective in finding productive larval breeding sites and in predicting malaria risk.}, }
@article {pmid37367347, year = {2023}, author = {Yang, H and Jiang, N and Li, C and Li, J}, title = {Prediction of the Current and Future Distribution of Tomato Leafminer in China Using the MaxEnt Model.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {37367347}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2021282//Tianshan Talent Plan of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region/ ; 2022GDASYL-20200301003//Special fund project for Guangdong Academy of Sciences to build a first-class research institution in China/ ; }, abstract = {Tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta), an important quarantine pest in China, was first detected in China in Yili, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, in 2017. Its damage has grown in recent years, severely harming Solanaceae plants in China and causing enormous economic losses. The study and prediction of the current and future suitable habitats for tomato leafminer in China can provide an important reference for the monitoring, early warning, and prevention and control of the pest. Here, tomato leafminer's potential distributions in China under the current climate and four future climate models (SSP1-26, SSP2-45, SSP3-70, and SSP5-85) were predicted using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model with ArcGIS software, and the accuracy of the prediction results was tested. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of the models were all greater than 0.8, and the test omission rate of the model simulation results basically agreed with the theoretical omission rate, suggesting that the prediction results had satisfactory accuracy and reliability. Under the current climatic conditions, the highly suitable habitats for tomato leafminer in China are mainly distributed in most of North China, most of East China, most of South China, most of Central China, most of Southwest China, some parts of Northeast China, and only a few parts of Northwest China. Annual mean temperature is the main environmental factor limiting the distribution. The suitable habitats for tomato leafminer will shift under different future climate models: Under SSP1-26, the highly suitable habitats will spread to the north and northeast and to the southeast coastal areas; under SSP2-45, the size of highly suitable habitats will grow from the present to 2080 and shrink from 2081 to 2100; under SSP3-70, the highly suitable habitats will spread northeastwards, but the highly suitable habitats in southeast coastal areas will shrink from 2081 to 2100 and turn into moderately suitable habitats. Under SSP5-85, the highly suitable habitats will spread northeastwards and northwestwards, with the size of highly suitable habitats gradually decreasing and the size of moderately suitable habitats increasing. Different climates will lead to different distributions of suitable habitats for tomato leafminer, with annual mean temperature, isothermality, and mean diurnal range as the main environmental influences.}, }
@article {pmid37367336, year = {2023}, author = {Picciotti, U and Valverde-Urrea, M and Garganese, F and Lopez-Moya, F and Foubelo, F and Porcelli, F and Lopez-Llorca, LV}, title = {Brindley's Glands Volatilome of the Predator Zelus renardii Interacting with Xylella Vectors.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {37367336}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {PID2020-119734RB-I00//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; AICO 2021/331//Generalitat Valenciana/ ; H93C22000750001//Ministero della Agricoltura, Sovranit&#xe0; Alimentare e Foreste/ ; }, abstract = {Alien species must adapt to new biogeographical regions to acclimatise and survive. We consider a species to have become invasive if it establishes negative interactions after acclimatisation. Xylella fastidiosa Wells, Raju et al., 1986 (XF) represents Italy's and Europe's most recent biological invasion. In Apulia (southern Italy), the XF-encountered Philaenus spumarius L. 1758 (Spittlebugs, Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) can acquire and transmit the bacterium to Olea europaea L., 1753. The management of XF invasion involves various transmission control means, including inundative biological control using Zelus renardii (ZR) Kolenati, 1856 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). ZR is an alien stenophagous predator of Xylella vectors, recently entered from the Nearctic and acclimated in Europe. Zelus spp. can secrete semiochemicals during interactions with conspecifics and prey, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that elicit conspecific defence behavioural responses. Our study describes ZR Brindley's glands, present in males and females of ZR, which can produce semiochemicals, eliciting conspecific behavioural responses. We scrutinised ZR secretion alone or interacting with P. spumarius. The ZR volatilome includes 2-methyl-propanoic acid, 2-methyl-butanoic acid, and 3-methyl-1-butanol, which are consistent for Z. renardii alone. Olfactometric tests show that these three VOCs, individually tested, generate an avoidance (alarm) response in Z. renardii. 3-Methyl-1-butanol elicited the highest significant repellence, followed by 2-methyl-butanoic and 2-methyl-propanoic acids. The concentrations of the VOCs of ZR decrease during the interaction with P. spumarius. We discuss the potential effects of VOC secretions on the interaction of Z. renardii with P. spumarius.}, }
@article {pmid37366519, year = {2023}, author = {Cho, S and Yang, I and Khim, JS and Park, J}, title = {First confirmed report of Nassarius sinarum (Mollusca, Gastropoda) in Korea.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e99661}, pmid = {37366519}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The marine gastropod mollusc Nassarius sinarum has attracted attention due to its status as a potential invasive species and the ecological impact it may have on local environments and the fishing industry. It was observed exclusively within China initially, but its distribution now seems to have expanded into Japan and Korea. Accurate identification of N. sinarum, particularly in its juvenile stage, is vital for understanding its ecological influences and distribution patterns.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: This study represents the first comprehensive analysis of N. sinarum samples from Korea. It includes morphological examination, scanning electron microscopy images and molecular sequencing. Two live specimens were collected from the Yeongsan River estuary in Korea and their morphological features were analysed and compared to those of samples from China and Japan. The samples' species were confirmed by molecular identification, based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and histone H3 (H3) genetic markers.It was observed that juvenile N. sinarum shells lack key species-characteristic morphological traits, such as a thick outer lip and diminishing axial ribs. However, COI marker-based molecular identification affirmed that these Korean specimens were N. sinarum. The H3 region was registered with the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) for the first time. Phylogenetic analysis of the H3 region did not resolve species distinctions within the Nassarius, suggesting that the H3 marker is not suitable for species identification within this genus. In this context, multiple genetic markers, when used appropriately, can also be applied to genus-level searches, enhancing species identification accuracy and reducing misidentification.The sequences provided in this study can serve as a valuable reference for future DNA barcoding research. Additional samples and surveys should be conducted through collaborative efforts amongst national and institutional organisations to further clarify the ecological status of N. sinarum and to investigate its distribution and potential impact around East Asia. Finally, a new Korean name, (No-lan-jul-job-ssal-mu-nui-go-dung; &#xb178;&#xb780;&#xc904;&#xc881;&#xc300;&#xbb34;&#xb2ac;&#xace0;&#xb465;) has been proposed for N. sinarum.}, }
@article {pmid37366322, year = {2023}, author = {Sun, X and Lu, G and Sun, R and Li, Y and Sun, S and Gao, L}, title = {An accurate, efficient, and economical identification technology for black twig borer based on species-specific cytochrome C oxidase subunit I PCR assay.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {4}, pages = {1372-1378}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad119}, pmid = {37366322}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Coleoptera/genetics ; *Weevils/genetics/microbiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Larva/genetics ; }, abstract = {Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) is a worldwide invasive species that causes huge economic loss and environmental damage in many countries. Traditional morphological characteristics make it hard to identify scolytines due to their tiny size. Besides, the intercepted insect samples are incomplete, and the limitation of insect (larvae and pupae) morphology makes morphological identification more difficult. The majority of the damage is caused by adults and fungi that serve as nutrition for their larvae. They destroy plant trunks, branches, and twigs, affecting plant transport tissues in both weak and healthy plants. An accurate, efficient, and economical molecular identification technique for X. compactus not restricted by professional taxonomic knowledge is necessary. In the present study, a molecular identification tool based on the mitochondrial DNA gene, cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) was developed. A species-specific COI (SS-COI) PCR assay was designed to identify X. compactus regardless of the developmental stage. Twelve scolytines commonly found in eastern China, namely Xylosandrus compactus, X. crassiusculus, X. discolor, X. germanus, X. borealis, X. amputates, X. eupatorii, X. mancus, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Euwallacea interjectus, E. fornicatus, and Acanthotomicus suncei, were included in the study. Additionally, specimens of X. compactus from 17 different areas in China, as well as a specimen collected from the United Stated, were also analyzed. Results demonstrated the accuracy and high efficiency of the assay, regardless of the developmental stage or the type of specimen. These features provide a good application prospect for fundamental departments and can be used to prevent the harmful consequences of the spread of X. compactus.}, }
@article {pmid37364865, year = {2023}, author = {Patterson, CW and Drury, JP}, title = {Interspecific behavioural interference and range dynamics: current insights and future directions.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {98}, number = {6}, pages = {2012-2027}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12993}, pmid = {37364865}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Species Specificity ; *Ecosystem ; *Territoriality ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Novel biotic interactions in shifting communities play a key role in determining the ability of species' ranges to track suitable habitat. To date, the impact of biotic interactions on range dynamics have predominantly been studied in the context of interactions between different trophic levels or, to a lesser extent, exploitative competition between species of the same trophic level. Yet, both theory and a growing number of empirical studies show that interspecific behavioural interference, such as interspecific territorial and mating interactions, can slow down range expansions, preclude coexistence, or drive local extinction, even in the absence of resource competition. We conducted a systematic review of the current empirical research into the consequences of interspecific behavioural interference on range dynamics. Our findings demonstrate there is abundant evidence that behavioural interference by one species can impact the spatial distribution of another. Furthermore, we identify several gaps where more empirical work is needed to test predictions from theory robustly. Finally, we outline several avenues for future research, providing suggestions for how interspecific behavioural interference could be incorporated into existing scientific frameworks for understanding how biotic interactions influence range expansions, such as species distribution models, to build a stronger understanding of the potential consequences of behavioural interference on the outcome of future range dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid37364830, year = {2023}, author = {Hood-Nowotny, R and Rabitsch, I and Cimadom, A and Suarez-Rubio, M and Watzinger, A and Yáñez, PS and Schulze, CH and Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S and Jäger, H and Tebbich, S}, title = {Plant invasion causes alterations in Darwin's finch feeding patterns in Galápagos cloud forests.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {895}, number = {}, pages = {164990}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164990}, pmid = {37364830}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Finches ; *Passeriformes ; Forests ; Biodiversity ; Feeding Behavior ; Ecuador ; }, abstract = {Invasive species pose a major threat to forest biodiversity, particularly on islands such as the Galapágos. Here, invasive plants are threatening the remnants of the unique cloud forest and its iconic Darwin's finches. We posit that food web disturbances caused by invasive Rubus niveus (blackberry), have contributed to the rapid decline of the insectivourous green warbler finch (Certhidae olivacea). We compared the birds' dietary changes in long-term management, short-term management and unmanaged areas. We measured C:N ratios, and δ[15]N‑nitrogen and δ[13]C‑carbon values in both consumer tissues (bird-blood) and food sources (arthropods), as indicators of resource use change, and collected mass abundance, and arthropod diversity data. We characterised the birds' diets using isotope mixing models. The results revealed that finches in (blackberry-invaded) unmanaged areas foraged more on abundant, yet lower quality, arthropods present in the invaded understory. This suggests that blackberry encroachment leads to a decrease in food source quality with physiological consequences for green warbler finch chicks. Results also implied that blackberry control has a short-term impact on food source quantity, which led to a decrease in chick recruitment that we observed in our previous studies; despite this, in the long-term, these managed systems show signs of recovery within three years of restoration.}, }
@article {pmid37364245, year = {2023}, author = {Keller, JA and Walsh, B and Johnson, A and Jenkins, N and Rost, J and Treichler, B and Biddinger, D and Calvin, DD and Hoover, K and Urban, J and Roush, RT}, title = {Efficacy and nontarget effects of broadcast treatments to manage spotted lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) nymphs.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {4}, pages = {1211-1224}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad121}, pmid = {37364245}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera ; Insecta ; Guanidines ; *Beauveria ; Nymph ; }, abstract = {Management to control the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White), would ideally achieve managers' goals while limiting impacts on nontarget organisms. In a large-scale field study with 45 plots at least 711 m2, we tested foliar applications of dinotefuran and 2 formulations of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, each applied from the ground and separately by helicopter. Applications targeted early instar nymphs. For both application methods, a single treatment with dinotefuran significantly reduced L. delicatula numbers, as measured by catch on sticky bands (91% reduction by air and 84% reduction by ground 19 days after application) and by timed counts (89% reduction by air and 72% reduction by ground 17 days after application). None of the B. bassiana treatments significantly reduced L. delicatula numbers, even after 3 applications. Beauveria bassiana infection in field-collected nymphs ranged from 0.4% to 39.7%, with higher mortality and infection among nymphs collected from ground application plots. Beauveria bassiana conidia did not persist for long on foliage which probably contributed to low population reduction. Nontarget effects were not observed among arthropods captured in blue vane flight intercept traps, San Jose Scale pheromone sticky traps or pitfall traps, but power analysis revealed that small reductions of less than 40% may not be detected despite extensive sampling of 48,804 specimens. These results demonstrate that dinotefuran can markedly reduce local abundance of L. delicatula with little apparent effect on nontarget insects when applied shortly after hatch, and that aerial applications can match or exceed the effectiveness of applications from the ground.}, }
@article {pmid37362907, year = {2023}, author = {Kvistad, JT and Galarowicz, TL and Clapp, DF and Chadderton, WL and Tucker, AJ and Annis, G and Herbert, M}, title = {Evidence of a compensatory response in invasive Rusty Crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) following intensive harvest removal from northern Lake Michigan fish spawning reefs.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-17}, pmid = {37362907}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The goal of most invasive species suppression programs is to achieve long-term sustained reductions in population abundance, yet removal programs can be stymied by density-dependent population responses. We tested a harvest removal strategy for invasive Rusty Crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) at two nearshore native fish spawning habitats in northern Lake Michigan. Changes in average Rusty Crayfish densities were evaluated with a before-after reference-impact study design. We removed 3182 Rusty Crayfish, primarily adults (> 20 mm carapace length), at two sites over two harvest seasons, expending 17,825 trap days in effort. Generalized linear modeling results suggested a statistically significant reduction in Rusty Crayfish densities was achieved at one reef, Little Traverse Bay (LTB Crib). Reduced densities were sustained over the egg maturation period for native fish and into the following year after removal ceased. By late summer/early fall, between consecutive suppression efforts in 2018 and 2019, we observed a threefold increase in pre-removal densities. Size-frequency histograms from diver quadrat surveys showed higher abundances of juvenile (< 20 mm carapace length) size classes the following spring and summer at LTB Crib compared to its paired reference site. Stock-recruit curves fit to count data, pooled across all sites, provided further evidence of density-dependence. With a proviso that we only conducted two seasons of consecutive suppression, this study highlights an important aspect of invasive species management and raises questions about the efficacy of adult-only crayfish removal strategies.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10530-023-03076-6.}, }
@article {pmid37362850, year = {2023}, author = {McDonagh, F and Cormican, M and Morris, D and Burke, L and Singh, NK and Venkateswaran, K and Miliotis, G}, title = {Medical Astro-Microbiology: Current Role and Future Challenges.}, journal = {Journal of the Indian Institute of Science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-26}, pmid = {37362850}, issn = {0970-4140}, abstract = {The second and third decades of the twenty-first century are marked by a flourishing of space technology which may soon realise human aspirations of a permanent multiplanetary presence. The prevention, control and management of infection with microbial pathogens is likely to play a key role in how successful human space aspirations will become. This review considers the emerging field of medical astro-microbiology. It examines the current evidence regarding the risk of infection during spaceflight via host susceptibility, alterations to the host's microbiome as well as exposure to other crew members and spacecraft's microbiomes. It also considers the relevance of the hygiene hypothesis in this regard. It then reviews the current evidence related to infection risk associated with microbial adaptability in spaceflight conditions. There is a particular focus on the International Space Station (ISS), as one of the only two crewed objects in low Earth orbit. It discusses the effects of spaceflight related stressors on viruses and the infection risks associated with latent viral reactivation and increased viral shedding during spaceflight. It then examines the effects of the same stressors on bacteria, particularly in relation to changes in virulence and drug resistance. It also considers our current understanding of fungal adaptability in spaceflight. The global public health and environmental risks associated with a possible re-introduction to Earth of invasive species are also briefly discussed. Finally, this review examines the largely unknown microbiology and infection implications of celestial body habitation with an emphasis placed on Mars. Overall, this review summarises much of our current understanding of medical astro-microbiology and identifies significant knowledge gaps.}, }
@article {pmid37360023, year = {2023}, author = {Campbell, MA and Hale, MC and Jalbert, CS and Dunker, K and Sepulveda, AJ and López, JA and Falke, JA and Westley, PAH}, title = {Genomics reveal the origins and current structure of a genetically depauperate freshwater species in its introduced Alaskan range.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {1119-1134}, pmid = {37360023}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Invasive species are a major threat to global biodiversity, yet also represent large-scale unplanned ecological and evolutionary experiments to address fundamental questions in nature. Here we analyzed both native and invasive populations of predatory northern pike (Esox lucius) to characterize landscape genetic variation, determine the most likely origins of introduced populations, and investigate a presumably postglacial population from Southeast Alaska of unclear provenance. Using a set of 4329 SNPs from 351 individual Alaskan northern pike representing the most widespread geographic sampling to date, our results confirm low levels of genetic diversity in native populations (average 𝝅 of 3.18 × 10[-4]) and even less in invasive populations (average 𝝅 of 2.68 × 10[-4]) consistent with bottleneck effects. Our analyses indicate that invasive northern pike likely came from multiple introductions from different native Alaskan populations and subsequently dispersed from original introduction sites. At the broadest scale, invasive populations appear to have been founded from two distinct regions of Alaska, indicative of two independent introduction events. Genetic admixture resulting from introductions from multiple source populations may have mitigated the negative effects associated with genetic bottlenecks in this species with naturally low levels of genetic diversity. Genomic signatures strongly suggest an excess of rare, population-specific alleles, pointing to a small number of founding individuals in both native and introduced populations consistent with a species' life history of limited dispersal and gene flow. Lastly, the results strongly suggest that a small isolated population of pike, located in Southeast Alaska, is native in origin rather than stemming from a contemporary introduction event. Although theory predicts that lack of genetic variation may limit colonization success of novel environments, we detected no evidence that a lack of standing variation limited the success of this genetically depauperate apex predator.}, }
@article {pmid37358769, year = {2023}, author = {Hussain, K and Ahmad, R and Nuñez, MA and Dar, TUH and Rashid, I and Khuroo, AA}, title = {Plant invasion shifts soil microbiome and physico-chemical attributes along an elevational gradient in Kashmir Himalaya.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {30}, number = {35}, pages = {84283-84299}, pmid = {37358769}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {No.BT/PR29607/FCB/125/17/2018//Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India/ ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Soil/chemistry ; Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; Bacteria ; *Microbiota ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Soil microbial communities, being situated at the interface of aboveground plant and belowground soil systems, can play a pivotal role in determining ecosystem response to the drivers of global environmental change, including invasive species. In mountains, invasive plants occurring along elevational gradients offer a unique natural experimental system to investigate the impact of invasions in determining patterns and relationships of soil microbial diversity and nutrient pools at much shorter spatial distances. Here, we studied the impact of a global plant invader, Leucanthemum vulgare, on the diversity of soil microbiome and physico-chemical attributes along an elevational gradient (1760-2880 m) in Kashmir Himalaya. We used Illumina MiSeq platform to characterize the soil microbiome in pair-wise invaded and uninvaded plots at four different sites along the gradient. We found a total of 1959 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to 152 species, and a relatively higher number of 2475 fungal OTUs belonging to 589 species. The α-diversity of soil microbiome showed a gradual increase from low to high elevation and differed significantly (p < 0.05) between the invaded and uninvaded plots. The β-diversity revealed distinct microbiome clustering among the sampling sites. Plant invasion also altered soil physico-chemical attributes along the elevational gradient. Overall, our findings suggest that the L. vulgare-induced shifts in soil microbiome and nutrient pools may be a belowground self-reinforced mechanism to facilitate its successful invasion along the elevational gradient. Our study provides new insights into invasive plant-microbe relationships with wide implications for climate warming-driven elevational range shifts in mountains.}, }
@article {pmid37357855, year = {2023}, author = {Vitali, A and Ruiz-Suarez, S and Vázquez, DP and Schleuning, M and Rodríguez-Cabal, MA and Sasal, Y and Pilosof, S}, title = {Invasive species modulate the structure and stability of a multilayer mutualistic network.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {290}, number = {2001}, pages = {20230132}, pmid = {37357855}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; Seeds ; Plants ; Mammals ; Pollination ; *Marsupialia ; Ecosystem ; *Seed Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Species interactions are critical for maintaining community structure and dynamics, but the effects of invasive species on multitrophic networks remain poorly understood. We leveraged an ongoing invasion scenario in Patagonia, Argentina, to explore how non-native ungulates affect multitrophic networks. Ungulates disrupt a hummingbird-mistletoe-marsupial keystone interaction, which alters community composition. We sampled pollination and seed dispersal interactions in intact and invaded sites. We constructed pollination and seed dispersal networks for each site, which we connected via shared plants. We calculated pollination-seed dispersal connectivity, identified clusters of highly connected species, and quantified species' roles in connecting species clusters. To link structural variation to stability, we quantified network tolerance to single random species removal (disturbance propagation) and sequential species removal (robustness) using a stochastic coextinction model. Ungulates reduced the connectivity between pollination and seed dispersal and produced fewer clusters with a skewed size distribution. Moreover, species shifted their structural role, fragmenting the network by reducing the 'bridges' among species clusters. These structural changes altered the dynamics of cascading effects, increasing disturbance propagation and reducing network robustness. Our results highlight invasive species' role in altering community structure and subsequent stability in multitrophic communities.}, }
@article {pmid37357385, year = {2023}, author = {Briceño, C and Marcone, D and Larraechea, M and Hidalgo, H and Fredes, F and Ramírez-Toloza, G and Cabrera, G}, title = {Zoonotic Cryptosporidium meleagridis in urban invasive monk parakeets.}, journal = {Zoonoses and public health}, volume = {70}, number = {8}, pages = {705-710}, doi = {10.1111/zph.13067}, pmid = {37357385}, issn = {1863-2378}, support = {//FONDECYT 11160852/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Cryptosporidium/genetics ; *Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Parakeets/genetics ; }, abstract = {Zoonotic Cryptosporidium meleagridis was identified in invasive monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) from Santiago metropolis in Chile. Oocysts were isolated from nestlings' faeces, and a fragment of 18S ribosomal RNA gene was amplified and sequenced. This finding emphasizes the importance of permanent pathogen monitoring in synanthropic species with wide global distribution.}, }
@article {pmid37352961, year = {2023}, author = {Zhou, Y and Wang, Z and Li, Z and Ji, L}, title = {Analysis of natural photocatalysts derived from spartina alterniflora with superior removal performance of pollutant.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {333}, number = {}, pages = {122096}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122096}, pmid = {37352961}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {*Oxides ; *Environmental Pollutants ; Silicon Dioxide ; Manganese Compounds ; Light ; Catalysis ; }, abstract = {Spartina alterniflora, as an invasive alien species, has been studied in terms of its potential use in immobilization and synergistic photocatalysis against dye contaminants for the first time. Microscopic characterization and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results confirmed the presence of abundant 3D wormhole-like pore structures and active functional groups (-OH, -NH2, CO, Si-O-Si). Moreover, the existence of SiO2 was connected the metal oxides with polar groups, which could proceed entire reaction procedure subsequently. Transition metal oxides (such as Fe2O3, TiO2, MnO2 and NiO) contained in photocatalysts might effectively promote the organics decomposition by the visible light excitation. The highest dye removal efficiency of 92.03% could be reached with the addition of 0.02 g photocatalyst. The capture experiment confirmed that the h[+] was the dominant active substance during the photocatalytic degradation process. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations verified that the functional groups (-COOH, -OH and -NH2) were exceptional adsorption sites for catalyst, and the calculated adsorption energy were all negative with the order of SRHH-NH2 (-2.712688 eV) < SRHH-OH (-2.075601 eV) < SRHH-COOH (-1.283141 eV), which confirmed that interface interaction effectively bound cationic dyes through the formation of hydrogen bonds at the catalysts-water interface, further accelerating the reaction rate of the entire photocatalytic reduction of dye molecules. Therefore, this work provides a feasible synthesis of natural photocatalysts using solid waste, which suggests excellent adsorption and photocatalysis properties for the treatment of organic industrial pollutant.}, }
@article {pmid37352548, year = {2023}, author = {Chase, KD and Frank, B and Diss-Torrance, A and Rigsby, CM}, title = {Pre-egg hatch efficacy of dormant applications against Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Erebidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {4}, pages = {1243-1248}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad123}, pmid = {37352548}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Lepidoptera ; *Moths ; *Insecticides ; *Bacillus thuringiensis ; Larva ; Forests ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Lymantria dispar L. is an invasive, non-native defoliating Lepidopteran established in North America that feeds on forest and urban trees. While many products are available to manage L. dispar post-emergence, few exist to prevent egg hatch when applied to egg masses. Here, we present the results of 3 separate experiments aimed at determining the efficacy of pre-emergent insecticides against L. dispar egg hatch. We found that the labeled rate (1:1) of Golden Pest Spray Oil (GPSO; AI: 93% soybean oil) can prevent L. dispar larvae from emerging in both field and lab assays. In large public spaces, we found that this treatment was ineffective at preventing L. dispar emergence or defoliation. Acelepryn (AI: 18.4% chlorantraniliprole) resulted in some suppression of egg hatch at a very low rate (.06 ml/ 3.8 liter) in both lab and field settings and the efficacy of higher rates should be further investigated. We also tested GPSO against Lepitect (97.4% acephate) in a public area that also received a Foray 48B (12.65% Bacillus thuringiensis, subsp. kurstaki) aerial application. On large oak trees in public areas, GPSO and Lepitect were not effective at reducing defoliation. Dormant pesticide applications generally reduce the risk of affecting negatively predator and parasitoid communities and are therefore desirable. Lymantria dispar pre-egg hatch applications will not work in every situation but should be considered as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy for individual homeowner trees where thorough coverage can be obtained.}, }
@article {pmid37351628, year = {2023}, author = {Padilla, P and Herrel, A and Denoël, M}, title = {May future climate change promote the invasion of the marsh frog? An integrative thermo-physiological study.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {202}, number = {2}, pages = {227-238}, pmid = {37351628}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {T.0070.19//Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Wetlands ; Temperature ; Hot Temperature ; Anura ; }, abstract = {Climate change and invasive species are two major drivers of biodiversity loss and their interaction may lead to unprecedented further loss. Invasive ectotherms can be expected to tolerate temperature variation because of a broad thermal tolerance and may even benefit from warmer temperatures in their new ranges that better match their thermal preference. Multi-trait studies provide a valuable approach to elucidate the influence of temperature on the invasion process and offer insights into how climatic factors may facilitate or hinder the spread of invasive ectotherms. We here used marsh frogs, Pelophylax ridibundus, a species that is invading large areas of Western Europe but whose invasive potential has been underestimated. We measured the maximal and minimal temperatures to sustain physical activity, the preferred temperature, and the thermal dependence of their stamina and jumping performance in relation to the environmental temperatures observed in their invasive range. Our results showed that marsh frogs can withstand body temperatures that cover 100% of the annual temperature variation in the pond they live in and 77% of the observed current annual air temperature variation. Their preferred body temperature and performance optima were higher than the average temperature in their pond and the average air temperature experienced under the shade. These data suggest that invasive marsh frogs may benefit from a warmer climate. Broad thermal tolerances, combined with high thermal preferences and traits maximised at high temperatures, may allow this species to expand their activity period and colonise underexploited shaded habitat, thereby promoting their invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid37351496, year = {2023}, author = {James, A and Hann, A and Holland, EP}, title = {Brood size in an uncertain world.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {221362}, pmid = {37351496}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Reproduction in an uncertain world is fraught. The consequences of investing in too many offspring in a resource poor season can be disastrous but so too is missing the opportunity of a resource rich year. We consider a simple population and individual growth model and use Lyapunov exponents to find analytical results for the optimum brood size under stochastic environmental conditions. We show that if the environment shows dramatic changes between breeding seasons choosing a smaller brood size is more likely to be successful but the best strategy is to synchronize your reproduction to the food availability. Finally, we show that if the cost of having offspring is high it can be better to live in a highly varying world with a plastic strategy that synchronizes to the environment than to live in a deterministic world with a constant strategy, a finding with implications for invasive species and climate change.}, }
@article {pmid37351478, year = {2023}, author = {Seidenath, D and Weig, AR and Mittereder, A and Hillenbrand, T and Brüggemann, D and Opel, T and Langhof, N and Riedl, M and Feldhaar, H and Otti, O}, title = {Diesel exhaust particles alter gut microbiome and gene expression in the bumblebee Bombus terrestris.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {e10180}, pmid = {37351478}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Insect decline is a major threat to ecosystems around the world as they provide many important functions, such as pollination or pest control. Pollution is one of the main reasons for the decline, alongside changes in land use, global warming, and invasive species. While negative impacts of pesticides are well-studied, there is still a lack of knowledge about the effects of other anthropogenic pollutants, such as airborne particulate matter, on insects. To address this, we exposed workers of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris to sublethal doses of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) and brake dust, orally or via air. After 7 days, we looked at the composition of the gut microbiome and tracked changes in gene expression. While there were no changes in the other treatments, oral DEP exposure significantly altered the structure of the gut microbiome. In particular, the core bacterium Snodgrassella had a decreased abundance in the DEP treatment. Similarly, transcriptome analysis revealed changes in gene expression after oral DEP exposure, but not in the other treatments. The changes are related to metabolism and signal transduction, which indicates a general stress response. Taken together, our results suggest potential health effects of DEP exposure on insects, here shown in bumblebees, as gut dysbiosis may increase the susceptibility of bumblebees to pathogens, while a general stress response may lower available energy resources. Those effects may exacerbate under natural conditions where insects face a multiple-stressor environment.}, }
@article {pmid37347857, year = {2023}, author = {Zhu, K and Cheng, Y and Zhou, Q}, title = {China's water diversion carries invasive species.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {380}, number = {6651}, pages = {1230}, doi = {10.1126/science.adi6022}, pmid = {37347857}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {China ; *Introduced Species ; *Conservation of Water Resources ; }, }
@article {pmid37347236, year = {2024}, author = {Xiong, Y and Oduor, AMO and Zhao, C}, title = {Population genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity of Ambrosia artemisiifolia under different nitrogen levels.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {e2903}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2903}, pmid = {37347236}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {2019HJ2096001006//Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment/ ; 2016YFC1201100//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Ambrosia/genetics ; *Nitrogen ; Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Phenotype ; Plants ; Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Rapid adaptive evolution and phenotypic plasticity are two mechanisms that often underlie invasiveness of alien plant species, but whether they can co-occur within invasive plant populations under altered environmental conditions such as nitrogen (N) enrichment has seldom been explored. Latitudinal clines in plant trait responses to variation in environmental factors may provide evidence of local adaptation. Here, we inferred the relative contributions of phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation to the performance of the invasive plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia under different soil N levels, using a common garden approach. We grew A. artemisiifolia individuals raised from seeds that were sampled from six invasive populations along a wide latitudinal cline in China (23°42' N to 45°43' N) under three N (0, 5, and 10 g N m[-2]) levels in a common garden. Results show significant interpopulation genetic differentiation in plant height, number of branches, total biomass, and transpiration rate of the invader A. artemisiifolia across the N treatments. The populations also expressed genetic differentiation in basal diameter, growth rate, leaf area, seed width, root biomass, aboveground biomass, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO2 concentration regardless of N treatments. Moreover, plants from different populations of the invader displayed plastic responses in time to first flower, hundred-grain weight, net photosynthetic rate, and relative biomass allocation to roots and shoots and seed length under different N treatments. Additionally, individuals of A. artemisiifolia from higher latitudes grew shorter and allocated less biomass to the roots regardless of N treatment, while latitudinal cline (or lack thereof) in other traits depended on the level of N in which the plants were grown. Overall, these results suggest that rapid adaptive evolution and phenotypic plasticity in the various traits that we quantified may jointly contribute to invasiveness of A. artemisiifolia under different levels of N availability. More broadly, the results support the idea that phenotypic plasticity and rapid adaptive evolution can jointly enable invasive plants to colonize a wide range of environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid37346766, year = {2023}, author = {Ramírez-Bautista, A and Torres-Hernández, LA and Cruz-Elizalde, R and Berriozabal-Islas, C and Hernández-Salinas, U and Wilson, LD and Johnson, JD and Porras, LW and Balderas-Valdivia, CJ and González-Hernández, AJX and Mata-Silva, V}, title = {An updated list of the Mexican herpetofauna: with a summary of historical and contemporary studies.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {1166}, number = {}, pages = {287-306}, pmid = {37346766}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The growth in our knowledge of the diversity of the herpetofauna of Mexico has occurred over the period of approximately 445 years from the work of Francisco Hernández to that of a broad multinational array of present-day herpetologists. The work of this huge group of people has established Mexico as one of the most significant centers of herpetofaunal biodiversity in the world. This status is the result of a complex orography, in addition to diverse habitats and environments and the biogeographic history of Mexico. The current herpetofauna consists of 1,421 native and introduced species, allocated to 220 genera, and 61 families. This figure is comprised of 1,405 native species and 16 non-native species (as of April 2023). The non-native species include two anurans, 13 squamates, and one turtle. The level of endemism is very high, presently lying at 63%, with this level expected to increase with time. Species richness varies among the 32 federal entities in the country, from a low of 50 in Tlaxcala to a high of 492 in Oaxaca. Amphibian species richness by state-level can be envisioned as comprising three levels of low, medium, and high, with the lowest levels occurring in the Peninsula of Baja California, a group of seven states in north-central and central Mexico, and a group of three states in the Yucatan Peninsula, with the highest levels occupying the southern states of Guerrero, Puebla, Veracruz, Oaxaca, and Chiapas, and the medium level in the remaining states of the country. Reptile species richness also can be allocated to three categories, with the lowest level occupying Baja California Sur, a group of central states, and the states of the Yucatan Peninsula, and the highest level found in a cluster of the states of Veracruz, Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas. Knowledge of the Mexican herpetofauna will continue to grow with additional studies on systematics, conservation, and the construction of checklists at various levels.}, }
@article {pmid37345294, year = {2023}, author = {Gossner, MM and Perret-Gentil, A and Britt, E and Queloz, V and Glauser, G and Ladd, T and Roe, AD and Cleary, M and Liziniewicz, M and Nielsen, LR and Ghosh, SK and Bonello, P and Eisenring, M}, title = {A glimmer of hope - ash genotypes with increased resistance to ash dieback pathogen show cross-resistance to emerald ash borer.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {240}, number = {3}, pages = {1219-1232}, doi = {10.1111/nph.19068}, pmid = {37345294}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Animals ; *Fraxinus/genetics ; *Coleoptera ; Metabolomics ; Genotype ; Larva ; }, abstract = {Plants rely on cross-resistance traits to defend against multiple, phylogenetically distinct enemies. These traits are often the result of long co-evolutionary histories. Biological invasions can force naïve plants to cope with novel, coincident pests, and pathogens. For example, European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) is substantially threatened by the emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis, a wood-boring beetle, and the ash dieback (ADB) pathogen, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Yet, plant cross-resistance traits against novel enemies are poorly explored and it is unknown whether naïve ash trees can defend against novel enemy complexes via cross-resistance mechanisms. To gain mechanistic insights, we quantified EAB performance on grafted replicates of ash genotypes varying in ADB resistance and characterized ash phloem chemistry with targeted and untargeted metabolomics. Emerald ash borer performed better on ADB-susceptible than on ADB-resistant genotypes. Moreover, changes in EAB performance aligned with differences in phloem chemical profiles between ADB-susceptible and ADB-resistant genotypes. We show that intraspecific variation in phloem chemistry in European ash can confer increased cross-resistance to invasive antagonists from different taxonomic kingdoms. Our study suggests that promotion of ADB-resistant ash genotypes may simultaneously help to control the ADB disease and reduce EAB-caused ash losses, which may be critical for the long-term stability of this keystone tree species.}, }
@article {pmid37344652, year = {2023}, author = {Gewin, V}, title = {Invasive palms and WWII damaged an island paradise. Could fungi help to restore it?.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {618}, number = {7966}, pages = {662-665}, pmid = {37344652}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {*Arecaceae ; *Biodiversity ; *Fungi/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Islands ; *Trees ; *World War II ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; }, }
@article {pmid37344616, year = {2023}, author = {Cox, TE and Paine, D and O'Dwyer-Hall, E and Matthews, R and Blumson, T and Florance, B and Fielder, K and Tarran, M and Korcz, M and Wiebkin, A and Hamnett, PW and Bradshaw, CJA and Page, B}, title = {Thermal aerial culling for the control of vertebrate pest populations.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {10063}, pmid = {37344616}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aircraft ; *Animal Culling/instrumentation/methods ; *Animals, Wild ; Australia ; *Deer ; Forests ; Hot Temperature ; Islands ; *Sus scrofa ; *Thermography/instrumentation/methods ; }, abstract = {Helicopter-based shooting is an effective management tool for large vertebrate pest animals. However, animals in low-density populations and/or dense habitat can be difficult to locate visually. Thermal-imaging technology can increase detections in these conditions. We used thermal-imaging equipment with a specific helicopter crew configuration to assist in aerial culling for feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and fallow deer (Dama dama) in South Australia in 2021. Seventy-two percent of pigs and 53% of deer were first detected in dense canopy/tall forest habitat. Median time from the first impact shot to incapacitation was < 12 s. The culling rate (animals hour[-1]) doubled compared to visual shoots over the same populations and the wounding rate was zero resulting in a incapacitation efficiency of 100%. The crew configuration gave the shooter a wide field of view and the thermal operator behind the shooter provided essential support to find new and escaping animals, and to confirm species identification and successful removal. The crew configuration allowed for successful target acquisition and tracking, with reduced target escape. The approach can increase the efficiency of aerial culling, has the potential to increase the success of programs where eradication is a viable option, and can improve animal welfare outcomes by reducing wounding rates and the escape of target animals.}, }
@article {pmid37343879, year = {2023}, author = {Gulick, S and Carrico, CM and Frey, B and Baca, D and Dubey, MK}, title = {Plant versus local soil inorganic ionic composition: The relationship to biomass smoke.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {895}, number = {}, pages = {164967}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164967}, pmid = {37343879}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Smoke ; Soil ; Salt-Tolerant Plants ; Water ; Ions ; }, abstract = {We examine the relationship between soil and plant inorganic chemical composition as a precursor to biomass smoke aerosol particle (PM2.5) properties in desert landscapes of the Southwestern United States. Past work underscored the importance of plant species and in particular the dependence of smoke PM2.5 water uptake on the water-soluble inorganics important in select plant species (e.g., halophytes) versus absent in other species (e.g., conifers). This study extends this work by looking at a range of soil types and salinity in examining native and invasive species in the Desert Southwest US region. Eighteen plant samples and surrounding soils were taken from four ecosystems in New Mexico, USA. Results here support the conclusion that plant species are the primary controller over the inorganic plant composition that is relevant to biomass smoke and controls its hygroscopicity. The role of soil type is secondary to plant inorganic composition but is found to be important on the ecosystem level in determining what plant species are viable in a given ecosystem. This ultimately affects the smoke properties, including PM2.5 hygroscopicity (water uptake), produced in landscape fires. Knowledge of ecosystem features including plant species distribution and soil salinity may be combined as a first-order predictor of PM2.5 hygroscopicity of the primary smoke emissions. This can be particularly useful when combined with knowledge of burn characteristics such as flame temperature, which also plays a key role in determining PM2.5 water uptake response.}, }
@article {pmid37341265, year = {2023}, author = {Reis, AC and Amaral, D and Americo, JA and Rebelo, MF and Sousa, SM}, title = {Cytogenetic characterization of the golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) reveals the absence of sex heteromorphic chromosomes.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {95}, number = {2}, pages = {e20201622}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765202320201622}, pmid = {37341265}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Female ; Male ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Mytilidae/genetics ; Cytogenetics ; Sex Chromosomes/genetics ; Karyotyping ; }, abstract = {The golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) is an aggressive invasive species in South America, where it endangers native species and freshwater ecosystems, in addition to causing extensive economic losses, mainly to the hydroelectric sector. Currently, there's no efficient control method available and the invasion has progressed across the continent. Its high reproduction rate is one of the key factors of the golden mussel's high invasive potential and, recently, efforts have been done in order to understand the reproduction and the sexual features of this species. However, its cytogenetics characterization is incipient and the possible occurrence of sex-specific cytogenetic features was never investigated. In this study, we aimed to characterize the chromosomal morphometry, the distribution profile of heterochromatin, and to detect possible sex-related epigenetic marks in the golden mussel. Results revealed that the karyotypic structure is similar in both sexes and no chromosome heteromorphism was observed between males and females specimens. The data increment the cytogenetic characterization of Limnoperna fortunei and contribute for future studies that aim to further investigate its reproduction and underlying sex determination processes.}, }
@article {pmid37340279, year = {2023}, author = {Lau, JA and Funk, JL}, title = {How ecological and evolutionary theory expanded the 'ideal weed' concept.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {203}, number = {3-4}, pages = {251-266}, pmid = {37340279}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Plants ; *Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Since Baker's attempt to characterize the 'ideal weed' over 50 years ago, ecologists have sought to identify features of species that predict invasiveness. Several of Baker's 'ideal weed' traits are well studied, and we now understand that many traits can facilitate different components of the invasion process, such as dispersal traits promoting transport or selfing enabling establishment. However, the effects of traits on invasion are context dependent. The traits promoting invasion in one community or at one invasion stage may inhibit invasion of other communities or success at other invasion stages, and the benefits of any given trait may depend on the other traits possessed by the species. Furthermore, variation in traits among populations or species is the result of evolution. Accordingly, evolution both prior to and after invasion may determine invasion outcomes. Here, we review how our understanding of the ecology and evolution of traits in invasive plants has developed since Baker's original efforts, resulting from empirical studies and the emergence of new frameworks and ideas such as community assembly theory, functional ecology, and rapid adaptation. Looking forward, we consider how trait-based approaches might inform our understanding of less-explored aspects of invasion biology ranging from invasive species responses to climate change to coevolution of invaded communities.}, }
@article {pmid37339589, year = {2023}, author = {Rindos, M and Liebhold, AM}, title = {The spongy moth, Lymantria dispar.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {33}, number = {12}, pages = {R665-R668}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.055}, pmid = {37339589}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; *Moths ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Rindos and Leibhold introduce the invasive pest, the spongy moth.}, }
@article {pmid37338591, year = {2023}, author = {Quinn, NF and Petrice, TR and Schmude, JM and Poland, TM and Bauer, LS and Rutlege, CE and Van Driesche, RG and Elkinton, JS and Duan, JJ}, title = {Postrelease assessment of Oobius agrili (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) establishment and persistence in Michigan and the Northeastern United States.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {4}, pages = {1165-1170}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad120}, pmid = {37338591}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hymenoptera ; Larva ; Michigan ; *Coleoptera ; New England ; *Fraxinus ; }, abstract = {The emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is an invasive woodboring pest of ash trees (Fraxinus sp.) in North America. Among the Asiatic parasitoids being released for the management of EAB in North America, Oobius agrili Zhang and Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is the only EAB egg parasitoid. To date, more than 2.5 million O. agrili have been released in North America; however, few studies have examined its success as a biological control agent of EAB. We conducted studies to assess O. agrili establishment, persistence, spread, and EAB egg parasitism rates in Michigan at the earliest release sites (2007-2010), as well as at more recent release sites (2015-2016) in 3 Northeastern United States (Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York). In both regions, we documented successful O. agrili establishment at all but one release site. In Michigan, O. agrili has persisted at release sites for over a decade and spread to all control sites located 0.6-3.8 km from release sites. Overall, EAB egg parasitism ranged from 1.5% to 51.2% (mean of 21.4%) during 2016-2020 in Michigan and from 2.6% to 29.2% (mean of 16.1%) during 2018-2020 in the Northeastern states. Future research efforts should focus on factors affecting the spatiotemporal variation in EAB egg parasitism rates by O. agrili, as well as its potential range in North America.}, }
@article {pmid37337183, year = {2023}, author = {Li, H and Peng, Y and Wang, Y and Summerhays, B and Shu, X and Vasquez, Y and Vansant, H and Grenier, C and Gonzalez, N and Kansagra, K and Cartmill, R and Sujii, ER and Meng, L and Zhou, X and Lövei, GL and Obrycki, JJ and Sethuraman, A and Li, B}, title = {Global patterns of genomic and phenotypic variation in the invasive harlequin ladybird.}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {141}, pmid = {37337183}, issn = {1741-7007}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera/genetics ; Haplotypes ; Phenotype ; Genomics ; Biological Variation, Population ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), native to Asia, has been introduced to other major continents where it has caused serious negative impacts on local biodiversity. Though notable advances to understand its invasion success have been made during the past decade, especially with then newer molecular tools, the conclusions reached remain to be confirmed with more advanced genomic analyses and especially using more samples from larger geographical regions across the native range. Furthermore, although H. axyridis is one of the best studied invasive insect species with respect to life history traits (often comparing invasive and native populations), the traits responsible for its colonization success in non-native areas warrant more research.<br><br>RESULTS: Our analyses of genome-wide nuclear population structure indicated that an eastern Chinese population could be the source of all non-native populations and revealed several putatively adaptive candidate genomic loci involved in body color variation, visual perception, and hemolymph synthesis. Our estimates of evolutionary history indicate (1) asymmetric migration with varying population sizes across its native and non-native range, (2) a recent admixture between eastern Chinese and American populations in Europe, (3) signatures of a large progressive, historical bottleneck in the common ancestors of both populations and smaller effective sizes of the non-native population, and (4) the southwest origin and subsequent dispersal routes within its native range in China. In addition, we found that while two mitochondrial haplotypes-Hap1 and Hap2 were dominant in the native range, Hap1 was the only dominant haplotype in the non-native range. Our laboratory observations in both China and USA found statistical yet slight differences between Hap1 and Hap2 in some of life history traits.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our study on H. axyridis provides new insights into its invasion processes into other major continents from its native Asian range, reconstructs a geographic range evolution across its native region China, and tentatively suggests that its invasiveness may differ between mitochondrial haplotypes.}, }
@article {pmid37335489, year = {2023}, author = {Perničková, K and Kopecký, D}, title = {Visualizing Chromosome Territories and Nuclear Architecture of Large Plant Genomes Using Alien Introgressions.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, volume = {2672}, number = {}, pages = {365-376}, pmid = {37335489}, issn = {1940-6029}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Chromosomes, Plant/genetics ; Genome, Plant ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; In Situ Hybridization ; }, abstract = {Visualization of chromosome territories is a challenging task in plant genomes due to the lack of chromosome-specific probes, especially in species with large genomes. On the other hand, combination of flow sorting, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), confocal microscopy, and employment of software for 3D modeling enables to visualize and characterize chromosome territories (CT) in interspecific hybrids. Here, we describe the protocol for the analysis of CTs in wheat-rye and wheat-barley hybrids, including amphiploids and introgression forms, where a pair of chromosomes or chromosome arms from one species is introgressed into the genome of another species. In this way, the architecture and dynamics of CTs in various tissues and different stages of cell cycle can be analyzed.}, }
@article {pmid37334135, year = {2023}, author = {Simpson, TJ and Wellington, CM and Lukehurst, SS and Huerlimann, R and Veilleux, H and Snow, M and Dias, J and McDonald, JI}, title = {Development of a real-time PCR (qPCR) method for the identification of the invasive paddle crab Charybdis japonica (Crustacea, Portunidae).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e15522}, pmid = {37334135}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *DNA/analysis ; *Crustacea/genetics ; Australia ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Crabs can be transported beyond their native range via anthropogenic-mediated means such as aquarium trade, live seafood trade and shipping. Once introduced into new locations, they can establish persisting populations and become invasive, often leading to negative impacts on the recipient environment and native species. Molecular techniques are increasingly being used as complementary tools in biosecurity surveillance and monitoring plans for invasive species. Molecular tools can be particularly useful for early detection, rapid identification and discrimination of closely related species, including when diagnostic morphological characters are absent or challenging, such as early life stages, or when only part of the animal is available. In this study, we developed a species-specific qPCR assay, which targets the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) region of the Asian paddle crab Charybdis japonica. In Australia, as well as many parts of the world, this species is considered invasive and routine biosecurity surveillance is conducted to reduce the risk of establishment. Through rigorous testing of tissue from target and non-target species we demonstrate that this assay is sensitive enough to detect as little as two copies per reaction and does not cross amplify with other closely related species. Field samples and environmental samples spiked with C. japonica DNA in high and low concentrations indicate that this assay is also a promising tool for detecting trace amounts of C. japonica eDNA in complex substrates, making it a useful complementary tool in marine biosecurity assessments.}, }
@article {pmid37334117, year = {2023}, author = {Lins, DM and Rocha, RM}, title = {Marine aquaculture as a source of propagules of invasive fouling species.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e15456}, pmid = {37334117}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; *Bryozoa ; Aquaculture ; Ships ; *Urochordata ; }, abstract = {Non-indigenous species tend to colonize aquaculture installations, especially when they are near international ports. In addition to the local environmental hazard that colonizing non-indigenous species pose, they can also take advantage of local transport opportunities to spread elsewhere. In this study, we examined the risk of the spread of eight invasive fouling species that are found in mussel farms in southern Brazil. We used ensemble niche models based on worldwide occurrences of these species, and environmental variables (ocean temperature and salinity) to predict suitable areas for each species with three algorithms (Maxent, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machine). As a proxy for propagule pressure, we used the tonnage transported by container ships from Santa Catarina (the main mariculture region) that travel to other Brazilian ports. We found that ports in the tropical states of Pernambuco, Ceará, and Bahia received the largest tonnage, although far from Santa Catarina and in a different ecoregion. The ascidians Aplidium accarense and Didemnum perlucidum are known from Bahia, with a high risk of invasion in the other states. The bryozoan Watersipora subtorquata also has a high risk of establishment in Pernambuco, while the ascidian Botrylloides giganteus has a medium risk in Bahia. Paraná, a state in the same ecoregion as Santa Catarina is likely to be invaded by all species. A second state in this region, Rio Grande do Sul, is vulnerable to A. accarense, the barnacle Megabalanus coccopoma, and the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Climate change is changing species latitudinal distributions and most species will gain rather than lose area in near future (by 2050). As an ideal habitat for fouling organisms and invasive species, aquaculture farms can increase propagule pressure and thus the probability that species will expand their distributions, especially if they are close to ports. Therefore, an integrated approach of the risks of both aquaculture and nautical transport equipment present in a region is necessary to better inform decision-making procedures aiming at the expansion or establishment of new aquaculture farms. The risk maps provided will allow authorities and regional stakeholders to prioritize areas of concern for mitigating the present and future spread of fouling species.}, }
@article {pmid37332883, year = {2023}, author = {Kmetiuk, LB and Biondo, LM and Pedrosa, F and Favero, GM and Biondo, AW}, title = {One Health at gunpoint: Impact of wild boars as exotic species in Brazil - A review.}, journal = {One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {100577}, pmid = {37332883}, issn = {2352-7714}, abstract = {Wild boars have been listed among the 100 most invasive species worldwide, spreading impacts to all continents, with the exception of Antarctica. In Brazil, a major source of introduction was a commercial livestock importation for exotic meat market, followed by successive escapes and releases to natural ecosystems. Currently found in all six Brazilian biomes, with reports in 11 Brazilian states, wild boars have invaded natural and agricultural areas. Wild boars have been reportedly indicated as hosts and reservoirs of several zoonotic diseases in Brazil, including toxoplasmosis, salmonelosis, leptospirosis, brucellosis, tuberculosis, trichinellosis, and hepatitis E. Wild boars have been also associated with Brazilian spotted fever and rabies, infected while providing plentiful exotic blood supply for native ticks and hematophagous bats. Due to their phylogenetic proximity, wild boars may present ecological niche overlapping and direct disease risk to native white-lipped and collared peccaries. Moreover, wild boars may post an economical threat to Brazilian livestock industry due to restrictive diseases such as Aujeszky, enzootic pneumonia, neosporosis, hemoplasmosis, and classic swine fever. Finally, wild boars have directly impacted in environmentally protected areas, silting up water springs, rooting and wallowing native plants, decreasing native vegetal coverage, disbalancing of soil components, altering soil structure and composition. Wild boar hunting has failed as a control measure to date, according to the Brazilian Ministry of Environment, due to private hunting groups mostly targeting males, intentionally leaving females and piglets alive, disseminating wild boar populations nationwide. Meanwhile, non-government animal welfare organizations have pointed to animal cruelty of hunting dogs and wild boars (and native species) during hunting. Despite unanimous necessity of wild boar control, eradication and prevention, methods have been controversial and should focus on effective governmental measures instead occasional game hunting, which has negatively impacted native wildlife species while wild boars have continuously spread throughout Brazil.}, }
@article {pmid37332036, year = {2023}, author = {Ferenc, V and Brendel, MR and Sheppard, CS}, title = {Legume effects in a native community invaded by alien Asteraceae in a multi-species comparison.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {202}, number = {2}, pages = {413-430}, pmid = {37332036}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {SH 924/1-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; SH 924/1-2//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; Eliteprogramme for Postdocs//Baden-W&#xfc;rttemberg Stiftung/ ; }, mesh = {*Fabaceae ; Introduced Species ; *Asteraceae ; Biomass ; Nitrogen ; }, abstract = {Facilitation has been a long-neglected type of interaction but received more attention recently. Legumes are commonly involved in facilitative interactions due to their nitrogen fixation. Facilitative interactions are so far underappreciated yet potentially important for biological invasions, especially given increasing numbers of alien species. In a common garden experiment using 30 annual Asteraceae species (neophytes, archaeophytes, plus some natives), grown in communities with or without legume presence, we measured functional traits and fitness in focal Asteraceae, as well as nitrogen characteristics of Asteraceae and two native community phytometer species. We investigated how legume presence affects relationships between trait and nitrogen concentration and Asteraceae fitness; and whether mechanisms of facilitation in legume presence and its effects on aboveground performance differ among native phytometer, neophyte, and archaeophyte Asteraceae using the δ[15]N natural abundance method. Lower specific leaf area was associated with higher aboveground biomass and seed production, with a stronger effect in legume absence. Nitrogen concentration had a positive relationship with biomass, but did not generally increase seed production. Our results hint at N facilitation for the native grass phytometer Festuca rupicola when growing in legume presence, whereas the forb Potentilla argentea and 27 alien Asteraceae species did not indicate facilitative effects. Intriguingly, direct legume facilitation in native phytometer species was only detected when growing with archaeophytes neighbors, not with neophytes. This hints at varied mechanisms of competition for nitrogen between natives and alien species of different residence time and deepens the understanding of altered facilitative leguminous effects in alien species presence.}, }
@article {pmid37331276, year = {2023}, author = {Ramos, B and Costa, MFD}, title = {BeachLog: A multiple uses and interactive beach picture.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {193}, number = {}, pages = {115156}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115156}, pmid = {37331276}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Environmental Pollution ; *Ecology ; Brazil ; Bathing Beaches ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Waste Products/analysis ; Plastics ; }, abstract = {There are some tools in place that classifies and/or rank beaches according to a series of parameters. It is possible to identify a gap in the development of tools that map and describe beaches without putting the results into a classification status of good or bad. Since beaches are important from different points of views such as ecology, tourism, economy, pollution or invasive species studies and management, fisheries, estate development, protected areas, among others it is relevant to describe and understand parameters in detail. This work offers a multi-purpose and interactive beach descriptor called BeachLog. It can be used by beachgoers to keep their own records in the same way a diver uses a Diver's LogBook, managers can use the tool to support coastal management projects, long-term monitoring, and beach description baseline. Also, BeachLog can be a didactic tool to aiming to bring environmental sciences closer to technology through the use of spreadsheets and dashboards. BeachLog is based on the more frequent parameters in the literature, selected, organized, accounted for, and altered/added according to expert opinion. We created a list of 28 parameters, all of which were described in details of what is expected to be observed by the user. They were divided into 5 groups (Environmental characteristics, Services &amp; Infrastructure, Information &amp; Security, Planning &amp; Management, and Descriptive). Here, we describe 14 Brazilian beaches using the BeachLog by inputting the results as parameters presence or absence (0/1) and descriptives in a table that can be transformed into an interactive dashboard for better/easier visualization. Planning &amp; Management was absent on all 14 beaches studied, pointing out the relevance and gaps in this group. In the other groups it was possible to observe variation in the parameter occurrence, indicating that each beach is different and it is important to observe parameters individually. Beach Litter and Invasive Species parameters from the Environmental characteristics group were present in all beaches. BeachLog showed as an easy way to describe a beach and can be a tool to support diagnosis and understanding of the beach's status.}, }
@article {pmid37331072, year = {2023}, author = {Kelleghan, DB and O'Callaghan, L and Huggard, F and Crowe, TP and Brooks, PR}, title = {Using valve gape analysis to compare sensitivity of native Mytilus edulis to invasive Magallana gigas when exposed to heavy metal contamination.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {189}, number = {}, pages = {106043}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106043}, pmid = {37331072}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Cadmium/pharmacology ; *Mytilus edulis/physiology ; Copper ; Ecosystem ; *Metals, Heavy/toxicity/analysis ; *Ostreidae ; Zinc ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; }, abstract = {Coastal ecosystems are ecologically and economically important but are under increasing pressure from numerous anthropogenic sources of stress. Both heavy metal pollution and invasive species pose major environmental concerns that can have significant impacts on marine organisms. It is likely that many stresses will occur simultaneously, resulting in potential cumulative ecological effects. The aim of this study was to compare the relative resilience of an invasive oyster Magallana gigas and a native mussel Mytilus edulis to heavy metal pollution, utilising their valve gape response as an indicator. The gape activity of bivalves has been utilised to monitor a range of potential impacts, including for example oil spills, increased turbidity, eutrophication, heavy metal contamination etc. In this study, Hall effect sensors were used on both the native blue mussel (M. edulis) and the pacific oyster (M. gigas), invasive to Ireland. Mussels were shown to be more responsive to pollution events than oysters, where all heavy metals tested (copper, cadmium, zinc, lead) had an effect on transition frequency though significant differences were only observed for lead and cadmium (Control; > Copper, p = 0.0003; >lead, p = 0.0002; >Cadmium, p = 0.0001). Cadmium had an apparent effect on mussels with specimens from this treatment remaining closed for an average of 45.3% of the time. Similarly, significant effects on the duration of time mussels spent fully open was observed when treated with lead and cadmium (Control; > lead, p = 0.03, > cadmium, p = 0.02). In contrast, oysters displayed no significant difference for any treatment for number of gapes, or duration spent open or closed. Though there was an effect of both zinc and copper on the amount of time spent closed, with averages of 63.2 and 68.7% respectively. This indicates oysters may be potentially more resilient to such pollution events; further boosting their competitive advantage. Future mesocosm or field studies are required to quantify this relative resilience.}, }
@article {pmid37330618, year = {2023}, author = {Franzese, J and Ripa, RR}, title = {Common juniper, an overlooked conifer with high invasion potential in protected areas of Patagonia.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {9818}, pmid = {37330618}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Juniperus ; *Tracheophyta ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {The benefits of early detection of biological invasions are widely recognized, especially for protected areas (PAs). However, research on incipient invasive plant species is scarce compared to species with a recognized history of invasion. Here, we characterized the invasion status of the non-native conifer Juniperus communis in PAs and interface areas of Andean Patagonia, Argentina. We mapped its distribution and described both the invasion and the environments this species inhabits through field studies, a literature review, and a citizen science initiative. We also modeled the species' potential distribution by comparing the climatic characteristics of its native range with those of the introduced ranges studied. The results show that J. communis is now widely distributed in the region, occurring naturally in diverse habitats, and frequently within and close to PAs. This species can be considered an incipient invader with a high potential for expansion in its regional distribution range, largely due to its high reproductive potential and the high habitat suitability of this environment. Early detection of a plant invasion affords a valuable opportunity to inform citizens of the potential risks to high conservation value ecosystems before the invader is perceived as a natural component of the landscape.}, }
@article {pmid37330423, year = {2023}, author = {Lemmond, B and Sow, A and Bonito, G and Smith, ME}, title = {Accidental cultivation of the European truffle Tuber brumale in North American truffle orchards.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {221-228}, pmid = {37330423}, issn = {1432-1890}, support = {2019277707//NSF Graduate Research Fellowship/ ; 1737898//Directorate for Biological Sciences/ ; 1946445//Directorate for Biological Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {Base Sequence ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; *Mycorrhizae ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Tuber brumale is a European edible truffle species that is often viewed as a contaminant in truffle orchards, as it visually resembles more valuable black truffles such as T. melanosporum, but differs in aroma and flavor and sells for a much lower price. Although T. brumale is not native to or intentionally cultivated in North America, it was reported to have been accidently introduced into British Columbia in 2014 and North Carolina in 2020. However, in winter of 2021, various truffle orchards in eastern North America produced truffles that differed from the anticipated harvest of T. melanosporum. Molecular analysis of these specimens confirmed T. brumale truffle fruiting bodies from ten orchards distributed across six eastern USA states. Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal ITS and 28S DNA sequences indicated that all samples belong to the T. brumale A1 haplogroup, the genetic subgroup of T. brumale that is more common in western Europe. This pattern of widespread fruiting of T. brumale in North American truffle orchards is likely the result of T. brumale being introduced in the initial inoculation of trees used as hosts in T. melanosporum truffle cultivation. We review other examples of introduced non-target truffle species and strategies for limiting their impact on truffle cultivation.}, }
@article {pmid37328479, year = {2023}, author = {Adhikari, P and Lee, YH and Poudel, A and Hong, SH and Park, YS}, title = {Global spatial distribution of Chromolaena odorata habitat under climate change: random forest modeling of one of the 100 worst invasive alien species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {9745}, pmid = {37328479}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Chromolaena ; Random Forest ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic activities and global climate change increase the risk of Chromolaena odorata invasion and habitat expansion. To predict its global distribution and habitat suitability under climate change, a random forest (RF) model was employed. The RF model, utilizing default parameters, analyzed species presence data and background information. The model revealed that the current spatial distribution of C. odorata covers 7,892,447 km[2]. Predictions for 2061- 2080 indicate expansion of suitable habitat (42.59 and 46.30%), reduction of suitable habit (12.92 and 12.20%), and preservation of suitable habitat (87.08 and 87.80%) under the SSP (Shared Socio-economic Pathway) 2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, respectively, in comparison to the present distribution. Currently, C. odorata is predominantly found in South America, with limited presence in other continents. However, the data suggest that climate change will elevate the global invasion risk of C. odorata worldwide, particularly in Oceania, Africa, and Australia. Countries such as Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, and Lesotho, which currently have unsuitable habitats, are predicted to have highly suitable habitats with climate change, supporting the idea that global habitat expansion for C. odorata will occur due to climate change. This study indicates that proper management of C. odorata is crucial during the early invasion phase.}, }
@article {pmid37327635, year = {2023}, author = {Tempesti, J and Langeneck, J and Lardicci, C and Maltagliati, F and Castelli, A}, title = {Cut the rope: Short-term colonization of mooring lines by fouling community within the port of Livorno (Northern Tyrrhenian Sea, Western Mediterranean), focusing on alien species recruitment.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {189}, number = {}, pages = {106041}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106041}, pmid = {37327635}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Tourism ; Italy ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {The early stages of fouling development on artificial substrates were examined for spatial-temporal variation in the commercial and touristic harbours (use destinations) of the port of Livorno (Tuscany, Italy). The experiment was carried out by submerging two types of experimental ropes with different surface textures, considering three times of submersion. Particular attention was paid to the colonization dynamics of non-indigenous species (NIS). The type of rope did not significantly affect fouling development. However, when the NIS assemblage and the whole community were taken into account, the colonization of ropes varied depending on the use destination. The touristic harbour exhibited a degree of fouling colonization higher than the commercial one. NIS were observed in both harbours since the beginning of colonization, eventually achieving higher population densities in the touristic harbour. The use of experimental ropes represents a promising quick cost-effective tool for monitoring of NIS presence in port environments.}, }
@article {pmid37325891, year = {2023}, author = {Urban, L and Perlas, A and Francino, O and Martí-Carreras, J and Muga, BA and Mwangi, JW and Boykin Okalebo, L and Stanton, JL and Black, A and Waipara, N and Fontsere, C and Eccles, D and Urel, H and Reska, T and Morales, HE and Palmada-Flores, M and Marques-Bonet, T and Watsa, M and Libke, Z and Erkenswick, G and van Oosterhout, C}, title = {Real-time genomics for One Health.}, journal = {Molecular systems biology}, volume = {19}, number = {8}, pages = {e11686}, pmid = {37325891}, issn = {1744-4292}, mesh = {Humans ; *Ecosystem ; *One Health ; Genomics ; Biodiversity ; Genome ; }, abstract = {The ongoing degradation of natural systems and other environmental changes has put our society at a crossroad with respect to our future relationship with our planet. While the concept of One Health describes how human health is inextricably linked with environmental health, many of these complex interdependencies are still not well-understood. Here, we describe how the advent of real-time genomic analyses can benefit One Health and how it can enable timely, in-depth ecosystem health assessments. We introduce nanopore sequencing as the only disruptive technology that currently allows for real-time genomic analyses and that is already being used worldwide to improve the accessibility and versatility of genomic sequencing. We showcase real-time genomic studies on zoonotic disease, food security, environmental microbiome, emerging pathogens, and their antimicrobial resistances, and on environmental health itself - from genomic resource creation for wildlife conservation to the monitoring of biodiversity, invasive species, and wildlife trafficking. We stress why equitable access to real-time genomics in the context of One Health will be paramount and discuss related practical, legal, and ethical limitations.}, }
@article {pmid37325080, year = {2023}, author = {Henry, M and Leung, B and Cuthbert, RN and Bodey, TW and Ahmed, DA and Angulo, E and Balzani, P and Briski, E and Courchamp, F and Hulme, PE and Kouba, A and Kourantidou, M and Liu, C and Macêdo, RL and Oficialdegui, FJ and Renault, D and Soto, I and Tarkan, AS and Turbelin, AJ and Bradshaw, CJA and Haubrock, PJ}, title = {Unveiling the hidden economic toll of biological invasions in the European Union.}, journal = {Environmental sciences Europe}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, pages = {43}, pmid = {37325080}, issn = {2190-4707}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biological invasions threaten the functioning of ecosystems, biodiversity, and human well-being by degrading ecosystem services and eliciting massive economic costs. The European Union has historically been a hub for cultural development and global trade, and thus, has extensive opportunities for the introduction and spread of alien species. While reported costs of biological invasions to some member states have been recently assessed, ongoing knowledge gaps in taxonomic and spatio-temporal data suggest that these costs were considerably underestimated.<br><br>RESULTS: We used the latest available cost data in InvaCost (v4.1)-the most comprehensive database on the costs of biological invasions-to assess the magnitude of this underestimation within the European Union via projections of current and future invasion costs. We used macroeconomic scaling and temporal modelling approaches to project available cost information over gaps in taxa, space, and time, thereby producing a more complete estimate for the European Union economy. We identified that only 259 out of 13,331 (~&#x2009;1%) known invasive alien species have reported costs in the European Union. Using a conservative subset of highly reliable, observed, country-level cost entries from 49 species (totalling US$4.7 billion; 2017 value), combined with the establishment data of alien species within European Union member states, we projected unreported cost data for all member states.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our corrected estimate of observed costs was potentially 501% higher (US$28.0 billion) than currently recorded. Using future projections of current estimates, we also identified a substantial increase in costs and costly species (US$148.2 billion) by 2040. We urge that cost reporting be improved to clarify the economic impacts of greatest concern, concomitant with coordinated international action to prevent and mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species in the European Union and globally.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12302-023-00750-3.}, }
@article {pmid37321972, year = {2023}, author = {Gomez-Maldonado, S and Calleros, A and Salazar-Rueda, I and Camacho-Cervantes, M}, title = {The invasive twospot livebearer's biology, and its current and potential global distribution.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {103}, number = {5}, pages = {854-863}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15483}, pmid = {37321972}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//APEC-Australia For Women in Research Fellowship/ ; IA201722//UNAM-PAPIIT/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Africa ; Biology ; }, abstract = {Poeciliids are widely recognized as successful invaders, possessing traits associated with invasion success. Native to Central America and south-eastern Mexico, the twospot livebearer (Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus) is a species recently recognized as invasive in both Central and northern Mexico. Despite its invasive status, limited research exists on its invasion process and the potential threats it poses to native species. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive review of the current knowledge on the twospot livebearer and mapped its current and potential distribution worldwide. The twospot livebearer shares similar traits with other successful invaders within the same family. Notably, it exhibits high fecundity throughout the year and demonstrates resilience to highly polluted and oxygen-deprived water conditions. This fish serves as a host for several parasites, including generalists, and has been extensively translocated for commercial purposes. Recently, it has also been used for biocontrol within its native range. Apart from existing outside its native range, the twospot livebearer, under current climate conditions and if transported there, could readily colonize biodiversity hotspots in tropical zones worldwide, including the Caribbean Islands, the Horn of Africa, North of Madagascar Island, south-eastern Brazil, and others located in southern and eastern Asia. Given that this fish is highly plastic and our Species Distribution Model, we consider that all areas with a habitat suitability >0.2 should prevent its arrival and establishment. Our findings underscore the urgent need to recognize this species as a threat to freshwater native topminnows and prevent its introduction and spread.}, }
@article {pmid37319330, year = {2023}, author = {Zhu, G and Oeller, LC and Wojahn, R and Acosta, C and Milnes, JM and Crowder, DW}, title = {Potential distribution and spread of Japanese beetle in Washington State.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {4}, pages = {1458-1463}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad116}, pmid = {37319330}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Washington ; Plants ; Introduced Species ; Quarantine ; }, abstract = {The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Newman, 1841) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), was first detected in southern Washington State in 2020. Widespread trapping efforts ensued, and over 23,000 individuals were collected in both 2021 and 2022 in this region known for specialty crop production. The invasion of Japanese beetle is of major concern as it feeds on over 300 plant species and has shown an ability to spread across landscapes. Here, we created a habitat suitability model for Japanese beetle in Washington and used dispersal models to forecast invasion scenarios. Our models predict that the area of current establishment occurs in a region with highly suitable habitat. Moreover, vast areas of habitat that are likely highly suitable for Japanese beetle occur in coastal areas of western Washington, with medium to highly suitable habitat in central and eastern Washington. Dispersal models suggested that the beetle could spread throughout Washington within 20 years without management, which justifies quarantine and eradication measures. Timely map-based predictions can be useful tools to guide management of invasive species while also increasing citizen engagement to invaders.}, }
@article {pmid37318326, year = {2023}, author = {Keller, JA and Hoover, K}, title = {Approach to surveying egg masses of the invasive spotted lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, pages = {759-767}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvad051}, pmid = {37318326}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera ; Forests ; Trees ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {For the invasive planthopper Lycorma delicatula, eggs are an attractive target for surveys and management because they can persist from September through May before hatching, and remnants may be retained for years after hatching. Efforts to control this invasive species, though, are hampered by imperfect detection, which impedes early detection and rapid response, obscures management impacts, and reduces the fraction of egg masses that can be managed. To estimate egg mass detectability, we conducted 75 duplicate surveys of 20 × 5 m plots located in forest edges and disturbed areas frequently used by L. delicatula. We fit binomial mixture models and investigated the effects of weather, height (above or below 3 m), season (winter or spring), and basal area of trees within plots, finding no evidence that these factors affected detection rate, which averaged 52.2%. We additionally estimated the fraction of L. delicatula eggs that were laid above 3 m, putting them outside of easy reach for management by scraping or targeted ovicide application. This proportion varied with basal area of trees within plots, and the estimated mean was greater than 50% across the range of basal areas in study plots. Finally, we found that counts of old egg masses correlated with counts of new egg masses laid the year prior, but the ability to infer prior years' egg mass counts was limited. Together, these findings inform managers delimiting L. delicatula populations in mixed habitats and those treating egg masses to slow population growth and spread of this pest.}, }
@article {pmid37317087, year = {2023}, author = {Prado-Tarango, DE and Mata-González, R and Hovland, M}, title = {Response of Sagebrush Steppe Grass Species to AMF Inoculum Sources and Biochar.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {37317087}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {L20AC00115//Bureau of Land Management/ ; }, abstract = {The sagebrush steppe has presented increasing levels of degradation. The addition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and biochar have been suggested to restore ecosystems. However, little is known about their effects on sagebrush steppe plants. We tested three sources of AMF inoculum: soil from a disturbed site (Inoculum A), soil from an undisturbed site (Inoculum B), and commercial inoculum (Inoculum C), all with and without biochar, to test if they could mediate growth of Pseudoroegneria spicata (native perennial), Taeniatherum caput-medusae (early seral; exotic annual) and Ventenata dubia (early seral; exotic annual) under greenhouse conditions. We measured AMF colonization and biomass. We hypothesized that the plant species would be differently affected by the inoculum types. The colonization of T. caput-medusae and V. dubia was greatest when inoculated with Inoculum A (38.8% and 19.6%). In contrast, the colonization of P. spicata was greatest with Inoculum B and Inoculum C (32.1% and 32.2). Biochar decreased biomass production but increased colonization with Inoculum A for P. spicata and V. dubia and with Inoculum C for T. caput-medusae. This study reveals the response of early and late seral sagebrush steppe grass species to contrasting sources of AMF and suggests that late seral plant species respond better to late seral inocula.}, }
@article {pmid37314936, year = {2023}, author = {Martin, PA and Christie, AP and Shackelford, GE and Hood, ASC and Wang, S and Li, B and Morgan, W and Lee, M and Aldridge, DC and Sutherland, WJ}, title = {Flexible synthesis can deliver more tailored and timely evidence for research and policy.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {120}, number = {25}, pages = {e2221911120}, pmid = {37314936}, issn = {1091-6490}, }
@article {pmid37312553, year = {2023}, author = {Alujević, K and Streicher, JW and Garcia, RA and Riesgo, A and Taboada, S and Logan, ML and Clusella-Trullas, S}, title = {Mismatches between phenotype and environment shape fitness at hyperlocal scales.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {290}, number = {2000}, pages = {20230865}, pmid = {37312553}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Male ; Phenotype ; *Behavior Observation Techniques ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Climate Change ; Income ; *Lizards ; }, abstract = {In the era of human-driven climate change, understanding whether behavioural buffering of temperature change is linked with organismal fitness is essential. According to the 'cost-benefit' model of thermoregulation, animals that live in environments with high frequencies of favourable thermal microclimates should incur lower thermoregulatory costs, thermoregulate more efficiently and shunt the associated savings in time and energy towards other vital tasks such as feeding, territory defence and mate acquisition, increasing fitness. Here, we explore how thermal landscapes at the scale of individual territories, physiological performance and behaviour interact and shape fitness in the southern rock agama lizard (Agama atra). We integrated laboratory assays of whole organism performance with behavioural observations in the field, fine-scale estimates of environmental temperature, and paternity assignment of offspring to test whether fitness is predicted by territory thermal quality (i.e. the number of hours that operative temperatures in a territory fall within an individual's performance breadth). Male lizards that occupied territories of low thermal quality spent more time behaviourally compensating for sub-optimal temperatures and displayed less. Further, display rate was positively associated with lizard fitness, suggesting that there is an opportunity cost to engaging in thermoregulatory behaviour that will change as climate change progresses.}, }
@article {pmid37312542, year = {2023}, author = {Tierney, SM and Bernauer, OM and King, L and Spooner-Hart, R and Cook, JM}, title = {Bee pollination services and the burden of biogeography.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {290}, number = {2000}, pages = {20230747}, pmid = {37312542}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Australasia ; Australia ; *Bees ; Crops, Agricultural ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {Native bees augment pollination services in the Northern Hemisphere, especially cultivated apple crops, yet Southern Hemisphere contexts are poorly known. We observed the foraging behaviour of 69 354 invertebrate flower visitors in Australian orchards (two regions, 3 years) to assess the efficacy of pollination service (Peff). Native stingless bees and introduced honey bees were the most abundant visitors and most efficacious pollinators (Tetragonula Peff = 6.16; Apis Peff = 13.02), with Tetragonula becoming important service providers above 22°C. However, visits by tree-nesting stingless bees decreased with distance from native forest (less than 200 m) and their tropical/subtropical distribution precludes pollination service in other major Australian apple-producing regions. More broadly distributed native allodapine and halictine bees transferred the most pollen per-visit, but their low abundances reduce efficacies (Exoneura Peff = 0.03; Lasioglossum Peff = 0.06), resulting in a general dependence on honey bees. This reliance is a burden of biogeography, since key Northern Hemisphere pollinators of apple (Andrena, Apis, Bombus, Osmia) do not naturally occur in Australasia-where there is only 15% generic overlap with Central Asian bees sympatric with wild apple distributions (cf. Palaearctic 66% and Nearctic 46% generic overlaps). The historical biogeography of bees therefore drives an extreme dependence on one introduced species for apple pollination in Australia.}, }
@article {pmid37312011, year = {2023}, author = {Del Pino, M and Rodríguez, MDC and Boyero, JR and Vela, JM}, title = {Predatory Arthropods Associated with the Invasive Tipu Psyllid, Platycorypha nigrivirga, in Southern Spain.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, pages = {750-759}, pmid = {37312011}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {INIA E-RTA RTA2015-00005-C06//Ministerio de Econom&#xed;a y Competitividad/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Fabaceae ; *Hemiptera/physiology ; *Insecta ; Pest Control, Biological ; Predatory Behavior ; Spain ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Platycorypha nigrivirga Burckhardt (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is a neotropical invasive species strictly associated with the tipu tree, Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae). This psyllid has rapidly spread to several temperate areas of Spain and Portugal causing considerable problems in urban landscapes. The aim of this study was to determine the arthropod predator complex of this exotic insect and report the possibility of its biological control. Three urban green areas were surveyed in southern Spain during 2018 and 2019. Platycorypha nigrivirga populations increased during the spring months and reached a maximum level between late May and mid-June, declining greatly during the summer. A large complex of generalist predator species was found to exert a certain natural control on the pest, belonging to Anthocoridae (68.53%), Coccinellidae (18.39%), Chrysopidae (5.67%), Miridae (4.39%) and Araneae (3.02%). Anthocoris nemoralis (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) was the most abundant predatory species, followed by Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Scymnus laetificus Weise (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). High levels of abundance of anthocorids coincided with the highest abundance of the pest, showing a significant relationship with the psyllid density. Anthocoris nemoralis seems to be a promising candidate to control P. nigrivirga in the urban green areas of southern Spain, but more studies are needed to define the optimum management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid37305913, year = {2023}, author = {Brown, GP and Hudson, CM and Shine, R}, title = {Do changes in body mass alter white blood cell profiles and immune function in Australian cane toads (Rhinella marina)?.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {378}, number = {1882}, pages = {20220122}, pmid = {37305913}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Bufo marinus/immunology ; *Immunity ; *Leukocytes ; }, abstract = {Variation in food resources can result in dramatic fluctuations in the body condition of animals dependent on those resources. Decreases in body mass can disrupt patterns of energy allocation and impose stress, thereby altering immune function. In this study, we investigated links between changes in body mass of captive cane toads (Rhinella marina), their circulating white blood cell populations, and their performance in immune assays. Captive toads that lost weight over a three-month period had increased levels of monocytes and heterophils and reduced levels of eosinophils. Basophil and lymphocyte levels were unrelated to changes in mass. Because individuals that lost mass had higher heterophil levels but stable lymphocyte levels, the ratio of these cell types was also higher, partially consistent with a stress response. Phagocytic ability of whole blood was higher in toads that lost mass, owing to increased circulating levels of phagocytic cells. Other measures of immune performance were unrelated to mass change. These results highlight the challenges faced by invasive species as they expand their range into novel environments which may impose substantial seasonal changes in food availability that were not present in the native range. Individuals facing energy restrictions may shift their immune function towards more economical and general avenues of combating pathogens. This article is part of the theme issue 'Amphibian immunity: stress, disease and ecoimmunology'.}, }
@article {pmid37305907, year = {2023}, author = {Rollins-Smith, LA and Le Sage, EH}, title = {Heat stress and amphibian immunity in a time of climate change.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {378}, number = {1882}, pages = {20220132}, pmid = {37305907}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; *Amphibians ; *Climate Change ; Heat-Shock Response ; Introduced Species ; Knowledge ; Mammals ; }, abstract = {As a class of vertebrates, amphibians, are at greater risk for declines or extinctions than any other vertebrate group, including birds and mammals. There are many threats, including habitat destruction, invasive species, overuse by humans, toxic chemicals and emerging diseases. Climate change which brings unpredictable temperature changes and rainfall constitutes an additional threat. Survival of amphibians depends on immune defences functioning well under these combined threats. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of how amphibians respond to some natural stressors, including heat and desiccation stress, and the limited studies of the immune defences under these stressful conditions. In general, the current studies suggest that desiccation and heat stress can activate the hypothalamus pituitary-interrenal axis, with possible suppression of some innate and lymphocyte-mediated responses. Elevated temperatures can alter microbial communities in amphibian skin and gut, resulting in possible dysbiosis that fosters reduced resistance to pathogens. This article is part of the theme issue 'Amphibian immunity: stress, disease and ecoimmunology'.}, }
@article {pmid37305489, year = {2023}, author = {Debella, HA and Ancha, VR and Atnaw, SM}, title = {Production, optimization, and characterization of Ethiopian variant Prosopis juliflora based biodiesel.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {e15721}, pmid = {37305489}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Considering the need for biodiesel production from non-edible oil sources and taking into account the fact that Prosopis Juliflora (JF) is identified as a highly invasive species in Ethiopia, this research focuses on biodiesel production from a possible and promising alternative feedstock. The objective of this study is to analyze Ethiopian variant Juliflora based biodiesel (JFB) production through transesterification, carry out optimization by exploring the effects of various process parameters and characterization of functional groups (with GC-MS,FT-IR and NMR) including rheological behavior, not yet been reported earlier. As per ASTM protocol testing, the methyl ester of Juliflora has been found to have the following main fuel properties: kinematic viscosity (mm[2]/s) 3.395, cetane number 52.9, acid number (mgkoh/g) 0.28, density (gm/ml) 0.880, calorific value (MJ/kg) 44.4, methyl ester content (%) 99.8, and flashpoint (°C) 128, copper strip corrosion value 1a,%FFA (free fatty acid) 0.14. When compared with those of diesel, the viscosity, density, and flash point of JFB are seen to be higher than those of diesel, although it has a similar calorific value but more importantly higher than most of the other biodiesels. Based on an assessment using response surface methodology, methanol concentration together with catalyst loading, temperature, and reaction time are determined to be the most important influencing process parameters. The best molar ratio for methanolysis was observed to be 6:1 with a catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt% at 55 °C for 60 min for biodiesel yield at 65%. The JFB maximum yield of 130 ml at 70 min and the minimum yield of 40 ml at 10 min demonstrate that as mixing time increases, JFB yield tend to increase up to a certain time limit. The maximum raw oil yield rom crushed seed with hexane solvent was observed to be 480 ml within 3 days from 2.5 kg of crushed seed. The Fourier transform infrared analysis (FT-IR) revealed the presence of all desired functional groups necessary for biodiesel on OH radicals at wave numbers of 3314.40 cm[-1,] Aliphatic methyl C-H at 2942.48 cm[- 1] with a functional group (CH-3-,-CH2-), and methylene C-H at 2832.59 cm[-1]. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) study confirmed the higher ester content present in the JFB with a higher unsaturation level of 68.81%. The fatty acid, oleic acid has a lower saturation level of 4.5%, while palmitic acid has a lower threshold level of 2.08%. The Rheometer test showed that shear stress and viscosity reduced with increasing temperature within the range of biodiesel requirements, and the Newtonian behavior was confirmed. The JFB has a fairly high viscosity and shear rate at low temperatures. The [1]H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) study established that JFB has a necessary ingredient; and aliphatic resonances occur in the chemical shift region of 1.5-3.0 ppm. Significant regions indicate protons bound to heteroaromatics, aldehydes, as shown by [13]C NMR spectrum. The findings from the FT-IR, GC-MS, [1]H NMR, and [13]C NMR are in agreement thus validating the presence of numerous functional groups in JFB as such. Since JFB possesses the requisite biodiesel fuel attributes, Prosopis Juliflora need to be pursued as a promising biodiesel feedstock in Ethiopia for alleviating the burden of imported fuels while also addressing difficulties with emissions released by the combustion of fossil fuels.}, }
@article {pmid37304862, year = {2023}, author = {Branco, S and Irimia, RE and Montesinos, D}, title = {The introduction of an invasive weed was not followed by the introduction of ethnobotanical knowledge: a review on the ethnobotany of Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e15489}, pmid = {37304862}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Humans ; *Centaurea ; Plant Weeds ; Ethnobotany ; Ecosystem ; *Honey ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants are known for their impacts to ecosystems and societies, but their potential cultural use tend to be unexplored. One important mechanism of plant invasion is the use of "allelochemicals" or "novel weapons": chemical defenses which are new to their invaded habitats and that confer them competitive advantages. However, these chemicals are precisely what confers them ethnobotanical and medicinal properties. We reviewed the literature assessing the biogeography of the cultural uses of the model invasive plant yellow-starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.; Asteraceae), and assessed the extent to which the introduction of a weed native to Eurasia into several non-native world regions was paralleled by the spread of cultural uses from its native range. We found that the species was rich in pharmaceutically active compounds and that the species had been traditionally used for medicinal purposes, as raw material, and as food. However, ethnobotanical uses were reported almost exclusively in its native range, with no uses described for the non-native range, apart from honey production in California, Argentina, and Australia. Our study exemplifies how, when plant introductions are not paralleled synchronously by significant human migrations, cultural adoption can be extremely slow, even within the native range of the species. Invasive species can provide real-time insights into the cultural processes by which humans learn to use plants. This case study highlights how biological invasions and cultural expansions can be subjected to different constraints.}, }
@article {pmid37304861, year = {2023}, author = {Terblanche, N and Measey, J}, title = {The conservation value of freshwater habitats for frog communities of lowland fynbos.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e15516}, pmid = {37304861}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anura ; *Bufonidae ; Fresh Water ; Ecosystem ; Water ; }, abstract = {Amphibians are more threatened than any other vertebrate class, yet evidence for many threats is missing. The Cape lowland fynbos (endemic scrub biome) is threatened by habitat loss, and natural temporary freshwater habitats are removed in favour of permanent impoundments. In this study, we determine amphibian assemblages across different freshwater habitat types with special attention to the presence of invasive fish. We find that anuran communities differ primarily by habitat type, with permanent water habitats having more widespread taxa, while temporary water bodies have more range restricted taxa. Invasive fish are found to have a significant impact on frogs with toads most tolerant of their presence. Temporary freshwater habitats are a conservation priority in the area, and their amphibian assemblages represent endemic taxa that are intolerant of invasive fish. Conservation of a biodiverse amphibian assemblage in lowland fynbos areas will rely on the creation of temporary freshwater habitats, rather than a northern hemisphere pond based solution.}, }
@article {pmid37302598, year = {2023}, author = {Guo, Y and Sun, Y and Fan, D and Wang, S and Agathokleous, E and Zhu, Y and Han, J}, title = {New insights into the role of soil properties in driving cadmium-induced hormesis in soil alkaline phosphatase under vegetation cover change.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {892}, number = {}, pages = {164798}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164798}, pmid = {37302598}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Hormesis ; Cadmium/toxicity/analysis ; Alkaline Phosphatase/analysis ; Soil/chemistry ; Wetlands ; Poaceae ; China ; }, abstract = {This study investigated the hormetic responses of soil alkaline phosphatase (ALP) to exogenous Cd under five different vegetation cover types in a typical coastal wetland, including mudflat (Mud), Phragmites australis (PA), Spartina alterniflora (SA), Metasequoia glyptostroboides (MG), and Cinnamomum camphora (CC). The results showed that the activity of soil ALP was significantly enhanced by exogenous 0.3-1.0, 0.2-0.8, 0.05-0.3, 0.05-0.6, and 0.05-0.60 mg Cd /kg in Mud, PA, SA, MG, and CC, respectively. Moreover, the Horzone (an integrated indicator of the stimulation phase) of Mud and PA was significantly higher than that of SA, MG, and CC. Multiple factor analysis revealed that soil chemical properties and soil bacteria community play an important role in the hormetic effect of soil ALP to Cd stress. Soil electric conductivity (EC) and the relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria were also identified as key drivers of the hormetic effects of Cd on soil ALP under five vegetation cover types. These findings suggest that the soil ecosystem had better resistance to exogenous Cd stress under mudflat and native species (PA) than invasive species (SA), and artificial forests (MG and CC) when soil ALP activity was the test endpoint. Consequently, this study is beneficial for future ecological risk assessment of soil Cd contamination under divergent vegetation covers.}, }
@article {pmid37300369, year = {2023}, author = {Hong, Z and Michel, AP and Long, EY}, title = {Optimizing a rapid LAMP assay for discrimination of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from common drosophilids captured in monitoring traps from the Midwest, United States.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {4}, pages = {1391-1397}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad105}, pmid = {37300369}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {United States ; Animals ; *Drosophila ; *Insect Control ; Midwestern United States ; Fruit ; }, abstract = {Spotted-wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, is an economically important pest of small fruits worldwide. Currently, the timing of management strategies relies on detection of adult flies captured in baited monitoring traps; however, identifying D. suzukii in trap catch based on morphology can be challenging for growers. DNA-based diagnostic methods such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) have the potential to improve D. suzukii detection. This study evaluated a LAMP assay as a diagnostic tool to discriminate between D. suzukii and closely related drosophilid species found commonly in monitoring traps in the Midwestern United States. Targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene, we found the LAMP assay accurately detected D. suzukii with as little as 0.1 ng/μl of DNA at 63 °C for 50 min. Under these optimal incubation conditions, D. suzukii could be discriminated from D. affinis and D. simulans consistently, when specimens collected from liquid monitoring traps were tested independently. Compared to other DNA-based diagnostic tools for D. suzukii, LAMP offers unique benefits: DNA extraction is not required, testing occurs at one temperature in less than 1 h, and positive results are visible as a colorimetric change from pink to yellow. The LAMP assay for D. suzukii can reduce reliance on morphological identification, enhance the adoption of monitoring tools, and improve accuracy of detection. Further optimization can be conducted to evaluate the accuracy and sensitivity of results when a mixture of DNA from both D. suzukii and congener flies are tested in a single LAMP reaction.}, }
@article {pmid37300303, year = {2023}, author = {Richardson, S and Sun, Q}, title = {Effects of soil moisture on tunneling, survivorship, and food consumption of the Formosan and eastern subterranean termites (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, pages = {539-545}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvad049}, pmid = {37300303}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Soil ; *Isoptera/physiology ; Sand ; *Cockroaches ; Survivorship ; }, abstract = {Soil moisture is a critical environmental factor for the survival and behavior of subterranean termites (family Rhinotermitidae). The invasive Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, and the native eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), co-occur in the southeastern United States, while R. flavipes is distributed in a wider geoclimatic range. Previous studies showed that subterranean termites preferred higher soil moisture levels for tunneling and feeding; however, the impacts of constant moisture remained to be characterized to understand their moisture tolerance. In this study, we hypothesized that different soil moisture regimes can alter termite foraging and survival, and that the effects differ between the two species. The tunneling activity, survivorship, and food consumption of termites were documented for 28 days with different sand moisture conditions ranging from no moisture to full saturation (0%, 1%, 5%, 15%, 25%, and 30%). We found that there were no significant differences in the responses between C. formosanus and R. flavipes. In both species, termites did not survive or tunnel with 0% moisture. Termites performed tunneling with only 1% sand moisture, although they did not survive for 28 days. A minimal of 5% sand moisture was required for survival, and there were no significant differences in survivorship, tunneling activity, or food consumption among moisture contents of 5-30%. The results suggest that subterranean termites are resilient to moisture extremes. Colonies can tolerate low moisture conditions in their foraging environment for extended times, which may allow them to tunnel and find new moisture sources for colony survival.}, }
@article {pmid37299162, year = {2023}, author = {Fűrész, A and Penksza, K and Sipos, L and Turcsányi-Járdi, I and Szentes, S and Fintha, G and Penksza, P and Viszló, L and Szalai, F and Wagenhoffer, Z}, title = {Examination of the Effects of Domestic Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Grazing on Wetland and Dry Grassland Habitats.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {37299162}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {&#xda;NKP-22-3-I-MATE/2//New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Culture and Innovation from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund/ ; //University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest/ ; VP3-16.1.1-4.1.5-4.2.1-4.2.2-8.1.1-8.2.1-8.3.1-8.5.1-8.5.2-8.6.1-17//AKGF-119-1-202 and the creation of Innovation operational groups and the investment necessary for the implementation of the innovative project/ ; }, abstract = {In nature conservation today, there is a global problem with the aggressive expansion of invasive plant species and the conservation of valuable grassland vegetation. Based on this, the following question has been formed: Is the domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) appropriate for managing various habitat types? How does grazing by water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) affect on grassland vegetation? This study was carried out in four areas of Hungary. One of the sample areas was in the Mátra Mountains, on dry grassland areas where grazing had been applied for two, four and six years. The other sample areas were in the Zámolyi Basin, where wet fens with a high risk of Solidago gigantea and in a typic Pannonian dry grassland were investigated. In all areas, grazing was carried out with domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). During the study, we carried out a coenological survey, examining the change of cover of plant species, their feed values and the biomass of the grassland. According to the results, both the number and cover of economically important grasses (from 28% to 34.6%) and legumes (from 3.4% to 25.4%) increased in Mátra as well as the high proportion of shrubs (from 41.8% to 4.4%) shifted toward grassland species. In the areas of the Zámolyi Basin, invasive Solidago has been suppressed completely, the pasture has been converted completely (from 16% to 1%) and the dominant species has become Sesleria uliginosa. Thus, we have found that grazing with buffalo is suitable as a habitat management method in both dry grasslands and wet grasslands. Therefore, in addition to its effectiveness in the control of Solidago gigantea, grazing with buffalo is successful in both nature conservation and economic aspects of grassland vegetation.}, }
@article {pmid37299064, year = {2023}, author = {Afzal, MR and Naz, M and Wan, J and Dai, Z and Ullah, R and Rehman, SU and Du, D}, title = {Insights into the Mechanisms Involved in Lead (Pb) Tolerance in Invasive Plants-The Current Status of Understanding.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {37299064}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {2022ZB656//Jiangsu Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant species possess remarkable abilities to establish themselves in new environments and to displace native species. Their success can be attributed to various physiological and biochemical mechanisms, allowing them to tolerate adverse environmental conditions, including high lead (Pb) toxicity. Comprehension of the mechanisms responsible for Pb tolerance in invasive plants is still limited, but it is rapidly evolving. Researchers have identified several strategies in invasive plants to tolerate high levels of Pb. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the ability of invasive species to tolerate or even accumulate Pb in plant tissues, including vacuoles and cell walls, as well as how rhizosphere biota (bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi) help them to enhance Pb tolerance in polluted soils. Furthermore, the article highlights the physiological and molecular mechanisms regulating plant responses to Pb stress. The potential applications of these mechanisms in developing strategies for remediating Pb-contaminated soils are also discussed. Specifically, this review article provides a comprehensive understanding of the current status of research on the mechanisms involved in Pb tolerance in invasive plants. The information presented in this article may be useful in developing effective strategies for managing Pb-contaminated soils, as well as for developing more resilient crops in the face of environmental stressors.}, }
@article {pmid37298372, year = {2023}, author = {Wu, XL and Liu, XW and Wang, Y and Guo, MY and Ye, JR}, title = {Optimization of Constitutive Promoters Using a Promoter-Trapping Vector in Burkholderia pyrrocinia JK-SH007.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {24}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {37298372}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {2018YFD0600203//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; CX16-1005//Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund/ ; PAPD//Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions/ ; }, mesh = {*Luciferases, Firefly ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Genes, Reporter ; *Burkholderia cepacia complex ; }, abstract = {Selecting suitable promoters to drive gene overexpression can provide significant insight into the development of engineered bacteria. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome data of Burkholderia pyrrocinia JK-SH007 and identified 54 highly expressed genes. The promoter sequences were located using genome-wide data and scored using the prokaryotic promoter prediction software BPROM to further screen out 18 promoter sequences. We also developed a promoter trap system based on two reporter proteins adapted for promoter optimization in B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007: firefly luciferase encoded by the luciferase gene set (Luc) and trimethoprim (TP)-resistant dihydrofolate reductase (TP[r]). Ultimately, eight constitutive promoters were successfully inserted into the probe vector and transformed into B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007. The transformants were successfully grown on Tp antibiotic plates, and firefly luciferase expression was determined by measuring the relative light unit (RLU). Five of the promoters (P4, P9, P10, P14, and P19) showed 1.01-2.51-fold higher activity than the control promoter λ phage transcriptional promoter (PRPL). The promoter activity was further validated via qPCR analysis, indicating that promoters P14 and P19 showed stable high transcription levels at all time points. Then, GFP and RFP proteins were overexpressed in JK-SH007. In addition, promoters P14 and P19 were successfully used to drive gene expression in Burkholderia multivorans WS-FJ9 and Escherichia coli S17-1. The two constitutive promoters can be used not only in B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007 itself to gene overexpression but also to expand the scope of application.}, }
@article {pmid37292492, year = {2023}, author = {De Araujo, LI and Karsten, M and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Flight-reproduction trade-offs are weak in a field cage experiment across multiple Drosophila species.}, journal = {Current research in insect science}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {100060}, pmid = {37292492}, issn = {2666-5158}, abstract = {Flight-reproduction trade-offs, such that more mobile individuals sacrifice reproductive output (e.g., fecundity) or incur fitness costs, are well-studied in a handful of wing-dimorphic model systems. However, these trade-offs have not been systematically assessed across reproduction-related traits and taxa in wing monomorphic species despite having broad implications for the ecology and evolution of pterygote insect species. Here we therefore determined the prevalence, magnitude and direction of flight-reproduction trade-offs on several fitness-related traits in a semi-field setting by comparing disperser and resident flies from repeated releases of five wild-caught, laboratory-reared Drosophila species, and explicitly controlling for a suite of potential confounding effects (maternal effects, recent thermal history) and potential morphological covariates (wing-loading, body mass). We found almost no systematic differences in reproductive output (egg production), reproductive fitness (offspring survival), or longevity between flying (disperser) and resident flies in our replicated releases, even if adjusting for potential morphological variation. After correction for false discovery rates, none of the five species showed evidence of a significant fitness trade-off associated with increased flight (sustained, simulated voluntary field dispersal). Our results therefore suggest that flight-reproduction trade-offs are not as common as might have been expected when assessed systematically across species and under the relatively standardized conditions and field setting employed here, at least not in the genus Drosophila. The magnitude and direction of potential dispersal- or flight-induced trade-offs, and the conditions that promote them, clearly require closer scrutiny. We argue that flight or dispersal is either genuinely cheaper than expected, or the costs manifest differently than those assessed here. Lost opportunities (i.e., time spent on mate-finding, mating or foraging) or nutrient-poor conditions could promote fitness costs to dispersal in our study system and that could be explored in future.}, }
@article {pmid37292017, year = {2023}, author = {Pan, Y and Liu, M and Sosa, A and Li, B and Shi, M and Pan, X}, title = {Hierarchical metacommunity structure of fungal endophytes.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {239}, number = {4}, pages = {1464-1474}, doi = {10.1111/nph.19065}, pmid = {37292017}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Endophytes ; *Plants/microbiology ; Biological Evolution ; China ; Fungi ; Biodiversity ; }, abstract = {The ecological and evolutionary processes shaping community structure and functions of microbial symbionts are known to be scale-dependent. Nonetheless, understanding how the relative importance of these processes changes across spatial scales, and deciphering the hierarchical metacommunity structure of fungal endophytes has proven challenging. We investigated metacommunities of endophytic fungi within leaves of an invasive plant (Alternanthera philoxeroides) across wide latitudinal transects both in its native (Argentina) and introduced (China) ranges to test whether metacommunities of fungal endophytes were structured by different drivers at different spatial scales. We found Clementsian structures with seven discrete compartments (distinctive groups of fungal species with coincident distribution ranges), which coincided with the distribution of major watersheds. Metacommunity compartments were explicitly demarcated at three spatial scales, that is, the between-continent, between-compartment, and within-compartment scales. At larger spatial scales, local environmental conditions (climate, soil, and host plant traits) were replaced by other geographical factors as principal determinants of metacommunity structure of fungal endophytes and community diversity-function relationships. Our results reveal novel insights into the scale dependency of diversity and functions of fungal endophytes, which are likely similar for plant symbionts. These findings can potentially improve our understanding of the global patterns of fungal diversity.}, }
@article {pmid37291243, year = {2023}, author = {Velasco, N and Andrade, N and Smit, C and Bustamante, R}, title = {Climatic niche convergence through space and time for a potential archaeophyte (Acacia caven) in South America.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {9340}, pmid = {37291243}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Humans ; *Acacia ; Introduced Species ; Chile ; Plants ; *Fabaceae ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Based on the niche conservatism hypothesis, i.e. the idea that niches remain unchanged over space and time, climatic niche modelling (CNM) is a useful tool for predicting the spread of introduced taxa. Recent advances have extended such predictions deeper in time for plant species dispersed by humans before the modern era. The latest CNMs successfully evaluate niche differentiation and estimate potential source areas for intriguing taxa such as archaeophytes (i.e., species introduced before 1492 AD). Here, we performed CNMs for Acacia caven, a common Fabaceae tree in South America, considered an archaeophyte west of the Andes, in Central Chile. Accounting for the infraspecific delimitation of the species, our results showed that even when climates are different, climatic spaces used by the species overlap largely between the eastern and western ranges. Despite slight variation, results were consistent when considering one, two, or even three-environmental dimensions, and in accordance with the niche conservatism hypothesis. Specific distribution models calibrated for each region (east vs west) and projected to the past, indicate a common area of occupancy available in southern Bolivia-northwest Argentina since the late Pleistocene, which could have acted as a source-area, and this signal becomes stronger through the Holocene. Then, in accordance with a taxon introduced in the past, and comparing regional vs continental distribution models calibrated at the infraspecific or species level, the western populations showed their spread status to be mostly in equilibrium with the environment. Our study thus indicates how niche and species distribution models are useful to improve our knowledge related to taxa introduced before the modern era.}, }
@article {pmid37288645, year = {2023}, author = {Martin, N and Robinson, TB and Clusella-Trullas, S}, title = {Warmer and more acidic conditions enhance performance of an endemic low-shore gastropod.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {226}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.245423}, pmid = {37288645}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; *Seawater/chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Gastropoda ; Temperature ; Acclimatization/physiology ; }, abstract = {Changing ocean temperatures are predicted to challenge marine organisms, especially when combined with other factors, such as ocean acidification. Acclimation, as a form of phenotypic plasticity, can moderate the consequences of changing environments for biota. Our understanding of how altered temperature and acidification together influence species' acclimation responses is, however, limited compared with that of responses to single stressors. This study investigated how temperature and acidification affect the thermal tolerance and righting speed of the girdled dogwhelk, Trochia cingulata. Whelks were acclimated for 2 weeks to combinations of three temperatures (11°C: cold, 13°C: moderate and 15°C: warm) and two pH regimes (8.0: moderate and 7.5: acidic). We measured the temperature sensitivity of the righting response by generating thermal performance curves from individual data collected at seven test temperatures and determined critical thermal minima (CTmin) and maxima (CTmax). We found that T. cingulata has a broad basal thermal tolerance range (∼38°C) and after acclimation to the warm temperature regime, both the optimal temperature for maximum righting speed and CTmax increased. Contrary to predictions, acidification did not narrow this population's thermal tolerance but increased CTmax. These plastic responses are likely driven by the predictable exposure to temperature extremes measured in the field which originate from the local tidal cycle and the periodic acidification associated with ocean upwelling in the region. This acclimation ability suggests that T. cingulata has at least some capacity to buffer the thermal changes and increased acidification predicted to occur with climate change.}, }
@article {pmid37287683, year = {2023}, author = {Casas-Monroy, O and Brydges, T and Kydd, J and Ogilvie, D and Rozon, RM and Bailey, SA}, title = {Examining the performance of three ballast water compliance monitoring devices for quantifying live organisms in both regulated size classes (≥50 μm and ≥10-&lt;50 μm).}, journal = {Journal of plankton research}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {540-553}, pmid = {37287683}, issn = {0142-7873}, abstract = {A number of ballast water compliance monitoring devices (CMDs) have been made commercially available to verify the efficacy of ballast water management systems by quantifying the living organisms for both plankton size classes (≥50 μm and ≥10-<50 μm). This study aimed to examine whether new CMDs can provide a reliable indication of compliance regarding Regulation D-2 and to evaluate their performance for indicative analysis of organisms by assessing their accuracy (comparison to microscopy) and precision (comparison within measurement). Challenge fresh water samples were collected in four locations of Lake Ontario, Canada, whereas marine challenge water samples were collected around the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada. Ballast water samples were collected from ships visiting several ports across Canada. Overall, accuracy was higher (>80%) in estimating organisms from prepared-challenge water (Ballast Eye and BallastWISE) than from ballast water samples (>70%) (B-QUA only). The sensitivity ranged from 50 to 100% for the ≥50 μm organism size class, whereas for the ≥10-<50 μm organism size class, it was higher for freshwater samples (>75%) than for marine samples (>50%). The performance of CMDs should be assessed under real-world conditions for a better understanding and to improve their use.}, }
@article {pmid37287028, year = {2023}, author = {Zaleśny, G and Kanarek, G and Pyrka, E and Kołodziej-Sobocińska, M and Zalewski, A and Hildebrand, J}, title = {The genetic structure of populations of Isthmiophora melis (Schrank, 1788) (Digenea: Echinostomatidae). Does the host's diet matter?.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {188}, pmid = {37287028}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {9003/IP1//2015/73//Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Echinostomatidae/genetics ; Mink/genetics ; *Trematoda/genetics ; Murinae ; Haplotypes ; Diet ; Genetic Structures ; Genetic Variation ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Here we provide a comparative analysis of the genetic structure of populations (based on nad1 mtDNA) of Isthmiophora melis isolated from the American mink (Neogale vison), an introduced invasive species, commonly occurring in the territory of Poland, and from the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius).<br><br>METHODS: A total of 133 specimens of I. melis were obtained from naturally infected N. vison collected from six localities in Poland (108 samples) and 25 individuals of I. melis from A. agrarius. All sequences of the nad1 gene obtained during the present study were assembled and aligned. The standard statistics for haplotype composition, i.e., the number of haplotypes, haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity, and average number of nucleotide differences, were calculated. Haplotype analysis and visualization of haplotype frequency among populations were performed using a median-joining network.<br><br>RESULTS: Based on the samples collected from different localities in Poland, our study revealed that the overall genetic diversity of I. melis isolated from the American mink and of the striped field mouse do not differ significantly. The median-joining network showed that the three main haplotypes are in the centre of a star-like structure, with the remaining haplotypes as the satellites, reflecting the recent expansion of the populations.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The overall genetic diversity of I. melis isolated from the American mink and striped field mouse reveals a high level of homogeneity. Moreover, regional differences in the food composition of the definitive hosts play an important role in shaping the genetic structure of the trematode populations.}, }
@article {pmid37284949, year = {2023}, author = {Mullins, LR and Brown, DJ and Lovsey, SR and Bowers, TA and Gershman, SN}, title = {Roundup and immune challenge have different effects on a native field cricket and its introduced competitor.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {30}, number = {32}, pages = {79269-79281}, pmid = {37284949}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; *Gryllidae ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Reproduction ; Fertility ; *Herbicides ; }, abstract = {Animals face many natural challenges, and humans have added to this burden by applying potentially harmful herbicides and unintentionally introducing competitors. We examine the recently introduced Velarifictorus micado Japanese burrowing cricket which shares the same microhabitat and mating season as the native Gryllus pennsylvanicus field cricket. In this study, we assess the combined effects of Roundup (glyphosate-based herbicide) and a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) immune challenge on both crickets. In both species, an immune challenge reduced the numbers of eggs that the female laid; however, this effect was much larger in G. pennsylvanicus. Conversely, Roundup caused both species to increase egg production, potentially representing a terminal investment strategy. When exposed to both an immune challenge and herbicide, G. pennsylvanicus fecundity was harmed more than V. micado fecundity. Furthermore, V. micado females laid significantly more eggs than G. pennsylvanicus, suggesting that introduced V. micado may have a competitive edge in fecundity over native G. pennsylvanicus. LPS and Roundup each had differing effects on male G. pennsylvanicus and V. micado calling effort. Overall, introduced male V. micado spent significantly more time calling than native G. pennsylvanicus, which could potentially facilitate the spread of this introduced species. Despite the population-level spread of introduced V. micado, in our study, this species did not outperform native G. pennsylvanicus in tolerating immune and chemical challenge. Although V. micado appears to possess traits that make this introduced species successful in colonizing new habitats, it may be less successful in traits that would allow it to outcompete a native species.}, }
@article {pmid37283895, year = {2023}, author = {Kattler, KR and Oishi, EM and Lim, EG and Watkins, HV and Côté, IM}, title = {Functional responses of male and female European green crabs suggest potential sex-specific impacts of invasion.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e15424}, pmid = {37283895}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Male ; Food Chain ; *Brachyura/physiology ; *Bivalvia ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Introduced Species ; British Columbia ; }, abstract = {Predicting the impacts of predatory invasive species is important for prioritising conservation interventions. Functional response experiments, which examine consumption by predators in relation to prey density, are a useful way to assess the potential strength of novel predator-prey relationships. However, such experiments are often conducted without consideration of sex or only with males to reduce invasion risk. Here, we compared the functional responses of male and female European green crabs (Carcinus maenas), a global invader, feeding on varnish clams (Nuttallia obscurata) to test whether the two sexes have similar potential for impact. We also examined potential correlates of predation behaviour by measuring sex-specific movement and prey choice. Both sexes displayed a Type II hyperbolic functional response, which can destabilise prey populations at low prey densities. However, males and females exhibited some differences in foraging behaviour. Female green crabs had slightly lower attack rates, which were not linked to sex differences in movement, and slightly longer handling times, which were not linked to sex differences in prey choice. These small, non-significant differences nevertheless translated into significantly greater functional response ratios, which are used to predict the ecological impact of invasive species, for males than females. There was no difference in the proportion of clams consumed between males and females with similar crusher claw heights, but females have smaller crusher claws on average, hence they consumed a smaller proportion of clams. Repeated surveys of four populations of European green crabs established in British Columbia, Canada, showed that sex ratio is highly variable. Taken together, these results and population-level modelling suggest that trying to evaluate the potential impact of European green crabs on clam populations by sampling only males could result in overestimation, even in populations that have male-biased sex-ratios. Consumer sex might generally be an important feature to consider when using functional response experiments to forecast the impact of new invasive species, especially those with marked sexual dimorphism that affect foraging.}, }
@article {pmid37283200, year = {2023}, author = {Jothinarayanan, N and Karlsen, F and Roseng, LE}, title = {Comparative evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification and PCR for detection of Esox lucius housekeeping genes for use in on-site environmental monitoring.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {103}, number = {5}, pages = {897-905}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15476}, pmid = {37283200}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {295864 NORFAB III//the Norwegian Micro- and Nano-Fabrication Facility/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Esocidae ; *Ecosystem ; Genes, Essential ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/methods ; DNA/genetics ; Environmental Monitoring ; }, abstract = {Esox lucius (northern pike) is an invasive species in fresh water and causes extreme impacts in the local habitat. Northern pike easily replaces the local native species and disrupts the regional ecosystem. Traditionally, in connection with environmental monitoring, invasive species are identified using PCR through species-specific DNA. PCR involves many cycles of heating to amplify the target DNA and requires complex equipment; on the contrary, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) entails isothermal amplification, which means the target needs to be heated to only one temperature between 60 and 65°C. In this study, the authors conducted a LAMP assay and a conventional PCR assay to determine which technique is less time consuming, more sensitive and reliable for use in real-time and on-site environmental monitoring. Mitochondrial gene cytochrome b, an essential factor in electron transport; histone (H2B), a nuclear DNA responsible for the chromatin structure; and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase involved in energy metabolism are taken as the reference genes for this article. The results show that LAMP is more sensitive and less time consuming than the conventional PCR, and thus it can be used for the detection of northern pike in aquatic ecosystems related to environmental monitoring.}, }
@article {pmid37282355, year = {2023}, author = {DiManno, N and Ostertag, R and Uowolo, A and Durham, A and Blakemore, K and Cordell, S and Vitousek, P}, title = {Functional trait-based restoration alters nutrient cycling and invasion rates in Hawaiian lowland wet forest.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {6}, pages = {e2894}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2894}, pmid = {37282355}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; *Soil ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Nutrients ; Carbon ; Trees/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Many degraded ecosystems have altered nutrient dynamics due to invaders' possessing a suite of traits that allow them to both outcompete native species and alter the environment. In ecosystems where invasive species have increased nutrient turnover rates, it can be difficult to reduce nutrient availability. This study examined whether a functional trait-based restoration approach involving the planting of species with conservative nutrient-use traits could slow rates of nutrient cycling and consequently reduce rates of invasion. We examined a functional trait restoration initiative in a heavily invaded lowland wet forest site in Hilo, Hawai'i. Native and introduced species were chosen to create four experimental hybrid forest communities, in comparison to the invaded forest, with a factorial design in which communities varied in rates of carbon turnover (slow or moderate [SLOW, MOD]), and in the relationship of species in trait space (redundant or complementary [RED, COMP]). After the first 5 years, we evaluated community-level outcomes related to nutrient cycling: carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) via litterfall, litter decomposition, and outplant productivity and rates of invasion. We found that (1) regardless of treatment, the experimental communities had low rates of nutrient cycling through litterfall relative to the invaded reference forest, (2) the MOD communities had greater nutrient release via litterfall than the SLOW communities, (3) introduced species had greater nutrient release than native species in the two MOD experimental communities, and (4) within treatments, there was a positive relationship between nutrient levels and outplant basal area, but outplant basal area was negatively associated with rates of invasion. The negative relationships among basal area and weed invasion, particularly for the two COMP treatments, suggest species existing in different parts of trait space may help confer some degree of invasion resistance. The diversification of trait space was facilitated by the use of introduced species, a new concept in Hawaiian forest management. Although challenges remain in endeavors to restore this heavily degraded ecosystem, this study provides evidence that functional trait-based restoration approaches using carefully crafted hybrid communities can reduce rates of nutrient cycling and invasion in order to reach management goals.}, }
@article {pmid37279524, year = {2023}, author = {Shine, R and Baeckens, S}, title = {Rapidly evolved traits enable new conservation tools: perspectives from the cane toad invasion of Australia.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {77}, number = {8}, pages = {1744-1755}, doi = {10.1093/evolut/qpad102}, pmid = {37279524}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Bufo marinus/physiology ; Australia ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; *Animals, Wild ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Natural populations can show rapid adaptive responses to intense (human-mediated) environmental change. The potential for exploiting rapidly evolved traits for conservation management has been often discussed but rarely implemented. Capitalizing on a well-studied biological invasion, we here explore the idea that rapid phenotypic change in the invaders, their pathogens, and the native biota provide opportunities for managers to control invader abundance and buffer adverse impacts on native wildlife. Intensive studies of the invasion of tropical Australia by cane toads (Rhinella marina) have identified newly evolved vulnerabilities that we could exploit for toad control; and newly evolved resilience of native wildlife that we could exploit for impact reduction. For example, distinctive phenotypes of toads at the expanding range edge enhance dispersal rate but reduce reproductive output, intraspecific competitive ability, and immunocompetence; and the evolution of larval cannibalism creates opportunities not only for species-specific trapping of toad tadpoles, but also could be exploited (when allied to emerging CRISPR-Cas9 techniques) to intensify intraspecific conflict in invasive toads. That is, we could use the invasive species to control their own populations. This case study illustrates the potential of detailed basic research to identify novel approaches for conservation.}, }
@article {pmid37277936, year = {2023}, author = {Dai, JX and Cao, LJ and Chen, JC and Yang, F and Shen, XJ and Ma, LJ and Hoffmann, AA and Chen, M and Wei, SJ}, title = {Testing for adaptive changes linked to range expansion following a single introduction of the fall webworm.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/mec.17038}, pmid = {37277936}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {Z201100008320013//Joint Laboratory of Pest Control Research Between China and Australia/ ; 2021YFD1400300//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {Adaptive evolution following colonization can affect the impact of invasive species. The fall webworm (FWW) invaded China 40 years ago through a single introduction event involving a severe bottleneck and subsequently diverged into two genetic groups. The well-recorded invasion history of FWW, coupled with a clear pattern of genetic divergence, provides an opportunity to investigate whether there is any sign of adaptive evolution following the invasion. Based on genome-wide SNPs, we identified genetically separated western and eastern groups of FWW and correlated spatial variation in SNPs with geographical and climatic factors. Geographical factors explained a similar proportion of the genetic variation across all populations compared with climatic factors. However, when the two population groups were analysed separately, environmental factors explained more variation than geographical factors. SNP outliers in populations of the western group had relatively stronger response to precipitation than temperature-related variables. Functional annotation of SNP outliers identified genes associated with insect cuticle protein potentially related to desiccation adaptation in the western group and genes associated with lipase biosynthesis potentially related to temperature adaptation in the eastern group. Our study suggests that invasive species may maintain the evolutionary potential to adapt to heterogeneous environments despite a single invasion event. The molecular data suggest that quantitative trait comparisons across environments would be worthwhile.}, }
@article {pmid37276425, year = {2023}, author = {Bonnamour, A and Blake, RE and Liebhold, AM and Nahrung, HF and Roques, A and Turner, RM and Yamanaka, T and Bertelsmeier, C}, title = {Historical plant introductions predict current insect invasions.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {120}, number = {24}, pages = {e2221826120}, pmid = {37276425}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Plants ; *Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Thousands of insect species have been introduced outside of their native ranges, and some of them strongly impact ecosystems and human societies. Because a large fraction of insects feed on or are associated with plants, nonnative plants provide habitat and resources for invading insects, thereby facilitating their establishment. Furthermore, plant imports represent one of the main pathways for accidental nonnative insect introductions. Here, we tested the hypothesis that plant invasions precede and promote insect invasions. We found that geographical variation in current nonnative insect flows was best explained by nonnative plant flows dating back to 1900 rather than by more recent plant flows. Interestingly, nonnative plant flows were a better predictor of insect invasions than potentially confounding socioeconomic variables. Based on the observed time lag between plant and insect invasions, we estimated that the global insect invasion debt consists of 3,442 region-level introductions, representing a potential increase of 35% of insect invasions. This debt was most important in the Afrotropics, the Neotropics, and Indomalaya, where we expect a 10 to 20-fold increase in discoveries of new nonnative insect species. Overall, our results highlight the strong link between plant and insect invasions and show that limiting the spread of nonnative plants might be key to preventing future invasions of both plants and insects.}, }
@article {pmid37273892, year = {2023}, author = {Collignon, RM and Siderhurst, MS and Cha, DH}, title = {Evidence of queen-rearing suppression by mature queens in the little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata.}, journal = {Insectes sociaux}, volume = {70}, number = {2}, pages = {259-263}, pmid = {37273892}, issn = {0020-1812}, abstract = {The little fire ant (LFA), Wasmannia auropunctata, is a serious invasive pest first reported on Hawaii Island in 1999, and has since spread and established itself across the island. LFA is considered one of the worst 100 invasive species and has significant ecological, agricultural, and public health impacts in invaded areas, which include much of the tropical New World. Although localized eradication efforts have proven successful, they are intensive and difficult to implement. Furthermore, LFA's high invasive-ability resists these control efforts in areas where the species is established and can re-infest treated areas. This research set out to determine whether LFA queens have a suppressant effect on new queen production in nests, as a first step in identifying a potential queen pheromone for LFA. A queen pheromone could offer a means to shutdown LFA reproductive capability, potentially by suppressing the production of new queens or inducing the execution of queens or queen-destined larvae. When queenless experimental nests and polygyne experimental nests were compared, six out of eight queenless nests successfully reared both new alate queens (2.25 queens/nest) and drones (3.63 drones/nest) to adulthood, whereas only three of eight polygyne nests reared sexual larvae that failed to develop to adulthood or even the pupal stage. These results suggest that dealate mature LFA queens suppress the production of new alate queens in LFA nests, and is the first evidence that LFA may utilize a queen pheromone.}, }
@article {pmid37272874, year = {2023}, author = {Gillman, L}, title = {Calling time on alien plantscapes.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {29}, number = {13}, pages = {3539-3544}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.16704}, pmid = {37272874}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Both urban and rural environments around the globe have become dominated by alien plant species to the extent that plantscapes from one region or country have become difficult to distinguish from many others. This process of plant community homogenisation comes at a cost to cultural identity and undermines people's sense of place. Although invasive alien plant species have received considerable attention in recent decades, issues with non-invasive alien plant species have largely been ignored, and yet they contribute significantly to biotic homogeneity and impose an ever accumulating invasion debt: a debt that increases in proportion with their population sizes. By contrast, an abundance of native species in the places where people live is important for strengthening commitment to biodiversity conservation. Is there therefore sufficient evidence of harm from increasing numbers of non-invasive alien plants to justify local and central governments introducing measures to substantially reduce the proportion of non-invasive aliens in both urban and rural environments?}, }
@article {pmid37270914, year = {2023}, author = {Kelly, R and Nguyen, TVT and McKanna, M and Sames, WJ}, title = {County Records for Aedes japonicus in Georgia.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, pages = {129-133}, doi = {10.2987/23-7117}, pmid = {37270914}, issn = {1943-6270}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aedes ; Georgia ; Introduced Species ; Public Health ; }, abstract = {Consolidating and updating distributional data for mosquito species within a state is a good practice. These updates have an immediate impact by providing documented species distribution information for public use and by serving as a resource to researchers who need background information about a species's state distribution. In Georgia, Aedes japonicus, an introduced species, was peer review reported from 7 counties (2002-06): Fulton, Habersham, Lumpkin, Rabun, Towns, Union, and White. No further records were found in peer-reviewed journals or in the Symbiota Collections of Arthropods Network. This study consolidated the 7 peer-reviewed county records for Ae. japonicus with 73 new county records from surveillance data collected by the Georgia Department of Public Health. This study documented the presence of Ae. japonicus in 80 of the 159 counties in Georgia.}, }
@article {pmid37269728, year = {2023}, author = {Alday, JG and Cox, ES and Santana, VM and Lee, H and Ghorbani, J and Milligan, G and McAllister, HA and Pakeman, RJ and Le Duc, MG and Marrs, RH}, title = {Recovery of upland acid grasslands after successful Pteridium aquilinum control: Long-term effectiveness of cutting, repeated herbicide treatment and bruising.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {342}, number = {}, pages = {118273}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118273}, pmid = {37269728}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Pteridium ; Grassland ; *Herbicides ; Carbamates ; }, abstract = {There is a clear need for the development of management strategies to control dominant, perennial weeds and restore semi-natural communities and an important part of this is to know how long control treatments take to be effective and how long they last after treatments stop. Here, we report the results from a 17-year long experiment where we compared the effects of five control treatments on dense Pteridium aquilinum (L. Kuhn) relative to an untreated experimental-control in Derbyshire, UK. The experiment was run in two phases. In Phase 1 (2005-2012) we controlled the P. aquilinum by cutting and bruising, both twice and thrice annually, and a herbicide treatment (asulam in year 1, followed by annual spot-re-treatment of all emergent fronds). In Phase 2 (2012-2021) all treatments were stopped, and the vegetation was allowed to develop naturally. Between 2005 and 2021 we monitored P. aquilinum performance annually and full plant species composition at intervals. Here, we concentrate on analysing the Phase 2 data where we used regression approaches to model individual species responses through time and unconstrained ordination to compare treatment effects on the entire species composition over both Phases. Remote sensing was also used to assess edge invasion in 2018. At the end of Phase 1, a good reduction of P. aquilinum and restoration of acid-grassland was achieved for the asulam and cutting treatments, but not for bruising. In Phase 2, P. aquilinum increased through time in all treated plots but the asulam and cutting ones maintained a much lower P. aquilinum performance for nine years on all measures assessed. There was a reduction in species richness and richness fluctuations, especially in graminoid species. However, multivariate analysis showed that the asulam and cutting treatments were stationed some distance from the untreated and bruising treatments with no apparent sign of reversions suggesting an Alternative Stable State had been created, at least over this nine-year period. P. aquilinum reinvasion was mainly from plot edges. The use of repeated P. aquilinum control treatments, either through an initial asulam spray with annual follow-up spot-spraying or cutting twice or thrice annually for eight years gave good P. aquilinum control and helped restore an acid-grassland community. Edge reinvasion was detected, and it is recommended that either whole-patch control be implemented or treatments should be continued around patch edges.}, }
@article {pmid37269722, year = {2023}, author = {Ning, Z and Li, D and Chen, C and Xie, C and Chen, G and Xie, T and Wang, Q and Bai, J and Cui, B}, title = {The importance of structural and functional characteristics of tidal channels to smooth cordgrass invasion in the Yellow River Delta, China: Implications for coastal wetland management.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {342}, number = {}, pages = {118297}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118297}, pmid = {37269722}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Wetlands ; *Introduced Species ; Rivers ; Ecosystem ; Poaceae ; China ; Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Understanding the spatiotemporal landscape dynamics and spread pathways of invasive plants, as well as their interactions with geomorphic landscape features, are of great importance for predicting and managing their future range-expansion in non-native habitats. Although previous studies have linked geomorphic landscape features such as tidal channels to plant invasions, the potential mechanisms and critical characteristics of tidal channels that affect the landward invasion by Spartina alterniflora, an aggressive plant in global coastal wetlands, remain unclear. Here, using high-resolution remote-sensing images of the Yellow River Delta from 2013 to 2020, we first quantified the evolution of tidal channel networks by analyzing the spatiotemporal dynamics of their structural and functional characteristics. The invasion patterns and pathways of S. alterniflora were then identified. Based on the above-mentioned quantification and identification, we finally quantified the influences of tidal channel characteristics on S. alterniflora invasion. The results showed that tidal channel networks presented increasing growth and development over time, and their spatial structure evolved from simple to complex. The external isolated expansion of S. alterniflora played a dominant role during the initial invasion stage, and then they connected the discrete patches into the meadow through marginal expansion. Afterwards, tidal channel-driven expansion gradually increased and became the primary way during the late invasion stage, accounting for about 47.3%. Notably, tidal channel networks with higher drainage efficiency (shorter OPL, higher D and E) attained larger invasion areas. The longer the tidal channels and the more sinuous the channel structure, the greater the invasion potential by S. alterniflora. These findings highlight the importance of structural and functional properties of tidal channel networks in driving plant invasion landward, which should be incorporated into future control and management of invasive plants in coastal wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid37268915, year = {2023}, author = {Zhou, Y and Shang, XH and Xiao, L and Wu, ZD and Cao, S and Yan, HB}, title = {Comparative plastomes of Pueraria montana var. lobata (Leguminosae: Phaseoleae) and closely related taxa: insights into phylogenomic implications and evolutionary divergence.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {299}, pmid = {37268915}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {2021JJB130122//Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province/ ; 32200179//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31960420//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2021GXNSFBA220026//Guangxi Natural Science Foundation Project/ ; }, mesh = {Phylogeny ; *Pueraria/genetics ; *Fabaceae/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Genomics ; *Genome, Chloroplast ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pueraria montana var. lobata (kudzu) is an important food and medicinal crop in Asia. However, the phylogenetic relationships between Pueraria montana var. lobata and the other two varieties (P. montana var. thomsonii and P. montana var. montana) remain debated. Although there is increasing evidence showing that P. montana var. lobata adapts to various environments and is an invasive species in America, few studies have systematically investigated the role of the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary patterns of plastomes between P. montana var. lobata and its closely related taxa.<br><br>RESULTS: 26 newly sequenced chloroplast genomes of Pueraria accessions resulted in assembled plastomes with sizes ranging from 153,360&#xa0;bp to 153,551&#xa0;bp. Each chloroplast genome contained 130 genes, including eight rRNA genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 85 protein-coding genes. For 24 newly sequenced accessions of these three varieties of P. montana, we detected three genes and ten noncoding regions with higher nucleotide diversity (&#x3c0;). After incorporated publically available chloroplast genomes of Pueraria and other legumes, 47 chloroplast genomes were used to construct phylogenetic trees, including seven P. montana var. lobata, 14 P. montana var. thomsonii and six P. montana var. montana. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that P. montana var. lobata and P. montana var. thomsonii formed a clade, while all sampled P. montana var. montana formed another cluster based on cp genomes, LSC, SSC and protein-coding genes. Twenty-six amino acid residues were identified under positive selection with the site model. We also detected six genes (accD, ndhB, ndhC, rpl2, rpoC2, and rps2) that account for among-site variation in selective constraint under the clade model between accessions of the Pueraria montana var. lobata clade and the Pueraria montana var. montana clade.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our data provide novel comparative plastid genomic insights into conservative gene content and structure of cp genomes pertaining to P. montana var. lobata and the other two varieties, and reveal an important phylogenetic clue and plastid divergence among related taxa of P. montana come from loci that own moderate variation and underwent modest selection.}, }
@article {pmid37268662, year = {2023}, author = {Fernandez, RD and Haubrock, PJ and Cuthbert, RN and Heringer, G and Kourantidou, M and Hudgins, EJ and Angulo, E and Diagne, CA and Courchamp, F and Nuñez, MA}, title = {Underexplored and growing economic costs of invasive alien trees.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {8945}, pmid = {37268662}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Trees ; *Environment ; Agriculture ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The high ecological impacts of many invasive alien trees have been well documented. However, to date, we lacked synthesis of their economic impacts, hampering management actions. Here, we summarize the cost records of invasive trees to (I) identify invasive trees with cost information and their geographic locations, (II) investigate the types of costs recorded and sectors impacted by invasive trees and (III) analyze the relationships between categories of uses of invasive trees and the invasion costs attributed to these uses. We found reliable cost records only for 72 invasive trees, accumulating a reported total cost of $19.2 billion between 1960 and 2020. Agriculture was the sector with the highest cost records due to invasive trees. Most costs were incurred as resource damages and losses ($3.5 billion). Close attention to the ornamental sector is important for reducing the economic impact of invasive trees, since most invasive trees with cost records were introduced for that use. Despite massive reported costs of invasive trees, there remain large knowledge gaps on most invasive trees, sectors, and geographic scales, indicating that the real cost is severely underestimated. This highlights the need for further concerted and widely-distributed research efforts regarding the economic impact of invasive trees.}, }
@article {pmid37268644, year = {2023}, author = {Buczkowski, G and Wang, S and Craig, BA}, title = {Behavioral assays reveal mechanisms of supercolony formation in odorous house ants.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {9013}, pmid = {37268644}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Aggression ; North America ; Ecosystem ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {The formation of expansive multi-nest and multi-queen supercolonies is perhaps the most important factor responsible for the ecological success of invasive ants. The odorous house ant, Tapinoma sessile, is a widespread ant native to North America. T. sessile is a challenging urban pest, but also serves as an interesting system to study ant social organization and invasion biology. This is due to its remarkable dichotomy in colony social and spatial structure between natural and urban environments. Natural colonies typically consist of a small number of workers, inhabit a single nest, and are monogyne whereas urban colonies show extreme polygyny and polydomy and form large supercolonies. The current study examined the extent to which T. sessile colonies from different habitats (natural vs. urban) and social structures (monogynous vs. polygynous) exhibit aggression toward alien conspecifics. Additionally, interactions between mutually aggressive colonies were examined in colony fusion experiments to assess the potential role of colony fusion as a mechanism leading to supercolony formation. Aggression assays demonstrated high levels of aggression in pairings involving workers from different urban colonies and workers from different natural colonies, but low aggression in pairings involving queens from different urban colonies. Colony merging tests demonstrated that urban T. sessile colonies are highly aggressive to each other, but capable of fusing under laboratory conditions when competing for limited nesting and food resources. Despite highly aggressive interactions and relatively high worker and queen mortality, all colony pairs merged in 3-5 days. Fusion occurred after most workers died and the survivors merged. This result suggests that the success of T. sessile in urban areas may be driven, at least in part, by successful colony mergers of unrelated colonies which may be determined by ecological constraints such as seasonal shortages in nest and/or food availability. In summary, two independent factors including the growth of a single colony and/or the merger of multiple colonies may be responsible for the evolution of supercolonies in invasive ants. Both processes may be happening simultaneously and may act synergistically to produce supercolonies.}, }
@article {pmid37267868, year = {2023}, author = {Chen, D and Bai, X and Wang, Z and Yang, D}, title = {A port statistics-based generic ballast water estimation and risk assessment approach and its application to Chinese ports.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {192}, number = {}, pages = {115068}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115068}, pmid = {37267868}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment ; *Ships ; *Water ; }, abstract = {The Ballast Water Management Convention now enters the experience-building stage, but developing countries have no adequate ballast water information yet. Against this background, considering the richness and generality of common port statistics, we develop a new generic approach to estimate discharge volumes and assess associated risks. This is one of the few efficient and feasible ways for port authorities to manage real discharged ballast water. Discharge volumes during 2017-2020 and risks in 2017 are analyzed for bulker and tanker. Results show that: (1) Ports in Yangtze River Delta and Bohai Rim received most ballast water, especially Ningbo-Zhoushan port as high-risk region receiving about 65 million tons per year; (2) With a higher ratio of discharge volumes to cargo throughputs, the tanker tends to release more ballast water than the bulker; (3) Chinese ports suffer more than 0.9 of the probability of non-indigenous species introduction. All these findings help implement convention globally.}, }
@article {pmid37265631, year = {2023}, author = {Abdel-Rahman, EM and Kimathi, E and Mudereri, BT and Tonnang, HEZ and Mongare, R and Niassy, S and Subramanian, S}, title = {Computational biogeographic distribution of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) moth in eastern Africa.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e16144}, pmid = {37265631}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith, has caused massive maize losses since its attack on the African continent in 2016, particularly in east Africa. In this study, we predicted the spatial distribution (established habitat) of FAW in five east African countries viz., Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Uganda, and Ethiopia. We used FAW occurrence observations for three years i.e., 2018, 2019, and 2020, the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model, and bioclimatic, land surface temperature (LST), solar radiation, wind speed, elevation, and landscape structure data (i.e., land use and land cover and maize harvested area) as explanatory variables. The explanatory variables were used as inputs into a variable selection experiment to select the least correlated ones that were then used to predict FAW establishment, i.e., suitability areas (very low suitability - very high suitability). The shared socio-economic pathways, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 for the years 2030 and 2050 were used to predict the effect of future climate scenarios on FAW establishment. The results demonstrated that FAW establishment areas in eastern Africa were based on the model strength and true performance (area under the curve: AUC = 0.87), but not randomly. Moreover, ∼27% of eastern Africa is currently at risk of FAW establishment. Predicted FAW risk areas are expected to increase to ∼29% (using each of the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios) in the year 2030, and to ∼38% (using SSP2-4.5) and ∼35% (using SSP5-8.5) in the year 2050 climate scenarios. The LULC, particularly croplands and maize harvested area, together with temperature and precipitation bioclimatic variables provided the highest permutation importance in determining the occurrence and establishment of the pest in eastern Africa. Specifically, the study revealed that FAW was sensitive to isothermality (Bio3) rather than being sensitive to a single temperature value in the year. FAW preference ranges of temperature, precipitation, elevation, and maize harvested area were observed, implying the establishment of a once exotic pest in critical maize production regions in eastern Africa. It is recommended that future studies should thus embed the present study's modeling results into a dynamic platform that provides near-real-time predictions of FAW spatial occurrence and risk at the farm scale.}, }
@article {pmid37261518, year = {2023}, author = {Sipos, B and Bibi, D and Magura, T and Tóthmérész, B and Simon, E}, title = {High phytoremediation and translocation potential of an invasive weed species (Amaranthus retroflexus) in Europe in metal-contaminated areas.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {195}, number = {6}, pages = {790}, pmid = {37261518}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Biodegradation, Environmental ; Plant Weeds ; *Amaranthus ; Introduced Species ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Soil Pollutants/analysis ; *Metals, Heavy/analysis ; Europe ; Plant Roots/chemistry ; Soil ; }, abstract = {We demonstrated the metal accumulation potential of Amaranthus retorflexus, a European weed species, both in moderately and strongly metal-contaminated sites. Metal accumulation in roots, stems, and leaves were studied. We also calculated the bioaccumulation factor (BAF), and translocation factor (TF) values to quantify the metal accumulation, and translocation between plant organs. Our findings indicated that metal accumulation correlated with metal concentration; that is plant organs accumulated higher concentration of metals in the contaminated area than in the control one. We found that the concentrations of Ba, Mn, Sr and Zn were the highest in leaves, and Al, Cr, Cu, Fe and Pb in roots. High BAF value was found for Sr in all studied areas, indicating this metal's high accumulation potential of Amaranthus retorflexus. High TF values were found for Al, Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn, Sr and Zn; these metals were successfully transported to aboveground plant organs. We demonstrated that A. retroflexus, a fast-growing, rapidly spreading weed in Europe, was especially useful for heavy metal phytoremediation and phytoextraction.}, }
@article {pmid37259174, year = {2023}, author = {Fertakos, ME and Beaury, EM and Ford, NR and Kinlock, NL and Adams, DW and Bradley, BA}, title = {Historical Plant Sales (HPS) database: Documenting the spatiotemporal history of plant sales in the conterminous U.S.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {104}, number = {7}, pages = {e4106}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.4106}, pmid = {37259174}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Humans ; Biodiversity ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Plants ; United States ; *Commerce ; }, abstract = {Historical horticultural plant sales influence native and nonnative species assemblages in contemporary ecosystems. Over half of nonnative, invasive plants naturalized in the United States were introduced as ornamentals, and the spatial and temporal patterns of early introduction undoubtedly influence current invasion ecology. While thousands of digitized nursery catalogs documenting these introductions are publicly available, they have not been standardized in a single database. To fill this gap, we obtained the names of all plant taxa (species, subspecies, and varieties) present in the Biodiversity Heritage Library's (BHL) Seed and Nursery Catalog Collection. We then searched the BHL database for these names and downloaded all available records. We combined BHL records with data from an encyclopedia of heirloom ornamental plants to create a single database of historical nursery sales in the US. Each record represents an individual taxon offered for sale at an individual time in a specific nursery's catalog. We standardized records to the current World Flora Online (http://worldfloraonline.org) accepted taxonomy and appended accepted USDA code, growth habit, and introduction status. We also appended whether taxa were reported as invasive in the Global Plant Invaders (GPI) data set or the Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) or regulated in the conterminous US. Lastly, we geocoded all reported publication locations. The data set contains 2,445,875 records from nurseries in at least 2795 unique locations, with the majority of catalogs published between 1890 and 1950. Nurseries were located in all conterminous states but were concentrated in the eastern US and California. We identified 19,140 unique horticultural taxa, of which 8642 matched taxa in the USDA Plants database. The USDA Plants database is limited to native and naturalized taxa in the US. Native or introduced status was listed in USDA Plants for 7018 of included taxa, while 1642 had an unknown status. The remaining 10,498 taxa are not naturalized according to USDA Plants or are of varieties of native and introduced taxa that did not match USDA Plants taxonomy. The majority of taxa in the Historical Plant Sales (HPS) database with an identified status are native (65.5%; 4596 of 7018 taxa), of which 393 taxa are reported as invasive outside of the US. Of the 2381 introduced taxa, 1103 (46.3%) are reported as invasive somewhere globally. Despite a richer pool of native taxa, most cataloged plant records with an identified status were of introduced taxa (54.1%; 1,045,684 of 1,933,925 records). Plants reported as invasive somewhere globally comprised a large portion of records with an identified status (38.7%; 747,953 of 1,933,925 records) underscoring the large role of ornamental introductions in facilitating plant invasions. The HPS database provides a consolidated and standardized perspective on the history of native, introduced, and invasive plant sales in the US. We release these data into the public domain under a Creative Commons Zero license waiver (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/publicdomain/cc0/). Individuals who use these data for publication may cite the associated data paper.}, }
@article {pmid37257616, year = {2023}, author = {Russo, T and Coppola, F and Leite, C and Carbone, M and Paris, D and Motta, A and Di Cosmo, A and Soares, AMVM and Mollo, E and Freitas, R and Polese, G}, title = {An alien metabolite vs. a synthetic chemical hazard: An ecotoxicological comparison in the Mediterranean blue mussel.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {892}, number = {}, pages = {164476}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164476}, pmid = {37257616}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Mytilus edulis/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism ; *Mytilus ; Seafood/analysis ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Bioactive natural products from marine invasive species may dramatically impact native communities, while many synthetic pharmaceutical drugs are released into the marine environment and have long-lasting harmful effects on aquatic life. Sometimes, metabolites from alien species and synthetic compounds share similar mechanisms of action, suggesting comparable ecotoxicological impacts. This applies to the alkaloid caulerpin (CAU) from the green algae Caulerpa cylindracea, highly invasive in the Mediterranean Sea, and to the synthetic lipid-lowering drug fenofibrate (FFB), both acting as agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Analogies with FFB, which is widely considered hazardous to the aquatic environment, have led to concerns about the ecotoxicological potential of CAU. The problem has implications for public health as CAU is well known to enter the food web accumulating in fish of commercial importance. Here, we compared the effects of FFB and CAU through biochemical and histopathological analysis on a relevant bioindicator molluscan species, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Under laboratory conditions, mussels were fed with food enriched with CAU or FFB. After treatment, biochemical markers were analyzed revealing metabolic capacity impairments, cellular damage, and changes in acetylcholinesterase activity in mussels fed with FFB-enriched food. NMR-based metabolomic studies also showed significant alterations in the metabolic profiles of FFB-treated mussels. In addition, dietary administration of FFB produced morphological alterations in the mussels' gills and digestive tubules. Obtained results confirm that FFB is harmful to aquatic life and that its release into the environment should be avoided. Conversely, dietary treatment with CAU did not produce any significant alterations in the mussels. Overall, our results pave the way for the possible valorization of the huge biomass from one of the world's worst invasive species to obtain CAU, a natural product of interest in drug discovery.}, }
@article {pmid37257110, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, Y and Wang, Q and Dong, K and Chen, J and Wu, H}, title = {Assessing the effectiveness of filtration + UV-C radiation for the treatment of simulated ballast water at various holding times.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {87}, number = {10}, pages = {2564-2576}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2023.146}, pmid = {37257110}, issn = {0273-1223}, mesh = {*Ultraviolet Rays ; Phytoplankton/physiology ; Seawater ; *Water Purification/methods ; Ships ; }, abstract = {In recent years, the issue of invasive alien species brought on by ballast water has drawn increasing attention, and advances in ballast water treatment technologies have been made. One of the most popular combined ballast water treatment technologies utilized in ballast water management systems (BWMSs) globally is filtration + UV-C radiation. During the actual voyage of the ship, ballast water is treated by the BWMS and then enters the dark ballast tanks until the ballast water is discharged. Marine organisms are able to complete DNA damage caused by UV radiation in dark ballast tanks. Therefore, the length of holding time affects the effectiveness of the BWMS in treating ballast water. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of filtration + UV-C irradiation treatment at different holding times for the removal or inactivation of phytoplankton and zooplankton populations during simulated ballast water treatment. Results indicate that the holding time after the filtration + UV-C radiation treatment increased the inactivating efficacy, especially for zooplankton in natural seawater. For phytoplanktons in ballast water, the strongest impact on the treatment efficacy was reached with a holding time of 24 h.}, }
@article {pmid37256075, year = {2023}, author = {Liu, X and Yang, H and Niu, F and Sun, H and Li, C}, title = {Impact of water stress on the demographic traits and population projection of Colorado potato beetle.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1148129}, pmid = {37256075}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {Introduction: The Colorado potato beetle is one of the famous quarantine pests in China which is extremely destructive to Solanaceae crops and causes serious losses to the potato industry. Methods: In this experiment, the host plant potato was subjected to different degrees of water stress to observe the oviposition selection, growth and development, survival, reproduction and population growth of Colorado potato beetles. Results: The results showed that adult Colorado potato beetles laid more eggs on potato plants suitable for water treatment, but fewer eggs on potato plants treated with water stress. The developmental duration of Colorado potato beetles in light drought treatment was shorter than that in control treatment, and the survival rate was higher than that in control treatment. With the aggravation of water stress, the developmental duration was prolonged, survival rate was decreased, and the number of eggs was decreased. Under different water stress levels, the intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), net reproductive rate (R 0), and mean generation time (T) of the Colorado potato beetle population were significantly lower than those of control treatment, but there was no significant difference between light drought and control treatment. The TIMING-MS Chart program was used to predict the population dynamics of Colorado potato beetle for 110 days, which showed the fastest population growth in CK treatments and the slowest in HD treatments. The reduced water content of the leaves also reduces the survival rate of adult Colorado potato beetles. The growth, development, survival, and reproduction of Colorado potato beetles are affected by water stress of host plants. Moderate and heavy droughts have negative effects on the development and reproduction of Colorado potato beetles. Discussion: This information can be used to clarify the impact of water stress on the growth, development and population dynamics of Colorado potato beetle, to provide a theoretical basis for the control of this pest.}, }
@article {pmid37255845, year = {2023}, author = {Castro, A and Ribeiro, J and Reino, L and Capinha, C}, title = {Who is reporting non-native species and how? A cross-expert assessment of practices and drivers of non-native biodiversity reporting in species regional listing.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {e10148}, pmid = {37255845}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Each year, hundreds of scientific works with species' geographical data are published. However, these data can be challenging to identify, collect, and integrate into analytical workflows due to differences in reporting structures, storage formats, and the omission or inconsistency of relevant information and terminology. These difficulties tend to be aggravated for non-native species, given varying attitudes toward non-native species reporting and the existence of an additional layer of invasion-related terminology. Thus, our objective is to identify the current practices and drivers of the geographical reporting of non-native species in the scientific literature. We conducted an online survey targeting authors of species regional checklists-a widely published source of biogeographical data-where we asked about reporting habits and perceptions regarding non-native taxa. The responses and the relationships between response variables and predictors were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ordinal logistic regression models. With a response rate of 22.4% (n = 113), we found that nearly half of respondents (45.5%) do not always report non-native taxa, and of those who report, many (44.7%) do not always differentiate them from native taxa. Close to half of respondents (46.4%) also view the terminology of biological invasions as an obstacle to the reporting of non-native taxa. The ways in which checklist information is provided are varied, but mainly correspond to descriptive text and embedded tables with non-native species (when given) mentioned alongside native species. Only 13.4% of respondents mention to always provide the data in automation-friendly formats or its publication in biodiversity data repositories. Data on the distribution of non-native species are essential for monitoring global biodiversity change and preventing biological invasions. Despite its importance our results show an urgent need to improve the frequency, accessibility, and consistency of publication of these data.}, }
@article {pmid37255591, year = {2023}, author = {Seitz, C and Scordo, F and Suenaga, E and Carlson, EM and McMillen, S and Gregory, L and Chandra, S}, title = {Salinity and pH effects on survival, growth, and reproduction of quagga mussels.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e15450}, pmid = {37255591}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; United States ; *Salinity ; *Bivalvia ; Lakes ; Reproduction ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In recent decades, invasive quagga mussels have expanded to the Western United States from the Great Lakes region of North America. Most studies that evaluate the invasion potential of quagga mussels in western water bodies have utilized physiological and life history information from zebra mussels, a related taxon. Few studies have assessed the potential for invasion using specific information from quagga mussel life history or experiments that test for their survival in the fresh and saline waters of the western United States.<br><br>METHODS: We investigated quagga mussel survival, growth, and reproduction using semi-natural experiments under temperature and light controlled conditions across a gradient of water salinity (fresh to brackish) and pH (8.4-11). Water from Lake Mead was used as a positive control in our experiment, and water from Pyramid Lake and the Truckee River was used as brackish and freshwater treatments, respectively. The mussels used in the experiments were collected from Lake Mead.<br><br>RESULTS: After 12 h in brackish water (4 ppt, pH 9.3), we observed 100% mortality of adult mussels. The swelling and disintegration of body tissues and high mortality rates indicated that high potassium, sodium, and chloride concentrations were the likely causes of death in brackish water treatments. In contrast, mussels were able to survive, grow, and reach sexual maturity in freshwater (0.1 ppt) with a low calcium concentration (17 mg L[-1]) after 57 days. Mussels died after 2 days at pH 11 and after 12 days at pH 10; during the 14-day monitoring period, no mortality was detected at pH 9.0, 9.3, or 9.5 and mussels did not exhibit any visual indications of stress. Understanding quagga mussel physiological and environmental tolerances appears to be essential for assessing their invasion potential in aquatic habitats.}, }
@article {pmid37253697, year = {2023}, author = {Williams, GM and Ginzel, MD and Ma, Z and Adams, DC and Campbell, F and Lovett, GM and Pildain, MB and Raffa, KF and Gandhi, KJK and Santini, A and Sniezko, RA and Wingfield, MJ and Bonello, P}, title = {The Global Forest Health Crisis: A Public-Good Social Dilemma in Need of International Collective Action.}, journal = {Annual review of phytopathology}, volume = {61}, number = {}, pages = {377-401}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-phyto-021722-024626}, pmid = {37253697}, issn = {1545-2107}, mesh = {Humans ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; Biosecurity ; *Physicians ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Society is confronted by interconnected threats to ecological sustainability. Among these is the devastation of forests by destructive non-native pathogens and insects introduced through global trade, leading to the loss of critical ecosystem services and a global forest health crisis. We argue that the forest health crisis is a public-good social dilemma and propose a response framework that incorporates principles of collective action. This framework enables scientists to better engage policymakers and empowers the public to advocate for proactive biosecurity and forest health management. Collective action in forest health features broadly inclusive stakeholder engagement to build trust and set goals; accountability for destructive pest introductions; pooled support for weakest-link partners; and inclusion of intrinsic and nonmarket values of forest ecosystems in risk assessment. We provide short-term and longer-term measures that incorporate the above principles to shift the societal and ecological forest health paradigm to a more resilient state.}, }
@article {pmid37249250, year = {2023}, author = {Papierowska, E and Beczek, M and Mazur, R and Szatyłowicz, J and Szewińska, J and Polakowski, C and Ryżak, M and Stańczyk, T and Sochan, A and Frankowska-Łukawska, J and Bieganowski, A}, title = {Drop impact dynamics on the hydrophobic leaf surface of an aquatic plant: a case study of Pistia stratiotes.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {74}, number = {17}, pages = {5255-5272}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/erad203}, pmid = {37249250}, issn = {1460-2431}, mesh = {*Araceae ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Plants ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Water/analysis ; }, abstract = {Pistia stratiotes is an aquatic plant with a complex structure that allows it to stay afloat. It grows quickly, and in large numbers becomes an undesirable plant as an invasive species. Describing the dynamics of a water drop splash on P. stratiotes leaves can contribute to increasing knowledge of its behavior and finding alternative methods for eradicating it or using it for the benefit of the environment. The non-wettable surface of P. stratiotes presents a complex structure-simple uniseriate trichomes and also ridges and veins. We analyzed the drop impact on a leaf placed on the water surface and recorded it by high-speed cameras. Based on the recordings, quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed. After impacting the leaf, the water drop spread until it reached its maximum surface area accompanied by the ejection of early droplets in the initial stage. Thereafter, three scenarios of water behavior were observed: (i) drop receding and stabilization; (ii) drop receding and ejection of late droplets formed in the later stage as an effect of elastic deformation of the leaf; and (iii) drop breaking apart and ejection of late droplets. The results indicated that the increasing kinetic energy of the impacting drops expressed by the Weber number and the complex leaf surface have an effect on the course of the splash. The simple uniseriate trichomes of the P. stratiotes leaf and the high energy of the falling drops were responsible for the formation and characteristics of the early droplets. The presence of ridges and veins and the leaf's mechanical response had an impact on the occurrence of late droplets.}, }
@article {pmid37249116, year = {2023}, author = {Şimşek, FM and Yavaşoğlu, S&#x130;}, title = {Distribution of Aedes (Stegomyia) cretinus in Türkiye.}, journal = {Turkiye parazitolojii dergisi}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, pages = {117-123}, doi = {10.4274/tpd.galenos.2023.72692}, pmid = {37249116}, issn = {2146-3077}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Aedes ; Ecosystem ; Larva ; Mosquito Vectors ; Male ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Aedes cretinus, a white and black stripped Aedes species, shares morphological similarities with Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti which are among the most important vectors and invasive species in the world. Due to its limited distribution and low population density, information on the biology and ecology of the species has been limited so far. This study aimed to determine distribution of Ae. cretinus in Türkiye.<br><br>METHODS: Field works have been carried out in the Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara Regions of T&#xfc;rkiye. Larval samples were collected by larval dippers while adult mosquito catches were performed using the human landing catch method and CDC-light traps.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 44 different Ae. cretinus populations were identified in the Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara Regions of T&#xfc;rkiye. The larval specimen collected from small containers, tires, tree holes and natural small habitats. A plane (Platanus orientalis), walnut (Juglans regia), T&#xfc;rkiye oak (Quercus cerris), chestnut (Castenea sativa) and cedar (Cedrus libani) tree holes are the main larval habitats in which the specimen collected. In some localities, larvae were found together with Anopheles plumbeus, Anopheles claviger and Aedes geniculatus larvae in tree holes. Human landing catch method captured a greater number of females than CDC-light traps.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study determined the distribution of Ae. cretinus in T&#xfc;rkiye for the first time. Information on respective geographic distribution of Ae. cretinus is fundamental for effective control programmes. Further studies are needed to understand the biology and ecology of these species.}, }
@article {pmid37247541, year = {2023}, author = {Sepulveda, AJ and Dumoulin, CE and Blanchette, DL and McPhedran, J and Holme, C and Whalen, N and Hunter, ME and Merkes, CM and Richter, CA and Neilson, ME and Daniel, WM and Jones, DN and Smith, DR}, title = {When are environmental DNA early detections of invasive species actionable?.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {343}, number = {}, pages = {118216}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118216}, pmid = {37247541}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*DNA, Environmental ; Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling provides sensitive early detection capabilities for recently introduced taxa. However, natural resource managers struggle with how to integrate eDNA results into an early detection rapid response program because positive eDNA detections are not always indicative of an eventual infestation. We used a structured decision making (SDM) framework to evaluate appropriate response actions to hypothetical eDNA early detections of an introduced aquatic plant in Sebago Lake (Maine, USA). The results were juxtaposed to a recent study that used a similar SDM approach to evaluate response actions to hypothetical eDNA early detections of introduced mussels in Jordanelle Reservoir (Utah, USA). We found that eDNA early detections were not actionable in Sebago Lake because the plant's invasion potential was spatially constrained and the current management activities provided acceptable levels of mitigation. In Jordanelle Reservoir, eDNA detections were actionable due to high invasion potential and analyses supported management actions to contain the invasion. The divergent outcomes of the two case studies are related to the unique attributes of the habitats and species, highlighting the utility of the SDM approach when considering an eDNA monitoring program. We use these two case studies to present a general SDM framework and a set of heuristics that can be efficiently applied to eDNA early detection rapid response scenarios and other instances associated with indeterminant eDNA detections, especially when there is an imperative to make decisions as quickly as possible.}, }
@article {pmid37247384, year = {2023}, author = {Bernklau, E and Arathi, HS}, title = {Seasonal patterns of beneficial phytochemical availability in honey and stored pollen from honey bee colonies in large apiaries.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {4}, pages = {1069-1077}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad096}, pmid = {37247384}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Bees ; Animals ; Seasons ; *Kaempferols ; *Caffeine ; Pollination ; Pollen ; Phytochemicals ; }, abstract = {Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.; Hymenoptera, Apidae) are the most efficient pollinators in agroecosystems, responsible for the successful production of fruits, nuts, and vegetables, but they continue to face debilitating challenges. One of the major factors leading to these challenges could be linked to poor nutrition that results in weakening the colony, increasing susceptibility to pests and pathogens, and reducing the ability of bees to adapt to other abiotic stresses. Extensively used for commercial pollination, honey bee colonies regularly face exposure to limited diversity in their pollen diet as they are placed in flowering monocrops. Lack of access to diverse plant species compromises the availability of plant secondary compounds (phytochemicals), which, in small amounts, provide significant benefits to honey bee health. We analyzed the beneficial phytochemical content of honey and stored pollen (bee bread) samples from colonies in large apiaries through the active bee season. Samples were evaluated for 4 beneficial phytochemicals (caffeine, kaempferol, gallic acid, and p-coumaric acid), which have previously been shown to improve honey bee health. Our results, as relevant to the apiary locations in the study, indicated that p-coumaric acid is uniformly available throughout the season. Caffeine is completely absent, and gallic acid and kaempferol are not regularly available. Our results suggest the need to explore the potential to deliver beneficial phytochemicals as nutritional supplements to improve bee health. It may be vital for the pollination industry to consider such targeted dietary supplementation as beekeepers strive to meet the increasing demand for crop pollination services.}, }
@article {pmid37246219, year = {2023}, author = {Weng, L and Jiang, Y and Wang, Y and Zhang, X and Zhou, P and Wu, M and Li, H and Sun, H and Chen, S}, title = {Chloroplast genome characteristics and phylogeny of the sinodielsia clade (apiaceae: apioideae).}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {284}, pmid = {37246219}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {, GrNo.2019FF002(-062) and 202101AZ070001-160//Joint Special Project of Yunnan Province Science and Technology Department on Basic Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine/ ; }, mesh = {Phylogeny ; *Genome, Chloroplast/genetics ; *Apiaceae/genetics ; Mutation ; Genetic Markers ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Sinodielsia clade of the subfamily Apioideae (Apiacieae) was established in 2008, and it is composed of 37 species from 17 genera. Its circumscription is still poorly delimited and unstable, and interspecific relationships in the clade lack comprehensive analysis. Chloroplast (cp.) genomes provide valuable and informative data sources for evolutionary biology and have been widely used in studies on plant phylogeny. To infer the phylogenetic history of the Sinodielsia clade, we assembled complete cp. genomes of 39 species and then performed phylogenetic analysis based on these cp. genome sequence data combined with 66 published cp. genomes from 16 genera relative to the Sinodielsia clade.<br><br>RESULTS: These 39 newly assembled genomes had a typical quadripartite structure with two inverted repeat regions (IRs: 17,599-31,486&#xa0;bp) separated by a large single-copy region (LSC: 82,048-94,046&#xa0;bp) and a small single-copy region (SSC: 16,343-17,917&#xa0;bp). The phylogenetic analysis showed that 19 species were clustered into the Sinodielsia clade, and they were divided into two subclades. Six mutation hotspot regions were detected from the whole cp. genomes among the Sinodielsia clade, namely, rbcL-accD, ycf4-cemA, petA-psbJ, ycf1-ndhF, ndhF-rpl32 and ycf1, and it was found that ndhF-rpl32 and ycf1 were highly variable in the 105 sampled cp. genomes.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The Sinodielsia clade was subdivided into two subclades relevant to geographical distributions, except for cultivated and introduced species. Six mutation hotspot regions, especially ndhF-rpl32 and ycf1, could be used as potential DNA markers in the identification and phylogenetic analyses of the Sinodielsia clade and Apioideae. Our study provided new insights into the phylogeny of the Sinodielsia clade and valuable information on cp. genome evolution in Apioideae.}, }
@article {pmid37244679, year = {2023}, author = {Shiganova, TA and Kamakin, AM and Pautova, LA and Kazmin, AS and Roohi, A and Dumont, HJ}, title = {An impact of non-native species invasions on the Caspian Sea biota.}, journal = {Advances in marine biology}, volume = {94}, number = {}, pages = {69-157}, doi = {10.1016/bs.amb.2023.01.002}, pmid = {37244679}, issn = {2162-5875}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Caspian Sea ; *Ctenophora ; Biota ; }, abstract = {The Caspian Sea is a large inland brackish basin, vulnerable to invaders due to its long isolation and considerable endemism among its native biota. A brief description of Caspian biota evolution until its modern state is given. The pathways and vectors of invasion and the ways of establishment of non-native species since the early 20th century are summarized. The newly established species are euryphilic, with high ecological plasticity, able to adapt to new environments and to affect their biodiversity. This review is based on unpublished field data, collected in 1999-2019 in the Northern, Middle and Southern Caspian, and on relevant published information. The arrival of non-native species occurred in three periods: (1) in the 1930s, deliberate introductions aimed at enriching commercial stocks and edible resources, (2) since 1952, the construction of the Volga-Don Canal led to the arrival of benthic foulers and macrophytes from ships; (3) since the early 1980s to present, ballast water tanks were mounted on ships, favoring the arrival of phyto- and zooplankton species. Most established non-native species reached the Caspian Sea via the Black Sea. They include both Black Sea native species and non-native species from the North Atlantic areas, which first arrived and established in the Black Sea. Few established non-native species came from brackish water; fresh water fishes were deliberately introduced to develop aquaculture. Though not numerous, these species became dominant in both benthos and plankton communities, where they replaced native Caspian species. Among them, the invading ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, which had no predators, continues to thrive in the Caspian ecosystem, impoverishing its biodiversity and bio-resources. However, lately its natural predator, the ctenophore Beroe ovata, arrived and established in the Southern and Middle Caspian providing a chance for ecosystem recovery, as has already happened in the Black Sea.}, }
@article {pmid37244532, year = {2023}, author = {Sérvulo, T and Taylor, JD and Proietti, MC and Rodrigues, LDS and Puertas, IP and Barutot, RA and Lacerda, ALDF}, title = {Plastisphere composition in a subtropical estuary: Influence of season, incubation time and polymer type on plastic biofouling.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {332}, number = {}, pages = {121873}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121873}, pmid = {37244532}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {*Plastics ; Polymers ; Estuaries ; *Biofouling ; Seasons ; Ecosystem ; Eukaryota ; Fungi ; Bacteria/genetics ; }, abstract = {Plastics are abundant artificial substrates in aquatic systems that host a wide variety of organisms (the plastisphere), including potential pathogens and invasive species. Plastisphere communities have many complex, but not well-understood ecological interactions. It is pivotal to investigate how these communities are influenced by the natural fluctuations in aquatic ecosystems, especially in transitional environments such as estuaries. Further study is needed in subtropical regions in the Southern Hemisphere, where plastic pollution is ever increasing. Here we applied DNA-metabarcoding (16S, 18S and ITS-2) as well Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to assess the diversity of the plastisphere in the Patos Lagoon estuary (PLE), South Brazil. Through a one-year in situ colonization experiment, polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) plates were placed in shallow waters, and sampled after 30 and 90 days within each season. Over 50 taxa including bacteria, fungi and other eukaryotes were found through DNA analysis. Overall, the polymer type did not influence the plastisphere community composition. However, seasonality significantly affected community composition for bacteria, fungi and general eukaryotes. Among the microbiota, we found Acinetobacter sp., Bacillus sp., and Wallemia mellicola that are putative pathogens of aquatic organisms, such as algae, shrimp and fish, including commercial species. In addition, we identified organisms within genera that can potentially degrade hydrocarbons (e.g. Pseudomonas and Cladosporium spp). This study is the first to assess the full diversity and variation of the plastisphere on different polymers within a subtropical Southern Hemisphere estuary, significantly expanding knowledge on plastic pollution and the plastisphere in estuarine regions.}, }
@article {pmid37243245, year = {2023}, author = {Ramsey, DS and Patel, KK and Campbell, S and Hall, RN and Taggart, PL and Strive, T}, title = {Sustained Impact of RHDV2 on Wild Rabbit Populations across Australia Eight Years after Its Initial Detection.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {37243245}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {Animals ; Rabbits ; *Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/genetics ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Australia/epidemiology ; *Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology/veterinary/pathology ; *Hares ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Following the arrival of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) in Australia, average rabbit population abundances were reduced by 60% between 2014 and 2018 based on monitoring data acquired from 18 sites across Australia. During this period, as the seropositivity to RHDV2 increased, concurrent decreases were observed in the seroprevalence of both the previously circulating RHDV1 and RCVA, a benign endemic rabbit calicivirus. However, the detection of substantial RHDV1 seropositivity in juvenile rabbits suggested that infections were continuing to occur, ruling out the rapid extinction of this variant. Here we investigate whether the co-circulation of two pathogenic RHDV variants was sustained after 2018 and whether the initially observed impact on rabbit abundance was still maintained. We monitored rabbit abundance and seropositivity to RHDV2, RHDV1 and RCVA at six of the initial eighteen sites until the summer of 2022. We observed sustained suppression of rabbit abundance at five of the six sites, with the average population reduction across all six sites being 64%. Across all sites, average RHDV2 seroprevalence remained high, reaching 60-70% in adult rabbits and 30-40% in juvenile rabbits. In contrast, average RHDV1 seroprevalence declined to <3% in adult rabbits and 5-6% in juvenile rabbits. Although seropositivity continued to be detected in a low number of juvenile rabbits, it is unlikely that RHDV1 strains now play a major role in the regulation of rabbit abundance. In contrast, RCVA seropositivity appears to be reaching an equilibrium with that of RHDV2, with RCVA seroprevalence in the preceding quarter having a strong negative effect on RHDV2 seroprevalence and vice versa, suggesting ongoing co-circulation of these variants. These findings highlight the complex interactions between different calicivirus variants in free-living rabbit populations and demonstrate the changes in interactions over the course of the RHDV2 epizootic as it has moved towards endemicity. While it is encouraging from an Australian perspective to see sustained suppression of rabbit populations in the eight years following the arrival of RHDV2, it is likely that rabbit populations will eventually recover, as has been observed with previous rabbit pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid37239372, year = {2023}, author = {Shen, XN and Wang, XD and Wan, FH and Lü, ZC and Liu, WX}, title = {Gene Expression Analysis Reveals Potential Regulatory Factors Response to Temperature Stress in Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {37239372}, issn = {2073-4425}, mesh = {Animals ; Temperature ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Transcriptome/genetics ; Base Sequence ; *Hemiptera/metabolism ; Uridine Diphosphate/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Exposure to extreme temperatures can hinder the development of insects and even reduce their survival rate. However, the invasive species Bemisia tabaci exhibits an impressive response to different temperatures. This study aims to identify important transcriptional changes of B. tabaci occupying different temperature habitats by performing RNA sequencing on populations originating from three regions of China. The results showed that the gene expression of B. tabaci populations inhabiting regions with different temperatures was altered and identified 23 potential candidate genes that respond to temperature stress. Furthermore, three potential regulatory factors' (the glucuronidation pathway, alternative splicing, and changes in the chromatin structure) response to different environmental temperatures were identified. Among these, the glucuronidation pathway is a notable regulatory pathway. A total of 12 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase genes were found in the transcriptome database of B. tabaci obtained in this study. The results of DEGs analysis suggest that UDP-glucuronosyltransferases with a signal peptide may help B. tabaci resist temperature stress by sensing external signals, such as BtUGT2C1 and BtUGT2B13, which are particularly important in responding to temperature changes. These results will provide a valuable baseline for further research on the thermoregulatory mechanisms of B. tabaci that contributes to its ability to effectively colonize regions with considerable temperature differences.}, }
@article {pmid37238044, year = {2023}, author = {Yan, H and Chen, S and Liu, X and Cheng, Z and Schmidt, BV and He, W and Cheng, F and Xie, S}, title = {Investigations of Fish Assemblages Using Two Methods in Three Terminal Reservoirs of the East Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project, China.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {37238044}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {The terminal reservoirs of water transfer projects directly supply water for domestic, agricultural, and industrial applications, and the water quality of these reservoirs produce crucial effects on the achievement of project targets. Typically, fish assemblages are monitored as indicators of reservoir water quality, and can also be regulated for its improvement. In the present study, we compared traditional fish landing (TFL) and environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding methods for monitoring fish assemblages in three terminal reservoirs of the East Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, China. Results of TFL and eDNA showed similar assemblage structures and patterns of diversity and spatial distribution with obvious differences in fish composition across three examined reservoirs. Demersal and small fish were dominant in all reservoirs. In addition, a strong association between water transfer distance and assemblages and distribution of non-native fish was found. Our findings highlight the necessity of the fish assemblage monitoring and managing for water quality and revealed the impact of water diversion distance on the structure of fish assemblages and dispersal of alien species along the water transfer project.}, }
@article {pmid37237170, year = {2023}, author = {Hobson, KA}, title = {Stable isotopes and a changing world.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {203}, number = {3-4}, pages = {233-250}, pmid = {37237170}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Isotopes ; *Ecology ; Diet ; Biodiversity ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; }, abstract = {The measurement of naturally occurring stable isotope ratios of the light elements (C, N, H, O, S) in animal tissues and associated organic and inorganic fractions of associated environments holds immense potential as a means of addressing effects of global change on animals. This paper provides a brief review of studies that have used the isotope approach to evaluate changes in diet, isotopic niche, contaminant burden, reproductive and nutritional investment, invasive species and shifts in migration origin or destination with clear links to evaluating effects of global change. This field has now reached a level of maturity that is impressive but generally underappreciated and involves technical as well as statistical advances and access to freely available R-based packages. There is a need for animal ecologists and conservationists to design tissue collection networks that will best answer current and anticipated questions related to the global change and the biodiversity crisis. These developments will move the field of stable isotope ecology toward a more hypothesis driven discipline related to rapidly changing global events.}, }
@article {pmid37236944, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, ZW and Yin, J and Wang, X and Chen, Y and Mao, ZK and Lin, F and Gong, ZQ and Wang, XG}, title = {Habitat suitability evaluation of invasive plant species Datura stramonium in Liaoning Province: Based on Biomod2 combination model.}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {34}, number = {5}, pages = {1272-1280}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202305.017}, pmid = {37236944}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {*Datura stramonium ; Introduced Species ; Clay ; Ecosystem ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; }, abstract = {Datura stramonium, as a major invasive plant in Liaoning Province, is difficult to be removed after its successful invasion, and is a great threat to ecological environment and biodiversity. To evaluate the habitat suitabi-lity of D. stramonium, we collected its geographic distribution data in Liaoning Province through field investigation and database query, and using the Biomod2 combination model, and investigated its potential and suitable distribution areas and main influencing environmental variables at present and under future climate change scenarios, respectively. The results showed that the combined model which composed of GLM (generalized linear model), GBM (generalized boosting regression model), RF (random forest model), and MaxEnt (maximum entropy model) had a good performance. By classifying the habitat suitability of D. stramonium into four categories: high-, medium-, low- and un-suitable habitats, we found that the high-suitable habitats were generally distributed in the northwest and south of Liaoning Province, with an area of about 3.81×10[4] km[2], accounting for 25.8% of the total area. The medium-suitable habitats were mostly distributed in the northwest and central parts of Liaoning Province, with an area of about 4.19×10[4] km[2], accounting for 28.3% of the total area. Slope and clay content of topsoil (0-30 cm) were the two main variables explaining the habitat suitability of D. stramonium, and the total suitability of D. stramonium first increased and then decreased with the increasing slope and clay content of topsoil in this region. Under future climate change scenarios, the total suitability of D. stramonium showed an expanding trend, and its suitability would be obviously increased in Jinzhou, Panjin, Huludao, and Dandong.}, }
@article {pmid37236572, year = {2023}, author = {Cheng, Y and Wang, P and Zeng, Y and An, W and Wang, T and Xiao, Y}, title = {Characterization of five pigmentation genes as transgenic markers in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {242}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {124981}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124981}, pmid = {37236572}, issn = {1879-0003}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Spodoptera/genetics ; *Moths ; Pigmentation/genetics ; Crops, Agricultural ; Zea mays ; Larva ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), has become one of the most damaging pests worldwide since its invasion of Africa, Asia and Oceania from 2016, threatening plants in 76 families including important crops. Genetics-based methods have proved to be an efficient way to control pests, especially invasive species, but many difficulties must be overcome to develop a transgenic insect strain, especially for a non-model species. Here we thus sought to identify a visible marker that would facilitate the distinction between genetically modified (GM) and non-transgenic insects, thereby simplifying mutation identification and facilitating the broader application of genome editing tools in non-model insects. Five genes (sfyellow-y, sfebony, sflaccase2, sfscarlet, and sfok) that are orthologs of well-studied genes in pigment metabolism were knocked out using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to identify candidate gene markers. Two genes, Sfebony and Sfscarlet, were identified responsible for body and compound eye coloration, respectively, in S. frugiperda, and could be potential visual markers for genetics-based pest management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid37235729, year = {2023}, author = {Sampson, B and Stringer, S and Hummer, K and Babiker, E and Werle, C and Adamczyk, J and Shaw, D}, title = {Evaluating global Vaccinium germplasm for resistance against invasive Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {4}, pages = {1398-1410}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad081}, pmid = {37235729}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Female ; Animals ; Drosophila/genetics ; *Vaccinium ; Tetraploidy ; *Blueberry Plants ; Larva ; Fruit ; Introduced Species ; Insect Control ; }, abstract = {Control of spotted-wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, in small fruits emphasizes biological, cultural, and chemical approaches, whereas studies of host plant resistance as a form of genetic control are just getting underway. The identification of resistance patterns among genotypes of host plants whose fruit, leaves, roots, stems, or seeds are specifically targeted by an invasive pest is the first step in the development of an effective genetic control. Therefore, a detached fruit bioassay was developed to screen for D. suzukii oviposition and larval infestation within berries from 25 representative species and hybrids of wild and cultivated Vaccinium. Ten Vaccinium species showed strong resistance; among them, two wild diploids originating from within the fly's native range: V. myrtoides and V. bracteatum. Other resistant species came from the sections Pyxothamnus and Conchophyllum. They included New World V. consanguineum and V. floribundum. Large-cluster blueberry, V. amoenum, and three Floridian genotypes of related rabbiteye blueberry, V. virgatum, were the only hexaploids expressing strong resistance against D. suzukii. Most screened blueberry genotypes from managed lowbush and cultivated highbush types were susceptible to the flies' attacks (i.e., oviposition). Tetraploid blueberries tended to host the most eggs, whereas diploids and hexaploids harbored 50%-60% fewer eggs, on average. D. suzukii cannot lay eggs or complete development in the smallest, sweetest, and firmest diploid fruits. Likewise, certain genotypes of large-fruited tetraploid and hexaploid blueberry strongly curbed D. suzukii egg-laying and larval growth, indicating the possibility of heritable resistance operating against this invasive fly species.}, }
@article {pmid37234953, year = {2023}, author = {Moreno-Dávila, B and Huato-Soberanis, L and Gómez-Gutiérrez, J and Galván-Tirado, C and Sánchez, C and Alcoverro, T and Balart, EF and Turon, X}, title = {Taxonomic identity of Distapliastylifera (Tunicata, Ascidiacea), a new arrival to the eastern Pacific displaying invasive behavior in the Gulf of California, Mexico.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {1157}, number = {}, pages = {109-125}, pmid = {37234953}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {A colonial ascidian of the genus Distaplia caused a mass mortality of the pen shell Atrinamaura (Sowerby, 1835) during June 2016 in the southwest of the Gulf of California (Mexico), with a significant socio-economic cost. Tentatively identified in previous works as Distapliacf.stylifera, a precise taxonomic determination was still lacking. In the present work, based on a detailed morphological study, it is confirmed that this aggressive species is Distapliastylifera (Kowalevsky, 1874). Originally described from the Red Sea, the species currently has a wide circumtropical distribution (with the exception of the Eastern Pacific to date) and is reported as introduced in parts of its range. The present account thus represents an important range extension of this species. However, when revising the original description and later observations, the reported variability of several characters makes it likely that the binomen is in fact a complex of species, as is common in other ascidians with wide distributions. A complete morphological and genetic study including populations from the entire range of distribution would be necessary to settle the status of D.stylifera. Taxonomic uncertainties hinder a correct interpretation of biogeographical patterns and inference on the origin of the studied population. Nevertheless, the known introduction potential of the species, coupled with an explosive growth in an anthropized environment, and the lack of any previous reports in the Eastern Pacific, strongly suggest that the investigated population represents yet another instance of ascidian introduction. From the point of view of management, its invasive behavior is cause for great concern and warrants mitigation measures.}, }
@article {pmid37234790, year = {2023}, author = {Reed, SE and Dutkiewicz, D and Ross, F and Llewellyn, J and Fraser, H}, title = {New records of Nitidulidae (Nitidulidae, Coleoptera) species in Canada, Ontario, and Manitoba.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {1156}, number = {}, pages = {33-52}, pmid = {37234790}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Nitidulidae trapping performed from 2018 to 2021 to characterize flight behaviors of potential vectors of the oak wilt pathogen yielded three new species records for Canada, six new species records for Ontario, and three new species records for Manitoba. The new records for Canada include Carpophilus (Ecnomorphus) corticinus reported from Ontario, C. (Myothorax) nepos reported from Ontario and Manitoba, and Glischrochilus (Librodor) obtusus reported from Ontario. In addition, the following species are first recorded in Ontario: Carpophilus (Ecnomorphus) antiquus, C. (Megacarpolus) sayi, Stelidotacoenosa; and also in Manitoba: Carpophilus (Megacarpolus) lugubris and Cychramusadustus. Collection data is provided for the two provinces and national records.}, }
@article {pmid37234498, year = {2023}, author = {Zirler, R and Schmidt, LM and Roth, L and Corsini-Foka, M and Kalaentzis, K and Kondylatos, G and Mavrouleas, D and Bardanis, E and Bronstein, O}, title = {Mass mortality of the invasive alien echinoid Diadema setosum (Echinoidea: Diadematidae) in the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {230251}, pmid = {37234498}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {The sea urchin Diadema setosum is an ecological key species across its range, particularly on coral reefs. In 2006 D. setosum was first observed in the Mediterranean Sea, and since, it has proliferated to occupy the entire Levantine Basin. Here we report the mass mortality of the invasive D. setosum in the Mediterranean Sea. This is the first report of D. setosum mass mortality. The mortality spans over 1000 km along the Levantine coast of Greece and Turkey. The current mortality shows similar pathologies to previously reported Diadema mass mortality events, suggesting pathogenic infection as the cause of mortalities. Maritime transport, local currents, and fish predation of infected individuals may distribute pathogens at varying geographical scales. Due to the proximity of the Levantine Basin to the Red Sea, the risk of pathogen transport to the native Red Sea D. setosum population is imminent-with potentially catastrophic consequences.}, }
@article {pmid37234270, year = {2023}, author = {,  and Bragard, C and Baptista, P and Chatzivassiliou, E and Di Serio, F and Gonthier, P and Jaques Miret, JA and Justesen, AF and Magnusson, CS and Milonas, P and Navas-Cortes, JA and Parnell, S and Potting, R and Reignault, PL and Stefani, E and Thulke, HH and Van der Werf, W and Vicent Civera, A and Yuen, J and Zappalà, L and Grégoire, JC and Malumphy, C and Kertesz, V and Maiorano, A and MacLeod, A}, title = {Pest categorisation of Solenopsis invicta.}, journal = {EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, pages = {e07998}, pmid = {37234270}, issn = {1831-4732}, abstract = {The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Solenopsis invicta Butler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) the red imported fire ant, for the EU territory. S. invicta is native to central South America and has spread to North and Central America, East Asia and Australia where it is recognised as a major invasive species causing serious environmental impacts to biodiversity and harming horticultural crops such as cabbage, eggplant and potatoes. It can girdle and kill young citrus trees. S. invicta is not listed as a Union quarantine pest in Annex II of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. However, the European Scientific Forum on Invasive Alien Species lists S. invicta as a species of Union concern (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1203). Like other ant species, S. invicta is a social insect commonly creating colonies in the soil. Long-distance spread in the Americas has been attributed to nests being carried in soil accompanying plants for planting, or simply in soil alone. S. invicta could enter the EU via conveyances carrying a wide range of goods if the conveyance is contaminated with soil or has been in close contact with soil, and with plants for planting in soil or growing media. Climatic conditions in large parts of the southern EU are suitable for establishment and spread would occur when mated females disperse to form new colonies. If S. invicta established in the EU, losses to horticultural crops would be expected in addition to losses to biodiversity. The impacts of S. invicta go beyond plant health with the ant attacking new-born, hatching, weak or sick animals. Stings can cause allergic reactions in humans and are a public health issue. However, such factors are outside the scope of a pest categorisation. S. invicta satisfies the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest.}, }
@article {pmid37233803, year = {2023}, author = {Leonhardt, F and Keller, A and Arranz Aveces, C and Ernst, R}, title = {From Alien Species to Alien Communities: Host- and Habitat-Associated Microbiomes in an Alien Amphibian.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {86}, number = {4}, pages = {2373-2385}, pmid = {37233803}, issn = {1432-184X}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Microbiota ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Anura ; }, abstract = {Alien species can host diverse microbial communities. These associated microbiomes may be important in the invasion process and their analysis requires a holistic community-based approach. We analysed the skin and gut microbiome of Eleutherodactylus johnstonei from native range populations in St Lucia and exotic range populations in Guadeloupe, Colombia, and European greenhouses along with their respective environmental microbial reservoir through a 16S metabarcoding approach. We show that amphibian-associated and environmental microbial communities can be considered as meta-communities that interact in the assembly process. High proportions of bacteria can disperse between frogs and environment, while respective abundances are rather determined by niche effects driven by the microbial community source and spatial environmental properties. Environmental transmissions appeared to have higher relevance for skin than for gut microbiome composition and variation. We encourage further experimental studies to assess the implications of turnover in amphibian-associated microbial communities and potentially invasive microbiota in the context of invasion success and impacts. Within this novel framework of "nested invasions," (meta-)community ecology thinking can complement and widen the traditional perspective on biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid37233086, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, Z and Xu, D and Liao, W and Xu, Y and Zhuo, Z}, title = {Predicting the Current and Future Distributions of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) Based on the MaxEnt Species Distribution Model.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {37233086}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2022NSFSC0986//Sichuan Province Science and Technology/ ; 20A007, 20E051, 21E040 and 22kA011//China West Normal University/ ; }, abstract = {Climate change has a highly significant impact on the distribution of species. As the greenhouse effect intensifies each year, the distribution of organisms responds to this challenge in diverse ways. Therefore, climatic environmental variables are a key entry point for capturing the current and future distribution trends of pests. Frankliniella occidentalis is an invasive pest attested worldwide. Its damage is mainly divided into two aspects, including mechanical damage caused by its feeding and egg laying and the spread of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). TSWV is the most dominant transmitted virulent disease. Moreover, F. occidentalis is the major vector for the transmission of this virus, which poses a grave threat to the yield and survival of our crops. In this study, the distribution pattern of this pest was explored using 19 bioclimatic variables based on the Maxent model. The results indicated that in the future, high-suitability areas of F. occidentalis will be widely distributed in 19 provinces of China, with Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Tianjin and Yunnan being the most abundant. Among the 19 bioclimatic variables, the five variables of annual mean temperature (Bio 1), temperature seasonality (standard deviation × 100) (Bio 4), min temperature of the coldest month (Bio 6), mean temperature of the driest quarter (Bio 9) and precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio 19) were selected as the key environmental variables affecting the distribution of F. occidentalis. In summary, temperature and precipitation are vital factors for the study of the species' distribution, and this study aims to provide new perspectives for the control of this pest in China.}, }
@article {pmid37233061, year = {2023}, author = {Li, Y and Chen, J and Wang, S and Jiang, K and Zhou, J and Zhu, R and Gao, C and Bu, W and Xue, H}, title = {Out of East Asia: Early Warning of the Possible Invasion of the Important Bean Pest Stalk-Eyed Seed Bug Chauliops fallax (Heteroptera: Malcidae: Chauliopinae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {37233061}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {31820103013//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32130014//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {The short stay at the beginning of the invasion process is a critical time for invasive species identification and preventing invasive species from developing a wider distribution and significant economic impact. The stalk-eyed seed bug Chauliops fallax is an important agricultural pest of soybean and was first reported to occur outside East Asia. Here, we reported the native evolutionary history, recent invasion history, and potential invasion threats of C. fallax for the first time based on population genetic methods and ecological niche modelling. The results showed that four native East Asian genetic groups (EA, WE, TL, and XZ) were well supported, showing an east-west differentiation pattern consistent with the geographical characteristics of three-step landforms in China. Two main haplotypes existed: Hap1 might have experienced a rapid northwards expansion process after the LGM period, and Hap5 reflected local adaptation to the environment in southeastern China. The Kashmir sample was found to come from the recent invasion of populations in the coastal areas of southern China. Ecological niche modelling results suggested that North America has a high risk of invasion, which might pose a serious threat to local soybean production. In addition, with future global warming, the suitable habitat in Asia will move towards the higher latitude region and gradually deviate from the soybean planting area, which indicates the threat of C. fallax to soybean production in Asia will decrease in the future. The results could provide new insights into the monitoring and management of this agricultural pest in the early invasion stage.}, }
@article {pmid37231980, year = {2023}, author = {Garcia, F and Alves DA Silva, A and Heleno, R and Sousa, JP and Alves, J}, title = {Red deer as a disperser of native, but not invasive plants' seeds.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, pages = {859-866}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12729}, pmid = {37231980}, issn = {1749-4877}, support = {//Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) by the fellowship of A. Alves da Silva (SFRH/BD/75018/2010) and F. Garcia (SFRH/BD/131627/2017)/ ; (UIDB/04 004/2020)//Centre for Functional Ecology-Science for People and the Planet (CFE)/ ; (CENTRO-08-5864-FSE-000031)//Central Region PP6-MyFORESt/ ; //co-financed by the Regional Operational Programme Centro 2020, Portugal 2020, and the European Union, through the European Social Fund (ESF)/ ; (UIDB/04004/2020)//Centre for Functional Ecology-Science for People and the Planet (CFE)/ ; (LA/P/0092/2020)//Associated Laboratory TERRA/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Deer ; Population Dynamics ; Introduced Species ; Seeds ; }, }
@article {pmid37231442, year = {2023}, author = {Xu, X and Yan, C and Ma, Z and Wang, Q and Zhao, J and Zhang, R and He, L and Zheng, W}, title = {Ornamental plants associated with Buddhist figures in China.}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {19}, pmid = {37231442}, issn = {1746-4269}, support = {32060691//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32060093//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32260093//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32060691//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32060093//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32260093//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Ethnobotany ; China ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In China, many ornamental plants associated with Buddhist figures, including the Sakyamuni, Bodhisattva, and Arhat, were grown and worshiped because of their cultural and religious significance. However, the systematic collation and ethnobotanical information about these culturally important plants have yet to be fully understood.<br><br>METHODS: Online information was collected from 93 e-commercial platforms for ornamental plants all over China. Field sampling was conducted in 16 ornamental markets and 163 Buddhist temples using key informant interviews and participatory observation with traders, tourists, and local disciples. The types, distributions, and associated characteristics of the screened plants were summarized and the evolving characteristics of these ornamental plants were analyzed.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 60 ornamental plants, including six varieties and one subspecies, were screened, of which 43 species were associated with Sakyamuni, 13 with Bodhisattva, and four with Arhat. Among the 60 species, three were regarded as the Asoka tree related to Buddha's birth, ten as the Bodhi tree connected to Buddha's enlightenment, three as the Sal tree associated with Buddha's nirvana, nine were related to Buddha's head, belly, or hand, and 18 were connected with Buddha as lotus throne, bamboo monastery, or Bodhi beads. The evolving characteristics of these ornamental plants primarily constituted the substitution of the original plants by similar native plant species, followed by the introduced species with comparable morphology to the Buddhist figures.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: People grow ornamental plants associated with Buddhist figures to reflect their love and praise for plants and Buddha. The association between the ornamental plants and Buddhist figures will aid the inheritance of Buddhist culture and promote ornamental plants in the commercial market. Thus, the ethnobotany of ornamental plants associated with Buddhist figures can serve as a basis for future investigation of modern Buddhist culture.}, }
@article {pmid37231282, year = {2023}, author = {Hakim, N and Ahmad, M and Rathee, S and Sharma, P and Kaur, S and Batish, DR and Singh, HP}, title = {Invasive Cirsium arvense displays different resource-use strategies along local habitat heterogeneity in the trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {195}, number = {6}, pages = {730}, pmid = {37231282}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {*Cirsium ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Plants ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Climate change and anthropogenic pressures have resulted in a significant shift in the invasion susceptibility and frequency of non-native species in mountain ecosystems. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Family: Asteraceae) is an invasive species that spreads quickly in mountains, especially in the trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh. The current study used a trait-based approach to evaluate the impact of local habitat heterogeneity (soil physico-chemical properties) on C. arvense. Thirteen plant functional traits (root, shoot, leaf, and reproductive traits) of C. arvense were studied in three different habitat types (agricultural, marshy, and roadside). Functional trait variability in C. arvense was higher between, than within habitats (between different populations). All the functional traits interacted with habitat change, except for leaf count and seed mass. Soil properties strongly affect C. arvense's resource-use strategies across habitats. The plant adapted to a resource-poor environment (roadside habitat) by conserving resources and to a resource-rich environment (agricultural and marshy land habitat) by acquiring them. The ability of C. arvense to use resources differently reflects its persistence in introduced habitats. In summary, our study shows that C. arvense invades different habitats in introduced regions through trait adaptations and resource-use strategies in the trans-Himalayan region.}, }
@article {pmid37224664, year = {2023}, author = {Li, N and Rao, W and Dai, S and Iqbal, MS and Shi, H and Ding, L and Hong, M}, title = {Seasonal spermatogenesis in the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans): The roles of GnRH, actin cytoskeleton, and MAPK.}, journal = {Animal reproduction science}, volume = {253}, number = {}, pages = {107253}, doi = {10.1016/j.anireprosci.2023.107253}, pmid = {37224664}, issn = {1873-2232}, mesh = {Male ; Animals ; Seasons ; *Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism ; Estradiol/metabolism ; *Turtles/physiology ; Spermatogenesis ; Actin Cytoskeleton ; }, abstract = {Reproduction is the key to the ecological invasion of alien species. As an invasive species, the characteristic and regularity of red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) spermatogenesis is an index for evaluating reproduction and ecological adaptation. Here, we investigated the characteristics of spermatogenesis i.e., the gonadosomatic index (GSI), plasma reproductive hormone levels, and the histological structure of testes by HE and TUNEL staining, and then RNA-Seq in T. s. elegans. The histomorphological evidence confirmed that seasonal spermatogenesis in T. s. elegans has four successive phases: quiescence (December-May of the following year), early-stage (June-July), mid-stage (August-September), and late-stage (October-November). In contrast to 17β-estradiol, testosterone levels were higher during quiescence (breeding season) compared to mid-stage (non-breeding season). Based on RNA-seq transcriptional analysis, gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were used to analyze the testis in the quiescent and mid-stage. Our study found that circannual spermatogenesis is regulated by interactive networks including gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, the number of genes associated with proliferation and differentiation (srf, nr4a1), cell cycle (ppard, ccnb2), and apoptosis (xiap) were up-regulated in the mid-stage. With the maximum energy saving, this seasonal pattern of T. s. elegans determines optimal reproductive success and thus adapts better to the environment. These results provide the basis for the invasion mechanism of T. s. elegans and lay the foundation for deeper insight into the molecular mechanism of seasonal spermatogenesis in reptiles.}, }
@article {pmid37222245, year = {2023}, author = {Chapman, NC and Colin, T and Cook, J and da Silva, CRB and Gloag, R and Hogendoorn, K and Howard, SR and Remnant, EJ and Roberts, JMK and Tierney, SM and Wilson, RS and Mikheyev, AS}, title = {The final frontier: ecological and evolutionary dynamics of a global parasite invasion.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, pages = {20220589}, pmid = {37222245}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; *Ecosystem ; *Parasites ; Australia ; Pollination ; Problem Solving ; }, abstract = {Studying rapid biological changes accompanying the introduction of alien organisms into native ecosystems can provide insights into fundamental ecological and evolutionary theory. While powerful, this quasi-experimental approach is difficult to implement because the timing of invasions and their consequences are hard to predict, meaning that baseline pre-invasion data are often missing. Exceptionally, the eventual arrival of Varroa destructor (hereafter Varroa) in Australia has been predicted for decades. Varroa is a major driver of honeybee declines worldwide, particularly as vectors of diverse RNA viruses. The detection of Varroa in 2022 at over a hundred sites poses a risk of further spread across the continent. At the same time, careful study of Varroa's spread, if it does become established, can provide a wealth of information that can fill knowledge gaps about its effects worldwide. This includes how Varroa affects honeybee populations and pollination. Even more generally, Varroa invasion can serve as a model for evolution, virology and ecological interactions between the parasite, the host and other organisms.}, }
@article {pmid37220734, year = {2023}, author = {Bertelsmeier, C}, title = {Biological invasions: The secret domination of alien ants.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {33}, number = {10}, pages = {R410-R413}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.053}, pmid = {37220734}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Globalization has contributed to the spread of thousands of species, yet only a few harmful ones have attracted most attention. New evidence shows that introduced ants are a particularly important group of global invaders that can dominate native insect communities.}, }
@article {pmid37220121, year = {2023}, author = {García-Lafuente, J and Nadal, I and Sammartino, S and Korbee, N and Figueroa, FL}, title = {Could secondary flows have made possible the cross-strait transport and explosive invasion of Rugulopteryx okamurae algae in the Strait of Gibraltar?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, pages = {e0285470}, pmid = {37220121}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Gibraltar ; *Phaeophyta ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Presently, the Strait of Gibraltar is undergoing an unprecedented invasion of the alien alga Rugulopteryx okamurae of North Pacific origin. According to the scarce literature, the algae first settled in the south shore, probably following commercial exchanges with French ports where it was accidentally introduced together with Japanese oysters imported for mariculture. There is no certainty, however, that the algae first colonized the south shore of the Strait and, from there, spread to the north. It could well have been the opposite. Whatever the case, it spread all over the Strait and surrounding areas with amazing rapidity. Human-mediated vectors (algae attached to ship hulls or fishing nets, for example) can be behind the spread from the shore initially settled to the algae-free shore on the opposite side. But it could also have happened by means of hydrodynamic processes without direct human intervention. This possibility is assessed in this paper by revisiting historical current meter profiles collected in the Strait of Gibraltar searching for secondary cross-strait flows. All the stations present an intermediate layer of northward cross-strait velocity near the interface of the mean baroclinic exchange along with a surface layer above of southward velocity, whose lower part also overlaps the interface zone. The first one would back the south-to-north transport of algal fragments, the second one, the north-to south. In both cases, algae must reach the depth of the interface. The vertical velocity field in the area, which far exceeds the small sedimentation velocity of the algae, allows their vertical displacements throughout the water column. Its endurance to survive under the weak or no light conditions that will prevail during the cross-strait transport and its capability of reactivating the metabolism after this unfavorable period, offers chances for colonizing the opposite shore. Therefore, the propagation of the algae by hydrodynamic processes, without human intervention, cannot be ruled out.}, }
@article {pmid37218996, year = {2023}, author = {Clontz, LM and Yang, A and Chinn, SM and Pepin, KM and VerCauteren, KC and Wittemyer, G and Miller, RS and Beasley, JC}, title = {Role of social structure in establishment of an invasive large mammal after translocation.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {10}, pages = {3819-3829}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7567}, pmid = {37218996}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {DE-EM0005228//US Department of Energy/ ; //UGA Research Foundation/ ; //US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Swine ; *Sus scrofa/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Homing Behavior ; Movement ; Social Structure ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Data on the movement behavior of translocated wild pigs is needed to develop appropriate response strategies for containing and eliminating new source populations following translocation events. We conducted experimental trials to compare the home range establishment and space-use metrics, including the number of days and distance traveled before becoming range residents, for wild pigs translocated with their social group and individually.<br><br>RESULTS: We found wild pigs translocated with their social group made less extensive movements away from the release location and established a stable home range ~5&#x2009;days faster than those translocated individually. We also examined how habitat quality impacted the home range sizes of translocated wild pigs and found wild pigs maintained larger ranges in areas with higher proportion of low-quality habitat.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Collectively, our findings suggest translocations of invasive wild pigs have a greater probability of establishing a viable population near the release site when habitat quality is high and when released with members of their social unit compared to individuals moved independent of their social group or to low-quality habitat. However, all wild pigs translocated in our study made extensive movements from their release location, highlighting the potential for single translocation events of either individuals or groups to have far-reaching consequences within a much broader landscape beyond the location where they are released. These results highlight the challenges associated with containing populations in areas where illegal introduction of wild pigs occurs, and the need for rapid response once releases are identified. &#xa9; 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid37217596, year = {2023}, author = {Park, SH and Kim, JH and Kim, JG}, title = {Effects of human activities on Sericinus montela and its host plant Aristolochia contorta.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {8289}, pmid = {37217596}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Aristolochia ; *Butterflies ; Larva ; *Moths ; Human Activities ; }, abstract = {Sericinus montela, a globally threatened butterfly species, feeds exclusively on Aristolochia contorta (Northern pipevine). Field surveys and glasshouse experiments were conducted to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between the two species. Interviews with the persons concerned with A. contorta were conducted to collect information about the site management measures. We found that management practices to control invasive species and manage the riverine areas might reduce the coverage of A. contorta and the number of eggs and larvae of S. montela. Our results indicated that the degraded quality of A. contorta may result in a decrease in S. montela populations by diminishing their food source and spawning sites. This study implies that ecological management in the riverine area should be set up to protect rare species and biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid37216878, year = {2023}, author = {Calderisi, G and Cogoni, D and Loni, A and Fenu, G}, title = {Difference between invasive alien and native vegetation in trapping beach litter: A focus on a typical sandy beach of W-Mediterranean Basin.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {192}, number = {}, pages = {115065}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115065}, pmid = {37216878}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution ; *Introduced Species ; Plastics ; }, abstract = {Beach litter is one of the most pervasive pollution issues in coastal environments worldwide. In this study, we aim to assess the amount and distribution of beach litter on Porto Paglia beach, its entrapment across psammophilous habitats, and whether the invasive Carpobrotus acinaciformis (L.) L.Bolus plays a different role in trapping litter than native vegetation. To this end, two seasonal samplings (in spring and autumn) were conducted using a paired sampling method that considers plots in all coastal habitats with and without C. acinaciformis. Our results confirm that the main beach litter category is plastic, and that its distribution varies across habitats: the white dune seems to play a greater role in trapping and filtering beach litter, reducing its amount in the backdune. A correlation was found between the Naturalness index (N) and the beach litter amount, supporting the finding that invaded habitats trap beach litter better than native ones.}, }
@article {pmid37216867, year = {2023}, author = {Guo, X and Hu, Y and Ma, JY and Wang, H and Wang, KL and Wang, T and Jiang, SY and Jiao, JB and Sun, YK and Jiang, XL and Li, MY}, title = {Nitrogen Deposition Effects on Invasive and Native Plant Competition: Implications for Future Invasions.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {259}, number = {}, pages = {115029}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115029}, pmid = {37216867}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {*Nitrogen ; Chlorophyll A ; *Plants ; Seedlings ; Chlorophyll ; Introduced Species ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Nitrogen (N) deposition has increased dramatically in recent decades, which is significantly affecting the invasion and growth of exotic plants. Whether N deposition leads to invasive alien species becoming competitively superior to native species remains to be investigated. In the present study, an invasive species (Oenothera biennis L.) and three co-occurring native species (Artemisia argyi Lévl. et Vant., Inula japonica Thunb., and Chenopodium album L.) were grown in a monoculture (two seedlings of the same species) or mixed culture (one seedling of O. biennis and one seedling of a native species) under three levels of N deposition (0, 6, and 12 g∙m[-2]∙year[-1]). Nitrogen deposition had no effect on soil N and P content. Nitrogen deposition enhanced the crown area, total biomass, leaf chlorophyll content, and leaf N to phosphorus ratio in both invasive and native plants. Oenothera biennis dominated competition with C. album and I. japonica due to its high resource acquisition and absorption capacity (greater height, canopy, leaf chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b ratio, leaf chlorophyll content, leaf N content, leaf mass fraction, and lower root-to-shoot ratio). However, the native species A. argyi exhibited competitive ability similar to O. biennis. Thus, invasive species are not always superior competitors of native species; this depends on the identities of the native species. High N deposition enhanced the competitive dominance of O. biennis over I. japonica by 15.45% but did not alter the competitive dominance of O. biennis over C. album. Furthermore, N deposition did not affect the dominance of O. biennis or A. argyi. Therefore, the species composition of the native community must be considered when preparing to resist future biological invasions. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the invasion mechanisms of alien species under N-loading conditions.}, }
@article {pmid37216028, year = {2023}, author = {Irimia, RE and Montesinos, D and Chaturvedi, A and Sanders, I and Hierro, JL and Sotes, G and Cavieres, LA and Eren, &#xd6; and Lortie, CJ and French, K and Brennan, AC}, title = {Trait evolution during a rapid global weed invasion despite little genetic differentiation.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {997-1011}, pmid = {37216028}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Invasive species often possess a great capacity to adapt to novel environments in the form of spatial trait variation, as a result of varying selection regimes, genetic drift, or plasticity. We explored the geographic differentiation in several phenotypic traits related to plant growth, reproduction, and defense in the highly invasive Centaurea solstitialis by measuring neutral genetic differentiation (F ST), and comparing it with phenotypic differentiation (P ST), in a common garden experiment in individuals originating from regions representing the species distribution across five continents. Native plants were more fecund than non-native plants, but the latter displayed considerably larger seed mass. We found indication of divergent selection for these two reproductive traits but little overall genetic differentiation between native and non-native ranges. The native versus invasive P ST-F ST comparisons demonstrated that, in several invasive regions, seed mass had increased proportionally more than the genetic differentiation. Traits displayed different associations with climate variables in different regions. Both capitula numbers and seed mass were associated with winter temperature and precipitation and summer aridity in some regions. Overall, our study suggests that rapid evolution has accompanied invasive success of C. solstitialis and provides new insights into traits and their genetic bases that can contribute to fitness advantages in non-native populations.}, }
@article {pmid37211644, year = {2023}, author = {Urvois, T and Perrier, C and Roques, A and Sauné, L and Courtin, C and Kajimura, H and Hulcr, J and Cognato, AI and Auger-Rozenberg, MA and Kerdelhué, C}, title = {The worldwide invasion history of a pest ambrosia beetle inferred using population genomics.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {15}, pages = {4381-4400}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16993}, pmid = {37211644}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera/genetics ; *Weevils ; Ambrosia/genetics ; Metagenomics ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Xylosandrus crassiusculus, a fungus-farming wood borer native to Southeastern Asia, is the most rapidly spreading invasive ambrosia species worldwide. Previous studies focusing on its genetic structure suggested the existence of cryptic genetic variation in this species. Yet, these studies used different genetic markers, focused on different geographical areas and did not include Europe. Our first goal was to determine the worldwide genetic structure of this species based on both mitochondrial and genomic markers. Our second goal was to study X. crassiusculus' invasion history on a global level and identify the origins of the invasion in Europe. We used a COI and RAD sequencing design to characterize 188 and 206 specimens worldwide, building the most comprehensive genetic data set for any ambrosia beetle to date. The results were largely consistent between markers. Two differentiated genetic clusters were invasive, albeit in different regions of the world. The markers were inconsistent only for a few specimens found exclusively in Japan. Mainland USA could have acted as a source for further expansion to Canada and Argentina through stepping stone expansion and bridgehead events. We showed that Europe was only colonized by Cluster II through a complex invasion history including several arrivals from multiple origins in the native area, and possibly including bridgehead from the United States. Our results also suggested that Spain was colonized directly from Italy through intracontinental dispersion. It is unclear whether the mutually exclusive allopatric distribution of the two clusters is due to neutral effects or due to different ecological requirements.}, }
@article {pmid37210676, year = {2024}, author = {Wang, C and Xu, M and Zhang, J and Zhou, X}, title = {High-latitude invasion and environmental adaptability of the freshwater mussel Limnoperna fortunei in Beijing, China.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {e2887}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2887}, pmid = {37210676}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {2021YFC3200905//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2021YFC3200902//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; U2243222//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Beijing ; Chlorophyll A ; *Mytilidae ; Phytoplankton ; China ; Lakes ; }, abstract = {The invasive freshwater mussel Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) has spread widely throughout Asia and South America, especially via interbasin water diversion and navigation. The middle route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP), whose terminal is Beijing, has diverted more than 60 billion m[3] of water from the Yangtze River Basin to Northern China since December 2014. L. fortunei has spread north to Beijing along the SNWTP, biofouling its channels and tunnels. To determine the status of L. fortunei's invasion in Beijing, we systematically inspected the water bodies receiving southern water, including all branches of the SNWTP, water treatment plants, lakes, reservoirs, and rivers. We measured the densities of adults and veligers of L. fortunei and conducted eDNA analyses of water samples. A generalized linear model and canonical correspondence analysis were adopted to investigate the correlations between environmental (e.g., water temperature, conductivity, pH, total nitrogen, and phosphorus) and biological (e.g., chlorophyll a, plankton density, and community composition) variables and the densities of adults and veligers of L. fortunei. Water temperature is the most important factor in determining the densities of D-shaped and pediveliger veligers, with explanatory variable contributions of 56.2% and 43.9%, respectively. The pH affects the densities of D-shaped, umbonated, and pediveliger veligers. The density of plantigrade veligers is negatively correlated with the conductivity and positively correlated with the concentration of chlorophyll a. Canonical correspondence analysis shows a weak correlation between the dominant phytoplankton taxa and the density of veligers. The densities of D-shaped, umbonated, and pediveliger veligers are positively correlated with the density of small phytoplankton (12.54 ± 4.33 μm), and the density of plantigrade veligers is positively correlated with the density of large (16.12 ± 5.96 μm) phytoplankton. The density of planktonic veligers is well correlated with local abiotic variables, and that of plantigrade veligers is less correlated with local abiotic variables. This finding implies that controlling early-stage veligers by altering water temperature, pH, and food size might effectively control the establishment of further L. fortunei colonies.}, }
@article {pmid37209748, year = {2023}, author = {Xiao, M and Cai, T and Wang, X and Cheng, J and Liu, B and Xia, X and Chen, Y}, title = {Response of native and exotic saltmarsh species to sediment deposition addition.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {888}, number = {}, pages = {164271}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164271}, pmid = {37209748}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Wetlands ; Poaceae ; Biomass ; Rivers ; China ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The native saltmarsh species Scirpus mariqueter (hereafter S. mariqueter) and the exotic species saltmarsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel., hereafter S. alterniflora), have been found commonly in regional saltmarsh ecosystems which received a large amount of sediment inputs from Yangtze River, eastern coasts of China. For the purpose of saltmarsh restoration and invasive species management, it is important to understand the response of vegetation species to various sediment inputs. This study investigated and compared the effects of sediment addition on S. mariqueter and S. alterniflora through laboratory experiment using vegetation samples collected from a natural saltmarsh with a high sedimentation rate (12 cm a[-1]). Plant growth parameters over their growth period, including survival rate, height and biomass were measured against sediment addition gradient (0 cm, 3 cm, 6 cm, 9 cm, and 12 cm in thickness). The results showed that sediment addition significantly affected the growth of vegetation but this effect varied between two species. Compared with the control group, the growth of S. mariqueter was promoted with sediment addition of 3-6 cm, but it turned to inhibition when the sediment thickness exceeded 6 cm. The growth of S. alterniflora was increased with increasing sediment addition till 9-12 cm, but the survival rate of each group kept stable. Overall, against a gradient sediment addition, S. mariqueter was found to benefit from low to moderate sediment addition (3-6 cm) but higher addition showed inhabitation effects. S. alterniflora benefited from increasing sediment addition to a point. When facing high sediment inputs, S. alterniflora was found to be more adaptable than S. mariqueter. These results have important implications for further studies on saltmarsh restoration and interspecific competition against a high sediment input background.}, }
@article {pmid37208829, year = {2023}, author = {Salter, JF and Brumfield, RT and Faircloth, BC}, title = {An island 'endemic' born out of hybridization between introduced lineages.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16990}, pmid = {37208829}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {//American Museum of Natural History/ ; //Louisiana State University/ ; DBI-2109361//National Science Foundation/ ; DEB-1655624//National Science Foundation/ ; //Society of Systematic Biologists/ ; }, abstract = {Humans have profoundly impacted the distribution of plant and animal species over thousands of years. The most direct example of these effects is human-mediated movement of individuals, either through translocation of individuals within their range or through the introduction of species to new habitats. While human involvement may be suspected in species with obvious range disjunctions, it can be difficult to detect natural versus human-mediated dispersal events for populations at the edge of a species' range, and this uncertainty muddles how we understand the evolutionary history of populations and broad biogeographical patterns. Studies combining genetic data with archaeological, linguistic and historical evidence have confirmed prehistoric examples of human-mediated dispersal; however, it is unclear whether these methods can disentangle recent dispersal events, such as species translocated by European colonizers during the past 500 years. We use genomic DNA from historical museum specimens and historical records to evaluate three hypotheses regarding the timing and origin of Northern Bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) in Cuba, whose status as an endemic or introduced population has long been debated. We discovered that bobwhites from southern Mexico arrived in Cuba between the 12th and 16th centuries, followed by the subsequent introduction of bobwhites from the southeastern USA to Cuba between the 18th and 20th centuries. These dates suggest the introduction of bobwhites to Cuba was human-mediated and concomitant with Spanish colonial shipping routes between Veracruz, Mexico and Havana, Cuba during this period. Our results identify endemic Cuban bobwhites as a genetically distinct population born of hybridization between divergent, introduced lineages.}, }
@article {pmid37208377, year = {2023}, author = {Polce, C and Cardoso, AC and Deriu, I and Gervasini, E and Tsiamis, K and Vigiak, O and Zulian, G and Maes, J}, title = {Invasive alien species of policy concerns show widespread patterns of invasion and potential pressure across European ecosystems.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {8124}, pmid = {37208377}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Biodiversity ; Europe ; Fresh Water ; }, abstract = {Animals, plants, and other organisms unintentionally or deliberately brought into a natural environment where they are not normally found, and where they cause harmful effects on that environment, are known also as invasive alien species (IAS). They represent a major threat to native biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and can affect negatively human health and the economy. We assessed the presence and potential pressure by IAS on terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems across 27 European countries, for 66 IAS of policy concern. We computed a spatial indicator that accounts for the number of IAS present in an area and the extent of the ecosystems affected; for each ecosystem, we also looked at the pattern of invasions in the different biogeographical regions. We found disproportionally greater invasion in the Atlantic region, followed by Continental and Mediterranean regions, possibly related to historical patterns of first introductions. Urban and freshwater ecosystems were the most invaded (nearly 68% and ca. 52% of their extent respectively), followed by forest and woodland (nearly 44%). The average potential pressure of IAS was greater across cropland and forests, where we also found the lowest coefficient of variation. This assessment can be repeated over time to derive trends and monitor progress towards environmental policy objectives.}, }
@article {pmid37207739, year = {2023}, author = {Monteiro, J and Marks, CA and Braga, PC and Bernardino, RL and Alves, MG and Lobo-da-Cunha, A and Videira, A and Pereira, F}, title = {The role of ion homeostasis imbalance due to citrate accumulation in fluoroacetic acid (FAA) toxicity in Neurospora crassa.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology &amp; pharmacology : CBP}, volume = {271}, number = {}, pages = {109661}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109661}, pmid = {37207739}, issn = {1532-0456}, mesh = {*Neurospora crassa/metabolism ; Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism ; Citric Acid ; Homeostasis ; Citrates ; Adenosine Triphosphate ; Calcium/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Fluoroacetic acid (FAA) is a poison commonly used for the lethal control of invasive species in Australia and New Zealand. Despite its widespread use and long history as a pesticide, no effective treatment for accidental poisoning exists. Although it is known to inhibit the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, specific details of FAA toxicology have remained elusive, with hypocalcemia suggested to be involved in the neurological symptoms prior to death. Here, we study the effects of FAA on cell growth and mitochondrial function using the filamentous fungi Neurospora crassa as model organism. FAA toxicosis in N. crassa is characterized by an initial hyperpolarization and subsequent depolarization of the mitochondrial membranes, followed by a significant intracellular decrease in ATP and increase in Ca[2+]. The development of mycelium was markedly affected within 6 h, and growth impaired after 24 h of FAA exposure. Although the activity of mitochondrial complexes I, II and IV was impaired, the activity of citrate synthase was not affected. Supplementation with Ca[2+] exacerbated the effects of FAA in cell growth and membrane potential. Our findings suggest that an imbalance created in the ratio of ions within the mitochondria may lead to conformational changes in ATP synthase dimers due to mitochondrial Ca[2+] uptake, that ultimately result in the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), a decrease in membrane potential, and cell death. Our findings suggest new approaches for the treatment research, as well as the possibility to use N. crassa as a high-throughput screening assay to evaluate a large number of FAA antidote candidates.}, }
@article {pmid37207588, year = {2023}, author = {Señorans, S and R-Díaz, J and Escalante, D and González, LA and Díaz, L}, title = {Ce/Pumice and Ni/Pumice as heterogeneous catalysts for syngas production from biomass gasification.}, journal = {Waste management (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {166}, number = {}, pages = {270-279}, doi = {10.1016/j.wasman.2023.05.017}, pmid = {37207588}, issn = {1879-2456}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Gases/chemistry ; Catalysis ; *Silicates ; }, abstract = {This work presents a study of synthesis and characterization of catalysts-based cerium and nickel supported on the pumice stone (Ce/Pumice and Ni/Pumice) to be used in the gasification process of an invasive species present in the Canary Islands, such as Pennisetum setaceum to obtain syngas. Specifically, the effect of the metal impregnated on the pumice, and the effect of catalyst on the gasification process was studied. For this purpose, the composition of the gas was determined and the results obtained were compared with those obtained in non-catalytic thermochemical processes. Gasification tests were performed using a simultaneous thermal analyzer coupled with a mass spectrometer, providing a detailed analysis of the gases released during the process. The results showed that during the catalytic gasification process of the Pennisetum setaceum, the gases produced appear at lower temperatures in the catalytic process that in the non-catalytic process. Specifically, H2 appears at 640.42 °C and 641.84 °C when Ce/pumice and Ni/pumice were used as catalyst, respectively, compared to 697.41 °C for the non-catalytic process. Moreover, the reactivity at 50 % of char conversion for the catalytic process (0.34 and 0.38 min[-1] for Ce/pumice and Ni/pumice, respectively) was higher than for the non-catalytic process (0.28 min[-1]), indicating that the incorporation of Ce and Ni on the pumitic material increases the gasification rate of the char compared to the pumitic support. Catalytic biomass gasification is an innovative technology that can provide new opportunities for research and development of renewable energy technologies, as well as for the creation of green jobs.}, }
@article {pmid37207488, year = {2023}, author = {Anton, BJ and Cornelius Ruhs, E and White, AM and Dehnert, GK}, title = {Elucidating the effects of acute and chronic exposure to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) innate immunity.}, journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {260}, number = {}, pages = {106571}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106571}, pmid = {37207488}, issn = {1879-1514}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Male ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity ; *Herbicides/toxicity/metabolism ; Phenoxyacetates/metabolism ; *Cyprinidae/metabolism ; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/toxicity ; Immunity, Innate ; }, abstract = {Aquatic herbicides, such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) formulations, are commonly used for invasive species management throughout the United States. Ecologically relevant concentrations of 2,4-D can impair essential behaviors, reduce survival, and act as an endocrine disruptor; however, there is limited knowledge of its effects on the health of non-target organisms. Here, we investigate the acute and chronic exposure impacts of 2,4-D on adult male and female fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) innate immune function. We exposed both adult male and female fathead minnows to three different ecologically relevant concentrations of 2,4-D (0.00, 0.40, and 4.00 mg/L) and took blood samples at three acute time points (6, 24, and 96 h) and one chronic time point (30 days). We found that male fatheads had higher total white blood cell concentrations when exposed to 2,4-D at the acute time points. For the females, only proportions of specific cell types were altered when exposed to 2,4-D at the acute time points. However, we did not observe any significant impacts of chronic exposure to 2,4-D on any innate immune responses for either males or females. Overall, this study is the first step in answering an important question for game fisheries and management agencies while providing insight to future studies that investigate the impacts of herbicide exposure to freshwater fish health and immunity.}, }
@article {pmid37207328, year = {2023}, author = {Zaiko, A and Scheel, M and Schattschneider, J and von Ammon, U and Scriver, M and Pochon, X and Pearman, JK}, title = {Pest Alert Tool-a web-based application for flagging species of concern in metabarcoding datasets.}, journal = {Nucleic acids research}, volume = {51}, number = {W1}, pages = {W438-W442}, pmid = {37207328}, issn = {1362-4962}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; *Ecosystem ; Internet ; Phylogeny ; High-Throughput Screening Assays ; *DNA, Environmental/analysis ; *Introduced Species ; Mobile Applications ; }, abstract = {Advances in high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies and their increasing affordability have fueled environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding data generation from freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Research institutions worldwide progressively employ HTS for biodiversity assessments, new species discovery and ecological trend monitoring. Moreover, even non-scientists can now collect an eDNA sample, send it to a specialized laboratory for analysis and receive in-depth biodiversity record from a sampling site. This offers unprecedented opportunities for biodiversity assessments across wide temporal and spatial scales. The large volume of data produced by metabarcoding also enables incidental detection of species of concern, including non-indigenous and pathogenic organisms. We introduce an online app-Pest Alert Tool-for screening nuclear small subunit 18S ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I datasets for marine non-indigenous species as well as unwanted and notifiable marine organisms in New Zealand. The output can be filtered by minimum length of the query sequence and identity match. For putative matches, a phylogenetic tree can be generated through the National Center for Biotechnology Information's BLAST Tree View tool, allowing for additional verification of the species of concern detection. The Pest Alert Tool is publicly available at https://pest-alert-tool-prod.azurewebsites.net/.}, }
@article {pmid37207001, year = {2023}, author = {Koh, EY and Ong, J and Wang, Y and Toh, X and Fernandez, CJ and Huangfu, T and Hall, RN and Toh, S and Lim, K and Sng, W and Lim, HP and Ho, K and Chang, SF and Yap, HH}, title = {Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 from Singapore 2020 outbreak revealed an Australian recombinant variant.}, journal = {Virus evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {vead029}, pmid = {37207001}, issn = {2057-1577}, abstract = {Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) is a significant and debilitating viral disease affecting lagomorphs. In September 2020, Singapore reported its first cases of RHD virus (RHDV) infection in domesticated rabbits. The initial findings reported that the outbreak strain belonged to genotype GI.2 (RHDV2/RHDVb), and epidemiological investigations could not identify the definitive source of the virus origin. Further recombination detection and phylogenetic analyses of the Singapore outbreak strain revealed that the RHDV was a GI.2 structural (S)/GI.4 non-structural (NS) recombinant variant. Sequence analyses on the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database showed high homology to recently emerged Australian variants, which were prevalent in local Australian lagomorph populations since 2017. Time-structured and phylogeographic analyses for the S and NS genes revealed a close genetic relationship between the Singapore RHDV strain and the Australian RHDV variants. More thorough epidemiological inquiries are necessary to ascertain how an Australian RHDV was introduced into the Singapore rabbit population, and opportune development of RHDV diagnostics and vaccines will be important to safeguard lagomorphs from future RHDV infection and disease management.}, }
@article {pmid37205902, year = {2023}, author = {Pike, CL and Kofler, B and Richner, H and Tebbich, S}, title = {Parental food provisioning and nestling growth under Philornis downsi parasitism in the Galapagos Green Warbler-Finch, classified as 'vulnerable' by the IUCN.}, journal = {Journal of ornithology}, volume = {164}, number = {3}, pages = {669-676}, pmid = {37205902}, issn = {2193-7192}, abstract = {In the Galapagos Islands, many endemic landbird populations are declining due to habitat degradation, food availability, introduced species and other factors. Given nestlings typically lack efficient defense mechanisms against parasites, hematophagous ectoparasites such as the larvae of the introduced Avian Vampire Fly, Philornis downsi, can impose high brood mortality and cause threatening population declines in Darwin finches and other landbirds. Here, we assess whether the food compensation hypothesis (i.e., the parents' potential to compensate for deleterious parasite effects via increased food provisioning) applies to the Green Warbler-Finch. We differentiated nests with low or high infestation levels by P. downsi and quantified food provisioning rates of male and female parents, time females spent brooding nestlings, and nestling growth. Male provisioning rates, total provisioning rates and female brooding time did not significantly vary in relation to infestation levels, nor by the number of nestlings. Opposed to the predictions of the food compensation hypothesis, females showed significantly reduced provisioning rates at high infestation levels. Nestling body mass was significantly lower and there was a reduction of skeletal growth, although not significantly, in highly infested nests. The females' response to high infestation may be due to parasites directly attacking and weakening brooding females, or else that females actively reduce current reproductive effort in favor of future reproduction. This life-history trade-off may be typical for Darwin finches and many tropical birds with long lifespans and therefore high residual reproductive value. Conservation strategies may not build on the potential for parental food compensation by this species.}, }
@article {pmid37205698, year = {2023}, author = {Jara-Servin, A and Silva, A and Barajas, H and Cruz-Ortega, R and Tinoco-Ojanguren, C and Alcaraz, LD}, title = {Root microbiome diversity and structure of the Sonoran desert buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare L.).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, pages = {e0285978}, pmid = {37205698}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; *Pennisetum/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Cenchrus/genetics ; Plants/genetics ; Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) is an invasive plant introduced into Mexico's Sonoran desert for cattle grazing and has converted large areas of native thorn scrub. One of the invasion mechanisms buffelgrass uses to invade is allelopathy, which consists of the production and secretion of allelochemicals that exert adverse effects on other plants' growth. The plant microbiome also plays a vital role in establishing invasive plants and host growth and development. However, little is known about the buffelgrass root-associated bacteria and the effects of allelochemicals on the microbiome. We used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to obtain the microbiome of buffelgrass and compare it between samples treated with root exacknudates and aqueous leachates as allelochemical exposure and samples without allelopathic exposure in two different periods. The Shannon diversity values were between H' = 5.1811-5.5709, with 2,164 reported bacterial Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs). A total of 24 phyla were found in the buffelgrass microbiome, predominantly Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Acidobacteria. At the genus level, 30 different genera comprised the buffelgrass core microbiome. Our results show that buffelgrass recruits microorganisms capable of thriving under allelochemical conditions and may be able to metabolize them (e.g., Planctomicrobium, Aurantimonas, and Tellurimicrobium). We also found that the community composition of the microbiome changes depending on the developmental state of buffelgrass (p = 0.0366; ANOSIM). These findings provide new insights into the role of the microbiome in the establishment of invasive plant species and offer potential targets for developing strategies to control buffelgrass invasion.}, }
@article {pmid37204768, year = {2023}, author = {Yuan, G and Sun, L and Guo, P and Xiao, J and Meng, W and Ren, B and Wu, A and Li, Y and Fu, H and Jeppesen, E}, title = {How Eutrophication Promotes Exotic Aquatic Plant Invasion in the Lake Littoral Zone?.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {57}, number = {21}, pages = {8002-8014}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.2c09486}, pmid = {37204768}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Humans ; *Ecosystem ; *Lakes ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; Eutrophication ; }, abstract = {Eutrophication and exotic species invasion are key drivers of the global loss of biodiversity and ecosystem functions in lakes. We selected two exotic plants (Alternanthera philoxeroides and Myriophyllum aquaticum) and two native plants (Myriophyllum spicatum and Vallisneria spinulosa) to elucidate the effect of eutrophication on exotic plant invasiveness. We found that (1) elevated nutrient favored invasion of exotic species and inhibited growth of native plants. Species combinations and plant densities of native plants had limited effects on the resistance to invasion of the exotics. (2) A. philoxeroides featured the tightest connectivity among traits, which is consistent with its high competitive ability. Although eutrophication caused physiological stress to A. philoxeroides, it could effectively regulate enzyme activity and alleviate the stress. (3) M. aquaticum possessed strong tolerance to habitat disturbance and was highly disruptive to the surrounding plants. Eutrophication will exacerbate the adverse effects of M. aquaticum on the littoral ecosystem. (4) Nutrient enrichment reduced the biomass and relative growth rates of V. spinulosa and lowered phenolics and starch contents of M. spicatum, thereby making them more susceptible to habitat fluctuations. Overall, our study highlights how eutrophication alters the invasiveness of exotic plants and the resistance of native plants in the littoral zone, which is of relevance in a world with intensified human activities.}, }
@article {pmid37202455, year = {2023}, author = {Jabeen, S and Ali, MF and Mohi Ud Din, A and Javed, T and Mohammed, NS and Chaudhari, SK and Javed, MA and Ali, B and Zhang, L and Rahimi, M}, title = {Phytochemical screening and allelopathic potential of phytoextracts of three invasive grass species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {8080}, pmid = {37202455}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Plant Extracts/toxicity/chemistry ; Poaceae ; Introduced Species ; Tannins/analysis ; *Alkaloids/toxicity/analysis ; Phytochemicals/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Undoubtedly, it is important to remain vigilant and manage invasive grasses to prevent their spread and mitigate their negative impact on the environment. However, these aggressive plants can also play a beneficial role in certain contexts. For example, several invasive grasses provide valuable forage for livestock and have disease control potential. Therefore, a research experiment was conducted to explore the pros and cons of this approach, not only for surrounding vegetation but also for human and animal disease control. The study is primarily focused on developing livestock feed, plant-derived herbicides, and an understanding of the phytotoxic effects of invasive species. All plant parts of Cenchrus ciliaris L., Polypogon monspeliansis L., and Dicanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf, were tested for their phyto-chemical screening, proximate, and toxicity analysis which was caused by the methanolic extract of these grass species. Qualitative phytochemical screening tests were performed for proximate composition analysis and toxicity assessment essays. The phytochemical analysis revealed the positive results for alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, phenols, saponins, and glycosides, while negative for tannins. Comparison of proximate analysis intimated maximum moisture (10.8%) and crude fat (4.1%) in P. monspeliensis, whereas maximum dry matter (84.1%), crude protein (13.95%), crude fiber (11%), and ash (7.2%) in D. annulatum. Five (10, 100, 500, 100, 10,000 ppm) and three (10, 1000, 10,000 ppm) different concentrations of methanolic extract prepared from C. ciliaris, P. monspeliansis, and D. annulatum were used respectively for root inhibition and seed germination essay. Furthermore, three different concentrations (10, 30, 50 mg) of plant fine powder were used for sandwich method test. There was a significant decline in the growth rate of experimental model radish seeds (P > 0.005), and results from sandwich method tests showed suppressed growth of root hairs, inhibiting the anchoring of the radish seed. In comparison, results manifest that; P. monspeliansis indicated an upsurge of inhibition (66.58% at 10,000 ppm), D. annulatum revealed soar germination (75.86% in controlled conditions), and C. ciliaris exhibited dramatic shoot up of inhibition because of sandwich method test (14.02% at 50 mg). In conclusion, although grasses are toxic, it is important to consider the beneficiary account.}, }
@article {pmid37202381, year = {2023}, author = {Nelufule, T and Robertson, MP and Wilson, JRU and Faulkner, KT}, title = {Publisher Correction: An inventory of native-alien populations in South Africa.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {290}, doi = {10.1038/s41597-023-02216-w}, pmid = {37202381}, issn = {2052-4463}, }
@article {pmid37198724, year = {2023}, author = {Zhao, Y and Bonello, P and Liu, D}, title = {Mapping the Environmental Risk of Beech Leaf Disease in the Northeastern United States.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {107}, number = {11}, pages = {3575-3584}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-12-22-2908-RE}, pmid = {37198724}, issn = {0191-2917}, mesh = {United States ; *Fagus ; Forests ; New England ; Plant Leaves ; Ontario ; }, abstract = {The recently emerged beech leaf disease (BLD) is causing the decline and death of American beech in North America. First observed in 2012 in northeast Ohio, U.S.A., BLD had been documented in 10 northeastern states and the Canadian province of Ontario as of July 2022. A foliar nematode has been implicated as the causal agent, along with some bacterial taxa. No effective treatments have been documented in the primary literature. Irrespective of potential treatments, prevention and prompt eradication (rapid responses) remain the most cost-effective approaches to the management of forest tree disease. For these approaches to be feasible, however, it is necessary to understand the factors that contribute to BLD spread and use them in estimation of risk. Here, we conducted an analysis of BLD risk across northern Ohio, western Pennsylvania, western New York, and northern West Virginia, U.S.A. In the absence of symptoms, an area cannot necessarily be deemed free of BLD (i.e., absence of BLD cannot be certain) due to its fast spread and the lag in symptom expression (latency) after infection. Therefore, we employed two widely used presence-only species distribution models (SDMs), one-class support vector machine (OCSVM), and maximum entropy (Maxent) to predict the spatial pattern of BLD risk based on BLD presence records and associated environmental variables. Our results show that both methods work well for BLD environmental risk modeling purposes, but Maxent outperforms OCSVM with respect to both the quantitative receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis and the qualitative evaluation of the spatial risk maps. Meanwhile, the Maxent model provides a quantification of variable contribution for different environmental factors, indicating that meteorological (isothermality and temperature seasonality) and land cover type (closed broadleaved deciduous forest) factors are likely key contributors to BLD distribution. Moreover, the future trajectories of BLD risk over our study area in the context of climate change were investigated by comparing the current and future risk maps obtained by Maxent. In addition to offering the ability to predict where the disease may spread next, our work contributes to the epidemiological characterization of BLD, providing new lines of investigation to improve ecological or silvicultural management. Furthermore, this study shows strong potential for extension of environmental risk mapping over the full American beech distribution range so that proactive management measures can be put in place. Similar approaches can be designed for other significant or emerging forest pest problems, contributing to overall management efficiency and efficacy.}, }
@article {pmid37198315, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, A and Baskin, CC and Baskin, JM and Ding, J}, title = {Trade-offs between diaspore dispersal and dormancy within a spike of the invasive annual grass Aegilops tauschii.}, journal = {Planta}, volume = {257}, number = {6}, pages = {121}, pmid = {37198315}, issn = {1432-2048}, support = {201300311300//Major Public Welfare Projects in Henan Province/ ; }, mesh = {*Aegilops ; Poaceae ; *Seed Dispersal/physiology ; Germination/physiology ; Seedlings ; Seeds/physiology ; Plant Dormancy ; }, abstract = {Differences in dispersal and dormancy of heteromorphic diaspores of Aegilos tauschii may increase its flexibility to invade/occupy weedy unpredictable habitats by spreading risk in space and time. In plant species that produce dimorphic seeds, there often is a negative relationship between dispersal and dormancy, with high dispersal-low dormancy in one morph and low dispersal-high dormancy in the other, which may function as a bet-hedging strategy that spreads the risk of survival and ensures reproductive success. However, the relationship between dispersal and dormancy and its ecological consequences in invasive annual grasses that produce heteromorphic diaspores is not well studied. We compared dispersal and dormancy responses of diaspores from the basal (proximal) to the distal position on compound spikes of Aegilops tauschii, an invasive grass with heteromorphic diaspores. Dispersal ability increased and degree of dormancy decreased as diaspore position on a spike increased from basal to distal. There was a significant positive correlation between length of awns and dispersal ability, and awn removal significantly promoted seed germination. Germination was positively correlated with GA concentration and negatively correlated with ABA concentration, and the ABA: GA ratio was high in seeds with low germination/high dormancy. Thus, there was a continuous inverse-linear relationship between diaspore dispersal ability and degree of dormancy. This negative relationship between diaspore dispersal and degree of dormancy at different positions on a spike of Aegilops tauschii may facilitate seedling survival in space and time.}, }
@article {pmid37197712, year = {2023}, author = {Wingler, A and Sandel, B}, title = {Relationships of the competitor, stress tolerator, ruderal functional strategies of grass species with lifespan, photosynthetic type, naturalization and climate.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {plad021}, pmid = {37197712}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Grass species (family Poaceae) are globally distributed, adapted to a wide range of climates and express a diversity of functional strategies. We explored the functional strategies of grass species using the competitor, stress tolerator, ruderal (CSR) system and asked how a species' strategy relates to its functional traits, climatic distribution and propensity to become naturalized outside its native range. We used a global set of trait data for grass species to classify functional strategies according to the CSR system based on leaf traits. Differences in strategies in relation to lifespan (annual or perennial), photosynthetic type (C3 or C4), or naturalisation (native or introduced) were investigated. In addition, correlations with traits not included in the CSR classification were analyzed, and a model was fitted to predict a species' average mean annual temperature and annual precipitation across its range as a function of CSR scores. Values for competitiveness were higher in C4 species than in C3 species, values for stress tolerance were higher in perennials than in annuals, and introduced species had more pronounced competitive-ruderal strategies than native species. Relationships between the CSR classification, based on leaf traits, and other functional traits were analyzed. Competitiveness was positively correlated with height, while ruderality was correlated with specific root length, indicating that both above- and belowground traits underlying leaf and root economics contribute to realized CSR strategies. Further, relationships between climate and CSR classification showed that species with competitive strategies were more common in warm climates and at high precipitation, whereas species with stress tolerance strategies were more common in cold climates and at low precipitation. The findings presented here demonstrate that CSR classification of functional strategies based on leaf traits matches expectations for the adaptations of grass species that underlie lifespan, photosynthetic type, naturalization and climate.}, }
@article {pmid37194192, year = {2023}, author = {Yang, R and Yu, X and Nie, P and Cao, R and Feng, J and Hu, X}, title = {Climatic niche and range shifts of grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin) in Europe: An invasive pest displacing native squirrels.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {10}, pages = {3731-3739}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7554}, pmid = {37194192}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Sciuridae ; Europe ; Italy ; France ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: As an invasive pest from North America, grey squirrels (GSs; Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin) are displacing native squirrels in Europe. However, the climatic niche and range dynamics of GSs in Europe remain largely unknown. Through niche and range dynamic models, we investigated climatic niche and range shifts between introduced GSs in Europe and native GSs in North America.<br><br>RESULTS: GSs in North America can survive in more variable climatic conditions and have much wider climatic niche breadth than do GSs in Europe. Based on climate, the potential range of GSs in Europe included primarily Britain, Ireland, and Italy, whereas the potential range of GSs in North America included vast regions of western and southern Europe. If GSs in Europe could occupy the same climatic niche space and potential range as GSs in North America, they would occupy an area ca. 2.45 times the size of their current range. The unfilling ranges of GSs in Europe relative to those of GSs in North America were primarily in France, Italy, Spain, Croatia, and Portugal.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our observations implied that GSs in Europe have significant invasion potential, and that range projections based on their occurrence records in Europe may underestimate their invasion risk. Given that small niche shifts between GSs in Europe and in North America could lead to large range shifts, niche shifts could be a sensitive indicator in invasion risk assessment. The identified unfilling ranges of the GS in Europe should be prioritized in combating GS invasions in the future. &#xa9; 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid37193854, year = {2023}, author = {Atsawawaranunt, K and Ewart, KM and Major, RE and Johnson, RN and Santure, AW and Whibley, A}, title = {Tracing the introduction of the invasive common myna using population genomics.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {131}, number = {1}, pages = {56-67}, pmid = {37193854}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Metagenomics ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Starlings/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; }, abstract = {The common myna (Acridotheres tristis) is one of the most invasive bird species in the world, yet its colonisation history is only partly understood. We identified the introduction history and population structure, and quantified the genetic diversity of myna populations from the native range in India and introduced populations in New Zealand, Australia, Fiji, Hawaii, and South Africa, based on thousands of single nucleotide polymorphism markers in 814 individuals. We were able to identify the source population of mynas in several invasive locations: mynas from Fiji and Melbourne, Australia, were likely founded by individuals from a subpopulation in Maharashtra, India, while mynas in Hawaii and South Africa were likely independently founded by individuals from other localities in India. Our findings suggest that New Zealand mynas were founded by individuals from Melbourne, which, in turn, were founded by individuals from Maharashtra. We identified two genetic clusters among New Zealand mynas, divided by New Zealand's North Island's axial mountain ranges, confirming previous observations that mountains and thick forests may form barriers to myna dispersal. Our study provides a foundation for other population and invasion genomic studies and provides useful information for the management of this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid37193213, year = {2023}, author = {Roldão Almeida, M and Marchante, E and Marchante, H}, title = {Public perceptions about the invasive pampas grass, Cortaderia selloana: a case study of environmentally conscious citizens in Southern Europe.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, pages = {2043-2056}, pmid = {37193213}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Cortaderia selloana (pampas grass), native to South America, is a widespread invasive plant in several regions of the World, including the south of the Atlantic Arc (Europe), where it has been used as an ornamental species. Citizens may help to spread it, e.g., planting it in their gardens, but on the other hand, when they are aware of its invasiveness, can contribute to control it and prevent its spread. An online survey was performed to better understand the perception and knowledge of Portuguese and Spanish citizens, regarding pampas grass. The influence of education and occupation, along with age, gender and country of residence, on the knowledge and perceptions of respondents was analysed. The questionnaire was answered by 486 and 839 citizens in Portugal (PT) and Spain (ES), respectively. Most respondents were between 41 and 64 years old, mostly women in Portugal and equally women and men in Spain, with higher education and working mostly in the services sector. The majority of respondents in both countries recognized the plant, knew it is invasive and were able to name it, alerting to a possible bias of the target audience toward citizens already aware of the invasiveness of the pampas grass. Fewer respondents were aware of the legislation that limits its use, and most were unable to identify particular characteristics of the species. The results showed that respondents' occupation in PT and education in ES influenced their knowledge and perception about pampas grass. This study confirms that education and raising awareness regarding invasive species is of utmost importance, as respondents identified academic training and projects with a strong focus on public awareness as the main sources of knowledge regarding pampas grass. Better informed citizens can be part of the solution rather than part of the problem, especially regarding invasive species with such ornamental interest as pampas grass.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10530-023-03025-3.}, }
@article {pmid37193113, year = {2023}, author = {Minden, V and Verhoeven, K and Olde Venterink, H}, title = {Adaptive plasticity and fitness costs of endangered, nonendangered, and invasive plants in response to variation in nitrogen and phosphorus availabilities.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {e10075}, pmid = {37193113}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Global change drivers such as eutrophication and plant invasions will create novel environments for many plant species. Through adaptive trait plasticity plants may maintain their performance under these novel conditions and may outcompete those showing low-adaptive trait plasticity. In a greenhouse study, we determined if plasticity in traits is adaptive or maladaptive in endangered, nonendangered, and invasive plant species in response to variation of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability (N:P ratios 1.7, 15, and 135) and whether plastic trait responses are adaptive and/or costly for fitness (i.e., biomass). Species choice comprised 17 species from three functional groups (legumes, nonlegume forbs, and grasses), either classified as endangered, nonendangered, or invasive. After 2 months, plants were harvested and nine traits related to carbon assimilation and nutrient uptake were measured (leaf area, SLA, LDMC, SPAD, RMR, root length, SRL, root surface area, and PME activity). We found more traits responding plastically to variation in P than in N. Plasticity only created costs when P was varied. Plasticity in traits was mostly adaptively neutral toward fitness, with plasticity in three traits being similarly adaptive across all species groups: SPAD (as a measure of chlorophyll content, adaptive to N and P limitation), leaf area, and root surface area (adaptive to P limitation). We found little differences in trait plasticity between endangered, nonendangered, and invasive species. Synthesis. Along a gradient from N limitation, balanced N:P supply, and P limitation, we found that the type of fluctuating nutrient (i.e., if N or P is varied) is decisive for the adaptive value of a trait. Variation in P availability (from balanced supply to P limitation) created both a stronger reduction in fitness as well as created plasticity costs in more traits than variation in N availability (from balanced supply to N limitation). However, the patterns observed in our study may change if nutrient availability is altered, either by nutrient inputs or by a shift in nutrient availabilities, for example, by decreasing N input as foreseen by European Legislation, but without simultaneously decreasing P input.}, }
@article {pmid37191686, year = {2023}, author = {Klockiewicz, M and Jakubowski, T and Karabowicz, J and Bąska, P and Winiarska, J and Długosz, E}, title = {Identification of intestinal parasites in wild American mink (Neovison vison) from Biebrza and Narew national parks (Poland).}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {122}, number = {7}, pages = {1621-1629}, pmid = {37191686}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Mink/parasitology ; *Parasites/genetics ; Poland/epidemiology ; Parks, Recreational ; *Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Helminths ; }, abstract = {American mink (Neovison vison) is an invasive species in the sylvatic environment of Poland. Mink are exposed to different parasite infections as their preys serve as intermediate and/or paratenic hosts. The study aimed to discriminate the pattern of intestinal parasite infections in mink inhabiting Biebrza (BNP) and Narew (NNP) national parks. Gastrointestinal tract examinations revealed Coccidia, Echinostomatidae, Taenidae, and Capillariidae parasites. There was no significant difference in the parasite burden of mink, but patterns of infections varied between both localizations. Coccidia were found in 3.8% of BNP vs. 6.7% of NNP mink. Fluke prevalence was significantly higher in NNP 27.5% compared to 7.7% in BNP mink. Tapeworms were only found in 3.4% of NNP mink. Significantly more Aonchotheca eggs were found in BNP 34.6% vs. 11.4% in NNP mink. The intensity of coccidiosis and aonchothecosis was low in both parks. Fluke intensity varied between low to moderate (ranging from 1 to 16) in BNP and low to massive (ranging from 1 to 117) in NNP mink. Coinfections of various parasite species were noted in both areas. Morphological and DNA analysis revealed that flukes belonged to Isthiomorpha melis and tapeworms to Versteria mustelae. It was the first isolation of V. mustelae in mink of those localizations. In conclusion, our study showed that mink indwelling Biebrza and Narew national parks are moderately infested with parasites. Results suggest that mink play an important role as a reservoir for parasites endangering endemic mustelids, becoming also a potential risk factor in case of accidental transmissions to farm mink. That is why, more strict biosecurity measures are required to protect farm mink.}, }
@article {pmid37191358, year = {2023}, author = {Waller, D and Pucherelli, S and Barbour, M and Tank, S and Meulemans, M and Wise, J and Dahlberg, A and Aldridge, DC and Claudi, R and Cope, WG and Gillis, PL and Kashian, DR and Mayer, D and Stockton-Fiti, K and Wong, WH}, title = {Review and Development of Best Practices for Toxicity Tests with Dreissenid Mussels.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {42}, number = {8}, pages = {1649-1666}, doi = {10.1002/etc.5648}, pmid = {37191358}, issn = {1552-8618}, support = {/EPA/EPA/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Bivalvia ; *Dreissena/physiology ; North America ; Canada ; }, abstract = {Since their introduction to North America in the 1980s, research to develop effective control tools for invasive mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and D. rostriformis bugensis) has been ongoing across various research institutions using a range of testing methods. Inconsistencies in experimental methods and reporting present challenges for comparing data, repeating experiments, and applying results. The Invasive Mussel Collaborative established the Toxicity Testing Work Group (TTWG) in 2019 to identify "best practices" and guide development of a standard framework for dreissenid mussel toxicity testing protocols. We reviewed the literature related to laboratory-based dreissenid mussel toxicity tests and determined the degree to which standard guidelines have been used and their applicability to dreissenid mussel testing. We extracted detailed methodology from 99 studies from the peer-reviewed and gray literature and conducted a separate analysis for studies using presettlement and postsettlement mussels. We identified specific components of methods and approaches that could be refined or standardized for dreissenid mussels. These components included species identification, collection methods, size/age class distinction, maintenance practices, testing criteria, sample size, response measures, reporting parameters, exposure methods, and mortality criteria. We consulted experts in the field of aquatic toxicology and dreissenid mussel biology on our proposed. The final recommendations contained in the present review are based on published standard guidelines, methods reported in the published and gray literature, and the expertise of TTWG members and an external panel. In addition, our review identifies research needs for dreissenid mussel testing including improved methods for early-life stage testing, comparative data on life stages and between dreissenid mussel species, inclusion of a reference toxicant, and additional testing of nontarget species (i.e., other aquatic organisms). Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1649-1666. © 2023 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.}, }
@article {pmid37189403, year = {2023}, author = {Kendra, PE and Montgomery, WS and Tabanca, N and Schnell, EQ and Vázquez, A and Menocal, O and Carrillo, D and Cloonan, KR}, title = {Piperitone (p-Menth-1-En-3-One): A New Repellent for Tea Shot Hole Borer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Florida Avocado Groves.}, journal = {Biomolecules}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {37189403}, issn = {2218-273X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Weevils/physiology ; *Coleoptera/microbiology/physiology ; *Persea ; Florida ; *Insect Repellents/pharmacology ; Tea ; }, abstract = {The tea shot hole borer, Euwallacea perbrevis, has been recently established in Florida, USA, where it vectors fungal pathogens that cause Fusarium dieback in avocado. Pest monitoring uses a two-component lure containing quercivorol and α-copaene. Incorporation of a repellent into IPM programs may reduce the incidence of dieback in avocado groves, particularly if combined with lures in a push-pull system. This study evaluated piperitone and α-farnesene as potential repellents for E. perbrevis, comparing their efficacy to that of verbenone. Replicate 12-week field tests were conducted in commercial avocado groves. Each test compared beetle captures in traps baited with two-component lures versus captures in traps containing lures plus repellent. To complement field trials, Super-Q collections followed by GC analyses were performed to quantify emissions from repellent dispensers field-aged for 12 weeks. Electroantennography (EAG) was also used to measure beetle olfactory response to each repellent. Results indicated that α-farnesene was ineffective; however, piperitone and verbenone were comparable in repellency, achieving 50-70% reduction in captures, with longevity of 10-12 weeks. EAG responses to piperitone and verbenone were equivalent, and significantly greater than response to α-farnesene. Since piperitone is less expensive than verbenone, this study identifies a potential new E. perbrevis repellent.}, }
@article {pmid37188965, year = {2023}, author = {Whitmore, L and McCauley, M and Farrell, JA and Stammnitz, MR and Koda, SA and Mashkour, N and Summers, V and Osborne, T and Whilde, J and Duffy, DJ}, title = {Inadvertent human genomic bycatch and intentional capture raise beneficial applications and ethical concerns with environmental DNA.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, pages = {873-888}, pmid = {37188965}, issn = {2397-334X}, support = {see paper for full list, not all funders saving correctly here//EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020)/ ; IRC Government of Ireland Postgraduate Scholarship, GOIPG/2020/1056//Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology (IRCSET)/ ; EMBO long-term fellowship ALTF 544-2021//European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO)/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *DNA, Environmental/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; Biodiversity ; DNA ; Genomics ; }, abstract = {The field of environmental DNA (eDNA) is advancing rapidly, yet human eDNA applications remain underutilized and underconsidered. Broader adoption of eDNA analysis will produce many well-recognized benefits for pathogen surveillance, biodiversity monitoring, endangered and invasive species detection, and population genetics. Here we show that deep-sequencing-based eDNA approaches capture genomic information from humans (Homo sapiens) just as readily as that from the intended target species. We term this phenomenon human genetic bycatch (HGB). Additionally, high-quality human eDNA could be intentionally recovered from environmental substrates (water, sand and air), holding promise for beneficial medical, forensic and environmental applications. However, this also raises ethical dilemmas, from consent, privacy and surveillance to data ownership, requiring further consideration and potentially novel regulation. We present evidence that human eDNA is readily detectable from 'wildlife' environmental samples as human genetic bycatch, demonstrate that identifiable human DNA can be intentionally recovered from human-focused environmental sampling and discuss the translational and ethical implications of such findings.}, }
@article {pmid37187519, year = {2023}, author = {Vasconcelos, DS and Harris, DJ and Damas-Moreira, I and Pereira, A and Xavier, R}, title = {Factors shaping the gut microbiome of five species of lizards from different habitats.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e15146}, pmid = {37187519}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics ; *Lizards/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Microbiota ; Social Behavior ; Bacteria ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Host-gut microbiota interactions are complex and can have a profound impact on the ecology and evolution of both counterparts. Several host traits such as systematics, diet and social behavior, and external factors such as prey availability and local environment are known to influence the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, we investigate the influence of systematics, sex, host size, and locality/habitat on gut microbiota diversity in five lizard species from two different sites in Portugal: Podarcis bocagei and Podarcis lusitanicus, living in syntopy in a rural area in northern Portugal (Moledo); the invasive Podarcis siculus and the native Podarcis virescens, living in sympatry in an urbanized environment (Lisbon); and the invasive Teira dugesii also living in an urban area (Lisbon). We also infer the potential microbial transmission occurring between species living in sympatry and syntopy. To achieve these goals, we use a metabarcoding approach to characterize the bacterial communities from the cloaca of lizards, sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA.<br><br>RESULTS: Habitat/locality was an important factor explaining differences in gut bacterial composition and structure, with species from urbanized environments having higher bacterial diversity. Host systematics (i.e., species) influenced gut bacterial community structure only in lizards from the urbanized environment. We also detected a significant positive correlation between lizard size and gut bacterial alpha-diversity in the invasive species P. siculus, which could be due to its higher exploratory behavior. Moreover, estimates of bacterial transmission indicate that P. siculus may have acquired a high proportion of local microbiota after its introduction. These findings confirm that a diverse array of host and environmental factors can influence lizards' gut microbiota.}, }
@article {pmid37187377, year = {2023}, author = {Li, H and Zeng, Y and Wang, C and Chen, W and Zou, M}, title = {Variation in the burden and chemical forms of thallium in non-detoxified tissues of tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) from waterborne exposure.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {333}, number = {}, pages = {138884}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138884}, pmid = {37187377}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Animals ; *Tilapia ; *Cichlids ; Thallium ; Ecosystem ; Muscles/chemistry ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Gills ; }, abstract = {Thallium (Tl) is highly toxic to aquatic ecosystems, but information about its concentration and distribution characteristics in different fish tissues is limited. In this study, juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were exposed to Tl solutions with different sub-lethal concentrations for 28 days, and the Tl concentrations and distribution patterns in the fish non-detoxified tissues (gills, muscle, and bone) were analyzed. The Tl chemical form fractions, Tl-ethanol, Tl-HCl, and Tl-residual, corresponding to easy, moderate, and difficult migration fraction, respectively, in the fish tissues were obtained by sequential extractant approach. The Tl concentrations of different fractions and total burden were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Exposure-concentration effect determined the Tl burden in the fish tissues. The average Tl-total concentration factors were 360, 447, and 593 in the bone, gills, and muscle, respectively, and the limited variation during the exposure period indicates that tilapia have a strong ability to self-regulate and achieve Tl homeostasis. However, Tl fractions varied in tissues, and the Tl-HCl fraction dominated in the gills (60.1%) and bone (59.0%), switchover Tl-ethanol fraction dominated in the muscle (68.3%). This study has shown that Tl can be easily taken up by fish during 28-days-period and largely distributed in non-detoxified tissues especially muscle, in which concurrent risks of high Tl-total burden and high levels of Tl in the form of easy migration fraction, posing possible risks to public health.}, }
@article {pmid37186093, year = {2023}, author = {Fernandes, K and Bateman, PW and Saunders, BJ and Bunce, M and Bohmann, K and Nevill, P}, title = {Use of carrion fly iDNA metabarcoding to monitor invasive and native mammals.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {37}, number = {5}, pages = {e14098}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.14098}, pmid = {37186093}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Cats ; Animals ; *Diptera ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Mammals ; Foxes ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Animals, Wild ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Severely fragmented habitats increase the risk of extirpation of native mammal populations through isolation, increased edge effects, and predation. Therefore, monitoring the movement of mammal populations through anthropogenically altered landscapes can inform conservation. We used metabarcoding of invertebrate-derived DNA (iDNA) from carrion flies (Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae) to track mammal populations in the wheat belt of southwestern Australia, where widespread clearing for agriculture has removed most of the native perennial vegetation and replaced it with an agricultural system. We investigated whether the localization of the iDNA signal reflected the predicted distribution of 4 native species-echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus), woylie (Bettongia penicillata), and chuditch (Dasyurus geoffroii)-and 2 non-native, invasive mammal species-fox (Vulpes vulpes) and feral cat (Felis catus). We collected bulk iDNA samples (n = 150 samples from 3428 carrion flies) at 3 time points from 3 conservation reserves and 35 road edges between them. We detected 14 of the 40 mammal species known from the region, including our target species. Most detections of target taxa were in conservation reserves. There were a few detections from road edges. We detected foxes and feral cats throughout the study area, including all conservation reserves. There was a significant difference between the diversity (F3, 98 = 5.91, p < 0.001) and composition (F3, 43 = 1.72, p < 0.01) of taxa detections on road edges and conservation reserves. Conservation reserves hosted more native biodiversity than road edges. Our results suggest that the signals from iDNA reflect the known distribution of target mammals in this region. The development of iDNA methods shows promise for future noninvasive monitoring of mammals. With further development, iDNA metabarcoding could inform decision-making related to conservation of endangered taxa, invasive species management, and impacts of habitat fragmentation.}, }
@article {pmid37183666, year = {2023}, author = {Gutiérrez-López, R and Egeter, B and Paupy, C and Rahola, N and Makanga, B and Jiolle, D and Bourret, V and Melo, M and Loiseau, C}, title = {Monitoring mosquito richness in an understudied area: can environmental DNA metabarcoding be a complementary approach to adult trapping?.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {113}, number = {4}, pages = {456-468}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485323000147}, pmid = {37183666}, issn = {1475-2670}, support = {FJC2019-041291-I//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Culicidae/genetics ; *DNA, Environmental ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; Mosquito Vectors ; Larva/genetics ; Biodiversity ; }, abstract = {Mosquito surveillance programmes are essential to assess the risks of local vector-borne disease outbreaks as well as for early detection of mosquito invasion events. Surveys are usually performed with traditional sampling tools (i.e., ovitraps and dipping method for immature stages or light or decoy traps for adults). Over the past decade, numerous studies have highlighted that environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling can enhance invertebrate species detection and provide community composition metrics. However, the usefulness of eDNA for detection of mosquito species has, to date, been largely neglected. Here, we sampled water from potential larval breeding sites along a gradient of anthropogenic perturbations, from the core of an oil palm plantation to the rainforest on São Tomé Island (Gulf of Guinea, Africa). We showed that (i) species of mosquitoes could be detected via metabarcoding mostly when larvae were visible, (ii) larvae species richness was greater using eDNA than visual identification and (iii) new mosquito species were also detected by the eDNA approach. We provide a critical discussion of the pros and cons of eDNA metabarcoding for monitoring mosquito species diversity and recommendations for future research directions that could facilitate the adoption of eDNA as a tool for assessing insect vector communities.}, }
@article {pmid37183578, year = {2023}, author = {Di Sora, N and Rossini, L and Contarini, M and Mastrandrea, G and Speranza, S}, title = {Toumeyella parvicornis versus endotherapic abamectin: three techniques, 1 year after.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {10}, pages = {3676-3680}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7547}, pmid = {37183578}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Ministero dell'Universit&#xe0; e della Ricerca/ ; //Regione Lazio/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ivermectin ; *Insecticides ; Pest Control ; *Hemiptera ; *Pinus/chemistry ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Toumeyella parvicornis is an invasive soft scale insect native to North America that is rapidly spreading in Italy and France, provoking severe infestations on Pinus pinea L. To date, the control of this pest is entrusted to three endotherapic techniques whose short-term efficacy is partially known. No information on long-term efficacy is currently available, although fundamental. This work aims to report on the long-term effect that abamectin-based insecticides, injected with the three different techniques, have on adult female populations.<br><br>RESULTS: The study was carried out in an infested P. pinea forest in the area of Rome, Italy. Results showed that the tested methods had a similar long-term effect, and only in one case there were differences with the untreated control. Multiresidue analysis reported a zero level of abamectin in plant tissues 14&#x2009;months apart from injection, except for one treatment where pesticide concentration was just above the limit of quantification.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the first long-term evaluation about endotherapic control strategy against T. parvicornis. In fact, the pest may quickly bring the death and fall of the stone pines, representing a concerning risk for citizens, however, control actions to manage it are still partially known and deserve more in-depth investigations. &#xa9; 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid37182835, year = {2023}, author = {Herskowitz, Y and Bunimovich-Mendrazitsky, S and Lazebnik, T}, title = {Mathematical model of coffee tree's rust control using snails as biological agents.}, journal = {Bio Systems}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {104916}, doi = {10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.104916}, pmid = {37182835}, issn = {1872-8324}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Coffea ; Biological Factors ; Models, Theoretical ; *Basidiomycota ; }, abstract = {Coffee rust is one of the main diseases that affect coffee plantations worldwide, causing large-scale ecological and economic damage. While multiple methods have been proposed to tackle this challenge, using snails as biological agents have shown to be the most consistent and promising approach. However, snails are an invasive species, and overusing them can cause devastating outcomes. In this paper, we develop and explore an ecological-epidemiological mathematical model for the coffee tree rust pandemic control using snails as biological agents. We analyze the equilibria of the proposed system with their stability properties. In addition, we perform numerical analysis to obtain the sensitivity of the system to different changes and manipulation of the snails pandemic control, under specific conditions. Finally, we propose an in silico mechanism to obtain an analytical connection between the system's initial condition and the number of snails needed to optimally control the rust pandemic spread while preventing the snail population to grow unmanageably. Our model can be used to optimize the usage of snails as biological agents to control the rust pandemic in spatially-small areas, by predicting the number of snails one needs to introduce to the ecosystem in order to obtain a desired outcome.}, }
@article {pmid37182276, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, S and Liu, Y and Wang, B and Zhou, J and Yang, Y and Zhang, Y and Liu, Q}, title = {Unraveling molecular mechanisms underlying low-temperature adaptation in Laguncularia racemosa.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {199}, number = {}, pages = {107747}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107747}, pmid = {37182276}, issn = {1873-2690}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Temperature ; *Photosynthesis ; Cold Temperature ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Seedlings/physiology ; }, abstract = {Laguncularia racemosa (L.) C.F. Gaertn is a controversial species in China, in terms of being a pioneer species for mangrove restoration and a putative invasive species occupying natural habitats. The tolerance to chilling stress allows L. racemosa to adapt to extreme climate change. However, little is known about the molecular-level chilling resistance mechanisms in L. racemosa, which restricts our understanding of its biological features and invasion potential. In this study, L. racemosa seedlings were treated with freezing temperature (0 °C) at four durations (0 h, 3 h, 12 h and 24 h of recovery after treatment), and both physiological and transcriptional regulations underlying chilling stress resistance were investigated. Chilling stress caused damage to the cell membrane system and reduced photosynthesis efficiency of L. racemosa seedlings. To combat the adverse impacts, plasma membrane biosynthesis and antioxidant processes were substantially enhanced. After 24 h of recovery, the seedlings nearly recovered to normal growth condition, except for the processes related to photosynthesis, indicating their vigorous adaptation to short-term chilling stress. Importantly, the individuals from higher latitude displayed better adaptation to chilling injury than those from lower latitude, highlighting the role of long-term heredity × environment interactions in promoting the chilling resistance capacity of L. racemosa. These features allow L. racemosa to survive in extremely cold weather, but may also increase its risk of invasion into intertidal ecosystems. Together, our findings present a comprehensive view of the chilling-adaptative mechanisms of L. racemosa, which provide clues for better evaluating the invasive potential of L. racemosa.}, }
@article {pmid37178663, year = {2023}, author = {Amorim, MCP and Wanjala, JA and Vieira, M and Bolgan, M and Connaughton, MA and Pereira, BP and Fonseca, PJ and Ribeiro, F}, title = {Detection of invasive fish species with passive acoustics: Discriminating between native and non-indigenous sciaenids.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {188}, number = {}, pages = {106017}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106017}, pmid = {37178663}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Acoustics ; *Perciformes ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species have been rising exponentially in the last decades impacting biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The soniferous weakfish, Cynoscion regalis, is a recent invasive sciaenid species in the Iberian Peninsula and was first reported in the Tagus estuary in 2015. There is concern about its possible impacts on native species, namely the confamiliar meagre, Argyrosomus regius, as there is overlap in their feeding regime, habitat use, and breeding behaviour. Here, we characterised the sciaenid-like sounds recently recorded in the Tagus estuary and showed that they are made by weakfish as they have similar numbers of pulses and pulse periods to the sounds made by captive breeding weakfish. We further demonstrate that breeding grunts from weakfish and the native sciaenid, recorded either in captivity or Tagus estuary, differ markedly in sound duration, number of pulses and pulse period in the two species, but overlap in their spectral features. Importantly, these differences are easily detected through visual and aural inspections of the recordings, making acoustic recognition easy even for the non-trained person. We propose that passive acoustic monitoring can be a cost-effective tool for in situ mapping of weakfish outside its natural distribution and an invaluable tool for early detection and to monitor its expansion.}, }
@article {pmid37177946, year = {2023}, author = {Li, WQ and Xiang, Q and Xie, XF and Wu, T and Jiang, GJ and Zhang, JZ and Pu, LJ and Xu, F}, title = {[Effect of Spartina alterniflora Invasion on Soil C:N:P Stoichiometry in Coastal Wetland of Hangzhou Bay].}, journal = {Huan jing ke xue= Huanjing kexue}, volume = {44}, number = {5}, pages = {2735-2745}, doi = {10.13227/j.hjkx.202206204}, pmid = {37177946}, issn = {0250-3301}, mesh = {*Wetlands ; *Ecosystem ; Soil/chemistry ; Bays ; Clay ; Carbon/analysis ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; China ; }, abstract = {The invasion of Spartina alterniflora poses a great threat to coastal wetland ecosystems. In this study, the stoichiometric characteristics of soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus under a Spartina alterniflora invasion were explored using ANOVA in a coastal wetland in Hangzhou Bay, and the driving coupling relationship between soil environmental factors and soil C:N:P stoichiometric characteristics of the coastal wetland were further explored based on the redundancy analysis (RDA), boosted regression tree (BRT), and partial least squares-structural equation (PLS-SEM) model. The results showed that:① after the invasion of Spartina alterniflora, soil N:P and total nitrogen (TN) in the wetland increased significantly, and with the increase in invasion time, TN and N:P decreased significantly, whereas soil organic carbon (SOC), C:N, and C:P increased significantly. ② The RDA model revealed that the main factors affecting the stoichiometric characteristics of topsoil C:N:P were SOC>electrical conductivity (EC)>TN in winter and SOC>bulk density (BD)>TN in summer. ③ The BRT model showed that under the invasion of Spartina alterniflora, TN was the key factor affecting soil C:N and N:P, and SOC was the key factor affecting C:P. ④ The PLS-SEM model showed that clay and water content directly affected SOC, thus affecting C:N and C:P; the clay and EC directly affected total phosphorus (TP), thus affecting N:P and C:P; and the EC directly affected TN, thus affecting C:N and N:P. In conclusion, the invasion of Spartina alterniflora had a significant impact on soil C:N:P stoichiometric characteristics in the study area. Soil physical properties and nutrient content directly or indirectly affected soil C:N:P stoichiometric characteristics to varying degrees.}, }
@article {pmid37177893, year = {2023}, author = {Lewald, KM and Song, W and Eweis-LaBolle, D and Truong, C and Godfrey, KE and Chiu, JC}, title = {Probe-based quantitative PCR and RPA-Cas12a molecular diagnostics for detection of the tomato pest Phthorimaea absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {3}, pages = {993-1001}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad079}, pmid = {37177893}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Lepidoptera ; *Moths/genetics ; *Solanum lycopersicum/genetics ; CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Pathology, Molecular ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; }, abstract = {The tomato pest Phthorimaea absoluta Meyrick is highly invasive but has not yet invaded North America. However, several morphologically similar species are already present, making detection of P. absoluta presence and invasion challenging. We designed a quantitative PCR molecular diagnostic to differentiate P. absoluta, P. operculella (Zeller), or Keiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) DNA. Additionally, we developed an RPA-Cas12a molecular diagnostic that allows for the isothermal detection of P. absoluta DNA, eliminating the need for a thermocycler. The results of the RPA-Cas12a diagnostic can be visualized simply using a UV light source and cell phone camera. We expect these diagnostics to improve quarantine and prevention measures against this serious agricultural threat.}, }
@article {pmid37177875, year = {2023}, author = {Lin, T and Tang, J and Li, S and Li, S and Han, S and Liu, Y and Yang, C and Chen, G and Chen, L and Zhu, T}, title = {Drought stress-mediated differences in phyllosphere microbiome and associated pathogen resistance between male and female poplars.}, journal = {The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology}, volume = {115}, number = {4}, pages = {1100-1113}, doi = {10.1111/tpj.16283}, pmid = {37177875}, issn = {1365-313X}, mesh = {Droughts ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Fungi ; *Populus/genetics ; *Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Phyllosphere-associated microbes play a crucial role in plant-pathogen interactions while their composition and diversity are strongly influenced by drought stress. As dioecious plant species exhibited secondary dimorphism between the two sexes in response to drought stress, whether such difference will lead to sex-specific differences in phyllosphere microbiome and associated pathogen resistance between male and female conspecifics is still unknown. In this study, we subjected female and male full siblings of a dioecious poplar species to a short period of drought treatment followed by artificial infection of a leaf pathogenic fungus. Our results showed that male plants grew better than females with or without drought stress. Female control plants had more leaf lesion area than males after pathogen infection, whereas drought stress reversed such a difference. Further correlation and in vitro toxicity tests suggested that drought-mediated sexual differences in pathogen resistance between the two plant sexes could be attributed to the shifts in structure and function of phyllosphere-associated microbiome rather than the amount of leaf main defensive chemicals contained in plant leaves. Supportively, the microbiome analysis through high-throughput sequencing indicated that female phyllosphere enriched a higher abundance of ecologically beneficial microbes that serve as biological plant protectants, while males harbored abundant phytopathogens under drought-stressed conditions. The results could provide potential implications for the selection of suitable poplar sex to plants in drought or semi-drought habitats.}, }
@article {pmid37176976, year = {2023}, author = {Castillo-Campos, G and García-Franco, JG and Martínez, ML and Pale-Pale, JJ}, title = {Alien and Potentially Invasive Plants in Four Lagoons on the Island of Cozumel, Mexico.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {37176976}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {FSE-2014-06-249.795//Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog&#xed;a/ ; }, abstract = {The expansion of alien invasive species is a worldwide threat that affects most ecosystems. Islands and freshwater ecosystems are among the most vulnerable to species invasion, resulting in reduced biodiversity. In this study, we aimed to explore the floristic composition of the aquatic vegetation in four lagoons in southeastern Cozumel and assess the occurrence and abundance of alien and potentially invasive plants. We found a total of 43 aquatic or underwater herbaceous species that are subject to periodic flooding. Cluster analyses grouped the lagoons into two groups according to their floristic composition. The results demonstrate that alien and potentially invasive plants were dominant in 3 of the 4 lagoons, representing from 7 to 43% of the species. Six of these species were notably abundant, especially in three lagoons. Further, 2 species are considered among the 100 worst invasive species worldwide, although their abundance in Mexico remains relatively reduced. Five alien and potentially invasive species are terrestrial and grow on the shore of the lagoons, while one is aquatic. Urgent control and management actions are necessary. These should include (a) early detection and surveillance to determine if the alien species found behave as invasives; (b) understanding the relevance of invasive species; (c) preventing and intercepting; and (d) control and management. Habitat restoration, adequate legislation, collaboration between stakeholders, and raising awareness of the dangers of releasing or cultivating invasive species in the wild are also necessary.}, }
@article {pmid37176919, year = {2023}, author = {Qi, S and Wang, J and Zhang, Y and Naz, M and Afzal, MR and Du, D and Dai, Z}, title = {Omics Approaches in Invasion Biology: Understanding Mechanisms and Impacts on Ecological Health.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {37176919}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {BK20211321//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu/ ; 32271587, 32071521, 32171509//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; BK20220030//Carbon peak and carbon neutrality technology innovation foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; 2022ZB658//Jiangsu Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive species and rapid climate change are affecting the control of new plant diseases and epidemics. To effectively manage these diseases under changing environmental conditions, a better understanding of pathophysiology with holistic approach is needed. Multiomics approaches can help us to understand the relationship between plants and microbes and construct predictive models for how they respond to environmental stresses. The application of omics methods enables the simultaneous analysis of plant hosts, soil, and microbiota, providing insights into their intricate relationships and the mechanisms underlying plant-microbe interactions. This can help in the development of novel strategies for enhancing plant health and improving soil ecosystem functions. The review proposes the use of omics methods to study the relationship between plant hosts, soil, and microbiota, with the aim of developing a new technique to regulate soil health. This approach can provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying plant-microbe interactions and contribute to the development of effective strategies for managing plant diseases and improving soil ecosystem functions. In conclusion, omics technologies offer an innovative and holistic approach to understanding plant-microbe interactions and their response to changing environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid37176902, year = {2023}, author = {Dáttilo, W and Luna, P and Villegas-Patraca, R}, title = {Invasive Plant Species Driving the Biotic Homogenization of Plant-Frugivore Interactions in the Atlantic Forest Biodiversity Hotspot.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {37176902}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Although biological invasions are a common and intensively studied phenomenon, most studies often ignore the biotic interactions that invasive species play in the environment. Here, we evaluated how and why invasive plant species are interconnected within the overall frugivory network of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, an important global biodiversity hotspot. To do this, we used the recently published Atlantic Frugivory Dataset to build a meta-network (i.e., a general network made of several local networks) that included interactions between 703 native and invasive plant species and 331 frugivore species. Using tools derived from complex network theory and a bootstrap simulation approach, we found that the general structure of the Atlantic Forest frugivory network (i.e., nestedness and modularity) is robust against the entry of invasive plant species. However, we observed that invasive plant species are highly integrated within the frugivory networks, since both native and invasive plant species play similar structural roles (i.e., plant status is not strong enough to explain the interactive roles of plant species). Moreover, we found that plants with smaller fruits and with greater lipid content play a greater interactive role, regardless of their native or invasive status. Our findings highlight the biotic homogenization involving plant-frugivore interactions in the Atlantic Forest and that the impacts and consequences of invasive plant species on native fauna can be anticipated based on the characteristics of their fruits.}, }
@article {pmid37176835, year = {2023}, author = {Cabrera-García, P and Marrero, MD and Benítez, AN and Paz, R}, title = {Valorization of Pennisetum setaceum: From Invasive Plant to Fiber Reinforcement of Injected Composites.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {37176835}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {MAC2/4.6d/229//European Funding for Regional Development (FEDER), INTERREG MAC 2014-2020 program/ ; TESIS2020010009//Agencia Canaria de Investigaci&#xf3;n, Innovaci&#xf3;n y Sociedad de la Informaci&#xf3;n de la Consejer&#xed;a de Econom&#xed;a, Industria, Comercio y Conocimiento and by the European Social Fund (ESF) Integrated Operational Program of Canary Islands 2014- 2020/ ; }, abstract = {During the control campaigns of Pennisetum setaceum (invasive species widespread worldwide), the generated waste has accumulated in landfills. This study investigates its use to obtain P. setaceum fibers for their application as reinforcement of polymeric materials for injection molding, thus facilitating and promoting alternatives for the long-term sustainable management of P. setaceum. The extracted fibers were treated with alkaline, silane, acetic acid, and combined alkaline and silane treatments. Different composites with 20 and 40 wt% of fiber were extruded, and test samples were obtained by injection molding using recycled polyethylene as matrix. The composition of the fibers was determined by gravimetric methods, and contrasted with the analysis of the functional chemical groups using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Increases of up to 47% in the cellulose content of the treated fiber were observed. The thermal degradation was also evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis, which determined an increase in the degradation temperature, from 194 to 230 °C, after the combined alkaline-silane treatment. In order to analyze the differences in the composites, tensile, flexural, and impact properties were evaluated; in addition, differential scanning calorimetry was performed. Regarding the flexural behavior, it was possible to improve the flexural modulus up to 276% compared with that of the unreinforced polymer.}, }
@article {pmid37176804, year = {2023}, author = {Vergne, DC and Rosalem, LMP and Wendland, EC and Anache, JAA and Martins da Silva, MC and Boschi, RS and Silva Matos, DMD}, title = {Experimental Study on Potential Influence of the Invasive Hedychium coronarium J. König on the Evapotranspiration of Riparian Plant Community.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {37176804}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {2016-19522-5//S&#xe3;o Paulo Research Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {The balance between precipitation and evapotranspiration (ET) has direct effect on vegetation, and any change in its structure and composition can influence it. The aim of this study is to determine experimentally the daily evapotranspiration (ET) of the invasive species, Hedychium coronarium, and to compare with a group of four native species of the riparian forest. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with three different treatments: (1) only the invasive species; (2) only native species; and (3) a mixture of invasive and native species. In each lysimeter, pressure transducers recorded the water level at every 15 min along 14 months. Daily ET was calculated by the method of Gribovszki et al. (2008) and varied according to the treatment, indicating that different species (invasive or native) use the water differently. The maximum accumulated daily ET occurred for mixture treatment (2540.16 mm), while the treatment with the invasive plant presented the lowest value (2172.53 mm). H. coronarium, in monodominant stands, can reduce evapotranspiration on invaded areas and increase it when immersed in the riparian forest.}, }
@article {pmid37176800, year = {2023}, author = {Cambria, S and Azzaro, D and Caldarella, O and Aleo, M and Bazan, G and Guarino, R and Torre, G and Cristaudo, AE and Ilardi, V and La Rosa, A and Laface, VLA and Luchino, F and Mascia, F and Minissale, P and Sciandrello, S and Tosetto, L and Tavilla, G}, title = {New Data on Native and Alien Vascular Flora of Sicily (Italy): New Findings and Updates.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {37176800}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {CUP: E99C20000160005//INTERREG V-A ITALIA-MALTA 2014-2020 Axis III - Objective 3.1 FAST - Fight Alien Species Transborder/ ; }, abstract = {In this paper, based on fieldwork and herbaria surveys, new data concerning the presence of 32 native and alien vascular species for Sicily (Italy) are provided. Among the native species, the occurrence of the following taxa is reported for the first time or confirmed after many decades of non-observation: Aira multiculmis, Arum maculatum, Carex flacca subsp. flacca, Mentha longifolia, Oxybasis chenopodioides, Najas minor and Xiphion junceum. Furthermore, we document the presence of three native species (Cornus mas, Juncus foliosus and Limonium avei) that, despite being repeatedly observed in Sicily and reported in the literature, are inexplicably omitted by the most recent authoritative checklists regarding the flora of Italy. Finally, fifteen alien species new to Sicily (including one new to Europe, i.e., Pyrus betulifolia) are reported and seven poorly documented allochthonous taxa are confirmed for the island, and for two of them, a status change is proposed. These new or confirmed records allow us to better define the European and national distribution of the targeted taxa and offer new insights on the native and alien flora of Sicily.}, }
@article {pmid37175710, year = {2023}, author = {Sun, Z and Chen, Y and Chen, Y and Lu, Z and Gui, F}, title = {Tracking Adaptive Pathways of Invasive Insects: Novel Insight from Genomics.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {37175710}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {2021YFD1400200//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 32260668//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Insecta/genetics ; *Genomics ; Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Acclimatization ; Environment ; }, abstract = {Despite the huge human and economic costs of invasive insects, which are the main group of invasive species, their environmental impacts through various mechanisms remain inadequately explained in databases and much of the invasion biology literature. High-throughput sequencing technology, especially whole-genome sequencing, has been used as a powerful method to study the mechanisms through which insects achieve invasion. In this study, we reviewed whole-genome sequencing-based advances in revealing several important invasion mechanisms of invasive insects, including (1) the rapid genetic variation and evolution of invasive populations, (2) invasion history and dispersal paths, (3) rapid adaptation to different host plant ranges, (4) strong environmental adaptation, (5) the development of insecticide resistance, and (6) the synergistic damage caused by invasive insects and endosymbiotic bacteria. We also discussed prevention and control technologies based on whole-genome sequencing and their prospects.}, }
@article {pmid37174578, year = {2023}, author = {Santos, PM and Venâncio, E and Dionísio, MA and Heumüller, J and Chainho, P and Pombo, A}, title = {Comparison of the Efficiency of Different Eradication Treatments to Minimize the Impacts Caused by the Invasive Tunicate Styela plicata in Mussel Aquaculture.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {37174578}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {LA/P/0069/2020//Associate Laboratory ARNET/ ; UIDB/04292/2020 and UIDP/04292/2020//FCT - Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; CEECINST/00051/2018//Scientific Employment Stimulus Programmes (FCT)/ ; 2020.01797.CEECIND//Scientific Employment Stimulus - Individual 488 Call (FCT)/ ; MAR-02.02.01-FEAMP-0004//ProtectInvad - Protection against Invasions in Coastal Aquaculture Systems/ ; }, abstract = {In 2017, aquaculture producers of the Albufeira lagoon, Portugal, reported an invasion of tunicates that was disrupting mussel production, particularly the tunicate Styela plicata (Lesueur, 1823). A totally effective eradication method still does not exist, particularly for S. plicata, and the effects of the eradication treatments on bivalves' performance are also poorly understood. Our study examined the effectiveness of eradication treatments using three laboratory trials and five treatments (air exposure, freshwater immersion, sodium hypochlorite, hypersaline solution and acetic acid) for S. plicata, as well as their effects on survival and growth of blue mussel Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758. While air exposure and freshwater immersion caused a 27% mortality rate in S. plicata, the acetic acid treatment was the most effective in eliminating this species (>90% mortality). However, a 33-40% mortality rate was registered in mussels. Both species were not affected by the hypersaline treatment in the last trial, but the sodium hypochlorite treatment led to a 57% mortality rate in mussels. Differences in mussels' growth rates were not detected. These trials represent a step forward in responding to the needs of aquaculture producers. However, further studies are needed to investigate the susceptibility of tunicates to treatments according to sexual maturation, as well as to ensure minimum mussel mortality in the most effective treatments, and to better understand the effects on mussel physiological performance in the long-term.}, }
@article {pmid37173307, year = {2023}, author = {Yoneya, K and Ushio, M and Miki, T}, title = {Non-destructive collection and metabarcoding of arthropod environmental DNA remained on a terrestrial plant.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {7125}, pmid = {37173307}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *DNA, Environmental/genetics ; *Arthropods/genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; DNA/genetics ; Plants/genetics ; Water ; Biodiversity ; }, abstract = {Reliable survey of arthropods is a crucial for their conservation, community ecology, and pest control on terrestrial plants. However, efficient and comprehensive surveys are hindered by challenges in collecting arthropods and identifying especially small species. To address this issue, we developed a non-destructive environmental DNA (eDNA) collection method termed "plant flow collection" to apply eDNA metabarcoding to terrestrial arthropods. This involves spraying distilled or tap water, or using rainfall, which eventually flows over the surface of the plant, and is collected in a container that is set at the plant base. DNA is extracted from collected water and a DNA barcode region of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene is amplified and sequenced using a high-throughput Illumina Miseq platform. We identified more than 64 taxonomic groups of arthropods at the family level, of which 7 were visually observed or artificially introduced species, whereas the other 57 groups of arthropods, including 22 species, were not observed in the visual survey. These results show that the developed method is possible to detect the arthropod eDNA remained on plants although our sample size was small and the sequence size was unevenly distributed among the three water types tested.}, }
@article {pmid37171233, year = {2023}, author = {Surmacz, B}, title = {Spatial patterns of flower colour variation in native and introduced ranges of Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae) revealed by citizen-science data and machine learning.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, pages = {681-686}, doi = {10.1111/plb.13537}, pmid = {37171233}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {*Convolvulus ; *Convolvulaceae ; Color ; Plants ; Flowers/genetics ; Machine Learning ; }, abstract = {Flower colour polymorphism refers to the presence of multiple colour variants in plant populations. Investigation of this phenomenon led to multiple discoveries, including the principles of heredity and the foundations of population genetics. I examined flower colour variation across native and introduced ranges of Convolvulus arvensis, which exhibits flower colour polymorphism (individuals have white or pink petals). To study flower colour variation of this species throughout large geographic scale, I used observations gathered from the iNaturalist platform. To handle a large amount of data, I trained a neural network to classify the plants' morphs based on photographs. After which I performed spatial analyses to examine the patterns of the colour frequency, also in relation to environmental factors. The results show that flower colours are polymorphic across the whole species range, but the frequency of pink versus white flowers varies. In the Palearctic, I observed geographic clines of colour morph frequencies: a higher frequency of the pink morph in populations from Northwest Europe, whereas in South and East Europe, towards the eastern edge of the range, the white morph was dominant. In contrast, pattern of colour distribution in North America (where the species is invasive) seems random, but the model indicates a link between higher proportions of pink morphs in mild and humid climates. The mechanisms behind the observed patterns remain largely unknown, as changes in a morphs' frequency are not strongly linked to abiotic factors. To understand the spatial pattern, a detailed investigation, accounting for the species' phylogeography is needed. This study provides another example of how the general public may collect data relevant to ecological studies, even when the data are not collected for a specific project.}, }
@article {pmid37170424, year = {2023}, author = {MacDonald, AM and Brook, RK}, title = {Unregulated Online Sales are High-Risk Sources of Domestic Swine (Sus scrofa) in Canada: Implications for Invasive Wild Pig and AfricanSwine Fever Risk Preparedness.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, pages = {509-514}, doi = {10.7589/JWD-D-22-00151}, pmid = {37170424}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Swine ; Animals ; *African Swine Fever/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control ; *African Swine Fever Virus ; Animals, Wild ; Sus scrofa ; Alberta ; *Swine Diseases/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {Free-ranging wild pig (Sus scrofa) populations may cause widespread environmental damage and transmit diseases at the wildlife-livestock interface. For example, African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral disease of pigs capable of causing catastrophic economic losses. Prevention and preparedness for ASF require understanding wild and domestic pig movements and distribution. We characterized a "grey" swine market and described the risks it poses, contributing to the threats associated with wild pig populations. We monitored www.kijiji.ca, a Canadian internet classified advertising service, for sales of domestic wild boar, pot-bellied pigs, other breeds, and their hybrids across Canada from 28 April to 30 June 2021. Data collected included seller-defined breed, age, sex, number for sale, sexual intactness, presence of identifying tags or tattoos, and the date and location of listings. Advertisement locations were mapped and compared with existing wild pig distributions, identifying areas new populations might be established, and existing populations supplemented or genetically diversified. We identified 151 advertisements on Kijiji: 34% (n=52/151) from Ontario, 29% (n=44/151) from Alberta, 41% (n=62/151) from existing wild pig populations, and 59% (n=89/151) from areas where wild pigs have not yet been identified. We propose requiring the use of individual animal identifiers (tags/tattoos), genetic analysis, and mandatory reporting for all pig sales in Canada to aid in ASF preparedness and to increase regulation and enforcement of the online swine market.}, }
@article {pmid37167665, year = {2023}, author = {De la Lama-Calvente, D and Fernández-Rodríguez, MJ and García-Gómez, JC and Borja, R}, title = {Impact of natural degradation of the invasive alga Rugulopteryx okamurae on anaerobic digestion: Heavy metal pollution and kinetic performance.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {192}, number = {}, pages = {115005}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115005}, pmid = {37167665}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Anaerobiosis ; *Zeolites ; Biomass ; Methane/metabolism ; *Phaeophyceae/metabolism ; *Metals, Heavy ; Biofuels ; }, abstract = {This study shows, for the first time, how the natural biodegradation of the Phaeophyceae Rugulopteryx okamurae (R.o.) affects its methane yield, by biochemical methane potential assays, and the methane production kinetics. Additionally, a mechanical (zeolite-assisted milling) and a thermal (120 °C, 45 min) pretreatments were assessed. The highest methane yield was obtained from the mechanically pretreated fresh ashore biomass (219 (15) NLCH4 kgVS[-1]), which presents the use of zeolite during milling as an economical alternative for heavy metal toxicity reduction. Moreover, no significant differences were observed between the other tests (with the exception of the lowest value obtained for the mechanically pretreated fresh R.o.). Low methane yields were linked to the heavy metal content. However, an increase of 28.5 % and 20.0 % in the k value was found for the untreated fresh R.o. biomass and fresh ashore biomass, respectively, when subjected to thermal pretreatment. Finally, an enhancement of 80.5 % in the maximum methane production rate was obtained for the fresh ashore biomass milled with zeolite compared to the untreated fresh ashore biomass.}, }
@article {pmid37166500, year = {2023}, author = {Zeng, Z and Yang, Z and Yang, A and Li, Y and Zhang, H}, title = {Genetic Evidence for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Transmission Between the Invasive Plant Ageratina adenophora and Co-occurring Neighbor Plants.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {86}, number = {3}, pages = {2192-2201}, pmid = {37166500}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {2021Z022//Postgraduate Research and Innovation Foundation of Yunnan University/ ; 2022YFF1302402//National key research and development program of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Ageratina/genetics/microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; *Colletotrichum/genetics ; }, abstract = {To understand the disease-mediated invasion of exotic plants and the potential risk of disease transmission in local ecosystems, it is necessary to characterize population genetic structure and spatio-temporal dynamics of fungal community associated with both invasive and co-occurring plants. In this study, multiple genes were used to characterize the genetic diversity of 165 strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex (CGSC) isolated from healthy leaves and symptomatic leaves of invasive plant Ageratina adenophora, as well as symptomatic leaves of its neighbor plants from eleven geographic sites in China. The data showed that these CGSC strains had a high genetic diversity in each geographic site (all Hd > 0.67 and Pi > 0.01). Haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity varied greatly in individual gene locus: gs had the highest haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.8972), gapdh had the highest nucleotide diversity (Pi = 0.0705), and ITS had the lowest nucleotide diversity (Pi = 0.0074). Haplotypes were not clustered by geographic site, invasive age, or isolation source. AMOVA revealed that the genetic variation was mainly from within-populations, regardless of geographic or isolation origin. Both AMOVA and neutrality tests indicated these CGSC strains occurred gene exchange among geographic populations but did not experience population expansion along with A. adenophora invasion progress. Our data indicated that A. adenophora primarily accumulated these CGSC fungi in the introduced range, suggesting a high frequency of CGSC transmission between A. adenophora and co-occurring neighbor plants. This study is valuable for understanding the disease-mediated plant invasion and the potential risk of disease transmission driven by exotic plants in local ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid37164049, year = {2023}, author = {Scaramella, N and Burke, A and Oddie, M and Dahle, B and de Miranda, JR and Mondet, F and Rosenkranz, P and Neumann, P and Locke, B}, title = {Host brood traits, independent of adult behaviours, reduce Varroa destructor mite reproduction in resistant honeybee populations.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {53}, number = {10}, pages = {565-571}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.04.001}, pmid = {37164049}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Bees ; Animals ; *Varroidae ; Reproduction ; Fertility ; Europe ; France ; }, abstract = {The ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor is an invasive species of Western honey bees (Apis mellifera) and the largest pathogenic threat to their health world-wide. Its successful invasion and expansion is related to its ability to exploit the worker brood for reproduction, which results in an exponential population growth rate in the new host. With invasion of the mite, wild honeybee populations have been nearly eradicated from Europe and North America, and the survival of managed honeybee populations relies on mite population control treatments. However, there are a few documented honeybee populations surviving extended periods without control treatments due to adapted host traits that directly impact Varroa mite fitness. The aim of this study was to investigate if Varroa mite reproductive success was affected by traits of adult bee behaviours or by traits of the worker brood, in three mite-resistant honey bee populations from Sweden, France and Norway. The mite's reproductive success was measured and compared in broods that were either exposed to, or excluded from, adult bee access. Mite-resistant bee populations were also compared with a local mite-susceptible population, as a control group. Our results show that mite reproductive success rates and mite fecundity in the three mite-resistant populations were significantly different from the control population, with the French and Swedish populations having significantly lower reproductive rates than the Norwegian population. When comparing mite reproduction in exposed or excluded brood treatments, no differences were observed, regardless of population. This result clearly demonstrates that Varroa mite reproductive success can be suppressed by traits of the brood, independent of adult worker bees.}, }
@article {pmid37161334, year = {2023}, author = {Kortz, AR and Moyes, F and Pivello, VR and Pyšek, P and Dornelas, M and Visconti, P and Magurran, AE}, title = {Elevated compositional change in plant assemblages linked to invasion.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {290}, number = {1998}, pages = {20222450}, pmid = {37161334}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Tracheophyta ; Biodiversity ; Databases, Factual ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Alien species are widely linked to biodiversity change, but the extent to which they are associated with the reshaping of ecological communities is not well understood. One possible mechanism is that assemblages where alien species are found exhibit elevated temporal turnover. To test this, we identified assemblages of vascular plants in the BioTIME database for those assemblages in which alien species are either present or absent and used the Jaccard measure to compute compositional dissimilarity between consecutive censuses. We found that, although alien species are typically rare in invaded assemblages, their presence is associated with an increase in the average rate of compositional change. These differences in compositional change between invaded and uninvaded assemblages are not linked to differences in species richness but rather to species replacement (turnover). Rapid compositional restructuring of assemblages is a major contributor to biodiversity change, and as such, our results suggest a role for alien species in bringing this about.}, }
@article {pmid37160461, year = {2023}, author = {Mowery, MA and Arabesky, V and Rozenberg, T and Lubin, Y and Segoli, M}, title = {Invasive brown widow spiders avoid parasitism despite high densities.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {202}, number = {1}, pages = {143-150}, pmid = {37160461}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Spiders ; Ecosystem ; Population Density ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are sometimes less susceptible to natural enemies compared to native species, but the mechanism is often unclear. Here we tested two potential mechanisms for lower parasitism of invasive species: density-dependent parasitism and preference for human-dominated habitats. We investigated how variation in host density and habitat type affect egg sac parasitism in two widow spider species (family Theridiidae). We compared parasitism on the egg sac of the brown widow, Latrodectus geometricus, an urban invasive species, and the white widow, Latrodectus pallidus, a species native to Israel. To investigate variation in host and parasitoid density, we measured nearest-neighbor distance between spider webs and parasitism rates in 16 sites, and in a single site monthly throughout a year. In L. pallidus, denser sites were more heavily parasitized (up to 55%) and parasitism rate increased with population density throughout the season. Extremely dense L. geometricus populations, however, had very low rates of parasitism (0-5%). We then conducted an egg sac transplant experiment in human-dominated and natural habitats. We found no parasitism of either species in the human-dominated habitat, compared to 30% parasitism of both species in the natural habitat. In addition, we found evidence for higher predation of L. pallidus than of L. geometricus egg sacs, particularly in the natural habitat. These combined results suggest that the human-dominated habitats inhabited by L. geometricus have a lower abundance of predators and parasites. We conclude that lower parasitism and predation in human-dominated habitats could contribute to the invasion success of L. geometricus.}, }
@article {pmid37156231, year = {2023}, author = {Carrijo, TF and Battilana, J and Morales, J}, title = {First record of the major termite pest species, Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), in Argentina.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {3}, pages = {1033-1037}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad076}, pmid = {37156231}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Isoptera ; Argentina ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Uruguay ; }, abstract = {Reticulitermes flavipes is the most invasive species in its genus and is responsible for causing significant damage to human structures in areas where it has been introduced. Although it has already become established in Chile and Uruguay, it had not previously been reported in Argentina. In this study, we report the first detection of this species in Buenos Aires, the capital of Argentina. The colony was already producing alates, and species identification was confirmed through both morphology and mitochondrial gene 16S rRNA analysis. Our results, while not conclusive, suggest that this introduction was independent from the one that occurred in Chile and Uruguay, and potentially originated from the United States. The detection of R. flavipes in Argentina is significant because it highlights the potential for this species to establish itself in new regions and underscores the need for future research on and control of R. flavipes in this country.}, }
@article {pmid37154709, year = {2023}, author = {Yang, H and Lu, L and Chen, Y and Ye, J}, title = {Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Response of the Bacterium Priestia Aryabhattai SK1-7 to Interactions and Dissolution with Potassium Feldspar.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {89}, number = {5}, pages = {e0203422}, pmid = {37154709}, issn = {1098-5336}, mesh = {*Transcriptome ; Solubility ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; *Minerals/metabolism ; Potassium/metabolism ; Pyruvates ; }, abstract = {Potassium feldspar (K2O·Al2O3·6SiO2) is considered to be the most important source of potash fertilizer. The use of microorganisms to dissolve potassium feldspar is a low-cost and environmentally friendly method. Priestia aryabhattai SK1-7 is a strain with a strong ability to dissolve potassium feldspar; it showed a faster pH drop and produced more acid in the medium with potassium feldspar as the insoluble potassium source than in the medium with K2HPO4 as the soluble potassium source. We speculated whether the cause of acid production was related to one or more stresses, such as mineral-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the presence of aluminum in potassium feldspar, and cell membrane damage due to friction between SK1-7 and potassium feldspar, and analyzed it by transcriptome. The results revealed that the expression of the genes related to pyruvate metabolism, the two-component system, DNA repair, and oxidative stress pathways in strain SK1-7 was significantly upregulated in potassium feldspar medium. The subsequent validation experiments revealed that ROS were the stress faced by strain SK1-7 when interacting with potassium feldspar and led to a decrease in the total fatty acid content of SK1-7. In the face of ROS stress, strain SK1-7 upregulated the expression of the maeA-1 gene, allowing malic enzyme (ME2) to produce more pyruvate to be secreted outside the cell using malate as a substrate. Pyruvate is both a scavenger of external ROS and a gas pedal of dissolved potassium feldspar. IMPORTANCE Mineral-microbe interactions play important roles in the biogeochemical cycling of elements. Manipulating mineral-microbe interactions and optimizing the consequences of such interactions can be used to benefit society. It is necessary to explore the black hole of the mechanism of interaction between the two. In this study, it is revealed that P. aryabhattai SK1-7 faces mineral-induced ROS stress by upregulating a series of antioxidant genes as a passive defense, while overexpression of malic enzyme (ME2) secretes pyruvate to scavenge ROS as well as to increase feldspar dissolution, releasing K, Al, and Si into the medium. Our research provides a theoretical basis for improving the ability of microorganisms to weather minerals through genetic manipulation in the future.}, }
@article {pmid37151148, year = {2023}, author = {England, JC and Wyrosdick, HM and Baker, EL and Stiver, WH and Williamson, RH and Gerhold, RW}, title = {Parasite Prevalence in Feral Swine (Sus scrofa) from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, pages = {515-519}, doi = {10.7589/JWD-D-22-00155}, pmid = {37151148}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Humans ; Swine ; Animals ; *Parasites ; Prevalence ; *Cryptosporidiosis ; Parks, Recreational ; *Swine Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology ; *Cryptosporidium ; Sus scrofa ; }, abstract = {Feral swine (Sus scrofa) are an introduced species to the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP), US, and serve as carriers of several diseases that are considered a threat to other wildlife, domestic animals, and humans. During 2013 and 2015, fecal samples from 67 feral swine from the GSMNP within both Tennessee and North Carolina, US, were opportunistically collected as part of a feral swine removal program and submitted to the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, for parasite screening by centrifugal sugar flotation. Ten taxa from the phyla Acanthocephala, Apicomplexa, and Nematoda were identified: Ascaris spp., Strongylid-type spp., Capillaria spp., Trichuris suis, Metastrongylus spp., Macracanthorhynchus spp., Coccidia, Sarcocystis spp., and Cryptosporidium spp. In 98.5% of samples, at least one parasite was found. No differences in parasite prevalence or species diversity were noted based on state of collection (Tennessee or North Carolina), sex, or age. The high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in these feral swine, some of which are zoonotic, represents a potential public health risk as well as a concern for free-range swine farmers.}, }
@article {pmid37150509, year = {2023}, author = {San Jose, M and Doorenweerd, C and Rubinoff, D}, title = {Genomics reveals widespread hybridization across insects with ramifications for species boundaries and invasive species.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {58}, number = {}, pages = {101052}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2023.101052}, pmid = {37150509}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Genomics ; Genome ; Insecta/genetics ; }, abstract = {As the amount of genomic data for nonmodel taxa grows, it is increasingly clear that gene flow across species barriers in insects is much more common than previously thought. In recent years, the decreased cost and increased accuracy of long-read sequencing has enabled the assembly of high-quality reference genomes and chromosome maps for nonmodel insects. With this long-read data, we can now not only compare variation across the genome among homologous genes between species, which has been the basis of phylogenetics for more than 30 years, but also tease apart evidence of ancient and recent hybridization and gene flow. The implications of hybridization for species adaptation may be more positive than previously considered, explaining its prevalence across many groups of insects. Unfortunately, due to anthropogenic actions, some pest species appear to be benefitting from hybridization and gene flow, facilitating future invasions.}, }
@article {pmid37147691, year = {2023}, author = {Garamszegi, LZ and Soltész, Z and Kurucz, K and Szentiványi, T}, title = {Using community science data to assess the association between urbanization and the presence of invasive Aedes species in Hungary.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {158}, pmid = {37147691}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {K-135841//National Research, Development and Innovation Office/ ; PD-135143//National Research, Development and Innovation Office/ ; RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00006//National Research, Development and Innovation Office/ ; RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00006//National Research, Development and Innovation Office/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Aedes ; Hungary ; Introduced Species ; Urbanization ; Ecosystem ; Mosquito Vectors ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Urbanization can be a significant contributor to the spread of invasive mosquito vector species, and the diseases they carry, as urbanized habitats provide access to a great density of food resources (humans and domestic animals) and offer abundant breeding sites for these vectors. Although anthropogenic landscapes are often associated with the presence of invasive mosquito species, we still have little understanding about the relationships between some of these and the built environment.<br><br>METHODS: This study explores the association between urbanization level and the occurrence of invasive Aedes species, specifically Aedes albopictus, Aedes japonicus, and Aedes koreicus, in Hungary, using data from a community (or citizen) science program undertaken between 2019 and 2022.<br><br>RESULTS: The association between each of these species and urbanized landscapes within an extensive geographic area was found to differ. Using the same standardized approach, Ae. albopictus showed a statistically significant and positive&#xa0;relationship with urbanization, whereas Ae. japonicus and Ae. koreicus did not.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the importance of community science to mosquito research, as the data gathered using this approach can be used to make qualitative comparisons between species to explore their ecological requirements.}, }
@article {pmid37143165, year = {2023}, author = {Oluoch, WA and Whitney, C and Termote, C and Borgemeister, C and Schmitt, CB}, title = {Indigenous communities' perceptions reveal threats and management options of wild edible plants in semiarid lands of northwestern Kenya.}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {13}, pmid = {37143165}, issn = {1746-4269}, support = {81235248//Deutsche Gesellschaft f&#xfc;r Internationale Zusammenarbeit/ ; }, mesh = {*Plants, Edible ; *Ethnobotany ; Kenya ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Understanding how local communities perceive threats and management options of wild edible plants (WEPs) is essential in developing their conservation strategies and action plans. Due to their multiple use values, including nutrition, medicinal, construction, and cultural as well as biotic and abiotic pressures, WEPs are exposed to overexploitation, especially within arid and semiarid lands, and hence the need to manage and conserve them. We demonstrate how an understanding of indigenous communities' perceptions could be achieved through an integrated participatory approach involving focus group discussions (FGDs) and field plot surveys.<br><br>METHODS: We conducted three FGDs between October 2020 and April 2021 within three community units in northwestern Kenya with different socioeconomic and environmental characteristics. We subsequently surveyed 240 field plots of size 1&#xa0;ha each to assess threats facing WEPs within a 5&#xa0;km buffer radius in every study community. We compared ranks of threats and management options across community units.<br><br>RESULTS: Rankings of threats and management options differed across the three study communities. We obtained strong positive linear relationships between field and FGD rankings of threats facing WEPs. Climate change, overstocking, overharvesting, and invasive species were the highest-ranked threats. Mitigation of climate change, local knowledge preservation, selection, propagation, processing, and marketing of WEPs ranked high among possible management options irrespective of the socioeconomic and environmental characteristics of the community unit.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our approach emphasizes the relevance of leveraging indigenous communities' perceptions and conducting field plot surveys to assess threats and management options for WEPs. Evaluating the effectiveness and cost-benefit implications of implementing the highly ranked management options could help determine potentially suitable habitats of the WEPs for conservation and management purposes, especially for priority WEPs.}, }
@article {pmid37142664, year = {2023}, author = {Mohit, S and Johnson, TB and Arnott, SE}, title = {Watercraft decontamination practices to reduce the viability of aquatic invasive species implicated in overland transport.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {7238}, pmid = {37142664}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Decontamination/methods ; Temperature ; Water ; Lakes ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Recreational boating activities enable aquatic invasive species (AIS) dispersal among disconnected lakes, as invertebrates and plants caught on or contained within watercraft and equipment used in invaded waterbodies can survive overland transport. Besides simple preventive measures such as "clean, drain, dry", resource management agencies recommend decontaminating watercraft and equipment using high water pressure, rinsing with hot water, or air-drying to inhibit this mode of secondary spread. There is a lack of studies assessing the efficacy of these methods under realistic conditions and their feasibility for recreational boaters. Hence, we addressed this knowledge gap via experiments on six invertebrate and plant AIS present in Ontario. Washing at high pressures of 900-1200 psi removed the most biological material (90%) from surfaces. Brief (< 10 s) exposure to water at ≥ 60 °C caused nearly 100% mortality among all species tested, except banded mystery snails. Acclimation to temperatures from 15 to 30 °C before hot water exposure had little effect on the minimum temperature required for no survival. Air-drying durations producing complete mortality were ≥ 60 h for zebra mussels and spiny waterfleas, and ≥ 6 days among plants, whereas survival remained high among snails after a week of air-drying. Hot water exposure followed by air-drying was more effective than either method separately against all species tested.}, }
@article {pmid37142012, year = {2023}, author = {Wani, SA and Ahmad, R and Gulzar, R and Rashid, I and Khuroo, AA}, title = {Alien flora causes biotic homogenization in the biodiversity hotspot regions of India.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {884}, number = {}, pages = {163856}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163856}, pmid = {37142012}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Ecosystem ; Biodiversity ; Temperature ; India ; }, abstract = {Biotic homogenization by invasive alien species is one of the dominant drivers of global environmental change. However, little is known about the patterns of biotic homogenization in global biodiversity hotspots. Here, we fill this knowledge gap by studying the patterns of biotic homogenization and associated geographic and climatic correlates in Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). For this, we use a novel biodiversity database comprising 10,685 native and 771 alien plant species across 12 provinces of the IHR. The database was assembled by screening 295 and 141 studies published from 1934 to 2022 for natives and aliens, respectively. Our results revealed that each native species on average was distributed among 2.8 provinces, whereas the alien species in 3.6 provinces, thereby indicating wider distribution range of alien species in the IHR. The Jaccard's similarity index between the provinces was higher for alien species (mean = 0.29) as compared to natives (mean = 0.16). Addition of alien species pool has homogenized most of the provincial pairwise floras (89.4 %) across the IHR, with greater dissimilarity in their native floras. Our results revealed that the alien species have strong homogenization effect on the provincial floras, regardless of their differences in geographic and climatic distances. The biogeographic patterns of alien and native species richness in the IHR were better explained by a different set of climatic variables, the former by precipitation of driest month and the latter by annual mean temperature. Our study contributes to better understanding of the patterns of biotic homogenization in the IHR and its geographic and climatic correlates. Looking ahead, in an era of Anthropocene, we discuss the wide implications of our findings in guiding biodiversity conservation and ecosystem restoration in global hotspot regions.}, }
@article {pmid37141800, year = {2023}, author = {Golo, R and Vergés, A and Díaz-Tapia, P and Cebrian, E}, title = {Implications of taxonomic misidentification for future invasion predictions: Evidence from one of the most harmful invasive marine algae.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {191}, number = {}, pages = {114970}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114970}, pmid = {37141800}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Rhodophyta/physiology ; Climate Change ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {Invasive species have been a focus of concern in recent decades, becoming more problematic due to the cumulative impacts of climate change. Understanding the interactions among stress factors is essential to anticipate ecosystems' responses. Hereby, robust modeling frameworks must be able to identify the environmental drivers of invasion and forecast the current and future of their potential distribution. These studies are essential for the management of invasions and to be prepared for the future we are facing. Here we demonstrate that taxonomic misidentifications may lead to absolutely erroneous predictions, by using as an example one of the worst invasive species in the Mediterranean Sea (Lophocladia lallemandii), which has been misidentified for three decades and now is correctly identified. Consequently, and bearing in mind overall trends in species misidentification due to the loss of taxonomic expertise and the presence of cryptic species, among others, attempts to understand and predict species involved in invasion processes must always first consider taxonomic studies.}, }
@article {pmid37140856, year = {2023}, author = {Ghiglione, JF and Barbe, V and Bruzaud, S and Burgaud, G and Cachot, J and Eyheraguibel, B and Lartaud, F and Ludwig, W and Meistertzheim, AL and Paul-Pont, I and Pesant, S and Ter Halle, A and Thiebeauld, O and , }, title = {Mission Tara Microplastics: a holistic set of protocols and data resources for the field investigation of plastic pollution along the land-sea continuum in Europe.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {37140856}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {862923//Horizon 2020 Framework Programme/ ; }, abstract = {The Tara Microplastics mission was conducted for 7 months to investigate plastic pollution along nine major rivers in Europe-Thames, Elbe, Rhine, Seine, Loire, Garonne, Ebro, Rhone, and Tiber. An extensive suite of sampling protocols was applied at four to five sites on each river along a salinity gradient from the sea and the outer estuary to downstream and upstream of the first heavily populated city. Biophysicochemical parameters including salinity, temperature, irradiance, particulate matter, large and small microplastics (MPs) concentration and composition, prokaryote and microeukaryote richness, and diversity on MPs and in the surrounding waters were routinely measured onboard the French research vessel Tara or from a semi-rigid boat in shallow waters. In addition, macroplastic and microplastic concentrations and composition were determined on river banks and beaches. Finally, cages containing either pristine pieces of plastics in the form of films or granules, and others containing mussels were immersed at each sampling site, 1 month prior to sampling in order to study the metabolic activity of the plastisphere by meta-OMICS and to run toxicity tests and pollutants analyses. Here, we fully described the holistic set of protocols designed for the Mission Tara Microplastics and promoted standard procedures to achieve its ambitious goals: (1) compare traits of plastic pollution among European rivers, (2) provide a baseline of the state of plastic pollution in the Anthropocene, (3) predict their evolution in the frame of the current European initiatives, (4) shed light on the toxicological effects of plastic on aquatic life, (5) model the transport of microplastics from land towards the sea, and (6) investigate the potential impact of pathogen or invasive species rafting on drifting plastics from the land to the sea through riverine systems.}, }
@article {pmid37140757, year = {2023}, author = {Howard, SR and Symonds, MRE}, title = {Complex preference relationships between native and non-native angiosperms and foraging insect visitors in a suburban greenspace under field and laboratory conditions.}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {110}, number = {3}, pages = {16}, pmid = {37140757}, issn = {1432-1904}, mesh = {Bees ; Animals ; *Pollination ; *Magnoliopsida ; Parks, Recreational ; Flowers ; Plants ; Insecta ; }, abstract = {The introduction and spread of non-native flora threatens native pollinators and plants. Non-native angiosperms can compete with native plants for pollinators, space, and other resources which can leave native bees without adequate nutritional or nesting resources, particularly specialist species. In the current study, we conducted flower preference experiments through field observations and controlled binary choice tests in an artificial arena to determine the impact of field vs. laboratory methods on flower preferences of native bees for native or non-native flowers within their foraging range. We conducted counts of insect pollinators foraging on the flowers of three plant species in a suburban green belt including one native (Arthropodium strictum) and two non-native (Arctotheca calendula and Taraxacum officinale) plant species. We then collected native halictid bees foraging on each of the three plant species and conducted controlled binary tests to determine their preferences for the flowers of native or non-native plant species. In the field counts, halictid bees visited the native plant significantly more than the non-native species. However, in the behavioural assays when comparing A. strictum vs. A. calendula, Lasioglossum (Chilalictus) lanarium (Family: Halictidae), bees significantly preferred the non-native species, regardless of their foraging history. When comparing A. strictum vs. T. officinale, bees only showed a preference for the non-native flower when it had been collected foraging on the flowers of that plant species immediately prior to the experiment; otherwise, they showed no flower preference. Our results highlight the influence that non-native angiosperms have on native pollinators and we discuss the complexities of the results and the possible reasons for different flower preferences under laboratory and field conditions.}, }
@article {pmid37133424, year = {2023}, author = {Minghetti, E and Dellapé, PM and Montemayor, SI}, title = {From North/Central America to the World? Assessing the potential of Pycnoderes quadrimaculatus Guerin-Meneville (Heteroptera: Miridae) as a pest through Ecological Niche Models.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {9}, pages = {3364-3375}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7525}, pmid = {37133424}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//FonCyT (Fondo para la Investigaci&#xf3;n Cient&#xed;fica y Tecnol&#xf3;gica) PICT 2018-0771/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Heteroptera ; North America ; Models, Theoretical ; Central America ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pycnoderes quadrimaculatus is a pest that feeds on several plants, many of which are economically important. It is native to North/Central America and its distribution has expanded to several countries in South America.<br><br>RESULTS: Ecological niche models show that P. quadrimaculatus has invaded regions with climates different from those of its native range, and that there are suitable climatic conditions for its establishment worldwide. Regions where P. quadrimaculatus is a major threat and possible natural pathways of ingression were identified. In the future, its distribution will be modified by climate change.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study provides useful information for risk assessment and pest management of P. quadrimaculatus. According to our results, the species has great potential as a pest because it can adapt to different climatic conditions and feeds on a wide range of economically important plants. Over time, its distribution has expanded, and our models suggest that it will continue to invade other regions unless preventive measures are taken. &#xa9; 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid37130835, year = {2023}, author = {Strubbe, D and Jiménez, L and Barbosa, AM and Davis, AJS and Lens, L and Rahbek, C}, title = {Mechanistic models project bird invasions with accuracy.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {2520}, pmid = {37130835}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Biodiversity ; Climate ; Introduced Species ; Birds/physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species pose a major threat to biodiversity and inflict massive economic costs. Effective management of bio-invasions depends on reliable predictions of areas at risk of invasion, as they allow early invader detection and rapid responses. Yet, considerable uncertainty remains as to how to predict best potential invasive distribution ranges. Using a set of mainly (sub)tropical birds introduced to Europe, we show that the true extent of the geographical area at risk of invasion can accurately be determined by using ecophysiological mechanistic models that quantify species' fundamental thermal niches. Potential invasive ranges are primarily constrained by functional traits related to body allometry and body temperature, metabolic rates, and feather insulation. Given their capacity to identify tolerable climates outside of contemporary realized species niches, mechanistic predictions are well suited for informing effective policy and management aimed at preventing the escalating impacts of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid37128336, year = {2023}, author = {Skovsholt, LJ and Riis, T and Matheson, F and Hawes, I}, title = {Growth response to nitrate enrichment helps facilitate success of an alien Potamogeton in New Zealand streams.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {e15528}, pmid = {37128336}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Motivated by stream ecosystem degradation by eutrophication, we mimicked slow flowing lowland stream conditions with a novel experimental setup to further our understanding of aquatic plant responses to increases in nitrate and light. We conducted a mesocosm growth experiment of two species from the genus Potamogeton: P. crispus (alien) and P. ochreatus (native), grown at four nitrate and four light levels. We hypothesised that (i) internal nutrient status of the plants would scale with water column nutrient concentration, and that (ii) plant performance would reflect the nutrient status of the plant. Furthermore, we hypothesised that (iii) a low irradiance level would negate the effects of an increased nitrate level. In relation to (ii) we hypothesised that (iv) the traits of the alien species would enable it to outperform the native species where both the availability of light and nutrient resources was high. Internal tissue N content was broadly similar in the two higher (>250 μg NO3 [-] L[-1]) and the two lower nutrient treatments (<20 μg NO3 [-] L[-1]) in both species and plants were therefore collapsed into high and low N-groups. High-N individuals had higher growth rates than low-N ones regardless of species or light treatment and plants had reduced growth rates at the lowest light treatment, however this response was less evident for P. crispus. The highest growth rate was found at the high-N individuals of P. crispus at the highest light treatment, and correspondingly, in this treatment this species exhibited an increase in branching degree and lateral spread from the low-N plants. As P. crispus spreads by fragmentation, our results show it to be a highly effective competitor in anthropogenically impacted areas compared to its native counterpart. Our study exemplifies how light can influence eutrophication responses of plants and how both need to be accounted for in management decisions.}, }
@article {pmid37127925, year = {2023}, author = {Berthelot, S and Bauhus, J and Dormann, CF and Gravel, D and Messier, C and Nock, CA and Paquette, A and Reich, PB and Fründ, J}, title = {Exotic tree species have consistently lower herbivore load in a cross-Atlantic tree biodiversity experiment.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {104}, number = {7}, pages = {e4070}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.4070}, pmid = {37127925}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {*Herbivory ; Phylogeny ; Canada ; *Biodiversity ; Plants ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {It is commonly expected that exotic plants experience reduced herbivory, but experimental evidence for such enemy release is still controversial. One reason for conflicting results might be that community context has rarely been accounted for, although the surrounding plant diversity may moderate enemy release. Here, we tested the effects of focal tree origin and surrounding tree diversity on herbivore abundance and leaf damage in a cross-Atlantic tree-diversity experiment in Canada and Germany. We evaluated six European tree species paired with six North American congeners in both their native and exotic range, expecting lower herbivory for the exotic tree species in each pair at each site. Such reciprocal experiments have long been called for, but have not been realized thus far. In addition to a thorough evaluation of overall enemy release effects, we tested whether enemy release effects changed with the surrounding tree diversity. Herbivore abundance was indeed consistently lower on exotics across all six tree genera (12 comparisons). This effect of exotic status was independent of the continent, phylogenetic relatedness, and surrounding tree diversity. In contrast, leaf damage associated with generalist leaf chewers was consistently higher on North American tree species. Interestingly, several species of European weevils were the most abundant leaf chewers on both continents and the dominant herbivores at the Canadian site. Thus, most observed leaf damage is likely to reflect the effect of generalist herbivores that feed heavily on plant species with which they have not evolved. At the German site, sap suckers were the dominant herbivores and showed a pattern consistent with enemy release. Taken together, the consistently lower herbivory on exotics on both continents is not purely a pattern of enemy release in the strictest sense, but to some degree additionally reflects the susceptibility of native plants to invasive herbivores. In conclusion, our cross-Atlantic study is consistent with the idea that nonnative trees have generally reduced herbivory, regardless of tree community diversity and species identity, but for different reasons depending on the dominant herbivore guild.}, }
@article {pmid37127152, year = {2023}, author = {Haubrock, PJ and Pilotto, F and Soto, I and Kühn, I and Verreycken, H and Seebens, H and Cuthbert, RN and Haase, P}, title = {Long-term trends in abundances of non-native species across biomes, realms, and taxonomic groups in Europe.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {884}, number = {}, pages = {163808}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163808}, pmid = {37127152}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Ecosystem ; Temperature ; Fresh Water ; Europe ; Biodiversity ; }, abstract = {Rates of biological invasion have increased over recent centuries and are expected to increase in the future. Whereas increasing rates of non-native species incursions across realms, taxonomic groups, and regions are well-reported, trends in abundances within these contexts have lacked analysis due to a paucity of long-term data at large spatiotemporal scales. These knowledge gaps impede prioritisation of realms, regions, and taxonomic groups for management. We analysed 180 biological time series (median 15 ± 12.8 sampling years) mainly from Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites comprising abundances of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial non-native species in Europe. A high number (150; 83,3 %) of these time series were invaded by at least one non-native species. We tested whether (i) local long-term abundance trends of non-native species are consistent among environmental realms, taxonomic groups, and regions, and (ii) if any detected trend can be explained by climatic conditions. Our results indicate that abundance trends at local scales are highly variable, with evidence of declines in marine and freshwater long-term monitoring sites, despite non-native species reports increasing rapidly since the late 1970s. These declines were driven mostly by abundance trends in non-native fish, birds, and invertebrate species in three biogeographic regions (Continental, Atlantic, and the North Sea). Temperature and precipitation were important predictors of observed abundance trends across Europe. Yet, the response was larger for species with already declining trends and differed among taxa. Our results indicate that trends in biological invasions, especially across different taxonomic groups, are context-dependent and require robust local data to understand long-term trends across contexts at large scales. While the process of biological invasion is spatiotemporally broad, economic or ecological impacts are generally realised on the local level. Accordingly, we urge proactive and coordinated management actions from local to large scales, as invasion impacts are substantial and dynamics are prone to change.}, }
@article {pmid37126190, year = {2023}, author = {Viana, JPC and Lopes-da-Silva, M and Viana, MC and Tidon, R}, title = {Establishment and Expansion Scenario of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Central Brazil.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, pages = {975-985}, pmid = {37126190}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {Code 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; 0193.001323/2016//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Apoio &#xe0; Pesquisa do Distrito Federal/ ; 309973/2017//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Drosophila ; Brazil ; *Insect Control ; Fruit ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), also known as spotted wing drosophila (SWD), is an important pest that damages various wild and cultivated soft fruits worldwide, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. In Brazil, it occurs mainly in the subtropical climates of the southern and southeastern regions. However, SWD has also been sporadically found in the central region of the country in the natural vegetation of the tropical Brazilian Savanna. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of SWD at the northern limit of its range in South America - the central region of Brazil - by monitoring an established drosophilid community in an orchard located in the Brazilian Federal District. We also investigated the current geographical distribution of this pest in Brazil and its potential geographical distribution using species distribution models under two different future shared socioeconomic pathways scenarios (2040 and 2060, optimist and pessimist). Twenty drosophilid species were detected among the 6,396 captured specimens, most of which are exotic in the Neotropical region. The fly community greatly fluctuated throughout the year, and the highest abundance of SWD (3.5% relative abundance and 1.38 flies/trap/day) was recorded in April during the rainy season. Potential distribution models indicate that suitable areas for SWD spread will decrease in the south and southeast but increase in the central region of Brazil. We recommend continuous SWD monitoring and improving bioclimatic forecast models for mitigating damage to local fruit production.}, }
@article {pmid37126171, year = {2023}, author = {Fu, J and Ma, Z and Wang, L and Zhang, Y and Luo, Y}, title = {Fumigant toxicity and behavioral alterations of six plant essential oils against the red fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren).}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {30}, number = {26}, pages = {68677-68690}, pmid = {37126171}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {ZDYF2022XDNY138//Hainan Province Science and technology species fund/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Oils, Volatile/pharmacology ; *Ants ; *Insecticides/pharmacology ; Insect Control ; Plant Oils/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The red imported fire ant (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), is an invasive species that is considered to be among the 100 most dangerous species to human health and the environment. RIFA is currently controlled primarily by chemical insecticides. However, human health concerns and environmental problems require environment friendly, green insect pest control technology. In this study, the HS-SPME-GC/MS method was used to determine the volatile components of six essential oils, namely Illicium verum Burm, Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Citrus limon Burm, Acorus tatarinowii Schott, Mosla chinensis Maxim, and Cinnamomum cassia Presl, as well as their fumigation activity against RIFA. D-Limonene was identified as a core volatile in all six essential oils. The effects of volatile substances from essential oils on the fumigation activity and behavior of RIFA workers were studied by closed fumigation method. Except for C. limon essential oil, all other five plant essential oils exhibit excellent fumigation activity under the treatment of a concentration at 10 μL/ cm[3] within 24 h. All plant essential oils are capable of causing the death of all red fire ants, while C. limon essential oil exhibited the lowest fumigation activity at 63.25%. Significant reductions in RIFA aggregation, aggressiveness, and gripping abilities were observed with all plant essential oils, and antenna sensilla appeared to bend or break. Moreover, after treating red ant fire ants with essential oil for 24 h, three protective enzyme activities were assessed. All six plant essential oils were shown to have enhanced enzyme activities for superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and catalase (CAT). It has been shown that plant essential oils have the capability of reducing the viability of red fire ants via receptor and behavioral factors, ultimately causing them to die off. As a conclusion, plant oils were demonstrated to be negatively affecting RIFA and providing a green and environmentally sustainable control method in this study.}, }
@article {pmid37125194, year = {2023}, author = {Kosawang, C and Børja, I and Herrero, ML and Nagy, NE and Nielsen, LR and Solheim, H and Timmermann, V and Hietala, AM}, title = {Fungal succession in decomposing ash leaves colonized by the ash dieback pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus or its harmless relative Hymenoscyphus albidus.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1154344}, pmid = {37125194}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, originating from Asia, is currently threatening common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in Europe, massive ascospore production from the saprotrophic phase being a key determinant of its invasiveness.<br><br>METHODS: To consider whether fungal diversity and succession in decomposing leaf litter are affected by this invader, we used ITS-1 metabarcoding to profile changes in fungal community composition during overwintering. The subjected ash leaf petioles, collected from a diseased forest and a healthy ash stand hosting the harmless ash endophyte Hymenoscyphus albidus, were incubated in the forest floor of the diseased stand between October 2017 and June 2018 and harvested at 2-3-month intervals.<br><br>RESULTS: Total fungal DNA level showed a 3-fold increase during overwintering as estimated by FungiQuant qPCR. Petioles from the healthy site showed pronounced changes during overwintering; ascomycetes of the class Dothideomycetes were predominant after leaf shed, but the basidiomycete genus Mycena (class Agaricomycetes) became predominant by April, whereas H. albidus showed low prevalence. Petioles from the diseased site showed little change during overwintering; H. fraxineus was predominant, while Mycena spp. showed increased read proportion by June.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The low species richness and evenness in petioles from the diseased site in comparison to petioles from the healthy site were obviously related to tremendous infection pressure of H. fraxineus in diseased forests. Changes in leaf litter quality, owing to accumulation of host defense phenolics in the pathogen challenged leaves, and strong saprophytic competence of H. fraxineus are other factors that probably influence fungal succession. For additional comparison, we examined fungal community structure in petioles collected in the healthy stand in August 2013 and showing H. albidus ascomata. This species was similarly predominant in these petioles as H. fraxineus was in petioles from the diseased site, suggesting that both fungi have similar suppressive effects on fungal richness in petiole/rachis segments they have secured for completion of their life cycle. However, the ability of H. fraxineus to secure the entire leaf nerve system in diseased forests, in opposite to H. albidus, impacts the general diversity and successional trajectory of fungi in decomposing ash petioles.}, }
@article {pmid37125154, year = {2023}, author = {Chen, L and Wang, M and Shi, Y and Ma, P and Xiao, Y and Yu, H and Ding, J}, title = {Soil phosphorus form affects the advantages that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi confer on the invasive plant species, Solidago canadensis, over its congener.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1160631}, pmid = {37125154}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Interactions between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are strongly affected by soil phosphorus (P) availability. However, how P forms impact rhizosphere AMF diversity, community composition, and the co-occurrence network associated with native and invasive plants, and whether these changes in turn influence the invasiveness of alien species remain unclear. In this work, we performed a greenhouse experiment with the invasive species Solidago canadensis and its native congener S. decurrens to investigate how different forms of P altered the AMF community and evaluate how these changes were linked with the growth advantage of S. canadensis relative to S. decurrens. Plants were subjected to five different P treatments: no P addition (control), simple inorganic P (sodium dihydrogen phosphate, NaP), complex inorganic P (hydroxyapatite, CaP), simple organic P (adenosine monophosphate, AMP) and complex organic P (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, PA). Overall, invasive S. canadensis grew larger than native S. decurrens across all P treatments, and this growth advantage was strengthened when these species were grown in CaP and AMP treatments. The two Solidago species harbored divergent AMF communities, and soil P treatments significantly shifted AMF community composition. In particular, the differences in AMF diversity, community composition, topological features and keystone taxa of the co-occurrence networks between S. canadensis and S. decurrens were amplified when the dominant form of soil P was altered. Despite significant correlations between AMF alpha diversity, community structure, co-occurrence network composition and plant performance, we found that alpha diversity and keystone taxa of the AMF co-occurrence networks were the primary factors influencing plant growth and the growth advantage of invasive S. canadensis between soil P treatments. These results suggest that AMF could confer invasive plants with greater advantages over native congeners, depending on the forms of P in the soil, and emphasize the important roles of multiple AMF traits in plant invasion.}, }
@article {pmid37125024, year = {2023}, author = {Scott Anderson, R and Allison Stegner, M and La Selle, S and Sherrod, B and Barnosky, AD and Hadly, EA}, title = {Witnessing history: comparison of a century of sedimentary and written records in a California protected area.}, journal = {Regional environmental change}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {65}, pmid = {37125024}, issn = {1436-3798}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: We use a combination of proxy records from a high-resolution analysis of sediments from Searsville Lake and adjacent Upper Lake Marsh and historical records to document over one and a half centuries of vegetation and socio-ecological change-relating to logging, agricultural land use change, dam construction, chemical applications, recreation, and other drivers-on the San Francisco Peninsula. A relatively open vegetation with minimal oak (Quercus) and coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) in the late 1850s reflects widespread logging and grazing during the nineteenth century. Forest and woodland expansion occurred in the early twentieth century, with forests composed of coast redwood and oak, among other taxa, as both logging and grazing declined. Invasive species include those associated with pasturage (Rume x, Plantago), landscape disturbance (Urtica, Amaranthaceae), planting for wood production and wind barriers (Eucalyptus), and agriculture. Agricultural species, including wheat, rye, and corn, were more common in the early twentieth century than subsequently. Wetland and aquatic pollen and fungal spores document a complex hydrological history, often associated with fluctuating water levels, application of algaecides, raising of Searsville Dam, and construction of a levee. By pairing the paleoecological and historical records of both lakes, we have been able to reconstruct the previously undocumented impacts of socio-ecological influences on this drainage, all of which overprinted known climate changes. Recognizing the ecological manifestations of these impacts puts into perspective the extent to which people have interacted with and transformed the environment in the transition into the Anthropocene.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10113-023-02056-9.}, }
@article {pmid37124868, year = {2023}, author = {Jones, BSCL and Holt, LA and Chan, KYK}, title = {Effect of pH on the Early Development of the Biofouling Ascidian Ciona robusta.}, journal = {Zoological studies}, volume = {62}, number = {}, pages = {e4}, pmid = {37124868}, issn = {1810-522X}, abstract = {Ocean acidification (OA) impacts the survival, fertilization, and community structure of marine organisms across the world. However, some populations or species are considered more resilient than others, such as those that are invasive, globally distributed, or biofouling. Here, we tested this assumption by investigating the effect of pH on the larval development of one such tunicate, Ciona robusta, which is currently exposed to a wide range of pH levels. Consistent with our hypothesis, C. robusta larvae developed and metamorphosed at a rate comparable to control (pH 8.0) at modest near-future conditions (pH 7.7) over a 58-hour period. However, development was stunted at the extreme low pH of 6.8 such that no embryo progressed beyond late cleavage after 58 hours. Interestingly, piecewise regression of the proportion of embryos at the most advanced stage at a given time point against pH identified a breakpoint with the highest pH (~pH 7.6) at around hatching. The variation in breakpoint pH throughout ontogeny highlighted that the sensitivity to decreasing pH differs significantly between developmental stages. More broadly, our results show that even a cosmopolitan, biofouling, invasive species could be negatively impacted by decreasing pH.}, }
@article {pmid37123008, year = {2023}, author = {Woods, MJ and Bauer, JT and Schaeffer, D and McEwan, RW}, title = {Pyrus calleryana extracts reduce germination of native grassland species, suggesting the potential for allelopathic effects during ecological invasion.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e15189}, pmid = {37123008}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Grassland ; *Pyrus ; Sand ; Allelopathy ; Poaceae ; Plants ; Introduced Species ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant species' success may be a result of allelopathy, or the release of secondary metabolites that are harmful for surrounding plant species. Allelopathy can be mediated through the abiotic environment by chemical sorption or transformation, so the substrate on which interactions occur can lead to differential outcomes in allelopathic potential. One aggressive invader, Pyrus calleryana, has become dominant in many ecosystems throughout Eastern US, and has reduced the abundance of native species where it invades. Thus, our goal was to identify if P. calleryana had allelopathic potential by testing the impact of leaf and flower leachate on gemination of six common grassland species (three grasses and three forbs) in either sterilized sand or field collected soils. Germination of five out of six tested species was reduced by P. calleryana leaf litter, with weaker impacts from flower leachate. This suggests that allelopathy is one mechanism driving the success of P. calleryana and that allelopathic effects may change with plant phenology. For instance, P. calleryana has late leaf senescence in the fall and copious blooming in the spring that may elongate the timeframe that allelopathic inhibition can occur. Further, germination was higher in sand than in soil, suggesting that the context of the abiotic environment can mediate this relationship. In our study, two grass species that could be overabundant in restored grasslands had higher germination rates in soil than sand and one was not altered by P. calleryana suggesting that this relationship could further promote the overabundance of grass species. Taken together, P. calleryana likely inhibits the germination of native species where it invades, but there is context dependency of this relationship with both soil chemistry and seasonality.}, }
@article {pmid37123003, year = {2023}, author = {Nair, RR and Peterson, AT}, title = {Mapping the global distribution of invasive pest Drosophila suzukii and parasitoid Leptopilina japonica: implications for biological control.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e15222}, pmid = {37123003}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Drosophila ; Introduced Species ; *Hymenoptera ; Insecta ; Insect Control ; }, abstract = {Insect pest invasions cause significant damage to crop yields, and the resultant economic losses are truly alarming. Climate change and trade liberalization have opened new ways of pest invasions. Given the consumer preference towards organic agricultural products and environment-friendly nature of natural pest control strategies, biological control is considered to be one of the potential options for managing invasive insect pests. Drosophila suzukii (Drosophilidae) is an extremely damaging fruit pest, demanding development of effective and sustainable biological control strategies. In this study, we assessed the potential of the parasitoid Leptopilina japonica (Figitidae) as a biocontrol agent for D. suzukii using ecological niche modeling approaches. We developed global-scale models for both pest and parasitoid to identify four components necessary to derive a niche based, target oriented prioritization approach to plan biological control programs for D. suzukii: (i) potential distribution of pest D. suzukii, (ii) potential distribution of parasitoid L. japonica, (iii) the degree of overlap in potential distributions of pest and parasitoid, and (iv) biocontrol potential of this system for each country. Overlapping suitable areas of pest and parasitoid were identified at two different thresholds and at the most desirable threshold (E = 5%), potential for L. japonica mediated biocontrol management existed in 125 countries covering 1.87 × 10[7] km[2], and at the maximum permitted threshold (E = 10%), land coverage was reduced to 1.44 × 10[7] km[2] in 121 countries. Fly pest distributional information as a predictor variable was not found to be improving parasitoid model performance, and globally, only in half of the countries, >50% biocontrol coverage was estimated. We therefore suggest that niche specificities of both pest and parasitoid must be included in site-specific release planning of L. japonica for effective biocontrol management aimed at D. suzukii. This study can be extended to design cost-effective pre-assessment strategies for implementing any biological control management program.}, }
@article {pmid37121960, year = {2023}, author = {Costan, CA and Godsoe, W and Bufford, JL and Hulme, PE}, title = {Comparing the Above and Below-Ground Chemical Defences of Three Rumex Species Between Their Native and Introduced Provenances.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {49}, number = {5-6}, pages = {276-286}, pmid = {37121960}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {*Rumex ; Plants ; Tannins ; Herbivory ; Plant Leaves ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Compared to their native range, non-native plants often experience reduced levels of herbivory in the introduced range. This may result in reduced pressure to produce chemical defences that act against herbivores. We measured the most abundant secondary metabolites found in Rumex spp., namely oxalates, phenols and tannins. To test this hypothesis, we compared native (UK) and introduced (NZ) provenances of three different Rumex species (R. obtusifolius, R. crispus and R. conglomeratus, Polygonaceae) to assess whether any significant differences existed in their levels of chemical defences in either leaves and roots. All three species have previously been shown to support a lower diversity of insect herbivores and experience less herbivory in the introduced range. We further examined leaf herbivory on plants from both provenances when grown together in a common garden experiment in New Zealand to test whether any differences in damage might be consistent with variation in the quantity of chemical defences. We found that two Rumex species (R. obtusifolius and R. crispus) showed no evidence for a reduction in chemical defences, while a third (R. conglomeratus) showed only limited evidence. The common garden experiment revealed that the leaves analysed had low levels of herbivory (~ 0.5%) with no differences in damage between provenances for any of the three study species. Roots tended to have a higher concentration of tannins than shoots, but again showed no difference between the provenances. As such, the findings of this study provide no evidence for lower plant investments in chemical defences, suggesting that other factors explain the success of Rumex spp. in New Zealand.}, }
@article {pmid37121005, year = {2023}, author = {Javed, Q and Sun, J and Rutherford, S and Li, J and Iqbal, B and Xiang, Y and Ren, G and He, F and Pan, L and Bo, Y and Khattak, WA and Du, D}, title = {Soil pollution and the invasion of congener Sphagneticola in crop lands.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {340}, number = {}, pages = {118013}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118013}, pmid = {37121005}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Humans ; Microplastics ; Plastics ; *Asteraceae ; Introduced Species ; Environmental Pollution ; *Environmental Pollutants ; Soil/chemistry ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {The input of agro-pollutants, such as microplastics and nanopesticides, on farmlands is widespread and may facilitate biological invasions in agroecosystems. Here, the effects of agro-pollutants that promote invasion of congener species is studied by examining the growth performance of native Sphagneticola calendulacea and its invasive congener, S. trilobata, when grown in a native only, invasive only and mixed community. Sphagneticola calendulacea naturally occurs in croplands in southern China, while S. trilobata was introduced to this region and has since naturalized, encroaching onto farmland. In our study, each plant community was subjected to the following treatments: control, microplastics only, nanopesticides only, and both microplastics and nanopesticides. The effects of the treatments on soils of each plant community were also examined. We found that aboveground, belowground, and photosynthetic traits of S. calendulacea were significantly inhibited by the combined microplastics and nanopesticides treatment in the native and mixed communities. The relative advantage index of S. trilobata was 69.90% and 74.73% higher under the microplastics only and nanopesticides only treatments respectively compared to S. calendulacea. Soil microbial biomass, enzyme activity, gas emission rates, and chemicals in each community were reduced when treated with both microplastics and nanopesticides. Yet, soil microbial biomass of carbon and nitrogen, CO2 emission rates and nitrous oxide rates were significantly higher (56.08%, 58.33%, 36.84% and 49.95% respectively) in the invasive species community than in the native species community under microplastics and nanopesticides. Our results suggest that the addition of agro-pollutants to soils favors the more resistant S. trilobata and suppresses the less tolerant S. calendulacea. Soil properties from the native species community are also more impacted by agro-pollutants than substrates supporting the invasive species. Future studies should explore the effects of agro-pollutants by comparing other invasive and native species and considering human activities, industry, and the soil environment.}, }
@article {pmid37119623, year = {2023}, author = {Soares, MO and Pereira, PHC and Feitosa, CV and Maggioni, R and Rocha, RS and Bezerra, LEA and Duarte, OS and Paiva, SV and Noleto-Filho, E and Silva, MQM and Csapo-Thomaz, M and Garcia, TM and Arruda Júnior, JPV and Cottens, KF and Vinicius, B and Araújo, R and Eirado, CBD and Santos, LPS and Guimarães, TCS and Targino, CH and Amorim-Reis Filho, J and Santos, WCRD and Klautau, AGCM and Gurjão, LM and Machado, DAN and Maia, RC and Santos, ES and Sabry, R and Asp, N and Carneiro, PBM and Rabelo, EF and Tavares, TCL and Lima, GV and Sampaio, CLS and Rocha, LA and Ferreira, CEL and Giarrizzo, T}, title = {Lessons from the invasion front: Integration of research and management of the lionfish invasion in Brazil.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {340}, number = {}, pages = {117954}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117954}, pmid = {37119623}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Brazil ; *Ecosystem ; *Perciformes ; Caribbean Region ; Predatory Behavior ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {After successful invasions in the Caribbean and Mediterranean, lionfish (Pterois spp.) have recently invaded another important biogeographical region -the Brazilian Province. In this article, we discuss this new invasion, focusing on a roadmap for urgent mitigation of the problem, as well as focused research and management strategies. The invasion in Brazil is already in the consolidation stage, with 352 individuals recorded so far (2020-2023) along 2766 km of coastline. This includes both juveniles and adults, including egg-bearing females, ranging in length from 9.1 to 38.5 cm. Until now, most of the records in the Brazilian coast occurred in the equatorial southwestern Atlantic (99%), mainly on the Amazon mesophotic reefs (15% of the records), northeastern coast of Brazil (45%), and the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (41%; an UNESCO World Heritage Site with high endemism rate). These records cover a broad depth range (1-110 m depth), twelve protected areas, eight Brazilian states (Amapá, Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, and Pernambuco) and multiple habitats (i.e., mangrove estuaries, shallow-water and mesophotic reefs, seagrass beds, artificial reefs, and sandbanks), indicating a rapid and successful invasion process in Brazilian waters. In addition, the lack of local knowledge of rare and/or cryptic native species that are potentially vulnerable to lionfish predation raises concerns regarding the potential overlooked ecological impacts. Thus, we call for an urgent integrated approach with multiple stakeholders and solution-based ecological research, real-time inventories, update of environmental and fishery legislation, participatory monitoring supported by citizen science, and a national and unified plan aimed at decreasing the impact of lionfish invasion. The experience acquired by understanding the invasion process in the Caribbean and Mediterranean will help to establish and prioritize goals for Brazil.}, }
@article {pmid37118992, year = {2023}, author = {Caton, BP and Fang, H and Pallipparambil, GR and Manoukis, NC}, title = {Transect-based trapping for area-wide delimitation of insects.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {3}, pages = {1002-1016}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad059}, pmid = {37118992}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Insect Control/methods ; Insecta ; *Moths ; }, abstract = {Typical delimitation trapping survey designs for area-wide (nonlocalized) insect populations are regularly spaced grids, and alternative shapes have not been evaluated. We hypothesized that transect-based designs could give similar detection rates with significantly shorter servicing distances. We used the TrapGrid model to investigate novel "trap-sect" designs incorporating crossed, spoked, and parallel lines of traps, comparing them to a regular grid, in single survey and multiple-site scenarios. We calculated minimum servicing distances and simulated mean probabilities of detecting a pest population, judging overall performance of trap network designs using both metrics. For single sites, trap-sect designs reduced service distances by 65-89%, and most had similar detection probabilities as the regular grid. Kernel-smoothed intensity plots indicated that the best performing trap-sect designs distributed traps more fully across the area. With multiple sites (3 side by side), results depended on insect dispersal ability. All designs performed similarly in terms of detection for highly mobile insects, suggesting that designs minimizing service distances would be best for such pests. For less mobile pests the best trap-sect designs had 4-6 parallel lines, or 8 spokes, which reduced servicing distances by 33-50%. Comparisons of hypothetical trap-sect arrays to real program trap locations for 2 pests demonstrated that the novel designs reduced both trap numbers and service distances, with little differences in mean nearest trap distance to random pest locations. Trap-sect designs in delimitation surveys could reduce costs and increase program flexibility without harming the ability to detect populations.}, }
@article {pmid37118974, year = {2023}, author = {Bernos, TA and Day, C and Hill, J and Morissette, O and Jeffries, KM and Mandrak, NE}, title = {Simulating the effects of long-distance dispersal and landscape heterogeneity on the eco-evolutionary outcomes of range expansion in an invasive riverine fish, Tench (Tinca tinca).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {13}, pages = {3403-3418}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16964}, pmid = {37118974}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cyprinidae/genetics ; Heterozygote ; Geography ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Predicting how quickly populations expand their range and whether they will retain genetic diversity when they are introduced to new regions or track environmental conditions suited to their survival is an important applied and theoretical challenge. The literature suggests that long-distance dispersal, landscape heterogeneity and the evolution of dispersal influence populations' expansion rates and genetic diversity. We used individual-based spatially explicit simulations to examine these relationships for Tench (Tinca tinca), an invasive fish expanding its geographical range in eastern North America since the 1990s. Simulated populations varied greatly in expansion rates (1.1-28.6 patches year[-1]) and genetic diversity metrics, including changes in observed heterozygosity (-19 to +0.8%) and effective number of alleles (-0.32 to -0.01). Populations with greater dispersal distances expanded faster than those with smaller dispersal distances but exhibited considerable variation in expansion rate among local populations, implying less predictable expansions. However, they tended to retain genetic diversity as they expanded, suggesting more predictable evolutionary trajectories. In contrast, populations with smaller dispersal distances spread predictably more slowly but exhibited more variability among local populations in genetic diversity losses. Consistent with empirical data, populations spreading in a longer, narrower dispersal corridor lost more neutral genetic variation to the stochastic fixation of alleles. Given the unprecedented pace of anthropogenic environmental change and the increasing need to manage range-expanding populations, our results have conservation ramifications as they imply that the evolutionary trajectories of populations characterised by shorter dispersal distances spreading in narrower landscapes are more variable and, therefore, less predictable.}, }
@article {pmid37112831, year = {2023}, author = {Sánchez, C and Doménech, A and Gomez-Lucia, E and Méndez, JL and Ortiz, JC and Benítez, L}, title = {A Novel Dependoparvovirus Identified in Cloacal Swabs of Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) from Urban Areas of Spain.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {37112831}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Parakeets/genetics ; Dependovirus ; Spain ; Phylogeny ; Ecosystem ; *Parrots ; *Parvovirus ; }, abstract = {The introduction of invasive birds into new ecosystems frequently has negative consequences for the resident populations. Accordingly, the increasing population of monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) in Europe may pose a threat because we have little knowledge of the viruses they can transmit to native naïve species. In this study, we describe a new dependoparvovirus detected by metagenomic analysis of cloacal samples from 28 apparently healthy individuals captured in urban areas of Madrid, Spain. The genomic characterization revealed that the genome encoded the NS and VP proteins typical of parvoviruses and was flanked by inverted terminal repeats. No recombination signal was detected. The phylogenetic analysis showed that it was closely related to a parvovirus isolated in a wild psittacid in China. Both viruses share 80% Rep protein sequence identity and only 64% with other dependoparvoviruses identified in Passeriformes, Anseriformes, and Piciformes and are included in a highly supported clade, which could be considered a new species. The prevalence was very low, and none of the additional 73 individuals tested positive by PCR. These results highlight the importance of exploring the viral genome in invasive species to prevent the emergence of novel viral pathogenic species.}, }
@article {pmid37109445, year = {2023}, author = {Gübelin, P and Correa-Cuadros, JP and Ávila-Thieme, MI and Flores-Benner, G and Duclos, M and Lima, M and Jaksic, FM}, title = {European Rabbit Invasion in a Semi-Arid Ecosystem of Chile: How Relevant Is Its Role in Food Webs?.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {37109445}, issn = {2075-1729}, support = {ANID PIA/BASAL FB0002. FONDECYT 3220110 and FONDECYT 3220027//Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo/ ; }, abstract = {The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is one of the main invasive species in Chile, where it became naturalized ca. 150 years ago. Their high reproductive capacity, lack of specialist predators, and great adaptability favored the settlement of rabbits in diverse mainland and island ecosystems of the country. Recently, rabbits have become central players in semi-arid ecosystems, such as those represented in Las Chinchillas National Reserve in north-central Chile. We undertook to analyze the place and role of rabbits in the food web of that Reserve, based on a bibliographic review and long-term annual data gathered from 1987 until 2022 (36 years). Results showed that the network comprised 77 species, where 69% were primary producers (plants), 18% were mid-level consumers (herbivores), and 13% were top-level consumers (predators). The most connected species in the food web was the rabbit, which positively or negatively affected the species interacting with it. Predators such as Galictis cuja, Geranoaetus polyosoma, Leopardus colocolo, and Puma concolor, and the scavenger Vultur gryphus, could be negatively affected by an eventual decrease (natural or human-caused) in the rabbit population of the Reserve. To the contrary, primary producers such as Oxalis perdicaria, Plantago hispidula, Schizanthus parvulus, Senna cumminggi, and Tropaeolum azureum could be positively affected by an increase in their biomass in response to a decrease in rabbits, favoring native rodents. We consider that analyzing the rabbit-centered food web and its impacts on native interacting species allows a better understanding of the relevance of invasive species in the local community, providing conceptual tools for rabbit management.}, }
@article {pmid37106990, year = {2023}, author = {Guerra-Marrero, A and Bonino-Pérez, A and Espino-Ruano, A and Couce-Montero, L and Jiménez-Alvarado, D and Castro, JJ}, title = {Life History Parameters and Fishing Aspects of the Alien Nimble Spray Crab Percnon gibbesi in a Native Area of the Central-East Atlantic.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {37106990}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {(PIFULPGC-2017-CIENCIAS-2)//University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria/ ; }, abstract = {Percnon gibbesi is a native crab species characteristic of intertidal and subtidal zones of the Atlantic coast of the European Macaronesian archipelagos (Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands), and probably also in the neighbouring rocky coasts of northwest Africa. P. gibbesi is considered an invasive alien species in almost all of the Mediterranean, with expanding populations from Spain to Turkey, including Libya; However, its biology and ecology are highly unknown, despite all its range of distribution. In the intertidal zones of Gran Canaria Island, this crab, in the intertidal zones of Gran Canaria Island, shows a carapace length range between 4.1 and 22.7 mm (4.1-22.7 in males and 5.7-22.3 in females), where females showed higher weights and lengths than males on average; However, males predominated in all samples, with a sex ratio of 1:0.57. The L∞ for this crab was estimated to be 27 ± 3 mm (23 ± 4 mm for females and 25 ± 4 mm for males). The growth coefficient (K) was 0.24 year[-1], the total mortality (Z) was Z = 1.71 year[-1], and the natural mortality (M) was 0.47 year[-1]. Although females grow faster than males, males are more abundant in the larger length classes. Although the presence of ovigerous females indicated that reproduction takes place twice a year, from March to April and from August to September, the number of cohorts detected by the modal progression analysis showed that reproduction takes place all year.}, }
@article {pmid37106914, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, JH and Choi, HK and Lee, HJ and Lee, HG}, title = {On the Species Identification of Two Non-Native Tilapia Species, Including the First Record of a Feral Population of Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864) in South Korea.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {37106914}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {2020003050004//Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE)/ ; [NRF-2020R1I1A2069837]//National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)/ ; }, abstract = {Tilapia is an invasive species that has become widely distributed around the world. In Korea, introduced tilapia into its aquatic ecosystem for the first time with a species from Thailand in 1955, and later additionally introduced two more species from Japan and Taiwan, thus securing a total of three species of tilapia (O. niloticus, O. mossambicus and O. aureus) as food resources. Since then, O. niloticus has been reported to inhabit certain streams with thermal effluent outlets. Morphological species identification is very difficult for tilapia and a combined analysis of morphological and molecular-based species identification is therefore necessary. This study investigated a tilapia population that inhabits a thermal effluent stream (Dalseo Stream) in Daegu Metropolitan City, Korea, in order to conduct a morphological and genetic species identification of this population. In total, 37 tilapia individuals were sampled. The results of the morphological and genetic species identification analyses found that two species, O. aureus and O. niloticus, inhabit the Dalseo Stream. In Korea, the habitat of the O. niloticus natural population has been reported, but the O. aureus natural population has not been reported. Thus, we observed for the first time that a new invasive species, O. aureus, inhabits a stream in Korea. They are known to cause disturbances to aquatic organisms (e.g., fish, aquatic insects, plankton, aquatic plants) and the habitat environment (e.g., water quality, bottom structure). Accordingly, it is important to study the ecological effects of O. aureus and O. niloticus on the corresponding freshwater ecosystem closely and to prepare a management plan to prevent the spread of these species, as they are notoriously invasive.}, }
@article {pmid37106480, year = {2023}, author = {Jiménez-García, E and Andújar, C and López, H and Emerson, BC}, title = {Towards understanding insect species introduction and establishment: A community-level barcoding approach using island beetles.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {13}, pages = {3778-3792}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16962}, pmid = {37106480}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Phylogeny ; *Coleoptera/genetics ; Biodiversity ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; *Arthropods ; }, abstract = {Since Darwin put forward his opposing hypotheses to explain the successful establishment of species in areas outside their native ranges, the preadaptation and competition-relatedness hypotheses, known as Darwin's naturalization conundrum, numerous studies have sought to understand the relative importance of each. Here, we take advantage of well-characterized beetle communities across laurel forests of the Canary Islands for a first evaluation of the relative support for Darwin's two hypotheses within arthropods. We generated a mitogenome backbone tree comprising nearly half of the beetle genera recorded within the Canary Islands for the phylogenetic placement of native and introduced species sampled in laurel forests, using cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequences. For comparative purposes, we also assembled and phylogenetically placed a data set of COI sequences for introduced beetle species that were not sampled within laurel forests. Our results suggest a stronger effect of species preadaptation over resource competition, while also revealing an underappreciated shortfall in arthropod biodiversity data-knowledge of species as being native or introduced. We name this the Humboldtean shortfall and suggest that similar studies using arthropods should incorporate DNA barcode sequencing to mitigate this problem.}, }
@article {pmid37104950, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, J and Lu, X and Jing, Q and Zhang, B and Ye, J and Zhang, H and Xiao, Z and Zhang, J}, title = {Spatiotemporal characterization of heavy metal and antibiotics in the Pearl River Basin and pollutants removal assessment using invasive species-derived biochars.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {454}, number = {}, pages = {131409}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131409}, pmid = {37104950}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Environmental Pollutants ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Geologic Sediments ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Metals, Heavy/analysis ; Plants ; Water ; China ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Rivers play essential roles in human civilization, while anthropogenic activities have deteriorated their resilience and functionalities. Combating contamination is one of the priorities for building the river's resilience and providing safe water and habitats for livelihoods, wildlife preservation, and food production. We collected 174 water and sediment samples from the upstream to the estuary of the Pearl River (PR), characterized the heavy metal and antibiotics contamination levels, and analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution by compiling historical datasets extracted from published research papers and governmental documents. We also assessed the feasibility of removing PR water heavy metals and antibiotics using biochars derived from two invasive plants, Bidens pilosa L. and Lantana camara. According to our findings, heavy metals and antibiotics in water and sediment increased towards the downstream region of the Pearl River Delta (PRD). The water and sediment samples obtained from the Dongguan and Shenzhen regions exhibited the most elevated levels of heavy metals, whereas the samples from the Huizhou region demonstrated the highest levels of antibiotics. Compared with previously published PRD sediment heavy metals (1976-2011) and antibiotics contamination data (2006-2017), we found that some heavy metals and all measured antibiotics contents in sediment substantially reduced (80-100%). Cu, Zn, Cr, and As significantly polluted the sediment in PRD. Shenzhen had the highest Index of geo-accumulation (Igeo) for Cu, Zn, and Cr, while Zhaoqing had the highest Igeo for As. The dominant antibiotics were Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Oxytetracycline, and Tetracycline. Invasive plant-derived biochars showed high antibiotic removal capacity but failed to reduce most PR water heavy metals since these invasive plants are potential heavy metal hyperaccumulators. The spatial distribution of heavy metal and antibiotics concentration/content in water and sediment samples is primarily affected by anthropogenic activities such as industrialization, aquaculture, pharmaceutical, and agricultural practice. Our study provides insights into the extensive freshwater watersheds' decontamination and green policymaking.}, }
@article {pmid37104173, year = {2023}, author = {Llopart, JP and Alvarez-Blanco, P and Moreira-Demarco, L and Bang, A and Angulo, E and Maneyro, R}, title = {Testing the Novel Weapons Hypothesis of the Argentine Ant Venom on Amphibians.}, journal = {Toxins}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {37104173}, issn = {2072-6651}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ant Venoms ; Anura ; *Ants ; }, abstract = {The globally invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) possesses a venom lethal to some amphibian species in the invaded range. To test the novel weapons hypothesis (NWH), the effects of the toxin on the cohabiting amphibian species in the ant's native range need to be investigated. The invader should benefit from the novel chemical in the invaded range, because the species are not adapted, but the venom should not be effective in the native range. We explore the venom effects on juveniles of three amphibian species with different degrees of myrmecophagy inhabiting the ant's native range: Rhinella arenarum, Odontophrynus americanus, and Boana pulchella. We exposed the amphibians to the ant venom, determined the toxic dose, and evaluated the short- (10 min to 24 h) and medium-term (14 days) effects. All amphibian species were affected by the venom independently of myrmecophagy. In addition to amphibian sensitivity, we discuss how the differential Argentine ant abundance and density in the two ranges could be the key to the susceptibility of amphibians to the venom, resulting in the possibility of NWH. Our results confirm the potential magnitude of the impact of the Argentine ant in successfully invaded areas for the conservation of already threatened amphibians.}, }
@article {pmid37103767, year = {2023}, author = {Liao, J and Rong, H and You, L and Xia, K and Wang, M and Han, P and Li, C and Zhang, J}, title = {Identification of leaf chloroplast-specific promoter to efficiently control of Colorado potato beetle with reduced dsRNA accumulation in potato tubers.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {9}, pages = {3326-3333}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7516}, pmid = {37103767}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera/genetics ; *Solanum tuberosum/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics/metabolism ; Chloroplasts/genetics ; Plant Leaves/genetics/metabolism ; RNA Interference ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: By expressing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in potato plastids targeting the β-Actin (ACT) gene of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), transplastomic plants can trigger the beetle's RNA interference response to kill the CPB larvae. High expression of dsACT driven by rrn16 promoter (Prrn) in the leaf chloroplasts of transplastomic plants confers strong resistance to CPB. However, there are still residual amounts of dsRNA in the tubers, which are unnecessary for CPB control and may raise a potential food exposure issue.<br><br>RESULTS: In order to reduce dsRNA accumulation in the tubers while maintaining stable resistance to CPB, we selected two promoters (PrbcL and PpsbD) from potato plastid-encoded rbcL and psbD genes and compared their activities with Prrn promoter for dsRNA synthesis in the leaf chloroplasts and tuber amyloplasts. We found that the dsACT accumulation levels in leaves of transplastomic plants St-PrbcL-ACT and St-PpsbD-ACT were significantly reduced when compared to St-Prrn-ACT, but they still maintained high resistance to CPB. By contrast, a few amounts of dsACT were still accumulated in the tubers of St-PrbcL-ACT, whereas no dsACT accumulation in tubers was detectable in St-PpsbD-ACT.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We identified PpsbD as a useful promoter to reduce dsRNA accumulation in potato tubers while maintaining the high resistance of the potato leaves to CPB. &#xa9; 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid37103387, year = {2023}, author = {De Mori, A and Alasa, UJ and Mühlhölzl, A and Blunn, G}, title = {Slipper Limpet (Crepidula fornicata) Shells Support In Vitro Osteogenesis of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells.}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {37103387}, issn = {1660-3397}, mesh = {Humans ; *Osteogenesis ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Biocompatible Materials ; Bone Regeneration ; Calcium Carbonate ; *Bone Substitutes ; Stem Cells ; }, abstract = {This study aimed to investigate a cost-effective alternative to man-made calcium phosphate ceramics for treating bone defects. The slipper limpet is an invasive species in European coastal waters, and its shells composed of calcium carbonate could potentially be a cost-effective source of bone graft substitutes. This research analyzed the mantle of the slipper limpet (Crepidula fornicata) shells to enhance in vitro bone formation. Discs machined from the mantle of C. fornicata were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray crystallography (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and profilometry. Calcium release and bioactivity were also studied. Cell attachment, proliferation, and osteoblastic differentiation (RT-qPCR and alkaline phosphatase activity) were measured in human adipose-derived stem cells grown on the mantle surface. The mantle material was mainly composed of aragonite and showed a sustained Ca[2+] release at physiological pH. In addition, apatite formation was observed in simulated body fluid after three weeks, and the materials supported osteoblastic differentiation. Overall, our findings suggest the mantle of C. fornicata shows potential as a material for fabricating bone graft substitutes and structural biomaterials for bone regeneration.}, }
@article {pmid37103190, year = {2023}, author = {Ribeiro, LB and Proença, CEB and Tidon, R}, title = {Host Preferences Shown by Drosophilids (Diptera) in a Commercial Fruit and Vegetable Distribution Center Follow the Wild Neotropical Pattern.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {37103190}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {Code 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; 309973/2017&#xac;1 and 131296/2021-3//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; 0193.001710/2017//Foundation for Research Support of the Federal District/ ; }, abstract = {Although drosophilids have been extensively studied in laboratories worldwide, their ecology is still relatively poorly understood. This is unfortunate because some species are currently expanding their geographic distribution and infesting fruit crops. Here, we investigated the relationship between drosophilids and potential plant hosts in a commercial fruit and vegetable distribution center in the Neotropical region. We collected discarded fruits and vegetables from this commercial center during two time periods (2007-2008 and 2017-2018). Resources were weighted and individually monitored in the laboratory. The drosophilids that emerged were identified, and the relationship between them and their resources was explored. From the 99,478 kg of potential hosts collected, we identified 48 plant taxa, from which 48,894 drosophilids of 16 species emerged. On both collecting occasions, drosophilid assemblages were strongly dominated by basically the same exotic species, which explore a broader range of resources, especially those of exotic origin, when compared to neotropical drosophilids. These results are concerning because the studied site, Along with other urban markets around the world, might be acting as sources of generalist widespread species that disperse to surrounding natural vegetation and contribute to biotic homogenization.}, }
@article {pmid37103187, year = {2023}, author = {Seltzer, JL and MacGown, J and Hill, JG and Cross, D and Lensing, J and Collins, J}, title = {First Report of Imported Fire Ants, Solenopsis invicta, S. richteri, and S. invicta X richteri (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Kentucky.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {37103187}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {1234//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; MIS-012040//United States National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {Since their introduction into the United States in the early 1900's, imported fire ants, namely Solenopsis invicta Buren (Red Imported Fire Ant), S. richteri Forel (Black Imported Fire Ant), and their hybrid form Solenopsis invicta X richteri have spread throughout portions of the USA, especially in the southeastern region. Imported fire ants are a serious invasive and economically significant species in the USA and elsewhere, and their spread into new parts of the country is of great concern. Although early models predicted that the fire ants would not be able to survive very far north into the USA, these ants have nonetheless successfully continued their spread into higher latitudes. Based on Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) samples, the Mississippi Entomological Museum Invasive Insect Screening Center, at Mississippi State University, has verified the presence of imported fire ants collected in Kentucky at multiple locations from 2014 to 2022.}, }
@article {pmid37103168, year = {2023}, author = {Peccerillo, C and Mainardi, CE and Nieri, R and Fouani, JM and Cemmi, A and Cristofaro, M and Anfora, G and Mazzoni, V}, title = {The Effect of the Sterile Insect Technique on Vibrational Communication: The Case of Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {37103168}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {67096//CRDF Global/ ; D40045//International Atomic Energy Agency/ ; }, abstract = {The painted bug, Bagrada hilaris, is an agricultural pest in its original areas (Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East), and it has recently been recorded as an invasive species in southwestern part of the US, Chile, Mexico, and two islands in the Mediterranean basin. Its polyphagous diet causes severe damage to economically important crops. The control of this pest is primarily achieved by means of synthetic pesticides, which are often expensive, ineffective, and harmful to the ecosystem. Recent physiological bioassays to assess its potential control through the sterile insect technique demonstrated that mating between untreated females and males irradiated at doses of 64 and 100 Gy, respectively, resulted in 90% and 100% sterility of the eggs produced by the females. In this study, the mating abilities of virgin males irradiated at 60 and 100 Gy with virgin females were measured through a study of short-range courtship mediated by vibrational communication. The results indicate that males irradiated at 100 Gy emit signals with lower peak frequencies, mate significantly less than unirradiated males do, and do not surpass the early stages of courtship. Conversely, males irradiated at 60 Gy present vibrational signal frequencies that are comparable to those of the control and successfully mated males. Our findings suggest that B. hilaris individuals irradiated at 60 Gy are good candidates for the control of this species, given that they retain sexual competitiveness regardless of their sterility, through an area-wide program that incorporates the sterile insect technique.}, }
@article {pmid37103164, year = {2023}, author = {Ullah, MS and Sharmin, D and Tumpa, TA and Rashed, MTNN and Mondal, P and Akram, MW and Chowdhury, S and Ahmad, M and Gotoh, T and Chaudhary, M}, title = {Invasion, Distribution, Monitoring and Farmers Perception of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and Farm-Level Management Practices in Bangladesh.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {37103164}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a major pest of maize that was first detected in Bangladesh in 2018 and rapidly spread throughout the maize-growing areas. The presence of FAW was monitored using sex pheromone traps. Farmers' pest management practices were assessed through a questionnaire. The damage is most apparent in the early and late whorl stages. As the crop is grown mostly from November to April, both vegetative and reproductive growth stages remain vulnerable to extensive damage. The survey results showed that 100% of the farmers used pesticides for FAW control, 40.4% handpicked and crushed egg masses, 75.8% handpicked and crushed caterpillars, and only 5.4% used other techniques like applying ash/sand in the funnel of maize. Commonly used pesticides included Spinosad, Emamectin benzoate, Imidacloprid, and others. Thirty-four percent of farmers applied pesticides twice in a season and 48% applied pesticides three times in a season and 54% and 39% of farmers sprayed chemicals at 7-day and 15-day intervals, respectively. FAW causes an average economic loss of 37.7% in maize production without pesticides. Increased use of pesticides to control FAW poses hazards to human health, wildlife, and the environment, and is expensive. Therefore, well-tested agroecological practices and bio-control agents are needed for sustainable FAW management.}, }
@article {pmid37103158, year = {2023}, author = {Paraschiv, M}, title = {First Record of the Invasive Scale Insect, Pulvinaria hydrangeae Steinweden, 1946 (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in Romania.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {37103158}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {PN 23090102//Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization/ ; }, abstract = {Over the last few decades, globalization and global trade have increased the risk of the vehiculation of invasive organisms, which has had multiple negative effects, both economic and ecological. Through this study, we aimed to produce a report on the first record of the invasive scale insect Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Stein. 1946) in Brașov County in central Romania. It was found on two native tree species: sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) and linden (Tilia cordata). In this paper, we (i) highlight the list of possible hosts, (ii) provide a general outlook on infestations and (iii) review the control options for this particular pest. Because early detection and quick reporting are the most important actions in the successful management of invasive species, in general, we also provide a synthetic morphological description of the adult female specimens and ovisacs. Due to natural occurrence, our findings highlight the potential risks posed by the infestation of this insect to native tree species belonging to the Acer and Tilia genera. Because of the temperate climate in Romania and the fact that females are wingless, the new infestations will probably be made through the vehiculation of infested plants, rather than through natural spreading. However, because of global warming, the chances of this species surviving during the winter are likely to increase, making northern expansion of the cottony hydrangea scale feasible.}, }
@article {pmid37103155, year = {2023}, author = {Yanagisawa, T and Kato, Y and Inoue, MN}, title = {Infection Prevalence of Microsporidia Vairimorpha (Nosema) spp. in Japanese Bumblebees.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {37103155}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {(no number)//The Oshita Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Microsporidia are spore-forming intracellular parasites of various invertebrates and vertebrates. Vairimorpha bombi negatively affects the fitness of bumblebees and its prevalence correlates with declining bumblebee populations. The invasive alien species Bombus terrestris colonized Japan and possibly introduced new parasites. To assess the infection prevalence of V. bombi in Japanese bumblebees and B. terrestris, we investigated V. bombi infections using PCR and microscopy. The prevalence of sporulating V. bombi infections in three Bombus s. str. species/subspecies was low, whereas that of non/low-sporulating Vairimorpha sp. infections in three Diversobombus species/subspecies was high. Invasive B. terrestris showed low prevalence of non/low-sporulating V. bombi infections and shared the same V. bombi haplotype with B. hypocrita found in Hokkaido, where B. terrestris is present, and in Honshu, where B. terrestris is absent. Although V. bombi may have been introduced with B. terrestris colonies imported from Europe, it seems to be originally distributed in Japan. Furthermore, a new Vairimorpha sp. was found in Japanese bumblebee species. V. bombi and Vairimorpha sp. showed different organ and host specificities in bumblebees. There are no reports on the specific effects of other Vairimorpha spp. on bumblebees; further studies are needed to clarify the individual characteristics of Vairimorpha spp.}, }
@article {pmid37103138, year = {2023}, author = {Hagan, T and Lim, J and Gloag, R}, title = {Drones Do Not Drift between Nests in a Wild Population of Apis cerana.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {37103138}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {DP190101500//Australian Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {The modes through which individuals disperse prior to reproduction has important consequences for gene flow in populations. In honey bees (Apis sp.), drones (males) reproduce within a short flight range of their natal nest, leaving and returning each afternoon within a narrow mating window. Drones are assumed to return to their natal nests as they depend on workers to feed them. However, in apiaries, drones are reported to regularly make navigation errors and return to a non-natal nest, where they are accepted and fed by unrelated workers. If such a "drone drift" occurred in wild populations, it could facilitate some further degree of dispersal for males, particularly if drones drift into host nests some distance away from their natal nest. Here, we investigated whether drone drift occurs in an invasive population of the Asian honey bee (Apis cerana). Based on the genotypes of 1462 drones from 19 colonies, we found only a single drone that could be considered a candidate drifter (~0.07%). In three other colonies, drones whose genotypes differed from the inferred queen were best explained by recent queen turnover or worker-laying. We concluded that drone drift in this population is low at best, and A. cerana drones either rarely make navigation errors in wild populations or are not accepted into foreign nests when they do so. We therefore confirm that drone dispersal distance is limited to the distance of daily drone flights from natal nests, a key assumption of both colony density estimates based on sampling of drone congregation areas and population genetic models of gene flow in honey bees.}, }
@article {pmid37101789, year = {2023}, author = {Johnson, KH and Dobkowski, KA and Seroy, SK and Fox, S and Meenan, N}, title = {Feeding preferences and the effect of temperature on feeding rates of the graceful kelp crab, Pugettia gracilis.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e15223}, pmid = {37101789}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Kelp ; Ecosystem ; Temperature ; *Brachyura ; *Seaweed ; Seafood ; }, abstract = {Graceful kelp crabs (Pugettia gracilis) are abundant consumers in shallow subtidal ecosystems of the Salish Sea. These dynamic habitats are currently experiencing multiple changes including invasion by non-native seaweeds and ocean warming. However, little is known about P. gracilis' foraging ecology, therefore we investigated their feeding preferences between native and invasive food sources, as well as feeding rates at elevated temperatures to better assess their role in changing coastal food webs. To quantify crab feeding preferences, we collected P. gracilis from San Juan Island, WA and conducted no-choice and choice experiments with two food sources: the native kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana, and the invasive seaweed, Sargassum muticum. In no-choice experiments, P. gracilis ate equal amounts of N. luetkeana and S. muticum. However, in choice experiments, P. gracilis preferred N. luetkeana over S. muticum. To test effects of temperature on these feeding rates, we exposed P. gracilis to ambient (11.5 ± 1.3 °C) or elevated (19.5 ± 1.8 °C) temperature treatments and measured consumption of the preferred food type, N. luetkeana. Crabs exposed to elevated temperatures ate significantly more than those in the ambient treatment. Our study demonstrates the diet flexibility of P. gracilis, suggesting they may be able to exploit increasing populations of invasive S. muticum in the Salish Sea. Warming ocean temperatures may also prompt P. gracilis to increase feeding, exacerbating harmful impacts on N. luetkeana, which is already vulnerable to warming and invasive competitors.}, }
@article {pmid37101703, year = {2023}, author = {Griffin, RA and Boyd, A and Weinrauch, A and Blewett, TA}, title = {Invasive investigation: uptake and transport of l-leucine in the gill epithelium of crustaceans.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {coad015}, pmid = {37101703}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Many aquatic species are well known as extremely successful invaders. The green crab (Carcinus maenas) is an arthropod native to European waters; however, it is now known to be a globally invasive species. Recently, it was discovered that the C. maenas could transport nutrients in the form of amino acids across their gill from the surrounding environment, a feat previously thought to be impossible in arthropods. We compared the ability for branchial amino acid transport of crustacean's native to Canadian Pacific waters to that of the invasive C. maenas, determining if this was a novel pathway in an extremely successful invasive species, or a shared trait among crustaceans. Active transport of l-leucine was exhibited in C. maenas, Metacarcinus gracilis, Metacarcinus magister, and Cancer productus across their gill epithelia. Carcinus maenas exhibited the highest maximum rate of branchial l-leucine transport at 53.7 ± 6.24 nmolg[-1] h[-1], over twice the rate of two native Canadian crustaceans. We also examined the influence of feeding, gill specificity, and organ accumulation of l-leucine. Feeding events displayed a heavy influence on the branchial transport rate of amino acids, increasing l-leucine transport rates by up to 10-fold in C. maenas. l-leucine displayed a significantly higher accumulation rate in the gills of C. maenas compared to the rest of the body at 4.15 ± 0.78 nmolg[-1] h[-1], with the stomach, hepatopancreas, eyestalks, muscle tissue, carapace and heart muscle exhibiting accumulation under 0.15 nmolg[-1] h[-1]. For the first time, the novel transport of amino acids in Canadian native arthropods is described, suggesting that branchial amino acid transport is a shared trait among arthropods, contrary to existing literature. Further investigation is required to determine the influence of environmental temperature and salinity on transport in each species to outline any competitive advantages of the invasive C. maenas in a fluctuating estuarine environment.}, }
@article {pmid37101312, year = {2023}, author = {Van Nynatten, A and Gallage, KS and Lujan, NK and Mandrak, NE and Lovejoy, NR}, title = {Ichthyoplankton metabarcoding: An efficient tool for early detection of invasive species establishment.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {23}, number = {6}, pages = {1319-1333}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.13803}, pmid = {37101312}, issn = {1755-0998}, support = {//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grants/ ; //Fisheries and Oceans Canada Grants and Contributions/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Biodiversity ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Fishes/genetics ; Larva/genetics ; DNA ; DNA Primers ; }, abstract = {Detection of invasive species is critical for management but is often limited by challenges associated with capture, processing and identification of early life stages. DNA metabarcoding facilitates large-scale monitoring projects to detect establishment early. Here, we test the use of DNA metabarcoding to monitor invasive species by sequencing over 5000 fishes in bulk ichthyoplankton samples (larvae and eggs) from four rivers of ecological and cultural importance in southern Canada. We were successful in detecting species known from each river and three invasive species in two of the four rivers. This includes the first detection of early life-stage rudd in the Credit River. We evaluated whether sampling gear affected the detection of invasive species and estimates of species richness, and found that light traps outperform bongo nets in both cases. We also found that the primers used for the amplification of target sequences and the number of sequencing reads generated per sample affect the consistency of species detections. However, these factors have less impact on detections and species richness estimates than the number of samples collected and analysed. Our analyses also show that incomplete reference databases can result in incorrectly attributing DNA sequences to invasive species. Overall, we conclude that DNA metabarcoding is an efficient tool for monitoring the early establishment of invasive species by detecting evidence of reproduction but requires careful consideration of sampling design and the primers used to amplify, sequence and classify the diversity of native and potentially invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid37100317, year = {2023}, author = {Liu, H and Liu, C and Huang, J}, title = {Characterization of the shell proteins in two freshwater snails Pomacea canaliculata and Cipangopaludina chinensis.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {242}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {124524}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124524}, pmid = {37100317}, issn = {1879-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; *Snails ; *Fresh Water ; Calcification, Physiologic ; China ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Uncovering the molecular mechanism of shell formation not only reveals the evolution of molluscs but also lay a foundation for shell-inspired biomaterial synthesis. Shell proteins are the key macromolecules of the organic matrices that guide the calcium carbonate deposition during shell mineralization and have thus been intensively studied. However, previous studies on shell biomineralization have mainly focused on marine species. In this study, we compared the microstructure and shell proteins in the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata which is an alien species that has invaded Asia, and a freshwater snail Cipangopaludina chinensis which is native to China. The results showed that although the shell microstructures were similar in these two snails, the shell matrix in C. chinensis contained more polysaccharides. Moreover, the compositions of shell proteins were quite different. While the shared 12 shell proteins (including PcSP6/CcSP9, Calmodulin-A, and proline-rich protein) were supposed to play key roles in shell formation, the differential proteins were mainly immune components. The presence of chitin in both shell matrices and the chitin-binding domains containing PcSP6/CcSP9 underpinned the relevance of chitin as a major fraction in gastropods. Interestingly, carbonic anhydrase was absent in both snail shells, suggesting that freshwater gastropods might have unique pathways to regulate the calcification process. Our study suggested that shell mineralization might be very different in freshwater and marine molluscs, and therefore, the field should pay more attention to the freshwater species to achieve a more comprehensive insight into biomineralization.}, }
@article {pmid37100146, year = {2023}, author = {Shen, X and Ge, M and Handel, SN and Wang, W and Jin, Z and Kirkwood, NG}, title = {Advancing environmental design with phytoremediation of brownfield soils using spontaneous invasive plants.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {883}, number = {}, pages = {163635}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163635}, pmid = {37100146}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Biodegradation, Environmental ; Ecosystem ; Soil ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; Metals ; *Soil Pollutants/analysis ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Compared to traditional mechanical brownfield remediation strategies, phytoremediation as a sustainable and low-impact solution, yielding long-term soil chemical improvement. As a common part of many local plant communities, spontaneous invasive plants have advantages over native species in growth speed and resource-use efficiency and are many are effective on degrading or removing chemical soil pollutants. This research presents a methodology for using spontaneous invasive plants as the agent of phytoremediation for brownfield remediation is an innovative component of ecological restoration and design. This research explores s conceptual and applicable model of using spontaneous invasive plants in the phytoremediation of brownfield soil for environmental design practice. This research summarizes five parameters (Soil Drought Level, Soil Salinity, Soil Nutrients, Soil Metal Pollution, and Soil pH) and their classification standards. Based on the five parameters, a series of experiments were designed to examine 5 spontaneous invasive species' tolerance and performance to different soil conditions. Taking the research results as a data base, this research developed a conceptual model of selecting suitable spontaneous invasive plants for brownfield phytoremediation by overlaying the soil condition data and plants' tolerance data. Using a brownfield site in Boston metropolitan region as a case study, the research tested the feasibility and rationality of this model. The results propose a novel approach and materials for general environmental remediation of contaminated soil by involving spontaneous invasive plants. It also transforms the abstract phytoremediation knowledge and data to an applicable model which integrates and visualizes the requirements of scientific plant selection, design aesthetic, and ecosystem factors to help the environmental design process in brownfield remediation.}, }
@article {pmid37100004, year = {2023}, author = {Palmér, C and Wallin, A and Persson, J and Aronsson, M and Blennow, K}, title = {Effective communications on invasive alien species: Identifying communication needs of Swedish domestic garden owners.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {340}, number = {}, pages = {117995}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117995}, pmid = {37100004}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Sweden ; *Gardens ; Bayes Theorem ; Biodiversity ; Communication ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species threaten biodiversity with domestic gardens acting as a major pathway for the introduction of alien species. Even though the Nordic region is not currently a hotspot for biological invasions, the number of invasions in the Nordic area has been predicted to increase due to climate change. Given a time lag between introduction and invasion, many non-invasive horticultural alien species already introduced into gardens may become invasive in the future. This study aimed to identify the communication needs of Swedish garden owners regarding their management of invasive alien species. A survey among domestic garden owners, informed by topic specialists and local area experts, and interviews with garden owners were conducted in three different bio-climatic areas in a latitudinal gradient across Sweden. The questions targeted invasive alien species and their relations to biodiversity loss and climate change, as well as measures taken to control these species. Analysing the survey data collected in relation to measures taken to control invasive species, Bayesian Additive Regression Tree (BART) modelling was used to identify geographically varying communication needs of the domestic garden owners. In all study areas, the garden owners' measures taken to control invasive alien species were correlated with their strength of beliefs in having experienced local biodiversity loss. A majority of the garden owners were, moreover, uncertain about the impact of climate change on the invasiveness of alien species. In addition, the garden owners' capacity for identifying invasive alien species was often in need of improvement, in particular with respect to the species Impatiens glandulifera, Reynoutria japonica and Rosa rugosa. The results suggest that the evidence-based guidelines for effective communications we developed, have the potential to help communicators meet the local communication needs of garden owners across Sweden, in relation to the management of invasive alien garden species.}, }
@article {pmid37099521, year = {2023}, author = {Anderson, M and Crubaugh, F and Greenslit, C and Hill, E and Kroth, H and Stanislawski, E and Ribbons, R and Del Toro, I}, title = {B.Y.O. Bees: Managing wild bee biodiversity in urban greenspaces.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {e0281468}, pmid = {37099521}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; *Ecosystem ; *Parks, Recreational ; Biodiversity ; Cities ; Plants ; Trees ; Pollination ; }, abstract = {As cities become more populated and the density of urban development increases, local biodiversity is threatened. Urban greenspaces have the capacity to preserve pollinator biodiversity, but the quality of support they provide depends on greenspace landscape attributes, including the availability of pollinator habitat and foraging resources. Wild native bees provide important pollination services to urban ecosystems, yet relatively little is known about how urban landscape management influences pollinator community composition and diversity. Our study explores how wild bee communities are affected by greenspace and landscape-level features like pollinator management practices, in urban greenspaces in and around Appleton Wisconsin: a mid-sized urban community spanning more than 100 sq. km. We sampled and identified native bees periodically between late-May 2017 and mid-September of 2018 using standardized arrays of pan traps at 15 sites around the city. We classified greenspaces based on their level of development (urban or suburban) and whether they were managed or unmanaged for increasing wild pollinator diversity. We quantified floral species diversity, floral color diversity, tree species diversity, and proximity of sites to open water for each site and used remotely sensed satellite data from both the USGS National Land Cover Database (NLCD) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). All variables were tested as potential correlates of wild bee abundance and species richness. Active pollinator management sites supported higher levels of bee abundance and richness. Notably, active greenspace management (e.g. planting native wildflowers) was a stronger correlate of bee abundance and richness than greenspace size and other landscape-level attributes. Within-greenspace attributes such as floral diversity, tree diversity, and proximity to open water contributed positively to both bee abundance and richness. Based on these findings, we suggest that urban greenspaces may be managed more efficiently and cost-effectively by focusing resources on active management by planting wildflowers, removing invasive species, creating nesting habitat, and providing water resources, rather than simply expanding in area.}, }
@article {pmid37097110, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, Y and Su, JQ and Liao, H and Breed, MF and Yao, H and Shangguan, H and Li, HZ and Sun, X and Zhu, YG}, title = {Increasing Antimicrobial Resistance and Potential Human Bacterial Pathogens in an Invasive Land Snail Driven by Urbanization.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {57}, number = {18}, pages = {7273-7284}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.3c01233}, pmid = {37097110}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Humans ; *Urbanization ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Bacteria/genetics ; Genes, Bacterial ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Our understanding of the role urbanization has in augmenting invasive species that carry human bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the gut bacterial communities, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and potential antibiotic-resistant pathogens in giant African snails (Achatina fulica) collected across an urbanization gradient in Xiamen, China (n = 108). There was a lack of correlation between the microbial profiles of giant African snails and the soils of their habitats, and the resistome and human-associated bacteria were significantly higher than those of native snails as well as soils. We observed high diversity (601 ARG subtypes) and abundance (1.5 copies per 16S rRNA gene) of giant African snail gut resistome. Moreover, giant African snails in more urban areas had greater diversity and abundance of high-risk ARGs and potential human bacterial pathogens (e.g., ESKAPE pathogens). We highlight that urbanization significantly impacted the gut microbiomes and resistomes of these invasive snails, indicating that they harbor greater biological contaminants such as ARGs and potential human bacterial pathogens than native snails and soils. This study advances our understanding of the effect of urbanization on human bacterial pathogens and AMR in a problematic invasive snail and should help combat risks associated with invasive species under the One Health framework.}, }
@article {pmid37093323, year = {2023}, author = {Afshana,  and Reshi, ZA and Shah, MA and Malik, RA and Rashid, I}, title = {Species composition of root-associated mycobiome of ruderal invasive Anthemis cotula L. varies with elevation in Kashmir Himalaya.}, journal = {International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {1053-1071}, pmid = {37093323}, issn = {1618-1905}, support = {F. No.2-1/2013 (NS/PE)//University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi under its CPEPA scheme/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Mycobiome ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; *Anthemis ; *Mycorrhizae/genetics ; *Microbiota ; Soil Microbiology ; Fungi/genetics ; }, abstract = {Investigating the microbial communities associated with invasive plant species can provide insights into how these species establish and thrive in new environments. Here, we explored the fungal species associated with the roots of the invasive species Anthemis cotula L. at 12 sites with varying elevations in the Kashmir Himalaya. Illumina MiSeq platform was used to identify the species composition, diversity, and guild structure of these root-associated fungi. The study found a total of 706 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to 8 phyla, 20 classes, 53 orders, 109 families, and 160 genera associated with roots of A. cotula, with the most common genus being Funneliformis. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) constituted the largest guild at higher elevations. The study also revealed that out of the 12 OTUs comprising the core mycobiome, 4 OTUs constituted the stable component while the remaining 8 OTUs comprised the dynamic component. While α-diversity did not vary across sites, significant variation was noted in β-diversity. The study confirmed the facilitative role of the microbiome through a greenhouse trial in which a significant effect of soil microbiome on height, shoot biomass, root biomass, number of flower heads, and internal CO2 concentration of the host plant was observed. The study indicates that diverse fungal mutualists get associated with this invasive alien species even in nutrient-rich ruderal habitats and may be contributing to its spread into higher elevations. This study highlights the importance of understanding the role of root-associated fungi in invasion dynamics and the potential use of mycobiome management strategies to control invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid37091572, year = {2023}, author = {Roxo, G and Brilhante, M and Moura, M and de Sequeira, MM and Silva, L and Costa, JC and Vasconcelos, R and Talhinhas, P and Romeiras, MM}, title = {Genome size variation within Crithmum maritimum: Clues on the colonization of insular environments.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {e10009}, pmid = {37091572}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Angiosperms present an astonishing diversity of genome sizes that can vary intra- or interspecifically. The remarkable new cytogenomic data shed some light on our understanding of evolution, but few studies were performed with insular and mainland populations to test possible correlations with dispersal, speciation, and adaptations to insular environments. Here, patterns of cytogenomic diversity were assessed among geographic samples (ca. 114) of Crithmum maritimum (Apiaceae), collected across the Azores and Madeira archipelagos, as well as in adjacent continental areas of Portugal. Using flow cytometry, the results indicated a significant intraspecific genome size variation, spanning from reduced sizes in the insular populations to larger ones in the mainland populations. Moreover, there was a tendency for an increase in genome size along the mainland populations, associated with lower temperatures, higher precipitation, and lower precipitation seasonality. However, this gradient might be the result of historic phylogeographical events associated with previous dispersal and extinction of local populations. Overall, our findings provided evidence that smaller genome sizes might play a critical role in the colonization of islands, corroborating other studies that argue that organisms with smaller genomes use fewer resources, having a selective advantage under insular environments. Although further studies are needed to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying genome size evolution on islands, conservation strategies must be promoted to protect the rich cytogenomic diversity found among C. maritimum populations, which occur in coastal areas that are particularly threatened by human activity, pollution, invasive species, and climate changes.}, }
@article {pmid37091047, year = {2023}, author = {Lemmon, JE and Fick, WH and Alexander, JA and Gatson, GA and Olson, KC}, title = {Effects of late-season sheep grazing following early-season steer grazing on population dynamics of sericea lespedeza in the Kansas Flint Hills.}, journal = {Translational animal science}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {txad037}, pmid = {37091047}, issn = {2573-2102}, abstract = {Mature ewes were used in a 4-yr study to evaluate effects of intensive late-season sheep grazing on vigor of sericea lespedeza in native tallgrass prairie. Pastures (N = 8; 31 ± 3.6 ha) infested with sericea lespedeza (initial basal frequency = 1.4%) were assigned randomly to one of two treatments: early-season beef steer grazing (1.1 ha/steer; initial BW = 258 ± 34 kg) from April 15 to July 15 followed by no grazing for the rest of the year (control; STR) or steer grazing from April 15 to July 15 followed by intensive grazing by mature ewes (0.2 ha/ewe; SHP) from August 1 to October 1. Ewes (initial BW = 65 ± 3.1 kg) were assigned randomly to graze four of eight pastures; remaining pastures were not grazed from August 1 to October 1. Vegetation responses to treatment were measured along four permanent 100-m transects in each pasture. Herbivory on sericea lespedeza was monitored weekly in each pasture from July 21 to October 7. Herbivory on sericea lespedeza in SHP and STR after steer grazing and before sheep grazing was not different (P = 0.51). In contrast, sericea lespedeza herbivory following sheep grazing was greater (P < 0.01) in SHP than in STR. Herbivory of individual sericea plants was greater (P < 0.01) in SHP than in STR by the end of week 1 of the sheep-grazing period (10.6% vs. 0.5%); moreover, herbivory on sericea lespedeza steadily increased (P ≤ 0.01) such that 92.1% of sericea lespedeza plants were grazed in SHP compared to 1.4% in STR by week 8 of the sheep-grazing period. Whole-plant DM weight of sericea lespedeza at dormancy was less (P < 0.01) in SHP than in STR. Additionally, annual seed production by sericea lespedeza was less (P < 0.01) in SHP than in STR (114 vs. 864 seeds/plant). Pasture forage biomass was not different (P = 0.76) between SHP and STR after the steer-grazing period. Conversely, STR had more (P < 0.01) residual forage biomass than SHP at the end of the sheep-grazing period. Growth performance of beef steers grazing from April 15 to July 15 annually was not different (P ≥ 0.59) between treatments. Our results were interpreted to suggest that intensive late-season grazing by sheep decreased vigor of sericea lespedeza. Late-season sheep grazing decreased forage biomass by 904 kg DM/ha compared with late-season rest; however, residual biomass was adequate to prevent soil-moisture loss and erosion during the dormant season.}, }
@article {pmid37089351, year = {2023}, author = {Koutsikos, N and Koi, AM and Zeri, C and Tsangaris, C and Dimitriou, E and Kalantzi, OI}, title = {Exploring microplastic pollution in a Mediterranean river: The role of introduced species as bioindicators.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {e15069}, pmid = {37089351}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Studies of plastic contamination in freshwater ecosystems and their biota remain scarce, despite the fact that the vast majority of plastic waste initially passes through lotic ecosystems. Biomonitoring provides valuable information regarding plastic pollution and microplastic threats to biota and human health. The aim of this study was to explore the potential use of a non-indigenous fish species as a bioindicator of microplastic pollution in an Eastern Mediterranean River. Our study area is located in a heavily modified and vastly impacted urban river which flows through the largest part of the Metropolitan area of Athens, Greece. We used an introduced chub species (Squalius vardarensis) to assess microplastic ingestion in the river. The results indicated moderate occurrence and abundance of microplastics in the fish gastrointestinal tracts; one-third of specimens (35%) contained microplastics, although the average number of microplastics per specimen was relatively low (1.7 ± 0.2). Overall, the abundance of microplastics in the water confirmed the moderate level of microplastics contamination in our study area. The major polymer types of microplastics identified by FT-IR analysis were: polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polypropylene (PP); reflecting the fragmentation of larger litter from industrial packaging and/or household goods. Surface runoff of the urban environment, via motorways and major road networks, could be the contributing factor to the reported microplastics. Our results suggest that generalist's non-indigenous species such as chubs could be used as bioindicators of microplastics in inland waters. Introduced fishes can be a feasible, nondestructive, and cost-effective option for the assessment of microplastics in freshwater ecosystems, while freshwater chubs' high abundance and omnipresence in European rivers further serve this scope. However, it is worth noting that the suitability of any particular species as a bioindicator of microplastics may depend on a variety of factors, including their feeding behavior, habitat, and exposure to microplastics in their environment.}, }
@article {pmid37087448, year = {2023}, author = {Su, G and Mertel, A and Brosse, S and Calabrese, JM}, title = {Species invasiveness and community invasibility of North American freshwater fish fauna revealed via trait-based analysis.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {2332}, pmid = {37087448}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Ecosystem ; *Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; Fresh Water ; Fishes ; North America ; }, abstract = {While biological invasions are recognized as a major threat to global biodiversity, determining non-native species' abilities to establish in new areas (species invasiveness) and the vulnerability of those areas to invasions (community invasibility) is challenging. Here, we use trait-based analysis to profile invasive species and quantify the community invasibility for >1,800 North American freshwater fish communities. We show that, in addition to effects attributed to propagule pressure caused by human intervention, species with higher fecundity, longer lifespan and larger size tend to be more invasive. Community invasibility peaks when the functional distance among native species was high, leaving unoccupied functional space for the establishment of potential invaders. Our findings illustrate how the functional traits of non-native species determining their invasiveness, and the functional characteristics of the invaded community determining its invasibility, may be identified. Considering those two determinants together will enable better predictions of invasions.}, }
@article {pmid37086992, year = {2023}, author = {Griffith, RM and Cuthbert, RN and Johnson, JV and Hardiman, G and Dick, JTA}, title = {Resilient amphipods: Gammarid predatory behaviour is unaffected by microplastic exposure and deoxygenation.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {883}, number = {}, pages = {163582}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163582}, pmid = {37086992}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Microplastics/toxicity ; *Amphipoda/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Plastics ; Predatory Behavior ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; }, abstract = {Microplastics are a ubiquitous and persistent form of pollution globally, with impacts cascading from the cellular to ecosystem level. However, there is a paucity in understanding interactions between microplastic pollution with other environmental stressors, and how these could affect ecological functions and services. Freshwater ecosystems are subject to microplastic input from anthropogenic activities (eg. wastewater), but are also simultaneously exposed to many other stressors, particularly reduced dissolved oxygen availability associated with climatic warming and pollutants, as well as biological invasions. Here, we employ the comparative functional response method (CFR; quantifying and comparing organism resource use as a function of resource density) to investigate the relative impact of different microplastic concentrations and oxygen regimes on predatory trophic interactions of a native and an invasive alien gammarid (Gammarus duebeni and Gammarus pulex). No significant effect on trophic interaction strengths was found from very high concentrations of microplastics (200 mp/L and 200,000 mp/L) or low oxygen (40 %) stressors on either species. Additionally, both gammarid species exhibited significant Type II functional responses, with attack rates and handling times not significantly affected by microplastics, oxygen or gammarid invasion status. Thus, both species showed resistance to the simultaneous effects of microplastics and deoxygenation in terms of feeding behaviour. Based on these findings, we suggest that the trophic function, in terms of predation rate, of Gammarus spp. may be sustained under acute bouts of microplastic pollution even in poorly‑oxygenated waters. This is the first study to investigate microplastic and deoxygenation interactions and to find no evidence for an interaction on a key invertebrate ecosystem service. We argue that our CFR methods can help understand and predict the future ecological ramifications of microplastics and other stressors across taxa and habitats.}, }
@article {pmid37086042, year = {2024}, author = {Kurose, D and Seier, MK and Evans, HC}, title = {Exploiting exotic pathogens as mycoherbicides against invasive alien weeds: Japanese knotweed as a case study.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {80}, number = {1}, pages = {87-91}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7510}, pmid = {37086042}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada/ ; //Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK Government/ ; //Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; //a consortium of Dutch waterboards and other stakeholders in the Netherlands, coordinated through STOWA/ ; }, mesh = {*Fallopia japonica ; Plant Weeds ; Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; Fungi ; }, abstract = {Plant species have been introduced increasingly into non-native ranges, where many have become exotic weeds with adverse impacts on native ecosystems, as well as on farming and other livelihoods. In biological control, the classical or inoculative approach is the one most commonly used for the management of invasive alien weeds and is based on the use of co-evolved natural enemies from the native range to control the invasive weed. Typically, the inundative or mycoherbicide approach targets problematic weeds using local plant pathogens that, in the case of introduced species, have 'jumped' onto the exotic host. The leaf-spot fungus, Mycosphaerella polygoni-cuspidati, co-evolved with its host, Reynoutria (Fallopia) japonica (Japanese knotweed), in Japan and has a unique history of being investigated both as a classical biological control agent and a mycoherbicide against this highly invasive weed in the United Kingdom and North America. Here, we highlight our research on M. polygoni-cuspidati as part of a biological control programme for Japanese knotweed and review the potential of mycoherbicides using exotic pathogens for the management of invasive alien weeds. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid37085574, year = {2023}, author = {Favreau, E and Cini, A and Taylor, D and Câmara Ferreira, F and Bentley, MA and Cappa, F and Cervo, R and Privman, E and Schneider, J and Thiéry, D and Mashoodh, R and Wyatt, CDR and Brown, RL and Bodrug-Schepers, A and Stralis-Pavese, N and Dohm, JC and Mead, D and Himmelbauer, H and Guigo, R and Sumner, S}, title = {Putting hornets on the genomic map.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {6232}, pmid = {37085574}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {206194/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 218328/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Wasps/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Hornets are the largest of the social wasps, and are important regulators of insect populations in their native ranges. Hornets are also very successful as invasive species, with often devastating economic, ecological and societal effects. Understanding why these wasps are such successful invaders is critical to managing future introductions and minimising impact on native biodiversity. Critical to the management toolkit is a comprehensive genomic resource for these insects. Here we provide the annotated genomes for two hornets, Vespa crabro and Vespa velutina. We compare their genomes with those of other social Hymenoptera, including the northern giant hornet Vespa mandarinia. The three hornet genomes show evidence of selection pressure on genes associated with reproduction, which might facilitate the transition into invasive ranges. Vespa crabro has experienced positive selection on the highest number of genes, including those putatively associated with molecular binding and olfactory systems. Caste-specific brain transcriptomic analysis also revealed 133 differentially expressed genes, some of which are associated with olfactory functions. This report provides a spring-board for advancing our understanding of the evolution and ecology of hornets, and opens up opportunities for using molecular methods in the future management of both native and invasive populations of these over-looked insects.}, }
@article {pmid37084010, year = {2023}, author = {Fergus, C and Lacher, IL and Herrmann, V and McShea, WJ and Akre, TS}, title = {Predicting vulnerability of forest patches to invasion by non-native plants for landscape scale management.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {5}, pages = {e2857}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2857}, pmid = {37084010}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Crops, Agricultural ; }, abstract = {As a leading cause of forest health degradation, non-native invasive plant species are a key focus for many forest management and conservation efforts. These efforts come at a high price for resource-limited agencies and organizations making cost-effectiveness an important objective of invasion response plans. In this paper, we present an approach to guide the prioritization of locations for invasion management using species distribution models that account for the non-equilibrium of invasive species distributions and use readily available land use data as the primary explanatory variables. This approach takes advantage of the relatively high spatial resolution, as well as the broad, continuous geographic coverage, of land use data to provide results at a landscape scale relevant to practitioners responsible for invasive species management. In our example from northern Virginia, we simultaneously modeled a suite of invasive plant species to identify common indicators of invasion. We found that the proportions of surrounding non-forested land use types (grasses, crops, and development) were the most common and strongest indicators of invasion risk. These outcomes can guide managers of large protected areas to focus on major divides between forest and non-forest land over linear disturbances. We also found useful species-specific traits that can inform specific management actions. Additionally, we demonstrate through a case study how organizations that manage multiple smaller properties can take advantage of the projected distribution maps when considering acquiring or administering properties.}, }
@article {pmid37082134, year = {2022}, author = {Schwaiger, H and Lenzer, B and Essl, F}, title = {No species loss, but pronounced species turnover in grasslands in the Northern Alps over 25 years.}, journal = {Applied vegetation science}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {e12700}, pmid = {37082134}, issn = {1402-2001}, abstract = {The abandonment of marginally productive habitats and the intensification of land use on productive sites have caused transformative changes in vegetation composition in Central Europe. In this study, after 25 years we resurveyed a total of 145 grassland relevés from the mid-1990s in a grassland-dominated valley of the Northern Alps of Upper Austria. We studied changes in richness and composition, and related these to underlying drivers. We found that the average species number in plots increased from 46 in the first survey period to 49 in the second one. Median species richness across sites significantly increased from 1995 to 2020 for Festuco-Brometea (55-61 species) and Galio-Urticetea (24-32 species), but did not show any significant change for the other classes. Further, we recorded substantial species turnover, with winners consisting mostly of species that prefer nutrient-rich sites, while losers were predominantly species of nutrient-poor sites. In particular, using Ellenberg Indicator Values for calculating community indices, we found an indication for ongoing eutrophication in vegetation types of nutrient-poor vegetation classes (Festuco-Brometea and Calluno-Ulicetea), and in wet habitats (Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae). Community indices of wet habitats also showed clear signs of becoming more mesic. Thermophilization of community indices was evident across several vegetation classes. Further, alien species that were very rare in the mid-1990s became more abundant in the resurveyed plots, although the level of invasion is still low. Finally, community values for nutrients of plots that are located in a protected area that has been established in 2014 did not increase significantly, while this was the case in plots outside the protected area, indicating that the management of the protected area has positive effects in halting eutrophication. We conclude that despite overall species richness changing only moderately between both surveys, substantial changes in community composition toward more nitrophilic and thermophilic conditions occurred.}, }
@article {pmid37081640, year = {2023}, author = {Leach, CB and Weitzman, BP and Bodkin, JL and Esler, D and Esslinger, GG and Kloecker, KA and Monson, DH and Womble, JN and Hooten, MB}, title = {Revealing the extent of sea otter impacts on bivalve prey through multi-trophic monitoring and mechanistic models.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {6}, pages = {1230-1243}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13929}, pmid = {37081640}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Otters ; Ecosystem ; Bayes Theorem ; Food Chain ; *Bivalvia ; }, abstract = {Sea otters are apex predators that can exert considerable influence over the nearshore communities they occupy. Since facing near extinction in the early 1900s, sea otters are making a remarkable recovery in Southeast Alaska, particularly in Glacier Bay, the largest protected tidewater glacier fjord in the world. The expansion of sea otters across Glacier Bay offers both a challenge to monitoring and stewardship and an unprecedented opportunity to study the top-down effect of a novel apex predator across a diverse and productive ecosystem. Our goal was to integrate monitoring data across trophic levels, space, and time to quantify and map the predator-prey interaction between sea otters and butter clams Saxidomus gigantea, one of the dominant large bivalves in Glacier Bay and a favoured prey of sea otters. We developed a spatially-referenced mechanistic differential equation model of butter clam dynamics that combined both environmental drivers of local population growth and estimates of otter abundance from aerial survey data. We embedded this model in a Bayesian statistical framework and fit it to clam survey data from 43 intertidal and subtidal sites across Glacier Bay. Prior to substantial sea otter expansion, we found that butter clam density was structured by an environmental gradient driven by distance from glacier (represented by latitude) and a quadratic effect of current speed. Estimates of sea otter attack rate revealed spatial heterogeneity in sea otter impacts and a negative relationship with local shoreline complexity. Sea otter exploitation of productive butter clam habitat substantially reduced the abundance and altered the distribution of butter clams across Glacier Bay, with potential cascading consequences for nearshore community structure and function. Spatial variation in estimated sea otter predation processes further suggests that community context and local environmental conditions mediate the top-down influence of sea otters on a given prey. Overall, our framework provides high-resolution insights about the interaction among components of this food web and could be applied to a variety of other systems involving invasive species, epidemiology or migration.}, }
@article {pmid37080287, year = {2023}, author = {Ye, Z and Lu, R and Li, C and Yang, D and Zeng, Z and Lin, W and Cheng, J and Yang, Z and Wang, L and Gao, Y and Huang, S and Zhang, X and Li, S}, title = {Haplotype-resolved and chromosome-level genome assembly of Colorado potato beetle.}, journal = {Journal of genetics and genomics = Yi chuan xue bao}, volume = {50}, number = {7}, pages = {532-535}, doi = {10.1016/j.jgg.2023.04.005}, pmid = {37080287}, issn = {1673-8527}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera/genetics ; *Solanum tuberosum ; Haplotypes ; Colorado ; }, }
@article {pmid37075635, year = {2023}, author = {Williams-Mounsey, J and Crowle, A and Grayson, R and Holden, J}, title = {Removal of mesh track on an upland blanket peatland leads to changes in vegetation composition and structure.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {339}, number = {}, pages = {117935}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117935}, pmid = {37075635}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Soil ; *Sphagnopsida ; }, abstract = {Mesh tracks on peatlands are often granted permits on a temporary basis under the presumption that the tracks are either removed at the end of their permitted use or remain unused in situ. However, the fragility of peatland habitats and poor resilience of the specialist plant communities within them, mean that these linear disturbances may persist post-abandonment or post-removal. We removed sections of mesh track, abandoned five years earlier, from a blanket peatland using two different removal treatment methods (mown and unprepared) and studied a third treatment with sections left in place over a period of 19 months. On abandoned tracks, invasive species including Campylopus introflexus and Deschampsia flexulosa had established, while track removal led to extensive loss of Sphagnum species. Loss of surficial nanotopographic vegetation structures during track removal was extensive, and micro-erosion features were prevalent in both removal treatments. Abandoned sections of track performed comparably better across all metrics than removed sections. However, similarity between the vegetation assemblage of the abandoned track and the controls was <40% at the study outset, with NMDS (Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling) highlighting divergences. There was a mean species loss of 5 per quadrat for the removed sections. Bare peat was present in 52% of all track quadrats by the finish of the study. Our findings suggest that mesh tracks left in situ and track removal both present significant barriers to recovery and additional conservation interventions may be required after peatland tracks are abandoned.}, }
@article {pmid37075353, year = {2023}, author = {Lucía, M and Darrigran, G and Gregoric, DEG}, title = {Diversity of non-marine mollusks in the southernmost Paranaense forest of the world.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {95}, number = {1}, pages = {e20220212}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765202320220212}, pmid = {37075353}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Animals ; *Gastropoda ; Forests ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; *Mytilidae ; Biodiversity ; }, abstract = {The Natural Reserve of Punta Lara (RNPL) is a protected natural area that includes Paranaense forest southernmost in the world. This area is surrounded by a densely populated and touristic sector. The objective of this work was to estimate the richness, diversity and equity of the RNPL mollusks (aquatic and terrestrial) and to establish the relationship of their species in aquatic environments. One sampling per year was carried out between 2013 and 2019. There were 32 species recorded (six are non-native species): 23 gastropods (14 freshwater, nine terrestrial) and nine bivalves. Three species were recorded in all sampling years, while six only on one occasion. The land snail genus Drepanostomella is reported for the first time in that region, and five freshwater species are reported for the first time for the RNPL. The similarity analysis of the freshwater environment separated the coastal environments from the internal environments. The environments with the highest specific richness were in internal sites of the RNPL, while the least diverse was the coast of the Río de la Plata, where the invasive species Limnoperna fortunei predominates. It is recommended to increase the conservation efforts of the different environments of the RNPL continuously threatened by urbanization.}, }
@article {pmid37075174, year = {2023}, author = {Goldenberg, J and Massetti, F and D'Alba, L and Shawkey, MD}, title = {Body size and substrate use affect ventral, but not dorsal, brightness evolution in lizards.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {77}, number = {6}, pages = {1341-1353}, doi = {10.1093/evolut/qpad065}, pmid = {37075174}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Lizards/physiology ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Body Size ; Hot Temperature ; Cold Temperature ; }, abstract = {Substrate properties can affect the thermal balance of organisms, and the colored integument, alongside other factors, may influence heat transfer via differential absorption and reflection. Dark coloration may lead to higher heat absorption and could be advantageous when substrates are cool (and vice versa for bright coloration), but these effects are rarely investigated. Here, we examined the effect of substrate reflectance, specific heat capacity (cp), and body size on the dorso-ventral brightness using 276 samples from 12 species of cordylid lizards distributed across 26 sites in South Africa. We predicted, and found, that bright ventral colors occur more frequently in low cp (i.e., drier, with little energy needed for temperature change) substrates, especially in larger body-sized individuals, possibly to better modulate heat transfer with the surrounding environment. By contrast, dorsal brightness was not associated with body size nor any substrate thermal property, suggesting selection pressures other than thermoregulation. Ancestral estimation and evolutionary rate analyses suggest that ventral brightness rapidly differentiated within the Cordylinae starting 25 Mya, coinciding with an aridification period, further hinting at a thermoregulatory role for ventral colors. Our study indicates that substrate properties can have a direct role in shaping the evolution of ventral brightness in ectotherms.}, }
@article {pmid37071205, year = {2023}, author = {Berger, CS and Bougas, B and Côté, G and Dumont, JF and Bernatchez, L}, title = {A qPCR-based method to detect the eel parasitic nematode Anguillicola crassus in intermediate and final hosts.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {122}, number = {6}, pages = {1435-1443}, pmid = {37071205}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; *Fish Diseases/diagnosis/parasitology ; *Dracunculoidea ; *Anguilla/parasitology ; Air Sacs/parasitology ; Geography ; }, abstract = {Being able to systematically detect parasitic infection, even when no visual signs of infection are present, is crucial to the establishment of accurate conservation policies. The nematode Anguillicola crassus infects the swimbladder of anguillid species and is a potential threat for eel populations. In North America, naïve hosts such as the American eel Anguilla rostrata are affected by this infection. The accidental introduction of A. crassus following restocking programs may contribute to the actual decline of the American eel in Canada. We present a quantitative real time PCR-based method to detect A. crassus infection in final and intermediate hosts. We tested two protocols on samples from different geographical origins in Canada: 1) a general detection of A. crassus DNA in pools of young final hosts (glass eels) or crustacean intermediate hosts 2) a detection at the individual scale by analyzing swim bladders from elvers, or from adult yellow and silver eels. The DNA of A. crassus was detected in one pool of zooplankton (intermediate host) from the Richelieu River (Montérégie-Québec), as well as in individual swim bladders of 13 elvers from Grande and Petite Trinité rivers (Côte-Nord-Québec). We suggest that our qPCR approach could be used in a quantitative way to estimate the parasitic burden in individual swim bladders of elvers. Our method, which goes beyond most of previous developed protocols that restricted the diagnosis of A. crassus to the moment when it was fully established in its final host, should help to detect early A. crassus infection in nature.}, }
@article {pmid37070822, year = {2023}, author = {Díaz-Tapia, P and Nelson, WA and Verbruggen, H}, title = {Molecular analyses of turf algae reveal a new species and an undetected introduction in the Pterosiphonieae (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta).}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, pages = {603-618}, doi = {10.1111/jpy.13336}, pmid = {37070822}, issn = {1529-8817}, mesh = {Phylogeny ; Australia ; *Rhodophyta/genetics ; *Seaweed/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Introduced seaweeds and undescribed species often remain undetected because marine regional floras are as yet poorly understood. DNA sequencing facilitates their detection, but databases are incomplete, so their improvement will continue to lead the discovery of these species. Here we aim to clarify the taxonomy of two turf-forming red algal Australian species that morphologically resemble the European Aphanocladia stichidiosa. We also aim to elucidate whether either of these species could have been introduced in Europe or Australia. We studied their morphology, analyzed 17 rbcL sequences of European and Australian specimens, examined their generic assignment using a phylogeny based on 24 plastid genomes, and investigated their biogeography using a taxon-rich phylogeny including 52 rbcL sequences of species in the Pterosiphonieae. The rbcL sequences of one of the Australian species were identical to A. stichidiosa from Europe, considerably expanding its known distribution. Unexpectedly, our phylogenetic analyses resolved this species in the Lophurella clade rather than in Aphanocladia and the new combination L. stichidiosa is proposed. The other Australian species is described as L. pseudocorticata sp. nov. Although L. stichidiosa was originally described in the Mediterranean ca. 70 years ago, our phylogenetic analyses placed it in a lineage restricted to the southern hemisphere, showing that it is native to Australia and introduced to Europe. This study confirms that further work using molecular tools is needed to characterize seaweed diversity, especially among the poorly explored algal turfs, and showcases the usefulness of phylogenetic approaches to uncover introduced species and to determine their native ranges.}, }
@article {pmid37069929, year = {2023}, author = {Qian, H}, title = {Patterns of phylogenetic relatedness of non-native plants across the introduction-naturalization-invasion continuum in China.}, journal = {Plant diversity}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {169-176}, pmid = {37069929}, issn = {2468-2659}, abstract = {Human activities have caused the exchange of species among different parts of the world. When introduced species become naturalized and invasive, they may cause great negative impacts on the environment and human societies, and pose significant threats to biodiversity and ecosystem structure. Knowledge on phylogenetic relatedness between native and non-native species and among non-native species at different stages of species invasion may help for better understanding the drivers of species invasion. Here, I analyze a comprehensive data set including both native and non-native angiosperm species in China to determine phylogenetic relatedness of introduced species across a full invasion continuum (from introduction through naturalization to invasion). This study found that (1) introduced plants are a phylogenetically clustered subset of overall (i.e. native plus non-native) angiosperm flora, (2) naturalized plants are a phylogenetically clustered subset of introduced plants, and (3) invasive plants are a phylogenetically clustered subset of naturalized plants. These patterns hold regardless of spatial scales examined (i.e. national versus provincial scale) and whether basal- or tip-weighted metric of phylogenetic relatedness is considered. These findings are consistent with Darwin's preadaptation hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid37069603, year = {2023}, author = {Mutsaers, M and Engdahl, CS and Wilkman, L and Ahlm, C and Evander, M and Lwande, OW}, title = {Vector competence of Anopheles stephensi for O'nyong-nyong virus: a risk for global virus spread.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {133}, pmid = {37069603}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {2018-0033//Swedish Research Council grant/ ; 2017-05607//Swedish Research Council grant/ ; Grant 2022-2023//Basic Science-Oriented Biotechnology Research Grant at the Faculty of Medicine, Ume&#xe5; University/ ; 2020-01056//Formas grant/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Humans ; O'nyong-nyong Virus ; *Anopheles/genetics ; Mosquito Vectors ; *Malaria/epidemiology ; *Alphavirus/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: O'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus causing sporadic outbreaks of febrile illness with rash and polyarthralgia. Up to now, ONNV has been restricted to Africa and only two competent vectors have been found, Anopheles gambiae and An. funestus, which are also known malaria vectors. With globalization and invasive mosquito species migrating to ONNV endemic areas, there is a possible risk of introduction of the virus to other countries and continents. Anopheles stephensi, is closely related to An. gambiae and one of the invasive mosquito species of Asian origin that is now present in the Horn of Africa and spreading further east. We hypothesize that An. stephensi, a known primary urban malaria vector, may also serve as a new possible vector for ONNV.<br><br>METHODS: One-week-old female adult An. stephensi were exposed to ONNV-infected blood, and the vector competence for ONNV, i.e. infection rates (IRs), dissemination rates (DRs), transmission rates (TRs), dissemination efficiency (DEs) and transmission efficiency (TEs), were evaluated. Infection (IRs), dissemination efficiency (DEs) and transmission efficiency (TEs) were determined. Detection of ONNV RNA was analysed by RT-qPCR in the thorax and abdomen, head, wings, legs and saliva of the infected mosquitoes at four different time points, day 7, 14, 21 and 28 after blood meal. Infectious virus in saliva was assessed by infection of Vero B4 cells.<br><br>RESULTS: The mean mortality across all sampling times was 27.3% (95 confidence interval [CI] 14.7-44.2%). The mean rate of infection across all sampling periods was 89.5% (95% CI 70.6-95.9). The mean dissemination rate across sampling intervals was 43.4% (95% CI 24.3-64.2%). The mean TR and TE across all mosquito sampling time intervals were 65.3 (95% CI 28.6-93.5) and 74.6 (95% CI 52.1-89.4). The IR was 100%, 79.3%, 78.6% and 100% respectively at 7, 14, 21 and 28 dpi. The DR was the highest at 7 dpi with 76.0%, followed by 28 dpi at 57.1%, 21 dpi at 27.3% and 14 dpi at the lowest DR of 13.04%. DE was 76%, 13.8%, 25%, 57.1% and TR was 79%, 50%, 57.1% and 75% at 7, 14, 21 and 28 dpi respectively. The TE was the highest at 28 dpi, with a proportion of 85.7%. For 7, 14 and 21 dpi the transmission efficiency was 72.0%, 65.5% and 75.0% respectively.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Anopheles stephensi is a competent vector for ONNV and being an invasive species spreading to different parts of the world will likely spread the virus to other regions.}, }
@article {pmid37071791, year = {2023}, author = {Lewald, KM and Tabuloc, CA and Godfrey, KE and Arnó, J and Perini, CR and Guedes, JC and Chiu, JC}, title = {Genome Assembly and Population Sequencing Reveal Three Populations and Signatures of Insecticide Resistance of Tuta absoluta in Latin America.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {37071791}, issn = {1759-6653}, mesh = {Animals ; *Moths/genetics ; Insecticide Resistance/genetics ; Latin America ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Africa ; Larva/genetics ; }, abstract = {Tuta absoluta is one of the largest threats to tomato agriculture worldwide. Native to South America, it has rapidly spread throughout Europe, Africa, and Asia over the past two decades. To understand how T. absoluta has been so successful and to improve containment strategies, high-quality genomic resources and an understanding of population history are critical. Here, we describe a highly contiguous annotated genome assembly, as well as a genome-wide population analysis of samples collected across Latin America. The new genome assembly has an L50 of 17 with only 132 contigs. Based on hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms, we detect three major population clusters in Latin America with some evidence of admixture along the Andes Mountain range. Based on coalescent simulations, we find these clusters diverged from each other tens of thousands of generations ago prior to domestication of tomatoes. We further identify several genomic loci with patterns consistent with positive selection and that are related to insecticide resistance, immunity, and metabolism. This data will further future research toward genetic control strategies and inform future containment policies.}, }
@article {pmid37068344, year = {2023}, author = {Mghili, B and De-la-Torre, GE and Aksissou, M}, title = {Assessing the potential for the introduction and spread of alien species with marine litter.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {191}, number = {}, pages = {114913}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114913}, pmid = {37068344}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Biodiversity ; Plastics/chemistry ; Waste Products/analysis ; }, abstract = {The introduction and transport of marine invasive species into new environments are a great threat to biodiversity and ecosystem services with potential economic repercussions. There are several routes and mechanisms by which alien species are transported and dispersed in the marine environment (shipping, waterways, and aquaculture). Each year, millions of tons of plastic enter the ocean. The presence of floating marine litter in marine environments provides a substrate for marine organisms and may increase the potential for the transport of alien species. Research on the role of marine litter in the introduction of alien marine species has grown exponentially in recent years. In this study, studies examining the transport and dispersal of alien species by marine litter are reviewed. In this review, we identified 67 alien species associated with marine litter. The most recurrent alien phyla found on marine litter are Arthropoda (29 %), Mollusca (23 %), Bryozoa (19 %), Annelida (7 %) and Cnidaria (5 %). Plastic appears to be more efficient in transporting alien species than by natural means. Their characteristics (buoyancy and persistence) allow them to be widely dispersed throughout all ocean compartments. Thus, plastics may act as a primary vector, carrying organisms to remote areas but can also facilitate the secondary spread of alien species between points of invasion. Despite the growing number of studies on this subject, much work remains to be done to understand the roles of plastics in the introduction of alien species and to develop solutions to mitigate the issue.}, }
@article {pmid37066653, year = {2023}, author = {Camacho-Cervantes, M and Keller, RP and Vilà, M}, title = {Could non-native species boost their chances of invasion success by socializing with natives?.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {378}, number = {1878}, pages = {20220106}, pmid = {37066653}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Social Behavior ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Most invasions start with the introduction of a few individuals and the majority fail to establish and become invasive populations. A possible explanation for this is that some species are subject to Allee effects-disadvantages of low densities-and fail to perform vital activities due to the low availability of conspecifics. We propose that 'facilitation' from native individuals to non-natives through heterospecific sociability could enhance chances of the latter establishing in novel environments by helping them avoid Allee effects and even reducing the minimum number of non-native individuals necessary to achieve the density for a viable population (the Allee effect threshold). There is evidence from experiments carried out with freshwater fish, snails, lizards, mussels and bird that supports the idea of heterospecific sociability between native and non-native species as a process to promote invasion success. We propose that to understand invasion success in social non-native species we need to investigate how they integrate into the recipient community. Furthermore, to manage them, it may be necessary to reduce population density not just below the Allee effect threshold but also to understand how natives could help them shift the conspecific Allee effect threshold to their benefit. This article is part of the theme issue 'Mixed-species groups and aggregations: shaping ecological and behavioural patterns and processes'.}, }
@article {pmid37066061, year = {2023}, author = {Jobin, V and Das, A and Harikrishnan, CP and Chanda, R and Lawrence, S and Robin, VV}, title = {Patterns of understory invasion in invasive timber stands of a tropical sky island.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {e9995}, pmid = {37066061}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Current climate and land cover change threaten global mountaintops with increased spread of invasive species. Long-established plantations of invasive trees on these mountaintops can alter their surroundings, further increasing invader-facilitated invasion. Identifying the ecological conditions promoting such associations can help develop better management interventions. The Western Ghats's Shola Sky Islands (>1400 m MSL) host vast stretches of invasive tree plantations that sustain the colonization of other invasive woody, herbaceous, and fern species in their understories. Here, we analyzed vegetation and landscape variables from 232 systematically placed plots in randomly selected grids using non-metric multidimensional scaling and Phi coefficient approaches to examine patterns of association (positive interactions) between understory invasive species with specific invasive overstory species. We also conducted GLMM with zero inflation to determine the influence of environmental variables where such associations occur. We find that understory invasion of multiple species under the canopy of other invasives is widespread across the Shola Sky Islands. Stands of Eucalyptus host the colonization of 70% of non-native invasive species surveyed across the Shola Sky Islands. In particular, the Lantana camara invasion is strongly associated with Eucalyptus stands. We also found that climatic variables affect the colonization of understory woody invasive species, while invasion by exotic herbaceous species is associated with the density of road networks. Canopy cover impacts all invasives negatively, while fire incidence was negatively associated with invasion by Lantana spp. and the Pteridium spp. While the restoration of natural habitats primarily targets the highly invasive Acacia, less invasive Eucalyptus and Pinus are often not included. Our study suggests that retaining such invasive species in natural habitats, particularly protected areas, can hinder ongoing grassland restoration efforts by facilitating further invasions by multiple woody and herbaceous species.}, }
@article {pmid37065704, year = {2023}, author = {López-Tirado, J and Gonzalez-Andújar, JL}, title = {Spatial weed distribution models under climate change: a short review.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e15220}, pmid = {37065704}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Climate Change ; Commerce ; Internationality ; Europe ; Plant Weeds ; }, abstract = {Climate change is a concern worldwide that could trigger many changes with severe consequences. Since human demography is steadily increasing, agriculture has to be constantly investigated to aim at improving its efficiency. Weeds play a key role in this task, especially in the recent past and at present, when new introductions have been favoured by a rise in tourism and international trade. To obtain knowledge relating weeds and their behaviour to climate change, species distribution models (SDMs) have also increased recently. In this work, we have reviewed some articles published since 2017 on modelled weeds, aiming to give a response to, among other things, the species most studied, the scale and location of the studies, the algorithms used and validation parameters, global change scenarios, types of variables, and the sources from which the data were collected. Fifty-nine articles were selected to be reviewed, with maximum entropy (MaxEnt) and area under the curve (AUC) being the most popular software and validation processes. Environmental and topographic variables were considered above pedological and anthropogenic ones. Europe was the continent and China, the USA, and India the countries most studied. In this review, it was found that the number of published articles between developed and developing countries is unbalanced and comes out in favour of the former. The current knowledge on this topic can be considered to be good not enough, especially in developing countries with high population densities. The more knowledge we can obtain, the better our understanding is of how to deal with this issue, which is a worldwide preoccupation.}, }
@article {pmid37064427, year = {2023}, author = {Závada, T and Malik, RJ and Mazumder, L and Kesseli, RV}, title = {Radical shift in the genetic composition of New England chicory populations.}, journal = {The Journal of ecology}, volume = {111}, number = {2}, pages = {391-399}, pmid = {37064427}, issn = {0022-0477}, abstract = {Human activities have been altering the flora and fauna across the planet. Distributions and the diversity of species, and the phenotypes of individuals in those species are changing. New England with its rapidly changing human demographics is an ideal place to investigate these temporal changes in the habitat. The flora of New England consists of both native and nonnative species. Non-indigenous plant species have been introduced since the first Europeans arrived in North America in the 15th century. Cichorium intybus (chicory), native to Eurasia, was first recorded in North America in 1774. Subsequently, chicory spread and became naturalized throughout much of the continent.In this study, we used chloroplast DNA sequences and 12 microsatellite nuclear markers to assess the temporal genetic changes in New England populations of chicory. We analysed 84 herbarium specimens and 18 contemporary extant populations (228 individuals in total).Three chloroplast DNA haplotypes were detected and all were present in New England prior to 1890; however, Hap3 was rare prior to the 1950s. The nuclear DNA markers showed a major shift in the genetic diversity and composition, with all historical herbarium collections belonging to a single genetic cluster and 16 out of 18 contemporary chicory populations belonging to different genetic clusters. This change occurred regionally and also on a local scale with contemporary populations being very different from herbarium specimens collected previously in the corresponding localities. Synthesis. Our results indicate that the genetic diversity and structure of Cichorium intybus populations have changed substantially since the founding populations in New England. These changes may have contributed to the success of this nonnative species and helped to fuel its rapid expansion and adaptation to the changing landscapes in both New England and the rest of North America.}, }
@article {pmid37062768, year = {2023}, author = {Subalusky, AL and Sethi, SA and Anderson, EP and Jiménez, G and Echeverri-Lopez, D and García-Restrepo, S and Nova-León, LJ and Reátiga-Parrish, JF and Post, DM and Rojas, A}, title = {Rapid population growth and high management costs have created a narrow window for control of introduced hippos in Colombia.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {6193}, pmid = {37062768}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Population Growth ; Colombia ; }, abstract = {The introduction of hippos into the wild in Colombia has been marked by their rapid population growth and widespread dispersal on the landscape, high financial costs of management, and conflicting social perspectives on their management and fate. Here we use population projection models to investigate the effectiveness and cost of management options under consideration for controlling introduced hippos. We estimate there are 91 hippos in the middle Magdalena River basin, Colombia, and the hippo population is growing at an estimated rate of 9.6% per year. At this rate, there will be 230 hippos by 2032 and over 1,000 by 2050. Applying the population control methods currently under consideration will cost at least 1-2 million USD to sufficiently decrease hippo population growth to achieve long-term removal, and depending on the management strategy selected, there may still be hippos on the landscape for 50-100 years. Delaying management actions for a single decade will increase minimum costs by a factor of 2.5, and some methods may become infeasible. Our approach illustrates the trade-offs inherent between cost and effort in managing introduced species, as well as the importance of acting quickly, especially when dealing with species with rapid population growth rates and potential for significant ecological and social impacts.}, }
@article {pmid37062133, year = {2023}, author = {Drillet, G and Gianoli, C and Gang, L and Zacharopoulou, A and Schneider, G and Stehouwer, P and Bonamin, V and Goldring, R and Drake, LA}, title = {Improvement in compliance of ships' ballast water discharges during commissioning tests.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {191}, number = {}, pages = {114911}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114911}, pmid = {37062133}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Water ; Ships ; Oxidants ; *Water Purification ; }, abstract = {The number of ships installing ballast water management systems (BWMS) has risen steeply since the Ballast Water Management Convention entered into force. Since June 2022, biological testing is required during commissioning to verify compliance with the Convention. Data from 676 tests (from 2019 to 2022) show substantial improvement over time: the failure rate decreased from ~20 % to ~6 %. Notably, nearly all failures occurred in the largest size class of organisms (≥50 μm). Interestingly, proxy measurements suggest that high concentrations of living organisms in uptake water did not cause the failures. Also, failures determined using "indicative" analysis (here, adenosine triphosphate, ATP) were typically not confirmed by "detailed" analysis (microscopy), suggesting that ATP limits are over-precautionary. Finally, discharges containing high levels of Total Residual Oxidants (TRO) decreased over time. These data highlight the need for ongoing testing-focusing at least on organisms ≥50 μm-to minimize environmental risks from organisms transported in ships' ballast water.}, }
@article {pmid37061638, year = {2023}, author = {Han, X and Wang, Z and Lu, N and Tang, J and Lu, P and Zhu, K and Guan, J and Feike, T}, title = {Comprehensive study on the hydrochar for adsorption of Cd(II): preparation, characterization, and mechanisms.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {30}, number = {23}, pages = {64221-64232}, pmid = {37061638}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {41702370//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Adsorption ; *Cadmium/analysis/chemistry ; Carbon ; *Charcoal/chemistry ; Kinetics ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Hydrothermal carbonization process via converting invasive plants into functional materials may provide a novel strategy to comprehensively control and utilized the exotic invasive plants. In this study, Eupatorium adenophorum was utilized to fabricate the hydrochar via hydrothermal carbonization process, which was further applied to remove Cd(II). The results showed that the hydrochar was a mesoporous material with abundant O-containing functional groups (OFPs) on the surface. The adsorption isotherms were fitted by both the Langmuir and Freundlich models, and the maximum adsorption amount achieved 24.53 mg/g. The adsorption dynamics were governed by surface adsorption and film diffusion. pH and ionic strength can exert a strong influence on the adsorption efficiency. The mechanisms on the adsorption of Cd(II) on the hydrochar concluded the pore-filling effects, electrostatic interactions, ion exchange, precipitation, coordination with π electrons, and surface complexation with the OFPs, such as hydroxyl, carboxylic, phenol, acetyl, and ester groups. Thus, hydrothermal carbonization process may provide a promising technique to fabricate the hydrocar for the treatment of Cd(II), which may facilitate comprehensive control of invasive plants and boost to the carbon neutrality.}, }
@article {pmid37061528, year = {2023}, author = {Nelufule, T and Robertson, MP and Wilson, JRU and Faulkner, KT}, title = {An inventory of native-alien populations in South Africa.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {213}, pmid = {37061528}, issn = {2052-4463}, mesh = {Humans ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Species can be both native and alien to a given administrative region. Here we present the first consolidated inventory of these 'native-alien populations' for South Africa, and provide an overview of the data it contains. To gather data, literature searches were performed and experts were consulted both directly and via an on-line survey. Putative native-alien populations were then scored based on a newly developed protocol. The final inventory contains information on 77 native species from 49 families across nine classes that have formed 132 native-alien populations across the terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments. The phenomenon is rare when compared to the prevalence of related phenomena, such as alien species introduced from other countries (2033 alien species in South Africa), but is under-reported. However, they pose a specific problem for regulators and managers and their importance will likely increase with global change. These data will be integrated with an existing alien species list and, we hope, will provide a useful foundation to address the issue. We encourage those working on biodiversity to contribute more records.}, }
@article {pmid37058776, year = {2023}, author = {Merz, E and Kitahara, MV and Flores, AAV}, title = {A legacy of invasive sun corals: Distinct mobile invertebrate assemblages at near-reef coral-dominated rubble.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {188}, number = {}, pages = {105974}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105974}, pmid = {37058776}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; Fishes ; *Seaweed ; Sand ; }, abstract = {Fast-growing and reproducing sun corals have successfully invaded rocky reefs around the Atlantic Ocean, markedly reducing the diversity of fouling invertebrates and macroalgae, and profoundly changing the composition of reef-associated mobile invertebrates. Here, we address sun-coral rubble depositions and report, for the first time, the effects of sun corals on near-reef soft-bottom invertebrate assemblages. Abundance, richness and diversity were higher at rubble habitats compared to bare sandy grounds, which could be a positive effect of substrate complexity. All those parameters were also higher at rubble patches dominated by sun-coral fragments compared to rubble patches dominated by pebbles or shell fragments, also suggesting possible additive effects of coral-borne chemical attraction (sun-coral specific, as inputs of other coral species were virtually absent). Different epifaunal groups were exclusive of rubble habitats and a subset of those exclusive of sun-coral rubble, explaining the incremental richness across habitats. The relative abundance of the two dominant groups - polychaetes (p) and amphipods (a) - contributed the most to the observed contrasts on community structure, as their proportion (p:a) changed from 10:1 in bare sand to nearly co-dominance in coral rubble. While previous research suggested that spreading sun corals reduce prey supply for fish foraging on reef walls, our results suggest they may increase prey abundance and diversity at the adjacent non-consolidated habitat, possibly reshaping trophic pathways connecting the benthic and the pelagic environment.}, }
@article {pmid37058226, year = {2023}, author = {da Silva, JMM and Ramos, RS and Souza, PGC and da Silva Paes, J and Picanço, MC and Silva, GA and da Silva, RS}, title = {Mapping Brazilian Expansion Risk Levels of Mango Weevil (Sternochetus mangiferae Fabricius) Based on MaxEnt.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, pages = {760-771}, pmid = {37058226}, issn = {1678-8052}, abstract = {The mango weevil, Sternochetus mangiferae (Fabricius) (Curculionidae), pest present in Brazil and is restricted to some municipalities in the Rio de Janeiro State. This curculionid attacks the mango crop exclusively and puts mango production globally at risk, especially those destined for export. Using ecological modeling tools, this study is the first to map the potential risk of S. mangiferae in Brazil. We aimed to identify the potential distribution of this pest in Brazilian states, drawing up thematic maps of regions that present suitable and unsuitable climatic conditions for the establishment of the pest using the MaxEnt ecological niche model. The average annual temperature, the annual precipitation, the average daytime temperature range, and the annual temperature range were the variables that contributed most to the selected model. The MaxEnt model predicted highly suitable areas for S. mangiferae throughout the Brazilian coast, especially on the northeast coast. The region responsible for more than 50% of mango production in Brazil, the São Francisco Valley, was classified by the model with suitability for the pest; it can impacts exportations due to the imposition of phytosanitary barriers. This information can be used in strategies to prevent the introduction and establishment of this pest in new areas and monitor programs in areas with recent occurrence. In addition, the model results can be used in future research plans on S. mangiferae in worldwide modeling studies and climate change scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid37057863, year = {2023}, author = {Marcogliese, DJ}, title = {Major drivers of biodiversity loss and their impacts on helminth parasite populations and communities.}, journal = {Journal of helminthology}, volume = {97}, number = {}, pages = {e34}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X2300010X}, pmid = {37057863}, issn = {1475-2697}, mesh = {Animals ; *Parasites ; *Helminths ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Ecosystem ; Biodiversity ; Life Cycle Stages ; }, abstract = {The world's biodiversity is in peril. The major threats to biodiversity globally are habitat change, overexploitation, climate change, invasive species and pollution. Not only do these stressors impact free-living organisms, but they affect parasitic ones as well. Herein, this perspective examines the potential consequences of these anthropogenic perturbations on helminth populations and communities, with emphasis on significant developments over the past decade. Furthermore, several case studies are examined in more detail for each of these threats to biodiversity. While effects are widespread and diverse, for the most part all these environmental stressors have negative effects on parasite populations and communities. Those parasites with complex life cycles that are trophically transmitted are often more at risk, although larval parasites with a wide host spectrum, and directly transmitted ectoparasites, appear less threatened and may even benefit. However, differential effects on hosts and parasites, on parasite life cycle stages and on host-parasite interactions made specific predictions difficult and context-dependent. Experimental laboratory and mesocosm studies on specific parasites that test effects on the different life cycle stages, hosts and host-parasite interactions, permitting the determination of net effects of an environmental stressor, yield insightful and sometimes counterintuitive results, although they remain a simplification of real-world complexity. Recent advances in the use of parasites as bioindicators of effects also are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid37056740, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, L and Yang, Z and Yang, F and Wang, G and Zeng, M and Zhang, Z and Yang, M and Wang, Z and Li, Z}, title = {Gut microbiota of two invasive fishes respond differently to temperature.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1087777}, pmid = {37056740}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Temperature variation structures the composition and diversity of gut microbiomes in ectothermic animals, key regulators of host physiology, with potential benefit to host or lead to converse results (i.e., negative). So, the significance of either effect may largely depend on the length of time exposed to extreme temperatures and how rapidly the gut microbiota can be altered by change in temperature. However, the temporal effects of temperature on gut microbiota have rarely been clarified. To understand this issue, we exposed two juvenile fishes (Cyprinus carpio and Micropterus salmoides), which both ranked among the 100 worst invasive alien species in the world, to increased environmental temperature and sampled of the gut microbiota at multiple time points after exposure so as to determine when differences in these communities become detectable. Further, how temperature affects the composition and function of microbiota was examined by comparing predicted metagenomic profiles of gut microbiota between treatment groups at the final time point of the experiment. The gut microbiota of C. carpio was more plastic than those of M. salmoides. Specifically, communities of C. carpio were greatly altered by increased temperature within 1 week, while communities of M. salmoides exhibit no significant changes. Further, we identified 10 predicted bacterial functional pathways in C. carpio that were temperature-dependent, while none functional pathways in M. salmoides was found to be temperature-dependent. Thus, the gut microbiota of C. carpio was more sensitive to temperature changes and their functional pathways were significantly changed after temperature treatment. These results showed the gut microbiota of the two invasive fishes differ in response to temperature change, which may indicate that they differ in colonization modes. Broadly, we have confirmed that the increased short-term fluctuations in temperatures are always expected to alter the gut microbiota of ectothermic vertebrates when facing global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid37056571, year = {2023}, author = {Luo, W}, title = {Nasopharyngeal carcinoma ecology theory: cancer as multidimensional spatiotemporal "unity of ecology and evolution" pathological ecosystem.}, journal = {Theranostics}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {1607-1631}, pmid = {37056571}, issn = {1838-7640}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ; *Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; }, abstract = {Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a particular entity of head neck cancer that is generally regarded as a genetic disease with diverse intertumor and intratumor heterogeneity. This perspective review mainly outlines the up-to-date knowledge of cancer ecology and NPC progression, and presents a number of conceptual stepping-stones. At the beginning, I explicitly advocate that the nature of NPC (cancer) is not a genetic disease but an ecological disease: a multidimensional spatiotemporal "unity of ecology and evolution" pathological ecosystem. The hallmarks of cancer is proposed to act as ecological factors of population fitness. Subsequently, NPC cells are described as invasive species and its metastasis as a multidirectional ecological dispersal. The foundational ecological principles include intraspecific relationship (e.g. communication) and interspecific relationship (e.g. competition, predation, parasitism and mutualism) are interpreted to understand NPC progression. "Mulberry-fish-ponds" model can well illustrate the dynamic reciprocity of cancer ecosystem. Tumor-host interface is the ecological transition zone of cancer, and tumor buddings should be recognized as ecological islands separated from the mainland. It should be noted that tumor-host interface has a significantly molecular and functional edge effect because of its curvature and irregularity. Selection driving factors and ecological therapy including hyperthermia for NPC patients, and future perspectives in such field as "ecological pathology", "multidimensional tumoriecology" are also discussed. I advance that "nothing in cancer evolution or ecology makes sense except in the light of the other". The cancer ecology tree is constructed to comprehensively point out the future research direction. Taken together, the establishment of NPC ecology theory and cancer ecology tree might provide a novel conceptual framework and paradigm for our understanding of cancer complex causal process and potential preventive and therapeutic applications for patients.}, }
@article {pmid37055139, year = {2023}, author = {Pacioni, C and Sentís, M and Kerimov, A and Bushuev, A and Lens, L and Strubbe, D}, title = {Seasonal variation in thermoregulatory capacity of three closely related Afrotropical Estrildid finches introduced to Europe.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {113}, number = {}, pages = {103534}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103534}, pmid = {37055139}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animals ; Seasons ; Energy Metabolism/physiology ; Climate ; Body Temperature Regulation ; *Finches ; *Passeriformes/physiology ; Basal Metabolism/physiology ; }, abstract = {A species' potential geographical range is largely determined by how the species responds physiologically to its changing environment. It is therefore crucial to study the physiological mechanisms that species use to maintain their homeothermy in order to address biodiversity conservation challenges, such as the success of invasions of introduced species. The common waxbill Estrilda astrild, the orange-cheeked waxbill E. melpoda, and the black-rumped waxbill E. troglodytes are small Afrotropical passerines that have established invasive populations in regions where the climate is colder than in their native ranges. As a result, they are highly suitable species for studying potential mechanisms for coping with a colder and more variable climate. Here, we investigated the magnitude and direction of seasonal variation in their thermoregulatory traits, such as basal (BMR), summit (Msum) metabolic rates and thermal conductance. We found that, from summer to autumn, their ability to resist colder temperatures increased. This was not related to larger body masses or higher BMR and Msum, but instead, species downregulated BMR and Msum toward the colder season, suggesting energy conservation mechanisms to increase winter survival. BMR and Msum were most strongly correlated with temperature variation in the week preceding the measurements. Common waxbill and black-rumped waxbill, whose native ranges encompass the highest degree of seasonality, showed the most flexibility in metabolic rates (i.e., stronger downregulation toward colder seasons). This ability to adjust thermoregulatory traits, combined with increased cold tolerance, may facilitate their establishment in areas characterized by colder winters and less predictable climates.}, }
@article {pmid37053077, year = {2023}, author = {Phanthian, C and Chaisuekul, C}, title = {Larval performance and adult phenotypic variation of Acraea terpsicore (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) on congeneric Passiflora host plants.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {3}, pages = {465-479}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvad036}, pmid = {37053077}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Butterflies ; Larva ; *Passiflora ; Life Cycle Stages ; Plants ; Biological Variation, Population ; }, abstract = {The introduction of exotic plants into different habitats can have varied consequences for local herbivorous insects, such as altered the nutrient profiles that induce the host plant shifting or reduced food availability by competition with native plants. Acraea terpsicore (Linnaeus, 1758), a common butterfly in Southeast Asia that uses Passiflora as a host plant, has been studied to compare larval performance and adult phenotypes on one local wild Passiflora plant, P. foetida and 3 exotic congeneric plants, P. edulis, a fruit crop plant, and P. x alata-caerulea and P. x coccinea-caerulea, both hybrid ornamental plants. Laboratory caterpillars that fed on P. edulis and P. x alata-caerulea died within 1-10 days, while caterpillars fed on P. foetida and P. x coccinea-caerulea completed their life cycle in 30.42 ± 0.25 days. Although the caterpillars differed in several food utilization indices, the relative growth rate and consumption index were not affected. Adult butterflies that hatched from caterpillars fed on these experimental plants had different phenotypes, especially wing colors. Therefore, although some congeneric exotic plants may have a negative impact on the butterfly population, some exotic plants can serve as alternative larval host plants and expand the ecological niche of butterflies. Difference in the composition and concentration of nutrients and defensive chemicals in each host plant may exert an impact on the phenotypic traits of butterflies, such as their body size, coloration, and wing shape. Whether butterflies may separate into different subpopulations in the future due to phenotypic variation should be further examined.}, }
@article {pmid37051584, year = {2023}, author = {Lindsay, DL and Guan, X and Harms, NE and Cronin, JT and Meyerson, LA and Lance, RF}, title = {DNA assays for genetic discrimination of three Phragmites australis subspecies in the United States.}, journal = {Applications in plant sciences}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {e11512}, pmid = {37051584}, issn = {2168-0450}, abstract = {PREMISE: To genetically discriminate subspecies of the common reed (Phragmites australis), we developed real-time quantitative (qPCR) assays for identifying P. australis subsp. americanus, P. australis subsp. australis, and P. australis subsp. berlandieri.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Utilizing study-generated chloroplast DNA sequences, we developed three novel qPCR assays. Assays were verified on individuals of each subspecies and against two non-target species, Arundo donax and Phalaris arundinacea. One assay amplifies only P. australis subsp. americanus, one amplifies P. australis subsp. australis and/or P. australis subsp. berlandieri, and one amplifies P. australis subsp. americanus and/or P. australis subsp. australis. This protocol enhances currently available rapid identification methods by providing genetic discrimination of all three subspecies.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The newly developed assays were validated using P. australis samples from across the United States. Application of these assays outside of this geographic range should be preceded by additional testing.}, }
@article {pmid37051087, year = {2023}, author = {Lu, H and Lyu, B and Tang, J and Wu, Q and Wyckhuys, KAG and Le, KH and Chongchitmate, P and Qiu, H and Zhang, Q}, title = {Ecology, invasion history and biodiversity-driven management of the coconut black-headed caterpillar Opisina arenosella in Asia.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1116221}, pmid = {37051087}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The coconut black-headed caterpillar (BHC), Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae) is an important herbivore of palm trees that originates in South Asia. Over the past decades, O. arenosella has spread to several countries in Eastern and Southeast Asia. BHC larval feeding can cause severe defoliation and occasional plant death, resulting in direct production losses (e.g., for coconut) while degrading the aesthetic value of urban and rural landscapes. In this review paper, we systematically cover taxonomy, bio-ecology, invasion history and current management of O. arenosella throughout Asia. Given that O. arenosella is routinely controlled with insecticides, we equally explore options for more sustainable management through agroecological and biodiversity-based tactics e.g., cultural control or biological control. Also, recent advances in chemical ecology have unlocked lucrative opportunities for volatile-mediated monitoring, mating disruption and mass-trapping. Substantial progress has been made in augmentation biological control, with scheduled releases of laboratory-reared parasitoids lowering BHC infestation pressure up to 95%. Equally, resident ants provide 75-98% mortality of BHC egg masses within the palm canopy. Biological control has been effectively paired with sanitary measures and good agronomy (i.e., proper fertilization, irrigation), and promoted through participatory farmer training programs. Our comprehensive listing of non-chemical preventative and curative tactics offer bright prospects for a more environmentally-sound, biodiversity-driven mitigation of a palm pest of regional allure.}, }
@article {pmid37050187, year = {2023}, author = {Tiawoun, MAP and Malan, PW and Comole, AA and Moshobane, MC}, title = {Impact of Prosopis velutina Wooton on the Composition and Diversity of Native Woody Species in a Semi-Arid Zone along the Molopo River, South Africa.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {37050187}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Invasive alien species represent one of the main threats to biodiversity and species extinction. This is the case for the genus Prosopis, among which Prosopis velutina is the most invasive and common tree species along the Molopo River in the North-West Province, impacting native plant communities. However, its impact on the composition and diversity of native woody species remains poorly investigated in the area. Thus, this study aimed to assess the impact of P. velutina on native woody plant composition and diversity across three sites along the Molopo River. At each site, five quadrats of 20 × 20 m[2] were randomly established in invaded and adjacent uninvaded stands. A comparative methodological approach was adopted, and the woody plants in invaded and uninvaded stands with similar site conditions were sampled. The results showed that native woody species density differed significantly (p < 0.05) between invaded and uninvaded stands, except for Bray sites, where there was a marginal difference (p = 0.6). The overall native woody species density decreased by 79.7% in the invaded stand. However, non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) and analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) indicated significant differences in native tree composition between invaded and uninvaded stands at all sites. In all three sites, all ecological indices had significantly lower values in invaded stands compared to uninvaded stands. The decrease in all ecological indices in invaded over uninvaded stands indicated that P. velutina invasion reduced the diversity of native woody plant species. Due to the incessant spread of P. velutina, it may become a long-term dominant species with an increasing impact on the native vegetation. Therefore, the findings of this study call for urgent management and appropriate control measures against the ongoing spread of this invader within the riparian zones of the Molopo River in North-West Province.}, }
@article {pmid37050178, year = {2023}, author = {Ab Razak, N and Gange, AC and Sutton, BC and Mansor, A}, title = {The Invasive Plant Impatiens glandulifera Manipulates Microbial Associates of Competing Native Species.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {37050178}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {NE/N00244X/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {Impatiens glandulifera or Himalayan balsam is one of the most invasive weeds across Europe and can seriously reduce native plant diversity. It often forms continuous monocultures along river banks, but the mechanisms of this arrested succession are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on balsam competitive ability with two native plant species, Plantago lanceolata and Holcus lanatus. We also studied how competition with Impatiens affects colonisation by foliar endophytes and mycorrhizas of two other co-occurring native species, Urtica dioica and Cirsium arvense. Mycorrhizal colonisation reduced balsam growth when the plants were grown singly, but appeared to have little effect when balsam experienced intra- or interspecific competition. Competition with balsam together with the addition of mycorrhizas had no effect on P. lanceolata biomass, suggesting that the fungi were beneficial to the latter, enabling it to compete effectively with balsam. However, this was not so with H. lanatus. Meanwhile, competition with Impatiens reduced endophyte numbers and mycorrhizal colonisation in U. dioica and C. arvense, leading to enhanced susceptibility of these plants to insect attack. Himalayan balsam is known to degrade soil fungal populations and can also reduce foliar beneficial fungi in neighbouring plants. This allows the plant to compete effectively with itself and other native species, thereby leading to the continuous monocultures.}, }
@article {pmid37050136, year = {2023}, author = {Castillo, JM and Gallego-Tévar, B and Grewell, BJ}, title = {Wrack Burial Limits Germination and Establishment of Yellow Flag Iris (Iris pseudacorus L.).}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {37050136}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {Talento Doctores POSTDOC 21_00090//Regional Government of Andalusia/ ; 58-2030-0-038-F//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {Seed burial under wrack, mats of water-transported plant debris, can limit recruitment of seedlings in wetlands. In a greenhouse experiment, we studied the effects of wrack burial (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 cm depths) on germination and emergence of the macrophyte Iris pseudacorus, native to Europe, Mediterranean Basin, and western Asia, that has invaded wetlands in nearly every global ecozone. We recorded the percentages of germinating, senescent, and quiescent seeds and evaluated seedling establishment and growth relative to substrate environmental variables. Seedling emergence of I. pseudacorus was reduced from >80% in controls without burial to <40% even at minimal wrack depths of 1 cm. Few I. pseudacorus seedlings were able to emerge from wrack burial of up to 8 cm in depth. We also found greater numbers of both quiescent seeds and germinated seeds that did not emerge from wrack burial. Reduced seedling emergence and increased seed quiescence with wrack burial were primarily explained by a reduction in daily temperature variation within the substrate. No senescent seedlings were observed with any depth of wrack burial. In view of our results, the management of I. pseudacorus invasion will be a long-term challenge, requiring continued control due to persistent seeds in wrack-buried seed banks.}, }
@article {pmid37050059, year = {2023}, author = {Kanmaz, O and Şenel, T and Dalfes, HN}, title = {A Modeling Framework to Frame a Biological Invasion: Impatiens glandulifera in North America.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {37050059}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Biological invasions are a major component of global environmental change with severe ecological and economic consequences. Since eradicating biological invaders is costly and even futile in many cases, predicting the areas under risk to take preventive measures is crucial. Impatiens glandulifera is a very aggressive and prolific invasive species and has been expanding its invasive range all across the Northern hemisphere, primarily in Europe. Although it is currently spread in the east and west of North America (in Canada and USA), studies on its fate under climate change are quite limited compared to the vast literature in Europe. Hybrid models, which integrate multiple modeling approaches, are promising tools for making projections to identify the areas under invasion risk. We developed a hybrid and spatially explicit framework by utilizing MaxEnt, one of the most preferred species distribution modeling (SDM) methods, and we developed an agent-based model (ABM) with the statistical language R. We projected the I. glandulifera invasion in North America, for the 2020-2050 period, under the RCP 4.5 scenario. Our results showed a predominant northward progression of the invasive range alongside an aggressive expansion in both currently invaded areas and interior regions. Our projections will provide valuable insights for risk assessment before the potentially irreversible outcomes emerge, considering the severity of the current state of the invasion in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid37047017, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, Q and Luo, C and Wang, R}, title = {Insecticide Resistance and Its Management in Two Invasive Cryptic Species of Bemisia tabaci in China.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {24}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {37047017}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Animals ; Insecticide Resistance/genetics ; Introduced Species ; *Insecticides/pharmacology ; *Hemiptera/genetics ; China ; }, abstract = {The sweet potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a major agricultural pest with a wide host range throughout the world. The species designation for B. tabaci includes numerous distinct cryptic species or biotypes. Two invasive B. tabaci biotypes, MEAM1 (B) and MED (Q), were found in China at the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century. MEAM1 (B) and MED (Q) show higher pesticide resistance levels than native strains, and the levels of resistance vary with changes in insecticide selection pressure. Recent studies have revealed metabolic resistance mechanisms and target site mutations in invasive B. tabaci strains that render them resistant to a range of insecticides and have uncovered the frequency of these resistance-related mutations in B. tabaci populations in China. Novel pest control agents, such as RNA-based pesticides and nano-pesticides, have achieved effective control effects in the laboratory and are expected to be applied for field control of B. tabaci in the future. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of resistance developed by these invasive B. tabaci populations since their invasion into China. We also provide suggestions for ecologically sound and efficient B. tabaci control.}, }
@article {pmid37045818, year = {2023}, author = {Liu, D and Semenchuk, P and Essl, F and Lenzner, B and Moser, D and Blackburn, TM and Cassey, P and Biancolini, D and Capinha, C and Dawson, W and Dyer, EE and Guénard, B and Economo, EP and Kreft, H and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and van Kleunen, M and Nentwig, W and Rondinini, C and Seebens, H and Weigelt, P and Winter, M and Purvis, A and Dullinger, S}, title = {The impact of land use on non-native species incidence and number in local assemblages worldwide.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {2090}, pmid = {37045818}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Incidence ; Biodiversity ; *Ants ; Mammals ; }, abstract = {While the regional distribution of non-native species is increasingly well documented for some taxa, global analyses of non-native species in local assemblages are still missing. Here, we use a worldwide collection of assemblages from five taxa - ants, birds, mammals, spiders and vascular plants - to assess whether the incidence, frequency and proportions of naturalised non-native species depend on type and intensity of land use. In plants, assemblages of primary vegetation are least invaded. In the other taxa, primary vegetation is among the least invaded land-use types, but one or several other types have equally low levels of occurrence, frequency and proportions of non-native species. High land use intensity is associated with higher non-native incidence and frequency in primary vegetation, while intensity effects are inconsistent for other land-use types. These findings highlight the potential dual role of unused primary vegetation in preserving native biodiversity and in conferring resistance against biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid37045291, year = {2022}, author = {Roca-Cusachs, M and Kment, P}, title = {Joppeicus paradoxus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Joppeicidae): a new alien species in the European Union?.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5195}, number = {3}, pages = {256-266}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5195.3.4}, pmid = {37045291}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Heteroptera ; *Hemiptera ; Introduced Species ; European Union ; Animal Distribution ; }, abstract = {Joppeicus paradoxus Puton, 1881 is the only representative of the family Joppeicidae. This tiny predaceous bug of around 3 mm long has a resemblance to members of the family Anthocoridae sensu lato. Herein we present an up-to-date distribution of the species, recording it for the first time in the Canary Islands (Fuerteventura Island) and in Yemen (Socotra Island). We provide pictures of the dorsal and lateral habitus of the species and discuss its current distribution. The collection circumstances suggest probably native occurrence in Socotra, but in Fuerteventura it was found in an urban environment with a fair chance it was introduced due to human activity. Details on the types of J. paradoxus are also provided.}, }
@article {pmid37045264, year = {2023}, author = {Aspe, NM and Obusan, MCM}, title = {Pheretimoid earthworms (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) cultivated in a vermifacility in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines, with description of a new species.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5255}, number = {1}, pages = {101-112}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.14}, pmid = {37045264}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Oligochaeta ; Philippines ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {We report two pheretimoid earthworm species cultivated in Folia Tropica vermifacility in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. One species is Pheretima losbanosensis sp. nov., which belongs to P. dubia group in Sims &amp; Easton 1972, characterized by having three pairs of spermathecal pores in 6/7-8/9. It has an adult size of 220-228 mm x 8-9 mm; and has 26-36 and 56-66 setae on vii and xx, respectively. The other species is Metaphire bahli Gates, 1945, characterized by having three pairs of spermathecal pores in 6/7-8/9 and post-clitellar genital markings at 17/18 and 18/19. The vermicasts of the two species are commercially produced and are harvested as organic fertilizers. We promote the utilization of native species for vermiculture and vermicomposting rather than using the introduced vermicomposting species African nightcrawler Eudrilus eugeniae.}, }
@article {pmid37045043, year = {2022}, author = {Ramalho, LV and Caballero-Herrera, JA}, title = {Detection of five non-indigenous species in fishing ports of Málaga Province, Spain (southwestern Mediterranean).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5200}, number = {2}, pages = {196-200}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5200.2.7}, pmid = {37045043}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Spain ; *Hunting ; *Introduced Species ; Ships ; }, }
@article {pmid37044602, year = {2023}, author = {Boonzaaier-Davids, MK and Ma, KCK and McQuaid, CD}, title = {Epibiotic association of encrusting cheilostome bryozoans on shells of an invasive mussel from rocky shores of South Africa, with the description of a new aviculiferous species of Chaperia.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5258}, number = {2}, pages = {197-210}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5258.2.2}, pmid = {37044602}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; South Africa ; *Bryozoa ; *Mytilus ; Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Rocky shores typically exhibit a variety of sedentary and free-moving forms of epibionts associated with the shells of mussel basibionts. This paper provides a first report on epibiotic bryozoans found on shells of the invasive Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck. More than 2500 mussels were collected between December 2019 and October 2020 from rocky shores during low spring tides across the south-southeast coast of South Africa. Ten percent of these mussels hosted epibiotic bryozoans. We examined a subset of these epibiotised mussels to assess the diversity of bryozoans. Three encrusting cheilostome species were identified: Chaperia atypica n. sp., Celleporella hyalina (Linnaeus), and Hippomonavella sp. This new species is the first Chaperia with avicularia and the first South African species with ooecia. This study highlights the biological diversity of epibiotic bryozoans on mussel shells and, given their differences in microtopography, the possibility that invasive species can provide a new substratum for rare, overlooked or undescribed species of epibionts.}, }
@article {pmid37044257, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, NC and A, D and Chao, YQ and Li, HY and Li, C and Lin, QQ and Li, YY and Qiu, RL}, title = {Mechanism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation in the rhizosphere of Phragmites australis: Organic acid co-metabolism, iron-driven, and microbial response.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {327}, number = {}, pages = {121608}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121608}, pmid = {37044257}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {*Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis ; Rhizosphere ; Iron/metabolism ; Poaceae/metabolism ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Bacteria/metabolism ; *Dioxygenases/metabolism ; Organic Chemicals/metabolism ; Acids ; *Soil Pollutants/metabolism ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Microbial co-metabolism is crucial for the efficient biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); however, their intrinsic mechanisms remain unclear. To explore the co-metabolic degradation of PAHs, root organic acids (ROAs) (phenolic ROAs: caffeic acid [CA] and ferulic acid [FA]; non-phenolic ROAs: oxalic acid [OA]) were exogenously added as co-metabolic substrates under high (HFe) and low (LFe) iron levels in this study. The results demonstrated that more than 90% of PAHs were eliminated from the rhizosphere of Phragmites australis. OA can promote the enrichment of unrelated degrading bacteria and non-specific dioxygenases. FA with a monohydroxy structure can activate hydroxylase; however, it relies on phytosiderophores released by plants (such as OA) to adapt to stress. Therefore, non-specific co-metabolism occurred in these units. The best performance for PAH removal was observed in the HFe-CA unit because: (a) HFe concentrations enriched the Fe-reducing and denitrifying bacteria and promoted the rate-limiting degradation for PAHs as the enzyme cofactor; (b) CA with a dihydroxyl structure enriched the related degrading bacteria, stimulated specific dioxygenase, and activated Fe to concentrate around the rhizosphere simultaneously to perform the specific co-metabolism. Understanding the co-metabolic degradation of PAHs will help improve the efficacy of rhizosphere-mediated remediation.}, }
@article {pmid37043620, year = {2023}, author = {Hogg, BN and Nelson, EH and Daane, KM}, title = {A comparison of candidate banker plants for management of pests in lettuce.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {3}, pages = {379-390}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvad029}, pmid = {37043620}, issn = {1938-2936}, support = {2008-35302-04677//USDA-NRI/ ; //California Leafy Greens Research Board/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Lactuca ; Larva ; *Thysanoptera ; Pest Control, Biological ; Ecosystem ; *Aphids ; }, abstract = {Agricultural systems are often lacking in resources for natural enemies. Providing alternative prey can help natural enemies persist through periods of low pest abundance, although this approach has been rarely commercially implemented in open field crops. In this study, we tested the potential of eight plant species to provide alternative prey to natural enemies in lettuce fields over a 2-yr period. Results showed that the tested plants would not act as sources of the lettuce aphid Nasonovia ribisnigri Mosley (Hemiptera: Aphididae), the primary lettuce pest. Of the banker plants tested, barley contained high numbers of non-lettuce aphids and appeared to provide reliable habitat for hoverfly larvae. However, lettuce aphids were present on lettuce early in the season, and may have dwarfed any effects of nonlettuce aphids on natural enemy populations. Numbers of hoverfly larvae were also high in lettuce, but did not appear to track numbers of non-lettuce aphids on banker plants. In contrast, numbers of lacewing larvae were highest on plants containing high numbers of non-lettuce aphids, and predatory hemipterans appeared to be associated with numbers of thrips on banker plants. Although barley showed promise as a source of alternative aphids, it did not appear to improve pest control in the adjacent crop.}, }
@article {pmid37043149, year = {2023}, author = {Gomard, Y and Sanchez, M and Bonanno, A and Caubit, M and Clémencet, J}, title = {Development and characterization of twenty microsatellite markers for Phelsuma inexpectata (Squamata: Gekkonidae), a critically endangered gecko endemic to Reunion Island.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {50}, number = {6}, pages = {5501-5507}, pmid = {37043149}, issn = {1573-4978}, support = {number RE0022961//POE FEDER (European Regional Development Funds, ERDF) through CREME project/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Reunion ; *Endangered Species ; *Lizards/genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Manapany day gecko (Phelsuma inexpectata) is endemic to the south of Reunion Island. Threatened by habitat fragmentation and loss, human activities and invasive species, P. inexpectata is considered as critically endangered. Conservation measures are required but data on the species are missing, notably on its genetic diversity and population structure for which no specific markers are available to date. Here, we aimed to develop molecular markers to allow genetic studies of P. inexpectata.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: We developed and characterized 20 polymorphic microsatellite markers based on 23 P. inexpectata individuals sampled from 10 sites. Then, the markers were tested on a total of 101 individuals, 30 from a natural site and 71 from an anthropized site. The mean values of Na, Ho and He were 2.3 (&#xb1;&#x2009;0.2), 0.353 (&#xb1;&#x2009;0.053) and 0.345 (&#xb1;&#x2009;0.046) in the natural site and 2.8 (&#xb1;&#x2009;0.3), 0.345 (&#xb1;&#x2009;0.051) and 0.338 (&#xb1;&#x2009;0.048) in the anthropized site, respectively. Based on the combined loci, the probability of identity (PID) for unrelated specimens were 2.7&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;10[-7] and 2.6&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;10[-7] in the natural and anthropized site, respectively.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This work provides the first set of microsatellite markers for P. inexpectata, constituting a valuable tool to conduct classical genetic studies on the species, such as estimating genetic diversity, population structure and kinship relationships among individuals. Such studies will provide relevant information on P. inexpectata and will therefore be helpful in the implementation of conservation measures for this threatened species.}, }
@article {pmid37041598, year = {2023}, author = {Dragičević, P and Bielen, A and Žučko, J and Hudina, S}, title = {The mycobiome of a successful crayfish invader and its changes along the environmental gradient.}, journal = {Animal microbiome}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {23}, pmid = {37041598}, issn = {2524-4671}, support = {UIP 2017-05-1720//Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost/ ; UIP 2017-05-1720//Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The microbiome plays an important role in biological invasions, since it affects various interactions between host and environment. However, most studies focus on the bacteriome, insufficiently addressing other components of the microbiome such as the mycobiome. Microbial fungi are among the most damaging pathogens in freshwater crayfish populations, colonizing and infecting both native and invasive crayfish species. Invading crayfish may transmit novel fungal species to native populations, but also, dispersal process and characteristics of the novel environment may affect the invaders' mycobiome composition, directly and indirectly affecting their fitness and invasion success. This study analyzes the mycobiome of a successful invader in Europe, the signal crayfish, using the ITS rRNA amplicon sequencing approach. We explored the mycobiomes of crayfish samples (exoskeletal biofilm, hemolymph, hepatopancreas, intestine), compared them to environmental samples (water, sediment), and examined the differences in fungal diversity and abundance between upstream and downstream segments of the signal crayfish invasion range in the Korana River, Croatia.<br><br>RESULTS: A low number of ASVs (indicating low abundance and/or diversity of fungal taxa) was obtained in hemolymph and hepatopancreas samples. Thus, only exoskeleton, intestine, sediment and water samples were analyzed further. Significant differences were recorded between their mycobiomes, confirming their uniqueness. Generally, environmental mycobiomes showed higher diversity than crayfish-associated mycobiomes. The intestinal mycobiome showed significantly lower richness compared to other mycobiomes. Significant differences in the diversity of sediment and exoskeletal mycobiomes were recorded between different river segments (but not for water and intestinal mycobiomes). Together with the high observed portion of shared ASVs between sediment and exoskeleton, this indicates that the environment (i.e. sediment mycobiome) at least partly shapes the exoskeletal mycobiome of crayfish.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study presents the first data on crayfish-associated fungal communities across different tissues, which is valuable given the lack of studies on the crayfish mycobiome. We demonstrate significant differences in the crayfish exoskeletal mycobiome along the invasion range, suggesting that different local environmental conditions may shape the exoskeletal mycobiome during range expansion, while the mycobiome of the internal organ (intestine) remained more stable. Our results provide a basis for assessing how the mycobiome contributes to the overall health of the signal crayfish and its further invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid37041469, year = {2023}, author = {Sun, T and Wang, Y and Wu, X and Ye, J and Cheng, F}, title = {Promoting the application of Pinus thunbergii Parl. to enhance the growth and survival rates of post-germination somatic plantlets.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {195}, pmid = {37041469}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {2021YFD1400900//National Key Research and Development Programe of China/ ; PAPD//Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions/ ; }, mesh = {*Pinus ; Germination ; Survival Rate ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: There is a growing need for nematode resistant Pinaceae species plantlets to cope with the global scale degradation of coniferous forests, due to the prevalence of pine wilt disease. One of the bottlenecks that limits the commercialization of Pinaceae species plantlets is regeneration following their transfer from controlled sterile environments to the field while maintaining high survival rates.<br><br>METHODS: The growth factors of somatic plantlets (SPs), such as sucrose, media, culture substrate, brassinolide and spectrum were investigated to promote the application of somatic nematode-resistant P. thunbergii plants in afforestation.<br><br>RESULTS: The 1/2 WPM liquid medium, culture substrate (perlite and vermiculite =1:1), and carbohydrate (20 g/L sucrose) were effective in stimulating the growth of rooted SPs. While for unrooted SPs, 1 ug/L of brassinolide enhanced plantlet growth and rooting. And blue light (B) significantly promoted the longitudinal growth of shoots, while red light (R) was beneficial for root growth during the laboratory domestication stage. High quality SPs were obtained at a R/B ratio of 8:2. Following this acclimatization protocol, the P. thunbergii SPs could be directly transplanted to the field with a higher survival rate (85.20 %) in a forcing house.<br><br>CONCLUSION: this acclimatization protocol extremely improved the survival rate of P. thunbergii SPs. Moreover, this work will contribute to enhancing the possibilities for somatic plant afforestation with Pinus species.}, }
@article {pmid37041141, year = {2023}, author = {Leihy, RI and Peake, L and Clarke, DA and Chown, SL and McGeoch, MA}, title = {Introduced and invasive alien species of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean Islands.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {200}, pmid = {37041141}, issn = {2052-4463}, mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Animals ; }, abstract = {Open data on biological invasions are particularly critical in regions that are co-governed and/or where multiple independent parties have responsibility for preventing and controlling invasive alien species. The Antarctic is one such region where, in spite of multiple examples of invasion policy and management success, open, centralised data are not yet available. This dataset provides current and comprehensive information available on the identity, localities, establishment, eradication status, dates of introduction, habitat, and evidence of impact of known introduced and invasive alien species for the terrestrial and freshwater Antarctic and Southern Ocean region. It includes 3066 records for 1204 taxa and 36 individual localities. The evidence indicates that close to half of these species are not having an invasive impact, and that ~ 13% of records are of species considered locally invasive. The data are provided using current biodiversity and invasive alien species data and terminology standards. They provide a baseline for updating and maintaining the foundational knowledge needed to halt the rapidly growing risk of biological invasion in the region.}, }
@article {pmid37038527, year = {2023}, author = {Zimmer, EA and Berg, JA and Dudash, MR}, title = {Genetic diversity and population structure among native, naturalized, and invasive populations of the common yellow monkeyflower, Mimulus guttatus (Phrymaceae).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {e9596}, pmid = {37038527}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {An ongoing controversy in invasion biology is the prevalence of colonizing plant populations that are able to establish and spread, while maintaining limited amounts of genetic variation. Invasive populations can be established through several routes including from a single source or from multiple introductions. The aim of this study was to examine genetic diversity in populations of Mimulus guttatus in the United Kingdom, where the species is considered invasive, and compare this diversity to that in native populations on the west coast of North America. Additionally, we looked at diversity in non-native populations that have not yet become invasive (naturalized populations) in eastern North America. We investigated population structure among populations in these three regions and attempted to uncover the sources for populations that have established in the naturalized and invasive regions. We found that genetic diversity was, on average, relatively high in populations from the invasive UK region and comparable to native populations. Contrastingly, two naturalized M. guttatus populations were low in both genetic and genotypic diversity, indicating a history of asexual reproduction and self-fertilization. A third naturalized population was found to be a polyploid Mimulus hybrid of unknown origin. Our results demonstrate that M. guttatus has likely achieved colonization success outside of its native western North America distribution by a variety of establishment pathways, including those with genetic and demographic benefits resulting from multiple introductions in the UK, reproductive assurance through selfing, and asexual reproduction in eastern North America, and possible polyploidization in one Canadian population.}, }
@article {pmid37038526, year = {2023}, author = {Loureiro, NG and Guimarães-Lopes, VP and Rodrigues, FHG and Massara, RL}, title = {Landscape factors and allochthonous congeneric species influence Callithrix aurita occurrence in Brazilian Atlantic Forest remnants.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {e9968}, pmid = {37038526}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The buffy-tufted-ear marmoset (Callithrix aurita) is a small primate endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome, and one of the 25 most endangered primates in the world, due to fragmentation, loss of habitat, and invasion by allochthonous Callithrix species. Using occurrence data for C. aurita from published data papers, we employed model selection using Akaike Information Criterion corrected for small samples and cumulative AICc weight (w +) to evaluate whether fragment size, distance to fragments with allochthonous species, altitude, connectivity, and surrounding matrices influence the occurrence of C. aurita within its distributional range. Distance to fragments with C. jacchus (w + = 0.94) and nonvegetated areas (w + = 0.59) correlated negatively with C. aurita occurrence. Conversely, the percentage of agriculture and pasture mosaic (w + = 0.61) and the percentage of savanna formation (w + = 0.59) in the surrounding matrix correlated positively with C. aurita occurrence. The findings indicate that C. aurita is isolated in forest fragments surrounded by potentially inhospitable matrices, along with proximity of a more generalist and invasive species, thereby increasing the possibility of introgressive hybridization. The findings also highlighted the importance of landscape elements and allochthonous congeneric species for C. aurita conservation, besides indicating urgency for allochthonous species management. Finally, the approach used here can be applied to improve conservation studies of other endangered species, such as C. flaviceps, which is also endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and faces the same challenges.}, }
@article {pmid37038276, year = {2023}, author = {Van Kleunen, LB and Peterson, KA and Hayden, MT and Keyes, A and Schwartz, AJ and Li, H and Dee, LE}, title = {Decision-making under uncertainty for species introductions into ecological networks.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {983-1004}, doi = {10.1111/ele.14212}, pmid = {37038276}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {//Eppley Foundation for Research/ ; 2049360//National Science Foundation Division of Ocean Sciences/ ; NSF DBI-1052875//National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center/ ; //Office for Science and Technology of the Embassy of France in the United States/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Ecosystem ; Uncertainty ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Ecological communities are increasingly subject to natural and human-induced additions of species, as species shift their ranges under climate change, are introduced for conservation and are unintentionally moved by humans. As such, decisions about how to manage ecosystems subject to species introductions and considering multiple management objectives need to be made. However, the impacts of gaining new species on ecological communities are difficult to predict due to uncertainty in introduced species characteristics, the novel interactions that will be produced by that species, and the recipient ecosystem structure. Drawing on ecological and conservation decision theory, we synthesise literature into a conceptual framework for species introduction decision-making based on ecological networks in high-uncertainty contexts. We demonstrate the application of this framework to a theoretical decision surrounding assisted migration considering both biodiversity and ecosystem service objectives. We show that this framework can be used to evaluate trade-offs between outcomes, predict worst-case scenarios, suggest when one should collect additional data, and allow for improving knowledge of the system over time.}, }
@article {pmid37036068, year = {2024}, author = {Wei, C and Luo, S and Liu, L and Shi, K and Han, C and Mohamad, OAA and Shao, H}, title = {Potential of utilizing pathogen-derived mycotoxins as alternatives to synthetic herbicides in controlling the noxious invasive plant Xanthium italicum.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {80}, number = {1}, pages = {122-132}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7499}, pmid = {37036068}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2003214)/ ; //Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2022D01D02)/ ; //Regional Collaborative Innovation Project of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2019E01016)/ ; }, mesh = {*Herbicides/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Xanthium ; *Mycotoxins/pharmacology ; Plant Weeds ; Seedlings ; Introduced Species ; Weed Control ; }, abstract = {Discovery of environmentally friendly agents for controlling alien invasive species (AIS) is challenging and in urgent need as their expansion continues to increase. Xanthium italicum is a notorious invasive weed that has caused serious ecological and economic impacts worldwide. For the purpose of exploring the possibility of utilizing herbicidal mycotoxins to control this species, three compounds, a new compound, curvularioxide (1), a new naturally occurring compound, dehydroradicinin (2), and a known compound, radicinin (3), were isolated via activity-guided fractionation from the secondary metabolites of the pathogenic Curvularia inaequalis, which was found to infect X. italicum in natural habitats. All isolated compounds exhibited potent herbicidal activity on receiver species. It is noteworthy to mention that their effects on X. italicum in our bioassays were equivalent to the commercial herbicide glyphosate. Subsequent morphological analysis revealed that application of radicinin (3) severely hindered X. italicum seedlings' hypocotyl and root development. Malondialdehyde content and the activity of catalase and peroxidase of the seedlings were also significantly different from the control, implying the occurrence of induced oxidative stress. Our results suggest that pathogens infecting invasive plants might be valuable resources for developing safer herbicides for controlling weeds. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid37033896, year = {2023}, author = {Torson, AS and Bowman, S and Doucet, D and Roe, AD and Sinclair, BJ}, title = {Molecular signatures of diapause in the Asian longhorned beetle: Gene expression.}, journal = {Current research in insect science}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {100054}, pmid = {37033896}, issn = {2666-5158}, abstract = {Most previous studies on gene expression during insect diapause do not address among-tissue variation in physiological processes. We measured transcriptomic changes during larval diapause in the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). We conducted RNA-seq on fat body, the supraesophageal ganglion, midgut, hindgut, and Malpighian tubules during pre-diapause, diapause maintenance, post-diapause quiescence, and post-diapause development. We observed a small, but consistent, proportion of genes within each gene expression profile that were shared among tissues, lending support for a core set of diapause-associated genes whose expression is tissue-independent. We evaluated the overarching hypotheses that diapause would be associated with cell cycle arrest, developmental arrest, and increased stress tolerance and found evidence of repressed TOR and insulin signaling, reduced cell cycle activity and increased capacity of stress response via heat shock protein expression and remodeling of the cytoskeleton. However, these processes varied among tissues, with the brain and fat body appearing to maintain higher levels of cellular activity during diapause than the midgut or Malpighian tubules. We also observed temperature-dependent changes in gene expression during diapause maintenance, particularly in genes related to the heat shock response and MAPK, insulin, and TOR signaling pathways. Additionally, we provide evidence for epigenetic reorganization during the diapause/post-diapause quiescence transition and expression of genes involved in post-translational modification, highlighting the need for investigations of the protein activity of these candidate genes and processes. We conclude that diapause development is coordinated via diverse tissue-specific gene expression profiles and that canonical diapause phenotypes vary among tissues.}, }
@article {pmid37032330, year = {2023}, author = {Wos, G and Palomar, G and Marszałek, M and Babik, W and Sniegula, S}, title = {The effect of temperature and invasive alien predator on genetic and phenotypic variation in the damselfly Ischnura elegans: cross-latitude comparison.}, journal = {Frontiers in zoology}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {13}, pmid = {37032330}, issn = {1742-9994}, support = {2019/34/H/NZ8/00683//Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2014-2021/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Understanding and predicting how organisms respond to human-caused environmental changes has become a major concern in conservation biology. Here, we linked gene expression and phenotypic data to identify candidate genes underlying existing phenotypic trait differentiation under individual and combined environmental variables. For this purpose, we used the damselfly Ischnura elegans. Egg clutches from replicated high- (southern Sweden) and central-latitude (southern Poland) populations facing different degrees of seasonal time constraints were collected. Damselfly larvae were exposed to experimental treatments: current and mild warming temperatures crossed with the presence or absence of an invasive alien predator cue released by the spiny-cheek crayfish, Faxonius limosus, which is only present in Poland to date. We measured the following traits: larval development time, body size, mass and growth rate, and used the larvae for gene expression analysis by RNA-seq. Data were analysed using a multivariate approach.<br><br>RESULTS: We showed latitudinal differences in coping with mild warming and predator cues. When exposed to an increased temperature and a predator cue, central-latitude individuals had the shortest development and the fastest growth compared to high-latitude individuals. There was a general effect of predator cues regarding mass and growth rate reduction independent of latitude. Transcriptome analysis revealed that metabolic pathways related to larval anatomy and development tended to be upregulated in response to mild warming but only in fast-growing central-latitude individuals. Metabolic pathways linked to oxidative stress tended to be downregulated in response to a predator cue, especially in central-latitude individuals.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Different phenotypic and transcriptomic responses to environmental factors might be attributed to the variability in I. elegans life history strategies between the two latitudes caused by seasonal time constraints and to its coexistence with the invasive alien predator in nature. By providing insights into how organisms may respond to future anthropogenic changes, our results may be of particular interest in conservation biology.}, }
@article {pmid37030293, year = {2023}, author = {Booher, DB and Gotelli, NJ and Nelsen, MP and Ohyama, L and Deyrup, M and Moreau, CS and Suarez, AV}, title = {Six decades of museum collections reveal disruption of native ant assemblages by introduced species.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {33}, number = {10}, pages = {2088-2094.e6}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.044}, pmid = {37030293}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Ants ; Museums ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {There is a looming environmental crisis characterized by widespread declines in global biodiversity,[1][,][2][,][3][,][4][,][5][,][6] coupled with the establishment of introduced species at accelerated rates.[7][,][8][,][9][,][10][,][11][,][12][,][13][,][14] We quantified how multi-species invasions affect litter ant communities in natural ecosystems by leveraging museum records and contemporary collections to assemble a large (18,990 occurrences, 6,483 sampled local communities, and 177 species) 54-year (1965-2019) dataset for the entire state of Florida, USA. Nine of ten species that decreased most strongly in relative abundance ("losers") were native, while nine of the top ten "winners" were introduced species. These changes led to shifts in the composition of rare and common species: in 1965, only two of the ten most common ants were introduced, whereas by 2019, six of ten were introduced species. Native losers included seed dispersers and specialist predators, suggesting a potential loss of ecosystem function through time, despite no obvious loss of phylogenetic diversity. We also examined the role of species-level traits as predictors of invasion success. Introduced species were more likely to be polygynous than native species. The tendency to form supercolonies, where workers from separate nests integrate, also differed between native and introduced species and was correlated with the degree to which species increased in their rank abundances over 50 years. In Florida, introduced ants now account for 30% of occurrence records, and up to 70% in southern Florida. If current trends continue, introduced species will account for over half of occurrence records in all Florida's litter ant communities within the next 50 years.}, }
@article {pmid37030011, year = {2023}, author = {Olabiyi, D and Stelinski, LL and Diepenbrock, LM}, title = {Laboratory evaluation of the life history of hibiscus mealybug, Nipaecocus viridis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), on selected citrus and potential non-citrus hosts in Florida.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {3}, pages = {891-898}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad055}, pmid = {37030011}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Male ; Animals ; *Hemiptera ; *Citrus ; *Hibiscus ; Florida ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is an emerging invasive pest of citrus. There is no information on the life history of N. viridis in relation to citrus cultivars produced in Florida. Here, we quantified the life-history parameters of N. viridis on 6 citrus and 3 non-citrus host plant species under laboratory conditions. We also investigated the effect of mode of reproduction (sexual vs. parthenogenic) on the fecundity of N. viridis. Nipaecoccus viridis was able to develop to maturity and reproduce on all host plant taxa tested. The individual host plants affected the developmental and survival rate, adult longevity, and offspring production of N. viridis. All citrus genotypes commercially grown in Florida were susceptible to N. viridis, with the exception of Citrus aurantium L., which suggests that there is need for management of this invasive pest in Florida citrus groves. Murraya paniculata L., Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., and Punica granatum L. were also acceptable hosts for N. viridis. Sexually reproducing female N. viridis produced significantly more eggs than those reproducing asexually. Based on our results, propagation of M. paniculata and other citrus relatives should be discouraged around citrus groves in Florida. Given the fitness benefit of sexual reproduction in this pest, pheromone-based tools like mating disruption and mass trapping of adult males could be considered as part of an integrated pest management program with insecticides.}, }
@article {pmid37029524, year = {2023}, author = {Rojas, E and Prosnier, L and Pradeau, A and Boyer, N and Médoc, V}, title = {Anthropogenic noise does not strengthen multiple-predator effects in a freshwater invasive fish.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {102}, number = {6}, pages = {1470-1480}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15397}, pmid = {37029524}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Fishes/physiology ; Fresh Water ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic noise has the potential to alter community dynamics by modifying the strength of nested ecological interactions such as predation. Direct effects of noise on per capita predation rates have received much attention but the context in which predation occurs is often oversimplified. For instance, many animals interact with conspecifics while foraging and these nontrophic interactions can positively or negatively influence per capita predation rates. These effects are often referred to as multiple-predator effects (MPEs). The extent to which noise can modulate MPEs and thereby indirectly alter per capita predation remains unknown. To address this question, we derived the relationship between per capita predation rate and prey density, namely the functional response (FR), of single and pairs of the invasive topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva when feeding on water fleas under two noise conditions: control ambient noise estimated at 95 dB re 1 μPa and ambient noise supplemented with motorboat sounds whose relative importance over ambient noise ranged from 4.81 to 27 dB. In addition, we used video recordings to track fish movements. To detect MPEs, we compared the observed group-level FRs to predicted group-level FRs inferred from the individual FRs and based on additive effects only. Regardless of the number of fish and the noise condition, the FR was always of type II, showing predation rate in a decelerating rise to an upper asymptote. Compared to the noiseless condition, the predation rate of single fish exposed to noise did not differ at high prey densities but was significantly lower at low prey densities, resulting in an FR with the same asymptote but a less steep initial slope. Noise also reduced fish mobility, which might explain the decrease in predation rate at low prey densities. Conspecific presence suppressed the individual response to noise, the FRs of two fish (observed group-level FRs) being perfectly similar between the two noise conditions. Although observed and predicted group-level FRs did not differ significantly, observed group-level FRs tended to fall in the low range of predicted group-level FRs, suggesting antagonism and a negative effect of nontrophic interactions on individual foraging performance. Interestingly, the difference between predicted and observed group-level FRs was not greater with noise, which means that noise did not strengthen MPEs. Our results show that when considering the social context of foraging, here through the presence of a conspecific, anthropogenic noise does not compromise foraging in the invasive P. parva.}, }
@article {pmid37028257, year = {2023}, author = {Lawrence, MJ and Grayson, P and Jeffrey, JD and Docker, MF and Garroway, CJ and Wilson, JM and Manzon, RG and Wilkie, MP and Jeffries, KM}, title = {Transcriptomic impacts and potential routes of detoxification in a lampricide-tolerant teleost exposed to TFM and niclosamide.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part D, Genomics &amp; proteomics}, volume = {46}, number = {}, pages = {101074}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101074}, pmid = {37028257}, issn = {1878-0407}, mesh = {Animals ; *Transcriptome ; Niclosamide/pharmacology/metabolism ; *Petromyzon/metabolism ; Larva/metabolism ; Fishes ; }, abstract = {Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) control in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America often relies on the application of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and niclosamide mixtures to kill larval sea lamprey. Selectivity of TFM against lampreys appears to be due to differential detoxification ability in these jawless fishes compared to bony fishes, particularly teleosts. However, the proximate mechanisms of tolerance to the TFM and niclosamide mixture and the mechanisms of niclosamide toxicity on its own are poorly understood, especially among non-target fishes. Here, we used RNA sequencing to identify specific mRNA transcripts and functional processes that responded to niclosamide or a TFM:niclosamide mixture in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Bluegill were exposed to niclosamide or TFM:niclosamide mixture, along with a time-matched control group, and gill and liver tissues were sampled at 6, 12, and 24 h. We summarized the whole-transcriptome patterns through gene ontology (GO) term enrichment and through differential expression of detoxification genes. The niclosamide treatment resulted in an upregulation of several transcripts associated with detoxification (cyp, ugt, sult, gst), which may help explain the relatively high detoxification capacity in bluegill. Conversely, the TFM:niclosamide mixture resulted in an enrichment of processes related to arrested cell cycle and growth, and cell death alongside a diverse detoxification gene response. Detoxification of both lampricides likely involves the use of phase I and II biotransformation genes. Our findings strongly suggest that the unusually high tolerance of bluegill to lampricides is due to these animals having an inherently high capacity and flexible detoxification response to such compounds.}, }
@article {pmid37027964, year = {2023}, author = {Zamora-Marín, JM and Herrero-Reyes, AA and Ruiz-Navarro, A and Oliva-Paterna, FJ}, title = {Non-indigenous aquatic fauna in transitional waters from the Spanish Mediterranean coast: A comprehensive assessment.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {191}, number = {}, pages = {114893}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114893}, pmid = {37027964}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Asia ; North America ; *Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Understanding drivers of spatial variation in non-indigenous species (NIS) is a key goal in invasion biology, but comprehensive assessments providing high-resolution data are extremely scarce. Anthropogenic modifications to transitional waters facilitate the invasion of NIS where they cause both ecological and economic important damage. By screening validated data sources, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of non-indigenous aquatic fauna in Spanish Mediterranean transitional waters (30 sites), as well as assessed introduction pathways, native regions, NIS assemblage patterns and temporal introduction rate. One hundred and twenty-nine NIS were inventoried, with 72 % established and more than half listed before 1980. Two intentional (release, escape) and two unintentional (contaminant, stowaway) introduction pathways were dominant. Recorded NIS originated mostly from North America and Asia. A clear nested pattern in NIS assemblages was observed across sites, suggesting secondary spread from the most invaded waters placed in the northern regions. Our updated inventory should be pivotal for designing prevention protocols and informing specific management plans on non-indigenous fauna in transitional waters.}, }
@article {pmid37025903, year = {2023}, author = {Hussein, A and Estifanos, S}, title = {Modeling impacts of climate change on the distribution of invasive Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. in Ethiopia: Implications on biodiversity conservation.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {e14927}, pmid = {37025903}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The main danger to biological diversity is the introduction of exotic species. Opuntia ficus-indica (O. ficus-indica) is a dangerous invasive species that has seriously harmed Ethiopia's ecology and economy. To properly inform decision-making about the control of this invasive species, it is crucial to investigate the projected invasion dynamics of O. ficus-indica in the country under the current climate change scenarios. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the current distribution and relative importance of environmental variables for O. ficus-indica distribution, map the habitat's future suitability under scenarios of climate change and assess how habitat change would affect the species' future expected suitability in Ethiopia. The SDM R program was used to perform species distribution modeling (SDM) using 311 georeferenced presence records along with climatic variables. Predictive models were developed as an agreement model from six modeling methodologies to investigate the climatic suitability of target species for the years 2050 and 2070 under two shared socio-economic pathway (SSP) scenarios (SSP2-4.5 and 5-8.5) in order to estimate the risks of climate change to the species. Under the current climatic scenario, only 9.26% (104939.3 km[2]) and 4.05% (45850.6 km[2]) of the country were moderately and highly suitable for species dispersion and invasion respectively. The remaining 86.69% (980648 km[2]) was suitable for the distribution and invasion of the species. In 2050, under the SSP2-4.5 and 5-8.5, the highly suitable range of O. ficus-indica is anticipated to expand by 2.30% and 1.76%, whereas the moderately suitable area is predicted to decrease by 1.66% and 2.69%, respectively. Under the SSP2-4.5 and 5-8.5 scenarios, the highly suitable region for the species is expected to grow by 1.47% and 0.65%, respectively, in 2070 compared to the current climatic conditions. This invasive species had already had a considerable negative influence on rangelands in a significant portion of the country with the current cover. Its continuing growth would exacerbate the issue, cause significant economic and environmental harm, and endanger the community's way of living. If preventive and efficient management methods are not taken seriously, the species will have considerable negative environmental impacts, which would be one of the biggest difficulties for pastoralism and their livelihoods.}, }
@article {pmid37025631, year = {2023}, author = {Avila-Arias, H and Turco, RF and Scharf, ME and Groves, RL and Richmond, DS}, title = {Larvae of an invasive scarab increase greenhouse gas emissions from soils and recruit gut mycobiota involved in C and N transformations.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1102523}, pmid = {37025631}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Soil-derived prokaryotic gut communities of the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica Newman (JB) larval gut include heterotrophic, ammonia-oxidizing, and methanogenic microbes potentially capable of promoting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, no research has directly explored GHG emissions or the eukaryotic microbiota associated with the larval gut of this invasive species. In particular, fungi are frequently associated with the insect gut where they produce digestive enzymes and aid in nutrient acquisition. Using a series of laboratory and field experiments, this study aimed to (1) assess the impact of JB larvae on soil GHG emissions; (2) characterize gut mycobiota associated with these larvae; and (3) examine how soil biological and physicochemical characteristics influence variation in both GHG emissions and the composition of larval gut mycobiota.<br><br>METHODS: Manipulative laboratory experiments consisted of microcosms containing increasing densities of JB larvae alone or in clean (uninfested) soil. Field experiments included 10 locations across Indiana and Wisconsin where gas samples from soils, as well as JB and their associated soil were collected to analyze soil GHG emissions, and mycobiota (ITS survey), respectively.<br><br>RESULTS: In laboratory trials, emission rates of CO2, CH4, and N2O from infested soil were &#x2265; 6.3&#xd7; higher per larva than emissions from JB larvae alone whereas CO2 emission rates from soils previously infested by JB larvae were 1.3&#xd7; higher than emissions from JB larvae alone. In the field, JB larval density was a significant predictor of CO2 emissions from infested soils, and both CO2 and CH4 emissions were higher in previously infested soils. We found that geographic location had the greatest influence on variation in larval gut mycobiota, although the effects of compartment (i.e., soil, midgut and hindgut) were also significant. There was substantial overlap in the composition and prevalence of the core fungal mycobiota across compartments with prominent fungal taxa being associated with cellulose degradation and prokaryotic methane production/consumption. Soil physicochemical characteristics such as organic matter, cation exchange capacity, sand, and water holding capacity, were also correlated with both soil GHG emission, and fungal a-diversity within the JB larval gut. Conclusions: Results indicate JB larvae promote GHG emissions from the soil directly through metabolic activities, and indirectly by creating soil conditions that favor GHG-associated microbial activity. Fungal communities associated with the JB larval gut are primarily influenced by adaptation to local soils, with many prominent members of that consortium potentially contributing to C and N transformations capable of influencing GHG emissions from infested soil.}, }
@article {pmid37025129, year = {2023}, author = {Guo, X and Ma, JY and Liu, LL and Li, MY and Wang, H and Sun, YK and Wang, T and Wang, KL and Meyerson, LA}, title = {Effects of salt stress on interspecific competition between an invasive alien plant Oenothera biennis and three native species.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1144511}, pmid = {37025129}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Biological invasions and soil salinization have become increasingly severe environmental problems under global change due to sea-level rise and poor soil management. Invasive species can often outcompete native species, but few studies focus on whether invasive alien species are always superior competitors under increasing stressors. We grew an invasive grass species, Oenothera biennis L., and three native grass species (Artemisia argyi Lévl. et Vant., Chenopodium album L., and Inula japonica Thunb.) as a monoculture (two seedlings of each species) or mixture (one seedling of O. biennis and one native species seedling) under three levels of salt treatments (0, 1, and 2 g/kg NaCl) in a greenhouse. We found that invasive O. biennis exhibited greater performance over native C. album and I. japonica, but lower performance compared to A. argyi, regardless of the soil salinity. However, salinity did not significantly affect the relative dominance of O. biennis. Interspecific competition enhanced the growth of O. biennis and inhibited the growth of I. japonica. Although O. biennis seedlings always had growth dominance over C. album seedlings, C. album was not affected by O. biennis at any salt level. At high salt levels, O. biennis inhibited the growth of A. argyi, while A. argyi did not affect the growth of O. biennis. Salt alleviated the competitive effect of O. biennis on I. japonica but did not mitigate the competition between O. biennis and the other two native species. Therefore, our study provides evidence for a better understanding of the invasive mechanisms of alien species under various salinity conditions.}, }
@article {pmid37023619, year = {2023}, author = {Oficialdegui, FJ and Zamora-Marín, JM and Guareschi, S and Anastácio, PM and García-Murillo, P and Ribeiro, F and Miranda, R and Cobo, F and Gallardo, B and García-Berthou, E and Boix, D and Arias, A and Cuesta, JA and Medina, L and Almeida, D and Banha, F and Barca, S and Biurrun, I and Cabezas, MP and Calero, S and Campos, JA and Capdevila-Argüelles, L and Capinha, C and Casals, F and Clavero, M and Encarnação, J and Fernández-Delgado, C and Franco, J and Guillén, A and Hermoso, V and Machordom, A and Martelo, J and Mellado-Díaz, A and Morcillo, F and Oscoz, J and Perdices, A and Pou-Rovira, Q and Rodríguez-Merino, A and Ros, M and Ruiz-Navarro, A and Sánchez, MI and Sánchez-Fernández, D and Sánchez-González, JR and Sánchez-Gullón, E and Teodósio, MA and Torralva, M and Vieira-Lanero, R and Oliva-Paterna, FJ}, title = {Corrigendum to 'A horizon scan exercise for aquatic invasive alien species in Iberian inland waters' Sci. Total Environ.869 (2023) 161798.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {879}, number = {}, pages = {162809}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162809}, pmid = {37023619}, issn = {1879-1026}, }
@article {pmid37023202, year = {2023}, author = {Kronauer, DJC}, title = {The unusual genetics of invasive ants.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {380}, number = {6640}, pages = {33-34}, doi = {10.1126/science.adh1664}, pmid = {37023202}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Male ; *Ants/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; *Chimera ; *Reproduction ; }, abstract = {The males of an invasive ant species are chimeras of two distinct genetic lineages.}, }
@article {pmid37022727, year = {2023}, author = {Brown, SM and Voráček, V and Freeland, S}, title = {What Would an Alien Amino Acid Alphabet Look Like and Why?.}, journal = {Astrobiology}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, pages = {536-549}, doi = {10.1089/ast.2022.0107}, pmid = {37022727}, issn = {1557-8070}, mesh = {*Amino Acids/chemistry ; *Introduced Species ; Proteins/chemistry ; Protein Folding ; Amines ; }, abstract = {Life on Earth builds genetically encoded proteins by using a standard alphabet of just 20 L-α-amino acids, although many others were available to life's origins and early evolution. To better understand the causes of this foundational evolutionary outcome, we extend previous analyses which have identified a highly unusual distribution of biophysical properties within the set used by life. Specifically, we use a heuristic search algorithm to identify other sets of amino acids, from a library of plausible alternatives, that emulate life's signature. We find that a subset of amino acids seems predisposed to forming such sets. We present other examples of such alphabets under various assumptions, along with analysis and reasoning about why each might be simplistic. We do so to introduce the central, open question that remains: while fundamental biophysics related to protein folding can potentially reduce a library of 10[54] possible amino acid alphabets by 7 orders of magnitude, the framework of assumptions that does so leaves a further 10[45] possibilities. It is therefore tempting to ask what additional assumptions can further reduce these 45 orders of magnitude? We thus conclude with a focus on library and alphabet construction as a useful target for subsequent research that may help future science speak with more confidence about what an alien amino acid alphabet would look like and why.}, }
@article {pmid37013934, year = {2023}, author = {Zhou, Y and Tao, J and Yang, J and Zong, S and Ge, X}, title = {Niche shifts and range expansions after invasions of two major pests: the Asian longhorned beetle and the citrus longhorned beetle.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {9}, pages = {3149-3158}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7490}, pmid = {37013934}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In recent years, the quarantine forestry pests the Asian longhorned beetle (ALB) Anoplophora glabripennis and the citrus longhorned beetle (CLB) Anoplophora chinensis have spread across the Northern Hemisphere, triggering concern about their potential distribution. However, little is known about the niche shifts of the pests during the invasion, making it difficult to assess their potential ranges. We thus employed two distinct approaches (i.e., ordination-based and reciprocal model-based) to compare the native and invaded niches of ALB and CLB after their spread to new continents based on global occurrence records. We further constructed models with pooled occurrences from both the native and invaded ranges to analyze the effects of occurrence partitioning on predicted ranges.<br><br>RESULTS: We detected expansions in the invaded niches of both pests, indicating that the niches shifted to varying extents after the invasion. Large shares of the native niches of ALB and CLB remained unfilled, revealing the potential for further invasion in new regions. The models calibrated with pooled occurrences clearly underestimated the potential ranges in invaded regions compared with the projections based on partitioned models considering native and invaded areas separately.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These results emphasize the importance of elucidating the niche dynamics of invasive species for obtaining accurately predicted ranges, which may help identify risk areas masked by the assumption of niche conservatism. Furthermore, prevention and quarantine measures for ALB and CLB are clearly needed to avoid future serious damage to forest ecosystems. &#xa9; 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid37013102, year = {2023}, author = {Harms, NE and Knight, IA and DeRossette, AB and Williams, DA}, title = {Intraspecific trait plasticity to N and P of the wetland invader, Alternanthera philoxeroides under flooded conditions.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {e9966}, pmid = {37013102}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Interactions between invaders and resource availability may explain variation in their success or management efficacy. For widespread invaders, regional variation in plant response to nutrients can reflect phenotypic plasticity of the invader, genetic structure of invading populations, or a combination of the two. The wetland weed Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligatorweed) is established throughout the southeastern United States and California and has high genetic diversity despite primarily spreading clonally. Despite its history in the United States, the role of genetic variation for invasion and management success is only now being uncovered. To better understand how nutrients and genotype may influence A. philoxeroides invasion, we measured the response of plants from 26 A. philoxeroides populations (three cp haplotypes) to combinations of nitrogen (4 or 200 mg/L N) and phosphorus (0.4 or 40 mg/L P). We measured productivity (biomass accumulation and allocation), plant architecture (stem diameter and thickness, branching intensity), and foliar traits (toughness, dry matter content, percent N, and percent P). A short-term developmental assay was also conducted by feeding a subset of plants from the nutrient experiment to the biological control agent Agasicles hygrophila, to determine whether increased availability of N or P to its host influenced agent performance, as has been previously suggested. Alternanthera philoxeroides haplotype Ap1 was more plastic than other haplotypes in response to nutrient amendments, producing more than double the biomass from low to high N and 50%-68% higher shoot: root ratio than other haplotypes in the high N treatment. Alternanthera philoxeroides haplotypes differed in seven of 10 variables in response to increased N. We found no differences in short-term A. hygrophila development between haplotypes but mass was 23% greater in high than low N treatments. This study is the first to explore the interplay between nutrient availability, genetic variation, and phenotypic plasticity in invasive characteristics of the global invader, A. philoxeroides.}, }
@article {pmid37013099, year = {2023}, author = {Hou, Y and Li, J and Li, G and Qi, W}, title = {Negative effects of urbanization on plants: A global meta-analysis.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {e9894}, pmid = {37013099}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Understanding the response of plant diversity to urbanization is essential for conserving urban biodiversity. In this paper, a meta-analysis of 34 articles and 163 observations regarding the impact of urbanization on plant diversity was conducted. The results revealed that urbanization had marked negative effects on plants. Urbanization had positive effects on introduced species and negative effects on native species. In the subgroup analysis, we found that trees responded better to the effect of urbanization than herbs and shrubs. There was no evidence that urban size, population density, nighttime light, and GDP per capita had moderating effects on plant richness. Based on meta-regression analyses, native species in urban areas were less affected by urbanization at lower latitudes. Overall, urbanization had a marginally negative effect on plant abundance. The effects of urbanization on plant diversity during different stages of urban development were inconsistent. Our research shows that the suburbs play a crucial role in the urbanization gradient; there, plants survive with high species richness.}, }
@article {pmid37012996, year = {2023}, author = {Latombe, G and Seebens, H and Lenzner, B and Courchamp, F and Dullinger, S and Golivets, M and Kühn, I and Leung, B and Roura-Pascual, N and Cebrian, E and Dawson, W and Diagne, C and Jeschke, JM and Pérez-Granados, C and Moser, D and Turbelin, A and Visconti, P and Essl, F}, title = {Capacity of countries to reduce biological invasions.}, journal = {Sustainability science}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {771-789}, pmid = {37012996}, issn = {1862-4057}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The extent and impacts of biological invasions on biodiversity are largely shaped by an array of socio-economic and environmental factors, which exhibit high variation among countries. Yet, a global analysis of how these factors vary across countries is currently lacking. Here, we investigate how five broad, country-specific socio-economic and environmental indices (Governance, Trade, Environmental Performance, Lifestyle and Education, Innovation) explain country-level (1) established alien species (EAS) richness of eight taxonomic groups, and (2) proactive or reactive capacity to prevent and manage biological invasions and their impacts. These indices underpin many aspects of the invasion process, including the introduction, establishment, spread and management of alien species. They are also general enough to enable a global comparison across countries, and are therefore essential for defining future scenarios for biological invasions. Models including Trade, Governance, Lifestyle and Education, or a combination of these, best explained EAS richness across taxonomic groups and national proactive or reactive capacity. Historical (1996 or averaged over 1996-2015) levels of Governance and Trade better explained both EAS richness and the capacity of countries to manage invasions than more recent (2015) levels, revealing a historical legacy with important implications for the future of biological invasions. Using Governance and Trade to define a two-dimensional socio-economic space in which the position of a country captures its capacity to address issues of biological invasions, we identified four main clusters of countries in 2015. Most countries had an increase in Trade over the past 25 years, but trajectories were more geographically heterogeneous for Governance. Declines in levels of Governance are concerning as they may be responsible for larger levels of invasions in the future. By identifying the factors influencing EAS richness and the regions most susceptible to changes in these factors, our results provide novel insights to integrate biological invasions into scenarios of biodiversity change to better inform decision-making for policy and the management of biological invasions.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11625-022-01166-3.}, }
@article {pmid37009439, year = {2023}, author = {,  and Bragard, C and Baptista, P and Chatzivassiliou, E and Di Serio, F and Gonthier, P and Jaques Miret, JA and Justesen, AF and Magnusson, CS and Milonas, P and Navas-Cortes, JA and Parnell, S and Potting, R and Reignault, PL and Stefani, E and Thulke, HH and Van der Werf, W and Vicent Civera, A and Yuen, J and Zappalà, L and Grégoire, JC and Malumphy, C and Kertesz, V and Maiorano, A and MacLeod, A}, title = {Pest categorisation of Paracoccus marginatus.}, journal = {EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {e07899}, pmid = {37009439}, issn = {1831-4732}, abstract = {The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae), the papaya scale, for the EU. It is native to Central America and since the 1990s, it has spread rapidly in mainly tropical areas of the Caribbean, islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, Africa and southern Asia. Large populations were detected in northern Israel in 2016. It has not been reported within the EU. It is not listed in Annex II of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. It reproduces sexually and there are up to 11 generations per year in India. The estimated minimum, optimum and maximum temperature thresholds for the adult females are 13.9, 28.4 and 32.1°C, respectively. First-instar nymphs may move to neighbouring plants by crawling, or be passively dispersed by wind, or hitchhiking on clothing, equipment or animals. It is highly polyphagous, feeding on plants in 172 genera and 54 families. It is an important pest of custard apple (Annona spp.), papaya (Carica papaya) and Hibiscus spp. It also feeds on a wide range of plants cultivated in the EU such as eggplant (Solanum melongena), avocado (Persea americana), citrus (Citrus spp.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), grapevine (Vitis vinifera), guava (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangifera indica), passionfruit (Passiflora edulis), pomegranate (Punica granatum), pepper (Capsicum annuum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Plants for planting, fruits, vegetables and cut flowers are the main potential pathways for entry of P. marginatus into the EU. Climatic conditions in the warmest areas of Cyprus, Greece, Italy and Spain, where host plants occur, would likely allow this species to successfully establish and spread. Reductions in yield and quality of some cultivated hosts including Annona spp., Hibiscus spp. and papaya are anticipated if establishment occurs. Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of entry and spread. P. marginatus meets the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest.}, }
@article {pmid37006391, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, Q and Zhang, CH and Wang, CJ and Wan, JZ}, title = {Complete chloroplast genome data for Mimosa diplotricha and Mimosa diplotricha var. inermis from China.}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {48}, number = {}, pages = {109045}, pmid = {37006391}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {Mimosa diplotricha (Fabaceae) and Mimosa diplotricha var. inermis are invasive taxa introduced in the Chinese mainland in the 19th century. M. diplotricha has been listed in the list of highly invasive species in China, which has seriously endangered the growth and reproduction of local species. As a poisonous plant, M. diplotricha var. inermis, a variant of M. diplotricha, will also endanger the safety of animals. We report the complete chloroplast genome sequence of M. diplotricha and M. diplotricha var. inermis. The chloroplast genome of M. diplotricha is 164,450 bp long and the chloroplast genome of M. diplotricha var. inermis is 164,445 bp long. Both M. diplotricha and M. diplotricha var. inermis contain a large single-copy region (LSC) of 89,807 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,728 bp. The overall GC content of the two species is both 37.45%. A total of 84 genes were annotated in the two species, namely 54 protein-coding genes, 29 tRNA genes, and one rRNA gene. The phylogenetic tree based on the chloroplast genome of 22 related species showed that Mimosa diplotricha var. inermis is most closely related to M. diplotricha, while the latter clade is sister to Mimosa pudica, Parkia javanica, Faidherbia albida, and Acacia puncticulata. Our data provide a theoretical basis for the molecular identification, genetic relationships, and invasion risk monitoring of M. diplotricha and M. diplotricha var. inermis.}, }
@article {pmid37004736, year = {2023}, author = {Sarabeev, V and Balbuena, JA and Jarosiewicz, A and Voronova, N and Sueiro, RA and Leiro, JM and Ovcharenko, M}, title = {Disentangling the determinants of symbiotic species richness in native and invasive gammarids (Crustacea, Amphipoda) of the Baltic region.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {53}, number = {5-6}, pages = {305-316}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.02.006}, pmid = {37004736}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Animals ; *Amphipoda/parasitology ; *Parasites ; *Microsporidia/physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Platyhelminths ; Introduced Species ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Crustacea ; }, abstract = {Dispersal of alien species is a global problem threatening native biodiversity. Co-introduction of non-native parasites and pathogens adds to the severity of this threat, but this indirect impact has received less attention. To shed light on the key factors determining the richness of microorganisms in native and invasive host species, we compared symbiotic (parasitic and epibiotic) communities of gammarids across different habitats and localities along the Baltic coast of Poland. Seven gammarid species, two native and five invasive, were sampled from 16 freshwater and brackish localities. Sixty symbiotic species of microorganisms of nine phyla were identified. This taxonomically diverse species assemblage of symbionts allowed us to assess the effect of host translocation and regional ecological determinants driving assembly richness in the gammarid hosts. Our results revealed that (i) the current assemblages of symbionts of gammarid hosts in the Baltic region are formed by native and co-introduced species; (ii) species richness of the symbiotic community was higher in the native Gammarus pulex than in the invasive hosts, probably reflecting a process of species loss by invasive gammarids in the new area and the distinct habitat conditions occupied by G. pulex and invasive hosts; (iii) both host species and locality were key drivers shaping assembly composition of symbionts, whereas habitat condition (freshwater versus brackish) was a stronger determinant of communities than geographic distance; (iv) the dispersion patterns of the individual species richness of symbiotic communities were best described by Poisson distributions; in the case of an invasive host, the dispersion of the rich species diversity may switch to a right-skewed negative binomial distribution, suggesting a host-mediated regulation process. We believe this is the first analysis of the symbiotic species richness in native and invasive gammarid hosts in European waters based on original field data and a broad range of taxonomic groups including Microsporidia, Choanozoa, Ciliophora, Apicomplexa, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Nematomorha, Acanthocephala and Rotifera, to document the patterns of species composition and distribution.}, }
@article {pmid37004615, year = {2023}, author = {Beals, C and King, H and Bailey, G}, title = {The peroxidase response of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Alligator Weed) and Nasturtium officinale (Watercress) to heavy metal exposure.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {30}, number = {21}, pages = {59443-59448}, pmid = {37004615}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; Peroxidase ; Ecosystem ; *Nasturtium ; *Alligators and Crocodiles ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Copper/pharmacology ; Peroxidases ; *Metals, Heavy/pharmacology ; Plants ; Introduced Species ; *Amaranthaceae ; }, abstract = {We examined the effects of copper and lead on the antioxidant enzyme response of Alternanthera philoxeroides and Nasturtium officinale using a benchtop luminometer. Alternanthera philoxeroides is a nonnative invasive plant species that has spread throughout the wetland ecosystem in the southern part of the USA. Its invasion is facilitated by its ability to thrive in a wide range of abiotic conditions. Nasturtium officinale is an aquatic plant that is sensitive to relatively low amounts of pollution and is most commonly found in springs and shallow bodies of water. While A. philoxeroides tolerates organic pollution and heavy metals, N. officinale exhibits stress at low levels of pollution. Alternanthera philoxeroides antioxidant enzyme production was unaffected by increasing concentrations of both copper and lead. The antioxidant enzyme response of N. officinale showed a significant increase when plants were exposed to 10 and 25 ppm lead. Endogenous peroxidase concentrations of the control plants were also compared showing that A. philoxeroides possessed a significantly higher concentration of peroxidases than N. officinale. We hypothesize that a higher endogenous peroxidase concentration may be a mechanism that hyperaccumulator plants use to tolerate inhospitable concentrations of copper and lead.}, }
@article {pmid37001426, year = {2023}, author = {Smith, AL and Strickland, BK and Leopold, BD and Cummins, JL and Mayer, JJ and Street, GM}, title = {Cultural and regulatory factors influence distribution and trajectory of invasive species in the United States: A wild pig case study.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {338}, number = {}, pages = {117742}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117742}, pmid = {37001426}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; United States ; Swine ; *Introduced Species ; *Animals, Wild ; Agriculture ; Farms ; Sus scrofa ; }, abstract = {Since 2012, control of invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in the United States (US) has become a state and national priority due to their propensity to damage agricultural commodities and infrastructure, transmit disease, detrimentally affect ecological processes, and compete with native wildlife for resources. While several life-history characteristics certainly aided their proliferation, the recreational value of wild pigs was likely the stimulus for translocation and subsequent establishment of populations in ≥35 states, causing an annual economic burden of $1.5 billion in the US. Consequently, state-level legislative procedures regarding wild pigs are expanding in scope and priority, but policy among states lacks uniformity. States vary in their treatment of wild pig control based on differing resource appropriations and stakeholder interests. We conducted an evaluation to determine if policy was associated with state-level 1) presence of wild pigs, 2) spatial extent of wild pig population occupancy, and 3) trajectory of wild pig population occupancy. Our results suggest the presence of wild pigs in various states was influenced by hunting preserves and the sale of hunting opportunities. In occupied states, the spatial extent of wild pigs was again associated with the sale of hunting opportunities and a wild pig hunting culture. Finally, the trajectory of state-level wild pig spatial occupancy was positively influenced by the sale of hunting opportunities, and negatively influenced by transportation policies. Based on these findings, we propose state governments standardize transportation policy and fenced hunting regulations across regions of the US in a more prohibitive fashion to diminish range expansion through illegal and negligent introductions via transportation, release, and escapes from game farms. Moreover, in states where wild pigs have yet to establish, we strongly recommend states proactively prohibit transportation through intra- and interstate movement.}, }
@article {pmid36999552, year = {2023}, author = {Villiger, N and Paulose, J}, title = {The influence of explicit local dynamics on range expansions driven by long-range dispersal.}, journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {36999552}, issn = {2160-1836}, mesh = {Population Dynamics ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Range expansions are common in natural populations. They can take such forms as an invasive species spreading into a new habitat or a virus spreading from host to host during a pandemic. When the expanding species is capable of dispersing offspring over long distances, population growth is driven by rare but consequential long-range dispersal events that seed satellite colonies far from the densely occupied core of the population. These satellites accelerate growth by accessing unoccupied territory, and also act as reservoirs for maintaining neutral genetic variation present in the originating population, which would ordinarily be lost to drift. Prior theoretical studies of dispersal-driven expansions have shown that the sequential establishment of satellites causes initial genetic diversity to be either lost or maintained to a level determined by the breadth of the distribution of dispersal distances. If the tail of the distribution falls off faster than a critical threshold, diversity is steadily eroded over time; by contrast, broader distributions with a slower falloff allow some initial diversity to be maintained for arbitrarily long times. However, these studies used lattice-based models and assumed an instantaneous saturation of the local carrying capacity after the arrival of a founder. Real-world populations expand in continuous space with complex local dynamics, which potentially allow multiple pioneers to arrive and establish within the same local region. Here, we evaluate the impact of local dynamics on the population growth and the evolution of neutral diversity using a computational model of range expansions with long-range dispersal in continuous space, with explicit local dynamics that can be controlled by altering the mix of local and long-range dispersal events. We found that many qualitative features of population growth and neutral genetic diversity observed in lattice-based models are preserved under more complex local dynamics, but quantitative aspects such as the rate of population growth, the level of maintained diversity, and the rate of decay of diversity all depend strongly on the local dynamics. Besides identifying situations in which modeling the explicit local population dynamics becomes necessary to understand the population structure of jump-driven range expansions, our results show that local dynamics affects different features of the population in distinct ways, and can be more or less consequential depending on the degree and form of long-range dispersal as well as the scale at which the population structure is measured.}, }
@article {pmid36998059, year = {2023}, author = {Doi, K and Tokiwa, T and Imoto, M and Chou, S and Yamasaki, F and Kato, T and Hayama, SI}, title = {Molecular characterization of oriental eyeworm (Thelazia callipaeda) detected from raccoon (Procyon lotor) and Japanese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes viverrinus) in Kanto region, Japan.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {116}, pmid = {36998059}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {JP22J01651//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Japan/epidemiology ; *Raccoon Dogs/parasitology ; *Raccoons/parasitology ; *Spirurida Infections/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Thelazioidea/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The oriental eyeworm Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida: Thelaziidae) is an emerging parasitic ocular nematode of carnivores and humans. In domestic animals and humans, the infection causes varying degrees of inflammation and lacrimation, and wild carnivores represent an important reservoir. In this study we examined the infection status and molecular characterization of T. callipaeda in two urban carnivores, raccoons Procyon lotor and wild Japanese raccoon dogs Nyctereutes viverrinus, in the Kanto region of Japan.<br><br>METHODS: From January 2020 to December 2021, 193 carcasses including 178 raccoons and 15 raccoon dogs were examined for the presence of worms in the eye. The worms from infected animals (one worm per host) were morphologically identified as T. callipaeda. Worms (1-5 worms per host) were subjected to genetic analysis using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences.<br><br>RESULTS: The prevalence of T. callipaeda in raccoons and Japanese raccoon dogs was 20.2% (36/178) and 13.3% (2/15), respectively. The cox1 sequences from 56 worms from 38 animals revealed three haplotypes (h9, h10, and h12). Analysis of multiple worms for five raccoons showed co-infection of two different haplotypes (h9 and h10) in a single host. Comparing our data with published sequences, three sequences obtained from raccoons and raccoon dogs shared the same haplotypes as those reported in humans, dogs, and cats in Japan.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show a high prevalence of T. callipaeda in raccoons, suggesting that this invasive carnivore species serves as an important natural reservoir of T. callipaeda in the Kanto region of Japan, an area with the highest human population of the country.}, }
@article {pmid36994381, year = {2023}, author = {Mattingly, KZ and Braasch, BN and Hovick, SM}, title = {Greater flowering and response to flooding in Lythrum virgatum than L. salicaria (purple loosestrife).}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {plad009}, pmid = {36994381}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Newly introduced trait diversity can spur rapid evolution and facilitate local adaptation in the introduced plant Lythrum salicaria. The horticultural plant L. virgatum might further introduce meaningful trait variation by escaping into established L. salicaria populations or by hybridizing with L. salicaria. Although many experiments have focused on L. salicaria genotypes, relatively little is known about L. virgatum ecology. We used a greenhouse common garden to compare traits and flood response of L. salicaria and L. virgatum collected from two sources each in their native range. We tested the hypotheses that these two wetland taxa have comparable responses to flooding (inundation), and that flood tolerance correlated to higher fitness. Flooding produced stronger stress responses in L. virgatum. Compared to L. salicaria, L. virgatum shifted more aboveground allocation away from reproduction, decreased inflorescence biomass by 40% more, and produced 7% more stem aerenchymatous phellum, a specialized tissue that maintains aeration. Despite these more pronounced responses to flooding stress, L. virgatum had higher fitness (inflorescence biomass and reproductive allocation) than L. salicaria. Overall, L. virgatum differed from L. salicaria in functionally important ways. Lythrum virgatum persisted under flooding and produced more reproductive biomass than L. salicaria under both flooded and non-flooded conditions. However, inundation stressed L. virgatum more than L. salicaria. Lythrum virgatum is likely able to establish into the wetland habitats in which L. salicaria prevails but may possess broader habitat tolerances.}, }
@article {pmid36992943, year = {2023}, author = {Diagne, C and Ballesteros-Mejia, L and Cuthbert, RN and Bodey, TW and Fantle-Lepczyk, J and Angulo, E and Bang, A and Dobigny, G and Courchamp, F}, title = {Economic costs of invasive rodents worldwide: the tip of the iceberg.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e14935}, pmid = {36992943}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Rats ; *Ecosystem ; *Rodentia ; Reproducibility of Results ; Cost of Illness ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rodents are among the most notorious invasive alien species worldwide. These invaders have substantially impacted native ecosystems, food production and storage, local infrastructures, human health and well-being. However, the lack of standardized and understandable estimation of their impacts is a serious barrier to raising societal awareness, and hampers effective management interventions at relevant scales.<br><br>METHODS: Here, we assessed the economic costs of invasive alien rodents globally in order to help overcome these obstacles. For this purpose, we combined and analysed economic cost data from the InvaCost database-the most up-to-date and comprehensive synthesis of reported invasion costs-and specific complementary searches within and beyond the published literature.<br><br>RESULTS: Our conservative analysis showed that reported costs of rodent invasions reached a conservative total of US$ 3.6 billion between 1930 and 2022 (annually US$ 87.5 million between 1980 and 2022), and were significantly increasing through time. The highest cost reported was for muskrat Ondatra zibethicus (US$ 377.5 million), then unspecified Rattus spp. (US$ 327.8 million), followed by Rattus norvegicus specifically (US$ 156.6 million) and Castor canadensis (US$ 150.4 million). Of the total costs, 87% were damage-related, principally impacting agriculture and predominantly reported in Asia (60%), Europe (19%) and North America (9%). Our study evidenced obvious cost underreporting with only 99 documents gathered globally, clear taxonomic gaps, reliability issues for cost assessment, and skewed breakdowns of costs among regions, sectors and contexts. As a consequence, these reported costs represent only a very small fraction of the expected true cost of rodent invasions (e.g., using a less conservative analytic approach would have led to a global amount more than 80-times higher than estimated here).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings strongly suggest that available information represents a substantial underestimation of the global costs incurred. We offer recommendations for improving estimates of costs to fill these knowledge gaps including: systematic distinction between native and invasive rodents' impacts; monetizing indirect impacts on human health; and greater integrative and concerted research effort between scientists and stakeholders. Finally, we discuss why and how this approach will stimulate and provide support for proactive and sustainable management strategies in the context of alien rodent invasions, for which biosecurity measures should be amplified globally.}, }
@article {pmid36989509, year = {2023}, author = {Caudill, M and Logan, TD and Childress, A and Guzman-Vargas, V and Enge, KM and Shender, LA and Ossiboff, RJ}, title = {Multisystemic Enterococcosis in Brown Anoles (Anolis sagrei) from Florida, USA.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, pages = {337-341}, doi = {10.7589/JWD-D-22-00045}, pmid = {36989509}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; Florida/epidemiology ; Australia ; *Lizards ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Beginning in July 2019, numerous free-ranging brown anoles (Anolis sagrei), an invasive lizard species in Florida, USA, were reported with large, soft, subcutaneous masses and disfiguring facial swellings. Postmortem evaluations of six affected animals, including cytology, histology, and electron microscopy, identified the presence of myriad chain-forming coccoid bacteria surrounded by a prominent clear capsule and abundant lightly basophilic matrix material with minimal associated granulomatous inflammation and effacement of normal tissue. Standard PCR and sequencing of the lesions revealed 100% nucleotide identity to Enterococcus lacertideformus. This bacterium was first observed in 2014 as the cause of a severe, multisystemic infection in several species of lizards (geckos and skinks) on Christmas Island, an Australian external territory in the Indian Ocean. Previously, analysis of E. lacertideformus had been hindered by an inability to grow the bacterium in standard culture conditions. We successfully cultured the organism on primary anole kidney cells. Given the growing recognition of host species diversity and geographic distribution noted for this organism, there is potential concern for spread to native North American lizards, especially the green anole (Anolis carolinensis), whose population numbers have apparently decreased due to introduced brown anoles.}, }
@article {pmid36988560, year = {2023}, author = {Rau, J and Fischer, S and Werner, D and Kampen, H}, title = {Impact of larvae of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus on larvae of the Culex pipiens complex from Germany in laboratory co-breeding studies.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, pages = {523-533}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12650}, pmid = {36988560}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aedes ; *Culex ; Larva ; Germany ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Since the first detection of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) eggs in Germany in 2007, several populations of this species have established in Germany. Although colloquially Ae. albopictus is called an 'invasive species', it is not considered 'invasive' and therefore to be controlled according to the European Union (EU) Environmental and Nature Protection Act since evidence of displacement of native species is missing. To test the competitive potential of Ae. albopictus towards mosquito species native to Germany, laboratory experiments were conducted with larvae of this species and indigenous Cx. pipiens complex species/biotypes. First instar larvae of Ae. albopictus and of one of the native taxa were exposed to different temperatures and fed with different food sources. The ratio of individuals developing into adults as well as the time the larvae needed for development were taken as a measure of competitive outcome. In addition, the size of emerging adults was compared between control and experimental groups. Regarding developmental time, no significant differences were found between treatments and controls while significant differences were found regarding developmental rate and average wing size of individuals. Because no evidence of competitive repression of the native species was found, Ae. albopictus cannot be included in the EU list of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid36988091, year = {2023}, author = {Matthews, TJ and Wayman, JP and Whittaker, RJ and Cardoso, P and Hume, JP and Sayol, F and Proios, K and Martin, TE and Baiser, B and Borges, PAV and Kubota, Y and Dos Anjos, L and Tobias, JA and Soares, FC and Si, X and Ding, P and Mendenhall, CD and Sin, YCK and Rheindt, FE and Triantis, KA and Guilhaumon, F and Watson, DM and Brotons, L and Battisti, C and Chu, O and Rigal, F}, title = {A global analysis of avian island diversity-area relationships in the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {965-982}, doi = {10.1111/ele.14203}, pmid = {36988091}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Phylogeny ; *Biodiversity ; Islands ; *Birds ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Research on island species-area relationships (ISAR) has expanded to incorporate functional (IFDAR) and phylogenetic (IPDAR) diversity. However, relative to the ISAR, we know little about IFDARs and IPDARs, and lack synthetic global analyses of variation in form of these three categories of island diversity-area relationship (IDAR). Here, we undertake the first comparative evaluation of IDARs at the global scale using 51 avian archipelagic data sets representing true and habitat islands. Using null models, we explore how richness-corrected functional and phylogenetic diversity scale with island area. We also provide the largest global assessment of the impacts of species introductions and extinctions on the IDAR. Results show that increasing richness with area is the primary driver of the (non-richness corrected) IPDAR and IFDAR for many data sets. However, for several archipelagos, richness-corrected functional and phylogenetic diversity changes linearly with island area, suggesting that the dominant community assembly processes shift along the island area gradient. We also find that archipelagos with the steepest ISARs exhibit the biggest differences in slope between IDARs, indicating increased functional and phylogenetic redundancy on larger islands in these archipelagos. In several cases introduced species seem to have 're-calibrated' the IDARs such that they resemble the historic period prior to recent extinctions.}, }
@article {pmid36987640, year = {2023}, author = {Marino, C and Bellard, C}, title = {When origin, reproduction ability and diet define the role of birds in invasions.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {290}, number = {1995}, pages = {20230196}, pmid = {36987640}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; *Ecology ; Introduced Species ; Diet ; Endangered Species ; Reproduction ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {The ecological impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) are increasingly documented; however, they are usually studied through the lens of either the IAS or the affected species (IAS-threatened species). A clear understanding of how both protagonists of biological invasions are characterized is still lacking. We investigated the morphology, life history and ecology of birds involved in biological invasions. Evaluating the distribution of 450 IAS-threatened birds and 400 alien birds in a functional space, we found that both groups retained various strategies. Aliens had larger clutches and were more likely to be herbivores than IAS-threatened and worldwide birds, while IAS-threatened birds were more insular endemic from the Australia region than alien and worldwide birds. IAS-threatened species showed opposite strategies to aliens regarding traits related to diet, origin and reproduction. Further comparing traits associated with impact magnitude, we found that even if aliens were mostly herbivorous, those with high impact had more a generalist behaviour and an animal-based diet compared to aliens with low impact. By emphasizing differences relating to the distribution of bird groups in a functional space, we opened new opportunities to identify the role of birds in biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid36987614, year = {2023}, author = {Gossner, MM and Menzel, F and Simons, NK}, title = {Less overall, but more of the same: drivers of insect population trends lead to community homogenization.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {20230007}, pmid = {36987614}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Insecta ; *Ecosystem ; Climate Change ; Biodiversity ; }, }
@article {pmid36987069, year = {2023}, author = {Shabbir, A and Zalucki, MP and Dhileepan, K and Khan, N and Adkins, SW}, title = {The Current and Potential Distribution of Parthenium Weed and Its Biological Control Agent in Pakistan.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {36987069}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae), commonly known as parthenium weed, is a highly invasive weed spreading rapidly from northern to southern parts of Pakistan. The persistence of parthenium weed in the hot and dry southern districts suggests that the weed can survive under more extreme conditions than previously thought. The development of a CLIMEX distribution model, which considered this increased tolerance to drier and warmer conditions, predicted that the weed could still spread to many other parts of Pakistan as well as to other regions of south Asia. This CLIMEX model satisfied the present distribution of parthenium weed within Pakistan. When an irrigation scenario was added to the CLIMEX program, more parts of the southern districts of Pakistan (Indus River basin) became suitable for parthenium weed growth, as well as the growth of its biological control agent, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister. This expansion from the initially predicted range was due to irrigation producing extra moisture to support its establishment. In addition to the weed moving south in Pakistan due to irrigation, it will also move north due to temperature increases. The CLIMEX model indicated that there are many more areas within South Asia that are suitable for parthenium weed growth, both under the present and a future climate scenario. Most of the south-western and north-eastern parts of Afghanistan are suitable under the current climate, but more areas are likely to become suitable under climate change scenarios. Under climate change, the suitability of southern parts of Pakistan is likely to decrease.}, }
@article {pmid36987058, year = {2023}, author = {Cui, M and Yang, B and Ren, G and Yu, H and Dai, Z and Li, J and Ran, Q and Stevanato, P and Wan, J and Du, D}, title = {Effects of Warming, Phosphorous Deposition, and Both Treatments on the Growth and Physiology of Invasive Solidago canadensis and Native Artemisia argyi.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {36987058}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {32071521//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32001087//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2021K384C//Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds/ ; BK2020030//carbon peak and carbon neutrality technology innovation foundation of Jiangsu/ ; 2021ZDZ022//Scientific Research Foundation of Chongqing University of Technology/ ; 20JDG055//Jiangsu University Research Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic climate change and species invasion are two major threats to biodiversity, affecting the survival and distribution of many species around the world. Studying the responses of invasive species under climate change can help better understand the ecological and genetic mechanisms of their invasion. However, the effects of warming and phosphorus deposition on the phenotype of native and invasive plants are unknown. To address the problem, we applied warming (+2.03 °C), phosphorus deposition (4 g m[-2] yr[-1] NaH2PO4), and warming × phosphorus deposition to Solidago canadensis and Artemisia argyi to measure the direct effects of environmental changes on growth and physiology at the seedling stage. Our results reveal that the physiology parameters of A. argyi and S. canadensis did not change significantly with the external environment. Under phosphorus deposition, S. canadensis had higher plant height, root length, and total biomass compared to A. argyi. Interestingly, warming has an inhibitory effect on the growth of both A. argyi and S. canadensis, but overall, the reduction in total biomass for S. canadensis (78%) is significantly higher than A. argyi (52%). When the two plants are treated with warming combined with phosphorus deposition, the advantage gained by S. canadensis from phosphorus deposition is offset by the negative effects of warming. Therefore, under elevated phosphorus, warming has a negative effect on the invasive S. canadensis and reduces its growth advantage.}, }
@article {pmid36986995, year = {2023}, author = {Adams, LD and Giovannoni, D and Clark, VR and Steenhuisen, SL and Martin, GD}, title = {Reproductive Ecology of the Invasive Alien Shrub Pyracantha angustifolia in the Grassland Biome, South Africa.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {36986995}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Knowledge on reproductive traits of problematic invasive alien plants, such as the woody invasive shrub Pyracantha angustifolia of temperate Chinese origin, can help better manage invasive species. To determine factors contributing to its invasion, we investigated floral visitors and pollen loads, self-compatibility, seed set, seed rain, soil seed banks, and seed longevity in the soil. Generalist insects were recorded visiting flowers and all carried pollen loads of high purity (>70%). Floral visitor exclusion experiments showed that P. angustifolia can set seed (66%) without pollen vectors, although natural pollination resulted in higher fruit set (91%). Fruit count surveys and seed set showed an exponentially increased relationship between seed set and plant size with high natural seed yield (±2 million seeds m[-2]). Soil core samples revealed a high seed density of 46,400 ± (SE) 8934 m[-2] under shrubs, decreasing with distance away from the shrub. Bowl traps stationed under trees and fences confirmed that seeds were efficiently dispersed by animals. Buried seeds survived for less than six months in the soil. Due to high seed production, self-compatibility augmented by generalist pollen vectors, and effective seed dispersal by local frugivores, it is difficult to manage the spread manually. Management of this species should focus on the short life span of seeds.}, }
@article {pmid36986968, year = {2023}, author = {Jones, SA and DeKeyser, ES and Dixon, C and Kobiela, B}, title = {Invasive Species Change Plant Community Composition of Preserved Prairie Pothole Wetlands.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {36986968}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {F19AC00885//United States Fish and Wildlife Service/ ; }, abstract = {Plant communities in North American prairie pothole wetlands vary depending on hydrology, salinity, and anthropogenic disturbance in and around the wetland. We assessed prairie pothole conditions on United States Fish and Wildlife Service fee-title lands in North Dakota and South Dakota to improve our understanding of current conditions and plant community composition. Species-level data were collected at 200 randomly chosen temporary and seasonal wetland sites located on native prairie remnants (n = 48) and previously cultivated lands that were reseeded into perennial grassland (n = 152). The majority of species surveyed appeared infrequently and were low in relative cover. The four most frequently observed species were introduced invasive species common to the Prairie Pothole Region of North America. Our results suggested relative cover of a few invasive species (i.e., Bromus inermis Leyss., Phalaris arundinacea L., and Typha ×glauca Godr. (pro sp.) [angustifolia or domingensis × latifolia]) affect patterns of plant community composition. Wetlands in native and reseeded grasslands possessed distinct plant community composition related to invasive species' relative cover. Invasive species continue to be prevalent throughout the region and pose a major threat to biological diversity, even in protected native prairie remnants. Despite efforts to convert past agricultural land into biologically diverse, productive ecosystems, invasive species continue to dominate these landscapes and are becoming prominent in prairie potholes located in native areas.}, }
@article {pmid36986920, year = {2023}, author = {Abbas, AM and Soliman, WS and Alomran, MM and Alotaibi, NM and Novak, SJ}, title = {Four Invasive Plant Species in Southwest Saudi Arabia Have Variable Effects on Soil Dynamics.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {36986920}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {RGP.2/92/43//Deanship of Scientific Research at the King Khalid University, through the Research Group Project/ ; }, abstract = {Predicting the direction and magnitude of change in soil dynamics caused by invasive plant species has proven to be difficult because these changes are often reported to be species- and habitat-specific. This study was conducted to determine changes in three soil properties, eight soil ions, and seven soil microelements under established stands of four invasive plants, Prosopis juliflora, Ipomoea carnea, Leucaena leucocephala, and Opuntia ficus-indica. Soil properties, ions, and microelements were measured in sites invaded by these four species in southwest Saudi Arabia, and these values were compared to the results for the same 18 parameters from adjacent sites with native vegetation. Because this study was conducted in an arid ecosystem, we predict that these four invasive plants will significantly alter the soil properties, ions, and microelements in the areas they invaded. While the soils of sites with the four invasive plant species generally had higher values for soil properties and ions compared to sites with native vegetation, in most instances these differences were not statistically significant. However, the soils within sites invaded by I. carnea, L. leucocephala, and P. juliflora had statistically significant differences for some soil parameters. For sites invaded by O. puntia ficus-indica, no soil properties, ions, or microelements were significantly different compared to adjacent sites with native vegetation. Sites invaded by the four plant species generally exhibited differences in the 11 soil properties, but in no instance were these differences statistically significant. All three soil properties and one soil ion (Ca) were significantly different across the four stands of native vegetation. For the seven soil microelements, significantly different values were detected for Co and Ni, but only among stands of the four invasive plant species. These results indicate that the four invasive plant species altered soil properties, ions, and microelements, but for most of the parameters we assessed, not significantly. Our results do not support our initial prediction, but are in general agreement with previous published findings, which indicate that the effects of invasive plants on soil dynamics vary idiosyncratically among invasive species and among invaded habitats.}, }
@article {pmid36985605, year = {2023}, author = {de Moraes, &#xc2;AB and Cascaes, MM and do Nascimento, LD and de Jesus Pereira Franco, C and Ferreira, OO and Anjos, TOD and Karakoti, H and Kumar, R and da Silva Souza-Filho, AP and de Oliveira, MS and de Aguiar Andrade, EH}, title = {Chemical Evaluation, Phytotoxic Potential, and In Silico Study of Essential Oils from Leaves of Guatteria schomburgkiana Mart. and Xylopia frutescens Aubl. (Annonaceae) from the Brazilian Amazon.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {28}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {36985605}, issn = {1420-3049}, mesh = {*Annonaceae/chemistry ; *Xylopia/chemistry ; *Guatteria/chemistry ; *Oils, Volatile/chemistry ; Brazil ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The essential oils (EOs) of Guatteria schomburgkiana (Gsch) and Xylopia frutescens (Xfru) (Annonaceae) were obtained by hydrodistillation, and their chemical composition was evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Herbicide activity was measured by analyzing the seed germination percentage and root and hypocotyl elongation of two invasive species: Mimosa pudica and Senna obtusifolia. The highest yield was obtained for the EO of Xfru (1.06%). The chemical composition of Gsch was characterized by the presence of the oxygenated sesquiterpenes spathulenol (22.40%) and caryophyllene oxide (14.70%). Regarding the EO of Xfru, the hydrocarbon monoterpenes α-pinene (35.73%) and β-pinene (18.90%) were the components identified with the highest concentrations. The germination of seeds of S. obtusifolia (13.33 ± 5.77%) showed higher resistance than that of seeds of M. pudica (86.67 ± 5.77%). S. obtusifolia was also more sensitive to the EO of Xfru in terms of radicle (55.22 ± 2.72%) and hypocotyl (71.12 ± 3.80%) elongation, while M. pudica showed greater sensitivity to the EO of Gsch. To screen the herbicidal activity, the molecular docking study of the major and potent compounds was performed against 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) protein. Results showed good binding affinities and attributed the strongest inhibitory activity to δ-cadinene for the target protein. This work contributes to the study of the herbicidal properties of the EOs of species of Annonaceae from the Amazon region.}, }
@article {pmid36985252, year = {2023}, author = {Ren, X and Zhang, G and Jin, M and Wan, F and Day, MD and Qian, W and Liu, B}, title = {Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Reveal the Response Mechanisms of Mikania micrantha to Puccinia spegazzinii Infection.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {36985252}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {2021YFC2600100; KJYF202001-03//National key research and development program of China&#xff1b;Science technology innovation and industrial development of Shenzhen Dapeng New District/ ; }, abstract = {Mikania micrantha is one of the worst invasive species globally and can cause significant negative impacts on agricultural and forestry economics, particularly in Asia and the Pacific region. The rust Puccinia spegazzinii has been used successfully as a biological control agent in several countries to help manage M. micrantha. However, the response mechanisms of M. micrantha to P. spegazzinii infection have never been studied. To investigate the response of M. micrantha to infection by P. spegazzinii, an integrated analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics was performed. The levels of 74 metabolites, including organic acids, amino acids, and secondary metabolites in M. micrantha infected with P. spegazzinii, were significantly different compared to those in plants that were not infected. After P. spegazzinii infection, the expression of the TCA cycle gene was significantly induced to participate in energy biosynthesis and produce more ATP. The content of most amino acids, such as L-isoleucine, L-tryptophan and L-citrulline, increased. In addition, phytoalexins, such as maackiain, nobiletin, vasicin, arachidonic acid, and JA-Ile, accumulated in M. micrantha. A total of 4978 differentially expressed genes were identified in M. micrantha infected by P. spegazzinii. Many key genes of M. micrantha in the PTI (pattern-triggered immunity) and ETI (effector-triggered immunity) pathways showed significantly higher expression under P. spegazzinii infection. Through these reactions, M. micrantha is able to resist the infection of P. spegazzinii and maintain its growth. These results are helpful for us to understand the changes in metabolites and gene expression in M. micrantha after being infected by P. spegazzinii. Our results can provide a theoretical basis for weakening the defense response of M. micrantha to P. spegazzinii, and for P. spegazzinii as a long-term biological control agent of M. micrantha.}, }
@article {pmid36983545, year = {2023}, author = {Bamisile, BS and Siddiqui, JA and Nie, L and Idrees, A and Aguila, LCR and Jia, C and Xu, Y}, title = {Baseline Analysis of Endophytic Fungal Associates of Solenopsis invicta Buren from Mounds across Five Counties of Guangdong Province, China.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {36983545}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {32150410344//Research Fund for International Young Scientists/ ; }, abstract = {Red imported fire ants mounds have been suggested as a potential reservoir for beneficial entomopathogenic fungal species that are vital for more complex roles in the ecosystem aside from infecting the insects. In the current study, the assemblage of fungal symbionts of the red imported fire ants (RIFA) were obtained across five cities in Guangdong Province, China. The sampling areas were selected because of high occurrence of fire ants mounds in the regions. Mound soils, plant debris within mounds, and ants were collected from three sampling locations in each city for potential isolation of entomopathogenic fungal associates of RIFA. All samples were collected during the spring of 2021. Following successful isolation from substrates, the patterns of fungal species composition, and richness were evaluated. In total, 843 isolates were recovered, and based on their phenotypic distinctiveness and molecular characterization based on DNA sequences of multiple loci including the ITS, SSU, and LSU regions, 46 fungal taxa were obtained, including 12 that were unidentified. Species richness and abundance was highest in the mound soils, while the lowest value was recorded from the ant body. As per the different locations, the highest abundance level was recorded in Zhuhai, where 15 fungal taxa were cultivated. The most common taxa across all substrates and locations was Talaromyces diversus. A baseline analysis of the fungal community composition of RIFA would better our understanding on the interactions between these social ants and their associated microbial organisms, and this knowledge in turn would be important for the successful management of the RIFA.}, }
@article {pmid36979174, year = {2023}, author = {Schoeman, S and Simon, CA}, title = {Live to Die Another Day: Regeneration in Diopatra aciculata Knox and Cameron, 1971 (Annelida: Onuphidae) Collected as Bait in Knysna Estuary, South Africa.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {36979174}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {118560//National Research Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Regeneration is critical for survivorship after injury, sublethal predation, and asexual reproduction; it allows individuals to recover, potentially enabling populations of bait species to overcome the effects of bait collection through incidental asexual reproduction. Opportunities for regeneration are created when worms break during collection (which happens more often than not) and are thrown back into the estuary. Additionally, the trade and movement of bait could result in the range expansion of invasive species. This study investigated bait collection habits of local fishermen and the in situ incidence of regeneration in the estuarine moonshine worm, Diopatra aciculata. The evidence shows that this species is capable of anterior and posterior regeneration. The disproportionately small percentage of worms that seem to be recovering from the degree of damage that may be inflicted during bait collection suggests that regeneration may not help worms to withstand the effects of bait collection. However, the continuous movement and discarding of even small numbers of bait in other estuaries can lead to range expansion through incremental build-up, forming new populations, if these fragments are large enough to regenerate.}, }
@article {pmid36979127, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, BX and Zhu, L and Ma, G and Najar-Rodriguez, A and Zhang, JP and Zhang, F and Avila, GA and Ma, CS}, title = {Current and Potential Future Global Distribution of the Raisin Moth Cadra figulilella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) under Two Different Climate Change Scenarios.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {36979127}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {CARS29-bc-4//Chinese Agriculture Research System/ ; Y2022LM23//Fundamental Research Funds of CAAS/ ; 202103250079//Chinese Scholarship Council/ ; }, abstract = {Global trade facilitates the introduction of invasive species that can cause irreversible damage to agriculture and the environment, as well as stored food products. The raisin moth (Cadra figulilella) is an invasive pest that poses a significant threat to fruits and dried foods. Climate change may exacerbate this threat by expanding moth's distribution to new areas. In this study, we used CLIMEX and MaxEnt niche modeling tools to assess the potential global distribution of the raisin moth under current and future climate change scenarios. Our models projected that the area of suitable distribution for the raisin moth could increase by up to 36.37% by the end of this century under high emission scenario. We also found that excessive precipitation decreased the probability of raisin moth establishment and that the optimum temperature range for the species during the wettest quarter of the year was 0-18 °C. These findings highlight the need for future research to utilize a combined modeling approach to predict the distribution of the raisin moth under current and future climate conditions more accurately. Our results could be used for environmental risk assessments, as well as to inform international trade decisions and negotiations on phytosanitary measures with regards to this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid36978633, year = {2023}, author = {Bonaffini, G and Serpieri, M and Ottino, C and Scandone, L and Quaranta, G and Mauthe von Degerfeld, M}, title = {Laparoscopic Salpingectomy and Vasectomy to Inhibit Fertility in Free-Ranging Nutrias (Myocastor coypus).}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {36978633}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {The nutria (Myocastor coypus), an invasive alien species, is widely spread in Europe. Pursuant to regulation (EU) no. 1143/2014, the nutria is subject to management programs to reduce its spread. Surgical fertility control is considered an acceptable method, particularly in urban circumstances, avoiding euthanasia. To maintain the hormonal patterns and the social and behavioral dynamics, surgical infertilization preserving the gonads (i.e., salpingectomy and vasectomy) is recommended. Mini-invasive surgery is an eligible choice when dealing with wildlife, allowing reduced captivation time. For these reasons, 77 free-ranging nutrias, captured in urban nuclei in Italy, underwent infertilization under general anesthesia; laparoscopic salpingectomy and vasectomy were performed on 32 animals and traditional surgery on the remainder, leaving the gonads in place. A three-port technique was used, with two paramedian trocars (5 mm) for the instruments and a median one for the telescope. Ablation was obtained through Onemytis[®] plasma device, allowing a rapid surgical time with no need to place visceral sutures; the skin was surgically closed. After recovery, the animals were released, and no overt complications were noted. No modification of the behavioral patterns was noted, and the population decreased during the following months.}, }
@article {pmid36978565, year = {2023}, author = {Sladonja, B and Tlak Gajger, I and Uzelac, M and Poljuha, D and Garau, C and Landeka, N and Barták, M and Bacaro, G}, title = {The Impact of Beehive Proximity, Human Activity and Agricultural Intensity on Diptera Diversity in a Mediterranean Mosaic of Agroecosystems, with a Focus on Pest Species.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {36978565}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Diptera, with their participation in pollination, significantly contribute to the maintenance of plant diversity, and they also have great potential for assessing habitat health and preserving it. A decline in their abundance and diversity has been recorded worldwide as a consequence of biotic, abiotic, and anthropic alterations. In addition to pollinators, these orders include agricultural and forestry pests, which are a threat to both cultivated and wild plants that are very important to the economy. Many pests have escaped from their native areas, and it is important to monitor their spread to implement sustainable means of control. Our study provides baseline information on Diptera and Vespidae diversity in the Mediterranean mosaic of agroecosystems, giving information on the importance of human influence on insect diversity. We carried out an insect inventory in Istria, Croatia, using a set of traps placed in the proximity of beehives. This study was also important in determining the presence of pests and newly introduced species. A total of 94 species from 24 families were recorded-7 important agricultural pests of Diptera and 17 new records for Croatia. The correlation between species diversity and environmental and anthropogenic factors leads to the conclusion that total insect species richness, pest species richness, and the first findings depend on human activities. The number of honeybee colonies negatively correlated with species richness, while anthropic influence positively affected total and pest species richness.}, }
@article {pmid36977969, year = {2023}, author = {Martínez, AS and Villacide, JM and Buteler, M and Serra, MN and Masciocchi, M}, title = {Honeydew production by the giant willow aphid (Tuberolachnus salignus, Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its effect on foraging yellowjackets (Hymenoptera: Vespidae).}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {8}, pages = {2912-2919}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7468}, pmid = {36977969}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Agencia Nacional de Promoci&#xf3;n Cient&#xed;fica y Tecnol&#xf3;gica/ ; //Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient&#xed;ficas y T&#xe9;cnicas/ ; //Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog&#xed;a Agropecuaria/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Aphids ; *Salix ; *Wasps ; *Heteroptera ; Introduced Species ; *Moths ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Understanding the factors that promote the success of invasive species is important for managing biological invasions. Interactions between invasives and other species (e.g. competitors, pathogens, or predators), could favor or limit their success. In recent decades, yellowjacket wasps, including Vespula germanica and Vespula vulgaris, have successfully established in Patagonia. Additionally, the invasive willow Salix fragilis has invaded areas next to watercourses, which in turn are typically colonized by the giant willow aphid (GWA, Tuberolagnus salignus), an additional species characterized as a successful invader in many regions worldwide. Aphid exudate (honeydew) has been reported to be used as a carbohydrate source by social wasps. The aim of our study was to gain a better understanding of the infestation pattern of the GWA in north-western Patagonia, its effect on exudate availability and its relationship with yellowjacket foraging patterns. The study was conducted under the working hypothesis that the increase in the size of GWA colonies and resulting honeydew production, will fuel an increase in local Vespula spp.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that the aphid honeydew is produced in relatively high amounts in the region (estimated at 1517&#x2009; &#xb1; &#x2009;139 kg/ha/season), with strong indications that it is used by yellowjackets because of the significantly higher abundance levels of yellowjackets foraging on honeydew compared to nearby areas.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Given its effect on yellowjacket foraging behavior, the interaction of these three invasive species, willows, GWA and yellowjackets, needs to receive special attention to develop future environmentally-sound mitigation tools of these nuisance pest. &#xa9; 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid36976314, year = {2023}, author = {Wen, TY and Wu, XQ and Ye, JR and Qiu, YJ and Rui, L and Zhang, Y}, title = {Two Novel Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Kunitz Effector Proteins Using Different Infection and Survival Strategies to Suppress Immunity in Pine.}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {113}, number = {3}, pages = {539-548}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-04-22-0127-R}, pmid = {36976314}, issn = {0031-949X}, mesh = {Animals ; Xylophilus ; *Tylenchida ; Plant Diseases ; *Pinus ; }, abstract = {Pine wilt disease, caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, results in tremendous economic loss in conifer production every year. To disturb the host immune responses, plant pathogens secrete a mass of effector proteins that facilitate the infection process. Although several effectors of B. xylophilus have been identified, detailed mechanisms of their functions remain largely unexplored. Here, we reveal two novel B. xylophilus Kunitz effectors, named BxKU1 and BxKU2, using different infection strategies to suppress immunity in Pinus thunbergii. We found that both BxKU1 and BxKU2 could suppress PsXEG1-triggered cell death and were present in the nucleus and cytoplasm in Nicotiana benthamiana. However, they had different three-dimensional structures and various expression patterns in B. xylophilus infection. In situ hybridization experiments showed that BxKU2 was expressed in the esophageal glands and ovaries, whereas BxKU1 was only expressed in the esophageal glands of females. We further confirmed that the morbidity was significantly decreased in P. thunbergii infected with B. xylophilus when BxKU1 and BxKU2 were silenced. The silenced BxKU2I, but not BxKU1, affected the reproduction and feeding rate of B. xylophilus. Moreover, BxKU1 and BxKU2 targeted to different proteins in P. thunbergii, but they all interacted with thaumatin-like protein 4 (TLP4) according to yeast two-hybrid screening. Collectively, our study showed that B. xylophilus could incorporate two Kunitz effectors in a multilayer strategy to counter immune response in P. thunbergii, which could help us better understand the interaction between plant and B. xylophilus.}, }
@article {pmid36975982, year = {2023}, author = {Shin, J and Rahman, MM and Kim, J and Marcombe, S and Jung, J}, title = {Genetic Diversity of Dengue Vector Aedes albopictus Collected from South Korea, Japan, and Laos.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {36975982}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2021R1A6A1A03044242//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus is native to Southeast Asia and has emerged as a major vector for vector-borne diseases that are spreading rapidly worldwide. Recent studies have shown that Ae. albopictus populations have different genetic groups dependent on their thermal adaptations; however, studies on Korean populations are limited. In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity and structure of two mitochondrial genes (COI and ND5) and sixteen microsatellites in mosquitoes inhabiting Korea, Japan, and Laos. The results indicate that the Korean population has low genetic diversity, with an independent cluster distinct from the Laos population. Mixed clusters have also been observed in the Korean population. On the basis of these findings, two hypotheses are proposed. First, certain Korean populations are native. Second, some subpopulations that descended from the metapopulation (East Asian countries) were introduced to Japan before migrating to Korea. Furthermore, we previously demonstrated that Ae. albopictus appears to have been imported to Korea. In conclusion, the dengue-virus-carrying mosquitoes could migrate to Korea from Southeast Asian epidemic regions, where they can survive during the severe winter months. The key findings can be used to establish an integrated pest management strategy based on population genetics for the Korean Ae. albopictus population.}, }
@article {pmid36975952, year = {2023}, author = {Jung, S and Kim, J and Balvín, O and Yamada, K}, title = {Molecular Phylogeny of Cimicoidea (Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha) Revisited: Increased Taxon Sampling Reveals Evolution of Traumatic Insemination and Paragenitalia.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {36975952}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2018002270005//Korea Environment Industry &amp; Technology Institute (KEITI) through Exotic Invasive Species Management Program, funded by Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE)/ ; }, abstract = {The molecular phylogeny of the Cimicoidea was reconstructed from an expanded sampling based on mitochondrial (16S, COI) and nuclear (18S, 28SD3) genes. The data were analyzed using maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP), and Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic frameworks. The phylogenetic relationships inferred by the model-based analyses (ML and BI) were largely congruent with those inferred by the MP analysis in terms of the monophyly of most of the higher taxonomic groups and the species-level relationships. The following clades were recovered in all analyses: Cimiciformes; Nabidae: Prostemmatinae; Nabidae: Nabinae; Plokiophilidae; Microphysidae; Lasiochilidae; Cimicidae: Cacodminae; Cimicidae; Lyctocoridae; Anthocoridae s. str.; Cardiastethini excluding Amphiareus; Almeidini; Scolopini; Anthocorini; Oriini; Curaliidae + Lasiochilidae; Almeidini + Xylocorini; Oriini + Cardiastethini; and Anthocorini + Amphiareus. Reconstructions of ancestral copulation states based on Bayesian and parsimony inference indicated that at least one shift from standard insemination (SI) to traumatic insemination (TI) occurred within Cimicoidea, and an investigation of the evolutionary correlation between TI and paragenitalia (PG) revealed that the acquisition of PG in cimicoid females was correlated with the TI habit. Additionally, our morphological examination of various types of PG suggested that even the same PG type may not constitute a homologous feature at various taxonomic levels, indicating the convergent evolution of female morphology to adapt to TI.}, }
@article {pmid36975948, year = {2023}, author = {Sarkar, SC and Hatt, S and Philips, A and Akter, M and Milroy, SP and Xu, W}, title = {Tomato Potato Psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae) in Australia: Incursion, Potential Impact and Opportunities for Biological Control.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {36975948}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {RTP and MIPS//Murdoch University/ ; DE160100382//Australian Research Council/ ; 891566//Marie-Sklodowska Curie Individual Fellowship/ ; APCP2123197POT; APCP2123197VEG//Agricultural Produce Commission/ ; }, abstract = {Incursion and establishment of an exotic pest may threaten natural habitats and disrupt ecosystems. On the other hand, resident natural enemies may play an important role in invasive pest control. Bactericera cockerelli, commonly known as the tomato-potato psyllid, is an exotic pest, first detected on mainland Australia in Perth, Western Australia, in early 2017. B. cockerelli causes direct damage to crops by feeding and indirectly by acting as the vector of the pathogen that causes zebra chip disease in potatoes, although the latter is not present in mainland Australia. At present, Australian growers rely on the frequent use of insecticides to control B. cockerelli, which may lead to a series of negative economic and environmental consequences. The incursion of B. cockerelli also provides a unique opportunity to develop a conservation biological control strategy through strategically targeting existing natural enemy communities. In this review, we consider opportunities to develop biological control strategies for B. cockerelli to alleviate the dependence on synthetic insecticides. We highlight the potential of existing natural enemies to contribute toward regulating populations of B. cockerelli in the field and discuss the challenges ahead to strengthen the key role they can play through conservation biological control.}, }
@article {pmid36975941, year = {2023}, author = {Eleftheriadou, N and Lubanga, UK and Lefoe, GK and Seehausen, ML and Kenis, M and Kavallieratos, NG and Avtzis, DN}, title = {Uncovering the Male Presence in Parthenogenetic Marchalina hellenica (Hemiptera: Marchalinidae): Insights into Its mtDNA Divergence and Reproduction Strategy.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {36975941}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {PNC489-1819//Agriculture Victoria/ ; }, abstract = {Marchalina hellenica (Hemiptera: Marchalinidae), an endemic species in Greece and Turkey, is a major contributor to the annual honey production in its native range. However, in the areas that it invades, lacking natural enemies, it has detrimental effects on pine trees and potentially contributes to tree mortality. Although it was originally reported as thelytokous, males were later reported in Turkey and on several of the islands of Greece. To further disambiguate the exact parthenogenetic reproduction strategy of M. hellenica, we studied the emergence pattern of male individuals in Greece for two consecutive years (2021 and 2022). Furthermore, we examined the genetic variation among 15 geographically distant populations of M. hellenica in Greece using a mitochondrial DNA marker and compared the results with data from Turkey. The findings of this study document the existence of an additional M. hellenica population in its native range that repeatedly produces males, apart from the areas of Greece and Turkey in which they were initially reported, suggesting that males play a major, so far unknown role in the reproduction of this species. The populations in Greece and Turkey exhibited a strong genetic affinity, while human-aided dispersal seems to have obscured the genetic pattern acquired.}, }
@article {pmid36975937, year = {2023}, author = {Li, H and Jiang, Z and Zhou, J and Liu, X and Zhang, Y and Chu, D}, title = {Ecological Factors Associated with the Distribution of Bemisia tabaci Cryptic Species and Their Facultative Endosymbionts.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {36975937}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {31872030//the National Nature Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci species complex, comprises at least 44 morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species, whose endosymbiont infection patterns often varied at the spatial and temporal dimension. However, the effects of ecological factors (e.g., climatic or geographical factors) on the distribution of whitefly and the infection frequencies of their endosymbionts have not been fully elucidated. We, here, analyzed the associations between ecological factors and the distribution of whitefly and their three facultative endosymbionts (Candidatus Cardinium hertigii, Candidatus Hamiltonella defensa, and Rickettsia sp.) by screening 665 individuals collected from 29 geographical localities across China. The study identified eight B. tabaci species via mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) gene sequence alignment: two invasive species, MED (66.9%) and MEAM1 (12.2%), and six native cryptic species (20.9%), which differed in distribution patterns, ecological niches, and high suitability areas. The infection frequencies of the three endosymbionts in different cryptic species were distinct and multiple infections were relatively common in B. tabaci MED populations. Furthermore, the annual mean temperature positively affected Cardinium sp. and Rickettsia sp. infection frequencies in B. tabaci MED but negatively affected the quantitative distribution of B. tabaci MED, which indicates that Cardinium sp. and Rickettsia sp. maybe play a crucial role in the thermotolerance of B. tabaci MED, although the host whitefly per se exhibits no resistance to high temperature. Our findings revealed the complex effects of ecological factors on the expansion of the invasive whitefly.}, }
@article {pmid36975933, year = {2023}, author = {Mermer, S and Maslen, EA and Dalton, DT and Nielsen, AL and Rucker, A and Lowenstein, D and Wiman, N and Bhattarai, M and Soohoo-Hui, A and Harris, ET and Pfab, F and Walton, VM}, title = {Temperature-Dependent Life Table Parameters of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in the United States.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {36975933}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {N/A//California Department of Food and Agriculture/ ; #2011-51181-30937//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a generalist pest that causes serious injury to a variety of crops around the world. After the first detection in the USA, H. halys became a serious threat to growers resulting in significant crop damage. Understanding the effect of temperature on H. halys development will help to achieve successful control by predicting the phenological timing of the pest. Here, life table parameters (survival, development, reproduction, and daily mortality) of H. halys were evaluated for New Jersey and Oregon populations in the US. Parameters were determined from field-collected and laboratory-reared individuals. The results indicated that New Jersey populations had higher levels of egg-laying than Oregon populations and exhibited higher and earlier fecundity peaks. Survival levels were similar between populations. Linear and nonlinear fit were used to estimate the minimum (14.3 °C), optimal (27.8 °C), and maximum (35.9 °C) temperatures where development of H. halys can take place. An age-specific fecundity peak (Mx = 36.63) was recorded at 936 degree days for New Jersey populations, while maximum fecundity (Mx = 11.85) occurred at 1145 degree days in Oregon. No oviposition was recorded at the lowest (15 °C) or highest (35 °C) trialed temperatures. Developmental periods increased at temperatures above 30 °C, indicating that such higher temperatures are suboptimal for H. halys development. Altogether the most optimal temperatures for population increase (rm) ranged from 25 to 30 °C. Survival rates of H. halys at suboptimal low temperatures of 8 °C (i.e., 61%) is comparable to previous reports. The present paper provides additional data and context from a range of experimental conditions and populations. Such temperature-related H. halys life table parameters can be used to provide determine the risk to susceptible crops.}, }
@article {pmid36975931, year = {2023}, author = {Dalmaso, G and Ioriatti, C and Gualandri, V and Zapponi, L and Mazzoni, V and Mori, N and Baldessari, M}, title = {Orientus ishidae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae): Biology, Direct Damage and Preliminary Studies on Apple Proliferation Infection in Apple Orchard.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {36975931}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The mosaic leafhopper, Orientus ishidae (Matsumura), is an Asian species widespread in Europe that can cause leaf damage in wild trees and transmit disease phytoplasmas to grapevines. Following an O. ishidae outbreak reported in 2019 in an apple orchard in northern Italy, the biology and damage caused by this species to apples were investigated during 2020 and 2021. Our studies included observations on the O. ishidae life cycle, leaf symptoms associated to its trophic activity, and its capability to acquire "Candidatus Phytoplasma mali," a causal agent of Apple Proliferation (AP). The results indicate that O. ishidae can complete the life cycle on apple trees. Nymphs emerged between May and June, and adults were present from early July to late October, with the peak of flight between July and early August. Semi-field observations allowed for an accurate description of leaf symptoms that appeared as a distinct yellowing after a one-day exposure. In field experiments, 23% of the leaves were found damaged. In addition, 16-18% of the collected leafhoppers were found carrying AP phytoplasma. We conclude that O. ishidae has the potential to be a new apple tree pest. However, further studies are required to better understand the economic impact of the infestations.}, }
@article {pmid36973579, year = {2023}, author = {Sandoval-Gil, JM and Sánchez-Barredo, M and Cruz-López, R and Zertuche-González, JA and Beas-Luna, R and Lorda, J and Montaño-Moctezuma, G}, title = {Shading by giant kelp canopy can restrict the invasiveness of Undaria pinnatifida (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae).}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, pages = {552-569}, doi = {10.1111/jpy.13330}, pmid = {36973579}, issn = {1529-8817}, mesh = {Forests ; *Kelp ; *Macrocystis/physiology ; Photosynthesis ; *Undaria ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The spread of non-indigenous and invasive seaweeds has increased worldwide, and their potential effects on native seaweeds have raised concern. Undaria pinnatifida is considered among the most prolific non-indigenous species. This species has expanded rapidly in the Northeast Pacific, overlapping with native communities such as the iconic giant kelp forests (Macrocystis pyrifera). Canopy shading by giant kelp has been argued to be a limiting factor for the presence of U. pinnatifida in the understory, thus its invasiveness capacity. However, its physiological plasticity under light limitation remains unclear. In this work, we compared the physiology and growth of juvenile U. pinnatifida and M. pyrifera sporophytes transplanted to the understory of a giant kelp forest, to juveniles growing outside of the forest. Extreme low light availability compared to that outside (~0.2 and ~4.4 mol photon ⋅ m[-2] ⋅ d[-1] , respectively) likely caused a "metabolic energy crisis" in U. pinnatifida, thus restricting its photoacclimation plasticity and nitrogen acquisition, ultimately reducing its growth. Despite M. pyrifera juveniles showing photoacclimatory responses (e.g., increases in photosynthetic efficiency and lower compensation irradiance, Ec), their physiological/vegetative status deteriorated similarly to U. pinnatifida, which explains the low recruitment inside the forest. Generally, our results revealed the ecophysiological basis behind the limited growth and survival of juvenile U. pinnatifida sporophytes in the understory.}, }
@article {pmid36972520, year = {2023}, author = {Nguyen, V and Weaver-Romero, AL and Wang, X and Tavares, Y and Bauer, A and McDowell, RC and Dorsainvil, C and Eason, MD and Malcolm, AN and Raz, CD and Byrd, BD and Riegel, C and Clark, M and Ber, J and Harrison, RL and Evans, CL and Zohdy, S and Allen, B and Campbell, LP and Killingsworth, D and Grey, EW and Riles, MT and Lee, Y and Giordano, BV}, title = {Survey of Invasive Mosquito Surveillance and Control Capacity in Southeastern USA Reveals Training and Resource Needs.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, pages = {108-121}, doi = {10.2987/22-7107}, pmid = {36972520}, issn = {1943-6270}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Ecosystem ; *Insect Vectors ; Florida ; Georgia ; Louisiana ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control ; }, abstract = {Several invasive mosquito species that are nuisances or of medical and veterinary importance have been introduced into the Southeastern region of the USA, posing a threat to other species and the local ecosystems and/or increasing the risk of pathogen transmission to people, livestock, and domestic pets. Prompt and effective monitoring and control of invasive species is essential to prevent them from spreading and causing harmful effects. However, the capacity for invasive mosquito species surveillance is highly variable among mosquito control programs in the Southeast, depending on a combination of factors such as regional geography and climate, access to resources, and the ability to interact with other programs. To facilitate the development of invasive mosquito surveillance in the region, we, the Mosquito BEACONS (Biodiversity Enhancement and Control of Non-native Species) working group, conducted a survey on the capacities of various public health agencies and pest control agencies engaged in mosquito surveillance and control in seven Southeastern states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina). Ninety control programs completed the survey, representing an overall response rate of 25.8%. We report key findings from our survey, emphasizing the training and resource needs, and discuss their implications for future invasive mosquito surveillance and control capacity building. By increasing communication and collaboration opportunities (e.g., real-time sharing of collection records, coordinated multistate programs), the establishment of Mosquito BEACONS and the implementation of this survey can accelerate knowledge transfer and improve decision support capacity in response to or in preparation for invasive mosquito surveillance and can establish infrastructure that can be used to inform programs around the world.}, }
@article {pmid36969137, year = {2023}, author = {Picq, S and Wu, Y and Martemyanov, VV and Pouliot, E and Pfister, SE and Hamelin, R and Cusson, M}, title = {Range-wide population genomics of the spongy moth, Lymantria dispar (Erebidae): Implications for biosurveillance, subspecies classification and phylogeography of a destructive moth.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {638-656}, pmid = {36969137}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The spongy moth, Lymantria dispar, is an irruptive forest pest native to Eurasia where its range extends from coast to coast and overspills into northern Africa. Accidentally introduced from Europe in Massachusetts in 1868-1869, it is now established in North America where it is considered a highly destructive invasive pest. A fine-scale characterization of its population genetic structure would facilitate identification of source populations for specimens intercepted during ship inspections in North America and would enable mapping of introduction pathways to help prevent future incursions into novel environments. In addition, detailed knowledge of L. dispar's global population structure would provide new insight into the adequacy of its current subspecies classification system and its phylogeographic history. To address these issues, we generated >2000 genotyping-by-sequencing-derived SNPs from 1445 contemporary specimens sampled at 65 locations in 25 countries/3 continents. Using multiple analytical approaches, we identified eight subpopulations that could be further partitioned into 28 groups, achieving unprecedented resolution for this species' population structure. Although reconciliation between these groupings and the three currently recognized subspecies proved to be challenging, our genetic data confirmed circumscription of the japonica subspecies to Japan. However, the genetic cline observed across continental Eurasia, from L. dispar asiatica in East Asia to L. d. dispar in Western Europe, points to the absence of a sharp geographical boundary (e.g., the Ural Mountains) between these two subspecies, as suggested earlier. Importantly, moths from North America and the Caucasus/Middle East displayed high enough genetic distances from other populations to warrant their consideration as separate subspecies of L. dispar. Finally, in contrast with earlier mtDNA-based investigations that identified the Caucasus as L. dispar's place of origin, our analyses suggest continental East Asia as its evolutionary cradle, from where it spread to Central Asia and Europe, and to Japan through Korea.}, }
@article {pmid36967588, year = {2023}, author = {Leong, OS and Padula, AM and Webster, RA and Maldonado, R}, title = {A retrospective study of cane toad (Rhinella marina) toxicity in 190 domestic cats in Southeastern Queensland: Clinical presentations, treatments, and outcomes.}, journal = {Australian veterinary journal}, volume = {101}, number = {6}, pages = {219-224}, doi = {10.1111/avj.13237}, pmid = {36967588}, issn = {1751-0813}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; Queensland/epidemiology ; Bufo marinus ; Retrospective Studies ; Australia ; Prognosis ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical presentations, treatments and outcomes of toad toxicity in domestic cats in Southeastern Queensland, Australia.<br><br>METHODS: This report describes a retrospective study of 190 cases of cane toad (Rhinella marina) toxicity in cats in south-eastern Queensland, Australia. All cases were presented for veterinary treatment between 2011 and 2020 at four specialist veterinary emergency centres in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Cane toad toxicity was diagnosed based on a history of exposure and clinical signs.<br><br>RESULTS: Domestic short-hair breeds accounted for 53.6% of the cases. Presentation was seasonal with the highest incidence over the warmer months of the year (November - March). Hypersalivation was described in 96.3% (183/190), tachypnoea in 34.2% (65/190) and altered behaviour in 18.4% (35/190) of cases. Seizures occurred in 1% of cases. Of the 190 cases, 6.3% (12/190) were hospitalised and 0.5% (1/190) were euthanised and overall 99.5% (189/190) survived hospital discharge.<br><br>CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Cane toad toxicity is relatively common in cats in Southeast Queensland and following buccal lavage the prognosis for recovery was excellent.}, }
@article {pmid36966457, year = {2023}, author = {Kilgo, JC and Vukovich, M and Cox, KJ and Larsen, M and Mims, TT and Garabedian, JE}, title = {Assessing whole-sounder removal versus traditional control for reducing invasive wild pig (Sus scrofa) populations.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {9}, pages = {3033-3042}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7478}, pmid = {36966457}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//US Department of Energy Savannah River/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Swine ; *Pest Control ; *Sus scrofa ; Animals, Wild ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Trapping is commonly used as the primary management tool in attempts to reduce invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa), but traditional trapping techniques are often ineffective. However, recently developed traps permit the capture of entire social groups (sounders) of wild pigs, and the strategy of whole-sounder removal may achieve more effective control. Our objective was to experimentally compare traditional control (TC; primarily traditional trapping, but including hunting with dogs, and opportunistic shooting) and whole-sounder removal (WSR) strategies by assessing density reduction and removal rate after 1 and 2 years of treatment.<br><br>RESULTS: After 1&#x2009;year of trapping, average wild pig density on WSR units declined 53% and remained stable after the second year, whereas on TC units, pig density did not differ after trapping, although it declined 33% and remained stable after the second year of trapping. The median removal rate (percentage of uniquely marked pigs present at the beginning of each year that were removed) was 42.5% for WSR units and 0.0% for TC units during 2018 and were 29.6% from WSR units and 5.3% from TC units during 2019.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: WSR removal was more effective at reducing wild pig density than TC, but factors such as previous exposure of this population to traditional traps and the lack of barriers to recolonization from surrounding areas may have reduced WSR efficacy. WSR can effectively reduce wild pig density to a greater extent than TC, but managers should recognize the additional time and expense necessary for implementation. Published 2023. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid36966383, year = {2023}, author = {Tolo, IE and Bajer, PG and Mor, SK and Phelps, NBD}, title = {Disease ecology and host range of Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) in CyHV-3 endemic lakes of North America.}, journal = {Journal of fish diseases}, volume = {46}, number = {6}, pages = {679-696}, doi = {10.1111/jfd.13778}, pmid = {36966383}, issn = {1365-2761}, support = {//Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center/ ; //Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund/ ; //State of Minnesota/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Herpesviridae Infections/epidemiology/veterinary/diagnosis ; *Carps ; Host Specificity ; Lakes ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; *Fish Diseases ; *Herpesviridae/genetics ; DNA ; }, abstract = {Cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) is an important pathogen of common carp (Cyprinus carpio, carp) causing significant economic and ecological impacts worldwide. The recent emergence of CyHV-3 in the Upper Midwest region of the United States has raised questions related to the disease ecology and host specificity of CyHV-3 in wild carp populations. To determine the prevalence of CyHV-3 in wild populations of fishes in Minnesota, we surveyed five lakes in 2019 in which the virus was known to have caused mass mortality events in carp from 2017 to 2018. A total of 28 species (n = 756 total fish) of native fishes and 730 carp were screened for the presence of CyHV-3 DNA using specific qPCR. None of the native fish tissues tested positive for CyHV-3 although the prevalence of CyHV-3 in carp was 10%-50% in the five lakes. A single lake (Lake Elysian) with a 50% DNA detection rate and evidence of ongoing transmission and CyHV-3-associated mortality was surveyed again in 2020 from April to September. During this period, none of the tissues from 24 species (n = 607 total fish) tested positive for CyHV-3 though CyHV-3 DNA and mRNA (indicating viral replication) was detected in carp tissues during the sampling period. CyHV-3 DNA was detected most often in brain samples without evidence of replication, potentially indicating that brain tissue is a site for CyHV-3 latency. Paired qPCR and ELISA testing for Lake Elysian in 2019-2020 identified young carp (especially males) to be the primary group impacted by CyHV-3-associated mortality and acute infections, but with no positive detections in juvenile carp. Seroprevalence of carp from Lake Elysian was 57% in 2019, 92% in April of 2020 and 97% in September 2020. These results further corroborate the host specificity of CyHV-3 to carp in mixed wild populations of fishes in Minnesota and provide additional insights into the ecological niche of CyHV-3 in shallow lake populations of carp in North America.}, }
@article {pmid36966160, year = {2023}, author = {Ruzzier, E and Ortis, G and Vallotto, D and Faccoli, M and Martinez-Sañudo, I and Marchioro, M}, title = {The first full host plant dataset of Curculionidae Scolytinae of the world: tribe Xyleborini LeConte, 1876.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {166}, pmid = {36966160}, issn = {2052-4463}, support = {DOR project//Universit&#xe0; degli Studi di Padova (University of Padova)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Fungi ; Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Trees ; *Weevils/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Xyleborini is the largest tribe of Scolytinae accounting for about 1300 species worldwide; all species are primarily xylomycetophagous, developing on symbiotic fungi farmed in plant woody tissues. Xyleborini wood-boring action, associated with the inoculum of symbiotic fungi, can lead, sometimes, to the emergence of host plant dieback, wood damage and death; for this reason, multiple Xyleborini are major pests on both cultivated, forest and ornamental trees. Many Xyleborini are invasive worldwide and great effort is expended to manage their biological invasions or prevent new arrivals. Imports of host plants often have a primary role as a pathway for introduction and are frequently responsible for the establishment of species in non-native environments. In this context, data availability on Xyleborini host plants is a major limiting factor in the development of effective detection and monitoring strategies as well as a fundamental variable to consider in risk assessment of plant pests and invasive species. This contribution provides updated host records and the hosts economic categorization for the 1293 Xyleborini known worldwide to date.}, }
@article {pmid36964580, year = {2023}, author = {Andriamanantena, M and Pithon, S and Dijoux, M and Hoareau, M and Fontaine, C and Ferrard, J and Lavergne, C and Petit, T and Caro, Y}, title = {A survey on the potential contribution of Reunion Island dye plant species diversity to the market demand for bioactive plant-based dyes and pigments.}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {8}, pmid = {36964580}, issn = {1746-4269}, support = {GURDTI/20200508-0022957//FEDER/ ; GURDTI/20200508-0022957//FEDER/ ; GURDTI/20200508-0022957//FEDER/ ; GURDTI/20200508-0022957//FEDER/ ; GURDTI/20200508-0022957//FEDER/ ; GURDTI/20200508-0022957//FEDER/ ; GURDTI/20200508-0022957//FEDER/ ; GURDTI/20200508-0022957//FEDER/ ; GURDTI/20200508-0022957//FEDER/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; Reunion ; *Coloring Agents ; *Ethnobotany ; Plant Extracts ; Crops, Agricultural ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Proven toxicity and environmental burdens caused by artificial dyes have motivated dyeing industries to turn to natural alternatives. Plant-based dyestuffs are an interesting group of alternative crops. Reunion Island located in the Indian Ocean is the only European region in the southern hemisphere. It has a great number of assets to find new molecules in the abundant plant biodiversity. However, the dye-producing plants diversity in this island had not been documented to date.<br><br>METHODOLOGY: The assessment of the Reunion Island's plant biodiversity through the "PLANTIN" project allowed us to establish here the first ethnobotanical inventory of plants growing on Reunion Island which may have promising properties as a new alternative source of dyes or colorants for the industries. First, an ethnobotanical survey focused on the uses of plants traditionally used in dyeing was conducted on local stakeholders. Then, the importance of different criteria (e.g., endemicity, accessibility and cultivability, plant organs used for the extraction, industrial interests of the species, etc.) has been considered to establish a classification method of the species, to finally select the most interesting plants which have been further harvested and investigated for their coloring property and dyeing application on natural fibers.<br><br>RESULTS: The results showed that local people have accumulated traditional knowledge of dyeing plants, but that this approach had been discontinued in Reunion. The uses of 194 plant species potentially rich in dyes or pigments, belonging to 72 different families, with diverse botanical status (endemic, native, introduced or alien-invasive species) have been recorded. Then, 43 species were harvested and their coloring property were investigated. It demonstrated that dyes extracted from promising species, e.g., Terminalia bentzoe, Weinmannia tinctoria, Thespesia populnea, Erythroxylum laurifolium, Morinda citrifolia, Leea guinensis, Ochrosia borbonica, Danais fragrans, Terminalia cattapa, Casuarina equisetifolia, and Coccoloba uvifera, amongst others, could be used as new textile dyes. Their efficacy in the wool and cotton dyeing has been successfully demonstrated here.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These plant-based dyestuffs showed promising coloring properties with different shades that could meet industrial application requirement. It's an area that could promote local cultural inheritance, create opportunity for business and farmers, and that can make a significant contribution to preserving endangered native species by supporting reforestation schemes. Additional researches are in progress to evaluate the safety of these plant-based colored extracts, their chemical composition and biological activities.}, }
@article {pmid36963776, year = {2023}, author = {Zhao, B and Chen, J and Zou, Y and Dai, Z and Xing, P and Wu, QL}, title = {Co-occurrence pattern of bacteria and fungi on the leaves of the invasive aquatic plant Alternanthera philoxeroides.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {99}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiad022}, pmid = {36963776}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Plants ; Introduced Species ; Bacteria/genetics ; Plant Leaves/microbiology ; Fungi/genetics ; }, abstract = {The microbes that are attached to aquatic plants play critical roles in nutrient cycles and the maintenance of water quality. However, their community compositions, biodiversity and functions have not been well explored for the invasive plants in inland waters. Here, the co-occurrence patterns between bacteria and fungi on the leaves of Alternanthera philoxeroides and their potential ecological interactions were studied during the growing seasons. Along with significant variations in the alpha diversity of attached microbes over time, shifts in their community composition were significantly associated with the dynamics of plant stoichiometry, substrate composition and extracellular enzyme activity. Deterministic processes (heterogenous selection) play a predominant role in community assembly of the attached bacteria, while stochasticity (undominated process) was the major driver for the attached fungal assembly. Compared with the free-living microbial network, the attached microbial network was structurally simple but highly modular. The attached microbes had more intra-phylum links (primarily within the phyla Actinomycetota, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacillota and Basidiomycota) and distinct co-exclusion patterns between bacteria and fungi in the modules. In summary, the study will be helpful in understanding the microbes and their interactions in the phyllosphere of A. philoxeroides, an key invasive species under national management and control.}, }
@article {pmid36958810, year = {2023}, author = {Walentowitz, A and Lenzner, B and Essl, F and Strandberg, N and Castilla-Beltrán, A and Fernández-Palacios, JM and Björck, S and Connor, S and Haberle, SG and Ljung, K and Prebble, M and Wilmshurst, JM and Froyd, CA and de Boer, EJ and de Nascimento, L and Edwards, ME and Stevenson, J and Beierkuhnlein, C and Steinbauer, MJ and Nogué, S}, title = {Long-term trajectories of non-native vegetation on islands globally.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {26}, number = {5}, pages = {729-741}, doi = {10.1111/ele.14196}, pmid = {36958810}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {I 5825-B//Austrian Science Foundation/ ; ERC-CoG-2021-101045309//H2020 European Research Council/ ; 538(FJC2020-043774-I)//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; NE/C510667/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/L002531/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; //The Swedish Research Council (VR)/ ; 491183248//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Biodiversity ; *Plants ; Pollen ; Islands ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Human-mediated changes in island vegetation are, among others, largely caused by the introduction and establishment of non-native species. However, data on past changes in non-native plant species abundance that predate historical documentation and censuses are scarce. Islands are among the few places where we can track human arrival in natural systems allowing us to reveal changes in vegetation dynamics with the arrival of non-native species. We matched fossil pollen data with botanical status information (native, non-native), and quantified the timing, trajectories and magnitude of non-native plant vegetational change on 29 islands over the past 5000 years. We recorded a proportional increase in pollen of non-native plant taxa within the last 1000 years. Individual island trajectories are context-dependent and linked to island settlement histories. Our data show that non-native plant introductions have a longer and more dynamic history than is generally recognized, with critical implications for biodiversity baselines and invasion biology.}, }
@article {pmid36949607, year = {2023}, author = {Irshad, MS and Arshad, N and Liu, G and Mushtaq, N and Lashari, AA and Qin, W and Asghar, MS and Li, H and Wang, X}, title = {Biomass-Printed Hybrid Solar Evaporator Derived from Bio-polluted Invasive Species, a Potential Step toward Carbon Neutrality.}, journal = {ACS applied materials &amp; interfaces}, volume = {15}, number = {13}, pages = {16607-16620}, doi = {10.1021/acsami.2c20207}, pmid = {36949607}, issn = {1944-8252}, mesh = {*Carbon ; Introduced Species ; Biomass ; *Solar Energy ; }, abstract = {Biomass-based photothermal conversion is of great importance for solar energy utilization toward carbon neutrality. Herein, a hybrid solar evaporator is innovatively designed via UV-induced printing of pyrolyzed Kudzu biochar on hydrophilic cotton fabric (KB@CF) to integrate all parameters in a single evaporator, such as solar evaporation, salt collection, waste heat recovery for thermoelectricity, sieving oil emulsions, and water disinfection from microorganisms. The UV-induced printed fabric demonstrates stronger material adhesion as compared to the conventional dip-dry technique. The hybrid solar evaporator gives an enhanced evaporation rate (2.32 kg/m[2] h), and the complementary waste heat recovery system generates maximum open-circuit voltage (Vout ∼ 143.9 mV) and solar to vapor conversion efficiency (92%), excluding heat losses under one sun illumination. More importantly, 99.98% of photothermal-induced bacterial killing efficiency was achieved within 20 min under 1 kW m[-2] using the hyperthermia effect of Kudzu biochar. Furthermore, numerical heat-transfer simulations were performed successfully to analyze the enhanced interfacial heat accumulation (75.3 °C) and heat flux distribution of the thermoelectric generators under one sun. We firmly believe that the safe use of bio-polluted invasive species in hybrid solar-driven evaporation systems eases the environmental pressure toward carbon neutrality.}, }
@article {pmid36949138, year = {2023}, author = {Wrońska-Pilarek, D and Maciejewska-Rutkowska, I and Lechowicz, K and Bocianowski, J and Hauke-Kowalska, M and Baranowska, M and Korzeniewicz, R}, title = {The effect of herbicides on morphological features of pollen grains in Prunus serotina Ehrh. in the context of elimination of this invasive species from European forests.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {4657}, pmid = {36949138}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Prunus avium ; Introduced Species ; Forests ; Trees ; Pollen/anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Prunus serotina Ehrh. is an alien invasive neophyte widespread in European forests. So far, no effective methods of its elimination have been developed. For this reason, the aim of our study was to determine how herbicides affect the morphological characteristics of pollen grains. This knowledge may be crucial to control this invasive species. The current study was carried out in a research area of 2.7 ha located in the Zielonka Forest near Poznań, Poland (N 52°31'58.016″, E 17°05'55.588″). We tested morphological differences among ten features of P. serotina pollen, based on the samples collected from 15 control trees compared to the 50 trees treated with five different herbicides. In total 1950 pollen grains were measured. We confirmed the adopted hypotheses of long-term herbicide influence on P. serotina pollen. Pollen grains from the control trees had a longer equatorial axis, were more elongated in shape and had the largest range of exine thickness compared to the pollen from the herbicide-treated samples. Exine thickness in the control sample was on average 0.74 µm, ranging from 0.42 to 1.19 µm. The average values and the ranges of this trait in the samples treated with herbicides were larger (e.g. average exine thickness was from 0.90 to 0.95 µm). There were differences in the P/E ranges of variability between the control and herbicide-treated samples. In the control sample the P/E ratio was 1.32-2.04 and elongated forms of pollen shapes prevailed, while in the herbicide-treated samples it ranged from 1.03 to 1.47. The share of deformed pollen grains in the herbicide-treated samples was lower than expected, ranging from 8.7 to 25.3%, while in the control samples it was 6%. Logo and Mustang turned out to be the most effective among the herbicides used in the described research. The two used application methods were found to have an effect on pollen quality.}, }
@article {pmid36948323, year = {2023}, author = {Lozano, V and Di Febbraro, M and Brundu, G and Carranza, ML and Alessandrini, A and Ardenghi, NMG and Barni, E and Bedini, G and Celesti-Grapow, L and Cianfaglione, K and Cogoni, A and Domina, G and Fascetti, S and Ferretti, G and Foggi, B and Iberite, M and Lastrucci, L and Lazzaro, L and Mainetti, A and Marinangeli, F and Montagnani, C and Musarella, CM and Orsenigo, S and Peccenini, S and Peruzzi, L and Poggio, L and Proietti, C and Prosser, F and Ranfa, A and Rosati, L and Santangelo, A and Selvaggi, A and Spampinato, G and Stinca, A and Vacca, G and Villani, M and Siniscalco, C}, title = {Plant invasion risk inside and outside protected areas: Propagule pressure, abiotic and biotic factors definitively matter.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {877}, number = {}, pages = {162993}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162993}, pmid = {36948323}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Biodiversity ; Plants ; Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species are among the main global drivers of biodiversity loss posing major challenges to nature conservation and to managers of protected areas. The present study applied a methodological framework that combined invasive Species Distribution Models, based on propagule pressure, abiotic and biotic factors for 14 invasive alien plants of Union concern in Italy, with the local interpretable model-agnostic explanation analysis aiming to map, evaluate and analyse the risk of plant invasions across the country, inside and outside the network of protected areas. Using a hierarchical invasive Species Distribution Model, we explored the combined effect of propagule pressure, abiotic and biotic factors on shaping invasive alien plant occurrence across three biogeographic regions (Alpine, Continental, and Mediterranean) and realms (terrestrial and aquatic) in Italy. We disentangled the role of propagule pressure, abiotic and biotic factors on invasive alien plant distribution and projected invasion risk maps. We compared the risk posed by invasive alien plants inside and outside protected areas. Invasive alien plant distribution varied across biogeographic regions and realms and unevenly threatens protected areas. As an alien's occurrence and risk on a national scale are linked with abiotic factors followed by propagule pressure, their local distribution in protected areas is shaped by propagule pressure and biotic filters. The proposed modelling framework for the assessment of the risk posed by invasive alien plants across spatial scales and under different protection regimes represents an attempt to fill the gap between theory and practice in conservation planning helping to identify scale, site, and species-specific priorities of management, monitoring and control actions. Based on solid theory and on free geographic information, it has great potential for application to wider networks of protected areas in the world and to any invasive alien plant, aiding improved management strategies claimed by the environmental legislation and national and global strategies.}, }
@article {pmid36946141, year = {2023}, author = {Case, SB and Tarwater, CE}, title = {Exploitation competition between seed predators and dispersers introduced to Hawaiian forests.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {104}, number = {6}, pages = {e4038}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.4038}, pmid = {36946141}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; Forests ; Seeds ; Fruit ; *Seed Dispersal ; Feeding Behavior ; }, abstract = {Exploitation competition occurs when one group of organisms reduces the availability of a resource for another group of organisms. For instance, plants produce a certain number of fruits for seed dispersal by fruit-eating animals (hereafter frugivores), and fruit consumption by one group of frugivores can reduce the number of fruits available for other frugivores. However, it is uncertain whether exploitation competition is common among frugivores, particularly in novel ecosystems, where food resources are generally thought to be abundant and invasive species are dietary generalists. In a novel ecosystem in Hawai'i, we used gut passage experiments with captive birds to identify roles of introduced frugivores and found they were either distinctly seed dispersers or predators. We then experimentally tested how frugivory by seed predators influenced frugivory by seed dispersers. Specifically, we used exclosures around fruiting plants that blocked seed predator access, while permitting seed disperser access, and we had two control treatments that allowed for access by all frugivores (n = 139 plants). When seed predators were excluded from plants, there was more frugivory by dispersers compared to controls, and results varied by year and plant species. Overall, we show that introduced frugivores occupied distinct ecological roles (seed predator or seed disperser), exploitation competition occurred between these introduced frugivore groups, and seed predators had both direct (via seed destruction) and indirect (via reduction in frugivory by dispersers) effects on seed dispersal. Thus, in this novel ecosystem, multiple frugivory is subtractive, and competition for fruit between introduced seed predators and seed dispersers scales up to affect invasions and the conservation of native flora.}, }
@article {pmid36944500, year = {2023}, author = {Reeves, LE and Sloyer, KE and Tyler-Julian, K and Heinig, R and Rosales, A and Domingo, C and Burkett-Cadena, ND}, title = {Culex (Phenacomyia) lactator (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern Florida, USA: a new subgenus and species country record.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {60}, number = {3}, pages = {478-486}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjad023}, pmid = {36944500}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Male ; Female ; Animals ; *Culicidae ; *Culex ; Florida ; Mosquito Vectors ; Larva ; }, abstract = {The Culex subgenus Phenacomyia is a small and poorly studied group of three mosquito species native to the American tropics. Here, we report the first detections of established populations of Culex (Phenacomyia) lactator Dyar &amp; Knab in three counties of southern Florida. Culex lactator was first detected in May 2018 in southern Miami-Dade County, and, at this locality, was collected in subsequent years from 2018 to 2022 as both adults and immatures. Larvae and adults were subsequently collected in 2022, ~175 km northwest of the initial locality at nine sites in Collier and Lee Counties. Identification of specimens collected in these counties as Cx. lactator is supported by molecular analysis and morphological characters of the adult female, male genitalia, and larva. The host associations and vector competence of Cx. lactator have not been extensively studied, and the public health implications, if any, of the addition of this species to Florida's mosquito fauna are unclear. These collections represent the first detections of Cx. lactator, or any Phenacomyia species, in the United States, adding to a trend in which detections of established populations of mosquito species from the American tropics in Florida appear to be increasing.}, }
@article {pmid36944039, year = {2023}, author = {Masetti, A and Rathé, A and Robertson, N and Anderson, D and Walker, J and Pasqualini, E and Depalo, L}, title = {Effects of three chitin synthesis inhibitors on egg masses, nymphs and adults of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {8}, pages = {2882-2890}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7465}, pmid = {36944039}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//New Zealand BMSB Council under the Government Industry Agreement/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Insecticides/pharmacology ; *Heteroptera ; Nymph ; Chitin ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Halyomorpha halys, (brown marmorated stink bug, BMSB), is a high-concern invasive species causing severe damage to orchards in many countries outside its native Asian range. Management methods other than frequent sprays of broad-spectrum insecticides are needed to restore integrated pest management (IPM) practices in orchards. Chitin synthesis inhibitors are usually regarded as desirable options in IPM programs because of lower toxicity to beneficial insects and non-target organisms compared to neurotoxic insecticides. In this study, the activity of three chitin synthesis inhibitors (namely buprofezin, novaluron and triflumuron) was investigated on BMSB egg masses, third instars and adults by means of laboratory bioassays.<br><br>RESULTS: Novaluron and to a lesser extent triflumuron were detrimental to BMSB nymphs exposed to residues on potted peach plants. Novaluron caused high mortality among early instars that emerged from sprayed egg masses. No significant differences were found between buprofezin and water control on eggs or third instars. When sprayed on BMSB adults, none of the chitin synthesis inhibitors affected survival, fecundity, or egg hatching.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Given the activity on nymphs, but the lack of effects on adults, novaluron and triflumuron might be considered for field applications only as a tool in a wider management strategy along with other methods aimed at preventing the invasion of crops by BMSB adults. &#xa9; 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid36940433, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, Z and Kacimi, A and Xu, H and Du, M}, title = {Global Impacts of a Bilateral Trade Policy on Ballast Water-Mediated Species Spread Risk: A Case Study of Sino-US Trade.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {57}, number = {13}, pages = {5275-5283}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.2c09119}, pmid = {36940433}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Ships ; Water ; Risk Assessment ; Policy ; }, abstract = {A trade policy could generate both economic and environmental impacts. This work is focused on the impacts of a bilateral trade policy on ballast water-mediated nonindigenous species (NIS) spread risk. Taking the hypothetical Sino-US trade restriction as an example, we integrate a computable general equilibrium model and a higher-order NIS spread risk assessment model to examine the impacts of bilateral trade policy on both the economy and NIS spread risks. We have two important findings. First, the Sino-US trade restriction would cause decreases in NIS spread risks to China and the US, as well as to three quarters of worldwide countries/regions. However, the rest one fourth would experience increased NIS spread risks. Second, the relationship between changes in exports and changes in NIS spread risks might not be directly proportional. This is observed with 46% of countries and regions that would see their exports increase but their NIS spread risks drop, with positive impacts on both their economies and environment under the Sino-US trade restriction. These results reveal both broader global impacts as well as the decoupled economic and ecological impacts of a bilateral trade policy. These broader impacts demonstrate the necessity for national governments, which are parties to bilateral agreements to give due consideration to the economic and environmental impacts on countries and regions outside of the agreement.}, }
@article {pmid36938535, year = {2023}, author = {Foster, WJ and Allen, BJ and Kitzmann, NH and Münchmeyer, J and Rettelbach, T and Witts, JD and Whittle, RJ and Larina, E and Clapham, ME and Dunhill, AM}, title = {How predictable are mass extinction events?.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {221507}, pmid = {36938535}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Many modern extinction drivers are shared with past mass extinction events, such as rapid climate warming, habitat loss, pollution and invasive species. This commonality presents a key question: can the extinction risk of species during past mass extinction events inform our predictions for a modern biodiversity crisis? To investigate if it is possible to establish which species were more likely to go extinct during mass extinctions, we applied a functional trait-based model of extinction risk using a machine learning algorithm to datasets of marine fossils for the end-Permian, end-Triassic and end-Cretaceous mass extinctions. Extinction selectivity was inferred across each individual mass extinction event, before testing whether the selectivity patterns obtained could be used to 'predict' the extinction selectivity exhibited during the other mass extinctions. Our analyses show that, despite some similarities in extinction selectivity patterns between ancient crises, the selectivity of mass extinction events is inconsistent, which leads to a poor predictive performance. This lack of predictability is attributed to evolution in marine ecosystems, particularly during the Mesozoic Marine Revolution, associated with shifts in community structure alongside coincident Earth system changes. Our results suggest that past extinctions are unlikely to be informative for predicting extinction risk during a projected mass extinction.}, }
@article {pmid36936381, year = {2023}, author = {Meeus, S and Silva-Rocha, I and Adriaens, T and Brown, PMJ and Chartosia, N and Claramunt-López, B and Martinou, AF and Pocock, MJO and Preda, C and Roy, HE and Tricarico, E and Groom, QJ}, title = {More than a Bit of Fun: The Multiple Outcomes of a Bioblitz.}, journal = {Bioscience}, volume = {73}, number = {3}, pages = {168-181}, pmid = {36936381}, issn = {0006-3568}, abstract = {Bioblitzes are a popular approach to engage people and collect biodiversity data. Despite this, few studies have actually evaluated the multiple outcomes of bioblitz activities. We used a systematic review, an analysis of data from more than 1000 bioblitzes, and a detailed analysis of one specific bioblitz to inform our inquiry. We evaluated five possible bioblitz outcomes, which were creating a species inventory, engaging people in biological recording, enhancing learning about nature, discovering a species new to an area, and promoting an organization. We conclude that bioblitzes are diverse but overall effective at their aims and have advantages over unstructured biodiversity recording. We demonstrate for the first time that bioblitzes increase the recording activity of the participants for several months after the event. In addition, we provide evidence that bioblitzes are effective at bringing people and organizations together to build communities of professionals and amateurs, critical for conserving and protecting biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid36934941, year = {2023}, author = {Karpowicz, M and Feniova, IY and Sakharova, EG and Gorelysheva, ZI and Więcko, A and Górniak, A and Dzialowski, AR}, title = {Top-down and bottom-up control of phytoplankton communities by zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771).}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {877}, number = {}, pages = {162899}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162899}, pmid = {36934941}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dreissena ; Phytoplankton ; Biomass ; *Diatoms ; }, abstract = {Zebra mussels (ZM), Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771), are one of the most aggressive invasive species. ZM have a strong bidirectional impact on phytoplankton because of their high nutrient excretion rates and high grazing pressure. Furthermore, the interactions between excretion and selective grazing are related to the trophic status of a waterbody and could cause unpredictable changes in phytoplankton. We performed three types of experiments: (i) bottom-up where we measured ZM excretion rates; (ii) top-down where we analyzed the effects of ZM on phytoplankton taxonomic structure via grazing in different trophic conditions; (iii) mesocosm experiment where we estimated the combined top-down and bottom-up effects of ZM on phytoplankton assemblages under different trophic conditions. Our first experiment confirmed high excretion rates of dissolved nutrients (PO4[3-] and NH4[+]) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by ZM. The other experiments revealed selective grazing by ZM, where diatoms were mostly selectively rejected, while green algae were preferred. In the top-down experiment, ZM decreased the total biomass of phytoplankton, while in mesocosm experiments where top-down and bottom-up controls acted simultaneously, we observed increased phytoplankton biomass mainly through increases in filamentous green algae. Our experiments show that ZM can influence phytoplankton through a combination of bottom-up and top-down effects that vary with trophic state.}, }
@article {pmid36934311, year = {2023}, author = {Schatz, AM and Park, AW}, title = {Patterns of host-parasite coinvasion promote enemy release and specialist parasite spillover.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {5}, pages = {1029-1041}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13910}, pmid = {36934311}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Parasites ; Ecosystem ; Phylogeny ; Specialization ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Mammals ; }, abstract = {Species invasion and redistribution, driven by climate change and other anthropogenic influences, alter global biodiversity patterns and disrupt ecosystems. As host species move, they can bring their associated parasites with them, potentially infecting resident species, or leave their parasites behind, enhancing their competitive ability in their new ranges. General rules to predict why invading hosts will retain some parasites but not others are relatively unexplored, and the potential predictors are numerous, ranging from parasite life history to host community composition. In this study, we focus on the parasite retention process during host invasion. We used the Global Mammal Parasite Database to identify terrestrial mammal hosts sampled for parasites in both native and non-native ranges. We then selected predictors likely to play a role in parasite retention, such as parasite type, parasite specialism, species composition of the invaded community, and the invading host's phylogenetic or trait-based similarity to the new community. We modelled parasite retention using boosted regression trees, with a suite of 25 predictors describing parasite and host community traits. We further tested the generality of our predictions by cross-validating models on data for other hosts and invasion locations. Our results show that parasite retention is nonrandom and predictable across hosts and invasions. It is broadly shaped by parasite type and parasite specialism, with more specialist parasites that infect many closely related hosts more likely to be retained. This trend is pronounced across parasite types; helminths, however, show a more uniform likelihood of retention regardless of specificity. Overall, we see that most parasites are not retained (11% retained), meaning many invasive species may benefit from enemy release. However, species redistribution does have the potential to spread parasites, and this also has great relevance to understanding conservation implications of species invasions. We see that specialist parasites are most likely to coinvade with their hosts, which suggests that species closely related to the invasive hosts are most likely to be affected by parasite spillover.}, }
@article {pmid36933722, year = {2023}, author = {Courtois, P and Martinez, C and Thomas, A}, title = {Spatial priorities for invasive alien species control in protected areas.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {878}, number = {}, pages = {162675}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162675}, pmid = {36933722}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Ecosystem ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; France ; }, abstract = {Given the limited funds available for the management of invasive alien species (IASs), there is a need to design cost-effective strategies to prioritize their control. In this paper, we propose a cost-benefit optimization framework that incorporates the spatially explicit costs and benefits of invasion control, as well as the spatial invasion dynamics. Our framework offers a simple yet operational priority-setting criterion for the spatially explicit management of IASs under budget constraints. We applied this criterion to the control of the invasion of primrose willow (genus Ludwigia) in a protected area in France. Using a unique geographic information system panel dataset on control costs and invasion levels through space for a 20-year period, we estimated the costs of invasion control and a spatial econometric model of primrose willow invasion dynamics. Next, we used a field choice experiment to estimate the spatially explicit benefits of invasion control. Applying our priority criterion, we show that, unlike the current management strategy that controls the invasion in a spatially homogeneous manner, the criterion recommends targeted control on heavily invaded areas that are highly valued by users. We also show that the returns on investment are high, justifying the need to increase the allocated budgets and to treat the invasion more drastically. We conclude with policy recommendations and possible extensions, including the development of operational cost-benefit decision-support tools to assist local decision-makers in setting management priorities.}, }
@article {pmid36933097, year = {2023}, author = {Takyi, EM and Bhattacharyya, J and Parshad, RD}, title = {A Gender-Selective Harvesting Strategy: Weak Allee Effects and a Non-hyperbolic Extinction Boundary.}, journal = {Acta biotheoretica}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, pages = {11}, pmid = {36933097}, issn = {1572-8358}, support = {DMS 1839993//National Science Foundation/ ; ST/P/S &amp;T/16&#xa0;G-06/2018//Government of West Bengal, India/ ; DMS 1715044//Government of West Bengal, India/ ; }, mesh = {Male ; Female ; Animals ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; *Introduced Species ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Recently a gender-selective harvesting strategy has been proposed for possible control of aquatic invasive species, wherein females of the invasive species are harvested, whilst stocking the males (abbreviated as FHMS strategy) (Lyu et al. in Nat Resour Model 33(2):e12252, 2020). We consider the FHMS strategy with a weak Allee effect, and show that its extinction boundary need not be hyperbolic. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a non-hyperbolic extinction boundary in two-compartment mating models structured by sex. The model possesses a rich dynamical structure, with several local co-dimension one bifurcations occurring. We also show the occurrence of a global homoclinic bifurcation, which has applicability for large scale strategic bio-control.}, }
@article {pmid36932847, year = {2023}, author = {Riegl, B and Walentowitz, A and Sevilla, C and Chango, R and Jäger, H}, title = {Invasive blackberry outcompetes the endemic Galapagos tree daisy Scalesia pedunculata.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {e2846}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2846}, pmid = {36932847}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Trees ; *Rubus ; *Thoracica ; Forests ; *Asteraceae ; }, abstract = {Island florae are under threat from habitat loss and competition with introduced species worldwide. In the Galapagos Islands, the endemic tree daisy Scalesia pedunculata (Asteraceae) is the dominant tree in the cloud forest of Santa Cruz Island but suffers from competition with the invasive blackberry Rubus niveus. At the site Los Gemelos, a S. pedunculata population was monitored from 2014 to 2021 following mechanical and chemical removal of R. niveus from 17 plots and compared with 17 additional plots where R. niveus remained. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of the R. niveus invasion on S. pedunculata by characterizing the effects of R. niveus removal. Parameters measured in S. pedunculata were diameter at breast height (DBH, from which annual growth rates were determined), total height, survival of individual plants, and recruitment. In the presence of R. niveus, S. pedunculata trees had smaller DBH stems and shorter asymptotic maximum heights, growth rates declined for thin trees, the mortality of larger trees was elevated, and S. pedunculata recruitment was absent. R. niveus removal resulted in DBH-ratios of S. pedunculata more frequently meeting our threshold for fast growth (1.2), trees growing significantly thicker and taller, annual mortality being lower (12.5% vs. 16.2% per year), and recruitment being successful. In the presence of R. niveus, lower survival, growth, and absent recruitment suggested that S. pedunculata could reach quasi-extinction in ~20 years. Swift and decisive management action is needed to prevent the Scalesia forest on Santa Cruz Island from disappearing in less than two decades.}, }
@article {pmid36932085, year = {2023}, author = {Hocking, S and Toop, T and Jones, D and Graham, I and Eastwood, D}, title = {Assessing the relative impacts and economic costs of Japanese knotweed management methods.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {3872}, pmid = {36932085}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Fallopia japonica ; *Herbicides ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Sustainable land management encompasses a range of activity that balance land use requirements with wider conservation and ecosystem impact considerations. Perennial invasive alien plants (IAPs), such as Japanese knotweed, cause severe ecological and socio-economic impacts, and methods to control their spread also come at a cost. Synthetic herbicides are generally viewed as less sustainable and more ecologically damaging than alternative approaches. Here we used a comparative Life Cycle Assessment to evaluate the sustainability of herbicide-based management approaches and physical alternatives, using a large-scale Japanese knotweed field study as a model IAP system. Glyphosate-based methods elicited the lowest environmental impacts and economic costs during production. Geomembrane covering and integrated physiochemical methods were the costliest and imposed the greatest impacts. We discuss the costs and benefits of chemical and physical approaches for the sustainable management of invaded land and question how sustainable environmental stewardship is defined for the control of IAPs.}, }
@article {pmid37779543, year = {2022}, author = {Nachtnebel, M and Führer, B and Ettenberger-Bornberg, G and Mertl, J and Kaufmann, L and Schroettner, H and Rattenberger, J}, title = {Determination of ragweed allergen Amb a 1 distribution in aerosols using ELISA and immunogold scanning electron microscopy.}, journal = {The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. Global}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {265-272}, pmid = {37779543}, issn = {2772-8293}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ragweed as an invasive species in Europe has become more important for allergy sufferers in the last decade. Because pollen fractions can be found in the respirable fraction of aerosols, they can generate severe disease progressions.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: To obtain information about the concentration and distribution of 1 of the main ragweed allergens Ambrosia artemisiifolia 1 in the air of Vienna, PM10 and PM2.5 fine dust filters were analyzed.<br><br>METHODS: Standard fine dust filters used for air quality monitoring were analyzed via ELISA and immunogold scanning electron microscopy.<br><br>RESULTS: Via ELISA it was possible to show that already at pollen season start in August a recognizably high A artemisiifolia 1 concentration can be found. In addition, the allergen concentration in the air stays comparatively high after the peak season has ended even when the pollen concentration drops to a moderate level. The immunogold electron microscopy investigation directly applied on filters shows that the allergen can be found on organic as well as on mixtures of organic and inorganic particles. A&#xa0;first semistatistical analysis of the labeled particle sizes indicates that a large number of the allergen carriers can be found within the smallest particle size range. Nevertheless, further investigations are needed to obtain enough particle counts for a significant statistical analysis.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to show that reliable results can be obtained from ELISA and immunogold scanning electron microscopy directly applied on filters that are used in air quality&#xa0;monitoring sites. By adaptation of the used protocols, it&#xa0;should be possible to obtain respective information about&#xa0;further allergens.}, }
@article {pmid37284009, year = {2022}, author = {Alexander, G and Almendinger, J and White, P}, title = {The long-term effects of invasive earthworms on plant community composition and diversity in a hardwood forest in northern Minnesota.}, journal = {Plant-environment interactions (Hoboken, N.J.)}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {89-102}, pmid = {37284009}, issn = {2575-6265}, abstract = {Nonnative European earthworms are invading hardwood forests of the Chippewa National Forest, MN. While effects on plant communities at the leading edge of invasion have been studied, little is known about longer-term effects of invasive earthworms. We applied a model using historic O-horizon soil thickness and a chronosequence approach to classify 41 hardwood sites in the Chippewa National Forest as "long-term wormed" (wormed >2 decades), "short-term wormed" or "unwormed/lightly wormed." Graminoids, especially Carex pensylvanica, had the greatest mean percent cover in sites that had been wormed for over two decades. The families with the greatest negative change in mean percent cover after over two decades of earthworm invasion were Asteraceae, Violaceae, and Sapindaceae (specifically Acer species). Across all diversity metrics measured, long-term wormed sites had the lowest understory plant species diversity, short-term wormed sites had intermediate diversity, and unwormed/lightly wormed sites exhibited the highest diversity. Long-term wormed sites had the lowest mean species richness across all sample scales (1-1024 m[2]). The greatest within-group compositional dissimilarity occurred at sites that had been wormed for over two decades, suggesting that sites that had been wormed for over two decades have not reached a compositionally similar end-state "wormed" community type. Our study suggests that understory diversity will decrease as hardwood forest stands become wormed over time. While our results support other findings that exotic earthworm invasion is associated with lower understory plant diversity in hardwood forests, our study was the first to use space-for-time substitution to document the effects after multiple decades of earthworm invasion.}, }
@article {pmid37938248, year = {2022}, author = {Song, J and Beule, L and Jongmans-Hochschulz, E and Wichels, A and Gerdts, G}, title = {The travelling particles: community dynamics of biofilms on microplastics transferred along a salinity gradient.}, journal = {ISME communications}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {35}, pmid = {37938248}, issn = {2730-6151}, support = {03F0789B//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Bildung und Forschung (Federal Ministry of Education and Research)/ ; 03F0789B//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Bildung und Forschung (Federal Ministry of Education and Research)/ ; 03F0789B//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Bildung und Forschung (Federal Ministry of Education and Research)/ ; 03F0789B//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Bildung und Forschung (Federal Ministry of Education and Research)/ ; 03F0789B//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Bildung und Forschung (Federal Ministry of Education and Research)/ ; }, abstract = {Microplastics (MP), as novel substrata for microbial colonization within aquatic ecosystems, are a matter of growing concern due to their potential to propagate foreign or invasive species across different environments. MP are known to harbour a diversity of microorganisms, yet little is understood of the dynamics of their biofilms and their capacity to successfully displace these microorganisms across different aquatic ecosystems typically marked by steep salinity gradients. To address this, we performed an in situ sequential incubation experiment to simulate MP transport from riverine to coastal seawaters using synthetic (high-density polyethylene, HDPE and tyre wear, TW) and natural (Wood) substrata. Bacterial communities on incubated particles were compared to each other as well as to those in surrounding waters, and their dynamics along the gradient investigated. All communities differed significantly from each other in their overall structure along the salinity gradient and were shaped by different ecological processes. While HDPE communities were governed by environmental selection, those on TW and Wood were dominated by stochastic events of dispersal and drift. Upon transfer into coastal seawaters, an almost complete turnover was observed among HDPE and TW communities. While synthetic particles displaced a minor proportion of communities across the salinity gradient, some of these comprised putatively pathogenic and resistant taxa. Our findings present an extensive assessment of MP biofilms and their dynamics upon displacement across different aquatic systems, presenting new insights into the role of MP as transport vectors.}, }
@article {pmid37170369, year = {2022}, author = {Freitas, ETF and Moreira, AMS and de Paula, RS and Andrade, GR and de Carvalho, MD and Assis, PS and Jorge, EC and Cardoso, AV}, title = {Ultrastructure of the gill ciliary epithelium of Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker 1857), the invasive golden mussel.}, journal = {BMC zoology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {6}, pmid = {37170369}, issn = {2056-3132}, support = {Annel/Cemig GT-604//Ag&#xea;ncia Nacional de Energia El&#xe9;trica/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Limnoperna fortunei is a freshwater bivalve mollusc originally from southern Asia that invaded South America in the 1990's. Due to its highly efficient water pumping and filtering, and its capacity to form strong adhesions to a variety of substrates by byssus thread, this invasive species has been able to adapt to several environments across South America, causing significant ecological and economic damages. By gaining a deeper understanding of the biological and ecological aspects of L. fortunei we will be able to establish more effective strategies to manage its invasion. The gills of the mollusc are key structures responsible for several biological functions, including respiration and feeding. In this work, we characterized the ultrastructure of L. fortunei gills and its ciliary epithelium using light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopies. This is the first report of the morphology of the epithelial cells and cilia of the gill of L. fortunei visualized in high resolution.<br><br>RESULTS: The analysis showed highly organized and abundant ciliary structures (lateral cilia, laterofrontal cirri and frontal cilia) on the entire length of the branchial epithelium. Mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and glycogen granules were abundantly found in the epithelial cells of the gills, demonstrating the energy-demanding function of these structures. Neutral mucopolysaccharides (low viscosity mucus) were observed on the frontal surface of the gill filaments and acid mucopolysaccharides (high viscosity mucus) were observed to be spread out, mainly on the lateral tract. Spherical vesicles, possibly containing mucus, could also be observed in these cells. These findings demonstrate the importance of the mucociliary processes in particle capture and selection.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the mechanism used by this mollusc for particle capture and selection could contribute to a better understanding of key aspects of invasion and also in the establishment of more efficient and economically viable strategies of population control.}, }
@article {pmid37170339, year = {2021}, author = {Pittman, SE and Bartoszek, IA}, title = {Initial dispersal behavior and survival of non-native juvenile Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus) in South Florida.}, journal = {BMC zoology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {33}, pmid = {37170339}, issn = {2056-3132}, support = {1309144//National Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dispersal behavior is a critical component of invasive species dynamics, impacting both spatial spread and population density. In South Florida, Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus) are an invasive species that disrupt ecosystems and have the potential to expand their range northward. Control of python populations is limited by a lack of information on movement behavior and vital rates, especially within the younger age classes. We radio-tracked 28 Burmese pythons from hatching until natural mortality for approximately 3 years. Pythons were chosen from 4 clutches deposited by adult females in 4 different habitats: forested wetland, urban interface, upland pine, and agricultural interface.<br><br>RESULTS: Known-fate survival estimate was 35.7% (95% CI = 18% - 53%) in the first 6 months, and only 2 snakes survived 3 years post hatching. Snakes moving through 'natural' habitats had higher survival than snakes dispersing through 'modified' habitats in the first 6- months post-hatching. Predation was the most common source of mortality. Snakes from the agricultural interface utilized canals and displayed the largest net movements.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that pythons may have lower survival if clutches are deposited in or near urbanized areas. Alternatively, juvenile pythons could quickly disperse to new locations by utilizing canals that facilitate linear movement. This study provides critical information about behavioral and life history characteristics of juvenile Burmese pythons that will inform management practices.}, }
@article {pmid36960319, year = {2020}, author = {Bailey, SA and Brown, L and Campbell, ML and Canning-Clode, J and Carlton, JT and Castro, N and Chinho, P and Chan, FT and Creed, JC and Curd, A and Darling, J and Fofonoff, P and Galil, BS and Hewitt, CL and Inglis, GJ and Keith, I and Mandrak, NE and Marchini, A and McKenzie, CH and Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A and Ojaveer, H and Pires-Teixeira, LM and Robinson, TB and Ruiz, GM and Seaward, K and Schwindt, E and Son, MO and Therriault, TW and Zhan, A}, title = {Trends in the detection of aquatic non-indigenous species across global marine, estuarine and freshwater ecosystems: A 50-year perspective.}, journal = {Diversity &amp; distributions}, volume = {26}, number = {12}, pages = {1780-1797}, pmid = {36960319}, issn = {1366-9516}, support = {EPA999999/ImEPA/Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {AIM: The introduction of aquatic non-indigenous species (ANS) has become a major driver for global changes in species biogeography. We examined spatial patterns and temporal trends of ANS detections since 1965 to inform conservation policy and management.<br><br>LOCATION: Global.<br><br>METHODS: We assembled an extensive dataset of first records of detection of ANS (1965-2015) across 49 aquatic ecosystems, including the (a) year of first collection, (b) population status and (c) potential pathway(s) of introduction. Data were analysed at global and regional levels to assess patterns of detection rate, richness and transport pathways.<br><br>RESULTS: An annual mean of 43 (&#xb1;16 SD) primary detections of ANS occurred-one new detection every 8.4 days for 50 years. The global rate of detections was relatively stable during 1965-1995, but increased rapidly after this time, peaking at roughly 66 primary detections per year during 2005-2010 and then declining marginally. Detection rates were variable within and across regions through time. Arthropods, molluscs and fishes were the most frequently reported ANS. Most ANS were likely introduced as stowaways in ships' ballast water or biofouling, although direct evidence is typically absent.<br><br>MAIN CONCLUSIONS: This synthesis highlights the magnitude of recent ANS detections, yet almost certainly represents an underestimate as many ANS go unreported due to limited search effort and diminishing taxonomic expertise. Temporal rates of detection are also confounded by reporting lags, likely contributing to the lower detection rate observed in recent years. There is a critical need to implement standardized, repeated methods across regions and taxa to improve the quality of global-scale comparisons and sustain core measures over longer time-scales. It will be fundamental to fill in knowledge gaps given that invasion data representing broad regions of the world's oceans are not yet readily available and to maintain knowledge pipelines for adaptive management.}, }
@article {pmid36931046, year = {2023}, author = {Xu, X and Zhang, X and Peng, J and Deng, Y and Liu, Y and Jiang, L and Zhao, L}, title = {Survival and physiological energetics of highly invasive mussels exposed to heatwaves.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {187}, number = {}, pages = {105948}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105948}, pmid = {36931046}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Energy Metabolism ; Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; *Mytilidae ; Adaptation, Physiological ; }, abstract = {The South American mussel, Mytella strigata, is a highly invasive fouling species of great concern along intertidal shores in East and Southeast Asia, posing serious threats to native biodiversity and ecosystems. Intertidal areas, being increasingly attacked by heatwaves over the last decade, are among the most thermally challenging habitats, yet the fate of this highly invasive mussel under scenarios of hotter heatwaves remains unknown. Here, we investigated how M. strigata responded to intensifying heatwaves frequently occurring in the South China Sea. Over 97% of individuals survived the five-day-lasting heatwaves, suggesting their high ability to cope with short-term heatwaves. Virtually unaffected clearance rate and absorption efficiency throughout the course of heatwaves indicate the maintenance of energy acquisition, and significantly decreased respiration rate implies the depression of energy metabolism, generating significant decreases in the O:N ratio when heatwaves occurred. Scope for growth of heatwaves-stressed mussels significantly decreased during initial exposure and then increased over time. These findings indicate the remarkable ability of M. strigata to cope with heatwaves recorded in its invasive habitats and call the attention for the rapid spread of this highly invasive fouling species in the context of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid36930698, year = {2023}, author = {Schall, JJ and Nouri-Aiin, M and Görres, J}, title = {APOLOCYSTIS BOSANQUETI N. SP. (APICOMPLEXA: EUGREGARINORIDA) FROM THE INVASIVE EARTHWORM AMYNTHAS AGRESTIS (ANNELIDA: MEGASCOLECIDAE), WITH SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE MONOPHYLY OF THE FAMILY MONOCYSTIDAE.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {109}, number = {2}, pages = {56-64}, doi = {10.1645/22-66}, pmid = {36930698}, issn = {1937-2345}, mesh = {Animals ; *Oligochaeta/parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages ; Oocysts ; *Apicomplexa/genetics ; }, abstract = {Apolocystis bosanqueti n. sp., a parasite of an important invasive earthworm in North America, Amynthas agrestis, is described from a site in northern Vermont. The earthworm host follows an annual life cycle in Vermont, so the entire life cycle of the parasite can be observed in 7 mo. In spring, the parasites were first seen in juvenile worms as paired gamonts (suggesting precocious association). These paired gamonts mature into gametocytes that form an opaque structure, with a thick gelatinous envelope (epicyst), that becomes full of zygotes. The resulting gametocyst becomes packed with ∼105 fusiform oocysts. The mature orbicular gametocysts are large (∼1 mm in diameter) and visible to the naked eye through the body wall of the host's anterior segments. The new species most resembles Apolocystis herculea described from many lumbricid earthworm species in Europe but differs from that parasite because Ap. herculea infects the intestinal wall in the posterior of the host rather than the anterior segments. A survey of 9 other earthworm species sympatric with Am. agrestis revealed that only Amynthas tokioensis, also an invasive species, was infected with Ap. bosanqueti, albeit much less commonly. Diagnosis for the family Monocystidae is problematic because cardinal characters are lacking, and the commonly cited character, a trophozoite with no anterior differentiation, is violated in most genera placed in the family. For the first time, a molecular phylogeny is presented that includes 3 genera of monocystids with diverse cell morphology (including the new species) and supports the monophyly of the family. The only morphological character that may be used to diagnose the Monocystidae is the morphology of oocysts, which are fusiform with extended terminal tips. A comparison of oocysts from 7 parasites recovered from local earthworms, including from 3 monocystid species in the phylogeny, confirms the utility of this diagnostic trait. The 2 hosts of the new species were most likely introduced from Japan, so the range of Apolocystis likely extends into East Asia.}, }
@article {pmid36929483, year = {2023}, author = {Herlevi, H and Wallin Kihlberg, I and Aarnio, K and Bonsdorff, E and Florin, AB and Ljung, A and Lundström, K and Mattila, J and Östman, &#xd6;}, title = {Environmental abundances of the non-native round goby Neogobius melanostomus influence feeding of native fish predators.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {102}, number = {6}, pages = {1340-1357}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15380}, pmid = {36929483}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Perciformes ; *Perches ; Diet/veterinary ; }, abstract = {The authors assessed the importance of the round goby Neogobius melanostomus as prey for three native predatory fish species, Atlantic cod Gadus morhua, European perch Perca fluviatilis and northern pike Esox lucius, in a northern and southern area of the Baltic Proper, using a combination of visual analysis and DNA metabarcoding of predator stomach contents. To explore the influence of environmental abundances of N. melanostomus on predation, they related the occurrence of N. melanostomus in predator diets to its abundance in survey fishing. Gadus morhua and E. lucius in the southern area showed the highest tendency to feed on N. melanostomus when it was abundant, as N. melanostomus occurred in up to 100% of stomachs and constituted up to 88% of the total diet volume proportion. The diet contribution of N. melanostomus was associated with N. melanostomus abundances for G. morhua and E. lucius, and when N. melanostomus was abundant, these predators exhibited lower prey richness and a higher degree of piscivory. G. morhua and P. fluviatilis also fed less on crustacean prey when N. melanostomus was abundant. The high importance of N. melanostomus in diets of native fish predators may modify indirect interactions between N. melanostomus and native prey species in invaded coastal communities.}, }
@article {pmid36928355, year = {2023}, author = {Walter, M and Mondal, P}, title = {Mapping of Phragmites in estuarine wetlands using high-resolution aerial imagery.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {195}, number = {4}, pages = {478}, pmid = {36928355}, issn = {1573-2959}, support = {80NSSC20M0045//Delaware Space Grant Consortium/ ; 1757353//National Science Foundation EpSCoR/ ; DE-80NSSC20M0220//NASA EPSCoR/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Wetlands ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Poaceae ; Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; Endangered Species ; }, abstract = {Phragmites australis is a widespread invasive plant species in the USA that greatly impacts estuarine wetlands by creating dense patches and outcompeting other plants. The invasion of Phragmites into wetland ecosystems is known to decrease biodiversity, destroy the habitat of threatened and endangered bird species, and alter biogeochemistry. While the impact of Phragmites is known, the spatial extent of this species is challenging to document due to its fragmented occurrence. Using high-resolution imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) from 2017, we evaluated a geospatial method of mapping the spatial extent of Phragmites across the state of DE. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and principal component analysis (PCA) bands are generated from the NAIP data and used as inputs in a random forest classifier to achieve a high overall accuracy for the Phragmites classification of around 95%. The classified gridded dataset has a spatial resolution of 1 m and documents the spatial distribution of Phragmites throughout the state's estuarine wetlands (around 11%). Such detailed classification could aid in monitoring the spread of this invasive species over space and time and would inform the decision-making process for landscape managers.}, }
@article {pmid36924970, year = {2023}, author = {Haubrock, PJ and Cuthbert, RN and Haase, P}, title = {Long-term trends and drivers of biological invasion in Central European streams.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {876}, number = {}, pages = {162817}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162817}, pmid = {36924970}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Rivers ; Biodiversity ; Invertebrates ; Fresh Water ; }, abstract = {Rates of biological invasion continue to accelerate and threaten the structure and function of ecosystems worldwide. High habitat connectivity, multiple pathways, and inadequate monitoring have rendered aquatic ecosystems vulnerable to species introductions. Past riverine invasion dynamics were largely restricted to large rivers, leaving out smaller rivers that commonly harbour high freshwater biodiversity. Moreover, biodiversity time series have rarely been used to investigate invasions across larger spatial-temporal scales, limiting our understanding of aquatic invasion dynamics. Here, we used 6067 benthic invertebrate samples from streams and small rivers from the EU Water Framework Directive monitoring program collected across Central Europe between 2000 and 2018 to assess temporal changes to benthic invertebrate communities as well as non-native species. We assessed invasion rates according to temperature, precipitation, elevation, latitude, longitude, and stream type. Overall, average daily temperatures significantly increased by 0.02 °C per annum (0.34 °C in total) while annual precipitation significantly decreased by 0.01 mm per annum (-67.8 mm over the study period), paralleled with significant increases in overall species richness (12.3 %) and abundance (14.9 %); water quality was relatively stable. Non-native species richness increased 5-fold and abundance 40-fold, indicating an ongoing community shift from native to non-native species. The observed increase in invasions was stronger in low mountain rivers compared to low mountain streams, with the share of non-native species abundance and richness declining with increasing elevation and latitude but increasing with temperature. We found thermophilic non-native species invasion success was greatest in larger sized streams, at lower latitudes, lower elevations and higher temperatures. These results indicate that widespread environmental characteristics (i.e., temperature) could heighten invasion success and confer refuge effects (i.e., elevation and latitude) in higher sites. High altitude and latitude environments should be prioritised for prevention efforts, while biosecurity and management should be improved in lowland areas subject to greater anthropogenic pressure, where non-native introductions are more likely.}, }
@article {pmid36924139, year = {2023}, author = {Krause, LMK and Manderfeld, E and Gnutt, P and Vogler, L and Wassick, A and Richard, K and Rudolph, M and Hunsucker, KZ and Swain, GW and Rosenhahn, B and Rosenhahn, A}, title = {Semantic segmentation for fully automated macrofouling analysis on coatings after field exposure.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {64-79}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2023.2185143}, pmid = {36924139}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; Semantics ; *Biofouling/prevention &amp; control ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods ; Ships ; }, abstract = {Biofouling is a major challenge for sustainable shipping, filter membranes, heat exchangers, and medical devices. The development of fouling-resistant coatings requires the evaluation of their effectiveness. Such an evaluation is usually based on the assessment of fouling progression after different exposure times to the target medium (e.g. salt water). The manual assessment of macrofouling requires expert knowledge about local fouling communities due to high variances in phenotypical appearance, has single-image sampling inaccuracies for certain species, and lacks spatial information. Here an approach for automatic image-based macrofouling analysis was presented. A dataset with dense labels prepared from field panel images was made and a convolutional network (adapted U-Net) for the semantic segmentation of different macrofouling classes was proposed. The establishment of macrofouling localization allows for the generation of a successional model which enables the determination of direct surface attachment and in-depth epibiotic studies.}, }
@article {pmid36924007, year = {2023}, author = {Li, J and Jiang, M and Pei, J and Fang, C and Li, B and Nie, M}, title = {Convergence of carbon sink magnitude and water table depth in global wetlands.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {26}, number = {5}, pages = {797-804}, doi = {10.1111/ele.14199}, pmid = {36924007}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {91951112//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 92251305//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 21DZ1201902//Science and Technology Department of Shanghai/ ; 21SG02//the 'Shuguang Program' supported by Shanghai Education Development Foundation and Shanghai Municipal Education Commission/ ; 21XD1420700//the Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader/ ; 21TQ1400100//the Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research-Fudan University/ ; 21TQ004//the Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research-Fudan University/ ; 2020PJD003//the Shanghai Pujiang Program/ ; }, mesh = {*Wetlands ; *Ecosystem ; Carbon Sequestration ; Carbon Dioxide ; Carbon ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Wetlands are strategic areas for carbon uptake, but accurate assessments of their sequestration ability are limited by the uncertainty and variability in their carbon balances. Based on 2385 observations of annual net ecosystem production from global wetlands, we show that the mean net carbon sinks of inland wetlands, peatlands and coastal wetlands are 0.57, 0.29 and 1.88 tons of carbon per hectare per year, respectively, with a mean value of 0.57 tons of carbon per hectare per year weighted by the distribution area of different wetland types. Carbon sinks are mainly in Asia and North America. Within and across wetland types, we find that water table depth (WTD) exerts greater control than climate- and ecosystem-related variables, and an increase in WTD results in a stronger carbon sink. Our results highlight an urgent need to sustain wetland hydrology under global change; otherwise, wetlands are at high risk of becoming carbon sources to the atmosphere.}, }
@article {pmid36923130, year = {2023}, author = {Zarraonaindia, I and Cretazzo, E and Mena-Petite, A and Díez-Navajas, AM and Pérez-López, U and Lacuesta, M and Pérez-Álvarez, EP and Puertas, B and Fernandez-Diaz, C and Bertazzon, N and Cantos-Villar, E}, title = {Holistic understanding of the response of grapevines to foliar application of seaweed extracts.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1119854}, pmid = {36923130}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Viticulture is highly dependent on phytochemicals to maintain good vineyard health. However, to reduce their accumulation in the environment, green regulations are driving the development of eco-friendly strategies. In this respect, seaweeds have proven to be one of the marine resources with the highest potential as plant protective agents, representing an environmentally-friendly alternative approach for sustainable wine production. The current work follows an interdisciplinary framework to evaluate the capacity of Ulva ohnoi and Rugulopteryx okamurae seaweeds to induce defense mechanisms in grapevine plants. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate Rugulopteryx okamurae as a biostimulator . This macroalgae is relevant since it is an invasive species on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coast causing incalculable economic and environmental burdens. Four extracts (UL1, UL2, RU1 and RU2 developed from Ulva and Rugulopteryx, respectively) were foliar applied to Tempranillo plants cultivated under greenhouse conditions. UL1 and RU2 stood out for their capacity to induce defense genes, such as a PR10, PAL, STS48 and GST1, mainly 24 hours after the first application. The increased expression level of these genes agreed with i) an increase in trans-piceid and trans-resveratrol content, mainly in the RU2 treated leaves, and, ii) an increase in jasmonic acid and decrease in salicylic acid. Moreover, an induction of the activity of the antioxidant enzymes was observed at the end of the experiment, with an increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase in the RU2-treated leaves in particular. Interestingly, while foliar fungal diversity was not influenced by the treatments, alga extract amendment modified fungal composition, RU2 application enriching the content of various groups known for their biocontrol activity. Overall, the results evidenced the capacity of Rugulopteryx okamurae for grapevine biostimulation, inducing the activation of several secondary metabolite pathways and promoting the abundance of beneficial microbiota involved in grapevine protection. While further studies are needed to unravel the bioactive compound(s) involved, including conducting field experiments etc., the current findings are the first steps towards the inclusion of Rugulopteryx okamurae in a circular scheme that would reduce its accumulation on the coast and benefit the viticulture sector at the same time.}, }
@article {pmid36922375, year = {2023}, author = {Yan, Z and Lv, T and Liu, Y and Xing, B and Chao, C and Li, Y and Wu, L and Wang, L and Liu, C and Yu, D}, title = {Responses of soil phosphorus cycling and bioavailability to plant invasion in river-lake ecotones.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {e2843}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2843}, pmid = {36922375}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Phosphorus ; Soil ; Biological Availability ; Lakes ; Rivers ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; China ; }, abstract = {The invasion of exotic plants in the river-lake ecotone has seriously affected the nutrient cycling processes in wetland soil. The South American species Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. is rapidly invading the river-lake ecotone in subtropical China, and has become the dominant species in the river-lake ecotone. However, there have been few studies on the effects of A. philoxeroides invasion on soil phosphorus (P) cycling and bioavailability in this ecotone. Here, we measured the bioavailable P fractions, physicochemical properties and nutrient content in the surface soils of the native plant (Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Turcz and Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) communities and the adjacent invasive A. philoxeroides communities in three river-lake ecotones with different nutrient substrates in the subtropical Dongting Lake basin over a 3-year period to reveal the effects of A. philoxeroides invasion on the morphology and concentrations of soil bioavailable P. The principal coordinate analysis results showed that the A. philoxeroides invasion significantly altered the bioavailable P concentrations in the soil of native plant communities in the different river-lake ecotones, and this effect was not disturbed by the heterogeneity of the soil matrix. However, the effects of invasion into different native plant communities on the fractions of soil bioavailable P were different. Compared with native Z. latifolia and N. nucifera communities, A. philoxeroides invasion increased the concentration of inorganic P by 39.5% and 3.7%, respectively, and the concentration of organic P decreased by 32.7% and 31.9%, respectively. In addition, the invasion promoted P cycling and accumulation in the river-lake ecotone, which resulted in average decreases in the soil N:P and C:P ratios of 7.9% and 12.5%, respectively. These results highlight the impact of exotic plant invasions on nutrient cycling in wetland ecosystems in the river-lake ecotone, and this process may be detrimental to the late recovery of native plants.}, }
@article {pmid36921858, year = {2023}, author = {Clubley, CH and Firth, LB and Wood, LE and Bilton, DT and Silva, TAM and Knights, AM}, title = {Science paper or big data? Assessing invasion dynamics using observational data.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {877}, number = {}, pages = {162754}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162754}, pmid = {36921858}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Big Data ; Europe ; *Ostreidae ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Non-native species are spreading at an unprecedented rate over large spatial scales, with global environmental change and growth in commerce providing novel opportunities for range expansion. Assessing the pattern and rate of spread is key to the development of strategies for safeguarding against future invasions and efficiently managing existing ones. Such assessments often depend on spatial distribution data from online repositories, which can be spatially biased, imprecise, and lacking in quantity. Here, the influence of disparities between occurrence records from online data repositories and what is known of the invasion history from peer-reviewed published literature on non-native species range expansion was evaluated using 6693 records of the Pacific oyster, Magallana gigas (Thunberg, 1793), spanning 56 years of its invasion in Europe. Two measures of spread were calculated: maximum rate of spread (distance from introduction site over time) and accumulated area (spatial expansion). Results suggest that despite discrepancies between online and peer-reviewed data sources, including a paucity of records from the early invasion history in online repositories, the use of either source does not result in significantly different estimates of spread. Our study significantly improves our understanding of the European distribution of M. gigas and suggests that a combination of short- and long-range dispersal drives range expansions. More widely, our approach provides a framework for comparison of online occurrence records and invasion histories as documented in the peer-reviewed literature, allowing critical evaluation of both data sources and improving our understanding of invasion dynamics significantly.}, }
@article {pmid36921381, year = {2023}, author = {Meo-Filho, P and Hood, J and Lee, MRF and Fleming, H and Meethal, ME and Misselbrook, T}, title = {Performance and enteric methane emissions from housed beef cattle fed silage produced on pastures with different forage profiles.}, journal = {Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {100726}, doi = {10.1016/j.animal.2023.100726}, pmid = {36921381}, issn = {1751-732X}, support = {BBS/E/C/000I0320/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BBS/E/C/000J0100/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Cattle ; Animals ; Female ; Silage/analysis ; Diet/veterinary ; Methane ; Housing ; Plant Breeding ; Ruminants ; *Lolium ; Rumen ; *Trifolium ; Animal Feed/analysis ; }, abstract = {Methane (CH4) produced by ruminants is a significant source of greenhouse gases from agriculture in the United Kingdom (UK), accounting for approximately 50% of the emissions in this sector. Ration modification is linked to changes in rumen fermentation and can be an effective means of CH4 abatement. In temperate climate countries, forage silage represents a major feed component for cattle during the housing period. The objective of this study was, therefore, to compare enteric CH4 emission from cattle offered silage produced from different types of grassland. Beef cattle, steers (n = 89) and heifers (n = 88) with average liveweight (LW) of 328 ± 57.1 kg were evaluated during two housing seasons (2016-2017 and 2017-2018) from November to April, at the Rothamsted Research North Wyke Farm Platform (UK). The treatments corresponded to three diet types, comprising silage harvested from three different pastures: MRG, monoculture of perennial ryegrass (PRG, Lolium perenne L.cv. AberMagic), bred to express the high-sugar phenotype; RG-WC, a mixed sward comprised of the same perennial ryegrass cultivar with white clover (Trifolium repens L.) with a target clover proportion of 30% as land cover; and permanent pasture (PP) dominated by PRG and a small number of non-introduced species. MRG and PP received 160-200 kg N/ha/year. Cattle were weighed every 30 days, and the enteric CH4 emission was determined using GreenFeed automated systems. No significant differences in enteric CH4 emission per head or per kg LW were observed between treatments. However, emission expressed per average daily gain (ADG) in LW was greater (P < 0.001) for MRG compared with RG-WC and PP, at 270, 248 and 235 g CH4/kg ADG, respectively. This related to a lower ADG (P = 0.041) for the animals fed MRG silage compared with RG-WC and PP which were similar, with respective values of 0.67, 0.71 and 0.74 kg/day. The forages compared in this study showed little or no potential to reduce enteric CH4 emission when fed as silage to growing beef cattle during the winter housing period.}, }
@article {pmid36920898, year = {2023}, author = {Helmer, EH and Kay, S and Marcano-Vega, H and Powers, JS and Wood, TE and Zhu, X and Gwenzi, D and Ruzycki, TS}, title = {Multiscale predictors of small tree survival across a heterogeneous tropical landscape.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {e0280322}, pmid = {36920898}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Biomass ; Wood ; Introduced Species ; *Cyclonic Storms ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Uncertainties about controls on tree mortality make forest responses to land-use and climate change difficult to predict. We tracked biomass of tree functional groups in tropical forest inventories across Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and with random forests we ranked 86 potential predictors of small tree survival (young or mature stems 2.5-12.6 cm diameter at breast height). Forests span dry to cloud forests, range in age, geology and past land use and experienced severe drought and storms. When excluding species as a predictor, top predictors are tree crown ratio and height, two to three species traits and stand to regional factors reflecting local disturbance and the system state (widespread recovery, drought, hurricanes). Native species, and species with denser wood, taller maximum height, or medium typical height survive longer, but short trees and species survive hurricanes better. Trees survive longer in older stands and with less disturbed canopies, harsher geoclimates (dry, edaphically dry, e.g., serpentine substrates, and highest-elevation cloud forest), or in intervals removed from hurricanes. Satellite image phenology and bands, even from past decades, are top predictors, being sensitive to vegetation type and disturbance. Covariation between stand-level species traits and geoclimate, disturbance and neighboring species types may explain why most neighbor variables, including introduced vs. native species, had low or no importance, despite univariate correlations with survival. As forests recovered from a hurricane in 1998 and earlier deforestation, small trees of introduced species, which on average have lighter wood, died at twice the rate of natives. After hurricanes in 2017, the total biomass of trees ≥12.7 cm dbh of the introduced species Spathodea campanulata spiked, suggesting that more frequent hurricanes might perpetuate this light-wooded species commonness. If hurricane recovery favors light-wooded species while drought favors others, climate change influences on forest composition and ecosystem services may depend on the frequency and severity of extreme climate events.}, }
@article {pmid36920234, year = {2023}, author = {Rehm, EM and D'Antonio, C and Yelenik, S}, title = {Crossing the threshold: Invasive grasses inhibit forest restoration on Hawaiian islands.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {e2841}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2841}, pmid = {36920234}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Humans ; Hawaii ; Islands ; *Forests ; *Trees ; Plants ; Seedlings ; Seeds ; Poaceae ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Forest removal for livestock grazing is a striking example of human-caused state change leading to a stable, undesirable invasive grass system that is resistant to restoration efforts. Understanding which factors lead to resilience to the alternative grass state can greatly benefit managers when planning forest restoration. We address how thresholds of grass cover and seed rain might influence forest recovery in a restoration project on Hawai'i Island, USA. Since the 1980s, over 400,000 Acacia koa (koa) trees have been planted across degraded pasture, and invasive grasses still dominate the understory with no native woody-plant recruitment. Between this koa/grass matrix are remnant native Metrosideros polymorpha ('ōhi'a) trees beneath which native woody plants naturally recruit. We tested whether there were threshold levels of native woody understory that accelerate recruitment under both tree species by monitoring seed rain at 40 trees (20 koa and 'ōhi'a) with a range of native woody understory basal area (BA). We found a positive relationship between total seed rain (but not bird-dispersed seed rain) and native woody BA and a negative relationship between native woody BA and grass cover, with no indication of threshold dynamics. We also experimentally combined grass removal levels with seed rain density (six levels) of two common understory species in plots under koa (n = 9) and remnant 'ōhi'a (n = 9). Few seedlings emerged when no grass was removed despite adding seeds at densities two to 75 times higher than naturally occurring. However, seedling recruitment increased two to three times once at least 50% of grass was removed. Existing survey data of naturally occurring seedlings also supported a threshold of grass cover below which seedlings were able to establish. Thus, removal of all grasses is not necessary to achieve system responses: Even moderate reductions (~50%) can increase rates of native woody recruitment. The nonlinear thresholds found here highlight how incremental changes to an inhibitory factor lead to limited restoration success until a threshold is crossed. The resources needed to fully eradicate an invasive species may be unwarranted for state change, making understanding where thresholds lie of the utmost importance to prioritize resources.}, }
@article {pmid36919167, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, X and Wang, G and Peng, P and Zhou, Y and Chen, Z and Feng, Y and Wang, Y and Shi, S and Li, J}, title = {Influences of environment, human activity, and climate on the invasion of Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) in Southwest China.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e14902}, pmid = {36919167}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {*Ageratina ; *Environment ; *Human Activities ; China ; Biodiversity ; Ecology ; Forestry ; Biota ; }, abstract = {With economic and social globalization, invasive alien species have significantly threatened local ecological security. Identifying the invasive mechanisms of invasive alien species can aid in preventing species invasions and protecting local ecological and economic security. As a globally invasive plant, Ageratina adenophora (Asteraceae) has spread to many parts of the world and had a seriously impacted the ecology and economy of its invaded areas. Using observational data and Landsat OLI images in an arid valley region in southwest China, this study examined how climate, human activity and environmental factors influence the invasion of A. adenophora and its underlying mechanism. Our results showed that the invasion abundance of A. adenophora was significantly affected by environmental factors (the relative importance was 87.2%), but was less influenced by human activity and climate factors (the relative importance was 2% and 10.8%, respectively). The A. adenophora abundance significantly decreased with aspect, community canopy density, shrub layer coverage, herb layer coverage, Simpson diversity index of shrub and herb layers, the shortest distance to residential areas and temperature seasonality, whereas it increased with soil moisture, temperature annual range, precipitation of wettest month and precipitation of driest month. We conclude that biotic competition is the most influential factor in the invasion of this plant in the arid valley regions. Our results are of great significance for invasion prevention and forest conservation and management in southwest China. Our work emphasized that optimizing the community structure, such as by increasing canopy and shrub coverage and species biodiversity, may help control and mitigate the A. adenophora invasion in southwest China.}, }
@article {pmid36918476, year = {2023}, author = {Shen, C and Chen, P and Zhang, K and He, M and Wan, J and Wang, Y and Tao, Z and Huang, W and Siemann, E}, title = {Dynamics and mechanisms of secondary invasion following biological control of an invasive plant.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {238}, number = {6}, pages = {2594-2606}, doi = {10.1111/nph.18878}, pmid = {36918476}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Phylogeny ; *Plants ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Secondary invasions in which nontarget invaders expand following eradication of a target invader commonly occur in habitats with multiple invasive plant species and can prevent recovery of native communities. However, the dynamics and mechanisms of secondary invasion remain unclear. Here, we conducted a common garden experiment to test underlying mechanisms of secondary invasion for 14 nontarget invaders after biological control of Ambrosia artemisiifolia in two consecutive years. We found secondary invasion for all tested nontarget invaders, but secondary invasiveness (change relative to natives) varied with species and time. Specifically, secondary invasiveness depended most strongly on phylogenetic relatedness between the target and nontarget invaders in the first year with closely related nontarget invaders being most invasive. By contrast, secondary invasiveness in the second year was mostly driven by functional traits with taller nontarget invaders or those with higher specific leaf area, or smaller seeds especially invasive. Our study indicates that secondary invasion is likely to occur wherever other invasive plants co-occur with an invasive species targeted for control. Furthermore, the most problematic invaders will initially be species closely related to the target invader but then species with rapid growth and high reproduction are most likely to be more aggressive secondary invaders.}, }
@article {pmid36917579, year = {2023}, author = {Crichton, BRJ and Hickford, MJH and McIntosh, AR and Schiel, DR}, title = {Predicting biomass of resident kōkopu (Galaxias) populations using local habitat characteristics.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {e0261993}, pmid = {36917579}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes/physiology ; Fresh Water ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {With the global decline of freshwater fishes, quantifying the body size-specific habitat use of vulnerable species is crucial for accurately evaluating population health, identifying the effects of anthropogenic stressors, and directing effective habitat restoration. Populations of New Zealand's endemic kōkopu species (Galaxias fasciatus, G. argenteus, and G. postvectis) have declined substantially over the last century in response to anthropogenic stressors, including habitat loss, migratory barriers, and invasive species. Despite well-understood habitat associations, key within-habitat features underpinning the reach-scale biomass of small and large kōkopu remain unclear. Here, we investigated whether the total biomass of large (> 90 mm) size classes of each kōkopu species and the composite biomass of all small (≤ 90 mm) kōkopu were associated with components of the physical environment that provided refuge and prey resources across fifty-seven 50-m stream reaches. Because kōkopu are nocturnal, populations were sampled by removal at night using headlamps and hand-nets until reaches were visually depleted. Based on Akaike's information criterion, greater large banded kōkopu biomass was most parsimoniously explained by greater pool volume and forest cover, greater large giant kōkopu biomass by greater bank cover and pool volume, and greater large shortjaw kōkopu biomass by greater substrate size and pool volume. In contrast, greater composite small kōkopu biomass was best explained by smaller substrate size, reduced bank cover, and greater pool volume. Local habitat associations therefore varied among kōkopu species and size classes. Our study demonstrates the importance of considering the ontogenetic shift in species' habitat use and provides an effective modelling approach for quantifying size-specific local habitat use of stream-dwelling fish.}, }
@article {pmid36914973, year = {2023}, author = {Sarabian, C and Wilkinson, A and Sigaud, M and Kano, F and Tobajas, J and Darmaillacq, AS and Kalema-Zikusoka, G and Plotnik, JM and MacIntosh, AJJ}, title = {Disgust in animals and the application of disease avoidance to wildlife management and conservation.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {8}, pages = {1489-1508}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13903}, pmid = {36914973}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Disgust ; Animals, Wild ; Cues ; *Parasites ; Avoidance Learning ; }, abstract = {Disgust is an adaptive system hypothesized to have evolved to reduce the risk of becoming sick. It is associated with behavioural, cognitive and physiological responses tuned to allow animals to avoid and/or get rid of parasites, pathogens and toxins. Little is known about the mechanisms and outcomes of disease avoidance in wild animals. Furthermore, given the escalation of negative human-wildlife interactions, the translation of such knowledge into the design of evolutionarily relevant conservation and wildlife management strategies is becoming urgent. Contemporary methods in animal ecology and related fields, using direct (sensory cues) or indirect (remote sensing technologies and machine learning) means, provide a flexible toolbox for testing and applying disgust at individual and collective levels. In this review/perspective paper, we provide an empirical framework for testing the adaptive function of disgust and its associated disease avoidance behaviours across species, from the least to the most social, in different habitats. We predict various trade-offs to be at play depending on the social system and ecology of the species. We propose five contexts in which disgust-related avoidance behaviours could be applied, including endangered species rehabilitation, invasive species, crop-raiding, urban pests and animal tourism. We highlight some of the perspectives and current challenges of testing disgust in the wild. In particular, we recommend future studies to consider together disease, predation and competition risks. We discuss the ethics associated with disgust experiments in the above contexts. Finally, we promote the creation of a database gathering disease avoidance evidence in animals and its applications.}, }
@article {pmid36914127, year = {2023}, author = {Pang, B and Xie, T and Ning, Z and Cui, B and Zhang, H and Wang, X and Gao, F and Zhang, S and Lu, Y}, title = {Invasion patterns of Spartina alterniflora: Response of clones and seedlings to flooding and salinity-A case study in the Yellow River Delta, China.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {877}, number = {}, pages = {162803}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162803}, pmid = {36914127}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Seedlings ; Salinity ; Rivers ; Wetlands ; Poaceae/physiology ; China ; Clone Cells ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The invasion of Spartina alterniflora has caused severe damage to the coastal wetland ecosystem of the Yellow River Delta, China. Flooding and salinity are key factors influencing the growth and reproduction of S. alterniflora. However, the differences in response of S. alterniflora seedlings and clonal ramets to these factors remain unclear, and it is not known how these differences affect invasion patterns. In this paper, clonal ramets and seedlings were studied separately. Through literature data integration analysis, field investigation, greenhouse experiments, and situational simulation, we demonstrated significant differences in the responses of clonal ramets and seedlings to flooding and salinity changes. Clonal ramets have no theoretical inundation duration threshold with a salinity threshold of 57 ppt (part per thousand); Seedlings have an inundation duration threshold of about 11 h/day and a salinity threshold of 43 ppt. The sensitivity of belowground indicators of two propagules-types to flooding and salinity changes was stronger than that of aboveground indicators, and it is significant for clones (P < 0.05). Clonal ramets have a larger potentially invadable area than seedlings in the Yellow River Delta. However, the actual invasion area of S. alterniflora is often limited by the responses of seedlings to flooding and salinity. In a future sea-level rise scenario, the difference in responses to flooding and salinity will cause S. alterniflora to further compress native species habitats. Our research findings can improve the efficiency and accuracy of S. alterniflora control. Management of hydrological connectivity and strict restrictions on nitrogen input to wetlands, for example, are potential new initiatives to control S. alterniflora invasion.}, }
@article {pmid36913856, year = {2023}, author = {Bergamo, TF and de Lima, RS and Kull, T and Ward, RD and Sepp, K and Villoslada, M}, title = {From UAV to PlanetScope: Upscaling fractional cover of an invasive species Rosa rugosa.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {336}, number = {}, pages = {117693}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117693}, pmid = {36913856}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; *Rosa ; Plants ; Biodiversity ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant species pose a direct threat to biodiversity and ecosystem services. Among these, Rosa rugosa has had a severe impact on Baltic coastal ecosystems in recent decades. Accurate mapping and monitoring tools are essential to quantify the location and spatial extent of invasive plant species to support eradication programs. In this paper we combined RGB images obtained using an Unoccupied Aerial Vehicle, with multispectral PlanetScope images to map the extent of R. rugosa at seven locations along the Estonian coastline. We used RGB-based vegetation indices and 3D canopy metrics in combination with a random forest algorithm to map R. rugosa thickets, obtaining high mapping accuracies (Sensitivity = 0.92, specificity = 0.96). We then used the R. rugosa presence/absence maps as a training dataset to predict the fractional cover based on multispectral vegetation indices derived from the PlanetScope constellation and an Extreme Gradient Boosting algorithm (XGBoost). The XGBoost algorithm yielded high fractional cover prediction accuracies (RMSE = 0.11, R[2] = 0.70). An in-depth accuracy assessment based on site-specific validations revealed notable differences in accuracy between study sites (highest R[2] = 0.74, lowest R[2] = 0.03). We attribute these differences to the various stages of R. rugosa invasion and the density of thickets. In conclusion, the combination of RGB UAV images and multispectral PlanetScope images is a cost-effective method to map R. rugosa in highly heterogeneous coastal ecosystems. We propose this approach as a valuable tool to extend the highly local geographical scope of UAV assessments into wider areas and regional evaluations.}, }
@article {pmid36912967, year = {2023}, author = {Matzrafi, M and Wolberg, S and Abu-Nassar, J and Zelinger, E and Bar, E and Cafri, D and Lewinsohn, E and Shtein, I}, title = {Distinctive foliar features and volatile profiles in three Ambrosia species (Asteraceae).}, journal = {Planta}, volume = {257}, number = {4}, pages = {79}, pmid = {36912967}, issn = {1432-2048}, support = {N 3-15745//Ministry of Science and Technology, Israel/ ; }, mesh = {*Ambrosia ; *Asteraceae/metabolism ; Acyclic Monoterpenes/analysis/metabolism ; Trichomes/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Ambrosia species differ both in their trichome types and in metabolic profiles of leaf volatiles. The current study provides tools for easier taxonomic identification of ragweed species. The genus Ambrosia (Asteraceae) includes some of the most noxious allergenic invasive weeds in the world. Due to high polymorphism in this genus, identification of species is often difficult. This study focuses on microscopic investigation of foliar features and GC-MS identification of the main leaf volatile components of three Ambrosia species currently found in Israel-invasive species Ambrosia confertiflora and A. tenuifolia, and transient A. grayi. A. confertiflora and A. tenuifolia have three trichome types: non-glandular trichomes, capitate glandular trichomes and linear glandular trichomes. Their non-glandular trichomes and capitate trichomes have distinct structures and can serve as taxonomic characters. A. grayi (the least successful invader) has only very dense covering trichomes. All three Ambrosia species have secretory structures in their leaf midrib. A. confertiflora, the most problematic invasive plant in Israel, had a ten times higher volatiles content than the other two species. In A. confertiflora, the most abundant volatiles were chrysanthenone (25.5%), borneol (18%), germacrene D and (E)-caryophyllene (both around 12%). In A. tenuifolia, the most abundant volatiles were β-myrcene (32.9%), (2E)-hexenal (13%) and 1,8-cineole (11.7%). In A. grayi, the most abundant volatiles were β-myrcene (17.9%), germacrene D (17.8%) and limonene (14%). The three examined species have distinct trichome types and metabolic profiles. Non-glandular trichomes show structural diversification between species and are a good descriptive character. Considering the anthropocentric significance of this highly problematic genus, the current study provides tools for easier identification of ragweed species.}, }
@article {pmid36912726, year = {2023}, author = {Larrue, S and Baray, JL and Chadeyron, J and Meyer, JY and Mazal, L and Daehler, CC and Fumanal, B}, title = {Modeling long-distance seed dispersal of the invasive tree Spathodea campanulata in the Society Islands.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {e2839}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2839}, pmid = {36912726}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Trees ; *Seed Dispersal ; Seeds ; Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Islands ; }, abstract = {Long-distance dispersal is a key factor explaining the success of invasive alien species, particularly across oceanic islands. However, it is often not feasible to reliably measure long-distance seed dispersal (LDD) over many kilometers in the field. Here, we used a three-dimensional kinematic trajectory model (Computing Atmospheric Trajectory tool [CAT]) initiated on the basis of regional wind field data to assess the potential for LDD of a wind-dispersed invasive tree, Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree), across the Society Islands (French Polynesia, South Pacific Ocean) following its initial planting and spread on the island of Tahiti. The main objective of our study was to determine whether S. campanulata could be expected to spread naturally among islands. Atmospheric dynamics, seed terminal velocity, precipitation, and temperature of air masses were considered to assess the potential for LDD between oceanic islands, with the island of Tahiti serving as the island source for multiple, geographically distant invasions. Aerial trajectories of modeled S. campanulata seeds indicated that wind-dispersed seeds originating from trees on the island of Tahiti could reach most of the Society Islands and disperse as far as 1364 km. This result suggests that Spathodea can be expected to spread naturally among the Society Islands. When rainfall events were modeled as causal agents of seed settlement, fewer seeds reached distant islands, but more seeds settled on the closest island (20 km away). Including effects of island topography ("barrier effects") also resulted in more seeds settling on the closest island and fewer seeds reaching the most distant islands. Overall, our findings suggest that recent atmospheric models can provide valuable insights into LDD and invasion patterns of wind-dispersed invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid36911981, year = {2023}, author = {Staton, T and Girling, RD and Redak, RA and Smith, SM and Allison, JD}, title = {Can morphological traits explain species-specific differences in meta-analyses? A case study of forest beetles.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {e2838}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2838}, pmid = {36911981}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera/physiology ; Forests ; Ecology ; Insect Control ; }, abstract = {Meta-analyses have become a valuable tool with which to synthesize effects across studies, but in ecology and evolution, they are often characterized by high heterogeneity, where effect sizes vary between studies. Much of this heterogeneity can be attributed to species-specific differences in responses to predictor variables. Here, we aimed to incorporate a novel trait-based approach to explain species-specific differences in a meta-analysis by testing the ability of morphological traits to explain why the effectiveness of flight-intercept trap design varies according to beetle species, a critical issue in forest pest management. An existing morphological trait database for forest beetles was supplemented, providing trait data for 97 species, while data from a previous meta-analysis on capture rates of bark or woodboring beetles according to different trap designs were updated. We combined these sources by including nine morphological traits as moderators in meta-analysis models, for five different components of trap design. Traits were selected based on theoretical hypotheses relating to beetle movement, maneuverability, and sensory perception. We compared the performance of morphological traits as moderators versus guild, taxonomic family, and null meta-analysis models. Morphological traits for the effect of trap type (panel vs. multiple-funnel) on beetle capture rates improved model fit (AICc), reduced within-study variance (σ[2]), and explained more variation (McFadden's pseudo-R[2]) compared with null, guild, and taxonomic family models. For example, morphological trait models explained 10% more of the variance (pseudo-R[2]) when compared with a null model. However, using traits was less informative to explain how detailed elements of trap design such as surface treatment and color influence capture rates. The reduction of within-study variance when accounting for morphological traits demonstrates their potential value for explaining species-specific differences. Morphological traits associated with flight efficiency, maneuverability, and eye size were particularly informative for explaining the effectiveness of trap type. This could lead to improved predictability of optimal trap design according to species. Therefore, morphological traits could be a valuable tool for understanding species-specific differences in community ecology, but other causes of heterogeneity across studies, such as forest type and structure, require further investigation.}, }
@article {pmid36911387, year = {2023}, author = {Zhao, Y and Hu, J and Wu, J and Li, Z}, title = {ChIP-seq profiling of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 in an invasive insect, Bactrocera dorsalis.}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1108104}, pmid = {36911387}, issn = {1664-8021}, abstract = {Introduction: While it has been suggested that histone modifications can facilitate animal responses to rapidly changing environments, few studies have profiled whole-genome histone modification patterns in invasive species, leaving the regulatory landscape of histone modifications in invasive species unclear. Methods: Here, we screen genome-wide patterns of two important histone modifications, trimethylated Histone H3 Lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and trimethylated Histone H3 Lysine 27 (H3K27me3), in adult thorax muscles of a notorious invasive pest, the Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq). Results: We identified promoters featured by the occupancy of H3K4me3, H3K27me3 or bivalent histone modifications that were respectively annotated with unique genes key to muscle development and structure maintenance. In addition, we found H3K27me3 occupied the entire body of genes, where the average enrichment was almost constant. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that H3K4me3 is associated with active gene transcription, and H3K27me3 is mostly associated with transcriptional repression. Importantly, we identified genes and putative motifs modified by distinct histone modification patterns that may possibly regulate flight activity. Discussion: These findings provide the first evidence of histone modification signature in B. dorsalis, and will be useful for future studies of epigenetic signature in other invasive insect species.}, }
@article {pmid36911316, year = {2023}, author = {Deane, DC and Hui, C and McGeoch, M}, title = {Two dominant forms of multisite similarity decline - Their origins and interpretation.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {e9859}, pmid = {36911316}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The number of species shared by two or more sites is a fundamental measure of spatial variation in species composition. As more sites are included in the comparison of species composition, the average number of species shared across them declines, with a rate increasingly dependent on only the most widespread species. In over 80% of empirical communities, models of decline in shared species across multiple sites (multisite similarity decline) follow one of two distinct forms. An exponential form is assumed to reflect stochastic assembly and a power law form niche-based sorting, yet these explanations are largely untested, and little is known of how the two forms arise in nature. Using simulations, we first show that the distribution of the most widespread species largely differentiates the two forms, with the power law increasingly favored where such species occupy more than ~75% of sites. We reasoned the less cosmopolitan distribution of widespread species within exponential communities would manifest as differences in community biodiversity properties, specifically more aggregated within-species distributions, less even relative abundance distributions, and weaker between-species spatial associations. We tested and largely confirmed these relationships using 80 empirical datasets, suggesting that the form of multisite similarity decline offers a basis to predict how landscape-scale loss or gain of widespread species is reflected in different local-scale community structures. Such understanding could, for example, be used to predict changes in local-scale competitive interactions following shifts in widespread species' distributions. We propose multiple explanations for the origin of exponential decline, including high among-site abiotic variation, sampling of highly specialized (narrow niche width) taxa, and strong dispersal limitation. We recommend these are evaluated as alternative hypotheses to stochastic assembly.}, }
@article {pmid36909462, year = {2023}, author = {Barrett, CF and Corbett, CW and Thixton-Nolan, HL and , }, title = {A lack of population structure characterizes the invasive Lonicera japonica in West Virginia and across eastern North America.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {36909462}, abstract = {Invasive plant species cause massive ecosystem damage globally, yet represent powerful case studies in population genetics and rapid adaptation to new habitats. The availability of digitized herbarium collections data, and the ubiquity of invasive species across the landscape make them highly accessible for studies of invasion history and population dynamics associated with their introduction, establishment, spread, and ecological interactions. Here we focus on Lonicera japonica, one of the most damaging invasive vine species in North America. We leveraged digitized collections data and contemporary field collections to reconstruct the invasion history and characterize patterns of genomic variation in the eastern USA, using a straightforward method for generating nucleotide polymorphism data and a recently published, chromosome-level genome for the species. We found an overall lack of population structure among sites in northern West Virginia, USA, as well as across sites in the central and eastern USA. Heterozygosity and population differentiation were both low based on Fst, analysis of molecular variance, principal components analysis, and cluster-based analyses. We also found evidence of high inbreeding coefficients and significant linkage disequilibrium, in line with the ability of this otherwise outcrossing, perennial species to propagate vegetatively. Our findings corroborate earlier studies based on allozyme data, and suggest that intentional, human-assisted spread explains the lack of population structure, as this species was planted for erosion control and as an ornamental, escaping cultivation repeatedly across the USA. Finally, we discuss how plant invasion genomics can be incorporated into experiential undergraduate education as a way to integrate teaching and research.}, }
@article {pmid36907404, year = {2023}, author = {Bueno, ML and Heringer, G and de Carvalho, DR and Robinson, TB and Pompeu, PS and Zenni, RD}, title = {Ecosystem variables importance in the presence and abundance of a globally invasive fish.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {876}, number = {}, pages = {162795}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162795}, pmid = {36907404}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Fishes ; Rivers/chemistry ; Brazil ; *Poecilia ; }, abstract = {Changes in physical habitat that are associated with anthropogenic disturbances facilitate the establishment and expansion of non-native species in receiving environments. Here, we evaluated the relative importance of ecosystem variables for the presence and abundance of the invasive fish Poecilia reticulata in Brazil. We collected fish species and assessed environmental variables through an established physical habitat protocol in 220 stream sites located in southeastern and midwestern Brazil. A total of 14,816 P. reticulata individuals were collected in 43 stream sites, and 258 variables that describe the physical characteristics of streams were assessed, including measures of channel morphology, substrate size and type, habitat complexity and cover, riparian vegetation cover and structure, and human influence. Dimensionality reduction methods were employed to limit redundancy, resulting in a smaller set of the most relevant environmental variables. Subsequently, we used random forest models to assess the relative importance of these variables in determining the presence and abundance of P. reticulata. The presence of this invasive fish was primarily explained by human disturbance variables related to urbanization (total impact, pavement, artificial structure areal cover, riparian canopy cover, electrical conductivity, mean thalweg depth, and sand), whereas channel morphology (mean bank full height) and fish cover variables (natural fish cover, and aquatic macrophyte areal cover) were important predictors of its abundance. Identifying which ecosystem variables are favorable to the establishment of non-native species is an important step in preventing future biological invasions, as well as managing those that already occur.}, }
@article {pmid36904052, year = {2023}, author = {Bhatt, A and Chen, X and Pompelli, MF and Jamal, A and Mancinelli, R and Radicetti, E}, title = {Characterization of Invasiveness, Thermotolerance and Light Requirement of Nine Invasive Species in China.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {36904052}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Understanding responsible functional traits for promoting plant invasiveness could be important to aid in the development of adequate management strategies for invasive species. Seed traits play an important role in the plant life cycle by affecting dispersal ability, formation of the soil seed bank, type and level of dormancy, germination, survival and/or competitive ability. We assessed seed traits and germination strategies of nine invasive species under five temperature regimes and light/dark treatments. Our results showed a considerable level of interspecific variation in germination percentage among the tested species. Both cooler (5/10 °C) and warmer (35/40 °C) temperatures tended to inhibit germination. All study species were considered small-seeded, and seed size did not affect germination in the light. Yet, a slightly negative correlation was found between germination in the dark and seed dimensions. We classified the species into three categories according to their germination strategies: (i) risk-avoiders, mostly displaying dormant seeds with low G%; (ii) risk-takers, reaching a high G% in a broad range of temperatures; (iii) intermediate species, showing moderate G% values, which could be enhanced in specific temperature regimes. Variability in germination requirements could be important to explain species coexistence and invasion ability of plants to colonize different ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid36903875, year = {2023}, author = {Barta, C&#xc9; and Jenkins, BC and Lindstrom, DS and Zahnd, AK and Székely, G}, title = {The First Evidence of Gibberellic Acid's Ability to Modulate Target Species' Sensitivity to Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) Allelochemicals.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {36903875}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) 2021 to Missouri Western State University undergraduate student Alyka Kay Zahnd and principal investigator and research mentor, Dr. Csengele &#xc9;va Barta//American Society of Plant Biologists/ ; n.a.//Program of Research, Teaching and Applied Learning (PORTAL) at Missouri Western State University, to principal investigator Dr. Csengele &#xc9;va Barta/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive species employ competitive strategies such as releasing allelopathic chemicals into the environment that negatively impact native species. Decomposing Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) leaves leach various allelopathic phenolics into the soil, decreasing the vigor of several native species. Notable differences in the net negative impacts of L. maackii metabolites on target species were argued to depend on soil properties, the microbiome, the proximity to the allelochemical source, the allelochemical concentration, or environmental conditions. This study is the first to address the role of target species' metabolic properties in determining their net sensitivity to allelopathic inhibition by L. maackii. Gibberellic acid (GA3) is a critical regulator of seed germination and early development. We hypothesized that GA3 levels might affect the target sensitivity to allelopathic inhibitors and evaluated differences in the response of a standard (control, Rbr), a GA3-overproducing (ein), and a GA3-deficient (ros) Brassica rapa variety to L. maackii allelochemicals. Our results demonstrate that high GA3 concentrations substantially alleviate the inhibitory effects of L. maackii allelochemicals. A better understanding of the importance of target species' metabolic properties in their responses to allelochemicals will contribute to developing novel invasive species control and biodiversity conservation protocols and may contribute to applications in agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid36902324, year = {2023}, author = {Au, MFF and Williams, GA and Hui, JHL}, title = {Status Quo and Future Perspectives of Molecular and Genomic Studies on the Genus Biomphalaria-The Intermediate Snail Host of Schistosoma mansoni.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {36902324}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Schistosoma mansoni/genetics ; *Biomphalaria/genetics ; *Schistosomiasis mansoni ; Snails ; *Schistosomiasis ; Genomics ; }, abstract = {Schistosomiasis, or also generally known as bilharzia or snail fever, is a parasitic disease that is caused by trematode flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. It is considered by the World Health Organisation as the second most prevalent parasitic disease after malaria and affects more than 230 million people in over 70 countries. People are infected via a variety of activities ranging from agricultural, domestic, occupational to recreational activities, where the freshwater snails Biomphalaria release Schistosoma cercariae larvae that penetrate the skin of humans when exposed in water. Understanding the biology of the intermediate host snail Biomphalaria is thus important to reveal the potential spread of schistosomiasis. In this article, we present an overview of the latest molecular studies focused on the snail Biomphalaria, including its ecology, evolution, and immune response; and propose using genomics as a foundation to further understand and control this disease vector and thus the transmission of schistosomiasis.}, }
@article {pmid36901319, year = {2023}, author = {Liu, J and Duan, X and Li, G and Cai, Z and Wei, S and Song, Q and Zheng, Z}, title = {Changes in Bacterial Communities and Their Effects on Soil Carbon Storage in Spartina alterniflora Invasion Areas, Coastal Wetland Bare Flats, and Sueada salsa Areas.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {36901319}, issn = {1660-4601}, support = {SCH1829202E//ABA Chemicals/ ; }, mesh = {*Wetlands ; *Soil/chemistry ; Carbon/analysis ; Poaceae ; Introduced Species ; Bacteria ; China ; }, abstract = {Spartina alterniflora is considered an invasive species that has affected the biogeochemical circle of carbon in coastal wetlands around the world. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how S. alternation invasion affects the carbon storage capacity of coastal wetlands as carbon pools through bacterial changes. Herein, bacterial communities and soil carbon content in coastal wetland native areas and S. alterniflora invasion areas were detected. It was found that an S. alterniflora invasion brought more organic carbon and resulted in the increase in Proteobacteria in bare flats and Sueada salsa areas. When decomposition capacity was not sufficient, large amounts of organic carbon may be stored in specific chemical forms, such as monosaccharides, carboxylic acids, alcohols, etc. The results have also shown that soil bacterial communities were highly similar between the bare flat and S. alterniflora invasion area, which is extremely conducive to the rapid growth of S. alterniflora. However, an S. alterniflora invasion would decrease total carbon contents and inorganic carbon contents in the Sueada salsa area. This is not conducive to the stability of the soil carbon pool and soil health. These findings may complement, to some extent, the shortcomings of the interaction between S. alterniflora and bacterial communities, and their joint effect on soil carbon storage.}, }
@article {pmid36898302, year = {2023}, author = {López-Reyes, K and Osorio-Olvera, L and Rojas-Soto, O and Chiappa-Carrara, X and Patrón-Rivero, C and Yáñez-Arenas, C}, title = {An exhaustive evaluation of modeling ecological niches above species level to predict marine biological invasions.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {186}, number = {}, pages = {105926}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105926}, pmid = {36898302}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Animals, Wild ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Identifying the areas of the world with suitable environmental conditions for the establishment of invasive species represents a fundamental basis for preventing their impacts. One of the most widely used tools for this is ecological niche modeling. Nonetheless, this approach may underestimate the specie's physiological tolerances (it's potential niche) since wildlife populations of species usually do not occupy their entire environmental tolerance. Recently, it has been suggested that incorporating occurrences of phylogenetically related species improves the prediction of biological invasions. However, the reproducibility of this technique remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the generality of this protocol by assessing whether the construction of modeling units above species level improves the capacity of niche models to predict the distribution of 26 target marine invasive species. For each, we constructed supraspecific modeling units based on published phylogenies by grouping the native occurrence records of each invasive species with the records of its phylogenetically closest relative. We also considered units at species level, including only the presence of records in the native areas of the target species. We generated ecological niche models for each unit with three modeling methods (minimum volume ellipsoids - MVE, machine learning algorithms - Maxent and a presence-absence method - GLM). In addition, we grouped the 26 target species based on whether or not the species are in environmental pseudo-equilibrium (i.e., it occupies all habitats where it can disperse) and have any geographical or biological constraints. Our results suggest that the construction of supraspecific units improves the predictive capacity of correlative models to estimate the invasion area of our target species. This modeling approach consistently generated models with a higher predictive ability for species in non-environmental pseudo-equilibrium and with geographical constraints.}, }
@article {pmid36894073, year = {2023}, author = {Worischka, S and Schöll, F and Winkelmann, C and Petzoldt, T}, title = {Twenty-eight years of ecosystem recovery and destabilisation: Impacts of biological invasions and climate change on a temperate river.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {875}, number = {}, pages = {162678}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162678}, pmid = {36894073}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Invertebrates ; Rivers/chemistry ; Climate Change ; Environmental Monitoring ; Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Most river ecosystems are exposed to multiple anthropogenic stressors affecting the composition and functionality of benthic communities. Identifying main causes and detecting potentially alarming trends in time depends on the availability of long-term monitoring data sets. Our study aimed to improve the knowledge about community effects of multiple stressors that is needed for effective, sustainable management and conservation. We conducted a causal analysis to detect the dominant stressors and hypothesised that multiple stressors, such as climate change and multiple biological invasions, reduce biodiversity and thus endanger ecosystem stability. Using a data set from 1992 to 2019 for the benthic macroinvertebrate community of a 65-km stretch of the upper Elbe river in Germany, we evaluated the effects of alien species, temperature, discharge, phosphorus, pH and abiotic conditional variables on the taxonomic and functional composition of the benthic community and analysed the temporal behaviour of biodiversity metrics. We observed fundamental taxonomic and functional changes in the community, with a shift from collectors/gatherers to filter feeders and feeding opportunists preferring warm temperatures. A partial dbRDA revealed significant effects of temperature and alien species abundance and richness. The occurrence of distinct phases in the development of community metrics suggests a temporally varying impact of different stressors. Taxonomic and functional richness responded more sensitively than the diversity metrics whereas the functional redundancy metric remained unchanged. Especially the last 10-year phase, however, showed a decline in richness metrics and an unsaturated, linear relationship between taxonomic and functional richness, which rather indicates reduced functional redundancy. We conclude that the varying anthropogenic stressors over three decades, mainly biological invasions and climate change, affected the community severely enough to increase its vulnerability to future stressors. Our study highlights the importance of long-term monitoring data and emphasises a careful use of biodiversity metrics, preferably considering also community composition.}, }
@article {pmid36893236, year = {2023}, author = {Stokstad, E}, title = {China battles alien weed at unprecedented scale.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {379}, number = {6636}, pages = {972}, doi = {10.1126/science.adh4966}, pmid = {36893236}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; China ; *Introduced Species ; *Animal Migration ; Wetlands ; *Poaceae ; }, abstract = {"Mammoth" plan to control a coastal invader would benefit migratory birds.}, }
@article {pmid36890673, year = {2024}, author = {Le, H and Zhao, C and Xiong, G and Shen, G and Xu, W and Deng, Y and Xie, Z}, title = {Disentangling the role of environmental filtering and biotic resistance on alien invasions in a reservoir area.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {e2835}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2835}, pmid = {36890673}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {2019YFD1100403//The National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Biodiversity ; Plants ; Temperature ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Large-scale water conservancy projects benefit human life but have modified the landscape and provided opportunities for alien plant invasions. Understanding the environmental (e.g., climate), human-related (e.g., population density, proximity to human activities), and biotic (e.g., native plant, community structure) factors driving invasions is essential in the management of alien plants and biodiversity conservation in areas with intense human pressure. To this end, we investigated the spatial patterns of alien plant species distribution in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) of China and distinguished the role of the external environment and community characteristics in determining the occurrence of alien plants with differing levels of known invasion impacts in China using random forest analyses and structural equation models. A total of 102 alien plant species belonging to 30 families and 67 genera were recorded, the majority being annual and biennial herbs (65.7%). The results showed a negative diversity-invasibility relationship and supported the biotic resistance hypothesis. Moreover, percentage coverage of native plants was found to interact with native species richness and had a predominant role in resisting alien plant species. We found alien dominance was mainly the result of disturbance (e.g., changes in hydrological regime), which drove native plant loss. Our results also demonstrated that disturbance and temperature were more important for the occurrence of malignant invaders than all alien plants. Overall, our study highlights the importance of restoring diverse and productive native communities in resistance to invasion.}, }
@article {pmid36883264, year = {2023}, author = {Schoenborn, AA and Yannarell, SM and MacVicar, CT and Barriga-Medina, NN and Bonham, KS and Leon-Reyes, A and Riveros-Iregui, D and Klepac-Ceraj, V and Shank, EA}, title = {Microclimate is a strong predictor of the native and invasive plant-associated soil microbiome on San Cristóbal Island, Galápagos archipelago.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {8}, pages = {1377-1392}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.16361}, pmid = {36883264}, issn = {1462-2920}, mesh = {Humans ; *Soil/chemistry ; Microclimate ; Biodiversity ; Plants ; *Microbiota ; Introduced Species ; Bacteria/genetics ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Understanding the drivers that affect soil bacterial and fungal communities is essential to understanding and mitigating the impacts of human activity on vulnerable ecosystems like those on the Galápagos Islands. The volcanic slopes of these Islands lead to steep elevation gradients that generate distinct microclimates across small spatial scales. Although much is known about the impacts of invasive plant species on the above-ground biodiversity of the Galápagos Islands, little is known about their resident soil microbial communities and the factors shaping them. Here, we investigate the bacterial and fungal soil communities associated with invasive and native plant species across three distinct microclimates on San Cristóbal Island (arid, transition zone and humid). At each site, we collected soil at three depths (rhizosphere, 5 cm and 15 cm) from multiple plants. Sampling location was the strongest driver of both bacterial and fungal communities, explaining 73% and 43% of variation in the bacterial and fungal community structure, respectively, with additional minor but significant impacts from soil depth and plant type (invasive vs. native). This study highlights the continued need to explore microbial communities across diverse environments and demonstrates how both abiotic and biotic factors impact soil microbial communities in the Galápagos archipelago.}, }
@article {pmid36881709, year = {2023}, author = {Nixon, LJ and Barnes, C and Deecher, E and Madalinska, K and Nielsen, A and Urban, J and Leskey, TC}, title = {Evaluating deployment strategies for spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) traps.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {2}, pages = {426-434}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad038}, pmid = {36881709}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera ; Pennsylvania ; Trees ; *Ailanthus ; }, abstract = {The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), is an invasive planthopper that was first detected in the United States in Berks County, PA, in 2014, and has since spread to 13 states in the Eastern United States. This phloem-feeding pest has a broad host range, including economically important crops such as grapevine, Vitis spp. Monitoring presence and relative abundance of L. delicatula is essential to develop pest management tools. Here, we compared deployment strategies to optimize use of L. delicatula monitoring traps. Standard circle traps, sticky bands, and circle traps with replaceable bag tops were deployed at sites with either high or low populations present. Trap deployment at different heights and on different host tree species and trap sampling intervals were evaluated for standard circle traps only. Circle traps captured significantly more L. delicatula adults at low-density sites compared with other trap types in 2021, and no differences were detected at high-density sights. Traps deployed 1 m from the ground captured significantly more adults than those deployed at 0.5 m; no differences were detected for nymphs. While no significant differences in captures were found among intervals, weekly or biweekly sampling prevented specimen degradation. Although traps deployed on Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae) captured significantly or numerically more L. delicatula at most sites, traps deployed on other hosts also yielded consistent captures. We were also able to alter the construction of circle trap skirts to allow for deployment on different sized tree trunks.}, }
@article {pmid36881623, year = {2023}, author = {Rohwer, RR and Hale, RJ and Vander Zanden, MJ and Miller, TR and McMahon, KD}, title = {Species invasions shift microbial phenology in a two-decade freshwater time series.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {120}, number = {11}, pages = {e2211796120}, pmid = {36881623}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {DBI-2011002//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; WIS01516//USDA | National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)/ ; WIS01789//USDA | National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)/ ; WIS03004//USDA | National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)/ ; WIS01912//USDA | National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)/ ; DEB-9632853//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; DEB-0217533//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; DEB-0822700//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; DEB-1440297//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; MCB-9977903//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; DEB-0702395//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; DEB-1344254//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Time Factors ; *Actinobacteria ; Bacteroidetes ; *Cladocera ; *Dreissena ; Fresh Water ; *Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Invasive species impart abrupt changes on ecosystems, but their impacts on microbial communities are often overlooked. We paired a 20 y freshwater microbial community time series with zooplankton and phytoplankton counts, rich environmental data, and a 6 y cyanotoxin time series. We observed strong microbial phenological patterns that were disrupted by the invasions of spiny water flea (Bythotrephes cederströmii) and zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). First, we detected shifts in Cyanobacteria phenology. After the spiny water flea invasion, Cyanobacteria dominance crept earlier into clearwater; and after the zebra mussel invasion, Cyanobacteria abundance crept even earlier into the diatom-dominated spring. During summer, the spiny water flea invasion sparked a cascade of shifting diversity where zooplankton diversity decreased and Cyanobacteria diversity increased. Second, we detected shifts in cyanotoxin phenology. After the zebra mussel invasion, microcystin increased in early summer and the duration of toxin production increased by over a month. Third, we observed shifts in heterotrophic bacteria phenology. The Bacteroidota phylum and members of the acI Nanopelagicales lineage were differentially more abundant. The proportion of the bacterial community that changed differed by season; spring and clearwater communities changed most following the spiny water flea invasion that lessened clearwater intensity, while summer communities changed least following the zebra mussel invasion despite the shifts in Cyanobacteria diversity and toxicity. A modeling framework identified the invasions as primary drivers of the observed phenological changes. These long-term invasion-mediated shifts in microbial phenology demonstrate the interconnectedness of microbes with the broader food web and their susceptibility to long-term environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid36881607, year = {2023}, author = {Salomé-Díaz, J and Golubov, J and Díaz-Segura, O and Ramírez-Gutiérrez, MC and Sifuentes de la Torre, S and Koleff, P and Quintero, E and Martínez, AJ}, title = {Practice makes the expert: The importance of training volunteers in the generation of phenological data from photographs of biodiversity observation platforms.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {e0282750}, pmid = {36881607}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Humans ; *Ecosystem ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Biodiversity ; Volunteers ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Phenology studies the time at which events in the life cycle of a species occur sand how they are related to environmental cues. Patterns of change in phenology at different scales can be used as an indicator of ecosystem changes and climate change, but the data necessary to detect these changes can be difficult to obtain due to their temporal and regional dimensions. Citizen science can contribute to generate large amounts of data on phenological changes at wide geographical scales that would be almost impossible for professional scientists to generate, but the quality and reliability of these data are often questioned. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of a biodiversity observation citizen science platform based on photographic information as a potential source of large-scale phenological information, and to identify the key benefits and limitations of this type of information source. We used the Naturalista photographic databases for two invasive species in a tropical region: Leonotis nepetifolia and Nicotiana glauca. The photographs were classified into different phenophases (initial growth, immature flower, mature flower, dry fruit) by three groups of volunteers: a group of experts, a trained group with information on the biology and phenology of both species, and an untrained group. The degree of reliability of the phenological classifications was estimated for each group of volunteers and each phenophase. The degree of reliability of the phenological classification of the untrained group was generally very low for all phenophases. The group of trained volunteers showed accuracy levels for the reproductive phenophases that equaled the degree of reliability among the expert group, regardless of species, and was consistent across phenophases. We conclude that volunteer classification of photographic information contained in biodiversity observation platforms can provide phenological information with high geographic coverage and an increasing temporal coverage on general phenological patterns of species with wide distributions but has limited applicability in the identification of exact start and end dates. and peaks of the different phenophases.}, }
@article {pmid36878062, year = {2023}, author = {Bereza, D and Grey, E and Shenkar, N}, title = {Prioritizing management of high-risk routes and ports by vessel type to improve marine biosecurity efforts.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {336}, number = {}, pages = {117597}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117597}, pmid = {36878062}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Biosecurity ; Ships ; Travel ; *Biofouling ; Risk Assessment ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The shipping industry constitutes the main vector of marine bioinvasions. Over 90,000 vessels world-wide create a highly complex shipping network that requires appropriate management tools. Here we characterized a novel vessel category, Ultra Large Container Vessels (ULCV), in terms of potential contribution to the dispersal of Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) in comparison to smaller vessels traveling similar routes. Such approach is essential for providing precise information-based risk analysis necessary to enforce biosecurity regulations and reduce the adverse global effects of marine NIS. We used Automatic Identification System (AIS) based websites to extract shipping data that will enable us to test for differences in two vessel behaviors linked to NIS dispersal: port visit durations and voyage sailing times. We then examined the geographic spread of ULCVs and small vessels, quantifying the accumulation of new port visits, countries, and ecoregions for each vessel category. Finally, Higher Order Network (HON) analysis revealed emergent patterns within shipping traffic, species flow, and invasion risk networks of these two categories. Compared to the smaller vessels, ULCVs spent significantly longer time in 20% of the ports and were more geographically constrained, with fewer port visits, countries, and regions. HON analysis revealed that the ULCV shipping species flow and invasion risk networks were more similar to each other than to those of the smaller vessels. However, HON port importance shifts were discernible for both vessel categories, with major shipping hubs not necessarily being major invasion hubs. Overall, compared to smaller vessels, ULCVs behave differently in ways that potentially increase biofouling risk, albeit in a smaller set of ports. Future studies using HON analysis of other dispersal vectors appears critical for prioritizing management of high-risk routes and ports.}, }
@article {pmid36874980, year = {2023}, author = {Goode, K and Weber, MJ and Dixon, PM}, title = {WhoseEgg: classification software for invasive carp eggs.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e14787}, pmid = {36874980}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; Eggs ; Knowledge ; Language ; Software ; }, abstract = {The collection of fish eggs is a commonly used technique for monitoring invasive carp. Genetic identification is the most trusted method for identifying fish eggs but is expensive and slow. Recent work suggests random forest models could provide an inexpensive method for identifying invasive carp eggs based on morphometric egg characteristics. While random forests provide accurate predictions, they do not produce a simple formula for obtaining new predictions. Instead, individuals must have knowledge of the R coding language, limiting the individuals who can use the random forests for resource management. We present WhoseEgg: a web-based point-and-click application that allows non-R users to access random forests via a point and click interface to rapidly identify fish eggs with an objective of detecting invasive carp (Bighead, Grass, and Silver Carp) in the Upper Mississippi River basin. This article provides an overview of WhoseEgg, an example application, and future research directions.}, }
@article {pmid36874973, year = {2023}, author = {Peñafiel-Ricaurte, A and Price, SJ and Leung, WTM and Alvarado-Rybak, M and Espinoza-Zambrano, A and Valdivia, C and Cunningham, AA and Azat, C}, title = {Is Xenopus laevis introduction linked with Ranavirus incursion, persistence and spread in Chile?.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e14497}, pmid = {36874973}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; Chile ; Phylogeny ; *Ranavirus ; Xenopus laevis ; Anura ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Ranaviruses have been associated with amphibian, fish and reptile mortality events worldwide and with amphibian population declines in parts of Europe. Xenopus laevis is a widespread invasive amphibian species in Chile. Recently, Frog virus 3 (FV3), the type species of the Ranavirus genus, was detected in two wild populations of this frog near Santiago in Chile, however, the extent of ranavirus infection in this country remains unknown. To obtain more information about the origin of ranavirus in Chile, its distribution, species affected, and the role of invasive amphibians and freshwater fish in the epidemiology of ranavirus, a surveillance study comprising wild and farmed amphibians and wild fish over a large latitudinal gradient (2,500 km) was carried out in 2015-2017. In total, 1,752 amphibians and 496 fish were tested using a ranavirus-specific qPCR assay, and positive samples were analyzed for virus characterization through whole genome sequencing of viral DNA obtained from infected tissue. Ranavirus was detected at low viral loads in nine of 1,011 X. laevis from four populations in central Chile. No other amphibian or fish species tested were positive for ranavirus, suggesting ranavirus is not threatening native Chilean species yet. Phylogenetic analysis of partial ranavirus sequences showed 100% similarity with FV3. Our results show a restricted range of ranavirus infection in central Chile, coinciding with X. laevis presence, and suggest that FV3 may have entered the country through infected X. laevis, which appears to act as a competent reservoir host, and may contribute to the spread the virus locally as it invades new areas, and globally through the pet trade.}, }
@article {pmid36872956, year = {2023}, author = {Doiron, G}, title = {Invasive Plant Relations in a Global Pandemic: Caring for a "Problematic Pesto".}, journal = {Environment and planning. E, Nature and space}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {600-616}, pmid = {36872956}, issn = {2514-8494}, abstract = {In Spring 2020, amidst a COVID-19 state of emergency, the City of Toronto's Parks &amp; Urban Forestry department posted signs in the city's remaining Black Oak Savannahs to announce the cancellation of the yearly 'prescribed burn' practice, citing fears it would exacerbate pandemic conditions. With this activity and other nature management events on hold, many invasive plants continued to establish and proliferate. This paper confronts dominant attitudes in invasion ecology with Indigenous epistemologies and ideas of transformative justice, asking what can be learned from building a relationship with a much-maligned invasive plant like garlic mustard. Written in isolation as the plant began to flower in the Black Oak savannahs and beyond, this paper situates the plant's abundance and gifts within pandemic-related 'cancelled care' and 'cultivation activism' as a means of exploring human-nature relations in the settler-colonial city. It also asks what transformative lessons garlic mustard can offer about precarity, non-linear temporalities, contamination, multispecies entanglements, and the impacts of colonial property regimes on possible relations. Highlighting the entanglements of historical and ongoing violences with invasion ecology, this paper presents 'caring for invasives' as a path toward more liveable futures.}, }
@article {pmid36872563, year = {2023}, author = {Baecher, JA and Johnson, SA and Roznik, EA and Scheffers, BR}, title = {Experimental evaluation of how biological invasions and climate change interact to alter the vertical assembly of an amphibian community.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {4}, pages = {875-888}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13899}, pmid = {36872563}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; Anura ; }, abstract = {While biotic-abiotic interactions are increasingly documented in nature, a process-based understanding of how such interactions influence community assembly is lacking in the ecological literature. Perhaps the most emblematic and pervasive example of such interactions is the synergistic threat to biodiversity posed by climate change and invasive species. Invasive species often out-compete or prey on native species. Despite this long-standing and widespread issue, little is known about how abiotic conditions, such as climate change, will influence the frequency and severity of negative biotic interactions that threaten the persistence of native fauna. Treefrogs are a globally diverse group of amphibians that climb to complete life-cycle processes, such as foraging and reproduction, as well as to evade predators and competitors, resulting in frog communities that are vertically partitioned. Furthermore, treefrogs adjust their vertical position to maintain optimal body temperature and hydration in response to environmental change. Here, utilizing this model group, we designed a novel experiment to determine how extrinsic abiotic and biotic factors (changes to water availability and an introduced predator, respectively) interact with intrinsic biological traits, such as individual physiology and behaviour, to influence treefrogs' vertical niche. Our study found that treefrogs adjusted their vertical niche through displacement behaviours in accordance with abiotic resources. However, biotic interactions resulted in native treefrogs distancing themselves from abiotic resources to avoid the non-native species. Importantly, under altered abiotic conditions, both native species avoided the non-native species 33 %- 70 % more than they avoided their native counterpart. Additionally, exposure to the non-native species resulted in native species altering their tree climbing behaviours by 56 % - 78 % and becoming more vertically dynamic to avoid the non-native antagonist. Our experiment determined that vertical niche selection and community interactions were most accurately represented by a biotic-abiotic interaction model, rather than a model that considers these factors to operate in an isolated (singular) or even additive manner. Our study provides evidence that native species may be resilient to interacting disturbances via physiological adaptations to local climate and plasticity in space-use behaviours that mediate the impact of the introduced predator.}, }
@article {pmid36870330, year = {2023}, author = {Ulyshen, M and Horn, S}, title = {Declines of bees and butterflies over 15 years in a forested landscape.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {33}, number = {7}, pages = {1346-1350.e3}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.030}, pmid = {36870330}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Southeastern United States ; Animals ; *Butterflies ; *Bees ; *Forests ; Pollination ; Ecosystem ; Population Dynamics ; Climate Change ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Despite growing concerns about pollinator declines,[1][,][2][,][3][,][4] evidence that this is a widespread problem affecting entire communities remains limited.[5] There is a particular shortage of pollinator time series from relatively undisturbed natural habitats, such as forests, which are generally thought to provide refuge to biodiversity from anthropogenic stressors.[6] Here, we present the results from standardized pollinator sampling over 15 years (2007-2022) at three relatively undisturbed forested locations in the southeastern United States. We observed significant declines in the richness (39%) and abundance (62.5%) of bees as well as the abundance of butterflies (57.6%) over this time period. Unexpectedly, we detected much stronger declines in the richness and abundance of above-ground-nesting bees (81.1% and 85.3%, respectively) compared with below-ground-nesting bees. Even after dropping the first or last year of sampling, which happened to yield the greatest and lowest numbers of pollinators, respectively, we still detected many of the same negative trends. Our results suggest that sharp declines in pollinators may not be limited to areas experiencing direct anthropogenic disturbances. Possible drivers in our system include increasing mean annual minimum temperatures near our study sites as well as an invasive wood-nesting ant that has become increasingly widespread and abundant in the region over the course of this study.}, }
@article {pmid36867968, year = {2023}, author = {Acosta-Coley, I and Cabarcas-Montalvo, M and Hernandez-Lambraño, RE and Sierra-Marquez, L and Valcarcel-Castellanos, C and Duque, D and Martinez-Silva, S and Marrugo, M and Benavides-Serrato, M}, title = {Mercury assessment in invasive Lionfish Pterois (Oken, 1817) from marine protected areas in the Colombian Caribbean.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {189}, number = {}, pages = {114753}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114753}, pmid = {36867968}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Mercury ; Colombia ; *Perciformes/physiology ; West Indies ; Caribbean Region ; Fishes/physiology ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Lionfish (Pterois spp.) are invasive species reported since 2009 in the Corales del Rosario y San Bernardo National Natural Park in the Caribbean. Their capture and consumption are strategies to control their dispersion and limit ecological damage. The natural park is influenced by the vicinity of Cartagena's residential, industrial, and touristic activities, as well as sediments loaded with mercury from the Dique Channel. For the first time, total mercury levels in muscle from 58 lionfish were determined, with values ranging from 0.01 to 0.38 μg/g (mean = 0.11 ± 0.01 μg/g). Fish length ranged from 17.4 to 44.0 cm (mean = 28.0 ± 0.63 cm). Mercury levels did not increase proportionally to fish length for pooled data, but the relationship was significant for specimens from Rosario Island. Mercury levels comply with legislation for fish consumption, but the risk to human health may appear if it occurs daily. Therefore, precautionary approach and a permanent monitoring strategy are strongly advised.}, }
@article {pmid36867967, year = {2023}, author = {Cannarozzi, L and Paoli, C and Vassallo, P and Cilenti, L and Bevilacqua, S and Lago, N and Scirocco, T and Rigo, I}, title = {Donor-side and user-side evaluation of the Atlantic blue crab invasion on a Mediterranean lagoon.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {189}, number = {}, pages = {114758}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114758}, pmid = {36867967}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura ; Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {The recent invasion of Callinectes sapidus in the Lesina Lagoon has raised great concern about its potential impacts on the ecosystem and on local fisheries. The effects of the blue crab presence on the receiving ecosystem were evaluated from both a donor-side perspective, through the application of emergy analysis, and a user-side perspective, by means of interviews to the local fishermen. While emergy analysis showed that C. sapidus brings to an increase of both natural capital and ecosystem functions values, results from interviews highlighted that the major problem caused by the presence of the blue crab in the lagoon concerned the local economy. As the first quantitative assessment of the ecological and economic impact of C. sapidus in invaded habitats, the present investigation provided original and useful information for a comprehensive risk assessment of the species in European waters and in Mediterranean Sea.}, }
@article {pmid36867207, year = {2023}, author = {Gervazoni, P and Minuti, G and Fuentes-Rodriguez, D and Coetzee, J and Sosa, A and Sabater, L and Franceschini, C}, title = {Citizen Science Improves the Known and Potential Distribution of a Strong Wetland Invader: Implications for Niche Modeling and Invasion Management.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {71}, number = {6}, pages = {1176-1187}, pmid = {36867207}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Citizen Science ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species are one of the main causes of biodiversity loss and ecosystem alteration. Obtaining up-to-date occurrence records and accurate invasion risk maps has become crucial to develop timely and effective management strategies. Unfortunately, gathering and validating distribution data can be labor-intensive and time-consuming, with different data sources unavoidably leading to biases in the results. In this study, we evaluated the performance of a tailored citizen science project compared with other data sources, in mapping the current and potential distribution of Iris pseudacorus, a strong invasive alien plant in Argentina. To do so, we used geographic information systems and ecological niche modeling with Maxent, and compared data from: i) a citizen science tailored project; ii) the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF); and iii) an exhaustive professional data collection (i.e. field samplings across Argentina, literature and collections review). Results suggest that the citizen science tailored project provided a larger and more diversified amount of data compared to the other sources. All data-sources showed good performance in the ecological niche models, however, data from the tailored citizen science project predicted a greater suitable area, including regions not yet reported. This allowed us to better identify critical and vulnerable areas, where management and prevention strategies are necessary. Professional data provided more reports in non-urban areas, whereas citizen science based data sources (i.e. GBIF and the citizen science project conducted in this study) reported more sites in urban areas, which indicates that different data-sources are complementary and there is a big potential in combining methods. We encourage the use of tailored citizen science campaigns to gather a more diverse amount of data, generating better knowledge about aquatic invasive species and helping decision-making in ecosystem management.}, }
@article {pmid36864737, year = {2023}, author = {Farrell, HL and Munson, SM and Butterfield, BJ and Duniway, MC and Faist, AM and Gornish, ES and Havrilla, CA and Larios, L and Reed, SC and Rowe, HI and Laushman, KM and McCormick, ML}, title = {Soil surface treatments and precipitation timing determine seedling development across southwestern US restoration sites.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {e2834}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2834}, pmid = {36864737}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Soil ; *Ecosystem ; Seedlings ; Plants ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Restoration in dryland ecosystems often has poor success due to low and variable water availability, degraded soil conditions, and slow plant community recovery rates. Restoration treatments can mitigate these constraints but, because treatments and subsequent monitoring are typically limited in space and time, our understanding of their applicability across broader environmental gradients remains limited. To address this limitation, we implemented and monitored a standardized set of seeding and soil surface treatments (pits, mulch, and ConMod artificial nurse plants) designed to enhance soil moisture and seedling establishment across RestoreNet, a growing network of 21 diverse dryland restoration sites in the southwestern USA over 3 years. Generally, we found that the timing of precipitation relative to seeding and the use of soil surface treatments were more important in determining seeded species emergence, survival, and growth than site-specific characteristics. Using soil surface treatments in tandem with seeding promoted up to 3× greater seedling emergence densities compared with seeding alone. The positive effect of soil surface treatments became more prominent with increased cumulative precipitation since seeding. The seed mix type with species currently found within or near a site and adapted to the historical climate promoted greater seedling emergence densities compared with the seed mix type with species from warmer, drier conditions expected to perform well under climate change. Seed mix and soil surface treatments had a diminishing effect as plants developed beyond the first season of establishment. However, we found strong effects of the initial period seeded and of the precipitation leading up to each monitoring date on seedling survival over time, especially for annual and perennial forbs. The presence of exotic species exerted a negative influence on seedling survival and growth, but not initial emergence. Our findings suggest that seeded species recruitment across drylands can generally be promoted, regardless of location, by (1) incorporation of soil surface treatments, (2) employment of near-term seasonal climate forecasts, (3) suppression of exotic species, and (4) seeding at multiple times. Taken together, these results point to a multifaceted approach to ameliorate harsh environmental conditions for improved seeding success in drylands, both now and under expected aridification.}, }
@article {pmid36864722, year = {2023}, author = {Banerjee, AK and Lee, TM and Feng, H and Liang, X and Lin, Y and Wang, J and Yin, M and Peng, H and Huang, Y}, title = {Implications for biological invasion of non-native plants for sale in the world's largest online market.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, pages = {e14055}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.14055}, pmid = {36864722}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Phylogeny ; *Plants ; Introduced Species ; Commerce ; }, abstract = {Internet trade is increasingly recognized as a dispersal pathway of non-native plant species that is difficult to monitor. We sought to identify non-native flora present in the Chinese online market, the largest e-commerce market globally, and to decipher the effect of existing trade regulations, among other variables, on e-trading patterns and to inform policy. We used a comprehensive list of 811 non-native plant species in China present in 1 of the 3 phases of the invasion continuum (i.e., introduced, naturalized, and invasive). The price, propagule types, and quantities of the species offered for sale were retrieved from 9 online stores, including 2 of the largest platforms. Over 30% of the non-native species were offered for sale in the online marketplaces; invasive non-native species dominated the list (45.53%). No significant price difference was observed across the non-native species of the 3 invasion categories. Among the 5 propagule types, a significantly higher number of non-native species were offered for sale as seeds. The regression models and path analyses consistently revealed a direct positive effect of the number of uses and species' minimum residence time and an indirect effect of biogeography on the pattern of trade in non-native plant species when minimal phylogenetic signal was detected. A review of the existing phytosanitary regulations in China revealed their inadequacy in managing e-trading of non-native plant species. To address the problem, we propose integration of a standardized risk assessment framework that considers perceptions of stakeholders and is adaptable based on continuous surveillance of the trade network. If implemented successfully, the measures could provide a template for other countries to strengthen trading regulations for non-native plant species and take proactive management measures.}, }
@article {pmid36864680, year = {2023}, author = {Sujeeun, L and Thomas, SC}, title = {Biochar mitigates allelopathic effects in temperate trees.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {e2832}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2832}, pmid = {36864680}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Trees ; *Charcoal/analysis ; Silver/analysis ; Soil ; Seedlings ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; }, abstract = {Many invasive and some native tree species in North America exhibit strong allelopathic effects that may contribute to their local dominance. Pyrogenic carbon (PyC; including soot, charcoal, and black carbon) is produced by the incomplete combustion of organic matter and is widespread in forest soils. Many forms of PyC have sorptive properties that can reduce the bioavailability of allelochemicals. We investigated the potential for PyC produced by controlled pyrolysis of biomass ("biochar" [BC]) to reduce the allelopathic effects of black walnut (Juglans nigra) and Norway maple (Acer platanoides), a common native tree species and a widespread invasive species in North America, respectively. Seedling growth of two native tree species (Acer saccharinum [silver maple] and Betula papyrifera [paper birch]) in response to leaf-litter-incubated soils was examined; litter incubation treatments included leaves of black walnut, Norway maple, and a nonallelopathic species (Tilia americana [American basswood]) in a factorial design with varying dosages; responses to the known primary allelochemical of black walnut (juglone) were also examined. Juglone and leaf litter of both allelopathic species strongly suppressed seedling growth. BC treatments substantially mitigated these effects, consistent with the sorption of allelochemicals; in contrast no positive effects of BC were observed in leaf litter treatments involving controls or additions of nonallelopathic leaf litter. Treatments of leaf litter and juglone with BC increased the total biomass of silver maple by ~35% and in some cases more than doubled the biomass of paper birch. We conclude that BCs have the capacity to largely counteract allelopathic effects in temperate forest systems, suggesting the effects of natural PyC in determining forest community structure, and also the applied use of BC as a soil amendment to mitigate allelopathic effects of invasive tree species.}, }
@article {pmid36864292, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, M and Ni, Y and Li, M}, title = {Evaluation of the growth, adaption, and ecosystem services of two potentially-introduced urban tree species in Guangzhou under drought stress.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {3563}, pmid = {36864292}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Trees ; Droughts ; Forests ; Biomass ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Under rapid urbanization and agglomeration of population, cities are facing various environmental challenges. As urban forests play a crucial role in mitigating native environmental problems and providing ecosystem services, cities might enhance their urban forest construction through multiple approaches, of which the introduction of exotic tree species could be an effective way. Under the background of constructing a high-quality forest city, Guangzhou was considering introducing a series of exotic tree species to improve the local urban greening, among which Tilia cordata Mill. and Tilia tomentosa Moench became the potential objects. As Guangzhou was reported to experience higher temperatures with less precipitation and face drought events with increasing frequency and intensity, whether the two tree species could survive in the dry environment required to be investigated profoundly. Thus, we launched a drought-simulation experiment and measured their above- and below-ground growth in 2020. In addition, their ecosystem services were also simulated and evaluated for their future adaption. Furthermore, a congeneric native tree species Tilia miqueliana Maxim was also measured in the same experiment as a comparison. Our results showed that Tilia miqueliana exhibited moderate patterns of growth and advantages in evapotranspiration and cooling. Besides, its investment in root development at horizontal level could account for its special strategy against drought stress. Tilia tomentosa's vigorous root growth could be the most positive behavior of coping with water deficit, which explained its maintenance of carbon fixation and implied a well adaption. Tilia cordata showed a complete decrease in above- and below-ground growth, especially for its fine root biomass. In addition, its ecosystem services were significantly reduced, reflecting a comprehensive failure when it faced a long-term scarcity of water. Therefore, it was necessary to supply sufficient water and under-ground space for their living in Guangzhou, especially for Tilia cordata. In the future, long-time observation of their growth under different stresses can be practical approaches to amplify their multiple ecosystem services.}, }
@article {pmid36864146, year = {2023}, author = {Mega, ER}, title = {Pablo Escobar's 'cocaine hippos' spark conservation row.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {615}, number = {7952}, pages = {382-383}, pmid = {36864146}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Artiodactyla ; Cocaine ; *Dissent and Disputes ; Colombia ; Introduced Species/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Animals ; *Research Personnel ; }, }
@article {pmid36864075, year = {2023}, author = {Licata, F and Ficetola, GF and Falaschi, M and Muller, BJ and Andreone, F and Harison, RF and Freeman, K and Monteiro, AT and Rosa, S and Crottini, A}, title = {Spatial ecology of the invasive Asian common toad in Madagascar and its implications for invasion dynamics.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {3526}, pmid = {36864075}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bufo bufo ; Ecology ; Madagascar ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasion dynamics are determined, among other aspects, by the spatial behaviour of invasive populations. The invasive toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus is spreading inland from the eastern coast of Madagascar, causing considerable ecological impacts. Understanding the basic factors determining the spread dynamics can inform management strategies and provide insights into spatial evolutionary processes. We radio-tracked 91 adult toads in three localities along the invasion gradient to determine whether spatial sorting of dispersive phenotypes is occurring, and investigate intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of spatial behaviour. Overall, toads in our study appeared as habitat generalists, and their sheltering behaviour was tied to water proximity, with toads changing shelter more frequently closer to waterbodies. Toads showed low displacement rates (mean = 4.12 m/day) and quite a philopatric behaviour but were able to perform daily movements of over 50 m. We did not detect any spatial sorting of dispersal-relevant traits nor sex- or size-biased dispersal. Our results suggest that toads are more likely to expand their range during the wet season, and that the range expansion is probably dominated by short-distance dispersal at this stage of the invasion, although a future increase in invasion speed is expected, due to the capacity for long-distance movements of this species.}, }
@article {pmid36863580, year = {2023}, author = {Chen, B and Ma, J and Yang, C and Xiao, X and Kou, W and Wu, Z and Yun, T and Zaw, ZN and Nawan, P and Sengprakhon, R and Zhou, J and Wang, J and Sun, R and Zhang, X and Xie, G and Lan, G}, title = {Diversified land conversion deepens understanding of impacts of rapid rubber plantation expansion on plant diversity in the tropics.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {874}, number = {}, pages = {162505}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162505}, pmid = {36863580}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Rubber ; *Hevea ; Forests ; Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Understanding the status and changes of plant diversity in rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations is essential for sustainable plantation management in the context of rapid rubber expansion in the tropics, but remains very limited at the continental scale. In this study, we investigated plant diversity from 10-meter quadrats in 240 different rubber plantations in the six countries of the Great Mekong Subregion (GMS)-where nearly half of the world's rubber plantations are located-and analyzed the influence of original land cover types and stand age on plant diversity using Landsat and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery since the late 1980s. The results indicate that the average plant species richness of rubber plantations is 28.69 ± 7.35 (1061 species in total, of which 11.22 % are invasive), approximating half the species richness of tropical forests but roughly double that of the intensively managed croplands. Time-series satellite imagery analysis revealed that rubber plantations were primarily established in place of cropland (RPC, 37.72 %), old rubber plantations (RPORP, 27.63 %), and tropical forests (RPTF, 24.12 %). Plant species richness in RPTF (34.02 ± 7.62) was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that in RPORP (26.41 ± 7.02) and RPC (26.34 ± 5.37). More importantly, species richness can be maintained for the duration of the 30-year economic cycle, and the number of invasive species decreases as the stand ages. Given diverse land conversions and changes in stand age, the total loss of species richness due to rapid rubber expansion in the GMS was 7.29 %, which is far below the traditional estimates that only consider tropical forest conversion. In general, maintaining higher species richness at the earliest stages of cultivation has significant implications for biodiversity conservation in rubber plantations.}, }
@article {pmid36860480, year = {2023}, author = {Richards, ZT and Kise, H and West, KM}, title = {The complete mitochondrial genome of the invasive cyanobacteriosponge Terpios hoshinota (Demospongiae, Suberitida, Suberitidae).}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {319-323}, pmid = {36860480}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {The cyanobacteriosponge Terpios hoshinota occurs on tropical reefs throughout the Indo-Pacific. The species encrusts live coral, and other benthos, and is considered a pest species that can threaten the health and productivity of locally native benthic communities on coral reefs. Here we assemble a complete mitochondrial genome to aid further research into the range expansion of this species. The circular genome was 20,504 bp in length and encoded 14 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 25 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. A phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated sequences of 14 protein-coding genes of 12 members of the subclass Heteroscleromorpha including the newly sequenced T. hoshinota, suggests further taxonomic revisions within the order Suberitida may be warranted.}, }
@article {pmid36860184, year = {2024}, author = {Xin, Y and Yang, Z and Du, Y and Cui, R and Xi, Y and Liu, X}, title = {Vulnerability of protected areas to future climate change, land use modification, and biological invasions in China.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {e2831}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2831}, pmid = {36860184}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {32171657//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32270549//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; NFS2101//The Grant of High Quality Economic and Social Development in South Xinjiang/ ; 20204001018//The National Undergraduate' Science and Technology Innovation Training Program/ ; 2021xjkk0600//The Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program/ ; 2022xjkk0800//The Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program/ ; Y201920//Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic climate change, land use modifications, and alien species invasions are major threats to global biodiversity. Protected areas (PAs) are regarded as the cornerstone of biodiversity conservation, however, few studies have quantified the vulnerability of PAs to these global change factors together. Here, we overlay the risks of climate change, land use change, and alien vertebrate establishment within boundaries of a total of 1020 PAs with different administrative levels in China to quantify their vulnerabilities. Our results show that 56.6% of PAs will face at least one stress factor, and 21 PAs are threatened under the highest risk with three stressors simultaneously. PAs designed for forest conservation in Southwest and South China are most sensitive to the three global change factors. In addition, wildlife and wetland PAs are predicted to mainly experience climate change and high land use anthropogenetic modifications, and many wildlife PAs can also provide suitable habitats for alien vertebrate establishment. Our study highlights the urgent need for proactive conservation and management planning of Chinese PAs by considering different global change factors together.}, }
@article {pmid36857395, year = {2023}, author = {Matzrafi, M and Abu-Nassar, J and Klap, C and Shtarkman, M and Smith, E and Dombrovsky, A}, title = {Solanum elaeagnifolium and S. rostratum as potential hosts of the tomato brown rugose fruit virus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {e0282441}, pmid = {36857395}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Solanum ; *Solanum lycopersicum ; Fruit ; *Tobamovirus ; Plant Weeds ; *Coinfection ; Introduced Species ; *Marijuana Abuse ; }, abstract = {Invasive weeds cause significant crop yield and economic losses in agriculture. The highest indirect impact may be attributed to the role of invasive weeds as virus reservoirs within commercial growing areas. The new tobamovirus tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), first identified in the Middle East, overcame the Tm-22 resistance allele of cultivated tomato varieties and caused severe damage to crops. In this study, we determined the role of invasive weed species as potential hosts of ToBRFV and a mild strain of pepino mosaic virus (PepMV-IL). Of newly tested weed species, only the invasive species Solanum elaeagnifolium and S. rostratum, sap inoculated with ToBRFV, were susceptible to ToBRFV infection. S. rostratum was also susceptible to PepMV-IL infection. No phenotype was observed on ToBRFV-infected S. elaeagnifolium grown in the wild or following ToBRFV sap inoculation. S. rostratum plants inoculated with ToBRFV contained a high ToBRFV titer compared to ToBRFV-infected S. elaeagnifolium plants. Mixed infection with ToBRFV and PepMV-IL of S. rostratum plants, as well as S. nigrum plants (a known host of ToBRFV and PepMV), displayed synergism between the two viruses, manifested by increasing PepMV-IL levels. Additionally, when inoculated with either ToBRFV or PepMV-IL, disease symptoms were apparent in S. rostratum plants and the symptoms were exacerbated upon mixed infections with both viruses. In a bioassay, ToBRFV-inoculated S. elaeagnifolium, S. rostratum and S. nigrum plants infected tomato plants harboring the Tm-22 resistant allele with ToBRFV. The distribution and abundance of these Solanaceae species increase the risks of virus transmission between species.}, }
@article {pmid36856200, year = {2023}, author = {Mofu, L and Dalu, T and Wasserman, RJ and Woodford, DJ and Weyl, OLF}, title = {Trophic ecology of co-occurring fishes in the Sundays River Valley irrigation ponds, assessed using stable isotope and gut content analyses.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {102}, number = {5}, pages = {1191-1205}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15360}, pmid = {36856200}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {138206//National Research Foundation (NRF)/ ; 88746//National Research Foundation (NRF)/ ; 103581//National Research Foundation (NRF)/ ; 109015//National Research Foundation (NRF)/ ; 110507//National Research Foundation (NRF)/ ; 101039//National Research Foundation (NRF)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Rivers ; Ponds ; Food Chain ; Fishes ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; }, abstract = {The analysis of food web structures has increased the understanding of the dynamics of organisms belonging to different trophic levels. In this study, the diet of two native species, Glossogobius callidus and Gilchristella aestuaria, was assessed in the presence of two non-native species, Oreochromis mossambicus and Gambusia affinis, in irrigation ponds, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The proportion of dietary items consumed and assimilated by the four fish species were inferred from gut contents and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis. Stable isotope analysis revealed that both G. affinis and O. mossambicus had a larger isotopic niche size than G. callidus and G. aestuaria. Although G. callidus fed on benthic resources and G. aestuaria fed on phytoplankton, gut content analysis showed that G. callidus, O. mossambicus and G. affinis fed predominantly on benthic resources, whereas G. aestuaria fed mainly on plankton resources. Considerable niche overlap corroborates the view that resource competition is a major factor shaping the composition of the four fish species. This study highlighted the low diversity of the food web within the Sundays River Valley irrigation ponds, where food items are shared by all the small-bodied fishes.}, }
@article {pmid36855906, year = {2023}, author = {Verhelst, P and Verreycken, H}, title = {First record in Europe of the Asian gobiid, shimofuri (marbled) goby Tridentiger bifasciatus Steindachner, 1881.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {102}, number = {5}, pages = {1253-1255}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15362}, pmid = {36855906}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; *Perciformes ; Europe ; Belgium ; China ; Japan ; }, abstract = {In November 2022, two shimofuri (marbled) gobies Tridentiger bifasciatus Steindachner, 1881 were caught in the Gent-Terneuzen shipping canal, Belgium. It is the first record of the species in Europe. Outside its native distribution area in Japan, China and South Korea, thus far the shimofuri goby has been observed only on the West Coast of the USA, where established populations exist. The introduction vector potentially was ballast water exchange.}, }
@article {pmid36852917, year = {2023}, author = {Baichman-Kass, A and Song, T and Friedman, J}, title = {Competitive interactions between culturable bacteria are highly non-additive.}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {36852917}, issn = {2050-084X}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; *Bacteria ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Microorganisms are found in diverse communities whose structure and function are determined by interspecific interactions. Just as single species seldom exist in isolation, communities as a whole are also constantly challenged and affected by external species. Though much work has been done on characterizing how individual species affect each other through pairwise interactions, the joint effects of multiple species on a single (focal) species remain underexplored. As such, it is still unclear how single-species effects combine to a community-level effect on a species of interest. To explore this relationship, we assayed thousands of communities of two, three, and four bacterial species, measuring the effect of single, pairs of, and trios of 61 affecting species on six different focal species. We found that when multiple species each have a negative effect on a focal species, their joint effect is typically not given by the sum of the effects of individual affecting species. Rather, they are dominated by the strongest individual-species effect. Therefore, while joint effects of multiple species are often non-additive, they can still be derived from the effects of individual species, making it plausible to map complex interaction networks based on pairwise measurements. This finding is important for understanding the fate of species introduced into an occupied environment and is relevant for applications in medicine and agriculture, such as probiotics and biocontrol agents, as well as for ecological questions surrounding migrating and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid36851475, year = {2023}, author = {Lombardo, A and Diano, M and Brocherel, G and Palmerini, L and Giovannini, S and Mezher, Z and Iurescia, M and Cerci, T and Caprioli, A and Eleni, C and Raso, C and Mariacher, A and Del Lesto, I and Cappai, N and Mattioli, L and De Liberato, C and Fichi, G}, title = {Detection of Endoparasites in Non-Native Raccoons from Central Italy.}, journal = {Veterinary sciences}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {36851475}, issn = {2306-7381}, support = {RC 10/2021//Ministero della Salute/ ; }, abstract = {The raccoon (Procyon lotor) is a carnivore native to North and Central America, gradually introduced into Asia and Europe, including Italy. It is an important carrier of multiple endoparasites, both Protozoa and Helminths, some of them being zoonotic. The aim of this study was to investigate the endoparasites of the non-native raccoon population of Central Italy. Sixty-two raccoons were collected by local competent authorities (sixty trapped and euthanized, two found dead) and subjected to necroscopic examination. Carcasses underwent a broad parasitological investigation, including coprological techniques (macroscopic examination of the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, trachea, and heart, Flotac[®], Baermann test, and immunofluorescence for Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp.), research on respiratory/urinary capillariosis and artificial digestion for Trichinella spp. larvae, and a histopathological examination of the ileum. Ascarid parasites were further identified at the species level using a next-generation sequencing-based amplicon sequencing approach. The results showed the presence of different Protozoa and Nematodes: Baylisascaris procyonis (26/62; 41.9%), Pearsonema sp. (6/62; 9.6%), Capillariidae (6/62; 9.6%), Eimeria sp. (2/62; 3.2%), Cryptosporidium sp. (2/62; 3.2%), and Ancylostomatidae (2/62; 3.2%). B. procyonis is an emerging helminthic zoonotic agent considered a serious concern for public and animal health, given the possibility of its transmission to paratenic hosts, including humans and pets. The demonstrated role of the raccoon as a multi-parasite carrier should be an incentive to continuing the eradication/control of this alien species, and supports the need to implement related disease surveillance programs.}, }
@article {pmid36851068, year = {2023}, author = {Yan, ZG and Zheng, X and Zhang, YZ and Yang, ZH and Zhou, Q and Men, SH and Du, JZ}, title = {Chinese Technical Guideline for Deriving Water Quality Criteria for Protection of Freshwater Organisms.}, journal = {Toxics}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {36851068}, issn = {2305-6304}, abstract = {In recent years, China has determined the national goal of "developing national environmental criteria", thereby promoting the rapid development of environmental quality criteria research in China. In 2017, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China (MEEC, formerly the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China) issued the technical guideline for deriving water quality criteria (WQC) for protection of freshwater organisms (HJ 831-2017), and in 2022, they organized the guideline revision and issued an updated version (HJ 831-2022). The primary contents of the revision included the following. The minimum toxicity data requirements were upgraded from 6 to 10, and the species mean toxicity value was replaced by the same effect toxicity value for the criteria calculation. It is now required that the tested organisms must be distributed in China's natural fresh waters, and the toxicity data of non-native model species will no longer be used. The list of freshwater invasive species in China that cannot be used as test species was added into the guideline. The acute/chronic ratio (ACR) method for the criteria derivation and the extreme value model were deleted, and the provisions for testing the toxicity data distribution were also deleted. The exposure time of the toxicity test of various tested organisms was refined, and the priority of the toxicity data was clearly specified. This paper introduces the framework and specific technical requirements of HJ 831-2022 in detail, including data collection, pre-processing of toxicity data, criteria derivation, fitting models, and quality control. This introduction is helpful for international peers to understand the latest research progress of China's WQC.}, }
@article {pmid36846446, year = {2023}, author = {Singh, M and Daehler, CC}, title = {Meta-analytic evidence that allelopathy may increase the success and impact of invasive grasses.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e14858}, pmid = {36846446}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {*Poaceae ; Phylogeny ; *Allelopathy ; Bayes Theorem ; Introduced Species ; Pheromones/metabolism ; Soil ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the grass family, a disproportionate number of species have been designated as being invasive. Various growth traits have been proposed to explain the invasiveness of grasses; however, the possibility that allelopathy gives invasive grasses a competitive advantage has attracted relatively little attention. Recent research has isolated plant allelochemicals that are mostly specific to the grass family that can breakdown into relatively stable, toxic byproducts.<br><br>METHODS: We conducted a meta-analysis of studies on grass allelopathy to test three prominent hypotheses from invasion biology and competition theory: (1) on native recipients, non-native grasses will have a significantly more negative effect compared to native grasses (Novel Weapons Hypothesis); (2) among native grasses, their effect on non-native recipients will be significantly more negative compared to their effect on native recipients (Biotic Resistance Hypothesis); and (3) allelopathic impacts will increase with phylogenetic distance (Phylogenetic Distance Hypothesis). From 23 studies, we gathered a dataset of 524 observed effect sizes (delta log response ratios) measuring the allelopathic impact of grasses on growth and germination of recipient species, and we used non-linear mixed-effects Bayesian modeling to test the hypotheses.<br><br>RESULTS: We found support for the Novel Weapons Hypothesis: on native recipients, non-native grasses were twice as suppressive as native grasses (22% vs 11%, respectively). The Phylogenetic Distance Hypothesis was supported by our finding of a significant correlation between phylogenetic distance and allelopathic impact. The Biotic Resistance Hypothesis was not supported. Overall, this meta-analysis adds to the evidence that allelochemicals may commonly contribute to successful or high impact invasions in the grass family. Increased awareness of the role of allelopathy in soil legacy effects associated with grass invasions may improve restoration outcomes through implementation of allelopathy-informed restoration practices. Examples of allelopathy-informed practices, and the knowledge needed to utilize them effectively, are discussed, including the use of activated carbon to neutralize allelochemicals and modify the soil microbial community.}, }
@article {pmid36846041, year = {2022}, author = {Orden, JA and Martínez-Rodrigo, A and Vela, AI and Fernández-Garayzábal, JF and Hurtado-Morillas, C and Mas, A and Domínguez-Bernal, G}, title = {Detection and Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterobacteriaceae other than Escherichia Coli in Raccoons from the Madrid Region of Spain.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary research}, volume = {66}, number = {4}, pages = {565-569}, pmid = {36846041}, issn = {2450-7393}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Raccoons are an invasive alien species widely distributed in the Madrid region of Spain. These animals can carry a variety of enteric bacteria with associated antimicrobial resistance, which can infect humans and livestock. However, to our knowledge, the presence of non-E. coli Enterobacteriaceae in raccoons has not been previously studied.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a study to examine the species distribution of Enterobacteriaceae isolates other than E. coli, as well as their antimicrobial resistance, in the faeces of 83 raccoons in the Madrid region.<br><br>RESULTS: We detected 12 Enterobacteriaceae isolates other than E. coli belonging to seven different species: Citrobacter freundii (1 isolate), Citrobacter gillenii (3 isolates), Citrobacter murliniae (1 isolate), Citrobacter portucalensis (2 isolates), Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. hoffmannii (1 isolate), Hafnia paralvei (2 isolates) and Raoultella ornithinolytica (2 isolates). These isolates were found in 7 of the 83 (8.4%) animals studied. To our knowledge, this study is the first report of the presence of non-E. coli Enterobacteriaceae in raccoon faeces. All isolates but one were resistant to at least one of the 14 antimicrobials tested. Resistance to ampicillin (83.3%), amoxicillinclavulanic acid (50%) and cefoxitin (33.3%) was the most frequent.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that raccoons are a potential source of infection with Enterobacteriaceae other than E. coli for humans and livestock in the Madrid region.}, }
@article {pmid36842586, year = {2023}, author = {Pérez-Diz, M and Rodríguez-Addesso, B and Hussain, MI and Rodríguez, J and Novoa, A and González, L}, title = {Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope compositions provide new insights into the phenotypic plasticity of the invasive species Carpobrotus sp. pl. in different coastal habitats.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {873}, number = {}, pages = {162470}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162470}, pmid = {36842586}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Humans ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Carbon ; Carbon Isotopes ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; *Aizoaceae/physiology ; }, abstract = {The genus Carpobrotus N.E.Br. comprises several aggressive invasive species that threaten biodiversity in coastal areas worldwide. We studied the phenotypic plasticity of Carpobrotus sp. pl. invading four coastal habitats in the north-western Iberian Peninsula (coastal cliffs, disturbed areas, dunes and coastal forests). We measured morphological traits and carbon (δ[13]C) and nitrogen (δ[15]N) stable isotope compositions of Carpobrotus sp. pl. individuals collected in each habitat. Our results indicated that leaf carbon content (% C) and dry shoot weight were higher on cliffs and lower in mixed forests. In contrast, leaf hydration was higher in mixed forests and lower on cliffs. Leaf nitrogen content (% N) was higher in forests, which might be due to the presence of Acacia longifolia, an alien tree that accumulates N in the soil through symbiotic associations with N fixing bacteria. Differences in δ[15]N showed the use of different N sources in each habitat. Values were higher in disturbed areas with greater human activity and lower on cliffs and forests. δ[13]C was higher in cliffs and dunes, suggesting CAM activity where drought and salinity are more intense. Water use efficiency (iWUE) and δ[13]C were higher on cliffs and dunes, suggesting an adaptation and high tolerance of Carpobrotus sp. pl. to unfavourable conditions such as drought or salinity in the invaded areas.}, }
@article {pmid36842575, year = {2023}, author = {Avigliano, E and Niklitschek, E and Chung, MT and Diaz, B and Chalde, T and Di Prinzio, C and Solimano, P and Llompart, F and Garcés, C and Diaz Ochoa, J and Aldea, C and Huang, KF and Duquenoy, C and Leisen, M and Volpedo, A}, title = {Isotope geochemistry as a natural tag of fish in Patagonian freshwater environments: The invasive Chinook salmon case.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {873}, number = {}, pages = {162395}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162395}, pmid = {36842575}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Salmon ; *Rivers ; Ecosystem ; Water ; Isotopes ; }, abstract = {Patagonian aquatic environments have been invaded since the end of the last century by different species of salmonids. Knowing the natal origin and homing/straying rate of the salmonids in colonised environments is essential to understanding the dispersal mechanisms and developing management plans. In the last two decades, Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha showed the greatest natural dispersal capacity in Patagonia. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the environmental strontium isotope ratio ([87]Sr/[86]Sr) as a potential natural tag to infer the natal origin and ontogenetic habitat use of salmonids in Patagonia, specifically Chinook salmon. [87]Sr/[86]Sr ratio was determined in water samples from 26 sites distributed in 14 Atlantic and Pacific basins in low and high water seasons. Environmental [87]Sr/[86]Sr showed greater spatial than temporal variation, revealing great potential as a tool to infer the natal origin and life history of several migratory fish species in Patagonia. Otolith core-to-edge [87]Sr/[86]Sr profiles were also analysed in 108 Chinook salmon from six basins. A cluster analysis based on the Unweighted Pair Group method (UPGMA) and Euclidean distances without prior classification grouped the sampled rivers into five main groups with significantly different (p < 0.05) isotopic ratios, sometimes integrated basins with different slopes (Atlantic or Pacific). The cluster analysis based on the natal [87]Sr/[86]Sr period in otolith (∼natal origin) showed clear segregation between the Atlantic and Pacific samples. A mismatch between water and otolith natal [87]Sr/[86]Sr ratio was detected in some Atlantic basins (e.g. De las Vueltas River in Santa Cruz Basin) and Pacific (e.g. Liquiñe Basin) and, which could be explained either by straying behaviours or by large geochemical variability between tributaries, within river systems. Our results showed that [87]Sr/[86]Sr is a useful natural tag to trace the life history of migratory fishes in Patagonia, especially for invasive species such as Chinook salmon.}, }
@article {pmid36841407, year = {2023}, author = {Rowan, NJ}, title = {Current decontamination challenges and potentially complementary solutions to safeguard the vulnerable seafood industry from recalcitrant human norovirus in live shellfish: Quo Vadis?.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {874}, number = {}, pages = {162380}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162380}, pmid = {36841407}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Norovirus/physiology ; Wastewater ; Decontamination ; Ecosystem ; Shellfish/microbiology ; *Ostreidae ; }, abstract = {Safeguarding the seafood industry is important given its contribution to supporting our growing global population. However, shellfish are filter feeders that bioaccumulate microbial contaminants in their tissue from wastewater discharged into the same coastal growing environments leading to significant human disease outbreaks unless appropriately mitigated. Removal or inactivation of enteric viruses is very challenging particularly as human norovirus (hNoV) binds to specific histo-blood ligands in live oyster tissue that are consumed raw or lightly cooked. The regulatory framework that sets out use of clean seawater and UV disinfection is appropriate for bacterial decontamination at the post-harvest land-based depuration (cleaning) stage. However, additional non-thermal technologies are required to eliminate hNoV in live shellfish (particularly oysters) where published genomic studies report that low-pressure UV has limited effectiveness in inactivating hNoV. The use of the standard genomic detection method (ISO 15, 216-1:2017) is not appropriate for assessing the loss of infectious hNoV in treated live shellfish. The use of surrogate viral infectivity methods appear to offer some insight into the loss of hNoV infectiousness in live shellfish during decontamination. This paper reviews the use of existing and potentially other combinational treatment approaches to enhance the removal or inactivation of enteric viruses in live shellfish. The use of alternative and complementary novel diagnostic approaches to discern viable hNoV are discussed. The effectiveness and virological safety of new affordable hNoV intervention(s) require testing and validating at commercial shellfish production in conjunction with laboratory-based research. Appropriate risk management planning should encompass key stakeholders including local government and the wastewater industry. Gaining a mechanistic understanding of the relationship between hNoV response at molecular and structural levels in individually treated oysters as a unit will inform predictive modeling and appropriate treatment technologies. Global warming of coastal growing environments may introduce additional contaminant challenges (such as invasive species); thus, underscoring need to develop real-time ecosystem monitoring of growing environments to alert shellfish producers to appropriately mitigate these threats.}, }
@article {pmid36840320, year = {2023}, author = {Chaves Lobón, N and González Félix, M and Alías Gallego, JC}, title = {Comparison of the Allelopathic Potential of Non-Native and Native Species of Mediterranean Ecosystems.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {36840320}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {(GR-21086) and the European Regional Development Funds//Government of Extremadura/ ; }, abstract = {Allelopathy is a frequent interaction between species in Mediterranean ecosystems and it is also one of the proposed strategies to explain the colonisation of invasive species. To confirm the importance of allelopathic potential as a mechanism of invasion of non-native species in Mediterranean ecosystems, it would be advisable to compare the allelopathic effects of non-native plants with native plants on the same target species and thus avoid overestimating the role of phytotoxicity in the invasion process. The main objective of this work was to compare the allelopathic activity of native species typical of Mediterranean ecosystems, classified as allelopathic, with the allelopathic activity of non-native species that may have an invasive character in these ecosystems. To this end, we selected three native species (Cistus ladanifer, Pistacia lentiscus, and Pistacia terebithus) and three non-native species (Acacia dealbata, Acer negundo, and Salix babylonica), and we analysed their effect on the species Lactuca sativa and the native species Lavandula stoechas and Echium plantagineum. The tests on L. sativa showed that all species have allelopathic activity. The tests on L. stoechas and E. plantagineum revealed that P. terebinthus exerted the greatest effect, being the only species that maintained an inhibitory effect at extract concentrations of 50% and 25% in all the analysed parameters, except in germination and cotyledon emergence for E. plantagineum. There were no significant differences in the effect on germination between non-native and native species, although significant differences were found in the effect on root size in the three analysed concentrations, with the native species producing greater inhibition. In conclusion, these species exert a negative effect on the selected native target species, but the negative effect of the native species is greater than that of the non-native species. These results indicate that it is important to compare the allelopathic effects of invasive and native species to correctly estimate the phytotoxic effect of invasive species on their invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid36840268, year = {2023}, author = {Andonova, T and Muhovski, Y and Slavov, I and Vrancheva, R and Georgiev, V and Apostolova, E and Naimov, S and Mladenov, R and Pavlov, A and Dimitrova-Dyulgerova, I}, title = {Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant and DNA-Protective Capacity, and Microscopic Characters of Ailanthus altissima Aerial Substances.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {36840268}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Invasive species as sources of natural components are of increasing interest for scientific research. This is the case of Ailanthus altissima, which belongs to the top 100 of the most dangerous invasive plant species in Europe, and which is the subject of the present study. The purpose of the research was to analyze the main phenolic compounds in the flowers, leaves, and stem bark of A. altissima and determine the DNA-protective and antioxidant potential of their ethanolic extracts. HPLC profiling revealed the presence of 6 flavonoids and 10 phenolic acids, of which 15 were found in flowers, 14 in leaves, and 11 in the stem bark. Rutin (5.68 mg/g dw in flowers), hesperidin (2.67 mg/g dw in leaves) and (+)-catechin (2.15 mg/g dw in stem bark) were the best-represented flavonoids. Rosmarinic (10.32 mg/g dw in leaves) and salicylic (6.19 mg/g dw in leaves) acids were predominant among phenolic acids. All plant extracts tested showed in vitro antioxidant activity (determined by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC assays) and DNA-protection capacity (assay with supercoiled plasmid DNA-pUC19). The highest antioxidant activity was recorded in the flower parts (in the range from 661 to 893 mmol TE/g dw), followed by the leaves. A DNA protective potential for A. altissima leaf and flower extracts has not been established to date. In addition, the main microscopic diagnostic features of studied plant substances were described, with data for the flower parts being reported for the first time. The present study proves that A. altissima could be a natural source of DNA protection and antioxidants.}, }
@article {pmid36840203, year = {2023}, author = {Visztra, GV and Frei, K and Hábenczyus, AA and Soóky, A and Bátori, Z and Laborczi, A and Csikós, N and Szatmári, G and Szilassi, P}, title = {Applicability of Point- and Polygon-Based Vegetation Monitoring Data to Identify Soil, Hydrological and Climatic Driving Forces of Biological Invasions-A Case Study of Ailanthus altissima, Elaeagnus angustifolia and Robinia pseudoacacia.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {36840203}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Invasive tree species are a significant threat to native flora. They modify the environment with their allelopathic substances and inhibit the growth of native species by shading, thus reducing diversity. The most effective way to control invasive plants is to prevent their spread which requires identifying the environmental parameters promoting it. Since there are several types of invasive plant databases available, determining which database type is the most relevant for investigating the occurrence of alien plants is of great importance. In this study, we compared the efficiency and reliability of point-based (EUROSTAT Land Use and Coverage Area Frame Survey (LUCAS)) and polygon-based (National Forestry Database (NFD)) databases using geostatistical methods in ArcGIS software. We also investigated the occurrence of three invasive tree species (Ailanthus altissima, Elaeagnus angustifolia, and Robinia pseudoacacia) and their relationships with soil, hydrological, and climatic parameters such as soil organic matter content, pH, calcium carbonate content, rooting depth, water-holding capacity, distance from the nearest surface water, groundwater depth, mean annual temperature, and mean annual precipitation with generalized linear models in R-studio software. Our results show that the invasion levels of the tree species under study are generally over-represented in the LUCAS point-based vegetation maps, and the point-based database requires a dataset with a larger number of samples to be reliable. Regarding the polygon-based database, we found that the occurrence of the invasive species is generally related to the investigated soil and hydrological and climatic factors.}, }
@article {pmid36840146, year = {2023}, author = {Valicharla, SK and Li, X and Greenleaf, J and Turcotte, R and Hayes, C and Park, YL}, title = {Precision Detection and Assessment of Ash Death and Decline Caused by the Emerald Ash Borer Using Drones and Deep Learning.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {36840146}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {2021-67014-33757//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; 19-CS-11330110-076//US Forest Service/ ; }, abstract = {Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) is an invasive pest that has killed millions of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in the USA since its first detection in 2002. Although the current methods for trapping emerald ash borers (e.g., sticky traps and trap trees) and visual ground and aerial surveys are generally effective, they are inefficient for precisely locating and assessing the declining and dead ash trees in large or hard-to-access areas. This study was conducted to develop and evaluate a new tool for safe, efficient, and precise detection and assessment of ash decline and death caused by emerald ash borer by using aerial surveys with unmanned aerial systems (a.k.a., drones) and a deep learning model. Aerial surveys with drones were conducted to obtain 6174 aerial images including ash decline in the deciduous forests in West Virginia and Pennsylvania, USA. The ash trees in each image were manually annotated for training and validating deep learning models. The models were evaluated using the object recognition metrics: mean average precisions (mAP) and two average precisions (AP50 and AP75). Our comprehensive analyses with instance segmentation models showed that Mask2former was the most effective model for detecting declining and dead ash trees with 0.789, 0.617, and 0.542 for AP50, AP75, and mAP, respectively, on the validation dataset. A follow-up in-situ field study conducted in nine locations with various levels of ash decline and death demonstrated that deep learning along with aerial survey using drones could be an innovative tool for rapid, safe, and efficient detection and assessment of ash decline and death in large or hard-to-access areas.}, }
@article {pmid36840097, year = {2023}, author = {Jacobson, TKB and Gerber, D and Azevedo, JC}, title = {Invasiveness, Monitoring and Control of Hakea sericea: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {36840097}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {DPG 008-2021//FAP-DF - Federal District Research Support Foundation/ ; UIDB/00690/2020, UIDP/00690/2020, LA/P/0007/2020, SFRH/BD/04517/2021//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; }, abstract = {Solutions for ecological and economic problems posed by Hakea sericea invasions rely on scientific knowledge. We conducted a systematic review to analyze and synthesize the past and current scientific knowledge concerning H. sericea invasion processes and mechanisms, as well as monitoring and control techniques. We used ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and CAPES Periodicals to look for publications on the ecological and environmental factors involved in H. sericea establishment (question 1); responses of H. sericea to fire in native and invaded ecosystems (question 2); and H. sericea monitoring and control methods (question 3). We identified 207 publications, 47.4% of which related to question 1, mainly from Australia and South Africa, with an increasing trend in the number of publications on monitoring and modeling. The traits identified in our systematic review, such as adaptations to dystrophic environments, drought resistance, sclerophylly, low transpiration rates, high nutrient use efficiency, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rates, strong serotiny, proteoid roots and high post-fire seed survival and seedling recruitment, highlighted that H. sericea is a successful invader species due to its long adaptive history mediated by an arsenal of ecophysiological mechanisms that place it at a superior competitive level, especially in fire-prone ecosystems. Integrated cost-effective control methods in selected areas and the incorporation of information on the temporal invasion dynamics can significantly improve invasion control and mitigate H. sericea impacts while maintaining the supply of ecosystem services in invaded areas.}, }
@article {pmid36840049, year = {2023}, author = {Garcia-Murillo, P}, title = {Hydrocharis laevigata in Europe.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {36840049}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Hydrocharis laevigata (Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Willd.) Byng &amp; Christenh. [= Limnobium laevigatum (Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Willd.) Heine], Hydrocharitaceae, is a floating-leaf aquatic plant that is native to inland South America. It is an invasive species in several parts of the world. Reports of its presence in Europe have been recently published: naturalised populations occur in three locations on the Iberian Peninsula. The literature also contains records of the species in Hungary and Poland. In addition, it has been observed in Sweden, Belgium, and the Netherlands. H. laevigata is highly adaptable and can profoundly transform habitat conditions in its invasive range, causing major issues for ecosystem conservation and human activities. Until recently, H. laevigata was not to be found in natural environments in Europe. Factors explaining its spread include its use as an ornamental plant, the eutrophication of inland waters, and the effects of global warming. With a focus on Europe, this short communication provides information on the species' distribution, taxonomy, biology, habitat, and negative impacts.}, }
@article {pmid36839469, year = {2023}, author = {Perec-Matysiak, A and Hildebrand, J and Popiołek, M and Buńkowska-Gawlik, K}, title = {The Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wild-Living Carnivores in Poland-A Question Concerning Its Host Specificity.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {36839469}, issn = {2076-0817}, abstract = {Cryptosporidium is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite that primarily infects the gastrointestinal epithelium in humans and domestic and wild animals. The majority of studies have been focused on human, livestock, and pet infections. Hence, Cryptosporidium spp. in wildlife, including wild carnivores, remained neglected. There are several studies reporting the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild foxes, but these are only a few molecular surveys; no data is available concerning the occurrence of this parasite in raccoon dogs and martens in Europe, and to the best of our knowledge to date, only one study has reported Cryptosporidium from badgers in Spain. Therefore, we used molecular analyses to identify and genotype Cryptosporidium spp. in wild-living mesocarnivores in Poland. A total of 322 individual fecal samples from six carnivore species, i.e., raccoon, raccoon dog, red fox, European badger, pine, and beech martens were collected and then analyzed for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. using the nested PCR method. The appearance of PCR products in the reaction with Cryptosporidium-specific primers against the 18S rRNA and actin genes demonstrated that Cryptosporidium spp. occurred in 23.0% of all examined species of animals. Performed sequence analyses showed the presence of the Cryptosporidium skunk genotype, Cryptosporidium vole genotype II, Cryptosporidium canis dog and fox genotypes, as well as Cryptosporidium erinacei, Cryptosporidium ditrichi, Cryptosporidium suis, and Cryptosporidium alticolis, in these hosts. Molecular data presented here indicate that examined mesocarnivores may be a significant reservoir of specific and non-specific Cryptosporidium species, including those with zoonotic potential. Most studies of carnivores have described the presence of non-specific Cryptosporidium spp. in carnivore hosts, and this is probably the result of the transfer of these parasites from prey species through the digestive tract or the transfer of the parasite from a contaminated environment.}, }
@article {pmid36839450, year = {2023}, author = {Veronesi, F and Deak, G and Diakou, A}, title = {Wild Mesocarnivores as Reservoirs of Endoparasites Causing Important Zoonoses and Emerging Bridging Infections across Europe.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {36839450}, issn = {2076-0817}, abstract = {Mesocarnivores are small- or mid-sized carnivore species that display a variety of ecologies and behaviours. In Europe, wild mesocarnivores are represented by the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), the golden jackal (Canis aureus), the European wildcat (Felis silvestris), the Mustelidae of the genera Meles, Martes, Mustela, Lutra, the invasive species of raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and American mink (Neogale vison). These abundant animals thrive in various habitats and often develop their activity close to human settlements. Thus, they may play an important role in the introduction, maintenance, and transmission of major parasitic zoonoses and promote bridging infections with domestic animals. Against this background, this article reports and discusses some of the most important endoparasites of wild mesocarnivores living in Europe, on the basis of their actual role as reservoirs, spreaders, or sentinels. The data derived from epizootiological studies in different European countries, and the proven or speculated implications of the detected endoparasites in human and domestic animals' health, are discussed. Through older and recent literature review, the state-of-the-art knowledge on the occurrence and prevalence of the parasites under consideration is presented, showing further, warranted investigations and the need for surveillance and vigilance.}, }
@article {pmid36839447, year = {2023}, author = {Perin, PP and Lapera, IM and Arias-Pacheco, CA and Mendonça, TO and Oliveira, WJ and de Souza Pollo, A and Dos Santos Silva, C and Tebaldi, JH and da Silva, B and Lux-Hoppe, EG}, title = {Epidemiology and Integrative Taxonomy of Helminths of Invasive Wild Boars, Brazil.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {36839447}, issn = {2076-0817}, support = {001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; 2017/04990-6//S&#xe3;o Paulo Research Foundation/ ; 311063/2022-5//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; }, abstract = {Wild boars (Sus scrofa) are a significant invasive species in Brazil. We evaluated the helminth diversity of 96 wild boars in São Paulo state. Helminth infection descriptors were calculated, the species were identified and their 18S, 28S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were amplified for phylogenetic analyses. Ascarops strongylina, Strongyloides ransomi, Globocephalus urosubulatus, Oesophagostomum dentatum, Trichuris suis, Metastrongylus salmi, Metastrongylus pudendotecus, Ascaris suum and Stephanurus dentatus and Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus were identified. Globocephalus urosubulatus had the highest prevalence and mean abundance, and most animals had mixed infections with three parasite species. There was no association between parasite intensity and prevalence and host sex and body condition index (p > 0.05). Novel DNA sequences were obtained from G. urosubulatus, A. strongylina, and S. dentatus. This is the first study on the helmint diversity of non-captive wild boars in Brazil, and the first report of the occurrence of M. hirudinaceus, G. urosubulatus and S. dentatus in Brazilian wild boars. Non-captive wild boars of São Paulo State did not act as capture hosts for native helminth species but maintained their typical parasites, common to domestic pigs. They may act as parasite dispersers for low-tech subsistence pig farming and for native Tayassuidae.}, }
@article {pmid36835779, year = {2023}, author = {Li, JY and Gao, YX and Li, CY and Jin, YL and Yang, SQ and Xia, JH and Zhang, YF and Bu, Y and Li, K}, title = {Effects of Species Invasion and Inundation on the Collembola Community in Coastal Mudflat Wetland from the Perspective of Functional Traits.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {36835779}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {31772509, 32170471//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {The group of soil arthropods known as Collembola is characterized by its abundance and sensitivity to environmental changes. They are ideal an species for soil indicators. In order to clarify the effects of species invasion and inundation on the Collembola community in coastal mudflat wetlands, the correlation between the collembolan functional traits and environmental factors was studied in Shanghai Jiuduansha Wetland National Nature Reserve for the first time. Five sample plots, including three vegetations-Spartina alterniflora (an invasive species), Phragmites australis, and Zizania latifolia-were set up following the differences in vegetation types and between high and low tidal flats. Data on the diversity of the Collembolan species and their functional traits were collected and combined with the soil physicochemical properties and vegetation environment factors in different tidal flats. The key findings and conclusions of the study are as follows: a total of 18 species, four families, and three orders make up the obtained Collembola, two species of Proisotoma are dominant species that account for 49.59% and 24.91% of the total, respectively. The maintenance of the species diversity of Collembola is disturbed by the higher conversion efficiency of Spartina alterniflora rather than Phragmites australis with lower organic carbon (C) content and higher total nitrogen (N) content. The primary environmental variables influencing species distribution were the C/N ratio, total N, and bulk soil density. The bulk density of the soil impacts the movement and dispersal of the functional traits. The depth of the soil layer is related to the functional traits of the sensory ability. The analysis of the functional traits and environment is fairly helpful in exploring how species respond to their environment and offers a better explanation for the habitat selection of Collembola.}, }
@article {pmid36835766, year = {2023}, author = {McCarthy, J and Khadka, A and Hakanoglu, H and Sun, Q}, title = {Influence of Soldiers on Exploratory Foraging Behavior in the Formosan Subterranean Termite, Coptotermes formosanus (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {36835766}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {Accession Number: 1019492; Project Number: LAB94437//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; Structural Pest Research Contract//Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry/ ; }, abstract = {Termites are eusocial insects that live in organized colonies consisting of reproductives, workers, and soldiers. Soldiers are specialized for defense but are expensive to maintain, as they are incapable of husbandry and must be fed and groomed by workers. The soldiers of several species influence foraging behavior by acting as scouts that initiate foraging or by mediating worker behavioral plasticity during food exploration. These behaviors imply that soldiers may play a keystone role in termite colony function, apart from defense. Subterranean termite workers tunnel through soil in search of food while accompanied by varying proportions of soldiers, depending on the species and colony conditions. Previous studies have shown that soldiers accelerate worker exploratory tunneling behavior in two Reticulitermes species, the colonies of which contain fewer than 2% soldiers. This effect, however, is unknown in other subterranean species with different soldier proportions. In this study, we examined the influence of soldiers on exploratory foraging behavior in the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, which is an economically devastating invasive species that maintains a relatively high soldier proportion (about 10%). When 100 foraging workers were grouped with 0, 2, 10, or 30 soldiers in two-dimensional foraging arenas, we found no significant effect of soldiers on the tunnel length, branch pattern, food source interception, or food collected within 96 h. These results suggest that C. formosanus colonies maintain food exploration efficiency regardless of soldier proportion variation.}, }
@article {pmid36835739, year = {2023}, author = {Yasui, H and Uechi, N and Fujiwara-Tsujii, N}, title = {Differences in Male Mate Recognition between the Invasive Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Japanese Native A. malasiaca.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {36835739}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {JP17K07686//Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)/ ; JPJ007097//Project of the NARO Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution/ ; }, abstract = {The Asian longicorn beetle Anoplophora glabripennis is a recently arrived invasive species to Japan. The Japanese native A. malasiaca shows an extensive overlap with A. glabripennis with host plants, niches, and emergence season. Hybridization between these two species is suspected in Japan. The surface of the female is covered with contact sex pheromones that elicit male mating behavior within species. We evaluated the contact pheromonal activity of crude extract and fractions of female A. glabripennis coated on a black glass model and revealed a hydrocarbon fraction and a blend of fractions to show activity but relatively weak, suggesting the presence of other unknown active compounds. Few male A. glabripennis showed mating behavior when they were exposed to a crude extract of female A. malasiaca. However, a considerable number of A. malasiaca males mounted and showed abdominal bending behavior when presented with glass models that were coated with each extract of female A. glabripennis and A. malasiaca. Gomadalactones are essential contact pheromone components that elicit mating behavior in male A. malasiaca; however, we could not detect them in female A. glabripennis extract. Here, we investigated the possible reasons for this phenomenon and the difference in male mate recognition systems between these two species.}, }
@article {pmid36835694, year = {2023}, author = {Richardson, KV and Alston, DG and Spears, LR}, title = {Efficacy of Kairomone Lures to Attract Parasitoids of Halyomorpha halys.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {36835694}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2016-51181-25409//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; G219-22-W8615//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; 201182//Utah Department of Agriculture and Food/ ; }, abstract = {In its native range, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) is suppressed by parasitoids in the genus Trissolcus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Trissolcus native to Utah have demonstrated low parasitism of H. halys, while adventive Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead) have shown parasitism of up to 20%. Custom rubber septa lures containing stink bug kairomones, n-tridecane (attractant), and (E)-2-decenal (repellent), at 100%, 90%, and 80% levels of attractant (10 mg load rate), were placed adjacent to sentinel H. halys egg masses in northern Utah field trials. Egg masses were evaluated for the presence and intensity (proportion of parasitized eggs) of parasitism. Parasitism by T. japonicus and T. euschisti (Ashmead) was low; however, the 100% lure showed double the parasitism of the control and more than three times that of the 90% and 80%. Two-way choice mesocosm trials in the laboratory evaluated previous lures and a lower load rate of 5 mg-100% attractant treatment. Lures of 10 mg at 100% and 80% were more attractive to T. japonicus than the control, while 5 mg at 100% and 10 mg at 90% showed no significant attraction. Our results support a proof-of-concept of rubber septa as release devices for kairomones to attract T. japonicus and provide a baseline for future field-based studies.}, }
@article {pmid36835687, year = {2023}, author = {Zollota, S and Perez, P and Allen, J and Argenti, T and Read, QD and Ascunce, MS}, title = {Are Ants Good Organisms to Teach Elementary Students about Invasive Species in Florida?.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {36835687}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {TESI n/a//This research was funded by the University of Florida Thompson Earth Systems Institute (TESI) as part of their Scientist in Every Florida School Initiative./ ; }, abstract = {This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of our outreach program "The ImportANTs of ANTs" in communicating scientific topics to elementary school children, using ants as example organisms. In this program's first phase, we focused on the concepts of native and invasive species and how invasive species affect ecosystems. The program included various active learning approaches, including presentations, handouts, crafts, and live colony viewings. At two schools (one in rural and one in suburban areas), 210 students from 5th grade were assessed using short, anonymous pre- and post-surveys. We analyzed the students' responses to questions from the following categories: general feelings about ants, ant knowledge, general care for the environment, general impact knowledge, and native/invasive species knowledge. The school populations displayed distinct opinion changes and knowledge gains; however, there was a significant increase in knowledge of native and invasive species in both populations. Our study demonstrates that ants are good models to teach children about the impact of invasive species. The project aims to drive universal responsibility by forging proactive attitudes toward protecting the environment and native species early.}, }
@article {pmid36833307, year = {2023}, author = {Pinho, CJ and Cardoso, L and Rocha, S and Vasconcelos, R}, title = {Aliens on Boats? The Eastern and Western Expansion of the African House Gecko.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {36833307}, issn = {2073-4425}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Ships ; Biodiversity ; Cabo Verde ; Introduced Species ; *Lizards ; }, abstract = {Invasive species disrupt relations between endemics and their ecosystem and are an increasing biodiversity conservation problem. The Hemidactylus genus comprises the most successful invasive reptile species, including the worldwide-distributed Hemidactylus mabouia. In this study, we used 12S and ND2 sequences to taxonomically identify and tentatively determine the diversity and origin of these invaders in Cabo Verde while also clarifying this for several Western Indian Ocean (WIO) populations. By comparing our sequences to recently published ones, we showed, for the first time, that Cabo Verde individuals belong to the H. mabouia sensu stricto lineage and that both of its sublineages (a and b) occur there. Both haplotypes are also in Madeira, which indicates a connection between these archipelagos, possibly related to the past Portuguese trading routes. Across the WIO, results clarified the identity of many island and coastal populations, showing that this likely invasive H. mabouia lineage is widespread in the region, including northern Madagascar, with important conservation implications. Colonisation origins were difficult to access due to the wide geographical spread of these haplotypes; thus, several possible scenarios were outlined. The introduction of this species throughout western and eastern Africa may threaten endemic taxa and needs to be closely monitored.}, }
@article {pmid36830533, year = {2023}, author = {Göttert, T and Perry, G}, title = {Going Wild in the City-Animal Feralization and Its Impacts on Biodiversity in Urban Environments.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {36830533}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Domestication describes a range of changes to wild species as they are increasingly brought under human selection and husbandry. Feralization is the process whereby a species leaves the human sphere and undergoes increasing natural selection in a wild context, which may or may not be geographically adjacent to where the originator wild species evolved prior to domestication. Distinguishing between domestic, feral, and wild species can be difficult, since some populations of so-called "wild species" are at least partly descended from domesticated "populations" (e.g., junglefowl, European wild sheep) and because transitions in both directions are gradual rather than abrupt. In urban settings, prior selection for coexistence with humans provides particular benefit for a domestic organism that undergoes feralization. One risk is that such taxa can become invasive not just at the site of release/escape but far away. As humanity becomes increasingly urban and pristine environments rapidly diminish, we believe that feralized populations also hold conservation value.}, }
@article {pmid36830468, year = {2023}, author = {Sanz, N and Franch, N and Araguas, RM and Viñas, J and Vidal, O}, title = {Environmental DNA Assay for the Detection of the American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) in the Early Stages of the Invasion in the Ebre Delta.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {36830468}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {2020/B537//the &#xc0;rea de Protecci&#xf3; i Recerca Parc Natural del Delta de l'Ebre, Generalitat de Catalunya/ ; 2021/B531//the &#xc0;rea de Protecci&#xf3; i Recerca Parc Natural del Delta de l'Ebre, Generalitat de Catalunya/ ; }, abstract = {The American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) is considered to be one of the most harmful invasive species. In the Iberian Peninsula, this species had been cited occasionally until the year 2018, when L. catesbeianus appeared in the Ebre Delta, and, for the first time, it started breeding in a territory of the Peninsula. Using environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis and visual surveys, the American bullfrog invasion in the Ebre Delta was monitored across two consecutive years (2019-2020). No specimens were observed in 2019, and results for the eDNA survey also failed to detect this species in the Delta. In 2020, two individuals were captured and, under the most conservative criteria to constrain the number of positive detections, eDNA analyses detected the presence of the American bullfrog in at least five locations. Performing an eDNA assay yielded a higher sensitivity with a lower sampling effort than traditional methods. Although the American bullfrog does not appear to still be well-established in the Ebre Delta, only a few bullfrog individuals could be enough for their establishment in suitable habitats. In this context, eDNA assays are essential tools to facilitate the detection, control, and eradication of this species in the first stage of the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid36829588, year = {2023}, author = {Scoparo, M and Cardinali, I and La Porta, G and Caldaroni, B and Magara, G and Dörr, AJM and Elia, AC and Lancioni, H}, title = {Phylogenetic Diversity of the Red Swamp Crayfish Procambarus clarkii and Its Dispersal Pattern in Northern and Central Italy.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {36829588}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {ID#8283 COD. SIME 2018.0425//Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Perugia/ ; }, abstract = {The red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii is one of the most threatening freshwater species in the world. The aim of this study is to provide a better understanding of the phylogeography and the invasion routes of P. clarkii populations in the Italian Peninsula through the analysis of mitochondrial phylogeny. Mitochondrial control region and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences of 153 samples collected from six Italian basins were analyzed and compared to worldwide data. Except for the lakes Bolsena and Posta Fibreno, a high genetic variability was found in the other basins. The mitochondrial DNA pattern of P. clarkii from the lakes Candia and Massaciuccoli confirmed the hypothesis of double introduction events. Another entry point could be represented by Lake Trasimeno, which shows haplotypes originating from Louisiana and not shared with other Italian basins. Moreover, unique lineages were also found in the Stella River, thus enhancing the hypothesis that multiple introductions of P. clarkii occurred in northern and Central Italy and strengthening the idea that knowledge about the dispersion routes of this alien species can be useful to predict its invasiveness and elaborate control strategies to preserve biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid36829530, year = {2023}, author = {Li, J and Leng, Z and Jia, H and Wei, L and Yuguda, TK and Du, D}, title = {Effect of Seawall Embankment Reclamation on the Distribution of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn Pollution in Invasive Spartina alterniflora and Native Phragmites australis Coastal Saltmarshes of East China.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {36829530}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {31800429 and 32071521//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; BK20170540 and BK20210751//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; }, abstract = {Coastal reclamation by seawall embankments and the spread of invasive C4 perennial grass Spartina alterniflora have recently become more prevalent in eastern China's coastal wetlands. While trace metals (TMs), carbon, and nitrogen dynamics concerning reclamation have extensively been explored across China's coastal wetlands, to date, the impact of reclamation by coastal embankment and exotic plant invasion on TMs' pollution dynamics in coastal marshes remains largely unexplored. We compared TMs Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn cumulation in coastal embankment-reclaimed versus unreclaimed S. alterniflora and Phragmites australis saltmarshes in eastern China coastal wetlands. In both S. alterniflora and P. australis marshes, coastal embankment reclamation spurred an increase in Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations by 31.66%, 53.85%, 32.14%, 33.96% and by 59.18%, 87.50%, 55.55%, 36.84%, respectively, in both marsh types. Reclamation also reduced plant biomass, soil moisture, and soil salinity in both plants' marshes. Our findings suggest that the impact of coastal embankment reclamation and replacement of native saltmarshes by invasive S. alterniflora had a synergistic effect on TM accumulation in the P. australis marshes, as corroborated by bioaccumulation and translocation factors. Reclamation by coastal embankments and invasive alien plants could significantly impair the physico-chemical properties of native plant saltmarsh and essentially weaken the accumulation of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn potential of the coastal saltmarshes. Our findings provide policymakers with an enhanced knowledge of the relationship between reclamation, plant invasiveness, and TM pollution dynamics in coastal wetlands, providing a baseline for attaining future goals and strategies related to the tradeoffs of various wetland reclamation types.}, }
@article {pmid36829491, year = {2023}, author = {Sherwood, AR and Guiry, MD}, title = {Inventory of the Seaweeds and Seagrasses of the Hawaiian Islands.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {36829491}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {DEB-1754117//National Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {This updated list is composed of a total of 661 records, which includes 71 brown algae, 450 red algae, 137 green algae, and three seagrasses, with an overall rate of endemism of 13.2%. Almost half (46.7%) of the Hawaiian records presented here are represented by at least one DNA sequence, while 16.3% are confirmed through a DNA sequence match to a topotype, and 6.7% are confirmed through a DNA sequence match to a type specimen. The data are presented in the context of the natural history of the Hawaiian Islands, which is heavily influenced by the volcanic hotspot origin of the archipelago in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, as well as the important cultural role of seaweeds and other marine plants in Hawai'i, and the current threats to marine ecosystems, which include the introduction and proliferation of a number of invasive marine macroalgae.}, }
@article {pmid36828223, year = {2023}, author = {Clagnan, E and Dell'Orto, M and Štěrbová, K and Grivalský, T and Artur Câmara Manoel, J and Masojídek, J and D'Imporzano, G and Gabriel Acién-Fernández, F and Adani, F}, title = {Impact of photobioreactor design on microalgae-bacteria communities grown on wastewater: Differences between thin-layer cascade and thin-layer raceway ponds.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {374}, number = {}, pages = {128781}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128781}, pmid = {36828223}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {Wastewater ; *Chlorella vulgaris ; *Microalgae ; Ponds ; Photobioreactors ; Biomass ; Bacteria/genetics ; }, abstract = {Thin-layer (TL) photobioreactors (PBRs) are characterised by high productivity. However, their use is limited to lab/pilot-scale, and a deeper level of characterisation is needed to reach industrial scale and test the resistance of multiple microalgae. Here, the performance and composition of eight microalgal communities cultivated in the two main TLs design (thin-layer cascade (TLC) and thin-layer raceway pond (RW)) were investigated through Illumina sequencing. Chlorella vulgaris showed robustness in both designs and often acted as an "invasive" species. Inoculum and reactor type brought variability. Eukaryotic microalgae inocula led to a more robust and stable community (higher similarity), however, RWs were characterised by a higher variability and did not favour the eukaryotic microalgae. The only cyanobacterial inoculum, Nostoc piscinale, was maintained, however the community was variable between designs. The reactor design had an effect on the N cycle with the TLC and RW configurations, enhancing nitrification and denitrification respectively.}, }
@article {pmid36827463, year = {2023}, author = {Davis, JS and Sim, S and Geib, S and Scheffler, B and Linnen, CR}, title = {Whole-genome resequencing data support a single introduction of the invasive white pine sawfly, Diprion similis.}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {114}, number = {3}, pages = {246-258}, doi = {10.1093/jhered/esad012}, pmid = {36827463}, issn = {1465-7333}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Biological Evolution ; North America ; *Hymenoptera ; *Pinus/genetics ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Biological introductions are unintended "natural experiments" that provide unique insights into evolutionary processes. Invasive phytophagous insects are of particular interest to evolutionary biologists studying adaptation, as introductions often require rapid adaptation to novel host plants. However, adaptive potential of invasive populations may be limited by reduced genetic diversity-a problem known as the "genetic paradox of invasions." One potential solution to this paradox is if there are multiple invasive waves that bolster genetic variation in invasive populations. Evaluating this hypothesis requires characterizing genetic variation and population structure in the invaded range. To this end, we assemble a reference genome and describe patterns of genetic variation in the introduced white pine sawfly, Diprion similis. This species was introduced to North America in 1914, where it has rapidly colonized the thin-needled eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), making it an ideal invasion system for studying adaptation to novel environments. To evaluate evidence of multiple introductions, we generated whole-genome resequencing data for 64 D. similis females sampled across the North American range. Both model-based and model-free clustering analyses supported a single population for North American D. similis. Within this population, we found evidence of isolation-by-distance and a pattern of declining heterozygosity with distance from the hypothesized introduction site. Together, these results support a single-introduction event. We consider implications of these findings for the genetic paradox of invasion and discuss priorities for future research in D. similis, a promising model system for invasion biology.}, }
@article {pmid36827303, year = {2023}, author = {Glassic, HC and Guy, CS and Tronstad, LM and Lujan, DR and Briggs, MA and Albertson, LK and Koel, TM}, title = {Invasive predator diet plasticity has implications for native fish conservation and invasive species suppression.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {e0279099}, pmid = {36827303}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Trout ; *Oncorhynchus ; Diet ; Wyoming ; }, abstract = {Diet plasticity is a common behavior exhibited by piscivores to sustain predator biomass when preferred prey biomass is reduced. Invasive piscivore diet plasticity could complicate suppression success; thus, understanding invasive predator consumption is insightful to meeting conservation targets. Here, we determine if diet plasticity exists in an invasive apex piscivore and whether plasticity could influence native species recovery benchmarks and invasive species suppression goals. We compared diet and stable isotope signatures of invasive lake trout and native Yellowstone cutthroat trout (cutthroat trout) from Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming, U.S.A. as a function of no, low-, moderate-, and high-lake trout density states. Lake trout exhibited plasticity in relation to their density; consumption of cutthroat trout decreased 5-fold (diet proportion from 0.89 to 0.18) from low- to high-density state. During the high-density state, lake trout switched to amphipods, which were also consumed by cutthroat trout, resulting in high diet overlap (Schoener's index value, D = 0.68) between the species. As suppression reduced lake trout densities (moderate-density state), more cutthroat trout were consumed (proportion of cutthroat trout = 0.42), and diet overlap was released between the species (D = 0.30). A shift in lake trout δ13C signatures from the high- to the moderate-density state also corroborated increased consumption of cutthroat trout and lake trout diet plasticity. Observed declines in lake trout are not commensurate with expected cutthroat trout recovery due to lake trout diet plasticity. The abundance of the native species in need of conservation may take longer to recover due to the diet plasticity of the invasive species. The changes observed in diet, diet overlap, and isotopes associated with predator suppression provides more insight into conservation and suppression dynamics than using predator and prey biomass alone. By understanding these dynamics, we can better prepare conservation programs for potential feedbacks caused by invasive species suppression.}, }
@article {pmid36825354, year = {2023}, author = {Zhu, Y and Champer, J}, title = {Simulations Reveal High Efficiency and Confinement of a Population Suppression CRISPR Toxin-Antidote Gene Drive.}, journal = {ACS synthetic biology}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {809-819}, doi = {10.1021/acssynbio.2c00611}, pmid = {36825354}, issn = {2161-5063}, mesh = {Humans ; *Antidotes ; *Gene Drive Technology ; CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics ; }, abstract = {Though engineered gene drives hold great promise for spreading through and suppressing populations of disease vectors or invasive species, complications such as resistance alleles and spatial population structure can prevent their success. Additionally, most forms of suppression drives, such as homing drives or driving Y chromosomes, will generally spread uncontrollably between populations with even small levels of migration. The previously proposed CRISPR-based toxin-antidote system called toxin-antidote dominant embryo (TADE) suppression drive could potentially address the issues of confinement and resistance. However, it is a relatively weak form of drive compared to homing drives, which might make it particularly vulnerable to spatial population structure. In this study, we investigate TADE suppression drive using individual-based simulations in a continuous spatial landscape. We find that the drive is actually more confined than in simple models without space, even in its most efficient form with low cleavage rate in embryos from maternally deposited Cas9. Furthermore, the drive performed well in continuous space scenarios if the initial release requirements were met, suppressing the population in a timely manner without being severely affected by chasing, a phenomenon in which wild-type individuals avoid the drive by recolonizing empty areas. At higher embryo cut rates, the drive loses its ability to spread, but a single, widespread release can often still induce rapid population collapse. Thus, if TADE suppression gene drives can be successfully constructed, they may play an important role in control of disease vectors and invasive species when stringent confinement to target populations is desired.}, }
@article {pmid36824515, year = {2022}, author = {Van Bortel, W and Versteirt, V and Dekoninck, W and Hance, T and Brosens, D and Hendrickx, G}, title = {MODIRISK: Mosquito vectors of disease, collection, monitoring and longitudinal data from Belgium.}, journal = {GigaByte (Hong Kong, China)}, volume = {2022}, number = {}, pages = {gigabyte58}, pmid = {36824515}, issn = {2709-4715}, abstract = {The MODIRISK project studied mosquito biodiversity and monitored and predicted biodiversity changes, to actively prepare to address issues of biodiversity change, especially invasive species and new pathogen risks. This work is essential given continuing global changes that may create suitable conditions for invasive species spread and the (re-)emergence of vector-borne diseases in Europe. Key strengths of MODIRISK, in the context of sustainable development, were the links between biodiversity and health and the environment, and its contribution to the development of tools for describing the spatial distribution of mosquito biodiversity. MODIRISK addressed key topics of the global Diversitas initiative, which was a main driver of the Belspo 'Science for a Sustainable Development' research program. Three different MODIRISK datasets were published in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF): the Collection dataset (the Culicidae collection of the Museum of Natural History in Brussels); the Inventory dataset (data from the MODIRISK inventory effort); and the Longitudinal dataset (experiment data used for risk assessments).}, }
@article {pmid36824207, year = {2023}, author = {Silva, CP and López, DN and Naulin, PI and Estay, SA}, title = {Can suitability indices predict plant growth in the invaded range? The case of Acacias species.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1125019}, pmid = {36824207}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Forestry in many parts of the world depends on exotic species, making this industry a source of invasions in some countries. Among others, plantations of the genus Pinus, Eucalyptus, Acacia, Populus, and Pseudotsuga underpin the forestry industry and are a vital component of many countries economies. Among woody plants, the cosmopolitan genus Acacia includes some of the most commonly planted trees worldwide. In order to prevent, manage and control invasive plant species, one of the most used tools is species distribution models. The output of these models can also be used to obtain information about population characteristics, such as spatial abundance patterns or species performance. Although ecological theory suggests a direct link between fitness and suitability, this link is often absent. The reasons behind the lack of this relationship are multiple. Chile is one of the countries where Acacia species, in particular, A. dealbata and A. melanoxylon, have become invaders.<br><br>METHODS: Here, we used climatic and edaphic variables to predict thepotentially suitable habitats for A. dealbata and A. melanoxylon in continental Chile and evaluate if the suitability indices obtained from these models are associated with the observed performance of the trees along the country.<br><br>RESULTS: Our models show that variable importance showed significant similarities between the variables that characterize each species' niche. However, despite the high accuracy of our models, we did not observe an association between suitability and tree growth.<br><br>DISCUSSION: This disconnection between suitability and performance can result from multiple causes, from structural limitations, like the lack of biotic interactions in the models, to methodological issues, like the usefulness of the performance metric used. Whatever the scenario, our results suggest that plans to control invasive species should be cautious in assuming this relationship in their design and consider other indicators such as species establishment success.}, }
@article {pmid36823195, year = {2023}, author = {Heinen, JH and Florens, FBV and Baider, C and Hume, JP and Kissling, WD and Whittaker, RJ and Rahbek, C and Borregaard, MK}, title = {Novel plant-frugivore network on Mauritius is unlikely to compensate for the extinction of seed dispersers.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {1019}, pmid = {36823195}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; *Fruit ; Mauritius ; Seeds ; Herbivory ; Mammals ; *Seed Dispersal ; Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Insular communities are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic extinctions and introductions. Changes in composition of island frugivore communities may affect seed dispersal within the native plant community, risking ecological shifts and ultimately co-extinction cascades. Introduced species could potentially mitigate these risks by replacing ecological functions of extinct species, but conclusive evidence is lacking. Here, we investigate changes in plant-frugivore interactions involving frugivorous birds, mammals and reptiles in Mauritius, an oceanic island with an exceptionally well-specified frugivore community and well-described species introduction history. We demonstrate substantial losses of binary interaction partnerships (at the species level) resulting from native species extinctions, but also gains of equal numbers of novel interactions with introduced species, potentially supporting the idea that non-native species might compensate for lost seed dispersal. However, closer investigation of animal seed handling behaviour reveals that most interactions with seed dispersers are replaced by ecologically different interactions with seed predators. Therefore, restoration of seed dispersal functionality in this novel plant-frugivore community is unlikely.}, }
@article {pmid36814414, year = {2023}, author = {Stuart, KC and Edwards, RJ and Sherwin, WB and Rollins, LA}, title = {Contrasting Patterns of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Structural Variation Across Multiple Invasions.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {36814414}, issn = {1537-1719}, mesh = {*Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Australia ; *Genomics ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Genetic Variation ; }, abstract = {Genetic divergence is the fundamental process that drives evolution and ultimately speciation. Structural variants (SVs) are large-scale genomic differences within a species or population and can cause functionally important phenotypic differences. Characterizing SVs across invasive species will fill knowledge gaps regarding how patterns of genetic diversity and genetic architecture shape rapid adaptation under new selection regimes. Here, we seek to understand patterns in genetic diversity within the globally invasive European starling, Sturnus vulgaris. Using whole genome sequencing of eight native United Kingdom (UK), eight invasive North America (NA), and 33 invasive Australian (AU) starlings, we examine patterns in genome-wide SNPs and SVs between populations and within Australia. Our findings detail the landscape of standing genetic variation across recently diverged continental populations of this invasive avian. We demonstrate that patterns of genetic diversity estimated from SVs do not necessarily reflect relative patterns from SNP data, either when considering patterns of diversity along the length of the organism's chromosomes (owing to enrichment of SVs in subtelomeric repeat regions), or interpopulation diversity patterns (possibly a result of altered selection regimes or introduction history). Finally, we find that levels of balancing selection within the native range differ across SNP and SV of different classes and outlier classifications. Overall, our results demonstrate that the processes that shape allelic diversity within populations is complex and support the need for further investigation of SVs across a range of taxa to better understand correlations between often well-studied SNP diversity and that of SVs.}, }
@article {pmid36811388, year = {2023}, author = {DeVos, TB and Bock, DG and Kolbe, JJ}, title = {Rapid introgression of non-native alleles following hybridization between a native Anolis lizard species and a cryptic invader across an urban landscape.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {11}, pages = {2930-2944}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16897}, pmid = {36811388}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Alleles ; *Lizards/genetics ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Genomics ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can impact native populations through competition, predation, habitat alteration, and disease transmission, but also genetically through hybridization. Potential outcomes of hybridization span the continuum from extinction to hybrid speciation and can be further complicated by anthropogenic habitat disturbance. Hybridization between the native green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis) and a morphologically similar invader (A. porcatus) in south Florida provides an ideal opportunity to study interspecific admixture across a heterogeneous landscape. We used reduced-representation sequencing to describe introgression in this hybrid system and to test for a relationship between urbanization and non-native ancestry. Our findings indicate that hybridization between green anole lineages was probably a limited, historic event, producing a hybrid population characterized by a diverse continuum of ancestry proportions. Genomic cline analyses revealed rapid introgression and disproportionate representation of non-native alleles at many loci and no evidence for reproductive isolation between parental species. Three loci were associated with urban habitat characteristics; urbanization and non-native ancestry were positively correlated, although this relationship did not remain significant when accounting for spatial nonindependence. Ultimately, our study demonstrates the persistence of non-native genetic material even in the absence of ongoing immigration, indicating that selection favouring non-native alleles can override the demographic limitation of low propagule pressure. We also note that not all outcomes of admixture between native and non-native species should be considered intrinsically negative. Hybridization with ecologically robust invaders can lead to adaptive introgression, which may facilitate the long-term survival of native populations otherwise unable to adapt to anthropogenically mediated global change.}, }
@article {pmid36811274, year = {2023}, author = {Falagiarda, M and Carnio, V and Chiesa, SG and Pignalosa, A and Anfora, G and Angeli, G and Ioriatti, C and Mazzoni, V and Schmidt, S and Zapponi, L}, title = {Factors influencing short-term parasitoid establishment and efficacy for the biological control of Halyomorpha halys with the samurai wasp Trissolcus japonicus.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {7}, pages = {2397-2414}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7423}, pmid = {36811274}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano/ ; //Provincia Autonoma di Trento/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Wasps ; *Heteroptera ; Predatory Behavior ; Introduced Species ; Crops, Agricultural ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Classical biological control has been identified as the most promising approach to limit the impact of the invasive pest species Halyomorpha halys (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). This study investigated the parasitism rate at sites where the biocontrol agent Trissolcus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) was released and where its unintentional introduction took place, in the Trentino-South Tyrol region. The effect of land-use composition was studied to understand which factors favor the establishment of hosts and parasitoids, including native and exotic species.<br><br>RESULTS: The released T.&#xa0;japonicus were detected a year after the start of the program, with a significant parasitoid impact and discovery, compared to control sites. Trissolcus japonicus was the most abundant H.&#xa0;halys parasitoid, and Trissolcus mitsukurii and Anastatus bifasciatus were recorded also. The efficacy of T.&#xa0;mitsukurii was lower in sites where T.&#xa0;japonicus was successfully established, suggesting a possible competitive interaction. Parasitism level by T. japonicus at the release sites was 12.5% in 2020 and 16.4% in 2021. The combined effect of predation and parasitization increased H.&#xa0;halys mortality up to 50% at the release sites. Landscape composition analysis showed that both H.&#xa0;halys and T.&#xa0;japonicus were more likely to be found at sites with lower altitude and with permanent crops, whereas other hosts and parasitoids preferred different conditions.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Trissolcus japonicus showed a promising impact on H.&#xa0;halys, at release and adventive sites, with minor nontarget effects, mediated by landscape heterogeneity. The prevalence of T.&#xa0;japonicus in landscapes with permanent crops could support IPM in the future. &#xa9; 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid36807984, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, XY and Wu, XQ and Wen, TY and Feng, YQ and Zhang, Y}, title = {Transcriptomic analysis reveals differentially expressed genes associated with pine wood nematode resistance in resistant Pinus thunbergii.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {43}, number = {6}, pages = {995-1008}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpad018}, pmid = {36807984}, issn = {1758-4469}, support = {//Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions/ ; ZD202001//National Forestry and Grassland Administration/ ; 2021YFD1400903//the National Key R&amp; D Program of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Transcriptome ; *Pinus/genetics ; Lignin ; *Tylenchida/genetics ; Plant Diseases/genetics ; *Nematoda/genetics ; Oxidoreductases/genetics ; }, abstract = {Pine wilt disease (caused by the nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is extremely harmful to pine forests in East Asia. As a low-resistance pine species, Pinus thunbergii is more vulnerable to pine wood nematode (PWN) than Pinus densiflora and Pinus massoniana. Field inoculation experiments were conducted on PWN-resistant and -susceptible P. thunbergii, and the difference in transcription profiles 24 h after inoculation was analyzed. We identified 2603 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in PWN-susceptible P. thunbergii, while 2559 DEGs were identified in PWN-resistant P. thunbergii. Before inoculation, DEGs between PWN-resistant and PWN-susceptible P. thunbergii were enriched in the REDOX (Oxidation-Reduction) activity pathway (152 DEGs), followed by the oxidoreductase activity pathway (106 DEGs). After inoculation with PWN, however, the opposite was observed; DEGs were enriched in the oxidoreductase activity pathway (119 DEGs), followed by the REDOX activity pathway (84 DEGs). Before inoculation, according to the metabolic pathway analysis results, we found more genes upregulated in phenylpropanoid metabolic pathways and enriched in lignin synthesis pathways; cinnamoyl-CoA reductase-coding genes related to lignin synthesis were upregulated in PWN-resistant P. thunbergii and downregulated in PWN-susceptible P. thunbergii, and the lignin content was always higher in resistant than in susceptible P. thunbergii. These results reveal distinctive strategies of resistant and susceptible P. thunbergii in dealing with PWN infections.}, }
@article {pmid36806368, year = {2023}, author = {Ibáñez, I and Petri, L and Barnett, DT and Beaury, EM and Blumenthal, DM and Corbin, JD and Diez, J and Dukes, JS and Early, R and Pearse, IS and Sorte, CJB and Vilà, M and Bradley, B}, title = {Combining local, landscape, and regional geographies to assess plant community vulnerability to invasion impact.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {e2821}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2821}, pmid = {36806368}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Humans ; *Ecosystem ; *Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; Geography ; }, abstract = {Invasive species science has focused heavily on the invasive agent. However, management to protect native species also requires a proactive approach focused on resident communities and the features affecting their vulnerability to invasion impacts. Vulnerability is likely the result of factors acting across spatial scales, from local to regional, and it is the combined effects of these factors that will determine the magnitude of vulnerability. Here, we introduce an analytical framework that quantifies the scale-dependent impact of biological invasions on native richness from the shape of the native species-area relationship (SAR). We leveraged newly available, biogeographically extensive vegetation data from the U.S. National Ecological Observatory Network to assess plant community vulnerability to invasion impact as a function of factors acting across scales. We analyzed more than 1000 SARs widely distributed across the USA along environmental gradients and under different levels of non-native plant cover. Decreases in native richness were consistently associated with non-native species cover, but native richness was compromised only at relatively high levels of non-native cover. After accounting for variation in baseline ecosystem diversity, net primary productivity, and human modification, ecoregions that were colder and wetter were most vulnerable to losses of native plant species at the local level, while warmer and wetter areas were most susceptible at the landscape level. We also document how the combined effects of cross-scale factors result in a heterogeneous spatial pattern of vulnerability. This pattern could not be predicted by analyses at any single scale, underscoring the importance of accounting for factors acting across scales. Simultaneously assessing differences in vulnerability between distinct plant communities at local, landscape, and regional scales provided outputs that can be used to inform policy and management aimed at reducing vulnerability to the impact of plant invasions.}, }
@article {pmid36805144, year = {2023}, author = {Reed, EMX and Schenk, T and Brown, BL and Rogers, H and Haak, DC and Drake, JC and Barney, JN}, title = {Holistic valuation of non-native species requires broadening the tent.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, pages = {497-498}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2023.01.004}, pmid = {36805144}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid36804015, year = {2023}, author = {Raiyemo, DA and Bobadilla, LK and Tranel, PJ}, title = {Genomic profiling of dioecious Amaranthus species provides novel insights into species relatedness and sex genes.}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {37}, pmid = {36804015}, issn = {1741-7007}, support = {2022-67013-36142//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, mesh = {*Amaranthus/genetics ; *Herbicides ; Phylogeny ; Reproduction ; Genomics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Amaranthus L. is a diverse genus consisting of domesticated, weedy, and non-invasive species distributed around the world. Nine species are dioecious, of which Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson and Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J.D. Sauer are troublesome weeds of agronomic crops in the USA and elsewhere. Shallow relationships among the dioecious Amaranthus species and the conservation of candidate genes within previously identified A. palmeri and A. tuberculatus male-specific regions of the Y (MSYs) in other dioecious species are poorly understood. In this study, seven genomes of dioecious amaranths were obtained by paired-end short-read sequencing and combined with short reads of seventeen species in the family Amaranthaceae from NCBI database. The species were phylogenomically analyzed to understand their relatedness. Genome characteristics for the dioecious species were evaluated and coverage analysis was used to investigate the conservation of sequences within the MSY regions.<br><br>RESULTS: We provide genome size, heterozygosity, and ploidy level inference for seven newly sequenced dioecious Amaranthus species and two additional dioecious species from the NCBI database. We report a pattern of transposable element proliferation in the species, in which seven species had more Ty3 elements than copia elements while A. palmeri and A. watsonii had more copia elements than Ty3 elements, similar to the TE pattern in some monoecious amaranths. Using a Mash-based phylogenomic analysis, we accurately recovered taxonomic relationships among the dioecious Amaranthus species that were previously identified based on comparative morphology. Coverage analysis revealed eleven candidate gene models within the A. palmeri MSY region with male-enriched coverages, as well as regions on scaffold 19 with female-enriched coverage, based on A. watsonii read alignments. A previously reported FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) within A. tuberculatus MSY contig was also found to exhibit male-enriched coverages for three species closely related to A. tuberculatus but not for A. watsonii reads. Additional characterization of the A. palmeri MSY region revealed that 78% of the region is made of repetitive elements, typical of a sex determination region with reduced recombination.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study further increase our understanding of the relationships among the dioecious species of the Amaranthus genus as well as revealed genes with potential roles in sex function in the species.}, }
@article {pmid36801685, year = {2023}, author = {Li, X and Yang, W and Ma, X and Zhu, Z and Sun, T and Cui, B and Yang, Z}, title = {Invasive Spartina alterniflora habitat forms high energy fluxes but low food web stability compared to adjacent native vegetated habitats.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {334}, number = {}, pages = {117487}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117487}, pmid = {36801685}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; Wetlands ; China ; }, abstract = {Invasive Spartina spp. mostly colonizes a bare tidal flat and then establishes a new vegetated habitat, where it promotes the productivity of local ecosystems. However, it was unclear whether the invasive habitat could well exhibit ecosystem functioning, e.g. how its high productivity propagates throughout the food web and whether it thereby develops a high food web stability relative to native vegetated habitats. By developing quantitative food webs for a long-established invasive Spartina alterniflora habitat and adjacent native salt marsh (Suaeda salsa) and seagrass (Zostera japonica) habitats in China's Yellow River Delta, we investigated the distributions of energy fluxes, assessed the stability of food webs, and investigated the net trophic effects between trophic groups by combining all direct and indirect trophic interactions. Results showed that the total energy flux in the invasive S. alterniflora habitat was comparable to that in the Z. japonica habitat, whereas 4.5 times higher than that in the S. salsa habitat. While, the invasive habitat had the lowest trophic transfer efficiencies. Food web stability in the invasive habitat was about 3 and 40 times lower than that in the S. salsa and Z. japonica habitats, respectively. Additionally, there were strong net effects caused by intermediate invertebrate species in the invasive habitat rather than by fish species in both native habitats. This study revealed the contradiction between the promotion of energy fluxes and the decrease of food web stability resulting from the invasion of S. alterniflora, which provides new insights into the community-based management of plant invasions.}, }
@article {pmid36801313, year = {2023}, author = {Soto, I and Ahmed, DA and Balzani, P and Cuthbert, RN and Haubrock, PJ}, title = {Sigmoidal curves reflect impacts and dynamics of aquatic invasive species.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {872}, number = {}, pages = {161818}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161818}, pmid = {36801313}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; Population Dynamics ; *Amphipoda ; *Gastropoda ; }, abstract = {Identifying general patterns and trends underlying the impacts and dynamics of biological invasions has proven elusive for scientists. Recently, the impact curve was proposed as a means to predict temporal impacts of invasive alien species, characterised by a sigmoidal growth pattern with an initial exponential increase, followed by a subsequent rate of decline and approaching a saturation level in the long-term where impact is maximised. While the impact curve has been empirically demonstrated with monitoring data of a single invasive alien species (the New Zealand mud snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum), broadscale applicability remains to be tested for other taxa. Here, we examined whether the impact curve can adequately describe the invasion dynamics of 13 other aquatic species (within Amphipoda, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Hirudinea, Isopoda, Mysida, and Platyhelminthes) at the European level, employing multi-decadal time series of macroinvertebrate cumulative abundances from regular benthic monitoring efforts. For all except one tested species (the killer shrimp, Dikerogammarus villosus), the sigmoidal impact curve was strongly supported (R[2] > 0.95) on a sufficiently long time-scale. For D. villosus, the impact had not yet reached saturation, likely reflecting the ongoing European invasion. The impact curve facilitated estimation of introduction years and lag phases, as well as parameterisation of growth rates and carrying capacities, providing strong support for the boom-bust dynamics typically observed in several invader populations. These findings suggest that impact can grow rapidly before saturating at a high level, with timely monitoring often lacking for the detection of invasive alien species post-introduction. We further confirm the applicability of the impact curve to determine trends in invasion stages, population dynamics, and impacts of pertinent invaders, ultimately helping inform the timing of management interventions. We hence call for improved monitoring and reporting of invasive alien species over broad spatio-temporal scales to permit further testing of large-scale impact consistencies across various habitat types.}, }
@article {pmid36799406, year = {2023}, author = {Woyda-Ploszczyca, AM}, title = {Direct and indirect targets of carboxyatractyloside, including overlooked toxicity toward nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) and mitochondrial H[+] leak.}, journal = {Pharmaceutical biology}, volume = {61}, number = {1}, pages = {372-390}, pmid = {36799406}, issn = {1744-5116}, mesh = {Animals ; Atractyloside/toxicity ; *Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase ; Glycosides/toxicity ; Adenosine Diphosphate ; Mammals ; }, abstract = {CONTEXT: The toxicity of atractyloside/carboxyatractyloside is generally well recognized and commonly ascribed to the inhibition of mitochondrial ADP/ATP carriers, which are pivotal for oxidative phosphorylation. However, these glycosides may 'paralyze' additional target proteins.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: This review presents many facts about atractyloside/carboxyatractyloside and their plant producers, such as Xanthium spp. (Asteraceae), named cockleburs.<br><br>METHODS: Published studies and other information were obtained from databases, such as 'CABI - Invasive Species Compendium', 'PubMed', and 'The World Checklist of Vascular Plants', from 1957 to December 2022. The following major keywords were used: 'carboxyatractyloside', 'cockleburs', 'hepatotoxicity', 'mitochondria', 'nephrotoxicity', and 'Xanthium'.<br><br>RESULTS: In the third decade of the twenty first century, public awareness of the severe toxicity of cockleburs is still limited. Such toxicity is often only perceived by specialists in Europe and other continents. Interestingly, cocklebur is among the most widely distributed invasive plants worldwide, and the recognition of new European stands of Xanthium spp. is provided here. The findings arising from field and laboratory research conducted by the author revealed that (i) some livestock populations may instinctively avoid eating cocklebur while grazing, (ii) carboxyatractyloside inhibits ADP/GDP metabolism, and (iii) the direct/indirect target proteins of carboxyatractyloside are ambiguous.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Many aspects of the Xanthium genus still require substantial investigation/revision in the future, such as the unification of the Latin nomenclature of currently distinguished species, bur morphology status, true fruit (achene) description and biogeography of cockleburs, and a detailed description of the physiological roles of atractyloside/carboxyatractyloside and the toxicity of these glycosides, mainly toward mammals. Therefore, a more careful interpretation of atractyloside/carboxyatractyloside data, including laboratory tests using Xanthium-derived extracts and purified toxins, is needed.}, }
@article {pmid36799015, year = {2023}, author = {Andrés, J and Czechowski, P and Grey, E and Saebi, M and Andres, K and Brown, C and Chawla, N and Corbett, JJ and Brys, R and Cassey, P and Correa, N and Deveney, MR and Egan, SP and Fisher, JP and Vanden Hooff, R and Knapp, CR and Leong, SCY and Neilson, BJ and Paolucci, EM and Pfrender, ME and Pochardt, MR and Prowse, TAA and Rumrill, SS and Scianni, C and Sylvester, F and Tamburri, MN and Therriault, TW and Yeo, DCJ and Lodge, DM}, title = {Environment and shipping drive environmental DNA beta-diversity among commercial ports.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {23}, pages = {6696-6709}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16888}, pmid = {36799015}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {#OIA-1849227//National Science Foundation/ ; 1748389//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *DNA, Environmental/genetics ; Ships ; Biodiversity ; Water ; Environmental Monitoring ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; }, abstract = {The spread of nonindigenous species by shipping is a large and growing global problem that harms coastal ecosystems and economies and may blur coastal biogeographical patterns. This study coupled eukaryotic environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding with dissimilarity regression to test the hypothesis that ship-borne species spread homogenizes port communities. We first collected and metabarcoded water samples from ports in Europe, Asia, Australia and the Americas. We then calculated community dissimilarities between port pairs and tested for effects of environmental dissimilarity, biogeographical region and four alternative measures of ship-borne species transport risk. We predicted that higher shipping between ports would decrease community dissimilarity, that the effect of shipping would be small compared to that of environment dissimilarity and shared biogeography, and that more complex shipping risk metrics (which account for ballast water and stepping-stone spread) would perform better. Consistent with our hypotheses, community dissimilarities increased significantly with environmental dissimilarity and, to a lesser extent, decreased with ship-borne species transport risks, particularly if the ports had similar environments and stepping-stone risks were considered. Unexpectedly, we found no clear effect of shared biogeography, and that risk metrics incorporating estimates of ballast discharge did not offer more explanatory power than simpler traffic-based risks. Overall, we found that shipping homogenizes eukaryotic communities between ports in predictable ways, which could inform improvements in invasive species policy and management. We demonstrated the usefulness of eDNA metabarcoding and dissimilarity regression for disentangling the drivers of large-scale biodiversity patterns. We conclude by outlining logistical considerations and recommendations for future studies using this approach.}, }
@article {pmid36798355, year = {2023}, author = {Barrett, CF and Ramachandran, D and Chen, CH and Corbett, CW and Huebner, CD and Sinn, BT and Yu, WB and Suetsugu, K}, title = {Mitochondrial genome sequencing and analysis of the invasive Microstegium vimineum: a resource for systematics, invasion history, and management.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {36798355}, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE RESEARCH: Plants remain underrepresented among species with sequenced mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes), due to the difficulty in assembly with short-read technology. Invasive species lag behind crops and other economically important species in this respect, representing a lack of tools for management and land conservation efforts.<br><br>METHODOLOGY: The mitogenome of Microstegium vimineum, one of the most damaging invasive plant species in North America, was sequenced and analyzed using long-read data, providing a resource for biologists and managers. We conducted analyses of genome content, phylogenomic analyses among grasses and relatives based on mitochondrial coding regions, and an analysis of mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphism in this invasive grass species.<br><br>PIVOTAL RESULTS: The assembly is 478,010 bp in length and characterized by two large, inverted repeats, and a large, direct repeat. However, the genome could not be circularized, arguing against a "master circle" structure. Long-read assemblies with data subsets revealed several alternative genomic conformations, predominantly associated with large repeats. Plastid-like sequences comprise 2.4% of the genome, with further evidence of Class I and Class II transposable element-like sequences. Phylogenetic analysis placed M. vimineum with other Microstegium species, excluding M. nudum, but with weak support. Analysis of polymorphic sites across 112 accessions of M. vimineum from the native and invasive ranges revealed a complex invasion history.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We present an in-depth analysis of mitogenome structure, content, phylogenetic relationships, and range-wide genomic variation in M. vimineum's invasive US range. The mitogenome of M. vimineum is typical of other andropogonoid grasses, yet mitochondrial sequence variation across the invasive and native ranges is extensive. Our findings suggest multiple introductions to the US over the last century, with subsequent spread, secondary contact, long-distance dispersal, and possibly post-invasion selection on awn phenotypes. Efforts to produce genomic resources for invasive species, including sequenced mitochondrial genomes, will continue to provide tools for their effective management, and to help predict and prevent future invasions.}, }
@article {pmid36797315, year = {2023}, author = {Liu, Y and Thomas, ML and Coupland, GT and Wang, P and Zheng, D and McKirdy, SJ}, title = {Info-gap theory to determine cost-effective eradication of invasive species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {2744}, pmid = {36797315}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Uncertainty ; Australia ; Policy ; *Lizards ; }, abstract = {Invasive species eradication campaigns often fail due to stochastic arrival events, unpredictable detectability and incorrect resource allocation. Severe uncertainty in model parameter estimates may skew the eradication policy results. Using info-gap decision theory, this research aims to provide managers with a method to quantify their confidence in realizing successful eradication of particular invasive species within their specified eradication budgets (i.e. allowed eradication cost) in face of information-gaps. The potential introduction of the Asian house gecko Hemidactylus frenatus to Barrow Island, Australia is used as a case study to illustrate the model. Results of this research demonstrate that, more robustness to uncertainty in the model parameters can be earnt by (1) increasing the allowed eradication cost (2) investment in pre-border quarantine and border inspection (i.e. prevention) or (3) investment in post-border detection surveillance. The combination of a post-border spatial dispersal model and info-gap decision theory demonstrates a novel and spatially efficient method for managers to evaluate the robustness of eradication policies for incursion of invasive species with unexpected behaviour. These methods can be used to provide insight into the success of management goals, in particular the eradication of invasive species on islands or in broader mainland areas. These insights will assist in avoiding eradication failure and wasteful budget allocation and labour investment.}, }
@article {pmid36795686, year = {2023}, author = {Cheon, SJ and Rahman, MM and Lee, JA and Park, SM and Park, JH and Lee, DH and Sung, HC}, title = {Confirmation of the local establishment of alien invasive turtle, Pseudemys peninsularis, in South Korea, using eggshell DNA.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {e0281808}, pmid = {36795686}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Turtles/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Egg Shell ; Introduced Species ; DNA/genetics ; Republic of Korea ; }, abstract = {Alien invasive species are posing conservation challenges worldwide. Pet trade, one of the many ways, is worsening the situation. Especially, pet turtles have been released into nature due to their longer life span and peoples' religious and traditional beliefs. In addition, unwanted and undesired pets are also released. While information on the successful local establishment and subsequent dispersal into new habitats is required to designate an invasive and ecosystem-disturbing species, alien freshwater turtle nests have always been hard to find and identify in nature. Because one should identify nests by the eggs, which do not always guide properly, as adults abandon the sites quickly. We thought the recent advancement in DNA technology may help improve the situation. We studied Pseudemys peninsularis, one of the most traded freshwater turtle pet species, which has already been reported from a wide range of wild areas in South Korea. Yet, it is not designated as ecosystem-disturbing species due to a lack of adequate information on their local reproduction and establishment. We conducted surveys and found two nests in Jeonpyeongje Neighborhood Park, Maewol-dong, Seo-gu, Gwangju. We developed the methodology for extracting DNA from the eggshells and successfully identified the nests by phylogenetic analysis and verified through egg characteristics and morphological features of artificially hatched juveniles. This was the first successful initiative to extract DNA from freshwater turtle eggshells. We believe it will help future researchers identify the alien invasive turtle nests and develop their control and management policies. In addition, our study also included comparative descriptions and schematic diagrams of the eggs of eight freshwater turtles, including a native and three ecosystem-disturbing species, from South Korea. We urged an immediate designation of P. peninsularis as an ecosystem-disturbing species considering its local establishment, distribution range, and potential negative impact on native ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid36795473, year = {2023}, author = {Madeira Antunes, P}, title = {Uncovering subtle mechanisms hindering the efficacy of biological control in plant invasions.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {237}, number = {6}, pages = {1941-1942}, doi = {10.1111/nph.18721}, pmid = {36795473}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Plants ; *Ecosystem ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; }, }
@article {pmid36795266, year = {2023}, author = {Duarte, ME and Lewandowski, M and de Mendonça, RS and Simoni, S and Navia, D}, title = {Genetic analysis of the tomato russet mite provides evidence of oligophagy and a widespread pestiferous haplotype.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, pages = {171-199}, pmid = {36795266}, issn = {1572-9702}, support = {193.001.418./2016//Fundac&#xe3;o de Apoio a Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAPDF)/ ; 158161/2018-1//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico (CNPq)/ ; 3121322017-4//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico (CNPq)/ ; 380382/2020-2//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 88882.305808/2018-1//Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), National Program of Post-Doctoral in Agronomy for the financial support of RSM (CAPES-PNPD/Agronomy)/ ; Ministerial Decree 92606, 22/12/2014//Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies (MIPAAF) and Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Italy, for funding 'Support activities in the field of organic farming for the maintenance of long-term experimental devices Long-Term Experiments (LTEs) and the strengthening of existing networks of relationships at national and international level (RETIBIO)/ ; Ministerial Decree 95785, 22/12/16//'Support activities to research networks and technical and to regulatory activities of the MIPAAF in the field of organic farming (RETIBIO II)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Haplotypes ; *Solanum lycopersicum/genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Mites/genetics ; Bayes Theorem ; Brazil ; Genetic Variation ; }, abstract = {Worldwide, the tomato russet mite (TRM), Aculops lycopersici (Eriophyidae), is a key pest on cultivated tomato in addition to infesting other cultivated and wild Solanaceae; however, basic information on TRM supporting effective control strategies is still lacking, mainly regarding its taxonomic status and genetic diversity and structure. As A. lycopersici is reported on different species and genera of host plants, populations associated with different host plants may constitute specialized cryptic species, as shown for other eriophyids previously considered generalists. The main aims of this study were to (i) confirm the TRM taxonomic unity of populations from different host plants and localities as well as the species' oligophagy, and (ii) to advance the understanding of TRM host relationship and invasion history. For this purpose, we evaluated the genetic variability and structure of populations from different host plants along crucial areas of occurrence, including the area of potential origin, based on DNA sequences of mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) and nuclear (internal transcribed spacer, D2 28S) genomic regions. Specimens from South America (Brazil) and Europe (France, Italy, Poland, The Netherlands) were collected from tomato and other solanaceous species from the genera Solanum and Physalis. Final TRM datasets were composed of 101, 82 and 50 sequences from the COI (672 bp), ITS (553 bp) and D2 (605 bp) regions, respectively. Distributions and frequencies of haplotypes (COI) and genotypes (D2 and ITS1) were inferred; pairwise genetic distance comparisons, and phylogenetic analysis were performed, including Bayesian Inference (BI) combined analysis. Our results showed that genetic divergences for mitochondrial and nuclear genomic regions from TRM associated with different host plants were lower than those observed in other eriophyid taxa, confirming conspecificity of TRM populations and oligophagy of this eriophyid mite. Four haplotypes (cH) were identified from the COI sequences with cH1 being the most frequent, representing 90% of all sequences occurring in all host plants studied (Brazil, France, The Netherlands); the other haplotypes were present exclusively in Brazilian populations. Six variants (I) were identified from the ITS sequences: I-1 was the most frequent (76.5% of all sequences), spread in all countries and associated with all host plants, except S. nigrum. Just one D2 sequence variant was found in all studied countries. The genetic homogeneity among populations highlights the occurrence of a highly invasive and oligophagous haplotype. These results failed to corroborate the hypothesis that differential symptomatology or damage intensity among tomato varieties and solanaceous host plants could be due to the genetic diversity of the associated mite populations. The genetic evidence, along with the history of spread of cultivated tomato, corroborates the hypothesis of a South American origin of TRM.}, }
@article {pmid36794841, year = {2023}, author = {Flechas, SV and Urbina, J and Crawford, AJ and Gutiérrez, K and Corrales, K and Castellanos, LA and González, MA and Cuervo, AM and Catenazzi, A}, title = {First evidence of ranavirus in native and invasive amphibians in Colombia.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {153}, number = {}, pages = {51-58}, doi = {10.3354/dao03717}, pmid = {36794841}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Animals ; *Amphibians/microbiology/virology ; Anura/microbiology/virology ; Batrachochytrium/physiology ; Coinfection/veterinary ; Colombia/epidemiology ; *DNA Virus Infections/complications/epidemiology/veterinary ; Mycoses/complications/veterinary ; Rana catesbeiana/microbiology/virology ; *Ranavirus/physiology ; }, abstract = {Ranaviruses can cause mass mortality events in amphibians, thereby becoming a threat to populations that are already facing dramatic declines. Ranaviruses affect all life stages and persist in multiple amphibian hosts. The detrimental effects of ranavirus infections to amphibian populations have already been observed in the UK and in North America. In Central and South America, the virus has been reported in several countries, but the presence of the genus Ranavirus (Rv) in Colombia is unknown. To help fill this knowledge gap, we surveyed for Rv in 60 species of frogs (including one invasive species) in Colombia. We also tested for co-infection with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) in a subset of individuals. For Rv, we sampled 274 vouchered liver tissue samples collected between 2014 and 2019 from 41 localities covering lowlands to mountaintop páramo habitat across the country. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and end-point PCR, we detected Rv in 14 individuals from 8 localities, representing 6 species, including 5 native frogs of the genera Osornophryne, Pristimantis and Leptodactylus, and the invasive American bullfrog Rana catesbeiana. Bd was detected in 7 of 140 individuals, with 1 co-infection of Rv and Bd in an R. catesbeiana specimen collected in 2018. This constitutes the first report of ranavirus in Colombia and should set off alarms about this new emerging threat to amphibian populations in the country. Our findings provide some preliminary clues about how and when Rv may have spread and contribute to understanding how the pathogen is distributed globally.}, }
@article {pmid36793678, year = {2023}, author = {Touchard, F and Simon, A and Bierne, N and Viard, F}, title = {Urban rendezvous along the seashore: Ports as Darwinian field labs for studying marine evolution in the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {560-579}, pmid = {36793678}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Humans have built ports on all the coasts of the world, allowing people to travel, exploit the sea, and develop trade. The proliferation of these artificial habitats and the associated maritime traffic is not predicted to fade in the coming decades. Ports share common characteristics: Species find themselves in novel singular environments, with particular abiotic properties-e.g., pollutants, shading, protection from wave action-within novel communities in a melting pot of invasive and native taxa. Here, we discuss how this drives evolution, including setting up of new connectivity hubs and gateways, adaptive responses to exposure to new chemicals or new biotic communities, and hybridization between lineages that would have never come into contact naturally. There are still important knowledge gaps, however, such as the lack of experimental tests to distinguish adaptation from acclimation processes, the lack of studies to understand the putative threats of port lineages to natural populations or to better understand the outcomes and fitness effects of anthropogenic hybridization. We thus call for further research examining "biological portuarization," defined as the repeated evolution of marine species in port ecosystems under human-altered selective pressures. Furthermore, we argue that ports act as giant mesocosms often isolated from the open sea by seawalls and locks and so provide replicated life-size evolutionary experiments essential to support predictive evolutionary sciences.}, }
@article {pmid36793230, year = {2023}, author = {Vogel, S and Taraschewski, H}, title = {Intermediate host patterns of acanthocephalans in the Weser river system: co-invasion vs host capture.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {150}, number = {5}, pages = {426-433}, pmid = {36793230}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Rivers ; Ecosystem ; Phylogeny ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Acanthocephala/physiology ; *Amphipoda/parasitology ; *Parasites ; *Anguilla ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic interference is a major driver of ecological change in freshwater ecosystems. Pollution and the introduction of new species not only alter macrozoobenthic community structures, but can also affect their respective parasite communities. The ecology of the Weser river system experienced a drastic decline in biodiversity over the past century due to salinization caused by the local potash industry. As a response, the amphipod Gammarus tigrinus was released into the Werra in 1957. A few decades after the introduction and subsequent spread of this North American species, its natural acanthocephalan Paratenuisentis ambiguus was recorded in the Weser in 1988, where it had captured the European eel Anguilla anguilla as a novel host. To assess the recent ecological changes in the acanthocephalan parasite community, we investigated gammarids and eel in the Weser river system. In addition to P. ambiguus, 3 Pomphorhynchus species and Polymorphus cf. minutus were discovered. The introduced G. tigrinus serves as a novel intermediate host for the acanthocephalans Pomphorhynchus tereticollis and P. cf. minutus in the tributary Werra. Pomphorhynchus laevis is persistent in the tributary Fulda in its indigenous host Gammarus pulex. Pomphorhynchus bosniacus colonized the Weser with its Ponto-Caspian intermediate host Dikerogammarus villosus. This study highlights the anthropogenically driven changes in ecology and evolution in the Weser river system. Based on morphological and phylogenetic identification, the shifts in distribution and host usage described here for the first time contribute to the puzzling taxonomy of the genus Pomphorhynchus in times of ecological globalization.}, }
@article {pmid36793187, year = {2023}, author = {Gu, D and Jia, T and Wei, H and Fang, M and Yu, F and Shu, L and Wang, X and Li, G and Cai, X and Mu, X and Xu, M and Wang, J and Hu, Y}, title = {Biotic resistance to fish invasions in southern China: Evidence from biomass, habitat, and fertility limitation.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, pages = {e2819}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2819}, pmid = {36793187}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {CARS-45//China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; Fishes ; Fertility ; China ; }, abstract = {Understanding the mechanisms underlying the invasion success or failure of alien species can help to predict future invasions and cope with the invaders. The biotic resistance hypothesis posits that diverse communities are more resistant to invasion. While many studies have examined this hypothesis, the majority of them have focused on the relationship between alien and native species richness in plant communities, and results have often been inconsistent. In southern China, many rivers have been invaded by alien fish species, providing an opportunity to test the resistance of native fish communities to alien fish invasions. Using survey data for 60,155 freshwater fish collected from five main rivers of southern China for 3 years, we assessed the relationships between native fish richness and the richness and biomass of alien fishes at river and reach spatial scales, respectively. Based on two manipulative experiments, we further examined the impact of native fish richness on habitat selection and the reproductive ability of an exotic model species Coptodon zillii. We found no apparent relationship between alien and native fish richness, whereas the biomass of alien fish significantly decreased with increasing native fish richness. In experiments, C. zillii preferred to invade those habitats that had low native fish richness, given evenly distributed food resources; reproduction of C. zillii was strongly depressed by a native carnivorous fish Channa maculata. Together, our results indicate that native fish diversity can continue to provide biotic resistance to alien fish species in terms of limiting their growth, habitat selection, and reproduction when these aliens have successfully invaded southern China. We thus advocate for fish biodiversity conservation, especially for key species, to mitigate against the population development and ecological impact of alien fish species.}, }
@article {pmid36792531, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, BX and Hof, AR and Matson, KD and van Langevelde, F and Ma, CS}, title = {Climate change, host plant availability, and irrigation shape future region-specific distributions of the Sitobion grain aphid complex.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {7}, pages = {2311-2324}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7409}, pmid = {36792531}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ ; //Chinese Scholarship Council/ ; //National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Aphids ; Climate Change ; Ecology ; Africa ; Asia ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Understanding where species occur using species distribution models has become fundamental to ecology. Although much attention has been paid to invasive species, questions about climate change related range shifts of widespread insect pests remain unanswered. Here, we incorporated bioclimatic factors and host plant availability into CLIMEX models to predict distributions under future climate scenarios of major cereal pests of the Sitobion grain aphid complex (Sitobion avenae, S. miscanthi, and S. akebiae). Additionally, we incorporated the application of irrigation in our models to explore the relevance of a frequently used management practice that may interact with effects of climate change of the pest distributions.<br><br>RESULTS: Our models predicted that the area potentially at high risk of outbreaks of the Sitobion grain aphid complex would increase from 41.3% to 53.3% of the global land mass. This expansion was underlined by regional shifts in both directions: expansion of risk areas in North America, Europe, most of Asia, and Oceania, and contraction of risk areas in South America, Africa, and Australia. In addition, we found that host plant availability limited the potential distribution of pests, while the application of irrigation expanded it.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our study provides insights into potential risk areas of insect pests and how climate, host plant availability, and irrigation affect the occurrence of the Sitobion grain aphid complex. Our results thereby support agricultural policy makers, farmers, and other stakeholders in their development and application of management practices aimed at maximizing crop yields and minimizing economic losses. &#xa9; 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid36789581, year = {2023}, author = {Smith, ERC and Heal, R and Wood, LE}, title = {Understanding and improving biosecurity among recreational anglers in Great Britain.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {102}, number = {5}, pages = {1177-1190}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15345}, pmid = {36789581}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {NE/L002485/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; United Kingdom ; *Biosecurity ; *Recreation ; Introduced Species ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Fisheries ; }, abstract = {Recreational fishing with the principal motivation of leisure is associated with important economic, social and conservation values. Nonetheless, it is also a primary pathway for the introduction and spread of invasive non-native species and aquatic animal disease. Several studies have explored the overall biosecurity risk posed by recreational anglers based on self-reported behaviours and the awareness of biosecurity campaigns. Nonetheless, there has been little in-depth exploration of the characteristics of key stakeholders who are implementing biosecurity best practices and the barriers that prevent anglers from undertaking biosecurity measures in the field. This study addresses this knowledge gap using an online questionnaire to collect information on angler socio-demographic characteristics, voluntary biosecurity behaviour and barriers affecting the implementation of biosecurity best practices in Great Britain. The results indicated that cleaning behaviours vary considerably among anglers, with angling frequency and the number of pieces of equipment affecting how likely anglers were to clean and dry these items. High levels of disinfectant use were reported among anglers, potentially attributed to the concurrent advocation of disinfectant to prevent the spread of aquatic animal disease. Barriers affecting the implementation of correct cleaning behaviours included a combination of factors, such as practicality, disability, lack of available information and individual values. These findings illustrate the importance for fishery managers, water companies and policymakers to tailor prevention measures and facilities for anglers to maximise the practicality of biosecurity measures and encourage long-term implementation of best practices.}, }
@article {pmid36786043, year = {2023}, author = {Botrel, M and Maranger, R}, title = {Global historical trends and drivers of submerged aquatic vegetation quantities in lakes.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {29}, number = {9}, pages = {2493-2509}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.16619}, pmid = {36786043}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Humans ; *Lakes/chemistry ; *Ecosystem ; Wetlands ; Food ; Water ; }, abstract = {Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in lake littoral zones is an inland water wetland type that provides numerous essential ecosystem services, such as supplying food and habitat for fauna, regulating nutrient fluxes, stabilizing sediments, and maintaining a clear water state. However, little is known on how inland SAV quantities are changing globally in response to human activities, where loss threatens the provisioning of these ecosystem services. In this study, we generate a comprehensive global synthesis of trends in SAV quantities using time series (>10 years) in lakes and identify their main drivers. We compiled trends across methods and metrics, integrating both observational and paleolimnological approaches as well as diverse measures of SAV quantities, including areal extent, density, or abundance classes. The compilation revealed that knowledge on SAV is mostly derived from temperate regions, with major gaps in tropical, boreal, and mountainous lake-rich regions. Similar to other wetland types, we found that 41% of SAV times series are largely decreasing mostly due to land use change and resulting eutrophication. SAV is, however, increasing in 28% of cases, primarily since the 1980s. We show that trends and drivers of SAV quantities vary regionally, with increases in Europe explained mainly by management, decreases in Asia due to eutrophication and land use change, and variable trends in North America consistent with invasive species arrival. By providing a quantitative portrait of trends in SAV quantities worldwide, we identify knowledge gaps and future SAV research priorities. By considering the drivers of different trends, we also offer insight to future lake management related to climate, positive restoration actions, and change in community structure on SAV quantities.}, }
@article {pmid36778144, year = {2023}, author = {Lin, TH and Chan, KW and Hsu, FC and Lin, CC and Tseng, HY}, title = {Putative source and niche shift pattern of a new alien ant species (Odontomachus troglodytes) in Taiwan.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e14718}, pmid = {36778144}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Ants ; Phylogeny ; Taiwan ; Commerce ; Internationality ; }, abstract = {Alien species may pose substantial impacts on biodiversity around the globe through international trade and travel. A niche shift hypothesis was proposed to explain the adaptive change of alien or invasive species in new habitats. However, whether niche shifts occur in alien species likely depends on both characteristics inherent to the species itself and its original distribution. Here we identified a newly exotic trap-jaw ant (Odontomachus troglodytes) in Taiwan by morphological and phylogenetic analyses. The possible distribution range and the niche shift pattern were evaluated using ecological niche modelling. The results indicated that exotic O. troglodytes in the newly distributed area displayed a significant niche shift with low niche overlap and high niche expansion. This study reveals a long-distance invasive event from central Africa to Southeast Asia (more than 10,000 km) and predicts the potential distribution range of this new alien species in Taiwan.}, }
@article {pmid36777104, year = {2023}, author = {Yarita, S and Morgan-Richards, M and Trewick, SA}, title = {Genotypic detection of barriers to rat dispersal: Rattus rattus behind a peninsula predator-proof fence.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, pages = {1723-1738}, pmid = {36777104}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Clear delimitation of management units is essential for effective management of invasive species. Analysis of population genetic structure of target species can improve identification and interpretation of natural and artificial barriers to dispersal. In Aotearoa New Zealand where the introduced ship rat (Rattus rattus) is a major threat to native biodiversity, effective suppression of pest numbers requires removal and limitation of reinvasion from outside the managed population. We contrasted population genetic structure in rat populations over a wide scale without known barriers, with structure over a fine scale with potential barriers to dispersal. MtDNA D-loop sequences and microsatellite genotypes resolved little genetic structure in southern North Island population samples of ship rat 100 km apart. In contrast, samples from major islands differed significantly for both mtDNA and nuclear markers. We also compared ship rats collected within a small peninsula reserve bounded by sea, suburbs and, more recently, a predator fence with rats in the surrounding forest. Here, mtDNA did not differ but genotypes from 14 nuclear loci were sufficient to distinguish the fenced population. This suggests that natural (sea) and artificial barriers (town, fence) are effectively limiting gene flow among ship rat populations over the short distance (~ 500 m) between the peninsula reserve and surrounding forest. The effectiveness of the fence alone is not clear given it is a recent feature and no historical samples exist; resampling population genetic diversity over time will improve understanding. Nonetheless, the current genetic isolation of the fenced rat population suggests that rat eradication is a sensible management option given that reinvasion appears to be limited and could probably be managed with a biosecurity programme.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10530-023-03004-8.}, }
@article {pmid36773576, year = {2023}, author = {De León, LF and Silva, B and Avilés-Rodríguez, KJ and Buitrago-Rosas, D}, title = {Harnessing the omics revolution to address the global biodiversity crisis.}, journal = {Current opinion in biotechnology}, volume = {80}, number = {}, pages = {102901}, doi = {10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102901}, pmid = {36773576}, issn = {1879-0429}, mesh = {Humans ; *Genomics ; *Proteomics ; Biodiversity ; Metabolomics ; }, abstract = {Human disturbances are altering global biodiversity in unprecedented ways. We identify three fundamental challenges underpinning our understanding of global biodiversity (namely discovery, loss, and preservation), and discuss how the omics revolution (e.g. genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and meta-omics) can help address these challenges. We also discuss how omics tools can illuminate the major drivers of biodiversity loss, including invasive species, pollution, urbanization, overexploitation, and climate change, with a special focus on highly diverse tropical environments. Although omics tools are transforming the traditional toolkit of biodiversity research, their application to addressing the current biodiversity crisis remains limited and may not suffice to offset current rates of biodiversity loss. Despite technical and logistical challenges, omics tools need to be fully integrated into global biodiversity research, and better strategies are needed to improve their translation into biodiversity policy and practice. It is also important to recognize that although the omics revolution can be considered the biologist's dream, socioeconomic disparity limits their application in biodiversity research.}, }
@article {pmid36772970, year = {2023}, author = {Szydlowski, DK and Elgin, AK and Lodge, DM and Tiemann, JS and Larson, ER}, title = {Long-term macrophyte and snail community responses to population declines of invasive rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus).}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, pages = {e2818}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2818}, pmid = {36772970}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Astacoidea/physiology ; Lakes ; Seafood ; Snails ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {A central focus of invasive species research has been on human efforts to eradicate invaders or reduce their abundance to mitigate the worst of their impacts. In some cases, however, populations of invasive species decline without human intervention, which may inform management responses to these invaders. Such is the case of the invasive rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) in northern Wisconsin, USA, where systematic population monitoring since 1975 has revealed population declines in approximately half of the lakes surveyed. Population declines of invasive species without human intervention remain understudied, but there is even less research on how communities respond following such declines. Using 10 lakes in Vilas County, Wisconsin, we investigated community recovery of habitat (macrophytes) and prey (freshwater snails) of F. rusticus following up to 33 years of declines of this invader in some lakes using a dataset with a rare, long-term span over which consistent data were collected (1987, 2002, 2011, and 2020). We compared community responses in lakes where F. rusticus populations reached a peak and subsequently declined (boom-bust lakes) and lakes where our dataset only captured the decline of F. rusticus (bust lakes) to reference lakes with consistently high or low crayfish abundance over time. We found partial recovery of macrophytes and snails in the bust and boom-bust lakes where F. rusticus has declined, with recovery of macrophyte abundance and richness in the boom-bust lakes achieving levels observed in the low-crayfish reference lakes. Snail abundance and richness increased after declines of F. rusticus, though not to the level of the low-crayfish reference lakes, suggesting that snail recovery may lag macrophyte recovery because snails are dependent on macrophytes and associated periphyton for habitat. The recovery we document potentially represents long-term ecosystem resilience of lakes to biological invasions. Our results suggest that lake communities may recover without active restoration interventions after invasive crayfish population declines, although identifying which lakes experience these natural declines remains a priority for future research and management.}, }
@article {pmid36771745, year = {2023}, author = {Denóbile, C and Chiba de Castro, WA and Silva Matos, DMD}, title = {Public Health Implications of Invasive Plants: A Scientometric Study.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {36771745}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Movements of organisms through distinct places can change the dynamics of ecological interactions and make the habitat conducive to the spread of diseases. Faced with a cyclical scenario of invasions and threats in a One Health context, we conducted a scientometric study to understand how disturbances in environments with invaded vegetation affect the incidence of parasites and disease prevalence rates. The search was carried out in Web of Science and Scopus databases, with keywords delimited by Boolean operators and based on the PRISMA protocol. Thirty-sixarticles were full-read to clarify the interaction between diseases and invaded areas. The analysis covered publications from 2005 to 2022, with a considerable increase in the last ten years and a significant participation of the USA on the world stage. Trends were found in scientific activities, and we explored how invasive species can indirectly damage health, as higher concentrations of pathogens, vectors, and hosts were related to structurally altered communities. This paper reveals invaded plants threats that enhance disease transmission risks. It is likely that, with frequent growth in the number of introduced species worldwide due to environmental disturbances and human interventions, the negative implications will be intensified in the coming years.}, }
@article {pmid36771666, year = {2023}, author = {Troia, A}, title = {Macrophytes in Inland Waters: From Knowledge to Management.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {36771666}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {The huge biodiversity of inland waters and the many different aquatic habitats or ecosystems occurring there are particularly threatened by human impacts. In this Special Issue, ten articles have been collected that show new data on the distribution and ecology of some rare aquatic macrophytes, including both vascular plants and charophytes, but also on the use of these organisms for the monitoring, management, and restoration of wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid36771607, year = {2023}, author = {Kato-Noguchi, H and Kato, M}, title = {Evolution of the Secondary Metabolites in Invasive Plant Species Chromolaena odorata for the Defense and Allelopathic Functions.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {36771607}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King &amp; H. Robinson is native to tropical America, and has naturalized in many other countries in tropical Asia, Austria, and West Africa. The species often forms dense thickets and reduces the native species diversity and population in the invasive ranges. The species is also considered as a noxious weed in agriculture fields, and listed in the 100 of the world's worst invasive alien species. The characteristics of its life-history such as the seed production rate, growth pattern, and adaptative ability to the environmental conditions may contribute to the invasiveness of the species. Possible evidence of the defense capacity against the natural enemy, and the allelopathic potential against the competitive plant species for C. odorata has been accumulated in the literature over three decades. The extracts, residues, and/or rhizosphere soil of C. odorata increased the mortality of various insects and parasitic nematodes, and decreased their population. The extracts, residues, and/or rhizosphere soil of C. odorata also inhibited the germination and growth of several plant species including the indigenous plant species in the invasive ranges of C. odorata. Toxic substances, pyrrolizidine alkaloids were found in the leaves and flowers of C. odorata. These pyrrolizidine alkaloids may work as the defense agents against the natural enemies. Several potential allelochemicals such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids were also found in the plant extracts of C. odorata. Some of these compounds may work as allelopathic agents of C. odorata and inhibit the germination and growth of the competitive plant species. These characteristics of C. odorata for the defense function against their natural enemies such as insects and parasitic nematodes, and allelopathic potential against the competitive native plant species may contribute to the invasiveness and naturalization of C. odorata in the new habitats as invasive plant species. However, it is necessary to determine the concentration of these allelochemicals in the neighboring environment of C. odorata such as the rhizosphere soil since allelochemicals are able to work only when they are released into the neighboring environment. It is the first review article focusing on the defense function and allelopathy of C. odorata.}, }
@article {pmid36766400, year = {2023}, author = {Stainton, K and McGreig, S and Conyers, C and Ponting, S and Butler, L and Brown, P and Jones, EP}, title = {Molecular Identification of Asian Hornet Vespa velutina nigrithorax Prey from Larval Gut Contents: A Promising Method to Study the Diet of an Invasive Pest.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {36766400}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {NA//Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs/ ; }, abstract = {The Asian hornet, Vespa velutina nigrithorax (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), is an invasive hornet that was accidentally introduced into Europe in 2004. It mainly preys on other invertebrates and arthropod species, and often targets honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. The introduction of these hornets may damage indigenous fauna and apiculture. Knowledge of V. velutina prey preference and the species composition of their diet is relatively limited. In this study, we assessed methodologies for the molecular identification of prey using dissected larvae from destroyed nests. Ten larval samples were taken from five nests in areas where the hornets had not yet established: two from the Channel Islands and three in the mainland UK. DNA was extracted from the gut contents and sequenced and analysed by metabarcoding with Oxford Nanopore Technologies' Flongle and MinION devices. Numerous taxa were detected in each larval sample with the species composition varying by individual and by nest. Between 15 and 26 species were found per nest, with wasps (Vespula spp.), spiders, honey bees and blow flies being the most abundant taxa. These results demonstrate that metabarcoding larval gut contents can be used to study the Asian hornet diet and give a first snapshot of the prey items captured by V. v. nigrithorax in the UK. This method could be used for future large-scale testing of the gut contents of hornet nests, in order to provide a greater insight into the foraging behaviour of this predator across Europe and elsewhere.}, }
@article {pmid36766350, year = {2023}, author = {Rørbæk, RW and Andersen, TA and Pertoldi, C and Jørgensen, A and Pagh, S}, title = {Diet of Free Ranging American Mink (Neovison vison) in Denmark.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {36766350}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {2021-49772//Environmental Protection Agency/ ; }, abstract = {Non-native American mink (Neovison vison) is a widely spread predator in Denmark. The feral population in mainland Denmark consists of captive-born mink that escaped from fur farms and wild mink born in nature, whereas the population on Bornholm is almost all wild-born mink. In this study, the diets of feral mink in mainland Denmark and on the island of Bornholm are analyzed. The aim of this study was to examine (1) whether the diet of the larger captive-born mink differs from that of the smaller wild-born mink, (2) assess the regional variations between the diets of mink in mainland Denmark and on Bornholm, and (3) investigate the seasonal variation in the diet composition of mink. The stomach contents of 364 mink (243 wild-born and 114 captive-born) culled in the years 2019-2022 were analyzed. Of these, 203 mink were from mainland Denmark, and 154 were from Bornholm. No significant differences were found between the diets of captive-born mink and wild-born mink or the mink found in mainland Denmark and on the island of Bornholm. Significantly more empty stomachs were found during spring than during the summer and autumn, suggesting a bottleneck in the diet during spring.}, }
@article {pmid36766326, year = {2023}, author = {Marks, CA and Trought, K and Brown, S and Arrow, J and Hopkins, B}, title = {Sensitivity of High Conservation Value Birds to Para-Aminopropiophenone (PAPP) Determined by Sub-Lethal Dose-Response Assay.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {36766326}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) is a methaemoglobin (MetHb) forming compound used for the lethal control of invasive carnivores and mustelids. By measuring the dose-dependent inhibition of O2 transport arising from the oxidation of haemoglobin (HbFe[2+]) to MetHb (HbFe[3+]), we determined the sensitivity of nine bird species to PAPP. A methaemoglobinaemia absorbance index (MAI) was validated in five common bird species to determine thresholds associated with a 99% probability of survival (ST99) and a 50% probability of mortality (LT50). Dose-response trials in high conservation value birds sought MAI values below the ST99 threshold, projecting the LT50 value and avoiding the need for lethal outcomes. Black-backed gull (LT50 = 1784.7) and eastern rosella (LT50 = 1074 mg kg[-1]) were the most tolerant species, while brown kiwi (LT50 = 8.4 mg kg[-1]) and weka (LT50 = 9.3 mg kg[-1]) were the most sensitive. Takahē were of intermediate acute sensitivity (LT50 = 51 mg kg[-1]), although protracted impacts on haemoglobin were observed in takahē up to 72 h later and associated with PAPP doses as low as 25.6 mg kg[-1]. In pukeko (LT50 = 138.4 mg kg[-1]), protracted declines in haemoglobin 72 h later occurred at doses as low as 29.5 mg kg[-1], while at higher doses (253 and 112 mg kg[-1]), deaths resulted after 4-6 days. Based upon PAPP doses that caused acute and protracted responses, we provide estimates for the lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL) and no observable effects level (NOEL) for nine bird species.}, }
@article {pmid36766304, year = {2023}, author = {Abreu-Acosta, N and Pino-Vera, R and Izquierdo-Rodríguez, E and Afonso, O and Foronda, P}, title = {Zoonotic Bacteria in Anolis sp., an Invasive Species Introduced to the Canary Islands (Spain).}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {36766304}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {agreement "Estudio de pat&#xf3;genos en aves migratorias y en especies ex&#xf3;ticas en un escenario de cambio clim&#xe1;tico"//Gobierno de Canarias/ ; predoctoral scholarship of the training program of the Department of Economy, Knowledge and Employment//Gobierno de Canarias/ ; framework of the Canary Islands ESF Operational Program 2014-2020, priority axis 3, investment priority 10.2, specific object 10.2.1//European Social Fund/ ; Becas M-ULL, convocatoria 2019//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#xf3;n y Universidades de Espa&#xf1;a/ ; Becas M-ULL, convocatoria 2019//University of La Laguna/ ; }, abstract = {Lizards belonging to the genus Anolis are native to America and have been introduced in many parts of the world. In this work, a gastrointestinal microbiological analysis from Anolis sp. introduced to Tenerife, Canary Island, was carried out. A total of 74 individuals were analyzed by culture and molecular tools. Pseudomonas spp. was the most prevalent bacteria isolated (64.3%), followed by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli with at least one of the investigated virulent genes (stx1, stx2, and eae) (44.6%). The stx2 gene was more prevalent which differs to that reported in other reptiles, probably due to wastewater transmission. Campylobacter spp. was detected in 32.4% of the animals, highlighting the detection of C. jejuni and C. fetus by their relevance to public health. The zoonotic Staphylococcus lugdunensis, found in 14.9% of the animals, was firstly detected in reptiles. Vibrio sp. which is more associated with aquatic environments was found in 10.8% of the lizards in this study, with Vibrio cholerae being found in two of the animals. The prevalence of Salmonella sp. (5.4%) was low, compared with other studies carried out in reptiles. These results indicate that Anolis sp. in Tenerife could be playing a role in the maintenance and spread of the pathogens detected, being a possible risk factor for public health and biodiversity conservation.}, }
@article {pmid36766269, year = {2023}, author = {Casu, M and Azzena, I and Scarpa, F and Locci, C and Niffoi, A and Delmastro, GB and Lo Conte, P and Varcasia, A and Bovero, S and Candiotto, A and Sanna, D and Cossu, P}, title = {Appraising the Genetic Makeup of an Allochthonous Southern Pike Population: An Opportunity to Predict the Evolution of Introgressive Hybridization in Isolated Populations?.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {36766269}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {FAR2020CASUM//FONDO DI ATENEO PER LA RICERCA 2020, University of Sassari/ ; FAR2020SANNAD//FONDO DI ATENEO PER LA RICERCA 2020, University of Sassari/ ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a major threat to the conservation of biodiversity, as invasive species affect native biota through competition, predation, pathogen introduction, habitat alteration, and hybridisation. The present study focuses on a southern pike population, Esox cisalpinus (Teleostei: Esocidae), that has been introduced outside the species' native range. Using microsatellite markers, this study's objective was to gather baseline genetic information and assess the presence of hybrids between this species and E. lucius in the introduced population. The resulting estimates of genetic diversity and effective population size are comparable to those observed in the species' native range. Although different methods yield contrasting and uncertain evidence regarding introgressive hybridization, the presence of late-generation hybrids cannot be completely ruled out. Large numbers of breeders as well as multiple introductions of genetically divergent cohorts and introgressive hybridisation may explain the high genetic diversity of this recently introduced southern pike population. The present study issues a warning that the conservation of southern pike' introgressive hybridisation between northern and southern pike might be underestimated. The genetic information gathered herein may unravel the origin, number of introduction events, and evolutionary trajectory of the introduced population. This information may help us understand the evolution of introgressive hybridisation in the southern pike's native areas.}, }
@article {pmid36765405, year = {2024}, author = {Marrone, PG}, title = {Status of the biopesticide market and prospects for new bioherbicides.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {80}, number = {1}, pages = {81-86}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7403}, pmid = {36765405}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//OECD/ ; }, mesh = {Biological Control Agents/pharmacology ; *Pesticides/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Herbicides/pharmacology ; Agriculture ; }, abstract = {Biopesticides (commonly called Biocontrol or more recently bioprotection) have been experiencing double digit growth and now comprise about 10% of the global pesticide market driven by increased return on investment, restrictions on chemical pesticides, and pesticide resistance and residue management. However, despite the large need for new herbicides due to widespread and increasing resistance to herbicides with almost most of the chemical modes of action, bioherbicides are an insignificant percentage of the total. The technical difficulty in finding bioherbicides that can compete with the spectrum and price of chemical herbicides has left agriculture with a paucity of new bioherbicides. Billions of dollars of investment capital are being invested in new, innovative startups, but only a small number focus on bioherbicide discovery and development, due to a perception of higher risk than plant biotech, biostimulants, bionutrients and other categories of biopesticides. However, the exciting new technologies that these startups are developing such as RNAi, sterile pollen, and systemic metabolites have potential to impact the market in 10 years or less. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid36762237, year = {2022}, author = {Douglas, HB and Dumont, S and Savard, K and Thurston, GS and Light, MHS}, title = {Palaearctic seed beetle Bruchusaffinis (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) new to North America, arrival, distribution, and autecology.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {1128}, number = {}, pages = {19-31}, pmid = {36762237}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {First North American records are presented for Bruchusaffinis Frölich, 1799 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae), as confirmed by morphology from multiple sites in Canada: British Columbia, Ontario, and Québec. Diagnostic information is presented for B.affinis in North America. This insect is expected to reduce plant reproductive output in infested Lathyruslatifolius L., Lathyrussylvestris L., and other potential Lathyrus (Fabaceae) hosts. Impacts on broad bean (Viciafaba L.) production are expected to be small. Potential reproductive impact on native North American Lathyrus species remains unknown. The United States of America and Canada are now known to be home to 69-79 species of adventive Chrysomelidae including 16-18 Bruchinae. We have found two dead, teneral B.affinis individuals inside Lathyrus seeds imported from Europe, and we hypothesise that this species was introduced to Canada from Europe via seeds for planting sometime before 2007. At our study sites, Lathyrus flowering began in mid June followed by oviposition in late June with first adults emerging in late August, requiring about 60 days from egg to adult stage. Dinarmusbasalis (Rodani, 1877) (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) was newly recorded as parasitoid of Bruchusaffinis in Canada, and caused about 10% mortality in B.affinis at our sites.}, }
@article {pmid36761821, year = {2022}, author = {Sukhorukov, AP and Kushunina, M and Sennikov, AN}, title = {A new classification of C4- Atriplex species in Russia, with the first alien record of Atriplexflabellum (Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae) from North Siberia.}, journal = {PhytoKeys}, volume = {202}, number = {}, pages = {59-72}, pmid = {36761821}, issn = {1314-2011}, abstract = {For a long time, the systematics of Atriplex was based solely on morphological characters and leaf anatomy. The latest worldwide phylogenetic study of Atriplex significantly improved our knowledge about the relationships within the genus, but a new classification has not been put forward thus far. Here we re-evaluate the taxonomy of C4-species of Atriplex that are native to Russia. Seven species are classified into two sections, A.sect.Obione (incl. A.sect.Sclerocalymma, syn. nov.) (A.altaica, A.centralasiatica, A.rosea, A.sibirica, and A.sphaeromorpha), and A.sect.Obionopsis (incl. A.sect.Psammophila, syn. nov.) (A.fominii and A.tatarica). Although the majority of Eurasian C4-species have similar morphology, leafy inflorescence is a typical character for A.sect.Obione. The members of A.sect.Obionopsis are characterised mostly by aphyllous inflorescences, but some species (A.laciniata, A.pratovii, and A.tornabenei) have leafy inflorescences. Geographically, almost all members of A.sect.Obione are confined to Central Asia, although A.rosea is a typical Mediterranean element and A.argentea occurs in North America. The representatives of A.sect.Obionopsis are distributed mostly in the Mediterranean and the Irano-Turanian floristic region. The alien status of A.rosea, A.sibirica and A.tatarica is discussed. Atriplexflabellum, a desert species from the Irano-Turanian region, is reported for the first time from Russia (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, North Siberia) as a casual alien. This species occupies a phylogenetic position distant from both aforementioned sections. An identification key to all C4-species of the genus growing in Russia is given, and a sectional checklist with updated nomenclature and revised synonymy is provided.}, }
@article {pmid36761646, year = {2022}, author = {Hrivnák, R and Jarčuška, B and Jarolímek, I and Kochjarová, J and Májeková, J and Hegedüšová Vantarová, K and Slezák, M}, title = {Comparative diversity of vascular plants in black alder floodplain and swamp forests of Central European biogeographical regions.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e90281}, pmid = {36761646}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {Plant species diversity of black alder-dominated forests was studied in three biogeographical regions (Alpine, Continental and Pannonian) of Central Europe. They were represented by regions of the Polish Plain (Continental), the High Western Carpathians and Matricum of the Western Carpathians (Alpine) and the Pannonian lowland (Pannonian). We analysed 35 plots per region in order to identify: i) local alpha (α) diversity defined as the counted number of plant taxa occurring in a single sampling plot, ii) amongst-site beta (β) diversity, iii) regional (γ) diversity defined as the total species richness of all sampling plots and iv) zeta diversity (ζ) as a generalisation of beta diversity. We recorded a total of 432 vascular plant taxa in all bioregions; more than 13% were alien plants. Statistically significant differences in species richness (α) of both native and alien plants were found between assemblages of the regions. The High Western Carpathians showed the highest native and the lowest alien plant species richness. Total β-diversity was high in all regions, but significantly differed amongst regions only for alien plant species. Cumulative native and alien species richness (γ) was the highest and lowest in the High Western Carpathians and Matricum of Western Carpathians, respectively. Our results identified the High Western Carpathians as a hotspot for diversity of native plants in Central European black alder-dominated forests.}, }
@article {pmid36761629, year = {2022}, author = {Di Muri, C and Alcorlo, P and Bardelli, R and Catalan, J and Gacia, E and Guerra, MT and Rosati, I and Soto, DX and Vizzini, S and Mancinelli, G}, title = {Individual and population-scale carbon and nitrogen isotopic values of Procambarusclarkii in invaded freshwater ecosystems.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e94411}, pmid = {36761629}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Freshwater ecosystems are amongst the most threatened habitats on Earth; nevertheless, they support about 9.5% of the known global biodiversity while covering less than 1% of the globe's surface. A number of anthropogenic pressures are impacting species diversity in inland waters and, amongst them, the spread of invasive alien species is considered one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss and homogenisation in freshwater habitats.Crayfish species are widely distributed freshwater invaders and, while alien species introductions occur mostly accidentally, alien crayfish are often released deliberately into new areas for commercial purposes. After their initial introduction, crayfish species can rapidly establish and reach high-density populations as a result of their adaptive functional traits, such as their generalist diet.The Louisiana crayfish Procambarusclarkii (Girard, 1852) is globally considered one of the worst invaders and its impact on recipient freshwater communities can vary from predation and competition with native species, to modification of food webs and habitat structure and introduction of pathogens. Native to the south United States and north Mexico, P.clarkii has been introduced in Europe, Asia and Africa, determining negative ecological and economic impacts in the majority of invaded habitats where it became dominant within the receiving benthic food webs. Due to its flexible feeding strategy, P.clarkii exerts adverse effects at different trophic levels, ultimately affecting the structure and dynamics of invaded food webs. It is, therefore, paramount to evaluate the ecological consequences of P.clarkii invasion and to quantify its impact in a spatially explicit context.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: In the past decades, the analysis of stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen and other elements has become a popular methodology in food web ecology. Notably, stable isotope analysis has emerged as a primary tool for addressing applied issues in biodiversity conservation and management, such as the assessment of the trophic ecology of non-indigenous species in invaded habitats. Here, we built two geo-referenced datasets, resolved respectively at the population and individual scale, by collating information on &#x3b4;[13]C and &#x3b4;[15]N values of P.clarkii within invaded inland waters. The population-scale dataset consists of 160 carbon and nitrogen isotopic values of the Louisiana crayfish and its potential prey, including living and non-living primary producers and benthic invertebrates. The dataset resolved at individual scale consists of 1,168 isotopic records of P.clarkii. The isotopic values included within the two datasets were gathered from 10 countries located in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America, for a total of 41 studies published between 2005 and 2021. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this effort represents the first attempt to collate in standardised datasets the sparse isotopic information of P.clarkii available in literature. The datasets lend themselves to being used for providing a spatially explicit resolution of the trophic ecology of P.clarkii and to address a variety of ecological questions concerning its ecological impact on recipient aquatic food webs.}, }
@article {pmid36761623, year = {2022}, author = {Luz, R and Cordeiro, R and Fonseca, A and Raposeiro, PM and Gonçalves, V}, title = {Distribution and diversity of cyanobacteria in the Azores Archipelago: An annotated checklist.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e87638}, pmid = {36761623}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Knowledge about cyanobacteria diversity in the Azores is spread over several publications, dating from 1874, with some of them not generally available to the scientific community due to their restricted access. The dispersion and sometimes inaccessibility of this information hinder a deeper analysis and a better understanding of the biodiversity of the Azores Islands and more general ecological processes in oceanic islands. Here we present the first checklist of cyanobacteria for the Azores Archipelago with updated taxonomy of all recorded taxa.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: This work provides a compiled and annotated checklist of all known cyanobacteria from the Azores Archipelago with morphological identification from preserved samples and cultures, based on published literature. All records of taxa known to occur in the Azores were taxonomically updated. The present checklist comprises 225 taxa distributed by six orders (Chroococcales, Nostocales, Oscillatoriales, Pleurocapsales, Spirulinales and Synechococcales). Our literature review reveals that the Azores Archipelago hosts a high diversity of cyanobacteria, despite several overlooked habitats that may present great potential regarding cyanobacteria diversity. Increasing efforts to study these neglected habitats could contribute to the knowledge of cyanobacteria taxonomy. This checklist provides the basis for future works on the taxonomy and taxa richness of cyanobacteria in the Azores and the Atlantic Islands, as also for understanding and monitoring non-indigenous and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid36761611, year = {2022}, author = {Itsukushima, R and Maruoka, K}, title = {Database of fish fauna in a highly urbanised river (Tsurumi River Basin, Kanagawa, Japan).}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e83527}, pmid = {36761611}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Urbanisation has facilitated changes in the hydrological cycle, sediment dynamics and habitat loss and it has had a tremendous impact on river ecosystems. Moreover, the invasion of non-native species reduces the number of native species with the progress of urbanisation, thereby resulting in the homogenisation of fish fauna and significant decrease in diversity. However, the effects of urbanisation on fish fauna vary depending on the region, degree of urbanisation and number of years since the construction of the city. Hence, it is necessary to collect information on how fish fauna changes due to urbanisation in different regions. The target site of the present study is the Tsurumi River, of which approximately 85% of the basin is urbanised and many of the river channels have been affected by straightening and concrete channelling. Monitoring of biota has been conducted mainly in downstream areas; however, data on fish fauna in upstream areas and tributaries of the river, which have been substantially affected by urbanisation, are lacking.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: Surveys were conducted at 71 sites in the Tsurumi River Basin during summers and winters, focusing on river channels that have been straightened or converted to concrete channels due to urbanisation. As a result of this investigation, 10 families, 28 species and 9,335 individuals were collected. Some of the fish collected included rare species, such as Tanakialanceolata, Lefuaechigonia and Pseudobagrustokiensis, indicating that, even in rivers that have been severely impacted by human activities, there are still rare indigenous species living there, albeit in limited numbers. In addition, Misgurnus sp. (clade B2), Micropterussalmoides, Lepomismacrochirus and Poeciliareticulata were confirmed to be non-native species. Misgurnus sp. (clade B2) was widespread; however, populations of carnivorous non-native alien species were small. The data are all accessible from the document "database_fish_urban_tsurumi" (https://ipt.pensoft.net/manage/resource?r=database_fish_urban_tsurumi).}, }
@article {pmid36761597, year = {2022}, author = {Lieungh, E and Bjureke, K and Evju, M and Johaadien, RS and Olsen, SL and Skarpaas, O and Stabbetorp, OE and Wollan, AK}, title = {Presence-absence of plant habitat specialists in 15 patches of dry calcareous grassland.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e94057}, pmid = {36761597}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dry grasslands on calcareous bedrock in warm climates around the Oslo Fjord are naturally fragmented biodiversity hotspots. This habitat geographically coincides with the most densely populated area of Norway. Many habitat specialists, along with the habitat itself, are red-listed because of land-use change, forest encroachment, and invasive species that cause habitat loss and greater isolation of remaining patches. To ensure effective conservation, data on species presences and absences are necessary to quantify states, changes, and extinction risks in specific populations and habitat patches.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: We present presence-absence data of 49 vascular plant species in 15 patches of dry calcareous grassland habitat, surveyed in 2009, 2019, and in 2020. The species are considered to be habitat specialists and, thus, unlikely to occur between the patches.}, }
@article {pmid36761596, year = {2022}, author = {Tsafack, N and Gabriel, R and Elias, RB and Boieiro, M and Ferreira, MT and Borges, PAV}, title = {Arthropods and other biota associated with the Azorean trees and shrubs: Laurusazorica (Seub) Franco (Magnoliophyta, Magnoliopsida, Laurales, Lauraceae).}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e80088}, pmid = {36761596}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {This study explores the composition and structure of species communities associated with the native Azorean tree species Laurusazorica (Seub) Franco (Magnoliophyta, Magnoliopsida, Laurales, Lauraceae). Communities were sampled in six Islands covering the occidental (Flores), central (Faial, Pico, Terceira) and eastern (São Miguel, Santa Maria) groups of Azores Archipelago during the BALA project, using standardised sampling protocols for surveying canopy arthropod fauna. In addition, the study characterises the distribution of species regarding their colonisation status and feeding modes and, finally, compares communities of different Islands. Ninety-four arthropod species totalling 10,313 specimens were collected on L.azorica. The Arthropod community was dominated by Hemiptera species, most of them being herbivores. Endemic and native species showed a very high abundance representing about 94% of the total species abundance. However, despite introduced species being represented by few individuals (6% of the total abundance), their diversity was remarkable (28 species and no significant difference with diversity found in endemic and native species communities). Analysis of rarity patterns revealed a stable community of endemic species (alpha gambin SAD model approaching a log-normal shape), intermediate stable community of native species (alpha SAD gambin model approaching a poisson log-normal) and a less stable community of introduced species (alpha SAD gambin model approaching a log-series shape). A dissimilarity analysis revealed high similarity between communities of Terceira and Pico and high dissimilarity between Flores and Faial communities. We observed a clear individualisation of the different islands when considering endemic species, whereas we observed high overlap when considering native and introduced species groups. Canopy community distribution confirms the results obtained in a previous study which suggest the stability of native and endemic arthropods species communities over introduced species community in native forests fragments. Arthropod species were richer than bryophytes, lichens and vascular plants species. We found that L.azorica serve as the substrate for very few vascular plants species (four epiphytes species), which were present in all Islands, except Elaphoglossumsemicylindricum, which does not occur in Santa Maria. L.azorica shelters a significant number of bryophytes and lichens species. Thirty-two lichens and 92 bryophyte species, including 57 liverworts and 35 mosses, are referred to this phorophyte. Five bryophyte species, all Azorean endemics, are considered Endangered by IUCN Criteria. L.azorica harbours a poor community of epiphyte vascular plant species and all of them were ferns, but the community of bryophytes and lichens are not negligible although very low compared to the community found on other previously studied Azorean trees, the Azorean cedar Juniperusbrevifolia. The present study shows that most islands present particular species distribution patterns without geographical correlation and that conservation programmes should be adapted to each Island. The study, therefore, calls for a specialisation of conservation programmes for each of the Islands.}, }
@article {pmid36761583, year = {2022}, author = {Kim, D and Lee, MJ and Lee, H and Ban, YG and Kim, DE}, title = {The current status of invasive alien insect species in South Korea.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e81941}, pmid = {36761583}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {We investigated the identity and distribution of the invasive alien insect species inhabiting Korean ecosystems, targeting 3,249 locations in nine regions between 2015 and 2018. In natural ecosystems, we identified 63 species in 43 families and nine orders of invasive alien insect species, respectively. We observed that the order Hemiptera exhibited the highest species diversity with 20 species. Gyeonggi-do was where the highest number of invasive alien insect species were identified (45 species). Species richness analysis revealed that Jeju-do showed the highest Dominance Index (0.8), whereas Gyeongsangnam-do had the highest Diversity Index (2.8). Corythuchamarmorata (Hemiptera: Tingidae), Lycormadelicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), Ophraellacommuna (Coleoptera: Chrysomeridae), Metcalfapruinosa (Say) (Hemiptera: Flatidae) and Pochaziashantungensis (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae) were distributed in more than 300 locations of the country. Invasive alien insect species inhabited the roadsides (31.3%), farmlands (18.3%) and parks (16.6%). In this study, we list the invasive alien insect species in Korean ecosystems and provide a basis for selecting primary management target species.}, }
@article {pmid36761554, year = {2022}, author = {Delabye, S and Gaona, FP and Potocký, P and Foxcroft, LC and Halamová, P and Hejda, M and MacFadyen, S and Pyšková, K and Sedláček, O and Staňková, M and Storch, D and Pyšek, P and Tropek, R}, title = {Thirteen moth species (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Noctuidae) newly recorded in South Africa, with comments on their distribution.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e89729}, pmid = {36761554}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Thanks to the high diversity of ecosystems and habitats, South Africa harbours tremendous diversity of insects. The Kruger National Park, due to its position close to the border between two biogeographic regions and high heterogeneity of environmental conditions, represents an insufficiently studied hotspot of lepidopteran diversity. During our ecological research in the Kruger National Park, we collected abundant moth material, including several interesting faunistic records reported in this study.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: We reported 13 species of moths which had not yet been recorded in South Africa. In many cases, our records represented an important extension of the species' known distribution, including two species (Ozarbagaedei and O.persinua) whose distribution ranges extended into the Zambezian biogeographic region. Such findings confirmed the poor regional knowledge of lepidopteran diversity.}, }
@article {pmid36761538, year = {2022}, author = {Lhoumeau, S and Cardoso, P and Boieiro, M and Ros-Prieto, A and Costa, R and Lamelas-Lopez, L and Leite, A and Amorim do Rosário, I and Gabriel, R and Malumbres-Olarte, J and Rigal, F and Santos, AMC and Tsafack, N and Ferreira, MT and Borges, PAV}, title = {SLAM Project - Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change in the natural forests of Azores: V - New records of terrestrial arthropods after ten years of SLAM sampling.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e97952}, pmid = {36761538}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A long-term study monitoring arthropods (Arthropoda) is being conducted since 2012 in the forests of Azorean Islands. Named "SLAM - Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change in the natural forest of Azores", this project aims to understand the impact of biodiversity erosion drivers in the distribution, abundance and diversity of Azorean arthropods. The current dataset represents arthropods that have been recorded using a total of 42 passive SLAM traps (Sea, Land and Air Malaise) deployed in native, mixed and exotic forest fragments in seven Azorean Islands (Flores, Faial, Pico, Graciosa, Terceira, São Miguel and Santa Maria). This manuscript is the fifth data-paper contribution, based on data from this long-term monitoring project.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: We targeted taxa for species identification belonging to Arachnida (excluding Acari), Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Hexapoda (excluding Collembola, Lepidoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera (but including only Formicidae)). Specimens were sampled over seven Azorean Islands during the 2012-2021 period. Spiders (Araneae) data from Pico and Terceira Islands are not included since they have been already published elsewhere (Costa and Borges 2021, Lhoumeau et al. 2022). We collected a total of 176007 specimens, of which 168565 (95.7%) were identified to the species or subspecies level. For Araneae and some Hemiptera species, juveniles are also included in this paper, since the low diversity in the Azores allows a relatively precise species-level identification of this life-stage. We recorded a total of 316 named species and subspecies, belonging to 25 orders, 106 families and 260 genera. The ten most abundant species were mostly endemic or native non-endemic (one Opiliones, one Archaeognatha and seven Hemiptera) and only one exotic species, the Julida Ommatoiulusmoreleti (Lucas, 1860). These ten species represent 107330 individuals (60%) of all sampled specimens and can be considered as the dominant species in the Azorean native forests for the target studied taxa. The Hemiptera were the most abundant taxa, with 90127 (50.4%) specimens. The Coleoptera were the most diverse with 30 (28.6%) families.We registered 72 new records for many of the islands (two for Flores, eight for Faial, 24 for Graciosa, 23 for Pico, eight for Terceira, three for S&#xe3;o Miguel and four for Santa Maria). These records represent 58 species. None of them is new to the Azores Archipelago. Most of the new records are introduced species, all still with low abundance on the studied islands. This publication contributes to increasing the baseline information for future long-term comparisons of the arthropods of the studied sites and the knowledge of the arthropod fauna of the native forests of the Azores, in terms of species abundance, distribution and diversity throughout seasons and years.}, }
@article {pmid36761513, year = {2022}, author = {Lhoumeau, S and Cardoso, P and Costa, R and Boieiro, M and Malumbres-Olarte, J and Amorim, IR and Rigal, F and Santos, AMC and Gabriel, R and Borges, PAV}, title = {SLAM Project - Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change in the natural forest of Azores: IV - The spiders of Terceira and Pico Islands (2019-2021) and general diversity patterns after ten years of sampling.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e96442}, pmid = {36761513}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Long-term studies are key to understand the drivers of biodiversity erosion, such as land-use change and habitat degradation, climate change, invasive species or pollution. The long-term project SLAM (Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change in the natural forest of Azores) started in 2012 and focuses on arthropod monitoring, using SLAM (Sea, Land and Air Malaise) traps, aiming to understand the impact of the drivers of biodiversity erosion on Azorean native forests (Azores, Portugal). This is the fourth contribution including SLAM project data and the second focused on the spider fauna (Arachnida, Araneae) of native forests on two islands (Pico and Terceira). In this contribution, we describe data collected between 2019 and 2021 and we analyse them together with a previously published database that covered the 2012-2019 period, in order to describe changes in species abundance patterns over the last ten years.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: We present abundance data of Azorean spider species for the 2019-2021 period in two Azorean Islands (Terceira and Pico). We also present analyses of species distribution and abundance of the whole sampling period. In the period of 2019-2021, we collected a total of 5110 spider specimens, of which 2449 (48%) were adults. Most juveniles, with the exception of some exotic Erigoninae, were also included in the data presented in this paper, since the low diversity of spiders in the Azores allows a relatively precise species-level identification of this life-stage. We recorded a total of 45 species, belonging to 39 genera and 16 families. The ten most abundant species were composed mostly of endemic or native non-endemic species and only two exotic species (Tenuiphantestenuis (Blackwall, 1852) and Dysderacrocata C. L. Koch, 1838). They included 4308 individuals (84%) of all sampled specimens and were the dominant species in Azorean native forests. The family Linyphiidae was the richest and most abundant taxon, with 15 (33%) species and 2630 (51%) specimens. We report Cheiracanthiummildei L. Koch, 1864, a non-native species, from Pico Island for the first time. We found no new species records on Terceira Island. This publication contributes to increasing the baseline information for future long-term comparisons of the spiders on the studied sites and the knowledge of the arachnofauna of the native forests of Terceira and Pico, in terms of species abundance, distribution and diversity across seasons for a 10 years period.}, }
@article {pmid36761456, year = {2022}, author = {Manconi, R and Copeland, J and Kunigelis, S and Pronzato, R}, title = {Biodiversity of Nearctic inland water: discovery of the genus Heterorotula (Porifera, Spongillida, Spongillidae) in the Appalachian Mountains, with biogeographical implications and description of new species.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {1110}, number = {}, pages = {103-120}, pmid = {36761456}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {This paper reports the discovery of a small population of sponges in the Pigeon River of eastern Tennessee, USA, which were morphologically distinct from Spongillida of North America. A morphological comparative analysis resulted in the first Nearctic record of the genus Heterorotula with the description of a new species Heterorotulalucasi sp. nov. diverging from all other known species by its unique combinations of diagnostic morphotraits of spicules and gemmules. The new record enlarges the geographic range of the genus which has been known until now only from Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Japan (as an alien species), and from subequatorial Brazil (as subfossil remains). The discovery of a biogeographic enclave of Heterorotula in the southeastern United States contributes to the understanding of Porifera inland water biodiversity, biogeographic patterns, and adaptive morphotraits in the Nearctic and globally. Data confirm that the Appalachian region (Ordovician-Permian origin) of Tennessee and, in general, of North America have high levels of diversity and endemicity.}, }
@article {pmid36761101, year = {2023}, author = {Fast, KM and Rakestraw, AW and Sandel, MW}, title = {Complete mitochondrial genome of a livebearing freshwater fish (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae): Poecilia parae.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {215-219}, pmid = {36761101}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {Members of the fish family Poeciliidae (livebearing 'tooth-carps') have historically been used as models in medical research, behavior ecology, and biological control. This group of primarily freshwater fishes is highly tolerant to environmental factors such as salinity and warm temperatures and includes some invasive species. Here, we present the mitochondrial genome of Poecilia parae. A representative of this species was obtained from Suriname. The complete mitochondrial genome was sequenced using Oxford Nanopore technology and is 16,559 bp long. The genome contains 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and one control region (D-loop). Phylogenetic analysis yielded topologies similar to those previously published. The data generated here will be useful in future studies of comparative biology and those utilizing environmental DNA (eDNA).}, }
@article {pmid36761074, year = {2022}, author = {Tsukamoto, S and Shimano, S and Eguchi, K}, title = {Two new species of the dwarf centipede genus Nannarrup Foddai, Bonato, Pereira &amp; Minelli, 2003 (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Mecistocephalidae) from Japan.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {1115}, number = {}, pages = {117-150}, pmid = {36761074}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The genus Nannarrup Foddai, Bonato, Pereira &amp; Minelli, 2003 is a monotypic genus established on the basis of the possibly introduced species N.hoffmani Foddai, Bonato, Pereira &amp; Minelli, 2003, from New York, USA. In the present study, in a field survey conducted throughout Japan, Nannarrup-like specimens were collected from Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. These specimens clearly showed the diagnostic characteristics of the genus but were morphologically distinct from N.hoffmani. Furthermore, morphological analysis and DNA barcoding revealed that these specimens could be assigned to two distinct undescribed species. On the basis of these results, N.innuptus Tsukamoto, sp. nov. and N.oyamensis Tsukamoto, sp. nov. are described. The three Nannarrup species can be distinguished from each other on the basis of the following combination of characteristics: presence or absence of a pair of smooth or weakly areolate areas along the posterior part of the paraclypeal sutures; the width-to-length ratio of the denticle on the trochanteroprefemur; the pigmentation of the denticle on the tarsungulum. Moreover, the field survey resulted in the collection of exclusively female specimens of N.innuptus Tsukamoto, sp. nov., which shows the possibility of parthenogenesis of this species.}, }
@article {pmid36760991, year = {2022}, author = {Aubriot, X and Knapp, S}, title = {A revision of the "spiny solanums" of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae).}, journal = {PhytoKeys}, volume = {198}, number = {}, pages = {1-270}, pmid = {36760991}, issn = {1314-2011}, abstract = {The Leptostemonum Clade, or the "spiny solanums", is the most species-rich monophyletic clade of the large cosmopolitan genus Solanum (Solanaceae) and represents almost half the species diversity of the genus. Species diversity in the clade is highest in the Americas, but significant clusters of endemic taxa occur in the Eastern Hemisphere. We present here a taxonomic revision of the 51 species of spiny solanums occurring in tropical Asia (excluding the island of New Guinea, and the lowlands of Nepal and Bhutan). Three species are described as new: Solanumkachinense X.Aubriot &amp; S.Knapp, sp. nov. from northern Myanmar, S.peikuoense S.S.Ying, sp. nov. from Taiwan, and S.sulawesi X.Aubriot &amp; S.Knapp, sp. nov. from northern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Of the spiny solanums occurring in the region, 38 are native and 13 are introduced from the Americas or Africa, either as adventive weeds or as cultivated plants. Phylogenetic resolution amongst these taxa is still a work in progress, so we have chosen to treat these taxa in a geographical context to aid with identification and further taxon discovery. For the native species we provide complete nomenclatural details for all recognised species and their synonyms, complete descriptions, distributions including maps, common names and uses, and preliminary conservation assessments. For the introduced taxa that have been treated in detail elsewhere we provide details of types, synonyms based on tropical Asian material, general distributions, and common names for the region. We provide lecto- or neotypifications for 67 names; 63 for native and 4 for introduced taxa. All taxa are discussed and compared to similar species; keys are provided for all taxa. We illustrate all native species with herbarium and field photographs and introduced species with field photographs only. All specimens examined for this treatment are included in Suppl. materials 1-3 as searchable files.}, }
@article {pmid36760698, year = {2022}, author = {Chen, X and Wang, M and Zhang, E}, title = {Updated species checklist of fishes from Lake Dongting in Hunan Province, South China: Species diversity and conservation.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {1108}, number = {}, pages = {51-88}, pmid = {36760698}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {A lack of an updated checklist of freshwater fish species from Lake Dongting is a great hindrance to further biodiversity analysis. A seasonal survey of fishes in the lake was conducted from October 2017 to January 2019. Based on the data obtained during the field survey and coupled with known literature and the latest taxonomic development of relevant taxa, the species checklist of fishes from Lake Dongting was updated. A total of 130 species from 12 orders, 30 families and 76 genera has been documented, containing 126 native species and four alien species. Its fish fauna is dominated by the Xenocyprididae that has the highest number of included species (30), followed by the Gobionidae (25) and Acheilognathidae (11). This checklist comprises 20 species undergoing nomenclatural changes and 11 new records, eight of which are native and three exotic. It excludes 20 species, which have been reported in error in historical works, due to synonyms, erroneous records, taxonomic changes and unconfirmed records. Unsampled in this survey were 34 species that are ecologically specialised: migratory, rheophilic, predatory, shellfish-dependent or pelagic-egg-spawning. While some of these species eluded capture likely due to the paucity of population, others may have been extirpated in Lake Dongting perhaps owing to human perturbations, such as river damming across affluents or the Chang-Jiang mainstem, sand dredging, overfishing or water pollution. The updated checklist lays a sound foundation for biodiversity conservation of fishes in Lake Dongting.}, }
@article {pmid36759955, year = {2023}, author = {Manenti, R and Kristensen, N and Cogliati, P and Barzaghi, B and Melotto, A and Ficetola, GF}, title = {Larval development and poor trophic resource availability: Local adaptations and plasticity in a widespread amphibian species.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {529-541}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.14155}, pmid = {36759955}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; *Acclimatization ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; Amphibians ; Altitude ; Metamorphosis, Biological ; Larva ; }, abstract = {Theory predicts that, in organisms with complex life cycles, if the earlier-stage limiting factor induces weak later-stage phenotypes, the development of the later-stage trait should evolve to reduce carry-over effects. Local adaptations could thus favour decoupling of later stages. However, decoupling is not always possible. In this study, we used a widespread amphibian, the European fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra), to assess the role of local adaptations to environmental stressful conditions experienced at the larval stage. We exposed 150 larvae from different altitudes to two conditions: rich food and poor food condition. Conditions in early life stages can affect an individual's traits, either as a direct effect or mediated through outcomes in successive life stages. To distinguish between effects of rearing conditions and local adaptation, we searched for a causal model. The causal model detected effects of both food treatment and population origin (altitude) on all life stages. Larvae reared under rich food condition metamorphosed earlier, had higher growth rates and reached smaller size at metamorphosis. Significant differences occurred between larvae of different origin: low-altitude individuals performed poorly under the poor food treatment. Moreover, larvae from higher altitudes were slower with rich food and faster with poor food compared to those from lower altitudes. Our results underline that environmental conditions and local adaptation can interplay in determining the plasticity of larval stages, still adaptations can maximize the growth efficiency of early stages in oligotrophic environments, leading to divergent pathways across populations and environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid36754710, year = {2023}, author = {Lockwood, JL and Lieurance, D and Flory, SL and Meyerson, LA and Ricciardi, A and Simberloff, D}, title = {Moving scholarship on invasion science forward.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, pages = {495-496}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2023.01.006}, pmid = {36754710}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid36750415, year = {2023}, author = {Gioria, M and Hulme, PE and Richardson, DM and Pyšek, P}, title = {Why Are Invasive Plants Successful?.}, journal = {Annual review of plant biology}, volume = {74}, number = {}, pages = {635-670}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-arplant-070522-071021}, pmid = {36750415}, issn = {1545-2123}, mesh = {Humans ; *Ecosystem ; *Plants ; Biological Evolution ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Plant invasions, a byproduct of globalization, are increasing worldwide. Because of their ecological and economic impacts, considerable efforts have been made to understand and predict the success of non-native plants. Numerous frameworks, hypotheses, and theories have been advanced to conceptualize the interactions of multiple drivers and context dependence of invasion success with the aim of achieving robust explanations with predictive power. We review these efforts from a community-level perspective rather than a biogeographical one, focusing on terrestrial systems, and explore the roles of intrinsic plant properties in determining species invasiveness, as well as the effects of biotic and abiotic conditions in mediating ecosystem invasibility (or resistance) and ecological and evolutionary processes. We also consider the fundamental influences of human-induced changes at scales ranging from local to global in triggering, promoting, and sustaining plant invasions and discuss how these changes could alter future invasion trajectories.}, }
@article {pmid36749607, year = {2023}, author = {Patel, JS and Lee, SB and Chouvenc, T and Su, NY}, title = {Equivalent Colony Growth of Hybrids of Two Invasive Coptotermes Species Can Threaten Urban Areas.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {2}, pages = {538-545}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad020}, pmid = {36749607}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Isoptera ; Introduced Species ; Wood ; Florida ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and C. gestroi (Wasmann) are economically important structural pests in urban areas. Due to anthropogenic activity, both species have been introduced into the United States, with their respective invasive ranges now overlapping in Florida, and the two species have the capability to hybridize. The potential for structural damage from subterranean termite colonies primarily depends on colony size. However, long-term colony growth and wood consumption capabilities of hybrid Coptotermes colonies remain to be investigated, to determine the potential pest status of field-established hybrid colonies. In this study, we investigated long-term colony development over four years to determine if aging hybrid colonies display vigor in terms of colony growth. In addition, we compared wood consumption rate of hybrid colonies to compare their potential impact as structural pests with the two parental species. In aging colonies (four-year-old), both hybrid mating types displayed a colony growth equivalent to C. formosanus. However, the wood consumption rates of four-year-old colonies of the two parental Coptotermes species and their hybrids were similar, indicating equal damaging potential. We also found multiple secondary reproductives in hybrid colonies, even in the presence of primary reproductives, which may favor their potential establishment and spread. Although hybrid colonies or hybrid alates have yet to be detected in the field, our results suggest that such hybrid colonies would be an additional termite threat in the future if they were established in the field.}, }
@article {pmid36747078, year = {2023}, author = {Echeverri, A and Furumo, PR and Moss, S and Figot Kuthy, AG and García Aguirre, D and Mandle, L and Valencia, ID and Ruckelshaus, M and Daily, GC and Lambin, EF}, title = {Colombian biodiversity is governed by a rich and diverse policy mix.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {382-392}, pmid = {36747078}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Colombia ; *Biodiversity ; Policy ; Aquaculture ; }, abstract = {We lack an understanding of how diverse policymakers interact to govern biodiversity. Taking Colombia as a focal case, we examined six decades of biodiversity governance (1959-2018). Here we analysed the composition of the policy mix, and how it has evolved over time, how policies differ among lead actors and ecosystems, and whether the policy mix addresses the primary threats to biodiversity. We identified 186 biodiversity-related policies that govern multiple ecosystems, use different instruments and address the main threats to biodiversity (that is, agriculture and aquaculture, and biological resource use). We found policy gaps in the governance of invasive species and wildlife trade. Biodiversity policy integration into some sectoral policies, such as climate change, poverty and pollution, has become more common in the past decade. Our results point to an increased need for effective coordination across sectors and actors, as new ones influence and implement the policy mix.}, }
@article {pmid36746224, year = {2023}, author = {Martel, SI and Zamora, CA and Behrens, CA and Rezende, EL and Bozinovic, F}, title = {Phenotypic specialization of the pea aphid in its southern limit of distribution.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology}, volume = {279}, number = {}, pages = {111388}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111388}, pmid = {36746224}, issn = {1531-4332}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aphids/genetics ; Pisum sativum ; Reproduction/physiology ; Fertility ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {The success of biological invasions ultimately relies on phenotypic traits of the invasive species. Aphids, which include many important pests worldwide, may have been successful invading new environments partly because they can maximize reproductive output by becoming parthenogenetic and losing the sexual phase of their reproductive cycle. However, invasive populations of aphids invading wide ranges can face contrasting environmental conditions and requiring different phenotypic strategies. Besides transitions in their reproductive cycle, it is only partially known which phenotypic traits might be associated to the invasion success of aphid populations in extended novel ranges. Here, we used four genotypes of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum from two localities in Chile to test for phenotypic specialization that might explain their establishment and spread in habitats exhibiting contrasting environmental conditions. We show that lineages living at a higher latitude with low temperatures show, in addition to facultative sexual reproduction, smaller body sizes, lower metabolic rates and a higher tolerance to the cold than the obligate asexual lineages living in a mild weather, at the expense of fecundity. Conversely, at higher temperatures only asexual lineages were found, which exhibit larger body sizes, higher reproductive outputs and consequently enhanced demographic ability. As a result, in conjunction with the reproductive mode, lineage specialization in physiological and life-history traits could be taken into account as an important strategy for populations of pea aphid to effectively invade extended novel ranges comprising different climatic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid36745217, year = {2023}, author = {Florianová, A and Hanzelková, V and Drtinová, L and Pánková, H and Cajthaml, T and Münzbergová, Z}, title = {Plant-soil interactions in the native range of two congeneric species with contrasting invasive success.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {201}, number = {2}, pages = {461-477}, pmid = {36745217}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {GA&#x10c;R 20-01813S//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; }, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; Plant Roots ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {The aim of this study was to compare plant-soil interactions in the native range of two congeneric European species differing in their invasive success in the world: a globally invasive Cirsium vulgare and non-invasive C. oleraceum. We assessed changes in soil nutrients and soil biota following soil conditioning by each species and compared performance of plants grown in self-conditioned and unconditioned soil, from which all, some or no biota was excluded. The invasive species depleted more nutrients than the non-invasive species and coped better with altered nutrient levels. The invasive species had higher seedling establishment which benefited from the presence of unconditioned biota transferred by soil filtrate. Biomass of both species increased in soil with self-conditioned soil filtrate and decreased in soil with self-conditioned whole-soil inoculum compared to unconditioned filtrate and inoculum. However, the increase was smaller and the decrease greater for the invasive species. The invasive species allocated less biomass to roots when associated with harmful biota, reducing negative effects of the biota on its performance. The results show that in the native range the invasive species is more limited by self-conditioned pathogens and benefits more from unconditioned mutualists and thus may benefit more from loss of effectively specialized soil biota in a secondary range. Our study highlights the utility of detailed plant-soil feedback research in species native range for understanding factors regulating species performance in their native range and pinpointing the types of biota involved in their regulation.}, }
@article {pmid36745034, year = {2023}, author = {Weitzman, CL and Kaestli, M and Rose, A and Hudson, CM and Gibb, K and Brown, GP and Shine, R and Christian, K}, title = {Geographic variation in bacterial assemblages on cane toad skin is influenced more by local environments than by evolved changes in host traits.}, journal = {Biology open}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {36745034}, issn = {2046-6390}, support = {//Charles Darwin University/ ; ARC-FL120100074//Australian Research Council/ ; //Charles Darwin University/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bufo marinus/physiology ; Australia ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Bacterial assemblages on amphibian skin may play an important role in protecting hosts against infection. In hosts that occur over a range of environments, geographic variation in composition of bacterial assemblages might be due to direct effects of local factors and/or to evolved characteristics of the host. Invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) are an ideal candidate to evaluate environmental and genetic mechanisms, because toads have evolved major shifts in physiology, morphology, and behavior during their brief history in Australia. We used samples from free-ranging toads to quantify site-level differences in bacterial assemblages and a common-garden experiment to see if those differences disappeared when toads were raised under standardised conditions at one site. The large differences in bacterial communities on toads from different regions were not seen in offspring raised in a common environment. Relaxing bacterial clustering to operational taxonomic units in place of amplicon sequence variants likewise revealed high similarity among bacterial assemblages on toads in the common-garden study, and with free-ranging toads captured nearby. Thus, the marked geographic divergence in bacterial assemblages on wild-caught cane toads across their Australian invasion appears to result primarily from local environmental effects rather than evolved shifts in the host.}, }
@article {pmid36744697, year = {2023}, author = {Piazza, YG and Lozano, IE and Llamazares Vegh, S and Lo Nostro, FL and Fuentes, CM}, title = {Integrative study of the reproductive biology and growth of Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro Menezes, 1992 (Characiformes, Acestrorhynchidae).}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, pages = {977-991}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15338}, pmid = {36744697}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {UBACyT 0672//Universidad de Buenos Aires/ ; PICT 0432//FONCyT/ ; //Direcci&#xf3;n de Pesca Continental/ ; //Subsecretaria de Pesca de la Naci&#xf3;n/ ; }, mesh = {Female ; Male ; Animals ; *Characiformes ; Sexual Maturation ; Reproduction ; Fertility ; Gonads ; Seasons ; Biology ; }, abstract = {We studied the reproductive strategy, sexual system and growth of dientudo paraguayo Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro. After 2 years of monitoring in shallow areas of a floodplain lake from the lower Paraná basin (Argentina), it was evidenced that water temperature modulated gonadal maturation, but it was the river water level the synchronising stimulus that triggered spawning. This species exhibited a single annual breeding period from October to January, with most spawning activity in November. According to the von Bertalanffy growth curve, fish would reach autumn to winter months with LS of ~120 mm, already mature males. The first mature females were found at LS of 210 mm, becoming sexually mature between the second and third breeding seasons. This is the first integrative study that includes the body-length frequency distribution and sex differential size at first maturity and growth, and reports the presence of intersex gonads questioning its sexual pattern from gonochoristic to sequential hermaphrodite species. The sexual pattern, the multiple spawning behaviour and a medium to high absolute fecundity support the opportunistic and invasive behavior observed in previous contributions for this characiform species.}, }
@article {pmid36743958, year = {2023}, author = {Hsu, YF and Shen, ZY and Huang, HC and Huang, CW and Lu, CC}, title = {Alien species revises systematic status: integrative species delimitation of two similar taxa of Symbrenthia Hübner, [1819] (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e14644}, pmid = {36743958}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Butterflies/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Taiwan ; }, abstract = {Introduction of organisms to new range may impose detrimental effects on local organisms, especially when closely related species are involved. Species delimitation employing an integrative taxonomy approach may provide a quick assessment for the species status between taxa of interest, and to infer ecological competition and/or introgression that may be associated with the introduction. A nymphalid butterfly, Symbrenthia lilaea lunica, was recently introduced to Taiwan, where a closely related local taxon, S. l. formosanus, can be found. We employed multiple species delimitation methods to study the species status between the two taxa, and the results revealed that they can be recognized as two distinct species, revised to S. l. lilaea (syn. nov.) and S. formosanus (stat. rev.) respectively. We further performed a niche modeling approach to investigate the ecological interaction between the two species. The taxonomic status of the two taxa, now elevated to species, has been revised and conservation facing rapid expansion of the introduced species discussed.}, }
@article {pmid36741683, year = {2023}, author = {Hoelmer, KA and Sforza, RFH and Cristofaro, M}, title = {Accessing biological control genetic resources: the United States perspective.}, journal = {BioControl (Dordrecht, Netherlands)}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, pages = {269-280}, pmid = {36741683}, issn = {1386-6141}, abstract = {The USA has been actively involved in classical biological control projects against invasive insect pests and weeds since 1888. Classical (importation) biological control relies upon natural enemies associated through coevolution with their target species at their geographic origin to also provide long-term, self-sustaining management where the pest/weed has become invasive. Biological control agents are a form of genetic resources and fall under the purview of the 1993 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and its Nagoya Protocol (NP), which entered into force in 2014 to address equitable sharing of benefits arising from utilization of genetic resources. Safe and effective classical biological control agents have historically been shared among countries experiencing problems with invasive species. However, a feature of the Nagoya Protocol is that countries are expected to develop processes governing access to their genetic resources to ensure that the benefits are shared equitably-a concept referred to as "access and benefit sharing" (ABS). Although the USA is not party to the CBD nor the NP, US biological control programs are affected by these international agreements. Surveying, collecting, exporting and importing of natural enemies may be covered by new ABS regulatory processes. Challenges of ABS have arisen as various countries enact new regulations (or not) governing access to genetic resources, and the processes for gaining access and sharing the benefits from these resources have become increasingly complex. In the absence of an overarching national US policy, individual government agencies and institutions follow their own internal procedures. Biological control practitioners in the USA have been encouraged in recent years to observe best practices developed by the biological community for insect and weed biological control.}, }
@article {pmid36741432, year = {2022}, author = {Weir, JL and Vacura, K and Bagga, J and Berland, A and Hyder, K and Skov, C and Attby, J and Venturelli, PA}, title = {Big data from a popular app reveals that fishing creates superhighways for aquatic invaders.}, journal = {PNAS nexus}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, pages = {pgac075}, pmid = {36741432}, issn = {2752-6542}, abstract = {Human activities are the leading cause of biological invasions that cause ecologic and economic damage around the world. Aquatic invasive species (AIS) are often spread by recreational anglers who visit two or more bodies of water within a short time frame. Movement data from anglers are, therefore, critical to predicting, preventing, and monitoring the spread of AIS. However, the lack of broad-scale movement data has restricted efforts to large and popular lakes or small geographic extents. Here, we show that recreational fishing apps are an abundant, convenient, and relatively comprehensive source of "big" movement data across the contiguous United States. Our analyses revealed a dense network of angler movements that was dramatically more interconnected and extensive than the network that is formed naturally by rivers and streams. Short-distanced movements by anglers combined to form invasion superhighways that spanned the contiguous United States. We also identified possible invasion fronts and invaded hub lakes that may be superspreaders for two relatively common aquatic invaders. Our results provide unique insight into the national network through which AIS may be spread, increase opportunities for interjurisdictional coordination that is essential to addressing the problem of AIS, and highlight the important role that anglers can play in providing accurate data and preventing invasions. The advantages of mobile devices as both sources of data and a means of engaging the public in their shared responsibility to prevent invasions are probably general to all forms of tourism and recreation that contribute to the spread of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid36740537, year = {2023}, author = {Vitule, JRS and Pelicice, FM}, title = {Care needed when evaluating the contributions of non-native species.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, pages = {499-500}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2023.01.005}, pmid = {36740537}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Ecosystem ; Biodiversity ; }, }
@article {pmid36736640, year = {2023}, author = {Estêvão, J and Osorio, H and Costas, B and Cruz, A and Fernández-Boo, S}, title = {Search for new biomarkers of tolerance to Perkinsus olseni parasite infection in Ruditapes decussatus clams.}, journal = {Fish &amp; shellfish immunology}, volume = {134}, number = {}, pages = {108566}, doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108566}, pmid = {36736640}, issn = {1095-9947}, mesh = {Animals ; Proteomics ; *Bivalvia ; *Parasites ; Iron/metabolism ; *Parasitic Diseases ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The grooved carpet shell (Ruditapes decussatus) is a clam species with high economic and social importance in several European and Mediterranean countries. Production of this species suffered a decline caused by biotic (parasite infection) and abiotic factors (environmental factors, stress, poor management methods and intensive culture of the introduced species Ruditapes philippinarum). The protozoan parasite Perkinsus olseni is also responsible for the decline of production, being nowadays one of the major issues for clam culture. Molecular biomarkers that might represent tolerance of R. decussatus to P. olseni have already been uncovered, shedding light in a possible production improvement by selecting those clams with a strongest immune response. In the present study, new tolerance biomarkers to P. olseni infection in R. decussatus were identified. The haemolymph proteomic profiles of naturally non/low-infected (tolerant) and highly-infected (susceptible) clams by the parasite across several heavy affected areas of Europe were characterized through a shotgun proteomics approach. Also, the mechanisms that might be involved in the responses against the disease in chronic infections were explored. Proteins related to energy restoration and balance, metabolic regulation, energy accumulation, ROS production, lysosomal activity, amino acid synthesis, proteolytic activity, iron regulation, iron withholding, and immune response modulation were significantly regulated in susceptible clams. In the tolerant group, proteins related to phagocytosis regulation, control of cell growth and proliferation, gonadal maturation, regulation of apoptosis, growth modulation, response to oxidative stress, iron regulation, shell development and metabolic regulation were significantly expressed. In summary, the protein expression profile of tolerant individuals suggests that an efficient pathogen elimination mechanism coupled to a better metabolic regulation leads to a tolerance to the parasite infection by limiting the spread through the tissues.}, }
@article {pmid36736255, year = {2023}, author = {Hoeksema, BW and Meijer Zu Schlochtern, MP and Samimi-Namin, K and McFadden, CS}, title = {In the aftermath of Hurricane Irma: Colonization of a 4-year-old shipwreck by native and non-native corals, including a new cryptogenic species for the Caribbean.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {188}, number = {}, pages = {114649}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114649}, pmid = {36736255}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; *Cyclonic Storms ; Caribbean Region ; Coral Reefs ; }, abstract = {Little is known about early coral settlement on shipwrecks with regard to their species and size compositions. Hurricanes in the Caribbean have a long history of sinking ships but a link with new coral settlement is understudied. In 2017, Hurricane Irma caused the sinking of over 300 vessels in the coastal waters of Saint Martin, eastern Caribbean. In 2021, coral settlement was studied on one of them, which included two native, one non-native, and two cryptogenic species. The corals were smaller than 8 cm in diameter. The invasive Tubastraea coccinea was the most abundant scleractinian and was predominantly represented by juveniles. A cryptogenic species, Stragulum bicolor, new for the Caribbean, was the most common octocoral. Because they can be harmful to the environment, shipwrecks should be monitored frequently for the occurrence of non-native species, especially when they are only a few years old.}, }
@article {pmid36736086, year = {2023}, author = {Carrillo, CC and Charbonneau, BR and Altman, S and Keele, JA and Pucherelli, SF and Passamaneck, YJ and Murphy, AC and Swannack, TM}, title = {Patterns of dreissenid mussel invasions in western US lakes within an integrated gravity model framework.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {332}, number = {}, pages = {117383}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117383}, pmid = {36736086}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Lakes ; *Bivalvia ; *Dreissena ; Ecosystem ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Freshwater invasive species, such as the quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis), are causing over $1 billion USD annually in damages to water infrastructure, recreation, and the environment. Once established, quagga and other dreissenid mussels are extremely difficult to eradicate. Preventing the spread of these invasives is critical and of high management concern. Invasive dreissenid establishment is predicated upon both successful dispersal from a source and suitable habitat in the uninfested waterbody to which they are transported. Recreational boaters have become predominant dispersal vectors making it possible to forecast the risk of invasion of waterbodies for more targeted management and prevention. We developed an integrated mussel dispersal model that couples a constrained gravity model and habitat suitability model to forecast future invasions. The model simulates boater movement between lakes, the likelihood of boats transporting mussels, and the likelihood that those mussels survive in the environmental conditions of the new lake. Model output was most sensitive to changes in boater threshold, then buffer zones, while not as sensitive to changes in habitat suitability. From an initial infested source pool of 11 among 402 Western inland US lakes, we forecast additional lakes infested in several possible simulation scenarios. Constraining movement reduced connectivity between waterbodies with amplifying effects at different distance levels. This model can be used to determine waterbodies most at risk for dreissenid mussel invasion and to highlight the importance of multifactor integrated models in environmental management.}, }
@article {pmid36734892, year = {2024}, author = {Agarwal, A and Wahajuddin, M and Chaturvedi, S and Singh, SK and Rashid, M and Garg, R and Chauhan, D and Sultana, N and Gayen, JR}, title = {Formulation and Characterization of Phytosomes as Drug Delivery System of Formononetin: An Effective Anti-Osteoporotic Agent.}, journal = {Current drug delivery}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {261-270}, doi = {10.2174/1567201820666230124114906}, pmid = {36734892}, issn = {1875-5704}, support = {//CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology/ ; //DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Formononetin (FNT), a methoxy isoflavone, is a potential phytoconstituent utilized for refurbishing fractures in bone tissue. Conceding to its involvement in first-pass metabolism followed by glucuronidation, its absorption efficacy is limited. Hence, it belongs to the BCS class II classification.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: We designed the present work to enhance FNT oral bioavailability by using Phospholipids (PL) as a promising carrier. Formononetin Phospholipid Complex (FNT-PC) was prepared by the solvent evaporation method and characterized.<br><br>METHODS: FNT-PC was prepared by solvent evaporation method and characterization (FNT-PC) was performed using aqueous/n-octanol solubility and partition coefficient, FTIR, NMR, SEM, and in vivo pharmacokinetic study in female SD rats at 50 mg/kg.<br><br>RESULTS: Physicochemical properties like aqueous/n-octanol solubility and partition coefficient were enhanced in FNT-PC. The FTIR spectrum confirmed there was no involvement of functional groups in the preparation of FNT-PC. Whereas, the NMR study resulted in the attachment of carbon (C-8) position of FNT by replacing the quaternary amine of PL to form FNT-PC. When scrutinized for its surface morphology, the FNT-PC exhibited the amorphous geometry that remarkably enhanced the dissolution of FNT (p<0.05) from its pure form. This dissolution effect was also affirmed by the per-oral administration of FNT-PC in female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats at 50 mg/kg dose. The pharmacokinetic profile showed the free FNT levels were markedly increased, correspondingly decreasing the conjugated FNT levels in rat plasma.<br><br>CONCLUSION: To summarize, FNT-PC could substantially reduce the first-pass metabolism with enhanced free concentration, improving oral bioavailability for therapeutic use.}, }
@article {pmid36733292, year = {2023}, author = {Bennett, JJR and Gomes, AS and Ferré, MA and Bera, BK and Borghetti, F and Callaway, RM and Meron, E}, title = {Evidence for scale-dependent root-antation feedback and its role in halting the spread of a pantropical shrub into an endemic sedge.}, journal = {PNAS nexus}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {pgac294}, pmid = {36733292}, issn = {2752-6542}, abstract = {Vegetation pattern formation is a widespread phenomenon in resource-limited environments, but the driving mechanisms are largely unconfirmed empirically. Combining results of field studies and mathematical modeling, empirical evidence for a generic pattern-formation mechanism is demonstrated with the clonal shrub Guilandina bonduc L. (hereafter Guilandina) on the Brazilian island of Trindade. The mechanism is associated with water conduction by laterally spread roots and root augmentation as the shoot grows-a crucial element in the positive feedback loop that drives spatial patterning. Assuming precipitation-dependent root-shoot relations, the model accounts for the major vegetation landscapes on Trindade Island, substantiating lateral root augmentation as the driving mechanism of Guilandina patterning. Guilandina expands into surrounding communities dominated by the Trindade endemic, Cyperus atlanticus Hemsl. (hereafter Cyperus). It appears to do so by decreasing the water potential in soils below Cyperus through its dense lateral roots, leaving behind a patchy Guilandina-only landscape. We use this system to highlight a novel form of invasion, likely to apply to many other systems where the invasive species is pattern-forming. Depending on the level of water stress, the invasion can take two distinct forms: (i) a complete invasion at low stress that culminates in a patchy Guilandina-only landscape through a spot-replication process, and (ii) an incomplete invasion at high stress that begins but does not spread, forming isolated Guilandina spots of fixed size, surrounded by bare-soil halos, in an otherwise uniform Cyperus grassland. Thus, drier climates may act selectively on pattern-forming invasive species, imposing incomplete invasion and reducing the negative effects on native species.}, }
@article {pmid36729322, year = {2023}, author = {Valles, SM and Zhao, C and Rivers, AR and Iwata, RL and Oi, DH and Cha, DH and Collignon, RM and Cox, NA and Morton, GJ and Calcaterra, LA}, title = {RNA virus discoveries in the electric ant, Wasmannia auropunctata.}, journal = {Virus genes}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, pages = {276-289}, pmid = {36729322}, issn = {1572-994X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *RNA Viruses/genetics ; Genome, Viral/genetics ; Metagenomics ; RNA ; }, abstract = {Despite being one of the most destructive invasive species of ants, only two natural enemies are known currently for Wasmannia auropunctata, commonly known as the electric ant or little fire ant. Because viruses can be effective biological control agents against many insect pests, including ants, a metagenomics/next-generation sequencing approach was used to facilitate discovery of virus sequences from the transcriptomes of W. auropunctata. Five new and complete positive sense, single-stranded RNA virus genomes, and one new negative sense, single-stranded RNA virus genome were identified, sequenced, and characterized from W. auropunctata collected in Argentina by this approach, including a dicistrovirus (Electric ant dicistrovirus), two polycipiviruses (Electric ant polycipivirus 1; Electric ant polycipivirus 2), a solinvivirus (Electric ant solinvivirus), a divergent genome with similarity to an unclassified group in the Picornavirales (Electric ant virus 1), and a rhabdovirus (Electric ant rhabdovirus). An additional virus genome was detected that is likely Solenopsis invicta virus 10 (MH727527). The virus genome sequences were absent from the transcriptomes of W. auropunctata collected in the USA (Hawaii and Florida). Additional limited field surveys corroborated the absence of these viruses in regions where the electric ant is invasive (the USA and Australia). The replicative genome strand of four of the viruses (Electric ant polycipivirus 2, Electric ant solinvivirus, Electric ant virus 1, and Solenopsis invicta virus 10 (in the electric ant) was detected in Argentinean-collected W. auropunctata indicating that the ant is a host for these viruses. These are the first virus discoveries to be made from W. auropunctata.}, }
@article {pmid36720334, year = {2023}, author = {Beleri, S and Balatsos, G and Tegos, N and Papachristos, D and Mouchtouri, V and Hadjichristodoulou, C and Michaelakis, A and Papadopoulos, NT and Patsoula, E}, title = {Winter survival of adults of two geographically distant populations of Aedes albopictus in a microclimatic environment of Athens, Greece.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {240}, number = {}, pages = {106847}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106847}, pmid = {36720334}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Male ; Animals ; Female ; Adult ; Humans ; Seasons ; *Aedes/physiology ; Greece ; Mosquito Vectors ; Cities ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Overwintering capacity is a major step towards establishment of invasive mosquitoes from the tropics in temperate zone areas and one of the main elements determining next seasons' population size that regulates disease transmission of competent invasive vector species. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culiciidae) is an aggressive invasive species that has greatly expanded its geographical boundaries over the last few decades. The species' ability to induce photoperiodic-based egg diapause allows its overwintering in temperate regions, which favors its establishment in higher latitudes. In warmer temperate areas winter survival can be accomplished in the adult stage as well especially in human-made shelters. Aedes albopictus is already showing signs of adaptation to colder climates which may result in disease transmission in new areas. Although the Asian tiger mosquito has invaded Greece since 2003-4, little is known regarding its overwintering capacity in the country, especially as far as adults are regarded. We studied the survival of Ae. albopictus adults during winter in a protected shelter in Athens, the capital city of Greece. The study involved two geographically isolated populations originating from Chania (Crete, most southern part of Greece), and Palaio Faliro (Athens, Central Greece). We exposed different cohorts of F3 adults of the above two populations that emerged from field collected eggs to "winter condition" from November 2018 to beginning of January 2019. in a protected microclimatic environment. Adult mortality was recorded systematically until the death of the last individual in the cohort. Results demonstrated evidence of winter survival of adults for both populations. Longevity of both females and males of the Palaio Faliro population was longer than that of the Chania population for almost all installation dates. Survival curves, regardless of the date of installation, were steeper for females of the Chania population compared to those from Palaio Faliro. In conclusion, overwinter survival of both populations in the adult stage highlights the need for future studies, considering local and microclimatic condition that vary significantly between regions. Winter climatic conditions play vital role in adult survival of this highly important public health species concerning distribution limits and knowledge on winter survival of Ae. albopictus transmitted viruses.}, }
@article {pmid36717606, year = {2023}, author = {Meiborg, AB and Faber, NR and Taylor, BA and Harpur, BA and Gorjanc, G}, title = {The suppressive potential of a gene drive in populations of invasive social wasps is currently limited.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {1640}, pmid = {36717606}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {BBS/E/D/30002275/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Female ; Bees/genetics ; Animals ; *Wasps/genetics ; *Gene Drive Technology ; Europe ; Fertility ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Social insects are very successful invasive species, and the continued increase of global trade and transportation has exacerbated this problem. The yellow-legged hornet, Vespa velutina nigrithorax (henceforth Asian hornet), is drastically expanding its range in Western Europe. As an apex insect predator, this hornet poses a serious threat to the honey bee industry and endemic pollinators. Current suppression methods have proven too inefficient and expensive to limit its spread. Gene drives might be an effective tool to control this species, but their use has not yet been thoroughly investigated in social insects. Here, we built a model that matches the hornet's life history and modelled the effect of different gene drive scenarios on an established invasive population. To test the broader applicability and sensitivity of the model, we also incorporated the invasive European paper wasp Polistes dominula. We find that, due to the haplodiploidy of social hymenopterans, only a gene drive targeting female fertility is promising for population control. Our results show that although a gene drive can suppress a social wasp population, it can only do so under fairly stringent gene drive-specific conditions. This is due to a combination of two factors: first, the large number of surviving offspring that social wasp colonies produce make it possible that, even with very limited formation of resistance alleles, such alleles can quickly spread and rescue the population. Second, due to social wasp life history, infertile individuals do not compete with fertile ones, allowing fertile individuals to maintain a large population size even when drive alleles are widespread. Nevertheless, continued improvements in gene drive technology may make it a promising method for the control of invasive social insects in the future.}, }
@article {pmid36716929, year = {2023}, author = {Barzanti, GP and Enkerli, J and Benvenuti, C and Strangi, A and Mazza, G and Torrini, G and Simoncini, S and Paoli, F and Marianelli, L}, title = {Genetic variability of Metarhizium isolates from the Ticino Valley Natural Park (Northern Italy) as a possible microbiological resource for the management of Popillia japonica.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {197}, number = {}, pages = {107891}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2023.107891}, pmid = {36716929}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; *Metarhizium ; Soil Microbiology ; *Coleoptera/microbiology ; Larva/microbiology ; Ecosystem ; *Beauveria ; Pest Control, Biological ; }, abstract = {The natural occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) was investigated along the Ticino River (Ticino River Natural Park, Novara Province, Piedmont, Italy), at the center of the area of the first settlement of the invasive alien pest Popillia japonica. Using Zimmermann's "Galleria bait method", EPF were successfully isolated from 83 out of 155 soil samples from different habitats (perennial, cultivated, or uncultivated meadows, woodlands, and riverbanks). Sequencing of the 5' end of the Translation Elongation Factor 1 alfa (5'-TEF) region allowed the assignment of 94% of the isolates to Metarhizium spp., while 8% and 7% were assigned to Beauveria spp. and Paecilomyces spp., respectively. Four Metarhizium species were identified: Metarhizium robertsii was the most common one (61.5% of the isolates), followed by M. brunneum (24.4%), M. lepidiotae (9%), and M. guizhouense (5.1%). Microsatellite marker analysis of the Metarhizium isolates revealed the presence of 27 different genotypes, i.e., 10 genotypes among M. robertsii, 8 among M. brunneum, 5 among M. lepidiotae, and 4 among M. guizhouense. Metarhizium brunneum appeared to be associated with woodlands and more acid soils, while the other species showed no clear association with a particular habitat. Laboratory virulence tests against P. japonica 3rd instar larvae allowed the identification of one M. robertsii isolate that showed efficacy as high as 80.3%. The importance of this kind of study in the frame of eco-friendly microbiological control is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid36716544, year = {2023}, author = {Vacek, Z and Vacek, S and Cukor, J}, title = {European forests under global climate change: Review of tree growth processes, crises and management strategies.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {332}, number = {}, pages = {117353}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117353}, pmid = {36716544}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Trees ; *Ecosystem ; Climate Change ; Forests ; Forestry/methods ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The ongoing global climate change is challenging all sectors, forestry notwithstanding. On the one hand, forest ecosystems are exposed to and threatened by climate change, but on the other hand, forests can influence the course of climate change by regulating the water regime, air quality, carbon sequestration, and even reduce climate extremes. Therefore, it is crucial to see climate change not only as a risk causing forest disturbances and economic consequences but also as an opportunity for innovative approaches to forest management, conservation, and silviculture based on the results of long-term research. We reviewed 365 studies evaluating the impact of climate change on European forest ecosystems, all published during the last 30 years (1993-2022). The most significant consequences of climate change include more frequent and destructive large-scale forest disturbances (wildfire, windstorm, drought, flood, bark beetle, root rot), and tree species migration. Species distribution shifts and changes in tree growth rate have substantial effects on ecosystem carbon storage. Diameter/volume increment changed from -1 to +99% in Central and Northern Europe, while it decreased from -12 to -49% in Southern Europe across tree species over the last ca. 50 years. However, it is important to sharply focus on the causes of climate change and subsequently, on adaptive strategies, which can successfully include the creation of species-diverse, spatially and age-wise structured stands (decrease drought stress and increase production), prolongation of the regenerative period, or the use of suitable introduced tree species (e.g., Douglas fir, black pine, and Mediterranean oaks). But the desired changes are based on increasing diversity and the mitigation of climate change, and will require significantly higher initial costs for silviculture practices. In conclusion, the scope and complexity of the topic require further comprehensive and long-term studies focusing on international cooperation. We see a critical gap in the transfer of research results into actual forest practice, which will be the key factor influencing afforestation of forest stands and forest growth in the following decades. What our forests will look like for future generations and what the resulting impact of climate change will be on forestry is in the hands of forest managers, depending on supportive forestry research and climate change policy, including adaptive and mitigation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid36715608, year = {2023}, author = {Lum, JY and Chiu, MC and Tseng, SP and Scotty Yang, CC and Lee, CY}, title = {Anthropogenic Influence on the Distribution of the Longlegged Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {2}, pages = {520-528}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toad010}, pmid = {36715608}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Ants ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Biological Products ; }, abstract = {The longlegged ant Anoplolepis gracilipes (Smith) is a highly invasive tramp ant species known for its deleterious effects on native ecosystems. While tramp ants are associated with human activity, information on how different intensities of human activity affect their distribution is limited. This study investigated how anthropogenic activities affected the distribution of A. gracilipes in Penang, a tropical island in northern peninsular Malaysia. Three study sites (Youth Park, Sungai Ara, and Bukit Jambul/Relau) were selected, containing four sub-locations corresponding to different levels of human activity (low, moderate, high, and very high), determined by the average number of passersby observed over 30 min. Baited index cards were placed at each sub-location to evaluate ant abundance and distribution. The results demonstrated that A. gracilipes worker abundance was highest in areas of moderate human activity, as opposed to areas with low and higher human activity. The low abundance of A. gracilipes in comparatively undisturbed localities may be attributed to unsuitable microclimate, lack of propagule pressure, and diminished honeydew availability. In contrast, its exclusion from more urbanized localities could be explained by high interspecific competition with other tramp species and the absence of preferred nesting sites.}, }
@article {pmid36713485, year = {2023}, author = {Bonthond, G and Neu, AK and Bayer, T and Krueger-Hadfield, SA and Künzel, S and Weinberger, F}, title = {Non-native hosts of an invasive seaweed holobiont have more stable microbial communities compared to native hosts in response to thermal stress.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {e9753}, pmid = {36713485}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Seaweeds are colonized by a microbial community, which can be directly linked to their performance. This community is shaped by an interplay of stochastic and deterministic processes, including mechanisms which the holobiont host deploys to manipulate its associated microbiota. The Anna Karenina principle predicts that when a holobiont is exposed to suboptimal or stressful conditions, these host mechanisms may be compromised. This leads to a relative increase of stochastic processes that may potentially result in the succession of a microbial community harmful to the host. Based on this principle, we used the variability in microbial communities (i.e., beta diversity) as a proxy for stability within the invasive holobiont Gracilaria vermiculophylla during a simulated invasion in a common garden experiment. Independent of host range, host performance declined at elevated temperature (22°C) and disease incidence and beta diversity increased. Under thermally stressful conditions, beta diversity increased more in epibiota from native populations, suggesting that epibiota from non-native holobionts are thermally more stable. This pattern reflects an increase in deterministic processes acting on epibiota associated with non-native hosts, which in the setting of a common garden can be assumed to originate from the host itself. Therefore, these experimental data suggest that the invasion process may have selected for hosts better able to maintain stable microbiota during stress. Future studies are needed to identify the underlying host mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid36708137, year = {2024}, author = {Dong, R and Dong, BC and Fu, QY and Yang, Q and Dai, ZC and Luo, FL and Gao, JQ and Yu, FH and van Kleunen, M}, title = {Cultivated alien plants with high invasion potential are more likely to be traded online in China.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {e2811}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2811}, pmid = {36708137}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {432253815//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; 31500331//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32071527//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2021xjkk0601//Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program/ ; }, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Seeds ; Commerce ; China ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions have become a worldwide problem, and measures to efficiently prevent and control invasions are still in development. Like many other parts of the world, China is undergoing a dramatic increase in plant invasions. Most of the currently 933 established (i.e., naturalized) plant species, of which 214 are categorized as invasive, have been introduced into China for cultivation. It is likely that many of those species are still being traded, particularly online, by plant nurseries. However, studies assessing whether naturalized and invasive species are currently being traded more or less than nonnaturalized aliens are rare. We extracted online-trade information for 13,718 cultivated alien plant taxa on 1688.com, the largest website for domestic B2B in China. We analyzed how the presence in online-nursery catalogs, the number of online nurseries that offerred the species for sale, and the product type (i.e., seeds, live plants and vegetative organs) differed among nonnaturalized, naturalized noninvasive, and invasive species. Compared to nonnaturalized taxa, naturalized noninvasive and invasive taxa were 3.7-5.2 times more likely to be available for purchase. Naturalized noninvasive and invasive taxa were more frequently offered as seeds by online nurseries, whereas nonnaturalized taxa were more frequently offered as live plants. Based on these findings, we propose that, to reduce the further spread of invasive and potentially invasive plants, implementation of plant-trade regulations and a monitoring system of the online horticultural supply chain will be essential.}, }
@article {pmid36708094, year = {2024}, author = {Ning, Z and Cui, B and Chen, C and Xie, T and Gao, W and Zhang, Y and Zhu, Z and Shao, D and Li, D and Bai, J}, title = {Tidal channel meanders serve as stepping-stones to facilitate cordgrass landward spread by creating invasion windows.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {e2813}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2813}, pmid = {36708094}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {U1901212//Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; U2243208//Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32001177//National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China/ ; BX20220040//National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents/ ; 2022M710413//General Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; 2020M680426//General Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Wetlands ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; China ; Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Understanding the mechanisms by which the geomorphic structures affect habitat invasibility by mediating various abiotic and biotic factors is essential for predicting whether these geomorphic structures may provide spatial windows of opportunity to facilitate range-expansion of invasive species in salt marshes. Many studies have linked geomorphic landscape features such as tidal channels to invasion by exotic plants, but the role of tidal channel meanders (i.e., convex and concave sides) in regulating the Spartina alterniflora invasion remains unclear. Here, we examined the combined effects of tidal channel meander-mediated hydrodynamic variables, soil abiotic stresses, and propagule pressure on the colonization of Spartina in the Yellow River Delta, China, by conducting field observations and experiments. The results showed that lower hydrodynamic disturbance, bed shear stress, and higher propagule pressure triggered by eddies due to the convex structure of channel meanders facilitated Spartina seedling establishment and growth, whereas the concave side considerably inhibited the Spartina invasion. Lower soil abiotic stresses also significantly promoted the invasibility of the channel meanders by Spartina. Based on these findings, we propose a conceptual framework to illustrate the effects of the meandering geomorphology of tidal channels on the mechanisms that might allow the landward spread of Spartina and related processes. Our results demonstrate that the meandering geomorphic structures of tidal channels could act as stepping-stones to significantly facilitate the landward invasion of Spartina along tidal channels. This implies that geomorphic characteristics of tidal channels should be integrated into invasive species control and salt marsh management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid36708029, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, N and Song, M and Zhang, Y and Liu, X and Wu, P and Qi, L and Song, H and Du, N and Wang, H and Zheng, P and Wang, R}, title = {Physiological responses of Quercus acutissima and Quercus rubra seedlings to drought and defoliation treatments.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {43}, number = {5}, pages = {737-750}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpad005}, pmid = {36708029}, issn = {1758-4469}, mesh = {*Seedlings/physiology ; *Quercus/physiology ; Droughts ; Water/physiology ; Forests ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; }, abstract = {Ongoing global climate change is increasing the risk of drought stress in some areas, which may compromise forest health. Such drought events also increase outbreaks of insect herbivores, resulting in plant defoliation. Interactions between drought and defoliation are poorly understood. In a greenhouse experiment, we selected a native species, Quercus acutissima Carr. and an alien species, Quercus rubra L. to explore their physiological responses to drought and defoliation treatments. After the treatments, we determined the seedlings' physiological responses on Days 10 and 60. Our results showed that the defoliation treatment accelerated the carbon reserve consumption of plants under drought stress and inhibited the growth of both seedling types. Under the drought condition, Q. rubra maintained normal stem-specific hydraulic conductivity and normal growth parameters during the early stage of stress, whereas Q. acutissima used less water and grew more slowly during the experiment. Sixty days after defoliation treatment, the stem starch concentration of Q. acutissima was higher than that of the control group, but the stem biomass was lower. This indicates that Q. acutissima adopted a 'slow strategy' after stress, and more resources were used for storage rather than growth, which was conducive to the ability of these seedlings to resist recurrent biotic attack. Thus, Q. acutissima may be more tolerant to drought and defoliation than Q. rubra. The resource acquisition strategies of Quercus in this study suggest that the native Quercus species may be more successful at a long-term resource-poor site than the alien Quercus species.}, }
@article {pmid36706547, year = {2023}, author = {Brandler, KG and Carlton, JT}, title = {First report of marine debris as a species dispersal vector in the temperate Northwest Atlantic Ocean.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {188}, number = {}, pages = {114631}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114631}, pmid = {36706547}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Biodiversity ; *Bryozoa ; Introduced Species ; Atlantic Ocean ; Plastics ; Waste Products/analysis ; }, abstract = {We provide the first report of the role of marine debris in transporting native and introduced species in the temperate Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Plastic was the most frequent biofouled material. Thirty-three attached species (five non-native) were found on rafted debris, 16 of which have not been previously reported as rafters. Forty-six percent of the attached invertebrate rafters (including three of the introduced species, the bryozoans Fenestrulina delicia and Tricellaria inopinata and the spirorbid Janua heterostropha) detected in this study reproduce by either direct development or produce larvae of short-term planktonic existence, suggesting that rafting on long-term, non-biodegradable debris may enhance their dispersal potential. We suggest that a prominent non-native species, the green alga Codium fragile fragile, may play a previously undetected role in the transport of marine debris and associated biofouling. Marine debris may further be a potentially significant source of biodiversity records; we detected two bryozoan species in our study region that were either previously unknown or had not been found for >75 years.}, }
@article {pmid36703236, year = {2023}, author = {Liu, W and An, S and Cheng, P and Zhang, K and Gong, M and Zhang, Z and Zhang, R}, title = {Whole-transcriptome profiling across different developmental stages of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) provides insights into chitin-related non-coding RNA and competing endogenous RNA networks.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {33}, pmid = {36703236}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {81871685//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 81871686//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Male ; Female ; *Aedes/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Circular/genetics ; *RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics/metabolism ; Chitin ; Mosquito Vectors ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *MicroRNAs/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Larva/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is one of the most invasive species and a vector of numerous arboviruses. The deleterious effects of long-term and inappropriate use of chemical pesticides have stimulated the exploration of new, environmentally friendly control strategies. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been proven to participate in almost all biological processes of insects.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, circular RNAs (circRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) covering five developmental stages [egg, early larvae, late larvae, pupae, adult (female and male)] of A. albopictus were obtained using whole-transcriptome sequencing technology. Combined with long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) from previous research, circRNA/lncRNA&#x2012;miRNA&#x2012;mitochondrial RNA (mRNA) networks were constructed.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 1434 circRNAs and 208 miRNAs were identified. More differentially expressed circRNAs (DE circRNAs) and miRNAs (DE miRNAs) were found in the egg versus early larvae comparison group. Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that most of the circRNA/lncRNA&#x2012;miRNA&#x2012;mRNA networks were involved in chitin metabolism. Hub genes of each circRNA/lncRNA&#x2012;miRNA&#x2012;mRNA network were screened out, which can be used as novel targets to disturb the molting process of A. albopictus.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Regulatory relationships obtained from competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks provide more information to manipulate the metamorphosis process and are helpful for developing effective and sustainable methods to control mosquitoes.}, }
@article {pmid36702858, year = {2023}, author = {Iseli, E and Chisholm, C and Lenoir, J and Haider, S and Seipel, T and Barros, A and Hargreaves, AL and Kardol, P and Lembrechts, JJ and McDougall, K and Rashid, I and Rumpf, SB and Arévalo, JR and Cavieres, L and Daehler, C and Dar, PA and Endress, B and Jakobs, G and Jiménez, A and Küffer, C and Mihoc, M and Milbau, A and Morgan, JW and Naylor, BJ and Pauchard, A and Ratier Backes, A and Reshi, ZA and Rew, LJ and Righetti, D and Shannon, JM and Valencia, G and Walsh, N and Wright, GT and Alexander, JM}, title = {Rapid upwards spread of non-native plants in mountains across continents.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {405-413}, pmid = {36702858}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Altitude ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; Plant Dispersal ; }, abstract = {High-elevation ecosystems are among the few ecosystems worldwide that are not yet heavily invaded by non-native plants. This is expected to change as species expand their range limits upwards to fill their climatic niches and respond to ongoing anthropogenic disturbances. Yet, whether and how quickly these changes are happening has only been assessed in a few isolated cases. Starting in 2007, we conducted repeated surveys of non-native plant distributions along mountain roads in 11 regions from 5 continents. We show that over a 5- to 10-year period, the number of non-native species increased on average by approximately 16% per decade across regions. The direction and magnitude of upper range limit shifts depended on elevation across all regions. Supported by a null-model approach accounting for range changes expected by chance alone, we found greater than expected upward shifts at lower/mid elevations in at least seven regions. After accounting for elevation dependence, significant average upward shifts were detected in a further three regions (revealing evidence for upward shifts in 10 of 11 regions). Together, our results show that mountain environments are becoming increasingly exposed to biological invasions, emphasizing the need to monitor and prevent potential biosecurity issues emerging in high-elevation ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid36702272, year = {2023}, author = {Oficialdegui, FJ and Zamora-Marín, JM and Guareschi, S and Anastácio, PM and García-Murillo, P and Ribeiro, F and Miranda, R and Cobo, F and Gallardo, B and García-Berthou, E and Boix, D and Arias, A and Cuesta, JA and Medina, L and Almeida, D and Banha, F and Barca, S and Biurrun, I and Cabezas, MP and Calero, S and Campos, JA and Capdevila-Argüelles, L and Capinha, C and Casals, F and Clavero, M and Encarnação, J and Fernández-Delgado, C and Franco, J and Guillén, A and Hermoso, V and Machordom, A and Martelo, J and Mellado-Díaz, A and Morcillo, F and Oscoz, J and Perdices, A and Pou-Rovira, Q and Rodríguez-Merino, A and Ros, M and Ruiz-Navarro, A and Sánchez, MI and Sánchez-Fernández, D and Sánchez-González, JR and Sánchez-Gullón, E and Teodósio, MA and Torralva, M and Vieira-Lanero, R and Oliva-Paterna, FJ}, title = {A horizon scan exercise for aquatic invasive alien species in Iberian inland waters.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {869}, number = {}, pages = {161798}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161798}, pmid = {36702272}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Ecosystem ; Biodiversity ; Vertebrates ; Invertebrates ; }, abstract = {As the number of introduced species keeps increasing unabatedly, identifying and prioritising current and potential Invasive Alien Species (IAS) has become essential to manage them. Horizon Scanning (HS), defined as an exploration of potential threats, is considered a fundamental component of IAS management. By combining scientific knowledge on taxa with expert opinion, we identified the most relevant aquatic IAS in the Iberian Peninsula, i.e., those with the greatest geographic extent (or probability of introduction), severe ecological, economic and human health impacts, greatest difficulty and acceptability of management. We highlighted the 126 most relevant IAS already present in Iberian inland waters (i.e., Concern list) and 89 with a high probability of being introduced in the near future (i.e., Alert list), of which 24 and 10 IAS, respectively, were considered as a management priority after receiving the highest scores in the expert assessment (i.e., top-ranked IAS). In both lists, aquatic IAS belonging to the four thematic groups (plants, freshwater invertebrates, estuarine invertebrates, and vertebrates) were identified as having been introduced through various pathways from different regions of the world and classified according to their main functional feeding groups. Also, the latest update of the list of IAS of Union concern pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 includes only 12 top-ranked IAS identified for the Iberian Peninsula, while the national lists incorporate the vast majority of them. This fact underlines the great importance of taxa prioritisation exercises at biogeographical scales as a step prior to risk analyses and their inclusion in national lists. This HS provides a robust assessment and a cost-effective strategy for decision-makers and stakeholders to prioritise the use of limited resources for IAS prevention and management. Although applied at a transnational level in a European biodiversity hotspot, this approach is designed for potential application at any geographical or administrative scale, including the continental one.}, }
@article {pmid36699674, year = {2022}, author = {Siddiqui, JA and Fan, R and Naz, H and Bamisile, BS and Hafeez, M and Ghani, MI and Wei, Y and Xu, Y and Chen, X}, title = {Insights into insecticide-resistance mechanisms in invasive species: Challenges and control strategies.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {1112278}, pmid = {36699674}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {Threatening the global community is a wide variety of potential threats, most notably invasive pest species. Invasive pest species are non-native organisms that humans have either accidentally or intentionally spread to new regions. One of the most effective and first lines of control strategies for controlling pests is the application of insecticides. These toxic chemicals are employed to get rid of pests, but they pose great risks to people, animals, and plants. Pesticides are heavily used in managing invasive pests in the current era. Due to the overuse of synthetic chemicals, numerous invasive species have already developed resistance. The resistance development is the main reason for the failure to manage the invasive species. Developing pesticide resistance management techniques necessitates a thorough understanding of the mechanisms through which insects acquire insecticide resistance. Insects use a variety of behavioral, biochemical, physiological, genetic, and metabolic methods to deal with toxic chemicals, which can lead to resistance through continuous overexpression of detoxifying enzymes. An overabundance of enzymes causes metabolic resistance, detoxifying pesticides and rendering them ineffective against pests. A key factor in the development of metabolic resistance is the amplification of certain metabolic enzymes, specifically esterases, Glutathione S-transferase, Cytochromes p450 monooxygenase, and hydrolyses. Additionally, insect guts offer unique habitats for microbial colonization, and gut bacteria may serve their hosts a variety of useful services. Most importantly, the detoxification of insecticides leads to resistance development. The complete knowledge of invasive pest species and their mechanisms of resistance development could be very helpful in coping with the challenges and effectively developing effective strategies for the control of invasive species. Integrated Pest Management is particularly effective at lowering the risk of chemical and environmental contaminants and the resulting health issues, and it may also offer the most effective ways to control insect pests.}, }
@article {pmid36699573, year = {2023}, author = {Chiu, JH and Chong, KY and Lum, SKY and Wardle, DA}, title = {Trends in the direction of global plant invasion biology research over the past two decades.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {e9690}, pmid = {36699573}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive plants are a growing ecological problem worldwide, but biases and patterns within invasive plant research may affect our understanding of invasive plant ecology. In this study, we analyzed 458 invasive plant papers sampled from the two journals dedicated entirely to the field of invasion biology, i.e., Biological Invasions and Neobiota. From these papers, we collected information on geographic coverage, climate, habitat, taxonomic coverage, plant functional type, and research topic to examine trends across a 21-year time period from 1999 to 2020. Our analysis found that invasive plant research was consistently biased toward temperate grassland and forest ecosystems particularly within the Americas, Europe, and Australia, and toward smaller, herbaceous invasive plant species (i.e., forbs, grasses, and shrubs), with an increase in interest in invasive nitrogen-fixing legumes over time. Our analysis also identified "hot" research topics in invasive plant research at specific time periods, such as a peak in the use of genetic analysis methods in 2014-2015 and a more recent focus on plant physiological and functional traits. While current models, concepts, and understanding of plant invasion ecology are still driven by such biases, this has been partially offset by recent increased research in understudied systems, as well as increasing awareness that plant invasion is heavily affected by their growth types, physiological traits, and soil interactions. As the field of invasion biology becomes ever increasingly important over time, focusing invasive plant research on understudied ecosystems and plant groups will allow us to develop a more holistic understanding of the ecology of invasive plants. In particular, given the outsized importance of the tropics to global biodiversity, the threats they face, and the dearth of studies, it is of critical importance that more invasive plant research is conducted within the tropics to develop a more globally representative understanding of invasive plant ecology.}, }
@article {pmid36699132, year = {2023}, author = {Konopiński, MK and Fijarczyk, AM and Biedrzycka, A}, title = {Complex patterns shape immune genes diversity during invasion of common raccoon in Europe - Selection in action despite genetic drift.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {134-151}, pmid = {36699132}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Rapid adaptation is common in invasive populations and is crucial to their long-term success. The primary target of selection in the invasive species' new range is standing genetic variation. Therefore, genetic drift and natural selection acting on existing variation are key evolutionary processes through which invaders will evolve over a short timescale. In this study, we used the case of the raccoon Procyon lotor invasion in Europe to identify the forces shaping the diversity of immune genes during invasion. The genes involved in the defence against infection should be under intense selection pressure in the invasive range where novel pathogens are expected to occur. To disentangle the selective and demographic processes shaping the adaptive immune diversity of its invasive and expanding populations, we have developed species-specific single-nucleotide polymorphism markers located in the coding regions of targeted immune-related genes. We characterised the genetic diversity of 110 functionally important immune genes in two invasive and one native raccoon genetic clusters, each presenting a different demographic history. Despite the strong effect of demographic processes in the invasive clusters, we detected a subset of genes exhibiting the diversity pattern suggestive of selection. The most likely process shaping the variation in those genes was balancing selection. The selected genes belong to toll-like receptors and cytokine-related genes. Our results suggest that the prevalence of selection depends on the level of diversity, that is - less genetically diverse invasive population from the Czech Republic displayed fewer signs of selection. Our results highlight the role of standing genetic variation in adapting to new environment. Understanding the evolutionary mechanisms behind invasion success would enable predicting how populations may respond to environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid36699130, year = {2023}, author = {Deschepper, P and Vanbergen, S and Zhang, Y and Li, Z and Hassani, IM and Patel, NA and Rasolofoarivao, H and Singh, S and Wee, SL and De Meyer, M and Virgilio, M and Delatte, H}, title = {Bactrocera dorsalis in the Indian Ocean: A tale of two invasions.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {48-61}, pmid = {36699130}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {An increasing number of invasive fruit fly pests are colonizing new grounds. With this study, we aimed to uncover the invasion pathways of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis into the islands of the Indian Ocean. By using genome-wide SNP data and a multipronged approach consisting of PCA, ancestry analysis, phylogenetic inference, and kinship networks, we were able to resolve two independent invasion pathways. A western invasion pathway involved the stepping-stone migration of B. dorsalis from the east African coast into the Comoros, along Mayotte and into Madagascar with a decreasing genetic diversity. The Mascarene islands (Reunion and Mauritius), on the contrary, were colonized directly from Asia and formed a distinct cluster. The low nucleotide diversity suggests that only a few genotypes invaded the Mascarenes. The presence of many long runs of homozygosity (ROH) in the introduced populations is indicative of population bottlenecks, with evidence of a more severe bottleneck for populations along the western migration pathway than on the Mascarene islands. More strict phytosanitary regulations are recommended in order to prevent the further spread of B. dorsalis.}, }
@article {pmid36698490, year = {2023}, author = {,  and Bragard, C and Baptista, P and Chatzivassiliou, E and Di Serio, F and Gonthier, P and Jaques Miret, JA and Justesen, AF and Magnusson, CS and Milonas, P and Navas-Cortes, JA and Parnell, S and Potting, R and Reignault, PL and Stefani, E and Thulke, HH and Van der Werf, W and Vicent Civera, A and Yuen, J and Zappalà, L and Grégoire, JC and Malumphy, C and Kertesz, V and Maiorano, A and MacLeod, A}, title = {Pest categorisation of Nipaecoccus viridis.}, journal = {EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {e07770}, pmid = {36698490}, issn = {1831-4732}, abstract = {The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Nipaecoccus viridis (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae), the spherical scale, for the EU. It is of Asian origin and occurs widely in southern Asia, Africa and tropical Australia. It has been introduced to a few countries in the Americas. In the Mediterranean basin it is found in Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Syria and Turkey, where it is limited to the Marmara region. It has not been reported within the EU. It is not listed in Annex II of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. It reproduces sexually, has three generations each year in citrus orchards in South Africa, and all stages can overwinter. First instar nymphs may move to neighbouring plants by crawling or be passively dispersed by wind or hitchhiking on clothing, equipment or animals. It is highly polyphagous, feeding on plants in 115 genera and 46 families. It is an important pest of citrus (Citrus spp.), cotton (Gossypium spp.), mango (Mangifera indica), avocado (Persea americana) and stored potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). It also feeds on a wide range of other fruit (apple Malus domestica, olive Olea europea, pear Pyrus communis and grape Vitis vinifera) and vegetable crops (tomato Solanum lycopersicum), and ornamental plants (roses, Rosa spp.) that are widely grown in the EU. Plants for planting, fruits, vegetables, and cut flowers are the main potential pathways for entry of N. viridis into the EU. Climatic conditions and availability of host plants in southern parts of the EU where there are few days of frost each year would likely allow this species to successfully establish and spread. Reductions in yield and quality of cultivated hosts including avocado, citrus, cotton and mango is anticipated if establishment occurs. Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of entry and spread. N. viridis meets the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest.}, }
@article {pmid36693815, year = {2023}, author = {Hoffmann, BD and Tessmann, A and Quinn, G and Lawton, F}, title = {Quantification of flight times of aerial treatments targeting invasive species: the interplay of helicopter or drone with bait-delivery systems, flight speed and bait form.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {6}, pages = {2050-2055}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7379}, pmid = {36693815}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {*Unmanned Aerial Devices ; *Introduced Species ; Aircraft ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aerial treatments for invasive species management are now common, but we are unaware of any work published in the scientific literature quantifying how the interplay of numerous factors affects flight time and therefore operational costs. Here, we analyse aerial treatment data collected from two ant-eradication programmes, quantifying how the relationships between flight time and area are influenced by numerous aircraft/delivery system/bait/flight speed combinations.<br><br>RESULTS: For bait dispersal by helicopters, and when swath widths are equivalent, side-mounted Isolair was significantly more efficient than the simultaneous use of two underslung buckets, and use of two buckets was slightly but not significantly more efficient than one bucket. In this scenario, delivery by Isolair was, on average, 39.8% and 31.5% more efficient than the use of one or two buckets, respectively. However, when the swath width used with Isolair was halved to 10&#xa0;m and flight speed was increased slightly, flight time was significantly greater compared to the other configurations. For bait dispersed by drone, flights conducted using an upgraded Flight Management System (FMS) and greater flight speed but smaller swath width were significantly more efficient than flights using the older FMS and lower flight speed. Over 10 and 50&#x2009;ha the helicopter was 2.87 and 4.82 times more time efficient than the drone.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We encourage practitioners to publish data from their aerial treatments, and to try new methods, to accelerate improvements in efficiency and reduce the costs of aerial treatments. &#xa9; 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid36693571, year = {2023}, author = {Stock, A and Murray, CC and Gregr, EJ and Steenbeek, J and Woodburn, E and Micheli, F and Christensen, V and Chan, KMA}, title = {Exploring multiple stressor effects with Ecopath, Ecosim, and Ecospace: Research designs, modeling techniques, and future directions.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {869}, number = {}, pages = {161719}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161719}, pmid = {36693571}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Humans ; *Ecosystem ; *Research Design ; Models, Theoretical ; Introduced Species ; Climate Change ; }, abstract = {Understanding the cumulative effects of multiple stressors is a research priority in environmental science. Ecological models are a key component of tackling this challenge because they can simulate interactions between the components of an ecosystem. Here, we ask, how has the popular modeling platform Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) been used to model human impacts related to climate change, land and sea use, pollution, and invasive species? We conducted a literature review encompassing 166 studies covering stressors other than fishing mostly in aquatic ecosystems. The most modeled stressors were physical climate change (60 studies), species introductions (22), habitat loss (21), and eutrophication (20), using a range of modeling techniques. Despite this comprehensive coverage, we identified four gaps that must be filled to harness the potential of EwE for studying multiple stressor effects. First, only 12% of studies investigated three or more stressors, with most studies focusing on single stressors. Furthermore, many studies modeled only one of many pathways through which each stressor is known to affect ecosystems. Second, various methods have been applied to define environmental response functions representing the effects of single stressors on species groups. These functions can have a large effect on the simulated ecological changes, but best practices for deriving them are yet to emerge. Third, human dimensions of environmental change - except for fisheries - were rarely considered. Fourth, only 3% of studies used statistical research designs that allow attribution of simulated ecosystem changes to stressors' direct effects and interactions, such as factorial (computational) experiments. None made full use of the statistical possibilities that arise when simulations can be repeated many times with controlled changes to the inputs. We argue that all four gaps are feasibly filled by integrating ecological modeling with advances in other subfields of environmental science and in computational statistics.}, }
@article {pmid36693350, year = {2023}, author = {Wolf, S and Collatz, J and Enkerli, J and Widmer, F and Romeis, J}, title = {Assessing potential hybridization between a hypothetical gene drive-modified Drosophila suzukii and nontarget Drosophila species.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {43}, number = {10}, pages = {1921-1932}, doi = {10.1111/risa.14096}, pmid = {36693350}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Animals ; *Drosophila/genetics ; Ecosystem ; *Gene Drive Technology ; Insect Control ; }, abstract = {Genetically engineered gene drives (geGD) are potentially powerful tools for suppressing or even eradicating populations of pest insects. Before living geGD insects can be released into the environment, they must pass an environmental risk assessment to ensure that their release will not cause unacceptable harm to non-targeted entities of the environment. A key research question concerns the likelihood that nontarget species will acquire the functional GD elements; such acquisition could lead to reduced abundance or loss of those species and to a disruption of the ecosystem services they provide. The main route for gene flow is through hybridization between the geGD insect strain and closely related species that co-occur in the area of release and its expected dispersal. Using the invasive spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, as a case study, we provide a generally applicable strategy on how a combination of interspecific hybridization experiments, behavioral observations, and molecular genetic analyses can be used to assess the potential for hybridization.}, }
@article {pmid36692691, year = {2023}, author = {Zaninotto, V and Thebault, E and Dajoz, I}, title = {Native and exotic plants play different roles in urban pollination networks across seasons.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {201}, number = {2}, pages = {525-536}, pmid = {36692691}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {CIFRE n&#xb0;2018/0699//City of Paris/ ; Yapudsaison 2019-2020//ITE - Sorbonne Universit&#xe9;/ ; Pollinisateurs sauvages et communaut&#xe9;s v&#xe9;g&#xe9;tales urbaines//Soci&#xe9;t&#xe9; centrale d'apiculture/ ; 2019//Soci&#xe9;t&#xe9; centrale d'apiculture/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Pollination ; Seasons ; *Ecosystem ; Plants ; Insecta ; Flowers ; }, abstract = {Urban areas often host exotic plant species, whether managed or spontaneous. These plants are suspected of affecting pollinator diversity and the structure of pollination networks. However, in dense cityscapes, exotic plants also provide additional flower resources during periods of scarcity, and the consequences for the seasonal dynamics of networks still need to be investigated. For two consecutive years, we monitored monthly plant-pollinator networks in 12 green spaces in Paris, France. We focused on seasonal variations in the availability and attractiveness of flower resources, comparing native and exotic plants at both the species and community levels. We also considered their respective contributions to network properties over time (specialization and nestedness). Exotic plants provided more abundant and diverse flower resources than native plants, especially from late summer on. However, native plants received more visits and attracted more pollinator species at the community level; and during certain times of the year at the species level as well. Exotic plants were involved in more generalist interactions, increasingly so over the seasons. In addition, they contributed more to network nestedness than native plants. These results show that exotic plants are major components of plant-pollinator interactions in a dense urban landscape, even though they are less attractive than natives. They constitute a core of generalist interactions that increase nestedness and can participate in the overall stability of the network. However, most exotic species were seldom visited by insects. Pollinator communities may benefit from including more native species when managing urban green spaces.}, }
@article {pmid36691856, year = {2024}, author = {Li, Y and Xu, X}, title = {No evidence that modification of soil microbiota by woody invader facilitates subsequent invasion by herbaceous species.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {e2807}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2807}, pmid = {36691856}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {YJ20200186//Postdoctoral International Exchange Program for Incoming Postdoctoral Students/ ; 31988102//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Soil/chemistry ; *Microbiota ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology ; Wood ; Biomass ; Introduced Species ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Many terrestrial ecosystems are co-invaded by multiple exotic species. The "invasional meltdown" hypothesis predicts that an initial invasive species will facilitate secondary invasions. In the plant kingdom, the potential underlying mechanisms of this hypothesis may be that modification of the soil properties by the initial invaders benefits for the subsequent exotic species invasion. In this study, we analyzed the composition of soil microbial communities and soil chemical properties from sites invaded by woody Rhus typhina, as well as uninvaded sites, to assess the impact of R. typhina invasion. Furthermore, we conducted a greenhouse experiment with multiple native-invasive pairs of herbaceous species to test whether R. typhina invasion facilitates subsequent exotic herb invasion. Our results showed that R. typhina invasion significantly altered the composition of soil fungal communities, especially pathogenic, endophytic, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. However, this change in microbial composition led to neither direction nor magnitude changes in negative plant-soil feedback effects on both native and invasive species. This indicates that initial R. typhina invasion does not facilitate subsequent herb invasion, which does not support the "invasional meltdown" hypothesis. Additionally, R. typhina invasion significantly decreased soil total nitrogen and organic carbon contents, which may explain the significantly lower biomass of herbaceous roots grown in invaded soils compared with uninvaded soils. Alternately, although invasive herb growth was significantly more inhibited by soil microbiota compared with native herb growth, such inhibition cannot completely eliminate the risk of exotic herb invasion because of their innate growth advantages. Therefore, microbial biocontrol agents for plant invasion management should be combined with another approach to suppress the innate growth advantages of exotic species.}, }
@article {pmid36690109, year = {2023}, author = {Deshpande, P and Sharma, R and Lehikoinen, A and Thorogood, R}, title = {Native fauna interact differently with native and alien trees in a tropical megacity.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {868}, number = {}, pages = {161683}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161683}, pmid = {36690109}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Trees ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Plant Nectar ; Pollination ; Plants ; Birds ; Mammals ; }, abstract = {The negative effects of invasive alien plant species on natural ecosystems are well known. However, in rapidly growing cities, alien plants can provide native fauna with resources otherwise lost due to the biotic homogenization, which is common to urban ecosystems. Interactions of native fauna with alien flora have thus far focused largely on invertebrate pollinators in temperate cities in the northern hemisphere. Cities in tropical areas, however, are larger and are growing more rapidly, and host a variety of vertebrate pollinators. Understanding how birds and mammals interact with native and alien flora in these megacities could improve management of urban ecosystems in highly biodiverse regions while limiting invasion potential. Therefore, here we investigate whether native diurnal birds and mammals interact differently with native versus alien trees in Bengaluru, India where historical planting has led to an abundance of alien tree species. We find that tree origin alone was not an important predictor for bird species richness and abundance, but taller native trees with large floral display sizes were more species rich than alien trees of similar floral displays. As expected from their shared evolutionary history, nectarivorous birds fed from native trees more often in a manner that could facilitate pollination, but engaged in nectar theft more often with alien trees. Squirrels (the mammal observed most frequently to interact with flowers) were more likely, however, to depredate flowers of native trees. Our results suggest alien trees can be an important resource for fauna in expanding urban areas, and that nectar theft by birds could reduce the seed set of alien trees.}, }
@article {pmid36689844, year = {2023}, author = {Bae, S and Kim, P and Yi, CH}, title = {Biodiversity and spatial distribution of ascidian using environmental DNA metabarcoding.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {185}, number = {}, pages = {105893}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105893}, pmid = {36689844}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *DNA, Environmental ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; *Urochordata/genetics ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Biodiversity ; }, abstract = {Monitoring studies are necessary to understand the biodiversity of marine ecosystems and are useful for identifying and managing rare or invasive species. Because monitoring has traditionally relied only on visual surveys (e.g., trapping, netting, electrofishing, and SCUBA diving) with limited time and physical resources, environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis is being applied as an efficient monitoring method. This study compared whether the eDNA metabarcoding technique can replace the traditional visual survey in an ascidian fauna study. We designed ascidian-specific primers and identified a clear gap (3.75%) by barcoding gap analysis. Then, we collected seawater samples for eDNA analysis during the summer (August-September) of 2021 at three sites (Mokpo, Yeosu, and Uljin) in South Korea. In the survey sites of this study, 25 species were observed through literature and visual survey, among which 9 species were detected by metabarcoding and 16 species were not detected. On the other hand, 10 species were detected only by metabarcoding, and one of them was identified as Pyura mirabilis, an unrecorded species in South Korea. This study succeeded in detecting cryptic or rare species with one seawater collection, which can be used to determine their unexplored habitat. Therefore, we conclude that monitoring using eDNA is more efficient than visual surveys for detecting rare or cryptic ascidian species. We also suggest that, when combined with traditional monitoring methods, it could be a tool to complement ascidian fauna studies.}, }
@article {pmid36689420, year = {2023}, author = {Hu, SY and Gao, H and Li, J and Wang, YH and Gao, AG and Wen, JH and Balah, MA and Wu, AP}, title = {The latitudinal and longitudinal allelopathic patterns of an invasive alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) in China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {e0280866}, pmid = {36689420}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Plant Weeds ; Introduced Species ; *Alligators and Crocodiles ; Allelopathy ; *Amaranthaceae ; China ; Plant Extracts ; }, abstract = {Allelopathy has been considered a good explanation for the successful invasion of some invasive plants. However, the real latitudinal and longitudinal allelopathic effects on native species have rarely been documented since many exotics have spread widely. We conducted a Petri dish experiment to determine the latitudinal and longitudinal allelopathic patterns of an invasive alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) on a common crop (Lactuca sativa) in China, and find what determines the allelopathic intensity. The results showed that the allelopathic effects of A. philoxeroides increased with the latitude while decreased with the longitude. This indicated that A. philoxeroides used its allelopathy to gain competitive advantages more in its recent invaded communities than that in its early invaded ones as A. philoxeroides is expanding from southeast China to northwest China. Furthermore, we found that the allelopathic intensity of A. philoxeroide was negatively correlated to the leaf contents of soluble carbohydrate (SC), carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), but that was positively correlated to the leaf contents of soluble protein (SP), free amino acids (FAA), plant polyphenol (PP), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). These results suggested that the allelopathic intensity of A. philoxeroide was more determined by the limited P and K nutrients as well as the intermediate allelochemicals (SP, FAA, PP) rather than the unlimited C, N and SC. Thus, we can speculate that the negative or positive effects of plant aqueous extracts are a function of not only the extract concentrations but also the trade-offs between inhibition and promotion of all components in the extracts. Then we could reduce the allelopathic effects of A. philoxeroide by controlling the component contents in the plant tissues, by fertilization or other managements, especially in the plant recent invaded communities.}, }
@article {pmid36688078, year = {2023}, author = {Peter, N and Dörge, DD and Cunze, S and Schantz, AV and Skaljic, A and Rueckert, S and Klimpel, S}, title = {Raccoons contraband - The metazoan parasite fauna of free-ranging raccoons in central Europe.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {20}, number = {}, pages = {79-88}, pmid = {36688078}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {The invasive raccoon (Procyon lotor) is an abundant carnivore and considered as an important potential vector of infectious diseases and parasites in Europe. Raccoons show a broad, opportunistic, omnivorous food spectrum. Food supply and habitat quality in urban areas are very attractive for the generalist raccoon. This inevitably leads to increased interaction with humans, domestic animals and livestock, making the raccoon a potentially suitable zoonosis vector. In its autochthonous range, especially in the Eastern and Midwestern United States, the raccoon has been studied very intensively since the beginning of the 20th century. Whereas, basic field biology and parasitology studies in Germany and Europe are lacking and have only been conducted sporadically, regionally and on small sample sizes. In the presented study 234 raccoons from central Germany were comprehensively examined for their metazoan parasite fauna. The present study shows for the first time an extremely diverse parasite fauna in raccoons outside their native range and proves their essential role as intermediate hosts and hosts for ecto- and endoparasites. A total of 23 different parasite species were identified, five of which are human pathogens, 14 of which are new for the parasite fauna of raccoons in Europe. The human pathogenic raccoon roundworm Baylisascaris procyonis is the most common parasite species in this study, with a prevalence of up to 95%. The digenetic trematode Plagiorchis muris, another human pathogenic parasite species, was detected for the first time in raccoons. The ongoing spread of invasive carnivores and the associated spread and transmission of their parasites and other pathogens increases the potential health risk of wild and farmed animals as well as humans. An increase in parasitic diseases in humans (e.g. raccoon roundworm) is to be expected, especially in urban areas, where raccoons are becoming more and more abundant.}, }
@article {pmid36685646, year = {2023}, author = {Seok, S and Jacobsen, CM and Romero-Weaver, AL and Wang, X and Nguyen, VT and Collier, TC and Riles, MT and Akbari, OS and Lee, Y}, title = {Complete mitogenome sequence of Aedes (Hulecoeteomyia) japonicus japonicus from Hawai'i Island.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {64-68}, pmid = {36685646}, issn = {2380-2359}, support = {U01CK000516/ACL/ACL HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {We report the first complete mitogenome (Mt) sequence of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae). The sequence was extracted from one adult from the Big Island of Hawai'i Island. The length of the Ae. japonicus japonicus Mt was 16,528bp with 78.1% AT content. Its sequence is most similar to the Mt sequence of Aedes koreicus with 90.81% sequence identity. This is the first full Mt sequence available for this species and provides important genetic resource for studying population genetics and dynamics of this important invasive mosquito species.}, }
@article {pmid36685188, year = {2022}, author = {Garcia-Rueda, AL and Mascaro, M and Rodriguez-Fuentes, G and Caamal-Monsreal, CP and Diaz, F and Paschke, K and Rosas, C}, title = {Moderate hypoxia mitigates the physiological effects of high temperature on the tropical blue crab Callinectes sapidus.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {1089164}, pmid = {36685188}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {Dissolved oxygen (DO) and water temperature vary in coastal environments. In tropical regions, the ability of aquatic ectotherms to cope with hypoxia and high-temperature interactive effects is fundamental for their survival. The mechanisms underlying both hypoxia and thermal tolerance are known to be interconnected, therefore, the idea of cross-tolerance between both environmental stressors has been put forward. We investigated the combined role of hypoxia and temperature changes on the physiological responses of blue crab Callinectes sapidus living in the southern Gulf of Mexico. We measured oxygen consumption, plasmatic biochemical indicators, total hemocyte count (THC), and antioxidant activity biomarkers in muscle and gill tissues of blue crab acclimated to moderate hypoxia or normoxia and exposed to a thermal fluctuation or a constant temperature, the former including a temperature beyond the optimum range. Animals recovered their routine metabolic rate (RMR) after experiencing thermal stress in normoxia, reflecting physiological plasticity to temperature changes. In hypoxia, the effect of increasing temperature was modulated as reflected in the RMR and plasmatic biochemical indicators concentration, and the THC did not suggest significant alterations in the health status. In both DO, the antioxidant defense system was active against oxidative (OX) damage to lipids and proteins. However, hypoxia was associated with an increase in the amelioration of OX damage. These results show that C. sapidus can modulate its thermal response in a stringent dependency with DO, supporting the idea of local acclimatization to tropical conditions, and providing insights into its potential as invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid36684796, year = {2022}, author = {Liu, YY and Yang, QF and Li, Z and Zhou, ZX and Shi, XP and Wang, YJ}, title = {Parallel genetic and phenotypic differentiation of Erigeron annuus invasion in China.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {994367}, pmid = {36684796}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The factors that determine the growth and spread advantages of an alien plant during the invasion process remain open to debate. The genetic diversity and differentiation of an invasive plant population might be closely related to its growth adaptation and spread in the introduced range. However, little is known about whether phenotypic and genetic variation in invasive plant populations covary during the invasion process along invaded geographic distances.<br><br>METHODS: In a wild experiment, we examined the genetic variation in populations of the aggressively invasive species Erigeron annuus at different geographical distances from the first recorded point of introduction (FRPI) in China. We also measured growth traits in the wild and common garden experiments, and the coefficient of variation (CV) of populations in the common garden experiments.<br><br>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We found that E. annuus populations had better growth performance (i.e., height and biomass) and genetic diversity, and less trait variation, in the long-term introduced region (east) than in the short-term introduced region (west). Furthermore, population growth performance was significantly positively or negatively correlated with genetic diversity or genetic variation. Our results indicate that there was parallel genetic and phenotypic differentiation along the invaded geographic distance in response to adaptation and spread, and populations that entered introduced regions earlier had consistently high genetic diversity and high growth dominance. Growth and reproduction traits can be used as reliable predictors of the adaptation and genetic variation of invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid36683956, year = {2022}, author = {Huisamen, EJ and Karsten, M and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Are Signals of Local Environmental Adaptation Diluted by Laboratory Culture?.}, journal = {Current research in insect science}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {100048}, pmid = {36683956}, issn = {2666-5158}, abstract = {Insects have the ability to readily adapt to changes in environmental conditions, however the strength of local environmental adaptation signals under divergent conditions and the occurrence of trait inertia after relaxation of selection, remains poorly understood, especially for traits of climate stress resistance (CSR) and their phenotypic plasticity. The strength of environmental adaptation signals depend on several selection pressures present in the local environment, while trait inertia often occurs when there is a weakening or removal of a source of selection. Here, using Drosophila melanogaster, we asked whether signals of adaptation in CSR traits (critical thermal limits, heat and chill survival and, desiccation and starvation resistance) persist after exposure to laboratory culture for different durations (two vs. ten generations) across four climatically distinct populations. We show that culture duration has large effects on CSR traits and can both amplify or dilute signals of local adaptation. Effects were however dependent upon interactions between the source population, acclimation (adult acclimation at either 18 °C, 23 °C or 28 °C) conditions and the sex of the flies. Trait plasticity is markedly affected by the interaction between the source population, the specific acclimation conditions employed, and the duration in the laboratory. Therefore, a complex matrix of dynamic CSR trait responses is shown in space and time. Given these strong interaction effects, 'snapshot' estimates of environmental adaptation can result in misleading conclusions about the fitness consequences of climate variability.}, }
@article {pmid36683955, year = {2022}, author = {Beet, CR and Hogg, ID and Cary, SC and McDonald, IR and Sinclair, BJ}, title = {The Resilience of Polar Collembola (Springtails) in a Changing Climate.}, journal = {Current research in insect science}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {100046}, pmid = {36683955}, issn = {2666-5158}, abstract = {Assessing the resilience of polar biota to climate change is essential for predicting the effects of changing environmental conditions for ecosystems. Collembola are abundant in terrestrial polar ecosystems and are integral to food-webs and soil nutrient cycling. Using available literature, we consider resistance (genetic diversity; behavioural avoidance and physiological tolerances; biotic interactions) and recovery potential for polar Collembola. Polar Collembola have high levels of genetic diversity, considerable capacity for behavioural avoidance, wide thermal tolerance ranges, physiological plasticity, generalist-opportunistic feeding habits and broad ecological niches. The biggest threats to the ongoing resistance of polar Collembola are increasing levels of dispersal (gene flow), increased mean and extreme temperatures, drought, changing biotic interactions, and the arrival and spread of invasive species. If resistance capacities are insufficient, numerous studies have highlighted that while some species can recover from disturbances quickly, complete community-level recovery is exceedingly slow. Species dwelling deeper in the soil profile may be less able to resist climate change and may not recover in ecologically realistic timescales given the current rate of climate change. Ultimately, diverse communities are more likely to have species or populations that are able to resist or recover from disturbances. While much of the Arctic has comparatively high levels of diversity and phenotypic plasticity; areas of Antarctica have extremely low levels of diversity and are potentially much more vulnerable to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid36683876, year = {2023}, author = {Guiaşu, RC and Tindale, CW}, title = {Logical fallacies persist in invasion biology and blaming the messengers will not improve accountability in this field: a response to Frank et al.}, journal = {Biology &amp; philosophy}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {3}, pmid = {36683876}, issn = {0169-3867}, abstract = {We analyze the "Logical fallacies and reasonable debates in invasion biology: a response to Guiaşu and Tindale" article by Frank et al., and also discuss this work in the context of recent intense debates in invasion biology, and reactions by leading invasion biologists to critics of aspects of their field. While we acknowledge the attempt by Frank et al., at least in the second half of their paper, to take into account more diverse points of view about non-native species and their complex roles in ecosystems, we also find the accusations of misrepresenting invasion biology, for instance by "cherry-picking" and "constructing 'straw people'", directed at the Guiaşu and Tindale study to be unwarranted. Despite the sometimes harsh responses by leading invasion biologists to critics of their field, we believe that persistent and fundamental problems remain in invasion biology, and we discuss some of these problems in this article. Failing to recognize these problems, and simply dismissing or minimizing legitimate criticisms, will not advance the cause, or enhance the general appeal, of invasion biology and will prevent meaningful progress in understanding the multiple contributions non-native species can bring to various ecosystems worldwide. We recommend taking a more open-minded and pragmatic approach towards non-native species and the novel ecosystems they are an integral part of.}, }
@article {pmid36682197, year = {2023}, author = {Rochlin, I and Egizi, A and Narvaez, Z and Bonilla, DL and Gallagher, M and Williams, GM and Rainey, T and Price, DC and Fonseca, DM}, title = {Microhabitat modeling of the invasive Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis) in New Jersey, USA.}, journal = {Ticks and tick-borne diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {102126}, doi = {10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102126}, pmid = {36682197}, issn = {1877-9603}, support = {U01 CK000509/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ticks ; New Jersey ; *Ixodidae ; Ecosystem ; Soil ; }, abstract = {The Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis) is a vector of multiple arboviral and bacterial pathogens in its native East Asia and expanded distribution in Australasia. This species has both bisexual and parthenogenetic populations that can reach high population densities under favorable conditions. Established populations of parthenogenetic H. longicornis were detected in the eastern United States in 2017 and the possible range of this species at the continental level (North America) based on climatic conditions has been modeled. However, little is known about factors influencing the distribution of H. longicornis at geographic scales relevant to local surveillance and control. To examine the importance of local physiogeographic conditions such as geology, soil characteristics, and land cover on the distribution of H. longicornis we employed ecological niche modeling using three machine learning algorithms - Maxent, Random Forest (RF), and Generalized Boosting Method (GBM) to estimate probability of finding H. longicornis in a particular location in New Jersey (USA), based on environmental predictors. The presence of H. longicornis in New Jersey was positively associated with Piedmont physiogeographic province and two soil types - Alfisols and Inceptisols. Soil hydraulic conductivity was the most important predictor explaining H. longicornis habitat suitability, with more permeable sandy soils with higher hydraulic conductivity being less suitable than clay or loam soils. The models were projected over the state of New Jersey creating a probabilistic map of H. longicornis habitat suitability at a high spatial resolution of 90×90 meters. The model's sensitivity was 87% for locations sampled in 2017-2019 adding to the growing evidence of the importance of soil characteristics to the survival of ticks. For the 2020-2022 dataset the model fit was 57%, suggestive of spillover to less optimal habitats or, alternatively, heterogeneity in soil characteristics at the edges of broad physiographic zones. Further modeling should incorporate abundance and life-stage information as well as detailed characterization of the soil at collection sites. Once critical parameters that drive the survival and abundance of H. longicornis are identified they can be used to guide surveillance and control strategies for this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid36681694, year = {2023}, author = {Diller, JGP and Hüftlein, F and Lücker, D and Feldhaar, H and Laforsch, C}, title = {Allelochemical run-off from the invasive terrestrial plant Impatiens glandulifera decreases defensibility in Daphnia.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {1207}, pmid = {36681694}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Daphnia ; Ecosystem ; *Impatiens ; Pheromones/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Mycorrhizae ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a major threat for native ecosystems and organisms living within. They are reducing the biodiversity in invaded ecosystems, by outcompeting native species with e. g. novel substances. Invasive terrestrial plants can release allelochemicals, thereby reducing biodiversity due to the suppression of growth of native plants in invaded habitats. Aside from negative effects on plants, allelochemicals can affect other organisms such as mycorrhiza fungi and invertebrates in terrestrial ecosystems. When invasive plants grow in riparian zones, it is very likely that terrestrial borne allelochemicals can leach into the aquatic ecosystem. There, the often highly reactive compounds may not only elicit toxic effects to aquatic organisms, but they may also interfere with biotic interactions. Here we show that the allelochemical 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (2-MNQ), produced by the ubiquitously occurring invasive terrestrial plant Impatiens glandulifera, interferes with the ability of Daphnia to defend itself against predators with morphological defences. Daphnia magna and Daphnia longicephala responded with morphological defences induced by chemical cues released by their corresponding predators, Triops cancriformis or Notonecta sp. However, predator cues in combination with 2-MNQ led to a reduction in the morphological defensive traits, body- and tail-spine length, in D. magna. In D. longicephala all tested inducible defensive traits were not significantly affected by 2-MNQ but indicate similar patterns, highlighting the importance to study different species to assess the risks for aquatic ecosystems. Since it is essential for Daphnia to adapt defences to the current predation risk, a maladaptation in defensive traits when simultaneously exposed to allelochemicals released by I. glandulifera, may therefore have knock-on effects on population dynamics across multiple trophic levels, as Daphnia is a key species in lentic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid36680811, year = {2023}, author = {Gauff, RPM and Joubert, E and Curd, A and Carlier, A and Chavanon, F and Ravel, C and Bouchoucha, M}, title = {The elephant in the room: Introduced species also profit from refuge creation by artificial fish habitats.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {185}, number = {}, pages = {105859}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105859}, pmid = {36680811}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Biodiversity ; Fishes ; }, abstract = {Increasingly, ecological rehabilitation is envisioned to mitigate and revert impacts of ocean sprawl on coastal marine biodiversity. While in the past studies have demonstrated the positive effects of artificial fish habitats in port areas on fish abundance and diversity, benthic colonization of these structures has not yet been taken into consideration. This could be problematic as they may provide suitable habitat for Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) and hence facilitate their spreading. The present study aimed to examine communities developing on artificial fish habitats and to observe if the number of NIS was higher than in surrounding equivalent habitats. The structures were colonized by communities that were significantly different compared to those surrounding the control habitat, and they were home to a greater number of NIS. As NIS can cause severe ecological and economical damages, our results imply that in conjunction with the ecosystem services provided by artificial fish habitats, an ecosystem disservice in the form of facilitated NIS colonization may be present. These effects have not been shown before and need to be considered to effectively decide in which situations artificial structures may be used for fish rehabilitation.}, }
@article {pmid36680327, year = {2023}, author = {Nicolosi, G and Mammola, S and Verbrugge, L and Isaia, M}, title = {Aliens in caves: the global dimension of biological invasions in subterranean ecosystems.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, pages = {849-867}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12933}, pmid = {36680327}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Ecosystem ; *Caves ; Invertebrates ; Introduced Species ; Acclimatization ; }, abstract = {Alien species are a significant threat to natural ecosystems and human economies. Despite global efforts to address this challenge, the documented number of alien species is rapidly increasing worldwide. However, the magnitude of the impact of alien species may vary significantly across habitats. For example, some habitats are naturally less prone to biological invasions due to stringent abiotic and biotic characteristics, selecting for a limited number of introduced species possessing traits closely related to the native organisms. Subterranean ecosystems are quintessential examples of habitats with strong environmental filters (e.g. lack of light and scarcity of food), driving convergent adaptations in species that have successfully adapted to life in darkness. Despite these stringent environmental constraints, the number of records of alien species in subterranean ecosystems has increased in recent decades, but the relevant literature remains largely fragmented and mostly anecdotal. Therefore, even though caves are generally considered very fragile ecosystems, their susceptibility to impacts by alien species remains untested other than for some very specific cases. We provide the first systematic literature survey to synthesise available knowledge on alien species in subterranean ecosystems globally. This review is supported by a database summarising the available literature, aiming to identify gaps in the distribution and spread of alien invertebrate species in subterranean habitats, and laying the foundations for future management practices and interventions. First, we quantitatively assessed the current knowledge of alien species in subterranean ecosystems to shed light on broader questions about taxonomic biases, geographical patterns, modes of dispersal, pathways for introductions and potential impacts. Secondly, we collected species-specific traits for each recorded alien species and tested whether subterranean habitats act as ecological filters for their establishment, favouring organisms with pre-adaptive traits suitable for subterranean life. We found information on the presence of 246 subterranean alien species belonging to 18 different classes. The dominant alien species were invertebrates, especially insects and arachnids. Most species were reported in terrestrial subterranean habitats from all continents except Antarctica. Palaearctic and Nearctic biogeographic regions represented the main source of alien species. The main routes of introductions into the recipient country are linked to commercial activities (84.3% of cases for which there was information available). Negative impacts have been documented for a small number of case studies (22.7%), mostly related to increased competition with native species. For a limited number of case studies (6.1%), management strategies were reported but the effectiveness of these interventions has rarely been quantified. Accordingly, information on costs is very limited. Approximately half of the species in our database can be considered established in subterranean habitats. According to our results, the presence of suitable traits grants access to the stringent environmental filter posed by subterranean environments, facilitating establishment in the new habitat. We recommend that future studies deepen the understanding of invasiveness into subterranean habitats, raising public and scientific community awareness of preserving these fragile ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid36678974, year = {2023}, author = {Cordero, S and Gálvez, F and Fontúrbel, FE}, title = {Ecological Impacts of Exotic Species on Native Seed Dispersal Systems: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {36678974}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Exotic species are one of the main threats to biodiversity, leading to alterations in the structure and functioning of natural ecosystems. However, they can sometimes also provide ecological services, such as seed dispersal. Therefore, we assessed the ecological impacts of exotic species on native dispersal systems and the mechanisms underlying the disruption of mutualistic plant-disperser interactions. Exotic species negatively affect dispersal mutualisms by (i) altering dispersal behavior and visitation rates of native dispersers, (ii) predating native dispersers, (iii) transmitting forest pathogens, and (iv) predating seeds. Conversely, positive impacts include the dispersal of native plants, forest regeneration, and native habitat restoration via (i) increasing the visitation rates of frugivorous birds, (ii) facilitating the colonization and establishment of native forest trees, (iii) enhancing forest species seedling survival, and (iv) facilitating seed rain and seedling recruitment of early and late successional native plants. The reviewed studies provide similar results in some cases and opposite results in others, even within the same taxa. In almost all cases, exotic species cause negative impacts, although sometimes they are necessary to ensure native species' persistence. Therefore, exotic species management requires a comprehensive understanding of their ecological roles, since the resulting effects rely on the complexity of native-exotic species interactions.}, }
@article {pmid36677342, year = {2022}, author = {Prado-Tarango, DE and Mata-Gonzalez, R and Hovland, M}, title = {Drought and Competition Mediate Mycorrhizal Colonization, Growth Rate, and Nutrient Uptake in Three Artemisia Species.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36677342}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {L20AC00115//Bureau of Land Management/ ; }, abstract = {The genus Artemisia includes several keystone shrub species that dominate the North American sagebrush steppe. Their growth, survival, and establishment are negatively affected by exotic invasive grasses such as Taeniatherum caput-medusae. While the outcomes of symbiotic relationships between Artemisia spp. and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ambiguous, the benefits of ameliorated nutrient and drought stress may be cryptic and better revealed under competition. We evaluated the effects of a commercial AMF inoculum on ameliorating biotic (competition with T. caput-medusae) and abiotic (drought) stress of Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis, Artemisia arbuscula, and Artemisia nova when grown in sterile and microbially active field soil. Stress amelioration was measured as an increase in biomass production and nutrient acquisition. Mycorrhizal colonization of roots was lower in Artemisia plants grown in competition, while T. caput-medusae colonization was higher in plants with greater moisture. Both types of stress negatively affected plant biomass. Commercial AMF inoculation did not increase biomass. Colonization from field soil increased average phosphorous concentration under drought for A. tridentata ssp. wyomingensis by 36% and A. nova by 125%. While commercial inoculum and live soil led to AMF colonization of T. caput-medusae, only the commercial inoculum increased average phosphorus uptake by 71%.}, }
@article {pmid36676105, year = {2023}, author = {King, C}, title = {Abundance and Dynamics of Small Mammals in New Zealand: Sequential Invasions into an Island Ecosystem Like No Other.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36676105}, issn = {2075-1729}, abstract = {New Zealand had no people or four-footed mammals of any size until it was colonised by Polynesian voyagers and Pacific rats in c. 1280 AD. Between 1769 and 1920 AD, Europeans brought three more species of commensal rats and mice, and three predatory mustelids, plus rabbits, house cats hedgehogs and Australian brushtail possums. All have in turn invaded the whole country and many offshore islands in huge abundance, at least initially. Three species are now reduced to remnant populations, but the other eight remain widely distributed. They comprise an artificial but interacting and fully functional bottom-up predator-prey system, responding at all levels to interspecific competition, habitat quality and periodic resource pulsing.}, }
@article {pmid36676066, year = {2022}, author = {Alekseev, V and Sukhikh, N}, title = {Ust-Luga Seaport of Russia: Biological Invasions and Resting Stages Accumulation.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36676066}, issn = {2075-1729}, support = {05-04-90588-&#x41d;&#x41d;&#x421;_&#x430;//Russian Science Support Foundation/ ; 122031100274-7//The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation/ ; }, abstract = {This article describes the results of a three-year study of invasive species of aquatic ecosystems in the vicinity of Ust-Luga, the largest Russian seaport in the Baltic. Taking into account the great importance of the participation of marine vessels in the dispersal of invasive species, an experimental study of the seasonality of accumulation of resting stages of aquatic invertebrates in the ballast compartments of a vessel located in the Baltic Sea of the Gulf of Finland was carried out. Experiments show that the time of filling the ballast compartments in late summer and autumn poses the greatest risk for the spread of aquatic invertebrates with ship ballast water. In the Baltic Russian port, 11 invasive species of zooplankton and zoobenthos were found, which comprises 15% of the biodiversity in the samples. Copepoda demonstrated the highest presence of invasive species in class among zooplankton groups (14%) and Malacostraca among benthos groups (80%). Alien species findings correspond to the main vectors of invasive species dispersal for the Baltic Sea: North America, Indochina, and the Ponto-Caspian region.}, }
@article {pmid36672903, year = {2023}, author = {Yu, G and Lai, S and Liao, S and Cao, Y and Li, W and Long, C and Tarno, H and Wang, J}, title = {Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Scolytoplatypodini Species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and Phylogenetic Implications.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36672903}, issn = {2073-4425}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera/genetics ; *Weevils/genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Bayes Theorem ; RNA, Transfer/genetics ; Nucleotides ; }, abstract = {The complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of beetles in the tribe Scolytoplatypodini (genus Scolytoplatypus) were sequenced and annotated. These included Scolytoplatypus raja (15,324 bp), Scolytoplatypus sinensis (15,394 bp), Scolytoplatypus skyliuae (15,167 bp), and Scolytoplatypus wugongshanensis (15,267 bp). The four mitogenomes contained 37 typical genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs). The gene orientation and arrangement of the four mitogenomes were similar to other Coleoptera mitogenomes. PCGs mostly started with ATN and terminated with TAA. The Ka/Ks ratio of 13 PCGs in the four species revealed that cox1 had the slowest evolutionary rate and atp8 and nad6 had a higher evolutionary rate. All tRNAs had typical cloverleaf secondary structures, but trnS1 lacked dihydrouridine arm. Partial tRNAs lost the discriminator nucleotide. The trnY did not possess the discriminator nucleotide and also lost three bases, showing a special amino-acyl arm. Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods were conducted for phylogenetic analyses using 13 PCGs. Scolytoplatypodini was clustered with Hylurgini and Hylastini, and the monophyly of Scolytoplatypodini was supported. The four newly sequenced mitogenomes increase understanding of the evolutionary relationships of Scolytoplatypodini and other Scolytinae species.}, }
@article {pmid36671789, year = {2023}, author = {Shan, B and Yu, G and Wang, L and Liu, Y and Yang, C and Liu, M and Sun, D}, title = {Genetic Signature of Pinctada fucata Inferred from Population Genomics: Source Tracking of the Invasion in Mischief Reef of Nansha Islands.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36671789}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {Among the anthropogenic stresses that marine ecosystems face, biological invasions are one of the major threats. Recently, as a result of increasingly intense anthropogenic disturbance, numerous marine species have been introduced to their non-native ranges. However, many introduced species have uncertain original sources. This prevents the design and establishment of methods for controlling or preventing these introduced species. In the present study, genomic sequencing and population genetic analysis were performed to detect the geographic origin of the introduced Pinctada fucata population in the Mischief Reef of the South China Sea. The results of population genetic structure analysis showed a close relationship between the Mischief Reef introduced population and the Lingshui population, indicating that Lingshui may be the potential geographical origin. Furthermore, lower heterozygosity and nucleotide diversity were observed in the introduced population in Mischief Reef, indicating lower genetic diversity than in other native populations. We also identified some selected genomic regions and genes of the introduced population, including genes related to temperature and salinity tolerance. These genes may play important roles in the adaptation of the introduced population. Our study will improve our understanding of the invasion history of the P. fucata population. Furthermore, the results of the present study will also facilitate further control and prevention of invasion in Mischief Reef, South China Sea.}, }
@article {pmid36671776, year = {2023}, author = {Adhikari, P and Lee, YH and Poudel, A and Lee, G and Hong, SH and Park, YS}, title = {Predicting the Impact of Climate Change on the Habitat Distribution of Parthenium hysterophorus around the World and in South Korea.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36671776}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {2021002270004//Ministry of Environment/ ; }, abstract = {The global climate change, including increases in temperature and precipitation, may exacerbate the invasion by P. hysterophorus. Here, MaxEnt modeling was performed to predict P. hysterophorus distribution worldwide and in South Korea under the current and future climate global climate changes, including increases in temperature and precipitation. Under the current climate, P. hysterophorus was estimated to occupy 91.26%, 83.26%, and 62.75% of the total land area of Australia, South America, and Oceania, respectively. However, under future climate scenarios, the habitat distribution of P. hysterophorus would show the greatest change in Europe (56.65%) and would extend up to 65°N by 2081-2100 in South Korea, P. hysterophorus currently potentially colonizing 2.24% of the land area, particularly in six administrative divisions. In the future, P. hysterophorus would spread rapidly, colonizing all administrative divisions, except Incheon, by 2081-2100. Additionally, the southern and central regions of South Korea showed greater habitat suitability than the northern region. These findings suggest that future climate change will increase P. hysterophorus distribution both globally and locally. Therefore, effective control and management strategies should be employed around the world and in South Korea to restrict the habitat expansion of P. hysterophorus.}, }
@article {pmid36671728, year = {2022}, author = {Schubart, CD and Deli, T and Mancinelli, G and Cilenti, L and Gil Fernández, A and Falco, S and Berger, S}, title = {Phylogeography of the Atlantic Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus (Brachyura: Portunidae) in the Americas versus the Mediterranean Sea: Determining Origins and Genetic Connectivity of a Large-Scale Invasion.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36671728}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {The American blue crab Callinectes sapidus is a particularly successful invader in estuarine ecosystems worldwide. Despite increasing awareness of its potential harm, the invasion history and underlying genetic diversity of this species within the Mediterranean Sea remain unknown. This study constitutes the first large-scale approach to study phylogeographic patterns of C. sapidus in Europe, facilitated by the first comparison of all currently available COI sequence data. For this investigation, 71 individuals of C. sapidus were newly analyzed and the entire COI gene was sequenced and used for a comparative phylogeographic analyses. For the first time, two separately used adjacent regions of this gene were combined in a single dataset. This allowed emphasizing the prevalence of three geographically defined lineages within the native range: (1) eastern North America, including the Gulf of Mexico, (2) the Caribbean, and (3) Brazil. New data from the Mediterranean reveal that non-native populations of C. sapidus are characterized by a conspicuously low genetic diversity (except for Turkey, where stocking took place), and that there is surprisingly low connectivity among established populations. The occurrence of strong genetic bottlenecks suggests few founder individuals. This confirms that, even under a scenario of restricted large-scale gene flow, a very limited number of invasive individuals is sufficient for a massive impact.}, }
@article {pmid36671720, year = {2022}, author = {Awad, M and Ben Gharsa, H and ElKraly, OA and Leclerque, A and Elnagdy, SM}, title = {COI Haplotyping and Comparative Microbiomics of the Peach Fruit Fly, an Emerging Pest of Egyptian Olive Orchards.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36671720}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {57478537//German Academic Exchange Service/ ; 57626230//German Academic Exchange Service/ ; }, abstract = {The peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Tephritidae), is economically relevant as a highly polyphagous pest infesting over 50 host plants including commercial fruit and horticultural crops. As an invasive species, B. zonata was firmly established in Egypt and holds potential to spread further across the Mediterranean basin. The present study demonstrated that the peach fruit fly was found multiplying in olive orchards at two distant locations in Egypt. This is the first report of B. zonata developing in olives. COI barcoding has revealed evidence for high diversity across these peach fruit fly populations. These data are consistent with multiple rather than a single event leading to both peach fruit fly invasion to Egypt and its adaptation to olive. Comparative microbiomics data for B. zonata developing on different host plants were indicative for microbiome dynamics being involved in the adaptation to olive as a new niche with a potential adaptive role for Erwinia or Providencia bacteria. The possibility of symbiont transfer from the olive fruit fly to the peach fruit fly is discussed. Potentially host switch relevant bacterial symbionts might be preferred targets of symbiosis disruption strategies for integrated pest management or biological control of B. zonata.}, }
@article {pmid36670814, year = {2023}, author = {Stope, MB}, title = {The Raccoon (Procyon lotor) as a Neozoon in Europe.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {36670814}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {The raccoon (Procyon lotor) is a North American half-bear that is present in much of Europe and Asia as a result of both accidental and planned releases. In Europe, raccoons were introduced primarily as a source of fur for the fur industry. In the 1930s, raccoons were released into the wild in Central Europe. At the same time, animals from fur farms and private holdings continued to enter the wild. In the following decades, the raccoon spread over large parts of Europe. In addition to the invasive spread of the Central European initial population, individual releases of raccoons occurred frequently, mainly in Southern Europe. The high adaptability of the raccoon favors its expansion into new habitats. It has a high reproductive rate, is very mobile, and encounters few predators in Europe. Raccoons have recently become a topic of interest when large raccoon populations have colonized suburban and urban areas. Despite the proximity of raccoons and humans, however, there have been hardly any conflicts to date, unlike in North America. A significant negative impact on the native fauna has been suspected but not proven. Raccoons have been identified as vectors of zoonotic diseases. Nevertheless, monitoring of the increasing numbers of raccoons in Europe seems advisable.}, }
@article {pmid36668972, year = {2023}, author = {Ivanescu, LM and Bodale, I and Grigore-Hristodorescu, S and Martinescu, G and Andronic, B and Matiut, S and Azoicai, D and Miron, L}, title = {The Risk of Emerging of Dengue Fever in Romania, in the Context of Global Warming.}, journal = {Tropical medicine and infectious disease}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36668972}, issn = {2414-6366}, abstract = {(1) Background: Few studies to date have assessed the influences induced by climate change on the spatial distribution and population abundance of Aedes albopictus using the latest climate scenarios. In this study, we updated the current distribution of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes and evaluated the changes in their distribution under future climate conditions, as well as the risk of dengue virus emergence in Romania. (2) Methods: Under the two scenarios: High scenario (HS) when no drastic measures to reduce the effects of global warming will be taken, or they are not effective and low scenario (LS) when very stringent greenhouse control measures will be implemented. (3) Results: The results estimate an increase in temperatures in Romania of up to 2.6 °C in HS and up to 0.4 °C in LS, with an increase in the period of virus replication within the vector from June to October in HS and from May to September in LS. Moreover, in 2022, Ae. albopictus was reported in a new county, where it was not identified at the last monitoring in 2020. (4) Conclusions: The rapid spread of this invasive species and the need to implement monitoring and control programs for the Aedes population in Romania are emphasized.}, }
@article {pmid36668963, year = {2023}, author = {Ng, YL and Lee, WC and Lau, YL and Fong, MY}, title = {The Impact of Geographical Variation in Plasmodium knowlesi Apical Membrane Protein 1 (PkAMA-1) on Invasion Dynamics of P. knowlesi.}, journal = {Tropical medicine and infectious disease}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36668963}, issn = {2414-6366}, support = {LRGS/1/2018/UM/01/1/1//Long Term Research Grant Scheme (LRGS)/ ; LRGS/1/2018/UM/01/1/4//Long Term Research Grant Scheme (LRGS)/ ; FRGS/1/2022/SKK12/UM/02/9//Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS)/ ; }, abstract = {Plasmodium knowlesi has emerged as an important zoonotic parasite that causes persistent symptomatic malaria in humans. The signs and symptoms of malaria are attributed to the blood stages of the parasites, which start from the invasion of erythrocytes by the blood stage merozoites. The apical membrane protein 1 (AMA-1) plays an important role in the invasion. In this study, we constructed and expressed recombinant PkAMA-1 domain II (PkAMA-1-DII) representing the predominant haplotypes from Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo and raised specific antibodies against the recombinant proteins in rabbits. Despite the minor amino acid sequence variation, antibodies raised against haplotypes from Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo demonstrated different invasion inhibition (46.81% and 39.45%, respectively) to P. knowlesi A1-H.1, a reference strain derived from Peninsular Malaysia. Here, we demonstrated how a minor variation in a conserved parasite protein could cast a significant impact on parasite invasion biology, suggesting a complex host-switching of P. knowlesi from different locations. This may challenge the implementation of a standardized One Health approach against the transmission of knowlesi malaria.}, }
@article {pmid36662213, year = {2023}, author = {Barcellos, L and Pham, CK and Menezes, G and Bettencourt, R and Rocha, N and Carvalho, M and Felgueiras, HP}, title = {A Concise Review on the Potential Applications of Rugulopteryx okamurae Macroalgae.}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36662213}, issn = {1660-3397}, support = {UIDP/00264/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; 2021.02720.CEECIND//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; }, mesh = {*Seaweed ; Ecosystem ; *Phaeophyceae ; Biomass ; }, abstract = {The brown macroalgae of the species Rugulopteryx okamurae has reached European waters and the Strait of Gibraltar as an invasive species. The proliferation and colonization of the species in subtidal and intertidal zones of these regions imposes significant threats to local ecosystems and additionally represents a significant socioeconomic burden related to the large amounts of biomass accumulated as waste. As a way to minimize the effects caused by the accumulation of algae biomass, investigations have been made to employ this biomass as a raw material in value-added products or technologies. The present review explores the potential uses of R. okamurae, focusing on its impact for biogas production, composting, bioplastic and pharmaceutical purposes, with potential anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and α-glucosity inhibitory activities being highlighted. Overall, this species appears to present many attributes, with remarkable potential for uses in several fields of research and in various industries.}, }
@article {pmid36662178, year = {2022}, author = {Vega, J and Catalá, TS and García-Márquez, J and Speidel, LG and Arijo, S and Cornelius Kunz, N and Geisler, C and Figueroa, FL}, title = {Molecular Diversity and Biochemical Content in Two Invasive Alien Species: Looking for Chemical Similarities and Bioactivities.}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36662178}, issn = {1660-3397}, support = {PID2020-116136RB-I00//Science and Innovation Ministry of Spain/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Phaeophyceae ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Rhodophyta ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The biochemical composition, molecular diversity, and two different bioactivities of Asparagopsis armata and Rugulopteryx okamurae (two alien species with different invasive patterns in the southern Iberian Peninsula) were analyzed through spectrophotometric methods and Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectroscopy (FT-ICR-MS). A total of 3042 molecular formulas were identified from the different extracts. The dH2O extracts were the most molecularly different. A. armata presented the highest content of nitrogenous compounds (proteins, CHON) and sulphur content, whereas R. okamurae was rich in carbonated compounds (total carbon, lipids, CHO, and CHOP). Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content were higher in R. okamurae than in A. armata. Antimicrobial activity was detected from both species. A. armata showed capacity to inhibit human and fish pathogens (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus or Vibrio anguillarum), whereas R. okamurae only showed inhibition against human bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Cutibacterium acnes). In R. okamurae, molecules with a great number of pharmaceutical activities (e.g., anti-inflammatory or antitumoral), antibacterial, biomaterial, and other utilities were found. The main molecules of A. armata had also pharmaceutical applications (e.g., antimalarian, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, or antiarthritis). The valorization of these species can help to counteract the environmental effects of the bioinvasions.}, }
@article {pmid36661987, year = {2023}, author = {de la Hera, O and Alonso, ML and Alonso, RM}, title = {Behaviour of Vespa velutina nigrithorax (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) under Controlled Environmental Conditions.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36661987}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {PUE 2018_1_0007 and PUE 2021_1_008//Basque Government/ ; US21/35//University of the Basque Country/ ; }, abstract = {From its introduction in Europe, Vespa velutina nigrithorax has become an invasive species, since it is a predator of native fruits and insects, most of the latter being honeybees. Despite the knowledge on the life cycle of this hornet, Asian hornet behaviour is not well understood, since in vivo studies on this species are quite difficult to perform. In this work, an observational study of the behaviour of this invasive species in captivity has been carried out. Two secondary and one embryo nests were caught and kept under controlled environmental conditions, up to 13 weeks for the secondary nest and 6 weeks for the embryo nest. Captivity adaptation, defence against perturbations, evolution of the colony and overwintering were the different behaviours studied. The study has shown the importance of avoiding disturbances to the nest from the beginning of the experiments, since they tend to destroy the colony. The aggressive behaviour observed in the embryo nest was lower than in the secondary nests. Results of this research will allow obtaining additional information on this species, which is crucial to develop effective control methods.}, }
@article {pmid36661974, year = {2023}, author = {Di Sora, N and Mannu, R and Rossini, L and Contarini, M and Gallego, D and Speranza, S}, title = {Using Species Distribution Models (SDMs) to Estimate the Suitability of European Mediterranean Non-Native Area for the Establishment of Toumeyella Parvicornis (Hemiptera: Coccidae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36661974}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {ND//Regione Lazio/ ; REACT-EU//Ministero dell'Universit&#xe0; e della Ricerca/ ; }, abstract = {The pine tortoise scale, Toumeyella parvicornis, is an insect native to the Nearctic region that is able to infest several Pinus species. It can cause weakening, defoliation and, at high infestation levels, tree death. After its first report in Italy in 2015, the pest spread rapidly over the surrounding areas and was reported in France in 2021. Due to the threat that this pest poses to pine trees, the suitability of European Mediterranean basin areas for T. parvicornis at different spatial scales was estimated by constructing species distribution models (SDMs) using bioclimatic variables. Our results showed that several coastal areas of the Mediterranean basin area could be suitable for T. parvicornis. Based on performance assessment, all the SDMs tested provided a good representation of the suitability of European Mediterranean non-native area for T. parvicornis at different spatial scales. In particular, most of the areas with a medium or high level of suitability corresponded to the geographical range of distribution of different Pinus spp. in Europe. Predicting the suitability of European Mediterranean areas for T. parvicornis provides a fundamental tool for early detection and management of the spread of this pest in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid36661971, year = {2022}, author = {Mastore, M and Quadroni, S and Rezzonico, A and Brivio, MF}, title = {The Influence of Daily Temperature Fluctuation on the Efficacy of Bioinsecticides on Spotted Wing Drosophila Larvae.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36661971}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Global climate change is allowing the invasion of insect pests into new areas without natural competitors and/or predators. The dipteran Drosophila suzukii has invaded both the Americas and Europe, becoming a serious problem for fruit crops. Control methods for this pest are still based on the use of pesticides, but less invasive and more sustainable methods, such as biocontrol, are needed. Variations in environmental conditions can affect the efficacy of bioinsecticides influencing their behavior and physiology besides that of the target insects. In this work, we developed a system that simulates the daily temperature fluctuations (DTFs) detected in the environment, with the aim of studying the influence of temperature on biocontrol processes. We investigated the effects of DTFs on the efficacy of four bioinsecticides. Results showed that DTFs modify the efficacy of some entomopathogens while they are ineffective on others. Specifically, the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis is the most effective bioinsecticide under all conditions tested, i.e., low DTF (11−22 °C) and high DTF (17−33 °C) compared to constant temperature (25 °C). In contrast, nematodes are more sensitive to changes in temperature: Steinernema carpocapsae loses efficacy at low DTF, while Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora are not effective in controlling the target dipteran. This work provides a basis for reviewing biological control methods against invasive species in the current context of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid36661939, year = {2022}, author = {Wright, C and Helms, AM and Bernal, JS and Grunseich, JM and Medina, RF}, title = {Aphelinus nigritus Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) Preference for Sorghum Aphid, Melanaphis sorghi (Theobald, 1904) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Honeydew Is Stronger in Johnson Grass, Sorghum halepense, Than in Grain Sorghum, Sorghum bicolor.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36661939}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2018-3200-25//Southern IPM Center/ ; }, abstract = {How aphid parasitoids of recent invasive species interact with their hosts can affect the feasibility of biological control. In this study, we focus on a recent invasive pest of US grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor, the sorghum aphid (SA), Melanaphis sorghi. Understanding this pest's ecology in the grain sorghum agroecosystem is critical to develop effective control strategies. As parasitoids often use aphid honeydew as a sugar resource, and honeydew is known to mediate parasitoid-aphid interactions, we investigated the ability of SA honeydew to retain the parasitoid Aphelinus nigritus. Since SAs in the US have multiple plant hosts, and host-plant diet can modulate parasitoid retention (a major component in host foraging), we measured SA honeydew sugar, organic acid, and amino acid profiles, then assessed via retention time A. nigritus preference for honeydew produced on grain sorghum or Johnson grass, Sorghum halepense. Compared to a water control, A. nigritus spent more time on SA honeydew produced on either host plant. Despite similar honeydew profiles from both plant species, A. nigritus preferred honeydew produced on Johnson grass. Our results suggest the potential for SA honeydew to facilitate augmentation strategies aimed at maintaining A. nigritus on Johnson grass to suppress SAs before grain sorghum is planted.}, }
@article {pmid36661935, year = {2022}, author = {Rodríguez-Flores, MS and Mazzei, M and Felicioli, A and Diéguez-Antón, A and Seijo, MC}, title = {Emerging Risk of Cross-Species Transmission of Honey Bee Viruses in the Presence of Invasive Vespid Species.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36661935}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {ED481D-2022-021//Conseller&#xed;a de Cultura, Educaci&#xf3;n e Ordenaci&#xf3;n Universitaria/ ; EAPA_800/2018-Atlantic-POSitive//INTERREG ATLANTIC AREA PROGRAM/ ; }, abstract = {The increase in invasive alien species is a concern for the environment. The establishment of some of these species may be changing the balance between pathogenicity and host factors, which could alter the defense strategies of native host species. Vespid species are among the most successful invasive animals, such as the genera Vespa, Vespula and Polistes. Bee viruses have been extensively studied as an important cause of honey bee population losses. However, knowledge about the transmission of honey bee viruses in Vespids is a relevant and under-researched aspect. The role of some mites such as Varroa in the transmission of honey bee viruses is clearer than in the case of Vespidae. This type of transmission by vectors has not yet been clarified in Vespidae, with interspecific relationships being the main hypotheses accepted for the transmission of bee viruses. A majority of studies describe the presence of viruses or their replicability, but aspects such as the symptomatology in Vespids or the ability to infect other hosts from Vespids are scarcely discussed. Highlighting the case of Vespa velutina as an invader, which is causing huge losses in European beekeeping, is of special interest. The pressure caused by V. velutina leads to weakened hives that become susceptible to pathogens. Gathering this information is necessary to promote further research on the spread of bee viruses in ecosystems invaded by invasive species of Vespids, as well as to prevent the decline of bee populations due to bee viruses.}, }
@article {pmid36661930, year = {2022}, author = {Yang, CH and Qiao, FJ and Lu, Z and Li, CY and Liu, TX and Gao, YL and Zhang, B}, title = {Interspecific Competitions between Frankliniella intonsa and Frankliniella occidentalis on Fresh Lentil Bean Pods and Pepper Plants.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36661930}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2018YFD0200802//National Key Research and Development Program/ ; 663-1119034//Qingdao Agricultural University Doctoral Start-Up Fund/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Flower thrips (Frankliniella intonsa, IFT) and west flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis, WFT) are often found together on the host plant in China. WFT is an important invasive species that seems to outcompete the native IFT. In order to clarify the interspecific competitions between the two thrips, this study measured the population development of IFT and WFT under sexual and parthenogenetic reproductive modes on two hosts (fresh lentil bean pods with/without honey and pepper plants at seedling/flowering stages) in the laboratory.<br><br>RESULTS: When reared on fresh lentil bean pods (with/without honey), WFT population size was lower in mixed species populations compared to single species populations but the presence of WFT had nor negative effect on IFT population size. These results were dependent of the reproductive mode. When honey was supplied, the ratio of female-to-male in the progeny of WFT produced under sexual reproductive mode increased significantly in the presence of IFT. On pepper seedlings, mixed populations were more favorable to the population development of IFT at the seedling stage, but more favorable to WFT at the flowering stage.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In the early stage of WFT invasion and colonization, the emergence of flowering and honey (nectar) sources may have a positive effect on the population development of WFT.}, }
@article {pmid36661083, year = {2023}, author = {Philippe-Lesaffre, M and Thibault, M and Caut, S and Bourgeois, K and Berr, T and Ravache, A and Vidal, E and Courchamp, F and Bonnaud, E}, title = {Recovery of insular seabird populations years after rodent eradication.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, pages = {e14042}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.14042}, pmid = {36661083}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Rodentia ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Birds/physiology ; }, abstract = {Seabirds have been particularly affected by invasive non-native species, which has led to the implementation of numerous eradication campaigns for the conservation of these keystone and highly vulnerable species. Although the benefits of eradication of invasive non-native species for seabird conservation have been demonstrated, the recovery kinetics of different seabird populations on islands after eradication remains poorly evaluated. We conducted long-term monitoring of the number of breeding pairs of seven seabird species on a small atoll, Surprise Island, New Caledonia (southwestern tropical Pacific). Marine avifauna of the island were surveyed yearly 4 years before to 4 years after rodent eradication (conducted in 2005), and we conducted multiple one-time surveys from ∼10 years before and ∼15 years after eradication. We sought to determine how different seabird species responded to the eradication of invasive rodents in an insular environment. Three species responded positively (two- to 10-fold increase in population size) to eradication with differences in lag time and sensitivity. The number of breeding pairs increased (effect sizes = 0.49-0.95 and 0.35-0.52) for two species over 4 years post-eradication due to immigration. One species had a longer (at least 5 years) response time than all others; breeding pairs increased for over 10 years after eradication. Long-term sampling was necessary to observe the responses of the seabird populations on the island because of the delayed response of a species to eradication not visible in the first years after eradication. Our results confirmed the positive effects of eradication of invasive non-native species on seabirds and emphasize the importance of mid- and long-term pre- and posteradication surveys to decipher the mechanisms of seabird recovery and confirm the benefits of eradication for conservation purposes.}, }
@article {pmid36660794, year = {2023}, author = {Pretorius, I and Schou, WC and Richardson, B and Ross, SD and Withers, TM and Schmale, DG and Strand, TM}, title = {In the wind: Invasive species travel along predictable atmospheric pathways.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, pages = {e2806}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2806}, pmid = {36660794}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Wind ; Ecosystem ; Plant Weeds ; Insecta ; }, abstract = {Invasive species such as insects, pathogens, and weeds reaching new environments by traveling with the wind, represent unquantified and difficult-to-manage biosecurity threats to human, animal, and plant health in managed and natural ecosystems. Despite the importance of these invasion events, their complexity is reflected by the lack of tools to predict them. Here, we provide the first known evidence showing that the long-distance aerial dispersal of invasive insects and wildfire smoke, a potential carrier of invasive species, is driven by atmospheric pathways known as Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS). An aerobiological modeling system combining LCS modeling with species biology and atmospheric survival has the potential to transform the understanding and prediction of atmospheric invasions. The proposed modeling system run in forecast or hindcast modes can inform high-risk invasion events and invasion source locations, making it possible to locate them early, improving the chances of eradication success.}, }
@article {pmid36658159, year = {2023}, author = {Ladin, ZS and Eggen, DA and Trammell, TLE and D'Amico, V}, title = {Human-mediated dispersal drives the spread of the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {1098}, pmid = {36658159}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; United States ; *Hemiptera ; Insecta ; Pennsylvania ; Virginia ; Trees ; }, abstract = {The spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) is a novel invasive insect from Asia now established and spreading throughout the United States. This species is of particular concern given its ability to decimate important crops such as grapes, fruit trees, as well as native hardwood trees. Since its initial detection in Berks County, Pennsylvania in 2014, spotted lanternfly infestations have been detected in 130 counties (87 under quarantine) within Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Virginia, and West Virginia. Compounding this invasion is the associated proliferation and widespread distribution of the spotted lanternfly's preferred host plant, the tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima). While alternate host plant species have been observed, the tree-of-heaven which thrives in disturbed and human-dominated areas (e.g., along roads and railways) is likely facilitating the population growth rates of spotted lanternfly. We simulated the population and spread dynamics of the spotted lanternfly throughout the mid-Atlantic USA to help determine areas of risk and inform continued monitoring and control efforts. We tested the prediction that spotted lanternfly spread is driven by human-mediated dispersal using agent-based models that incorporated information on its life-history traits, habitat suitability, and movement and natural dispersal behavior. Overwhelmingly, our results suggest that human-mediated dispersal (e.g., cars, trucks, and trains) is driving the observed spread dynamics and distribution of the spotted lanternfly throughout the eastern USA. Our findings should encourage future surveys to focus on human-mediated dispersal of egg masses and adult spotted lanternflies (e.g., attachment to car or transported substrates) to better monitor and control this economically and ecologically important invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid36657068, year = {2023}, author = {Fazekas, S and Livoti, D and Reeves, L}, title = {First Records of Aedeomyia squamipennis in Palm Beach County, Florida, USA.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {40-44}, doi = {10.2987/22-7097}, pmid = {36657068}, issn = {1943-6270}, mesh = {Animals ; Florida/epidemiology ; *Mosquito Vectors ; *Culicidae ; Mosquito Control ; }, abstract = {Continuous surveillance, trained personnel, and coordination with other agencies are critical elements of effective nuisance and vector mosquito control. Palm Beach County Mosquito Control, FL, has used routine surveillance to make control decisions and note changes in mosquito populations since the 1940s. In the fall and winter of 2021-2022, Palm Beach County Mosquito Control's surveillance program detected the presence of Aedeomyia squamipennis. This represented the first collection of specimens of Ad. squamipennis in Palm Beach County and the second finding of this species beyond the initial site of detection in Miami-Dade County, FL. Identity was confirmed by morphology and DNA sequencing. Sequenced Ad. squamipennis specimens collected in Palm Beach County were identical (100% sequence similarity) to specimens collected and sequenced from Homestead, Miami-Dade County in 2016. It is suspected that Ad. squamipennis has expanded its range northward from Miami-Dade County into Palm Beach County, a distance of approximately 140 km.}, }
@article {pmid36654525, year = {2023}, author = {Gugliuzzo, A and Giuliano, G and Rizzo, R and Tropea Garzia, G and Biondi, A}, title = {Lethal and sublethal effects of synthetic and bioinsecticides toward the invasive ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus compactus.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {5}, pages = {1840-1850}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7365}, pmid = {36654525}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Univeristy of Catania/ ; //Regione Siciliana/ ; //University of Catania/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Insecticides/toxicity ; Thiamethoxam ; *Weevils ; *Coleoptera ; *Pyrethrins/toxicity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Exotic ambrosia beetles are emerging widespread pests of several wild and managed trees and shrubs. Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) is one of the most invasive species causing damage to a broad range of host plants. Little information is available on its control, including the impact of insecticides. Bioassays were conducted to evaluate the potential of four bioinsecticides and seven synthetic insecticides in controlling X. compactus. Beetle mortality and sublethal effects on tunneling, cultivation of the mutualist fungus and reproduction were assessed.<br><br>RESULTS: Concentration-mortality curves were determined for all tested insecticides. Lambda-cyhalothrin was the most toxic insecticide, showing the lowest estimated 90% and 50% lethal concentrations (LC90 and LC50), followed by deltamethrin and thiamethoxam. Acetamiprid caused the highest levels of mortality and brood size reduction under extended laboratory conditions. Moreover, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam and lambda-cyhalothrin caused the greatest mortality and, together with deltamethrin, strongly affected progeny occurrence inside infested galleries and beetle brood size. Among the bioinsecticides, pyrethrins significantly affected beetle survival under laboratory conditions, but not brood size in extended laboratory bioassays. Some of the tested insecticides had significant lethal and sublethal effects only when beetles were exposed to fresher residues, highlighting differences in toxicity persistence.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study provides first baseline toxicity data for synthetic insecticides and bioinsecticides with different modes of action and origin toward X. compactus, and the first evidence that several insecticides can cause multiple sublethal effects on this pest. These findings can help in building suitable integrated pest management packages against this pest. &#xa9; 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid36653974, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, X and Xiao, X and Zhang, X and Wu, J and Li, B}, title = {Rapid and large changes in coastal wetland structure in China's four major river deltas.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {29}, number = {8}, pages = {2286-2300}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.16583}, pmid = {36653974}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {2022YFC2601100//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 32030067//Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42201341//Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 41630528//Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2021TQ0072//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; 2021M700835//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; 1911955//U.S. National Science Foundation/ ; 2200310//U.S. National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Wetlands ; *Ecosystem ; Rivers ; Biodiversity ; Plants ; China ; }, abstract = {Coastal wetlands provide essential ecosystem goods and services but are extremely vulnerable to sea-level rise, extreme climate, and human activities, especially the coastal wetlands in large river deltas, which are regarded as "natural recorders" of changes in estuarine environments. In addition to the area (loss or gain) and quality (degradation or improvement) of coastal wetlands, the information on coastal wetland structure (e.g., patch size and number) are also major metrics for coastal restoration and biodiversity protection, but remain very limited in China's four major river deltas. In this study, we quantified the spatial-temporal dynamics of total area (TA) and patch number (PN) of coastal wetlands with different sizes in the four deltas and the protected areas (PAs) and assessed the effects of major driving factors during 1984-2020. We also investigated the effectiveness of PAs through the comparison of TA and PN of coastal wetlands before and after the years in which PAs were listed as Ramsar Sites. We found both TA and PN experienced substantial losses in the Liaohe River Delta and Yellow River Delta but recent recoveries in the Yangtze River Delta. The coastal wetlands had a relatively stable and variable trend in TA but had a continually increasing trend in PN in the Pearl River Delta. Furthermore, reduced coastal reclamation, ecological restoration projects, and rapid expansion of invasive plants had great impacts on the coastal wetland structure in various ways. We also found that PAs were effective in halting the decreasing trends in coastal wetland areas and slowing the expansion of reclamation, but the success of PAs is being counteracted by soaring exotic plant invasions. Our findings provide vital information for the government and the public to address increasing challenges of coastal restoration, management, and sustainability in large river deltas.}, }
@article {pmid36651032, year = {2023}, author = {Godfrey, EJ and Cameron, EZ and Hickling, GJ}, title = {Social learning in a nocturnal marsupial: is it a possum-ability?.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {20220460}, pmid = {36651032}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Marsupialia ; *Social Learning ; Introduced Species ; *Trichosurus ; Learning ; }, abstract = {Social learning can reduce the costs associated with trial-and-error learning. There is speculation that social learning could contribute to trap and bait avoidance in invasive species like the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)-a marsupial for which social learning has not previously been investigated. In large outdoor pens, we presented wild-caught 'demonstrator' possums with puzzle devices containing an attractive food reward; 2 of 8 demonstrators accessed the reward the first night the puzzle was presented and another three succeeded on later nights. Meanwhile, 'observer' possums in adjacent pens watched the demonstrators for five nights and then were given the opportunity to solve the puzzle themselves; 15 of 15 succeeded on their first night (a highly significant improvement). This experiment thus provides strong evidence of social learning by common brushtail possums. Future research should investigate whether information about aversive stimuli (such as traps and toxic baits) can similarly be transmitted between possums by social learning; if so, this could have important implications for possum pest control.}, }
@article {pmid36651030, year = {2023}, author = {Dobelmann, J and Felden, A and Lester, PJ}, title = {An invasive ant increases deformed wing virus loads in honey bees.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {20220416}, pmid = {36651030}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; *RNA Viruses ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The majority of invasive species are best known for their effects as predators. However, many introduced predators may also be substantial reservoirs for pathogens. Honey bee-associated viruses are found in various arthropod species including invasive ants. We examined how the globally invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile), which can reach high densities and infest beehives, is associated with pathogen dynamics in honey bees. Viral loads of deformed wing virus (DWV), which has been linked to millions of beehive deaths around the globe, and black queen cell virus significantly increased in bees when invasive ants were present. Microsporidian and trypanosomatid infections, which are more bee-specific, were not affected by ant invasion. The bee virome in autumn revealed that DWV was the predominant virus with the highest infection levels and that no ant-associated viruses were infecting bees. Viral spillback from ants could increase infections in bees. In addition, ant attacks could pose a significant stressor to bee colonies that may affect virus susceptibility. These viral dynamics are a hidden effect of ant pests, which could have a significant impact on disease emergence in this economically important pollinator. Our study highlights a perhaps overlooked effect of species invasions: changes in pathogen dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid36650141, year = {2023}, author = {Street, SE and Gutiérrez, JS and Allen, WL and Capellini, I}, title = {Human activities favour prolific life histories in both traded and introduced vertebrates.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {262}, pmid = {36650141}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Phylogeny ; *Vertebrates ; *Reptiles ; Amphibians ; Mammals ; Introduced Species ; Human Activities ; }, abstract = {Species' life histories determine population demographics and thus the probability that introduced populations establish and spread. Life histories also influence which species are most likely to be introduced, but how such 'introduction biases' arise remains unclear. Here, we investigate how life histories affect the probability of trade and introduction in phylogenetic comparative analyses across three vertebrate classes: mammals, reptiles and amphibians. We find that traded species have relatively high reproductive rates and long reproductive lifespans. Within traded species, introduced species have a more extreme version of this same life history profile. Species in the pet trade also have long reproductive lifespans but lack 'fast' traits, likely reflecting demand for rare species which tend to have slow life histories. We identify multiple species not yet traded or introduced but with life histories indicative of high risk of future trade, introduction and potentially invasion. Our findings suggest that species with high invasion potential are favoured in the wildlife trade and therefore that trade regulation is crucial for preventing future invasions.}, }
@article {pmid36649804, year = {2023}, author = {Cêtre-Sossah, C and Lebon, C and Rabarison, P and Cardinale, E and Mavingui, P and Atyame, C}, title = {Evidence of Eretmapodites subsimplicipes and Aedes albopictus as competent vectors for Rift Valley fever virus transmission in Mayotte.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {239}, number = {}, pages = {106835}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106835}, pmid = {36649804}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Animals ; *Rift Valley fever virus ; *Aedes ; Comoros ; Mosquito Vectors ; *Rift Valley Fever ; }, abstract = {Rift Valley fever (RVF) recently re-emerged in Mayotte. We described, for the first time, that the mosquito species Eretmapodites subsimplicipes, a highly abundant species in Mayotte, is a competent vector for the transmission of RVF virus using three distinct populations native to Mayotte. We also showed that Aedes albopictus specimens are able to transmit RVF virus (RVFV) as previously observed in mosquito populations of other countries emphasizing the need of the increase vigilance for this highly invasive species of global distribution. Altogether, these results underline the epidemiological importance of both species for RVFV transmission in Mayotte and contribute to better understand the RVF epidemiological cycle and help to implement efficient prevention measures.}, }
@article {pmid36645469, year = {2023}, author = {Schneider, I and Rannow, B and Gupta, A and Russell, M and Windmuller-Campione, M}, title = {What Really Works? Testing Augmented and Virtual Reality Messaging in Terrestrial Invasive Species Management Communications to Impact Visitor Preferences and Deter Visitor Displacement.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {71}, number = {6}, pages = {1199-1212}, pmid = {36645469}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Larva/physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Fraxinus ; *Coleoptera/physiology ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Natural resource management is rapidly shifting to incorporate a deeper understanding of ecological processes and functioning, including attention to invasive species. The shift to understand public perceptions of resource management and invasives is much slower. Information influences both landscape preference and behaviors. Theory suggests that increasingly engaging information should have concurrently greater impacts. This research tested the effect of increasingly engaging information on visitor preferences and intentions to return to landscapes treated in response to emerald ash borer (EAB; Agrilus planipennis). Park visitors in a midwestern-U.S. state randomly received one of four messages about forest management in response to EAB (control, photo, augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR)). Messaging impacted preferences for three of the four management approaches, but significant changes in displacement intentions emerged in only one of the four. Specifically, VR and AR increased preferences for complete harvest compared to photos/text, but not differently from those who received no information. VR significantly lowered preferences for select harvest with natural regeneration. The photo/text treatment increased preference for select harvest with planted trees over no information. Any information reduced displacement in response to a photo depicting "select harvest, planted trees." Subsequently judicious use of advanced communications like VR can optimize increasing scarce resources and maintain or optimize ecological services. Future research directions across geographic and content areas are recommended.}, }
@article {pmid36643651, year = {2023}, author = {Collado, GA and Salvador, RB and Vidal, M and Parra Aravena, F and Delgado, V and Torres-Díaz, C}, title = {Distribution, conservation status and proposed measures for preservation of Radiodiscus microgastropods in Chile.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e14027}, pmid = {36643651}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Endangered Species ; Extinction, Biological ; Chile ; Ecosystem ; *Gastropoda ; }, abstract = {The genus Radiodiscus includes minute terrestrial snails occurring throughout the American continent. We assessed the conservation status of eight poorly known Chilean Radiodiscus species using the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and NatureServe categories and criteria. Under the IUCN guidelines the species were assessed using the Criterion B of geographic range, which considers the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) as subcriteria. For NatureServe we used these two parameters plus the number of occurrences, ecological viability, and threats. Considering species rarity and possible sampling bias, we also used ecological niche modeling to determine climate and environmental tolerances and predict potential species distributions analyzing bioclimatic and geographical layers. Radiodiscus australis, R. coarctatus and R. quillajicola were listed as Critically Endangered by IUCN and NatureServe standards; R. coppingeri, R. flammulatus, R. magellanicus and R. villarricensis as Endangered by both methods; while R. riochicoensis as Endangered by IUCN standards and Vulnerable by NatureServe standards. Niche modeling results indicated that Radiodiscus species respond to different environmental conditions and that the predicted distribution areas contain suitable habitats beyond the current ranges, which may be helpful for future management plans. Nature-based sport tourism, forestry activities, urbanization, roads, pollution, mining, forest fires, livestock, volcanism, tsunamis, soil erosion and introduced species are among the major threats affecting these snails. Based on the low number of occurrences and the threats identified, the most at-risk species are R. coarctatus and R. quillajicola (one record), R. australis (two records) and R. villarricensis (three records); the latter two lacking occurrences within protected areas. Compiling our findings, we propose a list of actions to preserve Chilean Radiodiscus species.}, }
@article {pmid36642256, year = {2023}, author = {Giunti, G and Becker, N and Benelli, G}, title = {Invasive mosquito vectors in Europe: From bioecology to surveillance and management.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {239}, number = {}, pages = {106832}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106832}, pmid = {36642256}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Animals ; *Mosquito Vectors ; Europe/epidemiology ; *Aedes ; Climate ; Public Health ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) play a key role in the spread of a number of mosquito-borne diseases worldwide. Anthropogenic changes play a significant role in affecting their distribution. Invasive mosquitoes usually take advantage from biotic homogenization and biodiversity reduction, therefore expanding in their distribution range and abundance. In Europe, climate warming and increasing urbanization are boosting the spread of several mosquito species of high public health importance. The present article contains a literature review focused on the biology and ecology of Aedes albopictus, Ae. aegypti, Ae. japonicus japonicus, Ae. koreicus, Ae. atropalpus and Ae. triseriatus, outlining their distribution and public health relevance in Europe. Bioecology insights were tightly connected with vector surveillance and control programs targeting these species. In the final section, a research agenda aiming for the effective and sustainable monitoring and control of invasive mosquitoes in the framework of Integrated Vector Management and One Health is presented. The WHO Vector Control Advisory Group recommends priority should be given to vector control tools with proven epidemiological impact.}, }
@article {pmid36642049, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, G and Jia, J and Zhao, Q and Wang, W and Wang, D and Bai, J}, title = {Seasonality and assembly of soil microbial communities in coastal salt marshes invaded by a perennial grass.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {331}, number = {}, pages = {117247}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117247}, pmid = {36642049}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Wetlands ; Poaceae ; Soil/chemistry ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; Plants ; Soil Microbiology ; China ; Bacteria ; Carbon ; Nitrogen ; }, abstract = {Plant invasion profoundly changes the microbial-driven processes in the ecosystem; however, the seasonality of soil microbial communities and their assembly under plant invasion is poorly understood. In this study, coastal salt marshes with native Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. and exotic Spartina alterniflora Loisel. in the Yellow River Estuary, North China, were selected, and soil bacterial and fungal communities and their seasonal variance were characterized by metabarcoding sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and ITS2 regions, respectively. The importance of deterministic and stochastic processes in shaping bacterial and fungal seasonal assembly was explored by the null model. Results showed that soil microbes exhibited the lowest diversities in spring, while their diversity significantly improved in summer and autumn with the increase in organic carbon and nitrogen content in soils. Strong seasonal variances in microbial communities were observed, but plant invasion reduced the seasonal variation strength of soil bacteria. For the microbial assembly, the seasonal variability of soil bacterial community was mainly controlled by homogeneous selection, whereas soil fungal community was dominantly structured by stochastic processes. Among the selected variables, soil pH was the key abiotic factor driving the seasonal changes in bacteria and fungi. The microbial function annotation derived from taxonomy-based inference suggested that carbon metabolism was relatively stronger in spring, but nitrogen and sulfur metabolism increased evidently in summer and autumn, and the proportion of saprophytic fungi increased substantially after plant invasion. The seasonal turnover of bacterial and fungal groups were tightly associated with the seasonal variation in soil carbon and nitrogen contents. Collectively, these findings reveal the strong seasonal variability of different soil microbial constituents in plant-invaded coastal salt marshes and suggest the linkage between microbial community assembly and microbial-mediated functions in the context of plant invasions.}, }
@article {pmid36641462, year = {2023}, author = {Tulis, F and Ševčík, M and Jánošíková, R and Baláž, I and Ambros, M and Zvaríková, L and Horváth, G}, title = {The impact of the striped field mouse's range expansion on communities of native small mammals.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {753}, pmid = {36641462}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Mammals ; *Murinae ; Slovakia ; }, abstract = {Understanding species expansion as an element of the dispersal process is crucial to gaining a better comprehension of the functioning of the populations and the communities. Populations of the same species that are native in one area could be considered nonindigenous, naturalised or invasive somewhere else. The striped field mouse has been expanding its range in south-western Slovakia since 2010, although the origin of the spread has still not been clarified. In light of the striped field mouse's life history, the recent range expansion is considered to be the expansion of a native species. This study analyses the impact of the striped field mouse's expansion on the native population and small mammal communities and confronts the documented stages of striped field mouse expansion with the stages of invasion biology. Our research replicates the design and compares results from past research of small mammals prior to this expansion at the same three study areas with the same 20 study sites and control sites. Several years after expansion, the striped field mouse has a 100% frequency of occurrence in all study sites and has become the dominant species in two of the study areas. The native community is significantly affected by the striped field mouse's increasing dominance, specifically: (i) we found a re-ordering of the species rank, mainly in areas with higher dominance, and (ii) an initial positive impact on diversity and evenness during low dominance of the striped field mouse turned markedly negative after crossing the 25% dominance threshold. Results suggested that the variation in the striped field mouse's dominance is affected by the northern direction of its spread. Our findings show that establishment in a new area, spread and impact on the native community are stages possibly shared by both invasive and native species during their range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid36640879, year = {2023}, author = {Soto, I and Ahmed, DA and Beidas, A and Oficialdegui, FJ and Tricarico, E and Angeler, DG and Amatulli, G and Briski, E and Datry, T and Dohet, A and Domisch, S and England, J and Feio, MJ and Forcellini, M and Johnson, RK and Jones, JI and Larrañaga, A and L'Hoste, L and Murphy, JF and Schäfer, RB and Shen, LQ and Kouba, A and Haubrock, PJ}, title = {Long-term trends in crayfish invasions across European rivers.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {867}, number = {}, pages = {161537}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161537}, pmid = {36640879}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Astacoidea ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Biodiversity ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Europe has experienced a substantial increase in non-indigenous crayfish species (NICS) since the mid-20th century due to their extensive use in fisheries, aquaculture and, more recently, pet trade. Despite relatively long invasion histories of some NICS and negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, large spatio-temporal analyses of their occurrences are lacking. Here, we used a large freshwater macroinvertebrate database to evaluate what information on NICS can be obtained from widely applied biomonitoring approaches and how usable such data is for descriptions of trends in identified NICS species. We found 160 time-series containing NICS between 1983 and 2019, to infer temporal patterns and environmental drivers of species and region-specific trends. Using a combination of meta-regression and generalized linear models, we found no significant temporal trend for the abundance of any species (Procambarus clarkii, Pacifastacus leniusculus or Faxonius limosus) at the European scale, but identified species-specific predictors of abundances. While analysis of the spatial range expansion of NICS was positive (i.e. increasing spread) in England and negative (significant retreat) in northern Spain, no trend was detected in Hungary and the Dutch-German-Luxembourg region. The average invasion velocity varied among countries, ranging from 30 km/year in England to 90 km/year in Hungary. The average invasion velocity gradually decreased over time in the long term, with declines being fastest in the Dutch-German-Luxembourg region, and much slower in England. Considering that NICS pose a substantial threat to aquatic biodiversity across Europe, our study highlights the utility and importance of collecting high resolution (i.e. annual) biomonitoring data using a sampling protocol that is able to estimate crayfish abundance, enabling a more profound understanding of NICS impacts on biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid36635782, year = {2023}, author = {Holcomb, KM and Mathis, S and Staples, JE and Fischer, M and Barker, CM and Beard, CB and Nett, RJ and Keyel, AC and Marcantonio, M and Childs, ML and Gorris, ME and Rochlin, I and Hamins-Puértolas, M and Ray, EL and Uelmen, JA and DeFelice, N and Freedman, AS and Hollingsworth, BD and Das, P and Osthus, D and Humphreys, JM and Nova, N and Mordecai, EA and Cohnstaedt, LW and Kirk, D and Kramer, LD and Harris, MJ and Kain, MP and Reed, EMX and Johansson, MA}, title = {Evaluation of an open forecasting challenge to assess skill of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease prediction.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {11}, pmid = {36635782}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {Cooperative Agreement 1U01CK000516/CC/CDC HHS/United States ; U01CK000516/ACL/ACL HHS/United States ; R35GM133439/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; DEB-2011147/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States ; Cooperative Agreement 1U01CK000509-01/CC/CDC HHS/United States ; U01 CK000509/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/United States ; R35 GM133439/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *West Nile virus ; *West Nile Fever/epidemiology ; Public Health ; Climate ; Disease Outbreaks ; *Culicidae ; Forecasting ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: West Nile virus (WNV) is the leading cause of mosquito-borne illness in the continental USA. WNV occurrence has high spatiotemporal variation, and current approaches to targeted control of the virus are limited, making forecasting a public health priority. However, little research has been done to compare strengths and weaknesses of WNV disease forecasting approaches on the national scale. We used forecasts submitted to the 2020 WNV Forecasting Challenge, an open challenge organized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, to assess the status of WNV neuroinvasive disease (WNND) prediction and identify avenues for improvement.<br><br>METHODS: We performed a multi-model comparative assessment of probabilistic forecasts submitted by 15 teams for annual WNND cases in US counties for 2020 and assessed forecast accuracy, calibration, and discriminatory power. In the evaluation, we included forecasts produced by comparison models of varying complexity as benchmarks of forecast performance. We also used regression analysis to identify modeling approaches and contextual factors that were associated with forecast skill.<br><br>RESULTS: Simple models based on historical WNND cases generally scored better than more complex models and combined higher discriminatory power with better calibration of uncertainty. Forecast skill improved across updated forecast submissions submitted during the 2020 season. Among models using additional data, inclusion of climate or human demographic data was associated with higher skill, while inclusion of mosquito or land use data was associated with lower skill. We also identified population size, extreme minimum winter temperature, and interannual variation in WNND cases as county-level characteristics associated with variation in forecast skill.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Historical WNND cases were strong predictors of future cases with minimal increase in skill achieved by models that included other factors. Although opportunities might exist to specifically improve predictions for areas with large populations and low or high winter temperatures, areas with high case-count variability are intrinsically more difficult to predict. Also, the prediction of outbreaks, which are outliers relative to typical case numbers, remains difficult. Further improvements to prediction could be obtained with improved calibration of forecast uncertainty and access to real-time data streams (e.g. current weather and preliminary human cases).}, }
@article {pmid36635483, year = {2023}, author = {Taszakowski, A and Masłowski, A and Daane, KM and Brożek, J}, title = {Closer view of antennal sensory organs of two Leptoglossus species (Insecta, Hemiptera, Coreidae).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {617}, pmid = {36635483}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera ; *Heteroptera ; Sensilla ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Introduced Species ; Periodontal Ligament ; Arthropod Antennae ; }, abstract = {Detailed description of antennal sensory organs of Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, 1910 (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) and a comparison with L. zonatus (Dallas, 1852) are presented. A novel approach that combines the advantages of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to detail micromorphological structures. A simplified classification system for sensilla that eliminates the subjective aspects of morphology, such as their shape, is proposed. Fourteen sensory organs have been classified into three main groups: (a) aporous sensilla with a flexible socket, (b) porous sensilla with a flexible socket and (c) porous sensilla with an inflexible socket. A large variety of sensory organs (nine types) with olfactory functions are described. The antennal sensory organs have been recognized as one of the factors responsible for the evolutionary success of Leptoglossus spp. and their status as important pests and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid36635481, year = {2023}, author = {Rane, R and Walsh, TK and Lenancker, P and Gock, A and Dao, TH and Nguyen, VL and Khin, TN and Amalin, D and Chittarath, K and Faheem, M and Annamalai, S and Thanarajoo, SS and Trisyono, YA and Khay, S and Kim, J and Kuniata, L and Powell, K and Kalyebi, A and Otim, MH and Nam, K and d'Alençon, E and Gordon, KHJ and Tay, WT}, title = {Complex multiple introductions drive fall armyworm invasions into Asia and Australia.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {660}, pmid = {36635481}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia ; Australia ; *Commerce ; Genetic Markers ; *Spodoptera/genetics ; Genetics, Population ; Gene Flow ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda is thought to have undergone a rapid 'west-to-east' spread since 2016 when it was first identified in western Africa. Between 2018 and 2020, it was recorded from South Asia (SA), Southeast Asia (SEA), East Asia (EA), and Pacific/Australia (PA). Population genomic analyses enabled the understanding of pathways, population sources, and gene flow in this notorious agricultural pest species. Using neutral single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) DNA markers, we detected genome introgression that suggested most populations in this study were overwhelmingly C- and R-strain hybrids (n = 252/262). SNP and mitochondrial DNA markers identified multiple introductions that were most parsimoniously explained by anthropogenic-assisted spread, i.e., associated with international trade of live/fresh plants and plant products, and involved 'bridgehead populations' in countries to enable successful pest establishment in neighbouring countries. Distinct population genomic signatures between Myanmar and China do not support the 'African origin spread' nor the 'Myanmar source population to China' hypotheses. Significant genetic differentiation between populations from different Australian states supported multiple pathways involving distinct SEA populations. Our study identified Asia as a biosecurity hotspot and a FAW genetic melting pot, and demonstrated the use of genome analysis to disentangle preventable human-assisted pest introductions from unpreventable natural pest spread.}, }
@article {pmid36635341, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, Y and Li, JT and Xu, X and Chen, HY and Zhu, T and Xu, JJ and Xu, XN and Li, JQ and Liang, C and Li, B and Fang, CM and Nie, M}, title = {Temperature fluctuation promotes the thermal adaptation of soil microbial respiration.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {205-213}, pmid = {36635341}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {*Soil Microbiology ; Temperature ; *Soil ; Respiration ; Carbon ; }, abstract = {The magnitude of the feedback between soil microbial respiration and increased mean temperature may decrease (a process called thermal adaptation) or increase over time, and accurately representing this feedback in models improves predictions of soil carbon loss rates. However, climate change entails changes not only in mean temperature but also in temperature fluctuation, and how this fluctuation regulates the thermal response of microbial respiration has never been systematically evaluated. By analysing subtropical forest soils from a 2,000 km transect across China, we showed that although a positive relationship between soil microbial biomass-specific respiration and temperature was observed under increased constant incubation temperature, an increasing temperature fluctuation had a stronger negative effect. Our results further indicated that changes in bacterial community composition and reduced activities of carbon degradation enzymes promoted the effect of temperature fluctuation. This adaptive response of soil microbial respiration suggests that climate warming may have a lesser exacerbating effect on atmospheric CO2 concentrations than predicted.}, }
@article {pmid36634777, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, M and Schwarz, C and Lin, W and Naing, H and Cai, H and Zhu, Z}, title = {A new perspective on the impacts of Spartina alterniflora invasion on Chinese wetlands in the context of climate change: A case study of the Jiuduansha Shoals, Yangtze Estuary.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {868}, number = {}, pages = {161477}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161477}, pmid = {36634777}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {China ; Climate Change ; *Estuaries ; *Introduced Species ; *Poaceae ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Spartina alterniflora, an invasive plant, was introduced to the Chinese coastal zone in the early 90s. As an eco-engineering species, S. alterniflora not only alters saltmarsh species distributions, previously described as habitat degradation, but it also plays a vital role in coastal protection, especially for the development of recently emerged intertidal shoals. To provide a reference for coastal management under global change, we quantified the impact of the invasion process on provided ecological and coastal protection functions, exemplified at the emerging Jiuduansha Shoals (JDS) in the Yangtze Estuary. Results obtained by high-precision satellite monitoring and numerical modelling showed that the establishment and growth of S. alterniflora can exert considerable changes on local environment. The invasion of S. alterniflora to JDS wetland can be divided into three distinct phases, (1) establishment 1998-2003, (2) expansion 2003-2009, and (3) dominant 2009-2018 stages according to the changes in saltmarsh composition. Spatially, S. alterniflora continuously replaced Scirpus mariqueter, forcing S. mariqueter and Phragmites australis slowly to the lower and higher intertidal habitats, respectively. Notably, S. alterniflora expansion was the main driver that contributed to over 70 % of recent JDS wetland expansion even under sediment deficit conditions. Established S. alterniflora marsh (directly) dampens more waves because of aboveground stems, but it also causes more accretion and indirectly leads to higher "morphological" wave dampening. Thus, it increases coastal defense provided by the saltmarsh in the context of sea-level rise and strengthening storms. In conclusion, the role of S. alterniflora invasion to the local environment under global changes is controversial. For sustainable coastal management, we need context-dependent S. alterniflora management to maximize the benefit of coastal protection and minimize the impact on local ecology, especially in sediment-starving estuaries with expected coastline retreat.}, }
@article {pmid36634536, year = {2023}, author = {Ben-Haddad, M and Abelouah, MR and Hajji, S and Rangel-Buitrago, N and Alla, AA}, title = {The halophyte Cakile maritima Scop. 1772 as a trap of plastic litter on the Moroccan coast.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {187}, number = {}, pages = {114574}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114574}, pmid = {36634536}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Plastics ; *Ecosystem ; Salt-Tolerant Plants ; Waste Products/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; }, abstract = {Some plant communities of coastal dunes may affect the magnitude and distribution of litter on the ecosystem. In this study, the aim is to assess the aptitude of the halophyte Cakile maritima Scop. 1772 to be a trap and sink of plastic litter on the Moroccan Atlantic coast. Overall, a significant difference was noted between plastic litter trapped in C. maritima patches (1173 items) and control plots (502 items). Food containers and ropes were the most common trapped items. Shoreline and recreational activities, followed by dumping and ocean/waterway activities are the main sources of the trapped plastic items. The findings suggest the expansion of the cleaning operations to include coastal dunes, the need to change behavior among beachgoers in regard to food plastics disposal, as well the control of C. maritima distribution in the study area, and similar plant species in other regions.}, }
@article {pmid36629665, year = {2023}, author = {Carrera-Játiva, PD and Torres, C and Figueroa-Sandoval, F and Beltrami, E and Verdugo, C and Landaeta-Aqueveque, C and Acosta-Jamett, G}, title = {Gastrointestinal parasites in wild rodents in Chiloé Island-Chile.}, journal = {Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {e017022}, doi = {10.1590/S1984-29612023002}, pmid = {36629665}, issn = {1984-2961}, mesh = {Animals ; Chile/epidemiology ; Feces/parasitology ; *Helminths ; *Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology/veterinary/parasitology ; *Parasites ; Rodentia/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Gastrointestinal parasites are well-documented in small mammals from north-central Chile, but little is known about endoparasites of rodents in southern Chile. A survey was conducted between January and February 2018 to evaluate gastrointestinal parasites and risk factors of wild rodents that live in rural areas in Northern Chiloé Island, Chile. A total of 174 fecal samples from rodents of six native and one introduced species were collected and examined using the Mini-FLOTAC method. Also, 41 individuals of four native wild rodent species were examined furtherly to determinate adult parasites from gastrointestinal tracts. The overall prevalence of endoparasites was 89.65% (156). Helminth egg types included: Rodentolepis spp., Capillariidae, Trichuris sp., Syphacia sp., oxyurid-type eggs, Strongyloides sp., Spirurid-type eggs, Strongilid-type eggs, Moniliformis sp., and an unidentified nematode egg and larvae. Protozoa comprised coccidia, amoeba, and unidentified cysts. From necropsies, adult parasites involved Syphacia sp. Trichuris sp., Protospirura sp. and Physaloptera sp. In Abrothrix olivacea, individuals with low-body-mass index exhibited reduced infection probability for Spirurid-type and Strongilid-type eggs. Some parasites in this study may affect human health. In rural settings where environmental conditions are changing, more research should be undertaken to understand parasitic infections in wildlife and implications for public health and conservation.}, }
@article {pmid36629100, year = {2023}, author = {Santana-Garcon, J and Bennett, S and Marbà, N and Vergés, A and Arthur, R and Alcoverro, T}, title = {Tropicalization shifts herbivore pressure from seagrass to rocky reef communities.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {290}, number = {1990}, pages = {20221744}, pmid = {36629100}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Herbivory ; Ecosystem ; Fishes ; *Perciformes ; Feeding Behavior ; }, abstract = {Climate-driven species redistributions are reshuffling the composition of marine ecosystems. How these changes alter ecosystem functions, however, remains poorly understood. Here we examine how impacts of herbivory change across a gradient of tropicalization in the Mediterranean Sea, which includes a steep climatic gradient and marked changes in plant nutritional quality and fish herbivore composition. We quantified individual feeding rates and behaviour of 755 fishes of the native Sarpa salpa, and non-native Siganus rivulatus and Siganus luridus. We measured herbivore and benthic assemblage composition across 20 sites along the gradient, spanning 30° of longitude and 8° of latitude. We coupled patterns in behaviour and composition with temperature measurements and nutrient concentrations to assess changes in herbivory under tropicalization. We found a transition in ecological impacts by fish herbivory across the Mediterranean from a predominance of seagrass herbivory in the west to a dominance of macroalgal herbivory in the east. Underlying this shift were changes in both individual feeding behaviour (i.e. food choice) and fish assemblage composition. The shift in feeding selectivity was consistent among temperate and warm-affiliated herbivores. Our findings suggest herbivory can contribute to the increased vulnerability of seaweed communities and reduced vulnerability of seagrass meadows in tropicalized ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid36626996, year = {2023}, author = {Pandey, HP and Aryal, K and Aryal, S and Maraseni, TN}, title = {Understanding local ecosystem dynamics in three provinces of the lowlands of Nepal.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {867}, number = {}, pages = {161501}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161501}, pmid = {36626996}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Nepal ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Forests ; Water ; Mammals ; }, abstract = {Incidences of failure of sustainable ecosystem management policies, especially in the developing world are partly attributable due to a lack of political will and inadequate understanding of ecosystem dynamics (ED) at the local levels. In this study, we endeavor to comprehend the dynamics of two ecosystems - forest and agriculture - by employing a resource-friendly participatory approach based on stake-taking the experiences of indigenous and forest-dependent local stakeholders in three lowland provinces of Nepal and is guided by the theory of socio-ecological concept. An in-depth survey (n = 136) was conducted using semi-structured questionnaires, key informant interviews (n = 9), and focus group discussions (n = 4) for data generation, and generalized linear models were used to test whether understanding of ED is uniform across the socio-ecological landscape. We identified that various attributes of forests and agricultural ecosystems have altered substantially earlier than 30 years (hereafter, earlier decade) relative to the present (hereafter, later decade). Apart from the natural processes including anthropogenic and climatic factors, technological innovations played a significant role in altering ecosystems in the later decade. Understanding of ED among forest-dependent stakeholders significantly varied with respect to gender, occupation, age group, gender-based water fetching responsibility, and water-fetching duration, however, no significant correlation was observed with their level of education across the landscape. The studied ecosystem attributes significantly correlate with water regime changes, signifying that water-centric ecosystem management is crucial. The attributes that observed significant dynamics in the forest ecosystem include changes in forest cover, structure and species composition, the severity of invasive species, wildfires, water regimes, and abundance and behavioral changes in mammals and avifauna. The alteration of crop cultivation and harvesting season which results in a decrease in yield, increased use of chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides), an increase in fallow land, and the proliferation of hybrid variety cultivation in the later decade are significant disparities in the dynamics of the agriculture ecosystem. To withstand the accelerated ED, stakeholders adopt various strategies, however, these strategies are either obtained from unsustainable sources entail high costs and technology, or are detrimental to the ecosystems. In relation, we present specific examples of ecosystem attributes that have significantly experienced changes in the later decade compared to the earlier decades along with plausible future pathways for policy decisions sustaining and stewardship of dynamic ecosystems across the socio-ecological landscape.}, }
@article {pmid36626991, year = {2023}, author = {Le Hen, G and Balzani, P and Haase, P and Kouba, A and Liu, C and Nagelkerke, LAJ and Theissen, N and Renault, D and Soto, I and Haubrock, PJ}, title = {Alien species and climate change drive shifts in a riverine fish community and trait compositions over 35 years.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {867}, number = {}, pages = {161486}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161486}, pmid = {36626991}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Ecosystem ; Climate Change ; Rivers ; Germany ; Fishes ; Biodiversity ; }, abstract = {Alien fish substantially impact aquatic communities. However, their effects on trait composition remain poorly understood, especially at large spatiotemporal scales. Here, we used long-term biomonitoring data (1984-2018) from 31 fish communities of the Rhine river in Germany to investigate compositional and functional changes over time. Average total community richness increased by 49 %: it was stable until 2004, then declined until 2010, before increasing until 2018. Average abundance decreased by 9 %. Starting from 198 individuals/m[2] in 1984 abundance largely declined to 23 individuals/m[2] in 2010 (-88 %), and then consequently increased by 678 % up to 180 individuals/m[2] until 2018. Increases in abundance and richness starting around 2010 were mainly driven by the establishment of alien species: while alien species represented 5 % of all species and 0.1 % of total individuals in 1993, it increased to 30 % (7 species) and 32 % of individuals in 2018. Concomitant to the increase in alien species, average native species richness and abundance declined by 26 % and 50 % respectively. We identified increases in temperature, precipitation, abundance and richness of alien fish driving compositional changes after 2010. To get more insights on the impacts of alien species on fish communities, we used 12 biological and 13 ecological traits to compute four trait metrics each. Ecological trait dispersion increased before 2010, probably due to diminishing ecologically similar native species. No changes in trait metrics were measured after 2010, albeit relative shares of expressed trait modalities significantly changing. The observed shift in trait modalities suggested the introduction of new species carrying similar and novel trait modalities. Our results revealed significant changes in taxonomic and trait compositions following alien fish introductions and climatic change. To conclude, our analyses show taxonomic and functional changes in the Rhine river over 35 years, likely indicative of future changes in ecosystem services.}, }
@article {pmid36625679, year = {2023}, author = {Baeckens, S and Losos, JB and Irschick, DJ and Kolbe, JJ and Bock, DG}, title = {Introduction history and hybridization determine the hydric balance of an invasive lizard facing a recent climate niche shift.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, pages = {123-137}, doi = {10.1093/evolut/qpac017}, pmid = {36625679}, issn = {1558-5646}, support = {FWO 12I8819N//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; //Belgian American Educational Foundation/ ; DEB-1927194//National Science Foundation/ ; //Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; //John Templeton Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Lizards/genetics ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Acclimatization ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Water ; }, abstract = {As anthropogenic activities are increasing the frequency and severity of droughts, understanding whether and how fast populations can adapt to sudden changes in their hydric environment is critically important. Here, we capitalize on the introduction of the Cuban brown anole lizard (Anolis sagrei) in North America to assess the contemporary evolution of a widespread terrestrial vertebrate to an abrupt climatic niche shift. We characterized hydric balance in 30 populations along a large climatic gradient. We found that while evaporative and cutaneous water loss varied widely, there was no climatic cline, as would be expected under adaptation. Furthermore, the skin of lizards from more arid environments was covered with smaller scales, a condition thought to limit water conservation and thus be maladaptive. In contrast to environmental conditions, genome-averaged ancestry was a significant predictor of water loss. This was reinforced by our genome-wide association analyses, which indicated a significant ancestry-specific effect for water loss at one locus. Thus, our study indicates that the water balance of invasive brown anoles is dictated by an environment-independent introduction and hybridization history and highlights genetic interactions or genetic correlations as factors that might forestall adaptation. Alternative water conservation strategies, including behavioral mitigation, may influence the brown anole invasion success and require future examination.}, }
@article {pmid36621499, year = {2023}, author = {Mukherjee, T and Sharma, LK and Thakur, M and Banerjee, D and Chandra, K}, title = {Whether curse or blessing: A counterintuitive perspective on global pest thrips infestation under climatic change with implications to agricultural economics.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {867}, number = {}, pages = {161349}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161349}, pmid = {36621499}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Agriculture ; *Climate Change ; Crops, Agricultural ; *Thysanoptera ; Pest Control/trends ; }, abstract = {The improvement and application of pest models to predict yield losses is still a challenge for the scientific community. However, pest models were targeted chiefly towards scheduling scouting or pesticide applications to deal with pest infestation. Thysanoptera (thrips) significantly impact the productivity of many economically important crops worldwide. Until now, no comprehensive study is available on the global distribution of pest thrips, as well as on the extent of cropland vulnerability worldwide. Further, nothing is known about the climate change impacts on these insects. Thus the present study was designed to map the global distribution and quantify the extent of cropland vulnerability in the present and future climate scenarios using data of identified pest thrips within the genus, i.e., Thrips, Frankliniella, and Scirtothrips. Our found significant niche contraction under the climate change scenarios and thrips may reside primarily in their thermal tolerance thresholds. About 3,98,160 km[2] of cropland globally was found to be affected in the present scenario. However, it may significantly reduce to 5530 Km[2] by 2050 and 1990 km[2] by 2070. Further, the thrips distribution mostly getting restricted to Eastern North America, the North-western of the Indian sub-continent, and the north of Europe. Among all realms, thrips may lose ground in the Indo-Malayan realm at the most and get restricted to only 27 out of 825 terrestrial ecoregions. The agrarian communities of the infested regions may get benefit if these pests get wiped out, but on the contrary, we may lose species diversity. Moreover, the vacated niche may attract other invasive species, which may seriously impact the species composition and agricultural productivity. The present study findings can be used in making informed decisions about prioritizing future economic and research investments on the thrips in light of anticipated climate change impacts.}, }
@article {pmid36620396, year = {2023}, author = {Xie, Y and Li, J and Zhao, L and Liu, W and Gong, Q and Deng, M and Zhao, M and Huang, S}, title = {Naturalization of an alien ancient fruit tree at a fine scale: Community structure and population dynamics of Cydonia oblonga in China.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {e9703}, pmid = {36620396}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Naturalized plants play pivotal roles in local plant biodiversity and ecological functions; however, the drivers of naturalization remain poorly understood at a fine scale. Thus, understanding the processes of the development and dominance of alien plants in local natural habitats is of paramount importance. In the present study, we report for the first time the naturalization of Cydonia oblonga in China based on community structure and population dynamics at a fine scale. We conducted a comprehensive survey of the species through field community investigations, interviews, and a literature review. Cydonia oblonga is an ancient fruit tree with a long introduction history of over 4500 years worldwide and a cultivation history of over 2500 years in China. We analyzed C. oblonga community structure using the spatiotemporal substitution method and quantitatively analyzed population dynamics using a static life table, survivorship curve, and time series model to explore the naturalization processes. The following results were obtained. (i) The community comprised 31 coexisting vascular plant species (16 woody and 15 herbaceous species) belonging to 28 genera in 20 families. Rosaceae and Asteraceae were the two most dominant families. (ii) All individuals in the shrub layer as well as the C. oblonga population exhibited a roughly inverted J-shaped basal diameter distribution. A complete age structure was noted, and the survival curve was classified as Deevey type II. According to time series analysis, the population is estimated to increase in the future, specifically of medium and large individuals. (iii) Religious exchange, potent resource competitiveness, and similarity with the native habitat may be the major drivers of the introduction and successful naturalization of C. oblonga. These results suggest that alien species closely related to native ones are more likely to invade, naturalize, and dominate communities in local habitats.}, }
@article {pmid36617677, year = {2023}, author = {Browett, SS and Synnott, R and O'Meara, DB and Antwis, RE and Browett, SS and Bown, KJ and Wangensteen, OS and Dawson, DA and Searle, JB and Yearsley, JM and McDevitt, AD}, title = {Resource competition drives an invasion-replacement event among shrew species on an island.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {3}, pages = {698-709}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13855}, pmid = {36617677}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Shrews/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Invertebrates ; Introduced Species ; Diet/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Invasive mammals are responsible for the majority of native species extinctions on islands. While most of these extinction events will be due to novel interactions between species (e.g. exotic predators and naive prey), it is more unusual to find incidences where a newly invasive species causes the decline/extinction of a native species on an island when they normally coexist elsewhere in their overlapping mainland ranges. We investigated if resource competition between two insectivorous small mammals was playing a significant role in the rapid replacement of the native pygmy shrew Sorex minutus in the presence of the recently invading greater white-toothed shrew Crocidura russula on the island of Ireland. We used DNA metabarcoding of gut contents from >300 individuals of both species to determine each species' diet and measured the body size (weight and length) during different stages of the invasion in Ireland (before, during and after the species come into contact with one another) and on a French island where both species have long coexisted (acting as a natural 'control' site). Dietary composition, niche width and overlap and body size were compared in these different stages. The body size of the invasive C. russula and composition of its diet changes between when it first invades an area and after it becomes established. During the initial stages of the invasion, individual shrews are larger and consume larger sized invertebrate prey species. During later stages of the invasion, C. russula switches to consuming smaller prey taxa that are more essential for the native species. As a result, the level of interspecific dietary overlap increases from between 11% and 14% when they first come into contact with each other to between 39% and 46% after the invasion. Here we show that an invasive species can quickly alter its dietary niche in a new environment, ultimately causing the replacement of a native species. In addition, the invasive shrew could also be potentially exhausting local resources of larger invertebrate species. These subsequent changes in terrestrial invertebrate communities could have severe impacts further downstream on ecosystem functioning and services.}, }
@article {pmid36616387, year = {2022}, author = {Aguilera Flores, MM and Valdivia Cabral, GI and Medellín Castillo, NA and Ávila Vázquez, V and Sánchez Mata, O and García Torres, J}, title = {Study on the Effectiveness of Two Biopolymer Coagulants on Turbidity and Chemical Oxygen Demand Removal in Urban Wastewater.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36616387}, issn = {2073-4360}, support = {SIP-20220024//Instituto Polit&#xe9;cnico Nacional/ ; }, abstract = {The present study investigated the effectiveness of two biopolymer coagulants on turbidity and chemical oxygen demand removal in urban wastewater. The biopolymers were produced from vegetal biomass using the mucilage extracted from Opuntia robusta cladodes, and Uncaria tomentosa leaves. Opuntia robusta is an abundant species in Mexico, which is not edible. Uncaria tomentosa is an exotic invasive species in Mexico and other countries, which negatively affects the ecosystems where it is introduced. A combined experimental design of mixture-process was selected to evaluate the effectiveness of both biopolymer coagulants regarding aluminum sulfate (conventional chemical coagulant). Results showed turbidity and chemical oxygen demand removal efficiencies of 42.3% and 69.6% for Opuntia robusta and 17.2% and 39.4% for Uncaria tomentosa biopolymer coagulant, respectively, at a dose of 200 mg/L. Furthermore, optimum conditions from the experimental design to reach the maximum turbidity and chemical oxygen demand removal were obtained at an Opuntia robusta biopolymer coagulant concentration of 10 mg/L, showing removal efficiencies of 68.7 ± 1.7% and 86.1 ± 1.4%, respectively. These results support using Opuntia robusta as an alternative biopolymer coagulant in urban wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid36616257, year = {2022}, author = {Yang, B and Cui, M and Dai, Z and Li, J and Yu, H and Fan, X and Rutherford, S and Du, D}, title = {Non-Additive Effects of Environmental Factors on Growth and Physiology of Invasive Solidago canadensis and a Co-Occurring Native Species (Artemisia argyi).}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36616257}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {32071521//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32001087//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32271587//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; BK20220030//Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality Technology Innovation Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; BK20211321//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; BK20200905//Jiangsu Province Young Scientist's Grant/ ; }, abstract = {Changes in environmental factors, such as temperature and UV, have significant impacts on the growth and development of both native and invasive plant species. However, few studies examine the combined effects of warming and enhanced UV on plant growth and performance in invasive species. Here, we investigated single and combined effects of warming and UV radiation on growth, leaf functional and photosynthesis traits, and nutrient content (i.e., total organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous) of invasive Solidago canadensis and its co-occurring native species, Artemisia argyi, when grown in culture racks in the greenhouse. The species were grown in monoculture and together in a mixed community, with and without warming, and with and without increased UV in a full factorial design. We found that growth in S. canadensis and A. argyi were inhibited and more affected by warming than UV-B radiation. Additionally, there were both antagonistic and synergistic interactions between warming and UV-B on growth and performance in both species. Overall, our results suggested that S. canadensis was more tolerant to elevated temperatures and high UV radiation compared to the native species. Therefore, substantial increases in temperature and UV-B may favour invasive S. canadensis over native A. argyi. Research focusing on the effects of a wider range of temperatures and UV levels is required to improve our understanding of the responses of these two species to greater environmental variability and the impacts of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid36616243, year = {2022}, author = {de Vahl, E and Mattalia, G and Svanberg, I}, title = {"Cow Healers Use It for Both Horses and Cattle": The Rise and Fall of the Ethnoveterinary Use of Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) Koch (fam. Apiaceae) in Sweden.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36616243}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Masterwort, Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) Koch, is an Apiaceae species originally native to the mountain areas of central and southern Europe. Written sources show that it was used in northern Europe. This study explores the cultivation history of masterwort and its past use in Sweden. Although only few details are known about the history of this taxon, it represents a cultural relict plant of an intentionally introduced species known in Sweden as early as the Middle Ages. In Sweden, the masterwort was mainly used as an ethnoveterinary herbal remedy from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. However, medicinal manuals, pharmacopoeias and some ethnographical records indicate that it was once also used in remedies for humans. Today, this species remains as a living biocultural heritage in rural areas, especially on the surviving shielings, which were once used as mountain pastures in Dalecarlia, and at former crofts that were inhabited by cattle owners in the forest areas of southern Sweden.}, }
@article {pmid36611634, year = {2022}, author = {Zevgolis, YG and Christopoulos, A and Kalargalis, II and Zannetos, SP and Botetzagias, I and Dimitrakopoulos, PG}, title = {An (Un)Expected Threat for a Regionally Near-Threatened Species: A Predation Case of a Persian Squirrel on an Insular Ecosystem.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {36611634}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {One of the most successful predators on island ecosystems is the domestic cat, which is considered responsible for the decline of numerous species' populations. This can be estimated by the analysis of cats' dietary habits, yet prey identification is not always possible, and thus, in cases where precise prey identification is required, one of the most accurate methods derives from observing the hunting process. However, the cryptic nature of the feral cats and the constant vigilance of the species that are preyed upon make the observation process difficult, especially when the prey has a low population density. Here, we report for the first time such a case: a feral cat that has ambushed, killed, and consumed a regionally near-threatened species, the Persian squirrel. This incidental observation happened in the squirrel's westernmost end of its distribution, the island of Lesvos, Greece. Due to the unexpectedness of the event, in the following days, we estimated both the squirrels' and cats' population density. Results showed that while the density of the squirrels is moderate, the population density of the feral cats is almost fifteen times higher. For this reason, management actions need to be taken in an effort to minimize the impacts of feral cats on the native species of the island.}, }
@article {pmid36610403, year = {2023}, author = {Horne, GM and Manderino, R and Jaffe, SP}, title = {Specialist Herbivore Performance on Introduced Plants During Native Host Decline.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {88-97}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvac107}, pmid = {36610403}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Herbivory ; Prospective Studies ; Larva ; *Coleoptera ; *Fraxinus ; }, abstract = {Ash (Fraxinus spp.) is in rapid decline across the northeastern USA due to the invasive emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire). Three recently co-occurring confamilial species may serve as alternative larval host plants for ash-reliant Lepidoptera. These prospective hosts are nonnative shrubs often planted in managed suburban landscapes and are sometimes invasive or naturalized in North America. Given the imminent decline of ash trees, we considered potential downstream effects on insect herbivores historically specialized on ash foliage. We measured the performance of three ash-specialist hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) on native white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) and alternative host plants: common lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.), weeping forsythia [Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl], and European privet (Ligustrum vulgare L.). We found the nonnative host plants provided varied support for larval survival to pupation, with biomass and growth rate affected differently by both plant and insect identity. Nearly all caterpillars reared on one alternative host, European privet, exhibited distinct malformations of the wing buds at pupation. Given caterpillar presence on privet in the field, privet may constitute an ecological trap (i.e., when female moths select a sub-optimal host, offspring survival and fitness are reduced). This work demonstrates how performance testing can reveal species-specific effects of host plant loss on mono- or oligophagous insects. For some ash specialists, alternative nonnative host plants may be suboptimal, but some cultivated host plants may be able to support certain specialist insects during native host decline. We suggest that landscaping decisions can be tailored to support threatened insect species.}, }
@article {pmid36610395, year = {2023}, author = {Wong, MKL and Economo, EP and Guénard, B}, title = {The global spread and invasion capacities of alien ants.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, pages = {566-571.e3}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.020}, pmid = {36610395}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; Biodiversity ; *Ants/physiology ; }, abstract = {Many alien species are neither cultivated nor traded but spread unintentionally, and their global movements, capacities to invade ecosystems, and susceptibility to detection by biosecurity measures are poorly known.[1][,][2][,][3][,][4] We addressed these key knowledge gaps for ants, a ubiquitous group of stowaway and contaminant organisms that include some of the world's most damaging invasive species.[5][,][6][,][7][,][8][,][9][,][10] We assembled a dataset of over 146,000 occurrence records to comprehensively map the human-mediated spread of 520 alien ant species across 525 regions globally. From descriptions of the environments in which species were collected within individual regions-such as in imported cargoes, buildings, and outdoor settings-we determined whether different barriers to invasion had been overcome[11] and classified alien ant species under three levels of invasion capacity corresponding to increasing biosecurity threat. We found that alien species of different invasion capacities had different sources and sinks globally. For instance, although the diversity of indoor-confined species peaked in the Palearctic realm, that of species able to establish outdoors peaked in the Nearctic and Oceanian realms, and these mainly originated from the Neotropical and Oriental realms. We also found that border interceptions worldwide missed two-thirds of alien species with naturalization capacity, many associated with litter and soil. Our study documents the vast spread of alien ants globally while highlighting avenues for more targeted biosecurity responses, such as prioritizing the screening of imports from regions that are diversity hotspots for species of high invasion capacity and improving the detection of cryptic alien invertebrates dwelling in substrates.}, }
@article {pmid36610082, year = {2023}, author = {Thiele, T and Morf, N and Grimm, F and Kipar, A and Hetzel, U}, title = {A Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) with alveolar echinococcosis bitten to death by a dog - a challenge for the forensic pathologist as an expert witness.}, journal = {Journal of comparative pathology}, volume = {200}, number = {}, pages = {12-17}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.11.005}, pmid = {36610082}, issn = {1532-3129}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Humans ; Arvicolinae/parasitology ; Expert Testimony ; Pathologists ; *Echinococcosis/veterinary/parasitology ; Animals, Wild ; *Dog Diseases/parasitology ; *Rodent Diseases ; }, abstract = {We present a case that illustrates the complex contexts in which forensic veterinary pathology examinations may be carried out. A wild muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) had died after a putative bite attack from a domestic dog. Bite attacks by privately owned dogs on wild animals in Switzerland violate the Swiss civil (and/or hunting) laws, and dog owners are generally punished with a monetary fine; hence, this case appeared to be straightforward. However, the results of the subsequent post-mortem examination of the muskrat not only confirmed the presence of injuries related to the bite attack, but also detected alveolar echinococcosis (ie, infestation with Echinococcus multilocularis). Therefore, as an intermediate host of the parasite, the muskrat could have contributed to further spread of a severe helminthic zoonosis had it not been killed by the dog. It was probably an easy prey for the dog as it probably had been weakened by the disease. Furthermore, muskrats are considered as pests and invasive species, and are non-indigenous huntable game in Switzerland and other European countries in which programmes for the prevention of their further spread and endangerment of native wildlife are established. The role of the forensic veterinary pathologist in such a complex scenario is to adopt an unbiased approach and establish the facts, which in this case was to determine the cause of death and suspected perpetrator, identify any concomitant and/or underlying diseases and consider potential animal welfare issues.}, }
@article {pmid36607463, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, Y and Zhou, H and Yang, Y and Sun, J and Liu, Y and Liu, C and Xia, S and Mu, X}, title = {Intrageneric Relationship of Datnioides (Lobotiformes) Inferred from the Complete Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Operon.}, journal = {Biochemical genetics}, volume = {61}, number = {4}, pages = {1387-1400}, pmid = {36607463}, issn = {1573-4927}, support = {2022KJ150//Guangdong Provincial Special Fund for Modern Agriculture Industry Technology Innovation Team/ ; CAMC-2018F//China-ASEAN Maritime Cooperation Fund/ ; FGRC18537//National Freshwater Genetic Resource Center/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Bayes Theorem ; *Tigers/genetics ; Fishes/genetics ; }, abstract = {Tiger fish (genus Datnioides) are critical ornamental and economic fish and are valuable freshwater fish worldwide, belonging to the order Lobotiformes. Currently, there are five extant species (Datnioides campbelli, D. microlepis, D. polota, D. pulcher, and D. undecimradiatus) of Datnioides in the world, usually inhabiting in south and southeast Asia. Due to the decline of wild population sizes of tiger fish and the lack of molecular research on them, in the present study, we sequenced, assembled, and characterized the complete nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) operon of all five extant tiger fish species, in order to elucidate the phylogenetic relationship among the genus Datnioides. The nrDNA sequences of five tiger fish species were 8548-9182 bp in length, encompassing complete 18S rDNA, ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, ITS2, 28S rDNA, and IGS regions. Numerous repetitive sequences were detected, substantially influencing the sequence length of different regions in each species. We employed maximum-likelihood (ML) method and Bayesian inference (BI) method to construct phylogenetic trees for Datnioides. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that each region in nrDNA operon is not sufficiently phylogenetically informative to delineate the species in Datnioides; nevertheless, the whole operon is able to delineate five tiger fish species much better, three of five species were successfully partitioned. Particularly, regardless of employed markers, it was strongly supported that D. campbelli was considerably partitioned from the other four species, possibly due to the geographical separation. In spite of the fact that discrimination of Datnioides species requires further investigation, our study provides reference genome resources for the Lobotiformes, as well as insights into the phylogenetic position of Lobotiformes and further biological conservation.}, }
@article {pmid36604551, year = {2023}, author = {Gunn, RL and Benkwitt, CE and Graham, NAJ and Hartley, IR and Algar, AC and Keith, SA}, title = {Terrestrial invasive species alter marine vertebrate behaviour.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {82-91}, pmid = {36604551}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Rats ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Coral Reefs ; Fishes/physiology ; Aggression ; }, abstract = {Human-induced environmental changes, such as the introduction of invasive species, are driving declines in the movement of nutrients across ecosystems with negative consequences for ecosystem function. Declines in nutrient inputs could thus have knock-on effects at higher trophic levels and broader ecological scales, yet these interconnections remain relatively unknown. Here we show that a terrestrial invasive species (black rats, Rattus rattus) disrupts a nutrient pathway provided by seabirds, ultimately altering the territorial behaviour of coral reef fish. In a replicated ecosystem-scale natural experiment, we found that reef fish territories were larger and the time invested in aggression lower on reefs adjacent to rat-infested islands compared with rat-free islands. This response reflected changes in the economic defendability of lower-quality resources, with reef fish obtaining less nutritional gain per unit foraging effort adjacent to rat-infested islands with low seabird populations. These results provide a novel insight into how the disruption of nutrient flows by invasive species can affect variation in territorial behaviour. Rat eradication as a conservation strategy therefore has the potential to restore species interactions via territoriality, which can scale up to influence populations and communities at higher ecological levels.}, }
@article {pmid36602275, year = {2023}, author = {Skóra, ME and Jones, JI and Youngson, AF and Robertson, S and Wells, A and Lauridsen, RB and Copp, GH}, title = {Evidence of potential establishment of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in Scotland.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {102}, number = {3}, pages = {721-726}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15304}, pmid = {36602275}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {101026030//European Union Horizon 2020; Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Salmon ; Life Cycle Stages ; Scotland ; Europe ; United Kingdom ; *Oncorhynchus ; }, abstract = {In spring 2022, pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha smolts were recorded in the UK. Fish were caught in the Rivers Thurso and Oykel in Scotland between 13 and 17 March. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first observation of O. gorbuscha smolts in Europe outside the Scandinavian and Kola peninsulas, including other tributaries of the White and Barents Seas. It also provides evidence of successful spawning in 2021 and completion of the freshwater phase of the life cycle, and indicates the possibility for potential establishment of an O. gorbuscha population in Great Britain.}, }
@article {pmid36598562, year = {2023}, author = {Rembelski, M and Fraterrigo, J}, title = {Drought reduces invasive grass performance by disrupting plant-microbe interactions that enhance plant nitrogen supply.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {201}, number = {2}, pages = {549-564}, pmid = {36598562}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {ILLU-875-925//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; }, mesh = {*Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Poaceae ; Ecosystem ; Droughts ; Plants/metabolism ; Biomass ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Non-native invasive plants can promote their dominance in novel ecosystems by accelerating soil nutrient cycling via interactions with decomposer microbes. Changes in abiotic conditions associated with frequent or prolonged drought may disrupt these interactions, but the effects of disruption on invasive plant performance and the underpinning mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we used rainout shelters in an experimental field setting to test the hypothesis that drought reduces invasive plant performance by reducing microbial metabolic activity, resulting in decreased nitrogen flow to plants. We imposed growing season drought on populations of the exotic grass Microstegium vimineum, a widespread invasive plant in eastern deciduous forests, and quantified effects on aboveground and belowground biomass, and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling among plants, decomposers, and soil. Drought resulted in a 24% decrease in soil respiration, a 16% decrease in phenol oxidase enzyme activity, a 12% decrease in dissolved organic N concentration, and a decrease in the C:N ratio of particulate organic matter, suggesting reduced microbial metabolic activity and nutrient mining of soil organic matter. Drought also reduced aboveground Microstegium biomass 33% and increased Microstegium leaf C:N ratio, consistent with a decline in plant N uptake. We conclude that drought can reduce the performance of existing invasive species populations by suppressing plant-microbe interactions that increase nitrogen supply to plants, which may have consequences for the persistence of invasive plants under hydrologic change.}, }
@article {pmid36596650, year = {2023}, author = {Hoffmann, BD and Ducarme, F and Bradford, D and Martinez, S}, title = {Spread of stinging ants to oceanic islands, and the need to raise awareness of prevention and treatment of ant stings.}, journal = {Emergency medicine Australasia : EMA}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, pages = {560-563}, doi = {10.1111/1742-6723.14165}, pmid = {36596650}, issn = {1742-6723}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Anaphylaxis/drug therapy ; *Ants ; Islands ; *Ant Venoms/therapeutic use ; *Insect Bites and Stings/prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Venomous invasive ants are rapidly dispersing throughout oceanic islands. Medics unfamiliar with envenomation or venom-induced anaphylaxis may be unprepared for the range of possible reactions and corresponding treatments. We detail the suboptimal treatment of a patient suffering anaphylaxis from an ant sting on a remote island and describe what treatment should have been provided.<br><br>METHODS: The patient experienced stings on his feet from an ant later identified as tropical fire ant, Solenopsis geminata. Clinical examination revealed throat swelling without obstruction of the airway or pharynx.<br><br>RESULTS: The patient was provided the following suboptimal treatment: intravenously-administered antihistamine and saline perfusion. Injected epinephrine should be the standard first line of treatment for anaphylaxis, even when not all symptoms are present.<br><br>CONCLUSION: A rise in invasive hymenopteran stings on oceanic islands is inevitable, and proactively improving public awareness and medical training could save lives.}, }
@article {pmid36595091, year = {2023}, author = {Paul, TT and Sarkar, UK and C, AA and D, VG and Das, BK}, title = {Exploring vulnerabilities of inland fisheries in Indian context with special reference to climate change and their mitigation and adaptation: a review.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {67}, number = {2}, pages = {233-252}, pmid = {36595091}, issn = {1432-1254}, support = {CIFRI/NICRA//Indian Council of Agricultural Research/ ; }, mesh = {*Fisheries ; *Ecosystem ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Biodiversity ; }, abstract = {Tropical inland capture fisheries are susceptible to a series of vulnerabilities such as habitat destruction, biodiversity loss, pollution, overfishing, invasive species and anthropogenic climate change. A comprehensive review of the impact of climatic uncertainties on Indian inland fisheries has not been adequately attempted yet. Recent approaches emphasizing ecosystem-based management in a regional context, specific to inland fisheries for combating climatic changes, have not been reported to date. The paper presents a critical bibliometric review of the climatic vulnerabilities faced by Indian inland fishery resources and various adaptive and mitigation strategies put forward by the country for the sustainability of the resources. In this communication, a systematic review of the impact of climate change and other stressors on various inland ecosystems of the subcontinent and the ecosystem-based management strategies adopted in India is presented and discussed.}, }
@article {pmid36591563, year = {2023}, author = {Chown, SL and Janion-Scheepers, C and Marshall, A and Aitkenhead, IJ and Hallas, R and Amy Liu, WP and Phillips, LM}, title = {Indigenous and introduced Collembola differ in desiccation resistance but not its plasticity in response to temperature.}, journal = {Current research in insect science}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {100051}, pmid = {36591563}, issn = {2666-5158}, abstract = {Biological invasions have significant ecological and economic impacts. Much attention is therefore focussed on predicting establishment and invasion success. Trait-based approaches are showing much promise, but are mostly restricted to investigations of plants. Although the application of these approaches to animals is growing rapidly, it is rare for arthropods and restricted mostly to investigations of thermal tolerance. Here we study the extent to which desiccation tolerance and its phenotypic plasticity differ between introduced (nine species) and indigenous (seven species) Collembola, specifically testing predictions of the 'ideal weed' and 'phenotypic plasticity' hypotheses of invasion biology. We do so on the F2 generation of adults in a full factorial design across two temperatures, to elicit desiccation responses, for the phenotypic plasticity trials. We also determine whether basal desiccation resistance responds to thermal laboratory natural selection. We first show experimentally that acclimation to different temperatures elicits changes to cuticular structure and function that are typically associated with water balance, justifying our experimental approach. Our main findings reveal that basal desiccation resistance differs, on average, between the indigenous and introduced species, but that this difference is weaker at higher temperatures, and is driven by particular taxa, as revealed by phylogenetic generalised least squares approaches. By contrast, the extent or form of phenotypic plasticity does not differ between the two groups, with a 'hotter is better' response being most common. Beneficial acclimation is characteristic of only a single species. Laboratory natural selection had little influence on desiccation resistance over 8-12 generations, suggesting that environmental filtering rather than adaptation to new environments may be an important factor influencing Collembola invasions.}, }
@article {pmid36591376, year = {2023}, author = {Allen, ML and Saelao, P and Miles, GP and Cross, DC and Hill, JG and Vargo, EL and Grodowitz, MJ}, title = {Complete chromosome-level genome assembly data from the tawny crazy ant, Nylanderia fulva (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {46}, number = {}, pages = {108833}, pmid = {36591376}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {The tawny crazy ant, Nylanderia fulva (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) has a native range that extends from northern Argentina to southern Brazil. In the U.S.A. this species has often been misidentified as Nylanderia (Paratrechina) pubens or N. cf. pubens and has likely been present in Florida and Texas for several decades [1]. In the early 2000's explosive population growth in Texas and neighboring states drew renewed taxonomic focus. Genetic analyses [2,3] aided in identifying the pest species as N. fulva. This species poses an invasive threat to native flora and fauna and human structures. In its invasive range it has been reported to displace another invasive species, the red imported fire ant. The specimens used for genome sequencing were obtained from the coastal region of Mississippi. DNA was extracted from pupae. The genome data set was deposited to the National Center for Biotechnology Information as submission ID: SUB10775679, Project ID: PRJNA796544, Accession IDs: SAMN24895442 and JAKFQQ000000000. The organism taxid is 613905, locus tag prefixes are L1K79. The assembly, USDA_Nfulva_1.0, was generated in collaboration with Dovetail Genomics (now Cantata Bio) to yield a chromosome-level assembly of 375 Mb with a 15.67 Mb N50 and 78X coverage and revealing 16 putative chromosomes. This high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly was released prior to publication as a public service to the research community.}, }
@article {pmid36585828, year = {2023}, author = {Cooper, WR and Esparza-Diaz, G and Wildung, MR and Horton, DR and Badillo-Vargas, IE and Halbert, SE}, title = {Association of Two Bactericera Species (Hemiptera: Triozidae) With Native Lycium spp. (Solanales: Solanaceae) in the Potato Growing Regions of the Rio Grande Valley of Texas.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {98-107}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvac109}, pmid = {36585828}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Solanum tuberosum ; *Lycium ; Solanales ; *Hemiptera ; Texas ; Plant Diseases ; *Rhizobiaceae ; }, abstract = {Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is a vector of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (Lso), the pathogen that causes potato zebra chip. Zebra chip incidence varies regionally, perhaps because of geographic differences in species of noncrop hosts available to the vector and in susceptibility of those hosts to Lso. Native and introduced species of Lycium (Solanales: Solanaceae) are important noncrop hosts of B. cockerelli in some regions of North America. Susceptibility of native Lycium species to Lso is uncertain. We investigated the use of two native species of Lycium by B. cockerelli in South Texas and tested whether they are susceptible to Lso. Bactericera cockerelli adults and nymphs were collected frequently from L. berlandieri Dunal and L. carolinianum Walter. Greenhouse assays confirmed that B. cockerelli develops on both species and showed that Lso infects L. carolinianum. Molecular gut content analysis provided evidence that B. cockerelli adults disperse between potato and Lycium. These results demonstrate that L. berlandieri and L. carolinianum are likely noncrop sources of potato-colonizing B. cockerelli in South Texas and that L. carolinianum is a potential source of Lso-infected psyllids. We also routinely collected the congeneric psyllid, Bactericera dorsalis (Crawford), from both Lycium species. These records are the first for this psyllid in Texas. Bactericera dorsalis completed development on both native Lycium species, albeit with high rates of mortality on L. berlandieri. B. dorsalis acquired and transmitted Lso on L. carolinianum under greenhouse conditions but did not transmit Lso to potato. These results document a previously unknown vector of Lso.}, }
@article {pmid36585081, year = {2023}, author = {Nelson, RA and MacArthur-Waltz, DJ and Gordon, DM}, title = {Critical thermal limits and temperature-dependent walking speed may mediate coexistence between the native winter ant (Prenolepis imparis) and the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithemahumile).}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {111}, number = {}, pages = {103392}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103392}, pmid = {36585081}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animals ; Temperature ; *Ants/physiology ; Walking Speed ; Seasons ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Comparing the thermal tolerance and performance of native and invasive species from varying climatic origins may explain why some native and invasive species can coexist. We compared the thermal niches of an invasive and native ant species. The Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) is an invasive species that has spread to Mediterranean climates worldwide, where it is associated with losses in native arthropod biodiversity. In northern California, long-term surveys of ant biodiversity have shown that the winter ant (Prenolepis imparis) is the native species best able to coexist with Argentine ants. Both species tend hemipteran scales for food, and previous research suggests that these species' coexistence may depend on seasonal partitioning: winter ants are active primarily in the colder winter months, while Argentine ants are active primarily in the warmer months in northern California. We investigated the physiological basis of seasonal partitioning in Argentine and winter ants by a) measuring critical thermal limits, and b) comparing how ant walking speed varies with temperature. While both species had similar CTmax values, we found differences between the two species' critical thermal minima that may allow winter ants to remain functional at ecologically relevant temperatures between 0 and 2.5 °C. We also found that winter ants' walking speeds are significantly less temperature-dependent than those of Argentine ants. Winter ants walk faster than Argentine ants at low temperatures, which may allow the winter ants to remain active and forage at lower winter temperatures. These results suggest that partitioning based on differences in temperature tolerance promotes the winter ant's continued occupation of areas invaded by the Argentine ant.}, }
@article {pmid36583831, year = {2023}, author = {Ehlers Smith, DA and Ehlers Smith, YC and Davies-Mostert, HT and Thompson, LJ and Parker, DM and de Villiers, D and Ricketts, D and Coverdale, B and Roberts, PJ and Kelly, C and Macfadyen, DN and Manqele, NS and Power, RJ and Downs, CT}, title = {The impacts of a global pandemic on the efficacy and stability of contemporary wildlife conservation: South Africa as a case study.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {52}, number = {3}, pages = {598-615}, pmid = {36583831}, issn = {1654-7209}, support = {98404//National Research Foundation (ZA)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Animals, Wild ; Communicable Disease Control/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *COVID-19/prevention &amp; control ; South Africa ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Conservationists speculated on potential benefits to wildlife of lockdown restrictions because of the COVID-19 pandemic but voiced concern that restrictions impeded nature conservation. We assessed the effects of lockdown restrictions on biodiversity conservation in South Africa, a biodiverse country with economic inequality and reliance on wildlife resources. We solicited expert opinion using the IUCN's Threats Classification Scheme to structure a questionnaire and illustrated responses with individual case studies from government parastatal and non-governmental conservation organisations. The most highly reported threats were biological resource use, residential/commercial developments, invasive species, and human intrusions. The trends reported by 90 survey respondents were supported by case studies using environmental compliance data from parastatal conservation organisations. Lack of tourism revenue and funding were cited as hindrances to conservation. Mechanisms to prevent environmental degradation in the face of global emergencies must be implemented and 'ring-fenced' to ensure conservation is not a casualty during future global crises.}, }
@article {pmid36583667, year = {2024}, author = {Otieno, EO and Shen, C and Zhang, K and Wan, J and He, M and Tao, Z and Huang, W and Siemann, E}, title = {Effects of nutrient pulses on exotic species shift from positive to neutral with decreasing water availability.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {e2805}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2805}, pmid = {36583667}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {2019020701011495//Application Foundation Frontier Project of Wuhan/ ; 31822007//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32071660//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2020CFA064//Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Ecosystem ; *Water ; Plants ; Nutrients ; Plant Development ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Temporal fluctuation in nutrient availability generally promotes the growth of exotic plant species and has been recognized as an important driver of exotic plant invasions. However, little is known about how the impact of fluctuating nutrients on exotic species is dependent on the availability of other resources, although most ecosystems are experiencing dramatic variations in a wide variety of resources due to global change and human disturbance. Here, we explored how water availability mediates the effect of nutrient pulses on the growth of six exotic and six native plant species. We subjected individual plants of exotic and native species to well watered or water stressed conditions. For each level of water availability, we added equivalent amounts of nutrients at a constant rate, as a single large pulse, or in multiple small pulses. Under well watered conditions, nutrient pulses promoted exotic plant growth relative to nutrients supplied constantly, while they had no significant effect on natives. In contrast, under water stressed conditions, water deficiency inhibited the growth of all exotic and native species. More importantly, nutrient pulses did not increase plant growth relative to nutrients supplied constantly and these phenomena were observed for both exotic and native species. Taken together, our study shows that the impact of fluctuating nutrient availability on the growth of exotic plant species strongly depends on the variation of other resources, and that the positive effect of nutrient pulses under well watered conditions disappears under water stressed conditions. Our findings suggest that the variation in multiple resources may have complex feedback on exotic plant invasions and, therefore, it is critical to encompass multiple resources for the evaluation of fluctuating resource availability effects on exotic plant species. This will allow us to project the invasive trajectory of exotic plant species more accurately under future global change and human disturbance.}, }
@article {pmid36583375, year = {2023}, author = {Nie, L and Bamisile, BS and Li, Y and Ran, H and Wang, S and Wang, L and Xu, Y}, title = {Interspecific competition predicts the potential impact of little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) invasion on resident ants in southern China.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {30}, number = {5}, pages = {1518-1530}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.13170}, pmid = {36583375}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {2021YFC2600404//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {The little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) is a major invasive species that seriously threatens the biodiversity of invaded areas. W. auropunctata was first reported in Chinese mainland in 2022 and its impact on native species is still unknown. To evaluate the impact of W. auropunctata invasion on the ant communities in southern China, a series of interspecific competition experiments were conducted in this study. The individual aggression index and group aggression experiments showed the advantage of W. auropunctata in competition with 5 resident ants under equal worker numbers. When encountering Anoplolepis gracilipes, Camponotus nicobarensis, Tetramorium bicarinatum, Polyrhachis dives, and Solenopsis invicta, W. auropunctata gradually gained a competitive advantage with an increase in its number of workers. In the group aggression experiments with equal worker numbers, there was a negative correlation between the body length and mortality rate of resident ants. The results of the foraging behavior experiments showed that W. auropunctata was able to dominate food resources under competition with Carebara diversa, which also displayed weak competition in the group aggression bioassay. In addition, the abilities to recruit workers and retrieve food were inhibited under competition with S. invicta and T. bicarinatum. The results of the nesting behavior experiments showed that in the 24-h bout of space resource competition, W. auropunctata was dominant over C. diversa, S. invicta, and T. bicarinatum. The results of this study show that W. auropunctata has certain advantages in competition for food and space resources over resident ants in southern China, and some resident ant species may be replaced in the future.}, }
@article {pmid36582779, year = {2022}, author = {Liu, KL and Tseng, SP and Tatsuta, H and Tsuji, K and Tay, JW and Singham, GV and Yang, CS and Neoh, KB}, title = {Population genetic structure of the globally introduced big-headed ant in Taiwan.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {e9660}, pmid = {36582779}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Global commerce and transportation facilitate the spread of invasive species. The African big-headed ant, Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius), has achieved worldwide distribution through globalization. Since the late 19th century, Taiwan has served as a major seaport because of its strategic location. The population genetic structure of P. megacephala in Taiwan is likely to be shaped by international trade and migration between neighboring islands. In this study, we investigated the population genetics of P. megacephala colonies sampled from four geographical regions in Taiwan and elucidated the population genetic structures of P. megacephala sampled from Taiwan, Okinawa, and Hawaii. We observed a low genetic diversity of P. megacephala across regions in Taiwan. Moreover, we noted low regional genetic differentiation and did not observe isolation by distance, implying that long-distance jump dispersal might have played a crucial role in the spread of P. megacephala. We sequenced the partial cytochrome oxidase I gene and observed three mitochondrial haplotypes (TW1-TW3). TW1 and TW3 most likely originated from populations within the species' known invasive range, suggesting that secondary introduction is the predominant mode of introduction for this invasive ant. TW2 represents a novel haplotype that was previously unreported in other regions. P. megacephala populations from Taiwan, Okinawa, and Hawaii exhibited remarkable genetic similarity, which may reflect their relative geographic proximity and the historical connectedness of the Asia-Pacific region.}, }
@article {pmid36582503, year = {2022}, author = {Valente, MC and Prakoso, D and Vittor, AY and Blosser, EM and Abid, N and Pu, R and Beachboard, SE and Long, MT and Burkett-Cadena, ND and Mavian, CN}, title = {Everglades virus evolution: Genome sequence analysis of the envelope 1 protein reveals recent mutation and divergence in South Florida wetlands.}, journal = {Virus evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {veac111}, pmid = {36582503}, issn = {2057-1577}, abstract = {Everglades virus (EVEV) is a subtype (II) of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), endemic in southern Florida, USA. EVEV has caused clinical encephalitis in humans, and antibodies have been found in a variety of wild and domesticated mammals. Over 29,000 Culex cedecei females, the main vector of EVEV, were collected in 2017 from Big Cypress and Fakahatchee Strand Preserves in Florida and pool-screened for the presence of EVEV using reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction. The entire 1 E1 protein gene was successfully sequenced from fifteen positive pools. Phylogenetic analysis showed that isolates clustered, based on the location of sampling, into two monophyletic clades that diverged in 2009. Structural analyses revealed two mutations of interest, A116V and H441R, which were shared among all isolates obtained after its first isolation of EVEV in 1963, possibly reflecting adaptation to a new host. Alterations of the Everglades ecosystem may have contributed to the evolution of EVEV and its geographic compartmentalization. This is the first report that shows in detail the evolution of EVEV in South Florida. This zoonotic pathogen warrants inclusion into routine surveillance given the high natural infection rate in the vectors. Invasive species, increasing urbanization, the Everglades restoration, and modifications to the ecosystem due to climate change and habitat fragmentation in South Florida may increase rates of EVEV spillover to the human population.}, }
@article {pmid36581620, year = {2023}, author = {Pisuttu, C and Sarrocco, S and Cotrozzi, L and Baroncelli, R and Lorenzini, G}, title = {Genome Resources of Verticillium dahliae VdGL16: The Causal Agent of Vascular Wilt on the Invasive Species Ailanthus altissima.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {107}, number = {4}, pages = {1207-1209}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-05-22-1028-A}, pmid = {36581620}, issn = {0191-2917}, mesh = {Introduced Species ; *Ailanthus/genetics ; *Verticillium/genetics ; *Ascomycota ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Verticillium species are known as plant pathogens responsible for wilt diseases in a large variety of dicotyledon plants and crops in many parts of the world. Here we present the draft genome sequence of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. (strain VdGL16) isolated in Italy from the invasive alien species Ailanthus altissima (Mill.; commonly known as tree-of-heaven) showing Verticillium wilt symptoms. The comparison between the newly sequenced genome with those publicly available revealed candidate genes putatively involved in pathogenicity. The genome represents a new useful source for future research on Verticillium genetics and biology as well as research on novel approaches in the control of A. altissima.}, }
@article {pmid36574645, year = {2023}, author = {Capinha, C and Essl, F and Porto, M and Seebens, H}, title = {The worldwide networks of spread of recorded alien species.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {120}, number = {1}, pages = {e2201911120}, pmid = {36574645}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Commerce ; Internationality ; Birds ; *Tracheophyta ; }, abstract = {Our ability to predict the spread of alien species is largely based on knowledge of previous invasion dynamics of individual species. However, in view of the large and growing number of alien species, understanding universal spread patterns common among taxa but specific to regions would considerably improve our ability to predict future dynamics of biological invasions. Here, using a comprehensive dataset of years of first record of alien species for four major biological groups (birds, nonmarine fishes, insects, and vascular plants), we applied a network approach to uncover frequent sequential patterns of first recordings of alien species across countries worldwide. Our analysis identified a few countries as consistent early recorders of alien species, with many subsequent records reported from countries in close geographic vicinity. These findings indicate that the spread network of alien species consists of two levels, a backbone of main dispersal hubs, driving intercontinental species movement, and subsequent intracontinental radiative spread in their vicinity. Geographical proximity and climatic similarity were significant predictors of same-species recording among countries. International trade was a significant predictor of the relative timing of species recordings, with countries having higher levels of trade flows consistently recording the species earlier. Targeting the countries that have emerged as hubs for the early spread of alien species may have substantial cascading effects on the global spread network of alien species, significantly reducing biological invasions. Furthermore, using these countries as early-warning system of upcoming invasions may also boost national prevention and invasion preparedness efforts.}, }
@article {pmid36573922, year = {2023}, author = {Thia, JA and Korhonen, PK and Young, ND and Gasser, RB and Umina, PA and Yang, Q and Edwards, O and Walsh, T and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {The redlegged earth mite draft genome provides new insights into pesticide resistance evolution and demography in its invasive Australian range.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {381-398}, pmid = {36573922}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; DNA Copy Number Variations ; *Mites/genetics ; Organophosphates ; *Pesticides ; Population Dynamics ; Genome ; }, abstract = {Genomic data provide valuable insights into pest management issues such as resistance evolution, historical patterns of pest invasions and ongoing population dynamics. We assembled the first reference genome for the redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor (Tucker, 1925), to investigate adaptation to pesticide pressures and demography in its invasive Australian range using whole-genome pool-seq data from regionally distributed populations. Our reference genome comprises 132 autosomal contigs, with a total length of 48.90 Mb. We observed a large complex of ace genes, which has presumably evolved from a long history of organophosphate selection in H. destructor and may contribute towards organophosphate resistance through copy number variation, target-site mutations and structural variants. In the putative ancestral H. destructor ace gene, we identified three target-site mutations (G119S, A201S and F331Y) segregating in organophosphate-resistant populations. Additionally, we identified two new para sodium channel gene mutations (L925I and F1020Y) that may contribute to pyrethroid resistance. Regional structuring observed in population genomic analyses indicates that gene flow in H. destructor does not homogenize populations across large geographic distances. However, our demographic analyses were equivocal on the magnitude of gene flow; the short invasion history of H. destructor makes it difficult to distinguish scenarios of complete isolation vs. ongoing migration. Nonetheless, we identified clear signatures of reduced genetic diversity and smaller inferred effective population sizes in eastern vs. western populations, which is consistent with the stepping-stone invasion pathway of this pest in Australia. These new insights will inform development of diagnostic genetic markers of resistance, further investigation into the multifaceted organophosphate resistance mechanism and predictive modelling of resistance evolution and spread.}, }
@article {pmid36573521, year = {2023}, author = {Singh, OP and Kaur, T and Sharma, G and Kona, MP and Mishra, S and Kapoor, N and Mallick, PK}, title = {Molecular Tools for Early Detection of Invasive Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {36-44}, pmid = {36573521}, issn = {1080-6059}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anopheles/genetics ; *Malaria/epidemiology ; Mosquito Vectors ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; DNA, Ribosomal ; }, abstract = {Reports of the expansion of the Asia malaria vector Anopheles stephensi mosquito into new geographic areas are increasing, which poses a threat to the elimination of urban malaria. Efficient surveillance of this vector in affected areas and early detection in new geographic areas is key to containing and controlling this species. To overcome the practical difficulties associated with the morphological identification of immature stages and adults of An. stephensi mosquitoes, we developed a species-specific PCR and a real-time PCR targeting a unique segment of the second internal transcribed spacer lacking homology to any other organism. Both PCRs can be used to identify An. stephensi mosquitoes individually or in pooled samples of mixed species, including when present in extremely low proportions (1:500). This study also reports a method for selective amplification and sequencing of partial ribosomal DNA from An. stephensi mosquitoes for their confirmation in pooled samples of mixed species.}, }
@article {pmid36572536, year = {2023}, author = {Hughes, LJ and Morton, O and Scheffers, BR and Edwards, DP}, title = {The ecological drivers and consequences of wildlife trade.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, pages = {775-791}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12929}, pmid = {36572536}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Ecosystem ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Wildlife Trade ; Animals, Wild ; Biodiversity ; }, abstract = {Wildlife trade is a key driver of extinction risk, affecting at least 24% of terrestrial vertebrates. The persistent removal of species can have profound impacts on species extinction risk and selection within populations. We draw together the first review of characteristics known to drive species use - identifying species with larger body sizes, greater abundance, increased rarity or certain morphological traits valued by consumers as being particularly prevalent in trade. We then review the ecological implications of this trade-driven selection, revealing direct effects of trade on natural selection and populations for traded species, which includes selection against desirable traits. Additionally, there exists a positive feedback loop between rarity and trade and depleted populations tend to have easy human access points, which can result in species being harvested to extinction and has the potential to alter source-sink dynamics. Wider cascading ecosystem repercussions from trade-induced declines include altered seed dispersal networks, trophic cascades, long-term compositional changes in plant communities, altered forest carbon stocks, and the introduction of harmful invasive species. Because it occurs across multiple scales with diverse drivers, wildlife trade requires multi-faceted conservation actions to maintain biodiversity and ecological function, including regulatory and enforcement approaches, bottom-up and community-based interventions, captive breeding or wildlife farming, and conservation translocations and trophic rewilding. We highlight three emergent research themes at the intersection of trade and community ecology: (1) functional impacts of trade; (2) altered provisioning of ecosystem services; and (3) prevalence of trade-dispersed diseases. Outside of the primary objective that exploitation is sustainable for traded species, we must urgently incorporate consideration of the broader consequences for other species and ecosystem processes when quantifying sustainability.}, }
@article {pmid36571486, year = {2023}, author = {Yeung, EJ and Klemet-N'Guessan, S and Hossie, TJ and Fox, MG}, title = {Boldness, movement and exploration tendency in round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) in Southern Ontario.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {103}, number = {4}, pages = {790-797}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15297}, pmid = {36571486}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//Natural Science and Engineering Council of Canada/ ; //Peterborough Field Naturalists/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; Female ; Male ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Ontario ; *Perciformes ; Ecology ; Phenotype ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive species have the potential to damage ecosystems outside their native range. At an invasion front, individuals are faced with the unfamiliar conditions of a novel environment. Therefore, certain behavioural traits such as boldness and movement likely play a role in invasion ecology. If behavioural traits of this kind are influenced by differing selection pressures between demographic groups of the same species, this could have broad implications for the management of expanding invasion fronts. To determine whether the invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus, Pallas, 1814) exhibits sex- and habitat-based differences in boldness and movement across the invasion front, the authors assessed individual movement and exploration tendency under controlled lab settings using video analysis in a behavioural assay. N. melanostomus from lakes tended to be bolder than those from streams, and females tended to be bolder than males. This study provides evidence for sex- and habitat-based differences in behaviour in this globally invasive species that the authors hope will assist in forming the foundation for contextually appropriate management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid36570096, year = {2023}, author = {Roy, HE and Tricarico, E and Hassall, R and Johns, CA and Roy, KA and Scalera, R and Smith, KG and Purse, BV}, title = {The role of invasive alien species in the emergence and spread of zoonoses.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {1249-1264}, pmid = {36570096}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The role of invasive alien species in the transmission dynamics of zoonotic pathogens is often overlooked, despite the rapid escalation in biological invasions globally. Here we synthesise available information on the influence of invasive alien species on zoonotic pathogen dynamics in invaded ranges, focussing on Europe, and identify key associated knowledge gaps. We identified 272 documented interactions between alien species and zoonotic pathogens within invaded ranges. The majority of these involved invasive alien mammals followed by birds with only a few occurrences of other taxa documented. A wide range of potential interactions between invasive alien species and zoonotic pathogens were identified but few studies considered transmission to humans and so there was limited evidence of actual impacts on human health. However, there is an urgent need to raise awareness of the potential risks posed to human health by the transmission of zoonotic diseases by invasive alien species; the role of invasive alien species in zoonotic disease transmission may exceed that of native wildlife and occur in a relatively short period following the arrival of an invasive alien species within a new region. Ecological and social mechanisms govern the dynamics of zoonotic disease transmission but wildlife diseases are not consistently included within animal, plant and human policies. Rapid advances in the development of systems frameworks that integrate the ecological, economic and social processes promoting spillover in rapidly changing environments will increase understanding to inform decision-making.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10530-022-02978-1.}, }
@article {pmid36570095, year = {2023}, author = {Diga, R and Gilboa, M and Moskovich, R and Darmon, N and Amit, T and Belmaker, J and Yahel, G}, title = {Invading bivalves replaced native Mediterranean bivalves, with little effect on the local benthic community.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, pages = {1441-1459}, pmid = {36570095}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The construction of the Suez Canal connected the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, which allowed rapid marine bio-invasion. Over the last century, several bivalve species have invaded the Levantine basin, yet their distribution and impact on the benthic community have not been thoroughly studied. Large-scale benthic surveys along the rocky substrate of the Israeli Mediterranean coastline indicate that invading bivalves, such as Spondylus spinosus, Brachidontes pharaonis, and Pinctada radiata, now dominate the rocky environment, with densities of tens to hundreds of individuals per m[2]. No native bivalve specimens were found in any of the transects surveyed. The small-scale ecological effects of the established invading populations on the benthic community were examined over a year using an in-situ exclusion experiment where all invading bivalves were either physically removed or poisoned and kept in place to maintain the physical effect of the shells. Surprisingly, the experimental exclusion showed a little measurable effect of bivalve presence on the invertebrate community in close vicinity (~ 1 m). Bivalve presence had a small, but statistically significant, effect only on the community composition of macroalgae, increasing the abundance of some filamentous macroalgae and reducing the cover of turf. The generally low impact of bivalves removal could be due to (1) wave activity and local currents dispersing the bivalve excreta, (2) high grazing pressure, possibly by invading herbivorous fish, reducing the bottom-up effect of increased nutrient input by the bivalves, or (3) the natural complexity of the rocky habitat masking the contribution of the increased complexity associated with the bivalve's shell. We found that established invading bivalves have replaced native bivalve species, yet their exclusion has a negligible small-scale effect on the local benthic community.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10530-022-02986-1.}, }
@article {pmid36568826, year = {2022}, author = {Wu, HW and Lu, DJ and Lin, CL and Cheng, HC and Juan, CH and Shen, TJ and Lin, HC and Chen, SF}, title = {Population and Conservation Status of the Flying Fox Pteropus dasymallus in Taiwan.}, journal = {Zoological studies}, volume = {61}, number = {}, pages = {e34}, pmid = {36568826}, issn = {1810-522X}, abstract = {Pteropus dasymallus is widely distributed on islands throughout the western edge of the Pacific Ocean. The Formosan flying fox, P. d. formosus, is an endemic subspecies in Taiwan found mainly on Lyudao; it was previously thought to have been extirpated. Since 2005, intensive surveys have been conducted to investigate the residency, population size and plant resource utilization of P. dasymallus in Taiwan. Interviews were carried out to investigate its former abundance and the causes of population decline. In Taiwan, P. dasymallus is in a state of ongoing oceanic dispersal and colonization and has considerably expanded its geographic range. In addition to remaining in its historic habitat on Lyudao, P. dasymallus has also established colonies on Gueishan Island and in Hualien on Taiwan's main island in the past few decades. The total population size is estimated to be 240 individuals, and this number is on the rise. Approximately three-quarters of the entire population (73.64%) was found on Gueishan Island. The sex ratio was strongly skewed toward males. A total of 40 plant species were recorded as being used by the flying fox for food, roosts or perches. More agricultural and horticultural plant species were used by the flying fox in urban Hualien. According to the interviews, flying foxes were abundant on Lyudao, but their number dramatically declined from the 1970s to the mid-1980s, mainly due to commercial hunting. Maintaining a sufficient population size and genetic variability is fundamental to the long-term survival of the flying fox. Enforcing conservation laws, restoring habitats, controlling invasive species and improving public awareness are the main steps in the recovery and sustainability of the flying fox population.}, }
@article {pmid36566730, year = {2023}, author = {Gill, K and Chenier, KA and Free, A and Goff, J and Pitchford, JL and Cressman, K and Posten, M and Brunden, E and Shelton, M and Swanson, K and Cunningham, SR and Garland, J and Snyder, C and Lamb, M and Schauwecker, T and Sparks, EL}, title = {Research needs, environmental concerns, and logistical considerations for incorporating livestock grazing into coastal upland habitat management.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {329}, number = {}, pages = {117119}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117119}, pmid = {36566730}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; *Livestock ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Ecosystem ; Animals, Wild ; Climate ; }, abstract = {Along the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) coast, natural resource managers continually struggle with managing coastal uplands due to front-end costs, prolonged maintenance, and habitat-specific ecological needs. Prescribed fire, mechanical removal, and chemical treatments are common habitat management techniques used to remove invasive species, clear understory, and achieve other management goals. However, rapid development and changing climate exacerbate the difficulty in using these techniques. A potential alternative or complementary technique is using livestock for habitat management (i.e., targeted or controlled grazing). In other regions of the world, using livestock for conservation or restoration of managed lands has shown to be a less intrusive and more financially viable alternative. To better understand the research needs, logistical, and environmental concerns related to using livestock for habitat management in the coastal uplands of the GoM, we developed and distributed a survey to three groups of land users, including natural resource managers, researchers, and livestock producers in the region. Survey results show that over 96% of respondents are interested in using livestock for habitat management, but less than 10% of respondents were aware of any information that could be used to inform grazing practices for coastal upland habitat management along the Gulf of Mexico coast. There were differences among surveyed groups, but generally small-sized cattle breeds and goats were identified as the livestock with the most potential for environmental benefit and ease of containment. General concerns and areas for further investigation were implementation (e.g., which livestock type to use and grazing intensity), logistical considerations (e.g., fencing and rotational frequency), impacts of grazing on water quality, wildlife, vegetation, and livestock nutrition. Survey respondents overwhelmingly (at least 75% of each group) indicated that livestock grazing ideally would not be a standalone management practice and should be used in conjunction with other habitat management techniques such as prescribed burns, mechanical clearing, or chemical treatments. The results of the survey could be used to develop applied research projects and guidance documents that directly address informational needs related to using livestock for habitat management of coastal uplands along the Gulf of Mexico coast.}, }
@article {pmid36566728, year = {2023}, author = {Qu, X and Olden, JD and Xia, W and Liu, H and Xie, Z and Hughes, RM and Chen, Y}, title = {Hydrology and water quality shape macroinvertebrate patterns and facilitate non-native species dispersals in an inter-basin water transfer system.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {329}, number = {}, pages = {117111}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117111}, pmid = {36566728}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; *Water Quality ; *Ecosystem ; Invertebrates ; Introduced Species ; Environmental Monitoring ; Hydrology ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Understanding biotic assemblage variations resulting from water diversions and other pressures is critical for aquatic ecosystem conservation, but hampered by limited research. Mechanisms driving macroinvertebrate assemblages were determined across five lakes along China's South-to-North Water Diversion Project, an over 900-km water transfer system connecting four river basins. We assessed macroinvertebrate patterns from 59 sites in relation to water quality, climatic, spatial, and hydrologic factors. Macroinvertebrate density, biomass, and species richness increased from upriver to downriver lakes, and were higher during the water transfer period than in the non-water transfer period. Non-native species including Nephtys sp., Paranthura japonica, Potamillacf acuminata, Capitekkidae spp. and Novaculina chinensis, were distributed along the entire study system, some become dominant in upriver lakes. High species turnover occurred in two upriver lakes. Hydrology and water quality are critical factors in shaping these macroinvertebrate patterns. Hydrological disturbance by water transfer boosted macroinvertebrate abundance during the water transfer period while facilitated non-native species dispersals and increased biotic homogenization. This study indicates the need for: 1) an effective ecosystem monitoring system; 2) unified system management standards; 3) external pollution controls; and 4) limiting the dispersal of non-native species.}, }
@article {pmid36565577, year = {2023}, author = {Crist, MR}, title = {Rethinking the focus on forest fires in federal wildland fire management: Landscape patterns and trends of non-forest and forest burned area.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {327}, number = {}, pages = {116718}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116718}, pmid = {36565577}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Wildfires ; Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Probability ; *Artemisia ; }, abstract = {For most of the 20th century and beyond, national wildland fire policies concerning fire suppression and fuels management have primarily focused on forested lands. Using summary statistics and landscape metrics, wildfire spatial patterns and trends for non-forest and forest burned area over the past two decades were examined across the U.S, and federal agency jurisdictions. This study found that wildfires burned more area of non-forest lands than forest lands at the scale of the conterminous and western U.S. and the Department of Interior (DOI). In an agency comparison, 74% of DOI burned area occurred on non-forest lands and 78% of U.S. Forest Service burned area occurred on forested lands. Landscape metrics revealed key differences between forest and non-forest fire patterns and trends in total burned area, burned patch size, distribution, and aggregation over time across the western U.S. Opposite fire patterns emerged between non-forest and forest burns when analyzed at the scale of federal agency jurisdictions. In addition, a fire regime departure analysis comparing current large fire probability with historic fire trends identified certain vegetation types and locations experiencing more fire than historically. These patterns were especially pronounced for cold desert shrublands, such as sagebrush where increases in annual area burned, and fire frequency, size, and juxtaposition have resulted in substantial losses over a twenty-year period. The emerging non-forest fire patterns are primarily due to the rapid expansion of non-native invasive grasses that increase fuel connectivity and fire spread. These invasions promote uncharacteristic frequent fire and loss of native ecosystems at large-scales, accelerating the need to place greater focus on managing invasive species in wildland fire management. Results can be used to inform wildfire management and policy aimed at reducing uncharacteristic wildfire processes and patterns for both non-forest and forest ecosystems as well as identify differing management strategies needed to address the unique wildfire issues each federal agency faces.}, }
@article {pmid36565243, year = {2023}, author = {Lewin, A and Erinjery, JJ and Nissim, D and Iwamura, T}, title = {Social-ecological cascade effects of land use on vertebrate pest dynamics in arid agricultural communities.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, pages = {e2804}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2804}, pmid = {36565243}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Ecosystem ; Agriculture ; *Wolves ; Farms ; Foxes ; }, abstract = {Extensive land conversion to agriculture in drylands and associated resource use have wide-ranging impacts on desert ecosystems globally. Incorporating the impacts of human-social aspects is thus imperative in examining ecological interactions. The provision of agricultural inputs in these resource-scarce regions supports invasive and pest species, negatively impacting both agricultural productivity and native desert ecosystems. Understanding the spatial dynamics of invasive and pest species requires analyzing both bottom-up resource availability factors underlying animal distributions and top-down biological controls. Here, we evaluate the social-ecological cascading effects of dryland agriculture on vertebrate pest communities in dryland agricultural communities of Israel. Our study region is characterized by 18 agricultural cooperatives with distinct crop regimes due to contrasting social decision-making and resource allocation schemes (i.e., communal kibbutzim vs. privatized moshavim). Crop choices further affect land management (e.g., enclosed vs. open farm systems) and resource intensity. This system is ideal for studying trophic mechanisms underlying animal assemblages between agricultural regimes. We examine the role of agricultural land-use practices on pest spatial distributions based on multiyear vertebrate pest observations with agricultural data sets. We use structural equation modeling (SEM) to quantify the relative importance of added agricultural resources underlying bottom-up and top-down trophic processes regulating vertebrate pest assemblages. Results reveal that crop choices determine pest distributions through bottom-up processes directly, while simultaneously driving pest competitive interactions through indirect top-down cascades impacting pest communities. For example, due to the indirect negative effect of wolves on mesopredators (foxes and jackals) mediated by livestock, the total positive effect of livestock on the abundance of mesopredators is reduced. Our study illustrates the social-ecological cascading effects of agricultural regimes on pest community assemblages mediated by contrasting agricultural land-use practices. Considering the expansion of dryland agroecological systems globally, understanding the intricate cascading pathways of predator- and prey-pest communities has important implications for agricultural management, biological invasions in drylands, and fragile desert environments.}, }
@article {pmid36560729, year = {2022}, author = {Tillis, SB and Josimovich, JM and Miller, MA and Hoon-Hanks, LL and Hartmann, AM and Claunch, NM and Iredale, ME and Logan, TD and Yackel Adams, AA and Bartoszek, IA and Humphrey, JS and Kluever, BM and Stenglein, MD and Reed, RN and Romagosa, CM and Wellehan, JFX and Ossiboff, RJ}, title = {Divergent Serpentoviruses in Free-Ranging Invasive Pythons and Native Colubrids in Southern Florida, United States.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {36560729}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {Animals ; *Boidae ; Florida/epidemiology ; Ecosystem ; *Nidovirales ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Burmese python (Python bivittatus) is an invasive snake that has significantly affected ecosystems in southern Florida, United States. Aside from direct predation and competition, invasive species can also introduce nonnative pathogens that can adversely affect native species. The subfamily Serpentovirinae (order Nidovirales) is composed of positive-sense RNA viruses primarily found in reptiles. Some serpentoviruses, such as shingleback nidovirus, are associated with mortalities in wild populations, while others, including ball python nidovirus and green tree python nidovirus can be a major cause of disease and mortality in captive animals. To determine if serpentoviruses were present in invasive Burmese pythons in southern Florida, oral swabs were collected from both free-ranging and long-term captive snakes. Swabs were screened for the presence of serpentovirus by reverse transcription PCR and sequenced. A total serpentovirus prevalence of 27.8% was detected in 318 python samples. Of the initial swabs from 172 free-ranging pythons, 42 (24.4%) were positive for multiple divergent viral sequences comprising four clades across the sampling range. Both sex and snout-vent length were statistically significant factors in virus prevalence, with larger male snakes having the highest prevalence. Sampling location was statistically significant in circulating virus sequence. Mild clinical signs and lesions consistent with serpentovirus infection were observed in a subset of sampled pythons. Testing of native snakes (n = 219, 18 species) in part of the python range found no evidence of python virus spillover; however, five individual native snakes (2.3%) representing three species were PCR positive for unique, divergent serpentoviruses. Calculated pairwise uncorrected distance analysis indicated the newly discovered virus sequences likely represent three novel genera in the subfamily Serpentovirinae. This study is the first to characterize serpentovirus in wild free-ranging pythons or in any free-ranging North America reptile. Though the risk these viruses pose to the invasive and native species is unknown, the potential for spillover to native herpetofauna warrants further investigation.}, }
@article {pmid36559580, year = {2022}, author = {Chadha, A and Florentine, SK and Dhileepan, K and Turville, C}, title = {Assessing Seed Longevity of the Invasive Weed Navua Sedge (Cyperus aromaticus), by Artificial Ageing.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {24}, pages = {}, pmid = {36559580}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Navua sedge (Cyperus aromaticus (Ridley) Mattf. &amp; Kukenth) is a significant agricultural and environmental weed found in tropical island countries including north Queensland, Australia. It is a prolific seed producer and consequently forms a high-density seedbank, and therefore understanding the longevity and persistence of the seeds can provide critical information required for the management of this species. A laboratory-controlled artificial ageing experiment was conducted where the seeds were exposed to a temperature of 45 °C and 60% relative humidity for 125 days. Seeds were removed at various times (1, 2, 5, 9, 20, 30, 50, 75, 100 and 125 days) and their viability determined through standard germination tests. It took 20 days in the artificial ageing environment for the seeds to decline to 50% viability which indicates that Navua sedge has relatively short-lived persistent seeds. These findings will assist in developing a better understanding of the seedbank dynamics of this invasive species, allowing managers to tactically implement control strategies and prepare budgets for ongoing treatments, and have implications for the duration and success of management programs.}, }
@article {pmid36559577, year = {2022}, author = {Pádua, L and Duarte, L and Antão-Geraldes, AM and Sousa, JJ and Castro, JP}, title = {Spatio-Temporal Water Hyacinth Monitoring in the Lower Mondego (Portugal) Using Remote Sensing Data.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {24}, pages = {}, pmid = {36559577}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {POCI-01-0247-FEDER-070123//POCI-FEDER/ ; }, abstract = {Monitoring invasive plant species is a crucial task to assess their presence in affected ecosystems. However, it is a laborious and complex task as it requires vast surface areas, with difficult access, to be surveyed. Remotely sensed data can be a great contribution to such operations, especially for clearly visible and predominant species. In the scope of this study, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was monitored in the Lower Mondego region (Portugal). For this purpose, Sentinel-2 satellite data were explored enabling us to follow spatial patterns in three water channels from 2018 to 2021. By applying a straightforward and effective methodology, it was possible to estimate areas that could contain water hyacinth and to obtain the total surface area occupied by this invasive species. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was used for this purpose. It was verified that the occupation of this invasive species over the study area exponentially increases from May to October. However, this increase was not verified in 2021, which could be a consequence of the adopted mitigation measures. To provide the results of this study, the methodology was applied through a semi-automatic geographic information system (GIS) application. This tool enables researchers and ecologists to apply the same approach in monitoring water hyacinth or any other invasive plant species in similar or different contexts. This methodology proved to be more effective than machine learning approaches when applied to multispectral data acquired with an unmanned aerial vehicle. In fact, a global accuracy greater than 97% was achieved using the NDVI-based approach, versus 93% when using the machine learning approach (above 93%).}, }
@article {pmid36557953, year = {2022}, author = {Turillazzi, F and Pieraccini, G and Turillazzi, S and Orsi Battaglini, N and Severino, M}, title = {Venom Collection by Electrical Stimulation in the Invasive Species Polistes dominula Reared Using a Vespiculture Regime.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {27}, number = {24}, pages = {}, pmid = {36557953}, issn = {1420-3049}, support = {1/CX/CSRD VA/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Wasps ; Introduced Species ; Wasp Venoms ; *Insect Bites and Stings ; Immunoglobulin E ; *Hypersensitivity ; Allergens ; Electric Stimulation ; }, abstract = {Specific Venom Immunotherapy (VIT) is practiced with venom extracted from insects, and is the specific therapy used for patients highly allergic to social insect (Hymenoptera) stings. Due to the dramatic shortage of vespid species in the local environment, we coupled vespiculture techniques of Polistes paper wasps with a venom collection procedure based on the electrical stimulation of individuals from entire colonies. The procedure involves little to no disturbance of the individual insects, and at the same time, successfully allows for the extraction of venom containing all allergens necessary for VIT.}, }
@article {pmid36557620, year = {2022}, author = {Ouarti, B and Sall, M and Ndiaye, EHI and Diatta, G and Zan Diarra, A and Berenger, JM and Sokhna, C and Granjon, L and Le Fur, J and Parola, P}, title = {Pathogen Detection in Ornithodoros sonrai Ticks and Invasive House Mice Mus musculus domesticus in Senegal.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {36557620}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {ANR-10-IAHU-03//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; }, abstract = {Ornithodoros sonrai (O. sonrai) ticks are the only known vectors of Borrelia crocidurae, an agent of tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) borreliosis. Rodents serve as principal natural reservoirs for Borrelia. Our research objective was to detect TBRF Borrelia and other zoonotic bacterial infections in ticks and in house mice Mus musculus domesticus, an invasive species currently expanding in rural northern Senegal. Real-time and conventional PCR were utilized for detecting Borrelia and other bacterial taxa. The analyses were performed on 253 specimens of O. sonrai and 150 samples of brain and spleen tissue from rodents. Borrelia crocidurae was found in one O. sonrai tick and 18 Mus musculus domesticus samples, with prevalences of 0.39 percent and 12 percent, respectively, as well as Ehrlichia sp. in one Mus musculus domesticus. Further, we were able to detect the presence of a potentially infectious novel species belonging to the Anaplasmataceae family for the first time in O. sonrai ticks. More attention should be paid to the house mouse and O. sonrai ticks, as they can be potential hosts for novel species of pathogenic bacteria in humans.}, }
@article {pmid36556335, year = {2022}, author = {Zhang, L and Chen, A and Li, Y and Li, D and Cheng, S and Cheng, L and Liu, Y}, title = {Differences in Phenotypic Plasticity between Invasive and Native Plants Responding to Three Environmental Factors.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {36556335}, issn = {2075-1729}, support = {20B180002; 22B180011//Key scientific research projects of colleges and universities in Henan Province/ ; 31670477//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {The phenotypic plasticity hypothesis suggests that exotic plants may have greater phenotypic plasticity than native plants. However, whether phenotypic changes vary according to different environmental factors has not been well studied. We conducted a multi-species greenhouse experiment to study the responses of six different phenotypic traits, namely height, leaf number, specific leaf area, total biomass, root mass fraction, and leaf mass fraction, of native and invasive species to nutrients, water, and light. Each treatment was divided into two levels: high and low. In the nutrient addition experiment, only the leaf mass fraction and root mass fraction of the plants supported the phenotypic plasticity hypothesis. Then, none of the six traits supported the phenotypic plasticity hypothesis in the water or light treatment experiments. The results show that, for different environmental factors and phenotypes, the phenotypic plasticity hypothesis of plant invasion is inconsistent. When using the phenotypic plasticity hypothesis to explain plant invasion, variations in environmental factors and phenotypes should be considered.}, }
@article {pmid36555047, year = {2022}, author = {Frizzi, F and Buonafede, L and Masoni, A and Balzani, P and Santini, G}, title = {Comparative Analysis of Facial Coloration between Introduced and Source Populations of the Red Wood Ant Formica paralugubris.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {36555047}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The variation in the typical black-reddish color of red wood ants (Formica rufa group) has been recently suggested as a good indicator of habitat quality, being dependent on environmental conditions. However, the relative contribution of external factors and heritability in shaping this trait is poorly investigated. In this study, we compared the facial coloration of workers from four introduced populations of Formica paralugubris with those of the two Alpine populations from which they had been taken. We used a Relative Warp Analysis to describe the variations in the shape of this trait. We expected each introduced population to be more similar to its population of origin if the color pattern was predominantly genetically determined. On the contrary, due to the considerable differences in habitat type and climate between the Alps and the Apennines, we expected to observe differences between the introduced population and their origin population if the coloration was mostly environmentally determined. With one exception that we discuss, the results showed that ants from the two source populations had different phenotypes, and that the introduced populations had a shape similar to the population of origin, suggesting a stable genetic background. Surprisingly, the habitat type seems to have a less clear effect, even if within-population differences suggest the influence of very localized environmental factors. Finally, we found that the facial coloration shape is affected by the ant’s size, a result in line with previous studies.}, }
@article {pmid36555039, year = {2022}, author = {Ellsworth, E and Li, Y and Chari, LD and Kron, A and Moyo, S}, title = {Tangled in a Web: Management Type and Vegetation Shape the Occurrence of Web-Building Spiders in Protected Areas.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {36555039}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {Rhodes College Startup//Rhodes College/ ; 2022//Rhodes College Summer Fellowship/ ; }, abstract = {Land management of parks and vegetation complexity can affect arthropod diversity and subsequently alter trophic interactions between predators and their prey. In this study, we examined spiders in five parks with varying management histories and intensities to determine whether certain spider species were associated with particular plants. We also determined whether web architecture influenced spider occurrence. Our results showed that humpbacked orb-weavers (Eustala anastera) were associated with an invasive plant, Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense). This study revealed how invasive plants can potentially influence certain spider communities, as evidenced by this native spider species only occurring on invasive plants. Knowing more about spider populations-including species makeup and plants they populate-will give insights into how spider populations are dealing with various ecosystem changes. While we did not assess the effect of invasive plants on the behavior of spiders, it is possible that invasive species may not always be harmful to ecosystems; in the case of spiders, invasive plants may serve as a useful environment to live in. More studies are needed to ascertain whether invasive plants can have adverse effects on spider ecology in the long term.}, }
@article {pmid36554991, year = {2022}, author = {Xue, Y and Lin, C and Wang, Y and Liu, W and Wan, F and Zhang, Y and Ji, L}, title = {Predicting Climate Change Effects on the Potential Distribution of Two Invasive Cryptic Species of the Bemisia tabaci Species Complex in China.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {36554991}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {WX145-CAS-WX2021PY-0202//14th Five-year Network Security and Informatization Plan of Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; XDA19050200//Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) are two invasive cryptic species of the Bemisia tabaci species complex (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) that cause serious damage to agricultural and horticultural crops worldwide. To explore the possible impact of climate change on their distribution, the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model was used to predict the potential distribution ranges of MEAM1 and MED in China under current and four future climate scenarios, using shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs), namely SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5, over four time periods (2021-2040, 2041-2060, 2061-2080, and 2081-2100). The distribution ranges of MEAM1 and MED were extensive and similar in China under current climatic conditions, while their moderately and highly suitable habitat ranges differed. Under future climate scenarios, the areas of suitable habitat of different levels for MEAM1 and MED were predicted to increase to different degrees. However, the predicted expansion of suitable habitats varied between them, suggesting that these invasive cryptic species respond differently to climate change. Our results illustrate the difference in the effects of climate change on the geographical distribution of different cryptic species of B. tabaci and provide insightful information for further forecasting and managing the two invasive cryptic species in China.}, }
@article {pmid36554449, year = {2022}, author = {Bănăduc, D and Simić, V and Cianfaglione, K and Barinova, S and Afanasyev, S and Öktener, A and McCall, G and Simić, S and Curtean-Bănăduc, A}, title = {Freshwater as a Sustainable Resource and Generator of Secondary Resources in the 21st Century: Stressors, Threats, Risks, Management and Protection Strategies, and Conservation Approaches.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {19}, number = {24}, pages = {}, pmid = {36554449}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {Humans ; *Ecosystem ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Fresh Water ; *Conservation of Water Resources ; Water ; }, abstract = {This paper is a synthetic overview of some of the threats, risks, and integrated water management elements in freshwater ecosystems. The paper provides some discussion of human needs and water conservation issues related to freshwater systems: (1) introduction and background; (2) water basics and natural cycles; (3) freshwater roles in human cultures and civilizations; (4) water as a biosphere cornerstone; (5) climate as a hydrospheric 'game changer' from the perspective of freshwater; (6) human-induced stressors' effects on freshwater ecosystem changes (pollution, habitat fragmentation, etc.); (7) freshwater ecosystems' biological resources in the context of unsustainable exploitation/overexploitation; (8) invasive species, parasites, and diseases in freshwater systems; (9) freshwater ecosystems' vegetation; (10) the relationship between human warfare and water. All of these issues and more create an extremely complex matrix of stressors that plays a driving role in changing freshwater ecosystems both qualitatively and quantitatively, as well as their capacity to offer sustainable products and services to human societies. Only internationally integrated policies, strategies, assessment, monitoring, management, protection, and conservation initiatives can diminish and hopefully stop the long-term deterioration of Earth's freshwater resources and their associated secondary resources.}, }
@article {pmid36552314, year = {2022}, author = {Careddu, G and Botti, M and Cristofaro, M and Sporta Caputi, S and Calizza, E and Rossi, L and Costantini, ML}, title = {The Feeding Behaviour of Gall Midge Larvae and Its Implications for Biocontrol of the Giant Reed: Insights from Stable Isotope Analysis.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {36552314}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {RIC.SAPIENZA_302_2017 (M.L. Costantini)//Sapienza University of Rome/ ; RIC.SAPIENZA_302_2018 (M.L. Costantini)//Sapienza University of Rome/ ; }, abstract = {The gall midge Lasioptera donacis, whose larval stage interferes with the reed's leaf development, is a potential candidate agent for the biological control of Arundo donax. Reed infestation is always associated with the presence of a saprophytic fungus, Arthrinium arundinis, which is believed to provide food for the larvae. Larvae also interact with a parasitic nematode, Tripius gyraloura, which can be considered its natural enemy. To deepen our knowledge of the plant-fungus-insect trophic interactions and to understand the effects of the nematode on midge larval feeding behaviour, we applied stable isotope analysis, one of the most effective methods for investigating animal feeding preferences in various contexts. The results showed that on average the fungus accounted for 65% of the diet of the midge larvae, which however consumed the reed and the fungus in variable proportions depending on reed quality (expressed as the C:N ratio). No differences in feeding behaviour were observed between parasitised and non-parasitised midge larvae, indicating that nematodes have no effect in this regard. Due to its trophic habits, L. donacis could be an effective control agent of A. donax and these results need to be considered when implementing biological control measures.}, }
@article {pmid36550286, year = {2022}, author = {Rantala, HM and Branstrator, DK and Hirsch, JK and Jones, TS and Montz, G}, title = {Simultaneous invasion decouples zebra mussels and water clarity.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {1405}, pmid = {36550286}, issn = {2399-3642}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dreissena ; Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Lakes ; Introduced Species ; Phytoplankton ; }, abstract = {Species invasions are a leading threat to ecosystems globally, but our understanding of interactions among multiple invasive species and their outcomes on ecosystem properties is undeveloped despite their significance to conservation and management. Here we studied a large lake in Minnesota, USA, that experienced a simultaneous surge in invasive zebra mussel and spiny water flea populations. A long-term (2000-2018) dataset offered a rare opportunity to assess whole-ecosystem shifts following the co-invasion. Within two years, the native crustacean zooplankton community declined abruptly in density and productivity (-93% and -91%, respectively). Summer phytoplankton abundance and water clarity remained stable across the time series, an unexpected outcome given the high density of zebra mussels in the lake. Observational data and modeling indicate that removal of native herbivorous zooplankton by the predatory spiny water flea reduced zooplankton grazing pressure enough to compensate new grazing losses due to zebra mussels, resulting in a zero net effect on phytoplankton abundance and water clarity despite a wholesale shift in secondary production from the pelagic to the benthic food web. This study reveals the extent of direct and indirect effects of two aquatic invaders on food-web processes that cancel shifts in water clarity, a highly valued ecosystem service.}, }
@article {pmid36549544, year = {2023}, author = {O'Neil, CM and Guo, Y and Pierre, S and Boughton, EH and Qiu, J}, title = {Invasive snails alter multiple ecosystem functions in subtropical wetlands.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {864}, number = {}, pages = {160939}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160939}, pmid = {36549544}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Wetlands ; Plants ; Snails/physiology ; Soil ; Water ; }, abstract = {Invasive species that compromise ecosystem functioning through direct and indirect (or cascading) pathways are a rising global threat. Apple snails (Pomacea spp.) are semi-aquatic freshwater invaders that have exerted devastating ecological and economic impacts on agricultural wetlands and are emerging as a major threat to the structures and functions of natural wetlands. In this research, we conducted a field mesocosm experiment in subtropical wetlands in Florida, USA to investigate how P. maculata alter a suite of wetland vegetation, water, and soil processes and how these effects vary across wetlands under two different management intensities. Overall, we found that invasive snails substantially decreased aboveground biomass and vegetation cover and exhibited preferential feeding on wetland plant species. In addition, snails increased water nutrients (e.g., total carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and dissolved solids), but showed minimal impacts on soil pools and processes. While most effects of invasive P. maculata were similar across wetland types, certain responses (e.g., algal biomass) were divergent. Our study provides holistic evidence on multiple direct and indirect consequences of invasive apple snails along the wetland plant-water-soil continuum. By altering plant assemblages and nutrient cycling (e.g., via consumption, egestion, and excretion), P. maculata invasion could hamper vital wetland services, which is concerning for these globally vulnerable ecosystems. Differential snail effects across management intensities further suggest the need for tailored actions to mitigate apple snail impacts and conserve wetland ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid36549005, year = {2023}, author = {Su, T and Cui, G and Man, Z and Li, W and Huang, Z and Chen, J and Zhao, M}, title = {Interspecific association of sika deer in terrestrial animal communities of Liancheng National Nature Reserve, China.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {688-703}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12700}, pmid = {36549005}, issn = {1749-4877}, support = {32171545//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 41801220//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Deer ; Ecosystem ; China/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {The prevention and control of invasive of alien species is an important work for nature reserves. This study analyzes the development trend of the alien species sika deer in Liancheng National Nature Reserve. From October 2019 to June 2020, 3523 valid photos and videos of terrestrial animals were acquired from 130 camera traps, and sika deer were recorded in 21 photos from 13 traps. The survival of the sika deer population was investigated by means of morphological identification, population structure analysis, species relative abundance indices, and species spatial association analysis. A total of 13 sika deer individuals were identified by camera trapping, including two kids and three subadults representing the reproductive capacity of the population. Spatially, sika deer is not associated with any local species and was outside the spatial association network of terrestrial animals in Liancheng National Nature Reserve, indicating that the sika deer population has not been integrated into the local community and has failed to perform its ecological function. It is worth noting that the reserve provides habitat suitable for sika deer and that the population has adequate reproductive capacity. Due to the lack of large apex predators in the reserve, the population size of ungulates such as sika deer, red deer, and Siberian roe deer may expand and lead to population outbreaks and the associated problems for the ecosystem. To restore large- and medium-sized carnivores and avoid the population outbreak of the species, the present challenges require immediate attention in Liancheng National Nature Reserve.}, }
@article {pmid36548385, year = {2022}, author = {Ballari, SA and Barrios-García, MN}, title = {Mismatch between media coverage and research on invasive species: The case of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Argentina.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {12}, pages = {e0279601}, pmid = {36548385}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Swine ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Argentina ; Communication ; Sus scrofa ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a pervasive driver of global change with increasing media coverage. Media coverage and framing can influence both invasive species management and policies, as well as shed light on research needs. Using the wild boar (Sus scrofa) invasion in Argentina as a case study, we conducted a content analysis of media coverage and scientific articles. Specifically, we compared news and scientific articles based on their emphasis: ecological, economic, and health impacts and the overall perception portrayed in the news: "positive" when the articles emphasized benefits from wild boar and "negative" when focused on damage and/or loss. A literature search using Google news, Web of Science, Scielo, and Google Scholar yielded a total of 194 news articles and 37 research papers on wild boar in Argentina. More than half of the news articles focused on economic impacts of wild boar (56%) such as sport hunting, illegal hunting, and road accidents; while 27% focused on ecological impacts, and 10% on health impacts. In contrast, the majority of the scientific articles (65%) focused on ecological impacts of wild boar on native species and ecosystems; while 21% were related to health impacts and only 8.3% of scientific articles were related to economic impacts. This mismatch between media and science reveals a disconnection between social and scientific interests in wild boar and their management in Argentina, and it provides insights to research needs and prevention of management conflicts. Additionally, we found that 66.8% of news articles focused on "negative" aspects of wild boar, while 33.2% of news articles portrayed "positive" perceptions. This finding is very important because the management of invasive species such as wild boar usually requires lethal techniques, and the success of the programs depend on favorable social and political support. Good science communication is therefore key to helping scientists and managers perform more effective management actions.}, }
@article {pmid36548240, year = {2022}, author = {Lee, JR and Terauds, A and Carwardine, J and Shaw, JD and Fuller, RA and Possingham, HP and Chown, SL and Convey, P and Gilbert, N and Hughes, KA and McIvor, E and Robinson, SA and Ropert-Coudert, Y and Bergstrom, DM and Biersma, EM and Christian, C and Cowan, DA and Frenot, Y and Jenouvrier, S and Kelley, L and Lee, MJ and Lynch, HJ and Njåstad, B and Quesada, A and Roura, RM and Shaw, EA and Stanwell-Smith, D and Tsujimoto, M and Wall, DH and Wilmotte, A and Chadès, I}, title = {Threat management priorities for conserving Antarctic biodiversity.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {20}, number = {12}, pages = {e3001921}, pmid = {36548240}, issn = {1545-7885}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Antarctic Regions ; Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; *Spheniscidae ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Antarctic terrestrial biodiversity faces multiple threats, from invasive species to climate change. Yet no large-scale assessments of threat management strategies exist. Applying a structured participatory approach, we demonstrate that existing conservation efforts are insufficient in a changing world, estimating that 65% (at best 37%, at worst 97%) of native terrestrial taxa and land-associated seabirds are likely to decline by 2100 under current trajectories. Emperor penguins are identified as the most vulnerable taxon, followed by other seabirds and dry soil nematodes. We find that implementing 10 key threat management strategies in parallel, at an estimated present-day equivalent annual cost of US$23 million, could benefit up to 84% of Antarctic taxa. Climate change is identified as the most pervasive threat to Antarctic biodiversity and influencing global policy to effectively limit climate change is the most beneficial conservation strategy. However, minimising impacts of human activities and improved planning and management of new infrastructure projects are cost-effective and will help to minimise regional threats. Simultaneous global and regional efforts are critical to secure Antarctic biodiversity for future generations.}, }
@article {pmid36547904, year = {2022}, author = {Mert-Ozupek, N and Calibasi-Kocal, G and Olgun, N and Basbinar, Y and Cavas, L and Ellidokuz, H}, title = {An Efficient and Quick Analytical Method for the Quantification of an Algal Alkaloid Caulerpin Showed In-Vitro Anticancer Activity against Colorectal Cancer.}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {20}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {36547904}, issn = {1660-3397}, support = {2018.KB.SAG.079//Dokuz Eyl&#xfc;l University/ ; 100/2000//Council of Higher Education/ ; 2211/A//Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; Indoles/pharmacology ; *Caulerpa/chemistry ; *Alkaloids/pharmacology ; *Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Biological invasion is the successful spread and establishment of a species in a novel environment that adversely affects the biodiversity, ecology, and economy. Both invasive and non-invasive species of the Caulerpa genus secrete more than thirty different secondary metabolites. Caulerpin is one of the most common secondary metabolites in genus Caulerpa. In this study, caulerpin found in invasive Caulerpa cylindracea and non-invasive Caulerpa lentillifera extracts were analyzed, quantified, and compared using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) for the first time. The anticancer activities of caulerpin against HCT-116 and HT-29 colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines were also tested. Caulerpin levels were found higher in the invasive form (108.83 ± 5.07 µg mL[-1] and 96.49 ± 4.54 µg mL[-1]). Furthermore, caulerpin isolated from invasive Caulerpa decreased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 values were found between 119 and 179 µM), inhibited invasion-migration, and induced apoptosis in CRC cells. In comparison, no cytotoxic effects on the normal cell lines (HDF and NIH-3T3) were observed. In conclusion, HPTLC is a quick and novel method to investigate the caulerpin levels found in Caulerpa extracts, and this paper proposes an alternative utilization method for invasive C. cylindracea due to significant caulerpin content compared to non-invasive C. lentillifera.}, }
@article {pmid36545824, year = {2023}, author = {Wu, S and Chen, L and Zhou, Y and Xiao, F and Liu, D and Wang, Y}, title = {Invasive Plants Have Higher Resistance to Native Generalist Herbivores Than Exotic Noninvasive Congeners.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {81-87}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvac108}, pmid = {36545824}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Acetylcholinesterase/pharmacology ; *Herbivory ; Larva ; *Spodoptera/physiology ; Phytolacca americana ; *Phytolacca ; }, abstract = {Research on the invasive plant Phytolacca americana (L.) mostly focuses on its medicinal value and enrichment of heavy metals. However, little is known regarding its impact on native herbivorous insects. In this study, we explored the effects of P. americana and the exotic noninvasive Phytolacca icosandra (L.) on the Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (native tobacco cutworm) via bioassay, oviposition preference, detoxifying enzyme activity analysis, and phytochemical determination. We found that the oviposition preference index (OPI) of S. litura feeding on P. icosandra was higher than that of P. americana. The developmental duration of S. litura feeding on P. icosandra was shorter than that of P. americana. Additionally, the Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities of S. litura feeding on P. americana were higher than that of S. litura feeding on artificial diets or P. icosandra. The content of lignin and flavonoids in P. americana was relatively high, whereas starch content was relatively low. These findings suggest invasive plants have higher resistance to herbivores, thereby suffering less damage than exotic noninvasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid36540633, year = {2022}, author = {Deflem, IS and Calboli, FCF and Christiansen, H and Hellemans, B and Raeymaekers, JAM and Volckaert, FAM}, title = {Contrasting population genetic responses to migration barriers in two native and an invasive freshwater fish.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, pages = {2010-2027}, pmid = {36540633}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Habitat fragmentation impacts the distribution of genetic diversity and population genetic structure. Therefore, protecting the evolutionary potential of species, especially in the context of the current rate of human-induced environmental change, is an important goal. In riverine ecosystems, migration barriers affect the genetic structure of native species, while also influencing the spread of invasive species. In this study, we compare genetic patterns of two native and one highly invasive riverine fish species in a Belgian river basin, namely the native three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and stone loach (Barbatula barbatula), and the non-native and invasive topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva). We aimed to characterize both natural and anthropogenic determinants of genetic diversity and population genetic connectivity. Genetic diversity was highest in topmouth gudgeon, followed by stone loach and three-spined stickleback. The correlation between downstream distance and genetic diversity, a pattern often observed in riverine systems, was only marginally significant in stone loach and three-spined stickleback, while genetic diversity strongly declined with increasing number of barriers in topmouth gudgeon. An Isolation-By-Distance pattern characterizes the population genetic structure of each species. Population differentiation was only associated with migration barriers in the invasive topmouth gudgeon, while genetic composition of all species seemed at least partially determined by the presence of migration barriers. Among the six barrier types considered (watermills, sluices, tunnels, weirs, riverbed obstructions, and others), the presence of watermills was the strongest driver of genetic structure and composition. Our results indicate that conservation and restoration actions, focusing on conserving genetic patterns, cannot be generalized across species. Moreover, measures might target either on restoring connectivity, while risking a rapid spread of the invasive topmouth gudgeon, or not restoring connectivity, while risking native species extinction in upstream populations.}, }
@article {pmid36531348, year = {2022}, author = {Zhang, XM and He, LX and Xiao, X and Lei, JP and Tang, M and Lei, NF and Yu, FH and Chen, JS}, title = {Clonal integration benefits an invader in heterogeneous environments with reciprocal patchiness of resources, but not its native congener.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {1080674}, pmid = {36531348}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Many of the world's most invasive plants are clonal, and clonal functional traits are suggested to contribute to their invasiveness. Clonal integration is one of the most important clonal functional traits, but it is still unclear whether clonal integration can benefit invasive alien clonal plants more than native ones in heterogeneous environments with reciprocal patchiness of resources and whether invasive plants show a higher capacity of division of labor than native ones in such environments. We grew connected (allowing clonal integration) and disconnected (preventing clonal integration) ramet pairs of an invasive plant Wedelia trilobata and its occurring native congener W. chinensis in the environment consisting of reciprocal patches of light and soil nutrients (i.e., a high-light but low-nutrient patch and a low-light but high-nutrient patch). Clonal integration greatly promoted the growth of the invasive species, but had no significant effect on the native one. Both invasive and native species showed division of labor in terms of morphology, biomass allocation, and/or photosynthetic physiology, but the capacity of labor division did not differ between the invasive and the native species. We conclude that in heterogeneous environments consisting of reciprocal patches of resources, which are common in nature, clonal integration can confer invasive plants a competitive advantage over natives, but this difference is not related to their capacity of labor division. This study highlights the importance of clonal integration for plants in heterogeneous environments and suggests that clonal integration can contribute to the invasion success of alien clonal plants.}, }
@article {pmid36530409, year = {2022}, author = {Holt, JR and Malacrinò, A and Medina, RF}, title = {Quantifying the impacts of symbiotic interactions between two invasive species: the tawny crazy ant (Nylanderia fulva) tending the sorghum aphid (Melanaphis sorghi).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e14448}, pmid = {36530409}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *Aphids ; Introduced Species ; *Sorghum ; Edible Grain ; }, abstract = {The establishment of new symbiotic interactions between introduced species may facilitate invasion success. For instance, tawny crazy ant (Nylanderia fulva Mayr) is known to be an opportunistic tender of honeydew producing insects and this ants' symbiotic interactions have exacerbated agricultural damage in some invaded regions of the world. The invasive sorghum aphid (Melanaphis sorghi Theobald) was first reported as a pest in the continental United States-in Texas and Louisiana-as recent as 2013, and tawny crazy ant (TCA) was reported in Texas in the early 2000s. Although these introductions are relatively recent, TCA workers tend sorghum aphids in field and greenhouse settings. This study quantified the tending duration of TCA workers to sorghum aphids and the impact of TCA tending on aphid biomass. For this study aphids were collected from three different host plant species (i.e., sugarcane, Johnson grass, and sorghum) and clone colonies were established. Sorghum is the main economic crop in which these aphids occur, hence we focused our study on the potential impacts of interactions on sorghum. Quantification of invasive ant-aphid interactions, on either stems or leaves of sorghum plants, were conducted in greenhouse conditions. Our results show that although these two invasive insect species do not have a long coevolutionary history, TCA developed a tending interaction with sorghum aphid, and aphids were observed excreting honeydew after being antennated by TCA workers. Interestingly, this relatively recent symbiotic interaction significantly increased overall aphid biomass for aphids that were positioned on stems and collected from Johnson grass. It is recommended to continue monitoring the interaction between TCA and sorghum aphid in field conditions due to its potential to increase aphid populations and sorghum plant damage.}, }
@article {pmid36528931, year = {2023}, author = {Walker, WB and Mori, BA and Cattaneo, AM and Gonzalez, F and Witzgall, P and Becher, PG}, title = {Comparative transcriptomic assessment of the chemosensory receptor repertoire of Drosophila suzukii adult and larval olfactory organs.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part D, Genomics &amp; proteomics}, volume = {45}, number = {}, pages = {101049}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbd.2022.101049}, pmid = {36528931}, issn = {1878-0407}, mesh = {Female ; Male ; Animals ; *Drosophila/genetics/metabolism ; *Transcriptome ; Larva/genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; }, abstract = {The spotted wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, has emerged within the past decade as an invasive species on a global scale, and is one of the most economically important pests in fruit and berry production in Europe and North America. Insect ecology, to a strong degree, depends on the chemosensory modalities of smell and taste. Extensive research on the sensory receptors of the olfactory and gustatory systems in Drosophila melanogaster provide an excellent frame of reference to better understand the fundamentals of the chemosensory systems of D. suzukii. This knowledge may enhance the development of semiochemicals for sustainable management of D. suzukii, which is urgently needed. Here, using a transcriptomic approach we report the chemosensory receptor expression profiles in D. suzukii female and male antennae, and for the first time, in larval heads including the dorsal organ that houses larval olfactory sensory neurons. In D. suzukii adults, we generally observed a lack of sexually dimorphic expression levels in male and female antennae. While there was generally conservation of antennal expression of odorant and ionotropic receptor orthologues for D. melanogaster and D. suzukii, gustatory receptors showed more distinct species-specific profiles. In larval head tissues, for all three receptor gene families, there was also a greater degree of species-specific gene expression patterns. Analysis of chemosensory receptor repertoires in the pest species, D. suzukii relative to those of the genetic model D. melanogaster enables comparative studies of the chemosensory, physiology, and ecology of D. suzukii.}, }
@article {pmid36527320, year = {2023}, author = {Tseng, SP and Darras, H and Hsu, PW and Yoshimura, T and Lee, CY and Wetterer, JK and Keller, L and Yang, CS}, title = {Genetic analysis reveals the putative native range and widespread double-clonal reproduction in the invasive longhorn crazy ant.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {5}, pages = {1020-1033}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16827}, pmid = {36527320}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {//Kyoto University Future Development Funding Program/ ; //Virginia Tech Faculty Start-up Research Fund/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Male ; Genotype ; *Ants/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Heterozygote ; Reproduction/genetics ; }, abstract = {Clonal reproduction can provide an advantage for invasive species to establish as it can circumvent inbreeding depression which often plagues introduced populations. The world's most widespread invasive ant, Paratrechina longicornis, was previously found to display a double-clonal reproduction system, whereby both males and queens are produced clonally, resulting in separate male and queen lineages, while workers are produced sexually. Under this unusual reproduction mode, inbreeding is avoided in workers as they carry hybrid interlineage genomes. Despite the ubiquitous distribution of P. longicornis, the significance of this reproductive system for the ant's remarkable success remains unclear, as its prevalence is still unknown. Further investigation into the controversial native origin of P. longicornis is also required to reconstruct the evolutionary histories of double-clonal lineages. Here, we examine genetic variation and characterize the reproduction mode of P. longicornis populations sampled worldwide using microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA sequences to infer the ant's putative native range and the distribution of the double-clonal reproductive system. Analyses of global genetic variations indicate that the Indian subcontinent is a genetic diversity hotspot of this species, suggesting that P. longicornis probably originates from this geographical area. Our analyses revealed that both the inferred native and introduced populations exhibit double-clonal reproduction, with queens and males around the globe belonging to two separate, nonrecombining clonal lineages. By contrast, workers are highly heterozygous because they are first-generation interlineage hybrids. Overall, these data indicate a worldwide prevalence of double clonality in P. longicornis and support the prediction that the unusual genetic system may have pre-adapted this ant for global colonization by maintaining heterozygosity in the worker force and alleviating genetic bottlenecks.}, }
@article {pmid36526668, year = {2022}, author = {Liegertová, M and Semerádtová, A and Kocholatá, M and Průšová, M and Němcová, L and Štofik, M and Kříženecká, S and Malý, J and Janoušková, O}, title = {Mucus-derived exosome-like vesicles from the Spanish slug (Arion vulgaris): taking advantage of invasive pest species in biotechnology.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {21768}, pmid = {36526668}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Gastropoda ; Introduced Species ; *Exosomes/metabolism ; Biotechnology ; Mucus ; Mammals ; }, abstract = {The slug Arion vulgaris has attracted major attention as one of the worst invasive herbivore pests in Europe and is renowned for the stiff mucus it secretes for locomotion. In this study we focused on the isolation and characterisation of extracellular vesicles, specifically exosomes and exosome-like vesicles, from Arion secretions. We developed a method for slug mucus collection and subsequent vesicle isolation by ultracentrifugation. The isolated vesicles with an average diameter of ~ 100 nm carry abundant proteins and short RNAs, as well as adhesion molecules similar to mammalian galectins. We demonstrated that the slug extracellular vesicles are internalised by plant cells and human cancer cells in in vitro assays and are loadable by bioactive compounds, which makes them an interesting tool for utilisation in biotechnology.}, }
@article {pmid36526186, year = {2023}, author = {Nie, S and Mo, S and Gao, T and Yan, B and Shen, P and Kashif, M and Zhang, Z and Li, J and Jiang, C}, title = {Coupling effects of nitrate reduction and sulfur oxidation in a subtropical marine mangrove ecosystem with Spartina alterniflora invasion.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {862}, number = {}, pages = {160930}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160930}, pmid = {36526186}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Wetlands ; Nitrates/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae/metabolism ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Sulfur/metabolism ; China ; }, abstract = {The mangrove ecosystem has a high nitrate reduction capacity, which significantly alleviates severe nitrogen pollution. However, current research on nitrate reduction mechanisms in the mangrove ecosystem is limited. Furthermore, Spartina alterniflora invasion has disrupted the balance of the mangrove ecosystem and the effect of S. alterniflora on nitrate reduction has not yet been fully elucidated. Nitrate reduction was comprehensively investigated in a subtropical mangrove ecosystem in this study, which has been invaded by S. alterniflora for 40 years. Results showed that S. alterniflora significantly increased the relative and absolute abundance of nitrate reduction genes, especially nirS (nitrite reductase), in the mangrove ecosystem. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium was the main pathway of nitrate reduction in the mangrove ecosystem. Nitrate reduction was mainly performed by Desulfobacterales and occurred in the shallow layers (0-10 cm) of mangrove sediments. A strong positive correlation was found between nitrate reduction and sulfur oxidation (especially sulfide oxidation), and the sulfide content was significantly positively correlated with the relative abundance of nitrate reduction genes. Moreover, 207 metagenomic assembled genomes (MAGs) were constructed, including 50 MAGs with high numbers (≥ 10) of nitrate reduction genes. This finding indicates that the dominant microbes had strong nitrate reduction potential in mangrove sediments. Our findings highlight the impact of S. alterniflora invasion on nitrate reduction in a subtropical marine mangrove ecosystem. This study provides new insights into our understanding of nitrogen pollution control and contributes to the exploration of new nitrogen-degrading microbes in mangrove ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid36524354, year = {2023}, author = {Premachandra, T and Cauret, CMS and Conradie, W and Measey, J and Evans, BJ}, title = {Population genomics and subgenome evolution of the allotetraploid frog Xenopus laevis in southern Africa.}, journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {36524354}, issn = {2160-1836}, mesh = {Animals ; Xenopus laevis/genetics ; *Metagenomics ; *Genome ; Genomics ; Africa, Southern ; Evolution, Molecular ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Allotetraploid genomes have two distinct genomic components called subgenomes that are derived from separate diploid ancestral species. Many genomic characteristics such as gene function, expression, recombination, and transposable element mobility may differ significantly between subgenomes. To explore the possibility that subgenome population structure and gene flow may differ as well, we examined genetic variation in an allotetraploid frog-the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)-over the dynamic and varied habitat of its native range in southern Africa. Using reduced representation genome sequences from 91 samples from 12 localities, we found no strong evidence that population structure and gene flow differed substantially by subgenome. We then compared patterns of population structure in the nuclear genome to the mitochondrial genome using Sanger sequences from 455 samples from 183 localities. Our results provide further resolution to the geographic distribution of mitochondrial and nuclear diversity in this species and illustrate that population structure in both genomes corresponds roughly with variation in seasonal rainfall and with the topography of southern Africa.}, }
@article {pmid36523520, year = {2022}, author = {Whatmore, R and Wood, PJ and Dwyer, C and Millett, J}, title = {Prey capture by the non-native carnivorous pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea across sites in Britain and Ireland.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {e9588}, pmid = {36523520}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The carnivorous pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea is native to North America, but has been introduced into Europe, where it is now widespread. Understanding of how this species functions in its non-native range is limited. We measured pitcher morphology and prey capture by S. purpurea in its non-native range in Britain and Ireland. Pitchers were removed from different plants at each of six bogs covering the species range in Britain and Ireland (n = 10 pitchers per site). For each pitcher we counted and identified every prey item and took measurements of morphology. We also compiled prey capture data for existing studies in Europe and North America. Prey capture characteristics varied between sites in Britain and Ireland. The amount of prey captured varied 20-fold between sites and was partially explained by differences in pitcher size; larger pitchers caught more prey. The primary prey was Formicidae, Diptera and Coleoptera. At the rank of order, prey composition varied between bogs, some contained mainly Formicidae, some mainly Diptera and some a mix. Prey capture was less evenly distributed at some bogs compared to others, suggesting more specialization. There was no overall difference in prey capture (composition or evenness) at the rank of order between plants in Europe compared to those in North America. At the rank of species, prey capture varied between populations even within the same order. This study demonstrates a large amount of variability between sites in prey capture characteristics. This may reflect different site characteristics and/or plant strategies, which will likely impact plant function, and may impact the inquiline community. In terms of prey capture at the rank of order, S. purpurea functions identically in its non-native range. This supports its use as a model system in a natural experiment for understanding food webs.}, }
@article {pmid36523516, year = {2022}, author = {Larson, JH and Bailey, SW and Evans, MA}, title = {Biofouling of a unionid mussel by dreissenid mussels in nearshore zones of the Great Lakes.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {e9557}, pmid = {36523516}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {In North America, native unionid mussels are imperiled due to factors such as habitat degradation, pollution, and invasive species. One of the most substantial threats is that posed by dreissenid mussels, which are invasive mussels that attach to hard substrates including unionid shells and can restrict movement and feeding of unionids. This dreissenid mussel biofouling of unionids varies spatially in large ecosystems, such as the Great Lakes, with some areas having low enough biofouling to form effective refugia where unionid mussels might persist. Here, we measured biofouling on mussels suspended in cages over the growing season (generally first week in June to last week of August) over 3 years in nearshore areas in Lake Erie (2014-2016), Lake Michigan (Grand Traverse Bay, 2015 and Green Bay, 2016), and Lake Huron (2015). Biofouling varied substantially by years within Lake Erie, with increasingly higher biofouling rates each year. Although dreissenid mussels are present throughout these lakes, we observed very low biofouling in Grand Traverse Bay (Lake Michigan) and Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron), with no dreissenid mussels in 8 of 9 sites across these two bays. Sampling in the rivermouth of the Fox River (Wisconsin) and the Maumee River (Ohio) both showed very high biofouling in areas adjacent to the outlet of these tributaries into Green Bay and Maumee Bay (Lake Erie), respectively. These watersheds are dominated by agriculture, and we would expect high growth of primary producers (i.e., mussel food) and primary consumers (unionids and zebra mussels) in these areas compared to the other sampled bays or the open waters of the Great Lakes.}, }
@article {pmid36520005, year = {2023}, author = {Levey, DR and Patten, MA and Estrada, A}, title = {Bird species occupancy trends in Southeast Mexico over 1900-2020: Accounting for sighting record absences.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {3}, pages = {606-618}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13871}, pmid = {36520005}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; *Ecosystem ; *Biodiversity ; Bayes Theorem ; Mexico ; Forests ; Birds ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; }, abstract = {Long-term land-use change impacts tropical bird communities through population-level and functional diversity effects from habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation, leading to land management and conservation challenges. Assessing the temporal impacts of land-use change on occupancy patterns, population change and functional traits of bird species in tropical areas is limited by the treatment of nondetections as true absences or artefacts of low sampling effort during and throughout years. With this in mind, we developed a novel Bayesian species occupancy framework to account for species absences to evaluate bird community changes in Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico, where there is opportunity for study given exceptional records of change across habitats from rainforest to urban centres. We created a novel dataset of population trends for 244 bird species over the years 1900 to 2020 from published short-term field studies, expert field notes and community science pages. Our results show that open area species had higher population increases than forest specialists over time, represented most evidently by the turnover of rainforest specialists for urban species. Modelled influence of functional traits displayed the importance of main habitat types, body mass and habitat and dietary breadth as factors that associated with bird population trends. On average, species with body masses <6.6 and > 948.4 g showed decreasing trends, while all other species showed increasing or stable trends. Our findings illuminate the value of accounting for species absences from several data sources to discover long-term species population trends and affiliated functional traits whose preservation requires conservation and land management action to protect bird ecosystem services. Primary forest conservation is key to maintaining populations of habitat and dietary specialists, such as small understorey insectivorous and large frugivorous species. Protecting rare natural savanna patches from conversion to cattle pasture is vital to prevent further extirpation of native granivores and to slow colonization by exotic and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid36518272, year = {2022}, author = {MacIvor, JS and de Keyzer, CW and Marshall, MS and Thurston, GS and Onuferko, TM}, title = {Establishment of the non-native horned-face bee Osmia cornifrons and the taurus mason bee Osmia taurus (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in Canada.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e14216}, pmid = {36518272}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Bees ; Animals ; *Hymenoptera ; Pollination ; Ontario ; Quebec ; Agriculture ; }, abstract = {Established populations of the non-native horned-face bee, Osmia cornifrons (Radoszkowski, 1887), and the taurus mason bee, Osmia taurus Smith, 1873 (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), have been identified from Canada for the first time. In the US, the importation of O. cornifrons, beginning in the 1970s, led to its release for agricultural crop pollination and spread across the country. In this article, we report on O. cornifrons captured while sampling wild bees in Toronto, Ontario using hand nets, bug vacuums, and vane traps, as well as established populations in trap nests, from 2017-2020. The morphologically similar O. taurus, which was accidentally introduced to the US with shipments of imported O. cornifrons, was also recorded in our samples. Recently, a few individual O. taurus specimens have been identified from Ontario and Quebec; however, the extent of our sampling included nests, indicating it is also established in Canada. Others have shown its population growth to have been associated with concordant declines in abundances of native mason bee species in the US, and similar impacts are possible in Canada if action is not taken. We propose three non-mutually exclusive possible pathways for the arrival of O. cornifrons, as well as O. taurus, in Canada: (1) natural migration northward from non-native populations in the US, (2) international importation in the 1980s-2000s to support agricultural research programs, and (3) unintentional release of mason bee cocoons purchased from non-local vendors. We argue that a focus on enhancing populations of locally occurring native bees and stronger policy on the importation and sale of non-native bees are needed.}, }
@article {pmid36517541, year = {2022}, author = {Sedláková, V and Stará, J and Čílová, D and Melounová, M and Vašek, J and Vejl, P and Doležal, P and Kocourek, F and Hausvater, E and Sedlák, P}, title = {Bias in sex ratios and polyandry rate in reproduction of Leptinotarsa decemlineata.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {21637}, pmid = {36517541}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera/genetics ; Larva/genetics ; Reproduction/genetics ; Sex Ratio ; *Solanum tuberosum/genetics ; Male ; Female ; }, abstract = {The Colorado potato beetle (CPB, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Slechtd.) is an invasive pest with economic importance worldwide. Sex ratios during egg-hatching and a frequency of polyandry in single-female families were analysed to clarify the reproduction strategy of CPB, which was still known only in fragments. 1296 just hatching 1st instar CPB larvae were collected from 19 single-female families, of which 13 were random families collected from potato fields and 6 were families produced by laboratory farming of naturally fertilised females. All larvae were analysed to detect a sex using a qPCR-based method and to detect polymorphisms in genotypes of 9 microsatellite (SSR) markers. The bias in sex ratio in favour of females was confirmed using linear mixed-effects model in both experimental groups of families: field collections (F = 36.39; P = 0.0001) and laboratory farming (F = 13.74; P = 0.0139). The analysis of diversity in microsatellites proved the polyandry in all progenies as 73% of analysed segregation patterns did not match with the patterns expected for full-sib progenies; on average per locus, 46% of allelic and 49.7% of genotype ratios showed irregular segregation. Both findings contribute toward understanding CPB success rate as an invasive species, as the preferential bearing of females with polyandry has a great potential to keep fitness of progenies, to maintain and operate population diversity, and to accelerate the reproduction of the pest.}, }
@article {pmid36517148, year = {2022}, author = {Nie, P and Feng, J}, title = {Global niche and range shifts of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a highly virulent amphibian-killing fungus.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {126}, number = {11-12}, pages = {809-816}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2022.10.004}, pmid = {36517148}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {Animals ; Batrachochytrium ; *Chytridiomycota ; Amphibians/microbiology ; *Mycoses/veterinary ; Biodiversity ; }, abstract = {Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is one of the world's most invasive species, and is responsible for chytridiomycosis, an emerging infectious disease that has caused huge losses of global amphibian biodiversity. Few studies have investigated invasive Bd's niche and range relative to those of native Bd. In the present study, we applied niche and range dynamic models to investigate global niche and range dynamics between native and invasive Bd. Invasive Bd occupied wider and different niche positions than did native Bd. Additionally, invasive Bd was observed in hotter, colder, wetter, drier, and more labile climatic conditions. Contrast to most relevant studies presuming Bd's niche remaining stable, we found that invasive Bd rejected niche conservatism hypotheses, suggesting its high lability in niche, and huge invasion potential. Bd's niche non-conservatism may result in range lability, and small niche expansions could induce large increases in range. Niche shifts may therefore be a more sensitive indicator of invasion than are range shifts. Our findings indicate that Bd is a high-risk invasive fungus not only due to its high infection and mortality rates, but also due to its high niche and range lability, which enhance its ability to adapt to novel climatic conditions. Therefore, invasive Bd should be a high-priority focus species in strategizing against biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid36517143, year = {2022}, author = {van der Linde, EJ and Píchová, K and Pažoutová, S and Stodůlková, E and Flieger, M and Novák, P and Kolařík, M}, title = {Pre-invasion assessment on African invasive grasses revealed five new species of ergot fungi, Claviceps section Pusillae.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {126}, number = {11-12}, pages = {752-763}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2022.09.004}, pmid = {36517143}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {Humans ; *Claviceps/genetics ; Poaceae ; *Ergot Alkaloids ; South Africa ; African People ; }, abstract = {Ergot, the genus Claviceps comprises several deeply diverged lineages, recently classified as sections. Among them, the section Pusillae, is the most speciose, with a centre of distribution in Africa but occurring worldwide, often as a consequence of its invasive potential. This section includes the most severe plant pathogens such as Claviceps africana and C. gigantea, responsible for toxicoses and a significant reduction in the seed yields of Sorghum and Zea. In this study we surveyed ergot diversity in South Africa, focusing on grasses native to this region, but known for their high potential of invasiveness. The revision based on molecular and phenotypic markers revealed 16 species, with a high proportion of undescribed diversity, confirming Africa as a hot spot for this section. Five new species, Claviceps tulasnei, Claviceps eulaliae, Claviceps hypertheliae, Claviceps fredericksoniae and Claviceps arundinellae were described from Setaria, Eulalia, Hyperthelia, Miscanthus and Arundinella respectively. Claviceps texensis infecting Cenchrus, previously only identified from the same host in Texas, USA, was confirmed to be present in Africa, which is assumed to be its primary area of distribution. In addition, the host grass genus Anthephora is newly reported as a host of Claviceps digitariae. The most of the taxa were negligible concerning alkaloid production, with the exception of C. fredericksoniae, which is a sister of potent alkaloid producer C. africana, and produces mainly DH-ergosine, together with traces of DH-ergocornine. The host/parasite associations within Pusillae section is very narrow, suggesting that co-speciation is the major speciation driver in this group. Host grasses of the described species are already recognised invasive species and their ovarial parasites need to be monitored. This is highlighted by the fact that all Pusillae produced air-borne secondary conidia, which is autapomorphy of this section and considered to be important for their invasive abilities.}, }
@article {pmid36515256, year = {2023}, author = {Grossi, V and Severino, M and Massolo, A and Infantino, M and Laureti, F and Macchia, D and Meucci, E and Francescato, E and Pantera, B and Ebbli, A and Fumagalli, F and Lari, B and Perri, A and Liotti, I and Ciotta, G and Terenzi, G and Valeva, SV and Consolati, M and Folgore, T and Manfredi, M}, title = {Vespa velutina nigrithorax venom allergy: inhibition studies approach for the choice of specific immunotherapy.}, journal = {European annals of allergy and clinical immunology}, volume = {55}, number = {4}, pages = {161-165}, doi = {10.23822/EurAnnACI.1764-1489.277}, pmid = {36515256}, issn = {1764-1489}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Wasps ; *Venom Hypersensitivity ; *Insect Bites and Stings/therapy ; *Arthropod Venoms ; *Hypersensitivity/diagnosis/therapy/epidemiology ; Wasp Venoms/adverse effects ; *Hymenoptera ; Immunotherapy ; Immunoglobulin E ; Desensitization, Immunologic/methods ; }, abstract = {Vespa velutina nigrithorax (VVN), commonly known as Asian wasp because endemic in Asia, represents an alien species in Europe. VVN can induce allergic reactions similar to those caused by other Hymenoptera and death after VVN stings, presumably due to fatal allergic reactions, has been reported. In the treatment of Hymenoptera venom hypersensitivity, specific immunotherapy (VIT) is highly effective. Currently, there is no specific available VIT for VVN, so it is relevant to assess if patients stung by VVN and showing allergic reactions could be treated with the Hymenoptera commercially available extracts Vespa crabro (VC) and Vespula spp (Vspp) or if they need the specific VIT with VVN venom extract. Methods. Four patients with a clinical history of systemic reactions after VVN sting were evaluated. Serum specific IgE were assayed quantitatively with an automated fluoro-enzyme immunoassay ImmunoCAP™ Specific IgE by Phadia™ 1000 System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden) for VC, Vspp and VVN. Cap inhibition assays were performed incubating serum samples with 200 μl of each venom at increasing concentrations and subsequently specific IgE against each of the venoms were determined in the samples by Phadia™ 250 System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden). Results. Our results suggested that both Vspp and VC venoms were able to inhibit the specific IgE for VVN, although the VC compared to the Vspp venom showed a higher inhibition. Conclusions. Our inhibition studies suggested that VIT with VC venom, nowadays when there is not specific available VIT for VVN, may be more effective than Vspp VIT in patients with VVN sting reactions.}, }
@article {pmid36515109, year = {2022}, author = {Tay, WT and Rane, RV and James, W and Gordon, KHJ and Downes, S and Kim, J and Kuniata, L and Walsh, TK}, title = {Resistance Bioassays and Allele Characterization Inform Analysis of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Introduction Pathways in Asia and Australia.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {115}, number = {6}, pages = {1790-1805}, pmid = {36515109}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Spodoptera/genetics ; Hemolysin Proteins/pharmacology ; Alleles ; Endotoxins/genetics ; Insecticide Resistance/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Australia ; *Moths ; *Insecticides/pharmacology ; Larva ; Biological Assay ; Zea mays/genetics ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is present in over 70 countries in Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Its rapid dispersal since 2016 when it was first reported in western Africa, and associated devastation to agricultural productivity, highlight the challenges posed by this pest. Currently, its management largely relies on insecticide sprays and transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis toxins, therefore understanding their responses to these agents and characteristics of any resistance genes enables adaptive strategies. In Australia, S. frugiperda was reported at the end of January 2020 in northern Queensland and by March 2020, also in northern Western Australia. As an urgent first response we undertook bioassays on two Australian populations, one each from these initial points of establishment. To assist with preliminary sensitivity assessment, two endemic noctuid pest species, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner; Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) and Spodoptera litura (Fabricius; Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), were concurrently screened to obtain larval LC50 estimates against various insecticides. We characterized known resistance alleles from the VGSC, ACE-1, RyR, and ABCC2 genes to compare with published allele frequencies and bioassay responses from native and invasive S. frugiperda populations. An approximately 10× LC50 difference for indoxacarb was detected between Australian populations, which was approximately 28× higher than that reported from an Indian population. Characterization of ACE-1 and VGSC alleles provided further evidence of multiple introductions in Asia, and multiple pathways involving genetically distinct individuals in Australia. The preliminary bioassay results and resistance allele patterns from invasive S. frugiperda populations suggest multiple introductions have contributed to the pest's spread and challenge the axiom of its rapid 'west-to-east' spread.}, }
@article {pmid36515107, year = {2022}, author = {Volp, TM and Zalucki, MP and Furlong, MJ}, title = {What Defines a Host? Oviposition Behavior and Larval Performance of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Five Putative Host Plants.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {115}, number = {6}, pages = {1744-1751}, pmid = {36515107}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Female ; Animals ; Spodoptera ; Larva ; *Oviposition ; *Moths ; Zea mays ; }, abstract = {When an invasive species first breaches quarantine and establishes in yet another country, it invariably causes consternation for growers, in part because of incomplete understanding of the plants that are at risk. The Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is the most recent example in Australia. The number of plants that this polyphagous noctuid is reported to attack is vast, including many crop species. Consequently, initial reactions from grower industry groups that perceived themselves at risk were to demand emergency use of insecticides. Yet the field evidence suggests that many crops might not be at risk and since S. frugiperda arrived in Australia, maize crops have suffered most damage, followed by sorghum. We question the accuracy of some of the claims of reported host plants of S. frugiperda and report experiments that compared oviposition behavior, neonate silking behavior, and larval performance on five crops: the known hosts maize and sorghum, and the putative hosts cotton, peanut, and pigeon pea. Maize ranked highest in all preference and performance measures, followed by sorghum and peanut, with pigeon pea and cotton ranking lowest. Although S. frugiperda can survive, develop, and pupate on the crop species we examined, cotton and pigeon pea are not preferred by the pest in either the larval or adult stages. We suggest that before a plant is listed as a host for a given insect that the evidence should be fully reported and carefully evaluated. Collecting an immature insect from a plant does not make that plant a host!}, }
@article {pmid36515106, year = {2022}, author = {Babendreier, D and Toepfer, S and Bateman, M and Kenis, M}, title = {Potential Management Options for the Invasive Moth Spodoptera frugiperda in Europe.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {115}, number = {6}, pages = {1772-1782}, pmid = {36515106}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Spodoptera/physiology ; *Moths ; *Insecticides ; Ecosystem ; Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins ; Zea mays ; Crops, Agricultural ; }, abstract = {We here review and discuss management options that growers in Europe could take in response to the expected invasion of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The focus is put on maize but the information provided is also relevant for other crops potentially affected. A sound forecasting system for fall armyworm both on a regional as well as at local scale should be established to alert growers as early as possible. Whilst a number of cultural control methods are adopted by maize growers in different regions globally to fight fall armyworm, many of them may either not be highly effective, too laborious, or otherwise unfeasible within the mechanized crop production systems used in Europe. Potential is seen in the stimulation of natural enemies through conservation biocontrol approaches, e.g., the planting of flower strips or intermediate cover crops, reducing tillage intensity, and avoiding broad-spectrum insecticides. To manage fall armyworm infestations, several effective biologically-based products are available globally, and some in Europe, e.g., based on specific baculoviruses, certain Bacillus thuringiensis strains, few entomopathogenic nematodes, and a number of botanicals. These should be given priority to avoid a major influx of insecticides into the maize agro-ecosystem once the fall armyworm arrives and in case growers are not prepared. Plant protection companies, particularly biocontrol companies should act proactively in starting registration of ingredients and products against fall armyworm in Europe. European maize growers should be made aware, in time, of key features of this new invasive pest and appropriate control options.}, }
@article {pmid36515103, year = {2022}, author = {Van den Berg, J and Brewer, MJ and Reisig, DD}, title = {A Special Collection: Spodoptera frugiperda (Fall Armyworm): Ecology and Management of its World-Scale Invasion Outside of the Americas.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {115}, number = {6}, pages = {1725-1728}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toac143}, pmid = {36515103}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Spodoptera ; *Hemolysin Proteins ; *Endotoxins ; Insecticide Resistance ; Zea mays ; }, abstract = {The Special Collection 'Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm): Ecology and Management of its World-scale Invasion Outside of the Americas' presents reviews and research that address topics of overarching interest and contributes to a better understanding of this pest and its management, now that it has spread outside the Americas. The collection is a combination of invited articles presenting new information published for the first time, invited review papers, and a selection of relevant high-quality articles previously published in Journal of Economic Entomology (JEE). Articles in the Collection, as well as selected citations of articles in other publications, reflect the increase in research on S. frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which became the most important pest of maize in the world during recent years. This Special Collection addresses a wide range of topics, including pest behavior, host strains, insecticide and Bt protein resistance, biological control, host plant resistance, and yield loss estimates. Topics are presented in context of research primarily conducted in regions outside of the Americas where S. frugiperda has invaded and disrupted crop production to varying degrees. In recognition of further spread, the threat of a S. frugiperda invasion into Europe and potential management options are also presented.}, }
@article {pmid36511887, year = {2023}, author = {Mair, L and Amorim, E and Bicalho, M and Brooks, TM and Calfo, V and de T Capellão, R and Clubbe, C and Evju, M and Fernandez, EP and Ferreira, GC and Hawkins, F and Jiménez, RR and Jordão, LSB and Kyrkjeeide, MO and Macfarlane, NBW and Mattos, BC and de Melo, PHA and Monteiro, LM and Nic Lughadha, E and Pougy, N and Raimondo, DC and Setsaas, TH and Shen, X and de Siqueira, MF and Strassburg, BBN and McGowan, PJK}, title = {Quantifying and mapping species threat abatement opportunities to support national target setting.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {e14046}, pmid = {36511887}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Introduced Species ; Endangered Species ; }, abstract = {The successful implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity's post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework will rely on effective translation of targets from global to national level and increased engagement across diverse sectors of society. Species conservation targets require policy support measures that can be applied to a diversity of taxonomic groups, that link action targets to outcome goals, and that can be applied to both global and national data sets to account for national context, which the species threat abatement and restoration (STAR) metric does. To test the flexibility of STAR, we applied the metric to vascular plants listed on national red lists of Brazil, Norway, and South Africa. The STAR metric uses data on species' extinction risk, distributions, and threats, which we obtained from national red lists to quantify the contribution that threat abatement and habitat restoration activities could make to reducing species' extinction risk. Across all 3 countries, the greatest opportunity for reducing plant species' extinction risk was from abating threats from agricultural activities, which could reduce species' extinction risk by 54% in Norway, 36% in South Africa, and 29% in Brazil. Species extinction risk could be reduced by a further 21% in South Africa by abating threats from invasive species and by 21% in Brazil by abating threats from urban expansion. Even with different approaches to red-listing among countries, the STAR metric yielded informative results that identified where the greatest conservation gains could be made for species through threat-abatement and restoration activities. Quantifiably linking local taxonomic coverage and data collection to global processes with STAR would allow national target setting to align with global targets and enable state and nonstate actors to measure and report on their potential contributions to species conservation.}, }
@article {pmid36511663, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, L and Li, Q and Li, C and Wu, C and Chen, F and Chen, X and Zhang, F}, title = {Nitrate Nitrogen and pH Correlate with Changes in Rhizosphere Microbial Community Assemblages during Invasion of Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Bidens pilosa.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {e0364922}, pmid = {36511663}, issn = {2165-0497}, mesh = {Nitrates ; Ambrosia ; *Bidens ; Rhizosphere ; Nitrogen ; Introduced Species ; Soil/chemistry ; Plants ; *Microbiota ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {The rhizosphere of invasive plants presumably develops different soil microbial assemblages compared with native plants, which may hinder or promote their invasion. However, to date, no studies have clearly explored rhizosphere microbial community assemblages during invasion. The invasive species Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Bidens pilosa L. are widely distributed in China and are known to reduce local biodiversity and cause agricultural losses. Monoculture of A. artemisiifolia or B. pilosa, a mixture of each invasive and native species, and monoculture of native species were established to simulate different degrees of invasion. Metagenomic sequencing techniques were used to test microbial community structure and function. The aim was to explore the drivers of the assembly of peculiar functional microbes in the rhizosphere soil of invasive species during the long-term invasive-native species interaction. Compared with the native species, the relative abundance of 34 microbial genera was higher in the rhizosphere soil of the invasive species. The NO3-N concentration in the rhizosphere soil from the A. artemisiifolia and B. pilosa monocultures was lower than that from monocultures of the three native plants, whereas pH followed the opposite trend. The NO3-N concentration was significantly and negatively correlated with Sporichthya, Afipia, Actinokineospora, and Pseudolabrys. pH was positively correlated with Bradyrhizobium, Actinoplanes, Micromonospora, Steroidobacter, Burkholderia, and Labilithrix. The differences in soil microbes, NO3-N concentrations, and pH between native and invasive species suggest that the rhizosphere soil microbial assemblages may vary. The reduced NO3-N concentration and increased pH corelated with changes in rhizosphere microbial community during A. artemisiifolia and B. pilosa invasion. IMPORTANCE Soil microbial communities play a vital role in the growth of invasive plants. Invasive species may shape peculiar functional microbes in the rhizosphere soil of an invasive species to benefit its growth. However, the drivers of the assembly of soil microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil of invasive species remain unclear. Our study established the relationship between soil microbial communities and soil chemical properties during invasion by A. artemisiifolia and B. pilosa. Additionally, it showed that the presence of the invasive plants correlated with changes in NO3-N and pH, as well as in rhizosphere microbial community assemblage. Furthermore, the study provided important insights into the difference in the microbial community assembly between native and invasive plant species.}, }
@article {pmid36510844, year = {2023}, author = {Bierman, A and Karsten, M and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Genome assembly of Thaumatotibia leucotreta, a major polyphagous pest of agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa.}, journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {36510844}, issn = {2160-1836}, mesh = {Male ; Animals ; *Commerce ; Internationality ; *Moths/genetics ; Insecticide Resistance ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {The false codling moth (FCM; Thaumatotibia leucotreta, Meyrick; Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a highly polyphagous, major agricultural pest indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa. With growing international trade, there is an increasing concern about introducing this pest into other countries. In South Africa, FCM poses a risk to multiple crops, and is currently suppressed through a combination of chemical, microbial, cultural, augmentative biological control, and the sterile insect technique. Compared with other lepidopteran agricultural pests, such as codling moth Cydia pomonella, genetic and other -omic resources for FCM have not been as well developed and/or not made publicly available to date. The need to develop genomic resources to address questions around insecticide resistance, chemosensory capabilities, and ultimately, develop novel control methods (e.g. gene editing) of this pest is highlighted. In this study, an adult male was sequenced using long-read PacBio Sequel II reads and Illumina NextSeq short reads and assembled using a hybrid assembly pipeline and Pilon error correction. Using the chromosome-level genome assembly of Cy. pomonella, we performed comparative analysis, arranged FCM scaffolds to chromosomes, and investigated genetic variation related to insecticide resistance and chemosensory capabilities. This work provides a platform upon which to build future genomic research on this economically important agricultural pest.}, }
@article {pmid36510432, year = {2023}, author = {Greatens, N and Klejeski, N and Szabo, LJ and Jin, Y and Olivera, PD}, title = {Puccinia coronata var. coronata, a Crown Rust Pathogen of Two Highly Invasive Species, Is Detected Across the Midwest and Northeastern United States.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {107}, number = {7}, pages = {2009-2016}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-07-22-1711-RE}, pmid = {36510432}, issn = {0191-2917}, mesh = {United States ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; *Basidiomycota/genetics ; Poaceae ; New England ; }, abstract = {Puccinia coronata var. coronata (Pcc) causes crown rust disease of glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus) and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea), two highly invasive plant species in North America. Pcc is closely related to major pathogens of cereals, turfgrasses, and forage grasses. It occurs throughout Europe but was first recorded in North America in 2013. Where its hosts co-occur, such as in wetlands in the Twin Cities metro area in Minnesota, we have observed Pcc causing significant infection that results in defoliation and fruit loss in glossy buckthorns and premature leaf senescence in reed canarygrass. In this research, we mapped the distribution of this likely recently introduced rust fungus and provided a description of disease signs and symptoms and pathogen morphology. Samples were acquired by two primary means: by surveys in Minnesota and by correspondence with users of iNaturalist.org, a social network for nature enthusiasts and community scientists. With an Oxford Nanopore MinION, we sequenced two to four loci from 22 samples across 13 states and identified samples by phylogenetic analysis and sequence similarity. Notably, four pure isolates appear to have intragenomic variation of the ITS region. We found that Pcc is present throughout the range of glossy buckthorn in the eastern United States. In Minnesota, Pcc is not common outside the range of glossy buckthorn despite the presence of susceptible grass hosts.}, }
@article {pmid36509281, year = {2023}, author = {Shiferaw, H and Alamirew, T and Dzikiti, S and Bewket, W and Zeleke, G and Teketay, D and Schaffner, U}, title = {Water abstraction of invasive Prosopis juliflora and native Senegalia senegal trees: A comparative study in the Great Rift Valley Area, Ethiopia.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {862}, number = {}, pages = {160833}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160833}, pmid = {36509281}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Humans ; *Trees ; Ecosystem ; *Prosopis ; Ethiopia ; Water ; Senegal ; Soil ; Plant Transpiration ; }, abstract = {Besides direct water abstraction, natural water scarcity in semi-arid and arid regions may be further exacerbated by human-assisted changes in vegetation composition, including the invasion by non-native plant species. Water abstraction by the invasive tree Prosopis juliflora and by the native Senegalia senegal was compared in the dry Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia. Transpiration rates were quantified using the heat ratio method on six trees each of P. julifora and S. senegal, growing adjacent to each other in the same environment. Water use for P. juliflora trees ranges from 1 to 26 L/day (an average of 4.74 ± 1.97), and that of S. senegal trees from 1 to 38 L/day (an average of 5.48 ± 5.29 during two study years). For both species, soil heat, latent heat, and soil moisture status influenced the rates of sap flow of trees; in addition, water use by P. juliflora trees was related to vapor pressure deficit; the higher the vapor pressure deficit, the higher the water abstraction by P. juliflora. Stand densities of pure P. juliflora and S. senegal were 1200-1600 trees and 400-600 trees per ha, respectively. At the stand scale, P. juliflora consumed approximately 6636 L/day/ha (transpiration: 242 mm per year) and S. senegal stands consumed 2723 L/day/ha (transpiration: 87 mm per year). That is, P. juliflora stands consumed three times more water than S. senegal stands, because of two reasons: (1) P. juliflora stands are denser than S. senegal stands, and denser stands consume more water than less dense stands, and (2) P. juliflora is evergreen and uses water all year-round, while S. senegal sheds its leaves during the peak dry seasons. Our findings suggest that, compared to S. senegal, P. juliflora invasion results in severe impacts on groundwater resources of the drylands of Ethiopia, with direct and indirect consequences to ecosystem services and rural livelihoods.}, }
@article {pmid36508667, year = {2022}, author = {Sandin, SA and Becker, PA and Becker, C and Brown, K and Erazo, NG and Figuerola, C and Fisher, RN and Friedlander, AM and Fukami, T and Graham, NAJ and Gruner, DS and Holmes, ND and Holthuijzen, WA and Jones, HP and Rios, M and Samaniego, A and Sechrest, W and Semmens, BX and Thornton, HE and Vega Thurber, R and Wails, CN and Wolf, CA and Zgliczynski, BJ}, title = {Harnessing island-ocean connections to maximize marine benefits of island conservation.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {119}, number = {51}, pages = {e2122354119}, pmid = {36508667}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Ecosystem ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; Climate Change ; Mammals ; }, abstract = {Islands support unique plants, animals, and human societies found nowhere else on the Earth. Local and global stressors threaten the persistence of island ecosystems, with invasive species being among the most damaging, yet solvable, stressors. While the threat of invasive terrestrial mammals on island flora and fauna is well recognized, recent studies have begun to illustrate their extended and destructive impacts on adjacent marine environments. Eradication of invasive mammals and restoration of native biota are promising tools to address both island and ocean management goals. The magnitude of the marine benefits of island restoration, however, is unlikely to be consistent across the globe. We propose a list of six environmental characteristics most likely to affect the strength of land-sea linkages: precipitation, elevation, vegetation cover, soil hydrology, oceanographic productivity, and wave energy. Global databases allow for the calculation of comparable metrics describing each environmental character across islands. Such metrics can be used today to evaluate relative potential for coupled land-sea conservation efforts and, with sustained investment in monitoring on land and sea, can be used in the future to refine science-based planning tools for integrated land-sea management. As conservation practitioners work to address the effects of climate change, ocean stressors, and biodiversity crises, it is essential that we maximize returns from our management investments. Linking efforts on land, including eradication of island invasive mammals, with marine restoration and protection should offer multiplied benefits to achieve concurrent global conservation goals.}, }
@article {pmid36508148, year = {2023}, author = {Grez, AA and Zaviezo, T and Orellana, I and Pino, L and Roy, HE and Torres, F and Rebolledo, C}, title = {Citizen Science and Phytosanitary Surveillance Systems Are Complementary Tools to Follow the Invasion of Harmonia axyridis.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {46-56}, pmid = {36508148}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {1180533//Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient&#xed;fico y Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Citizen Science ; *Coleoptera ; Introduced Species ; Chile ; }, abstract = {Citizen science is a valuable tool for early detection, distribution, and spread of invasive alien species (IAS). Nevertheless, citizen science initiatives have several potential biases and may be complemented with long-term structured monitoring schemes. We analyzed the spatial-temporal dynamics of the invasion of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Chile, based upon two citizen sciences databases (WEB and INAT) and one structured monitoring (SAG). We collected 8638 H. axyridis occurrences between 2009 and 2020. WEB had a higher number of records than SAG and INAT, and in all databases, the number of records has increased over time. The three databases showed that the invasion started in central Chile and then spread toward the north and south. The WEB and SAG recorded occurrences in the extreme north and south, whereas INAT concentrated all the occurrences in a more limited area, included in WEB and SAG. Both citizen science initiatives concentrated their records in areas of high human populations whereas SAG records had a more even distribution across regions. At 2020, WEB accounted for 55%, SAG 54%, and INAT 8% of the total area accumulated with H. axyridis, with only 16% of area shared among databases. WEB and INAT obtained most of their records in urban and industrial land cover types, while SAG records were more evenly represented in different land cover types. Our results confirm that combined methods, including citizen science initiatives, national surveillance system, and localized samplings, complement each other in providing knowledge to understand the patterns, processes, and consequences of this invasion.}, }
@article {pmid36502977, year = {2023}, author = {Haoxiang, Z and Xiaoqing, X and Nianwan, Y and Yongjun, Z and Hui, L and Fanghao, W and Jianyang, G and Wanxue, L}, title = {Insights from the biogeographic approach for biocontrol of invasive alien pests: Estimating the ecological niche overlap of three egg parasitoids against Spodoptera frugiperda in China.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {862}, number = {}, pages = {160785}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160785}, pmid = {36502977}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Spodoptera ; Introduced Species ; *Moths ; *Hymenoptera ; Ecosystem ; Zea mays ; }, abstract = {Spodoptera frugiperda, the fall armyworm, causes major damage to maize and >80 other crops worldwide. Since S. frugiperda successfully invaded China in 2018 via long-distance migration from Myanmar, it has caused major maize yield losses and posed a severe threat to maize production and food security. The biocontrol approach for S. frugiperda using natural enemies is environmentally safe and effective. Estimating the potential suitable area (PSA) for S. frugiperda and its natural enemies can provide insights for its biocontrol and management. Therefore, based on the global distribution records and bioclimatic variables, we modeled the PSA of S. frugiperda and three egg parasitoids in China using an ensemble model (EM). We found that the prediction results of the EM were more reliable than those of a single model. The PSAs of S. frugiperda and its three egg parasitoids were mainly attributed to temperature variables. The PSA of S. frugiperda was divided into migratory and overwintering areas using the mean January 10 °C isotherm from 2018 to 2022. In the overwintering area, Trichogramma chilonis had the largest PSA overlap with S. frugiperda (94.57 %), followed by Telenomus remus (68.64 %) and Trichogramma dendrolimi (67.53 %). Telenomus remus and Tr. chilonis were the most effective egg parasitoids against S. frugiperda in the overwintering area. In the migratory area, Tr. chilonis had the largest PSA overlap with S. frugiperda (91.36 %), followed by Tr. dendrolimi (81.70 %) and Te. remus (15.23 %). Trichogramma dendrolimi would be the most effective egg parasitoid against S. frugiperda in the Yangtze River Basin and northeastern China. Trichogramma chilonis was the most effective egg parasitoid against S. frugiperda in central China. Our findings indicate that the three native egg parasitoids would be "good regulators" of S. frugiperda outbreaks in China.}, }
@article {pmid36502976, year = {2023}, author = {Díaz-Morales, DM and Bommarito, C and Knol, J and Grabner, DS and Noè, S and Rilov, G and Wahl, M and Guy-Haim, T and Sures, B}, title = {Parasitism enhances gastropod feeding on invasive and native algae while altering essential energy reserves for organismal homeostasis upon warming.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {863}, number = {}, pages = {160727}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160727}, pmid = {36502976}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Snails ; Temperature ; *Seaweed ; Homeostasis ; Lipids ; }, abstract = {Marine bioinvasions are of increasing attention due to their potential of causing ecological and economic loss. The seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla has recently invaded the Baltic Sea, where, under certain conditions, it was found to outcompete the native alga Fucus vesiculosus. Parasites of grazers and temperature are among the potential factors which might indirectly modulate the interactions between these co-occurring algae through their single and combined effects on grazing rates. We tested the temperature and parasitism effects on the feeding of the gastropod Littorina littorea on F. vesiculosus vs. G. vermiculophylla. Uninfected and trematode-infected gastropods were exposed to 10, 16, 22, and 28 °C for 4 days while fed with either algae. Faeces production was determined as a proxy for grazing rate, and HSP70 expression, glycogen and lipid concentrations were used to assess the gastropod's biochemical condition. Gracilaria vermiculophylla was grazed more than F. vesiculosus. Trematode infection significantly enhanced faeces production, decreased glycogen concentrations, and increased lipid concentrations in the gastropod. Warming significantly affected glycogen and lipid concentrations, with glycogen peaking at 16 °C and lipids at 22 °C. Although not significant, warming and trematode infection increased HSP70 levels. Increased faeces production in infected snails and higher faeces production by L. littorea fed with G. vermiculophylla compared to those which fed on F. vesiculosus, suggest parasitism as an important indirect modulator of the interaction between these algae. The changes in the gastropod's biochemical condition indicate that thermal stress induced the mobilization of energy reserves, suggesting a possible onset of compensatory metabolism. Finally, glycogen decrease in infected snails compared to uninfected ones might make them more susceptible to thermal stress.}, }
@article {pmid36502293, year = {2023}, author = {Lampert, A and Liebhold, AM}, title = {Optimizing the use of suppression zones for containment of invasive species.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {e2797}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2797}, pmid = {36502293}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Biodiversity ; *Moths ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Despite efforts to prevent their establishment, many invasive species continue to spread and threaten food production, human health, and natural biodiversity. Slowing the spread of established species is often a preferred strategy; however, it is also expensive and necessitates treatment over large areas. Therefore, it is critical to examine how to distribute management efforts over space cost-effectively. Here we consider a continuous-space bioeconomic model and we develop a novel algorithm to find the most cost-effective allocation of treatment efforts throughout a landscape. We show that the optimal strategy often comprises eradication in the yet-uninvaded area, and under certain conditions, it also comprises maintaining a "suppression zone," an area between the invaded and the uninvaded areas, where treatment reduces the invading population but without eliminating it. We examine how the optimal strategy depends on the demographic characteristics of the species and reveal general criteria for deciding when a suppression zone is cost effective.}, }
@article {pmid36501431, year = {2022}, author = {Šipek, M and Kutnar, L and Marinšek, A and Šajna, N}, title = {Contrasting Responses of Alien and Ancient Forest Indicator Plant Species to Fragmentation Process in the Temperate Lowland Forests.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {23}, pages = {}, pmid = {36501431}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {J1-2457//Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology/ ; P1-0403//Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology/ ; GoForMura//EEA Financial Mechanism 2009-2014 (SI02) and Government Office for Development and European Cohesion Policy of the Republic of Slovenia/ ; JGS task 1/2//Slovenian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food/ ; P4-0107//Slovenian Research Agency/ ; }, abstract = {Fragmentation is one of the major threats to biodiversity. In a fragmented landscape, forest specialists are losing suitable forest habitats with specific site and microclimate conditions, which results in their local extinction. Conversely, the invasion of alien species is facilitated by open forest areas and increased boundaries between forest fragments and adjacent land. We studied the effect of fragmentation in terms of fragment size impact on overall plant species richness and on selected ecologically important groups' richness, composition, and diversity. We surveyed vegetation in the interior of 47 fragments of various sizes and one unfragmented reference forest. Our results reveal that the effect of fragmentation is complex and differs for studied plant groups. Decreasing fragment size negatively affects the overall plant richness and richness of native and ancient forest indicator plants as well as their diversity, while the effect is positive for alien plants. The highest proportion of ancient forest indicator plant species and the lowest proportion of alien plants in the unfragmented forest underline the great conservation value of forest fragments. At the same time, our results reveal that large and diverse forest ecosystems are susceptible to biological invasions as well.}, }
@article {pmid36501368, year = {2022}, author = {Friedjung Yosef, A and Ghazaryan, L and Klamann, L and Kaufman, KS and Baubin, C and Poodiack, B and Ran, N and Gabay, T and Didi-Cohen, S and Bog, M and Khozin-Goldberg, I and Gillor, O}, title = {Diversity and Differentiation of Duckweed Species from Israel.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {23}, pages = {}, pmid = {36501368}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {16-38-0038//Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development/ ; }, abstract = {Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are tiny plants that float on aquatic surfaces and are typically isolated from temperate and equatorial regions. Yet, duckweed diversity in Mediterranean and arid regions has been seldom explored. To address this gap in knowledge, we surveyed duckweed diversity in Israel, an ecological junction between Mediterranean and arid climates. We searched for duckweeds in the north and center of Israel on the surface of streams, ponds and waterholes. We collected and isolated 27 duckweeds and characterized their morphology, molecular barcodes (atpF-atpH and psbK-psbI) and biochemical features (protein content and fatty acids composition). Six species were identified-Lemna minor, L. gibba and Wolffia arrhiza dominated the duckweed populations, and together with past sightings, are suggested to be native to Israel. The fatty acid profiles and protein content further suggest that diverged functions have attributed to different haplotypes among the identified species. Spirodela polyrhiza, W. globosa and L. minuta were also identified but were rarer. S. polyrhiza was previously reported in our region, thus, its current low abundance should be revisited. However, L. minuta and W. globosa are native to America and Far East Asia, respectively, and are invasive in Europe. We hypothesize that they may be invasive species to our region as well, carried by migratory birds that disperse them through their migration routes. This study indicates that the duckweed population in Israel's aquatic environments consists of both native and transient species.}, }
@article {pmid36501292, year = {2022}, author = {Kesel, E and Hudson, AO and Osier, MV}, title = {Whole-Genome Sequence, Assembly and Annotation of an Invasive Plant, Lonicera maackii (Amur Honeysuckle).}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {23}, pages = {}, pmid = {36501292}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {The invasive species Lonicera maackii (Amur Honeysuckle) is an increasing problem sweeping from the eastern United States toward the west, impacting normal forest development and animal survival across multiple taxa. Little is known about the genomics of this species, although a related invasive, Lonicera japonica, has been sequenced. Understanding the genomic foundation of the Lonicera maackii species could help us understand the biochemistry and life history that are the underpinnings of invasive success, as well as potential vulnerabilities and strengths which could guide research and development to control its spread. Here we present a draft, but high-quality, short-read whole-genome sequence, assembly, and annotation of Lonicera maackii, demonstrating that inexpensive and rapid short-read technologies can be successfully used in invasive species research. Despite being a short-read assembly, the genome length (7.93 × 10[8]) and completeness (estimated as 90.2-92.1% by BUSCO and Merqury) are close to the previously published chromosome-level sequencing of L. japonica. No bias, by means of a Gene Ontology analysis, was identified among missing BUSCOs. A duplication of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase gene in both Lonicera species is identified, and the potential impact on controlling these invasive species is discussed. Future prospects for a diversity analysis of invasive species is also discussed.}, }
@article {pmid36501288, year = {2022}, author = {Qi, Y and Xian, X and Zhao, H and Wang, R and Huang, H and Zhang, Y and Yang, M and Liu, W}, title = {Increased Invasion Risk of Tagetes minuta L. in China under Climate Change: A Study of the Potential Geographical Distributions.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {23}, pages = {}, pmid = {36501288}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {2021YFC2600400//the National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; caascx-2017-2022-IAS//Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {Tagetes minuta L., a member of the Tageftes genus belonging to the Asteraceae family, is a well-documented exotic plant native to South America that has become established in China. In this study, 784 occurrence records and 12 environmental variables were used to predict the potential geographical distributions (PGDs) of T. minuta under current and future climatic changes using an optimized MaxEnt model. The results showed that (1) three out of the twelve variables contributed the most to the model performance: isothermality (bio3), precipitation in the driest quarter (bio17), and precipitation in the warmest quarter (bio18); (2) the PGDs of T. minuta under the current climate covered 62.06 × 10[4] km[2], mainly in North, South, and Southwest China; and (3) climate changes will facilitate the expansion of the PGDs of T. minuta under three shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP 1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5) in both the 2030s and 2050s. The centroid of suitable habitats under SSP2-4.5 moved the longest distance. T. minuta has the capacity to expand in China, especially in Yunnan, where there exist no occurrence records. Customs, ports, and adjacent regions should strengthen the quarantine of imported goods and mobile personnel for T. minuta, and introduced seedlings should be isolated to minimize their introduction risk.}, }
@article {pmid36501274, year = {2022}, author = {Kato-Noguchi, H and Kato, M}, title = {Allelopathy and Allelochemicals of Solidago canadensis L. and S. altissima L. for Their Naturalization.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {23}, pages = {}, pmid = {36501274}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Solidago canadensis L. and Solidago altissima L. are native to North America and have naturalized many other continents including Europa and Asia. Their species is an aggressive colonizer and forms thick monospecific stands. The evidence of the allelopathy for S. canadensis and S. altissima has accumulated in the literature since the late 20th century. The root exudates, extracts, essential oil and rhizosphere soil of S. canadensis suppressed the germination, growth and the arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of several plants, including native plant species. Allelochemicals such as fatty acids, terpenes, flavonoids, polyphenols and their related compounds were identified in the extracts and essential oil of S. canadensis. The concentrations of total phenolics, total flavonoids and total saponins in the rhizosphere soil of S. canadensis obtained from the invasive ranges were greater than those from the native ranges. Allelochemicals such as terpenes, flavonoids, polyacetylene and phenols were also identified in the extracts, essential oil and the rhizosphere soil in S. altissima. Among the identified allelochemicals of S. altissima, the cis-dehydromatricaria ester may be involved in the allelopathy considering its growth inhibitory activity and its concentration in the rhizosphere soil. Therefore, the allelopathy of S. canadensis and S. altissima may support their invasiveness, naturalization and formation of thick monospecific stands. This is the first review article focusing on the allelopathy of both of S. canadensis and S. altissima.}, }
@article {pmid36499649, year = {2022}, author = {Ding, X and Zhao, R and Dai, Y and Zhang, Y and Lin, S and Ye, J}, title = {Comprehensive Analysis of Copy Number Variations on Glycoside Hydrolase 45 Genes among Different Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Strains.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {23}, number = {23}, pages = {}, pmid = {36499649}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {2021YFD1400903//National Key Research and Development Project/ ; 31800543//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; PAPD//Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Tylenchida/genetics ; DNA Copy Number Variations ; Glycoside Hydrolases/genetics ; Plant Diseases ; *Pinus ; *Rhabditida ; }, abstract = {Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is considered the most dangerous quarantine pest in China. It causes enormous economic and ecological losses in many countries from Asia and Europe. The glycoside hydrolase 45 gene family has been demonstrated in early studies to contribute to the cell wall degradation ability of B. xylophilus during its infection. However, the copy number variation (CNV) of the GH45 gene and its association with B. xylophilus pathogenicity were not fully elucidated. In this study, we found that the GH45 gene with two copies is the most predominant type among 259 B. xylophilus strains collected from China and Japan. Additionally, 18 strains are identified as GH45 genes with a single copy, and only two strains are verified to have three copies. Subsequent expression analysis and inoculation test suggest that the copy numbers of the GH45 gene are correlated with gene expression as well as the B. xylophilus pathogenicity. B. xylophilus strains with more copies of the GH45 gene usually exhibit more abundant expression and cause more severe wilt symptoms on pine trees. The aforementioned results indicated the potential regulatory effects of CNV in B. xylophilus and provided novel information to better understand the molecular pathogenesis of this devastating pest.}, }
@article {pmid36499385, year = {2022}, author = {Wen, TY and Zhang, Y and Wu, XQ and Ye, JR and Qiu, YJ and Rui, L}, title = {Studies on the Requirement of Transthyretin Protein (BxTTR-52) for the Suppression of Host Innate Immunity in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {23}, number = {23}, pages = {}, pmid = {36499385}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {2021YFD1400903//National Key R &amp; D Program of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Tylenchida/genetics ; *Pinus/parasitology ; *Rhabditida ; Virulence ; Immunity, Innate ; Plant Diseases/parasitology ; }, abstract = {The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has been determined as one of the world's top ten plant-parasitic nematodes. It causes pine wilt, a progressive disease that affects the economy and ecologically sustainable development in East Asia. B. xylophilus secretes pathogenic proteins into host plant tissues to promote infection. However, little is known about the interaction between B. xylophilus and pines. Previous studies reported transthyretin proteins in some species and their strong correlation with immune evasion, which has also been poorly studied in B. xylophilus. In this study, we cloned and functionally validated the B. xylophilus pathogenic protein BxTTR-52, containing a transthyretin domain. An in situ hybridization assay demonstrated that BxTTR-52 was expressed mainly in the esophageal glands of B. xylophilus. Confocal microscopy revealed that BxTTR-52-RFP localized to the nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane. BxTTR-52 recombinant proteins produced by Escherichia coli could be suppressed by hydrogen peroxide and antioxidant enzymes in pines. Moreover, silencing BxTTR-52 significantly attenuated the morbidity of Pinus thunbergii infected with B. xylophilus. It also suppressed the expression of pathogenesis-related genes in P. thunbergii. These results suggest that BxTTR-52 suppresses the plant immune response in the host pines and might contribute to the pathogenicity of B. xylophilus in the early infection stages.}, }
@article {pmid36497518, year = {2022}, author = {Xu, S and Li, K and Li, G and Hu, Z and Zhang, J and Iqbal, B and Du, D}, title = {Canada Goldenrod Invasion Regulates the Effects of Soil Moisture on Soil Respiration.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {19}, number = {23}, pages = {}, pmid = {36497518}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {*Soil ; *Introduced Species ; Soil Microbiology ; Wetlands ; Carbon Cycle ; }, abstract = {Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) is considered one of the most deleterious and invasive species worldwide, and invasion of riparian wetlands by S. canadensis can reduce vegetation diversity and alter soil nutrient cycling. However, little is known about how S. canadensis invasion affects soil carbon cycle processes, such as soil respiration, in a riparian wetland. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different degrees of S. canadensis invasion on soil respiration under different moisture conditions. Soil respiration rate (heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration) was measured using a closed-chamber method. S. canadensis invasion considerably reduced soil respiration under all moisture conditions. The inhibition effect on autotrophic respiration was higher than that on heterotrophic respiration. The water level gradient affects the soil autotrophic respiration, thereby affecting the soil respiration rate. The changes in soil respiration may be related to the alteration in the effective substrate of the soil substrate induced by the invasion of S. canadensis. While the effects of S. canadensis invasion were regulated by the fluctuation in moisture conditions. Our results implied that S. canadensis invasion could reduce the soil respiration, which further potentially affect the carbon sequestration in the riparian wetlands. Thus, the present study provided a reference for predicting the dynamics of carbon cycling during S. canadensis invasion and constituted a scientific basis for the sustainable development and management of riparian wetlands invaded by alien plants.}, }
@article {pmid36496757, year = {2022}, author = {Villero, D and Montori, A and Llorente, GA and Roura-Pascual, N and Geniez, P and Brotons, L}, title = {Global Warming and Long-Distance Spread of Invasive Discoglossus pictus (Amphibia, Alytidae): Conservation Implications for Protected Amphibians in the Iberian Peninsula.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {23}, pages = {}, pmid = {36496757}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Discoglossus pictus is a North African amphibian that was introduced in southern France early the 20th century and has spread south and north along the Mediterranean coastal plains up to 170 km. In order to disentangle the conservation implications of the spread of D. pictus for sensitive native species, we examined the impact of long-term climate warming on the basis of niche overlap analysis, taking into account abiotic factors. The study area covered the distribution ranges of all genus Discoglossus species in northwestern Africa (659,784 km[2]), Sicily (27,711 km[2]), the Iberian Peninsula, and southern France (699,546 km[2]). Niche overlap was measured from species environmental spaces extracted via PCA, including climate and relief environmental variables. Current and future climatic suitability for each species was assessed in an ensemble-forecasting framework of species distribution models, built using contemporary species data and climate predictors and projected to 2070's climatic conditions. Our results show a strong climatic niche overlap between D. pictus and native and endemic species in the Iberian Peninsula. In this context, all species will experience an increase in climatic suitability over the next decades, with the only exception being Pelodytes punctatus, which could be negatively affected by synergies between global warming and cohabitation with D. pictus.}, }
@article {pmid36494323, year = {2023}, author = {Petri, L and Beaury, EM and Corbin, J and Peach, K and Sofaer, H and Pearse, IS and Early, R and Barnett, DT and Ibáñez, I and Peet, RK and Schafale, M and Wentworth, TR and Vanderhorst, JP and Zaya, DN and Spyreas, G and Bradley, BA}, title = {SPCIS: Standardized Plant Community with Introduced Status database.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {104}, number = {3}, pages = {e3947}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3947}, pmid = {36494323}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Plants ; Introduced Species ; Puerto Rico ; Biodiversity ; }, abstract = {The movement of plant species across the globe exposes native communities to new species introductions. While introductions are pervasive, two aspects of variability underlie patterns and processes of biological invasions at macroecological scales. First, only a portion of introduced species become invaders capable of substantially impacting ecosystems. Second, species that do become invasive at one location may not be invasive in others; impacts depend on invader abundance and recipient species and conditions. Accounting for these phenomena is essential to accurately understand the patterns of plant invasion and explain the idiosyncratic results reflected in the literature on biological invasions. The lack of community-level richness and the abundance of data spanning broad scales and environmental conditions have until now hindered our understanding of invasions at a macroecological scale. To address this limitation, we leveraged quantitative surveys of plant communities in the USA and integrated and harmonized nine datasets into the Standardized Plant Community with Introduced Status (SPCIS) database. The database contains 14,056 unique taxa identified within 83,391 sampling units, of which 52.6% have at least one introduced species. The SPCIS database includes comparable information on plant species occurrence, abundance, and native status across the 50 U.S. States and Puerto Rico. SPCIS can be used to answer macro-scale questions about native plant communities and interactions with invasive plants. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and we ask the users of this dataset to cite this paper, the respective paper(s) corresponding to the dataset sampling design (all references are provided in Data S1: Metadata S1: Class II-B-2), and the references described in Data S1: Metadata S1: Class III-B-4 as applicable to the dataset being utilized.}, }
@article {pmid36482783, year = {2024}, author = {Shan, L and Oduor, AMO and Huang, W and Liu, Y}, title = {Nutrient enrichment promotes invasion success of alien plants via increased growth and suppression of chemical defenses.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {e2791}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2791}, pmid = {36482783}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {2021VBB0004//Chinese Academy of Sciences - President's International Fellowship Initiative/ ; Y9B7041001//Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Tannins ; Plants ; Nutrients ; Herbivory ; Flavonoids ; Hormones ; }, abstract = {In support of the prediction of the enemy release hypothesis regarding a growth-defense trade-off, invasive alien plants often exhibit greater growth and lower anti-herbivory defenses than native plants. However, it remains unclear how nutrient enrichment of invaded habitats may influence competitive interactions between invasive alien and co-occurring native plants, as well as production of anti-herbivore defense compounds, growth-promoting hormones, and defense-regulating hormones by the two groups of plants. Here, we tested whether: (i) nutrient enrichment causes invasive alien plants to produce greater biomass and lower concentrations of the defense compounds flavonoids and tannins than native plants; and (ii) invasive alien plants produce lower concentrations of a defense-regulating hormone jasmonic acid (JA) and higher concentrations of a growth-promoting hormone gibberellic acid (GA3). In a greenhouse experiment, we grew five congeneric pairs of invasive alien and native plant species under two levels each of nutrient enrichment (low vs. high), simulated herbivory (leaf clipping vs. no-clipping), and competition (alone vs. competition) in 2.5-L pots. In the absence of competition, high-nutrient treatment induced a greater increase in total biomass of invasive alien species than that of native species, whereas the reverse was true under competition as native species benefitted more from nutrient enrichment than invasive alien species. Moreover, high-nutrient treatment caused a greater increase in total biomass of invasive alien species than that of native species in the presence of simulated herbivory. Competition induced higher production of flavonoids and tannins. Simulated herbivory induced higher flavonoid expression in invasive alien plants under low-nutrient than high-nutrient treatments. However, flavonoid concentrations of native plants did not change under nutrient enrichment and simulated herbivory treatments. Invasive alien plants produced higher concentrations of GA3 than native plants. Taken together, these results suggest that impact of nutrient enrichment on growth of invasive alien and co-occurring native plants may depend on the level of competition that they experience. Moreover, invasive alien plants might adjust their flavonoid-based defense more efficiently than native plants in response to variation in soil nutrient availability and herbivory pressure. Our findings suggest that large-scale efforts to reduce nutrient enrichment of invaded habitats may help to control future invasiveness of target alien plant species.}, }
@article {pmid36482098, year = {2022}, author = {Salis, P and Peyran, C and Morage, T and de Bernard, S and Nourikyan, J and Coupé, S and Bunet, R and Planes, S}, title = {RNA-Seq comparative study reveals molecular effectors linked to the resistance of Pinna nobilis to Haplosporidium pinnae parasite.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {21229}, pmid = {36482098}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; RNA-Seq ; *Parasites ; France ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {With the intensification of maritime traffic, recently emerged infectious diseases have become major drivers in the decline and extinction of species. Since 2016, mass mortality events have decimated the endemic Mediterranean Sea bivalve Pinna nobilis, affecting ca. 100% of individuals. These events have largely been driven by Haplosporidium pinnae's infection, an invasive species which was likely introduced by shipping. While monitoring wild populations of P. nobilis, we observed individuals that survived such a mass mortality event during the summer of 2018 (France). We considered these individuals resistant, as they did not show any symptoms of the disease, while the rest of the population in the area was devastated. Furthermore, the parasite was not detected when we conducted a PCR amplification of a species-specific fragment of the small subunit ribosomal DNA. In parallel, the transcriptomic analysis showed evidence of some parasite RNA indicating that the resistant individuals had been exposed to the parasite without proliferating. To understand the underlying mechanisms of resistance in these individuals, we compared their gene expression with that of susceptible individuals. We performed de novo transcriptome assembly and annotated the expressed genes. A comparison of the transcriptomes in resistant and susceptible individuals highlighted a gene expression signature of the resistant phenotype. We found significant differential expressions of genes involved in immunity and cell architecture. This data provides the first insights into how individuals escape the pathogenicity associated with infection.}, }
@article {pmid36482091, year = {2022}, author = {Dahal, N and Glyshaw, P and Carter, G and Vanderploeg, HA and Denef, VJ}, title = {Impacts of an invasive filter-feeder on bacterial biodiversity are context dependent.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {99}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiac149}, pmid = {36482091}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Biodiversity ; Bacteria/genetics ; Lakes/microbiology ; Water ; }, abstract = {Bacteria represent most of the biodiversity and play key roles in virtually every ecosystem. In doing so, bacteria act as part of complex communities shaped by interactions across all domains of life. Here, we report on direct interactions between bacteria and dreissenid mussels, a group of invasive filter-feeders threatening global aquatic systems due to high filtration rates. Previous studies showed that dreissenids can impact bacterial community structure by changing trait distributions and abundances of specific taxa. However, studies on bacterial community effects were conducted using water from Lake Michigan (an oligotrophic lake) only, and it is unknown whether similar patterns are observed in systems with differing nutrient regimes. We conducted ten short-term dreissenid grazing experiments in 2019 using water from two eutrophic lake regions-the western basin of Lake Erie and Saginaw Bay in Lake Huron. Predation by dreissenids led to decline in overall bacterial abundance and diversity in both lakes. However, feeding on bacteria was not observed during every experiment. We also found that traits related to feeding resistance are less phylogenetically conserved than previously thought. Our results highlight the role of temporal, spatial, and genomic heterogeneity in bacterial response dynamics to a globally important invasive filter feeder.}, }
@article {pmid36482050, year = {2023}, author = {Cove, MV and Herrmann, V and Herrera, DJ and Augustine, BC and Flockhart, DTT and McShea, WJ}, title = {Counting the Capital's cats: Estimating drivers of abundance of free-roaming cats with a novel hierarchical model.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {e2790}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2790}, pmid = {36482050}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; *Population Control/methods ; *Animals, Wild ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Population Density ; Environment ; }, abstract = {Free-roaming cats are a conservation concern in many areas but identifying their impacts and developing mitigation strategies requires a robust understanding of their distribution and density patterns. Urban and residential areas may be especially relevant in this process because free-roaming cats are abundant in these anthropogenic landscapes. Here, we estimate the occupancy and density of free-roaming cats in Washington D.C. and relate these metrics to known landscape and social factors. We conducted an extended camera trap survey of public and private spaces across D.C. and analyzed data collected from 1483 camera deployments from 2018 to 2020. We estimated citywide cat distribution by fitting hierarchical occupancy models and further estimated cat abundance using a novel random thinning spatial capture-recapture model that allows for the use of photos that can and cannot be identified to individual. Within this model, we utilized individual covariates that provided identity exclusions between photos of unidentifiable cats with inconsistent coat patterns, thus increasing the precision of abundance estimates. This combined model also allowed for unbiased estimation of density when animals cannot be identified to individual at the same rate as for free-roaming cats whose identifiability depended on their coat characteristics. Cat occupancy and abundance declined with increasing distance from residential areas, an effect that was more pronounced in wealthier neighborhoods. There was noteworthy absence of cats detected in larger public spaces and forests. Realized densities ranged from 0.02 to 1.75 cats/ha in sampled areas, resulting in a district-wide estimate of ~7296 free-roaming cats. Ninety percent of cat detections lacked collars and nearly 35% of known individuals were ear-tipped, indicative of district Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) programs. These results suggest that we mainly sampled and estimated the unowned cat subpopulation, such that indoor/outdoor housecats were not well represented. The precise estimation of cat population densities is difficult due to the varied behavior of subpopulations within free-roaming cat populations (housecats, stray and feral cats), but our methods provide a first step in establishing citywide baselines to inform data-driven management plans for free-roaming cats in urban environments.}, }
@article {pmid36481716, year = {2023}, author = {Sun, Z and Wang, J and Chen, B and Zhang, D and Wang, H}, title = {Potential impacts of siltation by Spartina alterniflora on nutrient dynamics in its decomposing litters in coastal marsh of the Min River estuary, southeast China.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {183}, number = {}, pages = {105840}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105840}, pmid = {36481716}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {*Wetlands ; *Estuaries ; Rivers/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Carbon/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Sulfur ; Poaceae ; China ; }, abstract = {The Spartina alterniflora started to invade the Min River estuary (Southeast China) in 2002 and, thereafter, its invasion area showed an increasing trend. Since the siltation depths caused by S. alterniflora in the Min River estuary were much higher (4.8-7.2 cm yr[-1]) than the values reported in other coastal regions of China (3.5-6.5 cm yr[-1]), the impacts of siltation on nutrient cycle processes in this region might be more evident. In order to explore the potential effects of siltation by S. alterniflora on nutrient ((carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and sulfur (S)) variations in its decaying litters, three one-off siltation treatments (no siltation scenario (0 cm yr[-1], NSS), current siltation scenario (5 cm yr[-1], CSS) and strong siltation scenario (10 cm yr[-1], SSS)) were designed in coastal marsh of the Min River estuary and the in-situ decomposition experiment was conducted from February 2016 to February 2017 by litterbag technique. Results showed that the siltation caused by S. alterniflora showed significant impact on its decomposition rate, following the sequence of NSS (0.005638 d[-1]) > SSS (0.003005 d[-1]) > CSS (0.002478 d[-1]) (p < 0.05). The total carbon (TC) contents in decomposing litters in the three siltation treatments showed dissimilar fluctuations and significantly higher values were observed in the CSS and SSS treatments compared to the NSS treatment. The contents of total nitrogen (TN) and total sulfur (TS) in decomposing detritus in the three siltation treatments generally showed increasing trend during the whole decomposition, while those of total phosphorus (TP) showed increasing trend after decomposing for 30 days. The differences in nutrient variations among the three siltation treatments, to a great extent, rested with the alterations of substrate quality in detritus during the experiment. Although the stocks of C, N, P and S in detritus in the three siltation treatments evidenced the release from litters to the surroundings during decomposition, the release amounts of these nutrients in some periods were at a lower level. With increasing siltation depths, the release of C, N and P from detritus was generally restrained during the whole decomposition, while that of S from decaying litters was inhibited only at the late stage of decomposition. This paper found that the siltation caused by S. alterniflora reduced the nutrient return (particularly for C, N and P) from its detritus, which, in turn, might greatly alter the nutrient cycle in S. alterniflora marsh.}, }
@article {pmid36480611, year = {2022}, author = {Figueroa-Muñoz, G and Correa-Araneda, F and Cid-Aguayo, B and Henríquez, A and Arias, L and Arismendi, I and Gomez-Uchida, D}, title = {Co-management of Chile's escaped farmed salmon.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {378}, number = {6624}, pages = {1060-1061}, doi = {10.1126/science.adf6211}, pmid = {36480611}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Salmon ; Seafood ; Chile ; *Aquaculture ; Introduced Species ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; }, }
@article {pmid36478292, year = {2023}, author = {Hossack, BR and Oja, EB and Owens, AK and Hall, D and Cobos, C and Crawford, CL and Goldberg, CS and Hedwall, S and Howell, PE and Lemos-Espinal, JA and MacVean, SK and McCaffery, M and Mosley, C and Muths, E and Sigafus, BH and Sredl, MJ and Rorabaugh, JC}, title = {Empirical evidence for effects of invasive American Bullfrogs on occurrence of native amphibians and emerging pathogens.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {e2785}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2785}, pmid = {36478292}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Rana catesbeiana/microbiology ; Bayes Theorem ; *Chytridiomycota ; Amphibians ; Ranidae ; Biodiversity ; }, abstract = {Invasive species and emerging infectious diseases are two of the greatest threats to biodiversity. American Bullfrogs (Rana [Lithobates] catesbeiana), which have been introduced to many parts of the world, are often linked with declines in native amphibians via predation and the spread of emerging pathogens such as amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis [Bd]) and ranaviruses. Although many studies have investigated the potential role of bullfrogs in the decline of native amphibians, analyses that account for shared habitat affinities and imperfect detection have found limited support for clear effects. Similarly, the role of bullfrogs in shaping the patch-level distribution of pathogens is unclear. We used eDNA methods to sample 233 sites in the southwestern USA and Sonora, Mexico (2016-2018) to estimate how the presence of bullfrogs affects the occurrence of four native amphibians, Bd, and ranaviruses. Based on two-species, dominant-subordinate occupancy models fitted in a Bayesian context, federally threatened Chiricahua Leopard Frogs (Rana chiricahuensis) and Western Tiger Salamanders (Ambystoma mavortium) were eight times (32% vs. 4%) and two times (36% vs. 18%), respectively, less likely to occur at sites where bullfrogs occurred. Evidence for the negative effects of bullfrogs on Lowland Leopard Frogs (Rana yavapaiensis) and Northern Leopard Frogs (Rana pipiens) was less clear, possibly because of smaller numbers of sites where these native species still occurred and because bullfrogs often occur at lower densities in streams, the primary habitat for Lowland Leopard Frogs. At the community level, Bd was most likely to occur where bullfrogs co-occurred with native amphibians, which could increase the risk to native species. Ranaviruses were estimated to occur at 33% of bullfrog-only sites, 10% of sites where bullfrogs and native amphibians co-occurred, and only 3% of sites where only native amphibians occurred. Of the 85 sites where we did not detect any of the five target amphibian species, we also did not detect Bd or ranaviruses; this suggests other hosts do not drive the distribution of these pathogens in our study area. Our results provide landscape-scale evidence that bullfrogs reduce the occurrence of native amphibians and increase the occurrence of pathogens, information that can clarify risks and aid the prioritization of conservation actions.}, }
@article {pmid36478264, year = {2023}, author = {Mairal, M and García-Verdugo, C and Le Roux, JJ and Chau, JH and van Vuuren, BJ and Hui, C and Münzbergová, Z and Chown, SL and Shaw, JD}, title = {Multiple introductions, polyploidy and mixed reproductive strategies are linked to genetic diversity and structure in the most widespread invasive plant across Southern Ocean archipelagos.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {756-771}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16809}, pmid = {36478264}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Humans ; *Genetic Variation/genetics ; *Polyploidy ; Reproduction ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions in remote areas that experience low human activity provide unique opportunities to elucidate processes responsible for invasion success. Here we study the most widespread invasive plant species across the isolated islands of the Southern Ocean, the annual bluegrass, Poa annua. To analyse geographical variation in genome size, genetic diversity and reproductive strategies, we sampled all major sub-Antarctic archipelagos in this region and generated microsatellite data for 470 individual plants representing 31 populations. We also estimated genome sizes for a subset of individuals using flow cytometry. Occasional events of island colonization are expected to result in high genetic structure among islands, overall low genetic diversity and increased self-fertilization, but we show that this is not the case for P. annua. Microsatellite data indicated low population genetic structure and lack of isolation by distance among the sub-Antarctic archipelagos we sampled, but high population structure within each archipelago. We identified high levels of genetic diversity, low clonality and low selfing rates in sub-Antarctic P. annua populations (contrary to rates typical of continental populations). In turn, estimates of selfing declined in populations as genetic diversity increased. Additionally, we found that most P. annua individuals are probably tetraploid and that only slight variation exists in genome size across the Southern Ocean. Our findings suggest multiple independent introductions of P. annua into the sub-Antarctic, which promoted the establishment of genetically diverse populations. Despite multiple introductions, the adoption of convergent reproductive strategies (outcrossing) happened independently in each major archipelago. The combination of polyploidy and a mixed reproductive strategy probably benefited P. annua in the Southern Ocean by increasing genetic diversity and its ability to cope with the novel environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid36474645, year = {2023}, author = {Piczak, ML and Brooks, JL and Boston, C and Doka, SE and Portiss, R and Lapointe, NWR and Midwood, JD and Cooke, SJ}, title = {Spatial ecology of non-native common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Lake Ontario with implications for management.}, journal = {Aquatic sciences}, volume = {85}, number = {1}, pages = {20}, pmid = {36474645}, issn = {1015-1621}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Common carp, Cyprinus carpio, are a non-native species that established within the Laurentian Great Lakes more than a century ago and are abundant in some locations. Common carp have negatively impacted freshwater ecosystems, including in the Great Lakes, by increasing turbidity and uprooting vegetation through foraging and/or spawning activities. Knowledge of spatial ecology is necessary to effectively manage non-native species and aid in the development of remediation strategies. The aim of this study was to examine the spatial ecology of common carp across multiple spatial scales within Lake Ontario using passive acoustic telemetry. First, Residency Index (RI), as a metric for habitat preference, was calculated for common carp in Toronto Harbour (TH) and Hamilton Harbour (HH). Linear mixed modelling revealed that season, as well as the interaction between season and physical habitat conditions significantly affected RI. Specifically, during spring and summer common carp had significantly higher RI at sites with increased submerged aquatic vegetation, which could be associated with spawning activities. All common carp tagged in HH were resident, compared to half of individuals tagged in TH. Larger individuals tagged in TH were more likely to be absent from the array during summer. Non-resident common carp tagged at TH made extensive movements in spring and summer along the nearshore of Lake Ontario and were detected throughout the entire basin. Knowledge of spawning habitat could inform efforts to exclude common carp from these specific locations. Based on our findings, common carp should be managed at a regional level, as opposed to single sites, owing to their extensive movements.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00027-022-00917-9.}, }
@article {pmid36474092, year = {2023}, author = {Londe, DW and Joshi, O and York, BC and Davis, CA and Loss, SR and Robertson, EP and Hovick, TJ}, title = {Climate Change and Wetlands in the Southern Great Plains: How Are Managers Dealing with an Uncertain Future?.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, pages = {379-392}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-022-01758-w}, pmid = {36474092}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {*Wetlands ; *Climate Change ; Uncertainty ; Water ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Little guidance is available to assist wetland managers in developing climate adaptation plans. To facilitate development of recommendations for adaptation strategies, it is essential to first determine if or how wetland managers are addressing these challenges. We used an online survey to solicit feedback from wetland managers and biologists in the Southern Great Plains of North America to gain information on perceptions of wetland managers regarding climate change; assess how the effects of climate change are being addressed through management; and identify barriers to implementing climate change adaptation. The majority of wetland managers (63%) agreed they are currently experiencing effects of climate change in wetlands, and most respondents (76%) reported that changes in the timing of water availability throughout the year was the most likely impact. Managers reported using a diversity of approaches in managing for changing precipitation, with management of native and invasive plant species being the two most common practices. Lack of funding and personnel were the most commonly identified factors limiting manager's response to changing precipitation patterns. In addition, >50% of managers indicated uncertainty about the effects of climate change on wetlands as a barrier to management, which may relate to limited access to peer-reviewed science. While most of the management practices reported were short-term measures and may not reflect long-term adaptation for climate change, the fact that many managers are considering climate change in their management suggests that there is considerable opportunities to continue developing capacity for climate change adaptation in the region.}, }
@article {pmid36470387, year = {2023}, author = {Kalogianni, E and Koutsikos, N and Karaouzas, I and Smeti, E and Kapakos, Y and Laschou, S and Dimitriou, E and Vardakas, L}, title = {REVIVE: A feasibility assessment tool for freshwater fish conservation translocations in Mediterranean rivers.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {862}, number = {}, pages = {160595}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160595}, pmid = {36470387}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Rivers ; Ecosystem ; Biodiversity ; Feasibility Studies ; Fresh Water ; Fishes ; *Cyprinidae/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Water ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; }, abstract = {Conservation translocation is a management action applied for population recovery of threatened freshwater fishes, often however with partially successful outcome, mainly due to inadequate feasibility assessment prior to the translocation. Up to date, feasibility assessments have been mainly focused on economically important species (e.g., salmonids) inhabiting perennial rivers, while little attention has been given to fish translocations in rivers in Mediterranean climate areas. In this study, we developed a robust feasibility assessment tool for freshwater fish translocations in Mediterranean-type riverine ecosystems within an interdisciplinary, multispecies approach. The REVIVE tool integrates quantitative and semi-quantitative data, incorporates uncertainty and consists of two main components. The first component is the evaluation of the potential release water bodies (R-WBs) for their suitability for the planned translocation, incorporating a number of essential criteria for Mediterranean rivers, with emphasis on flow regime and habitat quantity. Additional criteria include the current and historical presence of the target species, water and biological quality, habitat suitability in terms of the ecological requirements of the target species, alien invasive species' pressure, and hydromorphological pressures, including their mitigation potential. The second component is the evaluation of the potential source water bodies (S-WBs) in terms of genetic compatibility and provision of a sufficient number of propagules. A trial application in a Mediterranean basin (Vassilopotamos River, Southern Greece) for the potential translocation of two threatened cyprinids in five R-WBs indicated the robustness of the tool. This integrative, flexible tool combines several elements identified as essential in reintroduction biology and can have wider applications, for a multitude of freshwater fish taxa and riverine systems, maximizing the success of planned translocation actions by natural resources' managers. Modifications to enable its transferability to other river types or fish taxa are also discussed.}, }
@article {pmid36467510, year = {2022}, author = {Saeki, I and Li, Y}, title = {Restoration Contributes to Maintain Ecosystem Services and Bio-Cultural Linkages Between Wetlands and Local Communities: a Case from a Botanical Diversity Hotspot in Japan.}, journal = {Wetlands (Wilmington, N.C.)}, volume = {42}, number = {8}, pages = {117}, pmid = {36467510}, issn = {0277-5212}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The Circum-Ise Bay region in central Japan is characterized by a high concentration of species-rich seepage wetlands that provide various ecosystem services to local communities. However, the non-native conifers Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa have been widely introduced to the wetlands and compete with native plants. Here, we report the results of a 4-year restoration experiment that involved removing the conifers from a seepage wetland and observing the effects on plant composition, diversity, and ecosystem services to local communities. The experiment was conducted at a seepage wetland in Nakatsugawa city, Japan. The wetland includes many threatened and endemic plants but is also dominated by the conifers. We established three experimental plots within the wetland and removed the conifers from two of them. The stem density of overstory (i.e., canopy-tree) and understory (i.e., sub-canopy to shrub) layers in the conifer-removal plots decreased by 50% while simultaneously increasing the proportion of threatened woody plants by 14.3-50.0%. Despite these changes, plant species diversity in the groundcover layer remained high, and threatened and culturally important species became more concentrated on removal plots than on the control. We did not observe any negative regime shift, such as the establishment of introduced species. The restoration appeared to promote the occurrence of plants associated with bio-cultural linkages between the seepage wetland and local communities and that supply multiple ecosystem services.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13157-022-01639-2.}, }
@article {pmid36462487, year = {2023}, author = {Haight, RG and Yemshanov, D and Kao, SY and Phelps, NBD and Kinsley, AC}, title = {A bi-level model for state and county aquatic invasive species prevention decisions.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {327}, number = {}, pages = {116855}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116855}, pmid = {36462487}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {United States ; *Introduced Species ; Minnesota ; *Ships ; Lakes ; }, abstract = {Recreational boats are important vectors of spread of aquatic invasive species (AIS) among waterbodies of the United States. To limit AIS spread, state and county agencies fund watercraft inspection and decontamination stations at lake access points. We present a bi-level model for determining how a state planner can efficiently allocate inspection resources to county managers, who independently decide where to locate inspection stations. In our formulation, each county manager determines a set of optimal plans for the locations of inspection stations under various resource constraints. Each plan maximizes inspections of risky boats that may carry AIS from infested to uninfested lakes within the county. Then, the state planner selects the set of county plans (i.e., one plan for each county) that maximizes the number of risky boats inspected throughout the state subject to a statewide resource constraint. We apply the model using information from Minnesota, USA, including the infestation status of 9182 lakes and estimates of annual numbers of boat movements from infested to uninfested lakes. Comparison of solutions of the bi-level model with solutions of a state-level model where a state planner selects lakes for inspection stations statewide shows that when state and county objectives are not aligned, the loss in efficiency at the state-level can be substantial.}, }
@article {pmid36462420, year = {2023}, author = {de Carvalho-Junior, L and Neves, LM and Teixeira-Neves, TP and Cardoso, SJ}, title = {Long-term changes in benthic communities following the invasion by an alien octocoral in the Southwest Atlantic, Brazil.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {186}, number = {}, pages = {114386}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114386}, pmid = {36462420}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Brazil ; *Anthozoa ; Biodiversity ; Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species are considered one of the main threats to marine biodiversity. We used a BACI design to investigate the changes in rocky reef benthic communities related to the invasion of the octocoral Latissimia ningalooensis in the Southwest Atlantic. Drastic changes in benthic community structure were restricted to the invaded site and associated with the growth of L. ningalooensis on turf algae. Conversely, the zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum remained stable coverage along the 9-year study period, indicating a greater biotic resistance against the octocoral. Latissimia ningalooensis spread from large and well-established patches to new areas of the reef, increasing turf-octocoral interactions. This study warns of the great invasive potential of the octocoral, due to its high abundance, competitive and expansion ability. The decline in abundance of turf-forming algae following the emergence of L. ningalooensis threatens the structure and functioning of macroalgal-dominated rocky reefs.}, }
@article {pmid36459770, year = {2023}, author = {Barry, PJ and Beraud, C and Wood, LE and Tidbury, HJ}, title = {Modelling of marine debris pathways into UK waters: Example of non-native crustaceans transported across the Atlantic Ocean on floating marine debris.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {186}, number = {}, pages = {114388}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114388}, pmid = {36459770}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Biodiversity ; *Crustacea ; Introduced Species ; United Kingdom ; Plastics ; Waste Products/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; }, abstract = {The long-distance transfer of non-native, potentially invasive species via floating marine debris is an increasing threat to biodiversity and conservation efforts. To address the lack of understanding around mechanisms and pathways of species transfer via marine debris, a novel modelling approach was applied to recreate the likely trajectory and source of a large piece of debris fouled by non-native species collected from UK marine waters. This approach applied the Oil Spill Contingency and Response (OSCAR) simulation tool, an adapted oil spill modelling programme, which was informed by a combination of biological trait information for the foulant species, marine debris characteristics and hydrodynamic data. The modelling output suggested an origin in the Western Atlantic, a scenario concurrent with the known distribution of the foulant species. This modelling approach represents a valuable tool with which to determine the origin and trajectory of invasive species transferred via marine debris.}, }
@article {pmid36457533, year = {2022}, author = {Lee, SR and Son, DC}, title = {Genetic diversity pattern reveals the primary determinant of burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus L.) invasion in Korea.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {997521}, pmid = {36457533}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Biological invasion is a complex process associated with propagule pressure, dispersal ability, environmental constraints, and human interventions, which leave genetic signatures. The population genetics of an invasive species thus provides invaluable insights into the patterns of invasion. Burcucumber, one of the most detrimental weeds for soybean production in US, has recently colonized Korea and rapidly spread posing a great threat to the natural ecosystem. We aim to infer the determinants of the rapid burcucumber invasion by examining the genetic diversity, demography, and spread pattern with advanced genomic tools. We employed 2,696 genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms to assess the level of diversity and the spatial pattern associated with the landscape factors and to infer the demographic changes of 24 populations (364 genotypes) across four major river basins with the east coastal streams in South Korea. Through the approximate Bayesian computation, we inferred the likely invasion scenario of burcucumber in Korea. The landscape genetics approach adopting the circuit theory and MaxEnt model was applied to determine the landscape contributors. Our data suggested that most populations have experienced population bottlenecks, which led to lowered within-population genetic diversity and inflated population divergences. Burcucumber colonization in Korea has strongly been affected by demographic bottlenecks and multiple introductions, whereas environmental factors were not the primary determinant of the invasion. Our work highlighted the significance of preventing secondary introductions, particularly for aggressive weedy plants such as the burcucumber.}, }
@article {pmid36457280, year = {2023}, author = {Page, ML and Williams, NM}, title = {Honey bee introductions displace native bees and decrease pollination of a native wildflower.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, pages = {e3939}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3939}, pmid = {36457280}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Bees ; Animals ; *Pollination ; *Flowers ; Plant Nectar ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Introduced species can have cascading effects on ecological communities, but indirect effects of species introductions are rarely the focus of ecological studies. For example, managed honey bees (Apis mellifera) have been widely introduced outside their native range and are increasingly dominant floral visitors. Multiple studies have documented how honey bees impact native bee communities through floral resource competition, but few have quantified how these competitive interactions indirectly affect pollination and plant reproduction. Such indirect effects are hard to detect because honey bees are themselves pollinators and may directly impact pollination through their own floral visits. The potentially huge but poorly understood impacts that non-native honey bees have on native plant populations combined with increased pressure from beekeepers to place hives in U.S. National Parks and Forests makes exploring impacts of honey bee introductions on native plant pollination of pressing concern. In this study, we used experimental hive additions, field observations, as well as single-visit and multiple-visit pollination effectiveness trials across multiple years to untangle the direct and indirect impacts of increasing honey bee abundance on the pollination of an ecologically important wildflower, Camassia quamash. We found compelling evidence that honey bee introductions indirectly decrease pollination by reducing nectar and pollen availability and competitively excluding visits from more effective native bees. In contrast, the direct impact of honey bee visits on pollination was negligible, and, if anything, negative. Honey bees were ineffective pollinators, and increasing visit quantity could not compensate for inferior visit quality. Indeed, although the effect was not statistically significant, increased honey bee visits had a marginally negative impact on seed production. Thus, honey bee introductions may erode longstanding plant-pollinator mutualisms, with negative consequences for plant reproduction. Our study calls for a more thorough understanding of the indirect effects of species introductions and more careful coordination of hive placements.}, }
@article {pmid36455731, year = {2023}, author = {Saemi-Komsari, M and Esmaeili, HR and Keshavarzi, B and Abbasi, K and Birami, FA and Nematollahi, MJ and Tayefeh, FH and Busquets, R}, title = {Characterization of ingested MPs and their relation with growth parameters of endemic and invasive fish from a coastal wetland.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {860}, number = {}, pages = {160495}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160495}, pmid = {36455731}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Aged ; Plastics ; Wetlands ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Microplastics ; Fishes ; *Cyprinidae ; }, abstract = {Microplastic (MP) contamination is a persistent and ubiquitous threat to aquatic ecosystems. This study quantifies MP ingestion by fish inhabiting the Anzali Wetland (Iran), a hotspot of biodiversity. Growth parameters have been monitored in endemic demersal fish (Caspian spined loach, Sabanejewia caspia), and invasive benthopelagic species (Prussian carp, Carassius gibelio) in the wetland and compared with their internal content of MPs. MPs were extracted from the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts following digestion of the samples in alkaline medium and observation of the extracts with microscopy (Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with an Energy-Dispersive X-ray microanalyzer (SEM-EDS) and confocal Raman microscopy). A total of 84.6 % of the study fish (n = 26) were contaminated with MPs. Fibres were the only type of MPs found in the GI tracts, and these were mainly dark blue and made of polycarbonate and nylon in both investigated species. The mean numbers of MPs in the GI tracts of the carp and the loach were 3.6 and 3.7 respectively. MPs had smooth surfaces in most cases although some presented brittle, fragmented, and uneven surfaces and signs of degradation. The growth rates of Carassius gibelio and Sabanejewia caspia, measured with the b value (growth factor), were 2.91 and 2.15 respectively. Carassius gibelio can play a significant role in the transport of MPs to other aquatic organisms inhabiting the Anzali wetland, and hence can cause potential harm to them. Carassius gibelio MP contamination was more pronounced with increasing gut mass in older specimens. Due to the presence of MPs and in fish that can be consumed, there could be a trophic transfer to humans. Regarding Sabanejewia caspia, although not statistically significant, their uptake of MPs tends to increase in older specimens with smaller size and body weight. This can imply that MP pollution causes inappropriate conditions and results in negative growth. The findings of this work provide new insights into MP contamination in the Anzali wetland, specifically in endemic fish. These results will be important in conservation and management programs.}, }
@article {pmid36454841, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, X and Xiao, X and He, Q and Zhang, X and Wu, J and Li, B}, title = {Biological invasions in China's coastal zone.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {378}, number = {6623}, pages = {957}, doi = {10.1126/science.ade9665}, pmid = {36454841}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {China ; *Introduced Species ; *Poaceae ; *Wetlands ; Animals ; Birds ; Animal Migration ; }, }
@article {pmid36454026, year = {2022}, author = {Silva, GM and Thiengo, SC and Sierpe Jeraldo, VL and Rego, MIF and Silva, ABP and Rodrigues, PS and Gomes, SR}, title = {The invasive giant African land snail, Achatina fulica (Gastropoda: Pulmonata): global geographical distribution of this species as host of nematodes of medical and veterinary importance.}, journal = {Journal of helminthology}, volume = {96}, number = {}, pages = {e86}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X22000761}, pmid = {36454026}, issn = {1475-2697}, mesh = {Adult ; Humans ; Animals ; Cats ; Birds ; *Angiostrongylus cantonensis ; Food ; *Strongylida Infections/veterinary ; Larva ; Snails ; }, abstract = {The giant African land snail, Achatina fulica, is an important invasive species in many countries, where it causes losses in biodiversity and agriculture, as well as impacting the health of both humans and animals, as the intermediate host of medically important nematodes. The present study is based on a comprehensive review of the literature on the nematodes that have been found in association with A. fulica, worldwide. We searched a number of different databases and used the findings to investigate the methods used to extract and identify the nematodes, their larval stages, and environment and collecting procedures of the infected molluscs. Between 1965 and 2021, 11 nematode species were recorded in association with A. fulica in 21 countries. Most of the studies recorded associations between A. fulica and Angiostrongylus cantonensis, which causes cerebral angiostrongyliasis in humans and Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, which provokes pneumonia in felines. The nematodes were extracted primarily by artificial digestion with hydrochloric acid or pepsin, and identified based on their morphology or through experimental infection to obtain the adult. In most cases, the nematodes were at larval stage L3, and the infected A. fulica were collected from anthropogenic environments. The results demonstrate the importance of A. fulica as a host of nematodes of medical and veterinary importance, as well the contribution of anthropogenic environments to the occurrence of the parasites, and give information about the different methods used to collect and identify the nematodes found associated with this species.}, }
@article {pmid36452108, year = {2022}, author = {Lee, SR}, title = {Adaptive divergence for a drought resistance related trait among invasive Saltcedar (Tamarix L.) populations in southwestern US: Inferences from QCT - FCT.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {997805}, pmid = {36452108}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Biological invasion poses several biotic and abiotic challenges due to abrupt distribution shifts. Invasive species may benefit from local adaptation responding to environmental stresses during colonization. Saltcedar (Tamarix), a notorious invasive shrub in the western US introduced from Eurasia may have adapted to low rainfall as the species widely occupies the arid land throughout the southwestern US. We investigated variation of quantitative traits in saltcedar between two regions exhibiting opposing average annual precipitations under experimentally manipulated water treatments to test local adaptation. We measured eight quantitative traits, proxies for fitness and genotyped 64 individual samples using genotype by sequencing technique. To test local adaptation, we applied QCT - FCT test based on null distribution of FCT estimated from 2,697 genome-wide SNPs and QCT estimated for the eight phenotypic traits measured. Saltcedar in the southwestern US exhibited a significant interaction between the degree of leaf loss (biomass loss by senesced leaves to total biomass) under simulated drought conditions and the origins from which the genotypes were collected, either relatively high or low rainfall regimes. The divergence found in leaf loss was significantly greater among regions than the expected given the genetic divergence on neutral loci suggesting signature of local adaptation responding to drought. The results demonstrate adaptive potential of saltcedar populations to extreme drought. As extreme aridity is often predicted in climate models across the southwestern US, the western saltcedar genotypes locally adapted to drought may further expand their ranges in this region.}, }
@article {pmid36450768, year = {2022}, author = {Lucati, F and Delacour, S and Palmer, JRB and Caner, J and Oltra, A and Paredes-Esquivel, C and Mariani, S and Escartin, S and Roiz, D and Collantes, F and Bengoa, M and Montalvo, T and Delgado, JA and Eritja, R and Lucientes, J and Albó Timor, A and Bartumeus, F and Ventura, M}, title = {Multiple invasions, Wolbachia and human-aided transport drive the genetic variability of Aedes albopictus in the Iberian Peninsula.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {20682}, pmid = {36450768}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Wolbachia/genetics ; *Aedes/genetics ; Bayes Theorem ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics ; Disease Vectors ; Hydrolases ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is one of the most invasive species in the world. Native to the tropical forests of Southeast Asia, over the past 30 years it has rapidly spread throughout tropical and temperate regions of the world. Its dramatic expansion has resulted in public health concerns as a consequence of its vector competence for at least 16 viruses. Previous studies showed that Ae. albopictus spread has been facilitated by human-mediated transportation, but much remains unknown about how this has affected its genetic attributes. Here we examined the factors that contributed to shaping the current genetic constitution of Ae. albopictus in the Iberian Peninsula, where the species was first found in 2004, by combining population genetics and Bayesian modelling. We found that both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers showed a lack of genetic structure and the presence of worldwide dominant haplotypes, suggesting regular introductions from abroad. Mitochondrial DNA showed little genetic diversity compared to nuclear DNA, likely explained by infection with maternally transmitted bacteria of the genus Wolbachia. Multilevel models revealed that greater mosquito fluxes (estimated from commuting patterns and tiger mosquito population distribution) and spatial proximity between sampling sites were associated with lower nuclear genetic distance, suggesting that rapid short- and medium-distance dispersal is facilitated by humans through vehicular traffic. This study highlights the significant role of human transportation in shaping the genetic attributes of Ae. albopictus and promoting regional gene flow, and underscores the need for a territorially integrated surveillance across scales of this disease-carrying mosquito.}, }
@article {pmid36449453, year = {2022}, author = {Tsutsumi, M and Hiradate, S and Yokogawa, M and Yamakita, E and Inoue, M and Takahashi, Y}, title = {A single application of fertilizer can affect semi-natural grassland vegetation over half a century.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, pages = {e0275808}, pmid = {36449453}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Fertilizers ; *Grassland ; Soil ; Nutrients ; Poaceae ; }, abstract = {Restoration of species-rich semi-natural grassland requires not only a seed source but also appropriate soil properties. In Europe, approximately 10 years are required for the properties of fertilized soils to reach suitable conditions and be considered successfully restored. However, restoration may require additional time in Japan because heavier precipitation causes leaching of basic cations from soils, resulting in soil acidification; volcanic ejecta also forms active Al and Fe hydroxides with high phosphate sorption. Within this context, we aimed to answer the following questions: i) whether and how the impacts of fertilization remain in the soil properties after half a century in Japan; and ii) how fertilization affects the restoration of semi-natural grasslands in Japan. We investigated the vegetation and soil properties of a Zoysia japonica pasture improved half a century ago with a single application of fertilizer and an adjacent semi-natural grassland (native pasture) in Japan, and found the following: (1) the two pastures had similar dominance of Z. japonica, but differed in the species composition; (2) the improved pasture exhibited lower species richness than the native pasture; (3) soil nutrients, including N, P, K, Mg, and Ca, were higher in the improved pasture than in the native pasture; and (4) many chemical properties of the soils were associated with species composition; namely, the vegetation on nutrient-rich soil had more alien species and fewer native species. We conclude that a single dose of fertilization can affect soil properties in semi-natural grasslands over half a century in Japan, leading to species loss and changing the species composition. We suggest that fertilized soils under grazing in Japan may require more than half a century to restore the nutrients to suitable levels for the establishment of a species-diverse grassland.}, }
@article {pmid36448733, year = {2023}, author = {García-Longoria, L and Ahrén, D and Berthomieu, A and Kalbskopf, V and Rivero, A and Hellgren, O}, title = {Immune gene expression in the mosquito vector Culex quinquefasciatus during an avian malaria infection.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {904-919}, pmid = {36448733}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Malaria, Avian/genetics/parasitology ; *Culex/genetics ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics ; *Plasmodium/genetics ; Gene Expression ; }, abstract = {Plasmodium relictum is the most widespread avian malaria parasite in the world. It is listed as one of the 100 most dangerous invasive species, having been responsible for the extinction of several endemic bird species, and the near-demise of several others. Here we present the first transcriptomic study focused on the effect of P. relictum on the immune system of its vector (the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus) at different times post-infection. We show that over 50% of immune genes identified as being part of the Toll pathway and 30%-40% of the immune genes identified within the Imd pathway are overexpressed during the critical period spanning the parasite's oocyst and sporozoite formation (8-12 days), revealing the crucial role played by both these pathways in this natural mosquito-Plasmodium combination. Comparison of infected mosquitoes with their uninfected counterparts also revealed some unexpected immune RNA expression patterns earlier and later in the infection: significant differences in expression of several immune effectors were observed as early as 30 min after ingestion of the infected blood meal. In addition, in the later stages of the infection (towards the end of the mosquito lifespan), we observed an unexpected increase in immune investment in uninfected, but not in infected, mosquitoes. In conclusion, our work extends the comparative transcriptomic analyses of malaria-infected mosquitoes beyond human and rodent parasites and provides insights into the degree of conservation of immune pathways and into the selective pressures exerted by Plasmodium parasites on their vectors.}, }
@article {pmid36439632, year = {2023}, author = {Mason, NWH and Kirk, NA and Price, RJ and Law, R and Bowman, R and Sprague, RI}, title = {Science for social licence to arrest an ecosystem-transforming invasion.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {873-888}, pmid = {36439632}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {The primary role for scientific information in addressing complex environmental problems, such as biological invasions, is generally assumed to be as a guide for management decisions. However, scientific information often plays a minor role in decision-making, with practitioners instead relying on professional experience and local knowledge. We explore alternative pathways by which scientific information could help reduce the spread and impacts of invasive species. Our study centred on attempts to understand the main motivations and constraints of three local governance bodies responsible for the management of invasive (wilding) conifer species in the southern South Island of New Zealand in achieving strategic and operational goals. We used a combination of workshop discussions, questionnaire responses and visits to field sites to elicit feedback from study participants. We applied a mixed inductive-deductive thematic analysis approach to derive themes from the feedback received. The three main themes identified were: (1) impacts of wilding conifers and goals for wilding conifer control, (2) barriers to achieving medium- and long-term goals, and (3) science needed to support wilding conifer control. Participants identified reversal and prevention of both instrumental (e.g. reduced water availability for agriculture) and intrinsic (e.g. loss of biodiversity and landscape values) impacts of wilding conifer invasions as primary motivators behind wilding conifer control. Barriers to achieving goals were overwhelmingly social, relating either to unwillingness of landowners to participate or poorly designed regulatory frameworks. Consequently, science needs related primarily to gaining social licence to remove wilding conifers from private land and for more appropriate regulations. Scientific information provided via spread and impacts forecasting models was viewed as a key source of scientific information in gaining social licence. International experience suggests that invasive species control programmes often face significant external social barriers. Thus, for many biological invasions, the primary role of science might be to achieve social licence and regulatory support for the long-term goals of invasive species control programmes and the management interventions required to achieve those goals.}, }
@article {pmid36438226, year = {2022}, author = {Wei, Y and He, S and Wang, J and Fan, P and He, Y and Hu, K and Chen, Y and Zhou, G and Zhong, D and Zheng, X}, title = {Genome-wide SNPs reveal novel patterns of spatial genetic structure in Aedes albopictus (Diptera Culicidae) population in China.}, journal = {Frontiers in public health}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {1028026}, pmid = {36438226}, issn = {2296-2565}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Aedes/genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; China ; Genetic Structures ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Since the second half of the 20th century, Aedes albopictus, a vector for more than 20 arboviruses, has spread worldwide. Aedes albopictus is the main vector of infectious diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes in China, and it has caused concerns regarding public health. A comprehensive understanding of the spatial genetic structure of this vector species at a genomic level is essential for effective vector control and the prevention of vector-borne diseases.<br><br>METHODS: During 2016-2018, adult female Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were collected from eight different geographical locations across China. Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) was used for high-throughput identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genotyping of the Ae. albopictus population. The spatial genetic structure was analyzed and compared to those exhibited by mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and microsatellites in the Ae. albopictus population.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 9,103 genome-wide SNP loci in 101 specimens and 32 haplotypes of cox1 in 231 specimens were identified in the samples from eight locations in China. Principal component analysis revealed that samples from Lingshui and Zhanjiang were more genetically different than those from the other locations. The SNPs provided a better resolution and stronger signals for novel spatial population genetic structures than those from the cox1 data and a set of previously genotyped microsatellites. The fixation indexes from the SNP dataset showed shallow but significant genetic differentiation in the population. The Mantel test indicated a positive correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance. However, the asymmetric gene flow was detected among the populations, and it was higher from south to north and west to east than in the opposite directions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The genome-wide SNPs revealed seven gene pools and fine spatial genetic structure of the Ae. albopictus population in China. The RAD-seq approach has great potential to increase our understanding of the spatial dynamics of population spread and establishment, which will help us to design new strategies for controlling vectors and mosquito-borne diseases.}, }
@article {pmid36437493, year = {2023}, author = {Ollard, I and Aldridge, DC}, title = {Declines in freshwater mussel density, size and productivity in the River Thames over the past half century.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {1}, pages = {112-123}, pmid = {36437493}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Dreissena ; *Ecosystem ; *Rivers ; Population Dynamics ; Corbicula ; Body Size ; Anthropogenic Effects ; }, abstract = {A pioneering, quantitative study published in Journal of Animal Ecology in 1966 on freshwater mussel populations in the River Thames, UK, continues to be cited extensively as evidence of the major contribution that mussels make to benthic biomass and ecosystem functioning in global river ecosystems. Ecological alteration, as well as declines in freshwater mussel populations elsewhere, suggest that changes to mussel populations in the River Thames are likely to have occurred over the half century since this study. We resurveyed the site reported in Negus (1966) and quantified the changes in mussel population density, species composition, growth patterns and productivity. We found large declines in population density for all unionid species. The duck mussel Anodonta anatina decreased to 1.1% of 1964 density. The painter's mussel Unio pictorum fell to 3.2% of 1964 density. The swollen river mussel Unio tumidus showed statistically nonsignificant declines. In contrast to 1964, in 2020 we found no living specimens of the depressed river mussel Pseudanodonta complanata (classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List) but found new records of the invasive, nonnative zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha and Asian clam Corbicula fluminea. Additionally, we found strong decreases in size-at-age for all species, which now grow to 65-90% of maximum lengths in 1964. As a result of reduced density and size, estimated annual biomass production fell to 7.5% of 1964 levels. Since mussels can be important to ecosystem functioning, providing key regulating and provisioning services, the declines we found imply substantial degradation of freshwater ecosystem services in the River Thames, one of the UK's largest rivers. Our study also highlights the importance to conservationists and ecologists of updating and validating assumptions and data about wild populations, which in the present era of anthropogenic ecosystem alteration are undergoing significant and rapid changes. Regular population surveys of key species are essential to maintain an accurate picture of ecosystem health and to guide management.}, }
@article {pmid36436907, year = {2022}, author = {Langner, T and Hamedy, A and Wellner, H and Johne, A and Mayer-Scholl, A and Birka, S}, title = {First detection of Trichinella spiralis in raccoon (Procyon lotor) in Germany.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports}, volume = {36}, number = {}, pages = {100800}, doi = {10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100800}, pmid = {36436907}, issn = {2405-9390}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Raccoons/parasitology ; *Trichinella spiralis ; *Trichinellosis/diagnosis/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Trichinella ; Raccoon Dogs/parasitology ; Foxes/parasitology ; Germany/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Trichinella spp. are foodborne parasites that can cause severe and potentially fatal disease in humans. Infections occur through consumption of meat containing the infectious stage (L1). In Germany the domestic cycle has been eradicated. In wild animals sporadic occurrence is observed in species such as wild boar, red foxes and raccoon dogs. The omnivore raccoon which is an invasive species in Europe is known as a potential host but has not been studied intensely regarding this parasite in Germany until now, thus resulting in a lack of knowledge about its role in the sylvatic cycle. Raccoons from the urban area of Leipzig were investigated for several pathogens including Trichinella spp. in a cooperative project. Muscle samples of 88 individuals were examined using the artificial digestion method (ADM). One animal was found positive, which is the first detection of this parasite in a raccoon in Germany.}, }
@article {pmid36436902, year = {2022}, author = {Sanjuán, CG and Aguirre, JI and Villaverde, S and Banda, E and Hernandez, SM and Yabsley, MJ}, title = {Surveillance for gastrointestinal, subcutaneous, and ectoparasites of invasive North American raccoons (Procyon lotor) in central Spain.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports}, volume = {36}, number = {}, pages = {100793}, doi = {10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100793}, pmid = {36436902}, issn = {2405-9390}, mesh = {Male ; Animals ; United States ; Raccoons/parasitology ; Spain/epidemiology ; *Ascaridoidea ; *Flea Infestations/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Siphonaptera ; North America ; }, abstract = {The American raccoon (Procyon lotor) is an invasive meso-carnivore which has been introduced and established in many European countries. Although the presence of the raccoon in the Iberian Peninsula was confirmed around 20 years ago, there are few data on pathogens of these animals in this region. For this work, 72 American raccoons from two subpopulations in the central region of the Iberian Peninsula were examined for selected parasites. Ectoparasite species richness (both fleas and ticks) increased during the sampling season and was highest in the Henares subpopulation and on males. Similarly, ectoparasite abundance increased during the sampling season and was highest in Henares and on adult raccoons. Four species of ticks were detected including Rhipicephalus pusillus (71%), followed by R. sanguineus sensu lato (24%), Ixodes ventalloi (3%), and Dermacentor marginatus (1.4%). Four species of fleas were detected including Pulex irritans (44%), Ctenocephalides felis (3%), C. canis (1.4%), and Paraceras melis (1.4%) infestations. A subset of raccoons (n = 56) was examined for intestinal parasites; low prevalence and diversity were found including Strongyloides procyonis (4%), Dilepis sp. (5%), Plagiorchis sp. (2%), and Moniliformis moniliformis (2%). Importantly, Baylisascaris procyonis was not found. Finally, no subcutaneous nematodes (i.e., Dracunculus and Dirofilaria spp.) were found in the 56 raccoons examined. The results of this work show that the invasive North American raccoons currently are infected with few endoparasites but are commonly infested with native ectoparasites, several of which can transmit pathogens relevant for public and veterinary health. However, the geographically distinct populations of raccoons in Spain have different introduction histories, thus additional surveillance for parasites is warranted.}, }
@article {pmid36435881, year = {2022}, author = {Verma, AK and Nayak, R and Manika, N and Bargali, K and Pandey, VN and Chaudhary, LB and Behera, SK}, title = {Monitoring the distribution pattern and invasion status of Ageratina adenophora across elevational gradients in Sikkim Himalaya, India.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {195}, number = {1}, pages = {152}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-022-10549-z}, pmid = {36435881}, issn = {1573-2959}, support = {NMHS-2017/LG-01/475//G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development/ ; NMHS-2017/LG-01/475//G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development/ ; NMHS-2017/LG-01/475//G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development/ ; NMHS-2017/LG-01/475//G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Ecosystem ; *Ageratina ; Biodiversity ; Sikkim ; Altitude ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; India ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Understanding the spread intensity and population dynamics of invasive plant species is a prerequisite for developing management strategies in the Himalayan Forest ecosystems that are experiencing an accelerated rate of climate change. Although there are studies on the occurrence of few invasive species in the Himalayan ecosystems, systematic information on their intensity of spread and species association is still missing. Considering existing data gaps, we aimed to assess the intensity of spread and distribution pattern of A. adenophora, one of the high-concern invasive species (HiCIS) of India that is causing havoc in the Himalayas, across an elevational gradient. Field data were collected in 2018 and 2021 in the Indian federal state of Sikkim, located in the Eastern Himalayas. We analyzed the population status and species association of A. adenophora along an elevational gradient ranging from > 600 m to 2700 m above sea level, which was divided into seven gradients of 300 m width, and each gradient was further randomly sampled. Overall, 81 species were present in association with A. adenophora, including 58 herbs, 19 shrubs, and 4 climbers, belonging to 30 families and 67 genera in the region. No other species continuously co-occurred along with A. adenophora throughout the elevation ranging from > 600 m to 2700 m. The species observed increased frequency (100%), density (40.51 ind./100 m[2]), and basal cover (11.25 cm[2]/m[2]) in the elevational gradient 1500-1800 m in 2018. In 2021, A. adenophora dominated the highest elevational gradient (< 2400-2700 m) with increased frequency (99.96%), density (58.41 ind./100m[2]), and basal cover (42.54 cm[2]/100m[2]), which demonstrated rapid invasion and improved plant health and reproductive vigor in comparison to the lower elevational gradient in Sikkim Himalaya. Despite being completely absent at the highest elevation (< 2400-2700 m), in 2018, it observed gregarious spread at the highest elevation in 2021, which is of serious concern to ecologists. The presence of the targeted species in all seven studied altitudinal gradients reflects stage III of the species invasion. An enormous shift in the distribution pattern along elevational gradients within a short time span is alarming for the Himalayan ecosystem since it is becoming a thriving habitat for invasive species owing to anthropogenic activity. We mapped the potential geographical extent using the species distribution model (SDM) and predicted the suitable habitat of distribution in Sikkim Himalaya. In order to curtail the spread and counteract the negative impact of this species on native vegetation in Sikkim Himalaya and ultimately reverse the process, local and regional initiatives for its biological control and management must be taken.}, }
@article {pmid36435282, year = {2023}, author = {Menicagli, V and Balestri, E and Fulignati, S and Raspolli Galletti, AM and Lardicci, C}, title = {Plastic litter in coastal sand dunes: Degradation behavior and impact on native and non-native invasive plants.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {316}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {120738}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120738}, pmid = {36435282}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Humans ; *Plastics ; *Sand ; Ecosystem ; Plant Development ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Pollution associated to marine plastic litter is raising increasing concerns due to its potential harmful effects on human health, biota, and coastal ecosystems. However, limited information is available on the degradation behavior of plastics, especially biodegradable ones, in dune habitats. Moreover, the effects of plastics on dune plant growth and ability to withstand environmental stresses and invasion by non-native plants have been largely neglected. This is a particularly relevant issue since biological invasions are major threats to dune ecosystems. In this 18-month study, we examined the degradation behavior of two plastic bags, non-biodegradable (NBP) or biodegradable/compostable (BP), in the dune environment by visual observations and analytical techniques. Concomitantly, we investigated the individual and combined effects of bag type and sand burial (no burial vs. partial burial) on the performance of a native dune plant (Thinopyrum junceum) and an invasive plant (Carpobrotus sp.) and on their interaction. NBP did not show relevant degradation signs over the experimental period as expected. BP exhibited gradual surface modifications and changes in chemical functionality and were almost disintegrated after 18 months. Bags and burial reduced independently T. junceum survival and growth, and most plants died within 8 months of plastic exposure. Bags and burial did not affect Carpobrotus survival. However, burial decreased Carpobrotus growth while NBP increased it. Both plastics increased Carpobrotus competitive ability, and no T. junceum plants survived to co-occurrent Carpobrotus, BP, and burial. These findings indicate that removing all littered plastics from beach-dune systems not only is critical to reduce plastic pollution but also to prevent further spread of invasive species in coastal dunes.}, }
@article {pmid36432837, year = {2022}, author = {Zhang, Y and Liao, Z and Jiang, H and Tu, W and Wu, N and Qiu, X and Zhang, Y}, title = {Climatic Variability Caused by Topographic Barrier Prevents the Northward Spread of Invasive Ageratina adenophora.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {22}, pages = {}, pmid = {36432837}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {2020YFE0203200//Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China/ ; E0117G1001//Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China/ ; 2005DKA21401//Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China/ ; }, abstract = {Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King &amp; H.Rob. is one of the most threatening invasive alien plants in China. Since its initial invasion into Yunnan in the 1940s, it spread rapidly northward to southern Mount Nyba in Sichuan, which lies on the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. During fieldwork, we found an interesting phenomenon: A. adenophora failed to expand northward across Mount Nyba, even after the opening of the 10 km tunnel, which could have served as a potential corridor for its spread. In this work, to explore the key factors influencing its distribution and spread patterns, we used a combination of ensemble species distribution models with the MigClim model. We found that the temperature annual range (TAR), precipitation of driest month (PDM), highway density (HW), and wind speed (WS) were the most predominant factors affecting its distribution. The north of Mount Nyba is not suitable for A. adenophora survival due to higher TAR. The spatial-temporal dynamic invasion simulation using MigClim further illustrated that the northward invasion of A. adenophora was stopped by Mount Nyba. Overall, Mount Nyba may act as a topographic barrier that causes environmental differences between its south and north sides, preventing the northward invasion of A. adenophora. However, other suitable habitats on the northern side of the mountain still face challenges because A. adenophora is likely to invade via other routes. Therefore, long-term monitoring is needed to prevent human-induced long-distance spread events.}, }
@article {pmid36428986, year = {2022}, author = {Gu, J and Wang, J and Bi, H and Li, X and Merchant, A and Zhang, P and Zhang, Q and Zhou, X}, title = {CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Mutagenesis of Sex-Specific Doublesex Splicing Variants Leads to Sterility in Spodoptera frugiperda, a Global Invasive Pest.}, journal = {Cells}, volume = {11}, number = {22}, pages = {}, pmid = {36428986}, issn = {2073-4409}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Male ; Spodoptera/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics ; *Infertility/genetics ; Mutagenesis ; }, abstract = {Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), an emerging invasive pest worldwide, has posed a serious agricultural threat to the newly invaded areas. Although somatic sex differentiation is fundamentally conserved among insects, the sex determination cascade in S. frugiperda is largely unknown. In this study, we cloned and functionally characterized Doublesex (dsx), a "molecular switch" modulating sexual dimorphism in S. frugiperda using male- and female-specific isoforms. Given that Lepidoptera is recalcitrant to RNAi, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis was employed to construct S. frugiperda mutants. Specifically, we designed target sites on exons 2, 4, and 5 to eliminate the common, female-specific, and male-specific regions of S. frugiperda dsx (Sfdsx), respectively. As expected, abnormal development of both the external and internal genitalia was observed during the pupal and adult stages. Interestingly, knocking out sex-specific dsx variants in S. frugiperda led to significantly reduced fecundity and fertility in adults of corresponding sex. Our combined results not only confirm the conserved function of dsx in S. frugiperda sex differentiation but also provide empirical evidence for dsx as a potential target for the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) to combat this globally invasive pest in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way.}, }
@article {pmid36428391, year = {2022}, author = {Masoni, A and Coppi, A and Balzani, P and Frizzi, F and Fani, R and Zaccaroni, M and Santini, G}, title = {Assessing Molecular Diversity in Native and Introduced Populations of Red Wood Ant Formica paralugubris.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {22}, pages = {}, pmid = {36428391}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {The Formica rufa group comprises several ant species which are collectively referred to as "red wood ants" and play key roles in boreal forest ecosystems, where they are ecologically dominant and greatly influence habitat dynamics. Owing to their intense predatory activity, some of these species are used as biocontrol agents against several forest insect pests and for this aim in Italy, nearly 6000 ant nests were introduced from their native areas in the Alps to several Appeninic sites during the last century. In this work, we assessed and compared the genetic variability and structure of native and introduced populations of F. paralugubris, thus evaluating the extent of genetic drift that may have occurred since the time of introduction, using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. PCR amplification with a fam_EcoRI-TAC/MseI-ATG primers combination produced a total of 147 scorable bands, with 17 identified as outlier loci. The genetic variation was higher in the introduced population compared to the native ones that, on the other hand, showed a higher diversity between nests. AMOVA results clearly pointed out that the overall genetic structure was dominated by among-worker variation, considering all populations, the Alpine vs. Apennine groups and the comparison among native and related introduced populations (all ranging between 77.84% and 79.84%). Genetic analyses unveiled the existence of six main different groups that do not entirely mirror their geographic subdivision, pointing towards a wide admixture between populations, but, at the same time, rapid diversification of some Apennine populations. Future studies based on high-throughput genomic methods are needed to obtain a thorough understanding of the effects of environmental pressure on the genetic structure and mating system of these populations.}, }
@article {pmid36427731, year = {2023}, author = {Xian, X and Zhao, H and Wang, R and Huang, H and Chen, B and Zhang, G and Liu, W and Wan, F}, title = {Climate change has increased the global threats posed by three ragweeds (Ambrosia L.) in the Anthropocene.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {859}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {160252}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160252}, pmid = {36427731}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Humans ; *Ambrosia ; *Climate Change ; Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien plants (IAPs) substantially affect the native biodiversity, agriculture, industry, and human health worldwide. Ambrosia (ragweed) species, which are major IAPs globally, produce a significant impact on human health and the natural environment. In particular, invasion of A. artemisiifolia, A. psilostachya, and A. trifida in non-native continents is more extensive and severe than that of other species. Here, we used biomod2 ensemble model based on environmental and species occurrence data to predict the potential geographical distribution, overlapping geographical distribution areas, and the ecological niche dynamics of these three ragweeds and further explored the environmental variables shaping the observed patterns to assess the impact of these IAPs on the natural environment and public health. The ecological niche has shifted in the invasive area compared with that in the native area, which increased the invasion risk of three Ambrosia species during the invasion process in the world. The potential geographical distribution and overlapping geographical distribution areas of the three Ambrosia species are primarily distributed in Asia, North America, and Europe, and are expected to increase under four representative concentration pathways in the 2050s. The centers of potential geographical distributions of the three Ambrosia species showed a tendency to shift poleward from the current time to the 2050s. Bioclimatic variables and the human influence index were more significant in shaping these patterns than other factors. In brief, climate change has facilitated the expansion of the geographical distribution and overlapping geographical distribution areas of the three Ambrosia species. Ecomanagement and cross-country management strategies are warranted to mitigate the future effects of the expansion of these ragweed species worldwide in the Anthropocene on the natural environment and public health.}, }
@article {pmid36427577, year = {2023}, author = {Deyris, PA and Pelissier, F and Grison, CM and Hesemann, P and Petit, E and Grison, C}, title = {Efficient removal of persistent and emerging organic pollutants by biosorption using abundant biomass wastes.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {313}, number = {}, pages = {137307}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137307}, pmid = {36427577}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Humans ; Biomass ; Ecosystem ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; *Environmental Pollutants/analysis ; *Chlordecone/analysis ; Adsorption ; Kinetics ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; }, abstract = {Persistent and emerging organic pollutants represent a serious and global threat to human health and ecosystems. We describe here a simple, efficient and affordable technology for removing such organic pollutants from aquatic systems. Biosorption process was chosen, meeting these three criteria, and so that biosorbents should be biomass wastes combining the following characteristics: natural, cheap and abundant. Powdered dead roots from invasive alien species (Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Fallopia japonica), and wastes rich in tannins such as coffee grounds and green tea grounds were tested as biosorbents for removing extensively used organic pollutants: organic UV-filters, insecticides and herbicides. The elemental composition and morphology of the biosorbents were fully determined. The biosorption kinetics for each pair of biosorbent/pollutant was described by a pseudo-second order model. Excellent biosorption efficiency was obtained for 10 μM solution of oxybenzone (89 ± 1%), octocrylene (90 ± 2%), lindane (88 ± 0%) and diuron (90 ± 1%) in only 2 h. And total removal of 10 μM of chlordecone (100 ± 0%) could be achieved, which could be of high concern for the population living in chlordecone-contaminated areas. As such pollutants can be found in aquatic ecosystems, an interference study with salts showed that biosorption efficiency remained as efficient in reconstituted seawater. A principal component analysis was performed as an attempt to rationalise the biosorption results. The solubility of the organic pollutants in water and the concentration of tanins in the biosorbents were key parameters.}, }
@article {pmid36424881, year = {2023}, author = {Gippet, JMW and Sherpa, Z and Bertelsmeier, C}, title = {Reliability of social media data in monitoring the global pet trade in ants.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, pages = {e13994}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.14041}, pmid = {36424881}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Ants ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Social Media ; Reproducibility of Results ; Commerce ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The global pet trade is a major risk to biodiversity and humans and has become increasingly globalized, diversified, digitalized, and extremely difficult to control. With billions of internet users posting online daily, social media could be a powerful surveillance tool. But it is unknown how reliably social media can track the global pet trade. We tested whether Instagram data predicted the geographic distribution of pet stores and the taxonomic composition of traded species in the emerging pet trade in ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). We visited 138 online stores selling ants as pets worldwide and recorded the species traded. We scraped ∼38,000 Instagram posts from ∼6300 users referencing ants as pets and analyzed comments on post and geolocation (available for ∼1800 users). We tested whether the number of Instagram users predicted the number of ant sellers per country and whether the species referenced as pets on Instagram matched the species offered in online stores, with a particular focus on invasive species. The location of Instagram users referencing ants as pets predicted the location of ant sellers across the globe (R[2] = 0.87). Instagram data detected 439 of the 631 ant species traded in online stores (70%), including 59 of the 68 invasive species traded (87%). The number of Instagram users referencing a species was a good predictor of the number of sellers offering the species (R[2] = 0.77). Overall, Instagram data provided affordable and reliable data for monitoring the emerging pet trade in ants. Easier access to these data would facilitate monitoring of the global pet trade and help implement relevant regulations in a timely manner.}, }
@article {pmid36424868, year = {2023}, author = {Cassini, MH}, title = {A critical review of the precautionary approach of the IUCN impact classification for non-native taxa.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, pages = {e14037}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.14037}, pmid = {36424868}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Endangered Species ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) proposes the use of the Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa to standardize the classification of introduced species (IS) based on their environmental impact. The IUCN invoked the precautionary principle (PP) via 2 rules: the impact assigned to a taxon must be the maximum recorded impact across different impact assessments, and when the main driver of environmental damage is unclear, it must be assumed to be caused by the IS. The validity of PP is conditioned on the degree of emergency that warrants urgent decisions and on the scientific evidence demonstrating the advantages of applying a preventive measure. The application of an impact classification system does not arise in the context of an emergency that requires management; it occurs before the decision-making phase. Thus, PP should not be used in early steps of the risk analysis process. The IUCN also did not provide enough scientific basis to justify the use of PP. Instead, the PP rules appear to be rooted primarily in the ethical value system underlying conservation science. Conservationists assign intrinsic value to native species by virtue of their roles and relationships within ecological and evolutionary systems and processes; thus, individuals introduced in new environments not only cease to have value because they are no longer part of that natural diversity and lack those links with the rest of the ecosystem, but they become a threat to what conservationists value most. The consequence of this belief is that all introduced taxa will have an impact at some level, suggesting that values justify the PP rules.}, }
@article {pmid36423847, year = {2023}, author = {Rossi, JP and Rasplus, JY}, title = {Climate change and the potential distribution of the glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis), an insect vector of Xylella fastidiosa.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {860}, number = {}, pages = {160375}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160375}, pmid = {36423847}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; *Hemiptera ; Insect Vectors/microbiology ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions represent a major threat for biodiversity and agriculture. Despite efforts to restrict the spread of alien species, preventing their introduction remains the best strategy for an efficient control. In that context preparedness of phytosanitary authorities is very important and estimating the geographical range of alien species becomes a key information. The present study investigates the potential geographical range of the glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis), a very efficient insect vector of Xylella fastidiosa, one of the most dangerous plant-pathogenic bacteria worldwide. We use species distribution modeling (SDM) to analyse the climate factors driving the insect distribution and we evaluate its potential distribution in its native range (USA) and in Europe according to current climate and different scenarios of climate change: 6 General Circulation Models (GCM), 4 shared socioeconomic pathways of gas emission and 4 time periods (2030, 2050, 2070, 2090). The first result is that the climate conditions of the European continent are suitable to the glassy-winged sharpshooter, in particular around the Mediterranean basin where X. fastidiosa is present. Projections according to future climate conditions indicate displacement of climatically suitable areas towards the north in both North America and Europe. Globally, suitable areas will decrease in North America and increase in Europe in the coming decades. SDM outputs vary according to the GCM considered and this variability indicated areas of uncertainty in the species potential range. Both potential distribution and its uncertainty associated to future climate projections are important information for improved preparedness of phytosanitary authorities.}, }
@article {pmid36421966, year = {2022}, author = {Rudziński, KJ and Staszek, D and Asztemborska, M and Sukovata, L and Raczko, J and Cieślak, M and Kolk, A and Szmigielski, R}, title = {Newly Discovered Components of Dendrolimus pini Sex Pheromone.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {36421966}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {PBS2/A9/25/2013//National Centre for Research and Development/ ; }, abstract = {The pine-tree lappet moth, D. pini, is a harmful defoliator of pine forests in Europe and Asia and a potentially invasive species in North America. The lures for trapping D. pini males based on two known components of its sex pheromone appeared weakly attractive to male moths. Identification of all components of the sex pheromone might allow for the development of more effective lures. The pheromone was sampled from virgin females using SPME and analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Four new likely components ((Z5)-dodecenal, (Z5)-dodecen-1-ol, (Z5)-decen-1-yl acetate, (Z5)-tetradecen-1-yl acetate) and two known components ((Z5,E7)-dodecadienal, (Z5,E7)-dodecadien-1-ol) were identified based on comparison against authentic standards, Kováts indices and spectra libraries. The samples also contained several sesquiterpenes. Wind tunnel and field experiments showed that some blends of synthetic pheromone components alone or enriched with Scots pine essential oil (SPEO) were attractive to D. pini males. One component-(Z5)-decen-1-yl acetate-had a repelling effect. The presented knowledge of D. pini sex pheromone provides a basis for developing optimal lures for monitoring or controlling insect populations.}, }
@article {pmid36421955, year = {2022}, author = {Ma, Q and Guo, JL and Guo, Y and Guo, Z and Lu, P and Hu, XS and Zhang, H and Liu, TX}, title = {Prediction of the Current and Future Distributions of the Hessian Fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), under Climatic Change in China.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {36421955}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {KY202002018//The Ministry of Science and Technology Assistance Program for Developing Countries/ ; CARS-03-37//National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Project/ ; }, abstract = {The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is a destructive wheat pest worldwide and an important alien species in China. Based on 258 distribution records and nine environmental factors of the Hessian fly, we predicted the potential distribution area in China under three current and future (2050s and 2070s) climate change scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) via the optimized MaxEnt model. Under the current climate conditions, the suitable distribution areas of the Hessian fly in China were 25-48° N, 81-123° E, and the total highly suitable distribution area is approximately 9.63 × 10[5] km[2], accounting for 9.99% of the total national area. The highly suitable areas are mainly located in northern Xinjiang and central and eastern China. With the rising global temperatures, except for the high-suitable areas under the RCP8.5 scenario, most potential geographic distribution areas would expand in the future. The minimum temperature in February (tmin-2), precipitation in March (prec-3), maximum temperature in November (tmax-11), and precipitation seasonality (bio-15) are important factors that affect the potential geographic distribution of the Hessian fly. This study provides an important reference and empirical basis for management of the Hessian fly in the future.}, }
@article {pmid36421054, year = {2023}, author = {Sanders, M and Tardani, R and Locher, A and Geller, K and Partridge, CG}, title = {Development of Novel Early Detection Technology for Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {116}, number = {1}, pages = {168-180}, pmid = {36421054}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Forests ; *Hemiptera/genetics ; Introduced Species ; *Tsuga ; }, abstract = {Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae Annand, threatens hemlock forests throughout eastern North America. Management efforts focus on early detection of HWA to ensure rapid management responses to control and stop the spread of this pest. This study's goal was to identify an affordable, efficient trap to aid with airborne environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling approaches as an early monitoring tool for HWA. We initially compared HWA detection success between a standard sticky trap, commonly used for HWA monitoring, and trap designs potentially compatible with eDNA protocols (i.e., passive trap, funnel trap, and motorized trap). Passive, funnel, and motorized traps' estimated capture success probabilities compared to sticky traps were 0.87, 0.8, and 0.4, respectively. A secondary evaluation of a modified version of the motorized trap further assessed trap performance and determined the number of traps needed in a set area to efficiently detect HWA. By modifying the original motorized trap design, its estimated capture success probability increased to 0.67 compared to a sticky trap. Overall, the cumulative capture success over the 16-week sampling period for the motorized trap was 94% and 99% for the sticky trap. The number of traps did impact capture success, and trap elevation and distance to infested hemlocks influenced the number of adelgids captured per trap. As eDNA-based monitoring approaches continue to become incorporated into invasive species surveying, further refinement with these types of traps can be useful as an additional tool in the manager's toolbox.}, }
@article {pmid36416795, year = {2023}, author = {Herrera, C and Williams, M and Encarnação, J and Roura-Pascual, N and Faulhaber, B and Jurado-Rivera, JA and Leza, M}, title = {Automated detection of the yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina) using an optical sensor with machine learning.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, pages = {1225-1233}, pmid = {36416795}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {FPI_014_2020//Conselleria d'Educaci&#xf3;, Universitat i Recerca del Govern de les Illes Balears/ ; MOB_019_2019//Conselleria d'Educaci&#xf3;, Universitat i Recerca del Govern de les Illes Balears/ ; ARP147/21/000017//Generalitat de Catalunya/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Bees ; Introduced Species ; *Pest Control/methods ; *Wasps ; Machine Learning ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina) is native to Southeast Asia and is an invasive alien species of concern in many countries. More effective management of populations of V. velutina could be achieved through more widespread and intensive monitoring in the field, however current methods are labor intensive and costly. To address this issue, we have assessed the performance of an optical sensor combined with a machine learning model to classify V. velutina and native wasps/hornets and bees. Our aim is to use the results of the present work as a step towards the development of a monitoring solution for V. velutina in the field.<br><br>RESULTS: We recorded a total 935 flights from three bee species: Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris and Osmia bicornis; and four wasp/hornet species: Polistes dominula, Vespula germanica, Vespa crabro and V. velutina. The machine learning model achieved an average accuracy for species classification of 80.1&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;13.9% and 74.5&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;7.0% for V. velutina. V. crabro had the highest level of misclassification, confused mainly with V. velutina and P. dominula. These results were obtained using a 14-value peak and valley feature derived from the wingbeat power spectral density.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the wingbeat recordings from a flying insect sensor can be used with machine learning methods to differentiate V. velutina from six other Hymenoptera species in the laboratory and this knowledge could be used to help develop a tool for use in integrated invasive alien species management programs. &#xa9; 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid36416762, year = {2023}, author = {Cowan, ZL and Brooker, RM and Gasc, J and Gache, C and Lecchini, D and Feeney, WE}, title = {Targeted census of lionfishes (Scorpaenidae) reveals high densities in their native range.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {102}, number = {2}, pages = {532-536}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15277}, pmid = {36416762}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//Alfred Deakin Postdoctoral Research Fellowship/ ; //Griffith University Postdoctoral Fellowship/ ; //Institute for Pacific Coral Reefs and the CRIOBE (Centre for Island Research and Environmental Observatory)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Censuses ; Introduced Species ; *Perciformes ; Coral Reefs ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Indo-Pacific lionfishes generally exhibit cryptic behaviours and so can be missed when conducting non-targeted surveys. Here, the authors report the results from targeted surveys of lionfish at Moorea, French Polynesia. Lionfish from three species (Pterois antennata, Pterois radiata, Dendrochirus biocellatus) were observed at a mean density of 267 individuals ha[-1] . This is substantially higher than previous estimates from the same area (Moorea) and represents the highest reported density of lionfishes from their Pacific range. Overall, this study highlights the importance of targeted survey techniques for detecting cryptic species on coral reefs.}, }
@article {pmid36414055, year = {2023}, author = {Han, L and Zhang, Z and Tu, W and Zhang, Q and Hong, Y and Chen, S and Lin, Z and Gu, S and Du, Y and Wu, Z and Liu, X}, title = {Preferred prey reduce species realized niche shift and improve range expansion prediction.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {859}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {160370}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160370}, pmid = {36414055}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Ecosystem ; Climate Change ; Predatory Behavior ; Birds ; }, abstract = {Many studies have detected realized climatic niche shifts during range changes; this is challenging the fundamental theory of the niche conservatism hypothesis (NCH) and the usefulness of the ecological niche model (ENM) for predicting the distributions of species in space and time by tracking environmental change. Biotic factors such as predatory interactions are important components of species realized niches but are generally difficult to quantify during NCH testing and ENM building. Identifying species' preferred prey may provide a unique opportunity to include trophic interactions in assessing the NCH and determine whether more precise ENM predictions are generated. In this study, we focused on a range-expanding predatory bird, the Asian openbill (Anastomus oscitans). The main prey of the Asian openbill include 136 snail species. We observed a realized climatic niche shift during the northward expansion of the Asian openbill by considering only climates; however, niche conservatism was detected after incorporating their preferred prey. ENMs including preferred snails also predicted the distributions of the Asian openbill better than climate-only models and models including nonpreferred snails or only habitat variables. The results of our study suggested the importance of incorporating preferred prey in evaluating the NCH and developing a framework for predicting the range shifts of both native and alien species in response to global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid36413156, year = {2022}, author = {Zhang, H and Tang, Y and Li, Q and Zhao, S and Zhang, Z and Chen, Y and Shen, Z and Chen, C}, title = {Genetic and epigenetic variation separately contribute to range expansion and local metalliferous habitat adaptation during invasions of Chenopodium ambrosioides into China.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {130}, number = {7}, pages = {1041-1056}, pmid = {36413156}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {*Chenopodium ambrosioides ; Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Genetic Variation ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Invasive plants often colonize wide-ranging geographical areas with various local microenvironments. The specific roles of epigenetic and genetic variation during such expansion are still unclear. Chenopodium ambrosioides is a well-known invasive alien species in China that can thrive in metalliferous habitats. This study aims to comprehensively understand the effects of genetic and epigenetic variation on the successful invasion of C. ambrosioides.<br><br>METHODS: We sampled 367 individuals from 21 heavy metal-contaminated and uncontaminated sites with a wide geographical distribution in regions of China. We obtained environmental factors of these sampling sites, including 13 meteorological factors and the contents of four heavy metals in soils. Microsatellite markers were used to investigate the demographic history of C. ambrosioides populations in China. We also analysed the effect of epigenetic variation on metalliferous microhabitat adaptation using methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) markers. A common garden experiment was conducted to compare heritable phenotypic variations among populations.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Two distinct genetic clusters that diverged thousands of years ago were identified, suggesting that the eastern and south-western C. ambrosioides populations in China may have originated from independent introduction events without recombination. Genetic variation was shown to be a dominant determinant of phenotypic differentiation relative to epigenetic variation, and further affected the geographical distribution pattern of invasive C. ambrosioides. The global DNA unmethylation level was reduced in metalliferous habitats. Dozens of methylated loci were significantly associated with the heavy metal accumulation trait of C. ambrosioides and may contribute to coping with metalliferous microenvironments.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our study of C. ambrosioides highlighted the dominant roles of genetic variation in large geographical range expansion and epigenetic variation in local metalliferous habitat adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid36413098, year = {2023}, author = {Azzarà, M and Abate, E and Chiofalo, MT and Crisafulli, A and Trifilò, P}, title = {Delaying drought-driven leaf cell damage may be the key trait of invasive trees ensuring their success in the Mediterranean basin.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {430-440}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpac134}, pmid = {36413098}, issn = {1758-4469}, mesh = {*Trees ; Droughts ; *Quercus ; Water ; Plant Leaves ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) threaten the biodiversity richness of the Mediterranean basin, a drought-prone region. However, our knowledge on the adaptive strategies of IAS for facing Mediterranean drought summers is still incomplete. The aim of the present study is to compare the water relations and the critical relative water content (RWC) values leading to loss of cell rehydration capacity of two Mediterranean basin IAS (i.e., Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle and Robinia pseudoacacia L.) versus two co-occurring native species (i.e., Fraxinus ornus L. and Quercus pubescens Willd.). Study IAS showed higher values of water potential at turgor loss point and osmotic potential at full turgor, lower values of modulus of elasticity and leaf mass area but higher photosynthesis rate, even during the summer, with respect to the Mediterranean native species. These findings supported the hypothesis that IAS are characterized by a resource acquisitive strategy coupled with a safety-efficiency trade-off, compared with Mediterranean native species. However, similar leaf RWC thresholds leading to loss of cell rehydration capacity were recorded in the two groups of species. Moreover, IAS showed higher saturated water content and capacitance values compared with the co-occurring species. Overall, our results suggest that the success of Mediterranean IAS is driven by their ability to delay dehydration damage of mesophyll cells during Mediterranean summer drought, thereby supporting their distinctive high carbon assimilation rate.}, }
@article {pmid36412239, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, X and Qin, Y and Xu, Y and Feng, X and Zhao, S and Lu, Y and Li, Z}, title = {Surveillance and invasive risk of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren in China.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {4}, pages = {1342-1351}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7297}, pmid = {36412239}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China/ ; //Ministry of Science and Technology/ ; //China Agricultural University/ ; 2021YFD1000500//National Key R &amp; D Program of China/ ; CARS-02-032//China Agriculture Research System of Maize/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; China ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren is one of the world's most successful and destructive invasive ant species. In mainland China, fast, monthly and annual pest reports on all pests have been established since 2010. The distribution of S. invicta resulting from climate change in China was predicted using MaxEnt modeling in combination with comprehensive surveillance data and 56 environmental factors.<br><br>RESULTS: The fast and monthly reports revealed that S.&#xa0;invicta had spread to new territories almost every year in this timeframe. The transportation of seedlings and deployment of turfgrass were the major artificial transmission pathways. Annual reports indicated that control efforts had effectively reduced its occurrence areas and degree of severity of infestations, and retrieved the economic loss caused by S.&#xa0;invicta. The MaxEnt model predicted that S.&#xa0;invicta would expand to 23 provinces in China as a result of climate change. Moisture variables were the key factors affecting the distribution of this pest.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Based on the theoretical reference framework of this research, China proposed the first-ever integrated tactics against a single pest, jointly involving nine ministries, which include clarifying responsibilities, cutting off transmission pathways, strengthening surveillance, declaring pest distributions and conducting preventive and control campaigns. Practical efforts and measures combating the devastation of S.&#xa0;invicta may shed light on its management and other invasive species worldwide. &#xa9; 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid36410496, year = {2023}, author = {Barnes, B and Parsa, M and Giannini, F and Ramsey, D}, title = {Analytical Bayesian approach for the design of surveillance and control programs to assess pest-eradication success.}, journal = {Theoretical population biology}, volume = {149}, number = {}, pages = {1-11}, doi = {10.1016/j.tpb.2022.11.003}, pmid = {36410496}, issn = {1096-0325}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; *Pest Control ; *Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; Probability ; }, abstract = {Large invasive species eradication programs are undertaken to protect native biodiversity and agriculture. Programs are typically followed by a series of surveys to assess the likelihood of eradication success and, when residual pests are detected, small-scale control or 'mop-ups' are implemented to eliminate these infestations. Further surveys follow to confirm absence with 'freedom' declared when a target probability of absence is reached. Such biosecurity programs comprise many interacting processes - stochastic biological processes including growth, and response and control interventions - and are an important component of post-border biosecurity. Statistical frameworks formulated to contribute to the design and efficiency of these surveillance and control programs are few and, those available, rely on the simulation of the component processes. In this paper we formulate an analytical Bayesian framework for a general biosecurity program with multiple components to assess pest-eradication success. Our model incorporates stochastic growth and detection processes, and several pest control mechanisms. Survey results and economic considerations are also taken into account to support a range of biosecurity management decisions. Using a case study we demonstrate that solutions match published simulation results and extend the available analysis. Principally, we show how analytical solutions can offer a powerful tool to support the design of effective and cost-efficient biosecurity systems, and we establish some general principles that guide and contribute to robust design.}, }
@article {pmid36410481, year = {2023}, author = {Meng, QY and Mo, DM and Li, H and Wang, WL and Lu, HL}, title = {Divergent responses in the gut microbiome and liver metabolome to ammonia stress in three freshwater turtles.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {859}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {160372}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160372}, pmid = {36410481}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Turtles/metabolism ; Ammonia/toxicity/metabolism ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; Liver ; }, abstract = {Ammonia is a common pollutant in aquaculture system, and toxic to all aquatic animals. However, different aquatic animals exhibit diverse physiological responses to high-level ammonia exposure, potentially indicating their divergent resistance to ammonia stress. In this study, juveniles of three freshwater turtles (Mauremys reevesii, Pseudemys nelsoni and Trachemys scripta elegans) were exposed to different concentrations of ammonia (0, 0.3 and 3.0 mg/L) for 30 days, and their swimming, growth performance, gut microbiota, and hepatic metabolites were measured to evaluate the interspecific difference in physiological responses to ammonia stress. Despite no differences in swimming ability, growth rate, and gut microbial diversity, observable changes in microbial community composition and hepatic metabolite profiles were shown in ammonia-exposed turtles. A relatively higher abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria was found in M. reevesii than in the other two species. Moreover, microbial compositions and metabolic responses differed significantly among the three species. M. reevesii was, out of the three tested species, the one in which exposure to ammonia had the greatest effect on changes in bacterial genera and hepatic metabolites. Conversely, only a few metabolites were significantly changed in T. scripta elegans. Integrating these findings, we speculated that native M. reevesii should be more vulnerable to ammonia stress compared to the invasive turtle species. Our results plausibly reflected divergent potential resistance to ammonia among these turtles, in view of differential physiological responses to ammonia exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations.}, }
@article {pmid36409981, year = {2022}, author = {Kortessis, N and Kendig, AE and Barfield, M and Flory, SL and Simon, MW and Holt, RD}, title = {Litter, Plant Competition, and Ecosystem Dynamics: A Theoretical Perspective.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {200}, number = {6}, pages = {739-754}, doi = {10.1086/721438}, pmid = {36409981}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Ecology ; Population Dynamics ; Biomass ; }, abstract = {AbstractCommunity structure depends jointly on species' responses to, and effects on, environmental factors. Many such factors, including detritus, are studied in ecosystem ecology. Detritus in terrestrial ecosystems is dominated by plant litter (nonliving organic material), which, in addition to its role in material cycling, can act as a niche factor modulating interactions among plants. Litter thus links traditional community and ecosystem processes, which are often studied separately. We explore this connection using population dynamics models of two plant species and a litter pool. We first find conditions determining the outcome of interactions between these species, highlighting the role that litter plays and the role of broader ecosystem parameters, such as decomposition rate. Species trade-offs in tolerance to direct competition and litter-based interference competition allow for coexistence, provided the litter-tolerant species produces more litter at the population level; otherwise, priority effects may result. When species coexist, litter-mediated interactions between plants disrupt the traditional relationship between biomass accumulation and decomposition. Increasing decomposition rate may have no effect on standing litter density and, in some cases, may even increase litter load. These results illustrate how ecosystem variables can influence community outcomes that then feed back to influence the ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid36405018, year = {2022}, author = {Gold, Z and Wall, AR and Schweizer, TM and Pentcheff, ND and Curd, EE and Barber, PH and Meyer, RS and Wayne, R and Stolzenbach, K and Prickett, K and Luedy, J and Wetzer, R}, title = {A manager's guide to using eDNA metabarcoding in marine ecosystems.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e14071}, pmid = {36405018}, issn = {2167-8359}, support = {GT10483/HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *DNA, Environmental/genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Biodiversity ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is a powerful tool that can enhance marine ecosystem/biodiversity monitoring programs. Here we outline five important steps managers and researchers should consider when developing eDNA monitoring program: (1) select genes and primers to target taxa; (2) assemble or develop comprehensive barcode reference databases; (3) apply rigorous site occupancy based decontamination pipelines; (4) conduct pilot studies to define spatial and temporal variance of eDNA; and (5) archive samples, extracts, and raw sequence data. We demonstrate the importance of each of these considerations using a case study of eDNA metabarcoding in the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. eDNA metabarcoding approaches detected 94.1% (16/17) of species observed in paired trawl surveys while identifying an additional 55 native fishes, providing more comprehensive biodiversity inventories. Rigorous benchmarking of eDNA metabarcoding results improved ecological interpretation and confidence in species detections while providing archived genetic resources for future analyses. Well designed and validated eDNA metabarcoding approaches are ideally suited for biomonitoring applications that rely on the detection of species, including mapping invasive species fronts and endangered species habitats as well as tracking range shifts in response to climate change. Incorporating these considerations will enhance the utility and efficacy of eDNA metabarcoding for routine biomonitoring applications.}, }
@article {pmid36403676, year = {2023}, author = {Bezerra-Santos, MA and Dantas-Torres, F and Benelli, G and Otranto, D}, title = {Emerging parasites and vectors in a rapidly changing world: from ecology to management.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {238}, number = {}, pages = {106746}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106746}, pmid = {36403676}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Parasites ; Ecology ; *Parasitic Diseases/epidemiology ; Environment ; Arthropod Vectors ; }, abstract = {Global changes have influenced our societies in several ways with both positive (e.g., technology, transportation, and food security), and negative impacts (e.g., mental health problems, spread of diseases, and pandemics). Overall, these changes have affected the distribution patterns of parasites and arthropod vectors with the introduction and spreading of alien species in new geographical areas, eventually posing new challenges in public health. In this framework, the Acta Tropica Special Issue "Emerging parasites and vectors in a rapidly changing world: from ecology to management" provides a focus on the biology, ecology and management of emerging parasites and vectors of human and veterinary importance. Herein we review and discuss novel studies dealing with interactions of parasites and vectors with animals in changing environmental settings. In our opinion, a special focus on the implementation of management strategies of parasitic diseases to face anthropogenic environmental changes still represent a priority for public health. In the final section, key research challenges in this rapidly changing scenario are outlined.}, }
@article {pmid36403410, year = {2023}, author = {Lolis, LA and Miranda, RJ and Barros, F}, title = {The effects of an invasive soft coral on the structure of native benthic communities.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {183}, number = {}, pages = {105802}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105802}, pmid = {36403410}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; Brazil ; Atlantic Ocean ; Coral Reefs ; }, abstract = {Species invasion is a major threat to marine biodiversity and function; thus, studying the effects of recently reported exotic species is extremely important. Several soft coral species (Alcyonacea) have invaded the Atlantic Ocean but their effects are poorly known. Here, we investigated the effects of the invasive species Sarcothelia sp. (Alcyonacea, Xeniidae) on native benthic shallow reef communities in Brazil. We hypothesized that increasing Sarcothelia sp. abundance would be related to species richness decreases and native community structure changes. Multivariate analysis showed significant dissimilarity between invaded (high Sarcothelia sp. abundance) and non-invaded areas (high abundance of the octocoral Neospongodes atlantica and zoantharians). The invaded area showed less species composition variability (i.e., homogenization) than non-invaded ones. Within the invaded area we observed that Sarcothelia sp. abundance reduced species richness. The lowest native benthic richness (10 taxa) was observed in a transect with the highest invader cover, while the transect with the lowest Sarcothelia sp. cover presented 26 native taxa. These findings are likely related to the invasive novel functional traits, i.e., invader growth form and allelochemicals. A clear inverse abundance pattern between invasive Sarcothelia sp. and N. atlantica, indicated an intense competition between octocorals. Our study showed remarkable evidence of negative impacts of invasive soft corals on reef biodiversity. There is an urgent need for experiments evaluating changes in different ecological processes and to implement management actions.}, }
@article {pmid36401948, year = {2022}, author = {De-la-Torre, GE and Valderrama-Herrera, M and Urizar Garfias Reyes, DF and Walker, TR}, title = {Can oviposition on marine litter pose a threat to marine fishes?.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {185}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {114375}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114375}, pmid = {36401948}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Female ; Animals ; *Oviposition ; *Fishes ; Eggs ; Introduced Species ; Biota ; }, abstract = {Marine litter colonization is widely investigated as an important pathway for the dispersal of potentially invasive species. However, this phenomenon may be impacting marine biota in other ways as well. In this viewpoint, we express our concerns regarding the potential loss of viable eggs of numerous oviparous fishes deposited on marine litter when large-scale stranding events occur. Our concerns are supported by personal observations of stranded marine litter harboring fresh and viable egg capsules (Sympterygia sp.) and eggs (Family: Blenniidae), as well as reports in the literature. The loss of viable eggs from oviparous fishes is widely overlooked and poorly understood. Based on these knowledge gaps, we make a call for research and propose several research priorities to understand the impact of these events.}, }
@article {pmid36401946, year = {2022}, author = {Crivellaro, MS and Candido, DV and Silveira, TCL and Fonseca, AC and Segal, B}, title = {A tool for a race against time: Dispersal simulations to support ongoing monitoring program of the invasive coral Tubastraea coccinea.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {185}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {114354}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114354}, pmid = {36401946}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Brazil ; Industry ; }, abstract = {Preventing, detecting, and monitoring invasive marine species is a big challenge as it is not possible to visualize all invasion extensions. Their early detection may be the best chance to achieve eradication. The Indo-pacific scleractinian coral Tubastraea coccinea invasion in the Atlantic dates from the late 1930s. Since then, disruptive populations were found along ~8.000 km of west Atlantic, and in the Canarian Islands of Spain (east Atlantic), related to vessel fouling in the oil and gas industry. Their impacts have been noticed from endemic species to ecosystems. In Brazil, initiatives to control Tubastraea spp. have been done mostly by local environmental managers and researchers, but recently a National Plan for Prevention, Control and Monitoring (NPPCM) for Tubastraea spp. was approved. We applied an Individual-based Model within the invasion history of Tubastraea coccinea in its southern distribution limit in the Atlantic, on the rocky shore of the Arvoredo Biological Marine Reserve. We indicated hotspots for the occurrence of possible emerging invasion sites in the region and expect to support ongoing monitoring programs in defining priority areas for their early detection. The model is easily replicated and might be a valuable tool for decision makers.}, }
@article {pmid36400900, year = {2023}, author = {Bharti, M and Khurana, H and Sharma, M and Choksket, S and Nagar, S and Yadav, S and Modeel, S and Korpole, S and Negi, RK}, title = {Taxonomic and genomic characterization of Sporosarcina cyprini sp. nov., moderately tolerant of Cr[+6] and Cd[+2] isolated from the gut of invasive fish Cyprinus carpio var. communis (Linn., 1758).}, journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {116}, number = {3}, pages = {193-206}, pmid = {36400900}, issn = {1572-9699}, support = {NBAIM/AMAAS/2017-20/GF/1a/512//NBAIM/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Phospholipids/analysis ; *Sporosarcina/genetics ; *Carps ; Cadmium ; Introduced Species ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Fatty Acids/analysis ; Genomics ; DNA ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics/chemistry ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; }, abstract = {A Gram-stain-positive, motile, and rod-shaped bacterium, designated as strain MB25[T], was isolated from the gut of Cyprinus carpio from the highly polluted river Yamuna, India. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain MB25[T] belonged to the genus Sporosarcina, sharing the highest sequence similarity with S. luteola Y1[T] (98.98%) and S. koreensis S-K12[T] (98.91%). Digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values of strain MB25[T] with strain Y1[T] and S-K12[T] were 18.9, 77.69, and 18.2, 76.80 respectively. Genome analysis of strain MB25[T] revealed its biotechnological properties such as tolerance to potent heavy metals, genes for the production of carbohydrate-active enzymes, antimicrobial compounds, and also degradation of aromatic compounds. The G + C content of strain MB25[T] genome was 45%. Growth observed at 10-40 °C (optimum, 28-30 °C), pH 6.0-8.5 (optimum pH 7.5-8.0); NaCl concentrations up to 6.0% (w/v). The dominant respiratory quinone was MK-7, cell wall peptidoglycan is of the A-4 type containing amino acids Lys-Glu and the major fatty acids are anteiso-C11:0 and iso-C15: 0. The major polar lipids of strain MB25[T] are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic, and phylogenomic data, strain MB25[T] represents a novel species of the genus Sporosarcina, for which the name Sporosarcina cyprini sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MB25[T] (= MCC 4366[ T] = JCM 34521[ T] = CCM 9113[ T]).}, }
@article {pmid36400847, year = {2023}, author = {Du Toit, A}, title = {Viral spillback.}, journal = {Nature reviews. Microbiology}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {2}, pmid = {36400847}, issn = {1740-1534}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; }, abstract = {This study reports the identification of a highly divergent lineage of SARS-CoV-2 in white-tailed deer and provides evidence of deer-to-human transmission.}, }
@article {pmid36394506, year = {2023}, author = {Moseby, K and Van der Weyde, L and Letnic, M and Blumstein, DT and West, R and Bannister, H}, title = {Addressing prey naivety in native mammals by accelerating selection for antipredator traits.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {e2780}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2780}, pmid = {36394506}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Cats ; Animals ; *Mammals ; *Biological Evolution ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Harnessing natural selection to improve conservation outcomes is a recent concept in ecology and evolutionary biology and a potentially powerful tool in species conservation. One possible application is the use of natural selection to improve antipredator responses of mammal species that are threatened by predation from novel predators. We investigated whether long-term exposure of an evolutionary naïve prey species to a novel predator would lead to phenotypic changes in a suite of physical and behavioral traits. We exposed a founder population of 353 burrowing bettongs (Bettongia lesueur) to feral cats (Felis catus) over 5 years and compared the physical and behavioral traits of this population (including offspring) to a control (non-predator exposed) population. We used selection analysis to investigate whether changes in the traits of bettongs were likely due to phenotypic plasticity or natural selection. We also quantified selection in both populations before and during major population crashes caused by drought (control) and high predation pressure (predator-exposed). Results showed that predator-exposed bettongs had longer flight initiation distances, larger hind feet, and larger heads than control bettongs. Trait divergence began soon after exposure and continued to intensify over time for flight initiation distance and hind foot length relative to control bettongs. Selection analysis found indicators of selection for larger hind feet and longer head length in predator-exposed populations. Results of a common garden experiment showed that the progeny of predator-exposed bettongs had larger feet than control bettongs. Results suggest that long-term, low-level exposure of naïve prey to novel predators can drive phenotypic changes that may assist with future conservation efforts.}, }
@article {pmid36394192, year = {2023}, author = {Shan, Y and Gao, X and Hu, X and Hou, Y and Wang, F}, title = {Current and future potential distribution of the invasive scale Ceroplastes rusci (L., 1758) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) under climate niche.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, pages = {1184-1192}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7290}, pmid = {36394192}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {BJ2020052//The Science and Technology Project of Hebei Education Department/ ; 31802001//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31802001//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Africa ; Asia ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Hemiptera ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The fig wax scale, Ceroplastes rusci is an invasive pest that feeds on more than 94 genera from 52 families that is spread across 60 countries, causing negative impacts to agriculture and forestry. Understanding the potential distribution of invasive species under climate change is crucial for the management and monitoring purposes. Thus, we predicted the potential distribution areas of C. rusci using Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) based on the occurrence data and environmental variables under current and future climatic scenarios.<br><br>RESULTS: Our results showed that the temperature annual range (Bio 7) and mean temperature of the warmest quarter (Bio 10) attributed to a higher contribution to the current model of the distribution of C. rusci. The potential distribution maps illustrated the main concentrated areas of C. rusci which included South America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. In addition, potential range expansions or reductions were predicted under different future climate change scenarios, which showed that the total suitable areas of the fig wax scale presented an increasing trend until 2100.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our study provides significant data to understand the potential distribution of C. rusci around the world. It also serves as an early warning for the highly suitable habitat areas that even offers a platform to the currently non-infested regions or countries who are yet to develop monitoring strategies in response to the possible C. rusci outbreak. &#xa9; 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid36394140, year = {2022}, author = {Hayashi, M and Sano, Y and Ishikawa, T and Hagiwara, T and Sasaki, M and Nakao, M and Urabe, M and Waki, T}, title = {Invasion of fish parasite Prosorhynchoides ozakii (Trematoda: Bucephalidae) into Lake Kasumigaura and surrounding rivers of eastern Japan.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {152}, number = {}, pages = {47-60}, doi = {10.3354/dao03698}, pmid = {36394140}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Animals ; *Parasites ; Rivers ; Lakes ; Japan/epidemiology ; *Trematoda ; Metacercariae ; *Catfishes ; *Bivalvia/parasitology ; }, abstract = {In 2019 to 2021, the golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei and several freshwater fishes were sampled from 22 sites of the Tone River system including Lake Kasumigaura, Honshu, Japan, to examine the invasion of bucephalid trematodes. The parasite species identification was performed by morphological observation and DNA barcoding based on the sequences of nuclear 28S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1). A total of 1719 mussels were collected from 10 sites, and trematode-infected mussels were detected from 8 sites with prevalences between 0.3 and 42.9%. The sporocysts and cercariae were identified as Prosorhynchoides ozakii, a newly introduced species in the river system. A total of 700 fish individuals belonging to 24 species were collected from 15 sites. Two species of catfishes (Silurus asotus and Ictalurus punctatus) harbored mature or immature adults of Pr. ozakii in the intestine with prevalences between 8.3 and 20% including both host species. The metacercariae of Pr. ozakii were found from the fins and epidermis of 13 fish species from 10 sites (prevalence 4.8-100%). Fishes were heavily infected with metacercariae in fins, which were surrounded by the infiltration of hemocytes and rodlet cells. A population genetic analysis of Pr. ozakii did not show an obvious bottleneck, suggesting the possibility that the parasite was intentionally and repeatedly introduced into the river system.}, }
@article {pmid36394132, year = {2023}, author = {Valentine, JC and Yee, DA}, title = {Ontogenetic Changes in Nutrients and Stoichiometry in the Invasive Mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae).}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, pages = {235-238}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjac177}, pmid = {36394132}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Aedes/physiology ; *Culicidae ; Larva ; Ecology ; Diet ; Nutrients ; }, abstract = {A variety of physiological, morphological, and behavioral changes occur throughout the life cycle of mosquitoes, which can be correlated with a shift from the aquatic to terrestrial environment. Aedes albopictus Skuse is an abundant invasive species from Asia that was introduced into the Americas in the 1980's and is responsible for transmitting several important human disease-causing pathogens. How physiological and anatomical changes within each instar and throughout the developmental stages are related to changes in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) levels are an unexplored area of mosquito ecology. We hypothesized that these changes as well as stoichiometry (C:N) would vary with instar stage and larval diet. Cohorts of larvae were grown in three different diets: animal only (crickets), plant only (red maple leaves), and a mixture containing both types. Larval instars (1st-4th), pupae, and adults were raised in each diet and were separately analyzed for nutrient content (%C, %N) and stoichiometry (C:N). Significant changes in nutrient values occurred across the life cycle, with C:N values being lower in early instars versus adults or pupae, especially in animal only or mixed diets; few differences were detected in %C or %N across ontogeny. This knowledge may lead to a better understanding of mosquito ecology and pathogen transmission.}, }
@article {pmid36389422, year = {2022}, author = {Borges, AKM and Oliveira, TPR and Alves, RRN}, title = {Marine or freshwater: the role of ornamental fish keeper's preferences in the conservation of aquatic organisms in Brazil.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e14387}, pmid = {36389422}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Brazil ; *Fishes ; Fresh Water ; Invertebrates ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The use of ornamental fish as pets has important implications for the conservation of the species used in fish keeping, particularly in relation to overexploitation. Understanding ornamental fish keepers' relationship with the hobby can provide important information for assessing the potential impacts of the activity. Here, we analyzed the profile of Brazilian ornamental fish keepers and evaluated their preferences and the implications of their choices.<br><br>METHODS: Information was obtained by applying questionnaires to 906 ornamental fish keepers participating in fish keeping groups in a social network. The questionnaire contained questions about the species of fish kept (freshwater and marine), techniques used, socio-economic aspects, and associated conservation perspectives.<br><br>RESULTS: Most ornamental fish keepers were young men (20-40 years old), with higher education and monthly income above US$ 530.00. Participants predominantly kept freshwater fish (86%), but marine fish only (5%) or both marine and freshwater hobbyists (9%) were also recorded. A total of 523 species of ornamental fish were kept, most of which comprised freshwater (76% of the total) and exotic species (73%). About a third of the fish species recorded were under national trade restrictions. In addition, about a third of ornamental fish keepers declared that they also had invertebrates. Marine aquariums require a greater financial investment, especially at the beginning, than freshwater aquariums and are also almost entirely based on exotic species. The aesthetic factor is the main motivation associated with practicing this hobby, being color and behavior key factors in choosing fish. A total of 10% of hobbyists have already released fish into the wild, highlighting concerns about potential biological invasions. There is an urgent need to enforce regulations towards restricting ornamental fish keepers' access to threatened native species and potentially invasive species, as well as measures aimed at informing and raising hobbyists' awareness of conservation measures related to the hobby.}, }
@article {pmid36389413, year = {2022}, author = {Del Río, L and Navarro-Martínez, ZM and Ruiz-Abierno, A and Chevalier-Monteagudo, PP and Angulo-Valdes, JA and Rodriguez-Viera, L}, title = {Feeding ecology of invasive lionfish in the Punta Frances MPA, Cuba: insight into morphological features, diet and management.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e14250}, pmid = {36389413}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; Cuba ; *Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior ; Fishes ; *Perciformes ; Diet ; France ; }, abstract = {Cuba's shelf has been invaded by lionfish (Pterois volitans/Pterois miles), which have become established over the archipelago, including areas of natural importance. The present study aims to evaluate morphometric features of lionfish and to explore the relationship between lionfish size and diet composition in different habitats in the Punta Frances National Park, Cuba. In total 620 lionfish were captured at 29 sites between 2013 and 2016. Lionfish stomachs were removed and their contents were analyzed using frequency and numerical methods. The length-weight allomentric relationship was obtained, and a decrease in lionfish sizes was shown over time, likely due to the extractions carried out. The diet was composed by fishes, crustaceans, mollusks and phytobenthos, with a predominance of fishes. Lionfish caught in seagrass beds tended to be smaller in size and consumed fewer fishes and more crustaceans than those captured in coral reefs. A positive correlation was observed between lionfish body size and gape size; however, no significant correlation was detected between lionfish body size and prey size. Larger lionfish tended to consume more fishes, while crustaceans were more significant in the diet of juvenile lionfish. This is the first study that examines the feeding habits of lionfish in the Punta Frances MPA, and provides valuable information on lionfish inhabiting this MPA across four years of sampling. Furthermore, this research may serve as a baseline for subsequent evaluations of lionfish impact and management actions in the area.}, }
@article {pmid36386019, year = {2022}, author = {Zhou, H and Yang, Y and Liu, Y and Song, H and Wang, X and Xia, S and Mu, X}, title = {Sequencing and analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Datnioides campbelli (Datnioididae).}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, pages = {1975-1978}, pmid = {36386019}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the New Guinea tiger fish Datnioides campbelli (Whitley 1938) (Lobotiformes: Datnioididae) was sequenced by next-generation sequencing method. The assembled mitochondrial genome consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and two ribosomal RNA genes, with a length of 16,416 bp. The total base composition of the mitogenome of D. campbelli was 29.31% for A, 29.02% for C, 15.14% for G and 26.54% for T. A phylogenetic tree based on 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) provides important molecular data for further phylogeographic and evolutionary analysis of Lobotiformes.}, }
@article {pmid36385719, year = {2023}, author = {Li, J and Pei, J and Fang, C and Li, B and Nie, M}, title = {Opposing seasonal temperature dependencies of CO2 and CH4 emissions from wetlands.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, pages = {1133-1143}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.16528}, pmid = {36385719}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {21SG02//'Shuguang Program' supported by Shanghai Education Development Foundation and Shanghai Municipal Education Commission/ ; 32101336//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32101377//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 91951112//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 92251305//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 21XD1420700//Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader/ ; 21DZ1201902//Science and Technology Department of Shanghai/ ; 21TQ004//Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research - Fudan University 21TQ1400100/ ; 2020PJD003//Shanghai Pujiang Program/ ; }, mesh = {*Wetlands ; *Ecosystem ; Carbon Dioxide ; Temperature ; Seasons ; Nitrous Oxide ; Methane ; }, abstract = {Wetlands are critically important to global climate change because of their role in modulating the release of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Temperature plays a crucial role in wetland GHG emissions, while the general pattern for seasonal temperature dependencies of wetland CO2 and CH4 emissions is poorly understood. Here we show opposite seasonal temperature dependencies of CO2 and CH4 emissions by using 36,663 daily observations of simultaneous measurements of ecosystem-scale CO2 and CH4 emissions in 42 widely distributed wetlands from the FLUXNET-CH4 database. Specifically, the temperature dependence of CO2 emissions decreased with increasing monthly mean temperature, but the opposite was true for that of CH4 emissions. Neglecting seasonal temperature dependencies may overestimate wetland CO2 and CH4 emissions compared to the use of a year-based static and consistent temperature dependence parameter when only considering temperature effects. Our findings highlight the importance of incorporating the remarkable seasonality in temperature dependence into process-based biogeochemical models to predict feedbacks of wetland GHG emissions to climate warming.}, }
@article {pmid36385480, year = {2022}, author = {Poveda-Martínez, D and Salinas, NA and Aguirre, MB and Sánchez-Restrepo, AF and Hight, S and Díaz-Soltero, H and Logarzo, G and Hasson, E}, title = {Genomic and ecological evidence shed light on the recent demographic history of two related invasive insects.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {19629}, pmid = {36385480}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {17-8130-0757-IA, 20-8130-0852-IA//USDA-APHIS Farm Bill/ ; 18-8130-0757-IA//USDA-APHIS Biological Control Program/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera ; Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; *Cactaceae/genetics ; Plants ; Genomics ; Demography ; }, abstract = {Hypogeococcus pungens is a species complex native to southern South America that is composed of at least five putative species, each one specialized in the use of different host plants. Two of these undescribed species were registered as invasive in Central and North America: Hyp-C is a cactophagous mealybug that became an important pest that threatens endemic cactus species in Puerto Rico, and Hyp-AP feeds on Amaranthaceae and Portulacaceae hosts, but does not produce severe damage to the host plants. We quantified genomic variation and investigated the demographic history of both invasive species by means of coalescent-based simulations using high throughput sequencing data. We also evaluated the incidence of host plant infestation produced by both species and used an ecological niche modeling approach to assess potential distribution under current and future climatic scenarios. Our genetic survey evinced the footprints of strong effective population size reduction and signals of genetic differentiation among populations within each species. Incidence of plant attacks varied between species and among populations within species, with some host plant species preferred over others. Ecological niche modeling suggested that under future climatic scenarios both species would expand their distribution ranges in Puerto Rico. These results provide valuable information for the design of efficient management and control strategies of the Puerto Rican cactus pest and shed light on the evolutionary pathways of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid36385335, year = {2023}, author = {Frizzi, F and Balzani, P and Masoni, A and Frasconi Wendt, C and Marconi, M and Rossi, A and Santini, G}, title = {Sub-lethal doses of imidacloprid alter food selection in the invasive garden ant Lasius neglectus.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {30}, number = {10}, pages = {27501-27509}, pmid = {36385335}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Bees ; Animals ; *Ants ; Food Preferences ; Ecosystem ; Neonicotinoids/pharmacology ; *Insecticides/toxicity ; Nitro Compounds/toxicity ; Carbohydrates ; Sucrose ; }, abstract = {Despite several restrictions to their use, neonicotinoid insecticides are still widely employed worldwide. Residual sub-lethal amounts of these chemicals can have detrimental effects on the behavior of non-target insects. Toxic effects on economically important species such as bees have been widely documented, but less is known about their toxic action on other social insects, such as ants. In this study, we assessed the effect of different sub-lethal doses of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid on the ability of colonies of the invasive ant Lasius neglectus to select the most profitable resource. We used Y-shaped mazes having an imidacloprid-polluted or an unpolluted sucrose solution on the two branches. Two sucrose (0.1 M, 0.5 M) and two imidacloprid (1 μg/ml, 10 μg/ml) concentrations were used. In parallel, we evaluated the marking activity of foragers who fed on the same solutions. We found that the 0.1 M sugar solution polluted with 1 μg/ml imidacloprid was significantly more frequently selected in binary choices experiments than the unpolluted resource. Moreover, the ingestion of the same combination of sugar and imidacloprid significantly increased the marking rate of foragers. The higher concentration of the pollutant had lower effects, probably because of the hormesis phenomenon. Results suggest that the lower sub-lethal dose of imidacloprid can lead ants to select again the polluted resource. This "active" selection of the pollutant may magnify the negative effects on the colonies. Due to their ecological role, any impairment of ant survival or behavior may have detrimental cascade effects on the whole ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid36384850, year = {2022}, author = {An, XL and Gu, JG and Huang, LF and Zheng, ZY and Li, XM}, title = {[Research progress on the ecological roles of 'marine ecosystem engineers'.].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {33}, number = {11}, pages = {3159-3168}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.028}, pmid = {36384850}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {'Marine ecosystem engineers' are marine species that can shape habitats and benefit other marine organisms, which are widely found in marine plants, animals and microorganisms. Their ecological roles are the basis of marine ecological functions. By analyzing the relevant literature, we systematically reviewed the research progress of the ecological roles of 'marine ecosystem engineers', and proposed the main research direction and content in the future. In general, 'marine ecosystem engineers' play an active role in a particular marine environment. However, once they become invasive species, they may have negative impacts on the invasive sea area. In addition, some 'marine ecosystem engineers' can have both positive and negative impacts simultaneously. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen researches on the role of 'marine ecosystem engineers' in marine biological beds, marine biogenic reefs, marine biofilms and composite ecosystem engineering, effectively utilize their positive roles and prevent and control their negative impacts, so as to realize the comprehensive development, utilization and protection of the ocean.}, }
@article {pmid36384835, year = {2022}, author = {Chen, BB and Sun, ZG and Hu, XY and Wu, HH and Wang, XY and Li, M and Li, YZ}, title = {[Structure and diversity of nirK-type denitrifying microbial community in marsh soils at different invasion stages of Spartina alterniflora in the Minjiang River estuary, China].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {33}, number = {11}, pages = {3007-3015}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.016}, pmid = {36384835}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {*Wetlands ; Soil/chemistry ; Estuaries ; Rivers ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; *Microbiota ; }, abstract = {To explore the differences in structure and diversity of nirK-type denitrifying microbial community in marsh soils at different invasion stages of Spartina alterniflora, the mudflat (MF, before invasion) and the S. alterniflora marsh after seaward invasion for 1-2 years (SAN) and 6-7 years (SA) in Shanyutan of the Minjiang River estuary were investigated by high-through put sequencing method. Results showed that the seaward invasion of S. alterniflora reduced the richness and diversity of nirK-type denitrifying microbial community in marsh soils. The nirK-type denitrifying microbial community in soils at different invasion stages included Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, with Proteobacteria as the dominant one. The seaward invasion of S. alterniflora greatly altered the composition of nirK-type denitrifying microbial community in marsh soils. The highest relative abundance of genus in soils from different invasion stages were Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium and Alcaligenes, respectively. The seaward invasion of S. alterniflora increased the spatial heterogeneity of nirK-type denitrifying microbial community composition in marsh soils. In SAN plot, the enhancement of spatial heterogeneity was primarily due to higher environmental disturbances in plots and the increased spatial heterogeneity of environmental variables caused by the seaward invasion of S. alterniflora. The seaward invasion of S. alterniflora altered the physico-chemical properties (e.g., grain composition, pH and moisture) and N nutrient conditions (total N, NH4[+]-N and NO3[-]-N) in marsh soils, which greatly altered the structure and diversity of nirK-type denitrifying microbial community. Our findings reveal the microbial mechanism of denitrification process in marsh soils during the seaward invasion of S. alterniflora.}, }
@article {pmid36381976, year = {2022}, author = {Lai, LC and Chao, TY and Chiu, MC}, title = {Searching Behavior in the Tropical Fire Ant Solenopsis geminata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).}, journal = {Zoological studies}, volume = {61}, number = {}, pages = {e26}, pmid = {36381976}, issn = {1810-522X}, abstract = {Social insects have evolved different search strategies to find target objects in unknown environments. In the present study, the searching behavior of the tropical fire ant Solenopsis geminata was investigated in a circular arena. The average time, search path, speed, and search patterns of worker ants in a circular arena were determined. The results showed that fire ant workers followed six major search patterns. The variation in the searching patterns of workers may explain the different levels of exploration. Most workers (56.8%) tended to search in small loops and progressively increase the search area size. These workers mostly turned in one direction, either clockwise or counterclockwise. More workers turned in a consistent pattern than in an inconsistent pattern. Moving speed was also higher in workers that maintained their turning directions than in those that changed directions. We thus propose that following search patterns consisting of loops of increasing size may be an effective strategy. The tropical fire ant S. geminata is a globally invasive species that was introduced to Taiwan 40 years ago and has continued to threaten residents. Based on behavioral studies of S. geminata, we may gain a better understanding of their exploratory behavior in the ecosystem in Taiwan.}, }
@article {pmid36381403, year = {2022}, author = {Gavioli, A and Milardi, M and Soininen, J and Soana, E and Lanzoni, M and Castaldelli, G}, title = {How does invasion degree shape alpha and beta diversity of freshwater fish at a regional scale?.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {e9493}, pmid = {36381403}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Freshwater ecosystems appear more vulnerable to biodiversity loss due to several anthropogenic disturbances and freshwater fish are particularly vulnerable to these impacts. We aimed to (1) identify the contribution of land use, spatial variables, and invasion degree in determining freshwater fish alpha (i.e., species richness) and beta (i.e., local contributions to beta diversity, LCBD) diversity, evaluating also the relationship between invasion degree and nestedness (β nes) and turnover (β sim) components of beta diversity. (2) Investigate the relationship between alpha diversity and LCBD, under the hypothesis that alpha diversity and LCBD correlate negatively and (3) investigate the relationship between species contributions to beta diversity (SCBD) and species occurrence, hypothesizing that non-native species show a lower contribution to beta diversity. The linear mixed models and the partition of R [2] retained the invasion degree as the most important variables explaining alpha and beta diversity, having a positive relationship with both diversity components. Furthermore, land use related to human impacts had a positive influence on alpha diversity, whereas it showed a negative effect on LCBD. Regression model further showed that invasion degree related positively with β sim, but negatively with β nes, suggesting that non-native species were involved in the replacement of native species in the fish community. Alpha diversity and LCBD showed a weak positive correlation, meaning that sites with low species richness have higher LCBD. SCBD scaled positively with species occurrence highlighting that rarer species contribute less to SCBD. Finally, native and exotic species contributed similarly to beta diversity. These results suggest that invasion degree plays a central role in shaping alpha and beta diversity in stream fish, more than land use features reflecting habitat alteration or other geospatial variables. Furthermore, it is important to evaluate separately the native and the non-native components of biotic communities to identify linkages between invasion dynamics and biodiversity loss.}, }
@article {pmid36381126, year = {2022}, author = {,  and Bragard, C and Baptista, P and Chatzivassiliou, E and Di Serio, F and Gonthier, P and Jaques Miret, JA and Justesen, AF and Magnusson, CS and Milonas, P and Navas-Cortes, JA and Parnell, S and Potting, R and Reignault, PL and Stefani, E and Thulke, HH and Van der Werf, W and Vicent Civera, A and Yuen, J and Zappalà, L and Grégoire, JC and Malumphy, C and Kertesz, V and Maiorano, A and MacLeod, A}, title = {Pest categorisation of Neomaskellia andropogonis.}, journal = {EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority}, volume = {20}, number = {11}, pages = {e07624}, pmid = {36381126}, issn = {1831-4732}, abstract = {The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Neomaskellia andropogonis (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), the sugarcane whitefly, for the EU territory. N. andropogonis is a tropical and subtropical species that originates in south central Asia and has recently established in Iran and Iraq. N. andropogonis is not listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. It is oligophagous on Poaceae and most frequently reported on sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), on which it has become an important emerging pest in western Iran. The larvae feed on the foliage and stalks and can cause a reduction of photosynthesis rate and growth. In heavy infestations, the sugar purity and content are greatly decreased. Honeydew egested by feeding N. andropogonis larvae can promote the growth of black sooty mould over the host. No evidence was found indicating economic damage to other grasses. The ornamental grass hosts Andropogon sp. and Imperata cylindrica are ornamental grasses in the subfamily Panicoideae and are exempt from a general prohibition on Poaceae entering the EU and together with fresh sugarcane, provide potential pathways for entry. An estimated threshold for development from egg to adult of 7.2°C with approximately 500 degree days required for a generation suggests that climatic conditions, together with the availability of grass hosts in the southern EU, would support establishment. Adults disperse naturally by flying and all stages can be moved over long distances by the trade of infested plant material. The pest has the potential to impact sugarcane production in Portugal and Spain. N. andropogonis satisfies all of the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest. However, this conclusion has high uncertainties regarding the likelihood of entry and the magnitude of potential impact within the EU as the insect is only recorded as an economically important pest in Iran, and its host range is poorly known and understood.}, }
@article {pmid36380818, year = {2022}, author = {Heskel, M and Pengra, J and Kruper, A and Anderson, MD and Dosch, JJ and Goldstein, L and Hahn, S and Hoffman, S}, title = {Age and phenology control photosynthesis and leaf traits in the understory woody species, Rhamnus cathartica and Prunus serotina.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {plac044}, pmid = {36380818}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Understory plants are often inadequately represented or neglected within analyses of forest ecosystem productivity. Further, the potential impacts of the biological factors of age class and growth form on carbon cycling physiology, and how it may vary across the growing season and amongst species of different native/non-native status, have not been thoroughly considered. Our study examines photosynthesis and associated physical leaf traits in two understory woody species, Rhamnus cathartica, introduced and invasive in North America, and Prunus serotina, a common subcanopy species native to North America. We estimated leaf-level photosynthesis as measured through light and carbon dioxide response curves, dark-adapted chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf traits (leaf mass per area and stomatal density) for each combination of species and age class at plots in the understory of a temperate deciduous research forest in the US Upper Midwest at two time points during the growing season, late spring (late May) and mid-summer (mid-July). Carbon assimilation rates from light response curves (A sat, A 400) and fluorescence capacity estimate F v/F m all increased between the two measurement points in both species and age class. Estimates of carbon reaction capacity (V cmax and J max) exhibited a different directional response to seasonal development, declining in seedlings of both species and P. serotina trees (~8-37 % reduction in V cmax, ~9-34 % reduction in J max), though increased in trees of R. cathartica (+24 % in V cmax, +9 % in J max). Divergent responses in photosynthetic parameters amongst these factors may be explained by species differences in leaf mass per area and stomatal density, which together are likely influenced by both growth form, canopy position and ontogeny. Overall, we believe our findings suggest complex, varied influences on photosynthesis that indicate environmental and biological plasticity which may contribute to the historic and continued expansion of R. cathartica in the US Upper Midwest region.}, }
@article {pmid36378375, year = {2023}, author = {Mohammadi, A and Nayeri, D and Alambeigi, A and Marchini, S}, title = {A wicked environmental challenge: collaboration network for free-ranging dog management in an urban environment.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {30}, number = {10}, pages = {27125-27136}, pmid = {36378375}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Dogs ; *Organizations ; *Government ; Cities ; Iran ; }, abstract = {Invasive species possess wide-ranging social and ecological impacts globally. Although the ecological impacts are well studied, social aspects especially in developing countries are often poorly understood. Free-ranging dogs (FRDs) (Canis familiaris) are the most abundant carnivore on earth with a high level of invasion. Recently, the presence of FRDs in the Jiroft city in southern Iran has increased, and local managers have not yet developed a coherent management plan. Given the high rate of human bites by FRDs in this region, a principled management plan with integrated collaboration between the relevant organizations is necessary. To better understand collaboration networks, we interviewed employees of three relevant governmental organizations about their collaboration with other organizations toward FRD management. Our objective in this study was to (1) assess the collaboration between the municipality, provincial offices of veterinary medicine, and health network and (2) predict the behavioral tendencies of network actors based on their current position in the FRD management network. Although most employees have never worked together to manage FRDs, our results showed that most of the interviewees did not evaluate the role of other organizations in FRD management as beneficial. Moreover, the current assessment of the employees of the two municipal and health organizations affects their current collaboration in the management of FRDs. Also, the current collaboration has a significant impact on their intention to collaborate in the future. We make suggestions for improving collaboration in managing FRDs in this region.}, }
@article {pmid36377921, year = {2023}, author = {Cadotte, MW}, title = {Quantifying and linking mechanism scenarios to invasive species impact.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {e2777}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2777}, pmid = {36377921}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Ecosystem ; Biodiversity ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Plant species invasion represents one of the major drivers of biodiversity change globally, yet there is confusion about the nature of nonindigenous species (NIS) impact. This confusion stems from differing notions of what constitutes invasive species impact and the scales at which it should be assessed. At local scales, the mechanisms of the impact on local competitors can be classified into four scenarios: (1) minimal impact from NIS inhabiting unique niches; (2) neutral impact spread across the community and proportional to NIS abundance; (3) targeted impact on a small number of competitors with overlapping niches; and (4) pervasive impact that is disproportionate to NIS abundance and caused by modifications that filter out other species. I developed a statistical test to distinguish these four mechanism scenarios based on plant community rank-abundance curves and then created a scale-independent standardized impact score. Using an example long-term dataset with high native plant diversity and an abundance gradient of the invasive vine, Vincetoxicum rossicum, I show that the impact resulted in either targeted or pervasive extirpations. Regardless of whether the NIS impact is neutral, targeted, or pervasive, the net outcome will be the homogenization of ecosystems and reduced biodiversity at larger scales, perhaps reducing ecosystem resilience. The framework and statistical evaluation of impact presented in this paper provide researchers and managers with an objective approach to quantifying NIS impact and prioritizing species for further management actions.}, }
@article {pmid36375773, year = {2023}, author = {Sokolov, SG and Ieshko, EP and Gorbach, VV}, title = {Parasites of Perccottus glenii Dybowski, 1877 (Actinopterygii: Odontobutidae) in the native and the introduced host range: Abundance-occupancy and abundance-variance relationships.}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {93}, number = {}, pages = {102699}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2022.102699}, pmid = {36375773}, issn = {1873-0329}, mesh = {Animals ; *Parasites ; Fishes ; *Perciformes/parasitology ; *Cestoda ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The Chinese sleeper Perccottus glenii Dybowski, 1877 is an invasive fish species rapidly expanding in Siberia and Europe. Its native range encompasses the Far East region of Russia, northeastern China and northern North Korea. We studied species composition, prevalence, mean abundance and variance of mean abundance of macroparasites of the Chinese sleeper in the native and the introduced range. The species composition of the parasite component communities differed considerably in the native and the introduced range. The frequency distributions of prevalence, mean abundance and variance of mean abundance of the parasites did not demonstrate any significant differentiation between the two parts of the host range. However, an analysis of the abundance-occupancy and the abundance-variance relationships revealed that the parasite component communities in the two parts of the host range were quite distinct. In the native range, prevalence increased faster and variance increased more slowly with the increasing abundance of the parasites than in the introduced range. These features are mostly associated with considerably increased prevalence, abundance and aggregation of the host-specific cestode Nippotaenia mogurndae in recipient water bodies as compared with the native habitats.}, }
@article {pmid36373928, year = {2023}, author = {Matos, FAR and Edwards, DP and S Magnago, LF and Heringer, G and Viana Neri, A and Buttschardt, T and Dudeque Zenni, R and Tavares de Menezes, LF and Zamborlini Saiter, F and Reynaud Schaefer, CEG and Vieira Hissa Safar, N and Pacheco Da Silva, M and Simonelli, M and Martins, SV and Brancalion, PHS and A Meira-Neto, JA}, title = {Invasive alien acacias rapidly stock carbon, but threaten biodiversity recovery in young second-growth forests.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {378}, number = {1867}, pages = {20210072}, pmid = {36373928}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {*Acacia ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Carbon ; Phylogeny ; Forests ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; }, abstract = {Under the UN-Decade of Ecosystem Restoration and Bonn Challenge, second-growth forest is promoted as a global solution to climate change, degradation and associated losses of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Second growth is often invaded by alien tree species and understanding how this impacts carbon stock and biodiversity recovery is key for restoration planning. We assessed carbon stock and tree diversity recovery in second growth invaded by two Acacia species and non-invaded second growth, with associated edge effects, in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Carbon stock recovery in non-invaded forests was threefold lower than in invaded forests. Increasingly isolated, fragmented and deforested areas had low carbon stocks when non-invaded, whereas the opposite was true when invaded. Non-invaded forests recovered threefold to sixfold higher taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity than invaded forest. Higher species turnover and lower nestedness in non-invaded than invaded forests underpinned higher abundance of threatened and endemic species in non-invaded forest. Non-invaded forests presented positive relationships between carbon and biodiversity, whereas in the invaded forests we did not detect any relationship, indicating that more carbon does not equal more biodiversity in landscapes with high vulnerability to invasive acacias. To deliver on combined climate change and biodiversity goals, restoration planning and management must consider biological invasion risk. This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding forest landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration'.}, }
@article {pmid36372840, year = {2023}, author = {Ye, G and Chen, J and Yang, P and Hu, HW and He, ZY and Wang, D and Cao, D and Zhang, W and Wu, B and Wu, Y and Wei, X and Lin, Y}, title = {Non-native Plant Species Invasion Increases the Importance of Deterministic Processes in Fungal Community Assembly in a Coastal Wetland.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {86}, number = {2}, pages = {1120-1131}, pmid = {36372840}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {42077041//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2021J011038//Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province/ ; }, mesh = {*Wetlands ; *Mycobiome ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; Poaceae/physiology ; Soil/chemistry ; Fungi/genetics ; Soil Microbiology ; China ; }, abstract = {Fungal communities are essential to the maintenance of soil multifunctionality. Plant invasion represents a growing challenge for the conservation of soil biodiversity across the globe, but the impact of non-native species invasion on fungal diversity, community structure, and assembly processes remains largely unknown. Here, we examined the diversity, community composition, functional guilds, and assembly process of fungi at three soil depths underneath a native species, three non-native species, and a bare tidal flat from a coastal wetland. Plant species was more important than soil depth in regulating the diversity, community structure, and functional groups of fungi. Non-native species, especially Spartina alterniflora, increased fungal diversity, altered fungal community structure, and increased the relative abundance of saprotrophic and pathogenic fungi in coastal wetland soils. Stochastic processes played a predominant role in driving fungal community assembly, explaining more than 70% of the relative contributions. However, compared to a native species, non-native species, especially S. alterniflora, reduced the relative influence of stochastic processes in fungal community assembly. Collectively, our results provide novel evidence that non-native species can increase fungal diversity, the relative abundance of saprotrophic and pathogenic fungi, and deterministic processes in the assembly of fungi in coastal wetlands, which can expand our knowledge of the dynamics of fungal communities in subtropical coastal wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid36372556, year = {2023}, author = {Fenn-Moltu, G and Ollier, S and Caton, B and Liebhold, AM and Nahrung, H and Pureswaran, DS and Turner, RM and Yamanaka, T and Bertelsmeier, C}, title = {Alien insect dispersal mediated by the global movement of commodities.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, pages = {e2721}, pmid = {36372556}, issn = {1939-5582}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Europe ; *Insecta ; Biota ; Australia ; }, abstract = {Globalization and economic growth are recognized as key drivers of biological invasions. Alien species have become a feature of almost every biological community worldwide, and rates of new introductions continue to rise as the movement of people and goods accelerates. Insects are among the most numerous and problematic alien organisms, and are mainly introduced unintentionally with imported cargo or arriving passengers. However, the processes occurring prior to insect introductions remain poorly understood. We used a unique dataset of 1,902,392 border interception records from inspections at air, land, and maritime ports in Australia, New Zealand, Europe, Japan, USA, and Canada to identify key commodities associated with insect movement through trade and travel. In total, 8939 species were intercepted, and commodity association data were available for 1242 species recorded between 1960 and 2019. We used rarefaction and extrapolation methods to estimate the total species richness and diversity associated with different commodity types. Plant and wood products were the main commodities associated with insect movement across cargo, passenger baggage, and international mail. Furthermore, certain species were mainly associated with specific commodities within these, and other broad categories. More closely related species tended to share similar commodity associations, but this occurred largely at the genus level rather than within orders or families. These similarities within genera can potentially inform pathway management of new alien species. Combining interception records across regions provides a unique window into the unintentional movement of insects, and provides valuable information on establishment risks associated with different commodity types and pathways.}, }
@article {pmid36371206, year = {2022}, author = {Portner, COS and Rong, EG and Ramirez, JA and Wolf, YI and Bosse, AP and Koonin, EV and Rochman, ND}, title = {Host age structure reshapes parasite symbiosis: collaboration begets pathogens, competition begets virulent mutualists.}, journal = {Biology direct}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {30}, pmid = {36371206}, issn = {1745-6150}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Symbiosis ; *Parasites ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Symbiotic relationships are ubiquitous in the biosphere. Inter-species symbiosis is impacted by intra-specific distinctions, in particular, those defined by the age structure of a population. Older individuals compete with younger individuals for resources despite being less likely to reproduce, diminishing the fitness of the population. Conversely, however, older individuals can support the reproduction of younger individuals, increasing the population fitness. Parasitic relationships are commonly age structured, typically, more adversely affecting older hosts.<br><br>RESULTS: We employ mathematical modeling to explore the differential effects of collaborative or competitive host age structures on host-parasite relationships. A classical epidemiological compartment model is constructed with three disease states: susceptible, infected, and recovered. Each of these three states is partitioned into two compartments representing young, potentially reproductive, and old, post-reproductive, hosts, yielding 6 compartments in total. In order to describe competition and collaboration between old and young compartments, we model the reproductive success to depend on the fraction of young individuals in the population. Collaborative populations with relatively greater numbers of post-reproductive hosts enjoy greater reproductive success whereas in purely competitive populations, increasing the post-reproductive subpopulation reduces reproductive success.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that, in collaborative host populations, pathogens strictly impacting older, post-reproductive individuals can reduce population fitness even more than pathogens that directly impact younger, potentially reproductive individuals. In purely competitive populations, the reverse is observed, and we demonstrate that endemic, virulent pathogens can oxymoronically form a mutualistic relationship with the host, increasing the fitness of the host population. Applications to endangered species conservation and invasive species containment are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid36367889, year = {2022}, author = {Nagoshi, RN}, title = {Observations of genetic differentiation between the fall armyworm host strains.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, pages = {e0277510}, pmid = {36367889}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Spodoptera/genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Moths/genetics ; Crops, Agricultural ; Genetic Drift ; Triose-Phosphate Isomerase/genetics ; }, abstract = {The threat of invasive species is increasing with the expansion of global trade and habitat disruption. A recent example is the establishment of fall armyworm (FAW), a noctuid moth native to the Americas, into most of the Eastern Hemisphere with projections of significant economic losses on a global scale. The species has traditionally been subdivided into two populations that differ in their propensity to use different plant hosts, a phenotype with clear relevance for identifying crops at risk. However, inconsistencies in the genetic and phenotypic descriptions of these "host strains" has led to controversy about their composition and even existence. In this study, the locus for the Triosephosphate isomerase gene (Tpi) is used both as a host strain marker and for phylogenetic analysis. Association of the host choice phenotype with the Tpi-derived phylogenetic tree uncovered genetic differentiation between populations that supports the existence of the host strains and provided evidence that they are subject to different selection pressures. This correspondence of differential host use with Tpi was demonstrated for populations from a broad geographical range and supports the involvement of one or more Z-chromosome functions controlling the phenotype. Comparisons of collections from multiple locations identified significant differences in the efficacy of different molecular markers that implicate regional variations in host strain behavior.}, }
@article {pmid36365319, year = {2022}, author = {Ulm, F and Estorninho, M and de Jesus, JG and de Sousa Prado, MG and Cruz, C and Máguas, C}, title = {From a Lose-Lose to a Win-Win Situation: User-Friendly Biomass Models for Acacia longifolia to Aid Research, Management and Valorisation.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {36365319}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {PCIF/GVB/0202/2017//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; }, abstract = {Woody invasive species pose a big threat to ecosystems worldwide. Among them, Acacia longifolia is especially aggressive, fundamentally changing ecosystem structure through massive biomass input. This biomass is rarely harvested for usage; thus, these plants constitute a nuisance for stakeholders who invest time and money for control without monetary return. Simultaneously, there is an increased effort to valorise its biomass, e.g., for compost, growth substrate or as biofuel. However, to incentivise A. longifolia harvest and usage, stakeholders need to be able to estimate what can be obtained from management actions. Thus, the total biomass and its quality (C/N ratio) need to be predicted to perform cost-benefit analyses for usage and determine the level of invasion that has already occurred. Here, we report allometric biomass models for major biomass pools, as well as give an overview of biomass quality. Subsequently, we derive a simplified volume-based model (BM ~ 6.297 + 0.982 × Vol; BM = total dry biomass and Vol = plant volume), which can be applied to remote sensing data or with in situ manual measurements. This toolkit will help local stakeholders, forest managers or municipalities to predict the impact and valorisation potential of this invasive species and could ultimately encourage its management.}, }
@article {pmid36365054, year = {2022}, author = {Nukeri, S and Malatji, MP and Sengupta, ME and Vennervald, BJ and Stensgaard, AS and Chaisi, M and Mukaratirwa, S}, title = {Potential Hybridization of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in Africa-A Scoping Review.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {36365054}, issn = {2076-0817}, support = {101000365//European Commission/ ; MND200710542559//National Research Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {The occurrence of Fasciola gigantica and F. hepatica in Africa is well documented; however, unlike in Asia, there is a paucity of information on the existence of hybrids or parthenogenetic species on the continent. Nonetheless, these hybrid species may have beneficial characteristics, such as increased host range and pathogenicity. This study provides evidence of the potential existence of Fasciola hybrids in Africa. A literature search of articles published between 1980 and 2022 was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct using a combination of search terms and Boolean operators. Fasciola species were documented in 26 African countries with F. hepatica being restricted to 12 countries, whilst F. gigantica occurred in 24 countries, identified based on morphological features of adult Fasciola specimens or eggs and molecular techniques. The co-occurrence of both species was reported in 11 countries. However, the occurrence of potential Fasciola hybrids was only confirmed in Egypt and Chad but is suspected in South Africa and Zimbabwe. These were identified based on liver fluke morphometrics, assessment of the sperms in the seminal vesicle, and molecular techniques. The occurrence of intermediate host snails Galba truncatula and Radix natalensis was reported in Ethiopia, Egypt, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda, where F. hepatica and F. gigantica co-occurrences were reported. The invasive Pseudosuccinea columella snails naturally infected with F. gigantica were documented in South Africa and Egypt. In Zimbabwe, P. columella was infected with a presumed parthenogenetic Fasciola. This suggests that the invasive species might also be contributing to the overlapping distributions of the two Fasciola species since it can transmit both species. Notwithstanding the limited studies in Africa, the potential existence of Fasciola hybrids in Africa is real and might mimic scenarios in Asia, where parthenogenetic Fasciola exist in most Asian countries. In South Africa, aspermic F. hepatica and Fasciola sp. have been reported already, and Fasciola hybrids have been reported? in Chad and Egypt. Thus, the authors recommend future surveys using molecular markers recommended to identify Fasciola spp. and their snail intermediate hosts to demarcate areas of overlapping distribution where Fasciola hybrids and/or parthenogenetic Fasciola may occur. Further studies should also be conducted to determine the presence and role of P. columella in the transmission of Fasciola spp. in these geographical overlaps to help prevent parasite spillbacks.}, }
@article {pmid36362954, year = {2022}, author = {Yuan, Y and Li, J}, title = {Effects of Parasitism on the Competitive Ability of Invasive and Native Species.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {36362954}, issn = {2075-1729}, support = {LY21C030004//Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; 32271630, 32271590, 31500416//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2019YQ002//Outstanding Youth Fund of Taizhou University/ ; }, abstract = {Parasitic plants can often seriously harm host plants and, thus, alter competitive dominance between hosts and neighbouring species. However, whether and how parasitic plants differently affect the competitive abilities of invasive and the native plants have not been tested. In this study, we used Cuscuta grovonii as the parasitic plants and three invasive plants and three native plants as host plants. Host plants grown alone or in competition with Coix lacryma-jobi were either parasitized with Cuscuta grovonii or not parasitized. Parasitism caused similar damage to invasive and native plants when grown with Cuscuta grovonii alone but caused less damage to invasive species than native species when grown in competition. Parasitism increased the competitive ability of invasive plants but did not affect the competitive ability of native plants. In the absence of parasitism, the competitive ability of host plants was significantly negatively correlated with the competitive ability of Coix lacryma-jobi, but under parasitism, there was no significant relationship of the competitive ability between host and competitor plants. Our results indicated that parasitic plants can increase the competitive tolerance of invasive plants, but have no effect on native plants. Thus, parasitism may play an important role in the process of plant invasion.}, }
@article {pmid36358326, year = {2022}, author = {Karachle, PK and Oikonomou, A and Pantazi, M and Stergiou, KI and Zenetos, A}, title = {Can Biological Traits Serve as Predictors for Fishes' Introductions, Establishment, and Interactions? The Mediterranean Sea as a Case Study.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {36358326}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {MIS: 5049511//NRSF 2017-2020/ ; }, abstract = {The Mediterranean Sea (MED) is prone to species' introductions, induced by human activities and/or climate change. Recent studies focus on the biological traits that result in such introductions, yet on a single-area-type approach. Here, we used, analyzed, and compared biological traits derived from FishBase for MED, non-indigenous (NIS) and neonative (NEO) in the Mediterranean, and adjacent Atlantic (ATL) and Red Sea (RS) species. A quantitative trait-based analysis was performed using random forest to determine the importance of traits in the successful establishment in the Mediterranean. MED fishes were mainly demersal, slow growing and small-medium sized, preferring intermediate temperatures. Conversely, ATL were mainly deep-dwelling species, preferring low temperatures. RS and NIS were predominantly reef-associated, thermophilus, and stenothermic. NEO species were stenothermic with preference to intermediate-high temperatures. Omnivores with preference to animals was the most common trophic group among regions. MED species exhibited higher phylogenetic uniqueness (PD50) compared to RS and NIS, indicating that they have long ancestral branches and few descendants. Preferred temperature, habitat type preference and maximum reported length (Lmax) and infinite length (Linf) were the most important predictors in the establishment process. Overall, the results presented here could serve as a baseline for future research, especially by using more refined and/or additional biological trail estimates.}, }
@article {pmid36356744, year = {2023}, author = {Wilman, B and Bełdowska, M and Rychter, A and Kornijów, R}, title = {Different pathways of accumulation and elimination of neurotoxicant Hg and its forms in the clam Atlantic rangia (Rangia cuneata).}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {858}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {160018}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160018}, pmid = {36356744}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Mercury ; }, abstract = {Mercury (Hg) is one of the most hazardous environmental pollutants, negatively affecting the ecosystem. The pathways of Hg elimination are well recognized in organisms from higher trophic levels compared to invertebrates such as clams. The aim of this study was to identify pathways of Hg accumulation in an alien species clams: Rangia cuneata, which represented an unrecognized source of Hg into the trophic chain of the southern Baltic Sea. An important aspect of this study was to determine Hg detoxification processes based on physiological state and biometric parameters of the atlatntic rangia. Special consideration was given to the role of shell in this process and the form of Hg in which it occurred. The study was also considered in terms of geographical changes in the Hg concentration in clams and the factors involved. Sex did not determine the concentration of Hg and its fraction in clams soft tissue and shell. Clams detoxified xenobiotic effectively in summer when their metabolism was accelerated. As a result, clams grew faster in warmer water than they accumulated Hg. In addition, this process was intensified by their reproduction. The mass of accumulated mercury was higher in the shell mass than in the body mass in summer. Transfer of Hg from the body to the shell depended on the forms Hg, mostly HgS. Geographical changes in the mercury concentration in clams was related to the form of Hg in the sediment. In areas where were more fines sediment fraction and organic matter accumulated in the sediment, mercury was present in a less bioavailable form, which caused that clams had lower Hg concentrations in their body. With assumption that in the future, due to its increasingly frequent occurrence, atlatntic rangia will become more common component of fish diet, a smaller load of toxic mercury will be introduced to the marine trophic chain.}, }
@article {pmid36356129, year = {2022}, author = {Vogel, G}, title = {Invasive mosquito adds to Africa's malaria toll.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {378}, number = {6620}, pages = {582-583}, doi = {10.1126/science.adf7188}, pmid = {36356129}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Africa/epidemiology ; *Anopheles ; *Mosquito Vectors ; *Introduced Species ; *Malaria, Vivax/epidemiology/transmission ; *Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology/transmission ; }, abstract = {Anopheles stephensi may dramatically increase the number of people at risk.}, }
@article {pmid36355347, year = {2023}, author = {Xiang, JX and Saha, M and Zhong, KL and Zhang, QS and Zhang, D and Jueterbock, A and Krueger-Hadfield, SA and Wang, GG and Weinberger, F and Hu, ZM}, title = {Genome-scale signatures of adaptive gene expression changes in an invasive seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, pages = {613-627}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16776}, pmid = {36355347}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {31971395//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; GZ1357//the Sino-German Center for Research Promotion/ ; //start-up funds from the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Alabama at Birmingham/ ; }, mesh = {*Seaweed/genetics ; *Gracilaria/genetics ; *Rhodophyta ; Ecosystem ; Gene Expression ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can successfully and rapidly colonize new niches and expand ranges via founder effects and enhanced tolerance towards environmental stresses. However, the underpinning molecular mechanisms (i.e., gene expression changes) facilitating rapid adaptation to harsh environments are still poorly understood. The red seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla, which is native to the northwest Pacific but invaded North American and European coastal habitats over the last 100 years, provides an excellent model to examine whether enhanced tolerance at the level of gene expression contributed to its invasion success. We collected G. vermiculophylla from its native range in Japan and from two non-native regions along the Delmarva Peninsula (Eastern United States) and in Germany. Thalli were reared in a common garden for 4 months at which time we performed comparative transcriptome (mRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) sequencing. MRNA-expression profiling identified 59 genes that were differently expressed between native and non-native thalli. Of these genes, most were involved in metabolic pathways, including photosynthesis, abiotic stress, and biosynthesis of products and hormones in all four non-native sites. MiRNA-based target-gene correlation analysis in native/non-native pairs revealed that some target genes are positively or negatively regulated via epigenetic mechanisms. Importantly, these genes are mostly associated with metabolism and defence capability (e.g., metal transporter Nramp5, senescence-associated protein, cell wall-associated hydrolase, ycf68 protein and cytochrome P450-like TBP). Thus, our gene expression results indicate that resource reallocation to metabolic processes is most likely a predominant mechanism contributing to the range-wide persistence and adaptation of G. vermiculophylla in the invaded range. This study, therefore, provides molecular insight into the speed and nature of invasion-mediated rapid adaption.}, }
@article {pmid36354834, year = {2022}, author = {Hougardy, E and Hogg, BN}, title = {Factors Affecting Progeny Production and Sex Ratio of Gryon aetherium (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), a Candidate Biological Control Agent for Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {36354834}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {18-0001-064-SC//California Specialty Crop Block Grant Program/ ; N/A//US Farm Bill/ ; }, abstract = {Manipulating the factors that influence progeny production and sex ratio in parasitoids can help maximize the production of quarantine bioassays and/or mass releases. In a series of experiments, we studied the effects of several factors on offspring production and sex ratio in the parasitoid Gryon aetherium (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), a candidate biological control agent for Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Progeny production was influenced by maternal age and dropped when females were 24 or 28 days old and decreased on the second day of exposure. Overall, the offspring sex ratio was highly variable in G. aetherium and was affected by the duration of exposure, with higher proportions of females emerging after one day of exposure than after two days, but was not affected by female density, female age/host deprivation, or temperature during oviposition. Progeny production was affected by the temperature during oviposition and was highest at 26.6 °C. The results indicate that production of G. aetherium can be maximized at one day of exposure, using females that are less than 24 d old, and at temperatures of around 26 °C.}, }
@article {pmid36354795, year = {2022}, author = {Villena, OC and Sullivan, JH and Landa, ER and Yarwood, SA and Torrents, A and Zhang, A and Leisnham, PT}, title = {The Role of Tire Leachate in Condition-Specific Competition and the Persistence of a Resident Mosquito from a Competitively Superior Invader.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {36354795}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {DEB 1824807//National Science Foundation/ ; MD-ENST-2956//Maryland Agriculture Experimental Station/ ; 58-8042-6-118//Agricultural Research Service/ ; }, abstract = {(1) Background: Condition-specific competition, when the outcome of competition varies with abiotic conditions, can facilitate species coexistence in spatially or temporally variable environments. Discarded vehicle tires degrade to leach contaminants into collected rainwater that provide habitats for competing mosquito species. We tested the hypothesis that more highly degraded tires that contain greater tire leachate alters interspecific mosquito competition to produce a condition-specific advantage for the resident, Culex pipiens, by altering the outcome of competition with the competitively superior invasive Aedes albopictus. (2) Methods: In a competition trial, varying densities of newly hatched Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens larvae were added to tires that had been exposed to three different ultraviolet (UV)-B conditions that mimicked full-sun, shade, or no UV-B conditions in the field. We also measured Cx. pipiens and Ae. albopictus oviposition preference among four treatments with varying tire leachate (high and low) and resources (high and low) amounts to determine if adult gravid females avoided habitats with higher tire leachate. (3) Results: We found stronger competitive effects of Cx. pipiens on the population performance and survival of Ae. albopictus in tires exposed to shade and full-sun conditions that had higher concentrations of contaminants. Further, zinc concentration was higher in emergent adults of Ae. albopictus than Cx. pipiens. Oviposition by these species was similar between tire leachate treatments but not by resource amount. (4) Conclusions: These results suggest that degraded tires with higher tire leachate may promote condition-specific competition by reducing the competitive advantage of invasive Ae. albopictus over resident Cx. pipiens and, combined with Cx. pipiens' preferential oviposition in higher resource sites, contribute to the persistence of the resident species.}, }
@article {pmid36354793, year = {2022}, author = {Cloonan, KR and Montgomery, WS and Narvaez, TI and Carrillo, D and Kendra, PE}, title = {Community of Bark and Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) in Agricultural and Forest Ecosystems with Laurel Wilt.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {36354793}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {NA//USDA-ARS National Plant Disease Recovery System/ ; NA//Florida Avocado Administrative Committee/ ; NA//Synergy Semiochemicals Corp., BC, Canada/ ; }, abstract = {Redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, is an invasive wood-boring pest first detected in the USA in 2002 in Georgia. The beetle's dominant fungal symbiont, Harringtonialauricola, causes laurel wilt, a lethal disease of trees in the Lauraceae. Over the past 20 years, X. glabratus and laurel wilt have spread to twelve southeastern states, resulting in high mortality of native Persea species, including redbay (P. borbonia), swampbay (P. palustris), and silkbay (P. humilis). Laurel wilt also threatens avocado (P. americana) in south Florida, but in contrast to the situation in forests, X. glabratus is detected at very low levels in affected groves. Moreover, other species of ambrosia beetle have acquired H. lauricola and now function as secondary vectors. To better understand the beetle communities in different ecosystems exhibiting laurel wilt, parallel field tests were conducted in an avocado grove in Miami-Dade County and a swampbay forest in Highlands County, FL. Sampling utilized ethanol lures (the best general attractant for ambrosia beetles) and essential oil lures (the best attractants for X. glabratus), alone and in combination, resulting in detection of 20 species. This study documents host-related differences in beetle diversity and population levels, and species-specific differences in chemical ecology, as reflected in efficacy of lures and lure combinations.}, }
@article {pmid36354050, year = {2022}, author = {Zink, FA and Tembrock, LR and Timm, AE and Gilligan, TM}, title = {A Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) Assay to Detect Phthorimaea absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Bulk Trap Samples.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {115}, number = {6}, pages = {2125-2129}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toac177}, pmid = {36354050}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Lepidoptera ; *Moths/genetics ; *Solanum lycopersicum ; Crops, Agricultural ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Europe ; }, abstract = {The moth species Phthorimaea absoluta (Meyrick) (formerly Tuta absoluta) is serious threat to tomato and other Solanaceous crops worldwide and is invasive throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa. While P. absoluta has not yet been found in the U.S. recent detections in the Caribbean have raised concerns that the species could be introduced to mainland North America. To improve detection capacity, a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay was developed that employs a nondestructive bulk DNA extraction method able to detect one P. absoluta sample among 200 nontargets. Such high-throughput and sensitive molecular assays are essential to preventing introductions through early detection and response. This assay can also be used in areas where P. absoluta is established to monitor outbreaks and track migratory patterns.}, }
@article {pmid36353817, year = {2022}, author = {Zhang, J and Xia, J and Zhang, Q and Yang, N and Li, G and Zhang, F}, title = {Identification of agricultural quarantine materials in passenger's luggage using ion mobility spectroscopy combined with a convolutional neural network.}, journal = {Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications}, volume = {14}, number = {45}, pages = {4690-4702}, doi = {10.1039/d2ay01478e}, pmid = {36353817}, issn = {1759-9679}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; *Quarantine ; *Neural Networks, Computer ; Least-Squares Analysis ; Discriminant Analysis ; Spectrum Analysis ; }, abstract = {As economic globalization intensifies, the recent increase in agricultural products and travelers from abroad has led to an increase in the probability of invasive alien species. A major pathway for invasive alien species is agricultural quarantine materials (AQMs) in travelers' baggage. Thus, it is meaningful to develop efficient methods for early detection and prompt action against AQMs. In this study, a method based on the combination of odor detection of AQMs using ion mobility spectroscopy (IMS) and convolutional neural network (CNN) analysis for the identification of AQM species in luggage was developed. Two different ways were investigated to feed the IMS data of AQMs into the CNN, either as one-dimensional data (1D) (as a spectrum) or as two-dimensional data (2D) (as an IMS topographic map). The performances of CNN models were also compared to those of the commonly used classification algorithms: partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA). By doing gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM), the essential IMS feature regions from the CNN models to predict different AQM species were also identified. The results of this research demonstrated that the application of the CNN to the IMS data of AQMs yielded superior classification performance compared to PLS-DA and SIMCA. Especially, the CNN-2D model which utilized the IMS topographic map as input achieved the best classification accuracy both on the calibration and validation sets. In addition, the Grad-CAM method had an ability to detect critical discriminating spectral regions for different types of AQM samples, and could provide explanation for the CNNs' decision-making. Despite the inherent limitations of the present analytical protocol, the results showed that the method of IMS in combination with a CNN has great potential to be a complement for sniffer dogs and X-ray imaging techniques to detect AQMs.}, }
@article {pmid36352726, year = {2022}, author = {Kourantidou, M and Verbrugge, LNH and Haubrock, PJ and Cuthbert, RN and Angulo, E and Ahonen, I and Cleary, M and Falk-Andersson, J and Granhag, L and Gíslason, S and Kaiser, B and Kosenius, AK and Lange, H and Lehtiniemi, M and Magnussen, K and Navrud, S and Nummi, P and Oficialdegui, FJ and Ramula, S and Ryttäri, T and von Schmalensee, M and Stefansson, RA and Diagne, C and Courchamp, F}, title = {The economic costs, management and regulation of biological invasions in the Nordic countries.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {324}, number = {}, pages = {116374}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116374}, pmid = {36352726}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Scandinavian and Nordic Countries ; Norway ; Iceland ; Finland ; Sweden ; }, abstract = {A collective understanding of economic impacts and in particular of monetary costs of biological invasions is lacking for the Nordic region. This paper synthesizes findings from the literature on costs of invasions in the Nordic countries together with expert elicitation. The analysis of cost data has been made possible through the InvaCost database, a globally open repository of monetary costs that allows for the use of temporal, spatial, and taxonomic descriptors facilitating a better understanding of how costs are distributed. The total reported costs of invasive species across the Nordic countries were estimated at $8.35 billion (in 2017 US$ values) with damage costs significantly outweighing management costs. Norway incurred the highest costs ($3.23 billion), followed by Denmark ($2.20 billion), Sweden ($1.45 billion), Finland ($1.11 billion) and Iceland ($25.45 million). Costs from invasions in the Nordics appear to be largely underestimated. We conclude by highlighting such knowledge gaps, including gaps in policies and regulation stemming from expert judgment as well as avenues for an improved understanding of invasion costs and needs for future research.}, }
@article {pmid36351499, year = {2023}, author = {Bernal, B and Kim, S and Mozdzer, TJ}, title = {Species shifts induce soil organic matter priming and changes in microbial communities.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {859}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {159956}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159956}, pmid = {36351499}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Soil/chemistry ; Soil Microbiology ; *Microbiota ; Carbon/metabolism ; Wetlands ; Poaceae/metabolism ; Nitrogen ; Plants/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Invasion of plant species with functional traits that influences the rhizosphere can have significant effects on soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics if the invasive species stimulates soil microbial communities with, for example, an enhanced supply of labile carbon and oxygen. We evaluated these effects along a Phragmites invasion chronosequence spanning over 40 years. Using a δ[13]C and δ[15]N enriched substrate, we separated SOM-derived and substrate-derived carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization in surface (top 15 cm), shallow (30-45 cm), and deep (65-80 cm) soils collected from established, newly invaded, and native plant communities. We found all soils were susceptible to SOM priming, but priming profiles differed between vegetation communities, being highest at the surface in native assemblage soils, whereas highest at depth under invasive plants. Changes in functional microbial community composition at depth in Phragmites soils, evidenced by an increase in relative fungal laccase abundance, explained the SOM priming in these deep invaded soils. Our results show that invasive Phragmites maintains a microbial community at depth able to degrade SOM faster than that under native vegetation, evidencing that plant species shifts can fundamentally change soil biogeochemistry, altering element cycling and decreasing SOM residence time. Furthermore, our experimental design allowed to quantify real-time SOM-C and SOM-N gross mineralization, resulting in a new model relating C and N mineralization in these wetland soils and providing new insights on how SOM decomposition impacts N availability and cycling across wetland N pools.}, }
@article {pmid36351450, year = {2022}, author = {Masrahi, Y and Al-Namazi, A and Alammari, B and Alturki, T}, title = {Adaptations facilitate the invasion of Cylindropuntia rosea (DC.) Backeb. (Cactaceae) in the highlands of southwestern Saudi Arabia.}, journal = {Plant signaling &amp; behavior}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {2144593}, pmid = {36351450}, issn = {1559-2324}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cactaceae/physiology ; Saudi Arabia ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Insecta ; Photosynthesis ; Plants ; }, abstract = {The colonization and expansion of any plant species into a novel environment depend on its structural and functional characteristics. Therefore, developing better control measures for any invasive plant species requires examining and understanding the mechanisms underlying its reproduction and adaptation to the environment it invades. Recently, a novel exotic species Cylindropuntia rosea (DC.) Backeb. has been identified in Baljurashi, Al-Baha province, in southwestern Saudi Arabia. Reports suggest that this species may become invasive with the current rate of habitat expansion in Baljurashi. Although C. rosea is an important invasive species, most of its morpho-anatomical and physiological characteristics have not been examined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the morpho-anatomical and related physiological adaptations of C. rosea in its new habitats in the southwestern highlands of Saudi Arabia. We observed that the species is well-equipped for invasion with traits to handle semi-arid conditions, including some morphological and anatomical features, CAM photosynthetic pathway, high growth rate, and highly effective defense mechanisms against herbivores and insects. These morpho-anatomical and physiological characteristics contribute to the high invasiveness of this species in Saudi Arabia.}, }
@article {pmid36351024, year = {2022}, author = {Jaureguiberry, P and Titeux, N and Wiemers, M and Bowler, DE and Coscieme, L and Golden, AS and Guerra, CA and Jacob, U and Takahashi, Y and Settele, J and Díaz, S and Molnár, Z and Purvis, A}, title = {The direct drivers of recent global anthropogenic biodiversity loss.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {8}, number = {45}, pages = {eabm9982}, pmid = {36351024}, issn = {2375-2548}, abstract = {Effective policies to halt biodiversity loss require knowing which anthropogenic drivers are the most important direct causes. Whereas previous knowledge has been limited in scope and rigor, here we statistically synthesize empirical comparisons of recent driver impacts found through a wide-ranging review. We show that land/sea use change has been the dominant direct driver of recent biodiversity loss worldwide. Direct exploitation of natural resources ranks second and pollution third; climate change and invasive alien species have been significantly less important than the top two drivers. The oceans, where direct exploitation and climate change dominate, have a different driver hierarchy from land and fresh water. It also varies among types of biodiversity indicators. For example, climate change is a more important driver of community composition change than of changes in species populations. Stopping global biodiversity loss requires policies and actions to tackle all the major drivers and their interactions, not some of them in isolation.}, }
@article {pmid36350203, year = {2022}, author = {Bourret, SL and Kovach, RP and Cline, TJ and Strait, JT and Muhlfeld, CC}, title = {High dispersal rates in hybrids drive expansion of maladaptive hybridization.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {289}, number = {1986}, pages = {20221813}, pmid = {36350203}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Oncorhynchus/genetics ; *Oncorhynchus mykiss/genetics ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Hybridization between native and invasive species, a major cause of biodiversity loss, can spread rapidly even when hybrids have reduced fitness. This paradox suggests that hybrids have greater dispersal rates than non-hybridized individuals, yet this mechanism has not been empirically tested in animal populations. Here, we test if non-native genetic introgression increases reproductive dispersal using a human-mediated hybrid zone between native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) and invasive rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a large and connected river system. We quantified the propensity for individuals to migrate from natal rearing habitats (migrate), reproduce in non-natal habitats (stray), and the joint probability of dispersal as a function of genetic ancestry. Hybrid trout with predominantly non-native rainbow trout ancestry were more likely to migrate as juveniles and to stray as adults. Overall, hybrids with greater than 50% rainbow trout ancestry were 5.7 times more likely to disperse than native or hybrid trout with small amounts of rainbow trout ancestry. Our results show a genetic basis for increased dispersal in hybrids that is likely contributing to the rapid expansion of invasive hybridization between these species. Management actions that decrease the probability of hybrid dispersal may mitigate the harmful effects of invasive hybridization on native biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid36349474, year = {2023}, author = {Bodey, TW and Angulo, E and Bang, A and Bellard, C and Fantle-Lepczyk, J and Lenzner, B and Turbelin, A and Watari, Y and Courchamp, F}, title = {Economic costs of protecting islands from invasive alien species.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, pages = {e14034}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.14034}, pmid = {36349474}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Geography ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions represent a key threat to insular systems and have pronounced impacts across environments and economies. The ecological impacts have received substantial focus, but the socioeconomic impacts are poorly synthesized across spatial and temporal scales. We used the InvaCost database, the most comprehensive assessment of published economic costs of invasive species, to assess economic impacts on islands worldwide. We analyzed socioeconomic costs across differing expenditure types and examined temporal trends across islands that differ in their political geography-island nation states, overseas territories, and islands of continental countries. Over US$36 billion in total costs (including damages and management) has occurred on islands from 1965 to 2020 due to invasive species' impacts. Nation states incurred the greatest total and management costs, and islands of continental countries incurred costs of similar magnitude, both far higher than those in overseas territories. Damage-loss costs were significantly lower, but with qualitatively similar patterns across differing political geographies. The predominance of management spending differs from the pattern found for most countries examined and suggests important knowledge gaps in the extent of many damage-related socioeconomic impacts. Nation states spent the greatest proportion of their gross domestic products countering these costs, at least 1 order of magnitude higher than other locations. Most costs were borne by authorities and stakeholders, demonstrating the key role of governmental and nongovernmental bodies in addressing island invasions. Temporal trends revealed cost increases across all island types, potentially reflecting efforts to tackle invasive species at larger, more socially complex scales. Nevertheless, the already high total economic costs of island invasions substantiate the role of biosecurity in reducing and preventing invasive species arrivals to reduce strains on limited financial resources and avoid threats to sustainable development goals.}, }
@article {pmid36349257, year = {2022}, author = {Rochat, EC and Paterson, RA and Blasco-Costa, I and Power, M and Adams, CE and Greer, R and Knudsen, R}, title = {Temporal stability of polymorphic Arctic charr parasite communities reflects sustained divergent trophic niches.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {e9460}, pmid = {36349257}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Polymorphic Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus populations frequently display distinct differences in habitat use, diet, and parasite communities. Changes to the relative species densities and composition of the wider fish community have the potential to alter the habitat niche of sympatric Arctic charr populations. This study evaluated the temporal stability of the parasite community, diet, and stable isotopes (δ[13]C, δ[15]N) of three sympatric Arctic charr morphs (piscivore, benthivore, and planktivore) from Loch Rannoch, Scotland, in relation to changes to the fish community. All Arctic charr morphs displayed distinct differences in parasite communities, diet, and stable isotope signatures over time, despite the establishment of four new trophically transmitted parasite taxa, and increased fish and zooplankton consumption by the piscivorous and planktivore morphs, respectively. Native parasite prevalence also increased in all Arctic charr morphs. Overall, Loch Rannoch polymorphic Arctic charr morph populations have maintained their distinct trophic niches and parasite communities through time despite changes in the fish community. This result indicates that re-stocking a native fish species has the potential to induce shifts in the parasite community and diet of Arctic charr morphs.}, }
@article {pmid36349255, year = {2022}, author = {Wei, H and Liang, Y and Luo, Q and Gu, D and Mu, X and Hu, Y}, title = {Environmental-related variation of stoichiometric traits in body and organs of non-native sailfin catfishes Pterygoplichthys spp.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {e9483}, pmid = {36349255}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Intraspecific variation in stoichiometric traits was thought to be an adaptive response to reduce the elemental imbalance between organism and diet in the habitat. Studying the spatial variation of stoichiometric traits of non-native species and the factors contributing to the variation could help to better understand the invasion mechanism of non-native fish. In this study, stoichiometric traits (i.e. carbon [C], phosphorus [P], calcium [Ca] and their ratios) variation in the body and organs of non-native sailfin catfishes Pterygoplichthys spp. were investigated across 13 river sections in the main river basins of Guangdong province. The relationships between environmental factors and stoichiometric traits were analyzed using a general linear model and an information-theoretic approach. A manipulated feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of food quality on the stoichiometry of sailfin catfishes in a greenhouse. Sailfin catfishes exhibited considerable variability in body and organ elemental composition. Site identity was the main factor contributing to the variation, which could be explained by a combination of environmental factors including climate, diet quality, fish species richness and trophic status in the invaded rivers. Water chemistry (i.e. total nitrogen and phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus) contributed to the most variation of stoichiometric traits. Imbalances of P and Ca between sailfin catfishes and food resources varied among sampling sites, reflecting the spatial heterogeneity of nutrients limitation. Juvenile sailfin catfishes exhibited stoichiometric homeostasis (0 < 1/H < 0.25) for all elemental contents and ratios in the feeding experiment. These findings suggested variation in stoichiometric traits of sailfin catfishes might be attributed to the changes in elemental metabolism to cope with context-specific environments. This study provided heuristic knowledge about environmental-related variation in stoichiometric traits, which could enhance the understanding of the non-native species' adaptation to resource fluctuation in the invaded ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid36348368, year = {2022}, author = {Da Re, D and Van Bortel, W and Reuss, F and Müller, R and Boyer, S and Montarsi, F and Ciocchetta, S and Arnoldi, D and Marini, G and Rizzoli, A and L'Ambert, G and Lacour, G and Koenraadt, CJM and Vanwambeke, SO and Marcantonio, M}, title = {dynamAedes: a unified modelling framework for invasive Aedes mosquitoes.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {414}, pmid = {36348368}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Aedes/physiology ; Larva/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature ; Mosquito Vectors/physiology ; }, abstract = {Mosquito species belonging to the genus Aedes have attracted the interest of scientists and public health officers because of their capacity to transmit viruses that affect humans. Some of these species were brought outside their native range by means of trade and tourism and then colonised new regions thanks to a unique combination of eco-physiological traits. Considering mosquito physiological and behavioural traits to understand and predict their population dynamics is thus a crucial step in developing strategies to mitigate the local densities of invasive Aedes populations. Here, we synthesised the life cycle of four invasive Aedes species (Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. japonicus and Ae. koreicus) in a single multi-scale stochastic modelling framework which we coded in the R package dynamAedes. We designed a stage-based and time-discrete stochastic model driven by temperature, photo-period and inter-specific larval competition that can be applied to three different spatial scales: punctual, local and regional. These spatial scales consider different degrees of spatial complexity and data availability by accounting for both active and passive dispersal of mosquito species as well as for the heterogeneity of the input temperature data. Our overarching aim was to provide a flexible, open-source and user-friendly tool rooted in the most updated knowledge on the species' biology which could be applied to the management of invasive Aedes populations as well as to more theoretical ecological inquiries.}, }
@article {pmid36347283, year = {2023}, author = {Ojaveer, H and Einberg, H and Lehtiniemi, M and Outinen, O and Zaiko, A and Jelmert, A and Kotta, J}, title = {Quantifying impacts of human pressures on ecosystem services: Effects of widespread non-indigenous species in the Baltic Sea.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {858}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {159975}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159975}, pmid = {36347283}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Humans ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; *Anthropogenic Effects ; }, abstract = {Ecosystem services (ES) are the benefits natural ecosystems provide to society, such as food provisioning, water supply, climate regulation and recreational benefits. Biological invasions are a major driver of global change, and several non-indigenous species (NIS) may alter key ecological feedbacks with ultimate consequences to ES, livelihoods and human wellbeing. Nonetheless, the effects of NIS on ES supply remain largely unquantified. Here we present the first quantitative case study assessing the impacts of widespread NIS on ES in the Baltic Sea, by developing and employing a robust and repeatable data-driven approach. All NIS with a sufficient knowledge base pose large and highly significant effects on ES, resulting on average 55 % change in the intensity of ES. Most impacts affected regulation services, concerning both abiotic and biotic realms, with little evidence on cultural and provisioning services. The methodology can be easily employed beyond the current study realm e.g. to better understand the roles of human pressures on ES in any ecosystem. Importantly, the study also identified major biases not only in the availability of taxonomic and sub-regional evidence, but also in the different study types employed to create the evidence base.}, }
@article {pmid36343544, year = {2022}, author = {Le, CTU and Campbell, ML}, title = {Public's perceptions of marine bioinvasive risks and responsible parties - Implications for social acceptability and better-informed communication in the marine biosecurity context.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {185}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {114283}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114283}, pmid = {36343544}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Biosecurity ; *Communication ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Knowledge ; Social Responsibility ; }, abstract = {Using the survey data on a representative sample of the New Zealand population, our study presents a process of understanding citizens' perceptions, identifying patterns in the perceptions, and recognising the knowledge gaps existing in the citizenry in the marine biosecurity context. While our findings show a healthy sign of the public accepting their own responsibility and the devolved responsibility of business/industry, there are considerable gaps between the general public's perceptions and (marine) biosecurity current practices and expectations. There is a moderately strong signal from survey respondents that suggest the need of significantly more effort and improved transparency in marine biosecurity communication. Our outcomes indicate an anthropocentric tendency, with influences of gender, age, education, income, frequency of beach visitation upon societal perceptions in terms of awareness, concern, perceived non-indigenous marine species impacts, and accountability in marine biosecurity management. The recognised socio-demographic patterns in societal perceptions would inform marine biosecurity communication strategies.}, }
@article {pmid36336038, year = {2023}, author = {Li, H and Wang, X and Mai, Y and Lai, Z and Zeng, Y}, title = {Potential of microplastics participate in selective bioaccumulation of low-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons depending on the biological habits of fishes.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {858}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {159939}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159939}, pmid = {36336038}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis ; Microplastics ; Bioaccumulation ; Plastics ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Fishes ; Rivers/chemistry ; Habits ; Environmental Monitoring ; China ; Geologic Sediments ; }, abstract = {Currently, although the cumulative effects of microplastics (MPs) and organic pollutants (OPs) in the environment and within organisms are being investigated, whether and how MPs participate in bioaccumulation of OPs based on a carrier effect is still unclear. In the present study, water and aquatic organisms were collected from the Pearl River. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and MPs were separated by solid phase extraction and were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Higher PAH concentrations at the river outlet and higher MPs abundance in the inner river were observed, indicating a mismatched distribution between PAHs and MPs. No correlation between MP abundance and PAH concentration in fishes was detected, implying that MPs exerted limited influence on PAH concentrations. Interestingly, bioconcentration factors of one major low-ring PAH (phenanthrene) in fishes showed a significant correlation with MPs abundance, implying that although MPs did not affect the variation in PAH concentrations, they potentially participated in selective bioaccumulation of PAHs. Moreover, significant correlations between MPs abundance and PAHs in fishes with different feeding and living habits were found, indicating that MPs' participation in PAH bioaccumulation was dependent on fish biology and life history. Furthermore, the health risk posed by PAHs in fishes at the river outlet surpassed the line of potential high risk, while the ecological risk posed by MPs at the inner river was in the danger category, indicating the ecological risks posed by PAHs and MPs are uneven along the Pearl River. These findings deepen our understanding of the underlying mechanism of MPs participating in selective bioaccumulation of low-ring PAHs in fishes based on fish biology and point out the present risks posed by these two pollutants in the Pearl River and its estuary, which contribute to aquatic environmental protection and fishery production in this region.}, }
@article {pmid36335690, year = {2022}, author = {Tempesti, J and Langeneck, J and Lardicci, C and Maltagliati, F and Castelli, A}, title = {Short-term colonization of fouling communities within the port of Livorno (Northern Tyrrhenian Sea, Western Mediterranean): Influence of substrate three-dimensional complexity on non-indigenous species establishment.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {185}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {114302}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114302}, pmid = {36335690}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Italy ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {The influence of substrate morphology on early stages of fouling development was assessed through submerged experimental substrates with different morphological complexity. The experiment was carried out within commercial and touristic harbours of the port of Livorno (Italy), analysing the communities at three steps of colonization (14, 28, 42 days). We assessed the effect of substrate complexity on recruitment of non-indigenous species (NIS), combined with the influence of port use destinations. NIS were recorded in both use destination areas since the first step of colonization. Substrate morphological complexity significantly affected fouling colonization and particularly NIS assemblages. We found that high-complexity substrates are particularly suitable for NIS establishment in comparison with less complex ones. The touristic harbour exhibited a potential for fouling colonization higher than the commercial harbour. These results contributed to the understanding of factors involved in NIS establishment and spread, as well as in their spatial-temporal dynamics within port environments.}, }
@article {pmid36334446, year = {2023}, author = {Williams-Mounsey, J and Crowle, A and Grayson, R and Lindsay, R and Holden, J}, title = {Surface structure on abandoned upland blanket peatland tracks.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {325}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {116561}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116561}, pmid = {36334446}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Wetlands ; England ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {Temporary permissions are often granted for track use on peatlands. However, even when peatland track designs attempt to minimise environmental impacts via use of mesh systems, such linear disturbances may have persistent impacts. We evaluated the surface peatland structure of five abandoned tracks (four with a mesh surface, one unsurfaced) with varying past usage frequencies, at an upland site in northern England. Simplification of the surface nanotopography was found on all tracks compared to surrounding control areas, with increased micro-erosion patterns in rutted areas, and invasive species on some treatments. The frequency of previous usage was not found to be a significant factor controlling nano-topographic loss. Edge effects and hillslope position were influential in places, but these effects were not consistent across treatments. Nano-topographic recovery was found to be inhibited when track usage commenced within a short time frame after track construction. Mesh tracks appear to create a spatial constraint leading to poor development of plants and a reduced ability to form characteristic structures which are integral to mire function.}, }
@article {pmid36334069, year = {2022}, author = {Bohannon, GR and Johnson, CL and Jetton, RM and Oten, KLF}, title = {Phenology and Voltinism of Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Central North Carolina.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {51}, number = {6}, pages = {1077-1085}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvac088}, pmid = {36334069}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Fraxinus ; *Coleoptera ; North Carolina ; Larva ; *Wasps ; Birds ; }, abstract = {The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), has killed millions of ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees across North America. Classical biological control using introductions of parasitoid wasps may provide a sustainable approach to managing this invasive insect. However, the establishment of parasitoids in the southern United States has been difficult. The phenology of emerald ash borer was studied in central North Carolina to inform biological control efforts that better align with the seasonal availability of susceptible emerald ash borer life stages in the warm climate of this region. Biweekly emerald ash borer life stage assessments were conducted in stands of infested green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall, Lamiales: Oleaceae) over 26 consecutive months (June 2019 through August 2021). Adult trapping was also conducted in these stands in the spring and summer of 2019, 2020, and 2021. Based on these collections, emerald ash borer exhibits a univoltine (1-yr) life cycle. Parasitoid-susceptible larvae (third and fourth instars in galleries) are present from late June through October (~1,100-3,000 degree days base 10ºC) and are mostly absent during the remainder of the year. Parasitoid release timings and the life history of selected parasitoid species should be aligned with this window of host availability to be effective. This characterization of emerald ash borer phenology and voltinism will help improve the timing and effectiveness of management efforts as this forest pest continues to spread in southern North America.}, }
@article {pmid36330936, year = {2022}, author = {Mghili, B and De-la-Torre, GE and Analla, M and Aksissou, M}, title = {Marine macroinvertebrates fouled in marine anthropogenic litter in the Moroccan Mediterranean.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {185}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {114266}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114266}, pmid = {36330936}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Waste Products/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Plastics/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; *Thoracica ; *Bryozoa ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {The existence of floating marine litter in marine environments enhances the potential for the transport of fouling organisms using these substrates as vectors. In this study, we examined the fouling organisms on different types of litter stranded on two beaches of the Moroccan Mediterranean. The study revealed 13 fouling species belonging to 8 phyla (Arthropoda, Bryozoa, Annelida, Mollusca, Cnidaria, Echinodermata, Chlorophyta, and Ochrophyta) on marine litter. Rafting vectors were almost exclusively made up of plastics and could mainly be attributed to land-based sources. The most common fouling species were the crustacean Lepas pectinata, Lepas anatifera, Perforatus perforatus, and bryozoan species. More taxa were found on large litter than on small litter. Relative substratum coverage was highest for bryozoan sp. (31.0 %), green algae (29.0 %), Lepas anatifera (21.42 %), Lepas pectinata (17.8 %), and Perforatus perforatus (17.46 %). Our results suggest that the growing generation of plastic litter may enhance the probability of the introduction of non-native species into the Moroccan Mediterranean. Therefore, monitoring efforts are needed to identify vectors and the arrival of novel invasive species in this area.}, }
@article {pmid36325800, year = {2022}, author = {Kinani, S and Roumiguières, A and Bouchonnet, S}, title = {A Critical Review on Chemical Speciation of Chlorine-Produced Oxidants (CPOs) in Seawater. Part 1: Chlorine Chemistry in Seawater and Its Consequences in Terms of Biocidal Effectiveness and Environmental Impact.}, journal = {Critical reviews in analytical chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-14}, doi = {10.1080/10408347.2022.2139590}, pmid = {36325800}, issn = {1547-6510}, abstract = {Seawater chlorination has three main industrial uses: disinfection of water and installations, control of biofouling, and preventing the transport of aquatic invasive species. Once in contact with seawater, chlorine reacts rapidly with water constituents (e.g. bromide ions, ammonia, and nitrogen-containing compounds) to form a range of oxidative species (e.g. bromine and N-haloamines), termed "chlorine-produced oxidants" (CPOs) or "total residual oxidants" (TRO). The chemical nature of CPOs and their concentration are a function of two categories of parameters related to treatment modality (e.g. chlorine dose) and water quality (e.g. temperature, pH, ammonia concentration, and organic constituents). The chlorination process may result in continuous or intermittent releases of CPOs in seawater. The reactivity and potential ecotoxicity of CPO species largely depend on their physical and chemical properties. Therefore, evaluation of the biocidal effectiveness of chlorination and its potential impacts requires not only determining the sum of CPOs (via a bulk parameter), but also their chemical speciation. The aim of this article - which is the first of a trilogy dedicated to the chemical speciation of CPOs in seawater - is to provide an overview of current knowledge about chlorine chemistry in seawater and to discuss the biocidal efficacy and the environmental fate of resulting CPOs. The 2nd and 3rd articles delineate a comprehensive and critical review of analytical methods and approaches for the determination of CPOs in seawater.}, }
@article {pmid36322177, year = {2023}, author = {Stupar, M and Savković, &#x17d; and Breka, K and Stamenković, S and Krizmanić, I and Vukojević, J and Grbić, ML}, title = {A Variety of Fungal Species on the Green Frogs' Skin (Pelophylax esculentus complex) in South Banat.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {86}, number = {2}, pages = {859-871}, pmid = {36322177}, issn = {1432-184X}, mesh = {Animals ; Rana esculenta ; *Rana clamitans ; Ranidae/microbiology ; Anura ; Skin/microbiology ; }, abstract = {In the last several decades, amphibian populations have been declining worldwide. Many factors have been linked to global amphibian decline, including habitat destruction, pollution, introduced species, global environmental changes, and emerging infectious diseases. Recent studies of amphibian skin infections were mainly focused on the presence of chytridiomycosis, neglecting other members of the frogs' skin communities. The diversity pattern of fungal dwellers on the skin of green frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex) was investigated. A total of 100 adults were sampled from three localities in South Banat (northern Serbia) over three consecutive years and detected fungal dwellers were identified using light microscopy and ITS and BenA gene sequencing. Structures belonging to fungi and fungus-like organisms including a variety of spores and different mycelia types were documented in the biofilm formed on amphibian skin, and are classified into 10 groups. In total, 42 fungal isolates were identified to species, section, or genus level. The difference in mycobiota composition between sampling points (localities and green frog taxa) was documented. The highest number of fungal structures and isolates was recorded on the hybrid taxon P. esculentus and locality Stevanove ravnice. Parental species showed a markedly lower diversity than the hybrid taxon and were more similar in diversity patterns and were placed in the same homogenous group. The locality Stevanove ravnice exhibited more pronounced differences in diversity pattern than the other two localities and was placed in a distinct and separate homogenous group. Among the fungal isolates, the highest isolation frequency was documented for Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus sp. sect. Nigri, Epicoccum nigrum, Fusarium proliferatum, and Trichoderma atroviride. Among the documented species, dematiaceous fungi, causative agents of chromomycosis in amphibians, were also recorded in this research with high isolation frequency. Also, some rare fungal species such as Quambalaria cyanescens and Pseudoteniolina globosa are documented for the first time in this research as microbial inhabitants of amphibian skin.}, }
@article {pmid36318779, year = {2022}, author = {Kenyeres, Z and Andrási, L and Kovács, P and Márkus, A and Sáringer-Kenyeres, T}, title = {The Efficiency of Biogents Sentinel 2.0 Trapping and Human-Landing Catching Methods to Calculate Human Biting Rates.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, pages = {286-289}, doi = {10.2987/22-7078}, pmid = {36318779}, issn = {1943-6270}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Mosquito Control/methods ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Aedes ; *Culex ; *Insect Bites and Stings ; }, abstract = {To calculate human biting rates for various mosquito species, we performed simultaneous collections for 15 wk at 6 ecologically variable sites in Hungary. Of the dominant species, the relative abundance of Aedes vexans, Ae. sticticus, and Coquillettidia richiardii showed a significant positive correlation between CO2 + Biogents lure and human landing catch (HLC). The relative abundance of Culex pipiens was significantly lower in the HLC samples than in the CO2 + BG lure samples. Of the invasive species, Aedes korecius was found more frequently in HLC, while Ae. japonicus was more common in CO2 + BG lure samples. Estimated human biting rates, determined with the 2 collection methods, showed no significant differences at high mosquito density (100-120 bites/h/person), but there was considerable variation at low mosquito biting rates. Therefore, correcting the CO2 + BG lure trapping data to include only species biting humans provides estimates approaching the values of the HLC. Our study confirmed that while HLC is the gold standard method for determining the human biting rate, provided appropriate data adjustments are made, trapping methods performing automated data collection can provide similar data while reducing the exposure of the data collector.}, }
@article {pmid36317949, year = {2023}, author = {Vieira, JL and de Oliveira, LO and Barrigossi, JAF and Guedes, RNC and Smagghe, G and Maebe, K}, title = {Disentangling a Neotropical pest species complex: genetic diversity and population structure of the native rice stink bug Oebalus poecilus and the invasive O. ypsilongriseus.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, pages = {959-968}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7267}, pmid = {36317949}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; //Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Oryza ; Bayes Theorem ; *Heteroptera/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A first step in any pest management initiative is recognizing the existing problem - identifying the pest species and its abundance and dispersal capacities. This is not simple and even more challenging when insidious (invasive) species are involved constituting a pest complex. Understanding a species' population diversity and structure can provide a better understanding of its adaptation and relative pest potential. Such is the need for the native rice stink bug Oebalus poecilus and the invasive O. ypsilongriseus in low and high flatlands of South America.<br><br>RESULTS: The genetic structure differed between both rice stink bug species (FST &#xa0;=&#xa0;0.157, P&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.001), where 84% of the overall genetic variability takes place within species and three genetic groups were recognized through Bayesian approach (K&#xa0;=&#xa0;3). Oebalus poecilus exhibited slightly higher genetic diversity (HE &#xa0;=&#xa0;0.253) and structuring (FST &#xa0;=&#xa0;0.050, P&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.001) than the invasive O. ypsilongriseus (HE &#xa0;=&#xa0;0.211; FST &#xa0;=&#xa0;0.038, P&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.013). Nonetheless, only the former exhibited significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances (r&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.48, P&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.013).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Despite the pointed peculiarities, the obtained results indicate overlap in both species' occurrence and similar genetic structure allowing for a compound problem to be dealt with as the complex requires managing without, as yet, a prevailing species or a niche specialization. &#xa9; 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid36316814, year = {2024}, author = {Chen, Y and Ni, P and Fu, R and Murphy, KJ and Wyeth, RC and Bishop, CD and Huang, X and Li, S and Zhan, A}, title = {(Epi)genomic adaptation driven by fine geographical scale environmental heterogeneity after recent biological invasions.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {e2772}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2772}, pmid = {36316814}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {4210060218//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32061143012//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31772449//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2018054//Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; RGPIN-2015-04957//Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; RGPIN-2105-05040//Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; M-13-01-002//Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada's (DFO) Aquaculture Collaborative Research and Development Program/ ; //Nova Scotia Research and Innovation Graduate Scholarship/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; *Environment ; Geography ; Genomics ; Adaptation, Biological/genetics ; }, abstract = {Elucidating processes and mechanisms involved in rapid local adaptation to varied environments is a poorly understood but crucial component in management of invasive species. Recent studies have proposed that genetic and epigenetic variation could both contribute to ecological adaptation, yet it remains unclear on the interplay between these two components underpinning rapid adaptation in wild animal populations. To assess their respective contributions to local adaptation, we explored epigenomic and genomic responses to environmental heterogeneity in eight recently colonized ascidian (Ciona intestinalis) populations at a relatively fine geographical scale. Based on MethylRADseq data, we detected strong patterns of local environment-driven DNA methylation divergence among populations, significant epigenetic isolation by environment (IBE), and a large number of local environment-associated epigenetic loci. Meanwhile, multiple genetic analyses based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showed genomic footprints of divergent selection. In addition, for five genetically similar populations, we detected significant methylation divergence and local environment-driven methylation patterns, indicating the strong effects of local environments on epigenetic variation. From a functional perspective, a majority of functional genes, Gene Ontology (GO) terms, and biological pathways were largely specific to one of these two types of variation, suggesting partial independence between epigenetic and genetic adaptation. The methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTL) analysis showed that the genetic variation explained only 18.67% of methylation variation, further confirming the autonomous relationship between these two types of variation. Altogether, we highlight the complementary interplay of genetic and epigenetic variation involved in local adaptation, which may jointly promote populations' rapid adaptive capacity and successful invasions in different environments. The findings here provide valuable insights into interactions between invaders and local environments to allow invasive species to rapidly spread, thus contributing to better prediction of invasion success and development of management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid36315354, year = {2023}, author = {Laginhas, BB and Fertakos, ME and Bradley, BA}, title = {We don't know what we're missing: Evidence of a vastly undersampled invasive plant pool.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {e2776}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2776}, pmid = {36315354}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Plants ; Ecology ; South America ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants are a prominent threat to ecosystems and economies worldwide. Knowing the identity of invasive plants is critical for preventing their introduction and spread. Yet several lines of evidence, including spatial and taxonomic biases in reporting and the ongoing emergence of new invasives, suggest that we are missing basic information about the identity of invasive plants. Using a database of invasive plants reported in the peer-reviewed literature between 1959 and 2020, we examined trends in the accumulation of new invasive plants over time and estimated the size of the current pool of invasive plants both continentally and globally. The number of new invasive plants continues to increase exponentially over time, showing no sign of saturation, even in the best studied regions. Moreover, a sample-size based rarefaction-extrapolation curve of reported taxa suggests that what is documented in the current literature (3008 taxa) only captures 64% of the likely number of invasive plants globally (4721 taxa ± 132 SE). These estimates varied continentally; less than half of invasive plant taxa have likely been identified in Oceania and Central and South Americas. Studies that included multiple invasive plants (e.g., floristic studies) were much more efficient at adding new taxa to our global understanding of what is invasive (identifying 4.2 times more new taxa than single-taxon studies). With more potential invaders arriving every day, this analysis highlights a critical gap in our knowledge of the current invasive plant pool. Expanding invasion science to better encompass understudied geographic areas and increasing the numbers of floristic surveys would greatly improve our ability to accurately and efficiently identify what taxa are invasive. Preventing invasive plant introductions is incumbent upon knowing the identity of invasive plants. Thus, large knowledge gaps remain in invasion ecology that hinder efforts to proactively prevent and manage invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid36315230, year = {2022}, author = {Nikookar, SH and Maleki, A and Fazeli-Dinan, M and Shabani Kordshouli, R and Enayati, A}, title = {Entomological Surveillance of the Invasive Aedes Species at Higher-Priority Entry Points in Northern Iran: Exploratory Report on a Field Study.}, journal = {JMIR public health and surveillance}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {e38647}, pmid = {36315230}, issn = {2369-2960}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Aedes ; Mosquito Vectors ; Iran/epidemiology ; Introduced Species ; *Zika Virus Infection ; *Zika Virus ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Arboviral diseases such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya are transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Ae albopictus and are emerging global public health concerns.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to provide up-to-date data on the occurrence of the invasive Aedes species in a given area as this is essential for planning and implementing timely control strategies.<br><br>METHODS: Entomological surveillance was planned and carried out monthly from May 2018 to December 2019 at higher-priority entry points in Guilan Province, Northern Iran, using ovitraps, larval collection, and human-baited traps. Species richness (R), Simpson (D), evenness (E), and Shannon-Wiener indexes (H&#x315;) were measured to better understand the diversity of the Aedes species. The Spearman correlation coefficient and regression models were used for data analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: We collected a total of 3964 mosquito samples including 17.20% (682/3964) belonging to the Aedes species, from 3 genera and 13 species, and morphologically identified them from May 2018 to December 2019. Ae vexans and Ae geniculatus, which showed a peak in activity levels and population in October (226/564, 40.07% and 26/103, 25.2%), were the eudominant species (D=75.7%; D=21.2%) with constant (C=100) and frequent (C=66.7%) distributions, respectively. The population of Ae vexans had a significant positive correlation with precipitation (r=0.521; P=.009) and relative humidity (r=0.510; P=.01), whereas it was inversely associated with temperature (r=-0.432; P=.04). The Shannon-Wiener Index was up to 0.84 and 1.04 in the city of Rasht and in July, respectively. The rarefaction curve showed sufficiency in sampling efforts by reaching the asymptotic line at all spatial and temporal scales, except in Rasht and in October.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Although no specimens of the Ae aegypti and Ae&#xa0;albopictus species were collected, this surveillance provides a better understanding of the native Aedes species in the northern regions of Iran. These data will assist the health system in future arbovirus research, and in the implementation of effective vector control and prevention strategies, should Ae&#xa0;aegypti and Ae albopictus be found in the province.}, }
@article {pmid36314997, year = {2022}, author = {Hougardy, E and Hogg, BN and Wang, X and Daane, KM}, title = {Discrimination Abilities and Parasitism Success of Pupal Parasitoids Towards Spotted-Wing Drosophila Pupae Previously Parasitized by the Larval Parasitoid Ganaspis brasiliensis (Hymenoptera: Figitidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {51}, number = {6}, pages = {1106-1112}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvac083}, pmid = {36314997}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Pupa ; *Hymenoptera ; Drosophila ; Larva ; North America ; }, abstract = {Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Trichopria drosophilae (Perkins) (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) are two cosmopolitan and generalist pupal parasitoids that are among a few of the resident parasitoids in North America capable of attacking Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), an invasive pest of small and soft fruit crops worldwide. Ganaspis brasiliensis (Ihering) is a specialist larval parasitoid of D. suzukii that was recently approved for biological control introduction against D. suzukii in the USA. As a solitary koinobiont species, G. brasiliensis oviposits in the host larva but emerges as an adult from the host puparium. This study investigated the discrimination ability and parasitism success by the pupal parasitoids towards D. suzukii pupae previously parasitized by G. brasiliensis, to examine whether interactions with resident parasitoids will affect G. brasiliensis after it is released in the USA. We found preliminary evidence that neither pupal parasitoid could discriminate towards D. suzukii pupae parasitized by early instars of G. brasiliensis. Pachycrepoideus vindemiae was able to successfully develop on D. suzukii pupae containing all preimaginal stages of G. brasiliensis, although parasitism success was significantly higher on those bearing later rather than early stages of G. brasiliensis. Trichopria drosophilae was only able to successfully develop on D. suzukii puparia containing early instars of G. brasiliensis. These results suggest that D. suzukii parasitized by the larval parasitoid could be subsequently attacked by the pupal parasitoids, possibly affecting the success of G. brasiliensis releases.}, }
@article {pmid36312571, year = {2022}, author = {Fleming, PA and Stobo-Wilson, AM and Crawford, HM and Dawson, SJ and Dickman, CR and Doherty, TS and Fleming, PJS and Newsome, TM and Palmer, R and Thompson, JA and Woinarski, JCZ}, title = {Distinctive diets of eutherian predators in Australia.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {220792}, pmid = {36312571}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Introduction of the domestic cat and red fox has devastated Australian native fauna. We synthesized Australian diet analyses to identify traits of prey species in cat, fox and dingo diets, which prey were more frequent or distinctive to the diet of each predator, and quantified dietary overlap. Nearly half (45%) of all Australian terrestrial mammal, bird and reptile species occurred in the diets of one or more predators. Cat and dingo diets overlapped least (0.64 ± 0.27, n = 24 location/time points) and cat diet changed little over 55 years of study. Cats were more likely to have eaten birds, reptiles and small mammals than foxes or dingoes. Dingo diet remained constant over 53 years and constituted the largest mammal, bird and reptile prey species, including more macropods/potoroids, wombats, monotremes and bandicoots/bilbies than cats or foxes. Fox diet had greater overlap with both cats (0.79 ± 0.20, n = 37) and dingoes (0.73 ± 0.21, n = 42), fewer distinctive items (plant material, possums/gliders) and significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity over 69 years, suggesting the opportunity for prey switching (especially of mammal prey) to mitigate competition. Our study reinforced concerns about mesopredator impacts upon scarce/threatened species and the need to control foxes and cats for fauna conservation. However, extensive dietary overlap and opportunism, as well as low incidence of mesopredators in dingo diets, precluded resolution of the debate about possible dingo suppression of foxes and cats.}, }
@article {pmid36310402, year = {2022}, author = {Yin, D and Meiners, SJ and Ni, M and Ye, Q and He, F and Cadotte, MW}, title = {Positive interactions of native species melt invasional meltdown over long-term plant succession.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {25}, number = {12}, pages = {2584-2596}, doi = {10.1111/ele.14127}, pmid = {36310402}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {31901107//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; //Research Foundation/ ; //Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; 202201010480//Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Plants ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Positive interactions have been hypothesised to influence plant community dynamics and species invasions. However, their prevalence and importance relative to negative interactions remain unclear to understand community change and invasibility. We examined pairwise biotic interactions using over 50 years of successional data to assess the prevalence of positive interactions and their effects on each focal species (either native or exotic). We found that positive interactions were widespread and the relative frequency of positive and negative interactions varied with establishment stage and between native and exotic species. Specifically, positive interactions were more frequent during early establishment and less frequent at later stages. Positive interactions involving native species were more frequent and stronger than those between exotic species, reducing the importance of invasional meltdown on succession. Our study highlights the role of positive native interactions in shielding communities from biological invasion and enhancing the potential for long-term resilience.}, }
@article {pmid36310319, year = {2022}, author = {Zhang, Z and Liu, Y and Hardrath, A and Jin, H and van Kleunen, M}, title = {Increases in multiple resources promote competitive ability of naturalized non-native plants.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {1150}, pmid = {36310319}, issn = {2399-3642}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Biomass ; Ecosystem ; Nutrients ; }, abstract = {Invasion by non-native plants is frequently attributed to increased resource availability. Still, our understanding is mainly based on effects of single resources and on plants grown without competition despite the fact that plants rely on multiple resources and usually grow in competition. How multiple resources affects competition between native and non-native plants remains largely unexplored. Here, with two similar common garden experiments, one in China and one in Germany, we tested whether nutrient and light availabilities affected the competitive outcomes, in terms of biomass production, between native and naturalized non-native plants. We found that under low resource availability or with addition of only one type of resource non-natives were not more competitive than natives. However, with a joint increase of nutrients and light intensity, non-natives were more competitive than natives. Our finding indicates that addition of multiple resources could greatly reduce the niche dimensionality (i.e. number of limiting factors), favoring dominance of non-native species. It also indicates that habitats experiencing multiple global changes might be more vulnerable to plant invasion.}, }
@article {pmid36310044, year = {2022}, author = {Tanaka, M and Imatake, S and Takeshita, H and Wakitani, S and Yasuda, M}, title = {Feeding ecology of Swinhoe's tree lizard (Diploderma swinhonis (Günther, 1864)) in Hyuga City, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {84}, number = {12}, pages = {1610-1616}, pmid = {36310044}, issn = {1347-7439}, mesh = {Female ; Male ; Animals ; *Lizards ; Trees ; Ecosystem ; Japan ; Diet/veterinary ; Introduced Species ; Feeding Behavior ; }, abstract = {Swinhoe's tree lizard (Diploderma swinhonis: D. swinhonis) is an arboreal agamid that is native to Taiwan. In Taiwan, the lizard is considered to be a generalist that feeds primarily on ants and a diversity of small insect prey by employing an opportunistic sit-and-wait foraging strategy. In Japan, D. swinhonis is considered as an invasive alien species that was discovered in Hyuga city, Miyazaki Prefecture, in 2016. Despite concerns about the impact of D. swinhonis on native fauna, little information about the diet of this alien species has been published to date. This study, therefore, investigated the feeding ecology of D. swinhonis in Hyuga city to evaluate their potential impact on the ecosystem. Specifically, prey preference was investigated by examining the stomach contents of males, females, and juveniles captured from April to December 2020 and in March 2021. The results showed that the lizards in Hyuga preyed upon a wide variety of invertebrates as in Taiwan, while ants accounted for the largest proportion of the prey items consumed regardless of sex, age or changes in season. These findings indicated that D. swinhonis might cause a decrease in the abundance of the native insect fauna of Hyuga city or competition with native lizards for foods in Hyuga city. Since its impact is not currently apparent, it's necessary to monitor its effect in the future.}, }
@article {pmid36309814, year = {2022}, author = {Lai, FY and Yin, CY and Ding, ST and Tu, PA and Wang, PH}, title = {Analysis of the population genetic structure using microsatellite markers in goat populations in Taiwan.}, journal = {Animal biotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-12}, doi = {10.1080/10495398.2022.2138414}, pmid = {36309814}, issn = {1532-2378}, abstract = {Due to the poor growth rate of the Taiwan black (TB) goat in Taiwan, many exotic breeds were brought into breeding schemes to improve TB goat. However, the excessive cross-breeding of alien species with TB goat has decreased its population numbers, genetic variation and biodiversity. Therefore, TB goat population considered an endemic species in Taiwan that needed to be conservation. The objective of the present study was to analyze the genetic structure and TB goat using genetic markers for genetic improvement and to sustain germplasm conservation and utilization. 15 microsatellite markers, divided into three sets, were used to analyze 690 goats sampled from 10 goat populations. The average number of alleles (Na) and effective alleles (Ne) was 11.87 ± 3.93 and 5.093 ± 1.768, respectively. The average expected heterozygosity (HE) and observed heterozygosity (HO) was 0.780 ± 0.084 and 0.602 ± 0.116, respectively. The average polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.747 ± 0.103; FIS was 0.058 ± 0.075. All 15 microsatellite markers were highly polymorphic. The genetic distances between individuals were estimated to construct a phylogenetic tree. In present study, the 690 goat samples were divided into 8 clusters. The results indicated that these 15 microsatellite markers successfully clustered goat populations in Taiwan and could assist in the preservation of TB goats.}, }
@article {pmid36309562, year = {2022}, author = {Piquet, JC and Maestresalas, B and López-Darias, M}, title = {Coupling phenotypic changes to extinction and survival in an endemic prey community threatened by an invasive snake.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {18249}, pmid = {36309562}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Lizards ; Snakes ; }, abstract = {When facing novel invasive predators, native prey can either go extinct or survive through exaptation or phenotypic shifts (either plastic or adaptive). Native prey can also reflect stress-mediated responses against invasive predators, affecting their body condition. Although multiple native prey are likely to present both types of responses against a single invader, community-level studies are infrequent. The invasive California kingsnake (Lampropeltis californiae) a good example to explore invasive predators' effects on morphology and body condition at a community level, as this invader is known to locally extinct the Gran Canaria giant lizard (Gallotia stehlini) and to notably reduce the numbers of the Gran Canaria skink (Chalcides sexlineatus) and the Boettger's gecko (Tarentola boettgeri). By comparing a set of morphological traits and body condition (i.e. body index and ectoparasite load) between invaded and uninvaded areas for the three squamates, we found clear evidence of a link between a lack of phenotypic change and extinction, as G. stehlini was the single native prey that did not show morphological shifts. On the other side, surviving C. sexlineatus and T. boettgeri exhibited phenotypic differences in several morphological traits that could reflect plastic responses that contribute to their capacity to cope with the snake. Body condition responses varied among species, indicating the potential existence of simultaneous consumptive and non-consumptive effects at a community level. Our study further highlights the importance addressing the impact of invasive predators from a community perspective in order to gain a deeper understanding of their effect in native ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid36307847, year = {2022}, author = {Luo, Z and Mowery, MA and Cheng, X and Yang, Q and Hu, J and Andrade, MCB}, title = {Realized niche shift of an invasive widow spider: drivers and impacts of human activities.}, journal = {Frontiers in zoology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {25}, pmid = {36307847}, issn = {1742-9994}, support = {No. 32071497//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31770427//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; Discovery Grant No. 72052672//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Predicting invasiveness requires an understanding of the propensity of a given species to thrive in areas with novel ecological challenges. Evaluation of realized niche shift of an invasive species in its invasive range, detecting the main drivers of the realized niche shift, and predicting the potential distribution of the species can provide important information for the management of populations of invasive species and the conservation of biodiversity. The Australian redback spider, Latrodectus hasselti, is a widow spider that is native to Australia and established in Japan, New Zealand, and Southeast Asia. We used ecological niche models and ordinal comparisons in an integrative method to compare the realized niches of native and invasive populations of this spider species. We also assessed the impact of several climatic predictor variables and human activity on this niche shift. We hypothesized that human impact is important for successful establishment of this anthropophilic species, and that climatic predictor variables may determine suitable habitat and thus predict invasive ranges.<br><br>RESULTS: Our models showed that L. hasselti distributions are positively influenced by human impact in both of the native and invasive ranges. Maximum temperature was the most important climatic variable in predictions of the distribution of native populations, while precipitation seasonality was the most important in predictions of invasive populations. The realized niche of L. hasselti in its invasive range differed from that in its native range, indicating possible realized niche shift.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We infer that a preference for human-disturbed environments may underlie invasion and establishment in this spider species, as anthropogenic habitat modifications could provide shelters from unsuitable climatic conditions and extreme climatic stresses to the spiders. Because Australia and the countries in which the species is invasive have differing climates, differences in the availability of certain climatic conditions could have played a role in the realized niche shift of L. hasselti.}, }
@article {pmid36306626, year = {2023}, author = {Moyano, J and Zamora-Nasca, LB and Caplat, P and García-Díaz, P and Langdon, B and Lambin, X and Montti, L and Pauchard, A and Nuñez, MA}, title = {Predicting the impact of invasive trees from different measures of abundance.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {325}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {116480}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116480}, pmid = {36306626}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Sheep ; Animals ; *Trees ; Grassland ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Livestock ; *Pinus ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions produce negative impacts worldwide, causing massive economic costs and ecological impacts. Knowing the relationship between invasive species abundance and the magnitude of their impacts (abundance-impact curves) is critical to designing prevention and management strategies that effectively tackle these impacts. However, different measures of abundance may produce different abundance-impact curves. Woody plants are among the most transformative invaders, especially in grassland ecosystems because of the introduction of hitherto absent life forms. In this study, our first goal was to assess the impact of a woody invader, Pinus contorta (hereafter pine), on native grassland productivity and livestock grazing in Patagonia (Argentina), building abundance-impact curves. Our second goal, was to compare different measure of pine abundance (density, basal area and canopy cover) as predictors of pine's impact on grassland productivity. Our third goal, was to compare abundance-impact curves among the mentioned measures of pine abundance and among different measures of impact: total grassland productivity, palatable productivity and sheep stocking rate (the number of sheep that the grassland can sustainably support). Pine canopy cover, closely followed by basal area, was the measure of abundance that best explained the impact on grassland productivity, but the shape of abundance impact curves differed between measures of abundance. While increases in pine density and basal area always reduced grassland productivity, pine canopy cover below 30% slightly increased grassland productivity and higher values caused an exponential decline. This increase in grassland productivity with low levels of pine canopy cover could be explained by the amelioration of stressful abiotic conditions for grassland species. Different measures of impact, namely total productivity, palatable productivity and sheep stocking rate, drew very similar results. Our abundance-impact curves are key to guide the management of invasive pines because a proper assessment of how many invasive individuals (per surface unit) are unacceptable, according to environmental or economic impact thresholds, is fundamental to define when to start management actions.}, }
@article {pmid36302892, year = {2022}, author = {Csákvári, E and Molnár, Z and Halassy, M}, title = {Estimates of regeneration potential in the Pannonian sand region help prioritize ecological restoration interventions.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {1136}, pmid = {36302892}, issn = {2399-3642}, mesh = {*Sand ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Regeneration ; }, abstract = {Restoration prioritization helps determine optimal restoration interventions in national and regional spatial planning to create sustainable landscapes and maintain biodiversity. Here we investigate different forest-steppe vegetation types in the Pannonian sand region to provide restoration recommendations for conservation management, policy and research. We create spatial trajectories based on local, neighbouring and old-field regeneration capacity estimates of the Hungarian Habitat Mapping Database, compare the trajectories between different mesoregions and determine which environmental predictors possibly influence them at the mesoregion level using a random forest model. The trajectories indicate which types of passive or active restoration intervention are needed, including increasing connectivity, controlling invasive species, or introducing native species. Better restoration results can be achieve in the vicinity of larger (semi-)natural areas, but the specific site conditions must also be taken into account during prioritization. We also propose large-scale grassland restoration on abandoned agricultural fields instead of industrial forest plantations and afforestation with non-native species.}, }
@article {pmid36302406, year = {2023}, author = {Szymura, TH and Chmolowska, D and Szymura, M and Zając, A and Kassa, H}, title = {Drivers of systematic bias in alien plant species distribution data.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {857}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {159598}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159598}, pmid = {36302406}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Plants ; Bias ; Europe ; }, abstract = {Among the main challenges in modelling biological invasion is a lack of valid data on the absence of invasive species. Absence data are important for assessing the reliability of models, but multiple surveys at a location are needed. In practice, omission errors are more frequent than commission errors. We therefore quantified how eliminating potentially biased areas from invasive species distribution models (iSDMs) affected the models' performance, and we assessed how the distribution of biased areas correlated with environmental factors. We hypothesized that for neophytes, the distribution of biased areas corresponds to specific land relief and/or particular landscape and land use, but not the density of roads and urbanized areas. The data on neophytes were obtained from a distribution atlas covering approximately 31,000 km[2] in Central Europe overlaid with a 2 × 2 km square grid. One hundred fifty-three species were used for modelling neophyte richness, and negative residuals from the model were assumed to indicate biased squares. Twenty invasive species were used as an independent dataset for testing the effect of excluding the biased squares on iSDM performance. The exclusion of biased squares increased the iSDM performance from an area under the curve value of 0.73 to 0.78. The best results were obtained by excluding 30 % of the squares from the original dataset. The presence of damp sites explained the distribution of biased squares; the density of roads and urbanized areas had no impact. The applied method allows distinguishing biased, plausibly undersampled squares in a species distribution atlas, the exclusion of which significantly improves iSDM performance. The results suggest that the commonly observed low sampling effort in areas distant from communication routes and urbanized areas was not crucial in modelling invasive species distribution, which can be related to smaller neophyte richness in remote areas resulting from low propagule pressure.}, }
@article {pmid36300547, year = {2023}, author = {Reed, EMX and Reiskind, MH and Burford Reiskind, MO}, title = {Life-history stage and the population genetics of the tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus at a fine spatial scale.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {132-142}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12618}, pmid = {36300547}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aedes/genetics ; Mosquito Vectors ; Genetics, Population ; Larva/genetics ; Pupa/genetics ; }, abstract = {As a widespread vector of disease with an expanding range, the mosquito Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) is a high priority for research and management. A. albopictus has a complex life history with aquatic egg, larval and pupal stages, and a terrestrial adult stage. This requires targeted management strategies for each life stage, coordinated across time and space. Population genetics can aid in A. albopictus control by evaluating patterns of genetic diversity and dispersal. However, how life stage impacts population genetic characteristics is unknown. We examined whether patterns of A. albopictus genetic diversity and differentiation changed with life stage at a spatial scale relevant to management efforts. We first conducted a literature review of field-caught A. albopictus population genetic papers and identified 101 peer-reviewed publications, none of which compared results between life stages. Our study uniquely examines population genomic patterns of egg and adult A. albopictus at five sites in Wake County, North Carolina, USA, using 8425 single nucleotide polymorphisms. We found that the level of genetic diversity and connectivity between sites varied between adults and eggs. This warrants further study and is critical for research aimed at informing local management.}, }
@article {pmid36298716, year = {2022}, author = {Lee, CC and Hsu, HW and Lin, CY and Gustafson, N and Matsuura, K and Lee, CY and Yang, CS}, title = {First Polycipivirus and Unmapped RNA Virus Diversity in the Yellow Crazy Ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {36298716}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Ants ; Phylogeny ; *RNA Viruses/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Amino Acids/genetics ; Nucleotides ; }, abstract = {The yellow crazy ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes is a widespread invasive ant that poses significant threats to local biodiversity. Yet, compared to other global invasive ant species such as the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) or the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile), little is known about the diversity of RNA viruses in the yellow crazy ant. In the current study, we generated a transcriptomic database for A. gracilipes using a high throughput sequencing approach to identify new RNA viruses and characterize their genomes. Four virus species assigned to Dicistroviridae, two to Iflaviridae, one to Polycipiviridae, and two unclassified Riboviria viruses were identified. Detailed genomic characterization was carried out on the polycipivirus and revealed that this virus comprises 11,644 nucleotides with six open reading frames. Phylogenetic analysis and pairwise amino acid identity comparison classified this virus into the genus Sopolycivirus under Polycipiviridae, which is tentatively named "Anoplolepis gracilipes virus 3 (AgrV-3)". Evolutionary analysis showed that AgrV-3 possesses a high level of genetic diversity and elevated mutation rate, combined with the common presence of multiple viral strains within single worker individuals, suggesting AgrV-3 likely evolves following the quasispecies model. A subsequent field survey placed the viral pathogen "hotspot" of A. gracilipes in the Southeast Asian region, a pattern consistent with the region being recognized as part of the ant's native range. Lastly, infection of multiple virus species seems prevalent across field colonies and may have been linked to the ant's social organization.}, }
@article {pmid36297826, year = {2022}, author = {Mugnai, M and Benesperi, R and Viciani, D and Ferretti, G and Giunti, M and Giannini, F and Lazzaro, L}, title = {Impacts of the Invasive Alien Carpobrotus spp. on Coastal Habitats on a Mediterranean Island (Giglio Island, Central Italy).}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {36297826}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {LIFE18 NAT/IT/000828//LIFE Nature and Biodiversity project LIFE LETSGO GIGLIO "Less alien species in the Tuscan Ar-chipelago: new actions to protect Giglio island habitats" (LIFE18 NAT/IT/000828)/ ; }, abstract = {Carpobrotus acinaciformis and C. edulis are well-known invasive alien plants native to South Africa, whose detrimental effects on native communities are widely documented in the Mediterranean basin and thus largely managed in coastal ecosystems. Most of the literature on these species focuses on their impacts on habitats of sandy coastal dunes, while the effects of Carpobrotus spp. invasion on other habitats such as rocky cliffs and coastal scrubs and garrigues are almost neglected. We present a study case conducted on a small Mediterranean island where Carpobrotus spp. invaded three different natural habitats listed within the Habitat Directive 92/43/CEE (Natura 2000 codes 1240, 1430, and 5320). We surveyed the presence and abundance of native species and Carpobrotus spp. on 44 permanent square plots of 4 m[2] in invaded and uninvaded areas in each of the three habitats. We found impacts on plant alpha diversity (intended as the species diversity within each sampled plot) in all the habitats investigated in terms of a decrease in species richness, Shannon index, and abundance. Invaded communities also showed a severe change in species composition with a strong homogenization of the floras of the three habitats. Finally, the negative effect of invasion emerged even through the analyses of beta diversity (expressing the species diversity among sampled plots of the same habitat type), with Carpobrotus spp. replacing a large set of native species.}, }
@article {pmid36297693, year = {2022}, author = {Plášek, V and Číhal, L and Müller, F and Smoczyk, M and Marková, I and Fialová, L}, title = {Quo Vadis, Orthotrichum pulchellum? A Journey of Epiphytic Moss across the European Continent.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {36297693}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {MK000100595//Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic/ ; SGS14/P&#x159;F/2022//University of Ostrava/ ; }, abstract = {Orthotrichum pulchellum is a species of epiphytic moss in which a significant expansion from the oceanic part of Europe to the east of the continent has been observed in the recent two decades. The improvement in air quality in Central and Eastern Europe, but also climate change, probably plays a role in this. This study shows what direction of its spreading we can expect in the future. Ecological niche modeling (ENM) is a widespread method to find out species niches in environmental and geographical space, which allows us to highlight areas that have a higher probability of occurrences of the studied species, based on identifying similar environmental conditions to those already known. We also made predictions for different future scenarios (CMIP5 climatology datasets for the years 2041-2060). Because we were not able to distinguish between historical and newly settled areas, and so, had to use some of the traditional approaches when modeling invasive species, we proposed to use niche clusters based on environmental layers to split the data of all known occurrences and make models separately for each cluster. This approach seems reasonable from the ecological species point of view because using all the morphologically same samples could be misleading. Altogether, 2712 samples were used from three separate niche clusters. For building the models, the Maxent algorithm was used as a well-tested, well-accepted, and commonly used method.}, }
@article {pmid36296267, year = {2022}, author = {Ibrahim, YE and Paredes-Montero, JR and Al-Saleh, MA and Widyawan, A and He, R and El Komy, MH and Al Dhafer, HM and Kitchen, N and Gang, DR and Brown, JK}, title = {Characterization of the Asian Citrus Psyllid-'Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus' Pathosystem in Saudi Arabia Reveals Two Predominant CLas Lineages and One Asian Citrus Psyllid Vector Haplotype.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {36296267}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {2018-70016-27411//USDA-NIFA CDRE/ ; 14-BIO-627-02//National Plan for Science, Technology, and Innovation (MAARIFAH), King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia/ ; }, abstract = {In Saudi Arabia (SA), the citrus greening disease is caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri. The origin and route(s) of the ACP-CLas pathosystem invasion in SA have not been studied. Adult ACP were collected from citrus trees in SA and differentiated by analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) and nuclear copper transporting protein (atox1) genes. A phylogenetic analysis of the Wolbachia spp. surface protein (wsp) gene was used to identify the ACP-associated Wolbachia spp. A phylogenetic analysis of the atox1 and mtCOI gene sequences revealed one predominant ACP haplotype most closely related to the Indian subcontinent founder populations. The detection and identification of CLas in citrus trees were carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene. The CLas-integrated prophage genomes were sequenced, annotated, and used to differentiate CLas populations. The ML and ASTRAL trees reconstructed with prophages type 1 and 2 genome sequences, separately and concatenated, resolved two major lineages, CLas-1 and -2. The CLas-1 clade, reported here for the first time, consisted of isolates from SA isolates and Pakistan. The CLas-2 sequences formed two groups, CLas-2-1 and -2-2, previously the 'Asiatic' and 'Floridian' strains, respectively. Members of CLas-2-1 originated from Southeast Asia, the USA, and other worldwide locations, while CLas-2-2 was identified only in Florida. This study provides the first snapshot into the status of the ACP-CLas pathosystem in SA. In addition, the results provide new insights into the pathosystem coevolution and global invasion histories of two ACP-CLas lineages with a predicted center of origin in South and Southeast Asia, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid36295104, year = {2022}, author = {Zhao, C and Zhao, X and Li, J}, title = {Elevated CO2 and Increased N Intensify Competition between Two Invasive Annual Plants in China.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {36295104}, issn = {2075-1729}, support = {2016YFC1201100, 2017YFC0506200//the National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {As multiple invaders often co-occur, understanding the interactions between different invasive species is important. Previous studies have reported on invasional meltdown and neutral and interference relationships between invasive species. However, interspecific interactions may vary with environmental change owing to the different responses of interacting invaders. To better understand the interaction of notorious invasive alien plants under CO2 enrichment and N deposition, the growth characteristics of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) were studied when they were planted in monoculture (4Rag and 4Pig) or mixture (1Rag:3Pig, 2Rag:2Pig, 3Rag:1Pig) under four environmental treatments: elevated CO2, increased N, elevated CO2 + increased N and a control. Increased N positively affected almost all the traits (basal stem diameter, height, shoot biomass, root biomass and total biomass) of common ragweed, except for branch number and root-shoot ratio. But increased N only promoted redroot pigweed's height and basal stem diameter. interspecific competition promoted basal stem diameter and number of branches but decreased root biomass of common ragweed, and the basal stem diameter was significantly higher in 1Rag:3Pig and 2Rag:2Pig compared to the other two treatments. interspecific competition inhibited almost all the characteristics of redroot pigweed. The interaction between elevated CO2 and increased N also increased the biomass characteristics (shoot biomass, root biomass and total biomass) of common ragweed. However, elevated CO2 inhibited the root biomass of redroot pigweed. The results indicated that common ragweed was a superior competitor under conditions of elevated CO2 and increased N. Moreover, environmental change might strengthen the super-invasive plant common ragweed's competitive ability.}, }
@article {pmid36295017, year = {2022}, author = {Jawdhari, A and Mihăilescu, DF and Fendrihan, S and Jujea, V and Stoilov-Linu, V and Negrea, BM}, title = {Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) (Asian Silver Carp) Presence in Danube Delta and Romania-A Review with Data on Natural Reproduction.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {36295017}, issn = {2075-1729}, support = {62487/03.06.2022 POCU 993/6/13/ - Code SMIS: 153299//Human Resources Development Operational programme 2014-2020/ ; }, abstract = {The Danube River has a large hydrographical basin, being the second largest river in Europe. The main channel flows through seven European countries with many species of fish inhabiting it. In this review we focused on the invasive species silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), which plays an important ecological and economic role in its original habitat, but since introduced in Europe's rivers, the species has posed a serious ecological risk under global warming. In this review paper, we gathered data regarding silver carp, such as when and how it entered the Danube Delta and the water temperature suitable for its growth and reproduction, mainly in the context of global warming, as well as the nature of nutrition and the ecological risk the species poses.}, }
@article {pmid36292914, year = {2022}, author = {Lu, P and Hao, E and Bao, M and Liu, R and Gao, C and Qiao, H}, title = {Mating Behavior and Identification of Male-Produced Pheromone Components in Two Woodwasps, Sirex noctilio and Sirex nitobei, in China.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {36292914}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2021YFD1400900//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; Grant No. 31570643, 81774015//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {To protect vulnerable trees from native and invasive wood wasps, the mating behavior of these two woodwasp species (S. noctilio and S. nitobei, respectively) and factors influencing this behavior were investigated in cages outdoors. Male-produced pheromones were identified in both woodwasp species. Compared with the native species S. nitobei, the invasive species S. noctilio showed stronger mating ability, including mating frequency, time, and duration. The mating behavior of both species mainly occurred from 9:00 to 17:00 each day, peaking at 11:00 and 12:00. The daily mating behavior of both species was most directly related to light intensity. Both female and male S. noctilio and S. nitobei were capable of mating upon emergence, and most individuals mated at 2 days of age. For both species, a female-to-male ratio of 5:15 was most conducive to mating, and individuals with a larger body size were preferred as mates by males and females. (Z)-3-decenol was present in solid-phase microextraction extracts of both species. Two reported minor reference components, (Z)-4-decen-1-ol and (E, E)-2,4-decadienal, were not identified in either woodwasp species. The peak of male pheromone release occurred from 11:00-12:00 for 2-day-old individuals.}, }
@article {pmid36292880, year = {2022}, author = {Ademokoya, B and Athey, K and Ruberson, J}, title = {Natural Enemies and Biological Control of Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) in North America.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {36292880}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Stink bugs comprise a significant and costly pest complex for numerous crops in the US, including row crops, vegetables, and tree fruits and nuts. Most management relies on the use of broad-spectrum and disruptive insecticides with high human and environmental risks associated with them. Growing concerns about pesticide resistance in stink bugs are forcing pest managers to explore safer and more sustainable options. Here, we review the diverse suite of natural enemies of stink bugs in the US, noting that the egg and the late nymphal and adult stages of stink bugs are the most commonly attacked by parasitoids, whereas eggs and young nymphs are the stages most commonly attacked by predators. The effectiveness of stink bugs' natural enemies varies widely with stink bug species and habitats, influencing the biological control of stink bugs across crops. Historically, biological control of stink bugs has focused on introduction of exotic natural enemies against exotic stink bugs. Conservation and augmentation methods of biological control have received less attention in the US, although there may be good opportunities to utilize these approaches. We identify some considerations for the current and future use of biological control for stink bugs, including the potential for area-wide management approaches.}, }
@article {pmid36292852, year = {2022}, author = {Jakubska-Busse, A and Dziadas, M and Gruss, I and Kobyłka, MJ}, title = {Floral Volatile Organic Compounds and a List of Pollinators of Fallopia baldschuanica (Polygonaceae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {36292852}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Fallopia baldschuanica (Polygonaceae) is an Asian plant growing wild in parts of Europe and North and Central America as an introduced taxon, in many countries it is considered a potentially invasive species. This article presents the list of 18 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by the flowers of F. baldchuanica and identified by headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) analyzes, and a list of flower-visiting and pollinating insects that have been observed in the city center of Wrocław (SW Poland). β-ocimene, heptanal, nonanal, α-pinene, 3-thujene, and limonene, were detected as the floral scent’s most important aroma compounds. F. baldschuanica also produces the aphid alarm pheromones, i.e., β-farnesene and limonene, that repels aphids. Additionally, the pollinators of F. baldschuanica were indicated, based on two years of observations in five sites in the urban area. It was found, that the pollinators of this plant with the highest species stability are: Diptera from families Syrphidae (Chrysotoxum bicinctum, Eristalis pertinax, Eupeodes corollae, Episyrphus balteatus, Eristalis tenax, Syrphus ribesii, Eristalis intricaria), Muscidae (Musca domestica), Sarcophagidae (Sarcophaga spp.), Calliphoridae (Lucilia sericata, Lucilia caesar), Hymenoptera from families Vespidae (Vespula vulgaris), and Apidae (Apis sp., Bombus sp.). The key role of VOCs in adaptation to plant expansion is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid36290439, year = {2022}, author = {Azlan, A and Yunus, MA and Abdul Halim, M and Azzam, G}, title = {Revised Annotation and Characterization of Novel Aedes albopictus miRNAs and Their Potential Functions in Dengue Virus Infection.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {36290439}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {1001/PBIOLOGI/811320//Universiti Sains Malaysia/ ; 305/PBIOLOGI/613238//Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation/ ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito, Ae. albopictus, is a highly invasive species that transmits several arboviruses including dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), and chikungunya (CHIKV). Although several studies have identified microRNAs (miRNAs) in Ae. albopictus, it is crucial to extend and improve current annotations with both the newly improved genome assembly and the increased number of small RNA-sequencing data. We combined our high-depth sequence data and 26 public datasets to re-annotate Ae. albopictus miRNAs and found a total of 72 novel mature miRNAs. We discovered that the expression of novel miRNAs was lower than known miRNAs. Furthermore, compared to known miRNAs, novel miRNAs are prone to expression in a stage-specific manner. Upon DENV infection, a total of 44 novel miRNAs were differentially expressed, and target prediction analysis revealed that miRNA-target genes were involved in lipid metabolism and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum. Taken together, the miRNA annotation profile provided here is the most comprehensive to date. We believed that this would facilitate future research in understanding virus-host interactions, particularly in the role of miRNAs.}, }
@article {pmid36290400, year = {2022}, author = {Li, X and Wang, X and Lu, J and Li, L and Li, D and Xing, X and Lei, F}, title = {Eating More and Fighting Less: Social Foraging Is a Potential Advantage for Successful Expansion of Bird Source Populations.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {36290400}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {2572022BE02//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; 32170485//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31501867//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Animals can expand distributions in response to climatic and environmental changes, but the potential expansive ability of a source population is rarely evaluated using designed experiments. Group foraging can increase survival in new environments, but it also increases intraspecific competition. The trade-off between benefit and conflict needs to be determined. The expanding Light-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus sinensis was used as a model to test mechanisms promoting successful expansion. Social foraging and its advantages were evaluated using lab-designed feeding trials. Consuming novel foods was compared between bulbuls and a sympatric, nonexpansive relative species, the finchbill Spizixos semitorques, from native areas at both solitary and social levels. Bulbuls increased their eating times when transferred from solitary to group, whereas social context did not affect finchbills. Bulbuls were significantly more likely to eat with their companions than finchbills when in a group. Thus, exploring food resources in a bulbul source population was facilitated by social context, indicating that social foraging is an important means by which birds successfully expand and respond to environmental changes. This research increases understanding of successful expansion mechanisms and will consequently help predict invasive potentials of alien species.}, }
@article {pmid36290376, year = {2022}, author = {Castriota, L and Falautano, M and Maggio, T and Perzia, P}, title = {The Blue Swimming Crab Portunus segnis in the Mediterranean Sea: Invasion Paths, Impacts and Management Measures.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {36290376}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {Invasive alien species represent one of the main environmental emergencies and are considered by the scientific community as being among the leading causes of biodiversity loss on a global scale. Therefore, detecting their pathways, hotspot areas and invasion trends becomes extremely important also for management purposes. A systematic review on presence of Portunus segnis in the Suez Canal and Mediterranean Sea was carried out in order to study the invasion paths from its entry from the Red Sea into the Suez Canal (1886) until recently (2021) through ecological indicators elaborated with GIS spatial-temporal statistics. Arrival, establishment and expansion phases and areas of P. segnis in the Mediterranean were identified. Settlement areas were detected along the Suez Canal as well as in the Levantine Sea, western Ionian Sea and Tunisian plateau ecoregions. Since 2015 a persistent area has formed in Tunisia from where the species is spreading northward and eastward. The study provides an insight on the impact of P. segnis on biodiversity and ecosystem services and proposes a series of desirable management actions to mitigate the expansion of its population. Following the 8Rs model that introduces the rules to mitigate non-indigenous species pollution, six of them (Recognize, Reduce, Replace, Reuse, Remove, and Regulate) have been identified as applicable and are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid36290274, year = {2022}, author = {Cassini, MH}, title = {Human-Wildlife Conflicts: Does Origin Matter?.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {36290274}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Conservation biologists have divided wildlife in two antagonist categories-native and introduced populations-because they defend the hypothesis that the latter acquires or expresses harmful qualities that a population that remains in its original environment does not possess. Invasion biology has emerged as a branch of conservation biology dedicated exclusively to conflicts between introduced wildlife and human interest, including the protection of biodiversity. For invasion biology, the damage caused by native species is different and must be managed differently. However, the consensus around this native-introduced dichotomy is not universal, and a debate has intensified in recent years. The objective of this work was to compare the impacts of native and introduced species of terrestrial vertebrates of the United States using the dataset provided by Wildlife Services (WS), which depend upon the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the Department of Agriculture. Annually, they receive thousands of reports and complaints of human-wildlife conflicts. I analyzed the WS databases and found, against expectations, that native species produce significantly more damage than nonnative ones, especially regarding damage to agriculture, property and health and safety. In the category of impacts on biodiversity and natural ecosystems, the differences were minor. I discuss several potential explanations of these patterns in the results. I also discuss the ecological foundations of the native-introduced dichotomy hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid36290217, year = {2022}, author = {Chang, B and Kim, I and Choi, K and Cho, W and Ko, DW}, title = {Population Dynamics of American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) and Implications for Control.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {36290217}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {2021002280001//Korea Environment Industry &amp; Technology Institute (KEITI)/ ; }, abstract = {Lithobates catesbeianus (American bullfrog), known to be one of the notorious invasive species, was introduced to South Korea and has proliferated in the Korean natural environment for the past 25 years. The ecological impact caused by the species is well known, and several management decisions have been implemented to cull its population. However, the effectiveness of past control decisions is largely unknown. We built a population dynamics model for L. catesbeianus in the Onseok reservoir, South Korea, using STELLA architect software. The population model was based on the demographics and ecological process of the species developing through several life stages, with respective parameters for survivorship and carrying capacity. Control scenarios with varying intensities were simulated to evaluate their effectiveness. The limitations of isolated control methods and the importance of integrated management are shown in our results. The population of the American bullfrog in the reservoir was reduced to a manageable level under intensive control of the tadpole stage, using three sets of double fyke nets and 80% direct removal of juvenile and adult stages. According to our results, integrated, intensive, and continuous control is essential for managing the invasive American bullfrog population. Finally, our modeling approach can assist in determining the control intensity to improve the efficiency of measures against L. catesbeianus.}, }
@article {pmid36290214, year = {2022}, author = {Hildebrand, J and Jurczyk, K and Popiołek, M and Buńkowska-Gawlik, K and Perec-Matysiak, A}, title = {Occurrence of Borrelia sp. among Wild Living Invasive and Native Mesocarnivores in Poland.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {36290214}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {2018/02/X/NZ6/01983//National Science Centre, Poland/ ; }, abstract = {Wild living mesocarnivores, both introduced and native species, are able to adapt well to peri-urban environments, facilitating cross-species pathogen transmission with domestic animals, and potentially humans. Individual tissue samples derived from 284 specimens of six carnivore species, i.e., raccoon, raccoon dog, red fox, European badger, pine marten and stone marten, were used for molecular investigations with the nested PCR method. The animals were sampled in the Ruszów Forest District (Poland). We aimed to examine the relative importance of the studied mesocarnivores as hosts of Borrelia spp. and investigated their role in this spirochaete's transmission cycle. We also aimed to trace the reservoir competence of these invasive and native predators and borreliosis eco-epidemiology in the context of a dilution effect. The overall prevalence of Borrelia spp. in the tested carnivores was 8.8%. Almost all of the consensus sequences of the partial flaB gene shared identity with a sequence of specific Borrelia species, i.e., B. afzelii, B. garinii and B. burgdorferi. Our results suggest that raccoons may play a role as reservoir hosts for these spirochaetal bacteria. The role of invasive species seems to be worthy of further analysis with reference to the circulation of vector-borne pathogens as well as in the context of the "dilution effect" hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid36290167, year = {2022}, author = {Diéguez-Antón, A and Escuredo, O and Seijo, MC and Rodríguez-Flores, MS}, title = {Embryo, Relocation and Secondary Nests of the Invasive Species Vespa velutina in Galicia (NW Spain).}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {36290167}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {ED481D-2022-021//Conseller&#xed;a de Cultura, Educaci&#xf3;n e Ordenaci&#xf3;n Universitaria/ ; EAPA_800/2018-Atlantic-POSitive//INTERREG ATLANTIC AREA PROGRAM/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive species become established in non-native areas due to their intrinsic characteristics and the ability to adapt to new environments. This work describes the characteristics of the nesting behavior of the invasive yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina nigrithorax) in Galicia (Northwest Spain). The first nest was detected in the area in 2012 and after that, the distribution pattern shows a species-invasion curve with slow progress at first but followed by rapid expansion. The nesting places for this hornet differ between the kinds of nests, while embryo nests are mainly found in buildings in spring, secondary nests are observed in vegetation in summer, autumn, and winter. The annual life cycle starts when the queen builds the embryo nests and starts to lay eggs. This leads to the emergence of the first workers, usually small in size, and sometimes a few males. After this stage, large nests called secondary nests are normally observed in most exposed sites. Relocation nests can also be observed; these are nests in the first stage of development presenting adults insects but without brood or meconium. The period of decline is characterized by the emergence of new queens and males, that are distinguishable even in the pupal stage, the appearance of two eggs per cell, and an irregular brood pattern.}, }
@article {pmid36290163, year = {2022}, author = {Gethöffer, F and Gregor, KM and Zdora, I and Wohlsein, P and Schöttes, F and Siebert, U}, title = {Suspected Frostbite Injuries in Coypu (Myocastor coypus).}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {36290163}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Native to South America, the coypu (Myocastor coypus) is an invasive alien species (IAS) of Union concern. It was introduced to Germany a hundred years ago and is considered established in all German federal states. Between January and February 2021, ground temperatures below -10° Celsius were recorded in Lower Saxony, Germany, for approximately two consecutive weeks. Five male and five female coypus, harvested between 23 February and 31 March 2021, received a post-mortem examination. Nutritional status was poor in six cases, moderate in three and good in one case. Pregnancy was observed in two females. In all the animals, lesions were predominantly found on the distal limbs (n = 7) and/or tail (n = 10), involving the skin and soft tissue with occasional exposure or loss of bones. The histological findings consisted of chronic, ulcerative to necrotizing dermatitis and occasional ulcerative-suppurative dermatitis, necrotizing myositis, thrombosis, granulation tissue, fibrosis and intralesional dystrophic mineralization. Intralesional bacteria were present in six and fungal spores in one animal. Determination of the exact cause was not possible; however, considering the local weather conditions and the distribution of lesions, frostbite injuries have to be considered as the most likely cause. The intralesional bacteria and fungal spores most likely represent secondary contaminants. Interestingly, lesions of this kind have not been reported in coypus in Germany so far. Therefore, frostbite should be considered as a potential cause of disease in coypus, warranting further investigation.}, }
@article {pmid36290127, year = {2022}, author = {Cruciani, D and Crotti, S and Paoloni, D and La Morgia, V and Felici, A and Papa, P and Cosseddu, GM and Moscati, L and Gobbi, P}, title = {Health Status of the Eastern Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) Population in Umbria: Results of the LIFE Project 'U-SAVEREDS'.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {36290127}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {LIFE13 BIO/IT/000204//LIFE+ Biodiversity Programme of the European Commission/ ; }, abstract = {The introduction of the Eastern grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) in Europe is one of the best-known cases of invasive alien species (IAS) colonisation, that poses a severe risk to the conservation of biodiversity. In 2003, it was released in a private wildlife park near the city of Perugia (Italy), where it is replacing the native Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris). The LIFE13 BIO/IT/000204 Project (U-SAVEREDS) was set up for the Sciurus vulgaris conservation in Umbria through an eradication campaign of grey squirrels. One hundred and fifty-four animals were analysed for bacteriological, mycological, virological, and serological investigations (C4 action). Sanitary screening showed that Sciurus carolinensis is a dermatophyte carrier, and therefore, it could cause public health issues for humans, considering its confident behaviour. Moreover, it has been marginally responsible for the spreading of Candida albicans, Coxiella burnetii, and Borrelia lusitaniae. Health status evaluation conducted on the Sciurus carolinensis population indicated that it is necessary to raise awareness of its impacts on biodiversity and human health. Moreover, the health status and behaviours of the IAS must be considered when control or eradication campaigns are planned.}, }
@article {pmid36287473, year = {2022}, author = {Haddad Junior, V and Giarrizzo, T and Soares, MO}, title = {Lionfish envenomation on the Brazilian coast: first report.}, journal = {Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical}, volume = {55}, number = {}, pages = {e02412022}, pmid = {36287473}, issn = {1678-9849}, mesh = {Brazil ; *Introduced Species ; *Ecosystem ; }, }
@article {pmid36287246, year = {2022}, author = {Biancheri, MJB and Suárez, L and Kirschbaum, DS and Garcia, FRM and Funes, CF and Ovruski, SM}, title = {Natural Parasitism Influences Biological Control Strategies Against Both Global Invasive Pests Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), and the Neotropical-Native Pest Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {51}, number = {6}, pages = {1120-1135}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvac085}, pmid = {36287246}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ceratitis capitata ; *Tephritidae ; Introduced Species ; Drosophila ; Pupa ; *Hymenoptera ; Pest Control, Biological ; }, abstract = {Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) are two severe invasive pests widespread in all Argentinean fruit-producing regions. Both coexist with the Neotropical pest Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) in northern Argentina. The northwestern region shelters major soft fruit and Citrus producing and exporting industries, which are heavily affected by these dipterans. Eco-friendly strategies are under assessment in Argentina. This study mainly assessed D. suzukii, C. capitata, and A. fraterculus temporal abundance variations and their natural parasitism levels on a 1.5-ha-patch of feral peach trees within a disturbed secondary subtropical rainforest of northwestern Argentina. Fly puparia were mainly collected from the soil under fallen peach. Sampling was performed over three peach fruiting seasons. The most abundant pest species was C. capitata. Drosophila suzukii was only found in the last collecting period, but outnumbered A. fraterculus. Natural parasitism distinctly affected the temporal abundance of these dipterans: it significantly depressed C. capitata abundance in last sampling weeks, it did not substantially affect D. suzukii abundance, but it increased synchronously with the increase in the A. fraterculus abundance. Parasitism on C. capitata was mostly exerted by a combination of both a cosmopolitan pupal and a native larval parasitoid, while A. fraterculus was mainly parasitized by two indigenous larval parasitoids. Only three resident pupal parasitoids were associated with D. suzukii, of which the cosmopolitan Pachycrepoideus vindemiae Rondani (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was the most significant. Data on the resident parasitoid impact are relevant for designing biocontrol strategies in noncrop habitats.}, }
@article {pmid36285603, year = {2023}, author = {Collins, SM and Hendrix, JG and Webber, QMR and Boyle, SP and Kingdon, KA and Blackmore, RJ and d'Entremont, KJN and Hogg, J and Ibáñez, JP and Kennah, JL and Lamarre, J and Mejías, M and Newediuk, L and Richards, C and Schwedak, K and Wijekulathilake, C and Turner, JW}, title = {Bibliometric investigation of the integration of animal personality in conservation contexts.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, pages = {e14021}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.14021}, pmid = {36285603}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; *Personality ; Amphibians ; Introduced Species ; Climate Change ; Mammals ; }, abstract = {Consistent individual differences in behavior, commonly termed animal personality, are a widespread phenomenon across taxa that have important consequences for fitness, natural selection, and trophic interactions. Animal personality research may prove useful in several conservation contexts, but which contexts remains to be determined. We conducted a structured literature review of 654 studies identified by combining search terms for animal personality and various conservation subfields. We scored the relevance of personality and conservation issues for each study to identify which studies meaningfully integrated the 2 fields as opposed to surface-level connections or vague allusions. We found a taxonomic bias toward mammals (29% of all studies). Very few amphibian or reptile studies applied personality research to conservation issues (6% each). Climate change (21%), invasive species (15%), and captive breeding and reintroduction (13%) were the most abundant conservation subfields that occurred in our search, though a substantial proportion of these papers weakly integrated conservation and animal personality (climate change 54%, invasive species 51%, captive breeding and reintroduction 40%). Based on our results, we recommend that researchers strive for consistent and broadly applicable terminology when describing consistent behavioral differences to minimize confusion and improve the searchability of research. We identify several gaps in the literature that appear to be promising and fruitful avenues for future research, such as disease transmission as a function of sociability or exploration as a driver of space use in protected areas. Practitioners can begin informing future conservation efforts with knowledge gained from animal personality research.}, }
@article {pmid36285193, year = {2022}, author = {Laidemitt, MR and Gleichsner, AM and Ingram, CD and Gay, SD and Reinhart, EM and Mutuku, MW and Oraro, PO and Minchella, DJ and Mkoji, GM and Loker, ES and Steinauer, ML}, title = {Host preference of field-derived Schistosoma mansoni is influenced by snail host compatibility and infection status.}, journal = {Ecosphere (Washington, D.C)}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {36285193}, issn = {2150-8925}, support = {P30 GM110907/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI141862/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R37 AI101438/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Schistosome parasites cause a chronic inflammatory disease in humans, and recent studies have emphasized the importance of control programs for understanding the aquatic phases of schistosomiasis transmission. The host-seeking behavior of larval schistosomes (miracidia) for their snail intermediate hosts plays a critical role in parasite transmission. Using field-derived strains of Kenyan snails and parasites, we tested two main hypotheses: (1) Parasites prefer the most compatible host, and (2) parasites avoid hosts that are already infected. We tested preference to three Biomphalaria host snail taxa (B. pfeifferi, B. sudanica, and B. choanomphala), using allopatric and sympatric Schistosoma mansoni isolates and two different nonhost snail species that co-occur with Biomphalaria, Bulinus globosus, and Physa acuta. We also tested whether schistosomes avoid snail hosts that are already infected by another trematode species and whether competitive dominance played a role in their behavior. Preference was assessed using two-way choice chambers and by visually counting parasites that moved toward competing stimuli. In pairwise comparisons, we found that S. mansoni did not always prefer the more compatible snail taxon, but never favored an incompatible host over a compatible host. While parasites preferred B. pfeifferi to the nonhost species B. globosus, they did not significantly prefer B. pfeifferi versus P. acuta, an introduced species in Kenya. Finally, we demonstrated that parasites avoid infected snails if the resident parasite was competitively dominant (Patagifer sp.), and preferred snails infected with subordinates (xiphidiocercariae) to uninfected snails. These results provide evidence of "fine tuning" in the ability of schistosome miracidia to detect hosts; however, they did not always select hosts that would maximize fitness. Appreciating such discriminatory abilities could lead to a better understanding of how ecosystem host and parasite diversity influences disease transmission and could provide novel control mechanisms to improve human health.}, }
@article {pmid36280051, year = {2023}, author = {Guo, Y and Zhang, A and Qin, C and Yu, G and Ma, H}, title = {Community assembly patterns and processes of microbiome responses to habitats and Mytilopsis sallei invasion in the tidal zones of the Pearl River Estuary.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {857}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {159675}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159675}, pmid = {36280051}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Estuaries ; Rivers ; *Microbiota ; Bacteria ; *Bivalvia/genetics ; Eukaryota ; Introduced Species ; DNA, Ribosomal ; Biological Factors ; }, abstract = {The sustainability of estuarine ecosystem functions depends on the stabilization of microbial ecological processes. However, due to the unique and variable habitat characteristics of estuarine areas, in-depth studies on ecological processes such as the spatial distribution and assembly patterns of microbial community structure are lacking. As methods to elucidate this structure, we used 16S rDNA, 18S rDNA and ITS sequencing technologies to study the composition, diversity, spatial pattern and aggregation mechanism of the bacterial, protist and fungal communities in the tidal zones of the Pearl River Estuary (PRETZ). The abundance of bacterial communities was much higher than that of protists and fungi, and the spatial pattern was obvious in PRETZ. The application of neutral and null models revealed the assembly process of three microbial communities dominated by stochastic processes. Among the stochastic processes, undominated processes (64.03 %, 62.45 %, and 59.29 %) were the most critical processes in the assembly of bacterial, fungal and protist communities. Meanwhile, environmental variables, geographic locations, and biological factors were associated with the composition and assembly of bacterial, protist, and fungal communities. Among the environmental variables, dissolved oxygen and salinity were the main predictors that jointly affected the differences in the community structure of the three microorganisms, and geographic location was the second predictor affecting the community structure of the three microorganisms and had a more pronounced effect on the diversity and network structure of the bacterial and fungal communities. However, biological factors exerted a weaker effect on the microbial community structure than spatial factors and only affected bacteria and protists; the invasive species Mytilopsis sallei only affected the process of protist community assembly. In addition, environmental variables affected the relative importance of stochastic processes. In summary, the formation of microbial communities in the PRETZ was affected by random processes, environmental variables, geographic location, and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid36277215, year = {2022}, author = {Siddiqui, JA and Luo, Y and Sheikh, UAA and Bamisile, BS and Khan, MM and Imran, M and Hafeez, M and Ghani, MI and Lei, N and Xu, Y}, title = {Transcriptome analysis reveals differential effects of beta-cypermethrin and fipronil insecticides on detoxification mechanisms in Solenopsis invicta.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {1018731}, pmid = {36277215}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {Insecticide resistance poses many challenges in insect pest control, particularly in the control of destructive pests such as red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta). In recent years, beta-cypermethrin and fipronil have been extensively used to manage invasive ants, but their effects on resistance development in S. invicta are still unknown. To investigate resistance development, S. invicta was collected from populations in five different cities in Guangdong, China. The results showed 105.71- and 2.98-fold higher resistance against fipronil and beta-cypermethrin, respectively, in the Guangzhou population. The enzymatic activities of acetylcholinesterase, carboxylases, and glutathione S-transferases significantly increased with increasing beta-cypermethrin and fipronil concentrations. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 117 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the BC-ck vs. BC-30 treatments (39 upregulated and 78 downregulated), 109 DEGs in F-ck vs. F-30 (33 upregulated and 76 downregulated), and 499 DEGs in BC-30 vs. F-30 (312 upregulated and 187 downregulated). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that DEGs associated with insecticide resistance were significantly enriched in metabolic pathways, the AMPK signaling pathway, the insulin signaling pathway, carbon metabolism, peroxisomes, fatty acid metabolism, drug metabolism enzymes and the metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450. Furthermore, we found that DEGs important for insecticide detoxification pathways were differentially regulated under both insecticide treatments in S. invicta. Comprehensive transcriptomic data confirmed that detoxification enzymes play a significant role in insecticide detoxification and resistance development in S. invicta in Guangdong Province. Numerous identified insecticide-related genes, GO terms, and KEGG pathways indicated the resistance of S. invicta workers to both insecticides. Importantly, this transcriptome profile variability serves as a starting point for future research on insecticide risk evaluation and the molecular mechanism of insecticide detoxification in invasive red imported fire ants.}, }
@article {pmid36277057, year = {2022}, author = {Probert, AF and Wegmann, D and Volery, L and Adriaens, T and Bakiu, R and Bertolino, S and Essl, F and Gervasini, E and Groom, Q and Latombe, G and Marisavljevic, D and Mumford, J and Pergl, J and Preda, C and Roy, HE and Scalera, R and Teixeira, H and Tricarico, E and Vanderhoeven, S and Bacher, S}, title = {Identifying, reducing, and communicating uncertainty in community science: a focus on alien species.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {24}, number = {11}, pages = {3395-3421}, pmid = {36277057}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Community science (also often referred to as citizen science) provides a unique opportunity to address questions beyond the scope of other research methods whilst simultaneously engaging communities in the scientific process. This leads to broad educational benefits, empowers people, and can increase public awareness of societally relevant issues such as the biodiversity crisis. As such, community science has become a favourable framework for researching alien species where data on the presence, absence, abundance, phenology, and impact of species is important in informing management decisions. However, uncertainties arising at different stages can limit the interpretation of data and lead to projects failing to achieve their intended outcomes. Focusing on alien species centered community science projects, we identified key research questions and the relevant uncertainties that arise during the process of developing the study design, for example, when collecting the data and during the statistical analyses. Additionally, we assessed uncertainties from a linguistic perspective, and how the communication stages among project coordinators, participants and other stakeholders can alter the way in which information may be interpreted. We discuss existing methods for reducing uncertainty and suggest further solutions to improve data reliability. Further, we make suggestions to reduce the uncertainties that emerge at each project step and provide guidance and recommendations that can be readily applied in practice. Reducing uncertainties is essential and necessary to strengthen the scientific and community outcomes of community science, which is of particular importance to ensure the success of projects aimed at detecting novel alien species and monitoring their dynamics across space and time.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10530-022-02858-8.}, }
@article {pmid36273539, year = {2023}, author = {Martínez-Ibarra, JA and Martínez-Hernández, F and Grant-Guillén, Y and Villalobos, G and Nogueda-Torres, B}, title = {Vital statistics of the introduced species Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1834) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in western Mexico under laboratory conditions.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {237}, number = {}, pages = {106728}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106728}, pmid = {36273539}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Female ; *Triatoma ; Introduced Species ; Mexico ; *Chagas Disease ; Insect Vectors ; Feeding Behavior ; Nymph ; *Vital Statistics ; }, abstract = {Triatoma infestans, one of the most important vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi to humans, has recently been discovered introduced in Mexico. Some of the most important biological parameters to estimate the vectorial capacity of a triatomine, such as the hatching of eggs, life cycle, feeding and defecation behaviors for each instar of a population of T. infestans introduced into Mexico are reported. The egg-to-adult development times of the three studied cohorts had a mean of 215.7 days. The mean total number of blood meals required to molt from first-instar nymphs to adults was 11.7. The cumulative mortality was 30.8%. The highest mortality rate was recorded for third-instar nymphs (10.3%), whereas the lowest rate (0.8%) was recorded for first-instar nymphs. All studied specimens began feeding as soon as a blood meal source was offered, showing "aggressive" behavior. Feeding times were ˃ 10 min for all instars, increasing according to instar, in a similar pattern to the development times and the required blood meals before molting. Most (57.7 -82.5%) of the studied specimens of the first- to third-instar nymphs and adults of T. infestans defecated when feeding (WF). The average number of eggs laid per female per day was 0.9, with an eclosion rate of 96.4%. The results of most of the studied parameters confirm the importance of T. infestans wherever it is found because of its potential high capacity for transmitting T. cruzi to hosts. Active entomological surveillance should be carried out in the area of the first discovery of the introduced T. infestans and its surroundings to avoid the dissemination of this effective vector species in Mexico.}, }
@article {pmid36271820, year = {2023}, author = {Yazici, R}, title = {Sex-linked variations in the sagittal otolith biometry of Nemipterus randalli (Russell, 1986) from the eastern Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {102}, number = {1}, pages = {241-247}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15256}, pmid = {36271820}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Male ; Female ; Animals ; *Otolithic Membrane/anatomy &amp; histology ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Fishes/anatomy &amp; histology ; Sex Characteristics ; Introduced Species ; Biometry ; }, abstract = {Few studies have been conducted on the sagittal otolith shape and morphometry of Nemipterus randalli, and none of these studies has examined the effect of sexual dimorphism on the otolith morphology of this species, therefore this study aimed to contribute to knowledge about the otolith morphology of N. randalli, an invasive fish species for the Mediterranean Sea. For this purpose, a total of 132 samples (51 female and 81 male) were obtained from İskenderun Bay with the help of commercial fishermen in November 2018. Relationships between otolith measurements and fish size were determined. Shape indices and elliptic Fourier coefficients were calculated. Significant differences were detected between males and females in all analysis. The sexes were separated from each other using both shape indices and elliptic Fourier coefficients. However, shape analysis was more effective in distinguishing sexes than traditional morphometric analysis. Asymmetry in the otolith morphology of sexes has been attributed to differences in the growth and sexual maturity of male and female fish. The results of this study indicated that sexual dimorphism in Nemipterus randalli was also reflected in the otolith morphology.}, }
@article {pmid36269770, year = {2022}, author = {Park, JH and Lee, JM and Kim, EJ and Park, JW and Lee, EP and Lee, SI and You, YH}, title = {A study on the proliferation of Myzus persicae (sulzer) during the winter season for year-round production within a smart farm facility.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {10}, pages = {e0276520}, pmid = {36269770}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aphids ; Seasons ; Farms ; Cell Proliferation ; }, abstract = {In this study, we examined the feasibility of Myzus persicae proliferation through interrelationships with host plants in a smart farm facility during winter. We investigated aphid proliferation under an LED artificial light source and attempted to interpret aphid proliferation in relation to the net photosynthetic rate of the host plant, Eutrema japonicum. We observed that aphids continuously proliferated in the smart farm facility in winter without dormancy. The average number of aphids was greater under the 1:1 red:blue light irradiation time ratio, where the photosynthetic rate of the host plant was lower than under the 5:1 and 10:1 red:blue light irradiation time ratios. These results show that it is important to maintain a low net photosynthetic rate of the host plant, E. japonicum, in order to effectively proliferate aphids under artificial light such as in the case of smart farm facilities.}, }
@article {pmid36268601, year = {2023}, author = {Desautels, DJ and Hartman, RB and Weber, ME and Jacob, N and Sun, A and Civitello, DJ}, title = {Experimental water hyacinth invasion and destructive management increase human schistosome transmission potential.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {e2767}, pmid = {36268601}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {R01 AI150774/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Eichhornia ; Ecosystem ; *Biomphalaria/parasitology ; Schistosoma mansoni ; Snails ; Plants ; Cercaria ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; }, abstract = {Invasive species cause environmental degradation, decrease biodiversity, and alter ecosystem function. Invasions can also drive changes in vector-borne and zoonotic diseases by altering important traits of wildlife hosts or disease vectors. Managing invasive species can restore biodiversity and ecosystem function, but it may have cascading effects on hosts, parasites, and human risk of infection. Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, is an extremely detrimental invader in many sites of human schistosome transmission, especially in Lake Victoria, where hyacinth is correlated with high snail abundance and hotspots of human schistosome infection. Hyacinth is often managed via removal or in situ destruction, but the effects of these strategies on snail intermediate hosts and schistosomes are not known. We evaluated the effects of water hyacinth invasion and these management strategies on the dynamics of human schistosomes, Schistosoma mansoni, and snails, Biomphalaria glabrata, in experimental mesocosms over 17 weeks. We hypothesized that hyacinth, which is inedible to snails, would affect snail growth, reproduction, and cercariae production through the balance of its competitive effects on edible algae and its production of edible detritus. We predicted that destruction would create a pulse of edible detrital resources, thereby increasing snail growth, reproduction, and parasite production. Conversely, we predicted that removal would have small or negligible effects on snails and schistosomes, because it would alleviate competition on edible algae without generating a resource pulse. We found that hyacinth invasion suppressed algae, changed the timing of peak snail abundance, and increased total production of human-infectious cercariae ~6-fold relative to uninvaded controls. Hyacinth management had complex effects on algae, snails, and schistosomes. Removal increased algal growth and snail abundance (but not biomass), and slightly reduced schistosome production. In contrast, destruction increased snail biomass (but not abundance), indicating increases in body size. Destruction caused the greatest schistosome production (10-fold more than the control), consistent with evidence that larger snails with greater access to food are most infectious. Our results highlight the dynamic effects of invasion and management on a globally impactful human parasite and its intermediate host. Ultimately, preventing or removing hyacinth invasions would simultaneously benefit human and environmental health outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid36268596, year = {2023}, author = {Carey, JR and Harder, D and Zalom, F and Wishner, N}, title = {Failure by design: lessons from the recently rescinded light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana) eradication program in California.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, pages = {915-921}, pmid = {36268596}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Insect Control ; *Moths/physiology ; Plants ; Program Evaluation ; }, abstract = {This article was motivated by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) announcement that on 17 December 2021 it rescinded Federal Orders of 2 May 2007 that regulated (what was believed to be) a new outbreak of the light brown apple moth (LBAM, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker)) in the mainland United States. Our article follows from, and builds on, a 2013 article published by Carey and Harder that outlined major concerns about the LBAM eradication program including the need, cost, safety, practicality, and feasibility of the program and the public opposition to it. The program began with an emergency order based on USDA claims of billions of dollars in potential crop losses and the need to circumvent safety review processes to urgently prevent the pest's establishment. The program ended with the realization by government decision-makers, 14 years after initiating the program, that LBAM posed no quarantine-level threat in the first place and with no evidence of any economic damage done by the insect. This article summarizes the mistakes made in devising and carrying out what has ultimately proven to be one of the most oversold, overhyped, misguided, ill-advised, unnecessary, and costly programs in the recent history of insect eradication programs in California. Termination of the LBAM program by USDA-APHIS presents an opportunity to review the program to identify lessons learned and provide recommendations to help avoid similar mistakes in future invasive species response programs. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid36268471, year = {2022}, author = {Güçlü, SS}, title = {The First Data on the Biology of Anatolichthys meridionalis (Actinopterygii, Aphaniidae): an Endemic and Endangered Fish of Turkey (Dalaman River Basin).}, journal = {Inland water biology}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {613-623}, pmid = {36268471}, issn = {1995-0829}, abstract = {Species belonging to the Aphaniidae, extant as well as fossil, are widel distributed along the late-period Tethys Sea coast lines. Among the mentioned genera, Anatolichthys is the genus that includes the 13 species. Anatolia has been a center in the diversity of Anatolichthys. The study is one of the first studies on the growth of the species. On this occasion, in study, it was aimed to examine the growth parameters of the Anatolichthys meridionalis Akşiray, 1948 population, which is an endemic and endangered species in Anatolia. The population structure of endemic species Anatolichthys meridionalis in Gökpınar Spring (Dalaman River basin-Turkey) (37.34° N, 29.44° E) was studied, using 108 fish in October 2019 and September 2020. The growth and reproductive characteristics of A. meridionalis were examined in the study. Males made up 42.59%, females 57.41% of the population. The length-weight relationship and Von Bertalanffy growth equation were W = 0.0112L [3.4638], R [2] = 0.9793, L t = 22.97 (1 - e[-0.0304 (t+2.834)]), respectively. Average growth performance and condition factor are calculated as 1.21 and 1.84, respectively. The gonadosomatic index was found in a maximum value (12.742%) in July and a minimum value (0.545%) in January. Reproduction time was found to be in between of July and September. The mean fecundity and mean egg diameter were found as 147.94 ± 28.03 number/individual/year and 1.35 ± 0.04 mm, respectively. The first maturation was found to be at age I. First maturity length (L m) was estimated at 23.95 mm for females and 22.04 mm for males. Although the study shows that the species has no problem in finding food and is a population with a wide age range, the presence of invasive species in the habitat, the habitat is directly affected by pollution from agricultural activities, water is drawn by pumps for agricultural activities, and it is narrowly distributed and endangered species, A. meridionalis and its habitat Gökpınar Spring should be protected.}, }
@article {pmid36267687, year = {2022}, author = {Somveille, M and Ellis-Soto, D}, title = {Linking animal migration and ecosystem processes: Data-driven simulation of propagule dispersal by migratory herbivores.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {e9383}, pmid = {36267687}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Animal migration is a key process underlying active subsidies and species dispersal over long distances, which affects the connectivity and functioning of ecosystems. Despite much research describing patterns of where animals migrate, we still lack a framework for quantifying and predicting how animal migration affects ecosystem processes. In this study, we aim to integrate animal movement behavior and ecosystem functioning by developing a predictive modeling framework that can inform ecosystem management and conservation.We propose a framework to model individual-level migration trajectories between populations' seasonal ranges as well as the resulting dispersal and fate of propagules carried by the migratory animals, which can be calibrated using empirical data at every step of the modeling process. As a case study, we applied our framework to model the spread of guava seeds, Psidium guajava, by a population of migratory Galapagos tortoises, Chelonoidis porteri, across Santa Cruz Island. Galapagos tortoises are large herbivores that transport seeds and nutrients across the island, while Guava is one of the most problematic invasive species in the Galapagos archipelago.Our model can predict the pattern of spread of guava seeds alongside tortoises' downslope migration range, and it identified areas most likely to see establishment success. Our results show that Galapagos tortoises' seed dispersal may particularly contribute to guava range expansion on Santa Cruz Island, due to both long gut retention time and tortoise's long-distance migration across vegetation zones. In particular, we predict that tortoises are dispersing a significant amount of guava seeds into the Galapagos National Park, which has important consequences for the native flora.The flexibility and modularity of our framework allow for the integration of multiple data sources. It also allows for a wide range of applications to investigate how migratory animals affect ecosystem processes, including propagule dispersal but also other processes such as nutrient transport across ecosystems. Our framework is also a valuable tool for predicting how animal-mediated propagule dispersal can be affected by environmental change. These different applications can have important conservation implications for the management of ecosystems that include migratory animals.}, }
@article {pmid36265628, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, S and Deng, T and Zhang, J and Li, Y}, title = {Global economic costs of mammal invasions.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {857}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {159479}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159479}, pmid = {36265628}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; Rabbits ; Agriculture ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species/economics ; Mammals ; North America ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien mammals cause huge adverse ecological impact on human society and natural ecosystems. Although studies have estimated economic costs of mammal invasions at regional scales, there is lacking the large-scale comprehensive assessment of currency costs for this taxon. Here, we estimated the economic cost of invasive alien mammals on a global scale using the most comprehensive global database compiling economic costs of invasive species (InvaCost). From 1960 to 2021, mammal invasions caused costs (summing damage costs and management costs) of US$ 462.49 billion to the global economy, while the total amount of robust costs reached US$ 52.49 billion. The majority of the total economic costs corresponded to damage costs (90.27 %), while only 7.43 % were related to management cost. Economic costs showed an increasing trend over time. The distribution of costs was uneven among taxonomic groups and regions, with the global total cost highly biasing toward to 5 species (European rabbit, Domestic cat, Black rat, Wild boar and Coypu), and North America reporting much higher costs (60.78 % of total economic costs) than other regions. The total costs were borne by agriculture, environment, authorities stakeholders and other sectors. Geographic and taxonomic biases suggested that total economic costs caused by invasive alien mammals were underestimated. Integrated research efforts are needed to fill in knowledge gaps in the economic costs generated by mammal invasions and to identify the drivers of the economic costs.}, }
@article {pmid36262450, year = {2022}, author = {Bobier, CA and Allen, BL}, title = {Compassionate Conservation is indistinguishable from traditional forms of conservation in practice.}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {750313}, pmid = {36262450}, issn = {1664-1078}, abstract = {Animal welfare and ethics are important factors influencing wildlife conservation practice, and critics are increasingly challenging the underlying ethics and motivations supporting common conservation practices. "Compassionate Conservationists" argue that all conservationists should respect the rights of individual sentient animals and approach conservation problems from a position of compassion, and that doing so requires implementing practices that avoid direct harm to individual animals. In this way Compassionate Conservationists seek to contrast themselves with "Traditional Conservationists" who often express consequentialist decision-making processes that ostensibly aim to dispassionately minimize net animal harms, resulting in the common use of practices that directly harm or kill some animals. Conservationists and other observers might therefore conclude that the two sides of this debate are distinct and/or that their policy proscriptions produce different welfare outcomes for animals. To explore the validity of this conclusion we review the ethical philosophies underpinning two types of Compassionate Conservation-deontology and virtue ethics. Deontology focusses on animal rights or the moral duties or obligations of conservationists, whereas virtue ethics focusses on acting in ways that are virtuous or compassionate. We demonstrate that both types permit the intentional harm and killing of animals when faced with common conservation problems where animals will be harmed no matter what the conservationist does or does not do. We then describe the applied decision-making processes exhibited by Compassionate Conservationists (of both types) and Traditional Conservationists to show that they may each lead to the implementation of similar conservation practices (including lethal control) and produce similar outcomes for animals, despite the perceived differences in their ethical motivations. The widespread presence of wildlife conservation problems that cannot be resolved without causing at least some harm to some animals means that conservationists of all persuasions must routinely make trade-offs between the welfare of some animals over others. Compassionate Conservationists do this from an explicit position of animal rights and/or compassion, whereas Traditional Conservationists respect animal rights and exhibit this same compassion implicitly. These observations lead to the conclusion that Compassionate Conservation is indistinguishable from traditional forms of conservation in practice, and that the apparent disagreement among conservationists primarily concerns the effectiveness of various wildlife management practices at minimizing animal harm, and not the underlying ethics, motivations or morality of those practices.}, }
@article {pmid36262263, year = {2022}, author = {Borowy, D and Swan, CM}, title = {The effects of local filtering processes on the structure and functioning of native plant communities in experimental urban habitats.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {e9397}, pmid = {36262263}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Despite a growing literature-base devoted to document biodiversity patterns in cities, little is known about the processes that influence these patterns, and whether they are consistent over time. In particular, numerous studies have identified the capacity of cities to host a rich diversity of plant species. This trend, however, is driven primarily by introduced species, which comprise a large proportion of the urban species pool relative to natives. Using an experimental common garden study, we assessed the relative influence of local assembly processes (i.e., soil environmental filtering and competition from spontaneous urban species) on the taxonomic and functional diversity of native plant communities sampled over four seasons in 2016-2018. Taxonomic and functional diversity exhibited different responses to local processes, supporting the general conclusion that species- and trait-based measures of biodiversity offer distinct insights into community assembly dynamics. Additionally, we found that neither soil nor competition from spontaneous urban species influenced taxonomic or functional composition of native species. Functional composition, however, did shift strongly over time and was driven by community-weighted mean differences in both measured traits (maximum height, Hmax; specific leaf area, SLA; leaf chlorophyll a fluorescence, Chl a) and the relative proportions of different functional groups (legumes, annual and biennial-perennial species, C4 grasses, and forbs). By contrast, taxonomic composition only diverged between early and late seasons. Overall, our results indicate that native species are not only capable of establishing and persisting in vacant urban habitats, they can functionally respond to local filtering pressures over time. This suggests that regional dispersal limitation may be a primary factor limiting native species in urban environments. Thus, future regreening and management plans should focus on enhancing the dispersal potential of native plant species in urban environments, in order to achieve set goals for increasing native species diversity and associated ecosystem services in cities.}, }
@article {pmid36262021, year = {2022}, author = {Zhang, Z and Pan, M and Zhang, X and Liu, Y}, title = {Responses of invasive and native plants to different forms and availability of phosphorus.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {109}, number = {10}, pages = {1560-1567}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.16081}, pmid = {36262021}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Phosphorus ; *Plants ; Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; Soil ; Nitrogen ; Biomass ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: Many studies have assessed the various responses of alien plants to changes in overall nutrient or different nitrogen (N) availabilities. However, in natural soils, nutrients are present as different elements (e.g., N and phosphorus [P]) and forms (e.g., inorganic and organic). Few studies have explored whether invasive and native species differ in their responses to varying P availability and forms.<br><br>METHODS: We grew five taxonomically related pairs of common herbaceous, invasive and native species alone or in competition under six different conditions of P availability or forms and assessed their growth performance.<br><br>RESULTS: Invasive species overall did not produce more biomass than native species did in the various P conditions. However, the biomass response to organic forms of P was, relative to the response to inorganic forms of P, stronger for the invasive species than that for the native species and agreed with invasive species mainly allocating biomass to the root system under organic P conditions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: While invasive species were not more promiscuous than the native species, they took great advantage of the organic P forms. Therefore, the invasion risk of alien species may increase in habitats with more organic P sources.}, }
@article {pmid36261984, year = {2022}, author = {Li, H and Mao, D and Wang, Z and Huang, X and Li, L and Jia, M}, title = {Invasion of Spartina alterniflora in the coastal zone of mainland China: Control achievements from 2015 to 2020 towards the Sustainable Development Goals.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {323}, number = {}, pages = {116242}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116242}, pmid = {36261984}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Wetlands ; Sustainable Development ; China ; Poaceae ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Convention on Biological Diversity's 15th Conference of the Parties (CBD COP15) both emphasized the urgency of protecting biological diversity. Spartina alterniflora (S. alterniflora), as an invasive species in China, has posed severe biodiversity challenges, demanding nationwide control and management. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of S. alterniflora management during China's SDGs implementation from 2015 to 2020. Landsat images acquired in 2015 (the beginning year of SDGs), 2018, and 2020 (the end year of SDGs' targets 6.6, 14.2, 14.5, and 15.8 related to alien invasion) were applied to quantify the spatiotemporal dynamics of S. alterniflora extent. The results revealed a consistent shrinkage of S. alterniflora, with a net areal reduction of 2610 ha from 2015 to 2020, implying the effectiveness of control measures on S. alterniflora invasion. Provinces including Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Shanghai have succeeded in controlling S. alterniflora, evidenced by the sharp reduction in S. alterniflora area by 4908 ha, 2176 ha, and 1034 ha, respectively, from 2015 to 2020. However, better management of S. alterniflora is needed in regions with more severe S. alterniflora invasion, e.g., Shandong, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces. Our results suggest that relevant policies, regulations, and ecological restoration projects implemented by national or local governments in China received satisfactory results in S. alterniflora control. Nevertheless, S. alterniflora potential utilities and its governance effectiveness should be objectively evaluated and weighed to obtain the greatest ecological benefits and promote sustainable coastal ecosystems. The results of this study are expected to provide important baseline information benefitting the formulation of coastal protection and restoration strategies in China.}, }
@article {pmid36261398, year = {2023}, author = {Parvizi, E and Dhami, MK and Yan, J and McGaughran, A}, title = {Population genomic insights into invasion success in a polyphagous agricultural pest, Halyomorpha halys.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {138-151}, pmid = {36261398}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Agriculture ; *Ecosystem ; *Heteroptera/genetics ; Insecticide Resistance ; *Genetics, Population ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are increasingly threatening ecosystems and agriculture by rapidly expanding their range and adapting to environmental and human-imposed selective pressures. The genomic mechanisms that underlie such rapid changes remain unclear, especially for agriculturally important pests. Here, we used genome-wide polymorphisms derived from native, invasive, and intercepted samples and populations of the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, to gain insights into population genomics processes that have promoted the successful global invasion of this polyphagous pest. Our analysis demonstrated that BMSB exhibits spatial structure but admixture rates are high among introduced populations, resulting in similar levels of genomic diversity across native and introduced populations. These spatial genomic patterns suggest a complex invasion scenario, potentially with multiple bridgehead events, posing a challenge for accurately assigning BMSB incursions to their source using reduced-representation genomic data. By associating allele frequencies with the invasion status of BMSB populations, we found significantly differentiated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in close proximity to genes for insecticide resistance and olfaction. Comparing variations in allele frequencies among populations for outlier SNPs suggests that BMSB invasion success has probably evolved from standing genetic variation. In addition to being a major nuisance of households, BMSB has caused significant economic losses to agriculture in recent years and continues to expand its range. Despite no record of BMSB insecticide resistance to date, our results show high capacity for potential evolution of such traits, highlighting the need for future sustainable and targeted management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid36260844, year = {2022}, author = {Hanson, HE and Wang, C and Schrey, AW and Liebl, AL and Ravinet, M and Jiang, RHY and Martin, LB}, title = {Epigenetic Potential and DNA Methylation in an Ongoing House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) Range Expansion.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {200}, number = {5}, pages = {662-674}, doi = {10.1086/720950}, pmid = {36260844}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; *Sparrows/genetics ; DNA Methylation ; Kenya ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Plastics ; }, abstract = {AbstractDuring range expansions, organisms can use epigenetic mechanisms to adjust to conditions in novel areas by altering gene expression and enabling phenotypic plasticity. Here, we predicted that the number of CpG sites within the genome, one form of epigenetic potential, would be important for successful range expansions because DNA methylation can modulate gene expression and, consequently, plasticity. We asked how the number of CpG sites and DNA methylation varied across five locations in the ∼70-year-old Kenyan house sparrow (Passer domesticus) range expansion. We found that the number of CpG sites was highest toward the vanguard of the invasion and decreased toward the range core. Analysis suggests that this pattern may have been driven by selection, favoring birds with more CpG sites at the range edge. However, we cannot rule out other processes, including nonrandom gene flow. Additionally, DNA methylation did not change across the range expansion, nor was it more variable. We hypothesize that as new areas are colonized, epigenetic potential may be selectively advantageous early but eventually be replaced by less plastic and perhaps genetically canalized traits as populations adapt to local conditions. Although further work is needed on epigenetic potential, this form (CpG number) appears to be a promising mechanism to investigate as a driver of expansions via capacitated phenotypic plasticity in other natural and anthropogenic range expansions.}, }
@article {pmid36259205, year = {2022}, author = {Pérez-Méndez, N and Alcaraz, C and Bertolero, A and Català-Forner, M and Garibaldi, LA and González-Varo, JP and Rivaes, S and Martínez-Eixarch, M}, title = {Agricultural policies against invasive species generate contrasting outcomes for climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {289}, number = {1985}, pages = {20221081}, pmid = {36259205}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Climate Change ; Introduced Species ; *Greenhouse Gases ; Biodiversity ; Agriculture ; Methane ; *Oryza ; Policy ; }, abstract = {Direct consequences of biological invasions on biodiversity and the environment have been largely documented. Yet collateral indirect effects mediated by changes in agri-environmental policies aimed at combating invasions remain little explored. Here we assessed the effects of recent changes in water management in rice farming, which are aimed at buffering the impact of the invasive apple snail (Pomacea maculata, Lamarck) on greenhouse gas emissions and diversity of waterbird communities. We used observational data from a 2-year field monitoring (2015-2016) performed at the Ebro Delta regional scale. We found that drying rice fields reduced methane emission rates by 82% (2015) and 51% (2016), thereby reflecting the contribution of rice farming to climate change. However, there was a marked reduction (75% in 2015 and 57% in 2016) in waterbird diversity in dry fields compared with flooded fields, thus suggesting that post-invasion policies might hinder biodiversity conservation. Our results highlight the need for accounting for potential collateral effects during the policy decision-making process to design efficient agricultural management plans that lessen undesirable agri-environmental outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid36259169, year = {2022}, author = {Moles, AT and Dalrymple, RL and Raghu, S and Bonser, SP and Ollerton, J}, title = {Advancing the missed mutualist hypothesis, the under-appreciated twin of the enemy release hypothesis.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, pages = {20220220}, pmid = {36259169}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; *Plants ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Introduced species often benefit from escaping their enemies when they are transported to a new range, an idea commonly expressed as the enemy release hypothesis. However, species might shed mutualists as well as enemies when they colonize a new range. Loss of mutualists might reduce the success of introduced populations, or even cause failure to establish. We provide the first quantitative synthesis testing this natural but often overlooked parallel of the enemy release hypothesis, which is known as the missed mutualist hypothesis. Meta-analysis showed that plants interact with 1.9 times more mutualist species, and have 2.3 times more interactions with mutualists per unit time in their native range than in their introduced range. Species may mitigate the negative effects of missed mutualists. For instance, selection arising from missed mutualists could cause introduced species to evolve either to facilitate interactions with a new suite of species or to exist without mutualisms. Just as enemy release can allow introduced populations to redirect energy from defence to growth, potentially evolving increased competitive ability, species that shift to strategies without mutualists may be able to reallocate energy from mutualism toward increased competitive ability or seed production. The missed mutualist hypothesis advances understanding of the selective forces and filters that act on plant species in the early stages of introduction and establishment and thus could inform the management of introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid36259048, year = {2022}, author = {Meinita, MDN and Harwanto, D and Choi, JS}, title = {A concise review of the bioactivity and pharmacological properties of the genus Codium (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta).}, journal = {Journal of applied phycology}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, pages = {2827-2845}, pmid = {36259048}, issn = {0921-8971}, abstract = {The genus Codium is one of the most important genera of marine green macroalgae. Its distribution is widespread worldwide and it has a high degree of diversity in species and characteristics. This genus plays an important ecological role in marine ecosystems as it is a primary producer. However, some species in the genus Codium are invasive species and may disturb the functioning of the ecosystem. Economically, Codium has promising potential as a source of diverse nutritional and pharmacological compounds. Codium is edible, has a high nutrient value, and is rich in bioactive compounds. Hence, some species of Codium have been consumed as food and used as herbal medicines in some Asian countries. In recent decades, studies of the bioactivity and pharmacological properties of the genus Codium have attracted the attention of scientists. This review aims to identify gaps in studies analyzing Codium that have been conducted in the past three decades by assessing published research articles on its bioactivity and pharmacological properties. Compounds obtained from Codium have demonstrated significant biological activities, such as immunostimulatory, anticoagulant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, anti-angiogenic, osteoprotective, and anti-obesity activities. This review provides information that can be used as a future guideline for sustainably utilizing the genus Codium.}, }
@article {pmid36257100, year = {2022}, author = {Ohayashi, NS and Rodrigues, ID and Marchetti, OC and Dias, GM}, title = {Seeding artificial habitats with native benthic species can prevent the occurrence of exotic organisms.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {182}, number = {}, pages = {105771}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105771}, pmid = {36257100}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Bryozoa ; *Urochordata ; *Porifera ; Atlantic Ocean ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Seeding native species on pillars and platforms of marinas and harbors has been suggested to reduce space availability and prevent the colonization of exotic nuisance species, which are usually associated with coastal urbanization. The efficacy of seeding, however, has been tested mainly on the intertidal zone. To test how seeding native species in the subtidal zone affects the subsequent colonization and spread of exotic species and the community diversity, we deployed 10 PVC plates seeded with adults of the native sponge Mycale angulosa, 10 with the native ascidian Symplegma rubra, both covering about 6% of the available substrate, and 10 plates free of any intervention in a recreational marina from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. We then assessed the diversity and structure of the sessile community across treatments after eight months. Seeding the substrate with S. rubra resulted in no difference to unseeded communities, which were dominated by the exotic bryozoan Schizoporella errata (>66% of the substrate) and supported on average 16.9 ± 1.3 and 14.2 ± 2.0 morphospecies, respectively. However, seeding the substrate with M. angulosa resulted in a distinct community dominated by the seeded sponge (>97% of the substrate) and supporting only 3.2 ± 0.5 morphospecies. Besides, all 13 registered exotic species were reported from communities seeded with S. rubra, 11 from the unseeded communities, but only three were observed in those seeded with M. angulosa. While the consequences of the low diversity of the community seeded with M. angulosa must be addressed since poor communities are usually associated with low biotic resistance to invasion, seeding resulted in a high dominance of the native sponge, reducing the monopolization of resources by exotic species. These results suggest that seeding the substrate with native species should be implemented along with other interventions for managing artificial habitats in the coastal zone.}, }
@article {pmid36255504, year = {2022}, author = {Dung, NTK and Veettil, BK and Bao, DQ and Tran, T}, title = {Environmental management in Ramsar designated wetland areas in Vietnam: studies from U Minh Thuong and Tram Chim national parks (Mekong Delta).}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {194}, number = {Suppl 2}, pages = {777}, pmid = {36255504}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {*Wetlands ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Ecosystem ; Parks, Recreational ; Vietnam ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Water ; Agrochemicals ; }, abstract = {This study investigated the possibility of using remotely sensed data and field surveys for understanding the environmental management practices in two Ramsar sites - U Minh Thong and Tram Chim national parks - in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Enhanced agriculture, infrastructure development, changes in hydrological regime, forest fires, and natural resources exploitation are the key variables that caused the depletion of these two wetland areas. Land cover, particularly vegetation coverage, has been changed considerably during the post-war period and agriculture has been intensified in the surrounding areas of U Minh Thuong and Tram Chim wetlands. The current water management strategies in U Minh Thuong and Tram Chim were designated to ensure proper water circulation during the dry and wet seasons in a way helpful to agriculture in the buffer zones and to prevent forest fires during the dry season. It is found that the water management strategies to prevent forest fires in both the parks resulted in the accumulation of toxic agrochemicals within the park during the wet season. Both U Minh Thuong and Tram Chim wetlands are invaded by alien plant species which is threatening the natural biodiversity of the area. Proper monitoring and control of invasive species is necessary for protecting the natural biodiversity of these wetland ecosystems. Proper law enforcement and an interactive and inclusive wetland management should be practiced in order to conserve these valuable wetland ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid36253544, year = {2022}, author = {Lenzner, B and Latombe, G and Schertler, A and Seebens, H and Yang, Q and Winter, M and Weigelt, P and van Kleunen, M and Pyšek, P and Pergl, J and Kreft, H and Dawson, W and Dullinger, S and Essl, F}, title = {Naturalized alien floras still carry the legacy of European colonialism.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {11}, pages = {1723-1732}, pmid = {36253544}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Colonialism ; Plants ; }, abstract = {The redistribution of alien species across the globe accelerated with the start of European colonialism. European powers were responsible for the deliberate and accidental transportation, introduction and establishment of alien species throughout their occupied territories and the metropolitan state. Here, we show that these activities left a lasting imprint on the global distribution of alien plants. Specifically, we investigated how four European empires (British, Spanish, Portuguese and Dutch) structured current alien floras worldwide. We found that compositional similarity is higher than expected among regions that once were occupied by the same empire. Further, we provide strong evidence that floristic similarity between regions occupied by the same empire increases with the time a region was occupied. Network analysis suggests that historically more economically or strategically important regions have more similar alien floras across regions occupied by an empire. Overall, we find that European colonial history is still detectable in alien floras worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid36249881, year = {2022}, author = {da Silva, CS and Tucker, JJ and Maia, FJ and Lourenço, JM and Bass, ML and Seidel, DS and Callaway, TR and Hancock, DW and Stewart, RL}, title = {The impact of maturity stages on yield, quality, and nutritive value of ensiled Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers].}, journal = {Translational animal science}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {txac118}, pmid = {36249881}, issn = {2573-2102}, abstract = {Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.] is a non-native, invasive species that causes substantial losses in row crops and hay fields, which could be minimized by using Johnsongrass as a conserved forage. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the yield and quality of Johnsongrass ensiled at four maturities: harvested every 3 weeks (3WK), boot stage (BOOT), flower stage (FLOWER), and dough (DOUGH) stages. In experiment 1, yield, botanical composition, nutritive value, and fermentation characteristics of Johnsongrass were measured. In experiment 2, Johnsongrass silage was incubated for 48 h for assessment of gas production, pH, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and volatile fatty acids. The experimental area consisted of 16 plots (2.74 m × 4.57 m) divided into four blocks, and treatment was randomly assigned to plot within block. Each year, silage was prepared for each plot from the two cutting closest to July 1. After 10 weeks, the silos were opened, and silage samples were frozen for further analysis. Data from both experiments were tested for the effects of maturity stage and harvest timing (first and second harvest). The results from experiment 1 showed an increase (P < 0.0001) in dry matter yield from 3WK stage to DOUGH. Johnsongrass, as a proportion of the total botanical composition, declined at the end of the growing season for 3WK but increased in FLOWER (P = 0.0010). In the first harvest, 3WK and BOOT stage silages had the greatest concentrations of crude protein and total digestible nutrients and lowest of fiber (neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber; P < 0.0001). In the second harvest, differences in nutrient content were significant only for 3WK silages, which showed the best nutritive value (P < 0.0001). In experiment 2, IVDMD of silage followed the same trends described for nutritive value from experiment 1. Overall, these results demonstrate that Johnsongrass can be successfully ensiled, but to optimize forage nutritive value and quantity, Johnsongrass should be ensiled before it reaches the flower stage.}, }
@article {pmid36247570, year = {2022}, author = {Li, G and Zhao, Y and Liu, F and Shi, M and Guan, Y and Zhang, T and Zhao, F and Qiao, Q and Geng, Y}, title = {Transcriptional memory of gene expression across generations participates in transgenerational plasticity of field pennycress in response to cadmium stress.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {953794}, pmid = {36247570}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Transgenerational plasticity (TGP) occurs when maternal environments influence the expression of traits in offspring, and in some cases may increase fitness of offspring and have evolutionary significance. However, little is known about the extent of maternal environment influence on gene expression of offspring, and its relationship with trait variations across generations. In this study, we examined TGP in the traits and gene expression of field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense) in response to cadmium (Cd) stress. In the first generation, along with the increase of soil Cd concentration, the total biomass, individual height, and number of seeds significantly decreased, whereas time to flowering, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and content of reduced glutathione significantly increased. Among these traits, only SOD activity showed a significant effect of TGP; the offspring of Cd-treated individuals maintained high SOD activity in the absence of Cd stress. According to the results of RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis, 10,028 transcripts were identified as Cd-responsive genes. Among them, only 401 were identified as transcriptional memory genes (TMGs) that maintained the same expression pattern under normal conditions in the second generation as in Cd-treated parents in the first generation. These genes mainly participated in Cd tolerance-related processes such as response to oxidative stress, cell wall biogenesis, and the abscisic acid signaling pathways. The results of weighted correlation network analysis showed that modules correlated with SOD activity recruited more TMGs than modules correlated with other traits. The SOD-coding gene CSD2 was found in one of the modules correlated with SOD activity. Furthermore, several TMGs co-expressed with CSD2 were hub genes that were highly connected to other nodes and critical to the network's topology; therefore, recruitment of TMGs in offspring was potentially related to TGP. These findings indicated that, across generations, transcriptional memory of gene expression played an important role in TGP. Moreover, these results provided new insights into the trait evolution processes mediated by phenotypic plasticity.}, }
@article {pmid36246571, year = {2022}, author = {Yabiku, ST and Sullivan, A and York, AM and Zhao, Q and Glick, JE and Hall, SJ and Ghimire, DJ and An, L}, title = {Drivers of prohibited natural resource collection in Chitwan National Park, Nepal.}, journal = {Environmental conservation}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, pages = {114-121}, pmid = {36246571}, issn = {0376-8929}, support = {P2C HD041025/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; P2C HD041028/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Protected areas (PAs) are critical for achieving conservation, economic and development goals, but the factors that lead households to engage in prohibited resource collection in PAs are not well understood. We examine collection behaviours in community forests and the protected Chitwan National Park in Chitwan, Nepal. Our approach incorporates household and ecological data, including structured interviews, spatially explicit data on collection behaviours measured with computer tablets and a systematic field survey of invasive species. We pair our data with a framework that considers factors related to a household's demand for resources, barriers to prohibited resource collection, barriers to legal resource collection and alternatives to resource collection. The analysis identifies key drivers of prohibited collection, including sociodemographic variables and perceptions of an invasive plant (Mikania micrantha). The social-ecological systems approach reveals that household perceptions of the presence of M. micrantha were more strongly associated with resource collection decisions than the actual ecologically measured presence of the plant. We explore the policy implications of our findings for PAs and propose that employing a social-ecological systems approach leads to conservation policy and scientific insights that are not possible to achieve with social or ecological approaches alone.}, }
@article {pmid36246039, year = {2022}, author = {Crane, K and Kregting, L and Coughlan, NE and Cuthbert, RN and Ricciardi, A and MacIsaac, HJ and Dick, JTA and Reid, N}, title = {Abiotic and biotic correlates of the occurrence, extent and cover of invasive aquatic Elodea nuttallii.}, journal = {Freshwater biology}, volume = {67}, number = {9}, pages = {1559-1570}, pmid = {36246039}, issn = {0046-5070}, abstract = {Biological invasions, especially invasive alien aquatic plants, are a major and growing ecological and socioeconomic problem worldwide. Freshwater systems are particularly vulnerable to invasion, where impacts of invasive alien species can damage ecological structure and function. Identifying abiotic and biotic factors that mediate successful invasions is a management priority. Our aim was to determine the environmental correlates of Elodea nuttallii; a globally significant invasive aquatic species. Elodea nuttallii presence/absence (occurrence), extent (patch area) and percentage cover (density) was visually assessed from a boat throughout Lough Erne (approximately 144 km[2]), County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland during the active summer growth season (July-September). In addition, substrate type and zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha occurrence was recorded. Fourteen water chemistry variables were collected monthly from 12 recording stations throughout the lake during the 9 years before the survey to spatially interpolate values and establish temporal trajectories in their change. Shoreline land use was derived from CORINE land cover maps. Environmental associations between E. nuttallii, substrate, D. polymorpha, water chemistry and land use were assessed. Elodea nuttallii occurrence was positively associated with water conductivity, alkalinity, suspended solids, phosphorus (both total and soluble) and chlorophyll-a concentrations, but negatively associated with pH and total oxidised nitrogen. E. nuttallii patch extent and proportional cover were positively associated, to varying degrees, with the presence of D. polymorpha, biological oxygen demand, water clarity and soft substrate, but negatively associated with urban development and ammonium. Elodea nuttallii displayed high levels of phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental variation, allowing it to adapt to a wide range of conditions and potentially gain competitive advantage over native or other invasive macrophytes.It is evident that multiple abiotic and biotic factors, including facilitation by co-occurring invasive dreissenid mussels, interact to influence the distribution and abundance of E. nuttallii. Thus, it is necessary to consider a more comprehensive environmental context when planning Elodea management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid36245437, year = {2023}, author = {Sakamoto, H and Goka, K}, title = {Efficiency of ant-control agents in colony-level oral toxicity tests using Tetramorium tsushimae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) for post-establishment control of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).}, journal = {Applied entomology and zoology}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, pages = {25-33}, pmid = {36245437}, issn = {0003-6862}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) causes serious damage worldwide as an invasive alien species. The species has expanded its range to the Pacific Rim since 2000s and Japan has faced its multiple introductions since 2017. While colony-level control methods are urgently needed, testing living colonies of the unestablished species is challenging especially due to various restrictions under the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we proposed alternative long-term toxicity assays using artificial colonies of Tetramorium tsushimae Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a Japanese native species belonging to the same subfamily (Myrmicinae) as S. invicta. We conducted an acute toxicity test to determine if T. tsushimae is a suitable substitute for S. invicta using fipronil and found the LD50 value in T. tsushimae was close to that in S. invicta. Then, we conducted the long-term toxicity test with fipronil and two insect growth regulators (pyriproxyfen and etoxazole) using artificial colonies of T. tsushimae. All workers and larvae in the fipronil-treated colonies died within 3 days of treatment initiation. Emergence of new workers was observed after 18 days in the etoxazole-treated and control colonies, but not in the pyriproxyfen-treated colonies. We concluded that fipronil was the most promising insecticide for post-establishment control, and pyriproxyfen was effective as a toxic-bait agent for colony-level control.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13355-022-00800-x.}, }
@article {pmid36235501, year = {2022}, author = {Kharivha, T and Ruwanza, S and Thondhlana, G}, title = {Effects of Elevated Temperature and High and Low Rainfall on the Germination and Growth of the Invasive Alien Plant Acacia mearnsii.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {19}, pages = {}, pmid = {36235501}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {No grant number//DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology (CIB)/ ; }, abstract = {The impact of climate change on the germination and growth of invasive alien plants varies depending on the plant species and invasion process. We experimentally assessed the responses of the invasive alien plant Acacia mearnsii to future climate change scenarios-namely, elevated temperature as well as high and low rainfall. Acacia mearnsii was grown at an elevated air temperature (+2 °C), high rainfall (6 mm per day), and low rainfall (1.5 mm per day), and its germination and growth performance were measured over five months. We further examined changes in soil nutrients to assess if the above-mentioned climate change scenarios affected soils. Both elevated temperature and high rainfall did not influence A. mearnsii germination and seedling growth. In contrast, we observed reductions in A. mearnsii germination and growth in the low rainfall treatment, an indication that future drought conditions might negatively affect A. mearnsii invasion. We noted that elevated temperature and rainfall resulted in varied effects on soil properties (particularly soil C, N, Ca, and Mg content). We conclude that both elevated temperature and high rainfall may not enhance A. mearnsii invasion through altering germination and growth, but a decrease in A. mearnsii invasiveness is possible under low rainfall conditions.}, }
@article {pmid36235443, year = {2022}, author = {Gedalof, Z and Davy, LE and Berg, A}, title = {Exotic Grasses Reduce Infiltration and Moisture Availability in a Temperate Oak Savanna.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {19}, pages = {}, pmid = {36235443}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Biological invasions represent one of the most urgent conservation challenges. Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) savannas, a complex of grassland and transitional forest, are especially sensitive to these invasions. These ecosystems have been severely degraded and fragmented over the past century and are being encroached by conifers, and oak seedlings are failing to emerge from the understory at many locations. Understanding competitive interactions between Oregon white oak and associated native and exotic vegetation would provide insight into forest-grassland dynamics and the role of exotic grasses in the decline of native species, the processes that maintain temperate savanna ecosystems, and the role of soil water uptake by individual savanna species in contributing to overall species assemblages. In this study, we quantified the soil moisture budget for invaded and uninvaded oak-associated ecosystems. From February to October 2007 we used a split paired plot experiment in Duncan, British Columbia, Canada to measure soil moisture on treatment sites where exotic grasses were removed with herbicide and control plots where they were not, using three depths (5, 20, and 35 or 50 cm) in the soil profile. Our results show that the plots that contained exotic vegetation had a faster rate of soil drying following precipitation events at the 5 cm depth than plots with the predominantly native species. We attribute this difference to the capacity of exotic vegetation to exploit soil moisture more rapidly than native vegetation at times of the year when native vegetation cannot. These results provide insight into one mechanism by which exotic grasses affect associated native plants and could help guide restoration efforts.}, }
@article {pmid36235415, year = {2022}, author = {Kato-Noguchi, H}, title = {Allelopathy and Allelochemicals of Imperata cylindrica as an Invasive Plant Species.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {19}, pages = {}, pmid = {36235415}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Imperata cylindrica is native to Southeast Asia and East Africa and has become naturalized in humid tropics, subtropics and warmer temperate zones of the world. The species is one of the top ten worst weeds in the worlds and is listed among the world's top 100 worst invasive alien species. It is an aggressive colonizer and forms large monospecific stands in several countries. Possible evidence of the allelopathy of I. cylindrica has been accumulated in the literature over three decades. The extracts, leachates, root exudates, decomposing residues and rhizosphere soil of I. cylindrica were found to suppress the germination and growth of several plant species, including woody plant species, and to reduce their rhizobium nodulation and mycorrhizal colonization. Several allelochemicals, such as fatty acids, terpenoids, simple phenolics, benzoic acids, phenolic acids, phenolic aldehydes, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, quinones and alkaloids, were also found in the extracts, leachates, root exudates and/or growth medium of I. cylindrica. These observations suggest that allelochemicals may be synthesized in I. cylindrica and released into the rhizosphere soil and surrounding environments either by the leachates, root exudation or decomposition process of plant parts, and certain allelochemicals may contribute to the alteration of the microbial community, including rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi, suppressing the regeneration process of native plant species through the inhibition of their germination and growth. Therefore, the allelopathy of I. cylindrica may support its invasiveness, naturalization and formation of large monospecific stands. This is the first review article focusing on the allelopathy of I. cylindrica.}, }
@article {pmid36235199, year = {2022}, author = {Vetter, J}, title = {The Norsesquiterpene Glycoside Ptaquiloside as a Poisonous, Carcinogenic Component of Certain Ferns.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {27}, number = {19}, pages = {}, pmid = {36235199}, issn = {1420-3049}, mesh = {Animals ; Carcinogens/toxicity ; *Cardiac Glycosides ; Cyclopropanes ; DNA Adducts ; Ecosystem ; *Ferns ; Glycosides ; Humans ; Indans/chemistry ; *Poisons ; Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes ; *Pteridium/chemistry ; *Sesquiterpenes/chemistry ; Soil/chemistry ; Sugars ; Water ; }, abstract = {Previous studies related to the ptaquiloside molecule, a carcinogenic secondary metabolite known from the world of ferns, are summarised. Ptaquiloside (PTA) belongs to the group of norsesquiterpenes of the illudane type. The name illudane refers to the fungal taxa from which the first representatives of the molecular group were identified. Ptaquiloside occurs mainly in Pteridium fern species, although it is also known in other fern taxa. The species of the genus Pteridium are common, frequent invasive species on all continents, and PTA is formed in smaller or larger amounts in all organs of the affected species. The effects of PTA and of their derivatives on animals and humans are of great toxicological significance. Its basic chemical property is that the molecule can be transformed. First, with the loss of sugar moiety, ptaquilosine is formed, and then, under certain conditions, a dienone derivative (pteridienone) may arise. The latter can alkylate (through its cyclopropane groups) certain molecules, including DNA, in animal or human organisms. In this case, DNA adducts are formed, which can later have a carcinogenic effect through point mutations. The scope of the PTA is interdisciplinary in nature since, for example, molecules from plant biomass can enter the body of animals or humans in several ways (directly and indirectly). Due to its physico-chemical properties (excellent water solubility), PTA can get from the plant into the soil and then into different water layers. PTA molecules that enter the soil, but mainly water, undergo degradation (hydrolytic) processes, so it is very important to clarify the toxicological conditions of a given ecosystem and to estimate the possible risks caused by PTA. The toxicoses and diseases of the animal world (mainly for ruminant farm animals) caused by PTA are briefly described. The intake of PTA-containing plants as a feed source causes not only various syndromes but can also enter the milk (and meat) of animals. In connection with the toxicological safety of the food chain, it is important to investigate the transport of carcinogenic PTA metabolites between organisms in a reassuring manner and in detail. This is a global, interdisciplinary task. The present review aims to contribute to this.}, }
@article {pmid36234776, year = {2022}, author = {Dolma, SK and Reddy, SGE}, title = {Characterization of Triadica sebifera (L.) Small Extracts, Antifeedant Activities of Extracts, Fractions, Seed Oil and Isolated Compounds against Plutella xylostella (L.) and Their Effect on Detoxification Enzymes.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {27}, number = {19}, pages = {}, pmid = {36234776}, issn = {1420-3049}, support = {HCP-0007//Council of Scientific and Industrial Research/ ; }, mesh = {1-Butanol/pharmacology ; Animals ; Ethanol/pharmacology ; *Euphorbiaceae ; Gallic Acid/pharmacology ; *Insecticides/pharmacology ; Kaempferols/pharmacology ; Larva ; *Moths ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Plant Oils/pharmacology ; Quercetin/pharmacology ; Shikimic Acid ; Stigmasterol/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Plutella xylostella L. is one of the world's major pests of cruciferous crops. The indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides has led to insecticide resistance and resurgence, and has been harmful to non-target organisms and the environment. Botanical insecticides are the best alternatives to synthetic pesticides for the management of pests in organic agriculture and integrated management. T. sebifera is an invasive species and has good potential as an insecticide due to the availability of plant material in some parts of India. The antifeedant activities of T. sebifera have not been reported against P. xylostella and other lepidopteron insects to date. Therefore, the current study targeted the characterization of leaf and bark extracts, feeding deterrence, synergistic and detoxification enzyme activities of leaf/bark ethanolic extracts/fractions, seed oil, and isolated compounds. UHPLC-QTOF-IMS analysis showed that shikimic acid, xanthoxylin, quercetin, kaempferol, methyl gallate, and stigmasterol are common metabolites identified in leaf and bark extracts. The combination of seed oil with bark extract showed higher deterrence (DC50 = 317.10 mg/L) as compared to leaf/bark extracts alone. Gallic acid showed higher deterrence (67.48%) than kaempferol and quercetin. The n-butanol fraction of bark was more repellent (RC50 = 414.61 mg/L). Based on DC50, the seed oil with leaf extract (1:1 ratio) alone with choice and seed oil with leaf and bark extract without choice showed synergistic interaction, but seed oil with bark extract with choice showed additive interaction. The ethanol extract of leaf, bark, and seed oil inhibited GST and AChE in P. xylostella. The leaf extract and seed oil or their combinations may be recommended as antifeedants to reduce damage by P. xylostella based on persistence, antifeedant, phytotoxicity, safety to predators/parasitoids, etc., under field conditions.}, }
@article {pmid36231243, year = {2022}, author = {Zhao, X and Xie, H and Zhao, X and Zhang, J and Li, Z and Yin, W and Yuan, A and Zhou, H and Manan, S and Nazar, M and Iqbal, B and Li, G and Du, D}, title = {Combined Inhibitory Effect of Canada Goldenrod Invasion and Soil Microplastics on Rice Growth.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {19}, number = {19}, pages = {}, pmid = {36231243}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {Antioxidants ; Ascorbate Peroxidases ; Canada ; Catalase ; Introduced Species ; Microplastics ; *Oryza ; Plastics ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Soil ; *Solidago ; Superoxide Dismutase ; }, abstract = {Alien plant invasion and residual soil microplastics (MPs) are growing threats to agricultural crop production. This study determined the adverse effects of Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) invasion and residual soil MPs on rice growth and development. The biomass, phenological indices, photosynthetic parameters, and antioxidant enzyme activities of rice were measured on the 50th and 80th day of post-plantation. Biomass and phenotypic results indicated the more harmful effects of the combination of S. canadensis invasion and residual soil MPs compared to S. canadensis invasion or residual soil MPs effects alone. Moreover, the interaction effect of S. canadensis invasion and residual soil MPs markedly reduced the ascorbate peroxidase and catalase belowground, while they increased in the aboveground parts of the rice. However, the S. canadensis invasion and residual soil MPs interactive treatments lowered the superoxide dismutase concentrations in the belowground parts of the rice plants while elevating the peroxidase and reactive oxygen species concentrations in both the belowground and aboveground parts compared to the other treatments. Among all treatments, S. canadensis invasion alone had the most negligible negative impact on rice biomass and growth indices. Our study suggests that soil MPs could negatively affect crop production with invasive alien plants, and the combined effects were more harmful than either of the single factors. Our findings will lay the groundwork for analyzing the impacts of invasive alien plants on rice crops.}, }
@article {pmid36230296, year = {2022}, author = {Chen, W and Li, C and Li, X and Li, J and Li, Y}, title = {Unraveling the Drifting Larval Fish Community in a Large Spawning Ground in the Middle Pearl River Using DNA Barcoding.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {19}, pages = {}, pmid = {36230296}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {2018YFD0900903//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {Resolving the species composition of a larval pool in a spawning ground can provide novel insights into regional fish stocks and can support the development of effective monitoring and conservation policies. However, it is challenging to identify fish larvae to species due to their high diversity and dramatic phenotypic changes over development. In this study, we collected fish larvae in the Dongta spawning ground (Guiping City, Guangxi Province, China) in the middle reaches of the Pearl River between May and August 2018. We used a DNA barcoding approach to determine the species composition of the larval pool. A total of 905 larvae were chosen for molecular identification, of which 750 yielded high-quality barcoding sequences. Of these, 597 (≈79.6%), 151 (≈20.1%)/and 2 (≈0.3%) were assigned to 28 species, 8 genera, and 1 subfamily using the Barcode of Life Data System and GenBank nucleotide databases, respectively. Among the 28 identified species, 21 were cyprinids. Two species (Mugilogobius myxodermus and Pseudolaubuca engraulis) that were present only infrequently in previous adult surveys were abundant in the larval pool. Six invasive species were identified in the larval pool, implying that these species had successfully colonized the studied river section. Several migratory species common in the lower Pearl River were rare or absent in the investigated region, suggesting that dam construction in the Pearl River has had adverse effects on these migratory species. In summary, our study confirmed the applicability of DNA barcoding to studies of fish larval ecology and provided important reference data for fishery management and conservation in the Pearl River.}, }
@article {pmid36230289, year = {2022}, author = {Baxter-Gilbert, J and Riley, JL and Wagener, C and Baider, C and Florens, FBV and Kowalski, P and Campbell, M and Measey, J}, title = {Island Hopping through Urban Filters: Anthropogenic Habitats and Colonized Landscapes Alter Morphological and Performance Traits of an Invasive Amphibian.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {19}, pages = {}, pmid = {36230289}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {N/A//DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology/ ; N/A//Centre for Collaborations in Africa at Stellenbosch University/ ; N/A//Claude Leon Foundation/ ; N/A//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; }, abstract = {A prominent feature of the modern era is the increasing spread of invasive species, particularly within island and urban ecosystems, and these occurrences provide valuable natural experiments by which evolutionary and invasion hypotheses can be tested. In this study, we used the invasion route of guttural toads (Sclerophrys gutturalis) from natural-native and urban-native populations (Durban, South Africa) to their urban-invasive and natural-invasive populations (Mauritius and Réunion) to determine whether phenotypic changes that arose once the toads became urbanized in their native range have increased their invasive potential before they were transported (i.e., prior adaptation) or whether the observed changes are unique to the invasive populations. This urban/natural by native/invasive gradient allowed us to examine differences in guttural toad morphology (i.e., body size, hindlimb, and hindfoot length) and performance capacity (i.e., escape speed, endurance, and climbing ability) along their invasion route. Our findings indicate that invasive island populations have reduced body sizes, shorter limbs in relation to snout-vent length, decreased escape speeds, and decreased endurance capacities that are distinct from the native mainland populations (i.e., invasion-derived change). Thus, these characteristics did not likely arise directly from a pre-transport anthropogenic "filter" (i.e., urban-derived change). Climbing ability, however, did appear to originate within the urban-native range and was maintained within the invasive populations, thereby suggesting it may have been a prior adaptation that provided this species with an advantage during its establishment in urban areas and spread into natural forests. We discuss how this shift in climbing performance may be ecologically related to the success of urban and invasive guttural toad populations, as well as how it may have impacted other island-derived morphological and performance phenotypes.}, }
@article {pmid36229832, year = {2022}, author = {Buhler, KJ and Fernando, C and Hill, JE and Galloway, T and Carriere, S and Fenton, H and Fauteux, D and Jenkins, EJ}, title = {Combining deep sequencing and conventional molecular approaches reveals broad diversity and distribution of fleas and Bartonella in rodents and shrews from Arctic and Subarctic ecosystems.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {366}, pmid = {36229832}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {RGPIN-2018-04900//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; NST-1718-0012//Polar Knowledge Canada/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Arvicolinae ; *Bartonella/genetics ; *Bartonella Infections/epidemiology/veterinary ; Citrate (si)-Synthase/genetics ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; DNA, Intergenic ; Ecosystem ; *Flea Infestations/veterinary ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Rodentia/microbiology ; Shrews ; *Siphonaptera/microbiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bartonella are intracellular bacteria that are transmitted via animal scratches, bites and hematophagous arthropods. Rodents and their associated fleas play a key role in the maintenance of Bartonella worldwide, with > 22 species identified in rodent hosts. No studies have addressed the occurrence and diversity of Bartonella species and vectors for small mammals in Arctic and Subarctic ecosystems, which are increasingly impacted by invasive species and climate change.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, we characterized the diversity of rodent fleas using conventional PCR targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase II gene (COII) and Bartonella species in rodents and shrews (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;505) from northern Canada using conventional PCR targeting the ITS (intergenic transcribed spacer) region and gltA (citrate synthase) gene. Metagenomic sequencing of a portion of the gltA gene was completed on a subset of 42 rodents and four rodent flea pools.<br><br>RESULTS: Year, total summer precipitation the year prior to sampling, average minimum spring temperature and small mammal species were significant factors in predicting Bartonella positivity. Occurrence based on the ITS region was more than double that of the gltA gene and was 34% (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;349) in northern red-backed voles, 35% (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;20) in meadow voles, 37% (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;68) in deer mice and 31% (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;59) in shrews. Six species of Bartonella were identified with the ITS region, including B. grahamii, B. elizabethae, B. washoensis, Candidatus B. rudakovii, B. doshiae, B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii and subsp. arupensis. In addition, 47% (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;49/105) of ITS amplicons had&#x2009;<&#x2009;97% identity to sequences in GenBank, possibly due to a limited reference library or previously unreported species. An additional Bartonella species (B. heixiaziensis) was detected during metagenomic sequencing of the gltA gene in 6/11 rodents that had ITS sequences with&#x2009;<&#x2009;97% identity in GenBank, highlighting that a limited reference library for the ITS marker likely accounted for low sequence similarity in our specimens. In addition, one flea pool from a northern red-backed vole contained multiple species (B. grahamii and B. heixiaziensis).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our study calls attention to the usefulness of a combined approach to determine the occurrence and diversity of Bartonella communities in hosts and vectors.}, }
@article {pmid36228748, year = {2022}, author = {Thys, KJM and Vanhove, MPM and Custers, JWJ and Vranken, N and Van Steenberge, M and Kmentová, N}, title = {Co-introduction of Dolicirroplectanum lacustre, a monogenean gill parasite of the invasive Nile perch Lates niloticus: intraspecific diversification and mitonuclear discordance in native versus introduced areas.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {52}, number = {12}, pages = {775-786}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.09.001}, pmid = {36228748}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Animals ; *Perches ; *Parasites ; Gills ; Lakes ; *Perciformes ; *Trematoda/genetics ; }, abstract = {The Nile perch (Lates niloticus) is a notorious invasive species. The introductions of Nile perch into several lakes and rivers in the Lake Victoria region led to the impoverishment of trophic food webs, particularly well documented in Lake Victoria. Additionally, its parasites were co-introduced, including Dolicirroplectanum lacustre (Monogenea, Diplectanidae). Dolicirroplectanum lacustre is the single monogenean gill parasite of latid fishes (Lates spp.) inhabiting several major African freshwater systems. We examined the intra-specific diversification of D. lacustre from Lates niloticus in Lake Albert, Uganda (native range) and Lake Victoria (introduced range) by assessing morphological and genetic differentiation, and microhabitat preference. We expected reduced morphological and genetic diversity for D. lacustre in Lake Victoria compared with Lake Albert, as a result of the historical introductions. We found that D. lacustre displayed high morphological variability within and between African freshwaters, with two morphotypes identified, as in former studies. The single shared morphotype between Lake Albert and Lake Victoria displayed similar levels of haplotype and nucleotide diversity between the lakes. Mitonuclear discordance within the morphotypes of D. lacustre indicates an incomplete reproductive barrier between the morphotypes. The diversification in the mitochondrial gene portion is directly linked with the morphotypes, while the nuclear gene portions indicate conspecificity. Based on our results, we reported reduced genetic and morphological diversity, potentially being a result of a founder effect in Lake Victoria.}, }
@article {pmid36224387, year = {2022}, author = {Keith, DA and Ferrer-Paris, JR and Nicholson, E and Bishop, MJ and Polidoro, BA and Ramirez-Llodra, E and Tozer, MG and Nel, JL and Mac Nally, R and Gregr, EJ and Watermeyer, KE and Essl, F and Faber-Langendoen, D and Franklin, J and Lehmann, CER and Etter, A and Roux, DJ and Stark, JS and Rowland, JA and Brummitt, NA and Fernandez-Arcaya, UC and Suthers, IM and Wiser, SK and Donohue, I and Jackson, LJ and Pennington, RT and Iliffe, TM and Gerovasileiou, V and Giller, P and Robson, BJ and Pettorelli, N and Andrade, A and Lindgaard, A and Tahvanainen, T and Terauds, A and Chadwick, MA and Murray, NJ and Moat, J and Pliscoff, P and Zager, I and Kingsford, RT}, title = {A function-based typology for Earth's ecosystems.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {610}, number = {7932}, pages = {513-518}, pmid = {36224387}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Biota ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Policy/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/trends ; Goals ; United Nations ; Animals ; }, abstract = {As the United Nations develops a post-2020 global biodiversity framework for the Convention on Biological Diversity, attention is focusing on how new goals and targets for ecosystem conservation might serve its vision of 'living in harmony with nature'[1,2]. Advancing dual imperatives to conserve biodiversity and sustain ecosystem services requires reliable and resilient generalizations and predictions about ecosystem responses to environmental change and management[3]. Ecosystems vary in their biota[4], service provision[5] and relative exposure to risks[6], yet there is no globally consistent classification of ecosystems that reflects functional responses to change and management. This hampers progress on developing conservation targets and sustainability goals. Here we present the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Global Ecosystem Typology, a conceptually robust, scalable, spatially explicit approach for generalizations and predictions about functions, biota, risks and management remedies across the entire biosphere. The outcome of a major cross-disciplinary collaboration, this novel framework places all of Earth's ecosystems into a unifying theoretical context to guide the transformation of ecosystem policy and management from global to local scales. This new information infrastructure will support knowledge transfer for ecosystem-specific management and restoration, globally standardized ecosystem risk assessments, natural capital accounting and progress on the post-2020 global biodiversity framework.}, }
@article {pmid36224211, year = {2022}, author = {Barzaghi, B and Melotto, A and Cogliati, P and Manenti, R and Ficetola, GF}, title = {Factors determining the dorsal coloration pattern of aposematic salamanders.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {17090}, pmid = {36224211}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Larva ; *Salamandra ; *Urodela ; }, abstract = {Aposematic bright colors have a key role for animal defense and can be expressed through metabolic production or by acquiring pigments from diet. Aposematic coloration can be related to both local adaptations and availability of trophic resources. The European fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) shows significant color variability and occurs across a broad range of habitats. Here we combined field observations with common rearing experiments to disentangle the role of environmental conditions and local adaptations in determining aposematic coloration of salamander populations. We assessed color variation and measured habitat features and food availability in adults from 25 populations. Furthermore, we reared newborn larvae from 10 populations under different food availability and analyzed color of metamorphs. To assess color pattern, we measured the percentage of yellow covering the body, and the Hue, Saturation and Value of yellow coloration. Adult showed strong variation of color pattern; variation was strongly related to the individual's size, to habitat productivity and to food availability. Under common garden conditions, differences between populations were not anymore evident, and coloration was only affected by resource availability during larval development. Our results suggest that environmental conditions and food availability are more important than local adaptations in determining differences in aposematic color pattern.}, }
@article {pmid36220842, year = {2022}, author = {Chapple, DG and Naimo, AC and Brand, JA and Michelangeli, M and Martin, JM and Goulet, CT and Brunton, DH and Sih, A and Wong, BBM}, title = {Biological invasions as a selective filter driving behavioral divergence.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {5996}, pmid = {36220842}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Introduced Species ; *Lizards ; Plastics ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a multi-stage process (i.e., transport, introduction, establishment, spread), with each stage potentially acting as a selective filter on traits associated with invasion success. Behavior (e.g., exploration, activity, boldness) plays a key role in facilitating species introductions, but whether invasion acts as a selective filter on such traits is not well known. Here we capitalize on the well-characterized introduction of an invasive lizard (Lampropholis delicata) across three independent lineages throughout the Pacific, and show that invasion shifted behavioral trait means and reduced among-individual variation-two key predictions of the selective filter hypothesis. Moreover, lizards from all three invasive ranges were also more behaviorally plastic (i.e., greater within-individual variation) than their native range counterparts. We provide support for the importance of selective filtering of behavioral traits in a widespread invasion. Given that invasive species are a leading driver of global biodiversity loss, understanding how invasion selects for specific behaviors is critical for improving predictions of the effects of alien species on invaded communities.}, }
@article {pmid36218186, year = {2023}, author = {Southwell, D and Skroblin, A and Moseby, K and Southgate, R and Indigo, N and Backhouse, B and Bellchambers, K and Brandle, R and Brenton, P and Copley, P and Dziminski, MA and Galindez-Silva, C and Lynch, C and Newman, P and Pedler, R and Rogers, D and Roshier, DA and Ryan-Colton, E and Tuft, K and Ward, M and Zurell, D and Legge, S}, title = {Designing a large-scale track-based monitoring program to detect changes in species distributions in arid Australia.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {e2762}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2762}, pmid = {36218186}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Mice ; *Ecosystem ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Population Dynamics ; Vertebrates ; Australia ; }, abstract = {Monitoring trends in animal populations in arid regions is challenging due to remoteness and low population densities. However, detecting species' tracks or signs is an effective survey technique for monitoring population trends across large spatial and temporal scales. In this study, we developed a simulation framework to evaluate the performance of alternative track-based monitoring designs at detecting change in species distributions in arid Australia. We collated presence-absence records from 550 2-ha track-based plots for 11 vertebrates over 13 years and fitted ensemble species distribution models to predict occupancy in 2018. We simulated plausible changes in species' distributions over the next 15 years and, with estimates of detectability, simulated monitoring to evaluate the statistical power of three alternative monitoring scenarios: (1) where surveys were restricted to existing 2-ha plots, (2) where surveys were optimized to target all species equally, and (3) where surveys were optimized to target two species of conservation concern. Across all monitoring designs and scenarios, we found that power was higher when detecting increasing occupancy trends compared to decreasing trends owing to the relatively low levels of initial occupancy. Our results suggest that surveying 200 of the existing plots annually (with a small subset resurveyed twice within a year) will have at least an 80% chance of detecting 30% declines in occupancy for four of the five invasive species modeled and one of the six native species. This increased to 10 of the 11 species assuming larger (50%) declines. When plots were positioned to target all species equally, power improved slightly for most compared to the existing survey network. When plots were positioned to target two species of conservation concern (crest-tailed mulgara and dusky hopping mouse), power to detect 30% declines increased by 29% and 31% for these species, respectively, at the cost of reduced power for the remaining species. The effect of varying survey frequency depended on its trade-off with the number of sites sampled and requires further consideration. Nonetheless, our research suggests that track-based surveying is an effective and logistically feasible approach to monitoring broad-scale occupancy trends in desert species with both widespread and restricted distributions.}, }
@article {pmid36218183, year = {2023}, author = {Uden, DR and Mech, AM and Havill, NP and Schulz, AN and Ayres, MP and Herms, DA and Hoover, AM and Gandhi, KJK and Hufbauer, RA and Liebhold, AM and Marsico, TD and Raffa, KF and Thomas, KA and Tobin, PC and Allen, CR}, title = {Phylogenetic risk assessment is robust for forecasting the impact of European insects on North American conifers.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {e2761}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2761}, pmid = {36218183}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Phylogeny ; *Tracheophyta ; Insecta ; Plants ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Some introduced species cause severe damage, although the majority have little impact. Robust predictions of which species are most likely to cause substantial impacts could focus efforts to mitigate those impacts or prevent certain invasions entirely. Introduced herbivorous insects can reduce crop yield, fundamentally alter natural and managed forest ecosystems, and are unique among invasive species in that they require certain host plants to succeed. Recent studies have demonstrated that understanding the evolutionary history of introduced herbivores and their host plants can provide robust predictions of impact. Specifically, divergence times between hosts in the native and introduced ranges of a nonnative insect can be used to predict the potential impact of the insect should it establish in a novel ecosystem. However, divergence time estimates vary among published phylogenetic datasets, making it crucial to understand if and how the choice of phylogeny affects prediction of impact. Here, we tested the robustness of impact prediction to variation in host phylogeny by using insects that feed on conifers and predicting the likelihood of high impact using four different published phylogenies. Our analyses ranked 62 insects that are not established in North America and 47 North American conifer species according to overall risk and vulnerability, respectively. We found that results were robust to the choice of phylogeny. Although published vascular plant phylogenies continue to be refined, our analysis indicates that those differences are not substantial enough to alter the predictions of invader impact. Our results can assist in focusing biosecurity programs for conifer pests and can be more generally applied to nonnative insects and their potential hosts by prioritizing surveillance for those insects most likely to be damaging invaders.}, }
@article {pmid36217488, year = {2022}, author = {Paul, GC and Tauhida,  and Kumar, D}, title = {Revisiting Fisher-KPP model to interpret the spatial spreading of invasive cell population in biology.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {e10773}, pmid = {36217488}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {In this paper, the homotopy analysis method, a powerful analytical technique, is applied to obtain analytical solutions to the Fisher-KPP equation in studying the spatial spreading of invasive species in ecology and to extract the nature of the spatial spreading of invasive cell populations in biology. The effect of the proliferation rate of the model of interest on the entire population is studied. It is observed that the invasive cell or the invasive population is decreased within a short time with the minimum proliferation rate. The homotopy analysis method is found to be superior to other analytical methods, namely the Adomian decomposition method, the homotopy perturbation method, etc. because of containing an auxiliary parameter, which provides us with a convenient way to adjust and control the region of convergence of the series solution. Graphical representation of the approximate series solutions obtained by the homotopy analysis method, the Adomian decomposition method, and the Homotopy perturbation method is illustrated, which shows the superiority of the homotopy analysis method. The method is examined on several examples, which reveal the ingenuousness and the effectiveness of the method of interest.}, }
@article {pmid36216241, year = {2022}, author = {Tobin, PC and Robinet, C}, title = {Advances in understanding and predicting the spread of invading insect populations.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {54}, number = {}, pages = {100985}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2022.100985}, pmid = {36216241}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control ; *Animal Distribution ; Models, Biological ; *Environmental Monitoring ; }, abstract = {Understanding and predicting the spread of invading insects is a critical challenge in management programs that aim to minimize ecological and economic harm to native ecosystems. Although efforts to quantify spread rates have been well studied over the past several decades, opportunities to improve our ability to estimate rates of spread, and identify the factors, such as habitat suitability and climate, that influence spread, remain. We review emerging sources of data that can be used to delineate distributional boundaries through time and thus serve as a basis for quantifying spread rates. We then address advances in modeling methods that facilitate our understanding of factors that drive invasive insect spread. We conclude by highlighting some remaining challenges in understanding and predicting invasive insect spread, such as the role of climate change and biotic similarity between the native and introduced ranges, particularly as it applies to decision-making in management programs.}, }
@article {pmid36216068, year = {2023}, author = {Nguyen, DTC and Tran, TV and Nguyen, TTT and Nguyen, DH and Alhassan, M and Lee, T}, title = {New frontiers of invasive plants for biosynthesis of nanoparticles towards biomedical applications: A review.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {857}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {159278}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159278}, pmid = {36216068}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Nanoparticles ; *Plants/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Above 1000 invasive species have been growing and developing ubiquitously on Earth. With extremely vigorous adaptability, strong reproduction, and spreading powers, invasive species have posed an alarming threat to indigenous plants, water quality, soil, as well as biodiversity. It was estimated that an economic loss of billions of dollars or equivalent to 1 % of gross domestic product as a consequence of lost crops, control efforts, and damage costs caused by invasive plants in the United States. While eradicating invasive plants from the ecosystems is practically infeasible, taking advantage of invasive plants as a sustainable, locally available, and zero-cost source to provide valuable phytochemicals for bionanoparticles fabrication is worth considering. Here, we review the harms, benefits, and role of invasive species as important botanical sources to extract natural compounds such as piceatannol, resveratrol, and quadrangularin-A, flavonoids, and triterpenoids, which are linked tightly to the formation and application of bionanoparticles. As expected, the invasive plant-mediated bionanoparticles have exhibited outstanding antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and antioxidant activities. The mechanism of biomedical activities of the invasive plant-mediated bionanoparticles was insightfully addressed and discussed. We also expect that this review not only contributes to efforts to combat invasive plant species but also opens new frontiers of bionanoparticles in the biomedical applications, therapeutic treatment, and smart agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid36214840, year = {2023}, author = {Metz, DCG and Turner, AV and Nelson, AP and Hechinger, RF}, title = {Potential for Emergence of Foodborne Trematodiases Transmitted by an Introduced Snail (Melanoides tuberculata) in California and Elsewhere in the United States.}, journal = {The Journal of infectious diseases}, volume = {227}, number = {2}, pages = {183-192}, pmid = {36214840}, issn = {1537-6613}, support = {1R03AI156569-01/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Trematode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology ; Snails/parasitology ; *Trematoda ; *Parasites ; California/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {We document that 3 human-infectious trematodes and their introduced first intermediate host snail (Melanoides tuberculata) are widespread throughout southern California. We surveyed 41 fishing localities, 19 of which harbored snails infected with zoonotic trematodes. Two of the parasites, Haplorchis pumilio and Centrocestus formosanus, are fishborne intestinal trematodes recognized as being important human pathogens in other areas of the world; the third, Philophthalmus gralli, can infect the human eye. An additional 5 species detected infecting M. tuberculata are likely of little direct threat to people; however, they may be recently introduced to the Americas, highlighting the risk that additional pathogenic trematodes transmitted by the snail in its native range could be introduced to the United States. The current, possible human-infection risk in California clarifies the need to consider the introduced snail and its parasites from a public health perspective anywhere in the United States the snail has been introduced.}, }
@article {pmid36213256, year = {2022}, author = {Tangen, BA and Bansal, S and Jones, S and Dixon, CS and Nahlik, AM and DeKeyser, ES and Hargiss, CLM and Mushet, DM}, title = {Using a vegetation index to assess wetland condition in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America.}, journal = {Frontiers in environmental science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {1-12}, pmid = {36213256}, issn = {2296-665X}, support = {EPA999999/ImEPA/Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {Wetlands deliver a suite of ecosystem services to society. Anthropogenic activities, such as wetland drainage, have resulted in considerable wetland loss and degradation, diminishing the intrinsic value of wetland ecosystems worldwide. Protecting remaining wetlands and restoring degraded wetlands are common management practices to preserve and reclaim wetland benefits to society. Accordingly, methods for monitoring and assessing wetlands are required to evaluate their ecologic condition and outcomes of restoration activities. We used an established methodology for conducting vegetation-based assessments and describe a case study consisting of a wetland condition assessment in the Prairie Pothole Region of the North American Great Plains. We provide an overview of an existing method for selecting wetlands to sample across broad geographic distributions using a spatially balanced statistical design. We also describe site assessment protocols, including vegetation survey methods, and how field data were applied to a vegetation index that categorized wetlands according to ecologic condition. Results of the case study indicated that vegetation communities in nearly 50% of the surveyed wetlands were in very poor or poor condition, while only about 25% were considered good or very good. Approximately 70% of wetlands in native grasslands were categorized as good or very good compared to only 12% of those in reseeded grasslands (formerly cropland). In terms of informing restoration and management activities, results indicated that improved restoration practices could include a greater focus on establishing natural vegetation communities, and both restored and native prairie wetlands would benefit from enhanced management of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid36212874, year = {2022}, author = {Kong, WL and Ni, H and Wang, WY and Wu, XQ}, title = {Antifungal effects of volatile organic compounds produced by Trichoderma koningiopsis T2 against Verticillium dahliae.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {1013468}, pmid = {36212874}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by microorganisms are considered promising environmental-safety fumigants for controlling soil-borne diseases. Verticillium dahliae, a notorious fungal pathogen, causes economically important wilt diseases in agriculture and forestry industries. Here, we determined the antifungal activity of VOCs produced by Trichoderma koningiopsis T2. The VOCs from T. koningiopsis T2 were trapped by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and tentatively identified through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The microsclerotia formation, cell wall-degrading enzymes and melanin synthesis of V. dahliae exposed to the VOC mixtures and selected single standards were examined. The results showed that the VOCs produced by strain T2 significantly inhibited the growth of V. dahliae mycelium and reduced the severity of Verticillium wilt in tobacco and cotton. Six individual compounds were identified in the volatilome of T. koningiopsis T2, and the dominant compounds were 3-octanone, 3-methyl-1-butanol, butanoic acid ethyl ester and 2-hexyl-furan. The VOCs of strain T2 exert a significant inhibitory effect on microsclerotia formation and decreased the activities of pectin lyase and endo-β-1,4-glucanase in V. dahliae. VOCs also downregulated the VdT3HR, VdT4HR, and VdSCD genes related to melanin synthesis by 29. 41-, 10. 49-, and 3.11-fold, respectively. Therefore, T. koningiopsis T2 has potential as a promising biofumigant for the biocontrol of Verticillium wilt disease.}, }
@article {pmid36210286, year = {2022}, author = {Sax, DF and Schlaepfer, MA and Olden, JD}, title = {Valuing the contributions of non-native species to people and nature.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {37}, number = {12}, pages = {1058-1066}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2022.08.005}, pmid = {36210286}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Climate Change ; }, abstract = {While decision-making can benefit from considering positive and negative outcomes of change, over the past half-century, research on non-native species has focused predominately on their negative impacts. Here we provide a framework for considering the positive consequences of non-native species relative to relational, instrumental, and intrinsic values. We demonstrate that their beneficial outcomes are common and profoundly important for human well-being. Identified benefits include social cohesion, cultural identity, mental health, food and fuel production, regulation of clean waters, and attenuation of climate change. We argue that long-standing biases against non-native species within the literature have clouded the scientific process and hampered policy advances and sound public understanding. Future research should consider both costs and benefits of non-native species.}, }
@article {pmid36209457, year = {2022}, author = {Santamaría, J and Golo, R and Verdura, J and Tomas, F and Ballesteros, E and Alcoverro, T and Arthur, R and Cebrian, E}, title = {Learning takes time: Biotic resistance by native herbivores increases through the invasion process.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {25}, number = {11}, pages = {2525-2539}, pmid = {36209457}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {ID 100010434 under agreement LCF/BQ/DE17/11600001//"la Caixa" Foundation/ ; AFRIMED project (EASME/EMFF/2017/1.2.1.12/S4/01/SI//Executive Agency for Small and Medium Enterprise (EASME) and European Maritime and Fisheries fund (EMFF)/ ; BIGPARK project (2017-2462)//Organismo Aut&#xf3;nomo de Parques Nacionales/ ; ANIMA Project (CGL2016-76341-R)//Secretar&#xed;a de Estado de Investigaci&#xf3;n, Desarrollo e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; BES-2017-079907//Secretar&#xed;a de Estado de Investigaci&#xf3;n, Desarrollo e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; DE17//'La Caixa' Foundation/ ; CGL2016-76341-R//European Union/ ; //Instituto Espa&#xf1;ol de Oceanograf&#xed;a/ ; }, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; Animals ; }, abstract = {As invasive species spread, the ability of local communities to resist invasion depends on the strength of biotic interactions. Evolutionarily unused to the invader, native predators or herbivores may be initially wary of consuming newcomers, allowing them to proliferate. However, these relationships may be highly dynamic, and novel consumer-resource interactions could form as familiarity grows. Here, we explore the development of effective biotic resistance towards a highly invasive alga using multiple space-for-time approaches. We show that the principal native Mediterranean herbivore learns to consume the invader within less than a decade. At recently invaded sites, the herbivore actively avoided the alga, shifting to distinct preference and high consumptions at older sites. This rapid strengthening of the interaction contributed to the eventual collapse of the alga after an initial dominance. Therefore, our results stress the importance of conserving key native populations to allow communities to develop effective resistance mechanisms against invaders.}, }
@article {pmid36208742, year = {2023}, author = {Pintar, MR and Dorn, NJ and Kline, JL and Trexler, JC}, title = {Hydrology-mediated ecological function of a large wetland threatened by an invasive predator.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {857}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {159245}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159245}, pmid = {36208742}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea ; Birds ; Fishes ; *Hydrology ; *Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior ; *Wetlands ; *Smegmamorpha/physiology ; Florida ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are one of the greatest threats to ecosystems, disrupting ecosystem function and leading to the collapse and extinction of native species. While populations of native fishes in the Everglades are tied to the system's natural hydrological dynamics, Asian Swamp Eels (Monopterus albus/javanensis) are drought-resistant fish first reported from Florida in 1997 and the Everglades in 2007. Using a 26-year dataset that included a 13-year baseline period prior to swamp eel arrival in Taylor Slough, we assessed population changes of common small fishes and decapods that are important prey for larger vertebrate predators. After invasion, populations of two crayfishes collapsed by >95 %, two fishes declined by >80 %, two fishes had intermediate declines of 44-66 %, and three species remained unchanged. Species most strongly reduced were those dependent on predator-free habitats at the onset of the wet season, indicating drought-resistant swamp eels have introduced novel predator effects and disrupted the hydrology-mediated production of aquatic animals that are prey for many larger predators. Ongoing Everglades restoration is designed to restore hydrological conditions that support production of crayfishes and fishes, and nesting wading birds reliant on them. Water management may have facilitated the invasion of swamp eels. Our results suggest that the continued spread of swamp eels may result in adverse consequences for Everglades trophic dynamics and potentially diminish benefits expected from the $20B+ restoration.}, }
@article {pmid36208063, year = {2023}, author = {O'Connor, RF and McMeans, BC and Rooney, N and Guzzo, MM and Young, JD and McCann, KS}, title = {Species portfolio effects dominate seasonal zooplankton stabilization within a large temperate lake.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, pages = {e3889}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3889}, pmid = {36208063}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Biodiversity ; Zooplankton ; Lakes ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Portfolio effects (PEs) in ecology refer to the suite of phenomenon where the temporal variation of aggregate ecosystem properties (i.e., abundance) is lower than that of their ecosystem components. An example of this is where differential responses of species to environmental variation generate stability at higher levels of ecological organization (e.g., local community, metapopulation, metacommunity). Most of the research examining such PEs has focused on spatial or interannual variation of ecosystems; however, as global change continues to alter seasonality and ecosystem functioning, understanding the underlying food web structures that help maintain stability at multiple spatial and temporal scales is critical to managing ecological systems. Recent advances investigating diversity-stability relationships has led to the development of frameworks that incorporate a metacommunity perspective which allows for the partitioning of PEs across organizational scales (i.e., local community, metapopulation, cross-community, metacommunity) from local population dynamics (total). This partitioning yields insights into the mechanisms that generate observed PEs in nature. Here, we employed one of these recently developed frameworks on a temporally (1986-1999, 2008-2019) and spatially (five sampling stations, local communities) extensive data set of zooplankton abundance (e.g., density) within a large temperate lake to investigate how temporal (seasonal) and spatial (among site) PEs influence stability within the zooplankton metacommunity. We found that seasonal asynchrony of different zooplankton species within local communities and across communities generated the vast majority of stabilization, while spatial (i.e., metapopulation) dynamics were more synchronous and contributed little to overall system stability. Furthermore, significantly positive diversity-asynchrony relationships at the total, local- and cross-community scales were found as asynchrony was positively correlated with local Shannon diversity. Last, a comparison of PEs over the time periods, during which significant local and global changes (i.e., climate warming, invasive species) have occurred suggests that PEs may be eroding, as increasingly synchronous dynamics and declining diversity in recent years have led to a rise in metacommunity variability. We end by arguing for the critical importance of understanding seasonally driven stabilizing mechanisms as local and global changes threaten to fundamentally alter seasonal signals with potentially strong implications for the structures that lend stability to ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid36207758, year = {2023}, author = {Britton, JR}, title = {Contemporary perspectives on the ecological impacts of invasive freshwater fishes.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {103}, number = {4}, pages = {752-764}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15240}, pmid = {36207758}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Carps ; Biodiversity ; Fishes ; Lakes ; }, abstract = {Introductions of non-native freshwater fish continue to increase globally, although only a small proportion of these introductions will result in an invasion. These invasive populations can cause ecological impacts in the receiving ecosystem through processes including increased competition and predation pressure, genetic introgression and the transmission of non-native pathogens. Definitions of ecological impact emphasize that shifts in the strength of these processes are insufficient for characterizing impact alone and, instead, must be associated with a quantifiable decline of biological and/or genetic diversity and lead to a measurable loss of diversity or change in ecosystem functioning. Assessments of ecological impact should thus consider the multiple processes and effects that potentially occur from invasive fish populations where, for example, impacts of invasive common carp Cyprinus carpio populations are through a combination of bottom-up and top-down processes that, in entirety, cause shifts in lake stable states and decreased species richness and/or abundances in the biotic communities. Such far-reaching ecological impacts also align to contemporary definitions of ecosystem collapse, given they involve substantial and persistent declines in biodiversity and ecosystem functions that cannot be recovered unaided. Thus, while not all introduced freshwater fishes will become invasive, those species that do develop invasive populations can cause substantial ecological impacts, where some of the impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning might be sufficiently harmful to be considered as contributing to ecosystem collapse.}, }
@article {pmid36206266, year = {2022}, author = {Méndez Sánchez, F and Bedolla Guzmán, Y and Rojas Mayoral, E and Aguirre-Muñoz, A and Koleff, P and Aguilar Vargas, A and Álvarez Santana, F and Arnaud, G and Aztorga Ornelas, A and Beltrán Morales, LF and Bello Yáñez, M and Berlanga García, H and Bravo Hernández, E and Cárdenas Tapia, A and Castellanos Vera, A and Corrales Sauceda, M and Duarte Canizales, A and Fabila Blanco, A and Félix Lizárraga, M and Fernández Robledo, A and Hernández Montoya, JC and Hernández Ríos, A and Iñigo-Elias, E and Méndez Rosas, &#xc1; and Rojas Mayoral, B and Solís Carlos, F and Ortega-Rubio, A}, title = {Population trends of seabirds in Mexican Islands at the California Current System.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {10}, pages = {e0258632}, pmid = {36206266}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; *Charadriiformes ; Humans ; Islands ; Mammals ; Mexico ; *Plant Breeding ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The Baja California Pacific Islands (BCPI) is a seabird hotspot in the southern California Current System supporting 129 seabird breeding populations of 23 species and over one million birds annually. These islands had a history of environmental degradation because of invasive alien species, human disturbance, and contaminants that caused the extirpation of 27 seabird populations. Most of the invasive mammals have been eradicated and colonies have been restored with social attraction techniques. We have recorded the number of breeding pairs annually for most of the colonies since 2008. To assess population trends, we analyzed these data and show results for 19 seabird species on ten island groups. The maximum number of breeding pairs for each nesting season was used to estimate the population growth rate (λ) for each species at every island colony. We performed a moving block bootstrap analysis to assess whether seabird breeding populations are increasing or decreasing. San Benito, Natividad, and San Jerónimo are the top three islands in terms of abundance of breeding pairs. The most widespread species is Cassin's Auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus) with 14 colonies. Thirty-one populations of 14 species are significantly increasing while eleven populations of seven species are decreasing. We did not find statistical significance for 19 populations, however, 15 have λ>1 which suggest they are growing. Twelve of the 18 species for which we estimated a regional population trend are significantly increasing, including seven surface-nesting species: Brandt's Cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus), Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis), Caspian Tern (Hydroprogne caspia), Double-crested Cormorant (P. auritus), Elegant Tern (Thalasseus elegans), Laysan Albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis) and Western Gull (Larus occidentalis), and five burrow-nesting species: Ainley's (Hydrobates cheimomnestes), Ashy (H. homochroa) and Townsend's (H. socorroensis) Storm-Petrels, and Craveri's (Synthliboramphus craveri) and Guadalupe (S. hypoleucus) Murrelets. The BCPI support between 400,000 and 1.4 million breeding individuals annually. Our results suggest that these islands support healthy and growing populations of seabirds that have shown to be resilient to extreme environmental conditions such as the "Blob", and that such resilience has been strengthen from conservation and restoration actions such as the eradication of invasive mammals, social attraction techniques and island biosecurity.}, }
@article {pmid36205070, year = {2023}, author = {Yu, G and Cao, Y and He, P and Li, W and Wang, J}, title = {Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Cryptotermes domesticus (Blattodea: Kalotermitidae): Genome description and phylogenetic implications.}, journal = {Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {112}, number = {1}, pages = {e21974}, pmid = {36205070}, issn = {1520-6327}, support = {G20200222010//National Foreign Experts Program of Jiangxi Province/ ; G2021022002//National Foreign Experts Program of Jiangxi Province/ ; 31360457//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31160380//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31760543//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Phylogeny ; *Isoptera/genetics ; *Cockroaches ; Bayes Theorem ; RNA, Transfer/genetics ; Codon ; }, abstract = {The complete mitochondrial genome of Cryptotermes domesticus (Haviland) was sequenced and annotated to study its characteristics and the phylogenetic relationship of C. domesticus to other termite species. The mitogenome of C. domesticus is a circular, close, and double-stranded molecule with a length of 15,655 bp. The sequenced mitogenome contains 37 typical genes, which are highly conserved in gene size, organization, and codon usage. Transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) also have typical secondary structures. All of the 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) start with an ATN codon, except for nad4, which starts with GTG and terminates with the terminal codon TAA and TAG or the incomplete form T-- (cox2 and nad5). Most tRNAs have a typical cloverleaf structure, except for trnS1, in which this form is replaced by a simple loop and lacks the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm. The nucleotide diversity (Pi) and nonsynonymous (Ka)/synonymous (Ks) mutation rate ratios indicate that nad1, cox1, and cox3 are the most conserved genes, and that cox1 has the lowest rate of evolution. In addition, an 89 bp repeated sequence was found in the A + T-rich region. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods based on 13 PCGs, and the monophyly of Kalotermitidae was supported.}, }
@article {pmid36203638, year = {2022}, author = {Wansell, SNL and Geerts, S and Coetzee, JA}, title = {Where are the seeds? Lack of floral morphs prevent seed production by the tristylous Pontederia cordata in South Africa.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {e9366}, pmid = {36203638}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Reproduction is a crucial part of the successful establishment and spread of an invasive species. Invasive plants often produce seeds prolifically to spread into new ranges, yet the invasive macrophyte, Pontederia cordata L., does not appear to produce seeds in South Africa, limiting its invasive potential. Here, we aimed to determine what limits seed production of the tristylous P. cordata in South Africa, where it is widespread with impacts on the ecology of wetlands it invades, South Africa. We measured floral traits and pollen grain size from populations throughout the invasive range in South Africa to determine the relative proportion of tristylous morphs. We speculated that the absence of specialist native pollinators in the invasive range may be responsible for the absence of sexual reproduction and thus conducted a pollination study to determine whether flowers were visited. Thereafter, we hand pollinated 8865 flowers to conclude whether P. cordata exhibited an incompatibility system, which prevented seed production. The floral traits and pollen grain measurements were similar to those reported for short-morphed flowers from the native range. The pollination study confirmed the absence of specialist insect visitors, while the hand-pollination experiments resulted in no seed production. Only short-morphed plants are present in South Africa, and the illegitimate pollination of short-morphed plants prevents seed production. Vegetative spread through rhizome production is thus responsible for the invasion of P. cordata throughout South Africa. These findings suggest that control programs should target the plants' rhizomes to prevent and reduce spread. More importantly, preventing the introduction of medium- and long-morphed plants into South Africa is crucial to preclude P. cordata from producing seeds and enhancing invasion.}, }
@article {pmid36203624, year = {2022}, author = {Männer, L and Mundinger, C and Haase, M}, title = {Stay in shape: Assessing the adaptive potential of shell morphology and its sensitivity to temperature in the invasive New Zealand mud snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum through phenotypic plasticity and natural selection in Europe.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {e9314}, pmid = {36203624}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Climate change may force organisms to adapt genetically or plastically to new environmental conditions. Invasive species show remarkable potential for rapid adaptation. The ovoviviparous New Zealand mud snail (NZMS), Potamopyrgus antipodarum, has successfully established across Europe with two clonally reproducing mitochondrial lineages since its arrival in the first half of the 19th century. Its remarkable variation in shell morphology was shown to be fitness relevant. We investigated the effects of temperature on shell morphology across 11 populations from Germany and the Iberian Peninsula in a common garden across three temperatures. We analyzed size and shape using geometric morphometrics. For both, we compared reaction norms and estimated heritabilities. For size, the interaction of temperature and haplotype explained about 50% of the total variance. We also observed more genotype by environment interactions indicating a higher degree of population differentiation than in shape. Across the three temperatures, size followed the expectations of the temperature-size rule, with individuals growing larger in cold environments. Changes in shape may have compensated for changes in size affecting space for brooding embryos. Heritability estimates were relatively high. As indicated by the very low coefficients of variation for clonal repeatability (CV A), they can probably not be compared in absolute terms. However, they showed some sensitivity to temperature, in haplotype t more so than in z, which was only found in Portugal. The low CV A values indicate that genetic variation among European populations is still restricted with a low potential to react to selection. A considerable fraction of the genetic variation was due to differences between the clonal lineages. The NZMS has apparently not been long enough in Europe to accumulate significant genetic variation relevant for morphological adaptation. As temperature is obviously not the sole factor influencing shell morphology, their interaction will probably not be a factor limiting population persistence under a warming climate in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid36203623, year = {2022}, author = {Netshituni, VT and Cuthbert, RN and Dondofema, F and Dalu, T}, title = {Assessing the effects of native and alien plant ash on mosquito abundance.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {e9371}, pmid = {36203623}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Plant invasions have been linked to displacement of native vegetation and altering of fire regimes and might influence vector mosquito populations by altering habitats or nutrient inputs. Whereas wildfire effects on terrestrial ecosystems are relatively well-studied, ash depositions into aquatic ecosystems and effects on semi-aquatic taxa such as mosquitoes have remained overlooked. Here, we investigated mosquito colonization in water treated with ash from native plants [quinine tree (Rauvolfia caffra), Transvaal milk plum (Englerophytum magalismontanum), apple leaf (Philenoptera violacea)] and invasive alien plants [i.e., lantana (Lantana camara), guava (Psidium guajava), red river gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis)] in containers at two ash concentrations (i.e., 1, 2 g/L). Overall, there was no statistically clear difference in colonization between ash from native and alien species. We recorded colonization by two mosquito genera (Culex spp. and Anopheles spp.), with Culex generally much more abundant than Anopheles. Few differences were identified among the plants, with statistically clear effects of ash type and concentration on larval and pupal stages. High Culex egg and larval abundances were shown in lantana and apple leaf treatments compared to controls, and milkplum versus controls for pupae of both genera. Further research is required to elucidate the influence of nutrient inputs from different ash species on vector mosquito population dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid36201287, year = {2022}, author = {Groden, E and Boyd, KS and Donahue, C}, title = {Evaluation of Biorational Insecticides for Management of Euproctis chrysorrhoea (Lepidoptera: Erebidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {115}, number = {6}, pages = {1877-1885}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toac153}, pmid = {36201287}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Insecticides ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; *Moths ; *Limonins ; *Beauveria ; Larva ; *Hypocreales ; }, abstract = {The browntail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea L.) is an invasive species which over the past five years, has been undergoing outbreaks on a scale not seen in the northeastern U.S. in over 100 years. Browntail moth larvae feed on and defoliate a number of deciduous tree species, but the health issues caused by contact with the toxic urticating hairs of the overwintered larvae have resulted in very low tolerance for this pest amongst homeowners and land managers. Few recent studies have been conducted to assess management options for browntail moth, which is abundant in ecologically sensitive areas along coastal waters, and around people's homes. We investigated the potential to manage overwintered larvae with currently available biorational insecticides. Laboratory bioassays revealed susceptibility to Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), Bacillus thuringiesis kurstaki (Berliner), azadirachtin, and spinosad products. A field trial was conducted to assess efficacy of B. bassiana, Btk, and azadirachtin. All treatments reduced the abundance of larvae compared with the control, but only two applications of Btk and single application of a tank mix of B. bassiana and Btk reduced pupal nest abundance. A laboratory experiment revealed that temperature did not affect the feeding and survival of larvae exposed to the field trial foliage from the Btk and the Btk/B. bassiana tank mix treatments, whereas slower feeding rates and increased time to death were observed with the control and B. bassiana alone treatment.}, }
@article {pmid36200166, year = {2023}, author = {Gao, L and Wei, C and He, Y and Tang, X and Chen, W and Xu, H and Wu, Y and Wilschut, RA and Lu, X}, title = {Aboveground herbivory can promote exotic plant invasion through intra- and interspecific aboveground-belowground interactions.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {237}, number = {6}, pages = {2347-2359}, doi = {10.1111/nph.18520}, pmid = {36200166}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Animals ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; Larva ; *Coleoptera ; Soil ; *Amaranthaceae ; }, abstract = {Aboveground herbivores and soil biota profoundly affect plant invasions. However, how they interactively affect plant invasions through plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) remains unclear. To explore how herbivory by the introduced beetle Agasicles hygrophila affects Alternanthera philoxeroides invasions in China, we integrated multiyear field surveys and a 2-yr PSF experiment, in which we examined how herbivory affects PSFs on the performance of native and invasive plants and the introduced beetles. Despite increased herbivory from A. hygrophila, A. philoxeroides dominance over co-occurring congeneric native Alternanthera sessilis remained constant from 2014 to 2019. While occurring at lower abundances, A. sessilis experienced similar herbivore damage, suggesting apparent competitive effects. Our experiments revealed that herbivory on A. philoxeroides altered soil microbial communities, prolonged its negative PSF on A. sessilis, and decreased A. hygrophila larvae performance on the next-generation invasive plants. Consequently, A. hygrophila larvae performed better on leaves of natives than those of invasives when grown in soils conditioned by invasive plants defoliated by the introduced beetles. Our findings suggest that aboveground herbivory might promote rather than suppress A. philoxeroides invasion by enhancing its soil-mediated self-reinforcement, providing a novel mechanistic understanding of plant invasions. These findings highlight the need to incorporate an aboveground-belowground perspective during the assessment of potential biocontrol agents.}, }
@article {pmid36198735, year = {2022}, author = {Perera, PCD and Gruss, I and Twardowski, J and Chmielowiec, C and Szymura, M and Szymura, TH}, title = {The impact of restoration methods for Solidago-invaded land on soil invertebrates.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {16634}, pmid = {36198735}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Fabaceae ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; Poaceae ; Soil ; *Solidago ; }, abstract = {The belowground community structure of soil biota depends on plant composition and may be affected by invasive plant species. We hypothesized that the type of land restoration method applied affects the abundance and composition of soil invertebrates. Our field experiment centred on Solidago species control using different seed mixtures and methods of seed introduction (sowing mixtures: grasses, grasses with legumes, seeds from a seminatural meadow, and application of fresh hay) and different frequencies of mowing (one, two, or three times per year). Soil invertebrates were identified to the taxa, using light microscopes. Richness and diversity indices were calculated, and a redundancy analysis was conducted. Generally, mowing intensity negatively influenced soil organisms, although increased mowing frequency positively affected the abundance of some taxa (Symphyla, Hemiptera). Mowing twice per year decreased the abundance of soil invertebrates, but not their diversity. Soil invertebrate taxa had the greatest abundance in the plots sown with a seed mixture containing grasses with legumes. Among the restoration methods studied, mowing once a year and introducing grasses with legumes represented the least harmful strategy with regard to soil invertebrate abundance. Further studies are needed to investigate the dynamics of soil mesofauna exposed to long-term mowing and changes in vegetation characteristics.}, }
@article {pmid36198403, year = {2023}, author = {Nahrung, HF and Liebhold, AM and Brockerhoff, EG and Rassati, D}, title = {Forest Insect Biosecurity: Processes, Patterns, Predictions, Pitfalls.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {68}, number = {}, pages = {211-229}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-010854}, pmid = {36198403}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biosecurity ; *Introduced Species ; Forests ; Internationality ; Insecta ; }, abstract = {The economic and environmental threats posed by non-native forest insects are ever increasing with the continuing globalization of trade and travel; thus, the need for mitigation through effective biosecurity is greater than ever. However, despite decades of research and implementation of preborder, border, and postborder preventative measures, insect invasions continue to occur, with no evidence of saturation, and are even predicted to accelerate. In this article, we review biosecurity measures used to mitigate the arrival, establishment, spread, and impacts of non-native forest insects and possible impediments to the successful implementation of these measures. Biosecurity successes are likely under-recognized because they are difficult to detect and quantify, whereas failures are more evident in the continued establishment of additional non-native species. There are limitations in existing biosecurity systems at global and country scales (for example, inspecting all imports is impossible, no phytosanitary measures are perfect, knownunknowns cannot be regulated against, and noncompliance is an ongoing problem). Biosecurity should be a shared responsibility across countries, governments, stakeholders, and individuals.}, }
@article {pmid36198399, year = {2023}, author = {Tay, WT and Meagher, RL and Czepak, C and Groot, AT}, title = {Spodoptera frugiperda: Ecology, Evolution, and Management Options of an Invasive Species.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {68}, number = {}, pages = {299-317}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-102548}, pmid = {36198399}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; Spodoptera/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; South America ; *Agriculture ; Ecology ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), is a well-known agricultural pest in its native range, North and South America, and has become a major invasive pest around the globe in the past decade. In this review, we provide an overview to update what is known about S. frugiperda in its native geographic ranges. This is followed by discussion of studies from the invaded areas to gain insights into S. frugiperda's ecology, specifically its reproductive biology, host plant use, status of insecticide resistance alleles, and biocontrol methods in native and invasive regions. We show that reference to host strains is uninformative in the invasive populations because multidirectional introduction events likely underpinned its recent rapid spread. Given that recent genomic analyses show that FAW is much more diverse than was previously assumed, and natural selection forces likely differ geographically, region-specific approaches will be needed to control this global pest.}, }
@article {pmid36198047, year = {2022}, author = {Mittan-Moreau, CS and Kelehear, C and Toledo, LF and Bacon, J and Guayasamin, JM and Snyder, A and Zamudio, KR}, title = {Cryptic lineages and standing genetic variation across independent cane toad introductions.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {24}, pages = {6440-6456}, pmid = {36198047}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufo marinus/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Australia ; *Genetic Variation/genetics ; Texas ; }, abstract = {Widespread introduced species can be leveraged to investigate the genetic, ecological and adaptive processes underlying rapid evolution and range expansion, particularly the contributions of genetic diversity to adaptation. Rhinella marina, the cane toad, has been a focus of invasion biology for decades in Australia. However, their introduction history in North America is less clear. Here, we investigated the roles of introduction history and genetic diversity in establishment success of cane toads across their introduced range. We used reduced representation sequencing (ddRAD) to obtain 34,000 SNPs from 247 toads in native (French Guiana, Guyana, Ecuador, Panama, Texas) and introduced (Bermuda, southern Florida, northern Florida, Hawai'i, Puerto Rico) populations. Unlike all other cane toad introductions, we found that Florida populations were more closely related to native Central American lineages (R. horribilis), than to native Southern American lineages (R. marina). Furthermore, we found high levels of diversity and population structure in the native range, corroborating suggestions that R. marina is a species complex. We also found that introduced populations exhibit only slightly lower genetic diversity than native populations. Together with demographic analyses, this indicates founding populations of toads in Florida were larger than previously reported. Lastly, within R. marina, only one of 245 putatively adaptive SNPs showed fixed differences between native and introduced ranges, suggesting that putative selection in these introduced populations is based upon existing genetic variation. Our findings highlight the importance of genetic sequencing in understanding biological introductions and hint at the role of standing genetic variation in range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid36197947, year = {2022}, author = {Gloria-Soria, A}, title = {Special Collection: Highlights of Medical, Urban and Veterinary Entomology. Highlights in Medical Entomology, 2021.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {59}, number = {6}, pages = {1853-1860}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjac063}, pmid = {36197947}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Animals ; Pandemics ; *COVID-19 ; Entomology ; Mosquito Vectors ; *Vector Borne Diseases ; }, abstract = {Life remained far from normal as we completed the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic and entered a second year. Despite the challenges faced worldwide, together we continue to move the field of Medical Entomology forward. Here, I reflect on parallels between control of Covid-19 and vector-borne disease control, discuss the advantages and caveats of using new genotyping technologies for the study of invasive species, and proceed to highlight papers that were published between 2020 and 2021 with a focus on those related to mosquito surveillance and population genetics of mosquito vectors.}, }
@article {pmid36196517, year = {2024}, author = {Wang, YJ and Liu, YY and Chen, D and Du, DL and Müller-Schärer, H and Yu, FH}, title = {Clonal functional traits favor the invasive success of alien plants into native communities.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {e2756}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2756}, pmid = {36196517}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {32171510//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31770449//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32071527//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2662020YLPY016//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; }, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Nutrients ; }, abstract = {Functional traits are frequently proposed to determine the invasiveness of alien species. However, few empirical studies have directly manipulated functional traits and tested their importance in the invasion success of alien species into native plant communities, particularly under global change. We manipulated clonal integration (a key clonal functional trait) of four alien clonal plants by severing inter-ramet connections or keeping them intact and simulated their invasion into native plant communities with two levels of species diversity, population density and nutrient availability. High community diversity and density impeded the invasion success of the alien clonal plants. Clonal integration of the alien plants promoted their invasion success, particularly in the low-density communities associated with low species diversity or nutrient addition, which resulted in a negative correlation between the performance of alien plants and native communities, as expected under global change. Thus, clonal integration can favor the invasion success of alien clonal plants into degraded resident communities with a high degree of disturbance and eutrophication. Our findings confirm the role of clonal functional traits in facilitating alien plant invasions into native plant communities and suggest that clonal functional traits should be considered to efficiently restore degraded communities heavily invaded by alien clonal plants.}, }
@article {pmid36195654, year = {2022}, author = {Schroeder, CS and Kulick, NK and Farrer, EC}, title = {Saltwater intrusion indirectly intensifies Phragmites australis invasion via alteration of soil microbes.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {16582}, pmid = {36195654}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Poaceae ; *Soil ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Although global change clearly influences species invasion, the exact mechanisms by which global change either intensifies or limits invasive spread remain elusive. Global change can affect invasion directly by altering abiotic conditions, as well as indirectly by altering the abundance and composition of interacting species. Here we examine the relative impacts of direct effects of saltwater intrusion and indirect effects via microbial interactions on the expansion of a model invasive plant species, Phragmites australis, in freshwater marshes of coastal Louisiana. Using a mesocosm experiment, we found that overall salinity strongly increases invasion, but the direction and magnitude of direct and indirect effects were context dependent. Indirect effects of salinity, via alterations in soil microbial composition, increased invasive performance when grown in monoculture and decreased native performance in native-only communities. However, when P. australis and natives were grown together, microbial indirect effects were not important; rather the salinity treatment increased P. australis invasion through reduction of native plant growth. Results suggest that salinity-induced alteration of soil microbes will increase susceptibility of native communities to invasion and promote P. australis monoculture expansion in later stages of invasion; whereas non-microbial effects of salinity are more important in early stages of invasion when P. australis is competing with native species. More broadly, these results underscore the importance of considering microbially-mediated indirect effects of global change in investigating the long-term outcomes of plant species interactions.}, }
@article {pmid36195420, year = {2022}, author = {Young, CS and Lee, CS and Sylvers, LH and Venkatesan, AK and Gobler, CJ}, title = {The invasive red seaweed, Dasysiphonia japonica, forms harmful algal blooms: Mortality in early life stage fish and bivalves and identification of putative toxins.}, journal = {Harmful algae}, volume = {118}, number = {}, pages = {102294}, doi = {10.1016/j.hal.2022.102294}, pmid = {36195420}, issn = {1878-1470}, mesh = {*Ammonium Compounds ; Animals ; Fishes ; Harmful Algal Bloom ; Larva ; Marine Toxins ; *Mercenaria ; Oxygen ; *Seaweed ; Water ; }, abstract = {In recent decades, the rate of introduction of non-indigenous macroalgae has increased. While invasive seaweeds often outcompete native species for substrata, their direct effects on marine life are rarely described. Here, we describe 'red water' events caused by the decay of blooms of the invasive red seaweed, Dasysiphonia japonica, in Great South Bay, NY, USA, and the ability of water from such events to induce rapid and significant mortality in larval and juvenile fish (Menidia beryllina, Menidia menidia, and Cyprinodon variegatus) and larval bivalves (Mercenaria mercenaria and Crassostrea virginica). All species studied experienced significant (p<0.05) reductions in survival when exposed to macroalgae in a state of decay, seawater in which the alga was previously decayed, or both. Both bivalve species experienced 50-60% increases in mortality when exposed to decaying D. japonica for ∼ one week, despite normoxic conditions. Among fish, significant increases (40-80%) in mortality were observed after 24 h exposure to decayed D. japonica and one-week exposures caused, on average, 90% mortality in larval M. beryllina, 50% mortality in juvenile (∼3 cm) M. menidia, and 50% mortality in larval C. variegatus. All fish and bivalve mortality occurred under normoxic conditions (dissolved oxygen (DO) >7 mg L[-1]) and low ammonium levels (< 20 µM), with the exception of C. variegatus, which expired under conditions of decayed D. japonica coupled with reduced DO caused by the alga. Screening of water with decayed D. japonica using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed compounds with mass-to-charge ratios matching caulerpin, a known algal toxin that causes fish and shellfish mortality, and several other putative toxicants at elevated levels. Collectively, the high levels of mortality (50-90%) of larval and juvenile fish and bivalves exposed to decaying D. japonica under normoxic conditions coupled with the observation of 'red water' events in estuaries collectively indicate the red seaweed, D. japonica, can create harmful algal blooms (HABs).}, }
@article {pmid36193430, year = {2022}, author = {Yorisue, T}, title = {Lack of a genetic cline and temporal genetic stability in an introduced barnacle along the Pacific coast of Japan.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e14073}, pmid = {36193430}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Thoracica/genetics ; Japan ; Introduced Species ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Europe ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Large numbers of exotic marine species have been introduced worldwide. Monitoring of introduced species is important to reveal mechanisms underlying their establishment and expansion. Balanus glandula is a common intertidal barnacle native to the northeastern Pacific. However, this species has been introduced to Japan, South America, South Africa, and Europe. While a latitudinal genetic cline is well known in its native range, it is unclear whether such a genetic cline occurs in introduced areas. Twenty years have passed since it was first identified in Japan and its distribution now ranges from temperate to subarctic regions.<br><br>METHODS: In the present study, we examined genotypes of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) of mitochondrial (mt)-DNA and elongation factor 1a (EF1) across the distribution of B. glandula in Japan at high and mid intertidal zones.<br><br>RESULTS: At all sampling sites, native northern genotypes are abundant and I did not detect significant effects of latitude, tide levels, or their interaction on genotypic frequencies. Further, I did not detect any change of genotype composition between data collected during a study in 2004 and samples in the present study collected in 2019. Data from the present study offer an important baseline for future monitoring of this species and supply valuable insights into the mechanisms of establishment and expansion of introduced marine species generally.}, }
@article {pmid36192476, year = {2022}, author = {Mackenzie, HR and Latham, MC and Anderson, DP and Hartley, S and Norbury, GL and Latham, ADM}, title = {Detection parameters for managing invasive rats in urban environments.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {16520}, pmid = {36192476}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand/epidemiology ; Population Density ; Rats ; }, abstract = {Effective mitigation of the impacts of invasive ship rats (Rattus rattus) requires a good understanding of their ecology, but this knowledge is very sparse for urban and peri-urban areas. We radiomarked ship rats in Wellington, New Zealand, to estimate detection parameters (σ, ε0, θ, and g0) that describe the process of an animal encountering a device (bait stations, chew cards and WaxTags) from a distance, and then approaching it and deciding whether to interact with it. We used this information in simulation models to estimate optimal device spacing for eradicating ship rats from Wellington, and for confirming eradication. Mean σ was 25.37 m (SD = 11.63), which equates to a circular home range of 1.21 ha. The mean nightly probability of an individual encountering a device at its home range center (ε0) was 0.38 (SD = 0.11), whereas the probability of interacting with the encountered device (θ) was 0.34 (SD = 0.12). The derived mean nightly probability of an individual interacting with a device at its home range center (g0) was 0.13 (SD = 0.08). Importantly, σ and g0 are intrinsically linked through a negative relationship, thus g0 should be derived from σ using a predictive model including individual variability. Simulations using this approach showed that bait stations deployed for about 500 days using a 25 m × 25 m grid consistently achieved eradication, and that a surveillance network of 3.25 chew cards ha[-1] or 3.75 WaxTags ha[-1] active for 14 nights would be required to confidently declare eradication. This density could be halved if the surveillance network was deployed for 28 nights or if the prior confidence in eradication was high (0.85). These recommendations take no account of differences in detection parameters between habitats. Therefore, if surveillance suggests that individuals are not encountering devices in certain habitats, device density should be adaptively revised. This approach applies to initiatives globally that aim to optimise eradication with limited funding.}, }
@article {pmid36190975, year = {2022}, author = {Waititu, JM and Mundia, CN and Sichangi, AW}, title = {Assessing distribution changes of selected native and alien invasive plant species under changing climatic conditions in Nyeri County, Kenya.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {10}, pages = {e0275360}, pmid = {36190975}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Kenya ; }, abstract = {The role of climate change in enhancing bio-invasions in natural environments needs to be assessed to provide baseline information for effective species management and policy formulations. In this study, potential habitat suitability maps were generated through Ecological Niche Modeling for five problematic alien and native species in current and future climate simulations for the periods 2050s and 2070s under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 emission scenarios. Projected current binary suitability maps showed that 67%, 40%, 28%, 68%, and 54% of the total study area ~ 3318 Km2 is suitable for C. decapetala, L. camara, O. stricta, S. didymobotrya and S. campylacanthum species, respectively. Assuming unlimited species dispersal, two of these species, C. decapetala and S. didymobotrya, were observed to have consistent gradual increase in potential habitats and no habitat losses under the three RCPs by the end of the 2050 and 2070 future periods. The highest recorded relative potential habitat increase was observed for O. stricta at ~205% under RCP2.6 and ~223% under RCP8.5. Although L. camara and O. stricta were observed to have habitat losses, the losses will be very low as compared to that of S. campylacanthum. L. camara and O. stricta relative habitat losses were predicted to be between ~1% under RCP2.6 to ~4.5% under RCP8.5 by 2070 while that of S. campylacanthum was between ~50% under RCP2.6 to ~68% under RCP8.5 by the year 2070. From this study we conclude that the target study species are expected to remain a big threat to inhabited areas as well as biodiversity hotspot areas especially in the Mt. Kenya and the Aberdare forest and national park reserves under climate change. The information generated through this study can be used to inform policy on prioritizing management of these species and subsequent determination of their absolute distributions within the area.}, }
@article {pmid36188510, year = {2022}, author = {Hodel, RGJ and Soltis, DE and Soltis, PS}, title = {Hindcast-validated species distribution models reveal future vulnerabilities of mangroves and salt marsh species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e9252}, pmid = {36188510}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Rapid climate change is threatening biodiversity via habitat loss, range shifts, increases in invasive species, novel species interactions, and other unforeseen changes. Coastal and estuarine species are especially vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to sea level rise and may be severely impacted in the next several decades. Species distribution modeling can project the potential future distributions of species under scenarios of climate change using bioclimatic data and georeferenced occurrence data. However, models projecting suitable habitat into the future are impossible to ground truth. One solution is to develop species distribution models for the present and project them to periods in the recent past where distributions are known to test model performance before making projections into the future. Here, we develop models using abiotic environmental variables to quantify the current suitable habitat available to eight Neotropical coastal species: four mangrove species and four salt marsh species. Using a novel model validation approach that leverages newly available monthly climatic data from 1960 to 2018, we project these niche models into two time periods in the recent past (i.e., within the past half century) when either mangrove or salt marsh dominance was documented via other data sources. Models were hindcast-validated and then used to project the suitable habitat of all species at four time periods in the future under a model of climate change. For all future time periods, the projected suitable habitat of mangrove species decreased, and suitable habitat declined more severely in salt marsh species.}, }
@article {pmid36187553, year = {2022}, author = {Chen, J and Zhang, HY and Liu, MC and Han, MX and Kong, DL}, title = {Plant invasions facilitated by suppression of root nutrient acquisition rather than by disruption of mycorrhizal association in the native plant.}, journal = {Plant diversity}, volume = {44}, number = {5}, pages = {499-504}, pmid = {36187553}, issn = {2468-2659}, abstract = {Invasive species have profound negative impacts on native ranges. Unraveling the mechanisms employed by invasive plant species is crucial to controlling invasions. One important approach that invasive plants use to outcompete native plants is to disrupt mutualistic interactions between native roots and mycorrhizal fungi. However, it remains unclear how differences in the competitive ability of invasive plants affect native plant associations with mycorrhizae. Here, we examined how a native plant, Xanthium strumarium, responds to invasive plants that differed in competitive abilities (i.e., as represented by aboveground plant biomass) by measuring changes in root nitrogen concentration (root nutrient acquisition) and mycorrhizal colonization rate. We found that both root nitrogen concentration and mycorrhizal colonization rate in the native plant were reduced by invasive plants. The change in mycorrhizal colonization rate of the native plant was negatively correlated with both aboveground plant biomass of the invasive plants and the change in aboveground plant biomass of the native plant in monocultures relative to mixed plantings. In contrast, the change in root nitrogen concentration of the native plant was positively correlated with aboveground plant biomass of the invasive plants and the change in aboveground plant biomass of the native plant. When we compared the changes in mycorrhizal colonization rate and root nitrogen concentration in the native plant grown in monocultures with those of native plants grown with invasive plants, we observed a significant tradeoff. Our study shows that invasive plants can suppress native plants by reducing root nutrient acquisition rather than by disrupting symbiotic mycorrhizal associations, a novel finding likely attributable to a low dependence of the native plant on mycorrhizal fungi.}, }
@article {pmid36186024, year = {2022}, author = {Kong, WL and Wang, YH and Lu, LX and Li, PS and Zhang, Y and Wu, XQ}, title = {Rahnella aquatilis JZ-GX1 alleviates iron deficiency chlorosis in Cinnamomum camphora by secreting desferrioxamine and reshaping the soil fungal community.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {960750}, pmid = {36186024}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria are important for improving plant iron nutrition, but the interactions among inoculants, host plants and soil microorganisms have not been greatly explored. Rahnella aquatilis JZ-GX1 was applied to treat the increasingly serious iron deficiency chlorosis in Cinnamomum camphora, and the resulting improvement in chlorosis was determined by assessing the contents of chlorophyll, active iron, Fe[2+] and antioxidant enzymes in leaves, the effects on the soil microbial community and the metabolism in the rhizosphere by high-throughput sequencing techniques and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The results showed that inoculation with JZ-GX1 significantly increased the chlorophyll content of C. camphora, which promoted the redistribution of active iron in roots and leaves, increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and thus reduced membrane damage in iron-deficient C. camphora caused by reactive oxygen species. According to genome prediction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) analysis, the JZ-GX1 strain could secrete desferrioxamine (DFO), and the concentration of DFO in C. camphora rhizosphere was 21-fold higher than that in uninoculated soil. The exogenous application of DFO increased the SPAD and Fe[2+] contents in leaves. In addition, the inoculant affected the fungal community structure and composition in the C. camphora rhizosphere soil and increased the abundances of specific taxa, such as Glomus, Mortierella, Trichoderma, and Penicillium. Therefore, R. aquatilis JZ-GX1 application promoted iron absorption in C. camphora trees by secreting DFO and alleviated iron deficiency chlorosis through interactions with the local fungal community.}, }
@article {pmid36186020, year = {2022}, author = {Uyi, O and Lahiri, S and Ni, X and Buntin, D and Jacobson, A and Reay-Jones, FPF and Punnuri, S and Huseth, AS and Toews, MD}, title = {Host plant resistance, foliar insecticide application and natural enemies play a role in the management of Melanaphis sorghi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in grain sorghum.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {1006225}, pmid = {36186020}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The invasive Melanaphis sorghi (Theobald; =Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner) is a serious pest of sorghum production in the southern USA. Demonstration of technologies that provide effective control is key to management of this pest. Here, we investigated the effect of host plant resistance (resistant cultivar: DKS37-07 and susceptible cultivar: DKS53-53) and a single foliar insecticide (flupyradifurone: Sivanto Prime) application on M. sorghi infestations and the role of natural enemy populations in grain sorghum production across five locations in four states in southeastern USA. Foliar insecticide application significantly suppressed M. sorghi infestations on both the resistant and susceptible sorghum cultivars across all locations. Planting the host plant resistant cultivar (DKS37-07) significantly reduced aphid infestation across all locations. Plant damage ratings did not vary widely, but there was generally a positive association between aphid counts and observed plant damage, suggesting that increasing aphid numbers resulted in corresponding increase in plant damage. Planting a host plant resistant cultivar and foliar insecticide application generally preserved grain yield. Both sorghum hybrids supported an array of different life stages of natural enemies (predators [lady beetle larvae and adults; hoverfly larvae and lacewing larvae] and parasitoids [a braconid and aphelinid]) for both the sprayed and non-sprayed treatments. We found a strong and significant positive relationship between the natural enemies and the M. sorghi infestation. Results suggest that planting a host plant resistant cultivar and the integration of natural enemies with insecticide control methods in the management of M. sorghi is central to the development of an effective pest management strategy against this invasive pest.}, }
@article {pmid36181419, year = {2022}, author = {Zhu, X and Zheng, C and Dong, X and Zhang, H and Ye, Z and Xue, H and Bu, W}, title = {Species boundary and phylogeographical pattern provide new insights into the management efforts of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae), a bean bug invading North America.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {78}, number = {11}, pages = {4871-4881}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7108}, pmid = {36181419}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {32130014//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31820103013//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; *Fabaceae ; *Heteroptera/genetics ; North America ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Glycine max ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Correct identification together with information on distribution range, geographical origin and evolutionary history are the necessary basis for the management and control of invasive species. The bean bug Megacopta cribraria is a crucial agricultural pest of soybean. Recently, M. cribraria has invaded the United States and spread rapidly, causing severe reductions in soybean yields. However, the species boundary and phylogeographical pattern of this invasive bean bug are still unclear.<br><br>RESULTS: The results of different species delimitation methods (Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery, Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning, Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes and Bayesian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography) strongly demonstrated that M. cribraria and Megacopta punctatissima represent the same species. M. punctatissima should not be considered a distinct species but rather a variety of M. cribraria. Phylogenetic analyses revealed three well-supported clades (Southeast Asia [SEA], East Asia continent [EAC] and Japan [JA]) with distinct geographical structures in the M. cribraria-M. punctatissima complex. The SEA clade was at the base of the phylogenetic tree, and the sister relationship between the EAC clade and JA clade was strongly supported. The split between the EAC clade and JA clade occurred at approximately 0.71&#x2009;Ma, corresponding to the submergence period of the East China Sea land bridge.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study clarified the species boundary between M. cribraria and its closely related species and revealed the phylogeographical pattern and evolutionary history of M. cribraria. The species delimitation and phylogeography results achieved in this study could provide new insights into the monitoring and management of this agricultural pest. &#xa9; 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid36178512, year = {2022}, author = {Vojtíšek, J and Šebesta, O and Šikutová, S and Kampen, H and Rudolf, I}, title = {First record of the invasive mosquito species Aedes koreicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Czech Republic.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {121}, number = {12}, pages = {3701-3704}, pmid = {36178512}, issn = {1432-1955}, support = {NV19-09-00036//Ministerstvo Zdravotnictv&#xed; Cesk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Aedes ; Introduced Species ; *Culicidae ; Mosquito Vectors ; Czech Republic ; Europe, Eastern ; }, abstract = {Aedes koreicus is an invasive mosquito species originating from East Asia. It has recently been introduced into several countries in Southern, Central and Eastern Europe as well as Central Asia in many of which it has successfully established populations. The biology and ecological requirements of the species are largely unknown, but it is considered as a potential vector of pathogens that requires careful monitoring. We report here the first detection of Ae. koreicus in the Czech Republic, based on a citizen report.}, }
@article {pmid36178043, year = {2023}, author = {Wallach, AD and Ramp, D and Benítez-López, A and Wooster, EIF and Carroll, S and Carthey, AJR and Rogers, EIE and Middleton, O and Zawada, KJA and Svenning, JC and Avidor, E and Lundgren, E}, title = {Savviness of prey to introduced predators.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, pages = {e14012}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.14012}, pmid = {36178043}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Food Chain ; Phylogeny ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Mammals ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The prey naivety hypothesis posits that prey are vulnerable to introduced predators because many generations in slow gradual coevolution are needed for appropriate avoidance responses to develop. It predicts that prey will be more responsive to native than introduced predators and less responsive to introduced predators that differ substantially from native predators and from those newly established. To test these predictions, we conducted a global meta-analysis of studies that measured the wariness responses of small mammals to the scent of sympatric mammalian mesopredators. We identified 26 studies that met our selection criteria. These studies comprised 134 experiments reporting on the responses of 36 small mammal species to the scent of six introduced mesopredators and 12 native mesopredators. For each introduced mesopredator, we measured their phylogenetic and functional distance to local native mesopredators and the number of years sympatric with their prey. We used predator and prey body mass as a measure of predation risk. Globally, small mammals were similarly wary of the scent of native and introduced mesopredators; phylogenetic and functional distance between introduced mesopredators and closest native mesopredators had no effect on wariness; and wariness was unrelated to the number of prey generations, or years, since first contact with introduced mesopredators. Small mammal wariness was associated with predator-prey body mass ratio, regardless of the nativity. The one thing animals do not seem to recognize is whether their predators are native.}, }
@article {pmid36177771, year = {2024}, author = {Jia, P and Qu, G and Jia, J and Li, D and Sun, Y and Liu, L}, title = {Long-term Spartina alterniflora invasion simplified soil seed bank and regenerated community in a coastal marsh wetland.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {e2754}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2754}, pmid = {36177771}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {2017 YFC 0506002//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 2016 YFC 0503102//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; CXZX2021B01//Open Research Project for the Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-restoration in Metropolitan Area, Ministry of Natural Resources/ ; CXZX2022B01//Open Research Project for the Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-restoration in Metropolitan Area, Ministry of Natural Resources/ ; 19230742600//the Project of Young Scientist Exchange for one Belt and One Road Strategy in the International Science and Technology Cooperation of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission/ ; }, mesh = {*Wetlands ; Phylogeny ; *Seed Bank ; Poaceae ; Soil ; }, abstract = {The coastal wetland is easily invaded by alien species due to locating in the land and sea transitional area. As a potential driving regeneration force, the soil seed bank is vital to the community restoration and species diversity protection. To reveal the long-term Spartina alterniflora invasion impact on the soil seed banks and regenerated communities, we investigated the seed banks under the different vegetation types (S. alterniflora, Phragmites australis, Scirpus mariqueter, ruderal and unvegetated site) and soil depths (0-5 and 5-10 cm) in the coastal salt marsh wetland, Chongming island, eastern China. The results showed that the soil seed bank richness and species density under different vegetation types were higher than the aboveground vegetation, and those of 0-5 cm seed banks were higher than 5-10 cm, except for the unvegetated site. The species richness and S. alterniflora seed proportion in the seed banks under S. alterniflora communities (S.AS) were lower and larger respectively than those of other sites. The species composition between S.AS and the aboveground communities showed high similarity with aggregation phylogenetic structures in two soil depths. The seed bank variations at 0-5 and 5-10 cm depths were interpreted 3.03% and 2.25% by the aboveground communities, while 4.92% and 5.55% were interpreted by the soil microbial biomass. The SEM model explained 98.1% and 91.8% of the seed banks richness at the 0-5 cm depth and 5-10 cm depth, respectively, and explained 98.8% and 46.1% of the seed banks species density at the 0-5 cm depth and 5-10 cm depth, respectively. The aboveground vegetation biomass and abundance directly affected the 0-5 cm seed banks richness and species density, while its height and biomass only affected the 5-10 cm seed banks species density. The 0-10 cm soil depth microbial biomass indirectly affected the 0-5 cm seed banks richness and species density, while affected the 5-10 cm seed banks richness. Soil physical and chemical properties only indirectly affected the 0-5 cm seed banks species density. The results provided a reference for the ecological evaluation of the impacts of S. alterniflora invasion into the coastal salt marsh wetland of eastern China, and guidance for the protection and restoration of the native plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid36177539, year = {2022}, author = {Alonso, A and Monroy, S and Bosch, J and Pérez, J and Boyero, L}, title = {Amphibian loss alters periphyton structure and invertebrate growth in montane streams.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {11}, pages = {2329-2337}, pmid = {36177539}, issn = {1365-2656}, support = {IT951-16//Eusko Jaurlaritza/ ; RTI2018-095023-B-I00//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#xf3;n y Universidades/ ; //UPV/EHU/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Rivers ; *Periphyton ; Ecosystem ; Chlorophyll A/pharmacology ; Insecta ; Invertebrates ; Anura ; Larva ; }, abstract = {Amphibians are declining worldwide due to a combination of stressors such as climate change, invasive species, habitat loss, pollution and emergent diseases. Although their losses are likely to have important ecological consequences on the structure and functioning of freshwater ecosystems, this issue has been scarcely explored. We conducted an experiment in three montane streams-where primary production is the main source of energy and carbon-to assess the effects of amphibian disappearance (i.e. presence or absence of the common midwife toad Alytes obstetricans, a common species found in pools of these streams) on several aspects of ecosystem functioning and structure: periphyton biomass and chlorophyll a concentration, algal assemblage structure, and growth of macroinvertebrate grazers. We compared four types of experimental enclosures: (i) without macroinvertebrates or amphibians; (ii) with larvae of the caddisfly Allogamus laureatus; (iii) with A. obstetricans tadpoles; and (iv) with both A. laureatus larvae and A. obstetricans tadpoles. The absence of tadpoles increased periphyton biomass, but did not cause differences on inorganic sediment accrual. The algal assemblage had a higher diversity in the absence of tadpoles, and their characteristic taxa differed from the assemblages in presence of tadpoles. A. laureatus presented higher mass in presence of tadpoles; however, tadpole length was not affected by presence of macroinvertebrates. Our results suggest that presence of tadpoles is a driver of periphyton accrual and assemblage structure, acting as top-down control and with key potential consequences on the functioning of montane stream ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid36177515, year = {2023}, author = {Li, JT and Zhang, Y and Chen, H and Sun, H and Tian, W and Li, J and Liu, X and Zhou, S and Fang, C and Li, B and Nie, M}, title = {Low soil moisture suppresses the thermal compensatory response of microbial respiration.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, pages = {874-889}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.16448}, pmid = {36177515}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {21SG02//'Shuguang Program' supported by Shanghai Education Development Foundation and Shanghai Municipal Education Commission/ ; 32101377//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 91951112//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 21XD1420700//Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader/ ; 21DZ1201902//Science and Technology Department of Shanghai/ ; 21TQ004//Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research - Fudan University 21TQ1400100/ ; 2020PJD003//Shanghai Pujiang Program/ ; }, mesh = {*Soil Microbiology ; *Soil ; Climate ; Respiration ; Carbon/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The thermal compensatory response of microbial respiration contributes to a decrease in warming-induced enhancement of soil respiration over time, which could weaken the positive feedback between the carbon cycle and climate warming. Climate warming is also predicted to cause a worldwide decrease in soil moisture, which has an effect on the microbial metabolism of soil carbon. However, whether and how changes in moisture affect the thermal compensatory response of microbial respiration are unexplored. Here, using soils from an 8-year warming experiment in an alpine grassland, we assayed the thermal response of microbial respiration rates at different soil moisture levels. The results showed that relatively low soil moisture suppressed the thermal compensatory response of microbial respiration, leading to an enhanced response to warming. A subsequent moisture incubation experiment involving off-plot soils also showed that the response of microbial respiration to 100 d warming shifted from a slight compensatory response to an enhanced response with decreasing incubation moisture. Further analysis revealed that such respiration regulation by moisture was associated with shifts in enzymatic activities and carbon use efficiency. Our findings suggest that future drought induced by climate warming might weaken the thermal compensatory capacity of microbial respiration, with important consequences for carbon-climate feedback.}, }
@article {pmid36177142, year = {2022}, author = {Ali, HE and Bucher, SF}, title = {Effect of drought and nutrient availability on invaded plant communities in a semi-arid ecosystem.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e9296}, pmid = {36177142}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Ecosystem functions are heavily dependent on the functional composition of the plant community, i.e., the functional traits of plants forming the community. This, on the one hand, depends on plant occurrence, but on the other hand, depends on the intraspecific variability of functional traits of the species, which are influenced by climate and nutrient availability and affected by plant-plant interactions. To illustrate that, we studied the effects of drought and nitrogen addition (+ N), two important abiotic variables which are changing with ongoing global change, as well as their combined effect on the functional responses of grassland communities in semi-arid environments of Northern Africa comprising of natural and invasive species. We conducted an experiment where we planted three native species and one invasive plant species in artificial communities of five individuals per species per plot. We exposed these communities to four different treatments: a drought treatment, an N-addition treatment, the combination between drought and N-addition, as well as a control. To assess the performance of plants within treatments, we measured selected plant functional traits (plant height, specific leaf area [SLA], leaf dry matter content [LDMC], N content of the leaves [Nmass], specific root length [SRL], and root diameter) for all individuals occurring in our plots, and additionally assessed the above and belowground biomass for each plant individual. We found that the invasive species showed a higher performance (higher biomass accumulation, taller plants, higher SLA, Nmass, SRL, and root diameter as well as lower LDMC) than the native species under drought conditions. The invasive species was especially successful with the combined impact of drought + N, which is a likely scenario in ongoing global change for our research area. Thus, plant functional traits might be a key factor for the invasion success of plant species which will be even more pronounced under ongoing global change.}, }
@article {pmid36177140, year = {2022}, author = {Cuthbert, RN and Kotronaki, SG and Hütt, JC and Renk, E and Warlo, N and Briski, E}, title = {Do alternative resources dampen functional responses of native but not alien gammarids?.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {36177140}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {While aquatic invasive predators are among the most impactful trophic groups, we lack the understanding of whether alternative food resources mediate adverse predatory effects and stabilize native prey communities. Here, we use comparative functional responses to examine the influence of alternative food resources (Fucus sp.) on predator-prey interaction strengths from three gammarid crustaceans, with one native (Gammarus locusta) and two existing and emerging invasive (Gammarus tigrinus, Pontogammarus maeoticus, respectively) species, towards larval chironomid prey. All gammarids exhibited Type II functional responses, irrespective of the presence of alternative seaweed disks. Fucus sp. disks significantly reduced predation rates overall; however, significant reductions in maximum feeding rates (i.e., functional response magnitudes) were only evident in the native species and not for the two invaders. Our results thus may suggest that alternative resources dampen the predatory interaction strength of native but not invasive alien species, concerning these three study organisms. This potentially exacerbates the impacts of invasive predators relative to natives in diverse communities. Studies should increasingly consider alternative resources when quantifying ecological impacts of current and future invasive alien species compared with natives.}, }
@article {pmid36177136, year = {2022}, author = {Fletcher, LS and Bolander, M and Reese, TC and Asay, EG and Pinkston, E and Griffen, BD}, title = {Metabolic rates of the Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus in air as a function of body size, location, and injury.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e9297}, pmid = {36177136}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Rapid warming in the Gulf of Maine may influence the success or invasiveness of the Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus. To better predict the effects of climate change on this invasive species, it is necessary to measure its energy dynamics under a range of conditions. However, previous research has only focused on the metabolism of this intertidal species in water. We sampled adult crabs from three different sites and measured their metabolic rates in the air. We show that metabolic rate increases with body mass and the number of missing limbs, but decreases with the number of regenerating limbs, possibly reflecting the timing of energy allocation to limb regeneration. Importantly, metabolic rates measured here in the air are ~4× higher than metabolic rates previously measured for this species in water. Our results provide baseline measurements of aerial metabolic rates across body sizes, which may be affected by climate change. With a better understanding of respiration in H. sanguineus, we can make more informed predictions about the combined effects of climate change and invasive species on the northeast coasts of North America.}, }
@article {pmid36177113, year = {2022}, author = {Grabić, J and Ljevnaić-Mašić, B and Zhan, A and Benka, P and Heilmeier, H}, title = {A review on invasive false indigo bush (Amorpha fruticosa L.): Nuisance plant with multiple benefits.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e9290}, pmid = {36177113}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Increased mobility of people around the globe has facilitated transferring species to new environments, where some have found suitable conditions and even become invasive. False indigo-bush (Amorpha fruticosa L.) is a plant native to North America but has intentionally or unintentionally spread over the Northern Hemisphere, where it often becomes invasive. The plant is especially easily dispersed within the watersheds of large rivers, where seasonal flooding is regular. Seeds and other propagules are buoyant, and when the water recedes, new plants emerge, forming dense thickets where only a few other species can co-exist. In order to sustain native biodiversity, spread control is needed. However, mechanical control and eradication measures currently in use are labor demanding and costly, while application of herbicides is limited. On the other hand, the plant possesses a number of beneficial properties, such as phytochemical applications (medical and insecticidal effects), biocoenotic uses (honey plant, ornamental features), and ecosystem services (soil stabilization, provision of food for animals, and fiber and biomass for industry, e.g., nanocellulose). For the reasons above mentioned, the plant is considered quite controversial, and the paper discusses both aspects: potential detrimental effects when introduced to new habitats and its beneficial uses for human society. In addition, the paper presents alternative measures of spreading control (e.g., grazing) and argues that exploiting it for beneficial purposes might help spread control, thus covering the expenses of controlling its distribution.}, }
@article {pmid36177110, year = {2022}, author = {Cao, R and Gong, X and Feng, J and Yang, R}, title = {Niche and range dynamics of Tasmanian blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.), a globally cultivated invasive tree.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e9305}, pmid = {36177110}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The ecological niche concept has provided insights into various areas in ecology and biogeography. Although there remains much controversy regarding whether species niches are conserved across space and time, many recent studies have suggested that invasive species conserve their climatic niche between native and introduced ranges; however, whether the climatic niche of cultivated invasive species, whose niches are strongly affected by human activities, are conserved between native and introduced ranges remains unclear. Additionally, the range dynamics of invasive species in their native and introduced regions have not been extensively studied. Here, we investigated the niche and range dynamics of Tasmanian blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.), a globally cultivated invasive tree, using ecological niche models and niche dynamic analyses. The most important factors affecting the niche changes between native and introduced Tasmanian blue gum were max temperature of the warmest month and precipitation of the wettest month. The climate niche was not conserved between introduced and native range Tasmanian blue gum; moreover, the niche area of the former was ca. 7.4 times larger than that of the latter, as introduced Tasmanian blue gum could survive in hotter, colder, wetter, and drier climates. In addition, the potential range of introduced Tasmanian blue gum was ca. 32 times larger than that of its native counterpart. Human introduction and cultivation may play a key role in the niche and range expansion of introduced Tasmanian blue gum. Given that small increases in niche area can result in large range expansions, the niche expansion of an invasive species could be used to evaluate invasion risk, which might even be more sensitive than range expansions.}, }
@article {pmid36173233, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, J and Li, SP and Ge, Y and Wang, XY and Gao, S and Chen, T and Yu, FH}, title = {Darwin's naturalization conundrum reconciled by changes of species interactions.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {104}, number = {1}, pages = {e3850}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3850}, pmid = {36173233}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Mycorrhizae ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Although phylogenetic distance between native and exotic species has a close link with their interactions, it is still unclear how environmental stresses and species interactions influence the relationship between phylogenetic distance and biological invasions. Here we assessed the effect of invader-native phylogenetic distance on the growth of the invader (Symphyotrichum subulatum) under three levels of drought (no, moderate, or intense drought). Under no drought, interspecific competition between close relatives was the dominant process and native communities more closely related to the invader showed higher resistance to invasion, supporting Darwin's naturalization hypothesis. In contrast, under intense drought, facilitation between close relatives by mutualism with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) became more important, and the invader became more successful in their more closely related native communities, supporting the preadaptation hypothesis. The colonization rate of AMF of the invader was higher in more closely related native communities regardless of the drought treatment, but it was only positively related to invader biomass under intense drought. Therefore, the shift of species interactions from competition to facilitation may be ascribed to the promotion of AMF to invasion occurring under intense drought, which leads to the effect of closely related natives on the invader shifting from negative to positive. Our results provide a new angle to resolve Darwin's naturalization conundrum from the change of species interactions along a stress gradient, and provide important clues for invasion management when species interactions change in response to global climatic change.}, }
@article {pmid36171335, year = {2022}, author = {Gómez-Undiano, I and Musavi, F and Mushobozi, WL and David, GM and Day, R and Early, R and Wilson, K}, title = {Predicting potential global and future distributions of the African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta) using species distribution models.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {16234}, pmid = {36171335}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {BB/P023444/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Crops, Agricultural ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; *Moths ; Spodoptera ; Tanzania ; }, abstract = {Invasive species have historically been a problem derived from global trade and transport. To aid in the control and management of these species, species distribution models (SDMs) have been used to help predict possible areas of expansion. Our focal organism, the African Armyworm (AAW), has historically been known as an important pest species in Africa, occurring at high larval densities and causing outbreaks that can cause enormous economic damage to staple crops. The goal of this study is to map the AAW's present and potential distribution in three future scenarios for the region, and the potential global distribution if the species were to invade other territories, using 40 years of data on more than 700 larval outbreak reports from Kenya and Tanzania. The present distribution in East Africa coincides with its previously known distribution, as well as other areas of grassland and cropland, which are the host plants for this species. The different future climatic scenarios show broadly similar potential distributions in East Africa to the present day. The predicted global distribution shows areas where the AAW has already been reported, but also shows many potential areas in the Americas where, if transported, environmental conditions are suitable for AAW to thrive and where it could become an invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid36170266, year = {2022}, author = {Martínez-Cruz, B and Zalewska, H and Zalewski, A}, title = {The genetic diversity and structure in the European polecat were not affected by the introduction of the American mink in Poland.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {9}, pages = {e0266161}, pmid = {36170266}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ferrets/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; *Mink/genetics ; }, abstract = {The introduction and expansion of an invasive non-native species could have important consequences for the genetic patterns and processes of native species, moreover if the new arrival competes strongly for resources and space. This may result in the demographic decline of the native species. Knowing the effects on the levels of genetic diversity and structure in native species is key in terms of their conservation. We analysed temporal (over 50 years) genetic variation of the population of the European polecat (Mustela putorius), a species under threat in several European countries, in the Białowieża Primeval Forest (BPF), Poland, before and after the invasion of the American mink (Neovison vison). Using 11 microsatellite loci and a fragment of the mitochondrial control region we show that levels of diversity changed in the polecat population over 53 generations (over the period 1959-2012) and after the invasion of mink. When compared with other threatened European polecat populations, high levels of diversity are observed in the population in BPF in both periods, as well as in other areas in Poland. Our data shows that genetic structure was not present either before or after the mink invasion in BPF. This would suggest that the polecat population in Poland was not affected by invasive species and other negative factors and would be a potential good source of individuals for captive breeding or genetic rescue conservation management actions in areas where such actions are needed, for example the UK.}, }
@article {pmid36169021, year = {2023}, author = {Febrer-Serra, M and Lassnig, N and Colomar, V and Picó, G and Tejada, S and Sureda, A and Pinya, S}, title = {Oxidative stress and behavioral responses of moorish geckos (Tarentola mauritanica) submitted to the presence of an introduced potential predator (Hemorrhois hippocrepis).}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {855}, number = {}, pages = {158864}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158864}, pmid = {36169021}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Glutathione Disulfide ; Antioxidants/metabolism ; *Lizards/metabolism ; Catalase/metabolism ; Glutathione Reductase/metabolism ; Oxidative Stress/physiology ; Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; Glutathione/metabolism ; *Colubridae/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Stressful situations induce an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which can lead to molecular damage and alteration of cell function. The introduction of new potential predators induces physiological stress in native fauna. However, behavioral responses have been reported in preys, demonstrating an induction of the defenses against alien species. Behavioral and antioxidant enzyme responses in the moorish gecko, Tarentola mauritanica, against the invasive predator horseshoe whip snake (Hemorrhois hippocrepis) were assessed. Behavior was recorded and a tissue sample from the tail was collected after placing the gecko in a terrarium with previous absence or presence of the snake in 'Control' and 'H. hippocrepis' groups, respectively. Fifteen behavioral variables were examined, including tongue flick (TF) and locomotion patterns. Antioxidant enzyme activities -catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR)-, and the levels of reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio (GSH/GSSG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were measured in the tissue sampled. Geckos exposed to the snake's odor showed a higher number of TF, longer amounts of time remaining motionless or moving in slow motion and they spent less time on the ground in comparison to the 'Control' group. The presence of the snake produced a significant increase in the activities of CAT, SOD and GR and a decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio in T. mauritanica individuals exposed to the snake's scent. Thus, both behavioral responses and oxidative stress biomarkers clearly showed that T. mauritanica is able to recognize H. hippocrepis as a potential predator, despite being a recently introduced snake at the Balearic Islands.}, }
@article {pmid36168765, year = {2022}, author = {Santicchia, F and Wauters, LA and Dantzer, B and Palme, R and Tranquillo, C and Preatoni, D and Martinoli, A}, title = {Native species exhibit physiological habituation to invaders: a reason for hope.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {289}, number = {1983}, pages = {20221022}, pmid = {36168765}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Feces ; *Glucocorticoids ; *Habituation, Psychophysiologic ; Introduced Species ; Sciuridae ; }, abstract = {Animals cope with environmental perturbations through the stress response, a set of behavioural and physiological responses aimed to maintain and/or return to homeostasis and enhance fitness. Vertebrate neuroendocrine axis activation in response to environmental stressors can result in the secretion of glucocorticoids (GCs), whose acute increases may be adaptive, while chronic elevation may be detrimental. Invasive grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) act as a stressor eliciting elevation of GCs in native red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris). Here we used 6-year data of variation in faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentrations following invasion by grey squirrels in three red squirrel populations, to identify if red squirrels showed physiological habituation to this stressor. The decrease in FGMs over time was more pronounced shortly after invasion and at high densities of grey squirrels while it decreased less strongly and was no longer influenced by the invader density as time since invasion elapsed. At the individual level, FGMs also decreased more markedly as each red squirrel experienced prolonged contact with the invader. Our study provides compelling new data suggesting that native species in the wild can habituate to prolonged contact with invasive species, showing that they may avoid the potentially harmful effects of chronic elevations in GCs.}, }
@article {pmid36168433, year = {2022}, author = {Polito, MJ and Robinson, B and Warzybok, P and Bradley, RW}, title = {Population dynamics and resource availability drive seasonal shifts in the consumptive and competitive impacts of introduced house mice (Mus musculus) on an island ecosystem.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e13904}, pmid = {36168433}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; Mice ; *Ecosystem ; Seasons ; Invertebrates ; Nutritional Status ; Plants ; *Arthropods ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: House mice (Mus musculus) are widespread and invasive on many islands where they can have both direct and indirect impacts on native ecological communities. Given their opportunistic, omnivorous nature the consumptive and competitive impacts of house mice on islands have the potential to vary over time in concert with resource availability and mouse population dynamics.<br><br>METHODS: We examined the ecological niche of invasive house mice on Southeast Farallon Island, California, USA using a combination of mouse trapping, food resource surveys, and stable isotope analysis to better understand their trophic interactions with native flora and fauna. Specifically, we coupled the analysis of seasonal variation in resource availability over a 17-year period (2001-2017), carbon (&#x3b4; [13]C) and nitrogen (&#x3b4; [15]N) stable isotope values of mouse tissue and prey resources in a single year (2013), and isotopic niche and mixing models to quantify seasonal variation in mouse diets and the potential for resource overlap with native species.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that plants were the most important resource for house mice during the spring months when vegetation is abundant and mouse populations are low following heavy precipitation and declines in mouse abundance during the winter. While still consumed, plants declined in dietary importance throughout the summer and fall as mouse populations increased, and seabird and arthropod resources became relatively more available and consumed by house mice. Mouse abundance peaks and other resource availability are low on the island in the fall months when the isotopic niches of house mice and salamanders overlap significantly indicating the potential for competition, most likely for arthropod prey.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Our results indicate how seasonal shifts in both mouse abundance and resource availability are key factors that mediate the consumptive and competitive impacts of introduced house mice on this island ecosystem. As mice consume and/or compete with a wide range of native taxa, eradication has the potential to provide wide-reaching restoration benefits on Southeast Farallon Island. Post-eradication monitoring focused on plant, terrestrial invertebrate, salamander, and seabird populations will be crucial to confirm these predictions.}, }
@article {pmid36167594, year = {2022}, author = {Halvarsson, P and Baltrušis, P and Kjellander, P and Höglund, J}, title = {Parasitic strongyle nemabiome communities in wild ruminants in Sweden.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {341}, pmid = {36167594}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {2018-02888//Svenska Forskningsr&#xe5;det Formas/ ; }, mesh = {Adenosine Deaminase ; Animals ; Animals, Wild ; DNA ; *Deer/parasitology ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; *Nematoda ; *Nematode Infections/veterinary ; Ostertagia ; *Parasites ; Ruminants ; Sheep ; Sheep, Domestic ; Sweden/epidemiology ; *Trichostrongyloidea/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Wildlife hosts may serve as reservoirs for strongyles, which can be transmitted to domestic livestock. Therefore, studies evaluating nemabiome compositions in wildlife ruminants are of great use in assessing the possibility of transmission of important nematode pathogens to domestic sheep in Sweden.<br><br>METHODS: First, fecal samples were collected from roe deer (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;125), fallow deer (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;106), red deer (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;18) and mouflon (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;13) in south central Sweden during the hunting season in 2019. Second, after fecal examination samples were cultured and the larvae were harvested, followed by DNA extractions. Third, all samples were barcoded and processed for sequence analysis on the PacBio platform. Finally, bioinformatic sequence analysis was conducted with DADA2, while species diversity and richness, as well as interactions between the different hosts, were calculated and analyzed in R.<br><br>RESULTS: Nematode ITS2 sequences were found in 225 of 262 (86%) samples. In total, 31 taxa were identified, among which 26 (86%) to the species level. These were found in different combinations, among which 24 (77%) occurred in roe deer, 19 (61%) in fallow deer, 20 (65%) in red deer and 10 (32%) in mouflon. Five of the species found are known to be associated with livestock (Chabertia ovina, Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus axei). However, in the present study the relative abundance and prevalence of most of these species were low. The most striking exception was T. axei, which was relatively abundant in all wildlife hosts. Mostly a wide range of wildlife specific nematodes such as Ostertagia leptospicularis and Spiculopteragia spp. were identified including the invasive nematode Spiculopteragia houdemeri, which was found for the first time in red deer, fallow deer, and mouflon in Sweden. The difference in the number of shared species between mouflon and all cervids (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;6) was less than among all three cervids (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;8).<br><br>CONCLUSION: In this study, we investigated the community structure of parasitic intestinal nematodes in four wildlife hosts, and we found that the majority of the parasite species identified were wildlife specific. We also found a new, potentially invasive species not reported before. After comparing the nemabiome of the wildlife hosts in this study with a previous study in sheep from the same geographical region, we conclude that the horizontal transmission potential appears to be relatively low. Still, cross-infections of nematodes between game and sheep cannot be completely ignored.}, }
@article {pmid36166571, year = {2022}, author = {Pandey, M and Piedmonte, NP and Vinci, VC and Falco, RC and Daniels, TJ and Clark, JA}, title = {First Detection of the Invasive Asian Longhorned Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) on Migratory Passerines in the Americas.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {59}, number = {6}, pages = {2176-2181}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjac144}, pmid = {36166571}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {United States ; Animals ; *Ixodidae ; *Ticks ; *Passeriformes ; }, abstract = {The Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann), native to East Asia, was first reported in the United States in 2017 and is now established in at least 17 states. Haemaphysalis longicornis feeds on birds in its range outside of the United States, and migratory birds disperse this tick and tick-borne pathogens. However, early studies in the United States did not find H. longicornis on migrating passerine birds. The transport of the parthenogenetic H. longicornis on birds has the potential to greatly expand its range. We report the first discovery of H. longicornis on migratory passerine birds in the Americas.}, }
@article {pmid36165436, year = {2022}, author = {McCoy, DE and Goulet-Scott, B and Meng, W and Atahan, BF and Kiros, H and Nishino, M and Kartesz, J}, title = {Species clustering, climate effects, and introduced species in 5 million city trees across 63 US cities.}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {36165436}, issn = {2050-084X}, mesh = {Carbon Dioxide ; *Cities ; Cluster Analysis ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; *Trees ; United States ; Urban Health ; }, abstract = {Sustainable cities depend on urban forests. City trees-pillars of urban forests-improve our health, clean the air, store CO2, and cool local temperatures. Comparatively less is known about city tree communities as ecosystems, particularly regarding spatial composition, species diversity, tree health, and the abundance of introduced species. Here, we assembled and standardized a new dataset of N = 5,660,237 trees from 63 of the largest US cities with detailed information on location, health, species, and whether a species is introduced or naturally occurring (i.e., "native"). We further designed new tools to analyze spatial clustering and the abundance of introduced species. We show that trees significantly cluster by species in 98% of cities, potentially increasing pest vulnerability (even in species-diverse cities). Further, introduced species significantly homogenize tree communities across cities, while naturally occurring trees (i.e., "native" trees) comprise 0.51-87.4% (median = 45.6%) of city tree populations. Introduced species are more common in drier cities, and climate also shapes tree species diversity across urban forests. Parks have greater tree species diversity than urban settings. Compared to past work which focused on canopy cover and species richness, we show the importance of analyzing spatial composition and introduced species in urban ecosystems (and we develop new tools and datasets to do so). Future work could analyze city trees alongside sociodemographic variables or bird, insect, and plant diversity (e.g., from citizen-science initiatives). With these tools, we may evaluate existing city trees in new, nuanced ways and design future plantings to maximize resistance to pests and climate change. We depend on city trees.}, }
@article {pmid36160265, year = {2022}, author = {He, M and Hua, Z and Chen, H and Liu, Y and Li, Y and Zhang, Z}, title = {Effects of simulated acid rain on rhizosphere microorganisms of invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides and native Alternanthera sessilis.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {993147}, pmid = {36160265}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Acid rain not only has serious harm to the environment, but also has the same threat to plants, but the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides still grows well compared to the native plant Alternanthera sessilis under acid rain stress. However, the underlying mechanism of resistance to the acid rain environment in invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides remains unclear. In the current study, we comparatively analyzed the plant physiological characteristics, soil physicochemical properties, and rhizosphere microbial communities of invasive A. philoxeroides and native A. sessilis under different pH condition. The simulated acid rain had a significant inhibitory effect on the morphological and physiological traits of A. philoxeroides and A. sessilis and reduced the soil nutrient content. However, A. philoxeroides was more tolerant of acid rain. Compared with CK, simulated acid rain treatment at pH 2.5 significantly increased the Chao1, ACE, and Shannon indexes of A. philoxeroides microorganisms. Under simulated acid rain treatment at pH 2.5, the fungal flora Chao1, ACE and Shannon index were significantly higher than those of CK by 14.5%, 12.4%, and 30.4%, respectively. The dominant bacterial phyla of soil bacteria were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Myxococcota, Chloroflexi, Patescibacteria, Gemmatimonadota, Verrucomicrobiota, and Armatimonadota. The dominant fungi were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Rozellomycota, and Olpidiomycota. The bacterial and fungal diversity and structure of A. philoxeroides and A. sessilis showed the greatest difference between the pH 2.5 treatment and CK. Redundancy analysis showed that electrical conductivity (EC) and total phosphorus (TP) were the main factors changing the bacterial communities, and available phosphorus (AP), organic matter (OM), EC, and pH were the main factors changing the fungal communities. This study contributes to the microbial community structure of the invasive plant A. philoxeroides and provides a theoretical basis for studying the invasion mechanism of invasive plants under acid rain.}, }
@article {pmid36155046, year = {2023}, author = {De la Lama-Calvente, D and Fernández-Rodríguez, MJ and Ballesteros, M and Ruiz-Salvador, &#xc1;R and Raposo, F and García-Gómez, JC and Borja, R}, title = {Turning an invasive alien species into a valuable biomass: Anaerobic digestion of Rugulopteryx okamurae after thermal and new developed low-cost mechanical pretreatments.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {856}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {158914}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158914}, pmid = {36155046}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Biomass ; Introduced Species ; Anaerobiosis ; *Zeolites ; Methane ; *Phaeophyceae ; *Seaweed ; Biofuels ; }, abstract = {The invasive alien seaweed Rugulopteryx okamurae (R.o.) has spread quickly through the Mediterranean Sea causing an unprecedented ecological impact. A solution integrated into a circular economy model is needed in order to curb the negative effects of its presence. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is proposed as a feasible process able to transform biomass into renewable energy. Nevertheless, in order to improve the methane yield and surpass the drawbacks associated with AD processes, this research proposes a thermal pretreatment and a new developed method where the macroalgae is mechanically pretreated with zeolite. Chemical and microstructure characterization of the algal biomass after pretreatments involved scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The highest methane yields of 240 (28) and 250 (20) NLCH4 kg[-1] VSadded were obtained with the new mechanical pretreatment and the thermal pretreatment at 120 °C for 45 min without zeolite, achieving a 35 % improvement against the non-pretreated algae. A direct relationship between the crystallinity index of the samples and methane production was observed. The experimental data of methane production versus time were found to be in accordance with both first-order kinetic and Transference Function mathematical models.}, }
@article {pmid36153794, year = {2023}, author = {Nie, M and Liu, W and Pennings, SC and Li, B}, title = {Lessons from the invasion of Spartina alterniflora in coastal China.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {104}, number = {1}, pages = {e3874}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3874}, pmid = {36153794}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {*Poaceae ; *Ecosystem ; China ; Wetlands ; Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid36153377, year = {2022}, author = {Byun, C and Jeong, Y and Hong, SH}, title = {Synergistic effects of soil nutrient level and native species identity and diversity on biotic resistance to Sicyos angulatus, an invasive species.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {200}, number = {1-2}, pages = {221-230}, pmid = {36153377}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {2022R1A2C1003504//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; 2021002270004//Ministry of Environment/ ; NIBR202012104//National Institute of Biological Resources/ ; }, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; *Introduced Species ; Nutrients ; Plants ; *Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Sicyos angulatus is a serious threat to riverine ecosystem functions and services worldwide. Here, we studied the effect of species identity and diversity on biotic resistance to S. angulatus under two different soil nutrient levels (unfertilized vs. fertilized). Soil nutrient levels showed no significant effect on invasion by S. angulatus in the control treatment, where intervention by native plants was absent. Species identity of native plants and its interaction with soil nutrient levels had a significant effect on biotic resistance to S. angulatus. For instance, Pennisetum alopecuroides and Lespedeza cuneata best resisted invasion in fertilized soil, whereas Lespedeza bicolor and Lactuca indica best resisted invasion in unfertilized soil. In addition, a mixture of four plant species resisted invasion equally as well as the monoculture of a species in unfertilized soil, whereas the mixed treatment resisted invasion much better in fertilized soil compared with unfertilized soil. Structural equation modeling revealed that species identity and diversity as well as fertilizer application significantly influenced biotic resistance to S. angulatus invasion, while soil nutrients did not influence invasion success directly. Based on these results, we strongly suggest sowing seed mixtures of various species after eradicating S. angulatus plants to prevent re-invasion. Overall, these results demonstrate how native plants rely on resource availability to resist colonization by an invasive plant, such as S. angulatus. This information can be used for the development of improved guidelines for plant restoration and invasive species control.}, }
@article {pmid36152857, year = {2023}, author = {Li, F and Qin, S and Wang, Z and Zhang, Y and Yang, Z}, title = {Environmental DNA metabarcoding reveals the impact of different land use on multitrophic biodiversity in riverine systems.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {855}, number = {}, pages = {158958}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158958}, pmid = {36152857}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *DNA, Environmental ; Ecosystem ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Biodiversity ; Rivers ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; }, abstract = {Human-induced changes in land use drive an alarming decline in river biodiversity and related ecosystem services worldwide. However, how different land use shapes aquatic multitrophic communities is still not well understood. Here, we used the biodiversity dataset from bacteria to fish captured by the environmental DNA (eDNA) approach in the four riverine systems with spatially different land use (i.e., Slightly disturbed group, Upstream disturbed group, Downstream disturbed group, and Strongly disturbed group) to reveal the changes in multitrophic biodiversity in relation to human land use. Firstly, our data showed that spatially different land use determined the pollutant loads of the riverine systems, most pollutants (e.g., TN and NH3-N) had significant differences among the four riverine systems. Secondly, taxonomic α diversity across multitrophic levels did not necessarily change significantly, yet the change in community structure can be considered as a more sensitive indicator to reflect different land use, because different land use shaped the unique structure of multitrophic communities, and the dissimilarity of community structure was closely associated with land use gradient (e.g., positive relationships in the Slightly disturbed group, negative relationships in the Strongly disturbed group). Thirdly, different land use induced the shifts of key taxa, resulting in the variation of community structure and the change of co-occurrence network. Overall, these findings suggest that spatially different land use plays a critical role in shaping aquatic multitrophic communities, and an in-depth understanding of the interdependences between biodiversity and land use is a critical prerequisite for formulating river management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid36150195, year = {2022}, author = {Daversa, DR and Bosch, J and Manica, A and Garner, TWJ and Fenton, A}, title = {Host Identity Matters-Up to a Point: The Community Context of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Transmission.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {200}, number = {4}, pages = {584-597}, doi = {10.1086/720638}, pmid = {36150195}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura ; Batrachochytrium ; Bufonidae/microbiology ; *Chytridiomycota ; Larva/microbiology ; Urodela ; }, abstract = {AbstractThe level of detail on host communities needed to understand multihost parasite invasions is an unresolved issue in disease ecology. Coarse community metrics that ignore functional differences between hosts, such as host species richness, can be good predictors of invasion outcomes. Yet if host species vary in the extent to which they maintain and transmit infections, then explicitly accounting for those differences may be important. Through controlled mesocosm experiments and modeling, we show that interspecific differences between host species are important for community-wide infection dynamics of the multihost fungal parasite of amphibians (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis [Bd]), but only up to a point. The most abundant host species in our system, fire salamander larvae (Salamandra salamandra), did not maintain or transmit infections. Rather, two less abundant "auxiliary" host species, Iberian tree frog (Hyla molleri) and spiny toad (Bufo spinosus) larvae, maintained and transmitted Bd. Frogs had the highest mean rates of Bd shedding, giving them the highest contributions to the basic reproduction number, R0. Toad contributions to R0 were substantial, however, and when examining community-level patterns of infection and transmission, the effects of frogs and toads were similar. Specifying more than just host species richness to distinguish salamanders from auxiliary host species was critical for predicting community-level Bd prevalence and transmission. Distinguishing frogs from toads, however, did not improve predictions. These findings demonstrate limitations to the importance of host species identities in multihost infection dynamics. Host species that exhibit different functional traits, such as susceptibility and infectiousness, may play similar epidemiological roles in the broader community.}, }
@article {pmid36147372, year = {2022}, author = {Park, J and Cheon, S and Park, SM and Sung, HC and Lee, DH}, title = {Complete mitochondrial genome of the river cooter (Pseudemys concinna, Testudines: Emydidae) in Korea.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, pages = {1659-1661}, pmid = {36147372}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {The complete mitochondrial genome of Pseudemys concinna in Korea was sequenced and characterized. The mitochondrial genome is constituted of 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes) and a noncoding region. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete mitochondrial genome showed that P. concinna has closer relationship with Chrysemys picta than Trachemys scripta elegans. This is the first case for complete mitochondrial genome from P. concinna in Korea, which will provide information for biogeographical studies and management plan for invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid36145778, year = {2022}, author = {Humphries, T and Florentine, S}, title = {Assessing Seedbank Longevity and Seed Persistence of the Invasive Tussock Grass Nassella trichotoma Using in-Field Burial and Laboratory-Controlled Ageing.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {36145778}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {The ability to produce highly dense and persistent seedbanks is a major contributor to the successful widespread establishment of invasive plants. This study seeks to identify seed persistence and seedbank longevity for the invasive tussock grass Nassella trichotoma (Nees.) Hack. ex Arechav in order to recommend management strategies for preventing re-emergence from the seedbank. To determine the seedbank longevity and persistence, two experiments were conducted: (i) seeds were buried at four depths (0, 1, 2, and 4 cm) and collected and assessed for viability, seed decay, and in-field germination after 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 months of field burial; and (ii) seeds were exposed to artificial ageing conditions (60% RH and 45 °C) for 1, 2, 5, 9, 20, 30, 50, 75, 100, and 120 days, and viability was determined through germination tests and tetrazolium tests. Less than 10% of the seeds collected after 12 months of in-field burial were viable. The artificial ageing treatment found germination declined to 50% after 5.8 days, further suggesting that N. trichotoma seeds are short lived. The results from both experiments indicate that N. trichotoma has a transient seedbank, with less than 10% of the seeds demonstrating short-term persistence. It is likely the persistent seeds beyond 12 months were exhibiting secondary dormancy as viable seeds did not germinate under optimal germination conditions. The "Best Practice Guidelines" recommend monitoring for seedbank recruitment for at least three years after treating N. trichotoma infestations. The results of this study support this recommendation as a small proportion of the seeds demonstrated short-term persistence.}, }
@article {pmid36145767, year = {2022}, author = {Welgama, A and Florentine, S and Roberts, J}, title = {A Global Review of the Woody Invasive Alien Species Mimosa pigra (Giant Sensitive Plant): Its Biology and Management Implications.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {36145767}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Populations of invasive alien plants create disruptive plant communities that are extremely adaptable, imposing severe ecological impacts on agriculture, biodiversity and human activities. To minimise these impacts, prevention and effective weed management strategies are urgently required, including the identification of satellite populations before they invade new areas. This is a critical element that allows weed management practices to become both successful and cost-effective. Mimosa pigra L. (Giant sensitive plant) is an invasive weed that has spread across various environments around the world and is considered one of the world's top 100 most invasive plant species. Being adaptable to a wide range of soil types, in addition to its woody protective prickles and low palatability, M. pigra has quickly spread and established itself in a range of habitats. Current control methods of this species include biological, chemical and physical methods, together with attempts of integrated application. Reports suggest that integrated management appears to be the most effective means of controlling M. pigra since the use of any single method has not yet proved suitable. In this regard, this review synthesises and explores the available global literature and current research gaps relating to the biology, distribution, impacts and management of M. pigra. The contribution of this work will help guide land managers to design appropriate and sustainable management programs to control M. pigra.}, }
@article {pmid36145760, year = {2022}, author = {Glasnović, P and Cernich, S and Peroš, J and Tišler, M and Fišer, &#x17d; and Surina, B}, title = {Diversity and Typology of Land-Use Explain the Occurrence of Alien Plants in a Protected Area.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {36145760}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Plant life history and functional characteristics play an important role in determining the invasive potential of plant species and have implications for management approaches. We studied the distribution of 24 alien plant taxa in a protected area in relation to different land-uses by applying ordination analyses and generalized linear models. Taxa richness is best explained by the presence of built-up areas, followed by residential areas, marshlands, and agricultural lands with semi-natural formations. The diversity of land-use within the grid cell proved to be an important explanatory factor, being the only significant variable explaining the richness of wood perennials and vines. The richness of annual herbs and seed-dispersed taxa is explained by a similar set of variables, with the exception of residential areas. The richness of invasive species is explained only by agricultural land and the diversity of land-use. The richness of taxa with predominant vegetative dispersal is best explained by built-up, marshland, and seminatural areas along with land-use diversity. When we consider only the presence of plant groups within grid cells, the results are similar. The results of similar studies may provide an important tool for defining sustainable practices and overall conservation management in protected areas.}, }
@article {pmid36145758, year = {2022}, author = {Tanase, C and Nicolescu, A and Nisca, A and Ștefănescu, R and Babotă, M and Mare, AD and Ciurea, CN and Man, A}, title = {Biological Activity of Bark Extracts from Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra L.): An Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Enzymatic Inhibitory Evaluation.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {36145758}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2019-1549//Unitatea Executiva Pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior a Cercetarii Dezvoltarii si Inovarii/ ; }, abstract = {The northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) is an ornamental oak species native to eastern America, being an invasive species in Europe, with increasing coverage. The aim of this work was to evaluate the biological potential of red oak bark extracts. Aqueous and ethanolic preparations were obtained by two extraction methods: ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE). The total phenolic and tannin contents were measured using spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by two complementary methods (DPPH and ABTS). Antimicrobial potential was tested against five bacteria and three Candida species, and the effect on biofilm formation and synergism with gentamicin was also evaluated. Finally, enzyme inhibitory properties were assessed for α-glucosidase, tyrosinase, and acetylcholinesterase. The results indicated a higher phenolic content for the extracts obtained through MAE, while UAE bark extracts were rich in tannins. All the extracts exhibited antioxidant, anti-glucosidase, and anti-tyrosinase activity, while the antibacterial potential was mostly observed for the MAE extracts, especially against S. aureus, C. parapsilopsis, and C. krusei; inhibition of biofilm formation was observed only for MRSA. These findings show that the red oak bark might be an important source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.}, }
@article {pmid36145746, year = {2022}, author = {Goncalves, E and Herrera, I and Alexander, J and Duarte, M and Cavieres, LA and Morales-Salinas, L and Bustamante, RO}, title = {The Upper Range Limit of Alien Plants Is Not in Equilibrium with Climate in the Andes of Central Chile.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {36145746}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {21150070//CONICYT-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional 2015/ ; 1180193//FONDECYT/ ; FB210006//Grant ANID PIA/BASAL/ ; PFB210018//CHIC-ANID PIA/BASAL/ ; }, abstract = {Alien plant species are colonizing high-elevation areas along roadsides. In this study, we evaluated whether the distributions of alien plants in the central Chilean mountains have reached climatic equilibrium (i.e., upper distribution limits consistent with their climatic requirements). First, we evaluated whether the upper elevational limits of alien plants changed between 2008 and 2018 based on the Mountain Invasion Research Network (MIREN) database. Second, we compared the observed upper elevational limits with the upper limits predicted by each species' global climatic niche. On average across species, the upper elevation limit did not change between 2008 and 2018. However, most species maintained the same limit or shifted downward, while only 23% of the species shifted upwards. This lack of change does not mean that the species' distributions are in equilibrium with the climate, because the observed upper limit was lower than the limit predicted by the global niche model for 87% of species. Our results suggest that alien species in this study region may not only be climate-limited, but could also be limited by other local-scale factors, such as seed dispersal, intermittent disturbance rates, soil type and biotic interactions.}, }
@article {pmid36144325, year = {2022}, author = {Shang, S and Li, L and Zhang, Z and Zang, Y and Chen, J and Wang, J and Wu, T and Xia, J and Tang, X}, title = {The Effects of Secondary Growth of Spartina alterniflora after Treatment on Sediment Microorganisms in the Yellow River Delta.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {36144325}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {As a typical invasive species, Spartina alterniflora is widely recognized as one of the primary threats to biodiversity in various habitats, including wetlands. Although the invasion by S. alterniflora has been managed in multiple ways, it may reappear after treatment. How S. alterniflora affects the soil microbial community in coastal wetlands during its regeneration process has not yet been clarified. Here, rhizosphere soil samples (RSPs) and bulk soil samples (SSPs) were collected in the S. alterniflora community and a high-throughput sequencing method was conducted to analyze the composition and diversity of soil microorganisms. Meanwhile, we also obtain the soil physicochemical properties. In the present study, there was no significant difference in the alpha diversity of both bacterial and fungal communities in the SSP and RSP groups. The PCoA (principal coordinate analysis) also showed that the microbial community structure did not differ significantly between the SSP and RSP groups. The results showed that except for pH, the total sulfur (TS) content, total nitrogen (TN) content, and electrical conductivity (EC) did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) between the SSP and RSP groups. The composition of the bacterial and fungal community in the rhizosphere of S. alterniflora was similar to that found in the surrounding soils. The top two dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria and Desulfobacterota in the present study. Venn diagram results also support this view; most OTUs belong to the common OTUs of the two groups, and the proportion of unique OTUs is relatively small. The LEfSe (LDA effect size) analysis showed that Campylobacterota (at the phylum level) and Sulfurimonas (at the genus level) significantly increased in the RSP group, implying that the increased Sulfurimonas might play an essential role in the invasion by S. alterniflora during the under-water period. Overall, these results suggest that the bacterial and fungal communities were not significantly affected by the S. alterniflora invasion due to the short invasion time.}, }
@article {pmid36139281, year = {2022}, author = {Ash, AK and Patterson, S}, title = {Reporting of Freshwater Cyanobacterial Poisoning in Terrestrial Wildlife: A Systematic Map.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {36139281}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Global warming and over-enrichment of freshwater systems have led to an increase in harmful cyanobacterial blooms (cyanoHABs), affecting human and animal health. The aim of this systematic map was to detail the current literature surrounding cyanotoxin poisonings in terrestrial wildlife and identify possible improvements to reports of morbidity and mortality from cyanotoxins. A systematic search was conducted using the electronic databases Scopus and Web of Science, yielding 5059 published studies identifying 45 separate case reports of wildlife poisonings from North America, Africa, Europe, and Asia. Currently, no gold standard for the diagnosis of cyanotoxin intoxication exists for wildlife, and we present suggested guidelines here. These involved immunoassays and analytical chemistry techniques to identify the toxin involved, PCR to identify the cyanobacterial species involved, and evidence of ingestion or exposure to cyanotoxins in the animals affected. Of the 45 cases, our recommended methods concurred with 48.9% of cases. Most often, cases were investigated after a mortality event had already occurred, and where mitigation was implemented, only three cases were successful in their efforts. Notably, only one case of invasive cyanobacteria was recorded in this review despite invasive species being known to occur throughout the globe; this could explain the underreporting of invasive cyanobacteria. This systematic map highlights the perceived absence of robust detection, surveillance, and diagnosis of cyanotoxin poisoning in wildlife. It may be true that wildlife is less susceptible to these poisoning events; however, the true rates of poisoning are likely much more than is reported in the literature.}, }
@article {pmid36139232, year = {2022}, author = {Granatosky, MC and Young, MW and Herr, V and Chai, C and Raidah, A and Kairo, JN and Anaekwe, A and Havens, A and Zou, B and Ding, B and Chen, C and De Leon, D and Shah, H and Valentin, J and Hildreth, L and Castro, T and Li, T and Yeung, A and Dickinson, E and Youlatos, D}, title = {Positional Behavior of Introduced Monk Parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) in an Urban Landscape.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {36139232}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Positional behaviors have been broadly quantified across the Order Primates, and in several other mammalian lineages, to contextualize adaptations to, and evolution within, an arboreal environment. Outside of Mammalia, however, such data are yet to be reported. In this study, we present the first quantitative report of positional behavior within Aves, presenting 11,246 observations of scan sampling data from a colony of Monk Parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) from Brooklyn, New York City. Each scan recorded locomotor and postural behavior and information about weather condition, temperature, and substrate properties (e.g., type, size, orientation). A distinction was also recorded between natural and artificial substrates. Parrots exhibited a strong preference for small and terminal branches, a selection which may reflect targeted foraging of new fruit growth and leaf-buds. We further observed that the gait transition from walking to sidling appears primarily driven by substrate size, with the former preferred on the ground and on large, broad substrates and the latter used to navigate smaller branches. Finally, we observed an increase in locomotor diversity on artificial versus naturally occurring substrates. This demonstrates the importance of a flexible behavioral repertoire in facilitating a successful transition towards an urban landscape in introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid36138772, year = {2022}, author = {Botella, C and Bonnet, P and Hui, C and Joly, A and Richardson, DM}, title = {Dynamic Species Distribution Modeling Reveals the Pivotal Role of Human-Mediated Long-Distance Dispersal in Plant Invasion.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {36138772}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {//DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology/ ; 89967//Millennium Trust, the National Research Foundation of South Africa/ ; CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/18_053/0017850//Mobility 2020 project (Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic)/ ; RVO 67985939//long-term research development project (Czech Academy of Sciences)/ ; }, abstract = {Plant invasions generate massive ecological and economic costs worldwide. Predicting their spatial dynamics is crucial to the design of effective management strategies and the prevention of invasions. Earlier studies highlighted the crucial role of long-distance dispersal in explaining the speed of many invasions. In addition, invasion speed depends highly on the duration of its lag phase, which may depend on the scaling of fecundity with age, especially for woody plants, even though empirical proof is still rare. Bayesian dynamic species distribution models enable the fitting of process-based models to partial and heterogeneous observations using a state-space modeling approach, thus offering a tool to test such hypotheses on past invasions over large spatial scales. We use such a model to explore the roles of long-distance dispersal and age-structured fecundity in the transient invasion dynamics of Plectranthus barbatus, a woody plant invader in South Africa. Our lattice-based model accounts for both short and human-mediated long-distance dispersal, as well as age-structured fecundity. We fitted our model on opportunistic occurrences, accounting for the spatio-temporal variations of the sampling effort and the variable detection rates across datasets. The Bayesian framework enables us to integrate a priori knowledge on demographic parameters and control identifiability issues. The model revealed a massive wave of spatial spread driven by human-mediated long-distance dispersal during the first decade and a subsequent drastic population growth, leading to a global equilibrium in the mid-1990s. Without long-distance dispersal, the maximum population would have been equivalent to 30% of the current equilibrium population. We further identified the reproductive maturity at three years old, which contributed to the lag phase before the final wave of population growth. Our results highlighted the importance of the early eradication of weedy horticultural alien plants around urban areas to hamper and delay the invasive spread.}, }
@article {pmid36136525, year = {2022}, author = {Rayner, S and Vitkauskaite, A and Healy, K and Lyons, K and McSharry, L and Leonard, D and Dunbar, JP and Dugon, MM}, title = {Worldwide Web: High Venom Potency and Ability to Optimize Venom Usage Make the Globally Invasive Noble False Widow Spider Steatoda nobilis (Thorell, 1875) (Theridiidae) Highly Competitive against Native European Spiders Sharing the Same Habitats.}, journal = {Toxins}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {36136525}, issn = {2072-6651}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Spider Venoms ; *Spiders ; }, abstract = {Venom compositions include complex mixtures of toxic proteins that evolved to immobilize/dissuade organisms by disrupting biological functions. Venom production is metabolically expensive, and parsimonious use is expected, as suggested by the venom optimisation hypothesis. The decision-making capacity to regulate venom usage has never been demonstrated for the globally invasive Noble false widow Steatoda nobilis (Thorell, 1875) (Theridiidae). Here, we investigated variations of venom quantities available in a wild population of S. nobilis and prey choice depending on venom availability. To partially determine their competitiveness, we compared their attack rate success, median effective dose (ED50) and lethal dose (LD50), with four sympatric synanthropic species: the lace webbed spider Amaurobius similis, the giant house spider Eratigena atrica, the missing sector orb-weaver Zygiella x-notata, and the cellar spider Pholcus phalangioides. We show that S. nobilis regulates its venom usage based on availability, and its venom is up to 230-fold (0.56 mg/kg) more potent than native spiders. The high potency of S. nobilis venom and its ability to optimize its usage make this species highly competitive against native European spiders sharing the same habitats.}, }
@article {pmid36135732, year = {2022}, author = {Avila, C and Buñuel, X and Carmona, F and Cotado, A and Sacristán-Soriano, O and Angulo-Preckler, C}, title = {Would Antarctic Marine Benthos Survive Alien Species Invasions? What Chemical Ecology May Tell Us.}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {20}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {36135732}, issn = {1660-3397}, support = {2014SGR336; 2017SGR1120//Government of Catalonia/ ; CGL2007-65453/ANT; CTM2010-17415/ANT; CTM2013-42667/ANT; CTM2016-78901/ANT; PID2019-107979RB-I00/ANT//Spanish Government/ ; }, mesh = {*Amphipoda ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; *Biological Products ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Water ; }, abstract = {Many Antarctic marine benthic macroinvertebrates are chemically protected against predation by marine natural products of different types. Antarctic potential predators mostly include sea stars (macropredators) and amphipod crustaceans (micropredators) living in the same areas (sympatric). Recently, alien species (allopatric) have been reported to reach the Antarctic coasts, while deep-water crabs are suggested to be more often present in shallower waters. We decided to investigate the effect of the chemical defenses of 29 representative Antarctic marine benthic macroinvertebrates from seven different phyla against predation by using non-native allopatric generalist predators as a proxy for potential alien species. The Antarctic species tested included 14 Porifera, two Cnidaria, two Annelida, one Nemertea, two Bryozooa, three Echinodermata, and five Chordata (Tunicata). Most of these Antarctic marine benthic macroinvertebrates were chemically protected against an allopatric generalist amphipod but not against an allopatric generalist crab from temperate waters. Therefore, both a possible recolonization of large crabs from deep waters or an invasion of non-native generalist crab species could potentially alter the fundamental nature of these communities forever since chemical defenses would not be effective against them. This, together with the increasing temperatures that elevate the probability of alien species surviving, is a huge threat to Antarctic marine benthos.}, }
@article {pmid36135556, year = {2022}, author = {Querner, P and Szucsich, N and Landsberger, B and Erlacher, S and Trebicki, L and Grabowski, M and Brimblecombe, P}, title = {Identification and Spread of the Ghost Silverfish (Ctenolepisma calvum) among Museums and Homes in Europe.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {36135556}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {Heritage_2020-043_Modelling-Museum//Austrian Academy of Science/ ; }, abstract = {Ctenolepisma calvum was first described in Sri Lanka (Ceylon) in 1910, and this island is probably the origin of this species. Later, it was also found in the Caribbean (Cuba and Trinidad and Tobago). Up until the present, it has only been identified within buildings (a synanthropic species), and its natural habitat is unknown. In 2007, it was discovered in Germany and was considered a neobiotic species of Lepismatidae in Europe. It has rapidly spread throughout Europe and beyond in recent years. This led us to analyze the available data of the first occurrences in Germany, Austria, and other European countries. Furthermore, we compared the spread inside of museums in Vienna (Austria) and Berlin (Germany). These museums have been monitored for a long period with sticky traps, representing the best source of information on the dispersion dynamics of Ctenolepisma calvum. We found a scattered occurrence of this species in 18 countries in Europe (including Russia and Ukraine). The first record for Poland has not previously been published; however, this species has been present there since 2014. Surprisingly, it was found in Hungary in 2003, but a record was only published online in 2021. Additionally, in Germany and Austria, where most data are available, the spread of the species does not follow any clear pattern. In museums in Berlin, the species has only been found in one location. In contrast, the species rapidly spread in museums in Vienna between 2014 and 2021, from four to 30 locations, and it is now a well-established species with occasional high abundance. We examined the spread of the species at three spatial scales: (i) Europe, (ii) national, and (iii) regional. Our observations indicate that it is possibly distributed with materials (packaging material, hygiene articles, paper, cardboard, and collection items). Little is yet known about the biology of this introduced pest. We describe its preferred habitat within buildings, its climate requirements, and its potential to act as a new museum pest in Central Europe. This species seems to thrive at room temperature in buildings. Further impact on the species due to climate change in the future is also discussed. We offer a simple morphological key and a detailed identification table to help correct species identification.}, }
@article {pmid36135482, year = {2022}, author = {López, C and Las Heras, S and Garrido-Jurado, I and Quesada-Moraga, E and Eizaguirre, M}, title = {Survey of Natural Enemies of the Invasive Boxwood Moth Cydalima perspectalis in Southwestern Mediterranean Europe and Biocontrol Potential of a Native Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. Strain.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {36135482}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Cydalima perspectalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a species native to East Asia, has been especially devastating in the Mediterranean region and Catalonia, northeast Spain, where Buxus sempervirens is an essential component of the natural forest. As an invasive species, the lack of biotic mortality factors in the arrival region has been one of the main factors allowing its expansion. Therefore, this study aimed to collect and identify possible indigenous natural enemies adapting to the new species in the boxwood of the southwest Mediterranean region. Later, the efficacy of some of the collected species for controlling C. perspectalis larvae was tested in laboratory conditions. The larval collection was carried out in successive years in the boxwood of the region. Several collected larvae were infected with an entomopathogen, Beauveria bassiana, or parasitized by Compsilura concinnata, both common in native Lepidoptera caterpillars. The B. bassiana strain was found to be highly virulent against the developed larvae of C. perspectalis, which suggests that B. bassiana may be an effective treatment in parks and gardens when the first overwintering larvae are detected. The biology of the parasitoid identified is not very well known in Europe, which suggests the necessity of studying its biology and alternative hosts in the region in order to improve its population.}, }
@article {pmid36134698, year = {2022}, author = {Chen, H and Jing, Q and Liu, X and Zhou, X and Fang, C and Li, B and Zhou, S and Nie, M}, title = {Microbial respiratory thermal adaptation is regulated by r-/K-strategy dominance.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {25}, number = {11}, pages = {2489-2499}, doi = {10.1111/ele.14106}, pmid = {36134698}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {2572022BA01//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; 91951112//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42203076//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31830009//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; ZD2021C002//Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China/ ; 19DZ1203404//Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, China/ ; 21TQ1400100//Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research - Fudan University/ ; 21TQ004//Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research - Fudan University/ ; 21SG02//The 'Shuguang Program' supported by Shanghai Education Development Foundation and Shanghai Municipal Education Commission/ ; 21XD1420700//The Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader/ ; }, mesh = {*Soil Microbiology ; *Carbon Cycle ; Rhizosphere ; Soil ; Carbon ; }, abstract = {Microbial thermal adaptation is considered to be one of the core mechanisms affecting soil carbon cycling. However, the role of microbial community composition in controlling thermal adaptation is poorly understood. Using microbial communities from the rhizosphere and bulk soils in an 8-year warming experiment as a model, we experimentally demonstrate that respiratory thermal adaptation was much stronger in microbial K-strategist-dominated bulk soils than in microbial r-strategist-dominated rhizosphere soils. Soil carbon availability exerted strong selection on the dominant ecological strategy of the microbial community, indirectly influencing respiratory thermal adaptation. Our findings shed light on the linchpin of the dominant ecological strategy exhibited by the microbial community in determining its respiratory thermal adaptation, with implications for understanding soil carbon losses under warming.}, }
@article {pmid36131994, year = {2022}, author = {Latombe, G and Catford, JA and Essl, F and Lenzner, B and Richardson, DM and Wilson, JRU and McGeoch, MA}, title = {GIRAE: a generalised approach for linking the total impact of invasion to species' range, abundance and per-unit effects.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {24}, number = {10}, pages = {3147-3167}, pmid = {36131994}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The total impact of an alien species was conceptualised as the product of its range size, local abundance and per-unit effect in a seminal paper by Parker et al. (Biol Invasions 1:3-19, 1999). However, a practical approach for estimating the three components has been lacking. Here, we generalise the impact formula and, through use of regression models, estimate the relationship between the three components of impact, an approach we term GIRAE (Generalised Impact = Range size × Abundance × per-unit Effect). We discuss how GIRAE can be applied to multiple types of impact, including environmental impacts, damage and management costs. We propose two methods for applying GIRAE. The species-specific method computes the relationship between impact, range size, abundance and per-unit effect for a given species across multiple invaded sites or regions of different sizes. The multi-species method combines data from multiple species across multiple sites or regions to calculate a per-unit effect for each species and is computed using a single regression model. The species-specific method is more accurate, but it requires a large amount of data for each species and assumes a constant per-unit effect for a species across the invaded area. The multi-species method is more easily applicable and data-parsimonious, but assumes the same relationship between impact, range size and abundance for all considered species. We illustrate these methods using data about money spent managing plant invasions in different biomes of South Africa. We found clear differences between species in terms of money spent per unit area invaded, with per-unit expenditure varying substantially between biomes for some species-insights that are useful for monitoring and evaluating management. GIRAE offers a versatile and practical method that can be applied to many different types of data to better understand and manage the impacts of biological invasions.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10530-022-02836-0.}, }
@article {pmid36130985, year = {2022}, author = {Montarsi, F and Rosso, F and Arnoldi, D and Ravagnan, S and Marini, G and Delucchi, L and Rosà, R and Rizzoli, A}, title = {First report of the blood-feeding pattern in Aedes koreicus, a new invasive species in Europe.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {15751}, pmid = {36130985}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Aedes/genetics ; Animals ; Birds ; *Deer ; Electron Transport Complex IV ; Europe ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics ; }, abstract = {Aedes koreicus is an invasive mosquito species which has been introduced into several European countries. Compared to other invasive Aedes mosquitoes, little is known of its biology and ecology. To determine Ae. koreicus' vectorial capacity, it is essential to establish its feeding patterns and level of anthropophagy. We report on the blood-feeding patterns of Ae. koreicus, examining the blood meal origin of engorged females and evaluating the influence of different biotic and abiotic factors on feeding behavior. Mosquitoes were collected in 23 sites in northern Italy by manual aspiration and BG-sentinel traps; host availability was estimated by survey. The source of blood meals was identified using a nested PCR and by targeting and sequencing the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. In total, 352 Ae. koreicus engorged females were collected between 2013 and 2020 and host blood meals were determined from 299 blood-fed mosquitoes (84.9%). Eleven host species were identified, with the highest prevalences being observed among roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) (N = 189, 63.2%) and humans (N = 46, 15.4%). Blood meals were mostly taken from roe deer in forested sites and from humans in urban areas, suggesting that this species can feed on different hosts according to local abundance. Two blood meals were identified from avian hosts and one from lizard. Ae. koreicus' mammalophilic feeding pattern suggests that it may be a potential vector of pathogens establishing transmission cycles among mammals, whereas its role as a bridge vector between mammals and birds could be negligible.}, }
@article {pmid36128971, year = {2022}, author = {Negrini, VM and Lonati, D and Pappalardo, A and Schicchi, A and Petrolini, VM and Bernasconi, L and Brolli, B and Grazioli, C and Alonzo, E and Locatelli, CA}, title = {Case series of Chlorophyllum molybdites intoxication in Sicily: an "alien" mushroom species in Europe.}, journal = {Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, pages = {213-217}, doi = {10.4415/ANN_22_03_11}, pmid = {36128971}, issn = {2384-8553}, mesh = {*Agaricales ; Child ; Europe ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Poisons ; Sicily ; Syndrome ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Mushroom poisoning is an important cause of intoxication worldwide. The toxic mechanism remains frequently unknown and the diffusion of non-endemic species may cause the emergence of new syndromes. An example is the widespread of Chlorophyllum molybdites in Sicily.<br><br>CASE SERIES: Pavia Poison Centre was recently involved in the management of 10 intoxications caused by the ingestion of Chlorophyllum molybdites, which was not considered part of the Italian mycological species. The clinical syndrome was characterized by severe gastrointestinal symptoms. In paediatric or vulnerable patients, it may bring to hypovolemic shock that necessitate intensive support. The possibly confusion with amatoxins-containing mushrooms may complicate the management.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Chlorophyllum molybdites is widespread on the oriental coast of Sicily and it could be confused with "parasol mushrooms". Cooperation between emergency physicians, clinical toxicologist and mycologist, supported by improving of laboratory tests, is essential for the appropriate clinical management. Climate changes and migration flows can interfere with the diffusion of new species and the development of novel syndromes.}, }
@article {pmid36128963, year = {2022}, author = {Mosca, A and Perna, MF and Giovannozzi, M and Roberto, P}, title = {First report of two Asian invasive mosquito species, Aedes japonicus and Aedes koreicus, in Piedmont, northwest Italy.}, journal = {Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, pages = {162-165}, doi = {10.4415/ANN_22_03_03}, pmid = {36128963}, issn = {2384-8553}, mesh = {*Aedes/physiology ; Animals ; Europe ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Aedes japonicus japonicus and Aedes koreicus are two invasive mosquitoes recently reported in various parts of Europe, including areas very close to Piedmont where, since 2012, specific tools have been implemented to allow the early detection of invasive mosquitoes, through the surveillance of the main points of entry.<br><br>RESULTS: Thanks to the regional surveillance system, Ae. j. japonicus was intercepted in Piedmont for the first time in 2019, in the northernmost part of the region and now it is reported in six provinces. Ae. koreicus was intercepted for the first time in 2012 in three provinces.<br><br>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The spread of these two invasive mosquitoes in Europe is still ongoing. Where Aedes albopictus is abundant, probably their presence goes undetected, therefore, it is crucial to begin surveillance early in the season. Due to their competence for several arboviruses and tolerance to the cold temperatures Ae. j. japonicus and Ae. koreicus represent a further concern for Public Health. A longer seasonal period for surveillance and response to mosquito-borne diseases, as well as a shift up of these activities to previously uncovered altitudes are indeed needed.}, }
@article {pmid36128194, year = {2022}, author = {Sugiura, S and Date, T}, title = {Bombardier beetles repel invasive bullfrogs.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e13805}, pmid = {36128194}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera/physiology ; Rana catesbeiana/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Ranidae ; Japan ; }, abstract = {Invasive non-native predators negatively affect native species; however, some native species can survive the predation pressures of invasive species by using pre-existing antipredator strategies or evolving defenses against invasive predators. The American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus (Anura: Ranidae) has been intentionally introduced to many countries and regions, and has impacted native animals through direct predation. Bombardier beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Brachininae: Brachinini) discharge chemicals at a temperature of approximately 100 °C from the tip of the abdomen when they are attacked by predators. This "bombing" can successfully repel predators. However, adults of a native bombardier beetle Pheropsophus (Stenaptinus) occipitalis jessoensis have been reportedly found in the gut contents of the introduced bullfrog L. catesbeianus in Japan. These records suggest that the invasive bullfrog L. catesbeianus attacks the native bombardier beetle P. occipitalis jessoensis under field conditions in Japan; however, the effectiveness of the bombing defense against invasive bullfrogs is unclear. To test the effectiveness of the bombing defense against bullfrogs, we investigated the behavioral responses of L. catesbeianus juveniles to P. occipitalis jessoensis adults under laboratory conditions. Contrary to previous gut content results, almost all the bullfrogs (96.3%) rejected bombardier beetles before swallowing them; 88.9% rejected the beetles after being bombed, and 7.4% stopped attacking the beetles before being bombed. Only 3.7% successfully swallowed and digested the beetle. All of the beetles collected from non-bullfrog-invaded sites could deter bullfrogs, suggesting that the pre-existing defenses of bombardier beetles played an essential role in repelling bullfrogs. When treated beetles that were unable to discharge hot chemicals were provided, 77.8% of bullfrogs successfully swallowed and digested the treated beetles. These results indicate that bombing is important for the successful defense of P. occipitalis jessoensis against invasive bullfrogs. Although invasive bullfrogs have reportedly impacted native insect species, P. occipitalis jessoensis has an existing defense mechanism strong enough to repel the invasive predators.}, }
@article {pmid36122567, year = {2023}, author = {Frost, ER and Ford, EA and Peters, AE and Lovell-Badge, R and Taylor, G and McLaughlin, EA and Sutherland, JM}, title = {A New Understanding, Guided by Single-Cell Sequencing, of the Establishment and Maintenance of the Ovarian Reserve in Mammals.}, journal = {Sexual development : genetics, molecular biology, evolution, endocrinology, embryology, and pathology of sex determination and differentiation}, volume = {17}, number = {2-3}, pages = {145-155}, doi = {10.1159/000526426}, pmid = {36122567}, issn = {1661-5433}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Female ; *Ovarian Reserve/genetics ; Fertility ; Mammals/genetics ; Germ Cells ; Oocytes ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Oocytes are a finite and non-renewable resource that are maintained in primordial follicle structures. The ovarian reserve is the totality of primordial follicles, present from birth, within the ovary and its establishment, size, and maintenance dictates the duration of the female reproductive lifespan. Understanding the cellular and molecular dynamics relevant to the establishment and maintenance of the reserve provides the first steps necessary for modulating both individual human and animal reproductive health as well as population dynamics.<br><br>SUMMARY: This review details the key stages of establishment and maintenance of the ovarian reserve, encompassing germ cell nest formation, germ cell nest breakdown, and primordial follicle formation and activation. Furthermore, we spotlight several formative single-cell sequencing studies that have significantly advanced our knowledge of novel molecular regulators of the ovarian reserve, which may improve our ability to modulate female reproductive lifespans.<br><br>KEY MESSAGES: The application of single-cell sequencing to studies of ovarian development in mammals, especially when leveraging genetic and environmental models, offers significant insights into fertility and its regulation. Moreover, comparative studies looking at key stages in the development of the ovarian reserve across species has the potential to impact not just human fertility, but also conservation biology, invasive species management, and agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid36118126, year = {2022}, author = {Lovelock, B and Ji, Y and Carr, A and Blye, CJ}, title = {Should tourists care more about invasive species? International and domestic visitors' perceptions of invasive plants and their control in New Zealand.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {24}, number = {12}, pages = {3905-3918}, pmid = {36118126}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {Tourism has been implicated in the spread of invasive species, not only through physical means but through invasive species being perpetuated in destinations as part of the tourism landscape. This study reports on a survey of 238 domestic and international tourists visiting the south of New Zealand, with a focus on their knowledge of and attitudes to the management of two invasive plants: wild conifers and Russell lupins. Both plants have profound ecological, economic and environmental impacts but are also increasingly a part of the tourist landscapes in the study region. The survey found significant differences between domestic and international visitors in their levels of ecological knowledge about the invasive plants, with domestic visitors having greater awareness. However, there were also significant differences between international visitors according to origin and ethnicity, with Asian visitors showing lower awareness and also lower willingness to support eradication of the invasives, even after being provided information on the ecological impact of the species. Participants also responded differently to the two species, being less willing to support eradication of the attractive Russell lupin, compared to wild conifers. There are implications for management in terms of the messaging that may be required for different visitor groups around invasive species control. The study also points to the challenge of developing support for the management of charismatic plant species such as Russell lupin that are now firmly located within the tourism domain.}, }
@article {pmid36113796, year = {2023}, author = {Lenzen, M and Tzeng, M and Floerl, O and Zaiko, A}, title = {Application of multi-region input-output analysis to examine biosecurity risks associated with the global shipping network.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {854}, number = {}, pages = {158758}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158758}, pmid = {36113796}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Biosecurity ; Ships ; Aquatic Organisms ; *Biofouling ; }, abstract = {The vast majority of globally traded cargo is transported via maritime shipping. Whilst in port for loading and unloading, these ships can pick up local marine organisms with internal ballast water or as external biofouling assemblages and subsequently move these to destination far beyond their natural ranges. Over the past decades, this mechanism has led to the establishment of hundreds of non-indigenous species (NIS) around global coastlines. Marine NIS cause significant environmental, economic, cultural and human health impacts. Taking effective steps to preventing their dispersal and establishment is an enduring challenge for governments and conservation agencies around the world. Here we use international commodity trade data and a Nobel-Prize-winning economic analysis technique to develop a novel approach for assessing global marine NIS transfer risks. We show that by tracing the origins and destinations of seaborne trade connections, and the nature of the traded commodities, we can predict the strength of shipping vectors and associated marine biosecurity risks. We demonstrate the utility of our approach via a case-study, where we trace the spread of a hypothetical marine NIS from Japan and show the congruence of our model results with documented invasion histories from that region. Our study demonstrates that biosecurity risk can be assessed using established economic modelling frameworks on the basis of monetary transaction data alone, and without the need for detailed itineraries of the many thousand vessels making up the global commercial fleet. Novel, cost-effective tools are needed to mitigate biosecurity risks associated with maritime trade, and to meet conservation goals while enabling economic prosperity. The modelling framework presented here can be expanded to incorporate future risk factors, life-history traits of particular NIS of concern, and even adapted to simulate the dispersal of terrestrial pests or disease agents.}, }
@article {pmid36112682, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, J and Chen, X and Hou, X and Wang, J and Yue, W and Huang, S and Xu, G and Yan, J and Lu, G and Hofreiter, M and Li, C and Wang, C}, title = {"Omics" data unveil early molecular response underlying limb regeneration in the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {8}, number = {37}, pages = {eabl4642}, pmid = {36112682}, issn = {2375-2548}, mesh = {China ; Genome ; *Histones/genetics ; Regeneration/genetics ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Limb regeneration is a fascinating and medically interesting trait that has been well preserved in arthropod lineages, particularly in crustaceans. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying arthropod limb regeneration remain largely elusive. The Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis shows strong regenerative capacity, a trait that has likely allowed it to become a worldwide invasive species. Here, we report a chromosome-level genome of E. sinensis as well as large-scale transcriptome data during the limb regeneration process. Our results reveal that arthropod-specific genes involved in signal transduction, immune response, histone methylation, and cuticle development all play fundamental roles during the regeneration process. Particularly, Innexin2-mediated signal transduction likely facilitates the early stage of the regeneration process, while an effective crustacean-specific prophenoloxidase system (ProPo-AS) plays crucial roles in the initial immune response. Collectively, our findings uncover novel genetic pathways pertaining to arthropod limb regeneration and provide valuable resources for studies on regeneration from a comparative perspective.}, }
@article {pmid36112661, year = {2022}, author = {Zhang, Q and Dou, W and Taning, CNT and Yu, SS and Yuan, GR and Shang, F and Smagghe, G and Wang, JJ}, title = {miR-309a is a regulator of ovarian development in the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis.}, journal = {PLoS genetics}, volume = {18}, number = {9}, pages = {e1010411}, pmid = {36112661}, issn = {1553-7404}, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila/metabolism ; Ecdysterone/metabolism ; Female ; Juvenile Hormones/metabolism ; *MicroRNAs/genetics/metabolism ; *Tephritidae/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Vitellogenins/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Fecundity is arguably one of the most important life history traits, as it is closely tied to fitness. Most arthropods are recognized for their extreme reproductive capacity. For example, a single female of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis, a highly invasive species that is one of the most destructive agricultural pests worldwide, can lay more than 3000 eggs during its life span. The ovary is crucial for insect reproduction and its development requires further investigation at the molecular level. We report here that miR-309a is a regulator of ovarian development in B. dorsalis. Our bioinformatics and molecular studies have revealed that miR-309a binds the transcription factor pannier (GATA-binding factor A/pnr), and this activates yolk vitellogenin 2 (Vg 2) and vitellogenin receptor (VgR) advancing ovarian development. We further show that miR-309a is under the control of juvenile hormone (JH) and independent from 20-hydroxyecdysone. Thus, we identified a JH-controlled miR-309a/pnr axis that regulates Vg2 and VgR to control the ovarian development. This study has further enhanced our understanding of molecular mechanisms governing ovarian development and insect reproduction. It provides a background for identifying targets for controlling important Dipteran pests.}, }
@article {pmid36111976, year = {2022}, author = {Jeannin, C and Perrin, Y and Cornelie, S and Gloria-Soria, A and Gauchet, JD and Robert, V}, title = {An alien in Marseille: investigations on a single Aedes aegypti mosquito likely introduced by a merchant ship from tropical Africa to Europe.}, journal = {Parasite (Paris, France)}, volume = {29}, number = {}, pages = {42}, pmid = {36111976}, issn = {1776-1042}, mesh = {*Aedes/genetics ; Animals ; Cameroon ; Europe ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics ; Ships ; }, abstract = {Control of invasive species relies partly on permanent surveillance at international points of entry. We report the exceptional trapping of one adult mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) in the port of Marseille, France, in July 2018, during a routine survey conducted according to International Health Regulations. Morphological and molecular identification classified the specimen as a female Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.), vector of many arboviruses, absent from Europe and the Mediterranean rim since the 1950s. A world reference panel of approximately 23,000 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms determined that the mosquito originated from Cameroon, west Africa. Cross-reference of this geographic location with boats traveling from Central Africa to Marseille during the trapping period suggests that the mosquito travelled within an identified merchant ship, a vehicles carrier connecting Douala, Cameroon to Marseille, France. This ship left Douala on June 25, 2018 and arrived 20 days later in Marseille on July 15. The mosquito was captured 350 m away from the dock. The interception of a propagule of an invasive species is a rare event that must be considered a priority to prevent its successful establishment.}, }
@article {pmid36111148, year = {2022}, author = {Uebi, T and Sakita, T and Ikeda, R and Sakanishi, K and Tsutsumi, T and Zhang, Z and Ma, H and Matsubara, R and Matsuyama, S and Nakajima, S and Huang, RN and Habe, S and Hefetz, A and Ozaki, M}, title = {Chemical identification of an active component and putative neural mechanism for repellent effect of a native ant's odor on invasive species.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {844084}, pmid = {36111148}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {The invasive Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) and the red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) constitute a worldwide threat, causing severe disruption to ecological systems and harming human welfare. In view of the limited success of current pest control measures, we propose here to employ repellents as means to mitigate the effect of these species. We demonstrate that cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) used as nestmate-recognition pheromone in the Japanese carpenter ant (Camponotus japonicus), and particularly its (Z)-9-tricosene component, induced vigorous olfactory response and intense aversion in these invasive species. (Z)-9-Tricosene, when given to their antennae, caused indiscriminate glomerular activation of antennal lobe (AL) regions, creating neural disarray and leading to aversive behavior. Considering the putative massive central neural effect, we suggest that the appropriate use of certain CHCs of native ants can facilitate aversive withdrawal of invasive ants.}, }
@article {pmid36109381, year = {2022}, author = {Bláha, M and Weiperth, A and Patoka, J and Szajbert, B and Balogh, ER and Staszny, &#xc1; and Ferincz, &#xc1; and Lente, V and Maciaszek, R and Kouba, A}, title = {The pet trade as a source of non-native decapods: the case of crayfish and shrimps in a thermal waterbody in Hungary.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {194}, number = {10}, pages = {795}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-022-10361-9}, pmid = {36109381}, issn = {1573-2959}, support = {SS02030018//Technology Agency of the Czech Republic/ ; LM2018099//Ministerstvo &#x160;kolstv&#xed;, Ml&#xe1;de&#x17e;e a T&#x11b;lov&#xfd;chovy/ ; 19-04431S//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; TKP2020-NKA-16//Hungarian Scientific Research Fund/ ; TKP2020-NKA-16//Hungarian Scientific Research Fund/ ; OTKA PD138612//Hungarian Scientific Research Fund/ ; &#xda;NKP-23-3 I-(II)-MATE/26//Hungarian-Innov&#xe1;ci&#xf3;s &#xe9;s Technol&#xf3;giai Miniszt&#xe9;rium/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Astacoidea ; *Decapoda ; Environmental Monitoring ; Female ; Fresh Water ; Hungary ; }, abstract = {Ornamental aquaculture and the related pet industry are known to be important sources of non-native species worldwide. In the temperate zone, thermal waterbodies are attractive places for irresponsible owners to release unwanted freshwater pets including decapod crustaceans. Several non-native ornamental species have been reported in the thermal locality of Miskolctapolca (a suburb of Miskolc, Hungary). So we surveyed this site in March 2019-November 2021 to update local occurrence records and detect potentially newly released species. A well-established population of Neocaridina denticulata and the occurrence of Caridina cf. babaulti had previously been noted. However, for the first time at this site, we found the shrimps Atyopsis moluccensis, Caridina gracilirostris and C. multidentata, as well as the crayfish Procambarus virginalis, P. clarkii, Cherax quadricarinatus, C. boesemani and C. snowden, and several formally undescribed Cherax species originating from New Guinea. Furthermore, in most species, gravid females carrying eggs were also noticed. Three shrimps, A. moluccensis, C. gracilirostris and C. multidentata, were recorded for the first time in European wild. Further monitoring of this locality and better education of the general public regarding the risks associated with the release of non-native species are strongly recommended.}, }
@article {pmid36108840, year = {2023}, author = {Havrdová, A and Douda, J and Doudová, J}, title = {Threats, biodiversity drivers and restoration in temperate floodplain forests related to spatial scales.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {854}, number = {}, pages = {158743}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158743}, pmid = {36108840}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Forests ; Biodiversity ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Floodplain forests offer a diversity of habitats and resources for a very wide range of plant and animal species. They also offer many benefits to humankind and are considered essential to the mitigation of the effects of climate change. Nevertheless, throughout the world they are suffering the most intense of anthropogenic pressures so are, of all ecosystems, among the most endangered. Here, we bring together and synthesise existing ecological understanding of the mechanisms underlying the high heterogeneity and diversity of temperate floodplain forests and of the pressures threatening their high biological value due to habitat homogenisation. Floodplain forests depend on the periodic disturbances under which they evolved, including fluvial dynamics, traditional management practices and the activities of herbivores. However, they have been heavily degraded by climate change, invasion of exotic species, river-flow regulation, landscape fragmentation, eutrophication and the cessation of traditional management. We can now observe two general trends in temperate floodplain forests: (1) Due to intensive landscape exploitation, they are now more open and thus prone to the spread of competitive species, including of invasive exotics and (2) Due to the cessation of traditional management, along with modified hydrological conditions, they are composed of species in the later successional stages (i.e., more shade-tolerant and mesic) while light-demanding species are quickly vanishing. Restoration practices have brought about contrasting results when restoration of floodplains to their natural states has been problematic. This is likely because of interplay between various natural and artificial processes not previously taken into proper consideration. We would like to draw attention to the fact that restoration projects or the preservation of existing floodplain forest ecosystems should combine the restoration of watercourses with the mitigation of other important threats acting at different scales of the landscape (spread of invasive species, eutrophication of watersheds and inappropriate forest management).}, }
@article {pmid36106701, year = {2022}, author = {Mu, X and Liu, Y and Liu, C and Zhao, C and Li, R and You, X and Yang, Y and Wang, X and Hu, Y and Shi, Q and Bian, C}, title = {Identification of candidate sex-specific genomic regions in male and female Asian arowana genomes.}, journal = {GigaScience}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {36106701}, issn = {2047-217X}, mesh = {Animals ; Chromosomes ; Female ; Fishes/genetics ; *Genome ; *Genome-Wide Association Study ; Genomics ; Male ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Asian arowana, Scleropages formosus, is one of the most expensive aquarium fish species worldwide. Its sex, however, cannot be distinguished clearly at any development stage, which impedes captive breeding and species protection for this endangered aquarium fish.<br><br>RESULTS: To discover molecular clues to the sex of Asian arowana, we sequenced 26.5 Gb of PacBio HiFi reads and 179.2 Gb of Hi-C reads for 1 male fish and also sequenced 106.5 Gb of Illumina reads, 36.0 Gb of PacBio Sequel reads, and 80.7 Gb of Hi-C reads for 1 female individual. The final male and female genome assemblies were approximately 756.8 Mb and 781.5 Mb in length and contained 25,262 and 25,328 protein-coding genes, respectively. We also resequenced the genomes of 15 male and 15 female individuals with approximately 722.1 Gb of Illumina reads. A genome-wide association study identified several potentially divergent regions between male and female individuals. In these regions, cd48 and cfap52 could be candidate genes for sex determination of Asian arowana. We also found some structural variations in few chromosomes between male and female individuals.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We provided an improved reference genome assembly of female arowana and generated the first sequenced genome of 1 male individual. These valuable genetic resources and resequencing data may improve global aquarium fish research.}, }
@article {pmid36105679, year = {2022}, author = {Okada, S and Shoshi, Y and Takashima, Y and Sanjoba, C and Watari, Y and Miyashita, T}, title = {Role of landscape context in Toxoplasma gondii infection of invasive definitive and intermediate hosts on a World Heritage Island.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {19}, number = {}, pages = {96-104}, pmid = {36105679}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {Free-ranging cats are invasive species threatening biodiversity worldwide. They may also impose an environmental risk to humans and livestock through the transmission of zoonotic diseases. We investigated antibody levels against Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging cats and black rats (definitive and representative intermediate hosts) by ELISA and determined their relationships with landscape environmental factors on Tokunoshima Island, Japan, the Natural World Heritage site. We found a higher seroprevalence (>70%) in both cats and black rats in landscapes where the cattle barn density was high. This was consistent with higher density of rats revealed in our trapping survey. The spatial scale of landscape factors affecting infection was broader in cats (1 km buffer radius) than in black rats (100 m buffer radius). Both cats and rats showed an increasing trend in optical density (OD) values with increasing body weight and landscape cattle barn density, suggesting that the antibody concentration increases as the chance of exposure to T. gondii in the environment increases. Thus, management actions to stop humans from feeding cats and to control rat populations without using cats are both necessary to reduce the human health risk as well as to conserve endangered species on the island.}, }
@article {pmid36105587, year = {2022}, author = {Mu, X and Yang, Y and Sun, J and Yi Liu,  and Xu, M and Shao, C and Chu, KH and Li, W and Liu, C and Gu, D and Fang, M and Zhang, C and Liu, F and Song, H and Wang, X and Chen, J and Ma, KY}, title = {FishPIE: A universal phylogenetically informative exon markers set for ray-finned fishes.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {25}, number = {9}, pages = {105025}, pmid = {36105587}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {Understanding the evolutionary history of the highly diverse ray-finned fishes has been challenging, and the development of more universal primers for phylogenetic analyses may help overcoming these challenges. We developed FishPIE, a nested PCR primer set of 82 phylogenetically informative exon markers, and tested it on 203 species from 31 orders of Actinopterygii. We combined orthologous sequences of the FishPIE markers obtained from published genomes and transcriptomes and constructed the phylogeny of 710 species belonging to 190 families and 60 orders. The resulting phylogenies had topologies comparable to previous phylogenomic studies. We demonstrated that the FishPIE markers could address phylogenetic questions across broad taxonomic levels. By incorporating the newly sequenced taxa, we were able to shed new light on the phylogeny of the highly diverse Cypriniformes. Thus, FishPIE holds great promise for generating genetic data for broad taxonomic groups and accelerating our understanding of the fish tree of life.}, }
@article {pmid36104847, year = {2024}, author = {Yan, Y and Oduor, AMO and Li, F and Xie, Y and Liu, Y}, title = {Opposite effects of nutrient enrichment and an invasive snail on the growth of invasive and native macrophytes.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {e2737}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2737}, pmid = {36104847}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {Y9B7041001//Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; 2021VBB0004//CAS President's International Fellowship Initiative/ ; 42171062//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2022NK2058//Program of Research and Development of Hunan Province/ ; 2022NK2059//Program of Research and Development of Hunan Province/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Biomass ; *Food ; Plants ; Introduced Species ; Nutrients ; Herbivory ; Snails ; }, abstract = {Many ecosystems are now co-invaded by alien plant and herbivore species. The evolutionary naivety of native plants to alien herbivores can make the plants more susceptible to the detrimental effects of herbivory than co-occurring invasive plants, in accordance with the apparent competition hypothesis. Moreover, the invasional meltdown hypothesis predicts that in multiply invaded ecosystems, invasive species can facilitate each other's impacts on native communities. Although there is growing empirical support for these hypotheses, facilitative interactions between invasive plants and herbivores remain underexplored in aquatic ecosystems. Many freshwater ecosystems are co-invaded by aquatic macrophytes and mollusks and simultaneously experience nutrient enrichment. However, the interactive effects of these ecological processes on native macrophyte communities remain an underexplored area. To test these effects, we performed a freshwater mesocosm experiment in which we grew a synthetic native community of three macrophyte species under two levels of invasion by an alien macrophyte Myriophyllum aquaticum (invasion vs. no invasion) and fully crossed with two levels of nutrient enrichment (enrichment vs. no enrichment) and herbivory by an invasive snail Pomacea canaliculata (herbivory vs. no herbivory). In line with the invasional meltdown and apparent competition hypotheses, we found that the proportional aboveground biomass yield of the invasive macrophyte, relative to that of the native macrophyte community, was significantly greater in the presence of the invasive herbivore. Evidence of a reciprocal facilitative effect of the invasive macrophyte on the invasive herbivore is provided by results showing that the herbivore produced greater egg biomass in the presence versus in the absence of M. aquaticum. However, nutrient enrichment reduced the mean proportional aboveground biomass yield of the invasive macrophyte. Our results suggested that herbivory by invader P. canaliculata may enhance the invasiveness of M. aquaticum. However, nutrient enrichment of habitats that already harbor M. aquaticum may slow down the invasive spread of the macrophyte. Broadly, our study underscores the significance of considering several factors and their interactions when assessing the impact of invasive species, especially considering that many habitats experience co-invasion by plants and herbivores and simultaneously undergo various other disturbances, including nutrient enrichment.}, }
@article {pmid36104451, year = {2022}, author = {Piccardi, P and Alberti, G and Alexander, JM and Mitri, S}, title = {Microbial invasion of a toxic medium is facilitated by a resident community but inhibited as the community co-evolves.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {16}, number = {12}, pages = {2644-2652}, pmid = {36104451}, issn = {1751-7370}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Bacteria ; }, abstract = {Predicting whether microbial invaders will colonize an environment is critical for managing natural and engineered ecosystems, and controlling infectious disease. Invaders often face competition by resident microbes. But how invasions play out in communities dominated by facilitative interactions is less clear. We previously showed that growth medium toxicity can promote facilitation between four bacterial species, as species that cannot grow alone rely on others to survive. Following the same logic, here we allowed other bacterial species to invade the four-species community and found that invaders could more easily colonize a toxic medium when the community was present. In a more benign environment instead, invasive species that could survive alone colonized more successfully when the residents were absent. Next, we asked whether early colonists could exclude future ones through a priority effect, by inoculating the invaders into the resident community only after its members had co-evolved for 44 weeks. Compared to the ancestral community, the co-evolved resident community was more competitive toward invaders and less affected by them. Our experiments show how communities may assemble by facilitating one another in harsh, sterile environments, but that arriving after community members have co-evolved can limit invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid36104363, year = {2022}, author = {Effah, E and Svendsen, L and Barrett, DP and Clavijo McCormick, A}, title = {Exploring plant volatile-mediated interactions between native and introduced plants and insects.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {15450}, pmid = {36104363}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; *Cytisus ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Volatile Organic Compounds ; }, abstract = {In invasion scenarios, native and introduced species co-occur creating new interactions and modifying existing ones. Many plant-plant and plant-insect interactions are mediated by volatile organic compounds (VOCs), however, these have seldom been studied in an invasion context. To fill this knowledge gap, we explored some interactions mediated by VOCs between native and introduced plants and insects in a New Zealand system. We investigated whether a native plant, Leptospermum scoparium (mānuka), changes its volatile profile when grown adjacent to two European introduced plants, Calluna vulgaris (heather) and Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom), in a semi-field trial using potted plants without above- or below-ground physical contact. We also investigated the influence of plant cues on the host-searching behaviour of two beetles, the native Pyronota festiva (mānuka beetle), and the introduced biocontrol agent Lochmaea suturalis (heather beetle), by offering them their host-plant and non-host volatiles versus clean air, and their combination in a Y-tube olfactometer. As a follow-up, we performed preference/feeding tests in Petri dishes with fresh plant material. Results of the semi-field experiment show a significant reduction in green leaf volatiles, sesquiterpenes and total volatile emissions by mānuka plants neighbouring heather. In the Y-tube assays, the native beetle P. festiva performed poorly in discriminating between host and non-host plants based on plant volatile cues only. However, it performed relatively well in the Petri dish tests, where other cues (i.e., visual, gustatory or tactile) were present. In contrast, the introduced beetle L. suturalis showed high host-specificity in both Y-tube and Petri dish assays. This study illustrates the importance of VOCs in mediating interactions between introduced and native species, suggesting that invasive plants can disrupt native plants' communication and affect the host-searching behaviour of native insects. It also reinforces the relevance of regular host testing on introduced weed biocontrol agents to avoid unwanted host shifts or host-range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid36103141, year = {2024}, author = {Zhang, G and Bai, J and Tebbe, CC and Huang, L and Jia, J and Wang, W and Wang, X and Zhao, Q and Wen, L and Kong, F and Xi, M and He, Q}, title = {Habitat-specific responses of soil organic matter decomposition to Spartina alterniflora invasion along China's coast.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {e2741}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2741}, pmid = {36103141}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {U2006215//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Wetlands ; Soil ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae/physiology ; Plants ; *Microbiota ; Carbon/analysis ; Soil Microbiology ; China ; }, abstract = {Plant invasions cause a fundamental change in soil organic matter (SOM) turnover. Disentangling the biogeographic patterns and key drivers of SOM decomposition and its temperature sensitivity (Q10) under plant invasion is a prerequisite for making projections of global carbon feedback. We collected soil samples along China's coast across saltmarshes to mangrove ecosystems invaded by the smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel.). Microcosm experiments were carried out to determine the patterns of SOM decomposition and its thermal response. Soil microbial biomass and communities were also characterized accordingly. SOM decomposition constant dramatically decreased along the mean annual temperature gradient, whereas the cordgrass invasion retarded this change (significantly reduced slope, p < 0.05). The response of Q10 to invasion and the soil microbial quotient peaked at midlatitude saltmarshes, which can be explained by microbial metabolism strategies. Climatic variables showed strong negative controls on the Q10 , whereas dissolved carbon fraction exerted a positive influence on its spatial variance. Higher microbial diversity appeared to weaken the temperature-related response of SOM decomposition, with apparent benefits for carbon sequestration. Inconsistent responses to invasion were exhibited among habitat types, with SOM accumulation in saltmarshes but carbon loss in mangroves, which were explained, at least in part, by the SOM decomposition patterns under invasion. This study elucidates the geographic pattern of SOM decomposition and its temperature sensitivity in coastal ecosystems and underlines the importance of interactions between climate, soil, and microbiota for stabilizing SOM under plant invasion.}, }
@article {pmid36102220, year = {2024}, author = {Jiang, JJ and Zhao, YJ and Guo, Y and Gao, L and Richards, CL and Siemann, E and Wu, J and Li, B and Ju, RT}, title = {Restoration of native saltmarshes can reverse arthropod assemblages and trophic interactions changed by a plant invasion.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {e2740}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2740}, pmid = {36102220}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {41630528//National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; 32171661//National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; 32030067//National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; 31961133028//National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; 2021FY100704//Special Project on National Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation of China/ ; 20DZ1204702//Key Project of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality/ ; 19DZ1204100//Key Project of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality/ ; 20210111//Yellow Sea Wetland Research Institute/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Arthropods ; Wetlands ; Plants ; Poaceae ; Soil/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Plant invasions profoundly impact both natural and managed ecosystems, and removal of the invasive plants addresses only part of the problem of restoring impacted areas. The rehabilitation of diverse communities and their ecosystem functions following removal of invasive plants is an important goal of ecological restoration. Arthropod assemblages and trophic interactions are important indicators of the success of restoration, but they have largely been overlooked in saltmarshes. We determined how arthropod assemblages and trophic interactions changed with the invasion of the exotic plant Spartina alterniflora and with the restoration of the native plant Phragmites australis following Spartina removal in a Chinese saltmarsh. We investigated multiple biotic and abiotic variables to gain insight into the factors underlying the changes in arthropod assemblages and trophic structure. We found that although Spartina invasion had changed arthropod diversity, community structure, feeding-guild composition, and the diets of arthropod natural enemies in the saltmarsh, these changes could be reversed by the restoration of native Phragmites vegetation following removal of the invader. The variation in arthropod assemblages and trophic structure were critically associated with four biotic and abiotic variables (aboveground biomass, plant density, leaf N, and soil salinity). Our findings demonstrate the positive effects of controlling invasive plants on biodiversity and nutrient cycling and provide a foundation for assessing the efficacy of ecological restoration projects in saltmarshes.}, }
@article {pmid36101295, year = {2022}, author = {Cieplok, A and Anderson, R and Gawlak, M and Kauski, T and Spyra, A}, title = {Morphological diversification of alien and native aquatic snails of the genus Physa and Aplexa (Gastropoda: Physidae) of Western and Central European range.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5168}, number = {2}, pages = {101-118}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5168.2.1}, pmid = {36101295}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Snails ; }, abstract = {This is the first comparative study on alien and native Physidae (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) from Western and Central Europe. Morphology, ecological features and distribution are presented for each physid species. We analysed taxonomical features of physid snails from Europe in great detail. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods were used to elucidate the external morphology of the shells of physid gastropods that occur in Western and Central Europe. On comparison we found significant differences in the external morphology among the species. Morphological analyses facilitate the recognition of variations of physid shells. An interspecific similarities were noted within Physidae while interspecific differences were identified in the morphology of apex and spires. The lowest intraspecific variability in shells was noted between particular individuals of P. fontinalis and A. hypnorum. The most characteristic features and differences of representatives of Physidae are presented and discussed. This is especially important for the identification of Physa gyrina and the worldwide invasive species Physa acuta which resemble each other in shape and are difficult to distinguish. We also present a new identification key for physid species, including the results of ecological assessment and discuss current distribution of these species in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid36101053, year = {2022}, author = {Esmaeili, HR and Jufaili, SA and Masoumi, AH and Zarei, F}, title = {Ichthyodiversity in southeastern Arabian Peninsula: Annotated checklist, taxonomy, short description and distribution of Inland fishes of Oman.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5134}, number = {4}, pages = {451-503}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5134.4.1}, pmid = {36101053}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Arabia ; Biodiversity ; *Cyprinodontiformes ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Oman ; }, abstract = {Oman, a country in Southwest Asia, situated on the southeastern quarter of the Arabian Peninsula presents a high level of biological diversity especially marine elements. Although arid habitats cover most parts of Oman (82%), the region has several freshwater systems that are vital for the survival of people as well as for different groups of animals and plants. Research works on Oman biodiversity including terrestrial and marine, have been steadily increasing over the last few decades, but freshwater ecosystems have not been well investigated. Oman comprises parts of three freshwater ecoregions including the Oman Mountains, Southwestern Arabian Coast, and Arabian Interior having xeric freshwaters and endorheic (closed) basins which support a variety of inland fishes. The current checklist provides for each species of inland waters of Oman all recognized and named taxa, documenting recent changes and controversies in nomenclature, its records, taxonomic status, synonyms, etymology, common English name, short description, range expansion, and detailed distribution map based on several field surveys throughout the country. We also provide native, endemic, and introduced species. The diversity of inland fishes of Oman included in this annotated checklist consists of 23 recognized species in 15 genera, 10 families, seven orders, and a class. Also, for the first time, we report and confirm the presence of four species in the inland waters of Oman. The most diverse order is Cypriniformes (nine species, 39.13%), followed by Gobiiformes (six species, 26.09%), Cyprinodontiformes (three species, 13.04%), Cichliformes (two species, 8.69%), and Centrarchiformes, Gonorynchiformes and Mugiliformes (one species, 4.35% each). 21 native species (91.3%) in nine families and two exotic species (8.7%) in two families are listed here. Out of 21 native species, eight species (16.8%) in two families are endemic elements that are restricted to the Oman territory only. Identification of all recognized species was confirmed by DNA barcoding (mitochondrial COI). Oman Mountains Ecoregion (OME), Southwestern Arabian Coast Ecoregion (SACE), and Arabian Interior Ecoregion (AIE) harbor 15, 12, and one species, respectively. The provided data will be necessary for increasing the fish knowledge, the development of competent and pragmatic management plans and effective conservation policies.}, }
@article {pmid36100819, year = {2022}, author = {Gauff, RPM and Lejeusne, C and Greff, S and Loisel, S and Bohner, O and Davoult, D}, title = {Impact of in Situ Simulated Climate Change on Communities and Non-Indigenous Species: Two Climates, Two Responses.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {48}, number = {9-10}, pages = {761-771}, pmid = {36100819}, issn = {1573-1561}, support = {Bourse Doctorale//Sorbonne Universit&#xe9; - Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Ecole Doctorale 227)/ ; Ecosphere Continentale et Coti&#xe8;re (Ec2Co)//Ecosphere Continentale et Coti&#xe8;re (Ec2Co)/ ; PEPS programm EcoMob 'InPor'//Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE) - Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/ ; }, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Biomass ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Climate change constitutes a major challenge for marine urban ecosystems and ocean warming will likely strongly affect local communities. Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) have been shown to often have higher heat resistance than natives, but studies investigating how forthcoming global warming might affect them in marine urban environments remain scarce, especially in Situ studies. Here we used an in Situ warming experiment in a NW Mediterranean (warm temperate) and a NE Atlantic (cold temperate) marina to see how global warming might affect recruited communities in the near future. In both marinas, warming resulted in significantly different community structure, lower biomass, and more empty space compared to control. However, while in the warm temperate marina, NIS showed an increased surface cover, it was reduced in the cold temperate one. Metabolomic analyses on Bugula neritina in the Atlantic marina revealed potential heat stress experienced by this introduced bryozoan and a potential link between heat stress and the expression of a halogenated alkaloid, Caelestine A. The present results might indicate that the effects of global warming on the prevalence of NIS may differ between geographical provinces, which could be investigated by larger scale studies.}, }
@article {pmid36100805, year = {2023}, author = {Gazzola, A and Guadin, B and Balestrieri, A and Pellitteri-Rosa, D}, title = {Effects of predation risk on the sensory asymmetries and defensive strategies of Bufotes balearicus tadpoles.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {491-501}, pmid = {36100805}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; Larva/physiology ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Odonata/physiology ; Anura/physiology ; Cues ; }, abstract = {Lateralization consists of the differential use of bilateral organs or limbs and is well described in many taxa and in several contexts. Common ecological frameworks where it can be observed are foraging and predatory ones, with benefits related to both visual and auditory lateralization such as faster response or increasing neural processing ability. Anuran amphibians are considered relevant models for investigating lateralization, due to their great ecological variety and the possibility of easily being raised under laboratory conditions. By adopting the "rotational preference test", we used Balearic green toad tadpoles to test the effects of behavioural defensive responses triggered by different predator types (native vs alien, i.e. dragonfly larvae Aeshna cyanea and adult red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii) and diets (fasted vs. tadpole-fed predators) on their lateralization. We recorded tadpoles' responses to five different chemical cues: clean water (control treatment), fasted dragonfly larvae and crayfish, and tadpole-fed dragonfly larvae and crayfish. Green toad tadpoles did not show a bias in a predominant direction, although lateralization occurred at the individual level, as shown by the intensity index (LA). Perceived predation risk was the highest in tadpoles exposed to the combined chemical cues of conspecific prey and native predators, which elicited both changes in the intensity of lateralization and a marked reduction in tadpoles' activity level. Our results suggest that contextual predation threat may induce very rapid changes in the expression of asymmetries at the individual level, and might play a role as part of the complex defensive strategies adopted by prey in the attempt to escape predators.}, }
@article {pmid36100232, year = {2022}, author = {Nall, CR and Schläppy, ML and Cottier-Cook, EJ and Guerin, AJ}, title = {Influence of coating type, colour, and deployment timing on biofouling by native and non-native species in a marine renewable energy context.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {38}, number = {7}, pages = {729-745}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2022.2121209}, pmid = {36100232}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Biofilms ; *Biofouling/prevention &amp; control ; Color ; Introduced Species ; Paint ; Renewable Energy ; }, abstract = {Biofouling on marine renewable energy devices presents engineering challenges for this developing sector, and has implications for the spread of marine non-native species (NNS) in coastal waters. This is particularly true at sites with abundant energy resource, little existing infrastructure, and few established NNS. Device coatings, such as antifouling paints, could reduce the risk of NNS spread. Settlement on coatings of various types and colours, representing those likely to be used on renewable energy devices, was assessed in the Orkney Islands, northern Scotland. Assemblage composition, but not overall biofouling cover, varied initially among different coloured surfaces, although differences decreased over time. Different coating types (an anticorrosive paint, a biocidal paint and a fouling-release coating) differed in biofouling abundance and composition for the full duration of the experiment. NNS were mostly, but not completely, absent from antifouling surfaces. These results can help informing antifouling strategies for the marine renewable energy industry.}, }
@article {pmid36100025, year = {2022}, author = {Vizentin-Bugoni, J and Sperry, JH and Kelley, JP and Foster, JT and Drake, DR and Case, SB and Gleditsch, JM and Hruska, AM and Wilcox, RC and Tarwater, CE}, title = {Mechanisms underlying interaction frequencies and robustness in a novel seed dispersal network: lessons for restoration.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {289}, number = {1982}, pages = {20221490}, pmid = {36100025}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Plant Dispersal ; *Seed Dispersal ; }, abstract = {As human-caused extinctions and invasions accumulate across the planet, understanding the processes governing ecological functions mediated by species interactions, and anticipating the effect of species loss on such functions become increasingly urgent. In seed dispersal networks, the mechanisms that influence interaction frequencies may also influence the capacity of a species to switch to alternative partners (rewiring), influencing network robustness. Studying seed dispersal interactions in novel ecosystems on O'ahu island, Hawai'i, we test whether the same mechanisms defining interaction frequencies can regulate rewiring and increase network robustness to simulated species extinctions. We found that spatial and temporal overlaps were the primary mechanisms underlying interaction frequencies, and the loss of the more connected species affected networks to a greater extent. Further, rewiring increased network robustness, and morphological matching and spatial and temporal overlaps between partners were more influential on network robustness than species abundances. We argue that to achieve self-sustaining ecosystems, restoration initiatives can consider optimal morphological matching and spatial and temporal overlaps between consumers and resources to maximize chances of native plant dispersal. Specifically, restoration initiatives may benefit from replacing invasive species with native species possessing characteristics that promote frequent interactions and increase the probability of rewiring (such as long fruiting periods, small seeds and broad distributions).}, }
@article {pmid36097706, year = {2023}, author = {Papach, A and Beaurepaire, A and Yañez, O and Huwiler, M and Williams, GR and Neumann, P}, title = {Multiple mating by both sexes in an invasive insect species, Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae).}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {517-529}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.13112}, pmid = {36097706}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Bees ; Female ; Male ; Animals ; *Coleoptera/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Multiple mating by both sexes is common among sexually reproducing animals. Small hive beetles (SHB), Aethina tumida, are parasites of bee nests endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and have become a widespread invasive species. Despite the considerable economic damages they can cause, their basic biology remains poorly understood. Here we show that male and female small hive beetles can mate multiple times, suggesting that costs for mating are low in this species. In an invasive A. tumida population in the United States, a combination of laboratory experiments for males and paternity analysis with eight polymorphic DNA microsatellite markers for field-caught females were used to estimate the number of mating by both sexes. The data show that females and males can mate multiple times-females mated with up to eight males, whereas males mated with at least seven females. The results also showed that A. tumida displayed a skewed paternity, although this was not consistent among the tested females. Thus, first or last male advantage seem to be unlikely in A. tumida. Our observations that individuals of both sexes of A. tumida can mate multiple times opens new research avenues for examining drivers of multiple mating and determining the role it may play in promoting biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid36097486, year = {2022}, author = {Niño, EL and Yokota, S and Stacy, WHO and Arathi, HS}, title = {Dietary phytochemicals alter hypopharyngeal gland size in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) workers.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {e10452}, pmid = {36097486}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Honey bees are the most efficient pollinators of several important fruits, nuts and vegetables and are indispensable for the profitable production of these crops. Health and performance of honey bee colonies have been declining for decades due to a combination of factors including poor nutrition, agrochemicals, pests and diseases. Bees depend on a diversity of plants for nutrition as pollen is the predominant protein and lipid source, and nectar, the source of carbohydrates for larval development. Additionally, pollen and nectar also contain small amounts of plant secondary metabolites or phytochemicals that are primarily plant defense compounds. Bees have coevolved to benefit from these compounds as seen by the improved longevity, pathogen tolerance and gut microbiome abundance in worker bees whose diets were supplemented with select phytochemicals. Here we investigate the impact of four phytochemicals, known to benefit bees, - caffeine, kaempferol, gallic acid and p-coumaric acid, on hypopharyngeal gland (HPG) size of nurse bees. Newly emerged bees were provided with 25 ppm of each of the four phytochemicals in 20% (w/v) sucrose solution and the size of HPGs were measured after a 10 d period. Bees that received p-coumaric acid or kaempferol showed a significant increase in HPG size. A significant decrease in HPG size was seen in bees receiving caffeine or gallic acid. The implication of our findings on worker bee ontogeny, transitioning from nurses to foragers and relevance to foraging related competencies are discussed. It is critical that bees have access to phytochemicals to ensure colony health and performance. Such access could be through natural habitats that provide a diversity of pollen and nectar sources or through dietary supplements for bee colonies.}, }
@article {pmid36097368, year = {2023}, author = {Byers, JE and Blaze, JA and Dodd, AC and Hall, HL and Gribben, PE}, title = {Exotic asphyxiation: interactions between invasive species and hypoxia.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {98}, number = {1}, pages = {150-167}, pmid = {36097368}, issn = {1469-185X}, support = {OCE #1947884//National Science Foundation/ ; //University of New South Wales/ ; //Center for Undergraduate Research Opportunities/ ; //University of Georgia/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Hypoxia ; }, abstract = {Non-indigenous species (NIS) and hypoxia (<2 mg O2 l[-1]) can disturb and restructure aquatic communities. Both are heavily influenced by human activities and are intensifying with global change. As these disturbances increase, understanding how they interact to affect native species and systems is essential. To expose patterns, outcomes, and generalizations, we thoroughly reviewed the biological invasion literature and compiled 100 studies that examine the interaction of hypoxia and NIS. We found that 64% of studies showed that NIS are tolerant of hypoxia, and 62% showed that NIS perform better than native species under hypoxia. Only one-quarter of studies examined NIS as creators of hypoxia; thus, NIS are more often considered passengers associated with hypoxia, rather than drivers of it. Paradoxically, the NIS that most commonly create hypoxia are primary producers. Taxa like molluscs are typically more hypoxia tolerant than mobile taxa like fish and crustaceans. Most studies examine individual-level or localized responses to hypoxia; however, the most extensive impacts occur when hypoxia associated with NIS affects communities and ecosystems. We discuss how these influences of hypoxia at higher levels of organization better inform net outcomes of the biological invasion process, i.e. establishment, spread, and impact, and are thus most useful to management. Our review identifies wide variation in the way in which the interaction between hypoxia and NIS is studied in the literature, and suggests ways to address the number of variables that affect their interaction and refine insight gleaned from future studies. We also identify a clear need for resource management to consider the interactive effects of these two global stressors which are almost exclusively managed independently.}, }
@article {pmid36097356, year = {2022}, author = {Mandeville, EG and Hall, RO and Buerkle, CA}, title = {Ecological outcomes of hybridization vary extensively in Catostomus fishes.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {76}, number = {11}, pages = {2697-2711}, pmid = {36097356}, issn = {1558-5646}, support = {P20 RR016474/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; P20 GM103432/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Cypriniformes ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Fishes ; Ecosystem ; Sympatry ; }, abstract = {Hybridization outcomes vary geographically and can depend on the environment. Hybridization can also reshape biotic interactions, leading to ecological shifts. If hybrids function differently ecologically in ways that enhance or reduce fitness, and those ecological roles vary geographically, ecological factors might explain variation in hybridization outcomes. However, relatively few studies have focused on ecological traits of hybrids. We compared the feeding ecology of Catostomus fish species and hybrids by using stable isotopes (δ[13] C and δ[15] N) as a proxy for diet and habitat use, and compared two native species, an introduced species, and three interspecific hybrid crosses. We included hybrids and parental species from seven rivers where hybridization outcomes vary. Relative isotopic niches of native species varied geographically, but native species did not fully overlap in isotopic space in any river sampled, suggesting little overlap of resource use between historically sympatric species. The introduced species overlapped with one or both native species in every river, suggesting similar resource use and potential competition. Hybrids occupied intermediate, matching, or more transgressive isotopic niches, and varied within and among rivers. Ecological outcomes of hybridization varied across locations, implying that hybridization might have unpredictable, idiosyncratic ecological effects.}, }
@article {pmid36095620, year = {2022}, author = {Bass, A and Needham, K and Bennett, AMR}, title = {First record of Vespa crabro Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in western North America with a review of recorded species of Vespa Linnaeus in Canada.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5154}, number = {3}, pages = {305-318}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.4}, pmid = {36095620}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Introduced Species ; North America ; *Wasps/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics ; }, abstract = {Vespa crabro Linnaeus is newly reported as an adventive species in British Columbia, Canada which is the first record of this invasive species in western North America. The specimen of V. crabro was identified using morphological diagnostic keys and by comparison to authoritatively identified specimens. DNA barcoding provided support that the British Columbia specimen is conspecific with sequenced specimens of V. crabro. It is not possible to be certain of the origin of the specimen, but the DNA barcode was identical to sequence from specimens of V. crabro from South Korea. DNA barcoding was also performed on morphologically identified specimens of Vespa simillima and Vespa soror collected previously in British Columbia and the sequences were closest to V. simillima and V. soror Genbank sequences, respectively. There is no evidence that any of these species have established populations in the province. We provide diagnostic morphological characters to distinguish Canadian Vespa species from each other including Vespa mandarinia which has recently established populations in British Columbia and Washington State, USA. The potential detrimental impacts of each species are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid36095416, year = {2022}, author = {Man, P}, title = {The family Melicharidae (Acari, Mesostigmata) in Slovakia, with description of new species, annotated faunal synopsis and identification keys of species from Europe.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5172}, number = {1}, pages = {1-449}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5172.1.1}, pmid = {36095416}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Europe ; Female ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Mites ; Phylogeny ; Seeds ; Slovakia ; }, abstract = {The mites of the family Melicharidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) collected in Slovakia are reviewed. Sixty-one species belonging to five genera were recorded, of which thirty-three are new to science and fifteen are new to the Slovak fauna. All species are revised and rediagnosed, and an extensive set of photomicrographs (more than 1,300 images arranged in 337 Plates) is provided for their identification. Information on habitat and regional distribution is provided for each species. Proctolaelaps (fifty-three species) is the most species-rich and morphologically heterogeneous genus in the family. The following thirty-three new species are proposed and described: Mycomelichares triplacis sp. nov., Proctolaelaps appendiculatus sp. nov., Proctolaelaps bivalvifer sp. nov., Proctolaelaps bombi sp. nov., Proctolaelaps bucinator sp. nov., Proctolaelaps calycinus sp. nov., Proctolaelaps carnifex sp. nov., Proctolaelaps conifericola sp. nov., Proctolaelaps coralifer sp. nov., Proctolaelaps cryptopteryx sp. nov., Proctolaelaps dendroctonoides sp. nov., Proctolaelaps dorci sp. nov., Proctolaelaps dorcisimilis sp. nov., Proctolaelaps fagi sp. nov., Proctolaelaps falcarius sp. nov., Proctolaelaps fragilis sp. nov., Proctolaelaps fusifer sp. nov., Proctolaelaps hemisphaericus sp. nov., Proctolaelaps laeviusculus sp. nov., Proctolaelaps myrmecophilus sp. nov., Proctolaelaps orolaelapoides sp. nov., Proctolaelaps oxyodon sp. nov., Proctolaelaps pcolai sp. nov., Proctolaelaps pelticola sp. nov., Proctolaelaps populi sp. nov., Proctolaelaps quadridens sp. nov., Proctolaelaps sacculiger sp. nov., Proctolaelaps sagittarius sp. nov., Proctolaelaps serpentarius sp. nov., Proctolaelaps spanius sp. nov., Proctolaelaps speluncarum sp. nov., Proctolaelaps tubisaccus sp. nov., and Proctolaelaps tulipifer sp. nov. Nineteen new species are recognized in the present work, which were previously thought to belong to a single species, Proctolaelaps pygmaeus (J. Mller, 1859). The species boundaries of these species are often only weakly determined by some external morphological characters, but well definable and recognizable by the morphology of the internal structures of the sperm access system in the female (the same is true for the species related to Proctolaelaps hystrix). Proctolaelaps bulbicolus (Oudemans, 1929), Proctolaelaps convivus (Berlese, 1916), Proctolaelaps fissuratus (Berlese, 1916), Proctolaelaps laevisternus (Berlese, 1916), Proctolaelaps sopalit (Samik, 1958), Proctolaelaps vulgaris (Pinchuk, 1972), and Proctolaelaps ovatus (Ma, Ning Wei, 2003), previously suspected to be junior synonyms of Proctolaelaps pygmaeus (J. Mller, 1859), are here considered as unrecognizable species, relegated to the species incertae sedis, or species related within the invalid genus Proctofissus Karg, 1979. The very broad concept of the genus Proctolaelaps does not reflect the phylogenetic relationships within the apparently morphologically heterogeneous species, and it needs a thorough revision. As documented in present work, the genus includes species with different types of sperm access system: for example, species in the hystrix group possess the laelapoid-type of the sperm access system, whereas species related to Proctolaelaps pygmaeus (here placed in the pygmaeus group) have a highly modified sperm access system derived from the phytoseioid-type, with two separate parts each associated with coxa III and clearly not connected by a medial structure called the sacculus foemineus (a specific component of the laelapoid-type sperm access system). The taxonomy includes four new specific synonyms as follows: Proctolaelaps arctorotundus Nikolsky, 1984 = Proctolaelaps epuraeae Hirschmann, 1962, Proctolaelaps pruni Karg, 1988 = Proctolaelaps eccoptogasteris (Vitzthum, 1923), Proctolaelaps pseudofiseri Nikolsky, 1984 = Proctolaelaps fiseri Samik, 1960, and Proctolaelaps ventrianalis Karg, 1971 = Proctolaelaps intermedius Athias-Henriot, 1959. Melichares biebrzae Gwiazdowicz, 2005 is newly placed in Proctolaelaps Berlese, 1923. The genus Orolaelaps De Leon, 1963, previously known from North and South America, is reported from Europe for the first time, introduced by an invasive cosmopolitan species Stelidota geminata (Say), the strawberry sap beetle of the family Nitidulidae. The following species are reported from Slovakia for the first time, namely Orolaelaps quisqualis De Leon, 1963, Proctolaelaps bickleyi (Bram, 1956), Proctolaelaps biebrzae (Gwiazdowicz, 2005), Proctolaelaps cossi (Dugs, 1834), Proctolaelaps cossoides Faraji, Sakenin-Chelav Karg, 2007, Proctolaelaps hystricoides Lindquist Hunter, 1965, Proctolaelaps izabelae Faraji, 2011, Proctolaelaps jueradeus (Schweizer, 1949), Proctolaelaps longanalis (Westerboer, 1963), Proctolaelaps rotundus Hirschmann, 1962, and Proctolaelaps xyloteri Samik, 1960. The records of Proctolaelaps bombophilus (Westerboer, 1963), Proctolaelaps epuraeae Hirschmann, 1962, Proctolaelaps pomorum (Oudemans, 1929), and Proctolaelaps scolyti Evans, 1958 were previously based on misidentified specimens and are now supported by new reliable findings [in contrast to Proctolaelaps hystrix (Vitzthum, 1923) and Proctolaelaps pini Hirschmann, 1963, which were not definitely confirmed by the present work in Slovakia]. New dichotomous keys are given for the identification of sixty-eight species from seven genera found so far in Europe (Melichares Hering, 1838, Mucroseius Lindquist, 1962, Mycolaelaps Lindquist, 1995, Mycomelichares Man Joharchi, 2021, Orolaelaps De Leon, 1963, Orthadenella Athias-Henriot, 1973, and Proctolaelaps Berlese, 1923).}, }
@article {pmid36092930, year = {2022}, author = {Battaglia, V and Agostini, V and Moroni, E and Colombo, G and Lombardo, G and Rambaldi Migliore, N and Gabrieli, P and Garofalo, M and Gagliardi, S and Gomulski, LM and Ferretti, L and Semino, O and Malacrida, AR and Gasperi, G and Achilli, A and Torroni, A and Olivieri, A}, title = {The worldwide spread of Aedes albopictus: New insights from mitogenomes.}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {931163}, pmid = {36092930}, issn = {1664-8021}, abstract = {The tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) is one of the most invasive species in the world and a competent vector for numerous arboviruses, thus the study and monitoring of its fast worldwide spread is crucial for global public health. The small extra-nuclear and maternally-inherited mitochondrial DNA represents a key tool for reconstructing phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships within a species, especially when analyzed at the mitogenome level. Here the mitogenome variation of 76 tiger mosquitoes, 37 of which new and collected from both wild adventive populations and laboratory strains, was investigated. This analysis significantly improved the global mtDNA phylogeny of Ae. albopictus, uncovering new branches and sub-branches within haplogroup A1, the one involved in its recent worldwide spread. Our phylogeographic approach shows that the current distribution of tiger mosquito mitogenome variation has been strongly affected by clonal and sub-clonal founder events, sometimes involving wide geographic areas, even across continents, thus shedding light on the Asian sources of worldwide adventive populations. In particular, different starting points for the two major clades within A1 are suggested, with A1a spreading mainly along temperate areas from Japanese and Chinese sources, and A1b arising and mainly diffusing in tropical areas from a South Asian source.}, }
@article {pmid36092777, year = {2022}, author = {Burlakova, LE and Karatayev, AY and Hrycik, AR and Daniel, SE and Mehler, K and Rudstam, LG and Watkins, JM and Dermott, R and Scharold, J and Elgin, AK and Nalepa, T}, title = {Six decades of Lake Ontario ecological history according to benthos.}, journal = {Journal of Great Lakes research}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {274-288}, pmid = {36092777}, issn = {0380-1330}, support = {EPA999999/ImEPA/Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {The Laurentian Great Lakes have experienced multiple anthropogenic changes in the past century, including cultural eutrophication, phosphorus abatement initiatives, and the introduction of invasive species. Lake Ontario, the most downstream lake in the system, is considered to be among the most impaired. The benthos of Lake Ontario has been studied intensively in the last six decades and can provide insights into the impact of environmental changes over time. We used multivariate community analyses to examine temporal changes in community composition over the last 54 years, and to assess the major drivers of long-term changes in benthos. The benthic community of Lake Ontario underwent significant transformations that correspond with three major periods. The first period, termed the pre/early Dreissena period (1964-1990), was characterized by high densities of Diporeia, Sphaeriidae, and Tubificidae. During the next period defined by zebra mussel dominance (the 1990s) the same groups were still prevalent, but at altered densities. In the most recent period (2000s to present), which is characterized by the dominance and proliferation of quagga mussels deeper into the lake, the community has changed dramatically: Diporeia almost completely disappeared, Sphaeriidae have greatly declined, and densities of quagga mussels, Oligochaeta and Chironomidae have increased. The introduction of invasive dreissenids has changed the Lake Ontario benthic community, historically dominated by Diporeia, Oligochaeta and Sphaeriidae, to a community dominated by quagga mussels and Oligochaeta. Dreissenids, especially the quagga mussel, were the major drivers of these changes over the last half century.}, }
@article {pmid36087665, year = {2022}, author = {Schmeller, DS and Urbach, D and Bates, K and Catalan, J and Cogălniceanu, D and Fisher, MC and Friesen, J and Füreder, L and Gaube, V and Haver, M and Jacobsen, D and Le Roux, G and Lin, YP and Loyau, A and Machate, O and Mayer, A and Palomo, I and Plutzar, C and Sentenac, H and Sommaruga, R and Tiberti, R and Ripple, WJ}, title = {Scientists' warning of threats to mountains.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {853}, number = {}, pages = {158611}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158611}, pmid = {36087665}, issn = {1879-1026}, support = {MR/R015600/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Ecosystem ; *Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Water ; Carbon ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; }, abstract = {Mountains are an essential component of the global life-support system. They are characterized by a rugged, heterogenous landscape with rapidly changing environmental conditions providing myriad ecological niches over relatively small spatial scales. Although montane species are well adapted to life at extremes, they are highly vulnerable to human derived ecosystem threats. Here we build on the manifesto 'World Scientists' Warning to Humanity', issued by the Alliance of World Scientists, to outline the major threats to mountain ecosystems. We highlight climate change as the greatest threat to mountain ecosystems, which are more impacted than their lowland counterparts. We further discuss the cascade of "knock-on" effects of climate change such as increased UV radiation, altered hydrological cycles, and altered pollution profiles; highlighting the biological and socio-economic consequences. Finally, we present how intensified use of mountains leads to overexploitation and abstraction of water, driving changes in carbon stock, reducing biodiversity, and impacting ecosystem functioning. These perturbations can provide opportunities for invasive species, parasites and pathogens to colonize these fragile habitats, driving further changes and losses of micro- and macro-biodiversity, as well further impacting ecosystem services. Ultimately, imbalances in the normal functioning of mountain ecosystems will lead to changes in vital biological, biochemical, and chemical processes, critically reducing ecosystem health with widespread repercussions for animal and human wellbeing. Developing tools in species/habitat conservation and future restoration is therefore essential if we are to effectively mitigate against the declining health of mountains.}, }
@article {pmid36087281, year = {2023}, author = {Lowie, A and De Kegel, B and Wilkinson, M and Measey, J and O'Reilly, JC and Kley, NJ and Gaucher, P and Adriaens, D and Herrel, A}, title = {The anatomy of the head muscles in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona): Variation in relation to phylogeny and ecology?.}, journal = {Journal of anatomy}, volume = {242}, number = {2}, pages = {312-326}, pmid = {36087281}, issn = {1469-7580}, mesh = {Animals ; Phylogeny ; X-Ray Microtomography ; *Amphibians/anatomy &amp; histology ; *Skull/anatomy &amp; histology ; Muscle, Skeletal ; }, abstract = {In limbless fossorial vertebrates such as caecilians (Gymnophiona), head-first burrowing imposes severe constraints on the morphology and overall size of the head. As such, caecilians developed a unique jaw-closing system involving the large and well-developed m. interhyoideus posterior, which is positioned in such a way that it does not significantly increase head diameter. Caecilians also possess unique muscles among amphibians. Understanding the diversity in the architecture and size of the cranial muscles may provide insights into how a typical amphibian system was adapted for a head-first burrowing lifestyle. In this study, we use dissection and non-destructive contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography (μCT) scanning to describe and compare the cranial musculature of 13 species of caecilians. Our results show that the general organization of the head musculature is rather constant across extant caecilians. However, the early-diverging Rhinatrema bivittatum mainly relies on the 'ancestral' amphibian jaw-closing mechanism dominated by the m. adductores mandibulae, whereas other caecilians switched to the use of the derived dual jaw-closing mechanism involving the additional recruitment of the m. interhyoideus posterior. Additionally, the aquatic Typhlonectes show a greater investment in hyoid musculature than terrestrial caecilians, which is likely related to greater demands for ventilating their large lungs, and perhaps also an increased use of suction feeding. In addition to three-dimensional interactive models, our study provides the required quantitative data to permit the generation of accurate biomechanical models allowing the testing of further functional hypotheses.}, }
@article {pmid36084776, year = {2022}, author = {Li, H and Wang, X and Peng, S and Lai, Z and Mai, Y}, title = {Seasonal variation of temperature affects HMW-PAH accumulation in fishery species by bacterially mediated LMW-PAH degradation.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {853}, number = {}, pages = {158617}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158617}, pmid = {36084776}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Seasons ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Fisheries ; Temperature ; *Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis ; Rivers ; Water ; China ; Geologic Sediments ; }, abstract = {Currently, the specific mechanism generating seasonal variation in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) via bacterial biodegradation remains unclear, and whether this alteration affects PAH bioaccumulation is unknown. Therefore, we performed a study between 2015 and 2020 to investigate the effects of seasonal variation on bacterial communities and PAH bioaccumulation in the Pearl River Estuary. Significantly high PAH concentrations in both aquatic and fishery species were determined in dry seasons (the mean ∑16PAH concentration: water, 37.24 ng/L (2015), 30.83 ng/L (2020); fish, 51.01 ng/L (2015) and 72.60 ng/L (2020)) compared to wet seasons (the mean ∑16PAH concentration: water, 22.38 ng/L (2015), 19.40 ng/L(2020); fish, 25.28 ng/L (2015) and 32.59 ng/L (2020)). Distinct differences in taxonomic and functional composition of bacterial communities related to biodegradation of low molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs) were observed between seasons, and the concentrations of PAHs were negatively correlated with seasonal variation in temperature. Temperature-related specific bacterial taxa (e.g., Stenotrophomonas) directly or indirectly participated in LMW-PAH degradation via encoding PAH degradation enzymes (e.g., protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase) that subsequently led to bioaccumulation of high molecular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs) in wild and fishery species due to LMW-PAHs in the water. Based on this alteration, the ecological risk posed by PAHs decreased in wet seasons, and an unbalanced spatio-temporal distribution of PAHs was observed in this estuary. These results suggest that seasonal variation of temperature affects HMW-PAH accumulation in fishery species via bacterially mediated LMW-PAH biodegradation.}, }
@article {pmid36079641, year = {2022}, author = {Lubke, RA}, title = {Current State of Ammophila arenaria (Marram Grass) Distribution in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, and the Possible Effect of the Grass on the Dune System Dynamics.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {17}, pages = {}, pmid = {36079641}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {IC18CT970145//European Commission through their INCO-DC programme INVASS/ ; }, abstract = {The principal aim of this paper is to show that marram grass is not an invasive alien in South Africa although it affects the dune dynamics as a useful pioneer species in the dune successional process. The historical perspective of marram introduction as a dune stabiliser and the studies and conclusions reached from our European Union funded project, INVASS, in the 1990s and early 2000s is presented. Although these studies showed that marram was non-invasive, this was not clearly carried through to the authorities, and the use of the grass as a dune stabiliser was limited without a special permit. This prompted a survey of the current situation of marram on dune sites in the Eastern Cape. Along with earlier (1980s) data on the dunes, 69 relevés with 66 species abundance from sites along the Eastern Cape shoreline were assembled. These data were analysed with Detrended Correspondence Analysis to show the relationships of the samples (relevés) and species in a 2-dimensional scatter diagram. The survey showed that there are four dune sites where marram grass is no longer present, due to either marram being out of its climatic range, erosion of sand under storm conditions which made the habitat unsuitable, or in one case where marram simply disappeared. Marram often remains in other sites where three to five dune pioneer species were recorded. On some dunes, although marram is the most abundant dune pioneer, it is never dominant in the dune environment but has a presence of as much as 75% at any site. The eight pioneer species are widely dispersed on the DCA scatter diagram, while the shrub species characterising the Coastal Scrub are tightly clustered, showing that all the pioneer dune communities behave similarly in the dune successional series. The conclusion from these studies is that marram grass does not always persist in the dune systems. If marram does persist, it does not compete and behaves identically to the indigenous species as a dune pioneer. These studies show that marram grass is a non-invasive species that can be successfully used in dune stabilisation on Cape dunes.}, }
@article {pmid36077881, year = {2022}, author = {Díaz, RA and Sevillano, V and Cassini, MH}, title = {Do People Care about the Origin of Wildlife? The Role of Social Stereotypes on Public Preference for Exotic Animals.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {17}, pages = {}, pmid = {36077881}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {People's attitudes to animals are becoming increasingly important for the success of invasive species management. We asked college students from Argentina to fill a questionnaire that included a question about their favorite free-living animal. A total of 159 responses were obtained. Native species were significantly less preferred than non-native species. We tested if these preferences were associated with animal stereotypes. The stereotype hypothesis predicts that animals from the contemptible stereotype (invertebrate, rodents, and reptiles) should be the least preferred taxa, and animals from the protective stereotype (pets, horses, and primates) should be the most preferred taxa; animals from the subordination (lagomorphs and birds) and threatening-awe stereotype (large carnivores) should show intermediate preferences. The first prediction was supported. However, students showed significant preference for non-native taxa included in the threatening-awe stereotype. We proposed that people prefer large carnivores (stereotypically strong, intelligent, and beautiful animals) when they are exotic, because they did not represent a risk.}, }
@article {pmid36077250, year = {2022}, author = {Kong, WL and Wen, TY and Wang, YH and Wu, XQ}, title = {Physiological and Transcriptome Analyses Revealed the Mechanism by Which Deferoxamine Promotes Iron Absorption in Cinnamomum camphora.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {23}, number = {17}, pages = {}, pmid = {36077250}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {2017YFD0600104//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; PAPD//Priority Academic Program Development of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions/ ; KYCX20_0872//Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province/ ; }, mesh = {*Anemia, Hypochromic ; *Cinnamomum camphora ; Deferoxamine/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Iron/metabolism ; Siderophores/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Iron deficiency causes chlorosis and growth inhibition in Cinnamomum camphora, an important landscaping tree species. Siderophores produced by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria have been widely reported to play an indispensable role in plant iron nutrition. However, little to date has been determined about how microbial siderophores promote plant iron absorption. In this study, multidisciplinary approaches, including physiological, biochemical and transcriptome methods, were used to investigate the role of deferoxamine (DFO) in regulating Fe availability in C. camphora seedlings. Our results showed that DFO supplementation significantly increased the Fe[2+] content, SPAD value and ferric-chelate reductase (FCR) activity in plants, suggesting its beneficial effect under Fe deficiency. This DFO-driven amelioration of Fe deficiency was further supported by the improvement of photosynthesis. Intriguingly, DFO treatment activated the metabolic pathway of glutathione (GSH) synthesis, and exogenous spraying reduced glutathione and also alleviated chlorosis in C. camphora. In addition, the expression of some Fe acquisition and transport-related genes, including CcbHLH, CcFRO6, CcIRT2, CcNramp5, CcOPT3 and CcVIT4, was significantly upregulated by DFO treatment. Collectively, our data demonstrated an effective, economical and feasible organic iron-complexing agent for iron-deficient camphor trees and provided new insights into the mechanism by which siderophores promote iron absorption in plants.}, }
@article {pmid36075421, year = {2022}, author = {Leite, PAM and Castellanos, AE and Wilcox, BP and Vega-Puga, M and Martínez, E and Dennis, S and Choza, S and Acuña-Acosta, DM}, title = {Contrasting effects of native and exotic vegetation on soil infiltrability in the Sonoran Desert.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {852}, number = {}, pages = {158544}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158544}, pmid = {36075421}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Soil ; *Ecosystem ; Poaceae ; Plants ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Invasion by exotic grasses is transforming drylands across the planet, but the ecohydrological feedbacks of such invasions are not fully understood. For example, in the Sonoran Desert, previous studies have shown that buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) alters the spatial patterns of soil moisture, leading researchers to hypothesize that such alterations are related to the plants' effects on soil infiltrability. To evaluate this hypothesis, we compared field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) in a native shrubland with that in a neighboring savanna extensively dominated by exotic buffelgrass. We measured Kfs during the dormant and growing seasons in both canopy and intercanopy zones. We found that Kfs was generally lower during the dormant season than during the growing season. There were no significant differences between sites during the dormant season, and at both sites, Kfs was 6-7 times higher under shrubs than in the intercanopies. During the growing season, Kfs for the exotic intercanopy was comparable to that for shrub cluster edges (140 mm h[-1]) and was more than twice that for the native intercanopy. Both shrubs and buffelgrass improved Kfs by reducing soil bulk density (thus increasing porosity). Additionally, surface roughness in the exotic intercanopy was nearly 3 times higher than in the native intercanopy. The combination of greater surface roughness and higher infiltration rates during the growing season most likely alters hydrological connectivity in savannas invaded by exotic grasses such as buffelgrass. By capturing portions of the runoff generated in the intercanopy, these grasses reduce runon into shrub patches, with potentially substantial impacts on native vegetation dynamics and stability.}, }
@article {pmid36074852, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, X and Yan, F and Lyne, V and Su, F}, title = {Restore China's coastline from the ground up.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {377}, number = {6611}, pages = {1164}, doi = {10.1126/science.ade3911}, pmid = {36074852}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; *Industrial Development ; Introduced Species ; *Wetlands ; }, }
@article {pmid36071746, year = {2022}, author = {Prenzel, F and Treudler, R and Lipek, T and Vom Hove, M and Kage, P and Kuhs, S and Kaiser, T and Bastl, M and Bumberger, J and Genuneit, J and Hornick, T and Klotz, S and Zarnowski, J and Boege, M and Zebralla, V and Simon, JC and Dunker, S}, title = {Invasive Growth of Ailanthus altissima Trees is Associated with a High Rate of Sensitization in Atopic Patients.}, journal = {Journal of asthma and allergy}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1217-1226}, pmid = {36071746}, issn = {1178-6965}, abstract = {PURPOSE: Ailanthus altissima is one of the world's most invasive species with a globally problematic spread. Pollen is dispersed locally and partially airborne. We aimed at investigating if (i) A. altissima pollen can be detected in relevant quantity in the air and if (ii) sensitization to A. altissima can be detected in patients with seasonal exacerbation of atopic diseases.<br><br>PATIENTS AND METHODS: We recorded distribution of A. altissima in Leipzig, Germany. In 2019 and 2020, pollen was collected with a Hirst-type pollen trap placed on the roof of the University Hospital. Specific IgE investigations were performed in children and adults with history of atopic diseases with deterioration between May and July. We analysed specific IgE for A. altissima, Alternaria sp., birch, grasses, profilins, polcalcins and crossreacting carbohydrates.<br><br>RESULTS: We found abundant growth of A. altissima and pollen was detected from early June to mid-July with a maximum pollen concentration of 31 pollen/m[3]. Out of 138 patients (63 female, 69 children/adolescents), 95 (69%) had seasonal allergic rhinitis, 84 (61%) asthma, and 43 (31%) atopic dermatitis. Sensitization to A. altissima was shown in 59 (42%). There were no significant differences between age groups. In 59% of patients sensitized (35/59), there was no sensitization to possibly cross-reacting structures.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Sensitization to A. altissima pollen could be detected in 42% of our patients with atopic diseases, suggesting allergenic potential of this neophyte. In the context of further spread with climate change, eradication strategies and population-based sensitization studies are needed.}, }
@article {pmid36070828, year = {2022}, author = {Duffaut, C and Versini, PA and Frascaria-Lacoste, N}, title = {Are really Nature-Based Solutions sustainable solutions to design future cities in a context of global change? Discussion about the vulnerability of these new solutions and their probable unsustainable implementation.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {853}, number = {}, pages = {158535}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158535}, pmid = {36070828}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Cities ; *Ecosystem ; *Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; Climate Change ; Soil ; Plants ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; }, abstract = {The urban ecosystem is a very challenging environment that faces many problems such as various pollutions, higher temperatures than its surroundings or flooding risks due to soil sealing. Nature-based solutions (NBS) seem to be good option to address these problems, while simultaneously offering benefits for facing climate change and the biodiversity crisis. Despite their potential, NBS can be threatened by various urban disturbance, namely: land use change, pollution, or invasive species. These disturbances can have multiple consequences on urban NBS, such as causing changes in plant characteristics/traits, altering the services they provide, and even make certain plant populations disappear, etc. In turn, these consequences may even jeopardize the solutions themselves, which then may no longer solve the problems they originally targeted. To avoid this, NBS should be eco-designed, i.e. designed in function of their environment. Their management should be adaptive and should also take into consideration the evolution of climatic and anthropogenic factors. The choice of species should not be left to chance or random: In this sense, is it better to plant native species for biodiversity conservation or exotic species that are more likely to resist global changes? Is it better to find resistant or ruderal species that have proven themselves in the face of certain disturbances? In any case, it would be good to diversify any NBS to have a better chance of survival in the face of global changes.}, }
@article {pmid36068549, year = {2022}, author = {Marini, G and Arnoldi, D and Inama, E and Rizzoli, A}, title = {Diapause characterization in the invasive alien mosquito species Aedes koreicus: a laboratory experiment.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {315}, pmid = {36068549}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; *Diapause ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Oviposition ; Water ; }, abstract = {Aedes koreicus is an invasive alien mosquito species native to Asia now introduced in several European countries, including northern Italy. In this temperate region, mosquito populations survive cold winter temperatures thanks to diapausing eggs or adults, depending on the species. In its native area, Ae. koreicus was reported to overwinter in the egg stage, but to the best of our knowledge, it is not confirmed whether overwintering eggs are actually diapausing or only in a quiescence stage, i.e., they might hatch as soon as external conditions are favorable. Based on previous laboratory studies, we established a diapausing Ae. koreicus colony, maintained at 21 °C with a photoperiod of 12L:12D. Females were allowed to lay eggs, which were consequently placed in water at different time intervals after oviposition, from 30 days to 5 months. We found that diapausing eggs younger than 3 months have a poor hatching rate, while after about 100 days we observed that almost all eggs hatched. Our findings highlight that water immersion alone did not lead to the hatching of eggs, as age was found to be a significantly important factor. We thus confirm effective diapause, occurring at the egg stage, for Ae. koreicus in a recently invaded area. Moreover, our quantification of diapause duration and hatching success might help in better designing future experiments and improving modeling efforts.}, }
@article {pmid36066742, year = {2022}, author = {Wells, K and Flynn, R}, title = {Managing host-parasite interactions in humans and wildlife in times of global change.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {121}, number = {11}, pages = {3063-3071}, pmid = {36066742}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild/parasitology ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Host-Parasite Interactions/physiology ; Humans ; *Parasites/physiology ; }, abstract = {Global change in the Anthropocene has modified the environment of almost any species on earth, be it through climate change, habitat modifications, pollution, human intervention in the form of mass drug administration (MDA), or vaccination. This can have far-reaching consequences on all organisational levels of life, including eco-physiological stress at the cell and organism level, individual fitness and behaviour, population viability, species interactions and biodiversity. Host-parasite interactions often require highly adapted strategies by the parasite to survive and reproduce within the host environment and ensure efficient transmission among hosts. Yet, our understanding of the system-level outcomes of the intricate interplay of within host survival and among host parasite spread is in its infancy. We shed light on how global change affects host-parasite interactions at different organisational levels and address challenges and opportunities to work towards better-informed management of parasite control. We argue that global change affects host-parasite interactions in wildlife inhabiting natural environments rather differently than in humans and invasive species that benefit from anthropogenic environments as habitat and more deliberate rather than erratic exposure to therapeutic drugs and other control efforts.}, }
@article {pmid36057541, year = {2023}, author = {Linhares, BA and Bugoni, L}, title = {Seabirds subsidize terrestrial food webs and coral reefs in a tropical rat-invaded archipelago.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {e2733}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2733}, pmid = {36057541}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Rats ; *Coral Reefs ; Food Chain ; Ecosystem ; Birds ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Plants ; *Lizards/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Allochthonous resource fluxes mediated by organisms crossing ecosystem boundaries may be essential for supporting the structure and function of resource-limited environments, such as tropical islands and surrounding coral reefs. However, invasive species, such as black rats, thrive on tropical islands and disrupt the natural pathways of nutrient subsidies by reducing seabird colonies. Here, we used stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon to examine the role of seabirds in subsidizing the terrestrial food webs and adjacent coral reefs in the Abrolhos Archipelago, Southwest Atlantic Ocean. By sampling invasive rats and multiple ecosystem compartments (soil, plants, grasshoppers, tarantulas, and lizards) within and outside seabird colonies, we showed that seabird subsidies led to an overall enrichment in [15] N across the food web on islands. However, contrary to other studies, δ[15] N values were consistently lower within the seabird colonies, suggesting that a higher seabird presence might produce a localized depletion in [15] N in small islands influenced by seabirds. In contrast, the nitrogen content (%N) in plants and soils was higher inside the colonies, corresponding to a higher effect of seabirds at the base of the trophic web. Among consumers, lizards and invasive rats seemed to obtain allochthonous resources from subsidized terrestrial organisms outside the colony. Inside the colony, however, they showed a more direct consumption of marine matter, suggesting that subsidies benefit these native and invasive animals both directly and indirectly. Nonetheless, in coral reefs, scleractinian corals assimilated seabird-derived nitrogen only around the two smaller and lower-elevation islands, as demonstrated by the substantially higher δ[15] N values in relation to the reference areas. This provides evidence that island morphology may influence the incorporation of seabird nutrients in coral reefs around rat-invaded islands, likely because guano lixiviation toward seawater is facilitated in small and low-elevation terrains. Overall, these results showed that seabirds affected small islands across all trophic levels within and outside colonies and that these effects spread outward to coral reefs, evidencing resiliency of seabird subsidies even within a rat-invaded archipelago. Because rats are consumers of seabird chicks and eggs, however, rat eradication could potentially benefit the terrestrial and nearshore ecosystems through increased subsides carried by seabirds.}, }
@article {pmid36057540, year = {2023}, author = {Frank, DA and Becklin, KM and Penner, JF and Lindsay, KA and Geremia, CJ}, title = {Feast or famine: How is global change affecting forage supply for Yellowstone's ungulate herds?.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, pages = {e2735}, pmid = {36057540}, issn = {1939-5582}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carbon Dioxide ; *Mammals ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; }, abstract = {The ecological integrity of US national parks and other protected areas are under threat in the Anthropocene. For Yellowstone National Park (YNP), the impacts that global change has already had on the park's capacity to sustain its large migratory herds of wild ungulates is incompletely understood. Here we examine how two understudied components of global change, the historical increase in atmospheric CO2 and the spread of nonnative, invasive plant species, may have altered the capacity of YNP to provide forage for ungulates over the last 200-plus years. We performed two experiments: (1) a growth chamber study that determined the growth rates of important invasive and native YNP grasses that are forages for ungulates under preindustrial (280 ppm) versus modern (410 ppm) CO2 levels and (2) a field study that compared the effect of defoliation (clipping) on the shoot growth of invasive and native mesic grassland plants under ambient CO2 conditions in 2019. The growth chamber experiment revealed that modern CO2 increased the growth rates of both invasive and native grasses, and invasive grasses grew faster regardless of CO2 conditions. The field results showed a continuum of positive to negative responses of shoot growth to defoliation, with a subgroup of invasive species responding most positively. Altogether the results indicated that the historical increase in CO2 and the spread of invasive species, some of which were planted to provide forage for ungulates in the early and mid-1900s, have likely increased the capacity of forage production in YNP. However, rising CO2 has also resulted in regional warming and increased aridity in YNP, which will likely reduce grassland productivity. The challenge for global change biologists and park managers is to determine how competing components of global change have already affected and will increasingly affect forage dynamics and the sustainability of Yellowstone's iconic ungulate herds in the Anthropocene.}, }
@article {pmid36056614, year = {2023}, author = {Weber, S and Junk, I and Brink, L and Wörner, M and Künzel, S and Veith, M and Teubner, D and Klein, R and Paulus, M and Krehenwinkel, H}, title = {Molecular diet analysis in mussels and other metazoan filter feeders and an assessment of their utility as natural eDNA samplers.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {471-485}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.13710}, pmid = {36056614}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/genetics/analysis ; *DNA, Environmental ; *Bivalvia/genetics ; Diet ; Water/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; }, abstract = {Molecular gut content analysis is a popular tool to study food web interactions and has recently been suggested as an alternative source for DNA-based biomonitoring. However, the overabundant consumer's DNA often outcompetes that of its diet during PCR. Lineage-specific primers are an efficient means to reduce consumer amplification while retaining broad specificity for dietary taxa. Here, we designed an amplicon sequencing assay to monitor the eukaryotic diet of mussels and other metazoan filter feeders and explore the utility of mussels as natural eDNA samplers to monitor planktonic communities. We designed several lineage-specific rDNA primers with broad taxonomic suitability for eukaryotes. The primers were tested using DNA extracts of different limnic and marine mussel species and the results compared to eDNA water samples collected next to the mussel colonies. In addition, we analysed several 25-year time series samples of mussels from German rivers. Our primer sets efficiently prevent the amplification of mussels and other metazoans. The recovered DNA reflects a broad dietary preference across the eukaryotic tree of life and considerable taxonomic overlap with filtered water samples. We also show the utility of a reversed version of our primers, which prevents amplification of nonmetazoan taxa from complex eukaryote community samples, by enriching fauna associated with the marine brown algae Fucus vesiculosus. Our protocol will enable large-scale dietary analysis in metazoan filter feeders, facilitate aquatic food web analysis and allow surveying of aquacultures for pathogens. Moreover, we show that mussels and other aquatic filter feeders can serve as complementary DNA source for biomonitoring.}, }
@article {pmid36056470, year = {2022}, author = {Zhu, X and Li, W and Shao, H and Tang, S}, title = {Selected Aspects of Invasive Solidago canadensis with an Emphasis on Its Allelopathic Abilities: A Review.}, journal = {Chemistry &amp; biodiversity}, volume = {19}, number = {10}, pages = {e202200728}, doi = {10.1002/cbdv.202200728}, pmid = {36056470}, issn = {1612-1880}, support = {JSPKLB201909//Program of Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resource/ ; 2019491111//Belt and Road Special Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering/ ; }, mesh = {*Solidago ; Allelopathy ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Soil/chemistry ; Pheromones/pharmacology ; Flavonoids ; Terpenes ; *Oils, Volatile ; }, abstract = {Solidago canadensis L., native to North America, is now an invasive plant worldwide. Its abundant seeds, rapid vegetative reproduction ability, and allelopathy to other plants are the main reasons for its successful invasion. It has negative impacts on the ecological environment of the invaded area and causes a reduction in local biodiversity and economic losses of agriculture and stock farming. Each part of the plant contains a variety of allelochemicals (terpenoids, phenolics, and flavonoids), including a large number of essential oil components. These allelochemicals can be released in various ways to inhibit the growth of adjacent plants and promote their invasion; they can also affect soil properties and soil microorganisms. This article summarizes the allelopathic effects of S. canadensis on other plant species and the interaction mechanism between it and the ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid36054696, year = {2023}, author = {Mahon, AR and Grey, EK and Jerde, CL}, title = {Integrating invasive species risk assessment into environmental DNA metabarcoding reference libraries.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, pages = {e2730}, pmid = {36054696}, issn = {1939-5582}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *DNA, Environmental ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Biodiversity ; Fishes/genetics ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has shown promise as a tool for estimating biodiversity and early detection of invasive species. In aquatic systems, advantages of this method include the ability to concurrently monitor biodiversity and detect incipient invasions simply through the collection and analysis of water samples. However, depending on the molecular markers chosen for a given study, reference libraries containing target sequences from present species may limit the usefulness of eDNA metabarcoding. To explore the extent of this issue and how it may be resolved to aid biodiversity and invasive species early detection goals, we focus on fishes in the well-studied Laurentian Great Lakes region. First, we provide a synthesis of species currently known from the region and of non-indigenous species identified as threats by international, national, regional, and introduction pathway-specific fish risk assessments. With these species lists, we then evaluate 23 primer pairs commonly used in fish eDNA metabarcoding with available databases of sequence coverage and species specificity. Finally, we identify established and potentially invasive non-indigenous fish that should be prioritized for genetic sequencing to ensure robust eDNA metabarcoding for the region. Our results should increase confidence in using eDNA metabarcoding for fisheries conservation and management in the Great Lakes region and help prioritize reference sequencing efforts. The ultimate utility of eDNA metabarcoding approaches will come when conservation management of existing fish communities is integrated with early detection efforts for invasive species surveillance to assess total fish biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid36054536, year = {2022}, author = {Illán, JG and Zhu, G and Walgenbach, JF and Acebes-Doria, A and Agnello, AM and Alston, DG and Andrews, H and Beers, EH and Bergh, JC and Bessin, RT and Blaauw, BR and Buntin, GD and Burkness, EC and Cullum, JP and Daane, KM and Fann, LE and Fisher, J and Girod, P and Gut, LJ and Hamilton, GC and Hepler, JR and Hilton, R and Hoelmer, KA and Hutchison, WD and Jentsch, PJ and Joseph, SV and Kennedy, GG and Krawczyk, G and Kuhar, TP and Lee, JC and Leskey, TC and Marshal, AT and Milnes, JM and Nielsen, AL and Patel, DK and Peterson, HD and Reisig, DD and Rijal, JP and Sial, AA and Spears, LR and Stahl, JM and Tatman, KM and Taylor, SV and Tillman, G and Toews, MD and Villanueva, RT and Welty, C and Wiman, NG and Wilson, JK and Zalom, FG and Crowder, DW}, title = {Evaluating invasion risk and population dynamics of the brown marmorated stink bug across the contiguous United States.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {78}, number = {11}, pages = {4929-4938}, pmid = {36054536}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//USDA-NIFA-SCRI grant no. 2016-51181-25409/ ; //USDA/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Heteroptera ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; United States ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive species threaten the productivity and stability of natural and managed ecosystems. Predicting the spread of invaders, which can aid in early mitigation efforts, is a major challenge, especially in the face of climate change. While ecological niche models are effective tools to assess habitat suitability for invaders, such models have rarely been created for invasive pest species with rapidly expanding ranges. Here, we leveraged a national monitoring effort from 543 sites over 3 years to assess factors mediating the occurrence and abundance of brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB, Halyomorpha halys), an invasive insect pest that has readily established throughout much of the United States.<br><br>RESULTS: We used maximum entropy models to estimate the suitable habitat of BMSB under several climate scenarios, and generalized boosted models to assess environmental factors that regulated BMSB abundance. Our models captured BMSB distribution and abundance with high accuracy, and predicted a 70% increase in suitable habitat under future climate scenarios. However, environmental factors that mediated the geographical distribution of BMSB were different from those driving abundance. While BMSB occurrence was most affected by winter precipitation and proximity to populated areas, BMSB abundance was influenced most strongly by evapotranspiration and solar photoperiod.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that linking models of establishment (occurrence) and population dynamics (abundance) offers a more effective way to forecast the spread and impact of BMSB and other invasive species than simply occurrence-based models, allowing for targeted mitigation efforts. Implications of distribution shifts under climate change are discussed. &#xa9; 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid36054508, year = {2022}, author = {Rojas-Nossa, SV and Dasilva-Martins, D and Mato, S and Bartolomé, C and Maside, X and Garrido, J}, title = {Effectiveness of electric harps in reducing Vespa velutina predation pressure and consequences for honey bee colony development.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {78}, number = {12}, pages = {5142-5149}, pmid = {36054508}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Interreg Atlantic Area Program (European Regional Development Fund - ERDF, European Union): EAPA_800/2018 - Atlantic-Positive/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Bees ; Body Weight ; Plant Breeding ; Pollination ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Vespa velutina has become a species of concern in invaded regions of Europe and Asia, due to its impacts on biodiversity, apiculture and society. This hornet, a ferocious hunter of pollinating insects, poses a serious threat to biodiversity and pollination services. Despite ongoing efforts, its extermination in continental Europe is hampered by a lack of effective control methods, thus effective mitigation measures are primary concerns. The aims of this work were: (i) to study the effects of V. velutina predating on honey bee colonies, and (ii) to assess the effectiveness of electric harps in reducing hunting pressure and predation. We assessed the predation pressure and compared honey bee colony performance, body weight of workers, and winter survivorship for protected versus unprotected colonies in 36 experimental hives across three apiaries.<br><br>RESULTS: Electric harps protected honey bees by reducing predation pressure and therefore mitigating foraging paralysis. Consequently, foraging activity, pollen income, brood production and worker body weight were higher in protected colonies which in turn showed greater winter survivorship than those that were unprotected, especially at sites with intermediate to high levels of predation.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The predation of V. velutina affects foraging activity, breeding, body weight and colony survivorship of Apis mellifera. Electric harps contribute significantly to mitigate the impact of this invasive hornet on apiaries; however, they should be deployed in tandem with additional measures to preserve honey bee colony stocks, such as facilitating access to food sources for colonies during the periods of highest predation pressure. &#xa9; 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid36053995, year = {2023}, author = {Fuller, HW and Frey, S and Fisher, JT}, title = {Integration of aerial surveys and resource selection analysis indicates human land use supports boreal deer expansion.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, pages = {e2722}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2722}, pmid = {36053995}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Deer ; Oil and Gas Fields ; *Petroleum ; }, abstract = {Landscape change is a driver of global biodiversity loss. In the western Nearctic, petroleum exploration and extraction is a major contributor to landscape change, with concomitant effects on large mammal populations. One of those effects is the continued expansion of invasive white-tailed deer populations into the boreal forest, with ramifications for the whole ecosystem. We explored deer resource selection within the oil sands region of the boreal forest using a novel application of aerial ungulate survey (AUS) data. Deer locations from AUS were "used" points and together with randomly allocated "available" points informed deer resource selection in relation to landscape variables in the boreal forest. We created a candidate set of generalized linear models representing competing hypotheses about the role of natural landscape features, forest harvesting, cultivation, roads, and petroleum features. We ranked these in an information-theoretic framework. A combination of natural and anthropogenic landscape features best explained deer resource selection. Deer strongly selected seismic lines and other linear features associated with petroleum exploration and extraction, likely as movement corridors and resource subsidies. Forest harvesting and cultivation, important contributors to expansion in other parts of the white-tailed deer range, were not as important here. Stemming deer expansion to conserve native ungulates and maintain key predator-prey processes will likely require landscape management to restore the widespread linear features crossing the vast oil sands region.}, }
@article {pmid36053552, year = {2022}, author = {Acharya, R and Lee, JY and Hwang, HS and Kim, MK and Lee, SY and Jung, HY and Park, I and Lee, KY}, title = {Identification of entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi infested in fall armyworm in the cornfield of Korea, and evaluation of its virulence.}, journal = {Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {111}, number = {4}, pages = {e21965}, doi = {10.1002/arch.21965}, pmid = {36053552}, issn = {1520-6327}, support = {321001-03//Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs Convergence Technologies Program/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Spodoptera/microbiology ; Virulence ; *Metarhizium ; Larva ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda is an important invasive pest in Africa and Asia. It is a polyphagous pest with at least 353 recorded host plant species, including corn. Chemical control of this pest is unsuccessful because of a developed resistance and harmful effects on the environment. Entomopathogenic fungi are potential biological control agents for FAW. In this study, the native strain of Metarhizium rileyi (KNU-Ye-1), collected from a cornfield at Yeongcheon, Korea, was identified by morphological and molecular characterization. The susceptibility of the fourth-instar larvae of FAW to the native strain M. rileyi was examined in the laboratory. The results showed that the Korean strain of M. rileyi (KNU-Ye-1) was highly virulent to FAW larvae, causing 89% mortality 7 days posttreatment. Therefore, M. rileyi (KNU-Ye-1) identified in this study is highly valuable for the biological control of FAW in the field.}, }
@article {pmid36052733, year = {2022}, author = {Azzurro, E and Smeraldo, S and D'Amen, M}, title = {Spatio-temporal dynamics of exotic fish species in the Mediterranean Sea: Over a century of invasion reconstructed.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {28}, number = {21}, pages = {6268-6279}, pmid = {36052733}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Fishes ; Geography ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {With over a thousand of introduced species, the Mediterranean is the most heavily invaded marine region in the world. Yet, the spatio-temporal dynamics of this bioinvasion has never been analysed. Examination of a comprehensive dataset of 4015 georeferenced observations, extracted from the scientific literature, allowed (i) reconstructing the invasion and the introduction and post-introduction dynamics of exotic fish species, (ii) calculating introduction and spread rates, and (iii) investigating the time correlates since introduction. Our analysis encompasses 188 fish species that entered the Mediterranean from 1896 to 2020, including 25 Atlantic species that naturally expanded their range through the Strait of Gibraltar. Cumulative occurrences, reported in 264 distribution maps, documented the progressive expansion of the most represented species and the spatio-temporal patterns associated with three introduction routes: the Suez Canal (CAN); other human-mediated vectors (HM) and the Strait of Gibraltar (NRE). The arrival rate of the species introduced through all three routes increased steeply after 1990, without a sign of saturation. Data analysis highlighted some temporal and geographical patterns, such as the effect and eventual weakening of the biogeographical barriers represented by the Strait of Sicily and the North Aegean Sea and the asymmetrical distribution of occurrences along the northern and southern Mediterranean coasts. Finally, there was an exponential increase in the secondary spread rates of CAN and NRE immigrants, as the more recent introductions achieved the fastest geographical expansions. Our findings provide a detailed and spatially explicit summary of a massive invasion that has changed the history of the Mediterranean biota and represent a remarkable example of rapid biotic homogenization in the global ocean.}, }
@article {pmid36047692, year = {2023}, author = {Healy, BD and Budy, P and Yackulic, CB and Murphy, BP and Schelly, RC and McKinstry, MC}, title = {Exploring metapopulation-scale suppression alternatives for a global invader in a river network experiencing climate change.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {e13993}, pmid = {36047692}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Rivers ; *Ecosystem ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Trout/physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can dramatically alter ecosystems, but eradication is difficult, and suppression is expensive once they are established. Uncertainties in the potential for expansion and impacts by an invader can lead to delayed and inadequate suppression, allowing for establishment. Metapopulation viability models can aid in planning strategies to improve responses to invaders and lessen invasive species' impacts, which may be particularly important under climate change. We used a spatially explicit metapopulation viability model to explore suppression strategies for ecologically damaging invasive brown trout (Salmo trutta), established in the Colorado River and a tributary in Grand Canyon National Park. Our goals were to estimate the effectiveness of strategies targeting different life stages and subpopulations within a metapopulation; quantify the effectiveness of a rapid response to a new invasion relative to delaying action until establishment; and estimate whether future hydrology and temperature regimes related to climate change and reservoir management affect metapopulation viability and alter the optimal management response. Our models included scenarios targeting different life stages with spatially varying intensities of electrofishing, redd destruction, incentivized angler harvest, piscicides, and a weir. Quasi-extinction (QE) was obtainable only with metapopulation-wide suppression targeting multiple life stages. Brown trout population growth rates were most sensitive to changes in age 0 and large adult mortality. The duration of suppression needed to reach QE for a large established subpopulation was 12 years compared with 4 with a rapid response to a new invasion. Isolated subpopulations were vulnerable to suppression; however, connected tributary subpopulations enhanced metapopulation persistence by serving as climate refuges. Water shortages driving changes in reservoir storage and subsequent warming would cause brown trout declines, but metapopulation QE was achieved only through refocusing and increasing suppression. Our modeling approach improves understanding of invasive brown trout metapopulation dynamics, which could lead to more focused and effective invasive species suppression strategies and, ultimately, maintenance of populations of endemic fishes.}, }
@article {pmid36044962, year = {2022}, author = {Perales Macedo, DMB and Díaz Pernett, SC and Díaz González, MG and Torres Nieves, GM and Santos Flores, CJ and Díaz Lameiro, AM and Locke, SA}, title = {Autochthonous transmission of the Indomalayan parasite, Transversotrema patialense, in the Caribbean: Molecular, morphological, and experimental evidence.}, journal = {Experimental parasitology}, volume = {242}, number = {}, pages = {108368}, doi = {10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108368}, pmid = {36044962}, issn = {1090-2449}, mesh = {Animals ; *Parasites ; Phylogeny ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Trematoda/genetics ; Snails/parasitology ; Cercaria ; DNA, Ribosomal ; *Trematode Infections/epidemiology/veterinary/parasitology ; }, abstract = {The Asian freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata has been established since the 1960s in the Americas, where it transmits cercariae of a small number of digenetic trematode species from its native range. In 2021-2022, 24 M. tuberculata were discovered shedding transversotrematid cercariae in Puerto Rico, where parasites of this snail have not been previously studied. Adult transversotrematids (in some cases, gravid) were found on field-caught fish and on fish exposed to shedding snails, including on fish species native to Puerto Rico. Adults and cercariae were identified as Transversotrema patialense (Soparkar, 1924), a species native to the Indomalayan region. Morphological identification was supported with 28S rDNA sequences closely matching that from unidentified transversotrematid cercariae in Thailand. The absence of T. patialense in snails collected prior to 2021, increasing prevalence of infection in snails collected thereafter, and lack of variation in parasite DNA sequences (28S, internal transcribed spacer 2, cytochrome c oxidase I) from three isolates are consistent with a recently introduced and possibly expanding parasite population. Transversotrema patialense has been recorded outside its native range before, but most studies (including a prior record in the Americas) reported the parasite from captive hosts from commercial sources such as pet shops. The present results thus provide the first demonstration of natural transmission of T. patialense in the Americas. Phylogenetic analysis of 28S but not of ITS2 show the transversotrematid genus Transversotrema Witenberg, 1944 is paraphyletic, with Crusziella Cribb, Bray and Barker 1992 nested within it.}, }
@article {pmid36043831, year = {2022}, author = {Shi, YX and Li, Y and Meng, Y and Zhao, ZY and Zhang, TY and Wang, D and Yuan, L}, title = {[Pattern evolution and impact factor of Jiuduansha Wetland at the Yangtze Estuary during 1989-2020].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, pages = {2229-2236}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202208.022}, pmid = {36043831}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Carbon/analysis ; China ; *Estuaries ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Journal Impact Factor ; Poaceae ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Affected by the changes of drainage basin and marine environment and human activities, estuarine wetland is fragile, sensitive, and complex in evolution. Jiuduansha Wetland is the largest estuarine shoal wetland in the Yangtze Estuary, and is undergoing rapid changes due to the reduction of sediment inputs and the invasion of alien species Spartina alterniflora. In this study, the changes of Jiuduansha Wetland from 1989 to 2020 were analyzed through remote sensing interpretation, field investigation, and topographic data analysis. The impacts of watershed sediment reduction and S. alterniflora invasion on Jiuduansha Wetland were analyzed based on the hydrological data of Datong station and the invasion history of S. alterniflora. The results showed that the total area of Jiuduansha Wetland (above -5 m) first increased and then decreased since 1991, reaching its maximum in 2005 (421.16 km[2]). The area of tidal flat wetland (above 0 m) and wetland vegetation increased continuously from 1989 to 2020, with 1.5 times and 47.1 times increases, respectively. The decreases of sediment supply led to a decrease in the total area of Jiuduansha Wetland (above -5 m) and a decrease growth rate of tidal flat wetland area above 0 m and vege-tation area. The invasive species S. alterniflora had expanded rapidly, occupied the space of native species, and became the dominant species in Jiuduansha Wetland since it was introduced in 1997. Sediment reduction and S. alterniflora invasion had led to the rapid changes of Jiuduansha Wetland structure. In order to avoid the degradation of ecological service, wetland protection and restoration should be taken to maintain the stability and health of Jiu-duansha Wetland.}, }
@article {pmid36042857, year = {2022}, author = {Hulagappa, T and Baradevanal, G and Surpur, S and Raghavendra, D and Doddachowdappa, S and R Shashank, P and Kereyagalahalli Mallaiah, K and Bedar, J}, title = {Diagnosis and potential invasion risk of Thrips parvispinus under current and future climate change scenarios.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e13868}, pmid = {36042857}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Thysanoptera ; Climate Change ; Introduced Species ; Forecasting ; India ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Invasive thrips, Thrips parvispinus Karny recently reported in India, causing a widespread severe infestation in more than 0.4 million ha of chilli (Capsicum annum L.) growing areas. This species is native to Thailand and most prevalent in other South East Asian countries. Large scale cultivation of the major host plants (chilli and papaya), and favourable climatic conditions in India and other countries similar to native range of Thrips parvispinus expected to favour its further spread and establishment to new areas.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was undertaken to confirm invasive thrips species identity through both morphological and molecular approaches and predict its potential invasion using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm.<br><br>RESULTS: The model predicted species range in respect of discrimination of suitable and unsuitable areas for its occurrence both in current and future climatic scenarios. The model provided a good fit for species distribution with a high value of area under the curve (0.957). The jackknife test indicated annual mean temperature and precipitation were found to be the most important bioclimatic variable in determining the distribution of T. parvispinus. High suitability areas were predicted in the countries wherever its occurrence was reported with high discrimination ability of suitable and unsuitable areas. Key distinguishing morphological characters of T. parvispinus were illustrated through high-resolution scanning electron microscopic images.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The identity of the thrips causing wide spread damage in chilli confirmed through morphological and molecular approaches. Key identifying characters were described through high resolution scanning electron microscopic images for accurate identification of the species. MaxEnt model identified high suitability regions for the potential establishment of T. parvispinus in India and other parts of the world. This study facilitates forecasting of further spread and also suggests imposing strict domestic quarantine measures to curtail its establishment in the new areas.}, }
@article {pmid36042784, year = {2022}, author = {Salgado, R and Barja, I and Hernández, MDC and Lucero, B and Castro-Arellano, I and Bonacic, C and Rubio, AV}, title = {Activity patterns and interactions of rodents in an assemblage composed by native species and the introduced black rat: implications for pathogen transmission.}, journal = {BMC zoology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {48}, pmid = {36042784}, issn = {2056-3132}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The degree of temporal overlap between sympatric wild hosts species and their behavioral interactions can be highly relevant to the transmission of pathogens. However, this topic has been scantly addressed. Furthermore, temporal overlap and interactions within an assemblage of wild rodents composed of native and introduced species have been rarely discussed worldwide. We assessed the nocturnal activity patterns and interactions between rodent taxa of an assemblage consisting of native species (Oligoryzomys longicaudatus, Abrothrix hirta, and Abrothrix olivaceus) and the introduced black rat (Rattus rattus) in a temperate forest from southern Chile. All rodent species in this study are known hosts for various zoonotic pathogens.<br><br>RESULTS: We found a high nocturnal temporal overlap within the rodent assemblage. However, pairwise comparisons of temporal activity patterns indicated significant differences among all taxa. Rattus rattus showed aggressive behaviors against all native rodents more frequently than against their conspecifics. As for native rodents, agonistic behaviors were the most common interactions between individuals of the same taxon and between individuals of different taxa (O. longicaudatus vs Abrothrix spp.).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal several interactions among rodent taxa that may have implications for pathogens such as hantaviruses, Leptospira spp., and vector-borne pathogens. Furthermore, their transmission may be facilitated by the temporal overlap observed between rodent taxa.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40850-022-00152-7.}, }
@article {pmid36042283, year = {2022}, author = {Zhou, L and Sheng, B and Zhang, T and Liu, W and Guo, K and Yu, H and Bai, L and Hu, J}, title = {madd-4 plays a critical role in light against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {14796}, pmid = {36042283}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans ; *Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Ecosystem ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; *Pinus ; *Rhabditida ; *Tylenchida/genetics ; Xylophilus ; }, abstract = {Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a notorious invasive species, causing extensive losses to pine ecosystems globally. Previous studies had shown that the development of B. xylophilus was seriously suppressed by light. However, the mechanism involved in the inhibition is unknown. Here, it is the first report that Bxy-madd-4 is a light-regulated gene, plays a potential role in B. xylophilus in responding to the blue light. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that the expression level of Bxy-madd-4 declined by 86.39% under blue light. The reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR results were in accord with the transcriptome sequencing, confirming the expression level of Bxy-madd-4 was suppressed by blue light. Bxy-madd-4 promoter::mCherry reporter constructed in Caenorhabditis elegans were utilized to mimic the spatiotemporal expression patterns of Bxy-madd-4. Bxy-madd-4A promoter activity had a strong continuity throughout all development stages in C. elegans. Further RNA interference indicated that only 36.8% of the Bxy-madd-4 dsRNA treated embryos were hatched. Moreover, 71.6% of the hatched nematodes were abnormal, such as particles on the body surface and concave tissues. Our findings contribute towards a better understanding of the mechanism of light against the destructive invasive nematode, providing a promising hint for control of the destructive invasive nematode.}, }
@article {pmid36040418, year = {2023}, author = {Lue, CH and Abram, PK and Hrcek, J and Buffington, ML and Staniczenko, PPA}, title = {Metabarcoding and applied ecology with hyperdiverse organisms: Recommendations for biological control research.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {23}, pages = {6461-6473}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16677}, pmid = {36040418}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {//Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada/ ; LL2001//Czech Ministry of Education/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Insecta ; *Ecology ; Drosophila ; Genetic Markers ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; }, abstract = {Metabarcoding is revolutionizing fundamental research in ecology by enabling large-scale detection of species and producing data that are rich with community context. However, the benefits of metabarcoding have yet to be fully realized in fields of applied ecology, especially those such as classical biological control (CBC) research that involve hyperdiverse taxa. Here, we discuss some of the opportunities that metabarcoding provides CBC and solutions to the main methodological challenges that have limited the integration of metabarcoding in existing CBC workflows. We focus on insect parasitoids, which are popular and effective biological control agents (BCAs) of invasive species and agricultural pests. Accurately identifying native, invasive and BCA species is paramount, since misidentification can undermine control efforts and lead to large negative socio-economic impacts. Unfortunately, most existing publicly accessible genetic databases cannot be used to reliably identify parasitoid species, thereby limiting the accuracy of metabarcoding in CBC research. To address this issue, we argue for the establishment of authoritative genetic databases that link metabarcoding data to taxonomically identified specimens. We further suggest using multiple genetic markers to reduce primer bias and increase taxonomic resolution. We also provide suggestions for biological control-specific metabarcoding workflows intended to track the long-term effectiveness of introduced BCAs. Finally, we use the example of an invasive pest, Drosophila suzukii, in a reflective "what if" thought experiment to explore the potential power of community metabarcoding in CBC.}, }
@article {pmid36038897, year = {2022}, author = {Ferreira, FC and Videvall, E and Seidl, CM and Wagner, NE and Kilpatrick, AM and Fleischer, RC and Fonseca, DM}, title = {Transcriptional response of individual Hawaiian Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes to the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium relictum.}, journal = {Malaria journal}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {249}, pmid = {36038897}, issn = {1475-2875}, support = {2001213//National Science Foundation/ ; 2001213//National Science Foundation/ ; 2001213//National Science Foundation/ ; 2001213//National Science Foundation/ ; 2001213//National Science Foundation/ ; 2001213//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Canaries ; *Culex/genetics/parasitology ; *Culicidae ; Hawaii ; Humans ; *Malaria ; *Malaria, Avian/parasitology ; Oocysts ; *Parasites ; *Passeriformes/parasitology ; *Plasmodium ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Plasmodium parasites that cause bird malaria occur in all continents except Antarctica and are primarily transmitted by mosquitoes in the genus Culex. Culex quinquefasciatus, the mosquito vector of avian malaria in Hawai'i, became established in the islands in the 1820s. While the deadly effects of malaria on endemic bird species have been documented for many decades, vector-parasite interactions in avian malaria systems are relatively understudied.<br><br>METHODS: To evaluate the gene expression response of mosquitoes exposed to a Plasmodium infection intensity known to occur naturally in Hawai'i, offspring of wild-collected Hawaiian Cx. quinquefasciatus were fed on a domestic canary infected with a fresh isolate of Plasmodium relictum GRW4 from a wild-caught Hawaiian honeycreeper. Control mosquitoes were fed on an uninfected canary. Transcriptomes of five infected and three uninfected individual mosquitoes were sequenced at each of three stages of the parasite life cycle: 24&#xa0;h post feeding (hpf) during ookinete invasion; 5&#xa0;days post feeding (dpf) when oocysts are developing; 10 dpf when sporozoites are released and invade the salivary glands.<br><br>RESULTS: Differential gene expression analyses showed that during ookinete invasion (24 hpf), genes related to oxidoreductase activity and galactose catabolism had lower expression levels in infected mosquitoes compared to controls. Oocyst development (5 dpf) was associated with reduced expression of a gene with a predicted innate immune function. At 10 dpf, infected mosquitoes had reduced expression levels of a serine protease inhibitor, and further studies should assess its role as a Plasmodium agonist in C. quinquefasciatus. Overall, the differential gene expression response of Hawaiian Culex exposed to a Plasmodium infection intensity known to occur naturally in Hawai'i was low, but more pronounced during ookinete invasion.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This is the first analysis of the transcriptional responses of vectors to malaria parasites in non-mammalian systems. Interestingly, few similarities were found between the response of Culex infected with a bird Plasmodium and those reported in Anopheles infected with human Plasmodium. The relatively small transcriptional changes observed in mosquito genes related to immune response and nutrient metabolism support conclusions of low fitness costs often documented in experimental challenges of Culex with avian Plasmodium.}, }
@article {pmid36037241, year = {2022}, author = {Wrońska-Pilarek, D and Sowelo, M and Antkowiak, W and Bocianowski, J and Lechowicz, K}, title = {Pollen morphology and variability of native and alien, including invasive, species of the genus Spiraea L. (Rosaceae) in Poland.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {8}, pages = {e0273743}, pmid = {36037241}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Introduced Species ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Poland ; Pollen ; *Rosaceae ; Species Specificity ; *Spiraea ; }, abstract = {The pollen morphology was studied in 25 taxa of the genus Spiraea L. The aims of this study were to describe the pollen morphology and variability and to determine whether the pollen features of alien, expansive or invasive Spiraea species differ from those of other taxa. The species of Spiraea were analysed for nine quantitative pollen traits as well as the following qualitative traits: the outline, shape and exine ornamentation. In total, 750 pollen grains were measured. Based on the pollen key exine ornamentation features, then individual Spiraea species were distinguished, while the other species formed groups of usually 2-3, up to 8 species. The most important pollen features included length, width and course of grooves and striae, presence or absence of perforations, as well as their number and diameter. The most variable taxa for all the nine biometric traits jointly were S. ×billardii, S. veitchii, S. nipponica and S. cana. The pollen of the invasive S. tomentosa differed from the other taxa studied, unlike the other invasive species (S. douglasii and S. japonica).}, }
@article {pmid36034188, year = {2022}, author = {Lane, SL}, title = {Using marsh organs to test seed recruitment in tidal freshwater marshes.}, journal = {Applications in plant sciences}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {e11474}, pmid = {36034188}, issn = {2168-0450}, abstract = {PREMISE: Seed recruitment niches along estuarine elevation gradients are seldom experimentally field-tested under tidal regimes of the Pacific Northwest of North America. Addressing this knowledge gap is important to better understand estuary restoration and plant community response to sea level rise.<br><br>METHODS: Germination was tested in marsh organ mesocosms across an elevation gradient (0.5-1.7&#x2009;m above mean sea level). Seeds were sown on sterile peat moss, and the tops of pipes were secured with horticultural "frost cloth" to ensure no experimental seeds were washed out and no new seeds were introduced. The trials tested artificial and overwinter chilling regimes, as well as the presence and/or absence of a near-neighbor transplant.<br><br>RESULTS: Carex lyngbyei had significant elevation-driven germination after overwinter and artificial chilling. Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani had near-significant germination across elevation after overwinter chilling, and germination in the absence of competition was significantly greater than with a near-neighbor transplant.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Carex lyngbyei had the highest germination rate at higher elevations, which suggests restricted seed recruitment potential and required clonal expansion to extend into lower marsh elevations. Identifying species-specific recruitment niches provides insight for restoration opportunities or invasive species monitoring, as well as for estuary migration under sea level rise.}, }
@article {pmid36031993, year = {2022}, author = {Gao, Z and Liu, S and Li, W}, title = {Biological control for predation invasion based on pair approximation.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE}, volume = {19}, number = {10}, pages = {10252-10274}, doi = {10.3934/mbe.2022480}, pmid = {36031993}, issn = {1551-0018}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions have been paid more attention since invasive species may cause certain threats to local ecosystems. When biological control is adopted, selecting control species for effect better becomes the focus of latest studies. A food web system, with one native species, one invasive species as predator, and one introduced control species preying on both native and invasive species, is established based on pair approximation, in which the spatial landscape of biological invasion and control is concerned, and the local and global dispersal strategies of invasive species, in addition to the predation preferences of control species for native and invasive species, are considered. The influence of the initial density and initial spatial structures of the control species is investigated and the effects of control species releasing time are analyzed. Generally, the earlier the species introduction, the better the control effect, especially for invasive species dispersing globally. Interestingly, too low control species predation preference for native species can lead to unsuccessful introduction, while too much predation preference will have a weak control effect. The larger the control species predatory preference for invasive species is, the more conducive it is to biological control. The extinction of the invasive species is closely related to the initial density and concentration of the control species. This study gives some insights on selecting control species, its appropriate releasing time, and the density and spatial aggregation of it. Some real-life examples are elaborated on, which provides references for biological invasion control.}, }
@article {pmid36031219, year = {2022}, author = {Weldon, CW and Terblanche, JS and Bosua, H and Malod, K and Chown, SL}, title = {Male Mediterranean fruit flies prefer warmer temperatures that improve sexual performance.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {108}, number = {}, pages = {103298}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103298}, pmid = {36031219}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ceratitis capitata ; Female ; Male ; Reproduction ; Semen ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Females and males have divergent strategies of energy investment, so the thermal preference of each sex in insects may differ because energetic conversion of metabolic reserves is dependent on temperature. We determined the thermal preference of virgin, sexually mature Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata, and found that males preferred a significantly higher temperature (23.8 ± 0.3 °C) than that of females (22.1 ± 0.3 °C). We then tested predictions for the difference in thermal preference related to the energetic demands of reproduction over a range of temperatures. The frequency and duration of calling bouts by male C. capitata were optimal at 26 °C. Mating propensity and latency, and copula duration, were optimal over the range of 22-28 °C. When mating occurred, temperature had little effect on the incidence of sperm storage by females, but there was a notable decline in the number stored at 28 °C. Female lifespan was highest at 18 °C, but lifetime egg production was optimal at 24 °C. These results illustrate temperature-related differences in the reproductive fitness of the sexes in C. capitata, although the optima for male traits align best with their thermal preference. They also support the theoretical prediction that insect thermal preference should be lower than the optimum for fitness.}, }
@article {pmid36030689, year = {2022}, author = {Zhong, S and Xu, Z and Yu, Y and Cheng, H and Wei, M and Wang, S and Du, D and Wang, C}, title = {Acid deposition at higher acidity weakens the antagonistic responses during the co-decomposition of two Asteraceae invasive plants.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {243}, number = {}, pages = {114012}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114012}, pmid = {36030689}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {*Asteraceae ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Nitric Acid ; Plant Leaves ; Plants ; Soil/chemistry ; *Solidago ; Sulfuric Acids ; }, abstract = {Co-invasion by two invasive plant species (IPS) can occur in the same habitat. Diversified acid deposition may change the co-invasion process by altering litter decomposition and plant-soil feedback signalling. This study examined the co-decomposition of two Asteraceae IPS (Solidago canadensis L. and Bidens pilosa L.) on litter decomposition rate, soil enzyme activities, and soil N-fixing bacterial communities under diversified acid deposition (mixed acid deposition at pH 5.6 and at pH 4.5, sulfuric acid at pH 4.5, and nitric acid at pH 4.5). B. pilosa litter degraded faster than S. canadensis litter. Acid deposition at higher acidity accelerated the decomposition rate of both pure S. canadensis litter and the equally mixed litters from the two Asteraceae IPS. Antagonistic responses may occur during the co-decomposition of the two Asteraceae IPS with mixed acid deposition, regardless of the pH, as well as with nitric acid deposition at pH 4.5; in contrast, there may be neutral responses for the co-decomposition process with sulfuric acid at pH 4.5. The type of acid deposited may be one of the key factors affecting the intensity of the mixing effect affecting the co-decomposition. Acid deposition at higher acidity weakened the antagonistic responses for the co-decomposition of the two Asteraceae IPS compared with the response to weak acids. Together, these results indicate that acid deposition at higher acidity could facilitate the co-invasion of the two Asteraceae IPS mainly through accelerated litter decomposition as well as weakened antagonistic responses for co-decomposition.}, }
@article {pmid36030291, year = {2022}, author = {Swan, T and Russell, TL and Staunton, KM and Field, MA and Ritchie, SA and Burkot, TR}, title = {A literature review of dispersal pathways of Aedes albopictus across different spatial scales: implications for vector surveillance.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {303}, pmid = {36030291}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; *Chikungunya virus ; *Dengue ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes albopictus is a highly invasive species and an important vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses. Indigenous to Southeast Asia, Ae. albopictus has successfully invaded every inhabited continent, except Antarctica, in the past 80 years. Vector surveillance and control at points of entry (PoE) is the most critical front line of defence against the introduction of Ae. albopictus to new areas. Identifying the pathways by which Ae. albopictus are introduced is the key to implementing effective vector surveillance to rapidly detect introductions and to eliminate them.<br><br>METHODS: A literature review was conducted to identify studies and data sources reporting the known and suspected dispersal pathways of human-mediated Ae. albopictus dispersal between 1940-2020. Studies and data sources reporting the first introduction of Ae. albopictus in a new country were selected for data extraction and analyses.<br><br>RESULTS: Between 1940-2020, Ae. albopictus was reported via various dispersal pathways into 86 new countries. Two main dispersal pathways were identified: (1) at global and continental spatial scales, maritime sea transport was the main dispersal pathway for Ae. albopictus into new countries in the middle to late 20th Century, with ships carrying used tyres of particular importance during the 1980s and 1990s, and (2) at continental and national spatial scales, the passive transportation of Ae. albopictus in ground vehicles and to a lesser extent the trade of used tyres and maritime sea transport appear to be the major drivers of Ae. albopictus dispersal into new countries, especially in Europe. Finally, the dispersal pathways for the introduction and spread of Ae. albopictus in numerous countries remains unknown, especially from the 1990s onwards.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This review identified the main known and suspected dispersal pathways of human-mediated Ae. albopictus dispersal leading to the first introduction of Ae. albopictus into new countries and highlighted gaps in our understanding of Ae. albopictus dispersal pathways. Relevant advances in vector surveillance and genomic tracking techniques are presented and discussed in the context of improving vector surveillance.}, }
@article {pmid36016815, year = {2022}, author = {Byrne, D and Scheben, A and Scott, JK and Webber, BL and Batchelor, KL and Severn-Ellis, AA and Gooden, B and Bell, KL}, title = {Genomics reveals the history of a complex plant invasion and improves the management of a biological invasion from the South African-Australian biotic exchange.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e9179}, pmid = {36016815}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Many plants exchanged in the global redistribution of species in the last 200 years, particularly between South Africa and Australia, have become threatening invasive species in their introduced range. Refining our understanding of the genetic diversity and population structure of native and alien populations, introduction pathways, propagule pressure, naturalization, and initial spread, can transform the effectiveness of management and prevention of further introductions. We used 20,221 single nucleotide polymorphisms to reconstruct the invasion of a coastal shrub, Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata (bitou bush) from South Africa, into eastern Australia (EAU), and Western Australia (WAU). We determined genetic diversity and population structure across the native and introduced ranges and compared hypothesized invasion scenarios using Bayesian modeling. We detected considerable genetic structure in the native range, as well as differentiation between populations in the native and introduced range. Phylogenetic analysis showed the introduced samples to be most closely related to the southern-most native populations, although Bayesian analysis inferred introduction from a ghost population. We detected strong genetic bottlenecks during the founding of both the EAU and WAU populations. It is likely that the WAU population was introduced from EAU, possibly involving an unsampled ghost population. The number of private alleles and polymorphic SNPs successively decreased from South Africa to EAU to WAU, although heterozygosity remained high. That bitou bush remains an invasion threat in EAU, despite reduced genetic diversity, provides a cautionary biosecurity message regarding the risk of introduction of potentially invasive species via shipping routes.}, }
@article {pmid36015460, year = {2022}, author = {Gudžinskas, Z and Taura, L}, title = {Do Reproductive Traits of Invasive Populations of Scotch Broom, Cytisus scoparius (Fabaceae), Outperform Native Populations?.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {16}, pages = {}, pmid = {36015460}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Reproductive traits are among the most important factors in determining the success of species establishment and invasion in a new area. Studies on transcontinental invasions have revealed that invasive species perform better in the invasive range than in their native ranges. We assumed that the same regularity exists in intracontinental invasions and thus investigated whether the reproductive traits of Scotch broom, Cytisus scoparius, perform better in the alien invasive range in Europe compared to its native range in the same continent. The aim of this research was to reveal the potential and realised fecundity of C. scoparius in its native and invasive ranges, as well as relationships with the size of pods, habitat type, and how these traits vary at the same site in different years. The results of this study were not able to unambiguously confirm our hypothesis that C. scoparius in the invasive range in Lithuania, specifically in the southern part of the Boreal biogeographical region, outperform plants in the native range with regard to the analysed reproductive traits. Potential fecundity of C. scoparius in the native range was significantly higher than in the invaded range; however, realised fecundity was not significantly different between the native and invasive ranges. The pod length was similar in both ranges, whereas the pod width was significantly greater in the invasive range than in the native range. The results suggest that the number of ovules per pod, number of matured seeds, and the size of pods are related with the type of habitat and local environmental conditions in the habitat. Although many studies on other species have confirmed higher fecundity and overall better performance of plants in the invasive range than in the native range on other continents, this rule probably cannot be applied for intracontinental invasive species occurring in relatively close geographical regions to their native ranges.}, }
@article {pmid36015425, year = {2022}, author = {Iamonico, D}, title = {Biodiversity in Urban Areas: The Extraordinary Case of Appia Antica Regional Park (Rome, Italy).}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {16}, pages = {}, pmid = {36015425}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {The first inventory of the flora of Appia Antica Regional Park (Italy), one of the largest protected urban areas in Europe (4580 ha), its biological, ecological and biogeographical composition, and notes of the vegetation physiognomies and landscape are presented; physical characteristics of the territory (geomorphology, lithotypes, and phytoclimate) are also given. The landscape is defined by an agricultural matrix with natural and seminatural areas as patches, and riparian vegetation communities as corridors. The vegetation physiognomies are represented by types linked to the Mediterranean climate (mixed, Mediterranean, and riparian forests; scrubby, rocky, aquatic, and helophytic vegetation; anthropogenic communities). The floristic list includes 714 taxa (104 families and 403 genera). Therophytes prevail over hemicryptophytes; woody flora comprises about 30% of alien species. As regards chorotypes, together with a considerable number of Mediterranean species, there are many exotic species with wide distribution areas testifying to a long-lasting anthropic impact. Floristic novelties (european, national, and regional levels) for 21 taxa are reported. The extraordinary species diversity discovered (43% of flora of Rome and 20% of regional flora) is linked to the landscape heterogeneity, the characteristics of which are: (1) persistence of residual natural patches, (2) occurrence of quite well-preserved aquatic habitats and humid meadows, (3) a rich anthropogenic flora, (4) an interesting flora of archeological sites, (5) occurrence of species not common in Latium, (6) occurrence of populations of aliens in crops (which cause economic impact), (7) presence of aliens on archeological ruins (which cause economic-social impacts). The extensive set of data provided represents a general base framework for guiding future research efforts and landscape action plans consistent with environmental sustainability.}, }
@article {pmid36014050, year = {2022}, author = {Retief, L and Chimimba, CT and Oosthuizen, MC and Matshotshi, A and Bastos, ADS}, title = {Haemoplasma Prevalence and Diversity in Three Invasive Rattus Species from Gauteng Province, South Africa.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {36014050}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {78566//National Research Foundation/ ; 136156//National Research Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive Rattus species are carriers of haemotropic Mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas) globally, but data from Africa are lacking. Using a PCR-sequencing approach, we assessed haemoplasma prevalence and diversity in kidney and buccal swabs collected from three invasive Rattus species (Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi) in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Whilst the overall sequence-confirmed haemoplasma prevalence was 38.4%, infection rates in R. rattus (58.3%) were significantly higher (χ2 = 12.96; df = 2; n = 99 p < 0.05) than for R. tanezumi (14.3%). Differences between host sex (χ2 = 3.59 × 10−31; df = 1; n = 99; p = 1.00) and age (χ2 = 4.28; df = 2; n = 99; p = 0.12) were not significant. Whilst buccal (1.01%) and ectoparasite positivity (2.13%) were low, these results suggest that multiple transmission routes are possible. Three phylogenetically distinct lineages, consistent with global rat-associated strains described to date, were detected, namely, ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomuris subsp. Ratti’, and two Rattus-specific haemoplasmas that are yet to be formally described. These results expand the known distribution of invasive rat-associated haemoplasmas and highlight the potential for pathogen co-invasion of new territories together with invading rodent hosts.}, }
@article {pmid36011262, year = {2022}, author = {Salvatore, G and Palombo, V and Esposito, S and Iaffaldano, N and D'Andrea, M}, title = {Identification of Ancestry Informative Markers in Mediterranean Trout Populations of Molise (Italy): A Multi-Methodological Approach with Machine Learning.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {36011262}, issn = {2073-4425}, mesh = {Animals ; *Genetics, Population ; Italy ; Machine Learning ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; *Trout/genetics ; }, abstract = {Brown trout (Salmo trutta), like many other freshwater species, is threated by the release in its natural environment of alien species and the restocking with allochthonous conspecific stocks. Many conservation projects are ongoing and several morphological and genetic tools have been proposed to support activities aimed to restore genetic integrity status of native populations. Nevertheless, due to the complexity of degree of introgression reached up after many generations of crossing, the use of dichotomous key and molecular markers, such as mtDNA, LDH-C1* and microsatellites, are often not sufficient to discriminate native and admixed specimens at individual level. Here we propose a reduced panel of ancestry-informative SNP markers (AIMs) to support on field activities for Mediterranean trout management and conservation purpose. Starting from the genotypes data obtained on specimens sampled in the main two Molise's rivers (Central-Southern Italy), a 47 AIMs panel was identified and validated on simulated and real hybrid population datasets, mainly through a Machine Learning approach based on Random Forest classifier. The AIMs panel proposed may represent an interesting and cost-effective tool for monitoring the level of introgression between native and allochthonous trout population for conservation purpose and this methodology could be also applied in other species.}, }
@article {pmid36009834, year = {2022}, author = {Cheng, A and Lim, WY and Lim, PE and Yang Amri, A and Poong, SW and Song, SL and Ilham, Z}, title = {Marine Autotroph-Herbivore Synergies: Unravelling the Roles of Macroalgae in Marine Ecosystem Dynamics.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {36009834}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {H-5620009//University of Malaya/ ; ST007-2021//University of Malaya/ ; }, abstract = {Species invasion is a leading threat to marine ecosystems worldwide, being deemed as one of the ultimate jeopardies for biodiversity along with climate change. Tackling the emerging biodiversity threat to maintain the ecological balance of the largest biome in the world has now become a pivotal part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Marine herbivores are often considered as biological agents that control the spread of invasive species, and their effectiveness depends largely on factors that influence their feeding preferences, including the specific attributes of their food-the autotrophs. While the marine autotroph-herbivore interactions have been substantially discussed globally, many studies have reported contradictory findings on the effects of nutritional attributes and novelty of autotrophs on herbivore feeding behaviour. In view of the scattered literature on the mechanistic basis of autotroph-herbivore interactions, we generate a comprehensive review to furnish insights into critical knowledge gaps about the synergies based largely on the characteristics of macroalgae; an important group of photosynthetic organisms in the marine biome that interact strongly with generalist herbivores. We also discuss the key defence strategies of these macroalgae against the herbivores, highlighting their unique attributes and plausible roles in keeping the marine ecosystems intact. Overall, the feeding behaviour of herbivores can be affected by the nutritional attributes, morphology, and novelty of the autotrophs. We recommend that future research should carefully consider different factors that can potentially affect the dynamics of the marine autotroph-herbivore interactions to resolve the inconsistent results of specific attributes and novelty of the organisms involved.}, }
@article {pmid36009647, year = {2022}, author = {Esposito, G and Di Tizio, L and Prearo, M and Dondo, A and Ercolini, C and Nieddu, G and Ferrari, A and Pastorino, P}, title = {Non-Native Turtles (Chelydridae) in Freshwater Ecosystems in Italy: A Threat to Biodiversity and Human Health?.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {16}, pages = {}, pmid = {36009647}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Marketed globally, freshwater turtles are popular pets. Two species of the Chelydridae family are increasingly reported in Italy: the snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) and the alligator snapping turtle (Macrochelys temminckii). Both pose potential threats to public safety and habitat biodiversity. This update reports on their distribution and impact on biodiversity and human health. The recent increase in the number of C. serpentina in urban and rural areas suggests illegal importation into the country. Findings are reported for the north (35% and 100% for C. serpentina and M. temminckii, respectively) and the central-northern regions (60% for C. serpentina), predominantly Umbria and Latium, and the Tiber River catchment area in particular. Because omnivorous, Chelydridae species can affect native biodiversity; because they are carriers of pathogens, they endanger public health. Monitoring plans need to take account of this neglected threat.}, }
@article {pmid36007382, year = {2022}, author = {Theron, KJ and Pryke, JS and Latte, N and Samways, MJ}, title = {Mapping an alien invasive shrub within conservation corridors using super-resolution satellite imagery.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {321}, number = {}, pages = {116023}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116023}, pmid = {36007382}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Birds ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Satellite Imagery ; South Africa ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Alien invasive plant species are one of the main drivers of global biodiversity loss. Methods for monitoring the spread of alien invasive plants are needed to improve management and mitigate impact on local biodiversity. Recent advances in deep learning and image fusion holds great potential for mapping and managing alien invasive plants. One such method is super-resolution image reconstruction, where a neural network learns to downscale images from coarse to fine resolution. Within the commercial timber production landscape of KwaZulu-Natal, endangered grassland corridors are threatened by American bramble invasion, impacting plants, birds, arthropods, and soil restoration. Here we aim to improve our understanding of bramble invasion dynamics through using super-resolved satellite mosaics. Bramble was classified with very high accuracies (85%) from the super-resolved satellite mosaic, compared to other conventional satellite imagery with different spectral and spatial resolutions. Using landscape analyses, we identified plantation tree harvesting and prescribed burning to be major drivers increasing bramble cover within the landscape. Bramble cover was highest one year following plantation tree harvesting. Continuous prescribed burning positively influenced bramble. Bramble cover was also high close to streams, and under future invasion projections, bramble will severely impact Ensifera species alongside low priority grasshopper species habitat. Results also indicate that bramble has a significant negative impact on intermediate priority grasshoppers and plant species richness. For controlling bramble invasion within commercial timber production landscapes, we recommend the adoption rotational harvesting, as harvesting entire plantation blocks throughout the landscape will dramatically increase invasion potential of bramble. Current bramble removal programmes should prioritize riparian areas. Special attention is needed to control bramble one year after timber harvesting, as this is when bramble cover is highest. We show the benefits of using super-resolved mosaics to gain new insights into alien invasive species dynamics, while further development of this technique will aid in managing invasive alien plant species at local scales.}, }
@article {pmid36006740, year = {2022}, author = {Gaiarsa, MP and Bascompte, J}, title = {Hidden effects of habitat restoration on the persistence of pollination networks.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {25}, number = {10}, pages = {2132-2141}, pmid = {36006740}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {888339//Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions/ ; 310030_197201//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Insecta ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {Past and recent studies have focused on the effects of global change drivers such as species invasions on species extinction. However, as we enter the United Nations Decade of Ecosystem Restoration the aim must switch to understanding how invasive-species management affects the persistence of the remaining species in a community. Focusing on plant-pollinator interactions, we test how species persistence is affected by restoration via the removal of invasive plant species. Restoration had a clear positive effect on plant persistence, whereas there was no difference between across treatments for pollinator persistence in the early season, but a clear effect in late season, with higher persistence in unrestored sites. Network structure affected only pollinator persistence, while centrality had a strong positive effect on both plants and pollinators. Our results suggest a hidden effect of invasive plants-although they may compete with native plant species, invasive plants may provide important resources for pollinators, at least in the short term.}, }
@article {pmid36005366, year = {2022}, author = {Meseguer, R and Lumbierres, B and Pons, X}, title = {Establishment and Expansion of Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Urban Green Areas in the Iberian Peninsula: From 2015 to 2021.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {36005366}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {In the Western Palearctic region, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is mainly established in urban areas. In this study, we update its occurrence in urban areas of the Iberian Peninsula and determine its expansion after 2014. Changes in the ladybird species assemblage are also evaluated. We compile information about the records of H. axyridis in Spain from 2015 to 2021. In addition, we sample different locations to determine the relative abundances of the species composing the aphidophagous ladybird complex. The expansion of H. axyridis mainly occurred in Catalonia (Iberian Peninsula), where it is possible to identify two clear areas: one that has already been invaded and another that has not yet been invaded. Harmonia axyridis became the dominant species in the invaded area two years after it was first identified. This dominance is clearly shown on Liriodendron tulipifera and Tilia platyphyllos, where it accounted for more than 75% of the total collected individuals in the last year of the study. In the not-yet invaded area, Adalia bipunctata overcame Oenopia conglobata and became the prevalent species from 2020 onwards, likely due to its regular releases for aphid biocontrol. This study reveals that changes in ladybird species assemblages may not only be caused by invasive species, but also by biological control practices.}, }
@article {pmid36005337, year = {2022}, author = {Ananko, GG and Kolosov, AV and Martemyanov, VV}, title = {Rock Microhabitats Provide Suitable Thermal Conditions for Overwintering Insects: A Case Study of the Spongy Moth (Lymantria dispar L.) Population in the Altai Mountains.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {36005337}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {20-64-46011//Russian Science Foundation/ ; 19-416-540005//Russian Foundation for Basic Research/ ; 0247-2021-0002//Federal Fundamental Scientific Research Programme for 2021-2025/ ; }, abstract = {Many insect species overwinter in various rock shelters (cavities and crevices), but the microclimates of rock biotopes remain poorly understood. We investigated the temperature dynamics in rock microhabitats where clusters of egg masses of the wintering spongy moth Lymantria dispar L. (SM) were observed. Our research objective was to find the relation between the ovipositing behaviour of females and the landscape features in different parts of this species' range. Studies of the ecology of the SM are important from a practical point of view, as the moth causes significant economic damage to forests of the Holarctic. We found that the average monthly temperature of rock surfaces in the studied microhabitats was 2-5 °C above the average air temperature. More importantly, the minimum temperatures in these microhabitats were 4-13 °C higher than the minimum air temperature. These results help to reassess the role of the mountain landscape in the spread of insect species. Rock biotopes provided a significant improvement in the conditions for wintering insects. We believe that, when modelling the spread of invasive species (such as the SM), it is necessary to account for the influence of rock biotopes that may facilitate shifts in the northern boundaries of their range.}, }
@article {pmid36005301, year = {2022}, author = {Carney, RM and Mapes, C and Low, RD and Long, A and Bowser, A and Durieux, D and Rivera, K and Dekramanjian, B and Bartumeus, F and Guerrero, D and Seltzer, CE and Azam, F and Chellappan, S and Palmer, JRB}, title = {Integrating Global Citizen Science Platforms to Enable Next-Generation Surveillance of Invasive and Vector Mosquitoes.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {36005301}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {IIS-2014547//National Science Foundation/ ; NNX16AE28A/NASA/NASA/United States ; CA17108//European Commission/ ; 874735//European Commission/ ; 853271//European Commission/ ; NWA/00686468//Dutch National Research Agenda/ ; HR19-00336//"la Caixa&quot; Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Mosquito-borne diseases continue to ravage humankind with >700 million infections and nearly one million deaths every year. Yet only a small percentage of the >3500 mosquito species transmit diseases, necessitating both extensive surveillance and precise identification. Unfortunately, such efforts are costly, time-consuming, and require entomological expertise. As envisioned by the Global Mosquito Alert Consortium, citizen science can provide a scalable solution. However, disparate data standards across existing platforms have thus far precluded truly global integration. Here, utilizing Open Geospatial Consortium standards, we harmonized four data streams from three established mobile apps—Mosquito Alert, iNaturalist, and GLOBE Observer’s Mosquito Habitat Mapper and Land Cover—to facilitate interoperability and utility for researchers, mosquito control personnel, and policymakers. We also launched coordinated media campaigns that generated unprecedented numbers and types of observations, including successfully capturing the first images of targeted invasive and vector species. Additionally, we leveraged pooled image data to develop a toolset of artificial intelligence algorithms for future deployment in taxonomic and anatomical identification. Ultimately, by harnessing the combined powers of citizen science and artificial intelligence, we establish a next-generation surveillance framework to serve as a united front to combat the ongoing threat of mosquito-borne diseases worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid36003259, year = {2022}, author = {Duell, ME and Gray, MT and Roe, AD and MacQuarrie, CJK and Sinclair, BJ}, title = {Plasticity drives extreme cold tolerance of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) during a polar vortex.}, journal = {Current research in insect science}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {100031}, pmid = {36003259}, issn = {2666-5158}, abstract = {Invasive species must often survive combinations of environmental conditions that differ considerably from their native range; however, for a given species it is unclear whether improved tolerance is the result of phenotypic plasticity or genetic adaptation (or both). Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae; the emerald ash borer) is an invasive pest of Fraxinus trees in North America and Europe. Previous studies in SW Ontario, Canada, showed that A. planipennis is freeze avoidant, preventing internal ice formation by accumulating Molar concentrations of glycerol in its hemolymph and depressing its supercooling point (SCP, the temperature at which it freezes). The cold tolerance of these SW Ontario animals was used to predict potential distribution, revealing that some Canadian cities should be too cold to allow populations to persist. However, a small population of A. planipennis has persisted in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, through several severe 'polar vortex' events. In 2018/19, we collected A. planipennis larvae and prepupae from Winnipeg, MB and Southern Ontario, and found that individuals from Winnipeg were extremely cold tolerant - with SCPs as low as -52°C in prepupae (compared to -32°C in SW Ontario), and observed survival of unfrozen individuals exposed to -50°C for one hour. This cold tolerance was accompanied by higher hemolymph osmolality and glycerol concentration than in the SW Ontario individuals. To distinguish between phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation, in 2020/21 we overwintered Winnipeg-sourced individuals either outdoors in SW Ontario or in a simulated Winnipeg winter. Simulated Winnipeg winter individuals had cold tolerance similar to those overwintered in Winnipeg, while SW Ontario overwintered individuals had cold tolerance similar to those collected previously in the region. The simulated winter individuals had higher hemolymph glycerol concentrations than SW Ontario overwintered animals, at least in part due to greater dehydration. Thus, A. planipennis are cold-tolerant enough to survive some of the harshest winters where their host trees can grow, and most likely attain this cold tolerance via phenotypic plasticity. These findings raise the importance of delineating sensitivity of conclusions to unexpected phenotypic plasticity when predicting potential distributions of new invasives or responses to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid36002791, year = {2023}, author = {López-Legentil, S and Palanisamy, SK and Smith, KF and McCormack, G and Erwin, PM}, title = {Prokaryotic symbiont communities in three ascidian species introduced in both Ireland and New Zealand.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {6805-6817}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-022-22652-2}, pmid = {36002791}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; *Urochordata/microbiology ; Ireland ; New Zealand ; Bacteria/genetics ; Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Ascidians or sea squirts are among the marine taxa with the most introduced species worldwide. These animals have a suite of biological characteristics that contribute to their successful establishment, including long reproductive seasons, rapid growth rates, and resistance to pollution. Here, we sequenced a fragment of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene to characterize symbiont diversity and host-specificity in the solitary species Syela clava and Ascidiella aspersa, and the colonial species Didemnum vexillum. Samples were collected from introduced populations in several marinas and mussel facilities around Ireland, and a marina in New Zealand. Two additional colonial species Botrylloides violaceus and Didemnum sp. were collected in Ireland, and ambient seawater was sampled from both countries for comparison. Data revealed a strong effect of host species and location on prokaryote symbiont composition, consistent with recent ascidian microbiome literature. However, a location effect did not manifest in alpha diversity metrics (e.g., the same ascidian species at different locations exhibited similar diversity) but was evident in beta diversity metrics (greater intra-specific differences across locations than within locations). Location effects were stronger than species effects only for the solitary species (i.e., A. aspersa from New Zealand was more similar to S. clava from New Zealand than to A. aspersa from Ireland). D. vexillum and A. aspersa hosted a high abundance of prokaryotic symbionts that were previously found in other ascidian species, while S. clava symbiotic community was more closely related to bacteria common in the marine environment. Further studies should aim to unravel host-microbe coevolutionary patterns and the microbial role in facilitating host establishment in different habitats.}, }
@article {pmid36001672, year = {2022}, author = {Bieker, VC and Battlay, P and Petersen, B and Sun, X and Wilson, J and Brealey, JC and Bretagnolle, F and Nurkowski, K and Lee, C and Barreiro, FS and Owens, GL and Lee, JY and Kellner, FL and van Boheeman, L and Gopalakrishnan, S and Gaudeul, M and Mueller-Schaerer, H and Lommen, S and Karrer, G and Chauvel, B and Sun, Y and Kostantinovic, B and Dalén, L and Poczai, P and Rieseberg, LH and Gilbert, MTP and Hodgins, KA and Martin, MD}, title = {Uncovering the genomic basis of an extraordinary plant invasion.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {8}, number = {34}, pages = {eabo5115}, pmid = {36001672}, issn = {2375-2548}, mesh = {*Ambrosia/genetics ; Europe ; Genomics ; *Introduced Species ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a key driver of the global biodiversity crisis, but the drivers of invasiveness, including the role of pathogens, remain debated. We investigated the genomic basis of invasiveness in Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed), introduced to Europe in the late 19th century, by resequencing 655 ragweed genomes, including 308 herbarium specimens collected up to 190 years ago. In invasive European populations, we found selection signatures in defense genes and lower prevalence of disease-inducing plant pathogens. Together with temporal changes in population structure associated with introgression from closely related Ambrosia species, escape from specific microbial enemies likely favored the plant's remarkable success as an invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid36000698, year = {2022}, author = {Vandermeer, J and Flores, J and Longmeyer, J and Perfecto, I}, title = {Spatiotemporal Foraging Dynamics of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and its Potential Effects on the Spatial Structure of Interspecific Competition.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {51}, number = {5}, pages = {1040-1047}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvac058}, pmid = {36000698}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Coffee ; Ecology ; Puerto Rico ; }, abstract = {The ant communities on coffee farms in the West/Central Mountains of Puerto Rico are composed of mainly invasive species, although many have a long history of occupation and are effectively naturalized. The ecological forces that maintain such communities are thus of interest, and are evidently related to the spatial patterns in which they inevitably occur. Furthermore, the spatial patterns in which members of the native ant community forage almost certainly include limitations related to the structure of the networks of subterranean foraging tunnels that extend from the nest mounds of Solenopsis invicta. Here we explore some details of that structure. We ask, what is the pattern of foraging exit holes and the gaps between them, and how does that pattern change from farm to farm and from time to time? We encounter typical underground foraging trails punctuated by foraging exits, which, we propose, create a structure above ground of relatively small foraging exits in a matrix of effective foraging gaps. This pattern varies from nest to nest and farm to farm. Other ant species clearly occupy those gaps and seem to gain some of their resilience in the system from this peculiarity of S. invicta's foraging area structure.}, }
@article {pmid36000500, year = {2022}, author = {Oduor, AMO}, title = {Invasive plant species that experience lower herbivory pressure may evolve lower diversities of chemical defense compounds in the exotic range.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {109}, number = {9}, pages = {1382-1393}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.16053}, pmid = {36000500}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Glucosinolates ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Mustard Plant/genetics ; Plants ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: Invasive plant species often escape from specialist herbivores and are more likely to be attacked by generalist herbivores in the exotic range. Consequently, the shifting defense hypothesis predicts that invasive plants will produce higher concentrations of qualitative defense compounds to deter dominant generalist herbivores in the exotic range. Here, I additionally propose a reduced chemical diversity hypothesis (RCDH), which predicts that reduced herbivory pressure will select for invasive plant genotypes that produce lower diversities of chemical defense compounds in the exotic range.<br><br>METHODS: I tested whether (1) invasive Brassica nigra populations express a lower diversity and an overall higher concentration of glucosinolate compounds than native-range B. nigra; (2) Brassica nigra individuals that express high diversities and concentrations of glucosinolate compounds are more attractive to specialist and deterrent to generalist herbivores; and (3) tissues of invasive B. nigra are less palatable than tissues of native-range B. nigra to the generalist herbivores Theba pisana and Helix aspersa.<br><br>RESULTS: Invasive B. nigra populations produced a significantly lower diversity of glucosinolate compounds, a marginally higher concentration of total glucosinolates,&#xa0;and a significantly higher concentration of sinigrin (the dominant glucosinolate). Leaf tissues of invasive B. nigra were significantly less palatable to T. pisana and marginally less so to H. aspersa. Brassica nigra individuals that expressed high concentrations of total glucosinolate compounds were visited by a low diversity of generalist herbivore species in the field.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In line with the RCDH, the lower diversity of glucosinolate compounds produced by invasive B. nigra populations likely resulted from selection imposed by reduced herbivory pressure in the exotic range.}, }
@article {pmid35998526, year = {2022}, author = {Vaher, A and Kotta, J and Szava-Kovats, R and Kaasik, A and Fetissov, M and Aps, R and Kõivupuu, A}, title = {Assessing cumulative impacts of human-induced pressures on reef and sandbank habitats and associated biotopes in the northeastern Baltic Sea.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {183}, number = {}, pages = {114042}, pmid = {35998526}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Marine ecosystems are impacted by multiple individual and combined anthropogenic pressures. We used meta-analysis and data-driven PlanWise4Blue decision support tool to predict individual and combined impacts of wind park development, nutrient loading, and invasive species on vulnerable reef and sandbank habitats and associated species-specific biotopes in the northeastern Baltic Sea. Many impacts were not statistically significant due to large between-study variance in effect sizes. Wind park development is predicted to have less impact than nutrient loading and invasive species. Predicted impacts varied greatly among larger-scale habitats versus smaller-scale biotopes with impacts being generally stronger at small scale. Excessive nutrient loading damages algae-based biotopes, the presence of nonnative species has substantial negative impacts on larger-scale reef and sandbank habitats. The results showed that a 25 % reduction of nutrient loading improves all examined benthic habitats, whereas nonnative species, which cannot be removed from ecosystems, pose a significant threat to these habitats.}, }
@article {pmid35996029, year = {2022}, author = {Kruger, N and Secondi, J and du Preez, L and Herrel, A and Measey, J}, title = {Phenotypic variation in Xenopus laevis tadpoles from contrasting climatic regimes is the result of adaptation and plasticity.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {200}, number = {1-2}, pages = {37-50}, pmid = {35996029}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Variation, Population ; Larva ; Plastics ; Xenopus laevis ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic variations between populations often correlate with climatic variables. Determining the presence of phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation of a species to different environments over a large spatial scale can provide insight on the persistence of a species across its range. Amphibians, and in particular their larvae, are good models for studies of phenotypic variation as they are especially sensitive to their immediate environment. Few studies have attempted to determine the mechanisms that drive phenotypic variation between populations of a single amphibian species over a large spatial scale especially across contrasting climatic regimes. The African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, occurs in two regions with contrasting rainfall regimes in southern Africa. We hypothesised that the phenotypic variation of life-history traits of X. laevis tadpoles emerges from a combination of plastic and genetic responses. We predicted that plasticity would allow the development of tadpoles from both regions in each environment. We also predicted that local adaptation of larval traits would drive the differentiation of reaction norms between populations and lower survival in tadpoles reared away from their home environment. We measured growth, time to metamorphosis, and survival in a reciprocal transplant experiment using outdoor mesocosms. Supporting our prediction, we found that the measured variation of all traits was explained by both adaptation and plasticity. However, the reaction norms differed between populations suggesting adaptive and asymmetric plasticity. All tadpoles experienced lower survival when translocated, but only translocated tadpoles from the winter rainfall region matched survival of local tadpoles. This has implications for the dynamics of translocated X. laevis into novel environments, especially from the winter rainfall region. Our discovery of their asymmetric capacity to overcome novel environmental conditions by phenotypic plasticity alone provides insight into their invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid35994668, year = {2022}, author = {Alves, JM and Carneiro, M and Day, JP and Welch, JJ and Duckworth, JA and Cox, TE and Letnic, M and Strive, T and Ferrand, N and Jiggins, FM}, title = {A single introduction of wild rabbits triggered the biological invasion of Australia.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {119}, number = {35}, pages = {e2122734119}, pmid = {35994668}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {BB/V000667/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BB/V000756/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; *Animals, Wild/genetics/physiology ; Australia ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genomics ; Genotype ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; New Zealand ; *Rabbits/genetics/physiology ; Tasmania ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a major cause of environmental and economic disruption. While ecological factors are key determinants of their success, the role of genetics has been more challenging to demonstrate. The colonization of Australia by the European rabbit is one of the most iconic and devastating biological invasions in recorded history. Here, we show that despite numerous introductions over a 70-y period, this invasion was triggered by a single release of a few animals that spread thousands of kilometers across the continent. We found genetic support for historical accounts that these were English rabbits imported in 1859 by a settler named Thomas Austin and traced the origin of the invasive population back to his birthplace in England. We also find evidence of additional introductions that established local populations but have not spread geographically. Combining genomic and historical data we show that, contrary to the earlier introductions, which consisted mostly of domestic animals, the invasive rabbits had wild ancestry. In New Zealand and Tasmania, rabbits also became a pest several decades after being introduced. We argue that the common denominator of these invasions was the arrival of a new genotype that was better adapted to the natural environment. These findings demonstrate how the genetic composition of invasive individuals can determine the success of an introduction and provide a mechanism by which multiple introductions can be required for a biological invasion.}, }
@article {pmid35991416, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, A and Baskin, CC and Baskin, JM and Ding, J}, title = {Seed position in spikelet as a contributing factor to the success of the winter annual invasive grass Aegilops tauschii.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {916451}, pmid = {35991416}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Seed position - dependent effects on seed dormancy/germination are well documented at the inflorescence/infructescence level, but less is known about seeds at different positions within a dispersal unit. For the invasive winter annual grass Aegilops tauschii, we quantified morphology, mass and dormancy/germination of seeds from basal (1), middle (2), and distal (3) positions in two spikelet types (Left and Right). We also investigated seedling emergence, survival, plant size and seed production of plants from seeds in different spikelet positions of two spikelet types under different soil nutrient and water conditions. We found that these seed, seedling and plant traits performed as mirror images between the Left and Right spikelet types. The middle seed was significantly the longest and had the maximum mass, while the basal seed was the shortest and had medium mass. Middle seeds had the highest increase in mass during imbibition and the highest germination percentages and rates, while basal seeds had the lowest. Seedling emergence and survival, plant size and seed production for each position of seeds were highest in the added fertilizer combined with regular watering treatment and lowest in the no fertilizer combined with natural moisture, while height of plants derived from the middle and the distal seeds was significantly higher than that of plants derived from the basal seeds under all soil nutrient and water conditions. Seedling survival, number of tillers per plant and seed production per plant from the middle and distal seeds were significantly lower than those from basal seeds under all soil nutrient and water treatments. The considerable variation in seedling emergence and survival, plant size and seed production between seeds in different positions in the spikelet results in much flexibility in all stages of the life cycle, thereby likely contributing to the invasiveness of A. tauschii.}, }
@article {pmid35991280, year = {2022}, author = {Udell, B and Martin, J and Romagosa, C and Waddle, H and Johnson, F and Falk, B and Yackel Adams, A and Funck, S and Ketterlin, J and Suarez, E and Mazzotti, F}, title = {Open removal models with temporary emigration and population dynamics to inform invasive animal management.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e9173}, pmid = {35991280}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Removal sampling data are the primary source of monitoring information for many populations (e.g., invasive species, fisheries). Population dynamics, temporary emigration, and imperfect detection are common sources of variation in monitoring data and are key parameters for informing management. We developed two open robust-design removal models for simultaneously modeling population dynamics, temporary emigration, and imperfect detection: a random walk linear trend model (estimable without ancillary information), and a 2-age class informed population model (InfoPM, closely related to integrated population models) that incorporated prior information for age-structured vital rates and relative juvenile availability. We applied both models to multiyear, removal trapping time-series of a large invasive lizard (Argentine black and white tegu, Salvator merianae) in three management areas of South Florida to evaluate the effectiveness of management programs. Although estimates of the two models were similar, the InfoPMs generally returned more precise estimates, partitioned dynamics into births, deaths, net migration, and provided a decision support tool to predict population dynamics under different effort scenarios while accounting for uncertainty. Trends in tegu superpopulation abundance estimates were increasing in two management areas despite generally high removal rates. However, tegu abundance appeared to decline in the Core management area, where trapping density was the highest and immigration the lowest. Finally, comparing abundance predictions of no-removal scenarios to those estimated in each management area suggested significant population reductions due to management. These results suggest that local tegu population control via systematic trapping may be feasible with high enough trap density and limited immigration; and highlights the value of these trapping programs. We provided the first estimates of tegu abundance, capture probabilities, and population dynamics, which is critical for effective management. Furthermore, our models are applicable to a wide range of monitoring programs (e.g., carcass recovery or removal point-counts).}, }
@article {pmid35991279, year = {2022}, author = {Staveley, TAB and Ahlbeck Bergendahl, I}, title = {Pink salmon distribution in Sweden: The calm before the storm?.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e9194}, pmid = {35991279}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Pink salmon distribution has recently expanded substantially across northern Europe. On the Swedish west coast, relatively few pink salmon have been observed to date; nonetheless, a notable rise in 2021 (70 observations). However, with no national monitoring together with a ceased Atlantic salmon commercial fishery, there is little opportunity to understand the extent of the spread in this region. Here, we present the current data and address the need for future monitoring and research in order to understand the potential impacts of this invasive species in Sweden's aquatic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid35990909, year = {2022}, author = {Bodey, TW and Carter, ZT and Haubrock, PJ and Cuthbert, RN and Welsh, MJ and Diagne, C and Courchamp, F}, title = {Building a synthesis of economic costs of biological invasions in New Zealand.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e13580}, pmid = {35990909}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; New Zealand ; *Introduced Species ; Health Expenditures ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a major component of anthropogenic environmental change, incurring substantial economic costs across all sectors of society and ecosystems. There have been recent syntheses of costs for a number of countries using the newly compiled InvaCost database, but New Zealand-a country renowned for its approach to invasive species management-has so far not been examined. Here we analyse reported economic damage and management costs incurred by biological invasions in New Zealand from 1968 to 2020. In total, US$69 billion (NZ$97 billion) is currently reported over this ∼50-year period, with approximately US$9 billion of this considered highly reliable, observed (c.f. projected) costs. Most (82%) of these observed economic costs are associated with damage, with comparatively little invested in management (18%). Reported costs are increasing over time, with damage averaging US$120 million per year and exceeding management expenditure in all decades. Where specified, most reported costs are from terrestrial plants and animals, with damages principally borne by primary industries such as agriculture and forestry. Management costs are more often associated with interventions by authorities and stakeholders. Relative to other countries present in the InvaCost database, New Zealand was found to spend considerably more than expected from its Gross Domestic Product on pre- and post-invasion management costs. However, some known ecologically (c.f. economically) impactful invasive species are notably absent from estimated damage costs, and management costs are not reported for a number of game animals and agricultural pathogens. Given these gaps for known and potentially damaging invaders, we urge improved cost reporting at the national scale, including improving public accessibility through increased access and digitisation of records, particularly in overlooked socioeconomic sectors and habitats. This also further highlights the importance of investment in management to curtail future damages across all sectors.}, }
@article {pmid35990590, year = {2022}, author = {McAllister, K and Drake, DAR and Power, M}, title = {Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus) impacts on benthic fish communities in two tributaries of the Great Lakes.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2885-2903}, pmid = {35990590}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {Numerous fish species in the Laurentian Great Lakes have been negatively impacted by the establishment of the invasive Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus). However, limited understanding exists as to how Round Goby has impacted small-bodied native benthic fishes after its secondary invasion into tributaries of the Laurentian Great Lakes. To investigate Round Goby impacts on darter species (family Percidae) in tributary ecosystems, catch per unit area (CPUA) of native and non-native fishes from two riverine ecosystems in Southwestern Ontario (Ausable River, Big Otter Creek) were analyzed. Spatial analyses indicated Round Goby CPUA was highest proximate to the Great Lakes, with a sharp decline in CPUA at sites upstream from each lake (Round Goby CPUA approached zero after 18 and 14 km in the Ausable River and Big Otter Creek, respectively). There was some evidence of a negative relationship between the CPUA of Round Goby and several darter species along the tributary gradients, with moderately negative co-occurrence between Round Goby and Rainbow Darter in the Ausable River and Johnny Darter and Percidae species overall in Big Otter Creek. However, overwhelming evidence of negative associations between Round Goby and all darter species was not found. The negative relationship between the CPUA of Round Goby and some darter species was observed over similar time periods since establishment but greater spatial scales than in previous studies, and therefore has important implications for understanding the ecological impacts of Round Goby in tributary ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid35990416, year = {2023}, author = {Burlakova, LE and Karatayev, AY and Boltovskoy, D and Correa, NM}, title = {Ecosystem services provided by the exotic bivalves Dreissena polymorpha, D. rostriformis bugensis, and Limnoperna fortunei.}, journal = {Hydrobiologia}, volume = {850}, number = {12-13}, pages = {2811-2854}, pmid = {35990416}, issn = {0018-8158}, abstract = {The ecosystem services approach to conservation is becoming central to environmental policy decision making. While many negative biological invasion-driven impacts on ecosystem structure and functioning have been identified, much less was done to evaluate their ecosystem services. In this paper, we focus on the often-overlooked ecosystem services provided by three notable exotic ecosystem engineering bivalves, the zebra mussel, the quagga mussel, and the golden mussel. One of the most significant benefits of invasive bivalves is water filtration, which results in water purification and changes rates of nutrient cycling, thus mitigating the effects of eutrophication. Mussels are widely used as sentinel organisms for the assessment and biomonitoring of contaminants and pathogens and are consumed by many fishes and birds. Benefits of invasive bivalves are particularly relevant in human-modified ecosystems. We summarize the multiple ecosystem services provided by invasive bivalves and recommend including the economically quantifiable services in the assessments of their economic impacts. We also highlight important ecosystem disservices by exotic bivalves, identify data limitations, and future research directions. This assessment should not be interpreted as a rejection of the fact that invasive mussels have negative impacts, but as an attempt to provide additional information for scientists, managers, and policymakers.}, }
@article {pmid35988528, year = {2022}, author = {Avnaim-Katav, S and Holzmann, M and Pawlowski, J}, title = {Carterina labinea sp. nov. - A new alien foraminifer from the Southeastern Mediterranean shelf.}, journal = {European journal of protistology}, volume = {85}, number = {}, pages = {125911}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125911}, pmid = {35988528}, issn = {1618-0429}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Foraminifera ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {The foraminiferal order Carterinida is characterized by agglutinated tests consisting of calcareous spicules. Four species have so far been described from the tropical Pacific and the Caribbean Sea. We report here the first occurrence of Carterina from the Southeastern Levantine Shelf of the Mediterranean Sea. Based on molecular and morphological results, we describe Carterina labinea sp. nov., which is characterized by a trochospiral test with a conical, tapered spiral side and a concave umbilical side. The test is composed of elongate fusiform calcareous spicules. Tests have a mean diameter of 720 μm, which is twice the vertical height, and spicules vary in length and width from 112/15 μm to 73/14 μm. Our results show that the genus Carterina extends its distribution beyond tropical Seas and might be more widely distributed than previously thought. Moreover, the appearance of the new species in the study area suggests it is a new colonizer as continuous biomonitoring studies in the area show that it is absent in sediment samples taken before 2020. Our results highlight the importance of ongoing monitoring programs in high-risk basins such as the Levantine to gain more information about the biodiversity changes and improve environmental conservation of Eastern Mediterranean littoral areas progressively colonized by tropical species.}, }
@article {pmid35988044, year = {2022}, author = {Huang, SY and Chiu, CI and Tsai, YY and Li, WJ and Wu, CC and Li, HF}, title = {Nationwide Termite Pest Survey Conducted in Taiwan as a Citizen Science Project.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {115}, number = {5}, pages = {1650-1658}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toac122}, pmid = {35988044}, issn = {1938-291X}, support = {MOST 105-2628-B-005-003-MY3//Taiwan's Ministry of Science and Technology/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Citizen Science ; *Cockroaches ; Introduced Species ; *Isoptera ; Taiwan ; }, abstract = {Information regarding the species composition and dispersal flight season of termites is crucial for termite management. The major obstacles to collecting such information are a lack of access to private buildings and shortage of workers to monitor and report on termite swarming. To overcome these difficulties, we launched a citizen science project in which members of the public and pest management professionals were invited to collect termite samples. We created the website, Taiwan Termite Identification Service, on which populace could log the collection information, and ship termite samples to our laboratory for identification. We also established a Facebook group, called the "Termite Forum," to publicize this project. A total of 3024 samples were collected from 2015 to 2020, and we identified the species of >93% of the samples. Based on 1499 samples collected from buildings, five structural termite pests were identified, and species composition in each county of Taiwan is available. According to 844 dispersal flight events, termite dispersal flight timing peak and degree of centralization were estimated using a Gaussian model. The collected data demonstrated that the invasive termite species, Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae), continued northward expansion. The first intercepted alate of Schedorhinotermes sp. (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) indicated that it may be a new invasive pest from Southeast Asia. This study reports on a successful case of a citizen science project where urban pest data were collected on a national scale.}, }
@article {pmid35987092, year = {2022}, author = {Przybył, A and Juchno, D and Przybylski, M and Leska, A and Nowosad, J and Kucharczyk, D and Boroń, A}, title = {Sex steroids in diploid and triploid gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) of both sexes in different phases of the reproductive cycle.}, journal = {Animal reproduction science}, volume = {244}, number = {}, pages = {107053}, doi = {10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107053}, pmid = {35987092}, issn = {1873-2232}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; *Cyprinidae ; Diploidy ; Estradiol ; Female ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones ; Gonads ; Male ; Reproduction/physiology ; Triploidy ; }, abstract = {The changes in concentrations of 17ß-estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) in the gonads and plasma of diploid and triploid gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) from the Siemianowka Reservoir, the Vistula River drainage were quantified and compared using an enzyme immunoassay. The phase of gonad maturity was based on histological analysis and the gonadosomatic index. All fish had properly developed gonads in the pre-spawning, spawning and late spawning phases of the reproductive cycle in the fish collected in April, June and October, respectively. Diploid and triploid females and males did not differ in mean GSI in all reproductive phases. In October, ovaries of most females contained vitellogenic oocytes, testes had large numbers of spermatozoa. The hormone concentrations in both tissues depended mainly on the reproductive phase, but not on ploidy. The patterns of changes in E2 concentrations was similar in females and males. In the pre-spawning phase, diploid and triploid females showed differences in the concentrations of 11-KT in gonads and plasma, and T in plasma. Diploid males differed in pattern of T concentrations in gonads and plasma, while all males showed a similar pattern of 11-KT plasma concentrations. Spermatozoa observed in triploid males suggest that they participate in reproduction. Gibel carps, regardless of ploidy, had an extended period of reproduction, which makes this invasive species a potentially greater threat to native ichthyofauna. The sex androgen concentrations that differed between 2 n and 3 n females could be physiological factors potentially contributing to the coexistence of gynogenetic C. gibelio females and sexual diploids.}, }
@article {pmid35986512, year = {2022}, author = {Callaway, RM and Lucero, JE and Hierro, JL and Lortie, CJ}, title = {The EICA is dead? Long live the EICA!.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {25}, number = {10}, pages = {2289-2302}, doi = {10.1111/ele.14088}, pmid = {35986512}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {//Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; PIO2015-15420150100020CO//CONICET-UNLPam grants/ ; OIA-1757351//NSF EPSCoR/ ; }, mesh = {*Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; *Plant Leaves ; Species Specificity ; Tannins ; }, abstract = {An important hypothesis for how plants respond to introduction to new ranges is the evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA). EICA predicts that biogeographical release from natural enemies initiates a trade-off in which exotic species in non-native ranges become larger and more competitive, but invest less in consumer defences, relative to populations in native ranges. This trade-off is exceptionally complex because detecting concomitant biogeographical shifts in competitive ability and consumer defence depends upon which traits are targeted, how competition is measured, the defence chemicals quantified, whether defence chemicals do more than defend, whether 'herbivory' is artificial or natural, and where consumers fall on the generalist-specialist spectrum. Previous meta-analyses have successfully identified patterns but have yet to fully disentangle this complexity. We used meta-analysis to reevaluate traditional metrics used to test EICA theory and then expanded on these metrics by partitioning competitive effect and competitive tolerance measures and testing Leaf-Specific Mass in detail as a response trait. Unlike previous syntheses, our meta-analyses detected evidence consistent with the classic trade-off inherent to EICA. Plants from non-native ranges imposed greater competitive effects than plants from native ranges and were less quantitatively defended than plants from native ranges. Our results for defence were not based on complex leaf chemistry, but instead were estimated from tannins, toughness traits and primarily Leaf-Specific Mass. Species specificity occurred but did not influence the general patterns. As for all evidence for EICA-like trade-offs, we do not know if the biogeographical differences we found were caused by trade-offs per se, but they are consistent with predictions derived from the overarching hypothesis. Underestimating physical leaf structure may have contributed to two decades of tepid perspectives on the trade-offs fundamental to EICA.}, }
@article {pmid35984732, year = {2022}, author = {Yang, F and Crossley, MS and Schrader, L and Dubovskiy, IM and Wei, SJ and Zhang, R}, title = {Polygenic adaptation contributes to the invasive success of the Colorado potato beetle.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {21}, pages = {5568-5580}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16666}, pmid = {35984732}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera/genetics ; *Solanum tuberosum ; Multifactorial Inheritance/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/genetics ; }, abstract = {How invasive species cope with novel selective pressures with limited genetic variation is a fundamental question in molecular ecology. Several mechanisms have been proposed, but they can lack generality. Here, we addressed an alternative solution, polygenic adaptation, wherein traits that arise from multiple combinations of loci may be less sensitive to loss of variation during invasion. We tested the polygenic signal of environmental adaptation of Colorado potato beetle (CPB) introduced in Eurasia. Population genomic analyses showed declining genetic diversity in the eastward expansion of Eurasian populations, and weak population genetic structure (except for the invasion fronts in Asia). Demographic history showed that all populations shared a strong bottleneck about 100 years ago when CPB was introduced to Europe. Genome scans revealed a suite of genes involved in activity regulation functions that are plausibly related to cold stress, including some well-founded functions (e.g., the activity of phosphodiesterase, the G-protein regulator) and discrete functions. Such polygenic architecture supports the hypothesis that polygenic adaptation and potentially genetic redundancy can fuel the adaptation of CPB despite strong genetic depletion, thus representing a promising general mechanism for resolving the genetic paradox of invasion. More broadly, most complex traits based on polygenes may be less sensitive to invasive bottlenecks, thus ensuring the evolutionary success of invasive species in novel environments.}, }
@article {pmid35983691, year = {2022}, author = {Shi, W and Ye, H and Roderick, G and Cao, J and Kerdelhué, C and Han, P}, title = {Role of Genes in Regulating Host Plants Expansion in Tephritid Fruit Flies (Diptera) and Potential for RNAi-Based Control.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {35983691}, issn = {1536-2442}, support = {2014. 2020, 31460163, 32060314//National Basic Research Program of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila ; Fruit ; RNA Interference ; *Tephritidae ; }, abstract = {Host plant expansion is an important survival strategy for tephritids as they expand their range. Successful host expansion requires tephritids to adapt to the chemical and nonchemical properties of a novel host fruit, such as fruit color, phenology, and phytochemicals. These plant properties trigger a series of processes in tephritids, with each process having its own genetic basis, which means that various genes are involved in regulating host plant expansion by tephritids. This review summarizes current knowledge on the categories and roles of genes involved in host plant expansion in several important tephritid species, including genes related to chemoreception (olfactory and gustation), vision, digestion, detoxification, development, ribosomal and energy metabolism. Chemoreception- and detoxification- and digestion-related genes are stimulated by volatile chemicals and secondary chemicals of different hosts, respectively, which are involved in the regulation of nervous signal transduction that triggers behavioral, physical, and chemical responses to the novel host fruit. Vision-, nerve-, and development-related genes and metabolism-associated genes are activated in response to nonchemical stimuli from different hosts, such as color and phenology, to regulate a comprehensive adaptation of the extending host for tephritids. The chemical and nonchemical signals of hosts activate ribosomal and energy-related genes that result in the basic regulation of many processes of host expansion, including detoxification and development. These genes do not regulate novel host use individually, but multiple genes regulate multilevel adaptation to novel host fruits via multiple mechanisms. These genes may also be potential target genes for RNAi-based control of tephritid pests.}, }
@article {pmid35981482, year = {2022}, author = {Takeda, K and Manago, K and Morita, A and Kawai, YK and Yasuo, N and Sekijima, M and Ikenaka, Y and Hashimoto, T and Minato, R and Oyamada, Y and Horikoshi, K and Suzuki, H and Ishizuka, M and Nakayama, SMM}, title = {Toxicokinetic analysis of the anticoagulant rodenticides warfarin &amp; diphacinone in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) as a comparative sensitivity assessment for Bonin fruit bats (Pteropus pselaphon).}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {243}, number = {}, pages = {113971}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113971}, pmid = {35981482}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {Animals ; Anticoagulants/toxicity ; *Chiroptera/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Mammals/metabolism ; Phenindione/analogs &amp; derivatives ; Rats ; *Rodenticides/toxicity ; Toxicokinetics ; Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases/genetics/metabolism ; Warfarin/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Anticoagulant rodenticides have been widely used to eliminate wild rodents, which as invasive species on remote islands can disturb ecosystems. Since rodenticides can cause wildlife poisoning, it is necessary to evaluate the sensitivity of local mammals and birds to the poisons to ensure the rodenticides are used effectively. The Bonin Islands are an archipelago located 1000 km southeast of the Japanese mainland and are famous for the unique ecosystems. Here the first-generation anticoagulant rodenticide diphacinone has been used against introduced black rats (Rattus rattus). The only land mammal native to the archipelago is the Bonin fruit bat (Pteropus pselaphon), but little is known regarding its sensitivity to rodenticides. In this study, the Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) was used as a model animal for in vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics analysis and in vitro enzyme kinetics using their hepatic microsomal fractions. The structure of vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1), the target protein of the rodenticide in the Bonin fruit bat, was predicted from its genome and its binding affinity to rodenticides was evaluated. The Egyptian fruit bats excreted diphacinone slowly and showed similar sensitivity to rats. In contrast, they excreted warfarin, another first-generation rodenticide, faster than rats and recovered from the toxic effect faster. An in silico binding study also indicated that the VKORC1 of fruit bats is relatively tolerant to warfarin, but binds strongly to diphacinone. These results suggest that even chemicals with the same mode of action display different sensitivities in different species: fruit bat species are relatively resistant to warfarin, but vulnerable to diphacinone.}, }
@article {pmid35980345, year = {2022}, author = {Baltazar, D and Shinamoto, SR and Hamann, CP and Hamann, D and Hamann, CR}, title = {Occupational airborne allergic contact dermatitis to invasive Compositae species treated with abrocitinib: A case report.}, journal = {Contact dermatitis}, volume = {87}, number = {6}, pages = {542-544}, doi = {10.1111/cod.14204}, pmid = {35980345}, issn = {1600-0536}, mesh = {Humans ; *Asteraceae ; *Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/diagnosis/etiology ; Introduced Species ; *Dermatitis, Occupational/etiology/complications ; Patch Tests/adverse effects ; }, }
@article {pmid35978587, year = {2022}, author = {Yao, H and Huang, J and Li, J}, title = {A PCA-DEA-Based Model for Assessing the Sustainability of Marine Economy.}, journal = {Journal of environmental and public health}, volume = {2022}, number = {}, pages = {2412588}, pmid = {35978587}, issn = {1687-9813}, mesh = {Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Humans ; }, abstract = {One of the most important and continuously growing research areas in marine ecology is assessing the sustainability of ecosystems. The concept is traditionally approached by quantifying different anthropogenic pressures, such as top-down effects, overexploitation, invasive species, overfishing, and pollution. However, this perspective has been criticized for its inability to capture the complex interactions between natural factors (such as climate change), human factors, and sociopolitical factors that shape ecosystems. In this paper, we present a new structural model for assessing the sustainability of marine ecosystems, PCA-DEA-based model, as an extension to current models that incorporates these key interfaces into dynamic system modeling by including trade-offs on horizontal scales (e.g., decision making).}, }
@article {pmid35977991, year = {2022}, author = {Matheson, P and McGaughran, A}, title = {Genomic data is missing for many highly invasive species, restricting our preparedness for escalating incursion rates.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {13987}, pmid = {35977991}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Genetics, Population ; Genomics ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions drive environmental change, potentially threatening native biodiversity, human health, and global economies. Population genomics is an increasingly popular tool in invasion biology, improving accuracy and providing new insights into the genetic factors that underpin invasion success compared to research based on a small number of genetic loci. We examine the extent to which population genomic resources, including reference genomes, have been used or are available for invasive species research. We find that 82% of species on the International Union for Conservation of Nature "100 Worst Invasive Alien Species" list have been studied using some form of population genetic data, but just 32% of these species have been studied using population genomic data. Further, 55% of the list's species lack a reference genome. With incursion rates escalating globally, understanding how genome-driven processes facilitate invasion is critical, but despite a promising trend of increasing uptake, "invasion genomics" is still in its infancy. We discuss how population genomic data can enhance our understanding of biological invasion and inform proactive detection and management of invasive species, and we call for more research that specifically targets this area.}, }
@article {pmid35975696, year = {2022}, author = {Sun, D and Yang, X and Wang, Y and Fan, Y and Ding, P and Song, X and Yuan, X and Yang, X}, title = {Stronger mutualistic interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi help Asteraceae invaders outcompete the phylogenetically related natives.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {236}, number = {4}, pages = {1487-1496}, doi = {10.1111/nph.18435}, pmid = {35975696}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Asteraceae/metabolism ; Myristic Acid ; Symbiosis ; Fungi/metabolism ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Plants/metabolism ; Nitrogen ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Mutualistic interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) greatly affect the outcome of plant-plant competition, especially for invasive plants competing against native plants. We examined the effects of AMF on the competition between invasive Asteraceae plants and the phylogenetically related native plants. We compared the performance of seven invasive Asteraceae plants from different genera with that of their phylogenetically related native counterparts in response to AMF in monocultures and mixed cultures. We investigated how interactions with AMF impact the competition between Asteraceae relatives. Total biomass increased with AMF colonization in both invasive and native plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improved the competitiveness of invasive plants, but decreased that of native plants. Competition increased the shoot nitrogen, phosphorus and root myristic acid concentrations and relative expression of fatty acid transporter genes (RiFAT1 and RiFAT2) in AMF-colonized invasive plants, but decreased those in AMF-colonized native plants. Structural equation models indicated that the presence of AMF increased the uptake of phosphorus, but not nitrogen, by invasive plants, which probably provided more myristic acids to symbiotic AMF in return. These results suggest that invasive Asteraceae plants have greater mutualistic interactions with AMF than their phylogenetically related native counterparts, potentially contributing to invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid35975438, year = {2022}, author = {Stockwell, CA and Schmelzer, MR and Gillis, BE and Anderson, CM and Wisenden, BD}, title = {Ignorance is not bliss: evolutionary naiveté in an endangered desert fish and implications for conservation.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {289}, number = {1981}, pages = {20220752}, pmid = {35975438}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cues ; *Cyprinidae/physiology ; Predatory Behavior ; Water ; }, abstract = {Predator naiveté has been invoked to explain the impacts of non-native predators on isolated populations that evolved with limited predation. Such impacts have been repeatedly observed for the endangered Pahrump poolfish, Empetrichthys latos, a desert fish species that evolved in isolation since the end of the Pleistocene. We tested Pahrump poolfish anti-predator responses to conspecific chemical alarm cues released from damaged epidermal tissue in terms of fish activity and water column position. Pahrump poolfish behavioural responses to conspecific alarm cues did not differ from responses to a dechlorinated tap water control. As a positive control, the well-studied fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, showed significant alarm cue responses in terms of reduced activity and lowered water column position. The density of epidermal club cells, the presumptive source of alarm cues, was significantly lower in Pahrump poolfish relative to fathead minnows. Therefore, anti-predator competence mediated by conspecific alarm cues does not seem to be a component of the ecology of Pahrump poolfish. These findings provide a proximate mechanism for the vulnerability of Pahrump poolfish to non-native predators, with implications for the conservation and management of insular species.}, }
@article {pmid35973096, year = {2022}, author = {Lawrence, MJ and Grayson, P and Jeffrey, JD and Docker, MF and Garroway, CJ and Wilson, JM and Manzon, RG and Wilkie, MP and Jeffries, KM}, title = {Variation in the Transcriptome Response and Detoxification Gene Diversity Drives Pesticide Tolerance in Fishes.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {56}, number = {17}, pages = {12137-12147}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.2c00821}, pmid = {35973096}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; Fishes/metabolism ; Gills/metabolism ; *Pesticides/metabolism/toxicity ; *Petromyzon/metabolism ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Pesticides are critical for invasive species management but often have negative effects on nontarget native biota. Tolerance to pesticides should have an evolutionary basis, but this is poorly understood. Invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) populations in North America have been controlled with a pesticide lethal to them at lower concentrations than native fishes. We addressed how interspecific variation in gene expression and detoxification gene diversity confer differential pesticide sensitivity in two fish species. We exposed sea lamprey and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), a tolerant native species, to 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), a pesticide commonly used in sea lamprey control. We then used whole-transcriptome sequencing of gill and liver to characterize the cellular response in both species. Comparatively, bluegill exhibited a larger number of detoxification genes expressed and a larger number of responsive transcripts overall, which likely contributes to greater tolerance to TFM. Understanding the genetic and physiological basis for pesticide tolerance is crucial for managing invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid35972940, year = {2022}, author = {Vimercati, G and Probert, AF and Volery, L and Bernardo-Madrid, R and Bertolino, S and Céspedes, V and Essl, F and Evans, T and Gallardo, B and Gallien, L and González-Moreno, P and Grange, MC and Hui, C and Jeschke, JM and Katsanevakis, S and Kühn, I and Kumschick, S and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and Rieseberg, L and Robinson, TB and Saul, WC and Sorte, CJB and Vilà, M and Wilson, JRU and Bacher, S}, title = {The EICAT+ framework enables classification of positive impacts of alien taxa on native biodiversity.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {20}, number = {8}, pages = {e3001729}, pmid = {35972940}, issn = {1545-7885}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Species introduced through human-related activities beyond their native range, termed alien species, have various impacts worldwide. The IUCN Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT) is a global standard to assess negative impacts of alien species on native biodiversity. Alien species can also positively affect biodiversity (for instance, through food and habitat provisioning or dispersal facilitation) but there is currently no standardized and evidence-based system to classify positive impacts. We fill this gap by proposing EICAT+, which uses 5 semiquantitative scenarios to categorize the magnitude of positive impacts, and describes underlying mechanisms. EICAT+ can be applied to all alien taxa at different spatial and organizational scales. The application of EICAT+ expands our understanding of the consequences of biological invasions and can inform conservation decisions.}, }
@article {pmid35969273, year = {2022}, author = {Cowan, JA and Grady, KC and Dijkstra, P and Schwartz, E and Gehring, CA}, title = {Invasive and native grasses exert negative plant-soil feedbacks on the woody shrub Artemisia tridentata.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {199}, number = {4}, pages = {1007-1019}, pmid = {35969273}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {SERDP-RC 2327//U.S. Department of Defense/ ; }, mesh = {*Artemisia ; Bromus ; Feedback ; Poaceae ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {Displacement of diverse native plant communities by low-diversity invasive communities is a global problem. In the western United States, the displacement of sagebrush-dominated communities by cheatgrass has increased since the 1920s. Restoration outcomes are poor, potentially due to soil alteration by cheatgrass. We explored the poorly understood role of plant-soil feedbacks in the dominance of cheatgrass in a greenhouse study where uninvaded sagebrush soils were conditioned with either cheatgrass, a native bunchgrass or sagebrush. Sagebrush seedlings were grown in the soils that remained following the removal of conditioning plants. We expected cheatgrass to strongly suppress sagebrush due to a change in belowground microbial communities, conspecifics to have neutral effects and the native bunchgrass to have intermediate effects as it coevolved with sagebrush but belongs to a different functional group. We assessed the effects of conditioning on sagebrush growth, tissue nutrients, and carbon allocation. We also characterized the abundance, diversity and community composition of root microbial associates. Cheatgrass strongly suppressed sagebrush growth at high and low conditioning densities, the native bunchgrass showed suppression at high conditioning densities only and conspecific effects were neutral. Tissue nutrients, amount of root colonization by soil fungi or root microbial community composition were not associated with these plant-soil feedbacks. Although we did not identify the precise mechanism, our results provide key evidence that rapid soil alteration by cheatgrass results in negative plant-soil feedbacks on sagebrush growth. These feedbacks likely contribute to cheatgrass dominance and the poor success of sagebrush restoration.}, }
@article {pmid35964758, year = {2022}, author = {Rewicz, A and Myśliwy, M and Rewicz, T and Adamowski, W and Kolanowska, M}, title = {Contradictory effect of climate change on American and European populations of Impatiens capensis Meerb. - is this herb a global threat?.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {850}, number = {}, pages = {157959}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157959}, pmid = {35964758}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Balsams ; Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Impatiens ; }, abstract = {AIMS: The present study is the first-ever attempt to generate information on the potential present and future distribution of Impatiens capensis (orange balsam) under various climate change scenarios. Moreover, the differences in bioclimatic preferences of native and non-native populations were evaluated.<br><br>LOCATION: Global.<br><br>TAXON: Angiosperms.<br><br>METHODS: A database of I. capensis localities was compiled based on the public database - the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), herbarium specimens, and a field survey in Poland. The initial dataset was verified, and each record was assigned to one of two groups - native (3664 records from North America) or non-native (750 records from Europe and the western part of North America). The analyses involved bioclimatic variables in 2.5 arc-minutes of interpolated climate surface downloaded from WorldClim v. 2.1. MaxEnt version 3.3.2 was used to conduct the ecological niche modeling based on presence-only observations of I. capensis. Forecasts of the future distribution of the climatic niches of the studied species in 2080-2100 were made based on climate projections developed by the CNRM/CERFACS modeling and Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC-6).<br><br>MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Distribution models created for "present time" showed slightly broader potential geographical ranges of both native and invasive populations of orange balsam. On the other hand, some areas (e.g. NW Poland, SW Finland), settled by the species, are far outside the modeled climate niche, which indicates a much greater adaptation potential of I. capensis. In addition, the models have shown that climate change will shift the native range of orange balsam to the north and the range of its European populations to the northwest. Moreover, while the coverage of niches suitable for I. capensis in America will extend due to climate change, the European populations will face 31-95 % habitat loss.}, }
@article {pmid35962285, year = {2022}, author = {Kelly, CL and Schwarzkopf, L and Gordon, IJ and Pople, A and Kelly, DL and Hirsch, BT}, title = {Dancing to a different tune: changing reproductive seasonality in an introduced chital deer population.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {200}, number = {3-4}, pages = {285-294}, pmid = {35962285}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Male ; *Deer ; Reproduction ; Fertilization ; Cues ; }, abstract = {Male and female reproductive behaviour is typically synchronised. In species such as those in the family Cervidae, reproductive timing is often cued by photoperiod, although in females, it can be dependent on body condition. When a species is introduced to a novel environment, the environment changes, or responses of the sexes to such cues differ, asynchronous reproductive behaviour between males and females may occur. We investigated the seasonality of reproductive behaviour in introduced chital deer in northern Queensland by examining male antler phase in relation to female conception rates. We then analysed the influence of different variables likely to affect the timing of male and female reproductive physiology. The lowest percentage of chital in hard antler in any 1 month in this study was 35% (Fig. 1), but the average value was closer to 50%, thus there was a seasonal peak in antler phase linked with photoperiod. Females conceived at any time of year, but were strongly influenced by the amount of rainfall 3 months prior to conception. This resulted in varying conception peaks year-to-year that often did not correspond to the male's peak in hard antler. In this system, a proportion of males and females were physiologically and behaviourally ready to mate at any time of the year. We predict that differences in the timing of the peaks between the males and females will lead to increased reproductive skew (variation in reproductive success among individual males). This pattern may select for different mating strategies or physiological mechanisms to increase reproductive success. Fig. 1 The average percentage of male chital deer in hard antler by month from 2014 to 2019 in north Queensland. Values above the bars indicate the total number of males that were sampled in each month and the error bars indicate the standard error. In the month with the lowest % males in hard antler in the entire study (November, 2017), 35% of males were in hard antler.}, }
@article {pmid35961009, year = {2023}, author = {Morais, MC and Ferreira, H and Cabral, JA and Gonçalves, B}, title = {Differential tolerance of the woody invasive Hakea sericea to drought and terminal heat stress.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {43}, number = {1}, pages = {47-56}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpac099}, pmid = {35961009}, issn = {1758-4469}, mesh = {*Droughts ; *Ecosystem ; Heat-Shock Response/physiology ; Proline ; Water ; }, abstract = {Drought and extreme temperatures are likely to be more common and intense in the Mediterranean region as a consequence of climate change. Both stresses usually arise together in the field, but our understanding of their joint influence on the performance of invasive alien species (IAS) is limited. Thus, the main objective of the present study is to fill this gap by analyzing the individual and combined effects of drought and terminal heat stress on the leaf physiology, biochemistry and growth of Hakea sericea Schrader, one of the most problematic IAS in the Mediterranean-type ecosystems. In this study, 1-year-old plants of H. sericea were exposed to four treatments under controlled conditions: control (CT), drought (DS), terminal heat stress (Ht), and combined Ht and DS (DHt). The DS treatment alone caused a marked reduction in shoot biomass, net photosynthetic (A) rate and stomatal conductance, while increasing the proline content, as compared with CT plants. In turn, the Ht treatment promoted the accumulation of malondialdehyde but hastened the decline in all gas exchange parameters, and also decreased leaf photosynthetic pigments, carotenoids, proline and relative water contents Exposure of H. sericea plants to the combined DHt exacerbated the impacts of Ht, which was accompanied by significant decreases in net photosynthetic and transpiration rates, and intrinsic water-use efficiency. Principal component analysis clearly separated the DHt from the other treatments and revealed similarities between DS and CT treatment. These findings suggest that xerothermic weather conditions might modify the fitness, competitive ability, resilience and spread of this IAS, thereby providing opportunities for its control.}, }
@article {pmid35958058, year = {2022}, author = {Chung, D and Park, J and Cheon, S and Park, SM and Sung, HC and Lee, DH}, title = {Complete mitochondrial genome of the peninsula cooter (Pseudemys peninsularis, Testudines: Emydidae) in Korea.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {1441-1442}, pmid = {35958058}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {The complete mitochondrial genome of Pseudemys peninsularis in Korea was sequenced and characterized. The mitochondrial genome is constituted of 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and two ribosomal RNA genes) and a noncoding region. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 13 protein-coding gene sequences showed that P. peninsularis has closer relationship with Chrysemys picta than Trachemys scripta elegans. This is the first case for a complete mitochondrial genome from P. peninsularis, which will provide information for biogeographical studies and management plans for invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid35956551, year = {2022}, author = {Zhang, Y and Cao, F and Qiang, S}, title = {Capitulum Development and Gametophyte Ontogeny: Histological Insight into the Reproductive Process of a Hexaploidy Population of Solidago canadensis in China.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {35956551}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {31870526//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; BK20180544//Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Solidago canadensis L., native to North America, has become a troublesome invasive plant worldwide due to its strong sexual reproductive capacity. Although there have been studies on some stages of sexual reproduction, there has been no systematic description of the process. In this study, we observed capitulum development, the occurrence of megasporogenesis and microsporogenesis, and embryo development using a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that there was a close relationship between the length of the capitulum bud and the stage in the reproductive process. Capitulum development appeared when the length of the capitate inflorescence was less than 1.73 ± 0.08 mm. The meiosis of microspores occurred when the length of the capitate inflorescence ranged from 2.20 ± 0.07 mm to 3.50 ± 0.10 mm, and mature pollen grains and embryo sacs formed when the length of the capitate inflorescence was greater than 5.15 ± 0.14 mm. Based on the available information, a reproductive calendar showing the key reproductive events from capitulum development to seed formation has been prepared. These processes may be related to its inherent temperature adaptation and non-synchronization of flowering, which may avoid embryo abortion during embryo development and consequently as a key step for its successful invasion in China. These results open up new horizons for effective prevention and control of spread in the future.}, }
@article {pmid35956454, year = {2022}, author = {Simla, P and Chaianunporn, T and Sankamethawee, W and Hughes, AC and Sritongchuay, T}, title = {Effect of Landscape Composition and Invasive Plants on Pollination Networks of Smallholder Orchards in Northeastern Thailand.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {35956454}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {See manuscript//Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; See manuscript//NSFC/ ; }, abstract = {Destruction of natural habitat, land-use changes and biological invasion are some of the major threats to biodiversity. Both habitat alteration and biological invasions can have impacts on pollinator communities and pollination network structures. This study aims to examine the effect of an invasive plant, praxelis (Praxelis clematidea; Asteraceae), and land-use types on pollinator communities and the structure of pollination networks. We conducted the study in smallholder orchards which are either invaded or non-invaded by P. clematidea. We estimated the pollinator richness, visitation rates, and pollinator diversity and evaluated the network structures from 18 smallholder orchards in Northeastern Thailand. The effect of landscape structure in the vicinity of the orchards was investigated, with the proportion of agricultural, forest, and urban landscape within a 3 km radius analyzed. The invasive species and land-use disturbance influence the pollinator communities and pollination network structure at species level was affected by the presence of P. clematidea. Bees were the most important pollinator group for pollinator communities and pollination networks of both invaded or non-invaded plots, as bees are a generalist species, they provide the coherence of both the network and its own module. The urban landscape had a strong negative influence on pollinator richness, while the proportions of agriculture and forest landscape positively affected the pollinator community.}, }
@article {pmid35955409, year = {2022}, author = {Jones, TA and Monaco, TA and Larson, SR and Hamerlynck, EP and Crain, JL}, title = {Using Genomic Selection to Develop Performance-Based Restoration Plant Materials.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {23}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {35955409}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Genomics ; Introduced Species ; *Plant Breeding ; Plants ; Poaceae/genetics ; }, abstract = {Effective native plant materials are critical to restoring the structure and function of extensively modified ecosystems, such as the sagebrush steppe of North America's Intermountain West. The reestablishment of native bunchgrasses, e.g., bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata [Pursh] À. Löve), is the first step for recovery from invasive species and frequent wildfire and towards greater ecosystem resiliency. Effective native plant material exhibits functional traits that confer ecological fitness, phenotypic plasticity that enables adaptation to the local environment, and genetic variation that facilitates rapid evolution to local conditions, i.e., local adaptation. Here we illustrate a multi-disciplinary approach based on genomic selection to develop plant materials that address environmental issues that constrain local populations in altered ecosystems. Based on DNA sequence, genomic selection allows rapid screening of large numbers of seedlings, even for traits expressed only in more mature plants. Plants are genotyped and phenotyped in a training population to develop a genome model for the desired phenotype. Populations with modified phenotypes can be used to identify plant syndromes and test basic hypotheses regarding relationships of traits to adaptation and to one another. The effectiveness of genomic selection in crop and livestock breeding suggests this approach has tremendous potential for improving restoration outcomes for species such as bluebunch wheatgrass.}, }
@article {pmid35954776, year = {2022}, author = {Dai, L and Liu, H and Li, Y}, title = {Temporal and Spatial Changes in the Material Exchange Function of Coastal Intertidal Wetland-A Case Study of Yancheng Intertidal Wetland.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {19}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {35954776}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {China ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; Soil ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {As a transition zone between the terrestrial ecosystem and the marine ecosystem, coastal intertidal wetland provides an important place for material circulation and energy exchange, and it is nature's most precious resource. The ecological health of intertidal wetlands is an important prerequisite for sustainable green development. The material exchange function objectively and accurately reflects the material balance and ecological health of intertidal wetlands in the coastal zone. This paper uses remote sensing, geographic information technology, and model methods to objectively and accurately assess the temporal and spatial changes in the material exchange function of intertidal wetlands, providing a feasible method for studying the material exchange function of coastal wetlands. The material exchange capacity of wetlands in intertidal zones is affected by many factors, such as vegetation, topography, and base soil. After the invasion of the alien species Spartina alterniflora Lois., the elevation of the Suaeda salsa beach increased by 0.3 m. The elevation of the Phragmites australis beach rose by 0.14 m. The average elevation of S. alterniflora increased by 1.24 m. The material exchange capacity of the intertidal zone decreased by 25%. The functioning of the material exchange between sea and land changed significantly, and the area with a high level of material exchange function capacity was reduced by 71%.}, }
@article {pmid35953713, year = {2022}, author = {}, title = {Invasion stages help resolve Darwin's naturalization conundrum.}, journal = {Nature plants}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {873-874}, pmid = {35953713}, issn = {2055-0278}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; *Citizenship ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid35953709, year = {2022}, author = {Omer, A and Fristoe, T and Yang, Q and Razanajatovo, M and Weigelt, P and Kreft, H and Dawson, W and Dullinger, S and Essl, F and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and van Kleunen, M}, title = {The role of phylogenetic relatedness on alien plant success depends on the stage of invasion.}, journal = {Nature plants}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {906-914}, pmid = {35953709}, issn = {2055-0278}, support = {I 3757/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Darwin's naturalization hypothesis predicts successful alien invaders to be distantly related to native species, whereas his pre-adaptation hypothesis predicts the opposite. It has been suggested that depending on the invasion stage (that is, introduction, naturalization and invasiveness), both hypotheses, now known as Darwin's naturalization conundrum, could hold true. We tested this by analysing whether the likelihood of introduction for cultivation, as well as the subsequent stages of naturalization and spread (that is, becoming invasive) of species alien to Southern Africa are correlated with their phylogenetic distance to the native flora of this region. Although species are more likely to be introduced for cultivation if they are distantly related to the native flora, the probability of subsequent naturalization was higher for species closely related to the native flora. Furthermore, the probability of becoming invasive was higher for naturalized species distantly related to the native flora. These results were consistent across three different metrics of phylogenetic distance. Our study reveals that the relationship between phylogenetic distance to the native flora and the success of an alien species changes from one invasion stage to the other.}, }
@article {pmid35952513, year = {2022}, author = {Rothäusler, E and Dobretsov, S and Gómez, MF and Jofré-Madariaga, D and Thiel, M and Véliz, K and Tala, F}, title = {Effect of UV-radiation on the physiology of the invasive green seaweed Codium fragile and its associated bacteria.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {180}, number = {}, pages = {105708}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105708}, pmid = {35952513}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Antioxidants ; Bacteria ; *Chlorophyta/physiology ; *Seaweed/physiology ; Ultraviolet Rays ; }, abstract = {Invasive species such as seaweeds often have a broad tolerance, allowing them to colonize novel habitats. During invasion, also new epibacteria can be formed on seaweeds, which have important chemo-ecological effects. Since UV-radiation (UVR) is one of the main factors affecting seaweeds and their epibacteria, we tested its effect on intertidal and subtidal thalli of the invasive seaweed Codium fragile from three sites and monitored photosynthesis, antioxidant activity and epibacteria. Exposure to UV-radiation resulted in photoinhibition with a subsequent low recovery in subtidal thalli from 23°S compared to 27°S and 30°S, which both showed a higher and almost complete recovery. However, a high antioxidant activity was present in all thalli, permitting to explain its relatively high tolerance to new environments. UV-radiation modified the composition of the epibacteria community by reducing its diversity and evenness. Our results showed that C. fragile responds plastic to variable UV-radiation (depending on site and water depth), which contributes to its high invasion potential.}, }
@article {pmid35951059, year = {2022}, author = {Telahigue, K and Antit, M and Rabeh, I and Chouba, L and Kheriji, S and Cafsi, ME and Hajji, T and Mhadhbi, L}, title = {Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation and Oxidative Stress Profile in Brachidontes pharaonis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from the Tunisian Coast: Insight into Its Relevance as Bioindicator of Marine Pollution.}, journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {109}, number = {5}, pages = {831-838}, pmid = {35951059}, issn = {1432-0800}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Biomarkers ; *Mytilidae ; Bioaccumulation ; Lead ; *Metals, Heavy/toxicity/analysis ; *Bivalvia/metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; Catalase/metabolism ; Metallothionein/metabolism ; Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity/analysis ; }, abstract = {This study aims to verify the relevance of Brachidontes pharaonis to assess the ecotoxicological status of polluted sites. For this, the levels of some heavy metals (i.e. Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd) and a battery of biomarkers including metallothionein (MT), malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were assessed in mussels collected from the harbor of Rades (North), and the harbor of Zarzis (South). Moreover, abiotic parameters including temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen were assessed. Results from the ICP-OES showed that the southern population exhibited a higher metal pollution index with significantly higher Zn, Cu, and Pb concentrations. Moreover, the specimens from Zarzis displayed significantly higher levels of MDA, MT, GSH, GPx, SOD, and CAT reflecting higher levels of oxidative and chemical stress. These results emphasize the potential utility of B. pharaonis for the monitoring of heavily impacted sites.}, }
@article {pmid35950624, year = {2022}, author = {Oro, D and Pueyo, Y and Bauzà, J and Errea, MP and Arroyo, AI}, title = {Long transient response of vegetation dynamics after four millennia of anthropogenic impacts in an island ecosystem.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {28}, number = {21}, pages = {6318-6332}, pmid = {35950624}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthropogenic Effects ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; Goats ; Humans ; Plants ; Rats ; }, abstract = {Agents of global change commonly have a higher impact on island ecosystem dynamics. In the Mediterranean region, those dynamics have historically been influenced by anthropogenic impacts, for example, the introduction of invasive species and overharvesting of resources. Here, we analysed the spatio-temporal dynamics of vegetation in sa Dragonera island, which experienced a large environmental change ca. 4000 years ago by the arrival of humans. Anthropogenic impacts, such as herbivory by goats and over-logging, ended in the 1970s, while in 2011 the site became the largest Mediterranean island where rats were eradicated. Invasive rats and goats played the ecological role of two endemic species, the cave goat and the giant dormouse, which inhabited the island for more than 5 million years and were rapidly extinct by humans. We used Landsat imagery to explore NDVI as a proxy of vegetation productivity over the years 1984-2021, orthophotos to assess changes in land and vegetation covers and historical plant inventories to study the dynamics in plant diversity. Results showed that those indicators steadily increased both in spring and in summer, while the noise around the trends was partially explained by climate variability. The regime shifts in the temporal dynamics of vegetation productivity suggested a transient from a perturbed to a non-perturbed stable state. Trends in successional dynamics, spatial self-organization and plant diversity also showed the same type of transient dynamics. Historical perturbations related to harvesting (mainly the synergies between goat browsing, burning and forest over-logging) were more important than rat eradication or the influence of climate to explain the vegetation dynamics. Our study shows the transient nature of this small island ecosystem after 4000 years of perturbations and its current path towards vegetation dynamics more controlled by ecological interactions lacking large herbivores and omnivores, drought dynamics and the carrying capacity of the island.}, }
@article {pmid35949531, year = {2022}, author = {Huang, X and Ke, F and Li, Q and Zhao, Y and Guan, B and Li, K}, title = {Functional traits underlying performance variations in the overwintering of the cosmopolitan invasive plant water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) under climate warming and water drawdown.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e9181}, pmid = {35949531}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicate that temperature rise is still the general trend of the global climate in the 21st century. Invasive species may benefit from the increase in temperature, as climate can be viewed as a resource, and the increase in the available resources favors the invasibility of invasive species. This study aimed to assess the overwintering growth of the cosmopolitan invasive plant water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) at its northern boundary. Using E. crassipes as a model plant, a cross-year mesocosm experiment was conducted to determine 17 plant functional traits, including growth, morphological, root topological, photosynthetic, and stoichiometric traits, under climate warming (ambient, temperature rises of 1.5°C and 3.0°C), and water drawdown or water withdrawal (water depths of 1, 10, and 20 cm) treatments. The overwintering growth of E. crassipes was facilitated by climate warming and proper water drawdown, and climate warming played a leading role. A temperature rises of 3.0°C and a water depth of 10 cm were the most suitable conditions for the overwintering and rooting behavior of the plant. Controlling the temperature to within 1.5°C, an ambitious goal for China, still facilitated the overwintering of E. crassipes. With climate warming, the plant can overwinter successfully, which possibly assists it in producing and spreading new ramets in the vernal flood season. The new rooting behavior induced by ambient low temperature may be viewed as a unique growth adaptation strategy for a niche change, as it helps these plants invade empty niches left by dead free-floating plants on the water surface following winter freezes. With continued global warming, the distribution of the plant may expand northward, and eradication of the plant during the winter water drawdown period may be a more effective strategy.}, }
@article {pmid35948555, year = {2022}, author = {Spatz, DR and Holmes, ND and Will, DJ and Hein, S and Carter, ZT and Fewster, RM and Keitt, B and Genovesi, P and Samaniego, A and Croll, DA and Tershy, BR and Russell, JC}, title = {The global contribution of invasive vertebrate eradication as a key island restoration tool.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {13391}, pmid = {35948555}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {Islands are global hotspots for biodiversity and extinction, representing ~ 5% of Earth's land area alongside 40% of globally threatened vertebrates and 61% of global extinctions since the 1500s. Invasive species are the primary driver of native biodiversity loss on islands, though eradication of invasive species from islands has been effective at halting or reversing these trends. A global compendium of this conservation tool is essential for scaling best-practices and enabling innovations to maximize biodiversity outcomes. Here, we synthesize over 100 years of invasive vertebrate eradications from islands, comprising 1550 eradication attempts on 998 islands, with an 88% success rate. We show a significant growth in eradication activity since the 1980s, primarily driven by rodent eradications. The annual number of eradications on islands peaked in the mid-2000s, but the annual area treated continues to rise dramatically. This trend reflects increases in removal efficacy and project complexity, generating increased conservation gains. Our synthesis demonstrates the collective contribution of national interventions towards global biodiversity outcomes. Further investment in invasive vertebrate eradications from islands will expand biodiversity conservation while strengthening biodiversity resilience to climate change and creating co-benefits for human societies.}, }
@article {pmid35944836, year = {2022}, author = {Peacock, D and Croxford, A and Iannella, A and Kovaliski, J and Lavazza, A and Cooke, B and Spratt, D and Strive, T and Taggart, D and Campbell, S and Robinson, S and Sawyers, E}, title = {Using genetic analysis to determine the distribution, prevalence and diversity of Eimeria species in pest rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Australia.}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {91}, number = {}, pages = {102642}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2022.102642}, pmid = {35944836}, issn = {1873-0329}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia/epidemiology ; *Coccidiosis/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Eimeria/genetics ; Feces ; Prevalence ; Rabbits ; }, abstract = {To genetically assess the Australian distribution and frequency of Eimeria species in wild rabbits, with a primary focus on Eimeria intestinalis and Eimeria flavescens as possible additional agents of rabbit biocontrol, the distal colon and faecal samples from wild rabbits sourced from 26 Australian locations with mean annual rainfalls of between 252 mm and 925 mm were analysed using amplicon sequencing of the ITS1 region. Contrary to previous microscopy studies which had only detected E. flavescens on mainland Australia at Wellstead in south-west Western Australia, we detected this species at all 23 effectively sampled sites. The more pathogenic E. intestinalis was only found at 52.2% of sites. Three unique Eimeria genotypes were detected that did not align to the 11 published sequences using a pairwise-match threshold of 90%, and may represent unsequenced known species or novel species. One genotype we termed E. Au19SH and was detected at 20 sites, E. Au19CO was detected at eight sites, and E. Au19CN was detected in one rabbit at Crows Nest (Qld). Site diversity ranged from only five Eimeria species at Boboyan (ACT) to 13 unique sequences at Cargo (NSW). Eimeria diversity in individual rabbits ranged from 11 unique sequences in a rabbit at Wellstead (WA) and a rabbit at Cargo (NSW), to one in 17 rabbits and zero in six rabbits. The three rabbit age classes averaged 4.3 Eimeria species per rabbit. No relationship was found between the number of Eimeria species detected and mean annual rainfall. As Eimeria species were found to be fairly ubiquitous at most sites they appear to be an unlikely additional candidate to assist the control of pest rabbits in Australia.}, }
@article {pmid35941205, year = {2022}, author = {Liang, J and Gamarra, JGP and Picard, N and Zhou, M and Pijanowski, B and Jacobs, DF and Reich, PB and Crowther, TW and Nabuurs, GJ and de-Miguel, S and Fang, J and Woodall, CW and Svenning, JC and Jucker, T and Bastin, JF and Wiser, SK and Slik, F and Hérault, B and Alberti, G and Keppel, G and Hengeveld, GM and Ibisch, PL and Silva, CA and Ter Steege, H and Peri, PL and Coomes, DA and Searle, EB and von Gadow, K and Jaroszewicz, B and Abbasi, AO and Abegg, M and Yao, YCA and Aguirre-Gutiérrez, J and Zambrano, AMA and Altman, J and Alvarez-Dávila, E and Álvarez-González, JG and Alves, LF and Amani, BHK and Amani, CA and Ammer, C and Ilondea, BA and Antón-Fernández, C and Avitabile, V and Aymard, GA and Azihou, AF and Baard, JA and Baker, TR and Balazy, R and Bastian, ML and Batumike, R and Bauters, M and Beeckman, H and Benu, NMH and Bitariho, R and Boeckx, P and Bogaert, J and Bongers, F and Bouriaud, O and Brancalion, PHS and Brandl, S and Brearley, FQ and Briseno-Reyes, J and Broadbent, EN and Bruelheide, H and Bulte, E and Catlin, AC and Cazzolla Gatti, R and César, RG and Chen, HYH and Chisholm, C and Cienciala, E and Colletta, GD and Corral-Rivas, JJ and Cuchietti, A and Cuni-Sanchez, A and Dar, JA and Dayanandan, S and de Haulleville, T and Decuyper, M and Delabye, S and Derroire, G and DeVries, B and Diisi, J and Do, TV and Dolezal, J and Dourdain, A and Durrheim, GP and Obiang, NLE and Ewango, CEN and Eyre, TJ and Fayle, TM and Feunang, LFN and Finér, L and Fischer, M and Fridman, J and Frizzera, L and de Gasper, AL and Gianelle, D and Glick, HB and Gonzalez-Elizondo, MS and Gorenstein, L and Habonayo, R and Hardy, OJ and Harris, DJ and Hector, A and Hemp, A and Herold, M and Hillers, A and Hubau, W and Ibanez, T and Imai, N and Imani, G and Jagodzinski, AM and Janecek, S and Johannsen, VK and Joly, CA and Jumbam, B and Kabelong, BLPR and Kahsay, GA and Karminov, V and Kartawinata, K and Kassi, JN and Kearsley, E and Kennard, DK and Kepfer-Rojas, S and Khan, ML and Kigomo, JN and Kim, HS and Klauberg, C and Klomberg, Y and Korjus, H and Kothandaraman, S and Kraxner, F and Kumar, A and Kuswandi, R and Lang, M and Lawes, MJ and Leite, RV and Lentner, G and Lewis, SL and Libalah, MB and Lisingo, J and López-Serrano, PM and Lu, H and Lukina, NV and Lykke, AM and Maicher, V and Maitner, BS and Marcon, E and Marshall, AR and Martin, EH and Martynenko, O and Mbayu, FM and Mbuvi, MTE and Meave, JA and Merow, C and Miscicki, S and Moreno, VS and Morera, A and Mukul, SA and Müller, JC and Murdjoko, A and Nava-Miranda, MG and Ndive, LE and Neldner, VJ and Nevenic, RV and Nforbelie, LN and Ngoh, ML and N'Guessan, AE and Ngugi, MR and Ngute, ASK and Njila, ENN and Nyako, MC and Ochuodho, TO and Oleksyn, J and Paquette, A and Parfenova, EI and Park, M and Parren, M and Parthasarathy, N and Pfautsch, S and Phillips, OL and Piedade, MTF and Piotto, D and Pollastrini, M and Poorter, L and Poulsen, JR and Poulsen, AD and Pretzsch, H and Rodeghiero, M and Rolim, SG and Rovero, F and Rutishauser, E and Sagheb-Talebi, K and Saikia, P and Sainge, MN and Salas-Eljatib, C and Salis, A and Schall, P and Schepaschenko, D and Scherer-Lorenzen, M and Schmid, B and Schöngart, J and Šebeň, V and Sellan, G and Selvi, F and Serra-Diaz, JM and Sheil, D and Shvidenko, AZ and Sist, P and Souza, AF and Stereńczak, KJ and Sullivan, MJP and Sundarapandian, S and Svoboda, M and Swaine, MD and Targhetta, N and Tchebakova, N and Trethowan, LA and Tropek, R and Mukendi, JT and Umunay, PM and Usoltsev, VA and Vaglio Laurin, G and Valentini, R and Valladares, F and van der Plas, F and Vega-Nieva, DJ and Verbeeck, H and Viana, H and Vibrans, AC and Vieira, SA and Vleminckx, J and Waite, CE and Wang, HF and Wasingya, EK and Wekesa, C and Westerlund, B and Wittmann, F and Wortel, V and Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, T and Zhang, C and Zhao, X and Zhu, J and Zhu, X and Zhu, ZX and Zo-Bi, IC and Hui, C}, title = {Co-limitation towards lower latitudes shapes global forest diversity gradients.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, pages = {1423-1437}, pmid = {35941205}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Forests ; Soil ; Trees ; }, abstract = {The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most recognized global patterns of species richness exhibited across a wide range of taxa. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed in the past two centuries to explain LDG, but rigorous tests of the drivers of LDGs have been limited by a lack of high-quality global species richness data. Here we produce a high-resolution (0.025° × 0.025°) map of local tree species richness using a global forest inventory database with individual tree information and local biophysical characteristics from ~1.3 million sample plots. We then quantify drivers of local tree species richness patterns across latitudes. Generally, annual mean temperature was a dominant predictor of tree species richness, which is most consistent with the metabolic theory of biodiversity (MTB). However, MTB underestimated LDG in the tropics, where high species richness was also moderated by topographic, soil and anthropogenic factors operating at local scales. Given that local landscape variables operate synergistically with bioclimatic factors in shaping the global LDG pattern, we suggest that MTB be extended to account for co-limitation by subordinate drivers.}, }
@article {pmid35937374, year = {2022}, author = {Liu, C and Xu, M and Li, Y and He, N}, title = {Only zinc (Zn) among micronutrients is an important predictor of grassland production.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {962513}, pmid = {35937374}, issn = {1664-462X}, }
@article {pmid35936445, year = {2022}, author = {Magalhães, S and Moreira, A and Almeida, R and Cruz, PF and Alves, L and Costa, C and Mendes, C and Medronho, B and Romano, A and Carvalho, MDG and Gamelas, JAF and Rasteiro, MDG}, title = {Acacia Wood Fractionation Using Deep Eutectic Solvents: Extraction, Recovery, and Characterization of the Different Fractions.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {7}, number = {30}, pages = {26005-26014}, pmid = {35936445}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {The selective extraction and recovery of different lignocellulosic molecules of interest from forestry residues is increasing every day not only to satisfy the needs of driving a society toward more sustainable approaches and materials (rethinking waste as a valuable resource) but also because lignocellulosic molecules have several applications. For this purpose, the development of new sustainable and ecologically benign extraction approaches has grown significantly. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) appear as a promising alternative for the processing and manipulation of biomass. In the present study, a DES formed using choline chloride and levulinic acid (ChCl:LA) was studied to fractionate lignocellulosic residues of acacia wood (Acacia dealbata Link), an invasive species in Portugal. Different parameters, such as temperature and extraction time, were optimized to enhance the yield and purity of recovered cellulose and lignin fractions. DESs containing LA were found to be promising solvent systems, as the hydrogen bond donor was considered relevant in relation to lignin extraction and cellulose concentration. On the other hand, the increase in temperature and extraction time increases the amount of extracted material from biomass but affects the purity of lignin. The most promising DES system, ChCl:LA in a ratio of 1:3, was found to not significantly depolymerize the extracted lignin, which presented a similar molecular weight to a kraft lignin. Additionally, the [31]P NMR results revealed that the extracted lignin has a high content of phenolic OH groups, which favor its reactivity. A mixture of ChCl:LA may be considered a fully renewable solvent, and the formed DES presents good potential to fractionate wood residues.}, }
@article {pmid35935253, year = {2022}, author = {Turney, DD and Fritts, AK and Knights, BC and Vallazza, JM and Appel, DS and Lamer, JT}, title = {Hydrological and lock operation conditions associated with paddlefish and bigheaded carp dam passage on a large and small scale in the Upper Mississippi River (Pools 14-18).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e13822}, pmid = {35935253}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; *Cyprinidae ; Ecosystem ; Mississippi ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Movement and dispersal of migratory fish species is an important life-history characteristics that can be impeded by navigation dams. Although habitat fragmentation may be detrimental to native fish species, it might act as an effective and economical barrier for controlling the spread of invasive species in riverine systems. Various technologies have been proposed as potential fish deterrents at locks and dams to reduce bigheaded carp (i.e., silver carp and bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys spp.)) range expansion in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR). Lock and Dam (LD) 15 is infrequently at open-river condition (spillway gates completely open; hydraulic head across the dam <0.4 m) and has been identified as a potential location for fish deterrent implementation. We used acoustic telemetry to evaluate paddlefish passage at UMR dams and to evaluate seasonal and diel movement of paddlefish and bigheaded carp relative to environmental conditions and lock operations at LD 15. We observed successful paddlefish passage at all dams, with the highest number of passages occurring at LDs 17 and 16. Paddlefish residency events in the downstream lock approach of LD 15 occurred more frequently and for longer durations than residency events of bigheaded carp. We documented upstream passages completed by two individual paddlefish through the lock chamber at LD 15, and a single bighead carp completed upstream passage through the lock chamber during two separate years of this study. We identified four bigheaded carp and 19 paddlefish that made upstream passages through the spillway gates at LD 15 during this study. The majority of the upstream passages through the spillway gates for both species occurred during open river conditions. When hydraulic head was approximately 1-m or greater, we observed these taxa opt for upstream passage through the lock chamber more often than the dam gates. In years with infrequent open-river condition, a deterrent placed in the downstream lock approach may assist in meeting the management goal of reducing upstream passage of bigheaded carps but could also potentially affect paddlefish residency and passage. Continued study to understand the effects of deterrents on native fish could be beneficial for implementing an integrated bigheaded carp control strategy. Understanding fish behavior at UMR dams is a critical information need for river managers as they evaluate potential tools or technologies to control upstream expansion of bigheaded carp in the UMR.}, }
@article {pmid35934739, year = {2023}, author = {Pušić, M and Narandžić, T and Ostojić, J and Grubač, M and Ljubojević, M}, title = {Assessment and potential of ecosystem services of ornamental dendroflora in public green areas.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {2850-2865}, pmid = {35934739}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {451-03-9/2021-14/200117//Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnolo&#x161;kog Razvoja/ ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Cities ; *Allergens ; Climate ; Acclimatization ; }, abstract = {The green infrastructure of the city of Novi Sad is characterized by a significant presence of ornamental invasive alien species, which might lead to their uncontrolled spread and suppression of autochthonous dendroflora. This study aimed to determine the ecosystem services and disservices of ornamental dendroflora in Novi Sad, as well as how they can affect urban green areas. Of the total ornamental dendroflora in Novi Sad, 88.33% of species with a good adaptation were determined, while 10% had a medium and 1.67% had a very good adaptation. Thirty-four allochthonous species showed very high (38.24%), moderate (47.06%), and low (14.71%) invasive potential according to the conducted invasiveness risk assessment. These species are also characterized by high (2.94%), moderate (67.65%), and low (29.41%) allergenic potential. On the contrary, 26 ornamental autochthonous species are characterized by moderate (38.46%) and low (61.54%) rates of spread on public green areas, while also characterized by high (26.92%), moderate (50%), and weak (23.08%) allergenic potential. Ornamental dendroflora provides many more positive ecosystem services, such as urban afforestation, climate regulation, decorative-aesthetic value, air and water purification, ecotourism and recreation, and other services that are of great benefit to the residents of that city. The highest calculated values of ecosystem services in allochthonous and autochthonous species were 27 and 26.5 (out of possible maximal value 40), while ecosystem disservices accounted down to the value of - 13.5 (out of possible minimal value - 22). Therefore, intrinsic disservices such as the production of large amounts of green waste of ornamental dendroflora can be shifted into a novel ecosystem service-green solutions based on nature, to avoid unsuitable deposition of seeds in the soil and creation of suitable vegetation on public green areas.}, }
@article {pmid35932706, year = {2022}, author = {Macêdo, RL and Franco, ACS and Kozlowsky-Suzuki, B and Mammola, S and Dalu, T and Rocha, O}, title = {The global social-economic dimension of biological invasions by plankton: Grossly underestimated costs but a rising concern for water quality benefits?.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {222}, number = {}, pages = {118918}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2022.118918}, pmid = {35932706}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Plankton ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Planktonic invasive species cause adverse effects on aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, these impacts are often underestimated because of unresolved taxonomic issues and limited biogeographic knowledge. Thus, it is pivotal to start a rigorous quantification of impacts undertaken by planktonic invasive species on global economies. We used the InvaCost database, the most up-to-date database of economic cost estimates of biological invasions worldwide, to produce the first critical assessment of the economic dimension of biological invasions caused by planktonic taxa. We found that in period spanning from 1960 to 2021, the cumulative global cost of plankton invasions was US$ 5.8 billion for permanent plankton (holoplankton) of which viruses encompassed nearly 93%. Apart from viruses, we found more costs related to zooplankton (US$ 297 million) than to the other groups summed, including myco- (US$ 73 million), phyto- (43 million), and bacterioplankton (US$ 0.7 million). Strikingly, harmful and potentially toxic cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates are completely absent from the database. Furthermore, the data base showed a decrease in costs over time, which is probably an artifact as a sharp rise of novel planktonic alien species has gained international attention. Also, assessments of the costs of larval meroplanktonic stages of littoral and benthic invasive invertebrates are lacking whereas cumulative global cost of their adults stages is high up to US$ 98 billion billion and increasing. Considering the challenges and perspectives of increasing but unnoticed or neglected impacts by plankton invasions, the assessment of their ecological and economic impacts should be of high priority.}, }
@article {pmid35926705, year = {2023}, author = {Wu, G and Mou, X and Song, H and Liu, Y and Wang, X and Yang, Y and Liu, C}, title = {Characterization and functional analysis of pax3 in body color transition of polychromatic Midas cichlids (Amphilophus citrinellus).}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry &amp; molecular biology}, volume = {263}, number = {}, pages = {110779}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110779}, pmid = {35926705}, issn = {1879-1107}, abstract = {As the representative genetic and economic trait of ornamental fish, skin color has a strong impact on speciation and adaptation. However, the genetic basis of skin color pigmentation, differentiation and change is still not understood. The Midas cichlid fish with three typical body color transition stages of "black-gray‑gold" is an ideal model system for investigating the formation and change of fish body color. In this study, to investigate the regulatory role of the pair box 3 (pax3) gene in the early body color fading process of Midas cichlids, the complete cDNA sequence (3513 bp) of pax3 was successfully isolated from Midas cichlids (Amphilophus Citrinellus), and found to encode polypeptides of 491 amino acids. Expression patterns of the pax3 gene in tissues of Midas cichlids during different periods, including embryonic development and body color fading stages were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that pax3 was expressed in all tissues of adult fish, with a higher expression level in muscle and skin. The highest expression level in muscle tissue was significantly higher than that in other tissues (P < 0.05). During embryonic development, the expression tendency of pax3 was first increased and then decreased. In the three typical stages of early skin color fading from black to gold, pax3 expression in skin, caudal fin and scales all showed a downward trend. The expression level in the black stage was significantly higher than that in other stages (P < 0.05). Positive signal of pax3 protein was detected in the three typical skin color conversion stages, and the highest positive signal intensity was detected in the black stage, which was consistent with qRT-PCR results. After pax3 RNA interference, pax3 and the downstream genes mitf and tyr all decreased, while dct mRNA expression increased in the skin of fish. Western blotting also showed a decrease in pax3 protein concentration. Those results suggest that pax3 plays an important role in skin color formation, distribution and change in Midas cichlids through the melanogenesis pathway.}, }
@article {pmid35926436, year = {2022}, author = {Bailey, SA and Brydges, T and Casas-Monroy, O and Kydd, J and Linley, RD and Rozon, RM and Darling, JA}, title = {First evaluation of ballast water management systems on operational ships for minimizing introductions of nonindigenous zooplankton.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {182}, number = {}, pages = {113947}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113947}, pmid = {35926436}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; *Ships ; Water ; Water Supply ; *Zooplankton ; }, abstract = {Ballast water is a leading pathway for the global introduction of aquatic nonindigenous species. Most international ships are expected to install ballast water management systems (BWMS) by 2024 to treat ballast water before release. This study examines if ballast water discharges managed by BWMS are meeting standards for organisms ≥50 μm in minimum dimension (i.e., <10 organisms per m[3]; typically zooplankton). Representative samples of ballast water were collected from 29 ships (using 14 different BWMS) arriving to Canada during 2017-2018. Fourteen samples (48 %) had zooplankton concentrations clearly exceeding the standard (ranging from 18 to 3822 organisms per m[3]). Nonetheless, compared to earlier management strategies, BWMS appear to reduce the frequency of high-risk introduction events. BWMS filter mesh size was an important predictor of zooplankton concentration following treatment. Greater rates of compliance may be achieved as ship crews gain experience with operation and maintenance of BWMS.}, }
@article {pmid35926039, year = {2022}, author = {Cornwall, W}, title = {Fiery invasions.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {377}, number = {6606}, pages = {568-571}, doi = {10.1126/science.ade2171}, pmid = {35926039}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Forests ; *Introduced Species ; *Poaceae ; Risk ; United States ; *Wildfires ; }, abstract = {Around the world, flammable invasive grasses are increasing the risks of damaging wildfires.}, }
@article {pmid35925635, year = {2022}, author = {Enkerlin, WR and Pereira, R}, title = {The sterile insect technique: an international framework to facilitate transboundary shipments of sterile insects.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {66-74}, doi = {10.20506/rst.41.1.3303}, pmid = {35925635}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Animals ; *Insecta ; *Pest Control, Biological/methods ; }, abstract = {The sterile insect technique (SIT) has been successfully used since the 1950s as part of an integrated pest management approach in large-scale programmes to prevent, contain, suppress and eradicate key insect pests in many countries throughout the world. During this period, over one trillion live sterile insects have been shipped across borders. The very few adverse incidents from this significant trade were managed and resulted in no significant impacts. The phytosanitary and zoosanitary requirements by importing countries have been simple, facilitating the transboundary shipment of sterile insects, which is carried out mostly under the framework of cooperative agreements between the governments of the countries involved, and under technical cooperation projects of the United Nations. However, the shipment of sterile insects from sources outside this governmental framework, including public-private facilities, has been complicated, despite the availability of harmonised international guidelines in some cases, such as those for fruit flies. The SIT has great potential for the control of endemic pests or against the growing threat of invasive pests that can affect whole regions and even continents. Since SIT is species-specific, with negligible risk of introducing unwanted invasive species to the environment, and with the advantage of reducing insecticide use, a harmonised framework that recognises the low risk of SIT would facilitate shipments of sterile insects across borders and help to expand the use of this effective and environmentally friendly technology. The scope of this paper is limited to insects that have been sterilised using ionising radiation.}, }
@article {pmid35925627, year = {2022}, author = {Goka, K}, title = {Conservation biology for the commercial insect trade in Japan: agricultural bumblebees and companion insects as examples.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {132-141}, doi = {10.20506/rst.41.1.3310}, pmid = {35925627}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Biology ; *Ecosystem ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; }, abstract = {Japan imports a wide range of arthropods for industrial use and as companion animals. Such imports may threaten ecosystems locally and in their regions of origin. Two iconic insect imports that pose ecological problems are agricultural bumblebees and companion beetles. Colonies of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris have contributed significantly to agricultural production since they were first brought to Japan in the 1990s. But, in their progressive feralisation, they harm populations of native bumblebees through competition, hybridisation, and the introduction of parasites. They also threaten native plant reproduction. The species is currently permitted for agricultural use only in netted greenhouses. Since 2000, imports of companion beetles have thrived, with an estimated market size of many billions of yen. The popularity of rare species has led to a sharp rise in prices, overhunting, and smuggling from their native countries. These exotic species may also become invasive if they escape into nature. There are no clear restrictions on beetle imports, but a government campaign is aimed to improve ethical standards for breeding. In addition, imported tarantulas, centipedes and scorpions are becoming increasingly popular. These species pose similar threats as imported beetles and bees, but the actual state of importation and breeding is difficult to ascertain. Importing insects into Japan can create the following issues: the overexploitation of rare species collected from their native habitats; the traffic in species of which collection and sale is prohibited; the risk that escaped individuals will breed as invasive species; and the introduction of alien microorganisms and parasites.}, }
@article {pmid35925624, year = {2022}, author = {Bellini, R}, title = {Safety, regulatory and environmental issues with sterile insect technique-based mosquito vector control in European countries.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {170-177}, doi = {10.20506/rst.41.1.3314}, pmid = {35925624}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {*Aedes/radiation effects ; Animals ; Europe ; *Insecticides ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors ; }, abstract = {The globalisation of trade is opening the way to the spread of species in new regions where they may cause negative impacts. Invasive mosquito species such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are raising concern for their capacity to transmit several arboviruses of public health and veterinary importance. Currently available integrated vector management measures do not achieve satisfactory results when deployed against these urban mosquitoes. Moreover, insecticides are losing their effectiveness owing to the resistance developed by the target species. Policies regulating the use of insecticides are progressively restricting their market availability and this trend is expected to continue. Genetic control methods, such as the sterile insect technique (SIT), based on the use of irradiation to sterilise male mosquitoes, are showing good efficacy in pilot trials at local scales in some Aedes albopictus-colonised urban areas in Europe, without any negative effects. The main limitation is the cost, which may be significantly reduced through the introduction of automation in the mass rearing and drone technology in the field release. These technological advancements require substantial investments at a scale that can only be achieved with centralised production and extensive distribution, which in turn may be granted only if the authorisation frameworks, including the regulation of international transportation and aerial release in an urban setting, are clarified and matured.}, }
@article {pmid35924796, year = {2022}, author = {Schneider, R and Prati, S and Grabner, D and Sures, B}, title = {First report of microsporidians in the non-native shrimp Neocaridina davidi from a temperate European stream.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {150}, number = {}, pages = {125-130}, doi = {10.3354/dao03681}, pmid = {35924796}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Animals ; *Decapoda ; *Enterocytozoon/genetics ; *Microsporidia ; *Penaeidae/parasitology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {The release of ornamental pets outside their native range can directly or indirectly impact the recipient community, e.g. via the co-introduction of associated pathogens. However, studies on parasites associated with non-native species, in particular freshwater decapods, have focused mainly on a limited set of pathogens. Here we provide data for the first time on microsporidian parasites of the non-native ornamental shrimp Neocaridina davidi, collected in a stream in Germany. Furthermore, we confirm an ongoing range expansion of the warm-adapted N. davidi from thermally polluted colder water. In the investigated shrimps, the microsporidian parasite Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei and an unknown microsporidian isolate were detected, raising concerns about their transmission potential and pathogenicity on native crustacean species.}, }
@article {pmid35924424, year = {2022}, author = {Řezáčová, V and Michalová, T and Řezáč, M and Gryndler, M and Duell, EB and Wilson, GWT and Heneberg, P}, title = {The root-associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal assemblages of exotic alien plants are simplified in invaded distribution ranges, but dominant species are retained: A trans-continental perspective.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology reports}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {732-741}, doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.13108}, pmid = {35924424}, issn = {1758-2229}, mesh = {Introduced Species ; *Mycorrhizae/genetics ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Plants ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) provide crucial support for the establishment of plants in novel environments. We hypothesized that the OTU/genus richness and diversity of soil- and root-associated AMF associated with alien plant species in their exotic ranges are lower than those in their native ranges. We examined the root-associated and soil-dwelling AMF of 11 invasive plant species in their native and exotic ranges in the United States and Europe by DNA sequencing of the ITS2 locus. Examined root-associated AMF assemblages were simplified, which manifested as the loss of several AMF genera in the exotic ranges of the plants. These fungal assemblages were also characterized by greater dominance and simplification of the fungal assemblages. The dominant fungal genera were present regardless of whether their host plants were in their native or exotic ranges. Interestingly, both the native and invaded soils hosted diverse local AMF assemblages. Therefore, alien plant invasions were not limited to soils with low AMF diversity. Some AMF taxa could be context-dependent passengers rather than drivers of alien plant invasions. Further studies should identify functions of AMF missing or less abundant in roots of plants growing in exotic ranges.}, }
@article {pmid35924271, year = {2022}, author = {Anjum, F and Mir, A and Shakir, Y and Zafar, M and Sultana, S and Ameen, M and Ahmad, M}, title = {Seed Coat Morphology and Sculpturing of Selected Invasive Alien Plants from Lesser Himalaya Pakistan and Their Systematic Implications.}, journal = {BioMed research international}, volume = {2022}, number = {}, pages = {8225494}, pmid = {35924271}, issn = {2314-6141}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Pakistan ; *Seeds/anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) are considered as the second major threat to biodiversity after habitat destruction worldwide. They are aggressive competitors and dominate an ecosystem where they introduce and cause reduction in indigenous diversity. Invasive plants alter the evolutionary pathways of native species by competition, niche displacement, hybridization, introgression, predation, and ultimately extinction of native species. Biological invasion also results in economic and environmental damage and harm to human health. Invasive plants have an effective reproductive as well as dispersal mechanisms. Most invasive plants produce abundant fruits and seeds that are widely disseminated and remain viable in the soil for several years. Invasive plants may change their seed character in order to adapt themselves to the new environment and facilitate their performance. A study on seed coat sculpturing in invasive alien plants collected from Lesser Himalaya region, Pakistan, was conducted using scanning electron microscope to determine the importance of seed morphological characters as an additional tool for identification. Quantitative characters such as seed length and width, macromorphological characters including color, hilum position, and seed shape, and micromorphological characters of seed including surface patterns and periclinal and anticlinal wall of seeds were studied. Findings at the present indicate that most of the seeds were found spherical followed by ovate and elliptical in shape with smooth surface and showed terminal hilum. Almost reticulate seed patterns were observed in seeds. Majority of seeds showed raised anticlinal walls with protuberance periclinal walls. The seeds of Xanthium strumarium were observed with maximum length of 13 mm and with width of 8 mm. Length by width ratio of seeds was also calculated; it was found that maximum L/W ratio was observed in Sonchus oleraceus L., i.e., 2.66. Seed characters, both macro- and micromorphological, furnish useful data for classification and delimitation of invasive taxa. This study will help to understand the invasion mechanism in plants due to variations in seed surface, shape, and other characters. Adaptive behavior of the seed during the invasion process of the new ecosystem is also elaborated.}, }
@article {pmid35923937, year = {2022}, author = {Orihuela-Torres, A and Pérez-García, JM and Sánchez-Zapata, JA and Botella, F and Sebastián-González, E}, title = {Scavenger guild and consumption patterns of an invasive alien fish species in a Mediterranean wetland.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e9133}, pmid = {35923937}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive Alien Species (IAS) alter ecosystems, disrupting ecological processes and driving the loss of ecosystem services. The common carp Cyprinus carpio is a hazardous and widespread IAS, becoming the most abundant species in many aquatic ecosystems. This species transforms ecosystems by accumulating biomass to the detriment of other species, thus altering food webs. However, some terrestrial species, such as vertebrate scavengers, may benefit from dead carps, by incorporating part of the carp biomass into the terrestrial environment. This study describes the terrestrial vertebrate scavenger assemblage that benefits from carp carcasses in a Mediterranean wetland. We also evaluate the seasonal differences in the scavenger assemblage composition and carrion consumption patterns. Eighty carp carcasses (20 per season) were placed in El Hondo Natural Park, a seminatural mesohaline wetland in south-eastern Spain, and we monitored their consumption using camera traps. We recorded 14 scavenger species (10 birds and four mammals) consuming carp carcasses, including globally threatened species. Vertebrates consumed 73% of the carrion biomass and appeared consuming at 82% of the carcasses. Of these carcasses consumed, 75% were completely consumed and the mean consumption time of carcasses completely consumed by vertebrates was 44.4 h (SD = 42.1 h). We recorded differences in species richness, abundance, and assemblage composition among seasons, but we did not find seasonal differences in consumption patterns throughout the year. Our study recorded a rich and efficient terrestrial vertebrate scavenger assemblage benefitting from carp carcasses. We detected a seasonal replacement on the scavenger species, but a maintenance of the ecological function of carrion removal, as the most efficient carrion consumers were present throughout the year. The results highlight the importance of vertebrate scavengers in wetlands, removing possible infectious focus, and moving nutrients between aquatic and terrestrial environments.}, }
@article {pmid35923397, year = {2022}, author = {Smertina, E and Carroll, AJ and Boileau, J and Emmott, E and Jenckel, M and Vohra, H and Rolland, V and Hands, P and Hayashi, J and Neave, MJ and Liu, JW and Hall, RN and Strive, T and Frese, M}, title = {Lagovirus Non-structural Protein p23: A Putative Viroporin That Interacts With Heat Shock Proteins and Uses a Disulfide Bond for Dimerization.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {923256}, pmid = {35923397}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The exact function(s) of the lagovirus non-structural protein p23 is unknown as robust cell culture systems for the Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) and other lagoviruses have not been established. Instead, a range of in vitro and in silico models have been used to study p23, revealing that p23 oligomerizes, accumulates in the cytoplasm, and possesses a conserved C-terminal region with two amphipathic helices. Furthermore, the positional homologs of p23 in other caliciviruses have been shown to possess viroporin activity. Here, we report on the mechanistic details of p23 oligomerization. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed the importance of an N-terminal cysteine for dimerization. Furthermore, we identified cellular interactors of p23 using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based proteomics; heat shock proteins Hsp70 and 110 interact with p23 in transfected cells, suggesting that they 'chaperone' p23 proteins before their integration into cellular membranes. We investigated changes to the global transcriptome and proteome that occurred in infected rabbit liver tissue and observed changes to the misfolded protein response, calcium signaling, and the regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network. Finally, flow cytometry studies indicate slightly elevated calcium concentrations in the cytoplasm of p23-transfected cells. Taken together, accumulating evidence suggests that p23 is a viroporin that might form calcium-conducting channels in the ER membranes.}, }
@article {pmid35921734, year = {2022}, author = {Leatherman, SP}, title = {Management of invasive snakes in coastal environments: A baseline assessment of the Burmese python invasion in the Florida Everglades.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {182}, number = {}, pages = {113996}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113996}, pmid = {35921734}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Boidae ; Ecosystem ; Florida ; Introduced Species ; Mammals ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The Florida Everglades is a unique and fragile coastal wetland ecosystem that is undergoing a decades-long, large-scale ecological restoration. This freshwater ecosystem in southern Florida has been stressed by diminishment of freshwater flow and water diversion due to agricultural activities and urbanization. The health of this vast ecosystem is also threatened by the presence of a large number of invasive species, including the Burmese python. These large constrictors were introduced to South Florida through the pet trade; first sightings in Everglades National Park occurred in the 1980s. Pythons are naturally camouflaged in the Everglades, which turns out to be an excellent environment for propagation of these huge predators. This top predator has severely disrupted the food web, consuming mammals, birds and even other reptiles. In this paper, the current population control efforts implemented by various management agencies are assessed. While more paid professional hunters should be retained to join the search and removal efforts, innovative control measures are necessary.}, }
@article {pmid35919404, year = {2022}, author = {Kraaij, T and Msweli, ST and Potts, AJ}, title = {Fuel trait effects on flammability of native and invasive alien shrubs in coastal fynbos and thicket (Cape Floristic Region).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e13765}, pmid = {35919404}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {*Fires ; Plants ; Biomass ; Temperature ; Introduced Species ; *Burns ; }, abstract = {In June 2017, extreme fires along the southern Cape coast of South Africa burnt native fynbos and thicket vegetation and caused extensive damage to plantations and residential properties. Invasive alien plants (IAPs) occur commonly in the area and were thought to have changed the behaviour of these fires through their modification of fuel properties relative to that of native vegetation. This study experimentally compared various measures of flammability across groups of native and alien invasive shrub species in relation to their fuel traits. Live plant shoots of 30 species (10 species each of native fynbos, native thicket, and IAPs) were sampled to measure live fuel moisture, dry biomass, fuel bed porosity and the proportions of fine-, coarse- and dead fuels. These shoots were burnt experimentally, and flammability measured in terms of maximum temperature (combustibility), completeness of burn (consumability), and time-to-ignition (ignitability). Multiple regression models were used to assess the relationships between flammability responses and fuel traits, while the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to establish if differences existed in flammability measures and fuel traits among the vegetation groups. Dry biomass significantly enhanced, while live fuel moisture significantly reduced, maximum temperature, whereas the proportion of fine fuels significantly increased completeness of burn. Unlike other similar studies, the proportion of dead fuels and fuel bed porosity were not retained by any of the models to account for variation in flammability. Species of fynbos and IAPs generally exhibited greater flammability in the form of higher completeness of burn and more rapid ignition than species of thicket. Little distinction in flammability and fuel traits could be made between species of fynbos and IAPs, except that fynbos species had a greater proportion of fine fuels. Thicket species had higher proportions of coarse fuels and greater dry biomass (~fuel loading) than species of fynbos and IAPs. Live fuel moisture did not differ among the vegetation groups, contrary to the literature often ascribing variation in flammability to fuel moisture differences. The fuel traits investigated only explained 21-53% of the variation in flammability and large variation was evident among species within vegetation groups suggesting that species-specific and in situ community-level investigations are warranted, particularly in regard fuel moisture and chemical contents.}, }
@article {pmid35919391, year = {2022}, author = {Li, S and Qian, Z and Yang, J and Lin, Y and Li, H and Chen, L}, title = {Seasonal variation in structure and function of gut microbiota in Pomacea canaliculata.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e9162}, pmid = {35919391}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Gut microbiota is associated with host health and its environmental adaption, influenced by seasonal variation. Pomacea canaliculata is one of the world's 100 worst invasive alien species. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to analyze the seasonal variation of gut microbiota of P. canaliculata. The results suggested that the predominant gut microbial phyla of P. canaliculata included Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, which helped digest plant food and accumulate energy. The gut microbiota of P. canaliculata in summer group showed the highest diversity, whereas the winter group possessed the lowest, probably due to the shortage of food resources of P. canaliculata in winter. Principal coordinate analysis analysis based on unweighted unifrac and weighted unifrac indicated that the composition of gut microbiota of P. canaliculata significantly varied across seasons. Bacteroidetes tended to be enriched in summer by linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis. Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria were extremely abundant in autumn, while Fusobacteria and Cetobacterium enriched in winter. In conclusion, the structure of the gut microbiota of P. canaliculata was significantly different among seasons, which was beneficial to the environment adaptation and the digestion and metabolism of food during different periods.}, }
@article {pmid35914661, year = {2022}, author = {Miranda, J and Mesquita, AM and Plácido, J and Coimbra, A}, title = {Vespa velutina nigrithorax venom allergy: Real-life clinical practice.}, journal = {Annals of allergy, asthma &amp; immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, &amp; Immunology}, volume = {129}, number = {4}, pages = {524-525}, doi = {10.1016/j.anai.2022.07.020}, pmid = {35914661}, issn = {1534-4436}, mesh = {Animals ; *Arthropod Venoms ; Humans ; *Hypersensitivity ; Introduced Species ; *Wasps ; }, }
@article {pmid35914564, year = {2022}, author = {Cafarchia, C and Pellegrino, R and Romano, V and Friuli, M and Demitri, C and Pombi, M and Benelli, G and Otranto, D}, title = {Delivery and effectiveness of entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito and tick control: Current knowledge and research challenges.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {234}, number = {}, pages = {106627}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106627}, pmid = {35914564}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {*Acaricides ; Animals ; *Culicidae ; Fungi ; Humans ; *Insecticides/pharmacology ; Mosquito Control ; Mosquito Vectors ; *Ticks ; }, abstract = {Insects, ticks, and mites represent a threat to animal health globally, mainly due to their role as vectors of pathogens. Among the most important diseases, those transmitted by mosquitoes (e.g., malaria and arboviral infections) and ticks (e.g., Lyme borreliosis, babesiosis, and viral haemorrhagic fever) have a huge impact on human health. The principal methods available for reducing the public health burden of most vector-borne diseases are vector-based intervention relying to insecticides and acaricides. However, the use of these products is challenged by the introduction of invasive species, the quick development of physiological insecticide and acaricide resistance, and their non-target effects on human health and environment. In this scenario, insecticide/acaricide-free control approaches based on the employment of entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) are currently considered a promising tool in Integrated Pest/Vector Management, even if their large-scale use is still limited. In this article, we provide an overview on current knowledge about the role of EPFs for mosquito and tick management to assess solutions improving the delivery and efficacy of EPFs in the field. Laboratory research provided solid evidence that EPFs represent a next-generation control tool to manage mosquito and tick populations. However, the viability, infectivity, and persistence of fungal spores under field conditions are still inadequate. Herein we also discuss the development and optimization of EPF-based lure and kill approaches through biopolymers to improve cost-competitive, safety and eco-friendly pest and vector control tools.}, }
@article {pmid35914140, year = {2022}, author = {Dostál, P}, title = {Evolution of plasticity prevents postinvasion extinction of a native forb.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {119}, number = {32}, pages = {e2118866119}, pmid = {35914140}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Heracleum/growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; *Plants/radiation effects ; Sunlight ; *Veronica/growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; }, abstract = {Exotic plant invaders pose a serious threat to native plants. However, despite showing inferior competitive ability and decreased performance, native species often subsist in invaded communities. The decline of native populations is hypothesized to be halted and eventually reversed if adaptive evolutionary changes can keep up with the environmental stress induced by invaders, that is, when population extinction is prevented by evolutionary rescue (ER). Nevertheless, evidence for the role of ER in postinvasion persistence of native flora remains scarce. Here, I explored the population density of a native forb, Veronica chamaedrys, and evaluated the changes in the shade-responsive traits of its populations distributed along the invasion chronosequence of an exotic transformer, Heracleum mantegazzianum, which was replicated in five areas. I found a U-shaped population trajectory that paralleled the evolution of plasticity to shade. Whereas V. chamaedrys genotypes from intact, more open sites exhibited a shade-tolerance strategy (pronounced leaf area/mass ratio), reduced light availability at the invaded sites selected for a shade-avoidance strategy (greater internode elongation). Field experiments subsequently confirmed that the shifts in shade-response strategies were adaptive and secured postinvasion population persistence, as indicated by further modeling. Alternative ecological mechanisms (habitat improvement or arrival of immigrants) were less likely explanations than ER for the observed population rebound, although the contribution of maternal effects cannot be dismissed. These results suggest that V. chamaedrys survived because of adaptive evolutionary changes operating on the same timescale as the invasion-induced stress, but the generality of ER for postinvasion persistence of native plants remains unknown.}, }
@article {pmid35913994, year = {2022}, author = {Kurucz, K and Zeghbib, S and Arnoldi, D and Marini, G and Manica, M and Michelutti, A and Montarsi, F and Deblauwe, I and Van Bortel, W and Smitz, N and Pfitzner, WP and Czajka, C and Jöst, A and Kalan, K and Šušnjar, J and Ivović, V and Kuczmog, A and Lanszki, Z and Tóth, GE and Somogyi, BA and Herczeg, R and Urbán, P and Bueno-Marí, R and Soltész, Z and Kemenesi, G}, title = {Aedes koreicus, a vector on the rise: Pan-European genetic patterns, mitochondrial and draft genome sequencing.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {8}, pages = {e0269880}, pmid = {35913994}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Aedes/genetics ; Animals ; Disease Vectors ; Europe ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The mosquito Aedes koreicus (Edwards, 1917) is a recent invader on the European continent that was introduced to several new places since its first detection in 2008. Compared to other exotic Aedes mosquitoes with public health significance that invaded Europe during the last decades, this species' biology, behavior, and dispersal patterns were poorly investigated to date.<br><br>To understand the species' population relationships and dispersal patterns within Europe, a fragment of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI or COX1) gene was sequenced from 130 mosquitoes, collected from five countries where the species has been introduced and/or established. Oxford Nanopore and Illumina sequencing techniques were combined to generate the first complete nuclear and mitochondrial genomic sequences of Ae. koreicus from the European region. The complete genome of Ae. koreicus is 879 Mb. COI haplotype analyses identified five major groups (altogether 31 different haplotypes) and revealed a large-scale dispersal pattern between European Ae. koreicus populations. Continuous admixture of populations from Belgium, Italy, and Hungary was highlighted, additionally, haplotype diversity and clustering indicate a separation of German sequences from other populations, pointing to an independent introduction of Ae. koreicus to Europe. Finally, a genetic expansion signal was identified, suggesting the species might be present in more locations than currently detected.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results highlight the importance of genetic research of invasive mosquitoes to understand general dispersal patterns, reveal main dispersal routes and form the baseline of future mitigation actions. The first complete genomic sequence also provides a significant leap in the general understanding of this species, opening the possibility for future genome-related studies, such as the detection of 'Single Nucleotide Polymorphism' markers. Considering its public health importance, it is crucial to further investigate the species' population genetic dynamic, including a larger sampling and additional genomic markers.}, }
@article {pmid35909503, year = {2022}, author = {Hancock, SC and Essl, F and Kraak, MJ and Dawson, W and Kreft, H and Pyšek, P and Pergl, J and van Kleunen, M and Weigelt, P and Winter, M and Gartner, G and Lenzner, B}, title = {Introducing the combined atlas framework for large-scale web-based data visualization: The GloNAF atlas of plant invasion.}, journal = {Methods in ecology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {1073-1081}, pmid = {35909503}, issn = {2041-210X}, abstract = {Large-scale biodiversity data, for example, on species distribution and richness information, are being mobilized and becoming available at an increasing rate. Interactive web applications like atlases have been developed to visualize available datasets and make them accessible to a wider audience. Web mapping tools are changing rapidly, and different underlying concepts have been developed to visualize datasets at a high cartographic standard.Here, we introduce the Combined Atlas Framework for the development of interactive web atlases for ecological data visualization. We combine two existing approaches: the five stages of the user-centred design approach for web mapping applications and the three U approach for interface success.Subsequently, we illustrate the use of this framework by developing the Atlas of Plant Invasions based on the Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database. This case study illustrates how the newly developed Combined Atlas Framework with a user-centred design philosophy can generate measurable success through communication with the target user group, iterative prototyping and competitive analysis of other existing web mapping approaches.The framework is useful in creating an atlas that employs user feedback to determine usability and utility features within an interactive atlas system. Finally, this framework will enable a better-informed development process of future visualization and dissemination of biodiversity data through web mapping applications and interactive atlases.}, }
@article {pmid35908701, year = {2022}, author = {Brevé, NWP and Leuven, RSEW and Buijse, AD and Murk, AJ and Venema, J and Nagelkerke, LAJ}, title = {The conservation paradox of critically endangered fish species: Trading alien sturgeons versus native sturgeon reintroduction in the Rhine-Meuse river delta.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {848}, number = {}, pages = {157641}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157641}, pmid = {35908701}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; Fishes/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; *Rivers ; Russia ; }, abstract = {Sturgeons rank among the most endangered vertebrates in the world. Yet, the dwindling of wild sturgeon populations stands in stark contrast to their thriving status in aquaculture. Moreover, through the exotic pet trade, sturgeons are introduced outside their natural ranges where they may compete and hybridize with native species and transmit parasites and diseases. Here, we present an in-depth inventory of alien sturgeons in the delta of the rivers Rhine and Meuse, because several countries consider reintroduction of the native, critically endangered European sturgeon (Acipenser sturio). Our study is based on (a) an inventory of the industry of sturgeon cultivation; (b) reports on spread of alien sturgeons; (c) an analysis of pathways for introduction and spread; and (d) a risk assessment using the Harmonia[+] protocol. In total, 11 alien Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefishes) were traded across an intricate network of >1000 distribution points in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany. Circa 2500 alien sturgeons were reported from 53 angling ponds and 64 other lakes and ponds, whereas circa 500 alien sturgeons were reported widespread across hydrologically connected waters. Species that posed the highest risk of introduction, establishment and spread are Siberian sturgeon (A. baerii), Russian sturgeon (A. gueldenstaedtii) and Sterlet (A. ruthenus). We recommend to implement stringent trade regulations and practical solutions to prevent spread of alien sturgeons. Measures must preferably be taken at the spatial scale of river basins.}, }
@article {pmid35908488, year = {2022}, author = {Tamburini, M and Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A and Lo Vullo, M and Ferrario, J}, title = {Biotic resistance of native fouling communities to bioinvasions could not be demonstrated by transplant experiments in Northern Italy.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {182}, number = {}, pages = {113961}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113961}, pmid = {35908488}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Italy ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {Biotic resistance is considered an important driver in the establishment of non-indigenous species (NIS), but experiments in the marine environment have led to contradictory results. In this context, a transplant experiment of fouling communities was carried out over five months. Settlement panels were moved from low impact (species-rich native communities) to high impact sites by NIS in two Italian areas to test the biotic resistance hypothesis. Fouling communities displayed significant differences among treatments before and after the transplant, thus indicating the maintenance of a peculiar fouling community in transplanted panels. On the other hand, newly recruited species were similar between treatments and neither a facilitation nor a mitigation role from native fouling communities on NIS was observed. Our results highlight the importance to better investigate the factors affecting the high variability obtained in experiments testing this hypothesis, with the aim to identify potential solutions for NIS management in ports.}, }
@article {pmid35908048, year = {2022}, author = {Park, HR and Rahman, MM and Park, SM and Choi, JH and Kang, HJ and Sung, HC}, title = {Risk assessment for the native anurans from an alien invasive species, American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus), in South Korea.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {13143}, pmid = {35908048}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anura ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Rana catesbeiana ; Risk Assessment ; United States ; }, abstract = {The invasive species are of global concern, and the Invasive American Bullfrog (IAB; Lithobates catesbeianus) is one of the worst invasive amphibian species worldwide. Like other countries, South Korea is also facing challenges from IAB. Although many studies indicated impacts of IAB on native anurans in Korea, the actual risk at the specific level is yet to evaluate. Considering the putative invasiveness of IAB, it is hypothesized that any species with the possibility of physical contact or habitat sharing with them, will have a potential risk. Thus, we estimated and observed their home range, preferred habitats, morphology, behavior, and ecology. Then, comparing with existing knowledge, we assessed risks to the native anurans. We found a home range of 3474.2 ± 5872.5 m[2] and identified three types of habitats for IAB. The analyses showed at least 84% of native anurans (frogs and toads) were at moderate to extreme risks, which included all frogs but only 33% of toads. Finally, we recommended immediate actions to conserve the native anurans based on our results. As this study is the first initiative to assess the specific risk level from the invasiveness of L. catesbeianus, it will help the managers to set conservation priorities and strategies.}, }
@article {pmid35908028, year = {2022}, author = {Brain, RA and Prosser, RS}, title = {Human induced fish declines in North America, how do agricultural pesticides compare to other drivers?.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {29}, number = {44}, pages = {66010-66040}, pmid = {35908028}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {TK0587138//Syngenta International/ ; }, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Carbamates ; Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Neonicotinoids ; Organophosphates ; *Pesticides ; *Pyrethrins ; }, abstract = {Numerous anthropogenic factors, historical and contemporary, have contributed to declines in the abundance and diversity of freshwater fishes in North America. When Europeans first set foot on this continent some five hundred years ago, the environment was ineradicably changed. Settlers brought with them diseases, animals, and plants via the Columbian Exchange, from the old world to the new, facilitating a process of biological globalization. Invasive species were thus introduced into the Americas, displacing native inhabitants. Timber was felled for ship building and provisioning for agriculture, resulting in a mass land conversion for the purposes of crop cultivation. As European colonization expanded, landscapes were further modified to mitigate against floods and droughts via the building of dams and levees. Resources have been exploited, and native populations have been overfished to the point of collapse. The resultant population explosion has also resulted in wide-spread pollution of aquatic resources, particularly following the industrial and agricultural revolutions. Collectively, these activities have influenced the climate and the climate, in turn, has exacerbated the effects of these activities. Thus, the anthropogenic fingerprints are undeniable, but relatively speaking, which of these transformative factors has contributed most significantly to the decline of freshwater fishes in North America? This manuscript attempts to address this question by comparing and contrasting the preeminent drivers contributing to freshwater fish declines in this region in order to provide context and perspective. Ultimately, an evaluation of the available data makes clear that habitat loss, obstruction of streams and rivers, invasive species, overexploitation, and eutrophication are the most important drivers contributing to freshwater fish declines in North America. However, pesticides remain a dominant causal narrative in the popular media, despite technological advancements in pesticide development and regulation. Transitioning from organochlorines to organophosphates/carbamates, to pyrethroids and ultimately to the neonicotinoids, toxicity and bioaccumulation potential of pesticides have all steadily decreased over time. Concomitantly, regulatory frameworks designed to assess corresponding pesticide risks in Canada and the USA have become increasingly more stringent and intensive. Yet, comparatively, habitat loss continues unabated as agricultural land is ceded to the frontier of urban development, globalized commerce continues to introduce invasive species into North America, permanent barriers in the form of dams and levees remain intact, fish are still being extracted from native habitats (commercially and otherwise), and the climate continues to change. How then should we make sense of all these contributing factors? Here, we attempt to address this issue.}, }
@article {pmid35907447, year = {2022}, author = {Feyten, LEA and Demers, EEM and Ramnarine, IW and Brown, GE}, title = {Assessing effects of predator density and diversity on neophobia in Trinidadian guppies.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {201}, number = {}, pages = {104717}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104717}, pmid = {35907447}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animals ; Cues ; *Poecilia/physiology ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Neophobic predator avoidance, where prey actively avoid novel stimuli, is thought to allow prey to cope with the inability to predict predation risk (i.e. uncertainty) while reducing the costs associated with learning. Recent studies suggest that neophobia is elicited as a response to unpredictable and elevated mean predation risk, and is linked to experience with diverse novel cues. However, no research has disentangled the effects of predator density and diversity on neophobia. We conditioned Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to high- or low-diversity predator model treatments paired with high, intermediate, or low concentrations of conspecific alarm cues as a proxy for predator density. We tested behavioural responses to a novel stimulus vs. a water control to determine differences in neophobia among treatments. We found that neophobic shoaling behaviour was shaped by mean risk (predator density). However both density and diversity shaped neophobic freezing, and to a weaker extent, neophobic area use. Our research suggests that predator diversity might elicit neophobic responses in guppies, but only when mean risk is high enough. The relationship between neophobia and components of predation risk is becoming increasingly relevant as ecological uncertainty becomes more prevalent with increasing climate change, anthropogenic impacts, and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid35906471, year = {2022}, author = {Yuning, L and Luyang, L and Xueming, C and Xianmei, Y and Jintian, L and Benshui, S}, title = {The bacterial and fungal communities of the larval midgut of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) varied by feeding on two cruciferous vegetables.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {13063}, pmid = {35906471}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Brassica ; Fungi/*classification/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Larva/physiology ; *Microbiota ; Mycobiome ; Spodoptera/*microbiology ; *Vegetables ; }, abstract = {Spodoptera frugiperda is a highly polyphagous pest worldwide with a wide host range that causes serious losses to many economically important crops. Recently, insect-microbe associations have become a hot spot in current entomology research, and the midgut microbiome of S. frugiperda has been investigated, while the effects of cruciferous vegetables remain unknown. In this study, the growth of S. frugiperda larvae fed on an artificial diet, Brassica campestris and Brassica oleracea for 7 days was analyzed. Besides, the microbial community and functional prediction analyses of the larval midguts of S. frugiperda fed with different diets were performed by high-throughput sequencing. Our results showed that B. oleracea inhibited the growth of S. frugiperda larvae. The larval midgut microbial community composition and structure were significantly affected by different diets. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) suggested 20 bacterial genera and 2 fungal genera contributed to different gut microbial community structures. The functional classification of the midgut microbiome analyzed by PICRUSt and FUNGuild showed that the most COG function categories of midgut bacterial function were changed by B. oleracea, while the guilds of fungal function were altered by B. campestris significantly. These results showed that the diversity and structure of the S. frugiperda midgut microbial community were affected by cruciferous vegetable feeding. Our study provided a preliminary understanding of the role of midgut microbes in S. frugiperda larvae in response to cruciferous vegetables.}, }
@article {pmid35904404, year = {2022}, author = {Verma, M and Dar, AI and Acharya, A}, title = {Facile synthesis of biogenic silica nanomaterial loaded transparent tragacanth gum hydrogels with improved physicochemical properties and inherent anti-bacterial activity.}, journal = {Nanoscale}, volume = {14}, number = {32}, pages = {11635-11654}, doi = {10.1039/d2nr02051c}, pmid = {35904404}, issn = {2040-3372}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; Cetrimonium ; Hydrogels/chemistry/pharmacology ; Mice ; *Nanoparticles ; Silicon Dioxide ; *Tragacanth/chemistry ; }, abstract = {In this report, biogenic, crystalline (∼60.5 ± 2%) bowknot structured silica nanoparticles (BSNPs) of length ∼ 274 ± 7 nm and width ∼ 36 ± 2 nm were isolated from invasive species viz. Lantana camara. These were then chemically modified using nitrogen containing moieties viz. APTES and CTAB. These modified BSNPs were then used as electrostatic cross-linking agents for the formation of tragacanth gum (TG) hydrogels. The cytocompatible CTAB@BSNP-TG hydrogels documented ∼10-12 fold enhancement in anti-bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa when compared with TG hydrogels. Disruption of the bacterial membrane by ROS generation and protein leakage were responsible for anti-bacterial activity. A cell migration assay suggested that CTAB@BSNP-TG augmented the cell proliferation of NIH-3T3 cells compared to other TG hydrogels. The present study will pave the path for the development of organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposite-based hydrogels for anti-bacterial and cell migration applications.}, }
@article {pmid35904066, year = {2022}, author = {Xu, M and Li, SP and Dick, JTA and Gu, D and Fang, M and Yang, Y and Hu, Y and Mu, X}, title = {Exotic fishes that are phylogenetically close but functionally distant to native fishes are more likely to establish.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {28}, number = {19}, pages = {5683-5694}, pmid = {35904066}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Since Darwin's time, degree of ecological similarity between exotic and native species has been assumed to affect the establishment success or failure of exotic species. However, a direct test of the effect of exotic-native similarity on establishment of exotics is scarce because of the difficulty in recognizing failures of species to establish in the field. Here, using a database on the establishment success and failure of exotic fish species introduced into 673 freshwater lakes, we evaluate the effect of similarity on the establishment of exotic fishes by combining phylogenetic and functional information. We illustrate that, relative to other biotic and abiotic factors, exotic-native phylogenetic and functional similarities were the most important correlates of exotic fish establishment. While phylogenetic similarity between exotic and resident fish species promoted successful establishment, functional similarity led to failure of exotics to become established. Those exotic species phylogenetically close to, but functionally distant from, native fishes were most likely to establish successfully. Our findings provide a perspective to reconcile Darwin's naturalization conundrum and suggest that, while phylogenetic relatedness allows exotic fish species to pre-adapt better to novel environments, they need to possess distinct functional traits to reduce competition with resident native fish species.}, }
@article {pmid35903757, year = {2022}, author = {Vavassori, L and Honnen, AC and Saarman, N and Caccone, A and Müller, P}, title = {Multiple introductions and overwintering shape the progressive invasion of Aedes albopictus beyond the Alps.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {e9138}, pmid = {35903757}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Aedes albopictus originates from Southeast Asia and is considered one of the most invasive species globally. This mosquito is a nuisance and a disease vector of significant public health relevance. In Europe, Ae. albopictus is firmly established and widespread south of the Alps, a mountain range that forms a formidable biogeographic barrier to many organisms. Recent reports of Ae. albopictus north of the Alps raise questions of (1) the origins of its recent invasion, and (2) if this mosquito has established overwintering populations north of the Alps. To answer these questions, we analyzed population genomic data from >4000 genome-wide SNPs obtained through double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing. We collected SNP data from specimens from six sites in Switzerland, north and south of the Alps, and analyzed them together with specimens from other 33 European sites, five from the Americas, and five from its Asian native range. At a global level, we detected four genetic clusters with specimens from Indonesia, Brazil, and Japan as the most differentiated, whereas specimens from Europe, Hong Kong, and USA largely overlapped. Across the Alps, we detected a weak genetic structure and high levels of genetic admixture, supporting a scenario of rapid and human-aided dispersal along transportation routes. While the genetic pattern suggests frequent re-introductions into Switzerland from Italian sources, the recovery of a pair of full siblings in two consecutive years in Strasbourg, France, suggests the presence of an overwintering population north of the Alps. The suggestion of overwintering populations of Ae. albopictus north of the Alps and the expansion patterns identified points to an increased risk of further northward expansion and the need for increased surveillance of mosquito populations in Northern Europe.}, }
@article {pmid35902706, year = {2022}, author = {Soto, I and Cuthbert, RN and Kouba, A and Capinha, C and Turbelin, A and Hudgins, EJ and Diagne, C and Courchamp, F and Haubrock, PJ}, title = {Global economic costs of herpetofauna invasions.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {10829}, pmid = {35902706}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Amphibians ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; North America ; *Reptiles ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions by amphibian and reptile species (i.e. herpetofauna) are numerous and widespread, having caused severe impacts on ecosystems, the economy and human health. However, there remains no synthesised assessment of the economic costs of these invasions. Therefore, using the most comprehensive database on the economic costs of invasive alien species worldwide (InvaCost), we analyse the costs caused by invasive alien herpetofauna according to taxonomic, geographic, sectoral and temporal dimensions, as well as the types of these costs. The cost of invasive herpetofauna totaled at 17.0 billion US$ between 1986 and 2020, divided split into 6.3 billion US$ for amphibians, 10.4 billion US$ for reptiles and 334 million US$ for mixed classes. However, these costs were associated predominantly with only two species (brown tree snake Boiga irregularis and American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus), with 10.3 and 6.0 billion US$ in costs, respectively. Costs for the remaining 19 reported species were relatively minor (< 0.6 billion US$), and they were entirely unavailable for over 94% of known invasive herpetofauna worldwide. Also, costs were positively correlated with research effort, suggesting research biases towards well-known taxa. So far, costs have been dominated by predictions and extrapolations (79%), and thus empirical observations for impact were relatively scarce. The activity sector most affected by amphibians was authorities-stakeholders through management (> 99%), while for reptiles, impacts were reported mostly through damages to mixed sectors (65%). Geographically, Oceania and Pacific Islands recorded 63% of total costs, followed by Europe (35%) and North America (2%). Cost reports have generally increased over time but peaked between 2011 and 2015 for amphibians and 2006 to 2010 for reptiles. A greater effort in studying the costs of invasive herpetofauna is necessary for a more complete understanding of invasion impacts of these species. We emphasise the need for greater control and prevention policies concerning the spread of current and future invasive herpetofauna.}, }
@article {pmid35901883, year = {2022}, author = {Ding, W and Xie, W and Xu, J and Liu, C and Miao, P and Gong, J}, title = {Effects of methyl halide flux characteristics following Spartina alterniflora invasion in a seaward direction in a temperate salt marsh, China.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {847}, number = {}, pages = {157607}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157607}, pmid = {35901883}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Carbon ; China ; Gases ; *Introduced Species ; Iron ; Poaceae ; Soil/chemistry ; Sulfur ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {In this study, we explored the source-sink characteristics of methyl halide (CH3X; X = Cl, Br, I) in coastal wetlands located in temperate regions, and identified key factors affecting the spatio-temporal variation of CH3X during the invasion of Spartina alterniflora. We used static chamber-gas chromatography to monitor CH3X fluxes in the S. alterniflora area and bare flat area of the Jiaozhou Bay salt marsh for a long time from August 2015 to May 2017. Our results indicated that CH3X emissions showed obvious seasonal and diurnal variations. The S. alterniflora area was a source of CH3X, with higher fluxes in the spring and autumn seasons. CH3X fluxes were higher during the daytime than at night, and the diurnal difference in CH3Br was the most significant (4.51 times). The bare flat area was mainly a sink for CH3X, and the maximum absorption flux occurred in summer. At this time, the microbial activity was greater, and the consumption rate during the day was higher than that at night. Extreme linear correlations existed between the fluxes of CH3Cl, CH3Br, and CH3I (P < 0.01), indicating that the production and consumption of the three gases were likely to have similar mechanisms and were affected by the same factors. S. alterniflora invasion increased CH3X emissions and shifted the original bare flat area from a sink to a source of CH3X. The biomass of S. alterniflora, especially the leaf, significantly affects CH3X fluxes. Additionally, S. alterniflora increased the content of total organic carbon, total sulfur, available sulfur, and iron (III) in the soil, which were the main factors promoting the source-sink transformation of CH3X. Based on the current invasive area of S. alterniflora in China, we estimated that the annual emissions of CH3Cl, CH3Br, and CH3I from S. alterniflora into the troposphere were 9.04 × 10[6], 2.42 × 10[5] and 2.06 × 10[5] mol, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid35900590, year = {2022}, author = {Pazos, T and Álvarez-Figueiró, P and Cortés-Vázquez, JA and Jácome, MA and Servia, MJ}, title = {Of Fears and Budgets: Strategies of Control in Vespa velutina Invasion and Lessons for Best Management Practices.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, pages = {605-617}, pmid = {35900590}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia ; Europe ; Fear ; Introduced Species ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Implementing management practices for the control of invasive species can be a complex task with multiple dimensions, where the identification of stakeholders and drivers of those practices is of paramount importance. The invasive hornet Vespa velutina has spread across Europe and Asia from its native range in SE Asia in recent years. A common control method is the removal and destruction of its nests on citizens' request to call centers. In this paper we have explored the knowledge and main factors that influence the perceptions of the citizens on the species in an invaded municipality in NW Spain, as well as the management practices of the municipal emergency unit responsible for nest removal activities. Our analysis brings out multiple drivers of management practices that derive both from the citizens' and practitioners' knowledge, and highlights several points of conflict between both stakeholder groups connected to (1) the degree of service provided to the local population, (2) the risk of allergic reactions as a motive to urge removals, or (3) the quality of information provided by mass media. Our results support the crucial importance of environmental education programs that seek to increase the knowledge of the general public about the threats of invasive species. Such programs might be incorporated to implement and optimize management plans of V. velutina by enhancing communication between experts and local population.}, }
@article {pmid35899788, year = {2022}, author = {Lizuain, AA and Maffey, L and Garzón, M and Leporace, M and Soto, D and Diaz, P and Salomón, OD and Santini, MS and Schweigmann, N}, title = {Larval Competition Between Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Argentina: Coexistence and Implications in the Distribution of the Asian Tiger Mosquito.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {59}, number = {5}, pages = {1636-1645}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjac102}, pmid = {35899788}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Argentina ; Larva ; Mosquito Vectors ; South America ; }, abstract = {Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) are worldwide vectors of dengue and yellow fever viruses. These species coexist in many countries and the biotic interactions between them can influence their abundances and distributions. In Argentina, Ae. aegypti is widely distributed in the north and center regions of the country, with temperate and subtropical climate, while both are sympatric only in the northeastern area of the subtropical region. Interspecific and intraspecific larval competition for food was evaluated to assess if their interaction influences on patterns of abundance and distribution. Finite rates of increase and survivorship for each species were estimated and the effects of mosquito density ratio and detritus availability were determined. The Lambda (λ´) index of population performance of both showed there is no competitive exclusion pattern. However, survival of Ae. albopictus was negatively affected by the presence of Ae. aegypti. These results suggest one possible explanation for the codominance pattern of both species display in rural regions of the southernmost distribution of Ae. albopictus in South America. They also show Ae. aegypti as a potential biotic barrier for the expansion of Ae. albopictus as was reported in regions of the United States.}, }
@article {pmid35898662, year = {2022}, author = {Lin, X and Liu, W and Wei, X and Jiang, P}, title = {Complete chloroplast genome of an invasive marine macroalga Ulva californica (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta).}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {1337-1339}, pmid = {35898662}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {Species belonging to Ulva (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) are one of the major members of invasive seaweeds. Ulva californica Wille 1899 was originally believed to be native to the Pacific coast of North America, while in recent years it has been reported as exotic species, or new record, in Europe, the Mediterranean, Asia, and Oceania. However, the paths of global dispersal of U. californica are unclear. In addition, the species boundary between U. californica and a related species is somewhat disputed. Here, we reported that the complete chloroplast genome of U. californica is 92,126 bp in size, harboring 96 genes (GenBank accession no. MZ561475). The overall base composition was A (37.9%), T (37.4%), C (12.3%), and G (12.4%), similar to those from other Ulva species. The phylogenomic analysis showed that although U. californica was genetically closer to Ulva aragoënsis (Bliding) Maggs 2018 in [Krupnik N et al., 2018], they were clearly distinguishable, supporting the recent opinion that they should be separated into different species. The chloroplast genome data of U. californica would provide plenty resources for phylogeography analysis and monitor on bioinvasion.}, }
@article {pmid35898661, year = {2022}, author = {Ling, Y and Zhang, Y and Ngatia, JN and Zhou, H}, title = {The complete mitochondrial genome of Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) in Guangdong, China.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {1319-1320}, pmid = {35898661}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {The Melanoides tuberculata is an invasive species, which is natively distributed in Africa and Southeast Asia. This study describes the first mitochondrial genome of the M. tuberculata based on the whole genome sequencing data. The complete sequence length of the mitogenome is 15,821 bp, including 37 genes (2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and 13 protein-coding genes). Phylogenetic analysis using the 13 species of Cerithioidea species showed that the M. tuberculata is closely related to P. dartevellei, forming the sister group to C. sinensis and C. obtuse.}, }
@article {pmid35896765, year = {2022}, author = {Sîrbu, I and Benedek, AM and Brown, BL and Sîrbu, M}, title = {Disentangling structural and functional responses of native versus alien communities by canonical ordination analyses and variation partitioning with multiple matrices.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {12813}, pmid = {35896765}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Freshwaters are under accelerated human pressure, and mollusk communities are among its most sensitive, threatened, and valuable components. To the best of our knowledge, the overall effects of damming, environment, space, time, and invasive alien mollusk species, on structural and functional responses of native mollusk communities were not yet compared. Using historical information and recent data from a river, we aimed to investigate and disentangle these effects and evaluate the differences in structural and functional responses of natives and alien invasives to the same predictors. Variation partitioning showed that alien species were as important predictors as were environmental factors and time in explaining species composition of native freshwater mollusk communities. Aliens were more independent of environmental conditions than natives and responded to different drivers, partially explaining their invasion success. The increased abundance of some alien gastropods was positively related to taxonomic diversity, while certain alien bivalves were negatively associated with the functional diversity of native communities. We introduce a cumulative variation partitioning with multiple response (native and alien) and predictor matrices, along with a diagram to show their relations, advocating for a conceptual shift in future community ecology, from "variables to matrices" and from "multivariate analyses to multi-matrix statistical modeling".}, }
@article {pmid35896697, year = {2022}, author = {Clark, KH and Iwanowicz, DD and Iwanowicz, LR and Mueller, SJ and Wisor, JM and Bradshaw-Wilson, C and Schill, WB and Stauffer, JR and Boyer, EW}, title = {Freshwater unionid mussels threatened by predation of Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {12859}, pmid = {35896697}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/genetics ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; *Perciformes ; Predatory Behavior ; *Unionidae ; }, abstract = {Indigenous freshwater mussels (Unionidae) are integral to riverine ecosystems, playing a pivotal role in aquatic food webs and providing ecological services. With populations on the decline worldwide, freshwater mussels are of conservation concern. In this study, we explore the propensity of the invasive Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus) fish to prey upon indigenous freshwater mussels. First, we conducted lab experiments where Round Gobies were given the opportunity to feed on juvenile unionid mussels and macroinvertebrates, revealing rates and preferences of consumption. Several Round Gobies consumed whole freshwater mussels during these experiments, as confirmed by mussel counts and x-ray images of the fishes. Next, we investigated Round Gobies collected from stream habitats of the French Creek watershed, which is renowned for its unique and rich aquatic biodiversity. We developed a novel DNA metabarcoding method to identify the specific species of mussels consumed by Round Goby and provide a new database of DNA gene sequences for 25 indigenous unionid mussel species. Several of the fishes sampled had consumed indigenous mussels, including the Elktoe (non-endangered), Creeper (non-endangered), Long Solid (state endangered), and Rayed Bean (federally endangered) species. The invasive Round Goby poses a growing threat to unionid mussels, including species of conservation concern. The introduction of the invasive Round Goby to freshwaters of North America is shaping ecosystem transitions within the aquatic critical zone having widespread implications for conservation and management.}, }
@article {pmid35895748, year = {2022}, author = {Marcogliese, DJ}, title = {RECRUITMENT AND SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF PARASITES IN JUVENILE INVASIVE ROUND GOBIES (NEOGOBIUS MELANOSTOMUS) IN THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER, QUEBEC, CANADA.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {108}, number = {4}, pages = {337-342}, doi = {10.1645/22-35}, pmid = {35895748}, issn = {1937-2345}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Fishes/parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Parasites/*physiology ; Perciformes/*parasitology ; Quebec/epidemiology ; Rivers/parasitology ; Seasons ; Trematoda/classification/*isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; }, abstract = {The round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) is an invasive species that has become one of the most abundant fish in the St. Lawrence River, Quebec, Canada over the past 15 yr. Since its introduction, the round goby has acquired a number of native parasites, yet little is known about the dynamics of parasite recruitment. To examine this question, young-of-the-year and juvenile round gobies were collected monthly from 2 localities in the river (Îles de la Paix, Île Dorval) from June through November 2012. At Îles de la Paix, round gobies (n = 180) were infected with 3 species of parasites, all larval stages (Diplostomum spp., Tylodelphys scheuringi, Neoechinorhynchus tenellus). Prevalence of the digenean Diplostomum spp. varied from 3.3 to 13.3%, and mean abundance from 0.03 to 0.53 from June through September, with a maximum in August. The digenean T. scheuringi was seen only in August, at a prevalence of 10.0% and a mean abundance of 0.53. The acanthocephalan N. tenellus was observed in June, August, and September, prevalence ranging from 3.3 to 10.0% and mean abundance from 0.03 to 0.27. Maximum infection for all 3 species occurred in August. All infected fish were ≥44 mm in total length (TL). Fish infected with more than 1 parasite species were >60 mm TL. No round goby (n = 178) was infected at Île Dorval. This study demonstrated that the invasive round goby starts to acquire parasite infections in the St. Lawrence River in the first year of life and may contribute to the transmission of some parasites within this ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid35895394, year = {2022}, author = {Peach, DAH and Matthews, BJ}, title = {The Invasive Mosquitoes of Canada: An Entomological, Medical, and Veterinary Review.}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {107}, number = {2}, pages = {231-244}, pmid = {35895394}, issn = {1476-1645}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Mosquito Vectors ; *Aedes ; *Culex ; Canada/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Several invasive mosquitoes have become established in Canada, including important pathogen vectors such as Aedes albopictus, Ae. japonicus, and Culex pipiens. Some species have been present for decades, while others are recent arrivals. Several species present new health concerns and may result in autochthonous seasonal outbreaks of pathogens, particularly in southern Canada, that were previously restricted to imported cases. This review provides an overview of current knowledge of the biological, medical, and veterinary perspectives of these invasive species and highlights the need for increased monitoring efforts and information sharing.}, }
@article {pmid35894800, year = {2022}, author = {Yagound, B and West, AJ and Richardson, MF and Gruber, J and Reid, JG and Whiting, MJ and Rollins, LA}, title = {Captivity induces large and population-dependent brain transcriptomic changes in wild-caught cane toads (Rhinella marina).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {19}, pages = {4949-4961}, pmid = {35894800}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Brain ; Bufo marinus/genetics ; Introduced Species ; *Poaceae ; *Transcriptome/genetics ; }, abstract = {Gene expression levels are key molecular phenotypes at the interplay between genotype and environment. Mounting evidence suggests that short-term changes in environmental conditions, such as those encountered in captivity, can substantially affect gene expression levels. Yet, the exact magnitude of this effect, how general it is, and whether it results in parallel changes across populations are not well understood. Here, we take advantage of the well-studied cane toad, Rhinella marina, to examine the effect of short-term captivity on brain gene expression levels, and determine whether effects of captivity differ between long-colonized and vanguard populations of the cane toad's Australian invasion range. We compared the transcriptomes of wild-caught toads immediately assayed with those from toads captured from the same populations but maintained in captivity for seven months. We found large differences in gene expression levels between captive and wild-caught toads from the same population, with an over-representation of processes related to behaviour and the response to stress. Captivity had a much larger effect on both gene expression levels and gene expression variability in toads from vanguard populations compared to toads from long-colonized areas, potentially indicating an increased plasticity in toads at the leading edge of the invasion. Overall, our findings indicate that short-term captivity can induce large and population-specific transcriptomic changes, which has significant implications for studies comparing phenotypic traits of wild-caught organisms from different populations that have been held in captivity.}, }
@article {pmid35894697, year = {2022}, author = {Jiang, F and Wang, S and Wang, H and Wang, A and Xu, D and Liu, H and Yang, B and Yuan, L and Lei, L and Chen, R and Li, W and Fan, W}, title = {A chromosome-level reference genome of a Convolvulaceae species Ipomoea cairica.}, journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {35894697}, issn = {2160-1836}, mesh = {Chromosomes ; *Convolvulaceae/genetics ; DNA Transposable Elements ; *Ipomoea/genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Ipomoea cairica is a perennial creeper that has been widely introduced as a garden ornamental across tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. Because it grows extremely fast and spreads easily, it has been listed as an invasive species in many countries. Here, we constructed the chromosome-level reference genome of Ipomoea cairica by Pacific Biosciences HiFi and Hi-C sequencing, with the assembly size of 733.0 Mb, the contig N50 of 43.8 Mb, the scaffold N50 of 45.7 Mb, and the Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs complete rate of 98.0%. Hi-C scaffolding assigned 97.9% of the contigs to 15 pseudo-chromosomes. Telomeric repeat analysis reveals that 7 of the 15 pseudo-chromosomes are gapless and telomere to telomere. The transposable element content of Ipomoea cairica is 73.4%, obviously higher than that of other Ipomoea species. A total of 38,115 protein-coding genes were predicted, with the Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs complete rate of 98.5%, comparable to that of the genome assembly, and 92.6% of genes were functional annotated. In addition, we identified 3,039 tRNA genes and 2,403 rRNA genes in the assembled genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Ipomoea cairica formed a clade with Ipomoea aquatica, and they diverged from each other 8.1 million years ago. Through comparative genome analysis, we reconfirmed that a whole genome triplication event occurred specific to Convolvulaceae family and in the ancestor of the genus Ipomoea and Cuscuta. This high-quality reference genome of Ipomoea cairica will greatly facilitate the studies on the molecular mechanisms of its rapid growth and invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid35892956, year = {2022}, author = {Marchessaux, G and Lüskow, F and Bejean, M and Pakhomov, EA}, title = {Increasing Temperature Facilitates Polyp Spreading and Medusa Appearance of the Invasive Hydrozoan Craspedacusta sowerbii.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {35892956}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {The freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbii is among the most widespread invasive species, observed across a wide temperature range. The aim of this study is to analyze the polyp and medusa stages response to different temperatures by using (i) an experimental study on the polyp colony growth at 19 and 29 °C, and (ii) prediction of the Thermal Habitat Suitability (THS) based on the thermal tolerance of the medusa stage. The total number of polyps and colonies was greater at high temperature. At 19 °C, colonies with 1 to 5 polyps were present, with colonies of 1 to 3 polyps numerically dominating. At 29 °C, colonies were 80% composed of 1- to 2-polyps. Based on the published medusa pulsation rhythm data, a Thermal Performance Curve (TPC) regression was performed and used to monthly predict the THS for current and future (2050 and 2100) scenarios. The southern hemisphere offered optimal conditions (THS > 0.6) year-round. In the northern hemisphere, the optimum period was predicted to be between June and September. The future THS were considerably larger than at present with an increase in optimal THS at higher latitudes (up to 60° N). The combination of experimental and modeling approaches allows to identify the optimal thermal conditions of the polyp and medusa stages and to predict their invasive capacities.}, }
@article {pmid35892380, year = {2022}, author = {Hoefer, A and Becker, AAMJ and Moodley, A and Boyen, F and Butaye, P}, title = {Presence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Feces of the Small Indian Mongooses (Urva auropunctata) on Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {35892380}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {intramural grant of RUSVM (PD-2018)//Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine/ ; Hercules project (G0H2516N, AUGE/15/05)//Research Foundation - Flanders/ ; }, abstract = {Although, historically, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was restricted to humans, since 2005 these strains emerged in livestock and wildlife. Therefore, a One Health approach was applied to analyze the diversity and characteristics of S. aureus strains isolated from the invasive species of mongoose (Urva auropunctata) in St. Kitts. Fecal samples collected from these animals (n = 81) were cultured on selective agar. The isolated S. aureus strains were identified using MALDI-TOF and further characterized by whole genome sequence analysis. The fecal microbiome study identified the presence of S. aureus in 5 animals. Both MSSA (n = 3) and MRSA (n = 2) strains were identified. The two MRSA isolated were nearly identical ST5 SCCmec IVa (2B) strains. The two MSSA isolated were a new ST7434, pertaining to clonal complex 30, and the other belonged to ST5, but unrelated to the MRSA ST5. The SCCmec IVa (2B) is, however, the main SCCmec in human MRSA of different STs identified in St Kitts, indicating potential horizontal transmission events. In conclusion, a new type of MSSA, ST7434, was found and MRSA ST5 t002 SCCmec IVa (2B) found its way into wildlife on a small Caribbean Island. Further One Health studies are necessary to determine the role of MRSA in wildlife.}, }
@article {pmid35892025, year = {2022}, author = {Carriazo, S and Ortiz, A}, title = {Wasp stings and plasma exchange.}, journal = {Clinical kidney journal}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {1455-1458}, pmid = {35892025}, issn = {2048-8505}, abstract = {Invasive species related to climate change and/or globalization may be associated with novel forms of kidney disease. This is the case for wasps. Several species of Asian wasps are increasingly found in America (e.g. Asian giant hornet, Vespa mandarinia) and Europe (e.g. yellow-legged Asian hornet, V. velutina; black shield hornet, V. bicolor; and Oriental hornet, V. orientalis). Some of these species have been associated with human deaths and acute kidney injury. The literature on wasps and acute kidney injury is scarce and mostly originates from Asia, so nephrologists outside Asia are not familiar with this health problem. In a recent issue of ckj, Liu et al. describe a simple, four-item Wasp Sting Severity Score (WSS) developed from 1131 wasp sting patients. Vespa mandarinia and V. velutina were among those causing hospitalization, although most cases were caused by the black-bellied hornet (V. basalis). Liu et al. propose that a WSS ≥3 should guide early (<24 h after stings) plasma exchange, as plasma exchange was associated with lower mortality in severely affected patients but continuous venovenous haemofiltration and haemoperfusion were not. The WSS will require external validation. This manuscript should raise awareness about the potentially fatal consequences of stings by wasp species making their way into America and Europe.}, }
@article {pmid35891346, year = {2022}, author = {French, RK and Filion, A and Niebuhr, CN and Holmes, EC}, title = {Metatranscriptomic Comparison of Viromes in Endemic and Introduced Passerines in New Zealand.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {35891346}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bird Diseases/epidemiology ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand/epidemiology ; *Passeriformes ; *Songbirds ; Virome ; }, abstract = {New Zealand/Aotearoa has many endemic passerine birds vulnerable to emerging infectious diseases. Yet little is known about viruses in passerines, and in some countries, including New Zealand, the virome of wild passerines has been only scarcely researched. Using metatranscriptomic sequencing we characterised the virome of New Zealand endemic and introduced species of passerine. Accordingly, we identified 34 possible avian viruses from cloacal swabs of 12 endemic and introduced bird species not showing signs of disease. These included a novel siadenovirus, iltovirus, and avastrovirus in the Eurasian blackbird (Turdus merula, an introduced species), song thrush (Turdus philomelos, introduced) and silvereye/tauhou (Zosterops lateralis, introduced), respectively. This is the first time novel viruses from these genera have been identified in New Zealand, likely reflecting prior undersampling. It also represents the first identification of an iltovirus and siadenovirus in blackbirds and thrushes globally. These three viruses were only found in introduced species and may pose a risk to endemic species if they were to jump species boundaries, particularly the iltoviruses and siadenoviruses that have a prior history of disease associations. Further virus study and surveillance are needed in New Zealand avifauna, particularly in Turdus populations and endemic species.}, }
@article {pmid35887458, year = {2022}, author = {Zeng, Q and Lv, YC and Xu, XL and Deng, Y and Wang, FH and Liu, SY and Liu, LJ and Yang, CL and Liu, YG}, title = {Morpho-Molecular Characterization of Microfungi Associated with Phyllostachys (Poaceae) in Sichuan, China.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {35887458}, issn = {2309-608X}, abstract = {In the present study, we surveyed the ascomycetes from bamboo of Phyllostachys across Sichuan Province, China. A biphasic approach based on morphological characteristics and multigene phylogeny confirmed seven species, including one new genus, two new species, and five new host record species. A novel genus Paralloneottiosporina is introduced to accommodate Pa. sichuanensis that was collected from leaves of Phyllostachys violascens. Moreover, the newly introduced species Bifusisporella sichuanensis was isolated from leaves of P. edulis, and five species were newly recorded on bamboos, four species belonging to Apiospora, viz. Ap. yunnana, Ap. neosubglobosa, Ap. jiangxiensis, and Ap. hydei, and the last species, Seriascoma yunnanense, isolated from dead culms of P. heterocycla. Morphologically similar and phylogenetically related taxa were compared. Comprehensive descriptions, color photo plates of micromorphology are provided.}, }
@article {pmid35887453, year = {2022}, author = {Ni, H and Kong, WL and Zhang, Y and Wu, XQ}, title = {Effects of Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by Pseudomonas aurantiaca ST-TJ4 against Verticillium dahliae.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {35887453}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {2017YFD0600104//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; PAPD//Priority Academic Program Development of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions/ ; }, abstract = {Verticillium dahliae is one of the most destructive fungal pathogens, causing substantial economic losses in agriculture and forestry. The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is an effective and environmentally friendly strategy for controlling diseases caused by V. dahliae. In this study, 90 mm in diameter Petri plates were used to test the effect of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by different concentrations of Pseudomonasaurantiaca ST-TJ4 cells suspension on V. dahliae mycelia radial growth and biomass. The mycelial morphology was observed by using scanning electron microscopy. The conidia germination and microsclerotia formation of V. dahliae were evaluated. The VOCs with antifungal activity were collected by headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and their components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The VOCs produced by strain ST-TJ4 significantly inhibited the growth of mycelium of V. dahliae. The morphology of the hyphae was rough and wrinkled when exposed to VOCs. The VOCs of strain ST-TJ4 have a significant inhibitory effect on V. dahliae conidia germination and microsclerotia formation. At the same time, the VOCs also reduce the expression of genes related to melanin synthesis in V. dahliae. In particular, the expression of the hydrophobin gene (VDAG-02273) was down-regulated the most, about 67-fold. The VOCs effectively alleviate the severity of cotton root disease. In the volatile profile of strain ST-TJ4, 2-undecanone and 1-nonanol assayed in the range 10-200 µL per plate revealed a significant inhibitory effect on V. dahliae mycelial radial growth. These compounds may be useful to devise new control strategies for control of Verticillium wilt disease caused by V. dahliae.}, }
@article {pmid35886797, year = {2022}, author = {Olenici, N and Duduman, ML and Popa, I and Isaia, G and Paraschiv, M}, title = {Geographical Distribution of Three Forest Invasive Beetle Species in Romania.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {35886797}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {PN 16330105/2016-2017, PN 19070203/2019-2022, 34PFE./30.12.2021 (N.O.), 10PFE/2021 (M. -L.D.)//Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization/ ; }, abstract = {Ips duplicatus (Sahlberg, 1836), Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford, 1894) and Neoclytus acuminatus (Fabricius, 1775) are invasive species reported in Romania, but their current distribution is poorly known. The research aim was to provide new information on this issue. A survey was conducted over the period 2015-2017 in 82 locations, using flight-interception traps and bottle traps, baited with different attractants. Data obtained in our other unpublished studies were also taken into account. A total of 35,136 I. duplicatus beetles were collected in 30 survey locations. The highest captures were in the log yards of some factories processing logs of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.). Considering all known records so far, most of these are in the eastern part of Romania, where an outbreak took place during the years 2005-2014, mainly in spruce stands growing outside their natural range. During the survey, 4259 specimens of X. germanus were collected in 35 locations, but in our other studies the species was found in 13 additional places. It was collected at altitudes of 18-1200 m, and the largest catches were from beech stands, growing at 450-950 m. N. acuminatus was found in only six locations, in the western and southern parts of the country, at low altitudes, in tree stands composed of Fraxinus excelsior L., Quercus spp. and other broadleaf species, as well as in broadleaf log yards. The results suggest that I. duplicatus is established in most parts of the Norway spruce's range, X. germanus is still spreading in the country, with some areas having quite high populations, while N. acuminatus is present only in the warmest regions of the country.}, }
@article {pmid35886793, year = {2022}, author = {Pace, R and Ascolese, R and Miele, F and Russo, E and Griffo, RV and Bernardo, U and Nugnes, F}, title = {The Bugs in the Bags: The Risk Associated with the Introduction of Small Quantities of Fruit and Plants by Airline Passengers.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {35886793}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {URCoFi project (Strengthening of the supervision activities and control of pests)//Regione Campania/ ; }, abstract = {Among European countries, Italy is the most exposed to the risk of biological invasions, principally for its numerous entry points (ports and airports) and for climatic conditions favorable for the acclimatization of several invasive species. Here it was assessed that the greatest threats to our agro-ecosystems come mainly from the passenger baggage in which a variety of fruits and vegetables are carried. From 2016 to 2021, large quantities of plant products were found in the luggage of passengers travelling from outside the EU and seized at the BCPs (border control posts) in the Campania region. Inspections and the following laboratory analyses were conducted on the plant material to assess the presence of exotic pests. Inspections led to several non-native species being recorded, and among the intercepted organisms, some should be considered "alarming", such as Bactrocera dorsalis, Anastrepha obliqua, and Leucinodes africensis. Despite a well-organized border inspection system, travelers transporting infested material unknowingly contribute to increasing the risk of the introduction of exotic species. Given the current situation, it is necessary to impose stricter controls and greater attention, ensuring compliance with the requirements of the new phytosanitary regulations by the actors involved in the transport of plant material. Finally, it is essential to improve awareness through a phytosanitary campaign on plant health risks, especially for people wishing to transport fruits and vegetables in their luggage.}, }
@article {pmid35886741, year = {2022}, author = {Johnson, A and Forschler, BT}, title = {Biodiversity and Distribution of Reticulitermes in the Southeastern USA.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {35886741}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {620-3- 384 .01(2)//Georgia Department of Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {Reticulitermes subterranean termites are widely distributed ecosystem engineers and structural pests, yet describing their species distribution worldwide or regionally has been hindered by taxonomic uncertainties. Morphological plasticity confounds the use of taxonomic keys, while recent species descriptions and molecular techniques lacking taxonomic support have caused a muddle in interpreting the literature on Reticulitermes species distributions. We employed an integrative taxonomic approach combining behavioral, morphological, and molecular techniques to identify 4371 Reticulitermes samples to species. Five Reticulitermes species were collected from wood-on-ground at 1570 sites covering 153,900 km[2] in the state of Georgia, USA. Three species were collected throughout Georgia, with R. flavipes identified from every one of the 159 counties. R. nelsonae was the second most frequently collected species, found in 128 counties, with R. virginicus third with 122. Two species had distributions confined to the northern part of the state. R. malletei was collected from 73 counties, while the least collected species, R. hageni, was found in 16. Results show that the most recently described species (R. nelsonae, 2012) is widely distributed and the second-most frequently encountered termite, representing 23% of all samples. The invasive species R. flavipes represented half of all the samples collected, while R. hageni, the least at less than 1%. A search of GenBank identified a number of accessions mismatched to a species designation resulting in the literature under-reporting the biodiversity of the genus. We, therefore, outline a path to standardize methods for species identification using an integrated taxonomic approach with appropriate barcodes for consistent identification across research teams worldwide. The data also illuminate new opportunities to examine questions related to the ecology, evolution, dispersal, and resource partitioning behaviors of these sympatric species across distinct geographical regions.}, }
@article {pmid35882893, year = {2022}, author = {Boback, SM and Nafus, MG and Yackel Adams, AA and Reed, RN}, title = {Invasive brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) move short distances and have small activity areas in a high prey environment.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {12705}, pmid = {35882893}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Colubridae/physiology ; Guam ; Introduced Species ; Mammals ; Predatory Behavior ; Snakes/physiology ; }, abstract = {Animal movements reflect temporal and spatial availability of resources as well as when, where, and how individuals access such resources. To test these relationships for a predatory reptile, we quantified the effects of prey abundance on the spatial ecology of invasive brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) on Guam. Five months after toxicant-mediated suppression of a brown treesnake population, we simultaneously used visual encounter surveys to generate relative rodent abundance and radiotelemetry of snakes to document movements of surviving snakes. After snake suppression, encounter rates for small mammals increased 22-fold and brown treesnakes had smaller mean daily movement distances (24 ± 13 m/day, [Formula: see text] ± SD) and activity areas (5.47 ± 5 ha) than all previous observations. Additionally, snakes frequenting forest edges, where our small mammal encounters were the highest, had smaller mean daily movement distances and three-dimensional activity volumes compared to those within the forest interior. Collectively, these results suggest that reduced movements by snakes were in part a response to increased prey availability. The impact of prey availability on snake movement may be a management consideration when attempting to control cryptic invasive species using tools that rely on movement of the target species to be effective.}, }
@article {pmid35881873, year = {2022}, author = {Park, JH and Choi, YJ and Choi, IY and Shin, HD}, title = {First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces ambrosiae on Leucanthemum vulgare in Korea.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-06-22-1472-PDN}, pmid = {35881873}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. (Asteraceae), known as ox-eye daisy, is a perennial herb native to Europe and western Asia (Clements et al. 2004, McDougall et al. 2018). In Korea, this plant was introduced for ornamental purposes but has been naturalized as a widespread invasive species. In June 2015, symptoms of a powdery mildew disease were observed on L. vulgare in a public garden in Goseong (38°14'18"N, 128°32'56"E), Korea. Since then, its findings have continued throughout the country, including Mokpo and Seogwipo (in 2018), Hongcheon and Seoul (in 2020), Boeun, Gunsan, and Namwon (in 2022), where the disease incidence was often higher than 80%. Symptoms first appeared as circular to irregular white powdery patches covering leaves and stems. Affected plants became distorted, eventually losing their aesthetic and ornamental value. A total of sixteen samples were deposited in the herbarium of Korea University (KUS-F), Korea. Microscopic observations showed that hyphal appressoria were nipple-shaped. Conidiophores were cylindrical, 98 to 157 × 9 to 12 μm, and produced 2 to 5 immature conidia in chains with a sinuate outline. Foot cells were cylindrical, straight, and 37 to 65 μm long. Conidia were ellipsoid to barrel-shaped, 23 to 39 × 12 to 19 μm, with a length/width ratio of 1.4 to 2.3 and devoid of fibrosin bodies. Germ tubes were produced in the perihilar position of the conidia. Primary conidia were apically rounded and basally subtruncated. No chasmothecia were found until the plants died in winter. The morphological characteristics were typical for anamorph of the genus Golovinomyces. To identify the fungus, genomic DNA was extracted from the four herbarium specimens (KUS-F 28650, 30839, 31728, and 31787). PCR products were amplified using the primer sets PM10/ITS4 for internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and PM3/TW14 for the large subunit (LSU) of the rDNA (Mori et al. 2000, Bradshaw and Tobin 2020). Sequences obtained in the present study were deposited at GenBank (accession numbers ON834488-91 for ITS and ON834494-7 for LSU). A BLASTn search of the Korean specimens showed 100% identity with reference sequences of G. ambrosiae in GenBank (KX98730, MK452580, and MK452588 for ITS and MF612182, MK452653, and MK452661 for LSU). In phylogenetic trees of a concatenated dataset of the ITS and LSU sequences, the Korean specimens formed a well-supported clade with the reference sequences of G. ambrosiae. Pathogenicity tests were carried out by touching and dusting an infected leaf (KUS-F 31787) onto the upper leaf surface of five healthy plants. Five non-inoculated plants served as controls. After two weeks, all inoculated plants formed white patches on the surface of leaves and stems, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. The fungus on the inoculated plants was identical to that observed on the initially diseased plant, fulfilling Koch's postulates. As a result, the causal agent of the powdery mildew on L. vulgare was confirmed as G. ambrosiae (Schwein.) U. Braun &amp; R.T.A. Cook, based on the current taxonomy and nomenclature of this species by Qiu et al. (2020).. Previously powdery mildew collections on L. vulgare have been reported as Golovinomyces cichoracearum (≡ Erysiphe cichoracearum) s. lat. in Estonia, Finland, Germany, and Switzerland, Golovinomyces biocellatus in Spain, and Podosphaera fusca (probably P. xanthii according to the current taxonomy) in the former Soviet Union (now Russia and adjacent countries) (Farr and Rossman 2022). This study is the first report of powdery mildew disease caused by G. ambrosiae on L. vulgare in Korea. Qiu et al. (2020) confirmed the occurrence of G. ambrosiae on L. maximum, another species of the genus Leucanthemum. As powdery mildew causes damage to the cultivation of L. vulgare by loss of ornamental value, appropriate control measures should be developed.}, }
@article {pmid35878279, year = {2022}, author = {Zhang, Z and Zhang, T and Yu, W and Xu, J and Li, J and Wu, T and Liu, S and Wang, H and Wang, Y and Shang, S and Lin, A}, title = {Heavy Metal Contamination in Sediments from Wetlands Invaded by Spartina alterniflora in the Yellow River Delta.}, journal = {Toxics}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {35878279}, issn = {2305-6304}, support = {2020KJD005//Science and Technology Support Plan for Youth Innovation of Colleges and Universities in Shandong Province/ ; ZR2019QEE039//Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province/ ; ZR2021QD082//Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province/ ; BZXYSYXM202101//the Experimental Technology Project of Binzhou University/ ; }, abstract = {Heavy metals are major pollutants that pose threats to wetland environments. In the present study, surface sediments from wetlands vegetated by invasive species Spartina alterniflora in the Yellow River Delta were collected and determined for the mass fractions of Co, Ni, As, Cd and Pb. Results showed mass fractions of Co, Ni, As, Cd and Pb in the sediments of the S. alterniflora communities ranged from 8.5 to 16.0, 13.9−27.9, 3.2−13.8, 0.08−0.24, and 17.6−37.5 mg/kg dw, respectively, generally presenting an order of Pb > Ni > Co > As > Cd. The levels of heavy metals in sediments in the S. alterniflora communities were higher than those in the wetland vegetated by the native plant species Suaeda heteroptera. Correlations among metal elements were highly significant, suggesting that they might have the same sources. Clay and TOC were important factors affecting the spatial distribution of metals. The Igeo values of the investigated elements in the sediments were frequently lower than 0, revealing the slight pollution status of these metals. Relatively slight values of Eri and RI suggested that the potential ecological risks caused by the 5 metals were low. Our findings could provide a better understanding of the correlation between metal pollution and bio-invasion in wetland ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid35878137, year = {2022}, author = {Tourapi, C and Tsioutis, C}, title = {Circular Policy: A New Approach to Vector and Vector-Borne Diseases' Management in Line with the Global Vector Control Response (2017-2030).}, journal = {Tropical medicine and infectious disease}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {35878137}, issn = {2414-6366}, abstract = {Integrated Vector Management (IVM) has yielded exemplary results in combating and preventing vector-borne diseases (VBDs) and their vectors. It's success and positive outcomes depend on the sound planning, implementation, enforcement, and validation of the locally adapted vector control efforts from the involved national sectors and stakeholders. Nevertheless, current realities create several implications impeding IVM's performance. Hence, there is a need to adjust local IVM plans to several factors, such as (i) the rapidly changing and unpredictable environmental conditions (i.e., climate change, shift on species distribution, invasive species-Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus); (ii) the environmental impacts from human activities (i.e., fossil fuel use, food sources, industry, land use, urbanization and deforestation); (iii) changes in human demographics and the international movement of people (travelers and forcibly displaced persons due to conflicts and severe weather) increasing the risk of contracting and transmitting vector-borne diseases and shifting humanitarian emergencies and societal demands; (iv) the SARS-CoV2 pandemic outbreak and the implication on national public health systems; (v) the continuous flow of technological advancements and newly acquired knowledge; (vi) the realization of the strong link between planetary health and public health. Addressing these factors in IVM can become difficult, taking into consideration the numerous involved sectors, stakeholders, and fields in the management of vectors and vector-borne diseases (VBD). This document proposes and discusses the aspects and steps of a holistic approach, referenced as the Circular Policy, for national and local IVM strategies to be effective and adaptable, capable of providing the optimum outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid35877652, year = {2022}, author = {Frey, JE and Frey, B and Frei, D and Blaser, S and Gueuning, M and Bühlmann, A}, title = {Next generation biosecurity: Towards genome based identification to prevent spread of agronomic pests and pathogens using nanopore sequencing.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {7}, pages = {e0270897}, pmid = {35877652}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Ascomycota/genetics ; Bacteria/genetics ; Biosecurity ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; *Nanopore Sequencing ; *Nanopores ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; }, abstract = {The unintentional movement of agronomic pests and pathogens is steadily increasing due to the intensification of global trade. Being able to identify accurately and rapidly early stages of an invasion is critical for developing successful eradication or management strategies. For most invasive organisms, molecular diagnostics is today the method of choice for species identification. However, the currently implemented tools are often developed for certain taxa and need to be adapted for new species, making them ill-suited to cope with the current constant increase in new invasive species. To alleviate this impediment, we developed a fast and accurate sequencing tool allowing to modularly obtain genetic information at different taxonomical levels. Using whole genome amplification (WGA) followed by Oxford nanopore MinION sequencing, our workflow does not require any a priori knowledge on the investigated species and its classification. While mainly focusing on harmful plant pathogenic insects, we also demonstrate the suitability of our workflow for the molecular identification of bacteria (Erwinia amylovora and Escherichia coli), fungi (Cladosporium herbarum, Colletotrichum salicis, Neofabraea alba) and nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis). On average, the pairwise identity between the generated consensus sequences and best GenBank BLAST matches was 99.6 ± 0.6%. Additionally, assessing the generated insect genomic dataset, the potential power of the workflow to detect pesticide resistance genes, as well as arthropod-infecting viruses and endosymbiotic bacteria is demonstrated.}, }
@article {pmid35875182, year = {2022}, author = {Tedeschi, L and Biancolini, D and Capinha, C and Rondinini, C and Essl, F}, title = {Introduction, spread, and impacts of invasive alien mammal species in Europe.}, journal = {Mammal review}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, pages = {252-266}, pmid = {35875182}, issn = {0305-1838}, abstract = {Biological invasions have emerged as one of the main drivers of biodiversity change and decline, and numbers of species classed as alien in parts of their ranges are rapidly rising. The European Union established a dedicated regulation to limit the impacts of invasive alien species (IAS), which is focused on the species on a Union List of IAS of particular concern. However, no previous study has specifically addressed the ecology of invasive alien mammals included on the Union List.We performed a systematic review of published literature on these species. We retrieved 262 publications dealing with 16 species, and we complemented these with the most up-to-date information extracted from global databases on IAS.We show that most of the study species reached Europe as pets and then escaped from captivity or were intentionally released. On average each year in the period 1981-2020, 1.2 species were recorded for the first time as aliens in European countries, and most species are still expanding their alien ranges by colonising neighbouring territories. France is the most invaded nation, followed by Germany, Italy, and the Russian Federation, and the muskrat Ondatra zibethicus, the American mink Neovison vison, and the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides are the most widespread species, having invaded at least 27 countries each. Invasive mammals of European Union concern are threatening native biodiversity and human well-being: worryingly, 81% of the 16 study species are implicated in the epidemiological cycle of zoonotic pathogens.Containing secondary spread to further countries is of paramount importance to avoid the establishment of new populations of invasive mammals and the related impacts on native communities, ecosystem services, and human health.We present a compendium on the ecology and impacts of invasive mammals of European Union concern. It can be used to assist environmental policies, identify and subsequently fill knowledge gaps, and inform stakeholders.}, }
@article {pmid35874117, year = {2021}, author = {Patrick, CJ and Anderson, KE and Brown, BL and Hawkins, CP and Metcalfe, A and Saffarinia, P and Siqueira, T and Swan, CM and Tonkin, JD and Yuan, LL}, title = {The application of metacommunity theory to the management of riverine ecosystems.}, journal = {WIREs. Water}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {1-21}, pmid = {35874117}, issn = {2049-1948}, support = {EPA999999/ImEPA/Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {River managers strive to use the best available science to sustain biodiversity and ecosystem function. To achieve this goal requires consideration of processes at different scales. Metacommunity theory describes how multiple species from different communities potentially interact with local-scale environmental drivers to influence population dynamics and community structure. However, this body of knowledge has only rarely been used to inform management practices for river ecosystems. In this paper, we present a conceptual model outlining how the metacommunity processes of local niche sorting and dispersal can influence the outcomes of management interventions and provide a series of specific recommendations for applying these ideas as well as research needs. In all cases, we identify situations where traditional approaches to riverine management could be enhanced by incorporating an understanding of metacommunity dynamics. A common theme is developing guidelines for assessing the metacommunity context of a site or region, evaluating how that context may affect the desired outcome, and incorporating that understanding into the planning process and methods used. To maximize the effectiveness of management activities, scientists and resource managers should update the toolbox of approaches to riverine management to reflect theoretical advances in metacommunity ecology.}, }
@article {pmid35873201, year = {2022}, author = {Borkens, Y and Koppe, P}, title = {Mytilicola orientalis.}, journal = {Aquaculture international : journal of the European Aquaculture Society}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, pages = {2741-2749}, pmid = {35873201}, issn = {0967-6120}, abstract = {Neozoa are invasive species that enter faunal communities as new species. Not infrequently, they pose a threat to local ecosystems. Climate change could further promote these developments or favor neozoa. Thus, they represent a relevant threat in the future. One of these neozoa is the copepod parasite Mytilicola orientalis. This parasite originates from Asia and infects a wide variety of bivalves like mussels and oysters. However, as an invasive species, it can be found more and more frequently in Europe, especially in the North and Baltic Seas. There, M. orientalis poses a real threat to mussels in aquaculture and thus also to the local economy.}, }
@article {pmid35871769, year = {2022}, author = {Lundgren, EJ and Ramp, D and Middleton, OS and Wooster, EIF and Kusch, E and Balisi, M and Ripple, WJ and Hasselerharm, CD and Sanchez, JN and Mills, M and Wallach, AD}, title = {A novel trophic cascade between cougars and feral donkeys shapes desert wetlands.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {12}, pages = {2348-2357}, pmid = {35871769}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Puma ; Equidae ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Introduced large herbivores have partly filled ecological gaps formed in the late Pleistocene, when many of the Earth's megafauna were driven extinct. However, extant predators are generally considered incapable of exerting top-down influences on introduced megafauna, leading to unusually strong disturbance and herbivory relative to native herbivores. We report on the first documented predation of juvenile feral donkeys Equus africanus asinus by cougars Puma concolor in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of North America. We then investigated how cougar predation corresponds with differences in feral donkey behaviour and associated effects on desert wetlands. Focusing on a feral donkey population in the Death Valley National Park, we used camera traps and vegetation surveys to compare donkey activity patterns and impacts between wetlands with and without cougar predation. Donkeys were primarily diurnal at wetlands with cougar predation, thereby avoiding cougars. However, donkeys were active throughout the day and night at sites without predation. Donkeys were ~87% less active (measured as hours of activity a day) at wetlands with predation (p < 0.0001). Sites with predation had reduced donkey disturbance and herbivory, including ~46% fewer access trails, 43% less trampled bare ground and 192% more canopy cover (PERMANOVA, R[2] = 0.22, p = 0.0003). Our study is the first to reveal a trophic cascade involving cougars, feral equids and vegetation. Cougar predation appears to rewire an ancient food web, with diverse implications for modern ecosystems. Our results suggest that protecting apex predators could have important implications for the ecological effects of introduced megafauna.}, }
@article {pmid35868767, year = {2022}, author = {Jacob Rani, BS and Venkatachalam, S}, title = {Cleaner approach for the cascade production of nanocellulose, nanohemicellulose and nanolignin from Prosopis juliflora.}, journal = {Carbohydrate polymers}, volume = {294}, number = {}, pages = {119807}, doi = {10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119807}, pmid = {35868767}, issn = {1879-1344}, mesh = {Biomass ; Cellulose ; Lignin ; *Prosopis ; }, abstract = {This research focuses on developing a cleaner approach for the cascade production of nanocellulose, nanohemicellulose and nanolignin from Prosopis juliflora biomass. Via screening experiments, LA2/ChCl NADES was selected for selective hemicellulose solubilization in the first stage, and FA3/ChCl was selected for lignin solubilization in the second stage. This two-stage cascade process integrated with microwave gives a higher recovery yield (96.8 % cellulose, 92.43 % hemicellulose and 90.56 % lignin). Subsequently, recovered particles were converted into nanoparticles using intense ultrasonication. The produced nanocellulose, nanohemicellulose and nanolignin typically had a spherical structure with an average particle size of 87.4 ± 5.1 nm, 68.8 ± 2.1 nm, and 77.8 ± 2.6 nm. Nanoparticles produced by this study have many potential applications, especially in food, biomedical and packaging sectors. In addition, 80 % of LA2/ChCl NADES and 98 % of ethanol were recovered and reused. This approach of the holistic utilization of an invasive species rather than eliminating it paves a path towards environmental sustainability.}, }
@article {pmid35867149, year = {2022}, author = {Nemec, K and Stephenson, A and Losch, M}, title = {How Engineers and Roadside Vegetation Managers Maintain Roadside Vegetation in Iowa, USA.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, pages = {593-604}, pmid = {35867149}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Iowa ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Recently the value of roadside vegetation as habitat for pollinators has gained increased attention, particularly in areas dominated by agriculture where there is little native vegetation available. However, many factors, including safety, cost, public perception, erosion control, and weedy plants must be considered when managing roadside vegetation. Although their decisions influence thousands of hectares of public rights-of-way, how engineers and roadside managers maintain roadside vegetation has been the subject of little research. In this study, we surveyed county engineers and roadside managers who manage vegetation along secondary roads in Iowa, USA to assess how they maintain roadside vegetation. Some counties employ roadside managers, who often have an environmental sciences background, to implement the on-the-ground management of roadside vegetation, while some counties use other staff. Compared to engineers, roadside managers more strongly agreed that using the ecological principles of integrated roadside vegetation management (IRVM) provided environmental benefits. Engineers in counties with a roadside manager more strongly agreed that IRVM practices reduce the spread of invasive species and provide attractive roadsides. Both engineers and roadside managers mentioned challenges to managing roadside vegetation, including interference with some native plantings by adjacent landowners, and ranked safety and soil erosion concerns as the highest priorities when making decisions. Four in ten roadside managers said their counties had protected native plant community remnants on secondary roadsides. Our findings can inform conservation outreach efforts to those responsible for managing roadside vegetation, and emphasize the importance of addressing safety and soil erosion concerns in roadside research and communications.}, }
@article {pmid35866935, year = {2022}, author = {Mills, G and Loeb, J}, title = {Controlling grey squirrel numbers in the UK.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {191}, number = {2}, pages = {60-61}, doi = {10.1002/vetr.2044}, pmid = {35866935}, issn = {2042-7670}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Sciuridae ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Georgina Mills and Josh Loeb report on work to develop contraceptives for this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid35864427, year = {2022}, author = {Grabić, J and Benka, P and Ljevnaić-Mašić, B and Vasić, I and Bezdan, A}, title = {Spatial distribution assessment of invasive alien species Amorpha fruticosa L. by UAV-based on remote sensing in the Special Nature Reserve Obedska Bara, Serbia.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {194}, number = {9}, pages = {599}, pmid = {35864427}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {*Environmental Monitoring/methods ; *Fabaceae ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Remote Sensing Technology/methods ; Serbia ; }, abstract = {The Obedska Bara Special Nature Reserve is one of the oldest protected areas in the world, also enlisted as an Important Bird Area, Ramsar and UNESCO world heritage site. False indigo bush (Amorpha fruticosa L.) represents an invasive alien species which is significantly deteriorating the biodiversity of the Obedska Bara Special Nature Reserve in Serbia. Mapping of A. fruticosa, using an unmanned aerial vehicle and GIS tools, showed that in meadows, pastures, ponds and wetland areas, A. fruticosa covered 85 ha or 11% of the area. However, coverage was uneven, and the most overgrown areas were some meadows (up to 35%), while flooded areas and areas where human impact is significant, as on pastures, were not so affected (1-3%). The most susceptible parts were forest edges. Active management practices, such as cattle grazing and topsoil tarping, and occasional moving, gave positive effects in A. fruticosa, but also other invasive terrestrial plant species spreading control in the reserve. This has also been confirmed by the UAV survey and mapping, which has proven to be an effective method for A. fruticosa monitoring over large areas.}, }
@article {pmid35863654, year = {2022}, author = {Gairin, E and Dussenne, M and Mercader, M and Berthe, C and Reynaud, M and Metian, M and Mills, SC and Lenfant, P and Besseau, L and Bertucci, F and Lecchini, D}, title = {Harbours as unique environmental sites of multiple anthropogenic stressors on fish hormonal systems.}, journal = {Molecular and cellular endocrinology}, volume = {555}, number = {}, pages = {111727}, doi = {10.1016/j.mce.2022.111727}, pmid = {35863654}, issn = {1872-8057}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthropogenic Effects ; Endocrine System ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes ; Hormones ; Thyroid Hormones ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical ; }, abstract = {Fish development and acclimation to environmental conditions are strongly mediated by the hormonal endocrine system. In environments contaminated by anthropogenic stressors, hormonal pathway alterations can be detrimental for growth, survival, fitness, and at a larger scale for population maintenance. In the context of increasingly contaminated marine environments worldwide, numerous laboratory studies have confirmed the effect of one or a combination of pollutants on fish hormonal systems. However, this has not been confirmed in situ. In this review, we explore the body of knowledge related to the influence of anthropogenic stressors disrupting fish endocrine systems, recent advances (focusing on thyroid hormones and stress hormones such as cortisol), and potential research perspectives. Through this review, we highlight how harbours can be used as "in situ laboratories" given the variety of anthropogenic stressors (such as plastic, chemical, sound, light pollution, and invasive species) that can be simultaneously investigated in harbours over long periods of time.}, }
@article {pmid35863572, year = {2022}, author = {Chinchio, E and Romeo, C and Crotta, M and Ferrari, N}, title = {Knowledge gaps in invasive species infections: Alien mammals of European Union concern as a case study.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {846}, number = {}, pages = {157448}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157448}, pmid = {35863572}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; European Union ; *Introduced Species ; *Mammals ; Risk Assessment ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive Alien Species (IAS), i.e. species introduced by humans outside their natural geographic range, may act as host or vectors of pathogens of both human and animal health relevance. Although it has been recognized that IAS should deserve more attention from a public and animal health perspective, data on the pathogens hosted by these species are not systematically collected and this prevents accurate assessments of IAS-specific risks of disease transmission. To support the future development of disease risk assessments, we systematically reviewed the scientific literature related to the pathogens of the eleven mammal species included in the European list of IAS of concern to gain insight in the amount and quality of data available. Data were analyzed to assess the current knowledge on the pathogens harbored by mammal IAS in natural conditions, through the identification of the main factors associated with research intensity on IAS pathogens and with the IAS observed pathogen species richness, the estimation of the true pathogen species richness for each IAS, and a meta-analysis of prevalence for the pathogens of health relevance. While the review confirmed that mammal IAS harbor pathogens of human and animal health relevance such as rabies virus, West Nile Virus, Borrelia burgdorferi and Mycobacterium bovis, results also highlighted strong information gaps and biases in research on IAS pathogens. In addition, the analyses showed an underestimation of the number of pathogens harbored by these species and the existence of high levels of uncertainty in the prevalence of the pathogens of health significance identified. These results highlight the need towards more efforts in making the available information on IAS pathogens accessible and systematically collected in order to provide data for future investigations and risk assessments, as well as the need of relying on alternative sources of information to assess IAS disease risk, like expert opinions.}, }
@article {pmid35862532, year = {2022}, author = {Popkin, G}, title = {Deadly pest reaches Oregon, sparking fears for ash trees.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {377}, number = {6604}, pages = {356}, doi = {10.1126/science.ade0172}, pmid = {35862532}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; *Fraxinus/parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Oregon ; }, abstract = {Emerald ash borer has already killed millions of trees.}, }
@article {pmid35860911, year = {2022}, author = {Bertaco, VA and Becker, FG and Azevedo, MA and Ferrer, J and Behr, ER and de Moraes, TR and Fagundes, NJR and Malabarba, LR}, title = {The record and threats of the invasion of palometa Serrasalmus maculatus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) in the Patos lagoon drainage, southern Brazil.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {101}, number = {4}, pages = {1098-1103}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15169}, pmid = {35860911}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {CNPq #307890/2016-3//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 88887.463771/2019-00//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Characiformes ; Brazil ; Rivers ; Introduced Species ; *Perciformes ; }, abstract = {We report the occurrence of an invasive alien species, palometa Serrasalmus maculatus, in the Patos Lagoon drainage. Primary occurrence data were based on three specimens captured and preserved as vouchers in scientific collections. Additionally, we searched for secondary records from unpublished scientific sources, public agencies reports and media news to find additional reports. We discussed the possible pathways of invasion, suggesting as the vector of introduction transpositions from the Uruguay River basin. Ecological implications for ichthyofauna, environmental impacts and risk of other events of invasion in the adjoining basins are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid35859219, year = {2022}, author = {Bharti, M and Nagar, S and Khurana, H and Negi, RK}, title = {Metagenomic insights to understand the role of polluted river Yamuna in shaping the gut microbial communities of two invasive fish species.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {204}, number = {8}, pages = {509}, pmid = {35859219}, issn = {1432-072X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rivers ; Water ; }, abstract = {The gastrointestinal microbial community plays a crucial role in host health, immunity, protection, development and provides nutrients to the host. The rising human-induced pollution and heavy metal contamination in all aquatic systems globally has led us to explore the gut microbial diversity of two exotic invasive fish Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1858) and Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus,1857) from river Yamuna, India. These fishes are aquatic bioindicators with high demographic resilience. Exploring these associations would pave the way for addressing problems that inhabitant fishes are facing due to the increasing pollution load in the River Yamuna. Based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, our results deliver comparative information on the gut microbiome of these fishes and highlight connotations between the microbiome of gut and water samples. The gut of C. carpio and O. niloticus was dominated by phyla Proteobacteria whereas Bacteroidetes dominated the water sample. Microbial communities showed predicted roles such as pathogenicity (Escherichia-Shigella, Aeromonas veronii, Vibrio cholerae, Streptococcus iniae, Flavobacterium columnare, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycobacterium sp.), probiotic applications (Bacillus velezensis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecalis, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactococcus lactis, Leuconostoc falkenbergense) and involvement in sewage and organic matter decomposition (Nitrosomonas sp., Methanosaeta harundinacea, Dechloromonas agitata, Thauera humireducens, Zoogloea ramigera). Heavy metal degrading members (Leucobacter chromiireducens, Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Micrococcus luteus) were detected in gut microbiome samples thus supporting the notion that fish shapes its gut microbiota with changing ecology. Functional profiling showed that microbial communities are specialized in metabolic functions thus reflecting the dietary profile of these invasive fishes.}, }
@article {pmid35857094, year = {2022}, author = {Rau, J and Werner, D and Beer, M and Höper, D and Kampen, H}, title = {The microbial RNA metagenome of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Germany.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {121}, number = {9}, pages = {2587-2599}, pmid = {35857094}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Female ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Metagenome ; Mosquito Vectors ; RNA ; *Zika Virus ; *Zika Virus Infection ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus is a highly invasive mosquito species that has become widespread across the globe. In addition, it is an efficient vector of numerous pathogens of medical and veterinary importance, including dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses. Among others, the vector potential of mosquitoes is influenced by their microbiome. However, this influence is very dynamic and can vary between individuals and life stages. To obtain a rough overview on the microbiome of Ae. albopictus populations in Germany, pooled female and pooled male individuals from seven German locations were investigated by total RNA sequencing. The mosquito specimens had been collected as larvae in the field and processed immediately after adult emergence, i.e. without females having fed on blood. RNA fragments with high degrees of identity to a large number of viruses and microorganisms were identified, including, for example, Wolbachia pipientis and Acinetobacter baumannii, with differences between male and female mosquitoes. Knowledge about the natural occurrence of microorganisms in mosquitoes may be translated into new approaches to vector control, for example W. pipientis can be exploited to manipulate mosquito reproduction and vector competence. The study results show how diverse the microbiome of Ae. albopictus can be, and the more so needs to be adequately analysed and interpreted.}, }
@article {pmid35856271, year = {2022}, author = {Marbella, D and Santana-Hernández, KM and Rodríguez-Ponce, E}, title = {Small islands as potential model ecosystems for parasitology: climatic influence on parasites of feral cats.}, journal = {Journal of helminthology}, volume = {96}, number = {}, pages = {e51}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X22000451}, pmid = {35856271}, issn = {1475-2697}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; *Cat Diseases/epidemiology ; Cats ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Islands ; *Parasites ; Zoonoses/epidemiology/parasitology ; }, abstract = {The influence of climate on parasite distribution has been demonstrated in different regions worldwide. Despite its small size, Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) constitutes a 'biodiversity laboratory' due to the huge climatic differences between municipalities. Feral cats may represent a threat to biodiversity due to their predatory behaviour. In addition, they may be a source of pathogens zoonotic to humans. To study the climatic/seasonal influence and prevalence of feral cat parasites throughout the island, a total of 290 stool samples from 29 feral cat colonies were analysed following standard concentration protocols (sodium chloride, formol-ether and zinc sulphate). In total, 13 feline parasitic taxa were found, with the most common species being Ancylostoma spp., which, together with Toxocara spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Giardia spp., are considered a concern for human health. Nematodes were the most common parasites in all areas. Nematodes and protozoans were significantly more prevalent in temperate mild (75.0% and 30.0%) than in dry desert areas (29.3% and 18.7%). In contrast, cestodes were significantly more prevalent in dry desert than in temperate mild areas (26.0% and 13.3%). Only protozoans exhibited statistically significant seasonal patterns, mostly in the wet season. Data reported in this study endorse the usage of small and diverse islands such as Gran Canaria to study the climatic influence on parasitic communities in wild/feral animals. Cat colonies require better management to reduce their threat to endemic wildlife, domestic animals and public health, being invasive species that harbour zoonotic parasites.}, }
@article {pmid35855901, year = {2022}, author = {Nouri-Aiin, M and Connolly, S and Keough, C and Smigelsky, AJ and Wen, Y and Howland, J and Schall, JJ and Görres, JH}, title = {Genetic population structure and reproductive system of two invasive Asian earthworms, Amynthas tokioensis and Amynthas agrestis.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e13622}, pmid = {35855901}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; Male ; *Oligochaeta/genetics ; Triploidy ; Semen ; Genitalia ; Genetic Structures ; }, abstract = {The invasive Asian earthworms, Amynthas tokioensis and A. agrestis, have been successful in entering North American forests in recent decades, with significant damage to both soils and above-ground environments. This success could be driven in part by a polyploid genetic system and parthenogenetic reproduction, often suggested as benefits for invasive species. Therefore, we assessed the genetic population structure, genetic diversity, and reproductive system of both species using morphological traits and panels of microsatellite markers. A total of 216 A. tokioensis and 196 A. agrestis from six sites in Vermont USA were analyzed. Although all worms were morphologically hermaphroditic, all the A. agrestis lacked the male pore (the structure allowing pass of sperm between individuals), and only 19% of the A. tokioensis possessed the male pore. All A. tokioensis earthworms were triploid (scored for three alleles for at least 1 locus, and usually several), and A. agrestis was a mix of triploid and diploid individuals. Notable was the high proportion (80%) of A. agrestis earthworms that were diploid at one site. There was clearly clonal reproduction, with identical seven- locus genotypes observed for earthworms from each site, with as many as 45 individuals with the identical genotype at one site. However, the earthworms were also genetically diverse, with 14 genotypes observed for A. tokioensis and 54 for A. agrestis, and with many singleton genotypes (a single individual). Most genotypes (71% for A. tokioensis and 92% for A. agrestis) were found at a single site. The greatest number of genotypes was found at a commercial nursery where fully 23/26 A. agrestis earthworms were singleton genotypes. As expected for the pattern of private clone alleles at sites, several measures of geographic genetic differentiation were positive, and as expected for triploid systems, an AMOVA analysis showed high within-individual genetic diversity. The paradox of clear clonal reproduction, but with a great number of genotypes for each species, and the mix of triploid and diploid individuals could be explained if the worms have been sexually reproductive, with the switch to the uniparental system only recently (or even if sexual reproduction is episodic). Last, a large number of microsatellite loci were recovered for each species and there sequence and suggested PCR primers are provided for free use by other researchers.}, }
@article {pmid35853582, year = {2022}, author = {Beaurepaire, A and Arredondo, D and Genchi-García, ML and Castelli, L and Reynaldi, FJ and Antunez, K and Invernizzi, C and Mondet, F and Le Conte, Y and Dalmon, A}, title = {Genetic diversification of an invasive honey bee ectoparasite across sympatric and allopatric host populations.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {103}, number = {}, pages = {105340}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105340}, pmid = {35853582}, issn = {1567-7257}, mesh = {*Acaricides ; Africa ; Animals ; Bees ; Biodiversity ; Sympatry ; *Varroidae/genetics ; }, abstract = {Invasive parasites are major threats to biodiversity. The honey bee ectoparasite, Varroa destructor, has shifted host and spread almost globally several decades ago. This pest is generally considered to be the main global threat to Western honey bees, Apis mellifera, although the damages it causes are not equivalent in all its new host's populations. Due to the high virulence of this parasite and the viruses it vectors, beekeepers generally rely on acaricide treatments to keep their colonies alive. However, some populations of A. mellifera can survive without anthropogenic mite control, through the expression of diverse resistance and tolerance traits. Such surviving colonies are currently found throughout the globe, with the biggest populations being found in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Recently, genetic differences between mite populations infesting surviving and treated A. mellifera colonies in Europe were found, suggesting that adaptations of honey bees drive mite evolution. Yet, the prevalence of such co-evolutionary adaptations in other invasive populations of V. destructor remain unknown. Using the previous data from Europe and novel genetic data from V. destructor populations in South America and Africa, we here investigated whether mites display signs of adaptations to different host populations of diverse origins and undergoing differing management. Our results show that, contrary to the differences previously documented in Europe, mites infesting treated and untreated honey bee populations in Africa and South America are genetically similar. However, strong levels of genetic differentiation were found when comparing mites across continents, suggesting ongoing allopatric speciation despite a recent spread from genetically homogenous lineages. This study provides novel insights into the co-evolution of V. destructor and A. mellifera, and confirms that these species are ideal to investigate coevolution in newly established host-parasite systems.}, }
@article {pmid35853100, year = {2022}, author = {Sierra-Serrano, B and García-García, A and Hidalgo, T and Ruiz-Camino, D and Rodríguez-Diéguez, A and Amariei, G and Rosal, R and Horcajada, P and Rojas, S}, title = {Copper Glufosinate-Based Metal-Organic Framework as a Novel Multifunctional Agrochemical.}, journal = {ACS applied materials &amp; interfaces}, volume = {14}, number = {30}, pages = {34955-34962}, pmid = {35853100}, issn = {1944-8252}, mesh = {Agrochemicals/pharmacology ; Aminobutyrates ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Copper/chemistry/pharmacology ; Escherichia coli ; *Fungicides, Industrial ; *Herbicides ; *Metal-Organic Frameworks/chemistry/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Pesticides are agrochemical compounds used to kill pests (insects, rodents, fungi, or unwanted plants), which are key to meet the world food demand. Regrettably, some important issues associated with their widespread/extensive use (contamination, bioaccumulation, and development of pest resistances) demand a reduction in the amount of pesticide applied in crop protection. Among the novel technologies used to combat the deterioration of our environment, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as innovative and promising materials in agroindustry since they possess several features (high porosity, functionalizable cavities, ecofriendly composition, etc.) that make them excellent candidates for the controlled release of pesticides. Moving toward a sustainable development, in this work, we originally describe the use of pesticides as building blocks for the MOF construction, leading to a new type of agricultural applied MOFs (or AgroMOFs). Particularly, we have prepared a novel 2D-MOF (namely, GR-MOF-7) based on the herbicide glufosinate and the widely used antibacterial and fungicide Cu[2+]. GR-MOF-7 crystallizes attaining a monoclinic P21/c space group, and the asymmetric unit is composed of one independent Cu[2+] ion and one molecule of the Glu[2-] ligand. Considering the significant antibacterial activity of Cu-based compounds in agriculture, the potential combined bactericidal and herbicidal effect of GR-MOF-7 was investigated. GR-MOF-7 shows an important antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (involved in agricultural animal infections), improving the results obtained with its individual or even physical mixed precursors [glufosinate and Cu(NO3)2]. It is also an effective pesticide against germination and plant growth of the weed Raphanus sativus, an invasive species in berries and vines crops, demonstrating that the construction of MOFs based on herbicide and antibacterial/antifungal units is a promising strategy to achieve multifunctional agrochemicals. To the best of our knowledge, this first report on the synthesis of an MOF based on agrochemicals (what we have named AgroMOF) opens new ways on the safe and efficient MOF application in agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid35849121, year = {2022}, author = {Degola, F and Sanità di Toppi, L and Petraglia, A}, title = {Bryophytes: how to conquer an alien planet and live happily (ever after).}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {73}, number = {13}, pages = {4267-4272}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/erac252}, pmid = {35849121}, issn = {1460-2431}, mesh = {*Bryophyta/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Planets ; }, }
@article {pmid35849042, year = {2022}, author = {Naimi, B and Capinha, C and Ribeiro, J and Rahbek, C and Strubbe, D and Reino, L and Araújo, MB}, title = {Potential for invasion of traded birds under climate and land-cover change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {28}, number = {19}, pages = {5654-5666}, pmid = {35849042}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Birds ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Humans have moved species away from their native ranges since the Neolithic, but globalization accelerated the rate at which species are being moved. We fitted more than half million distribution models for 610 traded bird species on the CITES list to examine the separate and joint effects of global climate and land-cover change on their potential end-of-century distributions. We found that climate-induced suitability for modelled invasive species increases with latitude, because traded birds are mainly of tropical origin and much of the temperate region is 'tropicalizing.' Conversely, the tropics are becoming more arid, thus limiting the potential from cross-continental invasion by tropical species. This trend is compounded by forest loss around the tropics since most traded birds are forest dwellers. In contrast, net gains in forest area across the temperate region could compound climate change effects and increase the potential for colonization of low-latitude birds. Climate change has always led to regional redistributions of species, but the combination of human transportation, climate, and land-cover changes will likely accelerate the redistribution of species globally, increasing chances of alien species successfully invading non-native lands. Such process of biodiversity homogenization can lead to emergence of non-analogue communities with unknown environmental and socioeconomic consequences.}, }
@article {pmid35846754, year = {2022}, author = {Raney, WR and Herslebs, EJ and Langohr, IM and Stone, MC and Hermance, ME}, title = {Horizontal and Vertical Transmission of Powassan Virus by the Invasive Asian Longhorned Tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Under Laboratory Conditions.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {923914}, pmid = {35846754}, issn = {2235-2988}, support = {R21 AI163693/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/genetics ; *Encephalitis, Tick-Borne ; Female ; Humans ; *Ixodes/genetics ; *Ixodidae/genetics ; Mice ; Nymph ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; United States ; }, abstract = {The Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, is an ixodid tick native to East Asia that was first detected in North America outside a port of entry in 2017. This invasive species has since been detected in 17 states. As the invasive range of the tick continues to expand, the vector competence of H. longicornis for pathogens native to North America must be assessed. Here, we evaluate the vector competence of H. longicornis for Powassan virus (POWV) under laboratory conditions. POWV is a North American tick-borne flavivirus that is typically transmitted through the bite of Ixodes species ticks. The invasive range of H. longicornis is expected to overlap heavily with the geographic range of Ixodes scapularis and POWV cases, highlighting the potential for this invasive tick species to amplify POWV transmission in natural foci should the native tick vectors and H. longicornis share similar hosts. In these studies, adult female H. longicornis ticks were infected with POWV via anal pore microinjection. Viral RNA and infectious virions were detected in tick tissues via q-RT-PCR and focus-forming assay, respectively. POWV-injected female ticks were infested on mice, and virus was transmitted to mice during tick feeding, as shown by clinical signs of disease and seroconversion in the tick-exposed mice, as well as the detection of viral RNA in various mouse tissues. A POWV-injected female tick transmitted virus to her larval progeny, indicating that H. longicornis can vertically transmit POWV. These naturally-infected larval ticks were also able to transmit POWV to the mouse on which they fed and to the nymphal stage after molting, further demonstrating that H. longicornis can transmit POWV in the horizontal and transstadial modes. Larval and nymphal ticks were also orally infected with POWV while feeding on viremic mice. Additionally, this study provides the first report of POWV neuropathology based on a natural tick transmission model of POWV. Together, our results suggest that the invasive H. longicornis tick is a competent vector of POWV. These findings underline the growing danger this tick may pose to human health in the United States. Additional scholarship on the tick's biology, ecology, and pathogen transmission dynamics in nature will be important towards understanding the full public health impact of this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid35846469, year = {2022}, author = {Navarro-Ramos, SE and Sparacino, J and Rodríguez, JM and Filippini, E and Marsal-Castillo, BE and García-Cannata, L and Renison, D and Torres, RC}, title = {Active revegetation after mining: what is the contribution of peer-reviewed studies?.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {e09179}, pmid = {35846469}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Knowing the state of the art on research related to post-mining active revegetation can help to improve revegetation success and identify research gaps. We performed a systematic review about active revegetation after mining and identified 203 relevant studies. Most studies were performed in the USA (34%), in regions with a temperate climate (59%) and in abandoned coal mines (45%). The studies were focused on the plantation of woody species (59%) or sowing of herbaceous species (39%). The most widely evaluated treatments were the addition of amendments (24%) and fertilizers (21%), mainly with positive and neutral effects; in general, organic amendments presented more positive effects than inorganic amendments and fertilizers. We also identified studies on the effects of plowing, inoculation of microorganisms, nurse plants, herbivore exclusion and watering. The results of these treatments should be taken with caution, because they can vary according to the functional strategies of the introduced species and the local context, such as the degree of nutrient limitation in the mining area and abiotic conditions. Further research is needed in non-temperate climates, involving long-term monitoring and with detailed descriptions of the interventions to better interpret results and general implications of active revegetation of mining areas.}, }
@article {pmid35845659, year = {2022}, author = {Gao, L and Cai, M and Zeng, L and Zhang, Q and Zhu, H and Gu, X and Peng, C}, title = {Adaptation of the Invasive Plant (Sphagneticola trilobata L. Pruski) to a High Cadmium Environment by Hybridizing With Native Relatives.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {905577}, pmid = {35845659}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Invasive species can evolve rapidly in the invasion areas to adapt to new habitats. Sphagneticola trilobata L. Pruski, an invasive species, was studied for its tolerance to cadmium (Cd) in the soil and compared with its natural hybrid. From the perspective of photosynthetic physiology, antioxidant characteristics, and leaf hormone levels, the differences between the leaves of the two species before and after Cd treatment were compared. The results showed that the hybrid had stronger tolerance to Cd stress than invasive species. After Cd stress, the indexes of gas-exchange [net photosynthetic rate (Pn), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr)] of the hybrid was higher than invasive species, while the content of non-enzymatic antioxidants (flavonoids and total phenols) and antioxidant enzyme activities [peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] was lower in hybrid than in invasive species. The changes in the content of plant hormones [auxin (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA)] under Cd stress showed that hybrid can still maintain growth and prevent leaf senescence. Furthermore, the differences in gene expression between hybrid and invasive species in photosynthetic physiology, the antioxidant capacity of leaves, and endogenous hormone (IAA and ABA) synthesis pathway also showed that hybrid has stronger Cd tolerance than invasive species. This suggests that invasive species will realize the invasion through hybridization with the native relatives to overcome the stress from environmental factors. The study implied that hybridization between invasive species and native relatives is an important way for invasive species to spread in a wider and new environment that invasive species have not experienced in the area of origin.}, }
@article {pmid35845384, year = {2022}, author = {Qongqo, A and Nchu, F and Geerts, S}, title = {Relationship of alien species continues in a foreign land: The case of Phytophthora and Australian Banksia (Proteaceae) in South African Fynbos.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {35845384}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Fungal invasions only recently started to receive more attention in invasion biology. This is largely attributed to little or non-existent information about these inconspicuous organisms. Most invasion hypotheses focus on factors that increase invasion success; few try to explain why invasions fail. Here we hypothesize that a host-pathogen relationships can limit the invasiveness of an alien plant species in a novel range. To test this, we investigate whether the invasiveness of the Australian genus of Proteaceae, Banksia, in South Africa is determined by the alien and major invasive phytopathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi. The presence of P. cinnamomi in Banksia root and soil was evaluated using morphological and molecular techniques. Isolates were cultured onto selective media and polymerize chain reactions and internal transcribing spacers were used for identification. Acetone leaf extracts of 11 Banksia spp. were screened for antimicrobial activity against P. cinnamomi, using the minimum inhibitory concentration assay. A total of 3840 Banksia individuals from seven localities were surveyed. Phytophthora cinnamomi was consistently isolated from Banksia species root and soil samples. Out of the 12 Banksia species that were screened for antimicrobial activity, four introduced species, B. burdettii, B. coccinea, Banksia hookeriana, and B. prionotes and the invasive B. integrifolia and B. ericifolia exhibited relatively high antimicrobial activity against P. cinnamomi (strain 696/12). We show that the phytopathogen in the native range has similar impact in the novel range and in doing so may limit invasion success of Banksia species with low antimicrobial activity.}, }
@article {pmid35845378, year = {2022}, author = {Shimoji, H and Suwabe, M and Kikuchi, T and Ohnishi, H and Tanaka, H and Kawara, K and Hidaka, Y and Enoki, T and Tsuji, K}, title = {Resilience of native ant community against invasion of exotic ants after anthropogenic disturbances of forest habitats.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {e9073}, pmid = {35845378}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The positive association between disturbances and biological invasions is a widely observed ecological pattern in the Anthropocene. Such patterns have been hypothesized to be driven by the superior competitive ability of invaders or by modified environments, as well as by the interaction of these factors. An experimental study that tests these hypotheses is usually less feasible, especially in protected nature areas. An alternative approach is to focus on community resilience over time after the anthropogenic disturbance of habitats. Here, we focused on ant communities within a forest to examine their responses after disturbance over time. We selected the Yanbaru region of northern Okinawa Island, which is a biodiversity hotspot in East Asia. We compared ant communities among roadside environments in forests where the road age differed from 5 to 25 years. We also monitored the ant communities before and after disturbance from forest thinning. We found that the species richness and abundance of exotic ants were higher in recently disturbed environments (roadsides of 5-15 years old roads), where the physical environment was warmer and drier. In contrast, the roadsides of 25-year-old roads indicated the potential recovery of the physical environment with cooler and moister conditions, likely owing to regrowth of roadside vegetation. At these sites, there were few exotic ants, except for those immediately adjacent to the road. The population density of the invasive species Technoymex brunneus substantially increased 1-2 years after forest thinning. There was no evidence of the exclusion of native ants by exotic ants that were recorded after disturbance. Our results suggest that local ant communities in the Yanbaru forests have some resilience to disturbance. We suggest that restoration of environmental components is a better strategy for maintaining native ant communities, rather than removing exotic ants after anthropogenic disturbance.}, }
@article {pmid35845358, year = {2022}, author = {Freistetter, NC and Simmons, GS and Wu, Y and Finger, DC and Hood-Nowotny, R}, title = {Tracking global invasion pathways of the spongy moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) to the United States using stable isotopes as endogenous biomarkers.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {e9092}, pmid = {35845358}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The spread of invasive insect species causes enormous ecological damage and economic losses worldwide. A reliable method that tracks back an invaded insect's origin would be of great use to entomologists, phytopathologists, and pest managers. The spongy moth (Lymantria dispar, Linnaeus 1758) is a persistent invasive pest in the Northeastern United States and periodically causes major defoliations in temperate forests. We analyzed field-captured (Europe, Asia, United States) and laboratory-reared L. dispar specimens for their natal isotopic hydrogen and nitrogen signatures imprinted in their biological tissues (δ[2]H and δ[15]N) and compared these values to the long-term mean δ[2]H of regional precipitation (Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation) and δ[15]N of regional plants at the capture site. We established the percentage of hydrogen-deuterium exchange for L. dispar tissue (Pex = 8.2%) using the comparative equilibration method and two-source mixing models, which allowed the extraction of the moth's natal δ[2]H value. We confirmed that the natal δ[2]H and δ[15]N values of our specimens are related to the environmental signatures at their geographic origins. With our regression models, we were able to isolate potentially invasive individuals and give estimations of their geographic origin. To enable the application of these methods on eggs, we established an egg-to-adult fraction factor for L. dispar (Δegg-adult = 16.3 ± 4.3‰). Our models suggested that around 25% of the field-captured spongy moths worldwide were not native in the investigated capture sites. East Asia was the most frequently identified location of probable origin. Furthermore, our data suggested that eggs found on cargo ships in the United States harbors in Alaska, California, and Louisiana most probably originated from Asian L. dispar in East Russia. These findings show that stable isotope biomarkers give a unique insight into invasive insect species pathways, and thus, can be an effective tool to monitor the spread of insect pest epidemics.}, }
@article {pmid35844035, year = {2022}, author = {Jalali, T and Rosinger, HS and Hodgins, KA and Fournier-Level, AJ}, title = {Pollen competition in hybridizing Cakile species: How does a latecomer win the race?.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {109}, number = {8}, pages = {1290-1304}, pmid = {35844035}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Brassicaceae ; *Flowers ; Introduced Species ; Pollen/genetics ; Pollen Tube ; Pollination ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: Hybridization between cross-compatible species depends on the extent of competition between alternative mates. Even if stigmatic compatibility allows for hybridization, hybridization requires the heterospecific pollen to be competitive. Here, we determined whether conspecific pollen has an advantage in the race to fertilize ovules and the potential handicap to be overcome by heterospecific pollen in invasive Cakile species.<br><br>METHODS: We used fluorescence microscopy to measure pollen tube growth after conspecific and heterospecific hand-pollination treatments. We then determined siring success in the progeny relative to the timing of heterospecific pollen arrival on the stigma using CAPS markers.<br><br>RESULTS: In the absence of pollen competition, pollination time and pollen recipient species had a significant effect on the ratio of pollen tube growth. In long-styled C. maritima (outcrosser), pollen tubes grew similarly in both directions. In short-styled C. edentula (selfer), conspecific and heterospecific pollen tubes grew differently. Cakile edentula pollen produced more pollen tubes, revealing the potential for a mating asymmetry whereby C. edentula pollen had an advantage relative to C. maritima. In the presence of pollen competition, siring success was equivalent when pollen deposition was synchronous. However, a moderate 1-h advantage in the timing of conspecific pollination resulted in almost complete assortative mating, while an equivalent delay in conspecific pollination resulted in substantial hybrid formation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Hybridization can aid the establishment of invasive species through the transfer of adaptive alleles from cross-compatible species, but also lead to extinction through demographic or genetic swamping. Time of pollen arrival on the stigma substantially affected hybridization rate, pointing to the importance of pollination timing in driving introgression and genetic swamping.}, }
@article {pmid35843571, year = {2022}, author = {Palmieri, L and Lourdes Chamorro, M and Sharma, PP}, title = {Phylogenetic assessment of the Metamasius hemipterus species complex (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Dryophthorinae).}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {175}, number = {}, pages = {107589}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107589}, pmid = {35843571}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; *Coleoptera/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Weevils/genetics ; }, abstract = {Metamasius is a large genus of dryophthorine weevils, with nearly 85 species. Among the economically important pests in the genus, M. hemipterus is currently separated in three subspecies, based largely on color patterns of the elytra, pronotum, and sternum. The tenuous limits of M. hemipterus subspecies were created over fifty years ago and never tested under a phylogenetic framework. Here, for the first time, we address the M. hemipterus species boundaries applying a molecular approach. We constructed a reduced genome representation of a few species using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq). Phylogenetic analysis using either a complete supermatrix or only SNPs revealed a clear separation of Metamasius species. We suggest that M. h. carbonarius syn. nov. and M. h. sericeus be treated as the same species, M. sericeus (Oliver) stat. n., and elevate M. h. hemipterus as a separate species M. hemipterus (Linnaeus). We updated Vaurie's identification key to reflect the new species status. This systematic reassessment reflects a more natural classification for these remarkable and economically significant weevils.}, }
@article {pmid35843441, year = {2022}, author = {Mallela, A and Hastings, A}, title = {Optimal management of stochastic invasion in a metapopulation with Allee effects.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {549}, number = {}, pages = {111221}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111221}, pmid = {35843441}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Markov Chains ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {Invasive species account for incalculable damages worldwide, in both ecological and bioeconomic terms. The question of how a network of invasive populations can be optimally managed is one that deserves further exploration. A study accounting for partial observability and imperfect detection, in particular, could yield useful insights into species eradication efforts. Here, we generalized a simple model system that we developed in previous work. This model consists of three interacting populations with underlying strong Allee effects and stochastic dynamics, inhabiting distinct locations connected by dispersal, which can generate bistability. To explore the stochastic dynamics, we formulated an individual-based modeling approach. Next, using the theory of continuous-time Markov chains, we approximated the original high-dimensional model by a Markov chain with eight states, with each state corresponding to a combination of population thresholds. We then used the reduced model as the core for a powerful decision-making tool, referred to as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP). Analysis of this POMDP indicates when the system results in optimal management outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid35843167, year = {2022}, author = {Castro, N and Gestoso, I and Marques, CS and Ramalhosa, P and Monteiro, JG and Costa, JL and Canning-Clode, J}, title = {Anthropogenic pressure leads to more introductions: Marine traffic and artificial structures in offshore islands increases non-indigenous species.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {181}, number = {}, pages = {113898}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113898}, pmid = {35843167}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Anthropogenic Effects ; Biodiversity ; *Biofouling ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Ships ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic pressures such as the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) have impacted global biodiversity and ecosystems. Most marine species spreading outside their natural biogeographical limits are promoted and facilitated by maritime traffic through ballast water and hull biofouling. Propagule pressure plays a primary role in invasion success mixed with environmental conditions of the arrival port. Moreover, with the current ocean sprawl, new substrates are offered for potential NIS recruits. Here, differences in the fouling assemblages thriving inside three different ports/marinas facilities in Madeira Island were assessed for comparison. The locations showed significant differences concerning assemblage structure. Most NIS were detected in plastic floating pontoons. Funchal harbour receives most of the marine traffic in Madeira, acting as the main hub for primary NIS introductions, being recreational boating involved in NIS secondary transfers. Our results highlight the need for future management actions in island ecosystems, particularly monitoring and sampling of recreational boating.}, }
@article {pmid35842672, year = {2022}, author = {Nishida, S and Mimura, K and Mori, H and Chiba, S}, title = {Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers for the Japanese endangered land snail Mandarina.}, journal = {BMC research notes}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {255}, pmid = {35842672}, issn = {1756-0500}, mesh = {Animals ; Endangered Species ; *Genetic Variation ; Japan ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; *Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Snails/genetics ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Mandarina is an endangered land snail genus of the oceanic Ogasawara archipelago. On Chichijima Island, the largest inhabited island in Ogasawara, this genus is almost extinct in the wild due to predation by invasive species. Although ex situ conservation programs started in 2010, genetic diversity and population structure remain unclear due to a lack of genetic markers with sufficient genetic variation. In this study, we designed polymorphic microsatellite markers of Mandarina to enable genetic analysis and to develop appropriate conservation plans.<br><br>RESULTS: Twenty-three polymorphic microsatellite markers were identified from the genomic DNA of wild samples of Mandarina mandarina. We assessed the genetic diversity of each marker. In 16 markers, neither linkage disequilibrium nor deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was detected. These 16 markers were tested for multiplex PCR using low-density DNA extracted non-lethally from captive samples of M. mandarina, M. chichijimana and M. suenoae. Of the 16 markers, 15, 12 and 9 were usable for multiplex PCR, respectively. Genetic analysis using these microsatellite loci will be an important resource for the conservation of Mandarina.}, }
@article {pmid35840572, year = {2022}, author = {Khedkar, G and Kambayashi, C and Tabata, H and Takemura, I and Minei, R and Ogura, A and Kurabayashi, A}, title = {The draft genome sequence of the Brahminy blindsnake Indotyphlops braminus.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {410}, pmid = {35840572}, issn = {2052-4463}, support = {20J22729//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; 18H02497//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; *Genome ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Phylogeny ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; *Snakes/genetics ; }, abstract = {Blindsnakes of infraoder Scolecophidia (order Squamata) are the most basal group of extant snakes, comprising of more than 450 species with ecological and morphological features highly specialized to underground living. The Brahminy blindsnake, Indotyphlops braminus, is the only known obligate parthenogenetic species of snakes. Although the origin of I. braminus is thought to be South Asia, this snake has attracted worldwide attention as an alien species, as it has been introduced to all continents except Antarctica. In this study, we present the first draft genome assembly and annotation of I. braminus. We generated approximately 480 Gbp of sequencing data and produced a draft genome with a total length of 1.86 Gbp and N50 scaffold size of 1.25 Mbp containing 89.3% of orthologs conserved in Sauropsida. We also identified 0.98 Gbp (52.82%) of repetitive genome sequences and a total of 23,560 protein-coding genes. The first draft genome of I. braminus will facilitate further study of snake evolution as well as help to understand the emergence mechanism of parthenogenetic vertebrates.}, }
@article {pmid35839266, year = {2022}, author = {Jabeen, A and Ansari, JA and Ikram, A and Khan, MA}, title = {First Report of Aedes vittatus in Islamabad, Pakistan.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, pages = {219-220}, doi = {10.2987/22-7067}, pmid = {35839266}, issn = {1943-6270}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; *Chikungunya Fever ; *Dengue ; Larva ; Mosquito Vectors ; Pakistan ; *Zika Virus ; *Zika Virus Infection ; }, abstract = {Aedes vittatus is distributed throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe and can transmit dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. Like other Aedes species, larvae develop in both natural and artificial containers in urban, suburban, and rural areas. In September 2021, an entomological survey was conducted at the National Institute of Health of Pakistan (NIH) and adjacent housing within the NIH colony. All containers with water were examined for Aedes mosquitoes at 150 locations, including residential properties, a plant nursery, junkyards, and recreational parks and playgrounds. A total of 103 larvae, 37 pupae, 5 female and 2 male Ae. vittatus were collected from a fountain. This was the first detection of Ae. vittatus in urban Islamabad. Additional vector surveillance is needed to better understand the geographical distribution, ecology, and behavior of this invasive species and to understand its possible role in the transmission of dengue and chikungunya viruses in Pakistan.}, }
@article {pmid35839229, year = {2022}, author = {Weber, MM and Cibulka, D}, title = {Overwinter survival of Corbicula fluminea in a central Minnesota lake.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {7}, pages = {e0271402}, pmid = {35839229}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Corbicula ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Minnesota ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Although Corbicula fluminea has been one of the more prolific freshwater invasive species in the world, previous studies have suggested a low probability for overwinter survival in northern latitudes without an artificially created thermal refuge. The discovery of live C. fluminea in a central Minnesota lake absent any known thermal refuge in 2020 presented an opportunity to further evaluate the overwinter survival and population structure of C. fluminea at the presumed edge of their potential range. The population was monitored from December 2020 through September 2021 alongside water temperature to better understand at which temperatures C. fluminea survived and if the population structure suggested reproduction occurring in the lake. We documented live C. fluminea in temperatures as low as 0.3°C. Shell size of recovered individuals suggested multiple cohorts, and the appearance of a new cohort at the end of the study, indicating active reproduction in the lake and suggesting the population had likely been present in the lake for at least two winters by the conclusion of the study period. Our findings provide evidence of the survival below historically documented lower lethal temperature limits and suggests adaptations to modeling predicting suitable habitat, both present and in a changing climate, are necessary to better assess risk of invasion by this species.}, }
@article {pmid35838255, year = {2022}, author = {Arias, MB and Hartle-Mougiou, K and Taboada, S and Vogler, AP and Riesgo, A and Elfekih, S}, title = {Unveiling biogeographical patterns in the worldwide distributed Ceratitis capitata (medfly) using population genomics and microbiome composition.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {18}, pages = {4866-4883}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16616}, pmid = {35838255}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ceratitis capitata/genetics/microbiology ; Metagenomics ; *Microbiota/genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are among the most important, growing threats to food security and agricultural systems. The Mediterranean medfly, Ceratitis capitata, is one of the most damaging representatives of a group of rapidly expanding species in the family Tephritidae, due to their wide host range and high invasiveness potential. Here, we used restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) to investigate the population genomic structure and phylogeographical history of medflies collected from six sampling sites, including Africa (South Africa), the Mediterranean (Spain, Greece), Latin America (Guatemala, Brazil) and Australia. A total of 1907 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to identify two genetic clusters separating native and introduced ranges, consistent with previous findings. In the introduced range, all individuals were assigned to one genetic cluster except for those in Brazil, which showed introgression of an additional genetic cluster that also appeared in South Africa, and which could not be previously identified using microsatellite markers. Moreover, we assessed the microbial composition variations in medfly populations from selected sampling sites using amplicon sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA (V4 region). Microbiome composition and structure were highly similar across geographical regions and host plants, and only the Brazilian specimens showed increased diversity levels and a unique composition of its microbiome compared to other sampling sites. The unique SNP patterns and microbiome features in the Brazilian specimens could point to a direct migration route from Africa with subsequent adaptation of the microbiota to the specific conditions present in Brazil. These findings significantly improve our understanding of the evolutionary history of the global medfly invasions and their adaptation to newly colonized environments.}, }
@article {pmid35837961, year = {2022}, author = {Fontaine, A and Simard, A and Brunet, N and Elliott, KH}, title = {Scientific contributions of citizen science applied to rare or threatened animals.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {36}, number = {6}, pages = {e13976}, pmid = {35837961}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Citizen Science ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Data Accuracy ; Data Collection ; }, abstract = {Citizen science is filling important monitoring gaps and thus contributing to the conservation of rare or threatened animals. However, most researchers have used peer-reviewed publications to evaluate citizen science contributions. We quantified a larger spectrum of citizen science's contributions to the monitoring of rare or threatened animals, including contributions to the peer-reviewed publications, gray literature and to conservation measures (i.e., actions taken as a direct result of citizen science monitoring). We sought to provide broad information on how results of studies of citizen science monitoring is used. We also evaluated factors associated with success of citizen science projects. We conducted a web search to find citizen science projects focusing on rare and threatened species and surveyed citizen science project managers about their contributions and factors influencing their success. The number of projects increased rapidly after 2010. Almost one-half of the citizen science projects produced at least 1 peer-reviewed publication, 64% produced at least 1 gray literature publication, and 64% resulted in at least 1 conservation measure. Conservation measures covered a wide range of actions, including management and mitigation plans, modification of threat status, identification and establishment of protected areas, habitat restoration, control of invasive species, captive breeding programs, and awareness campaigns. Longevity, data quality, and collaboration type best explained quantities of all types of scientific contributions of citizen science. We found that citizen science contributed substantially to knowledge advancement and conservation, especially when programs were long term and had rigorous data collection and management standards, and multidisciplinary or transdisciplinary collaborations.}, }
@article {pmid35837869, year = {2022}, author = {Kwok, ACM and Li, C and Lam, WT and Wong, JTY}, title = {Responses of dinoflagellate cells to ultraviolet-C irradiation.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {24}, number = {12}, pages = {5936-5950}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.16135}, pmid = {35837869}, issn = {1462-2920}, mesh = {*Dinoflagellida/genetics ; Harmful Algal Bloom ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Genome ; DNA Damage ; }, abstract = {Dinoflagellates are important aquatic microbes and major harmful algal bloom (HAB) agents that form invasive species through ship ballast transfer. UV-C installations are recommended for ballast treatments and HAB controls, but there is a lack of knowledge in dinoflagellate responses to UV-C. We report here dose-dependent cell cycle delay and viability loss of dinoflagellate cells irradiated with UV-C, with significant proliferative reduction at 800 Jm[-2] doses or higher, but immediate LD50 was in the range of 2400-3200 Jm[-2] . At higher dosages, some dinoflagellate cells surprisingly survived after days of recovery incubation, and continued viability loss, with samples exhibiting DNA fragmentations per proliferative resumption. Sequential cell cycle postponements, suggesting DNA damages were repaired over one cell cycle, were revealed with flow cytometric analysis and transcriptomic analysis. Over a sustained level of other DNA damage repair pathways, transcript elevation was observed only for several components of base pair repair and mismatch repair. Cumulatively, our findings demonstrated special DNA damage responses in dinoflagellate cells, which we discussed in relation to their unique chromo-genomic characters, as well as indicating resilience of dinoflagellate cells to UV-C.}, }
@article {pmid35835929, year = {2022}, author = {Rajesh, TP and Manoj, K and Prashanth Ballullaya, U and Shibil, VK and Asha, G and Varma, S and Mohan, P and Sinu, PA}, title = {Urban tropical forest islets as hotspots of ants in general and invasive ants in particular.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {12003}, pmid = {35835929}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Urbanization is a crucial driver of environmental and biodiversity change. It is suggested that urbanization favours generalist and invasive species and might harm specialists of natural and semi-natural habitats. In this study, we examined how an urbanization gradient and environmental gradients in the habitat area, habitat diversity, elevation, and proportion of built-up area influenced the abundance and richness of ants within tropical forest islet habitat in south India. We used abundance (proportional trap incidence) of overall ants, native ants, invasive ants, and Anoplolepis gracilipes-a globally notorious invasive ant of possible south Asian origin-and rarefied richness as the response variables. We found that native ant abundance was greater and A. gracilipes abundance was lesser in less-urbanized landscape compared to moderately-urbanized and highly-urbanized landscape. The richness of ants and abundance of overall and invasive ants were unaffected by the urbanization. We also found that none of the measured environmental gradients but habitat diversity influenced abundance of overall ants, native ants, overall invasive ants, and richness of ants; however, A. gracilipes abundance was negatively correlated with habitat diversity. Ant species composition of less-urbanized landscape was distinct from that of higher urbanization levels. The richness and abundance of native ants and abundance of non-A. gracilipes invasive ants decreased with the abundance of A. gracilipes. Because the forest islets of all three urbanization levels supported similar richness of native ants, the urbanization seems not to have an adverse effect for the native ants of native forest islets. The increasing population of A. gracilipes in urban green islets, however, is a concern. Future studies might investigate its effect on other invertebrates of epigeal and soil strata.}, }
@article {pmid35832234, year = {2022}, author = {Khan, N and Ullah, R and Alamri, SS and Alwasel, YA and Al-Hashimi, A and Abdel-Maksoud, MA and Okla, MK and AbdElgawad, H}, title = {Environment-Driven Changes in the Functional Traits of Milk Thistle [Silybum marianum (L). Gaertn.] Along an Altitudinal Gradient in the Semi-Arid Environment: Perspective on Future Plant Invasion.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {897678}, pmid = {35832234}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The elevation is an important gradient across which the environmental variables and plant traits vary and is considered as a barrier to the recent global problem of plant invasion. However, certain invasive plants show plasticity traits to adapt and cope with the changes across the elevation. Silybum marianum (S. marianum) is one such invasive species widely spread in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Therefore, this study investigates the traits plasticity and invasive behaviors of this plant species across the elevation gradient. Plant functional traits (PFTs) and environmental variables were recorded in forty different low, middle, and high elevation sites. The plant shows a decrease in plant functional traits, i.e., above-ground plant height/plant, leaf length/leaf, leaf width/leaf, leaf dry weight/plant, vegetative dry weight/plant, and number of capitula/plant having the significance of p < 0.05. In contrast, the dry reproductive weight does not change significantly with elevation, while the root length increases across the elevation. The soil and environmental variables such as organic matter, lime percentage, and latitude significantly affected the PFTs. The importance value index of the species was also related to elevation and diversity indices, i.e., species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and evenness index, indicating that the invasion has strong effects on diversity. This study concludes that S. marianum has traits plasticity across the elevation and affects community diversity. Further investigation is required to understand the invasion and diversity parameters in a better way.}, }
@article {pmid35831651, year = {2022}, author = {Sewunet, B and Gizeyatu, A and Lingerew, M and Girma, H and Keleb, A and Malede, A and Adane, M and Woretaw, L and Adane, B and Mulu, B and Debela, SA and Daba, C and Gebrehiwot, M}, title = {On the use of contingent valuation method to assess factors affecting the contribution of local people for the management of water hyacinth in Lake Tana, northwestern Ethiopia.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {29}, number = {58}, pages = {88147-88160}, pmid = {35831651}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Humans ; Male ; *Lakes ; *Eichhornia ; Ecosystem ; Ethiopia ; Agriculture ; }, abstract = {The colonization of freshwater lakes by invasive alien species is increasingly alarming primarily owing to nutrient loads from the watersheds. For the sustainable management of invasive weeds, preventive methods, such as watershed management and sustainable agricultural practices, are recommended. Watershed protection activities by the upstream local community are believed to be effective measures to reduce nutrient loading to the receiving water bodies and hence help prevent the spread of water hyacinth. However, their willingness and potential contributions determine the effectiveness of watershed management activities. The objective of this study is, therefore, to evaluate the preferences and contributions (willingness to pay and willingness to contribute labor) of the local community for the management of water hyacinth in Lake Tana (Ethiopia). A contingent valuation method for a hypothetical market "prevention of water hyacinth infestation of Lake Tana through watershed management program" was used to collect data from 560 randomly selected households. A multivariable interval regression model was used to identify factors affecting the contribution of local people. The mean yearly willingness to pay and to contribute labor of the respondents was 435.4 Ethiopian Birr (US$ 10) and 22.4 man-days, respectively. The place of residence (rural/urban), educational level, private farm plot area, annual income, and water hyacinth-related conference participation significantly influenced the willingness to pay. Similarly, the willingness to contribute labor was strongly associated with place of residence, location, educational level, and household family size. The economic value derived from this study reflects community preferences, which could be an input for informed and evidence-based decision-making regarding the prevention of weed expansion and sustainable use of ecosystem services. Therefore, local, regional, and national authorities are advised to mobilize the local community to contribute labor and/or money so as to halt the expansion of the weed.}, }
@article {pmid35831307, year = {2022}, author = {Magliozzi, C and Artois, M and Bertaccini, A and Candresse, T and Tsiamis, K and D'Amico, F and Deriu, I and Gervasini, E and Cardoso, AC}, title = {European primary datasets of alien bacteria and viruses.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {403}, pmid = {35831307}, issn = {2052-4463}, support = {CT-EX2020D401430-101//EC | Joint Research Centre (JRC)/ ; C720026.X0//EC | Joint Research Centre (JRC)/ ; CT-EX2016D292351-101//EC | Joint Research Centre (JRC)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Viruses ; }, abstract = {Bacteria and viruses are a natural component of Earth biodiversity and play an essential role in biochemical and geological cycles. They may also pose problems outside their native range, where they can negatively impact on natural resources, wildlife, and human health. To address these challenges and develop sustainable conservation strategies, a thorough understanding of their invasion related- factors is needed: origin, country and year of introduction, and pathways dynamics. Yet, alien bacteria and viruses are underrepresented in invasion ecology studies, which limits our ability to quantify their impacts and address future introductions. This study provides primary datasets of alien bacteria and viruses of plants and animals present in the European environment. The datasets contain expert-revised data on 446 taxa and their invasion related- factors across terrestrial and aquatic environments. Taxa information are complemented with spatial occurrences. The datasets provide a basis for collaborative initiatives to improve the collection of alien bacteria and viruses' data, and a starting point for data-driven conservation practices.}, }
@article {pmid35820959, year = {2022}, author = {Martin, E and Vallon, L and Da Silva Carvalho, C and Girard, M and Minard, G}, title = {Gregarine parasites are adapted to mosquito winter diapause.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {249}, pmid = {35820959}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {EC2CO INTERASCO//Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/ ; PNR EST 2019-1-095//Agence Nationale de S&#xe9;curit&#xe9; Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail/ ; }, mesh = {*Aedes/parasitology ; Animals ; *Apicomplexa ; *Diapause ; *Parasites ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is one of the most invasive species of mosquito. The prevalence of its apicomplexan gregarine parasite Ascogregarina taiwanensis is high in natural populations across both temperate and tropical regions. However, the parasite's oocysts cannot colonize the insect host during winter, when the mosquito lays diapausing eggs. It is therefore unclear if the parasite can survive outside of its insect host during the cold season in temperate regions. Oocysts stored for 1 month at a low temperature (representative of the temperatures that occur during periods of mosquito diapause) were as infectious as fresh oocysts, but those stored for the same period of time at a higher temperature (representative of the temperatures that occur during periods of mosquito activity) were uninfectious. We therefore suggest that the parasite has evolved traits that maximize its maintenance during periods of mosquito dormancy, while traits that would enable its long term survival during periods of mosquito activity have not been selected for.}, }
@article {pmid35820944, year = {2022}, author = {Backus, LH and Pascoe, EL and Foley, J}, title = {Will new ticks invade North America? How to identify future invaders.}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {38}, number = {9}, pages = {805-814}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2022.06.004}, pmid = {35820944}, issn = {1471-5007}, support = {U01 CK000516/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; North America ; *Tick-Borne Diseases/epidemiology ; *Ticks ; }, abstract = {Invasive tick species and the pathogens they transmit pose increasing threats to human and animal health around the world. Little attention has been paid to the characteristics enabling tick species to invade. Here we analyze examples of tick invasion events in North America to identify factors that facilitated the invasion. Commonalities among invasive ticks are that they thrive in anthropogenically modified habitats, feed on either domestic animals or wildlife occurring in high density, and can survive across a broad range of climatic conditions. Invasive tick species varied widely in life history and reproductive habits, suggesting that invasion occurs when multiple characteristics converge. The combination of potential characteristics leading to invasion, however, improves our ability to predict future invaders and inform surveillance.}, }
@article {pmid35820942, year = {2022}, author = {Vojtíšek, J and Janssen, N and Šikutová, S and Šebesta, O and Kampen, H and Rudolf, I}, title = {Emergence of the invasive Asian bush mosquito Aedes (Hulecoeteomyia) japonicus (Theobald, 1901) in the Czech Republic.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {250}, pmid = {35820942}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {NV19-09-00036//Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic/ ; NV19-09-00036//Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic/ ; NV19-09-00036//Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic/ ; NV19-09-00036//Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic/ ; }, mesh = {*Aedes/genetics ; Animals ; Czech Republic ; Germany ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes japonicus is a mosquito species native to North-East Asia that was first found established outside its original geographic distribution range in 1998 and has since spread massively through North America and Europe. In the Czech Republic, the species was not reported before 2021.<br><br>METHODS: Aedes invasive mosquitoes (AIM) are routinely surveyed in the Czech Republic by ovitrapping at potential entry ports. This surveillance is supported by appeals to the population to report uncommon mosquitoes. The submission of an Ae. japonicus specimen by a citizen in 2021 was followed by local search for aquatic mosquito stages in the submitter's garden and short-term adult monitoring with encephalitis virus surveillance (EVS) traps in its surroundings. Collected Ae. japonicus specimens were subjected to nad4 haplotype and microsatellite analyses.<br><br>RESULTS: Aedes japonicus was detected for the first time in the Czech Republic in 2021. Aquatic stages and adults were collected in Prachatice, close to the Czech-German border, and eggs in Mikulov, on the Czech-Austrian border. Morphological identification was confirmed by molecular taxonomy. Genetic analysis of specimens and comparison of genetic data with those of other European populations, particularly from Germany, showed the Prachatice specimens to be most closely related to a German population. The Mikulov specimens were more distantly related to those, with no close relatives identifiable.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Aedes japonicus is already widely distributed in Germany and Austria, two countries neighbouring the Czech Republic, and continues to spread rapidly in Central Europe. It must therefore be assumed that the species is already present at more than the two described localities in the Czech Republic and will further spread in this country. These findings highlight the need for more comprehensive AIM surveillance in the Czech Republic.}, }
@article {pmid35819601, year = {2022}, author = {Santini, A and Migliorini, D}, title = {Invasive Alien Plant Pathogens: The Need of New Detection Methods.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, volume = {2536}, number = {}, pages = {111-118}, pmid = {35819601}, issn = {1940-6029}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/genetics ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species are a major threat to natural and anthropogenic ecosystems and to the economy. Many invasive fungal species have severely impacted ecology and human lifestyle in the past. Most of them express a pathogenic lifestyle following introduction into a new region and hosts. They are usually cryptic during the introduction phase and hard to be identified, classified, and monitored.The increasing number of new alien pests coincide with the rapid increase in the volume and diversity of intercontinental trade in plants for planting, underlying the need to reduce the risk of their introduction with the development of molecular-based, inexpensive, rapid, accurate, and reliable methods that can identify and intercept plant pathogens even before symptoms occur in the new environment of diffusion. Applicative aerobiology, for instance, represents a challenging research line for the implementation of pest detection protocols during the early stage of fungal introduction, being capable to target aerial dispersed propagules.In addition to this, new metabarcoding protocols based on an innovative multigene approach, although not yet tested on fungi, are able to provide an output with very high taxonomic resolution and are likely to be considered in the next-future biosurveillance of invasive fungal pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid35819013, year = {2022}, author = {Oduor, AMO and Adomako, MO and Yuan, Y and Li, JM}, title = {Older populations of the invader Solidago canadensis exhibit stronger positive plant-soil feedbacks and competitive ability in China.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {109}, number = {8}, pages = {1230-1241}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.16034}, pmid = {35819013}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Feedback ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; *Solidago ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: The enemy release hypothesis predicts that release from natural enemies, including soil-borne pathogens, liberates invasive plants from a negative regulating force. Nevertheless, invasive plants may acquire novel enemies and mutualists in the introduced range, which may cause variable effects on invader growth. However, how soil microorganisms may influence competitive ability of invasive plants along invasion chronosequences has been little explored.<br><br>METHODS: Using the invasive plant Solidago canadensis, we tested whether longer residence times are associated with stronger negative plant-soil feedbacks and thus weaker competitive abilities at the individual level. We grew S. canadensis individuals from 36 populations with different residence times across southeastern China in competition versus no competition and in three different types of soils: (1) conspecific rhizospheric soils; (2) soils from uninvaded patches; and (3) sterilized soil. For our competitor treatments, we constructed synthetic communities of four native species (Bidens parviflora, Solanum nigrum, Kalimeris indica, and Mosla scabra), which naturally co-occur with Solidago canadensis in the field.<br><br>RESULTS: Solidago canadensis populations with longer residence times experienced stronger positive plant-soil feedbacks and had greater competitive responses (i.e., produced greater above-ground biomass and grew taller) in conspecific rhizospheric soils than in sterilized or uninvaded soils. Moreover, S. canadensis from older populations significantly suppressed above-ground biomass of the native communities in rhizospheric and uninvaded soils but not in sterilized soil.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that older populations of S. canadensis experience stronger positive plant-soil feedbacks, which may enhance their competitive ability against native plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid35817397, year = {2022}, author = {Gloria-Soria, A and Faraji, A and Hamik, J and White, G and Amsberry, S and Donahue, M and Buss, B and Pless, E and Cosme, LV and Powell, JR}, title = {Origins of high latitude introductions of Aedes aegypti to Nebraska and Utah during 2019.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {103}, number = {}, pages = {105333}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105333}, pmid = {35817397}, issn = {1567-7257}, mesh = {*Aedes/genetics ; Animals ; Humans ; *Mosquito Vectors/genetics ; Nebraska/epidemiology ; Utah/epidemiology ; Yellow Fever ; Zika Virus ; Zika Virus Infection ; }, abstract = {Aedes aegypti (L.), the yellow fever mosquito, is also an important vector of dengue and Zika viruses, and an invasive species in North America. Aedes aegypti inhabits tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world and in North America is primarily distributed throughout the southern US states and Mexico. The northern range of Ae. aegypti is limited by cold winter months and establishment in these areas has been mostly unsuccessful. However, frequent introductions of Ae. aegypti to temperate, non-endemic areas during the warmer months can lead to seasonal activity and disease outbreaks. Two Ae. aegypti incursions were reported in the late summer of 2019 into York, Nebraska and Moab, Utah. These states had no history of established populations of this mosquito and no evidence of previous seasonal activity. We genotyped a subset of individuals from each location at 12 microsatellite loci and ~ 14,000 single nucleotide polymorphic markers to determine their genetic affinities to other populations worldwide and investigate their potential source of introduction. Our results support a single origin for each of the introductions from different sources. Aedes aegypti from Utah likely derived from Tucson, Arizona, or a nearby location. Nebraska specimen results were not as conclusive, but point to an origin from southcentral or southeastern US. In addition to an effective, efficient, and sustainable control of invasive mosquitoes, such as Ae. aegypti, identifying the potential routes of introduction will be key to prevent future incursions and assess their potential health threat based on the ability of the source population to transmit a particular virus and its insecticide resistance profile, which may complicate vector control.}, }
@article {pmid35813932, year = {2022}, author = {Kruitwagen, A and Beukeboom, LW and Wertheim, B and van Doorn, GS}, title = {Evolution of parasitoid host preference and performance in response to an invasive host acting as evolutionary trap.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {e9030}, pmid = {35813932}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The invasion of a novel host species can create a mismatch in host choice and offspring survival (performance) when native parasitoids attempt to exploit the invasive host without being able to circumvent its resistance mechanisms. Invasive hosts can therefore act as evolutionary trap reducing parasitoids' fitness and this may eventually lead to their extinction. Yet, escape from the trap can occur when parasitoids evolve behavioral avoidance or a physiological strategy compatible with the trap host, resulting in either host-range expansion or a complete host-shift. We developed an individual based model to investigate which conditions promote parasitoids to evolve behavioral preference that matches their performance, including host-trap avoidance, and which conditions lead to adaptations to the unsuitable hosts. The model was inspired by solitary endo-parasitoids attacking larval host stages. One important aspect of these conditions was reduced host survival during incompatible interaction, where a failed parasitization attempt by a parasitoid resulted not only in death of her offspring but also in host killing. This non-reproductive host mortality had a strong influence on the likelihood of establishment of novel host-parasitoid relationship, in some cases constraining adaptation to the trap host species. Moreover, our model revealed that host-search efficiency and genetic variation in host-preference play a key role in the likelihood that parasitoids will include the suboptimal host in their host range, or will evolve behavioral avoidance resulting in specialization and host-range conservation, respectively. Hence, invasive species might change the evolutionary trajectory of native parasitoid species, which is important for predicting biocontrol ability of native parasitoids towards novel hosts.}, }
@article {pmid35811130, year = {2022}, author = {Kawamura, K and Jimbo, M and Adachi, K and Shirane, Y and Nakanishi, M and Umemura, Y and Ishinazaka, T and Uno, H and Sashika, M and Tsubota, T and Shimozuru, M}, title = {Diel and monthly activity pattern of brown bears and sika deer in the Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido, Japan.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {84}, number = {8}, pages = {1146-1156}, pmid = {35811130}, issn = {1347-7439}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; *Deer ; Female ; Humans ; Japan ; Seasons ; *Ursidae ; }, abstract = {Mammals exhibit several types of diel activity pattern, including nocturnal, diurnal, crepuscular, and cathemeral. These patterns vary inter- and intra-specifically and are affected by environmental factors, individual status, and interactions with other individuals or species. Determining the factors that shape diel activity patterns is challenging but essential for understanding the behavioral ecology of animal species, and for wildlife conservation and management. Using camera-trap surveys, we investigated the species distributions and activity patterns of terrestrial mammals on the Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido, Japan, with particular focus on brown bears and sika deer. From June to October 2019, a total of 7,530 observations were recorded by 65 camera-traps for eight species, including two alien species. The diel activity pattern of brown bears was diurnal/crepuscular, similar to that of bears in North America, but different from European populations. Bear observations were more frequent during the autumnal hyperphagia period, and adult females and sub-adults were more diurnal than adult males. In addition, bears inside the protected area were more diurnal than those outside it. These findings suggest that appetite motivation, competitive interactions between conspecifics, and human activities potentially affect bear activity patterns. Similar to other sika deer populations and other deer species, the diel activity patterns of sika deer were crepuscular. Deer showed less variation in activity patterns among months and sex-age classes, while adult males were observed more frequently during the autumn copulation period, suggesting that reproductive motivation affects their activity patterns.}, }
@article {pmid35810487, year = {2022}, author = {Queiroz, RNM and Dias, TLP and Batista, R and da Silva, PM}, title = {Reproduction and population dynamics of the invasive bivalves Mytilopsis sallei and Isognomon bicolor on the Northeast coast of Brazil.}, journal = {Zoology (Jena, Germany)}, volume = {153}, number = {}, pages = {126028}, doi = {10.1016/j.zool.2022.126028}, pmid = {35810487}, issn = {1873-2720}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia ; Brazil ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Knowing the reproductive biology and population dynamics of invasive species are essential for environmental conservation and protection of native species. The success of these invasive species is directly linked to their reproductive strategy. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the reproductive cycles and evaluate population parameters of the invasive bivalves Mytilopsis sallei and Isognomon bicolor, and to estimate if those characteristics would favor their population growths in the northeast coast of Brazil. The bivalves were sampled monthly from June 2016 to May 2017, respectively from the Sanhauá River estuary and Jacarapé beach, State of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. Through histological analyses, reproductive parameters were determined in order to identify sex, gonadal development, minimum size at maturity, and mean gonadal index. The asymptotic growth (L∞) and growth rate (K) parameters were estimated using the von Bertalanffy growth curve, and recruitment patterns and cohorts were projected based on shell length frequency distributions. Mytilopsis sallei presented more than 50% spawning individuals in most months, while animals showing gametogenic gonads were predominant during the season of greatest precipitation. Isognomon bicolor had ripe gonads (about 30%) and spawning individuals (more than 40%) in all months of the year, but unlike M. sallei, it had the highest concentration of ripe individuals in the months of greatest precipitation. Both species showed equal and high growth rates (K = 1.1 yr-[1]) and analysis of the cohorts indicated that these populations are established and expanding. The results confirmed the great invasive potential of the two species in their local environments (estuary and marine) in Northeast Brazil and, therefore, their harmful potential for the conservation of native species and the environment in the invaded areas.}, }
@article {pmid35810161, year = {2022}, author = {Pagad, S and Bisset, S and Genovesi, P and Groom, Q and Hirsch, T and Jetz, W and Ranipeta, A and Schigel, D and Sica, YV and McGeoch, MA}, title = {Country Compendium of the Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {391}, pmid = {35810161}, issn = {2052-4463}, support = {DP200101680//Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council (ARC)/ ; }, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Eukaryota ; Fungi ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {The Country Compendium of the Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species (GRIIS) is a collation of data across 196 individual country checklists of alien species, along with a designation of those species with evidence of impact at a country level. The Compendium provides a baseline for monitoring the distribution and invasion status of all major taxonomic groups, and can be used for the purpose of global analyses of introduced (alien, non-native, exotic) and invasive species (invasive alien species), including regional, single and multi-species taxon assessments and comparisons. It enables exploration of gaps and inferred absences of species across countries, and also provides one means for updating individual GRIIS Checklists. The Country Compendium is, for example, instrumental, along with data on first records of introduction, for assessing and reporting on invasive alien species targets, including for the Convention on Biological Diversity and Sustainable Development Goals. The GRIIS Country Compendium provides a baseline and mechanism for tracking the spread of introduced and invasive alien species across countries globally. Design Type(s) Data integration objective ● Observation design Measurement Type(s) Alien species occurrence ● Evidence of impact invasive alien species assessment objective Technology Type(s) Agent expert ● Data collation Factor Type(s) Geographic location ● Origin / provenance ● Habitat Sample Characteristics - Organism Animalia ● Bacteria ● Chromista ● Fungi ● Plantae ● Protista (Protozoa) ● Viruses Sample Characteristics - Location Global countries.}, }
@article {pmid35809462, year = {2022}, author = {da Silva Andrade, J and Loiko, MR and Schmidt, C and Vidaletti, MR and Lopes, BC and Cerva, C and Varela, APM and Tochetto, C and Maciel, ALG and Bertagnolli, AC and Rodrigues, RO and Roehe, PM and Lunge, VR and Mayer, FQ}, title = {Molecular survey of porcine respiratory disease complex pathogens in Brazilian wild boars.}, journal = {Preventive veterinary medicine}, volume = {206}, number = {}, pages = {105698}, doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105698}, pmid = {35809462}, issn = {1873-1716}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; Brazil/epidemiology ; *Circovirus ; *Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae ; Sus scrofa ; Swine ; *Swine Diseases/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Wild boar (Sus scrofa) is an exotic invasive species in Brazil and may be a reservoir for several pathogens, including those related to the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC), a critical infectious disease in pig production. The objective of this study was to investigate viral and bacterial pathogens related to PRDC in free-living wild boars from Brazil. Eighty animals were examined in search of genomes of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), Torque teno Sus virus 1a (TTSuV1a) and 1b (TTSuV1b), Influenza A virus (IAV), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Glaesserella parasuis, Pasteurella multocida, and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. The results demonstrated that 57.5% (46/80) of the animals had at least one detected pathogen, and 11.3% of them (9/80) were co-infected. TTSuV1a was the most prevalent genome, for which risk factors were associated with increased contact between wild boars and other animals. The other pathogens were detected at much lower frequencies or not detected (M. hyopneumoniae and IAV). An additional IAV serology search identified H1N1pdm09 antibodies in 35.5% (16/45) of the wild boars, bringing concern related to public health. In conclusion, wild boars are infected with pathogens that cause swine diseases, so their eventual contact with domestic pigs might risk animal production in Brazil.}, }
@article {pmid35807700, year = {2022}, author = {Vargas, A and Herrera, I and Nualart, N and Guézou, A and Gómez-Bellver, C and Freire, E and Jaramillo Díaz, P and López-Pujol, J}, title = {The Genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) in Ecuador: From Gardens to the Wild.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {13}, pages = {}, pmid = {35807700}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {2022-ING-002//Universidad Esp&#xed;ritu Santo (Ecuador)/ ; PID2020-119163GB-I00//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n (Spain)/ ; }, abstract = {The genus Kalanchoe, mostly indigenous from Madagascar and Tropical Africa, is widely traded for ornamental value. In this study, we provided an updated list of wild and cultivated Kalanchoe taxa in Ecuador; we analyzed the temporal-spatial pattern of their records, and we categorized the invasion status for each taxon and its environment preferences. The records of any taxa belonging to this genus were compiled from an extensive search using various information sources. Our results confirmed the presence of 16 taxa of Kalanchoe in the country. Seven species and a hybrid were detected in the wild. Kalanchoe densiflora, K. laxiflora, K. pinnata, K. tubiflora, and K. ×houghtonii were categorized as invasive. We detected invasive records of some of these plants in protected areas. Almost all taxa had at least one record as cultivated, suggesting that the invasion pathway is ornamental trade. Kalanchoe pinnata individuals in the wild were recorded in the four biogeographic regions of Ecuador, which could be associated with the wide range of precipitations and temperatures in which the species may dwell. Our study highlights the importance of reducing the ornamental value and limiting the use of Kalanchoe taxa with invasive potential in horticulture and promoting, instead, the use of indigenous species.}, }
@article {pmid35807624, year = {2022}, author = {Kato-Noguchi, H and Kurniadie, D}, title = {Allelopathy and Allelochemicals of Leucaenaleucocephala as an Invasive Plant Species.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {13}, pages = {}, pmid = {35807624}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit is native to southern Mexico and Central America and is now naturalized in more than 130 countries. The spread of L. leucocephala is probably due to its multipurpose use such as fodder, timber, paper pulp, shade trees, and soil amendment. However, the species is listed in the world's 100 worst invasive alien species, and an aggressive colonizer. It forms dense monospecific stands and threatens native plant communities, especially in oceanic islands. Phytotoxic chemical interactions such as allelopathy have been reported to play an important role in the invasion of several invasive plant species. Possible evidence for allelopathy of L. leucocephala has also been accumulated in the literature over 30 years. The extracts, leachates, root exudates, litter, decomposing residues, and rhizosphere soil of L. leucocephala increased the mortality and suppressed the germination and growth of several plant species, including weeds and woody plants. Those observations suggest that L. leucocephala is allelopathic and contains certain allelochemicals. Those allelochemicals may release into the rhizosphere soil during decomposition process of the plant residues and root exudation. Several putative allelochemicals such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and mimosine were identified in L. leucocephala. The species produces a large amount of mimosine and accumulates it in almost all parts of the plants, including leaves, stems, seeds, flowers, roots, and root nodules. The concentrations of mimosine in these parts were 0.11 to 6.4% of their dry weight. Mimosine showed growth inhibitory activity against several plant species, including some woody plants and invasive plants. Mimosine blocked cell division of protoplasts from Petunia hybrida hort. ex E. Vilm. between G1 and S phases, and disturbed the enzyme activity such as peroxidase, catalase, and IAA oxidase. Some of those identified compounds in L. leucocephala may be involved in its allelopathy. Therefore, the allelopathic property of L. leucocephala may support its invasive potential and formation of dense monospecific stands. However, the concentrations of mimosine, phenolic acids, and flavonoids in the vicinity of L. leucocephala, including its rhizosphere soil, have not yet been reported.}, }
@article {pmid35807513, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, J and Xing, Y and Dai, Y and Li, Y and Xiang, W and Dai, J and Xu, F}, title = {A Novel Gelatin-Based Sustained-Release Molluscicide for Control of the Invasive Agricultural Pest and Disease Vector Pomacea canaliculata.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {27}, number = {13}, pages = {}, pmid = {35807513}, issn = {1420-3049}, support = {2020YFC1200100//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Delayed-Action Preparations/pharmacology ; Disease Vectors ; *Gelatin/pharmacology ; *Molluscacides/pharmacology ; Niclosamide/pharmacology ; Snails ; Zebrafish ; }, abstract = {Pomacea canaliculata, one of the 100 most destructive invasive species in the world, and it is an important intermediate host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. The molluscicides in current use are an effective method for controlling snails. However, most molluscicides have no slow-release effect and are toxic to nontarget organisms. Thus, these molluscicides cannot be used on a large scale to effectively act on snails. In this study, gelatin, a safe and nontoxic substance, was combined with sustained-release molluscicide and was found to reduce the toxicity of niclosamide to nontarget organisms. We assessed the effects of gelatin and molluscicide in controlling P. canaliculata snails and eggs. The results demonstrated that the niclosamide retention time with 1.0% and 1.5% gelatin sustained-release agents reached 20 days. Additionally, the mortality rate of P. canaliculata and their eggs increased as the concentration of the niclosamide sustained-release agents increased. The adult mortality rate of P. canaliculata reached 50% after the snails were exposed to gelatin with 0.1 mg/L niclosamide for 48 h. The hatching rate of P. canaliculata was only 28.5% of the normal group after the treatment was applied. The sustained-release molluscicide at this concentration was less toxic to zebrafish, which means that this molluscicide can increase the safety of niclosamide to control P. canaliculata in aquatic environments. In this study, we explored the safety of using niclosamide sustained-release agents with gelatin against P. canaliculata. The results suggest that gelatin is an ideal sustained-release agent that can provide a foundation for subsequent improvements in control of P. canaliculata.}, }
@article {pmid35804441, year = {2022}, author = {Ali, S and Samake, JN and Spear, J and Carter, TE}, title = {Morphological identification and genetic characterization of Anopheles stephensi in Somaliland.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {247}, pmid = {35804441}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anopheles/genetics ; Insecticide Resistance/genetics ; *Insecticides/pharmacology ; *Malaria ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics ; Mutation ; }, abstract = {Malaria control in Somaliland depends on the effective identification of potential malaria vectors, particularly those that may be invasive. The malaria vector Anopheles stephensi has been detected in multiple countries in the Horn of Africa (HOA), but data on its geographic distribution and population genetic diversity are incomplete. We implemented a vector surveillance program and performed molecular analysis of Anopheles in three urban areas in Somaliland. Our study confirmed the presence of both the invasive An. stephensi and the long-established HOA malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis. Further analysis of An. stephensi genetic diversity revealed three cytochrome oxidase I (COI) haplotypes, all of which have been observed in other countries in East Africa and one also observed in South Asia. We also detected the knockdown resistance (kdr) L1014F mutation, which is associated with pyrethroid resistance; this finding supports the need for further assessment of the potential for insecticide resistance. The detection of multiple haplotypes previously observed in other regions of East Africa indicates that An. stephensi is an established population in Somaliland and likely shares its origin with other newly identified An. stephensi populations in East Africa. The detection of genetic diversity in An. stephensi in Somaliland provides a basis for future studies on the history of the species in the region and its dispersal throughout East Africa.}, }
@article {pmid35802712, year = {2022}, author = {Das, P and Kshettry, A and Kumara, HN}, title = {Trunk picking from a truncating menu: Dry season forage selection by Asian elephant in a multi-use landscape.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {7}, pages = {e0271052}, pmid = {35802712}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Crops, Agricultural ; Ecosystem ; *Elephants ; Forests ; Humans ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Elephants show a strong selection towards areas with high foraging opportunities at the landscape level making top-down decisions by first selecting patch types within landscapes and finally species within them. Understanding forage selection in a multi-use landscape is critical for prioritising patches for habitat management, ensuring availability of selected forage, helping in minimizing pressure on food crops and subsequent negative interactions with people. We assessed dry season forage selection in a multi-use landscape of West Bengal state, India. Relative forage use and relative plant species availability ratio were calculated to assess forage selection in a multi-use landscape comprising of the forest, tea estates, agricultural land, and human settlement. Forage use was assessed using the opportunistic feeding trail observation method (150.01 km). Stratified random sampling was used to assess plant species availability using the quadrat method (123 plots of 0.1 ha each). Among 286 plant species recorded, 132 plant species were consumed by elephants. A majority (80.21%) of plant species were consumed more than the proportional availability thereby showing selective foraging during the dry season in the study area. From forest to semi-open forest and open forest, canopy layer tree density and the total number of species decreased whereas invasive species density increased. This indicates the high impact on the forage species availability for elephants and the requirement of appropriate habitat management strategies. The presence of 32.14% of the selected forage species in human-use landscape alone demands the development of conservation interventions. This is the first study to assess forage selection by elephants in a multi-use landscape and used to prioritise conservation and management strategies at a landscape level.}, }
@article {pmid35802594, year = {2022}, author = {Holden, CA and Bailey, JP and Taylor, JE and Martin, F and Beckett, P and McAinsh, M}, title = {Correction: Know your enemy: Application of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to invasive species control.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {7}, pages = {e0271370}, pmid = {35802594}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261742.].}, }
@article {pmid35801291, year = {2022}, author = {Santana-Hernández, KM and Javorská, K and Rodríguez-Ponce, E and Fecková, B and Šlapeta, J and Modrý, D}, title = {Sarcocystis sp. infection (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) in invasive California kingsnake Lampropeltis californiae (Serpentes: Colubridae) in Gran Canaria.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {149}, number = {11}, pages = {1419-1424}, pmid = {35801291}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; *Apicomplexa ; *Colubridae/parasitology ; Ecosystem ; *Lizards/parasitology ; Phylogeny ; *Sarcocystidae ; *Sarcocystis ; *Sarcocystosis/epidemiology ; Spain/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species pose a threat not only to biodiversity because they displace or compete with native fauna, but also because of the pathogens they can host. The Canary Islands are an Atlantic biodiversity hotspot threatened by increasing numbers of invasive species, including the California kingsnake Lampropeltis californiae, which was recently introduced to Gran Canaria. Seventy-seven snakes were examined for gastrointestinal parasites in 2019–2020. Sporocysts of Sarcocystis sp. were detected in 10 of them; detection of gamogonia stages in histological sections of 3 snakes confirmed the snake as a definitive host. Partial ssrDNA was amplified using SarcoFext/SarcoRext primers; an additional sequence of Sarcocystis was obtained from the tail muscle of the endemic Gran Canaria giant lizard Gallotia stehlini for a comparison. Identical ssrDNA sequences of unknown Sarcocystis sp. were obtained from 5 different snakes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Sarcocystis sp. isolated from invasive California kingsnakes is unrelated to Sarcocystis provisionally considered S. stehlini from the endemic lizard. The dixenous coccidia are rarely reported to invade new predator–prey systems. However, the present data suggest that previously unknown Sarcocystis sp. is circulating among invasive snakes and as yet unknown vertebrate intermediate hosts, with undetermined consequences for the Gran Canaria ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid35797267, year = {2022}, author = {Řezáč, M and Tessler, S and Heneberg, P and Herrera, IM&#xc1; and Gloríková, N and Forman, M and Řezáčová, V and Král, J}, title = {Atypus karschi Dönitz, 1887 (Araneae: Atypidae): An Asian purse-web spider established in Pennsylvania, USA.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {7}, pages = {e0261695}, pmid = {35797267}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Forests ; Male ; Pennsylvania ; Sex Chromosomes ; *Spiders/genetics ; }, abstract = {The mygalomorph spiders of the family Atypidae are among the most archaic spiders. The genus Atypus Latreille, 1804 occurs in Eurasia and northern Africa, with a single enigmatic species, Atypus snetsingeri Sarno, 1973, known only from a small area in southeastern Pennsylvania in eastern USA. A close relationship to European species could be assumed based on geographic proximity, but A. snetsingeri more closely resembled Asian species. This study was undertaken to learn more about the genetics of A. snetsingeri, its habitat requirements and natural history. Molecular markers (CO1 sequences) were compared to available data for other atypids and showed that A. snetsingeri is identical with A. karschi Dönitz, 1887 native to East Asia. Natural history parameters in Pennsylvania were also similar in every respect to A. karschi in Japan, therefore, we propose that the spider is an introduced species and the specific epithet snetsingeri is relegated to a junior synonym of A. karschi. Cytogenetic analysis showed an X0 sex chromosome system (42 chromosomes in females, 41 in males) and we also detected nucleolus organizing regions and heterochromatin, the latter for the first time in the Atypoidea. In Pennsylvania the spider is found in a variety of habitats, from forests to suburban shrubbery, where the above-ground webs are usually attached vertically to trees, shrubs, or walls, although other webs are oriented horizontally near the ground. Prey include millipedes, snails, woodlice, carabid beetles and earthworms. Atypus karschi is the first known case of an introduced purse-web spider. It is rarely noticed but well-established within its range in southeastern Pennsylvania.}, }
@article {pmid35796819, year = {2022}, author = {Crandall, RS and Lombardo, JA and Elkinton, JS}, title = {Top-down regulation of hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) in its native range in the Pacific Northwest of North America.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {199}, number = {3}, pages = {599-609}, pmid = {35796819}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {14-CA-11420004-181//U.S. Forest Service/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Down-Regulation ; *Hemiptera/physiology ; *Hemlock ; Northwestern United States ; Tsuga/physiology ; }, abstract = {The density of insect herbivores is regulated by top-down factors (e.g., natural enemies), bottom-up effects (e.g., plant defenses against herbivory), or a combination of both. As such, understanding the relative importance of these factors can have important implications for the establishment of effective management options for invasive species. Here, we compared the relative importance of top-down and bottom-up factors on the abundance of hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae. HWA is invasive in eastern North America, but its native range includes the Pacific Northwest of North America where it has co-evolved with western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla. Eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, can also be found planted in city and park settings in the Pacific Northwest and the presence of both host species allowed us to directly compare the importance of predators (top-down) and host plant resistance (bottom-up) on HWA abundance by placing mesh exclusion bags on branches of both species and monitoring HWA abundance over two years. We found no evidence for bottom-up control of HWA on western hemlock (a native host). HWA established more readily on that species than on eastern hemlock on which it is a major pest in eastern North America. We found strong evidence for top-down control in that both summer and winter-active predators significantly reduced HWA densities on the branches of both tree species where predators were allowed access. These findings support the validity of the biological control program for HWA, the goal of which is to reduce outbreak populations of HWA in eastern North America.}, }
@article {pmid35796712, year = {2022}, author = {Woods, EC and Sultan, SE}, title = {Post-introduction evolution of a rapid life-history strategy in a newly invasive plant.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {103}, number = {11}, pages = {e3803}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3803}, pmid = {35796712}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; *Plants ; Reproduction ; North America ; }, abstract = {A central question in invasion biology is whether adaptive trait evolution following species introduction promotes invasiveness. A growing number of common-garden experiments document phenotypic differences between native- and introduced-range plants, suggesting that adaptive evolution in the new range may indeed contribute to the success of invasive plants. However, these studies are often subject to methodological pitfalls, resulting in weak evidence for post-introduction adaptive trait evolution and leaving its role in the invasion process uncertain. In a common-garden glasshouse study, we compared the growth, life-history, and reproductive traits of 35 native- and introduced-range Polygonum cespitosum populations. We used complementary approaches including climate-matching, standardizing parental conditions, selection analysis, and testing for trait-environment relationships to determine whether traits that increase invasiveness adaptively evolved in the species' new range. We found that the majority of introduced-range populations exhibited a novel trait syndrome consisting of a fast-paced life history and concomitant sparse, reduced growth form. Selection analysis confirmed that this trait syndrome led to markedly higher fitness (propagule production) over a limited growing season that was characteristic of regions within the introduced range. Additionally, several growth and reproductive traits showed temperature-based clines consistent with adaptive evolution in the new range. Combined, these results indicate that, subsequent to its introduction to North America over 100 generations ago, P. cespitosum has evolved key traits that maximize propagule production. These changes may in part explain the species' recent transition to invasiveness, illustrating how post-introduction evolution may contribute to the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid35793573, year = {2022}, author = {Zeidler, M and Šipoš, J and Banaš, M and Černohorský, J}, title = {Homogenization of bryophyte species after alpine grassland restoration.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {319}, number = {}, pages = {115628}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115628}, pmid = {35793573}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Bryophyta/classification ; Climate Change ; Czech Republic ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; *Grassland ; Pinus ; }, abstract = {The causes of decreasing plant species richness include abandonment of traditional management and the spread of invasive species, even in alpine habitats. Studies on the restoration and management of alpine habitats are predominantly focused on vascular plants, although an important part of alpine vegetation and its diversity is formed by bryophytes. We used bryophytes to indicate changes that occur after the clearcutting of nonindigenous dwarf pine (Pinus mugo Turra) and attempted to reveal the community to which the development of bryophyte species structure was directed. We compared species richness and composition between surveys to test for changes in spatial heterogeneity bryophyte communities. We also tried to reveal the main ecological drivers of the restoration process. The study was performed in the (sub)alpine area of the Eastern High Sudetes Mts. (the Czech Republic). We estimated bryophyte species cover and compared the composition of the bryophyte community in autochthonous grassland areas, areas under the dwarf pine canopy, and clearcut areas to reveal the pattern of shifts 9 years after the treatment. We also measured soil characteristics to reveal the environmental habitat conditions. Evidence of taxonomic homogenization of habitat after dwarf pine removal was found. Light conditions and attributes of litter were the driving factors of successional changes in the bryophyte communities, which led to taxonomic homogenization. This finding explains the slow restoration process due to dwarf pine legacy on the clearcut area. The succession trends were also shaped by unobserved factors, such as climate change and environmental eutrophication. We highly recommended active management and long-term monitoring.}, }
@article {pmid35793024, year = {2022}, author = {da Silva, ICB and Somavilla, A and Soares, VM and Tarouco, CP and Schwalbert, R and Trentin, E and de Quadros, FLF and Nicoloso, FT and Ferreira, PAA and Brunetto, G}, title = {Potential phytoremediation of Pampa biome native and invasive grass species cohabiting vineyards contaminated with Cu in Southern Brazil.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {29}, number = {56}, pages = {85376-85388}, pmid = {35793024}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {17/2551-0000925-8//funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de amparo &#xe0; pesquisa do estado do rio grande do sul/ ; 408318/2018//conselho nacional de desenvolvimento cient&#xed;fico e tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 302023/2019-4//conselho nacional de desenvolvimento cient&#xed;fico e tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, mesh = {Biodegradation, Environmental ; Farms ; *Soil Pollutants/analysis ; Chlorophyll A ; Introduced Species ; Brazil ; Copper/analysis ; Soil ; *Paspalum ; Ecosystem ; Antioxidants ; }, abstract = {The objectives were (a) to evaluate whether grasses native to the Pampa biome, Axonopus affinis Chase, Paspalum notatum Flüggé and Paspalum plicatulum Michx, and the invasive grass Cynodon dactylon (L.). Pers have the potential to phytoremediate soil contaminated with Cu (0, 35 and 70 mg Cu kg[-1]); (b) assess whether the growth of these species is compromised by the excess of Cu available in the soil; and (c) determine the impact of excess Cu on the physiological responses of the studied species. C. dactylon presented the best performance in soil contaminated with 35 mg of Cu kg[-1]. In C. dactylon, the concentrations of chlorophyll b and carotenoids increased, as did the photosynthetic rate and plant growth. Phytotoxic effects of Cu in soil contaminated with 70 mg of Cu kg[-1] were more severe on A. affinis and led to plant death. The other species presented reduced photosynthetic and growth rates, as well as increased activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase. This very same Cu level has decreased photosynthetic pigment concentrations in P. notatum and P. plicatulum. On the other hand, it did not change chlorophyll a and b concentrations in C. dactylon and increased carotenoid concentrations in it. High values recorded for Cu bioaccumulation-in-grass-root factor, mainly in P. plicatulum, have indicated that the investigated plants are potential phytostabilizers. High C. dactylon biomass production-in comparison to other species-compensates for the relatively low metal concentration in its tissues by increasing metal extraction from the soil. This makes C. dactylon more efficient in the phytoremediation process than other species.}, }
@article {pmid35792339, year = {2022}, author = {Mohamed, SA and Dubois, T and Azrag, AG and Ndlela, S and Neuenschwander, P}, title = {Classical biological of key horticultural pests in Africa: successes, challenges, and opportunities.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {53}, number = {}, pages = {100945}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2022.100945}, pmid = {35792339}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; *Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Classical biological control (CBC) is considered a safer and more sustainable alternative for management of alien-invasive species. This review presents recent advances in CBC of key horticultural insect pests using parasitoids in Africa. Several CBC programs have been undertaken targeting different insect pests of both fruits and vegetables, largely yielding outstanding success. Key obstacles impeding CBC and opportunities that could promote CBC in Africa are outlined. Also, very brief highlights on recent scientific and technological advances in modeling, integrative taxonomy and molecular tools, and endosymbionts that relate to CBC are provided.}, }
@article {pmid35790001, year = {2022}, author = {Erkinaro, J and Orell, P and Pohjola, JP and Kytökorpi, M and Pulkkinen, H and Kuusela, J}, title = {Development of invasive pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Walbaum) eggs in a large Barents Sea river.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {101}, number = {4}, pages = {1063-1066}, pmid = {35790001}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; *Salmon ; Rivers ; Temperature ; Water ; *Oncorhynchus ; }, abstract = {The spawning and egg development of invasive pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha were investigated in the large River Teno in the Barents Sea area where they spawned for the first time on a large scale in 2021. The spawning period started in early August and egg development was rapid. All eggs were eyed by mid-September and the first juveniles hatched in late September. In early October most eggs had hatched. Degree-days in water temperature suggested that egg deposition had mostly taken place in early August. Early egg development is discussed in relation to possible consequences for survival.}, }
@article {pmid35789059, year = {2022}, author = {Zhang, G and Bai, J and Tebbe, CC and Huang, L and Jia, J and Wang, W and Wang, X and Yu, L and Zhao, Q}, title = {Plant invasion reconstructs soil microbial assembly and functionality in coastal salt marshes.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {17}, pages = {4478-4494}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16600}, pmid = {35789059}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Bacteria/genetics ; China ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Microbiota/genetics ; Plants ; Poaceae/genetics ; Soil/chemistry ; Soil Microbiology ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Microbiologically driven ecosystem processes can be profoundly altered by alien plant invasions. There is limited understanding of the ecological mechanisms orchestrating different microbial constituents and their roles in emerging functional properties under plant invasions. Here, we investigated soil microbial communities and functions using high-throughput amplicon sequencing and GeoChip technology, respectively, along a chronological gradient of smooth cordgrass invasion in salt marshes located in the Yellow River Estuary, China. We found a positive correlation between microbial diversity and the duration age of invasion, and both bacterial and fungal communities showed consistent changes with invasion. Soil microbial metabolic potential, as indicated by the abundance of microbial functional genes involved in biogeochemical cycling, decreased in response to invasion. As a consequence, declining soil microbial metabolisms as a result of plant invasion facilitated carbon accumulation in invaded salt marshes. Bacteria and fungi exhibited distinct contributions to assembly processes along the invasion gradient: bacterial communities were mainly driven by selection and dispersal limitation, while fungi were dramatically shaped by stochastic processes. Soil microbial-mediated functions were taxon-specific, as indicated by community-function relationships. This study demonstrates the distinct contributions of microbial constituents to microbial community assembly and functions and sheds light on the implications of plant invasion on microbiologically driven ecosystem processes in coastal wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid35788172, year = {2022}, author = {Huron, NA and Behm, JE and Helmus, MR}, title = {Paninvasion severity assessment of a U.S. grape pest to disrupt the global wine market.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {655}, pmid = {35788172}, issn = {2399-3642}, mesh = {Animals ; France ; *Hemiptera ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Vitis ; *Wine ; }, abstract = {Economic impacts from plant pests are often felt at the regional scale, yet some impacts expand to the global scale through the alignment of a pest's invasion potentials. Such globally invasive species (i.e., paninvasives) are like the human pathogens that cause pandemics. Like pandemics, assessing paninvasion risk for an emerging regional pest is key for stakeholders to take early actions that avoid market disruption. Here, we develop the paninvasion severity assessment framework and use it to assess a rapidly spreading regional U.S. grape pest, the spotted lanternfly planthopper (Lycorma delicatula; SLF), to spread and disrupt the global wine market. We found that SLF invasion potentials are aligned globally because important viticultural regions with suitable environments for SLF establishment also heavily trade with invaded U.S. states. If the U.S. acts as an invasive bridgehead, Italy, France, Spain, and other important wine exporters are likely to experience the next SLF introductions. Risk to the global wine market is high unless stakeholders work to reduce SLF invasion potentials in the U.S. and globally.}, }
@article {pmid35784067, year = {2022}, author = {Burgess, BT and Irvine, RL and Russello, MA}, title = {A genotyping-in-thousands by sequencing panel to inform invasive deer management using noninvasive fecal and hair samples.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {e8993}, pmid = {35784067}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Studies in ecology, evolution, and conservation often rely on noninvasive samples, making it challenging to generate large amounts of high-quality genetic data for many elusive and at-risk species. We developed and optimized a Genotyping-in-Thousands by sequencing (GT-seq) panel using noninvasive samples to inform the management of invasive Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) in Haida Gwaii (Canada). We validated our panel using paired high-quality tissue and noninvasive fecal and hair samples to simultaneously distinguish individuals, identify sex, and reconstruct kinship among deer sampled across the archipelago, then provided a proof-of-concept application using field-collected feces on SGang Gwaay, an island of high ecological and cultural value. Genotyping success across 244 loci was high (90.3%) and comparable to that of high-quality tissue samples genotyped using restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (92.4%), while genotyping discordance between paired high-quality tissue and noninvasive samples was low (0.50%). The panel will be used to inform future invasive species operations in Haida Gwaii by providing individual and population information to inform management. More broadly, our GT-seq workflow that includes quality control analyses for targeted SNP selection and a modified protocol may be of wider utility for other studies and systems where noninvasive genetic sampling is employed.}, }
@article {pmid35784065, year = {2022}, author = {Nordstrom, B and Mitchell, N and Byrne, M and Jarman, S}, title = {A review of applications of environmental DNA for reptile conservation and management.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {e8995}, pmid = {35784065}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Reptile populations are in decline globally, with total reptile abundance halving in the past half century, and approximately a fifth of species currently threatened with extinction. Research on reptile distributions, population trends, and trophic interactions can greatly improve the accuracy of conservation listings and planning for species recovery, but data deficiency is an impediment for many species. Environmental DNA (eDNA) can detect species and measure community diversity at diverse spatio-temporal scales, and is especially useful for detection of elusive, cryptic, or rare species, making it potentially very valuable in herpetology. We aim to summarize the utility of eDNA as a tool for informing reptile conservation and management and discuss the benefits and limitations of this approach. A literature review was conducted to collect all studies that used eDNA and focus on reptile ecology, conservation, or management. Results of the literature search are summarized into key discussion points, and the review also draws on eDNA studies from other taxa to highlight methodological challenges and to identify future research directions. eDNA has had limited application to reptiles, relative to other vertebrate groups, and little use in regions with high species richness. eDNA techniques have been more successfully applied to aquatic reptiles than to terrestrial reptiles, and most (64%) of studies focused on aquatic habitats. Two of the four reptilian orders dominate the existing eDNA studies (56% Testudines, 49% Squamata, 5% Crocodilia, 0% Rhynchocephalia). Our review provides direction for the application of eDNA as an emerging tool in reptile ecology and conservation, especially when it can be paired with traditional monitoring approaches. Technologies associated with eDNA are rapidly advancing, and as techniques become more sensitive and accessible, we expect eDNA will be increasingly valuable for addressing key knowledge gaps for reptiles.}, }
@article {pmid35784058, year = {2022}, author = {Rani, V and Burton, T and Walsh, M and Einum, S}, title = {Evolutionary change in metabolic rate of Daphnia pulicaria following invasion by the predator Bythotrephes longimanus.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {e9003}, pmid = {35784058}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Metabolic rate is a trait that may evolve in response to the direct and indirect effects of predator-induced mortality. Predators may indirectly alter selection by lowering prey densities and increasing resource availability or by intensifying resource limitation through changes in prey behavior (e.g., use of less productive areas). In the current study, we quantify the evolution of metabolic rate in the zooplankton Daphnia pulicaria following an invasive event by the predator Bythotrephes longimanus in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, US. This invasion has been shown to dramatically impact D. pulicaria, causing a ~60% decline in their biomass. Using a resurrection ecology approach, we compared the metabolic rate of D. pulicaria clones originating prior to the Bythotrephes invasion with that of clones having evolved in the presence of Bythotrephes. We observed a 7.4% reduction in metabolic rate among post-invasive clones compared to pre-invasive clones and discuss the potential roles of direct and indirect selection in driving this change.}, }
@article {pmid35784020, year = {2022}, author = {Aiyer, A and Bunuba Rangers,  and Bell, T and Shine, R and Somaweera, R and Bruny, M and Ward-Fear, G}, title = {Taking the bait: Developing a bait delivery system to target free-ranging crocodiles and varanid lizards with a novel conservation strategy.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {e8933}, pmid = {35784020}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {In tropical Australia, conditioned taste aversion (CTA) can buffer vulnerable native predators from the invasion of a toxic prey species (cane toads, Rhinella marina). Thus, we need to develop methods to deploy aversion-inducing baits in the field, in ways that maximize uptake by vulnerable species (but not other taxa). We constructed and field-tested baiting devices, in situ with wild animals. Apparatus were set next to waterbodies and baited concurrently at multiple locations (over water, water's edge, and on the bank). Baits were checked and replaced twice daily during the trial; remote cameras recorded visitation by native predators. Bait longevity was compared at sun-exposed and shaded locations over 12 h. The strength required to remove baits from apparatus was measured in varanids and crocodiles. The device promoted high rates of bait uptake by freshwater crocodiles (47% baits consumed), varanid lizards (19% baits consumed), and non-target taxa (34% baits consumed). Targeting specific predators can be achieved by manipulating bait location and time of deployment, as well as the force required to dislodge the bait. Crocodiles were best targeted with over-water baits, whereas varanid lizards preferred baits located at the edges of waterbodies. When testing bait longevity in ambient conditions, during the daytime baits desiccated fully within 12 h, and faster in the sun than in the shade. Based on studies using captive animals, the "pulling force" strength of reptilian predators scaled with body size and was greater in crocodiles than in varanid lizards. We present the first conservation baiting protocol designed specifically for reptiles. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of widespread and taxon-specific deployment of aversion-inducing baits to buffer the impacts of invasive cane toads, and our methods are applicable (with modification) to other research and management programs globally.}, }
@article {pmid35783943, year = {2022}, author = {Du, Y and Zhao, Y and Dong, S and Chen, G and Wang, X and Ma, K}, title = {The Diversity Distribution and Climatic Niche of Samara Species in China.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {895720}, pmid = {35783943}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Studying the distribution of samara species is of ecological and economic significance. This information helps us with understanding species dispersal mechanisms, evaluating the risk of invasive species, and the management of ecological forests. However, limited research has explored, on a large scale, the geographic distribution of samara species and their influential abiotic factors. Here, we use the distribution data of 835 vascular samara species and growth form data to explore their geographic patterns in China and the environmental determinants. We divided China into 984 grid cells and examined the relationship between the proportion of samara species and climate variables using both ordinary and spatial linear regressions for each grid cell. Total samara species richness is higher in southern China in low altitude regions and the proportion of woody samara species is significantly higher than that of herbaceous samara species. The proportion of woody samara species is higher in the northeast regions where precipitation is sufficient, winters are dry and mild, and temperature seasonality and land surface relief degree values are high. Annual precipitation and temperature seasonality are the most important climatic drivers for the distribution of woody samara species. In contrast, herbaceous samara species prefer to distribute to the areas where climate is warm and dry but have higher temperature seasonality. Temperature related variables (mean annual temperature, mean diurnal range, and temperature seasonality) are the most important drivers for the distribution of herbaceous samara species. Samara species can better adapt to climatic regions with large temperature fluctuations and dry winters. The present distribution patterns of samara species are formed by the combined adaptation of fruit traits and growth form to climate. This work contributes to predictions of the global distribution of samara species under future climate change scenarios and conservation and management for the samara species.}, }
@article {pmid35783928, year = {2022}, author = {Campoy, JG and Sobral, M and Carro, B and Lema, M and Barreiro, R and Retuerto, R}, title = {Epigenetic and Phenotypic Responses to Experimental Climate Change of Native and Invasive Carpobrotus edulis.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {888391}, pmid = {35783928}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Despite the recent discoveries on how DNA methylation could help plants to adapt to changing environments, the relationship between epigenetics and climate change or invasion in new areas is still poorly known. Here, we investigated, through a field experiment, how the new expected climate scenarios for Southern Europe, i.e., increased temperature and decreased rainfall, might affect global DNA methylation in relation to phenotypic variation in individuals of clonal plant, Carpobrotus edulis, from its native (Southern African) and invaded (northwestern Iberian Peninsula) area. Our results showed that changes in temperature and rainfall induced phenotypic but not global DNA methylation differences among plants, and the climatic effects were similar for plants coming from the native or invaded areas. The individuals from the Iberian Peninsula showed higher levels of global methylation than their native counterparts from South Africa. We also observed differences between natives and invasive phenotypes in traits related to the pattern of biomass partitioning and to the strategies for water uptake and use and found an epigenetic contribution to phenotypic changes in some leaf traits, especially on the nitrogen isotopic composition. We conclude that the increased temperature and decreased rainfall projected for Southern Europe during the course of the twenty-first century may foster phenotypic changes in C. edulis, possibly endowing this species with a higher ability to successful cope the rapid environmental shifts. The epigenetic and phenotypic divergence that we observed between native and invasive plants suggests an intraspecific functional variation during the process of invasion. This result could indicate that phenotypic plasticity and global DNA methylation are related to the colonization of new habitats. Our findings reinforce the importance of epigenetic plasticity on rapid adaptation of invasive clonal plants.}, }
@article {pmid35783071, year = {2022}, author = {Križman, M and Švara, T and Šoba, B and Rataj, AV}, title = {Alveolar echinococcosis in nutria (Myocastor coypus), invasive species in Slovenia.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {18}, number = {}, pages = {221-224}, pmid = {35783071}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {The present report describes a case of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in nutria (Myocastor coypus) culled in the central area of Slovenia. Post-mortem exam showed multiple cystic lesions in the liver. Gross examination, as well as parasitological and histopathological examinations, revealed numerous cysts of various sizes, filled with yellow clear fluid and displacing most of the liver parenchyma. The cyst lumina contained numerous protoscolices approximately 100 μm in diameter and calcareous corpuscles. The protoscolices had two visible suckers and a rostellum with birefringent hooks. The lesions were consistent with an E. multilocularis cyst. Molecular analysis confirmed that the nutria was infected with E. multilocularis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of echinococcosis in nutria in Slovenia that presents gross, parasitological, and histological lesions and the result of molecular analysis. Nutrias in Slovenia are dangerous invaders but can also be a relevant bioindicator of the presence of the parasite in the environment.}, }
@article {pmid35783040, year = {2022}, author = {Tay, WT and Court, LN and Hoffmann, BD and Polaszek, A}, title = {Draft mitogenomes of the invasive ant Lepisiota frauenfeldi (Mayr 1855) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, pages = {1183-1185}, pmid = {35783040}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {We present the draft mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of two Lepisiota frauenfeldi (Mayr 1855) workers from two separate invasive populations detected in Western Australia (Perth OK569858) and Queensland (Brisbane OK5569859), Australia. The draft mitogenomes ranged between 16,657 and 17,090 bp and contained 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes). As with other arthropod mitogenomes, we observed high A + T content (A: 39.4-39.8%, T: 40.55-41.5%). We confirmed the species identity by molecular diagnostics based on the partial mtCOI gene that showed >99% similarity between the Australian populations and other L. frauenfeldi sequences reported to date, and in the process identified putative origins of the invasive populations as Pakistan and India for the WA and Qld incursions respectively that suggested separate introductions.}, }
@article {pmid35782500, year = {2022}, author = {Chennuri, PR and Adelman, ZN and Myles, KM}, title = {Genetic Approaches for Controlling CRISPR-based Autonomous Homing Gene Drives.}, journal = {Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {897231}, pmid = {35782500}, issn = {2296-4185}, support = {R01 AI148787/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {CRISPR-based autonomous homing gene drives are a potentially transformative technology with the power to reduce the prevalence of, or even eliminate, vector-borne diseases, agricultural pests, and invasive species. However, there are a number of regulatory, ethical, environmental, and sociopolitical concerns surrounding the potential use of gene drives, particularly regarding the possibility for any unintended outcomes that might result from such a powerful technology. Therefore, there is an imminent need for countermeasures or technologies capable of exerting precise spatiotemporal control of gene drives, if their transformative potential is ever to be fully realized. This review summarizes the current state of the art in the development of technologies to prevent the uncontrolled spread of CRISPR-based autonomous homing gene drives.}, }
@article {pmid35781744, year = {2022}, author = {Pereira, AJ and Masciocchi, M and Corley, JC}, title = {Long-term coexistence of two invasive vespid wasps in NW Patagonia (Argentina).}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {199}, number = {3}, pages = {661-669}, pmid = {35781744}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {11220090100043//Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient&#xed;ficas y T&#xe9;cnicas/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {In Patagonia (Argentina) two non-native vespid wasps became established in the last decades. Vespula germanica was first detected in 1980, while V. vulgaris arrived some 30 years later. Both species can have a strong negative impact on agro-industrial economic activities, the natural environment, and outdoor human activities. Biological invasions may be influenced negatively by the degree of interaction with the resident native community and alien species already present. The sequential arrival and coexistence of Vespula wasps in Argentina for several years allows us to understand key questions of invasion ecology. Additionally, recognizing the outcome of the invasion by vespids in Patagonia, a region lacking native social wasps, may help plan species-focused mitigation and control strategies. We explored the role of competition in terms of invasion success, and the strategies that promote coexistence. Two possible scenarios, using niche overlap indices and isocline equations, were proposed to determine competition coefficients. Using a simple mathematical modeling framework, based on field collected data, we show that food resources do not play a central role in competitive interaction. The competition coefficients obtained from the equations were different from those inferred from the overlap indices (0.53 and 0.54-0.076 and 0.197, respectively). Together, these findings suggest that no matter the arrival order, V. vulgaris, always reaches higher densities than V. germanica when both species invade new regions. Our work contributes to further our understanding on the worldwide invasion processes deployed by these two eusocial insects.}, }
@article {pmid35776433, year = {2022}, author = {Tseng, SP and Taravati, S and Choe, DH and Rust, MK and Lee, CY}, title = {Genetic Evidence for Multiple Invasions of Coptotermes formosanus (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in California.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {115}, number = {4}, pages = {1251-1256}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toac104}, pmid = {35776433}, issn = {1938-291X}, support = {//U.C. Riverside Urban Entomology Endowed Chair Research Fund/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Cockroaches ; Genotype ; *Isoptera/genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats ; }, abstract = {New infestations of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae), were discovered in southern California, namely in Rancho Santa Fe and La Mesa (San Diego County) and Highland Park (Los Angeles County) in 2021. We investigated whether these new infestations were related to the previous infestations in La Mesa (2018) and Canyon Lake, Riverside County (2020). We used two mitochondrial genes (COI and COII) and seven polymorphic microsatellite markers to infer the genetic relationship between southern California colonies and their breeding systems. The samples collected from seven localities belonged to five colonies (inter-colony distances ranged from ~160 m to 185 km, with an average of 97 km). Of these five colonies, two were simple families, and three were extended families. Structure analyses of microsatellite genotypes grouped the termite samples into three distinct genetic clusters, suggesting at least three independent introduction events in southern California.}, }
@article {pmid35771205, year = {2022}, author = {Xia, S and Song, Z and Van Zwieten, L and Guo, L and Yu, C and Wang, W and Li, Q and Hartley, IP and Yang, Y and Liu, H and Wang, Y and Ran, X and Liu, CQ and Wang, H}, title = {Storage, patterns and influencing factors for soil organic carbon in coastal wetlands of China.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {28}, number = {20}, pages = {6065-6085}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.16325}, pmid = {35771205}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {*Carbon/analysis ; China ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae/physiology ; Soil/chemistry ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Soil organic carbon (SOC) in coastal wetlands, also known as "blue C," is an essential component of the global C cycles. To gain a detailed insight into blue C storage and controlling factors, we studied 142 sites across ca. 5000 km of coastal wetlands, covering temperate, subtropical, and tropical climates in China. The wetlands represented six vegetation types (Phragmites australis, mixed of P. australis and Suaeda, single Suaeda, Spartina alterniflora, mangrove [Kandelia obovata and Avicennia marina], tidal flat) and three vegetation types invaded by S. alterniflora (P. australis, K. obovata, A. marina). Our results revealed large spatial heterogeneity in SOC density of the top 1-m ranging 40-200 Mg C ha[-1] , with higher values in mid-latitude regions (25-30° N) compared with those in both low- (20°N) and high-latitude (38-40°N) regions. Vegetation type influenced SOC density, with P. australis and S. alterniflora having the largest SOC density, followed by mangrove, mixed P. australis and Suaeda, single Suaeda and tidal flat. SOC density increased by 6.25 Mg ha[-1] following S. alterniflora invasion into P. australis community but decreased by 28.56 and 8.17 Mg ha[-1] following invasion into K. obovata and A. marina communities. Based on field measurements and published literature, we calculated a total inventory of 57 × 10[6] Mg C in the top 1-m soil across China's coastal wetlands. Edaphic variables controlled SOC content, with soil chemical properties explaining the largest variance in SOC content. Climate did not control SOC content but had a strong interactive effect with edaphic variables. Plant biomass and quality traits were a minor contributor in regulating SOC content, highlighting the importance of quantity and quality of OC inputs and the balance between production and degradation within the coastal wetlands. These findings provide new insights into blue C stabilization mechanisms and sequestration capacity in coastal wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid35771108, year = {2022}, author = {Kaishian, P and Davis, D and Moorman, GW and Aime, MC}, title = {Phragmidium rosae-multiflorae on Rosa multiflora reported from Pennsylvania, USA.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-05-22-1073-PDN}, pmid = {35771108}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Rosa multiflora Thunb. is a perennial shrub native to eastern Asia. It is commonly found on habitat margins, such as forest edges, streams, and roadsides (CABI n.d.). Due to its aromatic flowers, its usefulness in erosion control, and as a living livestock fence, R. multiflora was introduced to North America as an ornamental in the early 1800's (Hindal and Wong 1988). However, R. multifora, grows rapidly and frequently outcompetes native species, and is therefore considered invasive in North America (Hindal and Wong 1988). In May 2020 Phragmidium rosae-multiflorae Dietel, or rose rust, was collected from R. multiflora in Patton Woods Park, a small residential park in Patton Township, Centre Co., PA, USA (40° 47' 28.40" N; 77° 55' 33.37" W). P. rosae-multiflorae is an autoecious macrocyclic rust fungus known to occur on R. multiflora in the plant's native range. To our knowledge, there are no previously published records of P. rosae-multiflorae in North America. The host exhibited conspicuous aecia on the stems and petioles. Aecia were caeoma form, orange, irregular, erumpant, and pulverulent. Aeciospores were one-celled, verrucose, hyaline to pale yellow, variable in shape, ranging from ellipsoidal to globose (Fig.1), measuring 22.5 ± 3 × 15.5 ± 5 μm (n = 30). Disease symptomology and aecia are consistent with P. rosae-multiflorae Dietel (Wei 1988; Liu et. al 2020). Fungal DNA was extracted from infected petioles. Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the 28S region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat was conducted with primers Rust2inv and LR6 following protocols in Aime (2006). The sequence shares 98.77% identity (900 / 487 bp) with P. Rosae-multiflorae from China (MN264739). A voucher specimen has been preserved in the Arthur Fungarium at Purdue University (PUR N23123) with corresponding 28S sequence (GenBank accession #MZ323415). The recorded occurrence of P. rosae-multiflorae on R. multiflora in North America is significant, given the ecological impact of the host plant as an invasive species and need for biocontrol. While no formally published records of this fungus in North America exist, there are putative occurrences across the northeastern United States reported on Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and the Maryland Biodiversity Project websites.}, }
@article {pmid35770098, year = {2022}, author = {Liu, S and Zhang, R and Zhang, X and Zhu, S and Liu, S and Yang, J and Li, Z and Gao, T and Liu, F and Hu, H}, title = {The Invasive Species Reynoutria japonica Houtt. as a Promising Natural Agent for Cardiovascular and Digestive System Illness.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {863707}, pmid = {35770098}, issn = {1663-9812}, abstract = {Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix, the dry roots and stems of Reynoutria japonica Houtt (called Huzhang, HZ in Chinese), is a traditional and popular chinese medicinal herb for thousands of years. As a widely used ethnomedicine in Asia including China, Japan, and Korea, HZ can invigorate the blood, cool heat, and resolve toxicity, which is commonly used in the treatment of favus, jaundice, scald, and constipation. However, HZ is now considered an invasive plant in the United States and many European countries. Therefore, in order to take advantage of HZ and solve the problem of biological invasion, scholars around the world have carried out abundant research studies on HZ. Until now, about 110 compounds have been isolated and identified from HZ, in which anthraquinones, stilbenes, and flavonoids would be the main bioactive ingredients for its pharmacological properties, such as microcirculation improvement, myocardial protective effects, endocrine regulation, anti-atherosclerotic activity, anti-oxidant activity, anti-tumor activity, anti-viral activity, and treatment of skin inflammation, burns, and scalds. HZ has a variety of active ingredients and broad pharmacological activities. It is widely used in health products, cosmetics, and even animal husbandry feed and has no obvious toxicity. Efforts should be made to develop more products such as effective drugs, health care products, cosmetics, and agricultural and animal husbandry products to benefit mankind.}, }
@article {pmid35765595, year = {2022}, author = {Combillet, L and Fabregat-Malé, S and Mena, S and Marín-Moraga, JA and Gutierrez, M and Alvarado, JJ}, title = {Pocillopora spp. growth analysis on restoration structures in an Eastern Tropical Pacific upwelling area.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e13248}, pmid = {35765595}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Fisheries ; *Anthozoa ; Coral Reefs ; Costa Rica ; }, abstract = {Coral reefs in Culebra Bay (North Pacific of Costa Rica) are threatened by multiple anthropogenic disturbances including global warming, overfishing, eutrophication, and invasive species outbreaks. It is possible to assist their recovery by implementing ecological restoration techniques. This study used artificial hexagonal steel structures, called "spiders" to compare growth of Pocillopora spp. coral fragments of different sizes. Three initial fragment class sizes were used: 2, 5 and 8 cm, with each class size having 42 initial fragments. Changes in fragment length, width and area were measured monthly from January to December 2020. Results showed an overall survivorship of 70.21%, and no significant differences in survivorship and linear growth rate were detected between class sizes. The linear growth rates are 4.49 ± 1.19 cm year[-1], 5.35 ± 1.48 cm year[-1] and 3.25 ± 2.22 cm year[-1] for the 2, 5 and 8 cm initial class sizes, respectively. Our results do not show significant differences in growth rates between the different initial fragment sizes. However, since small fragments (2 cm) present higher mortality during the first month, we recommend using larger fragments. In addition, coral fragments grew 48% more during the non-upwelling season, which may suggest that it might be more effective and safer to start the restoration efforts during this period.}, }
@article {pmid35765382, year = {2022}, author = {,  and Bragard, C and Baptista, P and Chatzivassiliou, E and Di Serio, F and Gonthier, P and Jaques Miret, JA and Justesen, AF and Magnusson, CS and Milonas, P and Navas-Cortes, JA and Parnell, S and Potting, R and Reignault, PL and Stefani, E and Thulke, HH and Van der Werf, W and Vicent Civera, A and Yuen, J and Zappalà, L and Grégoire, JC and Malumphy, C and Kertesz, V and Maiorano, A and MacLeod, A}, title = {Pest categorisation of Tetraleurodes perseae.}, journal = {EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, pages = {e07397}, pmid = {35765382}, issn = {1831-4732}, abstract = {The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Tetraleurodes perseae (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), the red-banded whitefly, for the territory of the EU. T. perseae is a tropical and subtropical species that originated in the Neotropical region and has now spread and established in the USA (California and Florida), Israel and Lebanon. T. perseae is not listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. It is oligophagous on Lauraceae and most frequently reported on avocado (Persea americana), on which it is considered a minor or secondary pest. No evidence was found indicating damage to other plants. T. perseae larvae develop on the foliage and don't attack the fruit. The number of generations per year varies between one and ten. High populations may promote the growth of black sooty moulds on the foliage and fruit, and adults feeding on the buds can lead to deformed immature leaves and premature leaf drop. However, T. perseae populations are usually effectively controlled by hymenopteran parasitoids, at least one of which (Cales noacki) is widespread in the EU. The producers of organic avocados in the EU could encourage the use of C. noacki, although occasional outbreaks of T. perseae could temporarily impact the fruit quality. Adults disperse naturally by flying and all stages can be moved over long distances by the trade of infested plant material. Plants for planting provide potential pathways for entry and spread in the EU. Climatic conditions and availability of host plants in southern EU countries are conducive for establishment. Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the risk. T. perseae satisfies all of the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest. However, this conclusion has a high uncertainty regarding magnitude of potential impact as the insect is a minor and sporadic pest in its current area of distribution.}, }
@article {pmid35760170, year = {2022}, author = {Coughlan, NE and Dickey, JWE and Dick, JTA and Médoc, V and McCard, M and Lacroix, G and Fiorini, S and Millot, A and Cuthbert, RN}, title = {When worlds collide: Invader-driven benthic habitat complexity alters predatory impacts of invasive and native predatory fishes.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {843}, number = {}, pages = {156876}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156876}, pmid = {35760170}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia ; Ecosystem ; *Fishes/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior/physiology ; }, abstract = {Interactions between multiple invasive alien species (IAS) might increase their ecological impacts, yet relatively few studies have attempted to quantify the effects of facilitative interactions on the success and impact of aquatic IAS. Further, the effect of abiotic factors, such as habitat structure, have lacked consideration in ecological impact prediction for many high-profile IAS, with most data acquired through simplified assessments that do not account for real environmental complexities. In the present study, we assessed a potential facilitative interaction between a predatory invasive fish, the Ponto-Caspian round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), and an invasive bivalve, the Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea). We compared N. melanostomus functional responses (feeding-rates under different prey densities) to a co-occurring endangered European native analogue fish, the bullhead (Cottus gobio), in the presence of increased levels of habitat complexity driven by the accumulation of dead C. fluminea biomass that persists within the environment (i.e. 0, 10, 20 empty bivalve shells). Habitat complexity significantly influenced predation, with consumption in the absence of shells being greater than where 10 or 20 shells were present. However, at the highest shell density, invasive N. melanostomus maximum feeding-rates and functional response ratios were substantially higher than those of native C. gobio. Further, the Relative Impact Potential metric, by combining per capita effects and population abundances, indicated that higher shell densities exacerbate the relative impact of the invader. It therefore appears that N. melanostomus can better tolerate higher IAS shell abundances when foraging at high prey densities, suggesting the occurrence of an important facilitative interaction. Our data are thus fully congruent with field data that link establishment success of N. melanostomus with the presence of C. fluminea. Overall, we show that invader-driven benthic habitat complexity can alter the feeding-rates and thus impacts of predatory fishes, and highlight the importance of inclusion of abiotic factors in impact prediction assessments for IAS.}, }
@article {pmid35759954, year = {2022}, author = {Hsouna, J and Gritli, T and Ilahi, H and Ellouze, W and Mansouri, M and Chihaoui, SA and Bouhnik, O and Missbah El Idrissi, M and Abdelmoumen, H and Wipf, D and Courty, PE and Bekki, A and Tambong, JT and Mnasri, B}, title = {Genotypic and symbiotic diversity studies of rhizobia nodulating Acacia saligna in Tunisia reveal two novel symbiovars within the Rhizobium leguminosarum complex and Bradyrhizobium.}, journal = {Systematic and applied microbiology}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {126343}, doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2022.126343}, pmid = {35759954}, issn = {1618-0984}, mesh = {*Acacia ; *Bradyrhizobium ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Rhizobium ; *Rhizobium leguminosarum/genetics ; Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Symbiosis/genetics ; Tunisia ; }, abstract = {Acacia saligna is an invasive alien species that has the ability to establish symbiotic relationships with rhizobia. In the present study, genotypic and symbiotic diversity of native rhizobia associated with A. saligna in Tunisia were studied. A total of 100 bacterial strains were selected and three different ribotypes were identified based on rrs PCR-RFLP analysis. Sequence analyses of rrs and four housekeeping genes (recA, atpD, gyrB and glnII) assigned 30 isolates to four putative new lineages and a single strain to Sinorhizobium meliloti. Thirteen slow-growing isolates representing the most dominant IGS (intergenic spacer) profile clustered distinctly from known rhizobia species within Bradyrhizobium with the closest related species being Bradyrhizobium shewense and Bradyrhizobium niftali, which had 95.17% and 95.1% sequence identity, respectively. Two slow-growing isolates, 1AS28L and 5AS6L, had B. frederekii as their closest species with a sequence identity of 95.2%, an indication that these strains could constitute a new lineage. Strains 1AS14I, 1AS12I and 6AS6 clustered distinctly from known rhizobia species but within the Rhizobium leguminosarum complex (Rlc) with the most closely related species being Rhizobium indicum with 96.3% sequence identity. Similarly, the remaining 11 strains showed 96.9 % and 97.2% similarity values with R. changzhiense and R. indicum, respectively. Based on nodC and nodA phylogenies and cross inoculation tests, these 14 strains of Rlc species clearly diverged from strains of Sinorhizobium and Rlc symbiovars, and formed a new symbiovar for which the name sv. "salignae" is proposed. Bacterial strains isolated in this study that were taxonomically assigned to Bradyrhizobium harbored different symbiotic genes and the data suggested a new symbiovar, for which sv. "cyanophyllae" is proposed. Isolates formed effective nodules on A. saligna.}, }
@article {pmid35759652, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, B and Zhang, K and Liu, QX and He, Q and van de Koppel, J and Teng, SN and Miao, X and Liu, M and Bertness, MD and Xu, C}, title = {Long-distance facilitation of coastal ecosystem structure and resilience.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {119}, number = {28}, pages = {e2123274119}, pmid = {35759652}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Biota ; *Introduced Species ; *Poaceae ; Salinity ; Soil/chemistry ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Biotic interactions that hierarchically organize ecosystems by driving ecological and evolutionary processes across spatial scales are ubiquitous in our biosphere. Biotic interactions have been extensively studied at local and global scales, but how long-distance, cross-ecosystem interactions at intermediate landscape scales influence the structure, function, and resilience of ecological systems remains poorly understood. We used remote sensing, modeling, and field data to test the hypothesis that the long-distance impact of an invasive species dramatically affects one of the largest tidal flat ecosystems in East Asia. We found that the invasion of exotic cordgrass Spartina alterniflora can produce long-distance effects on native species up to 10 km away, driving decadal coastal ecosystem transitions. The invasive cordgrass at low elevations facilitated the expansion of the native reed Phragmites australis at high elevations, leading to the massive loss and reduced resilience of the iconic Suaeda salsa "Red Beach" marshes at intermediate elevations, largely as a consequence of reduced soil salinity across the landscape. Our results illustrate the complex role that long-distance interactions can play in shaping landscape structure and ecosystem resilience and in bridging the gap between local and global biotic interactions.}, }
@article {pmid35755675, year = {2022}, author = {Iwanycki Ahlstrand, N and Gopalakrishnan, S and Vieira, FG and Bieker, VC and Meudt, HM and Dunbar-Co, S and Rothfels, CJ and Martinez-Swatson, KA and Maldonado, C and Hassemer, G and Shipunov, A and Bowers, MD and Gardner, E and Xu, M and Ghorbani, A and Amano, M and Grace, OM and Pringle, JS and Bishop, M and Manzanilla, V and Cotrim, H and Blaney, S and Zubov, D and Choi, HK and Yesil, Y and Bennett, B and Vimolmangkang, S and El-Seedi, HR and Staub, PO and Li, Z and Boldbaatar, D and Hislop, M and Caddy, LJ and Muasya, AM and Saslis-Lagoudakis, CH and Gilbert, MTP and Zerega, NJC and Rønsted, N}, title = {Travel Tales of a Worldwide Weed: Genomic Signatures of Plantago major L. Reveal Distinct Genotypic Groups With Links to Colonial Trade Routes.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {838166}, pmid = {35755675}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Retracing pathways of historical species introductions is fundamental to understanding the factors involved in the successful colonization and spread, centuries after a species' establishment in an introduced range. Numerous plants have been introduced to regions outside their native ranges both intentionally and accidentally by European voyagers and early colonists making transoceanic journeys; however, records are scarce to document this. We use genotyping-by-sequencing and genotype-likelihood methods on the selfing, global weed, Plantago major, collected from 50 populations worldwide to investigate how patterns of genomic diversity are distributed among populations of this global weed. Although genomic differentiation among populations is found to be low, we identify six unique genotype groups showing very little sign of admixture and low degree of outcrossing among them. We show that genotype groups are latitudinally restricted, and that more than one successful genotype colonized and spread into the introduced ranges. With the exception of New Zealand, only one genotype group is present in the Southern Hemisphere. Three of the most prevalent genotypes present in the native Eurasian range gave rise to introduced populations in the Americas, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, which could lend support to the hypothesis that P. major was unknowlingly dispersed by early European colonists. Dispersal of multiple successful genotypes is a likely reason for success. Genomic signatures and phylogeographic methods can provide new perspectives on the drivers behind the historic introductions and the successful colonization of introduced species, contributing to our understanding of the role of genomic variation for successful establishment of introduced taxa.}, }
@article {pmid35752128, year = {2022}, author = {Yuan, JW and Song, HX and Chang, YW and Yang, F and Du, YZ}, title = {Transcriptome analysis and screening of putative sex-determining genes in the invasive pest, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae).}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part D, Genomics &amp; proteomics}, volume = {43}, number = {}, pages = {101008}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbd.2022.101008}, pmid = {35752128}, issn = {1878-0407}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Insecta ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Thysanoptera/genetics ; }, abstract = {The invasive insect pest, Frankliniella occidentalis, is a well-known vector that transmits a variety of ornamental and vegetable viruses. The mechanistic basis of sex determination in F. occidentalis is not well understood, and this hinders our ability to deploy sterile insect technology as an integrated pest management strategy. In this study, six cDNA libraries from female and male adults of F. occidentalis (three biological replicates each) were constructed and transcriptomes were sequenced. A total of 6000 differentially-expressed genes were identified in the two sexes including 2355 up- and 3645 down-regulated genes. A total of 149 sex-related genes were identified based on GO enrichment data and included transformer-2 (tra2), fruitless (fru), male-specific lethal (msl) and sex lethal (sxl); several of these exhibited sex-specific and/or sex-biased expression in F. occidentalis. This study contributes to our understanding of the sex-determined cascade in F. occidentalis and other members of the Thysanoptera.}, }
@article {pmid35752096, year = {2022}, author = {Dobson, B and Barry, S and Maes-Prior, R and Mijic, A and Woodward, G and Pearse, WD}, title = {Predicting catchment suitability for biodiversity at national scales.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {221}, number = {}, pages = {118764}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2022.118764}, pmid = {35752096}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Fresh Water ; Rivers ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Biomonitoring of water quality and catchment management are often disconnected, due to mismatching scales. Considerable effort and money are spent each year on routine reach-scale surveying across many sites, particularly in countries like the UK, where nationwide sampling has been conducted using standardised techniques for many decades. Most of these traditional freshwater biomonitoring schemes focus on pre-defined indicators of organic pollution to compare observed vs expected subsets of common macroinvertebrate indicator species. Other taxa, including many threatened species, are often ignored due to their rarity, as are many invasive species, which are seen as undesirable despite becoming increasingly common and widespread in freshwaters, especially in urban ecosystems. Both these types of taxa are often monitored separately for reasons related to biodiversity concerns rather than for gauging water quality. Repurposing such data could therefore provide important new biomonitoring tools that can help catchment managers to directly link the water quality they aim to control with the biodiversity they are trying to protect. Here we used extensive data held in the England Non-Native and Rare/Protected species records that track these two groups of species as a proof-of-concept for linking catchment scale management of freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity to a range of potential drivers across England. We used national land use (Centre for Ecology and Hydrology land cover map) and water quality indicator (Environment Agency water quality data archive) datasets to predict, at the catchment scale, the presence or absence of 48 focal threatened or invasive species of concern routinely sampled by the English Environment Agency, with a median accuracy of 0.81 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. A variety of water quality indicators and land-use types were useful in predictions, highlighting that future biomonitoring schemes could use such complementary measures to capture a wider spectrum of drivers and responses. In particular, the percentage of a catchment covered by freshwater was the single most important metric, reinforcing the need for space/habitat to support biodiversity, but we were also able to resolve a range of key environmental drivers for particular focal species. We show how our method could inform new catchment management approaches, by highlighting how key relationships can be identified and how to understand, visualise and prioritise catchments that are most suitable for restoration or water quality interventions. The scale of this work, in terms of number of species, drivers and locations, represents a significant step towards forging a new approach to catchment management that enables managers to link drivers they can control (water quality and land use) to the biota they are trying to protect (biodiversity).}, }
@article {pmid35751614, year = {2022}, author = {Yang, JS and Qian, ZH and Shi, T and Li, ZZ and Chen, JM}, title = {Chromosome-level genome assembly of the aquatic plant Nymphoides indica reveals transposable element bursts and NBS-LRR gene family expansion shedding light on its invasiveness.}, journal = {DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {35751614}, issn = {1756-1663}, support = {XDB31000000//Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {Binding Sites ; *Chromosomes ; *DNA Transposable Elements ; Genome, Plant ; Phylogeny ; Protein Domains ; }, abstract = {Nymphoides indica, an aquatic plant, is an invasive species that causes both ecological and economic damage in North America and elsewhere. However, the lack of genomic data of N. indica limits the in-depth analysis of this invasive species. Here, we report a chromosome-level genome assembly of nine pseudochromosomes of N. indica with a total size of ∼ 520 Mb. More than half of the N. indica genome consists of transposable elements (TEs), and a higher density of TEs around genes may play a significant role in response to an ever-changing environment by regulating the nearby gene. Additionally, our analysis revealed that N. indica only experienced a gamma (γ) whole-genome triplication event. Functional enrichment of the N. indica-specific and expanded gene families highlighted genes involved in the responses to hypoxia and plant-pathogen interactions, which may strengthen the ability to adapt to external challenges and improve ecological fitness. Furthermore, we identified 160 members of the nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat gene family, which may be linked to the defence response. Collectively, the high-quality N. indica genome reported here opens a novel avenue to understand the evolution and rapid invasion of Nymphoides spp.}, }
@article {pmid35751512, year = {2022}, author = {Marcacci, G and Grass, I and Rao, VS and Kumar S, S and Tharini, KB and Belavadi, VV and Nölke, N and Tscharntke, T and Westphal, C}, title = {Functional diversity of farmland bees across rural-urban landscapes in a tropical megacity.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {8}, pages = {e2699}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2699}, pmid = {35751512}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Bees ; Animals ; Farms ; *Pollination/physiology ; *Biodiversity ; Urbanization ; Crops, Agricultural ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Urbanization poses a major threat to biodiversity and food security, as expanding cities, especially in the Global South, increasingly compete with natural and agricultural lands. However, the impact of urban expansion on agricultural biodiversity in tropical regions is overlooked. Here we assess how urbanization affects the functional response of farmland bees, the most important pollinators for crop production. We sampled bees across three seasons in 36 conventional vegetable-producing farms spread along an urbanization gradient in Bengaluru, an Indian megacity. We investigated how landscape and local environmental drivers affected different functional traits (sociality, nesting behavior, body size, and specialization) and functional diversity (functional dispersion) of bee communities. We found that the functional responses to urbanization were trait specific with more positive than negative effects of gray area (sealed surfaces and buildings) on species richness, functional diversity, and abundance of most functional groups. As expected, larger, solitary, cavity-nesting, and, surprisingly, specialist bees benefited from urbanization. In contrast to temperate cities, the abundance of ground nesters increased in urban areas, presumably because larger patches of bare soil were still available beside roads and buildings. However, overall bee abundance and the abundance of social bees (85% of all bees) decreased with urbanization, threatening crop pollination. Crop diversity promotes taxonomic and functional diversity of bee communities. Locally, flower resources promote the abundance of all functional groups, and natural vegetation can maintain diverse pollinator communities throughout the year, especially during the noncropping season. However, exotic plants decrease functional diversity and bee specialization. To safeguard bees and their pollination services in urban farms, we recommend (1) preserving seminatural vegetation (hedges) around cropping fields to provide nesting opportunities for aboveground nesters, (2) promoting farm-level crop diversification of beneficial crops (e.g., pulses, vegetables, and spices), (3) maintaining native natural vegetation along field margins, and (4) controlling and removing invasive exotic plants that disrupt native plant-pollinator interactions. Overall, our results suggest that urban agriculture can maintain functionally diverse bee communities and, if managed in a sustainable manner, be used to develop win-win solutions for biodiversity conservation of pollinators and food security in and around cities.}, }
@article {pmid35750304, year = {2022}, author = {Zhou, L and Liu, K and Zhao, Y and Cui, L and Dong, C and Wang, Z}, title = {Increasing salinization of freshwater limits invasiveness of a live-bearing fish: Insights from behavioral and life-history traits.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {308}, number = {}, pages = {119658}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119658}, pmid = {35750304}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cyprinodontiformes/physiology ; Female ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; Male ; Salinity ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions and continued salinization of freshwater are two global issues with largely serious ecological consequences. Increasing salinity in freshwater systems, as an environmental stressor, may negatively affect normal life activities in fish. It has been documented that salinity limits the invasive success of alien species by mediating physiological and life-history performances, however, there are few studies on how salinity affects its invasive process via altered behaviors. Using wild-caught invasive western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) as animal model, in this study, we asked whether gradual increasing salinity affects behaviors (personality and mate choice decision here), life-history traits, as well as the correlation between them by exposing G. affinis to three levels salinity (freshwater, 10 and 20‰). Results showed that, with increased salinity, male tended to be shyer, less active, less sociable, and reduced desire to mate, and female tended to be shyer, less active and lost preferences for the larger male. Furthermore, across salinity treatments, male exhibited reduced body fat content and rising reproduction allocation, however, pregnant female revealed diametrically opposed trends. In addition, the correlation between life-history traits and behaviors was only identified in pregnant female. It seems that either salinity or life-history traits directly affects mosquitofish behaviors. In summary, our results partially emphasize the harmful consequences of salinity on both life-history traits and behavioral performances. These findings provide a novel perspective on how salinity potentially affect fish fitness via altering personalities, mate choice decisions, as well as body condition, and hence supports the idea that salinity could affect the spread of invasive mosquitofish.}, }
@article {pmid35747246, year = {2022}, author = {Ndabankulu, K and Tsvuura, Z and Magadlela, A}, title = {Alien invasive Leucaena leucocephala successfully acquires nutrients by investing in below-ground biomass compared to native Vachellia nilotica in nutrient-amended soils in South Africa.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {plac026}, pmid = {35747246}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Soils in grasslands and savannas of southern Africa are acidic and nutrient-poor. Legume plants, such as Vachellia nilotica and alien invasive Leucaena leucocephala, are a major component of the vegetation there. Vachellia nilotica can establish in drought-prone environments, and is invasive in high rainfall areas. Leucaena leucocephala is an emerging invasive in South Africa and is ranked among the world's 100 most invasive alien species. Alien plants can invade native habitats through their adaptability to low-resource soils, and thus can out-compete and displace native vegetation. We investigated the effects of phosphorus (P) deficiency and soil acidity on legume-microbe symbiosis, nitrogen (N) nutrition and carbon (C) growth costs of these two legumes in grassland soils. We used as inoculum and growth substrate soils collected from a long-term (>65 years) nutrient and lime-addition trial, the Veld Fertilizer Trial (VFT), located at Ukulinga Research Farm near Pietermaritzburg in South Africa. We used soils from three VFT treatments: soils fertilized with superphosphate (336 kg ha[-1]) applied once per year (+P), soils fertilized with superphosphate (336 kg ha[-1]) applied once per year with dolomitic lime (2250 kg ha[-1]) applied once every 5 years (P+L) and soils with no superphosphate and no dolomitic lime applications (Control). Seeds of V. nilotica and L. leucocephala were germinated and grown independently in these soils in green house conditions and harvested after 125 days for measurement of growth, legume-microbe symbiosis, N nutrition and C growth costs. Results showed that the two legumes had different growth adaptations. Vachellia nilotica grown in control soils and +P soils nodulated with various Burkholderia spp., while L. leucocephala did not nodulate in all soil treatments. Both legumes utilized for growth both atmospheric- and soil-derived N across all treatments thereby decreasing C growth costs. Vachellia nilotica grown in +P soils accumulated the most biomass and N nutrition. Leucaena leucocephala maximized specific N assimilation rates by investing in below-ground biomass accumulation in control soils. This shows that L. leucocephala possesses traits that are successful in acquiring nutrients by investing in below-ground biomass and relying on utilization of N from both the soil and the atmosphere.}, }
@article {pmid35746679, year = {2022}, author = {van den Hurk, AF and Skinner, E and Ritchie, SA and Mackenzie, JS}, title = {The Emergence of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Australia in 2022: Existing Knowledge of Mosquito Vectors.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {35746679}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Australia/epidemiology ; *Culex ; *Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics ; *Encephalitis, Japanese ; Mosquito Vectors ; Swine ; }, abstract = {In early 2022, the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was identified as the cause of stillborn and mummified piglets in pig farms in southeastern Australia. Human cases and additional pig farms with infected piglets were subsequently identified across a widespread area encompassing four states. To inform surveillance and control programs, we synthesized existing information on Australian vectors of JEV, much of which was generated in response to incursions of JEV into the northern state of Queensland between 1995 and 2005. Members of the Culex sitiens subgroup, particularly Culex annulirostris, should be considered the primary vectors of JEV in Australia, as they yielded >87% of field detections of JEV, were highly efficient laboratory vectors of the virus, readily fed on pigs and birds (the key amplifying hosts of the virus) when they were available, and are widespread and often occur in large populations. Three introduced species, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex gelidus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus may also serve as vectors, but more information on their geographical distribution, abundance and bionomics in the Australian context is required. Mosquitoes from other genera, such as Aedes and Verrallina, whilst considered relatively poor vectors, could play a regional or supplemental role in transmission, especially facilitating vertical transmission as a virus overwintering mechanism. Additional factors that could impact JEV transmission, including mosquito survival, dispersal and genetics, are also discussed. Possible directions for investigation are provided, especially in the context of the virus emerging in a region with different mosquito fauna and environmental drivers than northern Australia.}, }
@article {pmid35739401, year = {2022}, author = {Montenegro-Hoyos, AC and Muñoz-Carvajal, EA and Wallberg, BN and Seguel, ME and Rosales, SA and Viña-Trillos, NA and Torres-Avilés, DS and Villarroel, AE and Gaymer, CF and Squeo, FA}, title = {Biodiversity in Times of COVID-19 and its Relationship with the Socio-Economic and Health Context: A Look from the Digital Media.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {70}, number = {3}, pages = {369-380}, pmid = {35739401}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Humans ; Internet ; Pandemics ; Socioeconomic Factors ; }, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a pause in people's activities and a socio-economic crisis worldwide due to confinement. This situation is an unprecedented opportunity to understand how these changes may impact biodiversity and its conservation, as well as to study human-nature interaction. Biodiversity plays an essential role in conservation and economic activities, and in countries with greater inequality and low gross domestic product (GDP), biodiversity could have a low priority. Moreover, how biodiversity is prioritized in a society impacts how the citizens view it, and digital news tends to shape biodiversity narratives. The aim of this work was to determine the main trends in biodiversity-related news categories during the COVID-19 pandemic in countries with terrestrial and marine hotspots and relate them to the socioeconomic and public health context of each country. For this, we searched for news on biodiversity and Covid-19 in the first 6 months of the pandemic and related them to GDP, Gini-index, deaths, and infections by Covid-19. Results showed that conservation, public policies, and use of natural resources stood out as the main news categories across countries, with a positive narrative and mostly related to terrestrial rather than marine environments. On the other hand, the socio-economic and public health characteristics of each country had an influence on which aspect of the biodiversity was reflected in the media. For example, countries with greater inequality were associated with tourism news, additionally, countries with low GDP, high cases, and deaths by Covid-19 were associated with news about cultural diversity. In contrast, countries with high GDP and low inequality were associated with news about zoonosis, research and development, public policies, and alien and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid35739164, year = {2022}, author = {Kaiser, SW and Greenlees, MJ and Shine, R}, title = {Sex-based differences in the use of post-fire habitats by invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {10610}, pmid = {35739164}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufo marinus ; Ecosystem ; Female ; *Fires ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Wildfires ; }, abstract = {Wildfires can modify habitat attributes, and those changes may differentially affect males versus females within a species if there is pre-existing niche divergence between the sexes. We used radio-tracking and dissections to study invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina), and performed transect counts on native frogs and cane toads 12 months after extensive fires in forests of eastern Australia. Both toads and native frogs were encountered more frequently in burned sites than in unburned sites. Most microhabitat features were similar between burned versus unburned areas, but fire had differential impacts on the ecology of male versus female toads. In burned areas females were less numerous but were larger, in better body condition, and had consumed more prey (especially, coleopterans and myriapods). The impact of fire on attributes of retreat-sites (e.g., temperature, density of vegetation cover) also differed between the sexes. More generally, intraspecific divergence in ecological traits within a species (as a function of body size as well as sex) may translate into substantial divergences in the impacts of habitat change.}, }
@article {pmid35737773, year = {2022}, author = {Reinke, BA and Cayuela, H and Janzen, FJ and Lemaître, JF and Gaillard, JM and Lawing, AM and Iverson, JB and Christiansen, DG and Martínez-Solano, I and Sánchez-Montes, G and Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, J and Rose, FL and Nelson, N and Keall, S and Crivelli, AJ and Nazirides, T and Grimm-Seyfarth, A and Henle, K and Mori, E and Guiller, G and Homan, R and Olivier, A and Muths, E and Hossack, BR and Bonnet, X and Pilliod, DS and Lettink, M and Whitaker, T and Schmidt, BR and Gardner, MG and Cheylan, M and Poitevin, F and Golubović, A and Tomović, L and Arsovski, D and Griffiths, RA and Arntzen, JW and Baron, JP and Le Galliard, JF and Tully, T and Luiselli, L and Capula, M and Rugiero, L and McCaffery, R and Eby, LA and Briggs-Gonzalez, V and Mazzotti, F and Pearson, D and Lambert, BA and Green, DM and Jreidini, N and Angelini, C and Pyke, G and Thirion, JM and Joly, P and Léna, JP and Tucker, AD and Limpus, C and Priol, P and Besnard, A and Bernard, P and Stanford, K and King, R and Garwood, J and Bosch, J and Souza, FL and Bertoluci, J and Famelli, S and Grossenbacher, K and Lenzi, O and Matthews, K and Boitaud, S and Olson, DH and Jessop, TS and Gillespie, GR and Clobert, J and Richard, M and Valenzuela-Sánchez, A and Fellers, GM and Kleeman, PM and Halstead, BJ and Grant, EHC and Byrne, PG and Frétey, T and Le Garff, B and Levionnois, P and Maerz, JC and Pichenot, J and Olgun, K and Üzüm, N and Avcı, A and Miaud, C and Elmberg, J and Brown, GP and Shine, R and Bendik, NF and O'Donnell, L and Davis, CL and Lannoo, MJ and Stiles, RM and Cox, RM and Reedy, AM and Warner, DA and Bonnaire, E and Grayson, K and Ramos-Targarona, R and Baskale, E and Muñoz, D and Measey, J and de Villiers, FA and Selman, W and Ronget, V and Bronikowski, AM and Miller, DAW}, title = {Diverse aging rates in ectothermic tetrapods provide insights for the evolution of aging and longevity.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {376}, number = {6600}, pages = {1459-1466}, doi = {10.1126/science.abm0151}, pmid = {35737773}, issn = {1095-9203}, support = {R01 AG049416/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Aging ; *Amphibians/classification/physiology ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Longevity ; Phylogeny ; *Reptiles/classification/physiology ; }, abstract = {Comparative studies of mortality in the wild are necessary to understand the evolution of aging; yet, ectothermic tetrapods are underrepresented in this comparative landscape, despite their suitability for testing evolutionary hypotheses. We present a study of aging rates and longevity across wild tetrapod ectotherms, using data from 107 populations (77 species) of nonavian reptiles and amphibians. We test hypotheses of how thermoregulatory mode, environmental temperature, protective phenotypes, and pace of life history contribute to demographic aging. Controlling for phylogeny and body size, ectotherms display a higher diversity of aging rates compared with endotherms and include phylogenetically widespread evidence of negligible aging. Protective phenotypes and life-history strategies further explain macroevolutionary patterns of aging. Analyzing ectothermic tetrapods in a comparative context enhances our understanding of the evolution of aging.}, }
@article {pmid35737710, year = {2022}, author = {Zhao, Y and Jin, B and Liu, P and Xiao, X and Cai, L and Xie, Z and Kong, L and Liu, T and Yang, W and Wu, Y and Gu, J and Tu, Z and James, AA and Chen, XG}, title = {The AalNix3&amp;4 isoform is required and sufficient to convert Aedes albopictus females into males.}, journal = {PLoS genetics}, volume = {18}, number = {6}, pages = {e1010280}, pmid = {35737710}, issn = {1553-7404}, mesh = {*Aedes/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics ; Protein Isoforms/genetics/metabolism ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus is one of the most invasive insect species in the world and an effective vector for many important arboviruses. We reported previously that Ae. albopictus Nix (AalNix) is the male-determining factor of this species. However, whether AalNix alone is sufficient to initiate male development is unknown. Transgenic lines that express each of the three AalNix isoforms from the native promoter were obtained using piggyBac transformation. We verified the stable expression of AalNix isoforms in the transgenic lines and confirm that one isoform, AalNix3&amp;4, is sufficient to convert females into fertile males (pseudo-males) that are indistinguishable from wild-type males. We also established a stable sex-converted female mosquito strain, AalNix3&amp;4-♂4-pseudo-male. The pseudo-male mosquitoes can fly and mate normally with wild-type female, although their mating competitiveness is lower than wild-type. This work further clarifies the role of AalNix in the sex determination pathway and will facilitate the development of Ae. albopictus control strategies that rely on male-only releases such as SIT and sex-ratio distortion.}, }
@article {pmid35737323, year = {2022}, author = {Ramadan, MM and Dailey, D}, title = {Trouble for Horses in Paradise: Toxicity and Fatality Resulting from the Consumption of Indigofera spicata (Fabaceae) on Oahu Island.}, journal = {Veterinary sciences}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {35737323}, issn = {2306-7381}, abstract = {This is the first account of fatal toxicity in horses resulting from grazing on the pasture plant creeping indigo, Indigofera spicata, on the island of Oahu, in the Hawaiian Islands. A survey in the town of Waialua on the north shore of Oahu island indicated that creeping indigo is common and abundant on grazing lands during the rainy season and requires intensive chemical and physical control measures. Four pastures were surveyed where ranchers reported mortality of more than 17 horses since 2020. We document these incidents to alert state animal and livestock support officials, groups monitoring invasive species, and horse owners regarding the problem of this noxious weed and to support breeders with information to confront its invasiveness. Herbicide treatment is not economically feasible, and breeders opted to physically uproot the plants from the paddocks and restrain horses to clear pastures as they were eliminating the plants. We urge state officials for a long-term control strategy to reduce the problems associated with this weed.}, }
@article {pmid35737226, year = {2023}, author = {Barahona-Segovia, RM and González, CR and Pañinao-Monsálvez, L}, title = {Citizen Science Meet South American Tachinids: New Records of Feather-Legged Fly Trichopoda (Galactomyia) pictipennis Bigot (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Chile.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, pages = {227-239}, pmid = {35737226}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Diptera ; Chile ; *Citizen Science ; *Heteroptera ; }, abstract = {The species of Gymnosomatini (Diptera: Tachinidae) are specialized to attack stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Some of these flies, such as those in the genus Trichopoda Berthold, are conspicuous and represent target species to study with citizen science. Here we report for the first time the distribution range of T. (Galactomyia) pictipennis Bigot, a newly introduced biological control species of tachinid for use against stink bugs in Chile using data obtained through the citizen science method. Additionally, we update the distribution of T. arcuata (Bigot), a native biological control species of tachinid, and assess the grade of overlap between the flies and their main stink bug hosts. We obtained data regarding the occurrence of flies and stink bugs from the citizen science program "Moscas Florícolas de Chile," from Facebook groups, and from iNaturalist. We standardized our data to avoid temporal, spatial, and geographic biases. We report the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for each fly and stink bug species. The EOOs for T. pictipennis and T. arcuata are 85,474 km[2] and 20,647 km[2] through central Chile ecosystems, respectively. The EOO of T. arcuata is overlapped by 53% with the introduced species. Trichopoda pictipennis has a high percentage of overlap with the EOO of Nezara viridula Linnaeus (61%), whereas T. arcuata has low percentages of overlap with different native Acledra species and with N. viridula. We discuss the potential of citizen science to detect (1) areas with higher diversity or gaps of occurrences, (2) new biological control agents, (3) prey records, (4) negative impacts on non-target species, (5) changes in composition at long-term, and (6) areas to promote conservation biological control in agricultural landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid35735874, year = {2022}, author = {Crespo, N and Louzada, J and Fernandes, LS and Tavares, PB and Aranha, J}, title = {Microscopic Identification of Anatomical Elements and Chemical Analysis of Secondary Nests of Vespa velutina nigrithorax du Buyson.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {35735874}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Vespa velutina accidentally arrived in Europe (France) in 2004, and rapidly expanded throughout the entire country. Its presence in mainland Portugal was first noticed in 2011. Being an invasive species with no natural predators in the region to control it, it has caused enormous environmental and economic damage, particularly on Apis mellifera (honeybee) colonies. Although there is already some research on this species' biology, little is known about its adaption to European ecological conditions, specifically in terms of nest building. This type of hornet builds a primary nest in the spring to start a colony. During the summer, they build a secondary nest to develop the main colony. These secondary nests are ovoid-shaped and range in size from 18.7 cm to 45.0 cm in diameter and from 19.2 cm to 65.0 cm in length, attaining their highest development in late summer. The external appearance of these nests is characterized by alternating stripes that are beige and brown in color. The main objective of this study is to identify the composition and the origin of the materials that are used by Vespa velutina nigrithorax to build the outer envelope of these secondary nests. This information could be very interesting and will not only increase our knowledge on the biology of the species in regions far from its original area, but will also be relevant for the future implementation of new policies to control this invasive species by means biological control. Several samples were taken from each nest and were observed under different optical magnifying devices. In the second stage, their chemical composition was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS). It was noticed that almost all of the materials used in the nests' construction were lignocellulose from woody materials from both softwood (gymnosperm) and hardwood (angiosperm) forest species as well from leaves and small particles of agricultural origin (grasses). The beige strips were formed almost exclusively from woody softwood cells, while the brown strips were composed of hardwood cells, leaf tissues, and grasses. Chemically, it was noticed that this material mainly consisted of cellulose, with more than 99% being composed of C and O and very little mineral material from elements such as Na, Al, Si, K, and Ca. The achieved results allow us to state that in the construction of these secondary nests, these hornets only used organic materials that are then probably agglomerated through their mouths.}, }
@article {pmid35735872, year = {2022}, author = {McPherson, C and Avanesyan, A and Lamp, WO}, title = {Diverse Host Plants of the First Instars of the Invasive Lycorma delicatula: Insights from eDNA Metabarcoding.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {35735872}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {MD-ENTM-201189//Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station/ ; MD-ENTM-1802//Hatch Project/ ; }, abstract = {Identification of host plants of the invasive spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), has been the focus of many studies. While the adults and late nymphs are relatively easy to observe on plants and to use for molecular gut-content analysis, studying the early instars is more challenging. This study is the continuation of our ongoing efforts to determine the host range for each developmental stage of L. delicatula. In the present study, we focused exclusively on the first nymphal instars, and we used a novel approach, utilizing "bulk" DNA extracts for DNA metabarcoding of nymphal gut contents, to identify all the detectable plants that the nymphs had ingested prior to being collected. We were able to obtain high-quality amplicons (up to 406 bp) of a portion of the rbcL gene and detect 27 unique ingested plant species belonging to 17 families. Both native and introduced plants with the prevalence of trees and grasses were present among the ingested plants. We also identified 13 novel host plants that have not been previously reported for L. delicatula on the U.S. territory. The results from our study have important applications for developing effective programs on early monitoring of invasive L. delicatula.}, }
@article {pmid35735871, year = {2022}, author = {Guo, KF and Peng, XM and Tu, JY and Jin, C and Zhang, WR and Chen, XZ and Liu, YJ and Zha, HG and Shi, W and Cao, J}, title = {Abnormal Antennal Olfactory Sensilla Phenotypes Involved in Olfactory Deficit in Bactrocera correcta (Diptera: Tephritidae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {35735871}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {31960114//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31860616//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32070258//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 202001BB050002//Science and Technology Program of Yunnan Province/ ; 2019FY00302//Science and Technology Program of Yunnan Province/ ; }, abstract = {The guava fruit fly, Bactrocera correcta, is one of the most destructive pests in the genus Bactrocera and detects environmental odorants mainly through antennal olfactory sensilla phenotypes with nanopores. However, it is unclear whether there are naturally occurring abnormal antennal olfactory sensilla phenotypes that affect olfaction. Here, we found that there were abnormal bulges besides nanopores on the surface of trichoid and basiconic olfactory sensilla in the antennal flagellum of long-term laboratory rearing colony (LTC), and that nanopore number in these olfactory sensilla was also remarkably reduced. Notably, the electroantennogram (EAG) responses of LTC insects to methyl eugenol or β-caryophyllene were inhibited, and their behavioral responses elicited by the same odorants were also impaired. These results revealed naturally occurring abnormal antennal olfactory sensilla phenotypes which were involved in olfactory deficit in B. correcta, providing a platform to further study nanopore-targeted pest control technologies in the future.}, }
@article {pmid35735864, year = {2022}, author = {Rondoni, G and Chierici, E and Marchetti, E and Nasi, S and Ferrari, R and Conti, E}, title = {Improved Captures of the Invasive Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys, Using a Novel Multimodal Trap.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {35735864}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {"S.I.S.C.C.C.A.".//PSR Emilia-Romagna meas.16.1/ ; }, abstract = {Capture strategies for the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), are challenging. Here we developed and evaluated a multimodal trap which combines visual and olfactory stimuli. Visual stimuli consisted of LEDs emitting UV-A and visible light. Olfactory stimuli were comprised of the synthetic aggregation pheromone and odours from trapped H. halys individuals. Stink bug attraction at different wavelengths was evaluated in laboratory two-choice bioassays, and different prototypes of the trap were tested in 2021 in natural, agricultural, and urban settings. Traps with a combination of UV-A and blue or green visible wavelengths provided higher H. halys attraction (up to ~8-fold) compared to traditional sticky or small pyramidal traps. The concurrent presence of synthetic pheromone and LED had a synergistic effect on H. halys positive phototaxis. Further development and implementation of the multimodal trap is discussed for prospective use in attract-and-kill or push-pull strategies.}, }
@article {pmid35735617, year = {2022}, author = {Simeonova, R and Shkondrov, A and Kozuharova, E and Ionkova, I and Krasteva, I}, title = {A Study on the Safety and Effects of Amorpha fruticosa Fruit Extract on Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats with Induced Type 2 Diabetes.}, journal = {Current issues in molecular biology}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, pages = {2583-2592}, pmid = {35735617}, issn = {1467-3045}, support = {contract number DO1-217/30.11.2018 (BioActiveMed), agreement number DO1-278/03.12.2021//Ministry of Education and Science/ ; }, abstract = {Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a variety of diagnostic criteria: obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and arterial hypertension. They contribute to the elevated risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The potential for Amorpha fruticosa L. (Fabaceae) to improve diabetes and metabolic disease is promising, based on in vitro tests. This is why a further investigation of the species is needed. Additionally, a toxicity review in relation to safety revealed that to date, there are no published data regarding the toxicity of A. fruticosa towards humans. This species could provide abundant and cheap resources because it is an aggressive invasive plant that grows almost unrestrictedly. The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of a purified extract of A. fruticosa (EAF), and to assess its antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antihyperglycemic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The EAF was slightly toxic (LD50 = 2121 mg/kg, b.w.) when administered orally, and moderately toxic (LD50 = 316 mg/kg, b.w.) at intraperitoneal administration, both in mice. The oral administration of EAF (100 mg/kg) for 35 days to SHRs caused significant decreases in the systolic pressure, blood glucose levels, and MDA quantity. It also increased the hepatic level of the endogenous antioxidant GSH, not only in diabetic SHRs, but also in the control group. An additional potential benefit to human health might be conferred through the environmental management of A. fruticosa based on its large-scale use for medicinal purposes, as this aggressive invasive species brings problems to natural habitats in many European countries.}, }
@article {pmid35733963, year = {2022}, author = {Bathia, J and Schröder, K and Fraune, S and Lachnit, T and Rosenstiel, P and Bosch, TCG}, title = {Symbiotic Algae of Hydra viridissima Play a Key Role in Maintaining Homeostatic Bacterial Colonization.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {869666}, pmid = {35733963}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The freshwater polyp Hydra viridissima (H. viridissima) harbors endosymbiotic Chlorella algae in addition to a species-specific microbiome. The molecular basis of the symbiosis between Hydra and Chlorella has been characterized to be metabolic in nature. Here, we studied the interaction between the extracellularly located microbiota and the algal photobiont, which resides in Hydra's endodermal epithelium, with main focus on Legionella bacterium. We aimed at evaluating the influence of the symbiotic algae on microbial colonization and in shaping the host microbiome. We report that the microbiome composition of symbiotic and aposymbiotic (algae free) H. viridissima is significantly different and dominated by Legionella spp. Hvir in aposymbiotic animals. Co-cultivation of these animals resulted in horizontal transmission of Legionella spp. Hvir bacteria from aposymbiotic to symbiotic animals. Acquisition of this bacterium increased the release of algae into ambient water. From there, algae could subsequently be taken up again by the aposymbiotic animals. The presence of algal symbionts had negative impact on Legionella spp. Hvir and resulted in a decrease of the relative abundance of this bacterium. Prolonged co-cultivation ultimately resulted in the disappearance of the Legionella spp. Hvir bacterium from the Hydra tissue. Our observations suggest an important role of the photobiont in controlling an invasive species in a metacommunity and, thereby, shaping the microbiome.}, }
@article {pmid35730154, year = {2022}, author = {Poli, C and Robertson, EP and Martin, J and Powell, AN and Fletcher, RJ}, title = {An invasive prey provides long-lasting silver spoon effects for an endangered predator.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {289}, number = {1977}, pages = {20220820}, pmid = {35730154}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; *Falconiformes ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Silver ; Snails ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The natal environment can have long-term fitness consequences for individuals, particularly via 'silver spoon' or 'environmental matching' effects. Invasive species could alter natal effects on native species by changing species interactions, but this potential remains unknown. Using 17 years of data on 2588 individuals across the entire US breeding range of the endangered snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis), a wetland raptor that feeds entirely on Pomacea snails, we tested for silver spoon and environmental matching effects on survival and movement and whether the invasion of a non-native snail may alter outcomes. We found support for silver spoon effects, not environmental matching, on survival that operated through body condition at fledging, explained by hydrology in the natal wetland. When non-native snails were present at the natal site, kites were in better condition, individual condition was less sensitive to hydrology, and kites fledged across a wider range of hydrologic conditions, leading to higher survival that persisted for at least 10 years. Movement between wetlands was driven by the current (adult) environment, and birds born in both invaded and uninvaded wetlands preferred to occupy invaded wetlands post-fledging. These results illustrate that species invasions may profoundly impact the role of natal environments on native species.}, }
@article {pmid35730081, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, YF and Liu, ZY and Zhang, BG and Yu, SQ and Cai, YJ}, title = {[Effects of the removal of invasive Moso bamboo on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities in subtropical forests].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {33}, number = {5}, pages = {1233-1239}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202205.015}, pmid = {35730081}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Acid Phosphatase ; Biomass ; *Carbon/analysis ; China ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Nitrates ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Organic Chemicals ; Phosphorus ; Poaceae ; *Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Removal of invasive plant species is the first step to restoring the invaded ecosystems. The soil microbial biomass and extracellular enzyme activities were measured in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) pure forest (completely invasion), invasive P. edulis removal forest (secondary succession 5 years after clear cutting), and the evergreen broadleaved forest (no invasion) in Tianmu Mountain. The results showed that compared with P. edulis pure forest, invasive P. edulis removal significantly increased the contents of soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium, as well as microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP), while significantly decreased microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN). The activities of α-glucosidase (AG), β-glucosidase (BG), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and phenol oxidase (POX) in the forest with removal of invasive P. edulis were significantly higher than those in P. edulis pure forest, while invasive P. edulis removal did not change the activities of cellodisaccharide hydrolase (CBH), β-N-acetyl-glucosaminopeptidase (NAG), acid phosphatase (ACP) and peroxidase (PER). Furthermore, the activities of AG, BG and LAP were positively correlated with SOC and MBC, while the increase in POX activity was positively correlated with soil nitrate content. In addition, MBC, MBN and MBP, and activities of AG, BG, NAG, LAP and ACP in P. edulis removal forest forest were significantly higher than those in evergreen broadleaved forests. Taken together, the removal of invasive P. edulis could increase soil nutrient contents, microbial biomass and extracellular enzyme activities, thus could be considered as an effective way to restore the invaded forests. Our results provide important theoretical basis for controlling P. edulis invasion in subtropical forests.}, }
@article {pmid35729790, year = {2023}, author = {Kennedy, S and Calaor, J and Zurápiti, Y and Hans, J and Yoshimura, M and Choo, J and Andersen, JC and Callaghan, J and Roderick, GK and Krehenwinkel, H and Rogers, H and Gillespie, RG and Economo, EP}, title = {Richness and resilience in the Pacific: DNA metabarcoding enables parallelized evaluation of biogeographic patterns.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {23}, pages = {6710-6723}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16575}, pmid = {35729790}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {Subsidy funding//Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University/ ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Islands ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Islands make up a large proportion of Earth's biodiversity, yet are also some of the most sensitive systems to environmental perturbation. Biogeographic theory predicts that geologic age, area, and isolation typically drive islands' diversity patterns, and thus potentially impact non-native spread and community homogenization across island systems. One limitation in testing such predictions has been the difficulty of performing comprehensive inventories of island biotas and distinguishing native from introduced taxa. Here, we use DNA metabarcoding and statistical modelling as a high throughput method to survey community-wide arthropod richness, the proportion of native and non-native species, and the incursion of non-natives into primary habitats on three archipelagos in the Pacific - the Ryukyus, the Marianas and Hawaii - which vary in age, isolation and area. Diversity patterns largely match expectations based on island biogeography theory, with the oldest and most geographically connected archipelago, the Ryukyus, showing the highest taxonomic richness and lowest proportion of introduced species. Moreover, we find evidence that forest habitats are more resilient to incursions of non-natives in the Ryukyus than in the less taxonomically rich archipelagos. Surprisingly, we do not find evidence for biotic homogenization across these three archipelagos: the assemblage of non-native species on each island is highly distinct. Our study demonstrates the potential of DNA metabarcoding to facilitate rapid estimation of biogeographic patterns, the spread of non-native species, and the resilience of ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid35729231, year = {2022}, author = {Milardi, M and Iemma, A and Waite, IR and Gavioli, A and Soana, E and Castaldelli, G}, title = {Natural and anthropogenic factors drive large-scale freshwater fish invasions.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {10465}, pmid = {35729231}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthropogenic Effects ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {We analyzed the large-scale drivers of biological invasions using freshwater fish in a Mediterranean country as a test case, and considering the contribution of single species to the overall invasion pattern. Using Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) models, variation partitioning and Redundancy Analysis (RDA), we found that human factors (especially eutrophication) and climate (especially temperature) were significant drivers of overall invasion. Geography was also relevant in BRT and RDA analysis, both at the overall invasion and the single species level. Only variation partitioning suggested that land use was the second most significant driver group, with considerable overlap between different invasion drivers and only land use and human factors standing out for single effects. There was general accordance both between different analyses, and between invasion outcomes at the overall and the species level, as most invasive species share similar ecological traits and prefer lowland river stretches. Human-mediated eutrophication was the most relevant invasion driver, but the role of geography and climate was at least equally important in explaining freshwater fish invasions. Overall, human factors were less prominent than natural factors in driving the spread and prevalence of invasion, and the species spearheading it.}, }
@article {pmid35729145, year = {2022}, author = {Qin, HR and Guo, WF and Wang, W and Yang, S and Li, XQ}, title = {[Effects of Agasicles hygrophila herbivory on the clonal integration of Alternanthera philoxeroides and A. sessilis].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {33}, number = {6}, pages = {1661-1668}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202206.018}, pmid = {35729145}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {*Acanthaceae ; *Amaranthaceae ; Animals ; Biomass ; *Coleoptera ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Many alien invasive plants were clonal species. Examining the relationship between clonal integration characteristics and invasiveness of alien clonal plants is important for clarifying their ecological adaptability and invasion mechanisms. Here, with the invasive plant species Alternanthera philoxeroides and its native congener A. sessilis as the studying objects, we compared the effects of clonal integration on the growth and the biomass allocation of the apical ramets, basal ramets, and the whole fragment of both species under herbivory by the biocontrol beetle Agasicles hygrophila. The results showed that under herbivory by A. hygrophila, leaf number, stolon length, and ramet number of the apical ramets as well as the ground diameter of the whole fragment of A. philoxeroides were significantly higher under clonal integration treatment compared to that without clonal integration, whereas belowground biomass and total biomass of the basal ramets and the whole fragment of A. philoxeroides were conversely decreased by 78.2%, 60.9 % and 48.7%, 37.2%, respectively, under clonal integration treatment compared to that without clonal integration. Ground diameter of the apical ramets and leaf number of the whole fragment of A. sessilis were significantly higher, but the number of basal ramets was 21.7% lower under clonal integration treatment compared to that without clonal integration. The biomass of the apical ramets, basal ramets, and whole fragment of A. sessilis did not significantly differ between clonal integration and without clonal integration treatments. The results of cost-benefit analysis showed that the ramet number and biomass of the apical ramets of A. philoxeroides as well as the ramet number of the apical ramets of A. sessilis were significantly benefited from clonal integration, but the cost-benefit of the ramet number and biomass of the basal ramets of both species were not affected by clonal integration treatment. These results suggested that clonal integration could partly alleviate herbivory pressure by A. hygrophila on the apical ramets of both species, and that the clonal integration ability of A. philoxeroides was stronger than A. sessilis. However, both species seemed not able to gain significant benefits from cloning integration at the whole fragment level.}, }
@article {pmid35727918, year = {2022}, author = {Walczyk, AM and Hersch-Green, EI}, title = {Do water and soil nutrient scarcities differentially impact the performance of diploid and tetraploid Solidago gigantea (Giant Goldenrod, Asteraceae)?.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, pages = {1031-1042}, doi = {10.1111/plb.13448}, pmid = {35727918}, issn = {1438-8677}, support = {Ecosystem Science Center Graduate Student Research//Michigan Technological University/ ; Research Seed Grant//Michigan Technological University/ ; CAREER Grant #1941309//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Asteraceae ; Diploidy ; Nutrients ; Polyploidy ; Soil ; *Solidago/genetics ; Tetraploidy ; Water ; }, abstract = {Plants require water and nutrients for survival, although the effects of their availabilities on plant fitness differ amongst species. Genome size variation, within and across species, is suspected to influence plant water and nutrient requirements, but little is known about how variations in these resources concurrently affect plant fitness based on genome size. We examined how genome size variation between autopolyploid cytotypes influences plant morphological and physiological traits, and whether cytotype-specific trait responses differ based on water and/or nutrient availability. Diploid and autotetraploid Solidago gigantea (Giant Goldenrod) were grown in a greenhouse under four soil water:N+P treatments (L:L, L:H, H:L, H:H), and stomata characteristics (size, density), growth (above- and belowground biomass, R/S), and physiological (Anet , E, WUE) responses were measured. Resource availabilities and cytotype identity influenced some plant responses but their effects were independent of each other. Plants grown in high-water and nutrient treatments were larger, plants grown in low-water or high-nutrient treatments had higher WUE but lower E, and Anet and E rates decreased as plants aged. Autotetraploids also had larger and fewer stomata, higher biomass and larger Anet than diploids. Nutrient and water availability could influence intra- and interspecific competitive outcomes. Although S. gigantea cytotypes were not differentially affected by resource treatments, genome size may influence cytogeographic range patterning and population establishment likelihood. For instance, the larger size of autotetraploid S. gigantea might render them more competitive for resources and niche space than diploids.}, }
@article {pmid35724975, year = {2022}, author = {Prajapati, J and Singh, A and Patil, K and Bhowmick, AR and Mukherjee, A and Huang, Y and Banerjee, AK}, title = {An occurrence data set for invasive and naturalized alien plants in India.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {103}, number = {11}, pages = {e3794}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3794}, pmid = {35724975}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Ecosystem ; Plants ; Biodiversity ; Databases, Factual ; }, abstract = {India has numerous invasive alien plant species (IAPSs), which seriously impact biodiversity, ecosystem services, and economic development. The availability of reliable occurrence records of IAPSs is of great importance for their successful management, prediction of distribution across time and space, and other research and development efforts. Global databases of occurrence data, like the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), are often not exhaustive, especially for India, and poorly represent the actual distribution of IAPSs in the country. Our objective in creating this data set was threefold: (1) to compile occurrence data for the invasive and naturalized alien plant species of India, (2) to collect spatial and temporal information associated with occurrence records, and (3) to share the data in an accessible format so every record is traceable to its sources and allow users to submit data to increase the resolution of the data set. To achieve these objectives, we extracted data from 3137 literature records and 357 herbarium sheets. For each occurrence record, we curated information for 20 variables, which were arranged in a table with the Darwin Core (DwC) terms as column names. All data were subjected to technical validation before being included in the database. A total of 12,347 occurrence records were obtained for 362 species (195 invasive aliens and 167 naturalized aliens). The number of collected occurrence records was much higher for the invasive aliens (73.7%) than for the naturalized alien species (26.3%). Our data set will supplement the GBIF data by 60.39%, and occurrence records will be added for 64 invasive and naturalized alien plant species. The data set, as a part of the larger database of the Indian Alien Flora Information (ILORA) database, is made available without any restrictions on use as long as this data paper is properly cited. We have also made provisions for users to submit occurrence-related data following a data standard. The users are encouraged to cite the original reference when using a specific data record. The data set is expected to assist a wide range of stakeholders involved in India's scientific research, policy formulation, and decision-making related to IAPSs.}, }
@article {pmid35724943, year = {2022}, author = {Yan, Z and Wu, L and Lv, T and Tong, C and Gao, Z and Liu, Y and Xing, B and Chao, C and Li, Y and Wang, L and Liu, C and Yu, D}, title = {Response of spatio-temporal changes in sediment phosphorus fractions to vegetation restoration in the degraded river-lake ecotone.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {308}, number = {}, pages = {119650}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119650}, pmid = {35724943}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Eutrophication ; Geologic Sediments ; Introduced Species ; *Lakes/chemistry ; Phosphorus/analysis ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Phosphorus (P) is an essential element in the ecosystem and the cause of the eutrophication of rivers and lakes. The river-lake ecotone is the ecological buffer zone between rivers and lakes, which can transfer energy and material between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Vegetation restoration of degraded river-lake ecotone can improve the interception capacity of P pollution. However, the effects of different vegetation restoration types on sediment P cycling and its mechanism remain unclear. Therefore, we seasonally measured the P fractions and physicochemical properties of sediments from different restored vegetation (three native species and one invasive species). The results found that vegetation restoration significantly increased the sediment total P and bioavailable P content, which increased the sediment tolerance to P pollution in river-lake ecotone. In addition, the total P content in sediments was highest in summer and autumn, but lower in spring and winter. The total P and bioavailable P contents in surface sediments were the highest. They decreased with increasing depth, suggesting that sediment P assimilation by vegetation restoration and the resulting litter leads to redistribution of P in different seasons and sediment depths. Microbial biomass-P (MBP), total nitrogen (TN), and sediment organic matter (SOM) are the main factors affecting the change of sediment phosphorus fractions. All four plants' maximum biomass and P storage appeared in the autumn. Although the biomass and P storage of the invasive species Alternanthera philoxeroides were lower, the higher bioavailable P content and MBP values of the surface sediments indicated the utilization efficiency of sediment resources. These results suggest that vegetation restoration affects the distribution and circulation of P in river and lake ecosystems, which further enhances the ecological function of the river-lake ecotone and prevents the eutrophication and erosion of water and sediment in the river-lake ecotone.}, }
@article {pmid35720536, year = {2022}, author = {Ilyas, M and Shah, S and Lai, YW and Sher, J and Bai, T and Zaman, F and Bibi, F and Koul, M and Wani, SH and Majrashi, A and Alharby, HF and Hakeem, KR and Wang, YJ and Rather, SA}, title = {Leaf Functional Traits of Invasive Grasses Conferring High-Cadmium Adaptation Over Natives.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {869072}, pmid = {35720536}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Heavy metal (HM) contamination resulting from industrialization and urbanization during the Anthropocene along with plant invasion can severely threaten the growth and adaptation of local flora. Invasive alien plant species generally exhibit a growth pattern consistent with their functional traits in non-contaminated environments in the introduced range. However, it remains unclear whether invasive alien plants have an advantage over native plants in contaminated environments and whether this growth pattern is dependent on the adaptation of their leaf functional traits. Here, we selected two congeneric pairs of invasive alien and native grasses that naturally co-exist in China and are commonly found growing in contaminated soil. To evaluate the effect of cadmium (Cd) on the structural and physiological leaf traits, we grew all four species in soil contaminated without or with 80 mg/kg Cd. Invasive plants contained significantly higher concentrations of Cd in all three organs (leaf, stem, and root). They displayed a higher transfer factor and bioconcentration factor (BCF) of shoot and root than natives, indicating that invasive species are potential Cd hyperaccumulators. Invasive plants accumulated polyphenol oxidase (PPO) to higher levels than natives and showed similar patterns of leaf structural and physiological traits in response to changes in Cd bioconcentration. The quantifiable leaf structural traits of invasive plants were significantly greater (except for stomatal density and number of dead leaves) than native plants. Leaf physiological traits, chlorophyll content, and flavonoid content were also significantly higher in invasive plants than in natives under Cd stress conditions after 4 weeks, although nitrogen balance index (NBI) showed no significant difference between the two species. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters decreased, except for the quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) and the proportion of open photosystem II (qP), which increased under Cd stress conditions in both species. However, invasive plants exhibited higher fluorescence parameters than natives under Cd stress, and the decrement observed in invasive plants under Cd stress was greater than that in natives. High Cd adaptation of invasive grasses over natives suggests that invasive plants possess optimal leaf structural and physiological traits, which enable them to adapt to stressful conditions and capture resources more quickly than natives. This study further emphasizes the potential invasion of alien plants in contaminated soil environments within the introduced range. To a certain extent, some non-invasive alien plants might adapt to metalliferous environments and serve as hyperaccumulator candidates in phytoremediation projects in contaminated environments.}, }
@article {pmid35716722, year = {2022}, author = {Deeley, B and Petrovskaya, N}, title = {Propagation of invasive plant species in the presence of a road.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {548}, number = {}, pages = {111196}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111196}, pmid = {35716722}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant species pose a significant threat to biodiversity and the economy, yet their management is often resource-intensive and expensive, and further research is required to make control measures more efficient. Evidence suggests that roads can have an important effect on the spread of invasive plant species, although little is known about the underlying mechanisms at play. We have developed a novel mathematical model to analyse the impact of roads on the propagation of invasive plants. The integro-difference equation model is formulated for stage-structured population and incorporates a road sub-domain in the spatial domain. The results of our study reveal, that, depending on the definition of the growth function in the model, there are three distinct types of behaviour in front of the road. Roads can act as barriers to invasion, lead to a formation of a beachhead in front of the road, or act as corridors allowing the invasive species to invade the domain in front of the road. Analytical and computational findings on how roads can impact the spread of invasive species show that a small change in conditions of the environment favouring the invasive species can change the case for the road, allowing the invasive species to invade the domain in front of the road where it previously could not spread.}, }
@article {pmid35716120, year = {2022}, author = {Gillard, MB and Castillo, JM and Mesgaran, MB and Futrell, CJ and Grewell, BJ}, title = {Germination niche breadth of invasive Iris pseudacorus (L.) suggests continued recruitment from seeds with global warming.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {109}, number = {7}, pages = {1108-1119}, pmid = {35716120}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {California ; Ecosystem ; *Germination/physiology ; Global Warming ; Introduced Species ; *Iris Plant ; *Seeds/physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: Understanding recruitment processes of invasive species is central to conservation and management strategies. Iris pseudacorus, an emergent macrophyte, has established invasive populations across a broad global range, and reduces biodiversity in wetland ecosystems. Climate change is altering germination cues, yet studies on the invasion of wetland macrophytes often ignore germination ecology despite its importance to their establishment and spread.<br><br>METHODS: We explored germination of seeds from invasive I. pseudacorus populations in California in response to seed coat presence or absence, and several environmental factors. Using experimental results in a thermal time model, we derived germination temperature thresholds.<br><br>RESULTS: Germination of I. pseudacorus seeds did not require cold or warm stratification, and was not affected by seed coat presence or absence. Germination occurred in the dark, although germinability was two- to threefold times greater under light. At constant temperature, thermal time model estimates included 18.3&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;1.8&#xb0;C base germination temperature (Tb$({T}_{b}$); 28.2&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.5&#xb0;C optimal temperature (To$({T}_{o}$); and 41.0&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;1.7&#xb0;C ceiling temperature (Tc$({T}_{c}$). Seeds exposed to 36.0&#xb0;C achieved over 10% germination, and embryos of ungerminated seeds presented 76% viability. Overall, germinability remained relatively low at constant temperatures (&#x2264;25%) but was close to 90% under alternating daily temperatures.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to diurnally fluctuating temperatures is essential for this species to achieve high germination rates. Our study reveals that I. pseudacorus has a broad germination niche supporting its establishment in a relatively wide range of environments, including at high temperatures more frequent with climate change.}, }
@article {pmid35716079, year = {2022}, author = {Martínez-Hernández, F and Villalobos, G and Montañez-Valdez, OD and Martínez-Ibarra, JA}, title = {A New Record of the Introduced Species Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Mexico.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {59}, number = {6}, pages = {2150-2157}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjac078}, pmid = {35716079}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Animals ; Chagas Disease ; Chickens ; Insect Vectors ; *Introduced Species ; Mexico ; *Triatoma/classification ; Trypanosoma cruzi ; }, abstract = {Here, we report a new record of Triatoma infestans (Klug) in Mexico after 50 years and provide a brief description of the discovery area. Fifty-nine specimens (71.2% adults) of the introduced species were collected from the peridomestic areas of a single house in the port of Manzanillo in the state of Colima, Mexico. Thirty-one specimens (52.5%) were collected from the exterior walls of the house and were apparently attracted to light. The other specimens (47.5%) were associated with chickens. No specimen was infected with Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas, the causative agent of Chagas disease, possibly because they were feeding on chickens. We speculate that the introduced species travelled from South America to Mexico via seed shipment in a twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) maritime container. Because Mexican phytosanitary regulations demand only the cargo to be inspected, the triatomines could have escaped notice during inspection. Subsequently, as the cargo was unloaded and the TEU was stored, the triatomines likely flew to and invaded the nearby residential areas. The rediscovery of this domestic vector of T. cruzi in Mexico warrants further investigation owing to the potential risk of transmission to the inhabitants of the study area.}, }
@article {pmid35713734, year = {2022}, author = {Rothman, SB and Diamant, A and Goren, M}, title = {Under the radar: co-introduced monogeneans (Polyopisthocotylea: Gastrocotylinea) of the invasive fish Scomberomorus commerson in the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {121}, number = {8}, pages = {2275-2293}, pmid = {35713734}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Fish Diseases/parasitology ; Fishes/parasitology ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Perciformes/parasitology ; *Trematoda/genetics ; }, abstract = {The Levant Basin is in many ways the world's most invaded marine ecosystem owing to the existence of the man-made Suez Canal. The invasion of free-living organisms through this pathway is increasingly documented and monitored in the past two decades, and their ecological impact recognized. Nonetheless, while tremendous scientific effort is invested in documenting introduced fishes, co-introduction events of these fishes and their parasites have drawn relatively little interest. In our research, we examined the presence of gill parasites (Monogenea) on the invasive narrow barred Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus commerson which has been known in the Mediterranean Sea for 80 years. The gills of S. commerson supported numerous, relatively large monogeneans (Monogenea: Gastrocotylinea), reaching prevalence levels of 100% with a mean intensity of ~ 80 worms per host. Using an integrated molecular and morphological approach, four gastrocotylinean species were identified: Gotocotyla acanthura, Cathucotyle cathuaui, Pricea multae, and Pseudothoracocotyla ovalis. Two species, C. cathuaui and P. ovalis, are reported here for the first time from the Mediterranean. Sequences of the 28S rRNA gene of G. acanthura from native hosts, Pomatomus saltatrix and Trachinotus ovatus, differed from individuals collected from S. commerson by 1.8%. We therefore suggest that the taxonomic status and distribution of G. acanthura should be revisited, and we recommend an integrated approach as essential to accurately detect co-introductions.}, }
@article {pmid35712568, year = {2022}, author = {Li, F and Liu, X and Zhu, J and Li, J and Gao, K and Zhao, C}, title = {The Role of Genetic Factors in the Differential Invasion Success of Two Spartina Species in China.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {909429}, pmid = {35712568}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Biological invasions have become one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity and ecosystem conservation. Most previous studies have revealed how successful invasive species adapt to new environments and climate change through phenotypic and genetic evolution. Some researchers suggested that understanding unsuccessful or less successful biological invasions might be important for understanding the relationships between invasion adaptability and climate factors. We compared the sexual reproduction ability, genetic diversity, and gene × environment interaction in two intentionally introduced alien species in China (Spartina anglica and Spartina alterniflora) based on restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) sequencing. After more than 50 years, the distribution of S. alterniflora has rapidly expanded, while S. anglica has experienced extreme dieback. A total of 212,939 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the two Spartina species were used for analysis. The multilocus genotype (MLG) analysis revealed that clonal reproduction was the prevalent mode of reproduction in both species, indicating that a change in the mode of reproduction was not the key factor enabling successful invasion by Spartina. All genetic diversity indicators (He, Ho, π) in S. alterniflora populations were at least two times higher than those in S. anglica populations, respectively (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the population genetic structure and stronger patterns of climate-associated loci provided support for rapid adaptive evolution in the populations of S. alterniflora in China. Altogether, our results highlight the importance of genetic diversity and local adaptation, which were driven by multiple source populations, in increasing the invasiveness of S. alterniflora.}, }
@article {pmid35712554, year = {2022}, author = {Vujanović, D and Losapio, G and Milić, S and Milić, D}, title = {The Impact of Multiple Species Invasion on Soil and Plant Communities Increases With Invasive Species Co-occurrence.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {875824}, pmid = {35712554}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Despite increasing evidence indicating that invasive species are harming biodiversity, ecological systems and processes, impacts of multiple species invasion and their links with changes in plant and soil communities are inadequately documented and remain poorly understood. Addressing multiple invaders would help to ward against community-wide, synergistic effects, aiding in designing more effective control strategies. In this work, correlative relationships are examined for potential impacts of three co-occurring invasive plant species, Amorpha fruticosa, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, and Acer negundo, on soil conditions and native plant diversity. The research was conducted in riparian ecosystems and included the following treatments: (1) co-occurrence of the three invasive plant species, (2) occurrence of a single invasive species, and (3) control, i.e., absence of invasive species. Co-occurrence of three invasive plant species caused higher direct impact on soil properties, soil functioning, and native plant diversity. Soil in mixed plots (those populated with all three invaders) contained higher levels of nitrifying bacteria, organic matter, nitrogen, and carbon as well as lower carbon to nitrogen ratio as compared to single species invaded plots and control plots. Furthermore, native plant diversity decreased with invasive plants co-occurrence. Differences in soil conditions and lower native plant diversity revealed the interactive potential of multiple invasive species in depleting biodiversity and eroding soil functionality, ultimately affecting ecological and biogeochemical processes both below and above ground. Our results highlight the need to prevent the impact of multispecies invasion, suggesting that riparian ecosystems affected by co-occurring invaders should be prioritized for invasion monitoring and ecological restoration.}, }
@article {pmid35711997, year = {2022}, author = {Caven, AJ and Wiese, JD}, title = {Reinventory of the vascular plants of Mormon Island Crane Meadows after forty years of restoration, invasion, and climate change.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {e09640}, pmid = {35711997}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The majority of tallgrass prairie has been lost from North America's Great Plains, but remaining tracts often support significant biodiversity. Despite permanent protections for some remnants, they continue to face anthropogenic threats including habitat fragmentation, invasive species, and climate change. Conservationists have sought to buffer remnants from threats using prairie restoration but limited research has assessed such practices at the landscape-level. We reexamine the flora of Mormon Island, the largest tract of lowland tallgrass prairie remaining in the Central Platte River Valley (CPRV) of Nebraska, USA, nearly 40-years after it was initially inventoried and following widespread restoration. We also conducted preliminary inventories of nearby Shoemaker Island and adjacent off-island habitats using an ecotope-based stratified random sampling approach. We examined change at Mormon Island between 1980-1981 and 2015-2020 and compared it to adjacent conservation lands using a number of vegetation indices. We documented 389 vascular plant species on Mormon Island, 405 on Shoemaker Island, and 337 on off-island habitats from 2015-2020, which represented an increase in native and exotic species richness on Mormon Island compared to 1980-1981 results. Floristic quality index (FQI) values increased at Mormon Island between 1980-1981 and 2015-2020. Paradoxically, the distribution of exotic-invasive species also expanded. Mormon Island from 2015-2020 was more similar to Shoemaker Island and off-island habitats from 2015-2020 than Mormon Island from 1980-1981. Widespread restoration introduced a number of high conservation value species native to Nebraska but novel to the CPRV, which improved FQIs despite increased exotic species invasion. These concurrent trends appear to have driven biological homogenization across the study area. Restoration did not fully buffer Mormon Island from exotic species invasion but it may have partially mitigated the impact considering the persistence of most native species across a 40-year period. We recommend using "local ecotype" seed for restorations to preserve distinctive local communities.}, }
@article {pmid35710829, year = {2022}, author = {Castro-Cubillos, ML and Taylor, JD and Mastretta-Yanes, A and Benítez-Villalobos, F and Islas-Villanueva, V}, title = {Monitoring of benthic eukaryotic communities in two tropical coastal lagoons through eDNA metabarcoding: a spatial and temporal approximation.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {10089}, pmid = {35710829}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; *DNA, Environmental/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; *Eukaryota/genetics ; Seawater ; }, abstract = {Tropical coastal lagoons are important ecosystems that support high levels of biodiversity and provide several goods and services. Monitoring of benthic biodiversity and detection of harmful or invasive species is crucial, particularly in relation to seasonal and spatial variation of environmental conditions. In this study, eDNA metabarcoding was used in two tropical coastal lagoons, Chacahua (CH) and Corralero (C) (Southern Mexican Pacific), to describe the benthic biodiversity and its spatial-temporal dynamics. The distribution of benthic diversity within the lagoons showed a very particular pattern evidencing a transition from freshwater to seawater. Although the two lagoon systems are similar in terms of the species composition of metazoans and microeukaryotes, our findings indicate that they are different in taxa richness and structure, resulting in regional partitioning of the diversity with salinity as the driving factor of community composition in CH. Harmful, invasive, non-indigenous species, bioindicators and species of commercial importance were detected, demonstrating the reach of this technique for biodiversity monitoring along with the continued efforts of building species reference libraries.}, }
@article {pmid35710580, year = {2022}, author = {Hernández-Triana, LM and Folly, AJ and Sewgobind, S and Lean, FZX and Ackroyd, S and Nuñez, A and Delacour, S and Drago, A and Visentin, P and Mansfield, KL and Johnson, N}, title = {Susceptibility of Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus to Japanese encephalitis virus.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {210}, pmid = {35710580}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {SE4116//Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs/ ; }, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; *Culex ; Disease Susceptibility ; *Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics ; Mosquito Vectors ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the principal cause of mosquito-borne encephalitis in human populations within Asia. If introduced into new geographic areas, it could have further implications for public and animal health. However, potential mosquito vectors for virus transmission have not been fully investigated. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, has emerged in Europe and is now expanding its geographical range into more northerly latitudes. Culex quinquefasciatus, although absent from Europe, has been detected in Turkey, a country with territory in Europe, and could act as a vector for JEV in other regions. To assess the risk of these invasive species acting as vectors for JEV and therefore potentially contributing to its geographical expansion, we have investigated the vector competence of Ae. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus.<br><br>METHODS: Two colonised lines of Ae. albopictus (Italy and Spain) and a line of Cx. quinquefasciatus (Tanzania) were compared for susceptibility to infection by oral feeding with JEV strain SA-14, genotype III at 10[6]&#xa0;PFU/ml and maintained at 25&#xa0;&#xb0;C. Specimens were processed at 7 and 14&#xa0;days post-inoculation (dpi). Rates of infection, dissemination and transmission were assessed through detection of viral RNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in mosquito body, legs and saliva, respectively, at each time point. Where possible, infection and dissemination were confirmed by immunohistochemical (IHC) detection of the JEV envelope protein.<br><br>RESULTS: Aedes albopictus from Italy showed no susceptibility to infection with JEV strain SA-14. Conversely, Ae. albopictus colonised in Spain was susceptible and 100% of infected mosquitoes that were subjected to saliva screening expressed viral RNA at 14 dpi. Culex quinquefasciatus was highly susceptible to infection as early as 7 dpi and 50% of infected mosquitoes that were subjected to saliva screening expressed viral RNA at 14 dpi. Infection and dissemination were confirmed in Cx. quinquefasciatus by IHC detection of JEV envelope protein in both the mid-gut and salivary glands.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Aedes albopictus from two different locations in Europe range from being susceptible to JEV and capable of transmission through to being resistant. Culex quinquefasciatus also appears highly susceptible; therefore, both species could potentially act as vectors for JEV and facilitate the emergence of JEV into new regions.}, }
@article {pmid35709755, year = {2022}, author = {Moore, JH and Palmeirim, AF and Peres, CA and Ngoprasert, D and Gibson, L}, title = {Invasive rat drives complete collapse of native small mammal communities in insular forest fragments.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {32}, number = {13}, pages = {2997-3004.e2}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.053}, pmid = {35709755}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Forests ; Mammals ; Rats ; }, abstract = {As tropical forests are becoming increasingly fragmented, understanding the magnitude and time frame of biodiversity declines is vital for 21[st] century sustainability goals. Over three decades, we monitored post-isolation changes in small mammal species richness and abundance within a forest landscape fragmented by the construction of a dam in Thailand.[1][,][2] We observed the near-complete collapse of species richness within 33 years, with no evidence of a recolonization effect across repeatedly sampled islands. Our results further revealed a decline in species richness as island size decreased and isolation time increased, accelerated by the increasing dominance of the ubiquitous Malayan field rat, Rattus tiomanicus. This species was already hyper-abundant on smaller islands in the initial surveys (1992-1994, 66% of individuals) but became monodominant on all islands, regardless of island size, by the most recent survey (2020, 97%). Our results suggest that insular forest fragments are highly susceptible to rapid species loss, particularly due to the competitive nature of Rattus accelerating the rate at which extinction debts are paid. To mitigate these impacts, reducing the extent of habitat degradation, as triggered by fragmentation and exacerbated by isolation time, can help to sustain native biodiversity while averting Rattus hyper-abundance.}, }
@article {pmid35709680, year = {2022}, author = {Lins, DM and Rocha, RM}, title = {Invasive species fouling Perna perna (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) mussel farms.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {181}, number = {}, pages = {113829}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113829}, pmid = {35709680}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture/methods ; *Bivalvia ; *Bryozoa ; Introduced Species ; *Mytilidae ; *Perna ; *Polychaeta ; *Urochordata ; }, abstract = {Invasive, fouling species increase management costs and reduce mussel growth, which jeopardizes mariculture. We studied the distribution of eight invasive species in Santa Catarina, the leading mussel producer in Brazil. Our goals were to determine their spatial distribution and prevalence on farm structures (buoys, long lines, and mussel socks), as well as understand the relevance of propagule pressure (recruitment), port distance, and area of the farm in this distribution. Although present in all sites, adult and recruits distribution were spatially restricted, showing that species might have a metapopulation structure. The most prevalent species were the ascidian Styela plicata, the barnacle Megabalanus coccopoma, the bryozoan Schizoporella errata, and the polychaete Branchiomma luctuosum. Recruitment was the main driver of three species distribution while distance to port explained only one species distribution. Based on those results, we discuss policy options, management, and regulation enforcement, that can be used in the mussel aquaculture elsewhere.}, }
@article {pmid35706099, year = {2022}, author = {Twining, JP and Lawton, C and White, A and Sheehy, E and Hobson, K and Montgomery, WI and Lambin, X}, title = {Restoring vertebrate predator populations can provide landscape-scale biological control of established invasive vertebrates: Insights from pine marten recovery in Europe.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {28}, number = {18}, pages = {5368-5384}, pmid = {35706099}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; *Mustelidae ; Predatory Behavior ; Sciuridae ; }, abstract = {Invasive species pose one of the greatest global threats to biodiversity. There has been a long history of importing coevolved natural enemies to act as biological control agents to try to suppress densities of invasive species, with historically limited success and frequent adverse impacts on native biodiversity. Our understanding of the processes and drivers of successful biological control has been focussed on invertebrates and is evidently limited and potentially ill-suited with respect to biological control of vertebrate populations. The restoration of native vertebrate predator populations provides a promising nature-based solution for slowing, halting, or even reversing the spread of some invasive vertebrates over spatial scales relevant to the management of wildlife populations. Here, we first review the growing literature and data from the pine marten-red and grey squirrel system in Europe. We synthesise a multi-decadal dataset to show that the recovery of a native predator has resulted in rapid, landscape-scale declines of an established invasive species. We then use the model system, predator-prey interaction theory, and examples from the literature to develop ecological theory relating to natural biological control in vertebrates and evolutionary processes in native-invasive predator-prey interactions. We find support for the hypotheses that evolutionary naivety of invasive species to native predators and lack of local refuges results in higher predation of naive compared to coevolved prey. We apply lessons learnt from the marten-squirrel model system to examine the plausibility of specific native predator solutions to some of the Earth's most devastating invasive vertebrates. Given the evidence, we conclude that depletion of vertebrate predator populations has increased ecosystem vulnerability to invasions and thus facilitated the spread of invasive species. Therefore, restoration of vertebrate predator populations is an underappreciated, fundamental, nature-based solution to the crisis of invasive species and should be a priority for vertebrate invasive species management globally.}, }
@article {pmid35705682, year = {2022}, author = {Aguilera Flores, MM and Medellín Castillo, NA and Ávila Vázquez, V and González García, R and Cardona Benavides, A and Carranza Álvarez, C}, title = {Evaluation of a biocoagulant from devilfish invasive species for the removal of contaminants in ceramic industry wastewater.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {9917}, pmid = {35705682}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Ceramics ; Flocculation ; Introduced Species ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Wastewater/analysis ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; *Water Purification/methods ; }, abstract = {This study evaluated the effectiveness of a biocoagulant produced from the devilfish invasive species and its combination with two chemical coagulants (aluminum sulfate and ferric sulfate) to remove turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids in ceramic industry wastewater using a combined experimental design of Mixture-Process. This design optimized the coagulation process and evaluated the effects and interactions between mixture components and coagulant doses. An analysis of variance was used to analyze the experimental data obtained in the study, and the response surface plots by response type (turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids) were obtained. Results showed that the coagulation treatment could be technically and economically feasible since efficiencies of turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids removal of 74, 79, and 94% could be achieved using an optimal coagulant dose of 800 mg/L with a mixture of 35% biocoagulant and 65% ferric sulfate. Analysis of variance results showed that the models are significant, and the lack of fit is not required according to the probability value (p value), which were < 0.0001, and > 0.05, respectively. Hence, the experimental data were fitted to a combined reduced special cubic x linear model. These results support the use of devilfish meal as a biocoagulant, being more feasible in dual systems when mixed with ferric sulfate.}, }
@article {pmid35705603, year = {2022}, author = {Theurich, N and Briski, E and Cuthbert, RN}, title = {Predicting ecological impacts of the invasive brush-clawed shore crab under environmental change.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {9988}, pmid = {35705603}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura/physiology ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Mytilus edulis ; Oceans and Seas ; }, abstract = {Globally, the number of invasive non-indigenous species is continually rising, representing a major driver of biodiversity declines and a growing socio-economic burden. Hemigrapsus takanoi, the Japanese brush-clawed shore crab, is a highly successful invader in European seas. However, the ecological consequences of this invasion have remained unexamined under environmental changes-such as climatic warming and desalination, which are projected in the Baltic Sea-impeding impact prediction and management. Recently, the comparative functional response (resource use across resource densities) has been pioneered as a reliable approach to quantify and predict the ecological impacts of invasive non-indigenous species under environmental contexts. This study investigated the functional response of H. takanoi factorially between different crab sexes and under environmental conditions predicted for the Baltic Sea in the contexts of climate warming (16 and 22 °C) and desalination (15 and 10), towards blue mussel Mytilus edulis prey provided at different densities. Hemigrapsus takanoi displayed a potentially population-destabilising Type II functional response (i.e. inversely-density dependent) towards mussel prey under all environmental conditions, characterised by high feeding rates at low prey densities that could extirpate prey populations-notwithstanding high in-field abundances of M. edulis. Males exhibited higher feeding rates than females under all environmental conditions. Higher temperatures reduced the feeding rate of male H. takanoi, but did not affect the feeding rate of females. Salinity did not have a clear effect on feeding rates for either sex. These results provide insights into interactions between biological invasions and climate change, with future warming potentially lessening the impacts of this rapidly spreading marine invader, depending on the underlying population demographics and abundances.}, }
@article {pmid35703691, year = {2022}, author = {Yu, Y and Cheng, H and Wei, M and Wang, S and Wang, C}, title = {Silver nanoparticles intensify the allelopathic intensity of four invasive plant species in the Asteraceae.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {94}, number = {2}, pages = {e20201661}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765202220201661}, pmid = {35703691}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Allelopathy ; *Asteraceae ; Germination ; Introduced Species ; Lactuca ; *Metal Nanoparticles ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Seedlings ; Silver/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {This study aimed to estimate the allelopathic intensity of four Asteraceae invasive plant species (IPS), including Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq., Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., Bidens pilosa (L.), and Aster subulatus Michx., by testing the effect of leaf extracts on the seed germination and seedling growth (SGe and SGr) of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in combination with two particle sizes of silver nanoparticles. These four IPS decreased the germination of lettuce seeds but increased the growth of lettuce seedlings. The allelopathic intensity of the four IPS decreased in the following order: B. pilosa > C. canadensis > E. annuus > A. subulatus. Silver nanoparticles decreased the SGe and SGr of lettuce. The 20 nm silver nanoparticles affected the competition intensity for water and the absorption of inorganic salts by lettuce more intensively than the 80 nm nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles intensify the allelopathic intensity of the four invasive plant species on the SGe and SGr of lettuce. The allelopathic intensity of B. pilosa was higher than that of the other three IPS when they were polluted with silver nanoparticles. Thus, silver nanoparticles could facilitate the invasion process of the four IPS, particularly B. pilosa, via an increase in the intensity of allelopathy.}, }
@article {pmid35703425, year = {2022}, author = {Fine, JD and Litsey, EM}, title = {Drone Laying Honey Bee Workers in Queen Monitoring Cages.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {35703425}, issn = {1536-2442}, support = {2030-21000-055-000-D//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Oviposition ; Ovum ; Reproduction ; *Social Behavior ; *Unmanned Aerial Devices ; }, abstract = {Techniques to monitor honey bee (Apis mellifera) egg production in cages allow researchers to study how different environmental factors contribute to reproduction. However, although the conditions required to facilitate queen egg production in a laboratory setting have been established, limited work has addressed the requirements for stimulating and monitoring worker egg laying. Here, we documented that drone laying workers will lay eggs in Queen Monitoring Cages (QMC), specialized cages designed to facilitate queen egg laying under controlled conditions. Egg production and worker mortality were compared between QMCs containing queens and those containing drone laying workers. High-definition images of the last abdominal segments of living first-instar larvae hatched from worker laid eggs and those putatively laid by queens were qualitatively compared to identify candidate characteristics to determine their sex.}, }
@article {pmid35702984, year = {2022}, author = {Borden, JB and San Antonio, KM and Tomat-Kelly, G and Clark, T and Flory, SL}, title = {Invasive grass indirectly alters seasonal patterns in seed predation.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {18}, number = {6}, pages = {20220095}, pmid = {35702984}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Poaceae ; *Predatory Behavior ; Seasons ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Invasive species threaten ecosystems globally, but their impacts can be cryptic when they occur indirectly. Invader phenology can also differ from that of native species, potentially causing seasonality in invader impacts. Yet, it is unclear if invader phenology can drive seasonal patterns in indirect effects. We used a field experiment to test if an invasive grass (Imperata cylindrica) caused seasonal indirect effects by altering rodent foraging and seed predation patterns through time. Using seeds from native longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), we found seed predation was 25% greater, on average, in invaded than control plots, but this effect varied by season. Seed predation was 24-157% greater in invaded plots during spring and autumn months, but invasion had no effect on seed predation in other months. One of the largest effects occurred in October when longleaf pine seeds are dispersed, suggesting potential effects on tree regeneration. Thus, seasonal patterns in indirect effects from invaders may cause underappreciated impacts on ecological communities.}, }
@article {pmid35699930, year = {2022}, author = {Shiraki, S and Kakui, K}, title = {Observations on Predation in Paranthura japonica Richardson, 1909 (Isopoda: Cymothoida: Paranthuridae).}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {39}, number = {3}, pages = {270-274}, doi = {10.2108/zs210122}, pmid = {35699930}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {*Amphipoda ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Isopoda ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Although isopods in Anthuroidea are predators, there is little information on their predatory behavior. In this study, we investigated predation by the paranthurid Paranthura japonica, which was originally described from northern Japan but has recently been reported as an invasive alien species in western America and Europe. Six crustacean species (two isopods, two amphipods, and two tanaidaceans, one of which does not co-occur with P. japonica in the wild) and one pycnogonid species were used as prey candidates in our experiments. Paranthura japonica preyed on all candidate species except the pycnogonid, grasping them with its falciform pereopods, inserting its piercing-type mouthparts, and sucking out the internal contents of the prey. Cannibalism or scavenging was observed when several P. japonica individuals were put in a single aquarium. This study showed that P. japonica is an aggressive predator; it consumed various crustaceans, including one it never encounters in the wild. Our results suggest that P. japonica will have a high impact on alien ecosystems it invades as a predator on native crustaceans. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit (COI) nucleotide sequences for putative P. japonica from Oshoro, Japan and a topotypic individual from Muroran confirmed that the population we dealt with was P. japonica.}, }
@article {pmid35698108, year = {2022}, author = {Deblauwe, I and De Wolf, K and De Witte, J and Schneider, A and Verlé, I and Vanslembrouck, A and Smitz, N and Demeulemeester, J and Van Loo, T and Dekoninck, W and Krit, M and Madder, M and Müller, R and Van Bortel, W}, title = {From a long-distance threat to the invasion front: a review of the invasive Aedes mosquito species in Belgium between 2007 and 2020.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {206}, pmid = {35698108}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Belgium ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors ; Oviposition ; }, abstract = {Invasive mosquito species (IMS) and their associated mosquito-borne diseases are emerging in Europe. In Belgium, the first detection of Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1894) occurred in 2000 and of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald 1901) in 2002. Early detection and control of these IMS at points of entry (PoEs) are of paramount importance to slow down any possible establishment. This article reviews the introductions and establishments recorded of three IMS in Belgium based on published (2007-2014) and unpublished (2015-2020) data collected during several surveillance projects. In total, 52 PoEs were monitored at least once for the presence of IMS between 2007 and 2020. These included used tyre and lucky bamboo import companies, airports, ports, parking lots along highways, shelters for imported cutting plants, wholesale markets, industrial areas, recycling areas, cemeteries and an allotment garden at the country border with colonised areas. In general, monitoring was performed between April and November. Mosquitoes were captured with adult and oviposition traps as well as by larval sampling. Aedes albopictus was detected at ten PoEs, Ae. japonicus at three PoEs and Aedes koreicus (Edwards 1917) at two PoEs. The latter two species have established overwintering populations. The percentage of PoEs positive for Ae. albopictus increased significantly over years. Aedes albopictus is currently entering Belgium through lucky bamboo and used tyre trade and passive ground transport, while Ae. japonicus through used tyre trade and probably passive ground transport. In Belgium, the import through passive ground transport was first recorded in 2018 and its importance seems to be growing. Belgium is currently at the invasion front of Ae. albopictus and Ae. japonicus. The surveillance and control management actions at well-known PoEs associated to long-distance introductions are more straightforward than at less-defined PoEs associated with short-distance introductions from colonised areas. These latter PoEs represent a new challenge for IMS management in Belgium in the coming years. Aedes albopictus is expected to become established in Belgium in the coming years, hence increasing the likelihood of local arbovirus transmission. The implementation of a sustainable, structured and long-term IMS management programme, integrating active and passive entomological surveillance, vector control and Public Health surveillance is therefore pivotal.}, }
@article {pmid35697657, year = {2022}, author = {Yelenik, S and Rose, E and Cordell, S and Victoria, M and Kellner, JR}, title = {The role of microtopography and resident species in post-disturbance recovery of arid habitats in Hawai'i.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {8}, pages = {e2690}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2690}, pmid = {35697657}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; *Poaceae ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Habitat-suitability indices (HSI) have been employed in restoration to identify optimal sites for planting native species. Often, HSI are based on abiotic variables and do not include biotic interactions, even though similar abiotic conditions can favor both native and nonnative species. Biotic interactions such as competition may be especially important in invader-dominated habitats because invasive species often have fast growth rates and can exploit resources quickly. In this study, we test the utility of an HSI of microtopography derived from airborne LiDAR to predict post-disturbance recovery and native planting success in native shrub-dominated and nonnative, invasive grass-dominated dryland habitats in Hawai'i. The HSI uses high-resolution digital terrain models to classify sites' microtopography as high, medium, or low suitability, based on wind exposure and topographic position. We used a split-plot before-after-control-impact design to implement a disturbance experiment within native shrub (Dodonaea viscosa) and nonnative, invasive grass (Cenchrus clandestinus)-dominated ecosystems across three microtopography categories. In contrast to previous studies using the same HSI, we found that microtopography was a poor predictor of pre-disturbance conditions for soil nutrients, organic matter content, or foliar C:N, within both Dodonaea and Cenchrus vegetation types. In invader-dominated Cenchrus plots, microtopography helped predict cover, but not as expected (i.e., highest cover would be in high-suitability plots): D. viscosa had the greatest cover in low-suitability and C. clandestinus had the greatest cover in medium-suitability plots. Similarly, in native-dominated Dodonaea plots, microtopography was a poor predictor of D. viscosa, C. clandestinus, and total plant cover. Although we found some evidence that microtopography helped inform post-disturbance plant recovery of D. viscosa and total plant cover, vegetation type was a more important predictor. Important for considering the success of plantings, percent cover of D. viscosa decreased while percent cover of C. clandestinus increased within both vegetation types 20 months after disturbance. Our results are evidence that HSIs based on topographic features may prove most useful for choosing planting sites in harsh habitats or those already dominated by native species. In more productive habitats, competition from resident species may offset any benefits gained from "better" suitability sites.}, }
@article {pmid35696035, year = {2022}, author = {Bunting, MD and Pfitzner, C and Gierus, L and White, M and Piltz, S and Thomas, PQ}, title = {Generation of Gene Drive Mice for Invasive Pest Population Suppression.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, volume = {2495}, number = {}, pages = {203-230}, pmid = {35696035}, issn = {1940-6029}, mesh = {Animals ; CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics ; *Gene Drive Technology ; Gene Editing/methods ; Introduced Species ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Transgenes ; }, abstract = {Gene drives are genetic elements that are transmitted to greater than 50% of offspring and have potential for population modification or suppression. While gene drives are known to occur naturally, the recent emergence of CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing technology has enabled generation of synthetic gene drives in a range of organisms including mosquitos, flies, and yeast. For example, studies in Anopheles mosquitos have demonstrated >95% transmission of CRISPR-engineered gene drive constructs, providing a possible strategy for malaria control. Recently published studies have also indicated that it may be possible to develop gene drive technology in invasive rodents such as mice. Here, we discuss the prospects for gene drive development in mice, including synthetic "homing drive" and X-shredder strategies as well as modifications of the naturally occurring t haplotype. We also provide detailed protocols for generation of gene drive mice through incorporation of plasmid-based transgenes in a targeted and non-targeted manner. Importantly, these protocols can be used for generating transgenic mice for any project that requires insertion of kilobase-scale transgenes such as knock-in of fluorescent reporters, gene swaps, overexpression/ectopic expression studies, and conditional "floxed" alleles.}, }
@article {pmid35695897, year = {2022}, author = {de Camargo, MP and Cunico, AM and Gomes, LC}, title = {Biological Invasions in Neotropical Regions: Continental Ichthyofauna and Risk Assessment Protocols.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {70}, number = {2}, pages = {307-318}, pmid = {35695897}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; Brazil ; *Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {The objectives of this study were to compare four risk assessment protocols for non-native species in neotropical regions and to assess the potential application of these tools for the management of invasive species and conservation of the ichthyofauna in Brazil. The protocols Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK), Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit (AS-ISK), European Non-Native Species in Aquaculture Risk Assessment Scheme (ENSARS) and Fish Invasiveness Screening Test (FIST) were applied for the species Oreochromis niloticus, Coptodon rendalli, Poecilia reticulata and Apteronotus aff. albifrons, whose sources of introduction are aquaculture and fishkeeping. The species were classified as low, medium or high risk of invasion. The scores of the species O. niloticus, C. rendalli and P. reticulata classified them as high risk of invasion in all protocols, whereas A. aff. albifrons had medium risk in the protocols FISK and AS-ISK and low risk in the FIST. Although the results were similar for species whose impacts are widely described, less studied species may have their classification compromised by the lack of evidences in the literature. Despite the difficulties for practical application, the use of these tools may be encouraged, considering the potential threats of other invasive species emerging in Brazil. The comparison between the methods showed that the use of AS-ISK, combined with ENSARS in cases of introductions by aquaculture, provides important answers about ecological impacts on natural environments and about the stages of the aquaculture production chain that should be better inspected.}, }
@article {pmid35694204, year = {2022}, author = {Carpenter, JK and Monks, A and Innes, J and Griffiths, J}, title = {Pushing the limits: ship rat (Rattus rattus) population dynamics across an elevational gradient in response to mast seeding and supplementary feeding.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {24}, number = {10}, pages = {3065-3081}, pmid = {35694204}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Understanding marginal habitat use by invasive species is important for predicting how distributions may change under future climates. We investigated the influence of food availability and temperature on ship rat (Rattus rattus) distribution and density across a forested elevational gradient in New Zealand by measuring ship rat demographics following a beech (Nothofagaceae) mass seeding event ('mast') at three elevation bands (20-80, 400-500, 800-900 m asl). We tested whether declining food availability limits rat populations at the highest elevation band post-mast by experimentally increasing food abundance above baseline food availability. When our study started 4 months post-seedfall, rats at mid- and low- elevations were at high densities (11.4-16.5 ha[-1]). Rats at higher elevations were barely detectable, but densities peaked (9.4 ha[-1]) 10 months post-seedfall, with the initial increase possibly driven by immigration from lower elevations. All populations declined sharply over the next year. Supplementary feeding at high elevation increased survival, recruitment, and density of rats through winter, 16 months post-seedfall, relative to unfed grids, suggesting food limitation. However, both fed and non-fed populations declined to zero by the following spring, perhaps due to stoat (Mustela erminea) predation. Our results suggest that low food availability plays a significant role in restricting rats from cool, high elevation environments. The variation in the timing and magnitude of ship rat responses to the pulsed resource across the gradient also highlights the importance of initial population size and spatial processes as factors modulating ship rat responses to pulsed resources across a landscape.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10530-022-02829-z.}, }
@article {pmid35690372, year = {2023}, author = {Chu, M and Zhang, X}, title = {Alien species invasion of deep-sea bacteria into mouse gut microbiota.}, journal = {Journal of advanced research}, volume = {45}, number = {}, pages = {101-115}, pmid = {35690372}, issn = {2090-1224}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Mice/microbiology ; Archaea ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; *Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; *Introduced Species ; Mammals/microbiology ; Oceans and Seas ; *Bacillus cereus/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Deep sea has numerous bacteria which dominate in the biomass of deep-sea sediments. Some deep-sea bacteria may possess the capacity to destroy mammal health by the alteration of gut microbiota, acting as potential pathogens.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: Pathogenic bacteria are great threats to human health. However, the ultimate origin of pathogenic bacteria has not been intensively explored. In this study, therefore, the influence of deep-sea bacteria on the gut microbiota was evaluated on a global scale.<br><br>METHODS: The bacteria isolated from each of 106 deep-sea sediment samples were transplanted into mice in our study to assess the infectiousness of deep-sea bacteria.<br><br>RESULTS: The results showed that some bacteria from deep sea, an area that has existed since the earth was formed, could proliferate in mouse gut. Based on the infectious evaluation of the bacteria from each of 106 deep-sea sediments, the bacteria isolated from 13 sediments invaded the gut bacterial communities of mice, leading to the significant alteration of mouse gut microbiota. Among the 13 deep-sea sediments, the bacteria isolated from 9 sediments could destroy mouse health by inducing glucose metabolism deterioration, liver damage and inflammatory symptom. As an example, a bacterium was isolated from deep-sea sediment DP040, which was identified to be Bacillus cereus (termed as Bacillus cereus DP040). Bacillus cereus DP040 could invade the gut microbiota of mice to change the gut microbial structure, leading to inflammatory symptom of mice. The deep-sea sediments containing the bacteria destroying the health of mice were distributed in hydrothermal vent, mid-ocean ridge and hadal trench of the Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that deep sea is an important origin of potential pathogenic bacteria and provide the first biosecurity insight into the alien species invasion of deep-sea bacteria into mammal gut microbiota.}, }
@article {pmid35689727, year = {2022}, author = {Zilkey, DR and Moser, KA}, title = {Diatom community composition on submerged macrophyte species from an Ontario (Canada) lake.}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {58}, number = {5}, pages = {691-702}, doi = {10.1111/jpy.13273}, pmid = {35689727}, issn = {1529-8817}, mesh = {*Diatoms ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Ontario ; }, abstract = {The introduction of invasive macrophyte species can affect submerged macrophyte community composition and abundance, which in turn can alter the functions of lake ecosystems. Knowing when and how invasive macrophytes arrive and spread can help disentangle the effects of invasive species from other stressors on lake ecosystems. This requires a long-term (decades) perspective of macrophyte community composition, which is rarely available. An alternative is paleolimnological inferences of macrophyte community composition from fossil diatom assemblages, which requires knowledge of epiphytic diatom communities. Here, we investigated the epiphytic diatom community composition of three common submerged macrophyte species (Chara sp., Potamogeton robbinsii, and the invasive Myriophyllum spicatum) in a typical temperate, mixed forest lake, Chandos Lake, Ontario, Canada, to provide a basis for future paleolimnological research. Non-parametric, multivariate analysis of variance indicated a statistically significant difference in the epiphytic diatom communities of different macrophyte species, despite principal components analysis showing some overlap among the diatom communities. Diatom community composition of all macrophytes had abundant Achnanthidium minutissimum and Cocconeis placentula. Generalized linear models and univariate analysis of variance identified six diatoms (Encyonopsis microcephala, Epithemia turgida, Gomphonema parvulius, Navicula gerloffi, Rhopalodia gibba, and Rossithidium anastasiae) that were significantly different among macrophyte species. Although it remains uncertain whether these differences are sufficient to infer historical macrophyte community composition from epiphytic diatom fossil assemblages, our results indicate the potential of such an approach and offer suggestions for future research.}, }
@article {pmid35689112, year = {2022}, author = {Barton, DP and Gherman, CM and Zhu, X and Shamsi, S}, title = {Characterization of tongue worms, Linguatula spp. (Pentastomida) in Romania, with the first record of an unknown adult Linguatula from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus Linnaeus).}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {121}, number = {8}, pages = {2379-2388}, pmid = {35689112}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; *Deer/parasitology ; Dogs ; Foxes/parasitology ; Male ; *Pentastomida/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Romania/epidemiology ; *Wolves ; }, abstract = {Specimens of the pentastomid parasite, Linguatula serrata, have been reported from several animals in Romania, including some domestic dogs translocated to other parts of Europe. In this study, gray wolves (Canis lupus, n = 80), golden jackals (C. aureus, n = 115), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes, n = 236), and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus, n = 1) were examined for pentastomes. Overall, 17.5% of wolves were found to be infected with specimens of Linguatula, with a range of infections of one to five individuals per animal. Golden jackals and foxes had much lower infection levels, with 1.73% of golden jackals and 1.69% of foxes infected; both host species were found to be infected with one or two individual pentastomes per animal. The single deer specimen was infected with three individual pentastomes. The pentastomes collected from the wolves and golden jackals were determined to be immature and mature adult specimens of L. serrata based on morphological examination and molecular analysis using the 18S rRNA gene. No pentastomes collected from the red foxes were available for identification. The pentastomes collected from the roe deer were expected to be L. arctica but determined to be mature adult male specimens of an unknown Linguatula, herein, referred to as Linguatula sp. based on its morphology; the results of molecular sequencing for the Linguatula specimen collected from the deer were inconclusive, preventing a final species identification. This study presents the first report of L. serrata in any hosts from Romania through both morphological and molecular characterization, and also presents the first report of a Linguatula sp. in Ca. capreolus, utilizing morphological characterization. Issues of morphological variability are discussed, including the presence of spines in the hook pit of specimens of Linguatula. This study highlights the need to examine all specimens of Linguatula to confirm the stage of development. Despite the inconclusive molecular result for some specimens, the authors still urge future researchers to incorporate a combined molecular and morphological approach in identifying specimens of Linguatula.}, }
@article {pmid35687756, year = {2022}, author = {Jenckel, M and Hall, RN and Strive, T}, title = {Pathogen profiling of Australian rabbits by metatranscriptomic sequencing.}, journal = {Transboundary and emerging diseases}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, pages = {e2629-e2640}, pmid = {35687756}, issn = {1865-1682}, support = {P.PSH.1059//Meat and Livestock Australia/ ; //CSIRO/ ; P01-B-002//Centre for Invasive Species Solutions/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia/epidemiology ; *Caliciviridae Infections/veterinary ; *Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/genetics ; *Myxoma virus ; Rabbits ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; }, abstract = {Australia is known for its long history of using biocontrol agents, such as myxoma virus (MYXV) and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), to manage wild European rabbit populations. Interestingly, while undertaking RHDV surveillance of rabbits that were found dead, we observed that approximately 40% of samples were negative for RHDV. To investigate whether other infectious agents are responsible for killing rabbits in Australia, we subjected a subset of these RHDV-negative liver samples to metatranscriptomic sequencing. In addition, we investigated whether the host transcriptome data could provide additional differentiation between likely infectious versus non-infectious causes of death. We identified transcripts from several Clostridia species, Pasteurella multocida, Pseudomonas spp., and Eimeria stiedae, in liver samples of several rabbits that had died suddenly, all of which are known to infect rabbits and are capable of causing disease and mortality. In addition, we identified Hepatitis E virus and Cyniclomyces yeast in some samples, both of which are not usually associated with severe disease. In one-third of the sequenced total liver RNAs, no infectious agent could be identified. While metatranscriptomic sequencing cannot provide definitive evidence of causation, additional host transcriptome analysis provided further insights to distinguish between pathogenic microbes and commensals or environmental contaminants. Interestingly, three samples where no pathogen could be identified showed evidence of up-regulated host immune responses, while immune response pathways were not up-regulated when E. stiedae, Pseudomonas, or yeast were detected. In summary, although no new putative rabbit pathogens were identified, this study provides a robust workflow for future investigations into rabbit mortality events.}, }
@article {pmid35687203, year = {2022}, author = {Roth, CL and O'Neil, ST and Coates, PS and Ricca, MA and Pyke, DA and Aldridge, CL and Heinrichs, JA and Espinosa, SP and Delehanty, DJ}, title = {Targeting Sagebrush (Artemisia Spp.) Restoration Following Wildfire with Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus Urophasianus) Nest Selection and Survival Models.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {70}, number = {2}, pages = {288-306}, pmid = {35687203}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; *Artemisia ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; *Galliformes/physiology ; Nesting Behavior ; *Wildfires ; }, abstract = {Unprecedented conservation efforts for sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) ecosystems across the western United States have been catalyzed by risks from escalated wildfire activity that reduces habitat for sagebrush-obligate species such as Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). However, post-fire restoration is challenged by spatial variation in ecosystem processes influencing resilience to disturbance and resistance to non-native invasive species, and spatial and temporal lags between slower sagebrush recovery processes and faster demographic responses of sage-grouse to loss of important habitat. Decision-support frameworks that account for these factors can help users strategically apply restoration efforts by predicting short and long-term ecological benefits of actions. Here, we developed a framework that strategically targets burned areas for restoration actions (e.g., seeding or planting sagebrush) that have the greatest potential to positively benefit sage-grouse populations through time. Specifically, we estimated sagebrush recovery following wildfire and risk of non-native annual grass invasion under four scenarios: passive recovery, grazing exclusion, active restoration with seeding, and active restoration with seedling transplants. We then applied spatial predictions of integrated nest site selection and survival models before wildfire, immediately following wildfire, and at 30 and 50 years post-wildfire based on each restoration scenario and measured changes in habitat. Application of this framework coupled with strategic planting designs aimed at developing patches of nesting habitat may help increase operational resilience for fire-impacted sagebrush ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid35686178, year = {2022}, author = {,  and Bragard, C and Baptista, P and Chatzivassiliou, E and Di Serio, F and Gonthier, P and Jaques Miret, JA and Justesen, AF and Magnusson, CS and Milonas, P and Navas-Cortes, JA and Parnell, S and Potting, R and Reignault, PL and Stefani, E and Thulke, HH and Van der Werf, W and Vicent Civera, A and Yuen, J and Zappalà, L and Grégoire, JC and Malumphy, C and Kertesz, V and Maiorano, A and MacLeod, A}, title = {Pest categorisation of Oligonychus perseae.}, journal = {EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, pages = {e07336}, pmid = {35686178}, issn = {1831-4732}, abstract = {The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Oligonychus perseae (Acari: Prostigmata: Tetranychidae), the persea mite, for the EU. O. perseae is a tropical species that originated in Mesoamerica and has now spread and established in California, Florida, Hawaii, Morocco, southern Europe and Israel. Within the EU, it is established in Italy, Portugal and Spain. O. perseae is not listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. It is polyphagous, feeding on plants in 20 genera in 17 families. It is most frequently reported on avocado (Persea americana), where it is considered a key pest. No evidence was found indicating damage to other crops. O. perseae live on leaves and do not attack the fruit. Populations usually grow exponentially at the beginning of summer and decline at the end of this season. High population densities can cause severe defoliation, resulting in downgrading of fruit through sunburn. However, this type of damage is common only if trees additionally suffer from water stress. The lack of additional avocado pests in the EU, which facilitates the production of organic avocados, is jeopardised by the occurrence of this mite, as it may require pesticide applications. This is why O. perseae is considered an important pest of avocados in Spain, where more than 80% of EU avocado production occurs. Natural dispersal is restricted to neighbouring trees. However, human-assisted movement can result in long-distance spread. Plants for planting provide potential pathways for further entry and spread, including O. perseae-free EU MS where avocados are grown (i.e. Cyprus, France, Greece). Climatic conditions and availability of host plants in southern EU countries are conducive for establishment. Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of further entry and spread. O. perseae satisfies with no key uncertainties the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest.}, }
@article {pmid35684257, year = {2022}, author = {Gašparovičová, P and Ševčík, M and David, S}, title = {The Prediction of Distribution of the Invasive Fallopia Taxa in Slovakia.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {35684257}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Invasive species are now considered the second biggest threat for biodiversity and have adverse environmental, economic and social impacts. Understanding its spatial distribution and dynamics is crucial for the development of tools for large-scale mapping, monitoring and management. The aim of this study was to predict the distribution of invasive Fallopia taxa in Slovakia and to identify the most important predictors of spreading of these species. We designed models of species distribution for invasive species of Fallopia—Fallopia japonica—Japanese knotweed, Fallopia sachalinensis—Sakhalin knotweed and their hybrid Fallopia × bohemica—Czech knotweed. We designed 12 models—generalized linear model (GLM), generalized additive model (GAM), classification and regression trees (CART), boosted regression trees (BRT), multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS), random forests (RF), support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural networks (ANN), maximum entropy (Maxent), penalized maximum likelihood GLM (GLMNET), domain, and radial basis function network (RBF). The accuracy of the models was evaluated using occurrence data for the presence and absence of species. The final simplified logistic regression model showed the three most important prediction variables lead by distances from roads and rails, then type of soil and distances from water bodies. The probability of invasive Fallopia species occurrence was evaluated using Pearson’s chi-squared test (χ21). It significantly decreases with increasing distance from transport lines (χ21 = 118.85, p < 0.001) and depends on soil type (χ21 = 49.56, p < 0.001) and the distance from the water, where increasing the distance decrease the probability (χ21 = 8.95, p = 0.003).}, }
@article {pmid35684215, year = {2022}, author = {Pedro, SI and Rosado, T and Barroca, C and Neiva, D and Alonso-Herranz, V and Gradillas, A and García, A and Gominho, J and Gallardo, E and Anjos, O}, title = {Characterisation of the Phenolic Profile of Acacia retinodes and Acacia mearnsii Flowers' Extracts.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {35684215}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {PCIF/GVB/0145/2018//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; }, abstract = {Acacia spp. is an invasive species that is widespread throughout the Portuguese territory. Thus, it is pertinent to better understand this species in order to find different applications that will value its use. To evaluate the phenolic profile in Acacia flowers, ethanolic extracts obtained through an energized guided dispersive extraction were analysed, focusing on two species, Acacia retinodes and Acacia mearnsii, at two flowering stages. The phytochemical profile of each extract was determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector. The FTIR-ATR technique was used to distinguish the different samples’ compositions. The results showed the presence of high concentrations of phenolic compounds (>300 mg GAE/g extract), among which are flavonoids (>136 mg QE/g extract), for all combinations of species/flowering stages. The phytochemical profile showed a complex composition with 21 compounds identified and quantified (the predominant ones being epicatechin, rutin, vanillin, and catechol). Both species and flowering stages presented significant variations regarding the presence and quantity of phenols and flavonoids, so much so that a principal component analysis performed with FTIR-ATR spectra data of the extracts was able to discriminate between species and flowering stages.}, }
@article {pmid35681870, year = {2022}, author = {Kennedy, BPA and Boyle, N and Fleming, PJS and Harvey, AM and Jones, B and Ramp, D and Dixon, R and McGreevy, PD}, title = {Ethical Treatment of Invasive and Native Fauna in Australia: Perspectives through the One Welfare Lens.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {35681870}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {The One Welfare concept is proposed to guide humans in the ethical treatment of non-human animals, each other and the environment. One Welfare was conceptualized for veterinarians but could be a foundational concept through which to promote the ethical treatment of animals that are outside of direct human care and responsibility. However, wild-living animals raise additional ethical conundrums because of their multifarious values and roles, and relationships that humans have with them. At an open facilitated forum, the 2018 Robert Dixon Memorial Animal Welfare Symposium, a panel of five experts from different fields shared their perspectives on "loving and hating animals in the wild" and responded to unscripted questions from the audience. The Symposium's objectives were to elucidate views on the ethical treatment of the native and invasive animals of Australia and to identify some of the resultant dilemmas facing conservationists, educators, veterinarians and society. Here, we document the presented views and case studies and synthesize common themes in a One Welfare framework. Additionally, we identified points of contention that can guide further discourse. With this guide in place, the identification and discussion of those disparate views was a first step toward practical resolutions on how to manage wild-living Australian fauna ethically. We concluded that there was great utility in the One Welfare approach for any discourse about wild animal welfare. It requires attention to each element of the triple bottom line and ensures that advocacy for one party does not vanquish the voices from other sectors. We argue that, by facilitating a focus on the ecology in the context of wild animal issues, One Welfare is more useful in this context than the veterinary context for which it was originally developed.}, }
@article {pmid35680914, year = {2022}, author = {Cabezas, MP and Lasso-Alcalá, OM and Quintero-T, E and Xavier, R and Giarrizzo, T and Nunes, JLS and Machado, FS and Gómez, J and Silva Pedroza, W and Jowers, MJ}, title = {Clarifying the taxonomy of some cryptic blennies (Blenniidae) in their native and introduced range.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {9514}, pmid = {35680914}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Introduced Species ; *Perciformes/genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Omobranchus punctatus is native to the Indo-Pacific region and invasive in the Atlantic region, currently being considered one of the most widely distributed blenny species. However, recent molecular studies indicated that O. punctatus is a complex of species, with three divergent mtDNA lineages identified to date, stressing the need for a taxonomic revision. In this study, we used an integrative approach, combining morphological and genetic data, to shed light on the taxonomy and distribution of O. punctatus. Moreover, we provide the first genetic records of introduced populations in Brazil and discuss the introduction pattern of this species in this region. Morphological data shows that O. punctatus consists of at least five distinct and geographically restricted species: O. punctatus sensu stricto, O. dispar, O. sewalli, O. cf. kochi, and O. cf. japonicus. Species delimitation analyses performed using the mtDNA data available confirmed that O. punctatus sensu stricto, O. dispar and O. sewalli correspond to different species that started to diverge about 2.6 Mya. Furthermore, O. sewalli was identified as the invasive species colonizing Atlantic shores. The existence of historical oceanographic barriers, such as the emergence of the Sunda Shelf in the Eastern Indian Ocean during the Pleistocene, and the biological traits of these blennies are the most likely factors responsible for their genetic differentiation and subsequent speciation.}, }
@article {pmid35680780, year = {2022}, author = {Schneider, DI and Sujii, ER and Laumann, RA and Tidon, R}, title = {Parasitoids of Drosophilids in the Brazilian Savanna: Spatial-temporal Distribution and Host Associations with Native and Exotic Species.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {51}, number = {4}, pages = {514-525}, pmid = {35680780}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {309973/2017-1//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Drosophila ; *Ecosystem ; Grassland ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; Larva ; Pupa ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Host-parasitoid interactions may have a relevant role not only in ecological processes but also in human procedures such as biological control and the management of invasive species. Although the Drosophila-parasitoid system has been widely used for investigating all aspects of host-parasitoid relationships, it is still poorly understood in tropical areas. Here, we investigate the richness, spatial-temporal distribution, and host associations of parasitoids attacking drosophilid flies in the core region of the Brazilian Savanna, a hotspot of biodiversity. Using different methods, we collected wasps on several occasions over 7 years and found 13 species representing families associated with drosophilid larvae (Figitidae, Braconidae) and pupae (Pteromalidae, Eurytomidae, Dipriidae). The dominant species infesting larvae and pupae were Dicerataspis grenadensis Ashmead and Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani), respectively. Spalangia simplex Perkins was recorded for the first time in the Brazilian Savanna. Although our study was not designed to evaluate collection methods, we observed that they captured different subsets of the wasp community. The spatiotemporal distribution of wasps followed those of drosophilids: they were more abundant in forests and during the rainy season, suggesting that the abundance of hosts, especially native drosophilids, is an important factor determining the assemblage structure and population dynamics of parasitoids. Common parasitoids and drosophilids were associated with more than one host/antagonist species, suggesting that caution should be used for the selection of biological control agents. This study confirms the role and relevance of natural vegetation in preserving biodiversity and ecosystem services, especially in a biome severely threatened by agricultural expansion.}, }
@article {pmid35678697, year = {2022}, author = {Withers, AJ and Rice, A and de Boer, J and Donkersley, P and Pearson, AJ and Chipabika, G and Karangwa, P and Uzayisenga, B and Mensah, BA and Mensah, SA and Nkunika, POY and Kachigamba, D and Smith, JA and Jones, CM and Wilson, K}, title = {The distribution of covert microbial natural enemies of a globally invasive crop pest, fall armyworm, in Africa: Enemy release and spillover events.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {9}, pages = {1826-1841}, pmid = {35678697}, issn = {1365-2656}, support = {BB/P023444/1//Global Challenges Research Fund/ ; NE/L002604/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; Kenya ; *Nucleopolyhedroviruses ; Spodoptera ; *Wolbachia ; }, abstract = {Invasive species pose a significant threat to biodiversity and agriculture world-wide. Natural enemies play an important part in controlling pest populations, yet we understand very little about the presence and prevalence of natural enemies during the early invasion stages. Microbial natural enemies of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda are known in its native region, however, they have not yet been identified in Africa where fall armyworm has been an invasive crop pest since 2016. Larval samples were screened from Malawi, Rwanda, Kenya, Zambia, Sudan and Ghana for the presence of four different microbial natural enemies; two nucleopolyhedroviruses, Spodoptera frugiperda NPV (SfMNPV) and Spodoptera exempta NPV (SpexNPV); the fungal pathogen Metarhizium rileyi; and the bacterium Wolbachia. This study aimed to identify which microbial pathogens are present in invasive fall armyworm, and determine the geographical, meteorological and temporal variables that influence prevalence. Within 3 years of arrival, fall armyworm was exposed to all four microbial natural enemies. SfMNPV probably arrived with fall armyworm from the Americas, but this is the first putative evidence of host spillover from Spodoptera exempta (African armyworm) to fall armyworm for the endemic pathogen SpexNPV and for Wolbachia. It is also the first confirmed incidence of M. rileyi infecting fall armyworm in Africa. Natural enemies were localised, with variation being observed both nationally and temporally. The prevalence of SfMNPV (the most common natural enemy) was predominantly explained by variables associated with the weather; declining with increasing rainfall and increasing with temperature. However, virus prevalence also increased as the growing season progressed. The infection of an invasive species with a natural enemy from its native range and novel pathogens specific to its new range has important consequences for understanding the population ecology of invasive species and insect-pathogen interactions. Additionally, while it is widely known that temporal and geographic factors affect insect populations, this study reveals that these are important in understanding the distribution of microbial natural enemies associated with invasive pests during the early stages of invasion, and provide baseline data for future studies.}, }
@article {pmid35678355, year = {2022}, author = {Woodyard, ET and Bierman, AE and Edwards, JJ and Finney, JC and Rosser, TG and Griffin, MJ and Marancik, DP}, title = {Kudoa hypoepicardialis and associated cardiac lesions in invasive red lionfish Pterois volitans in Grenada, West Indies.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {149}, number = {}, pages = {97-108}, doi = {10.3354/dao03663}, pmid = {35678355}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Animals ; Capsules ; DNA, Ribosomal ; Grenada ; Introduced Species ; *Myxozoa/genetics ; *Perciformes/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Invasive red lionfish Pterois volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) represent an ongoing ecological threat within temperate and tropical waters. Relatively little is known regarding the overall health of P. volitans and their potential for spreading pathogens in non-native regions. Lionfish collected from inshore reefs of Grenada, West Indies, in 2019 and 2021 were identified as P. volitans based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 barcoding. Gross and microscopic examination of tissues revealed myxozoan plasmodia in the hearts of 24/76 (31.6%) lionfish by histopathology or wet mount cytology. Further histopathologic examination revealed severe granulomatous inflammation and myofiber necrosis associated with developing plasmodia and presporogonic life stages. Fresh myxospores were morphologically and molecularly consistent with Kudoa hypoepicardialis, being quadrate in apical view with 4 valves and 4 equal polar capsules. The spore body was 5.1-7.9 (mean: 6.0) µm long, 8.1-9.8 (8.7) µm wide, and 6.9-8.5 (7.7) µm thick. Polar capsules were 2.3-2.7 (2.5) µm long and 0.9-1.6 (1.3) µm wide. 18S small subunit rDNA sequences were 99.81-99.87% similar to sequence data from the original description of the species. Novel 28S large subunit rDNA and elongation factor 2 data, which did not match any previously reported species, were provided. This is the first account of a myxozoan parasite of P. volitans, a new host record and locality for K. hypoepicardialis, and one of few reports describing pathogen-associated lesions in invasive lionfish.}, }
@article {pmid35677290, year = {2022}, author = {Rodgers, VL and Scanga, SE and Kolozsvary, MB and Garneau, DE and Kilgore, JS and Anderson, LJ and Hopfensperger, KN and Aguilera, AG and Urban, RA and Juneau, KJ}, title = {Where Is Garlic Mustard? Understanding the Ecological Context for Invasions of Alliaria petiolata.}, journal = {Bioscience}, volume = {72}, number = {6}, pages = {521-537}, pmid = {35677290}, issn = {0006-3568}, abstract = {The invasive plant Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) has spread throughout forest understory and edge communities in much of North America, but its persistence, density, and impacts have varied across sites and time. Surveying the literature since 2008, we evaluated both previously proposed and new mechanisms for garlic mustard's invasion success and note how they interact and vary across ecological contexts. We analyzed how and where garlic mustard has been studied and found a lack of multisite and longitudinal studies, as well as regions that may be under- or overstudied, leading to poor representation for understanding and predicting future invasion dynamics. Inconsistencies in how sampling units are scaled and defined can also hamper our understanding of invasive species. We present new conceptual models for garlic mustard invasion from a macrosystems perspective, emphasizing the importance of synergies and feedbacks among mechanisms across spatial and temporal scales to produce variable ecological contexts.}, }
@article {pmid35677247, year = {2022}, author = {Xia, C and Chon, TS and Takasu, F and Choi, WI and Park, YS}, title = {Simulating Pine Wilt Disease Dispersal With an Individual-Based Model Incorporating Individual Movement Patterns of Vector Beetles.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {886867}, pmid = {35677247}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Individual movements of the insect vector pine sawyer beetles were incorporated into an individual-based model (IBM) to elucidate the dispersal of pine wilt disease (PWD) and demonstrate the effects of control practices. The model results were compared with the spatial data of infested pine trees in the Gijang-gun area of Busan, Republic of Korea. Step functions with long- and middle-distance movements of individual beetles effectively established symptomatic and asymptomatic trees for the dispersal of PWD. Pair correlations and pairwise distances were suitable for evaluating PWD dispersal between model results and field data at short and long scales, respectively. The accordance between model and field data was observed in infestation rates at 0.08 and 0.09 and asymptomatic rates at 0.16-0.17 for disease dispersal. Eradication radii longer than 20 m would effectively control PWD dispersal for symptomatic transmission and 20-40 m for asymptomatic transmission. However, the longer eradication radii were more effective at controlling PWD. Therefore, to maximize control effects, a longer radius of at least 40 m is recommended for clear-cutting eradication. The IBM of individual movement patterns provided practical information on interlinking the levels of individuals and populations and could contribute to the monitoring and management of forest pests where individual movement is important for population dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid35676315, year = {2022}, author = {Jones, C and Skrip, MM and Seliger, BJ and Jones, S and Wakie, T and Takeuchi, Y and Petras, V and Petrasova, A and Meentemeyer, RK}, title = {Spotted lanternfly predicted to establish in California by 2033 without preventative management.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {558}, pmid = {35676315}, issn = {2399-3642}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Hemiptera ; Introduced Species ; Natural Resources ; }, abstract = {Models that are both spatially and temporally dynamic are needed to forecast where and when non-native pests and pathogens are likely to spread, to provide advance information for natural resource managers. The potential US range of the invasive spotted lanternfly (SLF, Lycorma delicatula) has been modeled, but until now, when it could reach the West Coast's multi-billion-dollar fruit industry has been unknown. We used process-based modeling to forecast the spread of SLF assuming no treatments to control populations occur. We found that SLF has a low probability of first reaching the grape-producing counties of California by 2027 and a high probability by 2033. Our study demonstrates the importance of spatio-temporal modeling for predicting the spread of invasive species to serve as an early alert for growers and other decision makers to prepare for impending risks of SLF invasion. It also provides a baseline for comparing future control options.}, }
@article {pmid35671270, year = {2022}, author = {Campbell, C and Russo, L and Albert, R and Buckling, A and Shea, K}, title = {Whole community invasions and the integration of novel ecosystems.}, journal = {PLoS computational biology}, volume = {18}, number = {6}, pages = {e1010151}, pmid = {35671270}, issn = {1553-7358}, mesh = {Biota ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {The impact of invasion by a single non-native species on the function and structure of ecological communities can be significant, and the effects can become more drastic-and harder to predict-when multiple species invade as a group. Here we modify a dynamic Boolean model of plant-pollinator community assembly to consider the invasion of native communities by multiple invasive species that are selected either randomly or such that the invaders constitute a stable community. We show that, compared to random invasion, whole community invasion leads to final stable communities (where the initial process of species turnover has given way to a static or near-static set of species in the community) including both native and non-native species that are larger, more likely to retain native species, and which experience smaller changes to the topological measures of nestedness and connectance. We consider the relationship between the prevalence of mutualistic interactions among native and invasive species in the final stable communities and demonstrate that mutualistic interactions may act as a buffer against significant disruptions to the native community.}, }
@article {pmid35670872, year = {2022}, author = {Hinckley, ES and Miller, HR and Lezberg, A and Anacker, B}, title = {Interactions between tall oatgrass invasion and soil nitrogen cycling.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {199}, number = {2}, pages = {419-426}, pmid = {35670872}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {19-01-0047//city of boulder open space and mountain parks/ ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Grassland ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Nitrogen Cycle ; Plants ; Poaceae ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {Increases in nitrogen (N) inputs to the biosphere can exacerbate the introduction and spread of invasive non-native plant species. Often, with elevated soil N levels, invasive plants establish and further enrich soil N pools, changing overall ecosystem function. This study examined the relationship between soil N cycling and an increasingly prevalent, invasive plant species, tall oatgrass (Arrhenatherum elatius subsp. elatius), in foothills ecosystems between the Colorado Rocky Mountains and the Denver-Boulder Metropolitan area-similar to many Western US grasslands and woodlands. It focused on investigating differences in soil N transformations, inorganic N pools, and vegetation characteristics across invaded and uninvaded plots at three sites in two seasons (summer and autumn). There was a statistically significant effect of invasion on rates of net N mineralization, but it was dependent on site and season (p = 0.046). Site had a statistically significant effect on soil moisture and aboveground biomass C:N (p < 0.04). The interactions of invasion x site were statistically significant for ammonium pools (p < 0.03). These findings suggest that A. elatius invasion can be associated with accelerated N cycling, but that the nature of the relationship differs by location and season in the foothills. More broadly, this study contributes to determining how the N cycle is shifting in grassland ecosystems subject to increasing pressures from anthropogenic change.}, }
@article {pmid35669578, year = {2022}, author = {Ji, SX and Wang, XD and Lin, ZK and Wan, FH and Lü, ZC and Liu, WX}, title = {Characterization of Chromatin Remodeling Genes Involved in Thermal Tolerance of Biologically Invasive Bemisia tabaci.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {865172}, pmid = {35669578}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {As an invasive species, Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED) has notable potential to adapt to a wide range of environmental temperatures, which enables it to successfully spread after invasion and occupy habitats over a wide latitude range. It has been postulated that chromatin remodeling mechanisms are related to the rapid acquisition of adaptive traits and thermal resistance in invasive species; however, relevant experimental evidence is scarce. To identify the molecular characteristics and assess the role of chromatin remodelers in thermal stress within invasive MED and native Asia II 1 of the B. tabaci species complex, we identified 13 switching defective/sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) and 10 imitation switch (ISWI) family members in the B. tabaci genome, analyzed their molecular characteristics and structures, and identified key mutation sites between MED and Asia II 1, then cloned the catalytic subunits, and revealed the difference in thermal tolerance function. The results showed that the expression levels of Bt-BRM-1 and Bt-BRM-2 were significantly higher in MED than in Asia II 1 during heat stress, and Bt-BRM-2 expression was significantly higher during cold stress. In addition, RNA interference results indicated that the two target genes had similar temperature tolerance function in the both two cryptic species. This study is the first to identify and analyze the molecular characteristics of SWI/SNF and ISWI family members and reveal their potential key roles in temperature tolerance in poikilothermic ectotherms. The results will assist in understanding the underlying temperature adaptation mechanism of invasive insects and will enrich stress adaptation research systems from an epigenetic perspective.}, }
@article {pmid35669040, year = {2022}, author = {Hay, A and Riggins, CL and Heard, T and Garoutte, C and Rodriguez, Y and Fillipone, F and Smith, KK and Menchaca, N and Williamson, J and Perkin, JS}, title = {Movement and mortality of invasive suckermouth armored catfish during a spearfishing control experiment.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {24}, number = {10}, pages = {3119-3131}, pmid = {35669040}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Control of non-native, invasive species in groundwater-dependent ecosystems that are also inhabited by regionally endemic or at-risk species represents a key challenge in aquatic invasive species management. Non-native suckermouth armored catfish (SAC; family Loricariidae) have invaded freshwater ecosystems on a global scale, including the groundwater-dependent upper San Marcos River in Texas, USA. We used passive integrated transponder tags to follow the movements and fates of 65 fish in a 1.6 km spring-fed reach of the upper San Macros River to assess the efficacy of a community-based spearfishing bounty hunt for controlling SAC. We found the weekly probability of SAC survival was negatively correlated with the number of fish removed as a part of the bounty hunt each week (P = 0.003, R [2] = 0.86), while the probability of SAC being speared and reported was positively correlated with the number of fish removed (P = 0.011, R [2] = 0.53). The majority of SAC used < 25 m[2] of river over a nine-week tracking period, but the area of river fish used correlated positively with the number of relocations (P < 0.001, R [2] = 0.36) as might be expected for a population that disperses through diffusive spread. These findings collectively suggest local-scale suppression of the SAC population is possible through community engagement in spearfishing, but over longer time periods immigration might offset some of the removal success. This conclusion provides an explanation for the pattern in which long-term spearfishing tournaments have reduced biomass but ultimately not resulted in eradication of the population.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10530-022-02834-2.}, }
@article {pmid35668811, year = {2022}, author = {Tian, H and Koski, TM and Zhao, L and Liu, Z and Sun, J}, title = {Invasion History of the Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Influences the Abundance of Serratia sp. in Pupal Chambers and Tracheae of Insect-Vector Monochamus alternatus.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {856841}, pmid = {35668811}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Pine wilt disease (PWD) has caused extensive mortality in pine forests worldwide. This disease is a result of a multi-species interaction among an invasive pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, its vector Monochamus sp. beetle, and the host pine tree (Pinus sp.). In other systems, microbes have been shown to attenuate negative impacts on invasive species after the invasion has reached a certain time point. Despite that the role of PWD associated microbes involved in the PWD system has been widely studied, it is not known whether similar antagonistic "hidden microbial players" exist in this system due to the lack of knowledge about the potential temporal changes in the composition of associated microbiota. In this study, we investigated the bacteria-to-fungi ratio and isolated culturable bacterial isolates from pupal chambers and vector beetle tracheae across five sampling sites in China differing in the duration of PWN invasion. We also tested the pathogenicity of two candidate bacteria strains against the PWN-vector beetle complex. A total of 118 bacterial species belonging to 4 phyla, 30 families, and 54 genera were classified based on 16S sequencing. The relative abundance of the genus Serratia was lower in pupal chambers and tracheae in newly PWN invaded sites (<10 years) compared to the sites that had been invaded for more than 20 years. Serratia marcescens strain AHPC29 was widely distributed across all sites and showed nematicidal activity against PWN. The insecticidal activity of this strain was dependent on the life stage of the vector beetle Monochamus alternatus: no insecticidal activity was observed against final-instar larvae, whereas S. marcescens was highly virulent against pupae. Our findings improved the understanding of the temporal variation in the microbial community associated with the PWN-vector beetle complex and the progress of PWD and can therefore facilitate the development of biological control agents against PWN and its vector beetle.}, }
@article {pmid35668243, year = {2022}, author = {Najberek, K and Solarz, W and Gąsienica-Staszeczek, M and Olejniczak, P}, title = {Role of enemy release and hybridization in the invasiveness of Impatiens balfourii and I. glandulifera.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {135}, number = {5}, pages = {637-646}, pmid = {35668243}, issn = {1618-0860}, mesh = {Herbivory ; *Impatiens ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; Pollination ; Seeds/genetics ; }, abstract = {Comparative studies with taxonomically and geographically paired alien species that exhibit different degrees of success in their invasions may help to identify the factors that determine invasiveness. Examples of such species in Europe include the noninvasive Impatiens balfourii and invasive I. glandulifera. We tested whether the low invasiveness of I. balfourii in Europe may be explained by strong pressure from local enemies. Earlier studies of these two species provided support for their hybridization. We tested this phenomenon as the potential occurrence of I. glandulifera × I. balfourii hybrids might promote the evolution of the invasiveness of I. balfourii. Both species were germinated from seeds collected in 2015 on the Swiss-Italian border in Insubria and utilized in three experiments: (1) a common garden enemy release test (leaf damage or pest pressure), (2) a test of the pressure exerted by a generalist enemy and (3) hybridization test. In the first test, the effect of enemies was assessed by the level of leaf damage and the number of pests. In the second test, a food choice experiment with a generalist herbivore (Cepaea snails) was performed. In the hybridization test, the plants were placed in a climatic chamber for self-pollination and hand cross-pollination. Analyses of enemy release and Cepaea snail preference revealed that I. balfourii experienced higher enemy pressure than I. glandulifera; however, this was not reflected in the performance of the plants. Although I. glandulifera was larger, I. balfourii had greater fecundity. Thus, the invasion success of I. glandulifera could not be unambiguously attributed to its greater degree of release from enemies compared with the noninvasive I. balfourii. Additionally, we did not obtain any evidence of hybridization between the two species. Thus, we obtained no support for the hypothesis that the evolution of the invasiveness of I. balfourii could be enhanced through hybridization with I. glandulifera.}, }
@article {pmid35668124, year = {2022}, author = {Kim, D and Taylor, AT and Near, TJ}, title = {Phylogenomics and species delimitation of the economically important Black Basses (Micropterus).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {9113}, pmid = {35668124}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bass/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Informed management and conservation efforts are vital to sustainable recreational fishing and biodiversity conservation. Because the taxonomic rank of species is important in conservation and management strategies, success of these efforts depends on accurate species delimitation. The Black Basses (Micropterus) are an iconic lineage of freshwater fishes that include some of the world's most popular species for recreational fishing and world's most invasive species. Despite their popularity, previous studies to delimit species and lineages in Micropterus suffer from insufficient geographic coverage and uninformative molecular markers. Our phylogenomic analyses of ddRAD data result in the delimitation of 19 species of Micropterus, which includes 14 described species, the undescribed but well-known Altamaha, Bartram's, and Choctaw basses, and two additional undescribed species currently classified as Smallmouth Bass (M. dolomieu). We provide a revised delimitation of species in the Largemouth Bass complex that necessitates a change in scientific nomenclature: Micropterus salmoides is retained for the Florida Bass and Micropterus nigricans is elevated from synonymy for the Largemouth Bass. The new understanding of diversity, distribution, and systematics of Black Basses will serve as important basis for the management and conservation of this charismatic and economically important clade of fishes.}, }
@article {pmid35666311, year = {2022}, author = {Hede, N and Khandeparker, L}, title = {Ecological Impacts of Aged Freshwater Biofilms on Estuarine Microbial Communities Elucidated Through Microcosm Experiments: A Microbial Invasion Perspective.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {7}, pages = {210}, pmid = {35666311}, issn = {1432-0991}, support = {GAP 2429//ballast water management program, india (ministry of shipping and dg shipping)/ ; PSC 0105//csir funded ocean finder program/ ; }, mesh = {Bacteria/genetics ; Biofilms ; Fresh Water/microbiology ; *Microbiota ; *Vibrio cholerae ; Water ; }, abstract = {Inadvertent introductions of alien species via biofilms as a vector released through ballast water are of environmental importance, yet their consequences are not much known. In the present study, biofilm communities developed in an inland freshwater port under in situ and dark conditions were subjected to long-term dark incubations. Subsequently, the impact of these aged biofilms as vectors on estuarine water column communities were evaluated using microcosm experiments in the laboratory. Variations in biofilm and planktonic microbial communities were quantified using quantitative PCR.Upon prolonged dark incubation, a shift in bacterial diversity with an increase in tolerant bacterial communities better adapted to stress was observed. Actinobacteria were the dominant taxa in both aged biofilms upon dark incubations. The laboratory studies indicated that on exposure of these biofilms to estuarine water, resuscitation of Vibrio alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. cholerae from a dormant state existing in these biofilms to culturable form was observed. Moreover, the results revealed that both the biofilm types can pose a threat to the environment, but the degree of risk can be attributed to the imbalance caused by significant changes in the surrounding estuarine microbial communities. Consequently, this may result in either proliferation or decline of some genera with different metabolic potential and resuscitation of pathogenic forms not present earlier, thereby influencing the ecology of the environment. Quantifying these effects in the field using biofilm metagenomes with an emphasis on virulent species and understanding traits that enable them to adapt to changing environments is a way forward.}, }
@article {pmid35666221, year = {2022}, author = {Zečević, K and Sudimac, M and Majstorović, H and Stanković, I and Petrović, B and Delibašić, G and Krstic, B}, title = {First Report of Yeast-Spot Disease of Soybean Seeds Caused by Eremothecium coryli in Serbia.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-12-21-2798-PDN}, pmid = {35666221}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Over the last 15 years, the area planted with soybeans (Glycine max) in Serbia has increased drastically, from 131,000 hectares in 2005 to 230,000 in 2019, and the average yield reached 3.2 t/ha in 2020. The Province of Vojvodina is the most important soybean production region with 95% of the total soybean area in Serbia (www.stat.gov.rs). During the 2021 growing season, soybean seeds with various kinds of symptoms including colour changes, light and dark brown spots, blotching, necrosis, and shriveling were collected from soybean field before harvest of soybean cv. Dukat in the Tamiš locality (South Banat District, Vojvodina Province: GPS: 44°56'12.936"N 20°43'24.216"E) in Serbia. The incidence of symptomatic seeds was estimated at 6.4%. Symptomatic soybean seeds were surface disinfected with 2% NaOCl for 2 min, rinsed in sterile water, dried on sterile filter paper, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and were incubated at 25°C in the dark for 10 to 14 days. The identification of fungi at the genus level based on morphological characteristics revealed the presence of species of Macrophomina, Botrytis, Cercospora and Alternaria, which were previously reported as pathogens of soybean seed in Serbia (Krsmanović et al. 2020). Also, seven white to slightly creamy colonies with yeast-like morphology were observed around seeds expressing discoloration and necrotic and sunken spots. Ten days later, microscopic observations of yeast-like colonies revealed the presence of globose budding cells (diameter of 20 to 28 μm) mostly single or rarely in short chains. Also, two to eight needle-shaped ascospores (52 to 80 μm in length) were arranged lengthwise in many cylindrical to naviculate asci (60 to 96 x 8 to 12, avg. 72.4 x 9.2 µm). Ascospores were with a unilateral, slender, flexuous, whip-like appendage. The morphology of the different fungal structures indicated that the pathogen was Eremothecium coryli (Pelgion) Kurtzman and it was further supported by molecular identification. Total DNA was extracted directly from fungal mycelium with a DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and PCR amplification performed with primers ITS1F (Gardes and Bruns 1993) and ITS4 (White et al. 1990). Sequence analysis of ITS region revealed that the Serbian isolate ND2/21 (GenBank Accession No. OL958602) shared the highest nucleotide identity of 100% with E. coryli isolate (Accession No. KY103387). For pathogenicity test, fresh soybean seeds (cv. Sava) were surface-disinfected with 2% NaOCl and rinsed in sterile water before inoculation. The seeds were pierced 3-4 times with a sterile insect pin through a drop of yeast suspension (concentration 10[6] ascospores/ml) of one selected single-spore isolate (ND2-21). Similarly, control seeds were pierced with sterile insect pins through a drop of sterile distilled water. Five inoculated seeds and control (five replicates per treatment) were arranged uniformly in a Petri dish (9 cm diameter) and incubated at 22 to 25°C in the dark and kept under >95% relative humidity during the first 48 h. Twenty days after inoculation, small brown necrotic lesions were visible on the soybean seeds. Re-isolation from symptomatic seeds on PDA dishes yielded yeast-like colonies with the same morphological characteristics as those used for inoculation, thus confirming Koch's postulates. The control seeds had no symptoms. This fungus is widely known as a pathogen of yeast spot disease on soybean seeds (Heinrichs et al. 1976; Kimura et al. 2008), but to our knowledge, it has never been reported in Serbia. Considering that invasive species Nezara viridula L. and Halyomorpha halys (STÅL, 1855), the vectors of this fungus, were reported in our country (Kereši et al. 2012; Šeat 2015) and that their mass appearance has been documented in recent years (Konjević et al. 2020), the presence of this pathogen has the potential to cause considerable damage and severe yield losses, resulting in significant economic impact on soybean production in Serbia.}, }
@article {pmid35665886, year = {2022}, author = {Gallitelli, L and Battisti, C and Pietrelli, L and Scalici, M}, title = {Anthropogenic particles in coypu (Myocastor coypus; Mammalia, Rodentia)' faeces: first evidence and considerations about their use as track for detecting microplastic pollution.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {29}, number = {36}, pages = {55293-55301}, pmid = {35665886}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring ; Feces/chemistry ; *Microplastics ; Plastics ; Rodentia ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic plastic litter is widespread in all environments, with particular emphasis on aquatic habitats. Specifically, although freshwater mammals are important as they are at the top of food web, research mainly focus on marine animals, while only few studies have been carried out on freshwater mammals. The main gap is that microplastics (MP) are completely understudied in freshwater mammals. Here, we reported the first evidence of the presence of anthropogenic particles (including MP) in coypu (Myocastor coypus)' faeces. Coypu is a rodent mammal inhabiting rivers and wetland areas, and we discussed our preliminary data suggesting the use of these tracks as possible future bioindicator of MP pollution in wetlands and freshwaters. We collected 30 coypu's faeces in "Torre Flavia wetland" nature reserve. Then, in laboratory, faeces were digested in 30 ml hydrogen peroxide (30%) for a week a 20 °C and analysed under stereoscope. All the suspected found MP were isolated in a petri dish, using FT-IR analysis to confirm the polymers. Overall, we recorded 444 natural and anthropogenic particles with most of items being fibres. FT-IR analysis of the 10% of the particles recovered revealed that 72% of them was not MP (mainly, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyamide). Also, the number of anthropogenic particles is not correlated with the faecal weight. Given that alien species, such as coypu, are widespread species, our results might have a great importance as these species and MP in faecal tracks may be used as undirect proxy of environmental bioavailability of MP pollution.}, }
@article {pmid35665574, year = {2022}, author = {Bezabih Beyene, B and Li, J and Yuan, J and Dong, Y and Liu, D and Chen, Z and Kim, J and Kang, H and Freeman, C and Ding, W}, title = {Non-native plant invasion can accelerate global climate change by increasing wetland methane and terrestrial nitrous oxide emissions.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {28}, number = {18}, pages = {5453-5468}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.16290}, pmid = {35665574}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Carbon ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Gases ; Introduced Species ; Methane/analysis ; Nitrogen ; *Nitrous Oxide/analysis ; Soil ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Approximately 17% of the land worldwide is considered highly vulnerable to non-native plant invasion, which can dramatically alter nutrient cycles and influence greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in terrestrial and wetland ecosystems. However, a systematic investigation of the impact of non-native plant invasion on GHG dynamics at a global scale has not yet been conducted, making it impossible to predict the exact biological feedback of non-native plant invasion to global climate change. Here, we compiled 273 paired observational cases from 94 peer-reviewed articles to evaluate the effects of plant invasion on GHG emissions and to identify the associated key drivers. Non-native plant invasion significantly increased methane (CH4) emissions from 129 kg CH4 ha[-1] year[-1] in natural wetlands to 217 kg CH4 ha[-1] year[-1] in invaded wetlands. Plant invasion showed a significant tendency to increase CH4 uptakes from 2.95 to 3.64 kg CH4 ha[-1] year[-1] in terrestrial ecosystems. Invasive plant species also significantly increased nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions in grasslands from an average of 0.76 kg N2 O ha[-1] year[-1] in native sites to 1.35 kg N2 O ha[-1] year[-1] but did not affect N2 O emissions in forests or wetlands. Soil organic carbon, mean annual air temperature (MAT), and nitrogenous deposition (N_DEP) were the key factors responsible for the changes in wetland CH4 emissions due to plant invasion. The responses of terrestrial CH4 uptake rates to plant invasion were mainly driven by MAT, soil NH4 [+] , and soil moisture. Soil NO3 [-] , mean annual precipitation, and N_DEP affected terrestrial N2 O emissions in response to plant invasion. Our meta-analysis not only sheds light on the stimulatory effects of plant invasion on GHG emissions from wetland and terrestrial ecosystems but also improves our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the responses of GHG emissions to plant invasion.}, }
@article {pmid35665082, year = {2021}, author = {Tarno, H and Setiawan, Y and Kusuma, CB and Fitriyah, M and Hudan, AN and Yawandika, AP and Nasution, HA and Saragih, R and Bagasta, APY and Wang, Z and Wang, J}, title = {Diversity and Species Composition of Bark and Ambrosia Beetles Captured Using Ethanol Baited Traps on Different Hosts in East Java, Indonesia.}, journal = {Zoological studies}, volume = {60}, number = {}, pages = {e55}, pmid = {35665082}, issn = {1810-522X}, abstract = {Bark and ambrosia beetles are a diverse group that causes widespread mortality of deciduous and coniferous trees. The present study aimed to investigate the species compositions and richnesses of bark and ambrosia beetles in six species of plant hosts in East Java, Indonesia. Bark and ambrosia beetles were sampled using bottle traps baited with ethanol. Studies were conducted at two sites of monoculture and polyculture systems for each host plant species. At each site, 20 ethanol-baited traps were deployed on a linear transect along the forest. Six host tree species examined were used, namely Tectona grandis (Teak), Syzygium aromaticum (Clove), Swietenia mahagoni (Mahogany), Pinus merkusii (Sumatran Pine), Paraserianthes falcataria (Moluccan Albizia), and Mangifera indica (Mango). The data were analyzed using R software. A total of 4823 beetles were collected, representing 26 ambrosia beetle and eight bark beetle species. The abundance of bark and ambrosia beetles was significantly highest at the sites of T. grandis (F = 13.88, P < 0.01). Xylosandrus crassiusculus showed a strong attraction to the ethanol lure and was the dominant beetle species (50.65% of the total number of individuals). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index of all beetles captured in this study was the highest in the S. mahogany polyculture (2.28) and the lowest in the T. grandis polyculture (0.47). According to Bray-Curtis analysis, the T. grandis monoculture and T. grandis polyculture had a high similarity value of bark and ambrosia beetle species compositions (91% similar). There were no significant differences between two cultural systems of host plants in the compositions of bark and ambrosia beetle species (ANOSIM, R = -0.1537, P = 0.961).}, }
@article {pmid35664708, year = {2022}, author = {Tucker, AJ and Annis, G and Elgin, E and Chadderton, WL and Hoffman, J}, title = {Towards a framework for invasive aquatic plant survey design in Great Lakes coastal areas.}, journal = {Management of biological invasions : international journal of applied research on biological invasions}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {45-67}, pmid = {35664708}, issn = {1989-8649}, support = {EPA999999/ImEPA/Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {At least 65 aquatic plant species have been identified as part of a surveillance list of non-native species that pose a threat to biodiversity and ecosystem services in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Early detection of these potentially invasive aquatic plants (IAP) could minimize impacts of novel incursions and facilitate successful eradication. We developed, implemented, and then adaptively refined a probabilistic boat-based sampling design that aimed to maximize the likelihood of detecting novel IAP incursions in large (400+ hectares) Great Lakes coastal areas. Surveys were conducted from 2017 to 2019 at five Great Lakes locations - St Joseph River (MI), Saginaw River (MI), Milwaukee (WI), Cleveland (OH), and the Detroit River (MI). Aquatic plant communities were characterized across the five sites, with a total of 61 aquatic plant species detected. One-fifth of the species detected in our surveys were non-native to the Great Lakes basin. Sample-based species rarefaction curves, constructed from detection data from all surveys combined at each location, show that the estimated sample effort required for high confidence (> 95%) detection of all aquatic plants at a site, including potentially invasive species, varies (< 100 sample units for Detroit River; > 300 sample units for Milwaukee, roughly equivalent to 6 to 18 days sampling effort, respectively). At least 70% of the estimated species pool was detected at each site during initial 3-day surveys. Leveraging information on detection patterns from initial surveys, including depth and species richness strata, improved survey efficiency and completeness at some sites, with detection of at least 80% of the estimated species pool during subsequent surveys. Based on a forest-based classification and regression method, a combination of just five variables explained 70% or more of the variation in observed richness at all sites (depth, fetch, percent littoral, distance to boat ramps and distance to marinas). We discuss how the model outcomes can be used to inform survey design for other Great Lakes coastal areas. The survey design we describe provides a useful template that could be adaptively improved for early detection of IAP in the Great Lakes.}, }
@article {pmid35664338, year = {2022}, author = {Wu, W and Guo, W and Ni, G and Wang, L and Zhang, H and Ng, WL}, title = {Expression Level Dominance and Homeolog Expression Bias Upon Cold Stress in the F1 Hybrid Between the Invasive Sphagneticola trilobata and the Native S. calendulacea in South China, and Implications for Its Invasiveness.}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {833406}, pmid = {35664338}, issn = {1664-8021}, abstract = {The role of hybridization is significant in biological invasion, and thermotolerance is a trait critical to range expansions. The South American Sphagneticola trilobata is now widespread in South China, threatening the native S. calendulacea by competition and hybridization. Furthermore, upon formation, their F1 hybrid can quickly replace both parents. In this study, the three taxa were used as a model to investigate the consequences of hybridization on cold tolerance, particularly the effect of subgenome dominance in the hybrid. Upon chilling treatments, physiological responses and transcriptome profiles were compared across different temperature points to understand their differential responses to cold. While both parents showed divergent responses, the hybrid's responses showed an overall resemblance to S. calendulacea, but the contribution of homeolog expression bias to cold stress was not readily evident in the F1 hybrid possibly due to inherent bias that comes with the sampling location. Our findings provided insights into the role of gene expression in differential cold tolerance, and further contribute to predicting the invasive potential of other hybrids between S. trilobata and its congeners around the world.}, }
@article {pmid35662342, year = {2022}, author = {Lowie, A and De Kegel, B and Wilkinson, M and Measey, J and O'Reilly, JC and Kley, NJ and Gaucher, P and Brecko, J and Kleinteich, T and Adriaens, D and Herrel, A}, title = {Is vertebral shape variability in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) constrained by forces experienced during burrowing?.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {225}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.244288}, pmid = {35662342}, issn = {1477-9145}, support = {11D5819N//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; //Tournesol travel grant/ ; BOF.EXP.2017.0007//Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds UGent/ ; //TOURNESOL/ ; //Royal Belgian Zoological Society/ ; HPMF-CT-2001-01407/MCCC_/Marie Curie/United Kingdom ; //Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; }, mesh = {*Amphibians/physiology ; Animals ; Head ; *Skull ; Spine ; }, abstract = {Caecilians are predominantly burrowing, elongate, limbless amphibians that have been relatively poorly studied. Although it has been suggested that the sturdy and compact skulls of caecilians are an adaptation to their head-first burrowing habits, no clear relationship between skull shape and burrowing performance appears to exist. However, the external forces encountered during burrowing are transmitted by the skull to the vertebral column, and, as such, may impact vertebral shape. Additionally, the muscles that generate the burrowing forces attach onto the vertebral column and consequently may impact vertebral shape that way as well. Here, we explored the relationships between vertebral shape and maximal in vivo push forces in 13 species of caecilian amphibians. Our results show that the shape of the two most anterior vertebrae, as well as the shape of the vertebrae at 90% of the total body length, is not correlated with peak push forces. Conversely, the shape of the third vertebrae, and the vertebrae at 20% and 60% of the total body length, does show a relationship to push forces measured in vivo. Whether these relationships are indirect (external forces constraining shape variation) or direct (muscle forces constraining shape variation) remains unclear and will require quantitative studies of the axial musculature. Importantly, our data suggest that mid-body vertebrae may potentially be used as proxies to infer burrowing capacity in fossil representatives.}, }
@article {pmid35661737, year = {2022}, author = {Grzywacz, A and Walczak, K and Niewiadomska, M and Pape, T}, title = {Larval morphology and temperature-dependent development models of Fannia pusio (Wiedemann): A forensic indicator with expanding distribution.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {233}, number = {}, pages = {106546}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106546}, pmid = {35661737}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Animals ; *Diptera ; Entomology ; Forensic Sciences ; Humans ; Larva ; *Muscidae ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Fannia pusio (Wiedemann) is originally from tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, where it has repeatedly been collected from both animal carrion and human cadavers. This species is expanding its distributional range, and it has been introduced to Africa, Asia, Australia, Oceania, and Europe. Newly introduced species may be confused with native species of local arthropod necrophagous assemblages, which from a forensic entomology perspective may impact the accuracy of post-mortem interval (PMI) estimations based on insect evidence. In this work we aim to raise awareness among forensic entomologists of the potential benefits and risks associated with the expanding range of F. pusio. Morphology of all larval instars is documented with a combination of light, confocal laser scanning and scanning electron microscopy. Characters allowing identification from other forensically important Fanniidae are listed. Thermal requirements for the development of immature stages of F. pusio were examined under nine ambient temperatures. Models describing changes in larval body length over time were produced for eight different temperatures. The thermal summation constant (k) and developmental zero (Tmin) were calculated for six developmental events: hatching, first ecdysis, second ecdysis, wandering, pupariation, and eclosion.}, }
@article {pmid35660827, year = {2022}, author = {Singh, JP and Kuang, Y and Ploughe, L and Coghill, M and Fraser, LH}, title = {Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) creates a soil legacy effect by modulating soil elemental composition in a semi-arid grassland ecosystem.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {317}, number = {}, pages = {115391}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115391}, pmid = {35660827}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Carbon ; *Centaurea ; Ecosystem ; Grassland ; Nitrogen ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants such as spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) are particularly detrimental to fragile ecosystems like semi-arid grasslands in the interior British Columbia, impacting aboveground and belowground ecology. Physical removal of C. stoebe has been one of the most popular invasive species management strategies, but the impact of C. stoebe removal on soil has hardly been studied. Here, we examine the legacy effect of C. stoebe on soil elemental composition and ecosystem function following its removal in the Lac Du Bios Grasslands Protected Area, British Columbia. First, we selected 40 paired C. stoebe invaded and control (uninvaded) plots and removed all vegetation from these plots. We planted Festuca campestris seedlings in these plots and harvested and weighed the biomass after four months. Additionally, we quantified total carbon and nitrogen in soil. We observed that C. stoebe invaded plots had significantly lower F. campestris biomass. Moreover, the total carbon and nitrogen content, and carbon/nitrogen ratio were significantly lower in C. stoebe invaded plots. We further analyzed 12 common soil elements and found the elemental composition was significantly different in C. stoebe invaded plots compared to controls. We investigated the impact of elemental composition on soil ecosystem functions (such as total soil carbon, total soil nitrogen, and F. campestris productivity). Our analysis revealed significant relationships amongst the elemental composition and total soil carbon and nitrogen, and F. campestris productivity. The results indicate that C. stoebe exerts a legacy effect by altering the soil elemental composition that may subsequently impacts soil ecosystem functions such as plant productivity and total carbon and nitrogen content.}, }
@article {pmid35659312, year = {2022}, author = {Escalas, A and Auguet, JC and Avouac, A and Belmaker, J and Dailianis, T and Kiflawi, M and Pickholtz, R and Skouradakis, G and Villéger, S}, title = {Shift and homogenization of gut microbiome during invasion in marine fishes.}, journal = {Animal microbiome}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {37}, pmid = {35659312}, issn = {2524-4671}, support = {ANR-17-CE32-0003//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; }, abstract = {Biological invasion is one of the main components of global changes in aquatic ecosystems. Unraveling how establishment in novel environments affects key biological features of animals is a key step towards understanding invasion. Gut microbiome of herbivorous animals is important for host health but has been scarcely assessed in invasive species. Here, we characterized the gut microbiome of two invasive marine herbivorous fishes (Siganus rivulatus and Siganus luridus) in their native (Red Sea) and invaded (Mediterranean Sea) ranges. The taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of the microbiome increased as the fishes move away from the native range and its structure became increasingly different from the native microbiome. These shifts resulted in homogenization of the microbiome in the invaded range, within and between the two species. The shift in microbial diversity was associated with changes in its functions related with the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids. Altogether, our results suggest that the environmental conditions encountered by Siganidae during their expansion in Mediterranean ecosystems strongly modifies the composition of their gut microbiome along with its putative functions. Further studies should pursue to identify the precise determinants of these modifications (e.g. changes in host diet or behavior, genetic differentiation) and whether they participate in the ecological success of these species.}, }
@article {pmid35657139, year = {2022}, author = {Bowler, CH and Shoemaker, LG and Weiss-Lehman, C and Towers, IR and Mayfield, MM}, title = {Positive effects of exotic species dampened by neighborhood heterogeneity.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {103}, number = {10}, pages = {e3779}, pmid = {35657139}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {It is well known that species interactions between exotic and native species are important for determining the success of biological invasions and how influential exotic species become in invaded communities. The strength and type of interactions between species can substantially vary, however, from negative and detrimental to minimal or even positive. Increasing evidence from the literature shows that exotic species have positive interactions with native species more often than originally thought. Gaps in our theory for how population growth is limited when interactions are positive, however, restrict our understanding of the mechanisms by which exotic "facilitators" contribute to diversity maintenance in invaded systems. Here, we quantified interactions between seven native and four exotic (established nonnative) common annual plant species in the highly diverse, York Gum woodlands of Western Australia. We used a Bayesian demographic modeling approach that allowed for interaction coefficients to be positive or negative, and explored key sources of variation in species responses to native and exotic neighbors at per capita (individual) and neighborhood levels. We observed positive per capita effects from exotic neighbors on exotic focal species as well as on several native focal species. However, all focal species were, on average, inhibited by their interaction neighborhood, when the variance in identity and abundance of observed neighbors was considered. At the neighborhood scale, exotic species were found to suppress all focal species, particularly those with high intrinsic fecundity. Our study demonstrates that within-neighborhood heterogeneity can regulate per capita positive effects of invaders, limiting runaway population growth of both natives and exotic invaders.}, }
@article {pmid35649455, year = {2022}, author = {Jiménez-Ramos, R and Tomas, F and Reynés, X and Romera-Castillo, C and Pérez-Lloréns, JL and Egea, LG}, title = {Carbon metabolism and bioavailability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluxes in seagrass communities are altered under the presence of the tropical invasive alga Halimeda incrassata.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {839}, number = {}, pages = {156325}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156325}, pmid = {35649455}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Biological Availability ; *Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Sequestration ; *Chlorophyta/metabolism ; Dissolved Organic Matter ; *Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Seagrass beds act as blue carbon sinks globally as they enhance the trapping of recalcitrant (i.e., low biodegradability) organic carbon in their sediments. Recent studies also show that the recalcitrant fraction of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool in seawater has an important role as long-term carbon sequestration in oceans. Although seagrasses are known for the large amount of DOC they export, little attention has been given to its biodegradability, which ultimately determinates its fate in the coastal carbon cycle. In turn, invasive algae are a major global concern in seagrass ecosystems since they can deeply modify their structure and functions, which may affect carbon metabolism and DOC release. This work assesses how the presence of Halimeda incrassata, an invasive tropical calcareous macroalga, modifies carbon metabolism and DOC fluxes in invaded areas dominated by the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa. Our results show that stands with the presence of this seagrass (i.e., both monospecific and mixed meadow) had the highest production values, acting as high DOC producers in both winter (mainly of labile DOC; DOCL) and summer (mainly as recalcitrant DOC; DOCR). In contrast, monospecific H. incrassata beds exhibited low production values, and the presence of this macroalga (either as monospecific beds or mixed with C. nodosa) triggered the shift from a net DOC-producing-system in summer (mainly DOCL) to a net DOC-consuming-system in winter. This work thus suggests that C. nodosa meadows have the potential to export a significant fraction of both labile and recalcitrant DOC, and that the spread of this invasive alga might decrease the C export capacity of seagrass meadows. Such shift would imply the reduction of a quick and efficient transfer of carbon and energy to higher trophic levels, and might reduce the blue carbon potential of seagrasses as dissolved form in the water column.}, }
@article {pmid35648461, year = {2022}, author = {Mowery, MA and Anthony, SE and Dorison, AN and Mason, AC and Andrade, MCB}, title = {Invasive Widow Spiders Perform Differently at Low Temperatures from Conspecifics from the Native Range.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {62}, number = {2}, pages = {179-190}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icac073}, pmid = {35648461}, issn = {1557-7023}, support = {//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; #2017-06060//Canadian Foundation for Innovation/ ; //Western University/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Female ; *Physical Conditioning, Animal ; *Spiders ; Temperature ; *Widowhood ; }, abstract = {Temperature challenges are one of the leading abiotic causes of success or failure of non-native species in a novel environment, and this is particularly true for low temperatures. Establishing and reproducing in a novel thermal environment can alter survival, behavior, and traits related to fitness. It has been proposed that plasticity or adaptation of thermal tolerance may allow an introduced species to thrive, or that successful invaders may be those with a thermal breadth in their native habitat that encompasses their new environment. Here, we tested these hypotheses using native and invasive populations of Australian redback spiders (Latrodectus hasselti). We measured how exposure to temperatures common to invasive and native range habitats (exposure to 15 and 25°C, respectively) affected behavioral and life-history traits and trade-offs that may underlie fitness in an invasive population detected in 1995 in Japan and a native population from Australia. We found that the critical thermal minimum (CTmin) was higher in the invasive population from Japan than in the native population, but critical thermal maximum (CTmax) did not differ between populations. Compared to the invasive population, eggs from the native population had a longer development time and lower hatching success at 15°C. Both populations performed equally well at 25°C, as measured by egg development time and hatching success. Invasive juveniles tested at 15°C were faster to explore a novel environment and bolder compared to those tested at 25°C. In comparison, the native population showed faster average exploration, with no differences in boldness or exploration at the two development or testing temperatures. Overall, L. hasselti from Japan maintained hatching success and development across a wider temperature range than the native population, indicating greater thermal breadth and higher behavioral plasticity. These results support the importance of plasticity in thermal tolerance and behavior for a successful invasion under novel environmental temperatures.}, }
@article {pmid35647697, year = {2022}, author = {Fusi, M and Booth, JM and Marasco, R and Merlino, G and Garcias-Bonet, N and Barozzi, A and Garuglieri, E and Mbobo, T and Diele, K and Duarte, CM and Daffonchio, D}, title = {Bioturbation Intensity Modifies the Sediment Microbiome and Biochemistry and Supports Plant Growth in an Arid Mangrove System.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0111722}, pmid = {35647697}, issn = {2165-0497}, mesh = {Animals ; *Avicennia ; Bacteria/genetics ; *Brachyura ; Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry/microbiology ; *Microbiota ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {In intertidal systems, the type and role of interactions among sediment microorganisms, animals, plants and abiotic factors are complex and not well understood. Such interactions are known to promote nutrient provision and cycling, and their dynamics and relationships may be of particular importance in arid microtidal systems characterized by minimal nutrient input. Focusing on an arid mangrove ecosystem on the central Red Sea coast, we investigated the effect of crab bioturbation intensity (comparing natural and manipulated high levels of bioturbation intensity) on biogeochemistry and bacterial communities of mangrove sediments, and on growth performance of Avicennia marina, over a period of 16 months. Along with pronounced seasonal patterns with harsh summer conditions, in which high sediment salinity, sulfate and temperature, and absence of tidal flooding occur, sediment bacterial diversity and composition, sediment physicochemical conditions, and plant performance were significantly affected by crab bioturbation intensity. For instance, bioturbation intensity influenced components of nitrogen, carbon, and phosphate cycling, bacterial relative abundance (i.e., Bacteroidia, Proteobacteria and Rhodothermi) and their predicted functionality (i.e., chemoheterotrophy), likely resulting from enhanced metabolic activity of aerobic bacteria. The complex interactions among bacteria, animals, and sediment chemistry in this arid mangrove positively impact plant growth. We show that a comprehensive approach targeting multiple biological levels provides useful information on the ecological status of mangrove forests. IMPORTANCE Bioturbation is one of the most important processes that governs sediment biocenosis in intertidal systems. By facilitating oxygen penetration into anoxic layers, bioturbation alters the overall sediment biogeochemistry. Here, we investigate how high crab bioturbation intensity modifies the mangrove sediment bacterial community, which is the second largest component of mangrove sediment biomass and plays a significant role in major biogeochemical processes. We show that the increase in crab bioturbation intensity, by ameliorating the anoxic condition of mangrove sediment and promoting sediment bacterial diversity in favor of a beneficial bacterial microbiome, improves mangrove tree growth in arid environments. These findings have significant implications because they show how crabs, by farming the mangrove sediment, can enhance the overall capacity of the system to sustain mangrove growth, fighting climate change.}, }
@article {pmid35642574, year = {2022}, author = {Sunamura, E and Terayama, M and Fujimaki, R and Ono, T and Buczkowski, G and Eguchi, K}, title = {Development of an effective hydrogel bait and an assessment of community-wide management targeting the invasive white-footed ant, Technomyrmex brunneus.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {78}, number = {10}, pages = {4083-4091}, doi = {10.1002/ps.7027}, pmid = {35642574}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute/ ; //Tokyo Metropolitan University/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Hydrogels/pharmacology ; Insect Control/methods ; *Insecticides/pharmacology ; Sugars ; Thiamethoxam ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ants are one of the most serious household pests. White-footed ants in the genus Technomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are invasive species of increasing global importance as evidenced by recent range expansion, nuisance pest status in residential areas and control difficulties driven mainly by lack of effective bait products. The goal for the current study was to develop an effective hydrogel bait and community-wide management program for controlling the invasive T. brunneus in a residential area of Hachijo Island, Japan.<br><br>RESULTS: In laboratory insecticide screening, hydrogel baits containing thiamethoxam achieved higher T.&#xa0;brunneus mortality than those containing dinotefuran, imidacloprid, boric acid or fipronil at the concentrations tested. Hydrogel baits containing 0.01% and 0.001% thiamethoxam resulted in &#x2265;90% mortality within seven&#x2009;days. However, the horizontal transfer effect was not strong with either concentration. Field experiments confirmed that hydrogel baits containing 10% and 30% sugar are highly attractive to T.&#xa0;brunneus. The community-wide treatment utilizing hydrogel bait containing 0.001% thiamethoxam and 30% sugar significantly suppressed T.&#xa0;brunneus. Town residents were given the opportunity to participate in the program by applying hydrogel baits around their homes, and a follow-up survey revealed that the residents regarded hydrogel baits as easy to apply and highly attractive and effective against T.&#xa0;brunneus.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The hydrogel bait and management program developed in this study can be used to suppress T.&#xa0;brunneus. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that a large network of highly motivated and properly trained members of the public can be highly effective in managing invasive ant populations. &#xa9; 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid35642366, year = {2022}, author = {White, TE and Latty, T and Umbers, KDL}, title = {The exploitation of sexual signals by predators: a meta-analysis.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {289}, number = {1976}, pages = {20220444}, pmid = {35642366}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction ; *Smell ; }, abstract = {Sexual signals are often central to reproduction, and their expression is thought to strike a balance between advertising to mates and avoiding detection by predatory eavesdroppers. Tests of the predicted predation costs have produced mixed results, however. Here we synthesized 187 effects from 78 experimental studies in a meta-analytic test of two questions; namely, whether predators, parasites and parasitoids express preferences for the sexual signals of prey, and whether sexual signals increase realized predation risk in the wild. We found that predators and parasitoids express strong and consistent preferences for signals in forced-choice contexts. We found a similarly strong overall increase in predation on sexual signallers in the wild, though here it was modality specific. Olfactory and acoustic signals increased the incidence of eavesdropping relative to visual signals, which experienced no greater risk than controls on average. Variation in outcome measures was universally high, suggesting that contexts in which sexual signalling may incur no cost, or even reduce the incidence of predation, are common. Our results reveal unexpected complexity in a central viability cost to sexual signalling, while also speaking to applied problems in invasion biology and pest management where signal exploitation holds promise for bio-inspired solutions.}, }
@article {pmid35640948, year = {2022}, author = {Abbasi, M and Aime, MC and Yadav, B and Brar, GS}, title = {First report of Uromyces rumicis on Rumex crispus in Canada.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0846-PDN}, pmid = {35640948}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Rumex crispus L. (curled dock) is a noxious weed in both grasslands (mainly pastures) and arable lands, but is also an early colonizer of many disturbed areas in lowland and upland regions. Rumex crispus is of agricultural significance because it competes with sown or native pasture and crops species and occupies areas that could be utilized by more palatable crop species. Rumex crispus can grow on almost all soil types but less often on peat and acidic soils. The range of altitude to which the species has become adapted varies from sea level to 3,500 m (Zaller 2004). This plant species has Eurasian origin and is widely distributed through temperate regions of North America as an introduced species. There is no previous rust report on R. crispus in Canada. On other Rumex species two Puccinia species viz. Puccinia acetosae (Schumach.) Körn., and P. ornata Arthur &amp; Holw., have been previously reported from Canada (Farr &amp; Rossman 2022). During the recent field survey from southern British Columbia, Langley, heavily rust infected leaves of R. crispus were observed. Uredinia and telia were present on both sides of the leaf mainly on the lower side. Uredinia early exposed, brown, and pulverulent. Urediniospores were obovoid, ellipsoid or oblong, measuring 20-28 × 17-23 µm. Urediniospore walls are yellowish brown to brown, 1.5-2 µm thick; covered in evenly distributed echinulae, spaced 2 to 3 μm apart, with smooth (non-echinulate) patches at the equator of the urediniospores. Urediniospores with 2- (mostly 3 and less often 2) germ pores, usually supraequatorial (at the upper part of the spore), or distributed irregularly (scattered), or 2 germ pores supraequatorial, one equatorial or all germ pores equatorial, germ pores covered with flat papilla. Telia similar to the uredinia, dark brown. Teliospores more or less globoid, ellipsoid, broadly ellipsoid, obovoid or oblong, 25--36 × 15-23 µm, brownish yellow to brown, smooth, 2-3 um thick, with apical or sup-apical germ pore, covered with a hemispherical, yellowish papilla, pedicels colorless, short. The above-mentioned characters fit Majewski's (1977) description for Uromyces rumicis (Schumach.) G. Winter. To confirm identity, the first 903 bp of the 5' end of the 28S rDNA of the above specimen was amplified following protocols of Aime (2006) and Aime et al. (2018) (GenBank accession no. ON166844). BLAST queries of the sequence shared 99.56% identity (900/903) with U. rumicis (GenBank accession no. KY764197). To our knowledge this is the first report of U. rumicis from Canada (Farr and Rossma 2022). There is only one previous published report of this rust species in North America made by French (1989) who reported U. rumicis on R. crispus from California. Uromyces rumicis is quite common on Rumex species including R. crispus in Eurasia and has also been reported on this host from Africa (Farr and Rossman 2022). It appears that the above rust fungus species may have been introduced to the North America by accompanying its host plant. A voucher specimen of infected R. crispus with U. rumicis was deposited at Arthur Fungarium (PUR) under the accession number PUR N24014. Uromyces rumicis is a heteromacrocyclic rust with aecial state on Ranunculaceae members especially Ranunculus ficaria L. This species is another introduced plant in North America. However, there is no report of the aecial state of this rust in North America to date. Existence of only two reports of U. rumicis in California and British Columbia, making it likely that U. rumicis became established in the West Coast of North America probably no earlier than the second half of the 20th century.}, }
@article {pmid35640022, year = {2022}, author = {Xu, G and Ribbe, F and McCaffery, J and Luo, CY and Li, AY and Rich, SM}, title = {Development of a Taqman Real-Time PCR for the Identification of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae).}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {59}, number = {4}, pages = {1484-1487}, pmid = {35640022}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {*Anaplasma phagocytophilum/genetics ; Animals ; *Borrelia ; *Ixodidae/genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Ticks ; }, abstract = {Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, a vector of various pathogens with medical and veterinary importance, is a recent invasive species in the United States. Like many tick species, discerning H. longicornis from congeners can be a challenge. To overcome the difficulty of morphological identification, a Taqman quantitative real-time PCR based on the internal transcribed spacer gene (ITS2) was developed for quick and accurate identification of H. longicornis with a detection limit of as low as 19.8 copies. We also applied the assay to 76,004 archived ticks and found 37 ticks were H. longicornis. One H. longicornis was submitted from Warren, Somerset County, New Jersey in June 2015, 2 yr earlier than the initial report from the United States. None of these 37 H. longicornis was positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, B. miyamotoi, B. mayonii, Babesia microti, or Ehrlichia muris-like agent.}, }
@article {pmid35639524, year = {2022}, author = {Elkins, BH and Eubanks, MD and Faris, AM and Wang, HH and Brewer, MJ}, title = {Landscape Complexity has Mixed Effects on an Invasive Aphid and Its Natural Enemies in Sorghum Agroecosystems.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {51}, number = {4}, pages = {660-669}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvac036}, pmid = {35639524}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aphids/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Edible Grain ; Insecta/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; *Sorghum ; }, abstract = {Landscapes with more complex composition and configuration are generally expected to enhance natural enemy densities and pest suppression. To evaluate this hypothesis for an invasive aphid pest of sorghum, Melanaphis sorghi Theobald (Hemiptera: Aphididae), sampling in sorghum fields for aphids and natural enemies was conducted over two years in a southern U.S. coastal production region. Landscape composition and configuration of crop and noncrop elements were assessed using correlation and multivariate regression modeling to detect relationships with insects at different spatial scales. Significant models found more complex landscape configuration, particularly the amount of habitat edges, was associated with increased aphid and natural enemy abundance. Composition associated with noncrop habitats had the opposite effect. Numerical response of natural enemies was taxa dependent, with parasitism lower as landscape complexity increased, while predator numerical response was not affected by landscape complexity. These results indicate landscape complexity may increase both aphid and natural enemy abundance, but with decreasing parasitism and little association with predator numerical response. These relationships are likely contingent on overall environmental suitability to aphid population increase as results were less evident in the second year when average aphid abundance regularly exceeded the economic threshold. This study supports the importance of configuration, especially habitat borders, as a critical metric for determining pest-natural enemy dynamics within a large-scale cereal agroecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid35638587, year = {2022}, author = {Balzani, P and Dekoninck, W and Feldhaar, H and Freitag, A and Frizzi, F and Frouz, J and Masoni, A and Robinson, E and Sorvari, J and Santini, G}, title = {Challenges and a call to action for protecting European red wood ants.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {36}, number = {6}, pages = {e13959}, pmid = {35638587}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Forests ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; }, abstract = {Red wood ants (RWAs) are a group of keystone species widespread in temperate and boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere. Despite this, there is increasing evidence of local declines and extinctions. We reviewed the current protection status of RWAs throughout Europe and their International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) threat classification. Only some RWA species have been assessed at a global scale, and not all national red lists of the countries where RWAs are present include these species. Different assessment criteria, inventory approaches, and risk categories are used in different countries, and data deficiency is frequent. Legislative protection is even more complex, with some countries protecting RWAs implicitly together with the wildlife fauna and others explicitly protecting the whole group or particular species. This complexity often occurs within countries, for example, in Italy, where, outside of the Alps, only the introduced species are protected, whereas the native species, which are in decline, are not. Therefore, an international, coordinated framework is needed for the protection of RWAs. This first requires that the conservation target should be defined. Due to the similar morphology, complex taxonomy, and frequent hybridization, protecting the entire RWA group seems a more efficient strategy than protecting single species, although with a distinction between autochthonous and introduced species. Second, an update of the current distribution of RWA species is needed throughout Europe. Third, a protection law cannot be effective without the collaboration of forest managers, whose activity influences RWA habitat. Finally, RWA mounds offer a peculiar microhabitat, hosting a multitude of taxa, some of which are obligate myrmecophilous species on the IUCN Red List. Therefore, RWAs' role as umbrella species could facilitate their protection if they are considered not only as target species but also as providers of species-rich microhabitats.}, }
@article {pmid35638432, year = {2022}, author = {Moncayo-Estrada, R and Cruz-Agüero, J and López-López, E and Monte-Luna, PD and Díaz-Argüero, MM and Chacón-Torres, A and Ramírez-García, A and Domínguez-Domínguez, O and Ramírez-Herrejón, JP}, title = {Historical analysis of an imperiled fish species: environmental variables modeling, biotic interactions, extirpation, and current restricted-range.}, journal = {Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, pages = {165}, doi = {10.31083/j.fbl2705165}, pmid = {35638432}, issn = {2768-6698}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; Lakes ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Analyses of spatial and temporal patterns and interactions are important for determining the abiotic factors limiting populations and the impact from other species and different anthropogenic stressors that promote the extirpation of species. The fish Hubbsina turneri de Buen (1940) was studied as a model species in a historical context at varying locations. Originally distributed only in the Lerma-Chapala basin, the main lake complex in Mexico, this species has not been collected from Lake Cuitzeo (LC) and now is restricted to Lake Zacapu (LZ). At present, the Highland splitfin is classified as critically endangered.<br><br>METHODS: Historical information of LC and historical and current information from LZ were explored by applying cluster analysis and generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) to describe the biotic interactions among fish species and the relationship between density and environmental variables, respectively. The two lakes' contrasting abiotic/biotic characteristics provided elements to describe some species distribution limits in chemical ion gradients. Extirpation calendar dates were estimated using an optimal linear estimation method. Finally, a bibliographic review was conducted on the causes that promoted the extirpation and restriction of H. turneri and the prognosis for its reestablishment and conservation.<br><br>RESULTS: Clusters showed the fishes relationship according to their distribution along the lakes. GAMM indicated that high H. turneri density is related to low hardness/fecal coliforms, medium depth/suspended solids, and high oxygen concentration. Estimated extirpation dates were between the years 2013 and 2018. The extirpation was linked to an abrupt drop in the LC volume, water quality degradation, increased biotic interactions within macrophytes habitats with native and introduced species, and fisheries bycatches. The current restricted range of H. turneri resulted from the draining of the larger lake, forcing the remaining populations to small spring-fed remnants. Recent samplings in LZ resulted in a low number of individuals.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The integration of ecological interactions derived from statistical models, extirpation dates from nonparametric tests, and the exhaustive analysis of historical information can be applied to define the current situation of imperiled, ecologically relevant species, in different aquatic ecosystems. We are confident that this general framework is important for determining (1) the requirements and limitations of populations regarding abiotic variables, (2) biotic interactions (trophic and spatial) with native and introduced species, and (3) different anthropogenic stressors within and around the ecosystem. This knowledge will also allow understanding those aspects that contribute to the extirpation of populations and could help the restoration of the habitat and the reintroduction of extirpated species.}, }
@article {pmid36743230, year = {2022}, author = {Hernández-Brito, D and Tella, JL and Blanco, G and Carrete, M}, title = {Nesting innovations allow population growth in an invasive population of rose-ringed parakeets.}, journal = {Current zoology}, volume = {68}, number = {6}, pages = {617-626}, pmid = {36743230}, issn = {1674-5507}, abstract = {Certain traits of recipient environments, such as the availability of limiting resources, strongly determine the establishment success and spread of non-native species. These limitations may be overcome through behavioral plasticity, allowing them to exploit alternative resources. Here, we show how a secondary cavity nester bird, the rose-ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri, innovates its nesting behavior as a response to the shortage of tree cavities for nesting in its invasive range in Tenerife (Canary Islands). We observed that some breeding pairs excavated their own nest cavities in palms, thus becoming primary cavity nester, whereas others occupied nests built with wood sticks by another invasive species, the monk parakeet Myiopsitta monachus. The use of these novel nesting strategies increased the number of breeding pairs by up to 52% over 6 years, contributing to a 128.8% increase of the whole population. Innovative nests were located at greater heights above ground and were more aggregated around conspecifics but did not result in greater breeding success than natural cavities. Occupation of monk parakeet colonies by rose-ringed parakeets also benefited the former species through a protective-nesting association against nest predators. Our results show how an invasive species innovate nesting behaviors and increase nest-site availability in the recipient environment, thus facilitating its population growth and invasion process. Potential behavioral innovations in other invasive rose-ringed parakeet populations may be overlooked, and should be considered for effective management plans.}, }
@article {pmid36606148, year = {2021}, author = {Sharma, AD and Kaur, J and Chand, TSP}, title = {Spectral fingerprinting revealed modulation of plant secondary metabolites in providing abiotic stress tolerance to invasive alien plants Lantana camara (L.), Parthenium hysterophorous (L.), Ricinus communis (L.), and Ageratum conyzoides (L.) (plant metabolites in stress tolerance to invasive plants).}, journal = {Biotechnologia}, volume = {102}, number = {3}, pages = {307-319}, pmid = {36606148}, issn = {2353-9461}, abstract = {Invasive alien species are non-native plant species that displace native species and pose adverse effects to environment, ecosystem, economy, and human health by diminishing the growth of native plants and by exhibiting higher stress tolerance. In our present study, four invasive alien species, namely Lantana camara, Parthenium hysterophorous, Ricinus communis, and Ageratum conyzoides, were studied from different locations. Plants growing under natural environmental conditions were sampled at random in the vicinity of Jalandhar. To gain insights into the biochemical basis of invasiveness of these plants, the samples were subjected to chemical fingerprinting by using UV-Vis, fluorescent, and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) techniques under natural abiotic stress conditions (moderate and hot conditions). Indices of oxidative stress, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), were also studied. MDA levels were enhanced under hot conditions. Elevated peaks (major and minor) were observed in UV fingerprinting during adverse abiotic conditions. Fluorescent spectroscopy also validated the enhanced levels of secondary metabolites. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of alkaloids and phenolics during stress conditions. Peaks were identified as rutin, vanillic acid, ascorbic acid, and glutathione reduced. The obtained results showed that under stressful conditions, the studied plants may produce an increased level of metabolites that might play a role in minimizing the oxidative stress faced by these plants. It was concluded that the studied plants, namely P. hysterophorus, L. camara, R. communis, and A. conyzoides, have the potential to cope with abiotic stress such as high temperature, which could be the reason for their invasiveness and vast adaptability.}, }
@article {pmid36582981, year = {2021}, author = {Curti, JN and Fergus, CE and De Palma-Dow, AA}, title = {State of the ART: Using artificial refuge traps to control invasive crayfish in southern California streams.}, journal = {Freshwater science (Print)}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, pages = {429-565}, pmid = {36582981}, issn = {2161-9549}, support = {EPA999999/ImEPA/Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a widespread threat to stream ecosystems across the planet. In Southern California, USA, the invasive red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) poses a significant threat to native aquatic fauna. Studies have suggested that artificial refuge traps (ARTs) resembling crayfish burrows can be used to remove invasive crayfish, but, to date, no studies have focused on optimizing ART design and deployment to maximize crayfish catch. This month-long study tested the effect of modifications on ART diameter, color, and soak time on P. clarkii catch effectiveness across 160 traps. We evaluated catch data by creating multiple candidate generalized linear mixed models predicting P. clarkii catches with different modeling parameterizations and a priori hypothesized predictor variables. During the study period, ARTs removed a total of 240 red swamp crayfish with no incidental bycatch. Larger P. clarkii (2-6-cm carapace length) were found more frequently in 5.1-cm-diameter traps, and smaller P. clarkii (1-4 cm) were found more frequently in 2.5-cm-diameter traps. Catch numbers varied between trap types, with black-colored 5.1-cm-diameter traps removing the greatest amount of the total P. clarkii caught in the study (mean = 0.27, SD = 0.29; 35% of the total caught) and black-colored 2.5-cm-diameter traps removing the least amount (mean = 0.09, SD = 0.55; 12% of the total). Further, ART deployment duration was an important predictor variable for candidate models, where ARTs with 4-d and 7-d deployment durations had lower catch/unit effort than traps with 1-d and 2-d deployments. This factorial experiment is the 1st study to suggest specific design modifications to ARTs that optimize invasive red swamp crayfish removal without incurring non-target incidental bycatch. This study demonstrates that ARTs can be a valuable tool for conservation managers interested in restoring streams through invasive crayfish removal, especially where there are sensitive biological resources.}, }
@article {pmid36761996, year = {2021}, author = {Chatzinikolaou, E and Damianidis, P and Pavloudi, C and Vasileiadou, A and Faulwetter, S and Keklikoglou, K and Plaitis, W and Mavraki, D and Nikolopoulou, S and Arvanitidis, C}, title = {Benthic communities in three Mediterranean touristic ports: MAPMED project.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e66420}, pmid = {36761996}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mediterranean ports are sources of significant economic activity and at the same time they act as recipients of considerable anthropogenic disturbance and pollution. Polluted and low-in-oxygen sediments can negatively impact benthic biodiversity and favour recruitment of opportunistic or invasive species. Macrobenthic communities are an important component of the port biota and can be used as environmental quality indicators. However, a baseline database for benthic biodiversity in Mediterranean ports has not yet been widely established.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: Macrobenthic assemblages were recorded in three Mediterranean touristic ports under the framework of the ENPI CBC MED project MAPMED (MAnagement of Port Areas in the MEDiterranean Sea Basin). Samples were collected from Cagliari (Sardinia, Italy), Heraklion (Crete, Greece) and El Kantaoui (Tunisia) ports during February, May and September 2012. The sampling stations were selected according to the different sectors within each port (i.e. leisure, fishing, passenger/cargo vessels and shipyard). A total of 277 taxa belonging to 12 phyla were found, of which the 96 taxa were present in all three ports. El Kantaoui port hosted the highest number of macrobenthic taxa. Mollusca were the most abundant group (34%) in all ports. The highest percentage of opportunistic taxa per station was found before the touristic period in the shipyard of Heraklion port (89.3%).}, }
@article {pmid36824336, year = {2021}, author = {Lehmann, P and Javal, M and Du Plessis, A and Tshibalanganda, M and Terblanche, JS}, title = {X-ray micro-tomographic data of live larvae of the beetle Cacosceles newmannii.}, journal = {GigaByte (Hong Kong, China)}, volume = {2021}, number = {}, pages = {gigabyte18}, pmid = {36824336}, issn = {2709-4715}, abstract = {Quantifying insect respiratory structures and their variation has remained challenging due to their microscopic size. Here we measure insect tracheal volume using X-ray micro-tomography (μCT) scanning (at 15 μm resolution) on living, sedated larvae of the cerambycid beetle Cacosceles newmannii across a range of body sizes. In this paper we provide the full volumetric data and 3D models for 12 scans, providing novel data on repeatability of imaging analyses and structural tracheal trait differences provided by different image segmentation methods. The volume data is provided here with segmented tracheal regions as 3D models.}, }
@article {pmid36003607, year = {2021}, author = {Saccaggi, DL and Wilson, JRU and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Propagule pressure helps overcome adverse environmental conditions during population establishment.}, journal = {Current research in insect science}, volume = {1}, number = {}, pages = {100011}, pmid = {36003607}, issn = {2666-5158}, abstract = {The establishment success of a population is a function of abiotic and biotic factors and introduction dynamics. Understanding how these factors interact has direct consequences for understanding and managing biological invasions and for applied ecology more generally. Here we use a mesocosm approach to explore how the size of founding populations and the number of introduction events interact with environmental conditions (temperature) to determine the establishment success of laboratory-reared Drosophila melanogaster. We found that temperature played the biggest role in establishment success, eclipsing the role of the other experimental factors when viewed overall. Under optimal temperature conditions propagule pressure was of negligible importance to establishment success. At adverse temperatures, however, establishment success increased with the total founding population size. This effect was considerably stronger at the cold than at the hot extreme. Whether the population was introduced all at once or by increments (changing the number of introduction events) had a negligible global effect. However, once again, a stronger effect of increasing number of introduction events was seen at adverse temperatures, with hot and cold extremes revealing opposite effects: adding flies incrementally decreased their establishment success at the hot extreme, but increased it at the cold extreme. These differing effects at hot and cold thermal extremes implies that different establishment mechanisms are at play at either extreme. These results suggest that the effort required to prevent (or conversely, to facilitate) the establishment of populations varies with the environment in ways that can be complicated but predictable.}, }
@article {pmid36003595, year = {2021}, author = {Maino, JL and Schouten, R and Overton, K and Day, R and Ekesi, S and Bett, B and Barton, M and Gregg, PC and Umina, PA and Reynolds, OL}, title = {Regional and seasonal activity predictions for fall armyworm in Australia.}, journal = {Current research in insect science}, volume = {1}, number = {}, pages = {100010}, pmid = {36003595}, issn = {2666-5158}, abstract = {Since 2016, the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, has undergone a significant range expansion from its native range in the Americas, to continental Africa, Asia, and in February 2020, mainland Australia. The large dispersal potential of FAW adults, wide host range of immature feeding stages, and unique environmental conditions in its invasive range creates large uncertainties in the expected impact on Australian plant production industries. Here, using a spatial model of population growth and spread potential informed by existing biological and climatic data, we simulate seasonal population activity potential of FAW, with a focus on Australia's grain production regions. Our results show that, in Australia, the large spread potential of FAW will allow it to exploit temporarily favourable conditions for population growth across highly variable climatic conditions. It is estimated that FAW populations would be present in a wide range of grain growing regions at certain times of year, but importantly, the expected seasonal activity will vary markedly between regions and years depending on climatic conditions. The window of activity for FAW will be longer for growing regions further north, with some regions possessing conditions conducive to year-round population survival. Seasonal migrations from this permanent range into southern regions, where large areas of annual grain crops are grown annually, are predicted to commence from October, i.e. spring, with populations subsequently building up into summer. The early stage of the FAW incursion into Australia means our predictions of seasonal activity potential will need to be refined as more Australian-specific information is accumulated. This study has contributed to our early understanding of FAW movement and population dynamics in Australia. Importantly, the models established here provide a useful framework that will be available to other countries should FAW invade in the future. To increase the robustness of our model, field sampling to identify conditions under which population growth occurs, and the location of source populations for migration events is required. This will enable accurate forecasting and early warning to farmers, which should improve pest monitoring and control programs of FAW.}, }
@article {pmid36003600, year = {2021}, author = {Chaves, LF and Friberg, MD}, title = {Aedes albopictus and Aedes flavopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) pre-imaginal abundance patterns are associated with different environmental factors along an altitudinal gradient.}, journal = {Current research in insect science}, volume = {1}, number = {}, pages = {100001}, pmid = {36003600}, issn = {2666-5158}, abstract = {Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) is a major global invasive mosquito species that, in Japan, co-occurs with Aedes (Stegomyia) flavopictus Yamada, a closely related species recently intercepted in Europe. Here, we present results of a detailed 25-month long study where we biweekly sampled pupae and fourth instar larvae of these two species from ovitraps set along Mt. Konpira, Nagasaki, Japan. This setting allowed us to ask whether these species had different responses to changes in environmental variables along the altitudinal gradient of an urban hill. We found that spatially Ae. albopictus abundance decreased, while Ae. flavopictus abundance increased, the further away from urban land. Ae. flavopictus also was more abundant than Ae. albopictus in locations with homogenous vegetation growth with a high mean Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), platykurtic EVI, and low SD in canopy cover, while Ae. albopictus was more abundant than Ae. flavopictus in areas with more variable (high SD) canopy cover. Moreover, Ae. flavopictus abundance negatively impacted the spatial abundance of Ae. albopictus. Temporally we found that Ae. flavopictus was more likely to be present in Mt. Konpira at lower temperatures than Ae. albopictus. Our results suggest that spatial and temporal abundance patterns of these two mosquito species are partially driven by their different response to environmental factors.}, }
@article {pmid36072892, year = {2020}, author = {Tucker, AJ and Chadderton, WL and Annis, G and Davidson, AD and Bossenbroek, J and Hensler, S and Hoff, M and Hoffman, J and Jensen, E and Kashian, D and LeSage, S and Strakosh, T}, title = {A Framework for Aquatic Invasive Species Surveillance Site Selection and Prioritization in the US waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes.}, journal = {Management of biological invasions : international journal of applied research on biological invasions}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {607-632}, pmid = {36072892}, issn = {1989-8649}, support = {EPA999999/ImEPA/Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {Risk-based prioritization for early detection monitoring is of utmost importance to prevent and mitigate invasive species impacts. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, a binational commitment between the United States and Canada to restore and protect the waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes, identifies aquatic invasive species (AIS) as one of ten priority issues (annexes) that must be addressed to ensure the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Great Lakes. The Agreement calls out the need for a comprehensive strategy for detecting and tracking new and potentially invasive species. Yet, with a surface water area of 95, 000 square miles (246, 049 square km) and shoreline length of 10, 210 miles (16, 431 km), the Great Lakes represent a daunting challenge for prioritizing where AIS surveillance activities should occur. Our goal was to develop a spatially-explicit and quantitative approach for identifying the highest risk sites for AIS introduction into the US waters of the Great Lakes based on the cumulative risk of new introductions (including range expansions) from a range of pathways and associated taxa. We estimate "invasion risk" scores for nearly 6,000 sites (9 km x 9 km) across the Great Lakes basin using proxy measures for propagule pressure weighted by the proportion of taxa associated with each proxy variable. Proxy variables include human population, number of ship visits, marina size, number of ponds, and number of natural or artificial aquatic connections. In total, we identify more than 1,800 sites with invasion risk scores >0. A small subset of these 1,800+ sites accounts for a majority of predicted propagule pressure and are therefore logical targets for future surveillance and AIS prevention efforts. Many of the highest risk sites are located in western Lake Erie, southern Lake Michigan, and the St. Clair-Detroit River System.}, }
@article {pmid35814732, year = {2018}, author = {van der Geer, AAE}, title = {Changing Invaders: trends of gigantism in insular introduced rats.}, journal = {Environmental conservation}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {203-211}, pmid = {35814732}, issn = {0376-8929}, support = {NWO_016.VENI.181.041/NWO_/Dutch Research Council/Netherlands ; }, abstract = {The degree and direction of morphological change in invasive species with a long history of introduction is insufficiently known for a larger scale than the archipelago or island group. Here, I analyse data for 105 island populations of Polynesian rats, Rattus exulans, covering the entirety of Oceania and Wallacea to test whether body size differs in insular populations and if so what biotic and abiotic features are correlated with it. All insular populations of this rat, except one, exhibit body sizes up to twice the size of their mainland conspecifics. Body size of insular populations is positively correlated with latitude, consistent with thermoregulatory predictions based on Bergmann's rule. Body size is negatively correlated with number of co-occurring mammalian species, confirming an ecological hypothesis of the island rule. The largest rats are found in the temperate zone of New Zealand as well as on mammalian species-poor islands of Polynesia and the Solomon Islands. Carnivory in the form of predation on nesting seabird colonies seems to promote 1.4- to 1.9-fold body size increases.}, }
@article {pmid36494921, year = {2018}, author = {Borisevich, SV and Stovba, LF and Paveliev, DI}, title = {POXVIRUS DISEASE OF SQUIRRELS (POXVIRIDAE, CHORDOPOXVIRINAE, SQPV - SQUIRREL POXVIRUS).}, journal = {Voprosy virusologii}, volume = {63}, number = {2}, pages = {53-57}, doi = {10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-2-53-57}, pmid = {36494921}, issn = {2411-2097}, abstract = {A new taxon of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae that may represent a new genus of smallpox viruses is considered in this review. The distribution of gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) throughout the UK during the 20th century and the decrease in the population of red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) is one of the most well-documented cases of ecological change of local fauna by the introduced species. The tendency to expand the distribution of the smallpox virus from Great Britain to the Western part of Europe has been noted. The genetic peculiarities of the genome of the poxvirus of squirrels, which determine its biological properties, as well as evolutionary relationships with other poxviruses, are separately described. Determination of the size of the genome by restriction analysis, sequencing of the whole genome, determination of the content of G/C nucleotide pairs, and functional mapping of the majority of genes made it possible to construct a phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic analysis shows that this is a new representative of the subfamily Chordоpoxvirinae located between the viruses of the molluscum contagiosum and parapoxviruses. Serological and molecular biological methods are used to reveal and identify the causative agent of smallpox. The use of electron microscopy is limited in grey squirrels, due to the absence of organ damage and reproduction of the virus. Identification of the DNA of the causative agent of poxvirus of squirrels based on the use of different types of polymerase chain reaction (nested and in real time) overcomes all these limitations.}, }
@article {pmid36345296, year = {2010}, author = {Witmer, GW and Snow, NP and Burke, PW}, title = {Evaluating commercially available rodenticide baits for invasive Gambian giant pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus).}, journal = {Crop protection (Guildford, Surrey)}, volume = {29}, number = {9}, pages = {1011-1014}, pmid = {36345296}, issn = {0261-2194}, abstract = {Gambian giant pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus) are native to Africa, but they are popular in the pet industry in the United States. They were reservoir hosts during a monkeypox outbreak in the Midwestern United States in 2003. A free-ranging population became established on Grassy Key in the Florida Keys, apparently because of a release by a pet breeder. These rodents could cause significant damage to agricultural crops should they reach the mainland. Research under controlled conditions was needed to identify effective rodenticides for Grassy Key or other cases where an invasion of Gambian rats might occur. We tested 2 formulations of diphacinone baits and 1 formulation each of brodifacoum, zinc phosphide, bromethalin, and chlorophacinone baits with captive Gambian rats in multiple-choice food trials. Both the brodifacoum and zinc phosphide rodenticide baits were highly effective (100% mortality). Also, brodifacoum and zinc phosphide treatments performed similar to the Environmental Protection Agency's standard for toxicants of (i.e., 90% mortality in laboratory trials). The chlorophacinone, diphacinone, and bromethalin baits did not appear to be very effective at killing Gambian rats (≤50% mortality) in our study. Effective tools to combat Gambian giant pouched rats have been identified in a laboratory trial. Further field testing of commercially available brodifacoum and zinc phosphide baits may prove useful for controlling the potentially invading Gambian rats.}, }
@article {pmid35701936, year = {2000}, author = {Sher, AA and Marshall, DL and Gilbert, SA}, title = {Competition between Native Populus deltoides and Invasive Tamarix ramosissima and the Implications for Reestablishing Flooding Disturbance.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {1744-1754}, pmid = {35701936}, issn = {1523-1739}, abstract = {Changes in historical disturbance regimes have been shown to facilitate non-native plant invasions, but reinstatement of disturbance can be successful only if native colonizers are able to outcompete colonizing invasives. Reintroduction of flooding in the southwestern United States is being promoted as a means of reestablishing Populus deltoides subsp. wislizenii, but flooding can also promote establishment of an introduced, invasive species, Tamarix ramosissima. We investigated competition between Populus and Tamarix at the seedling stage to aid in characterizing the process by which Tamarix may invade and to determine the potential ability of Populus to establish itself with competitive pressure from Tamarix. We planted seedlings of Tamarix and Populus in five ratios at three densities for a total of 15 treatments. The growth response of each species was measured in terms of height, above-ground biomass, and tissue concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous. These measurements across treatments were modeled as three-dimensional response surfaces. For both species, Populus density was more important than Tamarix density for determining growth response. Both species were negatively affected by increasing numbers of Populus seedlings. Due to the larger size of the native Populus, we predict that its superior competitive ability can lead to its dominance when conditions allow native establishment. Our results suggest that even in the presence of an invader that positively responds to disturbance, reestablishment of historical flooding regimes and post-flood hydrology can restore this ecosystem by promoting its dominant plant species.}, }
@article {pmid35636548, year = {2022}, author = {Escalas, A and Avouac, A and Belmaker, J and Bouvier, T and Clédassou, V and Ferraton, F and Rieuvilleneuve, F and Rilov, G and Rovirosa Mulet, A and Shapiro Goldberg, D and Villéger, S}, title = {An invasive herbivorous fish (Siganus rivulatus) influences both benthic and planktonic microbes through defecation and nutrient excretion.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {838}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {156207}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156207}, pmid = {35636548}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Defecation ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Mediterranean Sea ; Nutrients ; *Plankton ; }, abstract = {Direct and indirect impacts by invasive animals on plants and other animals through predation and competition have been evidenced in many ecosystems. For instance, the rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus, originating from the Red Sea, is now the most abundant species in costal habitats of South-Eastern Mediterranean Sea where it overgrazes algae. However, little is known about its impacts on microbes through release of metabolic wastes and feces. We used a mesocosm experiment to test the effect of S. rivulatus on planktonic and benthic microbial communities. Excretion of dissolved nutrients by fish resulted in higher concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (NH4, NO2/NO3). This increase in availability of N was associated with higher N content in macroalgae, higher biomass of phytoplankton, higher abundance of bacterioplankton and shift in the structure of planktonic bacterial communities. The feces released mostly under the shelters where the fish rest at night, led to significant increases in diversity of sediment bacterial communities and shifts in their structure. The impact of S. rivulatus on planktonic microbes was related to the indirect bottom-up effect induced by excreted dissolved nutrients while its effect on benthic microbes was due to the direct release of both organic matter and microbes present in feces. Overall, this first evidence of the impacts of invasive species on planktonic and benthic microbes highlights that ongoing changes in fish biodiversity could have ecosystem-wide consequences.}, }
@article {pmid35633848, year = {2022}, author = {McDonald, PJ and Brown, RM and Kraus, F and Bowles, P and Arifin, U and Eliades, SJ and Fisher, RN and Gaulke, M and Grismer, LL and Ineich, I and Karin, BR and Meneses, CG and Richards, SJ and Sanguila, MB and Siler, CD and Oliver, PM}, title = {Cryptic extinction risk in a western Pacific lizard radiation.}, journal = {Biodiversity and conservation}, volume = {31}, number = {8-9}, pages = {2045-2062}, pmid = {35633848}, issn = {0960-3115}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Cryptic ecologies, the Wallacean Shortfall of undocumented species' geographical ranges and the Linnaean Shortfall of undescribed diversity, are all major barriers to conservation assessment. When these factors overlap with drivers of extinction risk, such as insular distributions, the number of threatened species in a region or clade may be underestimated, a situation we term 'cryptic extinction risk'. The genus Lepidodactylus is a diverse radiation of insular and arboreal geckos that occurs across the western Pacific. Previous work on Lepidodactylus showed evidence of evolutionary displacement around continental fringes, suggesting an inherent vulnerability to extinction from factors such as competition and predation. We sought to (1) comprehensively review status and threats, (2) estimate the number of undescribed species, and (3) estimate extinction risk in data deficient and candidate species, in Lepidodactylus. From our updated IUCN Red List assessment, 60% of the 58 recognized species are threatened (n = 15) or Data Deficient (n = 21), which is higher than reported for most other lizard groups. Species from the smaller and isolated Pacific islands are of greatest conservation concern, with most either threatened or Data Deficient, and all particularly vulnerable to invasive species. We estimated 32 undescribed candidate species and linear modelling predicted that an additional 18 species, among these and the data deficient species, are threatened with extinction. Focusing efforts to resolve the taxonomy and conservation status of key taxa, especially on small islands in the Pacific, is a high priority for conserving this remarkably diverse, yet poorly understood, lizard fauna. Our data highlight how cryptic ecologies and cryptic diversity combine and lead to significant underestimation of extinction risk.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10531-022-02412-x.}, }
@article {pmid35633203, year = {2022}, author = {Rohde, E and Pearce, NJT and Young, J and Xenopoulos, MA}, title = {Applying early warning indicators to predict critical transitions in a lake undergoing multiple changes.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {7}, pages = {e2685}, pmid = {35633203}, issn = {1939-5582}, mesh = {Chlorophyll A ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Eutrophication ; *Lakes ; Ontario ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Retrospective Studies ; Silicon Dioxide ; Water ; }, abstract = {Lakes are dynamic ecosystems that can transition among stable states. Since ecosystem-scale transitions can be detrimental and difficult to reverse, being able to predict impending critical transitions in state variables has become a major area of research. However, not all transitions are detrimental, and there is considerable interest in better evaluating the success of management interventions to support adaptive management strategies. Here, we retrospectively evaluated the agreement between time series statistics (i.e., standard deviation, autocorrelation, skewness, and kurtosis-also known as early warning indicators) and breakpoints in state variables in a lake (Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada) that has improved from a state of eutrophication. Long-term (1980 to 2019) monitoring data collected fortnightly throughout the ice-free season were used to evaluate historical changes in 15 state variables (e.g., dissolved organic carbon, phosphorus, chlorophyll a) and multivariate-derived time series at three monitoring stations (shallow, middepth, deep) in Lake Simcoe. Time series results from the two deep-water stations indicate that over this period Lake Simcoe transitioned from an algal-dominated state toward a state with increased water clarity (i.e., Secchi disk depth) and silica and lower nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations, which coincided with both substantial management intervention and the establishment of invasive species (e.g., Dreissenid mussels). Consistent with improvement, Secchi depth at the deep-water stations demonstrated expected trends in statistical indicators prior to identified breakpoints, whereas total phosphorus and chlorophyll a revealed more nuanced patterns. Overall, state variables were largely found to yield inconsistent trends in statistical indicators, so many breakpoints were likely not reflective of traditional bifurcation critical transitions. Nevertheless, statistical indicators of state variable time series may be a valuable tool for the adaptive management and long-term monitoring of lake ecosystems, but we call for more research within the domain of early warning indicators to establish a better understanding of state variable behavior prior to lake changes.}, }
@article {pmid35632814, year = {2022}, author = {Roh, N and Park, J and Kim, J and Kwon, H and Park, D}, title = {Prevalence of Ranavirus Infection in Three Anuran Species across South Korea.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {35632814}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anura/virology ; *DNA Virus Infections/epidemiology/veterinary ; Prevalence ; Rana catesbeiana/virology ; *Ranavirus/isolation &amp; purification ; Ranidae/virology ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {To cope with amphibian die-offs caused by ranavirus, it is important to know the underlying ranavirus prevalence in a region. We studied the ranavirus prevalence in tadpoles of two native and one introduced anuran species inhabiting agricultural and surrounding areas at 49 locations across eight provinces of South Korea by applying qPCR. The local ranavirus prevalence and the individual infection rates at infected locations were 32.6% and 16.1%, respectively, for Dryophytes japonicus (Japanese tree frog); 25.6% and 26.1% for Pelophylax nigromaculatus (Black-spotted pond frog); and 30.5% and 50.0% for Lithobates catesbeianus (American bullfrog). The individual infection rate of L. catesbeianus was significantly greater than that of D. japonicus. The individual infection rate of P. nigromaculatus was related to the site-specific precipitation and air temperature. The individual infection rate gradually increased from Gosner development stage 39, and intermittent infection was confirmed in the early and middle developmental stages. Our results show that ranavirus is widespread among wild amphibians living in agricultural areas of South Korea, and mass die-offs by ranavirus could occur at any time.}, }
@article {pmid35632422, year = {2022}, author = {O'Connor, TW and Read, AJ and Hall, RN and Strive, T and Kirkland, PD}, title = {Immunological Cross-Protection between Different Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Viruses-Implications for Rabbit Biocontrol and Vaccine Development.}, journal = {Vaccines}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {35632422}, issn = {2076-393X}, support = {Project# P01-B001//Centre for Invasive Species Solutions/ ; }, abstract = {The use of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) as a biocontrol agent to control feral rabbit populations in Australia, in combination with circulating endemic strains, provides a unique environment to observe the interactions between different lagoviruses competing for the same host. Following the arrival of RHDV2 (GI.2) in Australia, it became necessary to investigate the potential for immunological cross-protection between different variants, and the implications of this for biocontrol programs and vaccine development. Laboratory rabbits of various immune status-(1) rabbits with no detectable immunity against RHDV; (2) rabbits with experimentally acquired immunity after laboratory challenge; (3) rabbits immunised with a GI.2-specific or a multivalent RHDV inactivated virus prototype vaccine; or (4) rabbits with naturally acquired immunity-were challenged with one of three different RHDV variants (GI.1c, GI.1a or GI.2). The degree of cross-protection observed in immune rabbits was associated with the variant used for challenge, infectious dose of the virus and age, or time since acquisition of the immunity, at challenge. The immune status of feral rabbit populations should be determined prior to intentional RHDV release because of the high survival proportions in rabbits with pre-existing immunity. In addition, to protect domestic rabbits in Australia, a multivalent RHDV vaccine should be considered because of the limited cross-protection observed in rabbits given monovalent vaccines.}, }
@article {pmid35631764, year = {2022}, author = {Palit, R and DeKeyser, ES}, title = {Impacts and Drivers of Smooth Brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.) Invasion in Native Ecosystems.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {35631764}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.) is an invasive cool-season grass that has spread throughout the Great Plains of North America. The species is considered one of the most widespread exotic grasses that has successfully invaded both cool-season and warm-season native prairies. In the prairies where it has invaded, there has often been a total elimination of native species and an overall homogenization of ecosystems. Smooth brome has greater competitive abilities compared to many native grasses and can foster their total elimination in many instances. The greater competitiveness can be partially attributed to its ability to alter the soil and hydrological properties of a site. It is a deep-rooted rhizomatous grass species that thrives in nitrogen-enriched soil, and since its leaf tissue decomposes faster than native species, it in turn increases the soil nitrogen level, causing positive plant-soil feedback. Moreover, smooth brome is able to transport the required nutrients from older plants to the newer progenies invading new nutrient-depleted areas, making it a potent invader. However, the impact of smooth brome is not limited to soil biochemistry alone; it also affects other ecosystem components such as the movement and behavior of many native arthropods, thereby altering the overall population dynamics of such species. Thus, smooth brome invasion poses a serious threat to the remnant prairies of the Great Plains, and efficient management strategies are urgently needed to control its invasion. Control measures such as mowing, grazing, burning, and herbicide application have been effectively used to manage this species. However, due to the widespread distribution of smooth brome across North America and its adaptability to a wide range of environmental conditions, it is challenging to translate the management strategies from one area to another.}, }
@article {pmid35631738, year = {2022}, author = {Duarte, MC and Gomes, I and Catarino, S and Brilhante, M and Gomes, S and Rendall, A and Moreno, &#xc2; and Fortes, AR and Ferreira, VS and Baptista, I and Dinis, H and Romeiras, MM}, title = {Diversity of Useful Plants in Cabo Verde Islands: A Biogeographic and Conservation Perspective.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {35631738}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Cabo Verde's biodiversity is threatened by activities that meet human needs. To counteract this, an integration of scientific and indigenous knowledge is required, but no comprehensive list of the useful local plants is available. Thus, in this work, we assess (1) their diversity and phytogeography; (2) the role of geophysical, historical, and socio-economic factors on species distribution and uses; and (3) potentially relevant species for sustainable development. Data were obtained from flora, scientific publications, historical documents, herbarium specimens and field work. Many species were introduced since the 15th century to support settlement and commercial interests. We identified 518 useful taxa, of which 145 are native, 38 endemic and 44 endangered. The number of useful taxa is correlated with altitude and agricultural area, as well as with rural population indicators, but not with total population or socio-economic indicators such as gross domestic product. Native taxa are mostly used for fuelwood, forage and utilitarian purposes. Agrobiodiversity and traditional practices seem crucial to cope with recurrent droughts and ensure food security. Most of the introduced species do not present conservation problems, contrasting with the overuse of some native taxa. The safeguarding of native populations will ensure the sustainable exploitation of these resources and benefit the local economy.}, }
@article {pmid35629328, year = {2022}, author = {Balakirev, ES}, title = {Recombinant Mitochondrial Genomes Reveal Recent Interspecific Hybridization between Invasive Salangid Fishes.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {35629328}, issn = {2075-1729}, abstract = {The interspecific recombination of the mitochondrial (mt) genome, if not an experimental artifact, may result from interbreeding of species with broken reproductive barriers, which, in turn, is a frequent consequence of human activities including species translocations, habitat modifications, and climate change. This issue, however, has not been addressed for Protosalanx chinensis and other commercially important and, simultaneously, invasive salangid fishes that were the product of successful aquaculture in China. To assess the probability of interspecific hybridization, we analyzed the patterns of diversity and recombination in the complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes of these fishes using the GenBank resources. A sliding window analysis revealed a non-uniform distribution of the intraspecific differences in P. chinensis with four highly pronounced peaks of divergence centered at the COI, ND4L-ND4, and ND5 genes, and also at the control region. The corresponding divergent regions in P. chinensis show a high sequence similarity (99−100%) to the related salangid fishes, Neosalanx tangkahkeii and N. anderssoni. This observation suggests that the divergent regions of P. chinensis may represent a recombinant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) containing mt genome fragments belonging to different salangid species. Indeed, four, highly significant (pairwise homoplasy index test, P < 0.00001) signals of recombination have been revealed at coordinates closely corresponding to the divergent regions. The recombinant fragments are, however, not fixed, and different mt genomes of P. chinensis are mosaic, containing different numbers of recombinant events. These facts, along with the high similarity or full identity of the recombinant fragments between the donor and the recipient sequences, indicate a recent interspecific hybridization between P. chinensis and two Neosalanx species. Alternative hypotheses, including taxonomical misidentifications, sequence misalignments, DNA contamination, and/or artificial PCR recombinants, are not supported by the data. The recombinant fragments revealed in our study represent diagnostic genetic markers for the identification and distinguishing of hybrids, which can be used to control the invasive dynamics of hybrid salangid fishes.}, }
@article {pmid35625476, year = {2022}, author = {Balčiauskas, L and Stratford, J and Kučas, A and Balčiauskienė, L}, title = {Factors Affecting Roadkills of Semi-Aquatic Mammals.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {35625476}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {05.5.1-APVA-V-018-01-0012//project "Investigations of the Status of Invasive and Alien Species in Lithuania"/ ; }, abstract = {We previously showed that registration efforts and traffic intensity explain 90% of variation in mammal roadkill numbers, 70% of variation in the numbers of recorded species and 40% of diversity variation. Here we analyze semiaquatic mammal roadkill in Lithuania in 2002-2021, relating these to the monitoring effort. From 39,936 analyzed roadkill, the European beaver (Castor fiber) was registered 60 times, American mink (Neovison vison) 26 times, otter (Lutra lutra) 22 times and muskrat (Ondatra zibethica) 3 times. The average roadkill indexes were 0.000065, 0.00076, 0.00061 and 0.00010 ind./km/day, and the extrapolated annual roadkill for the country was 44-357, 36-456, 49-464 and 89-144 individuals, respectively. Beaver roadkill numbers correlated with the registration effort and traffic intensity, otter roadkill with registration effort only and mink with hunting bag (number of hunted individuals per year). Roadkill was not always related to proximity to water, with 38-54% of roadkill occurring over 200 m from the nearest water source. With American mink and muskrat being invasive species in the EU and otter protected in many countries, it is valuable to enhance the registrations of their roadkill (using targeted efforts by drivers, hunters or other citizen scientists) to obtain the extrapolated amount of roadkill and to use this knowledge in species management.}, }
@article {pmid35625133, year = {2022}, author = {Catalano, S and La Morgia, V and Molinar Min, AR and Fanelli, A and Meneguz, PG and Tizzani, P}, title = {Gastrointestinal Parasite Community and Phenotypic Plasticity in Native and Introduced Alien Lagomorpha.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {35625133}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {The Convention on Biological Diversity classifies "Invasive Alien Species" as those whose introduction and spread represents a threat for biodiversity. Introduction of alien pathogens, including parasites, is one of the main consequences of the introduction of invasive alien species. The objective of this work was to assess the parasite community composition in native lagomorphs (Lepus europaeus and Lepus timidus varronis) in sympatric and non-sympatric conditions with an alien lagomorph (Sylvilagus floridanus), and to evaluate the phenotypic traits of exotic parasites in such conditions. We firstly describe the characteristics of the parasite community in the different host species (richness, prevalence, abundance and intensity), and, secondly, the phenotypic traits of the observed parasite species in each host. Nine helminths were reported on: eight nematodes (Obeliscoides cuniculi, Trichostrongylus calcaratus, Trichostrongylus retortaeformis, Trichostrongylus affinis, Trichuris leporis, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Passalurus ambiguus, and Nematodirus sp.) and one unidentified cestode. In addition, exotic parasites showed significantly different phenotypic plasticity after spillover from S. floridanus to L. europaeus, whereas endemic parasite species were not isolated in the alien S. floridanus. Our results highlight that the community of autochthonous and allochthonous Lagomorpha in northwestern Italy represents an extremely interesting system for modelling ecological and evolutionary interactions between parasites and their hosts.}, }
@article {pmid35623126, year = {2022}, author = {Casas-Monroy, O and Kydd, J and Rozon, RM and Bailey, SA}, title = {Assessing the performance of four indicative analysis devices for ballast water compliance monitoring, considering organisms in the size range ≥10 to &lt;50 μm.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {317}, number = {}, pages = {115300}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115300}, pmid = {35623126}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms ; Canada ; Introduced Species ; Phytoplankton ; *Ships ; *Water ; }, abstract = {To minimize the global transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has introduced the standard in Regulation D-2 to limit the number of viable organisms in ballast water discharged by ships. To meet the standard, many ships are installing ballast water management systems. Concurrently, regulators are looking for indicative analysis devices able to assess compliance with Regulation D-2, producing rapid, accurate and reliable results while being easy to operate. The purpose of this research is to compare four indicative analysis devices against detailed microscopy for measuring the size class of organisms ≥10 to <50 μm in minimum dimension (e.g., phytoplankton, including autotrophs, heterotrophs or mixotrophs), using field and laboratory tests. Comparisons were conducted on (treated) ballast water discharge samples collected across Canada during three consecutive years (2017-2019). During seven tests in 2019, paired ballast water uptake samples were also obtained, facilitating measurements before and after treatment was applied. Indicative analysis devices also were challenged with natural environmental samples containing different organism abundance levels, ranging from low (nominally <10 cells mL[-1]) to high (nominally >150 cells mL[-1]) during laboratory tests. While the indicative analysis devices examined during this research produced numeric estimates having weak correlations with the standard reference method, categorical outcomes (above/below the D-2 standard) had high agreement (89% or better) when assessing ballast water samples, but lower agreement (67% or poorer) during laboratory tests. There was a relatively high rate of false negative results measured by all devices during laboratory tests. Results provided by indicative analysis devices had higher uncertainty when organism abundances in ballast samples are below and close to the D-2 standards.}, }
@article {pmid35622892, year = {2022}, author = {Lopez, BE and Allen, JM and Dukes, JS and Lenoir, J and Vilà, M and Blumenthal, DM and Beaury, EM and Fusco, EJ and Laginhas, BB and Morelli, TL and O'Neill, MW and Sorte, CJB and Maceda-Veiga, A and Whitlock, R and Bradley, BA}, title = {Global environmental changes more frequently offset than intensify detrimental effects of biological invasions.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {119}, number = {22}, pages = {e2117389119}, pmid = {35622892}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Anthropogenic Effects ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Human-induced abiotic global environmental changes (GECs) and the spread of nonnative invasive species are rapidly altering ecosystems. Understanding the relative and interactive effects of invasion and GECs is critical for informing ecosystem adaptation and management, but this information has not been synthesized. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate effects of invasions, GECs, and their combined influences on native ecosystems. We found 458 cases from 95 published studies that reported individual and combined effects of invasions and a GEC stressor, which was most commonly warming, drought, or nitrogen addition. We calculated standardized effect sizes (Hedges’ d) for individual and combined treatments and classified interactions as additive (sum of individual treatment effects), antagonistic (smaller than expected), or synergistic (outside the expected range). The ecological effects of GECs varied, with detrimental effects more likely with drought than the other GECs. Invasions were more strongly detrimental, on average, than GECs. Invasion and GEC interactions were mostly antagonistic, but synergistic interactions occurred in >25% of cases and mostly led to more detrimental outcomes for ecosystems. While interactive effects were most often smaller than expected from individual invasion and GEC effects, synergisms were not rare and occurred across ecological responses from the individual to the ecosystem scale. Overall, interactions between invasions and GECs were typically no worse than the effects of invasions alone, highlighting the importance of managing invasions locally as a crucial step toward reducing harm from multiple global changes.}, }
@article {pmid35621783, year = {2022}, author = {Klein, BA and Brosius, T}, title = {Insects in Art during an Age of Environmental Turmoil.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {35621783}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Humans are reshaping the planet in impressive, and impressively self-destructive, ways. Evidence and awareness of our environmental impact has failed to elicit meaningful change in reversing our behavior. A multifaceted approach to communicating human-induced environmental destruction is critical, and art can affect our behavior by its power to evoke emotions. Artists often use insects in their works because of our intimate and varied relationship with this diverse, abundant lineage of animals. We surveyed work by 73 artists featuring insects or insect bodily products to gauge how extensively artists are addressing anthropogenic environmental distress, and what insects they are choosing as subjects in the process. Categories often cited as contributing to species extinction are (1) habitat destruction, (2) invasive species, (3) pollution, (4) human population, and (5) overharvesting. After adding insect-specific categories of (6) decline of insect pollinators and (7) the intentional modification or extermination of insects, we categorized our surveyed works, confirming categorizations with 53 of the living artists. Forty-seven percent of the artists addressed habitat destruction or climate change, but some other categories were severely underrepresented, with almost no work explicitly addressing overpopulation or overharvesting. Artists favored Hymenoptera (62%) over potentially more species-rich orders. Recognizing these biases could alert scientists, artists, and others to more effectively communicate messages of universal importance.}, }
@article {pmid35618134, year = {2022}, author = {Keen, SC and Wackett, AA and Willenbring, JK and Yoo, K and Jonsson, H and Clow, T and Klaminder, J}, title = {Non-native species change the tune of tundra soils: Novel access to soundscapes of the Arctic earthworm invasion.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {838}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {155976}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155976}, pmid = {35618134}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Oligochaeta ; Soil ; Tundra ; }, abstract = {Over the last decade, an increasing number of studies have used soundscapes to address diverse ecological questions. Sound represents one of the few sources of information capable of providing in situ insights into processes occurring within opaque soil matrices. To date, the use of soundscapes for soil macrofauna monitoring has been experimentally tested only in controlled laboratory environments. Here we assess the validity of laboratory predictions and explore the use of soil soundscape proxies for monitoring soil macrofauna (i.e., earthworm) activities in an outdoor context. In a common garden experiment in northern Sweden, we constructed outdoor mesocosm plots (N = 36) containing two different Arctic vegetation types (meadow and heath) and introduced earthworms to half of these plots. Earthworms substantially altered the ambient soil soundscape under both vegetation types, as measured by both traditional soundscape indices and frequency band power levels, although their acoustic impacts were expressed differently in heath versus meadow soils. While these findings support the as-of-yet untapped promise of using belowground soundscape analyses to monitor soil ecosystem health, direct acoustic emissions from earthworm activities appear to be an unlikely proxy for tracking worm activities at daily timescales. Instead, earthworms indirectly altered the soil soundscape by 're-engineering' the soil matrix: an effect that was dependent on vegetation type. Our findings suggest that long-term (i.e., seasonal) earthworm activities in natural soil settings can likely be monitored indirectly via their impacts on soundscape measures and acoustic indices. Analyzing soil soundscapes may enable larger-scale monitoring of high-latitude soils and is directly applicable to the specific case of earthworm invasions within Arctic soils, which has recently been identified as a potential threat to the resilience of high-latitude ecosystems. Soil soundscapes could also offer a novel means to monitor soils and soil-plant-faunal interactions in situ across diverse pedogenic, agronomic, and ecological systems.}, }
@article {pmid35618128, year = {2022}, author = {Zhou, C and Zhang, Y and Li, S and Jiang, Q and Chen, H and Zhu, T and Xu, X and Liu, H and Qiu, S and Wu, J and Nie, M and Li, B}, title = {Exogenous nitrogen from riverine exports promotes soil methane production in saltmarshes in China.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {838}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {156203}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156203}, pmid = {35618128}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {China ; Methane/analysis ; *Nitrogen/analysis ; Plants ; Poaceae ; *Soil ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Methane emissions from saltmarshes can potentially promote climate warming. Soil methane production is positively correlated with methane emissions from saltmarshes. Understanding the factors influencing soil methane production will improve the prediction of methane emissions, but an investigation of these factors has not been conducted in saltmarshes in China. We collected soils from native Phragmites australis and invasive Spartina alterniflora saltmarshes along the coast of China; the soil potential methane production (PMP) was determined by incubation experiments. The large-scale investigation results showed that the ratios of methanogens relative to sulfate-reducing bacteria (RMRS) and total organic carbon (TOC) were positively correlated with soil PMP for both species. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) was positively correlated with the soil PMP of P. australis saltmarshes, and plant biomass was positively correlated with the soil PMP of S. alterniflora saltmarshes. Our results showed that exogenous nitrogen from riverine exports was positively correlated with DIN and plant biomass in both P. australis and S. alterniflora saltmarshes. In addition, exogenous nitrogen was also positively correlated with TOC in S. alterniflora saltmarshes. Consequently, exogenous nitrogen indirectly promoted soil methane production in P. australis saltmarshes by increasing the DIN and promoted soil methane production in S. alterniflora saltmarshes by enhancing the TOC and plant biomass. Moreover, we found that the promoting effect of DIN on the soil PMP of P. australis saltmarshes increased when the incubation temperature increased from 15 °C to 25 °C. Thus, the promoting effect of exogenous nitrogen on the soil methane production in P. australis saltmarshes might be strengthened in the peak of growing season. Our findings are the first to confirm that exogenous nitrogen inputs from rivers indirectly promote soil methane production in P. australis and S. alterniflora saltmarshes and provide new insights into the factors responsible for soil methane production in saltmarshes.}, }
@article {pmid35614334, year = {2022}, author = {Moravcová, L and Carta, A and Pyšek, P and Skálová, H and Gioria, M}, title = {Long-term seed burial reveals differences in the seed-banking strategies of naturalized and invasive alien herbs.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {8859}, pmid = {35614334}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; *Seed Bank ; Seeds ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Soil seed viability and germinability dynamics can have a major influence on the establishment and spread of plants introduced beyond their native distribution range. Yet, we lack information on how temporal variability in these traits could affect the invasion process. To address this issue, we conducted an 8-year seed burial experiment examining seed viability and germinability dynamics for 21 invasive and 38 naturalized herbs in the Czech Republic. Seeds of most naturalized and invasive species persisted in the soil for several years. However, naturalized herbs exhibited greater seed longevity, on average, than invasive ones. Phylogenetic logistic models showed that seed viability (but not germinability) dynamics were significantly related to the invasion status of the study species. Seed viability declined earlier and more sharply in invasive species, and the probability of finding viable seeds of invasive species by the end of the experiment was low. Our findings suggest that invasive herbs might take advantage of high seed viability in the years immediately after dispersal, while naturalized species benefit from extended seed viability over time. These differences, however, are not sufficiently strong to explain the invasiveness of the species examined.}, }
@article {pmid35609630, year = {2022}, author = {Arnoldi, I and Negri, A and Soresinetti, L and Brambilla, M and Carraretto, D and Montarsi, F and Roberto, P and Mosca, A and Rubolini, D and Bandi, C and Epis, S and Gabrieli, P}, title = {Assessing the distribution of invasive Asian mosquitoes in Northern Italy and modelling the potential spread of Aedes koreicus in Europe.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {232}, number = {}, pages = {106536}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106536}, pmid = {35609630}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Mosquito Vectors ; }, abstract = {In the last decade, Aedes koreicus and Aedes japonicus japonicus mosquitoes, which are competent vectors for various arboviruses of public health relevance, colonised Italy and other European countries. Nevertheless, information about their current and potential distribution is partial. Accordingly, in this study four regions of Northern Italy (Lombardy, Liguria, Piedmont and Aosta Valley) were surveyed during 2021 for the presence of eggs, larvae and pupae of these two invasive species. We found evidence for a widespread presence of Ae. koreicus in pre-Alpine territories of Lombardy and Piedmont. Larvae from the invasive subspecies of Ae. j. japonicus were also collected in the same geographic areas, though they were less frequent. Occurrence data from this study and results from previous monitoring campaigns were used to generate a Maxent model for the prediction of habitat suitability for Ae. koreicus mosquitoes in Northern Italy and the rest of Europe. Peri-urban areas located in proximity to forests, pastures and vineyards were revealed as highly suitable environments for colonisation by this invasive species. Maps of the potential distribution also suggest the presence of further suitable areas in currently uncolonized countries. We conclude that this invasive mosquito species has the potential for a broad expansion at the European level in the coming decades.}, }
@article {pmid35608329, year = {2022}, author = {Osborn, RK and Ordóñez, ME and Cognato, AI}, title = {Ecuadorian Coptoborus beetles harbor Fusarium and Graphium fungi previously associated with Euwallacea ambrosia beetles.}, journal = {Mycologia}, volume = {114}, number = {3}, pages = {487-500}, doi = {10.1080/00275514.2022.2065441}, pmid = {35608329}, issn = {1557-2536}, mesh = {Ambrosia ; Animals ; *Coleoptera/microbiology ; Ecuador ; *Fusarium ; Peptide Elongation Factor 1/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Plants ; *Weevils/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Ambrosia beetles from the scolytine tribe Xyleborini (Curculionidae) are important to the decomposition of woody plant material on every continent except Antarctica. These insects farm fungi on the walls of tunnels they build inside recently dead trees and rely on the fungi for nutrition during all stages of their lives. Such ambrosia fungi rely on the beetles to provide appropriate substrates and environmental conditions for growth. A small minority of xyleborine ambrosia beetle-fungal partnerships cause significant damage to healthy trees. The xyleborine beetle Coptoborus ochromactonus vectors a Fusarium (Hypocreales) fungus that is lethal to balsa (Ochroma pyramidale (Malvaceae)) trees in Ecuador. Although this pathogenic fungus and its associated beetle are not known to be established in the United States, several other non-native ambrosia beetle species are vectors of destructive plant diseases in this country. This fact and the acceleration of trade between South America and the United States demonstrate the importance of understanding fungal plant pathogens before they escape their native ranges. Here we identify the fungi accompanying Coptoborus ambrosia beetles collected in Ecuador. Classification based ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS) sequences revealed the most prevalent fungi associated with Coptoborus are Fusarium sp. and Graphium sp. (Microascales: Microascaceae), which have been confirmed as ambrosia fungi for xyleborine ambrosia beetles, and Clonostsachys sp. (Hypocreales), which is a diverse genus found abundantly in soils and associated with plants. Phylogenetic analyses of the Fusarium strains based on ITS, translation elongation factor (EF1-α), and two subunits of the DNA-directed RNA polymerase II (RPB1 and RPB2) identified them as Fusarium sp. AF-9 in the Ambrosia Fusarium Clade (AFC). This Fusarium species was previously associated with a few xyleborine ambrosia beetles, most notably the species complex Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff 1868) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini). Examination of ITS and EF1-α sequences showed a close affinity between the Graphium isolated from Coptoborus spp. and other xyleborine-associated Graphium as well as the soil fungus Graphium basitruncatum. This characterization of ambrosia fungi through DNA sequencing confirms the identity of a putative plant pathogen spread by Coptoborus beetles and expands the documented range of Fusarium and Graphium ambrosia fungi.}, }
@article {pmid35607674, year = {2021}, author = {Formel, N and Enochs, IC and Sinigalliano, C and Anderson, SR and Thompson, LR}, title = {Subsurface automated samplers for eDNA (SASe) for biological monitoring and research.}, journal = {HardwareX}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e00239}, pmid = {35607674}, issn = {2468-0672}, abstract = {Sampling of environmental DNA (eDNA) in seawater is an increasingly common approach to non-invasively assess marine biodiversity, detect cryptic or invasive species, and monitor specific groups of organisms. Despite this remarkable utility, collection and filtration of eDNA samples in the field still requires considerable time and effort. Recent advancements in automated water samplers have standardized the eDNA collection process, allowing researchers to collect eDNA day or night, sample in locations that are difficult to access, and remove the need for highly trained personnel to perform sampling. However, the high cost of purchasing or building these samplers represents a financial hurdle to widespread application. To overcome this difficulty, we have designed and built a low-cost subsurface automated sampler for eDNA (SASe). Each sampler is submersible to 55 m, can filter a pre-programmable volume of water, and preserves eDNA at the site of collection. SASe samplers have replaceable filters and a low build cost (∼280 USD vs. >100,000 USD for other eDNA samplers), which facilitates repeated field sampling at fine spatial and temporal scales. Lab testing has shown the SASe to be as effective as a standard desktop peristaltic pump for sampling, preserving, and recovering marine eDNA. SASe design files and operating code are open-source, promoting the use of this tool to meet a range of future eDNA research applications, including project-specific customizations to the current design.}, }
@article {pmid35607448, year = {2022}, author = {Stead, JE and Boucher, VL and Moyle, PB and Rypel, AL}, title = {Growth of Lahontan cutthroat trout from multiple sources re-introduced into Sagehen Creek, CA.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e13322}, pmid = {35607448}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Oncorhynchus ; Endangered Species ; Rivers ; Lakes ; }, abstract = {Lahontan cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi have experienced massive declines in their native range and are now a threatened species under the US Endangered Species Act. A key management goal for this species is re-establishing extirpated populations using translocations and conservation hatcheries. In California USA, two broodstocks (Pilot Peak and Independence Lake) are available for reintroduction, in addition to translocations from wild and naturalized sources. Pilot Peak and Independence Lake fish are hatchery stocks derived from native fish from the Truckee River basin and used for recovery activities in the western Geographic Management Unit Areas only, specifically within the Truckee River basin. Yet suitability of these sources for re-introduction in different ecosystem types remains an open and important topic. We conducted growth experiments using Lahontan cutthroat trout stocked into Sagehen Creek, CA, USA. Experiments evaluated both available broodstocks and a smaller sample of fish translocated representing a naturalized population of unknown origin from a nearby creek. Fish from the Independence Lake source had significantly higher growth in weight and length compared to the other sources. Further, Independence Lake fish were the only stock that gained weight on average over the duration of the experiment. Our experiments suggest fish from the Independence Lake brood stock should be considered in reintroduction efforts.}, }
@article {pmid35606745, year = {2022}, author = {Metzloff, M and Yang, E and Dhole, S and Clark, AG and Messer, PW and Champer, J}, title = {Experimental demonstration of tethered gene drive systems for confined population modification or suppression.}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {119}, pmid = {35606745}, issn = {1741-7007}, support = {R01 GM127418/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; F32 AI138476/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats ; Drosophila/genetics ; *Gene Drive Technology/methods ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Homing gene drives hold great promise for the genetic control of natural populations. However, current homing systems are capable of spreading uncontrollably between populations connected by even marginal levels of migration. This could represent a substantial sociopolitical barrier to the testing or deployment of such drives and may generally be undesirable when the objective is only local population control, such as suppression of an invasive species outside of its native range. Tethered drive systems, in which a locally confined gene drive provides the CRISPR nuclease needed for a homing drive, could provide a solution to this problem, offering the power of a homing drive and confinement of the supporting drive.<br><br>RESULTS: Here, we demonstrate the engineering of a tethered drive system in Drosophila, using a regionally confined CRISPR Toxin-Antidote Recessive Embryo (TARE) drive to support modification and suppression homing drives. Each drive was able to bias inheritance in its favor, and the TARE drive was shown to spread only when released above a threshold frequency in experimental cage populations. After the TARE drive had established in the population, it facilitated the spread of a subsequently released split homing modification drive (to all individuals in the cage) and of a homing suppression drive (to its equilibrium frequency).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the tethered drive strategy is a viable and easily engineered option for providing confinement of homing drives to target populations.}, }
@article {pmid35606553, year = {2022}, author = {Dai, Y and Wang, YH and Li, M and Zhu, ML and Wen, TY and Wu, XQ}, title = {Medium optimization to analyze the protein composition of Bacillus pumilus HR10 antagonizing Sphaeropsis sapinea.}, journal = {AMB Express}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {61}, pmid = {35606553}, issn = {2191-0855}, support = {2017YFD0600104//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; PAPD//Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions/ ; }, abstract = {A previous study found that a biocontrol bacterium, Bacillus pumilus HR10, inhibited the Sphaeropsis shoot blight disease of pine, and the fermentation broth of HR10 strain contained protein antifungal substances. The optimal formulation of the fermentation medium for the antagonistic substance of B. pumilus HR10 was finally obtained by single-factor test, Packett-Burman test, steepest ascent test and Box-Behnken Design (BBD) response surface test, and the best formulation of the fermentation medium for the antagonistic substance of B. pumilus HR10 was 12 g/L corn meal, 15 g/L beef extract and 13 g/L magnesium sulfate, with a predicted bacterial inhibition rate of 89%. The fermentation filtrate of B. pumilus HR10 cultured with the optimized medium formulation was verified to have an inhibition rate of (87.04 ± 3.2) % on the growth of Sphaeropsis sapinea by three replicate tests. The antagonistic crude protein of B. pumilus HR10 were further isolated and identified using HiTrap Capto Q strong Ion-Exchange Chromatography and LC-MS-MS, and it was speculated that glycoside hydrolase (Ghy), beta-glucanase (Beta), arabinogalactan endonuclease β-1,4-galactanase (Arab), and immunosuppressant A (ImA) are proteins with antagonistic activity against S. sapinea in the B. pumilus HR10.}, }
@article {pmid35606377, year = {2022}, author = {Pfauserová, N and Brabec, M and Slavík, O and Horký, P and Žlábek, V and Hladík, M}, title = {Effects of physical parameters on fish migration between a reservoir and its tributaries.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {8612}, pmid = {35606377}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cyprinidae ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Fishes ; Introduced Species ; Seasons ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Reservoirs interrupt natural riverine continuity, reduce the overall diversity of the environment, and enhance the spread of non-native fish species through suitable environments. Under favourable conditions, invasive species migrate to tributaries to benefit from local resource supplies. However, the changes in physical conditions in reservoirs that motivate fish species to migrate remain poorly understood. We analysed migration between a reservoir and its tributary in three non-native (asp Leuciscus aspius, ide Leuciscus idus, and bream Abramis brama) and two native (chub Squalius cephalus and pike Esox lucius) species equipped with radio tags. This 5-year study revealed that an increasing day length was the most general predictor of migration into the tributary in all observed species except E. lucius. Only L. aspius responded to the substantially increasing water level in the reservoir, while the migration of L. idus and S. cephalus was attenuated. Abramis brama and S. cephalus occurred more frequently in tributaries with an increase in temperature in the reservoir and vice versa, but if the difference in temperature between the reservoir and its tributary was small, then A. brama did not migrate. Our results showed that migration from the reservoir mainly followed the alterations of daylight, while responses to other parameters were species specific. The interindividual heterogeneity within the species was significant and was not caused by differences in length or sex. Our results contribute to the knowledge of how reservoirs can affect the spread of non-native species that adapt to rapid human-induced environmental changes.}, }
@article {pmid35604375, year = {2022}, author = {de Wit, MP and Crookes, DJ and Blignaut, JN and de Beer, ZW and Paap, T and Roets, F and van der Merwe, C and van Wilgen, BW and Richardson, DM}, title = {An Assessment of the Potential Economic Impacts of the Invasive Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in South Africa.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {115}, number = {4}, pages = {1076-1086}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toac061}, pmid = {35604375}, issn = {1938-291X}, support = {41313//Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation/ ; 18578/03//Oppenheimer Memorial Trust/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera/microbiology ; Forestry ; Introduced Species ; South Africa ; Trees ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {Studies addressing the economic impacts of invasive alien species are biased towards ex-post assessments of the costs and benefits of control options, but ex-ante assessments are also required to deal with potentially damaging invaders. The polyphagous shot hole borer Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a recent and potentially damaging introduction to South Africa. We assessed the potential impact of this beetle by working across economic and biological disciplines and developing a simulation model that included dynamic mutualistic relations between the beetle and its symbiotic fungus. We modeled the potential growth in beetle populations and their effect on the net present cost of damage to natural forests, urban trees, commercial forestry, and the avocado industry over 10 yr. We modeled high, baseline, and low scenarios using discount rates of 8, 6, and 4%, and a plausible range of costs and mortality rates. Models predicted steady growth in the beetle and fungus populations, leading to average declines in tree populations of between 3.5 and 15.5% over 10 yr. The predicted net present cost was 18.45 billion international dollars (Int. $), or about 0.66% of the country's GDP for our baseline scenario ($2.7 billion to $164 billion for low and high scenarios). Most of the costs are for the removal of urban trees that die as a result of the beetle and its fungal symbiont, as has been found in other regions. We conclude that an ex-ante economic assessment system dynamics model can be useful for informing national strategies on invasive alien species management.}, }
@article {pmid35604174, year = {2022}, author = {Zhang, Z and Nie, S and Sang, Y and Mo, S and Li, J and Kashif, M and Su, G and Yan, B and Jiang, C}, title = {Effects of Spartina alterniflora Invasion on Nitrogen Fixation and Phosphorus Solubilization in a Subtropical Marine Mangrove Ecosystem.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0068221}, pmid = {35604174}, issn = {2165-0497}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen Fixation ; *Phosphorus ; Poaceae/physiology ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Nitrogen fixation (NF) and phosphorus solubilization (PS) play a key role in maintaining the stability of mangrove ecosystems. In China, the invasion of Spartina alterniflora has brought a serious threat to the mangrove ecosystem. However, systematic research on NF and PS in mangrove sediments has not been conducted, and limited studies have focused on the response of NF and PS to S. alterniflora invasion, particularly at different sediment depths. In the present study, shotgun metagenomics and quantitative PCR were used to study the 0- to 100-cm sediment profile of the mangrove ecosystem in the Beibu Gulf of China. Results showed that the PS potential of mangrove sediments was primarily caused by enzymes encoded by phoA, phoD, ppx, ppa, and gcd genes. S. alterniflora changed environmental factors, such as total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total organic carbon, and enhanced the potential of NF and PS in sediments. Moreover, most microorganisms involved in NF or PS (NFOPSMs) responded positively to the invasion of S. alterniflora. Cd, available iron, and salinity were the key environmental factors that affected the distribution of NF and PS genes (NFPSGs) and NFOPSMs. A strong coupling effect was observed between NF and PS in the mangrove ecosystem. S. alterniflora invasion enhanced the coupling of NF and PS and the interaction of microorganisms involved in NF and PS (NFAPSM), thereby promoting the turnover of NP and improving sediment quality. Finally, 108 metagenome-assembled genomes involved in NF or PS were reconstructed to further evaluate NFOPSMs. IMPORTANCE This study revealed the efficient nutrient cycling mechanism of mangroves. Positive coupling effects were observed in sediment quality, NF and PS processes, and NFOPSMs with the invasion of S. alterniflora. This research contributed to the understanding of the effects of S. alterniflora invasion on the subtropical mangrove ecosystem and provided theoretical guidance for mangrove protection, restoration, and soil management. Additionally, novel NFOPSMs provided a reference for the development of marine biological fertilizers.}, }
@article {pmid35603028, year = {2022}, author = {Di, B and Firn, J and Buckley, YM and Lomas, K and Pausas, JG and Smith, AL}, title = {Impact of roadside burning on genetic diversity in a high-biomass invasive grass.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {790-803}, pmid = {35603028}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The invasive grass-fire cycle is a widely documented feedback phenomenon in which invasive grasses increase vegetation flammability and fire frequency, resulting in further invasion and compounded effects on fire regimes. Few studies have examined the role of short-term adaptation in driving the invasive grass-fire cycle, despite invasive species often thriving after introduction to new environments. We used a replicated (nine locations), paired sampling design (burn vs unburnt sites) to test the hypothesis that roadside burning increases genetic diversity and thus adaptive potential in the invasive, high-biomass grass Cenchrus ciliaris. Between four and five samples per site (n = 93) were genotyped using the DArTseq platform, and we filtered the data to produce panels of 15,965 neutral and 5030 non-neutral single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Using fastSTRUCTURE, we detected three distinct genetic clusters with extremely high F ST values among them (0.94-0.97) suggesting three different cultivars. We found high rates of asexual reproduction, possibly related to clonality or apomixis common in this species. At three locations, burnt and unburnt sites were genetically different, but genetic structure was not consistently related to fire management across the study region. Burning was associated with high genetic diversity and sexual reproduction in one genetic cluster, but with low genetic diversity and clonality in another. Individual SNPs were associated with longitude and genetic clustering, but not with recent fire management. Overall, we found limited evidence that roadside burning consistently increased genetic diversity and adaptive potential in C. ciliaris; evolutionary and breeding history more strongly shaped genetic structure. Roadside burning could therefore continue to be used for managing biomass in this species, with continued monitoring. Our study provides a framework for detecting fire-related changes on a genetic level-a process that could be used as an early warning system to detect the invasive grass-fire cycle in future.}, }
@article {pmid35600678, year = {2022}, author = {Dyck, MA and Iosif, R and Promberger-Fürpass, B and Popescu, VD}, title = {Dracula's ménagerie: A multispecies occupancy analysis of lynx, wildcat, and wolf in the Romanian Carpathians.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {e8921}, pmid = {35600678}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The recovery of terrestrial carnivores in Europe is a conservation success story. Initiatives focused on restoring top predators require information on how resident species may interact with the re-introduced species as their interactions have the potential to alter food webs, yet such data are scarce for Europe.In this study, we assessed patterns of occupancy and interactions between three carnivore species in the Romanian Carpathians. Romania houses one of the few intact carnivore guilds in Europe, making it an ideal system to assess intraguild interactions and serve as a guide for reintroductions elsewhere.We used camera trap data from two seasons in Transylvanian forests to assess occupancy and co-occurrence of carnivores using multispecies occupancy models.Mean occupancy in the study area was highest for lynx (Ψwinter = 0.76 95% CI: 0.42-0.92; Ψautumn = 0.71 CI: 0.38-0.84) and wolf (Ψwinter = 0.60 CI: 0.34-0.78; Ψautumn = 0.81 CI: 0.25-0.95) and lowest for wildcat (Ψwinter = 0.40 CI: 0.19-0.63; Ψautumn = 0.52 CI: 0.17-0.78)We found that marginal occupancy predictors for carnivores varied between seasons. We also found differences in predictors of co-occurrence between seasons for both lynx-wolf and wildcat-wolf co-occurrence. For both seasons, we found that conditional occupancy probabilities of all three species were higher when another species was present.Our results indicate that while there are seasonal differences in predictors of occupancy and co-occurrence of the three species, co-occurrence in our study area is high.Terrestrial carnivore recovery efforts are ongoing worldwide. Insights into interspecific relations between carnivore species are critical when considering the depauperate communities they are introduced in. Our work showcases that apex carnivore coexistence is possible, but dependent on protection afforded to forest habitats and their prey base.}, }
@article {pmid35599901, year = {2022}, author = {Deneu, B and Joly, A and Bonnet, P and Servajean, M and Munoz, F}, title = {Very High Resolution Species Distribution Modeling Based on Remote Sensing Imagery: How to Capture Fine-Grained and Large-Scale Vegetation Ecology With Convolutional Neural Networks?.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {839279}, pmid = {35599901}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Species Distribution Models (SDMs) are fundamental tools in ecology for predicting the geographic distribution of species based on environmental data. They are also very useful from an application point of view, whether for the implementation of conservation plans for threatened species or for monitoring invasive species. The generalizability and spatial accuracy of an SDM depend very strongly on the type of model used and the environmental data used as explanatory variables. In this article, we study a country-wide species distribution model based on very high resolution (VHR) (1 m) remote sensing images processed by a convolutional neural network. We demonstrate that this model can capture landscape and habitat information at very fine spatial scales while providing overall better predictive performance than conventional models. Moreover, to demonstrate the ecological significance of the model, we propose an original analysis based on the t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) dimension reduction technique. It allows visualizing the relation between input data and species traits or environment learned by the model as well as conducting some statistical tests verifying them. We also analyze the spatial mapping of the t-SNE dimensions at both national and local levels, showing the model benefit of automatically learning environmental variation at multiple scales.}, }
@article {pmid35598878, year = {2022}, author = {Paul-André, C and Casper, N}, title = {Editorial overview: 'Pests and resistance' section of 2022 (volume 51): Invasion biology from the tropics!.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {52}, number = {}, pages = {100931}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2022.100931}, pmid = {35598878}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biology ; }, }
@article {pmid35598532, year = {2022}, author = {Cocozza, C and Bartolini, P and Brunetti, C and Miozzi, L and Pignattelli, S and Podda, A and Scippa, GS and Trupiano, D and Rotunno, S and Brilli, F and Maserti, BE}, title = {Modulation of class III peroxidase pathways and phenylpropanoids in Arundo donax under salt and phosphorus stress.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {183}, number = {}, pages = {151-159}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.05.002}, pmid = {35598532}, issn = {1873-2690}, mesh = {Lignin/metabolism ; *Peroxidase/metabolism ; Peroxidases/metabolism ; *Phosphorus/metabolism ; Poaceae/genetics ; Sodium Chloride/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Arundo donax L. is an invasive species that has been recently employed for biomass production due to its well-known ability to colonize harsh environment. Based on previous observations, the present study investigated the potential role of phenylpropanoids and class III peroxidases to confer adaptation through biochemical and transcriptomic analysis in A. donax after Na[+] and P excess supply, both in single stress and in combination, and after growth at low P level. The levels of hydrogen peroxide, flavonoids (i.e., quercetin, apigenin and kaempferol derivatives) and the activity of class III peroxidases, as well as the expression of several genes encoding for their enzymes involved in their biosynthesis, increased when Na[+] was supplied in combination with P. These results suggest that those biomolecules are involved in the response of A. donax, to the presence of +Na and P in the soil. Moreover, even though at the sampling time no significant accumulation of lignin has been determined, the trend of accumulation of such metabolite and most of all the increase of several transcripts involved in its synthesis was found. This work for the first time indicates the need for further investigation devoted to elucidating whether the strengthening of cell walls via lignin synthesis is one of the mechanisms used by A. donax to adapt to harsh environments.}, }
@article {pmid35598447, year = {2022}, author = {de Lange, WJ and Boast, K and Kleynhans, TE}, title = {Modelling cost-effective clearing solutions for invasive alien trees: A case study on wilding conifers.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {316}, number = {}, pages = {114985}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114985}, pmid = {35598447}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Tracheophyta ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Accurate on-site identification of appropriate alien clearing methods can realize significant cost savings for heterogenous sites. We developed a cost-based model accounting for site parameters such as infestation density, slope, obstructive vegetation density and site-access. These parameters are combined with a unit-costing sub-module to identify the most cost-effective clearing method for a particular site. The model was tested in the heterogenous Cape Fynbos biome of South Africa for three clearing methods for Pinus: traditional felling, drill-and-fill, and the arial-basal bark application (ABBA) method. The model accounts for the above-mentioned site parameters after which it is calibrated with the unit-costing for each method. Various scenarios consisting of different combinations of above-mentioned site parameters are then applied to identify the cost-effective solution for any particular combination of site parameters. Results favoured the drill-and-fill method in most cases, with the ABBA method reserved for sites with isolated Pines situated in dense fynbos with difficult access at slope gradients of 45° and higher. At these site combinations, ground teams experience longer walk times which reduces their productivity to such an extent that ABBA is comparatively more cost-effective. Traditional felling turned out to be prohibitively expensive because of team composition (mandatory higher safety and supervision requirements required for chainsaw operations) and slower on-site walking due to heavier equipment. The information enables site managers to do more accurate planning since the model will ensure that a cost-effective method is chosen for any particular site. It is then up to the manager to implement the chosen clearing method in a cost-efficient way.}, }
@article {pmid35595866, year = {2022}, author = {Lubośny, M and Śmietanka, B and Arculeo, M and Burzyński, A}, title = {No evidence of DUI in the Mediterranean alien species Brachidontes pharaonis (P. Fisher, 1870) despite mitochondrial heteroplasmy.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {8569}, pmid = {35595866}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Heteroplasmy ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Mustelidae ; *Mytilidae/genetics ; }, abstract = {Two genetically different mitochondrial haplogroups of Brachidontes pharaonis (p-distance 6.8%) have been identified in the Mediterranean Sea. This hinted at a possible presence of doubly uniparental inheritance in this species. To ascertain this possibility, we sequenced two complete mitogenomes of Brachidontes pharaonis mussels and performed a qPCR analysis to measure the relative mitogenome copy numbers of both mtDNAs. Despite the presence of two very similar regions composed entirely of repetitive sequences in the two haplogroups, no recombination between mitogenomes was detected. In heteroplasmic individuals, both mitogenomes were present in the generative tissues of both sexes, which argues against the presence of doubly uniparental inheritance in this species.}, }
@article {pmid35595006, year = {2022}, author = {Guan, Z and Shi, S and Diaby, M and Danley, P and Ullah, N and Puzakov, M and Gao, B and Song, C}, title = {Horizontal transfer of Buster transposons across multiple phyla and classes of animals.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {173}, number = {}, pages = {107506}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107506}, pmid = {35595006}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; *DNA Transposable Elements/genetics ; Eukaryota/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Mammals/genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Transposases/genetics ; }, abstract = {Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic elements in the genome and broadly distributed across both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and play an important role in shaping the genome evolution of their hosts. hAT elements are thought to be the most widespread cut-and-paste DNA transposon found throughout the tree of life. Buster is a recently recognized family of hAT. However, the evolutionary profile of the Buster family, such as its taxonomic distribution, evolutionary pattern, and activities, remains largely unknown. We conducted a systematic analysis of the evolutionary landscape of the Buster family and found that most Buster transposons are 1.72-4.66 kilobases (kb) in length, encode 500-736-amino acid (aa) transposases and are flanked by short (10-18 bp) terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) and 8 bp target site duplications (TSDs). Buster family is widely distributed in 609 species, involving eight classes of invertebrates and most lineage of vertebrates (including mammals). Horizontal transfer events were detected across multiple phyla and classes of animals, which may have contributed to their wide distribution, and both parasites and invasive species may facilitate HT events of Buster in vertebrates. Our data also suggest that Buster transposons are young, highly active, and appear as intact copies in multiple lineages of animals. High percentages of intact copies (>30%) were identified in some Arthropoda, Actinopterygii, Agnatha, and reptile species, and some of these may be active. These data will help increase understanding of the evolution of the hAT superfamily and its impact on eukaryotic genome evolution.}, }
@article {pmid35594005, year = {2022}, author = {Bernard-Verdier, M and Seitz, B and Buchholz, S and Kowarik, I and Lasunción Mejía, S and Jeschke, JM}, title = {Grassland allergenicity increases with urbanisation and plant invasions.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {51}, number = {11}, pages = {2261-2277}, pmid = {35594005}, issn = {1654-7209}, support = {01LC1501//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Bildung und Forschung/ ; }, mesh = {Allergens ; Ecosystem ; Grassland ; *Hypersensitivity/epidemiology/etiology ; Plants ; *Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Pollen allergies have been on the rise in cities, where anthropogenic disturbances, warmer climate and introduced species are shaping novel urban ecosystems. Yet, the allergenic potential of these urban ecosystems, in particular spontaneous vegetation outside parks and gardens, remains poorly known. We quantified the allergenic properties of 56 dry grasslands along a double gradient of urbanisation and plant invasion in Berlin (Germany). 30% of grassland species were classified as allergenic, most of them being natives. Urbanisation was associated with an increase in abundance and diversity of pollen allergens, mainly driven by an increase in allergenic non-native plants. While not inherently more allergenic than native plants, the pool of non-natives contributed a larger biochemical diversity of allergens and flowered later than natives, creating a broader potential spectrum of allergy. Managing novel risks to urban public health will involve not only targeted action on allergenic non-natives, but also policies at the habitat scale favouring plant community assembly of a diverse, low-allergenicity vegetation. Similar approaches could be easily replicated in other cities to provide a broad quantification and mapping of urban allergy risks and drivers.}, }
@article {pmid35593055, year = {2022}, author = {Loss, SR and Boughton, B and Cady, SM and Londe, DW and McKinney, C and O'Connell, TJ and Riggs, GJ and Robertson, EP}, title = {Review and synthesis of the global literature on domestic cat impacts on wildlife.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {7}, pages = {1361-1372}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13745}, pmid = {35593055}, issn = {1365-2656}, support = {Hatch Grant # OKL-03085//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Australia ; *Cats ; Europe ; North America ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {A vast global literature documents that free-roaming domestic cats (Felis catus) have substantial negative effects on wildlife, including through predation, fear, disease and competition-related impacts that have contributed to numerous wildlife extinctions and population declines worldwide. However, no study has synthesized this literature on cat impacts on wildlife to evaluate its overarching biases and major gaps. To direct future research and conservation related to cat impacts on wildlife, we conducted a global literature review that entailed evaluation and synthesis of patterns and gaps in the literature related to the geographic context, methods and types of impacts studied. Our systematic literature search compiled 2245 publications. We extracted information from 332 of these meeting inclusion criteria designed to ensure the relevance of studies analysed. This synthesis of research on cat impacts on wildlife highlights a focus on oceanic islands, Australia, Europe, and North America, and on rural areas, predation, impacts of unowned cats, and impacts at population and species levels. Key research advances needed to better understand and manage cat impacts include more studies in underrepresented, highly biodiverse regions (Africa, Asia, and South America), on cat impacts other than predation, and on methods designed to reduce impacts on wildlife. The identified areas of needed research into cat impacts on wildlife will be critical to further clarifying the role of cats in global wildlife declines and to implementing science-driven policy and management that benefit conservation efforts.}, }
@article {pmid35592063, year = {2022}, author = {Pless, E and Powell, JR and Seger, KR and Ellis, B and Gloria-Soria, A}, title = {Evidence for serial founder events during the colonization of North America by the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {e8896}, pmid = {35592063}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The Aedes aegypti mosquito first invaded the Americas about 500 years ago and today is a widely distributed invasive species and the primary vector for viruses causing dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever. Here, we test the hypothesis that the North American colonization by Ae. aegypti occurred via a series of founder events. We present findings on genetic diversity, structure, and demographic history using data from 70 Ae. aegypti populations in North America that were genotyped at 12 microsatellite loci and/or ~20,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms, the largest genetic study of the region to date. We find evidence consistent with colonization driven by serial founder effect (SFE), with Florida as the putative source for a series of westward invasions. This scenario was supported by (1) a decrease in the genetic diversity of Ae. aegypti populations moving west, (2) a correlation between pairwise genetic and geographic distances, and (3) demographic analysis based on allele frequencies. A few Ae. aegypti populations on the west coast do not follow the general trend, likely due to a recent and distinct invasion history. We argue that SFE provides a helpful albeit simplified model for the movement of Ae. aegypti across North America, with outlier populations warranting further investigation.}, }
@article {pmid35592057, year = {2022}, author = {White, TB and Petrovan, SO and Christie, AP and Martin, PA and Sutherland, WJ}, title = {What is the Price of Conservation? A Review of the Status Quo and Recommendations for Improving Cost Reporting.}, journal = {Bioscience}, volume = {72}, number = {5}, pages = {461-471}, pmid = {35592057}, issn = {0006-3568}, abstract = {Wildlife conservation is severely limited by funding. Therefore, to maximize biodiversity outcomes, assessing financial costs of interventions is as important as assessing effectiveness. We reviewed the reporting of costs in studies testing the effectiveness of conservation interventions: 13.3% of the studies provided numeric costs, and 8.8% reported total costs. Even fewer studies broke down these totals into constituent costs, making it difficult to assess the relevance of costs to different contexts. Cost reporting differed between continents and the taxa or habitats targeted by interventions, with higher cost reporting in parts of the Global South. A further analysis of data focused on mammals identified that interventions related to agriculture, invasive species, transport, and residential development reported costs more frequently. We identify opportunities for conservationists to improve future practice through encouraging systematic reporting and collation of intervention costs, using economic evaluation tools, and increasing understanding and skills in finance and economics.}, }
@article {pmid35589054, year = {2022}, author = {Rodriguez, AK and Krug, PJ}, title = {Ecological speciation by sympatric host shifts in a clade of herbivorous sea slugs, with introgression and localized mitochondrial capture between species.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {174}, number = {}, pages = {107523}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107523}, pmid = {35589054}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Gastropoda/genetics ; Genetic Speciation ; *Herbivory ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Host shifting in insect-plant systems was historically important to the development of ecological speciation theory, yet surprisingly few studies have examined whether host shifting drives diversification of marine herbivores. When small-bodied consumers feed and also mate on a preferred host, disruptive selection can split a population into host races despite gene flow. Support for host shifts is notably lacking for invertebrates associated with macroalgae, where the scale of dispersal by planktonic larvae often far exceeds the grain of host patchiness, and adults are typically less specialized than terrestrial herbivores. Here, we present a candidate example of ecological speciation in a clade of sea slugs that primarily consume green algae in the genus Caulerpa, including highly invasive species. Ancestral character state reconstructions supported 'sea grapes' (C. racemosa, C. lentillifera) as the ancestral host for a tropical radiation of 12 Elysia spp., with one shift onto alternative Caulerpa spp. in the Indo-Pacific. A Caribbean radiation of three species included symaptric host shifts to Rhipocephalus brevicaulis in the ancestor of E. pratensis Ortea &amp; Espinosa, 1996, and to C. prolifera in E. hamanni Krug, Vendetti &amp; Valdes 2016, plus a niche expansion to a range of Caulerpa spp. in E. subornata Verrill, 1901. All three species are broadly sympatric across the Caribbean but are host-partitioned at a fine grain, and distinct by morphology and at nuclear loci. However, non-recombining mtDNA revealed a history of gene flow between E. pratensis and E. subornata: COI haplotypes from E. subornata were 10.4% divergent from E. pratensis haplotypes from four sites, but closely related to all E. pratensis haplotypes sampled from six Bahamian islands, indicating historical introgression and localized "mitochondrial capture." Disruptive selective likely fueled divergence and adaptation to distinct host environments, indicating ecological speciation may be an under-appreciated driver of diversification for marine herbivores as well as epibionts and other resource specialists.}, }
@article {pmid35586726, year = {2022}, author = {Bzonek, PA and Mandrak, NE}, title = {Wetland fishes avoid a carbon dioxide deterrent deployed in the field.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {coac021}, pmid = {35586726}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Biological invasions are poorly controlled and contribute to the loss of ecosystem services and function. Altered watershed connectivity contributes to aquatic invasions, but such hydrologic connections have become important for human transport. Carbon dioxide (CO2) deterrents have been proposed to control the range expansion of invasive fishes, particularly through altered hydrologic connections, without impeding human transport. However, the effectiveness of CO2 deterrents needs to be further evaluated in the field, where fishes are situated in their natural environment and logistical challenges are present. We deployed a proof-of-concept CO2 deterrent within a trap-and-sort fishway in Cootes Paradise, Ontario, Canada, to determine the avoidance responses of fishes attempting to disperse into a wetland. We aimed to describe deterrent efficiency for our target species, common carp, and for native fishes dispersing into the wetland. Our inexpensive inline CO2 deterrent was deployed quickly and rapidly produced a CO2 plume of 60 mg/l. Over 2000 fishes, representing 13 species, were captured between 23 May and 8 July 2019. A generalized linear model determined that the catch rates of our target species, common carp (n = 1662), decreased significantly during deterrent activation, with catch rates falling from 2.56 to 0.26 individuals per hour. Aggregated catch rates for low-abundance species (n < 150 individuals per species) also decreased, while catch rates for non-target brown bullhead (n = 294) increased. Species did not express a phylogenetic signal in avoidance responses. These results indicate that CO2 deterrents produce a robust common carp avoidance response in the field. This pilot study deployed an inexpensive and rapidly operating deterrent, but to be a reliable management tool, permanent deterrents would need to produce a more concentrated CO2 plume with greater infrastructural support.}, }
@article {pmid35586258, year = {2022}, author = {Simonov, E and Kuranova, VN and Lisachov, A and Yartsev, VV and Bogomolova, IN}, title = {Database of Amphibia distribution in West Siberia (Russia).}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e82436}, pmid = {35586258}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: West Siberia is a large region in North Eurasia, which harbours multiple climatic zones, landscape types and biomes. Its amphibian fauna is characterised by a combination of European and Asian species. For many species, this region is the place where the limits of their global ranges are located (Ranatemporaria, R.amurensis, Bufotessitibundus). West Siberia also has at least two non-native amphibian species (Pelophylaxridibundus, Bufotesviridis). The exact ranges and patterns of distribution of the West Siberian amphibian species are poorly studied. The mapping of species ranges is important for the development of conservation measures and monitoring of invasive species is required to investigate their impacts on the natural ecosystems.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: This work presents the most complete biogeographic and occurrence records database of the amphibians of West Siberia. To assemble the database, we digitised data from 190 published works, obtained data from major museum collections and from the data bank on the abundance and distribution of animals &#xab;Zoomonitor&#xbb; by the Zoomonitoring laboratory of the Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences. The database also includes original and partly unpublished data collected by the authors from 1975 to 2021, as well as quality-assessed citizen science data from the iNaturalist portal. In total, the database contains 2530 records for 11 species of amphibians, including the locality data, the observation date (when known) and the source of the observation (at least one of the following: literature reference, museum sample ID, observer's name, iNaturalist link).}, }
@article {pmid35585929, year = {2022}, author = {Ceballos-Escalera, A and Richards, J and Arias, MB and Inward, DJG and Vogler, AP}, title = {Metabarcoding of insect-associated fungal communities: a comparison of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large-subunit (LSU) rRNA markers.}, journal = {MycoKeys}, volume = {88}, number = {}, pages = {1-33}, pmid = {35585929}, issn = {1314-4049}, abstract = {Full taxonomic characterisation of fungal communities is necessary for establishing ecological associations and early detection of pathogens and invasive species. Complex communities of fungi are regularly characterised by metabarcoding using the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and the Large-Subunit (LSU) gene of the rRNA locus, but reliance on a single short sequence fragment limits the confidence of identification. Here we link metabarcoding from the ITS2 and LSU D1-D2 regions to characterise fungal communities associated with bark beetles (Scolytinae), the likely vectors of several tree pathogens. Both markers revealed similar patterns of overall species richness and response to key variables (beetle species, forest type), but identification against the respective reference databases using various taxonomic classifiers revealed poor resolution towards lower taxonomic levels, especially the species level. Thus, Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) could not be linked via taxonomic classifiers across ITS and LSU fragments. However, using phylogenetic trees (focused on the epidemiologically important Sordariomycetes) we placed OTUs obtained with either marker relative to reference sequences of the entire rRNA cistron that includes both loci and demonstrated the largely similar phylogenetic distribution of ITS and LSU-derived OTUs. Sensitivity analysis of congruence in both markers suggested the biologically most defensible threshold values for OTU delimitation in Sordariomycetes to be 98% for ITS2 and 99% for LSU D1-D2. Studies of fungal communities using the canonical ITS barcode require corroboration across additional loci. Phylogenetic analysis of OTU sequences aligned to the full rRNA cistron shows higher success rate and greater accuracy of species identification compared to probabilistic taxonomic classifiers.}, }
@article {pmid35580029, year = {2022}, author = {Wilson, ER and Murphy, KJ and Wyeth, RC}, title = {Ecological Review of the Ciona Species Complex.}, journal = {The Biological bulletin}, volume = {242}, number = {2}, pages = {153-171}, doi = {10.1086/719476}, pmid = {35580029}, issn = {1939-8697}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ciona ; *Ciona intestinalis/genetics ; Genomics ; }, abstract = {AbstractThe set of four closely related solitary ascidians Ciona spp. were once considered a single cosmopolitan species, Ciona intestinalis, but are now recognized as genetically and morphologically distinct species. The possibility of ecological differences between the species was not widely considered in studies preceding the schism of Ciona spp. Consequently, there may be an over-generalization of the ecology of Ciona spp., with potential implications for the broad range of studies targeting these species, encompassing the evolution, development, genomics, and invasion biology of Ciona spp. We completed a comprehensive review of the ecology of Ciona spp. to establish the similarities and differences between the widely distributed Ciona robusta and C. intestinalis (and what little is known of the two other species, Ciona sp. C and Ciona sp. D). When necessary, we used study locations and the species' geographic ranges to infer the species in each study in the review. As expected, ecological similarities are the norm between the two species, spanning both abiotic and biotic interactions. However, there are also important differences that have potential implications for other aspects of the biology of Ciona spp. For example, differences in temperature and salinity tolerances likely correspond with the disparities in the geographic distribution of the species. Asymmetries in topics studied in each species diminish our ability to fully compare several aspects of the ecology of Ciona spp. and are priority areas for future research. We anticipate that our clarification of common and unique aspects of each species' ecology will help to provide context for future research in many aspects of the biology of Ciona spp.}, }
@article {pmid35577981, year = {2022}, author = {McGranahan, DA and Wonkka, CL}, title = {Fuel Properties of Effective Greenstrips in Simulated Cheatgrass Fires.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {70}, number = {2}, pages = {319-328}, pmid = {35577981}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Bromus ; *Ecosystem ; Plants ; Poaceae ; *Wildfires ; }, abstract = {Invasive annual grasses alter fire regime in steppe ecosystems, and subsequent trends toward larger, more frequent wildfires impacts iconic biodiversity. A common solution is to disrupt novel fuel beds comprising continuous swaths of invasive annual grasses with greenstrips-linear, human-maintained stands of less-flammable vegetation. But selecting effective native species is challenged by the fact that identifying the optimal combination of plant traits that interrupt wildfire spread is logistically difficult. We employed fire behavior simulation modeling to determine plant traits with high potential to slow fire spread in annual Bromus-dominated fuelbeds. We found species with low leaf:stem (fine:coarse) ratios and high live:dead fuel ratios to be most effective. Our approach helps isolate fuelbed characteristics that slow fire spread, providing a geographically-agnostic framework to scale plant traits to greenstrip effectiveness. This framework helps managers assess potential native species for greenstrips without needing logistically-difficult experimental assessments to determine how a species might affect fire behavior.}, }
@article {pmid35577087, year = {2022}, author = {Gauff, RPM and Davoult, D and Greff, S and Bohner, O and Coudret, J and Jacquet, S and Loisel, S and Rondeau, S and Sevin, L and Wafo, E and Lejeusne, C}, title = {Pollution gradient leads to local adaptation and small-scale spatial variability of communities and functions in an urban marine environment.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {838}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {155911}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155911}, pmid = {35577087}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Pollutants ; Introduced Species ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Urbanization of coastal habitats, of which harbors and marinas are the paragon, has led to various ecological paradigms about their functioning. Harbor infrastructures offer new hard substrata that are colonized by a wide variety of organisms (biofouling) including many introduced species. These structures also modify hydrodynamism and contaminant dispersal, leading to strong disturbance gradients within them. Differences in sessile community structure have previously been correlated to these gradients at small spatial scale (<100 m). Local adaptation might be involved to explain such results, but as correlation is not causation, the present study aims to understand the causal link between the environmental gradients and community structure through a reciprocal transplant experiment among three sites of a marina (inner, middle, entrance). Our results highlighted strong small-scale spatial variations of contaminants (trace metals, PCB, pesticides, and PAH) in sediments and animal samples which have been causally linked to changes in community composition after transplant. But historical contingency and colonization succession also play an important role. Our results provided strong evidence for local adaptation since community structure, respiration, and pollutant uptake in Bugula neritina, as well as the metabolomes of B. neritina and Ciona intestinalis were impacted by the transplant with a disadvantage for individuals transplanted from the entrance to the inner location. The here observed results may thus indicate that the disturbance gradient in marinas might constitute a staple for selecting pollutant-resistant species and populations, causing local adaptation. This highlights the importance of conducting further studies into small scale local adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid35575060, year = {2022}, author = {Couton, M and Lévêque, L and Daguin-Thiébaut, C and Comtet, T and Viard, F}, title = {Water eDNA metabarcoding is effective in detecting non-native species in marinas, but detection errors still hinder its use for passive monitoring.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, pages = {367-383}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2022.2075739}, pmid = {35575060}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Biofilms ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; *DNA, Environmental ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Introduced Species ; Water ; }, abstract = {Marinas are high-priority targets for marine non-indigenous species (NIS), where they compose a large portion of the biofouling communities. The practicality of water samples collection makes environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding an interesting tool for routine NIS surveys. Here the effectiveness of water-eDNA-metabarcoding to identify biofouling NIS, in 10 marinas from western France, was examined. Morphological identification of specimens collected in quadrats brought out 18 sessile benthic NIS beneath floating pontoons. Water-eDNA-metabarcoding detected two thirds of them, failing to detect important NIS. However, sampling and bioinformatics filtering steps can be optimized to identify more species. In addition, this method allowed the detection of additional NIS from neighboring micro-habitats. Caution should, however, be taken when reporting putative novel NIS, because of errors in species assignment. This work highlights that water-eDNA-metabarcoding is effective for active (targeted) NIS surveys and could be significantly improved for its further use in marine NIS passive surveys.}, }
@article {pmid35573178, year = {2022}, author = {Verdasca, MJ and Carvalheiro, L and Aguirre Gutierrez, J and Granadeiro, JP and Rome, Q and Puechmaille, SJ and Rebelo, R and Rebelo, H}, title = {Contrasting patterns from two invasion fronts suggest a niche shift of an invasive predator of native bees.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e13269}, pmid = {35573178}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Bees ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Europe ; Europe, Eastern ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The accuracy of predictions of invasive species ranges is dependent on niche similarity between invasive and native populations and on our ability to identify the niche characteristics. With this work we aimed to compare the niche dynamics of two genetically related invasive populations of Vespa velutina (an effective predator of honeybees and wild pollinators), in two distinct climatic regions, one in central Europe and another one in the north-western Iberian Peninsula, and hence to identify uninvaded regions susceptible to invasion.<br><br>METHODS: Niche dynamics and shifts of V. velutina were assessed by comparing the environmental niches of the native and of the two invasive populations, using climatic, topographic and land use variables. We also ran reciprocal distribution models using different algorithms and records from both native and invasive ranges to compare model predictions and estimate which regions are at a greater risk of being invaded.<br><br>RESULTS: An apparent niche shift was detected in the population of the NW of Iberian Peninsula, where the species is living under environmental conditions different from the native niche. In central Europe, large suitable areas remain unoccupied. The fact that both invasive populations are well established, despite occupying environmentally distinct regions indicates that V. velutina has a high ability to successfully invade different environmental envelopes from those existing in its native range. For example, in north-western Iberian Peninsula the species is now thriving out of its native niche limits. Moreover, the large extent of still unoccupied environmental space with similar conditions to those used by the species in its native range suggests that there is still a large area of central and eastern Europe that can be potentially invaded by the species.}, }
@article {pmid35571755, year = {2022}, author = {Fontana, S and Yeh, LW and Zhan, SH and Liu, SL}, title = {A multifaceted ecological assessment reveals the invasion of the freshwater red macroalga Montagnia macrospora (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta) in Taiwan.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {e8906}, pmid = {35571755}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive freshwater macroalgae are rarely described. Montagnia macrospora is a freshwater red alga introduced from South America to East Asia via the global aquarium trade. The earliest occurrence record of this alga in Taiwan is dated 2005. To determine whether M. macrospora has become invasive in Taiwan and to understand the traits that facilitated its invasion, we took a multifaceted approach that combines examination of ecological background and population genetic analysis. Our island-wide survey showed that M. macrospora is widespread in the field across Taiwan, where the climate greatly differs from that of South America, and can self-sustain for nearly a decade. Our population genetic analysis revealed a lack of genetic diversity of M. macrospora in Taiwan, consistent with the hypothesis that the alga expanded through asexual reproduction. Moreover, during our long-term ecological assessments and field surveys, we observed that M. macrospora is an ecological generalist that can survive in a wide range of temperature, pH, illumination, and nutrient enrichment. Taken together, our data suggest that M. macrospora has successfully invaded the freshwater ecosystems of Taiwan, likely due to its ability to disperse asexually and to grow under broad environmental conditions. We hope that our study brings attention to invasive freshwater algae, which have been overlooked in conservation planning and management.}, }
@article {pmid35570183, year = {2022}, author = {Haubrock, PJ and Ahmed, DA and Cuthbert, RN and Stubbington, R and Domisch, S and Marquez, JRG and Beidas, A and Amatulli, G and Kiesel, J and Shen, LQ and Soto, I and Angeler, DG and Bonada, N and Cañedo-Argüelles, M and Csabai, Z and Datry, T and de Eyto, E and Dohet, A and Drohan, E and England, J and Feio, MJ and Forio, MAE and Goethals, P and Graf, W and Heino, J and Hudgins, EJ and Jähnig, SC and Johnson, RK and Larrañaga, A and Leitner, P and L'Hoste, L and Lizee, MH and Maire, A and Rasmussen, JJ and Schäfer, RB and Schmidt-Kloiber, A and Vannevel, R and Várbíró, G and Wiberg-Larsen, P and Haase, P}, title = {Invasion impacts and dynamics of a European-wide introduced species.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {28}, number = {15}, pages = {4620-4632}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.16207}, pmid = {35570183}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Snails ; }, abstract = {Globalization has led to the introduction of thousands of alien species worldwide. With growing impacts by invasive species, understanding the invasion process remains critical for predicting adverse effects and informing efficient management. Theoretically, invasion dynamics have been assumed to follow an "invasion curve" (S-shaped curve of available area invaded over time), but this dynamic has lacked empirical testing using large-scale data and neglects to consider invader abundances. We propose an "impact curve" describing the impacts generated by invasive species over time based on cumulative abundances. To test this curve's large-scale applicability, we used the data-rich New Zealand mud snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum, one of the most damaging freshwater invaders that has invaded almost all of Europe. Using long-term (1979-2020) abundance and environmental data collected across 306 European sites, we observed that P. antipodarum abundance generally increased through time, with slower population growth at higher latitudes and with lower runoff depth. Fifty-nine percent of these populations followed the impact curve, characterized by first occurrence, exponential growth, then long-term saturation. This behaviour is consistent with boom-bust dynamics, as saturation occurs due to a rapid decline in abundance over time. Across sites, we estimated that impact peaked approximately two decades after first detection, but the rate of progression along the invasion process was influenced by local abiotic conditions. The S-shaped impact curve may be common among many invasive species that undergo complex invasion dynamics. This provides a potentially unifying approach to advance understanding of large-scale invasion dynamics and could inform timely management actions to mitigate impacts on ecosystems and economies.}, }
@article {pmid35569691, year = {2022}, author = {Maliano, MR and Rojas, MR and Macedo, MA and Barboza, N and Gilbertson, RL}, title = {The invasion biology of tomato begomoviruses in Costa Rica reveals neutral synergism that may lead to increased disease pressure and economic loss.}, journal = {Virus research}, volume = {317}, number = {}, pages = {198793}, doi = {10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198793}, pmid = {35569691}, issn = {1872-7492}, mesh = {*Begomovirus/genetics ; Biology ; *Coinfection ; Costa Rica ; DNA, Viral/analysis/genetics ; *Solanum lycopersicum ; Plant Diseases ; }, abstract = {Since the late 1980s, tomato production in Costa Rica has been affected by diseases caused by whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses. The first was tomato yellow mottle virus (ToYMoV), a locally evolved New World (NW) bipartite begomovirus associated with the tomato yellow mottle disease (ToYMoD). In the late 1990s, the invasive NW bipartite tomato leaf curl Sinaloa virus (ToLCSiV) was detected in Costa Rica and has become established and associated with ToYMoD. Finally, the invasive Old World (OW) monopartite tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) was detected in Costa Rica in 2012 and has also become established and is causing tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD). In the present study, we investigated the invasion biology of these tomato-infecting begomoviruses in Costa Rica in terms of (i) their biological and genetic properties and (ii) disease symptoms and viral DNA accumulation in tomato plants having single and mixed infections. We first generated infectious DNA-A and DNA-B clones and agroinoculation systems for ToYMoV and ToLCSiV isolates recovered from archival ToYMoD samples collected in Costa Rica in 1990 and 2002, respectively. Tomato plants agroinoculated with the infectious clones of both viruses developed ToYMoD symptoms, completing Koch's postulates for ToYMoV, and showing that ToLCSiV also causes this disease. However, pseudorecombinants formed between the DNA components of these viruses were not infectious, which is consistent with independent evolution in different lineages and limits genetic interactions. Furthermore, ToYMoV is well-adapted to tomato, has a narrow host range and is mechanically transmissible. The DNA-A component has a recombination event in the hot spot area and induced a symptomless infection in agroinoculated Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato plants. Tomato plants co-infected with two or all three viruses developed more severe symptoms compared with plants infected with each virus alone. Symptoms induced by the NW bipartite ToYMoV and ToLCSiV appeared earlier (∼7 d post-inoculation [dpi]) than those induced by TYLCV (∼10 dpi), but TYLCD symptoms became predominant in single and mixed infections by 14 dpi. Viral DNA accumulation was quantified by qPCR and generally revealed a neutral synergistic interaction in which the viruses co-existed in mixed infections. A transient reduction in accumulation of ToYMoV and ToLCSiV was detected in mixed infections at 7 dpi, whereas TYLCV accumulation was not affected in mixed infections and was uniform among treatments and time points. Together our results suggest that this neutral synergistic interaction will lead to increased begomovirus disease severity in Costa Rica. We discuss this in terms of begomovirus invasion biology and disease management.}, }
@article {pmid35568071, year = {2022}, author = {Variza, PF and Lorenz, C and Oliveira, JG and Fernandes, M and Netto, SA and Prophiro, JS}, title = {Updated spatio-temporal distribution of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus in Brazil.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {232}, number = {}, pages = {106511}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106511}, pmid = {35568071}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Brazil ; *Chikungunya virus ; Mosquito Vectors ; *Zika Virus ; *Zika Virus Infection ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus is native to Asia and is ranked among the top 100 invasive species worldwide, with vector competence for dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. Understanding Ae. albopictus dispersal is essential for effective monitoring and vector control strategies. In this study, we analysed and updated the distribution of Ae. albopictus in Brazil using data available from the Ministry of Health through the Rapid Index Survey for Aedes (LIRA) for the years 2015-2020. The results of this research were mapped to visually represent the current distribution of Ae. albopictus in Brazil. In 2015, the presence of the vector was confirmed in 271 of the 1,820 Brazilian municipalities sampled (14.9%), and in 2020 it was detected in 728 of the 2,937 municipalities sampled (24.8%). In 2020, all Brazilian states had recorded the presence of this critical vector with a broader geographic distribution in the Southeast and Midwest regions as compared to the North, Northeast, and South regions. It was possible to note some stabilization of dispersion of this species in the Brazilian territory. The record of Ae. albopictus distribution advanced in Brazilian states and municipalities from 2015 to 2020; it is suggested that surveys of this vector be conducted periodically in all Brazilian municipalities and authorities should developing control strategies for this species together with Ae. aegypti.}, }
@article {pmid35567172, year = {2022}, author = {Morais, MC and Cabral, JA and Gonçalves, B}, title = {Seasonal Variation in Selected Biochemical Traits in the Leaves of Co-Occurring Invasive and Native Plant Species under Mediterranean Conditions.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {35567172}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {UIDB/04033/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; SFRH/BPD/103604/2016//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; }, abstract = {The success of invasive alien species (IAS) is often linked to differences in functional traits in relation to other, either native or non-invasive, species. Two of the most problematic IAS in the Mediterranean area belong to Hakea and Acacia genera that often invade pine plantations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the seasonal variations in photosynthetic pigments, total phenolics, and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), including total soluble sugars (SS) and starch (St), and lipid peroxidation, in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the leaves of evergreen species, two IAS (Hakea sericea and Acacia melanoxylon) and one native (Pinus pinaster), throughout 2019. All parameters showed a pronounced seasonal variability while also differing across species. Generally, the lowest contents of photosynthetic pigments, phenolics and SS were noted in early spring, along with the highest St and NSC values. On the other hand, higher photosynthetic pigment and lower NSC contents were measured in early autumn and early winter. When these parameters were compared across the three species, the IAS had significantly higher content of photosynthetic pigments, mainly chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll, and lower total phenolics and MDA concentrations in their leaves than Pinus pinaster. Differences in seasonal patterns were also observed. Hakea sericea and Acacia melanoxylon had considerably higher chlorophyll, SS and NSC contents in the early autumn, while Pinus pinaster had higher St and MDA contents in early summer. Overall, the biochemical characteristics of leaves of the studied IAS can explain their success in the Mediterranean area, in terms of tolerance to stressful environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid35567161, year = {2022}, author = {Siller-Clavel, P and Badano, EI and Villarreal-Guerrero, F and Prieto-Amparán, JA and Pinedo-Alvarez, A and Corrales-Lerma, R and Álvarez-Holguín, A and Hernández-Quiroz, NS}, title = {Distribution Patterns of Invasive Buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) in Mexico Estimated with Climate Niche Models under the Current and Future Climate.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {35567161}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {In Mexico, buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) was introduced in the middle of the 20th century. Currently, buffelgrass has become an invasive species and has colonized various ecosystems in the country. In addition to its invasive capacity, climate change is a factor that has to be taken into account when considering how to effectively manage and control this species. The climatic niche models (CNM) and their projections for climate change scenarios allow for estimating the extent of biological invasions. Our study aimed to calibrate a CNM for buffelgrass in Mexico under the current climatic conditions and to project the extent of its biological invasion under climate change scenarios. For that, we used MaxEnt to generate the current CNM and to detect if climate change could cause future changes, we then evaluated the distribution patterns over the periods of 2041-2060, 2061-2080, and 2081-2100 for all the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). Linear regressions were used to compare the outputs between current and future scenarios. Under the current climate, the CNM estimated that 42.2% of the continental surface of Mexico is highly suitable for buffelgrass. The regression analyses indicated no effects from climate change on the distribution of buffelgrass. Moreover, when the projected period is further in the future, and when the SSPs intensify, the surface of suitable areas for the species increases. These analyses clearly suggest Mexico is facing a biological invasion from buffelgrass, which may represent a threat to native biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid35567160, year = {2022}, author = {Radušienė, J and Karpavičienė, B and Marksa, M and Ivanauskas, L and Raudonė, L}, title = {Distribution Patterns of Essential Oil Terpenes in Native and Invasive Solidago Species and Their Comparative Assessment.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {35567160}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {The importance of invasive Solidago L. species to the environment creates a new approach to controlling their spread through the use of potentially high value raw materials. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution patterns of volatile compounds in the four Solidago spp., by identifying common and species-specific compounds with their potentials, and to confirm the origin of the spontaneous hybrid Solidago × niederederi on the basis of comparative assessment of essential oil (EO) profiles. Plant material in the flowering phase was collected in mixed populations from six different sites. The EOs were isolated separately from the leaf and the inflorescence samples by hydrodistillation for 3 h. The chemical analysis was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Multivariate data analysis was employed to explain the interspecies relationships among Solidago spp. The results revealed the similarity among Solidago spp. EO profiles, which were dominated by monoterpenes and oxygenated compound fractions. Solidago spp. differed in species distinctive terpenes and their distribution between accessions and plant parts. Volatile compound patterns confirmed the origin of Solidago × niederederi between Solidago canadensis and Solidago virgaurea, with the higher contribution of alien species than native ones. Correct taxonomic identification of species is highly essential for the targeted collection of raw material from the wild for different applications. Solidago spp. can be considered to be underutilized sources of bioactive secondary metabolites.}, }
@article {pmid35565008, year = {2022}, author = {Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt, K and Gmyrek, K and Pliszko, A}, title = {The Effect of the Distance from a Path on Abiotic Conditions and Vascular Plant Species in the Undergrowth of Urban Forests and Parks.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {19}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {35565008}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Forests ; Humans ; Parks, Recreational ; Plants ; Soil ; *Tracheophyta ; }, abstract = {Urban forests and parks are essential for the maintenance of biodiversity as well as human health and well-being. Residents and tourists commonly use urban forests and parks for recreational and sport purposes, contributing to changes in vegetation. This study aimed to assess the effect of distance from formal paths on the abiotic conditions, vegetation cover, as well as ecological diversity of vascular plant species in the undergrowth of urban forests and parks. The investigations were carried out in 2021 in 10 urban forests and 10 urban parks located in Kraków (southern Poland), using a total of 400 plots (1 × 1 m) situated in close (CL) and further (FU) vicinity of formal paths. We found a positive effect of the distance from the path on the depth of the compact soil layer, vegetation cover and height of the tallest shoot in the undergrowth of urban forests and parks. On the other hand, the distance from the path had a negative effect on the number of vascular plant species in the undergrowth in both forests and parks. Forests and parks differed significantly from each other in light intensity, the content of P in soil, depth of compact soil layer, number of species, as well as in cover-abundance of species representing different life forms, dispersal types, habitat affiliations and origins. Trampling leads to low plant cover and height of the undergrowth, as well as contributing to shallow localization of the compact soil layer near paths. Human movement on paths (walking, running, biking) with accompanying pets contributes to the successful dispersal of plants, resulting in high species richness. High light intensity in urban parks enhances the total number of species, cover-abundance of meadow and grassland plants, as well as cover-abundance of hemicryptophytes. The number of alien species was higher in parks than in forests, but the cover-abundance of alien plants was higher in forests than in parks. Urban forests are more suitable for the growth and biomass production of some alien herbs than urban parks, as mowing commonly used in parks appears to be an important factor in reducing their cover abundance. Regular fertilization and irrigation contribute to the high content of phosphorus in the soil, as well as to the high cover-abundance of meadow and grassland plants in urban parks. Urban forests enhance cover abundance of plants with dispersal mechanisms of the Bidens and Lycopodium types, whereas urban parks promote cover abundance of plants with the dispersal of the Allium type. Further study is needed to confirm the role of urban forests and parks in the preservation of ancient forest species, as well as to develop an appropriate design of paths that will allow the protection of vegetation and soil in urban forests and parks.}, }
@article {pmid35562624, year = {2022}, author = {Kim, SS and Hwang, KS and Kan, H and Yang, JY and Son, Y and Shin, DS and Lee, BH and Chae, CH and Bae, MA}, title = {Neurotoxicological Profiling of Paraquat in Zebrafish Model.}, journal = {Neurochemical research}, volume = {47}, number = {8}, pages = {2294-2306}, pmid = {35562624}, issn = {1573-6903}, support = {2020002960007, NTIS-1485017544//Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute/ ; SI2131-50//Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cholinergic Agents ; Dopamine ; *Herbicides/toxicity ; Humans ; Larva ; *Paraquat/toxicity ; Zebrafish/physiology ; }, abstract = {Paraquat is a polar herbicide protecting plant products against invasive species, it requires careful manipulation and restricted usage because of its harmful potentials. Exposure to paraquat triggers oxidative damage in dopaminergic neurons and subsequently causes a behavioral defect in vivo. Thereby, persistent exposure to paraquat is known to increase Parkinson's disease risk by dysregulating dopaminergic systems in humans. Therefore, most studies have focused on the dopaminergic systems to elucidate the neurotoxicological mechanism of paraquat poisoning, and more comprehensive neurochemistry including histaminergic, serotonergic, cholinergic, and GABAergic systems has remained unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the toxicological potential of paraquat poisoning using a variety of approaches such as toxicokinetic profiles, behavioral effects, neural activity, and broad-spectrum neurochemistry in zebrafish larvae after short-term exposure to paraquat and we performed the molecular modeling approach. Our results showed that paraquat was slowly absorbed in the brain of zebrafish after oral administration of paraquat. In addition, paraquat toxicity resulted in behavioral impairments, namely, reduced motor activity and led to abnormal neural activities in zebrafish larvae. This locomotor deficit came with a dysregulation of dopamine synthesis induced by the inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase activity, which was also indirectly confirmed by molecular modeling studies. Furthermore, short-term exposure to paraquat also caused simultaneous dysregulation of other neurochemistry including cholinergic and serotonergic systems in zebrafish larvae. The present study suggests that this neurotoxicological profiling could be a useful tool for understanding the brain neurochemistry of neurotoxic agents that might be a potential risk to human and environmental health.}, }
@article {pmid35561048, year = {2022}, author = {Shackleton, RT and Vimercati, G and Probert, AF and Bacher, S and Kull, CA and Novoa, A}, title = {Consensus and controversy in the discipline of invasion science.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {36}, number = {5}, pages = {e13931}, pmid = {35561048}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Consensus ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Mammals ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Approaches, values, and perceptions in invasion science are highly dynamic, and like in other disciplines, views among different people can diverge. This has led to debate in the field specifically surrounding the core themes of values, management, impacts, and terminology. Considering these debates, we surveyed 698 scientists and practitioners globally to assess levels of polarization (opposing views) on core and contentious topics. The survey was distributed online (via Google Forms) and promoted through listservs and social media. Although there were generally high levels of consensus among respondents, there was some polarization (scores of ≥0.39 [top quartile]). Relating to values, there was high polarization regarding claims of invasive species denialism, whether invasive species contribute to biodiversity, and how biodiversity reporting should be conducted. With regard to management, there were polarized views on banning the commercial use of beneficial invasive species, the extent to which stakeholders' perceptions should influence management, whether invasive species use alone is an appropriate control strategy, and whether eradication of invasive plants is possible. For impacts, there was high polarization concerning whether invasive species drive or are a side effect of degradation and whether invasive species benefits are understated. For terminology, polarized views related to defining invasive species based only on spread, whether species can be labeled as invasive in their native ranges, and whether language used is too xenophobic. Factor and regression analysis revealed that views were particularly divergent between people working on different invasive taxa (plants and mammals) and in different disciplines (between biologists and social scientists), between academics and practitioners, and between world regions (between Africa and the Global North). Unlike in other studies, age and gender had a limited influence on response patterns. Better integration globally and between disciplines, taxa, and sectors (e.g., academic vs. practitioners) could help build broader understanding and consensus.}, }
@article {pmid35560687, year = {2022}, author = {Aoyama, L and Shoemaker, LG and Gilbert, B and Collinge, SK and Faist, AM and Shackelford, N and Temperton, VM and Barabás, G and Larios, L and Ladouceur, E and Godoy, O and Bowler, C and Hallett, LM}, title = {Application of modern coexistence theory to rare plant restoration provides early indication of restoration trajectories.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {7}, pages = {e2649}, pmid = {35560687}, issn = {1939-5582}, mesh = {*Asteraceae ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; Poaceae ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Restoration ecology commonly seeks to re-establish species of interest in degraded habitats. Despite a rich understanding of how succession influences re-establishment, there are several outstanding questions that remain unaddressed: are short-term abundances sufficient to determine long-term re-establishment success, and what factors contribute to unpredictable restorations outcomes? In other words, when restoration fails, is it because the restored habitat is substandard, because of strong competition with invasive species, or alternatively due to changing environmental conditions that would equally impact established populations? Here, we re-purpose tools developed from modern coexistence theory to address these questions, and apply them to an effort to restore the endangered Contra Costa goldfields (Lasthenia conjugens) in constructed ("restored") California vernal pools. Using 16 years of data, we construct a population model of L. conjugens, a species of conservation concern due primarily to habitat loss and invasion of exotic grasses. We show that initial, short-term appearances of restoration success from population abundances is misleading, as year-to-year fluctuations cause long-term population growth rates to fall below zero. The failure of constructed pools is driven by lower maximum growth rates compared with reference ("natural") pools, coupled with a stronger negative sensitivity to annual fluctuations in abiotic conditions that yield decreased maximum growth rates. Nonetheless, our modeling shows that fluctuations in competition (mainly with exotic grasses) benefit L. conjugens through periods of competitive release, especially in constructed pools of intermediate pool depth. We therefore show how reductions in invasives and seed addition in pools of particular depths could change the outcome of restoration for L. conjugens. By applying a largely theoretical framework to the urgent goal of ecological restoration, our study provides a blueprint for predicting restoration success, and identifies future actions to reverse species loss.}, }
@article {pmid35551668, year = {2022}, author = {Chen, D and van Kleunen, M}, title = {Invasional meltdown mediated by plant-soil feedbacks may depend on community diversity.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {235}, number = {4}, pages = {1589-1598}, doi = {10.1111/nph.18218}, pmid = {35551668}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Feedback ; Introduced Species ; *Plants ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {It has been suggested that establishment of one alien invader might promote further invasions. Such a so-called invasional meltdown could be mediated by differences in soil-legacy effects between alien and native plants. Whether such legacy effects might depend on the diversity of the invaded community has not been explored to date. Here, we conducted a two-phase plant-soil feedback experiment. In a soil-conditioning phase, we grew five alien and five native species as invaders in 21 communities of one, two or four species. In the subsequent test phase, we grew five alien and five native species on the conditioned soils. We found that growth of these test species was negatively affected by soils conditioned by both a community and an invader, and particularly if the previous invader was a conspecific (i.e. negative plant-soil feedback). Alien test species suffered less from soil-legacy effects of previous allospecific alien invaders than from the legacy effects of previous native invaders. However, this effect decreased when the soil had been co-conditioned by a multispecies community. Our findings suggest that plant-soil feedback-mediated invasional meltdown may depend on community diversity and therefore provide some evidence that diverse communities could increase resistance against subsequent alien invasions.}, }
@article {pmid35551377, year = {2022}, author = {Andersen, JC and Elkinton, JS}, title = {Predation and Climate Limit Establishment Success of the Kyushu Strain of the Biological Control Agent Aphalara itadori (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) in the Northeastern United States.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {51}, number = {3}, pages = {545-556}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvac031}, pmid = {35551377}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents ; Climate ; *Hemiptera ; Predatory Behavior ; Temperature ; United States ; }, abstract = {Species of knotweeds, Reynoutria spp. Houtt. (Caryophyllales: Polygonaceae), including Japanese knotweed (R. japonica Houtt.), are among the most invasive and ecologically destructive plant species introduced to North America and Europe. The Kyushu strain of the psyllid Aphalara itadori Shinji (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) has been approved as a biological control agent for release against Japanese knotweed in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States. However, recent reports from Canada suggest that both biotic and abiotic factors may limit its establishment. Therefore, we examined the potential role of predation by comparing open- versus closed-sleeve treatments, and climate mis-matches by collecting temperature data from release sites and performing climate suitability analyses using MaxEnt. Our results indicated that populations of the Kyushu strain could only be maintained in the field in closed-sleeve treatments, suggesting that predation is likely limiting the establishment success of this strain. In addition, we noted that daily maximum temperatures at our field sites might exceed documented developmental thresholds for this strain, and that MaxEnt species distribution modeling indicates no climate similarities between locations in eastern North America and Kyushu. Combined with previous results, our study suggests that the establishment of the Kyushu strain of A. itadori as a biological control agent for Japanese knotweed may be limited in eastern North America. We suggest that one strategy to increase the probability of establishment of the Kyushu strain could be to increase the number of release sites in an effort to find a more optimal niche with predator-free space.}, }
@article {pmid35550591, year = {2022}, author = {Yoshida, K and Setogawa, T and Sato, T and Yamada, M and Sato, T and Narita, K and Matsumoto, A and Tomiyama, T}, title = {Male-biased sex ratio in the crawling individuals of an invasive naticid snail during summer: implications for population management.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {7911}, pmid = {35550591}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia ; Female ; Fisheries ; Humans ; Male ; Sand ; Seasons ; *Sex Ratio ; Snails ; }, abstract = {The naticid snail Laguncula pulchella is an invasive species that preys on clams in tidal flats and has serious impacts on clam fisheries in Japan. Laguncula pulchella burrow in sand, but often crawl on sediment surfaces during low tide. We investigated seasonal changes in the abundance and sex ratio of crawling L. pulchella during the daytime at Matsukawaura Lagoon, Japan, from March to October from 2015 to 2019. The density of crawling individuals peaked in July. The sex ratio of crawling individuals varied with months and years but was significantly biased towards males during the main copulation period (July-August); males accounted for 77-98% of the mature crawling individuals (≥ 25 mm shell height). The somatic condition of mature males declined from June to August, whereas that of females was constant during this period. These results indicate that mature males actively come to the sand surface during low tide to search for females for copulation from July to August. Fishermen make efforts to remove crawling individuals in summer, but the male-biased sex ratio must also be considered for effective population control of this species.}, }
@article {pmid35548691, year = {2022}, author = {Lee, IH and Duvall, LB}, title = {Maternally Instigated Diapause in Aedes albopictus: Coordinating Experience and Internal State for Survival in Variable Environments.}, journal = {Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {778264}, pmid = {35548691}, issn = {1662-5153}, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is one of the most dangerous invasive species in the world. Females bite mammalian hosts, including humans, to obtain blood for egg development. The ancestral range of Ae. albopictus likely spanned from India to Japan and this species has since invaded a substantial portion of the globe. Ae. albopictus can be broadly categorized into temperate and tropical populations. One key to their ability to invade diverse ecological spaces is the capacity of females to detect seasonal changes and produce stress-resistant eggs that survive harsh winters. Females living in temperate regions respond to cues that predict the onset of unfavorable environmental conditions by producing eggs that enter maternally instigated embryonic diapause, a developmentally arrested state, which allows species survival by protecting the embryos until favorable conditions return. To appropriately produce diapause eggs, the female must integrate environmental cues and internal physiological state (blood feeding and reproductive status) to allocate nutrients and regulate reproduction. There is variation in reproductive responses to environmental cues between interfertile tropical and temperate populations depending on whether females are actively producing diapause vs. non-diapause eggs and whether they originate from populations that are capable of diapause. Although diapause-inducing environmental cues and diapause eggs have been extensively characterized, little is known about how the female detects gradual environmental changes and coordinates her reproductive status with seasonal dynamics to lay diapause eggs in order to maximize offspring survival. Previous studies suggest that the circadian system is involved in detecting daylength as a critical cue. However, it is unknown which clock network components are important, how these connect to reproductive physiology, and how they may differ between behavioral states or across populations with variable diapause competence. In this review, we showcase Ae. albopictus as an emerging species for neurogenetics to study how the nervous system combines environmental conditions and internal state to optimize reproductive behavior. We review environmental cues for diapause induction, downstream pathways that control female metabolic changes and reproductive capacity, as well as diapause heterogeneity between populations with different evolutionary histories. We highlight genetic tools that can be implemented in Ae. albopictus to identify signaling molecules and cellular circuits that control diapause. The tools and discoveries made in this species could translate to a broader understanding of how environmental cues are interpreted to alter reproductive physiology in other species and how populations with similar genetic and circuit organizations diversify behavioral patterns. These approaches may yield new targets to interfere with mosquito reproductive capacity, which could be exploited to reduce mosquito populations and the burden of the pathogens they transmit.}, }
@article {pmid35544736, year = {2022}, author = {Thredgold, L and Gaskin, S and Liu, Y and Tamargo, E}, title = {In vitro assessment of the dermal penetration potential of sodium fluoroacetate using a formulated product.}, journal = {Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene}, volume = {19}, number = {7}, pages = {411-414}, doi = {10.1080/15459624.2022.2076862}, pmid = {35544736}, issn = {1545-9632}, mesh = {*Drug Compounding ; *Fluoroacetates/administration &amp; dosage/metabolism/pharmacokinetics ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Rodenticides/administration &amp; dosage/metabolism/pharmacokinetics ; *Skin/metabolism ; *Skin Absorption ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {This paper presents experimental data on the skin absorption of sodium fluoroacetate from a formulated product using an in vitro approach and human skin. Sodium fluoroacetate is a pesticide, typically applied in formulation (1080) for the control of unwanted vertebrate invasive species. It has been assigned a Skin Notation by the ACGIH, and other international workplace health regulatory bodies, due to its predicted ability to permeate intact and abraded human skin. However, there is a distinct lack of experimental data on the skin absorption of sodium fluoroacetate to support this assignment. This study found that sodium fluoroacetate, as a formulated product, permeated the human epidermis when in direct contact for greater than 10 hr. A steady-state flux (Jss) of 1.31 ± 0.043 µg/cm[2]/hr and a lag time of 6.1 hr was calculated from cumulative skin permeation data. This study provides important empirical evidence in support of the assignment of a Skin Notation.}, }
@article {pmid35544573, year = {2022}, author = {Whiting, MJ and Holland, BS and Keogh, JS and Noble, DWA and Rankin, KJ and Stuart-Fox, D}, title = {Invasive chameleons released from predation display more conspicuous colors.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {8}, number = {19}, pages = {eabn2415}, pmid = {35544573}, issn = {2375-2548}, abstract = {Conspicuous social and sexual signals are predicted to experience pronounced character release when natural selection via predation is relaxed. However, we have few good examples of this phenomenon in the wild and none in species with dynamic color change. Here, we show that Jackson's chameleons inadvertently introduced from Kenya to Hawaii (Oahu), where there are no coevolved, native lizard predators, experienced pronounced character release of color signals. Hawaiian chameleons displayed more conspicuous social color signals than Kenyan chameleons during male contests and courtship, were less cryptic in response to bird and snake predators, and showed greater change between display and antipredator color states. Hawaiian chameleon display colors were also more conspicuous in their local than ancestral habitats, consistent with local adaptation of social signals. These results demonstrate that relaxed predation pressure can result in character release of dynamic social signals in introduced species experiencing strong sexual selection.}, }
@article {pmid35543053, year = {2022}, author = {Li, YZ and Sun, ZG and Mao, L and Chen, BB and Hu, XY and Wang, XY and Shi, ZX}, title = {[Phosphorus forms in marsh soils with different years of Spartina alterniflora invasion in the Minjiang River estuary, China].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {1003-1011}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202204.006}, pmid = {35543053}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {China ; Estuaries ; Introduced Species ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Poaceae ; Rivers ; Sodium Hydroxide ; *Soil/chemistry ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {We examined the effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on phosphorus forms of marsh soils, based on the method of space-for-time substitution by selecting S. alterniflora marshes with different invasion years (SA1, 5-6 years; SA2, 8-10 years; and SA3, 12-14 years) in Shanyutan of the Minjiang River estuary. The results showed that in marsh soils of different invasion years, the proportion of hardly decomposable phosphorus (HCl-Pi and Residual-P) was the highest (46.4%-46.7%), followed by moderately decomposable phosphorus (NaOH-Pi, NaOH-Po and Sonic-Pi) (40.0%-44.0%), and the easily decomposable phosphorus (Resin-Pi, NaHCO3-Pi and NaHCO3-Po) was the lowest (9.5%-13.3%). With increasing invasion years of S. alterniflora, soil phosphorus forms and their spatial distributions were greatly altered. The contents of moderately decomposable phosphorus, hardly decomposable phosphorus, and total phosphorus (TP) generally increased, while easily decomposable phosphorus content generally decreased. Compared with SA1, the contents of moderately decomposable phosphorus, hardly decomposable phosphorus and TP in SA2 increased by 11.5%, 9.7% and 10.5%, while those in SA3 increased by 24.8%, 13.2% and 13.5%, respectively. The distribution of phosphorus forms was greatly altered with increasing invasion years, which was dependent on the variations of key factors such as EC, pH value and grain composition. The implementation of regular mowing activities for S. alterniflora in the Minjiang River estuary in recent years, to some extent, reduced the return of phosphorus from residues to soils and decreased the availability of the easily decomposable phosphorus in soils.}, }
@article {pmid35535735, year = {2022}, author = {Steyn, VM and Mitchell, KA and Nyamukondiwa, C and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Understanding costs and benefits of thermal plasticity for pest management: insights from the integration of laboratory, semi-field and field assessments of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae).}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {112}, number = {4}, pages = {458-468}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485321000389}, pmid = {35535735}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Acclimatization/physiology ; Animals ; *Ceratitis capitata/physiology ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Pest Control ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The relative costs and benefits of thermal acclimation for manipulating field performance of pest insects depend upon a number of factors including which traits are affected and how persistent any trait changes are in different environments. By assessing plastic trait responses of Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly) across three distinct operational environments (laboratory, semi-field, and field), we examined the influence of different thermal acclimation regimes (cool, intermediate [or handling control], and warm) on thermal tolerance traits (chill-coma recovery, heat-knockdown time, critical thermal minimum and critical thermal maximum) and flight performance (mark-release-recapture). Under laboratory conditions, thermal acclimation altered thermal limits in a relatively predictable manner and there was a generally positive effect across all traits assessed, although some traits responded more strongly. By contrast, dispersal-related performance yielded strongly contrasting results depending on the specific operational environment assessed. In semi-field conditions, warm- or cold-acclimated flies were recaptured more often than the control group at cooler ambient conditions suggesting an overall stimulatory influence of thermal variability on low-temperature dispersal. Under field conditions, a different pattern was identified: colder flies were recaptured more in warmer field conditions relative to other treatment groups. This study highlights the trait- and context-specific nature of how thermal acclimation influences traits of thermal performance and tolerance. Consequently, laboratory and semi-field assessments of dispersal may not provide results that extend into the field setting despite the apparent continuum of environmental complexity among them (laboratory < semi-field < field).}, }
@article {pmid35534475, year = {2022}, author = {Bishop, AL and López Del Amo, V and Okamoto, EM and Bodai, Z and Komor, AC and Gantz, VM}, title = {Double-tap gene drive uses iterative genome targeting to help overcome resistance alleles.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {2595}, pmid = {35534475}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {R01 AI162911/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; DP5 OD023098/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics ; *Gene Drive Technology ; Germ Cells ; Mammals/genetics ; Mice ; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics ; }, abstract = {Homing CRISPR gene drives could aid in curbing the spread of vector-borne diseases and controlling crop pest and invasive species populations due to an inheritance rate that surpasses Mendelian laws. However, this technology suffers from resistance alleles formed when the drive-induced DNA break is repaired by error-prone pathways, which creates mutations that disrupt the gRNA recognition sequence and prevent further gene-drive propagation. Here, we attempt to counteract this by encoding additional gRNAs that target the most commonly generated resistance alleles into the gene drive, allowing a second opportunity at gene-drive conversion. Our presented "double-tap" strategy improved drive efficiency by recycling resistance alleles. The double-tap drive also efficiently spreads in caged populations, outperforming the control drive. Overall, this double-tap strategy can be readily implemented in any CRISPR-based gene drive to improve performance, and similar approaches could benefit other systems suffering from low HDR frequencies, such as mammalian cells or mouse germline transformations.}, }
@article {pmid35529500, year = {2022}, author = {Galera, H and Rudak, A and Wódkiewicz, M}, title = {Unified system describing factors related to the eradication of an alien plant species.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e13027}, pmid = {35529500}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Ecosystem ; Plants ; Cognition ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the field of biological invasions science, a problem of many overlapping terms arose among eradication assessment frameworks. Additionally there is a need to construct a universally applicable eradication evaluation system. To unify the terminology and propose an eradication feasibility assessment scale we created the Unified System for assessing Eradication Feasibility (USEF) as a complex tool of factors for the analysis of eradications of alien (both invasive and candidate) plant species. It compiles 24 factors related to eradication success probability reported earlier in the literature and arranges them in a hierarchical system (context/group/factor/component) with a possibility to score their influence on eradication success.<br><br>METHODOLOGY: After a literature survey we analyzed, rearranged and defined each factor giving it an intuitive name along with the list of its synonyms and similar and/or related terms from the literature. Each factor influencing eradication feasibility is ascribed into one of four groups depending on the context that best matches the factor: location context (size and location of infestation, ease of access), species context (fitness and fecundity, detectability), human context (knowledge, cognition and resources to act) and reinvasion context (invasion pathways). We also devised a simple ordinal scale to assess each factor's influence on eradication feasibility.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The system may be used to report and analyze eradication campaign data in order to (i) prioritize alien species for eradication, (ii) create the strategy for controlling invasive plants, (iii) compare efficiency of different eradication actions, (iv) find gaps in knowledge disabling a sound eradication campaign assessment. The main advantage of using our system is unification of reporting eradication experience data used by researchers performing different eradication actions in different systems.}, }
@article {pmid35525364, year = {2022}, author = {Bereza, D and Shenkar, N}, title = {Shipping voyage simulation reveals abiotic barriers to marine bioinvasions.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {837}, number = {}, pages = {155741}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155741}, pmid = {35525364}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; *Introduced Species ; Salinity ; Ships ; *Urochordata ; }, abstract = {The shipping industry is considered the main vector of introduction of marine non-indigenous species (NIS). NIS distributions are often a consequence of frequent trade activities that are affected by economic trends. A dominant trend in the shipping industry is the operation of Ultra Large Container Vessels (ULCV), which are over 395 m long and sail mostly on the East-Asia - northern-Europe route. Understanding the risk of NIS introduction by this emerging shipping category is needed for devising strategies for sustainable shipping. Here, we conducted a controlled simulation of key abiotic factors that determine marine bioinvasion success: temperature, salinity, and food availability along selected routes, under two treatments: ULCV and intermediate-size vessels. We tested the effect of each treatment and the varying environmental conditions on the survival of two invasive ascidians (Chordata, Ascidiacea). We used survival analysis methods to locate predictors of ascidian mortality; Environmental conditions at ports with high mortality were used to identify similar major ports on a global scale as potential abiotic barriers. The key factors in ascidian mortality varied between the two species, but for both species, the treatment and salinity were dominant predictors for survival. We identified Port Klang, Rotterdam, and Dammam as ports with high mortality and located several globally distributed major ports that present similar environmental conditions. Our results highlight the potential role of selected major ports as abiotic barriers to fouling organisms during ocean voyages. The tolerance of the tropical-origin Microcosmus exasperatus to the northern-Europe conditions, and of the temperate/sub-tropical origin Styela plicata, to high temperature conditions, point out the urgent need to modify international fouling regulations in view of global change. Further studies on the survival of fouling organisms during a cascade of changing environmental conditions will contribute to the advancement of science-based regulations to reduce the adverse effects of NIS.}, }
@article {pmid35521704, year = {2022}, author = {Baliota, GV and Scheff, DS and Morrison, WR and Athanassiou, CG}, title = {Competition between Prostephanus truncatus and Sitophilus oryzae on maize: the species that gets there first matters.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {112}, number = {4}, pages = {520-527}, doi = {10.1017/S000748532100105X}, pmid = {35521704}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Edible Grain ; Insecta ; *Weevils ; Zea mays ; }, abstract = {Laboratory tests were carried out in order to examine the population growth of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on maize. These two species were placed either simultaneously or one species was allowed to colonize the kernels 7 days earlier than the other, at two temperatures, 26 and 30 °C for 65 days. Apart from progeny production, grain quality parameters, such as insect-damaged kernels (IDK) and undamaged kernels (NDK), the weight of frass and kernel weight were measured. Our data confirms that temperature plays a key role in the competition of these two species; P. truncatus seems to perform better at the higher temperature (30 °C), regardless of the presence of an additional species. Moreover, the results of the present study demonstrates that P. truncatus outcompetes S. oryzae. Sitophilus oryzae produced fewer progeny than P. truncatus in all combinations. Given the outcome of a competition, we hypothesize that most of the kernel damage was due to feeding by P. truncatus. Based on these data, we surmise that P. truncatus has a competitive advantage as an invasive species in new areas with stored maize, even in the presence of S. oryzae.}, }
@article {pmid35520458, year = {2021}, author = {Matthias, BG and Hrabik, TR and Hoffman, JC and Gorman, OT and Seider, MJ and Sierszen, ME and Vinson, MR and Yule, DL and Yurista, PM}, title = {Trophic transfer efficiency in the Lake Superior food web: assessing the impacts of non-native species.}, journal = {Journal of Great Lakes research}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, pages = {1146-1158}, pmid = {35520458}, issn = {0380-1330}, support = {EPA999999/ImEPA/Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {Ecosystem-based management relies on understanding how perturbations influence ecosystem structure and function (e.g., invasive species, exploitation, abiotic changes). However, data on unimpacted systems are scarce, therefore, we often rely on impacted systems to make inferences about 'natural states.' Among the Laurentian Great Lakes, Lake Superior provides a unique case study to address non-native species impacts because the food web is dominated by native species. Additionally, Lake Superior is both vertically (benthic versus pelagic) and horizontally (nearshore versus offshore) structured by depth, providing an opportunity to compare the function of these sub-food webs. We developed an updated Lake Superior EcoPath model using data from the 2005/2006 lake-wide multi-agency surveys covering multiple trophic levels. We then compared trophic transfer efficiency (TTE) to previously published EcoPath models. Finally, we compared ecosystem function of the 2005/2006 ecosystem to that with non-native linkages removed and compared native versus non-native species-specific approximations of TTE and trophic flow. Lake Superior was relatively efficient (TTE = 0.14) compared to systems reported in a global review (average TTE = 0.09) and the microbial loop was highly efficient (TTE > 0.20). Non-native species represented a very small proportion (<0.01%) of total biomass and were generally more efficient and had higher trophic flow compared to native species. Our results provide valuable insight into the importance of the microbial loop and represent a baseline estimate of non-native species impacts on Lake Superior. Finally, this work is a starting point for further model development to predict future changes in the Lake Superior ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid35511196, year = {2022}, author = {Bressman, NR}, title = {Terrestrial capabilities of invasive fishes and their management implications.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icac023}, pmid = {35511196}, issn = {1557-7023}, abstract = {Amphibious fishes have many adaptations that make them successful in a wide variety of conditions, including air-breathing, terrestrial locomotor capabilities, and extreme tolerance of poor water quality. However, the traits that make them highly adaptable may allow these fishes to successfully establish themselves outside of their native regions. In particular, the terrestrial capabilities of invasive amphibious fishes allow them to disperse overland, unlike fully aquatic invasive fishes, making their management more complicated. Despite numerous amphibious fish introductions around the world, ecological risk assessments and management plans often fail to adequately account for their terrestrial behaviors. In this review, I discuss the diversity of invasive amphibious fishes and what we currently know about why they emerge onto land, how they move around terrestrial environments, and how they orient while on land. In doing so, I use case studies of the performance and motivations of nonnative amphibious fishes in terrestrial environments to propose management solutions that factor in their complete natural history. Because of their terrestrial capabilities, we may need to manage amphibious fishes more like amphibians than fully aquatic fishes, but to do so, we need to learn more about how these species perform in a wide range of terrestrial environments and conditions.}, }
@article {pmid35510821, year = {2022}, author = {Moreno-de-Lima, PL and Lambertini, C and Becker, CG and Rebouças, R and Toledo, LF}, title = {Presence of invasive American bullfrogs may reduce infectious disease in a native frog species.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {149}, number = {}, pages = {53-58}, doi = {10.3354/dao03653}, pmid = {35510821}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/microbiology ; Batrachochytrium/*pathogenicity ; Ecosystem ; Mycoses/microbiology/mortality/*veterinary ; Rana catesbeiana/*microbiology/*physiology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Amphibians breeding in aquatic environments may encounter a myriad of threats during their life cycle. One species known to prey on native amphibians in aquatic habitats is the invasive North American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus, which, besides being a voracious predator and competitor, often acts as a pathogen carrier and disease superspreader because it tolerates high infection loads of the frog-killing fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Here, we hypothesized that the presence of the bullfrogs in microcosms should either (1) decrease Bd disease severity in native frog species by discouraging them from using the aquatic environment, or (2) increase the mortality of the native species. We tested these 2 mutually exclusive hypotheses by co-housing the snouted treefrog Scinax x-signatus (native to our study area) with L. catesbeianus in the laboratory, exposing them to Bd, and using qPCR analysis to quantify the resulting Bd infection loads in the native frogs. Our experiment had the following replicated treatments: (1) native-only treatment (3 individuals of S. x-signatus), (2) native-predominant treatment (2 S. x-signatus + 1 L. catesbeianus), and (3) exotic-predominant treatment (1 S. x-signatus + 2 L. catesbeianus). We found that Bd infection loads in the native S. x-signatus were highest in the native-only treatment, and lowest in the exotic-predominant treatment, indicating that bullfrogs may discourage native frogs from occupying the aquatic habitat, thus reducing encounter rates between native frogs and the waterborne pathogen. This effect could be driven by the bullfrogs' predatory behavior and their high philopatry to aquatic habitats. Our results highlight that predation risk adds to the complexity of host-species interactions in Bd epidemiology.}, }
@article {pmid35510308, year = {2022}, author = {Tataridas, A and Jabran, K and Kanatas, P and Oliveira, RS and Freitas, H and Travlos, I}, title = {Early detection, herbicide resistance screening, and integrated management of invasive plant species: a review.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {78}, number = {10}, pages = {3957-3972}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6963}, pmid = {35510308}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {*Amaranthus ; Ecosystem ; Herbicide Resistance ; *Herbicides/pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Plant Weeds ; Weed Control ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant species (IPS) are often considered weeds that cause high yield losses in crops, negatively affect the environment, and disrupt certain ecosystem services. The negative impact of IPS on biodiversity is increasing and disturbing native vegetation. The management of plant invasions can be divided in two phases (before and after invasion). Prior to introduction it is crucial to develop the knowledge base (biology, ecology, distribution, impact, management) on IPS, prevention measures and risk assessment. After introduction if eradication fails, the monitoring and the integrated management of IPS are imperative to prevent the naturalization and further dispersal. This review uses two major invasive weed species (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. and Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) as case studies to propose a framework for early detection, rapid herbicide resistance screening, and integrated management. The holistic framework that is presented exploits recent: (i) novel detection tools, (ii) rapid tests and assays for herbicide resistance, and (iii) biology, ecology, distribution traits, and management tools for the IPS. Farmers, advisors, researchers, and policymakers need briefing on IPS growth dynamics, adaptability rates, and response to conventional and novel treatments to prevent new invasions, eradicate isolated stands, and mitigate the impact of invasive weed species in the long term. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid35502902, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, P and Tong, X and Zhang, N and Miao, T and Chan, JPT and Huang, H and Lee, PKH and Li, Y}, title = {Fomite Transmission Follows Invasion Ecology Principles.}, journal = {mSystems}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {e0021122}, pmid = {35502902}, issn = {2379-5077}, mesh = {Humans ; *Fomites ; Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; Hand ; }, abstract = {The invasion ecology principles illustrated in many ecosystems have not yet been explored in the context of fomite transmission. We hypothesized that invaders in fomite transmission are trackable, are neutrally distributed between hands and environmental surfaces, and exhibit a proximity effect. To test this hypothesis, a surrogate invader, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, was spread by a root carrier in an office housing more than 20 participants undertaking normal activities, and the microbiotas on skin and environmental surfaces were analyzed before and after invasion. First, we found that the invader was trackable. Its identity and emission source could be determined using microbial-interaction networks, and the root carrier could be identified using a rank analysis. Without prior information, L. bulgaricus could be identified as the invader emitted from a source that exclusively contained the invader, and the probable root carrier could be located. In addition to the single-taxon invasion by L. bulgaricus, multiple-taxon invasion was observed, as genera from sputum/saliva exhibited co-occurrence relationships on skin and environmental surfaces. Second, the invader had a below-neutral distribution in a neutral community model, suggesting that hands accrued heavier invader contamination than environmental surfaces. Third, a proximity effect was observed on a surface touch network. Invader contamination on surfaces decreased with increasing geodesic distance from the hands of the carrier, indicating that the carrier's touching behaviors were the main driver of fomite transmission. Taken together, these results demonstrate the invasion ecology principles in fomite transmission and provide a general basis for the management of ecological fomite transmission. IMPORTANCE Fomite transmission contributes to the spread of many infectious diseases. However, pathogens in fomite transmission typically are either investigated individually without considering the context of native microbiotas or investigated in a nondiscriminatory way from the dispersal of microbiotas. In this study, we adopted an invasion ecology framework in which we considered pathogens as invaders, the surface environment as an ecosystem, and human behaviors as the driver of microbial dispersal. With this approach, we assessed the ability of quantitative ecological theories to track and forecast pathogen movements in fomite transmission. By uncovering the relationships between the invader and native microbiotas and between human behaviors and invader/microbiota dispersal, we demonstrated that fomite transmission follows idiosyncratic invasion ecology principles. Our findings suggest that attempts to manage fomite transmission for public health purposes should focus on the microbial communities and anthropogenic factors involved, in addition to the pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid35498683, year = {2022}, author = {Xian, X and Zhao, H and Wang, R and Qiao, H and Guo, J and Zhang, G and Liu, W and Wan, F}, title = {Ecological Niche Shifts Affect the Potential Invasive Risk of Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. in China.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {827497}, pmid = {35498683}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Ecological niche is a key concept that links species distributions. Ecological niche shifts are expected to affect the potential invasive risk of alien species. Rapistrum rugosum is an invasive agricultural weed in many countries. Wild populations of R. rugosum have been recorded in China, representing a great threat to the regional crops. Based on distribution records from different regions and relevant environmental variables, the present study predicted the potential distribution and estimated the invasive risk of R. rugosum in China. Ecological niche shifts strongly affected the potential invasive risk of R. rugosum in China. The two most important variables were annual temperature range (Bio7) and mean temperature of the coldest quarter (Bio11). The total suitable habitat for the species covered an area of 287.53 × 10[4]km[2] and was mainly distributed in Southwest, Southeast, and Central China. Australia, Canada, Brazil, the United States, and Argentina accounted for over 90% of the inspection records of R. rugosum from Chinese entry ports during 2015-2018. The intercepted R. rugosum was frequently mixed in Glycine max (L.) Merr., Hordeum vulgare L., linseed, Triticum aestivum L., and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Moreover, 80% interceptions were recorded from Tianjin, Guangdong, Nanjing, and Chengdu customs. Climatic conditions do not limit the establishment capability of R. rugosum in China. Our results provide a theoretical reference for the development of monitoring and control measures for this invasive weed.}, }
@article {pmid35497190, year = {2022}, author = {Salata, S and Fisher, BL}, title = {Taxonomic revision of the Pheidole megacephala species-group (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the Malagasy Region.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e13263}, pmid = {35497190}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/genetics ; Introduced Species ; *Coleoptera ; Dietary Supplements ; Earth, Planet ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Malagasy Region, one of the top megadiversity regions, hosts one of the highest numbers of endemic and threatened organisms on earth. One of the most spectacular examples of ant radiation on the island has occurred in the hyperdiverse genus Pheidole. To this date, there are 135 described Madagascan Pheidole divided into 16 species-groups, and 97% of Malagasy species are endemic to the island. This study is a taxonomic revision of the Pheidole megacephala group, one of only two species-groups comprising a combination of native, endemic taxa and widely distributed introduced species.<br><br>METHODS: The diversity of the Malagasy members of the megacephala group was assessed via application of qualitative morphological and DNA sequence data. Qualitative, external morphological characteristics (e.g., head shape, gaster sculpture, body colouration) were evaluated in order to create a priori grouping hypotheses, and confirm and improve species delimitation. Mitochondrial DNA sequences from cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene fragments were analyzed to test the putative species previously delimited by morphological analyses.<br><br>RESULTS: We recognize three species belonging to the megacephala group: P. megacephala (Fabricius, 1793), P. megatron Fischer &amp; Fisher, 2013 and P. spinosa Forel, 1891 stat. nov. Pheidole spinosa is redescribed and elevated to the species level. The following names are recognized as junior synonyms of P. spinosa: P. megacephala scabrior Forel, 1891 syn. nov., P. picata Forel, 1891 syn. nov., P. picata gietleni Forel, 1905 syn. nov., P. picata bernhardae Emery, 1915 syn. nov., and P. decepticon Fischer &amp; Fisher, 2013 syn. nov. The results are supplemented with an identification key to species for major workers of the megacephala group, high-resolution images for major and minor workers, and comments on the distribution and biology of all Malagasy members of the group. Our study revealed that Pheidole megacephala, a species listed among the 100 worst invasive species worldwide, occurs in both natural and disturbed sites in the Malagasy region. The two remaining members of the megacephala group, most likely endemic to this region, are also present in anthropogenic habitats and often co-occur with P. megacephala. It appears that the Malagasy members of the group are generalists and dominant in anthropogenic habitats. Additionally, we documented the presence of supermajors in colonies of P. spinosa-a phenomenon previously not known for this group.}, }
@article {pmid35492423, year = {2022}, author = {Wagner, CM and Bals, JD and Hanson, ME and Scott, AM}, title = {Attenuation and recovery of an avoidance response to a chemical antipredator cue in an invasive fish: implications for use as a repellent in conservation.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {coac019}, pmid = {35492423}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {The detection of predation risk without direct engagement with a predator is an important driver of prey movement strategies. Consequently, the application of alarm cues may prove an effective tool in guiding the movements of fishes targeted for control or conservation. However, failure to contemplate the sensory, physiological and cognitive outcomes of repeated or persistent exposure to the cue will likely lead to poor performance of management practices. Using a series of behavioural tests and physiological recordings from the olfactory organ, we examined the timing of onset and recovery of the alarm response in sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus L.) when exposed continuously or sporadically to its alarm cue. In the laboratory, sea lamprey exhibited short-term, reversible attenuation of the alarm response over 2-4 h with continuous exposure. The alarm response spontaneously recovered after 30-60 min of removal from the cue. In long-duration free-swimming tests, where the animals were allowed to move into and out of the odour plume volitionally, repeated but sporadic encounter with the alarm cue over 5 h did not alter the alarm response. Electro-olfactogram recordings from the main olfactory epithelium indicated that olfactory sensory neurons quickly adapt to alarm cue and recovered within 15 min. Our findings strongly implicate habituation as the mechanism that induces reduction in the alarm response and provide insight into the design of effective management practices that seek to use fish alarm cues as repellents.}, }
@article {pmid35492415, year = {2022}, author = {Doyle, KE and Ning, N and Silva, LGM and Brambilla, EM and Deng, ZD and Fu, T and Boys, C and Robinson, W and du Preez, JA and Baumgartner, LJ}, title = {Survival estimates across five life stages of redfin (Perca fluviatilis) exposed to simulated pumped-storage hydropower stressors.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {coac017}, pmid = {35492415}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {The global prevalence of pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) is expected to grow exponentially as countries transition to renewable energy sources. Compared to conventional hydropower, little is currently known regarding PSH impacts on aquatic biota. This study estimated the survival of five life stages (egg, two larval stages, juvenile and adult) of redfin (European) perch (Perca fluviatilis) following passage through a PSH facility during the pumping phase. This was achieved by simulating the individual stressors expected to occur during passage through a 2000-MW PSH facility using laboratory-simulated (shear strain and extreme compression) and modelling (blade strike, BS) approaches. Our results indicate that redfin could survive the shear, pressure and BS stressors expected within the PSH facility, but impacts varied among life stages. Juvenile survival was >70% across all shear strain rates, while the survival of eggs and larvae declined markedly as strain rate increased. All life stages had high survival when exposed to rapid compression and BS. The high survival of redfin to the stressors tested suggests the PSH facility could facilitate the passage of redfin during the pumping phase from the lower to the higher elevation reservoir. This outcome would be welcomed in situations where the species is native, but could have adverse implications for the conservation of native biota where the species is considered a pest.}, }
@article {pmid35491954, year = {2022}, author = {Pulscher, LA and Peel, AJ and Rose, K and Welbergen, JA and Baker, ML and Boyd, V and Low-Choy, S and Edson, D and Todd, C and Dorrestein, A and Hall, J and Todd, S and Broder, CC and Yan, L and Xu, K and Peck, GR and Phalen, DN}, title = {Serological evidence of a pararubulavirus and a betacoronavirus in the geographically isolated Christmas Island flying-fox (Pteropus natalis).}, journal = {Transboundary and emerging diseases}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, pages = {e2366-e2377}, pmid = {35491954}, issn = {1865-1682}, support = {//Taronga Conservation Society Australia's Taronga Foundation/ ; //Sydney School of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney/ ; U19 AI142764/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI142764/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; //Marie Bashir Institute, University of Sydney/ ; DE190100710//ARC DECRA fellowship/ ; //Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Australian Government/ ; //Christmas Island National Park/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia/epidemiology ; Betacoronavirus ; *Chiroptera ; Humans ; *Lyssavirus ; *Nucleic Acids ; }, abstract = {Due to their geographical isolation and small populations, insular bats may not be able to maintain acute immunizing viruses that rely on a large population for viral maintenance. Instead, endemic transmission may rely on viruses establishing persistent infections within hosts or inducing only short-lived neutralizing immunity. Therefore, studies on insular populations are valuable for developing broader understanding of viral maintenance in bats. The Christmas Island flying-fox (CIFF; Pteropus natalis) is endemic on Christmas Island, a remote Australian territory, and is an ideal model species to understand viral maintenance in small, geographically isolated bat populations. Serum or plasma (n = 190), oral swabs (n = 199), faeces (n = 31), urine (n = 32) and urine swabs (n = 25) were collected from 228 CIFFs. Samples were tested using multiplex serological and molecular assays, and attempts at virus isolation to determine the presence of paramyxoviruses, betacoronaviruses and Australian bat lyssavirus. Analysis of serological data provides evidence that the species is maintaining a pararubulavirus and a betacoronavirus. There was little serological evidence supporting the presence of active circulation of the other viruses assessed in the present study. No viral nucleic acid was detected and no viruses were isolated. Age-seropositivity results support the hypothesis that geographically isolated bat populations can maintain some paramyxoviruses and coronaviruses. Further studies are required to elucidate infection dynamics and characterize viruses in the CIFF. Lastly, apparent absence of some pathogens could have implications for the conservation of the CIFF if a novel disease were introduced into the population through human carriage or an invasive species. Adopting increased biosecurity protocols for ships porting on Christmas Island and for researchers and bat carers working with flying-foxes are recommended to decrease the risk of pathogen introduction and contribute to the health and conservation of the species.}, }
@article {pmid35491603, year = {2022}, author = {Brown, MJF}, title = {Complex networks of parasites and pollinators: moving towards a healthy balance.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {377}, number = {1853}, pages = {20210161}, pmid = {35491603}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; *Parasites ; Pollination ; }, abstract = {Parasites are viewed as a major threat to wild pollinator health. While this may be true for epidemics driven by parasite spillover from managed or invasive species, the picture is more complex for endemic parasites. Wild pollinator species host and share a species-rich, generalist parasite community. In contrast to the negative health impacts that these parasites impose on individual hosts, at a community level they may act to reduce competition from common and abundant pollinator species. By providing rare species with space in which to exist, this will act to support and maintain a diverse and thus healthier pollinator community. At this level, and perhaps paraxodically, parasites may be good for pollinators. This stands in clear contrast to the obvious negative impacts of epidemic and spillover parasites on wild pollinator communities. Research into floral resources that control parasites could be best employed to help design landscapes that provide pollinators with the opportunity to moderate their parasite community, rather than attempting to eliminate specific parasites from wild pollinator communities. This article is part of the theme issue 'Natural processes influencing pollinator health: from chemistry to landscapes'.}, }
@article {pmid35491588, year = {2022}, author = {Saavedra, S and Bartomeus, I and Godoy, O and Rohr, RP and Zu, P}, title = {Towards a system-level causative knowledge of pollinator communities.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {377}, number = {1853}, pages = {20210159}, pmid = {35491588}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Biota ; Crop Production ; Ecosystem ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {Pollination plays a central role in both crop production and maintaining biodiversity. However, habitat loss, pesticides, invasive species and larger environmental fluctuations are contributing to a dramatic decline of pollinators worldwide. Different management solutions require knowledge of how ecological communities will respond following interventions. Yet, anticipating the response of these systems to interventions remains extremely challenging due to the unpredictable nature of ecological communities, whose nonlinear behaviour depends on the specific details of species interactions and the various unknown or unmeasured confounding factors. Here, we propose that this knowledge can be derived by following a probabilistic systems analysis rooted on non-parametric causal inference. The main outcome of this analysis is to estimate the extent to which a hypothesized cause can increase or decrease the probability that a given effect happens without making assumptions about the form of the cause-effect relationship. We discuss a road map for how this analysis can be accomplished with the aim of increasing our system-level causative knowledge of natural communities. This article is part of the theme issue 'Natural processes influencing pollinator health: from chemistry to landscapes'.}, }
@article {pmid35489680, year = {2022}, author = {Renou, M}, title = {Is the evolution of insect odorscapes under anthropic pressures a risk for herbivorous insect invasions?.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {52}, number = {}, pages = {100926}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2022.100926}, pmid = {35489680}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; *Herbivory ; Humans ; *Insecta/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Pheromones ; Smell/physiology ; }, abstract = {Olfaction is directly involved in the insect capacity to exploit new habitats by guiding foraging behaviors. We searched in the literature whether some traits of olfactory systems and behaviors are associated with invasiveness and the impact of anthropogenic activities thereof. Human activities dramatically modify habitats and alter insect odorscapes. Air pollution, for instance, decreases lifetime and active range of semiochemicals. Plasticity and behavioral adaptability of invasive species are decisive by allowing host shifts and adaptative responses to new habitats. Changes in biophysical environments also impact on the use of semiochemicals in biocontrol. Although no evidence for a unique ensemble of olfactory traits associated with invasiveness was found, a growing number of case studies reveal characteristics with risk-predicting value, opening the paths to better invasion-control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid35488423, year = {2022}, author = {Lowie, A and De Kegel, B and Wilkinson, M and Measey, J and O'Reilly, JC and Kley, NJ and Gaucher, P and Brecko, J and Kleinteich, T and Herrel, A and Adriaens, D}, title = {Regional differences in vertebral shape along the axial skeleton in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona).}, journal = {Journal of anatomy}, volume = {241}, number = {3}, pages = {716-728}, pmid = {35488423}, issn = {1469-7580}, support = {BOF.EXP.2017.0007//Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds/ ; HPMF-CT-2001-01407//European Union Marie Curie/ ; 11D5819N//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; FWO-VI//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; //Royal Belgian Zoological Society/ ; //TOURNESOL travel grant/ ; //University of Michigan/ ; //Ghent University/ ; }, mesh = {*Amphibians/anatomy &amp; histology ; Animals ; *Spine/anatomy &amp; histology/diagnostic imaging ; }, abstract = {Caecilians are elongate, limbless and annulated amphibians that, as far as is known, all have an at least partly fossorial lifestyle. It has been suggested that elongate limbless vertebrates show little morphological differentiation throughout the postcranial skeleton. However, relatively few studies have explored the axial skeleton in limbless tetrapods. In this study, we used μCT data and three-dimensional geometric morphometrics to explore regional differences in vertebral shape across a broad range of caecilian species. Our results highlight substantial differences in vertebral shape along the axial skeleton, with anterior vertebrae being short and bulky, whereas posterior vertebrae are more elongated. This study shows that despite being limbless, elongate tetrapods such as caecilians still show regional heterogeneity in the shape of individual vertebrae along the vertebral column. Further studies are needed, however, to understand the possible causes and functional consequences of the observed variation in vertebral shape in caecilians.}, }
@article {pmid35487648, year = {2022}, author = {Zhao, Q and Jin, K and Hu, W and Qian, C and Li, J and Zhang, W and Lou, Q and Chen, J}, title = {Rapid and visual monitoring of alien sequences using crop wild relatives specific oligo-painting: The case of cucumber chromosome engineering.}, journal = {Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology}, volume = {319}, number = {}, pages = {111199}, doi = {10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111199}, pmid = {35487648}, issn = {1873-2259}, mesh = {Chromosomes, Plant/genetics ; Crops, Agricultural/genetics ; *Cucumis sativus/genetics ; Gene Pool ; Introduced Species ; Plant Breeding/methods ; }, abstract = {Wild species related to domesticated crops (crop wild relatives, or CWRs) represent a high level of genetic diversity that provides a practical gene pool for crop pre-breeding employed to address climate change and food demand challenges globally. Nevertheless, rapid identifying and visual tracking of alien chromosomes and sequences derived from CWRs have been a technical challenge for crop chromosome engineering. Here, a species-specific oligonucleotide (oligo) pool was developed by using the reference genome of Cucumis hystrix (HH, 2n = 2x = 24), a wild species carrying many favorable traits and interspecific compatibility with cultivated cucumber (C. sativus, CC, 2n = 2x = 14). These synthetic double-stranded oligo probes were applied to validate the assembly and characterize the chromosome architectures of C. hystrix, as well as to rapidly identify C. hystrix-chromosomes in diverse C. sativus-hystrix chromosome-engineered germplasms, including interspecific hybrid F1 (HC), synthetic allopolyploids (HHCC, CHC, and HCH) and alien additional lines (CC-H). Moreover, a ∼2Mb of C. hystrix-specific sequences, introduced into cultivated cucumber, were visualized by CWR-specific oligo-painting. These results demonstrate that the CWR-specific oligo-painting technique holds broad applicability for chromosome engineering of numerous crops, as it allows rapid identification of alien chromosomes, reliable detection of homoeologous recombination, and visual tracking of the introgression process. It is promising to achieve directed and high-precision crop pre-breeding combined with other breeding techniques, such as CRISPR/Cas9-mediated chromosome engineering.}, }
@article {pmid35484193, year = {2022}, author = {Mercier, A and Obadia, T and Carraretto, D and Velo, E and Gabiane, G and Bino, S and Vazeille, M and Gasperi, G and Dauga, C and Malacrida, AR and Reiter, P and Failloux, AB}, title = {Impact of temperature on dengue and chikungunya transmission by the mosquito Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {6973}, pmid = {35484193}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; *Chikungunya Fever ; *Chikungunya virus ; *Dengue ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The mosquito Aedes albopictus is an invasive species first detected in Europe in Albania in 1979, and now established in 28 European countries. Temperature is a limiting factor in mosquito activities and in the transmission of associated arboviruses namely chikungunya (CHIKV) and dengue (DENV). Since 2007, local transmissions of CHIKV and DENV have been reported in mainland Europe, mainly in South Europe. Thus, the critical question is how far north transmission could occur. In this context, the Albanian infestation by Ae. albopictus is of interest because the species is present up to 1200 m of altitude; this allows using altitude as a proxy for latitude. Here we show that Ae. albopictus can transmit CHIKV at 28 °C as well as 20 °C, however, the transmission of DENV is only observed at 28 °C. We conclude that if temperature is the key environmental factor limiting transmission, then transmission of CHIKV, but not DENV is feasible in much of Europe.}, }
@article {pmid35480936, year = {2021}, author = {Hennequin, LM and Polizzi, K and Fennell, PS and Hallett, JP}, title = {Rhododendron and Japanese Knotweed: invasive species as innovative crops for second generation biofuels for the ionoSolv process.}, journal = {RSC advances}, volume = {11}, number = {30}, pages = {18395-18403}, pmid = {35480936}, issn = {2046-2069}, abstract = {We investigated the potential of two terrestrial biomass invasive species in the United-Kingdom as lignocellulosic biofuel feedstocks: Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica) and Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum). We demonstrate that a pretreatment technique using a low-cost protic ionic liquid, the ionoSolv process, can be used for such types of plant species considered as waste, to allow their integration into a biorefinery. N,N,N-Dimethylbutylammonium hydrogen sulfate ([DMBA][HSO4]) was able to fractionate the biomass into a cellulose-rich pulp and a lignin stream at high temperatures (150-170 °C) and short reaction times (15-60 minutes). More than 70-80% of the subsequent cellulose was hydrolysed into fermentable sugars, which were fermented into the renewable energy vector bioethanol.}, }
@article {pmid35480304, year = {2022}, author = {Sapkota, S and Boggess, SL and Trigiano, RN and Klingeman, WE and Hadziabdic, D and Coyle, DR and Nowicki, M}, title = {Microsatellite Loci Reveal High Genetic Diversity, Mutation, and Migration Rates as Invasion Drivers of Callery Pear (Pyrus calleryana) in the Southeastern United States.}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {861398}, pmid = {35480304}, issn = {1664-8021}, abstract = {Pyrus calleryana Decne. (Callery pear) is a deciduous tree native to China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. It is a popular ornamental tree in the United States (US) with early spring blooms and vibrant fall color. There are at least 26 cultivars of P. calleryana available in the US of which "Bradford" is the most well-known. Open-pollinated P. calleryana escapees are becoming one of the most common invasive tree species in the eastern United States. Developing better management practices for invasive P. calleryana requires detailed knowledge about reproductive biology and genetic diversity of the species, however, little is currently known about genetic variability within those open-pollinated populations. We investigated genetic diversity and population structure of non-cultivated, escaped P. calleryana populations within a ∼177 km radius in the southeastern United States. Because P. calleryana exhibits a range of morphological variation with great evolutionary potential, we hypothesized that a high genetic diversity would be manifested among escaped P. calleryana. Using 15 previously developed microsatellite loci, we genotyped 180 open-pollinated P. calleryana individuals that were collected across six naturally occurring sites in Tennessee, Georgia, and South Carolina, United States. Our results demonstrated the presence of a population structure with high genetic diversity, high gene flow, and high genetic differentiation between individuals across collection sites. Our results revealed that P. calleryana populations had differentiated shortly after the introduction to the US, most likely from specimens imported from Asia, consistent with historical records and our prior findings. The high invasive potential of the species is perhaps best underscored by transformation of P. calleryana specimens introduced from Asia into escape populations at continental scale across the United States. Our data also provided novel insight into potential issues that could be problematic for the future as P. calleryana may pose a potential threat to the economy, ecology, and native biodiversity in invaded areas.}, }
@article {pmid35477765, year = {2022}, author = {Cox, N and Young, BE and Bowles, P and Fernandez, M and Marin, J and Rapacciuolo, G and Böhm, M and Brooks, TM and Hedges, SB and Hilton-Taylor, C and Hoffmann, M and Jenkins, RKB and Tognelli, MF and Alexander, GJ and Allison, A and Ananjeva, NB and Auliya, M and Avila, LJ and Chapple, DG and Cisneros-Heredia, DF and Cogger, HG and Colli, GR and de Silva, A and Eisemberg, CC and Els, J and Fong G, A and Grant, TD and Hitchmough, RA and Iskandar, DT and Kidera, N and Martins, M and Meiri, S and Mitchell, NJ and Molur, S and Nogueira, CC and Ortiz, JC and Penner, J and Rhodin, AGJ and Rivas, GA and Rödel, MO and Roll, U and Sanders, KL and Santos-Barrera, G and Shea, GM and Spawls, S and Stuart, BL and Tolley, KA and Trape, JF and Vidal, MA and Wagner, P and Wallace, BP and Xie, Y}, title = {A global reptile assessment highlights shared conservation needs of tetrapods.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {605}, number = {7909}, pages = {285-290}, pmid = {35477765}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Alligators and Crocodiles ; Amphibians ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Birds ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Extinction, Biological ; Mammals ; Phylogeny ; *Reptiles/classification ; Risk Assessment ; Turtles ; }, abstract = {Comprehensive assessments of species' extinction risks have documented the extinction crisis[1] and underpinned strategies for reducing those risks[2]. Global assessments reveal that, among tetrapods, 40.7% of amphibians, 25.4% of mammals and 13.6% of birds are threatened with extinction[3]. Because global assessments have been lacking, reptiles have been omitted from conservation-prioritization analyses that encompass other tetrapods[4-7]. Reptiles are unusually diverse in arid regions, suggesting that they may have different conservation needs[6]. Here we provide a comprehensive extinction-risk assessment of reptiles and show that at least 1,829 out of 10,196 species (21.1%) are threatened-confirming a previous extrapolation[8] and representing 15.6 billion years of phylogenetic diversity. Reptiles are threatened by the same major factors that threaten other tetrapods-agriculture, logging, urban development and invasive species-although the threat posed by climate change remains uncertain. Reptiles inhabiting forests, where these threats are strongest, are more threatened than those in arid habitats, contrary to our prediction. Birds, mammals and amphibians are unexpectedly good surrogates for the conservation of reptiles, although threatened reptiles with the smallest ranges tend to be isolated from other threatened tetrapods. Although some reptiles-including most species of crocodiles and turtles-require urgent, targeted action to prevent extinctions, efforts to protect other tetrapods, such as habitat preservation and control of trade and invasive species, will probably also benefit many reptiles.}, }
@article {pmid35476587, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, YH and Dai, Y and Kong, WL and Zhu, ML and Wu, XQ}, title = {Improvement of Sphaeropsis Shoot Blight Disease Resistance by Applying the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Hymenochaete sp. Rl and Mycorrhizal Helper Bacterium Bacillus pumilus HR10 to Pinus thunbergii.}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {112}, number = {6}, pages = {1226-1234}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-09-21-0392-R}, pmid = {35476587}, issn = {0031-949X}, mesh = {*Bacillus pumilus ; Bacteria ; *Basidiomycota/physiology ; Disease Resistance ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Pinus/microbiology ; Plant Diseases ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Seedlings/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMFs) form symbioses with plant roots to promote nutrient uptake by plants but it is controversial as to whether they induce disease resistance in plants. Here, we inoculated pine seedlings with Sphaeropsis sapinea, which was presymbiotic with the EMF Hymenochaete sp. Rl, and the mycorrhizal helper bacterium (MHB) Bacillus pumilus HR10, which promotes the formation of Pinus thunbergia-Hymenochaete sp. Rl mycorrhizae. The results showed that inoculation with Hymenochaete sp. Rl, B. pumilus HR10, and the consortium significantly reduced pine shoot blight disease caused by S. sapinea. After inoculation with pathogenic fungi, callose deposition was significantly increased in needles of pine seedlings inoculated with Hymenochaete sp. Rl, B. pumilus HR10, and the consortium, together with an increase in enzymatic and nonenzymatic systemic antioxidant activity as well as early priming for upregulated expression of PR3 and PR5 genes. Our findings suggest that ectomycorrhizal colonization enhances the resistance of pine seedlings to Sphaeropsis shoot blight by triggering a systemic defense response and that interactions between EMFs and MHBs are essential for mycorrhizal-induced disease resistance.}, }
@article {pmid35476511, year = {2022}, author = {Wu, Y and Colautti, RI}, title = {Evidence for continent-wide convergent evolution and stasis throughout 150 y of a biological invasion.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {119}, number = {18}, pages = {e2107584119}, pmid = {35476511}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; *Fossils ; Plants ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {The extent to which evolution can rescue a species from extinction, or facilitate range expansion, depends critically on the rate, duration, and geographical extent of the evolutionary response to natural selection. Adaptive evolution can occur quickly, but the duration and geographical extent of contemporary evolution in natural systems remain poorly studied. This is particularly true for species with large geographical ranges and for timescales that lie between “long-term” field experiments and the fossil record. Here, we introduce the Virtual Common Garden (VCG) to investigate phenotypic evolution in natural history collections while controlling for phenotypic plasticity in response to local growing conditions. Reconstructing 150 y of evolution in Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) as it invaded North America, we analyze phenology measurements of 3,429 herbarium records, reconstruct growing conditions from more than 12 million local temperature records, and validate predictions across three common gardens spanning 10° of latitude. We find that phenological clines have evolved repeatedly throughout the range, during the first century of evolution. Thereafter, the rate of microevolution stalls, recapitulating macroevolutionary stasis observed in the fossil record. Our study demonstrates that preserved specimens are a critical resource for investigating limits to evolution in natural populations. Our results show how natural selection and trade-offs measured in field studies predict adaptive divergence observable in herbarium specimens over 15 decades at a continental scale.}, }
@article {pmid35474487, year = {2022}, author = {Tonellotto, M and Fehr, V and Conedera, M and Hunziker, M and Pezzatti, GB}, title = {Iconic but Invasive: The Public Perception of the Chinese Windmill Palm (Trachycarpus fortunei) in Switzerland.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, pages = {618-632}, pmid = {35474487}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {*Arecaceae ; China ; Introduced Species ; *Public Opinion ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions strongly increased during the last centuries and are challenging environmental managers worldwide. In this context, public acceptance of management measures is a key factor determining the long-term success of the control of invasive species. However, in the case of charismatic and iconic invasive species, the public has often been unwilling to accept strict management measures. Here, we studied the public perception of the Chinese windmill palm (Trachycarpus fortunei) in Switzerland, which is declared as invasive in southern Switzerland but also recognized as iconic. We conducted a nation-wide online survey in the multilingual and multicultural context of Switzerland, investigating the influence of social and cultural factors on the knowledge of, the attitude toward, and the willingness to control the invasive T. fortunei. Results confirm that the knowledge and perception of invasive plants have a strong social and cultural component and may vary greatly as a function of the cultural background, education level, age, and other social characteristics. Furthermore, information on the invasiveness of the focal species provided during the survey significantly affected informants' perceptions, which are closely related to the acceptance of possible management and control measures. This allows us to highlight the importance of a holistic approach that includes targeted public information when dealing with biological invasions, especially in the case of charismatic and iconic species. Based on the obtained results, we suggest avenues for refining management and control strategies of T. fortunei in Switzerland, many of which generally applicable to other cases of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid35473550, year = {2022}, author = {Carneiro de Melo Moura, C and Setyaningsih, CA and Li, K and Merk, MS and Schulze, S and Raffiudin, R and Grass, I and Behling, H and Tscharntke, T and Westphal, C and Gailing, O}, title = {Biomonitoring via DNA metabarcoding and light microscopy of bee pollen in rainforest transformation landscapes of Sumatra.}, journal = {BMC ecology and evolution}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {51}, pmid = {35473550}, issn = {2730-7182}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/genetics ; Biological Monitoring ; Crops, Agricultural/genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Ecosystem ; Indonesia ; *Microscopy ; Pollen/genetics ; *Rainforest ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Intense conversion of tropical forests into agricultural systems contributes to habitat loss and the decline of ecosystem functions. Plant-pollinator interactions buffer the process of forest fragmentation, ensuring gene flow across isolated patches of forests by pollen transfer. In this study, we identified the composition of pollen grains stored in pot-pollen of stingless bees, Tetragonula laeviceps, via dual-locus DNA metabarcoding (ITS2 and rbcL) and light microscopy, and compared the taxonomic coverage of pollen sampled in distinct land-use systems categorized in four levels of management intensity (forest, shrub, rubber, and oil palm) for landscape characterization.<br><br>RESULTS: Plant composition differed significantly between DNA metabarcoding and light microscopy. The overlap in the plant families identified via light microscopy and DNA metabarcoding techniques was low and ranged from 22.6 to 27.8%. Taxonomic assignments showed a dominance of pollen from bee-pollinated plants, including oil-bearing crops such as the introduced species Elaeis guineensis (Arecaceae) as one of the predominant taxa in the pollen samples across all four land-use types. Native plant families Moraceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Cannabaceae appeared in high proportion in the analyzed pollen material. One-way ANOVA (p&#x2009;>&#x2009;0.05), PERMANOVA (R&#xb2; values range from 0.14003 to 0.17684, for all tests p-value&#x2009;>&#x2009;0.5), and NMDS (stress values ranging from 0.1515 to 0.1859) indicated a lack of differentiation between the species composition and diversity of pollen type in the four distinct land-use types, supporting the influx of pollen from adjacent areas.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Stingless bees collected pollen from a variety of agricultural crops, weeds, and wild plants. Plant composition detected at the family level from the pollen samples likely reflects the plant composition at the landscape level rather than the plot level. In our study, the plant diversity in pollen from colonies installed in land-use systems with distinct levels of forest transformation was highly homogeneous, reflecting a large influx of pollen transported by stingless bees through distinct land-use types. Dual-locus approach applied in metabarcoding studies and visual pollen identification showed great differences in the detection of the plant community, therefore a combination of both methods is recommended for performing biodiversity assessments via pollen identification.}, }
@article {pmid35473472, year = {2022}, author = {Zhang, Y and Wen, TY and Wu, XQ and Hu, LJ and Qiu, YJ and Rui, L}, title = {The Bursaphelenchus xylophilus effector BxML1 targets the cyclophilin protein (CyP) to promote parasitism and virulence in pine.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {216}, pmid = {35473472}, issn = {1471-2229}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyclophilins/genetics ; *Pinus/parasitology ; *Tylenchida ; Virulence ; Xylophilus ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD) that has caused enormous ecological and economic losses in China. The mechanism in the interaction between nematodes and pine remains unclear. Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) secrete effectors into host plant tissues. However, it is poorly studied that role of effector in the infection of pine wood nematode (PWN).<br><br>RESULTS: We cloned, characterized and functionally validated the B. xylophilus effector BxML1, containing an MD-2-related lipid-recognition (ML) domain. This protein inhibits immune responses triggered by the molecular pattern BxCDP1 of B. xylophilus. An insitu hybridization assay demonstrated that BxML1 was expressed mainly in the dorsal glands and intestine of B. xylophilus. Subcellular localization analysis showed the presence of BxML1 in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Furthermore, number of B. xylophilus and morbidity of pine were significantly reduced in Pinus thunbergii infected with B. xylophilus when BxML was silenced. Using yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and coimmunoprecipitation (CoIP) assays, we found that the BxML1 interacts with cyclophilin protein PtCyP1 in P. thunbergii.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study illustrated that BxML1 plays a critical role in the B. xylophilus-plant interaction and virulence of B. xylophilus.}, }
@article {pmid35471767, year = {2022}, author = {Li, YP and Feng, YL and Li, WT and Tomlinson, K and Liao, ZY and Zheng, YL and Zhang, JL}, title = {Leaf trait association in relation to herbivore defense, drought resistance, and economics in a tropical invasive plant.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {109}, number = {6}, pages = {910-921}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1858}, pmid = {35471767}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Droughts ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Plants ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: Exploring how functional traits vary and covary is important to understand plant responses to environmental change. However, we have limited understanding of the ways multiple functional traits vary and covary within invasive species.<br><br>METHODS: We measured 12 leaf traits of an invasive plant Chromolaena odorata, associated with plant or leaf economics, herbivore defense, and drought resistance on 10 introduced populations from Asia and 12 native populations from South and Central America, selected across a broad range of climatic conditions, and grown in a common garden.<br><br>RESULTS: Species' range and climatic conditions influenced leaf traits, but trait variation across climate space differed between the introduced and native ranges. Traits that confer defense against herbivores and drought resistance were associated with economic strategy, but the patterns differed by range. Plants from introduced populations that were at the fast-return end of the spectrum (high photosynthetic capacity) had high physical defense traits (high trichome density), whereas plants from native populations that were at the fast-return end of the spectrum had high drought escape traits (early leaf senescence and high percentage of withered shoots).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that invasive plants can rapidly adapt to novel environmental conditions. Chromolaena odorata showed multiple different functional trait covariation patterns and clines in the native and introduced ranges. Our results emphasize that interaction between multiple traits or functions should be considered when investigating the adaptive evolution of invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid35468195, year = {2022}, author = {Whitener, AB and Smytheman, P and Beers, EH}, title = {Efficacy and Species Specificity of Baits and Lures for Spotted-Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {115}, number = {4}, pages = {1036-1045}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toac020}, pmid = {35468195}, issn = {1938-291X}, support = {2010-51181-21167//Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, the Washington State Commission on Pesticide Registration, the USDA Specialty Crops Research Initiative Grant/ ; 1016563//USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, mesh = {Acetic Acid ; Animals ; *Drosophila ; *Insect Control ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Monitoring is an important element in management programs for Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), helping users to avoid prophylactic treatments. Factors such as attractiveness, sensitivity, selectivity, longevity, and ease of use must be considered when developing a trap and lure system for monitoring and thresholds. We examined various baits and lures over a 5-yr period in sweet cherry orchards in the semiarid climate of eastern Washington. Using a jar trap, the attractants were evaluated for attractiveness (maximum capture), selectivity for D. suzukii (vs. other Drosophila species), and sex ratio of captured D. suzukii. We examined the relative performance of the attractants during periods of low (≈1 D. suzukii per trap per week) and high (232 D. suzukii per trap per week) density over the course of the growing season, which usually corresponded to mid-summer and autumn temperatures, respectively. The Scentry lure was consistently the most attractive lure, capturing the highest numbers of adult D. suzukii over the series of tests, but also had the highest levels of by-catch. Recipe-based baits (yeast, wine-vinegar, and apple cider vinegar) captured fewer D. suzukii overall, although the commercial baits Dros'Attract and Suzukii Trap were comparable to the Scentry lure in late season tests. The Trécé lures were consistently the most selective of the attractants, but had generally lower D. suzukii captures. Sex ratio varied widely among and within the tests, but with no consistent pattern among the various attractants. All attractants were successful in capturing flies, and the choice of attractant depends on the constraints and goals of the user.}, }
@article {pmid35464970, year = {2022}, author = {Kong, WL and Wang, WY and Zuo, SH and Wu, XQ}, title = {Genome Sequencing of Rahnella victoriana JZ-GX1 Provides New Insights Into Molecular and Genetic Mechanisms of Plant Growth Promotion.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {828990}, pmid = {35464970}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Genomic information for bacteria within the genus Rahnella remains limited. Rahnella sp. JZ-GX1 was previously isolated from the Pinus massoniana rhizosphere in China and shows potential as a plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacterium. In the present work, we combined the GridION Nanopore ONT and Illumina sequencing platforms to obtain the complete genome sequence of strain JZ-GX1, and the application effects of the strain in natural field environment was assessed. The whole genome of Rahnella sp. JZ-GX1 comprised a single circular chromosome (5,472,828 bp, G + C content of 53.53%) with 4,483 protein-coding sequences, 22 rRNAs, and 77 tRNAs. Based on whole genome phylogenetic and average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis, the JZ-GX1 strain was reidentified as R. victoriana. Genes related to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), phosphorus solubilization, nitrogen fixation, siderophores, acetoin, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production, spermidine and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) biosynthesis were present in the genome of strain JZ-GX1. In addition, these functions were also confirmed by in vitro experiments. Importantly, compared to uninoculated control plants, Pyrus serotina, Malus spectabilis, Populus euramericana (Dode) Guinier cv. "San Martino" (I-72 poplar) and Pinus elliottii plants inoculated with strain JZ-GX1 showed increased heights and ground diameters. These findings improve our understanding of R. victoriana JZ-GX1 as a potential biofertilizer in agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid35464820, year = {2021}, author = {Kirkendall, DS and Bunnell, DB and Armenio, PM and Eaton, LA and Trebitz, AS and Watson, NM}, title = {Spatial and temporal distributions of Dreissena spp. veligers in Lake Huron: does calcium limit settling success?.}, journal = {Journal of Great Lakes research}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, pages = {1040-1049}, pmid = {35464820}, issn = {0380-1330}, support = {EPA999999/ImEPA/Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {The larval stage of invasive Dreissena spp. mussels (i.e., veligers) are understudied despite their seasonal numerical dominance among plankton. We report the spring and summer veliger densities and size structure across the main basin, North Channel, and Georgian Bay of Lake Huron, and seek to explain spatiotemporal variation. Monthly sampling was conducted at 9 transects and up to 3 sites per transect from spring through summer 2017. Veliger densities peaked in June and July, and we found comparable densities and biomasses of veligers between basins, despite differences in density of juvenile and adult mussels across these regions. Using a generalized additive model to explain variations in veliger density, we found that temperature, chlorophyll a, and nitrates/nitrites were most important. We generated an index of veliger attrition based on size distributions that revealed a higher rate of attrition in the North Channel than the rest of the lake. A logistic model indicated a threshold calcium concentration of around 22 mg/L was necessary for veligers to survive to larger sizes and recruit to their juvenile and benthic adult life stages. Improved understanding of factors that regulate the production and survival of Dreissena veligers will improve the ability of managers to assess future invasion threats as well as explore potential control options.}, }
@article {pmid35462761, year = {2022}, author = {Hall, RM and Urban, B and Kaul, HP}, title = {The management success of the invasive late goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Aiton.) in a nature conservation area is strongly related to site, control measures and environmental factors.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e13161}, pmid = {35462761}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {*Solidago ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Ecosystem ; *Asteraceae ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {The late goldenrod (Soldiago gigantea Aiton; Asteraceae) is one of the most abundant invasive species in various types of habitats. Its long-creeping plagiotropic rhizomes enable the plant to build up dense, monospecific stands within a short time. Particularly in nature conservation areas, the invasion of goldenrod can cause severe disruptions in the naturally occuring mutualims between plants, insects and higher trophic levels, subsequently impeding the achievement of nature conservation goals. As management options of goldenrod in nature conservation areas are limited, this three-year study aimed to test the effectiveness of three management treatments (two-time mowing, triticale cultivation, and reverse rotary cutting) on four different sites in the Austrian Donau-Auen National Park. The number and height of goldenrod shoots were recorded three times a year on twelve permanent trial plots on each site to test for the effectiveness of the treatments. In addition, vegetation surveys were performed to observe the recovery potential of native plant species. Even though the three-years mowing and the triticale cultivation reduced goldenrod by 95.6% and 97.2% resp., we could find no relation between the effectiveness of the treatment and the intensity of disturbance created by the control option. On the contrary, with a reduction of only 5.4% in goldenrod density the most intensive treatment, the rotary cutting, showed the lowest efficiency. The highest positive effect on the re-establishment of native plant species was recorded with two mowing events per year. Even though the study revealed that certain management options have the potential to effectively reduce goldenrod and to simultaneously increase the establishment success of native species, results can only be seen as so-called snapshots. For example, as shown on site EJW one unforeseeable wild boar digging event transformed a 84.5% reduction into a 4.7% increase in goldenrod density. Therefore, a proper and regular monitoring is essential to be able to react to the effects of unpredictable events that can have severe impact on vegetation dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid35462252, year = {2022}, author = {Kinsley, AC and Haight, RG and Snellgrove, N and Muellner, P and Muellner, U and Duhr, M and Phelps, NBD}, title = {AIS explorer: Prioritization for watercraft inspections-A decision-support tool for aquatic invasive species management.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {314}, number = {}, pages = {115037}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115037}, pmid = {35462252}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Minnesota ; }, abstract = {Invasions of aquatic invasive species have caused significant economic and ecological damage to global aquatic ecosystems. Once an invasive population has established in a new habitat, eradication can be financially and logistically impossible, motivating management strategies to rely heavily upon prevention measures to reduce the introduction and spread. To be productive, on-the-ground management of aquatic invasive species requires effective decision-making surrounding the allocation of limited resources. Watercraft inspections play an important role in managing aquatic invasive species by preventing the overland transport of invasive species between waterbodies and providing education to boaters. In this study, we developed and tested an interactive web-based decision-support tool, AIS Explorer: Prioritization for Watercraft Inspections, to guide AIS managers in developing efficient watercraft inspection plans. The decision-support tool is informed by a network-based algorithm that maximized the number of inspected watercraft that move from AIS infested to uninfested lakes within and between counties in Minnesota, USA. It was iteratively built with stakeholder feedback, including consultations with county managers, beta-testing of the web-based application, and workshops to educate and train end-users. The co-development and implementation of data-driven decision support tools demonstrate how interdisciplinary methods can be used to connect science and management to support decision-making. The AIS Explorer: Prioritization for Watercraft Inspections application makes optimized research outputs accessible in multiple dynamic forms that maintain pace with discovery of new infestations and local needs. In addition, the decision support tool has supported improved and closer communication between AIS managers and researchers on this topic.}, }
@article {pmid35461935, year = {2022}, author = {Spurgeon, D and Wilkinson, H and Civil, W and Hutt, L and Armenise, E and Kieboom, N and Sims, K and Besien, T}, title = {Worst-case ranking of organic chemicals detected in groundwaters and surface waters in England.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {835}, number = {}, pages = {155101}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155101}, pmid = {35461935}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Environmental Monitoring ; *Fluorocarbons/analysis ; *Groundwater ; Organic Chemicals ; *Pesticides/analysis ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Water/analysis ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {The Environment Agency has been using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Accurate-mass Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (Q-TOF) / Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) target screen analysis to semi-quantitatively measure organic substances in groundwater and surface water since 2009 for GC-MS and 2014 for LC-MS. Here we use this data to generate a worst-case "risk" ranking of the detected substances. Three sets of hazard values relating to effects on aquatic organisms, namely Water Framework Directive EQSs, NORMAN Network PNECs (hereafter NORMAN PNEC) and chronic Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) HC50s from Posthuma et al., (2019) were used for the assessment. These hazard values were compared to the highest measured concentration for each chemical to generate a worst-case hazard quotient (HQ). Calculated HQs for each metric were ranked, averaged and multiplied by rank for detection frequency to generate an overall ordering based on HQ and occurrence. This worst-case approach was then used to generate ranking lists for GC-MS and LC-MS detected substances in groundwater and surface water. Pesticides in the top 30 overall ranked list included more legacy pesticides in groundwater and more current use actives in surface water. Specific uses were linked to some high rankings (e.g. rotenone for invasive species control). A number of industrial and plastics associated chemicals were ranked highly in the groundwater dataset, while more personal care products and pharmaceuticals were highly ranked in surface waters. Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) compounds were commonly highly ranked in both environmental compartments. The approach confirmed high rankings for some substance (e.g. selected pesticides) from previous prioritization exercises, but also identified novel substance for consideration (e.g. some PFAS compounds and pharmaceuticals). Overall our approach provided a simple approach using readily accessible data to identify substances for further and more detailed assessment.}, }
@article {pmid35461930, year = {2022}, author = {Renault, D and Angulo, E and Cuthbert, RN and Haubrock, PJ and Capinha, C and Bang, A and Kramer, AM and Courchamp, F}, title = {The magnitude, diversity, and distribution of the economic costs of invasive terrestrial invertebrates worldwide.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {835}, number = {}, pages = {155391}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155391}, pmid = {35461930}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; Reproducibility of Results ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) are a major driver of global biodiversity loss, hampering conservation efforts and disrupting ecosystem functions and services. While accumulating evidence documented ecological impacts of IAS across major geographic regions, habitat types and taxonomic groups, appraisals for economic costs remained relatively sparse. This has hindered effective cost-benefit analyses that inform expenditure on management interventions to prevent, control, and eradicate IAS. Terrestrial invertebrates are a particularly pervasive and damaging group of invaders, with many species compromising primary economic sectors such as forestry, agriculture and health. The present study provides synthesised quantifications of economic costs caused by invasive terrestrial invertebrates on the global scale and across a range of descriptors, using the InvaCost database. Invasive terrestrial invertebrates cost the global economy US$ 712.44 billion over the investigated period (up to 2020), considering only high-reliability source reports. Overall, costs were not equally distributed geographically, with North America (73%) reporting the greatest costs, with far lower costs reported in Europe (7%), Oceania (6%), Africa (5%), Asia (3%), and South America (< 1%). These costs were mostly due to invasive insects (88%) and mostly resulted from direct resource damages and losses (75%), particularly in agriculture and forestry; relatively little (8%) was invested in management. A minority of monetary costs was directly observed (17%). Economic costs displayed an increasing trend with time, with an average annual cost of US$ 11.40 billion since 1960, but as much as US$ 165.01 billion in 2020, but reporting lags reduced costs in recent years. The massive global economic costs of invasive terrestrial invertebrates require urgent consideration and investment by policymakers and managers, in order to prevent and remediate the economic and ecological impacts of these and other IAS groups.}, }
@article {pmid35460978, year = {2022}, author = {Grote, M and Boudenne, JL and Croué, JP and Escher, BI and von Gunten, U and Hahn, J and Höfer, T and Jenner, H and Jiang, J and Karanfil, T and Khalanski, M and Kim, D and Linders, J and Manasfi, T and Polman, H and Quack, B and Tegtmeier, S and Werschkun, B and Zhang, X and Ziegler, G}, title = {Inputs of disinfection by-products to the marine environment from various industrial activities: Comparison to natural production.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {217}, number = {}, pages = {118383}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2022.118383}, pmid = {35460978}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {Disinfection/methods ; Humans ; Seawater/chemistry ; Ships ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; *Water Purification/methods ; }, abstract = {Oxidative treatment of seawater in coastal and shipboard installations is applied to control biofouling and/or minimize the input of noxious or invasive species into the marine environment. This treatment allows a safe and efficient operation of industrial installations and helps to protect human health from infectious diseases and to maintain the biodiversity in the marine environment. On the downside, the application of chemical oxidants generates undesired organic compounds, so-called disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are discharged into the marine environment. This article provides an overview on sources and quantities of DBP inputs, which could serve as basis for hazard analysis for the marine environment, human health and the atmosphere. During oxidation of marine water, mainly brominated DBPs are generated with bromoform (CHBr3) being the major DBP. CHBr3 has been used as an indicator to compare inputs from different sources. Total global annual volumes of treated seawater inputs resulting from cooling processes of coastal power stations, from desalination plants and from ballast water treatment in ships are estimated to be 470-800 × 10[9] m[3], 46 × 10[9] m[3] and 3.5 × 10[9] m[3], respectively. Overall, the total estimated anthropogenic bromoform production and discharge adds up to 13.5-21.8 × 10[6] kg/a (kg per year) with contributions of 11.8-20.1 × 10[6] kg/a from cooling water treatment, 0.89 × 10[6] kg/a from desalination and 0.86 × 10[6] kg/a from ballast water treatment. This equals approximately 2-6% of the natural bromoform emissions from marine water, which is estimated to be 385-870 × 10[6] kg/a.}, }
@article {pmid35460297, year = {2022}, author = {Geraerts, M and Vangestel, C and Artois, T and Fernandes, JMO and Jorissen, MWP and Chocha Manda, A and Danadu Mizani, C and Smeets, K and Snoeks, J and Sonet, G and Tingbao, Y and Van Steenberge, M and Vreven, E and Lunkayilakio Wamuini, S and Vanhove, MPM and Huyse, T}, title = {Population genomics of introduced Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Repeated introductions since colonial times with multiple sources.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {12}, pages = {3304-3322}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16479}, pmid = {35460297}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; *Cichlids/genetics ; Democratic Republic of the Congo ; Introduced Species ; Metagenomics ; }, abstract = {During colonial times, Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) was introduced into non-native parts of the Congo Basin (Democratic Republic of the Congo, DRC) for the first time. Currently, it is the most farmed cichlid in the DRC, and is present throughout the Congo Basin. Although Nile tilapia has been reported as an invasive species, documentation of historical introductions into this basin and its consequences are scant. Here, we study the genetic consequences of these introductions by genotyping 213 Nile tilapia from native and introduced regions, focusing on the Congo Basin. Additionally, 48 specimens from 16 other tilapia species were included to test for hybridization. Using RAD sequencing (27,611 single nucleotide polymorphisms), we discovered genetic admixture with other tilapia species in several morphologically identified Nile tilapia from the Congo Basin, reflecting their ability to interbreed and the potential threat they pose to the genetic integrity of native tilapias. Nile tilapia populations from the Upper Congo and those from the Middle-Lower Congo are strongly differentiated. The former show genetic similarity to Nile tilapia from the White Nile, while specimens from the Benue Basin and Lake Kariba are similar to Nile tilapia from the Middle-Lower Congo, suggesting independent introductions using different sources. We conclude that the presence of Nile tilapia in the Congo Basin results from independent introductions, reflecting the dynamic aquaculture history, and that their introduction probably leads to genetic interactions with native tilapias, which could lower their fitness. We therefore urge avoiding further introductions of Nile tilapia in non-native regions and to use native tilapias in future aquaculture efforts.}, }
@article {pmid35454244, year = {2022}, author = {Banjade, M and Park, SM and Adhikari, P and Han, SH and Jeong, YH and Lee, JW and Choi, SH and Nguyen, HA and Oh, HS}, title = {Molecular Evidence Reveals the Sympatric Distribution of Cervus nippon yakushimae and Cervus nippon taiouanus on Jeju Island, South Korea.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {35454244}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Non-native species threaten native ecosystems and species, particularly on islands where rates of endemism and vulnerability to threats are high. Understanding species invasion will aid in providing insights into ecological and evolutionary processes. To identify the non-native sika deer (Cervus nippon) population in Jeju, South Korea, and their phylogenetic affinities, we collected tissue samples from roadkill and the World Natural Heritage Headquarters in Jeju. Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome B (CytB) gene sequences were analyzed to determine two distinct CytB haplotypes. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood tree revealed two haplotypes of CytB clustered into two different groups representing two subspecies: C. n. yakushimae, native to Japan, and C. n. taiouanus, native to Taiwan. The tentative divergence time between the two subspecies was estimated at 1.81 million years. Our study confirmed that the two subspecies of sika deer are sympatric in the natural ecosystem of Jeju Island. This study provides valuable information to help government and conservation agencies understand alien species and determine control policies for conserving native biodiversity in South Korea.}, }
@article {pmid35453787, year = {2022}, author = {Mu, C and Guo, X and Chen, Y}, title = {Impact of Global Climate Change on the Distribution Range and Niche Dynamics of Eleutherodactylus planirostrish in China.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {35453787}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {U21A20192//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31901221//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; XDB31000000//Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; 2019QZKK0303//Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program/ ; }, abstract = {Species distribution models (SDMs) have become indispensable tools in risk assessment and conservation decision-making for invasive species. Eleutherodactylus planirostris has a strong dispersal ability, and the main route of introduction to new regions is likely transport via seedlings. This species is understood as one of the foremost successful invasive amphibian species with direct or indirect negative impacts in multiple regions. In this study, we used MaxEnt to assess suitable areas for this species under current and future climates globally and in China. We considered seven climatic variables, three timepoints (current, 2050, and 2070), and three CO2 emission scenarios. Annual mean temperature, precipitation of the driest month, and annual precipitation were the most important variables predicting E. planirostris occurrence. This species has a much larger suitable habitat area in China than reflected by the current distribution, so the species is likely to spread from the Pearl River Delta to surrounding areas. Under future warming, its invasive range will expand northward in China. In conclusion, this study assessed the risk of invasion of this species and made recommendations for management and prevention.}, }
@article {pmid35453762, year = {2022}, author = {Rocchia, E and Luppi, M and Paradiso, F and Ghidotti, S and Martelli, F and Cerrato, C and Viterbi, R and Bonelli, S}, title = {Distribution Drivers of the Alien Butterfly Geranium Bronze (Cacyreus marshalli) in an Alpine Protected Area and Indications for an Effective Management.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {35453762}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {Cacyreus marshalli is the only alien butterfly in Europe. It has recently spread in the Gran Paradiso National Park (GPNP), where it could potentially compete with native geranium-consuming butterflies. Our study aimed to (1) assess the main drivers of its distribution, (2) evaluate the potential species distribution in GPNP and (3) predict different scenarios to understand the impact of climate warming and the effect of possible mitigations. Considering different sampling designs (opportunistic and standardised) and different statistical approaches (MaxEnt and N-mixture models), we built up models predicting habitat suitability and egg abundance for the alien species, testing covariates as bioclimatic variables, food plant (Pelargonium spp.) distribution and land cover. A standardised approach resulted in more informative data collection due to the survey design adopted. Opportunistic data could be potentially informative but a major investment in citizen science projects would be needed. Both approaches showed that C. marshalli is associated with its host plant distribution and therefore confined in urban areas. Its expansion is controlled by cold temperatures which, even if the host plant is abundant, constrain the number of eggs. Rising temperatures could lead to an increase in the number of eggs laid, but the halving of Pelargonium spp. populations would mostly mitigate the trend, with a slight countertrend at high elevations.}, }
@article {pmid35453717, year = {2022}, author = {Pusceddu, M and Lezzeri, M and Cocco, A and Floris, I and Satta, A}, title = {Bio-Ethology of Vespa crabro in Sardinia (Italy), an Area of New Introduction.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {35453717}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {ALIEM Project//European Union/ ; }, abstract = {Vespa crabro, also known as European hornet, is a eusocial Vespidae originally from Eurasia that was accidentally introduced on the island of Sardinia (Italy) in 2010. Currently, its distribution is limited to the northern area of the island. Considering that a non-harmful species in its native region can exhibit invasive behaviour when established in new environments, bio-ethological observations were conducted to better understand whether V. crabro could show invasive traits in Sardinia, which represents a new introduction area. Data on the foraging activity of the European hornet in open fields were collected within a citizen science monitoring program carried out in Sardinia from 2018 to 2020. Moreover, specific behavioural observations were made in apiaries to assess the predatory activity of the hornet towards honey bees and at the entrance of free-living European hornet colonies to evaluate other aspects of its behaviour, i.e., intranidal and extranidal tasks. The results of our study are discussed in relation to the behavioural traits known for this species in its native areas to place the behavioural repertoire of V. crabro in Sardinia into a wider context. Our observations revealed that V. crabro did not show any changes in behavioural traits in Sardinia compared to those described in its area of origin, so the risk of becoming an invasive species on this island seems unlikely.}, }
@article {pmid35452379, year = {2022}, author = {Soares, MC and Banha, F and Cardoso, SC and Gama, M and Xavier, R and Ribeiro, L and Anastácio, P}, title = {Hemolymph Glycemia as an Environmental Stress Biomarker in the Invasive Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii).}, journal = {Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ}, volume = {95}, number = {3}, pages = {265-277}, doi = {10.1086/719857}, pmid = {35452379}, issn = {1537-5293}, mesh = {Animals ; *Astacoidea/physiology ; Biomarkers ; Blood Glucose ; *Environmental Biomarkers ; Glucose ; Hemolymph ; }, abstract = {AbstractSeveral freshwater crayfish species, including Procambarus clarkii, are both ecologically important and commercially important benthic macroinvertebrates, remarkable for their potential to adapt and reproduce but also for their unique abilities to face distinct abiotic and biotic environments and become successful invaders. While much work has been done to study crayfish introductions, less focus has been given to how crayfish cope with pollution and other environmental stressors, in terms of physiological responses, and whether crayfish responses can be used to assess the effective state of their living environment. Here, we used a mixed approach combining laboratory experiments with field data to validate the use of hemolymph glucose as a relevant biomarker of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) stress response. Three meaningful sampling locations were chosen across southern Portugal that are representative of different environments where crayfish live and are frequently captured for human consumption but also correspond to different pollution levels. To reference field measurements of glucose levels, we performed two lab-based experiments: (a) crayfish were exposed to different levels of stress (stress challenge) and (b) crawfish were exposed to a maze dispersal test, with or without water. Crayfish glucose levels were responsive to induced stress but were not correlated with dispersal efforts. Wild crayfish's body condition and stress levels responded differently to environmental conditions, with more challenged individuals showing higher glycemia levels but similar body condition. The glucose levels of the more stressed wild crayfish were visually similar to lab-based crayfish subjected to the higher stress levels (electric shocks), while the levels of glucose of crayfish at the less polluted site corresponded to those measured before the start of the challenge (baseline). The maintenance of high levels of glycemia in crayfish inhabiting more challenging habitats is revealing of their higher energetic demand state. Since P. clarkii ia globally distributed and easily sampled invasive species, quantifying its hemolymph glucose levels can be a particularly useful proxy for assessing environmental quality.}, }
@article {pmid35451550, year = {2023}, author = {Xu, T and Zhang, N and Xu, M and Glauser, G and Turlings, TCJ and Chen, L}, title = {Revisiting the trail pheromone components of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {161-172}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.13047}, pmid = {35451550}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Pheromones ; Behavior, Animal ; *Sesquiterpenes ; }, abstract = {Ants use species-specific trail pheromones to coordinate their sophisticated foraging behavior. During the past decades, many trail pheromone components with various structures have been identified in ants, including the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, a notorious invasive species worldwide. Four compounds, Z,E- (ZEF) and E,E-α-farnesene (EEF), Z,E- (ZEHF) and E,E-α-homofarnesene (EEHF), have been reported as components of S. invicta trail pheromone. However, another study reported an analog of α-farnesene, Z,Z,Z-allofarnesene, as a key trail pheromone component. These contrasting results caused some uncertainty about the trail pheromone composition in S. invicta. In this study, we synthesized ZEF and EEF, ZEHF and EEHF, and reanalyzed the chemicals in the Dufour gland extract and in the trail pheromone fraction of S. invicta worker body extract. The reported isomers of farnesene and homofarnesene were detected and showed trail-following activity, with ZEF as the major compound, while no allofarnesene was found, neither in the Dufour gland extract nor in the whole-body extract. Our results confirm ZEF and EEF, ZEHF and EEHF as trail pheromone components of S. invicta.}, }
@article {pmid35451197, year = {2022}, author = {van Rees, CB and Hand, BK and Carter, SC and Bargeron, C and Cline, TJ and Daniel, W and Ferrante, JA and Gaddis, K and Hunter, ME and Jarnevich, CS and McGeoch, MA and Morisette, JT and Neilson, ME and Roy, HE and Rozance, MA and Sepulveda, A and Wallace, RD and Whited, D and Wilcox, T and Kimball, JS and Luikart, G}, title = {A framework to integrate innovations in invasion science for proactive management.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {97}, number = {4}, pages = {1712-1735}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12859}, pmid = {35451197}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) are a rising threat to biodiversity, national security, and regional economies, with impacts in the hundreds of billions of U.S. dollars annually. Proactive or predictive approaches guided by scientific knowledge are essential to keeping pace with growing impacts of invasions under climate change. Although the rapid development of diverse technologies and approaches has produced tools with the potential to greatly accelerate invasion research and management, innovation has far outpaced implementation and coordination. Technological and methodological syntheses are urgently needed to close the growing implementation gap and facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration and synergy among evolving disciplines. A broad review is necessary to demonstrate the utility and relevance of work in diverse fields to generate actionable science for the ongoing invasion crisis. Here, we review such advances in relevant fields including remote sensing, epidemiology, big data analytics, environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling, genomics, and others, and present a generalized framework for distilling existing and emerging data into products for proactive IAS research and management. This integrated workflow provides a pathway for scientists and practitioners in diverse disciplines to contribute to applied invasion biology in a coordinated, synergistic, and scalable manner.}, }
@article {pmid35449180, year = {2022}, author = {Porco, D and Hermant, S and Purnomo, CA and Horn, M and Marson, G and Colling, G}, title = {eDNA-based detection of the invasive crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus in streams with a LAMP assay using dependent replicates to gain higher sensitivity.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {6553}, pmid = {35449180}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Astacoidea/genetics ; *DNA, Environmental ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {LAMP assays are becoming increasingly popular in the field of invasive species detection but are still underused in eDNA-based monitoring. Here, we propose a LAMP assay designed to detect the North American crayfish species Pacifastacus leniusculus in water samples from streams. The presence of P. leniusculus was detected through this new LAMP assay in all but one of the nine sites sampled. No correlation was found between ddPCR absolute concentration measurements and the number of LAMP-positive technical replicates. However, we showed that using dependent technical replicates could significantly enhance the detection sensitivity of the LAMP assay. Applied to other assays, it could improve sensitivity and thus allow for a more efficient use of eDNA-based LAMP assays for invasive species detection in aquatic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid35448793, year = {2022}, author = {Bustamante, RO and Quiñones, D and Duarte, M and Goncalves, E and Cavieres, LA}, title = {Invasive Stages within Alien Species and Hutchinson's Duality: An Example Using Invasive Plants of the Family Fabaceae in Central Chile.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {35448793}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {1180193//FONDECYT CHILE/ ; }, abstract = {To understand the factors that limit invasive expansion in alien species, it is critical to predict potential zones of colonization. Climatic niche can be an important way to predict the potential distribution of alien species. This correlation between niche and geographic distribution is called Hutchinson's duality. A combination of global and regional niches allows four invasive stages to be identified: quasi-equilibrium, local adaptation, colonization and sink stage. We studied the invasive stages of six alien leguminous species either in the niche or the geographical space. In five of the six species, a higher proportion of populations were in the quasi-equilibrium stage. Notably, Acacia species had the highest proportion of populations in local adaptation. This picture changed dramatically when we projected the climatic niche in the geographic space: in all species the colonization stage had the highest proportional projected area, ranging from 50 to 90%. Our results are consistent with Hutchinson's duality, which predicts that small areas in the niche space can be translated onto large areas of the geographic space. Although the colonization stage accounted for a low proportion of occurrences, in all species, the models predicted the largest areas for this stage. This study complements invasive stages, projecting them in geographic space.}, }
@article {pmid35448681, year = {2022}, author = {Diéguez-Antón, A and Rodríguez-Flores, MS and Escuredo, O and Seijo, MC}, title = {Monitoring Study in Honeybee Colonies Stressed by the Invasive Hornet Vespa velutina.}, journal = {Veterinary sciences}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {35448681}, issn = {2306-7381}, support = {EAPA_800/2018-Atlantic-POSitive//INTERREG ATLANTIC AREA PROGRAM/ ; ED481B-2018/059//Conseller&#xed;a de Cultura, Educaci&#xf3;n e Ordenaci&#xf3;n Universitaria/ ; }, abstract = {Vespa velutina is an invasive species that is currently the main concern for beekeeping in some areas of northern Spain. The hornet hunts honeybees to feed its larvae, stressing and weakening the honeybee colonies. To avoid losses of honeybee colonies, it is essential to investigate the pressure that is exerted by the yellow-legged hornet on apiaries and its consequences. In the present study, hives were monitored in an apiary that was situated in a high-pressure area of V. velutina during the years 2020 and 2021. The monitoring of environmental conditions of the apiary, the internal conditions of the colonies, and a hunting camera were used to relate the presence of hornets in front of the hives to the weather conditions in the apiary and the consequences caused on the colonies. The relationships between weather conditions and the hornet's activity showed two types of hornet behavior. In the months of July and August, the maximum number of hornets appeared in non-central hours of the day. Meanwhile, in the months of September and October, the highest pressure in the apiary occurred in the central hours of the day, coinciding with temperatures between 15 °C and 25 °C and a relative humidity that was higher than 60%. The honeybee colony with the highest thermoregulatory capacity was the strongest and it was the key factor for the colony survival even when the hornet pressure was high too. Therefore, strengthening the hives and improving beehive health status is essential to avoid colonies decline.}, }
@article {pmid35447815, year = {2022}, author = {Chen, YP and Li, YH and Sun, ZX and Du, EW and Lu, ZH and Li, H and Gui, FR}, title = {Effects of Host Plants on Bacterial Community Structure in Larvae Midgut of Spodoptera frugiperda.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {35447815}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2021YFD1400701&#xff0c;2019YFD0300101//National Key R&amp;D Programs of China/ ; 2019ZG00910//Yunnan Eco-friendly Food International Cooperation Research Center (YEFICRC) project of Yunnan provincial key programs/ ; 2020J0254//Scientific Research Foundation of Education Department of Yunnan Province/ ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is one of the most important invasive species and causes great damage to various host crops in China. In this study, the diversity and function of gut bacteria in the 5th instar larvae of FAW fed on maize, wheat, potato and tobacco leaves were analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing. A total of 1324.25 ± 199.73, 1313.5 ± 74.87, 1873.00 ± 190.66 and 1435.25 ± 139.87 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from the gut of FAW fed on these four different host plants were detected, respectively. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant bacterial phyla. Beta diversity analysis showed that the gut bacterial community structure of larvae fed on different host plants was significantly differentiated. At the genus level, the abundance of Enterococcus in larvae fed on wheat was significantly lower than those fed on the other three host plants. Enterobacter and ZOR0006 were dominant in FAW fed on tobacco leaves, and in low abundance in larvae fed on wheat. Interestingly, when fed on Solanaceae (tobacco and potato) leaves which contained relative higher levels of toxic secondary metabolites than Gramineae (wheat and maize), the genera Enterococcus, Enterobacter and Acinetobacter were significantly enriched. The results indicated that gut bacteria were related to the detoxification and adaptation of toxic secondary metabolites of host plants in FAW. Further analysis showed that replication, repair and nucleotide metabolism functions were enriched in the gut bacteria of larvae fed on tobacco and potato. In conclusion, the gut bacterial diversity and community composition in FAW larvae fed on different host plants showed significant differences, and the insect is likely to regulate their gut bacteria for adaptation to different host plants.}, }
@article {pmid35447777, year = {2022}, author = {van Wilgenburg, E and Mariotta, M and Tsutsui, ND}, title = {The Effect of Diet on Colony Recognition and Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profiles of the Invasive Argentine Ant, Linepithema humile.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {35447777}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {IOS-1557934/1557961//National Science Foundation/ ; CA-B-INS-0087-H//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; NRI-CGP 2004-3502-14865//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {Ants are some of the most abundant and ecologically successful terrestrial organisms, and invasive ants rank among the most damaging invasive species. The Argentine ant is a particularly well-studied invader, in part, because of the extreme social structure, known as unicoloniality, that occurs in introduced populations. Unicoloniality is characterized by the formation of geographically vast supercolonies, within which territorial behavior and intraspecific aggression are absent. Although there is considerable evidence supporting a genetic basis for the odor cues involved in colony recognition, some studies have suggested that diet may also influence colony recognition cues and, thus, colony structure. Here, we test the role for insect-derived recognition cues by performing a diet supplementation experiment in a natural field setting, and a more extreme dietary manipulation experiment in the lab. After one month, in both the field and the lab, we found that aggressive supercolonies remained aggressive toward each other and non-aggressive nests (from the same supercolony) remained non-aggressive, regardless of dietary treatment. In one lab treatment, we did observe a significant decrease in the level of aggression between different supercolonies that were fed the same diet, but aggression was still frequent. We did not see any evidence for cuticular hydrocarbon odor cues being transferred from prey to ants in any of the field treatments. In the more extreme lab treatment, however, several cuticular hydrocarbons were acquired from both roach and cricket insect prey (but not Drosophila). Based on these data, we conclude that dietary changes are unlikely to underlie changes in behavior or colony structure in Argentine ants in real-world settings. However, these results indicate that caution is warranted when interpreting the behaviors of animals that have been reared on diets that are substantially different from natural populations.}, }
@article {pmid35447773, year = {2022}, author = {Sun, LN and Shen, XJ and Cao, LJ and Chen, JC and Ma, LJ and Wu, SA and Hoffmann, AA and Wei, SJ}, title = {Increasing Frequency of G275E Mutation in the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor α6 Subunit Conferring Spinetoram Resistance in Invading Populations of Western Flower Thrips in China.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {35447773}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {Z201100008320013//Joint Laboratory of Pest Control Research Between China and Australia/ ; KJCX20220409//Promotion and Innovation Program of Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {The western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is an important invasive pest worldwide. Field-evolved resistance to the pesticide spinetoram is an increasing problem in the chemical control of this pest. Here, we examined changes in the frequency of a genetic mutation associated with spinetoram resistance, the G275E mutation in the acetylcholine receptor Foα6, in 62 field populations collected from 2009 to 2021 across areas of China invaded by this pest. We found a low frequency of the G275E mutation in populations collected at the early invasion stage, in contrast to a high frequency in native USA populations. However, the frequency of the G275E mutation has increased to a high level in recently collected populations, with the mutation becoming fixed in some populations. There was a correlation between the frequency of the G275E mutation and resistance to spinetoram as characterized by median lethal concentration, although two populations were outliers. These results showed that G275E mutation is one of the mechanisms conferring spinetoram resistance in many invading populations in China. Ongoing dispersal of the WFT may have facilitated a rapid increase in the G275E mutation across China. Our study highlights the rapid evolution of pesticide resistance in an invasive species and points to a useful marker for molecular diagnostics of spinetoram resistance.}, }
@article {pmid35447483, year = {2022}, author = {Moreno-Borges, S and López, C and Clemente, S}, title = {Reef fish assemblages associated to new mat-forming zoantharian communities in the Canary Islands.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {177}, number = {}, pages = {105623}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105623}, pmid = {35447483}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Biodiversity ; Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Introduced Species ; *Seaweed ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Proliferations of zoantharians along tropical and subtropical regions are increasingly common and usually associated with anthropogenic impacts and ecosystem degradation. In the Canary Islands, we studied how the dominance in the substrate of Palythoa caribaeorum and Zoanthus pulchellus affected fish communities. For that purpose, we recorded the composition and biodiversity of fish assemblages associated to both zoantharian and macroalgae dominated habitats. In general terms, we found significant reductions of total fish abundance and richness at P. caribaeorum dominated habitats compared with macroalgae stands. However, in terms of trophic structure, there were significant changes within both zoantharian habitats depending on their coverages of the substrate. Herbivores and small invertebrate feeders, which are more adapted to forage in the macroalgae canopy, were less abundant in zoantharian habitats. This study demonstrates that the increasing dominance of zoantharians throughout the archipelago restructure the ecosystems and impact the native fish communities, that may offer a positive feedback for invasive tropical species to thrive.}, }
@article {pmid35447006, year = {2022}, author = {Gao, GF and Li, H and Shi, Y and Yang, T and Gao, CH and Fan, K and Zhang, Y and Zhu, YG and Delgado-Baquerizo, M and Zheng, HL and Chu, H}, title = {Continental-scale plant invasions reshuffle the soil microbiome of blue carbon ecosystems.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {28}, number = {14}, pages = {4423-4438}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.16211}, pmid = {35447006}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Bacteria ; Carbon/analysis ; China ; Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; Plants ; Poaceae ; *Soil/chemistry ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Theory and experiments support that plant invasions largely impact aboveground biodiversity and function. Yet, much less is known on the influence of plant invasions on the structure and function of the soil microbiome of coastal wetlands, one of the largest major reservoirs of biodiversity and carbon on Earth. We studied the continental-scale invasion of Spartina alterniflora across 2451 km of Chinese coastlines as our model-system and found that S. alterniflora invasion can largely influence the soil microbiome (across six depths from 0 to 100 cm), compared with the most common microhabitat found before invasion (mudflats, Mud). In detail, S. alterniflora invasion was not only positively associated with bacterial richness but also resulted in important biotic homogenization of bacterial communities, suggesting that plant invasion can lead to important continental scale trade-offs in the soil microbiome. We found that plant invasion changed the community composition of soil bacterial communities across the soil profile. Moreover, the bacterial communities associated with S. alterniflora invasions where less responsive to climatic changes than those in native Mud microhabitats, suggesting that these new microbial communities might become more dominant under climate change. Plant invasion also resulted in important reductions in the complexity and stability of microbial networks, decoupling the associations between microbes and carbon pools. Taken together, our results indicated that plant invasions can largely influence the microbiome of coastal wetlands at the scale of China, representing the first continental-scale example on how plant invasions can reshuffle the soil microbiome, with consequences for the myriad of functions that they support.}, }
@article {pmid35444631, year = {2022}, author = {Chiarello, M and Bucholz, JR and McCauley, M and Vaughn, SN and Hopper, GW and Sánchez González, I and Atkinson, CL and Lozier, JD and Jackson, CR}, title = {Environment and Co-occurring Native Mussel Species, but Not Host Genetics, Impact the Microbiome of a Freshwater Invasive Species (Corbicula fluminea).}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {800061}, pmid = {35444631}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The Asian clam Corbicula fluminea (Family: Cyneridae) has aggressively invaded freshwater habitats worldwide, resulting in dramatic ecological changes and declines of native bivalves such as freshwater mussels (Family: Unionidae), one of the most imperiled faunal groups. Despite increases in our knowledge of invasive C. fluminea biology, little is known of how intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including co-occurring native species, influence its microbiome. We investigated the gut bacterial microbiome across genetically differentiated populations of C. fluminea in the Tennessee and Mobile River Basins in the Southeastern United States and compared them to those of six co-occurring species of native freshwater mussels. The gut microbiome of C. fluminea was diverse, differed with environmental conditions and varied spatially among rivers, but was unrelated to host genetic variation. Microbial source tracking suggested that the gut microbiome of C. fluminea may be influenced by the presence of co-occurring native mussels. Inferred functions from 16S rRNA gene data using PICRUST2 predicted a high prevalence and diversity of degradation functions in the C. fluminea microbiome, especially the degradation of carbohydrates and aromatic compounds. Such modularity and functional diversity of the microbiome of C. fluminea may be an asset, allowing to acclimate to an extensive range of nutritional sources in invaded habitats, which could play a vital role in its invasive success.}, }
@article {pmid35443148, year = {2022}, author = {King, EE and Williams, CM and Stillman, JH}, title = {Hypoxia Decreases Thermal Sensitivity and Increases Thermal Breadth of Locomotion in the Invasive Freshwater Snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum.}, journal = {Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ}, volume = {95}, number = {3}, pages = {251-264}, doi = {10.1086/719899}, pmid = {35443148}, issn = {1537-5293}, mesh = {Animals ; Fresh Water ; *Hypoxia ; Introduced Species ; Locomotion/physiology ; Oxygen ; *Snails/physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {AbstractUnderstanding the physiology of invasive species will contribute to better prediction and prevention measures to avoid the economic and environmental consequences of biological invasions. Predicting the future range of Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a globally invasive aquatic snail, relies on a comprehensive understanding of its physiological tolerances to individual and combined environmental stressors. We conducted a laboratory study to investigate the interacting effects of temperature and dissolved oxygen in shaping the abiotic niche of P. antipodarum. We generated thermal performance curves (7°C-35°C) for resting respiration rate and voluntary locomotor behaviors under normoxia and hypoxia to find the conditions that limited each performance. Extreme high (>30°C) and low (<12°C) temperatures limited respiration and activity, but respiration rate was most oxygen sensitive at low temperatures. Under hypoxic conditions, activity was less thermally sensitive. Increased activity under high temperatures (22°C-28°C) may be fueled by anaerobic metabolism. Relying on anaerobic energy is a time-limited survival strategy, so further warming and deoxygenation of freshwater systems may limit the spread of this very tolerant invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid35441427, year = {2022}, author = {Ratcliffe, H and Ahlering, M and Carlson, D and Vacek, S and Allstadt, A and Dee, LE}, title = {Invasive species do not exploit early growing seasons in burned tallgrass prairies.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {7}, pages = {e2641}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2641}, pmid = {35441427}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Invasive species management is key to conserving critically threatened native prairie ecosystems. While prescribed burning is widely demonstrated to increase native diversity and suppress invasive species, elucidating the conditions under which burning is most effective remains an ongoing focus of applied prairie ecology research. Understanding how conservation management interacts with climate is increasingly pressing, because climate change is altering weather conditions and seasonal timing around the world. Increasingly early growing seasons due to climate change are shifting the timing and availability of resources and niche space, which may disproportionately advantage invasive species and influence the outcome of burning. We estimated the effects of burning, start time of the growing season, and their interaction on invasive species relative cover and frequency, two metrics for species abundance and dominance. We used 25 observed prairie sites and 853 observations of 267 transects spread throughout Minnesota, USA from 2010 to 2019 to conduct our analysis. Here, we show that burning reduced the abundance of invasive cool-season grasses, leading to reduced abundance of invasive species as a whole. This reduction persisted over time for invasive cover but quickly waned for their frequency of occurrence. Additionally, and contrary to expectations that early growing season starts benefit invasive species, we found evidence that later growing season starts increased the abundance of some invasive species. However, the effects of burning on plant communities were largely unaltered by the timing of the growing season, although earlier growing season starts weakened the effectiveness of burning on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) and smooth brome (Bromus inermis), two of the most dominant invasive species in the region. Our results suggest that prescribed burning will likely continue to be a useful conservation tool in the context of earlier growing season starts, and that changes to growing season timing will not be a primary mechanism driving increased invasion due to climate change in these ecosystems. We propose that future research seek to better understand abiotic controls on invasive species phenology in managed systems and how burning intensity and timing interact with spring conditions.}, }
@article {pmid35439519, year = {2022}, author = {Netshituni, VT and Cuthbert, RN and Dondofema, F and Dalu, T}, title = {Effects of wildfire ash from native and alien plants on phytoplankton biomass.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {834}, number = {}, pages = {155265}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155265}, pmid = {35439519}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Biomass ; Coal Ash/pharmacology ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Phytoplankton ; Plants ; Water ; *Wildfires ; }, abstract = {Wildfires are natural or anthropogenic phenomena increasing at alarming rates globally due to land-use alterations, droughts, climatic warming, hunting and biological invasions. Whereas wildfire effects on terrestrial ecosystems are marked and relatively well-studied, ash depositions into aquatic ecosystems have often remained overlooked, but have the potential to significantly impact bottom-up processes. This study assessed ash-water-phytoplankton biomass dynamics using six plant species [i.e., three natives (apple leaf Philenoptera violacea, Transvaal milk plum Englerophytum magalismontanum, quinine tree Rauvolfia caffra) and three aliens (lantana Lantana camara, gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis, guava Psidium guajava)] based on a six-week mesocosm experiment with different ash concentrations (1 and 2 g L[-1]). We assessed concentrations of chemical elements, i.e., N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and B from ash collected, and examined potential differences among the species. High concentrations of P, K, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and B were recorded from Transvaal milk plum ash and low concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn were recorded from apple leaf. An increase in phytoplankton biomass (using chlorophyll-a concentration as a proxy) for all treatments i.e., 1 and 2 g L[-1] and plant species was observed one week after, followed by decreases in the following weeks, with the exception of 2 g L[-1] for lantana, gum and control groups. Silicate concentrations (i.e., used as a proxy for diatom abundance) showed increasing patterns among all ash treatments, with the exception of controls. However, no clear patterns were observed between native and alien plant ash for both chl-a and silicate concentrations. We found that ash has notable effects on water chemistry, particularly nitrate, which increased throughout the weeks, whereas, pH and conductivity were high at low ash concentrations. The impacts of ash on water chemistry, chl-a and silicate concentrations vary with individual species and the amount of ash deposited into the system.}, }
@article {pmid35437415, year = {2022}, author = {Golovanov, Y and Abramova, L and Drap, M and Lebedeva, M}, title = {Vascular plants occurrences in the Southern Urals industrial towns (Sterlitamak and Salavat).}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e77148}, pmid = {35437415}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The paper presents datasets of plant species of two industrial cities Sterlitamak and Salavat (Republic of Bashkortostan) is presented. These cities are part of the Southern Bashkortostan urban agglomeration and are amongst the three largest in the Republic. The population of Sterlitamak is about 276,000. There are large oil refineries and other large industrial transport infrastructure facilities. Datasets are prepared on the basis of long-time field research by Ya. Golovanov (2008 - 2016). Technical preparation of the datasets was carried out by M. Lebedeva and M. Drap. The herbarium samples are stored in the herbarium collections of the South Ural Botanical Garden Institute and the Ufa Institute of Biology (UFA). The data paper describes three datasets on species occurrences. It presents occurrences of species in different types of habitats (anthropogenically transformed and semi-natural). The datasets consists of 5,462 occurrence records totally. Most of the records (5,359) are georeferenced.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: The total number of records in three datasets is 5,462. They contain of vascular plant species occurrences in the two industrial cities of the Southern Urals (Sterlitamak and Salavat). There are both alien and natural species occurrences in different types of habitats (antropogenically transformed and semi-natural).}, }
@article {pmid35437409, year = {2022}, author = {Julien, M and Schatz, B and Contant, S and Filippi, G}, title = {Flora richness of a military area: discovery of a remarkable station of Serapiasneglecta in Corsica.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e76375}, pmid = {35437409}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {One of the central issues in conservation today is identifying areas rich in biodiversity for priority conservation. On a global scale, the Mediterranean area is a biodiversity hotspot and, locally, Corsica contains high biodiversity with interesting sites for conservation. An inventory of flora was undertaken on the Solenzara military airbase. Five hundred and fifty-two plant species were inventoried, which represent an important species richness. Amongst these species, certain are rare or endemic. A large population of Serapiasneglectasubsp.neglecta was found and the size of this population was estimated. This species is localised at a global scale and has a protection status. This is the largest population known, with more than 155,000 individuals on the 550 ha of the airbase. Nineteen plant species have national protection status and 15 are classified as invasive alien species. The Solenzara airbase has a role in conserving many species; a management plan would be appropriate.}, }
@article {pmid35437404, year = {2022}, author = {Kano, Y and Fuke, Y and Musikasinthorn, P and Iwata, A and Soe, TM and Tun, S and Yun, L and Win, SS and Matsui, S and Tabata, R and Watanabe, K}, title = {Fish diversity of a spring field in Hopong Town, Taunggyi District, Shan State, Myanmar (the Salween River Basin), with genetic comparisons to some "species endemic to Inle Lake".}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e80101}, pmid = {35437404}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {Hopong, a small town in the Salween (Thanlwin) River Basin, Myanmar, is located 35 km northeast of Inle Lake, a famous ancient lake with numerous endemic fish species. We surveyed the fish fauna of a spring pond in Hopong in 2016, 2019 and 2020 and identified 25 species. Of these, seven, including Inlecyprisauropurpureus and Sawbwaresplendens, had been considered endemic to Inle Lake and at least three species were genetically unique. Eight were suspected or definite introduced species, including Oreochromisniloticus and Gambusiaaffinis. We were unable to identify a nemacheilid species of the genus Petruichthys, which would need a taxonomic examination. The Hopong area is being developed rapidly and, hence, it is crucial to conserve its native fish species and the freshwater ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid35437402, year = {2022}, author = {Pereira, J and Monteiro, C and Seabra, R and Lima, FP}, title = {Fine-scale abundance of rocky shore macroalgae species with distribution limits in NW Iberia in 2020/2021.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e80798}, pmid = {35437402}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Climate change has been increasing at an unprecedented rate in the last decades. Global warming has been causing a variety of impacts in marine ecosystems, including shifts in the geographical ranges of species. The north-western Iberian Peninsula coast is particularly interesting to study distribution shifts as it features a strong latitude thermal gradient, establishing a biogeographical transitional region where several cold- and warm-adapted species have their equatorward or poleward distributions. In the early 2000s, it appeared that, while warm-water species were already responding to warming, cold-water species did not display a coherent response. It is now necessary to gather up-to-date data on the distribution of the same group of species to understand if current patterns of change confirm or deny those observed back then, which may give us important clues about the mechanisms setting species limits in the area.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: This study provides a fine-scale description of the occurrence of intertidal macroalgae species in the rocky shores of the north-western Iberian coast. Specifically, the spatial distribution and semi-quantitative abundance of 34 native and invasive species were assessed at 70 wave-exposed locations. This included 19 species of cold-water affinity, 10 species of warm-water affinity and five neutral species. When contrasted with historical observations, these new data can be used to quantify and map biodiversity change in the region, as well as help understanding the mechanisms constraining species distributions.}, }
@article {pmid35437395, year = {2022}, author = {Sennikov, A and Lazkov, G}, title = {The first checklist of alien vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan, with new records and critical evaluation of earlier data. Contribution 2.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e80804}, pmid = {35437395}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: We continue the inventory of alien vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan, with emphasis on the time and pathways of introduction of the species and their current status in the territory. Each taxon is discussed in the context of plant invasions in Central Asia. This work is a further development of the preliminary checklist of alien plants of Kyrgyzstan, which was compiled for the Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species in 2018.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: This contribution includes all alien species of Kyrgyzstan belonging to Solanaceae and Asphodelaceae and one species of Asteraceae. Physalisphiladelphicus (syn. P.ixocarpa) is reported for the first time from Central Asia, as new to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, thus marking a recent invasion with a variety of imported grain and seed material. The old records of P.ixocarpa from Uzbekistan are based on misidentified specimens of P.angulata. Physalisangulata is an old cotton immigrant in Central Asia, whose invasion started in the 1920s; it is excluded from the alien flora of Kyrgyzstan as registered in error on the basis of cultivated plants. Alkekengiofficinarum is an archaeophyte of the Neolithic period in Central Asia, formerly used for food, now strongly declining and largely casual in Kyrgyzstan. The only historical record of Physalisviscosa from Uzbekistan was based on a technical error and belongs to A.officinarum. Daturastramonium and Hyoscyamusniger were introduced as medicinal plants during the period of the Arabic invasion of Central Asia, by the 11th century. Daturainnoxia is a newly recorded casual alien, recently escaped from ornamental cultivation. Nicandraphysalodes is a casual alien, which was cultivated by Russian colonists in the early 20[th] century for culinary use and is currently used in ornamental cultivation. Hemerocallisfulva was a remnant of historical cultivation in the former Khanate of Buxoro, and its formerly established colonies are presumably extinct in the wild. Bidensfrondosa was seemingly introduced with contaminated forage and seed of American origin during the late Soviet period and started to spread in the period of independence; its invasion in the former USSR is analysed.}, }
@article {pmid35435240, year = {2022}, author = {Barrett, CF and Huebner, CD and Bender, ZA and Budinsky, TA and Corbett, CW and Latvis, M and McKain, MR and Motley, M and Skibicki, SV and Thixton, HL and Santee, MV and Cumberledge, AN}, title = {Digitized collections elucidate invasion history and patterns of awn polymorphism in Microstegium vimineum.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {109}, number = {5}, pages = {689-705}, pmid = {35435240}, issn = {1537-2197}, support = {P20 GM103434/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; P20 GM121299/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; U54 GM104942/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Germination ; Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; *Plant Structures ; *Poaceae/genetics ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: Digitized collections can help illuminate the mechanisms behind the establishment and spread of invasive plants. These databases provide a record of traits in space and time that allows for investigation of abiotic and biotic factors that influence invasive species.<br><br>METHODS: Over 1100 digitized herbarium records were examined to investigate the invasion history and trait variation of Microstegium vimineum. Presence-absence of awns was investigated to quantify geographic patterns of this polymorphic trait, which serves several functions in grasses, including diaspore burial and dispersal to germination sites. Floret traits were further quantified, and genomic analyses of contemporary samples were conducted to investigate the history of M. vimineum's introduction and spread into North America.<br><br>RESULTS: Herbarium records revealed similar patterns of awn polymorphism in native and invaded ranges of M. vimineum, with awned forms predominating at higher latitudes and awnless forms at lower latitudes. Herbarium records and genomic data suggested initial introduction and spread of the awnless form in the southeastern United States, followed by a putative secondary invasion and spread of the awned form from eastern Pennsylvania. Awned forms have longer florets, and floret size varies significantly with latitude. There is evidence of a transition zone with short-awned specimens at mid-latitudes. Genomic analyses revealed two distinct clusters corresponding to awnless and awned forms, with evidence of admixture.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate the power of herbarium data to elucidate the invasion history of a problematic weed in North America and, together with genomic data, reveal a possible key trait in introduction success: presence or absence of an awn.}, }
@article {pmid35432931, year = {2022}, author = {Shryock, DF and DeFalco, LA and Esque, TC}, title = {Seed Menus: An integrated decision-support framework for native plant restoration in the Mojave Desert.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e8805}, pmid = {35432931}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The combination of ecosystem stressors, rapid climate change, and increasing landscape-scale development has necessitated active restoration across large tracts of disturbed habitats in the arid southwestern United States. In this context, programmatic directives such as the National Seed Strategy for Rehabilitation and Restoration have increasingly emphasized improved restoration practices that promote resilient, diverse plant communities, and enhance native seed reserves. While decision-support tools have been implemented to support genetic diversity by guiding seed transfer decisions based on patterns in local adaptation, less emphasis has been placed on identifying priority seed mixes composed of native species assemblages. Well-designed seed mixes can provide foundational ecosystem services including resilience to disturbance, resistance to invasive species, plant canopy structure to facilitate natural seedling recruitment, and habitat to support wildlife and pollinator communities. Drawing from a newly developed dataset of species distribution models for priority native plant taxa in the Mojave Desert, we created a novel decision support tool by pairing spatial predictions of species habitat with a database of key species traits including life history, flowering characteristics, pollinator relationships, and propagation methods. This publicly available web application, Mojave Seed Menus, helps restoration practitioners generate customized seed mixes for native plant restoration in the Mojave Desert based on project locations. Our application forms part of an integrated Mojave Desert restoration program designed to help practitioners identify species to include in local seed mixes and nursery stock development while accounting for local adaptation by identifying appropriate seed source locations from key restoration species.}, }
@article {pmid35432923, year = {2022}, author = {Weigand, H and Cross Lopez de Llergo, J and Frantz, AC}, title = {Genomic basis for an informed conservation management of Pelophylax water frogs in Luxembourg.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e8810}, pmid = {35432923}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Genetic identification methods have become increasingly important for species that are difficult to identify in the field. A case in point is Pelophylax water frogs. While their morphological determination is highly complex, they include species protected under EU law and some that are classified as invasive. Additionally, genetic data can provide insights into their complex breeding systems, which may or may not involve the reproductive dependency of one species on another. Here, we generate baseline data for water frog monitoring in Luxembourg. We applied a countrywide sampling approach and used SNPs generated by ddRAD sequencing to identify individuals and infer the breeding systems present in the country. We found Pelophylax lessonae and P. kl. esculentus throughout Luxembourg, mostly living in syntopy. In general, a reproductive dependency of P. kl. esculentus on P. lessonae (L-E system) was revealed. Besides this general system, we detected triploid P. kl. esculentus in six ponds. This indicates a modified L-E system with reproductive dependency of the triploids on the diploid P. kl. esculentus. The invasive P. cf. bedriagae was detected in three ponds in southern Luxembourg, with evidence for hybridization with native water frogs. In addition to the ddRAD data, we tested a simple genetic method for future monitoring based on the MND1 marker. It showed in almost all cases, an identical species identification as the ddRAD data and was successfully applied to DNA extracts from mouth swabs. Combining this method with our baseline data will enable informed choices for the protection of native water frog species in Luxembourg.}, }
@article {pmid35432922, year = {2022}, author = {Foster, NR and van Dijk, KJ and Biffin, E and Young, JM and Thomson, VA and Gillanders, BM and Jones, AR and Waycott, M}, title = {A targeted capture approach to generating reference sequence databases for chloroplast gene regions.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e8816}, pmid = {35432922}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Metabarcoding has improved the way we understand plants within our environment, from their ecology and conservation to invasive species management. The notion of identifying plant taxa within environmental samples relies on the ability to match unknown sequences to known reference libraries. Without comprehensive reference databases, species can go undetected or be incorrectly assigned, leading to false-positive and false-negative detections. To improve our ability to generate reference sequence databases, we developed a targeted capture approach using the OZBaits_CP V1.0 set, designed to capture chloroplast gene regions across the entirety of flowering plant diversity. We focused on generating a reference database for coastal temperate plant species given the lack of reference sequences for these taxa. Our approach was successful across all specimens with a target gene recovery rate of 92%, which was achieved in a single assay (i.e., samples were pooled), thus making this approach much faster and more efficient than standard barcoding. Further testing of this database highlighted 80% of all samples could be discriminated to family level across all gene regions with some genes achieving greater resolution than others-which was also dependent on the taxon of interest. Thus, we demonstrate the importance of generating reference sequences across multiple chloroplast gene regions as no single loci are sufficient to discriminate across all plant groups. The targeted capture approach outlined in this study provides a way forward to achieve this.}, }
@article {pmid35427409, year = {2022}, author = {Wilke, ABB and Vasquez, C and Carvajal, A and Moreno, M and Petrie, WD and Beier, JC}, title = {Mosquito surveillance in maritime entry ports in Miami-Dade County, Florida to increase preparedness and allow the early detection of invasive mosquito species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {e0267224}, pmid = {35427409}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {U01CK000510/ACL/ACL HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; *Culex ; Florida/epidemiology ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control/methods ; Mosquito Vectors ; }, abstract = {Invasive mosquito vector species have been inadvertently transported to new areas by humans for decades. Strong evidence supports that monitoring maritime, terrestrial, and aerial points of entry is an essential part of the effort to curb the invasion and establishment of invasive vector mosquito species. Miami-Dade County, Florida is an important operational hub for the cruise ship industry and leisure boats that routinely visit nearby areas in the Caribbean, and freight cargo ships transporting goods from Miami-Dade to Caribbean countries and vice versa. To deal with the increasing public health concern, we hypothesized that mosquito surveillance in small- and medium-sized maritime ports of entry in Miami-Dade is crucial to allow the early detection of invasive mosquito species. Therefore, we have selected 12 small- and medium-sized maritime ports of entry in Miami-Dade County with an increased flow of people and commodities that were not covered by the current mosquito surveillance system. Collection sites were comprised of two distinct environments, four marinas with international traffic of leisure boats, and eight maintenance and commercial freight cargo ship ports. Mosquitoes were collected weekly at each of the 12 collection sites for 24 hours for 6 weeks in the Spring and then for 6 additional weeks in the Summer using BG-Sentinel traps. A total of 32,590 mosquitoes were collected, with Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti being the most abundant species totaling 19,987 and 11,247 specimens collected, respectively. Our results show that important mosquito vector species were present in great numbers in all of the 12 maritime ports of entry surveyed during this study. The relative abundance of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti was substantially higher in the commercial freight cargo ship ports than in the marinas. These results indicate that even though both areas are conducive for the proliferation of vector mosquitoes, the port area in the Miami River is especially suitable for the proliferation of vector mosquitoes. Therefore, this potentially allows the establishment of invasive mosquito species inadvertently brought in by cargo freights.}, }
@article {pmid35421185, year = {2022}, author = {Garuglieri, E and Booth, JM and Fusi, M and Yang, X and Marasco, R and Mbobo, T and Clementi, E and Sacchi, L and Daffonchio, D}, title = {Morphological characteristics and abundance of prokaryotes associated with gills in mangrove brachyuran crabs living along a tidal gradient.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {e0266977}, pmid = {35421185}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Gills ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Due to the chemico-physical differences between air and water, the transition from aquatic life to the land poses several challenges for animal evolution, necessitating morphological, physiological and behavioural adaptations. Microbial symbiosis is known to have played an important role in eukaryote evolution, favouring host adaptation under changing environmental conditions. We selected mangrove brachyuran crabs as a model group to investigate the prokaryotes associated with the gill of crabs dwelling at different tidal levels (subtidal, intertidal and supratidal). In these animals, the gill undergoes a high selective pressure, finely regulating multiple physiological functions during both animal submersion under and emersion from the periodical tidal events. We hypothesize that similarly to other marine animals, the gills of tidal crabs are consistently colonized by prokaryotes that may quantitatively change along the environmental gradient driven by the tides. Using electron microscopy techniques, we found a thick layer of prokaryotes over the gill surfaces of all of 12 crab species from the mangrove forests of Saudi Arabia, Kenya and South Africa. We consistently observed two distinct morphotypes (rod- and spherical-shaped), positioned horizontally and/or perpendicularly to the gill surface. The presence of replicating cells indicated that the prokaryote layer is actively growing on the gill surface. Quantitative analysis of scanning electron microscopy images and the quantification of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene by qPCR revealed a higher specific abundance of prokaryote cells per gill surface area in the subtidal species than those living in the supratidal zone. Our results revealed a correlation between prokaryote colonization of the gill surfaces and the host lifestyle. This finding indicates a possible role of prokaryote partnership within the crab gills, with potential effects on animal adaptation to different levels of the intertidal gradient present in the mangrove ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid35414902, year = {2022}, author = {Zhang, YJ and Song, W and Cao, LJ and Chen, JC and Hoffmann, AA and Wen, JB and Wei, SJ}, title = {Population differentiation and intraspecific genetic admixture in two Eucryptorrhynchus weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) across northern China.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e8806}, pmid = {35414902}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Increasing damage of pests in agriculture and forestry can arise both as a consequence of changes in local species and through the introduction of alien species. In this study, we used population genetics approaches to examine population processes of two pests of the tree-of-heaven trunk weevil (TTW), Eucryptorrhynchus brandti (Harold) and the tree-of-heaven root weevil (TRW), E. scrobiculatus (Motschulsky) on the tree-of-heaven across their native range of China. We analyzed the population genetics of the two weevils based on ten highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. Population genetic diversity analysis showed strong population differentiation among populations of each species, with F ST ranges from 0.0197 to 0.6650 and from -0.0724 to 0.6845, respectively. Populations from the same geographic areas can be divided into different genetic clusters, and the same genetic cluster contained populations from different geographic populations, pointing to dispersal of the weevils possibly being human-mediated. Redundancy analysis showed that the independent effects of environment and geography could account for 93.94% and 29.70% of the explained genetic variance in TTW, and 41.90% and 55.73% of the explained genetic variance in TRW, respectively, indicating possible impacts of local climates on population genetic differentiation. Our study helps to uncover population genetic processes of these local pest species with relevance to control methods.}, }
@article {pmid35414893, year = {2022}, author = {Diller, JGP and Drescher, S and Hofmann, M and Rabus, M and Feldhaar, H and Laforsch, C}, title = {The Beauty is a beast: Does leachate from the invasive terrestrial plant Impatiens glandulifera affect aquatic food webs?.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e8781}, pmid = {35414893}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive alien species are a major threat to ecosystems. Invasive terrestrial plants can produce allelochemicals which suppress native terrestrial biodiversity. However, it is not known if leached allelochemicals from invasive plants growing in riparian zones, such as Impatiens glandulifera, also affect freshwater ecosystems. We used mesocosms and laboratory experiments to test the impact of I. glandulifera on a simplified freshwater food web. Our mesocosm experiments show that leachate from I. glandulifera significantly reduced population growth rate of the water flea Daphnia magna and the green alga Acutodesmus obliquus, both keystone species of lakes and ponds. Laboratory experiments using the main allelochemical released by I. glandulifera, 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, revealed negative fitness effects in D. magna and A. obliquus. Our findings show that allelochemicals from I. glandulifera not only reduce biodiversity in terrestrial habitats but also pose a threat to freshwater ecosystems, highlighting the necessity to incorporate cross-ecosystem effects in the risk assessment of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid35414892, year = {2022}, author = {Desharnais, RA and Muchlinski, AE and Ortiz, JL and Alvidrez, RI and Gatza, BP}, title = {Timescale analyses of fluctuations in coexisting populations of a native and invasive tree squirrel.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e8779}, pmid = {35414892}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Competition from invasive species is an increasing threat to biodiversity. In Southern California, the western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus, WGS) is facing competition from the fox squirrel (Sciurus niger, FS), an invasive congener.We used spectral methods to analyze 140 consecutive monthly censuses of WGS and FS within a 11.3 ha section of the California Botanic Garden. Variation in the numbers for both species and their synchrony was distributed across long timescales (>15 months).After filtering out annual changes, concurrent mean monthly temperatures from nearby Ontario Airport yielded a spectrum with a large semi-annual peak and significant spectral power at long timescales (>28 months). The cospectrum between WGS numbers and temperature revealed a significant negative correlation at long timescales (>35 months). Cospectra also revealed significant negative correlations with temperature at a six-month timescale for both WGS and FS.Simulations from a model of two competing species indicate that the risk of extinction for the weaker competitor increases quickly as environmental noise shifts from short to long timescales.We analyzed the timescales of fluctuations in detrended mean annual temperatures for the time period 1915-2014 from 1218 locations across the continental USA. In the last two decades, significant shifts from short to long timescales have occurred, from <3 years to 4-6 years.Our results indicate that (i) population fluctuations in co-occurring native and invasive tree squirrels are synchronous, occur over long timescales, and may be driven by fluctuations in environmental conditions; (ii) long timescale population fluctuations increase the risk of extinction in competing species, especially for the inferior competitor; and (iii) the timescales of interannual environmental fluctuations may be increasing from recent historical values. These results have broad implications for the impact of climate change on the maintenance of biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid35412916, year = {2022}, author = {Finger-Higgens, R and Duniway, MC and Fick, S and Geiger, EL and Hoover, DL and Pfennigwerth, AA and Van Scoyoc, MW and Belnap, J}, title = {Decline in biological soil crust N-fixing lichens linked to increasing summertime temperatures.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {119}, number = {16}, pages = {e2120975119}, pmid = {35412916}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Ascomycota ; Bromus ; Bryophyta ; Droughts ; Ecosystem ; *Global Warming ; Introduced Species ; *Lichens ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Seasons ; *Soil Microbiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Biological soil crusts (biocrusts), comprised of mosses, lichens, and cyanobacteria, are key components to many dryland communities. Climate change and other anthropogenic disturbances are thought to cause a decline in mosses and lichens, yet few long-term studies exist to track potential shifts in these sensitive soil-surface communities. Using a unique long-term observational dataset from a temperate dryland with initial observations dating back to 1967, we examine the effects of 53 y of observed environmental variation and Bromus tectorum invasion on biocrust communities in a grassland never grazed by domestic livestock. Annual observations show a steep decline in N-fixing lichen cover (dominated by Collema species) from 1996 to 2002, coinciding with a period of extended drought, with Collema communities never able to recover. Declines in other lichen species were also observed, both in number of species present and by total cover, which were attributed to increasing summertime temperatures. Conversely, moss species gradually gained in cover over the survey years, especially following a large Bromus tectorum invasion at the study onset (ca. 1996 to 2001). These results support a growing body of studies that suggests climate change is a key driver in changes to certain components of late-successional biocrust communities. Results here suggest that warming may partially negate decades of protection from disturbance, with biocrust communities reaching a vital tipping point. The accelerated rate of ongoing warming observed in this study may have resulted in the loss of lichen cover and diversity, which could have long-term implications for global temperate dryland ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid35412647, year = {2022}, author = {Lear, L and Padfield, D and Inamine, H and Shea, K and Buckling, A}, title = {Disturbance-mediated invasions are dependent on community resource abundance.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {103}, number = {8}, pages = {e3728}, pmid = {35412647}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Bacteria ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Disturbances can facilitate biological invasions, with the associated increase in resource availability being a proposed cause. Here, we experimentally tested the interactive effects of disturbance regime (different frequencies of biomass removal at equal intensities) and resource abundance on invasion success using a factorial design containing five disturbance frequencies and three resource levels. We invaded populations of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens with two ecologically different invader morphotypes: a fast-growing "colonizer" type and a slower growing "competitor" type. As resident populations were altered by the treatments, we additionally tested their effect on invader success. Disturbance frequency and resource abundance interacted to affect the success of both invaders, but this interaction differed between the invader types. The success of the colonizer type was positively affected by disturbance under high resources but negatively under low. However, disturbance negatively affected the success of the competitor type under high resource abundance but not under low or medium. Resident population changes did not alter invader success beyond direct treatment effects. We therefore demonstrate that the same disturbance regime can either be beneficial or detrimental for an invader depending on both community resource abundance and its life history. These results may help to explain some of the inconsistencies found in the disturbance-invasion literature.}, }
@article {pmid35411661, year = {2022}, author = {Scarponi, D and Nawrot, R and Azzarone, M and Pellegrini, C and Gamberi, F and Trincardi, F and Kowalewski, M}, title = {Resilient biotic response to long-term climate change in the Adriatic Sea.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {28}, number = {13}, pages = {4041-4053}, pmid = {35411661}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; Fossils ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Preserving adaptive capacities of coastal ecosystems, which are currently facing the ongoing climate warming and a multitude of other anthropogenic impacts, requires an understanding of long-term biotic dynamics in the context of major environmental shifts prior to human disturbances. We quantified responses of nearshore mollusk assemblages to long-term climate and sea-level changes using 223 samples (~71,300 specimens) retrieved from latest Quaternary sediment cores of the Adriatic coastal systems. These cores provide a rare chance to study coastal systems that existed during glacial lowstands. The fossil mollusk record indicates that nearshore assemblages of the penultimate interglacial (Late Pleistocene) shifted in their faunal composition during the subsequent ice age, and then reassembled again with the return of interglacial climate in the Holocene. These shifts point to a climate-driven habitat filtering modulated by dispersal processes. The resilient, rather than persistent or stochastic, response of the mollusk assemblages to long-term environmental changes over at least 125 thousand years highlights the historically unprecedented nature of the ongoing anthropogenic stressors (e.g., pollution, eutrophication, bottom trawling, and invasive species) that are currently shifting coastal regions into novel system states far outside the range of natural variability archived in the fossil record.}, }
@article {pmid35411044, year = {2022}, author = {Pomerantz, A and Sahlin, K and Vasiljevic, N and Seah, A and Lim, M and Humble, E and Kennedy, S and Krehenwinkel, H and Winter, S and Ogden, R and Prost, S}, title = {Rapid in situ identification of biological specimens via DNA amplicon sequencing using miniaturized laboratory equipment.}, journal = {Nature protocols}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {1415-1443}, pmid = {35411044}, issn = {1750-2799}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; DNA/genetics ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; Humans ; *Nanopores ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; }, abstract = {In many parts of the world, human-mediated environmental change is depleting biodiversity faster than it can be characterized, while invasive species cause agricultural damage, threaten human health and disrupt native habitats. Consequently, the application of effective approaches for rapid surveillance and identification of biological specimens is increasingly important to inform conservation and biosurveillance efforts. Taxonomic assignments have been greatly advanced using sequence-based applications, such as DNA barcoding, a diagnostic technique that utilizes PCR and DNA sequence analysis of standardized genetic regions. However, in many biodiversity hotspots, endeavors are often hindered by a lack of laboratory infrastructure, funding for biodiversity research and restrictions on the transport of biological samples. A promising development is the advent of low-cost, miniaturized scientific equipment. Such tools can be assembled into functional laboratories to carry out genetic analyses in situ, at local institutions, field stations or classrooms. Here, we outline the steps required to perform amplicon sequencing applications, from DNA isolation to nanopore sequencing and downstream data analysis, all of which can be conducted outside of a conventional laboratory environment using miniaturized scientific equipment, without reliance on Internet connectivity. Depending on sample type, the protocol (from DNA extraction to full bioinformatic analyses) can be completed within 10 h, and with appropriate quality controls can be used for diagnostic identification of samples independent of core genomic facilities that are required for alternative methods.}, }
@article {pmid35410448, year = {2022}, author = {Myśliwy, I and Perec-Matysiak, A and Hildebrand, J}, title = {Invasive raccoon (Procyon lotor) and raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) as potential reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens: data review from native and introduced areas.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {126}, pmid = {35410448}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Anaplasma ; Animals ; Ehrlichia ; *Ehrlichiosis/epidemiology/microbiology/veterinary ; Raccoon Dogs ; Raccoons ; *Tick-Borne Diseases/epidemiology/microbiology/veterinary ; *Ticks ; }, abstract = {In recent decades, populations of the raccoon (Procyon lotor) and the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonides) have increased and adapted to peri-urban and urban environments in many parts of the world. Their ability to rapidly colonize new territories, high plasticity and behavioral adaptation has enabled these two species to be considered two of the most successful invasive alien species. One of the major threats arising from continually growing and expanding populations is their relevant role in maintaining and transmitting various vector-borne pathogens among wildlife, domestic animals and humans. According to the WHO, over 17% of infectious diseases are vector-borne diseases, including those transmitted by ticks. Every year tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) create new public health challenges. Some of the emerging diseases, such as Lyme borreliosis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis and rickettsiosis, have been described in recent years as posing important threats to global health. In this review we summarize current molecular and serological data on the occurrence, diversity and prevalence of some of the TBPs, namely Babesia, Theileria, Hepatozoon, Borrelia, Rickettsia, Bartonella, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia, that have been detected in raccoons and raccoon dogs that inhabit their native habitats and introduced areas. We draw attention to the limited data currently available on these invasive carnivores as potential reservoirs of TBPs in different parts of the world. Simultaneously we indicate the need for more research in order to better understand the epidemiology of these TBPs and to assess the future risk originating from wildlife.}, }
@article {pmid35410243, year = {2022}, author = {Delpero, A and Volpato, G}, title = {Integrated pond aquaculture and regional identity: ethnobiology of the golden humped tench of Poirino highlands, Northwest Italy.}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {31}, pmid = {35410243}, issn = {1746-4269}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; Biodiversity ; *Cyprinidae ; Ecosystem ; *Ponds ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Social-ecological systems are based on particular species and on their direct and human-mediated interactions. The 'golden humped tench' or tinca gobba dorata, a variety of tench-Tinca tinca (L., 1758)-traditionally bred in artificial ponds called peschiere in Poirino highlands, northwest Italy, is one of such species. The aim of the study is to investigate the traditional farming of the golden humped tench, the associated knowledge, practices, and gastronomy, and to discuss the changes that the tench, the ponds, and their role in the local social-ecological system are going through.<br><br>METHODS: The data analyzed were collected in different locations of Poirino highlands during May-September 2021. Fieldwork included semi-structured interviews (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;23) with current and former tench farmers about the breeding and gastronomy of the tench and the management of the peschiere. The interviewees' selection occurred through an exponential non-discriminative snowball sampling, and interview transcripts were qualitatively analyzed through inductive thematic content analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: The golden humped tench has been farmed for centuries in ponds used also to water livestock and to irrigate cultivated fields, and managed by every peasant household in the area. This integrated aquaculture system is underpinned by detailed knowledge on the peschiera ecosystem and on the tench life cycle and supports a gastronomic knowledge that is part of the local heritage. The ongoing process of gastronomic valorization of the tench is sustaining the role of the fish in locals' livelihoods and as a marker of regional identity, but it is also transforming tench farming, already threatened by livelihood change, pesticides, and invasive species, in controversial ways.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We argue that ponds and tenches are core elements of the local social-ecological system, defining the cultural landscape and engendering a form of regional identity around them. Studying integrated aquaculture systems and associated knowledge&#xa0;and practices is relevant to design sustainable systems of food production and to address possibilities of conservation of biodiversity and livelihoods in aquatic environments.}, }
@article {pmid35408688, year = {2022}, author = {Chalongkulasak, S and E-Kobon, T and Chumnanpuen, P}, title = {Prediction of Antibacterial Peptides against Propionibacterium acnes from the Peptidomes of Achatina fulica Mucus Fractions.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {27}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {35408688}, issn = {1420-3049}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Acne Vulgaris/drug therapy/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry ; Mucus/chemistry ; Peptides/chemistry ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/analysis ; *Propionibacterium acnes/metabolism ; Snails/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Acne vulgaris is a common skin disease mainly caused by the Gram-positive pathogenic bacterium, Propionibacterium acnes. This bacterium stimulates the inflammation process in human sebaceous glands. The giant African snail (Achatina fulica) is an alien species that rapidly reproduces and seriously damages agricultural products in Thailand. There were several research reports on the medical and pharmaceutical benefits of these snail mucus peptides and proteins. This study aimed to in silico predict multifunctional bioactive peptides from A. fulica mucus peptidome using bioinformatic tools for the determination of antimicrobial (iAMPpred), anti-biofilm (dPABBs), cytotoxic (ToxinPred) and cell-membrane-penetrating (CPPpred) peptides. Three candidate peptides with the highest predictive score were selected and re-designed/modified to improve the required activities. Structural and physicochemical properties of six anti-P. acnes (APA) peptide candidates were performed using the PEP-FOLD3 program and the four previous tools. All candidates had a random coiled structure and were named APAP-1 ori, APAP-2 ori, APAP-3 ori, APAP-1 mod, APAP-2 mod, and APAP-3 mod. To validate the APA activity, these peptide candidates were synthesized and tested against six isolates of P. acnes. The modified APA peptides showed high APA activity on three isolates. Therefore, our biomimetic mucus peptides could be useful for preventing acne vulgaris and further examined on other activities important to medical and pharmaceutical applications.}, }
@article {pmid35406949, year = {2022}, author = {Nešić, M and Obratov-Petković, D and Skočajić, D and Bjedov, I and Čule, N}, title = {Factors Affecting Seed Germination of the Invasive Species Symphyotrichum lanceolatum and Their Implication for Invasion Success.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {35406949}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {451-03-9/2022-14/200169//Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia/ ; //University of Belgrade - Faculty of Forestry/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive species Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) G. L. Nesom is spreading uncontrollably along wet habitats as well as in disturbed ecosystems. All those habitats function as corridors that facilitate seed dispersal. One way to prevent the spread of invasive species is to know their reproductive ecology. The present study evaluates the potential for generative reproduction of S. lanceolatum and determines how different temperatures, amounts of nutrients, and light regimes, affect seed germination. Seeds collected from 13 natural populations were germinated at four fluctuating temperature regimes (15/6, 20/10, 30/15, and 35/20 °C). To test the influence of nitrate on seed germination, two KNO3 concentrations were used (5 mM and 50 mM solution). For each treatment, three replicates of 30 seeds were placed in complete darkness or a 14 h photoperiod. The results showed that the germination increased with increasing temperature. The optimal temperature regimes were 30/15 °C and 35/20 °C with approximately 88% germination. The overall effect of KNO3 on germination was positive. The concentration of 50 mM KNO3 had a less stimulating effect compared to 5 mM KNO3. Seeds showed sensitivity to lack of light during germination but were able to germinate in a significant percentage in such conditions. Considering that S. lanceolatum often occurs in disturbed sites, these results suggest that seed reaction to alternating temperature, nutrients concentration, and light can be determining factors that affect seed germination of this species and, thus, its spread.}, }
@article {pmid35406878, year = {2022}, author = {Pepe, M and Crescente, MF and Varone, L}, title = {Effect of Water Stress on Physiological and Morphological Leaf Traits: A Comparison among the Three Widely-Spread Invasive Alien Species Ailanthus altissima, Phytolacca americana, and Robinia pseudoacacia.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {35406878}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) are a problem, especially in drought-prone environments such as the Mediterranean Basin where the exacerbation of the already severe conditions could constrain the native species acclimatation degree, creating new opportunities for IAS. Climate change may drive IAS expansions, even if different IAS can vary in their acclimatation response. Thus, it is important to obtain a broader insight of how the different IAS face abiotic stress. This research aimed to compare the effect of the imposed water stress on physiological and morphological leaf traits of Ailanthus altissima (AA), Robinia pseudoacacia (RP), and Phytolacca americana (PA), which are widely spread IAS in the Mediterranean Basin. Our results showed a species-dependent effect of the water stress at a physiological and morphological level, as well as an interaction between species and stress duration. Despite a common strategy characterized by low stomatal control of the photosynthesis, AA, PA, and RP differ in their sensitivity to water stress. In particular, even if AA was characterized by a more water-spending strategy, it was more resistant to water stress than PA and RP. In this view, the key factor was its plasticity to increase leaf mass per area (LMA) in response to water stress.}, }
@article {pmid35405868, year = {2022}, author = {Cartuyvels, E and Adriaens, T and Baert, K and Huysentruyt, F and Van Den Berge, K}, title = {Prevalence of Fox Tapeworm in Invasive Muskrats in Flanders (North Belgium).}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {35405868}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {RO_INBO//Flanders Environment Agency/ ; }, abstract = {One way in which invasive alien species affect their environment is by acting as pathogen hosts. Pathogens limited by the availability of the native host species can profit from the presence of additional hosts. The muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) is known to act as an intermediate host for the fox tapeworm (Echinococcus multilocularis). From 2009 to 2017, 15,402 muskrats caught in Flanders and across the border with Wallonia and France were collected and dissected with the aim of understanding the prevalence of this parasite in muskrats. Visual examination of the livers revealed 202 infected animals (1.31%). Out of the 9421 animals caught in Flanders, we found 82 individuals (0.87%) infected with E. multilocularis. No increase in prevalence was observed during this study. All of the infected animals in Flanders were found in municipalities along the Walloon border. We did not observe a northward spread of E. multilocularis infection from Wallonia to Flanders. We hypothesise that the low prevalence is the result of the reduced availability of intermediate hosts and the successful control programme which is keeping muskrat densities in the centre of the region at low levels and is preventing influx from other areas. Our results illustrate that muskrats are good sentinels for E. multilocularis and regular screening can gain valuable insight into the spread of this zoonosis.}, }
@article {pmid35403772, year = {2022}, author = {Gómez-Martínez, C and González-Estévez, MA and Cursach, J and Lázaro, A}, title = {Pollinator richness, pollination networks, and diet adjustment along local and landscape gradients of resource diversity.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, pages = {e2634}, pmid = {35403772}, issn = {1939-5582}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; *Coleoptera ; Diet ; Ecosystem ; Flowers ; Plants ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {Loss of habitats and native species, introduction of invasive species, and changing climate regimes lead to the homogenization of landscapes and communities, affecting the availability of habitats and resources for economically important guilds, such as pollinators. Understanding how pollinators and their interactions vary along resource diversity gradients at different scales may help to determine their adaptability to the current diversity loss related to global change. We used data on 20 plant-pollinator communities along gradients of flower richness (local diversity) and landscape heterogeneity (landscape diversity) to understand how the diversity of resources at local and landscape scales affected (1) wild pollinator abundance and richness (accounting also for honey bee abundance), (2) the structure of plant-pollinator networks, (3) the proportion of actively selected interactions (those not occurring by neutral processes), and (4) pollinator diet breadth and species' specialization in networks. Wild pollinator abundance was higher overall in flower-rich and heterogeneous habitats, while wild pollinator richness increased with flower richness (more strongly for beetles and wild bees) and decreased with honeybee abundance. Network specialization (H2 '), modularity, and functional complementarity were all positively related to floral richness and landscape heterogeneity, indicating niche segregation as the diversity of resources increases at both scales. Flower richness also increased the proportion of actively selected interactions (especially for wild bees and flies), whereas landscape heterogeneity had a weak negative effect on this variable. Overall, network-level metrics responded to larger landscape scales than pollinator-level metrics did. Higher floral richness resulted in a wider taxonomic and functional diet for all the study guilds, while functional diet increased mainly for beetles. Despite this, specialization in networks (d') increased with flower richness for all the study guilds, because pollinator species fed on a narrower subset of plants as communities became richer in species. Our study indicates that pollinators are able to adapt their diet to resource changes at local and landscape scales. However, resource homogenization might lead to poor and generalist pollinator communities, where functionally specialized interactions are lost. This study highlights the importance of including different scales to understand the effects of global change on pollination service through changes in resource diversity.}, }
@article {pmid35403769, year = {2022}, author = {Healy, BD and Budy, P and Conner, MM and Omana Smith, EC}, title = {Life and death in a dynamic environment: Invasive trout, floods, and intraspecific drivers of translocated populations.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, pages = {e2635}, pmid = {35403769}, issn = {1939-5582}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Floods ; *Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Rivers ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Understanding the relative strengths of intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulating populations is a long-standing focus of ecology and critical to advancing conservation programs for imperiled species. Conservation could benefit from an increased understanding of factors influencing vital rates (somatic growth, recruitment, survival) in small, translocated populations, which is lacking owing to difficulties in long-term monitoring of rare species. Translocations, here defined as the transfer of wild-captured individuals from source populations to new habitats, are widely used for species conservation, but outcomes are often minimally monitored, and translocations that are monitored often fail. To improve our understanding of how translocated populations respond to environmental variation, we developed and tested hypotheses related to intrinsic (density dependent) and extrinsic (introduced rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, stream flow and temperature regime) causes of vital rate variation in endangered humpback chub (Gila cypha) populations translocated to Colorado River tributaries in the Grand Canyon (GC), USA. Using biannual recapture data from translocated populations over 10 years, we tested hypotheses related to seasonal somatic growth, and recruitment and population growth rates with linear mixed-effects models and temporal symmetry mark-recapture models. We combined data from recaptures and resights of dispersed fish (both physical captures and continuously recorded antenna detections) from throughout GC to test survival hypotheses, while accounting for site fidelity, using joint live-recapture/live-resight models. While recruitment only occurred in one site, which also drove population growth (relative to survival), evidence supported hypotheses related to density dependence in growth, survival, and recruitment, and somatic growth and recruitment were further limited by introduced trout. Mixed-effects models explained between 67% and 86% of the variation in somatic growth, which showed increased growth rates with greater flood-pulse frequency during monsoon season. Monthly survival was 0.56-0.99 and 0.80-0.99 in the two populations, with lower survival during periods of higher intraspecific abundance and low flood frequency. Our results suggest translocations can contribute toward the recovery of large-river fishes, but continued suppression of invasive fishes to enhance recruitment may be required to ensure population resilience. Furthermore, we demonstrate the importance of flooding to population demographics in food-depauperate, dynamic, invaded systems.}, }
@article {pmid35403285, year = {2022}, author = {Keller, JA and Shea, K}, title = {Pest management in future climates: Warming reduces physical weed management effectiveness.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, pages = {e2633}, pmid = {35403285}, issn = {1939-5582}, mesh = {*Carduus ; Climate Change ; Pest Control ; Plant Weeds ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Climate change alters many aspects of weed performance and may also alter the effectiveness of management practices to control pests. Despite this concern, entire categories of widely used management practices, such as physical control, remain understudied in this context. We conducted a field experiment growing the invasive pest musk thistle (Carduus nutans) at ambient and experimentally elevated temperatures. We tested mowing management strategies that varied in the timing of a single mowing event relative to thistles' stem elongation phenology and compared these with an unmowed control. Results from this experiment informed demographic models to project population growth rates for different warming/mowing scenarios. Compared to plants grown under ambient conditions, warmed thistles were more likely to survive the same mowing treatment, flowered earlier in the season, grew to taller heights, and produced more flowering capitula. Proportional reductions in plant height and capitulum production caused by mowing were smaller under warming. Warming did not change the relative ranking of mowing treatments; mowing late in the growing season (2 weeks after individuals first reached a height of 40 cm) was most effective at ambient temperatures and under warming. Warming caused significant increases in projected local population growth rate for all mowing treatments. For invasive musk thistle, warmed individuals outperformed individuals grown at ambient temperatures across all the mowing treatments we considered. Our results suggest that to achieve outcomes comparable to those attainable at today's temperatures, farmers will need to apply supplemental management, possibly including additional mowing effort or alternative practices such as chemical control. We recommend that scientists test management practices under experimental warming, where possible, and that managers monitor ongoing management to identify changes in effectiveness. Information about changes in managed weeds' mortality, fecundity, and phenology can then be used to make informed decisions in future climates.}, }
@article {pmid35401616, year = {2022}, author = {Huang, P and Shen, F and Abbas, A and Wang, H and Du, Y and Du, D and Hussain, S and Javed, T and Alamri, S}, title = {Effects of Different Nitrogen Forms and Competitive Treatments on the Growth and Antioxidant System of Wedelia trilobata and Wedelia chinensis Under High Nitrogen Concentrations.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {851099}, pmid = {35401616}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Nitrogen (N) is one of the essential nutrients for plant growth. Appropriate application of N can improve the N use efficiency (NUE) and significantly promote plants' growth. However, under N toxic conditions, the relationship between the growth and antioxidant system of invasive plants under different N forms and competitive treatments is not fully understood. Therefore, in this study, the performance of invasive species Wedelia trilobata and its native species Wedelia chinensis was evaluated under two sets of N forms and ratios, namely, NH4 [+]-N(AN)/NO3 [-]-N(NN) = 2:1 and NH4 [+]-N(AN)/NO3 [-]-N(NN) = 1:2 along with two intraspecific and interspecific competitions under without N and high N level of 15 g N⋅m[-2] year[-1], respectively. Data regarding the growth indices, antioxidant enzyme activities, including peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and proline contents were determined. Results showed that for competitive treatments, growth status was better for interspecific competition than intraspecific competition. The plant biomass of W. trilobata was significantly higher than that of W. chinensis. N significantly promoted the plants' growth in terms of leaf area and biomass yield, and the antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly increased under a high N treatment than that of the control. Among N forms/ratios, ammonium N (AN)/nitrate N (NN) = 2:1 significantly enhanced the enzyme activity, particularly in W. trilobata. Furthermore, for intraspecific competition, MDA contents of W. trilobata were significantly decreased compared to that of W. chinensis. In conclusion, our results showed that W. trilobata adapted well under competitive conditions through better growth and antioxidant defense system.}, }
@article {pmid35401595, year = {2022}, author = {Pepe, M and Gratani, L and Crescente, MF and Puglielli, G and Varone, L}, title = {Daily Temperature Effect on Seedling Growth Dynamic of Three Invasive Alien Species.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {837449}, pmid = {35401595}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {A greater relative growth rate (RGR) is positively correlated with a species' ability to deploy a larger leaf area either due to a greater total number of leaves (LN) in the canopy or due to an average size of individual leaves (LA). This study aimed to analyze and compare, (1) the temporal (i.e., daily) RGR, leaf production rate (LPR), and leaf area production rate (LAPR) changes during the early growth stages of three among the most invasive species in the world, namely, Ailanthus altissima, Phytolacca americana, and Robinia pseudoacacia. (2) the interspecific differences in the relationship between RGR, LPR, LAPR, and mean daily air temperature. Our results show that growth dynamics as a function of temperature differ between invasive alien species (IAS). While these differences are partly explained by differences due to the growth form of the investigated species, the three IAS have a different behavior to adjust RGR, LPR, and LAPR with air temperature changes even within the same growth form, and in agreement with species habitat requirements in their native range. In conclusion, the results help disentangle the relative role of RGR, LPR, and LAPR in defining non-native species growth responses to mean daily air temperature also in relation to a species' growth form.}, }
@article {pmid35400976, year = {2022}, author = {Galvanese, EF and Costa, APL and Araújo, ES and Falkievicz, BC and de Melo, GGV and Vitule, JRS and Padial, AA}, title = {Community stability and seasonal biotic homogenisation emphasize the effect of the invasive tropical tanner grass on macrophytes from a highly dynamic neotropical tidal river.}, journal = {Aquatic sciences}, volume = {84}, number = {2}, pages = {30}, pmid = {35400976}, issn = {1015-1621}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: We described the spatial and temporal dynamics of aquatic macrophytes in a Neotropical coastal estuarine river, and identified the negative effects associated to the presence and dominance of the invasive tanner grass. We compared macrophyte beds along the Guaraguaçu River (South Brazil) over four years, using taxonomic and functional dimensions. Biodiversity descriptors were higher in the driest periods compared to the rainiest, although this difference seems to be decreasing over the studied years. Moreover, the spatial organization of biodiversity and community structure slightly changed over time. Such spatial community stability was highlighted by the dominance of the highly invasive tanner grass. In beds dominated by the invasive species, the biodiversity was reduced. As aquatic macrophytes represent an important group in water bodies, the long-term loss of seasonal differences in community structuring is of concern, mainly regarding its potential to impact other groups and ecosystem functioning. By analysing data from standardized monitoring, we were able to identify a poorly discussed facet of biotic homogenisation-the seasonal homogenisation. We also discussed the impact of massive development of invasive species and its consequences for biodiversity in a Neotropical river of outmost importance for biological conservation.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00027-022-00858-3.}, }
@article {pmid35398434, year = {2022}, author = {Renault, D and Hess, MCM and Braschi, J and Cuthbert, RN and Sperandii, MG and Bazzichetto, M and Chabrerie, O and Thiébaut, G and Buisson, E and Grandjean, F and Bittebiere, AK and Mouchet, M and Massol, F}, title = {Advancing biological invasion hypothesis testing using functional diversity indices.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {834}, number = {}, pages = {155102}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155102}, pmid = {35398434}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Research Design ; }, abstract = {Pioneering investigations on the effects of introduced populations on community structure, ecosystem functioning and services have focused on the effects of invaders on taxonomic diversity. However, taxonomic-based diversity metrics overlook the heterogeneity of species roles within and among communities. As the homogenizing effects of biological invasions on community and ecosystem processes can be subtle, they may require the use of functional diversity indices to be properly evidenced. Starting from the listing of major functional diversity indices, alongside the presentation of their strengths and limitations, we focus on studies pertaining to the effects of invasive species on native communities and recipient ecosystems using functional diversity indices. By doing so, we reveal that functional diversity of the recipient community may strongly vary at the onset of the invasion process, while it stabilizes at intermediate and high levels of invasion. As functional changes occurring during the lag phase of an invasion have been poorly investigated, we show that it is still unknown whether there are consistent changes in functional diversity metrics that could indicate the end of the lag phase. Thus, we recommend providing information on the invasion stage under consideration when computing functional diversity metrics. For the existing literature, it is also surprising that very few studies explored the functional difference between organisms from the recipient communities and invaders of the same trophic levels, or assessed the effects of non-native organism establishment into a non-analogue versus an analogue community. By providing valuable tools for obtaining in-depth diagnostics of community structure and functioning, functional diversity indices can be applied for timely implementation of restoration plans and improved conservation strategies. To conclude, our work provides a first synthetic guide for their use in hypothesis testing in invasion biology.}, }
@article {pmid35397627, year = {2022}, author = {Newete, SW and Abutaleb, K and Byrne, MJ}, title = {Mapping the distribution and tree canopy cover of Jacaranda mimosifolia and Platanus × acerifolia in Johannesburg's urban forest.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {5998}, pmid = {35397627}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bignoniaceae ; Forests ; South Africa ; Trees ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {This study investigated the distribution and the tree canopy cover (TCC) of the two most prominent street trees (Jacaranda mimosifolia and Platanus × acerifolia) in Johannesburg, using the multispectral SPOT 6 satellite data and field survey GPS points. The importance of the spectral bands (Blue, Green, Red and NIR) and the NDVI index in discriminating between the tree species was quantified using five separability indices (Divergence, Bhattacharyya, Transformed Divergence, Jeffries-Matusita and M-statistic). The visual comparison of the Blue band and the NDVI histograms between the two species and other vegetation type showed the lowest feature overlap, suggesting the highest separability between paired classes. This was further supported by the highest Divergence value for the Blue band (3.68) and NDVI index (2.48) followed by the M-statistic (0.8 and 0.73, respectively) indicating good to moderate separability between the two species, respectively. The results were also consistent with the RF classification where the Blue band and NDVI index were the most important variables for the discrimination between the two species with an overall accuracy of 88% (kappa = 8). The TCC of J. mimosifolia and P. × acerifolia constituted 38% of the total vegetation cover in the city. These findings not only would help prioritize the increase of targeted vegetation cover in low cover areas, but will also provide a valuable information for assessment and protection of vulnerable species such as P. × acerifolia from the threat of the polyphagous shot hole borer, Euwallacea fornicatus in Johannesburg.}, }
@article {pmid35397481, year = {2022}, author = {Pepin, KM and Davis, AJ and Epanchin-Niell, RS and Gormley, AM and Moore, JL and Smyser, TJ and Shaffer, HB and Kendall, WL and Shea, K and Runge, MC and McKee, S}, title = {Optimizing management of invasions in an uncertain world using dynamic spatial models.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, pages = {e2628}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2628}, pmid = {35397481}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Dispersal drives invasion dynamics of nonnative species and pathogens. Applying knowledge of dispersal to optimize the management of invasions can mean the difference between a failed and a successful control program and dramatically improve the return on investment of control efforts. A common approach to identifying optimal management solutions for invasions is to optimize dynamic spatial models that incorporate dispersal. Optimizing these spatial models can be very challenging because the interaction of time, space, and uncertainty rapidly amplifies the number of dimensions being considered. Addressing such problems requires advances in and the integration of techniques from multiple fields, including ecology, decision analysis, bioeconomics, natural resource management, and optimization. By synthesizing recent advances from these diverse fields, we provide a workflow for applying ecological theory to advance optimal management science and highlight priorities for optimizing the control of invasions. One of the striking gaps we identify is the extremely limited consideration of dispersal uncertainty in optimal management frameworks, even though dispersal estimates are highly uncertain and greatly influence invasion outcomes. In addition, optimization frameworks rarely consider multiple types of uncertainty (we describe five major types) and their interrelationships. Thus, feedbacks from management or other sources that could magnify uncertainty in dispersal are rarely considered. Incorporating uncertainty is crucial for improving transparency in decision risks and identifying optimal management strategies. We discuss gaps and solutions to the challenges of optimization using dynamic spatial models to increase the practical application of these important tools and improve the consistency and robustness of management recommendations for invasions.}, }
@article {pmid35397185, year = {2022}, author = {Syphard, AD and Brennan, TJ and Rustigian-Romsos, H and Keeley, JE}, title = {Fire-driven vegetation type conversion in Southern California.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, pages = {e2626}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2626}, pmid = {35397185}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; California ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Geography ; Humans ; Soil ; }, abstract = {One consequence of global change causing widespread concern is the possibility of ecosystem conversions from one type to another. A classic example of this is vegetation type conversion (VTC) from native woody shrublands to invasive annual grasslands in the biodiversity hotspot of Southern California. Although the significance of this problem is well recognized, understanding where, how much, and why this change is occurring remains elusive owing to differences in results from studies conducted using different methods, spatial extents, and scales. Disagreement has arisen particularly over the relative importance of short-interval fires in driving these changes. Chronosequence approaches that use space for time to estimate changes have produced different results than studies of changes at a site over time. Here we calculated the percentage woody and herbaceous cover across Southern California using air photos from ~1950 to 2019. We assessed the extent of woody cover change and the relative importance of fire history, topography, soil moisture, and distance to human infrastructure in explaining change across a hierarchy of spatial extents and regions. We found substantial net decline in woody cover and expansion of herbaceous vegetation across all regions, but the most dramatic changes occurred in the northern interior and southern coastal areas. Variables related to frequent, short-interval fire were consistently top ranked as the explanation for shrub to grassland type conversion, but low soil moisture and topographic complexity were also strong correlates. Despite the consistent importance of fire, there was substantial geographical variation in the relative importance of drivers, and these differences resulted in different mapped predictions of VTC. This geographical variation is important to recognize for management decision-making and, in addition to differences in methodological design, may also partly explain differences in previous study results. The overwhelming importance of short-interval fire has management implications. It suggests that actions should be directed away from imposing fires to preventing fires. Prevention can be controlled through management actions that limit ignitions, fire spread, and the damage sustained in areas that do burn. This study also demonstrates significant potential for changing fire regimes to drive large-scale, abrupt ecological change.}, }
@article {pmid35397129, year = {2022}, author = {Davis, AJ and Farrar, R and Jump, B and Hall, P and Guerrant, T and Pepin, KM}, title = {An efficient method of evaluating multiple concurrent management actions on invasive populations.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, pages = {e2623}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2623}, pmid = {35397129}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Data Collection ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Swine ; }, abstract = {Evaluating the efficacy of management actions to control invasive species is crucial for maintaining funding and to provide feedback for the continual improvement of management efforts. However, it is often difficult to assess the efficacy of control methods due to limited resources for monitoring. Managers may view effort on monitoring as effort taken away from performing management actions. We developed a method to estimate invasive species abundance, evaluate management effectiveness, and evaluate population growth over time from a combination of removal activities (e.g., trapping, ground shooting) using only data collected during removal efforts (method of removal, date, location, number of animals removed, and effort). This dynamic approach allows for abundance estimation at discrete time points and the estimation of population growth between removal periods. To test this approach, we simulated over 1 million conditions, including varying the length of the study, the size of the area examined, the number of removal events, the capture rates, and the area impacted by removal efforts. Our estimates were unbiased (within 10% of truth) 81% of the time and were correlated with truth 91% of the time. This method performs well overall and, in particular, at monitoring trends in abundances over time. We applied this method to removal data from Mingo National Wildlife Refuge in Missouri from December 2015 to September 2019, where the management objective is elimination. Populations of feral swine on Mingo NWR have fluctuated over time but showed marked declines in the last 3-6 months of the time series corresponding to increased removal pressure. Our approach allows for the estimation of population growth across time (from both births and immigration) and therefore, provides a target removal rate (above that of the population growth) to ensure the population will decline. In Mingo NWR, the target monthly removal rate is 18% to cause a population decline. Our method provides advancement over traditional removal modeling approaches because it can be applied to evaluate management programs that use a broad range of removal techniques concurrently and whose management effort and spatial coverage vary across time.}, }
@article {pmid35396865, year = {2022}, author = {Elliot Noe, E and Innes, J and Barnes, AD and Joshi, C and Clarkson, BD}, title = {Habitat provision is a major driver of native bird communities in restored urban forests.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {7}, pages = {1444-1457}, pmid = {35396865}, issn = {1365-2656}, support = {UOWX1601//Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment/ ; //University of Waikato/ ; //Faculty of Science and Engineering Student Trust fund/ ; //University of Waikato George Mason Charitable Trust Scholarship/ ; //Trust Waikato Student Community Grant/ ; //Puke Ariki George Mason Charitable Trust Scholarship/ ; //Forest and Bird Valder Conservation Grants/ ; //David Medway Scholarship/ ; //Birds New Zealand Research Funds/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Birds ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Ecosystem ; *Forests ; Mammals ; Rats ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Urbanization, and the drastic loss of habitat it entails, poses a major threat to global avian biodiversity. Ecological restoration of urban forests is therefore increasingly vital for native bird conservation, but control of invasive predators may also be needed to sustain native bird populations in cities where species invasions have been particularly severe. We evaluated restoration success by investigating changes in native bird communities along a restoration chronosequence of 25 restored urban forests representing 72 years of forest development, which we compared to two target reference systems and a control system. We hypothesized that total species richness and relative abundance of native forest birds would increase with the age of restoration planting. We further hypothesized that relative abundance of rats, possums and cats would negatively impact native birds, while amount of native forest in the surrounding landscape would have a positive effect. We used structural equation modelling (SEM) to investigate the relative influence of forest structure (complexity index, tree height, canopy openness, basal area, species richness and density), landscape attributes (patch area, perimeter length, landscape composition within three buffer zones, distance to the nearest road and water source) and invasive mammalian predator indices of relative abundance on total species richness and relative abundance of native forest birds. Species richness increased with age of restoration planting, with community composition progressing towards that found in target reference systems. SEM revealed that years restored was a direct driver of bird species richness but an indirect driver of abundance, which was directly driven by canopy openness. Contrary to our predictions, invasive mammals had no significant effect on native bird species richness or abundance. Our results demonstrate that provision and improvement of habitat quantity and quality through restoration is the vital first step to re-establishing native forest bird communities in cities.}, }
@article {pmid35396827, year = {2022}, author = {Jiang, S and He, LM and He, W and Zhao, HY and Yang, XM and Yang, XQ and Wu, KM}, title = {Effects of X-ray irradiation on the fitness of the established invasive pest fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {78}, number = {7}, pages = {2806-2815}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6903}, pmid = {35396827}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Crop Varietal Improvement and Insect Pests Control by Nuclear Radiation/ ; //Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Infertility ; Insect Control/methods ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/radiation effects ; Male ; Pupa/radiation effects ; *Spodoptera/radiation effects ; X-Rays ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Spodoptera frugiperda has spread to Africa, Asia, and Oceania, posing a serious threat to global agriculture. We estimated the appropriate dose of X-ray sterilization for S. frugiperda using an X-ray irradiation instrument to investigate environmentally acceptable control techniques, laying the framework for future applications of sterile insect technology (SIT) to manage the pest environmentally-friendly.<br><br>RESULTS: This study is the first to investigate the effects of X-ray irradiation on the growth, development, survival, reproduction, and flight of S. frugiperda. The results showed that irradiation with 50-400&#x2009;Gy had no significant effect on pupal eclosion, but females were more sensitive than males in terms of reproductive parameters, especially when doses of radiation were >&#x2009;350&#x2009;Gy. After irradiation with a sub-sterilizing dose of 250&#x2009;Gy, the parental sterility rate was >&#x2009;85%, and the sterility traits could be passed on to their offspring, resulting in a continuous decrease in the population of F1 and F2 generations.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our laboratory experiments theoretically confirmed the feasibility of SIT for controlling S. frugiperda in the field using X-ray radiation. This study provides a theoretical basis for future regional pest management strategies. &#xa9; 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid35396496, year = {2022}, author = {Schär, S and Talavera, G and Rana, JD and Espadaler, X and Cover, SP and Shattuck, SO and Vila, R}, title = {Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in North American Lasius ants, and an overlooked introduced species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {5970}, pmid = {35396496}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {P2SKP3_161677/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a grave threat to ecosystems. The black garden ant (Lasius niger) is a pest species in Europe. Current literature states that L. niger occupies a disjunct native distribution in the Holarctic, however, based on recent work, we re-evaluate this distribution. The native range of L. niger is reconsidered based on phylogenetic relationships (nine mitochondrial and nuclear markers, 5670 bp), DNA-barcoding (98 Holarctic specimens), morphometry (88 Holarctic specimens, 19 different measurements) and subjective assessment of phenotype. The potential spread of this species is estimated using ecological niche modeling. Lasius niger is more closely related to other Palearctic species than to the Nearctic ants known under this name. The latter are described as a distinct species, L. ponderosae sp. nov. However, DNA-barcoding discovered established populations of L. niger in metropolitan areas in Canada (Vancouver and Halifax). We describe a morphometrical method to delineate L. ponderosae sp. nov. and L. niger. MtDNA diversity and divergence is high within L. ponderosae sp. nov., but low within L. niger. More than 1,000,000 km[2] are suitable as a habitat for L. niger in North America. This case emphasizes the critical role of integrative taxonomy to detect cryptic species and identify potential biological invasions in their nascent stages.}, }
@article {pmid35395504, year = {2022}, author = {Bertolino, M and Costa, G and Ruocco, N and Esposito, R and De Matteo, S and Zagami, G and Costantini, M}, title = {First certain record of Demospongiae class (Porifera) alien species from the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Marine genomics}, volume = {63}, number = {}, pages = {100951}, doi = {10.1016/j.margen.2022.100951}, pmid = {35395504}, issn = {1876-7478}, mesh = {Animals ; Caribbean Region ; *Haliclona/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Porifera/genetics ; }, abstract = {In this paper, we identify some sponge specimens collected in the Faro Lake in Sicily, and belonging to Haliclona (Halicoclona) by using morphological analysis accompanied by molecular analysis through amplification of several molecular markers (18S and 28S rRNA, CO1 and ITS). The samples are identified as. H. (Halichoclona) vansoesti de Weerdt, de Kluijver &amp; Gómez, 1999, a species native to the Caribbean, and therefore this is the first record of an alien species of the Demospongiae class (Porifera) from the Mediterranean Sea. This presence can be ascribed as results of global change (mainly global warming) that are affecting marine environment.}, }
@article {pmid35394536, year = {2022}, author = {Ebbenga, DN and Burkness, EC and Hutchison, WD}, title = {Optimizing the Use of Semiochemical-Based Traps for Efficient Monitoring of Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): Validation of a Volumetric Approach.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {115}, number = {3}, pages = {869-876}, pmid = {35394536}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Insect Control/methods ; Japan ; Minnesota ; Pheromones ; }, abstract = {Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, is an invasive insect, native to Japan. The species was detected in the United States in New Jersey in 1916, and then first confirmed in Minnesota in 1968. Since their arrival, P. japonica has become a major pest in turfgrass and several crop agroecosystems. As P. japonica continues to spread throughout the U.S., it's important to discover more efficient ways to monitor adult populations. In 2018-2020, due to the high volume of P. japonica beetles collected in traps, a comparison of weight and volume calibration methods was conducted in Minnesota. Each method yielded a strong goodness of fit with counts of beetles captured. However, with a goal of cost-effective use of traps and in-field estimates, the volume-based approach was the preferred, most efficient method. In addition, a comparison of monitoring systems was conducted to observe differences in trap type, lure age, and check interval. Results from these studies indicate a standard green/yellow trap, and multi-component, semiochemical-based lure used for the duration of the P. japonica flight period, and a weekly check interval will minimize sampling time and resources, while providing accurate population estimates. In addition, results from these studies will benefit growers and researchers as they continue to explore integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for P. japonica. More importantly, by reducing the time required to quantify trap catches and rebait traps, these results may also facilitate area-wide tracking of P. japonica populations in newly invaded regions.}, }
@article {pmid35391487, year = {2022}, author = {Butterwort, V and Dansby, H and Zink, FA and Tembrock, LR and Gilligan, TM and Godoy, A and Braswell, WE and Kawahara, AY}, title = {A DNA Extraction Method for Insects From Sticky Traps: Targeting a Low Abundance Pest, Phthorimaea absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in Mixed Species Communities.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {115}, number = {3}, pages = {844-851}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toac046}, pmid = {35391487}, issn = {1938-291X}, support = {//United States Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Farm Bill Section 10007/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Crops, Agricultural ; Ecosystem ; Insecta ; *Lepidoptera ; *Solanum lycopersicum ; *Moths ; }, abstract = {Invasive insects can cause catastrophic damage to ecosystems and cost billions of dollars each year due to management expenses and lost revenue. Rapid detection is an important step to prevent invasive insects from spreading, but improvements in detection capabilities are needed for bulk collections like those from sticky traps. Here we present a bulk DNA extraction method designed for the detection of Phthorimaea absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), an invasive moth that can decimate tomato crops. We test the extraction method for insect specimens on sticky traps, subjected to different temperature and humidity conditions, and among mock insect communities left in the field for up to 21 d. We find that the extraction method yielded high success (>92%) in recovering target DNA across field and lab trials, without a decline in recovery after three weeks, across all treatments. These results may have a large impact on tomato growing regions where P. absoluta is in the early stages of invasion or not yet present. The extraction method can also be used to improve detection capabilities for other bulk insect collections, especially those using sticky traps, to the benefit of pest surveys and biodiversity studies.}, }
@article {pmid35391335, year = {2022}, author = {Nabozhenko, MV and Chigray, IA and Ntatsopoulos, K and Papadopoulou, A}, title = {A key to Russian and Eastern European species of Blaps Fabricius, 1775 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Blaptinae) with the description of a new species from the North Caucasus supported by morphological and molecular data.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5116}, number = {2}, pages = {267-291}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5116.2.5}, pmid = {35391335}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Russia ; *Spiders ; }, abstract = {A new species is described from the Central part of the North Caucasus (Russia): Blaps caucasica M. Nabozhenko et I. Chigray sp. n. This taxon was interpreted earlier as B. scabriuscula subalpina Mntris, 1832, but both our morphological and molecular genetic analyses showed that it is in fact a separate new species. The following new synonymies are proposed: Blaps verrucosa Adams, 1817 = Blaps scabriuscula Mntris, 1832 syn. n., = Blaps montana Motschulsky, 1839 syn. n.; Blaps lethifera Marsham, 1802 = Blaps pterotapha Mntris, 1832 syn. n. The rank of one species is reinstated: Blaps subalpina Mntris, 1832 stat. resurr. The name Blaps sinuatocollis Solier, 1848 was unambiguously proposed for an infrasubspecific entity and must be excluded from zoological nomenclature. A phylogenetic hypothesis was reconstructed using mitochondrial Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences for some closely related taxa from the North Caucasus and Ciscaucasia: B. caucasica sp. n., B. lethifera, B. subalpina and B. verrucosa. The resulting tree supports the assignment of two specimens from the Lower Don area (Rostov Region of Russia), earlier interpreted as B. scabriuscula subalpina, to B. lethifera. All known Blaps from Russia and Eastern Europe (countries of the former USSR) are illustrated, and keys on males and females are provided. The status of an invasive species Blaps aff. oblonga Kraatz, 1883 from South Siberia is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid35391325, year = {2022}, author = {Rsch, V and Marques, E and Miralles-Nez, A and Zahniser, JN and Wilson, MR}, title = {Draeculacephala robinsoni Hamilton, 1967 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae), a newly introduced species and genus in Europe with comments on its identification.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5116}, number = {3}, pages = {439-448}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5116.3.8}, pmid = {35391325}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Vectors ; Europe ; *Hemiptera ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {For the first time in the Palaearctic Region, the New World leafhopper genus Draeculacephala Ball (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) has been recorded in France (Pyrenes-Orientales) and Spain (Catalonia). The species present in both countries is Draeculacephala robinsoni Hamilton 1967, among the most common and widespread species of the genus Draeculacephala in eastern North America. Comments on the identification of this species are presented. The species already seems to be firmly established in the region since it has been found in 11 different sites with a maximum distance of 86 km between them. Since the genus has been reported to be a vector of plant pathogens including Xylella fastidiosa its further spread in Europe should be closely monitored.}, }
@article {pmid35391235, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, W and Durden, LA and Shao, R}, title = {A new species of sucking louse (Psocodea: Phthiraptera: Anoplura: Hoplopleuridae) from the pale field rat, Rattus tunneyi (Rodentia: Muridae), in Australia.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5091}, number = {3}, pages = {477-486}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5091.3.7}, pmid = {35391235}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anoplura ; Australia/epidemiology ; Introduced Species ; Muridae ; Neoptera ; *Phthiraptera ; Rats ; Rodentia ; }, abstract = {We describe and illustrate a new species of sucking louse, Hoplopleura tunneya new species, from the Australian pale field rat, Rattus tunneyi Thomas (Rodentia: Muridae). Currently, 22 species of the genus Hoplopleura Enderlein, 1904 (Phthiraptera: Anoplura: Hoplopleuridae) are known from Australian endemic rodents. Among the seven new endemic rodent species of the genus Rattus in Australia, R. tunneyi is one of five hosts to Hoplopleura lice. In addition, we give a list of all the species of Hoplopleura known from Australian endemic rodents. Including the introduced species Polyplax spinulosa, the total number of sucking louse species known from Australian endemic rodents is now 24.}, }
@article {pmid35390392, year = {2022}, author = {Mor, JR and Ciampittiello, M and Brignone, S and Jeppesen, E and Volta, P}, title = {Fish communities in Italian sub-alpine lakes: Non-native species and anthropogenic pressures increase community dissimilarities.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {832}, number = {}, pages = {154959}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154959}, pmid = {35390392}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthropogenic Effects ; Ecosystem ; Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; }, abstract = {In European lakes, anthropogenic pressures have increased significantly since the 1950s, facilitating colonisation by non-native species and increasing the potential for further invasions. Here, we determined the effects of anthropogenic pressures (i.e., habitat alterations and introduction of non-native species) on the fish communities of Italian sub-alpine lakes. We hypothesised that established non-native species would have more competitive traits against anthropogenic stressors, such as habitat alteration, than native species. Thus, we expected that non-native species would dominate lake communities and reduce native species occurrence and abundance depending on the degree of anthropogenic alterations. Overall, we predicted that the increase in anthropogenic pressures after the 1950s had led to homogenisation of the fish communities of the lakes in the region. We tested these hypotheses using data on 15 sub-alpine lakes, covering a broad geographical and morphological gradient, and compared the 2007-2014 fish community composition (sampled according to the CEN protocol plus point-abundance electrofishing) with variables of lake habitat and anthropogenic pressures (based on the Lake Habitat Survey, a method to evaluate the hydromorphological conditions of lakes according to the European Water Framework Directive) and fish communities before 1950, the latter based on bibliographic information. Following our hypothesis, non-native species showed higher prevalence of traits that increase their competitiveness against anthropogenic alterations (e.g., tolerance to pollution). In addition to lake morphology, the community composition of non-native fish determined as abundance (NPUE) and biomass (BPUE) was positively related to anthropogenic pressures. Since the 1950s, 19 non-native species have colonised the Italian sub-alpine lakes, and the occurrence of native species has decreased by ~27%. However, contrary to our expectation, these changes have increased the β-diversity of the fish communities in the lakes.}, }
@article {pmid35390099, year = {2022}, author = {Wijethunga, U and Greenlees, M and Elphick, M and Shine, R}, title = {No evidence for cold-adapted life-history traits in cool-climate populations of invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {e0266708}, pmid = {35390099}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufo marinus/physiology ; *Climate ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Phylogeny ; Water ; }, abstract = {As an invasive organism spreads into a novel environment, it may encounter strong selective pressures to adapt to abiotic and biotic challenges. We examined the effect of water temperature during larval life on rates of survival and growth of the early life-history stages of cane toads (Rhinella marina) from two geographic regions (tropical vs. temperate) in the species' invaded range in eastern Australia. If local adaptation at the southern (cool-climate) invasion front has extended the cold-tolerance of early life-stages, we would expect to see higher viability of southern-population toads under cooler conditions. Our comparisons revealed no such divergence: the effects of water temperature on rates of larval survival and growth, time to metamorphosis, size at metamorphosis and locomotor performance of metamorphs were similar in both sets of populations. In two cases where tropical and temperate-zone populations diverged in responses to temperature, the tropical animals performed better at low to medium temperatures than did conspecifics from cooler regions. Adaptation to low temperatures in the south might be constrained by behavioural shifts (e.g., in reproductive seasonality, spawning-site selection) that allow toads to breed in warmer water even in cool climates, by gene flow from warmer-climate populations, or by phylogenetic conservatism in these traits.}, }
@article {pmid35388965, year = {2022}, author = {Lind, L and Eckstein, RL and Relyea, RA}, title = {Direct and indirect effects of climate change on distribution and community composition of macrophytes in lentic systems.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {97}, number = {4}, pages = {1677-1690}, pmid = {35388965}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Lakes/chemistry ; Water ; }, abstract = {Macrophytes are an important part of freshwater ecosystems and they have direct and indirect roles in keeping the water clear and providing structure and habitats for other aquatic organisms. Currently, climate change is posing a major threat to macrophyte communities by altering the many drivers that determine macrophyte abundance and composition. We synthesise current literature to examine the direct effects of climate change (i.e. changes in CO2 , temperature, and precipitation patterns) on aquatic macrophytes in lakes as well as indirect effects via invasive species and nutrient dynamics. The combined effects of climate change are likely to lead to an increased abundance and distribution of emergent and floating species, and a decreased abundance and distribution of submerged macrophytes. In small shallow lakes, these processes are likely to be faster than in deep temperate lakes; with lower light levels, water level fluctuations and increases in temperature, the systems will become dominated by algae. In general, specialized macrophyte species in high-latitude and high-altitude areas will decrease in number while more competitive invasive species are likely to outcompete native species. Given that the majority of endemic species reside in tropical lakes, climate change, together with other anthropogenic pressures, might cause the extinction of a large number of endemic species. Lakes at higher altitudes in tropical areas could therefore potentially be a hotspot for future conservation efforts for protecting endemic macrophyte species. In response to a combination of climate-change induced threats, the macrophyte community might collapse, which will change the status of lakes and may initiate a negative feedback loop that will affect entire lake ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid35388469, year = {2022}, author = {Liu, C and Wolter, C and Courchamp, F and Roura-Pascual, N and Jeschke, JM}, title = {Biological invasions reveal how niche change affects the transferability of species distribution models.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {103}, number = {8}, pages = {e3719}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3719}, pmid = {35388469}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Species distribution models (SDMs) have been widely applied to predict geographic ranges of species across space and time under the assumption of niche conservatism (i.e., species niches change very slowly). However, an increasing number of studies have reported evidence of rapid niche changes across space and time, which has sparked a widespread debate on whether SDMs can be transferred to new areas or time periods. Understanding how niche changes affect SDM transferability is thus crucial for the future application and improvement of SDMs. Biological invasions provide an opportunity to address this question due to the geographically independent distributions and diverse patterns of niche changes between species' native and introduced ranges. Here, we synthesized findings on 217 species from 50 studies to elucidate the effects of niche change on the spatial transferability of SDMs. When niche change was considered as a categorical classification (conserved vs. shifted niches) in tests of the niche conservatism hypothesis, SDM transferability was markedly lower for species with a shifted niche in their introduced range. When niche change was measured as numerical dynamics between native and introduced niches, SDM transferability was high for species occupying similar environmental conditions in both ranges and low for species with more environmental space remaining unoccupied in the introduced range. Surprisingly, the number of presence points used for developing SDMs turned out to have an even stronger effect on transferability. Our results thus reveal detrimental effects of both niche change and lack of presence points on SDM transferability. It is necessary to consider both niche change and data quality for improving the transferability of SDMs, so that they can better support conservation management and policy decisions.}, }
@article {pmid35386990, year = {2021}, author = {Jeong, KY and Park, JW}, title = {Allergens of Regional Importance in Korea.}, journal = {Frontiers in allergy}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {652275}, pmid = {35386990}, issn = {2673-6101}, abstract = {Allergen repertoire should reflect the region's climate, flora, and dining culture to allow for a better diagnosis. In Korea, tree pollens of oak and birch in the spring in conjunction with weed pollens of mugwort, ragweed, and Japanese hop are the main causes of seasonal allergic rhinitis. More specifically, the sawtooth oak in Korea and the Japanese hop in East Asia make a difference from western countries. Among food allergens, the sensitization to silkworm pupa and buckwheat is also common in Korean patients. Honey bee venom due to apitherapy in traditional medicine and Asian needle ant, Pachycondyla chinensis, are important causes of anaphylaxis in Korea. Climate change, frequent overseas traveling, and international product exchanges make situations more complicated. Ragweed, for example, was not native to Korea, but invaded the country in the early 1950s. Recently, Japanese hop and Asian needle ants have been recognized as important invasive ecosystem disturbing species in western countries. However, the molecular properties of the component allergens from these unique culprit allergens have been poorly characterized. The present review summarizes the molecular studies on the allergens of regional importance in Korea.}, }
@article {pmid35386876, year = {2022}, author = {Luong, JC and Loik, ME}, title = {Adjustments in physiological and morphological traits suggest drought-induced competitive release of some California plants.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e8773}, pmid = {35386876}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Drought and competition affect how morphological and physiological traits are expressed in plants. California plants were previously found to respond less negatively to resource limitation compared to invasive counterparts. In a glasshouse in Santa Cruz, CA, USA, we exposed five native California C3 grassland species to episodic drought and competition (via five locally invasive species). We hypothesized that leaf morphology would be more affected by competition, and leaf photosynthetic gas exchange more so by drought, consistent with optimal partitioning and environmental filter theories. We expected that traits would exhibit trade-offs along a spectrum for resource conservatism versus acquisition. Bromus carinatus had greater photosynthetic recovery, while Diplacus aurantiacus had lower percent loss of net assimilation (PLA) and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) during drought and competition simultaneously compared to just drought. Stipa pulchra and Sidalcea malviflora gas exchange was unaffected by drought, and leaf morphology exhibited drought-related adjustments. Lupinus nanus exhibited trait adjustments for competition but not drought. Functional traits sorted onto two principal components related to trade-offs for resource conservatism versus acquisition, and for above- versus belowground allocation. In summary, morphological traits were affected by competition and drought, whereas physiological traits, like leaf gas exchange, were primarily affected by drought. The grassland plants we studied showed diverse responses to drought and competition with trait trade-offs related to resource conservatism versus acquisition, and for above- versus belowground allocation consistent with optimal partitioning and environmental filter theories. Diplacus aurantiacus experienced competitive release based on greater iWUE and lower PLA when facing drought and competition.}, }
@article {pmid35386831, year = {2022}, author = {Querns, A and Wooliver, R and Vallejo-Marín, M and Sheth, SN}, title = {The evolution of thermal performance in native and invasive populations of Mimulus guttatus.}, journal = {Evolution letters}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {136-148}, pmid = {35386831}, issn = {2056-3744}, abstract = {The rise of globalization has spread organisms beyond their natural range, allowing further opportunity for species to adapt to novel environments and potentially become invaders. Yet, the role of thermal niche evolution in promoting the success of invasive species remains poorly understood. Here, we use thermal performance curves (TPCs) to test hypotheses about thermal adaptation during the invasion process. First, we tested the hypothesis that if species largely conserve their thermal niche in the introduced range, invasive populations may not evolve distinct TPCs relative to native populations, against the alternative hypothesis that thermal niche and therefore TPC evolution has occurred in the invasive range. Second, we tested the hypothesis that clines of TPC parameters are shallower or absent in the invasive range, against the alternative hypothesis that with sufficient time, standing genetic variation, and temperature-mediated selection, invasive populations would re-establish clines found in the native range in response to temperature gradients. To test these hypotheses, we built TPCs for 18 native (United States) and 13 invasive (United Kingdom) populations of the yellow monkeyflower, Mimulus guttatus. We grew clones of multiple genotypes per population at six temperature regimes in growth chambers. We found that invasive populations have not evolved different thermal optima or performance breadths, providing evidence for evolutionary stasis of thermal performance between the native and invasive ranges after over 200 years post introduction. Thermal optimum increased with mean annual temperature in the native range, indicating some adaptive differentiation among native populations that was absent in the invasive range. Further, native and invasive populations did not exhibit adaptive clines in thermal performance breadth with latitude or temperature seasonality. These findings suggest that TPCs remained unaltered post invasion, and that invasion may proceed via broad thermal tolerance and establishment in already climatically suitable areas rather than rapid evolution upon introduction.}, }
@article {pmid35386673, year = {2022}, author = {Shi, LN and Lu, LX and Ye, JR and Shi, HM}, title = {The Endophytic Strain ZS-3 Enhances Salt Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana by Regulating Photosynthesis, Osmotic Stress, and Ion Homeostasis and Inducing Systemic Tolerance.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {820837}, pmid = {35386673}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Soil salinity is one of the main factors limiting agricultural development worldwide and has an adverse effect on plant growth and yield. To date, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are considered to be one of the most promising eco-friendly strategies for improving saline soils. The bacterium Bacillus megaterium ZS-3 is an excellent PGPR strain that induces growth promotion as well as biotic stress resistance and tolerance to abiotic stress in a broad range of host plants. In this study, the potential mechanisms of protection against salinity stress by B. megaterium ZS-3 in Arabidopsis thaliana were explored. Regulation by ZS-3 improved growth in A. thaliana under severe saline conditions. The results showed that ZS-3 treatment significantly increased the biomass, chlorophyll content and carotenoid content of A. thaliana. Compared to the control, the leaf area and total fresh weight of plants inoculated with ZS-3 increased by 245% and 271%, respectively; the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid contents increased by 335%, 146%, and 372%, respectively, under salt stress. Physiological and biochemical tests showed that ZS-3 regulated the content of osmotic substances in plants under salt stress. Compared to the control, the soluble sugar content of the ZS-3-treated group was significantly increased by 288%, while the proline content was significantly reduced by 41.43%. Quantification of Na[+] and K[+] contents showed that ZS-3 treatment significantly reduced Na[+] accumulation and increased the K[+]/Na[+] ratio in plants. ZS-3 also isolated Na[+] in vesicles by upregulating NHX1 and AVP1 expression while limiting Na[+] uptake by downregulating HKT1, which protected against Na[+] toxicity. Higher levels of peroxidase and catalase activity and reduced glutathione were detected in plants inoculated with ZS-3 compared to those in uninoculated plants. In addition, it was revealed that ZS-3 activates salicylic acid (NPR1 and PR1) and jasmonic acid/ethylene (AOS, LOX2, PDF1.2, and ERF1) signaling pathways to induce systemic tolerance, thereby inducing salt tolerance in plants. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that ZS-3 has the potential to act as an environmentally friendly salt tolerance inducer that can promote plant growth in salt-stressed environments.}, }
@article {pmid35386399, year = {2022}, author = {Weise, EM and Scribner, KT and Adams, JV and Boeberitz, O and Jubar, AK and Bravener, G and Johnson, NS and Robinson, JD}, title = {Pedigree analysis and estimates of effective breeding size characterize sea lamprey reproductive biology.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {484-500}, pmid = {35386399}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is an invasive species in the Great Lakes and the focus of a large control and assessment program. Current assessment methods provide information on the census size of spawning adult sea lamprey in a small number of streams, but information characterizing reproductive success of spawning adults is rarely available. We used RAD-capture sequencing to genotype single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci for ~1600 sea lamprey larvae collected from three streams in northern Michigan (Black Mallard, Pigeon, and Ocqueoc Rivers). Larval genotypes were used to reconstruct family pedigrees, which were combined with Gaussian mixture analyses to identify larval age classes for estimation of spawning population size. Two complementary estimates of effective breeding size (N b), as well as the extrapolated minimum number of spawners (N s), were also generated for each cohort. Reconstructed pedigrees highlighted inaccuracies of cohort assignments from traditionally used mixture analyses. However, combining genotype-based pedigree information with length-at-age assignment of cohort membership greatly improved cohort identification accuracy. Population estimates across all three streams sampled in this study indicate a small number of successfully spawning adults when barriers were in operation, implying that barriers limited adult spawning numbers but were not completely effective at blocking access to spawning habitats. Thus, the large numbers of larvae present in sampled systems were a poor indicator of spawning adult abundance. Overall, pedigree-based N b and N s estimates provide a promising and rapid assessment tool for sea lamprey and other species.}, }
@article {pmid35386068, year = {2022}, author = {Ivanova, ES and Mazakina, VV and Spiridonov, SE}, title = {Invasive Alien Slug Arion vulgaris Moquin-Tandon, 1855 (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Arionidae) in Moscow Parks and Its Co-introduced Parasite Alloionema appendiculatum Schneider, 1859.}, journal = {Acta parasitologica}, volume = {67}, number = {2}, pages = {921-931}, pmid = {35386068}, issn = {1896-1851}, mesh = {Animals ; *Gastropoda ; Introduced Species ; Moscow ; *Parasites ; *Rhabditida ; Snails ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: The present study investigates the origin of Arion vulgaris slugs in the parks of Moscow city and their parasites.<br><br>METHODS: Snails and slugs inhabiting green areas of Moscow city were collected in the summer season of 2020 and examined on the presence of gastropod-associated nematodes and trematodes using morphological and molecular methods.<br><br>RESULTS: The presence of the alien slug species, Arion vulgaris, was recorded in several locations, and the mitochondrial gene-based analysis has shown that slug populations inhabited Moscow parks originated from West and Central Europe. Out of a total of 15 gastropod species examined, A. vulgaris was the only species infected by the nematode Alloionema appendiculatum Schneider, 1859, a larval parasite of molluscs. It is the first record of this nematode from the territory of the Russian Federation. COX1 mtDNA sequences of A. appendiculatum obtained from 3 populations of infected slugs were identical with those from Western and Central Europe similarly to their gastropod hosts thus indicating that the nematodes travelled with their hosts. No parasites dangerous for humans or animals were found.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The complex life cycle of A. appendiculatum includes a free-living stage in soil which offers a source of infection for other potentially susceptible gastropod species but the capacity of A. appendiculatum to change hosts in local conditions needs to be further investigated. The particular susceptibility and tolerance of A. vulgaris to nematodes in our study was in concordance with earlier data while in contradiction with the enemy release hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid35380189, year = {2022}, author = {Ueno, S and Kamezaki, N and Mine, K and Suzuki, D and Hosoya, S and Kikuchi, K and Okamoto, K and Torii, M and Kadowaki, K and Okamoto, K and Sano, M}, title = {Reproductive Ability of Hybrids between Japanese Pond Turtle (Mauremys japonica) and Reeves' Pond Turtle (Mauremys reevesii).}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, pages = {186-192}, doi = {10.2108/zs210047}, pmid = {35380189}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Male ; Reproduction ; *Turtles/genetics ; }, abstract = {Hybridization induced by human activities, such as crossbreeding between invasive and native species, can adversely affect the natural biodiversity of an ecosystem. In Japan, the endemic turtle species Mauremys japonica is known to hybridize with the alien species Mauremys reevesii, and putative hybrids have been encountered in the wild. If M. japonica × M. reevesii hybrids can readily crossbreed with M. japonica, the hybridization with M. reevesii could lead to the extinction of pure M. japonica populations. However, information on the reproductive ability of M. japonica × M. reevesii hybrids is limited. In this study, we collected wild-caught hybrids from across western Japan to assess their reproductive ability. We investigated the nesting season timing, clutch size, embryonic development, hatching success, and sperm viability. The results showed that female hybrids nested during the same months as the parental species and had similar clutch sizes and hatching success. No embryonic development abnormalities were detected, and viable sperm were observed in all hybrid male semen samples. In conclusion, the fertility of M. japonica × M. reevesii hybrids appears to be similar to the fertilities of the parental species, posing a potential challenge for M. japonica conservation.}, }
@article {pmid35377788, year = {2022}, author = {Gunther, I and Hawlena, H and Azriel, L and Gibor, D and Berke, O and Klement, E}, title = {Reduction of free-roaming cat population requires high-intensity neutering in spatial contiguity to mitigate compensatory effects.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {119}, number = {15}, pages = {e2119000119}, pmid = {35377788}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cats ; Female ; Male ; Population Control ; *Sterilization, Reproductive/veterinary ; }, abstract = {When free-roaming in natural areas, the domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) is ranked high among the most destructive alien species. Near human dwellings, it might pose a risk to humans, impair sanitation, and suffer from poor welfare. Cats' popularity as companion animals complicates their population control. Thus, culling is often replaced by a fertility control method called “trap–neuter–return/release” (TNR), considered more humane. Despite the extensive application of TNR, a long-term controlled study was never performed to test its effectiveness. We present a uniquely designed controlled field experiment for examining TNR effectiveness. The study was performed over a 12-y period, divided into preintervention and mixed- and full-intervention phases, and spanned a 20-km2 urban area. Trends of cat, intact-female, and kitten counts, cat reproduction, and carcass reports were compared among study phases and areas with different neutering intensities. The cat population increased during the first two study phases and did not decline in highly neutered populations, presumably due to cat immigration. Expansion of high-intensity neutering to the entire city in the full-intervention phase (>70% neutering percentage) reversed cat population growth, reaching an annual approximately 7% reduction. This population reduction was limited by a rebound increase in cat reproduction and longevity. We conclude that cat population management by TNR should be performed with high intensity, continuously, and in geographic contiguity to enable population reduction. To enhance management effectiveness and mitigate compensatory effects, we recommend further evaluating an integrated strategy that combines TNR with complementary methods (e.g., vital resource regulation, ill cat euthanasia, and adoption).}, }
@article {pmid35369748, year = {2022}, author = {Neumann, K and Pinter-Wollman, N}, title = {The effect of resource availability on interspecific competition between a native and an invasive ant.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {377}, number = {1851}, pages = {20210146}, pmid = {35369748}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Aggression ; Animals ; *Ants ; Ecology ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Interspecific competition influences the composition of ecological communities. Species may differ in their needs for different resources, therefore resource availability may determine the outcome of interspecific interactions. Species often compete over food, shelter or both. When more than one resource is limited, different species may prioritize different resources. To determine the impact of resource availability on the competitive relationship between an invasive and a native species, we examined interactions between groups of the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) and the native odorous ant (Tapinoma sessile) over (1) food, (2) shelter or (3) both simultaneously. We further examined the mechanisms underlying the competitive relationship, asking whether aggressive interactions, exploratory behaviour or the order of arrival at a resource explained resource use. Shelter was preferred by both species when no competitors were present. In a competitive setting, L. humile groups controlled shelter through aggressive displacement but lost control over food due to investment of workers in the control of shelter. Thus, there are tradeoffs when competing over multiple resources and aggressive interactions allow invasive species to displace native species from a preferred resource. This article is part of the theme issue 'Intergroup conflict across taxa'.}, }
@article {pmid35368405, year = {2022}, author = {Naik, R and Sharma, LK}, title = {Monitoring migratory birds of India's largest shallow saline Ramsar site (Sambhar Lake) using geospatial data for wetland restoration.}, journal = {Wetlands ecology and management}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {477-496}, pmid = {35368405}, issn = {0923-4861}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Globally, saline lakes occupy about 23% by area, and 44% by volume. Importantly, these lakes might desiccate by 2025 due to agricultural diversion, illegal encroachment, or modify due to pollution, and invasive species. India's largest saline lake, Sambhar is currently shrinking at a phenomenal rate of 4.23% every decade due to illegal saltpan encroachments. This study aims to identify the trend of migratory birds and monthly wetland status. Birds' survey was conducted for 2019, 2020 and 2021, and combined it with literature data of 1994, 2003, and 2013, for understanding their visiting trends, feeding habits, migratory and resident birds ratio, along with ecological diversity index analysis. Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) was scripted in Google Earth Engine. Results state that lake has been suitable for 97 species. Highest NDWI values was 0.71 in 2021 and lowest 0.008 in 2019. Notably, the decreasing trend of migratory birds coupled with decreasing water level indicates the dubious status for its existence. If these causal factors are not checked, it might completely desiccate. Authors recommend a few steps that might help conservation. Least, the cost of restoration might exceed the revenue generation.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11273-022-09875-3.}, }
@article {pmid35367540, year = {2022}, author = {Vilizzi, L and Hill, JE and Piria, M and Copp, GH}, title = {A protocol for screening potentially invasive non-native species using Weed Risk Assessment-type decision-support tools.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {832}, number = {}, pages = {154966}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154966}, pmid = {35367540}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Fishes ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {There is increasing use worldwide of electronic decision-support tools to identify potentially invasive non-native species so as to inform policy and management decisions aimed at preventing or mitigating the environmental and socio-economic impacts of biological invasions. This study reviews the analytical approaches used to calibrate scores generated by the Weed Risk Assessment and subsequent adaptations thereof and provides a protocol for: (i) the identification of the assessor(s) who will carry out the screenings; (ii) the definition of the risk assessment area; (iii) the criteria for selection of the species for screening; and (iv) the a priori categorisation of the species into invasive or non-invasive necessary to compute the thresholds by which to distinguish between high-risk and medium-risk non-native species. This analytical approach represents an evidence-based and statistically robust means with which to inform decision-makers and stakeholders about policy and management of potentially invasive species and is expected to serve as a general reference of forthcoming screening applications of Weed Risk Assessment-type toolkits.}, }
@article {pmid35365941, year = {2022}, author = {Bloom, EH and Constancio, N and Hauri, KC and Szendrei, Z}, title = {A newly invasive species may promote dissimilarity of pest populations between organic and conventional farming systems.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {5}, pages = {e2615}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2615}, pmid = {35365941}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Agriculture/methods ; Animals ; Farms ; Humans ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Insect taxa vary in their phenology across space creating dissimilar patterns of species abundance over time. The role of human disturbances and invasive species in these patterns of temporal dissimilarity (phenological differences) across space, however, remain largely unexplored. To dissect these patterns, we evaluated four common pests and one newly invasive species (Contarinia nasturtii; Swede midge) at 220 time points across 2 years on organic and conventional farms. We first summarized across time and evaluated differences in pest abundance between farm management (organic and conventional). We then used generalized additive models to describe temporal patterns of abundance, disentangling phenological differences across management systems. Last, we conducted a temporal beta diversity analysis to identify which species and management practices contribute most to dissimilarity. We found that aggregating pest abundance across time and species masked differences in pest phenology across management systems and concealed variation in pest abundance that was strongly driven by an invasive species, respectively. Overall, our results suggest that organic and conventional farms may be only superficially similar in pest abundance. Rather, by accounting for time, we demonstrate a more nuanced understanding of pest communities moving beyond abundance that may be particularly important for management of newly invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid35365665, year = {2022}, author = {Zhang, L and Rohr, J and Cui, R and Xin, Y and Han, L and Yang, X and Gu, S and Du, Y and Liang, J and Wang, X and Wu, Z and Hao, Q and Liu, X}, title = {Biological invasions facilitate zoonotic disease emergences.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {1762}, pmid = {35365665}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; *Zoonoses/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Outbreaks of zoonotic diseases are accelerating at an unprecedented rate in the current era of globalization, with substantial impacts on the global economy, public health, and sustainability. Alien species invasions have been hypothesized to be important to zoonotic diseases by introducing both existing and novel pathogens to invaded ranges. However, few studies have evaluated the generality of alien species facilitating zoonoses across multiple host and parasite taxa worldwide. Here, we simultaneously quantify the role of 795 established alien hosts on the 10,473 zoonosis events across the globe since the 14[th] century. We observe an average of ~5.9 zoonoses per alien zoonotic host. After accounting for species-, disease-, and geographic-level sampling biases, spatial autocorrelation, and the lack of independence of zoonosis events, we find that the number of zoonosis events increase with the richness of alien zoonotic hosts, both across space and through time. We also detect positive associations between the number of zoonosis events per unit space and climate change, land-use change, biodiversity loss, human population density, and PubMed citations. These findings suggest that alien host introductions have likely contributed to zoonosis emergences throughout recent history and that minimizing future zoonotic host species introductions could have global health benefits.}, }
@article {pmid35364792, year = {2022}, author = {Sreekanth, GB and Mujawar, S and Lal, DM and Mayekar, T and Stephen, J and Raghavan, R and Kumar, AB and Ingole, BS}, title = {Modelling the mixed impacts of multiple invasive alien fish species in a closed freshwater ecosystem in India.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {29}, number = {38}, pages = {58278-58296}, pmid = {35364792}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; Food Chain ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) influence the trophic organisation and food web structure in an invaded ecosystem, and therefore, it is imperative to quantify the resultant ecological impacts. The globally recognised ecosystem modelling platform, Ecopath with Ecosim, was used to delineate the impacts of IAS on a tropical freshwater pond ecosystem in India. We analysed the trophic interactions, consumption patterns, prey overlap and mixed trophic impacts of three co-existing invasive alien fish species, African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), suckermouth catfish (Pterygoplichthys pardalis) and Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), on other functional groups in the ecosystem. Together, the three IAS shared 11% of the total energy consumption and about 50% of the energy consumption by the fish species/groups. There was no predation mortality for African catfish and suckermouth catfish, and a very low estimate for the same was recorded for tilapia (0.64 year[-1]). The IAS shared high mean prey overlap with the native fish groups (Garra sp., Etroplus suratensis, Systomus sarana, Chanda nama and various small species of the cypriniform genera Puntius, Rasbora and Devario) indicating a substantial competition between alien and native species in the ecosystem. Consequently, the three IAS exhibited higher mean negative mixed trophic impacts on these functional groups. A very high Finn's cycling index (39.59%), a low relative ascendency (28.5%) and a very low system robustness (0.07) were observed compared to similar ecosystems, and the baseline values. These indices exposed the vulnerability of the ecosystem towards perturbations, which could be due to the presence of multiple alien invasive species. Mitigating the impacts of IAS should involve a combination of approaches, including eradication through draining and harvesting, high-density stocking of similar trophic level fish in the pond, and local and national level policy interventions.}, }
@article {pmid35363791, year = {2022}, author = {Hsiao, C and Lin, HH and Kang, SR and Hung, CY and Sun, PY and Yu, CC and Toh, KL and Yu, PJ and Ju, YT}, title = {Development of 16 novel EST-SSR markers for species identification and cross-genus amplification in sambar, sika, and red deer.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {e0265311}, pmid = {35363791}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Antlers ; *Deer/genetics ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Deer genera around the globe are threatened by anthropogenic interference. The translocation of alien species and their subsequent genetic introgression into indigenous deer populations is particularly harmful to the species of greatest conservation concern. Products derived from deer, including venison and antler velvet, are also at risk of fraudulent labeling. The current molecular markers used to genetically identify deer species were developed from genome sequences and have limited applicability for cross-species amplification. The absence of efficacious diagnostic techniques for identifying deer species has hampered conservation and wildlife crime investigation efforts. Expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers are reliable tools for individual and species identification, especially in terms of cross-species genotyping. We conducted transcriptome sequencing of sambar (Rusa unicolor) antler velvet and acquired 11,190 EST-SSRs from 65,074 newly assembled unigenes. We identified a total of 55 unambiguous amplicons in sambar (n = 45), which were selected as markers to evaluate cross-species genotyping in sika deer (Cervus nippon, n = 30) and red deer (Cervus elaphus, n = 46), resulting in cross-species amplification rates of 94.5% and 89.1%, respectively. Based on polymorphic information content (>0.25) and genotyping fidelity, we selected 16 of these EST-SSRs for species identification. This marker set revealed significant genetic differentiation based on the fixation index and genetic distance values. Principal coordinate analysis and STRUCTURE analysis revealed distinct clusters of species and clearly identified red-sika hybrids. These markers showed applicability across different genera and proved suitable for identification and phylogenetic analyses across deer species.}, }
@article {pmid35363472, year = {2022}, author = {Borowiec, BG and Birceanu, O and Wilson, JM and McDonald, AE and Wilkie, MP}, title = {Niclosamide Is a Much More Potent Toxicant of Mitochondrial Respiration than TFM in the Invasive Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus).}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {56}, number = {8}, pages = {4970-4979}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.1c07117}, pmid = {35363472}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; Hazardous Substances ; Lakes ; Mitochondria ; Niclosamide/pharmacology ; *Petromyzon ; Respiration ; }, abstract = {Invasive sea lampreys in the Laurentian Great Lakes are controlled by applying TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) and niclosamide to streams infested with their larvae. Both agents uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria, but TFM specifically targets lampreys, which have a lower capacity to detoxify the lampricide. Niclosamide lacks specificity and is more potent than TFM. However, its greater potency is poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that niclosamide is a stronger uncoupler of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation than TFM by measuring oxygen consumption rates in isolated liver mitochondria exposed to physiologically relevant concentrations of TFM, niclosamide, or their mixture (100 TFM:1 niclosamide) at environmentally relevant temperatures (7, 13, and 25 °C). Niclosamide increased State 4 respiration and decreased the respiratory control ratio (RCR) at much lower concentrations than TFM. Calculations of the relative EC50 values, the amount of TFM or niclosamide required to decrease the RCR by 50%, indicated that niclosamide was 40-60 times more potent than TFM. Warmer temperature did not appear to decrease the sensitivity of mitochondria to niclosamide or TFM, as observed in the intact sea lamprey exposed to TFM in warmer waters. We conclude that the extreme sensitivity of mitochondria to niclosamide contributes to its greater in vivo toxicity in the whole animal.}, }
@article {pmid35360868, year = {2022}, author = {Stuart, KC and Sherwin, WB and Cardilini, APA and Rollins, LA}, title = {Genetics and Plasticity Are Responsible for Ecogeographical Patterns in a Recent Invasion.}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {824424}, pmid = {35360868}, issn = {1664-8021}, abstract = {Patterns of covariation between phenotype and environment are presumed to be reflective of local adaptation, and therefore translate to a meaningful influence on an individual's overall fitness within that specific environment. However, these environmentally driven patterns may be the result of numerous and interacting processes, such as genetic variation, epigenetic variation, or plastic non-heritable variation. Understanding the relative importance of different environmental variables on underlying genetic patterns and resulting phenotypes is fundamental to understanding adaptation. Invasive systems are excellent models for such investigations, given their propensity for rapid evolution. This study uses reduced representation sequencing data paired with phenotypic data to examine whether important phenotypic traits in invasive starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) within Australia appear to be highly heritable (presumably genetic) or appear to vary with environmental gradients despite underlying genetics (presumably non-heritable plasticity). We also sought to determine which environmental variables, if any, play the strongest role shaping genetic and phenotypic patterns. We determined that environmental variables-particularly elevation-play an important role in shaping allelic trends in Australian starlings and may also reinforce neutral genetic patterns resulting from historic introduction regime. We examined a range of phenotypic traits that appear to be heritable (body mass and spleen mass) or negligibly heritable (e.g. beak surface area and wing length) across the starlings' Australian range. Using SNP variants associated with each of these phenotypes, we identify key environmental variables that correlate with genetic patterns, specifically that temperature and precipitation putatively play important roles shaping phenotype in this species. Finally, we determine that overall phenotypic variation is correlated with underlying genetic variation, and that these interact positively with the level of vegetation variation within a region, suggesting that ground cover plays an important role in shaping selection and plasticity of phenotypic traits within the starlings of Australia.}, }
@article {pmid35359678, year = {2022}, author = {Payne, A and Ruette, S and Jacquier, M and Richomme, C and Lesellier, S and Middleton, S and Duhayer, J and Rossi, S}, title = {Estimation of Bait Uptake by Badgers, Using Non-invasive Methods, in the Perspective of Oral Vaccination Against Bovine Tuberculosis in a French Infected Area.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {787932}, pmid = {35359678}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {Although France is officially declared free of bovine tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium bovis infection is still observed in several regions in cattle and wildlife, including badgers (Meles meles). In this context, vaccinating badgers should be considered as a promising strategy for the reduction in M. bovis transmission between badgers and other species, and cattle in particular. An oral vaccine consisting of live Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) contained in bait is currently under assessment for badgers, for which testing bait deployment in the field and assessing bait uptake by badgers are required. This study aimed to evaluate the bait uptake by badgers and determine the main factors influencing uptake in a TB-infected area in Burgundy, north-eastern France. The baits were delivered at 15 different setts located in the vicinity of 13 pastures within a TB-infected area, which has been subject to intense badger culling over the last decade. Pre-baits followed by baits containing a biomarker (Rhodamine B; no BCG vaccine) were delivered down sett entrances in the spring (8 days of pre-baiting and 4 days of baiting) and summer (2 days of pre-baiting and 2 days of baiting) of 2018. The consumption of the marked baits was assessed by detecting fluorescence, produced by Rhodamine B, in hair collected in hair traps positioned at the setts and on the margins of the targeted pastures. Collected hairs were also genotyped to differentiate individuals using 24 microsatellites markers and one sex marker. Bait uptake was estimated as the proportion of badgers consuming baits marked by the biomarker over all the sampled animals (individual level), per badger social group, and per targeted pasture. We found a bait uptake of 52.4% (43 marked individuals of 82 genetically identified) at the individual level and a mean of 48.9 and 50.6% at the social group and pasture levels, respectively. The bait uptake was positively associated with the presence of cubs (social group level) and negatively influenced by the intensity of previous trapping (social group and pasture levels). This study is the first conducted in France on bait deployment in a badger population of intermediate density after several years of intensive culling. The results are expected to provide valuable information toward a realistic deployment of oral vaccine baits to control TB in badger populations.}, }
@article {pmid35356560, year = {2022}, author = {Reeve, S and Deane, DC and McGrannachan, C and Horner, G and Hui, C and McGeoch, M}, title = {Rare, common, alien and native species follow different rules in an understory plant community.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {e8734}, pmid = {35356560}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Biological invasions are a leading threat to biodiversity globally. Increasingly, ecosystems experience multiple introductions, which can have significant effects on patterns of diversity. The way these communities assemble will depend partly on whether rare and common alien species respond to environmental predictors in the same manner as rare and common native species, but this is not well understood. To examine this question across four national parks in south-eastern Australia, we sampled the understory plant community of eucalypt-dominated dry forest subject to multiple plant introductions. The drivers of diversity and turnover in alien and native species of contrasting frequency of occurrence (low, intermediate, and high) were each tested individually. We found alien species diversity and turnover were both strongly associated with abiotic conditions (e.g., soil pH), while distance had little influence because of the greater extent of occurrence and more homogeneous composition of common aliens. In contrast, native species diversity was not associated with abiotic conditions and their turnover was as strongly influenced by distance as by abiotic conditions. In both alien and native species, however, the most important predictors of turnover changed with frequency of occurrence. Although local coexistence appears to be facilitated by life history trade-offs, species richness of aliens and natives was negatively correlated and native species might face greater competition in areas with more neutral soils (e.g., pH > ~5.5) where alien richness and relative frequency were both highest. We conclude that diversity and turnover in the generally more widespread alien species are mainly driven by species sorting along an environmental gradient associated with pH and nutrient availability, whereas turnover of native species is driven by more neutral processes associated with dispersal limitation. We show alien and native plant species respond to different environmental factors, as do rare and common species within each component.}, }
@article {pmid35355946, year = {2022}, author = {Nunes, SF and Mota-Ferreira, M and Sampaio, M and Andrade, J and Oliveira, N and Rebelo, R and Rocha, R}, title = {Trophic niche changes associated with the eradication of invasive mammals in an insular lizard: an assessment using isotopes.}, journal = {Current zoology}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, pages = {211-219}, pmid = {35355946}, issn = {1674-5507}, abstract = {Invasive species are a major threat to island biodiversity, and their eradications have substantially contributed to the conservation of island endemics. However, the consequences of eradications on the trophic ecology of native taxa are largely unexplored. Here, we used the eradication of invasive black rats Rattus rattus and European rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus from the Berlenga Island, in the western coast of Portugal, as a whole-ecosystem experiment to investigate the effects of the eradication of invasive mammals on the trophic niche and body dimensions of the island-restricted Berlenga wall lizard Podarcis carbonelli berlengensis over a 2-year period. Our results suggest an expansion of the isotopic niche and an intensification of the sexual dimorphism of the lizard following mammal eradication. Additionally, we found considerable variability in isotopic niche across the island and detected evidence of sex-specific and season-modulated nutritional requirements of this threatened reptile. Our findings support that the eradication of 2 of the planet's most problematic invasive vertebrates led to changes in the lizard trophic niche and sexual dimorphism in just 2 years. This suggests that the ecological pressures-for example, prey availability and habitat structure-to which lizards are exposed have substantially changed post-eradication. Our study emphasizes the scientific value of island eradications as experiments to address a wide range of ecological questions and adds to the increasing body of evidence supporting substantial conservation gains associated with these restoration interventions.}, }
@article {pmid35355943, year = {2022}, author = {Sbragaglia, V and Breithaupt, T}, title = {Daily activity rhythms, chronotypes, and risk-taking behavior in the signal crayfish.}, journal = {Current zoology}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, pages = {177-183}, pmid = {35355943}, issn = {1674-5507}, abstract = {Consistent inter-individual differences in daily activity rhythms (i.e., chronotypes) can have ecological consequences in determining access to food resources and avoidance of predators. The most common measure to characterize chronotypes in animals as well as humans is the onset of activity (i.e., early or late chronotypes). However, daily activity rhythms may also differ in the relative amount of activity displayed at particular time periods. Moreover, chronotypes may also be linked to other consistent inter-individual differences in behavior (i.e., personality), such as the propensity to take risks. Here, we used the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus to test the presence of chronotypes and risk-taking personality traits and a potential behavioral syndrome between these traits. We first exposed crayfish to 5 days of light-darkness to measure daily activity rhythms and then we applied a visual predator-simulating stimulus in 2 different contexts (neutral and food). Our results showed consistent (i.e., across 5 days) inter-individual differences in the relative nocturnal activity displayed in the early and middle, but not in the late part of darkness hours. Moreover, while crayfish displayed inter-individual differences in risk-taking behavior, these were not found to be consistent across 2 contexts. Therefore, we were not able to formally test a behavioral syndrome between these 2 traits. In conclusion, our study provides the first evidence of chronotypes in the relative amount of activity displayed at particular time periods. This could be a valuable information for applied ecological aspects related to the signal crayfish, which is a major invasive species of freshwater ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid35355512, year = {2021}, author = {Morisette, J and Burgiel, S and Brantley, K and Daniel, WM and Darling, J and Davis, J and Franklin, T and Gaddis, K and Hunter, M and Lance, R and Leskey, T and Passamaneck, Y and Piaggio, A and Rector, B and Sepulveda, A and Smith, M and Stepien, CA and Wilcox, T}, title = {Strategic considerations for invasive species managers in the utilization of environmental DNA (eDNA): steps for incorporating this powerful surveillance tool.}, journal = {Management of biological invasions : international journal of applied research on biological invasions}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {747-775}, pmid = {35355512}, issn = {1989-8649}, support = {EPA999999/ImEPA/Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {Invasive species surveillance programs can utilize environmental DNA sampling and analysis to provide information on the presence of invasive species. Wider utilization of eDNA techniques for invasive species surveillance may be warranted. This paper covers topics directed towards invasive species managers and eDNA practitioners working at the intersection of eDNA techniques and invasive species surveillance. It provides background information on the utility of eDNA for invasive species management and points to various examples of its use across federal and international programs. It provides information on 1) why an invasive species manager should consider using eDNA, 2) deciding if eDNA can help with the manager's surveillance needs, 3) important components to operational implementation, and 4) a high-level overview of the technical steps necessary for eDNA analysis. The goal of this paper is to assist invasive species managers in deciding if, when, and how to use eDNA for surveillance. If eDNA use is elected, the paper provides guidance on steps to ensure a clear understanding of the strengths and limitation of the methods and how results can be best utilized in the context of invasive species surveillance.}, }
@article {pmid35352822, year = {2022}, author = {Tortorelli, CM and Kerns, BK and Krawchuk, MA}, title = {Community invasion resistance is influenced by interactions between plant traits and site productivity.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {103}, number = {7}, pages = {e3697}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3697}, pmid = {35352822}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Biomass ; Bromus ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Poaceae ; }, abstract = {Plant communities are predicted to be more resistant to invasion if they are highly productive, harbor species with similar functional traits to invaders, or support species with high competitive potential. However, the strength of competition may decrease with increasing abiotic stress if species more heavily invest in traits that confer stress tolerance over competitive ability, potentially influencing community trait-resistance relationships. Recent research examining how community traits influence invasion resistance has been predominantly focused on single vegetation types, and results between studies are often conflicting. Few studies have evaluated the extent to which abiotic factors and community traits interact to influence invasion along vegetation gradients. Here, we use an in situ seed addition experiment to examine how above- and below-ground plant traits and vegetation type interact to influence community resistance to invasion by a recently introduced annual grass, Ventenata dubia, along a productivity gradient in eastern Oregon, USA. To measure invasion resistance, we evaluated V. dubia biomass in seeded subplots with varying trait compositions across three vegetation types situated along a productivity gradient: scab-flats (sparsely vegetated dwarf-shrublands), low sage-steppe, and ephemeral wet meadows. Trait-resistance relationships were highly context dependent. In wet meadows (the most productive sites), resistance to invasion increased with increasing resident biomass and as community weighted mean trait values for specific leaf area, fine-to-total root volume, and height become more similar to V. dubia's trait values, although these relationships were relatively weak. We did not find evidence that neighboring species influenced invasion resistance in less productive vegetation types, in contrast to our expectations that facilitative interactions may increase with decreasing productivity as posited by the stress-gradient hypothesis. Unlike V. dubia, which heavily invaded all three vegetation types, introduced species with similar trait values, including Bromus tectorum, were not abundant throughout the study area demonstrating V. dubia's unique ability to take advantage of available resources. Our results illustrate how community traits and site productivity interact to influence community resistance to invasion and highlight that communities with lower overall biomass and few functionally similar species to V. dubia may be at the greatest risk for invasion.}, }
@article {pmid35352431, year = {2022}, author = {Plein, M and O'Brien, KIR and Holdenb, MH and Adamsa, MP and Baker, CM and Bean, NG and Sisson, SA and Bode, M and Mengersen, KL and McDonald-Madden, E}, title = {Modeling total predation to avoid perverse outcomes from cat control in a data-poor island ecosystem.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {36}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {35352431}, issn = {1523-1739}, abstract = {Data hungry, complex ecosystem models are often used to predict the consequences of threatened species management, including perverse outcomes. Unfortunately, this approach is impractical in many systems, which have insufficient data to parameterize ecosystem interactions or reliably calibrate or validate such models. Here we demonstrate a different approach, using a minimum realistic model to guide decisions in data- and resource-scarce systems. We illustrate our approach with a case-study in an invaded ecosystem from Christmas Island, Australia, where there are concerns that cat eradication to protect native species, including the red-tailed tropicbird, could release meso-predation by invasive rats. We use biophysical constraints (metabolic demand) and observable parameters (e.g. prey preferences) to assess the combined cat and rat abundances which would threaten the tropicbird population. We find that the population of tropicbirds cannot be sustained if predated by 1607 rats (95% credible interval (CI) [103, 5910]) in the absence of cats, or 21 cats (95% CI [2, 82]) in the absence of rats. For every cat removed from the island, the bird's net population growth rate improves, provided that the rats do not increase by more than 77 individuals (95% CI [30, 174]). Thus, in this context, one cat is equivalent to 30-174 rats. Our methods are especially useful for on-the-ground predator control in the absence of knowledge of predator-predator interactions, to assess whether 1) the current abundance of predators threatens the prey population of interest, 2) managing one predator species alone is sufficient to protect the prey species given potential release of another predator, and 3) control of multiple predator species is needed to meet the conservation goal. Our approach demonstrates how to use limited information for maximum value in data-poor systems, by shifting the focus from predicting future trajectories, to identifying conditions which threaten the conservation goal. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid35352344, year = {2022}, author = {Rubinoff, BG and Grosholz, ED}, title = {Biological invasions alter consumer-stress relationships along an estuarine gradient.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {103}, number = {6}, pages = {e3695}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3695}, pmid = {35352344}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; *Ecosystem ; *Estuaries ; Invertebrates ; Salinity ; }, abstract = {Estuaries represent steep stress gradients for aquatic organisms, with abiotic stress due to temperature and salinity typically increasing with distance into estuary. Invertebrate communities and their predators are strongly influenced by these stress gradients. The environmental stress model predicts that the importance of predation in structuring communities decreases with increasing environmental stress. Estuaries contain a stress gradient for marine organisms this includes salinity, temperature, and other abiotic properties. Additionally, estuaries are hotspots for biological invasions; increased stress tolerance among non-native species could change the predictions of the environmental stress model. In this study, we investigate how introduced species alter the predictions of the environmental stress model by examining the effects of predators on sessile invertebrates across an estuarine gradient. To do this, we deployed recruitment plates across the estuarine gradient of Tomales Bay, California, USA using various caging treatments over the summer of 2019. We found that the effect of predation changed across sites, with the mid-estuary site experiencing the greatest reductions in prey abundance and prey species richness when exposed to predators. This was likely to be due to higher proportions of non-native prey and predator taxa mid-estuary, including solitary ascidians, which are highly susceptible to predation. Overall, predation did not follow the predictions of the environmental stress model, but rather followed the abundance of functional groups with non-native species, whose distribution could be mediated by environmental stress gradients. We suggest that this may be a general result and that communities subject to large numbers of stress-tolerant invaders may have high rates of consumption in high stress areas, contrasting predictions by previous models.}, }
@article {pmid35349571, year = {2022}, author = {Colosimo, G and Gentile, G and Vera, CA and Sevilla, C and Gerber, GP and Westermeyer, HD and Lewbart, GA}, title = {Conservation of a flagship species: Health assessment of the pink land iguana, Conolophus marthae.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {e0257179}, pmid = {35349571}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecuador ; *Iguanas/physiology ; }, abstract = {The pink land iguana, Conolophus marthae, is one of four species of iguanas (three terrestrial and one marine) in the Galápagos Islands, and the only one listed as critically endangered by the IUCN. The species can only be found on the north-west slopes of the highest volcano on Isabela Island and was first described to science in 2009. As part of a population telemetry study, a health assessment was authorized by the Galápagos National Park. Wild adult iguanas were captured on Wolf Volcano in September 2019 and April 2021 to record morphological and physiological parameters including body temperature, heart rate, intraocular pressures, tear formation, and infrared iris images. Blood samples were also collected and analyzed. An i-STAT portable blood analyzer was used to obtain values for base excess in the extracellular fluid compartment (BEecf), glucose (Glu), hematocrit (HctPCV), hemoglobin (Hb), ionized calcium (iCa), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), percent oxygen saturation (sO2%), pH, potassium (K), and sodium (Na). When possible, data were compared to previously published and available data for the other Galápagos iguanas. The results reported here provide baseline values that will be useful in detecting changes in health status among pink land iguanas affected by climate change, invasive species, anthropogenic threats, or natural disturbances. The collected data also provide an invaluable resource for conservation scientists planning to implement conservation strategies, like translocations, that may temporarily alter these baseline values.}, }
@article {pmid35347218, year = {2022}, author = {Coelho, SCC and Gherardi, DFM and Gouveia, MB and Kitahara, MV}, title = {Western boundary currents drive sun-coral (Tubastraea spp.) coastal invasion from oil platforms.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {5286}, pmid = {35347218}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Plankton ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Most marine species have a planktonic larval phase that benefit from the surface oceanic flow to enhance their dispersion potential. For invasive species, the interaction of environmentally resistant larvae with different flow regimes and artificial substrates can lead to complex larval dispersion patterns and boost geographic expansion. In the Southwest Atlantic, the invasive corals Tubastraea spp. (sun-coral) have been recorded biofouling on oil platforms since the late 1980s. These platforms are considered important vectors for the established populations throughout the Brazilian coast. However, we still do not know how the position of these structures relative to regional flow contribute to the natural dispersion potential of these invaders on a regional scale. Herein, we used an eddy-resolving ocean model (ROMS) and an Individual Based Model (IBM-Ichthyop) to simulate the natural dispersion patterns of sun-coral larvae from all oil platforms on Brazilian oil-producing basins, for the austral summer and winter along 6 years (2010-2015) in 90-day simulations. We found that mortality rates by advection were significantly higher during the winter (p = 0.001) and when sources of larvae were compared throughout this season (p = 1.9 × 10[-17]). The influence of two western boundary currents and persistent eddy activity contribute to the dispersal of larvae to distances up to 7000 km. The effectiveness of each oil-producing basin as vectors for the entire Brazilian coastline, measured as the percentage of larval supply, highlights the importance of the northern Ceará (59.89%) and Potiguar (87.47%) basins and the more central Camamu (44.11%) and Sergipe-Alagoas (39.20%) basins. The poleward shift of the Southern branch of the South Equatorial Current during the winter causes larvae released from the Sergipe-Alagoas and Camamu basins to enter the North Brazil Current, expanding their dispersion towards the north. The Brazil Current disperses larvae southwards, but strong mesoscale activity prevents their dispersion to the coast, especially for those released from the oil platforms on Campos and Santos basins. Within this complex hydrodynamic setting, a few source areas, like those in the Sergipe-Alagoas and Camamu basins, can potentially contribute to the spread of larvae along nearly all the Brazilian coast. Therefore, oil platforms act as possible chronic sources of sun-coral propagules to the coast, emphasizing the urgency for a more detailed set of actions to control and monitor these invasive exotic species.}, }
@article {pmid35344631, year = {2022}, author = {Santamarina, S and Montesinos, D and Alfaro-Saiz, E and Acedo, C}, title = {Drought affects the performance of native oak seedlings more strongly than competition with invasive crested wattle seedlings.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {24}, number = {7}, pages = {1297-1305}, pmid = {35344631}, issn = {1438-8677}, support = {//ULE Research Team Taxonomy and Biodiversity Conservation TaCoBi/ ; EDU/51100/2017//Consejer&#xed;a de Educaci&#xf3;n, Junta de Castilla y Le&#xf3;n/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Seedlings/physiology ; Droughts ; *Quercus/physiology ; Comb and Wattles ; Dehydration ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Two of the most important processes threatening vulnerable plant species are competitive displacement by invasive alien species and water stress due to global warming. Quercus lusitanica, an oak shrub species with remarkable conservation interest, could be threatened by the expansion of the invasive alien tree Paraserianthes lophantha. However, it is unclear how competition would interact with predicted reductions in water availability due to global climate change. We set up a full factorial experiment to examine the direct interspecific competition between P. lophantha and Q. lusitanica seedlings under control and water-limited conditions. We measured seed biomass, germination, seedling emergence, leaf relative growth rate, biomass, root/shoot ratio, predawn shoot water potential and mortality to assess the individual and combined effects of water stress and interspecific competition on both species. Our results indicate that, at seedling stage, both species experience competitive effects and responses. However, water stress exhibited a stronger overall effect than competition. Although both species responded strongly to water stress, the invasive P. lophantha exhibited significantly less drought stress than the native Q. lusitanica based on predawn shoot water potential measurements. The findings of this study suggest that the competition with invasive P. lophantha in the short term must not be dismissed, but that the long-term conservation of the native shrub Q. lusitanica could be compromised by increased drought as a result of global change. Our work sheds light on the combined effects of biological invasions and climate change that can negatively affect vulnerable plant species.}, }
@article {pmid35344435, year = {2022}, author = {LeBrun, EG and Jones, M and Plowes, RM and Gilbert, LE}, title = {Pathogen-mediated natural and manipulated population collapse in an invasive social insect.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {119}, number = {14}, pages = {e2114558119}, pmid = {35344435}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Biological Control Agents ; Introduced Species ; *Microsporidia ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {SignificanceInvasive social insects are among the most damaging of invasive organisms and have proved universally intractable to biological control. Despite this, populations of some invasive social insects collapse from unknown causes. We report long-term studies demonstrating that infection by a microsporidian pathogen causes populations of a globally significant invasive ant to collapse to local extinction, providing a mechanistic understanding of a pervasive phenomenon in biological invasions: the collapse of established populations from endogenous factors. We apply this knowledge and successfully eliminate two large, introduced populations of these ants. More broadly, microsporidian pathogens should be evaluated for control of other supercolonial invasive social insects. Diagnosing the cause of unanticipated population collapse in invasive organisms can lead to applied solutions.}, }
@article {pmid35343962, year = {2022}, author = {Liu, X and Zhou, X and Zhou, L and Hu, J and Guo, K}, title = {Application of RNA Interference in the Pinewood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {181}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3791/63645}, pmid = {35343962}, issn = {1940-087X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Nematoda ; *Pinus/parasitology ; Plant Diseases/parasitology/prevention &amp; control ; RNA Interference ; *Tylenchida/genetics ; Xylophilus ; }, abstract = {The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is one of the most destructive invasive species worldwide, causing the wilting and eventual death of pine trees. Despite the recognition of their economic and environmental significance, it has thus far been impossible to study the detailed gene functions of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) using conventional forward genetics and transgenic methods. However, as a reverse genetics technology, RNA interference (RNAi) facilitates the study of the functional genes of nematodes, including B. xylophilus. This paper outlines a new protocol for RNAi of the ppm-1 gene in B. xylophilus, which has been reported to play crucial roles in the development and reproduction of other pathogenic nematodes. For RNAi, the T7 promoter was linked to the 5'-terminal of the target fragment by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was synthesized by in vitro transcription. Subsequently, dsRNA delivery was accomplished by soaking the nematodes in a dsRNA solution mixed with synthetic neurostimulants. Synchronized juveniles of B. xylophilus (approximately 20,000 individuals) were washed and soaked in dsRNA (0.8 µg/mL) in the soaking buffer for 24 h in the dark at 25 °C. The same quantity of nematodes was placed in a soaking buffer without dsRNA as a control. Meanwhile, another identical quantity of nematodes was placed in a soaking buffer with green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene dsRNA as a control. After soaking, the expression level of the target transcripts was determined using real-time quantitative PCR. The effects of RNAi were then confirmed using microscopic observation of the phenotypes and a comparison of the body size of the adults among the groups. The current protocol can help advance research to better understand the functions of the genes of B. xylophilus and other parasitic nematodes toward developing control strategies through genetic engineering.}, }
@article {pmid35343791, year = {2022}, author = {Zhu, YX and Chang, YW and Wen, T and Yang, R and Wang, YC and Wang, XY and Lu, MX and Du, YZ}, title = {Species Identity Dominates over Environment in Driving Bacterial Community Assembly in Wild Invasive Leaf Miners.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {e0026622}, pmid = {35343791}, issn = {2165-0497}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bacteria/genetics ; *Microbiota/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {The microbiota of invasive animal species may be pivotal to their adaptation and spread, yet the processes driving the assembly and potential sources of host-microbiota remain poorly understood. Here, we characterized microbiota of four Liriomyza leaf miner fly species totaling 310 individuals across 43 geographical populations in China and assessed whether the microbiota of the wild leaf miner was acquired from the soil microbiota or the host plant microbiota, using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing. Bacterial communities differed significantly among four leaf miner species but did not mirror host phylogeny. Microbiota diversity in the native L. chinensis was significantly higher than in three invasive leaf miners (i.e., L. trifolii, L. huidobrensis, and L. sativae), yet the microbial community of the invasive species exhibited a more connected and complex network structure. Structural equation models revealed that host species identity was more important than environmental factors (e.g., geography, climate, or plants) in shaping microbiota composition. Using neutral and null model analyses, we found that deterministic processes like variable selection played a primary role in driving microbial community assembly, with some influence by stochastic processes like drift. The relative degree of these processes governing microbiota was likely correlated with host species but independent of either geographical or climatic factors. Finally, source tracking analysis showed that leaf miners might acquire microbes from their host plant rather than the soil. Our results provide a robust assessment of the ecological processes governing bacterial community assembly and potential sources of microbes in invasive leaf miners. IMPORTANCE The invasion of foreign species, including leaf miners, is a major threat to world biota. Host-associated microbiota may facilitate host adaption and expansion in a variety of ways. Thus, understanding the processes that drive leaf miner microbiota assembly is imperative for better management of invasive species. However, how microbial communities assemble during the leaf miner invasions and how predictable the processes remain unexplored. This work quantitatively deciphers the relative importance of deterministic process and stochastic process in governing the assembly of four leaf miner microbiotas and identifies potential sources of leaf miner-colonizing microbes from the soil-plant-leaf miner continuum. Our study provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying the drive of leaf miner microbiota assembly.}, }
@article {pmid35342595, year = {2022}, author = {Jarrett, BJM and Szűcs, M}, title = {Traits across trophic levels interact to influence parasitoid establishment in biological control releases.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {e8654}, pmid = {35342595}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {A central goal in ecology is to predict what governs a species' ability to establish in a new environment. One mechanism driving establishment success is individual species' traits, but the role of trait combinations among interacting species across different trophic levels is less clear. Deliberate or accidental species additions to existing communities provide opportunities to study larger scale patterns of establishment success. Biological control introductions are especially valuable because they contain data on both the successfully established and unestablished species. Here, we used a recent dataset of importation biological control introductions to explore how life-history traits of 132 parasitoid species and their herbivorous hosts interact to affect parasitoid establishment. We find that of five parasitoid and herbivore traits investigated, one parasitoid trait-host range-weakly predicts parasitoid establishment; parasitoids with higher levels of phylogenetic specialization have higher establishment success, though the effect is marginal. In addition, parasitoids are more likely to establish when their herbivore host has had a shorter residence time. Interestingly, we do not corroborate earlier findings that gregarious parasitoids and endoparasitoids are more likely to establish. Most importantly, we find that life-history traits of the parasitoid species and their hosts can interact to influence establishment. Specifically, parasitoids with broader host ranges are more likely to establish when the herbivore they have been released to control is also more of a generalist. These results provide insight into how multiple species' traits and their interactions, both within and across trophic levels, can influence establishment of species of higher trophic levels.}, }
@article {pmid35342587, year = {2022}, author = {Montgomery, WI and Elwood, RW and Dick, JTA}, title = {Invader abundance and contraction of niche breadth during replacement of a native gammarid amphipod.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {e8500}, pmid = {35342587}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The introduction of non-native species to new locations is a growing global phenomenon with major negative effects on native species and biodiversity. Such introductions potentially bring competitors into contact leading to partial or total species replacements. This creates an opportunity to study novel species interactions as they occur, with the potential to address the strength of inter- and intraspecific interactions, most notably competition. Such potential has often not been realized, however, due to the difficulties inherent in detecting rapid and spatially expansive species interactions under natural field conditions. The invasive amphipod crustacean Gammarus pulex has replaced a native species, Gammarus duebeni celticus, in river and lake systems across Europe. This replacement process is at least partially driven by differential parasitism, cannibalism, and intraguild predation, but the role of interspecific competition has yet to be resolved. Here, we examine how abundance of an invasive species may affect spatial niche breadth of a native congeneric species. We base our analyses of niche breadth on ordination and factor analysis of biological community and physical parameters, respectively, constituting a summative, multidimensional approach to niche breadth along environmental gradients. Results derived from biological and environmental niche criteria were consistent, although interspecific effects were stronger using the biological niche approach. We show that the niche breadth of the native species is constrained as abundance of the invader increases, but the converse effect does not occur. We conclude that the interaction between invasive G. pulex and native G. d. celticus under natural conditions is consistent with strong interspecific competition whereby a native, weaker competitor is replaced by a superior invasive competitor. This study indicates a strong role of interspecific competition, alongside other known interactions such as differential intraguild predation, in rapid and expansive species replacements following biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid35342574, year = {2022}, author = {Kelley, TE and Hopper, GW and Sánchez González, I and Bucholz, JR and Atkinson, CL}, title = {Identifying potential drivers of distribution patterns of invasive Corbicula fluminea relative to native freshwater mussels (Unionidae) across spatial scales.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {e8737}, pmid = {35342574}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {This study aimed to identify the importance of ecological factors to distribution patterns of the invasive Clam (Corbicula fluminea) relative to native mussels (family: Unionidae) across seven rivers within the Mobile and Tennessee basins, Southeast United States. We quantitatively surveyed dense, diverse native mussel aggregations across 20 river reaches and estimated mussel density, biomass, and species richness along with density of invasive C. fluminea (hereafter Corbicula). We measured substrate particle size, velocity, and depth in quadrats where animals were collected. Additionally, we characterized reach scale environmental parameters including seston quantity and quality (% Carbon, % Nitrogen, % Phosphorous), water chemistry (ammonium [ NH 4 + ], soluble reactive phosphorous [SRP]), and watershed area and land cover. Using model selection, logistic regression, and multivariate analysis, we characterized habitat features and their association to invasive Corbicula within mussel beds. We found that Corbicula were more likely to occur and more abundant in quadrats with greater mussel biomass, larger substrate size, faster water velocity, and shallower water depth. At the reach scale, Corbicula densities increased where particle sizes were larger. Mussel richness, density, and biomass increased with watershed area. Water column NH 4 + increased at reaches with more urban land cover. No land cover variables influenced Corbicula populations or mussel communities. The strong overlapping distribution of Corbicula and mussels support the hypothesis that Corbicula are not necessarily limited by habitat factors and may be passengers of change in rivers where mussels have declined due to habitat degradation. Whether Corbicula is facilitated by mussels or negatively interacts with mussels in these systems remains to be seen. Focused experiments that manipulate patch scale variables would improve our understanding of the role of species interactions (e.g., competition, predation, facilitation) or physical habitat factors in influencing spatial overlap between Corbicula and native mussels.}, }
@article {pmid35342567, year = {2022}, author = {Liu, D and Chen, L and Chen, C and Zhou, Y and Xiao, F and Wang, Y and Li, Q}, title = {Effect of plant VOCs and light intensity on growth and reproduction performance of an invasive and a native Phytolacca species in China.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {e8522}, pmid = {35342567}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive plants often pose great threats to the growth of co-occurring native plant species. Identifying environmental factors that facilitate exotic plant invasion and native species decline are important. In this study, we measured the effects of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs), light intensity, and their interactions on the growth and reproduction performance of indigenous Phytolacca acinosa, and invasive Phytolacca americana, which has largely replaced the former in China. VOCs of invasive P. americana and low light levels both had negative effects on P. acinosa morphological and reproductive traits (stem length, average leaf number, total number, and length of racemes), and biomass allocation (total biomass, and leaf and flower mass fraction); low light also affected photosynthesis-related trait (specific leaf area) of P. acinosa. In contrast, VOCs of P. acinosa had no significant effect on P. americana, but low light levels adversely affected its morphological and reproductive traits (stem length, total number, and length of racemes) and biomass allocation (total biomass, stem, and leaf mass fraction). Interactions between plant VOCs and light intensity had no significant effects on P. acinosa or P. americana. Under all experimental treatments, stem length, average leaf area, total number, and length of racemes, Root/Shoot ratio, root and flower mass fraction of P. americana were higher than those of P. acinosa, while average leaf number, specific leaf area, and leaf mass fraction was lower. These results indicated that P. acinosa was sensitive to P. americana VOCs and low light, which might affect the growth of sympatric P. acinosa. P. americana was negatively influenced by low light, but higher plant height and more reproductive organ resource allocation relative to sympatric P. acinosa might contribute to invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid35341839, year = {2022}, author = {Mengistu, TS and Garcias, B and Castellanos, G and Seminati, C and Molina-López, RA and Darwich, L}, title = {Occurrence of multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria and resistance genes in semi-aquatic wildlife - Trachemys scripta, Neovison vison and Lutra lutra - as sentinels of environmental health.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {830}, number = {}, pages = {154814}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154814}, pmid = {35341839}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Environmental Health ; Escherichia coli ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Mink ; *Otters ; Swine ; *Turtles ; beta-Lactamases/genetics ; }, abstract = {Emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacterial pathogens has been recognized as a major public health concern worldwide. In the present study, antimicrobial resistant Gram-negative bacteria (AMRGNB) and AMR genes were assessed in semi-aquatic wild animals from a highly populated and intensive farming region of Spain, Catalonia. Cloacal/rectal swab samples were collected from 241 animals coming from invasive species Trachemys scripta (n = 91) and Neovison vison (n = 131), and endangered-protected species Lutra lutra (n = 19). Accordingly, 133 (55.2%) isolates were identified as AMRGNB. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens were among the bacteria most frequently isolated in all animal species, but other nosocomial agents such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp. or Citrobacter freundii, were also prevalent. The phenotypic susceptibility testing showed the highest resistance to β-lactams (91%). Molecular analysis showed 25.3% of turtles (15.4% ESBL/Ampc genes), 21% of Eurasian otters (10.5% ESBL/Ampc genes) and 14.5% of American minks (8.4% ESBL/Ampc genes) were positive to AMR genes. The genotyping frequency was tetM (20.6%), blaCMY-2 (13%), ermB (6.1%), blaCMY-1 (4.6%), blaCTX-M-15 (3.1%) and mcr-4 (0.8%). Turtles had a larger prevalence of AMRGNB and AMR genes than mustelids, but American mink carried mcr-4 colistin-resistance gene. Moreover, cluster analysis of AMR gene distribution revealed that an ESBL/AmpC cluster in a highly populated area comprising big metropolitan regions, and another tetM/emrB cluster in an expended area with highly intensive livestock production. Although the mcr-4 positive case was not included in those clusters, that case was found in a county with a high pig farm density. In conclusion, semi-aquatic wild animals are a good sentinel for environmental contamination with AMRGNB and AMR genes. Therefore, One Health Approach is urgently needed in highly populated regions, and with intensive livestock production like Catalonia.}, }
@article {pmid35340097, year = {2022}, author = {Carlson, AR and Helmers, DP and Hawbaker, TJ and Mockrin, MH and Radeloff, VC}, title = {The wildland-urban interface in the United States based on 125 million building locations.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {5}, pages = {e2597}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2597}, pmid = {35340097}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Housing ; Humans ; United States ; *Wildfires ; }, abstract = {The wildland-urban interface (WUI) is the focus of many important land management issues, such as wildfire, habitat fragmentation, invasive species, and human-wildlife conflicts. Wildfire is an especially critical issue, because housing growth in the WUI increases wildfire ignitions and the number of homes at risk. Identifying the WUI is important for assessing and mitigating impacts of development on wildlands and for protecting homes from natural hazards, but data on housing development for large areas are often coarse. We created new WUI maps for the conterminous United States based on 125 million individual building locations, offering higher spatial precision compared to existing maps based on U.S. census housing data. Building point locations were based on a building footprint data set from Microsoft. We classified WUI across the conterminous United States at 30-m resolution using a circular neighborhood mapping algorithm with a variable radius to determine thresholds of housing density and vegetation cover. We used our maps to (1) determine the total area of the WUI and number of buildings included, (2) assess the sensitivity of WUI area included and spatial pattern of WUI maps to choice of neighborhood size, (3) assess regional differences between building-based WUI maps and census-based WUI maps, and (4) determine how building location accuracy affected WUI map accuracy. Our building-based WUI maps identified 5.6%-18.8% of the conterminous United States as being in the WUI, with larger neighborhoods increasing WUI area but excluding isolated building clusters. Building-based maps identified more WUI area relative to census-based maps for all but the smallest neighborhoods, particularly in the north-central states, and large differences were attributable to high numbers of non-housing structures in rural areas. Overall WUI classification accuracy was 98.0%. For wildfire risk mapping and for general purposes, WUI maps based on the 500-m neighborhood represent the original Federal Register definition of the WUI; these maps include clusters of buildings in and adjacent to wildlands and exclude remote, isolated buildings. Our approach for mapping the WUI offers flexibility and high spatial detail and can be widely applied to take advantage of the growing availability of high-resolution building footprint data sets and classification methods.}, }
@article {pmid35338563, year = {2022}, author = {Mota, JDS and Barbosa, LR and Marchioro, CA}, title = {Suitable areas for invasive insect pests in Brazil and the potential impacts for eucalyptus forestry.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {78}, number = {6}, pages = {2596-2606}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6891}, pmid = {35338563}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa e Inova&#xe7;&#xe3;o do Estado de Santa Catarina/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Coleoptera ; *Eucalyptus ; Forestry ; *Hymenoptera ; *Moths ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Brazil is among the world's largest producers of eucalyptus and the damage caused by native and invasive insect pests is one of the main factors affecting eucalyptus yield. The recent history of biological invasions of eucalyptus pests in Brazil prompts demand for phytosanitary measures to prevent new invasions. This study used ecological niche models to estimate suitable areas for nine eucalyptus pests. This information was used to assess the potential ports of entry, generate invasion risk maps considering the likelihood of introducing invasive species, and estimate the eucalyptus producing municipalities and areas within the species' suitable range.<br><br>RESULTS: A large distribution range was predicted for Eucalyptolyma maideni (Hempitera: Aphalaridae), Orgya postica (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), Sinoxylon anale (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), and Trachymela sloanei (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Brazil, while a comparatively smaller distribution was predicted for Ophelimus maskelli (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Mnesampela privata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), Paropsis atomaria (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Paropsisterna beata, and P. cloelia (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). High-risk areas of invasion near airports and seaports were predicted mainly in southern, southeastern, and northeastern Brazil. A large proportion of the municipalities (24.4% to 93.7%) and areas with eucalyptus plantations (31.9% to 98.3%) are within the climatically suitable areas estimated for the pests, especially in southern and southeastern regions, which comprises 61.5% of the Brazilian eucalyptus production.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The results indicate that eucalyptus forestry may be significantly impacted by biological invasion. The findings provided by our study can assist decision-makers in developing phytosanitary measures to prevent new invasions of forest pests in Brazil. &#xa9; 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid35338374, year = {2022}, author = {Vardakas, L and Perdikaris, C and Zogaris, S and Kalantzi, OI and Koutsikos, N}, title = {Stakeholders Perceptions of Non-indigenous Freshwater Fish Species: A Case Study from a Mediterranean Biodiversity Hotspot.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {69}, number = {6}, pages = {1091-1101}, pmid = {35338374}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Even though the ecological impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) have been well studied, social aspects of IAS in freshwater ecosystems are still poorly explored. This study aimed to assess the perceptions associated with non-indigenous freshwater fish species (NIFS) among environmental-related professional and non-professional stakeholders in a Mediterranean country that displays high levels of fish species endemism, by using a questionnaire survey approach. Overall, 203 individuals participated, from which, the majority (n = 144) were related to environmental sciences. Most of the respondents perceived NIFS to be a threat of national importance, possibly attributed to the emotional effect of the term non-indigenous (conceived as intruder). However, NIFS were indicated as the least important threat affecting aquatic ecosystems when compared with other pressures. This contrasting perception could be explained by the fact that broad-scale impacts (i.e., climate change) exert stronger reactions compared to NIFS. Interestingly, non-professionals were more successful in identifying NIFS and native species compared to professionals, however both indicated low overall identification success. The majority of the respondents, both professionals and non-professionals, considered that: (a) the official authorities do not implement actions for NIFS management, (b) government spending should be increased to manage NIFS even if it should be reduced for other needs, and (c) early detection is the best way to manage NIFS. The establishment of a nationwide network consisting of all related stakeholders on NIFS issues, aiming to public awareness and preventive management actions to limit the spread and impacts of NIFS should be set as a priority.}, }
@article {pmid35337877, year = {2022}, author = {Komyakova, V and Jaffrés, JBD and Strain, EMA and Cullen-Knox, C and Fudge, M and Langhamer, O and Bender, A and Yaakub, SM and Wilson, E and Allan, BJM and Sella, I and Haward, M}, title = {Conceptualisation of multiple impacts interacting in the marine environment using marine infrastructure as an example.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {830}, number = {}, pages = {154748}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154748}, pmid = {35337877}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Concept Formation ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The human population is increasingly reliant on the marine environment for food, trade, tourism, transport, communication and other vital ecosystem services. These services require extensive marine infrastructure, all of which have direct or indirect ecological impacts on marine environments. The rise in global marine infrastructure has led to light, noise and chemical pollution, as well as facilitation of biological invasions. As a result, marine systems and associated species are under increased pressure from habitat loss and degradation, formation of ecological traps and increased mortality, all of which can lead to reduced resilience and consequently increased invasive species establishment. Whereas the cumulative bearings of collective human impacts on marine populations have previously been demonstrated, the multiple impacts associated with marine infrastructure have not been well explored. Here, building on ecological literature, we explore the impacts that are associated with marine infrastructure, conceptualising the notion of correlative, interactive and cumulative effects of anthropogenic activities on the marine environment. By reviewing the range of mitigation approaches that are currently available, we consider the role that eco-engineering, marine spatial planning and agent-based modelling plays in complementing the design and placement of marine structures to incorporate the existing connectivity pathways, ecological principles and complexity of the environment. Because the effect of human-induced, rapid environmental change is predicted to increase in response to the growth of the human population, this study demonstrates that the development and implementation of legislative framework, innovative technologies and nature-informed solutions are vital, preventative measures to mitigate the multiple impacts associated with marine infrastructure.}, }
@article {pmid35332830, year = {2022}, author = {Galhenage, TP and Stafslien, SJ and Skaja, A and Webster, DC}, title = {Durable siloxane-polyurethane coatings for mitigating freshwater mussel fouling.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, pages = {260-270}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2022.2056033}, pmid = {35332830}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Animals ; Biofilms ; *Bivalvia ; *Dreissena ; Lakes ; Polyurethanes ; Siloxanes ; }, abstract = {Siloxane-polyurethane hybrid coatings were assessed for biofouling control caused by freshwater mussels. Invasive species such as zebra (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga (Dreissena bugensis) mussels have rapidly spread through the waterways in the United States causing major concerns in reservoir infrastructure and freshwater lakes. Current coating solutions such as biocidal anti-fouling coatings are not suitable given the released biocides which may accumulate in reservoirs. Biocide free fouling release coatings based on silicone elastomers do not have adequate mechanical durability. The siloxane-polyurethane (SiPU) coatings were evaluated using model organism laboratory assays and real-life performance was evaluated in the freshwater field environment. Two coating compositions displayed excellent performance in field trials for up to 2+ years. The surface analysis experiments of the coatings indicate that the morphology of the coatings is affected by the formulations' solvent choice. These coatings show great promise in mitigating biofouling predominated by freshwater mussels.}, }
@article {pmid35332664, year = {2022}, author = {Aidoo, OF and Souza, PGC and da Silva, RS and Santana, PA and Picanço, MC and Kyerematen, R and Sètamou, M and Ekesi, S and Borgemeister, C}, title = {Climate-induced range shifts of invasive species (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama).}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {78}, number = {6}, pages = {2534-2549}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6886}, pmid = {35332664}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Deutsche Gesellschaft f&#xfc;r Internationale Zusammenarbeit/ ; //Kenyan Government/ ; //Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)/ ; //Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)/ ; //Government of the United Kingdom/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Citrus/microbiology ; *Hemiptera/microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; *Rhizobiaceae ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is a destructive, invasive species that poses a serious threat to the citrus industry wherever it occurs. The psyllid vectors the phloem-limited bacteria 'Candidatus Liberibacter americanus' and 'Ca. L. asiaticus', causal agents of the incurable citrus greening disease or huanglongbing (HLB). It is essential to understand which regions and areas are suitable for colonization by ACP to formulate appropriate policy and preventive measures. Considering its biology and ecology, we used a machine learning algorithm based on the MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) principle, to predict the potential global distribution of ACP using bioclimatic variables and elevation.<br><br>RESULTS: The model predictions are consistent with the known distribution of ACP and also highlight the potential occurrence outside its current ecological range, that is, primarily in Africa, Asia and the Americas. The most important abiotic variables driving the global distribution of ACP were annual mean temperature, seasonality of temperature and annual precipitation.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the need for international collaboration in slowing the spread of invasive pests like D. citri. &#xa9; 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid35331356, year = {2022}, author = {Quinn, EA and Thomas, JE and Malkin, SH and Eley, MJ and Coates, CJ and Rowley, AF}, title = {Invasive slipper limpets Crepidula fornicata are hosts for sterilizing digenean parasites.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {149}, number = {6}, pages = {1-9}, pmid = {35331356}, issn = {1469-8161}, abstract = {Invasion and spread of alien species can drive ecosystem changes, such as, the dynamics of infectious diseases. The non-native, marine gastropod Crepidula fornicata has become established across European coastlines over the last century, but there remains little insight into its disease carrying capacity and potential role as a source/sink of parasites. To address this knowledge gap, we surveyed limpets from two sites in South Wales, UK for signatures of disease/pathology using polymerase chain reaction-based methods (haemolymph) and histology (solid tissue). We encountered trematode-like parasites in ~1% individuals (5 out of 462). Three limpets displayed gross damage in the gonad, i.e. castration, and encysted metacercariae were found in the muscle of two other individuals. On the basis of 28S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer 2 genomic targets, we identified the gonad-infecting trematodes as members of the family Microphallidae – putative novel species related to the genus Longiductotrema. Earlier reports suggest that C. fornicata is not a host for trematode parasites in either its native or alien range but may act as a sink due to its filter feeding lifestyle. We provide clear evidence that C. fornicata is parasitized by at least one trematode species at two sites in Wales, UK, and likely act as a spillback or accidental host among native littorinids.}, }
@article {pmid35330763, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, YH and Kong, WL and Zhu, ML and Dai, Y and Wu, XQ}, title = {Colonization by the Mycorrhizal Helper Bacillus pumilus HR10 Is Enhanced During the Establishment of Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis Between Hymenochaete sp. Rl and Pinus thunbergii.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {818912}, pmid = {35330763}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {There are complex interactions between mycorrhizal helper bacteria (MHBs) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, with MHBs promoting mycorrhizal synthesis and ECM fungi regulating plant rhizobacterial colonization, diversity, and function. In this study, to investigate whether the ECM fungus Hymenochaete sp. Rl affects the survival and colonization of the MHB strain Bacillus pumilus HR10 in the rhizosphere, the biomass of B. pumilus HR10 was measured in the rhizosphere and mycorrhizosphere. In addition, extracts of Hymenochaete sp. Rl and Pinus thunbergii were evaluated for their effect on B. pumilus HR10 colonization (growth, sporulation, biofilm formation, extracellular polysaccharide and extracellular protein contents, flagellar motility, and expression of colonization-related genes). The results showed that inoculation of Hymenochaete sp. Rl significantly increased the biomass of B. pumilus HR10 in the rhizosphere; however, while extracts of Hymenochaete sp. Rl and P. thunbergii did not affect the biomass or spore formation of HR10, they did affect its biofilm formation, extracellular polysaccharide and extracellular protein production, and flagellar motility. Furthermore, the addition of symbiont extracts affected the expression of chemotaxis-related genes in HR10. When the extracts were added separately, the expression of srf genes in HR10 increased; when the extracts were added simultaneously, the expression of the flagellin gene fliG in HR10 increased, but there was no significant effect on the expression of srf genes, consistent with the results on biofilm production. Thus, Hymenochaete sp. Rl and P. thunbergii roots had a positive effect on colonization by B. pumilus HR10 at the rhizosphere level through their secretions.}, }
@article {pmid35330222, year = {2022}, author = {Moreno-Sabater, A and Normand, AC and Bidaud, AL and Cremer, G and Foulet, F and Brun, S and Bonnal, C and Aït-Ammar, N and Jabet, A and Ayachi, A and Piarroux, R and Botterel, F and Houzé, S and Desoubeaux, G and Hennequin, C and Dannaoui, E}, title = {Terbinafine Resistance in Dermatophytes: A French Multicenter Prospective Study.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {35330222}, issn = {2309-608X}, abstract = {In recent years, we have moved from the sporadic description of terbinafine-resistant (TerR) Trichophyton spp. isolates to the Indian outbreak due to T. indotineae. Population flows have spread TerR worldwide, altering local epidemiology. We conducted a prospective multicentric study to determine the relative frequency of TerR isolates in France (Paris area) and of the newly introduced T. indotineae species. TerR isolates were screened by the terbinafine-containing-agar-medium (TCAM) method and confirmed by EUCAST. Sequencing methods were used to identify isolates to the species/genotype level and to analyze substitutions in the squalene epoxidase gene (SQLE). In total, 3 isolates out of 580 (T. rubrumn = 1; T. interdigitalen = 1; T. indotineaen = 1) grew on TCAM, showed terbinafine resistance by EUCAST and harbored the Phe397Leu (n = 2) or Leu393Ser (n = 1) substitution in the SQLE. ITS-sequencing of isolates of the T. mentagrophytes/interdigitale complex (n = 125) revealed a relative frequency of 4.8% for T. indotineae and the presence of T. mentagrophytes genotype VII. Despite the detection of terbinafine resistance, isolates from this complex remained susceptible to itraconazole, voriconazole and amorolfine. Terbinafine resistance is present in France and the dermatophyte epidemiology is changing. Efficient systems must be implemented to survey the evolution of newly introduced species and to identify TerR isolates.}, }
@article {pmid35327181, year = {2022}, author = {Bellinati, L and Pesaro, S and Marcer, F and Danesi, P and Natale, A and Ceglie, L}, title = {Detection of a Novel Chlamydia Species in Invasive Turtles.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {35327181}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Trachemys scripta is a turtle species native to Central America. Since the 1950s, pond sliders have been imported worldwide as companion animals, but have often ended up in foreign ecosystems with great ecological consequences. Moreover, both autochthonous and invasive species of turtles can be carriers of pathogens, including Chlamydiaceae. In the present study, pulmonary tissues collected from four Trachemys scripta were tested with a 23S-targeting real-time PCR (rPCR) specific for the Chlamydiaceae family. The turtles were hosted in a rescue center for wild exotic animals located in northeastern Italy, and were found dead after the hibernation period. Two out of four individuals resulted positive in rPCR for the presence of Chlamydiaceae. Further characterization of this positivity was performed by phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA and outer membrane protein A genes. The phylogenetic tree showed that these chlamydial strains are identical to a novel Chlamydia reported in 2017 in Polish freshwater turtles, and closely related to Chlamydia pneumoniae and to other chlamydial strains found in reptiles. This first finding evidences the presence of this Chlamydia strain in Italian turtles, but further studies will be necessary to confirm the presence and the strain pathogenicity and to evaluate its prevalence in the local turtles' population.}, }
@article {pmid35327092, year = {2022}, author = {Manenti, R and Mercurio, S and Melotto, A and Barzaghi, B and Epis, S and Tecilla, M and Pennati, R and Scarì, GU and Ficetola, GF}, title = {A New Disease Caused by an Unidentified Etiological Agent Affects European Salamanders.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {35327092}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {New pathologies are causing dramatic declines and extinctions of multiple amphibian species. In 2013, in one fire salamander population of Northern Italy, we found individuals with undescribed cysts at the throat level, a malady whose existence has not previously been reported in amphibians. With the aim of describing this novel disease, we performed repeated field surveys to assess the frequency of affected salamanders from 2014 to 2020, and integrated morphological, histological, and molecular analyses to identify the pathogen. The novel disease affected up to 22% of salamanders of the study population and started spreading to nearby populations. Cysts are formed by mucus surrounding protist-like cells about 30 µm long, characterized by numerous cilia/undulipodia. Morphological and genetic analyses did not yield a clear match with described organisms. The existence of this pathogen calls for the implementation of biosecurity protocols and more studies on the dynamics of transmission and the impact on wild populations.}, }
@article {pmid35327075, year = {2022}, author = {Hernández-Brito, D and Carrete, M and Tella, JL}, title = {Annual Censuses and Citizen Science Data Show Rapid Population Increases and Range Expansion of Invasive Rose-Ringed and Monk Parakeets in Seville, Spain.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {35327075}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {SVP-2014-068732//Severo Ochoa Program/ ; ES1304//Action COST "ParrotNet"/ ; LWE2103012//LifeWatch ERIC - SUMHAL/ ; }, abstract = {Population changes of invasive species can go unnoticed long before population explosions, so long-term monitoring programs are needed to assess changes in population size. Although invasive populations of rose-ringed (Psittacula krameri) and monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) are present worldwide, their current status and dynamics are mostly poorly known. Here, we provide a long-term population monitoring of both parakeet species established in a Mediterranean urban area. Between 2013 and 2021, we conducted systematic population censuses in the city of Seville and collected their occurrence and spatial distribution data from citizen science platforms. Our censuses showed a rapid population growth of both species: rose-ringed parakeets increased from 1200 to 6300 individuals, while monk parakeets increased from 70 to 1487 individuals. These population trends were weakly reflected by the number of parakeet observations and the number of cells with parakeet observations but not by the number of individuals recorded in citizen science platforms. Moreover, for the monk parakeet, the number of cells with observations was related to the spatial spread of its nests across the study area. Although resource-intensive, long-term monitoring programs are essential to assess population changes and develop effective management actions for invasive species. Thus, contrasting this information with data taken through citizen science platforms can validate the utility of the latter for assessing population status of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid35323574, year = {2022}, author = {Bakran-Lebl, K and Pree, S and Brenner, T and Daroglou, E and Eigner, B and Griesbacher, A and Gunczy, J and Hufnagl, P and Jäger, S and Jerrentrup, H and Klocker, L and Paill, W and Petermann, JS and Barogh, BS and Schwerte, T and Suchentrunk, C and Wieser, C and Wortha, LN and Zechmeister, T and Zezula, D and Zimmermann, K and Zittra, C and Allerberger, F and Fuehrer, HP}, title = {First Nationwide Monitoring Program for the Detection of Potentially Invasive Mosquito Species in Austria.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {35323574}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {&quot;Hochschulraum-Strukturmittel&quot; Funds//Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research/ ; }, abstract = {In Austria, only fragmented information on the occurrence of alien and potentially invasive mosquito species exists. The aim of this study is a nationwide overview on the situation of those mosquitoes in Austria. Using a nationwide uniform protocol for the first time, mosquito eggs were sampled with ovitraps at 45 locations in Austria at weekly intervals from May to October 2020. The sampled eggs were counted and the species were identified by genetic analysis. The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus was found at two sites, once in Tyrol, where this species has been reported before, and for the first time in the province of Lower Austria, at a motorway rest stop. The Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus was widespread in Austria. It was found in all provinces and was the most abundant species in the ovitraps by far. Aedes japonicus was more abundant in the South than in the North and more eggs were found in habitats with artificial surfaces than in (semi-) natural areas. Further, the number of Ae. japonicus eggs increased with higher ambient temperature and decreased with higher wind speed. The results of this study will contribute to a better estimation of the risk of mosquito-borne disease in Austria and will be a useful baseline for a future documentation of changes in the distribution of those species.}, }
@article {pmid35323562, year = {2022}, author = {Thrimawithana, AH and Wu, C and Christeller, JT and Simpson, RM and Hilario, E and Tooman, LK and Begum, D and Jordan, MD and Crowhurst, R and Newcomb, RD and Grapputo, A}, title = {The Genomics and Population Genomics of the Light Brown Apple Moth, Epiphyas postvittana, an Invasive Tortricid Pest of Horticulture.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {35323562}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana is an invasive, polyphagous pest of horticultural systems around the world. With origins in Australia, the pest has subsequently spread to New Zealand, Hawaii, California and Europe, where it has been found on over 500 plants, including many horticultural crops. We have produced a genomic resource, to understand the biological basis of the polyphagous and invasive nature of this and other lepidopteran pests. The assembled genome sequence encompassed 598 Mb and has an N50 of 301.17 kb, with a BUSCO completion rate of 97.9%. Epiphyas postvittana has 34% of its assembled genome represented as repetitive sequences, with the majority of the known elements made up of longer DNA transposable elements (14.07 Mb) and retrotransposons (LINE 17.83 Mb). Of the 31,389 predicted genes, 28,714 (91.5%) were assigned to 11,438 orthogroups across the Lepidoptera, of which 945 were specific to E. postvittana. Twenty gene families showed significant expansions in E. postvittana, including some likely to have a role in its pest status, such as cytochrome p450s, glutathione-S-transferases and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Finally, using a RAD-tag approach, we investigated the population genomics of this pest, looking at its likely patterns of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid35323550, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, H and Xian, X and Gu, Y and Castañé, C and Arnó, J and Wu, S and Wan, F and Liu, W and Zhang, G and Zhang, Y}, title = {Similar Bacterial Communities among Different Populations of a Newly Emerging Invasive Species, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {35323550}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2021YFD1400205//the National Key R &amp; D Project of China/ ; }, abstract = {Microorganisms in the guts of insects enhance the adaptability of their hosts with different lifestyles, or those that live in different habitats. Tuta absoluta is an invasive pest that is a serious threat to tomato production in China. It has quickly spread and colonized Xinjiang, Yunnan and other provinces and regions. We used Illumina HiSeq next generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to study and analyze the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota of three geographical populations of T. absoluta. At the phylum level, the most common bacteria in T. absoluta across all three geographical populations were Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. An uncultured bacterium in the Enterobacteriaceae was the dominant bacterial genus in the T. absoluta gut microbiotas. There were no significant differences in alpha diversity metrics among the Spanish, Yunnan and Xinjiang populations. The structures of the gut microbiota of the three populations were similar based on PCoA and NMDS results. The results confirmed that the microbial structures of T. absoluta from different regions were similar.}, }
@article {pmid35323540, year = {2022}, author = {Cao, D and Liu, J and Zhao, Z and Yan, X and Wang, W and Wei, J}, title = {Chemical Compounds Emitted from Mentha spicata Repel Aromia bungii Females.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {35323540}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {QN2017016//Youth Fund of Hebei Education Department/ ; C2020201021//Natural Science Foundation Youth project of Hebei Province/ ; 20326511D//Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province/ ; }, abstract = {Aromia bungii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an economically important wood-boring insect pest of stone fruit trees, particularly Prunus persica, in China. It has entered Japan and several European countries as an invasive species in recent years. It is difficult to control because of the cryptic feeding behaviour of larvae beneath the bark. Identification of repellent constituents from non-host plants has potential for use in management strategies against this beetle. Mentha spicata is cultivated extensively in Hebei Province (China) as a medicinal plant. Firstly, antennal responses of female A. bungii to M. spicata volatiles were evaluated by coupled gas chromatography-electroantennograms (GC-EAD), and then the EAD-active components were tested in semi-field trials. The results showed that A. bungii females were significantly repelled by myrcene, (S)-(+)-carvone, (E)-β-caryophyllene, and borneol compared with the control. The presence of myrcene (100 µL; 90% purity), (S)-(+)-carvone (200 µL; 96% purity), (E)-β-caryophyllene (500 µL; 98.5% purity), and borneol (800 µL; 80% purity) significantly reduced the perching rates of A. bungii females on both peach logs and leaves. Considering cost and commercial availability, we suggest that myrcene, (S)-(+)-carvone, and (E)-β-caryophyllene could be promising repellents against A. bungii females in the field.}, }
@article {pmid35323536, year = {2022}, author = {Potter, DA and Mach, BM}, title = {Non-Native Non-Apis Bees Are More Abundant on Non-Native Versus Native Flowering Woody Landscape Plants.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {35323536}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2016-51181-234399//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {Urban ecosystems can support diverse communities of wild native bees. Because bloom times are conserved by geographic origin, incorporating some non-invasive non-native plants in urban landscapes can extend the flowering season and help support bees and other pollinators during periods when floral resources from native plants are limiting. A caveat, though, is the possibility that non-native plants might disproportionately host non-native, potentially invasive bee species. We tested that hypothesis by identifying all non-native bees among 11,275 total bees previously collected from 45 species of flowering woody landscape plants across 213 urban sites. Honey bees, Apis mellifera L., accounted for 22% of the total bees and 88.6% of the non-native bees in the collections. Six other non-native bee species, accounting for 2.86% of the total, were found on 16 non-native and 11 native woody plant species. Non-Apis non-native bees in total, and Osmia taurus Smith and Megachile sculpturalis (Smith), the two most abundant species, were significantly more abundant on non-native versus native plants. Planting of favored non-native hosts could potentially facilitate establishment and spread of non-Apis non-native bees in urban areas. Our host records may be useful for tracking those bees' distribution in their introduced geographical ranges.}, }
@article {pmid35323520, year = {2022}, author = {Yamamoto, Y and Kaneko, S}, title = {Seasonal Prevalence of the Invasive Longhorn Beetle Aromia bungii in Osaka Prefecture, Japan.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {35323520}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {30023C//NARO Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution/ ; }, abstract = {A thorough understanding of the seasonal prevalence of invasive pests in newly invaded regions is key for establishing an appropriate and localized control plan for their successful eradication. In this study, we investigated the seasonal prevalence of the invasive longhorn beetle Aromia bungii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. We determined the number of adult beetles sighted on host trees more than once a week from late May or early June to late August for 3 years at three study sites (one site from 2019-2021 and two sites from 2020-2021). The appearance period of A. bungii adults spanned over 2 months (June-August), and peak sighting in the field occurred in late June; the adults were more abundant in the early phase of their seasonal prevalence (around the peak dates) and almost disappeared by August. The number of adult beetles emerging from A. bungii-infested trees at one study site was surveyed daily in 2021. This survey showed a short-span adult emergence period: Approximately 1 month from the first emergence day, supporting the idea of the concentration of adult abundance in the early phase. These results will help to establish a timely pest-control plan for A. bungii in Osaka Prefecture.}, }
@article {pmid35321331, year = {2022}, author = {Bridi, R and Echeverría, J and Larena, A and Nuñez Pizarro, P and Atala, E and De Camargo, AC and Oh, WY and Shahidi, F and Garcia, O and Ah-Hen, KS and Montenegro, G}, title = {Honeybee Pollen From Southern Chile: Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Capacity, Bioaccessibility, and Inhibition of DNA Damage.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {775219}, pmid = {35321331}, issn = {1663-9812}, abstract = {Honeybee pollen (HBP) chemical composition is highly variable conforming to the floral and geographical origin of the pollen grains. The beneficial effects and functional properties of the HBP are well-known and have been mainly attributed to their high content of antioxidant polyphenols. In this work, twelve HBPs samples from the Southern region of Chile (X Región de Los Lagos) were characterized for the first time according to their botanical origin, phenolic composition, and antioxidant activity. The in vitro gastrointestinal digestion assay was done to simulate the human upper digestive tract. Selected honeybee pollen extracts (HBPEs) were assessed as bioaccessible fractions during an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Contents of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and recovery index of quercetin, myricetin, and cinnamic acid were monitored in different steps of gastrointestinal digestion. Furthermore, the protective effect of in vitro digested HBP towards DNA damage induced by peroxyl radicals was evaluated. The introduced species Brassica rapa L. (Brassicaceae), Lotus pedunculatus Cav. (Fabaceae), and Ulex europaeus L. (Fabaceae) predominated in all the HBPs analyzed, while the native species Buddleja globosa Hope (Scrophulariaceae), Luma apiculata (DC.) Burret (Myrtaceae), Embothrium coccineum J.R. Forst. &amp; G. Forst. (Proteaceae) and Eucryphia cordifolia Cav. (Cunoniaceae) appeared less frequently. The content of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity in HBPEs achieved full bioaccessibility at the end of the intestinal digestion step. However, results obtained by a state-of-the-art technique (i.e. HPLC-DAD) demonstrated relatively low values of bioaccessible quercetin and cinnamic acid after the digestion process. In contrast, myricetin showed a high bioaccessibility in the intestinal digestion steps. The protective effect of in vitro digested HBP towards DNA damage induced by peroxyl radicals showed promising results (up to 91.2% protection). In conclusion, HBPs from the X Region de Los Lagos are rich sources of phenolic antioxidants that protect DNA from strand breakage. Therefore, the potential of HBPEs in preventing gastric and/or intestinal cancer should be further considered.}, }
@article {pmid35318710, year = {2023}, author = {Yaqoob, S and Jan, I and Reshi, ZA and Rashid, I and Shah, MA}, title = {Risk analysis of fast spreading species in a Kashmir Himalayan National Park (Dachigam) for better monitoring and management.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {467-479}, doi = {10.1111/risa.13913}, pmid = {35318710}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Parks, Recreational ; Australia ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Huge economic costs and ecological impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) in the protected areas (PAs) worldwide make their timely prediction and potential risk assessment of central importance for effective management. While the preborder weed risk assessment framework has been extensively evaluated and implemented, the postborder species risk assessment framework has not been subjected to the same degree of scrutiny. Here we used a rather more realistic modified version of the Australian Weed Risk framework (AWRM) for Dachigam National Park (DNP) in Kashmir Himalaya against 84 plant species, including 55 alien species and 29 fast spreading native species, for risk analysis. We found two very high-risk species, three high-risk species, 10 medium-risk species, 29 low-risk species, and 40 negligible-risk species in the DNP. The containment scores accordingly ranged from 14.4 to 293.5 comprising of 27 species that can be contained with very high feasibility, 23 species with high feasibility, 14 species with medium feasibility, and 12 species which cannot be contained easily thereby having low feasibility of containment (FOC) score. However, eight species which have a negligible FOC score are difficult to contain within their infestation sites. Our results demonstrate the merit of the AWRM with a caution that the necessary region-specific modifications may help in its better implementation. Overall, these results provide quite a promising tool in the hands of protected area managers to timely and effectively deal with the problem of plant invasions.}, }
@article {pmid35315981, year = {2022}, author = {Patel, KK and Strive, T and Hall, RN and Mutze, G and Page, B and Korcz, M and Booth-Remmers, M and Smith, IL and Huang, N and Kovaliski, J and Jayasinghe Ellakkala Appuhamilage, RMJ and Taggart, PL}, title = {Cross-protection, infection and case fatality rates in wild European rabbits experimentally challenged with different rabbit haemorrhagic disease viruses.}, journal = {Transboundary and emerging diseases}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, pages = {e1959-e1971}, doi = {10.1111/tbed.14530}, pmid = {35315981}, issn = {1865-1682}, mesh = {Animals ; *Caliciviridae Infections/veterinary ; *Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit ; *Lagovirus ; Phylogeny ; Rabbits ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; }, abstract = {Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) is now the dominant calicivirus circulating in wild rabbit populations in Australia. This study compared the infection and case fatality rates of RHDV2 and two RHDVs in wild rabbits, as well as their ability to overcome immunity to the respective other strains. Wild rabbits were allocated to groups either blindly or based on pre-screening for RHDV/RHDV2 antibodies at capture. Rabbits were monitored regularly until their death or humane killing at 7 days post infection. Liver and eyeball samples were collected for lagovirus testing and aging rabbits, respectively. At capture, rabbits showed high seroprevalence to RHDV2 but not to RHDV. In RHDV/RHDV2 seronegative rabbits at capture, infection rates were highest in those inoculated with RHDV2 (81.8%, 18 out of 22), followed by K5 (53.8%, seven out of 13) and CZECH (40.0%, two out of five), but these differences were not statistically significant. In rabbits with previous exposure to RHDV2 at capture, infection rates were highest when inoculated with K5 (59.6%, 31 out of 52) followed by CZECH (46.0%, 23 out of 50), with infection rates higher in younger rabbits for both viruses. In RHDV/RHDV2 seronegative rabbits at capture, case fatality rates were highest for those inoculated with K5 (71.4%), followed by RHDV2 (50.0%) and CZECH (50.0%). In rabbits with previous exposure to RHDV2 at capture, case fatality rates were highest in rabbits inoculated with K5 (12.9%) followed by CZECH (8.7%), with no case fatalities following RHDV2 inoculation. Case fatality rates did not differ significantly between inoculums in either serostatus group at capture. Based on multivariable modelling, time to death post RHDV inoculation increased in rabbits with recent RHDV2 exposure compared with seronegative rabbits and with age. The results suggest that RHDV2 may cause higher mortalities than other variants in seronegative rabbit populations but that K5 may be more effective in reducing rabbit populations in an RHDV2-dominant landscape.}, }
@article {pmid35315058, year = {2022}, author = {Wampole, EM and Gerber, BD and Farris, ZJ and Razafimahaimodison, JC and Andrianarisoa, MH and Ralazampirenena, CJ and Wright, PC and Rasamisoa, CD and Gibson, D and Tobler, MW and Eppley, TM and Vasey, N and Johnson, SE and Filla, C and Valenta, K and Ross, P and Murphy, A and Karpanty, SM and Kelly, MJ and Anderson, C and Cardinal, C and Donati, G and Razafy, P and Rafaliarison, R and Rasambainarivo, F and Razafindramanana, J and Merson, SD and Larney, E}, title = {Madagascar Terrestrial Camera Survey Database 2021: A collation of protected forest camera surveys from 2007-2021.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {103}, number = {6}, pages = {e3687}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3687}, pmid = {35315058}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds ; *Forests ; Humans ; Madagascar/epidemiology ; Mammals ; Swine ; }, abstract = {Madagascar is a threatened global biodiversity hotspot and conservation priority, yet we lack broad-scale surveys to assess biodiversity across space and time. To fill this gap, we collated camera trap surveys, capturing species occurrences within Madagascar into a single standardized database. This data set includes nine distinct protected areas of Madagascar and encompasses 13 subprojects, 38 camera arrays, and 1156 sampling units (independent camera site per survey) within two important biodiversity eco-regions: western dry deciduous forest and eastern humid rainforest. Camera surveys were conducted from June 2007 to January 2021. The final data set includes 17 unique families of mammals (Bovidae, Canidae, Cheirogaleidae, Daubentoniidae, Equidae, Eupleridae, Felidae, Hominidae, Indriidae, Lemuridae, Lepilemuridae, Muridae, Nesomyidae, Pteropodidae, Soricidae, Suidae, Tenrecidae) comprising 45 species and 27 unique families of birds (Accipitridae, Acrocephalidae, Alcedinidae, Bernieridae, Brachypteraciidae, Caprimulgidae, Cisticolidae, Columbidae, Coraciidae, Corvidae, Cuculidae, Dicruridae, Mesitornithidae, Monarchidae, Motacillidae, Muscicapidae, Numididae, Phasianidae, Rallidae, Sarothruridae, Strigidae, Sturnidae, Sulidae, Threskiornithidae, Upupidae, Vangidae, Zosteropidae) comprising 58 species. Images were processed and verified by individual project data set creators and camera operation and species tables were then collated. The final product represents the first broad-scale freely available standardized formal faunal database for Madagascar. Data are available through this publication and at DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5801806. These data will be useful for examining species-level and community-level trends in occurrence across space or time within Madagascar and globally, evaluating native and invasive species dynamics, and will aid in determining species conservation status and planning for at-risk species. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this paper when using the data for publication.}, }
@article {pmid35312918, year = {2022}, author = {Bonk, M and Amirowicz, A}, title = {The body condition of invasive crayfish Faxonius limosus (Raf., 1817) (Decapoda: Cambaridae) is better in small rivers than in dam reservoirs in Central Europe.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {29}, number = {36}, pages = {54956-54966}, pmid = {35312918}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; *Astacoidea ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Female ; Humans ; Lakes ; Male ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {The impact of dam reservoirs on river ecosystems is one of the current major issues in hydrobiology. In addition to the impact on native biodiversity, impoundments may facilitate biological invasions. A successful invasion is presumably related to the individual life history and resource allocation strategy in expanding populations. We tested whether reservoirs affect the body condition of invasive Faxonius limosus in upland streams. We found positive allometry of growth in females but more frequent isometric growth in males, and the form factor a3.0 was significantly higher in males than in females within populations. Fulton's condition factor (K) was calculated for standard carapace lengths of 20 mm (juvenile) and 40 mm (adult). Both mean KCL 20 and KCL 40 were higher in males than in females. Positive allometry of growth in females resulted in a larger mean KCL 40 than KCL 20. The majority of the mean K obtained in reservoirs was similar or lower than the respective condition in streams. The condition of adult females was higher in streams in comparison to reservoirs. The obtained results are in contrast to the hypothesis that reservoirs positively affect individual body conditions and show that these man-made lakes do not provide more favourable habitat conditions for F. limosus than those in the natural aquatic environments of an upland landscape. An advantageous effect of the presence of reservoirs on invasion spread may be possible in more ecologically harsh landscapes, especially in colder climatic zones. Our study is the first to investigate the relationship of the body condition of F. limosus in two contrasting habitats.}, }
@article {pmid35312373, year = {2022}, author = {Gougherty, AV and Davies, TJ}, title = {A global analysis of tree pests and emerging pest threats.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {119}, number = {13}, pages = {e2113298119}, pmid = {35312373}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Geography ; *Insecta ; Introduced Species ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {SignificanceThe introduction of trees outside their native ranges has greatly expanded the potential ranges of their pathogens and insect pests, which risk spilling over and impacting native flora. However, we often lack a strong understanding of the host, climatic, and geographic factors that allow pests to establish outside their hosts' native ranges. Using global datasets of pest occurrences and the native and nonnative ranges of tree hosts, we show there are strong generalizable trends controlling pest occurrences and can predict the occurrence of pests outside their hosts' native ranges with >75% accuracy. Our modeling framework offers a powerful tool to identify future invasive pest species and the ecological mechanisms controlling the accumulation of pests outside their hosts' native ranges.}, }
@article {pmid35311211, year = {2022}, author = {Baek, HJ and Kim, P and Kim, YC and Kim, A and Kim, S and Min, MS and Lee, H}, title = {The complete mitochondrial genome of the Amur soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus maackii Brandt, 1858), from South Korea.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {498-500}, pmid = {35311211}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {In this study, we use a specimen from wild-caught individual to determine the complete mitochondrial genome of the Amur soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus maackii). The complete mitogenome of P. maackii has 16,258 bp in length and consists of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, two rRNAs, and one control region. The arrangement of genes of P. maackii is identical with previously reported mitogenomes in the family Trionychoidea. According to our result, the ML tree for the phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that the individuals used in present study is closely related with the previously reported sequences of P. sinensis (AY962573 and MG431983) in p-distance 0.7% and 2.5%.}, }
@article {pmid35309755, year = {2022}, author = {Suni, S and Hall, E and Bahu, E and Hayes, H}, title = {Urbanization increases floral specialization of pollinators.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {e8619}, pmid = {35309755}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Understanding how urbanization alters functional interactions among pollinators and plants is critically important given increasing anthropogenic land use and declines in pollinator populations. Pollinators often exhibit short-term specialization and visit plants of the same species during one foraging trip. This facilitates plant receipt of conspecific pollen-pollen on a pollinator that is the same species as the plant on which the pollinator was foraging. Conspecific pollen receipt facilitates plant reproductive success and is thus important to plant and pollinator persistence. We investigated how urbanization affects short-term specialization of insect pollinators by examining pollen loads on insects' bodies and identifying the number and species of pollen grains on insects caught in urban habitat fragments and natural areas. We assessed possible drivers of differences between urban and natural areas, including frequency dependence in foraging, species richness and diversity of the plant and pollinator communities, floral abundance, and the presence of invasive plant species. Pollinators were more specialized in urban fragments than in natural areas, despite no differences in the species richness of plant communities across site types. These differences were likely driven by higher specialization of common pollinators, which were more abundant in urban sites. In addition, pollinators preferred to forage on invasive plants at urban sites and native plants at natural sites. Our findings reveal indirect effects of urbanization on pollinator fidelity to individual plant species and have implications for the maintenance of plant species diversity in small habitat fragments. Higher preference of pollinators for invasive plants at urban sites suggests that native species may receive fewer visits by pollinators. Therefore, native plant species diversity may decline in urban sites without continued augmentation of urban flora or removal of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid35309746, year = {2022}, author = {Hundt, PJ and White, LA and Craft, ME and Bajer, PG}, title = {Social associations in common carp (Cyprinus carpio): Insights from induced feeding aggregations for targeted management strategies.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {e8666}, pmid = {35309746}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Heterogeneity in social interactions can have important consequences for the spread of information and diseases and consequently conservation and invasive species management. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are a highly social, ubiquitous, and invasive freshwater fish. Management strategies targeting foraging carp may be ideal because laboratory studies have suggested that carp can learn, have individual personalities, a unique diet, and often form large social groups. To examine social feeding behaviors of wild carp, we injected 344 carp with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags and continuously monitored their feeding behaviors at multiple sites in a natural lake in Minnesota, USA. The high-resolution, spatio-temporal data were analyzed using a Gaussian mixture model (GMM). Based on these associations, we analyzed group size, feeding bout duration, and the heterogeneity and connectivity of carp social networks at foraging sites. Wild carp responded quickly to bait, forming aggregations most active from dusk to dawn. During the 2020 baiting period (20 days), 133 unique carp were detected 616,593 times. There was some evidence that feeding at multiple sites was constrained by basin geography, but not distance alone. GMM results suggested that feeding bouts were short, with frequent turnover of small groups. Individual foraging behavior was highly heterogeneous with Gini coefficients of 0.79 in 2020 and 0.66 in 2019. "Superfeeders"-those contributing to 80% of total cumulative detections (top 18% and top 29% of foragers in 2020 and 2019 respectively)-were more likely to be detected earlier at feeding stations, had larger body sizes, and had higher network measures of degree, weighted degree, and betweenness than non-superfeeders. Overall, our results indicate that wild carp foraging is social, easily induced by bait, dominated by large-bodied individuals, and potentially predictable, which suggests social behaviors could be leveraged in management of carp, one of the world's most recognizable and invasive fish.}, }
@article {pmid35309743, year = {2022}, author = {Pinho, CJ and Lopes, EP and Paupério, J and Gomes, I and Romeiras, MM and Vasconcelos, R}, title = {Trust your guts? The effect of gut section on diet composition and impact of Mus musculus on islands using metabarcoding.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {e8638}, pmid = {35309743}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {DNA metabarcoding is widely used to characterize the diet of species, and it becomes very relevant for biodiversity conservation, allowing the understanding of trophic chains and the impact of invasive species. The need for cost-effective biodiversity monitoring methods fostered advances in this technique. One question that arises is which sample type provides a better diet representation.Therefore, with this study, we intended to evaluate if there were differences in diet estimates according to the section of the gastrointestinal tract analysed and which section(s) provided the best diet representation. Additionally, we intended to infer the ecological/economic impacts of an invader as a model of the potential effects in an originally mammal-free ecosystem.We examined the gut contents of the house mouse Mus musculus introduced to Cabo Verde, considering three sections: stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. We applied a DNA-metabarcoding approach using two genetic markers, one specific for plants and another for invertebrates.We showed that this invader consumed 131 taxa (73 plants and 58 invertebrates). We obtained significant differences in the composition of two of the three sections, with a higher incidence of invertebrates in the stomach and plants in the intestines. This may be due to stomach inhibitors acting on plants and/or to faster absorption of soft-body invertebrates compared to the plant fibers in the intestines. We verified that the impact of this invader in the ecosystem is predominantly negative, as at least 50% of the ingested items were native, endemic, or economically important taxa, and only 19% of the diet items were exotics.Overall, results showed the need to analyse only two gastrointestinal tract sections to obtain robust diet data, increasing the cost-effectiveness of the method. Furthermore, by uncovering the native taxa most frequently preyed on by mice, this DNA-metabarcoding approach allowed us to evaluate efficiently which are at the highest risk.}, }
@article {pmid35309395, year = {2022}, author = {Kurniawan, SB and Pambudi, DSA and Ahmad, MM and Alfanda, BD and Imron, MF and Abdullah, SRS}, title = {Ecological impacts of ballast water loading and discharge: insight into the toxicity and accumulation of disinfection by-products.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {e09107}, pmid = {35309395}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Since the implementation of the International Maritime Organization 2004 regulation, most ships have been equipped with on-dock ballast water treatment. While this method is effective in solving the invasive alien species problem, concerns are raised due to the potential release of disinfection by-products (DBPs) as the result of the chemical treatment. This review paper aims to summarize the history of ballast water management (BWM) and the currently used on-dock technology. Chlorination, oxidation, and ozonation are highlighted as the most currently applied methods to treat ballast water on-dock. This paper then focuses on the potential release of toxic DBPs as the result of the selected corresponding treatment methods. Tri-halo methane, haloacetic acid, and several acetic acid-related compounds are emphasized as toxic DBPs with concentrations reaching more than 10 μg/L. The potential toxicities of DBPs, including acute toxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity, to aquatic organisms, are then discussed in detail. Future research directions related to the advanced treatment of DBPs before final discharge and analysis of DBPs in coastal sediments, which are barely studied at present, are suggested to enhance the current knowledge on the fate and the ecological impact of BWM.}, }
@article {pmid35306750, year = {2022}, author = {Di Sora, N and Rossini, L and Contarini, M and Chiarot, E and Speranza, S}, title = {Endotherapic treatment to control Toumeyella parvicornis Cockerell infestations on Pinus pinea L.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {78}, number = {6}, pages = {2443-2448}, pmid = {35306750}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universit&#xe0; e della Ricerca/ ; //Regione Lazio/ ; //Soprintendenza del Parco Archeologico di Ostia Antica/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Europe ; Female ; *Hemiptera ; Italy ; *Pinus ; Trees ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The pine tortoise scale, Toumeyella parvicornis (Cockerell, 1897), is a damaging insect pest native to North America. Its accidental introduction into Europe, where it was first reported in central-southern Italy, is leading to severe infestations among stone pine trees, Pinus pinea L. causing severe infestations and generating a major risk to the health and safety of the citizens as well. This preliminary study aimed at finding an effective low-impact control strategy against Toumeyella parvicornis. We evaluated the effect of endotherapic abamectin injected into infested stone pines in the Parco Archeologico di Ostia Antica (Rome).<br><br>RESULTS: Results showed that endotherapic abamectin significantly reduced the pine tortoise adult female populations and had a persistence into plants of approximately 60&#x2009;days. The first trace of abamectin on the plant's crown was detected 1&#x2009;month after the treatment. Moreover, the survey highlighted a higher presence of the pest on the twigs of the plants than on needles.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings offer an important tool in fighting the damaging activity of this phytophagous, especially in an urban context where interventions with treatments are strictly regulated by national laws. Endotherapy, in fact, would reduce the dispersion of active ingredients by drift, an aspect that could represent a valid alternative to manage plants in public areas. Given the actual lack of scientific information about other control solutions, abamectin endotherapic treatments would be the more effective strategy currently applicable. &#xa9; 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid35305077, year = {2022}, author = {Egeter, B and Veríssimo, J and Lopes-Lima, M and Chaves, C and Pinto, J and Riccardi, N and Beja, P and Fonseca, NA}, title = {Speeding up the detection of invasive bivalve species using environmental DNA: A Nanopore and Illumina sequencing comparison.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {2232-2247}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.13610}, pmid = {35305077}, issn = {1755-0998}, support = {POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022127//PORBIOTA/ ; SFRH/BD/133159/2017//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; 2020.03608.CEECIND//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; //European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)/ ; //EDP-Biodiversity Chair/ ; 668981//Horizon 2020 Framework Programme/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia/genetics ; *DNA, Environmental ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods ; Introduced Species ; *Nanopores ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; }, abstract = {Traditional detection of aquatic invasive species via morphological identification is often time-consuming and can require a high level of taxonomic expertise, leading to delayed mitigation responses. Environmental DNA (eDNA) detection approaches of multiple species using Illumina-based sequencing technology have been used to overcome these hindrances, but sample processing is often lengthy. More recently, portable nanopore sequencing technology has become available, which has the potential to make molecular detection of invasive species more widely accessible and substantially decrease sample turnaround times. However, nanopore-sequenced reads have a much higher error rate than those produced by Illumina platforms, which has so far hindered the adoption of this technology. We provide a detailed laboratory protocol and bioinformatic tools (msi package) to increase the reliability of nanopore sequencing to detect invasive species, and we test its application using invasive bivalves while comparing it with Illumina-based sequencing. We sampled water from sites with pre-existing bivalve occurrence and abundance data, and contrasting bivalve communities, in Italy and Portugal. Samples were extracted, amplified, and sequenced by the two platforms. The mean agreement between sequencing methods was 69% and the difference between methods was nonsignificant. The lack of detections of some species at some sites could be explained by their known low abundances. This is the first reported use of MinION to detect aquatic invasive species from eDNA samples.}, }
@article {pmid35304542, year = {2022}, author = {Do, Y and Park, WB and Park, JK and Kim, CJ and Choi, MB}, title = {Genetic and morphological variation of Vespa velutina nigrithorax which is an invasive species in a mountainous area.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {4737}, pmid = {35304542}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; Republic of Korea ; Temperature ; *Wasps/genetics ; }, abstract = {The yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina nigrithorax) is an invasive species in South Korea with negative economic, ecological, and public health impacts. We investigated genetic and morphological variation in the species populations on Mt. Jiri, the tallest mountain in South Korea. We hypothesized that a high-altitude would be negatively correlated with the genetic diversity of the hornet population, and hornet wing morphology would change with an increase in altitude. Our results showed that the genetic diversity of yellow-legged hornets did not decrease as altitude increased. Regardless of the altitude, the inbreeding coefficient was high at the newly colonized sites. A single genetic population occurred in the mountainous areas examined and gradually expanded its range. Wing morphology, especially shape, did not change with an increase in altitude or decrease in temperature. Although snow cover and cool temperatures at high altitudes could limit nest-building activities, they did not prevent the extension of the range of the species. Therefore, the yellow-legged hornet cannot be controlled naturally by climate or topography; combined approaches, including chemical control, nest removal, and bait-trapping techniques should be implemented.}, }
@article {pmid35304314, year = {2022}, author = {Fortuna, TM and Le Gall, P and Mezdour, S and Calatayud, PA}, title = {Impact of invasive insects on native insect communities.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {51}, number = {}, pages = {100904}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2022.100904}, pmid = {35304314}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; *Herbivory ; *Insecta ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Several biophysical factors are leading to the loss of biodiversity, among them the dominance of exotic invasive species on native communities is important. Their dominance can lead to changes in the structure of insect communities, by competing and displacing native species to other crops or habitats. These changes can impact the herbivore's natural enemies in invaded areas by diverging them from suitable herbivores and altering their biological control process. The development of edible insects and derived products at an industrial scale can also have an impact on the local fauna by the risks of spillover and accidental release in nature. Several area-wide integrated pest management programs are also using the sterile insect technique to control insect pests and disease' vectors. This technique is becoming largely used; however, its application as 'non-intrusive to the environment' is controversial particularly when eradication is concerning species that are at the basis of food webs.}, }
@article {pmid35303950, year = {2022}, author = {Romiti, F and Casini, R and Magliano, A and Ermenegildi, A and De Liberato, C}, title = {Aedes albopictus abundance and phenology along an altitudinal gradient in Lazio region (central Italy).}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {92}, pmid = {35303950}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {G15286//Regione Lazio/ ; }, mesh = {*Aedes ; Altitude ; Animals ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors ; Oviposition ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1894), which is native to Southeast Asia, is among the top 100 invasive species worldwide and one of the most troubling vector species. It has become established in more than 20 European countries. Since its arrival in Italy in the 1990s, the species has colonized all the regions of the country, up to an altitude of 600 m. Nevertheless, no thorough investigation has ever been performed to confirm or extend its elevation limit (EL) in Italy.<br><br>METHODS: To define the EL of Ae. albopictus and analyse its phenology along an altitudinal gradient, we carried out an investigation by means of ovitraps placed in Lazio region, central Italy. Sampling was performed on a weekly basis in 13 villages within five 200-m altitudinal ranges [0-1000 m above sea level (asl)], with the addition of higher localities to the species range whenever the species was recorded in the highest range.<br><br>RESULTS: Aedes albopictus has colonized sites well beyond its known EL, with established populations at 900&#xa0;m asl and positive ovitraps recorded at 1193&#xa0;m asl. The relationship between egg abundance and elevation was described by an exponential decay regression, which predicted an EL for oviposition at 1015&#xa0;m asl. In the active season, egg-laying started earlier at low altitude and ended earlier within the highest altitudinal range. Aedes albopictus abundance and activity period (number of days active) decreased, respectively, by 95% and 34% from the lowest to the highest altitudinal range.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Using data from the present study, the altitudinal limit of Ae. albopictus in central Italy was updated from 600 to 900&#xa0;m asl. In addition, established populations were predicted to exist up to 1015&#xa0;m asl. Considering that up to 99.5% of Lazio region's inhabitants could potentially be affected by Aedes-borne virus outbreaks, the surveillance area for Ae. albopictus should be expanded accordingly. However, our results also indicate that Ae. albopictus surveillance programs need to be revised in order to harmonize the resources earmarked for these with the altitudinal changes in the phenology of this species.}, }
@article {pmid35303103, year = {2022}, author = {Hoddle, MS and Hoddle, CD and Milosavljević, I and Estrada-Venegas, EG and Equihua-Martínez, A}, title = {Assessment of Age, Gender, Mating Status, and Size on Single and Repeat Flight Capabilities of Heilipus lauri Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {35303103}, issn = {1536-2442}, support = {19-1002-000-SG//Office of Pesticide Consultation and Analysis Proactive IPM Solutions Program/ ; 65129-00-000//California Avocado Commission/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Flight, Animal ; *Persea ; Reproduction ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {Heilipus lauri Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a specialist pest of avocado fruit and is considered an incursion risk for U.S. avocado producers. At the time work reported here was undertaken the flight capabilities of H. lauri were unknown. Consequently, proactive studies were undertaken to quantify aspects of this pest's flight capabilities to inform potential future control efforts. Flight mill studies were conducted in a quarantine laboratory to measure the dispersal capacity of H. lauri with respect to gender, mating status, and size on the single and repeat flight capabilities of weevils. Gender, mating status, and size did not significantly affect measured flight parameters. Average total distances flown and flight velocity, and mean maximum flight bout distances and durations significantly declined as weevil age increased and when weevils engaged in repeat flights. Survivorship rates were significantly reduced as the number of successive flights undertaken increased. The distribution of total average flight distances flown and total cumulative flight distances flown was platykurtic. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of developing incursion management plans.}, }
@article {pmid35300414, year = {2022}, author = {Razmi, K and Patil, JG}, title = {Primordial Germ Cell Development in the Poeciliid, Gambusia holbrooki, Reveals Shared Features Between Lecithotrophs and Matrotrophs.}, journal = {Frontiers in cell and developmental biology}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {793498}, pmid = {35300414}, issn = {2296-634X}, abstract = {Metazoans exhibit two modes of primordial germ cell (PGC) specification that are interspersed across taxa. However, the evolutionary link between the two modes and the reproductive strategies of lecithotrophy and matrotrophy is poorly understood. As a first step to understand this, the spatio-temporal expression of teleostean germ plasm markers was investigated in Gambusia holbrooki, a poecilid with shared lecitho- and matrotrophy. A group of germ plasm components was detected in the ovum suggesting maternal inheritance mode of PGC specification. However, the strictly zygotic activation of dnd-β and nanos1 occurred relatively early, reminiscent of models with induction mode (e.g., mice). The PGC clustering, migration and colonisation patterns of G. holbrooki resembled those of zebrafish, medaka and mice at blastula, gastrula and somitogenesis, respectively-recapitulating features of advancing evolutionary nodes with progressive developmental stages. Moreover, the expression domains of PGC markers in G. holbrooki were either specific to teleost (vasa expression in developing PGCs), murine models (dnd spliced variants) or shared between the two taxa (germline and somatic expression of piwi and nanos1). Collectively, the results suggest that the reproductive developmental adaptations may reflect a transition from lecithotrophy to matrotrophy.}, }
@article {pmid35298838, year = {2022}, author = {Baer, J and Spiessl, C and Brinker, A}, title = {Size matters? Species- and size-specific fish predation on recently established invasive quagga mussels Dreissena rostriformis bugensis Andrusov 1897 in a large, deep oligotrophic lake.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {100}, number = {5}, pages = {1272-1282}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15043}, pmid = {35298838}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia ; *Dreissena ; Fishes ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Since its first appearance in Lake Constance in 2016 the invasive quagga mussel Dreissena rostriformis bugensis has come to dominate the mussel community and now occurs in hyperabundant densities over the whole lake bottom. A lake-wide field study was conducted between 2019 and 2020 to obtain a systematic insight into the importance of this novel source of potential prey for the native fish community. In total 664 fish of 20 different species were caught and their digestive tracts were analysed. Meanwhile, quagga mussels were sampled to assess their calorific energy value by size and season. Regressions of septum length on maximum valve length were used to evaluate size-specific mussel consumption by the three dominant quagga-eating fish species. The study shows that nearly all benthivorous fish are able to forage efficiently on quaggas. However, in the case of one keystone species with very high commercial interest, the benthic whitefish Coregonus spp., quagga consumption is more limited as only individuals larger than 35 cm consumed quaggas in relevant amounts. The energy content of quagga mussels is positively size dependent with seasonal effect and elevated values during summer for medium- and large-sized mussels. Even at its peak, the calorific value of quaggas by weight is much lower than that of endemic aquatic invertebrates, while single mass is high. Future implications for fish stocks, food web integrity and possible fishery management options are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid35298775, year = {2022}, author = {González, MA and Delacour-Estrella, S and Bengoa, M and Barceló, C and Bueno-Marí, R and Eritja, R and Ruiz-Arrondo, I}, title = {A Survey on Native and Invasive Mosquitoes and Other Biting Dipterans in Northern Spain.}, journal = {Acta parasitologica}, volume = {67}, number = {2}, pages = {867-877}, pmid = {35298775}, issn = {1896-1851}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ceratopogonidae ; *Culicidae ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Larva ; Spain ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: Haematophagous Diptera, such as mosquitoes (Culicidae), biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), and black flies (Simuliidae), are important insects for public and animal health due to their capacity to bite and transmit pathogens. Outdoor recreation areas are usually affected by biting species and provide suitable habitats to both adult and immature stages. This study aimed to determine the species diversity and larval sites of these Diptera groups in two golf courses.<br><br>METHODS: A multi-method collection approach using ultraviolet-CDC traps, human landing catches, collection in breeding sites, and ovitraps was implemented during summer 2020 in northern Spain. Insects were determined by morphological features accompanied by DNA barcoding.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of ten native mosquito species were recorded either as adults or as larval stages. The invasive species Aedes japonicus was collected only at egg or pupa stage in ovitraps. Culex pipiens s.l. and Culex torrentium were both common mosquito species accounting for 47.9% of the total larval site collections and their larvae might be found in a wide range of natural and artificial sites. Culiseta longiareolata specimens were also prominent (30.1% of the total) and occurred exclusively in man-made water-filled containers. A total of 13 Culicoides species were identified, 10 of which were captured by ultraviolet-CDC traps, particularly members of the Obsoletus complex (Culicoides obsoletus/Culicoides scoticus, 74.9%) and seven species by emergence traps, being the two most abundant C. kibunensis (44.8%) and C. festivipennis (34.9%). Simulium cryophilum was also collected hovering around the operator under field sampling.<br><br>CONCLUSION: A comprehensive representation of the blood-sucking Diptera fauna and their larval sites was obtained by the multi-method approach in two Spanish golf courses.}, }
@article {pmid35294689, year = {2023}, author = {Yu, H and Yang, X and Dai, J and Li, Y and Veeran, S and Lin, J and Shu, B}, title = {Effects of azadirachtin on detoxification-related gene expression in the fat bodies of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {30}, number = {15}, pages = {42587-42595}, pmid = {35294689}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {32102221//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Spodoptera ; *Fat Body ; *Insecticides/pharmacology ; Transcriptome ; Larva ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, has become a worldwide pest and threatens world food production. A previous study indicated that azadirachtin, the most effective botanical insecticide for S. frugiperda, inhibits larval growth of the insect. The effect of azadirachtin on the tissues of the larvae, however, remains to be determined. In this study, the effects of azadirachtin on the structure of fat bodies were analyzed. Comparative transcriptomic analysis was conducted between controls and samples treated with 0.1 μg/g azadirachtin for 7 days to explore potential relevant mechanisms. The expression of 5356 genes was significantly affected after azadirachtin treatment, with 3020 up-regulated and 2336 down-regulated. Among them, 137 encode detoxification enzymes, including 53 P450s, 20 GSTs, 27 CarEs, 16 UGTs, and 12 ABC transporters. Our results indicated that azadirachtin could destroy fat body structure and change the mRNA levels of detoxification-related genes. The up-regulated genes encoding detoxification enzymes might be related to detoxifying azadirachtin. Our results elucidate a preliminary mechanism of azadirachtin detoxification in the fat bodies of S. frugiperda larvae.}, }
@article {pmid35293658, year = {2022}, author = {McLean, DL and Ferreira, LC and Benthuysen, JA and Miller, KJ and Schläppy, ML and Ajemian, MJ and Berry, O and Birchenough, SNR and Bond, T and Boschetti, F and Bull, AS and Claisse, JT and Condie, SA and Consoli, P and Coolen, JWP and Elliott, M and Fortune, IS and Fowler, AM and Gillanders, BM and Harrison, HB and Hart, KM and Henry, LA and Hewitt, CL and Hicks, N and Hock, K and Hyder, K and Love, M and Macreadie, PI and Miller, RJ and Montevecchi, WA and Nishimoto, MM and Page, HM and Paterson, DM and Pattiaratchi, CB and Pecl, GT and Porter, JS and Reeves, DB and Riginos, C and Rouse, S and Russell, DJF and Sherman, CDH and Teilmann, J and Todd, VLG and Treml, EA and Williamson, DH and Thums, M}, title = {Influence of offshore oil and gas structures on seascape ecological connectivity.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {28}, number = {11}, pages = {3515-3536}, pmid = {35293658}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; Invertebrates ; Larva ; Oceans and Seas ; }, abstract = {Offshore platforms, subsea pipelines, wells and related fixed structures supporting the oil and gas (O&amp;G) industry are prevalent in oceans across the globe, with many approaching the end of their operational life and requiring decommissioning. Although structures can possess high ecological diversity and productivity, information on how they interact with broader ecological processes remains unclear. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on the role of O&amp;G infrastructure in maintaining, altering or enhancing ecological connectivity with natural marine habitats. There is a paucity of studies on the subject with only 33 papers specifically targeting connectivity and O&amp;G structures, although other studies provide important related information. Evidence for O&amp;G structures facilitating vertical and horizontal seascape connectivity exists for larvae and mobile adult invertebrates, fish and megafauna; including threatened and commercially important species. The degree to which these structures represent a beneficial or detrimental net impact remains unclear, is complex and ultimately needs more research to determine the extent to which natural connectivity networks are conserved, enhanced or disrupted. We discuss the potential impacts of different decommissioning approaches on seascape connectivity and identify, through expert elicitation, critical knowledge gaps that, if addressed, may further inform decision making for the life cycle of O&amp;G infrastructure, with relevance for other industries (e.g. renewables). The most highly ranked critical knowledge gap was a need to understand how O&amp;G structures modify and influence the movement patterns of mobile species and dispersal stages of sessile marine species. Understanding how different decommissioning options affect species survival and movement was also highly ranked, as was understanding the extent to which O&amp;G structures contribute to extending species distributions by providing rest stops, foraging habitat, and stepping stones. These questions could be addressed with further dedicated studies of animal movement in relation to structures using telemetry, molecular techniques and movement models. Our review and these priority questions provide a roadmap for advancing research needed to support evidence-based decision making for decommissioning O&amp;G infrastructure.}, }
@article {pmid35290988, year = {2022}, author = {Muja-Bajraktari, N and Kadriaj, P and Zhushi-Etemi, F and Sherifi, K and Alten, B and Petrić, D and Velo, E and Schaffner, F}, title = {The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Kosovo: First record.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {e0264300}, pmid = {35290988}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Balkan Peninsula ; *Chikungunya Fever ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Kosovo ; Mosquito Vectors ; *Zika Virus ; *Zika Virus Infection ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is an invasive mosquito species that is considered a potential vector of about 22 arboviruses, among which dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Here we report the first record of Aedes albopictus in the territory of the Republic of Kosovo. The first finding, in July 2020, was driven by a photo of an adult mosquito published by a citizen in social media. The subsequent field investigation in July 2020 confirmed the presence of adult mosquitoes by human landing catch and collection of eggs in ovitraps at the village Zhur. Monitoring was performed for 7 weeks with ovitraps and BG-Sentinel adult traps at 36 sampling stations from 7 localities, in the Southern part of Kosovo, on the border with Albania. Fifty-two out of 81 ovitrap samples resulted positive for the presence of Ae. albopictus. A total of 2,711 eggs are collected in 22 out 36 stations and a total of 78 adults from 4 out 4 stations with BG Sentinel trap and 15 adults with handled electric aspirator. Our finding shows that the tiger mosquito is expanding its geographical range in the Balkans, southeastern Europe.}, }
@article {pmid35290766, year = {2022}, author = {Dong, S and Sun, A and Tan, K and Nieh, JC}, title = {Identification of giant hornet Vespa mandarinia queen sex pheromone components.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {32}, number = {5}, pages = {R211-R212}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.065}, pmid = {35290766}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Reproduction ; *Sex Attractants ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {The Vespidae is a diverse family of wasps and hornets that are formidable predators of insects, including social bees[1], and includes a number of invasive species[2]. Recently, the world's largest hornet, Vespa mandarinia Smith (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), which occurs naturally in the Indomalayan region, has been found in Canada and the United States[2]. Some simulations indicate that it could rapidly spread throughout Washington and Oregon in the western US, as well as some eastern parts of the country[2][,][3], threaten native bees and honeybees, and harm bee-pollinated crop production worth over $100 million annually[3]. There is consequently an urgent need to learn more about V. mandarinia's reproductive biology and to develop trapping methods to locate its nests and to control its reproduction. We identified V. mandarinia queen-produced sex pheromone from the 5[th] and 6[th] intersegmental sternal glands of virgin queens. The major active compounds were hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, and decanoic acid. When placed in field traps, the synthetic compounds and a queen-equivalent mixture rapidly attracted hundreds of males but no females or other species.}, }
@article {pmid35290720, year = {2022}, author = {Tarusikirwa, VL and Cuthbert, RN and Mutamiswa, R and Nyamukondiwa, C}, title = {Context-dependent integrated stress resistance promotes a global invasive pest.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {29}, number = {6}, pages = {1790-1804}, pmid = {35290720}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; Acclimatization/physiology ; *Thermotolerance ; Larva/physiology ; Stress, Physiological ; *Starvation ; }, abstract = {In nature, insects concurrently face multiple environmental stressors, a scenario likely increasing with climate change. Integrated stress resistance (ISR) thus often improves fitness and could drive invasiveness, but how physiological mechanisms influence invasion has lacked examination. Here, we investigated cross-tolerance to abiotic stress factors which may influence range limits in the South American tomato pinworm-a global invader that is an ecologically and socially damaging crop pest. Specifically, we tested the effects of prior rapid cold- and heat-hardening (RCH and RHH), fasting, and desiccation on cold and heat tolerance traits, as well as starvation and desiccation survivability between T. absoluta life stages. Acclimation effects on critical thermal minima (CTmin) and maxima (CTmax) were inconsistent, showing significantly deleterious effects of RCH on adult CTmax and CTmin and, conversely, beneficial acclimation effects of RCH on larval CTmin . While no beneficial effects of desiccation acclimation were recorded for desiccation tolerance, fasted individuals had significantly higher survival in adults, whereas fasting negatively affected larval tolerances. Furthermore, fasted and desiccation acclimated adults had significantly higher starvation tolerance, showing strong evidence for cross-tolerance. Our results show context-dependent ISR traits that may promote T. absoluta fitness and competitiveness. Given the frequent overlapping occurrence of these divergent stressors, ISR reported here may thus partly elucidate the observed rapid global spread of T. absoluta into more stressful environments than expected. This information is vital in determining the underpinnings of multistressor responses, which are fundamental in forecasting species responses to changing environments and management responses.}, }
@article {pmid35290408, year = {2022}, author = {Tasker, BR and Honebein, KN and Erickson, AM and Misslin, JE and Hurst, P and Cooney, S and Riley, S and Griffith, SA and Bancroft, BA}, title = {Effects of elevated temperature, reduced hydroperiod, and invasive bullfrog larvae on pacific chorus frog larvae.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {e0265345}, pmid = {35290408}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura ; *Ecosystem ; *Gastropoda ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Rana catesbeiana ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Climate change and invasive species threaten many ecosystems, including surface freshwater systems. Increasing temperatures and reduced hydroperiod due to climate change may promote the persistence of invasive species and facilitate new invasions due to potentially higher tolerance to environmental stress in successful invaders. Amphibians demonstrate high levels of plasticity in life history characteristics, particularly those species which inhabit both ephemeral and permanent water bodies. We tested the influence of two projected effects of climate change (increased temperature and reduced hydroperiod) on Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) tadpoles alone and in combination with the presence of tadpoles of a wide-spread invasive amphibian, the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus). Specifically, we explored the effects of projected climate change and invasion on survival, growth, mass at stage 42, and development rate of Pacific chorus frogs. Direct and indirect interactions between the invasive tadpole and the native tadpole were controlled via a cage treatment and were included to account for differences in presence of the bullfrog compared to competition for food resources and other direct effects. Overall, bullfrogs had larger negative effects on Pacific chorus frogs than climate conditions. Under future climate conditions, Pacific chorus frogs developed faster and emerged heavier. Pacific chorus frog tadpoles developing in the presence of American bullfrogs, regardless of cage treatment, emerged lighter. When future climate conditions and presence of invasive American bullfrog tadpoles were combined, tadpoles grew less. However, no interaction was detected between climate conditions and bullfrog presence for mass, suggesting that tadpoles allocated energy towards mass rather than length under the combined stress treatment. The maintenance of overall body condition (smaller but heavier metamorphs) when future climate conditions overlap with bullfrog presence suggests that Pacific chorus frogs may be partially compensating for the negative effects of bullfrogs via increased allocation of energy towards mass. Strong plasticity, as demonstrated by Pacific chorus frog larvae in our study, may allow species to match the demands of new environments, including under future climate change.}, }
@article {pmid35287933, year = {2022}, author = {Meriggi, C and Drakare, S and Polaina Lacambra, E and Johnson, RK and Laugen, AT}, title = {Species distribution models as a tool for early detection of the invasive Raphidiopsis raciborskii in European lakes.}, journal = {Harmful algae}, volume = {113}, number = {}, pages = {102202}, doi = {10.1016/j.hal.2022.102202}, pmid = {35287933}, issn = {1878-1470}, mesh = {*Cyanobacteria ; *Cylindrospermopsis ; Ecosystem ; Lakes/microbiology ; }, abstract = {In freshwater habitats, invasive species and the increase of cyanobacterial blooms have been identified as a major cause of biodiversity loss. The invasive cyanobacteria Raphidiopsis raciborskii a toxin-producing and bloom-forming species affecting local biodiversity and ecosystem services is currently expanding its range across Europe. We used species distribution models (SDMs) and regional bioclimatic environmental variables, such as temperature and precipitation, to identify suitable areas for the colonization and survival of R. raciborskii, with special focus on the geographic extent of potential habitats in Northern Europe. SDMs predictions uncovered areas of high occurrence probability of R. raciborskii in locations where it has not been recorded yet, e.g. some areas in Central and Northern Europe. In the southeastern part of Sweden, areas of suitable climate for R. raciborskii corresponded with lakes of high concentrations of total phosphorus, increasing the risk of the species to thrive. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to predict areas at high risk of R. raciborskii colonization in Europe. The results from this study suggest several areas across Europe that would need monitoring programs to determine if the species is present or not, to be able to prevent its potential colonization and population growth. Regarding an undesirable microorganism like R. raciborskii, authorities may need to start information campaigns to avoid or minimize the spread.}, }
@article {pmid35281122, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, A and Melton, AE and Soltis, DE and Soltis, PS}, title = {Potential distributional shifts in North America of allelopathic invasive plant species under climate change models.}, journal = {Plant diversity}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, pages = {11-19}, pmid = {35281122}, issn = {2468-2659}, abstract = {Predictive studies play a crucial role in the study of biological invasions of terrestrial plants under possible climate change scenarios. Invasive species are recognized for their ability to modify soil microbial communities and influence ecosystem dynamics. Here, we focused on six species of allelopathic flowering plants-Ailanthus altissima, Casuarina equisetifolia, Centaurea stoebe ssp. micranthos, Dioscorea bulbifera, Lantana camara, and Schinus terebinthifolia-that are invasive in North America and examined their potential to spread further during projected climate change. We used Species Distribution Models (SDMs) to predict future suitable areas for these species in North America under several proposed future climate models. ENMEval and Maxent were used to develop SDMs, estimate current distributions, and predict future areas of suitable climate for each species. Areas with the greatest predicted suitable climate in the future include the northeastern and the coastal northwestern regions of North America. Range size estimations demonstrate the possibility of extreme range loss for these invasives in the southeastern United States, while new areas may become suitable in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. These findings show an overall northward shift of suitable climate during the next few decades, given projected changes in temperature and precipitation. Our results can be utilized to analyze potential shifts in the distribution of these invasive species and may aid in the development of conservation and management plans to target and control dissemination in areas at higher risk for potential future invasion by these allelopathic species.}, }
@article {pmid35277917, year = {2022}, author = {Wu, P and Head, ML and Liu, C and Haseeb, M and Zhang, R}, title = {The high invasion success of fall armyworm is related to life-history strategies across a range of stressful temperatures.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {78}, number = {6}, pages = {2398-2404}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6867}, pmid = {35277917}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA19050204)/ ; XDA19050204//Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; //University of Kentucky/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; Spodoptera ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Insects living in unfavorably high or low temperatures are predicted to display a fast or slow life-history strategy. Here, we examined life histories of fall armyworm (FAW), a globally important invasive species with a broad ecological niche, at five constant temperatures of 13, 19, 25, 31 and 37°C, to study life-history responses to different temperatures.<br><br>RESULTS: In our experiment, FAW had lower lifetime fecundity at unfavorable temperatures, a finding that is consistent with the idea that FAW can shift resources from reproduction to other functions under stressful conditions-such as heat or cold tolerance. Given the adverse effects of stressful temperatures, life-history strategies arise from individuals having limited remaining resources to allocate towards vital functions like survival or reproduction. Here we show plasticity in life-history strategies adopted at different temperatures. Rather than simply varying along a fast-slow continuum, FAW at unfavorably high temperatures exhibited lower daily fecundity and longer reproductive lifespans, and at unfavorably low temperatures showed a shorter peak in reproduction later in life, compared with FAW at 25&#xb0;C. Such patterns, if adaptive, could suggest a strategy mitigating reproductive and mortality risk in unfavorable environments, however, this remains to be tested.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our analysis suggests that the high invasion success of FAW may result from their ability to adjust life-history strategies, across a range of stressful temperatures, in a way that reduces not only mortality, but also fecundity loss. The adoption of such strategies may be instrumental for the global invasion success of FAW. &#xa9; 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid35273319, year = {2022}, author = {Burgess, BT and Irvine, RL and Russello, MA}, title = {Population genomics of Sitka black-tailed deer supports invasive species management and ecological restoration on islands.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {223}, pmid = {35273319}, issn = {2399-3642}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Deer/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Metagenomics ; }, abstract = {Invasive mammals represent a critical threat to island biodiversity; eradications can result in ecological restoration yet may fail in the absence of key population parameters. Over-browsing by invasive Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) is causing severe ecological and cultural impacts across the Haida Gwaii archipelago (Canada). Previous eradication attempts demonstrate forest regeneration upon deer removal, but reinvasion reverses conservation gains. Here we use restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (12,947 SNPs) to investigate connectivity and gene flow of invasive deer (n = 181) across 15 islands, revealing little structure throughout Haida Gwaii and identifying the large, central island of Moresby (>2600 km[2]) as the greatest source of migrants. As a result, the archipelago itself should be considered the primary eradication unit, with the exception of geographically isolated islands like SGang Gwaay. Thus, limiting eradications to isolated islands combined with controlled culling and enhanced biosecurity may be the most effective strategies for achieving ecological restoration goals.}, }
@article {pmid35273219, year = {2022}, author = {Santacruz, A and Barluenga, M and Pérez-Ponce de León, G}, title = {The macroparasite fauna of cichlid fish from Nicaraguan lakes, a model system for understanding host-parasite diversification and speciation.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {3944}, pmid = {35273219}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Cichlids/anatomy &amp; histology ; Genetic Speciation ; Lakes ; *Parasites ; Sympatry ; }, abstract = {The Nicaraguan lakes represent an ideal continent-island-like setting to study the colonization patterns of both fish and their parasites. The dominant fish fauna are cichlids, particularly the Midas cichlid species complex Amphilophus spp., a well-studied model for recent sympatric speciation. Here, we characterized the Midas cichlid macroparasite diversity in Nicaraguan lakes. We evaluated patterns of parasite diversity across host populations. Morphological and molecular analyses were conducted, revealing a macroparasite fauna composed by 37 taxa, including platyhelminths, nematodes, copepods, branchiurans, hirudineans and oribatids. Three invasive species are reported for the first time. The Midas cichlid was infected by 22 parasite taxa, 18 shared with other cichlids. Eight taxa conformed the core parasite fauna of the Midas cichlid. The large lakes had higher parasite diversity than the smaller and isolated crater lakes, although parasite infracommunity diversity was lower. Environmental factors along with the differential distribution of intermediate hosts, the potential resistance gained by their hosts after colonization of new lakes, competitive exclusion among parasites, or the introduction of exotic fish, may determine the observed pattern of parasite heterogeneous distribution. Our study provides a ground to explore the evolutionary history of both, hosts and parasites within the context of speciation and diversification processes.}, }
@article {pmid35272109, year = {2022}, author = {Costello, KE and Lynch, SA and McAllen, R and O'Riordan, RM and Culloty, SC}, title = {Assessing the potential for invasive species introductions and secondary spread using vessel movements in maritime ports.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {177}, number = {}, pages = {113496}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113496}, pmid = {35272109}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Ireland ; *Ships ; Water ; }, abstract = {Global shipping facilitates the introduction of invasive species and parasites via ballast water and hull fouling. Regional management of invasives may be strengthened by identifying the major routes in a network, to allow for targeted ship inspections. This study used cargo shipping records to establish the connectivity of shipping routes between ports in Ireland and other nations. 9291 records were analysed, investigating vessel residence and journey times. On average, vessels spent up to five days in port and less than five days at sea. However, there was strong variation, with general cargo ships recording up to 13 days in port. A horizon scan for species likely to invade in Ireland was incorporated for five species and their associated parasites: American razor clam, Asian shore crab, Brush clawed shore crab, Chinese mitten crab and American slipper limpet. Routes of concern are highlighted and a general framework for effective management is outlined.}, }
@article {pmid35270159, year = {2022}, author = {Arroyo-Cosultchi, G and Golubov, J and Solórzano, JV and Mandujano, MC}, title = {Prescriptions for the Control of a Clonal Invasive Species Using Demographic Models.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {35270159}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {gn-043//National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity/ ; 00089333//GEF-PNUD/ ; }, abstract = {Until recently, little research has focused on determination of the population dynamics of invasive species and evaluating their genetic variation. Consequently, not much is known of what drives clonal invasive species and their demography. Here, we describe the population dynamics of Kalanchoe delagoensis (Crassulaceae), considered invasive to several countries. We quantified the demography of a population in central Mexico using integral projection models (IPM) in a population that reproduced asexually exclusively through plantlets. The effect of clonal recruitment on population growth rate (λ) was evaluated by changing plantlet survival and simulating management scenarios that used previous data of watering and seven experimental herbicide treatments. The finite rate of population increase indicated that this Kalanchoe delagoensis population is growing (above one) and with water availability, growth rates will only accelerate. The IPM showed that plantlet survival and recruitment were the most critical steps in the cycle for the population, and simulations of different management scenarios showed that reducing plantlet survival significantly decreased λ only in two out of the seven herbicides used.}, }
@article {pmid35270152, year = {2022}, author = {Howari, FM and Sharma, M and Nazzal, Y and El-Keblawy, A and Mir, S and Xavier, CM and Salem, IB and Al-Taani, AA and Alaydaroos, F}, title = {Changes in the Invasion Rate of Prosopis juliflora and Its Impact on Depletion of Groundwater in the Northern Part of the United Arab Emirates.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {35270152}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {Z01-2016-001//UAE Space Agency/ ; }, abstract = {Prosopis species were introduced to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) region for desert greening. However, the species now pose a great threat to the native plant diversity. This study used high-resolution satellite imagery (1990-2019) to understand the history and current distribution of Prosopis species and their impact on fresh groundwater. The results show that the Prosopis invasion in the study area reached its maximum expansion rate in 2019 and covered an area of about 16 km[2] compared to 0.2 km[2] in 1990. The areas near Sharjah Airport, Umm Fannan, and Al Talla, located at a lower elevation of the sand dune area, are heavily invaded. Prosopis groundwater requirement derived using evapotranspiration shows that groundwater consumption has changed drastically after 2010 and consumed about 22.22 million m[3] of groundwater in 2019, which is about a 7372% increase in groundwater consumption from the year 1990 to 2019. The results can be useful for setting up a management plan for the sustainable use of this species in the UAE region in particular and other similar countries in the arid land regions that are suffering from freshwater depletion because of Prosopis invasion.}, }
@article {pmid35266547, year = {2022}, author = {Lamit, LJ and Giovati, AS and Jo, I and Frank, DA and Fridley, JD}, title = {Woody invaders are more highly colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi than congeneric native species.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {109}, number = {4}, pages = {655-663}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1839}, pmid = {35266547}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Fungi ; Introduced Species ; *Mycorrhizae ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Plants ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: Invasive species tend to possess acquisitive plant traits that support fast growth and strong competitive ability. However, the relevance of symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to the fast growing, acquisitive strategy of invasive species is still unclear.<br><br>METHODS: We measured AMF colonization in roots of five congeneric pairs of invasive and native eastern North American woody species (10 species total; 4 lianas, 6 shrubs) that were grown in a monoculture common garden experiment in Syracuse, NY. We then examined the relationships of AMF colonization to above and belowground traits of these species.<br><br>RESULTS: Total AMF colonization and arbuscule colonization were greater in invasive compared to native woody species, a pattern that was more distinct in congeneric shrubs than congeneric lianas. The level of AMF colonization was also positively correlated with traits indicative of rapid plant growth and nutrient uptake.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The concordance of a resource-acquisitive strategy with higher AMF colonization suggests that symbioses with AMF may be part of the strategy by which invasive woody plants of eastern North America are able to maintain fast growth rates and outcompete their native counterparts.}, }
@article {pmid35263163, year = {2022}, author = {Zhang, Y and Kong, WL and Wu, XQ and Li, PS}, title = {Inhibitory Effects of Phenazine Compounds and Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by Pseudomonas aurantiaca ST-TJ4 Against Phytophthora cinnamomi.}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {112}, number = {9}, pages = {1867-1876}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-10-21-0442-R}, pmid = {35263163}, issn = {0031-949X}, mesh = {Phenazines/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Phytophthora ; Plant Diseases/microbiology/prevention &amp; control ; Pseudomonas ; *Volatile Organic Compounds/metabolism/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Phytophthora cinnamomi is an important plant pathogen that is widely distributed worldwide and has caused serious ecological damage and significant economic losses in forests and plantations in many countries. The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria is an effective and environmentally friendly strategy for controlling diseases caused by P. cinnamomi. In this study, we investigated the antagonistic mechanism of Pseudomonas aurantiaca ST-TJ4 against P. cinnamomi through different antagonistic approaches, observations of mycelial morphology, study of mycelial metabolism, and identification of antagonistic substances. The results showed that Pseudomonas aurantiaca ST-TJ4 was able to significantly inhibit mycelial growth, causing mycelial deformation and disrupting internal cell structures. Additionally, pathogen cell membranes were damaged by ST-TJ4, and mycelial cell content synthesis was disrupted. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses showed that phenazine compounds and 2-undecanone were the main antagonistic components. The ammonia produced by the ST-TJ4 strain also contributed to the inhibition of the growth of P. cinnamomi. In conclusion, our results confirm that Pseudomonas aurantiaca ST-TJ4 can inhibit P. cinnamomi through multiple mechanisms and can be used as a biological control agent for various plant diseases caused by P. cinnamomi.}, }
@article {pmid35261489, year = {2022}, author = {Beranek, CT and Sanders, S and Clulow, J and Mahony, M}, title = {Factors influencing persistence of a threatened amphibian in restored wetlands despite severe population decline during climate change driven weather extremes.}, journal = {Biodiversity and conservation}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {1267-1287}, pmid = {35261489}, issn = {0960-3115}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Biodiversity is in global decline during the Anthropocene. Declines have been caused by multiple factors, such as habitat removal, invasive species, and disease, which are often targets for conservation management. However, conservation interventions are under threat from climate change induced weather extremes. Weather extremes are becoming more frequent and devastating and an example of this was the 2019/2020 Australian drought and mega-fires. We provide a case study the impacts of these extreme weather events had on a population of the threatened frog Litoria aurea that occurs in a constructed habitat which was designed to reduce the impact of introduced fish and chytrid-induced disease. We aimed to determine what factors influenced persistence so that the design of wetlands can be further optimised to future-proof threatened amphibians. We achieved this with 4 years (2016-2020) of intensive capture-recapture surveys during austral spring and summer across nine wetlands (n = 94 repeat surveys). As hypothesized, drought caused a sharp reduction in population size, but persistence was achieved. The most parsimonious predictor of survival was an interaction between maximum air temperature and rainfall, indicating that weather extremes likely caused the decline. Survival was positively correlated with wetland vegetation coverage, positing this is an important feature to target to enhance resilience in wetland restoration programs. Additionally, the benefits obtained from measures to reduce chytrid prevalence were not compromised during drought, as there was a positive correlation between salinity and survival. We emphasize that many species may not be able to persist under worse extreme weather scenarios. Despite the potential for habitat augmentation to buffer effects of extreme weather, global action on climate change is needed to reduce extinction risk.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10531-022-02387-9.}, }
@article {pmid35259944, year = {2022}, author = {Eyck, HJF and Brown, GP and Rollins, LA and Shine, R}, title = {In an arms race between host and parasite, a lungworm's ability to infect a toad is determined by host susceptibility not parasite preference.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {20210552}, pmid = {35259944}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Bufo marinus ; Introduced Species ; *Parasites ; *Rhabditida Infections/epidemiology/parasitology ; *Rhabditoidea/physiology ; }, abstract = {Evolutionary arms races can alter both parasite infectivity and host resistance, and it is difficult to separate the effects of these twin determinants of infection outcomes. We used a co-introduced, invasive host-parasite system (the lungworm Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala and cane toads Rhinella marina), where rapid adaptation and dispersal have led to population differences in infection resistance. We quantified behavioural responses of parasite larvae to skin-chemical cues of toads from different invasive populations, and rates at which juvenile hosts became infected following standardized exposure to lungworms. Chemical cues from toad skin altered host-seeking behaviour by parasites, similarly among populations. The number of infection attempts (parasite larvae entering the host's body) also did not differ between populations, but rates of successful infection (establishment of adult worm in host lungs) were higher for range-edge toads than for range-core conspecifics. Thus, lower resistance to parasite infection in range-edge juvenile toads appears to be due to less effective immune defences of the host rather than differential behavioural responses of the parasite. In this ongoing host-parasite arms race, changing outcomes appear to be driven by shifts in host immunocompetence.}, }
@article {pmid35259942, year = {2022}, author = {Alexander, ME and Skein, L and Robinson, TB}, title = {Rapid learning in a native predator shifts diet preferences towards invasive prey.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {20210655}, pmid = {35259942}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia ; Diet ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions often exert negative impacts on native communities and can disrupt a range of biotic interactions such as those between predators and prey. For example, when invasive species alter the foraging landscape, native predators can fail to recognize them as profitable prey because of unfamiliarity. This study therefore investigated whether a native predator (rock lobster Jasus lalandii) can develop a new preference for an invasive prey (mussel Semimytilus patagonicus) following conditioning through a short-term exposure. Conditioned lobsters, exposed to only S. patagonicus for a month, demonstrated a significant change in preference for the novel invasive prey, which was found to contrast with non-conditioned lobsters that continued to show predator preferences toward a native mussel (Choromytilus meridionalis). There is therefore potential for native predators such as J. lalandii to adapt and switch towards feeding on an abundant invasive prey, even if they avoid it at first. This indicates that rapid learning can occur in a species exposed to novel food resources and demonstrates that native species can adapt to biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid35259205, year = {2022}, author = {Garcia, N and Grenier, E and Buisson, A and Folcher, L}, title = {Diversity of plant parasitic nematodes characterized from fields of the French national monitoring programme for the Columbia root-knot nematode.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {e0265070}, pmid = {35259205}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Nematoda ; *Parasites ; Plants ; Soil/parasitology ; *Tylenchida ; }, abstract = {Plant parasitic nematodes are highly abundant in all agrosystems and some species can have a major impact on crop yields. To avoid the use of chemical agents and to find alternative methods to manage these pests, research studies have mainly focused on plant resistance genes and biocontrol methods involving host plants or natural enemies. A specific alternative method may consist in supporting non-damaging indigenous species that could compete with damaging introduced species to decrease and keep their abundance at low level. For this purpose, knowledge about the biodiversity, structure and functioning of these indigenous communities is needed in order to carry out better risk assessments and to develop possible future management strategies. Here, we investigated 35 root crop fields in eight regions over two consecutive years. The aims were to describe plant parasitic nematode diversity and to assess the potential effects of cultivation practices and environmental variables on communities. Community biodiversity included 10 taxa of plant parasitic nematodes. Despite no significant abundance variations between the two sampling years, structures of communities varied among the different regions. Metadata collected for the past six years, characterizing the cultural practices and soils properties, made it possible to evaluate the impact of these variables both on the whole community and on each taxon separately. Our results suggest that, at a large scale, many variables drive the structuration of the communities. Soil variables, but also rainfall, explain the population density variations among the geographical areas. The effect of the variables differed among the taxa, but fields with few herbicide applications and being pH neutral with low heavy metal and nitrogen concentrations had the highest plant parasitic nematode densities. We discuss how these variables can affect nematode communities either directly or indirectly. These types of studies can help to better understand the variables driving the nematode communities structuration in order to support the abundance of indigenous non-damaging communities that could compete with the invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid35258619, year = {2022}, author = {Stanley, TR and Guisbert, KSK and Perez, SM and Oneka, M and Kernin, I and Higgins, NR and Lobo, A and Subasi, MM and Carroll, DJ and Turingan, RG and Guisbert, E}, title = {Stress response gene family expansions correlate with invasive potential in teleost fish.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {225}, number = {Suppl_1}, pages = {}, pmid = {35258619}, issn = {1477-9145}, support = {R15 CA227573/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; Fishes/genetics ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics ; *Perciformes/physiology ; }, abstract = {The bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus and the closely related redear sunfish Lepomis microlophus have important ecological and recreational value and are widely used for research and aquaculture. While both species have been introduced outside of their native ranges, only the bluegill is considered invasive. Here, we report de novo transcriptome assemblies for these fish as a resource for sunfish biology. Comparative analyses of the transcriptomes revealed an unexpected, bluegill-specific expansion in the HSP70 and HSP90 molecular chaperone gene families. These expansions were not unique to the bluegill as expansions in HSP70s and HSP90s were identified in the genomes of other teleost fish using the NCBI RefSeq database. To determine whether gene family expansions are specific for thermal stress responses, GST and SOD gene families that are associated with oxidative stress responses were also analyzed. Species-specific expansions were also observed for these gene families in distinct fish species. Validating our approach, previously described expansions in the MHC gene family were also identified. Intriguingly, the number of HSP70 paralogs was positively correlated with thermotolerance range for each species, suggesting that these expansions can impact organismal physiology. Furthermore, fish that are considered invasive contained a higher average number of HSP70 paralogs than non-invasive fish. Invasive fish also had higher average numbers of HSP90, MHC and GST paralogs, but not SOD paralogs. Taken together, we propose that expansions in key cellular stress response gene families represent novel genetic signatures that correlate with invasive potential.}, }
@article {pmid35251785, year = {2022}, author = {Li, YX and Dong, XF and Yang, AL and Zhang, HB}, title = {Diversity and pathogenicity of Alternaria species associated with the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora and local plants.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e13012}, pmid = {35251785}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {*Ageratina ; Alternaria/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Virulence/genetics ; China ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Pathogen accumulation after introduction is unavoidable for exotic plants over a long period of time. Therefore, it is important to understand whether plant invasion promotes novel pathogen emergence and increases the risk of pathogen movement among agricultural, horticultural, and wild native plants. In this study, we used multiple gene analysis to characterize the species composition of 104 isolates of Alternaria obtained from the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora and native plants from Yunnan, Hubei, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Guangxi in China. Phylogenetically, these strains were from A. alternata (88.5%), A. gossypina (10.6%) and A. steviae (0.9%). There was a high amount of sharing between strains associated with A. adenophora and with local plants. Pathogenicity tests indicated that most of these Alternaria strains are generalists; the isolates with a wider host range were more virulent to the plant. Woody plants were more resistant to these strains than herbaceous plants and vines. However, the invasive plant A. adenophora was highly sensitive to these strains. Our data are valuable for understanding how A. adenophora invasion impacts the Alternaria species composition of the native plant and whether A. adenophora invasion causes potential disease risks in invaded ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid35251133, year = {2022}, author = {Elnour, MB and Gloria-Soria, A and Azrag, RS and Alkhaibari, AM and Powell, JR and Salim, B}, title = {Population Genetic Analysis of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes From Sudan Revealed Recent Independent Colonization Events by the Two Subspecies.}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {825652}, pmid = {35251133}, issn = {1664-8021}, abstract = {Increases in arbovirus outbreaks in Sudan are vectored by Aedes aegypti, raising the medical importance of this mosquito. We genotyped 12 microsatellite loci in four populations of Ae. aegypti from Sudan, two from the East and two from the West, and analyzed them together with a previously published database of 31 worldwide populations to infer population structure and investigate the demographic history of this species in Sudan. Our results revealed the presence of two genetically distinct subspecies of Ae. aegypti in Sudan. These are Ae. aegypti aegypti in Eastern Sudan and Ae. aegypti formosus in Western Sudan. Clustering analysis showed that mosquitoes from East Sudan are genetically homogeneous, while we found population substructure in West Sudan. In the global context our results indicate that Eastern Sudan populations are genetically closer to Asian and American populations, while Western Sudan populations are related to East and West African populations. Approximate Bayesian Computation Analysis supports a scenario in which Ae. aegypti entered Sudan in at least two independent occasions nearly 70-80 years ago. This study provides a baseline database that can be used to determine the likely origin of new introductions for this invasive species into Sudan. The presence of the two subspecies in the country should be consider when designing interventions, since they display different behaviors regarding epidemiologically relevant parameters, such as blood feeding preferences and ability to transmit disease.}, }
@article {pmid35248154, year = {2022}, author = {Friuli, M and Cafarchia, C and Lia, RP and Otranto, D and Pombi, M and Demitri, C}, title = {From tissue engineering to mosquitoes: biopolymers as tools for developing a novel biomimetic approach to pest management/vector control.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {79}, pmid = {35248154}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Biomimetics ; Biopolymers/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Mosquito Control ; Mosquito Vectors ; Tissue Engineering ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pest management has been facing the spread of invasive species, insecticide resistance phenomena, and concern for the impact of chemical pesticides on human health and the environment. It has tried to deal with them by developing technically efficient and economically sustainable solutions to complement/replace/improve traditional control methods. The renewal has been mainly directed towards less toxic pesticides or enhancing the precision of their delivery to reduce the volume employed and side effects through lure-and-kill approaches based on semiochemicals attractants. However, one of the main pest management problems is that efficacy depends on the effectiveness of the attractant system, limiting its successful employment to semiochemical stimuli-responsive insects. Biomaterial-based and bioinspired/biomimetic solutions that already guide other disciplines (e.g., medical sciences) in developing precision approaches could be a helpful tool to create attractive new strategies to liberate precision pest management from the need for semiochemical stimuli, simplify their integration with bioinsecticides, and foster the use of still underemployed solutions.<br><br>APPROACH PROPOSED: We propose an innovative approach, called "biomimetic lure-and-kill". It exploits biomimetic principles and biocompatible/biodegradable biopolymers (e.g., natural hydrogels) to develop new substrates that selectively attract insects by reproducing specific natural environmental conditions (biomimetic lure) and kill them by hosting and delivering a natural biopesticide or through mechanical action. Biomimetic lure-and-kill-designed substrates point to provide a new attractive system to develop/improve and make more cost-competitive new and conventional devices (e.g. traps). A first example application is proposed using the tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus as a model.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Biomaterials, particularly in the hydrogel form, can be a useful tool for developing the biomimetic lure-and-kill approach because they can satisfy multiple needs simultaneously (e.g., biomimetic lure, mechanical lethality, biocompatibility, and bioinsecticide growth). Such an approach might be cost-competitive, and with the potential for applicability to several pest species. Moreover, it is already technically feasible, since all the technologies necessary to design and configure materials with specific characteristics are already available on the market.}, }
@article {pmid35247761, year = {2022}, author = {Hong, Y and Lee, M and Rim, H and Do, Y and Kim, SC and Bang, JH and Song, U}, title = {Development of a preliminary environmental risk assessment system by using text mining for introducing alien crops.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {311}, number = {}, pages = {114794}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114794}, pmid = {35247761}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Changes in worldwide crop trends and climate change has increased the introduction of alien crops. However, there are always potential side effect issues related to introduced crops, such as the introduced crop becoming a nuisance at the new country or bringing insect pests or microorganisms with the introduced crops. In this study, we developed a crop introduction risk assessment system using text mining method to prevent this problem. First, we designed the "Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment Index for Alien Crops" based on ecological researches to assess the risks of introduced crops to the natural environment. The questionaries evaluate the target alien crop with previous cases reporting the target crops' adverse effects on the environment, the potential of target crops' direct or indirect damage on the environment. The index has sixteen questions with allocated scores that are divided into 4 categories. The detailed rationales of the questionaries and the assessment index are discussed in main text. Second, we assessed 67 crop species that were introduced or scheduled to be introduced to South Korea with this Preliminary Assessment Index. The literature and data were collected with JabRef, search engines, and from the documents of six international institutions. Finally, based on the preliminary assessment results of selected species, we developed the protocols and a manual for the preliminary environmental risk assessment of introduced species. Final evaluation scores for risk evaluation for introducing crops are suggested (over 70 total score for 'danger' and over 50 points for 'caution required', and under 50 points for 'low expected impact'). Presented crop introduction risk assessment system is effective to identify potential problem making crop species. The protocols and a manual that we provide in this study could be applied to other countries which have similar climate and environmental conditions, or after being adequately modified to their environmental factors such as climate, neighboring countries, major crops according to eating habits, and major vegetation.}, }
@article {pmid35247597, year = {2022}, author = {Pretre, G and Asturias, JA and Lizaso, MT and Tabar, AI}, title = {Dipeptidyl peptidase IV of the Vespa velutina nigrithorax venom is recognized as a relevant allergen.}, journal = {Annals of allergy, asthma &amp; immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, &amp; Immunology}, volume = {129}, number = {1}, pages = {101-105}, doi = {10.1016/j.anai.2022.02.018}, pmid = {35247597}, issn = {1534-4436}, mesh = {Allergens ; *Anaphylaxis ; Animals ; *Arthropod Venoms ; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 ; Humans ; Wasp Venoms ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Vespa velutina nigrithorax (VVN), typically known as the Asian yellow-legged wasp, has been one of the most significant invasive species in western Europe since 2010. Currently, VVN has become the most prevalent cause of Hymenoptera anaphylaxis in the north and northwestern Spain. For this reason, it is crucial to diagnose anaphylaxis cases in the acute moment for carrying out the best available treatment as soon as possible.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: To achieve a complete understanding of the venom allergen composition that will help to develop efficient diagnostics and immunotherapy treatments on the basis of this venom.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, autochthonous VVN venom was obtained and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, followed by a mass spectrometry analysis. In addition, the allergenic sensitization profile of patients diagnosed with allergy to VVN in the Allergology Service of Navarra University Hospital between the years 2017 and 2020 was studied by immunoblotting and specific IgE (ImmunoCAP, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden).<br><br>RESULTS: Two new allergens (dipeptidyl peptidase IV and serin protease) were identified in the autochthonous VVN venom, and their identity was confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The study by ImmunoCAP using sera from 12 patients who had a systemic reaction after a VVN sting revealed groups 5 and 1 as predominant allergens (92% and 34%, respectively). Furthermore, the immunoblotting assay recognized dipeptidyl peptidase IV (50%) in the sera of these patients.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Serine protease and the dipeptidyl peptidase IV are components of the VVN venom, and the latter is an allergen recognized in the studied population.}, }
@article {pmid35247382, year = {2022}, author = {Dorzaban, H and Soltani, A and Alipour, H and Hatami, J and Jaberhashemi, SA and Shahriari-Namadi, M and Paksa, A and Safari, R and Talbalaghi, A and Azizi, K}, title = {Mosquito surveillance and the first record of morphological and molecular-based identification of invasive species Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), southern Iran.}, journal = {Experimental parasitology}, volume = {236-237}, number = {}, pages = {108235}, doi = {10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108235}, pmid = {35247382}, issn = {1090-2449}, mesh = {*Aedes/genetics ; Animals ; *Culex ; *Culicidae ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Iran ; Larva/genetics ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics ; }, abstract = {Ae. aegypti is an important vector for transmission of some dangerous arboviral diseases, including Dengue Fever. The present study was conducted (from August 2017 to January 2020) to survey the fauna of Culicine mosquitoes, emphasizing the existence of this invasive species in oriental parts of the country located near the Persian Gulf. Different sampling methods were used to collect all life stages of the mosquito. After morphological identification, a molecular study based on Cytochrome Oxidase (COI) gene-specific primers was performed. Then, the COI gene was sequenced via the Sanger method. A total of 4843 adults and 11,873 larvae were collected (8 species of Culex, one species of Culiseta, and 5 species of Aedes). Fifty-five Ae. aegypti specimens (8 adults and 47 larvae) were identified. Based on the biology and ecological requirements of Ae. aegypti, the possibility of the permanent establishment of this species in the tropical climate of the region is very likely. Considering the detection of this invasive vector mosquito species in Iran and the high incidence of some arboviral diseases in the neighboring countries, and continuous movements of the settlers of these areas, potential outbreaks of arboviral diseases can be predicted. Planning and implementing an immediate surveillance and control program of the vector mosquito is vital to prevent the permanent establishment of this invasive vector mosquito species in southern Iran.}, }
@article {pmid35247370, year = {2022}, author = {Beaghton, PJ and Burt, A}, title = {Gene drives and population persistence vs elimination: The impact of spatial structure and inbreeding at low density.}, journal = {Theoretical population biology}, volume = {145}, number = {}, pages = {109-125}, doi = {10.1016/j.tpb.2022.02.002}, pmid = {35247370}, issn = {1096-0325}, mesh = {*Gene Drive Technology ; Humans ; Inbreeding ; *Inbreeding Depression ; Male ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Synthetic gene drive constructs are being developed to control disease vectors, invasive species, and other pest species. In a well-mixed random mating population a sufficiently strong gene drive is expected to eliminate a target population, but it is not clear whether the same is true when spatial processes play a role. In species with an appropriate biology it is possible that drive-induced reductions in density might lead to increased inbreeding, reducing the efficacy of drive, eventually leading to suppression rather than elimination, regardless of how strong the drive is. To investigate this question we analyse a series of explicitly solvable stochastic models considering a range of scenarios for the relative timing of mating, reproduction, and dispersal and analyse the impact of two different types of gene drive, a Driving Y chromosome and a homing construct targeting an essential gene. We find in all cases a sufficiently strong Driving Y will go to fixation and the population will be eliminated, except in the one life history scenario (reproduction and mating in patches followed by dispersal) where low density leads to increased inbreeding, in which case the population persists indefinitely, tending to either a stable equilibrium or a limit cycle. These dynamics arise because Driving Y males have reduced mating success, particularly at low densities, due to having fewer sisters to mate with. Increased inbreeding at low densities can also prevent a homing construct from eliminating a population. For both types of drive, if there is strong inbreeding depression, then the population cannot be rescued by inbreeding and it is eliminated. These results highlight the potentially critical role that low-density-induced inbreeding and inbreeding depression (and, by extension, other sources of Allee effects) can have on the eventual impact of a gene drive on a target population.}, }
@article {pmid35245544, year = {2022}, author = {Lanner, J and Dubos, N and Geslin, B and Leroy, B and Hernández-Castellano, C and Dubaić, JB and Bortolotti, L and Calafat, JD and Ćetković, A and Flaminio, S and Le Féon, V and Margalef-Marrase, J and Orr, M and Pachinger, B and Ruzzier, E and Smagghe, G and Tuerlings, T and Vereecken, NJ and Meimberg, H}, title = {On the road: Anthropogenic factors drive the invasion risk of a wild solitary bee species.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {827}, number = {}, pages = {154246}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154246}, pmid = {35245544}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthropogenic Effects ; Bees ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Complex biotic networks of invaders and their new environments pose immense challenges for researchers aiming to predict current and future occupancy of introduced species. This might be especially true for invasive bees, as they enter novel trophic interactions. Little attention has been paid to solitary, invasive wild bees, despite their increasing recognition as a potential global threat to biodiversity. Here, we present the first comprehensive species distribution modelling approach targeting the invasive bee Megachile sculpturalis, which is currently undergoing parallel range expansion in North America and Europe. While the species has largely colonised the most highly suitable areas of North America over the past decades, its invasion of Europe seems to be in its early stages. We showed that its current distribution is largely explained by anthropogenic factors, suggesting that its spread is facilitated by road and maritime traffic, largely beyond its intrinsic dispersal ability. Our results suggest that M. sculpturalis is likely to be negatively affected by future climate change in North America, while in Europe the potential suitable areas at-risk of invasion remain equally large. Based on our study, we emphasise the role of expert knowledge for evaluation of ecologically meaningful variables implemented and interpreted for species distribution modelling. We strongly recommend that the monitoring of this and other invasive pollinator species should be prioritised in areas identified as at-risk, alongside development of effective management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid35240242, year = {2022}, author = {Ojo, O and Mphahlele, MP and Oladeji, OS and Mmutlane, EM and Ndinteh, DT}, title = {From wandering weeds to pharmacy: An insight into traditional uses, phytochemicals and pharmacology of genus Chromolaena (Asteraceae).}, journal = {Journal of ethnopharmacology}, volume = {291}, number = {}, pages = {115155}, doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2022.115155}, pmid = {35240242}, issn = {1872-7573}, mesh = {*Asteraceae/chemistry ; *Chromolaena ; Ethnopharmacology ; Humans ; *Pharmacy ; Phytochemicals/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Plants, Medicinal/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Chromolaena species, of the Asteraceae family, are distributed across the tropical and the temperate regions of Africa, the Americas, southern Asia, and Australia. Despite "falling out of favour" among the people because of their "weedy" nature, Chromolaena species have indisputable long medicinal history in the treatment of malaria, nasal congestion, inflammation, eye disorders, asthma, cough, flu, headache, and cold.<br><br>AIM OF THE REVIEW: The aim of this review is to systematically summarize the current knowledge on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and real-time scientific applications of the genus Chromolaena after its re-classification from genus Eupatorium, as well as to proffer integrated approaches in maximizing their therapeutic values despite their "weedy" nature.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: First, the current species in the genus were verified by "The Plant List" (http://www.theplantlist.org) and "Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Missouri Botanical Garden" (http://mpns.kew.org/mpns-portal/). Second, the relevant information on each of the identified species was gathered from following databases: Google Scholar, Online Wiley library, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Scopus, PubMed. Scientific literature was searched from inception till August 2021.<br><br>RESULTS: More than 190 phytochemicals have been isolated and identified from 27 species of the genus, including flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids, diterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, steroids, fatty acids, and coumarins among others. Pharmacological investigations, both in vitro and in vivo, have shown that the extracts and the compounds have antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities among others.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Many species of genus have potential therapeutic values, and hence they are more than "wandering" weeds. In addition, there is growing interest in the real-time scientific applications of the genus in the production of pharmacological polyherbal products, and this should serve as a stimulus to strategically develop integrated control approaches for preserving these species, with a view of maximizing their therapeutic values and reducing their cost of eradication.}, }
@article {pmid35235849, year = {2022}, author = {Ilarri, M and Souza, AT and Dias, E and Antunes, C}, title = {Influence of climate change and extreme weather events on an estuarine fish community.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {827}, number = {}, pages = {154190}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154190}, pmid = {35235849}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Estuaries ; *Extreme Weather ; Fishes ; Floods ; Introduced Species ; Weather ; }, abstract = {Extreme weather events are becoming more frequent as a result of climate change, and the increasing frequency of these events may lead to significant changes in fish assemblages. In this sense, this work aimed to study the effects of climate change and extreme weather events on fish assemblages in the Rio Minho estuary (Portugal). Between 2010 and 2019, continuous weekly sampling with fyke nets was carried out to assess the dynamics of fish assemblages in the estuary. In addition, temperature and precipitation data were obtained from satellite information to assess the relationship between climatic variables and fish composition, structure, and diversity. Fish populations changed significantly over time, becoming less diverse and largely dominated by a few, mostly invasive species (e.g., carp, goldfish, pumpkinseed, and tench), while the abundance of most native species declined over the years (e.g., panjorca, stickleback, and shad). High temperatures and low precipitation negatively affected native species, while the invasive species benefited from increased temperatures and extreme weather events (droughts and floods).}, }
@article {pmid35229972, year = {2022}, author = {Gutiérrez Al-Khudhairy, OU and Rossberg, AG}, title = {Evolution of prudent predation in complex food webs.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, pages = {1055-1074}, pmid = {35229972}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {NE/T003510/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fishes ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Prudent predators catch sufficient prey to sustain their populations but not as much as to undermine their populations' survival. The idea that predators evolve to be prudent has been dismissed in the 1970s, but the arguments invoked then are untenable in the light of modern evolution theory. The evolution of prudent predation has repeatedly been demonstrated in two-species predator-prey metacommunity models. However, the vigorous population fluctuations that these models predict are not widely observed. Here we show that in complex model food webs prudent predation evolves as a result of consumer-mediated ('apparent') competitive exclusion of resources, which disadvantages aggressive consumers and does not generate such fluctuations. We make testable predictions for empirical signatures of this mechanism and its outcomes. Then we discuss how these predictions are borne out across freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Demonstrating explanatory power of evolved prudent predation well beyond the question of predator-prey coexistence, the predicted signatures explain unexpected declines of invasive alien species, the shape of stock-recruitment relations of fish, and the clearance rates of pelagic consumers across the latitudinal gradient and 15 orders of magnitude in body mass. Specific research to further test this theory is proposed.}, }
@article {pmid35229583, year = {2021}, author = {Bušić, N and Kučinić, M and Merdić, E and Bruvo-Mađarić, B}, title = {Diversity of mosquito fauna (Diptera, Culicidae) in higher-altitude regions of Croatia.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, pages = {65-75}, doi = {10.52707/1081-1710-46.1.65}, pmid = {35229583}, issn = {1948-7134}, mesh = {*Aedes/genetics ; Altitude ; Animals ; Croatia ; *Culex ; *Culicidae/genetics ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics ; }, abstract = {Global climate change and the accompanying rise in temperature could affect the biology and ecology of a number of vectors, including mosquitoes. High altitude areas that were previously unsuitable for the spread of mosquito vector populations could become suitable. The aim of this research was to study the distribution of mosquito species in higher altitude regions of Croatia. Samples were collected in three areas: Slavonian Mountains, Gorski Kotar, and Middle Velebit. Specimens were morphologically determined and confirmed by DNA barcoding and other genetic markers and showed the presence of 16 species belonging to six genera. The most abundant species were the Culex pipiens complex with 50% of the collected specimens. Both pipiens (Linnaeus, 1758) and molestus (Forskal, 1775) biotypes and their hybrids were identified within the complex, followed by Culex torrentium (Martini, 1925) (20.2%), Culiseta longiareolata (Macquart, 1838) (8.5%), and the invasive species Aedes japonicus (Theobald, 1901) (7.8% of the total number of collected specimens). The remaining 12 species made up 14.7% of the collected specimens. Intraspecific COI p-distances were within the standard barcoding threshold for OTUs, while interspecific genetic distances were much higher, confirming the existence of barcoding gaps. Mosquito fauna of Croatian mountains showed a moderate variety and made 30.8% of the total number of recorded mosquito species in Croatia thus far.}, }
@article {pmid35229522, year = {2022}, author = {Huang, JX and Yi, XM and Jia, WT and Liu, Y and Zhang, SL and Li, XH and Wu, SJ and Ma, MH}, title = {[Relationship between alien plant invasion and landscape matrix in the water-level fluctuating zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China.].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {477-488}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202201.011}, pmid = {35229522}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {China ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Water ; }, abstract = {Invasive process of alien species is affected by not only the invaded habitats, but also the surrounding landscape matrix. Understanding the effects of landscape matrix on alien species is of great significance for controlling invasive alien species. We surveyed plant communities along the water-level fluctuating zone (WLFZ) of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Invasive status of alien plant species was evaluated. Totally 10 spatial scales of the surrounding landscape matrix in the scope of 2000 m (including WLFZ) were classified, and 14 landscape indices were applied to analyze the landscape matrix composition and configuration. Using the principal component analysis and correlation analysis, the effects of landscape matrix on the alien invasive plant species and associated scale effect were tested. Results showed that a total of 42 alien invasive plant species were found in the WLFZ, belonging to 17 families and 36 genera. Fuling was a dividing place to differentiate invasive species distribution. The number of the alien invasive species between Fuling and the Three Gorges Dam was found more than that between Fuling and Jiangjin. For the all scales (within 2000 m). The higher the landscape matrix fragmentation was, the more difficult the alien species invading. The higher landscape connectivity was, the easier the alien species invading. The effects of landscape matrix composition and configuration on the invasive plant diversity at large scales (1200-2000 m) was more significant than those at small scales (200-1000 m), in which landscape matrix composition and configuration at 1200-1400 m showed the strongest effect, demonstrating a significant spatial scale effect. Different invasive plant species showed the scale effects of landscape matrix composition and configuration. At all scales, Xanthium strumarium and Bidens frondosa showed weak correlations with landscape indices, but Bidens tripartita and Erigeron canadensis showed strong correlations. Landscape matrix was closely related to invasive plant species, and demonstrated a significant scale effect. The alien invasive plant species could be traced to the landscape matrix at large scales. Grassland and forest patches at the small scales could be used as the 'stepping stone' for the alien species transiting before they arrived at the WLFZ. In order to control alien plants in the WLFZ, land-use management and optimization should be strengthened at different scales of landscape matrix on the basis of enhancement of habitat management. A diversified comprehensive control for alien species should thus be taken into account.}, }
@article {pmid35229513, year = {2022}, author = {Shen, HK and Zhao, BY and Chen, MY and Huang, RY and Yu, KF and Liang, W}, title = {[Changes of the area of Spartina alterniflora and mangroves in Guangxi Shankou Mangrove National Nature Reserve from 1995 to 2019].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {397-404}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202202.015}, pmid = {35229513}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {China ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Given its high root regeneration ability and adaptation capacity, Spartina alterniflora would predominate the resource competition with other plant species. As an invasive alien species, it has caused serious damages to the coastal ecosystem of China. We explored the impacts of S. alterniflora invasion on the growth and expansion of mangroves around the coastal zones around Guangxi Shankou Mangrove National Nature Reserve (GSMNNR). The area of S. alterniflora and mangroves in the GSMNNR was analyzed based on a sequence of Landsat satellite multispectral images collected during 1995 to 2019. The results showed that S. alterniflora predominated in the competition with mangroves without human intervention. The area of S. alterniflora decreased under the conditions of cutting, rooting and other management measures, while the average annual growth rate of mangrove area correspondingly increased. It indicated that the invasion of S. alterniflora would inhibit the growth and expansion of mangroves. The S. alterniflora management measures, such as mowing and rooting, could weaken the negative impacts of S. alterniflora on mangroves. Mangroves could thus be effectively protected. This study could provide quantitative scientific data for S. alterniflora management and the protection of the mangrove ecosystem in the GSMNNR, and thus be a valuable reference to the prevention on a larger scale of S. alterniflora and the formulation of further protective measures for mangroves.}, }
@article {pmid35228909, year = {2022}, author = {Martoni, F and Piper, AM and Rodoni, BC and Blacket, MJ}, title = {Disentangling bias for non-destructive insect metabarcoding.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e12981}, pmid = {35228909}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; *Insecta/genetics ; DNA/genetics ; Biodiversity ; Plants/genetics ; }, abstract = {A fast and reliable method for obtaining a species-level identification is a fundamental requirement for a wide range of activities, from plant protection and invasive species management to biodiversity assessments and ecological studies. For insects, novel molecular techniques such as DNA metabarcoding have emerged as a rapid alternative to traditional morphological identification, reducing the dependence on limited taxonomic experts. Until recently, molecular techniques have required a destructive DNA extraction, precluding the possibility of preserving voucher specimens for future studies, or species descriptions. Here we paired insect metabarcoding with two recent non-destructive DNA extraction protocols, to obtain a rapid and high-throughput taxonomic identification of diverse insect taxa while retaining a physical voucher specimen. The aim of this work was to explore how non-destructive extraction protocols impact the semi-quantitative nature of metabarcoding, which alongside species presence/absence also provides a quantitative, but biased, representation of their relative abundances. By using a series of mock communities representing each stage of a typical metabarcoding workflow we were able to determine how different morphological (i.e., insect biomass and exoskeleton hardness) and molecular traits (i.e., primer mismatch and amplicon GC%), interact with different protocol steps to introduce quantitative bias into non-destructive metabarcoding results. We discuss the relevance of taxonomic bias to metabarcoding identification of insects and potential approaches to account for it.}, }
@article {pmid35224929, year = {2022}, author = {Wu, H and Zhang, SY and Ji, QB and Wang, WH and Xiao, NN and Zhang, LH}, title = {[Effects of heterogeneous habitats on the coexistence of aquatic ecotype Alternanthera philoxeroides and Paspalum paspaloides].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, pages = {85-96}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202201.002}, pmid = {35224929}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {*Amaranthaceae/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Ecotype ; Introduced Species ; *Paspalum ; }, abstract = {Species coexistence depends on the comprehensive effects of biological properties and habitat heterogeneity. Based on a large-scale field survey (21°-35° N), we compared the differences on morphological and stoichiometric characteristics between the invasive aquatic species Alternanthera philoxeroides and the native co-occurring species Paspalum paspaloides, and examined the effects of environmental factors on such differences. The results showed that the coverage and importance value (IV) of A. philoxeroides were all significantly greater than P. paspa-loides (34.3% and 104.0%, respectively), whereas the height of P. paspaloides was significantly greater than A. philoxeroides (13.8%). Moreover, the total nitrogen concentration (TN) and N:P of A. philoxeroides were significantly greater than those of P. paspaloides (55.1% and 55.8%, respectively), whereas the total carbon concentration (TC) and C:N of P. paspaloides were significantly greater than those of A. philoxeroides (4.1% and 83.8%, respectively). A. philoxeroides coverage increased with the increases of longitude, and its abundance increased with the increases of water nitrate concentration and longitude, while its IV increased with the increases of water ammonium concentration. However, the coverage, abundance, and IV of P. paspaloides decreased with the increases of ammonium concentration. C:N of A. philoxeroides decreased with the increase of ammonium concentration. Increased mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation increased C:N but decreased N:P of P. paspa-loides. The C:P of both species decreased with the increases of ammonium concentration and electrical conductivity. N:P of A. philoxeroides was little affected by environment. These results indicated that A. philoxeroides had greater coverage and N absorption capacity than P. paspaloides, and that enriched water nitrogen would aggravate the invasion of A. philoxeroides. Meanwhile, P. paspaloides improved its C-assimilate reserves and chose the growth competition strategy for resisting A. philoxeroides invasion under the superior hydrothermal conditions. Different responses to environmental changes contributed to their coexistence in aquatic ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid35222963, year = {2022}, author = {Haider, S and Lembrechts, JJ and McDougall, K and Pauchard, A and Alexander, JM and Barros, A and Cavieres, LA and Rashid, I and Rew, LJ and Aleksanyan, A and Arévalo, JR and Aschero, V and Chisholm, C and Clark, VR and Clavel, J and Daehler, C and Dar, PA and Dietz, H and Dimarco, RD and Edwards, P and Essl, F and Fuentes-Lillo, E and Guisan, A and Gwate, O and Hargreaves, AL and Jakobs, G and Jiménez, A and Kardol, P and Kueffer, C and Larson, C and Lenoir, J and Lenzner, B and Padrón Mederos, MA and Mihoc, M and Milbau, A and Morgan, JW and Müllerová, J and Naylor, BJ and Nijs, I and Nuñez, MA and Otto, R and Preuk, N and Ratier Backes, A and Reshi, ZA and Rumpf, SB and Sandoya, V and Schroder, M and Speziale, KL and Urbach, D and Valencia, G and Vandvik, V and Vitková, M and Vorstenbosch, T and Walker, TWN and Walsh, N and Wright, G and Zong, S and Seipel, T}, title = {Think globally, measure locally: The MIREN standardized protocol for monitoring plant species distributions along elevation gradients.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {e8590}, pmid = {35222963}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Climate change and other global change drivers threaten plant diversity in mountains worldwide. A widely documented response to such environmental modifications is for plant species to change their elevational ranges. Range shifts are often idiosyncratic and difficult to generalize, partly due to variation in sampling methods. There is thus a need for a standardized monitoring strategy that can be applied across mountain regions to assess distribution changes and community turnover of native and non-native plant species over space and time. Here, we present a conceptually intuitive and standardized protocol developed by the Mountain Invasion Research Network (MIREN) to systematically quantify global patterns of native and non-native species distributions along elevation gradients and shifts arising from interactive effects of climate change and human disturbance. Usually repeated every five years, surveys consist of 20 sample sites located at equal elevation increments along three replicate roads per sampling region. At each site, three plots extend from the side of a mountain road into surrounding natural vegetation. The protocol has been successfully used in 18 regions worldwide from 2007 to present. Analyses of one point in time already generated some salient results, and revealed region-specific elevational patterns of native plant species richness, but a globally consistent elevational decline in non-native species richness. Non-native plants were also more abundant directly adjacent to road edges, suggesting that disturbed roadsides serve as a vector for invasions into mountains. From the upcoming analyses of time series, even more exciting results can be expected, especially about range shifts. Implementing the protocol in more mountain regions globally would help to generate a more complete picture of how global change alters species distributions. This would inform conservation policy in mountain ecosystems, where some conservation policies remain poorly implemented.}, }
@article {pmid35222466, year = {2022}, author = {Bellini, G and Erfmeier, A and Schrieber, K}, title = {No Support for the Neolithic Plant Invasion Hypothesis: Invasive Species From Eurasia Do Not Perform Better Under Agropastoral Disturbance in Early Life Stages Than Invaders From Other Continents.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {801750}, pmid = {35222466}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Pre-adaptation to disturbance is an important driver of biological invasions in human-altered ecosystems. Agropastoralism is one of the oldest forms of landscape management. It surged 12,000 years ago in Western Asia and it was then imported to Europe starting 8,000 years ago. The Neolithic Plant Invasion hypothesis suggests that Eurasian plants succeed at invading agroecosystems worldwide thanks to their adaptation to agropastoralism, which derives from these species' long co-evolution with such practice. Plant species from Western Asia are predicted to have the highest degree of adaptation to agropastoralism, since they have co-evolved with such practice for several millennia more than European plants, and non-Eurasian species should be poorly adapted due to their relatively short exposure. However, this Eurocentric perspective largely ignores that several other cultures around the world independently developed and implemented agropastoralism through history, which challenges this hypothesized superior adaptation of Eurasian species. Here, we tested whether the early-life performance of invasive plants under disturbance depends on their geographical origin and the associated assumed exposure time to agropastoralism. We selected 30 species divided into three groups: exposure long, native to Western Asia; exposure medium, native to Central Europe; exposure short, native to America. Three soil disturbance treatments (control/compaction/tilling) combined with two space occupancy levels (available/occupied) were applied to monospecific experimental units (n = 900), each containing 50 seeds. We predicted that Eurasian species would benefit more from disturbance in terms of germination and seedling performance than species with shorter assumed exposure to agropastoralism, and that this effect would be stronger when space is occupied. Contrary to these expectations, all species groups profited equally from disturbance, while non-Eurasian species were most hampered by space occupancy. For germination success and speed, exposure long species had higher values than exposure short species, regardless of the disturbance treatment. These results do not support that Eurasian species possess a higher adaptation to agropastoralism, but rather that non-Eurasian species can cope just as well with the associated disturbances. We discuss how future experiments that address the complex relationships between species interactions, plant life-phases and the quality of disturbance can help to understand the role of land-use history in plant invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid35221747, year = {2022}, author = {Breuil, M and Schikorski, D and Vuillaume, B and Krauss, U and Daltry, JC and Gaymes, G and Gaymes, J and Lepais, O and Bech, N and Jelić, M and Becking, T and Grandjean, F}, title = {Iguanainsularis (Iguanidae) from the southern Lesser Antilles: An endemic lineage endangered by hybridization.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {1086}, number = {}, pages = {137-161}, pmid = {35221747}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The newly described horned iguanaIguanainsularis from the southern Lesser Antilles is separated in two easily recognized subspecies: I.insularissanctaluciae from St. Lucia and I.insularisinsularis from the Grenadines. Its former description is completed by the use of 38 new samples for genetic and morphological analysis. Seventeen microsatellites were used to estimate genetic diversity, population structure and the level of introgression with other Iguana species over nearly the whole range of the species. ND4 and PAC sequences were also used to better characterize hybridization and to complete the description of this lineage. The I.insularis population of St. Vincent shows a high level of introgression from I.iguana whereas in the Grenadines, most islands present pure insularis populations but several show evidence of introgressions. Of the two remaining populations of I.insularissanctaluciae, only one is still purebred. The recent identification of this and other distinct insular species and subspecies in the eastern Caribbean, and evaluation of where hybridization has occurred, are timely and important because the native iguanas are in urgent need of conservation action. Among the greatest threats is the ongoing human-mediated spread of invasive iguanas from Central and South America, which are destroying the endemic insular lineages through multiple diachronic introgression events.}, }
@article {pmid35219078, year = {2022}, author = {Rodríguez-Velarte, P and Babarro, JMF and Cobelo-García, A}, title = {Bioaccumulation patterns of trace elements by native (M. galloprovincialis) and invasive (X. securis) mussels in coastal systems (Vigo Ria, NW Iberian Peninsula).}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {176}, number = {}, pages = {113463}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113463}, pmid = {35219078}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Bioaccumulation ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; *Mytilus ; Seafood ; *Trace Elements/analysis ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {A number of trace elements (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Pb, U and the rare earth elements - REE) were analyzed in the dissolved phase, suspended particulate matter and in different organs (gills, hepatopancreas, and the rest of soft tissue) in mussels of the native Mytilus galloprovincialis and invasive Xenostrobus securis species in the Vigo Ria (NW Iberian Peninsula) in order to assess potential differences in their bioaccumulation patterns. Results obtained do not show significant differences in the bioaccumulation of trace elements by M. galloprovincialis and X. securis, except for Zn and Ag. In the case of Zn, a 4-fold enrichment in M. galloprovincialis compared to X. securis was found. The most important differences between species were observed for Ag, with approximately 40-fold higher concentrations in X. securis. Such elevated Ag bioaccumulation by X. securis can be useful for Ag biomonitoring using these invasive species in this area.}, }
@article {pmid35215054, year = {2022}, author = {Buńkowska-Gawlik, K and Hildebrand, J and Popiołek, M and Merta, D and Perec-Matysiak, A}, title = {Copro-Molecular Identification of Tapeworms in Introduced Invasive Carnivores in Poland.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {35215054}, issn = {2076-0817}, support = {2020/04/X/NZ6/00576//National Science Center/ ; }, abstract = {The raccoon (Procyon lotor) and the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) were introduced to Europe and, in the past decades, their populations have increased and adapted to synanthropic environments across Europe. In view of their possible further spread in Europe, the invasive species should be examined as potential reservoirs for helminths, including tapeworms. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and diversity of tapeworms in introduced wild carnivores in Poland by identifying cestode species based on copro-DNA analysis. A total of 214 individual fecal samples from non-native invasive carnivores, i.e., raccoons and raccoon dogs, and additionally 47 samples from native carnivores, i.e., European badgers (Meles meles), were analyzed for the presence of cestodes. PCR analysis of fecal samples targeting a fragment of mitochondrial (mt) 12S rRNA gene revealed the presence of cestode DNA in 19 of 103 (18.4%) raccoons, in 13 of 111 (11.7%) raccoon dogs and in 23 of 47 (48.9%) badgers. Sequence analysis demonstrated the presence of Mesocestoides litteratus in raccoons and raccoon dogs, while Mesocestoides lineatus was identified only in two samples derived from raccoon dogs. Moreover, in this study, Atriotaenia incisa was for the first time molecularly characterized by using fragments of mt 12S rRNA gene, and the DNA of this cestode species was detected in the fecal samples of all the examined host species.}, }
@article {pmid35214874, year = {2022}, author = {Chauhan, S and Yadav, G and Babu, S}, title = {Ecological Networks in Urban Forest Fragments Reveal Species Associations between Native and Invasive Plant Communities.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {35214874}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {EMR/2016/006486//Science and Engineering Research Board/ ; }, abstract = {Forest fragments are characteristic features of many megacities that have survived the urbanisation process and are often represented by unique assemblages of flora and fauna. Such woodlands are representations of nature in the city-often dominated by non-native and invasive species that coexist with resilient native congeners and purposefully introduced flora. These forest fragments also provide significant ecosystem services to urban society and therefore, understanding their compositional patterns is of considerable importance for conservation and management. In this work, we use a complex network approach to investigate species assemblages across six distinct urban forest fragments in the South Delhi Ridge area of the National Capital Territory, India. We generate bipartite ecological networks using conventional vegetation sampling datasets, followed by network partitioning to identify multiple cliques across the six forest fragments. Our results show that urban woodlands primarily form invasive-native associations, and that major invasive species, such as Prosopis juliflora and Lantana camara exclude each other while forming cliques. Our findings have implications for the conservation of these urban forests and highlight the importance of using network approaches in vegetation analysis.}, }
@article {pmid35213035, year = {2022}, author = {Perry, WB}, title = {Into the lion's den: spawning success of lionfish (Pterois miles) in the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {100}, number = {2}, pages = {337-338}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15009}, pmid = {35213035}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Perciformes ; }, }
@article {pmid35212165, year = {2022}, author = {Shults, P and Eyer, PA and Moran, M and Chura, M and Ko, A and Vargo, EL}, title = {Assessing colony elimination in multicolonial ants: Estimating field efficacy of insecticidal baits against the invasive dark rover ant (Brachymyrmex patagonicus).}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {78}, number = {6}, pages = {2250-2257}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6849}, pmid = {35212165}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Bayer/ ; //Urban Endowment Fund at Texas A;M University/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *Insecticides/pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Pest Control ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A frequent goal of pest management strategies targeting social insects is total colony elimination. Insecticidal baits are highly effective at controlling social insect pests, although their ability to provide total colony elimination has only been well studied in a few species. Genetically testing colony elimination in many urban pest ants can be challenging due to indistinct colony boundaries observed in unicolonial, invasive species; however, some pest ants, such as the dark rover ant (Brachymyrmex patagonicus), maintain strict colony borders through aggression towards non-nestmates. Each of these distinct colonies can be identified using molecular markers, allowing for the tracking of individual colonies pre- and post-treatment to measure colony density. While counting the number of foraging workers to assess treatment efficacy may suffice in some cases, it offers little insight into the colony-level impacts of a treatment.<br><br>RESULTS: Using microsatellite markers, distinct rover ant colonies were identified and tracked around residential structures before and after the application of an imidacloprid bait. The number of foraging ants at the treated structures was reduced by an average of 83.0% over a 28-day observation period. Baiting also significantly reduced the total number of colonies present. At the treatment structures, only ~25% of the original colonies remained at the end of the study. Colonies with foraging trails <1.5&#xa0;m from a bait station had a higher chance of being eliminated.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Using insecticidal baits against B. patagonicus can be highly effective at colony elimination; however, with such small foraging ranges and high colony densities, proper placement is required to ensure enough bait is properly positioned to treat all colonies affecting a structure. &#xa9; 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid35210916, year = {2022}, author = {Hansen, SE and Cahill, BC and Hackett, RA and Monfils, MJ and Goebel, RT and Asencio, S and Monfils, A}, title = {Aggregated occurrence records of invasive European frog-bit (Hydrocharismorsus-ranae L.) across North America.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e77492}, pmid = {35210916}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: European frog-bit (Hydrocharismorsus-ranae L.; EFB) is a free-floating aquatic plant invasive in Canada, the United States and India. It is native to Europe and northern and western Asia and is believed to have first been introduced to North America in Ottawa, Ontario in 1932. It has since spread by way of the St. Lawrence River and connected waterways to southern Ontario and Quebec and parts of the northern United States. Invasive European frog-bit occurs in freshwater coastal wetlands and inland waters, where it can form dense mats that have the potential to limit recreational and commercial use of waterways, alter water chemistry and impact native species and ecosystems. Data on the past and present distribution of this invasive species provide geospatial information that can be used to infer the pattern of invasion and inform management and monitoring targeted at preventing secondary spread. Our EFB dataset contains 12,037 preserved specimen and observation-based occurrence records, including 9,994 presence records spanning two Canadian provinces and ten U.S. states and 2,043 absence records spanning five U.S. states. The aggregated EFB dataset provides a curated resource that has been used to guide a Michigan management strategy and provide information for ongoing efforts to develop invasion risk assessments, species distribution models and decision-support tools for conservation and management.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: Specimen-based and observation-based occurrence data were accessed through nine digital data repositories or aggregators and three primary sources. Twenty-six percent of the data are new records not previously published to a data repository or aggregator prior to this study. We removed duplicate data and excluded records with incorrect species identifications. Occurrence records without coordinates were georeferenced from recorded locality descriptions. Data were standardised according to Darwin Core. This aggregated dataset is the most complete account of EFB occurrence records in its North American invasive range.}, }
@article {pmid35209958, year = {2022}, author = {van den Brandhof, JG and Wösten, HAB}, title = {Risk assessment of fungal materials.}, journal = {Fungal biology and biotechnology}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {3}, pmid = {35209958}, issn = {2054-3085}, support = {858132 Fungar//Horizon 2020 Framework Programme/ ; }, abstract = {Sustainable fungal materials have a high potential to replace non-sustainable materials such as those used for packaging or as an alternative for leather and textile. The properties of fungal materials depend on the type of fungus and substrate, the growth conditions and post-treatment of the material. So far, fungal materials are mainly made with species from the phylum Basidiomycota, selected for the mechanical and physical properties they provide. However, for mycelium materials to be implemented in society on a large scale, selection of fungal species should also be based on a risk assessment of the potential to be pathogenic, form mycotoxins, attract insects, or become an invasive species. Moreover, production processes should be standardized to ensure reproducibility and safety of the product.}, }
@article {pmid35206789, year = {2022}, author = {Damiani, C and Cappelli, A and Comandatore, F and Montarsi, F and Serrao, A and Michelutti, A and Bertola, M and Mancini, MV and Ricci, I and Bandi, C and Favia, G}, title = {Wolbachia in Aedes koreicus: Rare Detections and Possible Implications.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {35206789}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {Far 2019//University of Camerino/ ; }, abstract = {The emerging distribution of new alien mosquito species was recently described in Europe. In addition to the invasion of Aedes albopictus, several studies have focused on monitoring and controlling other invasive Aedes species, as Aedes koreicus and Aedes japonicus. Considering the increasing development of insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquitoes, new control strategies, including the use of bacterial host symbionts, are proposed. However, little is known about the bacterial communities associated with these species, thus the identification of possible candidates for Symbiotic Control is currently limited. The characterization of the natural microbiota of field-collected Ae. koreicus mosquitoes from North-East Italy through PCR screening, identified native infections of Wolbachia in this species that is also largely colonized by Asaia bacteria. Since Asaia and Wolbachia are proposed as novel tools for Symbiotic Control, our study supports their use for innovative control strategies against new invasive species. Although the presence of Asaia was previously characterized in Ae. koreicus, our study characterized this Wolbachia strain, also inferring its phylogenetic position. The co-presence of Wolbachia and Asaia may provide additional information about microbial competition in mosquito, and to select suitable phenotypes for the suppression of pathogen transmission and for the manipulation of host reproduction in Ae. koreicus.}, }
@article {pmid35206784, year = {2022}, author = {Chen, YC and Chen, DF and Yang, MF and Liu, JF}, title = {The Effect of Temperatures and Hosts on the Life Cycle of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {35206784}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {32060637//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {The interactions between ambient temperatures and host plants are central to the population dynamics of invasive animal species. Despite significant research into the effects of temperatures, the performance of invasive species is also influenced by host plants. The effects of different temperatures (20, 25, and 30 °C) and host plants (maize, sorghum, and coix seed) were tested on the mortality, development, reproduction, and population parameters of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), using an age-stage, two-sex life table. The results support the hypothesis that temperature and the species of the host plant significantly influences the performance of FAW. Feeding on maize at 30 °C resulted in a lower mortality rate, a shorter developmental time and longevity, a higher fecundity, intrinsic rate of natural increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and net reproductive rate (R0). However, at 20 °C, the host plant could eliminate temperature-mediated synergism in FAW performance, which did not reach statistical significance at 20 °C. Similar results induced by a relatively low temperature (20 °C) on different host plants were also found in the age-stage specific survival curves (sxj), fecundity (mx), maternity (lxmx), and reproductive value (vxj) curves of FAW. Consequently, we also need to pay more attention to FAW outbreaks on different host plants mediated by relatively low temperatures.}, }
@article {pmid35206776, year = {2022}, author = {Fallet, P and De Gianni, L and Machado, RAR and Bruno, P and Bernal, JS and Karangwa, P and Kajuga, J and Waweru, B and Bazagwira, D and Degen, T and Toepfer, S and Turlings, TCJ}, title = {Comparative Screening of Mexican, Rwandan and Commercial Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Be Used against Invasive Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {35206776}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {788949/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; 1301//Department for International Development/ ; 186094/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important pest of maize originating from the Americas. It recently invaded Africa and Asia, where it causes severe yield losses to maize. To fight this pest, tremendous quantities of synthetic insecticides are being used. As a safe and sustainable alternative, we explore the possibility to control FAW with entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN). We tested in the laboratory whether local EPNs, isolated in the invasive range of FAW, are as effective as EPNs from FAW native range or as commercially available EPNs. This work compared the virulence, killing speed and propagation capability of low doses of forty EPN strains, representing twelve species, after placing them with second-, third- and sixth-instar caterpillars as well as pupae. EPN isolated in the invasive range of FAW (Rwanda) were found to be as effective as commercial and EPNs from the native range of FAW (Mexico) at killing FAW caterpillars. In particular, the Rwandan Steinernema carpocapsae strain RW14-G-R3a-2 caused rapid 100% mortality of second- and third-instar and close to 75% of sixth-instar FAW caterpillars. EPN strains and concentrations used in this study were not effective in killing FAW pupae. Virulence varied greatly among EPN strains, underlining the importance of thorough EPN screenings. These findings will facilitate the development of local EPN-based biological control products for sustainable and environmentally friendly control of FAW in East Africa and beyond.}, }
@article {pmid35206743, year = {2022}, author = {Petrović, A}, title = {Sizing the Knowledge Gap in Taxonomy: The Last Dozen Years of Aphidiinae Research.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {35206743}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {451-03-9/2021-14/ 200178//Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia/ ; }, abstract = {Taxonomic impediment is one of the main roadblocks to managing the current biodiversity crisis. Insect taxonomy is the biggest contributor to the taxonomic impediment, both in terms of the knowledge gap and the lack of experts. With this study, we tried to size the knowledge gap by analyzing taxonomical studies on the subfamily Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) conducted from 2010 to 2021. All available taxonomic knowledge gathered in this period is critically summarized: newly described species, detection of alien species, published identification keys, etc. All findings are discussed relative to the current state of general taxonomy. Future prospects for taxonomy are also discussed.}, }
@article {pmid35205862, year = {2022}, author = {Xie, N and Phookamsak, R and Jiang, H and Zeng, YJ and Zhang, H and Xu, F and Lumyong, S and Xu, J and Hongsanan, S}, title = {Morpho-Molecular Characterization of Five Novel Taxa in Parabambusicolaceae (Massarineae, Pleosporales) from Yunnan, China.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {35205862}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {2121A1515012166//Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund of Guangdong Province/ ; 20200812173625001//Stability Support project for Universities in Shenzhen/ ; 2019KTSCX150//Project of DEGP/ ; 31861143002//the National Natural Foundation of China/ ; 202101AS070045//the Department of Science and Technology of Yunnan, China/ ; 2021YFA0910800//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {Parabambusicolaceae is a well-studied family in Massarineae, Pleosporales, comprising nine genera and approximately 16 species. The family was introduced to accommodate saprobic bambusicola-like species in both freshwater and terrestrial environments that mostly occur on bamboos and grasses but are also found on different host substrates. In the present study, we surveyed and collected ascomycetes from bamboo and submerged grass across Yunnan Province, China. A biphasic approach based on morphological characteristics and multigene phylogeny demonstrated five new taxa in Parabambusicolaceae. A novel genus Scolecohyalosporium is introduced as a monotypic genus to accommodate S. submersum sp. nov., collected from dead culms of grass submerged in a freshwater stream. The genus is unique in forming filiform ascospores, which differ from other known genera in Parabambusicolaceae. Multigene phylogeny showed that the genus has a close relationship with Multiseptospora. Moreover, the novel monotypic genus Neomultiseptospora, isolated from bamboo, was introduced to accommodate N. yunnanensis sp. nov. Neomultiseptospora yunnanensis formed a separated branch basal to Scolecohyalosporium submersum and Multiseptospora thailandica with high support (100% ML, 1.00 PP). Furthermore, the newly introduced species, Parabambusicola hongheensis sp. nov. was also isolated from bamboo in terrestrial habitats. Parabambusicola hongheensis clustered with the other three described Parabambusicola species and has a close relationship with P. bambusina with significant support (88% ML, 1.00 PP). Parabambusicola hongheensis was reported as the fourth species in this genus. Detailed description, illustration, and updated phylogeny of Parabambusicolaceae were provided.}, }
@article {pmid35205185, year = {2022}, author = {Cillari, T and Allegra, A and Berto, D and Bosch-Belmar, M and Falautano, M and Maggio, T and Milisenda, G and Perzia, P and Rampazzo, F and Sinopoli, M and Castriota, L}, title = {Snapshot of the Distribution and Biology of Alien Jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda (Forsskål, 1775) in a Mediterranean Touristic Harbour.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {35205185}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {Harbors are hotspots for the introduction of alien species, and, usually, investigations on their host populations help fill the knowledge gap in their pathways of invasion and in their impacts on marine biodiversity and ecosystems. In 2014, the upside-down alien jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda invaded a Mediterranean touristic harbor ("Cala"), and its abundance has since increased over time. In the present study, the distribution and trophic behavior of C. andromeda in Cala were investigated for the years 2017-2018 through visual sampling, and GIS-based statistical and stable isotope analyses. Since Cala is a hard-to-reach area (with many anchor cables and boats), Megabenthos Underwater Video was used to count the number and estimate the size of jellyfishes. The variations in size throughout the study period suggest that the population of C. andromeda is quite established in Cala at depths lower than 7.5 m. The ranges of the environmental parameters recorded (temperature, salinity, and transparency) were consistent with the ideal conditions for maintaining a Cassiopea population, but they did not seem to influence aggregation. Additionally, the carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures studied highlight the mixotrophic behavior of this species. These preliminary results confirm the capacity of C. andromeda to live and reproduce in heavily anthropized areas.}, }
@article {pmid35202534, year = {2022}, author = {Raney, WR and Perry, JB and Hermance, ME}, title = {Transovarial Transmission of Heartland Virus by Invasive Asian Longhorned Ticks under Laboratory Conditions.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {726-729}, pmid = {35202534}, issn = {1080-6059}, support = {R21 AI163693/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ixodidae ; Mice ; *Phlebovirus/genetics ; *Ticks ; }, abstract = {We demonstrated experimental acquisition and transmission of Heartland bandavirus by Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks. Virus was detected in tick salivary gland and midgut tissues. A total of 80% of mice exposed to 1 infected tick seroconverted, suggesting horizontal transmission. H. longicornis ticks can transmit the virus in the transovarial mode.}, }
@article {pmid35202230, year = {2022}, author = {Rodrigues, FG and Vieira, HC and Campos, D and Pires, SFS and Rodrigues, ACM and Silva, ALP and Soares, AMVM and Oliveira, JMM and Bordalo, MD}, title = {Co-Exposure with an Invasive Seaweed Exudate Increases Toxicity of Polyamide Microplastics in the Marine Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis.}, journal = {Toxics}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {35202230}, issn = {2305-6304}, support = {UIDP/50017/2020+UIDB/50017/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; PTDC/CTA-AMB/30495/2017//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; PTDC/CTA-AMB/30361/2017//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; CEECIND/01366/2018//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; Decree-Law 57/2016, of August 29, changed by Law 57/2017, of July 19//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; }, abstract = {Plastic pollution and invasive species are recognised as pervasive threats to marine biodiversity. However, despite the extensive on-going research on microplastics' effects in the biota, knowledge on their combination with additional stressors is still limited. This study investigates the effects of polyamide microplastics (PA-MPs, 1 mg/L), alone and in combination with the toxic exudate from the invasive red seaweed Asparagopsis armata (2%), after a 96 h exposure, in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Biochemical responses associated with oxidative stress and damage, neurotoxicity, and energy metabolism were evaluated in different tissues (gills, digestive gland, and muscle). Byssus production and PA-MP accumulation were also assessed. Results demonstrated that PA-MPs accumulated the most in the digestive gland of mussels under PA-MP and exudate co-exposure. Furthermore, the combination of stressors also resulted in oxidative damage at the protein level in the gills as well as in a significant reduction in byssus production. Metabolic capacity increased in both PA-MP treatments, consequently affecting the energy balance in mussels under combined stress. Overall, results show a potential increase of PA-MPs toxicity in the presence of A. armata exudate, highlighting the importance of assessing the impact of microplastics in realistic scenarios, specifically in combination with co-occurring stressors, such as invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid35202150, year = {2022}, author = {Hassoun, AER and Ujević, I and Jemaa, S and Roje-Busatto, R and Mahfouz, C and Fakhri, M and Nazlić, N}, title = {Concentrations of Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and Its Analogue 4,9-Anhydro TTX in Different Tissues of the Silver-Cheeked Pufferfish (Lagocephalus sceleratus, Gmelin, 1789) Caught in the South-Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Lebanon.}, journal = {Toxins}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {35202150}, issn = {2072-6651}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Lebanon ; Liver/chemistry ; Male ; Mediterranean Sea ; Muscles/chemistry ; Ovary/chemistry ; Skin/chemistry ; Testis/chemistry ; *Tetraodontiformes ; Tetrodotoxin/*analogs &amp; derivatives/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Pufferfishes are among the best-known marine organisms that accumulate marine biotoxins such as Tetrodotoxin (TTX). In the Mediterranean Sea, the silver-cheeked toadfish Lagocephalus sceleratus is the most reported TTX-bearer, causing many fatal and non-fatal cases. In Lebanon, no previous studies have measured TTX levels although the possibility of TTX-poisoning is high since L. sceleratus is caught in different sizes and can be mistaken with other small fishes. Hence, this study reports TTX and its analogue 4,9-anhydro TTX in L. sceleratus collected from Lebanese waters in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. The results show that TTX concentrations in fish tissues varied between 0.10 and 252.97 µg/g, while those of 4,9-anhydro TTX oscillated between 0.01 and 43.01 µg/g. Internal organs of L. sceleratus were the most toxic parts of its body, with the highest TTX levels found in gonads (mainly ovaries) and liver, followed by the muscles and skin with concentrations always exceeding the safety level. Toxicity fluctuations of L. sceleratus, its expansion, ecological and economic effects were also elucidated. Based on the present findings, it has been confirmed that L. sceleratus constitutes a health, ecological and economic risks, and therefore its trade in seafood markets should be banned to avoid any potential intoxication.}, }
@article {pmid35199921, year = {2022}, author = {Sol, D and Garcia-Porta, J and González-Lagos, C and Pigot, AL and Trisos, C and Tobias, JA}, title = {A test of Darwin's naturalization conundrum in birds reveals enhanced invasion success in the presence of close relatives.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {661-672}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13899}, pmid = {35199921}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {CGL2017-90033-P//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; PID2020-119514GB-I00//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; FJCI-2014-20380//Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitivity of Spain/ ; NE/I028068/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/P004512/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; ANID PIA/BASAL FB0002//Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo, Chile/ ; FONDECYT 11160271//Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo, Chile/ ; //FLAIR Fellowship Programme: A partnership between the African Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society funded by the UK Government's Global Challenges Research Fund/ ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Birds ; *Citizenship ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions pose one of the most severe environmental challenges of the twenty-first century. A longstanding idea is that invasion risk is predictable based on the phylogenetic distance - and hence ecological resemblance - between non-native and native species. However, current evidence is contradictory. To explain these mixed results, it has been proposed that the effect is scale-dependent, with invasion inhibited by phylogenetic similarity at small spatial scales but enhanced at larger scales. Analyzing invasion outcomes in a global sample of bird communities, we find no evidence to support this hypothesis. Instead, our results suggest that invaders are locally more successful in the presence of closely related and ecologically similar species, at least in human-altered environments where the majority of invasions have occurred. Functional trait analyses further confirm that the ecological niches of invaders are phylogenetically conserved, supporting the notion that successful invasion in the presence of close relatives is driven by shared adaptations to the types of niches available in novel environments.}, }
@article {pmid35198973, year = {2022}, author = {Adiga, A and Palmer, N and Baek, YY and Mortveit, H and Ravi, SS}, title = {Network Models and Simulation Analytics for Multi-scale Dynamics of Biological Invasions.}, journal = {Frontiers in big data}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {796897}, pmid = {35198973}, issn = {2624-909X}, abstract = {Globalization and climate change facilitate the spread and establishment of invasive species throughout the world via multiple pathways. These spread mechanisms can be effectively represented as diffusion processes on multi-scale, spatial networks. Such network-based modeling and simulation approaches are being increasingly applied in this domain. However, these works tend to be largely domain-specific, lacking any graph theoretic formalisms, and do not take advantage of more recent developments in network science. This work is aimed toward filling some of these gaps. We develop a generic multi-scale spatial network framework that is applicable to a wide range of models developed in the literature on biological invasions. A key question we address is the following: how do individual pathways and their combinations influence the rate and pattern of spread? The analytical complexity arises more from the multi-scale nature and complex functional components of the networks rather than from the sizes of the networks. We present theoretical bounds on the spectral radius and the diameter of multi-scale networks. These two structural graph parameters have established connections to diffusion processes. Specifically, we study how network properties, such as spectral radius and diameter are influenced by model parameters. Further, we analyze a multi-pathway diffusion model from the literature by conducting simulations on synthetic and real-world networks and then use regression tree analysis to identify the important network and diffusion model parameters that influence the dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid35194226, year = {2021}, author = {Perevaryukha, AY}, title = {Simulation of Scenarios of a Deep Population Crisis in a Rapidly Growing Population.}, journal = {Biophysics}, volume = {66}, number = {6}, pages = {974-991}, pmid = {35194226}, issn = {0006-3509}, abstract = {Abstract-This article focuses on the modeling of crisis and threshold development of the population process during the formation of a new population in a competitive environment. As a population spreads, a deep population crisis may arise as a result an abrupt triggering of biotic countermeasures before resources for a further increase in population size are exhausted. A bottleneck occurred in the history of many populations, including humans at the time of the Neolithic crash in Europe. Invaders with high reproductive potential often exert deleterious effects on biosystems. The emergence of efficient competition can not only cause classical cyclical fluctuations, but also lead to a complete extinction of the population after a series of high peaks in its abundance. Two alternative scenarios provide classical examples of induced population crises. One was observed in Gause's experiments where an introduction of a predatory ciliate drove another ciliate species to extinction. The other scenario was observed in a series of experiments where bacteriophages were introduced into colonies of actively dividing bacteria that had a dynamically adapting antiviral mechanism. In this work, modifications to the model were proposed to describe the actual scenarios of crisis effects in population dynamics. Equations with deviating arguments in the time variable allowed a threshold effect of conditions on reproduction of the invasive species and an aggregated nature of the lagging regulation with two time factors. The computational scenarios described both completion of the process after a repeated outbreak and successful elimination of the population crisis via rapid adaptation. Deep crisis phenomena are characteristic of local population dynamics when organisms interact with viruses that are new to them.}, }
@article {pmid35193502, year = {2022}, author = {Tsykun, T and Prospero, S and Schoebel, CN and Rea, A and Burgess, TI}, title = {Global invasion history of the emerging plant pathogen Phytophthora multivora.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {153}, pmid = {35193502}, issn = {1471-2164}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Phytophthora/genetics ; Plant Diseases ; Plants/genetics ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: global trade in living plants and plant material has significantly increased the geographic distribution of many plant pathogens. As a consequence, several pathogens have been first found and described in their introduced range where they may cause severe damage on naïve host species. Knowing the center of origin and the pathways of spread of a pathogen is of importance for several reasons, including identifying natural enemies and reducing further spread. Several Phytophthora species are well-known invasive pathogens of natural ecosystems, including Phytophthora multivora. Following the description of P. multivora from dying native vegetation in Australia in 2009, the species was subsequently found to be common in South Africa where it does not cause any remarkable disease. There are now reports of P. multivora from many other countries worldwide, but not as a commonly encountered species in natural environments.<br><br>RESULTS: a global collection of 335 isolates from North America, Europe, Africa, Australia, the Canary Islands, and New Zealand was used to unravel the worldwide invasion history of P. multivora, using 10 microsatellite markers for all isolates and sequence data from five loci from 94 representative isolates. Our population genetic analysis revealed an extremely low heterozygosity, significant non-random association of loci and substantial genotypic diversity suggesting the spread of P. multivora readily by both asexual and sexual propagules. The P. multivora populations in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand show the most complex genetic structure, are well established and evolutionary older than those in Europe, North America and the Canary Islands.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: according to the conducted analyses, the world invasion of P. multivora most likely commenced from South Africa, which can be considered the center of origin of the species. The pathogen was then introduced to Australia, which acted as bridgehead population for Europe and North America. Our study highlights a complex global invasion pattern of P. multivora, including both direct introductions from the native population and secondary spread/introductions from bridgehead populations.}, }
@article {pmid35191120, year = {2022}, author = {Gruber, MAM and Santoro, D and Cooling, M and Lester, PJ and Hoffmann, BD and Boser, C and Lach, L}, title = {A global review of socioeconomic and environmental impacts of ants reveals new insights for risk assessment.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {e2577}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2577}, pmid = {35191120}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment ; Socioeconomic Factors ; }, abstract = {Risk assessments are fundamental to invasive species management and are underpinned by comprehensive characterization of invasive species impacts. Our understanding of the impacts of invasive species is growing constantly, and several recently developed frameworks offer the opportunity to systematically categorize environmental and socioeconomic impacts of invasive species. Invasive ants are among the most widespread and damaging invaders. Although a handful of species receives most of the policy attention, nearly 200 species have established outside their native range. Here, we provide a global, comprehensive assessment of the impacts of ants and propose a priority list of risk species. We used the Socioeconomic Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (SEICAT), Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT) and Generic Impact Scoring System (GISS) to analyze 642 unique sources for 100 named species. Different methodologies provided generally consistent results. The most frequently identified socioeconomic impacts were to human health. Environmental impacts were primarily on animal and plant populations, with the most common mechanisms being predation and competition. Species recognized as harmful nearly 20 years ago featured prominently, including Wasmannia auropunctata (little fire ant, electric ant), Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ant), Anoplolepis gracilipes (yellow crazy ant), and Pheidole megacephala (African big-headed ant). All these species except W. auropunctata have been implicated in local extinctions of native species. Although our assessments affirmed that the most serious impacts have been driven by a small number of species, our results also highlighted a substantial number of less well publicized species that have had major environmental impacts and may currently be overlooked when prioritizing prevention efforts. Several of these species were ranked as high or higher than some of the previously recognized "usual suspects," most notably Nylanderia fulva (tawny crazy ant). We compared and combined our assessments with trait-based profiles and other lists to propose a consensus set of 31 priority species. Ever-increasing global trade contributes to growing rates of species introductions. The integrated approaches we used can contribute to robust, holistic risk assessments for many taxa entrained in these pathways.}, }
@article {pmid35191001, year = {2022}, author = {Boltovskoy, D and Guiaşu, R and Burlakova, L and Karatayev, A and Schlaepfer, MA and Correa, N}, title = {Misleading estimates of economic impacts of biological invasions: Including the costs but not the benefits.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {51}, number = {8}, pages = {1786-1799}, pmid = {35191001}, issn = {1654-7209}, support = {273/2020//Univ. Nac. de la Defensa, Argentina/ ; }, mesh = {Costs and Cost Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The economic costs of non-indigenous species (NIS) are a key factor for the allocation of efforts and resources to eradicate or control baneful invasions. Their assessments are challenging, but most suffer from major flaws. Among the most important are the following: (1) the inclusion of actual damage costs together with various ancillary expenditures which may or may not be indicative of the real economic damage due to NIS; (2) the inclusion of the costs of unnecessary or counterproductive control initiatives; (3) the inclusion of controversial NIS-related costs whose economic impacts are questionable; (4) the assessment of the negative impacts only, ignoring the positive ones that most NIS have on the economy, either directly or through their ecosystem services. Such estimates necessarily arrive at negative and often highly inflated values, do not reflect the net damage and economic losses due to NIS, and can significantly misguide management and resource allocation decisions. We recommend an approach based on holistic costs and benefits that are assessed using likely scenarios and their counter-factual.}, }
@article {pmid35190658, year = {2022}, author = {Bam, S and Ott, JP and Butler, JL and Xu, L}, title = {Belowground mechanism reveals climate change impacts on invasive clonal plant establishment.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {2860}, pmid = {35190658}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Bromus/*growth &amp; development ; *Climate Change ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/methods ; Grassland ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Rain ; Seedlings/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Climate change and disturbance can alter invasion success of clonal plants by differentially affecting the clonal traits influencing their establishment as young plants. Clonal traits related to the vegetative reproduction of native Pascopyrum smithii and non-native Bromus inermis grass seedlings were evaluated under altered precipitation frequencies and a single grazing event. Pascopyrum smithii maintained similar vegetative reproduction under three simulated precipitation frequencies whereas B. inermis vegetative reproduction declined as precipitation became more intermittent. Vegetative reproduction of the non-native B. inermis was greater than the native P. smithii under all simulated precipitation frequencies except the most intermittent scenario. A single grazing event did not affect either species' response to intra-annual precipitation variability but did slightly reduce their clonal growth and increase their bud dormancy. In young plants, clonal traits of the invasive grass favored its superior expansion and population growth compared to the native grass except under the most severe climate change scenario. Grassland restoration using native P. smithii seeds would be successful in most years due to its resilient clonal growth in a changing climate. Clonal infrastructure development in young plants is critical to clonal plant establishment and persistence in a changing climate and under disturbed conditions.}, }
@article {pmid35182979, year = {2022}, author = {Sheergojri, IA and Rashid, I and Rehman, IU and Rashid, I}, title = {Invasive species services-disservices conundrum: A case study from Kashmir Himalaya.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {309}, number = {}, pages = {114674}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114674}, pmid = {35182979}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; *Ecosystem ; *Hydrocharitaceae ; India ; *Introduced Species ; *Nymphaea ; }, abstract = {Invasive species and their management represent a multi-faceted issue affecting social and natural systems. People see the advantages and risks of these species through various value structures, which influences decisions on whether and where they can be managed. While many studies have focused on the ecological effects of invasive species, their impact on human livelihoods and well-being is less recognized. Understanding the effects (benefits and costs) of invasive species on livelihoods and human well-being, as well as people's perception, is important for guiding policy formulation and devising management strategies. Here we present a case study of Dal Lake - a freshwater urban lake of Kashmir Himalaya - providing various ecological, biological, and hydrological functions that offer economic, aesthetic, recreational, educational, and other values to the local populace. In the context of a gradually increasing attention on the impacts of Invasive Alien Plant species (IAPs) on this ecosystem, we conducted Focal Group Discussions (FGDs) to determine the perception of people living inside and around Dal Lake regarding two invasive species, namely, Nymphea mexicana and Hydrocharis dubia, and their capacity to provide ecosystem services (ES) and disservices (EDS). Following that, a discursive scenario assessment tool multi-criteria mapping (MCM) was used to involve stakeholders in ranking their priorities in two scenarios of the lake- 'status quo' vs 'clean lake with limited weeds' in the Dal Lake social-ecological system. We found that their perception of the impact of invasive species varies with factors such as the location of invasive plants in the lake, and people's occupation, and household characteristics. Most participants perceive these species positively (i.e., agreeing that they create ecosystem services in the form of cattle feed), but some recognize their importance in providing ecosystem disservices. Their primary concern and priority were the sustenance of their livelihood in any scenario, and most respondents did not oppose the eradication of two IAPs if their livelihood is secure. We conclude that a more nuanced strategy to IAS management is required, one that combines both local livelihood demands and broader environmental and social considerations.}, }
@article {pmid35182800, year = {2022}, author = {Gong, W and Wang, Y and Chen, C and Xiong, Y and Zhou, Y and Xiao, F and Li, B and Wang, Y}, title = {The rapid evolution of an invasive plant due to increased selection pressures throughout its invasive history.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {233}, number = {}, pages = {113322}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113322}, pmid = {35182800}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {*Ageratina/drug effects/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Cadmium/*toxicity ; Germination ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Seedlings ; Seeds ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants are highly successful because they can quickly adapt to selection pressures imposed by both biotic and abiotic stressors. Since selection pressures may vary across temporal and biogeographical gradients, the growth and fitness of invasive plants varies across time. However, only a few studies have focused on the evolutionary potential of invasive plants following their establishment. In this study, the impacts of cadmium (Cd) on the germination and seedling growth of an invasive plant, Ageratina adenophora, were examined. The seeds were collected from different historical populations at the invasion stage (during the early, middle, and new stages of invasion). Plant performance was tested under both heavy metal and simulated herbivory treatments to examine the evolution of A. adenophora under different selection pressures. It was found that early stage A. adenophora populations have higher germinability and weaker seedling growth than the new stage populations. Compared with new stage populations, early-stage populations are more tolerant to simulated herbivory and their germination potential tends to be higher under high Cd stress. It seems that the adaptive strategy of A. adenophora is to invest more energy in growth during the initial stage of invasion. As selection pressures increases over time, more energy seems to be shifted to the improvement of seed quality as well as to the vegetative growth system which improves its ability to tolerate stressful environments. It is important to consider the invasion history of a species when studying the invasive and evolutionary potential of plant species.}, }
@article {pmid35180975, year = {2022}, author = {McDonald, J and Fitzgerald, C and Hassan, B and Morrell, JJ}, title = {Thermal tolerance of an invasive drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis (Blattodea: Kalotermitidae).}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {104}, number = {}, pages = {103199}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103199}, pmid = {35180975}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Cockroaches/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Isoptera/*physiology ; Temperature ; *Thermotolerance ; *Trees ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {West Indian drywood termites (Cryptotermes brevis, Blattodea: Kalotermitidae) are an important invasive termite in many countries including Australia where they are spreading across two eastern states. Fumigation is often used to eliminate infestations, but it is costly, has negative environmental effects and does not prevent reinfestation. Heat treatment has been suggested as an alternative. Many insect pest mitigation strategies recommend 30 min exposure at 56 °C, but this may be difficult to achieve in structural applications. The potential for heating at lower temperatures was explored to determine the effect on termite survival and gut fauna. Exposure to 40 °C up to an hour did not kill the termites; however, 1-h exposure at 45 °C was lethal. Exposure for little as 3 min at 50 °C or 2 min at 55 °C was lethal. Protozoa levels were lower in termites that survived shorter exposures, but there appeared to be some recovery over time. The results suggest that short term exposures to 50 or 55 °C could be used to eliminate infestations, creating an opportunity for localized spot heating as a mitigation measure.}, }
@article {pmid35180969, year = {2022}, author = {Lara-Reséndiz, RA and Rosen, PC and Sinervo, B and Miles, DB and Méndez-de La Cruz, FR}, title = {Habitat thermal quality for Gopherus evgoodei in tropical deciduous forest and consequences of habitat modification by buffelgrass.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {104}, number = {}, pages = {103192}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103192}, pmid = {35180969}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animals ; Cenchrus/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Turtles/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Tortoises of the genus Gopherus evolved in North America and have survived major environmental challenges in the past 40 million years. However, this genus now faces multiple anthropogenic threats, such as the introduction of invasive plant species. Buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) is considered one of the greatest threats to arid and tropical ecosystems, where gopher tortoises inhabit, because the grass displaces native flora and fauna. Modification of the environment as a result of this invasive plant portends an alteration of the available thermal landscape. The aim of this paper is twofold: 1) to evaluate the thermal quality of the primary habitat of Gopherus evgoodei (tropical deciduous forest [TDF], and 2) determine the potential thermal changes due to habitat modification by buffelgrass. First, we obtained data on body temperature of active tortoises in semi-captivity. Second, we measured the operative environmental temperature during 5 years at three sites south of Sonora, Mexico that support G. evgoodei: a) a pristine TDF (Conserved-TDF); b) a forest patch surrounded by introduced buffelgrass pasture (Partial-TDF); and c) an introduced buffelgrass pasture area (Buffel-Pasture). Our results demonstrate that the intact microhabitats within the TDF provide G. evgoodei with high thermal quality at both spatial and temporal scales. However modified habitat by buffelgrass had higher operative temperatures for G. evgoodei than TDF. The thermal quality of the sites disturbed with buffelgrass can exceed the thermal requirements of G. evgoodei by up to 25 °C. Finally, we discussed potential collateral effects of habitat modification by invasion by buffelgrass.}, }
@article {pmid35178290, year = {2022}, author = {Justine, JL and Gastineau, R and Gros, P and Gey, D and Ruzzier, E and Charles, L and Winsor, L}, title = {Hammerhead flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae, Bipaliinae): mitochondrial genomes and description of two new species from France, Italy, and Mayotte.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e12725}, pmid = {35178290}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Genome, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Comoros ; *Planarians ; Italy ; France ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: New records of alien land planarians are regularly reported worldwide, and some correspond to undescribed species of unknown geographic origin. The description of new species of land planarians (Geoplanidae) should classically be based on both external morphology and histology of anatomical structures, especially the copulatory organs, ideally with the addition of molecular data.<br><br>METHODS: Here, we describe the morphology and reproductive anatomy of a species previously reported as Diversibipalium "black", and the morphology of a species previously reported as Diversibipalium "blue". Based on next generation sequencing, we obtained the complete mitogenome of five species of Bipaliinae, including these two species.<br><br>RESULTS: The new species Humbertium covidum n. sp. (syn: Diversibipalium "black" of Justine et al., 2018) is formally described on the basis of morphology, histology and mitogenome, and is assigned to Humbertium on the basis of its reproductive anatomy. The type-locality is Casier, Italy, and other localities are in the Department of Pyr&#xe9;n&#xe9;es-Atlantiques, France; some published or unpublished records suggest that this species might also be present in Russia, China, and Japan. The mitogenomic polymorphism of two geographically distinct specimens (Italy vs France) is described; the cox1 gene displayed 2.25% difference. The new species Diversibipalium mayottensis n. sp. (syn: Diversibipalium "blue" of Justine et al., 2018) is formally described on the basis of external morphology and complete mitogenome and is assigned to Diversibipalium on the basis of an absence of information on its reproductive anatomy. The type- and only known locality is the island of Mayotte in the Mozambique Channel off Africa. Phylogenies of bipaliine geoplanids were constructed on the basis of SSU, LSU, mitochondrial proteins and concatenated sequences of cox1, SSU and LSU. In all four phylogenies, D. mayottensis was the sister-group to all the other bipaliines. With the exception of D. multilineatum which could not be circularised, the complete mitogenomes of B. kewense, B. vagum, B. adventitium, H. covidum and D. mayottensis were colinear. The 16S gene in all bipaliine species was problematic because usual tools were unable to locate its exact position.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Next generation sequencing, which can provide complete mitochondrial genomes as well as traditionally used genes such as SSU, LSU and cox1, is a powerful tool for delineating and describing species of Bipaliinae when the reproductive structure cannot be studied, which is sometimes the case of asexually reproducing invasive species. The unexpected position of the new species D. mayottensis as sister-group to all other Bipaliinae in all phylogenetic analyses suggests that the species could belong to a new genus, yet to be described.}, }
@article {pmid35176111, year = {2022}, author = {Porcher, V and Carrière, SM and Gallois, S and Randriambanona, H and Rafidison, VM and Reyes-García, V}, title = {Growing up in the Betsileo landscape: Children's wild edible plants knowledge in Madagascar.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, pages = {e0264147}, pmid = {35176111}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Asian People/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Biodiversity ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; *Ethnobotany ; Female ; *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Madagascar ; Male ; Plants, Edible/*chemistry ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {Understanding local knowledge about wild edible plants (WEP) is essential for assessing plant services, reducing the risks of knowledge extinction, recognizing the rights of local communities, and improving biodiversity conservation efforts. However, the knowledge of specific groups such as women or children tends to be under-represented in local ecological knowledge (LEK) research. In this study, we explore how knowledge of WEP is distributed across gender and life stages (adults/children) among Betsileo people in the southern highlands of Madagascar. Using data from free listings with 42 adults and 40 children, gender-balanced, we show that knowledge on WEP differs widely across gender and life stage. In addition, we find that children have extended knowledge of WEP while reporting different species than adults. Women's knowledge specializes in herbaceous species (versus other plant life forms), while men's knowledge specializes in endemic species (versus native or introduced). Finally, we find that introduced species are more frequently cited by children, while adults cite more endemic species. We discuss the LEK differentiation mechanisms and the implications of acquiring life stage's knowledge in the highland landscapes of Madagascar. Given our findings, we highlight the importance of considering groups with under-represented knowledge repositories, such as children and women, into future research.}, }
@article {pmid35174291, year = {2022}, author = {Chen, J and Zhang, S and Tang, W and Du, X and Yuan, Y and Wu, S}, title = {The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Opuntia sulphurea (Cactaceae).}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {361-362}, pmid = {35174291}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {Opuntia sulphurea Gillies ex Salm-Dyck 1834 (Cactaceae) acts as an invasive species due to its ability to survive in various environments. In this study, we assembled the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of Opuntia sulphurea, which was 122,740 bp in length. The genome contained 100 genes, including 65 protein-coding genes, 31 tRNA genes and four rRNA genes. The base composition of the chloroplast genome was 32.11% A, 17.74% G, 18.34% C, and 31.80% T, resulting in an overall G + C content of 35.39%. A phylogenetic analysis across 23 species in Caryophyllales demonstrated a close relationship between Opuntia sulphurea and Opuntia quimilo.}, }
@article {pmid35171282, year = {2022}, author = {Foley, JR and McAvoy, TJ and Grubb, C and Mayfield, AE and Strahm, B and Salom, SM}, title = {Subterranean Survivorship and Seasonal Emergence of Laricobius spp. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), Biological Control Agents for the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {63-70}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvab124}, pmid = {35171282}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents ; *Coleoptera/physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Hemiptera/physiology ; *Hemlock ; Predatory Behavior ; Seasons ; Survivorship ; Tsuga ; }, abstract = {Following the adventive arrival, subsequent spread, and ensuing impact of Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) in the eastern United States, a robust initiative was launched with the goal of decreasing ecosystem impacts from the loss of eastern hemlock (Pinales: Pinaceae). This initiative includes the use of biological control agents, including Laricobius spp. (Insecta: Coleoptera). Laboratory production of these agents is limited by subterranean mortality and early emergence. Therefore, the subterranean survivorship and timing of emergence of a mixture of Laricobius spp. was investigated. PVC traps internally lined with a sticky card and covered with a mesh screen were inserted into the soil to measure the percent emergence of adults based on the number of larvae placed within. The number of emerged adults in the field and laboratory-reared larval treatments was adjusted based on emergence numbers in the control and used as the response variable. Independent variables included in the final model were: treatment (field-collected vs. laboratory-reared), organic layer depth (cm), soil pH, and April-to-December mean soil moisture. No differences were found in survivorship between field-collected and laboratory-reared treatments. As pH and organic layer increased survivorship decreased, significantly. Although the majority of emergence occurred in the fall, emergence also occurred in spring and summer. The occurrence of spring and summer emergence and low survivorship (17.1 ± 0.4%) in the field across all treatments suggests that these are characteristics of Laricobius spp. field biology in their introduced range and not artifacts of the laboratory rearing process.}, }
@article {pmid35170047, year = {2022}, author = {Chakona, A and Jordaan, MS and Raimondo, DC and Bills, RI and Skelton, PH and van der Colff, D}, title = {Diversity, distribution and extinction risk of native freshwater fishes of South Africa.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {100}, number = {4}, pages = {1044-1061}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15011}, pmid = {35170047}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; Extinction, Biological ; Fishes/genetics ; Fresh Water ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Extinction risk for 101 valid species and 18 unique genetic lineages of native freshwater fishes of South Africa was assessed in 2016 following the IUCN Red List criteria. An additional five species (three new species that were described and two species that were revalidated subsequent to the 2016 assessments) were assessed in the present study. A synthesis of the outcome of the assessments of the 106 valid species and 18 genetic lineages indicates that 45 (36%) of South Africa's freshwater fish taxa are threatened (7 Critically Endangered, 25 Endangered, 13 Vulnerable). Of the remaining taxa, 17 (14%) are listed as Near Threatened, 57 (46%) are Least Concern and five (4%) are Data Deficient. More than 60% of the endemic taxa are threatened. The Cape Fold Ecoregion has the highest proportion of threatened taxa (67%) due to the existence of a unique assemblage of narrow-range endemic species. Galaxias and Pseudobarbus have the highest number of highly threatened taxa as most of the species and lineages in these genera are classified as either CR or EN. Major threats to the native freshwater fishes of the country are invasive fish species, deterioration of water quality, impoundments and excessive water abstraction, land use changes and modification of riverine habitats. Immediate conservation efforts should focus on securing remnant populations of highly threatened taxa and preventing deterioration in threat status, because recovery is rare. Accurate delimitation of species boundaries, mapping their distribution ranges, improved knowledge of pressures and long-term monitoring of population trends need to be prioritised to generate credible data for the 2026 IUCN threat status assessments and designation of important fish areas as part of the National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas (NFEPA) initiative.}, }
@article {pmid35167168, year = {2022}, author = {Zylinski, S and Swan, M and Sitters, H}, title = {Contrasting responses of native and introduced mammal communities to fire mosaics in a modified landscape.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, pages = {e2570}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2570}, pmid = {35167168}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Mammals ; }, abstract = {Planned fire is increasingly recognized as an important tool in conservation, but other factors such as land-use change may hinder the ability of land managers to use fire for the benefit of biodiversity. The mosaic of past fires in native vegetation may interact with the mosaic of other land-cover types in human-modified landscapes, yet the effects of these interactions on mammal communities are unknown. We investigated the responses of ground-dwelling mammal community composition and species richness to interactions between land cover and post-fire vegetation growth-stage mosaics in southern Australia. This fire-prone, human-modified landscape features a fine-scale fire mosaic in native vegetation patches surrounded by pasture, horticulture, and peri-urban environments. We measured the composition of land-cover types and fire mosaics (landscape structure) at multiple scales of up to 1257 ha surrounding 129 study sites, and considered native and introduced species together and separately. Land-cover composition was the primary driver of community composition: native species favored areas with a greater proportion of native heathy woodland, whereas introduced species were associated with landscapes comprising more cleared land. The fire mosaic also influenced community composition and species richness: greater growth-stage diversity was associated with native habitat-specialist communities and fewer introduced species. In areas with more cleared land, native species richness increased when there was a greater proportion of mid-successional vegetation, demonstrating that the effect of fire mosaics on mammal diversity depended on land-cover composition. The positive relationship between introduced species richness and cleared land extent was also stronger in recently burned sites than in other growth stages, suggesting that introduced species are well suited to more modified areas of the landscape. Land managers need to consider the underlying land-cover composition and the potential interactions it may have with fire mosaics and species composition. In this landscape a greater diversity of growth stages may disadvantage introduced species yet an increase in mid-successional vegetation in more modified areas would be likely to benefit native mammal communities. Our study highlights that fire management may need to be tailored depending on the context of land use and the species of interest.}, }
@article {pmid35165885, year = {2022}, author = {Xu, X and Zhou, C and He, Q and Qiu, S and Zhang, Y and Yang, J and Li, B and Nie, M}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity of light use favors a plant invader in nitrogen-enriched ecosystems.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {103}, number = {5}, pages = {e3665}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3665}, pmid = {35165885}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Nitrogen/analysis ; Plants ; Poaceae/physiology ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Eutrophication is believed to promote plant invasion, resulting in high growth performances of invasive plants and, therefore, the great potential for growth-induced intraspecific competition for light. Current hypotheses predict how eutrophication promotes plant invasion but fail to explain how great invasiveness is maintained under eutrophic conditions. In diverse native communities, co-occurring plants of varying sizes can avoid light competition by exploiting light complementarily; however, whether this mechanism applies to intraspecific competition in invasive plant populations remains unknown. Using a 2-year field nitrogen (N)-enrichment experiment on one of the global invasive plants, Spartina alterniflora, we found that the plasticity of light use reduced intraspecific competition and increased biomass production in S. alterniflora. This plasticity effect was enhanced when S. alterniflora had no nutrient limitations. In the N-enrichment treatments, the height difference among S. alterniflora ramets increased as light intensity decreased under the canopy. Compared with ambient N, under N enrichment, shorter individuals increased their light-use efficiency and specific leaf area in response to the reduced light intensity under the canopy. However, such ecophysiological plasticity was not found for taller individuals. Our findings revealed that the light-use plasticity of short individuals can be envisaged as a novel mechanism by which an invasive plant alleviates intraspecific competition and increases its invasiveness, challenging the prevailing perspective that the invasiveness of exotic plants is constrained by intraspecific competition.}, }
@article {pmid35164160, year = {2022}, author = {Ponticelli, M and Lela, L and Russo, D and Faraone, I and Sinisgalli, C and Mustapha, MB and Esposito, G and Jannet, HB and Costantino, V and Milella, L}, title = {Dittrichia&amp;nbsp;graveolens (L.) Greuter, a Rapidly Spreading Invasive Plant: Chemistry and Bioactivity.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {35164160}, issn = {1420-3049}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; Antioxidants/chemistry/pharmacology ; Asteraceae/*chemistry ; Drug Discovery ; Flavonoids/*chemistry/*pharmacology ; Humans ; Plant Extracts/chemistry/pharmacology ; Terpenes/*chemistry/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Dittrichia graveolens L. Greuter belonging to the Asteraceae family, is an aromatic herbaceous plant native to the Mediterranean region. This plant species has been extensively studied for its biological activities, including antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase, and antityrosinase, and for its peculiar metabolic profile. In particular, bioactivities are related to terpenes and flavonoids metabolites, such as borneol (40), tomentosin (189), inuviscolide (204). However, D. graveolens is also well known for causing health problems both in animals and humans. Moreover, the species is currently undergoing a dramatic northward expansion of its native range related to climate change, now including North Europe, California, and Australia. This review represents an updated overview of the 52 literature papers published in Scopus and PubMed dealing with expansion, chemistry (262 different compounds), pharmacological effects, and toxicology of D.&amp;nbsp;graveolens up to October 2021. The review is intended to boost further studies to determine the molecular pathways involved in the observed activities, bioavailability, and clinical studies to explore new potential applications.}, }
@article {pmid35164134, year = {2022}, author = {Siddiqui, JA and Zhang, Y and Luo, Y and Bamisile, BS and Rehman, NU and Islam, W and Qasim, M and Jiang, Q and Xu, Y}, title = {Comprehensive Detoxification Mechanism Assessment of Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta) against Indoxacarb.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {35164134}, issn = {1420-3049}, support = {NZ2021022//the Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture Project/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/enzymology/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/*drug effects ; *Insect Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; *Oxazines/pharmacokinetics/pharmacology ; *RNA-Seq ; }, abstract = {The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) is one of the deadliest invasive ant species that threatens the world by disrupting biodiversity, important functions within a natural ecosystem, and community structure. They are responsible for huge economic losses in the infested countries every year. Synthetic insecticides, especially indoxacarb, have been broadly used to control S. invicta for many years. However, the biochemical response of S. invicta to indoxacarb remains largely undiscovered. Here, we used the sublethal doses of indoxacarb on the S. invicta collected from the eight different cities of Southern China. The alteration in the transcriptome profile of S. invicta following sublethal dosages of indoxacarb was characterized using high-throughput RNA-seq technology. We created 2 libraries, with 50.93 million and 47.44 million clean reads for indoxacarb treatment and control, respectively. A total of 2018 unigenes were regulated after insecticide treatment. Results indicated that a total of 158 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the indoxacarb-treated group, of which 100 were significantly upregulated and 58 were downregulated, mostly belonging to the detoxification enzymes, such as AChE, CarE, and GSTs. Furthermore, results showed that most of these DEGs were found in several KEGG pathways, including steroid biosynthesis, other drug metabolizing enzymes, glycerolipid metabolism, chemical carcinogenesis, drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450, glutathione metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and metabolism of xenobiotics. Together, these findings indicated that indoxacarb causes significant alteration in the transcriptome profile and signaling pathways of S. invicta, providing a foundation for further molecular inquiry.}, }
@article {pmid35161425, year = {2022}, author = {O'Brien, CJ and Mellor, V and Galea, VJ}, title = {Controlling Woody Weed Chinese Elm (Celtis sinensis Pers.) with Stem-Implanted Herbicide Capsules.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {35161425}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Chinese elm [Celtis sinensis Pers.] is an emerging environmental weed naturalised throughout the coastal and riparian (creek-banks, river margins, and streams) regions of eastern Australia. Throughout this introduced range, its management is limited to the application of synthetic herbicides and mechanical clearing operations (terrain and soil type permitting). The current mechanisms of chemical control (basal bark spraying, stem-injection, and cut-stump applications) often result in collateral damage to non-target native species (such as Eucalyptus spp. and Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq.) through herbicidal drift, runoff or leaching into adjacent habitats. This has raised concerns regarding the suitability of synthetic herbicides in ecologically sensitive (e.g., riparian zones, rainforest margins, and woodlands) or low-value habitats, thereby promoting significant developments in the fields of integrated weed management. This study investigated the effectiveness of a novel stem-implantation system for controlling woody weed species in the context of a conserved habitat. A replicated trial (n = 315) was established among a naturally occurring population of C. sinensis. This trial involved the mapping, measurement, and treatment of this invasive species with five encapsulated synthetic herbicides, as well as an untreated control and benchmark treatment (diesel + Access[TM]). A significant effect (p < 0.05) on plant vigour and functional canopy was discerned for each assessment period following trial establishment. The highest incidence of mortality was observed among the individuals treated with glyphosate (245 mg/capsule), aminopyralid and metsulfuron-methyl (58.1 and 37.5 mg/capsule) and picloram (10 mg/capsule), achieving a similar response to the basal bark application of diesel and Access[TM] (240 g/L triclopyr, 120 g/L picloram, and 389 g/L liquid hydrocarbon). This was also evidenced by a rapid reduction in functional canopy (i.e., no or little living leaf tissue) from three weeks after treatment. Unlike their industry counterparts, these encapsulated herbicides are immediately sealed into the vascular system of the target species by a plug. This significantly minimises the possibility of environmental or operator exposure to synthetic compounds by providing a targeted, readily calibrated herbicide application.}, }
@article {pmid35161355, year = {2022}, author = {Paulus, KR and Marshall, JM}, title = {Competitive Interactions between Two Non-Native Species (Alliaria petiolata [M. Bieb.] Cavara &amp; Grande and Hesperis matronalis L.) and a Native Species (Ageratina altissima [L.] R.M. King &amp; H. Rob.).}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {35161355}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Alliaria petiolata and Hesperis matronalis are wide-ranging non-native species in North America. Ageratina altissima is native to North America but has become a concern as an invasive species in Asia. A replacement series experiment was established to quantify the competitive interactions between these three species and to rank their relative competitiveness with each other. We assessed leaf count, chlorophyll content, and aboveground biomass with comparisons between replacement series mixtures and competition species. Overall leaf count and aboveground biomass were greatest in A. altissima and chlorophyll content was lowest in A. petiolata. Chlorophyll content and aboveground biomass were lower for A. altissima in competition with A. petiolata compared to H. matronalis. Leaf count for A. petiolata was lower in competition with A. altissima compared to H. matronalis. Aboveground biomass for H. matronalis was lower in competition regardless of the species compared to monoculture. There were also negative trends in biomass for A. petiolata in competition with increasing neighbors. However, for A. altissima, the negative trend in biomass was with A. petiolata, H. matronalis did not negatively affect A. altissima biomass. Our rank order of competitiveness was A. altissima > A. petiolata >> H. matronalis.}, }
@article {pmid35161295, year = {2022}, author = {Žalnierius, T and Šveikauskas, V and Aphalo, PJ and Gavelienė, V and Būda, V and Jurkonienė, S}, title = {Gibberellic Acid (GA3) Applied to Flowering Heracleum sosnowskyi Decreases Seed Viability Even If Seed Development Is Not Inhibited.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {35161295}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Sosnowsky's hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden.), an important invasive species in Eastern Europe, is a monocarpic perennial plant that propagates exclusively by seeds. Hence, interfering with seed viability could help control its spread. In the present study, we investigated the effect of exogenous GA3 (25, 100 and 150 mg/L) sprayed twice onto flowering H. sosnowskyi plants on the development of fruits (mericarps) and their ability to germinate under field conditions over the growing seasons of 2018 and 2019. Mericarps from plants sprayed with GA3 failed to develop normally. The width/length ratio of mericarps decreased by 23% to 25% after 150 mg/L GA3 application and their average weight decreased between 7% and 39% under all GA3 treatments. X-ray radiographs revealed that the internal structure was malformed, with many of the mericarps lacking well-developed seeds. Proportionally fewer well-developed mericarps were produced by GA3-treated plants than water-sprayed control plants in 2018. Seed germination assessed outdoors in seeds buried in the ground was also severely reduced (from 58% to 99% after 150 mg/L GA3 application). This indicates that exogenous GA3 sprays result in incomplete seed development and a consequent decrease in viability and germination. As the highest GA3 dose used resulted in significantly reduced propagation of Sosnowsky's hogweed through seeds in the field, GA3 provides a promising approach to the control of the spread of this invasive weed species.}, }
@article {pmid35158633, year = {2022}, author = {O'Malley, TDR and Stanley, MC and Russell, JC}, title = {Assessing Two Different Aerial Toxin Treatments for the Management of Invasive Rats.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {35158633}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {RDF-UOA1404//Royal Society of New Zealand/ ; 3720867//Predator Free 2050 Ltd./ ; }, abstract = {Aotearoa-New Zealand has embarked on an ambitious goal: to completely eradicate key invasive mammals by 2050. This will require novel tools capable of eliminating pests on a large scale. In New Zealand, large-scale pest suppression is typically carried out using aerial application of the toxin sodium fluoroacetate (1080). However, as currently applied, this tool does not remove all individuals. A novel application method, dubbed '1080-to-zero', aims to change this and reduce the abundances of target pests to zero or near-zero. One such target is black rats (Rattus rattus), an invasive species challenging to control using ground-based methods. This study monitored and compared the response of black rats to a 1080-to-zero operation and a standard suppression 1080 operation. No difference in the efficacy of rat removal was found between the two treatments. The 1080-to-zero operation did not achieve its goal of rat elimination or reduction to near-zero levels, with an estimated 1540 rats surviving across the 2200 ha treatment area. However, 1080 operations can produce variable responses, and the results observed here differ from the only other reported 1080-to-zero operation. We encourage further research into this tool, including how factors such as ecosystem type, mast fruiting and operational timing influence success.}, }
@article {pmid35158614, year = {2022}, author = {Gryz, J and Krauze-Gryz, D and Klich, D}, title = {Alien or Native? How to Distinguish Feces of Fallow and Roe Deer Using Central Poland as a Case Study.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {35158614}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {The method of pellet group count is commonly used for estimating population trends of ungulates; however, in the case of species of similar body size, the misidentification rate can be high. Our aim was to find a metrical threshold between pellet groups of roe deer (native species) and fallow deer (alien species) to be applied during fieldwork. The study was conducted in spring 2020 and 2021 in central Poland (lowlands) in areas were only roe or fallow deer occurred. We measured the number of feces in the group, the length and width of five randomly selected feces from each pellet group and the length/width ratio. Roe deer pellets were shorter, narrower and less elongated than those of fallow deer; yet, length was found to be the best discriminant. The most accurate threshold was 1.2 cm, i.e., 12-15% of pellets were over/below this value. The mean number of pellets in a group was lower for roe deer (39.6, SE = 1.6) than for fallow deer (64.5, SE = 1.5). A value of 50-52 pellets best differentiated between the two species. To conclude, combining these two measurements could be an objective method to distinguish between pellet groups of the two species.}, }
@article {pmid35157108, year = {2023}, author = {Mo, S and He, S and Sang, Y and Li, J and Kashif, M and Zhang, Z and Su, G and Jiang, C}, title = {Integration of Microbial Transformation Mechanism of Polyphosphate Accumulation and Sulfur Cycle in Subtropical Marine Mangrove Ecosystems with Spartina alterniflora Invasion.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {85}, number = {2}, pages = {478-494}, pmid = {35157108}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {31760437//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; GUIKEZY21195021//Funding Project of Chinese Central Government Guiding to the Guangxi Local Science and Technology Development/ ; 2019GXNSFFA245011//Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China/ ; AD20297142//China-ASEAN International Innovative Center for Health Industry of Traditional Chinese Medicine/ ; 2022KA02//Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University/ ; YCBZ2021012//Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education/ ; YCSW2021064//Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education/ ; }, mesh = {*Wetlands ; Polyphosphates/analysis/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Poaceae ; *Microbiota ; Sulfur/metabolism ; Sulfates/metabolism ; China ; }, abstract = {Excessive phosphorus can lead to eutrophication in marine and coastal ecosystems. Sulfur metabolism-associated microorganisms stimulate biological phosphorous removal. However, the integrating co-biotransformation mechanism of phosphorus and sulfur in subtropical marine mangrove ecosystems with Spartina alterniflora invasion is poorly understood. In this study, an ecological model of the coupling biotransformation of sulfur and phosphorus is constructed using metagenomic analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction strategies. Phylogenetic analysis profiling, a distinctive microbiome with high frequencies of Gammaproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria, appears to be an adaptive characteristic of microbial structures in subtropical mangrove ecosystems. Functional analysis reveals that the levels of sulfate reduction, sulfur oxidation, and poly-phosphate (Poly-P) aggregation decrease with increasing depth. However, at depths of 25-50 cm in the mangrove ecosystems with S. alterniflora invasion, the abundance of sulfate reduction genes, sulfur oxidation genes, and polyphosphate kinase (ppk) significantly increased. A strong positive correlation was found among ppk, sulfate reduction, sulfur oxidation, and sulfur metabolizing microorganisms, and the content of sulfide was significantly and positively correlated with the abundance of ppk. Further microbial identification suggested that Desulfobacterales, Anaerolineales, and Chromatiales potentially drove the coupling biotransformation of phosphorus and sulfur cycling. In particular, Desulfobacterales exhibited dominance in the microbial community structure. Our findings provided insights into the simultaneous co-biotransformation of phosphorus and sulfur bioconversions in subtropical marine mangrove ecosystems with S. alterniflora invasion.}, }
@article {pmid35154655, year = {2022}, author = {Brookes, B and Jeon, HB and Derry, AM and Post, JR and Rogers, SM and Humphries, S and Fraser, DJ}, title = {Neutral and adaptive drivers of genomic change in introduced brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations revealed by pooled sequencing.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {e8584}, pmid = {35154655}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Understanding the drivers of successful species invasions is important for conserving native biodiversity and for mitigating the economic impacts of introduced species. However, whole-genome resolution investigations of the underlying contributions of neutral and adaptive genetic variation in successful introductions are rare. Increased propagule pressure should result in greater neutral genetic variation, while environmental differences should elicit selective pressures on introduced populations, leading to adaptive differentiation. We investigated neutral and adaptive variation among nine introduced brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations using whole-genome pooled sequencing. The populations inhabit isolated alpine lakes in western Canada and descend from a common source, with an average of ~19 (range of 7-41) generations since introduction. We found some evidence of bottlenecks without recovery, no strong evidence of purifying selection, and little support that varying propagule pressure or differences in local environments shaped observed neutral genetic variation differences. Putative adaptive loci analysis revealed nonconvergent patterns of adaptive differentiation among lakes with minimal putatively adaptive loci (0.001%-0.15%) that did not correspond with tested environmental variables. Our results suggest that (i) introduction success is not always strongly influenced by genetic load; (ii) observed differentiation among introduced populations can be idiosyncratic, population-specific, or stochastic; and (iii) conservatively, in some introduced species, colonization barriers may be overcome by support through one aspect of propagule pressure or benign environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid35153841, year = {2022}, author = {Lei, J and Tan, Y and List, F and Puckett, R and Tarone, AM and Vargo, EL and Zhu-Salzman, K}, title = {Cloning and Functional Characterization of a Double-Stranded RNA-Degrading Nuclease in the Tawny Crazy Ant (Nylanderia fulva).}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {833652}, pmid = {35153841}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {RNA interference is a powerful tool that post-transcriptionally silences target genes. However, silencing efficacy varies greatly among different insect species. Recently, we attempted to knock down some housekeeping genes in the tawny crazy ant (Nylanderia fulva), a relatively new invasive species in the southern United States, but only achieved relatively low silencing efficiency when dsRNA was orally administered. Here, we detected divalent cation-dependent, dsRNA-degrading activity in the midgut fluid of worker ants in ex vivo assays. To determine whether dsRNA degradation could contribute to low effectiveness of oral RNAi in N. fulva, we cloned its sole dsRNase gene (NfdsRNase). The deduced amino acid sequence contained a signal peptide and an endonuclease domain. Sequence alignment indicated a high degree of similarity with well-characterized dsRNases, particularly the six key residues at active sites. We also identified dsRNase homologs from five other ant species and found a tight phylogenetic relationship among ant dsRNases. NfdsRNase is expressed predominantly in the abdomen of worker ants. Oral delivery of dsRNA of NfdsRNase significantly reduced the expression of NfdsRNase transcripts, and substantially suppressed dsRNA-degrading activity of worker ants' midgut fluids as well. Our data suggest that dsRNA stability in the alimentary tract is an important factor for gene silencing efficiency in N. fulva, and that blocking NfdsRNase in gut lumen could potentially improve RNAi, a novel pest management tactic in control of N. fulva and other ant species.}, }
@article {pmid35153376, year = {2021}, author = {Pike, CL and Ramirez, IE and Anchundia, DJ and Fessl, B and Heimpel, GE and Causton, CE}, title = {Behavior of the Avian Parasite Philornis downsi (Diptera: Muscidae) in and Near Host Nests in the Galapagos Islands.}, journal = {Journal of insect behavior}, volume = {34}, number = {5-6}, pages = {296-311}, pmid = {35153376}, issn = {0892-7553}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The Avian Vampire Fly, Philornis downsi, has invaded the Galapagos Islands, where it causes high mortality of endemic and native landbird species, including most species of Darwin's finches. Control methods are under development, but key information is missing about the reproductive biology of P. downsi and the behavior of flies in and near nests of their hosts. We used external and internal nest cameras to record the behavior of P. downsi adults within and outside nests of the Galapagos Flycatcher, Myiarchus magnirostris, throughout all stages of the nesting cycle. These recordings showed that P. downsi visited flycatcher nests throughout the day with higher fly activity during the nestling phase during vespertine hours. The observations also revealed that multiple P. downsi individuals can visit nests concurrently, and that there are some interactions among these flies within the nest. Fly visitation to nests occurred significantly more often while parent birds were away from the nest than in the nest, and this timing appears to be a strategy to avoid predation by parent birds. We report fly mating behavior outside the nest but not in the nest cavity. We discuss the relevance of these findings for the adaptive forces shaping P. downsi life history strategies as well as rearing and control measures.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10905-021-09789-7.}, }
@article {pmid35152520, year = {2022}, author = {Liu, Y and Speißer, B and Knop, E and van Kleunen, M}, title = {The Matthew effect: Common species become more common and rare ones become more rare in response to artificial light at night.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {28}, number = {11}, pages = {3674-3682}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.16126}, pmid = {35152520}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; *Light Pollution ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Artificial light at night (ALAN) has been and still is rapidly spreading and has become an important component of global change. Although numerous studies have tested its potential biological and ecological impacts on animals, very few studies have tested whether it affects alien and native plants differently. Furthermore, common plant species, and particularly common alien species, are often found to benefit more from additional resources than rare native and rare alien species. Whether this is also the case with regard to increasing light due to ALAN is still unknown. Here, we tested how ALAN affected the performance of common and rare alien and native plant species in Germany directly, and indirectly via flying insects. We grew five common alien, six rare alien, five common native, and four rare native plant species under four combinations of two ALAN (no ALAN vs. ALAN) and two insect-exclusion (no exclusion vs. exclusion) treatments, and compared their biomass production. We found that common plant species, irrespective of their origin, produced significantly more biomass than rare species and that this was particularly true under ALAN. Furthermore, alien species tended to show a slightly stronger positive response to ALAN than native species did (p = .079). Our study shows that common plant species benefited more from ALAN than rare ones. This might lead to competitive exclusion of rare species, which could have cascading impacts on other trophic levels and thus have important community-wide consequences when ALAN becomes more widespread. In addition, the slightly more positive response of alien species indicates that ALAN might increase the risk of alien plant invasions.}, }
@article {pmid35152425, year = {2022}, author = {Lovén Wallerius, M and Moran, V and Závorka, L and Höjesjö, J}, title = {Asymmetric competition over space use and territory between native brown trout (Salmo trutta) and invasive brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {100}, number = {4}, pages = {1033-1043}, pmid = {35152425}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//Swedish Research Council Formas/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Rivers ; Sympatry ; *Trout ; }, abstract = {Interference competition over food and territory can shape population structure and habitat use within and between species. The introduction of invasive species often leads to novel competitive interactions over shared resources and invaders can eventually exclude the native species from preferred habitats. Invasive brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) introduced to northern Europe have excluded native brown trout (Salmo trutta) from numerous headwater streams. The fact that invasive brook trout can displace the more aggressive brown trout is puzzling. However, the earlier spawning and hatching of brook trout, compared to brown trout, may lead to unequal competition due to size advantage and prior resident status of brook trout at the fry stage. In this study, we examine the effect of competition between brown trout and brook trout using the natural size distribution of the two species. In two consecutive experiments, we first measured space use and feeding of a fry (age 0+) in the presence of a juvenile (age 1+). In experiment 2, we assessed territorial interactions between the species at the fry stage (age 0+) and if smaller brown trout could compensate the disadvantage by manipulating residence duration. Fry of brook trout feed sooner and spend more time close to the larger individual than brown trout fry. We also found that brook trout fry won most territorial contests against brown trout, and that increased residence duration led to longer and more aggressive interactions. The results suggest that smaller brown trout are displaced to suboptimal habitats in the presence of a larger brook trout. Therefore, the later emergence from gravel beds resulting in the naturally occurring size disadvantage of brown trout at the fry stage may lead to unequal territorial interactions that could explain why brown trout are displaced from preferred habitats in sympatry with brook trout.}, }
@article {pmid35152037, year = {2022}, author = {Subías-Baratau, A and Sanchez-Vidal, A and Di Martino, E and Figuerola, B}, title = {Marine biofouling organisms on beached, buoyant and benthic plastic debris in the Catalan Sea.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {175}, number = {}, pages = {113405}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113405}, pmid = {35152037}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; *Biofouling ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; *Foraminifera ; Invertebrates ; Plastics ; Waste Products/analysis ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Plastic debris provides long-lasting substrates for benthic organisms, thus acting as a potential vector for their dispersion. Its interaction with these colonizers is, however, still poorly known. This study examines fouling communities on beached, buoyant and benthic plastic debris in the Catalan Sea (NW Mediterranean), and characterizes the plastic type. We found 14 specimens belonging to two phyla (Annelida and Foraminifera) on microplastics, and more than 400 specimens belonging to 26 species in 10 phyla (Annelida, Arthropoda, Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, Chordata, Cnidaria, Echinodermata, Mollusca, Porifera and Sipuncula) on macroplastics. With 15 species, bryozoans are the most diverse group on plastics. We also report 17 egg cases of the catshark Scyliorhinus sp., and highlight the implications for their dispersal. Our results suggest that plastic polymers may be relevant for distinct fouling communities, likely due to their chemical structure and/or surface properties. Our study provides evidence that biofouling may play a role in the sinking of plastic debris, as the most abundant fouled plastics had lower densities than seawater, and all bryozoan species were characteristic of shallower depths than those sampled. More studies at low taxonomic level are needed in order to detect new species introduction and potential invasive species associated with plastic debris.}, }
@article {pmid35150989, year = {2022}, author = {Marangi, M and Lago, N and Mancinelli, G and Lillo Antonio, O and Scirocco, T and Sinigaglia, M and Specchiulli, A and Cilenti, L}, title = {Occurrence of the protozoan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Cyclospora cayetanensis in the invasive Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus from the Lesina Lagoon (SE Italy).}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {176}, number = {}, pages = {113428}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113428}, pmid = {35150989}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura ; *Cyclospora ; Female ; Italy ; Male ; *Parasites ; *Toxoplasma ; }, abstract = {The occurrence of the protozoan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Cyclospora cayetanensis was molecularly investigated in the hemolymph, gills, stomach, hepatopancreas and gonads of the eleven invasive Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus from the Lesina Lagoon (Mediterranean Sea). Out of 11 blue crabs, 6 (54.5%) and 4 (36.4%) were found positive to T. gondii and C. cayetanenis, respectively; parasites were found only in the six females analysed, while the remaining five males resulted negative. Moreover, out of 55 tissues samples, 7 (12.7%) and 8 (14.5%) were positive to T. gondii and C. cayetanensis, respectively with hemolymph and gills being the most infected tissues. This is the first report of the presence of protozoan pathogens in wild crab species collected from a Mediterranean lagoon. The present results may provide a baseline reference on microbial infection in the species for invaded Mediterranean waters, and on the potential health risks related with its consumption if eaten raw.}, }
@article {pmid35150343, year = {2022}, author = {Pan, Y}, title = {Propagation dynamics for an age-structured population model in time-space periodic habitat.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {84}, number = {3}, pages = {19}, pmid = {35150343}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {Diffusion ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {How do environmental heterogeneity influence propagation dynamics of the age-structured invasive species? We investigate this problem by considering a yearly generation invasive species in time-space periodic habitat. Starting from an age-structured population growth law, we formulate a reaction-diffusion model with time-space periodic dispersal, mortality and recruitment. Thanks to the fundamental solution for linear part of the model, we reduce to study the dynamics of a time-space periodic semiflow which is defined by the solution map. By the recent developed dynamical theory in Fang et al. (J Funct Anal 272:4222-4262, 2017), we obtained the spreading speed and its coincidence with the minimal wave speed of time-space periodic traveling waves, as well as the variational characterization of spreading speed in terms of a principal eigenvalue problem. Such results are also proved back to the reaction-diffusion model.}, }
@article {pmid35150329, year = {2022}, author = {Jan, I and Yaqoob, S and Reshi, ZA and Rashid, I and Shah, MA}, title = {Risk assessment and management framework for rapidly spreading species in a Kashmir Himalayan Ramsar site.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {194}, number = {3}, pages = {175}, pmid = {35150329}, issn = {1573-2959}, support = {BT/PR29810/FCB/125/21/2018//Department of Biotechnology , Ministry of Science and Technology/ ; }, mesh = {Australia ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Reproducibility of Results ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {In view of huge ecological impacts and exorbitantly high economic costs of biological invasions, the risk assessment for timely prediction of potential invaders and their effective management assumes central importance, yet having been little addressed. Hence, we did the risk analysis of 39 plant species, including both alien and fast-spreading native species, in Hokera wetland, an important Ramsar site in Kashmir Himalaya, using the post-border Australian Weed Risk Management (AWRM) framework. Based on the AWRM scores, we listed these species into different categories, such as alert, destroy infestation, contain spread, manage weed, manage sites and monitor, with management implications. Out of the eight decisions created for Hokera wetland, alien Alternanthera philoxeroides was identified as 'alert species', while Typha angustifolia, Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis, Sparganium ramosum and Myriophyllum aquaticum were placed under the 'manage weed' category of the management priorities. To check the predictability and reliability of the AWRM scheme, we developed the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve that yielded a positive diagonal value of above 0.5, with 88.6% and 83.1% area under the curve for comparative weed risk (CWR) score and the feasibility of coordinated control (FOC) score, respectively. The outcomes of the ROC analysis were compared with the results of the WRM evaluation of other regions across the globe. Our results indicate that the risk assessment using the AWRM model is quite efficient at discriminating and flagging the most troublesome plant species and offsetting their impacts on native biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in wetland ecosystems. Given the growing threat of biological invasions in the protected areas, we recommend an integrated and strategic approach, well informed by the data on the species biology and ecology, in the form of the AWRM management system to effectively deal with the alarmingly spreading species.}, }
@article {pmid35149696, year = {2022}, author = {Jaksons, R and Falkner, K and Moltchanova, E}, title = {Modelling the emergence dynamics of the western corn rootworm beetle (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {2340}, pmid = {35149696}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Climate ; Coleoptera/*growth &amp; development ; Datasets as Topic ; Male ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The western corn rootworm is an invasive species to Europe and is a major agricultural pest that causes widespread economic and yield losses to maize producers. The Gompertz curve was originally used to model human population mortality. It is a sigmoidal curve where the beginning and end of a period shows the slowest time for growth, and adequately describes observed dynamics of many phenomena. We propose the use of the Gompertz function in a Bayesian Hierarchical framework to model the emergence dynamics of the western corn rootworm beetle. The proposed model includes the use of climatic variables to assess how weather can influence the observed dynamics. We apply the model to Austrian monitoring data collected in 2004-2015.}, }
@article {pmid35149178, year = {2022}, author = {Claunch, NM and Bartoszek, IA and Tillis, S and Stacy, NI and Ossiboff, RJ and Oakey, S and Schoenle, LA and Wellehan, JFX and Romagosa, CM}, title = {Physiological effects of capture and short-term captivity in an invasive snake species, the Burmese python (Python bivittatus) in Florida.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology}, volume = {267}, number = {}, pages = {111162}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111162}, pmid = {35149178}, issn = {1531-4332}, mesh = {Animals ; *Boidae ; Corticosterone ; Florida ; Introduced Species ; Neutrophils ; }, abstract = {It is important to evaluate the role of captivity as a potential stressor. An understanding of stress responses to capture and transition to captivity may inform the limitations of laboratory studies on wild animals, aid in understanding the consequences of introducing animals into captive environments, and help predict which species may be successful invasives. We investigated physiological effects of captivity by comparing at-capture blood variables in wild Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus) in Florida to pythons recently brought into captivity (1-109 days). We conducted an acute restraint test by collecting samples at baseline (immediately at handling) and one hour post-restraint across wild field-sampled (n = 19) and recently-captive (n = 33) pythons to evaluate fluctuations in plasma corticosterone, bacterial killing ability, antibody response, leukogram, and serpentovirus infection. We observed higher baseline plasma corticosterone and monocytes in recently captive compared to wild snakes, which both subsided in snakes held for a longer time in captivity, and a mild decrease in lymphocytes in the middle of the captivity period. Functional immunity and viral infection were not affected by captivity, and pythons maintained restraint-induced responses in corticosterone, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, and monocyte counts throughout captivity. Prevalence for serpentovirus was 50%, though infection status was related to sampling date rather than captivity, indicating that viral infection may be seasonal. The history of Burmese python as a common captive animal for research and pet trade, as well as its general resilience to effects of capture and short-term captivity, may contribute to its invasion success in Florida.}, }
@article {pmid35148893, year = {2022}, author = {Cuthbert, RN and Diagne, C and Hudgins, EJ and Turbelin, A and Ahmed, DA and Albert, C and Bodey, TW and Briski, E and Essl, F and Haubrock, PJ and Gozlan, RE and Kirichenko, N and Kourantidou, M and Kramer, AM and Courchamp, F}, title = {Biological invasion costs reveal insufficient proactive management worldwide.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {819}, number = {}, pages = {153404}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153404}, pmid = {35148893}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; North America ; }, abstract = {The global increase in biological invasions is placing growing pressure on the management of ecological and economic systems. However, the effectiveness of current management expenditure is difficult to assess due to a lack of standardised measurement across spatial, taxonomic and temporal scales. Furthermore, there is no quantification of the spending difference between pre-invasion (e.g. prevention) and post-invasion (e.g. control) stages, although preventative measures are considered to be the most cost-effective. Here, we use a comprehensive database of invasive alien species economic costs (InvaCost) to synthesise and model the global management costs of biological invasions, in order to provide a better understanding of the stage at which these expenditures occur. Since 1960, reported management expenditures have totalled at least US$95.3 billion (in 2017 values), considering only highly reliable and actually observed costs - 12-times less than damage costs from invasions ($1130.6 billion). Pre-invasion management spending ($2.8 billion) was over 25-times lower than post-invasion expenditure ($72.7 billion). Management costs were heavily geographically skewed towards North America (54%) and Oceania (30%). The largest shares of expenditures were directed towards invasive alien invertebrates in terrestrial environments. Spending on invasive alien species management has grown by two orders of magnitude since 1960, reaching an estimated $4.2 billion per year globally (in 2017 values) in the 2010s, but remains 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than damages. National management spending increased with incurred damage costs, with management actions delayed on average by 11 years globally following damage reporting. These management delays on the global level have caused an additional invasion cost of approximately $1.2 trillion, compared to scenarios with immediate management. Our results indicate insufficient management - particularly pre-invasion - and urge better investment to prevent future invasions and to control established alien species. Recommendations to improve reported management cost comprehensiveness, resolution and terminology are also made.}, }
@article {pmid35145698, year = {2021}, author = {Torres, G and Charmantier, G and Giménez, L}, title = {Ontogeny of osmoregulation of the Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus at an invaded site of Europe.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {coab094}, pmid = {35145698}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {We studied the ontogeny of osmoregulation of the Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus at an invaded area in the North Sea. H. sanguineus is native to Japan and China but has successfully invaded the Atlantic coast of North America and Europe. In the invaded areas, H. sanguineus is becoming a keystone species as driver of community structure and the adults compete with the shore crab Carcinus maenas. Strong osmoregulatory abilities may confer the potential to use and invade coastal areas already earlier in the life cycle. We reared larvae and first juveniles at 24°C in seawater from hatching to intermoult of each developmental stage (zoea I-V, megalopa, crab I). We exposed each stage to a range of salinities (0-39 ppt) for 24 h, and then we quantified haemolymph osmolality, using nano-osmometry. In addition, we quantified osmolality in field-collected adults after acclimation to the test salinities for 6 days. Larvae of H. sanguineus were able to hyper-osmoregulate at low salinities (15 and 20 ppt) over the complete larval development, although the capacity was reduced at the zoeal stage V; at higher salinities (25-39 ppt), all larval stages were osmoconformers. The capacity to slightly hypo-regulate at high salinity appeared in the first juvenile. Adults were able to hyper-osmoregulate at low salinities and hypo-regulate at concentrated seawater (39 ppt). H. sanguineus showed a strong capacity to osmoregulate as compared to its native competitor C. maenas, which only hyper-regulates at the first and last larval stages and does not hypo-regulate at the juvenile-adult stages. The capacity of H. sanguineus to osmoregulate over most of the life cycle should underpin the potential to invade empty niches in the coastal zone (characterized by low salinity and high temperatures). Osmoregulation abilities over the whole life cycle also constitute a strong competitive advantage over C. maenas.}, }
@article {pmid35145697, year = {2021}, author = {Claunch, N and Moore, I and Waye, H and Schoenle, L and Oakey, SJ and Reed, RN and Romagosa, C}, title = {Understanding metrics of stress in the context of invasion history: the case of the brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis).}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {coab008}, pmid = {35145697}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Invasive species can exert rapid depletion of resources after introduction and, in turn, affect their own population density. Additionally, management actions can have direct and indirect effects on demography. Physiological variables can predict demographic change but are often restricted to snapshots-in-time and delayed confirmation of changes in population density reduces their utility. To evaluate the relationships between physiology and demography, we assessed metrics of individual and demographic stress (baseline and 1-h corticosterone (CORT), body condition and bacterial killing ability) in the invasive snake Boiga irregularis on Guam collected in intervals of 10-15 years. We also assessed potential discrepancies between different methods of measuring hormones [radioimmunoassay (RIA) versus enzyme immunoassay (EIA)]. The magnitude of difference between RIA and EIA was negligible and did not change gross interpretation of our results. We found that body condition was higher in recent samples (2003 and 2018) versus older (1992-93) samples. We found corresponding differences in baseline CORT, with higher baseline CORT in older, poorer body condition samples. Hormonal response to acute stress was higher in 2018 relative to 2003. We also found a weak relationship between circulating CORT and bacterial killing ability among 2018 samples, but the biological significance of the relationship is not clear. In an effort to develop hypotheses for future investigation of the links between physiology and demography in this and other systems, we discuss how the changes in CORT and body condition may reflect changes in population dynamics, resource availability or management pressure. Ultimately, we advocate for the synchronization of physiology and management studies to advance the field of applied conservation physiology.}, }
@article {pmid35143221, year = {2022}, author = {Martin, AE and Mason, MF}, title = {What does it mean to be (seen as) human? The importance of gender in humanization.}, journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology}, volume = {123}, number = {2}, pages = {292-315}, doi = {10.1037/pspa0000293}, pmid = {35143221}, issn = {1939-1315}, mesh = {Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Religion ; *Sexual Behavior ; Socioeconomic Factors ; }, abstract = {What does it mean to be (seen as) human? Ten studies explore this age-old question and show that gender is a critical feature of perceiving humanness, being more central to conceptions of humanness than other social categories (race, age, sexual orientation, religion, disability). Our first six studies induce humanization (i.e., anthropomorphism) and measure social-category ascription. Across different manipulations (e.g., having participants recall experiences, observe moving shapes, imagine nonhuman entities as people, and create a human form), we find that gender is the most strongly ascribed social category and the one that uniquely predicts humanization. To provide further evidence that gender is central to conceptions of personhood, and to examine the consequences of withholding it, we then demonstrate that removing gender from virtual humans (Study 5), human groups (Study 6), alien species (Study 7), and individuals (Study 8) leads them to be seen as less human. The diminished humanness ascribed to nongendered and genderless targets is due, at least in part, to the lack of a gender schema to guide facile and efficient sensemaking. The relative difficulty perceivers had in making sense of nongendered targets predicted diminished humanness ratings. Finally, we demonstrate downstream consequences of stripping a target of gender: Perceivers consider them less relatable and more socially distant (Study 8). These results have theoretical implications for research on gender, (de)humanization, anthropomorphism, and social cognition, more broadly. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).}, }
@article {pmid35139066, year = {2022}, author = {Haddad, N and Omran, H and Amraoui, F and Zakhia, R and Mousson, L and Failloux, AB}, title = {The tiger mosquito in Lebanon two decades after its introduction: A growing health concern.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {e0010206}, pmid = {35139066}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Aedes/drug effects/*physiology/virology ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Dengue Virus/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Female ; Insecticides/pharmacology ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Lebanon ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors/drug effects/*physiology/virology ; Pyrethrins/pharmacology ; Saliva/virology ; Seasons ; Zika Virus/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {The tiger mosquito was introduced to the Eastern region of the Mediterranean basin more than twenty years ago. In Lebanon, it was first observed in 2002 in a limited number of locations mainly from the coastal area of the country. In the absence of national entomological control program, this invasive mosquito became an established species and is now considered in many localities, a source of nuisance because of its human biting behavior. Several entomological surveys were conducted to monitor the geographic spread and the seasonal dynamics of Aedes albopictus by collecting adult stages and by monitoring oviposition activity. Moreover, its susceptibility to the common groups of insecticides was assessed using WHO standard bioassays. Previous vector competence studies revealed that local strains were able to transmit Chikungunya and Dengue viruses. Due to the increased risk of Zika virus introduction in the country, we determined the competence of local populations to transmit this virus. Mapping results showed that Ae. albopictus is mainly spread in the relatively humid western versant of the Mount Lebanon chain reaching 1000m altitude, while it is absent from arid and semi-arid inland areas. Besides, this mosquito is active during 32 weeks from spring till the end of autumn. Local strains of the tiger mosquito are susceptible to pyrethroids and carbamates but resistant to organophosphates and organochlorines. They showed ability to transmit Zika virus; however, only 9% of females were capable to excrete the virus in their saliva at day 28 post infection. Current and previous observations highlight the need to establish a surveillance system in order to control this mosquito and monitor the potential introduction of related diseases.}, }
@article {pmid35139001, year = {2021}, author = {Zhao, W and Brenner, ED}, title = {Nodding behavior observed in Japanese stiltgrass, Microstegium vimineum , seedlings from time-lapse observations.}, journal = {Plant signaling &amp; behavior}, volume = {16}, number = {12}, pages = {2010317}, pmid = {35139001}, issn = {1559-2324}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Japan ; Poaceae ; *Seedlings ; Time-Lapse Imaging ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are the second main cause of biodiversity loss because of their exceptional ability to supplant native species by creating major upheavals in ecosystems. Inexpensive and prevalent time-lapse photography provides an exciting opportunity to better understand the aggressive behavior of invasive species including how they invade and conquer new territory. One of the most pervasive invasive species in the Eastern United States is Japanese stiltgrass, Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Campus, which originated from Southeast Asia. Previous research has examined the conditions that enable Japanese stiltgrass to become invasive, but nothing is known regarding root and shoot behavior. Here time-lapse was used to examine Japanese stiltgrass seedlings, early in their development, as a first step to observe its behavior. Our results demonstrate that Japanese stiltgrass shoots appear to drop or collapse and then resurrect back to an upright stature - sometimes the same plant exhibits this behavior multiple times. We have shown, in addition, that emergent stilt root growth rate increases with increased root length. This and similar kinds of analyses may provide insight into how Japanese stiltgrass thrives aggressively in a non-native environment with the goal of developing better methods of controlling this noxious weed.}, }
@article {pmid35138656, year = {2022}, author = {Garvey, PM and Glen, AS and Clout, MN and Nichols, M and Pech, RP}, title = {Niche partitioning in a guild of invasive mammalian predators.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {e2566}, pmid = {35138656}, issn = {1939-5582}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; Cats ; *Ecosystem ; *Ferrets ; Food Chain ; Mammals ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Predators compete aggressively for resources, establishing trophic hierarchies that influence ecosystem structure. Competitive interactions are particularly important in invaded ecosystems where introduced predators can suppress native prey species. We investigated whether niche partitioning exists within a guild of invasive mammalian predators and determined the consequences for native species. Over 4405 camera-trap days, we assessed interactions among three invasive predators: two apex predators (feral cats Felis catus and ferrets Mustela furo) and a mesopredator (stoats Mustela erminea), in relation to their primary prey (lagomorphs, rodents and birds) and habitat use. Further, we tested for mesopredator release by selectively removing cats and ferrets in a pulse perturbation experiment. We found compelling evidence of niche partitioning; spatiotemporal activity of apex predators maximized access to abundant invasive prey, with ferrets targeting lagomorphs and cats targeting rodents. Mesopredators adjusted their behavior to reduce the risk of interference competition, thereby restricting access to abundant prey but increasing predation pressure on diurnal native birds. Stoats were only recorded at the treatment site after both larger predators were removed, becoming the most frequently detected predator at 6 months post-perturbation. We suggest there is spatial and resource partitioning within the invasive predator guild, but that this is incomplete, and avoidance is achieved by temporal partitioning within overlapping areas. Niche partitioning among invasive predators facilitates coexistence, but simultaneously intensifies predation pressure on vulnerable native species.}, }
@article {pmid35137165, year = {2022}, author = {Ganjisaffar, F and Gress, BE and Demkovich, MR and Nicola, NL and Chiu, JC and Zalom, FG}, title = {Spatio-temporal Variation of Spinosad Susceptibility in Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), a Three-year Study in California's Monterey Bay Region.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {115}, number = {4}, pages = {972-980}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toac011}, pmid = {35137165}, issn = {1938-291X}, support = {2018-51300-28434//USDA-NIFA Specialty Crops Research Initiative/ ; 18-0001-053-SC//USDA-NIFA Organic Research and Extension Initiative/ ; //CDFA Specialty Crops Block Grant Program/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Drosophila ; Drug Combinations ; Insect Control/methods ; *Insecticides ; Macrolides ; }, abstract = {Spinosyn insecticides are widely used in conventional berry production, and spinosad is regarded as the most effective insecticide for managing Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), spotted-wing drosophila, in organic berry crops. Following the 2017 identification of spinosad resistance in caneberry fields in the Watsonville area, Santa Cruz Co., California, we conducted a study to examine the seasonal and annual susceptibility of D. suzukii over a three-year period. Adult flies were collected from two conventional and two organic caneberry fields in the Monterey Bay region, California, at 'early', 'middle', and 'late' time points during the 2018-2020 growing seasons, and their susceptibility to spinosad was assessed. Results demonstrated that spinosad susceptibility in the D. suzukii field populations generally decreased during the fruit production season (from June through November), and over consecutive seasons. LC50 values of adults from the conventional sites were determined to be as high as 228.7 mg l-1 in 2018, 665.6 mg l-1 in 2019, and 2700.8 mg l-1 in 2020. For the organically managed fields, LC50s of adults were as great as 300.0 mg l-1 in 2018, 1291.5 mg l-1 in 2019, and 2547.1 mg l-1 in 2020. Resistance ratios based on the LC50 values were as high as 10.7-, 13.2-, and 16.9-fold in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. These results should serve as a caution for growers in other production areas, facilitate informed choice of insecticides used in D. suzukii management, and emphasize the need to develop effective insecticide resistance management strategies for this insect.}, }
@article {pmid35137134, year = {2022}, author = {Reams, T and Rangel, J}, title = {Understanding the Enemy: A Review of the Genetics, Behavior and Chemical Ecology of Varroa destructor, the Parasitic Mite of Apis mellifera.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {35137134}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Beekeeping ; Bees/*parasitology ; Mite Infestations/*veterinary ; Pest Control ; Seasons ; *Varroidae/genetics ; }, abstract = {Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) is arguably the most damaging parasitic mite that attacks honey bees worldwide. Since its initial host switch from the Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) to the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Varroa has become a widely successful invasive species, attacking honey bees on almost every continent where apiculture is practiced. Two haplotypes of V. destructor (Japanese and Korean) parasitize A. mellifera, both of which vector various honey bee-associated viruses. As the population of Varroa grows within a colony in the spring and summer, so do the levels of viral infections. Not surprisingly, high Varroa parasitization impacts bees at the individual level, causing bees to exhibit lower weight, decreased learning capacity, and shorter lifespan. High levels of Varroa infestation can lead to colony-wide varroosis and eventually colony death, especially when no control measures are taken against the mites. Varroa has become a successful parasite of A. mellifera because of its ability to reproduce within both drone cells and worker cells, which allows populations to expand rapidly. Varroa uses several chemical cues to complete its life cycle, many of which remain understudied and should be further explored. Given the growing reports of pesticide resistance by Varroa in several countries, a better understanding of the mite's basic biology is needed to find alternative pest management strategies. This review focuses on the genetics, behavior, and chemical ecology of V. destructor within A. mellifera colonies, and points to areas of research that should be exploited to better control this pervasive honey bee enemy.}, }
@article {pmid35136169, year = {2022}, author = {Hall, DR and Tokarz, RE and Field, EN and Smith, RC}, title = {Surveillance and genetic data support the introduction and establishment of Aedes albopictus in Iowa, USA.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {2143}, pmid = {35136169}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {U01 CK000505/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/United States ; 101071/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {*Aedes/genetics ; Animals ; Cold Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Iowa ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus is a competent vector of several arboviruses that has spread throughout the United States over the last three decades. With the emergence of Zika virus in the Americas in 2015-2016 and an increased need to understand the current distributions of Ae. albopictus in the US, we initiated surveillance efforts to determine the abundance of invasive Aedes species in Iowa. Here, we describe surveillance efforts from 2016 to 2020 in which we detect stable and persistent populations of Aedes albopictus in three Iowa counties. Based on temporal patterns in abundance and genetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes between years, our data support that Ae. albopictus are overwintering and have likely become established in the state. The localization of Ae. albopictus predominantly in areas of urbanization, and noticeable absence in rural areas, suggests that these ecological factors may contribute to overwintering success. Together, these data document the establishment of Ae. albopictus in Iowa and their expansion into the Upper Midwest, where freezing winter temperatures were previously believed to limit their spread. With impending climate change, our study provides evidence for the further expansion of Ae. albopictus into temperate regions of the United States resulting in increased risks for vector-borne disease transmission.}, }
@article {pmid35134065, year = {2022}, author = {Engelstad, P and Jarnevich, CS and Hogan, T and Sofaer, HR and Pearse, IS and Sieracki, JL and Frakes, N and Sullivan, J and Young, NE and Prevéy, JS and Belamaric, P and LaRoe, J}, title = {INHABIT: A web-based decision support tool for invasive plant species habitat visualization and assessment across the contiguous United States.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, pages = {e0263056}, pmid = {35134065}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Decision Making ; Decision Support Techniques ; Ecosystem ; Internet ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Plant Dispersal/*physiology ; Plants/classification ; Software ; United States ; }, abstract = {Narrowing the communication and knowledge gap between producers and users of scientific data is a longstanding problem in ecological conservation and land management. Decision support tools (DSTs), including websites or interactive web applications, provide platforms that can help bridge this gap. DSTs can most effectively disseminate and translate research results when producers and users collaboratively and iteratively design content and features. One data resource seldom incorporated into DSTs are species distribution models (SDMs), which can produce spatial predictions of habitat suitability. Outputs from SDMs can inform management decisions, but their complexity and inaccessibility can limit their use by resource managers or policy makers. To overcome these limitations, we present the Invasive Species Habitat Tool (INHABIT), a novel, web-based DST built with R Shiny to display spatial predictions and tabular summaries of habitat suitability from SDMs for invasive plants across the contiguous United States. INHABIT provides actionable science to support the prevention and management of invasive species. Two case studies demonstrate the important role of end user feedback in confirming INHABIT's credibility, utility, and relevance.}, }
@article {pmid35132744, year = {2022}, author = {Flory, SL and Dillon, W and Hiatt, D}, title = {Interacting global change drivers suppress a foundation tree species.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {971-980}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13974}, pmid = {35132744}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {//University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) Dean for Research/ ; Contract #21942//Florida Forest Service, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services/ ; FLA-AGR-005772//USDA/NIFA McIntire-Stennis/ ; RC-2636//US Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program/ ; }, mesh = {Climate Change ; Droughts ; *Fires ; *Pinus ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Ecological stress caused by climate change, invasive species and anthropogenic disturbance is driving global environmental change, but how these stressors interact to impact native species are poorly understood. We used a field experiment to test how two stressors (drought and plant invasion by Imperata cylindrica) interacted to determine the effects of a third stressor (fire) on a foundation tree species (Pinus palustris). The invasion combined with prolonged drought resulted in shorter trees than invasion alone. The invasion also resulted in 65% greater fuel loads, four times taller flames, greater maximum temperatures and longer heating duration. Consequently, nearly all tree mortality occurred due to a synergistic interaction between the drought + invasion treatment and fire, where invasion caused taller flames that impacted trees that were shorter due to drought. These findings demonstrate that synergy amongst ecological stressors can dramatically impact native species, with significant implications for forecasting the effects of multiple stressors under global change.}, }
@article {pmid35132627, year = {2022}, author = {Hays, BR and Riginos, C and Palmer, TM and Doak, DF and Gituku, BC and Maiyo, NJ and Mutisya, S and Musila, S and Goheen, JR}, title = {Demographic consequences of mutualism disruption: Browsing and big-headed ant invasion drive acacia population declines.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {103}, number = {5}, pages = {e3655}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3655}, pmid = {35132627}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {*Acacia ; Animals ; *Ants ; *Coleoptera ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; Kenya ; Mammals ; Symbiosis ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Across the globe, biological invasions have disrupted mutualisms, producing reverberating consequences for ecosystems. Although invasive species frequently trigger mutualism disruptions, few studies have quantified the demographic mechanisms by which mutualism breakdown may generate population effects. In a Kenyan savanna, the invasive big-headed ant (Pheidole megacephala) has disrupted a foundational mutualism between the monodominant whistling-thorn tree (Acacia drepanolobium) and native ants (Crematogaster spp.) that deter browsing by large mammalian herbivores. We conducted experiments to quantify the demographic consequences of this mutualism disruption in the presence and absence of large mammalian herbivores. Invasion by P. megacephala exacerbated population declines of A. drepanolobium, primarily through decreased survival and reproduction of adult trees. However, these fitness reductions were small compared to those resulting from the presence of large mammalian herbivores, which negatively impacted growth and survival. Contrary to expectation, the expulsion of metabolically costly Crematogaster mutualists by P. megacephala did not result in higher population growth rates for trees protected from large mammalian herbivores. Our results suggest that invasive P. megacephala may impose a direct metabolic cost to trees exceeding that of native mutualists while providing no protection from browsing by large mammalian herbivores. Across landscapes, we expect that invasion by P. megacephala will reduce A. drepanolobium populations, but that the magnitude and demographic pathways of this effect will hinge on the presence and abundance of browsers.}, }
@article {pmid35132091, year = {2022}, author = {Lovrenčić, L and Temunović, M and Gross, R and Grgurev, M and Maguire, I}, title = {Integrating population genetics and species distribution modelling to guide conservation of the noble crayfish, Astacus astacus, in Croatia.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {2040}, pmid = {35132091}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Astacoidea/genetics ; *Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Croatia ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {The noble crayfish, Astacus astacus, is an indigenous European freshwater species. Its populations show significant declines caused by anthropogenic pressure on its habitats, climate change and the spread of invasive species. Diminishing populations' trends and loss of genetic diversity highlight the need for effective conservation that will ensure their long-term survival. We combined population genetics and species distribution modelling (SDM) to reveal the impact of climate change and invasive species on the noble crayfish, and to guide future conservation programs of current populations. Our study showed that Croatian populations of A. astacus harbour an important part of species genetic diversity and represent significant genetic reservoir at the European level. The SDM results predicted substantial reductions of suitable habitats for A. astacus by the 2070; only 13% of its current potential distribution is projected to remain stable under pessimistic Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP 8.5) emission scenario. Moreover, most of the populations with high genetic diversity are located in the areas predicted to become unsuitable, and consequently have a high probability of being lost in the future. Further, SDM results also indicated considerable decrease of future habitat suitability for invasive crayfish species in Croatia, suggesting that climate change poses a major threat to already endangered A. astacus. The obtained results help in the identification of populations and areas with the highest conservation value which should be given the highest priority for protection. In order to preserve present diversity in areas that are predicted as suitable, we propose assisted migration and repopulation approaches, for enhancing populations' size and saving maximum genetic variability. The result of our research emphasizes once again the benefits of multidisciplinary approach in the modern biodiversity conservation.}, }
@article {pmid35130838, year = {2022}, author = {Danziger, AM and Olson, ZH and Frederich, M}, title = {Limitations of eDNA analysis for Carcinus maenas abundance estimations.}, journal = {BMC ecology and evolution}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {14}, pmid = {35130838}, issn = {2730-7182}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; *Brachyura/genetics ; *DNA, Environmental/genetics ; Fishes/genetics ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is an effective tool for the detection and monitoring of presence or absence of rare and invasive species. These techniques have been extended to quantify biomass in vertebrates, particularly in fish species. However, the efficacy of eDNA techniques to quantify biomass in invertebrate species has rarely been examined. This study tested whether eDNA could be used to determine the biomass of the world-wide invasive green crab, Carcinus maenas. In a controlled laboratory study, the relationship between biomass and C. maenas eDNA concentration was examined in the context of different biotic (activity) and abiotic (temperature) parameters.<br><br>RESULTS: When incubating different numbers of crabs in sterile saltwater for up to 7&#xa0;days, a relationship between eDNA concentration and biomass was observed at temperatures of 6.7&#xa0;&#x2103; and 18.7&#xa0;&#x2103;, but not at 12.8&#xa0;&#x2103;. Additionally, motor activity, aggression level, time of sampling, and features of organismal decay had significant impact on the concentration of C. maenas eDNA collected.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We show that eDNA concentration did not correlate with biomass, and that biomass, temperature, organismal characteristics, and potentially many more parameters affect shedding and degradation rates for eDNA in this species, thus, impacting the recoverable eDNA concentration. Therefore, eDNA techniques are not likely to provide a reliable signal of biomass in the invasive invertebrate species C. maenas.}, }
@article {pmid35128750, year = {2022}, author = {Keller, AG and Grason, EW and McDonald, PS and Ramón-Laca, A and Kelly, RP}, title = {Tracking an invasion front with environmental DNA.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {e2561}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2561}, pmid = {35128750}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura/genetics ; *DNA, Environmental ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Data from environmental DNA (eDNA) may revolutionize environmental monitoring and management, providing increased detection sensitivity at reduced cost and survey effort. However, eDNA data are rarely used in decision-making contexts, mainly due to uncertainty around (1) data interpretation and (2) whether and how molecular tools dovetail with existing management efforts. We address these challenges by jointly modeling eDNA detection via qPCR and traditional trap data to estimate the density of invasive European green crab (Carcinus maenas), a species for which, historically, baited traps have been used for both detection and control. Our analytical framework simultaneously quantifies uncertainty in both detection methods and provides a robust way of integrating different data streams into management processes. Moreover, the joint model makes clear the marginal information benefit of adding eDNA (or any other) additional data type to an existing monitoring program, offering a path to optimizing sampling efforts for species of management interest. Here, we document green crab eDNA beyond the previously known invasion front and find that the value of eDNA data dramatically increases with low population densities and low traditional sampling effort, as is often the case at leading-edge locations. We also highlight the detection limits of the molecular assay used in this study, as well as scenarios under which eDNA sampling is unlikely to improve existing management efforts.}, }
@article {pmid35127052, year = {2022}, author = {Paredes-Montero, JR and Rizental, M and Quintela, ED and de Abreu, AG and Brown, JK}, title = {Earlier than expected introductions of the Bemisia tabaci B mitotype in Brazil reveal an unprecedented, rapid invasion history.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {e8557}, pmid = {35127052}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {During 1991, in Brazil, the presence of the exotic Bemisia tabaci B mitotype was reported in São Paulo state. However, the duration from the time of initial introduction to population upsurges is not known. To investigate whether the 1991 B mitotype outbreaks in Brazil originated in São Paulo or from migrating populations from neighboring introduction sites, country-wide field samples of B. tabaci archived from 1989-2005 collections were subjected to analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) and nuclear RNA-binding protein 15 (RP-15) sequences. The results of mtCOI sequence analysis identified all B. tabaci as the NAFME 8 haplotype of the B mitotype. Phylogenetic analyses of RP-15 sequences revealed that the B mitotype was likely a hybrid between a B type parent related to a haplotype Ethiopian endemism (NAFME 1-3), and an unidentified parent from the North Africa-Middle East (NAF-ME) region. Results provide the first evidence that this widely invasive B mitotype has evolved from a previously undocumented hybridization event. Samples from Rio de Janeiro (1989) and Ceará state (1990), respectively, are the earliest known B mitotype records in Brazil. A simulated migration for the 1989 introduction predicted a dispersal rate of 200-500 km/year, indicating that the population was unlikely to have reached Ceará by 1990. Results implicated two independent introductions of the B mitotype in Brazil in 1989 and 1990, that together were predicted to have contributed to the complete invasion of Brazil in only 30 generations.}, }
@article {pmid35127020, year = {2022}, author = {Tercel, MPTG and Moorhouse-Gann, RJ and Cuff, JP and Drake, LE and Cole, NC and Goder, M and Mootoocurpen, R and Symondson, WOC}, title = {DNA metabarcoding reveals introduced species predominate in the diet of a threatened endemic omnivore, Telfair's skink (Leiolopisma telfairii).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {e8484}, pmid = {35127020}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Introduced species can exert disproportionately negative effects on island ecosystems, but their potential role as food for native consumers is poorly studied. Telfair's skinks are endemic omnivores living on Round Island, Mauritius, a globally significant site of biodiversity conservation. We aimed to determine the dietary diversity and key trophic interactions of Telfair's skinks, whether introduced species are frequently consumed, and if diet composition changes seasonally between male and female skinks. We used DNA metabarcoding of skink fecal samples to identify animals (COI) and plants (ITS2) consumed by skinks. There were 389 dietary presence counts belonging to 77 dietary taxa found across the 73 Telfair's skink fecal samples. Introduced taxa were cumulatively consumed more frequently than other categories, accounting for 49.4% of all detections, compared to cryptogenic (20.6%), native (20.6%), and endemic taxa (9.5%). The most frequently consumed introduced species was the ant, Pheidole megacephala, present in 40% of samples. Blue latan palm, Latania loddigesii, was the most frequently consumed endemic species, present in 33% of samples but was only detected in the dry season, when fruits are produced. We found a strong seasonal difference in diet composition explained by the presence of certain plant species solely or primarily in one season and a marked increase in the consumption of animal prey in the dry season. Male and female skinks consumed several taxa at different frequencies. These results present a valuable perspective on the role of introduced species in the trophic network of their invaded ecosystem. Both native and introduced species provide nutritional resources for skinks, and this may have management implications in the context of species conservation and island restoration.}, }
@article {pmid35127001, year = {2022}, author = {Su, S and Vall-Llosera, M and Cassey, P and Blackburn, TM and Carrete, M and Tella, JL}, title = {Drivers of alien species composition in bird markets across the world.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {e8397}, pmid = {35127001}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The global pet trade is a major pathway for the introduction of invasive alien species. The composition of species selected for transport is driven by market demands, which may be influenced by a combination of both historical and cultural factors. We compared Eastern (Taiwan) and Western (Australia and the Iberian Peninsula) bird markets to explore factors associated with the species composition and geographic origin of the birds for sale. We used a bespoke randomization test to compare species composition, geographic origins, and species overlap at different taxonomic levels among bird markets across countries. Alien species identified in the study accounted for more than 10% of the world's bird species. Parrots and songbirds were the most common alien bird taxa traded across all markets. In both Iberian and Australian markets, there was a strong bias toward parrots, waxbills, gamebirds, and finches. In Taiwan, species traded more than expected were parrots, waxbills, starlings, and leafbirds. Neotropical species were the most traded group in the three markets. Afrotropical species were also traded more than expected in Iberian and Australian markets, while the Taiwanese traded more alien species from neighboring Asian regions. The bird trade focuses on the same few bird groups worldwide. The composition and origin of species preferred in the Western markets may be influenced by colonial histories, cultural similarity, and strict regulations on wildlife importation, while species preferences in Eastern markets are strongly influenced by regional culture and proximity. Propagule pressure is a dominant factor influencing the success of biological invasions; it is important to recognize differences in the composition of bird markets among regions because they can translate into different invasion risks, among other factors.}, }
@article {pmid35126648, year = {2022}, author = {Stahlke, AR and Bitume, EV and Özsoy, ZA and Bean, DW and Veillet, A and Clark, MI and Clark, EI and Moran, P and Hufbauer, RA and Hohenlohe, PA}, title = {Hybridization and range expansion in tamarisk beetles (Diorhabda spp.) introduced to North America for classical biological control.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {60-77}, pmid = {35126648}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {With the global rise of human-mediated translocations and invasions, it is critical to understand the genomic consequences of hybridization and mechanisms of range expansion. Conventional wisdom is that high genetic drift and loss of genetic diversity due to repeated founder effects will constrain introduced species. However, reduced genetic variation can be countered by behavioral aspects and admixture with other distinct populations. As planned invasions, classical biological control (biocontrol) agents present important opportunities to understand the mechanisms of establishment and spread in a novel environment. The ability of biocontrol agents to spread and adapt, and their effects on local ecosystems, depends on genomic variation and the consequences of admixture in novel environments. Here, we use a biocontrol system to examine the genome-wide outcomes of introduction, spread, and hybridization in four cryptic species of a biocontrol agent, the tamarisk beetle (Diorhabda carinata, D. carinulata, D. elongata, and D. sublineata), introduced from six localities across Eurasia to control the invasive shrub tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) in western North America. We assembled a de novo draft reference genome and applied RADseq to over 500 individuals across laboratory cultures, the native ranges, and the introduced range. Despite evidence of a substantial genetic bottleneck among D. carinulata in N. America, populations continue to establish and spread, possibly due to aggregation behavior. We found that D. carinata, D. elongata, and D. sublineata hybridize in the field to varying extents, with D. carinata × D. sublineata hybrids being the most abundant. Genetic diversity was greater at sites with hybrids, highlighting potential for increased ability to adapt and expand. Our results demonstrate the complex patterns of genomic variation that can result from introduction of multiple ecotypes or species for biocontrol, and the importance of understanding them to predict and manage the effects of biocontrol agents in novel ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid35125500, year = {2021}, author = {Borzée, A and Kielgast, J and Wren, S and Angulo, A and Chen, S and Magellan, K and Messenger, KR and Hansen-Hendrikx, CM and Baker, A and Santos, MMD and Kusrini, M and Jiang, J and Maslova, IV and Das, I and Park, D and Bickford, D and Murphy, RW and Che, J and Van Do, T and Nguyen, TQ and Chuang, MF and Bishop, PJ}, title = {Using the 2020 global pandemic as a springboard to highlight the need for amphibian conservation in eastern Asia.}, journal = {Biological conservation}, volume = {255}, number = {}, pages = {108973}, pmid = {35125500}, issn = {0006-3207}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Emerging infectious diseases are on the rise in many different taxa, including, among others, the amphibian batrachochytrids, the snake fungal disease and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, responsible for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in mammals. Following the onset of the pandemic linked to COVID-19, eastern Asia has shown strong leadership, taking actions to regulate the trade of potential vector species in several regions. These actions were taken in response to an increase in public awareness, and the need for a quick reaction to mitigate against further pandemics. However, trade restrictions rarely affect amphibians, despite the risk of pathogen transmission, directly, or indirectly through habitat destruction and the loss of vector consumption. Thus, species that help alleviate the risk of zoonoses or provide biological control are not protected. Hence, in view of the global amphibian decline and the risk of zoonoses, we support the current wildlife trade regulations and support measures to safeguard wildlife from overexploitation. The current period of regulation overhaul should be used as a springboard for amphibian conservation. To mitigate risks, we suggest the following stipulations specifically for amphibians. I) Restrictions to amphibian farming in eastern Asia, in relation to pathogen transmission and the establishment of invasive species. II) Regulation of the amphibian pet trade, with a focus on potential vector species. III) Expansion of the wildlife trade ban, to limit the wildlife-human-pet interface. The resulting actions will benefit both human and wildlife populations, as they will lead to a decrease in the risk of zoonoses and better protection of the environment.<br><br>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: There is an increasing number of emerging infectious diseases impacting all species, including amphibians, reptiles and mammals. The latest threat to humans is the virus responsible for COVID-19, and the resulting pandemic. Countries in eastern Asia have taken steps to regulate wildlife trade and prevent further zoonoses thereby decreasing the risk of pathogens arising from wild species. However, as amphibians are generally excluded from regulations we support specific trade restrictions: I) Restrictions to amphibian farming; II) regulation of the amphibian pet trade; III) expansion of the wildlife trade ban. These restrictions will benefit both human and wildlife populations by decreasing the risks of zoonoses and better protecting the environment.}, }
@article {pmid35124873, year = {2022}, author = {Greve, M and Pertierra, LR}, title = {Opportunities for studying propagule pressure using gene flow reveal its role in accelerating biological invasions.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, pages = {1609-1611}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16385}, pmid = {35124873}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; Ecology ; *Gene Flow/genetics ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {When an alien species establishes at a new location, it must spread to become an invader. The extent to which propagule pressure promotes the spread of invaders, especially at local scales, is often difficult to quantify because it requires a reliable measure of, and variation in, rate of spread, and of propagule pressure across similar areas. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Mairal et al. (2022) make use an unique system of paired sub-Antarctic islands, one with very infrequent human activities, and another inhabited by scientists, to assess the role of propagule pressure and anthropogenic disturbance in the introduction and spread of a major global invader, Poa annua L., to and on the islands. Genetic admixture between different genetic clusters is virtually absent from the little-visited island, while the inhabited island experienced more introduction events, but also significant admixture between genetic clusters. Detailed distribution maps of P. annua spanning more than 50 years allowed the authors to link genetic diversity to residence time. The nature of the system, and the multifaceted approach used by the authors, allows for new insights into the mechanism by which propagule pressure results in the spread of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid35123199, year = {2022}, author = {Banha, F and Diniz, AM and Olivo Del Amo, R and Oliva-Paterna, FJ and Anastácio, PM}, title = {Perceptions and risk behaviors regarding biological invasions in inland aquatic ecosystems.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {308}, number = {}, pages = {114632}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114632}, pmid = {35123199}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Risk-Taking ; }, abstract = {Public engagement is vital to effectively manage Invasive Alien Species (IAS) and biosecurity campaigns directed to stakeholders are decisive to raise awareness regarding IAS regulations and problems. To design and implement adequate communication plans, stakeholders' perceptions and risk behaviors regarding IAS need to be monitored by surveys. IAS do not recognize borders and most countries are not biogeographically isolated. Therefore, international information and consensus are necessary when applying measures at a biogeographic scale. Our bilingual survey was performed at the Iberian Peninsula, targeting the general public, decision-makers and other stakeholders, covering all taxa associated to inland aquatic ecosystems. We found differences in IAS' awareness between countries, and between different stakeholder groups. Results showed that the awareness of socioeconomic and human health impacts is substantially lower when compared with impacts on biodiversity. We found that the perception regarding the predation impacts is consistent across groups and countries, while other perceptions differ. The negative socioeconomic impact on angling due to IAS introductions is widely recognized. However, angling is also the activity most referred as positively impacted by IAS due to fish introductions. Most responders knew what IAS are, providing correct species examples. For all three awareness types (Biodiversity, Socio-economic and Human health) the model regressions showed that the most important predictor was the country of provenance of the respondent, followed by Education level for the socio-economic and biodiversity regressions and the stakeholder group in the Human health regression. We can conclude that in Portugal and Spain the general public and other key target-groups have reduced understanding of some threats posed by IAS. We highlight that raising awareness about IAS impacts on humans, namely on socio-economic aspects and human health, may be more effective and it is certainly needed in education campaigns towards IAS.}, }
@article {pmid35121301, year = {2022}, author = {Santicchia, F and Wauters, LA and Tranquillo, C and Villa, F and Dantzer, B and Palme, R and Preatoni, D and Martinoli, A}, title = {Invasive alien species as an environmental stressor and its effects on coping style in a native competitor, the Eurasian red squirrel.}, journal = {Hormones and behavior}, volume = {140}, number = {}, pages = {105127}, doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105127}, pmid = {35121301}, issn = {1095-6867}, mesh = {Adaptation, Psychological ; Animals ; *Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System ; *Introduced Species ; Pituitary-Adrenal System ; Sciuridae ; }, abstract = {Free-living animals cope with environmental stressors through physiological and behavioural responses. According to the unidimensional model, these responses are integrated within a coping style: proactive individuals (bold, active-explorative and social) have a lower hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity than reactive ones (shy, less active-explorative, less social). These associations may change when individuals are exposed to human-induced rapid environmental change (HIREC), such as the introduction of invasive alien species (IAS). Here, we studied Eurasian red squirrels to investigate the relationship between personality traits and one integrated measure of HPA axis activity, both in areas uncolonized (natural populations) and colonized by an IAS, the Eastern grey squirrel (invaded populations). We expected an association between physiological and behavioural responses, and that activity, exploration and social tendency would covary, forming a behavioural syndrome in natural populations, while competition with the IAS was predicted to disrupt these associations. We used faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs) as an integrated measure of adrenocortical activity, and measured the levels of four personality traits (exploration, activity, activity-exploration and social tendency) with an open field test and a mirror image stimulation test. We found no correlation between FGMs and personality traits, neither in natural nor invaded populations. However, we found correlations among personality traits in areas without interspecific competition, indicating a behavioural syndrome, which was disrupted in invaded populations. This is one of the few studies showing that an IAS, acting as an environmental stressor, alters a native species' behavioural syndrome, but does not influence its coping style.}, }
@article {pmid35118675, year = {2022}, author = {Carvalho, C and Davis, R and Connallon, T and Gleadow, RM and Moore, JL and Uesugi, A}, title = {Multivariate selection mediated by aridity predicts divergence of drought-resistant traits along natural aridity gradients of an invasive weed.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {234}, number = {3}, pages = {1088-1100}, pmid = {35118675}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; *Droughts ; Phenotype ; *Plant Weeds ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Geographical variation in the environment underpins selection for local adaptation and evolutionary divergence among populations. Because many environmental conditions vary across species' ranges, identifying the specific environmental variables underlying local adaptation is profoundly challenging. We tested whether natural selection mediated by aridity predicts clinal divergence among invasive populations of capeweed (Arctotheca calendula) that established and spread across southern Australia during the last two centuries. Using common garden experiments with two environmental treatments (wet and dry) that mimic aridity conditions across capeweed's invasive range, we estimated clinal divergence and effects of aridity on fitness and multivariate phenotypic selection in populations sampled along aridity gradients in Australia. We show that: (1) capeweed populations have relatively high fitness in aridity environments similar to their sampling locations; (2) the magnitude and direction of selection strongly differs between wet and dry treatments, with drought stress increasing the strength of selection; and (3) differences in directional selection between wet and dry treatments predict patterns of clinal divergence across the aridity gradient, particularly for traits affecting biomass, flowering phenology and putative antioxidant expression. Our results suggest that aridity-mediated selection contributes to trait diversification among invasive capeweed populations, possibly facilitating the expansion of capeweed across southern Australia.}, }
@article {pmid35115881, year = {2022}, author = {Di Muri, C and Rosati, I and Bardelli, R and Cilenti, L and Li Veli, D and Falco, S and Vizzini, S and Katselis, GN and Kevrekidis, K and Glamuzina, L and Mancinelli, G}, title = {An individual-based dataset of carbon and nitrogen isotopic data of Callinectessapidus in invaded Mediterranean waters.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e77516}, pmid = {35115881}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The characterisation of functional traits of non-indigenous and invasive species is crucial to assess their impact within invaded habitats. Successful biological invasions are often facilitated by the generalist diet of the invaders which can modify their trophic position and adapt to new ecosystems determining changes in their structure and functioning. Invasive crustaceans are an illustrative example of such mechanisms since their trophic habits can determine important ecological impacts on aquatic food webs. The Atlantic blue crab Callinectessapidus is currently established and considered invasive in the Mediterranean Sea where it has been recorded for the first time between 1947 and 1949. In the last decade, the blue crab colonised most of the eastern and central Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea and it is currently widening its distribution towards the western region of the basin.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: Stable isotope analysis is increasingly used to investigate the trophic habits of invasive marine species. Here, we collated individual measures of the blue crab &#x3b4;[13]C and &#x3b4;[15]N values and of its potential invertebrate prey into a geo-referenced dataset. The dataset includes 360 records with 236 isotopic values of the blue crab and 224 isotopic data of potential prey collected from five countries and 12 locations between 2014 and 2019. This dataset allows the estimation of the trophic position of the blue crab within a variety of invaded ecosystems, as well as advanced quantitative comparisons of the main features of its isotopic niche.}, }
@article {pmid35115862, year = {2022}, author = {Liao, S and Lai, S and Beaver, RA and Gebhardt, H and Wang, J}, title = {New species and new records of Scolytoplatypus Schaufuss (Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from China, and resurrection of Scolytoplatypussinensis (Tsai &amp; Huang, 1965) as a distinct species.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {1082}, number = {}, pages = {27-50}, pmid = {35115862}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {This study describes two new species, Scolytoplatypuswugongshanensis Liao, Lai &amp; Beaver, sp. nov. and S.skyliuae Liao, Lai &amp; Beaver, sp. nov., reinstates S.sinensis (Tsai &amp; Huang, 1965) from synonymy with S.mikado (Blandford, 1893), and records five species for the first time from China, S.brahma Blandford, 1898, S.curviciliosus Gebhardt, 2006, S.minimus Hagedorn, 1904, S.ruficauda Eggers, 1939, S.samsinghensis Maiti &amp; Saha, 2009, and three from mainland China, S.blandfordi Gebhardt, 2006, S.calvus Beaver &amp; Liu, 2007, S.pubescens Hagedorn, 1904. A key to the males of Scolytoplatypus species in China is given. Genetic data from four genes indicate a rather isolated position for both new species, although their genetic relationship to each other was close.}, }
@article {pmid35114041, year = {2022}, author = {Saccaggi, DL and Wilson, JRU and Robinson, AP and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Arthropods on imported plant products: Volumes predict general trends while contextual details enhance predictive power.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, pages = {e2554}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2554}, pmid = {35114041}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Agriculture/methods ; Animals ; *Arthropods ; Crops, Agricultural ; *Magnoliopsida ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Agricultural biosecurity interventions are aimed at minimizing introductions of harmful non-native organisms to new areas via agricultural trade. To prioritize such interventions, historical data on interceptions have been used to elucidate which factors determine the likelihood that a particular import is carrying a harmful organism. Here we use an interception data set of arthropod contaminants recorded on plant imports arriving in South Africa from 2005 to 2019, comprising 13,566 samples inspected for arthropod contaminants, of which 4902 were positive for the presence of at least one arthropod. We tested 29 predictor variables that have previously been used to explain variation in rates of detection and three variables describing possible sources of additional variation and grouped these into six mutually exclusive "factor classes." We used boosted regression trees as a non-parametric stochastic machine-learning method to build models for each factor class and interactions between them. We explored the influence of these variables with data split either randomly or chronologically. While we identified some specific patterns that could be explained post-hoc by historical events, only inspected volumes were reliably correlated with detection of arthropod contaminants across the whole data set. However, inspected volumes could not predict future interceptions of arthropods, which instead relied on contextual factors such as country, crop or year of import. This suggests that, although certain factors may be important in certain circumstances or for particular crops or commodities, there is little general predictive power in the current data. Instead, an idiographic approach would be most beneficial in biosecurity to ascertain the details of why a particular pest arrived on a particular pathway and how it might move (and be stopped) in future.}, }
@article {pmid35114034, year = {2022}, author = {Fargevieille, A and Reedy, AM and Kahrl, AF and Mitchell, TS and Durso, AM and Delaney, DM and Pearson, PR and Cox, RM and Warner, DA}, title = {Propagule size and sex ratio influence colonisation dynamics after introduction of a non-native lizard.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {4}, pages = {845-857}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13671}, pmid = {35114034}, issn = {1365-2656}, support = {//American Philosophical Society/ ; //Auburn University/ ; //Eppley Foundation for Research/ ; //National Geographic Society/ ; //University of Alabama at Birmingham/ ; //Waitt Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Lizards ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; *Sex Ratio ; }, abstract = {The composition of founding populations plays an important role in colonisation dynamics and can influence population growth during early stages of biological invasion. Specifically, founding populations with small propagules (i.e. low number of founders) are vulnerable to the Allee effect and have reduced likelihood of establishment compared to those with large propagules. The founding sex ratio can also impact establishment via its influence on mating success and offspring production. Our goal was to test the effects of propagule size and sex ratio on offspring production and annual population growth following introductions of a non-native lizard species (Anolis sagrei). We manipulated propagule composition on nine small islands, then examined offspring production, population growth and survival rate of founders and their descendants encompassing three generations. By the third reproductive season, per capita offspring production was higher on islands seeded with a relatively large propagule size, but population growth was not associated with propagule size. Propagule sex ratio did not affect offspring production, but populations with a female-biased propagule had positive growth, whereas those with a male-biased propagule had negative growth in the first year. Populations were not affected by propagule sex ratio in subsequent years, possibly due to rapid shifts towards balanced (or slightly female biased) population sex ratios. Overall, we show that different components of population fitness have different responses to propagule size and sex ratio in ways that could affect early stages of biological invasion. Despite these effects, the short life span and high fecundity of A. sagrei likely helped small populations to overcome Allee effects and enabled all populations to successfully establish. Our rare experimental manipulation of propagule size and sex ratio can inform predictions of colonisation dynamics in response to different compositions of founding populations, which is critical in the context of population ecology and invasion dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid35110590, year = {2022}, author = {McGlade, CLO and Dickey, JWE and Kennedy, R and Donnelly, S and Nelson, CA and Dick, JTA and Arnott, G}, title = {Behavioural traits of rainbow trout and brown trout may help explain their differing invasion success and impacts.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {1757}, pmid = {35110590}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animal Distribution/physiology ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Diploidy ; *Introduced Species ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/genetics/physiology ; Phenotype ; Triploidy ; Trout/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Animal behaviour is increasingly recognised as critical to the prediction of non-native species success and impacts. Rainbow trout and brown trout have been introduced globally, but there appear to be differences in their patterns of invasiveness and ecological impact. Here, we investigated whether diploid rainbow trout and diploid and triploid brown trout differ among several key behavioural measures linked to invasiveness and impact. We assessed activity, boldness, aggression, and feeding, using open field, novel object, shelter, mirror, feeding, and functional response experiments. We also tested within each fish type for behavioural syndromes comprising correlations among activity, boldness and aggression. Rainbow trout were more active and aggressive but less bold than diploid and triploid brown trout. In small groups, however, rainbow trout were bolder than both types of brown trout. Diploid brown trout were more active and bolder than triploids when tested individually, and had a higher functional response than both rainbow trout and triploid brown trout. In terms of behavioural syndromes, there was no association between activity and boldness in rainbow trout, however, there was in both brown trout types. The increased activity and aggression of rainbow trout may reflect an increased stress response to novel situations, with this response reduced in a group. These results suggest that rainbow trout do not manage their energy budgets effectively, and may explain why they have limited survival as invaders. In addition, the lower functional response of rainbow trout may explain why they are implicated in fewer ecological impacts, and the triploidy treatment also appears to lower the potential impact of brown trout. Comparative analyses of multiple behaviours of invasive species and genetic variants may thus be key to understanding and predicting invader success and ecological impacts.}, }
@article {pmid35108424, year = {2022}, author = {Byrne, M and Gall, ML and Campbell, H and Lamare, MD and Holmes, SP}, title = {Staying in place and moving in space: Contrasting larval thermal sensitivity explains distributional changes of sympatric sea urchin species to habitat warming.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {28}, number = {9}, pages = {3040-3053}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.16116}, pmid = {35108424}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Larva/physiology ; *Sea Urchins/physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {For marine ectotherms, larval success, planktonic larval duration and dispersal trajectories are strongly influenced by temperature, and therefore, ocean warming and heatwaves have profound impacts on these sensitive stages. Warming, through increased poleward flow in regions with western boundary currents, such as the East Australia Current (EAC), provides opportunities for range extension as propagules track preferred conditions. Two sea urchin species, Centrostephanus rodgersii and Heliocidaris tuberculata, sympatric in the EAC warming hotspot, exhibit contrasting responses to warming. Over half a century, C. rodgersii has undergone marked poleward range extension, but the range of H. tuberculata has not changed. We constructed thermal performance curves (TPC) to determine if contrasting developmental thermal tolerance can explain this difference. The temperatures tested encompassed present-day distribution and forecast ocean warming/heatwave conditions. The broad and narrow thermal optimum (Topt) ranges for C. rodgersii and H. tuberculata larvae (7.2 and 4.7°C range, respectively) matched their realized (adult distribution) thermal niches. The cool and warm temperatures for 50% development to the feeding larva approximated temperatures at adult poleward range limits. Larval cool tolerances with respect to mean local temperature differed, 6.0 and 3.8°C respectively. Larval warm tolerances were similar for both species as are the adult warm range edges. The larvae of both species would be sensitive to heatwaves. Centrostephanus rodgersii has stayed in place and shifted in space, likely due to its broad cold-warm larval thermal tolerance and large thermal safety margins. Phenotypic plasticity of the planktonic stage of C. rodgersii facilitated its range extension. In contrast, larval cold intolerance of H. tuberculata explains its restricted range and will delay poleward extension as the region warms. In a warming ocean, we show that intrinsic thermal biology traits of the pelagic stage provide an integrative tool to explain species-specific variation in range shift patterns.}, }
@article {pmid35106854, year = {2022}, author = {Hübner, S and Sisou, D and Mandel, T and Todesco, M and Matzrafi, M and Eizenberg, H}, title = {Wild sunflower goes viral: Citizen science and comparative genomics allow tracking the origin and establishment of invasive sunflower in the Levant.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {7}, pages = {2061-2072}, pmid = {35106854}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Citizen Science ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Genomics ; *Helianthus/genetics ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Globalization and intensified volume of trade and transport around the world are accelerating the rate of biological invasions. It is therefore increasingly important to understand the processes through which invasive species colonize new habitats, often to the detriment of native flora. The initial steps of an invasion are particularly critical, as the introduced species relies on limited genetic diversity to adapt to a new environment. However, our understanding of this critical stage of the invasion is currently limited. We used a citizen science approach and social media to survey the distribution of invasive sunflower in Israel. We then sampled and sequenced a representative collection and compared it with available genomic data sets of North American wild sunflower, landraces and cultivars. We show that invasive wild sunflower is rapidly establishing throughout Israel, probably from a single, recent introduction from Texas, while maintaining high genetic diversity through ongoing gene flow. Since its introduction, invasive sunflower has spread quickly to most regions, and differentiation was detected despite extensive gene flow between clusters. Our findings suggest that rapid spread followed by continuous gene flow between diverging populations can serve as an efficient mechanism for maintaining sufficient genetic diversity at the early stages of invasion, promoting rapid adaptation and establishment in the new territory.}, }
@article {pmid35106458, year = {2022}, author = {Polverino, G and Soman, VR and Karakaya, M and Gasparini, C and Evans, JP and Porfiri, M}, title = {Ecology of fear in highly invasive fish revealed by robots.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {103529}, pmid = {35106458}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {Invasive species threaten biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. We develop an innovative experimental approach, integrating biologically inspired robotics, time-series analysis, and computer vision, to build a detailed profile of the effects of non-lethal stress on the ecology and evolution of mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki)-a global pest. We reveal that brief exposures to a robotic predator alter mosquitofish behavior, increasing fear and stress responses, and mitigate the impact of mosquitofish on native tadpoles (Litoria moorei) in a cause-and-effect fashion. Effects of predation risk from the robot carry over to routine activity and feeding rate of mosquitofish weeks after exposure, resulting in weight loss, variation in body shape, and reduction in the fertility of both sexes-impairing survival, reproduction, and ecological success. We capitalize on evolved responses of mosquitofish to reduce predation risk-neglected in biological control practices-and provide scientific foundations for widespread use of state-of-the-art robotics in ecology and evolution research.}, }
@article {pmid35105894, year = {2022}, author = {Nakashita, A and Wang, Y and Lu, S and Shimada, K and Tsuchida, T}, title = {Ecology and genetic structure of the invasive spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula in Japan where its distribution is slowly expanding.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {1543}, pmid = {35105894}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Female ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Male ; Oviposition ; Ovum ; Phylogeny ; Seasons ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {Lycorma delicatula has expanded its distribution from China to Japan, Korea, and the USA, causing significant economic damage to vineyards in the latter two countries. However, in Japan, L. delicatula has long been limited to the Hokuriku region, central Japan, and no significant damage to crops has been reported since it was first reported there in 2009. Manipulation experiments and field observations in the Hokuriku region, where winter precipitation is extremely high, revealed that egg numbers and hatchability were significantly reduced in exposed places, especially when wax was excluded from the egg mass. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the population in Japan could be divided into at least two groups. Most L. delicatula samples from Hokuriku formed a clade with those from northwestern China. Samples from Okayama, where the distribution of L. delicatula was recently confirmed, had the same haplotype as those from central China, Korea, and the USA. These results suggest that environmental factors and genetic characteristics of L. delicatula are involved in the relatively slow expansion of its distribution in Hokuriku. Conversely, in Okayama, where precipitation is relatively low, the rapidly increasing haplotype in Korea and the USA was detected, leading to concerns that its distribution will expand further.}, }
@article {pmid35104713, year = {2022}, author = {Watanabe, TT and López-Greco, LS and Zara, FJ}, title = {Seminal fluid and spermatophore production in a western Atlantic invasive swimming crab, Charybdis hellerii, reveals a different pattern to Portunoidea.}, journal = {Arthropod structure &amp; development}, volume = {66}, number = {}, pages = {101137}, doi = {10.1016/j.asd.2021.101137}, pmid = {35104713}, issn = {1873-5495}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura ; Female ; Genitalia, Male ; Male ; *Spermatogonia ; Spermatozoa ; }, abstract = {The male reproductive system in Portunoidea is voluminous in order to produce the sperm plug, avoiding sperm competition. The portunid crab, Charybdis hellerii, is a successful invasive species, and this study describes the male reproductive system under light and electron microscopy and evaluates the gonadosomatic index and spermatophore dehiscence compared to other species that produce a sperm plug. The reproductive system is small, and its gonadosomatic index much lower than those of other Portunoidea that produce a sperm plug. The spermatophores are stored in the anterior part of the vas deferens, which is uncommon in Brachyura. Lateral outpocketings are found in the short, middle, and posterior parts of the vasa deferentia, where spermatophores are not found. The seminal fluid composition is different from the species that produce sperm plug. The usual portunid spermatophore wall is absent and the round coenospermic to even cleistospermic spermatophores are enclosed by secretions. This mucous-type spermatophore undergoes dehiscence in seawater or when passing through the gonopod. C. hellerii differ from other Portunoidea described regarding a low amount of seminal fluid production, spermatophore storage, and not show traits of producing sperm plugs. These different male reproductive features can lead to different female sperm storage in Portunoidea.}, }
@article {pmid35104514, year = {2022}, author = {Martín-Vélez, V and Montalvo, T and Afán, I and Sánchez-Márquez, A and Aymí, R and Figuerola, J and Lovas-Kiss, &#xc1; and Navarro, J}, title = {Gulls living in cities as overlooked seed dispersers within and outside urban environments.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {823}, number = {}, pages = {153535}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153535}, pmid = {35104514}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Charadriiformes ; Cities ; Ecosystem ; Plant Breeding ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {The yellow-legged gull is an opportunistic and generalist bird that has colonised urban areas, where it has found very favourable trophic resources but also causes disturbance to humans and damage to infrastructure. Here, we investigated the potential role that gulls play in the dispersal of plants in Barcelona, a highly populated city of north-eastern Spain. We analysed the stomach contents of 145 chicks collected in urban nests and reported the presence of seeds of 27 plant taxa. We then developed a plant dispersal model based on the movements of 20 GPS-tracked yellow-legged gulls breeding in the city of Barcelona. We estimated seed dispersal distances, seed shadows and percentage of seeds reaching habitats suitable for seeds regurgitated in pellets and those excreted in faeces. Seven of the 27 plant taxa found in the stomachs were alien taxa to Spain. Average dispersal distances of plant seeds by gulls were around 700 m, but maximum dispersal distances reached up to 35 km. Dispersal distances and seed spatial patterns did not differ between faeces and pellet models, as most strongly depended on gull movements. About 95% of the seeds were dispersed within urban environments and between 20 and 30% reached suitable habitats for seed deposition (urban woodlands, green urban parks and urban grasslands). Urban gulls frequently dispersed seeds (including alien species) within urban habitats, both via direct consumption or via secondary dispersal after consuming granivorous birds that had ingested the seeds, such as pigeons or parakeets. Urban planning for Barcelona is based on native plant species, and thus, special attention should be paid to alien plants dispersed by birds, which could pose a risk to native biodiversity in urban ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid35101981, year = {2022}, author = {Cazzolla Gatti, R and Reich, PB and Gamarra, JGP and Crowther, T and Hui, C and Morera, A and Bastin, JF and de-Miguel, S and Nabuurs, GJ and Svenning, JC and Serra-Diaz, JM and Merow, C and Enquist, B and Kamenetsky, M and Lee, J and Zhu, J and Fang, J and Jacobs, DF and Pijanowski, B and Banerjee, A and Giaquinto, RA and Alberti, G and Almeyda Zambrano, AM and Alvarez-Davila, E and Araujo-Murakami, A and Avitabile, V and Aymard, GA and Balazy, R and Baraloto, C and Barroso, JG and Bastian, ML and Birnbaum, P and Bitariho, R and Bogaert, J and Bongers, F and Bouriaud, O and Brancalion, PHS and Brearley, FQ and Broadbent, EN and Bussotti, F and Castro da Silva, W and César, RG and Češljar, G and Chama Moscoso, V and Chen, HYH and Cienciala, E and Clark, CJ and Coomes, DA and Dayanandan, S and Decuyper, M and Dee, LE and Del Aguila Pasquel, J and Derroire, G and Djuikouo, MNK and Van Do, T and Dolezal, J and Đorđević, I&#x110; and Engel, J and Fayle, TM and Feldpausch, TR and Fridman, JK and Harris, DJ and Hemp, A and Hengeveld, G and Herault, B and Herold, M and Ibanez, T and Jagodzinski, AM and Jaroszewicz, B and Jeffery, KJ and Johannsen, VK and Jucker, T and Kangur, A and Karminov, VN and Kartawinata, K and Kennard, DK and Kepfer-Rojas, S and Keppel, G and Khan, ML and Khare, PK and Kileen, TJ and Kim, HS and Korjus, H and Kumar, A and Kumar, A and Laarmann, D and Labrière, N and Lang, M and Lewis, SL and Lukina, N and Maitner, BS and Malhi, Y and Marshall, AR and Martynenko, OV and Monteagudo Mendoza, AL and Ontikov, PV and Ortiz-Malavasi, E and Pallqui Camacho, NC and Paquette, A and Park, M and Parthasarathy, N and Peri, PL and Petronelli, P and Pfautsch, S and Phillips, OL and Picard, N and Piotto, D and Poorter, L and Poulsen, JR and Pretzsch, H and Ramírez-Angulo, H and Restrepo Correa, Z and Rodeghiero, M and Rojas Gonzáles, RDP and Rolim, SG and Rovero, F and Rutishauser, E and Saikia, P and Salas-Eljatib, C and Schepaschenko, D and Scherer-Lorenzen, M and Šebeň, V and Silveira, M and Slik, F and Sonké, B and Souza, AF and Stereńczak, KJ and Svoboda, M and Taedoumg, H and Tchebakova, N and Terborgh, J and Tikhonova, E and Torres-Lezama, A and van der Plas, F and Vásquez, R and Viana, H and Vibrans, AC and Vilanova, E and Vos, VA and Wang, HF and Westerlund, B and White, LJT and Wiser, SK and Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, T and Zemagho, L and Zhu, ZX and Zo-Bi, IC and Liang, J}, title = {The number of tree species on Earth.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {119}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {35101981}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {R13 TR002524/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Earth, Planet ; *Forests ; Trees/*classification/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {One of the most fundamental questions in ecology is how many species inhabit the Earth. However, due to massive logistical and financial challenges and taxonomic difficulties connected to the species concept definition, the global numbers of species, including those of important and well-studied life forms such as trees, still remain largely unknown. Here, based on global ground-sourced data, we estimate the total tree species richness at global, continental, and biome levels. Our results indicate that there are ∼73,000 tree species globally, among which ∼9,000 tree species are yet to be discovered. Roughly 40% of undiscovered tree species are in South America. Moreover, almost one-third of all tree species to be discovered may be rare, with very low populations and limited spatial distribution (likely in remote tropical lowlands and mountains). These findings highlight the vulnerability of global forest biodiversity to anthropogenic changes in land use and climate, which disproportionately threaten rare species and thus, global tree richness.}, }
@article {pmid35101499, year = {2022}, author = {Lin, Y and Hu, HW and Yang, P and Ye, G}, title = {Spartina alterniflora invasion has a greater impact than non-native species, Phragmites australis and Kandelia obovata, on the bacterial community assemblages in an estuarine wetland.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {822}, number = {}, pages = {153517}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153517}, pmid = {35101499}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Bacteria ; China ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; *Rhizophoraceae ; Soil/chemistry ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The invasion of Spartina alterniflora poses a serious threat to the sustainability of native ecosystems worldwide. However, compared with other non-native plants (e.g., Phragmites australis and Kandelia obovata), how Spartina alterniflora invasion influences the community structure of bacteria and their assembly processes and functionality remains elusive. Here, we characterized the diversity, community structure, assembly processes and functional guilds of bacteria underneath five plant species and a bare tidal flat at three soil depths in an estuarine wetland. We found that plant species played a more important role than soil depth in mediating the bacterial community structure. Compared with bare tidal flats, the native species Cyperus malaccensis, rather than Scirpus triqueter, significantly changed the bacterial community structure. However, S. alterniflora invasion increased bacterial alpha diversity and significantly altered the bacterial community structure by enriching Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes while reducing Acidobacteria, Nitrospirae and Gemmatimonadetes. The invasion of P. australis and translocation of K. obovata had less pronounced effects on the bacterial community structure. Total carbon, total nitrogen and salinity were the key environmental factors mediating the bacterial community structure. Overall of all the non-native plant species, the invasion of S. alterniflora increased the relative importance of stochastic processes in the assembly of bacterial communities, and shifted the bacterial functional profiles by stimulating sulfur cycling groups and suppressing nitrogen cycling groups. Altogether, our results suggest that S. alterniflora invasion has a greater effect than P. australis invasion or K. obovata translocation on the profiles and assembly processes of the bacterial communities, with important implications for soil biogeochemical processes in coastal wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid35101491, year = {2022}, author = {Gren, IM and Brutemark, A and Jägerbrand, A}, title = {Effects of shipping on non-indigenous species in the Baltic Sea.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {821}, number = {}, pages = {153465}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153465}, pmid = {35101491}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Baltic States ; Introduced Species ; *Ships ; *Water ; }, abstract = {Shipping is regarded as an important vector for aquatic non-indigenous species (ANIS) worldwide. Less attention has been paid to its role in relation to environmental and economic causes of introduction and establishment, the knowledge of which is necessary to assess effects of changes in regulations on shipping. The purpose of this study was to estimate the impact of shipping on the incidence of ANIS in the Baltic Sea compared with environmental and economic factors. To this end, a production function was estimated with count data on ANIS (response variable) and shipping, environmental and economic factors as explanatory variables. Regression results from different regression models showed that shipping has a significant impact on ANIS incidence and can account for up to 38% of the number of ANIS in the sea. Predictions of the impact of measures implementing the Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediment indicated a reduction by 17% in the number of ANIS, which was counteracted by an expected increase in shipping traffic.}, }
@article {pmid35098634, year = {2022}, author = {Fridley, JD and Bauerle, TL and Craddock, A and Ebert, AR and Frank, DA and Heberling, JM and Hinman, ED and Jo, I and Martinez, KA and Smith, MS and Woolhiser, LJ and Yin, J}, title = {Fast but steady: An integrated leaf-stem-root trait syndrome for woody forest invaders.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {900-912}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13967}, pmid = {35098634}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {//Syracuse University/ ; IOS-1754273//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Carbon/metabolism ; *Forests ; Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves ; *Trees/genetics ; }, abstract = {Successful control and prevention of biological invasions depend on identifying traits of non-native species that promote fitness advantages in competition with native species. Here, we show that, among 76 native and non-native woody plants of deciduous forests of North America, invaders express a unique functional syndrome that combines high metabolic rate with robust leaves of longer lifespan and a greater duration of annual carbon gain, behaviours enabled by seasonally plastic xylem structure and rapid production of thin roots. This trait combination was absent in all native species examined and suggests the success of forest invaders is driven by a novel resource-use strategy. Furthermore, two traits alone-annual leaf duration and nuclear DNA content-separated native and invasive species with 93% accuracy, supporting the use of functional traits in invader risk assessments. A trait syndrome reflecting both fast growth capacity and understorey persistence may be a key driver of forest invasions.}, }
@article {pmid35098569, year = {2022}, author = {Hauser, CE and Giljohann, KM and McCarthy, MA and Garrard, GE and Robinson, AP and Williams, NSG and Moore, JL}, title = {A field experiment characterizing variable detection rates during plant surveys.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {e13888}, pmid = {35098569}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Asteraceae ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; Poaceae ; }, abstract = {Surveys aimed at finding threatened and invasive species can be challenging due to individual rarity and low and variable individual detection rates. Detection rate in plant surveys typically varies due to differences among observers, among the individual plants being surveyed (targets), and across background environments. Interactions among these 3 components may occur but are rarely estimated due to limited replication and control during data collection. We conducted an experiment to investigate sources of variation in detection of 2 Pilosella species that are invasive and sparsely distributed in the Alpine National Park, Australia. These species are superficially similar in appearance to other yellow-flowered plants occurring in this landscape. We controlled the presence and color of flowers on target Pilosella plants and controlled their placement in plots, which were selected for their variation in cover of non-target yellow flowers and dominant vegetation type. Observers mimicked Pilosella surveys in the plots and reported 1 categorical and 4 quantitative indicators of their survey experience level. We applied survival analysis to detection data to model the influence of both controlled and uncontrolled variables on detection rate. Orange- and yellow-flowering Pilosella in grass- and heath-dominated vegetation were detected at a higher rate than nonflowering Pilosella. However, this detection gain diminished as the cover of other co-occurring yellow-flowering species increased. Recent experience with Pilosella surveys improved detection rate. Detection experiments are a direct and accessible means of understanding detection processes and interpreting survey data for threatened and invasive species. Our detection findings have been used for survey planning and can inform progress toward eradication. Interaction of target and background characteristics determined detection rate, which enhanced predictions in the Pilosella eradication program and demonstrated the difficulty of transferring detection findings into untested environments.}, }
@article {pmid35093582, year = {2022}, author = {Nyamukondiwa, C and Machekano, H and Chidawanyika, F and Mutamiswa, R and Ma, G and Ma, CS}, title = {Geographic dispersion of invasive crop pests: the role of basal, plastic climate stress tolerance and other complementary traits in the tropics.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {50}, number = {}, pages = {100878}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2022.100878}, pmid = {35093582}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Insecta ; Introduced Species ; *Plastics ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Global pest invasions have significantly increased in recent years. These invasions together with climate warming directly impact agriculture. Tropical climates feature extreme weather events, including high temperatures and seasonal droughts. Thus, successful invasive pests in tropics have to adapt to these extreme climate features. The intrinsic factors relevant to tropical invasion of insects have been explored in many studies, but the knowledge is rather dispersed in contemporary literature. Here, we reviewed the potential biophysical characters of successful invasive pests' adaption to tropical environments including [1] inherent high basal stress tolerance and advanced life-history performances [2], phenotypic plasticity [3], rapid evolution to environmental stress, polyphagy, diverse reproductive strategies and high fecundity. We summarised how these traits and their interactive effects enhance pest invasions in the tropics. Comprehensive understanding of how these characters facilitate invasion improves models for predicting ecological consequences of climate change on invasive pest species for improved pest management.}, }
@article {pmid35092932, year = {2022}, author = {Faria, J and Prestes, ACL and Moreu, I and Cacabelos, E and Martins, GM}, title = {Dramatic changes in the structure of shallow-water marine benthic communities following the invasion by Rugulopteryx okamurae (Dictyotales, Ochrophyta) in Azores (NE Atlantic).}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {175}, number = {}, pages = {113358}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113358}, pmid = {35092932}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Azores ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Phaeophyceae ; Water ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are considered one of the most important drivers of biodiversity loss. Here we use a before-after-control-impact (BACI) design to investigate the impact of Rugulopteryx okamurae on the structure of shallow-water marine benthic communities in São Miguel island, Azores. After its first appearance in 2019, R. okamurae has rapidly invaded much of the southern coast of the island, where it became the dominant algae. This was followed by significant changes in the structure of shallow-water marine benthic communities, with substantial losses of natural variability and species richness. Compared to before, there has been dramatic reductions in the abundances of articulated coralline algae, corticated algae and corticated foliose algae in invaded locations. These results highlight its highly invasive character, not seen with other, more well-known, invasive species. It remains to be investigated if its impacts persist throughout time and to quantify the functional consequences of such dramatic changes.}, }
@article {pmid35092017, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, S and Chen, JX and Liu, MC and Arnold, PA and Wang, WB and Feng, YL}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity and exotic plant invasions: Effects of soil nutrients, species nutrient requirements, and types of traits.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {174}, number = {1}, pages = {e13637}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.13637}, pmid = {35092017}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {31270582//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31670545//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31971557//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32171666//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Nutrients ; *Plants ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {High-phenotypic plasticity has long been considered as a characteristic promoting exotic plant invasions. However, the results of the studies testing this hypothesis are still inconsistent. Overlooking the effects of species resource requirements and environmental resource availability may be the main reasons for the ambiguous conclusions. Here, we compared phenotypic plasticity between five noxious invasive species with different nutrient requirements (evaluated using the soil nutrient status of their natural distribution ranges) and their phylogenetically related natives under five nutrient levels. We found that species with high-nutrient requirements showed greater plasticity of total biomass than species with low-nutrient requirements, regardless of their status (invasive or native). Invasives with high-nutrient requirements had greater growth plasticity than their related natives, which may contribute to their invasiveness under high-nutrient environments. However, compared with the related natives, a higher growth plasticity may not help exotic species with low-nutrient requirements to invade nutrient-rich habitats, and exotic species with high-nutrient requirements to invade nutrient-limited habitats. In contrast, invasives with low-nutrient requirements exhibited lower growth plasticity than their related natives, contributing to their invasiveness under nutrient-limited habitats. Functional traits showed growth-related plasticity in only 10 cases (3.8%), and there was no functional trait whose plastic response to soil nutrients was beneficial to exotic plant invasions. Our study indicates that low-growth plasticity could also promote exotic plant invasions, high plasticity may not necessarily lead to invasiveness. We must test the adaptive significance of plasticity of functional traits when studying its biological roles.}, }
@article {pmid35090297, year = {2022}, author = {Mercado, JM and Gómez-Jakobsen, F and Korbee, N and Aviles, A and Bonomi-Barufi, J and Muñoz, M and Reul, A and Figueroa, FL}, title = {Analyzing environmental factors that favor the growth of the invasive brown macroalga Rugulopteryx okamurae (Ochrophyta): The probable role of the nutrient excess.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {174}, number = {}, pages = {113315}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113315}, pmid = {35090297}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Nutrients ; *Phaeophyceae ; Salinity ; *Seaweed ; }, abstract = {Time series of temperature, salinity and nutrients in the Strait of Gibraltar (SoG) were researched to analyze which factors explain the invasive success of Rugulopteryx okamurare, which has colonized wide coastal areas at the Spanish and Moroccan coasts since 2016. Temperature and salinity were higher in the SoG compared to its native habitat, implying that the alga is active during the whole seasonal cycle and grows optimally at the high salinities occurring in the SoG. Nitrate removal experiments indicate that the alga is able to linearly increase its N uptake rates following boost in nitrate concentration. Furthermore, R. okamurae N content ranged from 1.4% to 4.5% suggesting that this species has high N storage capacity potentially usable when the external N concentration decreases. These physiological characteristics would explain sharp growth of the alga in the SoG where high N concentrations are registered occasionally.}, }
@article {pmid35090074, year = {2022}, author = {Tian, W and Sun, H and Zhang, Y and Xu, J and Yao, J and Li, J and Li, B and Nie, M}, title = {Thermal adaptation occurs in the respiration and growth of widely distributed bacteria.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {28}, number = {8}, pages = {2820-2829}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.16102}, pmid = {35090074}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {21XD1420700//Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader/ ; 32101377//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 91951112//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 21SG02//Shanghai Education Development Foundation and Shanghai Municipal Education Commission/ ; 21TQ004//Science and Technology Department of Shanghai/ ; 2020PJD003//Shanghai Pujiang Program/ ; }, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Bacteria ; Carbon ; Respiration ; Soil ; *Soil Microbiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Soil microbial respiration is an important factor in regulating carbon (C) exchange between the soil and atmosphere. Thermal adaptation of soil microorganisms will lead to a weakening of the positive feedback between climate warming and soil respiration. The thermal adaptation of microbial communities and fungal species has been proven. However, studies on the thermal adaptation of bacterial species, the most important decomposers in the soil, are still lacking. Here, we isolated six species of widely distributed dominant bacteria and studied the effects of constant warming and temperature fluctuations on those species. The results showed that constant warming caused a downregulation of respiratory temperature sensitivity (Q10) of the bacterial species, accompanied by an elevation of the minimum temperature (Tmin) required for growth. Similar results were seen with the addition of temperature fluctuations, suggesting that both scenarios caused a significant thermal adaptation among the bacterial species. Fluctuating and increasing temperatures are considered an important component of future warming. Therefore, the inclusion of physiological responses of bacteria to these changes is essential to understand relationships between microbiota and temperature and enhance the prediction of global soil-atmosphere C feedbacks.}, }
@article {pmid35087079, year = {2022}, author = {Nogueira, DM and de Carvalho, RS and de Oliveira, AM and de Paula, TS and Pereira, DG and Pissinatti, A and Loiola, SO and Carvalho, EF and Silva, DA and Bergallo, HG and Ferreira, AMDR}, title = {Uniparental genetic markers to investigate hybridization in wild-born marmosets with a mixed phenotype among Callithrix aurita and invasive species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {1487}, pmid = {35087079}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Callithrix/*genetics ; Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Female ; Genetic Markers ; Genotyping Techniques/methods ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Inheritance Patterns ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The native marmoset of the Southeastern Atlantic Forest in Brazil is among the 25 most endangered primates of the world. Hybridization with alien species is one of its main threats registered since the early 2000s based on phenotype, so far, without genetic confirmation. Using uniparental molecular markers, we analyzed 18 putative hybrids, captured from 2004 to 2013 in different localities of the Atlantic Forest. A nine base pair deletion in the SRY gene of C. aurita was used to investigate paternal ancestry. Maternal ancestry was assessed by DNA sequencing of ca. 455 bp from the COX2 gene. Hybridization was confirmed for 16 out of the 18 marmosets since they inherited COX2 haplotypes of the alien C. penicillata or C. jacchus and the SRY deletion specific to C. aurita. Two individuals inherited both parental lineages of C. aurita, which is probably related to backcrossing or hybrid interbreeding. The direction of hybridization of females with the matrilineal lineage of invasive species with males descending from the native lineage was predominant in our sampling. This is the first time that hybridization between C. aurita and invasive species has been confirmed through genetic analysis.}, }
@article {pmid35085964, year = {2022}, author = {Kokotovich, AE and Barnhill-Dilling, SK and Elsensohn, JE and Li, R and Delborne, JA and Burrack, H}, title = {Stakeholder engagement to inform the risk assessment and governance of gene drive technology to manage spotted-wing drosophila.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {307}, number = {}, pages = {114480}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114480}, pmid = {35085964}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; *Drosophila/genetics ; *Gene Drive Technology ; Risk Assessment ; Stakeholder Participation ; }, abstract = {Emerging biotechnologies, such as gene drive technology, are increasingly being proposed to manage a variety of pests and invasive species. As one method of genetic biocontrol, gene drive technology is currently being developed to manage the invasive agricultural pest spotted-wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii, SWD). While there have been calls for stakeholder engagement on gene drive technology, there has been a lack of empirical work, especially concerning stakeholder engagement to inform risk assessment. To help address this gap and inform future risk assessments and governance decisions for SWD gene drive technology, we conducted a survey of 184 SWD stakeholders to explore how they define and prioritize potential benefits and potential adverse effects from proposed SWD gene drive technology. We found that stakeholders considered the most important potential benefits of SWD gene drive technology to be: 1) Decrease in the quantity or toxicity of pesticides used, and 2) Decrease in SWD populations. Stakeholders were most concerned about the potential adverse effects of: 1) Decrease in beneficial insects, 2) Increase in non-SWD secondary pest infestations, and 3) Decrease in grower profits. Notably, we found that even stakeholders who expressed support for the use of SWD gene drive technology expressed concerns about potential adverse effects from the technology, emphasizing the need to move past simplistic, dichotomous views of what it means to support or oppose a technology. These findings suggest that instead of focusing on the binary question of whether stakeholders support or oppose SWD gene drive technology, it is more important to identify and assess the factors that are consequential to stakeholder decision making - including, for example, exploring whether and under what conditions key potential adverse effects and potential benefits would result from the use of SWD gene drive technology.}, }
@article {pmid35085350, year = {2022}, author = {Roessink, I and van der Zon, KAE and de Reus, SRMM and Peeters, ETHM}, title = {Native European crayfish Astacus astacus competitive in staged confrontation with the invasive crayfish Faxonius limosus and Procambarus acutus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {e0263133}, pmid = {35085350}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Astacoidea ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The European native, noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) has suffered from a serious and long term population decline due to habitat destruction, water pollution and the impact of the invasive North American crayfish that are carriers of the crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci). The latter being the major factor currently confining noble crayfish to uninvaded (parts of) waterbodies. However, recently wild populations of apparently healthy noble crayfish carrying the crayfish plague have been found. As crayfish are known for their inter- and intraspecific agonistic behaviour which may be key for their competitive success, this raised the interesting question what would happen if the crayfish plague would not be a dominant factor anymore in the interaction between native and invasive species. Since the outcome of those encounters is still unclear, this study explores whether the noble crayfish can stand its ground towards invasive species in such agonistic interactions. Furthermore, the ability of the noble crayfish and invasive crayfish to acquire shelter through agonistic interaction is also assessed. Through pairwise staged interactions, agonistic behaviour and shelter competition between the native A. astacus and the invasive Faxonius limosus and Procambarus acutus were examined. The results showed that A. astacus triumphs over F. limosus and P. acutus in agonistic encounters and in competition for shelter. In turn, P. acutus dominates F. limosus in staged encounters and shelter. In possible future situations were crayfish plague does no longer eradicate noble crayfish populations, our results show that the native noble crayfish might still have a promising future when confronted with invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid35083779, year = {2022}, author = {Betancourt, S and Irizarry, KJL and Falk, BG and Rutllant, J and Khamas, W}, title = {Micromorphological study of the upper digestive tract of the Argentine tegu (Salvator merianae).}, journal = {Anatomia, histologia, embryologia}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, pages = {259-268}, doi = {10.1111/ahe.12786}, pmid = {35083779}, issn = {1439-0264}, support = {R14IACUC011//Western University of Health Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Esophagus/anatomy &amp; histology ; Gastric Mucosa ; *Gastrointestinal Tract/anatomy &amp; histology ; *Lizards ; Stomach ; }, abstract = {Argentine black and white tegus (Salvator merianae) are omnivorous lizards native to southeastern Brazil, Uruguay, eastern Paraguay and northern Argentina, and are invasive species in Florida and Georgia, USA. They are opportunistic feeders, which is what allow them to have such a diverse variety of foods. Tegus raised a particular concern due to their adaptive capability to different environments. Our goal was to provide a micromorphology baseline of oesophagus and stomach and correlate findings with their dietary and invasive capabilities. Four Argentine black and white tegus were used for this study. We collected and processed specimens from oesophagus and stomach using standard histological techniques and stained tissue sections using Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&amp;E), Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS), Alcian Blue (AB) and Verhoef's elastic stains. The oesophagus was lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (PSCE) with goblet cells. Gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) were present occasionally in the oesophagus and more frequently in the stomach. Tunica muscularis (Tm) of the oesophageal-gastric junction had distinct smooth muscle which could function as a sphincter. The mucosa of the stomach was lined with simple columnar epithelium (SC). The glands had neck and dark oxyntico-peptic cells. The pyloric sphincter had more GALT and mucus cells than other regions. The Tm outer layer is thinner than the inner. Presence of large number of goblet cells would support faster transit of the bolus. The short digestive tract and the histological features observed are consistent with the ability of tegus consumption of large amount of food.}, }
@article {pmid35080649, year = {2022}, author = {Pratt, CJ and Denley, D and Metaxas, A}, title = {Selection of predictor variables for species distribution models: a case study with an invasive marine bryozoan.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {198}, number = {2}, pages = {319-336}, pmid = {35080649}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bryozoa ; Ecology/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Kelp ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Species distribution models (SDMs) are important tools for predicting the occurrence and abundance of organisms in space and time, with numerous applications in ecology. However, the accuracy and utility of SDMs can be compromised when predictor variables are selected without careful consideration of their ecophysiological relevance to the focal organism. We conducted an in-depth examination of the variable selection process by evaluating predictors to be used in SDMs for Membranipora membranacea, an ecologically significant marine invasive species with a complex lifecycle, as a case study. Using an information-theoretic and multi-model inference approach based on generalized linear mixed models, we assessed multiple environmental variables (depth, kelp density, kelp substrate, temperature, and wave exposure) as predictors of the abundance of multiple life stages of M. membranacea, investigating species-environment relationships and relative and absolute variable importance. We found that the relative importance of a predictor, the metric calculated to represent a predictor, and whether a predictor was proximal or distal were important considerations in the variable selection process. Data constraints (e.g. sample size, characteristics of available predictor data) may inhibit accurate assessment of predictor variables during variable selection. Importantly, our results suggest that species-environment relationships derived from small-scale studies can inform variable selection for SDMs at larger spatiotemporal scales. We developed a conceptual framework for variable selection for SDMs which can be applied to most contexts of species distribution modelling, but particularly those with several candidate predictors and a large dataset.}, }
@article {pmid35079570, year = {2022}, author = {Schönbächler, K and Olias, P and Richard, OK and Origgi, FC and Dervas, E and Hoby, S and Basso, W and Berenguer Veiga, I}, title = {Fatal spirorchiidosis in European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) in Switzerland.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {144-151}, pmid = {35079570}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {Infections with intravascular digenean trematodes of the Spirorchiidae family (spirorchiidoses) are of great conservation concern both in marine and freshwater turtles due to their pathogenic potential. Between 2014 and 2021, Spirorchis sp. infections associated with granulomatous inflammation and sudden death were detected in European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) from three conservation breeding facilities in Switzerland. Blood fluke eggs associated with lesions were found in the intestine, spleen, testis, skeletal musculature, heart, kidneys, stomach, pancreas, liver, lung, and meninges from nine pond turtles submitted for necropsy and in the intestinal content from five of these animals. Two novel polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) targeting the 28S ribosomal RNA gene and the ITS2 region and subsequent sequencing revealed 100% nucleotide identity with a Spirorchis sp. previously isolated from an Escambia map turtle (Graptemys ernsti) in the USA. Our findings suggest a spill-over event secondary to direct or indirect contact with invasive North American turtle species in Switzerland. We describe the clinical, haematological, ultrasonographical, endoscopical, parasitological, pathological, and molecular findings associated with spirorchiid blood fluke infections of the Spirorchis genus in E. orbicularis, as well as the biosecurity measures that were developed to prevent the spread of this parasite among breeding and highly endangered free-ranging E. orbicularis populations in Switzerland.}, }
@article {pmid35079330, year = {2022}, author = {Canavan, K and Magengelele, NL and Paterson, ID and Williams, DA and Martin, GD}, title = {Uncovering the phylogeography of Schinus terebinthifolia in South Africa to guide biological control.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {plab078}, pmid = {35079330}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Schinus terebinthifolia is a problematic invasive alien plant (IAP) in South Africa that is a high priority target for biological control. Biological control has been implemented in the states of Florida and Hawaii (USA), where S. terebinthifolia is also an IAP. Phylogeographic work determined that there have been multiple introductions of two lineages (haplotype A and B) into the USA. Haplotype A was introduced to western Florida and Hawaii, while haplotype B was introduced to eastern Florida. Haplotypes A and B have subsequently hybridized in Florida, resulting in novel plant genotypes. Biological control agents in the USA are known to vary in efficacies on the two different haplotypes and hybrids. This study used molecular techniques to uncover the source populations of S. terebinthifolia in South Africa using chloroplast DNA and microsatellites. Populations from the introduced ranges in Florida (east, west and hybrids) and Hawaii were included (n = 95). All South Africa populations (n = 51) were found to be haplotype A. Microsatellite analysis determined shared alleles with western Florida and Hawaiian populations. The likely source of South African S. terebinthifolia was determined to be western Florida through the horticultural trade. These results will help guide a biological control programme to source agents that perform well on these populations in the USA. Furthermore, the presence of only one haplotype in South Africa highlights the need to ensure no further introductions of other haplotypes of the plant are made, in order to avoid similar hybridization events like those recorded in Florida.}, }
@article {pmid35078582, year = {2022}, author = {Martínez-Ríos, M and Martín-Torrijos, L and Diéguez-Uribeondo, J}, title = {The invasive alien red-eared slider turtle, Trachemys scripta, as a carrier of STEF-disease pathogens.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {126}, number = {2}, pages = {113-121}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2021.11.003}, pmid = {35078582}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {Animals ; Fresh Water ; *Fusariosis/microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; *Turtles/genetics/microbiology ; }, abstract = {The fungal pathogens Fusarium falciforme and Fusarium keratoplasticum are responsible for the sea turtle egg fusariosis (STEF) throughout main nesting areas of the world. In this study, we investigated whether eggs of the invasive alien red-eared slider turtle, Trachemys scripta, can carry these fungal pathogens. Using multilocus sequence typing of four nuclear DNA regions, we found that eggs of T. scripta naturally can carry these two Fusarium pathogenic species, as well as other Fusarium species belonging to the Fusarium solani species complex. Physiological studies on F. falciforme and F. keratoplasticum isolates revealed that their optimal growth temperature coincided with the pivotal temperature for T. scripta embryos, ca 29.5 ± 0.5 °C, providing an evidence of a potential advantageous biological property for host colonization and virulence. A host-pathogen interaction network analysis of species of the FSSC and their hosts confirmed that F. falciforme and F. keratoplasticum are generalist pathogens in a wide range of animal hosts of worldwide geographical distribution. Finally, we show that nesting areas of this invasive turtle T. scripta in the Mediterranean freshwater marshes can act as chronic reservoirs of these STEF pathogens, and this invasive species can act as a potential vector for the spread of STEF among wild native species and even to humans.}, }
@article {pmid35077454, year = {2022}, author = {Shiferaw, W and Demissew, S and Bekele, T and Aynekulu, E}, title = {Community perceptions towards invasion of Prosopis juliflora, utilization, and its control options in Afar region, Northeast Ethiopia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {e0261838}, pmid = {35077454}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ethiopia ; *Introduced Species ; Prosopis/*growth &amp; development ; *Weed Control ; }, abstract = {This study aimed to assess community perceptions towards invasion of Prosopis juliflora, utilization, and its control options in Afar region, Northern Ethiopia. Using purposive sampling and stratified random methods, 20 members of key informants and 154 households from four sites of Awash Fentale and Amibara Districts were selected. For data analysis, we used Kruskal Wallis non-parametric tests of K independent samples. About 30% of respondents in Amibara and 29% in Awash Fentale reported that Prosopis juliflora was largely introduced into their landscape by livestock. It showed that 29% of the respondents in Awash Fentale and 41% in Amibara responded that Prosopis juliflora largely invaded and affected rangelands. Morevover, about 1% of respondents in Awash Fentale and 14% in Amibara argued that Prosopis juliflora hindered movements of livestock. In addition, 30% of respondents in Amibara and 29% in Awash Fentale believe that Prosopis juliflora was largely dispersed by livestock. It showed that 20% of households in Awash Fentale and 41% in Amibara have the notion that Prosopis juliflora majorly impacted rangelands. Whereas 1.3% of respondents in Awash Fentale and 14% in Amibara argued that Prosopis juliflora have hampered the movement of livestock. Thus, the afromentioned findings are implications for management of rangelands. With regard to the control of Prosopis juliflora invasions, 12% of respondents in Awash Fentale and 33% in Amibara District tried control its expansion by fire. About 10% of respondents in Awash Fentale and 9% in Amibara district managed Prosopis juliflora expansion by its utilization, whereas, in Awash Fentale (11%) and Amibara (8%) households indicated that invasion of Prosopis juliflora could be controlled by mechanical methods. It is advisable to do some managerial work to reverse these impacts as perceived by local communities in the study area to avert the aggressive proliferation of Prosopis juliflora in the region.}, }
@article {pmid35077229, year = {2022}, author = {Kong, WL and Chen, X and Sun, H and Sun, XR and Wu, XQ}, title = {Identification of Two Fungal Pathogens Responsible for Liriodendron chinense × tulipifera Black Spot and Screening of Trichoderma sp. for Disease Control.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {106}, number = {8}, pages = {2172-2181}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-06-21-1266-RE}, pmid = {35077229}, issn = {0191-2917}, mesh = {*Biological Control Agents ; *Liriodendron/microbiology ; *Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Plant Leaves/microbiology ; Trees ; *Trichoderma/physiology ; }, abstract = {Liriodendron chinense × tulipifera black spot is a newly discovered disease that causes yellowing and early shedding of leaves, affecting the growth of Liriodendron trees, and significantly reducing their ornamental value as a garden species. The pathogen responsible for this disease, and how it can be prevented and controlled, are not clear. In this study, the occurrence of this disease was first investigated according to Koch's postulates, and the primary pathogens causing Liriodendron black spot were determined to be Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Alternaria alternata. Biocontrol strains antagonistic to these two pathogens were then screened from the leaf microorganisms of L. chinense × tulipifera, and a preliminary investigation of the biological control of Liriodendron black spot was performed. Through the screening of antagonistic microorganisms on the leaf surface of L. chinense × tulipifera, the strain Trichoderma koningiopsis T2, which displayed strong antagonism against C. gloeosporioides and A. alternata, was obtained. The T2 strain could inhibit the growth of the two pathogens via three mechanisms: hyperparasitism, volatile and nonvolatile metabolite production, and environmental acidification. The biocontrol experiments in the greenhouse and field showed that initial spraying with a T. koningiopsis T2 spore suspension followed by the two pathogens resulted in the lowest disease incidence. These results confirmed the black spot pathogens of L. chinense × tulipifera, clarified the antagonistic mechanism of T. koningiopsis T2 against the two pathogens, and provided a theoretical basis and technical support for the biological control of the disease.}, }
@article {pmid35076936, year = {2022}, author = {Ellwood, ER and Gallinat, AS and McDonough MacKenzie, C and Miller, T and Miller-Rushing, AJ and Polgar, C and Primack, RB}, title = {Plant and bird phenology and plant occurrence from 1851 to 2020 (non-continuous) in Thoreau's Concord, Massachusetts.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {103}, number = {5}, pages = {e3646}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3646}, pmid = {35076936}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; Climate Change ; *Flowers ; Humans ; Massachusetts ; Plant Leaves ; *Plants ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Concord, Massachusetts, USA has served as an active location for phenological observations since philosopher and naturalist Henry David Thoreau began recording plant and animal occurrence and phenology in 1851. Since that time, numerous naturalists, scientists, and researchers have continued this tradition, creating an invaluable time series of 758 species in a single location. In total, 13,441 phenological records, spanning 118 years, now exist, with observations of many species ongoing. Relative abundance data for an additional 200 plant species is also provided. Thoreau's published journals and records in Special Collections libraries at the Concord Free Public Library, Harvard University, Peabody Essex Museum, and Morgan Library and Museum provide insight into his methods of routinely walking around Walden Pond, through natural areas, and within the town of Concord, seeking the first leaf or flower on plants, seasonal observations of migratory birds, and fruit maturation times. Several amateur naturalists, and most recently the present research group, have followed this method of regularly searching Concord for the earliest signs of seasonal events, visiting many of the same locations including Walden Pond, the site made famous by Thoreau. While Thoreau's observations were initially made out of a curious desire to document the natural world, these data have led to dozens to contemporary studies, addressing timely issues such as climate change, conservation, ecology, and invasive species. This time series of data, initiated by Thoreau and continued by others, has resulted in dozens of peer-reviewed publications, a popular science book, and numerous educational and outreach opportunities. These data grow increasingly valuable with time and as new and creative studies are undertaken with Thoreau's historic records. No copyright restrictions apply to the use of this data set other than citing this publication.}, }
@article {pmid35076152, year = {2023}, author = {Rogério, F and Van Oosterhout, C and Ciampi-Guillardi, M and Correr, FH and Hosaka, GK and Cros-Arteil, S and Rodrigues Alves Margarido, G and Massola Júnior, NS and Gladieux, P}, title = {Means, motive and opportunity for biological invasions: Genetic introgression in a fungal pathogen.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {10}, pages = {2428-2442}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16366}, pmid = {35076152}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Genetic Introgression ; *Ecosystem ; Plant Diseases/genetics/microbiology ; Biological Evolution ; Glycine max/genetics/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invasions by fungal plant pathogens pose a significant threat to the health of agricultural ecosystems. Despite limited standing genetic variation, many invasive fungal species can adapt and spread rapidly, resulting in significant losses to crop yields. Here, we report on the population genomics of Colletotrichum truncatum, a polyphagous pathogen that can infect more than 460 plant species, and an invasive pathogen of soybean in Brazil. We study the whole-genome sequences of 18 isolates representing 10 fields from two major regions of soybean production. We show that Brazilian C. truncatum is subdivided into three phylogenetically distinct lineages that exchange genetic variation through hybridization. Introgression affects 2%-30% of the nucleotides of genomes and varies widely between the lineages. We find that introgressed regions comprise secreted protein-encoding genes, suggesting possible co-evolutionary targets for selection in those regions. We highlight the inherent vulnerability of genetically uniform crops in the agro-ecological environment, particularly when faced with pathogens that can take full advantage of the opportunities offered by an increasingly globalized world. Finally, we discuss "the means, motive and opportunity" of fungal pathogens and how they can become invasive species of crops. We call for more population genomic studies because such analyses can help identify geographical areas and pathogens that pose a risk, thereby helping to inform control strategies to better protect crops in the future.}, }
@article {pmid35075144, year = {2022}, author = {Aiyer, A and Shine, R and Somaweera, R and Bell, T and Ward-Fear, G}, title = {Shifts in the foraging tactics of crocodiles following invasion by toxic prey.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {1267}, pmid = {35075144}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {LP170100013//Australian Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {*Alligators and Crocodiles ; Animals ; Anura ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions can modify the behaviour of vulnerable native species in subtle ways. For example, native predators may learn or evolve to reduce foraging in conditions (habitats, times of day) that expose them to a toxic invasive species. In tropical Australia, freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni) are often fatally poisoned when they ingest invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina). The risk may be greatest if toads are seized on land, where a predator cannot wash away the toxins before they are absorbed into its bloodstream. Hence, toad invasion might induce crocodiles to forage in aquatic habitats only, foregoing terrestrial hunting. To test this idea, we conducted standardised trials of bait presentation to free-ranging crocodiles in sites with and without invasive toads. As anticipated, crocodiles rapidly learned to avoid consuming toads, and shifted to almost exclusively aquatic foraging.}, }
@article {pmid35074871, year = {2022}, author = {Perry, T and Stenhouse, A and Wilson, I and Perfetto, I and McKelvey, MW and Coulson, M and Ankeny, RA and Rismiller, PD and Grützner, F}, title = {EchidnaCSI: Engaging the public in research and conservation of the short-beaked echidna.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {119}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {35074871}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Ecosystem ; Tachyglossidae/*growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The short-beaked echidna is an iconic Australian animal and the most-widespread native mammal, inhabiting diverse environments. The cryptic nature of echidnas has limited research into their ecology in most areas; however, from the well-researched and endangered Kangaroo Island echidna population, we understand that the threats include habitat loss, roads, and invasive species. To obtain more information about echidnas Australia-wide, we established the Echidna Conservation Science Initiative (EchidnaCSI) citizen science project. EchidnaCSI calls on members of the public to submit photographs of wild echidnas and learn to identify and collect echidna scats for molecular analysis. To facilitate participation, we developed a smartphone application as well as ongoing social and traditional media activities and community events. In 3 y, more than 9,000 members of the public have downloaded the EchidnaCSI app, collecting 400 scats and submitting over 8,000 sightings of echidnas from across Australia. A subset of submitted scat samples were subjected to DNA extraction and PCR, which validated the approach of using citizen science for scat collection and viability for molecular analysis. To assess the impact of the project through public participation, we surveyed our participants (n = 944) to understand their demographics and motivations for engagement. Survey results also revealed that EchidnaCSI served as a gateway into citizen science more generally for many participants. EchidnaCSI demonstrates the potential for using citizen science approaches to collect high-quality data and material from a cryptic species over a very large geographic area and the considerable engagement value of citizen science research.}, }
@article {pmid35073977, year = {2022}, author = {Little, EAH and Hutchinson, ML and Price, KJ and Marini, A and Shepard, JJ and Molaei, G}, title = {Spatiotemporal distribution, abundance, and host interactions of two invasive vectors of arboviruses, Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus, in Pennsylvania, USA.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {36}, pmid = {35073977}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {U50/CCU6806-01-1/CC/CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Aedes/physiology/virology ; Animals ; Arbovirus Infections/*transmission ; Arboviruses ; Birds/virology ; Chikungunya Fever/transmission ; Deer/virology ; Disease Reservoirs/virology ; *Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Mammals/virology ; *Mosquito Vectors/physiology/virology ; Pennsylvania ; Population Density ; *Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Species Specificity ; West Nile virus ; Zika Virus ; Zika Virus Infection/transmission ; Zoonoses/virology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus, two invasive mosquito species in the United States, are implicated in the transmission of arboviruses. Studies have shown interactions of these two mosquito species with a variety of vertebrate hosts; however, regional differences exist and may influence their contribution to arbovirus transmission.<br><br>METHODS: We investigated the distribution, abundance, host interactions, and West Nile virus infection prevalence of Ae. albopictus and Ae. japonicus by examining Pennsylvania mosquito and arbovirus surveillance data for the period between 2010 and 2018. Mosquitoes were primarily collected using gravid traps and BG-Sentinel traps, and sources of blood meals were determined by analyzing mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences amplified in PCR assays.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 10,878,727 female mosquitoes representing 51 species were collected in Pennsylvania over the 9-year study period, with Ae. albopictus and Ae. japonicus representing 4.06% and 3.02% of all collected mosquitoes, respectively. Aedes albopictus was distributed in 39 counties and Ae. japonicus in all 67 counties, and the abundance of these species increased between 2010 and 2018. Models suggested an increase in the spatial extent of Ae. albopictus during the study period, while that of Ae. japonicus remained unchanged. We found a differential association between the abundance of the two mosquito species and environmental conditions, percent development, and median household income. Of 110 Ae. albopictus and 97 Ae. japonicus blood meals successfully identified to species level, 98% and 100% were derived from mammalian hosts, respectively. Among 12 mammalian species, domestic cats, humans, and white-tailed deer served as the most frequent hosts for the two mosquito species. A limited number of Ae. albopictus acquired blood meals from avian hosts solely or in mixed blood meals. West Nile virus was detected in 31 pools (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;3582 total number of pools) of Ae. albopictus and 12 pools (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;977 total pools) of Ae. japonicus.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Extensive distribution, high abundance, and frequent interactions with mammalian hosts suggest potential involvement of Ae. albopictus and Ae. japonicus in the transmission of human arboviruses including Cache Valley, Jamestown Canyon, La Crosse, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika should any of these viruses become prevalent in Pennsylvania. Limited interaction with avian hosts suggests that Ae. albopictus might occasionally be involved in transmission of arboviruses such as West Nile in the region.}, }
@article {pmid35073448, year = {2022}, author = {Birand, A and Cassey, P and Ross, JV and Russell, JC and Thomas, P and Prowse, TAA}, title = {Gene drives for vertebrate pest control: Realistic spatial modelling of eradication probabilities and times for island mouse populations.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, pages = {1907-1923}, pmid = {35073448}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Gene Drive Technology/methods ; Introduced Species ; Mice ; Probability ; Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species continue to threaten global biodiversity. CRISPR-based gene drives, which can theoretically spread through populations despite imparting a fitness cost, could be used to suppress or eradicate pest populations. We develop an individual-based, spatially explicit, stochastic model to simulate the ability of CRISPR-based homing and X chromosome shredding drives to eradicate populations of invasive house mice (Mus muculus) from islands. Using the model, we explore the interactive effect of the efficiency of the drive constructs and the spatial ecology of the target population on the outcome of a gene-drive release. We also consider the impact of polyandrous mating and sperm competition, which could compromise the efficacy of some gene-drive strategies. Our results show that both drive strategies could be used to eradicate large populations of mice. Whereas parameters related to drive efficiency and demography strongly influence drive performance, we find that sperm competition following polyandrous mating is unlikely to impact the outcome of an eradication effort substantially. Assumptions regarding the spatial ecology of mice influenced the probability of and time required for eradication, with short-range dispersal capacities and limited mate-search areas producing 'chase' dynamics across the island characterized by cycles of local extinction and recolonization by mice. We also show that highly efficient drives are not always optimal, when dispersal and mate-search capabilities are low. Rapid local population suppression around the introduction sites can cause loss of the gene drive before it can spread to the entire island. We conclude that, although the design of efficient gene drives is undoubtedly critical, accurate data on the spatial ecology of target species are critical for predicting the result of a gene-drive release.}, }
@article {pmid35069682, year = {2021}, author = {Rašić, G and Lobo, NF and Jeffrey Gutiérrez, EH and Sánchez C, HM and Marshall, JM}, title = {Monitoring Needs for Gene Drive Mosquito Projects: Lessons From Vector Control Field Trials and Invasive Species.}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {780327}, pmid = {35069682}, issn = {1664-8021}, abstract = {As gene drive mosquito projects advance from contained laboratory testing to semi-field testing and small-scale field trials, there is a need to assess monitoring requirements to: i) assist with the effective introduction of the gene drive system at field sites, and ii) detect unintended spread of gene drive mosquitoes beyond trial sites, or resistance mechanisms and non-functional effector genes that spread within trial and intervention sites. This is of particular importance for non-localized gene drive projects, as the potential scale of intervention means that monitoring is expected to be more costly than research, development and deployment. Regarding monitoring needs for population replacement systems, lessons may be learned from experiences with Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, and for population suppression systems, from experiences with releases of genetically sterile male mosquitoes. For population suppression systems, assessing monitoring requirements for tracking population size and detecting rare resistant alleles are priorities, while for population replacement systems, allele frequencies must be tracked, and pressing concerns include detection of gene drive alleles with non-functional effector genes, and resistance of pathogens to functional effector genes. For spread to unintended areas, open questions relate to the optimal density and placement of traps and frequency of sampling in order to detect gene drive alleles, drive-resistant alleles or non-functional effector genes while they can still be effectively managed. Invasive species management programs face similar questions, and lessons may be learned from these experiences. We explore these monitoring needs for gene drive mosquito projects progressing through the phases of pre-release, release and post-release.}, }
@article {pmid35069650, year = {2021}, author = {Tangney, R and Merritt, DJ and Miller, BP}, title = {Environmental Factors Driving Seed Hydration Status of Soil Seed Banks and the Implications for Post-fire Recruitment.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {795003}, pmid = {35069650}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Changes in fire regimes due to climate change and fire management practices are affecting the timing, length, and distribution of vegetation fires throughout the year. Plant species responses and tolerances to fire differ from season to season and are influenced by species-specific phenological processes. The ability of seeds to tolerate extreme temperatures associated with fire is one of these processes, with survival linked to seed moisture content at the time of exposure. As fire is more often occurring outside historic dry fire seasons, the probability of fire occurring when seeds are hydrated may also be increasing. In this study, we set out to understand the seasonal dynamics of seed hydration for seeds of Banksia woodland species, and how certain seed traits interact with environmental conditions to influence survival of high temperatures associated with fire. We measured the moisture content of seeds buried to 2 cm in the soil seed bank for four common native species and one invasive species on a weekly basis throughout 2017, along with soil moisture content and environmental correlates. We determined water sorption isotherms at 20°C for seeds of each species and used these functions to model weekly variation in seed water activity and predict when seeds are most sensitive to soil heating. Using Generalised additive models (GAMs), we were able to describe approximately 67% of the weekly variance in seed water activity and explored differences in seed hydration dynamics between species. Seed water activity was sufficiently high (i.e., ≥ 0.85 a w) so as to have created an increased risk of mortality if a fire had occurred during an almost continuous period between May and November in the study period (i.e., 2017). There were brief windows when seeds may have been in a dry state during early winter and late spring, and also when they may have been in a wet state during summer and late autumn. These data, and the associated analyses, provide an opportunity to develop approaches to minimize seed mortality during fire and maximize the seed bank response.}, }
@article {pmid35068982, year = {2022}, author = {Kozhin, M and Sennikov, A}, title = {New records in non-native vascular plants of Russian Lapland.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {e78166}, pmid = {35068982}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The non-native vascular plants of Murmansk Region (European Russia) are under active investigation towards the compilation of the first complete checklist. This work is part of the project 'Flora of Russian Lapland', which ultimately aims at the complete inventory of the taxonomy, distribution and status of vascular plant species in Murmansk Region, based on the comprehensive database of herbarium specimens, field observations and literature.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: New territory-level records of non-native vascular plants emerged during our inventory of herbarium collections and recent fieldwork. Fourteen species (Anthemisruthenica, Aruncusdioicus, Bromuscommutatus, Chaerophyllumhirsutum, Galegaorientalis, Geumaleppicum, Leonurusquinquelobatus, Lepidiumdensiflorum, Levisticumofficinale, Myrrhisodorata, Phleumphleoides, Prunusarmeniaca, Rorippasylvestris, Seneciovernalis) are reported as new to Murmansk Region. The historical occurrences of alien plants appeared in the territory largely as contaminants (of seed or forage). In particular, Rorippasylvestris and Seneciovernalis arrived with the forage imported during the Second World War. All recent occurrences originated by escape from confinement (ornamental purposes, horticulture, agriculture), reflecting a high diversity of the modern assortment of cultivated plants in commerce and private gardens. Regarding the invasion status, five alien species are considered casual and eight species are treated as locally established or persisting (for uncertain time). Only one species, Galegaorientalis, is considered naturalised and capable of further spreading in the territory, although without invasive potential.}, }
@article {pmid35067092, year = {2022}, author = {Holman, LE and Parker-Nance, S and de Bruyn, M and Creer, S and Carvalho, G and Rius, M}, title = {Managing human-mediated range shifts: understanding spatial, temporal and genetic variation in marine non-native species.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {377}, number = {1846}, pages = {20210025}, pmid = {35067092}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Endangered Species ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The use of molecular tools to manage natural resources is increasingly common. However, DNA-based methods are seldom used to understand the spatial and temporal dynamics of species' range shifts. This is important when managing range shifting species such as non-native species (NNS), which can have negative impacts on biotic communities. Here, we investigated the ascidian NNS Ciona robusta, Clavelina lepadiformis, Microcosmus squamiger and Styela plicata using a combined methodological approach. We first conducted non-molecular biodiversity surveys for these NNS along the South African coastline, and compared the results with historical surveys. We detected no consistent change in range size across species, with some displaying range stability and others showing range shifts. We then sequenced a section of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) from tissue samples and found genetic differences along the coastline but no change over recent times. Finally, we found that environmental DNA metabarcoding data showed broad congruence with both the biodiversity survey and the COI datasets, but failed to capture the complete incidence of all NNS. Overall, we demonstrated how a combined methodological approach can effectively detect spatial and temporal variation in genetic composition and range size, which is key for managing both thriving NNS and threatened species. This article is part of the theme issue 'Species' ranges in the face of changing environments (part I)'.}, }
@article {pmid35064176, year = {2022}, author = {Agarwal, A and Rako, L and Schutze, MK and Starkie, ML and Tay, WT and Rodoni, BC and Blacket, MJ}, title = {A diagnostic LAMP assay for rapid identification of an invasive plant pest, fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {1116}, pmid = {35064176}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {PIN 188450//Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; *Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ; *Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; Plants/*parasitology ; Spodoptera/enzymology/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a highly polyphagous invasive plant pest that has expanded its global geographic distribution, including recently into much of Australia. Rapid diagnostic tests are required for identification of FAW to assist subsequent management and control. We developed a new loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene for accurate and timely diagnosis of FAW in the field. The specificity of the new assay was tested against a broad panel of twenty non-target noctuids, including eight other Spodoptera species. Only S. frugiperda samples produced amplification within 20 min, with an anneal derivative temperature of 78.3 ± 0.3 °C. A gBlock dsDNA fragment was developed and trialled as a synthetic positive control, with a different anneal derivative of 81 °C. The new FAW LAMP assay was able to detect FAW DNA down to 2.4 pg, similar to an existing laboratory-based real-time PCR assay. We also trialled the new FAW assay with a colorimetric master mix and found it could successfully amplify positive FAW samples in half the time compared to an existing FAW colorimetric LAMP assay. Given the high sensitivity and rapid amplification time, we recommend the use of this newly developed FAW LAMP assay in a portable real-time fluorometer for in-field diagnosis of FAW.}, }
@article {pmid35064119, year = {2022}, author = {Galib, SM and Sun, J and Twiss, SD and Lucas, MC}, title = {Personality, density and habitat drive the dispersal of invasive crayfish.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {1114}, pmid = {35064119}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; England ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {There is increasing evidence that personality traits may drive dispersal patterns of animals, including invasive species. We investigated, using the widespread signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus as a model invasive species, whether effects of personality traits on dispersal were independent of, or affected by, other factors including population density, habitat, crayfish size, sex and limb loss, along an invasion gradient. Behavioural traits (boldness, activity, exploration, willingness to climb) of 310 individually marked signal crayfish were measured at fully-established, newly-established and invasion front sites of two upland streams. After a period at liberty, recaptured crayfish were reassessed for behavioural traits (newly-established, invasion front). Dispersal distance and direction of crayfish movement, local population density, fine-scale habitat characteristics and crayfish size, sex and limb loss were also measured. Individual crayfish exhibited consistency in behavioural traits over time which formed a behavioural syndrome. Dispersal was both positively and negatively affected by personality traits, positively by local population density and negatively by refuge availability. No effect of size, sex and limb loss was recorded. Personality played a role in promoting dispersal but population density and local habitat complexity were also important determinants. Predicting biological invasion in animals is likely to require better integration of these processes.}, }
@article {pmid35062882, year = {2022}, author = {Tao, YY and Shang, TC and Yan, JJ and Hu, YX and Zhao, Y and Liu, Y}, title = {Effects of sand burial depth on Xanthium spinosum seed germination and seedling growth.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {43}, pmid = {35062882}, issn = {1471-2229}, mesh = {Biomass ; China ; Germination/physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Sand ; Seedlings/*growth &amp; development ; Seeds/*growth &amp; development ; Xanthium/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {In desert habitats, sand burial is an important factor affecting germination of plant seeds and seedling growth. Xanthium spinosum has strong adaptability in arid desert areas, and is a common malignant invasive plant in Xinjiang, China. The effects of different sand burial depths on seed germination, seedling emergence, growth and biomass allocation were studied to provide a scientific basis for further control of X. spinosum. Six sand burial depths (1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9 cm) were established to explore the response of X. spinosum seed germination and seedling growth to sand burial. The first emergence time, peak emergence time, emergence rate, seedling growth height, biomass and biomass distribution of X. spinosum seeds was significantly different at sand burial depths (P < 0.05). The X. spinosum seeds had the highest emergence rate (71.5%) at 1 cm sand burial and the maximum seedling height (7.1 cm). As sand burial depth increased, the emergence rate and seedling height gradually decreased. Emergence rate (12.25%) and seedling height (2.9 cm) were lowest at 9 cm sand burial. The root length at 9 cm depth (13.6 cm) was significantly higher than that at other sand depths (P < 0.05). The sand burial depth affected the biomass accumulation and distribution of X. spinosum. As sand burial depth increased, the root biomass and rhizome ratio increased, and the most deeply buried seedlings allocated more biomass for root growth. The optimal sand burial depth for seed germination and seedling growth of X. spinosum was 1-3 cm, and high burial depth (5-9 cm) was not conducive to the germination and growth of X. spinosum seedlings. For prevention and control of X. spinosum, we suggest deeply ploughing crops before sowing to ensure X. spinosum seeds are ploughed into a deep soil layer.}, }
@article {pmid35061905, year = {2022}, author = {Van Helden, M and Heddle, T and Umina, PA and Maino, JL}, title = {Economic Injury Levels and Dynamic Action Thresholds for Diuraphis noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Australian Cereal Crops.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {115}, number = {2}, pages = {592-601}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toab272}, pmid = {35061905}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aphids ; Australia ; Edible Grain ; *Hordeum ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia [Kurdjumov, Hemiptera: Aphididae], RWA) was first detected in Australia in 2016 and is threatening an annual cereal industry valued at nearly 10 billion AUD per annum. Considerable uncertainty surrounds the economic risk of D. noxia to Australian cereals, which limits cost-effective farm management decisions. Through a series of inoculated and non-inoculated field trials in 2018 and 2019 in south-eastern Australia, we generated a range of D. noxia pressure metrics under different growing conditions for barley, wheat, and durum wheat. Relative yield loss was best explained by the 'percentage of tillers with D. noxia' (%TwRWA) with 0.28% yield loss per percent of tillers with D. noxia, which is significantly lower than 0.46-0.48% for susceptible winter wheat varieties in dryland conditions in the United States. Highest infestation levels were typically reached around GS40-50. To develop an action threshold, we calculated the rate of increase in the %TwRWA through time at 0.021% per day per %TwRWA (with little variation across sites). This allowed prediction of the expected maximum %TwRWA based on observations post tillering (GS30) and the expected duration before GS50 is reached. For earlier growth stages (<GS30), we were unable to determine yield impact and action thresholds since cereal plants produce many new tillers between GS20 and GS30, which may compensate for feeding damage as reported in other studies. This research should improve the cost-effectiveness of management decisions involving D. noxia in Australian cereal production systems.}, }
@article {pmid35060472, year = {2021}, author = {Santana-Hernández, KM and Priestnall, SL and Modrý, D and Rodríguez-Ponce, E}, title = {Dispersion of adeleid oocysts by vertebrates in Gran Canaria, Spain: report and literature review.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {148}, number = {13}, pages = {1588-1594}, pmid = {35060472}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; *Coccidia ; *Colubridae ; *Eucoccidiida ; Oocysts ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Within the family Adeleidae, Adelina spp. belong to a group of arthropod pathogens. These parasites have been reported to have a wide geographic distribution, however, there are no reports of these protists in the Canary Islands, Spain. One of the peculiarities of the life cycle of Adelina spp. is the participation of a predator, because fecundation and sporulation occur inside the body cavity, and so necessitate destruction of the definitive host. The involvement therefore of a ‘dispersion host’, which eats the definitive host and spreads the oocysts through its faeces, is critical for the maintenance of certain Adelina spp. On the island of Gran Canaria, adeleid oocysts have been found in stool samples from four animals, three California kingsnakes (Lampropeltis californiae), and one feral cat. These animals were part of a larger coprological study of vertebrate parasites (117 snakes, 298 cats), where pseudoparasitic elements were also recorded. L. californiae and feral cats are invasive species which are widespread across the island and this novel finding of Adelina spp. oocysts in their faeces suggests that they could also serve as potential sentinel species for arthropod parasites.}, }
@article {pmid35060311, year = {2022}, author = {Wen, TY and Wu, XQ and Ye, JR and Qiu, YJ and Rui, L and Zhang, Y}, title = {A Bursaphelenchus xylophilus pathogenic protein Bx-FAR-1, as potential control target, mediates the jasmonic acid pathway in pines.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {78}, number = {5}, pages = {1870-1880}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6805}, pmid = {35060311}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyclopentanes ; Oxylipins ; *Pinus ; Plant Diseases ; RNA, Double-Stranded ; *Rhabditida ; *Tylenchida ; Xylophilus ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The pine wilt disease (PWD) caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a devastating forest disease and its pathogenesis remains unclear. Secreted enzymes and proteins are important pathogenicity determinants and Bx-FAR-1 is an important pathogenic protein involved in the interaction between pine and B. xylophilus. However, the function of the Bx-FAR-1 protein in monitoring and prevention PWD remains unknown.<br><br>RESULTS: We found a small peptide of B. xylophilus effector Bx-FAR-1 is sufficient for immunosuppression function in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient expression of Bx-FAR-1 in N. benthamiana revealed that nuclear localization is required for its function. The results of the ligand binding test showed that Bx-FAR-1 protein had the ability to bind fatty acid and retinol. We demonstrated that Bx-FAR-1 targeted to the nuclei of Pinus thunbergii using the polyclonal antibody by immunologic approach. The content of jasmonic acid (JA) was significantly increased in P. thunbergii infected with B. xylophilus when Bx-FAR-1 was silenced. We identified an F-box protein as the host target of Bx-FAR-1 by yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation. Moreover, we found that Pt-F-box-1 was up-regulated during B. xylophilus infection and the expression of Pt-F-box-1 was increased in Bx-FAR-1 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-treated host pines.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study illustrated that Bx-FAR-1 might mediate the JA pathway to destroy the immune system of P. thunbergii, indicating that PWN likely secretes effectors to facilitate parasitism and promote infection, which could better reveal the pathogenesis mechanisms of B. xylophilus and would be beneficial for developing disease control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid35056630, year = {2022}, author = {Zuo, Y and Qu, H and Xia, C and Zhang, H and Zhang, J and Deng, H}, title = {Moso Bamboo Invasion Reshapes Community Structure of Denitrifying Bacteria in Rhizosphere of Alsophila spinulosa.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {35056630}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {cstc2019jscx-tjsbX0005//Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Special Key Project - Research and Application of Typical Damaged Ecosystem Restoration Technology in Nature Reserve/ ; TD2021-4//Chongqing Science and Technology Forest Project-Investigation of Invasive Species in Chongqing Daba Mountain-Wuling Mountain Biodiversity Conservation Priority Area and Research on Control Countermeasures/ ; }, abstract = {The uncontrolled invasion of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) dramatically alters soil nitrogen cycling and destroys the natural habitat of Alsophila spinulosa. Nevertheless, no clear evidence points out the role of denitrifying bacteria in the invasion of bamboo into the habitat of A. spinulosa. In the present study, we found that low (importance value 0.0008), moderate (0.6551), and high (0.9326) bamboo invasions dramatically altered the underground root biomass of both P. pubescens and A. spinulosa. The root biomass of A. spinulosa was maximal at moderate invasion, indicating that intermediate disturbance might contribute to the growth and survival of the colonized plant. Successful bamboo invasion significantly increased rhizospheric soil available nitrogen content of A. spinulosa, coupled with elevated denitrifying bacterial abundance and diversity. Shewanella, Chitinophaga, and Achromobacter were the primary genera in the three invasions, whereas high bamboo invasion harbored more denitrifying bacteria and higher abundance than moderate and low invasions. Further correlation analysis found that most soil denitrifying bacteria were positively correlated with soil organic matter and available nitrogen but negatively correlated with pH and water content. In addition, our findings illustrated that two denitrifying bacteria, Chitinophaga and Sorangium, might be essential indicators for evaluating the effects of bamboo invasion on the growth of A. spinulosa. Collectively, this study found that moso bamboo invasion could change the nitrogen cycling of colonized habitats through alterations of denitrifying bacteria and provided valuable perspectives for profound recognizing the invasive impacts and mechanisms of bamboo expansion.}, }
@article {pmid35055908, year = {2022}, author = {Kraus, EC and Murray, R and Kelm, C and Poffenberger, R and Rohrig, E and Fairbanks, K}, title = {Advancements in Mass Rearing the Air Potato Beetle Lilioceris cheni.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {35055908}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {AP20PPQFO000C027//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {The air potato beetle, Lilioceris cheni Gressitt and Kimoto (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae), is a successful biological control agent of the air potato vine, Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Dioscoreales: Dioscoreaceae), in the southern United States. Lilioceris cheni is currently being mass-reared by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Division of Plant Industry (FDACS-DPI) for biological control releases and research. The facility rears and releases over 50,000 adult beetles annually at approximately 1000 different locations. In addition to data on beetle production and distribution, studies on alternative larval and adult diets are described. Adults fed bulbils as the sole food source had reduced life spans compared with beetles given fresh air potato leaves. Adults survived without air potato leaves or bulbils for several days to two weeks depending on availability of leaves at emergence. Larvae did not survive on a modified artificial Colorado potato beetle diet containing fresh air potato vine leaves. Adults survived while consuming artificial diet but ceased oviposition. They, however, resumed egg laying less than one week after being returned to a diet of fresh air potato vine leaves.}, }
@article {pmid35055897, year = {2022}, author = {Yamamoto, Y and Ishikawa, Y and Uehara, K}, title = {Characteristics of Trees Infested by the Invasive Primary Wood-Borer Aromia bungii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {35055897}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {Natura Fund 28th//Pro Natura Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {The expanding distribution and tree damage of the invasive, primary wood-borer Aromia bungii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), which kills trees of the Rosaceae family, is a problem in intruded areas. However, the tree characteristics associated with infestation by A. bungii, which are useful for early detection or prioritizing preventive measures, are not well examined. We investigated the presence or absence of tree damage (response variable) in pre- and post- surveys along with tree characteristics (four explanatory variables; bark roughness, size, species, and vigor) on monitoring trees in uninvaded sites (survey for the first trees to be damaged) and already invaded sites (survey for the next trees to be damaged). We evaluated the variables using generalized linear mixed models for each site (i.e., a first trees model and a next trees model). Three tree characteristics (bark roughness, size, and vigor) were included as explanatory variables in both best models, indicating that trees with rough surface bark, large in size, and weakened conditions were more susceptible to A. bungii infestation. The reasons for the difference between the two models (species was only chosen in the next trees model) will be considered in our future work.}, }
@article {pmid35055660, year = {2022}, author = {Blitek, K and Pruchniewicz, D and Bąbelewski, P and Czaplicka-Pędzich, M and Kubus, M}, title = {Dependence of the Distribution and Structure of the White Mulberry (Morus alba) Population in Wrocław on the Intensity of Anthropopressure and Thermal Conditions.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {35055660}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Morus/chemistry ; Plant Leaves ; Poland ; }, abstract = {The selection of species which show the highest possible tolerance to negative habitat conditions, also among plants of foreign origin, is a pressing issue. One of the species we would like to recommend for planting in urban areas is the white mulberry species (Morus alba) due to both its outstanding adaptability and its ecosystem services. There are no reliable studies on the distribution of this species in urbanized areas in Poland, nor sufficient analyses of the methods of its renewal, both deliberate and spontaneous spread through self-seeding. Collecting data on the population of an alien species within individual regions and forecasting potential changes in the population's size and structure, as well as its possible impacts on other organisms, is one of the basic measures to reduce biological invasions, which is one of the six priority objectives of the European Biodiversity Strategy and an element of the Strategy on Invasive Alien Species. The aim of this study was to determine the size and structure of the white mulberry population in the city of Wrocław and to analyse the relationship between this structure and intensity of anthropopressure and thermal conditions.}, }
@article {pmid35054757, year = {2022}, author = {Santana, I and Félix, M and Guerrero, A and Bengoechea, C}, title = {Processing and Characterization of Bioplastics from the Invasive Seaweed Rugulopteryx okamurae.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {35054757}, issn = {2073-4360}, support = {RTI2018-097100-B-C21//FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n-Agencia Estatal de Investigaci&#xf3;n/ ; PRE2019-089815//European Commission/ ; }, abstract = {The seaweed Rugulopteryx okamurae, from the Pacific Ocean, is considered an invasive species in the Mediterranean Sea. In this work, the use of this seaweed is proposed for the development of bio-based plastic materials (bioplastics) as a possible solution to the pollution produced by the plastic industry. The raw seaweed Rugulopteryx okamurae was firstly blended with glycerol (ratios: 50/50, 60/40 and 70/30), and subsequently, they were processed by injection molding at a mold temperature of 90, 120 and 150 °C. The rheological properties (frequency sweep tests and temperature ramp tests) were obtained for blends before and after processing by injection molding. The functional properties of the bioplastics were determined by the water uptake capacity (WUC) values and further scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results obtained indicated that E' was always greater than E", which implies a predominantly elastic behavior. The 70/30 ratio presents higher values for both the viscoelastic moduli and tensile properties than the rest of the systems (186.53 ± 22.80 MPa and 2.61 ± 0.51 MPa, respectively). The WUC decreased with the increase in seaweed in the mixture, ranging from 262% for the 50/50 ratio to 181% for the 70/30 ratio. When carrying out the study on molded bioplastic 70/30 at different temperatures, the seaweed content did not exert a remarkable influence on the final properties of the bioplastics obtained. Thus, this invasive species could be used as raw material for the manufacture of environmentally friendly materials processed by injection molding, with several applications such as food packaging, control-release, etc.}, }
@article {pmid35053245, year = {2022}, author = {Kendra, PE and Tabanca, N and Cruz, LF and Menocal, O and Schnell, EQ and Carrillo, D}, title = {Volatile Emissions and Relative Attraction of the Fungal Symbionts of Tea Shot Hole Borer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).}, journal = {Biomolecules}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {35053245}, issn = {2218-273X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera/microbiology ; Female ; *Fusarium ; *Persea ; Tea ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {Euwallacea perbrevis is an ambrosia beetle that vectors fungal pathogens causing Fusarium dieback in Florida avocado trees. Current monitoring lures contain quercivorol, a fungus-produced volatile, but the exact attractant is unknown since lures contain a mixture of p-menth-2-en-1-ol isomers and both α- and β-phellandrene. This study used pure cultures of six symbiotic fungi isolated from E. perbrevis to document volatile emissions and determine the relative attraction of symbionts in binary choice assays. In a comparative test, headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy was used to identify and quantify emissions from 3-week-old cultures. In a temporal study, Super-Q collection followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection was used to measure cis- and trans-p-menth-2-en-1-ol emissions for three months. A total of 15 compounds were detected, with monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenoids predominating. Only trans-p-menth-2-en-1-ol was common to all six symbionts. Peak levels of both isomers were observed at day 7, then gradually declined over a 90 day period. In choice tests, avocado sawdust disks inoculated with Fusarium sp. nov. were the most attractive. This symbiont produced only two volatiles, trans-p-menth-2-en-1-ol and limonene. The combined results indicate that trans-p-menth-2-en-1-ol is the primary female attractant emitted from symbiotic fungi, but limonene may be a secondary attractant of E. perbrevis.}, }
@article {pmid35053108, year = {2022}, author = {Yin, Y and He, Q and Pan, X and Liu, Q and Wu, Y and Li, X}, title = {Predicting Current Potential Distribution and the Range Dynamics of Pomacea canaliculata in China under Global Climate Change.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {35053108}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {2020YFC1200100//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 2019A1515010583//Guangdong Natural Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Pomacea canaliculata is one of the 100 worst invasive alien species in the world, which has significant effects and harm to native species, ecological environment, human health, and social economy. Climate change is one of the major causes of species range shifts. With recent climate change, the distribution of P. canaliculata has shifted northward. Understanding the potential distribution under current and future climate conditions will aid in the management of the risk of its invasion and spread. Here, we used species distribution modeling (SDM) methods to predict the potential distribution of P. canaliculata in China, and the jackknife test was used to assess the importance of environmental variables for modeling. Our study found that precipitation of the warmest quarter and maximum temperature in the coldest months played important roles in the distribution of P. canaliculata. With global warming, there will be a trend of expansion and northward movement in the future. This study could provide recommendations for the management and prevention of snail invasion and expansion.}, }
@article {pmid35049765, year = {2022}, author = {Medina-Vogel, G and Muñoz, F and Moeggenberg, M and Calvo-Mac, C and Barros-Lama, M and Ulloa, N and Pons, DJ and Clapperton, BK}, title = {Improving Trapping Efficiency for Control of American Mink (Neovison vison) in Patagonia.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {35049765}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {1171417//FONDECYT/ ; }, abstract = {Two main challenges when controlling alien American mink (Neovison vison) in Patagonia are to maximize campaign efficacy and cost-effectiveness and to avoid trapping native species. We designed and tested new variants of collapsible wire box traps, compared the efficacy of a food-based bait and a scent lure and compared catch rates in different seasons of the year. We used the data to model the efficiency rate of the trapping and to determine the trapping effort required to remove 70-90% of the estimated discrete mink population. Between January 2018 and March 2021, we operated 59 trapping transects over 103 three-day trapping periods in southern Chile. Traps were first baited with canned fish, and afterwards with mink anal gland lure. We compared the efficacy of mink capture with that of our previous study. We trapped 196 mink (125 males, 71 females), with most captures in summer. The medium-sized GMV-18 trap caught more male mink, but the more compact GMV-13 caught fewer non-target rodents and no native mammals. The scent lure was more successful than the canned fish when the previous campaign's data were included in the analysis. There was also a significant improvement in the proportion of female mink trapped and reduced labour compared with our previous campaign that used larger traps, fish bait and 400-500 m trap spacings. We caught relatively more females than males after the third night of trapping on a transect. Our data analysis supports the use of the GMV-13 variant of wire cage trap as the best trap size: it is effective on female mink, small, cheap and easy to transport. Combined with mink anal scent lure, it reduces the possibility of trapping native species compared with other traps tested in Chile. As the most efficient method for removing at least 70% of the estimated discrete mink population within the area covered by each trap transect in southern Chile tested to date, we recommend trapping campaigns using GMV-13 during summer, with a 200-m trap spacing, for up to 6 days before moving traps to a new site, with a combination of three days with a female scent gland lure, followed by three days with a male scent gland lure.}, }
@article {pmid35048473, year = {2022}, author = {Hughes, RF and Grossman, D and Sowards, TG and Marshall, JD and Mueller-Dombois, D}, title = {Aboveground carbon accumulation by second-growth forests after deforestation in Hawai'i.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {e2539}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2539}, pmid = {35048473}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Adult ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; Hawaii ; Humans ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Successional processes ultimately determine and define carbon accumulations in forested ecosystems. Although primary succession on wholly new substrate occurs across the globe, secondary succession, often following storm events or anthropogenic disturbance, is more common and is capable of globally significant accumulations of carbon (C) at a time when offsets to anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are critically needed. In Hawai'i, prior studies have investigated ecosystem development during primary succession on lava flows, including estimates of C mass accumulation. Yet relatively little is known regarding secondary succession of Hawaii's native forests, particularly regarding C mass accumulation. Here we documented aboveground C mass accumulation by native- and nonnative-dominated second-growth forests following deforestation of mature native lowland rainforests in the Puna District of Hawai'i Island. We characterized species composition and stand structure of three distinct successional forest stand types: those dominated by the native tree, Metrosideros polymorpha ('Ōhi'a), and those dominated by invasive nonnative trees, Falcataria moluccana (albizia) and Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava). We compared M. polymorpha-dominated and F. moluccana-dominated second-growth forests to adjacent mature M. polymorpha-dominated forests as well as young M. polymorpha-dominated forests undergoing initial stages of primary succession on 36-years-old lava fields. Aboveground carbon density (ACD) values of mature primary forest stands (171 Mg/ha) were comparable to those of mature continental tropical forests. M. polymorpha-dominated second-growth stands attained nearly 50% of ACD values of mature primary forests after less than 30 years of post-disturbance succession and exhibited aboveground carbon accumulation rates of ~3 Mg C·ha[-1] ·year[-1] . Such rates were comparable to those of second-growth forests in continental tropics. Rates of ACD accumulation by second-growth forests dominated by nonnative F. moluccana stands were similar, or slightly greater than, those of M. polymorpha-dominated stands. However, M. polymorpha individuals were virtually absent from stands dominated by either P. cattleianum or F. moluccana. Taken together, results demonstrated that re-establishment and rapid accumulation of C mass by M. polymorpha stands during secondary succession is certainly possible, but only where populations of nonnative species have not already colonized areas during early stages of secondary succession.}, }
@article {pmid35048442, year = {2022}, author = {Espindola, S and Vázquez-Domínguez, E and Nakamura, M and Osorio-Olvera, L and Martínez-Meyer, E and Myers, EA and Overcast, I and Reid, BN and Burbrink, FT}, title = {Complex genetic patterns and distribution limits mediated by native congeners of the worldwide invasive red-eared slider turtle.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, pages = {1766-1782}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16356}, pmid = {35048442}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; Mexico ; *Turtles/genetics ; }, abstract = {Non-native (invasive) species offer a unique opportunity to study the geographical distribution and range limits of species, wherein the evolutionary change driven by interspecific interactions between native and non-native closely related species is a key component. The red-eared slider turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans (TSE), has been introduced and successfully established worldwide. It can coexist with its native congeners T. cataspila, T. venusta and T. taylori in Mexico. We performed comprehensive fieldwork, executed a battery of genetic analyses and applied a novel species distribution modelling approach to evaluate their historical lineage relationships and contemporary population genetic patterns. Our findings support the historical common ancestry between native TSE and non-native (TSEalien), while also highlighting the genetic differentiation of the exotic lineage. Genetic patterns are associated with their range size/endemism gradient; the microendemic T. taylori showed significant reduced genetic diversity and high differentiation, whereas TSEalien showed the highest diversity and signals of population size expansion. Counter to our expectations, lower naturally occurring distribution overlap and little admixture patterns were found between TSE and its congeners, exhibiting reduced gene flow and clear genetic separation across neighbouring species despite having zones of contact. We demonstrate that these native Trachemys species have distinct climatic niche suitability, probably preventing establishment of and displacement by the TSEalien . Moreover, we found major niche overlap between TSEalien and native species worldwide, supporting our prediction that sites with closer ecological optima to the invasive species have higher establishment risk than those that are closer to the niche-centre of the native species.}, }
@article {pmid35048202, year = {2022}, author = {Khanghah, SS and Moameri, M and Ghorbani, A and Mostafazadeh, R and Biswas, A}, title = {Modeling potential habitats and predicting habitat connectivity for Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. in northwestern rangelands of Iran.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {194}, number = {2}, pages = {109}, pmid = {35048202}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; Iran ; *Leucanthemum ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants can alter the function and structure of ecosystems resulting in social, economic, and ecological damage. Effective methods to reduce the dominance of invasive plants are needed. The present study was aimed at modeling the invasive species Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. in the rangelands of the Namin region in northwest Iran, as well as predicting the habitat connectivity of this species to detect areas with high habitat connectivity. Modeling of potential habitats was performed using logistic regression (LR) and maximum entropy (MaxEnt); the ensemble map which resulted from these was used to predict habitat connectivity using the electrical circuit method. Topography (elevation, slope, and aspect), climate (precipitation and temperature), and soil (acidity, electrical conductivity, soil texture, calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, potassium, organic carbon, organic matter, saturation percentage, and total neutralizing value) were used in this study. The presence and absence points of the L. vulgare were recorded using a stratified-random sampling method by means of a global positioning system. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0 to 30 cm where L. vulgare was present and also where it was absent. According to the results, in LR, the variables of temperature, phosphorus, organic matter, and sand and in the MaxEnt, the variables of sand, total neutralizing value (TNV), and silt were the most influential factors on the distribution of L. vulgare. The appraisal of the MaxEnt performance and the precision of the model prediction were 0.97. The Kappa indices for the predicted map obtained from the LR and MaxEnt models were 0.80 and 0.73, respectively. The models' evaluation indicated that both models were able to predict the distribution of L. vulgare habitats with a high level of accuracy; however, LR was more reliable. According to the LR prediction, 9.91% (10,556.25 ha) of the Namin region was attacked by L. vulgare. Connectivity assessment showed that the current density spread of L. vulgare continued from the northeast of the Namin region toward the southeast. On the other hand, the higher current density spread was demonstrated in the eastern region (rangelands adjacent to Fandoghlu forests), and other rangelands which are more threatened by the invasion of L. vulgare. Identifying sites exposed to invasive species can help implement programs to prevent invasive species from invading areas where management and prevention should be implanted to prevent and/or reduce the spread.}, }
@article {pmid35045110, year = {2022}, author = {Rowe, CE and Figueira, WF and Kelaher, BP and Giles, A and Mamo, LT and Ahyong, ST and Keable, SJ}, title = {Evaluating the effectiveness of drones for quantifying invasive upside-down jellyfish (Cassiopea sp.) in Lake Macquarie, Australia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {e0262721}, pmid = {35045110}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Australia ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/economics/instrumentation/*methods ; Introduced Species/trends ; Lakes ; Scyphozoa/metabolism ; Unmanned Aerial Devices/*ethics ; Water ; }, abstract = {Upside-down jellyfish (Cassiopea sp.) are mostly sedentary, benthic jellyfish that have invaded estuarine ecosystems around the world. Monitoring the spread of this invasive jellyfish must contend with high spatial and temporal variability in abundance of individuals, especially around their invasion front. Here, we evaluated the utility of drones to survey invasive Cassiopea in a coastal lake on the east coast of Australia. To assess the efficacy of a drone-based methodology, we compared the densities and counts of Cassiopea from drone observations to conventional boat-based observations and evaluated cost and time efficiency of these methods. We showed that there was no significant difference in Cassiopea density measured by drones compared to boat-based methods along the same transects. However, abundance estimates of Cassiopea derived from scaling-up transect densities were over-inflated by 319% for drones and 178% for boats, compared to drone-based counts of the whole site. Although conventional boat-based survey techniques were cost-efficient in the short-term, we recommend doing whole-of-site counts using drones. This is because it provides a time-saving and precise technique for long-term monitoring of the spatio-temporally dynamic invasion front of Cassiopea in coastal lakes and other sheltered marine habitats with relatively clear water.}, }
@article {pmid35044021, year = {2022}, author = {Nunez-Mir, GC and Walter, JA and Grayson, KL and Johnson, DM}, title = {Assessing drivers of localized invasive spread to inform large-scale management of a highly damaging insect pest.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, pages = {e2538}, pmid = {35044021}, issn = {1939-5582}, mesh = {Animals ; Minnesota ; *Moths ; North Carolina ; }, abstract = {Studies of biological invasions at the macroscale or across multiple scales can provide important insights for management, particularly when localized information about invasion dynamics or environmental contexts is unavailable. In this study, we performed a macroscale analysis of the roles of invasion drivers on the local scale dynamics of a high-profile pest, Lymantria dispar dispar L., with the purpose of improving the prioritization of vulnerable areas for treatment. Specifically, we assessed the relative effects of various anthropogenic and environmental variables on the establishment rate of 8010 quadrats at a localized scale (5 × 5 km) across the entire L. dispar transition zone (the area encompassing the leading population edge, currently from Minnesota to North Carolina). We calculated the number of years from first detection of L. dispar in a quadrat to the year when probability of establishment of L. dispar was greater than 99% (i.e., waiting time to establishment after first detection). To assess the effects of environmental and anthropogenic variables on each quadrat's waiting time to establishment, we performed linear mixed-effects regression models for the full transition zone and three subregions within the zone. Seasonal temperatures were found to be the primary drivers of local establishment rates. Winter temperatures had the strongest effects, especially in the northern parts of the transition zone. Furthermore, the effects of some factors on waiting times to establishment varied across subregions. Our findings contribute to identifying especially vulnerable areas to further L. dispar spread and informing region-specific criteria by invasion managers for the prioritization of areas for treatment.}, }
@article {pmid35038768, year = {2022}, author = {Stuart, KC and Sherwin, WB and Austin, JJ and Bateson, M and Eens, M and Brandley, MC and Rollins, LA}, title = {Historical museum samples enable the examination of divergent and parallel evolution during invasion.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, pages = {1836-1852}, pmid = {35038768}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Australia ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Museums ; }, abstract = {During the Anthropocene, Earth has experienced unprecedented habitat loss, native species decline and global climate change. Concurrently, greater globalization is facilitating species movement, increasing the likelihood of alien species establishment and propagation. There is a great need to understand what influences a species' ability to persist or perish within a new or changing environment. Examining genes that may be associated with a species' invasion success or persistence informs invasive species management, assists with native species preservation and sheds light on important evolutionary mechanisms that occur in novel environments. This approach can be aided by coupling spatial and temporal investigations of evolutionary processes. Here we use the common starling, Sturnus vulgaris, to identify parallel and divergent evolutionary change between contemporary native and invasive range samples and their common ancestral population. To do this, we use reduced-representation sequencing of native samples collected recently in northwestern Europe and invasive samples from Australia, together with museum specimens sampled in the UK during the mid-19th century. We found evidence of parallel selection on both continents, possibly resulting from common global selective forces such as exposure to pollutants. We also identified divergent selection in these populations, which might be related to adaptive changes in response to the novel environment encountered in the introduced Australian range. Interestingly, signatures of selection are equally as common within both invasive and native range contemporary samples. Our results demonstrate the value of including historical samples in genetic studies of invasion and highlight the ongoing and occasionally parallel role of adaptation in both native and invasive ranges.}, }
@article {pmid35038516, year = {2022}, author = {Knudsen, SW and Hesselsøe, M and Thaulow, J and Agersnap, S and Hansen, BK and Jacobsen, MW and Bekkevold, D and Jensen, SKS and Møller, PR and Andersen, JH}, title = {Monitoring of environmental DNA from nonindigenous species of algae, dinoflagellates and animals in the North East Atlantic.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {821}, number = {}, pages = {153093}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153093}, pmid = {35038516}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/analysis ; *DNA, Environmental ; *Dinoflagellida/genetics ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Fresh Water ; *Oncorhynchus mykiss ; }, abstract = {Monitoring the distribution of marine nonindigenous species is a challenging task. To support this monitoring, we developed and validated the specificity of 12 primer-probe assays for detection of environmental DNA (eDNA) from marine species, all nonindigenous to Europe. The species include sturgeons, a Pacific red algae, oyster thief, a freshwater hydroid from the Black Sea, Chinese mitten crab, Pacific oyster, warty comb jelly, sand gaper, round goby, pink salmon, rainbow trout and North American mud crab. We tested all assays in the laboratory, on DNA extracted from both the target and non-target species to ensure that they only amplified DNA from the intended species. Subsequently, all assays were used to analyse water samples collected at 16 different harbours across two different seasons during 2017. We also included six previously published assays targeting eDNA from goldfish, European carp, two species of dinoflagellates of the genera Karenia and Prorocentrum, two species of the heterokont flagellate genus Pseudochattonella. Conventional monitoring was carried out alongside eDNA sampling but with only one sampling event over the one year. Because eDNA was relatively fast and easy to collect compared to conventional sampling, we sampled eDNA twice during 2017, which showed seasonal changes in the distribution of nonindigenous species. Comparing eDNA levels with salinity gradients did not show any correlation. A significant correlation was observed between number of species detected with conventional monitoring methods and number of species found using eDNA at each location. This supports the use of eDNA for surveillance of the distribution of marine nonindigenous species, where the speed and relative easy sampling in the field combined with fast molecular analysis may provide advantages compared to conventional monitoring methods. Prior validation of assays increases taxonomic precision, and laboratorial setup facilitates analysis of multiple samples simultaneously. The specific eDNA assays presented here can be implemented directly in monitoring programmes across Europe and potentially worldwide to infer a more precise picture of the dynamics in the distribution of marine nonindigenous species.}, }
@article {pmid35036110, year = {2021}, author = {Dartois, M and Pante, E and Viricel, A and Becquet, V and Sauriau, PG}, title = {Molecular genetic diversity of seaweeds morphologically related to Ulva rigida at three sites along the French Atlantic coast.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e11966}, pmid = {35036110}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Foliose species of the genus Ulva are notoriously difficult to identify due to their variable morphological characteristics and high phenotypic plasticity. We reassessed the taxonomic status of several distromatic foliose Ulva spp., morphologically related to Ulva rigida, using DNA barcoding with the chloroplastic tufA and rbcL (for a subset of taxa) genes for 339 selected attached Ulva specimens collected from three intertidal rocky sites. Two of the collection sites were in Brittany and one site was in Vendée, along the Atlantic coast of France. Molecular analyses included several museum specimens and the holotype of Ulva armoricana Dion, Reviers &amp; Coat. We identified five different tufA haplotypes using a combination of phylogenetic analysis, with the support of several recently sequenced holotypes and lectotypes, and a species delimitation method based on hierarchical clustering. Four haplotypes were supported by validly named species: Ulva australis Areschoug, Ulva fenestrata Postels &amp; Ruprecht, Ulva lacinulata (Kützing) Wittrock and U. rigida C. Agardh. The later was additionally investigated using rbcL. The fifth haplotype represented exact sequence matches to an unnamed species from European Atlantic coasts. Our results support: (1) the synonymy of both U. rigida sensu Bliding non C. Agardh and U. armoricana with U. lacinulata. This finding is based on current genetic analysis of tufA from the U. armoricana holotype and recent molecular characterization of the lectotype of U. laetevirens, which is synonymous to U. australis, (2) the presence of U. australis as a misidentified introduced species in Brittany, and (3) the presence of U. fenestrata and U. rigida in southern Brittany. The taxonomic history of each species is discussed, highlighting issues within distromatic foliose taxa of the genus Ulva and the need to genetically characterize all its available type specimens.}, }
@article {pmid35034394, year = {2022}, author = {Andersen, JC and Havill, NP and Boettner, GH and Chandler, JL and Caccone, A and Elkinton, JS}, title = {Real-time geographic settling of a hybrid zone between the invasive winter moth (Operophtera brumata L.) and the native Bruce spanworm (O. bruceata Hulst).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {24}, pages = {6617-6633}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16349}, pmid = {35034394}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Moths/genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Seasons ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Hybridization plays an important and underappreciated role in shaping the evolutionary trajectories of species. Following the introduction of a non-native organism to a novel habitat, hybridization with a native congener may affect the probability of establishment of the introduced species. In most documented cases of hybridization between a native and a non-native species, a mosaic hybrid zone is formed, with hybridization occurring heterogeneously across the landscape. In contrast, most naturally occurring hybrid zones are clinal in structure. Here, we report on a long-term microsatellite data set that monitored hybridization between the invasive winter moth, Operophtera brumata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), and the native Bruce spanworm, O. bruceata, over a 12-year period. Our results document one of the first examples of the real-time formation and geographic settling of a clinal hybrid zone. In addition, by comparing one transect in Massachusetts where extreme winter cold temperatures have been hypothesized to restrict the distribution of winter moth, and one in coastal Connecticut, where winter temperatures are moderated by Long Island Sound, we found that the location of the hybrid zone appeared to be independent of environmental variables and maintained under a tension model wherein the stability of the hybrid zone was constrained by population density, reduced hybrid fitness, and low dispersal rates. Documenting the formation of a contemporary clinal hybrid zone may provide important insights into the factors that shaped other well-established hybrid zones.}, }
@article {pmid35034117, year = {2022}, author = {Proença, CEB and Tuler, AC and Lucas, EJ and Vasconcelos, TNDC and de Faria, JEQ and Staggemeier, VG and de-Carvalho, PS and Forni-Martins, ER and Inglis, PW and da Mata, LR and da Costa, IR}, title = {Diversity, phylogeny and evolution of the rapidly evolving genus Psidium L. (Myrtaceae, Myrteae).}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {129}, number = {4}, pages = {367-388}, pmid = {35034117}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; Forests ; *Myrtaceae/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Psidium/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Psidium is the fourthth largest genus of Myrtaceae in the Neotropics. Psidium guajava is widely cultivated in the tropics for its edible fruit. It is commercially under threat due to the disease guava decline. Psidium cattleyanum is one of the 100 most invasive organisms in the world. Knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships within Psidium is poor. We aim to provide a review of the biology, morphology and ecology of Psidium, a phylogenetic tree, an infrageneric classification and a list of species.<br><br>METHODS: Morphological and geographic data were obtained by studying Psidium in herbaria and in the field between 1988 and 2020. Forty-six herbaria were visited personally. A database of approx. 6000 specimens was constructed, and the literature was reviewed. Thirty species (about a third of the species in the genus) were sampled for molecular phylogenetic inference. Two chloroplast (psbA-trnH and ndhF) and two nuclear (external transcribed spacer and internal transcribed spacer) regions were targeted. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using maximum likelihood (ML; RaxML) and Bayesian inference (BI; MrBayes).<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Psidium is a monophyletic genus with four major clades recognized as sections. Section Psidium (ten species), to which P. guajava belongs, is sister to the rest of the genus; it is widespread across the Neotropics. Section Obversifolia (six species; restricted to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest), which includes P. cattleyanum, is sister to the innermost clade composed of sister sections Apertiflora (31 species; widespread but most diverse in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest)&#x2005;+&#x2005;Mitranthes (26 species; widespread in dry forests and probably diverse in the Caribbean). Characters associated with diversification within Psidium are discussed.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Research on pre-foliation, colleters, leaf anatomy, leaf physiology, staminal development, placentation and germination associated with the anatomy of the opercular plug is desirable. Studies are biased towards sections Psidium and Obversifolia, with other sections poorly known.}, }
@article {pmid35033211, year = {2022}, author = {Feuka, AB and Nafus, MG and Yackel Adams, AA and Bailey, LL and Hooten, MB}, title = {Individual heterogeneity influences the effects of translocation on urban dispersal of an invasive reptile.}, journal = {Movement ecology}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {2}, pmid = {35033211}, issn = {2051-3933}, support = {1614392//Division of Mathematical Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive reptiles pose a serious threat to global biodiversity, but early detection of individuals in an incipient population is often hindered by their cryptic nature, sporadic movements, and variation among individuals. Little is known about the mechanisms that affect the movement of these species, which limits our understanding of their dispersal. Our aim was to determine whether translocation or small-scale landscape features affect movement patterns of brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis), a destructive invasive predator on the island of Guam.<br><br>METHODS: We conducted a field experiment to compare the movements of resident (control) snakes to those of snakes translocated from forests and urban areas into new urban habitats. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to analyze snake movement mechanisms and account for attributes unique to invasive reptiles by incorporating multiple behavioral states and individual heterogeneity in movement parameters.<br><br>RESULTS: We did not observe strong differences in mechanistic movement parameters (turning angle or step length) among experimental treatment groups. We found some evidence that translocated snakes from both forests and urban areas made longer movements than resident snakes, but variation among individuals within treatment groups weakened this effect. Snakes translocated from forests moved more frequently from pavement than those translocated from urban areas. Snakes translocated from urban areas moved less frequently from buildings than resident snakes. Resident snakes had high individual heterogeneity in movement probability.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our approach to modeling movement improved our understanding of invasive reptile dispersal by allowing us to examine the mechanisms that influence their movement. We also demonstrated the importance of accounting for individual heterogeneity in population-level analyses, especially when management goals involve eradication of an invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid35032533, year = {2022}, author = {Haubrock, PJ and Cuthbert, RN and Hudgins, EJ and Crystal-Ornelas, R and Kourantidou, M and Moodley, D and Liu, C and Turbelin, AJ and Leroy, B and Courchamp, F}, title = {Geographic and taxonomic trends of rising biological invasion costs.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {817}, number = {}, pages = {152948}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152948}, pmid = {35032533}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) are a growing global ecological problem. Reports on the socio-economic impacts of biological invasions are accumulating, but our understanding of temporal trends across regions and taxa remains scarce. Accordingly, we investigated temporal trends in the economic cost of IAS and cost-reporting literature using the InvaCost database and meta-regression modelling approaches. Overall, we found that both the cost reporting literature and monetary costs increased significantly over time at the global scale, but costs increased faster than reports. Differences in global trends suggest that cost literature has accumulated most rapidly in North America and Oceania, while monetary costs have exhibited the steepest increase in Oceania, followed by Europe, Africa and North America. Moreover, the costs for certain taxonomic groups were more prominent than others and the distribution also differed spatially, reflecting a potential lack of generality in cost-causing taxa and disparate patterns of cost reporting. With regard to global trends within the Animalia and Plantae kingdoms, costs for flatworms, mammals, flowering and vascular plants significantly increased. Our results highlight significantly increasing research interest and monetary impacts of biological invasions globally, but uncover key regional differences driven by variability in reporting of costs across countries and taxa. Our findings also suggest that regions which previously had lower research effort (e.g., Africa) exhibit rapidly increasing costs, comparable to regions historically at the forefront of invasion research. While these increases may be driven by specific countries within regions, we illustrate that even after accounting for research effort (cost reporting), costs of biological invasions are rising.}, }
@article {pmid35031940, year = {2022}, author = {Qi, SS and Manoharan, B and Dhandapani, V and Jegadeesan, S and Rutherford, S and Wan, JSH and Huang, P and Dai, ZC and Du, DL}, title = {Pathogen resistance in Sphagneticola trilobata (Singapore daisy): molecular associations and differentially expressed genes in response to disease from a widespread fungus.}, journal = {Genetica}, volume = {150}, number = {1}, pages = {13-26}, pmid = {35031940}, issn = {1573-6857}, support = {2017YFC1200100//State Key Research Development Program of China/ ; 31700342//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31770446//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; PAPD//the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions/ ; }, mesh = {*Asteraceae ; Disease Resistance/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Introduced Species ; Singapore ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Understanding the molecular associations underlying pathogen resistance in invasive plant species is likely to provide useful insights into the effective control of alien plants, thereby facilitating the conservation of native biodiversity. In the current study, we investigated pathogen resistance in an invasive clonal plant, Sphagneticola trilobata, at the molecular level. Sphagneticola trilobata (i.e., Singapore daisy) is a noxious weed that affects both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and is less affected by pathogens in the wild than co-occurring native species. We used Illumina sequencing to investigate the transcriptome of S. trilobata following infection by a globally distributed generalist pathogen (Rhizoctonia solani). RNA was extracted from leaves of inoculated and un-inoculated control plants, and a draft transcriptome of S. trilobata was generated to examine the molecular response of this species following infection. We obtained a total of 49,961,014 (94.3%) clean reads for control (un-inoculated plants) and 54,182,844 (94.5%) for the infected treatment (inoculated with R. solani). Our analyses facilitated the discovery of 117,768 de novo assembled contigs and 78,916 unigenes. Of these, we identified 3506 differentially expressed genes and 60 hormones associated with pathogen resistance. Numerous genes, including candidate genes, were associated with plant-pathogen interactions and stress response in S. trilobata. Many recognitions, signaling, and defense genes were differentially regulated between treatments, which were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Overall, our findings improve our understanding of the genes and molecular associations involved in plant defense of a rapidly spreading invasive clonal weed, and serve as a valuable resource for further work on mechanism of disease resistance and managing invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid35029143, year = {2022}, author = {Westrick, SE and Laslo, M and Fischer, EK}, title = {The big potential of the small frog Eleutherodactylus coqui.}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {35029143}, issn = {2050-084X}, mesh = {*Animal Communication ; Animals ; Anura/classification/*physiology ; *Larva ; Life Cycle Stages/*physiology ; Puerto Rico ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {The Puerto Rican coquí frog Eleutherodactylus coqui is both a cultural icon and a species with an unusual natural history that has attracted attention from researchers in a number of different fields within biology. Unlike most frogs, the coquí frog skips the tadpole stage, which makes it of interest to developmental biologists. The frog is best known in Puerto Rico for its notoriously loud mating call, which has allowed researchers to study aspects of social behavior such as vocal communication and courtship, while the ability of coquí to colonize new habitats has been used to explore the biology of invasive species. This article reviews existing studies on the natural history of E. coqui and discusses opportunities for future research.}, }
@article {pmid35028988, year = {2022}, author = {Yagound, B and West, AJ and Richardson, MF and Selechnik, D and Shine, R and Rollins, LA}, title = {Brain transcriptome analysis reveals gene expression differences associated with dispersal behaviour between range-front and range-core populations of invasive cane toads in Australia.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, pages = {1700-1715}, pmid = {35028988}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Brain ; Bufo marinus/genetics ; Gene Expression ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Understanding the mechanisms allowing invasive species to adapt to novel environments is a challenge in invasion biology. Many invaders demonstrate rapid evolution of behavioural traits involved in range expansion such as locomotor activity, exploration and risk-taking. However, the molecular mechanisms that underpin these changes are poorly understood. In 86 years, invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) in Australia have drastically expanded their geographic range westward from coastal Queensland to Western Australia. During their range expansion, toads have undergone extensive phenotypic changes, particularly in behaviours that enhance the toads' dispersal ability. Common-garden experiments have shown that some changes in behavioural traits related to dispersal are heritable. At the molecular level, it is currently unknown whether these changes in dispersal-related behaviour are underlain by small or large differences in gene expression, nor is known the biological function of genes showing differential expression. Here, we used RNA-seq to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying dispersal-related behavioural changes. We compared the brain transcriptomes of toads from the Hawai'ian source population, as well as three distinct populations from across the Australian invasive range. We found markedly different gene expression profiles between the source population and Australian toads. By contrast, toads from across the Australian invasive range had very similar transcriptomic profiles. Yet, key genes with functions putatively related to dispersal behaviour showed differential expression between populations located at each end of the invasive range. These genes could play an important role in the behavioural changes characteristic of range expansion in Australian cane toads.}, }
@article {pmid35028754, year = {2022}, author = {Jaatinen, K and Hermansson, I and Mohring, B and Steele, BB and Öst, M}, title = {Mitigating impacts of invasive alien predators on an endangered sea duck amidst high native predation pressure.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {198}, number = {2}, pages = {543-552}, pmid = {35028754}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {158026//svenska kulturfonden/ ; 149014//svenska kulturfonden/ ; 138139//svenska kulturfonden/ ; 17/3317//svenska kulturfonden/ ; 16/1476//svenska kulturfonden/ ; 15/3296//svenska kulturfonden/ ; 14/2657//svenska kulturfonden/ ; 13/2654//svenska kulturfonden/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ducks ; *Eagles ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenically introduced invasive species represent a major threat to global biodiversity by causing population declines and extinctions of native species. The negative impacts of introduced predators are well documented, yet a fundamental knowledge gap exists regarding the efficiency of potential mitigation methods to restore the ecosystem. Other understudied aspects concern prey behavioural antipredator responses and the historical context of native predator-prey interactions, which may moderate invasion impacts on native prey. Invasion impacts of American mink (Neovison vison) and raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) into the Baltic Sea archipelago are poorly understood, and the efficiency of removal efforts as a means to alleviate depredation pressure on native prey is debated. Here, we examine the effectiveness of invasive predator removal on ground-nesting female common eider (Somateria mollissima) mortality, breeding success and breeding propensity over a 9-year period, while controlling for predation risk imposed by the main native predator, the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). Our results clearly show that intensified removal of American minks and raccoon dogs decreased the number of female eiders killed during nesting, while improving both nesting success and breeding propensity. Such obvious positive effects of invasive predator removal are particularly noteworthy against the backdrop of a soaring eagle population, indicating that the impacts of invasives may become accentuated when native predators differ taxonomically and by hunting mode. This study shows that invasive alien predator removal is an effective conservation measure clearly aiding native fauna even under severe native predation pressure. Such cost-effective conservation actions call for governmental deployment across large areas.}, }
@article {pmid35028495, year = {2022}, author = {Ullah, R and Khan, N and Ali, K}, title = {Which factor explains the life-history of Xanthium strumarium L., an aggressive alien invasive plant species, along its altitudinal gradient?.}, journal = {Plant direct}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {e375}, pmid = {35028495}, issn = {2475-4455}, abstract = {Invasive biology acknowledges the concept of better performance by invasive plants in the introduced range. Xanthium strumarium L. is one of the successful invasive species in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The phenological pattern, vegetative and reproductive traits plasticity analysis of the species was explored to explain the invasive success across the altitudinal gradient in the current invaded habitats. Phenological patterns and timing (seedling, vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting, drying, and seed bank) were observed during a full year for two seasons. We also examine plant functional traits at altitudes of 500, 1000, and 1500 m a.s.l. to assess traits and biomass variations. The X. strumarium exhibits late vegetative and reproductive phenology at higher altitudes, enabling them to occupy an empty niche and benefit from decreased competition for resource acquisition. The lower altitude plants show a higher growth rate (stem size increase, number of leaves, and leaf area) due to the higher nutrient availability. Higher altitude plants have the highest reproductive biomass and biomass ratio revealing plant abilities to be reproductively adapted in the higher altitudes. Among climatic variables, mean yearly temperature, mean annual yearly humidity, and mean day length in hours, while in soil variables, organic matter and nitrogen percentage significantly affect the phenological and morphological stages. Therefore, we conclude that X. strumarium can invade higher altitudes with a shift in its phenological and morphological changes making the invasion process successful.}, }
@article {pmid35026301, year = {2022}, author = {Zhang, J and Wang, Z and Klett, K and Qu, Y and Tan, K}, title = {Higher toxin tolerance to triptolide, a terpenoid foraged by a sympatric honeybee.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {137}, number = {}, pages = {104358}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104358}, pmid = {35026301}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; *Diterpenes/toxicity ; Epoxy Compounds ; Phenanthrenes/toxicity ; Plant Nectar ; Terpenes/toxicity ; }, abstract = {The thunder god vine, Tripterygium hypoglaucum, is a toxic nectar plant distributed across China. A terpenoid, called triptolide (TRP), found in nectar can impair honeybees' foraging responses, dance communication, and olfactory learning. In the present study, we tested the tolerances of the native honeybee Apis cerana and the introduced honeybee A. mellifera to short-term and long-term exposure to TRP. The results showed that introduced A. mellifera is more vulnerable in fatality to high concentrations of TRP sucrose solution (5 and 10 µg TRP mL[-1]) than A. cerana. We also compared the short-term and long-term exposure effects of TRP on olfactory learning and memory between the two honeybee species, and the olfactory learning and memory of both honey bee species showed impaired performance after both 2 h or 7 days of being fed with TRP sucrose solution. However, A. cerana showed a higher tolerance and resistance to TRP toxin than A. mellifera. Our results support a coevolution hypothesis in that the native species A. cerana has higher toxin tolerance than the introduced species A. mellifera.}, }
@article {pmid35025640, year = {2022}, author = {Fricke, EC and Ordonez, A and Rogers, HS and Svenning, JC}, title = {The effects of defaunation on plants' capacity to track climate change.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {375}, number = {6577}, pages = {210-214}, doi = {10.1126/science.abk3510}, pmid = {35025640}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Mammals ; Models, Biological ; Plant Dispersal ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Population Dynamics ; *Seed Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Half of all plant species rely on animals to disperse their seeds. Seed dispersal interactions lost through defaunation and gained during novel community assembly influence whether plants can adapt to climate change through migration. We develop trait-based models to predict pairwise interactions and dispersal function for fleshy-fruited plants globally. Using interactions with introduced species as an observable proxy for interactions in future novel seed dispersal networks, we find strong potential to forecast their assembly and functioning. We conservatively estimate that mammal and bird defaunation has already reduced the capacity of plants to track climate change by 60% globally. This strong reduction in the ability of plants to adapt to climate change through range shifts shows a synergy between defaunation and climate change that undermines vegetation resilience.}, }
@article {pmid35022078, year = {2022}, author = {Lombardo, A and Brocherel, G and Donnini, C and Fichi, G and Mariacher, A and Diaconu, EL and Carfora, V and Battisti, A and Cappai, N and Mattioli, L and De Liberato, C}, title = {First report of the zoonotic nematode Baylisascaris procyonis in non-native raccoons (Procyon lotor) from Italy.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {24}, pmid = {35022078}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; Ascaridida Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Ascaridoidea/*isolation &amp; purification ; Female ; Intestines/parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Italy/epidemiology ; Male ; Raccoons/*parasitology ; Zoonoses/epidemiology/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Baylisascaris procyonis is a nematode parasite of the raccoon (Procyon lotor), and it can be responsible for a severe form of larva migrans in humans. This parasite has been reported from many countries all over the world, after translocation of its natural host outside its native geographic range, North America. In the period between January and August 2021, 21 raccoons were cage-trapped and euthanized in Tuscany (Central Italy), in the context of a plan aimed at eradicating a reproductive population of this non-native species. All the animals were submitted for necroscopic examination. Adult ascariids were found in the small intestine of seven raccoons (prevalence 33.3%). Parasites have been identified as B. procyonis based on both morphometric and molecular approaches. The aim of the present article is to report the first finding of this zoonotic parasite from Italy, highlighting the sanitary risks linked to the introduction of alien vertebrate species in new areas.}, }
@article {pmid35021140, year = {2022}, author = {Guilherme da Silva, A and Carlos-Júnior, LA and Sasada Sato, CY and Lages, BG and Neres-Lima, V and Sá de Oliveira, FM and Maia, LF and Cappa de Oliveira, LF and Fleury, BG}, title = {Living with an enemy: Invasive sun-coral (Tubastraea spp.) competing against sponges Desmapsamma anchorata in southeastern Brazil.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {174}, number = {}, pages = {105559}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105559}, pmid = {35021140}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Brazil ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The azooxanthellate corals Tubastraea coccinea and T. tagusensis invaded the Brazilian coast in the 1980s and is still in expansion, favored by lower predation and competition pressure in their new habitats. Interestingly, the native sponge Desmapsamma anchorata has been observed overgrowing these corals. Considering that competitive displacement is expected to play a major role in the successful outcome of an invasion, the present study tested the physical and chemical mechanisms possibly involved in the competition between D. anchorata and the Tubastraea corals through field and aquaria experiments as well as the Raman spectroscopy technique for chemical analysis. Our results showed that the sponge grew in all directions including over Tubastraea colonies and regardless of its presence. There was no evidence of a specific chemical response among sponges or corals. However, we observed the extrusion of mesenteric filaments and tentacles of corals and the projection of sponge tissue during interspecific interaction, which suggests that physical imposition plays a key role for space competition at micro scales. Given the interspersed nature of benthic species distributions and the fast expansion of Tubastraea, it is unlikely that D. anchorata or any other sponges could serve a biological control against these invasive corals at larger scales, but our results showed that at a microscale they can withstand the corals presence and even outgrow them locally.}, }
@article {pmid35016538, year = {2022}, author = {Twining, JP and Sutherland, C and Reid, N and Tosh, DG}, title = {Habitat mediates coevolved but not novel species interactions.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {289}, number = {1966}, pages = {20212338}, pmid = {35016538}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Mustelidae ; Predatory Behavior ; Sciuridae ; }, abstract = {Ongoing recovery of native predators has the potential to alter species interactions, with community and ecosystem wide implications. We estimated the co-occurrence of three species of conservation and management interest from a multi-species citizen science camera trap survey. We demonstrate fundamental differences in novel and coevolved predator-prey interactions that are mediated by habitat. Specifically, we demonstrate that anthropogenic habitat modification had no influence on the expansion of the recovering native pine marten in Ireland, nor does it affect the predator's suppressive influence on an invasive prey species, the grey squirrel. By contrast, the direction of the interaction between the pine marten and a native prey species, the red squirrel, is dependent on habitat. Pine martens had a positive influence on red squirrel occurrence at a landscape scale, especially in native broadleaf woodlands. However, in areas dominated by non-native conifer plantations, the pine marten reduced red squirrel occurrence. These findings suggest that following the recovery of a native predator, the benefits of competitive release are spatially structured and habitat-specific. The potential for past and future landscape modification to alter established interactions between predators and prey has global implications in the context of the ongoing recovery of predator populations in human-modified landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid35013360, year = {2022}, author = {Henniges, MC and Powell, RF and Mian, S and Stace, CA and Walker, KJ and Gornall, RJ and Christenhusz, MJM and Brown, MR and Twyford, AD and Hollingsworth, PM and Jones, L and de Vere, N and Antonelli, A and Leitch, AR and Leitch, IJ}, title = {A taxonomic, genetic and ecological data resource for the vascular plants of Britain and Ireland.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {1}, pmid = {35013360}, issn = {2052-4463}, support = {NE/L002485/1//RCUK | Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)/ ; }, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Databases as Topic ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Ireland ; Tracheophyta/*classification ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {The vascular flora of Britain and Ireland is among the most extensively studied in the world, but the current knowledge base is fragmentary, with taxonomic, ecological and genetic information scattered across different resources. Here we present the first comprehensive data repository of native and alien species optimized for fast and easy online access for ecological, evolutionary and conservation analyses. The inventory is based on the most recent reference flora of Britain and Ireland, with taxon names linked to unique Kew taxon identifiers and DNA barcode data. Our data resource for 3,227 species and 26 traits includes existing and unpublished genome sizes, chromosome numbers and life strategy and life-form assessments, along with existing data on functional traits, species distribution metrics, hybrid propensity, associated biomes, realized niche description, native status and geographic origin of alien species. This resource will facilitate both fundamental and applied research and enhance our understanding of the flora's composition and temporal changes to inform conservation efforts in the face of ongoing climate change and biodiversity loss.}, }
@article {pmid35013353, year = {2022}, author = {Hejda, M and Čuda, J and Pyšková, K and Zambatis, G and Foxcroft, LC and MacFadyen, S and Storch, D and Tropek, R and Pyšek, P}, title = {Water availability, bedrock, disturbance by herbivores, and climate determine plant diversity in South-African savanna.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {338}, pmid = {35013353}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {18-18495S//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; 18-18495S//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; 18-18495S//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; 18-18495S//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; DSI-NRF//Universiteit Stellenbosch/ ; UNCE204069//Univerzita Karlova v Praze/ ; PRIMUS/17/SCI/8//Univerzita Karlova v Praze/ ; }, abstract = {To identify factors that drive plant species richness in South-African savanna and explore their relative importance, we sampled plant communities across habitats differing in water availability, disturbance, and bedrock, using the Kruger National Park as a model system. We made plant inventories in 60 plots of 50 × 50 m, located in three distinct habitats: (i) at perennial rivers, (ii) at seasonal rivers with water available only during the rainy season, and (iii) on crests, at least ~ 5 km away from any water source. We predicted that large herbivores would utilise seasonal rivers' habitats less intensely than those along perennial rivers where water is available throughout the year, including dry periods. Plots on granite harboured more herbaceous and shrub species than plots on basalt. The dry crests were poorer in herb species than both seasonal and perennial rivers. Seasonal rivers harboured the highest numbers of shrub species, in accordance with the prediction of the highest species richness at relatively low levels of disturbance and low stress from the lack of water. The crests, exposed to relatively low pressure from grazing but stressed by the lack of water, are important from the conservation perspective because they harbour typical, sometimes rare savanna species, and so are seasonal rivers whose shrub richness is stimulated and maintained by the combination of moderate disturbance imposed by herbivores and position in the middle of the water availability gradient. To capture the complexity of determinants of species richness in KNP, we complemented the analysis of the above local factors by exploring large-scale factors related to climate, vegetation productivity, the character of dominant vegetation, and landscape features. The strongest factor was temperature; areas with the highest temperatures reveal lower species richness. Our results also suggest that Colophospermum mopane, a dominant woody species in the north of KNP is not the ultimate cause of the lower plant diversity in this part of the park.}, }
@article {pmid35012982, year = {2022}, author = {McCarthy, AH and Peck, LS and Aldridge, DC}, title = {Ship traffic connects Antarctica's fragile coasts to worldwide ecosystems.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {119}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {35012982}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; *Ships ; *Transportation ; }, abstract = {Antarctica, an isolated and long considered pristine wilderness, is becoming increasingly exposed to the negative effects of ship-borne human activity, and especially the introduction of invasive species. Here, we provide a comprehensive quantitative analysis of ship movements into Antarctic waters and a spatially explicit assessment of introduction risk for nonnative marine species in all Antarctic waters. We show that vessels traverse Antarctica's isolating natural barriers, connecting it directly via an extensive network of ship activity to all global regions, especially South Atlantic and European ports. Ship visits are more than seven times higher to the Antarctic Peninsula (especially east of Anvers Island) and the South Shetland Islands than elsewhere around Antarctica, together accounting for 88% of visits to Southern Ocean ecoregions. Contrary to expectations, we show that while the five recognized "Antarctic Gateway cities" are important last ports of call, especially for research and tourism vessels, an additional 53 ports had vessels directly departing to Antarctica from 2014 to 2018. We identify ports outside Antarctica where biosecurity interventions could be most effectively implemented and the most vulnerable Antarctic locations where monitoring programs for high-risk invaders should be established.}, }
@article {pmid35011370, year = {2021}, author = {Feás, X and Vidal, C and Vázquez-Tato, MP and Seijas, JA}, title = {Asian Hornet, Vespa velutina Lepeletier 1836 (Hym.: Vespidae), Venom Obtention Based on an Electric Stimulation Protocol.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {35011370}, issn = {1420-3049}, support = {RD16/0017/001//Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ ; Project MAT2017-86109P//Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnolog&#xed;a/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Electric Stimulation/methods ; Female ; Wasp Venoms/chemistry/*isolation &amp; purification ; Wasps/chemistry/physiology ; }, abstract = {The yellow-legged Asian hornet (Vespa velutina Lepeletier 1836 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)) is naturally distributed in China, Southeast Asia, and India; however, recently it has been detected outside of its native area, confirmed as being established in South Korea, Europe, and Japan. Health risks and deaths caused by the invasive Vespa velutina stings have become a public health concern, being the most common cause of anaphylaxis due to hymenopterans in some European regions. This in turn has led to increased demand from medical practitioners and researchers for Vespa velutina venom for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In this study, a straightforward, quick, and inexpensive method for obtaining Vespa velutina venom by electric stimulation is described. The venom extracts were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ([1]H-NMR). The availability of Vespa velutina venom will lead to improved diagnostic and therapeutic methods, mainly by venom immunotherapy (VIT), in patients allergic to this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid35011205, year = {2022}, author = {Shuttleworth, CM and Everest, D and Holmes, P and Bell, S and Cripps, R}, title = {An Opportunistic Assessment of the Impact of Squirrelpox Disease Outbreaks upon a Red Squirrel Population Sympatric with Grey Squirrels in Wales.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {35011205}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Native red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) persisted in the coastal mainland woodlands of northern Gwynedd whilst sympatric with an invasive grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) population suppressed by culling. Squirrelpox disease in the red squirrel population was recorded in 2017 and 2020/21. An autumn 2020 outbreak was associated with only 17.4% of animals caught and marked in the preceding June known to be present in March 2021. Despite an opportunistic data collection lacking the rigour of empirical experimental design, we observed low local survival rates similar to previously published accounts reported during major squirrelpox outbreaks. The use of a conservation dog to detect red squirrel carcasses resulted in positive detection and confirmation of a temporal and spatial expansion of one disease outbreak. The study is the first in Wales to use conservation dogs and the findings reinforce the vital strategic importance of geographical isolation reducing sympatry of red with grey squirrels in European regions where the introduced congener is a source of the squirrelpox infection.}, }
@article {pmid35011108, year = {2021}, author = {Tolo, IE and Bajer, PG and Wolf, TM and Mor, SK and Phelps, NBD}, title = {Investigation of Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) Disease Periods and Factors Influencing CyHV-3 Transmission in A Low Stocking Density Infection Trial.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {35011108}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {XX//Minnesota Environment and Natural Resource Trust Fund/ ; XX//Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center/ ; XX//State of Minnesota/ ; }, abstract = {Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is the etiological agent of koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD) and important pathogen of aquaculture and wild populations of common carp worldwide. Understanding the relative contributions of direct and indirect transmission of CyHV-3 as well as the factors that drive CyHV-3 transmission can clarify the importance of environmental disease vectors and is valuable for informing disease modeling efforts. To study the mechanisms and factors driving CyHV-3 transmission we conducted infection trials that determined the kinetics of KHVD and the contributions of direct and indirect forms of CyHV-3 transmission, as well as the contributions of contact rate, viral load, pathogenicity and contact type. The incubation period of KHVD was 5.88 + 1.75 days and the symptomatic period was 5.31 + 0.87 days. Direct transmission was determined to be the primary mechanism of CyHV-3 transmission (OR = 25.08, 95%CI = 10.73-99.99, p = 4.29 × 10[-][18]) and transmission primarily occurred during the incubation period of KHVD. Direct transmission decreased in the symptomatic period of disease. Transmissibility of CyHV-3 and indirect transmission increased during the symptomatic period of disease, correlating with increased viral loads. Additionally, potential virulence-transmission tradeoffs and disease avoidance behaviors relevant to CyHV-3 transmission were identified.}, }
@article {pmid35010560, year = {2021}, author = {Shang, L and Zhai, X and Tian, W and Liu, Y and Han, Y and Deng, Y and Hu, Z and Tang, YZ}, title = {Pseudocochlodinium profundisulcus Resting Cysts Detected in the Ballast Tank Sediment of Ships Arriving in the Ports of China and North America and the Implications in the Species' Geographic Distribution and Possible Invasion.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {35010560}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {*Dinoflagellida/genetics ; Introduced Species ; North America ; Phylogeny ; Ships ; }, abstract = {Over the past several decades, much attention has been focused on the dispersal of aquatic nonindigenous species via ballast tanks of shipping vessels worldwide. The recently reclassified dinoflagellate Pseudocochlodinium profundisulcus (previously identified as Cochlodinium sp., Cochlodinium geminatum, or Polykrikos geminatus) was not reported in China until 2006. However, algal blooming events caused by this organism have been reported almost every year since then in the Pearl River Estuary and its adjacent areas in China. Whether P. profundisulcus is an indigenous or an invasive species has thus become an ecological question of great scientific and practical significance. In this study, we collected the sediments from ballast tanks of ships arriving in the ports of China and North America and characterized dinoflagellate resting cysts via a combined approach. We germinated two dark brownish cysts from the tank of an international ship (Vessel A) arriving at the Jiangyin Port (China) into vegetative cells and identified them as P. profundisulcus by light and scanning electron microscopy and phylogenetic analyses for partial LSU rDNA sequences. We also identified P. profundisulcus cyst from the ballast tank sediment of a ship (Vessel B) arriving in the port of North America via single-cyst PCR and cloning sequencing, which indicated that this species could be transported as resting cyst via ship. Since phylogenetic analyses based on partial LSU rDNA sequences could not differentiate all sequences among our cysts from those deposited in the NCBI database into sub-groups, all populations from China, Australia, Japan, and the original sources from which the cysts in the two vessels arrived in China and North America were carried over appeared to share a very recent common ancestor, and the species may have experienced a worldwide expansion recently. These results indicate that P. profundisulcus cysts may have been extensively transferred to many regions of the world via ships' ballast tank sediments. While our work provides an exemplary case for both the feasibility and complexity (in tracking the source) of the bio-invasion risk via the transport of live resting cysts by ship's ballast tanks, it also points out an orientation for future investigation.}, }
@article {pmid35009113, year = {2021}, author = {Kostić, O and Gajić, G and Jarić, S and Vukov, T and Matić, M and Mitrović, M and Pavlović, P}, title = {An Assessment of the Phytoremediation Potential of Planted and Spontaneously Colonized Woody Plant Species on Chronosequence Fly Ash Disposal Sites in Serbia-Case Study.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {35009113}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {451-03-9/2021-14/200007//Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia/ ; }, abstract = {In this study, the potential of planted (Tamarix tetrandra Pall. ex M.Bieb. and Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and spontaneously colonized (Amorpha fruticosa L. and Populus alba L.) woody species for the phytoremediation of potentially toxic trace elements (TEs) such as As, B, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Se, and Zn, from the chronosequence fly ash (FA) deposit lagoons (L1 and L2) at the 'Nikola Tesla A' Thermal Power Plant (TENT-A) in Serbia were analyzed. The differences in the pseodototal and bioavailable (DTPA-extractable) concentrations and mobility (AR index) of TEs in FA at the examined lagoons are a result of the time-conditioned influence of weathering (3 and 11 years respectively) and vegetation development on changing the basic physical and chemical properties of FA (texture, pH, EC, CEC, C, N, and bioavailable P and K) and its toxicity. This resulted in differences in the concentration of TEs in the roots and leaves of the examined plants at L1 and L2. All examined species accumulated Cr the most in the root (BAF > 1 and TF < 1), which suggests that they are good stabilizers of this element. Biological indices for As (BAF > 1 and TF < 1) identified T. tetrandra and A.&amp;nbsp;fruticose as good stabilizers of As. P. alba stood out as accumulating the highest levels of B, Ni, and Zn, T. tetrandra the highest levels of Cu, Mn, and Se, and R. pseudoacacia the highest levels of As and B in leaves (BAF > 1; TF > 1), which makes them good extractors of these elements from the FA at TENT-A. However, due to toxic concentrations of As, B, Se, and Zn in their leaves, they are not recommended for the phytoremediation of the investigated lagoons through the process of phytostabilization. Under conditions of elevated total Cu and Ni concentration in FA, the content of these elements in the leaves of A. fruticosa at both lagoons were within the normal range. This, in addition to a good supply of essential Zn, the stabilization of As and Cr in the roots, an increase in BAF, and a decrease in TF for B with a decrease in its mobility in ash over time, singles this invasive species out as the best candidate for the phytostabilization of TEs in FA at the TENT-A ash deposit site.}, }
@article {pmid35009110, year = {2021}, author = {Wijayabandara, K and Campbell, S and Vitelli, J and Shabbir, A and Adkins, S}, title = {Review of the Biology, Distribution, and Management of the Invasive Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis Poir).}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {35009110}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {2018000131//Department of Agriculture and Fisheries/ ; }, abstract = {Whilst exotic invasive species are a major threat to natural and modified ecosystems around the world, management programs to reduce their impacts often fail due to a lack of information about their biology and how best to control them in various situations. This paper reviews the currently available information on the biology, distribution, and management options for the invasive weed Senecio madagascariensis Poir. (fireweed). In addition, we developed a model to predict the climatic suitability of this weed around the world based on the current climate. Senecio madagascariensis originates from southern Africa but it has been introduced to several other countries including Australia. Climatic suitability suggests that there are large areas around the world suitable for the weed's growth where it is currently not present. The weed poses a major threat to livestock industries in these countries through its ability to reduce pasture production and poison animals. A range of control techniques have been used to try and manage S. madagascariensis. This paper highlights how a better understanding of the biology of S. madagascariensis can help determine the most effective treatments to impose and to further develop integrated management strategies. Besides using traditional approaches, the use of competitive pastures and more tolerant livestock (such as sheep and goats) are some of the other options recommended as part of an integrated approach. On-going research to identify host-specific biological control agents is also considered a priority.}, }
@article {pmid35009081, year = {2021}, author = {Fakhr, MA and Mazrou, YSA and Ellmouni, FY and ElSaied, A and Elhady, M and Elkelish, A and Nour, IH}, title = {Investigating the Phenotypic Plasticity of the Invasive Weed Trianthema portulacastrum L.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {35009081}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity is frequently highlighted as a key factor in plant invasiveness, as it enables invasive species to adapt to diverse, complicated habitats. Trianthema portulacastrum is one of the most common aggressive species that threaten different crops around the world. Phenotypic plasticity in T. portulacastrum was investigated by comparing variation in germination, vegetative macromorphology, photosynthetic pigments, stomatal complexes, and seed micromorphological traits of 35 samples collected from 35 different localities. One-way cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to classify samples into homogeneous groups based on the measured traits. Pairwise statistical comparisons were conducted between the three resulting groups. The phenotypic plasticity index (PI) was calculated and compared among different groups of characters. Results showed that photosynthetic pigments and macromorphological characteristics had the highest PI, followed by seed micromorphology, and then stomatal complex traits, while germination parameters showed the lowest PI. We propose that soil moisture, salinity, and temperature are the most determinative and explanative variables of the variation between the three classified groups. We strongly believe that the phenotypic plasticity of T. portulacastrum will support species abundance and spread even under expected changes in climatic conditions, in contrast to the vulnerable traditional crops.}, }
@article {pmid35009073, year = {2021}, author = {Nunes, LJR and Meireles, CIR and Gomes, CJP and Ribeiro, NMCA}, title = {The Impact of Climate Change on Forest Development: A Sustainable Approach to Management Models Applied to Mediterranean-Type Climate Regions.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {35009073}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {UIDP/05975/2020//FCT - Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; }, abstract = {Forest ecosystems are divided into three major groups: boreal, temperate, and tropical. These can be subdivided according to the particularities of each type due to its relative location (littoral, mountain, etc.), climatic conditions, or even geological substrate. Climate change affects each type of forest ecosystem differently. However, it seems to affect temperate forests in Mediterranean-type climate regions more intensely. These regions are located over several continents, with major impacts of increased temperature during summer and decreased precipitation during winter. This situation affects Mediterranean forest ecosystems by increasing the risk of fires, which arise more frequently and are more severe. In addition, the emergence of pests and the spread of invasive species are well-known problems affecting these ecosystems. All of these conditions contribute to losses of productivity and biodiversity. To avoid the destruction of forest resources, and since Mediterranean-type climate regions are considered climate change hot spots with increased vulnerability to disturbances, the implementation of adaptive forest management models could contribute to increasing the resilience of such forests, which could also contribute to mitigating climate change.}, }
@article {pmid35009007, year = {2021}, author = {Kato-Noguchi, H}, title = {Allelopathy of Knotweeds as Invasive Plants.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {35009007}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Perennial herbaceous Fallopia is native to East Asia, and was introduced to Europe and North America in the 19th century as an ornamental plant. Fallopia has been spreading quickly and has naturalized in many countries. It is listed in the world's 100 worst alien species. Fallopia often forms dense monospecies stands through the interruption of the regeneration process of indigenous plant species. Allelopathy of Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica), giant knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis), and Bohemian knotweed (Fallopia x bohemica) has been reported to play an essential role in its invasion. The exudate from their roots and/or rhizomes, and their plant residues inhibited the germination and growth of some other plant species. These knotweeds, which are non-mycorrhizal plants, also suppressed the abundance and species richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the rhizosphere soil. Such suppression was critical for most territorial plants to form the mutualism with AMF, which enhances the nutrient and water uptake, and the tolerance against pathogens and stress conditions. Several allelochemicals such as flavanols, stilbenes, and quinones were identified in the extracts, residues, and rhizosphere soil of the knotweeds. The accumulated evidence suggests that some of those allelochemicals in knotweeds may be released into the rhizosphere soil through the decomposition process of their plant parts, and the exudation from their rhizomes and roots. Those allelochemicals may inhibit the germination and growth of native plants, and suppress the mycorrhizal colonization of native plants, which provides the knotweeds with a competitive advantage, and interrupts the regeneration processes of native plants. Therefore, allelopathy of knotweeds may contribute to establishing their new habitats in the introduced ranges as invasive plant species. It is the first review article focusing on the allelopathy of knotweeds.}, }
@article {pmid35007376, year = {2022}, author = {DuBois, K and Pollard, KN and Kauffman, BJ and Williams, SL and Stachowicz, JJ}, title = {Local adaptation in a marine foundation species: Implications for resilience to future global change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {28}, number = {8}, pages = {2596-2610}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.16080}, pmid = {35007376}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {1234345//Division of Ocean Sciences/ ; 1829976//Division of Ocean Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Climate Change ; Temperature ; *Zosteraceae ; }, abstract = {Environmental change is multidimensional, with local anthropogenic stressors and global climate change interacting to differentially impact populations throughout a species' geographic range. Within species, the spatial distribution of phenotypic variation and its causes (i.e., local adaptation or plasticity) will determine species' adaptive capacity to respond to a changing environment. However, comparatively less is known about the spatial scale of adaptive differentiation among populations and how patterns of local adaptation might drive vulnerability to global change stressors. To test whether fine-scale (2-12 km) mosaics of environmental stress can cause adaptive differentiation in a marine foundation species, eelgrass (Zostera marina), we conducted a three-way reciprocal transplant experiment spanning the length of Tomales Bay, CA. Our results revealed strong home-site advantage in growth and survival for all three populations. In subsequent common garden experiments and feeding assays, we showed that countergradients in temperature, light availability, and grazing pressure from an introduced herbivore contribute to differential performance among populations consistent with local adaptation. Our findings highlight how local-scale mosaics in environmental stressors can increase phenotypic variation among neighboring populations, potentially increasing species resilience to future global change. More specifically, we identified a range-center eelgrass population that is pre-adapted to extremely warm temperatures similar to those experienced by low-latitude range-edge populations of eelgrass, demonstrating how reservoirs of heat-tolerant phenotypes may already exist throughout a species range. Future work on predicting species resilience to global change should incorporate potential buffering effects of local-scale population differentiation and promote a phenotypic management approach to species conservation.}, }
@article {pmid35003704, year = {2021}, author = {Lamb, AD and Lippi, CA and Watkins-Colwell, GJ and Jones, A and Warren, DL and Iglesias, TL and Brandley, MC and Dornburg, A}, title = {Comparing the dietary niche overlap and ecomorphological differences between invasive Hemidactylus mabouia geckos and a native gecko competitor.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {24}, pages = {18719-18732}, pmid = {35003704}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Hemidactylus mabouia is one of the most successful, widespread invasive reptile species and has become ubiquitous across tropical urban settings in the Western Hemisphere. Its ability to thrive in close proximity to humans has been linked to the rapid disappearance of native geckos. However, aspects of Hemidactylus mabouia natural history and ecomorphology, often assumed to be linked with this effect on native populations, remain understudied or untested. Here, we combine data from ∂15N and ∂13C stable isotopes, stomach contents, and morphometric analyses of traits associated with feeding and locomotion to test alternate hypotheses of displacement between H. mabouia and a native gecko, Phyllodactylus martini, on the island of Curaçao. We demonstrate substantial overlap of invertebrate prey resources between the species, with H. mabouia stomachs containing larger arthropod prey as well as vertebrate prey. We additionally show that H. mabouia possesses several morphological advantages, including larger sizes in feeding-associated traits and limb proportions that could offer a propulsive locomotor advantage on vertical surfaces. Together, these findings provide the first support for the hypotheses that invasive H. mabouia and native P. martini overlap in prey resources and that H. mabouia possess ecomorphological advantages over P. martini. This work provides critical context for follow-up studies of H. mabouia and P. martini natural history and direct behavioral experiments that may ultimately illuminate the mechanisms underlying displacement on this island and act as a potential model for other systems with Hemidactylus mabouia invasions.}, }
@article {pmid35003696, year = {2021}, author = {Lin, CH and Wen, TH and Liu, YH and Huang, RN and Liu, HK}, title = {Elucidating how the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) diffused spatiotemporally among different landscapes in north Taiwan, 2008-2015.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {24}, pages = {18604-18614}, pmid = {35003696}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Solenopsis invicta Buren, also known as the red imported fire ant (RIFA), has had a large negative impact on human and livestock health. However, few studies have further investigated the influence of human land use, which is an important factor affecting the habitats of insects, on the expansion of RIFAs. In addition, there is a lack of knowledge of the empirical associations between RIFA diffusion and land use within countries. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to provide an approach to delineate the areas of RIFA infestations and explore how land use influences the spatiotemporal diffusion of S. invicta. We used RIFA data from 2008 to 2015 from the RIFA surveillance system, which was conducted by the National RIFA Control Center in Taiwan. Two regions in Taiwan with different RIFA infestation levels were investigated. The ordinary kriging method was applied to show the spatial intensity of RIFAs, and the extreme distance estimator method was applied to determine the critical dispersal distances, which showed the distance of the highest probability of RIFAs in two consecutive years. In addition, network analyses were used to identify RIFA invasion routes between land-use types. Finally, bivariate local indicators of spatial association were used to capture the invasion process in time and space. The results showed, paddy fields, main roads, and warehouses were identified as the top three land-use types of diffusion sources. On average, the critical RIFA dispersal distances were 600 and 650 m in two consecutive years in high- and low-infestation regions, respectively. Finally, RIFAs were likely to diffuse between main roads and warehouses in the low-infestation region. Therefore, it is suggested that RIFA control activities be implemented at least 600 m from the observed spot. Additionally, control activities should be conducted on the identified three land-use types of diffusion sources in the high-infestation region, and the roadsides between main roads and warehouses in the low-infestation region to prevent the accidental spread of RIFAs.}, }
@article {pmid35003679, year = {2021}, author = {Jourdan, J and Riesch, R and Cunze, S}, title = {Off to new shores: Climate niche expansion in invasive mosquitofish (Gambusia spp.).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {24}, pages = {18369-18400}, pmid = {35003679}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {AIM: Formerly introduced for their presumed value in controlling mosquito-borne diseases, the two mosquitofish Gambusia affinis and G. holbrooki (Poeciliidae) are now among the world's most widespread invasive alien species, negatively impacting aquatic ecosystems around the world. These inconspicuous freshwater fish are, once their presence is noticed, difficult to eradicate. It is, therefore, of utmost importance to assess their geographic potential and to identify their likely ability to persist under novel climatic conditions.<br><br>LOCATION: Global.<br><br>METHODS: We build species distribution models using occurrence data from the native and introduced distribution ranges to identify putative niche shifts and further ascertain the areas climatically suitable for the establishment and possible spread of mosquitofish.<br><br>RESULTS: We found significant niche expansions into climatic regions outside their natural climatic conditions, emphasizing the importance of integrating climatic niches of both native and invasive ranges into projections. In particular, there was a marked shift toward tropical regions in Asia and a clear niche shift of European G. holbrooki. This ecological flexibility partly explains the massive success of the two species, and substantially increases the risk for further range expansion. We also showed that the potential for additional expansion resulting from climate change is enormous-especially in Europe.<br><br>MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Despite the successful invasion history and ongoing range expansions, many countries still lack proper preventive measures. Thus, we urge policy makers to carefully evaluate the risk both mosquitofish pose to a particular area and to initiate appropriate management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid35003635, year = {2021}, author = {Voulgaris, K and Varkoulis, A and Zaoutsos, S and Stratakis, A and Vafidis, D}, title = {Mechanical defensive adaptations of three Mediterranean sea urchin species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {24}, pages = {17734-17743}, pmid = {35003635}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {In the Mediterranean, Paracentrotus lividus and Sphaerechinus granularis are important drivers of benthic ecosystems, often coexisting in sublittoral communities. However, the introduction of the invasive diadematoid Diadema setosum, which utilizes venomous spines, may affect these communities. To describe the mechanical properties of the test and spines of these three species, specimens were collected in winter of 2019 from the sublittoral zone of the Dodecanese island complex, southeastern Aegean Sea. This region serves as a gateway for invasive species to the Mediterranean Sea. Crushing test was conducted on live individuals, while 3-point bending test was used to estimate spine stiffness. Porosity and mineralogy of the test and spine, thickness of the test, and breaking length of the spine were measured and compared, while the microstructural architecture was also determined. The test of S. granularis was the most robust (194.35 ± 59.59 N), while the spines of D. setosum (4.76 ± 2.13 GPa) exhibited highest flexibility. Increased porosity and thickness of the test were related to increased robustness, whereas increased flexibility of the spine was attributed to high porosity, indicating that porosity in the skeleton plays a key role in preventing fracture. The spines of S. granularis exhibited highest length after fracture % (71.54 ± 5.5%). D. setosum exhibited higher values of Mg concentration in the test (10%) compared with the spines (4%). For the first time, the mineralogy of an invasive species is compared with its native counterpart, while a comparison of the mechanical properties of different species of the same ecosystem also takes place. This study highlights different ways, in which sea urchins utilize their skeleton and showcases the ecological significance of these adaptations, one of which is the different ways of utilization of the skeleton for defensive purposes, while the other is the ability of D. setosum to decrease the Mg % of its skeleton degrading its mechanical properties, without compromising its defense, by depending on venomous bearing spines. This enables this species to occupy not only tropical habitats, where it is indigenous, but also temperate like the eastern Mediterranean, which it has recently invaded.}, }
@article {pmid35002443, year = {2022}, author = {Zahara, K and Bibi, Y and Arshad, M and Kaukab, G and Al Ayoubi, S and Qayyum, A}, title = {In-vitro examination and isolation of antidiarrheal compounds using five bacterial strains from invasive species Bidens bipinnata L.}, journal = {Saudi journal of biological sciences}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {472-479}, pmid = {35002443}, issn = {1319-562X}, abstract = {Bidens bipinnata is widely utilized medicinal plant for treatment of diseases like malaria, sore throat, acute nephritis and dysentery. However, despite its traditional uses Bidens bipinnata is not widely explored for its antimicrobial effect. Thus, the current study is aimed to form antimicrobial activity report of Bidens bipinnata extracts, along with isolation and evaluation of antibacterial activity of the isolated compounds through bioassay-guided purification. Hexane extract of its leaves has appeared to be most active thus it is exposed to automated column chromatography. Further purification using High-performance liquid chromatography has led to isolation of active peaks, identified by Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry, as 16-Pregnenolone and 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester. Their antimicrobial activity was confirmed via broth dilution procedure on Staphylococcus aureus, 16-Pregnenolone revealed a strong antimicrobial activity with MIC50 of 72 μg/mL whereas 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester display an MIC50 of >250 μg/mL. Present study is the first report on isolation of these compounds from Bidens bipinnata.}, }
@article {pmid35002046, year = {2022}, author = {Mühlenhaupt, M and Baxter-Gilbert, J and Makhubo, BG and Riley, JL and Measey, J}, title = {No evidence for innate differences in tadpole behavior between natural, urbanized, and invasive populations.}, journal = {Behavioral ecology and sociobiology}, volume = {76}, number = {1}, pages = {11}, pmid = {35002046}, issn = {0340-5443}, abstract = {ABSTRACT: Animals are increasingly challenged to respond to novel or rapidly changing habitats due to urbanization and/or displacement outside their native range by humans. Behavioral differences, such as increased boldness (i.e., propensity for risk-taking), are often observed in animals persisting in novel environments; however, in many cases, it is unclear how these differences arise (e.g., through developmental plasticity or evolution) or when they arise (i.e., at what age or developmental stage). In the Guttural Toad (Sclerophrys gutturalis), adult urban toads from both native and invasive ranges are bolder than conspecifics in natural habitats. Here, we reared Guttural Toad tadpoles in a common garden experiment, and tested for innate differences in boldness across their development and between individuals whose parents and lineage came from rural-native, urban-native, and urban-invasive localities (i.e., origin populations). Tadpoles did not differ in their boldness or in how their boldness changed over ontogeny based on their origin populations. In general, tadpoles typically became less bold as they aged, irrespective of origin population. Our findings indicate that differences in boldness in free-living adult Guttural Toads are not innate in the tadpole stage and we discuss three possible mechanisms driving phenotypic divergence in adult boldness for the focus of future research: habitat-dependent developmental effects on tadpole behavior, decoupled evolution between the tadpole and adult stage, and/or behavioral flexibility, learning, or acclimatization during the adult stage.<br><br>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: To determine if animals can persist in urban areas or become invasive outside their native ranges, it is important to understand how they adapt to life in the city. Our study investigates if differences in boldness that have been found in adult Guttural Toads (Sclerophrys gutturalis) represent heritable differences that can also be found in early life stages by rearing tadpoles from eggs in a common garden experiment. We did not find any differences in boldness among tadpoles from rural-native, urban-native, and urban-invasive origin populations. Our findings suggest that differences in boldness are not innate and/or that boldness is a behavioral trait that is decoupled between the tadpole and the adult stage.}, }
@article {pmid34997819, year = {2022}, author = {de Oliveira Pinto, I and Sarmento, MI and Martins, AO and Rocha, JPL and Pinto, G and Araújo, WL and Soares, AM and Sarmento, RA}, title = {Cell death and changes in primary metabolism: the onset of defence in Eucalyptus in the war against Leptocybe invasa.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {78}, number = {4}, pages = {1721-1728}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6791}, pmid = {34997819}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//National Council for Technological Scientific Development (CNPq)/ ; //Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)/ ; //The Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM)/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/Minist&#xe9;rio da Ci&#xea;ncia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior de Portugal/ ; //University of Aveiro (UA)/ ; //Instituto Federal de Educa&#xe7;&#xe3;o, Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia do Tocantins (IFTO)/ ; //Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Death ; *Eucalyptus ; Female ; Oviposition ; Plant Tumors ; *Wasps/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Here, we investigated changes in primary metabolism and cell death around oviposition sites in two hybrid clones of Eucalyptus with different degrees of resistance to Leptocybe invasa Fisher &amp; La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), as well as tolerance to water deficiency.<br><br>RESULTS: We showed that apices of the resistant clone with oviposition had a higher content of amino acids, organic acids and the compound putrescine compared with those of the susceptible clone with oviposition. By contrast, apices of the resistant clone with oviposition had lower sugar and pyruvate organic acid content than those of the susceptible clone with oviposition. Small areas of necrosis were induced around the oviposition sites in the stem apices of Eucalyptus 24&#x2009;h after infestation. The resistant clone developed larger necrotic areas that showed progressive increases 24-72&#x2009;h after infestation compared with the susceptible clone, in which cell death was significantly lower and no changes were observed in necrotic area over time. Thus, the programmed death of cells around the egg, modulated by several amino acids, is likely the first defence response of Eucalyptus against L. invasa.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results serve as the basis for the early identification of key metabolites produced in plants in defence against galling insects. &#xa9; 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid34995612, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, X and Zhang, H and Lu, G and Gao, T}, title = {Detection of an invasive species through an environmental DNA approach: The example of the red drum Sciaenops ocellatus in the East China Sea.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {815}, number = {}, pages = {152865}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152865}, pmid = {34995612}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *DNA, Environmental ; Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Introduced Species ; *Perciformes/genetics ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are among the most critical threats to local species diversity and ecosystem ecology. The red drum was introduced for marine aquaculture circa 1991 and has become a commercially important maricultural fish species in China and was widely cultured across the coastal areas in mainland China. However, after two decades of maricultural activities, the red drum has been consecutively recorded as escapees along the entire coastal waters of China. Due to the lack of effective monitoring methods, there are not many reports on its distribution in natural seas. In current study, the environmental DNA (eDNA) method was applied. A set of red drum-specific primers and probe were designed, and the distribution and biomass of the red drum were conducted in the East China Sea. The results showed that a total of 47 samples (26.40% of 178 samples) in 27 stations (61.36%) were found to be positive for red drum eDNA. The hotspot was found around the central areas of the East China Sea, especially around the Jiaojiang Estuary and Sanmen Bay area. Significant eDNA concentration differences were found among different stations. Moreover, the presence/absence was also found significantly different among stations. Vertical distribution differences of eDNA presence/absence and concentrations were also found. This study can provide technical support for the monitoring, evaluation, and eradication of invasive species in the future.}, }
@article {pmid34995300, year = {2022}, author = {Holden, CA and Bailey, JP and Taylor, JE and Martin, F and Beckett, P and McAinsh, M}, title = {Know your enemy: Application of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to invasive species control.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {e0261742}, pmid = {34995300}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Ploidies ; Polygonaceae/*classification/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; }, abstract = {Extreme weather and globalisation leave our climate vulnerable to invasion by alien species, which have negative impacts on the economy, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. Rapid and accurate identification is key to the control of invasive alien species. However, visually similar species hinder conservation efforts, for example hybrids within the Japanese Knotweed complex.We applied the novel method of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics (mathematics applied to chemical data) to historic herbarium samples, taking 1580 spectra in total. Samples included five species from within the interbreeding Japanese Knotweed complex (including three varieties of Japanese Knotweed), six hybrids and five species from the wider Polygonaceae family. Spectral data from herbarium specimens were analysed with several chemometric techniques: support vector machines (SVM) for differentiation between plant types, supported by ploidy levels; principal component analysis loadings and spectral biomarkers to explore differences between the highly invasive Reynoutria japonica var. japonica and its non-invasive counterpart Reynoutria japonica var. compacta; hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to investigate the relationship between plants within the Polygonaceae family, of the Fallopia, Reynoutria, Rumex and Fagopyrum genera.ATR-FTIR spectroscopy coupled with SVM successfully differentiated between plant type, leaf surface and geographical location, even in herbarium samples of varying age. Differences between Reynoutria japonica var. japonica and Reynoutria japonica var. compacta included the presence of two polysaccharides, glucomannan and xyloglucan, at higher concentrations in Reynoutria japonica var. japonica than Reynoutria japonica var. compacta. HCA analysis indicated that potential genetic linkages are sometimes masked by environmental factors; an effect that can either be reduced or encouraged by altering the input parameters. Entering the absorbance values for key wavenumbers, previously highlighted by principal component analysis loadings, favours linkages in the resultant HCA dendrogram corresponding to expected genetic relationships, whilst environmental associations are encouraged using the spectral fingerprint region.The ability to distinguish between closely related interbreeding species and hybrids, based on their spectral signature, raises the possibility of using this approach for determining the origin of Japanese knotweed infestations in legal cases where the clonal nature of plants currently makes this difficult and for the targeted control of species and hybrids. These techniques also provide a new method for supporting biogeographical studies.}, }
@article {pmid34993776, year = {2022}, author = {Milošković, A and Stojković Piperac, M and Kojadinović, N and Radenković, M and Đuretanović, S and Čerba, D and Milošević, &#x110; and Simić, V}, title = {Potentially toxic elements in invasive fish species Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) from different freshwater ecosystems and human exposure assessment.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {29}, number = {19}, pages = {29152-29164}, pmid = {34993776}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; Cadmium/analysis ; *Carps ; *Cyprinidae ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Lead/analysis ; *Mercury/analysis ; *Metals, Heavy/analysis ; Risk Assessment ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, and Zn were detected in the muscle and gills of Prussian carp from three different freshwater ecosystems: isolated ponds and the South Morava River in Serbia, and Kopačko Lake in complex wetland ecosystem of the Kopački Rit Nature Reserve in Croatia. The main goals of the present research were to assess the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the muscle and gills of Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio), to examine whether abiotic factors from three different freshwater ecosystems affect the accumulation of PTEs in fish tissues, and to estimate the human health risk resulting from fish consumption. There were only six concentrations of PTEs in the gill tissue (Cr, Hg, Mn, Pb, Sn, and Zn) that were not significantly different among the different freshwater ecosystems. In the muscles, the differences were much less visible. Kopačko Lake distinguished with the highest values of metal pollution index (MPI) for muscles (0.24) and isolated ponds with the highest values of MPI for gills (0.8). The redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that concentrations of Al, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe in the gill tissue were significantly correlated with the environmental variables. In contrast, the RDA based on element concentrations in the fish muscles indicated no significant relationship with the environment. Isolated ponds, with no inflow of freshwater, stand out as the most polluted, followed by Kopačko Lake with occasional floods. Flowing freshwater ecosystem South Morava River can be single out as at least polluted with PTEs. The target hazard quotients (THQ) and hazard index (HI) suggested there were no significant noncarcinogenic health risks. The target carcinogenic risk factor (TR) for As and Pb confirmed there were no cancer risks related to human fish consumption. Since the elevated concentrations of toxic Cd and As in Prussian carp were estimated, an early warning should be assumed, especially for fishing activities in these areas.}, }
@article {pmid34988945, year = {2022}, author = {de Medeiros, HF and Monteiro, MP and Caçador, AWB and Pereira, CM and de Lurdes Bezerra Praxedes, C and Martins, MB and Montes, MA and Garcia, ACL}, title = {First Records of the Invading Species Drosophila Nasuta (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in the Amazon.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {51}, number = {3}, pages = {493-497}, pmid = {34988945}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {425274/2018-7//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Brazil ; *Drosophila/classification ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invading species pose a growing threat to biodiversity, ecosystemic systems, regional economies, and public health. In recent decades, South America has received five exotic drosophilids species, some of which have invaded natural ecosystems and caused harm to agriculture. The most recent case is the Asian fly Drosophila nasuta Lamb. In the present study, we record D. nasuta in the Amazon, which is the largest and most biodiverse tropical rainforest in the world. Sampling of drosophilids was carried out between 2012 and 2017 in the Brazilian state of Pará. Drosophila nasuta was first detected on 1[st] July 2017, with 145 individuals of this species sampled among the 11,496 drosophilids caught. Although at low abundance, D. nasuta was recorded in forest fragments, anthropized fields, and urban environment. The records of the species occurred in the six municipalities of the state of Pará investigated at locations separated by approximately 700 km. In less than 10 years, D. nasuta has occupied approximately 2.5 million km[2] in South America. The present findings assist in understanding the susceptibility of tropical forests to biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid34986801, year = {2022}, author = {Bail, J and Gomez, JAM and de Oliveira Vaz, GC and de Castro, WAC and Bonugli-Santos, RC}, title = {Structural and functional changes in the fungal community of plant detritus in an invaded Atlantic Forest.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {10}, pmid = {34986801}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {Biodegradation, Environmental ; Biomass ; *Forests ; Fungi/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Mycobiome/*physiology ; Plants/*metabolism ; Tradescantia/microbiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Changes in the fungal community in the litter decomposition by invasive plants can negatively impact nutrient cycling in natural ecosystems. One still does not know the dimension of this hypothesis, but apparently, it is not despicable. This study evaluated the assemblage composition of fungi during litter decomposition in areas of Atlantic Forest invaded or not invaded by Tradescantia zebrina using Illumina MiSeq and metabarcoding analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: The invaded sample showed significantly higher richness and a difference in the species dominance than the invaded litter. Ascomycota was the first most abundant phylum in both areas. Even so, the dissimilarity between areas can be evidenced. The fungal from Basidiomycota were very representative in the non-invaded areas (ranged from an abundance of 43.29% in the non-invaded to 2.35% in the invaded sample). The genus Lepiota can indicate the primary functional group related to biomass degradation and showed the might difference about the invaded areas due to its essential reduction by the invader. In the invaded sample, there was a total absence of the endophyte-undefined saprotroph guild. Also, some genera not taxonomically characterized were eliminated in the invaded sample, revealing that the fungal biodiversity of areas has not yet been thoroughly characterized.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Hence, makes impossible the real interpretation of the invasive plant impact, showing the importance of continuing research on fungal biodiversity. It is important to emphasize that the replacement of the native species by T. zebrina may be responsible for the elimination of fungal groups that have not yet been identified.}, }
@article {pmid34984457, year = {2022}, author = {Abram, PK and Wang, X and Hueppelsheuser, T and Franklin, MT and Daane, KM and Lee, JC and Lue, CH and Girod, P and Carrillo, J and Wong, WHL and Kula, RR and Gates, MW and Hogg, BN and Moffat, CE and Hoelmer, KA and Sial, AA and Buffington, ML}, title = {A Coordinated Sampling and Identification Methodology for Larval Parasitoids of Spotted-Wing Drosophila.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {115}, number = {4}, pages = {922-942}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toab237}, pmid = {34984457}, issn = {1938-291X}, support = {2018-51300-28434//USDA Organic Research and Extension Initiative/ ; 2020-51181-32140//USDA Specialty Crop Research Initiative/ ; //Canadian Agriculture Partnership/ ; //Lower Mainland Horticultural Improvement Association/ ; 2955//Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada/ ; CRIS 2072-22000-040-00D//USDA ARS/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Drosophila ; Europe ; *Fruit ; Insect Control/methods ; Larva ; North America ; }, abstract = {We provide recommendations for sampling and identification of introduced larval parasitoids of spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae). These parasitoids are either under consideration for importation (aka classical) biological control introductions, or their adventive (presumed to have been accidentally introduced) populations have recently been discovered in North America and Europe. Within the context of the ecology of D. suzukii and its parasitoids, we discuss advantages and disadvantages of estimating larval parasitism levels using different methods, including naturally collected fruit samples and sentinel baits. For most situations, we recommend repeated sampling of naturally occurring fruit rather than using sentinel baits to monitor seasonal dynamics of host plant-Drosophila-parasitoid associations. We describe how to separate Drosophilidae puparia from host fruit material in order to accurately estimate parasitism levels and establish host-parasitoid associations. We provide instructions for identification of emerging parasitoids and include a key to the common families of parasitoids of D. suzukii. We anticipate that the guidelines for methodology and interpretation of results that we provide here will form the basis for a large, multi-research team sampling effort in the coming years to characterize the biological control and nontarget impacts of accidentally and intentionally introduced larval parasitoids of D. suzukii in several regions of the world.}, }
@article {pmid34984439, year = {2022}, author = {Garrison, RR and Tobin, PC}, title = {Development of Azalea Lace Bug, Stephanitis pyrioides, on Susceptible and Resistant Rhododendron species in Western Washington.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, pages = {233-239}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toab257}, pmid = {34984439}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Heteroptera ; Nymph ; Plants ; *Rhododendron ; Washington ; }, abstract = {The invasive azalea lace bug, Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott) (Tingidae: Hemiptera), is an important pest of Rhododendron (L.) (Ericales: Ericaceae). Feeding by nymphs and adults removes chlorophyll, reduces rates of photosynthesis and transpiration, and causes leaf stippling, which reduces the aesthetic value of infested plants. Rhododendron spp. are a major component of landscapes in the Pacific Northwest. Previous studies on the seasonality of S. pyrioides in North America are largely from the southeastern United States, which could have limited applicability in the Pacific Northwest. To quantify S. pyrioides seasonality in western Washington, we sampled ~200 leaves from 18 Rhododendron plants 1-2 times per wk from April to October over 2 yr, and microscopically counted the number of eggs, early instars, late instars, and adults. We developed a degree-day model for first generation S. pyrioides, which we used to estimate that S. pyrioides undergoes two full and a partial third generation in western Washington. Our model estimates 5 and 50% early instar occurrence, after hatching from overwintering eggs, at 69 and 171 accumulated degree-days from 1 January, respectively, when using a base threshold of 10.2°, which can be used to optimize the timing of management decisions. We also observed faster development and adult emergence when S. pyrioides nymphs feed on susceptible host plants relative to more resistant host plants, which may influence the timing of management decisions and potentially increase the probability of a full third generation. This research enhances our knowledge of an emerging invasive species in the Pacific Northwest.}, }
@article {pmid34983839, year = {2022}, author = {Lee, H and Gore, J and Korolev, KS}, title = {Slow expanders invade by forming dented fronts in microbial colonies.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {119}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {34983839}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {R01 GM102311/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 GM138530/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Biofilms ; Culture Media ; Enterobacteriaceae/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Mutation ; }, abstract = {Most organisms grow in space, whether they are viruses spreading within a host tissue or invasive species colonizing a new continent. Evolution typically selects for higher expansion rates during spatial growth, but it has been suggested that slower expanders can take over under certain conditions. Here, we report an experimental observation of such population dynamics. We demonstrate that mutants that grow slower in isolation nevertheless win in competition, not only when the two types are intermixed, but also when they are spatially segregated into sectors. The latter was thought to be impossible because previous studies focused exclusively on the global competitions mediated by expansion velocities, but overlooked the local competitions at sector boundaries. Local competition, however, can enhance the velocity of either type at the sector boundary and thus alter expansion dynamics. We developed a theory that accounts for both local and global competitions and describes all possible sector shapes. In particular, the theory predicted that a slower on its own, but more competitive, mutant forms a dented V-shaped sector as it takes over the expansion front. Such sectors were indeed observed experimentally, and their shapes matched quantitatively with the theory. In simulations, we further explored several mechanisms that could provide slow expanders with a local competitive advantage and showed that they are all well-described by our theory. Taken together, our results shed light on previously unexplored outcomes of spatial competition and establish a universal framework to understand evolutionary and ecological dynamics in expanding populations.}, }
@article {pmid34983608, year = {2022}, author = {Becker, N and Langentepe-Kong, SM and Tokatlian Rodriguez, A and Oo, TT and Reichle, D and Lühken, R and Schmidt-Chanasit, J and Lüthy, P and Puggioli, A and Bellini, R}, title = {Integrated control of Aedes albopictus in Southwest Germany supported by the Sterile Insect Technique.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {9}, pmid = {34983608}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology/radiation effects ; Animals ; Female ; Germany ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; Male ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Pupa/radiation effects ; Quality Control ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The invasive species Aedes albopictus, commonly known as the Asian tiger mosquito, has undergone extreme range expansion by means of steady introductions as blind passengers in vehicles traveling from the Mediterranean to south-west Germany. The more than 25 established populations in the State of Baden-Württemberg, Palatine and Hesse (south-west Germany) have become a major nuisance and public health threat. Aedes albopictus deserves special attention as a vector of arboviruses, including dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses. In Germany, Ae. albopictus control programs are implemented by local communities under the auspices of health departments and regulatory offices.<br><br>METHODS: The control strategy comprised three pillars: (i) community participation (CP) based on the elimination of breeding sites or improved environmental sanitation, using fizzy tablets based on Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (fizzy Bti tablets; Culinex&#xae; Tab plus); (ii) door-to-door (DtD) control by trained staff through the application of high doses of a water-dispersible Bti granular formulation (Vectobac&#xae; WG) aimed at achieving a long-lasting killing effect; and (iii) implementation of the sterile insect technique (SIT) to eliminate remaining Ae. albopictus populations. Prior to initiating large-scale city-wide treatments on a routine basis, the efficacy of the three elements was evaluated in laboratory and semi-field trials. Special emphasis was given to the mass release of sterile Ae. albopictus males.<br><br>RESULTS: More than 60% of the local residents actively participated in the first pillar (CP) of the large-scale control program. The most effective element of the program was found to be the DtD intervention, including the application of Vectobac&#xae; WG (3000 ITU/mg) to potential breeding sites (10&#xa0;g per rainwater container, maximum of 200 l = maximum of approx. 150,000 ITU/l, and 2.5&#xa0;g per container&#x2009;<&#x2009;50 l) with a persistence of at least 3 weeks. In Ludwigshafen, larval source management resulted in a Container Index for Ae. albopictus of < 1% in 2020 compared to 10.9% in 2019. The mean number of Aedes eggs per ovitrap per 2&#xa0;weeks was 4.4 in Ludwigshafen, 18.2 in Metzgergr&#xfc;n (Freiburg) (SIT area) and 22.4 in the control area in Gartenstadt (Freiburg). The strong reduction of the Ae. albopictus population by Bti application was followed by weekly releases of 1013 (Ludwigshafen) and 2320 (Freiburg) sterile Ae. albopictus males per hectare from May until October, resulting in a high percentage of sterile eggs. In the trial areas of Ludwigshafen and Frieburg, egg sterility reached 84.7&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;12.5% and 62.7&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;25.8%, respectively; in comparison, the natural sterility in the control area was 14.6&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;7.3%. The field results were in line with data obtained in cage tests under laboratory conditions where sterility rates were 87.5&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;9.2% after wild females mated with sterile males; in comparison, the sterility of eggs laid by females mated with unirradiated males was only 3.3&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;2.8%. The overall egg sterility of about 84% in Ludwigshafen indicates that our goal to almost eradicate the Ae. albopictus population could be achieved. The time for inspection and treatment of a single property ranged from 19 to 26&#xa0;min depending on the experience of the team and costs 6-8 euros per property.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: It is shown that an integrated control program based on a strict monitoring scheme can be most effective when it comprises three components, namely CP, DtD intervention that includes long-lasting Bti-larviciding to strongly reduce Ae. albopictus populations and SIT to reduce the remaining Ae. albopictus population to a minimum or even to eradicate it. The combined use of Bti and SIT is the most effective and selective tool against Ae. albopictus, one of the most dangerous mosquito vector species.}, }
@article {pmid34981220, year = {2022}, author = {Slesak, RA and Harrington, TB and D'Amato, AW and Peter, DH}, title = {Removal of invasive Scotch broom increases its negative effects on soil chemistry and plant communities.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {198}, number = {1}, pages = {243-254}, pmid = {34981220}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {GRANT11325729//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, mesh = {*Cytisus ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {Recovery of ecosystem properties following removal of invasive plants likely varies with characteristics of the plant and the relative soil quality at a given site. These factors may influence the occurrence of soil legacies and secondary invasions, hindering the effectiveness of restoration strategies. We assessed the potential for ecosystem recovery following removal of N-fixing Scotch broom for 4 years at two sites that contrasted strongly in soil quality in western Washington and Oregon, USA. Comparisons were made among plots, where Scotch broom was never present (uninvaded), retained, or removed. Scotch broom removal increased PAR and soil temperature but had limited effects on soil moisture. Concentrations of soil Ca, Mg, K, and P were significantly lower with Scotch broom removal, with the effect being most pronounced at the low-quality site. NMS ordinations indicated that the treatments differed in vegetation composition, with limited recovery following broom removal. Non-native and native species varied inversely in their abundance responses, where non-native species abundance was greatest in the removal treatment, intermediate in the retained treatment, and lowest in the uninvaded treatment, indicating occurrence of a secondary invasion following removal. As with the soil response, effects were more pronounced at the low-quality site. Our findings indicate that Scotch broom removal exacerbates negative effects on soil chemistry and plant communities, with little evidence of recovery over our study period. These findings highlight the importance of controlling Scotch broom invasions immediately after the species establishes, especially on low-quality sites that are more susceptible to Scotch broom invasion.}, }
@article {pmid34972253, year = {2022}, author = {Li, SP and Jia, P and Fan, SY and Wu, Y and Liu, X and Meng, Y and Li, Y and Shu, WS and Li, JT and Jiang, L}, title = {Functional traits explain the consistent resistance of biodiversity to plant invasion under nitrogen enrichment.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {778-789}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13951}, pmid = {34972253}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {NSFC31971553//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; CBET-1833988//National Science Foundation/ ; DEB-1856318//National Science Foundation/ ; //Shanghai Rising-Star Program/ ; }, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Nitrogen ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Elton's biotic resistance hypothesis, which posits that diverse communities should be more resistant to biological invasions, has received considerable experimental support. However, it remains unclear whether such a negative diversity-invasibility relationship would persist under anthropogenic environmental change. By using the common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) as a model invader, our 4-year grassland experiment demonstrated consistently negative relationships between resident species diversity and community invasibility, irrespective of nitrogen addition, a result further supported by a meta-analysis. Importantly, our experiment showed that plant diversity consistently resisted invasion simultaneously through increased resident biomass, increased trait dissimilarity among residents, and increased community-weighted means of resource-conservative traits that strongly resist invasion, pointing to the importance of both trait complementarity and sampling effects for invasion resistance even under resource enrichment. Our study provides unique evidence that considering species' functional traits can help further our understanding of biotic resistance to biological invasions in a changing environment.}, }
@article {pmid34971690, year = {2022}, author = {Kouba, A and Oficialdegui, FJ and Cuthbert, RN and Kourantidou, M and South, J and Tricarico, E and Gozlan, RE and Courchamp, F and Haubrock, PJ}, title = {Identifying economic costs and knowledge gaps of invasive aquatic crustaceans.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {813}, number = {}, pages = {152325}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152325}, pmid = {34971690}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea ; *Decapoda ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Despite voluminous literature identifying the impacts of invasive species, summaries of monetary costs for some taxonomic groups remain limited. Invasive alien crustaceans often have profound impacts on recipient ecosystems, but there may be great unknowns related to their economic costs. Using the InvaCost database, we quantify and analyse reported costs associated with invasive crustaceans globally across taxonomic, spatial, and temporal descriptors. Specifically, we quantify the costs of prominent aquatic crustaceans - crayfish, crabs, amphipods, and lobsters. Between 2000 and 2020, crayfish caused US$ 120.5 million in reported costs; the vast majority (99%) being attributed to representatives of Astacidae and Cambaridae. Crayfish-related costs were unevenly distributed across countries, with a strong bias towards European economies (US$ 116.4 million; mainly due to the signal crayfish in Sweden), followed by costs reported from North America and Asia. The costs were also largely predicted or extrapolated, and thus not based on empirical observations. Despite these limitations, the costs of invasive crayfish have increased considerably over the past two decades, averaging US$ 5.7 million per year. Invasive crabs have caused costs of US$ 150.2 million since 1960 and the ratios were again uneven (57% in North America and 42% in Europe). Damage-related costs dominated for both crayfish (80%) and crabs (99%), with management costs lacking or even more under-reported. Reported costs for invasive amphipods (US$ 178.8 thousand) and lobsters (US$ 44.6 thousand) were considerably lower, suggesting a lack of effort in reporting costs for these groups or effects that are largely non-monetised. Despite the well-known damage caused by invasive crustaceans, we identify data limitations that prevent a full accounting of the economic costs of these invasive groups, while highlighting the increasing costs at several scales based on the available literature. Further cost reports are needed to better assess the true magnitude of monetary costs caused by invasive aquatic crustaceans.}, }
@article {pmid34966576, year = {2021}, author = {Keszte, S and Ferincz, A and Tóth-Ihász, K and Balogh, RE and Staszny, &#xc1; and Hegyi, &#xc1; and Takács, P and Urbanyi, B and Kovács, B}, title = {Mitochondrial sequence diversity reveals the hybrid origin of invasive gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) populations in Hungary.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e12441}, pmid = {34966576}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive gibel carp, Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) has become well-established in the Hungarian waters and now are spreading in the European waters. On major concern now is the potential hybridization between gibel carp and the other invasive species in the Carassius auratus complex (CAC), which may further accelerate the spread of the whole invasive species complex. The identification of gibel carp and their hybrids is difficult because of its morphological similarity to the other species in CAC. Here we carry out a genomic assessment to understand the history of gibel carp invasion and its phylogenetic relationship with the other species in CAC. Three loci of the mitochondrial genome (D-loop, CoI, Cytb) were used to determine the phylogenetic origin of individuals and relarionship among six gibel carp populations and the other species in the CAC.<br><br>METHODOLGY: A total of 132 gibel carp samples from six locations in Southern Transdanubia (Hungary) were collected after phenotypic identification to measure the genetic diversity within and among gibel carp populations of Southern Transdanubia (Hungary). The genetic background was examined by the sequences of the mitochondrial genome: D-loop, Cytochrome c oxidase I (CoI) and Cytochrome b (Cytb). Mitochondrial genetic markers are excellent tools for phylogenetic studies because they are maternally inherited. Successfully identified haplotypes were aligned and with reference sequences in nucleotide databases (i.e., NCBI-BLAST: National Centre for Biotechnology Information and BOLD: Barcode of Life Data System). The phylogenetic relationships among gibel carp populations were then analyzed together with the reference sequences to understand the relationship and the level of hybridization with the species in CAC.<br><br>RESULTS: Among the 132 aligned D-loop sequences 22 haplotypes were identified. Further examination of representative individuals of the 22 haplotypes, six Cytb and four CoI sequences were detected. The largest number of haplotypes of all three loci were found in Lake Balaton, the largest shallow lake in Central Europe. Based on the NCBI-BLAST alignment of the D-loop, haplotypes of Carassius auratus auratus and Carassius a. buergeri in CAC were identified in the C. gibelio samples. Further analysis of haplotypes with the other two mitochondrial markers confirmed the occurrence of intragenus hybridization of C. gibelio in the Hungarian waters.<br><br>CONCLUSION: By using three mitochondrial markers (D-loop, Cytb, CoI), we genomically characterized a gibel carp-complex in Hungarian waters and assessed the C. gibelio phylogenetic status between them. Hybrid origin of locally invasive Carassius taxon was detected in Hungary. It points out that invasive species are not only present in Hungary but reproduce with each other in the waters, further accelerating their spread.}, }
@article {pmid34966244, year = {2021}, author = {Chang, CS and Kwon, SY and Shin, HT and Jung, SY and Kim, H}, title = {Vascular plants occurrences in Dokdo Islands, Korea, based on herbarium collections and legacy botanical literature.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e77695}, pmid = {34966244}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The vascular flora of the Dokdo Islands has been reported, based on primary collections made in 2012 and 2013 and legacy botanical literature. The Dokdo Islands are the remotest islands of Korea, located in the East Sea approximately 87 km from Ulleungdo Islands. They comprise two main volcanic islands, Dongdo (east islands) and Seodo (west islands) and minor islets surrounding the two main islands. This research was conducted to document vascular plant species inhabiting Korea's most inaccessible islands. We present a georeferenced dataset of vascular plant species collected during field studies on the Dokdo Islands over the past seven decades.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: In the present inventory of the flora of Dokdo, there are listed 108 species belonging to 78 genera and 39 families, including 93 native species and 15 newly human-induced naturalised species for these Islands' flora. The Poaceae and Asteraceae families are the most diverse, with 22 and 15 taxa, respectively. Some of the previously-listed taxa were not found on Dokdo probably because they are rare and the limited time did not allow collectors to find rare species. The spread of introduced species, especially the invasive grass Bromuscatharticus Vahl., affects several native species of Dokdo flora.}, }
@article {pmid34965253, year = {2021}, author = {Champer, SE and Oakes, N and Sharma, R and García-Díaz, P and Champer, J and Messer, PW}, title = {Modeling CRISPR gene drives for suppression of invasive rodents using a supervised machine learning framework.}, journal = {PLoS computational biology}, volume = {17}, number = {12}, pages = {e1009660}, pmid = {34965253}, issn = {1553-7358}, support = {R01 GM127418/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/*genetics ; Female ; Gene Drive Technology/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Models, Genetic ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Population Control ; Population Dynamics ; Rats ; *Supervised Machine Learning ; }, abstract = {Invasive rodent populations pose a threat to biodiversity across the globe. When confronted with these invaders, native species that evolved independently are often defenseless. CRISPR gene drive systems could provide a solution to this problem by spreading transgenes among invaders that induce population collapse, and could be deployed even where traditional control methods are impractical or prohibitively expensive. Here, we develop a high-fidelity model of an island population of invasive rodents that includes three types of suppression gene drive systems. The individual-based model is spatially explicit, allows for overlapping generations and a fluctuating population size, and includes variables for drive fitness, efficiency, resistance allele formation rate, as well as a variety of ecological parameters. The computational burden of evaluating a model with such a high number of parameters presents a substantial barrier to a comprehensive understanding of its outcome space. We therefore accompany our population model with a meta-model that utilizes supervised machine learning to approximate the outcome space of the underlying model with a high degree of accuracy. This enables us to conduct an exhaustive inquiry of the population model, including variance-based sensitivity analyses using tens of millions of evaluations. Our results suggest that sufficiently capable gene drive systems have the potential to eliminate island populations of rodents under a wide range of demographic assumptions, though only if resistance can be kept to a minimal level. This study highlights the power of supervised machine learning to identify the key parameters and processes that determine the population dynamics of a complex evolutionary system.}, }
@article {pmid34963781, year = {2021}, author = {Delfino, M and Signorelli, JH}, title = {Taxonomic Revision of Living Boring Bivalves Belonging to the Family Pholadidae Lamarck, 1809, (Bivalvia: Myida) from the Southwestern Atlantic.}, journal = {Zoological studies}, volume = {60}, number = {}, pages = {e28}, doi = {10.6620/ZS.2021.60-28}, pmid = {34963781}, issn = {1810-522X}, abstract = {Boring bivalves of the family Pholadidae Lamarck, 1809 living in Argentinean and Uruguayan waters are herein revised. The literature research revealed twelve nominal species of Pholadidae mentioned as living in the study area. Type material of all nominal taxa were examined when it was possible. Additional specimens from field works and malacological collections were studied, illustrated and re-described. Details of type localities, repositories, and distribution range are provided for each valid taxa. This work revealed the presence of five native and one introduced species belonging to Pholadidae in Argentinean and Uruguayan waters. Barnea (Anchomasa) lamellosa, Cyrtopleura (Scobinopholas) lanceolata, Pholas (Thovana) campechiensis and Martesia fragilis belonging to the Argentine biogeographical province; Netastoma darwinii from Magellan province; and Barnea (Anchomasa) truncata introduced in the Bahía Blanca estuary. Finally, morphological comparison with congeneric species distributed in American seas are provided.}, }
@article {pmid34963607, year = {2022}, author = {Yan, D and Li, J and Yao, X and Luan, Z}, title = {Integrating UAV data for assessing the ecological response of Spartina alterniflora towards inundation and salinity gradients in coastal wetland.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {814}, number = {}, pages = {152631}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152631}, pmid = {34963607}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Biomass ; China ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; *Salinity ; Soil ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The overwhelming spread of Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) has put many native plant communities and coastal environments at risk. A better understanding of how S. alterniflora responds to inundation and salinity gradients will help manage the invasion of this species. However, current spatial quantitative analyses are insufficient. Thus, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and field sampling data were integrated to assess the ecological response of S. alterniflora to inundation and salinity gradients. This study aimed to determine the optimum ecological range of flooding and saline for S. alterniflora in Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve in Jiangsu, China. Our results showed that the optimum ecological amplitude of S. alterniflora to flooding depth was [-0.07 m, 0.82 m] and the optimum mean growing point was 0.38 m. Furthermore, the optimum flooding time was [0 h,11.87 h], and the optimum mean growing point was 4.13 h. Our analyses also showed that soil salinity had significant effects on the growth of S. alterniflora. The optimum ecological amplitude of S. alterniflora to soil salinity was [13.77 g/kg, 22.57 g/kg], and the optimum mean growing point was 18.19 g/kg. This is the first spatially quantitative analysis to study the eco-hydrological mechanism driving both the aboveground biomass and height of S. alterniflora over the intertidal zone to the best of our knowledge. Determining the optimal ecological range for flooding and salt will provide a scientific basis for measures to establish the ecological control of S. alterniflora and to predict the expansion of S. alterniflora in response to rising sea levels.}, }
@article {pmid34963604, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, C and Yu, Y and Cheng, H and Du, D}, title = {Which factor contributes most to the invasion resistance of native plant communities under the co-invasion of two invasive plant species?.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {813}, number = {}, pages = {152628}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152628}, pmid = {34963604}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Erigeron ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Solidago ; }, abstract = {Two invasive plant species (IPS) can co-invade the same plant community. As the number of IPS increases under the co-invasion of two IPS, plant taxonomic and functional diversity, community invasibility, community stability, invasion resistance, and invasion intensity and invasiveness of IPS and their interrelationships may be altered. This study aimed to quantify the contribution of plant taxonomic and functional diversity, community invasibility, community stability, and invasion intensity and invasiveness of IPS to the invasion resistance of native plant communities under the co-invasion of the two IPS Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. and Solidago canadensis L. in eastern China. This study also defined a method to quantify the invasion resistance of native plant communities designated the invasion resistance index. The community-weighted mean trait values of native plants and plant diversity are the factors that are the most critical to determine the invasion resistance of native plant communities. Thus, the invasion resistance of native plant communities primarily depends on the three following factors: the relative abundance of natives, the growth performance of natives, and the diversity of natives. All levels of invasion significantly decrease the invasion resistance of native plant communities. The two IPS antagonistically affect the invasion resistance of native plant communities less under co-invasion compared with their independent invasion.}, }
@article {pmid34963581, year = {2022}, author = {Caravaca, F and Torres, P and Díaz, G and Roldán, A}, title = {Elevated functional versatility of the soil microbial community associated with the invader Carpobrotus edulis across a broad geographical scale.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {813}, number = {}, pages = {152627}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152627}, pmid = {34963581}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; Rhizosphere ; *Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Exotic invasive plants may shape their own rhizosphere microbial community during global invasions. Nevertheless, the impacts of such plant invasions on the functional capacities of soil microbial communities remain poorly explored. We used an approach at a broad geographical scale to estimate the composition and abundance of the fungal functional groups, as well as the bacterial metabolic functions, associated with the rhizospheres of Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L. Bolus and the predominant native plants in coastal ecosystems located in different geographical regions. We used the ASV method to infer the potential functions of the soil microbial community with the PICRUSt2 and FUNGuild tools. The predictive functional profiling of the bacterial communities differed between the rhizospheres of the invasive and native plants, regardless of the biogeographic location of the invaded soil. Some predicted pathways related to the biosynthesis of nucleotides such as ppGpp and pppGpp, lipids, carbohydrates and secondary metabolites and the degradation of organic matter were enriched in the C. edulis rhizosphere. Moreover, the invasive microbiota was characterised by a greater richness and diversity of catabolic enzymes involved in nutrients cycling and higher relative abundances of saprotrophs and pathotrophs. Invasion by C. edulis promoted a shift in the potential functional versatility of the soil microbial communities, which can cope with nutrient limitations and biotic stress, and can favour the establishment of the invasive plant, but also alter the functioning and stability of the invaded ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid34962641, year = {2022}, author = {du Plessis, NS and Rebelo, AJ and Richardson, DM and Esler, KJ}, title = {Guiding restoration of riparian ecosystems degraded by plant invasions: Insights from a complex social-ecological system in the Global South.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {51}, number = {6}, pages = {1552-1568}, pmid = {34962641}, issn = {1654-7209}, support = {C2019/2020-00034//Water Research Commission of South Africa/ ; }, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Plants ; Rivers ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Restoring riparian ecosystems in human-dominated landscapes requires attention to complexity, and consideration of diverse drivers, social actors, and contexts. Addressing a Global North bias, this case study uses a mixed-method approach, integrating historical data, remote sensing techniques and stakeholder perceptions to guide restoration of a river in the Western Cape, South Africa. An analysis of aerial photographs of the riparian zone from 1953 to 2016 revealed that although anthropogenic land conversion happened primarily before the 1950s, several land use and land cover classes showed marked increases in area, including: waterbodies (+ 1074%), urban areas (+ 316%), alien weeds (+ 311%) and terrestrial alien trees (+ 79%). These changes have likely been driven by land fragmentation, disturbance, and agricultural intensification. Stakeholder interviews revealed that despite the clear need for restoration, several barriers exist to successful implementation; these stem from inadequate financial resources, inappropriate funding models, institutional challenges, and a lack of techno-scientific knowledge. We give several recommendations to overcome these barriers.}, }
@article {pmid34961285, year = {2021}, author = {Stanojevic, M and Trailovic, M and Dubljanin, T and Krivošej, Z and Nikolic, M and Nikolic, N}, title = {Sewage Pollution Promotes the Invasion-Related Traits of Impatiens glandulifera in an Oligotrophic Habitat of the Sharr Mountain (Western Balkans).}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34961285}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {. 451-03-9/2021-14//Serbian Ministry for Education, Science, and Technological Development/ ; }, abstract = {An annual plant, Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera Royle) is globally widespread and one of Europe's top invaders. We focused on two questions: does this species indeed not invade the southern areas and does the environment affect some of its key invisibility traits. In an isolated model mountainous valley, we jointly analyzed the soil (21 parameters), the life history traits of the invader (height, stem diameter, aboveground dw), and the resident vegetation (species composition and abundances, Ellenberg indicator values), and supplemented it with local knowledge (semi-structured interviews). Uncontrolled discharge of fecal wastewaters directly into the local dense hydrological network fostered mass infestation of an atypical habitat. The phenotypic plasticity of the measured invasion-related traits was very high in the surveyed early invasion (30-50% invader cover) stages. Different microhabitat conditions consistently correlated with its growth performance. The largest individuals were restricted to the deforested riparian habitats, with extreme soil nutrient enrichment (primarily by P and K) and low-competitive, species-poor resident vegetation. We showed that ecological context can modify invasion-related traits and what could affect a further invasion process. Finally, this species is likely underreported in the wider region; public attitude and loss of traditional ecological knowledge are further management risks.}, }
@article {pmid34961170, year = {2021}, author = {Alves, D and Duarte, S and Arsénio, P and Gonçalves, J and Rodrigues, CMP and Lourenço, A and Máximo, P}, title = {Exploring the Phytochemicals of Acacia melanoxylon R. Br.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34961170}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Invasive species are currently a world menace to the environment, although the study of their chemistry may provide a means for their future beneficial use. From a study of Portuguese Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. five known compounds were isolated: lupeol, 3β-Z-coumaroyl lupeol, 3β-E-coumaroyl lupeol (dioslupecin A), kolavic acid 15-methyl ester and vomifoliol (blumenol A). Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, and as a result some corrections are made to their previous [13]C NMR assignments. Cytotoxicity of 3β-E-coumaroyl lupeol (dioslupecin A) and kolavic acid 15-methyl ester was evaluated against HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells although biological activity was not evident.}, }
@article {pmid34961140, year = {2021}, author = {Szilassi, P and Soóky, A and Bátori, Z and Hábenczyus, AA and Frei, K and Tölgyesi, C and van Leeuwen, B and Tobak, Z and Csikós, N}, title = {Natura 2000 Areas, Road, Railway, Water, and Ecological Networks May Provide Pathways for Biological Invasion: A Country Scale Analysis.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34961140}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Invasive species are a major threat to biodiversity worldwide. Controlling their rapid spread can only be effective if we consider the geographical factors that influence their occurrence. For instance, roads, railway networks, green and blue infrastructure, and elements of ecological networks (e.g., ecological corridors) can facilitate the spread of invasive species. In our study, we mapped the occurrence of five invasive plant taxa (tree of heaven, common milkweed, Russian olive, black locust, and goldenrods) in Hungary, using field photos from the EUROSTAT Land Use and Coverage Area Frame Survey (LUCAS) database from the year 2015. Species point occurrence data were compared with the spatial characteristics of linear transport infrastructure and with the green and blue infrastructure. We found that the occurrence of tree of heaven and Russian olive was strongly related to the road and railway network. The average Euclidean distance of LUCAS points infected with these species from railway embankments and roads was much smaller than that of uninfected points. However, black locust and goldenrods were more common only along the road network. According to our results, the occurrence of some investigated invasive plants was over-represented in the HEN and within Natura 2000 areas of Hungary compared to non-infected points. Our results may provide important information for predicting the rate of invasion and for applying targeted management within the HEN, and Natura 2000 protected areas.}, }
@article {pmid34961091, year = {2021}, author = {Cucu, AA and Baci, GM and Dezsi, &#x15e; and Nap, ME and Beteg, FI and Bonta, V and Bobiş, O and Caprio, E and Dezmirean, DS}, title = {New Approaches on Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica) Bioactive Compounds and Their Potential of Pharmacological and Beekeeping Activities: Challenges and Future Directions.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34961091}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Known especially for its negative ecological impact, Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) is now considered one of the most invasive species. Nevertheless, its chemical composition has shown, beyond doubt, some high biological active compounds that can be a source of valuable pharmacological potential for the enhancement of human health. In this direction, resveratrol, emodin or polydatin, to name a few, have been extensively studied to demonstrate the beneficial effects on animals and humans. Thus, by taking into consideration the recent advances in the study of Japanese knotweed and its phytochemical constituents, the aim of this article is to provide an overview on the high therapeutic potential, underlining its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects, among the most important ones. Moreover, we describe some future directions for reducing the negative impact of Fallopia japonica by using the plant for its beekeeping properties in providing a distinct honey type that incorporates most of its bioactive compounds, with the same health-promoting properties.}, }
@article {pmid34961064, year = {2021}, author = {Tayal, M and Kariyat, R}, title = {Examining the Role of Buzzing Time and Acoustics on Pollen Extraction of Solanum elaeagnifolium.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34961064}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Buzz pollination is a specialized pollination syndrome that requires vibrational energy to extract concealed pollen grains from poricidal anthers. Although a large body of work has examined the ecology of buzz pollination, whether acoustic properties of buzz pollinators affect pollen extraction is less understood, especially in weeds and invasive species. We examined the pollination biology of Silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium), a worldwide invasive weed, in its native range in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) in south Texas. Over two years, we documented the floral visitors on S. elaeagnifolium, their acoustic parameters (buzzing amplitude, frequency, and duration of buzzing) and estimated the effects of the latter two factors on pollen extraction. We found five major bee genera: Exomalopsis, Halictus, Megachile, Bombus, and Xylocopa, as the most common floral visitors on S. elaeagnifolium in the LRGV. Bee genera varied in their duration of total buzzing time, duration of each visit, and mass. While we did not find any significant differences in buzzing frequency among different genera, an artificial pollen collection experiment using an electric toothbrush showed that the amount of pollen extracted is significantly affected by the duration of buzzing. We conclude that regardless of buzzing frequency, buzzing duration is the most critical factor in pollen removal in this species.}, }
@article {pmid34961058, year = {2021}, author = {Assaeed, AM and Alharthi, AS and Abd-ElGawad, AM}, title = {Impacts of Nicotiana glauca Graham Invasion on the Vegetation Composition and Soil: A Case Study of Taif, Western Saudi Arabia.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34961058}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {Graduate Students Research Support (GSR)//King Saud University/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are considered a serious problem in different ecosystems worldwide. They can compete and interfere with native plants, leading to a shift in community assembly and ecosystem function. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Nicotiana glauca Graham invasion on native vegetation composition and soil of the most invaded locations in the Taif region, Western Saudi Arabia, including Alwaht (WHT), Ar-Ruddaf (RDF), and Ash-shafa (SHFA). Plant species list, life span, life form, and chorotypes were assessed. Six locations highly infested with N. glauca shrubs were selected, and the morphological parameters of the shrubs were measured. Within each location, richness, evenness, relative density of species, and soil were measured either under the canopy of N. glauca shrubs or outside the canopy. Floristic analysis revealed the existence of 144 plant species, mainly perennial. The shrubs at the SHFA1 location showed the highest values of all measured morphological parameters. The WHT 1 location showed high richness and evenness, while the WHAT 2 location showed less richness and evenness. The invaded locations showed substantial variation in the community composition. Additionally, the effect of N. glauca on the understory species varied from competition to facilitation, where most of the understory species were inhibited. As an average of all locations, 65.86% of the plant species were recorded only outside the canopy of N. glauca. The vegetation analysis revealed that the SHFA location is more vulnerable to invasion that could be ascribed to its wide range of habitats and high disturbance. The soil-vegetation relationships showed significant variations among the studied locations regarding soil composition, and thereby showed a wide ecological range of the invasive shrubs N. glauca. Therefore, the invasion of N. glauca in the Taif region altered the species interactions, nutrients, and soil properties.}, }
@article {pmid34960994, year = {2021}, author = {Lavrič, G and Zamljen, A and Juhant Grkman, J and Jasiukaitytė-Grojzdek, E and Grilc, M and Likozar, B and Gregor-Svetec, D and Vrabič-Brodnjak, U}, title = {Organosolv Lignin Barrier Paper Coatings from Waste Biomass Resources.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {13}, number = {24}, pages = {}, pmid = {34960994}, issn = {2073-4360}, support = {P2-0152; J2-2492; P2-0213//Slovenian Research Agency/ ; }, abstract = {The aim of the study was to isolate lignin from organosolv, beech tree (Fagus sylvatica), and Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica), to use it for paper surface and to replace part of the non-renewable product resources with bio-based ones. A total of nine coated samples with different lignin formulations and starch were compounded, prepared, and evaluated. The basic (grammage, thickness, specific density), mechanical (elongation at break, tensile, burst and tear indices), and barrier properties (contact angle, water penetration, water vapour permeability, kit test) of the coated papers were investigated. The analysis showed no significant difference in tensile properties between uncoated and coated samples. Furthermore, the decrease in water vapour transmission rate and the lower contact angle for coated samples were nevertheless confirmed. The novel coating materials show promising products with very good barrier properties. Finally, the correlation between structural, morphological, and (other) natural lignin-based factors was revealed, highlighting the importance of parameters such as the equivalence ratio of aliphatic and phenolic hydroxyl groups or the average molecular weight. Tuning functionality by design could optimise performance in the future.}, }
@article {pmid34960776, year = {2021}, author = {Jansen, S and Cadar, D and Lühken, R and Pfitzner, WP and Jöst, H and Oerther, S and Helms, M and Zibrat, B and Kliemke, K and Becker, N and Vapalahti, O and Rossini, G and Heitmann, A}, title = {Vector Competence of the Invasive Mosquito Species Aedes koreicus for Arboviruses and Interference with a Novel Insect Specific Virus.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34960776}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {Aedes/*virology ; Animals ; Arbovirus Infections/*transmission ; Chikungunya Fever/transmission ; Mosquito Vectors/*virology ; *Viral Interference ; Zika Virus Infection/transmission ; }, abstract = {The global spread of invasive mosquito species increases arbovirus infections. In addition to the invasive species Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus, Aedes koreicus has spread within Central Europe. Extensive information on its vector competence is missing. Ae. koreicus from Germany were investigated for their vector competence for chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Zika virus (ZIKV) and West Nile virus (WNV). Experiments were performed under different climate conditions (27 ± 5 °C; 24 ± 5 °C) for fourteen days. Ae. koreicus had the potential to transmit CHIKV and ZIKV but not WNV. Transmission was exclusively observed at the higher temperature, and transmission efficiency was rather low, at 4.6% (CHIKV) or 4.7% (ZIKV). Using a whole virome analysis, a novel mosquito-associated virus, designated Wiesbaden virus (WBDV), was identified in Ae. koreicus. Linking the WBDV infection status of single specimens to their transmission capability for the arboviruses revealed no influence on ZIKV transmission. In contrast, a coinfection of WBDV and CHIKV likely has a boost effect on CHIKV transmission. Due to its current distribution, the risk of arbovirus transmission by Ae. koreicus in Europe is rather low but might gain importance, especially in regions with higher temperatures. The impact of WBDV on arbovirus transmission should be analyzed in more detail.}, }
@article {pmid34959591, year = {2021}, author = {Jenckel, M and Smith, I and King, T and West, P and Taggart, PL and Strive, T and Hall, RN}, title = {Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis E Virus in Wild and Domestic Rabbits in Australia.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34959591}, issn = {2076-0817}, support = {P.PSH.1059//Meat and Livestock Australia/ ; NA//Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation/ ; }, abstract = {In 2020, Hepatitis E virus (HEV) was detected for the first time in Australian rabbits. To improve our understanding of the genetic diversity and distribution of the virus, 1635 rabbit liver samples from locations across Australia were screened via RT-qPCR for HEV. HEV genomes were amplified and sequenced from 48 positive samples. Furthermore, we tested 380 serum samples from 11 locations across Australia for antibodies against HEV. HEV was detected in rabbits from all states and territories, except the Northern Territory. Seroprevalence varied between locations (from 0% to 22%), demonstrating that HEV is widely distributed in rabbit populations across Australia. Phylogenetic analyses showed that Australian HEV sequences are genetically diverse and that HEV was likely introduced into Australia independently on several occasions. In summary, this study broadens our understanding of the genetic diversity of rabbit HEV globally and shows that the virus is endemic in both domestic and wild rabbit populations in Australia.}, }
@article {pmid34958171, year = {2022}, author = {Price, KJ and Ayres, BN and Maes, SE and Witmier, BJ and Chapman, HA and Coder, BL and Boyer, CN and Eisen, RJ and Nicholson, WL}, title = {First detection of human pathogenic variant of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in field-collected Haemaphysalis longicornis, Pennsylvania, USA.}, journal = {Zoonoses and public health}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, pages = {143-148}, doi = {10.1111/zph.12901}, pmid = {34958171}, issn = {1863-2378}, mesh = {*Anaplasma phagocytophilum/genetics ; Animals ; Humans ; *Ixodidae ; Pennsylvania/epidemiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Ticks ; }, abstract = {The Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, an invasive species associated with human pathogens, has spread rapidly across the eastern USA. Questing H. longicornis ticks recovered from active surveillance conducted from 1 May to 6 September, 2019 throughout Pennsylvania were tested for rickettsial pathogens. Of 265 ticks tested by PCR for pathogens, 4 (1.5%) were positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene confirmed two positives as A. phagocytophilum-human agent variant. This is the first reported detection of A. phagocytophilum-human pathogenic strain DNA in exotic H. longicornis collected in the USA.}, }
@article {pmid34954679, year = {2022}, author = {Altenritter, ME and DeBoer, JA and Maxson, KA and Casper, AF and Lamer, JT}, title = {Ecosystem responses to aquatic invasive species management: A synthesis of two decades of bigheaded carp suppression in a large river.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {305}, number = {}, pages = {114354}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114354}, pmid = {34954679}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {The invasion of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (H. nobilis) or "bigheaded carps" has caused extensive ecological and economic harm throughout the Mississippi River and its tributaries. To prevent their continued spread upstream toward the Great Lakes, intense commercial harvest was implemented on the Illinois River, a large tributary that connects the Mississippi River to Lake Michigan. Since implementation, harvest has reduced densities at the invasion front while also presenting an opportunity to generate a synthesis on ecosystem resilience in the face of accelerating invasion. Resilience, the ability of an ecosystem to recover after perturbation, was observed at local scales and within some taxa but has yet to manifest at a river-wide scale and often co-varied with abiotic environmental or seasonal factors. Thus, while intensive harvest has limited further spread of bigheaded carps, and evidence of additional secondary ecosystem benefits exists, opportunities remain to identify potential pathways that could spread such ecosystem benefits even farther.}, }
@article {pmid34953836, year = {2022}, author = {Blanchet, CC and Arzel, C and Davranche, A and Kahilainen, KK and Secondi, J and Taipale, S and Lindberg, H and Loehr, J and Manninen-Johansen, S and Sundell, J and Maanan, M and Nummi, P}, title = {Ecology and extent of freshwater browning - What we know and what should be studied next in the context of global change.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {812}, number = {}, pages = {152420}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152420}, pmid = {34953836}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon ; *Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Invertebrates ; Lakes ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Water browning or brownification refers to increasing water color, often related to increasing dissolved organic matter (DOM) and carbon (DOC) content in freshwaters. Browning has been recognized as a significant physicochemical phenomenon altering boreal lakes, but our understanding of its ecological consequences in different freshwater habitats and regions is limited. Here, we review the consequences of browning on different freshwater habitats, food webs and aquatic-terrestrial habitat coupling. We examine global trends of browning and DOM/DOC, and the use of remote sensing as a tool to investigate browning from local to global scales. Studies have focused on lakes and rivers while seldom addressing effects at the catchment scale. Other freshwater habitats such as small and temporary waterbodies have been overlooked, making the study of the entire network of the catchment incomplete. While past research investigated the response of primary producers, aquatic invertebrates and fishes, the effects of browning on macrophytes, invasive species, and food webs have been understudied. Research has focused on freshwater habitats without considering the fluxes between aquatic and terrestrial habitats. We highlight the importance of understanding how the changes in one habitat may cascade to another. Browning is a broader phenomenon than the heretofore concentration on the boreal region. Overall, we propose that future studies improve the ecological understanding of browning through the following research actions: 1) increasing our knowledge of ecological processes of browning in other wetland types than lakes and rivers, 2) assessing the impact of browning on aquatic food webs at multiple scales, 3) examining the effects of browning on aquatic-terrestrial habitat coupling, 4) expanding our knowledge of browning from the local to global scale, and 5) using remote sensing to examine browning and its ecological consequences.}, }
@article {pmid34952907, year = {2021}, author = {Rodríguez, F and Lombardero-Vega, M and San Juan, L and de Las Vecillas, L and Alonso, S and Morchón, E and Liendo, D and Uranga, M and Gandarillas, A}, title = {Allergenicity to worldwide invasive grass Cortaderia selloana as environmental risk to public health.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {24426}, pmid = {34952907}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Allergens/*immunology ; Humans ; *Hypersensitivity/epidemiology/immunology ; Immunoglobulin E/blood ; Poaceae/*immunology ; Pollen/*immunology ; *Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/epidemiology/immunology ; Spain/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Allergies to grass pollen affects about 20% of the population worldwide. In the last few decades, the South American grass Cortaderia selloana (CS, Pampas grass) has expanded worldwide in a variety of countries including the USA, Australia and Western Europe. In many of these locations, CS has strikingly spread and has now been classified an invasive species. Many pernicious consequences of CS have been reported for local biodiversity, landscape and structures. However, the effect on human health has not been studied. To investigate this issue, we have chosen a European region on the northern cost of Spain where CS spread is overwhelming, Cantabria. We obtained CS pollen extract and analysed the allergenic reaction of 98 patients that were allergic to pollen of local grasses. We determined the skin reaction and the presence of specific IgE antibodies (sIgE) to CS or to a typical autochthonous grass, Phleum pratense. We also compared the seasonal symptoms with reported grass pollen counts in the area. The results strongly suggest that CS can cause respiratory allergies at a similar extent to the local grasses. Given that CS pollinises later than the local grasses, this would extend the period of grass allergies in the region for about three months every year, as stated by most of the patients. This is the first study reported on the effects of the striking expansion of CS on human health. Considering the strong impact that respiratory allergies have on the population, our results suggest that CS can currently constitute a relevant environmental health issue.}, }
@article {pmid34951291, year = {2021}, author = {Jiang, SY and Chen, LL and Yan, L and Liu, CY and Peng, ZR and Zhang, CX and Li, BQ}, title = {[Impacts of Spartina alterniflora invasion on the benthic food web in the Yellow River Delta during autumn].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {12}, pages = {4499-4507}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202112.009}, pmid = {34951291}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {China ; *Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; Rivers ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Spartina alterniflora was introduced into the Yellow River Delta (YRD) in 1990 with the purpose of shore protection and siltation accretion. However, it spread rapidly and became a severe threat to the local coastal wetland ecosystem. To assess the impacts of S. alterniflora invasion on the benthic food web, we sampled the potential food sources of macrobenthos in November 2020, analyzed the trophic level and the benthic food web structure based on stable isotope technique. Results showed that the average δ[13]C values of macrobenthic food sources followed an order: sediment organic matter (SOM) > S. alterniflora > benthic microalgae > particulate organic matter (POM) > Suaeda salsa. The average δ[15]N values significantly differed among food sources, ranging from 1.24‰ to 9.03‰. The trophic levels of different macrobenthos ranged from 1.73 to 4.19, of which the bivalve species was the lowest one. S. alterniflora and the decayed debris were the most important food sources for macrobenthos, but without any impact on the trophic level structure of macro-benthos. In conclusion, Spartina alterniflora invasion distinctly changed the composition of food sources of macrobenthos through a "bottom-up" effect, which would probably impact the local food web structure in the YRD wetland.}, }
@article {pmid34949863, year = {2022}, author = {Grunwald, HA and Weitzel, AJ and Cooper, KL}, title = {Applications of and considerations for using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene conversion systems in rodents.}, journal = {Nature protocols}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {3-14}, pmid = {34949863}, issn = {1750-2799}, support = {R21 GM129448/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM007240/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; CRISPR-Cas Systems/*genetics ; Gene Conversion/*genetics ; Gene Editing/*methods ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic/genetics ; Rats ; Rats, Transgenic/genetics ; }, abstract = {Genetic elements that are inherited at super-Mendelian frequencies could be used in a 'gene drive' to spread an allele to high prevalence in a population with the goal of eliminating invasive species or disease vectors. We recently demonstrated that the gene conversion mechanism underlying a CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene drive is feasible in mice. Although substantial technical hurdles remain, overcoming these could lead to strategies that might decrease the spread of rodent-borne Lyme disease or eliminate invasive populations of mice and rats that devastate island ecology. Perhaps more immediately achievable at moderate gene conversion efficiency, applications in a laboratory setting could produce complex genotypes that reduce the time and cost in both dollars and animal lives compared with Mendelian inheritance strategies. Here, we discuss what we have learned from early efforts to achieve CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene conversion, potential for broader applications in the laboratory, current limitations, and plans for optimizing this potentially powerful technology.}, }
@article {pmid34947908, year = {2021}, author = {Parra-Rincón, E and Velandia-Huerto, CA and Gittenberger, A and Fallmann, J and Gatter, T and Brown, FD and Stadler, PF and Bermúdez-Santana, CI}, title = {The Genome of the "Sea Vomit" Didemnum vexillum.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34947908}, issn = {2075-1729}, support = {110165843196//Colciencias/ ; 2019/06927-5//S&#xe3;o Paulo Research Foundation/ ; 57390771//DAAD/CAPES/ ; 57299294//German Academic Exchange Service/ ; }, abstract = {Tunicates are the sister group of vertebrates and thus occupy a key position for investigations into vertebrate innovations as well as into the consequences of the vertebrate-specific genome duplications. Nevertheless, tunicate genomes have not been studied extensively in the past, and comparative studies of tunicate genomes have remained scarce. The carpet sea squirt Didemnum vexillum, commonly known as "sea vomit", is a colonial tunicate considered an invasive species with substantial ecological and economical risk. We report the assembly of the D. vexillum genome using a hybrid approach that combines 28.5 Gb Illumina and 12.35 Gb of PacBio data. The new hybrid scaffolded assembly has a total size of 517.55 Mb that increases contig length about eightfold compared to previous, Illumina-only assembly. As a consequence of an unusually high genetic diversity of the colonies and the moderate length of the PacBio reads, presumably caused by the unusually acidic milieu of the tunic, the assembly is highly fragmented (L50 = 25,284, N50 = 6539). It is sufficient, however, for comprehensive annotations of both protein-coding genes and non-coding RNAs. Despite its shortcomings, the draft assembly of the "sea vomit" genome provides a valuable resource for comparative tunicate genomics and for the study of the specific properties of colonial ascidians.}, }
@article {pmid34944340, year = {2021}, author = {Tan, K and Li, DP and Li, N and Fang, YH and Li, YP and Xiao, W}, title = {The Discontinuous Elevational Distribution of an Ungulate at the Regional Scale: Implications for Speciation and Conservation.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34944340}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {2019QZKK0402//Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program/ ; 31860164//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2013FB058//Yunnan Ministry of Science &amp;Technology/ ; }, abstract = {The elevational range where montane species live is a key factor of spatial niche partitioning, because the limits of such ranges are influenced by interspecies interaction, abiotic stress, and dispersal barriers. At the regional scale, unimodal distributions of single species along the elevation gradient have often been reported, while discontinuous patterns, such as bimodal distributions, and potential ecological implications have been rarely discussed. Here, we used extensive camera trap records to reveal the elevation distribution of Himalaya blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) and its co-existence with other ground animal communities along a slope of Baima Snow Mountain, southwest China. The results show that Himalaya blue sheep exhibited a distinctive bimodal distribution along the elevation gradient contrasting the unimodal distributions found for the other ungulates in Baima snow mountain. A first distributional peak was represented by a population habituating in scree habitat around 4100 m, and a second peak was found in the dry-hot valley around 2600 m. The two distinct populations co-existed with disparate animal communities and these assemblages were similar both in the dry and rainy seasons. The extremely low abundance of blue sheep observed in the densely forested belt at mid-elevation indicates that vegetation rather than temperature is responsible for such segregation. The low-elevation population relied highly on Opuntia ficus-indica, an invasive cactus species that colonized the region six hundred years ago, as food resource. Being the only animal that developed a strategy to feed on this spiky plant, we suggest invasive species may have formed new foraging niche to support blue sheep population in lower elevation hot-dry river valleys, resulting in the geographic separation from the original population and a potential morphological differentiation, as recorded. These findings emphasize the important conservation values of role of ecological functions to identify different taxa, and conservation values of apparent similar species of different ecological functions.}, }
@article {pmid34944265, year = {2021}, author = {Choi, JY and Kim, SK and Kim, JC and Yun, JH}, title = {Invasion and Dispersion of the Exotic Species Procambarus clarkii (Decapoda Cambaridae) in Yeongsan River Basin, South Korea.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34944265}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {NIE-2017-10//This research was supported by the Fundamental Research funded by the National Institute of Ecology./ ; }, abstract = {The introduction of exotic species negatively affects the distribution and interactions within local biological communities in an ecosystem and can threaten ecosystem health. This study aimed to provide the basic data required to manage P. clarkii in the Yeongsan River basin. We identified the dispersion pattern and evaluated the ecosystem risk of this newly introduced species. The distribution survey investigated Procambarus clarkii populations at 25 sites in the Yeongsan River basin over a four-year period. The initial introduction occurred in Jiseok Stream. The larvae of P. clarkii were most abundant in areas with a dense aquatic plant cover, whereas adults preferred silt/clay areas. The alterations in the water flow by the river refurbishment project (carried out in 2012) increased their preferred habitats and contributed to P. clarkii dispersion. However, stable isotope analysis showed that the dispersion has had little effect on the freshwater ecosystem. The interrelationship between P. clarkii (i.e., larvae and adults) and other biological communities has been limited. Although the rapid dispersion by P. clarkii in the Yeongsan River basin has not impacted the freshwater ecosystem, further ecological information is required on how to manage P. clarkii beyond this early stage of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid34943828, year = {2021}, author = {Carrau, T and Thümecke, S and Silva, LMR and Perez-Bravo, D and Gärtner, U and Taubert, A and Hermosilla, C and Vilcinskas, A and Lee, KZ}, title = {The Cellular Innate Immune Response of the Invasive Pest Insect Drosophila suzukii against Pseudomonas entomophila Involves the Release of Extracellular Traps.}, journal = {Cells}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34943828}, issn = {2073-4409}, support = {LOEWE Centre for Insect Biotechnology and Bioresources//Hessian Ministry for Science and the Arts/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Drosophila/*immunology/*microbiology/ultrastructure ; Extracellular Traps/drug effects/*metabolism ; Hemocytes/drug effects/ultrastructure ; *Immunity, Innate/drug effects ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/cytology ; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology ; Phagocytes/drug effects/microbiology ; Pseudomonas/drug effects/*physiology ; Pseudopodia/drug effects/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii is a neobiotic invasive pest that causes extensive damage to fruit crops worldwide. The biological control of this species has been unsuccessful thus far, in part because of its robust cellular innate immune system, including the activity of professional phagocytes known as hemocytes and plasmatocytes. The in vitro cultivation of primary hemocytes isolated from D. suzukii third-instar larvae is a valuable tool for the investigation of hemocyte-derived effector mechanisms against pathogens such as wasp parasitoid larvae, bacteria, fungi and viruses. Here, we describe the morphological characteristics of D. suzukii hemocytes and evaluate early innate immune responses, including extracellular traps released against the entomopathogen Pseudomonas entomophila and lipopolysaccharides. We show for the first time that D. suzukii plasmatocytes cast extracellular traps to combat P. entomophila, along with other cell-mediated reactions, such as phagocytosis and the formation of filopodia.}, }
@article {pmid34943237, year = {2021}, author = {Jubase, N and Shackleton, RT and Measey, J}, title = {Public Awareness and Perceptions of Invasive Alien Species in Small Towns.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34943237}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) are a growing threat globally and cause a variety of ecological, economic, and social impacts. People can introduce IAS and facilitate their spread, and can also implement, support, or oppose their management. Understanding local knowledge, awareness, and perceptions are therefore crucial if management and policy are to be effective. We administered questionnaires to members of the public in eight small towns along the Berg River Catchment in the biodiverse fynbos biome of South Africa. We aimed to assess: (1) awareness of IAS by the general public, (2) local perceptions of the impacts associated with IAS, (3) whether awareness of IAS is correlated with demographic covariates and IAS density, and (4) people's willingness to detect, report, and support IAS management. Overall, 262 respondents participated in the survey. Most respondents (65%) did not know what IAS are, and 10% were unsure. Many respondents also perceived IAS as beneficial. Using a logistic regression, we found that IAS density, educational level, and gender influenced people's knowledge and perceptions about IAS in the region. There were a small number (4%) of respondents currently detecting and reporting IAS, but many respondents were interested to learn more. We concluded that people living in small towns in the Western Cape of South Africa remain largely unaware of IAS and their impacts. It is crucial to increase awareness-raising initiatives, and build support and engagement in management of IAS in small towns.}, }
@article {pmid34943236, year = {2021}, author = {Duarte, B and Carreiras, J and Feijão, E and de Carvalho, RC and Matos, AR and Fonseca, VF and Novais, SC and Lemos, MFL}, title = {Potential of Asparagopsis armata as a Biopesticide for Weed Control under an Invasive Seaweed Circular-Economy Framework.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34943236}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {UIDB/04292/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; OCI-01-0145-FEDER- 031144//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; POCI-01-0247-FEDER-070155//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; MAR-04.03.01-FEAMP-0370//Mar2020/ ; CEECIND/00511/2017//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; DL57/2016/CP1479/CT0024//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; }, abstract = {Marine macroalgae have been increasingly targeted as a source of bioactive compounds to be used in several areas, such as biopesticides. When harvesting invasive species, such as Asparagopsis armata, for this purpose, there is a two-folded opportunity: acquiring these biomolecules from a low-cost resource and controlling its spreading and impacts. The secondary metabolites in this seaweed's exudate have been shown to significantly impact the physiology of species in the ecosystems where it invades, indicating a possible biocidal potential. Considering this in the present work, an A. armata exudate cocktail was applied in the model weed Thellungiella halophila to evaluate its physiological impact and mode of action, addressing its potential use as a natural biocide. A. armata greatly affected the test plants' physiology, namely, their photochemical energy transduction pathway (impairing light-harvesting and chemical energy production throughout the chloroplast electron transport chain), carotenoid metabolism and oxidative stress. These mechanisms of action are similar to the ones triggered when using the common chemical pesticides, highlighting the potential of the A. armata exudate cocktail as an eco-friendly biopesticide.}, }
@article {pmid34943234, year = {2021}, author = {Robertson, PA and Mill, AC and Adriaens, T and Moore, N and Vanderhoeven, S and Essl, F and Booy, O}, title = {Risk Management Assessment Improves the Cost-Effectiveness of Invasive Species Prioritisation.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34943234}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {International agreements commit nations to control or eradicate invasive alien species. The scale of this challenge exceeds available resources and so it is essential to prioritise the management of invasive alien species. Species prioritisation for management typically involves a hierarchy of processes that consider the likelihood and scale of impact (risk assessment) and the feasibility, costs and effectiveness of management (risk management). Risk assessment processes are widely used, risk management less so, but are a crucial component of resource decision making. To assess the cost-effectiveness of prioritisation, we considered 26 high-risk species considered for eradication from Great Britain (GB) with pre-existing risk assessment and risk management outputs. We extracted scores to reflect the overall risk to GB posed by the species, together with the estimated cost and the overall feasibility of eradication. We used these to consider the relative reduction in risk per unit cost when managing prioritised species based on different criteria. We showed that the cost-effectiveness of prioritisation within our sample using risk assessment scores alone, performed no better than a random ranking of the species. In contrast, prioritisation including management feasibility produced nearly two orders of magnitude improvement compared to random. We conclude that basing management actions on priorities based solely on risk assessment without considering management feasibility risks the inefficient use of limited resources. In this study, the cost-effectiveness of species prioritisation for action was greatly increased by the inclusion of risk management assessment.}, }
@article {pmid34943137, year = {2021}, author = {Banerjee, P and Dey, G and Antognazza, CM and Sharma, RK and Maity, JP and Chan, MWY and Huang, YH and Lin, PY and Chao, HC and Lu, CM and Chen, CY}, title = {Reinforcement of Environmental DNA Based Methods (Sensu Stricto) in Biodiversity Monitoring and Conservation: A Review.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34943137}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {Recently developed non-invasive environmental DNA-based (eDNA) techniques have enlightened modern conservation biology, propelling the monitoring/management of natural populations to a more effective and efficient approach, compared to traditional surveys. However, due to rapid-expansion of eDNA, confusion in terminology and collection/analytical pipelines can potentially jeopardize research progression, methodological standardization, and practitioner adoption in several ways. Present investigation reflects the developmental progress of eDNA (sensu stricto) including highlighting the successful case studies in conservation management. The eDNA technique is successfully relevant in several areas of conservation research (invasive/conserve species detection) with a high accuracy and authentication, which gradually upgrading modern conservation approaches. The eDNA technique related bioinformatics (e.g., taxon-specific-primers MiFish, MiBird, etc.), sample-dependent methodology, and advancement of sequencing technology (e.g., oxford-nanopore-sequencing) are helping in research progress. The investigation shows that the eDNA technique is applicable largely in (i) early detection of invasive species, (ii) species detection for conservation, (iii) community level biodiversity monitoring, (iv) ecosystem health monitoring, (v) study on trophic interactions, etc. Thus, the eDNA technique with a high accuracy and authentication can be applicable alone or coupled with traditional surveys in conservation biology. However, a comprehensive eDNA-based monitoring program (ecosystem modeling and function) is essential on a global scale for future management decisions.}, }
@article {pmid34941733, year = {2021}, author = {Christidis, G and Mandalakis, M and Anastasiou, TI and Tserpes, G and Peristeraki, P and Somarakis, S}, title = {Keeping Lagocephalus sceleratus off the Table: Sources of Variation in the Quantity of TTX, TTX Analogues, and Risk of Tetrodotoxication.}, journal = {Toxins}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34941733}, issn = {2072-6651}, mesh = {Animals ; Foodborne Diseases/*prevention &amp; control ; Greece ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Tetraodontiformes ; Tetrodotoxin/*analogs &amp; derivatives/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {The invasion of the tetrodotoxin (TTX)-bearing silver-cheeked toadfish and potential poisoning due to its consumption (tetrodotoxication) threatens public safety in the Mediterranean Sea. In this study, TTX and TTX analogues of Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789) were measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in fish collected off the island of Crete (Southern Mediterranean). We tested the synergistic effect of a suite of factors potentially affecting toxins' levels and tetrodotoxication risk using general and generalized linear models, respectively. The type of tissue, geographic origin (Cretan Sea, Libyan Sea), sex, and fish maturity stage were significant predictors of toxin concentrations. Mean TTX was higher in gonads and lower in muscles, higher in the Libyan Sea and in female fish, and lower in juvenile (virgin) fish. The concentration of TTX was also significantly and positively correlated with the concentration of several TTX analogues (4-epiTTX, 4,9-anhydroTTX, 11-deoxyTTX, 5,11/6,11-dideoxyTTX, 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, 11-norTTX-6-ol). The analysis showed that fish originating from the Libyan Sea had significantly higher probability to cause tetrodotoxication in case of consumption. The variability explained by the models developed in this study was relatively low, indicating that toxin levels are hard to predict and the consumption of L. sceleratus should therefore be avoided.}, }
@article {pmid34940216, year = {2021}, author = {Subedi, IP and Budha, PB and Kunwar, RM and Charmakar, S and Ulak, S and Pradhan, DK and Pokharel, YP and Velayudhan, ST and Sathyapala, S and Animon, I}, title = {Diversity and Distribution of Forest Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Nepal: Implications for Sustainable Forest Management.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34940216}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {TCP/NEP-3702//Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/ ; }, abstract = {The information available on the diversity of ant species and their distribution and interaction with forest health in Nepal remains limited. As part of a nationwide project on forest health, we conducted inventories to assess the diversity and distribution of forest ants and their role in forest management in Nepal. Ants were collected from 187 plots of 10 m × 10 m size along the north-south belt transects in eastern, central, and western Nepal. We used vegetation beating, sweeping, and hand collection methods in selected forest types. In each transect, we designed six plots in each major forest type (Sal, Schima-Castanopsis, and broadleaf mixed forests) and three plots each in deodar, Alnus, riverine, and Cryptomeria forests. We recorded 70 ant species from 36 genera and six subfamilies. This includes five genera and nine species new for the country, as well as eight tramp species, four of which are major ecological, agricultural, and/or household pests. Our study indicates that forest ant species richness is high in western Nepal and the Siwaliks, and it decreases as elevation increases. The high diversity of ant species in the forests of Nepal needs to be assessed with further exploration using multiple sampling methods covering all seasons and forest types. Ants can be useful indicators for ecosystem management and human impacts on forests. Reports of invasive ants in Nepalese forests indicate the relevance of urgent interventions through sustainable forest management initiatives to prevent future incursions.}, }
@article {pmid34940197, year = {2021}, author = {Ngo, K and Castillo, P and Laine, RA and Sun, Q}, title = {Effects of Menadione on Survival, Feeding, and Tunneling Activity of the Formosan Subterranean Termite.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34940197}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {Structural Pest Research Contract//Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry/ ; LAB94437//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; CoA Undergraduate Research Grant//Louisiana State University/ ; }, abstract = {The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, is a highly destructive pest and a cosmopolitan invasive species. Sustainable termite management methods have been improving with the search for novel insecticides that are effective, safe, and cost efficient. Menadione, also known as vitamin K3, is a synthetic analogue and biosynthetic precursor of vitamin K with low mammalian toxicity. Menadione has shown insecticidal activity in several insects, presumably due to interference with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. However, little is known about its effectiveness against termites. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity and repellency of menadione in C. formosanus. Our results showed that menadione affected the survival and feeding activity of termites both in filter paper and substrate (sand) treatments, and menadione influenced termite tunneling activity in treated sand. In a no-choice assay, ≥90% mortality after seven days and minimal or no food consumption were recorded when sand was treated with menadione at 6 to 600 ppm. In a two-choice assay with a combination of treated and untreated sand, termites were deterred by menadione at 6 to 600 ppm and exhibited low mortality (≤30%) over seven days, while tunneling activity was prevented with 60 to 600 ppm of menadione treatment. Overall, our study demonstrated dose-dependent toxicity and repellency of menadione in C. formosanus. The potential use of menadione as an alternative termite control agent is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid34940190, year = {2021}, author = {Lambert, AM and Tewksbury, LA and Casagrande, RA}, title = {Performance of a Native Butterfly and Introduced Moth on Native and Introduced Lineages of Phragmites australis.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34940190}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {This study examined the performance of Poanes viator (Edwards) (Hesperiidae), a native North American skipper, and Rhizedra lutosa (Hübner) (Noctuidae), an introduced moth, reared on native and non-native, invasive lineages of Phragmites australis. Poanes viator is a generalist on monocots and larvae were also fed leaves of Zizania aquatica, a native macrophyte that the skipper commonly uses as a host plant. Larval survival and duration, pupal weight, and pupation time were compared for P. viator feeding on leaf tissue and R. lutosa feeding on rhizomes of either native or introduced plants. We also tested an artificial diet supplemented with P. australis rhizome powder as a potential food for rearing other stalk and rhizome boring Lepidoptera. In experiments using excised plant tissues, some individuals of both species fed and developed to the pupal stage on native and introduced plants, but overall, larval survival rates were low. Plant species/haplotype identity did not cause strong differences in larval survival for either species. However, P. viator larvae only pupated when feeding on native plants (Zizania aquatica and native P. australis haplotypes), whereas R. lutosa successfully pupated on both native and introduced P. australis. Although larval survival was low, 100% of P. viator and 95% of R. lutosa that reached the pupal stage emerged as adults. Rhizedra lutosa larvae fed an artificial diet supplemented with P. australis rhizome powder had significantly greater survival and pupal weights, and shorter pupation times than larvae fed rhizomes only. Several specialist Lepidopteran species are being considered for approval as biological control agents for the non-native P. australis haplotype, and the convenience and increased larval performance make this artificial diet a good alternative for rearing organisms.}, }
@article {pmid34940189, year = {2021}, author = {Kalaentzis, K and Kazilas, C and Demetriou, J and Koutsoukos, E and Avtzis, DN and Georgiadis, C}, title = {Alientoma, a Dynamic Database for Alien Insects in Greece and Its Use by Citizen Scientists in Mapping Alien Species.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34940189}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Invasive alien species have been increasingly acknowledged as a major threat to native biodiversity and ecosystem services, while their adverse impacts expand to human health, society and the economy on a global scale. Insects represent one of the most numerous alien organismic groups, accounting for about one fifth of their total number. In Greece, a large number of alien insects have been identified, currently reaching 469 species. In recent decades, the contribution of citizen science towards detecting and mapping the distribution of alien insects has been steeply increasing. Addressing the need for up-to-date information on alien species as well as encouraging public participation in scientific research, the Alientoma website-derived from "alien" and the Greek word "entoma", meaning insects, is presented. The website aims towards providing updated information on alien species of insects to the public as well as the scientific community, raising awareness about biological invasions and addressing their distribution and impacts inter alia. By maintaining a dynamic online database alongside a strong social media presence since its launch, Alientoma has attracted individuals mainly from Greece and Cyprus, interacting with the website through a total of 1512 sessions. Alientoma intends to establish a constantly increasing network of citizen scientists and to supplement early detection, monitoring and management efforts to mitigate the adverse impacts of alien insects in Greece.}, }
@article {pmid34940182, year = {2021}, author = {Joyce, AL and Parolini, H and Brailovsky, H}, title = {Distribution of Two Strains of Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in the Western Hemisphere: Is L. zonatus a Potential Invasive Species in California?.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34940182}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The leaffooted plant bug, Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) is polyphagous and widely distributed in the Western Hemisphere. Although it has been recorded in California since around 1900, it has become a more common pest in almonds in the last decade. Other studies have shown that an established insect can become a pest when a new genotype is introduced. This study investigated the distribution of two lineages (strains) of L. zonatus in the Western Hemisphere. Specimens from the Leptoglossus collection in the national insect collection in Mexico were used to extract DNA and sequence the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (mtDNA COI) gene, for use in population genetic and phylogenetic analyses. New sequences from Mexico, Central and South America were combined with those available in GenBank, from California and Brazil. Two lineages (strains) of L. zonatus were uncovered. One lineage occurs in California, Mexico and Ecuador. The second lineage is more widespread and found in California, Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Bolivia and Brazil. The haplotype number and diversity, and nucleotide diversity, were found for samples from California, Mexico, and Brazil, for the two lineages, and for all 118 sequences combined. All sequences combined produced five haplotypes, and a haplotype diversity of 0.54. California and Brazil had 3 haplotypes each, with one haplotype shared (5 total). Haplotype diversity in California and in Brazil were 0.526 and 0.505, respectively. A haplotype network found that one haplotype was most abundant and widespread. The small number of haplotypes, a range expansion, and economic pest status of L. zonatus in California, all contribute to this insect being a potentially invasive insect pest.}, }
@article {pmid34940159, year = {2021}, author = {Shen, X and Liu, W and Wan, F and Lv, Z and Guo, J}, title = {The Role of Cytochrome P450 4C1 and Carbonic Anhydrase 3 in Response to Temperature Stress in Bemisia tabaci.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {34940159}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {32072494//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31672088//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; SQ2021YFD1400003//National Key Research and Development Program/ ; }, abstract = {The position of the chromatin opening of Bemisia tabaci undergoes significant changes under different temperature stresses, and numerous regulatory factors have been found. In this study, we verified two key factors, cytochrome P450 4C1 and carbonic anhydrase 3. The results showed that invasive whiteflies had a significantly lower heat resistance after silencing BtCYP 4C1 and BtCar3. In addition, whiteflies had a higher cold tolerance after silencing BtCYP 4C1. These results indicate that BtCYP 4C1 and BtCar3 are key regulators in the temperature adaptation of B. tabaci. Moreover, they may be key factors in influencing the geographical distribution and dispersal of B. tabaci as an invasive species in China.}, }
@article {pmid34939116, year = {2022}, author = {Aker, SA and de Andrade, RB and Duan, JJ and Gruner, DS}, title = {Rapid Spread of an Introduced Parasitoid for Biological Control of Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Maryland.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, pages = {381-386}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toab248}, pmid = {34939116}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Control Agents ; *Coleoptera/parasitology ; *Fraxinus ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Maryland ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)), an invasive phloem-feeding beetle native to Asia, has devastated North American ash forests since its detection in Michigan, United States in 2002. As the emerald ash borer has continued to spread, the potential for successful long-term management hinges upon the release, establishment, and spread of introduced larval and egg parasitoids for biological control. Here, we focus on the establishment and evidence for spatial spread of introduced larval parasitoid, Spathius agrili Yang and Spathius galinae Belokobylskij &amp; Strazanac (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the state of Maryland. To assess each species, we analyzed historical release and recovery data and resampled previous release sites and nonrelease sites for establishment. We found little evidence of establishment or spread for S. agrili, despite a comparatively large number of release locations, events, and individuals. By contrast, despite much lower propagule pressure and shorter history of releases, we detected multiple established populations of S. galinae at release sites and at sites up to 90 km from the nearest release point approximately 3 yr after its most current release. Our findings show that S. galinae has established and spread rapidly following field releases whereas its congener, S. agrili has not. Although it may still be too early to evaluate the level of population control and ash protection afforded by S. galinae, these findings indicate the need for continued investment in S. galinae for emerald ash borer classical biological control efforts.}, }
@article {pmid34938590, year = {2021}, author = {Latombe, G and Richardson, DM and McGeoch, MA and Altwegg, R and Catford, JA and Chase, JM and Courchamp, F and Esler, KJ and Jeschke, JM and Landi, P and Measey, J and Midgley, GF and Minoarivelo, HO and Rodger, JG and Hui, C}, title = {Mechanistic reconciliation of community and invasion ecology.}, journal = {Ecosphere (Washington, D.C)}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {e03359}, pmid = {34938590}, issn = {2150-8925}, abstract = {Community and invasion ecology have mostly grown independently. There is substantial overlap in the processes captured by different models in the two fields, and various frameworks have been developed to reduce this redundancy and synthesize information content. Despite broad recognition that community and invasion ecology are interconnected, a process-based framework synthesizing models across these two fields is lacking. Here we review 65 representative community and invasion models and propose a common framework articulated around six processes (dispersal, drift, abiotic interactions, within-guild interactions, cross-guild interactions, and genetic changes). The framework is designed to synthesize the content of the two fields, provide a general perspective on their development, and enable their comparison. The application of this framework and of a novel method based on network theory reveals some lack of coherence between the two fields, despite some historical similarities. Community ecology models are characterized by combinations of multiple processes, likely reflecting the search for an overarching theory to explain community assembly and structure, drawing predominantly on interaction processes, but also accounting largely for the other processes. In contrast, most models in invasion ecology invoke fewer processes and focus more on interactions between introduced species and their novel biotic and abiotic environment. The historical dominance of interaction processes and their independent developments in the two fields is also reflected in the lower level of coherence for models involving interactions, compared to models involving dispersal, drift, and genetic changes. It appears that community ecology, with a longer history than invasion ecology, has transitioned from the search for single explanations for patterns observed in nature to investigate how processes may interact mechanistically, thereby generating and testing hypotheses. Our framework paves the way for a similar transition in invasion ecology, to better capture the dynamics of multiple alien species introduced in complex communities. Reciprocally, applying insights from invasion to community ecology will help us understand and predict the future of ecological communities in the Anthropocene, in which human activities are weakening species' natural boundaries. Ultimately, the successful integration of the two fields could advance a predictive ecology that is urgently required in a rapidly changing world.}, }
@article {pmid34938496, year = {2021}, author = {Vedder, D and Leidinger, L and Sarmento Cabral, J}, title = {Propagule pressure and an invasion syndrome determine invasion success in a plant community model.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {23}, pages = {17106-17116}, pmid = {34938496}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The success of species invasions depends on multiple factors, including propagule pressure, disturbance, productivity, and the traits of native and non-native species. While the importance of many of these determinants has already been investigated in relative isolation, they are rarely studied in combination. Here, we address this shortcoming by exploring the effect of the above-listed factors on the success of invasions using an individual-based mechanistic model. This approach enables us to explicitly control environmental factors (temperature as surrogate for productivity, disturbance, and propagule pressure) as well as to monitor whole-community trait distributions of environmental adaptation, mass, and dispersal abilities. We simulated introductions of plant individuals to an oceanic island to assess which factors and species traits contribute to invasion success. We found that the most influential factors were higher propagule pressure and a particular set of traits. This invasion trait syndrome was characterized by a relative similarity in functional traits of invasive to native species, while invasive species had on average higher environmental adaptation, higher body mass, and increased dispersal distances, that is, had greater competitive and dispersive abilities. Our results highlight the importance in management practice of reducing the import of alien species, especially those that display this trait syndrome and come from similar habitats as those being managed.}, }
@article {pmid34938466, year = {2021}, author = {Huang, F and Huang, Q and Gan, X and Zhang, W and Guo, Y and Huang, Y}, title = {Shift in competitive ability mediated by soil biota in an invasive plant.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {23}, pages = {16693-16703}, pmid = {34938466}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Understanding the shifts in competitive ability and its driving forces is key to predict the future of plant invasion. Changes in the competition environment and soil biota are two selective forces that impose remarkable influences on competitive ability. By far, evidence of the interactive effects of competition environment and soil biota on competitive ability of invasive species is rare. Here, we investigated their interactive effects using an invasive perennial vine, Mikania micrantha. The competitive performance of seven M. micrantha populations varying in their conspecific and heterospecific abundance were monitored in a greenhouse experiment, by manipulating soil biota (live and sterilized) and competition conditions (competition-free, intraspecific, and interspecific competition). Our results showed that with increasing conspecific abundance and decreasing heterospecific abundance, (1) M. micrantha increased intraspecific competition tolerance and intra- vs. interspecific competitive ability but decreased interspecific competition tolerance; (2) M. micrantha increased tolerance of the negative soil biota effect; and (3) interspecific competition tolerance of M. micrantha was increasingly suppressed by the presence of soil biota, but intraspecific competition tolerance was less affected. These results highlight the importance of the soil biota effect on the evolution of competitive ability during the invasion process. To better control M. micrantha invasion, our results imply that introduction of competition-tolerant native plants that align with conservation priorities may be effective where M. micrantha populations are long-established and inferior in inter- vs. intraspecific competitive ability, whereas eradication may be effective where populations are newly invaded and fast-growing.}, }
@article {pmid34936455, year = {2021}, author = {Bell, DA and Kovach, RP and Muhlfeld, CC and Al-Chokhachy, R and Cline, TJ and Whited, DC and Schmetterling, DA and Lukacs, PM and Whiteley, AR}, title = {Climate change and expanding invasive species drive widespread declines of native trout in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {7}, number = {52}, pages = {eabj5471}, pmid = {34936455}, issn = {2375-2548}, abstract = {Climate change and invasive species are major threats to native biodiversity, but few empirical studies have examined their combined effects at large spatial and temporal scales. Using 21,917 surveys collected over 30 years, we quantified the impacts of climate change on the past and future distributions of five interacting native and invasive trout species throughout the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. We found that the occupancy of native bull trout and cutthroat trout declined by 18 and 6%, respectively (1993–2018), and was predicted to decrease by an additional 39 and 16% by 2080. However, reasons for these occupancy reductions markedly differed among species: Climate-driven increases in water temperature and decreases in summer flow likely caused declines of bull trout, while climate-induced expansion of invasive species largely drove declines of cutthroat trout. Our results demonstrate that climate change can affect ecologically similar, co-occurring native species through distinct pathways, necessitating species-specific management actions.}, }
@article {pmid34934382, year = {2021}, author = {Cherednichenko, OV and Gavrilova, T}, title = {Vascular plant occurrences in grasslands of Central Forest Nature Reserve (Russia): a dataset.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e76806}, pmid = {34934382}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Here we present the sampling event dataset that contributes to studying the flora of grasslands in Central Forest State Nature Biosphere Reserve (part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves), Tver Oblast, Russia. The Reserve is located in the SW part of the Valdai Upland within the main Caspian-Baltic watershed of the Russian plain (Latitude: 56° 26' - 56° 39' N, Longitude: 32° 29' - 33° 01' E). The territory of Central Forest Reserve belongs to the subzone of subtaiga.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: The dataset includes the occurrences of vascular plant species in four types of grasslands from 209 vegetation plots (8,506 associated occurrences), collected in 2013-2014. The dataset described in this paper has never been published before.As the grasslands in Central Forest State Nature Biosphere Reserve are relatively unstudied, we are providing a new comprehensive dataset on the vascular plant species occurrences in the grasslands of the Reserve. The dataset contains representative information on floristic composition of plant communities in localities with assigned GPS coordinates. As the vegetation of the Reserve is typical of the subtaiga subzone, the results of analysing this dataset can be useful for grassland management in the whole subtaiga subzone.During this study, we found one vascular plant species included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation, three species from the Red Data Book of Tver Oblast, as well as 10 alien vascular plant species for the Reserve. These data, especially, the occurrences of protected and alien species, contribute to our knowledge of species composition of the grasslands of the Reserve.}, }
@article {pmid34932921, year = {2021}, author = {Kaiser, SW and Greenlees, MJ and Shine, R}, title = {Wildfires modify the parasite loads of invasive cane toads.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {17}, number = {12}, pages = {20210470}, pmid = {34932921}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufo marinus ; Introduced Species ; Parasite Load ; *Parasites ; *Rhabditida Infections/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Rhabditoidea ; *Wildfires ; }, abstract = {The frequency and severity of wildfires are increasing due to anthropogenic modifications to habitats and to climate. Post-fire landscapes may advantage invasive species via multiple mechanisms, including changes to host-parasite interactions. We surveyed the incidence of endoparasitic lungworms (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) in invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) in near-coastal sites of eastern Australia, a year after extensive fires in this region. Both the prevalence of infection and number of worms in infected toads increased with toad body size in unburned areas. By contrast, parasite load decreased with toad body size in burned areas. By killing moisture-dependent free-living lungworm larvae, the intense fires may have liberated adult cane toads from a parasite that can substantially reduce the viability of its host. Smaller toads, which are restricted to moist environments, did not receive this benefit from fires.}, }
@article {pmid34923622, year = {2022}, author = {Xu, X and Zhang, Y and Li, S and Chen, H and Liu, M and Li, B and Nie, M}, title = {Native herbivores indirectly facilitate the growth of invasive Spartina in a eutrophic saltmarsh.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {103}, number = {3}, pages = {e3610}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3610}, pmid = {34923622}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {China ; Ecosystem ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Poaceae ; Soil ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Current theory (e.g., consumer-controlled theory) predicts that nutrient enrichment typically amplifies herbivory and thereby suppresses the growth and expansion of invasive plants. Herbivores can facilitate plant regrowth in the native community by stimulating complementary growth or ameliorating habitat conditions (e.g., by increasing soil oxygen and nutrient availability), but whether they have similar positive effects on invasive plants, especially under nutrient enrichment, remains unknown. Using a field nitrogen (N)-enrichment × crab exclusion experiment, we evaluated and compared the effects of both N enrichment and crab herbivory on the growth performance of a global invasive cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, and a co-occurring native plant, Phragmites australis. We found that crabs consistently suppressed P. australis by density and aboveground biomass regardless of N enrichment. In contrast, for S. alterniflora, the negative effects of crabs under ambient N were replaced by positive effects under N enrichment, with crabs stimulating complementary increases in density and aboveground biomass. The differing effects between the N treatments were driven by crab burrowing activity, which increased soil N availability, and the nutrient-use efficiency of S. alterniflora. Our findings revealed that native herbivores can have opposing effects on native and invasive plants, which broadens our understanding of how exotic plants can achieve dominance in a changing world.}, }
@article {pmid34922226, year = {2022}, author = {Soares, MO and Xavier, FRL and Dias, NM and Silva, MQMD and Lima, JP and Barroso, CX and Vieira, LM and Paiva, SV and Matthews-Cascon, H and Bezerra, LEA and Oliveira-Filho, RR and Salani, S and Bandeira, &#xca;VP}, title = {Alien hotspot: Benthic marine species introduced in the Brazilian semiarid coast.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {174}, number = {}, pages = {113250}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113250}, pmid = {34922226}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; *Bryozoa ; Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {In this study, we provide a baseline assessment of introduced marine species along the extensive (~600 km) Brazilian semiarid coast. We reported 27 introduced and 26 cryptogenic species. Moreover, the main vectors of introduction were ballast water, shipping lines, oil and gas activities, biofouling, and rafting on plastic debris. The taxa were Ascidiacea (17 species) and Bryozoa (17), followed by Crustacea (6), Mollusca (6), Cnidaria (3), Echinodermata (3), and Porifera (1). Among these invertebrates, some species are recognized as drivers of impacts such as the invasive corals (Tubastraea tagusensis and Tubastraea coccinea), the bivalves Isognomom bicolor and Perna viridis, the crab Charybdis hellerii, the brittle star Ophiothela mirabilis, and, finally, the bryozoan Membraniporopsis tubigera. These species threaten the biodiversity of unique ecosystems such as intertidal sandstone reefs, shallow-water coral reefs, and mesophotic ecosystems. Moreover, the up-to-date results highlight that this region is a hotspot of bioinvasion in the tropical South Atlantic.}, }
@article {pmid34922166, year = {2022}, author = {Ionescu, RA and Mitrovic, D and Wilkie, MP}, title = {Disturbances to energy metabolism in juvenile lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) following exposure to niclosamide.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {112969}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112969}, pmid = {34922166}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {Animals ; Energy Metabolism ; Fishes ; Lakes ; *Niclosamide/toxicity ; *Petromyzon ; }, abstract = {Since the 1960s, invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) populations in the Laurentian Great Lakes have been controlled by applying two chemicals, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide (niclosamide, aka. Bayluscide®), to streams infested with larval sea lamprey. These "lampricide" applications primarily rely on TFM, and are often combined with 1-2% niclosamide, which increases treatment effectiveness. Niclosamide is also used alone to treat lentic habitats and in rivers with high discharge. However, little is known about niclosamide's possible adverse physiological effects on non-target organisms. Of particular concern is the lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), which is threatened throughout the Great Lakes basin where its habitat often overlaps with larval lamprey. Because niclosamide is believed to impair ATP production by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation, we determined how it altered metabolic processes and acid-base balance in young-of-the-year (YOY) lake sturgeon exposed to their 9-h LC50 of niclosamide (0.11 mg L[-1]) for 9 h. Exposure to niclosamide led to decreased brain ATP and glucose reserves, and increased lactate, with no effect on brain glycogen. In contrast, substantial (60%) reductions in glycogen were observed in liver, suggesting that hepatic glycogen reserves were mobilized to meet the brain's glucose requirements when ATP supply was impaired during niclosamide exposure. Disturbances in carcass included reduced phosphocreatine (65-70%), 2- and 4-fold increases in pyruvate and lactate, and a slight metabolic acidosis, characterized by a 0.1 unit decrease in intracellular pH (pHi). Each of these disturbances were corrected within 24 h following depuration in clean (niclosamide-free) water. We conclude that if lake sturgeon survive exposure to niclosamide, they are able to rapidly replenish their energy stores (glycogen, ATP, phosphocreatine) and correct any corresponding metabolic disturbances within 24 h.}, }
@article {pmid34920101, year = {2022}, author = {Martínez-Hernández, F and Villalobos, G and Montañez-Valdez, OD and Martínez-Ibarra, JA}, title = {New finding of peridomestic Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1834) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Mexico: Molecular approach using cytochrome B and cytochrome oxidase I.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {97}, number = {}, pages = {105187}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105187}, pmid = {34920101}, issn = {1567-7257}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Female ; *Gene Flow ; Male ; Mexico ; Nymph/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Phylogeny ; *Triatoma/genetics/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {A previous work morphologically identified some specimens colonizing peridomestic sites of Manzanillo Colima, Mexico, as Triatoma infestans (Klug). In the present study, a molecular approach using cytochrome B and cytochrome oxidase I was implemented for the genetic identification and determination of the origin of that population. Phylogenetic analyses positively identified our studied specimens as belonging to the T. infestans clade based on genetic markers with high posterior probability values, and the haplotype network showed Uruguay, Chile and Argentina as probable countries of origin of the populations in Mexico, which was supported by gene flow and migration index analyses. Due to the proximity of the port of Manzanillo to the collection sites, the introduced specimens were hypothesized to have travelled from the countries of origin to Mexico in a seed shipment inside a TEU (twenty-foot equivalent unit) maritime container. The identification of T. infestans in Mexico represents a serious health problem, and the findings presented here indicate a novel pathway for displacing this vector with the possibility of transmission to any other part of the world, which should be further investigated.}, }
@article {pmid34919923, year = {2022}, author = {Makherana, F and Cuthbert, RN and Monaco, CJ and Dondofema, F and Wasserman, RJ and Chauke, GM and Munyai, LF and Dalu, T}, title = {Informing spread predictions of two alien snails using movement traits.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {811}, number = {}, pages = {152364}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152364}, pmid = {34919923}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Snails ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species are a growing global problem, and aquatic ecosystems have been regarded as particularly vulnerable. Biological invasions can alter ecosystem functioning, threaten native biodiversity and burden the global economy. Understanding alien species ability to disperse via locomotion following arrival to new environments is critical for prediction of spread rates. Here, we quantified in-field densities and compared movement traits between two widespread invasive alien snails, Tarebia granifera and Physa acuta. We measured the: (i) net distance and velocity to determine dispersal potential; and (ii) turning angles (both absolute and relative) and straightness index as proxies for exploratory behaviour. Tarebia granifera exhibited a significantly greater velocity and covered a significantly larger net distance (i.e., greater spread rate) than Physa acuta. In-field densities were marked for both species (T. granifera: mean 351 individuals m[-2]; P. acuta: mean 235 individuals m[-2]), but differed spatially. The exploratory behavior (i.e., mean or absolute turning angles and straightness index) did not differ significantly between the two alien species; both species showed a slight tendency to turn counterclockwise. The present study suggests a more rapid capacity to self-disperse in T. granifera than P. acuta, which could facilitate rapid spread within and between aquatic systems. Thus, this current study highlights the often-overlooked role of animal behaviour in promoting invasion; this autecological information can help inform predictive models for the spread of alien snails within freshwater ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid34918411, year = {2022}, author = {Liang, CT and Shiels, AB and Haines, WP and Sandor, ME and Aslan, CE}, title = {Invasive predators affect community-wide pollinator visitation.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, pages = {e2522}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2522}, pmid = {34918411}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants ; Bees ; *Ecosystem ; Flowers ; *Introduced Species ; Mice ; *Pollination ; Rats ; Wasps ; }, abstract = {Disruption of plant-pollinator interactions by invasive predators is poorly understood but may pose a critical threat for native ecosystems. In a multiyear field experiment in Hawai'i, we suppressed abundances of globally invasive predators and then observed insect visitation to flowers of six native plant species. Three plant species are federally endangered (Haplostachys haplostachya, Silene lanceolata, Tetramolopium arenarium) and three are common throughout their range (Bidens menziesii, Dubautia linearis, Sida fallax). Insect visitors were primarily generalist pollinators, including taxa that occur worldwide such as solitary bees (e.g., Lasioglossum impavidum), social bees (e.g., Apis mellifera), and syrphid flies (e.g., Allograpta exotica). We found that suppressing invasive rats (Rattus rattus), mice (Mus musculus), ants (Linepithema humile, Tapinoma melanocephalum), and yellowjacket wasps (Vespula pensylvanica) had positive effects on pollinator visitation to plants in 16 of 19 significant predator-pollinator-plant interactions. We found only positive effects of suppressing rats and ants, and both positive and negative effects of suppressing mice and yellowjacket wasps, on the frequency of interactions between pollinators and plants. Model results predicted that predator eradication could increase the frequency of insect visitation to flowering species, in some cases by more than 90%. Previous results from the system showed that these flowering species produced significantly more seed when flowers were allowed to outcross than when flowers were bagged to exclude pollinators, indicating limited autogamy. Our findings highlight the potential benefits of suppression or eradication of invasive rodents, ants, and yellowjackets to reverse pollination disruption, particularly in locations with high numbers of at-risk plant species or already imperiled pollinator populations.}, }
@article {pmid34917744, year = {2021}, author = {Chang, WS and Rose, K and Holmes, EC}, title = {Meta-transcriptomic analysis of the virome and microbiome of the invasive Indian myna (Acridotheres tristis) in Australia.}, journal = {One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {100360}, pmid = {34917744}, issn = {2352-7714}, abstract = {Invasive species exert a serious impact on native fauna and flora and have become the target of eradication and management efforts worldwide. Invasive avian species can also be important pathogen reservoirs, although their viromes and microbiomes have rarely been studied. As one of the top 100 invasive pest species globally, the expansion of Indian mynas (Acridotheres tristis) into peri-urban and rural environments, in conjunction with increasing free-ranging avian agricultural practices, may increase the risk of microbial pathogens jumping species boundaries. Herein, we used a meta-transcriptomic approach to explore the microbes present in brain, liver and large intestine of 16 invasive Indian myna birds in Sydney, Australia. From this, we discovered seven novel viruses from the families Adenoviridae, Caliciviridae, Flaviviridae, Parvoviridae and Picornaviridae. Interestingly, each of the novel viruses identified shared less than 80% genomic similarity with their closest relatives from other avian species, indicative of a lack of detectable virus transmission between invasive mynas to native or domestic species. Of note, we also identified two coccidian protozoa, Isospora superbusi and Isospora greineri, from the liver and gut tissues of mynas. Overall, these data demonstrate that invasive mynas can harbor a diversity of viruses and other microorganisms such that ongoing pathogen surveillance in this species is warranted.}, }
@article {pmid34917491, year = {2022}, author = {Tinker, MT and Zilliacus, KM and Ruiz, D and Tershy, BR and Croll, DA}, title = {Seabird meta-Population Viability Model (mPVA) methods.}, journal = {MethodsX}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {101599}, pmid = {34917491}, issn = {2215-0161}, abstract = {The seabird meta-population viability model (mPVA) uses a generalized approach to project abundance and quasi-extinction risk for 102 seabird species under various conservation scenarios. The mPVA is a stage-structured projection matrix that tracks abundance of multiple populations linked by dispersal, accounting for breeding island characteristics and spatial distribution. Data are derived from published studies, grey literature, and expert review (with over 500 contributions). Invasive species impacts were generalized to stage-specific vital rates by fitting a Bayesian state-space model to trend data from Islands where invasive removals had occurred, while accounting for characteristics of seabird biology, breeding islands and invasive species. Survival rates were estimated using a competing hazards formulation to account for impacts of multiple threats, while also allowing for environmental and demographic stochasticity, density dependence and parameter uncertainty.•The mPVA provides resource managers with a tool to quantitatively assess potential benefits of alternative management actions, for multiple species•The mPVA compares projected abundance and quasi-extinction risk under current conditions (no intervention) and various conservation scenarios, including removal of invasive species from specified breeding islands, translocation or reintroduction of individuals to an island of specified location and size, and at-sea mortality amelioration via reduction in annual at-sea deaths.}, }
@article {pmid34915010, year = {2022}, author = {Dalu, T and Cuthbert, RN and Weyl, OLF and Wasserman, RJ}, title = {Community structure and environmental factors affecting diatom abundance and diversity in a Mediterranean climate river system.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {810}, number = {}, pages = {152366}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152366}, pmid = {34915010}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthropogenic Effects ; *Diatoms ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Mediterranean climate river systems are among the most threatened ecosystems worldwide, due to a long history of anthropogenic impacts and alien invasive species introductions. Many of such rivers naturally exhibit a non-perennial flow regime, with distinct seasonal, inter-annual and spatial heterogeneity. The present study seeks to detect diatom community patterns and to understand the processes that cause these structures in an Austral Mediterranean river system among different months and river sections. In general, most environmental variables showed an increasing trend downstream for both months, with the exception of pH, dissolved oxygen, PO4[3-] and substrate embeddedness, which decreased downstream. A total of 110 diatom species between the two study months (October - 106 taxa; January - 78 taxa) were identified, dominated by 30 species with at least >2% abundance. Diatom community structure differed significantly across river zones, while no significant differences were observed between the study months. A boosted regression trees model showed that B (43.3%), Cu (20.8%), Fe (3.4%) and water depth (3.2%) were the most significant variables structuring diatoms. Diatom species communities reflected environmental variables (i.e., sediment and water chemistry) in this Mediterranean climate river system, as sediment metals such as B, Cu and Fe were found to be important in structuring diatom communities. Biotic influences from fish communities had little effect on diversity, but shifted diatom community structure. Therefore, the current study highlights how river systems have complex interactions that play an important role in determining diatom species composition.}, }
@article {pmid34915006, year = {2022}, author = {Zhou, L and Ouyang, X and Zhao, Y and Gomes-Silva, G and Segura-Muñoz, SI and Jourdan, J and Riesch, R and Plath, M}, title = {Invasive fish retain plasticity of naturally selected, but diverge in sexually selected traits.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {811}, number = {}, pages = {152386}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152386}, pmid = {34915006}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Cyprinodontiformes ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) have become a major threat to ecosystems worldwide. From an evolutionary ecological perspective, they allow teasing apart the relative contributions of plasticity and evolutionary divergence in driving rapid phenotypic diversification. When IAS spread across extensive geographic ranges, climatic variation may represent a source of strong natural selection through overwinter mortality and summer heat stress. This could favour local adaptation, i.e., evolutionary divergence of certain traits. IAS, however, are likely to show plasticity in survival-related traits, and environmental fluctuation in their new distribution range could favour the maintenance of this pre-existing phenotypic plasticity. By contrast, sexually selected traits are more likely to undergo evolutionary divergence when components of sexual selection differ geographically. Here, using data from a common-garden rearing experiment of Western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis Baird and Girard, 1853) from five populations across the species' invasive range in China, we show that invasive mosquitofish have retained plasticity in key physiological (thermal tolerances), morphological and life-history traits even 100 years after their introduction to China, but exhibit heritable population differences in several sexually selected traits, including the shape of the male copulatory organ. Adaptive plasticity of traits linked to immediate survival in different thermal environments-while likely responsible for the species' extraordinary invasion success-could slow down genetic evolution. Several sexually selected traits could diverge geographically and show rapid evolutionary change, e.g., because climate alters selective landscapes arising from mate competition as an indirect consequence of variation in overwinter mortality.}, }
@article {pmid34911960, year = {2021}, author = {Yang, Q and Weigelt, P and Fristoe, TS and Zhang, Z and Kreft, H and Stein, A and Seebens, H and Dawson, W and Essl, F and König, C and Lenzner, B and Pergl, J and Pouteau, R and Pyšek, P and Winter, M and Ebel, AL and Fuentes, N and Giehl, ELH and Kartesz, J and Krestov, P and Kukk, T and Nishino, M and Kupriyanov, A and Villaseñor, JL and Wieringa, JJ and Zeddam, A and Zykova, E and van Kleunen, M}, title = {The global loss of floristic uniqueness.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {7290}, pmid = {34911960}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {I 3757/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Phylogeny ; Plants/*classification ; }, abstract = {Regional species assemblages have been shaped by colonization, speciation and extinction over millions of years. Humans have altered biogeography by introducing species to new ranges. However, an analysis of how strongly naturalized plant species (i.e. alien plants that have established self-sustaining populations) affect the taxonomic and phylogenetic uniqueness of regional floras globally is still missing. Here, we present such an analysis with data from native and naturalized alien floras in 658 regions around the world. We find strong taxonomic and phylogenetic floristic homogenization overall, and that the natural decline in floristic similarity with increasing geographic distance is weakened by naturalized species. Floristic homogenization increases with climatic similarity, which emphasizes the importance of climate matching in plant naturalization. Moreover, floristic homogenization is greater between regions with current or past administrative relationships, indicating that being part of the same country as well as historical colonial ties facilitate floristic exchange, most likely due to more intensive trade and transport between such regions. Our findings show that naturalization of alien plants threatens taxonomic and phylogenetic uniqueness of regional floras globally. Unless more effective biosecurity measures are implemented, it is likely that with ongoing globalization, even the most distant regions will lose their floristic uniqueness.}, }
@article {pmid34911766, year = {2021}, author = {Jaspers, C and Ehrlich, M and Pujolar, JM and Künzel, S and Bayer, T and Limborg, MT and Lombard, F and Browne, WE and Stefanova, K and Reusch, TBH}, title = {Invasion genomics uncover contrasting scenarios of genetic diversity in a widespread marine invader.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {118}, number = {51}, pages = {}, pmid = {34911766}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Ctenophora/*genetics/physiology ; *Genetic Variation ; Genome ; *Genomics ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasion rates have increased in the past 100 y irrespective of international conventions. What characterizes a successful invasion event? And how does genetic diversity translate into invasion success? Employing a whole-genome perspective using one of the most successful marine invasive species world-wide as a model, we resolve temporal invasion dynamics during independent invasion events in Eurasia. We reveal complex regionally independent invasion histories including cases of recurrent translocations, time-limited translocations, and stepping-stone range expansions with severe bottlenecks within the same species. Irrespective of these different invasion dynamics, which lead to contrasting patterns of genetic diversity, all nonindigenous populations are similarly successful. This illustrates that genetic diversity, per se, is not necessarily the driving force behind invasion success. Other factors such as propagule pressure and repeated introductions are an important contribution to facilitate successful invasions. This calls into question the dominant paradigm of the genetic paradox of invasions, i.e., the successful establishment of nonindigenous populations with low levels of genetic diversity.}, }
@article {pmid34907461, year = {2022}, author = {Tabe Ojong, MP and Alvarez, M and Ihli, HJ and Becker, M and Heckelei, T}, title = {Action on Invasive Species: Control Strategies of Parthenium hysterophorus L. on Smallholder Farms in Kenya.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, pages = {861-870}, pmid = {34907461}, issn = {1432-1009}, support = {Project-ID 328966760-TRR 228//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Asteraceae/physiology ; Farms ; *Herbicides ; Introduced Species ; Kenya ; }, abstract = {Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae) is an invasive alien weed with detrimental effects on agricultural production, biodiversity, human and animal health, threating rural livelihoods in Asia and Africa. The problem emerged recently in the Kenyan Rift Valley, where it began to affect the landholdings of both agro-pastoralists and crop farmers. These vulnerable smallholders depend heavily on natural resources for their livelihoods. In this study, we assessed the severity of parthenium invasion and farmers' management responses using a sample of 530 agro-pastoralists in Baringo County, Kenya, in 2019. We hypothesise that the implementation of existing management strategies depends on the state of parthenium invasion and household socio-economic characteristics. The prevalence and severity of parthenium invasion differed greatly among field plots. To control weeds, farmers resort to either hand weeding, the use of synthetic herbicides, or intensive tillage, sometimes in combination with mulching. A multivariate probit regression model shows that households' characteristics determine the type of control strategies used as well as their complementarity and substitutability. Hand weeding is the most common option, adopted by almost 40% of farmers. The use of agrochemicals or soil-based control strategies appears to be related to knowledge and information characteristics such as access to extension services, membership in organisations and the educational level of household heads. While hand weeding and the use of synthetic herbicides depict significant substitutability, the latter strategy is limited to a few larger farms with market-oriented production. As parthenium invasion continues, policies need to improve farmer awareness and access to knowledge to enable pro-poor and environmentally sustainable control of parthenium on smallholder farms.}, }
@article {pmid34907417, year = {2022}, author = {Hartshorn, JA and Palmer, JF and Coyle, DR}, title = {Into the Wild: Evidence for the Enemy Release Hypothesis in the Invasive Callery Pear (Pyrus calleryana) (Rosales: Rosaceae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {216-221}, pmid = {34907417}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Herbivory ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Pyrus ; *Rosaceae ; *Rosales ; }, abstract = {Wild Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana Decne.) results from a cross between various cultivars of P. calleryana and any other Pyrus individual. While many cultivars of this species are still commercially produced and sold for horticultural purposes in the United States, Callery pear is a detrimental invasive species that encroaches on many managed and natural areas, damages equipment and injures people, pets, and livestock with its thorny branches, and likely causes detrimental ecological impacts. Despite its importance as an invasive species, the mechanisms behind Callery pear's invasion and spread are unclear. To identify potential drivers of invasion, we quantified feeding of generalist and specialist herbivores on Callery pear and four native tree species, based on insect host ranges, with choice and no-choice experiments followed by field surveys of herbivory on these same tree species. Feeding by all herbivores was lower on Callery pear than on native tree species in no-choice assays. Specifically, feeding on Callery pear was moderate by generalists and very low by specialists. Specialist feeding on Callery pear was comparable to native species in choice assays but was significantly reduced in no-choice assays. Reduced specialist feeding along with moderate generalist feeding on Callery pear in the field provides evidence for the Enemy Release Hypothesis as a potential driving mechanism behind its invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid34904747, year = {2022}, author = {Vatanparast, M and Sajjadian, SM and Park, Y}, title = {Glycerol biosynthesis plays an essential role in mediating cold tolerance the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta.}, journal = {Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {109}, number = {2}, pages = {e21861}, doi = {10.1002/arch.21861}, pmid = {34904747}, issn = {1520-6327}, support = {F-1543086-2021-23-03//Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency/ ; PQ20180A006//Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/genetics ; Cold Temperature ; Glycerol ; Introduced Species ; RNA, Double-Stranded ; }, abstract = {The red imported fire ant (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta Buren is native to South America and known as a global problematic invasive species. At low temperatures, several investigations have demonstrated an increase in glycerol as a primary rapid cold hardening (RCH) component and an increase in the supercooling point. Two genes, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and glycerol kinase (GK), have been identified as being involved in the glycerol production process. In this study, one GPDH and two GK sequences were extracted from RIFA transcriptome analysis (Si-GPDH, Si-GK1, and Si-GK2). All three genes were expressed in different body parts and different tissues of S. invicta that Si-GK2 showed a higher expression level than the others. According to gene expression levels by qRT-PCR analysis, the highest expression levels of three genes were observed in fat body tissues. After 1 h of exposure to low temperatures (5°C or lower), the mRNA levels of these genes significantly increased, according to expression analyses. RNA interference (RNAi) of Si-GPDH or Si-GK1 and Si-GK2 exhibited a significant downregulation at the mRNA level. The mortality rate of treated RIFA by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) specific to GPDH and GK2 significantly increased at low temperatures. This study indicates that GPDH and GK2 as glycerol biosynthesis genes in RIFA have a high expression level to synthesize a high level of glycerol as an RCH factor and they play crucial roles in survival during the cold period.}, }
@article {pmid34904612, year = {2022}, author = {Li, BB and Scott, EY and Olafsen, NE and Matthews, J and Wheeler, AR}, title = {Analysis of the effects of aryl hydrocarbon receptor expression on cancer cell invasion via three-dimensional microfluidic invasion assays.}, journal = {Lab on a chip}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {313-325}, doi = {10.1039/d1lc00854d}, pmid = {34904612}, issn = {1473-0189}, mesh = {*Breast Neoplasms/pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Female ; Humans ; Microfluidics ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; *Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that binds to xenobiotics and activates expression of response elements to metabolize these compounds. The AHR pathway has been associated with a long list of diseases including cancer; however, it is debated whether AHR is tumorigenic or tumour-inhibiting. In particular, there are contradictory reports in the literature regarding the effects of AHR expression level on metastatic breast cancer. Here we used a 3D invasion assay called cell invasion in digital microfluidic microgel systems (CIMMS) to study the effect of AHR expression on invasion. In this study, MDA-MB-231 cells with stable knockout of AHR (AHRko) showed enhanced invasive characteristics and reduced proliferation, and cells with transient overexpression of AHR showed reduced invasiveness. Overexpression of AHR with a mutation in the DNA binding domain showed no difference in invasiveness compared to control, which suggests that the changes in invasiveness are related to the expression of AHR. CIMMS also allowed for extraction of sub-populations of invaded cells for RNA sequencing experiments. A comparison of the transcriptomes of invaded subpopulations of wild-type and AHRko cells identified 1809 genes that were differentially expressed, with enriched pathways including cell cycle, proliferation, survival, immunoproteasome activation, and activation of matrix metalloproteases. In sum, the data reported here for MDA-MB-231 cells suggests some new interpretations of the discrepancy in the literature on the role of AHR in breast cancer. We propose that the unique combination of functional discrimination with transcriptome profiling provided by CIMMS will be valuable for a wide range of mechanistic invasion-biology studies in the future.}, }
@article {pmid34901242, year = {2021}, author = {Craig, AF and Schade-Weskott, ML and Harris, HJ and Heath, L and Kriel, GJP and de Klerk-Lorist, LM and van Schalkwyk, L and Buss, P and Trujillo, JD and Crafford, JE and Richt, JA and Swanepoel, R}, title = {Extension of Sylvatic Circulation of African Swine Fever Virus in Extralimital Warthogs in South Africa.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {746129}, pmid = {34901242}, issn = {2297-1769}, support = {P20 GM130448/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Sylvatic circulation of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in warthogs and Ornithodoros ticks that live in warthog burrows historically occurred in northern South Africa. Outbreaks of the disease in domestic pigs originated in this region. A controlled area was declared in the north in 1935 and regulations were implemented to prevent transfer of potentially infected suids or products to the rest of the country. However, over the past six decades, warthogs have been widely translocated to the south where the extralimital animals have flourished to become an invasive species. Since 2016, there have been outbreaks of ASF in pigs outside the controlled area that cannot be linked to transfer of infected animals or products from the north. An investigation in 2008-2012 revealed that the presence of Ornithodoros ticks and ASFV in warthog burrows extended marginally across the boundary of the controlled area. We found serological evidence of ASFV circulation in extralimital warthogs further south in the central part of the country.}, }
@article {pmid34897657, year = {2022}, author = {Davidson, TM and Smith, CM and Torchin, ME}, title = {Introduced mangroves escape damage from marine and terrestrial enemies.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {103}, number = {3}, pages = {e3604}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3604}, pmid = {34897657}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Herbivory ; Insecta ; Introduced Species ; *Rhizophoraceae ; }, abstract = {The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) posits that introduced species often leave their enemies behind when introduced to a new range. This release from enemies may allow introduced species to achieve higher growth and reproduction and may explain why some invaders flourish in new locations. Red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) were introduced to Hawai'i from Florida over a century ago. Because Hawai'i has no native mangroves, the arrival of R. mangle fundamentally changed the structure and function of estuarine shorelines. While numerous enemies affect red mangroves in their native range (tropical America), in Hawai'i, mangroves apparently experience little herbivory, which may explain why introduced mangroves are so productive, fecund, and continue to spread. In this study, we compared the effects of enemies in native and introduced populations of brackish red mangroves (R. mangle) in 8-10 sites in the native range (Florida, Belize, and Panama) and introduced range of mangroves (Hawai'i). At each site, we measured the (1) occurrence of enemies using timed visual surveys, (2) occurrence of damage to different mangrove structures (leaves, apical buds, dead twigs, roots, propagules, and seedlings), and (3) rate of propagule herbivory using tethering experiments. Consistent with the ERH, we found an order of magnitude less damage and fewer enemies in introduced than native mangrove sites. While introduced mangroves harbored few enemies and minimal damage, native mangroves were affected by numerous enemies, including leaf-eating crabs, specialist bud moths, wood-boring insects and isopods, and propagule predators. These patterns were consistent across all plant structures (roots to leaves), among marine and terrestrial enemies, and across functional groups (browsers, borers, pathogens, etc.), which demonstrates enemy escape occurs consistently among different functional groups and via trophic (e.g., herbivores) and non-trophic (e.g., root borers) interactions. Our study is among the first biogeographical enemy release studies to take a comprehensive approach to quantifying the occurrence of damage from a broad suite of marine and terrestrial taxa across an array of wetland plant structures. Understanding how natural enemies alter this key foundation species will become increasingly relevant globally as mangroves continue to invade new regions through intentional plantings or range expansion driven by climate change.}, }
@article {pmid34897477, year = {2022}, author = {Lowie, A and De Kegel, B and Wilkinson, M and Measey, J and O'Reilly, JC and Kley, NJ and Gaucher, P and Brecko, J and Kleinteich, T and Adriaens, D and Herrel, A}, title = {The relationship between head shape, head musculature and bite force in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona).}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {225}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.243599}, pmid = {34897477}, issn = {1477-9145}, support = {HPMF-CT-2001-01407/MCCC_/Marie Curie/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {*Amphibians/physiology ; Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; *Bite Force ; Head ; Jaw/physiology ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Skull ; }, abstract = {Caecilians are enigmatic limbless amphibians that, with a few exceptions, all have an at least partly burrowing lifestyle. Although it has been suggested that caecilian evolution resulted in sturdy and compact skulls as an adaptation to their head-first burrowing habits, no relationship between skull shape and burrowing performance has been demonstrated to date. However, the unique dual jaw-closing mechanism and the osteological variability of their temporal region suggest a potential relationship between skull shape and feeding mechanics. Here, we explored the relationships between skull shape, head musculature and in vivo bite forces. Although there is a correlation between bite force and external head shape, no relationship between bite force and skull shape could be detected. Whereas our data suggest that muscles are the principal drivers of variation in bite force, the shape of the skull is constrained by factors other than demands for bite force generation. However, a strong covariation between the cranium and mandible exists. Moreover, both cranium and mandible shape covary with jaw muscle architecture. Caecilians show a gradient between species with a long retroarticular process associated with a large and pennate-fibered m. interhyoideus posterior and species with a short process but long and parallel-fibered jaw adductors. Our results demonstrate the complexity of the relationship between form and function of this jaw system. Further studies that focus on factors such as gape distance or jaw velocity will be needed in order to fully understand the evolution of feeding mechanics in caecilians.}, }
@article {pmid34897429, year = {2022}, author = {McCartney, MA and Auch, B and Kono, T and Mallez, S and Zhang, Y and Obille, A and Becker, A and Abrahante, JE and Garbe, J and Badalamenti, JP and Herman, A and Mangelson, H and Liachko, I and Sullivan, S and Sone, ED and Koren, S and Silverstein, KAT and Beckman, KB and Gohl, DM}, title = {The genome of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha: a resource for comparative genomics, invasion genetics, and biocontrol.}, journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {34897429}, issn = {2160-1836}, support = {R44 AI150008/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Dreissena/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Genome ; Genomics ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, continues to spread from its native range in Eurasia to Europe and North America, causing billions of dollars in damage and dramatically altering invaded aquatic ecosystems. Despite these impacts, there are few genomic resources for Dreissena or related bivalves. Although the D. polymorpha genome is highly repetitive, we have used a combination of long-read sequencing and Hi-C-based scaffolding to generate a high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly. Through comparative analysis and transcriptomics experiments, we have gained insights into processes that likely control the invasive success of zebra mussels, including shell formation, synthesis of byssal threads, and thermal tolerance. We identified multiple intact steamer-like elements, a retrotransposon that has been linked to transmissible cancer in marine clams. We also found that D. polymorpha have an unusual 67 kb mitochondrial genome containing numerous tandem repeats, making it the largest observed in Eumetazoa. Together these findings create a rich resource for invasive species research and control efforts.}, }
@article {pmid34896500, year = {2022}, author = {Sèbe, M and Scemama, P and Choquet, A and Jung, JL and Chircop, A and Marras-Aït Razouk, P and Michel, S and Stiger-Pouvreau, V and Recuero-Virto, L}, title = {Maritime transportation: Let's slow down a bit.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {811}, number = {}, pages = {152262}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152262}, pmid = {34896500}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Environment ; Noise ; *Ships ; *Transportation ; }, abstract = {Maritime transportation is a major contributor to the world economy, but has significant social and environmental impacts. Each impact calls for different technical or operational solutions. Amongst these solutions, we found that speed reduction measures appear to mitigate several issues: (1) collision with wildlife; (2) collision with non-living objects; (3) underwater noise; (4) invasive species; and (5) gas emission. We do not pretend that speed reduction is the best solution for each individual issue mentioned in this paper, but we argue that it could be a key solution to significantly reduce these threats all together. Further interdisciplinary research is required to balance private economic costs of speed reduction measures with environmental and social benefits emerging from all mitigated issues.}, }
@article {pmid34895319, year = {2021}, author = {Carter, TE and Yared, S and Getachew, D and Spear, J and Choi, SH and Samake, JN and Mumba, P and Dengela, D and Yohannes, G and Chibsa, S and Murphy, M and Dissanayake, G and Flately, C and Lopez, K and Janies, D and Zohdy, S and Irish, SR and Balkew, M}, title = {Genetic diversity of Anopheles stephensi in Ethiopia provides insight into patterns of spread.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {602}, pmid = {34895319}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {R15 AI151766/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; 1R15AI151766//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Anopheles/*genetics ; Cytochromes b/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Ethiopia ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Malaria/*transmission ; Mosquito Vectors/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The recent detection of the South Asian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi in the Horn of Africa (HOA) raises concerns about the impact of this mosquito on malaria transmission in the region. Analysis of An. stephensi genetic diversity and population structure can provide insight into the history of the mosquito in the HOA to improve predictions of future spread. We investigated the genetic diversity of An. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia, where detection suggests a range expansion into this region, in order to understand the history of this invasive population.<br><br>METHODS: We sequenced the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome B gene (CytB) in 187 An. stephensi collected from 10 sites in Ethiopia in 2018. Population genetic, phylogenetic, and minimum spanning network analyses were conducted for Ethiopian sequences. Molecular identification of blood meal sources was also performed using universal vertebrate CytB sequencing.<br><br>RESULTS: Six An. stephensi COI-CytB haplotypes were observed, with the highest number of haplotypes in the northeastern sites (Semera, Bati, and Gewana towns) relative to the southeastern sites (Kebridehar, Godey, and Degehabur) in eastern Ethiopia. We observed population differentiation, with the highest differentiation between the northeastern sites compared to central sites (Erer Gota, Dire Dawa, and Awash Sebat Kilo) and the southeastern sites. Phylogenetic and network analysis revealed that the HOA An. stephensi are more genetically similar to An. stephensi from southern Asia than from the Arabian Peninsula. Finally, molecular blood meal analysis revealed evidence of feeding on cows, goats, dogs, and humans, as well as evidence of multiple (mixed) blood meals.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We show that An. stephensi is genetically diverse in Ethiopia and with evidence of geographical structure. Variation in the level of diversity supports the hypothesis for a more recent introduction of An. stephensi into southeastern Ethiopia relative to the northeastern region. We also find evidence that supports the hypothesis that HOA An. stephensi populations originate from South Asia rather than the Arabian Peninsula. The evidence of both zoophagic and anthropophagic feeding support the need for additional investigation into the potential for livestock movement to play a role in vector spread in this region.}, }
@article {pmid34894154, year = {2022}, author = {Nielsen, SMB and Bilde, T and Toft, S}, title = {Macronutrient niches and field limitation in a woodland assemblage of harvestmen.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, pages = {593-603}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13649}, pmid = {34894154}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Diet ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; *Forests ; Male ; Nutrients ; }, abstract = {Description of animals' trophic niches helps us understand interactions between species in biological communities that are not easily observed. Analyses of macronutrient niches, that is, the range of macronutrient (protein:lipid:carbohydrate) ratios selected by generalist feeders, may be a useful alternative approach to inter-species comparisons of diets, especially within taxonomic assemblages of predators where species with similar nutritional requirements are likely to accept similar types of prey. Here we analysed the macronutritional niches of a woodland assemblage of seven harvestman species, all supposed to be predators with omnivorous tendencies. Five species (Mitopus morio, Leiobunum gracile, Oligolophus tridens, O. hanseni and Paroligolophus agrestis) were native and two species (Opilio canestrinii and Dicranopalpus ramosus) were recent invaders into the community. We compare the fundamental (FMN) and realized (RMN) macronutritional niche positions of the species using a 'double-test procedure', which provides information on whether the species were food limited in their natural habitat, and whether they were limited by specific macronutrients. All seven species were food limited and six species were non-protein limited in the field; of these, four species were carbohydrate limited, and in one species females were lipid limited and males were carbohydrate limited. These findings add to the notion that predators are mainly non-protein limited in the field. The FMN positions of the assemblage fell within 46%-50% protein, 29%-38% lipid and 16%-22% carbohydrate. The amount of carbohydrate in the self-selected diet combined with carbohydrate limitation confirms that the species are zoophytophagous. Two morphological clusters of species (large long-legged vs. small short-legged species) differed not only in microhabitat (upper vs. lower forest strata) but also in macronutrient selection, where large long-legged species selected higher proportion of carbohydrate than small short-legged species. Thus, morphologically similar species occupy the same habitat stratum and have similar macronutritional niches. We discuss the hypothesis that the invasive O. canestrinii might have an impact on native species as it allegedly had in urban environments previously. Two basic assumptions about interspecific resource competition were fulfilled, that is, high overlap of nutritional requirements and limitation by food and macronutrients.}, }
@article {pmid34894041, year = {2022}, author = {Gartland, LA and Firth, JA and Laskowski, KL and Jeanson, R and Ioannou, CC}, title = {Sociability as a personality trait in animals: methods, causes and consequences.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, pages = {802-816}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12823}, pmid = {34894041}, issn = {1469-185X}, support = {BB/S009752/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Introduced Species ; *Personality ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Within animal populations there is variation among individuals in their tendency to be social, where more sociable individuals associate more with other individuals. Consistent inter-individual variation in 'sociability' is considered one of the major axes of personality variation in animals along with aggressiveness, activity, exploration and boldness. Not only is variation in sociability important in terms of animal personalities, but it holds particular significance for, and can be informed by, two other topics of major interest: social networks and collective behaviour. Further, knowledge of what generates inter-individual variation in social behaviour also holds applied implications, such as understanding disorders of social behaviour in humans. In turn, research using non-human animals in the genetics, neuroscience and physiology of these disorders can inform our understanding of sociability. For the first time, this review brings together insights across these areas of research, across animal taxa from primates to invertebrates, and across studies from both the laboratory and field. We show there are mixed results in whether and how sociability correlates with other major behavioural traits. Whether and in what direction these correlations are observed may differ with individual traits such as sex and body condition, as well as ecological conditions. A large body of evidence provides the proximate mechanisms for why individuals vary in their social tendency. Evidence exists for the importance of genes and their expression, chemical messengers, social interactions and the environment in determining an individual's social tendency, although the specifics vary with species and other variables such as age, and interactions amongst these proximate factors. Less well understood is how evolution can maintain consistent variation in social tendencies within populations. Shifts in the benefits and costs of social tendencies over time, as well as the social niche hypothesis, are currently the best supported theories for how variation in sociability can evolve and be maintained in populations. Increased exposure to infectious diseases is the best documented cost of a greater social tendency, and benefits include greater access to socially transmitted information. We also highlight that direct evidence for more sociable individuals being safer from predators is lacking. Variation in sociability is likely to have broad ecological consequences, but beyond its importance in the spread of infectious diseases, direct evidence is limited to a few examples related to dispersal and invasive species biology. Overall, our knowledge of inter-individual variation in sociability is highly skewed towards the proximate mechanisms. Our review also demonstrates, however, that considering research from social networks and collective behaviour greatly enriches our understanding of sociability, highlighting the need for greater integration of these approaches into future animal personality research to address the imbalance in our understanding of sociability as a personality trait.}, }
@article {pmid34893913, year = {2022}, author = {Abramson, BW and Novotny, M and Hartwick, NT and Colt, K and Aevermann, BD and Scheuermann, RH and Michael, TP}, title = {The genome and preliminary single-nuclei transcriptome of Lemna minuta reveals mechanisms of invasiveness.}, journal = {Plant physiology}, volume = {188}, number = {2}, pages = {879-897}, pmid = {34893913}, issn = {1532-2548}, mesh = {Araceae/*genetics ; Genome, Plant ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Dispersal/*genetics ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {The ability to trace every cell in some model organisms has led to the fundamental understanding of development and cellular function. However, in plants the complexity of cell number, organ size, and developmental time makes this a challenge even in the diminutive model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Duckweed, basal nongrass aquatic monocots, provide an opportunity to follow every cell of an entire plant due to their small size, reduced body plan, and fast clonal growth habit. Here we present a chromosome-resolved genome for the highly invasive Lesser Duckweed (Lemna minuta) and generate a preliminary cell atlas leveraging low cell coverage single-nuclei sequencing. We resolved the 360 megabase genome into 21 chromosomes, revealing a core nonredundant gene set with only the ancient tau whole-genome duplication shared with all monocots, and paralog expansion as a result of tandem duplications related to phytoremediation. Leveraging SMARTseq2 single-nuclei sequencing, which provided higher gene coverage yet lower cell count, we profiled 269 nuclei covering 36.9% (8,457) of the L. minuta transcriptome. Since molecular validation was not possible in this nonmodel plant, we leveraged gene orthology with model organism single-cell expression datasets, gene ontology, and cell trajectory analysis to define putative cell types. We found that the tissue that we computationally defined as mesophyll expressed high levels of elemental transport genes consistent with this tissue playing a role in L. minuta wastewater detoxification. The L. minuta genome and preliminary cell map provide a paradigm to decipher developmental genes and pathways for an entire plant.}, }
@article {pmid34893515, year = {2021}, author = {Aronson, JK}, title = {When I use a word . . . . The Precautionary Principle: a brief history.}, journal = {BMJ (Clinical research ed.)}, volume = {375}, number = {}, pages = {n3059}, doi = {10.1136/bmj.n3059}, pmid = {34893515}, issn = {1756-1833}, mesh = {Aphorisms and Proverbs as Topic/*history ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Two ideas precede the modern Precautionary Principle. First, that prevention is better than cure, exemplified by an aphorism in an early 13th century book of Jewish aphorisms, the Sefer Hasidim: "Who is a skilled physician? He who can prevent sickness." Secondly, Thomas Sydenham's 17th century assertion that in healthcare it is important above all not to do harm, "primum est ut non nocere." These two ideas come together in the Vorsorgeprinzip, which was incorporated into German legislation for maintaining clean air in the 1960s and 1970s, and first appeared in English-language documents in 1982, which referred to taking a precautionary approach or precautionary measures, or more formally as the Precautionary Principle. The principle features in international documents such as the Rio Declaration and in many pieces of EU legislation relating to topics as diverse as genetically modified organisms, food safety, the safety of toys, and invasion of alien species of animals, plants, fungi, or microorganisms.}, }
@article {pmid34888923, year = {2022}, author = {Kalinkina, NM and Zobkov, MB and Zobkova, MV and Galakhina, NE}, title = {Assessment of Microplastic Size Range and Ingestion Intensity by Gmelinoides fasciatus Stebbing, an Invasive Species of Lake Onego.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {184-192}, doi = {10.1002/etc.5257}, pmid = {34888923}, issn = {1552-8618}, mesh = {*Amphipoda ; Animals ; Eating ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Microplastics ; Plastics ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/toxicity ; }, abstract = {To indicate the potential role of Gmelinoides fasciatus, an invasive species of Lake Onego, in the inclusion of microplastics into food webs, several indicators were evaluated: its ability to ingest microplastics, the preferred size ranges, and the ingestion intensity. For this purpose, irregularly shaped polystyrene copolymer particles (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastics, artificially crushed) of four size classes (<50, 50-100, 100-250, >250 µm) were used. Gmelinoides fasciatus actively ingested microplastic particles, and in treatment with particles of 100-250 µm in size, the consumption rate was the highest. The crustaceans that survived the experiment ingested smaller particles than the deceased ones. Based on the size-frequency distributions of the ingested particles and the same in the suspension, crustaceans preferred smaller particles than those in suspension. The mean size of the ingested particles was 100 ± 5 µm. However, considering the actual concentration of microplastic fragments in the sediments of Lake Onego, in natural conditions, a negative effect of microplastic fragments on the G. fasciatus population is unlikely. At the same time, the ability of the invasive species G. fasciatus to consume microplastics and their active integration into the food webs of Lake Onego through consumption by fish can be considered reliable factors of the entry of microplastics in the fish of Lake Onego. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:184-192. © 2021 SETAC.}, }
@article {pmid34888751, year = {2022}, author = {San Blas, G and Obholz, G and Dias, FMS and Specht, A and Casagrande, MM and Mielke, OHH}, title = {Global Potential Distribution of the South American Cutworm Pest Agrotis robusta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, pages = {188-198}, pmid = {34888751}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {PICT-2016-0588//agencia nacional de promoci&#xf3;n cient&#xed;fica y tecnol&#xf3;gica/ ; PICT-2017-3074//agencia nacional de promoci&#xf3;n cient&#xed;fica y tecnol&#xf3;gica/ ; POIRE-2016-17//universidad nacional de la pampa/ ; 403376/2013-0//conselho nacional de desenvolvimento cient&#xed;fico e tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 312901/2020-8//conselho nacional de desenvolvimento cient&#xed;fico e tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 409084/2017-4//conselho nacional de desenvolvimento cient&#xed;fico e tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; SEG MP2 02.13.14.006.00.00//empresa brasileira de pesquisa agropecu&#xe1;ria/ ; Edital Capes-Embrapa 15/2014 - Proposta 92//coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de aperfei&#xe7;oamento de pessoal de n&#xed;vel superior/ ; PNPD/CAPES - PGENTO/UFPR//coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de aperfei&#xe7;oamento de pessoal de n&#xed;vel superior/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Climate ; Crops, Agricultural ; Introduced Species ; *Moths ; South America ; }, abstract = {Invasive pest species can represent significant losses to the agricultural economy of a country. Assessing the potential distribution of known pest species could be an important tool to evaluate possible invasive threats globally. Agrotis robusta (Blanchard) is an endemic species of temperate areas of South America considered an important pest of seedlings of sunflower, dry bean, and potatoes. The polyphagous habit of A. robusta, along with its regional importance and history of misidentifications, makes it a species of concern for other regions of the world. In this work, we assessed the potential distribution of A. robusta with Maxent based on occurrence data and variables related to climate and soil. The bioclimate profile of the species showed a marked seasonality and medium average monthly temperature, coinciding with the temperate climate of the Köppen-Geiger classification. Other important variables related to the species distribution included average solar radiation and soil pH. Suitable conditions were identified in North America, Central America, Europe, Southern Africa, Asia, and Australia. High suitable places overlapped with some of the most important countries of production of host crops of A. robusta. Our conclusions highlight the importance of taking this species into account when importing goods from countries with the presence of A. robusta, especially for countries that are important producers of host crops.}, }
@article {pmid34884421, year = {2021}, author = {Yang, Z and Bai, C and Wang, P and Fu, W and Wang, L and Song, Z and Xi, X and Wu, H and Zhang, G and Wu, J}, title = {Sandbur Drought Tolerance Reflects Phenotypic Plasticity Based on the Accumulation of Sugars, Lipids, and Flavonoid Intermediates and the Scavenging of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Root.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {22}, number = {23}, pages = {}, pmid = {34884421}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {2016YFSF03//the National Key Research and Development Project/ ; 41807404//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31471544//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Ascorbic Acid/*metabolism ; Cenchrus/metabolism/*physiology ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Droughts ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; Flavonoids/metabolism ; *Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Oxidative Stress ; Plant Proteins/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism/physiology ; Proteomics/*methods ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; }, abstract = {The perennial grass Cenchrus spinifex (common sandbur) is an invasive species that grows in arid and semi-arid regions due to its remarkable phenotypic plasticity, which confers the ability to withstand drought and other forms of abiotic stress. Exploring the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance in common sandbur could lead to the development of new strategies for the protection of natural and agricultural environments from this weed. To determine the molecular basis of drought tolerance in C. spinifex, we used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) to identify proteins differing in abundance between roots growing in normal soil and roots subjected to moderate or severe drought stress. The analysis of these proteins revealed that drought tolerance in C. spinifex primarily reflects the modulation of core physiological activities such as protein synthesis, transport and energy utilization as well as the accumulation of flavonoid intermediates and the scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Accordingly, plants subjected to drought stress accumulated sucrose, fatty acids, and ascorbate, shifted their redox potential (as determined by the NADH/NAD ratio), accumulated flavonoid intermediates at the expense of anthocyanins and lignin, and produced less actin, indicating fundamental reorganization of the cytoskeleton. Our results show that C. spinifex responds to drought stress by coordinating multiple metabolic pathways along with other adaptations. It is likely that the underlying metabolic plasticity of this species plays a key role in its invasive success, particularly in semi-arid and arid environments.}, }
@article {pmid34881460, year = {2022}, author = {Jamieson, LE and Woodberry, O and Mascaro, S and Meurisse, N and Jaksons, R and Brown, SDJ and Ormsby, M}, title = {An Integrated Biosecurity Risk Assessment Model (IBRAM) For Evaluating the Risk of Import Pathways for the Establishment of Invasive Species.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {42}, number = {6}, pages = {1325-1345}, doi = {10.1111/risa.13861}, pmid = {34881460}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Biosecurity ; *Heteroptera ; *Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {An important aspect of analyzing the risk of unwanted organisms establishing in an area is understanding the pathways by which they arrive. Evaluating the risks of these pathways requires use of data from multiple sources, which frequently are uncertain. To address the needs of agencies responsible for biosecurity operations, we present an Integrated Biosecurity Risk Assessment Model (IBRAM) for evaluating the risk of establishment and dispersal of invasive species along trade pathways. The IBRAM framework consists of multiple linked models which describe pest entry into the country, escape along trade pathways, initial dispersal into the environment, habitat suitability, probabilities of establishment and spread, and the consequences of these invasions. Bayesian networks (BN) are used extensively to model these processes. The model includes dynamic BN components and geographic data, resulting in distributions of output parameters over spatial and temporal axes. IBRAM is supported by a web-based tool that allows users to run the model on real-world pest examples and investigate the impact of alternative risk management scenarios, to explore the effect of various interventions and resource allocations. Two case studies are provided as examples of how IBRAM may be used: Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are unwanted organisms with the potential to invade Aotearoa New Zealand, and IBRAM has been influential in evaluating the efficacy of pathway management to mitigate the risk of their establishment in the country.}, }
@article {pmid34880205, year = {2021}, author = {Kroon, FJ and Barneche, DR and Emslie, MJ}, title = {Fish predators control outbreaks of Crown-of-Thorns Starfish.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {6986}, pmid = {34880205}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa ; Bayes Theorem ; Biomass ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Coral Reefs ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Ecology ; *Fisheries ; Introduced Species ; *Population Control ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Starfish ; }, abstract = {Outbreaks of corallivorous Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (CoTS, Acanthaster spp.) have caused persistent and widespread loss of coral cover across Indo-Pacific coral reefs. The potential drivers of these outbreaks have been debated for more than 50 years, hindering effective management to limit their destructive impacts. Here, we show that fish biomass removal through commercial and recreational fisheries may be a major driver of CoTS population outbreaks. CoTS densities increase systematically with increasing fish biomass removal, including for known CoTS predators. Moreover, the biomass of fish species and families that influence CoTS densities are 1.4 to 2.1-fold higher on reefs within no-take marine reserves, while CoTS densities are 2.8-fold higher on reefs that are open to fishing, indicating the applicability of fisheries-based management to prevent CoTS outbreaks. Designing targeted fisheries management with consideration of CoTS population dynamics may offer a tangible and promising contribution to effectively reduce the detrimental impacts of CoTS outbreaks across the Indo-Pacific.}, }
@article {pmid34879920, year = {2021}, author = {Braschler, B and Chown, SL and Duffy, GA}, title = {Sub-critical limits are viable alternatives to critical thermal limits.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {101}, number = {}, pages = {103106}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103106}, pmid = {34879920}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; Ants/genetics/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Thermal traits are frequently used to explain variation in species distributions, abundance, and sensitivity to climate change. Due to their utility and ease of measurement, critical thermal limits in particular have proliferated across the ecophysiological literature. Critical limit assays can, however, have deleterious or even lethal effects on individuals and there is growing recognition that intermediate metrics of performance can provide a further, nuanced understanding of how species interact with their environments. Meanwhile, the scarcity of data describing sub-critical or voluntary limits, which have been proposed as alternatives to critical limits and can be collected under less extreme conditions, reduces their value in comparative analyses and broad-scale syntheses. To overcome these limitations and determine if sub-critical limits are viable proxies for upper and lower critical thermal limits we measured and compared the critical and sub-critical thermal limits of 2023 ants representing 51 species. Sub-critical limits in isolation were a satisfactory linear predictor for both individual and species critical limits and when species identity was also considered there were substantial gains in variance explained. These gains indicate that a species-specific conversion factor can further improve estimates of critical traits using sub-critical proxies. Sub-critical limits can, therefore, be integrated into broader syntheses of critical limits and confidently used to calculate common ecological metrics, such as warming tolerance, so long as uncertainty in estimates is explicitly acknowledged. Although lower thermal traits exhibited more variation than their upper counterparts, the stronger phylogenetic signal of lower thermal traits indicates that appropriate conversions for lower thermal traits can be inferred from congenerics or other closely related taxa.}, }
@article {pmid34879290, year = {2022}, author = {Soares, MO and Kitahara, MV and Santos, MEA and Bejarano, S and Rabelo, EF and Cruz, ICS}, title = {The flourishing and vulnerabilities of zoantharians on Southwestern Atlantic reefs.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {173}, number = {}, pages = {105535}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105535}, pmid = {34879290}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Climate Change ; *Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; Plastics ; }, abstract = {In the Southwestern Atlantic reefs (SWA), some species of massive scleractinians and zoantharians are adapted to turbid waters, periodic desiccation, and sediment resuspension events. Moreover, phase shifts in this region have mostly been characterized by the emergence of algae and, less typically, zoantharians. However, nutrient excess and organic pollution are key drivers of the hard coral habitat degradation and may, thus, favor the emergence of novel zoantharian-dominated habitats. Many zoantharian species, particularly those from the genera Palythoa and Zoanthus, have traits that could help them thrive under conditions detrimental to reef-building corals, including rapid growth, several asexual reproduction strategies, high morphological plasticity, and generalist nutrient acquisition strategies. Thus, in a near future, stress-tolerant zoantharians may thrive in nutrient-enriched subtidal SWA locations under low heat stress, such as, upwelling. Overall, coral-zoantharian phase shifts in the SWA may decrease the species richness of reef communities, ultimately influencing ecosystem functioning and services, such as the provision of nursery habitats, fish biomass production, and coastline protection. However, zoantharians will also be threatened at intertidal zones, which are expected to experience higher heat stress, solar radiation, and sea-level rise. Although zoantharians appear to cope well with some local stressors (e.g., decreasing water quality), they are vulnerable to climate change (e.g., heatwaves), invasive species (Tubastraea spp.), microplastics, diseases, and mostly restricted to a narrow depth range (0-15 m depth) in SWA reefs. This shallow zone is particularly affected by climate change, compressing the three-dimensional habitat and limiting depth refugia in deeper SWA reefs. As mesophotic ecosystems have been hypothesized as short-term refuges to disturbances for some species, the narrow depth limit of zoantharians seems to be a potential factor that might increase their vulnerability to growing climate change pressures in SWA shallow-water reefs. Together, these could lead to both range expansions in some locations and loss of suitable reef habitats in other sites. Additional research is needed to better understand the systemic responses of these novel SWA reefs to the concert of increasing and interactive local and global stressors, and their implications for ecosystem functioning and service provisions.}, }
@article {pmid34876612, year = {2021}, author = {Shine, R and Alford, RA and Blennerhasset, R and Brown, GP and DeVore, JL and Ducatez, S and Finnerty, P and Greenlees, M and Kaiser, SW and McCann, S and Pettit, L and Pizzatto, L and Schwarzkopf, L and Ward-Fear, G and Phillips, BL}, title = {Increased rates of dispersal of free-ranging cane toads (Rhinella marina) during their global invasion.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {23574}, pmid = {34876612}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/physiology ; Animal Migration/physiology ; Animals ; Australia ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; Bufonidae/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; French Guiana ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Remote Sensing Technology ; }, abstract = {Invasions often accelerate through time, as dispersal-enhancing traits accumulate at the expanding range edge. How does the dispersal behaviour of individual organisms shift to increase rates of population spread? We collate data from 44 radio-tracking studies (in total, of 650 animals) of cane toads (Rhinella marina) to quantify distances moved per day, and the frequency of displacement in their native range (French Guiana) and two invaded areas (Hawai'i and Australia). We show that toads in their native-range, Hawai'i and eastern Australia are relatively sedentary, while toads dispersing across tropical Australia increased their daily distances travelled from 20 to 200 m per day. That increase reflects an increasing propensity to change diurnal retreat sites every day, as well as to move further during each nocturnal displacement. Daily changes in retreat site evolved earlier than did changes in distances moved per night, indicating a breakdown in philopatry before other movement behaviours were optimised to maximise dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid34875691, year = {2022}, author = {Liu, FL and Rugman-Jones, P and Liao, YC and Fernandez, V and Chien, I and Dodge, C and Cooperband, MF and Tuan, SJ and Stouthamer, R}, title = {The Attractiveness of α-Copaene to Members of the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Species Complex in California and Taiwan.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, pages = {116-123}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toab232}, pmid = {34875691}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; *Sesquiterpenes ; Taiwan ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {Species belonging to the Euwallacea fornicatus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) species complex have invaded the continental U.S. since at least 2003. Three species of this complex are known to have established, two in California (E. fornicatus; and Euwallacea kuroshio), and a third in Florida (Euwallacea perbrevis). Their native ranges are spread across southern and southeast Asia. In Taiwan, all three species occur in sympatry. They attack healthy trees of widely varied species and cause severe damage and death to the trees. The attractant quercivorol is commonly used to promote their detection by passive trapping. Recent studies in Florida have shown that trapping of E. perbrevis can be further improved by adding a synergist, α-copaene, alongside the quercivorol lure. Thus, we were interested in testing the effectiveness of α-copaene for trapping the other invasive members of the complex in California and in an area of Taiwan where all three species co-occur. We found that α-copaene marginally enhanced the trapping of E. perbrevis in Taiwan, but had no effect on the trapping of E. fornicatus or E. kuroshio in either California or Taiwan. We conclude that any enhancing effect of α-copaene is specific to E. perbrevis. This highlights the economic importance of accurate species identification in developing and implementing an efficient, and yet cost-effective, monitoring program for the management of E. fornicatus and E. kuroshio in California and elsewhere.}, }
@article {pmid34874571, year = {2022}, author = {Mouchlianitis, FA and Kalaitzi, G and Kleitou, P and Savva, I and Kletou, D and Ganias, K}, title = {Reproductive dynamics of the invasive lionfish (Pterois miles) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {100}, number = {2}, pages = {574-581}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14971}, pmid = {34874571}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Fertility ; Fishes ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Perciformes ; *Reproduction ; }, abstract = {The lionfish Pterois miles invaded the Mediterranean Sea in 2012 and spread fast to the entire eastern basin. This study provides evidence of successful spawning and the first detailed analysis of P. miles ovarian dynamics in the Mediterranean Sea. The ovarian reproductive phases of mature females collected from Cyprus (eastern Mediterranean) between September 2017 and August 2018 were analysed, both macroscopically and histologically. The results suggested a prolonged oocyte recruitment and development season, and a spawning season that primarily occurred during summertime, even though spawning-capable females were caught also in autumn. A year-round spawning activity may have been inhibited due to seasonal variations in water temperature. Multiple oocyte developmental stages co-occurred in females at different reproductive phases, indicating that more than one oocyte batches were released per spawning season. The analysis of the spawning batch formation enabled the batch fecundity estimation at 3225-63149 oocytes. The oocyte development pattern described in this study shared characteristics with the indeterminate fecundity type, where new oocytes are recruited to the secondary growth phase in parallel with spawning activity. Climate change is likely to extend the spawning season of lionfish in the Mediterranean Sea and further favour its invasion. The information provided in this study is vital for the design of strategic and effective management plans to restrain the expansion of this highly invasive fish.}, }
@article {pmid34873777, year = {2022}, author = {Becker, FS and Slingsby, JA and Measey, J and Tolley, KA and Altwegg, R}, title = {Finding rare species and estimating the probability that all occupied sites have been found.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, pages = {e2502}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2502}, pmid = {34873777}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Endangered Species ; Probability ; }, abstract = {Detecting occupied sites of rare species, and estimating the probability that all occupied sites are known within a given area, are desired outcomes for many ecological or conservation projects. Examples include managing all occupied sites of a threatened species or eradicating an emerging invader. Occupied sites may remain undetected because (1) sites where the species potentially occurs had not been searched, and (2) the species could have been overlooked in the searched sites. For rare species, available data are typically scant, making it difficult to predict sites where the species probably occurs or to estimate detection probability in the searched sites. Using the critically endangered Rose's mountain toadlet (Capensibufo rosei), known from only two localities, we outline an iterative process aimed at estimating the probability that any unknown occupied sites remain and maximizing the chance of finding them. This includes fitting a species distribution model to guide sampling effort, testing model accuracy and sampling efficacy using the occurrence of more common proxy species, and estimating detection probability using sites of known presence. The final estimate of the probability that all occupied sites were found incorporates the uncertainties of uneven distribution, relative area searched, and detection probability. Our results show that very few occupied sites of C. rosei are likely to remain undetected. We also show that the probability of an undetected occupied site remaining will always be high for large unsearched areas of potential occurrence, but can be low for smaller areas intended for targeted management interventions. Our approach is especially useful for assessing uncertainty in species occurrences, planning the required search effort needed to reduce probability of unknown occurrence to desired levels, and identifying priority areas for further searches or management interventions.}, }
@article {pmid34873676, year = {2022}, author = {Werenkraut, V and Arbetman, MP and Fergnani, PN}, title = {The Oriental Hornet (Vespa orientalis L.): a Threat to the Americas?.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, pages = {330-338}, pmid = {34873676}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {PICT 2016-0157//Agencia Nacional de Promoci&#xf3;n de la Investigaci&#xf3;n, el Desarrollo Tecnol&#xf3;gico y la Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Chile ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; United States ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species generate adverse ecological, economic and social impacts in the invaded area. This is particularly alarming as the establishment of alien species shows no sign of saturation worldwide. Among invasive alien species, social wasps of the Vespidae family are well known to negatively impact the biodiversity and economy in the invaded areas. In 2020, an established population of the Oriental Hornet (Vespa orientalis L.) was detected in central Chile. This finding represents the first successful establishment of an insect of the genus Vespa in South America and rises an alarm about its potential spread in the Americas. Here, we performed an ecological niche modelling approach using Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and literature occurrences for V. orientalis and a set of environmental variables, to identify the suitable areas for the species outside its native range. The highest suitability values were predicted mostly in warm temperate regions and some arid regions of the world, with humid subtropical, Mediterranean, semi-arid or desert climates. In the Americas, we identified four main regions as moderately or highly suitable for the oriental hornet: the Gulf of Mexico and some areas in western California in the USA, central west Chile and the north-western region of Argentina. When we complemented GBIF occurrences with data from the literature, the potential areas of invasions became broader. Based on our results, we recommend the implementation of early warning monitoring schemes including citizen science initiatives to prevent the invasion of the oriental hornet.}, }
@article {pmid34873668, year = {2021}, author = {Shah, K and Sharma, GP}, title = {A missing cog in the wheel: an Allee effects perspective in biological invasion paradigm.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {194}, number = {1}, pages = {7}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-021-09643-5}, pmid = {34873668}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {*Environmental Monitoring ; India ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Environmental stochasticity and invasive species demographical factors are considered to be fundamental aspects of species invasion. Population size, density, and intraspecific competition are the important determinants of species range expansion. Allee effects, interesting density-dependent phenomena, act as 'mechanism of population regulation' during species expansion. The study intends to understand the trend of published researches and identify research gaps pertaining to biological invasions and Allee effects with the help of bibliometric analysis. Content and citation analysis using key words 'Allee effects' AND 'biological invasion' was conducted on research articles published over a period of two and a half decades from Scopus database for global and Indian context. Understanding of Allee effects dynamics in context of biological invasion is limited, especially in India. Integrating the emerging trends pertaining to Allee effects in the biological invasion framework will strengthen the understanding on species range expansion. It is emphasized that Allee effects can emerge as an important tool to manage invasive species range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid34872490, year = {2021}, author = {Johnson, MD and Fokar, M and Cox, RD and Barnes, MA}, title = {Airborne environmental DNA metabarcoding detects more diversity, with less sampling effort, than a traditional plant community survey.}, journal = {BMC ecology and evolution}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {218}, pmid = {34872490}, issn = {2730-7182}, support = {1S10OD025115-01/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Biodiversity ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; *DNA, Environmental ; Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Airborne environmental DNA (eDNA) research is an emerging field that focuses on the detection of species from their genetic remnants in the air. The majority of studies into airborne eDNA of plants has until now either focused on single species detection, specifically only pollen, or human health impacts, with no previous studies surveying an entire plant community through metabarcoding. We therefore conducted an airborne eDNA metabarcoding survey and compared the results to a traditional plant community survey.<br><br>RESULTS: Over the course of a year, we conducted two traditional transect-based visual plant surveys alongside an airborne eDNA sampling campaign on a short-grass rangeland. We found that airborne eDNA detected more species than the traditional surveying method, although the types of species detected varied based on the method used. Airborne eDNA detected more grasses and forbs with less showy flowers, while the traditional method detected fewer grasses but also detected rarer forbs with large showy flowers. Additionally, we found the airborne eDNA metabarcoding survey required less sampling effort in terms of the time needed to conduct a survey and was able to detect more invasive species than the traditional method.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Overall, we have demonstrated that airborne eDNA can act as a sensitive and efficient plant community surveying method. Airborne eDNA surveillance has the potential to revolutionize the way plant communities are monitored in general, track changes in plant communities due to climate change and disturbances, and assist with the monitoring of invasive and endangered species.}, }
@article {pmid34868115, year = {2021}, author = {Yu, H and Zhao, X and Huang, W and Zhan, J and He, Y}, title = {Drought Stress Influences the Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Solanum rostratum Dunal Seedlings From Different Geographical Populations in China.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {733268}, pmid = {34868115}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Extensive studies have shown that the success of invasive plants in large environmental gradients can be partly attributed to related factors, including phenotypic plasticity and rapid evolution. To enhance their ability to compete and invade, invasive plants often show higher morphological and physiological plasticity to adapt to different habitat conditions. In the past two decades, invasive species have expanded to some new habitats in North and Northwest China, including arid oasis agricultural zones, which are disturbed by human activities, and the ecosystem itself is very fragile. To evaluate the ecological adaptability of invasive plants widely distributed in North and Northwest China, we studied the physiological response and tolerance mechanism of different geographical populations of Solanum rostratum Dunal to different drought-stress gradients in extremely arid regions (Xinjiang population) and semi-arid regions (Inner Mongolia population). The results showed that with the aggravation of drought stress, S. rostratum from different geographical populations adopted different physiological mechanisms to drought stress. Xinjiang population was mostly affected by root/shoot ratio and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, showing higher plasticity in the net and total photosynthetic rates, while the Inner Mongolia population mainly relied on the accumulation of osmotic adjustment substances, higher leaf dry matter content, and increased malondialdehyde to cope with drought stress. Based on these results, we concluded that the physiological responses of S. rostratum invading different habitats in northern China to drought stress were significantly different. The drought resistance of the Xinjiang population was higher than that of the Inner Mongolia population. In general, S. rostratum can be widely adapted to both harsh and mild habitats through phenotypic plasticity, threatening agricultural production and ecological environment security in northern China.}, }
@article {pmid34865033, year = {2021}, author = {Krupa, E and Gréhal, AL and Esnault, J and Bender, C and Mathieu, B}, title = {Laboratory Evaluation of Flight Capacities of Aedes japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) Using a Flight Mill Device.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {34865033}, issn = {1536-2442}, support = {11.7 TIGER//European Union-Programme INTERREG Upper Rhine/ ; }, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Female ; *Flight, Animal ; France ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors ; }, abstract = {Dispersion expands the distribution of invasive species and as such, it is a key factor of the colonization process. Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) is an invasive species of mosquito and a vector of various viruses. It was detected in the northeast of France in 2014. The population of this species can expand its distribution by several kilometers per year. However, though flight capacities play an active part in the dispersion of Ae. japonicus, they remain unknown for this species. In this study, we investigated the flight capacities of Ae. japonicus in a laboratory setting using the flight mill technique. We evaluated the influence of age on flight. We recorded videos of individual flights with a camera mounted on Raspberry Pi. We extracted data on distance, duration, and speed of flight using the Toxtrac and Boris software. Our analysis showed a median flight distance of 438 m with a maximum of 11,466 m. Strong flyers, which represented 10% of the females tested, flew more than 6,115 m during 4 h and 28 min at a speed of 1.7 km per h. As suspected, Ae. japonicus is a stronger flyer than the other invasive species Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) (Diptera: Culicidae). To our knowledge, this is the first flight mill study conducted on Ae. japonicus and therefore the first evaluation of its flight capacity. In the future, the flight propensity of Ae. japonicus determined in this study can be included as a parameter to model the colonization process of this invasive vector species.}, }
@article {pmid34864465, year = {2022}, author = {Tempesti, J and Langeneck, J and Romani, L and Garrido, M and Lardicci, C and Maltagliati, F and Castelli, A}, title = {Harbour type and use destination shape fouling community and non-indigenous species assemblage: A study of three northern Tyrrhenian port systems (Mediterranean Sea).}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {174}, number = {}, pages = {113191}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113191}, pmid = {34864465}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Ships ; *Specimen Handling ; }, abstract = {Fouling communities were studied in three port systems of Northern Tyrrhenian Sea (Western Mediterranean), focusing on the occurrence of non-indigenous species (NIS). For each port system two harbour types (large port and recreational marina) were sampled and, within each large port, fouling samples were collected considering two use destinations (commercial and touristic harbour). Among the 431 taxa identified, forty-two were alien or cryptogenic, four of which were new records for the study area. Harbour type and use destination shaped fouling communities and NIS assemblages, with their relative influence varying among different port systems. High fouling variability was detected within port environments and between different marinas. NIS showed the highest occurrence in large ports, in which the touristic harbour generally hosted the greatest amount. Therefore, the touristic harbours within large ports were identified as susceptible areas for NIS establishment and their possible subsequent spread at local scale through recreational maritime traffic.}, }
@article {pmid34863735, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, Y and Liu, Y and Ma, M and Ding, Z and Wu, S and Jia, W and Chen, Q and Yi, X and Zhang, J and Li, X and Luo, G and Huang, J}, title = {Dam-induced difference of invasive plant species distribution along the riparian habitats.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {808}, number = {}, pages = {152103}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152103}, pmid = {34863735}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Floods ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Riparian ecosystem is structurally unstable due to the frequent disturbances from water fluctuation. Moreover, dams on large rivers tend to trigger fundamental changes of the composition and structure of riparian plant communities, which provides high odds for invasive species to colonize. Yet, how the invasive species distribute along a dam-induced riparian habitat, and how the native species resist to plant invasion are still puzzles. In this study, we investigated spatial distribution of invasive floral species and its correlation with the distance from dam and the dam-triggered flooding stresses, as well as the resistance of native species to plant invasion in the water level fluctuation zone (WLFZ) of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) along the Yangtze River. By our investigation, a total of 43 alien plant species belonging to 14 families and 34 genera were found, including 20 existed and 23 newly discovered alien species recorded. Most of the new invasive species are annual herbs of the Asteraceae family. At the current successional stage, the new invasive species had not yet fully occupied the habitats of the existed invasive species. Longitudinally, number and coverages of the new invasive species showed an opposite distribution pattern to the existed invasive species, but vertically they demonstrated similar pattern. Currently, the new dominant invasive species are mainly concentrated at the intermediate elevation of WLFZ in the middle section of the reservoir, whereas the existed dominant invasive species have proliferated across the whole WLFZ. Additionally, native species showed a weak resistance to plant invasion, and water fluctuation along the elevation exerted the most significant influence on plant invasion. The results indicated that, after a decade of riparian community succession, the invasiveness of alien species remain persisted. The potential penetration site of the invasion may locate at the intermediate section along the vertical and longitudinal dimension.}, }
@article {pmid34863488, year = {2021}, author = {Rivers-Moore, NA and Ramulifho, PA and Foord, SH}, title = {Baetid abundances are a rapid indicator of thermal stress and riparian zone intactness.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {102}, number = {}, pages = {103125}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103125}, pmid = {34863488}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecology ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Ephemeroptera ; *Rivers ; Seasons ; South Africa ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Riparian zone vegetation plays an integral role in freshwater ecology, notably by buffering water temperatures, and in providing habitat for the adult stages of many aquatic species. We measured the contribution that riparian vegetation makes to temperature buffering, and how this affects the freshwater fauna, specifically using changes in abundances of baetid may flies for the Luvuvhu River catchment in South Africa. Water temperatures were compared for shaded versus un-shaded sites, and thermal stress between seasons was estimated using a cumulative probability model for the most widespread mayfly species, Dabulamanzia media. It is concluded that thermal stress due to losses in riparian shading could be detected using mayfly abundances in a regular monitoring programme.}, }
@article {pmid34862619, year = {2022}, author = {Rosenberger, NM and Aizen, MA and Dickson, RG and Harder, LD}, title = {Behavioural responses by a bumble bee to competition with a niche-constructing congener.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, pages = {580-592}, pmid = {34862619}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Bees ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; *Flowers/physiology ; *Plant Nectar ; Pollination/physiology ; }, abstract = {While feeding, foragers can alter their environment. Such alteration constitutes ecological niche construction (ENC) if it enables future benefits for the constructor and conspecific individuals. The environmental modification may also affect non-constructing, bystander species, especially if they share resources with constructor species. If so, ENC could confer the constructor species a competitive advantage by both enhancing its foraging returns and reducing those of bystander species. Expectations - (E1) ENC frequency should vary positively with the recent and current density of the constructor species, and (E2) constructors should use modifications disproportionately. In contrast, bystanders should (E3) experience intensified competition for the affected resource, and (E4) exhibit diverse, possibly mitigating, responses to ENC, depending on opportunity and relative benefits. We investigated these expectations in Argentina for competition for Fuchsia magellanica nectar between an invasive bumble bee Bombus terrestris (terr: putative constructor), which often bites holes at the bases of floral tubes to rob nectar, and native B. dahlbomii (dahl: bystander), which normally accesses Fuchsia nectar through the flower mouth (front visits). Robbing holes constitute ENC, as they persist until the 7-day flowers wilt. The dynamics of the incidence of robbed flowers, abundance of both bees and the number and types of their flower visits (front or robbing) were characterised by alternate-day surveys of plants during 2.5 months. After initially accessing Fuchsia nectar via front visits, terr switched to robbing and its abundance on Fuchsia increased 20-fold within 10 days (E2). Correspondingly, the incidence of robbed flowers varied positively with recent and past terr abundance (E1). In contrast, dahl abundance remained low and varied negatively with the incidence of robbed flowers (E3). When terr ceased visiting Fuchsia, dahl abundance increased sixfold within 10 days (E3), possibly because many dahl previously had avoided competition with terr by feeding on other plant species (E4). While terr was present, dahl on Fuchsia used front visits (tolerance) or used existing robbing holes (adoption: E4). The diverse dahl responses suggest partial compensation for competition with terr. ENC alters competitive asymmetry, favouring constructor species. However, bystander responses can partially offset this advantage, perhaps facilitating coexistence.}, }
@article {pmid34861302, year = {2022}, author = {Nunes, M and Lemley, DA and Adams, JB}, title = {Flow regime and nutrient input control invasive alien aquatic plant distribution and species composition in small closed estuaries.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {819}, number = {}, pages = {152038}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152038}, pmid = {34861302}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Eichhornia ; *Estuaries ; Introduced Species ; Nutrients ; Plant Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Nutrient pollution is facilitating the encroachment of invasive aquatic plants in various water bodies globally. This study investigated seasonal aquatic macrophyte responses in two temporarily closed estuaries with different nutrient inputs. Consistent effluent discharge from the upstream wastewater treatment works (WWTW) facilitated the establishment of numerous freshwater invasive alien aquatic plants (IAAPs) in the uThongathi Estuary. IAAPs (Myriophyllum aquaticum, Pistia stratiotes and Pontederia crassipes) were only displaced from the estuary after high flow events (>5 m[3] s[-1]). In the less polluted uMdlotane Estuary nutrient pulses (>1 mg/L DIN) associated with high rainfall changed the aquatic macrophyte composition. The nutrient tolerant non-rooted Ceratophyllum demersum outcompeted the rooted submerged macrophyte Stuckenia pectinata. Species composition changed in response to flow and nutrient inputs, with the exception of emergent macrophytes, such as the grass Echinochloa pyramidalis, that remained consistent in cover and distribution in the uMdlotane Estuary. This study demonstrated that aquatic macrophytes are more responsive to nutrient inputs in unimpacted estuaries compared to consistently nutrient-rich systems where flow is an important driver of IAAPs community dynamics. Many temporarily closed estuaries are subjected to nutrient pollution from WWTWs and restoration efforts such as diversion of discharges to constructed wetlands needs urgent implementation.}, }
@article {pmid34858079, year = {2021}, author = {Pichler, A and Walters, TL and Frischer, ME and Nejstgaard, JC and Ptáčníková, R}, title = {Application of species-specific primers to estimate the in situ diet of Bythotrephes [Cladocera, Onychopoda] in its native European range via molecular gut content analysis.}, journal = {Journal of plankton research}, volume = {43}, number = {6}, pages = {945-956}, pmid = {34858079}, issn = {0142-7873}, abstract = {The study of invasive species often focuses on regions of recent introduction rather than native habitats. Understanding an invasive species in its natural environment, however, can provide important insights regarding the long-term outcome of invasions. In this study we investigated the diet of the invasive spiny water flea, Bythotrephes longimanus, in two Austrian perialpine lakes, where it is native. The gut contents of wild-caught Bythotrephes individuals were estimated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, targeting species-specific fragments of the barcoding region of the cytochrome c oxidase I gene of potential prey. The observed prey spectrum of Bythotrephes in the study lakes consisted primarily of Eudiaptomus gracilis and Diaphanosoma brachyurum. The Daphnia longispina complex, Leptodora kindtii and Mesocyclops leuckarti also contributed to the diet. Results indicate that Bythotrephes is a generalist feeder with a preference for epilimnetic prey.}, }
@article {pmid34855863, year = {2021}, author = {Xu, Y and Ye, J and Khalofah, A and Zuan, ATK and Ullah, R and El-Shehawi, AM}, title = {Seed germination ecology of Conyza sumatrensis populations stemming from different habitats and implications for management.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {12}, pages = {e0260674}, pmid = {34855863}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Conyza/*growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; Germination ; Humidity ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Salinity ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; Temperature ; Weed Control/*methods ; }, abstract = {Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E. H. Walker is an obnoxious weed, emerging as an invasive species globally. Seed germination biology of four populations of the species stemming from arid, semi-arid, temperate, and humid regions was determined in this study. Seed germination was recorded under six different environmental cues (i.e., light/dark periods, constant and alternating day and night temperatures, pH, salinity, and osmotic potential levels) in separate experiment for each cue. Populations were main factor, whereas levels of each environmental cue were considered as sub-factor. The impact of seed burial depths on seedling emergence was inferred in a greenhouse pot experiment. Seed germination was recorded daily and four germination indices, i.e., seed germination percentage, mean germination time, time to reach 50% germination, and mean daily germination were computed. Tested populations and levels of different environmental cues had significant impact on various seed germination indices. Overall, seeds stemming from arid and semi-arid regions had higher seed germination potential under stressful and benign environmental conditions compared to temperate and humid populations. Seed of all populations required a definite light period for germination and 12 hours alternating light and dark period resulted in the highest seed germination. Seed germination of all populations occurred under 5-30°C constant and all tested alternate day and night temperatures. However, the highest seed germination was recorded under 20°C. Seeds of arid and semi-arid populations exhibited higher germination under increased temperature, salinity and osmotic potential levels indicating that maternal environment strongly affected germination traits of the tested populations. The highest seed germination of the tested populations was noted under neutral pH, while higher and lower pH than neutral had negative impact on seed germination. Arid and semi-arid populations exhibited higher seed germination under increased pH compared to temperate and humid populations. Seed burial depth had a significant effect on the seedling emergence of all tested populations. An initial increase was noted in seedling emergence percentage with increasing soil depth. However, a steep decline was recorded after 2 cm seed burial depth. These results indicate that maternal environment strongly mediates germination traits of different populations. Lower emergence from >4 cm seed burial depth warrants that deep burial of seeds and subsequent zero or minimum soil disturbance could aid the management of the species in agricultural habitats. However, management strategies should be developed for other habitats to halt the spread of the species.}, }
@article {pmid34854179, year = {2022}, author = {Cuthbert, RN and Kotronaki, SG and Carlton, JT and Ruiz, GM and Fofonoff, P and Briski, E}, title = {Aquatic invasion patterns across the North Atlantic.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, pages = {1376-1387}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.16016}, pmid = {34854179}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Rivers ; Salinity ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a major driver of biodiversity loss and socioeconomic burden globally. As invasion rates accelerate worldwide, understanding past invasion dynamics is essential to inform predictions of future invaders and impacts. Owing to a high diversity of pathways and current biosecurity gaps, aquatic systems near urban centres are especially susceptible to alien species establishments. Here, we compiled and compared alien species lists for three different aquatic recipient regions spanning the North Atlantic: Chesapeake Bay, Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River and North and Baltic Seas. Each system is a major trade centre, with a history of invasions, and characterized by a strong natural salinity gradient. Our goal was to compare the alien species across systems, to test for similarities in the taxonomic composition and geographic origin as well as species overlap among the three regions. We selected specific macroinvertebrate, algal and fish taxa for analysis, to control for uneven taxonomic and biogeographic resolution across regions. Cumulatively, we identified 326 individual alien species established in these aquatic systems, with the North and Baltic Seas most invaded overall (163), followed by Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River (84) and Chesapeake Bay (79). Most invasions were from Ponto-Caspian, Eurasian, Northwest Pacific, Northwest Atlantic and North American origins, and mostly comprised Arthropoda, Chordata, Mollusca and Annelida. However, origins and taxonomies differed significantly among destinations, with Ponto-Caspian species particularly successful invaders to the North and Baltic Seas then Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River, but less so to Chesapeake Bay. Nevertheless, approximately eight-tenths of invaders established in only one region, indicating disparate invasion patterns and a high potential for future aliens to accrue from increasingly diverse source pools and pathways. These results support biosecurity strategies that consider a broad range of geographic origins and taxonomic groups to limit the translocation, arrival and spread of alien species worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid34853615, year = {2021}, author = {Plotnikov, IS and Aladin, NV and Mossin, J and Høeg, JT}, title = {Crustacean Fauna of the Aral Sea and its Relation to Ichthyofauna During the Modern Regression Crisis and Efforts at Restoration.}, journal = {Zoological studies}, volume = {60}, number = {}, pages = {e25}, pmid = {34853615}, issn = {1810-522X}, abstract = {The regression and salinization of the Aral Sea, largely caused by water diversion for irrigation, is among the most severe ecological disasters of the 20th century, and has had severe health and economic consequences for the local population. Introductions of alien species to enhance commercial fisheries before the regression had already impacted the ecology of this system. Crustaceans made up about one-quarter of the original metazoan species and constituted the principal food for native and introduced fish. From 1960 on, crustaceans were recorded at numerous fixed sampling stations, including thanatocoenoses (dead animals from sediment cores). We use this previously unpublished information to document changes in species abundance and discuss their causes in the context of species interactions and changes to physical and chemical parameters. Competition from alien crustaceans led to declines in or even extinction of some native species, but eventually severe salinization became the main detriment, and resulted in the complete collapse of commercial fisheries. This seriously hurt a critical trade, which provided the principal protein source for the local population. We document how comparatively modest conservation efforts enabled the northern Small Aral Sea to partially recover and commercial fishing to resume.}, }
@article {pmid34851482, year = {2022}, author = {Balzani, P and Kouba, A and Tricarico, E and Kourantidou, M and Haubrock, PJ}, title = {Metal accumulation in relation to size and body condition in an all-alien species community.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {29}, number = {17}, pages = {25848-25857}, pmid = {34851482}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; *Catfishes ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Introduced Species ; *Mercury ; *Metals, Heavy/analysis ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Metal pollution is one of the main environmental threats in freshwater ecosystems. Aquatic animals can accumulate these substances and transfer them across the food web, posing risks for both predators and humans. Accumulation patterns strongly vary depending on the location, species, and size (which in fish and crayfish is related to age) of individuals. Moreover, high metal concentrations can negatively affect animals' health. To assess the intraspecific relationship between metal accumulation and size and health (proxied by the body condition) of individuals, the concentration of 14 metals (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn) was analyzed in six alien species from the highly anthropogenically altered Arno River (Central Italy): five fish (Alburnus alburnus, Pseudorasbora parva, Lepomis gibbosus, Ictalurus punctatus, and Silurus glanis) and one crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). We found that in P. clarkii, Cu was negatively related to size, as well as Al in L. gibbosus and Mg for adult I. punctatus. Positive size-dependent relationships were found for Hg in L. gibbosus, Fe in S. glanis, and Cr in juvenile I. punctatus. Only Co and Mg in S. glanis were found to negatively correlate with individual health. Since metal concentrations in animal tissue depend on trade-offs between uptake and excretion, the few significant results suggest different types of trade-offs across different species and age classes. However, only predatory fish species (L. gibbosus, I. punctatus, and S. glanis) presented significant relationships, suggesting that feeding habits are one of the primary drivers of metal accumulation.}, }
@article {pmid34849814, year = {2021}, author = {Williams, AM and Itgen, MW and Broz, AK and Carter, OG and Sloan, DB}, title = {Long-read transcriptome and other genomic resources for the angiosperm Silene noctiflora.}, journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {34849814}, issn = {2160-1836}, support = {P41 RR006009/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM132057/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Genome Size ; Genomics ; *Magnoliopsida/genetics ; *Silene/genetics ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {The angiosperm genus Silene is a model system for several traits of ecological and evolutionary significance in plants, including breeding system and sex chromosome evolution, host-pathogen interactions, invasive species biology, heavy metal tolerance, and cytonuclear interactions. Despite its importance, genomic resources for this large genus of approximately 850 species are scarce, with only one published whole-genome sequence (from the dioecious species Silene latifolia). Here, we provide genomic and transcriptomic resources for a hermaphroditic representative of this genus (S. noctiflora), including a PacBio Iso-Seq transcriptome, which uses long-read, single-molecule sequencing technology to analyze full-length mRNA transcripts. Using these data, we have assembled and annotated high-quality full-length cDNA sequences for approximately 14,126 S. noctiflora genes and 25,317 isoforms. We demonstrated the utility of these data to distinguish between recent and highly similar gene duplicates by identifying novel paralogous genes in an essential protease complex. Furthermore, we provide a draft assembly for the approximately 2.7-Gb genome of this species, which is near the upper range of genome-size values reported for diploids in this genus and threefold larger than the 0.9-Gb genome of Silene conica, another species in the same subgenus. Karyotyping confirmed that S. noctiflora is a diploid, indicating that its large genome size is not due to polyploidization. These resources should facilitate further study and development of this genus as a model in plant ecology and evolution.}, }
@article {pmid34849805, year = {2021}, author = {Chueca, LJ and Schell, T and Pfenninger, M}, title = {De novo genome assembly of the land snail Candidula unifasciata (Mollusca: Gastropoda).}, journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {34849805}, issn = {2160-1836}, mesh = {Animals ; *Genome ; *Genomics ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Snails ; }, abstract = {Among all molluscs, land snails are a scientifically and economically interesting group comprising edible species, alien species and agricultural pests. Yet, despite their high diversity, the number of genome drafts publicly available is still scarce. Here, we present the draft genome assembly of the land snail Candidula unifasciata, a widely distributed species along central Europe, belonging to the Geomitridae family, a highly diversified taxon in the Western-Palearctic region. We performed whole genome sequencing, assembly and annotation of an adult specimen based on PacBio and Oxford Nanopore long read sequences as well as Illumina data. A genome draft of about 1.29 Gb was generated with a N50 length of 246 kb. More than 60% of the assembled genome was identified as repetitive elements. In total, 22,464 protein-coding genes were identified in the genome, of which 62.27% were functionally annotated. This is the first assembled and annotated genome for a geometrid snail and will serve as reference for further evolutionary, genomic and population genetic studies of this important and interesting group.}, }
@article {pmid34847168, year = {2021}, author = {Buddenhagen, CE and Rubenstein, JM and Hampton, JG and Rolston, MP}, title = {The phytosanitary risks posed by seeds for sowing trade networks.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {e0259912}, pmid = {34847168}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Agriculture/*methods ; Biosecurity/trends ; Commerce/*standards/trends ; Computer Security ; Crops, Agricultural/growth &amp; development ; Farmers ; Farms ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Quarantine ; Seed Bank/*trends ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {When successful, the operation of local and international networks of crop seed distribution or "seed systems" ensures farmer access to seed and impacts rural livelihoods and food security. Farmers are both consumers and producers in seed systems and benefit from access to global markets. However, phytosanitary measures and seed purity tests are also needed to maintain seed quality and prevent the spread of costly weeds, pests and diseases, in some countries regulatory controls have been in place since the 1800s. Nevertheless, seed contaminants are internationally implicated in between 7% and 37% of the invasive plant species and many of the agricultural pests and diseases. We assess biosecurity risk across international seed trade networks of forage crops using models of contaminant spread that integrate network connectivity and trade volume. To stochastically model hypothetical contaminants through global seed trade networks, realistic dispersal probabilities were estimated from quarantine weed seed detections and incursions from border security interception data in New Zealand. For our test case we use contaminants linked to the global trade of ryegrass and clover seed. Between 2014 and 2018 only four quarantine weed species (222 species and several genera are on the quarantine schedule) warranting risk mitigation were detected at the border. Quarantine weeds were rare considering that average import volumes were over 190 tonnes for ryegrass and clover, but 105 unregulated contaminant species were allowed in. Ryegrass and clover seed imports each led to one post-border weed incursion response over 20 years. Trade reports revealed complex global seed trade networks spanning >134 (ryegrass) and >110 (clover) countries. Simulations showed contaminants could disperse to as many as 50 (clover) or 80 (ryegrass) countries within 10 time-steps. Risk assessed via network models differed 18% (ryegrass) or 48% (clover) of the time compared to risk assessed on trade volumes. We conclude that biosecurity risk is driven by network position, the number of trading connections and trade volume. Risk mitigation measures could involve the use of more comprehensive lists of regulated species, comprehensive inspection protocols, or the addition of field surveillance at farms where seed is planted.}, }
@article {pmid34847163, year = {2021}, author = {Yessoufou, K and Ambani, AE and Elansary, HO and Gaoue, OG}, title = {Alien woody plants are more versatile than native, but both share similar therapeutic redundancy in South Africa.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {e0260390}, pmid = {34847163}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Female ; Genital Diseases, Female/*drug therapy ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Parasitic Diseases/*drug therapy ; *Phytotherapy ; Plants/*classification ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Understanding why alien plant species are incorporated into the medicinal flora in several local communities is central to invasion biology and ethnobiology. Theories suggest that alien plants are incorporated in local pharmacopoeias because they are more versatile or contribute unique secondary chemistry which make them less therapeutically redundant, or simply because they are locally more abundant than native species. However, a lack of a comprehensive test of these hypotheses limits our understanding of the dynamics of plants knowledge, use and potential implications for invasion. Here, we tested the predictions of several of these hypotheses using a unique dataset on the woody medicinal flora of southern Africa. We found that the size of a plant family predicts the number of medicinal plants in that family, a support for the non-random hypothesis of medicinal plant selection. However, we found no support for the diversification hypothesis: i) both alien and native plants were used in the treatment of similar diseases; ii) significantly more native species than alien contribute to disease treatments particularly of parasitic infections and obstetric-gynecological diseases, and iii) alien and native species share similar therapeutic redundancy. However, we found support for the versatility hypothesis, i.e., alien plants were more versatile than natives. These findings imply that, although alien plant species are not therapeutically unique, they do provide more uses than native plants (versatility), thus suggesting that they may not have been introduced primarily for therapeutic reasons. We call for similar studies to be carried out on alien herbaceous plants for a broader understanding of the integration of alien plants into the pharmacopoeias of the receiving communities.}, }
@article {pmid34845271, year = {2021}, author = {Marchessaux, G and Lüskow, F and Sarà, G and Pakhomov, EA}, title = {Predicting the current and future global distribution of the invasive freshwater hydrozoan Craspedacusta sowerbii.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {23099}, pmid = {34845271}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbii is one of the most widespread invasive species, but its global distribution remains uncertain due to ephemeral appearances and general lack of information in various aquatic environments. The aim of this study was to map current and future distributions (2050 and 2100) using Species Distribution Models allowing to visualize the habitat suitability and make projections of its changes under potential climate change scenarios. Except in Oceania where the range decreased, an expansion of C. sowerbii was projected during the next century under modeled future scenarios being most intensive during the first half of the century. The present study shows that the expansion of C. sowerbii worldwide would be facilitated mainly by precipitation, vapor pressure, and temperature. The predictions showed that this species over the eighty years will invade high-latitude regions in both hemispheres with ecological consequences in already threatened freshwater ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid34839826, year = {2021}, author = {Fadakar, D and Raam, M and Lerp, H and Ostovar, A and Rezaei, HR and Bärmann, EV}, title = {Gazella arabica dareshurii: a remarkable relict population on Farur Island, Iran.}, journal = {BMC ecology and evolution}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {213}, pmid = {34839826}, issn = {2730-7182}, mesh = {Animals ; *Antelopes ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Humans ; Iran ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The islands in the Persian Gulf are home to several species of gazelles, i.e., Gazella bennettii, G. subgutturosa, and a new subspecies of Mountain gazelles which was discovered on Farur Island and described for the first time in 1993 as Gazella gazella dareshurii. Later, phylogenetic analyses showed that the Mountain gazelles consist of two species: G. gazella and G. arabica. As the Farur gazelles are more closely related to the Arabian forms of the Mountain gazelles, this subspecies is regarded to be G. arabica dareshurii. Until now, the origin of this subspecies has been an enigma.<br><br>RESULTS: Here, we used mitochondrial cyt b, two nuclear introns (CHD2 and ZNF618), and morphological data to address this question by investigating the taxonomic position of the Farur gazelles. The results show that this population is monophyletic and split from other G. arabica populations probably 10,000 BP.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: It is a natural relict population that was trapped on the island due to the rising sea levels of the Persian Gulf after the Last Glacial Maximum. Intermittent drought and flooding are suggested to be the main factors balancing population growth in the absence of natural predators on this monsoon-influenced island. Conservation actions should focus on preserving the natural situation of the island (cease introducing mesquite tree and other invasive species, stop building new construction and roads, and caution in providing water sources and forage), and possibly introducing individuals to other islands (not inhabited by gazelles) or to fenced areas on the Iranian mainland (strictly isolated from other gazelle populations) when the population reaches the carrying capacity of the island.}, }
@article {pmid34839710, year = {2022}, author = {Ghaly, TM and Gillings, MR}, title = {New perspectives on mobile genetic elements: a paradigm shift for managing the antibiotic resistance crisis.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {377}, number = {1842}, pages = {20200462}, pmid = {34839710}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; Genes, Bacterial ; Humans ; *Interspersed Repetitive Sequences ; }, abstract = {Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are primary facilitators in the global spread of antibiotic resistance. Here, we present novel ecological and evolutionary perspectives to understand and manage these elements: as selfish entities that exhibit biological individuality, as pollutants that replicate and as invasive species that thrive under human impact. Importantly, each viewpoint suggests new means to control their activity and spread. When seen as biological individuals, MGEs can be regarded as therapeutic targets in their own right. We highlight promising conjugation-inhibiting compounds that could be administered alongside antibiotic treatment. Viewed as pollutants, sewage treatment methods could be modified to efficiently remove antimicrobials and the resistance genes that they select. Finally, by recognizing the invasive characteristics of MGEs, we might apply strategies developed for the management of invasive species. These include environmental restoration to reduce antimicrobial selection, early detection to help inform appropriate antibiotic usage, and biocontrol strategies that target MGEs, constituting precision antimicrobials. These actions, which embody the One Health approach, target different characteristics of MGEs that are pertinent at the cellular, community, landscape and global levels. The strategies could act on multiple fronts and, together, might provide a more fruitful means to combat the global resistance crisis. This article is part of the theme issue 'The secret lives of microbial mobile genetic elements'.}, }
@article {pmid34839581, year = {2022}, author = {Ding, X and Guo, Y and Ye, J and Wu, X and Lin, S and Chen, F and Zhu, L and Huang, L and Song, X and Zhang, Y and Dai, L and Xi, X and Huang, J and Wang, K and Fan, B and Li, DW}, title = {Population differentiation and epidemic tracking of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in China based on chromosome-level assembly and whole-genome sequencing data.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, pages = {1213-1226}, pmid = {34839581}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {31800543//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2018YFD0600203//National Key Research and Development Project/ ; //Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Chromosomes ; *Genetics, Population ; Genome, Helminth ; *Pinus/parasitology ; *Rhabditida/genetics ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pinewood nematode, kills millions of pine trees worldwide every year, and causes enormous economic and ecological losses. Despite extensive research on population variation, there is little understanding of the population-wide variation spectrum in China.<br><br>RESULTS: We sequenced an inbred B. xylophilus strain using Pacbio+Illumina+Bionano+Hi-C and generated a chromosome-level assembly (AH1) with six chromosomes of 77.1&#xa0;Mb (chromosome N50: 12&#x2009;Mb). The AH1 assembly shows very high continuity and completeness, and contains novel genes with potentially important functions compared with previous assemblies. Subsequently, we sequenced 181 strains from China and the USA and found ~7.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Analysis shows that the B. xylophilus population in China can be divided into geographically bounded subpopulations with severe cross-infection and potential migrations. In addition, distribution of B. xylophilus is dominated by temperature zones while geographically associated SNPs are mainly located on adaptation related GPCR gene families, suggesting the nematode has been evolving to adapt to different temperatures. A machine-learning based epidemic tracking method has been established to predict their geographical origins, which can be applied to any other species.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our study provides the community with the first high-quality chromosome-level assembly which includes a comprehensive catalogue of genetic variations. It provides insights into population structure and effective tracking method for this invasive species, which facilitates future studies to address a variety of applied, genomic and evolutionary questions in B. xylophilus as well as related species.}, }
@article {pmid34838095, year = {2021}, author = {Kolaczinski, J and Al-Eryani, S and Chanda, E and Fernandez-Montoya, L}, title = {Comment on: Emergence of the invasive malaria vector Anopheles stephensi in Khartoum State, Central Sudan.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {588}, pmid = {34838095}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {001/WHO_/World Health Organization/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Anopheles ; Disease Vectors ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Malaria/*transmission ; Mosquito Control ; Mosquito Vectors ; Sudan/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {This letter comments on the article "Emergence of the invasive malaria vector Anopheles stephensi in Khartoum State, Central Sudan" published in Parasites and Vectors 2021, 14:511. Here we aim of provide a response to this paper in the broader context of the invasion and spread of An. stephensi in the Horn of Africa, and the required response to it. We agree with the authors that the arrival of this invasive vector in Khartoum State is of high public health concern. Equally concerning, however, we found that the detection of the vector by the authors in 2018 seemingly took 3 years to communicate to the Ministry of Health and World Health Organization (WHO), and was reliant on an academic journal. We consider that this short report sets a poor example of how public health threats should be reported. Suitable communication alternatives to alert public health authorities to such threats have been put in place by the WHO and its Member States, and are well known to at least some of the authors of the short report. We would like to encourage all readers not to follow the example of Ahmed et al. but instead act as responsible public health professionals by drawing on the established reporting mechanisms and escalate potential threats as soon as they are identified.}, }
@article {pmid34837462, year = {2022}, author = {Gautier, M and Vitalis, R and Flori, L and Estoup, A}, title = {f-Statistics estimation and admixture graph construction with Pool-Seq or allele count data using the R package poolfstat.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {1394-1416}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.13557}, pmid = {34837462}, issn = {1755-0998}, support = {ANR-16-CE02-0015-01//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-20-CE02-0018//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; }, mesh = {Alleles ; Gene Frequency ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {By capturing various patterns of the structuring of genetic variation across populations, f -statistics have proved highly effective for the inference of demographic history. Such statistics are defined as covariances of SNP allele frequency differences among sets of populations without requiring haplotype information and are hence particularly relevant for the analysis of pooled sequencing (Pool-Seq) data. We here propose a reinterpretation of the F (and D) parameters in terms of probability of gene identity and derive from this unified definition unbiased estimators for both Pool-Seq data and standard allele count data obtained from individual genotypes. We implemented these estimators in a new version of the R package poolfstat, which now includes a wide range of inference methods: (i) three-population test of admixture; (ii) four-population test of treeness; (iii) F 4 -ratio estimation of admixture rates; and (iv) fitting, visualization and (semi-automatic) construction of admixture graphs. A comprehensive evaluation of the methods implemented in poolfstat on both simulated Pool-Seq (with various sequencing coverages and error rates) and allele count data confirmed the accuracy of these approaches, even for the most cost-effective Pool-Seq design involving relatively low sequencing coverages. We further analysed a real Pool-Seq data made of 14 populations of the invasive species Drosophila suzukii, which allowed refining both the demographic history of native populations and the invasion routes followed by this emblematic pest. Our new package poolfstat provides the community with a user-friendly and efficient all-in-one tool to unravel complex population genetic histories from large-size Pool-Seq or allele count SNP data.}, }
@article {pmid34835065, year = {2021}, author = {Bačnik, K and Kutnjak, D and Černi, S and Bielen, A and Hudina, S}, title = {Virome Analysis of Signal Crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) along Its Invasion Range Reveals Diverse and Divergent RNA Viruses.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {34835065}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*virology ; Croatia ; Environmental Monitoring ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Viral/genetics ; Hepatopancreas/virology ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; RNA Viruses/classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Rivers ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Virome/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Crayfish are a keystone species of freshwater ecosystems and a successful invasive species. However, their pathogens, including viruses, remain understudied. The aim of this study was to analyze the virome of the invasive signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) and to elucidate the potential differences in viral composition and abundance along its invasion range in the Korana River, Croatia. By the high-throughput sequencing of ribosomal RNA, depleted total RNA isolated from the crayfish hepatopancreas, and subsequent sequence data analysis, we identified novel and divergent RNA viruses, including signal crayfish-associated reo-like, hepe-like, toti-like, and picorna-like viruses, phylogenetically related to viruses previously associated with crustacean hosts. The patterns of reads abundance and calculated nucleotide diversities of the detected viral sequences varied along the invasion range. This could indicate the possible influence of different factors and processes on signal crayfish virome composition: e.g., the differences in signal crayfish population density, the non-random dispersal of host individuals from the core to the invasion fronts, and the transfer of viruses from the native co-occurring and phylogenetically related crayfish species. The study reveals a high, previously undiscovered diversity of divergent RNA viruses associated with signal crayfish, and sets foundations for understanding the potential risk of virus transmissions as a result of this invader's dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid34834873, year = {2021}, author = {Osman, MF and Lee, SY and Sarbini, SR and Mohd Faudzi, SM and Khamis, S and Zainudin, BH and Shaari, K}, title = {Metabolomics-Driven Discovery of an Introduced Species and Two Malaysian Piper betle L. Variants.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {34834873}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {GP-IPS/2018/9664600//Universiti Putra Malaysia/ ; }, abstract = {The differences in pungency of "sirih" imply the probable occurrence of several variants of Piper betle L. in Malaysia. However, the metabolite profiles underlying the pungency of the different variants remain a subject of further research. The differences in metabolite profiles of selected Malaysian P. betle variants were thus investigated; specifically, the leaf aqueous methanolic extracts and essential oils were analyzed via [1]H-NMR and GC-MS metabolomics, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the [1]H-NMR spectral data showed quantitative differences in the metabolite profiles of "sirih melayu" and "sirih india" and revealed an ambiguous group of samples with low acetic acid content, which was identified as Piper rubro-venosum hort. ex Rodigas based on DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region. The finding was supported by PCA of two GC-MS datasets of P. betle samples obtained from several states in Peninsular Malaysia, which displayed clustering of the samples into "sirih melayu" and "sirih india" groups. Higher abundance of chavicol acetate was consistently found to be characteristic of "sirih melayu". The present research has provided preliminary evidence supporting the notion of occurrence of two P. betle variants in Malaysia based on chemical profiles, which may be related to the different genders of P. betle.}, }
@article {pmid34834774, year = {2021}, author = {Ali, HE and Bucher, SF}, title = {Ecological Impacts of Megaprojects: Species Succession and Functional Composition.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {34834774}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Land-use changes have huge impacts on natural vegetation, especially megaprojects, as the vegetation layer is destroyed in the course of construction works affecting the plant community composition and functionality. This large-scale disturbance might be a gateway for the establishment of invasive plant species, which can outcompete the natural flora. In contrast, species occurring in the area before the construction are not able to re-establish. In this study, we analyzed the impact of a pipeline construction on a wetland nature reserve located in northern Egypt. Therefore, we analyzed the plant species occurrence and abundance and measured each plant species' traits before the construction in 2017 as well as on multiple occasions up to 2 years after the construction had finished on altogether five sampling events. We found that the construction activity led to the establishment of an invasive species which previously did not occur in the area, namely, Imperata cylindrica, whereas five species (Ipomoea carnea, Pluchea dioscoridis, Polygonum equisetiforme, Tamarix nilotica, and Typha domingensis) could not re-establish after the disturbance. The functionality of ecosystems assessed via the analysis of plant functional traits (plant height, specific leaf area, and leaf dry matter content) changed within species over all sampling events and within the community showing a tendency to approximate pre-construction values. Functional dispersion and Rao's quadratic diversity were higher after the megaproject than before. These findings are important to capture possible re-establishment and recovery of natural vegetation after construction and raise awareness to the impact of megaprojects, especially in areas which are high priority for conservation.}, }
@article {pmid34834604, year = {2021}, author = {Zhang, A and Hu, X and Yao, S and Yu, M and Ying, Z}, title = {Alien, Naturalized and Invasive Plants in China.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {34834604}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Invasive species are a subset of naturalized species, and naturalized species are a subset of alien species. Determining the relationship among these three assemblages would be helpful in predicting and preventing biological invasion. Here, we reviewed the families, lifeforms, origins, introduction pathways and phylogenetic diversity of alien, naturalized and invasive vascular plants in China. The results show that species in the Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae families had a high dominance among alien, naturalized and invasive species. Moreover, almost all alien species in the Amaranthaceae, Solanaceae, Convolvulaceae and Euphorbiaceae families became naturalized species, and about 26.7% of the naturalized species became invasive species. Perennial herbs comprised a higher proportion of alien species than did annual herbs, though annual herbs were more suited to becoming invasive than perennial herbs. A considerable proportion (57.8%) of invasive species were introduced from America. More than half (56.5%) of alien species were introduced for their ornamental value, and half of these have become naturalized in China. Moreover, about half (55.2%) of all invasive species were introduced for their economic value (including ornamental, foraging and medicinal purposes). Invasive species were phylogenetically clustered and phylogenetically distant from alien and naturalized species, which indicates that phylogenetic differences could be helpful in becoming invasive. There is no doubt that human activity plays a significant role in biological invasion. This study suggests that when introducing alien species to a region, decision-makers should certainly consider the species' phylogeny, beyond just its fundamental characteristics.}, }
@article {pmid34832633, year = {2021}, author = {Perec-Matysiak, A and Leśniańska, K and Buńkowska-Gawlik, K and Merta, D and Popiołek, M and Hildebrand, J}, title = {Zoonotic Genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Wild Living Invasive and Native Carnivores in Poland.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {34832633}, issn = {2076-0817}, abstract = {Wild carnivores, both introduced and native species, are able to adapt well to peri-urban environments, facilitating cross-species pathogen transmission with domestic animals, and potentially humans. The role of wild living reservoir hosts cannot be ignored because of their known carriage of E. bieneusi zoonotic genotypes. In the past decades, populations of wild living carnivores, i.e., native, such as red foxes, and invasive, such as raccoon dogs and raccoons, have increased and adapted to synanthropic environments across Europe, including Poland. The knowledge concerning E. bieneusi genotype identification and distribution in wild carnivores is limited worldwide. A total of 322 individual fecal samples from six carnivore species, i.e., raccoon, raccoon dog, red fox, European badger, pine and beech martens, were collected and then analysed for the presence of E. bieneusi using the nested PCR method. Overall prevalence of the pathogen was estimated to be as high as 27.3%. The infection rates for E. bieneusi varied between the carnivore species, from 13.7% in beech martens to 40.4% in raccoon dogs. Based on sequence analysis of the ITS region of the rRNA gene marker, we detected five known genotypes of E. bieneusi in examined animals. In the invasive species, E. bieneusi NCF2 and D genotypes have been identified, whereas in the native ones, E. bieneusi NCF2, D, C, EbCar2 and Type IV genotypes were identified. All E. bieneusi genotypes recorded in this survey clustered in Group 1, showing their zoonotic potential. Our results provide the first description of the occurrence and genotypes of the microsporidian E. bieneusi in wild living population of raccoon dogs in Europe. Our findings are important for the study of pathogen epidemiology and emphasize the fact that the invasive and the native wild living carnivores, both widely distributed, should be considered more seriously as significant sources of zoonotic pathogens hazardous to domestic and farmed animals and humans.}, }
@article {pmid34827886, year = {2021}, author = {Saba, AO and Ismail, A and Zulkifli, SZ and Ghani, IFA and Halim, MRA and Ibrahim, MA and Mukhtar, A and Aziz, AA and Wahid, NAA and Amal, MNA}, title = {Invasion Risk and Potential Impact of Alien Freshwater Fishes on Native Counterparts in Klang Valley, Malaysia.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {34827886}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {FRGS/1/2018/STG03/UPM/02/11//Ministry of Higher Education/ ; }, abstract = {This study explores the potential effects of alien fishes on the native fish community, well-being, and tropic preferences in selected rivers of Klang Valley, Malaysia. Following the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit assessment, most of the alien fishes (80%) are invasive. The alien species occurrences correlated positively (p < 0.05) with poor water quality, such as rivers with high ammonia-nitrogen and nitrite, but negatively with phosphate and dissolved oxygen. Anthropogenic characteristics, such as rivers with high pollution levels and ease of accessibility to the fish habitat, are mainly associated positively (p < 0.05) with the occurrences of alien fish species. In general, the results of fish stomach contents analyses and their associated indices, together with stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes, revealed domination by alien fishes or diet overlaps between both alien and native fish species. This finding indicates that alien fishes benefited from the impacts of the anthropogenic activities in their surrounding habitats, while their plasticity in feeding habits might help them to invade, survive, and dominate in the rivers of Klang Valley, Malaysia.}, }
@article {pmid34827879, year = {2021}, author = {Balčiauskas, L and Stratford, J and Balčiauskienė, L and Kučas, A}, title = {Roadkills as a Method to Monitor Raccoon Dog Populations.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {34827879}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {05.5.1-APVA-V-018-01-0012//Investigations of the Status of Invasive and Alien Species in Lithuania/ ; }, abstract = {The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is one of the most frequently killed species on Lithuanian roads. As an invasive species, up-to-date knowledge of population size, trends and spatial distribution is critically important both for species assessment and for the planning of control measures. In Lithuania, however, raccoon dog surveys have not been carried out since 1997. We investigated, therefore, whether roadkill counts on predefined routes could be used as a proxy for a survey. Our dataset includes survey numbers for the period 1956-1997, hunting bag sizes for 1965-2020 (including the spatial distribution of the hunting bag in 2018-2020) and roadkill data relating to 1551 individuals between 2002-2020. At the most local scale, that of the hunting areas of hunting clubs, correlations between the numbers of hunted and roadkilled individuals were negative and insignificant or absent. At the country scale, however, we found significant correlation both between the numbers surveyed and hunted in 1965-1997 (r = 0.88), and between those hunted and the number of roadkills in 2002-2020 (r = 0.56-0.69). Therefore, we consider that roadkill counts on predefined and stable routes may be used as a proxy for a survey at the country scale. Practical implementation of the method is proposed.}, }
@article {pmid34827857, year = {2021}, author = {Jansen, J and McGregor, H and Axford, G and Dean, AT and Comte, S and Johnson, CN and Moseby, KE and Brandle, R and Peacock, DE and Jones, ME}, title = {Long-Distance Movements of Feral Cats in Semi-Arid South Australia and Implications for Conservation Management.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {34827857}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {DP170101653//Australian Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {Movements that extend beyond the usual space use of an animal have been documented in a range of species and are particularly prevalent in arid areas. We present long-distance movement data on five feral cats (Felis catus) GPS/VHF-collared during two different research projects in arid and semi-arid Australia. We compare these movements with data from other feral cat studies. Over a study period of three months in the Ikara-Flinders Ranges National Park, 4 out of 19 collared cats moved to sites that were 31, 41, 53 and 86 km away. Three of the cats were males, one female; their weight was between 2.1 and 4.1 kg. Two of the cats returned to the area of capture after three and six weeks. During the other study at Arid Recovery, one collared male cat (2.5 kg) was relocated after two years at a distance of 369 km from the area of collar deployment to the relocation area. The movements occurred following three years of record low rainfall. Our results build on the knowledge base of long-distance movements of feral cats reported at arid study sites and support the assertion that landscape-scale cat control programs in arid and semi-arid areas need to be of a sufficiently large scale to avoid rapid reinvasion and to effectively reduce cat density. Locally, cat control strategies need to be adjusted to improve coverage of areas highly used by cats to increase the efficiency of control operations.}, }
@article {pmid34827162, year = {2021}, author = {Adhikari, P and Lee, YH and Park, YS and Hong, SH}, title = {Assessment of the Spatial Invasion Risk of Intentionally Introduced Alien Plant Species (IIAPS) under Environmental Change in South Korea.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {34827162}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {2018002270002//Ministry of Environment/ ; }, abstract = {Predicting the regions at risk of invasion from IIAPS is an integral horizon-scanning activity that plays a crucial role in preventing, controlling, and eradicating invasive species. Here, we quantify the spatial distribution area and invasion risk of IIAPS using a species distribution model under different levels of environmental change in South Korea. From the model predictions, the current average spatial extent of the 10 IIAPS is 33,948 km[2], and the individual spatial extents are estimated to change by -7% to 150% by 2050 and by -9% to 156% by 2070. The spatial invasion risk assessment shows that, currently, moderate-to-high invasion risk is limited to coastal areas and densely populated metropolitan cities (e.g., Seoul, Busan, and Gwangju), but that the area with this level of risk is expected to spread toward the central and northern regions of the country in the future, covering 86.21% of the total area of the country by 2070. These results demonstrate that the risk of invasion by IIAPS is estimated to enlarge across the whole country under future environmental changes. The modeling system provided in this study may contribute to the initial control and strategic management of IIAPS to maintain the dynamic ecosystems of South Korea.}, }
@article {pmid34827091, year = {2021}, author = {Osipova, ES and Stepanova, AY and Tereshonok, DV and Gladkov, EA and Vysotskaya, ON}, title = {Genetic Diversity in Invasive Populations of Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. and Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {34827091}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {In our study, two aggressive-invasive species, Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. and Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. from Russia and Ukraine, were investigated. The success in naturalization of both species is associated with human activities, since they have been used in agriculture and floriculture and both have qualities such as environmental tolerance, high fertility and phenotypic plasticity. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of genetic diversity of both species. For Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden., genetic diversity was compared in invasive and native populations. For Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl., the genetic diversity was compared in variety, feral and invasive populations. A genetic diversity was formulated using RAPD, ISSR and REMAP. For Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden., the average genetic diversity within the invasive population was similar (0.432), but slightly less (0.502) than within the native Caucasian population. This may suggest the successful naturalization of invaders and almost complete reconstruction of their genetic diversity. For Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl., the genetic diversity for the invasive population was the highest, with an average of 0.294, while for variety, it was the lowest, with an average of 0.194. The feral population had an intermediate place with an average of 0.248, which could suggest an increase of diversity in the process of naturalization.}, }
@article {pmid34824793, year = {2021}, author = {Takoukam Kamla, A and Gomes, DGE and Beck, CA and Keith-Diagne, LW and Hunter, ME and Francis-Floyd, R and Bonde, RK}, title = {Diet composition of the African manatee: Spatial and temporal variation within the Sanaga River Watershed, Cameroon.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {22}, pages = {15833-15845}, pmid = {34824793}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The present study aimed to investigate the diet of African manatees in Cameroon to better inform conservation decisions within protected areas. A large knowledge gap on diet and seasonal changes in forage availability limits the ability to develop informed local management plans for the African manatee in much of its range. This research took place in the Sanaga River Watershed, which includes two protected areas in the Littoral Region of Cameroon: the Douala-Edea National Park and the Lake Ossa Wildlife Reserve. We analyzed 113 manatee fecal samples and surveyed shoreline emergent and submerged vegetation within the Sanaga River Watershed. We used microhistological analyses to determine the relative contribution of each plant species to African manatee diets and compared across locations and across seasons (wet vs. dry season). We found that the shoreline vegetation is diverse with over 160 plant species, unevenly distributed across space and season, and dominated by emergent vegetation mostly represented by the antelope grass (Echinochloa pyramidalis). We recorded a total of 36 plant species from fecal samples with a spatial and temporal distribution mostly reflecting that of the corresponding shoreline vegetation. African manatees appear to be primarily opportunistically feeding on available vegetation across the seasons and habitat. This work documents the current, but changing, state of plant availability in the Sanaga River Watershed and reports the African manatee diet in Cameroon for the first time. This information can play a critical role in successfully managing the species and these protected areas. If we wish to protect the African manatee and the aquatic ecosystems within the Sanaga River Watershed, we must understand how forage availability changes over time, especially as its waters become nutrient enriched, eutrophic, and exposed to invasive species of plants in a changing world.}, }
@article {pmid34824789, year = {2021}, author = {Liu, Y and Henkel, J and Beaurepaire, A and Evans, JD and Neumann, P and Huang, Q}, title = {Comparative genomics suggests local adaptations in the invasive small hive beetle.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {22}, pages = {15780-15791}, pmid = {34824789}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive species are a major driver of ecological and environmental changes that affect human health, food security, and natural biodiversity. The success and impact of biological invasions depend on adaptations to novel abiotic and biotic selective pressures. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations in invasive parasitic species are inadequately understood. Small hive beetles, Aethina tumida, are parasites of bee nests. Originally endemic to sub-Saharan Africa, they are now found nearly globally. Here, we investigated the molecular bases of the adaptations to novel environments underlying their invasion routes. Genomes of historic and recent adults A. tumida from both the endemic and introduced ranges were compared. Analysis of gene-environment association identified 3049 candidate loci located in 874 genes. Functional annotation showed a significant bias toward genes linked to growth and reproduction. One of the genes from the apoptosis pathway encodes an "ecdysone-related protein," which is a crucial regulator in controlling body size in response to environmental cues for holometabolous insects during cell death and renewal. Genes whose proteins regulate organ size, ovary activation, and oviposition were also detected. Functions of these enriched pathways parallel behavioral differences between introduced and native A. tumida populations, which may reflect patterns of local adaptation. The results considerably improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and ecological factors driving adaptations of invasive species. Deep functional investigation of these identified loci will help clarify the mechanisms of local adaptation in A. tumida.}, }
@article {pmid34822490, year = {2021}, author = {Stabili, L and Rizzo, L and Caprioli, R and Leone, A and Piraino, S}, title = {Jellyfish Bioprospecting in the Mediterranean Sea: Antioxidant and Lysozyme-Like Activities from Aurelia coerulea (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) Extracts.}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {19}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {34822490}, issn = {1660-3397}, support = {774499//EU H2020-BG-2016-2017/ ; AFD9B120/UNISAL119//Apulian Region/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Antioxidants/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Aquatic Organisms ; Bioprospecting ; *Cnidaria ; Mediterranean Sea ; Muramidase/drug effects ; *Scyphozoa ; }, abstract = {Marine invertebrates represent a vast, untapped source of bioactive compounds. Cnidarians are represented by nearly 10,000 species that contain a complex mixture of venoms, collagen, and other bioactive compounds, including enzymes, oligosaccharides, fatty acids, and lipophilic molecules. Due to their high abundance in coastal waters, several jellyfish taxa may be regarded as candidate targets for the discovery of novel lead molecules and biomaterials and as a potential source of food/feed ingredients. The moon jellyfish Aurelia coerulea is one of the most common jellyfish worldwide and is particularly abundant in sheltered coastal lagoons and marinas of the Mediterranean Sea, where it first appeared-as an alien species-in the last century, when Pacific oyster cultivation began. In the present study, the antioxidant and lysozyme antibacterial activities associated with extracts from different medusa compartments-namely the umbrella, oral arms, and secreted mucus-were investigated. Extracts from the oral arms of A. coerulea displayed significant antioxidant activity. Similarly, lysozyme-like activity was the highest in extracts from oral arms. These findings suggest that A. coerulea outbreaks may be used in the search for novel cytolytic and cytotoxic products against marine bacteria. The geographically wide occurrence and the seasonally high abundance of A. coerulea populations in coastal waters envisage and stimulate the search for biotechnological applications of jellyfish biomasses in the pharmaceutical, nutritional, and nutraceutical sectors.}, }
@article {pmid34822191, year = {2022}, author = {Vidal, C}, title = {The Asian wasp Vespa velutina nigrithorax: Entomological and allergological characteristics.}, journal = {Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, pages = {489-498}, doi = {10.1111/cea.14063}, pmid = {34822191}, issn = {1365-2222}, mesh = {*Anaphylaxis/therapy ; Animals ; *Arthropod Venoms ; Desensitization, Immunologic ; Humans ; Wasp Venoms ; *Wasps/physiology ; }, abstract = {The yellow-legged or Asian wasp (Vespa velutina nigrithorax) has spread rapidly across Europe since its first introduction in France, in 2004. Originally from South-East Asia, it is considered an invasive species outside its native region. Apart from the ecological and economic implications of its presence, it may cause health problems to humans due to the toxic and allergenic components of its venom. Vespa velutina nigrithorax has become the most prevalent cause of anaphylaxis due to Hymenoptera venom in some regions of Spain. Although sIgE against both antigen 5 (Vesp v 5) and A1-phospholipase (Vesp v 1) has been detected in these patients, only Vesp v 5 may be considered a dominant allergen. Interestingly, Vesp v 1 appears to be a glycosylated allergen different from A1-phospholipases from other species. Inhibition studies suggest that Vespula spp venom could behave as primary sensitizer. Besides, changes in sIgE and sIgG4 during Vespula venom immunotherapy in patients with anaphylaxis due to V. velutina support the use of Vespula venom extracts to treat these patients. The purpose of this review is to explore the biological behaviour of V. velutina and to summarize the current knowledge of the allergic reactions provoked by this wasp.}, }
@article {pmid34821837, year = {2021}, author = {Cappa, F and Cini, A and Bortolotti, L and Poidatz, J and Cervo, R}, title = {Hornets and Honey Bees: A Coevolutionary Arms Race between Ancient Adaptations and New Invasive Threats.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {34821837}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Hornets and honey bees have a long history of coevolution resulting in a plethora of captivating adaptations and counteradaptations between predator and prey. From simple physiological mechanisms to complex behavioral strategies, some Vespa hornets have specialized in hunting honey bees, while the latter have put in place effective defenses to counteract their attack. Both hornets and honey bees have evolved the ability to detect the odors and the pheromones emitted by the other to locate the prey or to spot foraging predators. Hornets often rely on their bigger size, heavily armored body and destructive attacks, while honey bees differentiated collective defense responses finely coordinated to deter or kill the hornet menace. However, when new species of hornets and honey bees come into contact, the absence of coevolution can have a heavy impact on the defenseless bees. The evolutionary arms race between hornets and honey bees provides not only compelling examples of adaptations and counteradaptations between predator and prey, but could also represent a starting point for the development of effective and sustainable strategies to protect honey bees and beekeeping activities and to control invasive alien species of hornets.}, }
@article {pmid34821823, year = {2021}, author = {Marler, TE and Terry, LI}, title = {Aulacaspis yasumatsui Invasion Reduced Cycas micronesica Microstrobilus Size and Pollinator Brood Site Competence.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {34821823}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {17-DG-11052021-217//US Forest Service/ ; }, abstract = {Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi invaded Guam in 2003, and the influence on survival and demography of the host Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill population has been well-studied. To more fully understand how A. yasumatsui has threatened the host cycad species, we determined the microstrobilus size and number of pollinators per microstrobilus from 2001 to 2021. The microstrobilus height and diameter were measured directly, and the volume was calculated. Microstrobili were 58 cm in height, 13 cm in diameter, and 4740 cm[3] in volume prior to direct A. yasumatsui infestations. Microstrobili decreased in size immediately after direct infestations by A. yasumatsui, and then began to slowly increase in size until 2021. For example, the volume was 24% of pre-invasion volume in 2007, and was 57% of pre-invasion volume in 2021. Microstrobili were harvested; then, the number of pollinator pupae were counted after an incubation period. Pollinator pupae counts per microstrobilus declined to 66% of pre-invasion levels by 2007 and have remained similarly constrained through 2021. Our results revealed that A. yasumatsui damage to the host C. micronesica population is not limited to attrition of the extant plant population, but also includes a loss in male reproductive effort and the risk of coextinction of the insular pollinator.}, }
@article {pmid34821821, year = {2021}, author = {Hsu, MH and Yang, YL and Wu, ML and Wang, LJ}, title = {Host Plants of the Immature Stages of the Invasive Longan Lanternfly, Pyrops candelaria (L.) (Hemiptera, Fulgoridae) in Taiwan.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {34821821}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The longan lanternfly, Pyrops candelaria (L.), has been invading mainland Taiwan since 2018, but the distribution of the species has been confined to northern Taiwan until now. The manual removal of the adult insects from the longan is still the main control strategy because of the uncertainty around other key host plants, especially for eggs and nymphs. In this study, large numbers of eggs and nymphs were found on Triadica sebifera (L.) Small and Acacia confusa Merr. The occurrence of immature individuals on Triadica sebifera increased with developmental stage from eggs to the last instar from May to July 2021. On 30 April, the first egg mass was recorded. More egg masses were recorded in May, and some could be found in July. In May, only two younger instars were detected. Third and fourth instars began to appear from June, while the fifth instar was mainly recorded from July onwards. The results of this study provide great strategic value for decision-makers to allow for effective control of the target tree species. For now, we proved that longan and pomelo trees, preferred by adults, are not the key hosts for the immature stages of this insect, because few immature individuals were found on them. Therefore, we suggest that the existence of Triadica sebifera should be considered when analyzing possible spreading areas of this invasive lanternfly in Taiwan.}, }
@article {pmid34821800, year = {2021}, author = {Whitlow, AM and Schürch, R and Mullins, D and Eastwood, G}, title = {The Influence of Southwestern Virginia Environmental Conditions on the Potential Ability of Haemaphysalis longicornis, Amblyomma americanum, and Amblyomma maculatum to Overwinter in the Region.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {34821800}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch Project VA-160131//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {Ticks are susceptible to environmental conditions and, to ensure survival during winter conditions, they adopt a wide variety of physiological and behavioral adaptations including utilization of a suitable niche with insulation (e.g., leaf coverage). To investigate the potential overwintering survival of three tick populations emerging within Appalachian Virginia (Haemaphysalis longicornis, Amblyomma americanum, and Amblyomma maculatum), both a laboratory experiment assessing super-cooling points and a two-factor (elevation and insulation coverage) field experiment assessing overwintering survivability were conducted across a natural southwestern Virginian winter (2020-2021). Dermacentor variabilis adults were included in this study as an example of a well-established species in this region known to overwinter in these conditions. Our study indicated that A. americanum and H. longicornis wintering tolerance is based on life stage rather than external factors such as insulation (e.g., leaf litter) and elevation. Amblyomma maculatum was more likely to survive without insulation. The ability to withstand the extreme temperatures of new regions is a key factor determining the survivability of novel tick species and is useful in assessing the invasion potential of arthropod vectors.}, }
@article {pmid34821786, year = {2021}, author = {Skendžić, S and Zovko, M and Pajač Živković, I and Lešić, V and Lemić, D}, title = {Effect of Climate Change on Introduced and Native Agricultural Invasive Insect Pests in Europe.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {34821786}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {KK.05.1.1.02.0031//European Regional Development Fund/ ; }, abstract = {Climate change and invasive species are major environmental issues facing the world today. They represent the major threats for various types of ecosystems worldwide, mainly managed ecosystems such as agriculture. This study aims to examine the link between climate change and the biological invasion of insect pest species. Increased international trade systems and human mobility have led to increasing introduction rates of invasive insects while climate change could decrease barriers for their establishment and distribution. To mitigate environmental and economic damage it is important to understand the biotic and abiotic factors affecting the process of invasion (transport, introduction, establishment, and dispersal) in terms of climate change. We highlight the major biotic factors affecting the biological invasion process: diet breadth, phenological plasticity, and lifecycle strategies. Finally, we present alien insect pest invasion management that includes prevention, eradication, and assessment of the biological invasion in the form of modelling prediction tools.}, }
@article {pmid34820207, year = {2021}, author = {Camacho-Cervantes, M and Mendoza-Arroyo, W and Arellano-Sánchez, D and Del-Val, E}, title = {Exotic predators are not better biocontrol agents: the harlequin ladybird is not the most voracious in Mexico.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e12503}, pmid = {34820207}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The use of exotic species for pest biocontrol has been a common pathway for introduction and dispersal of invasive species that may have undesired outcomes. Biocontrol agents are believed to be a less damaging alternative than pesticides, but some species may also prey on or parasitize native species or outcompete them for resources. The harlequin ladybird (Harmonia axyridis) is a well-known biocontrol agent originally from Asia that has established invasive populations in 59 countries around the globe. Harlequin ladybirds are generalist predators that in addition to pests prey on an array of different species including other coccinelids' eggs and larvae. In Mexico, native ladybirds that share ecological requirements with harlequin ladybirds are at risk of being outcompeted and predated upon. The aim of our study was to compare the foraging efficiency of harlequin ladybirds against three species of native coccinelids when preying on aphids. We investigated the foraging behaviour of ladybirds alone and in pairs with a conspecific, a native heterospecific or an exotic heterospecific. We found that the native Cycloneda sanguinea was the species that consumed the most aphids, while Hippodamia convergens was the fastest to find and consume each aphid. Harlequin ladybirds and H. convergens consumed the same number of aphids while P. vittigera consumed less. Conspecific competition was stronger than heterospecific competition. We discuss the suitability of using the exotic invasive harlequin ladybird for aphid biocontrol in comparison with native coccinelids.}, }
@article {pmid34820173, year = {2021}, author = {Breen, CJ and Cahill, AE}, title = {Population growth of microcrustaceans in water from habitats with differing salinities.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e12378}, pmid = {34820173}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Inland salt marshes are a rare habitat in North America. Little is known about the invertebrates in these habitats and their ability to cope with the brackish conditions of the marsh. We studied the population growth of ostracods found in an inland salt marsh (Maple River salt marsh) and of copepods found in the wetland habitat immediately adjacent to the freshwater Kalamazoo River. By studying these species in water from both habitats, we aimed to find out if they performed differently in the two habitats. We also tested Daphnia pulex in water from the two habitats due to the history of Daphnia spp. as model organisms. We found that copepods performed better in water taken from the Maple River salt marsh, and the ostracods and D. pulex performed equally well in either water. This was unexpected, since ostracods are found in the salt marsh and copepods in the freshwater area. As a second experiment, we tested the invertebrates in pairwise interactions. In water from the Kalamazoo River, ostracods outperformed the other two species, but there was no difference between D. pulex and copepods. No species outperformed the other in salt marsh water. Our results show no local adaptation to salinity, suggesting that ostracods and copepods may be limited in their respective distributions by dispersal limitation or habitat suitability.}, }
@article {pmid34819566, year = {2021}, author = {Liu, Y and Wang, P and Thomas, ML and Zheng, D and McKirdy, SJ}, title = {Cost-effective surveillance of invasive species using info-gap theory.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {22828}, pmid = {34819566}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Budgets ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/*economics ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/*physiology ; Models, Statistical ; Population Density ; Species Specificity ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can lead to community-level damage to the invaded ecosystem and extinction of native species. Most surveillance systems for the detection of invasive species are developed based on expert assessment, inherently coming with a level of uncertainty. In this research, info-gap decision theory (IGDT) is applied to model and manage such uncertainty. Surveillance of the Asian House Gecko, Hemidactylus frenatus Duméril and Bibron, 1836 on Barrow Island, is used as a case study. Our research provides a novel method for applying IGDT to determine the population threshold ([Formula: see text]) so that the decision can be robust to the deep uncertainty present in model parameters. We further robust-optimize surveillance costs rather than minimize surveillance costs. We demonstrate that increasing the population threshold for detection increases both robustness to the errors in the model parameter estimates, and opportuneness to lower surveillance costs than the accepted maximum budget. This paper provides guidance for decision makers to balance robustness and required surveillance expenditure. IGDT offers a novel method to model and manage the uncertainty prevalent in biodiversity conservation practices and modelling. The method outlined here can be used to design robust surveillance systems for invasive species in a wider context, and to better tackle uncertainty in protection of biodiversity and native species in a cost-effective manner.}, }
@article {pmid34818406, year = {2022}, author = {Giner, J and Villanueva-Saz, S and Fernández, A and Gómez, MA and Podra, M and Lizarraga, P and Lacasta, D and Ruiz, H and Del Carmen Aranda, M and de Los Ángeles Jimenez, M and Hernández, R and Yzuel, A and Verde, M}, title = {Detection of Anti-Leishmania infantum Antibodies in Wild European and American Mink (Mustela lutreola and Neovison vison) from Northern Spain, 2014-20.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, pages = {198-204}, doi = {10.7589/JWD-D-21-00027}, pmid = {34818406}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; Endangered Species ; *Leishmania infantum ; *Mink/parasitology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Spain/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {The European mink (Mustela lutreola) is listed as a critically endangered species because of ongoing population reduction from habitat degradation and the effects of introduced species, such as American mink (Neovison vison). This small, fragmented population becomes vulnerable to many other threats, including diseases. Leishmaniosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum found in the Mediterranean area, which affects many mammals, including wild small mammals. Furthermore, clinical disease caused by L. infantum has recently been described in other mustelids. To assess the exposure to Leishmania sp. infection in mink species in northern Spain, blood samples from 139 feral American mink and 42 native European mink from north Spain were evaluated for Leishmania sp. infection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays against Leishmania spp. antibodies, with 52.4% of American mink and 45.3% of European mink being found seropositive. This finding raises questions regarding how the disease may affect these species and the potential repercussions for conservation efforts. Despite a high seroprevalence being observed in wild mink of both species in this study, association with clinical or pathologic signs of disease has yet to be elucidated.}, }
@article {pmid34817609, year = {2021}, author = {Roberts, L and Brauer, B and Nicholson, WL and Ayres, BN and Thompson, KR and Claborn, DM}, title = {First Record of the Asian Longhorned Tick Haemaphysalis longicornis in Missouri.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, pages = {296-297}, doi = {10.2987/21-7035}, pmid = {34817609}, issn = {1943-6270}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Ixodidae ; Missouri ; Nymph ; *Ticks ; }, abstract = {The Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, is an invasive species, originally from eastern Asia, and was first reported in the USA in New Jersey. It is now reported in several eastern states. In 2018, researchers reported H. longicornis in northwest Arkansas (Benton County). This tick species is a proven vector of livestock and human diseases, which prompted the current survey of ticks in southwest Missouri. A tick drag in Greene County, Missouri, produced 2 H. longicornis nymphs on June 9, 2021. This is the first report of this species for both the state and county.}, }
@article {pmid34813866, year = {2022}, author = {Xu, Y and Wang, W and Yao, J and Yang, M and Guo, Y and Deng, Z and Mao, Q and Li, S and Duan, L}, title = {Comparative proteomics suggests the mode of action of a novel molluscicide against the invasive apple snail Pomacea canaliculata, intermediate host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis.}, journal = {Molecular and biochemical parasitology}, volume = {247}, number = {}, pages = {111431}, doi = {10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111431}, pmid = {34813866}, issn = {1872-9428}, mesh = {*Angiostrongylus cantonensis/genetics ; Animals ; *Gastropoda ; Humans ; Mammals ; Proteomics ; *Strongylida Infections ; }, abstract = {Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a zoonotic parasitic nematode that is the most common cause of human eosinophilic meningitis. The invasive apple snail Pomacea canaliculata is an important intermediate host of A. cantonensis and contributes to its spread. P. canaliculata control will help prevent its invasion and transmission of A. cantonensis. The new molluscicide PBQ (1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)urea) exhibits great potency against P. canaliculata and has low toxicity against mammals and non-target aquatic organisms. We studied the mode of action of PBQ using TMT-based comparative quantitative proteomics analysis between PBQ-treated and control P. canaliculata snails. A total of 3151 proteins were identified, and 245 of these proteins were significantly differentially expressed with 135 downregulated and 110 upregulated. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses identified GO terms and KEGG pathways involved in de novo purine biosynthesis, ribosome components and translation process were significantly enriched and downregulated. The results indicated that PBQ treatment had substantial effects on the synthesis of genetic material, translation process, and protein synthesis of P. canaliculata and were likely the main cause of snail mortality.}, }
@article {pmid34811338, year = {2021}, author = {Markovi, V and Gojina, V and Novakovi, B and Boani, M and Stojanovi, K and Karan-Nidari, T and Ivi, I}, title = {The freshwater molluscs of Serbia: Annotated checklist with remarks on distribution and protection status.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5003}, number = {1}, pages = {1-64}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5003.1.1}, pmid = {34811338}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia ; *Fresh Water ; Rivers ; Serbia ; Snails ; }, abstract = {We present a checklist of 86 valid freshwater mollusc species of Serbia (65 gastropods and 21 bivalves) belonging to 19 families (15 gastropods and four bivalves). The list is based on our latest research and includes data from published sources and personal communications. The most diverse family among gastropods is Planorbidae (16 species), while Sphaeriidae are most diverse within the bivalves (10 species). Ten species are local endemics (all of them gastropods), while eight are introduced species (three gastropods and five bivalves). The Danube River and its smaller tributaries harbour the most diverse gastropod community, with a total of 61 species (41 gastropods and 20 bivalves). The snail Theodoxus transversalis (Pfeiffer, 1828) and the bivalve Unio crassus Philipson, 1788 are listed as EN (endangered) on the global (IUCN) level, while the snail Plagigeyeria gladilini Kuer, 1937 and the bivalves Pseudanodonta complanata (Rossmssler, 1835) and Sphaerium rivicola (Lamarck, 1818) are considered as VU (vulnerable) species. Of those IUCN taxa, only U. crassus is listed as protected on the national level (along with 12 mostly local endemic gastropod species). In comparison with the previous checklist of gastropods by Karaman Karaman (2007), a total of seven species are added here: Belgrandiella serbica Gler 2008, Bythinella istoka Gler Pei 2014, B. nonveilleri Gler 2008, B. pesterica Gler 2008, Acroloxus lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758), Melanoides tuberculata (O.F. Mller, 1774) and Armiger crista (Linnaeus, 1758). In view of global and regional trends in taxonomy, ecology and invasive biology, an even richer diversity of the Serbian freshwater malocofauna can be expected.}, }
@article {pmid34811225, year = {2021}, author = {Er, B and Karata, A and Karata, A}, title = {Insecta non gratae: New Distribution Records of Eight Alien Bug (Hemiptera) Species in Turkey with Contributions of Citizen Science.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5057}, number = {1}, pages = {1-28}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5057.1.1}, pmid = {34811225}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Citizen Science ; Ecosystem ; *Hemiptera ; Insecta ; *Reduviidae ; Turkey ; }, abstract = {This study is prepared to provide an example for the utility of citizen science in faunistic research, which is becoming popular as a data source, especially for invasive alien species. With the globalization tendency of many living species by human impact, alien species rapidly spread far from their natural distribution range and become invasive in their newly settled ecosystems. Some of these invasive alien species become one of the most important problems for nature. This study focuses on distribution of following eight alien Hemiptera species that have previously been recorded from Turkey: Zelus renardii (Reduviidae), Corythucha arcuata and Corythucha ciliata (Tingidae), Leptoglossus occidentalis (Coreidae), Perillus bioculatus and Halyomorpha halys (Pentatomidae), Stictocephala bisonia (Membracidae) and Metcalfa pruinosa (Flatidae). New distributional and seasonality data for all these species are presented based on observations shared by citizen scientists in the websites Doalhayat and iNaturalist. New provincial records for each species are given. As a result, it is apparent that citizen science is an important data source, supplies remarkable contribution for increasing the understanding on expansion of invasive alien species as well as providing clear picture on their distribution.}, }
@article {pmid34811020, year = {2021}, author = {Rogers, DC and Goldhammer, DS and Garrison, I and Cook, A}, title = {First record of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kansas.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5040}, number = {4}, pages = {592-600}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5040.4.10}, pmid = {34811020}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; *Culicidae ; Introduced Species ; Kansas ; }, }
@article {pmid34810951, year = {2021}, author = {Bohn, H and Sciberras, A}, title = {Cockroach (Blattodea, Blaberoidea) fauna of the Maltese Islands, with descriptions of two new species.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5023}, number = {4}, pages = {486-508}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5023.4.2}, pmid = {34810951}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Blattellidae ; *Cockroaches ; Islands ; *Periplaneta ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Cockroach (Blattodea, Blaberoidea) fauna of the Maltese Islands. Hitherto seven species of cockroaches were known from the Maltese Archipelago (Schembri 1980): four of them are synanthropic species introduced by man: Blatta orientalis, Blattella germanica, Periplaneta americana and Supella longipalpa; the remaining three are indigenous species: Ectobius kraussianus, Loboptera decipiens and Polyphaga aegyptiaca. The earlier reports almost exclusively concern the largest island Malta; only one report (L. decipiens) applies to the islet Comino. Faunistic part. By recent collectings of the authors (mainly A.S.) including also the smaller islands Gozo, Comino and some rock islets (Cominotto, Filfla, Fungus Rock, Large Blue Lagoon Rock, Pigean Rock) the known distribution of the species could be largely widened; two further obviously indigenous species were found, both new to science and presumably endemic to Malta: Ectobius melitensis, sp. nov. (Ectobiidae, Ectobiinae) and Heterogamisca jeffreyana, sp. nov. (Corydiidae, Corydiinae). E. kraussianus presumably has to be eliminated from the list of Maltese cockroaches; the older report most likely concerns a misidentified E. melitensis. During the last years the number of introduced species was strongly increased (1) by escapees of species cultivated for the nourishment of amphibia and reptilia, as are Blaptica dubia, Gromphadorhina sp., Nauphoeta cinerea, Periplaneta fuliginosa, Shelfordella lateralis and Symploce pallens, and (2) by species presumably imported with gardening materials: Pycnoscelus surinamensis and Phoetalia pallida. The mentioned species have repeatedly been found in human buildings and adjacent gardens of a number of settlements, mostly in the surroundings of the capital Valetta. They seem to be well established there; part of them has even been observed in the wild. The newly introduced species are in spite of their successful establishment and reproduction in Malta not considered as a danger for the indigenous species: The great differences in the requirements between the two groups most likely exclude competition between them. Three species, Ectobius vittiventris, Henschoutedenis flexivitta, and Periplaneta australasiae, have only occasionally been found and can, therefore, scarcely be considered as members of the Maltese fauna; the latter also applies to species of the genus Panchlora which were repeatedly observed on fruit markets at freshly imported bananas, but never found outside, neither in the Maltese banana plantations. Taxonomic part. The new species are described and compared with their closest relatives, colouration and characteristic structures are shown in several figures. Ectobius melitensis belongs to the kraussianus-species group of Ectobius known from Sicily and surrounding islands (Ustica, Aeolian Islands, Ponza), but with one species also reaching Albania; the nearest relatives of Heterogamisca jeffreyana are occurring on the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia).}, }
@article {pmid34810860, year = {2021}, author = {Parasram, N and Santana, W and Valls, H}, title = {Updated checklist of semi-terrestrial and estuarine crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) of Barbados, West Indies.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5052}, number = {4}, pages = {451-485}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5052.4.1}, pmid = {34810860}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Barbados ; *Brachyura ; Ecosystem ; *Lice Infestations ; West Indies ; }, abstract = {Considering the growing threats to the biodiversity of small Caribbean islands (e.g., habitat loss and fragmentation, overexploitation, invasive species, and climate change), it is important to establish biodiversity inventories that serve as baselines for monitoring and evaluation of conservation efforts. In Barbados (West Indies), the most recent comprehensive taxonomic account of brachyuran crabs came from Rathbun (1921) reporting the specimens collected by the University of Iowa Barbados-Antigua Expedition in 1918. The present study fills the 100-year gap in knowledge by providing an updated taxonomic checklist of brachyuran crabs associated with semi-terrestrial and estuarine habitats in Barbados. A total of 245 specimens representing three superfamilies, six families, nine genera, and 13 species were collected over a period of 425 search-hours in twenty-seven sampling locations in semi-terrestrial and estuarine habitats of Barbados between September 2018 and November 2020. The families with the highest numbers of species identified were Gecarcinidae (3) and Portunidae (3), followed by Grapsidae (2), Sesarmidae (2), Ocypodidae (2), and Varunidae (1). The species Armases ricordi (H. Milne Edwards, 1853), Cyclograpsus integer H. Milne Edwards, 1837, and Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896, are recorded here for the first time for Barbados.}, }
@article {pmid34810656, year = {2021}, author = {Kment, P and Salini, S and Ahmed, Z}, title = {Halyomorpha picus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): first confirmed record from Pakistan and two new junior synonyms.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5060}, number = {3}, pages = {429-438}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5060.3.8}, pmid = {34810656}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Hemiptera ; *Heteroptera ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Pakistan ; }, abstract = {We provide the first confirmed record of Halyomorpha picus (Fabricius, 1794) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae: Cappaeini) from Pakistan: Islamabad Capital Territory, and provide habitus photographs and electron scanning micrographs of the male genitalia of the voucher specimens. Two species previously described from Pakistan are found to fit within the morphological variability of H. picus and the following two junior subjective synonyms are proposed: Halyomorpha picus (Fabricius, 1794) = Halyomorpha punjabensis Ahmad Kamaluddin, 1977, syn. nov., = Halyomorpha azhari Ahmad Zaidi, 1989, syn. nov. The record of Halyomorpha scutellata Distant, 1879, from Pakistan by Sharif et al. (2020) is based on misidentification of a species of Neohalys Ahmad Perveen, 1982 (Pentatominae: Halyini) and excluded from Pakistan fauna. Based on the analysis of female genitalia figures provided by Gadalla (2004), the record of H. picus from Egypt represents a misidentification of H. halys Stl, 1855, which extends the distribution of that invasive species to North Africa.}, }
@article {pmid34810651, year = {2021}, author = {Watson, GW}, title = {A checklist of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of Kenya, with some new combinations.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5060}, number = {4}, pages = {515-532}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5060.4.3}, pmid = {34810651}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera ; Introduced Species ; Kenya ; }, abstract = {The checklist of scale insect species recorded from Kenya comprises 14 families, 128 genera and 304 species, of which 207 (68.0%) are probably of African origin, 91 (29.9%) have been introduced from outside Africa and six (2.0%) are of unknown origin. Out of the 207 African species, only 11 (5.3%) have been recorded damaging plants, whereas out of the 91 introduced species, 45 (49.5%) have caused or are highly likely to cause plant damage in Kenya. The most economically important scale insect families in Kenya are (in order of importance) the Pseudococcidae, Coccidae and Diaspididae. Four new combinations are made: Eurycoccus glomerulus De Lotto is transferred to Trionymus, as Trionymus glomerulus (De Lotto) comb. n.; Trionymus sativus James is transferred to Paracoccus, as Paracoccus sativus (James) comb. n.; Pseudococcus masakensis James is transferred to Nipaecoccus as Nipaecoccus masakensis (James) comb. n., and Spilococcus commiphorae De Lotto is transferred to Paracoccus, as Paracoccus commiphorae (De Lotto) comb. n.}, }
@article {pmid34809999, year = {2022}, author = {Bergstrom, DM}, title = {Maintaining Antarctica's isolation from non-native species.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {5-9}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2021.10.002}, pmid = {34809999}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; *Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Antarctica's isolation has been breached by various non-native species, including microbes, a grass, and some invertebrates. As yet, no marine species have reportedly established populations. With increasing effects of climate change and human activity, continued concerted action is needed to keep Antarctica protected from the impacts of non-native species establishment.}, }
@article {pmid34808089, year = {2021}, author = {Maison, RM and Pierce, CF and Ragan, IK and Brown, VR and Bodenchuk, MJ and Bowen, RA and Bosco-Lauth, AM}, title = {Potential Use for Serosurveillance of Feral Swine to Map Risk for Anthrax Exposure, Texas, USA.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {27}, number = {12}, pages = {3103-3110}, pmid = {34808089}, issn = {1080-6059}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; *Anthrax/epidemiology/veterinary ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Swine ; *Swine Diseases/epidemiology ; Texas/epidemiology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Anthrax is a disease of concern in many mammals, including humans. Management primarily consists of prevention through vaccination and tracking clinical-level observations because environmental isolation is laborious and bacterial distribution across large geographic areas difficult to confirm. Feral swine (Sus scrofa) are an invasive species with an extensive range in the southern United States that rarely succumbs to anthrax. We present evidence that feral swine might serve as biosentinels based on comparative seroprevalence in swine from historically defined anthrax-endemic and non-anthrax-endemic regions of Texas. Overall seropositivity was 43.7% (n = 478), and logistic regression revealed county endemicity status, age-class, sex, latitude, and longitude were informative for predicting antibody status. However, of these covariates, only latitude was statistically significant (β = -0.153, p = 0.047). These results suggests anthrax exposure in swine, when paired with continuous location data, could serve as a proxy for bacterial presence in specific areas.}, }
@article {pmid34807932, year = {2021}, author = {Fish, D and Tesh, RB and Guzman, H and Travassos da Rosa, APA and Balta, V and Underwood, J and Sither, C and Vasilakis, N}, title = {Emergence potential of mosquito-borne arboviruses from the Florida Everglades.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {e0259419}, pmid = {34807932}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {R24 AI120942/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Alphavirus/isolation &amp; purification ; Animals ; Arboviruses/*isolation &amp; purification ; Climate Change ; Culicidae/*virology ; Ecosystem ; Florida ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/virology ; Orthobunyavirus/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {The Greater Everglades Region of South Florida is one of the largest natural wetlands and the only subtropical ecosystem found in the continental United States. Mosquitoes are seasonally abundant in the Everglades where several potentially pathogenic mosquito-borne arboviruses are maintained in natural transmission cycles involving vector-competent mosquitoes and reservoir-competent vertebrate hosts. The fragile nature of this ecosystem is vulnerable to many sources of environmental change, including a wetlands restoration project, climate change, invasive species and residential development. In this study, we obtained baseline data on the distribution and abundance of both mosquitos and arboviruses occurring in the southern Everglades region during the summer months of 2013, when water levels were high, and in 2014, when water levels were low. A total of 367,060 mosquitoes were collected with CO2-baited CDC light traps at 105 collection sites stratified among the major landscape features found in Everglades National Park, Big Cypress National Preserve, Fakahatchee State Park Preserve and Picayune State Forest, an area already undergoing restoration. A total of 2,010 pools of taxonomically identified mosquitoes were cultured for arbovirus isolation and identification. Seven vertebrate arboviruses were isolated: Everglades virus, Tensaw virus, Shark River virus, Gumbo Limbo virus, Mahogany Hammock virus, Keystone virus, and St. Louis encephalitis virus. Except for Tensaw virus, which was absent in 2013, the remaining viruses were found to be most prevalent in hardwood hammocks and in Fakahatchee, less prevalent in mangroves and pinelands, and absent in cypress and sawgrass. In contrast, in the summer of 2014 when water levels were lower, these arboviruses were far less prevalent and only found in hardwood hammocks, but Tensaw virus was present in cypress, sawgrass, pinelands, and a recently burned site. Major environmental changes are anticipated in the Everglades, many of which will result in increased water levels. How these might lead to the emergence of arboviruses potentially pathogenic to both humans and wildlife is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid34805343, year = {2021}, author = {Ríos-Castro, R and Romero, A and Aranguren, R and Pallavicini, A and Banchi, E and Novoa, B and Figueras, A}, title = {High-Throughput Sequencing of Environmental DNA as a Tool for Monitoring Eukaryotic Communities and Potential Pathogens in a Coastal Upwelling Ecosystem.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {765606}, pmid = {34805343}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {The marine environment includes diverse microeukaryotic organisms that play important functional roles in the ecosystem. With molecular approaches, eukaryotic taxonomy has been improved, complementing classical analysis. In this study, DNA metabarcoding was performed to describe putative pathogenic eukaryotic microorganisms in sediment and marine water fractions collected in Galicia (NW Spain) from 2016 to 2018. The composition of eukaryotic communities was distinct between sediment and water fractions. Protists were the most diverse group, with the clade TSAR (Stramenopiles, Alveolata, Rhizaria, and Telonemida) as the primary representative organisms in the environment. Harmful algae and invasive species were frequently detected. Potential pathogens, invasive pathogenic organisms as well as the causative agents of harmful phytoplanktonic blooms were identified in this marine ecosystem. Most of the identified pathogens have a crucial impact on the aquacultural sector or affect to relevant species in the marine ecosystem, such as diatoms. Moreover, pathogens with medical and veterinary importance worldwide were also found, as well as pathogens that affect diatoms. The evaluation of the health of a marine ecosystem that directly affects the aquacultural sector with a zoonotic concern was performed with the metabarcoding assay.}, }
@article {pmid34802185, year = {2022}, author = {Calvo-Agudo, M and Tooker, JF and Dicke, M and Tena, A}, title = {Insecticide-contaminated honeydew: risks for beneficial insects.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, pages = {664-678}, pmid = {34802185}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aphids ; Carbohydrates ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Insecta ; *Insecticides/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Honeydew is the sugar-rich excretion of phloem-feeding hemipteran insects such as aphids, mealybugs, whiteflies, and psyllids, and can be a main carbohydrate source for beneficial insects in some ecosystems. Recent research has revealed that water-soluble, systemic insecticides contaminate honeydew excreted by hemipterans that feed on plants treated with these insecticides. This contaminated honeydew can be toxic to beneficial insects, such as pollinators, parasitic wasps and generalist predators that feed on it. This route of exposure has now been demonstrated in three plant species, for five systemic insecticides and four hemipteran species; therefore, we expect this route to be widely available in some ecosystems. In this perspective paper, we highlight the importance of this route of exposure by exploring: (i) potential pathways through which honeydew might be contaminated with insecticides; (ii) hemipteran families that are more likely to excrete contaminated honeydew; and (iii) systemic insecticides with different modes of action that might contaminate honeydew through the plant. Furthermore, we analyse several model scenarios in Europe and/or the USA where contaminated honeydew could be problematic for beneficial organisms that feed on this ubiquitous carbohydrate source. Finally, we explain why this route of exposure might be important when exotic, invasive, honeydew-producing species are treated with systemic insecticides. Overall, this review opens a new area of research in the field of ecotoxicology to understand how insecticides can reach non-target beneficial insects. In addition, we aim to shed light on potential undescribed causes of insect declines in ecosystems where honeydew is an important carbohydrate source for insects, and advocate for this route of exposure to be included in future environmental risk assessments.}, }
@article {pmid34801746, year = {2022}, author = {Ionescu, RA and Mitrovic, D and Wilkie, MP}, title = {Reversible disruptions to energy supply and acid-base balance in larval sea lamprey exposed to the pesticide: Niclosamide (2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide).}, journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {242}, number = {}, pages = {106006}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106006}, pmid = {34801746}, issn = {1879-1514}, mesh = {Acid-Base Equilibrium ; Animals ; Larva ; *Niclosamide/toxicity ; *Pesticides/toxicity ; *Petromyzon ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Since the 1960s, chemical control of larval sea lamprey has been achieved using the pesticides 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and niclosamide (Bayluscide®). Much more potent, niclosamide is often used as an adjuvant for TFM, and on its own to treat lentic habitats, rivers with high discharge and currents, and for population surveys. Yet, little is known about its mode of action or physiological effects on sea lamprey. Like TFM, niclosamide is thought to impair mitochondrial ATP production by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. We therefore tested the hypothesis that niclosamide would result in metabolic perturbations and disturbances to acid-base balance in larval lamprey due to their need to balance ATP supply with ATP demands. When larval sea lamprey were exposed to the nominal 9-h niclosamide LC50 (0.11 mg L[-1]) over 9 h, it resulted in significant decreases in brain, phosphocreatine (35 %) and glycogen (50 %), accompanied by a 5-fold increase in lactate. In carcass, there were 25-30 % decreases in glycogen, corresponding increases in pyruvate and lactate, and a pronounced 0.5 unit decrease in intracellular pH. Calculation of the NAD[+]/NADH ratio in the carcass indicated that neither oxygen delivery nor the flux of reducing equivalents through the mitochondrial electron transport chain were impaired by niclosamide, supporting the hypothesis that niclosamide interferes with mitochondrial ATP production by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, greater reliance on glycogen, characterized by higher rates of glycolysis, temporarily mitigates the corresponding shortfall in ATP supply caused by niclosamide. Notably, all lamprey that survived niclosamide exposure readily restored ATP, phosphocreatine, glycogen and acid-base balance after recovery in niclosamide-free water. This resilience suggests that sea lamprey that survive or escape niclosamide treatment could compromise sea lamprey control efforts by subsequently completing their larval stage and developing into parasitic juvenile sea lamprey that could ultimately threaten Great Lake's fisheries populations.}, }
@article {pmid34800444, year = {2022}, author = {Martínez-Megías, C and Rico, A}, title = {Biodiversity impacts by multiple anthropogenic stressors in Mediterranean coastal wetlands.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {818}, number = {}, pages = {151712}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151712}, pmid = {34800444}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Anthropogenic Effects ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Mediterranean coastal wetlands are considered biodiversity hot-spots and contain a high number of endemic species. The biodiversity of these ecosystems is endangered by several pressures resulting from agricultural and urban expansion, climate change, and the alteration of their hydrological cycle. In this study we assess the state-of-the-art regarding the impact of several stressor groups on the biodiversity of Mediterranean coastal wetlands (i.e., lagoons, marshes, estuaries). Particularly, we describe the impacts of eutrophication, chemical pollution, invasive species, salinization, and temperature rise, and analyze the existing literature regarding the impact of multiple stressors on these ecosystems. Our study denotes a clear asymmetry both in terms of study areas and stressors evaluated. The majority of studies focus on lagoons and estuaries of the north-west parts of the Mediterranean basin, while the African and the Asian coast have been less represented. Eutrophication and chemical pollution were the most studied stressors compared to others like temperature rise or species invasions. Most studies evaluating these stressors individually show direct or indirect effects on the biodiversity of primary producers and invertebrate communities, and changes in species dominance patterns that contribute to a decline of endemic populations. The few available studies addressing stressor interactions have shown non-additive responses, which are important to define appropriate ecosystem management and restoration measures. Finally, we propose research needs to advance our understanding on the impacts of anthropogenic stressors on Mediterranean coastal wetlands and to guide future interventions to protect biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid34799771, year = {2022}, author = {Common, LK and Sumasgutner, P and Sumasgutner, SC and Colombelli-Négrel, D and Dudaniec, RY and Kleindorfer, S}, title = {Temporal and spatial variation in sex-specific abundance of the avian vampire fly (Philornis downsi).}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {121}, number = {1}, pages = {63-74}, pmid = {34799771}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Finches ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Male ; *Muscidae ; *Parasites ; }, abstract = {Understanding the range and behaviour of an invasive species is critical to identify key habitat areas to focus control efforts. Patterns of range use in parasites can differ temporally, across life stages and between sexes. The invasive avian vampire fly, Philornis downsi, spends the larval stage of its life within bird nests, feeding on developing nestlings and causing high levels of mortality and deformation. However, little is known of the ecology and behaviour of the non-parasitic adult fly life stage. Here, we document sex-specific temporal and spatial patterns of abundance of adult avian vampire flies during a single Darwin's finch breeding season. We analyse fly trapping data collected across 7 weeks in the highlands (N = 405 flies) and lowlands (N = 12 flies) of Floreana Island (Galápagos). Lowland catches occurred later in the season, which supports the hypothesis that flies may migrate from the food-rich highlands to the food-poor lowlands once host breeding has commenced. Fly abundance was not correlated with host nesting density (oviposition site) but was correlated with distance to the agricultural zone (feeding site). We consistently caught more males closer to the agricultural zone and more females further away from the agricultural zone. These sex differences suggest that males may be defending or lekking at feeding sites in the agricultural zone for mating. This temporal and sex-specific habitat use of the avian vampire fly is relevant for developing targeted control methods and provides insight into the behavioural ecology of this introduced parasite on the Galápagos Archipelago.}, }
@article {pmid34798431, year = {2021}, author = {Cebrian, E and Linares, C and Garrabou, J}, title = {Warming may increase the vulnerability of calcareous algae to bioinvasions.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {173}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {113099}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113099}, pmid = {34798431}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Coral Reefs ; *Ecosystem ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater ; }, abstract = {Understanding the interactions between various stressors, and the resulting cumulative impacts they exert, is essential in order to predict the potential resilience of marine habitats to climate change. Crustose coralline algae (CCA) are a major calcifying component of marine habitats, from tropical to polar oceans, and play a central role as ecosystem engineers in many rocky reefs. These species are increasingly threatened by the stress of climate change. However, the effects of other stressors linked to global change, such as invasive species, have scarcely been addressed. We have studied the interactive effects of invasive algae and global warming on CCA, combining observational and experimental approaches. CCA sensitivity to invasive algae is heightened when they are concurrently exposed to elevated seawater temperature, and the interaction between these two stressors triggers drastic synergistic effects on CCA. The reduction and eventual disappearance of these "ecosystem foundation species" may undermine ecological functioning, leading to the disappearance and/or fragmentation of the communities associated with them.}, }
@article {pmid34796905, year = {2021}, author = {Josimovich, JM and Falk, BG and Grajal-Puche, A and Hanslowe, EB and Bartoszek, IA and Reed, RN and Currylow, AF}, title = {Clutch may predict growth of hatchling Burmese pythons better than food availability or sex.}, journal = {Biology open}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {34796905}, issn = {2046-6390}, mesh = {Animals ; Boidae/*embryology ; Clutch Size ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/*embryology ; *Embryonic Development ; Female ; Florida ; *Food Supply ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Sex Factors ; }, abstract = {Identifying which environmental and genetic factors affect growth pattern phenotypes can help biologists predict how organisms distribute finite energy resources in response to varying environmental conditions and physiological states. This information may be useful for monitoring and managing populations of cryptic, endangered, and invasive species. Consequently, we assessed the effects of food availability, clutch, and sex on the growth of invasive Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus Kuhl) from the Greater Everglades Ecosystem in Florida, USA. Though little is known from the wild, Burmese pythons have been physiological model organisms for decades, with most experimental research sourcing individuals from the pet trade. Here, we used 60 hatchlings collected as eggs from the nests of two wild pythons, assigned them to High or Low feeding treatments, and monitored growth and meal consumption for 12 weeks, a period when pythons are thought to grow very rapidly. None of the 30 hatchlings that were offered food prior to their fourth week post-hatching consumed it, presumably because they were relying on internal yolk stores. Although only two clutches were used in the experiment, we found that nearly all phenotypic variation was explained by clutch rather than feeding treatment or sex. Hatchlings from clutch 1 (C1) grew faster and were longer, heavier, in better body condition, ate more frequently, and were bolder than hatchlings from clutch 2 (C2), regardless of food availability. On average, C1 and C2 hatchling snout-vent length (SVL) and weight grew 0.15 cm d-1 and 0.10 cm d-1, and 0.20 g d-1 and 0.03 g d-1, respectively. Additional research may be warranted to determine whether these effects remain with larger clutch sample sizes and to identify the underlying mechanisms and fitness implications of this variation to help inform risk assessments and management. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.}, }
@article {pmid34795686, year = {2021}, author = {Leuzinger, S and Rewald, B}, title = {The Who or the How? Species vs. Ecosystem Function Priorities in Conservation Ecology.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {758413}, pmid = {34795686}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Current conservation strategies are targeted at preserving species, without explicitly aiming at the maintenance of ecosystem functions. In a physically highly connected world, the unintentional relocation of terrestrial, marine, and microbial life is therefore unavoidable and has been an integral part of human evolution for thousands of years. Here, we challenge the default perception often shared among conservation ecologists that preserving native species at all costs and reducing the number of exotic species and their abundance is the only way to conservation and restoration success. While this strategy is valuable in cases where exotic species disrupt ecological function, there are examples where exotic species have similar functional traits to the threatened or extinct native species and can in fact help maintain the overall or target function of an ecosystem. In the race to cope with global environmental change, we argue that ecosystem function and ecosystem services need to be viewed not only through a taxonomic lens, but increasingly also through a functional, trait-based one.}, }
@article {pmid34795551, year = {2021}, author = {Mukhortova, O and Senator, S and Unkovskaya, E}, title = {Distribution and species composition of zooplankton (rotifers and crustaceans) in the Basin of the Middle Volga River, Russia.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e76455}, pmid = {34795551}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The presented dataset contains information on the distribution and species composition of zooplankton (rotifers and crustaceans) registered in the Basin of the Middle Volga River, Russia. The studies have been performed in the Kuibyshev Reservoir (Samara Oblast and the Republic of Tatarstan), the Saratov Reservoir (Samara Oblast), in several lakes (Raifskoe, Gniloe, Krugloe and Lenevo) in the Volzhsko-Kamsky State Biosphere Reserve (Republic of Tatarstan) and in Lake Aslikul, one of the largest lakes of the Middle Volga River Basin, located in the Asly-Kul Natural Park (Republic of Bashkortostan). The hydrobiological data were obtained and published from 1957 to 2020. In total, the dataset includes 5141 records of 111 zooplankton species (including 17 subspecies), belonging to 45 genera. These are mainly native species - 98.5%, while the naturalised, including invasive species, accounts for less than 1.5%.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: A total of 5141 records have been published on the taxonomic diversity and occurrence of zooplankton (rotifers and crustaceans) in the Middle Volga River Basin. Each record includes information about the place and date of finding the specimen, its taxonomy, occurrence and abundance and the collector. If the information about the find has been published, a link to the corresponding reference is provided. The presented dataset supplements the data on the distribution of zooplankton species in the European part of Russia. Data on zooplankton in the Middle Volga River Basin are published for the first time.}, }
@article {pmid34795550, year = {2021}, author = {Sennikov, AN and Lazkov, GA}, title = {The first checklist of alien vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan, with new records and critical evaluation of earlier data. Contribution 1.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e75590}, pmid = {34795550}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: National checklists of alien plants and detailed databases of non-native plant occurrences are required to study and control regional and global plant invasions. No country in Central Asia has a national checklist of alien plants. A recent inventory counted 183 alien plant species in Kyrgyzstan, including archaeophytes and neophytes, established and casual. This preliminary checklist, which was developed for the Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species in 2018, served as a starting point for the present study.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: A complete inventory of Xanthium in Kyrgyzstan has revealed that three alien species are resident in the country. Their correct nomenclature is X.orientale (syn. X.albinum, X.californicum, X.sibiricum auct.; invasive neophyle of the period of extensive grain import to the USSR after the Second World War), X.spinosum (invasive neophyte of the period of the Second World War, which arrived as a contaminant on the relocated livestock) and X.strumarium (syn. X.chinense, X.sibiricum; archaeophyte of the Neolithic period, introduced with wheat cultivation, which had lost its invasive status and appeared on the verge of extinction when its pool was no longer renewed by contaminated grain). A history of introduction to Central Asia is uncovered for all the species of Xanthium. A further spread is documented for Buniasorientalis, with a new record extending its distribution to the Eastern Tian-Shan; a complex history of its introduction to Europe and Central Asia is inferred from the archaeological data and its recent dispersal, and the pathways of its introduction to Kyrgyzstan are established. Erigeronannuus s.str. is reported as new to Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, and E.lilacinus as new to Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Nepal and Tajikistan (it was previously recorded as E.annuus s.l. from the three latter countries, in which the presence of E.annuus s.str. is not confirmed). These closely related species differ in their pathways of introduction and invasion status: E.annuus s.str. is an invasive established alien which was imported as a contaminant of forage, whereas E.lilacinus is mostly a casual (locally persisting) alien introduced with contaminated seed of ornamental plants or nursery material, and also intentionally introduced and locally established in the Botanical Garden in Bishkek. Bidenstinctoria (syn. Coreopsistinctoria) is newly recorded as a casual alien from a single locality in Kyrgyzstan; this species name is validly published here in conformity with the phylogeny of Coreopsideae.Point maps of species distributions in Kyrgyzstan are provided on the basis of a complete inventory of the literature data, herbarium specimens and documented observations, and our recent fieldwork. The maps are documented with a dataset of herbarium specimens and observations. Period and pathways of introduction, vectors of dispersal, current and historical invasion status, evidence of impact and distributional trend are established or inferred for each species. Each species is discussed in the context of plant invasions in Central Asia as a whole.These species accounts are part of the national database of alien plants which aims at producing a comprehensive overview and analysis of plant invasions in Kyrgyzstan.}, }
@article {pmid34793792, year = {2022}, author = {Cuthbert, RN and Briski, E}, title = {Functional responses of an invasive mud crab across a salinity gradient.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {818}, number = {}, pages = {151684}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151684}, pmid = {34793792}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura ; Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior ; Salinity ; Seawater ; }, abstract = {Environmental gradients may alter the ecological impacts of invasive alien species. In marine systems such as the Baltic Sea, current salinity is variable and seawater freshening is projected in future, potentially facilitating novel keystone predators. Here, we examine the influence of salinity variation in the western Baltic Sea (i.e. ambient 10, then 7 and 4 ppt) on the functional response (FR) of the Harris mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii towards benthic macroinvertebrate prey at different densities. Rhithropanopeus harrisii displayed a Type II FR across salinities towards larval chironomids, due to a consistently high resource consumption rate at low prey densities. Feeding rates were significantly reduced at 4 ppt (mean 6 chironomid prey killed day[-1]) compared to 10 ppt and 7 ppt (9 killed day[-1]). Search efficiencies tended to be greatest at 10 ppt, whereas handling times were shortest - and maximum feeding rate highest - at the intermediate 7 ppt. These results suggest a slight reduction in predatory impact by R. harrisii at lower salinities. Nevertheless, across most prey densities, FRs were not significantly different, indicating sustained interaction strength across a range of salinity regimes.}, }
@article {pmid34792760, year = {2022}, author = {Brugnera, R and Lima, Y and Grazia, J and Schwertner, CF}, title = {Occurrence of the Yellow-Spotted Stink Bug Erthesina fullo (Thunberg) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Brazil, a Polyphagous Species from Asia.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, pages = {325-329}, pmid = {34792760}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {Proc. n. 2018/09469-5//fapesp/ ; 310747/2020-1//cnpq/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Crops, Agricultural ; *Fabaceae ; *Hemiptera ; *Heteroptera ; Nymph ; }, abstract = {In recent years, the management of invasive stink bugs (Pentatomidae) has been a challenge in many regions of the world, including the Neotropical, where four non-native species were detected in the last two decades. Species with invasive potential include the yellow-spotted stink bug, Erthesina fullo (Thunberg). It is polyphagous and is known to cause damages to fruit crops in Southeast Asia. Herein, we report for the first time the occurrence of E. fullo in Brazil (Santos, São Paulo). Nymphs and adults have been recorded nearby the Harbor of Santos since November 2020. A fifth instar nymph was collected and reared until adulthood. The insect was found feeding on Inga sp. leaves (Fabaceae), a plant restricted to the Neotropical Region. The detection of multiple specimens in Santos, plus their ability to feed on native and or on cultivated plants, may represent a threat to the Brazilian agribusiness and environment.}, }
@article {pmid34792115, year = {2022}, author = {Hullé, M and Till, M and Plantegenest, M}, title = {Global Warming Could Magnify Insect-Driven Apparent Competition Between Native and Introduced Host Plants in Sub-Antarctic Islands.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {204-209}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvab122}, pmid = {34792115}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; *Ecosystem ; *Global Warming ; Insecta ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; }, abstract = {Pristine sub-Antarctic islands terrestrial ecosystems, including many endemic species, are highly threatened by human-induced cosmopolitan plant invasion. We propose that native plant suppression could be further facilitated by the subsequent invasion by generalist pest species that could exacerbate their competitive exclusion through the process of apparent competition. By comparing the biological parameters of an invasive aphid species, Myzus ascalonicus, on one native (Acaena magellanica) and one invasive (Senecio vulgaris) plant species, we showed that survival and fecundity were higher and development time lower on the native plant species than on the invasive one. Moreover, comparing the effect of a temperature increase on the population dynamics of M. ascalonicus on the two plants, we showed that the relative profitability of the native species is further amplified by warming. Hence, while pest population doubling time is 28% higher on the invasive plant under current temperature, it would become 40% higher with an increase in temperature of 3°C. Consequently, our findings demonstrate that global warming could exacerbate competitive exclusion of native plants by invasive plants in sub-Antarctic islands by its indirect effect on the apparent competition mediated by generalist phytophagous pests.}, }
@article {pmid34785251, year = {2022}, author = {Özenver, N and Efferth, M and Efferth, T}, title = {Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, chemical ecology and invasion biology of Acanthus mollis L.}, journal = {Journal of ethnopharmacology}, volume = {285}, number = {}, pages = {114833}, doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2021.114833}, pmid = {34785251}, issn = {1872-7573}, mesh = {*Acanthaceae ; Biodiversity ; Ethnobotany/*trends ; Ethnopharmacology ; Horticulture/*trends ; Humans ; Phytochemicals/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Acanthus mollis L. (Bear's Breeches) is a wide-spread medicinal and ornamental plant and is particularly suited to exemplarily illustrate the diverse aspects of invasion biology by neophytes. Since ancient times, it has been a popular Mediterranean ornamental plant in horticulture and served as model for the decoration of column capitals in architecture.<br><br>AIM OF THE STUDY: In the present review, we aimed to give an overview about ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, chemical ecology, and invasion biology of A. mollis. Thus, the importance of plantation cultivation in the presence of ecologically problematic species and environmental protection were emphasized.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted an extensive literature search via screening PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, in order to compile the data about A. mollis and its role on invasion biology and thereby attracting attention to the prominence of the horticultural and agricultural cultivation of plant species with a special focus on A. mollis as a model.<br><br>RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Phytochemical analyses revealed secondary metabolites from the classes of flavonoids, phenols, phenylpropanoids, anthraquinones arylnaphthalene lignans, phytosterols and others. Extracts of A. mollis and isolated phytochemicals not only exert assorted activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective in murine and human experimental models, but also act against plant parasites (bacteria, insects, mollusks, fungi), protecting the plant from microbial attack and herbivorous predators. A. mollis has been used in traditional medicine to treat dermatological ailments, gastrointestinal diseases, ulcers and even tumors. Nevertheless, the robustness and rapid growth of A. mollis as well as the global horticultural trade facilitated its invasion into fragile ecosystems of Australia, New Zealand, and several other spots around the globe in Northern Europe (Great Britain), Asia (China, India), South Africa, and South America (Argentina). The release of A. mollis from gardens into the wild represents a considerable danger as invasive species are threatening biodiversity and leading to the extinction of domestic plants in the long run. Likewise, the likelihood of other medicinal plants in terms of invasion biology are needed to be fully recognized and discussed.}, }
@article {pmid34784447, year = {2022}, author = {Nieto-Claudin, A and Esperón, F and Apakupakul, K and Peña, I and Deem, SL}, title = {Health assessments uncover novel viral sequences in five species of Galapagos tortoises.}, journal = {Transboundary and emerging diseases}, volume = {69}, number = {4}, pages = {e1079-e1089}, doi = {10.1111/tbed.14391}, pmid = {34784447}, issn = {1865-1682}, support = {//Saint Louis Zoo Institute for Conservation Medicine/ ; //Saint Louis WildCare Institute Center for Chelonian Conservation/ ; WAHF #37//American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Wildlife Animal Health Fund:/ ; //Houston Zoo/ ; //Galapagos Conservation Trust; Charles Darwin Foundation; Ecoventura; Miss Linda Esler/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; *Turtles ; }, abstract = {Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) have been reported as causes of morbidity and mortality in free-living animal populations, including turtles and tortoises, and they have even resulted in species extinctions, with human activities contributing to the spread of many of these diseases. In the Galapagos, giant tortoises are endangered due to habitat change, invasive species, and other human impacts; however, the impact of EIDs on Galapagos tortoise conservation remains understudied. To fill this gap, we conducted health assessments of five tortoise species from the islands of Santa Cruz, Isabela and Española. We performed health evaluations of 454 animals and PCR testing for pathogens known to be relevant in other tortoise species. We identified two novel sequences of adenoviruses and four of herpesviruses. Based on alignments of the DNA polymerase gene and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses, we found both novel adenoviruses to be most closely related to red footed tortoise adenovirus 2, by nucleotide sequence and red footed tortoise adenovirus 1, based on amino acid sequence. Three of the herpesvirus sequences translated into the same deduced amino acid sequence; therefore, they may be considered the same viral species, closely related to terrapene herpesvirus 2. The fourth herpesvirus sequence was highly divergent from any sequence previously detected and is related to an eagle owl herpesvirus based on nucleotide sequence and to loggerhead oro-cutaneous herpesvirus based on amino acids. These novel viruses may be pathogenic for giant tortoises under specific conditions (e.g., stress). Continued screening is crucial to determine if these viruses play a role in tortoise fitness, morbidity and survival. This information allows us to provide recommendations to the Galapagos National Park Directorate and other institutions to improve the management of these unique species both in Galapagos and globally, and for tortoise reintroduction plans throughout the archipelago.}, }
@article {pmid34783406, year = {2022}, author = {Fajardo, A and Llancabure, JC and Moreno, PC}, title = {Assessing forest degradation using multivariate and machine-learning methods in the Patagonian temperate rain forest.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, pages = {e2495}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2495}, pmid = {34783406}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Forests ; Machine Learning ; *Rainforest ; Soil ; Trees ; }, abstract = {The process of forest degradation, along with deforestation, is the second greatest producer of global greenhouse gas emissions. A key challenge that remains unresolved is how to quantify the critical threshold that distinguishes a degraded from a non-degraded forest. We determined the critical threshold of forest degradation in mature stands belonging to the temperate evergreen rain forest of southern Chile by quantifying key forest stand factors characterizing the forest degradation status. Forest degradation in this area is mainly caused by high grading, harvesting of fuelwood, and sub-canopy grazing by livestock. We established 160 500-m[2] plots in forest stands that represented varied degrees of alteration (from pristine conditions to obvious forest degradation), and measured several variables related to the structure and composition of the forest stands, including exotic and native species richness, soil nutrient levels, and other landscape-scale variables. In order to identify classes of forest degradation, we applied multivariate and machine-learning analyses. We found that richness of exotic species (including invasive species) with a diameter at breast height (DBH) < 10 cm and tree density (N, DBH > 10 cm) were the two composition and structural variables that best explained the forest degradation status, e.g., forest stands with five or more exotic species were consistently found more associated with degraded forest and stands with N < 200 trees/ha represented degraded forests, while N > 1,000 trees/ha represent pristine forests. We introduced an analytical methodology, mainly based on machine learning, that successfully identified the forest degradation status that can be replicated in other scenarios. In conclusion, here by providing an extensive data set quantifying forest and site attributes, the results of this study are undoubtedly useful for managers and decision makers in classifying and mapping forests suffering various degrees of degradation.}, }
@article {pmid34783130, year = {2022}, author = {Marino, C and Leclerc, C and Bellard, C}, title = {Profiling insular vertebrates prone to biological invasions: What makes them vulnerable?.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {1077-1090}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15941}, pmid = {34783130}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Amphibians ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; *Extinction, Biological ; Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) are a major threat to insular vertebrates, although the ecological characteristics that make insular communities vulnerable to IAS are poorly understood. After describing the ecological strategies of 6015 insular amphibians, birds, lizards, and mammals, we assessed the functional and ecological features of vertebrates exposed to IAS. We found that at least 50% of insular amphibian functional richness was hosted by IAS-threatened amphibians and up to 29% for birds. Moreover, all IAS-threatened groups except birds harbored a higher functional richness than species groups threatened by other threats. Disentangling the ecological strategies threatened by IAS, compared to those associated with other threats, we showed that birds, lizards, and mammals were more likely to be terrestrial foragers and amphibians to have larval development. By contrast, large-bodied species and habitat specialists were universally threatened. By considering the functional aspect of threatened insular diversity, our work improves our understanding of global IAS impacts. This new dimension proves essential for undertaking relevant and effective conservation actions.}, }
@article {pmid34780473, year = {2021}, author = {Cranford, HM and Browne, AS and LeCount, K and Anderson, T and Hamond, C and Schlater, L and Stuber, T and Burke-France, VJ and Taylor, M and Harrison, CJ and Matias, KY and Medley, A and Rossow, J and Wiese, N and Jankelunas, L and de Wilde, L and Mehalick, M and Blanchard, GL and Garcia, KR and McKinley, AS and Lombard, CD and Angeli, NF and Horner, D and Kelley, T and Worthington, DJ and Valiulis, J and Bradford, B and Berentsen, A and Salzer, JS and Galloway, R and Schafer, IJ and Bisgard, K and Roth, J and Ellis, BR and Ellis, EM and Nally, JE}, title = {Mongooses (Urva auropunctata) as reservoir hosts of Leptospira species in the United States Virgin Islands, 2019-2020.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {15}, number = {11}, pages = {e0009859}, pmid = {34780473}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Agglutination Tests ; Animals ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Disease Reservoirs/*microbiology ; Herpestidae/*microbiology/physiology ; Humans ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Kidney/microbiology ; Leptospira/genetics/immunology/*isolation &amp; purification ; Leptospirosis/microbiology/transmission ; Phylogeny ; United States Virgin Islands ; }, abstract = {During 2019-2020, the Virgin Islands Department of Health investigated potential animal reservoirs of Leptospira spp., the bacteria that cause leptospirosis. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated Leptospira spp. exposure and carriage in the small Indian mongoose (Urva auropunctata, syn: Herpestes auropunctatus), an invasive animal species. This study was conducted across the three main islands of the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI), which are St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John. We used the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), fluorescent antibody test (FAT), real-time polymerase chain reaction (lipl32 rt-PCR), and bacterial culture to evaluate serum and kidney specimens and compared the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of these laboratory methods. Mongooses (n = 274) were live-trapped at 31 field sites in ten regions across USVI and humanely euthanized for Leptospira spp. testing. Bacterial isolates were sequenced and evaluated for species and phylogenetic analysis using the ppk gene. Anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies were detected in 34% (87/256) of mongooses. Reactions were observed with the following serogroups: Sejroe, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pyrogenes, Mini, Cynopteri, Australis, Hebdomadis, Autumnalis, Mankarso, Pomona, and Ballum. Of the kidney specimens examined, 5.8% (16/270) were FAT-positive, 10% (27/274) were culture-positive, and 12.4% (34/274) were positive by rt-PCR. Of the Leptospira spp. isolated from mongooses, 25 were L. borgpetersenii, one was L. interrogans, and one was L. kirschneri. Positive predictive values of FAT and rt-PCR testing for predicting successful isolation of Leptospira by culture were 88% and 65%, respectively. The isolation and identification of Leptospira spp. in mongooses highlights the potential role of mongooses as a wildlife reservoir of leptospirosis; mongooses could be a source of Leptospira spp. infections for other wildlife, domestic animals, and humans.}, }
@article {pmid34780086, year = {2022}, author = {Atwater, DZ and Callaway, RM}, title = {Extended consequences of selection by exotic invaders on natives.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {233}, number = {2}, pages = {588-591}, doi = {10.1111/nph.17830}, pmid = {34780086}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, }
@article {pmid34778428, year = {2021}, author = {Urbina, J and Bredeweg, EM and Blaustein, AR and Garcia, TS}, title = {Direct and Latent Effects of Pathogen Exposure Across Native and Invasive Amphibian Life Stages.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {732993}, pmid = {34778428}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {Emerging infectious diseases are one of the multiple factors contributing to the current "biodiversity crisis". As part of the worldwide biodiversity crisis, amphibian populations are declining globally. Chytridiomycosis, an emerging infectious disease, caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is a major cause of amphibian population declines. This fungus primarily affects keratinized structures in larval, juvenile, and adult amphibians as well as heart function. However, we know little about how Bd can impact embryos as well as potential latent effects of Bd exposure over ontogeny. Using two different Bd strains and multiple exposure times, we examined the effects of Bd exposure in Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla), Western toad (Anaxyrus boreas) and American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) life stages. Using a factorial experimental design, embryos of these three species were exposed to Bd at early and late embryonic stages, with some individuals re-exposed after hatching. Embryonic Bd exposure resulted in differential survival as a function of host species, Bd strain and timing of exposure. P. regilla experienced embryonic mortality when exposed during later developmental stages to one Bd strain. There were no differences across the treatments in embryonic mortality of A. boreas and embryonic mortality of L. catesbeianus occurred in all Bd exposure treatments. We detected latent effects in A. boreas and L. catesbeianus larvae, as mortality increased when individuals had been exposed to any of the Bd strains during the embryonic stage. We also detected direct effects on larval mortality in all three anuran species as a function of Bd strain, and when individuals were double exposed (late in the embryonic stage and again as larvae). Our results suggest that exposure to Bd can directly affect embryo survival and has direct and latent effects on larvae survival of both native and invasive species. However, these impacts were highly context dependent, with timing of exposure and Bd strain influencing the severity of the effects.}, }
@article {pmid34775595, year = {2022}, author = {Louvrier, JLP and Planillo, A and Stillfried, M and Hagen, R and Börner, K and Kimmig, S and Ortmann, S and Schumann, A and Brandt, M and Kramer-Schadt, S}, title = {Spatiotemporal interactions of a novel mesocarnivore community in an urban environment before and during SARS-CoV-2 lockdown.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {2}, pages = {367-380}, pmid = {34775595}, issn = {1365-2656}, support = {57423756//Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst/ ; 01IO1725//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Bildung und Forschung/ ; 01LC1501//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Bildung und Forschung/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; COVID-19 ; *Cats ; Cities ; Communicable Disease Control ; Ecosystem ; *Foxes ; Humans ; *Mustelidae ; *Raccoons ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; }, abstract = {Studying species interactions and niche segregation under human pressure provides important insights into species adaptation, community functioning and ecosystem stability. Due to their high plasticity in behaviour and diet, urban mesocarnivores are ideal species for studying community assembly in novel communities. We analysed the spatial and temporal species interactions of an urban mesocarnivore community composed of the red fox Vulpes vulpes and the marten Martes sp. as native species, the raccoon Procyon lotor as invasive species, and the cat Felis catus as a domestic species in combination with human disturbance modulated by the SARS-CoV-2 lockdown effect that happened while the study was conducted. We analysed camera trap data and applied a joint species distribution model to understand not only the environmental variables influencing the detection of mesocarnivores and their use intensity of environmental features but also the species' co-occurrences while accounting for environmental variables. We then assessed whether they displayed temporal niche partitioning based on activity analyses, and finally analysed at a smaller temporal scale the time of delay after the detection of another focal species. We found that species were more often detected and displayed a higher use intensity in gardens during the SARS-CoV-2 lockdown period, while showing a shorter temporal delay during the same period, meaning a high human-induced spatiotemporal overlap. All three wild species spatially co-occurred within the urban area, with a positive response of raccoons to cats in detection and use intensity, whereas foxes showed a negative trend towards cats. When assessing the temporal partitioning, we found that all wild species showed overlapping nocturnal activities. All species displayed temporal segregation based on temporal delay. According to the temporal delay analyses, cats were the species avoided the most by all wild species. To conclude, we found that although the wild species were positively associated in space, the avoidance occurred at a smaller temporal scale, and human pressure in addition led to high spatiotemporal overlap. Our study sheds light to the complex patterns underlying the interactions in a mesocarnivore community both spatially and temporally, and the exacerbated effect of human pressure on community dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid34775347, year = {2021}, author = {Vilas-Boas, C and Neves, AR and Carvalhal, F and Pereira, S and Calhorda, MJ and Vasconcelos, V and Pinto, M and Sousa, E and Almeida, JR and Silva, ER and Correia-da-Silva, M}, title = {Multidimensional characterization of a new antifouling xanthone: Structure-activity relationship, environmental compatibility, and immobilization in marine coatings.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {228}, number = {}, pages = {112970}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112970}, pmid = {34775347}, issn = {1090-2414}, abstract = {The accumulation of marine biofouling on ship hulls causes material damage, the spread of invasive species, and, indirectly, an increase in full consumption and subsequent pollutant gas emissions. Most efficient antifouling (AF) strategies rely on the conventional release of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic biocides incorporated in marine coatings. A simple oxygenated xanthone, 3,4-dihydroxyxanthone (1), was previously reported as a promising AF agent toward the settlement of Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae, with a therapeutic ratio higher than the commercial biocide Econea®. In this work, a structure-AF activity relationship study, an evaluation of environmental fate, and an AF efficiency in marine coatings were performed with compound 1. Hydroxy or methoxy groups at 3 and 4 positions in compound 1 favored AF activity, and groups with higher steric hindrances were detrimental. Compound 1 demonstrated low water-solubility and a short half-life in natural seawater, contrary to Econea®. In silico environmental fate predictions showed that compound 1 does not bioaccumulate in organism tissues, in contrast to other current emerging biocides, has a moderate affinity for sediments and slow migrates to ground water. No toxicity was observed against Vibrio fischeri and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Polyurethane-based marine coatings containing compound 1 prepared through an innovative non-release-strategy were as efficient as those containing Econea® with low releases to water after 45 days. This proof-of-concept helped to establish compound 1 as a promising eco-friendly AF agent.}, }
@article {pmid34774956, year = {2022}, author = {Castro-Castellon, AT and Horton, AA and Hughes, JMR and Rampley, C and Jeffers, ES and Bussi, G and Whitehead, P}, title = {Ecotoxicity of microplastics to freshwater biota: Considering exposure and hazard across trophic levels.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {816}, number = {}, pages = {151638}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151638}, pmid = {34774956}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Biota ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fresh Water ; *Microplastics ; Plastics/toxicity ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/toxicity ; }, abstract = {In contrast to marine ecosystems, the toxicity impact of microplastics in freshwater environments is poorly understood. This contribution reviews the literature on the range of effects of microplastics across and between trophic levels within the freshwater environment, including biofilms, macrophytes, phytoplankton, invertebrates, fish and amphibians. While there is supporting evidence for toxicity in some species e.g. growth reduction for photoautotrophs, increased mortality for some invertebrates, genetic changes in amphibians, and cell internalization of microplastics and nanoplastics in fish; other studies show that it is uncertain whether microplastics can have detrimental long-term impacts on ecosystems. Some taxa have yet to be studied e.g. benthic diatoms, while only 12% of publications on microplastics in freshwater, demonstrate trophic transfer in foodwebs. The fact that just 2% of publications focus on microplastics colonized by biofilms is hugely concerning given the cascading detrimental effects this could have on freshwater ecosystem function. Multiple additional stressors including environmental change (temperature rises and invasive species) and contaminants of anthropogenic origin (antibiotics, metals, pesticides and endocrine disruptors) will likely exacerbate negative interactions between microplastics and freshwater organisms, with potentially significant damaging consequences to freshwater ecosystems and foodwebs.}, }
@article {pmid34774856, year = {2021}, author = {Clifton, EH and Castrillo, LA and Hajek, AE}, title = {Discovery of two hypocrealean fungi infecting spotted lanternflies, Lycorma delicatula: Metarhizium pemphigi and a novel species, Ophiocordyceps delicatula.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {186}, number = {}, pages = {107689}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2021.107689}, pmid = {34774856}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents/classification/*pharmacology ; Hemiptera/*microbiology ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Hypocreales/*classification/*physiology ; *Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; Metarhizium/physiology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; }, abstract = {In the eastern United States, populations of the invasive spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula, can be infected by native fungal entomopathogens, including Batkoa major and Beauveria bassiana. In some areas of southeastern Pennsylvania, localized population collapses have been observed in L. delicatula populations to be caused by these pathogens. Two additional fungal pathogens were discovered infecting L. delicatula at low levels, and these were identified as Metarhizium pemphigi and Ophiocordyceps delicatula, a new species that has not been previously described. Therefore, four species of native entomopathogenic fungi have now been documented infecting this abundant, invasive planthopper that is spreading in the United States.}, }
@article {pmid34773778, year = {2022}, author = {Lebbink, G and Dwyer, JM and Fensham, RJ}, title = {'Invasion debt' after extensive land-use change: An example from eastern Australia.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {302}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {114051}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114051}, pmid = {34773778}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Australia ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Plant Weeds ; }, abstract = {Land-use change, and associated land clearing/conversion and fragmentation are major drivers of biodiversity decline across the globe. The spread of invasive species is a well-recognised consequence of land-use change. The extent and intensity of invasion however is often difficult to assess due to a lack of temporal data. Using detailed mapping information for 130, 950 km[2] of sub-coastal Queensland, Australia and results from field surveys we investigated changes to land-use, the extent of remnant (intact) vegetation and the spread of prominent invasive plant species over time (1997-2018). In the 50 years prior to 1997 the area underwent significant land development (mostly for livestock grazing and crops), resulting in a reduction of 45% of its remnant vegetation. Despite key policy developments aimed at protecting the remaining vegetation and species, 7392 km[2] was cleared/converted between 1997 and 2017, mainly for the expansion of grazing and cropping lands. Vegetation types specifically listed for national protection under these policies were some of the greatest affected, highlighting the need for improved implementation and regulation of these control measures. Within remaining fragments of remnant vegetation, the cover and presence of two invasive perennial grass species indian couch (Bothriochloa pertusa) and buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) increased significantly during this time period. There was also a moderate increase in the cover and presence of the annual herb Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus). The spread of these species within the landscape likely reflects an 'invasion debt', incurred from an intense history of land-use within the region and we predict this trend will continue to threaten remnant ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid34773674, year = {2022}, author = {Barchiesi, S and Alonso, A and Pazmiño-Hernandez, M and Serrano-Sandí, JM and Muñoz-Carpena, R and Angelini, C}, title = {Wetland hydropattern and vegetation greenness predict avian populations in Palo Verde, Costa Rica.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, pages = {e2493}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2493}, pmid = {34773674}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Costa Rica ; *Ecosystem ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Many wetlands around the world that occur at the base of watersheds are under threat from land-use change, hydrological alteration, nutrient pollution, and invasive species. A relevant measure of whether the ecological character of these ecosystems has changed is the species diversity of wetland-dependent waterbirds, especially those of conservation value. Here, we evaluate the potential mechanisms controlling variability over time and space in avian species diversity of the wetlands in the Palo Verde National Park, a Ramsar Site of international importance in Costa Rica. To do so, we assessed the relative importance of several key wetland condition metrics (i.e., surface water depth, wetland extent, and vegetation greenness), and temporal fluctuations in these metrics, in predicting the abundance of five waterbirds of high conservation value as well as overall waterbird diversity over a 9-yr period. Generalized additive models revealed that mean NDVI, an indicator of vegetation greenness, combined with a metric used to evaluate temporal fluctuations in the wetland extent best predicted four of the five waterbird species of high conservation value as well as overall waterbird species richness and diversity. Black-bellied Whistling-ducks, which account for over one-half of all waterbird individuals, and all waterbird species together were better predicted by including surface water depth along with wetland extent and its fluctuations. Our calibrated species distribution model confidently quantified monthly averages of the predicted total waterbird abundances in seven of the 10 sub-wetlands making up the Ramsar Site and confirmed that the biophysical diversity of this entire wetland system is important to supporting waterbird populations both as a seasonal refuge and more permanently. This work further suggests that optimizing the timing and location of ongoing efforts to reduce invasive vegetation cover may be key to avian conservation by increasing waterbird habitat.}, }
@article {pmid34772448, year = {2021}, author = {Hohmeister, N and Werner, D and Kampen, H}, title = {The invasive Korean bush mosquito Aedes koreicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany as of 2020.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {575}, pmid = {34772448}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/classification/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Female ; Germany ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors/classification/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Republic of Korea ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Korean bush mosquito Aedes koreicus was recently reported to have established a population in western Germany (Wiesbaden) in 2016. The species is difficult to distinguish morphologically from its close relative, the invasive Japanese bush mosquito Ae. japonicus, which is already widely distributed in many parts of Germany, including the area colonised by Ae. koreicus. Genetic confirmation of morphologically identified "Ae. japonicus" collection material, however, had only been done exceptionally before the German Ae. koreicus population became known.<br><br>METHODS: Dried archived "Ae. japonicus" specimens both from the municipality of Wiesbaden and from deliberately and randomly selected distribution sites all over Germany were re-examined morphologically and genetically for admixture by Ae. koreicus. Moreover, cemeteries in the greater Wiesbaden area were sampled in 2019 and 2020 to check for Ae. koreicus spread. Korean and Japanese bush mosquitoes submitted to the German citizen science mosquito monitoring scheme "Mueckenatlas" in 2019 and 2020 were also subjected to particularly thorough species identification. The ND4 DNA sequences generated in this study in the context of species identification were phylogenetically compared to respective GenBank entries of Ae. koreicus. As a by-product, several genetic markers were evaluated for their suitability to identify Ae. koreicus.<br><br>RESULTS: Aedes koreicus specimens could be identified in mosquito collection material and submissions from Wiesbaden from 2015 onwards, suggesting establishment to have happened in the same year as Ae. japonicus establishment. Detections of Ae. koreicus from 2019 and 2020 in Wiesbaden indicate a negligible enlargement of the populated area as described for 2018. Two Ae. koreicus specimens were also submitted from the city of Munich, southern Germany, in 2019 but further specimens could not be identified during immediate local inspections. Comparison of ND4 sequences generated in this and other studies demonstrate a high degree of homology, suggesting that this DNA region is not informative enough for clarification of origins and relationships of Ae. koreicus populations. For genetic identification of Ae. koreicus, PCR primers used for classical CO1 barcoding were found to lead to mismatches and produce no or incorrect amplicons. Alternative CO1 primers or a validated ND4 marker should be used instead.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Aedes koreicus is probably introduced into Germany every now and then but rarely succeeds in becoming established. As with most European populations, the German population is characterised by a limited expansion tendency. Since Ae. koreicus is a potential vector, however, Asian bush mosquitoes found at new places should be examined quite carefully and known distribution areas of Ae. japonicus regularly checked for the presence of Ae. koreicus.}, }
@article {pmid34772447, year = {2021}, author = {Čabanová, V and Boršová, K and Svitok, M and Oboňa, J and Svitková, I and Barbušinová, E and Derka, T and Sláviková, M and Klempa, B}, title = {An unwanted companion reaches the country: the first record of the alien mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) in Slovakia.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {572}, pmid = {34772447}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {VEGA - 1/0012/20//VEGA/ ; APVV-16-0236//APVV/ ; CA 17 108//COST/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/genetics/physiology ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Austria ; Female ; Hungary ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors/*classification/genetics/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Slovakia ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive mosquitoes of the genus Aedes are quickly spreading around the world. The presence of these alien species is concerning for both their impact on the native biodiversity and their high vector competence. The surveillance of Aedes invasive mosquito (AIM) species is one of the most important steps in vector-borne disease control and prevention.<br><br>METHODS: In 2020, the monitoring of AIM species was conducted in five areas (Bratislava, Zvolen, Bansk&#xe1; Bystrica, Pre&#x161;ov, Ko&#x161;ice) of Slovakia. The sites were located at points of entry (border crossings with Austria and Hungary) and in the urban and rural zones of cities and their surroundings. Ovitraps were used at the majority of sites as a standard method of monitoring. The collected specimens were identified morphologically, with subsequent molecular identification by conventional PCR (cox1) and Sanger sequencing. The phylogenetic relatedness of the obtained sequences was inferred by the maximum likelihood (ML) method. The nucleotide heterogeneity of the Slovak sequences was analysed by the index of disparity.<br><br>RESULTS: A bush mosquito, Aedes japonicus japonicus, was found and confirmed by molecular methods in three geographically distant areas of Slovakia-Bratislava, Zvolen and Pre&#x161;ov. The presence of AIM species is also likely in Ko&#x161;ice; however, the material was not subjected to molecular identification. The nucleotide sequences of some Slovak strains confirm their significant heterogeneity. They were placed in several clusters on the ML phylogenetic tree. Moreover, Ae. j. japonicus was discovered in regions of Slovakia that are not close to a point of entry, where the mosquitoes could find favourable habitats in dendrothelms in city parks or forests.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Despite being a first record of the Ae. j. japonicus in Slovakia, our study indicates that the established populations already exist across the country, underlining the urgent need for intensified surveillance of AIM species as well as mosquito-borne pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid34769012, year = {2021}, author = {Ren, Z and Okyere, SK and Wen, J and Xie, L and Cui, Y and Wang, S and Wang, J and Cao, S and Shen, L and Ma, X and Yu, S and Deng, J and Hu, Y}, title = {An Overview: The Toxicity of Ageratina adenophora on Animals and Its Possible Interventions.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {22}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {34769012}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {2020YFS0337//Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program/ ; }, mesh = {Ageratina/*adverse effects ; Animals ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Inflammation/drug therapy ; Introduced Species ; Plant Weeds/adverse effects ; }, abstract = {Ageratina adenophora is one of the major invasive weeds that causes instability of the ecosystem. Research has reported that A. adenophora produces allelochemicals that inhibit the growth and development of food crops, and also contain some toxic compounds that cause toxicity to animals that consume it. Over the past decades, studies on the identification of major toxic compounds of A. adenophora and their toxic molecular mechanisms have been reported. In addition, weed control interventions, such as herbicides application, was employed to reduce the spread of A. adenophora. However, the development of therapeutic and prophylactic measures to treat the various A. adenophora-induced toxicities, such as hepatotoxicity, splenotoxicity and other related disorders, have not been established to date. The main toxic pathogenesis of A. adenophora is oxidative stress and inflammation. However, numerous studies have verified that some extracts and secondary metabolites isolated from A. adenophora possess anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation activities, which implies that these extracts can relieve toxicity and aid in the development of drug or feed supplements to treat poisoning-related disorders caused by A. adenophora. Furthermore, beneficial bacteria isolated from rumen microbes and A. adenophora can degrade major toxic compounds in A. adenophora so as to be developed into microbial feed additives to help ameliorate toxicity mediated by A. adenophora. This review presents an overview of the toxic mechanisms of A. adenophora, provides possible therapeutic strategies that are available to mitigate the toxicity of A. adenophora and introduces relevant information on identifying novel prophylactic and therapeutic measures against A. adenophora-induced toxicity.}, }
@article {pmid34765164, year = {2021}, author = {Urquía, D and Gutierrez, B and Pozo, G and Pozo, MJ and Torres, ML}, title = {Origin and dispersion pathways of guava in the Galapagos Islands inferred through genetics and historical records.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {21}, pages = {15111-15131}, pmid = {34765164}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Guava (Psidium guajava) is an aggressive invasive plant in the Galapagos Islands. Determining its provenance and genetic diversity could explain its adaptability and spread, and how this relates to past human activities. With this purpose, we analyzed 11 SSR markers in guava individuals from Isabela, Santa Cruz, San Cristobal, and Floreana islands in the Galapagos, as well as from mainland Ecuador. The mainland guava population appeared genetically differentiated from the Galapagos populations, with higher genetic diversity levels found in the former. We consistently found that the Central Highlands region of mainland Ecuador is one of the most likely origins of the Galapagos populations. Moreover, the guavas from Isabela and Floreana show a potential genetic input from southern mainland Ecuador, while the population from San Cristobal would be linked to the coastal mainland regions. Interestingly, the proposed origins for the Galapagos guava coincide with the first human settlings of the archipelago. Through approximate Bayesian computation, we propose a model where San Cristobal was the first island to be colonized by guava from the mainland, and then, it would have spread to Floreana and finally to Santa Cruz; Isabela would have been seeded from Floreana. An independent trajectory could also have contributed to the invasion of Floreana and Isabela. The pathway shown in our model agrees with the human colonization history of the different islands in the Galapagos. Our model, in conjunction with the clustering patterns of the individuals (based on genetic distances), suggests that guava introduction history in the Galapagos archipelago was driven by either a single event or a series of introduction events in rapid succession. We thus show that genetic analyses supported by historical sources can be used to track the arrival and spread of invasive species in novel habitats and the potential role of human activities in such processes.}, }
@article {pmid34763943, year = {2022}, author = {Zettlemoyer, MA and DeMarche, ML}, title = {Dissecting impacts of phenological shifts for performance across biological scales.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, pages = {147-157}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2021.10.004}, pmid = {34763943}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Extinction, Biological ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Although phenological shifts in response to climate are often assumed to benefit species' performance and viability, phenology's role in allowing population persistence and mediating species-level responses in the face of climate change remain unclear. Here, we develop a framework to understand when and why phenological shifts at three biological scales will influence performance: individuals, populations, and macroecological patterns. Specifically, we highlight three underexplored assumptions: (i) individual variability in phenology does not affect population fitness; (ii) population growth rates are sensitive to vital rates affected by phenology; and (iii) phenology mediates species-level responses to climate change including patterns of extinction, invasion, and range shifts. We outline promising methods for understanding how phenological shifts will influence performance within and across biological scales.}, }
@article {pmid34762709, year = {2021}, author = {Fonseca, &#xc9; and Both, C and Cechin, SZ and Winck, G}, title = {Pet distribution modelling: Untangling the invasive potential of Trachemys dorbigni (Emydidae) in the Americas.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {e0259626}, pmid = {34762709}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Brazil ; Central America ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Models, Statistical ; Turtles ; United States ; }, abstract = {Human activities have been changing the global biogeographic patterns by the introductions of invasive species. For reptiles, the invasion rate increase of non-native species is remarkably related to the pet trade, especially for freshwater turtles. Here we estimated the invasive potential of the South American turtle Trachemys dorbigni in the Americas using a combination of climatic and human activity variables. We built species distribution models based on data from the native and invasive ranges, using the ensemble model from five different algorithms (GAM, MAXENT, BRT, RF and GBM). We compared the two models' performance and predictions, one calibrated with only climatic variables (climate-driven), and the second also included a descriptive variable of human activity (climate plus human-driven). Suitable areas for T. dorbigni covered occurrence areas of its congeners and highly diversified ecoregions, such as the eastern USA, the islands of Central America, and the south eastern and eastern Brazilian coast. Our results indicate that human activities allow T. dorbigni to establish populations outside of its original climatic niche. Including human activity variables proved fundamental to refining the results to identify more susceptible areas to invasion and to allow the efficient targeting of prevention measures. Finally, we suggested a set of actions to prevent T. dorbigni becoming a highly impacting species in the areas identified as more prone to its invasion.}, }
@article {pmid34761264, year = {2022}, author = {Martina, C and Krenn, L and Krupicka, L and Yamada, H and Hood-Nowotny, R and Lahuatte, PF and Yar, J and Schwemhofer, T and Fischer, B and Causton, CE and Tebbich, S}, title = {Evaluating Volatile Plant Compounds of Psidium galapageium (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) as Repellents Against Invasive Parasitic Diptera in the Galapagos Islands.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, pages = {89-98}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjab183}, pmid = {34761264}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Aedes/drug effects ; Animals ; Diptera/*drug effects ; Ecuador ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Insect Control ; Insect Repellents/*pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Plant Extracts/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Psidium/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Plant-based repellents represent a safe, economic, and viable alternative to managing invasive insects that threaten native fauna. Observations of self-medication in animals can provide important cues to the medicinal properties of plants. A recent study in the Galapagos Islands found that Darwin's finches apply the leaves of Psidium galapageium (Hooker 1847) to their feathers, extracts of which were repellent to mosquitoes and the parasitic fly Philornis downsi (Dodge &amp; Aitkens 1968; Diptera: Muscidae). Introduced mosquitoes are suspected vectors of avian pathogens in the Galapagos Islands, whereas the larvae of P. downsi are blood-feeders, causing significant declines of the endemic avifauna. In this study, we investigated the volatile compounds found in P. galapageium, testing each against a model organism, the mosquito Anopheles arabiensis (Patton 1905; Diptera: Culicidae), with the aim of singling out the most effective compound for repelling dipterans. Examinations of an ethanolic extract of P. galapageium, its essential oil and each of their respective fractions, revealed a mixture of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, the latter consisting mainly of guaiol, trans-nerolidol, and β-eudesmol. Of these, trans-nerolidol was identified as the most effective repellent to mosquitoes. This was subsequently tested at four different concentrations against P. downsi, but we did not find a repellence response. A tendency to avoid the compound was observed, albeit significance was not achieved in any case. The lack of repellence suggests that flies may respond to a combination of the volatile compounds found in P. galapageium, rather than to a single compound.}, }
@article {pmid34761079, year = {2021}, author = {Fernández-Palacios, JM and Kreft, H and Irl, SDH and Norder, S and Ah-Peng, C and Borges, PAV and Burns, KC and de Nascimento, L and Meyer, JY and Montes, E and Drake, DR}, title = {Scientists' warning - The outstanding biodiversity of islands is in peril.}, journal = {Global ecology and conservation}, volume = {31}, number = {}, pages = {e01847}, pmid = {34761079}, issn = {2351-9894}, abstract = {Despite islands contributing only 6.7% of land surface area, they harbor ~20% of the Earth's biodiversity, but unfortunately also ~50% of the threatened species and 75% of the known extinctions since the European expansion around the globe. Due to their geological and geographic history and characteristics, islands act simultaneously as cradles of evolutionary diversity and museums of formerly widespread lineages-elements that permit islands to achieve an outstanding endemicity. Nevertheless, the majority of these endemic species are inherently vulnerable due to genetic and demographic factors linked with the way islands are colonized. Here, we stress the great variation of islands in their physical geography (area, isolation, altitude, latitude) and history (age, human colonization, human density). We provide examples of some of the most species rich and iconic insular radiations. Next, we analyze the natural vulnerability of the insular biota, linked to genetic and demographic factors as a result of founder events as well as the typically small population sizes of many island species. We note that, whereas evolution toward island syndromes (including size shifts, derived insular woodiness, altered dispersal ability, loss of defense traits, reduction in clutch size) might have improved the ability of species to thrive under natural conditions on islands, it has simultaneously made island biota disproportionately vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures such as habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, and climate change. This has led to the documented extinction of at least 800 insular species in the past 500 years, in addition to the many that had already gone extinct following the arrival of first human colonists on islands in prehistoric times. Finally, we summarize current scientific knowledge on the ongoing biodiversity loss on islands worldwide and express our serious concern that the current trajectory will continue to decimate the unique and irreplaceable natural heritage of the world's islands. We conclude that drastic actions are urgently needed to bend the curve of the alarming rates of island biodiversity loss.}, }
@article {pmid34757780, year = {2021}, author = {Sayol, F and Cooke, RSC and Pigot, AL and Blackburn, TM and Tobias, JA and Steinbauer, MJ and Antonelli, A and Faurby, S}, title = {Loss of functional diversity through anthropogenic extinctions of island birds is not offset by biotic invasions.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {7}, number = {46}, pages = {eabj5790}, pmid = {34757780}, issn = {2375-2548}, abstract = {Human impacts reshape ecological communities through the extinction and introduction of species. The combined impact of these factors depends on whether non-native species fill the functional roles of extinct species, thus buffering the loss of functional diversity. This question has been difficult to address, because comprehensive information about past extinctions and their traits is generally lacking. We combine detailed information about extinct, extant, and established alien birds to quantify historical changes in functional diversity across nine oceanic archipelagos. We found that alien species often equal or exceed the number of anthropogenic extinctions yet apparently perform a narrower set of functional roles as current island assemblages have undergone a substantial and ubiquitous net loss in functional diversity and increased functional similarity among assemblages. Our results reveal that the introduction of alien species has not prevented anthropogenic extinctions from reducing and homogenizing the functional diversity of native bird assemblages on oceanic archipelagos.}, }
@article {pmid34757460, year = {2022}, author = {Zhang, W and Wang, X and Li, Y and Wei, P and Sun, N and Wen, X and Liu, Z and Li, D and Feng, Y and Zhang, X}, title = {Differences Between Microbial Communities of Pinus Species Having Differing Level of Resistance to the Pine Wood Nematode.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {84}, number = {4}, pages = {1245-1255}, pmid = {34757460}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {ZD202001//major emergency science and technology project of national forestry and grassland administration/ ; 2018YFC1200400//key technology research and development program of shandong/ ; 31901315//national natural science foundation of china/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Pinus/microbiology ; Bacteria/genetics ; *Microbiota ; Introduced Species ; *Nematoda ; Plant Diseases ; }, abstract = {The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a destructive invasive species that exerts devastating effects on most native pines in invaded regions, while many of the non-native pines have resistance to PWN. Recently, increasingly more research is focused on how microbial communities can improve host resistance against pathogens. However, the relationship between the microbial community structures and varying levels of pathogen resistance observed in different pine tree species remains unclear. Here, the bacterial and fungal communities of introduced resistant pines Pinus elliottii, P. caribaea, and P. taeda and native susceptible pines healthy and wilted P. massoniana infected by PWN were analyzed. The results showed that 6057 bacterial and 3931 fungal OTUs were annotated. The pine samples shared 944 bacterial OTUs primarily in the phyla Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflexi and 111 fungal OTUs primarily in phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, though different pines had unique OTUs. There were significant differences in microbial community diversity between different pines, especially between the bacterial communities of resistant and susceptible pines, and fungal communities between healthy pines (resistant pines included) and the wilted P. massoniana. Resistant pines had a greater abundance of bacteria in the genera Acidothermus (class unidentified_Actinobacteria) and Prevotellaceae (class Alphaproteobacteria), but a lower abundance of Erwinia (class Gammaproteobacteria). Healthy pines had a higher fungal abundance of Cladosporium (class Dothideomycetes) and class Eurotiomycetes, but a lower abundance of Graphilbum, Sporothrix, Geosmithia (class Sordariomycetes), and Cryptoporus (classes Agaricomycetes and Saccharomycetes). These differences in microbial abundance between resistant and healthy pines might be associated with pathogen resistance of the pines, and the results of this study contribute to the studies exploring microbial-based control of PWN.}, }
@article {pmid34757099, year = {2022}, author = {Canelles, Q and Aquilué, N and Brotons, L}, title = {Anticipating B. sempervirens viability in front of C. perspectalis outbreaks, fire, and drought disturbances.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {810}, number = {}, pages = {151331}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151331}, pmid = {34757099}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Disease Outbreaks ; *Droughts ; Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Forests ; }, abstract = {Forest ecosystems face an increasing pressure of insect pest outbreaks due to changes in land-use, new climatic conditions, and the arrival of new invasive alien species. Also, insect outbreaks may interact with other shifting disturbances such as fire and drought, that eventually may boost the impacts of pests on forest ecosystems. In the case of alien species, the lack of long-term data and their rapid spread challenges their study and require appropriate new management strategies to cope with them. Here we studied the case of boxwoods (Buxus sempervirens) in Southern Pyrenees under the pressure of the invasive insect box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis), fire, and drought events. We projected the future of boxwoods through the development of a spatially explicit simulation model and its implementation under different climatic and ecological scenarios. The results showed an initial boxwood decline due to C. perspectalis fast spread but a later stabilization of the population resulting from a fluctuating dynamic. Climate change is expected to reduce overall insect habitat suitability and future negative impacts on boxwoods. Furthermore, boxwood drought-induced mortality and burning will increase under new climatic conditions. Interaction between drought and insect pest conditioning regeneration after defoliation were negligible in our analyses. Boxwood decline was anticipated to be more notorious in locations under 800 m a.s.l. and in habitats where the species dominates the forest understory, while boxwood in open shrub forest types typical of higher elevations will be less endangered. Our results provide valuable information for boxwood and C. perspectalis management in a context of joint disturbance impacts and contribute to a better identification of the role of forest disturbances and their interactions.}, }
@article {pmid34756764, year = {2022}, author = {Catford, JA and Wilson, JRU and Pyšek, P and Hulme, PE and Duncan, RP}, title = {Addressing context dependence in ecology.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, pages = {158-170}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2021.09.007}, pmid = {34756764}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Ecology ; }, abstract = {Context dependence is widely invoked to explain disparate results in ecology. It arises when the magnitude or sign of a relationship varies due to the conditions under which it is observed. Such variation, especially when unexplained, can lead to spurious or seemingly contradictory conclusions, which can limit understanding and our ability to transfer findings across studies, space, and time. Using examples from biological invasions, we identify two types of context dependence resulting from four sources: mechanistic context dependence arises from interaction effects; and apparent context dependence can arise from the presence of confounding factors, problems of statistical inference, and methodological differences among studies. Addressing context dependence is a critical challenge in ecology, essential for increased understanding and prediction.}, }
@article {pmid34753525, year = {2021}, author = {Marcogliese, DJ and Locke, SA}, title = {Infection of Diplostomum spp. in invasive round gobies in the St Lawrence River, Canada.}, journal = {Journal of helminthology}, volume = {95}, number = {}, pages = {e64}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X21000559}, pmid = {34753525}, issn = {1475-2697}, mesh = {Animals ; Fishes ; *Parasites ; *Perciformes ; Rivers ; *Trematoda/genetics ; }, abstract = {The round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) is a successful invader of the Great Lakes-St Lawrence River basin that harbours a number of local parasites. The most common are metacercariae of the genus Diplostomum. Species of Diplostomum are morphologically difficult to distinguish but can be separated using molecular techniques. While a few species have been sequenced from invasive round gobies in this study system, their relative abundance has not been documented. The purpose of this study was to determine the species composition of Diplostomum spp. and their relative abundance in round gobies in the St Lawrence River by sequencing the barcode region of cytochrome c oxidase I. In 2007-2011, Diplostomum huronense (=Diplostomum sp. 1) was the most common, followed in order by Diplostomum indistinctum (=Diplostomum sp. 4) and Diplostomum indistinctum sensu Galazzo, Dayanandan, Marcogliese &amp; McLaughlin (2002). In 2012, the most common species infecting the round goby in the St Lawrence River was D. huronense, followed by D. indistinctum and Diplostomum gavium (=Diplostomum sp. 3). The invasion of the round goby in the St Lawrence River was followed by a decline of Diplostomum spp. in native fishes to low levels, leading to the previously published hypothesis that the presence of the round goby has led to a dilution effect. Herein, it is suggested that despite the low infection levels in the round goby, infections still may lead to spillback, helping to maintain Diplostomum spp. in native fishes, albeit at low levels.}, }
@article {pmid34753418, year = {2021}, author = {Holden, CA and Morais, CLM and Taylor, JE and Martin, FL and Beckett, P and McAinsh, M}, title = {Regional differences in clonal Japanese knotweed revealed by chemometrics-linked attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {522}, pmid = {34753418}, issn = {1471-2229}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Climate ; Environment ; Fallopia japonica/chemistry/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeography ; Soil ; *Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Japanese knotweed (R. japonica var japonica) is one of the world's 100 worst invasive species, causing crop losses, damage to infrastructure, and erosion of ecosystem services. In the UK, this species is an all-female clone, which spreads by vegetative reproduction. Despite this genetic continuity, Japanese knotweed can colonise a wide variety of environmental habitats. However, little is known about the phenotypic plasticity responsible for the ability of Japanese knotweed to invade and thrive in such diverse habitats. We have used attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, in which the spectral fingerprint generated allows subtle differences in composition to be clearly visualized, to examine regional differences in clonal Japanese knotweed.<br><br>RESULTS: We have shown distinct differences in the spectral fingerprint region (1800-900&#x2009;cm[-&#x2009;1]) of Japanese knotweed from three different regions in the UK that were sufficient to successfully identify plants from different geographical regions with high accuracy using support vector machine (SVM) chemometrics.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These differences were not correlated with environmental variations between regions, raising the possibility that epigenetic modifications may contribute to the phenotypic plasticity responsible for the ability of R. japonica to invade and thrive in such diverse habitats.}, }
@article {pmid34752781, year = {2022}, author = {Desautels, DJ and Hartman, RB and Shaw, KE and Maduraiveeran, S and Civitello, DJ}, title = {Divergent effects of invasive macrophytes on population dynamics of a snail intermediate host of Schistosoma Mansoni.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {225}, number = {}, pages = {106226}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106226}, pmid = {34752781}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biomphalaria/growth &amp; development/parasitology ; Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Population Dynamics ; *Schistosoma mansoni ; }, abstract = {Vectors and intermediate hosts of globally impactful human parasites are sensitive to changes in the ecological communities in which they are embedded. Sites of endemic transmission of human schistosome can also be invaded by nonnative species, especially aquatic plants (macrophytes). We tested the effects on macrophyte invasions on experiment snail and schistosome populations created in 100 L mesocosm tanks. We established macrophyte-free mesocosms and those containing one of four widespread macrophyte species that are inedible to snails (duckweed, hornwort, water lettuce, or water hyacinth) and then tracked edible resources (periphyton algae) and the abundance, reproduction, and infection of snail intermediate hosts for 16 weeks. We predicted that the three floating macrophytes would reduce periphyton, thereby reducing snail reproduction, abundance, and infections. In contrast, we predicted that hornwort, which is submerged and provides substrate for periphyton growth, would increase snail reproduction and abundance. As predicted, all floating macrophytes decreased periphyton, but only water hyacinth significantly decreased snail reproduction and abundance. Snail abundance increased significantly only with water lettuce. We hypothesize that this unanticipated increase in snails occurred because water lettuce produced abundant and/or high quality detritus, subsidizing snails despite low periphyton availability. Unfortunately, we detected too few infections to analyze. Aquatic macrophytes exert strong species-specific effects on snail populations. Therefore, efforts to manage invasive plants in endemic sites should evaluate changes in resources, snails, and transmission potential. We recommend caution with management efforts that produce large amounts of detritus, which might stimulate snail populations and therefore risk of human exposure.}, }
@article {pmid34751441, year = {2022}, author = {Bekavac, A and Beck, A and Dragičević, P and Dragun, Z and Maguire, I and Ivanković, D and Fiket, &#x17d; and Gračan, R and Hudina, S}, title = {Disturbance in invasion? Idiopathic necrotizing hepatopancreatitis in the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana, 1852) in Croatia.}, journal = {Journal of fish diseases}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {261-276}, doi = {10.1111/jfd.13552}, pmid = {34751441}, issn = {1365-2761}, support = {HRZZ UIP 2017-05-1720//Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Astacoidea ; Croatia/epidemiology ; *Fish Diseases ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Seafood ; }, abstract = {As the most successful crayfish invader and possible vector for infectious agents, signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus is among the major drivers of the native crayfish species decline in Europe. We describe histopathological manifestation and frequency of newly detected idiopathic necrotizing hepatopancreatitis along the invasion range of the signal crayfish in the Korana River in Croatia. Our results show extremely high prevalence of necrotizing hepatopancreatitis (97.3%), with 58.9% of individuals displaying mild and 31.5% moderate histopathological changes in the hepatopancreas, also reflected in the lower hepatosomatic index of analysed animals. Recorded histopathological changes were more frequent in the invasion core where population density is higher. Our preliminary screening of co-occurring native narrow-clawed crayfish Pontastacus leptodactylus showed lower incidence (33.3%) and only mild hepatopancreatic lesions, but potentially highlighted the susceptibility of native crayfish populations to this disease. Pilot analyses of dissolved trace and macro elements in water, sediment fractions and crayfish hepatopancreas do not highlight alarming or unusually high concentrations of analysed elements. Hepatopancreas microbiome analysis, using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, identified taxonomic groups that should be further investigated, along with impacts of the disease on health and viability of both invasive and native crayfish populations.}, }
@article {pmid34751381, year = {2022}, author = {Alred, B and Haan, N and Landis, DA and Szűcs, M}, title = {Does the Presence of the Biological Control Agent, Hypena opulenta (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) on Swallow-Worts Deter Monarch Oviposition?.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {77-82}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvab121}, pmid = {34751381}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Asclepias ; Biological Control Agents ; *Butterflies ; Female ; Oviposition ; *Vincetoxicum ; }, abstract = {Invasive black and pale swallow-worts (Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench, and Vincetoxicum rossicum Kelopow), which are related to milkweeds, can act as ecological traps for monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)) as they lay eggs on them that fail to develop. A recently approved biological control agent against swallow-worts, Hypena opulenta Christoph, occupies the same feeding guild on swallow-worts as monarch larvae and could be perceived as a competitor to monarchs. We tested how the presence of this defoliating moth on swallow-worts may influence monarch host selection. In a two-year field experiment, we placed pale swallow-wort plants that were either infested with H. opulenta or noninfested as well as common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.), into monarch habitats to assess oviposition rates. In the laboratory, monarchs were either given a choice or not between milkweeds and black swallow-worts with or without H. opulenta. While monarchs strongly preferred common milkweed in the field, up to 25% of the eggs we observed were laid on pale swallow-wort, without preference for swallow-wort with (10.7%) or without (14.3%) H. opulenta. In laboratory choice and no-choice tests, monarchs did not lay any eggs on black swallow-wort, likely because of the long-term laboratory rearing on common milkweeds. Our results confirm that pale swallow-wort may act as an oviposition sink to monarchs in Michigan as well. Since the biological control program is still in its infancy, the nature of interactions between monarchs and H. opulenta may change as the biocontrol agent becomes more widespread.}, }
@article {pmid34745312, year = {2022}, author = {Navarrete-Carballo, J and Bibiano-Marín, W and Palacio-Vargas, J and Huerta-Jiménez, H and Torres-Castro, M and Arisqueta-Chable, C and Medina-Barreiro, A and Puerta-Guardo, H and Che-Mendoza, A and Martin-Park, A and Manrique-Saide, P}, title = {Mosquito species (Diptera: culicidae) collected after tropical storm cristobal in Merida, Yucatan, South-east Mexico.}, journal = {International journal of tropical insect science}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {2007-2012}, pmid = {34745312}, issn = {1742-7584}, abstract = {After the tropical storm Cristobal, we performed special adult entomological collections in the peri-domicile of 35 houses from 25 neighborhoods of Mérida, Yucatan, Mexico in response to complaints from the community about an increased nuisance due to an abundance of mosquitoes. A total of 1,275 specimens from four genera and 13 species were collected: Aedes taeniorhynchus (92%), Culex quinquefasciatus (72%), Aedes aegypti (72%), Psorophora mexicana (36%), Psorophora cyanescens (32%), Aedes scapularis (24%), Culex nigripalpus (24%), Aedes albopictus (8%), Psorophora ferox (4%), Haemagogus equinus (4%), Aedes trivittatus (4%), Culex coronator (4%), Culex iolambdis (4%). From these collections, the increased mosquito nuisance was mainly the result of invasive species such as Aedes taeniorhynchus and Psorophora. City wide, vehicle mounted ULV spraying was performed by the MoH and the municipality of Merida to control adult mosquito populations. We report Culex iolambdis for the first time in Merida and Psorophora mexicana for the state of Yucatan.}, }
@article {pmid34743879, year = {2022}, author = {Fantle-Lepczyk, JE and Haubrock, PJ and Kramer, AM and Cuthbert, RN and Turbelin, AJ and Crystal-Ornelas, R and Diagne, C and Courchamp, F}, title = {Economic costs of biological invasions in the United States.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {806}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {151318}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151318}, pmid = {34743879}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Cost of Illness ; *Ecosystem ; Health Care Costs ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; United States ; }, abstract = {The United States has thousands of invasive species, representing a sizable, but unknown burden to the national economy. Given the potential economic repercussions of invasive species, quantifying these costs is of paramount importance both for national economies and invasion management. Here, we used a novel global database of invasion costs (InvaCost) to quantify the overall costs of invasive species in the United States across spatiotemporal, taxonomic, and socioeconomic scales. From 1960 to 2020, reported invasion costs totaled $4.52 trillion (USD 2017). Considering only observed, highly reliable costs, this total cost reached $1.22 trillion with an average annual cost of $19.94 billion/year. These costs increased from $2.00 billion annually between 1960 and 1969 to $21.08 billion annually between 2010 and 2020. Most costs (73%) were related to resource damages and losses ($896.22 billion), as opposed to management expenditures ($46.54 billion). Moreover, the majority of costs were reported from invaders from terrestrial habitats ($643.51 billion, 53%) and agriculture was the most impacted sector ($509.55 billion). From a taxonomic perspective, mammals ($234.71 billion) and insects ($126.42 billion) were the taxonomic groups responsible for the greatest costs. Considering the apparent rising costs of invasions, coupled with increasing numbers of invasive species and the current lack of cost information for most known invaders, our findings provide critical information for policymakers and managers.}, }
@article {pmid34743869, year = {2022}, author = {Chen, K and Ma, D and Yu, H and Zhang, S and Seyler, BC and Chai, Z and Peng, S}, title = {Biosorption of V(V) onto Lantana camara biochar modified by H3PO4: Characteristics, mechanism, and regenerative capacity.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {291}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {132721}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132721}, pmid = {34743869}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Adsorption ; Charcoal ; Kinetics ; *Lantana ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Biochar has been widely recognized as an environmentally efficient adsorbent for removing heavy metals. However, considering the weak adsorption performance of the original biochar to the oxygen-containing anion, the adsorption of vanadium by biochar has rarely been investigated. This study proposes that H3PO4 activated biochar made from an invasive plant species growing near mines is a novel material to be investigated for V(V) recovery and reuse. As a noxious, invasive plant, Lantana camara L. (LC) has become widely naturalized around the world. Biochar was prepared from LC by pyrolysis at different conditions (200 °C, 350 °C, 500 °C, and 650 °C). The adsorption effect of biochar with and without P pretreatment on V(V) in aqueous solution was compared. The results show that biochar prepared from LC impregnated with H3PO4 (MLBC) had the highest adsorption capacity at 500 °C, and the maximal adsorption capacity fitted by Langmuir model was 77.38 mg g[-1], which was considerably higher than that of untreated biochar (LBC, 5.89 mg g[-1]). The adsorption procedure was substantially fitted by the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic. Additionally, the interaction of V(V) on MLBC is pH-dependent, and slightly acidic conditions are more favorable for adsorption. The characterization results indicated that electrostatic interaction, complexation reaction, and redox reaction were the primary mechanisms. After three cycles of adsorption, the final maximal adsorption capacity of MLBC remained at 76.03% of that of the virgin sample, demonstrating that MLBC had a recyclable capability to eliminate and restore V(V) from aqueous solutions.}, }
@article {pmid34741094, year = {2021}, author = {Young, MK and Smith, R and Pilgrim, KL and Schwartz, MK}, title = {Molecular species delimitation refines the taxonomy of native and nonnative physinine snails in North America.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {21739}, pmid = {34741094}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Snails/*classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {Being able to associate an organism with a scientific name is fundamental to our understanding of its conservation status, ecology, and evolutionary history. Gastropods in the subfamily Physinae have been especially troublesome to identify because morphological variation can be unrelated to interspecific differences and there have been widespread introductions of an unknown number of species, which has led to a speculative taxonomy. To resolve uncertainty about species diversity in North America, we targeted an array of single-locus species delimitation methods at publically available specimens and new specimens collected from the Snake River basin, USA to generate species hypotheses, corroborated using nuclear analyses of the newly collected specimens. A total-evidence approach delineated 18 candidate species, revealing cryptic diversity within recognized taxa and a lack of support for other named taxa. Hypotheses regarding certain local endemics were confirmed, as were widespread introductions, including of an undescribed taxon likely belonging to a separate genus in southeastern Idaho for which the closest relatives are in southeast Asia. Overall, single-locus species delimitation was an effective first step toward understanding the diversity and distribution of species in Physinae and to guiding future investigation sampling and analyses of species hypotheses.}, }
@article {pmid34741053, year = {2021}, author = {Ashrafzadeh, MR and Khosravi, R and Fernandes, C and Aguayo, C and Bagi, Z and Lavadinović, VM and Szendrei, L and Beuković, D and Mihalik, B and Kusza, S}, title = {Assessing the origin, genetic structure and demographic history of the common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) in the introduced European range.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {21721}, pmid = {34741053}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Europe ; Founder Effect ; Galliformes/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {The common pheasant, a game species widely introduced throughout the world, can be considered as an ideal model to study the effects of introduction events on local adaptations, biogeographic patterns, and genetic divergence processes. We aimed to assess the origin, spatial patterns of genetic variation, and demographic history of the introduced populations in the contact zone of Central and Southeast Europe, using mitochondrial DNA control region sequences and microsatellite loci. Both types of molecular markers indicated relatively low to moderate levels of genetic variation. The mtDNA analyses revealed that common pheasants across the study area are divided into two distinct clades: B (mongolicus group) and F (colchicus group). Analyses of the microsatellite data consistently suggested a differentiation between Hungary and Serbia, with the pheasant population in Hungary being much more genetically homogeneous, while that of Serbia has much more genetic mixture and admixture. This cryptic differentiation was not detected using a non-spatial Bayesian clustering model. The analyses also provided strong evidence for a recent population expansion. This fundamental information is essential for adequate and effective conservation management of populations of a game species of great economic and ecological importance in the studied geographical region.}, }
@article {pmid34739689, year = {2022}, author = {Hill, E and Linacre, A and Toop, S and Murphy, N and Strugnell, JM}, title = {Development of an STR panel for a non-native population of an endangered species.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, pages = {839-845}, pmid = {34739689}, issn = {1573-4978}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Australia ; DNA Fingerprinting/*methods ; Deer/*genetics ; *Endangered Species ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Loci ; Genetics, Population/*methods ; Genotype ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The establishment of non-native populations of threatened and legally protected species can have many implications for the areas where these species have been introduced. Non-native populations of threatened species have the potential to be exploited and therefore the subject of legal protection, while conversely, if they have become invasive in their introduced range, there is the likelihood that population control will be carried out to reduce abundance and negative impacts associated with introduced species. From both a legal and invasive species monitoring standpoint, it is important to know how many individuals are present.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Short tandem repeats&#xa0;(STRs) were developed for the hog deer, an endangered species that was introduced following European settlement to Victoria, Australia using Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology. These markers were combined with previous STRs characterised for hog deer to create a 29-plex identification system. A total of 224 samples were genotyped across the population in Victoria, and further analyses of null allele frequencies, deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and the removal of monomorphic or low amplifying markers resulted in a final marker panel of 15 loci. Despite low values for number of alleles at each locus (2-4), probability of identity showed sufficient discrimination power, with an average probability of identity at 2.94&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;10[-6], and a probability of sibling identity of 8.9&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;10[-4] across all sites.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible to create an informative DNA profiling system that can distinguish between individuals for applications in both wildlife forensic and population control research.}, }
@article {pmid34737372, year = {2021}, author = {Rasool, KG and Mehmood, K and Tufail, M and Husain, M and Alwaneen, WS and Aldawood, AS}, title = {Silencing of vitellogenin gene contributes to the promise of controlling red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {21695}, pmid = {34737372}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {13-BIO 1407-02//King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Gene Expression/genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling/methods ; Gene Expression Regulation/*genetics ; Gene Silencing/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Oogenesis/genetics ; Ovary/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; RNA Interference ; Transcriptome/genetics ; Vitellogenins/genetics/*metabolism ; Weevils/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Red palm weevil [Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)], is native to South Asia and expanding its distribution range globally. Recent invasions of red palm weevil around the world, including Saudi Arabia, has become a global constraint for the production of palm species. Although, several control measures have been tested, none of them seemed successful against this invasive species. Therefore, we focused on silencing the reproduction control gene vitellogenin (Vg) based on RNA interference (RNAi) strategy for its possible application in the management of R. ferrugineus. The Vg is a major yolk protein precursor critical for oogenesis. To do this, fat body transcriptome of R. ferrugineus female adults was sequenced, which provided partial Vg gene transcript (FPKM 5731.60). A complete RfVg gene transcript of 5504 bp encoding 1787 amino acids was then sequenced using RCAE-PCR strategy and characterized. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that RfVg has closer ancestry to the coleopteran insects. The RfVg-based RNAi significantly suppressed the expressions of Vg gene. The 15, 20 and 25 days post-injection periods suppressed Vg expressions by 95, 96.6 and 99%, respectively. The suppressed Vg expressions resulted in the dramatic failure of Vg protein expression, which caused atrophied ovaries or no oogenesis and ultimately eggs were not hatched. These results suggest that knockdown of Vg gene involved in R. ferrugineus reproduction is a promising target for RNAi-based management of R. ferrugineus.}, }
@article {pmid34735604, year = {2022}, author = {Wagener, C and du Plessis, M and Measey, J}, title = {Invasive Amphibian Gut Microbiota and Functions Shift Differentially in an Expanding Population but Remain Conserved Across Established Populations.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {84}, number = {4}, pages = {1042-1054}, pmid = {34735604}, issn = {1432-184X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics ; Phylogeny ; South Africa ; *Microbiota/genetics ; Bufonidae ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; }, abstract = {Studies of laboratory animals demonstrate extensive variation of host gut microbiomes and their functional capabilities across populations, but how does anthropogenic change impact the microbiomes of non-model species? The anthropogenic movement of species to novel environments can drastically alter animals' microbiomes; however, factors that shape invasive species gut microbiota during introduction remain relatively unexplored. Through 16S amplicon sequencing on guttural toad (Sclerophrys gutturalis) faecal samples, we determine that residence time does not impact microbiome variation between source and introduced populations. The youngest population (~ 20 years in Cape Town) has the most distinct microbiome and associated functional capabilities, whereas longer residence times (~ 100 years in Réunion and Mauritius) produce less divergent microbial compositional, phylogenetic, and predicted functional diversity and differential abundance from source populations (Durban). Additionally, we show extensive variation of microbial and functional diversity, as well as differential abundance patterns in an expanding introduced population (Cape Town) between core and periphery sites. Contrasting previous studies, we suggest that introduction pathways might be an important factor impacting host microbial divergence. These findings also imply that the microbiome can diverge in accordance with host population dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid34734177, year = {2021}, author = {Carter, S and van Rees, CB and Hand, BK and Muhlfeld, CC and Luikart, G and Kimball, JS}, title = {Testing a Generalizable Machine Learning Workflow for Aquatic Invasive Species on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Northwest Montana.}, journal = {Frontiers in big data}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {734990}, pmid = {34734177}, issn = {2624-909X}, abstract = {Biological invasions are accelerating worldwide, causing major ecological and economic impacts in aquatic ecosystems. The urgent decision-making needs of invasive species managers can be better met by the integration of biodiversity big data with large-domain models and data-driven products. Remotely sensed data products can be combined with existing invasive species occurrence data via machine learning models to provide the proactive spatial risk analysis necessary for implementing coordinated and agile management paradigms across large scales. We present a workflow that generates rapid spatial risk assessments on aquatic invasive species using occurrence data, spatially explicit environmental data, and an ensemble approach to species distribution modeling using five machine learning algorithms. For proof of concept and validation, we tested this workflow using extensive spatial and temporal hybridization and occurrence data from a well-studied, ongoing, and climate-driven species invasion in the upper Flathead River system in northwestern Montana, USA. Rainbow Trout (RBT; Oncorhynchus mykiss), an introduced species in the Flathead River basin, compete and readily hybridize with native Westslope Cutthroat Trout (WCT; O. clarkii lewisii), and the spread of RBT individuals and their alleles has been tracked for decades. We used remotely sensed and other geospatial data as key environmental predictors for projecting resultant habitat suitability to geographic space. The ensemble modeling technique yielded high accuracy predictions relative to 30-fold cross-validated datasets (87% 30-fold cross-validated accuracy score). Both top predictors and model performance relative to these predictors matched current understanding of the drivers of RBT invasion and habitat suitability, indicating that temperature is a major factor influencing the spread of invasive RBT and hybridization with native WCT. The congruence between more time-consuming modeling approaches and our rapid machine-learning approach suggest that this workflow could be applied more broadly to provide data-driven management information for early detection of potential invaders.}, }
@article {pmid34732241, year = {2021}, author = {Șuleșco, T and Bușmachiu, G and Lange, U and Schmidt-Chanasit, J and Lühken, R}, title = {The first record of the invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus in Chişinӑu, Republic of Moldova, 2020.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {565}, pmid = {34732241}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Animals ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Female ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Moldova ; Mosquito Vectors/*classification/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In Europe, Aedes albopictus is an important vector of chikungunya virus and Dirofilaria nematodes and has been involved in local autochthonous circulation of dengue and Zika viruses. Due to the ongoing spread, targeted field surveillance at potential points of entry of invasive Aedes mosquitoes was initiated by the Republic of Moldova in 2020 as part of the transboundary "Invasive Aedes Mosquitoes COST-Action project."<br><br>METHODS: In 2020, ovitraps were positioned at each of three locations: the border crossing to Romania in Leu&#x15f;eni (Hancesti region), Chi&#x15f;in&#x4d1;u International Airport and Chi&#x15f;in&#x4d1;u Botanical Garden.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 188 Aedes spp. eggs were collected at the Chi&#x15f;in&#x4d1;u International Airport between August and September 2020. Twenty-three adults reared in the laboratory were identified morphologically as Ae. albopictus (Skuse, 1895), and 12 selected specimens were confirmed by molecular barcoding of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene region. In addition, one adult Ae. albopictus female at the same site was caught with a manual aspirator.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This is the first documented report of Ae. albopictus in the Republic of Moldova. The presence of immature and adult stages indicates the local reproduction of the species in the country. Therefore, it is crucial to extend and strengthen surveillance of the invasive Aedes mosquitoes to prevent Ae. albopictus and other exotic mosquito species from becoming established in the Republic of Moldova.}, }
@article {pmid34730381, year = {2021}, author = {Masuda, A and Wada, M and Saho, H and Tokunaga, K and Kikuchi, Y and Yamasaki, F and Matsumoto, J}, title = {Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of the Zoonotic Enteric Protozoans Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Blastocystis from Pallas's Squirrels (Callosciurus erythraeus) in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {e0099021}, pmid = {34730381}, issn = {2165-0497}, mesh = {Animals ; Blastocystis/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Blastocystis Infections/*epidemiology/*veterinary ; Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology ; Cryptosporidium/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Enterocytozoon/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Genes, Protozoan/genetics ; Japan/epidemiology ; Microsporidiosis/*epidemiology/*veterinary ; Prevalence ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Ribosome Subunits, Small/genetics ; Sciuridae/*parasitology ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Pallas's squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus) was introduced in Japan in the 1930s and has since established itself in several areas across the country. Although wild Sciuridae populations have been demonstrated to be potential reservoirs for zoonotic enteric protozoa, epidemiological studies of such pathogens in Japan are scarce. Here, we examined 423 fecal samples from Pallas's squirrels captured in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, using PCR and DNA sequencing to determine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Blastocystis. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., E. bieneusi, and Blastocystis was 4.3% (18/423 samples), 13.0% (55/423 samples), and 44.0% (186/423 samples), respectively. The prevalence of Blastocystis and E. bieneusi was significantly higher in spring (60.1% and 17.4%, respectively) than in winter (27.6% and 8.6%, respectively [P < 0.01]). Sequence analysis of Cryptosporidium spp., targeting the partial small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA), showed 100% identity (541/541 bp) to Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, and analysis of the gp60 gene showed 99.76% (833/835 bp) identity to C. ubiquitum subtype XIIh. The sequences of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region of E. bieneusi and the partial SSU rDNA of Blastocystis were identified as E. bieneusi genotype SCC-2 and Blastocystis subtype 4, respectively. This study confirmed the presence of C. ubiquitum, E. bieneusi, and Blastocystis in Pallas's squirrels in Kanagawa Prefecture. Because Pallas's squirrels inhabit urban areas, living close to humans, the species may serve as a potential source of infection in human populations. IMPORTANCE Pallas's squirrel is designated a "regulated organism" under the Invasive Alien Species Act in Japan, and municipal authorities are introducing control measures to reduce its populations. It has been suggested that wild mammals may play a role in contaminating the environment with zoonotic pathogens. The present study detected the enteric pathogens Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Blastocystis in the feces of Pallas's squirrels inhabiting Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. These pathogens persist in the environment and contaminate soils and water, which may potentially infect humans. Because Pallas's squirrels in Kanagawa Prefecture are found in urban areas, where they are in close contact with human populations, continued monitoring of zoonotic diseases among squirrel populations will be important for evaluating the significance of wildlife in pathogen transmission.}, }
@article {pmid34730183, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, YH and Hou, LL and Wu, XQ and Zhu, ML and Dai, Y and Zhao, YJ}, title = {Mycorrhiza helper bacterium Bacillus pumilus HR10 improves growth and nutritional status of Pinus thunbergii by promoting mycorrhizal proliferation.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {907-918}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpab139}, pmid = {34730183}, issn = {1758-4469}, mesh = {*Bacillus pumilus ; Bacteria/genetics ; *Basidiomycota ; Cell Proliferation ; Chlorophyll ; *Mycorrhizae ; Nutritional Status ; *Pinus ; Seedlings ; }, abstract = {Mycorrhizal helper bacteria (MHB) play an important role in mediating mycorrhizal symbiosis, which improves the growth and nutrient uptake of plants. This study examined the growth-promoting effects and mechanisms of pine growth after inoculation with the MHB Bacillus pumilus HR10 and/or Hymenochaete sp. Rl. The effect of B. pumilus HR10 on Hymenochaete sp. Rl growth, enzyme activity and gene expression related to mycorrhiza formation were determined. The growth, root activity, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content and chlorophyll fluorescence activity of Pinus thunbergii and the mycorrhizal colonization intensity of Hymenochaete sp. Rl-inoculated pine seedlings after inoculation with B. pumilus HR10 were also evaluated. The results showed that B. pumilus HR10 promoted growth, regulated the expression of mycorrhizal-related genes and affected the β-1,3-glucanase activity of Hymenochaete sp. Rl. The mycorrhizal colonization intensity of pine seedlings co-inoculated with B. pumilus HR10 and Hymenochaete sp. Rl was 1.58-fold higher than seedlings inoculated with only Hymenochaete sp. Rl. Inoculation with B. pumilus HR10 and/or Hymenochaete sp. Rl increased lateral root number and root activity of pine seedlings and chlorophyll fluorescence activity of pine needles compared with the control. Bacillus pumilus HR10 facilitated nutrient uptake by enhancing the mycorrhizal proliferation of pine and induced greater photosynthesis and root activity of pine seedlings, which confirms its role as an outstanding plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium. These findings improve our understanding of the mechanism of B. pumilus HR10 promotion of mycorrhizal symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid34729903, year = {2022}, author = {Rios, DA and Specht, A and Roque-Specht, VF and Sosa-Gómez, DR and Fochezato, J and Malaquias, JV and Gonçalves, GL and Moreira, GR}, title = {Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa zea hybridization: constraints, heterosis, and implications for pest management.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, pages = {955-964}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6705}, pmid = {34729903}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; //Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecu&#xe1;ria/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Humans ; Hybrid Vigor ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; *Moths/genetics ; Pest Control ; *Zea mays ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The invasion of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) into the New World has made it possible for this pest to hybridize with a native American species, H. zea (Boddie), under natural conditions. We investigated the viability and development of hybrids of these two Helicoverpa species. We reared the parental species and evaluated crosses between H. armigera males and H. zea females and vice versa, two intercrosses between hybrids, and eight backcrosses between hybrids and parental species. We estimated the length of immature stages, fecundity, survival, sex ratio, and heterosis.<br><br>RESULTS: Although hybridization occcurred, with heterosis during the development of immatures, reproductive incompatibilities also were observed between the parental species and between hybrids from subsequent crosses. The interspecific crosses between hybrids and backcrosses confirmed the possibility of introgression events and their perpetuation in field populations. The results indicate that hybridization events are favored at high population levels, while at low population levels the 'species identities' will be maintained.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The possibility of interspecific gene flow and its perpetuation through successive crosses and backcrosses suggests several recommenations for management. Populations of both species should be maintained at an equilibrium level to reduce the chance of interspecific crosses, which are presumably more likely to occur during pest outbreaks. The existence of hybridization and resistance to different active pesticide ingredients should be monitored. All practices related to managing the resistance of these pests to chemical and biological insecticides should be systematized to reduce the chance of selecting for resistant individuals.}, }
@article {pmid34728666, year = {2021}, author = {Sosa, AJ and Jiménez, NL and Faltlhauser, AC and Righetti, T and Mc Kay, F and Bruzzone, OA and Stiers, I and Fernández Souto, A}, title = {The educational community and its knowledge and perceptions of native and invasive alien species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {21474}, pmid = {34728666}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {PGTF INT/20/K09//United Nations Development Programme/ ; PICT 2015-1910//Agencia Nacional de Promoci&#xf3;n Cient&#xed;fica y Tecnol&#xf3;gica/ ; }, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Child ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Education/*methods ; Environmental Monitoring ; Female ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Knowledge ; Male ; *Perception ; Plants ; Species Specificity ; Students/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Environmental education seeks to foster an appreciation for nature and the impact of humans on it while introducing citizens to scientific thinking. Biological invasions affect different aspects of life on earth and mandate urgent management actions. Education and public awareness are strongly recommended for successful prevention and management of invasive alien species (IAS). This work presents a study on knowledge and perception of the educational community of Argentina about native species and IAS. We designed an on-line semi-structured questionnaire to examine perception of the environment, recognition of native species and IAS and awareness about biological invasions. Educators recognised an important number of biotic components, mostly represented by trees, birds and mammals. Recognition of native species and IAS, and awareness of biological invasions were different between NST (Natural Science Teachers) and non-NST. Respondents had different performances when they were exposed to recognising native species though written names or photographs. Out of 532 respondents, 56% knew what biological invasions are, 21% answered "Maybe" and 23% had never heard about them. We need to foster capacity-building and encourage a two-way communication between educators and scientists, formally and informally, to engage the participation of the whole society in recognition, prevention and management of IAS.}, }
@article {pmid34725729, year = {2022}, author = {Young, A and Anderson, RO and Naimo, A and Alton, LA and Goulet, CT and Chapple, DG}, title = {How do the physiological traits of a lizard change during its invasion of an oceanic island?.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {198}, number = {3}, pages = {567-578}, pmid = {34725729}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Lizards/physiology ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Physiology is crucial for the survival of invasive species in new environments. Yet, new climatic conditions and the limited genetic variation found within many invasive populations may influence physiological responses to new environmental conditions. Here, we studied the case of the delicate skinks (Lampropholis delicata) invading Lord Howe Island (LHI), Australia. On LHI, the climate is different from the mainland source of the skinks, and independent introduction events generated invasive populations with distinct genetic backgrounds. To understand how climate and genetic background may shape physiological responses along biological invasions, we compared the physiological traits of a source and two invasive (single-haplotype and multi-haplotype) populations of the delicate skink. For each population, we quantified physiological traits related to metabolism, sprint speed, and thermal physiology. We found that, for most physiological traits analysed, population history did not influence the ecophysiology of delicate skinks. However, invasive populations showed higher maximum speed than the source population, which indicates that locomotor performance might be a trait under selection during biological invasions. As well, the invasive population with a single haplotype was less cold-tolerant than the multi-haplotype and source populations. Our results suggest that limited genetic variability and climate may influence physiological responses of invasive organisms in novel environments. Incorporating the interplay between genetic and physiological responses into models predicting species invasions can result in more accurate understanding of the potential habitats those species can occupy.}, }
@article {pmid34725150, year = {2021}, author = {Wainright, CA and Muhlfeld, CC and Elser, JJ and Bourret, SL and Devlin, SP}, title = {Species invasion progressively disrupts the trophic structure of native food webs.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {118}, number = {45}, pages = {}, pmid = {34725150}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon Isotopes ; *Diet ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; Lakes ; Montana ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; *Trout ; }, abstract = {Species invasions can have substantial impacts on native species and ecosystems, with important consequences for biodiversity. How these disturbances drive changes in the trophic structure of native food webs through time is poorly understood. Here, we quantify trophic disruption in freshwater food webs to invasion by an apex fish predator, lake trout, using an extensive stable isotope dataset across a natural gradient of uninvaded and invaded lakes in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. Lake trout invasion increased fish diet variability (trophic dispersion), displaced native fishes from their reference diets (trophic displacement), and reorganized macroinvertebrate communities, indicating strong food web disruption. Trophic dispersion was greatest 25 to 50 y after colonization and dissipated as food webs stabilized in later stages of invasion (>50 y). For the native apex predator, bull trout, trophic dispersion preceded trophic displacement, leading to their functional loss in late-invasion food webs. Our results demonstrate how invasive species progressively disrupt native food webs via trophic dispersion and displacement, ultimately yielding biological communities strongly divergent from those in uninvaded ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid34724203, year = {2022}, author = {Paulsen, T and Sandlund, OT and Østborg, G and Thorstad, EB and Fiske, P and Muladal, R and Tronstad, S}, title = {Growth of invasive pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) at sea assessed by scale analysis.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {100}, number = {1}, pages = {218-228}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14937}, pmid = {34724203}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//Nord University/ ; //Norwegian Institute for Nature Research/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; Norway ; *Rivers ; *Salmon ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Invasive pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) has been present in variable, but low, numbers in Norwegian waters since c. 1960, but beginning in 2017 their numbers have exploded in rivers in northern Norway, with considerable numbers also recorded in rivers in southern Norway and other countries bordering the North Atlantic. Analysis of pink salmon scales from two rivers draining to the western Barents Sea showed declining growth during the first weeks after entering the sea, and some individuals even showed a pronounced growth arrest, based on detailed scale circulus analyses. This was followed by a period of growth increase and stability during late summer and autumn, which may reflect a transition to better food sources, as the fish migrate from coastal waters to the open ocean, and as they grow larger and can eat larger and more energy efficient food items. Growth declined to a minimum during winter. Fish body size at spawning was positively correlated with the distance from scale focus to the last winter circulus, as well as with the number of circuli. When dividing scale growth into three periods, better growth during the first period at sea was related to increased fish body length at spawning, but this early growth explained only a minor part (6%) of the variation in final body length. The reason for this may be large individual variation in growth combined with large mortality during the first weeks at sea. If mortality is selective, removing fish with poor growth may reduce a correlation between early growth and body size at spawning. Scale growth during late summer and early autumn explained more of the variation in fish length at spawning (27%). Hence, late summer and early autumn was likely an important period for marine growth and survival in the invasive pink salmon.}, }
@article {pmid34721971, year = {2021}, author = {Christie, AP and White, TB and Martin, PA and Petrovan, SO and Bladon, AJ and Bowkett, AE and Littlewood, NA and Mupepele, AC and Rocha, R and Sainsbury, KA and Smith, RK and Taylor, NG and Sutherland, WJ}, title = {Reducing publication delay to improve the efficiency and impact of conservation science.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e12245}, pmid = {34721971}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Evidence-based decision-making is most effective with comprehensive access to scientific studies. If studies face significant publication delays or barriers, the useful information they contain may not reach decision-makers in a timely manner. This represents a potential problem for mission-oriented disciplines where access to the latest data is required to ensure effective actions are undertaken. We sought to analyse the severity of publication delay in conservation science-a field that requires urgent action to prevent the loss of biodiversity. We used the Conservation Evidence database to assess the length of publication delay (time from finishing data collection to publication) in the literature that tests the effectiveness of conservation interventions. From 7,447 peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed studies of conservation interventions published over eleven decades, we find that the raw mean publication delay was 3.2 years (±2SD = 0.1) and varied by conservation subject. A significantly shorter delay was observed for studies focused on Bee Conservation, Sustainable Aquaculture, Management of Captive Animals, Amphibian Conservation, and Control of Freshwater Invasive Species (Estimated Marginal Mean range from 1.4-1.9 years). Publication delay was significantly shorter for the non-peer-reviewed literature (Estimated Marginal Mean delay of 1.9 years ± 0.2) compared to the peer-reviewed literature (i.e., scientific journals; Estimated Marginal Mean delay of 3.0 years ± 0.1). We found publication delay has significantly increased over time (an increase of ~1.2 years from 1912 (1.4 years ± 0.2) to 2020 (2.6 years ± 0.1)), but this change was much weaker and non-significant post-2000s; we found no evidence for any decline. There was also no evidence that studies on more threatened species were subject to a shorter delay-indeed, the contrary was true for mammals, and to a lesser extent for birds. We suggest a range of possible ways in which scientists, funders, publishers, and practitioners can work together to reduce delays at each stage of the publication process.}, }
@article {pmid34721482, year = {2021}, author = {Li, PS and Kong, WL and Wu, XQ and Zhang, Y}, title = {Volatile Organic Compounds of the Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria JZ-GX1 Enhanced the Tolerance of Robinia pseudoacacia to Salt Stress.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {753332}, pmid = {34721482}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stresses that affects plant growth and development. The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria to mitigcate salt stress damage in plants is an important way to promote crop growth under salt stress conditions. Rahnella aquatilis JZ-GX1 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial strain, but it is not clear whether it can improve the salt tolerance of plants, and in particular, the role of volatile substances in plant salt tolerance is unknown. We investigated the effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from JZ-GX1 on the growth performance, osmotic substances, ionic balance and antioxidant enzyme activities of acacia seedlings treated with 0 and 100mm NaCl and explored the VOCs associated with the JZ-GX1 strain. The results showed that compared to untreated seedlings, seedlings exposed to plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium JZ-GX1 via direct contact with plant roots under salt stress conditions exhibited increases in fresh weight, lateral root number and primary root length equal to approximately 155.1, 95.4, and 71.3%, respectively. Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings exposed to VOCs of the JZ-GX1 strain showed increases in biomass, soil and plant analyser development values and lateral root numbers equal to 132.1, 101.6, and 166.7%, respectively. Additionally, decreases in malondialdehyde, superoxide anion (O2 [-]) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents and increases in proline contents and superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities were observed in acacia leaves. Importantly, the sodium-potassium ratios in the roots, stems, and leaves of acacia exposed to VOCs of the JZ-GX1 strain were significantly lower than those in the control samples, and this change in ion homeostasis was consistent with the upregulated expression of the (Na[+], K[+])/H[+] reverse cotransporter RpNHX1 in plant roots. Through GC-MS and creatine chromatography, we also found that 2,3-butanediol in the volatile gases of the JZ-GX1 strain was one of the important signaling substances for improving the salt tolerance of plants. The results showed that R. aquatilis JZ-GX1 can promote the growth and yield of R. pseudoacacia under normal and salt stress conditions. JZ-GX1 VOCs have good potential as protectants for improving the salt tolerance of plants, opening a window of opportunity for their application in salinized soils.}, }
@article {pmid34720687, year = {2021}, author = {Dickey, JWE and Coughlan, NE and Dick, JTA and Médoc, V and McCard, M and Leavitt, PR and Lacroix, G and Fiorini, S and Millot, A and Cuthbert, RN}, title = {Breathing space: deoxygenation of aquatic environments can drive differential ecological impacts across biological invasion stages.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {23}, number = {9}, pages = {2831-2847}, pmid = {34720687}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The influence of climate change on the ecological impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) remains understudied, with deoxygenation of aquatic environments often-overlooked as a consequence of climate change. Here, we therefore assessed how oxygen saturation affects the ecological impact of a predatory invasive fish, the Ponto-Caspian round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), relative to a co-occurring endangered European native analogue, the bullhead (Cottus gobio) experiencing decline in the presence of the IAS. In individual trials and mesocosms, we assessed the effect of high, medium and low (90%, 60% and 30%) oxygen saturation on: (1) functional responses (FRs) of the IAS and native, i.e. per capita feeding rates; (2) the impact on prey populations exerted; and (3) how combined impacts of both fishes change over invasion stages (Pre-invasion, Arrival, Replacement, Proliferation). Both species showed Type II potentially destabilising FRs, but at low oxygen saturation, the invader had a significantly higher feeding rate than the native. Relative Impact Potential, combining fish per capita effects and population abundances, revealed that low oxygen saturation exacerbates the high relative impact of the invader. The Relative Total Impact Potential (RTIP), modelling both consumer species' impacts on prey populations in a system, was consistently higher at low oxygen saturation and especially high during invader Proliferation. In the mesocosm experiment, low oxygen lowered RTIP where both species were present, but again the IAS retained high relative impact during Replacement and Proliferation stages at low oxygen. We also found evidence of multiple predator effects, principally antagonism. We highlight the threat posed to native communities by IAS alongside climate-related stressors, but note that solutions may be available to remedy hypoxia and potentially mitigate impacts across invasion stages.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10530-021-02542-3.}, }
@article {pmid34720408, year = {2021}, author = {DeWeese, NE and Favot, EJ and Branstrator, DK and Reavie, ED and Smol, JP and Engstrom, DR and Rantala, HM and Schottler, SP and Paterson, AM}, title = {Early presence of Bythotrephes cederströmii (Cladocera: Cercopagidae) in lake sediments in North America: evidence or artifact?.}, journal = {Journal of paleolimnology}, volume = {66}, number = {4}, pages = {389-405}, pmid = {34720408}, issn = {0921-2728}, abstract = {The spiny water flea (Bythotrephes cederströmii), a freshwater crustacean considered to be the world's best-studied invasive zooplankter, was first recorded in North America in the Laurentian Great Lakes during the 1980s. Its arrival is widely considered to be the result of ocean-going cargo ships that translocated contaminated ballast water from Eurasia to the Great Lakes during the 1970-1980s. The subsequent first discovery of the species in inland lakes is consistent with the hypothesis that propagules dispersed initially from established Great Lakes populations. Here we present evidence of exoskeletal remains, including mandibles, tail spines, and resting eggs, in [210]Pb-dated lake sediment cores, which suggests that B. cederströmii was already resident in four inland North American lakes (two in Minnesota, USA; two in Ontario, Canada) by at least the early 1900s. Densities of exoskeletal remains were low and relatively steady from first appearance until about 1990, after which time they increased in all cores. The earliest evidence that we found was a mandible at 33-cm depth (pre-1650) in the sediments of Three Mile Lake, Ontario, Canada. These unexpected findings challenge the current paradigm of B. cederströmii invasion, renew uncertainty about the timing and sequence of its colonization of North American lakes, and potentially question our ability to detect invasive species with traditional sampling methods. We attempted to eliminate errors in the dated stratigraphies of the exoskeletal remains that might have been introduced either methodologically (e.g., core-wall smearing) or naturally (e.g., bioturbation). Nonetheless, given the very low numbers of subfossils encountered, questions remain about the possible artifactual nature of our observations and therefore we regard our results as 'preliminary findings' at this time.}, }
@article {pmid34719092, year = {2022}, author = {Clontz, LM and Pepin, KM and VerCauteren, KC and Beasley, JC}, title = {Influence of biotic and abiotic factors on home range size and shape of invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa).}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, pages = {914-928}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6701}, pmid = {34719092}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; //U.S. Department of Energy/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; *Ecosystem ; *Homing Behavior ; Seasons ; Sus scrofa ; Swine ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Determining factors influencing animal movements at a temporal scale that is similar to that at which management actions are conducted (e.g. weekly) is crucial for identifying efficient methods of wildlife conservation and management. Using global positioning system (GPS) data from 49 wild pigs in the southeast United States, we constructed weekly 50% and 95% utilization distributions to quantify the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on weekly core area and home range size, as well as home range shape.<br><br>RESULTS: We found vegetative composition (i.e. proportion of bottomland hardwoods), season (based on forage availability), meteorological conditions (i.e. temperature and pressure), and sex influenced wild pig weekly home range and core area size, while vegetative composition (i.e. proportion of upland pines) and landscape features (i.e. distance to streams) also were important factors influencing home range shape. At close distances to streams, wild pigs had more elongate home ranges when their home ranges comprised less upland pine habitat; however, farther from streams, there was no change in home range shape across fluctuating proportions of upland pines.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that fine-scale wild pig home ranges and movements are pliable from week to week and influenced by several habitat, landscape, and meteorological attributes that can easily be quantified from available land use and meteorological databases. These findings are important for designing monitoring studies, identifying high risk zones for disease transmission, planning response to disease emergence events, and allowing more effective and efficient short-term management planning.}, }
@article {pmid34718955, year = {2022}, author = {Ceylan, Y and Gül, S}, title = {Potential habitats of an alien species (Asterias rubens Linnaeus, 1758) in the Black Sea: its current and future distribution patterns.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {29}, number = {13}, pages = {19563-19571}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-021-17171-5}, pmid = {34718955}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; *Asterias ; Biodiversity ; Black Sea ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The Atlantic common starfish, Asterias rubens, has arrived firstly at the Marmara Sea in 1996 and to the Black Sea in 2007. In this study, we have exhibited the possible potential distribution of Asterias rubens throughout the Black Sea. For this, we predicted and determined the present and future distributions, and habitat preferences of this starfish in the Black Sea using environmental variables. The ecological niche modeling was used to detect the suitable habitat of A. rubens. In the current model, shallow areas seem to be the suitable habitat for A. rubens. However, this trend may change in the future distribution pattern. For the future projection, two representative concentration pathways (RCPs) that are a greenhouse gas concentration was used: RCP2.6 that is likely to keep global temperature rise below 2 °C by 2100 and RCP8.5 that will happen approximately 5 °C in range of global mean temperature increase in 2100 from pre-industrial baseline. According to RCP2.6 scenarios as well as the RCP8.5 scenario in 2040-2050, the suitable habitats in the Black Sea will probably decrease due to climate change. The most suitable habitats in these scenarios will remain the western and southern coasts of the Black Sea because these areas will be less affected by the change in the climate. In contrast, for the 2090-2100 periods of the RCP8.5, there will likely be a significant unsuitable habitat throughout the Black Sea. Therefore, the suitable habitat for A. rubens will be restricted to the western and southern coasts of the Black Sea.}, }
@article {pmid34717940, year = {2021}, author = {Tarapacki, P and Jørgensen, LB and Sørensen, JG and Andersen, MK and Colinet, H and Overgaard, J}, title = {Acclimation, duration and intensity of cold exposure determine the rate of cold stress accumulation and mortality in Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {135}, number = {}, pages = {104323}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104323}, pmid = {34717940}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Cold Temperature ; *Cold-Shock Response ; *Drosophila/physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/*physiology ; Heat-Shock Proteins/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii, is a major invasive fruit pest. There is strong consensus that low temperature is among the main drivers of SWD population distribution, and the invasion success of SWD is also linked to its thermal plasticity. Most studies on ectotherm cold tolerance focus on exposure to a single stressful temperature but here we investigated how cold stress intensity affected survival duration across a broad range of low temperatures (-7 to +3 °C). The analysis of Lt50 at different stressful temperatures (Thermal Death Time curve - TDT) is based on the suggestion that cold injury accumulation rate increases exponentially with the intensity of thermal stress. In accordance with the hypothesis, Lt50 of SWD decreased exponentially with temperature. Further, comparison of TDT curves from flies acclimated to 15, 19 and 23 °C, respectively, showed an almost full compensation with acclimation such that the temperature required to induce mortality over a fixed time decreased almost 1 °C per °C lowering of acclimation temperature. Importantly, this change in cold tolerance with acclimation was uniform across the range of moderate to intense cold stress exposures examined. To understand if cold stress at moderate and intense exposures affects the same physiological systems we examined how physiological markers/symptoms of chill injury developed at different intensities of the cold stress. Specifically, hsp23 expression and extracellular [K[+]] were measured in flies exposed to different intensities of cold stress (-6, -2 and +2 °C) and at various time points corresponding to the same progression of injury (equivalent to 1/3, 2/3 or 3/3 of Lt50). The different cold stress intensities all triggered hsp23 expression following 2 h of recovery, but patterns of expression differed. At the most intense cold stress (-6 and -2 °C) a gradual increase with time was found. In contrast, at +2 °C an initial increase was followed by a dissipating expression. A gradual perturbation of ion balance (hyperkalemia) was also found at all three cold stress intensities examined, with only slight dissimilarities between treatment temperatures. Despite some differences between the three cold intensities examined, the results generally support the hypothesis that intense and moderate cold stress induces the same physiological perturbation. This suggests that cold stress experienced during natural fluctuating conditions is additive and the results also illustrate that the rate of injury accumulation increases dramatically (exponentially) with decreasing temperature (increasing stress).}, }
@article {pmid34717554, year = {2021}, author = {Najberek, K and Kosior, A and Solarz, W}, title = {Alien balsams, strawberries and their pollinators in a warmer world.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {500}, pmid = {34717554}, issn = {1471-2229}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth &amp; development ; Flowers/*growth &amp; development ; Fragaria/*growth &amp; development ; Impatiens/*growth &amp; development ; Plant Weeds/*physiology ; Pollination/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Strawberries are a common crop whose yield success depends on the availability of pollinators. Invasive alien plants, such as Impatiens glandulifera and I. parviflora, are also attractive for bees and hoverflies, respectively, and occur in close proximity to strawberry cultivation areas. The aim of the study was to test whether alien plants may decrease pollination of strawberry cultivation. However, even if the pollinators are abundant, efficiency of their pollination may decrease as a result of revisits of flowers that were already probed. It is addressed by pollinators by scent marking. Moreover, such revisits can be determined by nectar replenishment, which may occur rapidly in nectar-rich flowers. We studied revisits to I. glandulifera by bumblebees and defined the factors that influence the probability of revisits (air temperature; pollinator species; family caste and size; flower area; sun radiation; and time of day).<br><br>RESULTS: We found that the two alien species decreased the number of pollinators visiting strawberries. Apoidea, Bombini and Syrphidae significantly decreased on Fragaria &#xd7; ananassa when alien Impatiens were present. We also revealed the influence of increasing air temperature on bumblebee foraging, which was particularly significant for female workers. At very high temperatures (> 37&#xb0;C), bumblebee males revisited probed flowers less often than female workers.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that in experimental conditions attractive alien species decrease pollination of strawberries, which may negatively affect production of this crop. Although the results have not been verified in real-life strawberry fields yet, we recommend that alien plant species that share the same pollinators and occur in close proximity of strawberries are controlled. Moreover, we found that revisits of probed flowers may weaken feeding efficiency of bumblebees. If revisits are not induced by nectar replenishment, then global warming may pose a serious threat to the survival of colonies, which may have consequences also for the plants that attract them, e.g., for strawberries.}, }
@article {pmid34716936, year = {2022}, author = {Thia, JA}, title = {Ready on arrival: Standing variation at a chromosomal inversion contributes to rapid adaptation in an invasive marine crab.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {37-40}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16258}, pmid = {34716936}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; *Brachyura/genetics ; *Chromosome Inversion/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Tepolt et al. (2021) illustrate how the genetic architecture of adaptation and life history influence invasive success. A marvel of many invasive species is that they are incredibly successful despite evolutionary expectations that they will have low adaptive potential and suffer inbreeding depression due to initially small founding population sizes. Determining the combinations of ecoevolutionary factors that permit this apparent "genetic paradox of invasions" is an ongoing endeavour of invasive species research. Tepolt et al. (2021) study the European green crab in its invasive range on the North American west coast. Following a single introduction into California, this crab quickly spread across a wide latitude gradient, despite low diversity in the original founding population. Adaptation of this crab to clinal variation in temperature appeared largely driven by an inferred chromosomal inversion. This inversion exists as a balanced polymorphism in the European home range of green crabs and is associated with thermal tolerance. Tepolt et al. (2021) therefore demonstrate that adaptive evolution post introduction need not be impeded by bottlenecks if variation at key parts of the genome is available and can be maintained in introduced populations. Moreover, Tepolt et al. (2021) show how chromosomal inversions acting as large-effect loci might facilitate rapid responses to selection in introduced populations.}, }
@article {pmid34714850, year = {2021}, author = {Coster, SS and Dillon, MN and Moore, W and Merovich, GT}, title = {The update and optimization of an eDNA assay to detect the invasive rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {e0259084}, pmid = {34714850}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*genetics ; DNA, Environmental/*isolation &amp; purification ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Pennsylvania ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Rivers/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) is nuclear or mitochondrial DNA shed into the environment, and amplifying this DNA can serve as a reliable, noninvasive way to monitor aquatic systems for the presence of an invasive species. Assays based on the collection of eDNA are becoming increasingly popular, and, when optimized, can aid in effectively and efficiently tracking invasion fronts. We set out to update an eDNA assay to detect the invasive rusty crayfish, Faxonius rusticus. We tested for species specificity compared to other stream crayfish and field tested the assay at sites with known presence (N = 3) and absence (N = 4) in the Juniata River watershed in central Pennsylvania, USA. To maximize sensitivity, we field tested different storage buffers (Longmire's buffer and ethanol), DNA extraction methods (Qiagen's DNEasy and PowerWater kits), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) chemistries (TaqMan and SYBR green). Our assay confirmed the presence data and performed optimally when filter samples were stored in Longmire's buffer, DNA was extracted with DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit, and TaqMan qPCR chemistry was utilized. With proper sample processing, our assay allows for accurate, noninvasive detection of F. rusticus in streams.}, }
@article {pmid34711894, year = {2021}, author = {Morris, JR and Allhoff, KT and Valdovinos, FS}, title = {Strange invaders increase disturbance and promote generalists in an evolving food web.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {21274}, pmid = {34711894}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Algorithms ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The patterns of diet specialization in food webs determine community structure, stability, and function. While specialists are often thought to evolve due to greater efficiency, generalists should have an advantage in systems with high levels of variability. Here we test the generalist-disturbance hypothesis using a dynamic, evolutionary food web model. Species occur along a body size axis with three traits (body size, feeding center, feeding range) that evolve independently and determine interaction strengths. Communities are assembled via ecological and evolutionary processes, where species biomass and persistence are driven by a bioenergetics model. New species are introduced either as mutants similar to parent species in the community or as invaders, with dissimilar traits. We introduced variation into communities by increasing the dissimilarity of invading species across simulations. We found that strange invaders increased the variability of communities which increased both the degree of generalism and the relative persistence of generalist species, indicating that invasion disturbance promotes the evolution of generalist species in food webs.}, }
@article {pmid34710104, year = {2021}, author = {Matongera, TN and Mutanga, O and Sibanda, M}, title = {Characterizing bracken fern phenological cycle using time series data derived from Sentinel-2 satellite sensor.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {e0257196}, pmid = {34710104}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Pteridium/*physiology ; Remote Sensing Technology ; Satellite Communications ; }, abstract = {Bracken fern is an invasive plant that has caused serious disturbances in many ecosystems due to its ability to encroach into new areas swiftly. Adequate knowledge of the phenological cycle of bracken fern is required to serve as an important tool in formulating management plans to control the spread of the fern. This study aimed to characterize the phenological cycle of bracken fern using NDVI and EVI2 time series data derived from Sentinel-2 sensor. The TIMESAT program was used for removing low quality data values, model fitting and for extracting bracken fern phenological metrics. The Sentinel-2 satellite-derived phenological metrics were compared with the corresponding bracken fern phenological events observed on the ground. Findings from our study revealed that bracken fern phenological metrics estimated from satellite data were in close agreement with ground observed phenological events with R2 values ranging from 0.53-0.85 (p < 0.05). Although they are comparable, our study shows that NDVI and EVI2 differ in their ability to track the phenological cycle of bracken fern. Overall, EVI2 performed better in estimating bracken fern phenological metrics as it related more to ground observed phenological events compared to NDVI. The key phenological metrics extracted in this study are critical for improving the precision in the controlling of the spread of bracken fern as well as in implementing active protection strategies against the invasion of highly susceptible rangelands.}, }
@article {pmid34709588, year = {2022}, author = {Allmert, T and Jeschke, JM and Evans, T}, title = {An assessment of the environmental and socio-economic impacts of alien rabbits and hares.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {51}, number = {5}, pages = {1314-1329}, pmid = {34709588}, issn = {1654-7209}, support = {16LC1803A//BMBF/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Hares ; *Introduced Species ; Knowledge ; Rabbits ; Socioeconomic Factors ; }, abstract = {Directly comparable data on the environmental and socio-economic impacts of alien species informs the effective prioritisation of their management. We used two frameworks, the Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT) and Socio-Economic Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (SEICAT), to create a unified dataset on the severity and type of impacts caused by alien leporids (rabbits and hares). Literature was reviewed to collate impact data, which was categorised following EICAT and SEICAT guidelines. We aimed to use these data to identify: (1) alien leporid species with severe impacts, (2) their impact mechanisms, (3) the native species and local communities vulnerable to impacts and (4) knowledge gaps. Native species from a range of taxonomic groups were affected by environmental impacts which tended to be more damaging than socio-economic impacts. Indirect environmental impacts were particularly damaging and underreported. No impact data were found for several alien leporid species.}, }
@article {pmid34709099, year = {2021}, author = {Outinen, O and Puntila-Dodd, R and Barda, I and Brzana, R and Hegele-Drywa, J and Kalnina, M and Kostanda, M and Lindqvist, A and Normant-Saremba, M and Ścibik, M and Strake, S and Vuolamo, J and Lehtiniemi, M}, title = {The role of marinas in the establishment and spread of non-indigenous species in Baltic Sea fouling communities.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {37}, number = {9-10}, pages = {984-997}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2021.1996564}, pmid = {34709099}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Biofilms ; *Biofouling ; *Introduced Species ; Seasons ; Ships ; }, abstract = {The study included the sampling of 12 marinas across six areas of the Baltic Sea with settlement plates and scraping of submerged structures to assess the role of marinas in the spread of non-indigenous species (NIS) via biofouling. 15 NIS were detected in the marinas and secondary spread of previously introduced NIS was detected in five out of six sea areas. Salinity and sea area significantly affected the composition of the fouling assemblages. Settlement plates appeared as the more efficient sampling method over scraping, while the seasonal analyses revealed that the monitoring effort should span over the summer and early autumn in the south-eastern, central, and northern Baltic Sea. The present findings indicate that marinas contribute to the spread of non-indigenous fouling organisms, and there is an increasing demand for the monitoring of marinas and stricter regulations regarding the biofouling management of leisure boats in the Baltic Sea.}, }
@article {pmid34708980, year = {2021}, author = {Sha, MQ and Chai, N and Zhao, HT and Liu, CJ and Ding, WC and Xie, WX}, title = {[Effects of Spartina alterniflora Invasion on Soil Phosphorus Forms in the Jiaozhou Bay Wetland].}, journal = {Huan jing ke xue= Huanjing kexue}, volume = {42}, number = {11}, pages = {5414-5423}, doi = {10.13227/j.hjkx.202103203}, pmid = {34708980}, issn = {0250-3301}, mesh = {Bays ; Carbon/analysis ; China ; Introduced Species ; *Phosphorus/analysis ; Poaceae ; Soil ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {To investigate the effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on soil phosphorus(P) cycling in coastal wetlands, we selected a S. alterniflora zone(SA zone) and mudflat zone(MF zone) in the Jiaozhou Bay as the target areas for the study. The variability of total phosphorus(TP), inorganic phosphorus(IP), and their component contents in wetland soils after S. alterniflora invasion and their influencing factors was evaluated. The results showed that the average contents of TP(472.70 mg·kg[-1]) and IP(239.00 mg·kg[-1]) in the soils were significantly higher than those of TP(386.19 mg·kg[-1]) and IP(212.68 mg·kg[-1]) in the pre-invasion area, with an increase of 22.40% and 12.38%, respectively. The IP fractions in the study area were dominated by calcium-phosphorus(Ca-P) and iron-phosphorus(Fe-P), accounting for 45%-61% and 31%-49% of IP, respectively. The Ca-P content of the soil in the 10-30 cm layer decreased significantly(P<0.05) after S. alterniflora invasion, which was especially significant in July. The Fe-P content increased significantly(P<0.05); in the 0-40 cm soil layer, Fe-P was higher than that in the 40-60 cm layer(P<0.05), and showed significant enrichment in the 10-40 cm soil in July. The structural equation model showed that organic matter(OM) had a significant positive effect on TP and Fe-P after S. alterniflora invasion(P<0.01), and the normalized path coefficients were 0.775 and 0.724, respectively. Fe-P had a significant negative effect on Ca-P after invasion(P<0.01) with a normalised throughput coefficient of -0.435. The study found that S. alterniflora invasion generally increased wetland soil P content, while promoting the conversion of Ca-P to Fe-P, improving wetland P bioavailability.}, }
@article {pmid34708504, year = {2022}, author = {Mohanty, NP and Wagener, C and Herrel, A and Thaker, M}, title = {The ecology of sleep in non-avian reptiles.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, pages = {505-526}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12808}, pmid = {34708504}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; *Reptiles ; Sleep ; }, abstract = {Sleep is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom and yet displays considerable variation in its extent and form in the wild. Ecological factors, such as predation, competition, and microclimate, therefore are likely to play a strong role in shaping characteristics of sleep. Despite the potential for ecological factors to influence various aspects of sleep, the ecological context of sleep in non-avian reptiles remains understudied and without systematic direction. In this review, we examine multiple aspects of reptilian sleep, including (i) habitat selection (sleep sites and their spatio-temporal distribution), (ii) individual-level traits, such as behaviour (sleep postures), morphology (limb morphometrics and body colour), and physiology (sleep architecture), as well as (iii) inter-individual interactions (intra- and inter-specific). Throughout, we discuss the evidence of predation, competition, and thermoregulation in influencing sleep traits and the possible evolutionary consequences of these sleep traits for reptile sociality, morphological specialisation, and habitat partitioning. We also review the ways in which sleep ecology interacts with urbanisation, biological invasions, and climate change. Overall, we not only provide a systematic evaluation of the conceptual and taxonomic biases in the existing literature on reptilian sleep, but also use this opportunity to organise the various ecological hypotheses for sleep characteristics. By highlighting the gaps and providing a prospectus of research directions, our review sets the stage for understanding sleep ecology in the natural world.}, }
@article {pmid34705839, year = {2021}, author = {Bogolin, AP and Davis, DR and Kline, RJ and Rahman, AF}, title = {A drone-based survey for large, basking freshwater turtle species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {e0257720}, pmid = {34705839}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aircraft ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Fresh Water ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Turtles/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Conservation concerns are increasing for numerous freshwater turtle species, including Pseudemys gorzugi, which has led to a call for more research. However, traditional sampling methodologies are often time consuming, labor intensive, and invasive, restricting the amount of data that can be collected. Biases of traditional sampling methods can further impair the quality of the data collected, and these shortfalls may discourage their use. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, drones) for conducting wildlife surveys has recently demonstrated the potential to bridge gaps in data collection by offering a less labor intensive, minimally invasive, and more efficient process. Photographs and video can be obtained by camera attachments during a drone flight and analyzed to determine population counts, abundance, and other types of data. In this study we developed a detailed protocol to survey for large, freshwater turtle species in an arid, riverine landscape. This protocol was implemented with a DJI Matrice 600 Pro drone and a SONY ILCE α6000 digital camera to determine P. gorzugi and sympatric turtle species occurrence across 42 sites in southwestern Texas, USA. The use of a large drone and high-resolution camera resulted in high identification percentages, demonstrating the potential of drones to survey for large, freshwater turtle species. Numerous advantages to drone-based surveys were identified as well as some challenges, which were addressed with additional refinement of the protocol. Our data highlight the utility of drones for conducting freshwater turtle surveys and provide a guideline to those considering implementing drone-mounted high-resolution cameras as a survey tool.}, }
@article {pmid34705509, year = {2021}, author = {MacLachlan, MJ and Liebhold, AM and Yamanaka, T and Springborn, MR}, title = {Hidden patterns of insect establishment risk revealed from two centuries of alien species discoveries.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {7}, number = {44}, pages = {eabj1012}, pmid = {34705509}, issn = {2375-2548}, abstract = {Understanding the socioeconomic drivers of biological invasion informs policy development for curtailing future invasions. While early 20th-century plant trade expansions preceded increased establishments of plant pests in Northern America, increased establishments did not follow accelerating imports later that century. To explore this puzzle, we estimate the historical establishment of plant-feeding Hemiptera in Northern America as a function of historical U.S. imports of live plants from seven world regions. Delays between establishment and discovery are modeled using a previously unused proxy for dynamic discovery effort. By recovering the timing of pest arrivals from their historical discoveries, we disentangle the joint establishment-discovery process. We estimate long delays to discovery, which are partially attributable to the low detectability of less economically important insect species. We estimate that many introduced species remain undiscovered, ranging from around one-fifth for Eurasian regions to two-fifths for Central and South America.}, }
@article {pmid34699739, year = {2021}, author = {Aulus-Giacosa, L and Guéraud, F and Gaudin, P and Buoro, M and Aymes, JC and Labonne, J and Vignon, M}, title = {Human influence on brown trout juvenile body size during metapopulation expansion.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {17}, number = {10}, pages = {20210366}, pmid = {34699739}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; Humans ; *Trout ; }, abstract = {Change in body size can be driven by social (density) and non-social (environmental and spatial variation) factors. In expanding metapopulations, spatial sorting by means of dispersal on the expansion front can further drive the evolution of body size. However, human intervention can dramatically affect these founder effects. Using long-term monitoring of the colonization of the remote Kerguelen islands by brown trout, a facultative anadromous salmonid, we analyse body size variation in 32 naturally founded and 10 human-introduced populations over 57 years. In naturally founded populations, we find that spatial sorting promotes slow positive changes in body size on the expansion front, then that body size decreases as populations get older and local density increases. This pattern is, however, completely different in human-introduced populations, where body size remains constant or even increases as populations get older. The present findings confirm that changes in body size can be affected by metapopulation expansion, but that human influence, even in very remote environments, can fully alter this process.}, }
@article {pmid34699067, year = {2022}, author = {Laginhas, BB and Bradley, BA}, title = {Global plant invaders: a compendium of invasive plant taxa documented by the peer-reviewed literature.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {103}, number = {2}, pages = {e03569}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3569}, pmid = {34699067}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {MAS00033//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; G19AC00091//U.S. Geological Survey/ ; }, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Stopping invasive species early, before they are introduced or before they have a chance to spread, is essential for effective invasive species management. With new plants introduced constantly through global trade and shifting their ranges due to climate change, proactive action to prevent invasions is more important than ever. But, before we can prevent invasions through policy, monitoring, and management, we need to know the identity of which species are invasive. Existing lists of invasive plants vary across political and jurisdictional boundaries, often rely on inconsistent knowledge of local experts, and may conflate nonnative with invasive. Here, we reviewed papers published from 1959 to 2020 to create a single consistently derived list of known invasive plants. We searched the Web of Science core collection for "articles" containing the keywords "invasi*" and "plant" within the categories "Ecology," "Environmental Sciences," "Biodiversity Conservation," and "Plant Sciences." We also reviewed papers cited in reviews of invasive plants (see Metadata S1, Class II, Section B). We read titles and abstracts to identify papers that focused on nonnative and invasive vascular plants and included in the database any nonnative plant taxon either explicitly termed invasive in the paper or implicitly defined as invasive through a description of abundance, spread and/or impact. For 2017-2020, we included only papers that described multiple invasive plants, which are much more likely to uncover novel taxa. For each paper, we retained the reported invasive taxon name, text defining invasiveness, bibliographic information, and the country or countries in the invaded range where the study took place. We used Catalogue of Life and the Plant Taxonomic Name Resolution Source to resolve the taxonomy of the invasive taxa and compiled a list of unique invasive plants described in one or more scientific papers. We extracted data from 5,893 papers and identified 3,008 unique taxa, including 2,842 species, 96 subspecies, 29 varieties, and 41 hybrids. Of these, 2,981 taxa were resolved, while 27 were unresolved. 42% of the total unique taxa were studied once in the database. This database provides a consistent, global assessment of nonnative, invasive plant taxa. We release these data into the public domain under a Creative Commons Zero license waiver (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/). Individuals who use these data for publication may cite this data paper.}, }
@article {pmid34698305, year = {2021}, author = {Moinet, M and Wilkinson, DA and Aberdein, D and Russell, JC and Vallée, E and Collins-Emerson, JM and Heuer, C and Benschop, J}, title = {Of Mice, Cattle, and Men: A Review of the Eco-Epidemiology of Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar Ballum.}, journal = {Tropical medicine and infectious disease}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {34698305}, issn = {2414-6366}, abstract = {In New Zealand (NZ), leptospirosis is a mostly occupational zoonosis, with >66% of the recently notified cases being farm or abattoir workers. Livestock species independently maintain Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo and L. interrogans serovar Pomona, and both are included in livestock vaccines. The increasing importance in human cases of Ballum, a serovar associated with wildlife, suggests that wildlife may be an overlooked source of infection. Livestock could also act as bridge hosts for humans. Drawing from disease ecology frameworks, we chose five barriers to include in this review based on the hypothesis that cattle act as bridge hosts for Ballum. Using a narrative methodology, we collated published studies pertaining to (a) the distribution and abundance of potential wild maintenance hosts of Ballum, (b) the infection dynamics (prevalence and pathogenesis) in those same hosts, (c) Ballum shedding and survival in the environment, (d) the exposure and competency of cattle as a potential bridge host, and (e) exposure for humans as a target host of Ballum. Mice (Mus musculus), rats (Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus) and hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) were suspected as maintenance hosts of Ballum in NZ in studies conducted in the 1970s-1980s. These introduced species are distributed throughout NZ, and are present on pastures. The role of other wildlife in Ballum (and more broadly Leptospira) transmission remains poorly defined, and has not been thoroughly investigated in NZ. The experimental and natural Ballum infection of cattle suggest a low pathogenicity and the possibility of shedding. The seroprevalence in cattle appears higher in recent serosurveys (3 to 14%) compared with studies from the 1970s (0 to 3%). This review identifies gaps in the knowledge of Ballum, and highlights cattle as a potential spillover host. Further studies are required to ascertain the role that wild and domestic species may play in the eco-epidemiology of Ballum in order to understand its survival in the environment, and to inform control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid34697738, year = {2021}, author = {Kovalchuk, LA and Chernaya, LV and Mishchenko, VA and Berzin, DL and Bolshakov, VN}, title = {Amino Acid Spectrum in the Blood of the Endemic and Invasive Amphibian Species in the Fauna of the Ural.}, journal = {Doklady. Biochemistry and biophysics}, volume = {500}, number = {1}, pages = {327-330}, pmid = {34697738}, issn = {1608-3091}, mesh = {*Amphibians ; Animals ; }, abstract = {For the first time, the results of a comparative analysis of free amino acids in the blood plasma of amphibians of the Ural fauna are presented: an endemic species (Siberian salamander (Salamandrella keyserlingii Dybovsky, 1870)) and an invasive species (marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus Pallas, 1771)). The species diversity of adaptive strategies of thermoresistant amphibionts both to negative and positive temperatures is shown.}, }
@article {pmid34696305, year = {2021}, author = {Hall, RN and King, T and O'Connor, TW and Read, AJ and Vrankovic, S and Piper, M and Strive, T}, title = {Passive Immunisation against RHDV2 Induces Protection against Disease but Not Infection.}, journal = {Vaccines}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {34696305}, issn = {2076-393X}, support = {P01-B-001//Centre for Invasive Species Solutions/ ; }, abstract = {Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) is a lagovirus in the family Caliciviridae. The closely related Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV, termed RHDV1 throughout this manuscript for clarity) has been used extensively as a biocontrol agent in Australia since the mid-1990s to manage wild rabbit populations, a major economic and environmental pest species. Releasing RHDV1 into populations with a high proportion of rabbits less than 8-10 weeks of age leads to non-lethal infection in many of these young animals, with subsequent seroconversion and long-term immunity against reinfection. In contrast, RHDV2 causes lethal disease even in young rabbits, potentially offering substantial benefits for rabbit management programs over RHDV1. However, it is not clear how acquired resistance from maternal antibodies may influence immunity after RHDV2 infection. In this study, we assessed serological responses after RHDV2 challenge in young rabbits of three different ages (5-, 7-, or 9-weeks-old) that were passively immunised with either high- (titre of 2560 by RHDV IgG ELISA; 2.41 mg/mL total protein) or low- (titre of 160-640 by RHDV IgG ELISA; 1.41 mg/mL total protein) dose RHDV2 IgG to simulate maternal antibodies. All rabbits treated with a high dose and 75% of those treated with a low dose of RHDV2 IgG survived virus challenge. Surviving animals developed robust lagovirus-specific IgA, IgM, and IgG responses within 10 days post infection. These findings demonstrate that the protection against RHDV2 conferred by passive immunisation is not sterilising. Correspondingly, this suggests that the presence of maternal antibodies in wild rabbit populations may impede the effectiveness of RHDV2 as a biocontrol.}, }
@article {pmid34695515, year = {2022}, author = {Wu, Y and Leng, Z and Li, J and Jia, H and Yan, C and Hong, H and Wang, Q and Lu, Y and Du, D}, title = {Increased fluctuation of sulfur alleviates cadmium toxicity and exacerbates the expansion of Spartina alterniflora in coastal wetlands.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {292}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {118399}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118399}, pmid = {34695515}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {*Cadmium/toxicity ; China ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; Sulfur ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Evidence suggests that the invasion of Spartina alterniflora (S. alterniflora) poses potentially serious risks to the stability of coastal wetlands, an ecosystem that is extremely vulnerable to both biological and non-biological threats. However, the effects and mechanisms of sulfur (S) in mediating the growth and expansion of S. alterniflora are poorly understood, particularly when sediments are contaminated with cadmium (Cd). A 6-month greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the mediating effect of S on Cd tolerance and growth of S. alterniflora. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of three S rates (applied as Na2SO4; 0, 500, 1000 mg kg[-1] dry weight (DW), as S0, S500, and S1000) and four Cd rates (applied as CdCl2; 0, 1, 2, 4 mg kg[-1] DW, as Cd0, Cd1, Cd2, and Cd4). Results showed that although the exogenous S supply obviously increased Cd accumulation in roots (up to 71.22 ± 6.43 mg kg[-1] DW) due to the decrease of Fe concentration in iron plaque (down to 4.02 ± 1.18 mg g[-1] DW), biomass reduction and oxidative stress in plant tissues were significantly alleviated. The addition of S significantly up-regulated the concentration of compounds related to Cd tolerance, including proline and glutathione. Therefore, the translocation of Cd was restricted, and plant growth was not impacted. The present study demonstrated that the exogenous sulfur supply could promote the growth of S. alterniflora and enhance its tolerance to Cd. Therefore, under the effects of S. alterniflora, the increased fluctuations of S pool caused by the release and deposition of S might further exacerbate S. alterniflora expansion in Cd contaminated coastal wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid34694518, year = {2021}, author = {Warburton, EM and Blanar, CA}, title = {Life in the margins: host-parasite relationships in ecological edges.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {120}, number = {12}, pages = {3965-3977}, pmid = {34694518}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Parasites ; }, abstract = {Transitional zones, such as edge habitat, are key landscapes for investigating biodiversity. "Soft edges" are permeable corridors that hosts can cross, while "hard edges" are impermeable borders that hosts cannot pass. Although pathogen transmission in the context of edges is vital to species conservation, drivers of host-parasite relationships in ecological edges remain poorly understood. Thus, we defined a framework for testing hypotheses of host-parasite interactions in hard and soft edges by (1) characterizing hard and soft edges from both the host and parasite perspectives, (2) predicting the types of parasites that would be successful in each type of edge, and (3) applying our framework to species invasion fronts as an example of host-parasite relationships in a soft edge. Generally, we posited that parasites in soft edges are more likely to be negatively affected by habitat fragmentation than their hosts because they occupy higher trophic levels but parasite transmission would benefit from increased host connectivity. Parasites along hard edges, however, are at higher risk of local extinction due to host population perturbations with limited opportunity for parasite recolonization. We then used these characteristics to predict functional traits that would lead to parasite success along soft and hard edges. Finally, we applied our framework to invasive species fronts to highlight predictions regarding host connectivity and parasite traits in soft edges. We anticipate that our work will promote a more complete discussion of habitat connectivity using a common framework and stimulate empirical research into host-parasite relationships within ecological edges and transitional zones.}, }
@article {pmid34694405, year = {2021}, author = {Daane, KM and Cooper, ML and Mercer, NH and Hogg, BN and Yokota, GY and Haviland, DR and Welter, SC and Cave, FE and Sial, AA and Boyd, EA}, title = {Pheromone Deployment Strategies for Mating Disruption of a Vineyard Mealybug.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {114}, number = {6}, pages = {2439-2451}, pmid = {34694405}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Farms ; Insect Control ; Male ; *Moths ; Pheromones ; Reproduction ; *Sex Attractants ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {The mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret), is a primary vineyard pest in California and other grape-growing regions throughout the World. Mating disruption programs are commercially available to manage Pl. ficus, but widespread adoption has been limited, in part, by high costs compared with insecticide programs. To improve mating disruption economic effectiveness, different deployment technologies (passive, aerosol, and microencapsulated formulations) were individually examined. Adult male Pl. ficus captures in pheromone traps and categorical ratings of vine infestation or crop damage suggest that all deployment strategies lowered mealybug densities or damage. Using passive dispensers, deployment rates of 310 and 465 per ha lowered Pl. ficus crop damage similar to 615 per ha, a rate commonly used in commercial operations; reduced rates would lower product and deployment costs. Meso dispensers, containing more a.i., deployed at 35 per ha did not have a treatment impact, but a microencapsulated formulation and aerosol canisters lowered male flight captures and/or crop damage. Male mealybug flight activity was greatest from 0500-1100 hr, which coincided with temperatures >16° and <32°C. These restricted times and temperatures suggest programable dispensers might allow pheromone deployment to coincide only with flight patterns. A large field trial using passive dispensers found greater treatment separation after 3 yr of pheromone deployment. Discrepancies in results among vineyards may be related to Pl. ficus density, but combined results from all trials suggest that different deployment technologies can be used to impact Pl. ficus densities and damage, even at reduced rates, especially with continued use over multiple seasons.}, }
@article {pmid34692809, year = {2021}, author = {Wu, DL and Shih, HC and Wang, JK and Teng, HJ and Kuo, CC}, title = {Commensal Rodent Habitat Expansion Enhances Arthropod Disease Vectors on a Tropical Volcanic Island.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {736216}, pmid = {34692809}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {On volcanic islands, the release of animals from predators and competitors can lead to increased body size and population density as well as the expanded habitat use of introduced animals relative to their mainland counterparts. Such alterations might facilitate the spread of diseases on islands when these exotic animals also carry pathogenic agents; however, this has rarely been investigated. The commensal Asian house rat (Rattus tanezumi) is confined to human residential surroundings in mainland Taiwan but can be observed in the forests of nearby Orchid Island, which is a tropical volcanic island. Orchid Island is also a hot spot for scrub typhus, a lethal febrile disease transmitted by larval trombiculid mites (chiggers) that are infected primarily with the rickettsia Orientia tsutsugamushi (OT). We predicted an increase in chigger abundance when rodents (the primary host of chiggers) invade forests from human settlements since soils are largely absent in the latter habitat but necessary for the survival of nymphal and adult mites. A trimonthly rodent survey at 10 sites in three habitats (human residential, grassland, and forest) found only R. tanezumi and showed more R. tanezumi and chiggers in forests than in human residential sites. There was a positive association between rodent and chigger abundance, as well as between rodent body weight and chigger load. Lastly, >95% of chiggers were Leptotrombidium deliense and their OT infection rates were similar among all habitats. Our study demonstrated potentially elevated risks of scrub typhus when this commensal rat species is allowed to invade natural habitats on islands. Additionally, while the success of invasive species can be ascribed to their parasites being left behind, island invaders might instead obtain more parasites if the parasite requires only a single host (e.g., trombiculid mite), is a host generalist (e.g., L. deliense), and is transferred from unsuitable to suitable habitats (i.e., human settlements on the mainland to forests on an island).}, }
@article {pmid34689920, year = {2021}, author = {Ramsey, SD}, title = {Foreign Pests as Potential Threats to North American Apiculture: Tropilaelaps mercedesae, Euvarroa spp, Vespa mandarinia, and Vespa velutina.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, pages = {545-558}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvfa.2021.06.010}, pmid = {34689920}, issn = {1558-4240}, mesh = {Animals ; *Beekeeping ; Bees ; Commerce ; Internationality ; North America ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Honey bees face a broad range of threats globally. Many of these threats originate outside of North America because honey bees are an introduced species. Invasive pests are among the most widely distributed, damaging, and economically costly honey bee hive associates. As international trade and travel continue at a rapid pace, the list of invasive apicultural pests likely will grow. Details of these organisms' life history relevant to management and eradication efforts are addressed. Methods and proposed methods of detection and management encountered abroad are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid34688048, year = {2022}, author = {King, AC and Krieg, R and Weston, A and Zenker, AK}, title = {Using eDNA to simultaneously detect the distribution of native and invasive crayfish within an entire country.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {302}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {113929}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113929}, pmid = {34688048}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; *Astacoidea/genetics ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Seafood ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {The introduction of invasive crayfish has led to a decline of many European native species of crayfish across their range. In this study, novel duplex assays for all crayfish occurring in Switzerland were developed. We aimed to identify the distribution of the seven species using a traditional trap surveillance method as well by collecting water samples to detect eDNA by species-specific quantitative real-time PCR. We reveal our overall experience in finding optimal field and laboratory techniques to discover the distribution and abundance of native and invasive species in order to enhance knowledge of early invasive species invasion and highlight important pockets of populations where native species remain, for implementation of conservation strategies. Using eDNA, important populations of native noble and white-clawed crayfish were revealed in multiple waters across various cantons. The successful identification of native and invasive crayfish species in Switzerland using eDNA can be applied to future nationwide projects. This method which has the ability to detect all species simultaneously across an entire country, will allow an improvement in freshwater crayfish conservation management.}, }
@article {pmid34687499, year = {2022}, author = {Teng, ZW and Wu, HZ and Ye, XH and Fang, Q and Zhou, HX and Ye, GY}, title = {An endoparasitoid uses its egg surface proteins to regulate its host immune response.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, pages = {1030-1046}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12978}, pmid = {34687499}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Immunity ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Proteomics ; *Serpins/metabolism ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; *Wasps/physiology ; }, abstract = {With proteomic analysis, we identified 379 egg surface proteins from an endoparasitoid, Cotesia chilonis. Proteins containing conserved enzymatic domains constitute a large proportion of egg surface components. Some proteins, such as superoxidase dismutase, homolog of C. rubecula 32-kDa protein, and immunoevasive protein-2A, are classical parasitism factors that have known functions in host immunity regulation. Melanization assays revealed that a novel egg surface protein, C. chilonis egg surface serpin domain-containing protein had the same function as a C. chilonis venom serpin, as both suppressed host melanization in a dose-dependent manner. C. chilonis egg surface serpin domain-containing protein is mainly transcribed in C. chilonis oocytes with follicular cells, and it is located on both the anterior and posterior sides of the mature egg surface. Additionally, we used LC-MS/MS to identify 586 binding proteins sourced from C. suppressalis plasma located on the eggshell surface of C. chilonis, which included some immunity-related proteins. These results not only indicate that C. chilonis uses its egg surface proteins to reduce the immune response of its host but also imply that endoparasitoid egg surface proteins might be a new parasitism factor involved in host immune regulation.}, }
@article {pmid34685964, year = {2021}, author = {Chadha, A and Florentine, S}, title = {Biology, Ecology, Distribution and Control of the Invasive Weed, Lactuca serriola L. (Wild Lettuce): A Global Review.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {34685964}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Lactuca serriola L. (wild lettuce) is a highly invasive C3 weed in many countries, including Australia, Canada, and the USA. This weed is a severe threat to agricultural systems, especially in crops grown with reduced or no-tillage approaches, which commonly include wheat, cereals and pulses. Owing to the vertical orientation of its leaves in the north-south plane and its root architecture, L. serriola can maintain high water use efficiency under drought conditions, giving it the ability to expand its range under a drying climate. Each plant can produce up to 100,000 seeds which have no primary dormancy and form a short-term seedbank lasting up to three years. Most seedlings emerge in autumn and overwinter as a rosette, with a small flush of emergence in spring depicting staggered germination. Research into control methods for this weed has been performed, and these methods include chemical herbicides applied alone and in combination, the establishment of plant competition, tillage, mowing and bioherbicide. Herbicides can provide effective control when applied in the seedling or rosette stage; however, spring germination is difficult to control, as it skips the rosette stage. Some biotypes are now resistant to ALS inhibitor and synthetic auxins, causing concern regarding using herbicides. A dedicated integrated management plan for 3-4 years is recommended for the control of this troublesome species. This review will explore the biology, ecology, distribution, current control techniques and previous research on this weed, allowing us to make recommendations for its future research and management.}, }
@article {pmid34685954, year = {2021}, author = {Gentili, R and Ambrosini, R and Augustinus, BA and Caronni, S and Cardarelli, E and Montagnani, C and Müller-Schärer, H and Schaffner, U and Citterio, S}, title = {High Phenotypic Plasticity in a Prominent Plant Invader along Altitudinal and Temperature Gradients.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {34685954}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Studies on plant growth and trait variation along environmental gradients can provide important information for identifying drivers of plant invasions and for deriving management strategies. We used seeds of the annual plant invader Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (common ragweed) collected from an agricultural site in Northern Italy (226 m. a.s.l; Mean Annual Air Temperature: 12.9 °C; precipitations: 930 mm) to determine variation in growth trajectories and plant traits when grown along a 1000-m altitudinal gradient in Northern Italy, and under different temperature conditions in the growth chamber (from 14/18 °C to 26/30 °C, night/day), using a non-liner modeling approach. Under field conditions, traits related to plant height (maximum height, stem height, number of internodes) followed a three-parameter logistic curve. In contrast, leaf traits (lateral spread, number of leaves, leaf length and width) followed non-monotonic double-Richards curves that captured the decline patterns evident in the data. Plants grew faster, reaching a higher maximum plant height, and produced more biomass when grown at intermediate elevations. Under laboratory conditions, plants exhibited the same general growth trajectory of field conditions. However, leaf width did not show the recession after the maximum value shown by plants grown in the field, although the growth trajectories of some individuals, particularly those grown at 18 °C, showed a decline at late times. In addition, the plants grown at lower temperatures exhibited the highest value of biomass and preserved reproductive performances (e.g., amount of male inflorescence, pollen weight). From our findings, common ragweed exhibits a high phenotypic plasticity of vegetative and reproductive traits in response to different altitudes and temperature conditions. Under climate warming, this plasticity may facilitate the shift of the species towards higher elevation, but also the in situ resistance and (pre)adaptation of populations currently abundant at low elevations in the invasive European range. Such results may be also relevant for projecting the species management such as the impact by possible biocontrol agents.}, }
@article {pmid34685922, year = {2021}, author = {Christopoulou, A and Christopoulou, A and Fyllas, NM and Dimitrakopoulos, PG and Arianoutsou, M}, title = {How Effective Are the Protected Areas of the Natura 2000 Network in Halting Biological Invasions? A Case Study in Greece.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {34685922}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Invasive alien plant species represent an important threat to various protected areas of the world, and this threat expected to be further enhanced due to climate change. This is also the case for the most important network of protected areas in Europe, the Natura 2000 network. In the current study we evaluated the distribution pattern of alien plant taxa across selected continental and insular Natura 2000 sites in Greece and their potential spread 15 years since first being recorded in the field. A total of seventy-three naturalized plant taxa were recorded in the 159 sites under study. At the site level and regardless of the habitat group, the ratio of invaded areas increased between the two monitoring campaigns. An increase in the ratio of invaded plots was also detected for all habitat groups, except for grassland and riparian-wetland habitats. Precipitation during the dry quarter of the year was the factor that mainly controlled the occurrence and spread of alien plant taxa regardless of the site and habitat group. It is reasonable to say that the characterization of an area as protected may not be sufficient without having implemented the proper practices for halting biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid34685912, year = {2021}, author = {Renčo, M and Jurová, J and Gömöryová, E and Čerevková, A}, title = {Long-Term Giant Hogweed Invasion Contributes to the Structural Changes of Soil Nematofauna.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {34685912}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) is the largest central European forb, naturalized or invasive in many European countries. The impacts of its colonization of native habitats on soil mesofauna groups are unfortunately obscure. This study assessed the effect of giant hogweed invasion on the communities of plants and soil nematodes in the riparian habitat. We found that invasion by H. mantegazzianum increased soil pH, decreased carbon and nitrogen content, reduced the number and coverage of the native plant species, and influenced nematode communities and their structures. Nematode species number was significantly lower in invaded than uninvaded plots, but nematode species diversity was not affected by invasion throughout the whole study. Total nematode abundance slightly increased under giant hogweed, while total nematode biomass did not differ between the invaded and uninvaded plots. The higher abundance of bacterivores and fungivores but lower number of omnivorous nematodes well represented the negative impact of giant hogweed invasion on soil food webs, supported by low values of all maturity indices or channel index. The hogweed invaded plots contained higher abundance of plant parasitic nematodes, mainly Paratylenchus microdorus. Our results thus indicate that invasion by H. mantegazzianum influences several nematode communities' parameters while others remain unaffected by invasion.}, }
@article {pmid34681160, year = {2021}, author = {Dörr, AJM and Scoparo, M and Cardinali, I and La Porta, G and Caldaroni, B and Magara, G and Pallottini, M and Selvaggi, R and Cenci-Goga, B and Goretti, E and Cappelletti, D and Lancioni, H and Elia, AC}, title = {Population Ecology and Genetic Diversity of the Invasive Alien Species Procambarus clarkii in Lake Trasimeno (Italy).}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {34681160}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {ID#8283 COD. SIME 2018.0425//Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Perugia/ ; }, abstract = {The deliberate or accidental introduction of invasive alien species (IAS) causes negative ecological and economic impacts altering ecosystem processes, imperiling native species and causing damage to human endeavors. A monthly monitoring program was performed in Lake Trasimeno (Central Italy) from July 2018 to July 2019 in order to provide an upgrade of the population ecology of Procambarus clarkii and to assess the genetic diversity by analyzing the relationships among mitochondrial DNA diversity. Our results confirmed that P. clarkii is well acclimatized in the lake, revealing a stable population structure favored by the resources and conditions typical of this ecosystem, which seem to be optimal for the maintenance of the species. Four distinct mitochondrial haplotypes were detected, but one of them was clearly overrepresented (76%), suggesting that a single predominant introduction event may have occurred in this area, likely followed by secondary events. The identification of the typical genetic variants provides a better understanding of the evolutionary scenarios of P. clarkii in this biotope and it can be helpful in management plans concerning the expanding populations of this invasive alien species.}, }
@article {pmid34681148, year = {2021}, author = {Boraldi, F and Lofaro, FD and Bergamini, G and Ferrari, A and Malagoli, D}, title = {Pomacea canaliculata Ampullar Proteome: A Nematode-Based Bio-Pesticide Induces Changes in Metabolic and Stress-Related Pathways.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {34681148}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {FAR//Department of Life Sciences-University of Modena and Reggio Emilia/ ; }, abstract = {Pomacea canaliculata is a freshwater gastropod known for being both a highly invasive species and one of the possible intermediate hosts of the mammalian parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis. With the aim of providing new information concerning P. canaliculata biology and adaptability, the first proteome of the ampulla, i.e., a small organ associated with the circulatory system and known as a reservoir of nitrogen-containing compounds, was obtained. The ampullar proteome was derived from ampullae of control snails or after exposure to a nematode-based molluscicide, known for killing snails in a dose- and temperature-dependent fashion. Proteome analysis revealed that the composition of connective ampulla walls, cell metabolism and oxidative stress response were affected by the bio-pesticide. Ultrastructural investigations have highlighted the presence of rhogocytes within the ampullar walls, as it has been reported for other organs containing nitrogen storage tissue. Collected data suggested that the ampulla may belong to a network of organs involved in controlling and facing oxidative stress in different situations. The response against the nematode-based molluscicide recalled the response set up during early arousal after aestivation and hibernation, thus encouraging the hypothesis that metabolic pathways and antioxidant defences promoting amphibiousness could also prove useful in facing other challenges stimulating an oxidative stress response, e.g., immune challenges or biocide exposure. Targeting the oxidative stress resistance of P. canaliculata may prove helpful for increasing its susceptibility to bio-pesticides and may help the sustainable control of this pest's diffusion.}, }
@article {pmid34681145, year = {2021}, author = {Mazzamuto, MV and Wauters, LA and Koprowski, JL}, title = {Exotic Pet Trade as a Cause of Biological Invasions: The Case of Tree Squirrels of the Genus Callosciurus.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {34681145}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {The trade of non-native pets, especially of non-domesticated and exotic animals, and their subsequent release and establishment of populations is one of the major pathways of introduction for invasive alien reptiles, amphibia, birds and mammals. Here, we use a group of arboreal mammals, tree squirrels of the genus Callosciurus, as a well-documented case study, reviewing the pathways of introduction, the current areas of non-native distribution, the rate of establishment success and the challenge and legal importance of species identification. We further illustrate the importance of early detection and effective monitoring methods and plans. Next, we document how they interfere with native species, their risk of acting as vectors for emerging infectious diseases and their potential role in maintaining parasitic infections that can affect human health. We conclude by reviewing the current management, or the lack of it, and highlight the diverse biological, social, political and economic reasons that make control/eradication of these charismatic species difficult or even impractical in most countries. However, reviewing the only two successful eradications of the IAS, we highlight the need to acknowledge the public opinion and the importance of communication, transparency and the engagement of a diversity of stakeholders to create a consensus about the actions to undertake.}, }
@article {pmid34681097, year = {2021}, author = {Li, C and Gao, Y and Chang, N and Ma, D and Zhou, R and Zhao, Z and Wang, J and Zhang, Q and Liu, Q}, title = {Risk Assessment of Anopheles philippinensis and Anopheles nivipes (Diptera: Culicidae) Invading China under Climate Change.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {34681097}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {2020YFC1200101//Qiyong Liu/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Anopheles philippinensis and Anopheles nivipes are morphologically similar and are considered to be effective vectors of malaria transmission in northeastern India. Environmental factors such as temperature and rainfall have a significant impact on the temporal and spatial distribution of disease vectors driven by future climate change.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, we used the maximum entropy model to predict the potential global distribution of the two mosquito species in the near future and the trend of future distribution in China. Based on the contribution rate of environmental factors, we analyzed the main environmental factors affecting the distribution of the two mosquito species. We also constructed a disease vector risk assessment index system to calculate the comprehensive risk value of the invasive species.<br><br>RESULTS: Precipitation has a significant effect on the distribution of potentially suitable areas for Anopheles philippinensis and Anopheles nivipes. The two mosquito species may spread in the suitable areas of China in the future. The results of the risk assessment index system showed that the two mosquito species belong to the moderate invasion risk level for China.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: China should improve the mosquito vector monitoring system, formulate scientific prevention and control strategies and strictly prevent foreign imports.}, }
@article {pmid34680705, year = {2021}, author = {de Vries, JPR and van Loon, E and Borges, PAV}, title = {A Small-Scale Analysis of Elevational Species Richness and Beta Diversity Patterns of Arthropods on an Oceanic Island (Terceira, Azores).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {34680705}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {UID/BIA/00329/2013, 2015-2018 and UID/BIA/00329/2019-2024 and Portuguese FCT-NETBIOME - ISLANDBIODIV grant 0003/2011//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; 85% and by Azorean Public funds by 15% through Operational Program Azores 2020, under the project AZORESBIOPORTAL -PORBIOTA (ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000072//FEDER/ ; }, abstract = {We present an analysis of arthropod diversity patterns in native forest communities along the small elevation gradient (0-1021 m a.s.l.) of Terceira island, Azores (Portugal). We analysed (1) how the alpha diversity of Azorean arthropods responds to increasing elevation and (2) differs between endemic, native non-endemic and introduced (alien) species, and (3) the contributions of species replacement and richness difference to beta diversity. Arthropods were sampled using SLAM traps between 2014 and 2018. We analysed species richness indicators, the Hill series and beta diversity partitioning (species replacement and species richness differences). Selected orders (Araneae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Psocoptera) and endemic, native non-endemic and introduced species were analysed separately. Total species richness shows a monotonic decrease with elevation for all species and Coleoptera and Psocoptera, but peaks at mid-high elevation for Araneae and endemic species. Introduced species richness decreases strongly with elevation especially. These patterns are most likely driven by climatic factors but also influenced by human disturbance. Beta diversity is, for most groups, the main component of total (gamma) diversity along the gradient but shows no relation with elevation. It results from a combined effect of richness decrease with elevation and species replacement in groups with many narrow-ranged species.}, }
@article {pmid34680690, year = {2021}, author = {Drapeau Picard, AP and Giroux, M and Saint-Germain, M and Larrivée, M}, title = {"What's This Bug?" Questions from the Public Provide Relevant Information on Species Distribution and Human-Insect Interactions.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {34680690}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {In general, insects and arthropods polarizing: they either fascinate people, disgust people, or both, and they generate lots of questions. Museums are perceived as reliable sources of information and, as such, a go-to destination for the public to receive answers. Since its opening in 1990, the Montreal Insectarium has offered an entomological information service, allowing the public to send questions, photographs, and specimens for identification. All requests are answered by entomologists. Spatiotemporal variations in taxonomic, geographic, and thematic profiles of the 4163 requests received in 2010-2011 and 2017-2018 were analyzed. Requests came from 35 countries, and most of those requests came from Canada. The majority of requests were identification requests. Representing 25% of identification requests, the five most frequent species were the eastern dobsonfly Corydalus cornutus, the masked hunter Reduvius personatus, the giant water bug Lethocerus americanus, the western conifer-seed bug Leptoglossus occidentalis, and the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica. A comparison with the data from the citizen science platform iNaturalist shows that the EIS can be a valuable tool for invasive species detection. Frequent subjects included school projects, entomophagy (eating insects), and wasp and bee nests. Finally, we discuss the role of entomologists in providing scientific information but also in addressing common concerns regarding cohabitation with arthropods.}, }
@article {pmid34680654, year = {2021}, author = {Oliveira, TMR and Zink, FA and Menezes, RC and Dianese, &#xc9;C and Albernaz-Godinho, KC and Cunha, MG and Timm, AE and Gilligan, TM and Tembrock, LR}, title = {Assay Optimization Can Equalize the Sensitivity of Real-Time PCR with ddPCR for Detection of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Bulk Samples.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {34680654}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {Helicoverpa/2013102670001419//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de amparo a pesquisa do estado de Goi&#xe1;s/ ; }, abstract = {Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is one of the most important agricultural pests in the world. This historically Old World species was first reported in Brazil in 2013 and has since spread throughout much of South America and into the Caribbean. Throughout North America, H. armigera surveys are ongoing to detect any incursions. Each trap is capable of capturing hundreds of native Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). The two species cannot be separated without genitalic dissection or molecular methods. A ddPCR assay is currently used to screen large trap samples, but this equipment is relatively uncommon and expensive. Here, we optimized a newly designed assay for accurate and repeatable detection of H. armigera in bulk samples across both ddPCR and less costly, and more common, real-time PCR methods. Improvements over previously designed assays were sought through multiple means. Our results suggest bulk real-time PCR assays can be improved through changes in DNA extraction and purification, so that real-time PCR can be substituted for ddPCR in screening projects. While ddPCR remains a more sensitive method for detection of H. armigera in bulk samples, the improvements in assay design, DNA extraction, and purification presented here also enhance assay performance over previous protocols.}, }
@article {pmid34679894, year = {2021}, author = {Fitzgerald, A and Halliday, J and Heath, D}, title = {Environmental DNA as Novel Technology: Lessons in Agenda Setting and Framing in News Media.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {34679894}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {OGI-184//Ontario Genomics Institute/ ; OGI-184//Genome Canada/ ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) is an emerging technology used for understanding ecosystems, environmental change, and stressors. Cellular and extracellular DNA are collected from environmental samples instead of individual wildlife animals, and as such eDNA comes with associated logistical and ethical benefits. It is increasingly being used, yet to date public knowledge and perceptions of eDNA have not been explored. Given that most of the public gathers scientific information from news media sources, this is a logical first place to start. This paper reports on a framing and agenda-setting analysis of news media coverage of eDNA in Canada and the United States from 2000 to 2020. The findings indicate that eDNA is being framed as an emerging and powerful tool, although questions regarding its validity and reliability are raised vis-à-vis identifying the presence of invasive species. Less than half of the news articles analyzed address broader social or ethical issues in relation to eDNA, and the majority focus on the potential financial impacts of eDNA findings on development projects and business interests. The potential ethical advantages of non-lethal sampling methods used via eDNA sampling are not addressed, nor are the potential ethical issues raised by its potential use in bioprospecting, indicating that the current state of agenda setting regarding eDNA in these newspapers is focused on economic impacts, to the exclusion of potential ethical issues. This unfolding news coverage will likely be key to understanding public perceptions of this novel technology.}, }
@article {pmid34679885, year = {2021}, author = {Koo, KS and Choe, M}, title = {Distribution Change of Invasive American Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) by Future Climate Threaten Endangered Suweon Treefrog (Hyla suweonensis) in South Korea.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {34679885}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {KEITI 2021002280003//Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute/ ; }, abstract = {The American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) has been imported into South Korea in earnest for food since the 1970s and introduced into nature due to release and escape. Accordingly, the influx and spread of American Bullfrogs are expected to have a direct impact on native species, but few related studies have been conducted on this. We predicted changes in the potential distribution and future distribution based on climate change scenarios to analyze how those changes affect critically endangered Suwon treefrogs. Suwon treefrog sites (63.9%, 78/122) overlapped with the distribution of Bullfrogs. According to the prediction of the future distribution of Bullfrogs, the overlapping of American Bullfrogs and Suwon treefrog will remain similar to the current level in the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 scenario. On the other hand, in the RCP 8.5 scenario, the number of overlapping sites will increase to 72.1% (88/122) due to the spreading of the American Bullfrogs. The results show that climate change directly affects the distribution expansion of the American Bullfrogs but also indirectly can lead to an increased threat to Suwon treefrogs. In conclusion, our results strongly suggest why climate change should be actively addressed in terms of the spread of invasive species and the protection of endangered species.}, }
@article {pmid34679816, year = {2021}, author = {Andreani, A and Stancampiano, L and Belcari, A and Sacchetti, P and Bozzi, R and Ponzetta, MP}, title = {Distribution of Deer Keds (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) in Free-Living Cervids of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, Central Italy, and Establishment of the Allochthonous Ectoparasite Lipoptena fortisetosa.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {34679816}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {2018.1157//Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze/ ; }, abstract = {Lipoptena fortisetosa and L. cervi are hematophagous ectoparasites belonging to the Hippoboscidae family and preferentially living on cervids. In recent years, they have received specific attention due to the great increase in the abundance of their host species, and to their medical and veterinary importance as possible vectors of pathogens harmful to humans and animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the parasitism level of both of these flies on their main hosts in Italy, which are red deer, fallow deer, and roe deer, and to highlight a possible preference for a species, sex, or age class among the hosts. Deer keds were collected by examining 326 cervids hunted in the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines. Outcomes showed that L. fortisetosa has greatly spread throughout the study area, where it competes with the autochthonous L. cervi. Moreover, red deer was the favored host species of both ectoparasites, while different preferences for host sex and age classes were observed in the two hippoboscids. The regular monitoring of deer ked populations, especially the allochthonous L. fortisetosa, which is continuously spreading in Europe, is recommended to expand the knowledge on these parasitic species that are potentially dangerous to public health.}, }
@article {pmid34675315, year = {2021}, author = {Novoa, A and Foxcroft, LC and Keet, JH and Pyšek, P and Le Roux, JJ}, title = {The invasive cactus Opuntia stricta creates fertility islands in African savannas and benefits from those created by native trees.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {20748}, pmid = {34675315}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Opuntia/*physiology ; Soil/chemistry ; Soil Microbiology ; South Africa ; *Trees/physiology ; Water/analysis ; }, abstract = {The patchy distribution of trees typical of savannas often results in a discontinuous distribution of water, nutrient resources, and microbial communities in soil, commonly referred to as "islands of fertility". We assessed how this phenomenon may affect the establishment and impact of invasive plants, using the invasion of Opuntia stricta in South Africa's Kruger National Park as case study. We established uninvaded and O. stricta-invaded plots under the most common woody tree species in the study area (Vachellia nilotica subsp. kraussiana and Spirostachys africana) and in open patches with no tree cover. We then compared soil characteristics, diversity and composition of the soil bacterial communities, and germination performance of O. stricta and native trees between soils collected in each of the established plots. We found that the presence of native trees and invasive O. stricta increases soil water content and nutrients, and the abundance and diversity of bacterial communities, and alters soil bacterial composition. Moreover, the percentage and speed of germination of O. stricta were higher in soils conditioned by native trees compared to soils collected from open patches. Finally, while S. africana and V. nilotica trees appear to germinate equally well in invaded and uninvaded soils, O. stricta had lower and slower germination in invaded soils, suggesting the potential release of phytochemicals by O. stricta to avoid intraspecific competition. These results suggest that the presence of any tree or shrub in savanna ecosystems, regardless of origin (i.e. native or alien), can create favourable conditions for the establishment and growth of other plants.}, }
@article {pmid34675277, year = {2021}, author = {Veselkin, DV and Dubrovin, DI and Pustovalova, LA}, title = {High canopy cover of invasive Acer negundo L. affects ground vegetation taxonomic richness.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {20758}, pmid = {34675277}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Acer/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; *Trees/physiology ; }, abstract = {We assessed the link between canopy cover degree and ground vegetation taxonomic richness under alien ash-leaved maple (Acer negundo) and other (native or alien) tree species. We investigated urban and suburban forests in the large city of Yekaterinburg, Russia. Forests were evaluated on two spatial scales. Through an inter-habitat comparison we recorded canopy cover and plant taxonomic richness among 13 sample plots of 20 × 20 m where A. negundo dominated and 13 plots where other tree species dominated. In an intra-habitat comparison, we recorded canopy cover and ground vegetation taxonomic richness among 800 sample plots measuring 1 m[2] in the extended urbanised forest, which featured abundant alien (308 plots) and native trees (492 plots). We observed decreased taxonomic richness among vascular ground plant species by 40% (inter-habitat) and 20% (intra-habitat) in areas dominated by A. negundo compared to areas dominated by native tree and shrub species. An abundance of A. negundo was accompanied by increased canopy cover. We found a negative relationship between canopy cover and the number of understory herbaceous species. Thus, the interception of light and the restriction of its amount for other species is a main factor supporting the negative influence of A. negundo on native plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid34675253, year = {2021}, author = {Withers, AJ and de Boer, J and Chipabika, G and Zhang, L and Smith, JA and Jones, CM and Wilson, K}, title = {Microsatellites reveal that genetic mixing commonly occurs between invasive fall armyworm populations in Africa.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {20757}, pmid = {34675253}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Haplotypes ; Insecticide Resistance ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Mutation ; Spodoptera/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Understanding the population structure and movements of the invasive fall armyworm (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda) is important as it can help mitigate crop damage, and highlight areas at risk of outbreaks or evolving insecticide resistance. Determining population structure in invasive FAW has been a challenge due to genetic mutations affecting the markers traditionally used for strain and haplotype identification; mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COIB) and the Z-chromosome-linked Triosephosphate isomerase (Tpi). Here, we compare the results from COIB and Tpi markers with highly variable repeat regions (microsatellites) to improve our understanding of FAW population structure in Africa. There was very limited genetic diversity using the COIB marker, whereas using the TpiI4 marker there was greater diversity that showed very little evidence of genetic structuring between FAW populations across Africa. There was greater genetic diversity identified using microsatellites, and this revealed a largely panmictic population of FAW alongside some evidence of genetic structuring between countries. It is hypothesised here that FAW are using long-distance flight and prevailing winds to frequently move throughout Africa leading to population mixing. These approaches combined provide important evidence that genetic mixing between invasive FAW populations may be more common than previously reported.}, }
@article {pmid34674014, year = {2022}, author = {Agbulu, V and Zaman, R and Ishangulyyeva, G and Cahill, JF and Erbilgin, N}, title = {Host Defense Metabolites Alter the Interactions between a Bark Beetle and its Symbiotic Fungi.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {84}, number = {3}, pages = {834-843}, pmid = {34674014}, issn = {1432-184X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera/microbiology ; Plant Bark ; *Pinus/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; *Weevils/microbiology ; Monoterpenes/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Successful host plant colonization by tree-killing bark beetle-symbiotic fungal complexes depends on host suitability, which is largely determined by host defense metabolites such as monoterpenes. Studies have shown the ability of specific blends of host monoterpenes to influence bark beetles or their fungal symbionts, but how biologically relevant blends of host monoterpenes influence bark beetle-symbiotic fungal interaction is unknown. We tested how interactions between two host species (lodgepole pine or jack pine) and two fungal symbionts of mountain pine beetle (Grosmannia clavigera or Ophiostoma montium) affect the performance of adult female beetles in vitro. Beetles treated with the propagules of G. clavigera or O. montium or not treated (natural fungal load) were introduced into media amended with a blend of the entire monoterpene profile of either host species and beetle performance was compared. Overall, host blends altered beetle performance depending on the fungal species used in the beetle amendment. When beetles were amended with G. clavigera, their performance was superior over beetles amended with O. montium in either host blend. Furthermore, G. clavigera-amended beetles performed better in media amended with host blends than without a host blend; in contrast, O. montium-amended beetles performed better in media without a host blend than with a host blend. Overall, this study showed that host defense metabolites affect host suitability to bark beetles through influencing their fungal symbionts and that different species of fungal symbionts respond differentlly to host defense metabolites.}, }
@article {pmid34673433, year = {2021}, author = {Gallitelli, L and Battisti, C and Olivieri, Z and Marandola, C and Acosta, ATR and Scalici, M}, title = {Carpobrotus spp. patches as trap for litter: Evidence from a Mediterranean beach.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {173}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {113029}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113029}, pmid = {34673433}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Aizoaceae ; Bathing Beaches ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Plants ; Plastics ; Waste Products/analysis ; }, abstract = {Dunal plants may affect the patterns of deposition of beach litter. In this study, we aimed at evaluating if Carpobrotus spp. patches may act as a litter trap in coastal dune systems. To do so, we counted the number of macrolitter occurring in both Carpobrotus and control (embryo dune vegetation) patches classifying each item into categories according to the Marine Strategy. Totally, we observed a significant difference between litter trapped in Carpobrotus (331 items, representing 62.4% of the total beach litter) and control (199, 37.6%). Plastic fragments were the most trapped items by both Carpobrotus (46.2%) and control patches (47.2%). We also calculated the item co-occurrence, obtaining a random aggregated 'litter community'. The main emerging output is that Carpobrotus patches act as filter in respect to different anthropogenic materials (overall plastics), suggesting that alien plant management actions may contribute to solve beach litter issues as well.}, }
@article {pmid34672746, year = {2021}, author = {Moutinho, S}, title = {A golden menace.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {374}, number = {6566}, pages = {390-393}, doi = {10.1126/science.acx9379}, pmid = {34672746}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Bivalvia ; *Introduced Species ; *Rivers ; South America ; }, }
@article {pmid34669703, year = {2021}, author = {Li, J and Convertino, M}, title = {Temperature increase drives critical slowing down of fish ecosystems.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {e0246222}, pmid = {34669703}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; Global Warming ; Oceans and Seas ; Seasons ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Fish ecosystems perform ecological functions that are critically important for the sustainability of marine ecosystems, such as global food security and carbon stock. During the 21st century, significant global warming caused by climate change has created pressing challenges for fish ecosystems that threaten species existence and global ecosystem health. Here, we study a coastal fish community in Maizuru Bay, Japan, and investigate the relationships between fluctuations of ST, abundance-based species interactions and salient fish biodiversity. Observations show that a local 20% increase in temperature from 2002 to 2014 underpins a long-term reduction in fish diversity (∼25%) played out by some native and invasive species (e.g. Chinese wrasse) becoming exceedingly abundant; this causes a large decay in commercially valuable species (e.g. Japanese anchovy) coupled to an increase in ecological productivity. The fish community is analyzed considering five temperature ranges to understand its atemporal seasonal sensitivity to ST changes, and long-term trends. An optimal information flow model is used to reconstruct species interaction networks that emerge as topologically different for distinct temperature ranges and species dynamics. Networks for low temperatures are more scale-free compared to ones for intermediate (15-20°C) temperatures in which the fish ecosystem experiences a first-order phase transition in interactions from locally stable to metastable and globally unstable for high temperatures states as suggested by abundance-spectrum transitions. The dynamic dominant eigenvalue of species interactions shows increasing instability for competitive species (spiking in summer due to intermediate-season critical transitions) leading to enhanced community variability and critical slowing down despite higher time-point resilience. Native competitive species whose abundance is distributed more exponentially have the highest total directed interactions and are keystone species (e.g. Wrasse and Horse mackerel) for the most salient links with cooperative decaying species. Competitive species, with higher eco-climatic memory and synchronization, are the most affected by temperature and play an important role in maintaining fish ecosystem stability via multitrophic cascades (via cooperative-competitive species imbalance), and as bioindicators of change. More climate-fitted species follow temperature increase causing larger divergence divergence between competitive and cooperative species. Decreasing dominant eigenvalues and lower relative network optimality for warmer oceans indicate fishery more attracted toward persistent oscillatory states, yet unpredictable, with lower cooperation, diversity and fish stock despite the increase in community abundance due to non-commercial and venomous species. We emphasize how changes in species interaction organization, primarily affected by temperature fluctuations, are the backbone of biodiversity dynamics and yet for functional diversity in contrast to taxonomic richness. Abundance and richness manifest gradual shifts while interactions show sudden shift. The work provides data-driven tools for analyzing and monitoring fish ecosystems under the pressure of global warming or other stressors. Abundance and interaction patterns derived by network-based analyses proved useful to assess ecosystem susceptibility and effective change, and formulate predictive dynamic information for science-based fishery policy aimed to maintain marine ecosystems stable and sustainable.}, }
@article {pmid34669161, year = {2021}, author = {April, V and Simelane, DO and Robertson, MP}, title = {Co-existence Between Two Leaf-Feeding Biological Control Agents of Lantana camara Alters Their Herbivory Under Semi-field Conditions.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {6}, pages = {959-965}, pmid = {34669161}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents ; *Coleoptera ; Herbivory ; *Lantana ; Plant Leaves ; }, abstract = {Interaction between two biological control agents released against Lantana camara L. (sensu lato) (Verbenaceae) was studied in replicated semi-field plots. Caged plants under semi-field conditions were inoculated with Uroplata girardi Pic (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Ophiomyia camarae Spencer (Diptera: Agromyzidae), either alone or in combination, to investigate the extent to which co-infestation of the two agents affects the reproductive capacity and growth of their host. At the end of the trial, both single and combined attacks by the two agents had no effect on stem diameter, stem height, and canopy width. However, uncaged control plants were heavily attacked by Teleonemia scrupulosa Stål (Hemiptera: Tingidae), and therefore became significantly shorter than all the caged plants in all the treatments. When confined alone, feeding damage by O. camarae resulted in higher reduction of fruit and flower biomass relative to that caused by U. girardi alone. However, when confined alone, U. girardi caused higher reductions in leaf density and fruit biomass than when combined with O. camarae. Single attack by O. camarae caused higher reduction in flower biomass than simultaneous attack by both agents. Above-ground biomass of all single and combined treatment plants were significantly lower than those of the caged control plants. Uncaged control plants exposed to heavy attack by T. scrupulosa did not produce flowers and fruits, and their above-ground biomass was significantly lower than those of caged control plants. Overall, the study showed that simultaneous attack by the two herbivores alters their herbivory, thereby affecting reproductive capacity and growth of their host.}, }
@article {pmid34668599, year = {2022}, author = {Munstermann, MJ and Heim, NA and McCauley, DJ and Payne, JL and Upham, NS and Wang, SC and Knope, ML}, title = {A global ecological signal of extinction risk in terrestrial vertebrates.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {e13852}, pmid = {34668599}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; *Extinction, Biological ; Mammals ; Phylogeny ; Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {To determine the distribution and causes of extinction threat across functional groups of terrestrial vertebrates, we assembled an ecological trait data set for 18,016 species of terrestrial vertebrates and utilized phylogenetic comparative methods to test which categories of habitat association, mode of locomotion, and feeding mode best predicted extinction risk. We also examined the individual categories of the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List extinction drivers (e.g., agriculture and logging) threatening each species and determined the greatest threats for each of the four terrestrial vertebrate groups. We then quantified the sum of extinction drivers threatening each species to provide a multistressor perspective on threat. Cave dwelling amphibians (p < 0.01), arboreal quadrupedal mammals (all of which are primates) (p < 0.01), aerial and scavenging birds (p < 0.01), and pedal (i.e., walking) squamates (p < 0.01) were all disproportionately threatened with extinction in comparison with the other assessed ecological traits. Across all threatened vertebrate species in the study, the most common risk factors were agriculture, threatening 4491 species, followed by logging, threatening 3187 species, and then invasive species and disease, threatening 2053 species. Species at higher risk of extinction were simultaneously at risk from a greater number of threat types. If left unabated, the disproportionate loss of species with certain functional traits and increasing anthropogenic pressures are likely to disrupt ecosystem functions globally. A shift in focus from species- to trait-centric conservation practices will allow for protection of at-risk functional diversity from regional to global scales.}, }
@article {pmid34667481, year = {2022}, author = {Mohd Hanafiah, K and Abd Mutalib, AH and Miard, P and Goh, CS and Mohd Sah, SA and Ruppert, N}, title = {Impact of Malaysian palm oil on sustainable development goals: co-benefits and trade-offs across mitigation strategies.}, journal = {Sustainability science}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {1639-1661}, pmid = {34667481}, issn = {1862-4057}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Palm oil (PO) is an important source of livelihood, but unsustainable practices and widespread consumption may threaten human and planetary health. We reviewed 234 articles and summarized evidence on the impact of PO on health, social and economic aspects, environment, and biodiversity in the Malaysian context, and discuss mitigation strategies based on the sustainable development goals (SDGs). The evidence on health impact of PO is equivocal, with knowledge gaps on whether moderate consumption elevates risk for chronic diseases, but the benefits of phytonutrients (SDG2) and sensory characteristics of PO seem offset by its high proportion of saturated fat (SDG3). While PO contributes to economic growth (SDG9, 12), poverty alleviation (SDG1, 8, 10), enhanced food security (SDG2), alternative energy (SDG9), and long-term employment opportunities (SDG1), human rights issues and inequities attributed to PO production persist (SDG8). Environmental impacts arise through large-scale expansion of monoculture plantations associated with increased greenhouse gas emissions (SDG13), especially from converted carbon-rich peat lands, which can cause forest fires and annual trans-boundary haze; changes in microclimate properties and soil nutrient content (SDG6, 13); increased sedimentation and change of hydrological properties of streams near slopes (SDG6); and increased human wildlife conflicts, increase of invasive species occurrence, and reduced biodiversity (SDG14, 15). Practices such as biological pest control, circular waste management, multi-cropping and certification may mitigate negative impacts on environmental SDGs, without hampering progress of socioeconomic SDGs. While strategies focusing on improving practices within and surrounding plantations offer co-benefits for socioeconomic, environment and biodiversity-related SDGs, several challenges in achieving scalable solutions must be addressed to ensure holistic sustainability of PO in Malaysia for various stakeholders.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11625-021-01052-4.}, }
@article {pmid34664983, year = {2022}, author = {Patejuk, K and Baturo-Cieśniewska, A and Najberek, K and Pusz, W}, title = {First Report of Fusarium lateritium Causing Shoot Dieback of Acer negundo in Europe.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {106}, number = {5}, pages = {1519}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-06-21-1294-PDN}, pmid = {34664983}, issn = {0191-2917}, mesh = {*Acer ; Europe ; *Fusarium ; Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid34664923, year = {2021}, author = {Smith, RJ and Ozawa, H and Kawashima, K and Nakai, S}, title = {A New Species of Pseudostrandesia Savatenalinton and Martens, 2009 (Ostracoda, Crustacea) Collected from Two Pet Shops in Central Japan: an Alien Species?.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {38}, number = {5}, pages = {481-493}, doi = {10.2108/zs210027}, pmid = {34664923}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; Crustacea/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Male ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {An undescribed species of freshwater ostracod belonging to the genus Pseudostrandesia Savatenalinton and Martens, 2009 was collected from two pet shops in the Kanto region of central Japan. This species, herein named Pseudostrandesia tenebrarum sp. nov., is similar to four species previously reported from Southeast Asia, but can be distinguished by carapace and appendage features. It is the second species of the genus for which males are known. Of the nine previously described species in the genus, one is exclusively known from Turkey, and the others are found in Southeast Asia and the vicinity, one of which is also recorded in India and east China. There are two scenarios to explain the existence of Pseudostrandesia tenebrarum sp. nov. in pet shops in Japan: it is either native to Japan but has yet to be discovered in its natural habitat, or it is an alien species, perhaps unwittingly imported with plants or fish for the pet trade. We review the likelihood of both scenarios, and conclude that although there is insufficient evidence to be sure, it is potentially an alien species in Japan. The most likely origin is Southeast Asia, as evidenced by its close morphological resemblance to particular Southeast Asian species. Juveniles as well as adults were recovered, indicating that this species is reproducing in the pet trade, supporting the notion that it has invasive potential to areas outside of its natural range. The description and report of this species highlights a possible introduction of an alien species to Japan, and facilitates further monitoring.}, }
@article {pmid34664472, year = {2021}, author = {Shen, S and Guo, WF and Wang, W and Li, XQ}, title = {[Effects of above- and below-ground herbivore interactions on interspecific relationship between the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides and its native congener Alternanthera sessilis].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {8}, pages = {2975-2981}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202108.038}, pmid = {34664472}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {*Amaranthaceae ; Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Biological invasion is a major threat to global biodiversity. The relative interspecific competition abilities of invasive species compared to those native species determine their invasion success. In this study, we examined the effects of the specialist leaf beetle Agasicles hygrophila and the nematode Meloidogyne incognita on the growth and interspecific relationship between the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides and its native congener A. sessilis. Compared without herbivory, nematode herbivory alone significantly reduced shoot height of A. sessilis by 28.1%, but conversely significantly increased the shoot height of A. philoxeroides by 52.8% and aboveground biomass of A. sessilis by 63.7%. Beetle herbivory alone significantly reduced shoot height of A. sessilis by 40.7%, but did not affect that of A. philoxeroides. The combination of beetle and nematode herbivory significantly reduced shoot height of A. sessilis by 35.3% as well as the belowground biomass of A. philoxeroides by 62.2%, but significantly increased the aboveground biomass of A. sessilis by 69.1%. Herbivore stress did not affect stem diameter, branch number, and root length of both species. The relative neighbor effect index (RNE) of the two species without herbivory were positive, and the RNE value of A. philoxeroides was 21.3% higher than that of A. sessilis. However, the RNE values of A. philoxeroides were negative under all above- and below-ground herbivory treatments. The RNE values of A. sessilis were positive under the beetle or the nematode herbivory alone and negative under the beetle + nematode herbivory combination. These results indicated that above- and below-ground herbivore interactions could change the interspecific relationship between the two species, and in turn might accelerate the invasion of A. philoxeroides.}, }
@article {pmid34661429, year = {2021}, author = {Kandul, NP and Belikoff, EJ and Liu, J and Buchman, A and Li, F and Yamamoto, A and Yang, T and Shriner, I and Scott, MJ and Akbari, OS}, title = {Genetically Encoded CRISPR Components Yield Efficient Gene Editing in the Invasive Pest Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {The CRISPR journal}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, pages = {739-751}, doi = {10.1089/crispr.2021.0032}, pmid = {34661429}, issn = {2573-1602}, mesh = {Animals ; CRISPR-Associated Protein 9/genetics/metabolism ; *CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Drosophila/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics ; Fruit/parasitology ; Gene Editing/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; }, abstract = {Originally from Asia, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura is a global pest of economically important soft-skinned fruits. Also commonly known as spotted wing drosophila, it is largely controlled through repeated applications of broad-spectrum insecticides by which resistance has been observed in the field. There is a pressing need for a better understanding of D. suzukii biology and for developing alternative environmentally friendly methods of control. The RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease has revolutionized functional genomics and is an integral component of several recently developed genetic strategies for population control of insects. Here, we describe genetically modified strains that encode three different terminators and four different promoters to express Cas9 robustly in both the soma and/or germline of D. suzukii. The Cas9 strains were rigorously evaluated through genetic crossing to transgenic strains that encode single-guide RNAs targeting the conserved X-linked yellow body and white eye genes. We find that several Cas9/gRNA strains display remarkably high editing capacity. Going forward, these tools will be instrumental for evaluating gene function in D. suzukii and may even provide tools useful for the development of new genetic strategies for control of this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid34659333, year = {2021}, author = {McGreevy, TJ and Michaelides, S and Djan, M and Sullivan, M and Beltrán, DM and Buffum, B and Husband, T}, title = {Location and Species Matters: Variable Influence of the Environment on the Gene Flow of Imperiled, Native and Invasive Cottontails.}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {708871}, pmid = {34659333}, issn = {1664-8021}, abstract = {The environment plays an important role in the movement of individuals and their associated genes among populations, which facilitates gene flow. Gene flow can help maintain the genetic diversity both within and between populations and counter the negative impact of genetic drift, which can decrease the fitness of individuals. Sympatric species can have different habitat preferences, and thus can exhibit different patterns of genetic variability and population structure. The specialist-generalist variation hypothesis (SGVH) predicts that specialists will have lower genetic diversity, lower effective population sizes (Ne), and less gene flow among populations. In this study, we used spatially explicit, individual-based comparative approaches to test SGVH predictions in two sympatric cottontail species and identify environmental variables that influence their gene flow. New England cottontail (Sylvilagus transitionalis) is the only native cottontail in the Northeast US, an early successional habitat specialist, and a species of conservation concern. Eastern cottontail (S. floridanus) is an invasive species in the Northeast US and a habitat generalist. We characterized each species' genomic variation by developing double-digest Restriction-site Associated DNA sequence single nucleotide polymorphism markers, quantified their habitat with Geographic Information System environmental variables, and conducted our analyses at multiple scales. Surprisingly, both species had similar levels of genetic diversity and eastern cottontail's Ne was only higher than New England cottontail in one of three subregions. At a regional level, the population clusters of New England cottontail were more distinct than eastern cottontail, but the subregional levels showed more geographic areas of restricted gene flow for eastern cottontail than New England cottontail. In general, the environmental variables had the predicted effect on each species' gene flow. However, the most important environmental variable varied by subregion and species, which shows that location and species matter. Our results provide partial support for the SGVH and the identification of environmental variables that facilitate or impede gene flow can be used to help inform management decisions to conserve New England cottontail.}, }
@article {pmid34658223, year = {2021}, author = {Chen, LJ and Xiao, QZ and Qiu, YP and Chen, GZ}, title = {[Coexistence strategies of invaded gobies in the Dianchi Lake, Yunnan, China].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {9}, pages = {3357-3369}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202109.004}, pmid = {34658223}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; *Perciformes ; }, abstract = {Gobiids are widespread invasive species, with many species from this group usually invade into the same ecosystem simultaneously. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the coexi-stence of different gobiid species in the sympatric habitats is a key issue in fish invasion ecology. Incorporating morphological analyses, spatial distribution survey, and trophic analyses, we examined the coexistence strategy of Mugilogobius myxodermus and related species (the earlier invaders) in Dianchi Lake, Yunnan, China. Our results showed significant differences in morphology and spatial distribution among the four invasive gobies species (i.e., M. myxodermus, Micropercops swinhonis, Rhinogobius giurinus and Rhinogobius cliffordpopei). The spatial niche index of M. myxodermus was the highest. Food composition between M. myxodermus and other gobies was significantly different, with the former mainly feeding on Chydorus ovalis and Cypris sp. The trophic diversity index of M. myxodermus was the highest. Overall, we found that morphological differences, spatial niche diffe-rentiation, and trophic niche differentiation contributed to the coexistence of the gobies in Dianchi Lake, which could help M. myxodermus reduce interspecific competition. Importantly, the feeding strategy is the key factor determining population size and habitas of M. myxodermus during their competition with the other gobies, and finally contributing to the dominant position in the study area.}, }
@article {pmid34657347, year = {2022}, author = {Yelenik, SG and Rehm, EM and D'Antonio, CM}, title = {Can the impact of canopy trees on soil and understory be altered using litter additions?.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {e02477}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2477}, pmid = {34657347}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Biomass ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Nitrogen ; Poaceae ; *Soil ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Trees can have large effects on soil nutrients in ways that alter succession, particularly in the case of nitrogen-(N)-fixing trees. In Hawai'i, forest restoration relies heavily on use of a native N-fixing tree, Acacia koa (koa), but this species increases soil-available N and likely facilitates competitive dominance of exotic pasture grasses. In contrast, Metrosideros polymorpha ('ōhi'a), the dominant native tree in Hawai'i, is less often planted because it is slow growing; yet it is typically associated with lower soil N and grass biomass, and greater native understory recruitment. We experimentally tested whether it is possible to reverse high soil N under koa by adding 'ōhi'a litter, using additions of koa litter or no litter as controls, over 2.5 yr. We then quantified natural litterfall and decomposition rates of 'ōhi'a and koa litter to place litter additions in perspective. Finally, we quantified whether litter additions altered grass biomass and if this had effects on native outplants. Adding 'ōhi'a litter increased soil carbon, but increased rather than decreased inorganic soil N pools. Contrary to expectations, koa litter decomposed more slowly than 'ōhi'a, although it released more N per unit of litter. We saw no reduction in grass biomass due to 'ōhi'a litter addition, and no change in native outplanted understory survival or growth. We conclude that the high N soil conditions under koa are difficult to reverse. However, we also found that outplanted native woody species were able to decrease exotic grass biomass over time, regardless of the litter environment, making this a better strategy for lowering exotic species impacts.}, }
@article {pmid34654864, year = {2021}, author = {O'Loughlin, LS and Panetta, FD and Gooden, B}, title = {Identifying thresholds in the impacts of an invasive groundcover on native vegetation.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {20512}, pmid = {34654864}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Rainforest ; *Tradescantia ; Victoria ; }, abstract = {Impacts of invasive species are often difficult to quantify, meaning that many invaders are prioritised for management without robust, contextual evidence of impact. Most impact studies for invasive plants compare heavily invaded with non-invaded sites, revealing little about abundance-impact relationships. We examined effects of increasing cover and volume of the non-native herbaceous groundcover Tradescantia fluminensis on a temperate rainforest community of southern Australia. We hypothesised that there would be critical thresholds in T. fluminensis abundance, below which the native plant community would not be significantly impacted, but above which the community's condition would degrade markedly. We modelled the abundance-impact relationship from 83 plots that varied in T. fluminensis abundance and landscape context and found the responses of almost all native plant indicators to invasion were non-linear. Native species richness, abundance and diversity exhibited negative exponential relationships with increasing T. fluminensis volume, but negative threshold relationships with increasing T. fluminensis cover. In the latter case, all metrics were relatively stable until cover reached between 20 and 30%, after which each decreased linearly, with a 50% decline occurring at 75-80% invader cover. Few growth forms (notably shrubs and climbers) exhibited such thresholds, with most exhibiting negative exponential relationships. Tradescantia fluminensis biomass increased dramatically at > 80% cover, with few native species able to persist at such high levels of invasion. Landscape context had almost no influence on native communities, or the abundance-impact relationships between T. fluminensis and the plant community metrics. Our results suggest that the diversity of native rainforest community can be maintained where T. fluminensis is present at moderate-to-low cover levels.}, }
@article {pmid34654747, year = {2021}, author = {Bock, DG and Baeckens, S and Pita-Aquino, JN and Chejanovski, ZA and Michaelides, SN and Muralidhar, P and Lapiedra, O and Park, S and Menke, DB and Geneva, AJ and Losos, JB and Kolbe, JJ}, title = {Changes in selection pressure can facilitate hybridization during biological invasion in a Cuban lizard.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {118}, number = {42}, pages = {}, pmid = {34654747}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/*genetics ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Hybridization is among the evolutionary mechanisms most frequently hypothesized to drive the success of invasive species, in part because hybrids are common in invasive populations. One explanation for this pattern is that biological invasions coincide with a change in selection pressures that limit hybridization in the native range. To investigate this possibility, we studied the introduction of the brown anole (Anolis sagrei) in the southeastern United States. We find that native populations are highly genetically structured. In contrast, all invasive populations show evidence of hybridization among native-range lineages. Temporal sampling in the invasive range spanning 15 y showed that invasive genetic structure has stabilized, indicating that large-scale contemporary gene flow is limited among invasive populations and that hybrid ancestry is maintained. Additionally, our results are consistent with hybrid persistence in invasive populations resulting from changes in natural selection that occurred during invasion. Specifically, we identify a large-effect X chromosome locus associated with variation in limb length, a well-known adaptive trait in anoles, and show that this locus is often under selection in the native range, but rarely so in the invasive range. Moreover, we find that the effect size of alleles at this locus on limb length is much reduced in hybrids among divergent lineages, consistent with epistatic interactions. Thus, in the native range, epistasis manifested in hybrids can strengthen extrinsic postmating isolation. Together, our findings show how a change in natural selection can contribute to an increase in hybridization in invasive populations.}, }
@article {pmid34652032, year = {2021}, author = {Lorencen, BM and Homola, JJ and Robinson, JD and Scribner, KT}, title = {Quantifying nonlinear temporal effects of ethanol preservation on round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) anatomical traits.}, journal = {Journal of morphology}, volume = {282}, number = {12}, pages = {1772-1784}, doi = {10.1002/jmor.21420}, pmid = {34652032}, issn = {1097-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Ethanol ; Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; *Perciformes ; }, abstract = {Geometric morphometrics provides a powerful means of evaluating differences in phenotypic traits among specimens. However, inferences of trait variability can be confounded when measurements are based on preserved samples. We evaluated effects of ethanol preservation on morphology over a 22-week time period for a Laurentian Great Lakes invasive fish, round goby (Neogobius melanostomus, Pallas 1814), using sets of 17 lateral and six dorsal landmarks. We tested whether ethanol preservation affected the magnitude of inter-population variation between individuals collected from lake and river habitats. Generalized least square regression determined that length did not significantly vary through the preservation time series for fish from either population, while mass decreased significantly. Body shape variation was summarized using principal component analysis, which revealed that most preservation-associated changes occurred in the first 14 days. The lateral shape experienced a large magnitude change during the first 24 h in ethanol then only minor changes for the remainder of the study. The dorsal shape began to revert to pre-preservation measurements about 14 days following preservation. Additionally, differences in shape were apparent between the two populations throughout the experiment; however, the magnitude of differences between populations varied depending on whether dorsal or lateral landmarks were considered. Our study demonstrates that tissue responses to ethanol preservation can be more complex than a simple loss of mass, resulting in difficult to predict consequences for geometric morphometric analyses, including variable responses depending on the anatomical region being analyzed.}, }
@article {pmid34650134, year = {2021}, author = {Chaves, CJN and Leal, BSS and Rossatto, DR and Berger, U and Palma-Silva, C}, title = {Deforestation is the turning point for the spreading of a weedy epiphyte: an IBM approach.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {20397}, pmid = {34650134}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Brazil ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Gene Flow/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Population Dynamics ; *Tillandsia/genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {The rapid spread of many weeds into intensely disturbed landscapes is boosted by clonal growth and self-fertilization strategies, which conversely increases the genetic structure of populations. Here, we use empirical and modeling approaches to evaluate the spreading dynamics of Tillandsia recurvata (L.) L. populations, a common epiphytic weed with self-reproduction and clonal growth widespread in dry forests and deforested landscapes in the American continent. We introduce the TRec model, an individual-based approach to simulate the spreading of T. recurvata over time and across landscapes subjected to abrupt changes in tree density with the parameters adjusted according to the empirical genetic data based on microsatellites genotypes. Simulations with this model showed that the strong spatial genetic structure observed from empirical data in T. recurvata can be explained by a rapid increase in abundance and gene flow followed by stabilization after ca. 25 years. TRec model's results also indicate that deforestation is a turning point for the rapid increase in both individual abundance and gene flow among T. recurvata subpopulations occurring in formerly dense forests. Active reforestation can, in turn, reverse such a scenario, although with a milder intensity. The genetic-based study suggests that anthropogenic changes in landscapes may strongly affect the population dynamics of species with 'weedy' traits.}, }
@article {pmid34650068, year = {2021}, author = {Velasques, J and Crispim, BDA and Vasconcelos, AA and Bajay, MM and Cardoso, CAL and Barufatti, A and do Carmo Vieira, M}, title = {Genetic and chemodiversity in native populations of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi along the Brazilian Atlantic forest.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {20487}, pmid = {34650068}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Anacardiaceae/*chemistry/*genetics ; Brazil ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Oils, Volatile/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Schinus terebinthifolia is a species native to different ecoregions in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The plant is listed on the National Relation of Medicinal Plants and recommended as phytomedicine, however while extractive exploitation prevails as the main route of raw material a significant variation of compounds will be detected. To assure the expansion of productive chain it is important to start by studying population diversity and chemical variations. We used SSR markers for studies of genetic structure among populations from dense ombrophilous forest (ES); the deciduous seasonal forest (SM); the savanna (DOU) and the sandbanks (ITA and MSP), and compared the results to their chemical profiles of essential oil. Genetic structure revealed differences among populations and significant fixation rates. Pairwise studies and Bayesian analysis showed similarities between ITA and SM and between DOU and MSP, proving that the patterns of distribution for the species do not follow the isolation by distance or similarity by environmental conditions. The comparison between PCA of genotypes and chemodiversity reinforces the unique profile for each population despite the environmental similarity observed and genetic analysis. The most divergent genotype and chemical group was found at the ombrophilous forest, strong evidence that we should undertake conservation efforts to prevent losses of biodiversity in that area.}, }
@article {pmid34649599, year = {2021}, author = {Negri, A and Arnoldi, I and Brilli, M and Bandi, C and Gabrieli, P and Epis, S}, title = {Evidence for the spread of the alien species Aedes koreicus in the Lombardy region, Italy.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {534}, pmid = {34649599}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {2017J8JR57//Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universit&#xe0; e della Ricerca/ ; 2017-0798//Fondazione Cariplo/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/genetics/*physiology ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Larva/physiology ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes koreicus is a mosquito species characterized by marked anthropophilic behavior, and a potential vector of nematodes and viruses. It is native to East Asia, but its presence has recently been reported in many regions of Europe. In Italy, these mosquitoes had been detected in the northeast since 2011 and are now spreading towards the southwest of the country.<br><br>METHODS: In 2020, during a surveillance program for invasive mosquito species in the district of Bergamo (Lombardy Region, Italy), about 6000 mosquito larvae were collected. Emerged adults were assigned to mosquito species according to morphological analyses, followed by amplification and sequencing of genetic markers (COI, ND4, ITS2 and D2).<br><br>RESULTS: According to the morphological and genetic data, about 50 individuals belonged to the species Ae. koreicus.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We report the presence of Ae. koreicus in the district of Bergamo, which confirms the spread of this species in the north of Italy and raises concerns about its possible role as a vector of diseases in the Alpine area.}, }
@article {pmid34648583, year = {2021}, author = {Peng, X and Wang, H and Guo, C and Hu, P and Xu, L and Zhou, J and Ding, Z and Yang, Z}, title = {Genetic diversity analysis of the invasive gall pest Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Apodemidae) from China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {e0258610}, pmid = {34648583}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; China ; Female ; Genetic Introgression ; Genetic Variation ; Hymenoptera/*classification/genetics ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Oxidoreductases/*genetics ; Pest Control ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Leptocybe invasa Fisher et LaSalle is a global invasive pest that seriously damages Eucalyptus plants. Studying the genetic diversity, genetic structure and introgression hybridization of L. invasa in China is of great significance for clarifying the breeding strategy, future invasion and diffusion trends of L. invasa in China and developing scientific prevention and control measures. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analyses of 320 L. invasa female adults from 14 geographic populations in China were conducted using 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci (SSRs) and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I gene sequences (COIs). (1) The Bayesian phylogenetic tree and haplotype network diagram showed that only haplotype Hap3 existed in L. invasa lineage B in China, while haplotypes Hap1 and Hap2 existed in lineage A, among which haplotype Hap2 was found for the first time. The nucleotide and haplotype diversities of lineage A were higher than those of lineage B. (2) The SSR genetic diversity of the Wuzhou Guangxi, Ganzhou Jiangxi and Panzhihua Sichuan populations was higher than that of the other 11 populations, and the SSR genetic diversity of lineage A was higher than that of lineage B. (3) The AMOVA analysis of mitochondrial COI data showed that 75.55% of the variation was among populations, and 99.86% of the variation was between lineages, while the AMOVA analysis of nuclear SSR data showed that 35.26% of the variation was among populations, and 47.04% of the variation was between lineages. There were obvious differences in the sources of variation between the COI and SSR data. (4) The optimal K value of COI and SSR data in structure analysis was 2, and PCoA analysis also divided the dataset into two obvious categories. The UPMGA phylogenetic tree based on SSR data clustered 14 geographic species into two groups. The results of genetic structure analysis supported the existence of two lineages, A and B, in China. (5) Structural analysis showed that there was obvious introgressive hybridization in Wuzhou Guangxi, Ganzhou Jiangxi, Panzhihua Sichuan and other populations. These results suggest that lineage introgressive hybridization has occurred in the L. invasa population in China. The introgressive hybridization degree and genetic diversity of lineage A are obviously higher than those of lineage B. Lineage introgressive hybridization may be the driving force for further L. invasa invasion and diffusion in China in the future.}, }
@article {pmid34646495, year = {2021}, author = {Higgins, SI and Larcombe, MJ and Beeton, NJ and Conradi, T}, title = {Transferability of correlative and process-based species distribution models revisited: A response to Booth.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {19}, pages = {13613-13617}, pmid = {34646495}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Here, we respond to Booth's criticism of our paper, "Predictive ability of a process-based versus a correlative species distribution model." Booth argues that our usage of the MaxEnt model was flawed and that the conclusions of our paper are by implication flawed. We respond by clarifying that the error Booth implies we made was not made in our analysis, and we repeat statements from the original manuscript which anticipated such criticisms. In addition, we illustrate that using BIOCLIM variables in a MaxEnt analysis as recommended by Booth does not change the conclusions of the original analysis. That is, high performance in the training data domain did not equate to reliable predictions in novel data domains, and the process model transferred into novel data domains better than the correlative model did. We conclude by discussing a hidden implication of our study, namely, that process-based SDMs negate the need for BIOCLIM-type variables and therefore reframe the variable selection problem in species distribution modeling.}, }
@article {pmid34646494, year = {2021}, author = {Booth, TH}, title = {A problem with variable selection in a comparison of correlative and process-based species distribution models: Comments on Higgins et al., 2020.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {19}, pages = {13609-13612}, pmid = {34646494}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Comments are presented on an article published in October 2020 in Ecology and Evolution ("Predictive ability of a process-based versus a correlative species distribution model") by Higgins et al. This analyzed natural distributions of Australian eucalypt and acacia species and assessed the adventive range of selected species outside Australia. Unfortunately, inappropriate variables were used with the MaxEnt species distribution model outside Australia, so that large climatically suitable areas in the Northern Hemisphere were not identified. Examples from a previous analysis and from the use of the freely available spatial portal of the Atlas of Living Australia are provided to illustrate how the problem can be overcome. The comparison of methods described in the Higgins et al. paper is worthwhile, and it is hoped that the authors will be able to repeat their analyses using appropriate variables with the correlative model.}, }
@article {pmid34646486, year = {2021}, author = {Su, Y and Huang, Q and Wang, Z and Wang, T}, title = {High genetic and epigenetic variation of transposable elements: Potential drivers to rapid adaptive evolution for the noxious invasive weed Mikania micrantha.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {19}, pages = {13501-13517}, pmid = {34646486}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Why invasive species can rapidly adapt to novel environments is a puzzling question known as the genetic paradox of invasive species. This paradox is explainable in terms of transposable elements (TEs) activity, which are theorized to be powerful mutational forces to create genetic variation. Mikania micrantha, a noxious invasive weed, in this sense provides an excellent opportunity to test the explanation. The genetic and epigenetic variation of 21 invasive populations of M. micrantha in southern China have been examined by using transposon display (TD) and transposon methylation display (TMD) techniques to survey 12 TE superfamilies. Our results showed that M. micrantha populations maintained an almost equally high level of TE-based genetic and epigenetic variation and they have been differentiated into subpopulations genetically and epigenetically. A similar positive spatial genetic and epigenetic structure pattern was observed within 300 m. Six and seven TE superfamilies presented significant genetic and epigenetic isolation by distance (IBD) pattern. In total, 59 genetic and 86 epigenetic adaptive TE loci were identified. Of them, 51 genetic and 44 epigenetic loci were found to correlate with 25 environmental variables (including precipitation, temperature, vegetation coverage, and soil metals). Twenty-five transposon-inserted genes were sequenced and homology-based annotated, which are found to be involved in a variety of molecular and cellular functions. Our research consolidates the importance of TE-associated genetic and epigenetic variation in the rapid adaptation and invasion of M. micrantha.}, }
@article {pmid34646449, year = {2021}, author = {Ramazi, P and Kunegel-Lion, M and Greiner, R and Lewis, MA}, title = {Predicting insect outbreaks using machine learning: A mountain pine beetle case study.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {19}, pages = {13014-13028}, pmid = {34646449}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Planning forest management relies on predicting insect outbreaks such as mountain pine beetle, particularly in the intermediate-term future, e.g., 5-year. Machine-learning algorithms are potential solutions to this challenging problem due to their many successes across a variety of prediction tasks. However, there are many subtle challenges in applying them: identifying the best learning models and the best subset of available covariates (including time lags) and properly evaluating the models to avoid misleading performance-measures. We systematically address these issues in predicting the chance of a mountain pine beetle outbreak in the Cypress Hills area and seek models with the best performance at predicting future 1-, 3-, 5- and 7-year infestations. We train nine machine-learning models, including two generalized boosted regression trees (GBM) that predict future 1- and 3-year infestations with 92% and 88% AUC, and two novel mixed models that predict future 5- and 7-year infestations with 86% and 84% AUC, respectively. We also consider forming the train and test datasets by splitting the original dataset randomly rather than using the appropriate year-based approach and show that this may obtain models that score high on the test dataset but low in practice, resulting in inaccurate performance evaluations. For example, a k-nearest neighbor model with the actual performance of 68% AUC, scores the misleadingly high 78% on a test dataset obtained from a random split, but the more accurate 66% on a year-based split. We then investigate how the prediction accuracy varies with respect to the provided history length of the covariates and find that neural network and naive Bayes, predict more accurately as history-length increases, particularly for future 1- and 3-year predictions, and roughly the same holds with GBM. Our approach is applicable to other invasive species. The resulting predictors can be used in planning forest and pest management and planning sampling locations in field studies.}, }
@article {pmid34646444, year = {2021}, author = {Gogaladze, A and Son, MO and Lattuada, M and Anistratenko, VV and Syomin, VL and Pavel, AB and Popa, OP and Popa, LO and Ter Poorten, JJ and Biesmeijer, JC and Raes, N and Wilke, T and Sands, AF and Trichkova, T and Hubenov, ZK and Vinarski, MV and Anistratenko, OY and Alexenko, TL and Wesselingh, FP}, title = {Decline of unique Pontocaspian biodiversity in the Black Sea Basin: A review.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {19}, pages = {12923-12947}, pmid = {34646444}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The unique aquatic Pontocaspian (PC) biota of the Black Sea Basin (BSB) is in decline. The lack of detailed knowledge on the status and trends of species, populations, and communities hampers a thorough risk assessment and precludes effective conservation. This paper reviews PC biodiversity trends in the BSB (Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, and Russia) using endemic mollusks as a model group. We aim to assess changes in PC habitats, community structure, and species distribution over the past century and to identify direct anthropogenic threats. The presence/absence data of target mollusk species were assembled from literature, reports, and personal observations. Pontocaspian biodiversity trends in the northwestern BSB coastal regions were established by comparing 20th- and 21st-century occurrences. The direct drivers of habitat and biodiversity change were identified and documented. We found that a pronounced decline of PC species and communities is driven by (a) damming of rivers, (b) habitat modifications that disturbed previous natural salinity gradients and settings in the studied area, (c) pollution and eutrophication, (d) invasive alien species, and (e) climate change. Four out of the 10 studied regions, namely, the Danube Delta-Razim Lake system, Dniester Liman, Dnieper-Bug estuary, and Taganrog Bay-Don Delta, contain favorable ecological conditions for PC communities and still host threatened endemic PC mollusk species. Distribution data are incomplete, but the scale of deterioration of PC species and communities is evident from the assembled data, as are major direct threats. Pontocaspian biodiversity in the BSB is profoundly affected by human activities. Standardized observation and collection data as well as precise definition of PC biota and habitats are necessary for targeted conservation actions. This study will help to set the research and policy agenda required to improve data collection to accommodate effective conservation of the unique PC biota.}, }
@article {pmid34644364, year = {2021}, author = {Walentowitz, A and Manthey, M and Bentet Preciado, MB and Chango, R and Sevilla, C and Jäger, H}, title = {Limited natural regeneration of unique Scalesia forest following invasive plant removal in Galapagos.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {e0258467}, pmid = {34644364}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*growth &amp; development ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecuador ; *Forests ; Introduced Species ; Rosaceae/growth &amp; development ; Weed Control ; }, abstract = {More than 60% of the flora of the Galapagos Islands is introduced and some of these species have become invasive, severely altering ecosystems. An example of an affected ecosystem is the Scalesia forest, originally dominated by the endemic giant daisy tree Scalesia pedunculata (Asteraceae). The remnant patches of this unique forest are increasingly being invaded by introduced plants, mainly by Rubus niveus (blackberry, Rosaceae). To help large-scale restoration of this ecologically important forest, we seek to better understand the natural regeneration of S. pedunculata after invasive plant control. We monitored naturally recruited S. pedunculata saplings and young trees over five years in an area where invasive plant species are continuously being removed by manual means. We measured survival, height and growth of S. pedunculata saplings and young trees along permanent transects. Percent cover of surrounding plant species and of canopy shade directly above each S. pedunculata individual were determined, as well as distance to the next mature S. pedunculata tree. We identified potential factors influencing initial sapling survival and growth by applying generalized linear models. Results showed a rapid growth of saplings and young trees of up to 0.45 cm per day and a high mortality rate, as is typical for pioneer species like S. pedunculata. Sapling survival, growth and mortality seemed to be influenced by light availability, surrounding vegetation and distance to the next adult S. pedunculata tree. We concluded that natural regeneration of S. pedunculata was high only five months after the last herbicide application but that 95% of these recruits had died over the 5-year period. Further studies are needed to corroborate whether the number of surviving trees is sufficient to replace the aging adult trees and this way maintain remnants of the Scalesia forest. Urgent action is needed to help improve future restoration strategies to prevent further degradation of this rapidly shrinking threatened forest ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid34644118, year = {2021}, author = {Rodger, JG and Bennett, JM and Razanajatovo, M and Knight, TM and van Kleunen, M and Ashman, TL and Steets, JA and Hui, C and Arceo-Gómez, G and Burd, M and Burkle, LA and Burns, JH and Durka, W and Freitas, L and Kemp, JE and Li, J and Pauw, A and Vamosi, JC and Wolowski, M and Xia, J and Ellis, AG}, title = {Widespread vulnerability of flowering plant seed production to pollinator declines.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {7}, number = {42}, pages = {eabd3524}, pmid = {34644118}, issn = {2375-2548}, abstract = {Despite evidence of pollinator declines from many regions across the globe, the threat this poses to plant populations is not clear because plants can often produce seeds without animal pollinators. Here, we quantify pollinator contribution to seed production by comparing fertility in the presence versus the absence of pollinators for a global dataset of 1174 plant species. We estimate that, without pollinators, a third of flowering plant species would produce no seeds and half would suffer an 80% or more reduction in fertility. Pollinator contribution to plant reproduction is higher in plants with tree growth form, multiple reproductive episodes, more specialized pollination systems, and tropical distributions, making these groups especially vulnerable to reduced service from pollinators. These results suggest that, without mitigating efforts, pollinator declines have the potential to reduce reproduction for most plant species, increasing the risk of population declines.}, }
@article {pmid34644105, year = {2021}, author = {Ren, J and Chen, J and Xu, C and van de Koppel, J and Thomsen, MS and Qiu, S and Cheng, F and Song, W and Liu, QX and Xu, C and Bai, J and Zhang, Y and Cui, B and Bertness, MD and Silliman, BR and Li, B and He, Q}, title = {An invasive species erodes the performance of coastal wetland protected areas.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {7}, number = {42}, pages = {eabi8943}, pmid = {34644105}, issn = {2375-2548}, abstract = {The world has increasingly relied on protected areas (PAs) to rescue highly valued ecosystems from human activities, but whether PAs will fare well with bioinvasions remains unknown. By analyzing three decades of seven of the largest coastal PAs in China, including World Natural Heritage and/or Wetlands of International Importance sites, we show that, although PAs are achieving success in rescuing iconic wetlands and critical shorebird habitats from once widespread reclamation, this success is counteracted by escalating plant invasions. Plant invasions were not only more extensive in PAs than non-PA controls but also undermined PA performance by, without human intervention, irreversibly replacing expansive native wetlands (primarily mudflats) and precluding successional formation of new native marshes. Exotic species are invading PAs globally. This study across large spatiotemporal scales highlights that the consequences of bioinvasions for humanity’s major conservation tool may be more profound, far reaching, and critical for management than currently recognized.}, }
@article {pmid34642816, year = {2021}, author = {Questad, EJ and Fitch, RL and Paolini, J and Hernández, E and Suding, KN}, title = {Nitrogen addition, not heterogeneity, alters the relationship between invasion and native decline in California grasslands.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {197}, number = {3}, pages = {651-660}, pmid = {34642816}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {201013829-22//Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California/ ; 0614168//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bromus ; California ; *Grassland ; *Nitrogen ; Poaceae ; Soil ; }, abstract = {The presence of invasive species reduces the growth and performance of native species; however, the linear or non-linear relationships between invasive abundance and native population declines are less often studied. We examine how the amount and spatial distribution of experimental N deposition influences the relationship between non-native, invasive annual grass abundance (Bromus hordeaceus and Bromus diandrus) and a dominant, native perennial grass species (Stipa pulchra) in California. We hypothesized that native populations would decline as invasion increased, and that high nitrogen availability would cause native species to decline at lower invasion levels. We predicted that the rate of population decline would be slower in heterogeneous, compared to homogeneous, environments. We employed a field experiment that manipulated the amount and spatial heterogeneity of N addition across a range of invasive/native-dominated communities. There were strong negative and non-linear associations between level of invasion and S. pulchra proportional change (PC). Stipa pulchra PC was more negative and seedling survival was lower when N was added, and the negative effects of N addition on PC became larger in the final year of the study when S. pulchra had the largest declines. There was not strong evidence showing reduced competition in heterogeneous, compared to homogeneous, N treatments. Soil moisture was similar between S. pulchra and B. hordeaceus plots under ambient N, but B. hordeaceus under added N reduced soil moisture. Under N addition, Bromus spp. take up N earlier, reduce soil moisture, and create dry conditions in which S. pulchra declines.}, }
@article {pmid34642570, year = {2022}, author = {de Pádua, SMF and Botter-Carvalho, ML and Gomes, PB and de Oliveira, CS and Dos Santos, JCP and Pérez, CD}, title = {The alien octocoral Carijoa riisei is a biogenic substrate multiplier in artificial Brazilian shipwrecks.}, journal = {Aquatic ecology}, volume = {56}, number = {1}, pages = {183-200}, pmid = {34642570}, issn = {1386-2588}, abstract = {Despite the obvious negative effects caused by invasive species, some recent studies have shown that the impacts at local scale are diverse and not necessarily negative. Arborescent benthic organisms such as octocorals form three-dimensional structures capable of increasing the amount of substrate available and providing shelter for epibiont species. We investigated the role of the alien octocoral Carijoa riisei on the diversity of benthic communities in three shipwrecks on the north-eastern coast of Brazil. We expected that (a) the fauna associated with the octocoral are richer and more diverse compared to the adjacent; (b) some species are exclusively associated with C. riisei; (c) the species that are present both in the areas with and without C. riisei have a greater abundance when associated with the octocoral. For this, we compared the macrobenthic communities associated with C. riisei to those found in adjacent areas where the octocoral was absent. Our study showed that the communities associated with the octocoral were 1.5 times richer and 10 times more abundant than adjacent communities, with 29 exclusive taxa. The dominant taxa were the amphipods Ericthonius brasiliensis and Podocerus brasiliensis and polychaetes of the family Syllidae. These taxa were present in areas with presence and absence of C. riisei, but their abundance was significantly greater where the octocoral was present. Our results reinforce the idea that Carijoa riisei acts as an ecosystem engineer in coastal reefs, creating new habitats and increasing diversity at a local scale, even though it is an alien species.}, }
@article {pmid34642289, year = {2021}, author = {Schall, JJ}, title = {Stomatocystis goerresi, a new species of gregarine parasite (Apicomplexa, Monocystidae) from the invasive Japanese earthworm Amynthas tokioensis (Megascolecidae), with a description of the parasite's life cycle.}, journal = {Folia parasitologica}, volume = {68}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.14411/fp.2021.022}, pmid = {34642289}, issn = {1803-6465}, mesh = {Animals ; Apicomplexa/classification/genetics/*growth &amp; development/*isolation &amp; purification ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Life Cycle Stages ; Male ; Oligochaeta/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Stomatocystis goerresi sp. n., a gregarine (phylum Apicomplexa, Monocystidae) parasite of an important invasive earthworm in North America, Amynthas tokioensis (Beddard), is described. This is the second species placed into the genus, and details of its morphology and life cycle support Stomatocystis Bandyopadhyay, Mitra et Göçmen, 2006 as a valid taxon. The new species is described using standard nomenclature, measurements, shape descriptors, and photographs of living cells. The parasite was found only in A. tokioensis, and absent in sympatric earthworm species, suggesting it arrived when the earthworms were introduced from their origin from Japan. The species is distinctive from the type species in the genus, S. indica Bandyopadhyay, Mitra et Göçmen, 2006, in being substantially larger in all stages, found in only the host's seminal vesicles, and found in a different host species from East Asia. The distinctive trophozoites/gamonts develop a large funnel structure ringed with a collar of pronounced ridges, and the funnel appears even in the smallest cells. This funnel varies greatly in relative size (to the cell body) and shape, sometimes forming a large fan. The life cycle of S. goerresi is described including distinctive syzygy in which the funnels fuse and then produce a large cell with local centres of isogamete production (thus sex without gender). Gametes are large (~5 μm) spheres with complex tips. Oocyst production is large, > 1,000 per mature gametocyst. The genus Stomatocystis is placed into the Monocystidae, but the life cycle of the new species differs from those of other monocystid taxa, which may mean the Monocystidae are not monophyletic or life cycles are variable within the family. Prevalence of S. goerresi at the type locality was high (~ 90%). The parasites destroy the earthworm's organ of sperm self-storage thus eliminating the male function in the hermaphroditic host which may influence the ability of the earthworm to invade and be successful at new sites.}, }
@article {pmid34638649, year = {2021}, author = {Mamos, T and Grabowski, M and Rewicz, T and Bojko, J and Strapagiel, D and Burzyński, A}, title = {Mitochondrial Genomes, Phylogenetic Associations, and SNP Recovery for the Key Invasive Ponto-Caspian Amphipods in Europe.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {22}, number = {19}, pages = {}, pmid = {34638649}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {2018/31/D/NZ8/03061; 2017/01/X/NZ8/01086//National Science Centre/ ; PPN/BEK/2018/1/00225; PPN/BEK/2018/1/00162//Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange/ ; }, mesh = {Amphipoda/*genetics ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; Genetics, Population/methods ; Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The Ponto-Caspian region is the main donor of invasive amphipods to freshwater ecosystems, with at least 13 species successfully established in European inland waters. Dikerogammarus spp. and Pontogammarus robustoides are among the most successful, due to their strong invasive impact on local biota. However, genomic knowledge about these invaders is scarce, while phylogeography and population genetics have been based on short fragments of mitochondrial markers or nuclear microsatellites. In this study, we provide: (i) a reconstruction of six mitogenomes for four invasive gammarids (D. villosus, D. haemobaphes, D. bispinosus, and P. robustoides); (ii) a comparison between the structure of the newly obtained mitogenomes and those from the literature; (iii) SNP calling rates for individual D. villosus and D. haemobaphes from different invasion sites across Europe; and (iv) the first time-calibrated full mitogenome phylogeny reconstruction of several Ponto-Caspian taxa. We found that, in comparison to other gammarids, the mitogenomes of Ponto-Caspian species show a translocation between the tRNA-E and tRNA-R positions. Phylogenetic reconstruction using the mitogenomes identified that Ponto-Caspian gammarids form a well-supported group that originated in the Miocene. Our study supports paraphyly in the family Gammaridae. These provided mitogenomes will serve as vital genetic resources for the development of new markers for PCR-based identification methods and demographic studies.}, }
@article {pmid34637738, year = {2021}, author = {Bates, OK and Bertelsmeier, C}, title = {Climatic niche shifts in introduced species.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {31}, number = {19}, pages = {R1252-R1266}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.035}, pmid = {34637738}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Predictions of future biological invasions often rely on the assumption that introduced species establish only under climatic conditions similar to those in their native range. To date, 135 studies have tested this assumption of 'niche conservatism', yielding contradictory results. Here we revisit this literature, consider the evidence for niche shifts, critically assess the methods used, and discuss the authors' interpretations of niche shifts. We find that the true frequency of niche shifts remains unknown because of diverging interpretations of similar metrics, conceptual issues biasing conclusions towards niche conservatism, and the use of climatic data that may not be biologically meaningful. We argue that these issues could be largely addressed by focussing on trends or relative degrees of niche change instead of dichotomous classifications (shift versus no shift), consistently and transparently including non-analogous climates, and conducting experimental studies on mismatches between macroclimates and microclimates experienced by the study organism. Furthermore, an observed niche shift may result either from species filling a greater part of their fundamental niche during the invasion (a 'realised niche shift') or from rapid evolution of traits adapting species to novel climates in the introduced range (a 'fundamental niche shift'). Currently, there is no conclusive evidence distinguishing between these potential mechanisms of niche shifts. We outline how these questions may be addressed by combining computational analyses and experimental evidence.}, }
@article {pmid34637729, year = {2021}, author = {Kardos, M}, title = {Conservation genetics.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {31}, number = {19}, pages = {R1185-R1190}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.047}, pmid = {34637729}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Natural populations currently face a wide variety of threats including climate change, habitat loss, over-harvesting, invasive species and disease. The most recent report by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) found that ecosystems have declined by approximately 50% relative to historical pristine conditions, and that approximately 25% of species are now threatened by extinction. This human-caused biodiversity crisis calls for using all available scientific tools to understand and reverse the increasing rate of extinction. While extinction is inherently a demographic process, being driven by changes in the population growth rate, the field of genetics plays an important role in the conservation of biodiversity. 'Conservation genetics' is a diverse field that applies genetic principles and methods to characterize and advance the preservation of biodiversity. Here, I first provide a short history of the development of the field and then list examples of the most important ways that genetics contributes to conservation.}, }
@article {pmid34636413, year = {2021}, author = {G Campoy, J and Lema, M and Fenollosa, E and Munné-Bosch, S and Retuerto, R}, title = {Functional responses to climate change may increase invasive potential of Carpobrotus edulis.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {108}, number = {10}, pages = {1902-1916}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1745}, pmid = {34636413}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Aizoaceae ; *Climate Change ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: Biological invasions and climate change are major threats to biodiversity. It is therefore important to anticipate how the climate changes projected for Southern Europe would affect the ecophysiological performance of the invasive South African plant, Carpobrotus edulis (ice plant or sour fig), and its capacity to undergo rapid adaptive evolution.<br><br>METHODS: We manipulated the climate conditions in a field plot located on the island of S&#xe1;lvora (northwest of the Iberian Peninsula) to establish a full factorial experiment with C. edulis plants transplanted from four native (southern African) and four invasive (northwestern Iberian Peninsula) populations. Throughout 14 months we measured growth and functional traits of this species under two temperatures (control vs. increased), and two rainfall levels (control vs. reduced).<br><br>RESULTS: Temperature increased photochemical efficiency and relative growth rate of C. edulis. Rainfall modulated some of the effects of temperature on C and N isotopic composition, and pigment contents. Invasive populations showed lower root mass allocation and higher survival rates, as well as increased water use efficiency, lipid peroxidation, chlorophyll, and xanthophyll cycle pigment contents than native populations.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The increased growth and physiological performances observed under our experimental conditions suggest that the expected climate changes would further promote the invasion of C. edulis. Differences between native and invasive genotypes in survival and functional traits revealed that populations have diverged during the process of invasion, what gives support to the invasiveness hypothesis. Our findings highlight the importance of analyzing intraspecific variability in functional responses to better predict how invasive species will respond to environmental changes.}, }
@article {pmid34635057, year = {2021}, author = {Wu, M and Liu, H and Li, B and Zhu, T}, title = {Integrated analysis of mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq reveals the advantage of polyploid Solidago canadensis in sexual reproduction.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {462}, pmid = {34635057}, issn = {1471-2229}, mesh = {China ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; *Introduced Species ; MicroRNAs/*genetics ; *Polyploidy ; RNA, Messenger/*genetics ; Reproduction/*genetics/*physiology ; Solidago/*genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The invasion of Solidago canadensis probably related to polyploidy, which may promotes its potential of sexual reproductive. S. canadensis as an invasive species which rapidly widespread through yield huge numbers of seed, but the mechanism remains unknown. To better understand the advantages of sexual reproduction in hexaploid S. canadensis, transcriptome and small RNA sequencing of diploid and hexaploid cytotypes in flower bud and fruit development stages were performed in this study.<br><br>RESULTS: The transcriptome analysis showed that in the flower bud stage, 29 DEGs were MADS-box related genes with 14 up-regulated and 15 down-regulated in hexaploid S. canadensis; 12 SPL genes were detected differentially expressed with 5 up-regulated and 7 down-regulated. In the fruit development stage, 26 MADS-box related genes with 20 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated in hexaploid S. canadensis; 5 SPL genes were all up-regulated; 28 seed storage protein related genes with 18 were up-regulated and 10 down-regulated. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified 19 modules which consisted of co-expressed DEGs with functions such as sexual reproduction, secondary metabolism and transcription factors. Furthermore, we discovered 326 miRNAs with 67 known miRNAs and 259 novel miRNAs. Some of miRNAs, such as miR156, miR156a and miR156f, which target the sexual reproduction related genes.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our study provides a global view of the advantages of sexual reproduction in hexaploid S. canadensis based on the molecular mechanisms, which may promote hexaploid S. canadensis owing higher yield and fruit quality in the process of sexual reproduction and higher germination rate of seeds, and finally conductive to diffusion, faster propagation process and enhanced invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid34633043, year = {2021}, author = {Caton, BP and Fang, H and Manoukis, NC and Pallipparambil, GR}, title = {Simulation-Based Investigation of the Performance of Delimiting Trapping Surveys for Insect Pests.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {114}, number = {6}, pages = {2581-2590}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toab184}, pmid = {34633043}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Insect Control ; *Moths ; }, abstract = {Fully trapped survey designs are widely used to delimit adventive pests populations that can be detected using traps and lures. Delimitation includes verifying the presence of the pest and determining its spatial extent. The size and shape of the survey design and the density of traps can vary; however, resulting variation in detecting efficiency is often unknown. We used a trapping network simulation model with diffusion-based insect movement to investigate delimiting survey trapping design performance for fully trapped and some modified designs. Simulations included randomized outbreak locations in a core area and a duration of 30 d. We assessed impacts of insect dispersal ability, grid size and shape, and trap attractiveness and density on survey performance, measured as mean probability of capturing individual pests [p(capture)]. Most published grids are square, but circles performed equally well and are more efficient. Over different grid sizes, p(capture) increased for insects with greater dispersal ability but was generally unresponsive to size because most captures occurred in central areas. For low dispersing insects, the likelihood of egress was approximately zero with a 3.2-km square grid, whereas an 11.3-km grid was needed to contain highly vagile insects. Trap attractiveness affected p(capture) more strongly than density: lower densities of poorly attractive traps may underperform expectations. Variable density designs demonstrated potential for cost savings but highlighted that resource-intensive outer bands are critical to boundary determination. Results suggesting that many grids are oversized need empirical verification, whereas other principles, such as using circular shapes, are readily adoptable now.}, }
@article {pmid34632439, year = {2021}, author = {Wang, D and Liu, X}, title = {Behavioral innovation promotes alien bird invasions.}, journal = {Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.))}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {100167}, pmid = {34632439}, issn = {2666-6758}, abstract = {Behavioral innovation is believed to represent the ability of species to adapt to novel environments and to thus affect the observed establishment success of alien species in a new range. However, the relative importance of behavioral innovation in explaining alien species establishment among key event-, location-, and species-level factors remains poorly evaluated. In addition, the effects of technical innovation in food searching and handling techniques and consumer innovation in the use of new foods on establishment success are not clear. Here, based on a global dataset including information on 247 species across 9,899 successful and 2,370 failed introduction events spanning 199 countries or regions worldwide, we show that the behavioral innovation rate is a key factor facilitating alien bird establishment success after considering propagule pressure, climate matching, historical invasional meltdown, and life-history traits. Furthermore, we find that technical innovation is more influential than consumer innovation in explaining establishment success. Our results contribute to a deeper understanding of the effect of behavioral innovation on the establishment success of alien species in new ranges and may help predict the response of both native and alien species to accelerating global change during the Anthropocene.}, }
@article {pmid34627798, year = {2022}, author = {Loeffler, CR and Abraham, A and Stopa, JE and Flores Quintana, HA and Jester, ELE and La Pinta, J and Deeds, J and Benner, RA and Adolf, J}, title = {Ciguatoxin in Hawai'i: Fisheries forecasting using geospatial and environmental analyses for the invasive Cephalopholis argus (Epinephelidae).}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {207}, number = {}, pages = {112164}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2021.112164}, pmid = {34627798}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bass ; Chromatography, Liquid ; *Ciguatera Poisoning/epidemiology ; *Ciguatoxins/analysis ; Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Fishes/metabolism ; Hawaii ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can precede far-reaching environmental and economic consequences. In the Hawai'ian Archipelago Cephalopholis argus (family Serranidae) is an established invasive species, now recognized as the dominant local reef predator, negatively impacting the native ecosystem and local fishery. In this region, no official C. argus fishery exists, due to its association with Ciguatera seafood poisoning (CP); a severe intoxication in humans occurring after eating (primarily) fish contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). Pre-harvest prediction of CP is currently not possible; partly due to the ubiquitous nature of the microalgae producing CTXs and the diverse bioaccumulation pathways of the toxins. This study investigated the perceived risk of CP in two geographically discrete regions (Leeward and Windward) around the main island of Hawai'i, guided by local fishers. C. argus was collected and investigated for CTXs using the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) CTX testing protocol (in vitro neuroblastoma N2a-assay and LC-MS/MS). Overall, 76% of fish (87/113) exceeded the FDA guidance value for CTX1B (0.01 ng g[-1] tissue equivalents); determined by the N2a-assay. Maximum CTX levels were ≅2× higher at the Leeward vs Windward location and, respectively, 95% (64/67) and 54% (25/46) of fish were positive for CTX-like activity. Fisher persons and environmental understandings, regarding the existence of a geographic predictor (Leeward vs Windward) for harvest, were found to be (mostly) accurate as CTXs were detected in both locations and the local designation of C. argus as a risk for CP was confirmed. This study provides additional evidence that supports the previous conclusions that this species is a severe CP risk in the coastal food web of Hawai'i, and that ocean exposure (wave power) may be a prominent factor influencing the CTX content in fish within a hyperendemic region for CP.}, }
@article {pmid34626944, year = {2022}, author = {Pascual, A and Giardina, CP and Povak, NA and Hessburg, PF and Heider, C and Salminen, E and Asner, GP}, title = {Optimizing invasive species management using mathematical programming to support stewardship of water and carbon-based ecosystem services.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {301}, number = {}, pages = {113803}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113803}, pmid = {34626944}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Carbon ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Water ; }, abstract = {Invasive species alter hydrologic processes at watershed scales, with impacts to biodiversity and the supporting ecosystem services. This effect is aggravated by climate change. Here, we integrated modelled hydrologic data, remote sensing products, climate data, and linear mixed integer optimization (MIP) to identify stewardship actions across space and time that can reduce the impact of invasive species. The study area is the windward coast of Hawai'i Island (USA) across which non-native strawberry guava occurrence varies from extremely dense stands in lower watershed reaches, to low densities in upper watershed forests. We focused on the removal of strawberry guava, an invader that exerts significant impacts on watershed condition. MIP analyses spatially optimized the assignment of effective management actions to increase water yield, generate revenue from enhanced freshwater services, and income from removed biomass. The hydrological benefit of removing guava, often marginal when considered in isolation, was financially quantified, and single- and multiobjective MIP formulations were then developed over a 10-year planning horizon. Optimization resulted in $2.27 million USD benefit over the planning horizon using a payment-for-ecosystem-services scheme. That value jumped to $4.67 million when allowing work schedules with overnight camping to reduce costs. Pareto frontiers of weighted pairs of management goals showed the benefit of clustering treatments over space and time to improve financial efficiency. Values of improved land-water natural capital using payment-for-ecosystem-services schemes are provided for several combinations of spatial, temporal, economical, and ecosystem services flows.}, }
@article {pmid34626650, year = {2022}, author = {Couture, JM and Redman, ZC and Bozzini, J and Massengill, R and Dunker, K and Briggs, BR and Tomco, PL}, title = {Field and laboratory characterization of rotenone attenuation in eight lakes of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {288}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {132478}, pmid = {34626650}, issn = {1879-1298}, support = {P20 GM103395/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Alaska ; Laboratories ; Lakes ; *Pesticides ; *Rotenone ; }, abstract = {Rotenone is a pesticide commonly used to eradicate Northern Pike (Esox lucius), an invasive species, in Southcentral Alaska. The present work incorporates a field investigation of rotenone attenuation in eight lakes of the Kenai Peninsula, following a CFT Legumine® treatment in October 2018 and a laboratory simulation to determine persistence under light/dark and sterile/nonsterile conditions representative of Southcentral Alaskan winters. In the field, rotenone degraded within <60 days of application in all lakes, while rotenolone, the primary product of rotenone degradation, persisted for up to <280 days post-treatment at two locations. Prolonged rotenolone attenuation was most likely caused by short days and ice cover between October and April. This hypothesis was supported by a laboratory simulation which revealed photolysis as the dominant process driving the overall degradation of rotenone and that microbial degradation will significantly contribute in the absence of sunlight under simulated "winter" conditions of 4 °C. Degradation model fit comparisons (pseudo-first order, multi-parameter linear, and gamma) indicate the most accurate prediction occurred when modeling all eight lakes grouped together in a single dataset, combined and treated with pseudo-first order model kinetics, based on Akaike information criteria (AIC) scores.}, }
@article {pmid34623701, year = {2022}, author = {Boyce, P and Bhattacharyya, J and Linklater, W}, title = {The need for formal reflexivity in conservation science.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {e13840}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13840}, pmid = {34623701}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Horses ; Humans ; New Zealand ; Research Personnel ; *Social Sciences ; }, abstract = {Conservation issues are often complicated by sociopolitical controversies that reflect competing philosophies and values regarding natural systems, animals, and people. Effective conservation outcomes require managers to engage myriad influences (social, cultural, political, and economic, as well as ecological). The contribution of conservation scientists who generate the information on which solutions rely is constrained if they are unable to acknowledge how personal values and disciplinary paradigms influence their research and conclusions. Conservation challenges involving controversial species provide an opportunity to reflect on the paradigms and value systems that underpin the discipline and practice of conservation science. Recent analyses highlight the ongoing reliance on normative values in conservation. We frame our discussion around controversies over feral horses (Equus ferus caballus) in the Canadian West and New Zealand and suggest that a lack of transparency and reflexivity regarding normative values continues to prevent conservation practitioners from finding resilient conservation solutions. We suggest that growing scrutiny and backlash to many normative conservation objectives necessitates formal reflexivity methods in conservation biology research, similar to those required of researchers in social science disciplines. Moreover, given that much conservation research and action continues to prioritize Western normative values regarding nature and conservation, we suggest that adopting reflexive methods more broadly is an important step toward more socially just research and practice. Formalizing such methods and requiring reflexivity in research will not only encourage reflection on how personal and disciplinary value systems influence conservation work but could more effectively engage people with diverse perspectives and values in conservation and encourage more novel and resilient conservation outcomes, particularly when dealing with controversial species.}, }
@article {pmid34622952, year = {2022}, author = {Goldberg, JF and Fraser, DF and Lamphere, BA and Reznick, DN}, title = {Differential habitat use and recruitment facilitate coexistence in a community with intraguild predation.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {103}, number = {1}, pages = {e03558}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3558}, pmid = {34622952}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Theory predicts that species engaged in intraguild predation (IGP) can only coexist under limited conditions, yet IGP is common in nature. Habitat complexity can promote coexistence by reducing encounter rates, but little information is known about the contribution of differential habitat use. We hypothesized that differential use of alternative habitats promotes coexistence of an intraguild (IG) predator and prey. We evaluated predictions of this hypothesis with an experimental introduction of an IG predator fish into four natural stream communities that previously contained only the IG prey fish. We monitored the development of this IGP over the course of four years to determine how each species used alternative stream habitats. The introduced species preferred pool habitats while the resident species was more evenly distributed across pools and riffles. The density of the resident decreased in the pool habitat preferred by the invader, accompanied by a local increase in the mean of the resident size distribution. Selective predation by the invader on hatchling residents appears to impact the residents' demographic response. The continued recruitment of resident juveniles in riffles, where the introduced species is rare, facilitated the persistence of the resident. This differential use of habitats was not accompanied by a change in the resident's growth rates in either habitat. Our results showed that differential habitat selection and recruitment promoted persistence during an invasion involving IGP, which helps to bridge the gap between theory and observation in explaining coexistence in IGP systems.}, }
@article {pmid34622929, year = {2021}, author = {Hayasaka, D and Nakamori, T and Tamaue, K and Seko, Y and Hashimoto, K and Sawahata, T}, title = {Dry-Heat Tolerance of Egg Sacs of Invasive Latrodectus Spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) in Japan: Implications for Efficient Control/Extermination.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {114}, number = {6}, pages = {2460-2465}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toab189}, pmid = {34622929}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Japan ; *Pyrethrins ; *Spiders ; *Thermotolerance ; }, abstract = {Strategic responses to invasive Latrodectus widow spiders are a global challenge due to the risks they pose to health and ecosystems. Chemical strategies involving the use of pyrethroids are effective against adult spiders, but as their populations rebound, chemical control becomes costly and unsustainable for eradication. A major obstacle is the inefficacy of insecticides against eggs, which are covered by a protective silk egg sac. Eradication of invasive spiders must focus on destroying progeny. Here, the responses of eggs in egg sacs of two invasive Latrodectus spiders in Japan (Latrodectus hasseltii (Thorell) and Latrodectus geometricus (C.L. Koch)) to short-term dry-heat exposure were examined. To test whether the dry-heat tolerance of the egg sacs of both spider species differed, lethal temperature (LT) was determined based on the hatching rate of eggs from egg sacs subjected to a range of temperatures. Hatching in both species failed completely when the egg sacs were exposed to temperatures of 55°C and above for 10 min, but the LT to reduce hatching by 90% (LT90) differed significantly between L. hasseltii (50. 9°C) and L. geometricus (52. 8°C). Our study highlights the efficacy of dry heat in suppressing hatching and thus shows the possibility for effective extermination of these noxious invasive pests. Further exploration and investigation of the effects of humidity and heat exposure time on egg sacs under field conditions are needed to guide Latrodectus spider control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid34622925, year = {2022}, author = {Smith, L and Park, I}, title = {Conditions to Terminate Reproductive Diapause of a Univoltine Insect: Ceratapion basicorne (Coleoptera: Apionidae), a Biological Control Agent of Yellow Starthistle.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {71-76}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvab110}, pmid = {34622925}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents ; *Coleoptera ; *Diapause ; *Diapause, Insect/physiology ; Female ; Photoperiod ; Temperature ; *Weevils/physiology ; }, abstract = {Ceratapion basicorne (Illiger) is a recently approved univoltine biological control agent that develops inside the rosette of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.), an invasive annual plant. Adult weevils normally emerge in early summer, and females are thought to be in reproductive diapause until the following spring, when they oviposit in rosettes. The long period of reproductive diapause constrains mass-rearing this weevil because only one generation per year can be produced. Determining the environmental conditions that regulate diapause termination may enable shortening diapause under laboratory conditions to increase production of adults to release. We tested three hibernating conditions (greenhouse [ambient temperature and photoperiod], glass door refrigerator [5°C and ambient photoperiod], and growth chamber [5°C and 24 h dark]) for three durations (4, 8, 11 wk). The highest proportion of females laying eggs came from the growth chamber, with 40% terminating diapause after 4 wk, 80% after 8 wk, and 95% after 11 wk of exposure. Our study demonstrates that duration of cold temperature is an important stimulus to terminate reproductive diapause of C. basicorne, and that exposure to ambient light had no effect at 5°C. However, 47% of females held at ambient greenhouse conditions, without any chilling period, completed diapause within 11 wk. Thus, a cold period can accelerate diapause development, but it is not necessary for its completion. Reducing the winter diapause period from about 6 mo to 11 wk should enable the production of multiple generations per year to increase the number of insects available to release.}, }
@article {pmid34622333, year = {2021}, author = {Biel, RG and Hacker, SD}, title = {Warming alters the interaction of two invasive beachgrasses with implications for range shifts and coastal dune functions.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {197}, number = {3}, pages = {757-770}, pmid = {34622333}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {F13B20274//U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/ ; R833836//U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/ ; GIAR//Sigma Xi/ ; }, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Poaceae ; }, abstract = {Forecasting the effects of climate change on the distribution of invasive species can be difficult, because invaders often thrive under novel physical conditions and biotic interactions that differ from those in their native range. In this study, we experimentally examined how rising temperatures and sand burial could alter the abundance and biotic interactions of two invasive beachgrasses, Ammophila arenaria and A. breviligulata, along the U.S. Pacific Northwest coast. We asked whether the current geographic ranges of the two congeners, and thus their effects on dune morphology and coastal ecosystem services, might shift as a consequence of climate driven changes in warming and sand supply. Our results show that A. breviligulata had lower biomass and tiller production when exposed to warming and high rates of sand burial, while A. arenaria showed neutral or positive responses to those treatments. Nevertheless, under all experimental combinations, A. breviligulata had strong negative effects on A. arenaria, while A. arenaria had weaker effects on A. breviligulata. Our models predict that although A. breviligulata mostly excludes A. arenaria, elevated temperatures and high rates of sand burial also increase the likelihood of species coexistence. We suggest that under climate change, the differences in physiological tolerance and the mediation of species interactions could expand the northern distributional limit of A. arenaria but restrict the southern limit of A. breviligulata. Moreover, because beachgrass abundance has direct effects on biophysical functions of dunes, reductions in vigor from warming could alter coastal protection, biodiversity, and carbon sequestration.}, }
@article {pmid34621926, year = {2021}, author = {Williams, VL and Burness, A and Wojtasik, EM and Byrne, MJ}, title = {Dataset, including a photo-guide, of alien plants sold in traditional medicine markets and healthcare outlets in three South African cities, specifically by traders of Indian, West African, East African, and Chinese origin.}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {38}, number = {}, pages = {107395}, pmid = {34621926}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {This dataset is a an inventory of 475 alien plant taxa (447 identified to species), including a photo-guide to 96 plants, mostly sold as traditional medicines in three South African cities by traders of South African, West African, East African, Indian and Chinese origin (Williams et al., 2021). The dataset also incorporates species documented in a literature survey of alien plants used for traditional medicines in South Africa. The species inventory is a consolidation of the data from two separate investigations of 106 medicinal plant traders: firstly, a study conducted in 2010/2011 of 77 traders in markets and shops in Johannesburg, Pretoria and Durban (Williams et al., 2021); and secondly, a study conducted in 2017/2018 of plants sold by 29 (im)migrant traders of West African, East African, and Indian origin in Johannesburg, and of alien species listed in a TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) catalogue (Burness, 2019). Accompanying each plant photograph in the photo-guide is the following information: species name; common name(s) provided by the survey respondents; invasive alien plant category; introduction status; voucher specimen number(s); nationality of the medicine traders; and, notes on source localities (e.g. imported or collected in southern Africa). Overall, most of the taxa were from the Asteraceae (12%), Fabaceae (9%) and Poaceae (5%). The species are mostly unlisted (76%) with respect to their legal status in South Africa in terms of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (NEM:BA), 2004 Alien &amp; Invasive Species (A&amp;IS) regulations. The most frequently recorded species in the various surveys were Glycyrrhiza glabra, Acorus calamus, Angelica sinensis and Zingiber officinale.}, }
@article {pmid34618833, year = {2021}, author = {Curtis-Quick, JA and Ulanov, AV and Li, Z and Bieber, JF and Tucker-Retter, EK and Suski, CD}, title = {Why the Stall? Using metabolomics to define the lack of upstream movement of invasive bigheaded carp in the Illinois River.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {e0258150}, pmid = {34618833}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Migration/*physiology ; Animals ; Carps/*metabolism/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Humans ; Illinois ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; *Metabolomics ; Mississippi ; Rivers ; Seafood ; }, abstract = {Bigheaded Carp have spread throughout the Mississippi River basin since the 1970s. Little has stopped the spread as carp have the ability to pass through locks and dams, and they are currently approaching the Great Lakes. However, the location of the leading edge in the Illinois River has stalled for over a decade, even though there is no barrier preventing further advancement towards the Great Lakes. Defining why carp are not moving towards the Great Lakes is important for predicting why they might advance in the future. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that anthropogenic contaminants in the Illinois River may be playing a role in preventing further upstream movement of Bigheaded Carp. Ninety three livers were collected from carp at several locations between May and October of 2018. Liver samples were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in a targeted metabolite profiling approach. Livers from carp at the leading edge had differences in energy use and metabolism, and suppression of protective mechanisms relative to downstream fish; differences were consistent across time. This body of work provides evidence that water quality is linked to carp movement in the Illinois River. As water quality in this region continues to improve, consideration of this impact on carp spread is essential to protect the Great Lakes.}, }
@article {pmid34617571, year = {2022}, author = {Metzger, ME and Wekesa, JW and Kluh, S and Fujioka, KK and Saviskas, R and Arugay, A and McConnell, N and Nguyen, K and Krueger, L and Hacker, GM and Hu, R and Kramer, VL}, title = {Detection and Establishment of Aedes notoscriptus (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes in Southern California, United States.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, pages = {67-77}, pmid = {34617571}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {*Aedes ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; California ; Dirofilaria immitis/physiology ; Dirofilariasis/transmission ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Mosquito Vectors ; }, abstract = {Aedes notoscriptus (Skuse), the Australian backyard mosquito, is a pestiferous daytime-biting species native to Australia and the surrounding southwestern Pacific region. It is suspected to play a role in the transmission of several arboviruses and is considered a competent vector of dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy). This highly adaptable mosquito thrives in natural and artificial water-holding containers in both forested and urbanized areas, from tropical to temperate climates, and has benefitted from a close association with humans, increasing in abundance within its native range. It invaded and successfully established in New Zealand as well as in previously unoccupied temperate and arid regions of Australia. Ae. notoscriptus was discovered in Los Angeles County, CA, in 2014, marking the first time this species had been found outside the southwestern Pacific region. By the end of 2019, immature and adult mosquitoes had been collected from 364 unique locations within 44 cities spanning three southern California counties. The discovery, establishment, and rapid spread of this species in urban areas may signal the global movement and advent of a new invasive container-inhabiting species. The biting nuisance, public health, and veterinary health implications associated with the invasion of southern California by this mosquito are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid34617142, year = {2022}, author = {Borden, JB and Bohlman, S and Scheffers, BR}, title = {Niche lability mitigates the impact of invasion but not urbanization.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {198}, number = {1}, pages = {1-10}, pmid = {34617142}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; *Lizards ; *Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Native species can coexist with invasive congeners by partitioning niche space; however, impacts from invasive species often occur alongside other disturbances. Native species' responses to the interactions of multiple disturbances remain poorly understood. Here we study the impacts of urbanization and an invasive congener on a native species. Using abundance (catch-per-unit effort) and vertical distribution of native green anoles (Anolis carolinensis) and invasive brown anoles (Anolis sagrei) across a gradient of natural-to-urban forests, we ask if niche shifting (lability) is occurring, and if it can mitigate impacts from one or both disturbances. We use generalized linear models to relate species abundances across the landscape to urbanization, forest structural complexity, and congener abundances (i.e., A. sagrei); and test for an interaction between urbanization and congener abundance. Our data show that A. sagrei presence results in a 17-fold upward shift in vertical niche of A. carolinensis-an 8.3 m shift in median perch height, and models reveal urbanization also drives an increase in A. carolinensis perch height. A. carolinensis and A. sagrei abundances negatively and positively correlate with urbanization, respectively, and neither species' abundance correlate with congener abundance. Despite a positive correlation between A. sagrei abundance and urbanization, our results do not show evidence of this interaction affecting A. carolinensis. Instead, niche lability appears to enable the native species to mitigate the impact of one driver of decline (invasive competition) while our data suggest it declines with the second (urbanization).}, }
@article {pmid34616216, year = {2021}, author = {Pincheira-Ulbrich, J and Vallejos, B and Huincaguelo, J and Zambrano, U and Peña-Cortés, F}, title = {A 30-year update of the climbers and vascular epiphytes inventory of the Cerro Ñielol Natural Monument (La Araucanía, Chile): a database.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e72521}, pmid = {34616216}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Plant species diversity may be seriously threatened in ecotone zones under global climate change. Therefore, keeping updated inventories of indicator species seems to be a good strategy for monitoring wild areas located in these strips. The database comes from an inventory of climbers and vascular epiphytes conducted in the Cerro Ñielol Natural Monument, a small protected area (89 hectares) located in Chile's Mediterranean-temperate phytogeographic region, within the boundaries of the city of Temuco, La Araucaína Region.The data represent the update of the first inventory carried out between 1980 and 1984. In this current contribution, data collection was carried out in 27 quadrats using the trails as transects. The data provide the record of 45 species (16 climbers, 15 epiphytes and 10 trees), including two accidental epiphytes (Acerpsudoplatanus L. and Gavileaodoratissima (L.) Endl. ex Griseb.), two species that can be found as epiphytes or terricolous (Hymenophyllumtunbrigense (L.) Sm. and Nerteragranadensis (Mutis ex L.f.) Druce) and one species (Chusqueaquila Kunth) that can be found as terricolous and climber. Species of interest were recorded on live trees (n = 51), snags (n = 9), stumps (n = 4), fallen log (n = 5) and on the forest soil (n = 17).The most abundant climbers were Hydrangeaserratifolia (Hook. &amp; Arn.) F. Phil. (n = 77 stems), Lapageria rosea Ruiz &amp; Pav. (n = 70 stems), Raukauavaldiviensis (Gay) Frodin (n = 48 stems) and Cissusstriata Ruiz &amp; Pav. (n = 33 stems). In contrast, the most abundant epiphytes were Hymenophyllumplicatum Kaulf. (n = 1728 fronds) and Hymenophyllumtunbrigense (L.) Sm. (n = 2375 fronds). These latter two species represent the highest frequency and abundance in the whole inventory, respectively. Several ecosystem traits are, in fact, new reports since the first inventory was conducted in 1980-1984; for example, the presence of the filmy fern Hymenophyllumtunbrigense, the record of the climber Elytropuschilensis , fallen logs or the species-host relationship. Accordingly, the database is made available in this manuscript.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: This study updates the climbers and vascular epiphyte species list in the Cerro &#xd1;ielol Natural Monument, a small patch of forest under severe anthropogenic pressure. This protected area is characterised by floristic elements of the Mediterranean and temperate phytogeographic region of Chile, in a zone where forests have been severely deforested. The database includes the record of 45 species - including six species that were not recorded in the first inventory - in 211 records.The main novelty of this contribution is the systematic classification of species, on ten traits rarely reported in a floristic inventory: (i) species taxonomic identity (as usual), (ii) species abundance (number of stems and fronds), (iii) habit (herb, shrub, subshrub, tree), (iv) growth form (accidental epiphyte, epiphyte, vine, liana, terricolous), (v) climbing mechanism (tendrils, adhesive roots, twining, scrambling), (vi) microhabitat (fallen log, footpath slope, soil, stump, trunk), (vii) host species (where appropriate), (viii) host condition (live, woody debris, snag), (ix) host diameter at breast height (DBH) and (x) target species found over 2.3 m on trees.Thirty years after the first inventory conducted between 1980 and 1984, the climber assemblage has remained relatively stable over time, although there are some differences in species composition. Specifically, the climber Elytropuschilensis are recorded in the current inventory, but the Mitrariacoccinea (recorded in the first inventory) is not present. On the other hand, the epiphyte assemblage showed an increase in the species richness of filmy ferns, with five previously unrecorded species: Hymenophyllumcuneatum, H.dicranotrichum, H.pectinatum, H.peltatum and H.tunbrigense. One of the novel features was the presence of Sarmientascandens and Synammiafeuillei on a Pinusradiata D. Don tree. Additionally, the introduced species Acerpseudoplatanus is included, which is new to the Chilean vascular plant catalogue. All these data are available in the present manuscript.}, }
@article {pmid34614545, year = {2021}, author = {Reynolds, SA and Aldridge, DC}, title = {Global impacts of invasive species on the tipping points of shallow lakes.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {27}, number = {23}, pages = {6129-6138}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15893}, pmid = {34614545}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {1804793/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Phytoplankton ; }, abstract = {There is growing acknowledgement that human-induced change can push ecosystems beyond tipping points, resulting in the dramatic and sudden loss of vital ecosystem services. Invasive non-native species (INNS) are spreading rapidly due to anthropogenic activities and climate change and can drive changes to ecosystem functioning by altering abiotic conditions and restructuring native communities. Shallow lake ecosystems are especially vulnerable to perturbation from INNS as they can exist in two alternative stable states: either clear water with an abundance of vegetation or turbid, unvegetated and dominated by phytoplankton. Through a global meta-analysis of studies observing the effects of INNS on recipient lake ecosystems, we found that certain INNS drive significant changes in the abundance of key taxa and conditions that govern the balance of alternative equilibria in shallow lakes. Invasive fish and crustaceans demonstrated effects likely to lead to early ecosystem collapse to a turbid state and delay ecosystem recovery. Invasive molluscs presented opposite effects, which may delay ecosystem collapse and encourage ecosystem recovery. Our results demonstrate that INNS could significantly alter the tipping points of ecosystem collapse and recovery, and that not all invasive species may initiate system collapse. Our results provide guidance for managers of invaded shallow lake ecosystems, which provide diverse services including sanitation, potable water supply, industrial cooling, aquaculture and recreational resources. Moreover, our approach could be applied to identify key potential drivers of change in other crucial ecosystems which demonstrate alternative equilibria, such as coral reefs and kelp forests.}, }
@article {pmid34614367, year = {2022}, author = {Ode, PJ and Vyas, DK and Harvey, JA}, title = {Extrinsic Inter- and Intraspecific Competition in Parasitoid Wasps.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {67}, number = {}, pages = {305-328}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-071421-073524}, pmid = {34614367}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Male ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {The diverse ecology of parasitoids is shaped by extrinsic competition, i.e., exploitative or interference competition among adult females and males for hosts and mates. Adult females use an array of morphological, chemical, and behavioral mechanisms to engage in competition that may be either intra- or interspecific. Weaker competitors are often excluded or, if they persist, use alternate host habitats, host developmental stages, or host species. Competition among adult males for mates is almost exclusively intraspecific and involves visual displays, chemical signals, and even physical combat. Extrinsic competition influences community structure through its role in competitive displacement and apparent competition. Finally, anthropogenic changes such as habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive species, pollutants, and climate change result in phenological mismatches and range expansions within host-parasitoid communities with consequent changes to the strength of competitive interactions. Such changes have important ramifications not only for the success of managed agroecosystems, but also for natural ecosystem functioning.}, }
@article {pmid34614268, year = {2022}, author = {Mahood, AL and Jones, RO and Board, DI and Balch, JK and Chambers, JC}, title = {Interannual climate variability mediates changes in carbon and nitrogen pools caused by annual grass invasion in a semiarid shrubland.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {267-284}, pmid = {34614268}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {*Carbon ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen ; *Poaceae ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Exotic plant invasions alter ecosystem properties and threaten ecosystem functions globally. Interannual climate variability (ICV) influences both plant community composition (PCC) and soil properties, and interactions between ICV and PCC may influence nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) pools. We asked how ICV and non-native annual grass invasion covary to influence soil and plant N and C in a semiarid shrubland undergoing widespread ecosystem transformation due to invasions and altered fire regimes. We sampled four progressive stages of annual grass invasion at 20 sites across a large (25,000 km[2]) landscape for plant community composition, plant tissue N and C, and soil total N and C in 2013 and 2016, which followed 2 years of dry and wet conditions, respectively. Multivariate analyses and ANOVAs showed that in invasion stages where native shrub and perennial grass and forb communities were replaced by annual grass-dominated communities, the ecosystem lost more soil N and C in wet years. Path analysis showed that high water availability led to higher herbaceous cover in all invasion stages. In stages with native shrubs and perennial grasses, higher perennial grass cover was associated with increased soil C and N, while in annual-dominated stages, higher annual grass cover was associated with losses of soil C and N. Also, soil total C and C:N ratios were more homogeneous in annual-dominated invasion stages as indicated by within-site standard deviations. Loss of native shrubs and perennial grasses and forbs coupled with annual grass invasion may lead to long-term declines in soil N and C and hamper restoration efforts. Restoration strategies that use innovative techniques and novel species to address increasing temperatures and ICV and emphasize maintaining plant community structure-shrubs, grasses, and forbs-will allow sagebrush ecosystems to maintain C sequestration, soil fertility, and soil heterogeneity.}, }
@article {pmid34614245, year = {2022}, author = {Lybbert, AH and Cusser, SJ and Hung, KJ and Goodell, K}, title = {Ten-year trends reveal declining quality of seeded pollinator habitat on reclaimed mines regardless of seed mix diversity.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {e02467}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2467}, pmid = {34614245}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Flowers ; Plants ; *Pollination ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Plant-pollinator interactions represent a crucial ecosystem function threatened by anthropogenic landscape changes. Disturbances that reduce plant diversity are associated with floral resource and pollinator declines. Establishing wildflower plantings is a major conservation strategy targeting pollinators, the success of which depends on long-term persistence of seeded floral communities. However, most pollinator-oriented seeding projects are monitored for a few years, making it difficult to evaluate the longevity of such interventions. Selecting plant species to provide pollinators diverse arrays of floral resources throughout their activity season is often limited by budgetary constraints and other conservation priorities. To evaluate the long-term persistence of prairie vegetation seeded to support pollinators, we sowed wildflower seed mixes into plots on a degraded reclaimed strip-mine landscape in central Ohio, USA. We examined how pollinator habitat quality, measured as floral abundance and diversity, changed over 10 years (2009-2019) in the absence of management, over the course of the blooming season within each year, and across three seed mixes containing different numbers and combinations of flowering plant species. Seeded species floral abundance declined by more than 75% over the study, with the largest decline occurring between the fifth and seventh summers. Native and non-native adventive flowering plants quickly colonized the plots and represented >50% of floral community abundances on average. Floral richness remained relatively constant throughout the study, with a small peak one year after plot establishment. Plots seeded with High-Diversity Mixes averaged two or three more species per plot compared with a Low-Diversity Mix, despite having been seeded with twice as many plant species. Within years, the abundance and diversity of seeded species were lowest early in the blooming season and increased monotonically from June to August. Adventive species exhibited the opposite trend, such that complementary abundance patterns of seeded and adventive species blooms resulted in a relatively constant floral abundance across the growing season. Seeded plant communities followed classic successional patterns in which annual species quickly established and flowered but were replaced by perennial species after the first few summers. Long-term data on establishment and persistence of flower species can guide species selection for future-oriented pollinator habitat restorations.}, }
@article {pmid34613349, year = {2021}, author = {Dechaine, AC and Sutphin, M and Leskey, TC and Salom, SM and Kuhar, TP and Pfeiffer, DG}, title = {Phenology of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in Virginia, USA.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {6}, pages = {1267-1275}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvab107}, pmid = {34613349}, issn = {1938-2936}, support = {2019-51181-30014//USDA-NIFA CAP/ ; 18-CA-11420004-113//USDA and Forest Service Agreement/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera ; North America ; Pennsylvania ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White), is an invasive planthopper that was first discovered in North America in Berks County, Pennsylvania in 2014. Currently, L. delicatula has spread to eight additional states and threatens agricultural, ornamental, and timber commodities throughout the United States. The timing of insect life events is very important in the development of pest management tools and strategies. In 2019 and 2020, L. delicatula phenology was successfully documented in Winchester, Virginia using weekly 5-min observational surveys at established monitoring plots. Each year, L. delicatula were active in the environment from May to November with initial detections of first, second, third, fourth, and adults occurring in May, May, June, June, and July, respectively. Cumulative average growing degree days were also calculated for the onset of each L. delicatula life stage using local weather data and a lower developmental threshold of 10°C. First-instar L. delicatula were initially observed at 135 and 111.5, adults at 835 and 887, and egg masses at 1673.5 and 1611.5 in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Combined, these data can be used by growers and land managers to facilitate timing of effective pest management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid34611224, year = {2021}, author = {Alcàntara-Rodríguez, M and Françozo, M and Van Andel, T}, title = {Looking into the flora of Dutch Brazil: botanical identifications of seventeenth century plant illustrations in the Libri Picturati.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {19736}, pmid = {34611224}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The Libri Picturati includes a collection of plant illustrations from seventeenth century Dutch Brazil that is kept in the Jagiellonian library in Krakow since World War II. While many studies focused on the artistic details and history of these images, we identified the flora depicted. We used contemporary textual sources (e.g., Historia Naturalis Brasiliae), monographs and taxonomist' assessments. We checked origin, life form, domestication and conservation status and the plant parts that are represented. We identified 198 taxa, consisting mostly of wild, native rainforest trees and 35 introduced species. Fertile branches are the most represented, although some loose dry fruits and sterile material were also painted, which sheds light into the collection methods by naturalists in Dutch Brazil. Several species are no longer abundant or have become invasive due to anthropogenic influences since colonialism. Through this botanical iconography, we traced the first records of the sunflower and the Ethiopian pepper in Brazil, as well as the dispersion and assimilation of the flora encountered in the colony by Indigenous, African and European peoples. We emphasized the relevance of combining visual and textual sources when studying natural history collections and we highlighted how digitalization makes these artistic and scientific collections more accessible.}, }
@article {pmid34611184, year = {2021}, author = {Lambert, M and Carlisle, S and Cain, I and Douse, A and Watt, L}, title = {Unexpected involvement of a second rodent species makes impacts of introduced rats more difficult to detect.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {19805}, pmid = {34611184}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Biodiversity ; Breeding ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Rats ; *Rodentia ; Rodenticides ; Scotland ; }, abstract = {Rodent predators are implicated in declines of seabird populations, and removing introduced rats, often, but not always, results in the expected conservation gains. Here we investigated the relationship between small mammal (Norway rat, wood mouse and pygmy shrew) abundance and Manx shearwater breeding success on the island of Rum, Scotland, and tested whether localised rodenticide treatments (to control introduced Norway rats) increased Manx shearwater breeding success. We found that Manx shearwater breeding success was negatively correlated with late summer indices of abundance for rats and mice, but not shrews. On its own, rat activity was a poor predictor of Manx shearwater breeding success. Rat activity increased during the shearwater breeding season in untreated areas but was supressed in areas treated with rodenticides. Levels of mouse (and shrew) activity increased in areas treated with rodenticides (likely in response to lower levels of rat activity) and Manx shearwater breeding success was unchanged in treated areas (p < 0.1). The results suggest that, unexpectedly, negative effects from wood mice can substitute those of Norway rats and that both species contributed to negative impacts on Manx shearwaters. Impacts were intermittent however, and further research is needed to characterise rodent population trends and assess the long-term risks to this seabird colony. The results have implications for conservation practitioners planning rat control programmes on islands where multiple rodent species are present.}, }
@article {pmid34610466, year = {2022}, author = {Konno, T and Tsukagoshi, A}, title = {Crayfish co-introduced symbiotic ostracod found on native crab in Japan: The first record of epibiont ostracod found a new host.}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {86}, number = {}, pages = {102475}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2021.102475}, pmid = {34610466}, issn = {1873-0329}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*parasitology ; Crustacea/*physiology ; Female ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Male ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Ankylocythere sinuosa (Rioja, 1942), a symbiotic ostracod native to North America, was found from the Japanese mitten crab Eriocheir japonica (De Haan, 1835), a species native to Japan, collected from a pond in Shizuoka City, Shizuoka Prefecture, central Japan. Introduced North American crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852), which is a host of A. sinuosa in their native range, inhabits ponds sympatrically with Japanese mitten crabs, and it is thought that the ostracods transferred from the exotic crayfish to the native crabs. In recent years, along with the artificial transportation of crayfish around the world, their symbiotic ostracods also have been found on the body surfaces of exotic crayfish in Europe and Japan. However, no studies have confirmed the infestation of exotic ostracods on native crustaceans in the field. A wide range of developmental stages of A. sinuosa from juveniles to adults were found in Japanese mitten crabs, and mating individuals were also found. This strongly suggests that they can reproduce on the body surface of Japanese mitten crabs. In the future, it will be necessary to strengthen measures against alien species to prevent these exotic symbionts from infestating native ecosystems, and we also need to investigate the exact impact of this symbiont on Japanese mitten crabs.}, }
@article {pmid34609667, year = {2021}, author = {Majer, A and Laska, A and Hein, G and Kuczyński, L and Skoracka, A}, title = {Hitchhiking or hang gliding? Dispersal strategies of two cereal-feeding eriophyoid mite species.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {85}, number = {2-4}, pages = {131-146}, pmid = {34609667}, issn = {1572-9702}, support = {2019/35/N/NZ8/02639//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/ ; 2018/28/T/NZ8/00060//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/ ; 2019/32/T/NZ8/00151//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/ ; 2016/21/B/NZ8/00786//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Edible Grain ; *Mites ; Triticum ; Wind ; }, abstract = {Dispersal shapes the dynamics of populations, their genetic structure and species distribution; therefore, knowledge of an organisms' dispersal abilities is crucial, especially in economically important and invasive species. In this study, we investigated dispersal strategies of two phytophagous eriophyoid mite species: Aceria tosichella (wheat curl mite, WCM) and Abacarus hystrix (cereal rust mite, CRM). Both species are obligatory plant parasites that infest cereals and are of economic significance. We investigated their dispersal success using different dispersal agents: wind and vectors. We hypothesised that in both mite species the main mode of dispersal is moving via wind, whereas phoretic dispersal is rather accidental, as the majority of eriophyoid mite species do not possess clear morphological or behavioural adaptations for phoresy. Results confirmed our predictions that both species dispersed mainly with wind currents. Additionally, WCM was found to have a higher dispersal success than CRM. Thus, this study contributes to our understanding of the high invasive potential of WCM.}, }
@article {pmid34604452, year = {2021}, author = {Ong, JJY and Russell, B and Han, JH}, title = {Plasmodium cynomolgi Berok Growth Inhibition Assay by Thiol-reactive Probe Based Flow Cytometric Measurement.}, journal = {Bio-protocol}, volume = {11}, number = {17}, pages = {e4147}, pmid = {34604452}, issn = {2331-8325}, abstract = {The relapsing malaria species, Plasmodium vivax, is the most widely distributed and difficult-to-treat cause of human malaria. The merozoites of P. vivax preferentially invade ephemeral human CD71[+] reticulocytes (nascent reticulocytes), thereby limiting the development of a robust continuous culture in vitro. Fortunately, P. vivax's sister species, P. cynomolgi Berok, can be cultured continuously, providing the ability to screen novel therapeutics drug and vaccine candidates in a reliable and high-throughput manner. Based on well-established growth inhibition activity (GIA) assays against P. falciparum and P. knowlesi, this protocol adopts the current flow cytometry assay methodology and investigates P. vivax inhibitory antibodies using the P. cynomolgi Berok invasion model based on the thiol-reactivity and DNA abundance of viable parasites in macaque erythrocytes. Established GIA assays screen antibodies at either a single concentration or high/low dose concentrations to provide quick insights for prioritizing potential antibodies capable of specifically interrupting parasite ligand and host receptor binding with minimal concentrations. Hence, this protocol expands on the existing GIA assay by using serially diluted antibodies and generating a dose-response curve to better quantify the inhibitory efficacy amongst selected vaccine candidates.}, }
@article {pmid34601685, year = {2022}, author = {Carvalho, TF and Carvalho, AC and Zanuncio, JC and de Oliveira, MLR and Machado, ELM and José, AC and Santos, JB and Pereira, IM}, title = {Does invasion by Pteridium aquilinum (Dennstaedtiaceae) affect the ecological succession in Atlantic Forest areas after a fire?.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {29}, number = {10}, pages = {14195-14205}, pmid = {34601685}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {CRA-APQ-03746-12//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais/ ; 001//Companhia Energ&#xe9;tica de Minas Gerais/ ; 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; }, mesh = {*Fires ; Forests ; Plants ; *Pteridium ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Pteridium aquilinum (Dennstaedtiaceae) colonization affects ecological and restoration processes. The knowledge of the impacts on the ecological succession by this species allows the use of restoration strategies in invaded environments. This work aimed to evaluate the floristic composition, diversity, structure, density, basal area, height, and diameter of natural regeneration in three areas of the Atlantic Forest in the Serra do Espinhaço Biosphere Reserve in an area invaded by P. aquilinum after a fire. Three environments with different coverage intensities by P. aquilinum were studied, and the plants over 10 cm in height or 5 cm in canopy diameter were measured. The floristic composition and diversity were analyzed using indices presented by Chao, Fisher, Margalef, Pielou, Shannon-Weaver, and Simpson, and similarity was evaluated by the Jaccard index. Species density, basal area, height, and canopy diameter classes were also evaluated. The floristic composition, diversity, structure of natural regeneration, density, and basal area were higher in post-fire areas with a lower coverage by P. aquilinum. The topsoil coverage with plant litter and the possible effect of P. aquilinum allelopathy probably reduced the species richness and diversity. The proportion of plants from the lowest height and canopy diameter classes was higher under moderate coverage by P. aquilinum. The reduction in the floristic composition, diversity, number of species, and basal area in post-fire areas colonized by P. aquilinum is probably due to this species aggressiveness. The population of this plant is high, accumulating large quantities of plant litter as a physical barrier preventing light and propagules from reaching the soil, reducing the germination of the seed bank and, consequently, the natural regeneration. The floristic composition, diversity, structure of natural regeneration, density, and basal area were lower in areas with higher coverage by P. aquilinum. The proportion of plants in the most significant height and canopy diameter classes was higher with reduced coverage by P. aquilinum. The P. aquilinum reduced forest succession in areas after a fire.}, }
@article {pmid34601184, year = {2021}, author = {Davidowitz, G}, title = {Habitat-centric versus species-centric approaches to edible insects for food and feed.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {48}, number = {}, pages = {37-43}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2021.09.006}, pmid = {34601184}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Edible Insects ; Insecta ; }, abstract = {The current paradigm of the edible insects for food and feed industry uses a species-centric approach in which an insect species is chosen first and development of rearing practices follows. The goal is to optimize production to maximize the yield of that species in that facility. In contrast, the habitat-centric approach first chooses a habitat, either natural or artificial, then develops harvesting or rearing protocols within that habitat. The goal of this approach is to maximize the yield derived from that habitat. The habitat-centric approach eliminates potential threats from invasive species, and can repurpose local food and agricultural waste into protein derived from local insect species. This approach can increase food security by increasing the diversity of insects that are mass-produced. The species-centric and habitat-centric approaches address different issues and offer advantages in different situations. Further development of the edible insect industry will likely use a combination of both approaches.}, }
@article {pmid34600006, year = {2022}, author = {Deng, J and Zhou, L and Zhou, W and Wang, Q and Yu, D}, title = {Effect of microfibers combined with UV-B and drought on plant community.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {288}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {132413}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132413}, pmid = {34600006}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {*Droughts ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Plants ; Plastics ; Ultraviolet Rays ; }, abstract = {There is an increasing recognition that microplastics contamination in soils has become an important threat for terrestrial ecosystems, and can interact with drought. In addition, due to the increasingly serious environmental pollution and the destruction of the ozone layer, the UV-B radiation to the earth's surface has gradually increased. However, we currently have no information about potential effects of microplastics, UV-B, and drought on plant communities. In order to make up for the vacancy, we conducted an experiment with grassland plant communities. Polyester fiber microplastics (absent, present), UV-B (fully transparent polythene film, attenuating UV-B radiation), and soil water conditions (well-watered, drought) were applied in a fully factorial design. A plant community consisting of four indigenous species and one invasive species, co-occurring in the terrestrial ecosystem of the northern temperate zone was established, and we investigated the effects of microplastics, UV-B, drought and their interactions on plant functional traits and plant community structure. We found that shoot and root biomass decreased with drought but increased with microfibers, and drought significantly decreased specific leaf area at the community level. Physiological and biochemical indexes of individual species and plant community were affected by microfibers, UV-B, drought and their interaction to a varying degree. More importantly, five species were divided into three clusters along PC1 corresponding to individuals from G. longituba and P. depressa, B. bipinnata and M. sativa, plus G. parviflora, which indicated that at the same conditions, G. parviflora would occupy unique ecological niches that affect the growth of native species. Our research offers insights into the mechanisms of the coexistence of native and invasive plants, as well as the ecological consequences of microplastics and other environment factors on plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid34597945, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, Z and Countryman, AM and Corbett, JJ and Saebi, M}, title = {Economic and environmental impacts of ballast water management on Small Island Developing States and Least Developed Countries.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {301}, number = {}, pages = {113779}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113779}, pmid = {34597945}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Developing Countries ; Introduced Species ; Ships ; *Water ; Water Supply ; }, abstract = {The Ballast Water Management Convention can decrease the introduction risk of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens, yet the Convention increases shipping costs and causes subsequent economic impacts. This paper examines whether the Convention generates disproportionate invasion risk reduction results and economic impacts on Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Risk reduction is estimated with an invasion risk assessment model based on a higher-order network, and the effects of the regulation on national economies and trade are estimated with an integrated shipping cost and computable general equilibrium modeling framework. Then we use the Lorenz curve to examine if the regulation generates risk or economic inequality among regions. Risk reduction ratios of all regions (except Singapore) are above 99%, which proves the effectiveness of the Convention. The Gini coefficient of 0.66 shows the inequality in risk changes relative to income levels among regions, but risk reductions across all nations vary without particularly high risks for SIDS and LDCs than for large economies. Similarly, we reveal inequality in economic impacts relative to income levels (the Gini coefficient is 0.58), but there is no evidence that SIDS and LDCs are disproportionately impacted compared to more developed regions. Most changes in GDP, real exports, and real imports of studied regions are minor (smaller than 0.1%). However, there are more noteworthy changes for select sectors and trade partners including Togo, Bangladesh, and Dominican Republic, whose exports may decrease for textiles and metal and chemicals. We conclude the Convention decreases biological invasion risk and does not generate disproportionate negative impacts on SIDS and LDCs.}, }
@article {pmid34594543, year = {2021}, author = {Jere, A and Jere, WWL and Mtethiwa, A and Kassam, D}, title = {Impact of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pisces: Cichlidae) invasion on taxonomic and functional diversity of native fish species in the upper Kabompo River, northwest of Zambia.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {18}, pages = {12845-12857}, pmid = {34594543}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive alien species have been revealed to drastically alter the structure of native communities; however, there is scarce information on whether taxonomic and functional spaces occupied by native species are equally filled by exotic species. We investigated the diversity of native species to understand the impact of exotic Oreochromis niloticus in the upper Kabompo River, northwest of Zambia using taxonomic and functional diversity indices. To achieve this, two tests were performed (Test 1, compared natives in invaded and uninvaded sections; Test 2, compared natives in invaded section). A total of 17 species were collected for functional diversity computation, out of which fourteen (14) functional trait measurements linked to feeding, locomotion, and life history strategy were taken. Findings revealed that taxonomic and functional diversity values changed with invasion in both tests. Taxonomic diversity was 15% more in invaded than uninvaded sections in Test 1 and was not consistent across sampling points of invaded section in Test 2. Invaded areas were taxonomically less diverse, but functionally diverse in both tests. The analysis of similarity and nonmetric multidimensional scaling revealed no difference in Bray-Curtis similarity assemblages in both tests. Our findings revealed that exotic species more often occupy unfilled gaps in the communities often occupied by the native species; this is achieved by occupying functional spaces. Overall, changes in taxonomic and functional diversity of native species documented here partially confirmed impacts of O. niloticus invasion. Therefore, we recommend a multifaceted approach to assess cumulative impacts of invasion on native species.}, }
@article {pmid34594531, year = {2021}, author = {Czerniawski, R and Krepski, T}, title = {Does lake eutrophication support biological invasions in rivers? A study on Dreissena polymorpha (Bivalvia) in lake-river ecotones.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {18}, pages = {12686-12696}, pmid = {34594531}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) has all traits required to effectively colonize the aquatic environment and consequently reduce the diversity of native bivalves. We hypothesized that the zebra mussel chooses lake outlets characterized by medium current velocity and good food conditions. Here, we analyzed differences between bivalve abundances in lake outlets with varying environmental conditions such as the Carlson Index (trophy status), depth, width, current velocity, bed vegetation coverage, and type of bottom substrate. The results showed that the zebra mussel inhabits outlets that provide food (high trophy outlets) and have a mineral bed and a medium current velocity (ca. 0.2-0.3 m/s). The following main factors seem to be favorable for colonizing such outlets: (1) easy access to high amounts of food due to the increased density of the suspension drifting from the lake and (2) easy transport of the zebra mussel larvae from the lake to the downstream. The zebra mussel larvae drifting with the current may colonize the downstream. An increase in lake trophy may indirectly cause an increase in biological invasions in rivers.}, }
@article {pmid34594521, year = {2021}, author = {Thomas, SM and Verhoeven, MR and Walsh, JR and Larkin, DJ and Hansen, GJA}, title = {Species distribution models for invasive Eurasian watermilfoil highlight the importance of data quality and limitations of discrimination accuracy metrics.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {18}, pages = {12567-12582}, pmid = {34594521}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {AIM: Availability of uniformly collected presence, absence, and abundance data remains a key challenge in species distribution modeling (SDM). For invasive species, abundance and impacts are highly variable across landscapes, and quality occurrence and abundance data are critical for predicting locations at high risk for invasion and impacts, respectively. We leverage a large aquatic vegetation dataset comprising point-level survey data that includes information on the invasive plant Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian watermilfoil) to: (a) develop SDMs to predict invasion and impact from environmental variables based on presence-absence, presence-only, and abundance data, and (b) compare evaluation metrics based on functional and discrimination accuracy for presence-absence and presence-only SDMs.<br><br>LOCATION: Minnesota, USA.<br><br>METHODS: Eurasian watermilfoil presence-absence and abundance information were gathered from 468 surveyed lakes, and 801 unsurveyed lakes were leveraged as pseudoabsences for presence-only models. A Random Forest algorithm was used to model the distribution and abundance of Eurasian watermilfoil as a function of lake-specific predictors, both with and without a spatial autocovariate. Occurrence-based SDMs were evaluated using conventional discrimination accuracy metrics and functional accuracy metrics assessing correlation between predicted suitability and observed abundance.<br><br>RESULTS: Water temperature degree days and maximum lake depth were two leading predictors influencing both invasion risk and abundance, but they were relatively less important for predicting abundance than other water quality measures. Road density was a strong predictor of Eurasian watermilfoil invasion risk but not abundance. Model evaluations highlighted significant differences: Presence-absence models had high functional accuracy despite low discrimination accuracy, whereas presence-only models showed the opposite pattern.<br><br>MAIN CONCLUSION: Complementing presence-absence data with abundance information offers a richer understanding of invasive Eurasian watermilfoil's ecological niche and enables evaluation of the model's functional accuracy. Conventional discrimination accuracy measures were misleading when models were developed using pseudoabsences. We thus caution against the overuse of presence-only models and suggest directing more effort toward systematic monitoring programs that yield high-quality data.}, }
@article {pmid34594510, year = {2021}, author = {Perera, PCD and Szymura, TH and Zając, A and Chmolowska, D and Szymura, M}, title = {Drivers of Solidago species invasion in Central Europe-Case study in the landscape of the Carpathian Mountains and their foreground.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {18}, pages = {12429-12444}, pmid = {34594510}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {AIM: The invasion process is a complex, context-dependent phenomenon; nevertheless, it can be described using the PAB framework. This framework encompasses the joint effect of propagule pressure (P), abiotic characteristics of the environment (A), and biotic characteristics of both the invader and recipient vegetation (B). We analyzed the effectiveness of proxies of PAB factors to explain the spatial pattern of Solidago canadensis and S. gigantea invasion using invasive species distribution models.<br><br>LOCATION: Carpathian Mountains and their foreground, Central Europe.<br><br>METHODS: The data on species presence or absence were from an atlas of neophyte distribution based on a 2&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;2&#xa0;km grid, covering approximately 31,200&#xa0;km[2] (7,752 grid cells). Proxies of PAB factors, along with data on historical distribution of invaders, were used as explanatory variables in Boosted Regression Trees models to explain the distribution of invasive Solidago. The areas with potentially lower sampling effort were excluded from analysis based on a target species approach.<br><br>RESULTS: Proxies of the PAB factors helped to explain the distribution of both S. canadensis and S. gigantea. Distributions of both species were limited climatically because a mountain climate is not conducive to their growth; however, the S. canadensis distribution pattern was correlated with proxies of human pressure, whereas S. gigantea distribution was connected with environmental characteristics. The varied responses of species with regard to distance from their historical distribution sites indicated differences in their invasion drivers.<br><br>MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Proxies of PAB are helpful in the choice of explanatory variables as well as the ecological interpretation of species distribution models. The results underline that human activity can cause variation in the invasion of ecologically similar species.}, }
@article {pmid34593969, year = {2021}, author = {Gutierrez, AP and Ponti, L and Neteler, M and Suckling, DM and Cure, JR}, title = {Invasive potential of tropical fruit flies in temperate regions under climate change.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {1141}, pmid = {34593969}, issn = {2399-3642}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Central America ; *Climate Change ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; North America ; Species Specificity ; *Tephritidae ; United States ; }, abstract = {Tropical fruit flies are considered among the most economically important invasive species detected in temperate areas of the United States and the European Union. Detections often trigger quarantine and eradication programs that are conducted without a holistic understanding of the threat posed. Weather-driven physiologically-based demographic models are used to estimate the geographic range, relative abundance, and threat posed by four tropical tephritid fruit flies (Mediterranean fruit fly, melon fly, oriental fruit fly, and Mexican fruit fly) in North and Central America, and the European-Mediterranean region under extant and climate change weather (RCP8.5 and A1B scenarios). Most temperate areas under tropical fruit fly propagule pressure have not been suitable for establishment, but suitability is predicted to increase in some areas with climate change. To meet this ongoing challenge, investments are needed to collect sound biological data to develop mechanistic models to predict the geographic range and relative abundance of these and other invasive species, and to put eradication policies on a scientific basis.}, }
@article {pmid34593200, year = {2021}, author = {Hunt, BG and Goodisman, MA}, title = {Editorial overview: Social insects as invasive species.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {46}, number = {}, pages = {iii-v}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2021.08.003}, pmid = {34593200}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; *Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Social Behavior ; }, }
@article {pmid34592309, year = {2021}, author = {El-Sayed, AM and Brown, RL and Bunn, B}, title = {N-(3-methylbutyl)butanamide: A novel amide in the venom of female social wasps, Vespula vulgaris.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {135}, number = {}, pages = {104311}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104311}, pmid = {34592309}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Amides/*chemistry ; Animals ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; New Zealand ; Odorants ; Pheromones/chemistry ; Venoms/*chemistry ; *Wasps/chemistry/classification ; }, abstract = {In New Zealand's ancient Fuscospora spp. or beech forests, two invasive Vespula social wasps Vespula vulgaris (L.) and Vespula germanica (F.) have become significant problems, adversely affecting native birds and invertebrate biodiversity. The nature of chemical communication in these two species is poorly understood, and this work was undertaken to identify the behaviourally active compounds in the venom of the common wasp, Vespula vulgaris (L.). Venom was removed from the stings of both workers and females and analyzed by coupled gas chromatography/electroantennographic detection (GC/EAD) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Two compounds were present in the venom that consistently elicited EAD responses from the antennae of males and workers. Mass spectrometry analysis and syntheses of candidate structures revealed the structures to be N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide (MBA) and N-(3-methylbutyl)butanamide (MBB). Gyne venom contains significantly larger amounts of MBA and MBB than worker venom. When these two compounds were tested in the field individually or as binary blends in combination with the known food odour (honeydew volatiles), only N-(3-methylbutyl)butanamide or blends containing this compound showed a strong repellent effect on workers to honeydew volatiles at all doses tested. This is the first report of the occurrence of N-(3-methylbutyl)butanamide in nature and the third amide to be identified in the venom of any social wasp. In addition, this work is the first to report the chemical analysis of the venom of V. vulgaris gyne. The repellency effect observed in this study of the venom compound suggests that our definition and understanding of the function of the alarm pheromone need to be reassessed.}, }
@article {pmid34591913, year = {2021}, author = {Carter, J and Johnson, D and Boundy, J and Vermillion, W}, title = {The Louisiana Amphibian Monitoring Program from 1997 to 2017: Results, analyses, and lessons learned.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {e0257869}, pmid = {34591913}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/*classification ; Demography ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Louisiana ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Growth ; }, abstract = {To determine trends in either frog distribution or abundance in the State of Louisiana, we reviewed and analyzed frog call data from the Louisiana Amphibian Monitoring Program (LAMP). The data were collected between 1997 and 2017 using North American Amphibian Monitoring Program protocols. Louisiana was divided into three survey regions for administration and analysis: the Florida Parishes, and 2 areas west of the Florida parishes called North and South. Fifty-four routes were surveyed with over 12,792 stops and 1,066 hours of observation. Observers heard 26 species of the 31 species reported to be in Louisiana. Three of the species not heard were natives with ranges that did not overlap with survey routes. The other two species were introduced species, the Rio Grande Chirping Frog (Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides) and the Cuban Treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis). Both seem to be limited to urban areas with little to no route coverage. The 15 most commonly occurring species were examined in detail using the percentage of stops at which they observed along a given survey and their call indices. Most species exhibited a multimodal, concave, or convex pattern of abundance over a 15-year period. Among LAMP survey regions, none of the species had synchronous population trends. Only one group of species, winter callers, regularly co-occur. Based on the species lists, the North region could be seen as a subset of the South. However, based on relative abundance, the North was more similar to Florida parishes for both the winter and summer survey runs. Our analyses demonstrate that long-term monitoring (10 years or more) may be necessary to determine population and occupancy trends, and that frog species may have different local demographic patterns across large geographic areas.}, }
@article {pmid34591204, year = {2021}, author = {Mallela, A and Hastings, A}, title = {Tipping Cascades in a Multi-patch System with Noise and Spatial Coupling.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {83}, number = {11}, pages = {112}, pmid = {34591204}, issn = {1522-9602}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; *Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Forecasting tipping points in spatially extended systems is a key area of interest to ecologists. A slowly declining spatially distributed population is an important example of an ecological system that could exhibit a cascade of tipping points. Here, we develop a spatial two-patch model with environmental stochasticity that is slowly forced through population collapse, in the presence of changing environmental conditions. We begin with a basic spatial model, then introduce a fast-slow version of the model using geometric singular perturbation theory, followed by the inclusion of stochasticity. Using the spectral density of the fluctuating subpopulation in each patch, we derive analytic expressions for candidate indicators of population extinction and evaluate their performance through a simulation study. We find that coupling and spatial heterogeneity decrease the magnitude of the proposed indicators in coupled populations relative to isolated populations. Moreover, the degree of coupling dictates the trends in summary statistics. We conclude that this theory may be applied to other contexts, including the control of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid34588878, year = {2021}, author = {Al-Khalaf, AA}, title = {Modeling the potential distribution of the predator of honey bees, Palarus latifrons, in the Arabian deserts using Maxent and GIS.}, journal = {Saudi journal of biological sciences}, volume = {28}, number = {10}, pages = {5667-5673}, pmid = {34588878}, issn = {1319-562X}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The species Palarus latifrons (bee pirates) has been recorded in Saudi Arabia as an invasive species. This pest can destroy honey bee colonies under certain conditions. The origin of this species in Africa and it has a good ability to adapt to desert conditions. Studies on this species are very few but its current distribution in the Arabian deserts is mainly in the Arabian Gulf countries. This study presents maps for the possible expansion of this species to invade other desert areas in the Arabian countries' under current and near-future conditions (2030).<br><br>METHODS: This pest is a solitary insect with high activity during summer. It is hypothesized that summer conditions and especially temperature are the limiting factor for its distribution in the deserts. The analysis depended on generating maps based on temperatures during summer and based on two bioclimatic factors. Maxent and the geographical information system (GIS) were used to perform the analysis.<br><br>RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: All maps showed the high ability of this pest to spread in the Gulf countries. In North Africa: south Egypt and Libya, and some parts of Algeria showed suitability for Palarus. The invasion of this pest towards North Africa can happen mostly due to trading activities with Gulf countries especially materials containing soil. Continues monitoring for the activity of Palarus in the risk areas is highly advised.}, }
@article {pmid34588705, year = {2021}, author = {Li, SL and Keller, J and Runge, MC and Shea, K}, title = {Weighing the unknowns: Value of Information for biological and operational uncertainty in invasion management.}, journal = {The Journal of applied ecology}, volume = {58}, number = {8}, pages = {1621-1630}, pmid = {34588705}, issn = {0021-8901}, abstract = {The management of biological invasions is a worldwide conservation priority. Unfortunately, decision-making on optimal invasion management can be impeded by lack of information about the biological processes that determine invader success (i.e. biological uncertainty) or by uncertainty about the effectiveness of candidate interventions (i.e. operational uncertainty). Concurrent assessment of both sources of uncertainty within the same framework can help to optimize control decisions.Here, we present a Value of Information (VoI) framework to simultaneously analyse the effects of biological and operational uncertainties on management outcomes. We demonstrate this approach with a case study: minimizing the long-term population growth of musk thistle Carduus nutans, a widespread invasive plant, using several insects as biological control agents, including Trichosirocalus horridus, Rhinocyllus conicus and Urophora solstitialis.The ranking of biocontrol agents was sensitive to differences in the target weed's demography and also to differences in the effectiveness of the different biocontrol agents. This finding suggests that accounting for both biological and operational uncertainties is valuable when making management recommendations for invasion control. Furthermore, our VoI analyses show that reduction of all uncertainties across all combinations of demographic model and biocontrol effectiveness explored in the current study would lead, on average, to a 15.6% reduction in musk thistle population growth rate. The specific growth reduction that would be observed in any instance would depend on how the uncertainties actually resolve. Resolving biological uncertainty (across demographic model combinations) or operational uncertainty (across biocontrol effectiveness combinations) alone would reduce expected population growth rate by 8.5% and 10.5% respectively.Synthesis and applications. Our study demonstrates that intervention rank is determined both by biological processes in the targeted invasive populations and by intervention effectiveness. Ignoring either biological uncertainty or operational uncertainty may result in a suboptimal recommendation. Therefore, it is important to simultaneously acknowledge both sources of uncertainty during the decision-making process in invasion management. The framework presented here can accommodate diverse data sources and modelling approaches, and has wide applicability to guide invasive species management and conservation efforts.}, }
@article {pmid34588496, year = {2021}, author = {Hirose, M and Yoshida, K and Inoue, E and Hasegawa, M}, title = {Population genetic structure of raccoons as a consequence of multiple introductions and range expansion in the Boso Peninsula, Japan.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {19294}, pmid = {34588496}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/methods ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Raccoons/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The raccoon (Procyon lotor) is an invasive carnivore that invaded various areas of the world. Although controlling feral raccoon populations is important to reduce serious threats to local ecosystems, raccoons are not under rigid population control in Europe and Japan. We examined the D-loop and nuclear microsatellite regions to identify spatially explicit and feasible management units for effective population control and further range expansion retardation. Through the identification of five mitochondrial DNA haplotypes and three nuclear genetic groups, we identified at least three independent introductions, range expansion, and subsequent genetic admixture in the Boso Peninsula. The management unit considered that two were appropriate because two populations have already genetic exchange. Furthermore, when taking management, we think that it is important to monitor DNA at the same time as capture measures for feasible management. This makes it possible to determine whether there is a invasion that has a significant impact on population growth from out of the unit, and enables adaptive management.}, }
@article {pmid34587581, year = {2021}, author = {Portela-Grandío, A and Peleteiro, S and Yáñez, R and Romaní, A}, title = {Integral valorization of Acacia dealbata wood in organic medium catalyzed by an acidic ionic liquid.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {342}, number = {}, pages = {126013}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126013}, pmid = {34587581}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Acacia ; Catalysis ; Hydrolysis ; *Ionic Liquids ; Lignin ; Wood ; }, abstract = {In this work, a novel delignification process was proposed for the fractionation of invasive species such as Acacia dealbata wood. Organosolv process catalyzed with an acidic ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrosulfate was evaluated to obtain cellulose-enriched solids and liquid fractions rich in hemicelluloses derived compounds and lignin. Under selected operating conditions (190 °C, 60% ethanol, 60 min of reaction time and 0.6 g 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrosulfate/g wood), high solubilization of lignin and hemicelluloses and cellulose recovery (87.5%, 88.7% and 88.3%, respectively), with a pulp yield of 43.1% were achieved. Moreover, 62.6 % of lignin was recovered by precipitation from the black liquor (composed mainly by 4.43 g xylose/L, 7.66 g furfural/L and 3.59 g acetic acid/L). In addition, enzymatic digestibility of delignified wood was also assayed. Overall, this work presents an alternative biorefinery scheme based in the use of environmentally friendly solvent and catalyst for selective fractionation of A. dealbata wood.}, }
@article {pmid34587457, year = {2022}, author = {Lee, CY and Yang, CS}, title = {Biology, Ecology, and Management of the Invasive Longlegged Ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {67}, number = {}, pages = {43-63}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-033121-102332}, pmid = {34587457}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Biodiversity ; Biology ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {The longlegged ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) is one of the most damaging invasive tramp ants globally. It is generally found between latitudes 27°N and 27°S in Asia, although it has been introduced to other continents. Its native range remains debatable, but it is believed to be in Southeast Asia. Anoplolepis gracilipes invasion has many serious ecological consequences, especially for native invertebrate, vertebrate, and plant communities, altering ecosystem dynamics and functions. We examine and synthesize the literature about this species' origin and distribution, impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems, biology and ecology, chemical control, and potential biocontrol agents. We highlight emerging research needs on the origin and invasion history of this species, its reproductive mode, its relationship with myrmecophiles, and its host-microbial interactions, and we discuss future research directions.}, }
@article {pmid34586487, year = {2022}, author = {García-Díaz, P and Montti, L and Powell, PA and Phimister, E and Pizarro, JC and Fasola, L and Langdon, B and Pauchard, A and Raffo, E and Bastías, J and Damasceno, G and Fidelis, A and Huerta, MF and Linardaki, E and Moyano, J and Núñez, MA and Ortiz, MI and Rodríguez-Jorquera, I and Roesler, I and Tomasevic, JA and Burslem, DFRP and Cava, M and Lambin, X}, title = {Identifying Priorities, Targets, and Actions for the Long-term Social and Ecological Management of Invasive Non-Native Species.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {69}, number = {1}, pages = {140-153}, pmid = {34586487}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Brazil ; Chile ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Formulating effective management plans for addressing the impacts of invasive non-native species (INNS) requires the definition of clear priorities and tangible targets, and the recognition of the plurality of societal values assigned to these species. These tasks require a multi-disciplinary approach and the involvement of stakeholders. Here, we describe procedures to integrate multiple sources of information to formulate management priorities, targets, and high-level actions for the management of INNS. We follow five good-practice criteria: justified, evidence-informed, actionable, quantifiable, and flexible. We used expert knowledge methods to compile 17 lists of ecological, social, and economic impacts of lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta) and American mink (Neovison vison) in Chile and Argentina, the privet (Ligustrum lucidum) in Argentina, the yellow-jacket wasp (Vespula germanica) in Chile, and grasses (Urochloa brizantha and Urochloa decumbens) in Brazil. INNS plants caused a greater number of impacts than INNS animals, although more socio-economic impacts were listed for INNS animals than for plants. These impacts were ranked according to their magnitude and level of confidence on the information used for the ranking to prioritise impacts and assign them one of four high-level actions-do nothing, monitor, research, and immediate active management. We showed that it is possible to formulate management priorities, targets, and high-level actions for a variety of INNS and with variable levels of available information. This is vital in a world where the problems caused by INNS continue to increase, and there is a parallel growth in the implementation of management plans to deal with them.}, }
@article {pmid34582570, year = {2021}, author = {DiTommaso, A and Averill, KM and Qin, Z and Ho, M and Westbrook, AS and Mohler, CL}, title = {Biomass allocation of Vincetoxicum rossicum and V. nigrum in contrasting competitive environments.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {108}, number = {9}, pages = {1646-1661}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1734}, pmid = {34582570}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Biomass ; Droughts ; Introduced Species ; Soil ; *Vincetoxicum ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: Understanding how drought and biomass allocation patterns influence competitive ability can help identify traits related to invasiveness and guide management. Vincetoxicum nigrum and V. rossicum are increasingly problematic herbaceous perennial vines in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada.<br><br>METHODS: Using a greenhouse experiment, we investigated how biomass allocation and competition intensity of Vincetoxicum spp. responded to four competitive regimes at two levels of soil water availability in the presence of conspecific or congeneric neighbors.<br><br>RESULTS: Soil moisture was the most important influence on growth and biomass allocation. Vincetoxicum nigrum had a greater capacity for growth and reproduction than V. rossicum, especially under drought. Drought reduced the probability of reproduction for V. rossicum. Vincetoxicum rossicum had a higher root-to-shoot ratio than V. nigrum under adequate soil moisture. This difference more than doubled under drought. Under interspecific competition, V. nigrum maximized its biomass, while V. rossicum limited aboveground growth and reproduction. Root-only competition increased shoot and root biomass relative to shoot-only competition. The effects of root and shoot competition were additive under interspecific competition, but interacted under intraspecific competition (negative interaction under drought and positive interaction under sufficient soil moisture).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Management strategies targeting mixed populations of V. rossicum and V. nigrum are most important under ample water availability. Under drought conditions, strategies focused on V. nigrum should effectively limit Vincetoxicum growth and seed reproduction. Phenotypic plasticity and the positive competition intensity associated with drought in monocultures may contribute to drought resistance in these invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid34582563, year = {2021}, author = {Besterman, AF and Pace, ML}, title = {Mudflat geomorphology determines invasive macroalgal effect on invertebrate prey and shorebird predators.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {12}, pages = {e03540}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3540}, pmid = {34582563}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates ; *Seaweed ; }, abstract = {Impacts of invasive species are often context specific due to varying ecological interactions. Physical structure of environments hosting invaders is also potentially important but has received limited attention. An invasive macroalga, Agarophyton vermiculophyllum, has spread across the northern hemisphere with mixed positive, neutral and negative effects on resident species. Agarophyton colonizes mudflats that vary in topography due to interactions of sediments with hydrodynamic forces. We tested the hypothesis that mudflat geomorphology moderates the effect of Agarophyton on shorebirds and invertebrates. We surveyed 30 mudflats in the Virginia Coast Reserve quantifying elevation and topography. Invertebrate and bird abundances were also quantified. Mudflat geomorphology ranged from smooth to hummocky and was correlated with invertebrate and shorebird abundance and interactions based on piecewise structural equation models. After accounting for geomorphology, Agarophyton had little effect on invertebrate abundance. Shorebird numbers were differentially influenced by mudflat topography, with positive correlations to invertebrates (worms) on smooth mudflats, and to macroalgae on hummocky mudflats. These differences are likely to be due to sediment properties in interaction with structural changes induced by Agarophyton mats that affect prey accessibility for birds. Even on apparently simple mudflats, geomorphic structure emerged as important, modifying invasive species impacts and differentially influencing consumers.}, }
@article {pmid34582264, year = {2022}, author = {Xu, Y and Vargo, EL and Tsuji, K and Wylie, R}, title = {Exotic Ants of the Asia-Pacific: Invasion, National Response, and Ongoing Needs.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {67}, number = {}, pages = {27-42}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-060721-085603}, pmid = {34582264}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/physiology ; Asia ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Human activity has facilitated the introduction of many exotic species via global trade. Asia-Pacific countries comprise one of the most economically and trade-active regions in the world, which makes it an area that is highly vulnerable to invasive species, including ants. There are currently over 60 exotic ant species in the Asia-Pacific, with the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, among the most destructive. Exotic ants pose many economic and ecological problems for the region. Countries in the Asia-Pacific have dealt with the problem of exotic ants in very different ways, and there has been an overall lack of preparedness. To improve the management of risks associated with invasive ants, we recommend that countries take action across the biosecurity spectrum, spanning prevention, containment, and quarantine. The creation of an Asia-Pacific network for management of invasive ants should help prevent their introduction and mitigate their impacts.}, }
@article {pmid34580549, year = {2021}, author = {Yosef, R and Hershko, M and Zduniak, P}, title = {Anti Covid-19 face-masks increases vigilance in Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana).}, journal = {Biological conservation}, volume = {263}, number = {}, pages = {109339}, pmid = {34580549}, issn = {0006-3207}, abstract = {Changes in ecosystems resulting from anthropause caused by Covid-19 relate to both abiotic and biotic factors which have both a positive or negative effect on wildlife. The lockdown was manifested by reduced air and water pollution, lower mortality of animals on the roads, an increase in animals' body condition and reproduction success. On the other hand, the closures lead to an increase in the populations of invasive species or poaching. We studied the behavioural reaction of natural, desert-dwelling Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana) on the appearance of a new element in the environment - the facial-masks. We hypothesized that the mask would trigger a response expressed through differences in the vigilance towards a potentially new threat. We applied the flight initiation distance (FID) technique to check the reaction at the approach of a human with a facial-mask and without it. The average FID was 8.8 m and was longer when the observer was wearing a mask (10.7 m) as compared to trials without the mask (6.9 m). Our study indicates that wildlife, even if habituated to human silhouette at a distance, appear to notice unusual accessories when up-close and respond by increased vigilance and what may affect their overall fitness.}, }
@article {pmid34580209, year = {2021}, author = {Long, KE and Schneider, L and Connor, SE and Shulmeister, N and Finn, J and Roberts, GL and Zawadzki, A and Enge, TG and Smol, JP and Ballard, C and Haberle, SG}, title = {Human impacts and Anthropocene environmental change at Lake Kutubu, a Ramsar wetland in Papua New Guinea.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {118}, number = {40}, pages = {}, pmid = {34580209}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Anthropogenic Effects ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Humans ; Papua New Guinea ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The impacts of human-induced environmental change that characterize the Anthropocene are not felt equally across the globe. In the tropics, the potential for the sudden collapse of ecosystems in response to multiple interacting pressures has been of increasing concern in ecological and conservation research. The tropical ecosystems of Papua New Guinea are areas of diverse rainforest flora and fauna, inhabited by human populations that are equally diverse, both culturally and linguistically. These people and the ecosystems they rely on are being put under increasing pressure from mineral resource extraction, population growth, land clearing, invasive species, and novel pollutants. This study details the last ∼90 y of impacts on ecosystem dynamics in one of the most biologically diverse, yet poorly understood, tropical wetland ecosystems of the region. The lake is listed as a Ramsar wetland of international importance, yet, since initial European contact in the 1930s and the opening of mineral resource extraction facilities in the 1990s, there has been a dramatic increase in deforestation and an influx of people to the area. Using multiproxy paleoenvironmental records from lake sediments, we show how these anthropogenic impacts have transformed Lake Kutubu. The recent collapse of algal communities represents an ecological tipping point that is likely to have ongoing repercussions for this important wetland's ecosystems. We argue that the incorporation of an adequate historical perspective into models for wetland management and conservation is critical in understanding how to mitigate the impacts of ecological catastrophes such as biodiversity loss.}, }
@article {pmid34579436, year = {2021}, author = {Bedair, R and Ibrahim, AA and Alyamani, AA and Aloufi, S and Ramadan, S}, title = {Impacts of Anthropogenic Disturbance on Vegetation Dynamics: A Case Study of Wadi Hagul, Eastern Desert, Egypt.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {34579436}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Irresponsible human interventions, encroachment of natural habitats, and climate change negatively affect wildlife. In this study, the effects of human influence on Wadi Hagul, an unprotected area in the north of the Egyptian Eastern Desert that has recently been subjected to blatant encroachments of vegetation, were studied. The most important of these threats is the construction of the new road Al-Galala-Wadi Hagul-Zafarana. In Wadi Hagul, 80 species are reported in this study; the most represented plant families are Asteraceae (15 species) and Brassicaceae (6 species). Perennial, chamaephyte and Saharo-Arabian species were recorded in the highest percentage. Detrended canonical correspondence analysis showed that latitude, longitude, altitude, silt, sand contents, pH, and CO3[2][-] content are the factors that have the highest effect on vegetation distribution in the studied stands. Several invasive and alien species such as Euphorbia prostrata have been listed; these species typically have a negative effect on native species. The Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) indicated a decrease in plant cover during the study period, as compared to previous years. In 2013 and 2020, SAVI ranged from -0.02 to 0.42 and from -0.18 to 0.28, respectively. Recently, the violation and destruction of wildlife have increased, therefore, preserving it along with general biodiversity has become an urgent necessity.}, }
@article {pmid34579384, year = {2021}, author = {Shi, B and Osunkoya, OO and Chadha, A and Florentine, SK and Dhileepan, K}, title = {Biology, Ecology and Management of the Invasive Navua Sedge (Cyperus aromaticus)-A Global Review.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {34579384}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Navua sedge (Cyperus aromaticus (Ridley) Mattf. &amp; Kukenth) is an invasive perennial sedge, native to tropical Africa, which is threatening many natural ecosystems and agroecosystems, especially in northern Queensland, Australia. Crop and pasture production have been impacted by Navua sedge and it is also directly causing reductions in dairy and beef production in affected regions. This review documents the biology, ecology and potential management options to minimise the spread and impact of Navua sedge. The weed reproduces both sexually (seeds) and vegetatively (via underground rhizomes). Its tiny seeds can be spread easily via wind, water, vehicles, farm machinery and animals, whilst the rhizomes assist with establishment of dense stands. The CLIMEX model (which uses distribution and climate data in native and novel ranges) indicates that in Australia, Navua sedge has the potential to spread further within Queensland and into the Northern Territory, New South Wales and Victoria. Several management strategies, including mechanical, chemical and agronomic methods, and their integration will have to be used to minimise agricultural production losses caused by Navua sedge, but most of these methods are currently either ineffective or uneconomical when used alone. Other management approaches, including biological control and mycoherbicides, are currently being explored. We conclude that a better understanding of the interaction of its physiological processes, ecological patterns and genetic diversity across a range of conditions found in the invaded and native habitats will help to contribute to and provide more effective integrated management approaches for Navua sedge.}, }
@article {pmid34579383, year = {2021}, author = {Zhang, A and Ying, Z and Hu, X and Yu, M}, title = {Phylogenetic Diversity of Wetland Plants across China.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {34579383}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Accelerating and severe wetland loss has made wetland restoration increasingly important. Current wetland restorations do not take into consideration the ecological adaptability of wetland plants at large scales, which likely affects their long-term restoration success. We explored the ecological adaptability, including plant life forms and phylogenetic diversity, of plants across 28 wetlands in China. We found that perennial herbs were more common than annual herbs, with the proportion of perennial herbs accounting for 40-50%, 45-65%, 45-70%, 50-60%, and 60-80% of species in coastal wetlands, human-made wetlands, lake wetlands, river wetlands, and marsh wetlands, respectively. A ranking of phylogenetic diversity indices (PDIs) showed an order of marsh < river < coastal < lake < human-made, meaning that human-made wetlands had the highest phylogenetic diversity and marsh wetlands had the lowest phylogenetic diversity. The nearest taxon index (NTI) was positive in 23 out of 28 wetlands, indicating that species were phylogenetically clustered in wetland habitats. Dominant species tended to be distantly related to non-dominant species, as were alien invasive species and native species. Our study indicated that annual herbs and perennial herbs were found in different proportions in different types of wetlands and that species were phylogenetically clustered in wetland habitats. To improve wetland restoration, we suggest screening for native annual herbs and perennial herbs in proportions that occur naturally and the consideration of the phylogenetic similarity to dominant native species.}, }
@article {pmid34577335, year = {2021}, author = {Dyrmann, M and Mortensen, AK and Linneberg, L and Høye, TT and Bjerge, K}, title = {Camera Assisted Roadside Monitoring for Invasive Alien Plant Species Using Deep Learning.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {21}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {34577335}, issn = {1424-8220}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Deep Learning ; *Introduced Species ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien plant species (IAPS) pose a threat to biodiversity as they propagate and outcompete natural vegetation. In this study, a system for monitoring IAPS on the roadside is presented. The system consists of a camera that acquires images at high speed mounted on a vehicle that follows the traffic. Images of seven IAPS (Cytisus scoparius, Heracleum, Lupinus polyphyllus, Pastinaca sativa, Reynoutria, Rosa rugosa, and Solidago) were collected on Danish motorways. Three deep convolutional neural networks for classification (ResNet50V2 and MobileNetV2) and object detection (YOLOv3) were trained and evaluated at different image sizes. The results showed that the performance of the networks varied with the input image size and also the size of the IAPS in the images. Binary classification of IAPS vs. non-IAPS showed an increased performance, compared to the classification of individual IAPS. This study shows that automatic detection and mapping of invasive plants along the roadside is possible at high speeds.}, }
@article {pmid34573668, year = {2021}, author = {Putri, D and Yokozawa, M and Yamanaka, T and Cronin, AL}, title = {Trait Plasticity among Invasive Populations of the Ant Technomyrmex brunneus in Japan.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {34573668}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Characters in invasive populations often differ from those in the native range, and the ability to express different characters may enhance invasive potential. Ants are among the most pervasive and damaging invasive species, by virtue of their transportability and broad-ranging ecological interactions. Their success is often attributed to the ability to exhibit different characteristics in invasive populations, including the formation of large, unicolonial associations ('supercolonies'). It remains unclear, however, if such characteristics are a product or cause of the ecological dominance of invasive ants, and the advancement of our understanding has likely been restrained by the fact that studies to date have focused on a few globally important species with well-established invasions. In this study, we take advantage of an ongoing invasion of the tramp ant Technomyrmex brunneus in Japan to assess trait plasticity in the invasive range of this species. We find evidence for plasticity in social structure among island populations, with a supercolony evident on one of the three islands studied. Interestingly, we found no evidence of lower genetic diversity in this population, though natural isotope data indicate it was operating at a lower trophic level than other populations. These findings add weight to arguments that invasive species may benefit from the capacity to adaptively mould themselves to new ecological contexts.}, }
@article {pmid34573593, year = {2021}, author = {Kirczuk, L and Dziewulska, K and Czerniejewski, P and Brysiewicz, A and Rząd, I}, title = {Reproductive Potential of Stone Moroko (Pseudorasbora parva, Temminck et Schlegel, 1846) (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Gobionidae) Inhabiting Central Europe.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {34573593}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Similar to other invasive species, stone moroko is extending its global distribution. The present study aimed to assess the reproductive potential of stone moroko fish in a new habitat in Poland based on analysing the sexual cycle and fecundity. Fish morphometric data, age, and gonadal structures were analysed. Fish age ranged from 0+ to 5+ years. Most females and males (93% and 60%, respectively) had reached sexual maturity in the first year of their life, with the smallest length of 25 mm and 28 mm, respectively. The mean, standard length of the body was 50 mm. The spawning season was spread over four months from late-April to mid-August. Females laid eggs in portions, and the absolute and relative fecundity was 1372 and 1691, respectively. Stone moroko males were ready to spawn for a longer time period than females. The present study shows greater reproductive potential of stone moroko population in the central Europe than the native population, suggesting its successful colonisation in the new habitat.}, }
@article {pmid34573453, year = {2021}, author = {Haydett, KM and Peper, ST and Reinoso Webb, C and Tiffin, HS and Wilson-Fallon, AN and Jones-Hall, YL and Webb, SL and Presley, SM}, title = {Prevalence of Neospora caninum Exposure in Wild Pigs (Sus scrofa) from Oklahoma with Implications of Testing Method on Detection.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {34573453}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite, reported as a leading cause of cattle abortions and reproductive failure worldwide, costing the cattle industry approximately $1.3 billion annually. With wild pig (Sus scrofa) populations estimated at over six million in the United States, contact between wild pigs and livestock is inevitable, mainly because of the widespread geographic co-occurrence of the two species. As a known reservoir for numerous fungal, bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases, wild pigs are of particular importance for human and veterinary health relative to the prevention of infectious diseases. The seroprevalence of N. caninum in wild pig populations was previously documented in the United States, raising the question as to their exposure point of prevalence. This research screened 116 individual wild pigs for N. caninum using a variety of available assays. Using two different commercially available ELISA test kits, seroprevalence ranged from 12.5% to 67.8%. The Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test resulted in our highest percent seroprevalence for these samples, at 84.1%. However, none of our samples showed any presence of N. caninum or associated pathologies via histological evaluation of representative tissues. Importantly, the assays used in this study were not congruent with all duplicate samples or between the test types used. The implications of these non-congruent results demonstrates that currently available testing assays produce variable results, underscoring the need for more reliable testing kits and a standardized methodology when assessing disease prevalence in wildlife, particularly for N. caninum in wild pigs, which impacts prevalence and comparability across studies.}, }
@article {pmid34571385, year = {2021}, author = {Wan, Z and Shi, Z and Nie, A and Chen, J and Wang, Z}, title = {Risk assessment of marine invasive species in Chinese ports introduced by the global shipping network.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {173}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {112950}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112950}, pmid = {34571385}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment ; *Ships ; Water ; }, abstract = {The discharge of ballast water from ocean-going ships is a major pathway by which invasive species are introduced into coastal waters. As a global factory and trade power with extensive shipping networks, China has paid a huge ecological price for its progress. However, current endeavors to protect the nation's biodiversity are largely focused on terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, for the first time, we conducted a comprehensive risk assessment of ballast water-induced biological invasion in Chinese ports. The results showed that the ports in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Southern Taiwan Province face significantly high invasion risks, and the number of donor ports, connected ships, and arriving vessels showed a positive correlation with the invasion risk. Further, we observed that even a low efficacy disinfection of ballast water can still significantly decrease the level of invasion risk.}, }
@article {pmid34570763, year = {2021}, author = {Arnold, ZJ and Wenger, SJ and Hall, RJ}, title = {Not just trash birds: Quantifying avian diversity at landfills using community science data.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {e0255391}, pmid = {34570763}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds/*classification/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Population Dynamics ; Waste Disposal Facilities/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Landfills provide seasonally reliable food resources to many bird species, including those perceived to be pest or invasive species. However, landfills often contain multiple habitat types that could attract diverse species, including those of conservation concern. To date, little is known about the characteristics and composition of bird communities at landfills relative to local and regional pools. Here we used the community science database eBird to extract avian species occurrence data at landfills across the US. We compared species richness and community similarity across space in comparison to similarly-sampled reference sites, and further quantified taxonomic and dietary traits of bird communities at landfills. While landfills harbored marginally lower species richness than reference sites (respective medians of 144 vs 160), landfill community composition, and its turnover across space, were similar to reference sites. Consistent with active waste disposal areas attracting birds, species feeding at higher trophic levels, especially gulls, were more frequently observed at landfills than reference sites. However, habitat specialists including two declining grassland species, Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna) and Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), as well as migratory waterfowl, were more frequently encountered at landfills than reference sites. Together, these results suggest that landfills harbor comparable avian diversity to neighboring sites, and that habitats contained within landfill sites can support species of conservation concern. As covered landfills are rarely developed or forested, management of wetlands and grasslands at these sites represents an opportunity for conservation.}, }
@article {pmid34568251, year = {2021}, author = {de Wit, LA and Ricketts, TH}, title = {Trade and Deforestation Predict Rat Lungworm Disease, an Invasive-Driven Zoonosis, at Global and Regional Scales.}, journal = {Frontiers in public health}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {680986}, pmid = {34568251}, issn = {2296-2565}, mesh = {*Angiostrongylus cantonensis ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Hawaii/epidemiology ; Rats ; Snails ; Zoonoses/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {The introduction of non-native species and deforestation are both important drivers of environmental change that can also facilitate the geographic spread of zoonotic pathogens and increase disease risk in humans. With ongoing trends in globalization and land-use conversions, introduced species and deforestation are ever more likely to pose threats to human health. Here, we used rat lungworm disease, an emerging zoonotic disease caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis and maintained by invasive rats and snails, to explore how these two forms of environmental change can impact zoonotic disease risk. We used logistic regressions to examine the role of global trade in the introduction of A. cantonensis at a country level and used model estimates to predict the probability of introduction as a function of trade. We then used hurdle-based regression models to examine the association between deforestation and rat lungworm disease in two regions where A. cantonensis is already established: Hawaii and Thailand. At the global scale, we found the trade of horticultural products to be an important driver in the spread of A. cantonensis and that the majority of countries at high risk of future A. cantonensis introduction are islands. At country scales, we found deforestation to increase the per-capita risk of A. cantonensis exposure in Hawaii and Thailand. Our study provides a preliminary view of the associations between species introductions, deforestation, and risk of A. cantonensis exposure in people. Better understanding how these two widespread and overlapping forms of environmental change affect human health can inform international biosecurity protocols, invasive species management, and land-use policies.}, }
@article {pmid34566453, year = {2021}, author = {Costa, R and Borges, PAV}, title = {SLAM Project - Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change in the natural forest of Azores: I - the spiders from native forests of Terceira and Pico Islands (2012-2019).}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e69924}, pmid = {34566453}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Long-term monitoring of invertebrate communities is needed to understand the impact of key biodiversity erosion drivers (e.g. habitat fragmentation and degradation, invasive species, pollution, climatic changes) on the biodiversity of these high diverse organisms.The data we present are part of the long-term project SLAM (Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change in the natural forest of Azores) that started in 2012, aiming to understand the impact of biodiversity erosion drivers on Azorean native forests (Azores, Macaronesia, Portugal). In this contribution, the design of the project, its objectives and the first available data for the spider fauna of two Islands (Pico and Terceira) are described.Passive flight interception SLAM traps (Sea, Land and Air Malaise traps) were used to sample native forest plots in several Azorean islands, with one trap being set up at each plot and samples taken every three months following the seasons.The key objectives of the SLAM project are: 1) collect long-term ecological data to evaluate species distributions and abundance at multiple spatial and temporal scales, responding to the Wallacean and Prestonian shortfalls, 2) identify biodiversity erosion drivers impacting oceanic indigenous assemblages under global change for conservation management purpose, 3) use species distribution and abundance data in model-based studies of environmental change in different islands, 4) contribute to clarifying the potential occurrence of an "insect decline" in Azores and identifying the spatial and temporal invasion patterns of exotic arthropod species, 5) contribute with temporal data to re-assess the Red-list status of Azorean endemic arthropods and 6) perform studies about the relationship between diversity (taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic) and ecosystem function.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: The project SLAM (Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change in the natural forest of Azores) is described in detail.Seasonal distribution and abundance data of Azorean spiders, based on a long-term study undertaken between 2012 and 2019 in two Azorean Islands (Terceira and Pico), is presented. A total of 14979 specimens were collected, of which 6430 (43%) were adults. Despite the uncertainty of juvenile identification, juveniles are also included in the data presented in this paper, since the low diversity allows a relatively precise identification of this life-stage in Azores.A total of 57 species, belonging to 50 genera and 17 families, were recorded from the area, which constitutes baseline information of spiders from the studied sites for future long-term comparisons. Linyphiidae were the richest and most abundant family, with 19 (33%) species and 5973 (40%) specimens. The ten most abundant species are composed mostly of endemic or native non-endemic species and only one exotic species (Tenuiphantestenuis (Blackwall, 1852)). Those ten most abundant species include 84% of all sampled specimens and are clearly the dominant species in the Azorean native forests. Textrixcaudata L. Koch, 1872 was firstly reported from Terceira and Pico Islands, Araneusangulatus Clerck, 1757 was firstly reported from Terceira Island, Nerieneclathrata (Sundevall, 1830) and Macaroerisdiligens (Blackwall, 1867) were firstly reported from Pico Island.This publication contributes not only to a better knowledge of the arachnofauna present in native forests of Terceira and Pico, but also to understand the patterns of abundance and diversity of spider species, both seasonally and between years.}, }
@article {pmid34564281, year = {2021}, author = {Flaminio, S and Ranalli, R and Zavatta, L and Galloni, M and Bortolotti, L}, title = {Beewatching: A Project for Monitoring Bees through Photos.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {34564281}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {BeeNet Project//Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali/ ; }, abstract = {Bees play a key role in natural and agro-ecosystems and their diversity is worldwide threatened by anthropogenic causes. Despite this, there is little awareness of the existence of the numerous species of wild bees, and the common name "bee" is very often exclusively associated with Apis mellifera. Our aim was to create a citizen science project in Italy with the following objectives: (a) raising awareness of the importance and diversity of bees, (b) obtaining data on the biology, ecology and distribution of Italian species, and (c) launching the monitoring of alien bees. The first step of the project was to create a website platform with a section containing informative datasheets of the wild bee families and of the most common bee genera present in Italy, a form to send reports of observed bees and an interactive map with all citizen's reports. During the 2 years of the project 1086 reports were sent by 269 users, with 38 Apoidea genera reported on 190 plant genera; furthermore, 22 reports regarding the alien species Megachile sculpturalis arrived. The majority of bees (34 genera) were observed on spontaneous plants, including 115 genera native to Italy. Considering the increasing number of reports and data obtained in these first two years of the project, our objectives seem to be achieved. Future steps will be to outline the profile of beewatchers, to plan activities in a more targeted way, and also to start some sub-projects for conservation purposes.}, }
@article {pmid34564274, year = {2021}, author = {Park, I and Smith, L}, title = {Topical Application of Synthetic Hormones Terminated Reproductive Diapause of a Univoltine Weed Biological Control Agent.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {34564274}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {20-IA-11052021-222//U.S. Forest Service/ ; 2030-22000-027-00D//Agricultural Research Service/ ; }, abstract = {Classical biological control is an important method for controlling invasive alien weeds. Univoltine insects can be highly effective biological control agents of annual weeds because they are well synchronized with their host plant. However, having only one generation per year makes it difficult and slow to multiply them in the laboratory for initial field releases. If it were possible to terminate reproductive diapause early, then we could rear multiple generations per year, which would greatly increase annual production. We used a recently approved biocontrol agent, Ceratapion basicorne (a univoltine weevil), for yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) as a model system to study the use of two insect hormones, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and methoprene, to terminate reproductive diapause. Methoprene (1 μg applied topically) terminated reproductive diapause of female weevils, whereas doses of 0.0, 0.01 and 0.1 μg did not. The combination of methoprene and 20E had a stronger effect and induced an increase in eggs (1.51 ± 0.16 eggs/day, mean ± SE) compared with a methoprene only group (1.00 ± 0.13 eggs/day), and a control group (0.21 ± 0.04 eggs/day). Thus, topical application of these hormones should enable us to rear the weevil out of its normal season and produce more than one generation per year, which will increase productivity of mass-rearing it for field release. Once released in the field, the insect would continue as a univoltine agent that is well-synchronized with its host plant.}, }
@article {pmid34564251, year = {2021}, author = {Kulma, M and Bubová, T and Davies, MP and Boiocchi, F and Patoka, J}, title = {Ctenolepisma longicaudatum Escherich (1905) Became a Common Pest in Europe: Case Studies from Czechia and the United Kingdom.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {34564251}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {75010330//Ministerstvo Zdravotnictv&#xed; Cesk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; SS02030018//Technologick&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; }, abstract = {Synanthropic invasive silverfish, Ctenolepisma longicaudatum, has been recently reported to cause nuisance in the indoor environment in many European countries. To get more details on the species distribution, the species occurrence was monitored by the authors in the countries where establishment of C. longicaudatum has been revealed in the last years. In Czechia, 20 findings from 14 municipalities in eight regions were recorded within the last three years. In the United Kingdom, 49 cases, including the first occurrence in Scotland, were recorded. Five cases were recorded for the Republic of Ireland. Domestic settings were the main habitat in the study countries (50.0% for the Czechia and Ireland and 36.8% for the United Kingdom). Regarding C. longicaudatum control, the standard silverfish strategy fails, and the use of insecticidal baits complemented by dust insecticides was suggested as the most promising approach. To reveal presence of C. longicaudatum in Europe, the search of literature, social platforms and databases on invasive species was conducted. According to these sources, the species is known from majority of European countries, when the high increase of records in recent decade was detected.}, }
@article {pmid34564218, year = {2021}, author = {Chen, HY and Yao, JM and Huang, SB and Pang, H}, title = {Ophelimus bipolaris sp. n. (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), a New Invasive Eucalyptus Pest and Its Host Plants in China.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {34564218}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {No. 201904020041//Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou/ ; }, abstract = {Eucalyptus species have become one of the most commonly planted trees worldwide, including China, due to their fast growth and various commercial applications. However, the productivity of Eucalyptus plantations has been threatened by exotic invasive insect pests in recent years. Among these pests, gall inducers of the genus Ophelimus of the Eulophidae family are among the most important invasive species in Eucalyptus plantations. We report here for the first time the presence of a new invasive Eucalyptus gall wasp, Ophelimus bipolaris sp. n., in Guangzhou, China, which also represents the first species of the genus reported from China. The identity of the new species was confirmed by an integrative approach combing biological, morphological and molecular evidence. The new species is described and illustrated. This wasp induces galls only on the leaf blade surface of four Eucalyptus species: E. grandis, E. grandis × E. urophylla, E. tereticornis and E. urophylla. Our preliminary observation showed that O. bipolaris could complete a life cycle on E. urophylla in approximately 2 months under local climatic conditions (23.5-30 °C). Considering the severe damage it may cause to Eucalyptus production, further investigations of its biology and control are urgently needed in China.}, }
@article {pmid34564216, year = {2021}, author = {Stilley, JA and Gabler, CA}, title = {Effects of Patch Size, Fragmentation, and Invasive Species on Plant and Lepidoptera Communities in Southern Texas.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {34564216}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Habitat loss, fragmentation, and invasive species are major threats to biodiversity. In the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of southern Texas, a conservation hotspot, few studies have examined how land use change and biotic disturbance influence biodiversity, particularly among Lepidoptera. We surveyed 24 habitat fragments on private lands in the LRGV and examined how patch size, edge to interior ratio (EIR), prevalence of invasive, exotic, and pest (IEP) plant species, and other environmental factors influenced plant and Lepidoptera communities within four habitat classes. Biotic disturbance was widespread and intense. IEP plants represented three of the four most common species in all but one habitat class; yet, classes largely had distinctive plant and Lepidoptera communities. Larger habitat patches had lower IEP prevalence but also lower plant richness and lower Lepidoptera richness and abundance. Conversely, patches with higher EIRs had greater IEP prevalence, plant richness, and Lepidoptera richness and abundance. IEP prevalence was negatively related to plant diversity and positively related to woody dominance, blooming plant abundance, and, surprisingly, both plant cover and richness. However, plant richness, abundance, and diversity were higher where a greater proportion of the plants were native. Lepidoptera diversity increased with plant cover, and Lepidoptera richness and abundance increased with plant richness. More individual Lepidoptera species were influenced by habitat attributes than by availability of resources such as host plants or nectar sources. Our results illustrate extensive landscape alteration and biotic disturbance and suggest that most regional habitats are at early successional stages and populated by a novel species pool heavy in IEP species; these factors must be considered together to develop effective and realistic management plans for the LRGV.}, }
@article {pmid34564160, year = {2021}, author = {De Rinaldis, G and Leone, A and De Domenico, S and Bosch-Belmar, M and Slizyte, R and Milisenda, G and Santucci, A and Albano, C and Piraino, S}, title = {Biochemical Characterization of Cassiopea andromeda (Forsskål, 1775), Another Red Sea Jellyfish in the Western Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {19}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {34564160}, issn = {1660-3397}, support = {AFD9B120//POR PUGLIA FESR-FSE 2014 / 2020 - Research for Innovation REFIN/ ; 774499//European Commission, H2020 program, Research and Innovation Action Project "GoJelly - A gelatinous solution to plastic pollution"/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Antioxidants ; Aquatic Organisms ; *Dietary Supplements ; Ecosystem ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Scyphozoa ; }, abstract = {Increasing frequency of native jellyfish proliferations and massive appearance of non-indigenous jellyfish species recently concur to impact Mediterranean coastal ecosystems and human activities at sea. Nonetheless, jellyfish biomass may represent an exploitable novel resource to coastal communities, with reference to its potential use in the pharmaceutical, nutritional, and nutraceutical Blue Growth sectors. The zooxanthellate jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda, Forsskål, 1775 (Cnidaria, Rhizostomeae) entered the Levant Sea through the Suez Canal and spread towards the Western Mediterranean to reach Malta, Tunisia, and recently also the Italian coasts. Here we report on the biochemical characterization and antioxidant activity of C. andromeda specimens with a discussion on their relative biological activities. The biochemical characterization of the aqueous (PBS) and hydroalcoholic (80% ethanol) soluble components of C. andromeda were performed for whole jellyfish, as well as separately for umbrella and oral arms. The insoluble components were hydrolyzed by sequential enzymatic digestion with pepsin and collagenase. The composition and antioxidant activity of the insoluble and enzymatically digestible fractions were not affected by the pre-extraction types, resulting into collagen- and non-collagen-derived peptides with antioxidant activity. Both soluble compounds and hydrolyzed fractions were characterized for the content of proteins, phenolic compounds, and lipids. The presence of compounds coming from the endosymbiont zooxanthellae was also detected. The notable yield and the considerable antioxidant activity detected make this species worthy of further study for its potential biotechnological sustainable exploitation.}, }
@article {pmid34560107, year = {2021}, author = {Brettell, LE and Martin, SJ and Riegler, M and Cook, JM}, title = {Vulnerability of island insect pollinator communities to pathogens.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {186}, number = {}, pages = {107670}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2021.107670}, pmid = {34560107}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*virology ; Butterflies/*parasitology ; Insect Viruses ; Introduced Species ; *Islands ; *Pollination ; Wasps/*virology ; }, abstract = {Island ecosystems, which often contain undescribed insects and small populations of single island endemics, are at risk from diverse threats. The spread of pathogens is a major factor affecting not just pollinator species themselves, but also posing significant knock-on effects to often fragile island ecosystems through disruption of pollination networks. Insects are vulnerable to diverse pathogens and these can be introduced to islands in a number of ways, e.g. via the introduction of infected managed pollinator hosts (e.g. honey bees and their viruses, in particular Deformed wing virus), long-range migrants (e.g. monarch butterflies and their protozoan parasite, Ophryocystit elektroscirrha) and invasive species (e.g. social wasps are common invaders and are frequently infected with multi-host viruses such as Kashmir bee virus and Moku virus). Furthermore, these introductions can negatively affect island ecosystems through outcompeting native taxa for resources. As such, the greatest threat to island pollinator communities is not one particular pathogen, but the combination of pathogens and introduced and invasive insects that will likely carry them.}, }
@article {pmid34555234, year = {2021}, author = {Sinclair, JS and Fraker, ME and Hood, JM and Frank, KT and DuFour, MR and Gorman, AM and Ludsin, SA}, title = {Functional traits reveal the dominant drivers of long-term community change across a North American Great Lake.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {27}, number = {23}, pages = {6232-6251}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15902}, pmid = {34555234}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {NA17OAR4320152//NOAA Cooperative Agreement with the University of Michigan/ ; 2010-LUD-44010//Great Lakes Fishery Commission/ ; 2019-FRA-440800//Great Lakes Fishery Commission/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; Fishes ; Humans ; *Lakes ; North America ; }, abstract = {Ecosystems worldwide have been impacted by multiple anthropogenic stressors, yet efforts to understand and manage these impacts have been hindered by difficulties in disentangling relative stressor effects. Theoretically, the actions of individual stressors can be delineated based on associated changes in functional traits and these relationships should be generalizable across communities comprised of different species. Thus, combining trait perspectives with community composition data could help to identify the relative influence of different stressors. We evaluated the utility of this combined approach by quantifying shifts in fish species and trait composition in Lake Erie during the past 50 years (1969-2018) in relation to human-driven changes in nutrient inputs, climate warming, and biological invasions. Species and trait shifts were also compared between two Lake Erie basins, which differ in their environmental and biological characteristics, to identify trait responses that were generalizable across different ecosystems versus those that were context dependent. Our analyses revealed consistent species changes across basins, and shifts in feeding and thermal traits, that were primarily associated with altered nutrient inputs (oligotrophication followed by eutrophication). We found no or inconsistent trait-based evidence for the effects of warming and two invasive fishes. Context-dependent trait responses were also evident; nutrient inputs were related to shifts in species tolerant of turbidity in the shallow, eutrophic western basin, which contrasted to shifts between benthopelagic and benthic species in the deeper central basin. Our results reveal the dominant effects of specific stressors on a large freshwater lake and offer a framework for combining species-based and trait-based approaches to delineate the impacts of simultaneous stressors on communities of perturbed natural ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid34555164, year = {2021}, author = {Calvin, DD and Keller, J and Rost, J and Walsh, B and Biddinger, D and Hoover, K and Treichler, B and Johnson, A and Roush, RT}, title = {Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) Nymphal Dispersion Patterns and Their Influence on Field Experiments.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {6}, pages = {1490-1504}, pmid = {34555164}, issn = {1938-2936}, support = {44198831//Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture/ ; PEN04275//USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Appropriations/ ; PEN04728//USDA/ ; PEN04684//NIFA McIntire-Stennis Appropriations/ ; 19-CA-11420000-158//US Forest Service Forest Health Protection Cooperative Agreement/ ; AP19PPQS&amp;T00C080//USDA APHIS Cooperative Agreement/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera ; Insecta ; Nymph ; Population Density ; Research Design ; }, abstract = {The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) (White, 1845), is an invasive pest in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Understanding this pest's dispersion patterns is fundamental for development of management and surveillance programs. To address this knowledge gap, we quantified spotted lanternfly nymph dispersion patterns by instar for rural and urban/suburban habitats, and we compared the number of sample units required for sticky traps and in situ visual counts to estimate population densities at several precisions. In addition, we assessed the ability of two experimental designs (completely random and randomized complete block) to detect management practices' impacts in the field. All instars typically followed an aggregated dispersion pattern. Sample size and time requirements for checking and replacing sticky traps and for conducting in situ counts were similar, but in situ counts do not require purchasing traps, installation time, or delays before treatment, and do not remove insects. Although the cost for using in situ counts is likely less than for sticky traps, early instar spotted lanternfly nymph populations are harder to visually detect than later instars because of their small size, which may negate any cost advantage when treatments are applied early. In general, using a randomized complete block design resulted in higher statistical power than a completely random design, allowing detection of proportional population reductions of 10-20% less with equal replication. Studies aiming to evaluate treatments that reduce spotted lanternfly numbers by less than 60% will require researchers to evaluate the feasibility of using the required large sample sizes.}, }
@article {pmid34552575, year = {2021}, author = {Russo, AG and Harding, EF and Yan, GJH and Selechnik, D and Ducatez, S and DeVore, JL and Zhou, J and Sarma, RR and Lee, YP and Richardson, MF and Shine, R and Rollins, LA and White, PA}, title = {Discovery of Novel Viruses Associated With the Invasive Cane Toad (Rhinella marina) in Its Native and Introduced Ranges.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {733631}, pmid = {34552575}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Cane toads (Rhinella marina) are notoriously successful invaders: from 101 individuals brought to Australia in 1935, poisonous toads now cover an area >1.2 million km[2] with adverse effects on native fauna. Despite extensive research on the role of macroparasites in cane toad invasion, viral research is lagging. We compared viral prevalence and diversity between toads in their native range (French Guiana, n=25) and two introduced ranges: Australia (n=151) and Hawai'i (n=10) with a metatranscriptomic and metagenomic approach combined with PCR screening. Australian toads almost exclusively harbor one of seven viruses detected globally. Rhimavirus-A (Picornaviridae) exhibited low genetic diversity and likely actively infected 9% of sampled Australian toads extending across ~2,000km of Northern Australia and up to the current invasion front. In native range cane toads, we identified multiple phylogenetically distinct viruses (Iridoviridae, Picornaviridae, Papillomaviridae, and Nackedna-like virus). None of the same viruses was detected in both ranges, suggesting that Australian cane toads have largely escaped the viral infection experienced by their native range counterparts. The novel native range viruses described here are potential biocontrol agents, as Australian toads likely lack prior immunological exposure to these viruses. Overall, our evidence suggests that there may be differences between viruses infecting cane toads in their native vs. introduced ranges, which lays the groundwork for further studies on how these viruses have influenced the toads' invasion history.}, }
@article {pmid34552124, year = {2021}, author = {Kilgo, JC and Garabedian, JE and Vukovich, M and Schlichting, PE and Byrne, ME and Beasley, JC}, title = {Food resources affect territoriality of invasive wild pig sounders with implications for control.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {18821}, pmid = {34552124}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Ecosystem ; Female ; *Food Supply ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Population Density ; South Carolina ; *Sus scrofa/psychology ; Telemetry ; *Territoriality ; }, abstract = {Interest in control methods for invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) has increased due to their range expansion, population growth, and an improved understanding of their destructive ecological and economic effects. Recent technological advances in traps for control of pig populations facilitate capture of entire social groups (sounders), but the efficacy of "whole-sounder" trapping strategies is heavily dependent on the degree of territoriality among sounders, a topic little research has explored. We assessed territoriality in wild pig sounders on the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, USA, and examined whether availability of food resources provided by a municipal-waste landfill affected among-sounder territoriality. We estimated utilization distribution overlap and dynamic interactions among 18 neighboring sounders around a landfill. We found that although neighboring sounders overlapped in space, intensity of use in shared areas was uniformly low, indicating territorial behavior. Neighbors tended to share slightly more space when closer to the landfill waste cells, indicating availability of a super-abundant resource somewhat weakens the degree of territoriality among sounders. Nevertheless, we conclude that sounders behaved in a generally territorial manner, and we discuss implications for whole-sounder trapping programs, particularly near concentrated resources such as landfills and crop fields.}, }
@article {pmid34550198, year = {2021}, author = {Couto, TDTC and Omena, EP and Oigman-Pszczol, SS and Junqueira, AOR}, title = {A Method to Assess the Risk of Sun Coral Invasion in Marine Protected Areas.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {93}, number = {suppl 3}, pages = {e20200583}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765202120200583}, pmid = {34550198}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Coral Reefs ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The safest and most efficient method of avoiding costs and impacts associated with biological invasions is to prevent the introduction and establishment of non-native species. In Brazil, two invasive coral species have been causing ecological, economic and social impacts: Tubastraea coccinea and Tubastraea tagusensis. This work presents a protocol to analyze the risk of invasion in Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the State of Rio de Janeiro considering the main vector of these species on the Brazilian coast. This protocol takes five risk factors into account: environmental similarity between the donor area and the possible receiving area; available substrate for colonization; proximity to the donor region; proximity and quantity of oil platforms and drill ships that passed by the analyzed MPAs and proximity and quantity of oil platforms and drill ships that anchored near the MPAs. Results must be used by decision-makers for a better management of Marine Protected Areas. The protocol we present can be applied to analyze the relative risk of invasion throughout the Brazilian coast, in order to prioritize areas for early detection and monitoring of the presence of sun corals.}, }
@article {pmid34550007, year = {2021}, author = {Kuba, GM and Spalding, HL and Hill-Spanik, KM and Fullerton, H}, title = {Microbiota-Macroalgal Relationships at a Hawaiian Intertidal Bench Are Influenced by Macroalgal Phyla and Associated Thallus Complexity.}, journal = {mSphere}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {e0066521}, pmid = {34550007}, issn = {2379-5042}, mesh = {Bacteria/*classification ; *Biodiversity ; Hawaii ; Microbiota/*physiology ; Oceans and Seas ; Seaweed/*microbiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The ocean represents the largest biome on earth; however, we have only begun to understand the diversity and function of the marine microbial inhabitants and their interactions with macroalgal species. Macroalgae play an integral role in overall ocean biome health and serve both as major primary producers and foundation species in the ecosystem. Previous studies have been limited, focusing on the microbiome of a single algal species or its interaction with selected microbes. This project aimed to understand overall biodiversity of microbial communities associated with five common macroalgal species and to determine the drivers of these communities at 'Ewa Beach, O'ahu, HI. Representative species of Chlorophyta (green), Ochrophyta (brown), and Rhodophyta (red) algae, each species having various levels of calcification, thallus complexity, and status as native or invasive species, were collected from an intertidal bench in May 2019. A portion of the V3-V4 variable region of the small-subunit rRNA gene was amplified for high-throughput sequencing using universal bacterial primers to elucidate the core and variable algal microbiome. Significant differences in bacterial community composition were only partially explained by host species, whether the host was native or invasive, and thallus complexity. Macroalgal phylum explained the most variation in associated microbial communities at 'Ewa Beach. This study advances our understanding of microbial-macroalgal interactions and their connectivity by producing insight into factors that influence the community structure of macroalga-associated microbiota. IMPORTANCE Generally, most eukaryotic organisms form relationships with microbes that are important in mediating host organismal health. Macroalgae are a diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms that serve as primary producers and foundational species in many ecosystems. However, little is known about their microbial counterparts across a wide range of macroalgal morphologies, phylogenies, and calcification levels. Thus, to further understand the factors involved in bacterial community composition associated with macroalgal species at one point in time, representative samples were collected across phyla. Here, we show that both host macroalga phyla and morphology influenced the associated microbial community. Additionally, we show that the invasive species Avrainvillea lacerata does not have a unique microbial community on this intertidal bench, further supporting the idea that host phylum strongly influences microbial community composition.}, }
@article {pmid34547024, year = {2021}, author = {Johnson, EG and Dichiera, A and Goldberg, D and Swenarton, M and Gelsleichter, J}, title = {Total mercury concentrations in invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) from the Atlantic coast of Florida.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {e0234534}, pmid = {34547024}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Florida ; Introduced Species ; *Mercury ; *Perciformes ; }, abstract = {Invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) pose a serious threat to marine ecosystems throughout the western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. The development of a fishery for lionfish has been proposed as a strategy for controlling populations; however, there is concern about consumption of this species by humans due to its high trophic position and potential for bioaccumulation of mercury. We analyzed total mercury (THg) in tissues of lionfish from two locations on the east coast of Florida. THg in lionfish increased with size and differed by location and sex. THg was highest in muscle tissue and was strongly positively correlated among tissues. THg in lionfish was lower than other commonly consumed marine fishes, and falls into Florida's least restrictive advisory level. Consumption of lionfish poses a low risk and concerns over mercury bioaccumulation should not present a significant barrier to lionfish harvest.}, }
@article {pmid34546359, year = {2022}, author = {Khalighifar, A and Jiménez-García, D and Campbell, LP and Ahadji-Dabla, KM and Aboagye-Antwi, F and Ibarra-Juárez, LA and Peterson, AT}, title = {Application of Deep Learning to Community-Science-Based Mosquito Monitoring and Detection of Novel Species.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, pages = {355-362}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjab161}, pmid = {34546359}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Animals ; Culicidae/classification ; Deep Learning ; *Epidemiological Monitoring ; Humans ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Public Health/education ; Smartphone ; Software ; Vector Borne Diseases/*prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {Mosquito-borne diseases account for human morbidity and mortality worldwide, caused by the parasites (e.g., malaria) or viruses (e.g., dengue, Zika) transmitted through bites of infected female mosquitoes. Globally, billions of people are at risk of infection, imposing significant economic and public health burdens. As such, efficient methods to monitor mosquito populations and prevent the spread of these diseases are at a premium. One proposed technique is to apply acoustic monitoring to the challenge of identifying wingbeats of individual mosquitoes. Although researchers have successfully used wingbeats to survey mosquito populations, implementation of these techniques in areas most affected by mosquito-borne diseases remains challenging. Here, methods utilizing easily accessible equipment and encouraging community-scientist participation are more likely to provide sufficient monitoring. We present a practical, community-science-based method of monitoring mosquito populations using smartphones. We applied deep-learning algorithms (TensorFlow Inception v3) to spectrogram images generated from smartphone recordings associated with six mosquito species to develop a multiclass mosquito identification system, and flag potential invasive vectors not present in our sound reference library. Though TensorFlow did not flag potential invasive species with high accuracy, it was able to identify species present in the reference library at an 85% correct identification rate, an identification rate markedly higher than similar studies employing expensive recording devices. Given that we used smartphone recordings with limited sample sizes, these results are promising. With further optimization, we propose this novel technique as a way to accurately and efficiently monitor mosquito populations in areas where doing so is most critical.}, }
@article {pmid34545138, year = {2021}, author = {Ruíz-Rivero, O and Garcia-Lor, A and Rojas-Panadero, B and Franco, JC and Khamis, FM and Kruger, K and Cifuentes, D and Bielza, P and Tena, A and Urbaneja, A and Pérez-Hedo, M}, title = {Insights into the origin of the invasive populations of Trioza erytreae in Europe using microsatellite markers and mtDNA barcoding approaches.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {18651}, pmid = {34545138}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Citrus/chemistry ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Europe ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; Insect Vectors ; Introduced Species/trends ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases ; }, abstract = {The African citrus psyllid Trioza erytreae is one of the major threats to citrus industry as the vector of the incurable disease known as huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening. The psyllid invaded the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula 6 years ago. The invasion alarmed citrus growers in the Mediterranean basin, the largest citrus producing area in Europe, which is still free of HLB. Before our study, no research had been carried out on the genetic diversity of T. erytreae populations that have invaded the Iberian Peninsula and the archipelagos of the Macaronesia (Madeira and the Canary Islands). In this study, combining microsatellites markers and mtDNA barcoding analysis, we characterize the genetic diversity, structure and maternal relationship of these new invasive populations of T. erytreae and those from Africa. Our results suggest that the outbreaks of T. erytreae in the Iberian Peninsula may have derived from the Canary Islands. The populations of T. erytreae that invaded Macaronesia and the Iberian Peninsula are likely to have originated from southern Africa. We anticipate our results to be a starting point for tracking the spread of this invasive pest outside of Africa and to be important for optimizing contingency and eradication plans in newly invaded and free areas.}, }
@article {pmid34545119, year = {2021}, author = {Tanaka, S and Harrison, RL and Arai, H and Katayama, Y and Mizutani, T and Inoue, MN and Miles, J and Marshall, SDG and Kitalong, C and Nakai, M}, title = {Confirmation of Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus infections in G-haplotype coconut rhinoceros beetles (Oryctes rhinoceros) from Palauan PCR-positive populations.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {18820}, pmid = {34545119}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*genetics/metabolism/*virology ; DNA Viruses/genetics ; Genome, Viral/genetics ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Host Microbial Interactions/genetics ; Larva/genetics ; Nudiviridae/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Palau ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; }, abstract = {Coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros, is a pest of palm trees in the Pacific. Recently, a remarkable degree of palm damage reported in Guam, Hawaii, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands has been associated with a particular haplotype (clade I), known as "CRB-G". In the Palau Archipelago, both CRB-G and another haplotype (clade IV) belonging to the CRB-S cluster coexist in the field. In this study, more than 75% of pheromone trap-captured adults of both haplotypes were Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV)-positive by PCR. No significant difference in OrNV prevalence between the haplotypes was detected. In PCR-positive CRB-G tissue specimens from Palau, viral particles were observed by electron microscopy. Hemocoel injection of CRB larvae with crude virus homogenates from these tissues resulted in viral infection and mortality. OrNV isolated from Palauan-sourced CRB was designated as OrNV-Palau1. Both OrNV-Palau1 and OrNV-X2B, a CRB biological control isolate released in the Pacific, were propagated using the FRI-AnCu-35 cell line for production of inoculum. However, the OrNV-Palau1 isolate exhibited lower viral production levels and longer larval survival times compared to OrNV-X2B in O. rhinoceros larvae. Full genome sequences of the OrNV-Palau1 and -X2B isolates were determined and found to be closely related to each other. Altogether these results suggest CRB adults in Palau are infected with a less virulent virus, which may affect the nature and extent of OrNV-induced pathology in Palauan populations of CRB.}, }
@article {pmid34543797, year = {2022}, author = {Dimitrakopoulos, PG and Koukoulas, S and Michelaki, C and Galanidis, A}, title = {Anthropogenic and environmental determinants of alien plant species spatial distribution on an island scale.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {805}, number = {}, pages = {150314}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150314}, pmid = {34543797}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Islands ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Mediterranean islands are considered especially vulnerable to biological invasions by alien plants. However, there is a lack of studies on island scale regarding the factors that determine alien plant's spatial distribution, and the way they affect invasion process. A roadside survey of alien plant species was conducted on Lesvos, the 8th largest island in Mediterranean basin. Data on species counts and explanatory variables were aggregated to a 1 sq. km vector grid and brought together into a single GIS layer. Alien species counts were modelled by using a Negative-binomial model while a Generalised Additive Model was used to examine possible non-linear relationships to the predictors by using splines. A subset of significant factors, related both to human activities and the environment, shaped the spatial distribution of aliens and influenced, in various ways, their future invasion outcome. Transformed areas with high levels of anthropogenic pressures and disturbances, including high population numbers, dense road network, ports, and intensive land use, as is the case for coastal zones, promoted the presence of alien species. Contrary, modified areas, such as grazed lands, seemed to restrict alien species occurrences, possibly due to the long grazing history these areas present, a regime in which aliens are not adapted. Alien plants presence was positively associated with high levels of NPP, diversity of geological substrates, and a west-facing aspect. Anthropogenic determinants of alien spatial patterns were primarily connected to increased propagule pressure, whereas environmental factors demonstrated the preference of alien plants for resource-rich environments.}, }
@article {pmid34543498, year = {2021}, author = {Schickele, A and Guidetti, P and Giakoumi, S and Zenetos, A and Francour, P and Raybaud, V}, title = {Improving predictions of invasive fish ranges combining functional and ecological traits with environmental suitability under climate change scenarios.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {27}, number = {23}, pages = {6086-6102}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15896}, pmid = {34543498}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation/ ; //Provence-Alpes-C&#xf4;te-d'Azur (PACA) Region in partnership with the Comit&#xe9; R&#xe9;gional des P&#xea;ches Maritimes et des Elevages Marins (CRPMEM) de PACA/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions represent one of the main threats to marine biodiversity. From a conservation perspective, especially in the context of increasing sea warming, it is critical to examine the suitability potential of geographical areas for the arrival of Range-Expanding Introduced and Native Species (REINS), and hence anticipate the risk of such species to become invasive in their new distribution areas. Here, we developed an empirical index, based on functional and bio-ecological traits, that estimates the Invasive Potential (IP; i.e. the potential success in transport, introduction and population establishment) for a set of 13 fishes that are expanding their distributional range into the Mediterranean Sea, the most invaded sea in the world. The IP index showed significant correlation with the observed spreading of REINS. For the six species characterized by the highest IP, we calculated contemporary and future projections of their Environmental Suitability Index (ESI). By using an ensemble modelling approach, we estimated the geographical areas that are likely to be the most impacted by REINS spreading under climate change. Our results demonstrated the importance of functional traits related to reproduction for determining high invasion potential. For most species, we found high contemporary ESI values in the South-eastern Mediterranean Sea and low to intermediate contemporary ESI values in the Adriatic Sea and North-western Mediterranean sector. Moreover, we highlighted a major potential future expansion of high ESI values, and thus REINS IP, towards the northern Mediterranean, especially in the northern Adriatic Sea. This potential future northward expansion highlights the risk associated with climate-induced impacts on ecosystem conservation and fish stock management throughout the entire Mediterranean Sea.}, }
@article {pmid34543305, year = {2021}, author = {Mubeen, K and Shehzad, M and Sarwar, N and Rehman, HU and Yasir, TA and Wasaya, A and Ahmad, M and Hussain, M and Abbas, MB and Yonas, MW and Farooq, S and Alahmadi, TA}, title = {The impact of horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum L.) infestation on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] productivity in northern irrigated plains of Pakistan.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {e0257083}, pmid = {34543305}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Agricultural Irrigation ; Biomass ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Pakistan ; Portulaca/*physiology ; Seasons ; Glycine max/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Horse purslane (Trianthema portulacstrum L.) is an important weed of soybean crop capable of causing significant yield reduction. Therefore, this study assessed the impact of horse purslane and other weeds' infestation on the productivity of soybean. Ten treatments, i.e., weed-free throughout the growing season, horse purslane-free till 20, 40 and 60 days after emergence (DAE), all weeds-free till 20, 40 and 60 DAE, weedy-check (excluding horse purslane), weedy-check (horse purslane alone) and weedy-check (all weeds) were included in the study. Data relating to density and dry weight of recorded weed species, and yield and related traits of soybean were recorded. Overall, infestation percentage of horse purslane was 33.10 and 51%, whereas dry weight was 12 and 44 g m-2 during 1st and 2nd year, respectively. The highest dry weight of all weed species was recorded at 45 DAE in weedy-check all weeds treatment during both years. The lowest relative density and frequency of horse purslane were recorded in the treatment where it was controlled until 20 DAE during 2018 at 30 DAE, whereas the same treatment recoded the lowest density of horse purslane at 45 DAE during 2019. The relative frequency of horse purslane was non-significant for weedy-check horse purslane and weedy-check all weeds treatments during 2018, whereas former treatment had higher relative frequency of horse purslane in weedy-check all weeds than the later during 2019. Yield and related traits significantly differed among different treatments used in the study. The treatment all weeds controlled until 40 DAE recorded higher number of pods per plant, 1000-seed weight and seed yield during both years. The yield reduction in weedy-check treatments was; weedy-check all weeds > weedy-check all weeds except horse purslane > weedy-check horse purslane only. It is concluded that horse purslane was not the sole weed interfering soybean fields and weed flora consisted of false amaranth [Digera muricata (L.) Mart.] and purple nut sedge (Cyperus rotundus L.). Hence, if the soybean fields in northern irrigated plains of Pakistan are infested with horse purslane or heavily infested with horse purslane or other weeds, these should be controlled in initial 40 DAE to improve soybean productivity.}, }
@article {pmid34541671, year = {2021}, author = {Leung, A and Sage, RF}, title = {Digest: Between invasive species and a hot place: Plant evolution under climate change.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {75}, number = {12}, pages = {3214-3215}, doi = {10.1111/evo.14352}, pmid = {34541671}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Droughts ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Will climate change lead to invasive species evolving faster than native or naturalized species? Gianoli and Molina-Montenegro showed that, under warming and drought, the evolution of photosynthetic capacity does not always favor invasive species. These data raise interesting questions for the study of evolution of invasive species under climate change.}, }
@article {pmid34540260, year = {2021}, author = {Sarhan, H and Bshary, R}, title = {No evidence for conspecific recruitment for cooperative hunting in lionfish Pterois miles.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {210828}, pmid = {34540260}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Lionfish are common piscivores in the Indo-Pacific and invasive in the Caribbean. A fin flaring pattern, involving a rapid undulation of the caudal fin and sequential turning of both pectoral fins, was described in zebra lionfish as a signal to initiate cooperative hunting, and it was hypothesized that such hunting tactics may also exist in other lionfish species and contribute to their successful invasion in the Caribbean. Here, we investigated one of those invasive species, Pterois miles, in its natural range in the Red Sea. We did not observe evidence for cooperative hunting in the field. We complemented field observations with a laboratory experiment aimed at inducing subjects to recruit partners for cooperative hunts, exposing subjects to inaccessible prey in transparent housing as well as to a potential partner. We regularly observed the fin flaring pattern, but importantly, it was not directed at the partner. Thus, rather than being a signal, the fin flaring movement pattern seems to be a swimming mode in a confined environment. Furthermore, the two lionfish did not aggregate at the prey housing, reinforcing the field results that this species in the Red Sea does not depend on cooperation to hunt fish.}, }
@article {pmid34539205, year = {2021}, author = {Shovkun, M and Ivanova, N and Khanina, L and Romanov, MS and Demidov, V}, title = {Current vegetation data from the Prioksko-Terrasnyi Biosphere Reserve.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e71266}, pmid = {34539205}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Here we present the sampling event dataset that contributes to the knowledge of current vegetation of the Prioksko-Terrasnyi Biosphere Reserve (part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves), Moscow Region, Russia. The Reserve is situated on the terraces of the Oka River in the zone of mixed coniferous forests.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: The dataset provides 269 relev&#xe9;s (9174 associated occurrences) of renewed vegetation collected in 2019-2020. It is aimed at sampling vegetation data from the Reserve area with particular interest to sites with invasive species and sites with recent deadfall in the spruce stands caused by the bark beetle-typographer. The dataset contains representative information on plant communities in localities with assigned GPS coordinates, sampled using the standard relev&#xe9; method with the Braun-Blanquet cover-abundance scale. During this study, we found two vascular plant species included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation, 25 species from the Red Data Book of Moscow Region, as well as 19 alien vascular plant species for the Reserve. These data contribute to our knowledge of species composition and structure of a renewed vegetation of the Reserve, protected and alien species distribution.}, }
@article {pmid34538142, year = {2021}, author = {Gougherty, AV and Davies, TJ}, title = {Towards a phylogenetic ecology of plant pests and pathogens.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {376}, number = {1837}, pages = {20200359}, pmid = {34538142}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecology/*methods ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Insecta/*physiology ; Mites/*physiology ; *Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Plant-pathogens and insect pests, hereafter pests, play an important role in structuring ecological communities, yet both native and introduced pests impose significant pressure on wild and managed systems, and pose a threat to food security. Global changes in climate and land use, and transportation of plants and pests around the globe are likely to further increase the range, frequency and severity of pest outbreaks in the future. Thus, there is a critical need to expand on current ecological theory to address these challenges. Here, we outline a phylogenetic framework for the study of plant and pest interactions. In plants, a growing body of work has suggested that evolutionary relatedness, phylogeny, strongly structures plant-pest associations-from pest host breadths and impacts, to their establishment and spread in new regions. Understanding the phylogenetic dimensions of plant-pest associations will help to inform models of invasive species spread, disease and pest risk in crops, and emerging pest outbreaks in native plant communities-which will have important implications for protecting food security and biodiversity into the future. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe'.}, }
@article {pmid34536905, year = {2021}, author = {Chen, H and Huang, X and Shi, W and Kronzucker, HJ and Hou, L and Yang, H and Song, Q and Liu, J and Shi, J and Yang, Q and Zou, N}, title = {Coordination of nitrogen uptake and assimilation favours the growth and competitiveness of moso bamboo over native tree species in high-NH4[+] environments.}, journal = {Journal of plant physiology}, volume = {266}, number = {}, pages = {153508}, doi = {10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153508}, pmid = {34536905}, issn = {1618-1328}, mesh = {Forests ; *Nitrogen/metabolism ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Seedlings ; Soil/chemistry ; *Trees/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity and competitive strength are major mechanisms determining the success of invasive species and are influenced by abiotic factors. A rise in the ratio of ammonium (NH4[+]) to nitrate (NO3[-]) in soils is frequently associated with the invasion of bamboo into broad-leaved evergreen forests. However, the influence of soil nitrogen (N) chemistry on plant growth and interspecific competition in the context of invasion remains insufficiently studied. In the present work, differences in plasticity and interspecific competition between native tree species in broad-leaved evergreen forests and invasive bamboo in response to different N forms were investigated using seedlings grown in a controlled environment. We show that moso bamboo responded positively and strongly to increased soil NH4[+]/NO3[-] ratios, while the native tree species Sapium sebiferum, Camellia oleifera, and Machilus pauhoi responded negatively and exhibited limited plasticity. Native tree species growth was significantly inhibited in the presence of moso bamboo under high-NH4[+] conditions, whereas native tree species were less affected by interspecific competition when NO3[-] was supplied as the sole N source. By contrast, moso bamboo growth was significantly inhibited, followed by seedling death, in both monoculture and in mixed culture with prolonged NO3[-] treatment. All species tested exhibited significantly higher rates of [15]NH4[+] than [15]NO3[-] uptake, but the Michaelis constant (Km) for [15]NH4[+] uptake was lower in moso bamboo, indicating higher substrate affinity. Nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) activities showed no inducible effects in moso bamboo compared to the induction response seen in the native tree species in response to NO3[-]. Activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) significantly increased with NH4[+] provision in roots of moso bamboo, contrasted by a less plastic response in the native tree species. Enhanced ammonification and reduced nitrification in soils is typically observed during bamboo invasion and appears to create a positive soil-plant feedback loop that, due to highly flexible and opportunistic NH4[+]-acquisition pathways, favours bamboo fitness and invasion into native forests when NH4[+] is the dominant N form.}, }
@article {pmid34524777, year = {2021}, author = {Hamann, D and Hamann, C}, title = {Severe Airborne Allergic Contact Dermatitis From the Invasive Species Oncosiphon piluliferum (Globe Chamomile).}, journal = {Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug}, volume = {32}, number = {5}, pages = {e78-e79}, pmid = {34524777}, issn = {2162-5220}, mesh = {Adult ; Chamomile/*adverse effects ; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/*diagnosis/*etiology ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Male ; }, }
@article {pmid34522363, year = {2021}, author = {Changjun, G and Yanli, T and Linshan, L and Bo, W and Yili, Z and Haibin, Y and Xilong, W and Zhuoga, Y and Binghua, Z and Bohao, C}, title = {Predicting the potential global distribution of Ageratina adenophora under current and future climate change scenarios.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {17}, pages = {12092-12113}, pmid = {34522363}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {AIM: Invasive alien species (IAS) threaten ecosystems and humans worldwide, and future climate change may accelerate the expansion of IAS. Predicting the suitable areas of IAS can prevent their further expansion. Ageratina adenophora is an invasive weed over 30 countries in tropical and subtropical regions. However, the potential suitable areas of A. adenophora remain unclear along with its response to climate change. This study explored and mapped the current and future potential suitable areas of Ageratina adenophora.<br><br>LOCATION: Global.<br><br>TAXA: Asteraceae A. adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King &amp; H.Rob. Commonly known as Crofton weed.<br><br>METHODS: Based on A. adenophora occurrence data and climate data, we predicted its suitable areas of this weed under current and future (four RCPs in 2050 and 2070) by MaxEnt model. We used ArcGIS 10.4 to explore the potential suitable area distribution characteristics of this weed and the "ecospat" package in R to analyze its altitudinal distribution changes.<br><br>RESULTS: The area under the curve (AUC) value (>0.9) and true skill statistics (TSS) value (>0.8) indicated excelled model performance. Among environment factors, mean temperature of coldest quarter contributed most to the model. Globally, the suitable areas for A. adenophora invasion decreased under climate change scenarios, although regional increases were observed, including in six biodiversity hotspot regions. The potential suitable areas of A. adenophora under climate change would expand in regions with higher elevation (3,000-3,500&#xa0;m).<br><br>MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Mean temperature of coldest quarter was the most important variable influencing the potential suitable area of A. Adenophora. Under the background of a warming climate, the potential suitable area of A. adenophora will shrink globally but increase in six biodiversity hotspot regions. The potential suitable area of A.&#xa0;adenophora would expand at higher elevation (3,000-3,500&#xa0;m) under climate change. Mountain ecosystems are of special concern as they are rich in biodiversity and sensitive to climate change, and increasing human activities provide more opportunities for IAS invasion.}, }
@article {pmid34522362, year = {2021}, author = {Marx, HE and Carboni, M and Douzet, R and Perrier, C and Delbart, F and Thuiller, W and Lavergne, S and Tank, DC}, title = {Can functional genomic diversity provide novel insights into mechanisms of community assembly? A pilot study from an invaded alpine streambed.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {17}, pages = {12075-12091}, pmid = {34522362}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {An important focus of community ecology, including invasion biology, is to investigate functional trait diversity patterns to disentangle the effects of environmental and biotic interactions. However, a notable limitation is that studies usually rely on a small and easy-to-measure set of functional traits, which might not immediately reflect ongoing ecological responses to changing abiotic or biotic conditions, including those that occur at a molecular or physiological level. We explored the potential of using the diversity of expressed genes-functional genomic diversity (FGD)-to understand ecological dynamics of a recent and ongoing alpine invasion. We quantified FGD based on transcriptomic data measured for 26 plant species occurring along adjacent invaded and pristine streambeds. We used an RNA-seq approach to summarize the overall number of expressed transcripts and their annotations to functional categories, and contrasted this with functional trait diversity (FTD) measured from a suite of characters that have been traditionally considered in plant ecology. We found greater FGD and FTD in the invaded community, independent of differences in species richness. However, the magnitude of functional dispersion was greater from the perspective of FGD than from FTD. Comparing FGD between congeneric alien-native species pairs, we did not find many significant differences in the proportion of genes whose annotations matched functional categories. Still, native species with a greater relative abundance in the invaded community compared with the pristine tended to express a greater fraction of genes at significant levels in the invaded community, suggesting that changes in FGD may relate to shifts in community composition. Comparisons of diversity patterns from the community to the species level offer complementary insights into processes and mechanisms driving invasion dynamics. FGD has the potential to illuminate cryptic changes in ecological diversity, and we foresee promising avenues for future extensions across taxonomic levels and macro-ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid34522347, year = {2021}, author = {Qiu, T and Liu, Z and Yang, Y and Liu, B}, title = {Epigenetic variation associated with responses to different habitats in the context of genetic divergence in Phragmites australis.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {17}, pages = {11874-11889}, pmid = {34522347}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The mechanisms underlying heritable phenotypic divergence associated with adaptation in response to environmental stresses may involve both genetic and epigenetic variations. Several prior studies have revealed even higher levels of epigenetic variation than genetic variation. However, few population-level studies have explored the effects of epigenetic variation on species with high levels of genetic diversity distributed across different habitats. Using AFLP and methylation-sensitive AFLP markers, we tested the hypothesis that epigenetic variation may contribute to differences in plants occupying different habitats when genetic variation alone cannot fully explain adaptation. As a cosmopolitan invasive species, Phragmites australis (common reed) together with high genetic diversity and remarkable adaptability has been suggested as a model for responses to global change and indicators of environmental fluctuations. We found high levels of genetic and epigenetic diversity and significant genetic/epigenetic structure within each of 12 studied populations sampled from four natural habitats of P. australis. Possible adaptive epigenetic variation was suggested by significant correlations between DNA methylation-based epigenetic differentiation and adaptive genetic divergence in populations across the habitats. Meanwhile, various AMOVAs indicated that some epigenetic differences may respond to various local habitats. A partial Mantel test was used to tease out the correlations between genetic/epigenetic variation and habitat after controlling for the correlation between genetic and epigenetic variations. We found that epigenetic diversity was affected mostly by soil nutrient availability, suggesting that at least some epigenetic differentiation occurred independently of genetic variation. We also found stronger correlations between epigenetic variation and phenotypic traits than between genetic variation and such traits. Overall, our findings indicate that genetically based differentiation correlates with heterogeneous habitats, while epigenetic variation plays an important role in ecological differentiation in natural populations of P. australis. In addition, our results suggest that when assessing global change responses of plant species, intraspecific variation needs to be considered.}, }
@article {pmid34522338, year = {2021}, author = {Ward, M and Carwardine, J and Yong, CJ and Watson, JEM and Silcock, J and Taylor, GS and Lintermans, M and Gillespie, GR and Garnett, ST and Woinarski, J and Tingley, R and Fensham, RJ and Hoskin, CJ and Hines, HB and Roberts, JD and Kennard, MJ and Harvey, MS and Chapple, DG and Reside, AE}, title = {A national-scale dataset for threats impacting Australia's imperiled flora and fauna.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {17}, pages = {11749-11761}, pmid = {34522338}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Australia is in the midst of an extinction crisis, having already lost 10% of terrestrial mammal fauna since European settlement and with hundreds of other species at high risk of extinction. The decline of the nation's biota is a result of an array of threatening processes; however, a comprehensive taxon-specific understanding of threats and their relative impacts remains undocumented nationally. Using expert consultation, we compile the first complete, validated, and consistent taxon-specific threat and impact dataset for all nationally listed threatened taxa in Australia. We confined our analysis to 1,795 terrestrial and aquatic taxa listed as threatened (Vulnerable, Endangered, or Critically Endangered) under Australian Commonwealth law. We engaged taxonomic experts to generate taxon-specific threat and threat impact information to consistently apply the IUCN Threat Classification Scheme and Threat Impact Scoring System, as well as eight broad-level threats and 51 subcategory threats, for all 1,795 threatened terrestrial and aquatic threatened taxa. This compilation produced 4,877 unique taxon-threat-impact combinations with the most frequently listed threats being Habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation (n = 1,210 taxa), and Invasive species and disease (n = 966 taxa). Yet when only high-impact threats or medium-impact threats are considered, Invasive species and disease become the most prevalent threats. This dataset provides critical information for conservation action planning, national legislation and policy, and prioritizing investments in threatened species management and recovery.}, }
@article {pmid34520184, year = {2021}, author = {Wang, Z and Saebi, M and Corbett, JJ and Grey, EK and Curasi, SR}, title = {Integrated Biological Risk and Cost Model Analysis Supports a Geopolitical Shift in Ballast Water Management.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {55}, number = {19}, pages = {12791-12800}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.1c04009}, pmid = {34520184}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Ships ; Water ; *Water Purification ; Water Supply ; }, abstract = {This work evaluates efficacies of plausible ballast water management strategies and standards by integrating a global species spread risk assessment with a policy cost-effectiveness analysis. Specifically, we consider species spread risks and costs of port- and vessel-based strategies under both current organism concentration standards and stricter standards proposed by California. For each scenario, we estimate species spread risks and patterns using a higher-order analysis of a global ship-borne species spread model and estimate fleet costs for vessel- and barge-based ballast water treatment systems for each standard. We find that stricter standards may reduce species spread risk by a factor of 17 globally and would greatly simplify the complex network of ship-borne species spread. The current policy of IMO standards is most cost-effectively achieved through ship-based treatment, and that any additional risk reduction will be most cost-effectively achieved by port-based (or barge-based) technologies, particularly if these are strategically implemented at the top ports within the largest clusters. Barge-based ballast water management would require a shift in governance, and we suggest that this next level of policymaking could be feasible for special areas designated by the IMO, by State or multistate authorities, or by voluntary port applications.}, }
@article {pmid34520048, year = {2021}, author = {Van Leeuwen, TE and Cote, D and Pretty, C and Townley, J and Poole, R and Dempson, B and Bird, TJ and Kippenhuck, C and Morris, C}, title = {Incursions of sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, and striped bass, Morone saxatilis, in Labrador waters: Episodic events or evidence of a northward range expansion?.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {99}, number = {6}, pages = {2066-2070}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14907}, pmid = {34520048}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bass ; Canada ; Newfoundland and Labrador ; *Petromyzon ; }, abstract = {We describe observations of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and striped bass (Morone saxatilis) incursions into Labrador, Canada. While P. marinus have been periodically observed in similar latitudes, their numbers have conspicuously increased in estuarine environments in 2020. In contrast, M. saxatilis were not observed from Labrador until 2017 but appear to be declining after the initial surge in abundance that peaked in 2018. It remains unclear whether spawning populations of either species exist. Given the potential to negatively affect species of commercial and cultural importance through predation, follow-up surveys are warranted.}, }
@article {pmid34519348, year = {2021}, author = {Koch, JBU and Tabor, JA and Montoya-Aiona, K and Eiben, JA}, title = {The Invasion of Megachile policaris (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) to Hawai'i.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {34519348}, issn = {1536-2442}, support = {//National Science Foundation/ ; //U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; //Agricultural Research Service/ ; }, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Bees/genetics/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Genes, Insect ; Haplotypes ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Statistical ; Pollination ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Islands are insular environments that are negatively impacted by invasive species. In Hawai'i, at least 21 non-native bees have been documented to date, joining the diversity of >9,000 non-native and invasive species to the archipelago. The goal of this study is to describe the persistence, genetic diversity, and natural history of the most recently established bee to Hawai'i, Megachile policaris Say, 1831 (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Contemporary surveys identify that M. policaris is present on at least O'ahu, Maui, and Hawai'i Island, with the earliest detection of the species in 2017. Furthermore, repeated surveys and observations by community members support the hypothesis that M. policaris has been established on Hawai'i Island from 2017 to 2020. DNA sequenced fragments of the cytochrome oxidase I locus identify two distinct haplotypes on Hawai'i Island, suggesting that at least two founders have colonized the island. In their native range, M. policaris is documented to forage on at least 21 different plant families, which are represented in Hawai'i. Finally, ensemble species distribution models (SDMs) constructed with four bioclimatic variables and occurrence data from the native range of M. policaris predicts high habitat suitability on the leeward side of islands throughout the archipelago and at high elevation habitats. While many of the observations presented in our study fall within the predicted habitat suitability on Hawai'i, we also detected the M. policaris on the windward side of Hawai'i Island suggesting that the SDMs we constructed likely do not capture the bioclimatic niche flexibility of the species.}, }
@article {pmid34517058, year = {2021}, author = {Okyere, SK and Wen, J and Cui, Y and Xie, L and Gao, P and Wang, J and Wang, S and Hu, Y}, title = {Toxic mechanisms and pharmacological properties of euptox A, a toxic monomer from A. adenophora.}, journal = {Fitoterapia}, volume = {155}, number = {}, pages = {105032}, doi = {10.1016/j.fitote.2021.105032}, pmid = {34517058}, issn = {1873-6971}, mesh = {Animals ; *Campanulaceae/chemistry/toxicity ; Introduced Species ; Mice ; Molecular Structure ; Phytochemicals/pharmacology/toxicity ; Rats ; *Sesquiterpenes/pharmacology/toxicity ; }, abstract = {A. adenophora (Spreng.) R.M. King &amp; H. Rob. is as invasive plant known to cause toxicity in humans and animals. The plant's toxic activities have been associated with some toxic phytochemicals present in the plant. One of the major phytochemicals that have been reported to induce toxicity in various organs is euptox A (9-oxo-10, 11-dehydroageraphorone). Previous studies have reported that the main target organs of euptox A are the liver and spleen. Although, many studies have reported on euptox A toxicity in rats and mice, the mechanism of action and the beneficial uses of this toxin as well as it potential uses have not been fully established in literatures. Therefore, this review firstly, aims at elaborating on the toxic effects and mechanism of action of euptox A to give basic knowledge to researchers to help in the development of strategies that will reduce its toxicity to the environment. Secondly, this paper will also report on some beneficial uses of euptox A in recent years as well as suggest some future potential applications of this toxin to help in the utilization of this plant resource.}, }
@article {pmid34516707, year = {2022}, author = {De Jesus, AD and Jimenez, AG}, title = {Effects of acute temperature increases on House sparrow (Passer domesticus) pectoralis muscle myonuclear domain.}, journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology}, volume = {337}, number = {2}, pages = {150-158}, doi = {10.1002/jez.2544}, pmid = {34516707}, issn = {2471-5646}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal ; Pectoralis Muscles ; *Sparrows/physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {With rapid climate change, heat wave episodes have become more intense and more frequent. This poses a significant threat to animals, and forces them to manage these physiologically challenging conditions by adapting and/or moving. As an invasive species with a large niche breadth, House sparrows (Passer domesticus) exhibit high phenotypic flexibility that caters to seasonal changes in function and metabolism. For example, their pectoral muscle complex exhibits size and mass plasticity with winter and summer acclimation. Here, we investigated the effects of acute whole-organism heat stress to 43°C on cellular-level changes in House sparrow pectoralis muscle myonuclear domain (MND), the volumetric portion each nucleus is responsible for, that have gone overlooked in the current literature. House sparrows were separated into a control group, a heat-shocked group subjected to thermal stress at 43°C for 24 h, and a recovery group that was returned to room temperature for 24 h after experiencing the same temperature treatment. Here, we found that heat-shocked and recovery groups demonstrated a decrease in number of nuclei per millimeter of fiber and increase in MND, when compared with the control. We also found a significant positive correlation between fiber diameter and MND in the recovery group, suggesting the possibility that nuclei number constrains the extent of muscle fiber size. Together, these results show that acute heat shock alters House sparrow pectoralis muscle cellular physiology in a rigid way that could prove detrimental to long-term muscle integrity and performance.}, }
@article {pmid34516676, year = {2021}, author = {Zhang, L and Luo, X and Lambers, H and Zhang, G and Liu, N and Zang, X and Xiao, M and Wen, D}, title = {Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen addition on foliar phosphorus fractions of Mikania micranatha and Chromolaena odorata under low phosphorus availability.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {173}, number = {4}, pages = {2068-2080}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.13555}, pmid = {34516676}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {U1701246//NSFC-Guangdong Joint Fund, China/ ; 2020M682950//Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China/ ; GML2019ZD0408//Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)/ ; 31100411//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31570401//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Carbon Dioxide ; *Chromolaena ; *Mikania ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants rapidly spread in habitats with low soil phosphorus (P) availability and have triggered a sharp decline in the diversity of native species. However, no studies have explored how widespread invasive species acclimate to low soil P availability via changing foliar P fractions, especially under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2 ]) and nitrogen (N) deposition. Here, an open-top chamber experiment was conducted to explore the effect of nutrient addition and elevated [CO2 ] on leaf traits and foliar functional P fractions (i.e., Pi, metabolite P, lipid P, nucleic acid P, and residual P) of two aggressive invasive species (Mikania micranatha and Chromolaena odorata). We found that foliar N/P ratios were more than 20, and P addition significantly increased plant biomass. Both results indicated P-limited plant growth at our studied site. Elevated [CO2 ], N and N + P addition greatly increased plant biomass, photosynthetic rates, and photosynthetic P-use efficiency (PPUE) in invasive species, but PPUE decreased with increasing P addition. Nitrogen addition slightly decreased the concentration of leaf total P, decreased foliar residual P, but increased metabolite P concentrations in invasive species. Similar changes in foliar P fractions were found under N + P addition. Phosphorus addition increased foliar P concentrations, which was strongly correlated with an increase in metabolite P concentrations in invasive species. Elevated [CO2 ] alleviated these effects and increased PPUE. The present results suggest that future elevated [CO2 ] and N deposition allow the invasive species to acclimate to low soil P availability and support their successful invasion by greatly reducing P allocation to non-metabolite foliar P fractions (i.e., nucleic acid P and residual P) to meet their demand of metabolite P for photosynthesis and exhibit a high PPUE.}, }
@article {pmid34515500, year = {2022}, author = {Linaldeddu, BT and Bregant, C and Montecchio, L and Brglez, A and Piškur, B and Ogris, N}, title = {First Report of Diplodia fraxini and Diplodia subglobosa Causing Canker and Dieback of Fraxinus excelsior in Slovenia.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {106}, number = {1}, pages = {26-29}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-06-21-1204-SC}, pmid = {34515500}, issn = {0191-2917}, mesh = {Ascomycota ; *Fraxinus/genetics ; Plant Diseases ; Slovenia ; }, abstract = {In recent decades the vitality and productivity of European ash trees in Slovenia have been reduced by the onset of canker and dieback disease symptoms on young and old trees, identified primarily as ash dieback caused by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Given the limited information available about the etiology of this emerging disease, a study was carried out to isolate, identify, and characterize the fungal species involved in the observed ash symptoms. Field surveys were conducted in five forest sites where 50 symptomatic branch samples were collected. All samples were inspected and used for fungal isolation. Based on morphology, colony appearance, and DNA sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer region, 125 fungal colonies belonging to five species were isolated and identified. Only a few symptomatic ash samples yielded colonies of H. fraxineus, whereas Botryosphaeriaceae species were isolated with a high frequency, with Diplodia fraxini as the dominant species. A pathogenicity test proved that all isolated species were pathogenic on European ash, causing bark lesions and wood discoloration. All Botryosphaeriaceae species isolated in this study are reported for the first time on European ash in Slovenia.}, }
@article {pmid34515395, year = {2021}, author = {Nguyen, HT and Ha, PV and Kompas, T}, title = {Optimal surveillance against bioinvasions: a sample average approximation method applied to an agent-based spread model.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {31}, number = {8}, pages = {e02449}, pmid = {34515395}, issn = {1939-5582}, mesh = {Australia ; *Introduced Species ; Queensland ; }, abstract = {Trade-offs exist between the point of early detection and the future cost of controlling any invasive species. Finding optimal levels of early detection, with post-border active surveillance, where time, space and randomness are explicitly considered, is computationally challenging. We use a stochastic programming model to find the optimal level of surveillance and predict damages, easing the computational challenge by combining a sample average approximation (SAA) approach and parallel processing techniques. The model is applied to the case of Asian Papaya Fruit Fly (PFF), a highly destructive pest, in Queensland, Australia. To capture the non-linearity in PFF spread, we use an agent-based model (ABM), which is calibrated to a highly detailed land-use raster map (50 m × 50 m) and weather-related data, validated against a historical outbreak. The combination of SAA and ABM sets our work apart from the existing literature. Indeed, despite its increasing popularity as a powerful analytical tool, given its granularity and capability to model the system of interest adequately, the complexity of ABM limits its application in optimizing frameworks due to considerable uncertainty about solution quality. In this light, the use of SAA ensures quality in the optimal solution (with a measured optimality gap) while still being able to handle large-scale decision-making problems. With this combination, our application suggests that the optimal (economic) trap grid size for PFF in Queensland is ˜0.7 km, much smaller than the currently implemented level of 5 km. Although the current policy implies a much lower surveillance cost per year, compared with the $2.08 million under our optimal policy, the expected total cost of an outbreak is $23.92 million, much higher than the optimal policy of roughly $7.74 million.}, }
@article {pmid34511075, year = {2021}, author = {Zhao, W and Liu, T and Liu, Y and Wang, H and Wang, R and Ma, Q and Dong, H and Bi, X}, title = {The significance of biomass allocation to population growth of the invasive species Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Ambrosia trifida with different densities.}, journal = {BMC ecology and evolution}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {175}, pmid = {34511075}, issn = {2730-7182}, mesh = {*Ambrosia ; Biomass ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Breeding ; Population Growth ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Ambrosia trifida are globally distributed harmful and invasive weeds. High density clusters play an important role in their invasion. For these two species, the early settled populations are distributed at low densities, but they can rapidly achieve high population densities in a short period of time. However, their response to intraspecific competition to improve the fitness for rapid growth and maintenance of high population densities remains unclear. Therefore, to determine how these species form and maintain high population densities, individual biomass allocations patterns between different population densities (low and high), and plasticity during seedling, vegetative, breeding and mature stages were compared. In 2019, we harvested seeds at different population densities and compared them, and in 2020, we compared the number of regenerated plants across the two population densities.<br><br>RESULTS: Most biomass was invested in the stems of both species. Ambrosia trifida had the highest stem biomass distribution, of up to 78%, and the phenotypic plasticity of the stem was the highest. Path analysis demonstrated that at low-density, total biomass was the biggest contributor to seed production, but stem and leaf biomass was the biggest contributors to high-density populations. The number of seeds produced per plant was high in low-density populations, while the seed number per unit area was huge in high-density populations. In the second year, the number of low-density populations increased significantly. A. artemisiifolia and A. trifida accounted for 75.6% and 68.4% of the mature populations, respectively.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: High input to the stem is an important means to regulate the growth of the two species to cope with different densities. These two species can ensure reproductive success and produce appropriate seed numbers. Therefore, they can maintain a stable population over time and quickly form cluster advantages. In the management, early detection of both species and prevention of successful reproduction by chemical and mechanical means are necessary to stop cluster formation and spread.}, }
@article {pmid34505915, year = {2022}, author = {LaForgia, ML and Kang, H and Ettinger, CL}, title = {Invasive Grass Dominance over Native Forbs Is Linked to Shifts in the Bacterial Rhizosphere Microbiome.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {84}, number = {2}, pages = {496-508}, pmid = {34505915}, issn = {1432-184X}, mesh = {Bacteria/genetics ; Humans ; *Microbiota/genetics ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Plants ; Poaceae/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Rhizosphere ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Rhizosphere microbiomes have received growing attention in recent years for their role in plant health, stress tolerance, soil nutrition, and invasion. Still, relatively little is known about how these microbial communities are altered under plant competition, and even less about whether these shifts are tied to competitive outcomes between native and invasive plants. We investigated the structure and diversity of rhizosphere bacterial and fungal microbiomes of native annual forbs and invasive annual grasses grown in a shade-house both individually and in competition using high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and the fungal ITS region. We assessed how differentially abundant microbial families correlate to plant biomass under competition. We find that bacterial diversity and structure differ between native forbs and invasive grasses, but fungal diversity and structure do not. Furthermore, bacterial community structures under competition are distinct from individual bacterial community structures. We also identified five bacterial families that varied in normalized abundance between treatments and that were correlated with plant biomass under competition. We speculate that invasive grass dominance over these natives may be partially due to effects on the rhizosphere community, with changes in specific bacterial families potentially benefiting invaders at the expense of natives.}, }
@article {pmid34505904, year = {2021}, author = {Marin, P and Jaquet, A and Picarle, J and Fablet, M and Merel, V and Delignette-Muller, ML and Ferrarini, MG and Gibert, P and Vieira, C}, title = {Phenotypic and Transcriptomic Responses to Stress Differ According to Population Geography in an Invasive Species.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {34505904}, issn = {1759-6653}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Drosophila/genetics ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Adaptation to rapid environmental changes must occur within a short-time scale. In this context, studies of invasive species may provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of rapid adaptation as these species have repeatedly encountered and adapted to novel environmental conditions. We investigated how invasive and noninvasive genotypes of Drosophila suzukii deal with oxidative stress at the phenotypic and molecular levels. We also studied the impact of transposable element (TE) insertions on the gene expression in response to stress. Our results show that flies from invasive areas (France and the United States) live longer in natural conditions than the ones from native Japanese areas. As expected, lifespan for all genotypes was significantly reduced following exposure to paraquat, but this reduction varied among genotypes (genotype-by-environment interaction) with invasive genotypes appearing more affected by exposure than noninvasive ones. A transcriptomic analysis of genotypes upon paraquat treatment detected many genes differentially expressed (DE). Although a small core set of genes were DE in all genotypes following paraquat exposure, much of the response of each genotype was unique. Moreover, we showed that TEs were not activated after oxidative stress and DE genes were significantly depleted of TEs. In conclusion, it is likely that transcriptomic changes are involved in the rapid adaptation to local environments. We provide new evidence that in the decade since the invasion from Asia, the sampled genotypes in Europe and the United States of D. suzukii diverged from the ones from the native area regarding their phenotypic and genomic response to oxidative stress.}, }
@article {pmid34503815, year = {2021}, author = {Kang, CQ and Meng, QY and Dang, W and Lu, HL}, title = {Divergent incubation temperature effects on thermal sensitivity of hatchling performance in two different latitudinal populations of an invasive turtle.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {100}, number = {}, pages = {103079}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103079}, pmid = {34503815}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Temperature ; *Ecosystem ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/*physiology ; Heart Rate ; Introduced Species ; Locomotion ; Oviposition ; *Thermotolerance ; Turtles/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The incubation temperature for embryonic development affects several aspects of hatchling performance, but its impact on the thermal sensitivity of performance attributes remains poorly investigated. In the present study, Trachemys scripta elegans hatchlings from two different latitudinal populations were collected to assess the effects of different incubation temperatures on the locomotor (swimming speed) and physiological (heart rate) performances, and the thermal sensitivity of these two attributes. The incubation temperature significantly affected the examined physiological traits. Hatchling turtles produced at low incubation temperature exhibited relatively higher cold tolerance (lower body temperatures at which the animals lose the ability to escape from the lethal conditions), and reduced heart rate and swimming speed. Furthermore, the effect of incubation temperature on the thermal sensitivity of swimming speed differed between the low- and high-latitude populations. At relatively high incubation temperatures, the high-latitude hatchling turtles exhibited reduced thermal sensitivities of swimming speed than those of the low-latitude ones. Reduced thermal sensitivity of locomotor performance together with high cold tolerance, exhibited by the high-latitude hatchling turtles potentially reflected local adaptation to relatively colder and more thermally-variable environments.}, }
@article {pmid34498809, year = {2022}, author = {Hulme, PE and Liu, W}, title = {Species prevalence and plant traits discriminate between herbicide resistant and susceptible weeds.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {78}, number = {1}, pages = {313-320}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6636}, pmid = {34498809}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Ministry for Business Innovation and Employment/ ; }, mesh = {Herbicide Resistance/genetics ; *Herbicides/pharmacology ; Plant Weeds/genetics ; Prevalence ; Weed Control ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Herbicide resistant weeds pose one of the most significant global challenges to sustainable food and fiber production. Plant traits are assumed to play a significant role in determining whether a weed is likely to evolve herbicide resistance but there have been few quantitative assessments to date. There is therefore an urgent need to investigate both the demographic and evolutionary characteristics of weeds to predict which weed species are likely to evolve herbicide resistance. Here, the discriminatory power of multiple plant traits was examined by comparing herbicide resistant and herbicide susceptible weeds in the United States.<br><br>RESULTS: Despite the taxonomic and agronomic similarity of herbicide resistant and susceptible weeds in the United States, differences between these groups were captured by a relatively small set of explanatory variables. Herbicide resistant weeds were found across more states than susceptible species and this suggests widespread weeds also happen to be more problematic in crops and therefore specifically targeted for weed control. In terms of traits, herbicide resistant species were more likely to be outcrossing, have unisexual flowers and be wind pollinated as well as have larger chromosome numbers and seed size than herbicide susceptible weeds.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: A trait-based approach to understanding herbicide resistance confirms many assumptions as to the genetic attributes that make a weed more likely to evolve herbicide resistance. Scope therefore exists to build better risk assessment tools to identify future herbicide resistance hazards by incorporating plant traits, environmental tolerances, and evidence of herbicide resistance elsewhere in the world. &#xa9; 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid34495679, year = {2022}, author = {Oliveira, SA and Baeza, JA and Agudelo, P and DeWalt, SJ}, title = {Observations on the Population Genetic Structure of the Leaf Galling Nematode, Ditylenchus gallaeformans.}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {112}, number = {4}, pages = {881-887}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-04-21-0174-R}, pmid = {34495679}, issn = {0031-949X}, mesh = {Animals ; Genetics, Population ; *Melastomataceae/parasitology ; *Nematoda/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases ; Plant Leaves/parasitology ; Plants/parasitology ; *Tylenchida ; }, abstract = {Ditylenchus gallaeformans is a plant parasitic nematode that induces galls on aboveground parts of Melastomataceae plants. It differs from most gall-inducing nematodes in that it is not an endoparasite and has been considered as a possible biological control agent against invasive species of Miconia. Little is known about D. gallaeformans biology, genetic differences among populations, and host preferences. This study examined the genetic differences among D. gallaeformans populations from different locations and host species and the phylogenetic relationships among them. Nematodes were collected from galls in plants from Costa Rica, Dominica, and Trinidad. The Cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1) region was sequenced from a total of 33 individual nematodes isolated from 33 different plant individuals, representing 21 species of Melastomataceae. Phylogenetic reconstructions, haplotype networks, and analysis of molecular variance showed that the species is monophyletic and has three major clades, which were mostly consistent with geographic location but not with host species. The first clade was composed by two subclades, one with individuals from Costa Rica and one with individuals from Dominica. The second and third clades comprised nematodes only from Trinidad. Overall, there is no evidence of host-species specialization in D. gallaeformans. Biocontrol efforts using the nematode against invasive Miconia could focus on geographical location matching but likely will not need to match host species.}, }
@article {pmid34495160, year = {2021}, author = {Shuaib, M and Hussain, F and Rauf, A and Jan, F and Romman, M and Parvez, R and Zeb, A and Ali, S and Abidullah, S and Bahadur, S and Shah, AA and Azam, N and Dilbar, S and Begum, K and Khan, H and Sajjad, S and Muhammad, I and Shah, NA}, title = {Traditional knowledge about medicinal plant in the remote areas of Wari Tehsil, Dir Upper, Pakistan.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {83}, number = {}, pages = {e246803}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.246803}, pmid = {34495160}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Ethnobotany ; Humans ; Medicine, Traditional ; Middle Aged ; Pakistan ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Leaves ; *Plants, Medicinal ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {Traditional medicine is cheaper and easily available to local people, to care for most frequent diseases in the Northern parts of Pakistan. Our study aimed at inventorying medicine from local plants, documenting their uses, and assessing their market value in 2015-2018 during spring, summer, and winter seasons. A total of 15 trips were made, 5 in each season. Semi-structured interviews with 165 inhabitant's age range between 20-80 years were conducted, analyzed the data is analyzed using Relative frequency of citation(RFC), Use Value(UV), Fidelity Level(FL), Informants consensus factor(ICF), and Jaccard index(JI) to find the most frequent and well-known used species in the area. A total of 86 species belonging to 39 vascular plant families, 33 genera were documented as medicinally important. Family Asteraceae was observed as the dominant family among all the families with 10 species, the leaf was the most used parts and decoction 36% was the most preferred preparation type. Herb was the predominant life form (67%). The maximum UV (0.92) was demonstrated by J. adhatoda L. species, while A. sativum L. shows maximum RFC (0.58), the highest ICF value represented by diarrhea and dermatitis 0.92, and high FL value is recorded 100%. According to our collections, wild species were 45%, invasive species were 38% and cultivated 17% recorded, dicots species were recorded more 81%. Seven 7 medicinal species is being economically important and export to the local and international market of the world, whereas P. integrima L. species were the most exported species according to the local dealers. The investigated area is rural and the local people depend on the area's plants for their health needs, and other uses like a vegetable, fuelwood, fodder, etc. The current result of RFC, UV, ICF, FL, and JI shows that medicinal flora needs to be pharmacologically and phytochemically investigated to prove their efficacy. The documentation of medicinal knowledge is important to preserve this precious old knowledge before it is lost forever, due to technological and environmental changes in the world.}, }
@article {pmid34494878, year = {2021}, author = {Dragičević, P and Bielen, A and Petrić, I and Vuk, M and Žučko, J and Hudina, S}, title = {Microbiome of the Successful Freshwater Invader, the Signal Crayfish, and Its Changes along the Invasion Range.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {e0038921}, pmid = {34494878}, issn = {2165-0497}, mesh = {Animal Shells/*microbiology ; Animals ; Astacoidea/*microbiology ; Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Croatia ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Europe ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Hemolymph/microbiology ; Hepatopancreas/microbiology ; Intestines/microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Microbiota/*genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; }, abstract = {Increasing evidence denotes the role of the microbiome in biological invasions, since it is known that microbes can affect the fitness of the host. Here, we demonstrate differences in the composition of an invader's microbiome along the invasion range, suggesting that its microbial communities may affect and be affected by range expansion. Using a 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing approach, we (i) analyzed the microbiomes of different tissues (exoskeleton, hemolymph, hepatopancreas, and intestine) of a successful freshwater invader, the signal crayfish, (ii) compared them to the surrounding water and sediment, and (iii) explored their changes along the invasion range. Exoskeletal, hepatopancreatic, and intestinal microbiomes varied between invasion core and invasion front populations. This indicates that they may be partly determined by population density, which was higher in the invasion core than in the invasion front. The highly diverse microbiome of exoskeletal biofilm was partly shaped by the environment (due to the similarity with the sediment microbiome) and partly by intrinsic crayfish parameters (due to the high proportion of exoskeleton-unique amplicon sequence variants [ASVs]), including the differences in invasion core and front population structure. Hemolymph had the most distinct microbiome compared to other tissues and differed between upstream (rural) and downstream (urban) river sections, indicating that its microbiome is potentially more driven by the effects of the abiotic environment. Our findings offer an insight into microbiome changes during dispersal of a successful invader and present a baseline for assessment of their contribution to an invader's overall health and its further invasion success. IMPORTANCE Invasive species are among the major drivers of biodiversity loss and impairment of ecosystem services worldwide, but our understanding of their invasion success and dynamics still has many gaps. For instance, although it is known that host-associated microbial communities may significantly affect an individual's health and fitness, the current studies on invasive species are mainly focused on pathogenic microbes, while the effects of the remaining majority of microbial communities on the invasion process are almost completely unexplored. We have analyzed the microbiome of one of the most successful crayfish invaders in Europe, the signal crayfish, and explored its changes along the signal crayfish invasion range in the Korana River, Croatia. Our study sets the perspective for future research required to assess the contribution of these changes to an individual's overall health status and resilience of dispersing populations and their impact on invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid34494653, year = {2021}, author = {Lowie, A and De Kegel, B and Wilkinson, M and Measey, J and O'Reilly, JC and Kley, NJ and Gaucher, P and Brecko, J and Kleinteich, T and Van Hoorebeke, L and Herrel, A and Adriaens, D}, title = {Under pressure: the relationship between cranial shape and burrowing force in caecilians (Gymnophiona).}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {224}, number = {18}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.242964}, pmid = {34494653}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {*Amphibians ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Body Weights and Measures ; Phylogeny ; *Skull ; X-Ray Microtomography ; }, abstract = {Caecilians are elongate, limbless and annulated amphibians that, with the exception of one aquatic family, all have an at least partly fossorial lifestyle. It has been suggested that caecilian evolution resulted in sturdy and compact skulls with fused bones and tight sutures, as an adaptation to their head-first burrowing habits. However, although their cranial osteology is well described, relationships between form and function remain poorly understood. In the present study, we explored the relationship between cranial shape and in vivo burrowing forces. Using micro-computed tomography (µCT) data, we performed 3D geometric morphometrics to explore whether cranial and mandibular shapes reflected patterns that might be associated with maximal push forces. The results highlight important differences in maximal push forces, with the aquatic Typhlonectes producing a lower force for a given size compared with other species. Despite substantial differences in head morphology across species, no relationship between overall skull shape and push force could be detected. Although a strong phylogenetic signal may partly obscure the results, our conclusions confirm previous studies using biomechanical models and suggest that differences in the degree of fossoriality do not appear to be driving the evolution of head shape.}, }
@article {pmid34494176, year = {2021}, author = {Guerreiro, JRL and Ipatov, A and Carvalho, J and Toldrà, A and Prado, M}, title = {Amplified plasmonic and microfluidic setup for DNA monitoring.}, journal = {Mikrochimica acta}, volume = {188}, number = {10}, pages = {326}, pmid = {34494176}, issn = {1436-5073}, support = {NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000019//Norte2020/ ; Confederaci&#xf3;n Hidrogr&#xe1;fica del Guadalquivir (Spain)//Partnership Agreement with Confederaci&#xf3;n Hidrogr&#xe1;fica del Guadalquivir (Spain)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/*analysis/genetics ; DNA Probes/chemistry/genetics ; Dreissena/chemistry ; Gold/chemistry ; Immobilized Nucleic Acids/chemistry/genetics ; Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ; Microfluidic Analytical Techniques/instrumentation/*methods ; Nanospheres/chemistry ; Nanotubes/chemistry ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Seafood/analysis ; Surface Plasmon Resonance/*methods ; }, abstract = {Plasmonic nanosensors for label-free detection of DNA require excellent sensing resolution, which is crucial when monitoring short DNA sequences, as these induce tiny peak shifts, compared to large biomolecules. We report a versatile and simple strategy for plasmonic sensor signal enhancement by assembling multiple (four) plasmonic sensors in series. This approach provided a fourfold signal enhancement, increased signal-to-noise ratio, and improved sensitivity for DNA detection. The response of multiple sensors based on AuNSpheres was also compared with AuNRods, the latter showing better sensing resolution. The amplification system based on AuNR was integrated into a microfluidic sequential injection platform and applied to the monitoring of DNA, specifically from environmental invasive species-zebra mussels. DNA from zebra mussels was log concentration-dependent from 1 to 1 × 10[6] pM, reaching a detection limit of 2.0 pM. In situ tests were also successfully applied to real samples, within less than 45 min, using DNA extracted from zebra mussel meat. The plasmonic nanosensors' signal can be used as a binary output (yes/no) to assess the presence of those invasive species. Even though these genosensors were applied to the monitoring of DNA in environmental samples, they potentially offer advantage in a wide range of fields, such as disease diagnostics.}, }
@article {pmid34493891, year = {2021}, author = {Hom, EFY and Penn, AS}, title = {Symbiosis and the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Symbiosis (Philadelphia, Pa.)}, volume = {84}, number = {3}, pages = {239-270}, pmid = {34493891}, issn = {0334-5114}, abstract = {Recent human activity has profoundly transformed Earth biomes on a scale and at rates that are unprecedented. Given the central role of symbioses in ecosystem processes, functions, and services throughout the Earth biosphere, the impacts of human-driven change on symbioses are critical to understand. Symbioses are not merely collections of organisms, but co-evolved partners that arise from the synergistic combination and action of different genetic programs. They function with varying degrees of permanence and selection as emergent units with substantial potential for combinatorial and evolutionary innovation in both structure and function. Following an articulation of operational definitions of symbiosis and related concepts and characteristics of the Anthropocene, we outline a basic typology of anthropogenic change (AC) and a conceptual framework for how AC might mechanistically impact symbioses with select case examples to highlight our perspective. We discuss surprising connections between symbiosis and the Anthropocene, suggesting ways in which new symbioses could arise due to AC, how symbioses could be agents of ecosystem change, and how symbioses, broadly defined, of humans and "farmed" organisms may have launched the Anthropocene. We conclude with reflections on the robustness of symbioses to AC and our perspective on the importance of symbioses as ecosystem keystones and the need to tackle anthropogenic challenges as wise and humble stewards embedded within the system.}, }
@article {pmid34487519, year = {2022}, author = {Fryzlewicz, L and VanWinkle, A and Lahondère, C}, title = {Development of an Attractive Toxic Sugar Bait for the Control of Aedes j. japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae).}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, pages = {308-313}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjab151}, pmid = {34487519}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Disease Vectors ; Insecticides ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Mosquito Vectors ; *Odorants ; Species Specificity ; Sugars ; }, abstract = {Both female and male mosquitoes consume sugar meals to obtain carbohydrates used for energy. This behavior has recently been identified as a possible mosquito control target, as the World Health Organization has urged for the development of integrated vector management. This is critical as many medically important mosquito species are developing insecticide resistance, resulting in current control strategies becoming less effective. Additionally, the traditional use of insecticides is detrimental to many beneficial insects such as pollinators. The main goal of this study was to develop an attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) to limit the populations of a local invasive mosquito, Aedes j. japonicus (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae). An ATSB is a lure bait composed of an attractant odorant, a toxic component, and sugar that the mosquitoes can feed on. ATSBs are cost-effective, sustainable, environmentally friendly, and can be species-specific. Mosquitoes were isolated into cages or cups and each group had access to either a toxic sugar solution (containing boric acid), a control solution or a choice between the two. We tested multiple fruits, including mango, peach, blueberries, and blackberries, as well as a soda and grape juice and monitored their survival for 96 h. We found that this species fed on all tested fruit solutions and that the groups that imbibed toxic solutions died within 48 h, indicating that boric acid is an effective oral toxin against Ae. j. japonicus. Further experiments will be conducted in the field to determine the ATSBs efficacy and to monitor potential effects on off-target species.}, }
@article {pmid34485436, year = {2021}, author = {Monastiri, A and Martín-Carrillo, N and Foronda, P and Izquierdo-Rodríguez, E and Feliu, C and López-Roig, M and Miquel, J and Ar Gouilh, M and Serra-Cobo, J}, title = {First Coronavirus Active Survey in Rodents From the Canary Islands.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {708079}, pmid = {34485436}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {Since the beginning of the 21st century five new coronaviruses inducing respiratory diseases in humans have been reported. These emergences has promoted research on coronaviruses in wildlife. We started the first eco-epidemiological study to screen the presence of coronaviruses circulating in mice and rats of four Canary Islands. Between 2015 and 2019, we obtained fecal samples of three rodent species (150 Mus musculus, 109 Rattus rattus and 1 Rattus norvegicus) captured in urban and rural areas. Fecal samples were analyzed by nRT-PCR and the resulting sequences were compared to known diversity using Bayesian phylogenetic methods. We only found coronavirus RNA in house mice from El Hierro (10.53%), Tenerife (7.02%) and Lanzarote (5.26%) islands. All coronaviruses detected belong to the species Murine coronavirus belonging to the genus Betacoronavirus and subgenus Embecovirus, being all positive house mice captured in anthropogenic environment. The phylogenetic analysis shows that murine coronaviruses from the Canary Islands are related to European murine coronaviruses. Albeit data are still scarce in the region, the most probable origin of M. coronavirus present in the Canary Islands is continental Europe. According to temporal Bayesian phylogenetics, the differentiation between Canary and continental viruses seems to be quite recent. Moreover, murine coronaviruses from El Hierro, Tenerife and Lanzarote islands tend to segregate in different clades. This enlightens the potential role of rodents or other possibly invasive species in disseminating infectious diseases to remote places through exchanges with the continent. It is important to consider these aspects in the sanitary control of islands, for health and biodiversity preservation concerns.}, }
@article {pmid34485367, year = {2021}, author = {Roberto, VP and Surget, G and Le Lann, K and Mira, S and Tarasco, M and Guérard, F and Poupart, N and Laizé, V and Stiger-Pouvreau, V and Cancela, ML}, title = {Antioxidant, Mineralogenic and Osteogenic Activities of Spartina alterniflora and Salicornia fragilis Extracts Rich in Polyphenols.}, journal = {Frontiers in nutrition}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {719438}, pmid = {34485367}, issn = {2296-861X}, abstract = {Osteoporosis is an aging-related disease and a worldwide health issue. Current therapeutics have failed to reduce the prevalence of osteoporosis in the human population, thus the discovery of compounds with bone anabolic properties that could be the basis of next generation drugs is a priority. Marine plants contain a wide range of bioactive compounds and the presence of osteoactive phytochemicals was investigated in two halophytes collected in Brittany (France): the invasive Spartina alterniflora and the native Salicornia fragilis. Two semi-purified fractions, prepared through liquid-liquid extraction, were assessed for phenolic and flavonoid contents, and for the presence of antioxidant, mineralogenic and osteogenic bioactivities. Ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) was rich in phenolic compounds and exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. While S. fragilis EAF only triggered a weak proliferative effect in vitro, S. alterniflora EAF potently induced extracellular matrix mineralization (7-fold at 250 μg/mL). A strong osteogenic effect was also observed in vivo using zebrafish operculum assay (2.5-fold at 10 μg/mL in 9-dpf larvae). Results indicate that polyphenol rich EAF of S. alterniflora has both antioxidant and bone anabolic activities. As an invasive species, this marine plant may represent a sustainable source of molecules for therapeutic applications in bone disorders.}, }
@article {pmid34480610, year = {2021}, author = {Cid-Aguayo, B and Ramirez, A and Sepúlveda, M and Gomez-Uchida, D}, title = {Invasive Chinook Salmon in Chile: Stakeholder Perceptions and Management Conflicts around a New Common-use Resource.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {68}, number = {6}, pages = {814-823}, pmid = {34480610}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Chile ; Rivers ; *Salmon ; *Salmonidae ; }, abstract = {Since the last decade, the Chinook salmon has become an invasive species in southern Chilean rivers, affecting their environment and displacing native species due to predation and competition. The socioeconomic valuation of this species is complex, due to its high economic, touristic, and culinary value. The tourism industry and artisanal fishing groups see the salmon as a new common-use resource to be regulated. The Chilean regulatory framework, in turn, has made the presence, danger, and economic importance of the species invisible. This document analyzes the social construction of salmonids according to different interest groups and their interaction with the legal invisibility of this species. Our study delves into a particular group: the artisanal fishermen of La Barra del Toltén, in the Araucania Region, whose main economic activity has been illegal Chinook salmon fishing, pressing for their legalization. This case raises reflections on the perennially complex relationship between nature and society, as well as the management of common problems and common resources.}, }
@article {pmid34480357, year = {2021}, author = {Franklin, PA and Baker, CF and Reeve, KA}, title = {A comparison of passage efficiency for native and exotic fish species over an artificial baffled ramp.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {99}, number = {6}, pages = {1928-1939}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14899}, pmid = {34480357}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {C01X1002//Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment/ ; C01X1615//Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; *Oncorhynchus mykiss ; *Osmeriformes ; *Perciformes ; }, abstract = {This study used an experimental approach to compare the passage success of native and exotic fish species from the temperate Southern Hemisphere over an artificial baffled fish ramp designed for overcoming low-head (≤1.0 m) fish migration barriers. Passage efficiency was, on average, lower for the exotic species [koi carp (Cyprinus carpio), rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)] compared to the native species [inanga (Galaxias maculatus), redfin bully (Gobiomorphus huttoni) and common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus)]. Nonetheless, there was considerable variation between individual species, with rainbow trout outperforming common bully and juvenile inanga, but koi carp and rudd failing to pass any of the ramps. The differences in predicted probability of passage success between the native and exotic fish species in this study were sufficient in some cases to indicate the potential for the baffled fish ramps to operate as a selective migration barrier. Nonetheless, further testing is required to validate these results across a broader range of conditions before deployment.}, }
@article {pmid34478901, year = {2022}, author = {Haubrock, PJ and Bernery, C and Cuthbert, RN and Liu, C and Kourantidou, M and Leroy, B and Turbelin, AJ and Kramer, AM and Verbrugge, LNH and Diagne, C and Courchamp, F and Gozlan, RE}, title = {Knowledge gaps in economic costs of invasive alien fish worldwide.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {803}, number = {}, pages = {149875}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149875}, pmid = {34478901}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Fisheries ; Fishes ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien fishes have had pernicious ecological and economic impacts on both aquatic ecosystems and human societies. However, a comprehensive and collective assessment of their monetary costs is still lacking. In this study, we collected and reviewed reported data on the economic impacts of invasive alien fishes using InvaCost, the most comprehensive global database of invasion costs. We analysed how total (i.e. both observed and potential/predicted) and observed (i.e. empirically incurred only) costs of fish invasions are distributed geographically and temporally and assessed which socioeconomic sectors are most affected. Fish invasions have potentially caused the economic loss of at least US$37.08 billion (US2017 value) globally, from just 27 reported species. North America reported the highest costs (>85% of the total economic loss), followed by Europe, Oceania and Asia, with no costs yet reported from Africa or South America. Only 6.6% of the total reported costs were from invasive alien marine fish. The costs that were observed amounted to US$2.28 billion (6.1% of total costs), indicating that the costs of damage caused by invasive alien fishes are often extrapolated and/or difficult to quantify. Most of the observed costs were related to damage and resource losses (89%). Observed costs mainly affected public and social welfare (63%), with the remainder borne by fisheries, authorities and stakeholders through management actions, environmental, and mixed sectors. Total costs related to fish invasions have increased significantly over time, from <US$0.01 million/year in the 1960s to over US$1 billion/year in the 2000s, while observed costs have followed a similar trajectory. Despite the growing body of work on fish invasions, information on costs has been much less than expected, given the overall number of invasive alien fish species documented and the high costs of the few cases reported. Both invasions and their economic costs are increasing, exacerbating the need for improved cost reporting across socioeconomic sectors and geographic regions, for more effective invasive alien fish management.}, }
@article {pmid34476814, year = {2021}, author = {Morgan, DL and Lear, KO and Ebner, BC and Beatty, SJ}, title = {Net design for selective control of the "plague minnow" Gambusia holbrooki that minimises impact on native Australian fishes.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {99}, number = {6}, pages = {2060-2065}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14895}, pmid = {34476814}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//Murdoch University/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Cyprinidae ; *Cyprinodontiformes ; Ecosystem ; Fishes ; }, abstract = {Gambusia holbrooki is one of the world's most environmentally damaging introduced species, being notoriously difficult to control once established. A composite double-winged fyke net comprising four vertically stacked compartments was developed to determine the potential to control G. holbrooki, while reducing negative interactions of this aggressive species with small threatened fishes. The stacked fyke net captured three times as many G. holbrooki as a conventional fyke net while maintaining consistent catches of native fishes relative to that from a conventional fyke net, and detected species-specific vertical distributions. This stratified net design represents a valuable management option for controlling this agonistic species or for limiting antagonistic interactions between G. holbrooki and native species during typical fyke sampling of native ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid34469591, year = {2021}, author = {Burlakova, LE and Karatayev, AY and Hrycik, AR and Daniel, SE and Mehler, K and Rudstam, LG and Watkins, JM and Dermott, R and Scharold, J and Elgin, AK and Nalepa, TF and Hinchey, EK and Lozano, SJ}, title = {Density data for Lake Ontario benthic invertebrate assemblages from 1964 to 2018.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {12}, pages = {e03528}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3528}, pmid = {34469591}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Invertebrates ; *Lakes ; Ontario ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Benthic invertebrates are important trophic links in aquatic food webs and serve as useful bioindicators of environmental conditions because their responses integrate the effects of both water and sediment qualities. However, long-term data sets for benthic invertebrate assemblages across broad geographic areas are rare and, even if collected, historic data sets are often not readily accessible. This data set provides densities of benthic macroinvertebrates for all taxa collected during lake-wide surveys in Lake Ontario, a Laurentian Great Lake, from 1964 to 2018. This information resulted from surveys funded by the governments of the United States and Canada to investigate the status and changes of Lake Ontario benthic community. Of the 13 lake-wide benthic surveys conducted in Lake Ontario over the course of 54 yr, we were able to acquire taxonomic data to the species level for 11 of the surveys and data to the group level for the other two surveys. Density data are provided for taxa representing the Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Cnidaria, Nemertea, and Platyhelminthes phyla. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that the compositional structure of Lake Ontario invertebrate assemblages differed markedly by depth and were also significantly altered by the Dreissena spp. invasion in early 1990s. The introduction of invasive dreissenids has changed the community historically dominated by Diporeia, Oligochaeta, and Sphaeriidae, to a community dominated by quagga mussels and Oligochaeta. Considering the rarity of long-term benthic data of high taxonomic resolution in lake ecosystems, this data set could be useful to explore broader aspects of ecological theory, including effects of different environmental factors and invasive species on community organization, functional and phylogenetic diversity, and spatial scale of variation in community structure. The data set could also be useful for studies on individual species including abundance and distribution, species co-occurrence, and how the patterns of dominance and rarity change over space and time. Use of this data set for academic or educational purposes is encouraged as long as the data source is properly cited using the title of this Data Paper, the names of the authors, the year of publication, the journal name, and the article number.}, }
@article {pmid34467526, year = {2021}, author = {Garibaldi, LA and Pérez-Méndez, N and Cordeiro, GD and Hughes, A and Orr, M and Alves-Dos-Santos, I and Freitas, BM and Freitas de Oliveira, F and LeBuhn, G and Bartomeus, I and Aizen, MA and Andrade, PB and Blochtein, B and Boscolo, D and Drumond, PM and Gaglianone, MC and Gemmill-Herren, B and Halinski, R and Krug, C and Maués, MM and Piedade Kiill, LH and Pinheiro, M and Pires, CSS and Viana, BF}, title = {Negative impacts of dominance on bee communities: Does the influence of invasive honey bees differ from native bees?.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {12}, pages = {e03526}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3526}, pmid = {34467526}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Brazil ; *Crops, Agricultural ; *Introduced Species ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can reach high abundances and dominate native environments. One of the most impressive examples of ecological invasions is the spread of the African subspecies of the honey bee throughout the Americas, starting from its introduction in a single locality in Brazil. The invasive honey bee is expected to more negatively impact bee community abundance and diversity than native dominant species, but this has not been tested previously. We developed a comprehensive and systematic bee sampling scheme, using a protocol deploying 11,520 pan traps across regions and crops for three years in Brazil. We found that invasive honey bees are now the single most dominant bee species. Such dominance has not only negative consequences for abundance and species richness of native bees but also for overall bee abundance (i.e., strong "numerical" effects of honey bees). Contrary to expectations, honey bees did not have stronger negative impacts than other native bees achieving similar levels of dominance (i.e., lack of negative "identity" effects of honey bees). These effects were markedly consistent across crop species, seasons and years, and were independent from land-use effects. Dominance could be a proxy of bee community degradation and more generally of the severity of ecological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid34462602, year = {2021}, author = {Harfoot, MBJ and Johnston, A and Balmford, A and Burgess, ND and Butchart, SHM and Dias, MP and Hazin, C and Hilton-Taylor, C and Hoffmann, M and Isaac, NJB and Iversen, LL and Outhwaite, CL and Visconti, P and Geldmann, J}, title = {Using the IUCN Red List to map threats to terrestrial vertebrates at global scale.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {11}, pages = {1510-1519}, pmid = {34462602}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthropogenic Effects ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Endangered Species ; Humans ; Hunting ; Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {The Anthropocene is characterized by unparalleled human impact on other species, potentially ushering in the sixth mass extinction. Yet mitigation efforts remain hampered by limited information on the spatial patterns and intensity of the threats driving global biodiversity loss. Here we use expert-derived information from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List on threats to 23,271 species, representing all terrestrial amphibians, birds and mammals, to generate global maps of the six major threats to these groups: agriculture, hunting and trapping, logging, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. Our results show that agriculture and logging are pervasive in the tropics and that hunting and trapping is the most geographically widespread threat to mammals and birds. Additionally, current representations of human pressure underestimate the overall pressure on biodiversity, due to the exclusion of threats such as hunting and climate change. Alarmingly, this is particularly the case in areas of the highest biodiversity importance.}, }
@article {pmid34456376, year = {2020}, author = {Marincowitz, S and Duong, TA and Taerum, SJ and de Beer, ZW and Wingfield, MJ}, title = {Fungal associates of an invasive pine-infesting bark beetle, Dendroctonus valens, including seven new Ophiostomatalean fungi.}, journal = {Persoonia}, volume = {45}, number = {}, pages = {177-195}, pmid = {34456376}, issn = {0031-5850}, abstract = {The red turpentine beetle (RTB; Dendroctonus valens) is a bark beetle that is native to Central and North America. This insect is well-known to live in association with a large number of Ophiostomatalean fungi. The beetle is considered a minor pest in its native range, but has killed millions of indigenous pine trees in China after its appearance in that country in the late 1990s. In order to increase the base of knowledge regarding the RTB and its symbionts, surveys of the beetle's fungal associates were initially undertaken in China, and in a subsequent study in its native range in North America. A total of 30 Ophiostomatalean species that included several undescribed taxa, were identified in these surveys. In the present study, seven of the undescribed taxa collected during the surveys were further characterised based on their morphological characteristics and multi-gene phylogenies. We proceeded to describe five of these as novel Leptographium spp. and two as new species of Ophiostoma. Four of the Leptographium spp. resided in the G. galeiformis-species complex, while one formed part of the L. olivaceum-species complex. One Ophiostoma sp. was a member of the O. ips-species complex, while the only new species from China was closely related to O. floccosum. Two of the previously undescribed taxa from North America were shown to be congeneric with L. terebrantis, implying that this species was most often isolated in association with the RTB in North America. The undescribed taxon from North America was identified as O. ips, and like L. terebrantis, this species was also not recognized during the initial North American survey. Resolving the identities of these taxa provides essential baseline information to better understand the movement of fungal pathogens with this beetle. This then enhances our ability to accurately assess and predict the risks of invasions by these and related fungi.}, }
@article {pmid34454138, year = {2022}, author = {Thomas, ZA and Mooney, S and Cadd, H and Baker, A and Turney, C and Schneider, L and Hogg, A and Haberle, S and Green, K and Weyrich, LS and Pérez, V and Moore, NE and Zawadzki, A and Kelloway, SJ and Khan, SJ}, title = {Late Holocene climate anomaly concurrent with fire activity and ecosystem shifts in the eastern Australian Highlands.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {802}, number = {}, pages = {149542}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149542}, pmid = {34454138}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Australia ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Forests ; }, abstract = {The alpine area of the Australian mainland is highly sensitive to climate and environmental change, and potentially vulnerable to ecosystem tipping points. Over the next two decades the Australian alpine region is predicted to experience temperature increases of at least 1 °C, coupled with a substantial decrease in snow cover. Extending the short instrumental record in these regions is imperative to put future change into context, and potentially provide analogues of warming. We reconstructed past temperatures, using a lipid biomarker palaeothermometer technique and mercury flux changes for the past 3500 years from the sediments of Club Lake, a high-altitude alpine tarn in the Snowy Mountains, southeastern Australia. Using a multi-proxy framework, including pollen and charcoal analyses, high-resolution geochemistry, and ancient microbial community composition, supported by high-resolution [210]Pb and AMS [14]C dating, we investigated local and regional ecological and environmental changes occurring in response to changes in temperature. We find the region experienced a general warming trend over the last 3500 years, with a pronounced climate anomaly occurring between 1000 and 1600 cal yrs. BP. Shifts in vegetation took place during this warm period, characterised by a decline in alpine species and an increase in open woodland taxa which co-occurred with an increase in regional fire activity. Given the narrow altitudinal band of Australian alpine vegetation, any future warming has the potential to result in the extinction of alpine species, including several endemic to the area, as treelines are driven to higher elevations. These findings suggest ongoing conservation efforts will be needed to protect the vulnerable alpine environments from the combined threats of climate changes, fire and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid34451564, year = {2021}, author = {El-Barougy, RF and Dakhil, MA and Abdelaal, M and El-Keblawy, A and Bersier, LF}, title = {Trait-Environment Relationships Reveal the Success of Alien Plants Invasiveness in an Urbanized Landscape.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {34451564}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {31003A_165800//Facult&#xe9; des Sciences et de M&#xe9;decine, Universit&#xe9; de Fribourg/ ; }, abstract = {Urban areas are being affected by rapidly increasing human-made pressures that can strongly homogenize biodiversity, reduce habitat heterogeneity, and facilitate the invasion of alien species. One of the key concerns in invaded urban areas is comparing the trait-environment relationships between alien and native species, to determine the underlying causes of invasiveness. In the current study, we used a trait-environment dataset of 130 native plants and 33 alien plants, recorded in 100 plots covering 50 urban areas and 50 non-urban ones in an urbanization gradient in the arid mountainous Saint-Katherine protected area in Egypt. We measured eleven morphological plant traits for each plant species and ten environmental variables in each plot, including soil resources and human-made pressures, to construct trait-environment associations using a fourth-corner analysis. In addition, we measured the mean functional and phylogenetic distances between the two species groups along an urbanization gradient. Our results revealed strongly significant relationships of alien species traits with human-made pressures and soil resources in urban areas. However, in non-urban areas, alien species traits showed weak and non-significant associations with the environment. Simultaneously, native plants showed consistency in their trait-environment relationships in urban and non-urban areas. In line with these results, the functional and phylogenetic distances declined between the aliens and natives in urban areas, indicating biotic homogenization with increasing urbanization, and increased in non-urban areas, indicating greater divergence between the two species groups. Thereby, this study provided evidence that urbanization can reveal the plasticity of alien species and can also be the leading cause of homogenization in an arid urban area. Future urban studies should investigate the potential causes of taxonomic, genetic, and functional homogenization in species composition in formerly more diverse urbanized areas.}, }
@article {pmid34451411, year = {2021}, author = {Kondapaneni, R and Malcolm, AN and Vazquez, BM and Zeng, E and Chen, TY and Kosinski, KJ and Romero-Weaver, AL and Giordano, BV and Allen, B and Riles, MT and Killingsworth, D and Campbell, LP and Caragata, EP and Lee, Y}, title = {Mosquito Control Priorities in Florida-Survey Results from Florida Mosquito Control Districts.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {34451411}, issn = {2076-0817}, support = {NU50CK000420-04-04/CC/CDC HHS/United States ; 2018-70006-28884//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {Florida lies within a subtropical region where the climate allows diverse mosquito species including invasive species to thrive year-round. As of 2021, there are currently 66 state-approved Florida Mosquito Control Districts, which are major stakeholders for Florida public universities engaged in mosquito research. Florida is one of the few states with extensive organized mosquito control programs. The Florida State Government and Florida Mosquito Control Districts have long histories of collaboration with research institutions. During fall 2020, we carried out a survey to collect baseline data on the current control priorities from Florida Mosquito Control Districts relating to (1) priority control species, (2) common adult and larval control methods, and (3) major research questions to address that will improve their control and surveillance programs. The survey data showed that a total of 17 distinct mosquito species were considered to be priority control targets, with many of these species being understudied. The most common control approaches included truck-mounted ultra-low-volume adulticiding and biopesticide-based larviciding. The districts held interest in diverse research questions, with many prioritizing studies on basic science questions to help develop evidence-based control strategies. Our data highlight the fact that mosquito control approaches and priorities differ greatly between districts and provide an important point of comparison for other regions investing in mosquito control, particularly those with similar ecological settings, and great diversity of potential mosquito vectors, such as in Florida. Our findings highlight a need for greater alignment of research priorities between mosquito control and mosquito research. In particular, we note a need to prioritize filling knowledge gaps relating to understudied mosquito species that have been implicated in arbovirus transmission.}, }
@article {pmid34448316, year = {2021}, author = {Gaydos, DA and Jones, CM and Jones, SK and Millar, GC and Petras, V and Petrasova, A and Mitasova, H and Meentemeyer, RK}, title = {Evaluating online and tangible interfaces for engaging stakeholders in forecasting and control of biological invasions.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {31}, number = {8}, pages = {e02446}, pmid = {34448316}, issn = {1939-5582}, mesh = {California ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Forecasting ; Internet ; Introduced Species ; Oregon ; Plant Diseases ; Quercus ; }, abstract = {Ecological forecasts will be best suited to inform intervention strategies if they are accessible to a diversity of decision-makers. Researchers are developing intuitive forecasting interfaces to guide stakeholders through the development of intervention strategies and visualization of results. Yet, few studies to date have evaluated how user interface design facilitates the coordinated, cross-boundary management required for controlling biological invasions. We used a participatory approach to develop complementary tangible and online interfaces for collaboratively forecasting biological invasions and devising control strategies. A diverse group of stakeholders evaluated both systems in the real-world context of controlling sudden oak death, an emerging forest disease killing millions of trees in California and Oregon. Our findings suggest that while both interfaces encouraged adaptive experimentation, tangible interfaces are particularly well suited to support collaborative decision-making. Reflecting on the strengths of both systems, we suggest workbench-style interfaces that support simultaneous interactions and dynamic geospatial visualizations.}, }
@article {pmid34447618, year = {2021}, author = {Lawson, JW and Fennell, M and Smith, MW and Bacon, KL}, title = {Regeneration and growth in crowns and rhizome fragments of Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) and desiccation as a potential control strategy.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e11783}, pmid = {34447618}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Reynoutria japonica (Japanese knotweed) is a problematic invasive plant found in many areas of Europe and North America. Notably, in the UK, the species can cause issues with mortgage acquisition. Control of R. japonica is complicated by its ability to regenerate from small fragments of plant material; however, there remains uncertainty about how much (in terms of mass) rhizome is required for successful regeneration. This study investigated the ability of crowns and rhizomes with different numbers of nodes to regenerate successfully from three sites in the north of England, UK. Two of the sites had been subject to herbicide treatment for two years prior to sampling and the third site had no history of herbicide treatment. No significant differences were observed in regenerated stem diameter, maximum height of stem and maximum growth increments among crowns. All traits measured from the planted crowns were significantly greater than those of the planted rhizome fragments and at least one node was necessary for successful regeneration of rhizomes. The smallest initial fragment weight to regenerate and survive the experiment was 0.5 g. Subjecting all plant material to desiccation for 38 days resulted in no regrowth (emergence or regeneration) after replanting. These findings suggest that desiccation could be a valuable management strategy for small to medium scale infestations common in urban settings.}, }
@article {pmid34442321, year = {2021}, author = {Rector, BG and Gagné, RJ and Perilla López, JM and Tonkel, KC and Bon, MC and Guermache, F and Cristofaro, M}, title = {Taxonomic Description of Stenodiplosis tectori n. sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a Seed Parasite of Cheatgrass, Anisantha tectorum, Based on Morphological and Mitochondrial DNA Data.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {34442321}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {Interagency Agreement L16PG00228//U.S. Bureau of Land Management/ ; }, abstract = {Cheatgrass is an annual grass species from Eurasia that has become invasive in much of western North America. It has been implicated in recent increases in the frequency, size, and intensity of wildfires, contributing to severe economic, environmental, and social destruction. In order to reduce this damage, the USDA-ARS established a classical biological control program against cheatgrass. In 2018 and 2019, adult gall midges were collected emerging from cheatgrass seed heads collected at several sites in Bulgaria and Greece; this is the first gall midge ever recorded from cheatgrass. Morphological comparisons with related midge species recorded from other plant hosts revealed that this midge from cheatgrass is a new species, described here as Stenodiplosis tectori n. sp. This status was supported by sequence comparisons of a barcode region of the gene encoding the mitochondrial cytochrome c subunit I (CO1) protein in Stenodiplosis tectori n. sp. and three congeners. The present study is the first to report MT-CO1 data in the genus Stenodiplosis. The ingroup Stenodiplosis tectori n. sp. collected in the Balkans grouped in one phylogenetic supported clade, with an average K2P-distance from its closest related congener, S. sorghicola, of 7.73% (SD = 1.10). The findings indicated relatively high year-to-year within-population diversity. Implications for this gall midge's utility as a biological control agent of cheatgrass are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid34442298, year = {2021}, author = {Veldtman, R and Daly, D and Bekker, GFHVG}, title = {Spatio-Environmental Analysis of Vespula germanica Nest Records Explains Slow Invasion in South Africa.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {34442298}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Investigating the distributions of invasive species in marginal habitats can give clues to the factors constraining invasive spread. Vespula germanica is the most widely distributed of all the invasive Vespids, which in the Southern Hemisphere typically have large extensive invasive populations. In contrast, the invasion into South Africa has been slow and is still confined to a small geographic area. Here we analyse the distribution of all recent nest records in South Africa (n = 405). The distance to main rivers, mean annual rainfall, summer normalised difference moisture index (NDMI) values, and mean annual temperatures (average, minimum, maximum, and summer maximum temperature) was measured for every nest. We find that value ranges of these variables are different between the value ranges recorded for nests, the general distribution area of the wasp, and the area of absence. Optimised Hot Spot Analysis was used to quantify spatial structure in the measured climatic variables. Generally, factors related to moisture stress set the environmental limits of V. germanica's landscape distribution. Due to the strong preference of nesting sites close to river courses, for higher rainfall conditions, medium to medium-high NDMI values, and lower mean annual temperatures, it is unlikely that V. germanica will be able to spread uniformly where it is currently found in South Africa.}, }
@article {pmid34442240, year = {2021}, author = {Ricupero, M and Biondi, A and Russo, A and Zappalà, L and Mazzeo, G}, title = {The Cotton Mealybug Is Spreading along the Mediterranean: First Pest Detection in Italian Tomatoes.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {34442240}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {E64I18002460007//EU, Programme IEV de Coop&#xe9;ration Transfrontali&#xe8;re Italie-Tunisie 2014-2020/ ; 5A722192113//Universit&#xe0; di Catania/ ; }, abstract = {The cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is an extremely polyphagous invasive pest that can cause serious damages to cultivated plants. The pest is native to America but invaded Asian and Mediterranean countries during the last decades. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Solanaceae) is an economic relevant crop worldwide and its production can be threatened by numerous insect pests including P. solenopsis. We recorded for the first time P. solenopsis in association with tomato in greenhouse crops and urban landscapes in Sicily (Italy) during the fall season in 2020. The species was identified as P. solenopsis based on the morphological characters and DNA amplification of an ≈800 bp portion of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene. The phylogenetic analysis among the obtained P. solenopsis mtCOI sequences with those already available in GenBank suggests Asian countries as a potential source of new introduction. This is the first record of P. solenopsis attacking tomato plants in Italy and may represent a potential threat for tomato production in Europe and nearby countries. For this reason, actions should be taken to avoid the uncontrolled spread of this alien species.}, }
@article {pmid34442227, year = {2021}, author = {Vendetti, JE and Sandig, K and Sahakyan, A and Granados, A}, title = {Multiple Introductions of the Pestiferous Land Snail Theba pisana (Müller, 1774) (Gastropoda: Helicidae) in Southern California.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {34442227}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The terrestrial land snail Theba pisana is circum-Mediterranean in native range and widely introduced and pestiferous in regions around the world. In California, USA, T. pisana has been recorded intermittently since 1914, but its source population(s) are unknown, and no morphological or molecular analyses within or between California populations have been published. Therefore, we compared molecular data (CO1, 16S, ITS2) and internal morphology (jaw, radula, reproductive system) in T. pisana collected from Los Angeles and San Diego counties in 2019-2020. DNA barcode (CO1 mtDNA) analysis revealed that T. pisana from Los Angeles County was most similar to T. pisana from the Mediterranean island of Malta, and northern San Diego County-collected specimens were most similar to T. pisana from Morocco. Morphology of the jaw and mucous glands also differed between Los Angeles and San Diego populations, but it is unclear if traits are lineage-specific or artifacts of ontogeny. Several pathways of introduction into Southern California are possible for this species, but evidence for intentional vs. accidental introduction of present populations is lacking. Subsequent investigation(s) could use the data generated herein to assess the provenance of T. pisana elsewhere in California and/or worldwide and inform analyses of reproductive biology and systematics in this widespread species.}, }
@article {pmid34440559, year = {2021}, author = {Nijman, V and Campera, M and Imron, MA and Ardiansyah, A and Langgeng, A and Dewi, T and Hedger, K and Hendrik, R and Nekaris, KA}, title = {The Role of the Songbird Trade as an Anthropogenic Vector in the Spread of Invasive Non-Native Mynas in Indonesia.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {34440559}, issn = {2075-1729}, support = {152511813//Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund/ ; GEFNE101-13//National Geographic Society/ ; n/a//People's Trust for Endangered Species/ ; n/a//Cleveland Metroparks Zoo and Zoo Society/ ; n/a//Amersfoort Zoo/ ; n/a//Columbus Zoo/ ; }, abstract = {The wildlife trade has facilitated the introduction of invasive non-native species, which may compete with native species for resources and alter ecosystems. Some of these species have great potential to become invasive if released or escaped from captivity. Here we studied the pet trade in a group of open countryside birds, the mynas (Acridotheres spp.) in Indonesia, and identified the areas that are at high risk of facing the establishment of these species. Mynas are among the most invasive birds in Southeast Asia. Once established in a new area, they are almost impossible to eradicate and can have strong negative impacts on the ecosystem. Preventing their introduction is therefore essential. Yet, invasive non-native mynas continue to be traded openly. We present data on the trade in seven species of mynas on Java, Bali and Lombok, with three species being native to parts of one or two of these islands, but not to the remainder, and four that are non-native to the region. From 2016 to 2021 we conducted 255 surveys of 30 animal markets. We recorded over 6000 mynas that were offered for sale outside their native range. Areas most at risk because of their high prevalence in specific animal markets, are Greater Jakarta, eastern Java, Bali and Lombok. The number of invasive non-native mynas recorded was positively related to the size of the animal market. Indonesia is signatory to several international agreements (CBD, ASEAN) that have policies and guidelines to prevent the introduction of invasive non-native species, but compliancy is weak. Annually hundreds and possibly thousands of invasive non-native mynas are released by Indonesian conservation authorities in regions that are outside their native range. Effective management of, and regulation of trade in, potential invasive non-native birds in Indonesia falls short and inadvertently greatly aids both their introduction and establishment.}, }
@article {pmid34440453, year = {2021}, author = {Ruan, X and Wang, Z and Su, Y and Wang, T}, title = {Population Genomics Reveals Gene Flow and Adaptive Signature in Invasive Weed Mikania micrantha.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {34440453}, issn = {2073-4425}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; China ; Gene Flow/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Metagenomics ; Mikania/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Plant Weeds/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {A long-standing and unresolved issue in invasion biology concerns the rapid adaptation of invaders to nonindigenous environments. Mikania micrantha is a notorious invasive weed that causes substantial economic losses and negative ecological consequences in southern China. However, the contributions of gene flow, environmental variables, and functional genes, all generally recognized as important factors driving invasive success, to its successful invasion of southern China are not fully understood. Here, we utilized a genotyping-by-sequencing approach to sequence 306 M. micrantha individuals from 21 invasive populations. Based on the obtained genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data, we observed that all the populations possessed similar high levels of genetic diversity that were not constrained by longitude and latitude. Mikania micrantha was introduced multiple times and subsequently experienced rapid-range expansion with recurrent high gene flow. Using FST outliers, a latent factor mixed model, and the Bayesian method, we identified 38 outlier SNPs associated with environmental variables. The analysis of these outlier SNPs revealed that soil composition, temperature, precipitation, and ecological variables were important determinants affecting the invasive adaptation of M. micrantha. Candidate genes with outlier signatures were related to abiotic stress response. Gene family clustering analysis revealed 683 gene families unique to M. micrantha which may have significant implications for the growth, metabolism, and defense responses of M. micrantha. Forty-one genes showing significant positive selection signatures were identified. These genes mainly function in binding, DNA replication and repair, signature transduction, transcription, and cellular components. Collectively, these findings highlight the contribution of gene flow to the invasion and spread of M. micrantha and indicate the roles of adaptive loci and functional genes in invasive adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid34439931, year = {2021}, author = {Heneidy, SZ and Halmy, MWA and Toto, SM and Hamouda, SK and Fakhry, AM and Bidak, LM and Eid, EM and Al-Sodany, YM}, title = {Pattern of Urban Flora in Intra-City Railway Habitats (Alexandria, Egypt): A Conservation Perspective.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {34439931}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {RGP.1/60/42//King Khalid University/ ; }, abstract = {Intra-city railway areas are deemed large greenspaces and are believed to be key in enhancing the diversity and dynamics of urban flora. In the current study, the floristic composition and diversity along intra-city railway and tram tracks in Alexandria were surveyed. The floristic composition of the plant communities in relation to environmental factors, ecological indicators, and level of human impact was analyzed using multivariate analysis (two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) for classification and detrended correspondence analysis (DECORANA) for ordination. The multivariate ordination techniques (CCA) revealed differences in the environmental factors and climatic factors influencing the floristic composition of the railway and tram track habitats. Tram tracks suffered higher human impact while maintaining higher vitality and cover compared to train tracks. Species recorded were mainly therophytes, followed by phanerophytes and hemicryptophytes dominated by native species; however, invasive species' contribution was higher compared to surrounding regions. The number of invasive species was greater in railway areas compared to tram track areas (19 and 15, respectively). The occurrence of two endemic species (Sinapis allionii and Sonchus macrocarpus) with limited national distribution highlights the importance of these habitats as valuable refuge areas for rare and endangered species worthy of conservation action.}, }
@article {pmid34438901, year = {2021}, author = {Schuster, RK and Specht, P and Rieger, S}, title = {On the Helminth Fauna of the Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus, 1766)) in the Barnim District of Brandenburg State/Germany.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {34438901}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {The muskrat is a neozoon species that has occupied many countries of continental North Europe after its introduction from north America as fur animals. Due to its burrowing activity it damages river and canal banks and structures of flood control. For this reason, the eradication of this alien species is recommended. Muskrats are also of parasitological interest since they can act as suitable intermediate hosts for Echinococcus multilocularis. On the other hand, little is known on the other helminths that infect muskrats. A total of 130 muskrats of different age groups trapped in different habitats in the Barnim district of the Brandenburg state by a professional hunter were examined for parasites and seven trematodes (Echinostoma sp., Notocotylus noyeri, Plagiorchis elegans, Plagiorchis arvicolae, Psilosostoma simillimum, P. spiculigerum, Opisthorchis felineus and four larval cestode species (Hydatigera taeniaeformis, Taenia martis, Taenia polyacantha, Taenia crassiceps) were detected. Larval stages of E. multilocularis were not found. O. felineus was found for the first time in muskrats in Germany. All the named parasites were present in Europe prior to the introduction of muskrats. With a prevalence of 48.9%, Strobilocercus fasciolaris, the larval stage of the cat tapeworm, H. taeniaeformis, was the most frequent parasite found in adult muskrats.}, }
@article {pmid34438893, year = {2021}, author = {Lemic, D and Pajač Živković, I and Šuliček, M and Benítez, HA}, title = {Exploratory Analysis of Color Forms' Variability in the Invasive Asian Lady Beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas 1773).}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {34438893}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {The Asian ladybird (Harmonia axyridis Pallas), native to Asia, is one of the 100 most invasive species in the world and has spread worldwide. This study aimed to characterize color forms of H. axyridis in Croatia and to analyze the variability of wing shape between populations and indicated forms. Geometric morphometric methods were used to analyze a total of 129 left and right wings in males and 126 left and right wings in females of H. axyridis collected from four different sites in Croatia. The results show a significant difference in wing shapes between the studied forms. Each form had its own specific morphotype that likely originated under the influence of genetic changes in the species. This study demonstrates that the use of geometric morphometric analysis is effective in studying the variability in H. axyridis populations. As this study is the first of its kind, for further clarity, it is necessary to conduct additional studies on a larger number of sites and an equal number of individuals of all forms.}, }
@article {pmid34438034, year = {2022}, author = {McGaw, LJ and Omokhua-Uyi, AG and Finnie, JF and Van Staden, J}, title = {Invasive alien plants and weeds in South Africa: A review of their applications in traditional medicine and potential pharmaceutical properties.}, journal = {Journal of ethnopharmacology}, volume = {283}, number = {}, pages = {114564}, doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2021.114564}, pmid = {34438034}, issn = {1872-7573}, mesh = {Animals ; Ethnobotany ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Medicine, African Traditional/*methods ; Phytotherapy/methods ; Plant Preparations/*pharmacology ; Plant Weeds/chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal/*chemistry ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Traditional pharmacopoeias are constantly evolving and adapting, hence the assimilation of alien plants and weeds into traditional systems of healing. Invasive plants are detrimental to the ecosystem, however they are also potential sources of secondary metabolites with useful biological activities.<br><br>AIM OF THE REVIEW: The aim of this review was to investigate published reports of traditional use and biological activity of declared invasive alien plants and other weeds in South Africa.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Information was retrieved from scientific databases including Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, PubMed, Chemical Abstracts Services and books, theses, dissertations and technical reports. Keywords used for the search engines were "South Africa" or "southern Africa" in conjunction with "(native weeds OR alien invasive)" AND "medicinal". Separate searches were conducted on the individual invasive plant species recorded as having been used in ethnobotanical surveys to determine their known biological activities and chemical components.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 89 plant species regarded as invasive species or weeds in South Africa were identified as being used in traditional medicine. The most commonly mentioned plant family was the Asteraceae with a total of 15 species followed by the Fabaceae and Solanaceae with 6 species each. Of the 89 species recorded, 68% were reported to have traditional usage with both phytochemical and biological data available. A history of traditional usage coupled with biological data was available for 12% of species. Records of traditional usage alone were linked to 11% of species. Invasive alien species comprised 61% of recorded species, while native and non-invasive alien weeds formed the remaining 39%.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The exploration of alternative uses for weeds and particularly invasive plants, whether native or alien, as medicines for possible commercialisation may lead to innovative mechanisms for putting such species to good use.}, }
@article {pmid34436638, year = {2021}, author = {Kim, SH and Kim, DE and Lee, H and Jung, S and Lee, WH}, title = {Ensemble evaluation of the potential risk areas of yellow-legged hornet distribution.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {193}, number = {9}, pages = {601}, pmid = {34436638}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Europe ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Invasion of alien species facilitated by climate change and human assistant is one of global threats that cause irreversible damages on the local flora and fauna. One of these issued species, Vespa velutina nigrithorax du Buysson, 1905 (Hymenoptera:Vespidae), is a significant threat to entomofauna, including honeybees, in the introduced regions. This wasp is still expanding its habitats, prioritizing the development of a reliable species distribution model based on recently updated occurrence data. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential areas that are climatically exposed to V. v. nigrithorax invasion globally and in South Korea, where the wasp has caused severe damage to local ecosystems and apiculture after its recent introduction. We developed a new global scale ensemble model based on CLIMEX and Maxent models and applied it to South Korea using field survey data. As a result, risky areas were predicted to be temperate and subtropical climate regions, including the eastern USA, western Europe, Far East Asia, and small areas in South America and Australia. In particular, South Korea has a high potential risk throughout the country. We expect that this study would provide fundamental data for monitoring the environmental risks caused by V. v. nigrithorax using advanced species distribution modeling.}, }
@article {pmid34436597, year = {2021}, author = {Ortiz-Alvarado, Y and Fernández-Casas, R and Ortiz-Alvarado, CA and Diaz-Iglesias, E and Rivera-Marchand, B}, title = {Behavioral flexibility in Wasmannia auropunctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {34436597}, issn = {1536-2442}, support = {1026560//Puerto Rico Louis Stokes Alliance/ ; 5R25GM061151-19//NIH-RISE/ ; //Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Bayam&#xf3;n Campus/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/drug effects/physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Juvenile Hormones/pharmacology/physiology ; Methoprene/pharmacology ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Worker division of labor is a defining trait in social insects. Many species are characterized by having behavioral flexibility where workers perform non-typical tasks for their age depending on the colony's needs. Worker division of labor and behavioral flexibility were examined in the little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger, 1863), for which age-related division of labor has been found. Young workers perform nursing duties which include tending of brood and queens, and colony defense, while older workers forage. When nurses were experimentally removed from the colony, foragers were observed carrying out nursing and colony defense duties, yet when foragers were removed nurses did not forage precociously. We also administered juvenile hormone analog, methoprene, to workers. When methoprene was applied, foragers increased their nursing and defense activities while nurses became mainly idle. The behavioral flexibility of foragers of the little fire ant may be evidence of an expansion of worker's repertoires as they age; older workers can perform tasks they have already done in their life while young individuals are not capable of performing tasks ahead of time. This may be an important adaptation associated with the success of this ant as an invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid34435577, year = {2022}, author = {Baudry, T and Gismondi, E and Goût, JP and Arqué, A and Smith-Ravin, J and Grandjean, F}, title = {The invasive crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus facing chlordecone in Martinique: Bioaccumulation and depuration study.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {286}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {131926}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131926}, pmid = {34435577}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea ; Bioaccumulation ; *Chlordecone/analysis ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Insecticides/analysis ; Martinique ; }, abstract = {The redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, was introduced to Martinique Island for aquaculture purposes at the beginning of the 21st century, in an attempt to revitalize the freshwater crustacean aquaculture sector. Mainly due to its high economical value, it was intentionally released in the wild and was caught and sold by fishermen. Martinican rivers are polluted by chlordecone, considered as one of the worst Persistant Organic Pollutants (POP). Despite its dangerousness, it was used until 1993 in the French West Indies against a banana pest and was always found in the ecosystems. This study aimed to investigate the level of contamination in the muscle of crayfish caught in the wild, as well as the potential of bioconcentration and depuration in the C. quadricarinatus muscle. This study could allow us to quantify the risk for consumers but also, to evaluate a depuration process to reduce the risk related to its consumption. Using both in-vitro and in-situ experiments, results highlighted the importance of the chlordecone concentration in the water and the time of exposure to the pollutant. The bioconcentration seems to be very quick and continuous in crayfish muscle, as chlordecone can be detectable as early as 6 h of exposure, whatever the concentration tested. Finally, it appears that, even after 20 days of depuration in chlordecone-free water, chlordecone concentrations remained higher to the residual maximum limit (i.e. 20 ng/g wet weight), concluding that the decontamination of the muscle seems not very efficient, and the risk for the Martinican people could be serious.}, }
@article {pmid34434646, year = {2021}, author = {Ponce, JJ and Arismendi, I and Thomas, A}, title = {Using in-situ environmental DNA sampling to detect the invasive New Zealand Mud Snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) in freshwaters.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e11835}, pmid = {34434646}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) detection of aquatic invasive species is currently at the forefront of aquatic conservation efforts because the methodology provides a cost effective and sensitive means to detect animals at low densities. Developments in eDNA technologies have improved detection probabilities for rare, indicator, and invasive species over the past decade. However, standard lab analysis can take days or weeks before results are available and is prohibitive when rapid management decisions are required for mitigation. Here, we investigated the performance of a real-time quantitative PCR system for on-site eDNA detection of New Zealand mud snails (Potamopyrgus antipodarum). Six sites in western Washington, USA were sampled using the rapid eDNA technique and traditional methods, with five samples per site. On-site eDNA detection of mud snails resulted in a 10% increase in positive sites (16/30 = 53% positive) relative to visual surveys (13/30 = 43% positive). In addition, positive associations were observed between mud snail eDNA concentration (eDNA copies per reaction) and the number of mud snail individuals at each site (R [2] = 0.78). We show that the rapid on-site eDNA technology can be effective for detection and quantification of New Zealand mud snails in freshwaters. This on-site eDNA detection approach could possibly be used to initiate management protocols that allow for more rapid responses during the onset of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid34434172, year = {2021}, author = {Aires, T and Stuij, TM and Muyzer, G and Serrão, EA and Engelen, AH}, title = {Characterization and Comparison of Bacterial Communities of an Invasive and Two Native Caribbean Seagrass Species Sheds Light on the Possible Influence of the Microbiome on Invasive Mechanisms.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {653998}, pmid = {34434172}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Invasive plants, including marine macrophytes, are one of the most important threats to biodiversity by displacing native species and organisms depending on them. Invasion success is dependent on interactions among living organisms, but their study has been mostly limited to negative interactions while positive interactions are mostly underlooked. Recent studies suggested that microorganisms associated with eukaryotic hosts may play a determinant role in the invasion process. Along with the knowledge of their structure, taxonomic composition, and potential functional profile, understanding how bacterial communities are associated with the invasive species and the threatened natives (species-specific/environmentally shaped/tissue-specific) can give us a holistic insight into the invasion mechanisms. Here, we aimed to compare the bacterial communities associated with leaves and roots of two native Caribbean seagrasses (Halodule wrightii and Thalassia testudinum) with those of the successful invader Halophila stipulacea, in the Caribbean island Curaçao, using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and functional prediction. Invasive seagrass microbiomes were more diverse and included three times more species-specific core OTUs than the natives. Associated bacterial communities were seagrass-specific, with higher similarities between natives than between invasive and native seagrasses for both communities associated with leaves and roots, despite their strong tissue differentiation. However, with a higher number of OTUs in common, the core community (i.e., OTUs occurring in at least 80% of the samples) of the native H. wrightii was more similar to that of the invader H. stipulacea than T. testudinum, which could reflect more similar essential needs (e.g., nutritional, adaptive, and physiological) between native and invasive, in contrast to the two natives that might share more environment-related OTUs. Relative to native seagrass species, the invasive H. stipulacea was enriched in halotolerant bacterial genera with plant growth-promoting properties (like Halomonas sp. and Lysinibacillus sp.) and other potential beneficial effects for hosts (e.g., heavy metal detoxifiers and quorum sensing inhibitors). Predicted functional profiles also revealed some advantageous traits on the invasive species such as detoxification pathways, protection against pathogens, and stress tolerance. Despite the predictive nature of our findings concerning the functional potential of the bacteria, this investigation provides novel and important insights into native vs. invasive seagrasses microbiome. We demonstrated that the bacterial community associated with the invasive seagrass H. stipulacea is different from native seagrasses, including some potentially beneficial bacteria, suggesting the importance of considering the microbiome dynamics as a possible and important influencing factor in the colonization of non-indigenous species. We suggest further comparison of H. stipulacea microbiome from its native range with that from both the Mediterranean and Caribbean habitats where this species has a contrasting invasion success. Also, our new findings open doors to a more in-depth investigation combining meta-omics with bacterial manipulation experiments in order to confirm any functional advantage in the microbiome of this invasive seagrass.}, }
@article {pmid34433984, year = {2021}, author = {Kozlov, M}, title = {Australia's cane toads evolved as cannibals with frightening speed.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {597}, number = {7874}, pages = {19-20}, pmid = {34433984}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Bufanolides/metabolism ; Bufo marinus/genetics/*physiology ; *Cannibalism ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Predatory Behavior ; South America ; Time Factors ; }, }
@article {pmid34431996, year = {2021}, author = {McGruddy, R and Howse, MWF and Haywood, J and Toft, RJ and Lester, PJ}, title = {Nesting Ecology and Colony Survival of Two Invasive Polistes Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in New Zealand.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {6}, pages = {1466-1473}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvab086}, pmid = {34431996}, issn = {1938-2936}, support = {//Victoria University of Wellington/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Nesting Behavior ; New Zealand ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {We examined the abundance, nesting ecology, and colony survival of two invasive species of paper wasp, Polistes dominula Christ (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) and Polistes chinensis Pérez (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), within their invaded range in New Zealand. The more recent invader, P. dominula, exhibited a strong habitat preference, reaching the highest abundances within suburban areas with an average of 87.4 wasps per 1,000 m2. Coastal habitats were also found to be suitable environments for P. dominula, although wasp abundance in these areas was comparatively lower than suburban sites at 26.5 wasps per 1,000 m2. Although P. chinensis were observed to build more nests in coastal habitats, this was not reflected in the abundance of adult wasps in these areas. Nests of P. dominula were larger and more productive, likely a result of the multiple founding and earlier emergence of workers compared to P. chinensis. Both species exhibited significant differences in nest survival, with P. dominula observed to have a higher colony survival rate, particularly in suburban habitats where this species utilized man-made substrates as nesting sites. Neither species nested within forest sites and translocated nests of P. dominula failed to thrive within forest habitats. Findings of this research suggest that P. dominula will not pose a threat to species inhabiting forested areas. Instead, biodiversity managers should focus their efforts on suburban and coastal environments as native species in these areas will require the greatest protection.}, }
@article {pmid34431913, year = {2021}, author = {Ansari, B and Altafa, J and Ramzan, A and Ahmed, Z and Khalil, S and Qamar, SUR and Awan, SA and Jehangir, K and Khalid, R and Aziz, S and Sultana, T and Sultana, S and Alsamadany, H and Alshamrani, R and Awan, FS}, title = {Molecular Phylogenetics of Physa acuta (Pulmonata: Basommatophora): an Invasive species in Central Punjab Pakistan.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {83}, number = {}, pages = {e246984}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.246984}, pmid = {34431913}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Gastropoda ; *Introduced Species ; Pakistan ; Phylogeny ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; }, abstract = {Physids belong to Class Gastropoda; belong to Phylum Mollusca and being bioindicators, intermediate hosts of parasites and pests hold a key position in the ecosystem. There are three species of Genus Physa i.e. P. fontinalis, Physa acuta and P. gyrina water bodies of Central Punjab and were characterized on the basis of molecular markers High level of genetic diversity was revealed by polymorphic RAPD, however SSR markers were not amplified. The multivariate analysis revealed polymorphism ranging from 9.09 percent to 50 percent among the three Physid species. Total number of 79 loci were observed for the three species under study and 24 loci were observed to be polymorphic. These RAPD fragment(s) can be developed into co dominant markers (SCAR) by cloning and can be further sequenced for the development of the Physa species specific markers to identify the introduced and native species in Pakistan.}, }
@article {pmid34431912, year = {2021}, author = {Aziz, S and Altaf, J and Ramzan, A and Ahmed, Z and Qamar, SUR and Awan, SA and Khalil, S and Jehangir, K and Khalid, R and Ansari, B and Sultana, T and Sultana, S and Alsamadany, H and Alshamrani, R and Awan, FS}, title = {Characterization of the species of genus Physa on the basis of typological species concept from Central Punjab.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {83}, number = {}, pages = {e246934}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.246934}, pmid = {34431912}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Snails ; }, abstract = {Physids belong to Class Gastropoda; Phylum Mollusca have important position in food web and act as bio indicators, pests and intermediate host. Being resistant these are called cockroaches of malacology. Physid snails were collected from different water bodies of Faisalabad (Punjab) and were identified up to species using morphological markers. The morphometry of the specimens was carried out with the help of a digital Vernier caliper in millimeters (mm) using linear measurement of shell characters. Linear regression analysis of the AL/SW ratio vs AL and SL/SW ratio vs AL indicated that allometric growth exists only in Physa acuta when compared with P.gyrina and P. fontinalis. This study will lead to assess the status of the Physid species in Central Punjab. The Principal component analysis shows that the Component 1 (Shell Length) and component 2 (Shell Width) are the most prolific components and nearly 80 percent of the identification. The distance between P. acuta and P. fontinalis is 5.4699, P. acuta and P. gyrina is 7.6411, P. fontinalis and P. gyrina is 16.6080 showing that P. acuta resembles with P. fontinalis, and both these specimens donot resemble with P. gyrina. P.acuta is an invasive species and shows bioactivity making it a potent candidate for bioactive substances.}, }
@article {pmid34431151, year = {2022}, author = {Tepolt, CK and Grosholz, ED and de Rivera, CE and Ruiz, GM}, title = {Balanced polymorphism fuels rapid selection in an invasive crab despite high gene flow and low genetic diversity.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {55-69}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16143}, pmid = {34431151}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {1514893//National Science Foundation/ ; //Smithsonian Institution/ ; //The Penzance Endowed Fund/ ; }, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Brachyura/genetics ; *Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; }, abstract = {Adaptation across environmental gradients has been demonstrated in numerous systems with extensive dispersal, despite high gene flow and consequently low genetic structure. The speed and mechanisms by which such adaptation occurs remain poorly resolved, but are critical to understanding species spread and persistence in a changing world. Here, we investigate these mechanisms in the European green crab Carcinus maenas, a globally distributed invader. We focus on a northwestern Pacific population that spread across >12 degrees of latitude in 10 years from a single source, following its introduction <35 years ago. Using six locations spanning >1500 km, we examine genetic structure using 9376 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We find high connectivity among five locations, with significant structure between these locations and an enclosed lagoon with limited connectivity to the coast. Among the five highly connected locations, the only structure observed was a cline driven by a handful of SNPs strongly associated with latitude and winter temperature. These SNPs are almost exclusively found in a large cluster of genes in strong linkage disequilibrium that was previously identified as a candidate for cold tolerance adaptation in this species. This region may represent a balanced polymorphism that evolved to promote rapid adaptation in variable environments despite high gene flow, and which now contributes to successful invasion and spread in a novel environment. This research suggests an answer to the paradox of genetically depauperate yet successful invaders: populations may be able to adapt via a few variants of large effect despite low overall diversity.}, }
@article {pmid34431036, year = {2021}, author = {Sato, T and Jogahara, T}, title = {Development and characterization of microsatellite markers in the small Indian mongoose (Urva auropunctata).}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {48}, number = {10}, pages = {7029-7034}, pmid = {34431036}, issn = {1573-4978}, support = {JPMEERF20204006//Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Geography ; Herpestidae/*genetics ; Islands ; Japan ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Sex Determination Analysis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The small Indian mongoose (Urva auropunctata) is one of the world's worst invasive alien species and eradication programs are ongoing worldwide. The development of individual and sex identification markers will improve their management.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: We searched for novel mongoose microsatellite markers using genome-wide screening and identified 115,265 tetra-nucleotide repeat loci. Of 96 loci tested, 17 were genotyped in 28 mongooses from the Okinawa population. The genetic diversity analysis showed that the average expected and observed heterozygosity and number of alleles were 0.55, 0.56, and 2.94, respectively. Of 17 loci, one deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and six loci pairs were likely linked to each other. However, we succeed in identifying all individuals using all of the microsatellite loci. The novel sex identification markers worked successfully in a test using sex known samples.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our novel microsatellite and sex identification markers should be useful in studies of individual identification and population genetics of the mongoose.}, }
@article {pmid34429933, year = {2021}, author = {Weston, LM and Mattingly, KZ and Day, CTC and Hovick, SM}, title = {Potential local adaptation in populations of invasive reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) across an urbanization gradient.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {16}, pages = {11457-11476}, pmid = {34429933}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Urban stressors represent strong selective gradients that can elicit evolutionary change, especially in non-native species that may harbor substantial within-population variability. To test whether urban stressors drive phenotypic differentiation and influence local adaptation, we compared stress responses of populations of a ubiquitous invader, reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea). Specifically, we quantified responses to salt, copper, and zinc additions by reed canary grass collected from four populations spanning an urbanization gradient (natural, rural, moderate urban, and intense urban). We measured ten phenotypic traits and trait plasticities, because reed canary grass is known to be highly plastic and because plasticity may enhance invasion success. We tested the following hypotheses: (a) Source populations vary systematically in their stress response, with the intense urban population least sensitive and the natural population most sensitive, and (b) plastic responses are adaptive under stressful conditions. We found clear trait variation among populations, with the greatest divergence in traits and trait plasticities between the natural and intense urban populations. The intense urban population showed stress tolerator characteristics for resource acquisition traits including leaf dry matter content and specific root length. Trait plasticity varied among populations for over half the traits measured, highlighting that plasticity differences were as common as trait differences. Plasticity in root mass ratio and specific root length were adaptive in some contexts, suggesting that natural selection by anthropogenic stressors may have contributed to root trait differences. Reed canary grass populations in highly urbanized wetlands may therefore be evolving enhanced tolerance to urban stressors, suggesting a mechanism by which invasive species may proliferate across urban wetland systems generally.}, }
@article {pmid34429920, year = {2021}, author = {Adey, AK and Larson, ER}, title = {Testing the relationship between intraspecific competition and individual specialization across both behavior and diet.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {16}, pages = {11310-11322}, pmid = {34429920}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Individual specialization within populations is increasingly recognized as important in both ecology and evolution, but researchers working on intraspecific variation in behavior and diet infrequently interact. This may be because individual specialization on diet and behavior was historically difficult to investigate simultaneously on the same individuals. However, approaches like stable isotope analysis that allow hindcasting past field diets for laboratory organisms may provide opportunities to unite these areas of inquiry. Here, we tested the role of intraspecific competition on individual specialization through analysis of both behavior and diet simultaneously. We focused on intraspecific competition as a mechanism that might drive individual specialization of both diet and behavior. We conducted this study in Vilas County, Wisconsin, United States (US), using rusty crayfish Faxonius rusticus from six lakes across a relative abundance gradient. We conducted six assays to measure individual specialization of behavior and used stable isotope analysis to measure individual specialization of diet. We then related both measures of individual specialization to relative abundance of F. rusticus using linear and quadratic models. We found a unimodal relationship between intraspecific competition and individual specialization of diet for F. rusticus, likely because some preferred resources are unavailable to specialize on at the highest densities of this well-studied crayfish invader. Conversely, we found greater support for a linear relationship between individual specialization of behavior and intraspecific competition, perhaps because specialization by behavior is not inherently resource-limited. Our results show that dietary and behavioral specialization may exhibit different responses to increased intraspecific competition, and demonstrate a potential technique that can be used to investigate individual specialization of diet and behavior simultaneously for the same individuals and populations.}, }
@article {pmid34429911, year = {2021}, author = {Narimanov, N and Hatamli, K and Entling, MH}, title = {Prey naïveté rather than enemy release dominates the relation of an invasive spider toward a native predator.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {16}, pages = {11200-11206}, pmid = {34429911}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Ecosystems may suffer from the impact of invasive species. Thus, understanding the mechanisms contributing to successful invasions is fundamental for limiting the effects of invasive species. Most intuitive, the enemy release hypothesis predicts that invasive species might be more successful in the exotic range than resident sympatric species owing to the absence of coevolution with native enemies. Here, we test the enemy release hypothesis for the invasion of Europe by the North American spider Mermessus trilobatus. We compare the susceptibility of invasive Mermessus trilobatus and a native species with similar life history to a shared predator with which both species commonly co-occur in Europe. Contrary to our expectations, invasive Mermessus trilobatus were consumed three times more frequently by native predators than their native counterparts. Our study shows that invasive Mermessus trilobatus is more sensitive to a dominant native predator than local sympatric species. This suggests that the relation between the invasive spider and its native predator is dominated by prey naïveté rather than enemy release. Further studies investigating evolutionary and ecological processes behind the invasion success of Mermessus trilobatus, including testing natural parasites and rapid reproduction, are needed to explain its invasion success in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid34429754, year = {2021}, author = {Minett, JF and Garcia de Leaniz, C and Sobolewska, H and Brickle, P and Crossin, GT and Consuegra, S}, title = {SNP analyses and acoustic tagging reveal multiple origins and widespread dispersal of invasive brown trout in the Falkland Islands.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {2134-2144}, pmid = {34429754}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Biological invasions are important causes of biodiversity loss, particularly in remote islands. Brown trout (Salmo trutta) have been widely introduced throughout the Southern Hemisphere, impacting endangered native fauna, particularly galaxiid fishes, through predation and competition. However, due to their importance for sport fishing and aquaculture farming, attempts to curtail the impacts of invasive salmonids have generally been met with limited support and the best prospects for protecting native galaxiids is to predict where and how salmonids might disperse. We analysed 266 invasive brown trout from 14 rivers and ponds across the Falkland Islands as well as 32 trout from three potential source populations, using a panel of 592 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and acoustic tagging, to ascertain their origins and current patterns of dispersal. We identified four genetically distinct clusters with high levels of genetic diversity and low admixture, likely reflecting the different origins of the invasive brown trout populations. Our analysis suggests that many trout populations in the Falklands may have originated from one of the donor populations analysed (River Wey). The highest genetic diversity was observed in the rivers with the greatest number of introductions and diverse origins, while the lowest diversity corresponded to a location without documented introductions, likely colonized by natural dispersal. High levels of gene flow indicated widespread migration of brown trout across the Falkland Islands, likely aided by anadromous dispersal. This is supported by data from acoustically tagged fish, three of which were detected frequently moving between two rivers ~26 km apart. Our results suggest that, without containment measures, brown trout may invade the last remaining refuges for the native endangered Aplochiton spp. We provide new insights into the origin and dispersal of invasive brown trout in the Falkland Islands that can pave the way for a targeted approach to limit their impact on native fish fauna.}, }
@article {pmid34429744, year = {2021}, author = {Kruitwagen, A and Wertheim, B and Beukeboom, LW}, title = {Artificial selection for nonreproductive host killing in a native parasitoid on the invasive pest, Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {1993-2011}, pmid = {34429744}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Establishment and spread of invasive species can be facilitated by lack of natural enemies in the invaded area. Host-range evolution of natural enemies augments their ability to reduce the impact of the invader and could enhance their value for biological control. We assessed the potential of the Drosophila parasitoid, Leptopilina heterotoma (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), to exploit the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii by focusing on three performance indices: (i) attack rate; (ii) host killing, consisting of killing rate and lethal attack rate (killing efficiency); and (iii) successful offspring development (reproductive success). We found significant intraspecific variation in attack rate and killing rate and lethal attack rate among seven European populations, but offspring generally failed to successfully develop from the D. suzukii host. We crossed these European lines to create a genetically variable source population and performed a half-sib analysis to quantify genetic variation. Using a Bayesian animal model, we found that attack rate and killing rate had a heritability of h 2 = 0.2 , lethal attack rate h 2 = 0.4 , and offspring development h 2 = 0 . We then artificially selected wasps with the highest killing rate of D. suzukii for seven generations to test whether host-killing could be improved. There was a small and inconsistent response to selection in the three selection lines. Realized heritability (h r 2) after four generations of selection was 0.17 but near zero after seven generations of selection. The genetic response might have been masked by an increased D. suzukii fitness resulting from adaptation to laboratory conditions. Our study reveals that native, European, L. heterotoma can attack the invasive pest, D. suzukii and significantly reduce fly survival and that different steps of the parasitization process need to be considered in the evolution of host-range. It highlights how evolutionary principles can be applied to optimize performance of native species for biological control.}, }
@article {pmid34426636, year = {2021}, author = {Urbańska, M and Kamocki, A and Kirschenstein, M and Ożgo, M}, title = {The Chinese pond mussel Sinanodonta woodiana demographically outperforms European native mussels.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {17058}, pmid = {34426636}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biomass ; Bivalvia/classification/*physiology ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Unionid mussels are essential for the integrity of freshwater ecosystems but show rapid worldwide declines. The large-sized, thermophilic Chinese pond mussel Sinanodonta woodiana s.l., however, is a successful global invader, spread with commercially traded fish encysted with mussel larvae; its negative impacts on native mussels are expected. Here, we exploit a natural experiment provided by a simultaneous introduction of S. woodiana and four species of native unionids for water filtration to a pond in north-eastern Poland. Sinanodonta woodiana established a self-sustaining population and persisted for 19 years in suboptimal thermal conditions (mean annual temperature, 7.4 °C; mean temperature of the coldest month, - 3.7 °C, 73-day mean yearly ice-formation), extending the known limits of its cold tolerance. Over four study years, its frequency increased, and it showed higher potential for population growth than the native mussels, indicating possible future dominance shifts. Outbreaks of such sleeper populations are likely to be triggered by increasing temperatures. Additionally, our study documents the broad tolerance of S. woodiana concerning bottom sediments. It also points to the importance of intentional introductions of adult individuals and the bridgehead effect facilitating its further spread. We argue that S. woodiana should be urgently included in invasive species monitoring and management programmes.}, }
@article {pmid34426494, year = {2021}, author = {DeVore, JL and Crossland, MR and Shine, R and Ducatez, S}, title = {The evolution of targeted cannibalism and cannibal-induced defenses in invasive populations of cane toads.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {118}, number = {35}, pages = {}, pmid = {34426494}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; *Cannibalism ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; }, abstract = {Biotic conflict can create evolutionary arms races, in which innovation in one group increases selective pressure on another, such that organisms must constantly adapt to maintain the same level of fitness. In some cases, this process is driven by conflict among members of the same species. Intraspecific conflict can be an especially important selective force in high-density invasive populations, which may favor the evolution of strategies for outcompeting or eliminating conspecifics. Cannibalism is one such strategy; by killing and consuming their intraspecific competitors, cannibals enhance their own performance. Cannibalistic behaviors may therefore be favored in invasive populations. Here, we show that cane toad tadpoles (Rhinella marina) from invasive Australian populations have evolved an increased propensity to cannibalize younger conspecifics as well as a unique adaptation to cannibalism-a strong attraction to vulnerable hatchlings-that is absent in the native range. In response, vulnerable conspecifics from invasive populations have evolved both stronger constitutive defenses and greater cannibal-induced plastic responses than their native range counterparts (i.e., rapid prefeeding development and inducible developmental acceleration). These inducible defenses are costly, incurring performance reductions during the subsequent life stage, explaining why plasticity is limited in native populations where hatchlings are not targeted by cannibalistic tadpoles. These results demonstrate the importance of intraspecific conflict in driving rapid evolution, highlight how plasticity can facilitate adaptation following shifts in selective pressure, and show that evolutionary processes can produce mechanisms that regulate invasive populations.}, }
@article {pmid34426362, year = {2021}, author = {Poznańska-Kakareko, M and Wiśniewski, K and Szarmach, D and Witkowska, A and Kakareko, T and Jermacz, &#x141; and Kobak, J}, title = {Importance of substratum quality for potential competitive niche overlap between native and invasive unionid mussels in Europe.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {799}, number = {}, pages = {149345}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149345}, pmid = {34426362}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anodonta ; Europe ; Fresh Water ; *Unio ; *Unionidae ; }, abstract = {Infaunal freshwater mussels are highly threatened and declining worldwide. One of the potential threats to mussels consists of biological invasions. We intended to investigate the habitat overlap and behavioural differences between native (Unio pictorum, Unio tumidus, Anodonta anatina, Anodonta cygnea) and invasive (Asian Sinanodonta woodiana) unionid bivalves to determine potential sources of competition. Furthermore, we investigated differences between S. woodiana from the established population in artificially heated waters and from the recent population in a natural thermal regime. We used pairwise choice tests on mud, medium, coarse and very coarse sand, mixture of medium and coarse sand, fine, medium and coarse gravel, and observed mussel locomotion and burrowing in preferred and non-preferred substrata. All species generally preferred fine-grained materials. The widest preference range was exhibited by S. woodiana (both populations), whereas A. cygnea was the most selective. The preferences of the cold-water population of S. woodiana were shifted towards coarser materials compared to conspecifics from the heated waters, and highly overlapped with the preferences of the native species. Anodonta cygnea most often moved horizontally and spent the shortest time deeply burrowed. Both Unio species were deeply burrowed for the largest amount of time and the horizontal locomotion of U. tumidus was the lowest among the test species. Sinanodonta woodiana, especially from the heated water population, exhibited relatively weak locomotion (compared to A. cygnea) and burrowing (compared to Unio spp. and A. anatina). Deep burrowing was more common on fine-grained materials. Our results suggest that the native mussels can be threatened by S. woodiana due to their overlapping habitat preferences, potentially hindering habitat separation. However, mobile native mussels may be capable of migrating and avoiding competition. Accumulating knowledge of the biology and ecology of freshwater mussels could contribute to the creation and improvement of conservation plans to protect these threatened animals.}, }
@article {pmid34426218, year = {2021}, author = {Nishizawa, F and Kubo, T and Koyama, A and Akasaka, M}, title = {Disconnection between conservation awareness and outcome: Identifying a bottleneck on non-native species introduction via footwear.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {298}, number = {}, pages = {113439}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113439}, pmid = {34426218}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Germination ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Seedlings ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Unintentional seed introduction mediated by visitor's clothing and footwear is a major source of biological invasion into natural areas. To effectively avert these unintentional introductions, we must understand the links that connect relevant knowledge and desired outcome (i.e., seeds not carried on visitor's belongings); however, until now, these links have not been examined. Here, we investigated the links among a visitor's knowledge about biological invasion, awareness of biological invasion, behavior to prevent introduction (cleaning footwear), and being a seed carrier to identify a potential bottleneck between visitor knowledge and ecological outcome. In order to achieve this, we conducted a questionnaire survey and soil sampling from the footwear of visitors to an alpine national park. Soil samples (n = 344) were subjected to a germination experiment, and the number of emerged seedlings was recorded for each sample. We observed seedlings emerging from 27 soil samples (7.8 % of visitors; 44 seedlings in total), comprising non-native species. The degree of a visitor's knowledge about biological invasion increased with the increase in the degree of awareness. However, the high degree of awareness was not linked with the actual behavior of cleaning their footwear before the visit, although footwear cleaning effectively reduced the number of emerged seedlings. We found the lack of a clear association between awareness and behavior (cleaning the footwear) to be the bottleneck. We also investigated the major sources of knowledge about human-mediated seed introduction from footwear and found that television was the most important information source. The key to effectively preventing negative impacts on ecosystems caused by the introduction of non-native species could be to revise methods for informing the community, which will help overcome the bottleneck between awareness and behavior.}, }
@article {pmid34424988, year = {2021}, author = {Edery, S and Elias, R and Shiva, C and Weaver, T and Reading, R}, title = {Cutaneous Bacteria of Confiscated Telmatobius culeus in Lima, Peru.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {57}, number = {4}, pages = {900-902}, doi = {10.7589/JWD-D-20-00076}, pmid = {34424988}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {*Aeromonas hydrophila ; Animals ; *Anura/microbiology ; Humans ; Lakes ; Peru/epidemiology ; Staphylococcus ; }, abstract = {The Lake Titicaca frog is endangered due to threats such as water pollution, introduced species, and overharversting for markets, where people consume them as frog juice. This study, conducted June to November 2012, aimed to determinate the bacteria microflora living on the skin of frogs confiscated from the La Parada market, Lima, Peru, and housed individually in the Laboratory of Wildlife at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnic of the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia in Lima, Peru. Samples collected with sterile swabs and cultured on blood, tryptic soy, and MacConkey agars were investigated using commercially available test kits, to investigate the commonly encountered bacterial and potentially zoonotic microorganisms associated with their consumption. We found three species of zoonotic concern in the genus Vibro: Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibro cholerae, and Vibro fluvialis. Other Gram-negative species cultured included two different colonies of Aeromonas hydrophila, or Aeromonas caviae or Aeromonas sobria; Pseudomona luteola; one example of Weeksella virosa or Empedobacter brevis; and Citrobacter freundii. Gram-positive bacteria detected were Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. We recommend against the consumption of this frog due to the pathogens it may carry that could cause serious illness among consumers and in vendors who handle animals.}, }
@article {pmid34423818, year = {2021}, author = {Bremer, K and Yasuo, H and Debes, PV and Jacobs, HT}, title = {The alternative oxidase (AOX) increases sulphide tolerance in the highly invasive marine invertebrate Ciona intestinalis.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {224}, number = {16}, pages = {}, pmid = {34423818}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ciona intestinalis/genetics ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics ; Oxidoreductases/genetics ; Plant Proteins ; Sulfides ; }, abstract = {Ecological communities and biodiversity are shaped by both abiotic and biotic factors. This is well illustrated by extreme environments and invasive species. Besides naturally occurring sulphide-rich environments, global change can lead to an increase in hydrogen sulphide episodes that threaten many multicellular organisms. With the increase in the formation, size and abundance of oxygen minimum zones and hypoxic environments, bacterial-associated sulphide production is favoured and, as such, hydrogen-sulphide-rich environments are likely to also increase in size and abundance. Many species are challenged by the inhibiting effect of sulphide on aerobic energy production via cytochrome c oxidase, ultimately causing the death of the organism. Interestingly, many protist, yeast, plant and also animal species possess a sulphide-resistant alternative oxidase (AOX). In this study, we investigated whether AOX is functionally involved in the sulphide stress response of the highly invasive marine tunicate Ciona intestinalis. At the LC50, the sulphide-induced reduction of developmental success was three times stronger in AOX knock-down embryos than in control embryos. Further, AOX mRNA levels were higher under sulphide than under control conditions, and this effect increased during embryonic development. Together, we found that AOX is indeed functionally involved in the sulphide tolerance of C. intestinalis embryos, hence, very likely contributing to its invasive potential; and that the response of AOX to sulphide seems to be controlled at the transcriptional level. We suggest that AOX-possessing species play an important role in shaping marine ecological communities, and this importance may increase under ongoing global change.}, }
@article {pmid34421934, year = {2021}, author = {Mlinarić, S and Begović, L and Tripić, N and Piškor, A and Cesar, V}, title = {Evaluation of Light-Dependent Photosynthetic Reactions in Reynoutria japonica Houtt. Leaves Grown at Different Light Conditions.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {612702}, pmid = {34421934}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica Houtt.) is considered as one of the most aggressive and highly successful invasive plants with a negative impact on invaded habitats. Its uncontrolled expansion became a significant threat to the native species throughout Europe. Due to its extensive rhizome system, rapid growth, and allelopathic activity, it usually forms monocultures that negatively affect the nearby vegetation. The efficient regulation of partitioning and utilization of energy in photosynthesis enables invasive plants to adapt rapidly a variety of environmental conditions. Therefore, we aimed to determine the influence of light conditions on photosynthetic reactions in the Japanese knotweed. Plants were grown under two different light regimes, namely, constant low light (CLL, 40 μmol/m[2]/s) and fluctuating light (FL, 0-1,250 μmol/m[2]/s). To evaluate the photosynthetic performance, the direct and modulated chlorophyll a fluorescence was measured. Plants grown at a CLL served as control. The photosynthetic measurements revealed better photosystem II (PSII) stability and functional oxygen-evolving center of plants grown in FL. They also exhibited more efficient conversion of excitation energy to electron transport and an efficient electron transport beyond the primary electron acceptor QA, all the way to PSI. The enhanced photochemical activity of PSI suggested the formation of a successful adaptive mechanism by regulating the distribution of excitation energy between PSII and PSI to minimize photooxidative damage. A faster oxidation at the PSI side most probably resulted in the generation of the cyclic electron flow around PSI. Besides, the short-term exposure of FL-grown knotweeds to high light intensity increased the yield induced by downregulatory processes, suggesting that the generation of the cyclic electron flow protected PSI from photoinhibition.}, }
@article {pmid34421334, year = {2022}, author = {Trejo, M and Bhuyar, P and Unpaprom, Y and Dussadee, N and Ramaraj, R}, title = {Advancement of fermentable sugars from fresh elephant ear plant weed for efficient bioethanol production.}, journal = {Environment, development and sustainability}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, pages = {7377-7387}, pmid = {34421334}, issn = {1573-2975}, abstract = {Bioethanol is considered one of the most promising next-generation automotive fuels, as it is carbon neutral and can be produced from renewable resources, like lignocellulosic materials. The present research investigation aimed to utilize the elephant ear plant, a hazardous plant (weed) also considered an invasive species, as a font of non-edible lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production. The freshly collected elephant ear plant (leaves and stalk) was chopped into small pieces (1-2 cm) and then homogenized to a paste using a mechanical grinder. The sample pretreatment was done by flying ash for three different time durations (T1 = 0 min, T2 = 15 min, and T3 = 30 min) with 3 replications. All treatment samples were measured for total sugar and reducing sugar content. The concentration of reducing sugar archived was T1 = 0.771 ± 0.1 mg/mL, T2 = 0.907 ± 0.032 mg/mL, and T3 = 0.895 ± 0.039 mg/mL, respectively. The results revealed that the chemical composition was different among treatments. The hydrolysis was performed using cellulase enzymes at 35 °C for the hydrolysis process. The hydrolysate was inoculated with 1% of S. cerevisiae and maintained at room temperature without oxygen for 120 h. Bioethanol concentration was measured by using an ebulliometer. The efficient ethanol percentage was 1.052 ± 0.03 mg/mL achieved after the fermentation. Therefore, the elephant ear plant invasive weed could be an efficient feedstock plant for future bioethanol production.}, }
@article {pmid34420549, year = {2022}, author = {Hobbs, RJ and Upton, R and Keogh, L and James, K and Baxter-Gilbert, J and Whiting, MJ}, title = {Sperm cryopreservation in an Australian skink (Eulamprus quoyii).}, journal = {Reproduction, fertility, and development}, volume = {34}, number = {5}, pages = {428-437}, doi = {10.1071/RD21031}, pmid = {34420549}, issn = {1448-5990}, mesh = {Australia ; Cryopreservation/veterinary ; Cryoprotective Agents/pharmacology ; Glycerol/pharmacology ; Humans ; Male ; *Semen Preservation/veterinary ; Sperm Motility ; Spermatozoa ; }, abstract = {Assisted reproductive technologies for population and genetic management for threatened herpetofauna have grown substantially in the past decade. Here we describe experiments to optimise sperm cryopreservation in a model squamate, the eastern water skink Eulamprus quoyii . Small, concentrated volumes of highly motile spermatozoa were reliably collected from adult male E. quoyii by non-lethal ventral massage. Samples were used to: (1) test whether protein-rich diluents, namely Beltsville poultry semen extender (BPSE) and TES and Tris (TEST) yolk buffer (TYB), improve post-thaw quality metrics compared with Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS); and (2) compare the efficacy of these diluents in combination with either 1.35M glycerol or 1.35M dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at two freezing rates, fast (approximately -20°C min-1) versus slow (-6°C min-1). Glycerol and DMSO performed equally well in preserving spermatozoa under slow freezing rates. Under these conditions, the use of the complex diluents BPSE and TYB significantly improved post-thaw total motility compared with DPBS. Complex interactions occurred between cryodiluent type, cryoprotectant and freezing rate when testing fast versus slow freezing rates among treatment groups. Under slow freezing rates, DMSO was better at preserving membrane integrity and motility, regardless of diluent type, but successful fast freezing required complex diluents to support motility and membrane integrity, which has implications for implementation in a field setting.}, }
@article {pmid34420251, year = {2021}, author = {Bonnamour, A and Gippet, JMW and Bertelsmeier, C}, title = {Insect and plant invasions follow two waves of globalisation.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {24}, number = {11}, pages = {2418-2426}, pmid = {34420251}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {//Swiss canton Vaud/ ; //Swiss National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; //Fondation Sandoz-Monique de Meuron pour la rel&#xe8;ve universitaire/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Forecasting ; *Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Globalisation has facilitated the spread of alien species, and some of them have significant impacts on biodiversity and human societies. It is commonly thought that biological invasions have accelerated continuously over the last centuries, following increasing global trade. However, the world experienced two distinct waves of globalisation (~1820-1914, 1960-present), and it remains unclear whether these two waves have influenced invasion dynamics of many species. To test this, we built a statistical model that accounted for temporal variations in sampling effort. We found that insect and plant invasion rates did not continuously increase over the past centuries but greatly fluctuated following the two globalisation waves. Our findings challenge the idea of a continuous acceleration of alien species introductions and highlight the association between temporal variations in trade openness and biological invasion dynamics. More generally, this emphasises the urgency of better understanding the subtleties of socio-economic drivers to improve predictions of future invasions.}, }
@article {pmid34420034, year = {2022}, author = {Albright, MBN and Louca, S and Winkler, DE and Feeser, KL and Haig, SJ and Whiteson, KL and Emerson, JB and Dunbar, J}, title = {Solutions in microbiome engineering: prioritizing barriers to organism establishment.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {331-338}, pmid = {34420034}, issn = {1751-7370}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Ecology ; *Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Microbiome engineering is increasingly being employed as a solution to challenges in health, agriculture, and climate. Often manipulation involves inoculation of new microbes designed to improve function into a preexisting microbial community. Despite, increased efforts in microbiome engineering inoculants frequently fail to establish and/or confer long-lasting modifications on ecosystem function. We posit that one underlying cause of these shortfalls is the failure to consider barriers to organism establishment. This is a key challenge and focus of macroecology research, specifically invasion biology and restoration ecology. We adopt a framework from invasion biology that summarizes establishment barriers in three categories: (1) propagule pressure, (2) environmental filtering, and (3) biotic interactions factors. We suggest that biotic interactions is the most neglected factor in microbiome engineering research, and we recommend a number of actions to accelerate engineering solutions.}, }
@article {pmid34416017, year = {2021}, author = {Inderjit,  and Simberloff, D and Kaur, H and Kalisz, S and Bezemer, TM}, title = {Novel chemicals engender myriad invasion mechanisms.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {232}, number = {3}, pages = {1184-1200}, doi = {10.1111/nph.17685}, pmid = {34416017}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Non-native invasive species (NIS) release chemicals into the environment that are unique to the invaded communities, defined as novel chemicals. Novel chemicals impact competitors, soil microbial communities, mutualists, plant enemies, and soil nutrients differently than in the species' native range. Ecological functions of novel chemicals and differences in functions between the native and non-native ranges of NIS are of immense interest to ecologists. Novel chemicals can mediate different ecological, physiological, and evolutionary mechanisms underlying invasion hypotheses. Interactions amongst the NIS and resident species including competitors, soil microbes, and plant enemies, as well as abiotic factors in the invaded community are linked to novel chemicals. However, we poorly understand how these interactions might enhance NIS performance. New empirical data and analyses of how novel chemicals act in the invaded community will fill major gaps in our understanding of the chemistry of biological invasions. A novel chemical-invasion mechanism framework shows how novel chemicals engender invasion mechanisms beyond plant-plant or plant-microorganism interactions.}, }
@article {pmid34415918, year = {2021}, author = {Unlu, I and Faraji, A and Indelicato, N and McNelly, JR}, title = {Do tigers hunt during the day? Diel activity of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), in urban and suburban habitats of North America.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {e0009438}, pmid = {34415918}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Aedes/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Mosquito Control/*instrumentation/*methods ; North America ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) impacts human outdoor activity because of its aggressive biting behavior, and as a major vector of mosquito-borne diseases, it is also of public health importance. Although most mosquito species exhibit crepuscular activity by primarily host seeking at dawn and dusk, Ae. albopictus has been traditionally characterized as a diurnal or day-biting mosquito. With the global expansion and increased involvement of Ae. albopictus in mosquito-borne diseases, it is imperative to elucidate the diel activity of this species, particularly in newly invaded areas.<br><br>Human sweep netting and carbon dioxide-baited rotator traps were used to evaluate the diel activity of Ae. albopictus in two study sites. Both trapping methods were used in New Jersey's Mercer County, USA (temperate/urban), while only human sweep netting was used in Florida's Volusia County, USA (subtropical/suburban). Human sweep netting was performed to determine adult mosquito activity at Sunrise, Solar Noon, Sunset, and Lunar Midnight. Because New Jersey is in a temperate area, diel activity was investigated during the early season (3-19 July), peak season (25 July-19 September), and late season (22 September- 22 October). Aedes albopictus showed the highest activity during peak and late seasons at Solar Noon (P < 0.05). At Sunrise and Sunset during the peak season, Ae. albopictus activity was similar. Lunar Midnight activity was significantly lower than Sunrise and Solar Noon (P < 0.05) but was similar to that of Sunset. In the late season, the highest activity was observed during Solar Noon while the least activity was observed during Sunrise and Lunar Midnight (P<0.05). Bottle rotator traps used in conjunction with the human sweep net technique exhibited similar results. Seasonal activity was not differentiated in Florida due to the consistent subtropical climate. The highest adult activity was observed at Sunrise using human sweep netting, but it was not significantly different from Solar Noon and Sunset. The lowest adult activity was observed at Lunar Midnight; however, it was not significantly different from Solar Noon and Sunset. These results provide evidence that the diel activity of Ae. albopictus, contrary to the common perception of its diurnal activity, is much more varied.<br><br>CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Involvement of Ae. albopictus in the transmission of debilitating mosquito-borne pathogens such as chikungunya, dengue, and Zika virus, coupled with its affinity to thrive in human peridomestic environments, substantiates that our findings have global implications in areas where Ae. albopictus populations established. It also highlights the importance of behavioral studies of vector species which will not only help mosquito control professionals plan the timing of their control efforts but also provides empirical evidence against conventional wisdoms that may unjustly persist within public health stewards.}, }
@article {pmid34413443, year = {2021}, author = {Arnesen, CH and Rosell, F}, title = {Pest detection dogs for wood boring longhorn beetles.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {16887}, pmid = {34413443}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Dogs ; Odorants ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Trees/parasitology ; Wood/*parasitology ; Working Dogs/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species are increasing due to globalization. Their spread has resulted in global economic losses. Asian [Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky)] (ALB) and citrus [A. chinensis (Forster)] (CLB) longhorn beetles are two introduced wood borers which contribute to these economic losses e.g. the destruction of tree plantations. Early detection is key to reduce the ecological influence alongside the detrimental and expensive eradication. Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) can detect these insects, potentially at an early stage. We trained two privately owned dogs to investigate their use as detection tools. We tested the dog's ability to discriminate ALB and CLB from native wood borers by carrying out double-blind and randomized experiments in three search conditions; (1) laboratory, (2) semi-field and (3) standardized field. For condition one, a mean sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 95% and accuracy of 92% were achieved. For condition two and three, a mean sensitivity of 88% and 95%, specificity of 94% and 92% and accuracy of 92% and 93% were achieved. We conclude that dogs can detect all types of traces and remains of ALB and CLB and discriminate them from native wood borers and uninfested wood, but further tests on live insects should be initiated.}, }
@article {pmid34413189, year = {2021}, author = {Birzu, G and Hallatschek, O and Korolev, KS}, title = {Genealogical structure changes as range expansions transition from pushed to pulled.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {118}, number = {34}, pages = {}, pmid = {34413189}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {R01 GM115851/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 GM138530/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Genetic Drift ; Genetics, Population ; *Models, Genetic ; Pedigree ; *Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Range expansions accelerate evolution through multiple mechanisms, including gene surfing and genetic drift. The inference and control of these evolutionary processes ultimately rely on the information contained in genealogical trees. Currently, there are two opposing views on how range expansions shape genealogies. In invasion biology, expansions are typically approximated by a series of population bottlenecks producing genealogies with only pairwise mergers between lineages-a process known as the Kingman coalescent. Conversely, traveling wave models predict a coalescent with multiple mergers, known as the Bolthausen-Sznitman coalescent. Here, we unify these two approaches and show that expansions can generate an entire spectrum of coalescent topologies. Specifically, we show that tree topology is controlled by growth dynamics at the front and exhibits large differences between pulled and pushed expansions. These differences are explained by the fluctuations in the total number of descendants left by the early founders. High growth cooperativity leads to a narrow distribution of reproductive values and the Kingman coalescent. Conversely, low growth cooperativity results in a broad distribution, whose exponent controls the merger sizes in the genealogies. These broad distribution and non-Kingman tree topologies emerge due to the fluctuations in the front shape and position and do not occur in quasi-deterministic simulations. Overall, our results show that range expansions provide a robust mechanism for generating different types of multiple mergers, which could be similar to those observed in populations with strong selection or high fecundity. Thus, caution should be exercised in making inferences about the origin of non-Kingman genealogies.}, }
@article {pmid34412771, year = {2022}, author = {Young, C and Ravida, N and Rochford, M and Mazzotti, F and Curtis, M and Durrant, B}, title = {Sperm cryopreservation in the Burmese python Python bivittatus as a model for endangered snakes.}, journal = {Reproduction, fertility, and development}, volume = {34}, number = {5}, pages = {401-409}, doi = {10.1071/RD21023}, pmid = {34412771}, issn = {1448-5990}, mesh = {Acrosome ; Animals ; *Boidae ; Cryopreservation/methods/veterinary ; Cryoprotective Agents/pharmacology ; Dimethyl Sulfoxide ; Glycerol ; Male ; *Semen Preservation/methods/veterinary ; Sperm Motility ; Spermatozoa ; }, abstract = {Burmese pythons Python bivittatus captured in the Florida Everglades as part of an invasive species monitoring program served as a model for the development of sperm cryopreservation protocols for endangered snakes. Spermatozoa were collected from the vas deferens and initial motility, plasma membrane integrity and acrosome integrity were recorded before cryopreservation. Spermatozoa were extended in TES and Tris (TEST) yolk buffer with glycerol (GLY) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) concentrations of 8%, 12% or 16%, or combinations of GLY and DMSO with final concentrations of 4%:4%, 6%:6% or 8%:8%, and frozen at a rate of 0.3°C min-1 . Sperm frozen in combinations of GLY and DMSO exhibited greater post-thaw motility and plasma membrane integrity than those frozen in GLY or DMSO alone. All DMSO and GLY:DMSO treatments preserved a greater proportion of intact acrosomes than GLY alone. To determine the best overall cryopreservation protocol for this species, a sperm quality index was calculated, giving equal weight to each of the three measured indicators of cryosurvival. This analysis revealed that Burmese python spermatozoa frozen in 6% GLY:6% DMSO or 4% GLY:4% DMSO exhibited the highest post-thaw viability. This study represents the first comparative, comprehensive attempt to develop a sperm cryopreservation protocol for any snake species.}, }
@article {pmid34412627, year = {2021}, author = {Schols, R and Carolus, H and Hammoud, C and Muzarabani, KC and Barson, M and Huyse, T}, title = {Invasive snails, parasite spillback, and potential parasite spillover drive parasitic diseases of Hippopotamus amphibius in artificial lakes of Zimbabwe.}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {160}, pmid = {34412627}, issn = {1741-7007}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthropogenic Effects ; *Artiodactyla/parasitology ; Bulinus ; Ecosystem ; Hunting ; Lakes ; *Parasites ; *Parasitic Diseases ; Snails ; Zimbabwe/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Humans impose a significant pressure on large herbivore populations, such as hippopotami, through hunting, poaching, and habitat destruction. Anthropogenic pressures can also occur indirectly, such as artificial lake creation and the subsequent introduction of invasive species that alter the ecosystem. These events can lead to drastic changes in parasite diversity and transmission, but generally receive little scientific attention.<br><br>RESULTS: In order to document and identify trematode parasites of the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) in artificial water systems of Zimbabwe, we applied an integrative taxonomic approach, combining molecular diagnostics and morphometrics on archived and new samples. In doing so, we provide DNA reference sequences of the hippopotamus liver fluke Fasciola nyanzae, enabling us to construct the first complete Fasciola phylogeny. We describe parasite spillback of F. nyanzae by the invasive freshwater snail Pseudosuccinea columella, as a consequence of a cascade of biological invasions in Lake Kariba, one of the biggest artificial lakes in the world. Additionally, we report an unknown stomach fluke of the hippopotamus transmitted by the non-endemic snail Radix aff. plicatula, an Asian snail species that has not been found in Africa before, and the stomach fluke Carmyerius cruciformis transmitted by the native snail Bulinus truncatus. Finally, Biomphalaria pfeifferi and two Bulinus species were found as new snail hosts for the poorly documented hippopotamus blood fluke Schistosoma edwardiense.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that artificial lakes are breeding grounds for endemic and non-endemic snails that transmit trematode parasites of the common hippopotamus. This has important implications, as existing research links trematode parasite infections combined with other stressors to declining wild herbivore populations. Therefore, we argue that monitoring the anthropogenic impact on parasite transmission should become an integral part of wildlife conservation efforts.}, }
@article {pmid34412399, year = {2021}, author = {Cooper, AR and Infante, DM and O'Hanley, JR and Yu, H and Neeson, TM and Brumm, KJ}, title = {Prioritizing native migratory fish passage restoration while limiting the spread of invasive species: A case study in the Upper Mississippi River.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {791}, number = {}, pages = {148317}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148317}, pmid = {34412399}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Mississippi ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Despite increasing efforts globally to remove dams and construct fish passage structures, broad-scale analyses balancing tradeoffs between cost and habitat gains from these mitigations infrequently consider invasive species. We present an optimization-based approach for prioritizing dam mitigations to restore habitat connectivity for native fish species, while limiting invasive species spread. Our methodology is tested with a case study involving 240 dams in the Upper Mississippi River, USA. We integrate six native migratory fish species distribution models, distributions of two invasive fishes, and estimated costs for dam removal and construction of fish passes. Varying budgets and post-mitigation fish passage rates are analyzed for two scenarios: 'no invasives' where non-selective mitigations (e.g., dam removal) are used irrespective of potential invasive species habitat gains and 'invasives' where a mixture of selective (e.g., lift-and-sort fish passage) and non-selective mitigations are deployed to limit invasive species range expansion. To achieve the same overall habitat connectivity gains, we find that prioritizations accounting for invasive species are 3 to 6 times more costly than those that do not. Habitat gains among native fish species were highly variable based on potential habitat overlap with invasive species and post-mitigation passabilities, ranging from 0.4-58.9% ('invasives') and 7.9-95.6% ('no invasives') for a $50M USD budget. Despite challenges associated with ongoing nonnative fish invasions, opportunities still exist to restore connectivity for native species as indicated by individual dams being frequently selected in both scenarios across varying passabilities and budgets, however increased restoration costs associated with invasive species control indicates the importance of limiting their further spread within the basin. Given tradeoffs in managing for native vs. invasive species in river systems worldwide, our approach demonstrates strategies for identifying a portfolio of candidate barriers that can be investigated further for their potential to enhance native fish habitat connectivity while concurrently limiting invasive species dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid34412382, year = {2021}, author = {Rilov, G and David, N and Guy-Haim, T and Golomb, D and Arav, R and Filin, S}, title = {Sea level rise can severely reduce biodiversity and community net production on rocky shores.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {791}, number = {}, pages = {148377}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148377}, pmid = {34412382}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Coral Reefs ; *Ecosystem ; *Sea Level Rise ; }, abstract = {Sea level rise (SLR), driven by anthropogenic climate change, can be a major threat to coastal ecosystems. Among the most biologically diverse but SLR-threatened coastal ecosystems are rocky shores, especially in regions with a small tidal range. Nonetheless, the impacts of SLR on rocky shore biodiversity, community structure and ecosystem functions have rarely been studied. Here, we use the biogenic intertidal ecosystem, Mediterranean vermetid reefs on the Israeli coast, as case study for testing the potential impact of SLR on reef communities, with surveys, 3D topographic mapping plus SLR simulations, and a manipulative community translocation experiment. We show that: (1) biodiversity is much lower on very shallow, permanently submerged, horizontal rocky surfaces compared to that on intertidal reef platforms, (2) the extensive intertidal platforms will permanently drown under even modest SLR scenarios, (3) the rich intertidal community will transform, when permanently submerged, either to a very different but still rich community when protected from grazing by highly abundant invasive fish (rabbitfish), or to a much poorer turf community when exposed to such fish grazing, and (4) the reef community net production will drastically drop under permanent submersion. Because the main ecosystem engineer of the vermetid reefs, Dendropoma anguliferum (Monterosato, 1878), is nearly extinct in the southeast Levant, it is unlikely that new reefs will be formed higher on the shore in the future, presumably resulting in extensive coastal ecological shifts. Considerable coastal community shifts are forecasted for many regions globally due to SLR, as many shorelines are predicted to suffer from "coastal squeeze". Hence, similar manipulative experiments are encouraged in other regions to test for generality vs. context dependency in SLR ecological impacts. We suggest that in cases where essential/unique intertidal habitats like vermetid reefs are expected to vanish by SLR, constructing carefully-planned, ecologically friendly, artificial alternatives should be considered.}, }
@article {pmid34410489, year = {2021}, author = {Ferenc, V and Merkert, C and Zilles, F and Sheppard, CS}, title = {Native and alien species suffer from late arrival, while negative effects of multiple alien species on natives vary.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {197}, number = {1}, pages = {271-281}, pmid = {34410489}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Ongoing globalisation and climate change are causing plant species to invade new habitats and thereby alter biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Since numbers of plant invasions continue to increase globally, it is crucial to investigate the effects of multiple co-occurring alien species on native communities. Furthermore, priority effects due to the earlier emergence of certain species affecting fitness of later arriving species can shape community structure and affect native species performance. We investigate in a common garden pot experiment the interactions among five alien-native species pairs. First we focus on the effect of growing with either one or two alien neighbour species on a native plant, second we alter the arrival time of the alien or native neighbour by 3 weeks. Generally, native species performance decreased when surrounded by two alien species compared to only one, although the magnitude of this effect varied depending on species, with one species even performing better with alien neighbours than in monoculture. Species performance greatly decreased when arriving second in the pot, for both native and alien species. In contrast, alien species tended to benefit more from arriving early. Given that we studied annual ruderal species, their potentially lower competitive ability might explain why we detected negative effects of late arrival. We highlight the need to further elucidate underlying mechanisms of small-scale invasion dynamics to achieve generalisations concerning the response of multiple alien and native plants given their species-specific differences in response to neighbour species and arrival time.}, }
@article {pmid34409164, year = {2021}, author = {Eastis, AN and Fast, KM and Sandel, MW}, title = {The complete mitochondrial genome of the Variable Platyfish Xiphophorus variatus.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {6}, number = {9}, pages = {2640-2642}, pmid = {34409164}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {We present the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Variable Platyfish, Xiphophorus variatus (Meek 1904) (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). The genome consists of 16,624 bp which encodes 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, 2 ribosomal RNAs, and 1 control region. Genome-wide nucleotide composition is 27.79% adenine, 31.11% cytosine, 15.63% guanine, and 25.48% thymine. The X. variatus mitochondrial genome shares similar GC content and identical gene order and gene strand location with other members of Poeciliidae. The sequence presented herein will be of utility for future phylogenetic and biomedical research and for designing primers for species detection from environmental DNA samples.}, }
@article {pmid34407145, year = {2021}, author = {Edwards, T and Jones, CB and Perkins, SE and Corcoran, P}, title = {Passive citizen science: The role of social media in wildlife observations.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {8}, pages = {e0255416}, pmid = {34407145}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Biodiversity ; *Citizen Science ; Social Media ; }, abstract = {Citizen science plays an important role in observing the natural environment. While conventional citizen science consists of organized campaigns to observe a particular phenomenon or species there are also many ad hoc observations of the environment in social media. These data constitute a valuable resource for 'passive citizen science'-the use of social media that are unconnected to any particular citizen science program, but represent an untapped dataset of ecological value. We explore the value of passive citizen science, by evaluating species distributions using the photo sharing site Flickr. The data are evaluated relative to those submitted to the National Biodiversity Network (NBN) Atlas, the largest collection of species distribution data in the UK. Our study focuses on the 1500 best represented species on NBN, and common invasive species within UK, and compares the spatial and temporal distribution with NBN data. We also introduce an innovative image verification technique that uses the Google Cloud Vision API in combination with species taxonomic data to determine the likelihood that a mention of a species on Flickr represents a given species. The spatial and temporal analyses for our case studies suggest that the Flickr dataset best reflects the NBN dataset when considering a purely spatial distribution with no time constraints. The best represented species on Flickr in comparison to NBN are diurnal garden birds as around 70% of the Flickr posts for them are valid observations relative to the NBN. Passive citizen science could offer a rich source of observation data for certain taxonomic groups, and/or as a repository for dedicated projects. Our novel method of validating Flickr records is suited to verifying more extensive collections, including less well-known species, and when used in combination with citizen science projects could offer a platform for accurate identification of species and their location.}, }
@article {pmid34406446, year = {2022}, author = {Yu, HW and He, WM}, title = {Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Compete Asymmetrically for Amino Acids with Native and Invasive Solidago.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {84}, number = {1}, pages = {131-140}, pmid = {34406446}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {31971552//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Amino Acids/metabolism ; *Mycorrhizae/metabolism ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Plants/metabolism ; Soil/chemistry ; *Solidago ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and soil amino acids both affect plant performance. However, little is known about how AMF compete for amino acids with native and invasive congeners. We conducted a factorial experiment (inoculation, native and invasive species, and amino acids) to examine the competition for amino acids between soil microbes and both native and invasive congeners. The competition for amino acids between AMF and invasive Solidago canadensis was weaker than that observed between AMF and native S. decurrens. This asymmetric competition increased the growth advantage of S. canadensis over S. decurrens. The efficacy (biomass production per unit of nitrogen supply) of amino acids compared to ammonium was smaller in S. canadensis than in S. decurrens when both species were grown without inoculation, but the opposite was the case when both species were grown with AMF. AMF and all microbes differentially altered four phenotypic traits (plant height, leaf chlorophyll content, leaf number, and root biomass allocation) and the pathways determining the effects of amino acids on growth advantages. These findings suggest that AMF could enhance plant invasiveness through asymmetric competition for amino acids and that amino acid-driven invasiveness might be differentially regulated by different microbial guilds.}, }
@article {pmid34405453, year = {2022}, author = {Hulme, PE}, title = {Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {e13817}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13817}, pmid = {34405453}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.}, }
@article {pmid34405331, year = {2021}, author = {Siddiqui, JA and Bamisile, BS and Khan, MM and Islam, W and Hafeez, M and Bodlah, I and Xu, Y}, title = {Impact of invasive ant species on native fauna across similar habitats under global environmental changes.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {28}, number = {39}, pages = {54362-54382}, pmid = {34405331}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Biotic invasions can predominantly alter the dynamics, composition, functions, and structure of natural ecosystems. Social insects, particularly ants, are among the most damaging invasive alien species. Invasive ant species are among the supreme threats to ecosystems. There are about 23 species of invasive ants recorded worldwide, according to the ant invasive databases. The ecological impacts of invasive ants comprise predation, hybridization, and competition with native species that changes the ecosystem processes with the biodiversity loss and upsurge of pests. The effects of invasion on native fauna in the same habitats might be catastrophic for the native community through various ecological mechanisms, e.g., habitat disturbance, resource competition, limiting the foraging activity of native species, and various other indirect mechanisms of invasive species. Invasive species may have harmful impacts on habitats and devastating effects on natural flora and fauna, and stopping these new species from being introduced is the most effective way to deter future invasions and maintain biodiversity. This paper reviews the literature to evaluate the effects of invasive ant species on the native species, including vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants sharing the same habitats as the non-native species under global environmental changes. We also highlighted the various management strategies that could be adopted in minimizing the adverse effects of these invasive ant species on the natural ecosystem. To this end, strategies that could regulate the mode and rate of invasion by these alien ant species are the most effective ways to deter future invasions and maintain biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid34401941, year = {2021}, author = {Kvach, Y and Tkachenko, MY and Bartáková, V and Zięba, G and Ondračková, M}, title = {The role of the non-indigenous pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus (Actinopterygii: Centrarchidae) in the life cycle of Bothriocephalus claviceps (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidae) in Europe.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {120}, number = {9}, pages = {3163-3171}, pmid = {34401941}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Anguilla ; Animals ; *Cestoda/growth &amp; development ; Europe ; *Fish Diseases/parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages ; *Perciformes/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Infection of non-indigenous pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus, Centrarchidae) with the bothriocephalidean cestode Bothriocephalus claviceps (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidae) was confirmed at several sites in the lower Oder river basin in Poland. The preferred host for this cestode species is the European eel (Anguilla anguilla), with a wide range of other fish species serving as paratenic hosts. The pumpkinseed showed a relatively high prevalence and abundance of larvae, along with several mature and gravid specimens, thereby confirming development of B. claviceps to the adult stage in an alternative host. As such, the pumpkinseed may represent an additional definitive host for this cestode, in addition to its role as a paratenic host, as previously recorded in other European regions. Our results indicate that inclusion of pumpkinseed as an additional definitive host in the cestode's life cycle, high infection of pumpkinseed with B. claviceps larvae and inclusion of pumpkinseed in the eel's diet could potentially lead to increased parasite pressure on native fish hosts. Further comparative studies or experimental testing will be required to confirm this.}, }
@article {pmid34401912, year = {2021}, author = {Millar, JG and Zou, Y and Barringer, L and Hanks, LM}, title = {Field Trials With Blends of Pheromones of Native and Invasive Cerambycid Beetle Species.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {6}, pages = {1294-1298}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvab085}, pmid = {34401912}, issn = {1938-2936}, support = {//Alphawood Foundation of Chicago/ ; 2009-35302-05047//USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service/ ; 2012-67013-19303//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; [10&#xa0;-&#xa0;17]-8130-1422-CA//Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Introduced Species ; Pennsylvania ; Pheromones/pharmacology ; Seasons ; *Sex Attractants/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {A number of recent studies have demonstrated the potential for using blends of pheromones of cerambycid beetles to attract several species simultaneously. Here, we tested the effects of adding the pheromones of two invasive species, Trichoferus campestris (Faldermann) and Aromia bungii (Faldermann), on the attraction of native species to a generic blend of synthesized pheromones, in season-long field trials at 12 sites in Pennsylvania. Of the four species attracted in significant numbers, Megacyllene caryae (Gahan), Phymatodes amoenus (Say), and P. testaceus (L.) (all subfamily Cerambycinae) were not significantly affected by the addition of the T. campestris pheromone trichoferone and the A. bungii pheromone (E)-2-cis-6,7-epoxynonenal to the generic blend. In contrast, trap catches of Sternidius alpha (Say) (subfamily Lamiinae) were completely shut down by addition of the pheromones of the two exotic species. In addition, there was no indication that any native species were attracted to trichoferone or (E)-2-cis-6,7-epoxynonenal, suggesting that these pheromones are probably not used by species native to eastern North America.}, }
@article {pmid34399323, year = {2021}, author = {Barbour, MT and Schueller, JR and Severson, TJ and Wise, JK and Meulemans, MJ and Luoma, JA and Waller, DL}, title = {Concentration addition and independent action assessments of the binary mixtures of four toxicants on zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) mortality.}, journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {238}, number = {}, pages = {105934}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105934}, pmid = {34399323}, issn = {1879-1514}, abstract = {Researchers most often focus on individual toxicants when identifying effective chemical control agents for aquatic invasive species; however, toxicant mixtures may elicit synergistic effects. Synergistic effects may decrease required concentrations and shorten exposure durations for treatments. We investigated four toxicants (EarthTec QZ, Clam-Trol CT-2, niclosamide, and potassium chloride) that have been considered to control invasive zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha Pallas, 1771). We determined the toxicity of binary mixtures for five different mixture ratios to adult mussels. We compared our observations to predictions made with concentration addition and independent action paradigms, as based on the dose-response relationships of each individual toxicant. We calculated the model deviation ratio for each combination at the LC50 and LC90 and identified three possible interactions: synergy, antagonism, and additivity. We found that mixtures of niclosamide and Clam-Trol CT-2 were the most synergistic while mixtures that included potassium chloride were largely additive to antagonistic. The use of synergistic combinations has potential to decrease the overall volume and concentration of individual toxicants required for dreissenid mussel treatments, thereby decreasing cost.}, }
@article {pmid34398981, year = {2021}, author = {Shakya, SK and Grünwald, NJ and Fieland, VJ and Knaus, BJ and Weiland, JE and Maia, C and Drenth, A and Guest, DI and Liew, ECY and Crane, C and Chang, TT and Fu, CH and Minh Chi, N and Quang Thu, P and Scanu, B and von Stowasser, ES and Durán, &#xc1; and Horta Jung, M and Jung, T}, title = {Phylogeography of the wide-host range panglobal plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {20}, pages = {5164-5178}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16109}, pmid = {34398981}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Australia ; Ecosystem ; Host Specificity ; Phylogeography ; *Phytophthora/genetics ; Plant Diseases ; }, abstract = {Various hypotheses have been proposed regarding the origin of the plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. P. cinnamomi is a devastating, highly invasive soilborne pathogen associated with epidemics of agricultural, horticultural and forest plantations and native ecosystems worldwide. We conducted a phylogeographic analysis of populations of this pathogen sampled in Asia, Australia, Europe, southern and northern Africa, South America, and North America. Based on genotyping-by-sequencing, we observed the highest genotypic diversity in Taiwan and Vietnam, followed by Australia and South Africa. Mating type ratios were in equal proportions in Asia as expected for a sexual population. Simulations based on the index of association suggest a partially sexual, semi-clonal mode of reproduction for the Taiwanese and Vietnamese populations while populations outside of Asia are clonal. Ancestral area reconstruction provides new evidence supporting Taiwan as the ancestral area, given our sample, indicating that this region might be near or at the centre of origin for this pathogen as speculated previously. The Australian and South African populations appear to be a secondary centre of diversity following migration from Taiwan or Vietnam. Our work also identified two panglobal, clonal lineages PcG1-A2 and PcG2-A2 of A2 mating type found on all continents. Further surveys of natural forests across Southeast Asia are needed to definitively locate the actual centre of origin of this important plant pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid34396673, year = {2021}, author = {Wen, TY and Wu, XQ and Hu, LJ and Qiu, YJ and Rui, L and Zhang, Y and Ding, XL and Ye, JR}, title = {A novel pine wood nematode effector, BxSCD1, suppresses plant immunity and interacts with an ethylene-forming enzyme in pine.}, journal = {Molecular plant pathology}, volume = {22}, number = {11}, pages = {1399-1412}, pmid = {34396673}, issn = {1364-3703}, mesh = {Animals ; Lyases ; *Pinus ; Plant Diseases ; Plant Immunity ; *Rhabditida ; *Tylenchida ; }, abstract = {The plant-parasitic nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD), causes enormous economic loss every year. Currently, little is known about the pathogenic mechanisms of PWD. Several effectors have been identified in B. xylophilus, but their functions and host targets have yet to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that BxSCD1 suppresses cell death and inhibits B. xylophilus PAMP BxCDP1-triggered immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana and Pinus thunbergii. BxSCD1 was transcriptionally upregulated in the early stage of B. xylophilus infection. In situ hybridization experiments showed that BxSCD1 was specifically expressed in the dorsal glands and intestine. Cysteine residues are essential for the function of BxSCD1. Transient expression of BxSCD1 in N. benthamiana revealed that it was primarily targeted to the cytoplasm and nucleus. The morbidity was significantly reduced in P. thunbergii infected with B. xylophilus when BxSCD1 was silenced. We identified 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase 1, the actual ethylene-forming enzyme, as a host target of BxSCD1 by yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation. Overall, this study illustrated that BxSCD1 played a critical role in the B. xylophilus-plant interaction.}, }
@article {pmid34396663, year = {2021}, author = {Adedoja, O and Erckie, L and Boatwright, JS and van Wyk, E and Geerts, S}, title = {An invasive alien Proteaceae lures some, but not all nectar-feeding bird pollinators away from native Proteaceae in South African fynbos.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {23}, number = {6}, pages = {915-922}, doi = {10.1111/plb.13300}, pmid = {34396663}, issn = {1438-8677}, support = {//South Africa's Department of Environmental Affairs/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Flowers ; Introduced Species ; *Passeriformes ; Plant Breeding ; Plant Nectar ; Pollination ; *Proteaceae ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien plants often influence pollinator visitation to native plants when sharing pollinator guilds. It is of conservation concern when the invasive alien plant is characterized by floral resources that attract pollinators, thereby reducing the reproductive success of native species. This is well studied for insects, but whether the same is true for bird pollinators is largely unknown. We address this by considering the impact of an invasive alien plant (Banksia speciosa) on visitation rates of nectar-feeding bird pollinators to native Protea compacta in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. We determined bird pollinator visitation rate to B. speciosa and P. compacta over 21 h of observation at three sites. We also quantified how visitation rate influenced reproductive success of both study species through different breeding experiments. Sugarbird visitation to P. compacta was significantly lower in the presence of B. speciosa, while there was no effect for sunbirds as they mostly avoided B. speciosa. Protea compacta had higher nectar volumes and sucrose per flower than B. speciosa. Sucrose per hectare was higher in all P. compacta plots compared to B. speciosa. Neither study species is pollen limited and they are self-compatible to some extent. But pollinator visitation enhanced seed production in both species. We show here that the invasive alien B. speciosa flowers attract sugarbirds - but not sunbirds - away from native P. compacta. The long-term effect of reduced pollinator visitation may reduce the fitness of P. compacta, but the long-term demographic impact is unknown and would require further study.}, }
@article {pmid34394906, year = {2021}, author = {Harms, NE and Cronin, JT and Gaskin, JF}, title = {Increased ploidy of Butomus umbellatus in introduced populations is not associated with higher phenotypic plasticity to N and P.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {plab045}, pmid = {34394906}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Separate introductions or post-introduction evolution may lead to multiple invader genotypes or cytotypes that differ in growth rates, biomass or chemical profile responses (phenotype) to a range of environments. If the invader has high trait plasticity to a range of resource levels, then sediment N or P enrichment may enhance invasiveness. However, the ways in which ploidy, plasticity, and available N or P interact are unknown for most species despite the potential to explain spread and impacts by invaders with multiple introduced lineages. We conducted a common garden experiment with four triploid and six diploid populations of Butomus umbellatus, collected from across its invasive range in the USA. Plants were grown under different N or P nutrient levels (4, 40, 200, 400 mg L[-1] N; 0.4, 4, 40 mg L[-1] P) and we measured reaction norms for biomass, clonal reproduction and tissue chemistry. Contrary to our expectation, triploid B. umbellatus plants were less plastic to variation in N or P than diploid B. umbellatus in most measured traits. Diploid plants produced 172 % more reproductive biomass and 57 % more total biomass across levels of N, and 158 % more reproductive biomass and 33 % more total biomass across P than triploid plants. Triploid plants had lower shoot:root ratios and produced 30 % and 150 % more root biomass than diploid plants in response to increases in N and P, respectively. Tissue chemistry differed between cytotypes but plasticity was similar; N was 8 % higher and C:N ratio was 30 % lower in triploid than diploid plants across levels of N and plant parts, and N was 22 % higher and C:N ratio 27 % lower across levels of P and plant parts. Our results highlight differences in nutrient response between cytotypes of a widespread invader, and we call for additional field studies to better understand the interaction of nutrients and ploidy during invasion.}, }
@article {pmid34394158, year = {2021}, author = {Kong, WL and Wang, YH and Wu, XQ}, title = {Enhanced Iron Uptake in Plants by Volatile Emissions of Rahnella aquatilis JZ-GX1.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {704000}, pmid = {34394158}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Iron deficiency in soil has crucially restricted agricultural and forestry production. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by beneficial microorganisms have been proven to play an important role in inducing abiotic stress tolerance in plants. We investigated the effects of VOCs released by the rhizobacterium Rahnella aquatilis JZ-GX1 on the growth and root parameters of Arabidopsis thaliana under iron deficiency. The effect of the rhizobacterial VOCs on the gene expression in iron uptake and hormone signaling pathways were detected by RT-qPCR. Finally, the VOCs of the JZ-GX1 strain that could promote plant growth under iron deficiency stress were screened. The results showed that the JZ-GX1 strain could induce A. thaliana tolerance to iron deficiency stress by promoting the development of lateral roots and root hairs and increasing the activities of H[+] ATPase and Fe[3+] reductase. In addition, the AHA2, FRO2, and IRT1 genes of A. thaliana exposed to JZ-GX1-emitted VOCs were upregulated 25-, 1. 81-, and 1.35-fold, respectively, and expression of the abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis gene NCED3 was upregulated on both the 3rd and 5th days. Organic compounds were analyzed in the headspace of JZ-GX1 cultures, 2-undecanone and 3-methyl-1-butanol were found to promote Medicago sativa and A. thaliana growth under iron-limited conditions. These results demonstrated that the VOCs of R. aquatilis JZ-GX1 have good potential in promoting iron absorption in plants.}, }
@article {pmid34394135, year = {2021}, author = {Hopley, T and Webber, BL and Raghu, S and Morin, L and Byrne, M}, title = {Revealing the Introduction History and Phylogenetic Relationships of Passiflora foetida sensu lato in Australia.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {651805}, pmid = {34394135}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Genomic analysis can be a valuable tool to assistmanagement of non-native invasive species, through determining source and number of introductions as well as clarifying phylogenetic relationships. Here, we used whole chloroplast sequencing to investigate the introduction history of Passiflora foetida sensu lato in Australia and clarify its relationship with other Passiflora species present. Phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast genome data identified three separate genetic lineages of P. foetida s. l. present in Australia, indicating multiple introductions. These lineages had affinities to samples from three separate areas within the native range in Central and South America that represented phylogenetically distinct lineages. These results provide a basis for a targeted search of the native range of P. foetida s. l. for candidate biological control agents that have co-evolved with this species and are thus better adapted to the lineages that are present in Australia. Results also indicated that the Passiflora species native to Australia are in a separate clade to that of P. foetida s. l. and other introduced Passiflora species cultivated in Australia. This knowledge is important to assess the likelihood of finding biological control agents for P. foetida s. l. that will be sufficiently host-specific for introduction in Australia. As P. foetida s. l. is a widespread non-native invasive species across many regions of the world, outcomes from this work highlight the importance of first evaluating the specific entities present in a country before the initiation of a biological control program.}, }
@article {pmid34393587, year = {2021}, author = {Barrios, S and Monsegur-Rivera, OA and Heller, TM and Harrigan, N and Grant, KA and Gibney, E and Clubbe, CP and Hamilton, MA}, title = {Range extension and conservation status of the rare Solanaceae shrub, Solanum conocarpum.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e69156}, pmid = {34393587}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The British Virgin Islands and the US Virgin Islands, two island groups located in the Caribbean archipelago, hold unique plant diversity and high endemism. Until recently, Solanum conocarpum was considered a rare plant species endemic to the island of St. John in the US Virgin Islands. Ongoing botanical surveys in this region are revealing new populations and refining our understanding of the distribution of these narrow endemic plant species. The objective of this paper is to assess the conservation status of S. conocarpum, including a review of its geographic range, population numbers, threats and conservation actions needed for its long-term survival.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: In this paper, we present new occurrences for S. conocarpum, extending its geographic range to a new island, Tortola and new territory, the British Virgin Islands. Despite this range expansion, this species is evaluated as Endangered (EN), based on Criteria B1b(iii,v)+2b(iii,v)+C2a(i), according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. The extent of occurrence (EOO = 46 km[2]) and area of occupancy (AOO = 20 km[2]) are highly restricted. On St. John (US Virgin Islands), the historically recorded individuals at Reef Bay, Europa Ridge and Sabbat Point are now considered extirpated due to disturbance from development compounded by invasive species, as well as the impact of feral ungulates and drought stress. These threats are impacting the species across the whole island of St. John and contributing to a continuing decline of suitable habitat, despite the island being a National Park. On the island of Tortola, the species occurs on unprotected lands subject to development and habitat modification and decline by feral ungulates. Based on these threats acting separately across the two islands, two locations were defined. The estimated total number of mature individuals ranges between 150 and 250, with the largest subpopulation at Nanny Point in the US Virgin Islands, containing 108 mature individuals. Conservation action, focused on protecting this species' habitat, is urgently needed.}, }
@article {pmid34393582, year = {2021}, author = {Sousa, P and Grosso-Silva, JM and Andrade, R and Chaves, C and Pinto, J and Paupério, J and Beja, P and Ferreira, S}, title = {The InBIO Barcoding Initiative Database: DNA barcodes of Portuguese Hemiptera 01.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e65314}, pmid = {34393582}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The InBIO Barcoding Initiative (IBI) Hemiptera 01 dataset contains records of 131 specimens of Hemiptera. Most specimens have been morphologically identified to species or subspecies level and represent 88 species in total. The species of this dataset correspond to about 7.3% of continental Portuguese hemipteran species diversity. All specimens were collected in continental Portugal. Sampling took place from 2015 to 2019 and specimens are deposited in the IBI collection at CIBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: This dataset increases the knowledge on the DNA barcodes and distribution of 88 species of Hemiptera from Portugal. Six species, from five different families, were new additions to the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD), with another twenty five species barcodes' added from under-represented taxa in BOLD. All specimens have their DNA barcodes publicly accessible through BOLD online database and the distribution data can be accessed through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Eutettix variabilis and Fieberiella florii are recorded for the first time for Portugal and Siphanta acuta, an invasive species, previously reported from the Portuguese Azores archipelago, is recorded for the first time for continental Portugal.}, }
@article {pmid34393556, year = {2021}, author = {Mudri-Stojnić, S and Andrić, A and Markov-Ristić, Z and Đukić, A and Vujić, A}, title = {Contribution to the knowledge of the bee fauna (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Anthophila) in Serbia.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {1053}, number = {}, pages = {43-105}, pmid = {34393556}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The current work represents summarised data on the bee fauna in Serbia from previous publications, collections, and field data in the period from 1890 to 2020. A total of 706 species from all six of the globally widespread bee families is recorded; of the total number of recorded species, 314 have been confirmed by determination, while 392 species are from published data. Fourteen species, collected in the last three years, are the first published records of these taxa from Serbia: Andrenabarbareae (Panzer, 1805), A.clarkella (Kirby, 1802), A.fulvicornis (Schenck, 1853), A.intermedia (Thomson, 1870), A.lapponica (Zetterstedt, 1838), A.pandellei (Pérez, 1895), A.paucisquama (Noskiewicz, 1924), A.simillima (Smith, 1851), Panurginusherzi (Morawitz, 1892), Epeoloidescoecutiens (Fabricius, 1775), Nomadaleucophthalma (Kirby, 1802), Chelostomanasutum (Pérez, 1895), Hoplitisclaviventris (Thomson, 1872), and Dasypodapyrotrichia (Förster, 1855). Almost all the species recorded so far in Serbia belong to the West-Palaearctic biogeographical region, except Megachilesculpturalis (Smith, 1853), which is an alien invasive species native to East Asia. According to the European Red List of bees, 221 species listed in this paper were assessed as Data Deficient; threatened species mostly belong to the families Apidae with 13 species, Colletidae with eight species, and Halictidae with five species. This study contributes to the knowledge of the distribution of bee species in Europe. The present work provides a baseline for future research of wild bee diversity in Serbia and neighbouring regions at the local and regional levels, and a basis for their conservation.}, }
@article {pmid34392529, year = {2021}, author = {Lee, CI and Wang, FY and Liu, MY and Chou, TK and Liao, TY}, title = {DNA metabarcoding for dietary analysis of Holland's carp (Spinibarbus hollandi) to evaluate the threat to native fishes in Taiwan.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {99}, number = {5}, pages = {1668-1676}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14875}, pmid = {34392529}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps/genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Diet ; Fishes ; Netherlands ; Taiwan ; }, abstract = {DNA metabarcoding analysis for gut contents has been shown to compensate the disadvantage of traditionally morphological identification and offer higher resolution of prey items in an efficient way. Holland's carp (Spinibarbus hollandi) is a freshwater fish native to southern and eastern Taiwan. In the past two decades, this species has been introduced as a sport fish into the river basins of northern and western Taiwan. The large body size and active predation make it a potential threat for native fishes, but which native species are preyed by Holland's carp remains unknown. In this study, the diet from the gut contents of Holland's carp from the Zhonggang River, an invaded basin, was examined using DNA metabarcoding from 51 individuals and by morphological examinations on 140 samples. Detritus of plants were found in 83.6% samples (117 individuals). Twenty fish species of seven families were identified by DNA metabarcoding, including species of all water layers. Taiwan torrent carp (Acrossocheilus paradoxus) and Rhinogobius spp. are the most common prey items. Based on the results of this study, Holland's carp is considered an opportunistic omnivore because of its diverse diet items, which is an important trait for successful invasive fish species. The population decline of Opsariichthys pachycephalus may not result from the invasion of Holland's carps. Nonetheless, the time lag between successful invasion and the samplings of this study may be a concern because the population size of O. pachycephalus may have declined and become difficult to prey. The Holland's carps consumed the least species in winter; nonetheless, the occurrence frequencies of preys among seasons were not significantly different probably because of limited temperature fluctuation. The smallest Holland's carps consumed the least prey species compared to other size categories, similar to the relationship of prey species number to size of invasive largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).}, }
@article {pmid34391156, year = {2021}, author = {Pais-Costa, AJ and Sánchez, MI and Taggart, MA and Green, AJ and Hortas, F and Vinagre, PA and Marques, JC and Martinez-Haro, M}, title = {Trace element bioaccumulation in hypersaline ecosystems and implications of a global invasion.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {800}, number = {}, pages = {149349}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149349}, pmid = {34391156}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Artemia ; Bioaccumulation ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; *Metals, Heavy/analysis ; *Trace Elements/analysis ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Hypersaline ecosystems are under increasing threat due to anthropogenic pressures such as environmental pollution and biological invasions. Here we address the ecotoxicological implications of the Artemia franciscana (Crustacea) invasion in saltpans of southern Spain. This North American species is causing the extinction of native Artemia populations in many parts of the globe. The bioaccumulation of trace elements (As, Cd, Cu, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in native populations (A. parthenogenetica) from Cabo de Gata and Odiel saltpans and invasive Artemia from Cádiz saltpan was studied at different salinities. Furthermore, in Odiel, the most polluted study site, we also analysed the bioaccumulation of trace elements by Chironomus salinarius larvae (Diptera) and Ochthebius notabilis adults (Coleoptera). High levels of trace elements were detected in the studied saltpans, many of them exceeding the recommended threshold guidelines for aquatic life. Bioaccumulation of trace elements by Artemia was lowest at the highest salinity. The invasive A. franciscana showed higher potential to bioaccumulate trace elements than its native counterpart (in particular for As, Cd, Ni and Cr). In Odiel, O. notabilis stood out as showing the highest potential to bioaccumulate As and Cu. Results showed that the shift from a native to an alien Artemia species with a higher bioaccumulation capacity may increase the transfer of trace elements in hypersaline food webs, especially for waterbirds that depend on Artemia as food. Thus, our study identifies an indirect impact of the Artemia franciscana invasion that had not previously been recognised.}, }
@article {pmid34390362, year = {2021}, author = {Shaw, B and Campbell, T and Radler, BT}, title = {Testing Emphasis Message Frames and Metaphors on Social Media to Engage Boaters to Learn about Preventing the Spread of Zebra Mussels.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {68}, number = {6}, pages = {824-834}, pmid = {34390362}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dreissena ; Learning ; Metaphor ; *Social Media ; }, abstract = {Message frames are often used to communicate about invasive species due to the additional meaning they provide. They appear in calls to action like "join the battle against invasive species," "unwelcome exotics," or "Stop Aquatic Hitchhikers." However, little is known about how stakeholders respond to these message frames. This research tested five common message emphasis frames used in invasive species communication. These message frames were placed in social media advertisements about zebra mussels to determine the impact each message frame had on user online behavior. For cost-per-click (CPC), ANOVA showed effects for framing and gender. Model coefficients revealed that Hitchhiker and Protective had significantly higher CPC than Science, and that women had a higher CPC. For comments, ANOVA showed effects for framing and gender. Model coefficients revealed that no frame had a significantly different effect on comments than Science, and that women commented on posts less. For shares, ANOVA showed effects for framing. Model coefficients revealed that Hitchhiker was shared more than Science. It is important to note that neither Militaristic nor Nativist outperformed Science on any measured outcome. Coupled with ethical considerations, our results suggest the use of Nativist and Militaristic frames are not necessary to influence online behavior. Message frames without ethical issues can be used to achieve the outcomes we tested without compromising message effectiveness. Within this article, we provide background on commonly used invasive species message frames, explain our methods for testing how they impact user behavior, and suggest limitations and applications of this work.}, }
@article {pmid34389756, year = {2021}, author = {Vatanparast, M and Puckett, RT and Choi, DS and Park, Y}, title = {Comparison of gene expression in the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) under different temperature conditions.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {16476}, pmid = {34389756}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression/genetics/physiology ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Stress, Physiological ; Temperature ; Transcriptome/genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {The red imported fire ant (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta Buren is native to South America and is known as a global problematic invasive species. This study focused on the molecular response of RIFA by comparing gene expression profiles after exposing ants to low (10 °C) and high (40 °C) temperature stress and comparing them to untreated controls (30 °C). A total of 99,085 unigenes (the clustered non-redundant transcripts that are filtered from the longest assembled contigs) were obtained, of which 19,154 were annotated with gene descriptions, gene ontology terms, and metabolic pathways. 86 gene ontology (GO) functional sub-groups and 23 EggNOG terms resulted. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with log2FC ≥ 10 were screened and were compared at different temperatures. We found 203, 48, and 66 specific DEGs co-regulated at 10, 20, and 40 °C. Comparing transcriptome profiles for differential gene expression resulted in various DE genes, including cytochrome P450, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1, cuticle protein and heat shock protein (HSP), which have previously been reported to be involved in cold and high temperature resistance. GO analysis revealed that antioxidant activity is up-regulated under high temperature stress. We verified the RNA-seq data by qPCR on 20 up- and down-regulated DEGs. These findings provide a basis for future understanding of the adaptation mechanisms of RIFA and the molecular mechanisms underlying the response to low and high temperatures.}, }
@article {pmid34389739, year = {2021}, author = {Głowacki, &#x141; and Kruk, A and Penczak, T}, title = {Advancing improvement in riverine water quality caused a non-native fish species invasion and native fish fauna recovery.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {16493}, pmid = {34389739}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Carps ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; *Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; *Rivers ; *Water Quality ; }, abstract = {The knowledge of biotic and abiotic drivers that put non-native invasive fishes at a disadvantage to native ones is necessary for suppressing invasions, but the knowledge is scarce, particularly when abiotic changes are fast. In this study, we increased this knowledge by an analysis of the biomass of most harmful Prussian carp Carassius gibelio in a river reviving from biological degradation. The species' invasion followed by the invasion's reversal occurred over only two decades and were documented by frequent monitoring of fish biomass and water quality. An initial moderate improvement in water quality was an environmental filter that enabled Prussian carp's invasion but prevented the expansion of other species. A later substantial improvement stimulated native species' colonization of the river, and made one rheophil, ide Leuciscus idus, a significant Prussian carp's replacer. The redundancy analysis (RDA) of the dependence of changes in the biomass of fish species on water quality factors indicated that Prussian carp and ide responded in a significantly opposite way to changes in water quality in the river over the study period. However, the dependence of Prussian carp biomass on ide biomass, as indicated by regression analysis and analysis of species traits, suggests that the ecomorphological similarity of both species might have produced interference competition that contributed to Prussian carp's decline.}, }
@article {pmid34386304, year = {2021}, author = {Lin, L and Deng, W and Huang, X and Liu, Y and Huang, L and Kang, B}, title = {How fish traits and functional diversity respond to environmental changes and species invasion in the largest river in Southeastern China.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e11824}, pmid = {34386304}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Freshwater fish populations are facing multiple stressors, including climate change, species invasion, and anthropogenic interference. Temporal studies of fish functional diversity and community assembly rules based on trait-environment relationships provide insights into fish community structure in riverine ecosystems.<br><br>METHODS: Fish samples were collected in 2015 in the Min River, the largest freshwater riverine system in Southeastern China. Fish functional diversity was compared with the background investigation in 1979. Changes in functional richness, functional evenness, functional divergence, and functional beta diversity were analyzed. Relationships between functional diversity and environmental factors were modeled by random forest regression. Correlations between fish functional traits and environmental factors were detected by fourth-corner combined with RLQ analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: Functional richness was significantly reduced in 2015 compared with 1979. Functional beta diversity in 2015 was significantly higher than that in 1979, with functional nestedness being the driving component. Reduction of functional richness and domination of functional nestedness is associated with species loss. Trait convergence was the dominant mechanism driving the temporal changes of functional diversity. Precipitation, temperature, species invasion, and human population were the most significant factors driving fish functional diversity. Higher precipitation, higher temperature, and presence of invasive species were significantly associated with higher swimming factor and higher relative eye diameter, while the opposite environmental conditions were significantly associated with higher pectoral fin length and eurytopic water flow preference.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Environmental filtering is the dominant temporal assembly mechanism shaping fish community structure. This work contributes to the understanding of temporal freshwater fish community assembly and the associations between fish functional structure and local environmental conditions, which will be informative for future freshwater fish conservation.}, }
@article {pmid34386263, year = {2021}, author = {Agarwal, I and Ceríaco, LMP and Metallinou, M and Jackman, TR and Bauer, AM}, title = {How the African house gecko (Hemidactylus mabouia) conquered the world.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {210749}, pmid = {34386263}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Alien species are among the greatest threats to biodiversity, but the evolutionary origins of invasiveness remain obscure. We conducted the first range-wide sampling of Hemidactylus mabouia from more than 120 localities across Africa, Madagascar and the Neotropics to understand the evolutionary history of one of the most widely distributed, invasive vertebrates in the world. We used a multi-locus phylogeny, species delimitation, fossil-calibrated timetree, ancestral area reconstruction and species distribution models (SDMs) to determine how many putative species-level lineages are contained within H. mabouia, the timing and tempo of diversification, and the origins of commensality-providing insights into the evolutionary origins of invasiveness. Our analyses suggest 'H. mabouia' originated in the Miocene in the Zambezian biogeographic region and includes as many as 20 putative species-level lineages, of which only Hemidactylus mabouia sensu stricto is invasive and widely distributed, including all Neotropical records. Zambezia is the hotspot for diversity within the group with 14 species in southeastern Zambezia. SDMs suggest that H. mabouia was able to establish in the Neotropics due to habitat suitability, and globalization and the slave trade probably allowed it to cross the Atlantic. Distribution models for the H. mabouia complex overpredict the range of the invasive H. mabouia sensu stricto-highlighting the importance of taxonomy in invasive species management.}, }
@article {pmid34385884, year = {2021}, author = {Wohlwend, MR and Craven, D and Weigelt, P and Seebens, H and Winter, M and Kreft, H and Dawson, W and Essl, F and van Kleunen, M and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and Space, J and Thomas, P and Knight, T}, title = {Data Descriptor: Pacific Introduced Flora (PaciFLora).}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e67318}, pmid = {34385884}, issn = {1314-2828}, support = {I 3757/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Pacific Region has the highest density of naturalised plant species worldwide, which makes it an important area for research on the ecology, evolution and biogeography of biological invasions. While different data sources on naturalised plant species exist for the Pacific, there is no taxonomically and spatially harmonised database available for different subsets of species and islands. A comprehensive, accessible database containing the distribution of naturalised vascular plant species in the Pacific will enable new basic and applied research for researchers and will be an important information source for practitioners working in the Region.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: Here, we present PacIFlora, an updated and taxonomically standardised list of naturalised species, their unified nativeness, cultivation and invasive status and their distribution across the Pacific Ocean, including harmonised location denoination. This list is based on the two largest databases on naturalised plants for the Region, specifically the Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) and the Global Naturalised Alien Flora (GloNAF) databases. We provide an outlook for how this database can contribute to numerous research questions and conservation efforts.}, }
@article {pmid34385137, year = {2021}, author = {Ryznar, ER and Smith, LL and Fong, P}, title = {Open space, not reduced herbivory, facilitates invasion of a marine macroalga, implying it is a disturbance-mediated "passenger" of change.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {170}, number = {}, pages = {105435}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105435}, pmid = {34385137}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Forests ; Herbivory ; *Kelp ; *Macrocystis ; }, abstract = {Sargassum horneri, a brown macroalga, recently invaded the California coast, including into critical foundational communities such as kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) forests. Despite its rapid spread, empirical tests that evaluate mechanisms underlying S. horneri's invasion success are lacking. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted three field experiments on temperate rocky reefs in southern California using growth as a proxy for invasion success. We first tested whether S. horneri success differed with herbivory strength and native diversity by conducting a 2-factor experiment varying site (with different baseline levels of urchin densities and native algal diversity) and urchin access. We found S. horneri growth only differed among urchin treatments and not sites. We then evaluated whether S. horneri could successfully invade established algal canopies as a driver or whether it required open space as a passenger via a 2-factor experiment varying S. horneri size (small, medium, large) and canopy type (S. horneri, kelp, -canopy). We found that all S. horneri sizes grew fastest when canopy was lacking and light was high and slower in both canopy habitats with lower light; overall, small S. horneri grew slowest. Finally, we evaluated whether herbivore consumption for native species could facilitate S. horneri's invasion by conducting a 2-factor experiment varying species (M. pyrifera, S. horneri) and herbivore access. We found uncaged algae were consumed and caged algae grew, but there was no difference between species. Taken together, our results suggest that S. horneri is a "passenger" invader that will take advantage of points in time and space where light is plentiful, such as when M. pyrifera is removed via disturbance. Further, our results suggest that herbivory and native algal diversity are likely not key determining factors of the invasion success of S. horneri.}, }
@article {pmid34385030, year = {2021}, author = {Piló, D and Pereira, F and Carvalho, AN and Vasconcelos, P and Cunha, AM and Gaspar, MB}, title = {Are non-indigenous species hitchhiking offshore farmed mussels? A biogeographic and functional approach.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {171}, number = {}, pages = {112776}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112776}, pmid = {34385030}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; Farms ; *Mytilus ; *Mytilus edulis ; Seafood ; }, abstract = {The epifauna associated to farmed mussels in southern Portugal coast was analysed, aiming at identifying the species with spreading potential through commercial transport. The presence of a relevant number of the species here found is not reported to at least one of the common mussel export/transposition countries. Indeed, important species biogeographic dissimilarities between the mussel farm area and the Greater North Sea and Western Mediterranean Sea sub-regions were detected, suggesting the potential transport of non-indigenous species (NIS) into other countries. Among them, fouling species such as the anemones Paractinia striata and Urticina felina, the acorn barnacles Balanus glandula and Balanus trigonus or the bryozoans Bugulina stolonifera and Schizoporella errata exhibit functional attributes that allow them to colonise and spread in new areas. This combined biogeographic and functional approach may contribute to clarify the role of aquaculture on the transport of NIS and to predict and prevent their spreading worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid34384043, year = {2021}, author = {Kasper, S and Chavana, J and Sasidharan, L and Racelis, A and Kariyat, R}, title = {Exploring the role of soil types on defense and fitness traits of silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium), a worldwide invasive species through a field survey in the native range.}, journal = {Plant signaling &amp; behavior}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {1964163}, pmid = {34384043}, issn = {1559-2324}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Defense Against Herbivory/*physiology ; Plant Weeds/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/parasitology ; Soil/*chemistry ; Solanum/*anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Texas ; }, abstract = {Silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) is a highly successful invasive weed that has caused agricultural losses both in its home and invaded ranges. Surveying 50 sub-populations over 36,000 km[2] in its native range in South Texas, we investigated the interactions among soil type, population size, plant height, herbivory, and plant defenses in its home range with the expectation that populations growing in the plant's preferred sandier soils would host larger colonies of healthier and better defended plants. At each sampling location, on randomly selected plants, we measured height, insect herbivore damage, and presence, and density of internode spines. Soil type was determined using the NRCS Web Soil Survey and primarily grouped into sand, clay, or urban. Our results show a tradeoff between growth and defense with larger colonies and taller plants in clay soils, but smaller colonies of shorter, spinier plants in sandy soils. We also observed decreased herbivory in urban soils, further confirming the plant's ability to survive and even be strengthened by highly disturbed conditions. This study is a starting point for a better understanding of silverleaf nightshade's ecology in its home range and complicates the assumption that it thrives best in sandy soils.}, }
@article {pmid34383341, year = {2021}, author = {Margalef, O and Sardans, J and Maspons, J and Molowny-Horas, R and Fernández-Martínez, M and Janssens, IA and Richter, A and Ciais, P and Obersteiner, M and Peñuelas, J}, title = {The effect of global change on soil phosphatase activity.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {27}, number = {22}, pages = {5989-6003}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15832}, pmid = {34383341}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Nitrogen ; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases ; Phosphorus ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {Soil phosphatase enzymes are produced by plant roots and microorganisms and play a key role in the cycling of phosphorus (P), an often-limiting element in terrestrial ecosystems. The production of these enzymes in soil is the most important biological strategy for acquiring phosphate ions from organic molecules. Previous works showed how soil potential phosphatase activity is mainly driven by climatic conditions and soil nitrogen (N) and carbon. Nonetheless, future trends of the activity of these enzymes under global change remain little known. We investigated the influence of some of the main drivers of change on soil phosphatase activity using a meta-analysis of results from 97 published studies. Our database included a compilation of N and P fertilization experiments, manipulation experiments with increased atmospheric CO2 concentration, warming, and drought, and studies comparing invaded and non-invaded ecosystems. Our results indicate that N fertilization leads to higher phosphatase activity, whereas P fertilization has the opposite effect. The rise of atmospheric CO2 levels or the arrival of invasive species also exhibits positive response ratios on the activity of soil phosphatases. However, the occurrence of recurrent drought episodes decreases the activity of soil phosphatases. Our analysis did not reveal statistically significant effects of warming on soil phosphatase activity. In general, soil enzymatic changes in the reviewed experiments depended on the initial nutrient and water status of the ecosystems. The observed patterns evidence that future soil phosphatase activity will not only depend on present-day soil conditions but also on potential compensations or amplifications among the different drivers of global change. The responses of soil phosphatases to the global change drivers reported in this study and the consideration of cost-benefit approaches based on the connection of the P and N cycle will be useful for a better estimation of phosphatase production in carbon (C)-N-P models.}, }
@article {pmid34383169, year = {2021}, author = {Ludwig, A and Schemberger, MO and Gazolla, CB and de Moura Gama, J and Duarte, I and Lopes, ALK and Mathias, C and Petters-Vandresen, DAL and Zattera, ML and Bruschi, DP}, title = {Transposable elements expression in Rhinella marina (cane toad) specimens submitted to immune and stress challenge.}, journal = {Genetica}, volume = {149}, number = {5-6}, pages = {335-342}, pmid = {34383169}, issn = {1573-6857}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufo marinus/*genetics/*immunology ; DNA Transposable Elements/*genetics/*immunology ; Female ; Male ; Stress, Physiological/*genetics/*immunology ; }, abstract = {Transposable elements (TEs) are important components of eukaryotic genomes and compose around 30% of the genome of Rhinella marina, an invasive toad species. Considering the possible role of TEs in the adaptation of populations, we have analyzed the expression of TEs in publicly available spleen tissue transcriptomic data generated for this species after immune and stress challenge. By analyzing the transcriptome assembly, we detected a high number of TE segments. Moreover, some distinct TE families were differentially expressed in some conditions. Our result shows that several TEs are capable of being transcribed in R. marina and they could help to generate a rapid response of specimens to the environment. Also, we can suggest that these TEs could be activated in the germinative cells as well producing variability to be selected and shaped by the evolutionary processes behind the success of this invasive species. Thus, the TEs are important targets for investigation in the context of R. marina adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid34382939, year = {2021}, author = {Hughes, AC and Marshall, BM and Strine, CT}, title = {Gaps in global wildlife trade monitoring leave amphibians vulnerable.}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {34382939}, issn = {2050-084X}, mesh = {Africa, Central ; *Amphibians/classification/physiology ; Animals ; *Animals, Wild/classification/physiology ; *Biodiversity ; China ; Commerce ; Databases, Factual ; Endangered Species ; Internationality ; Reptiles ; South America ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {As the biodiversity crisis continues, we must redouble efforts to understand and curb pressures pushing species closer to extinction. One major driver is the unsustainable trade of wildlife. Trade in internationally regulated species gains the most research attention, but this only accounts for a minority of traded species and we risk failing to appreciate the scale and impacts of unregulated legal trade. Despite being legal, trade puts pressure on wild species via direct collection, introduced pathogens, and invasive species. Smaller species-rich vertebrates, such as reptiles, fish, and amphibians, may be particularly vulnerable to trading because of gaps in regulations, small distributions, and demand of novel species. Here, we combine data from five sources: online web searches in six languages, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) trade database, Law Enforcement Management Information System (LEMIS) trade inventory, IUCN assessments, and a recent literature review, to characterise the global trade in amphibians, and also map use by purpose including meat, pets, medicinal, and for research. We show that 1215 species are being traded (17% of amphibian species), almost three times previous recorded numbers, 345 are threatened, and 100 Data Deficient or unassessed. Traded species origin hotspots include South America, China, and Central Africa; sources indicate 42% of amphibians are taken from the wild. Newly described species can be rapidly traded (mean time lag of 6.5 years), including threatened and unassessed species. The scale and limited regulation of the amphibian trade, paired with the triptych of connected pressures (collection, pathogens, invasive species), warrants a re-examination of the wildlife trade status quo, application of the precautionary principle in regard to wildlife trade, and a renewed push to achieve global biodiversity goals.}, }
@article {pmid34380259, year = {2021}, author = {Johnson, OF and Panda, A and Lishawa, SC and Lawrence, BA}, title = {Repeated large-scale mechanical treatment of invasive Typha under increasing water levels promotes floating mat formation and wetland methane emissions.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {790}, number = {}, pages = {147920}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147920}, pmid = {34380259}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Carbon Dioxide ; Ecosystem ; Methane ; *Typhaceae ; Water ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Invasive species management typically aims to promote diversity and wildlife habitat, but little is known about how management techniques affect wetland carbon (C) dynamics. Since wetland C uptake is largely influenced by water levels and highly productive plants, the interplay of hydrologic extremes and invasive species is fundamental to understanding and managing these ecosystems. During a period of rapid water level rise in the Laurentian Great Lakes, we tested how mechanical treatment of invasive plant Typha × glauca shifts plant-mediated wetland C metrics. From 2015 to 2017, we implemented large-scale treatment plots (0.36-ha) of harvest (i.e., cut above water surface, removed biomass twice a season), crush (i.e., ran over biomass once mid-season with a tracked vehicle), and Typha-dominated controls. Treated Typha regrew with approximately half as much biomass as unmanipulated controls each year, and Typha production in control stands increased from 500 to 1500 g-dry mass m[-2] yr[-1] with rising water levels (~10 to 75 cm) across five years. Harvested stands had total in-situ methane (CH4) flux rates twice as high as in controls, and this increase was likely via transport through cut stems because crushing did not change total CH4 flux. In 2018, one year after final treatment implementation, crushed stands had greater surface water diffusive CH4 flux rates than controls (measured using dissolved gas in water), likely due to anaerobic decomposition of flattened biomass. Legacy effects of treatments were evident in 2019; floating Typha mats were present only in harvested and crushed stands, with higher frequency in deeper water and a positive correlation with surface water diffusive CH4 flux. Our study demonstrates that two mechanical treatments have differential effects on Typha structure and consequent wetland CH4 emissions, suggesting that C-based responses and multi-year monitoring in variable water conditions are necessary to accurately assess how management impacts ecological function.}, }
@article {pmid34379140, year = {2021}, author = {Galbraith, AR and Sandland, GJ and Carmosini, N}, title = {Evaluating the Life-History Responses of Adult Invasive (Bithynia tentaculata) and Native (Physa gyrina) Snails Exposed to a Cu-Based Pesticide (EarthTec® QZ).}, journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {107}, number = {5}, pages = {833-837}, pmid = {34379140}, issn = {1432-0800}, mesh = {Animals ; Copper/toxicity ; Female ; Humans ; *Molluscacides/toxicity ; *Pesticides/toxicity ; Rivers ; Snails ; }, abstract = {The faucet snail, Bithynia tentaculata, is an invasive snail that facilitates outbreaks of waterfowl disease in the Upper Mississippi River of the United States. In response, there is interest in identifying strategies that mitigate its population and spread. In this study we assessed the effects of a copper (Cu) molluscicide, EarthTec® QZ, at three concentrations (0, 0.1 and 0.6 mg/L Cu) on adult B. tentaculata and a coexisting native species, Physa gyrina. We found that in the 0.6 mg/L Cu treatment, ~ 68% of B. tentaculata snails remained alive after a 4-day exposure whereas all P. gyrina snails died. In contrast, a majority of both snail species remained alive and active after 4 days in the control and 0.1 mg/L Cu treatments. Although B. tentaculata demonstrated higher survivorship, it bioaccumulated more Cu than P. gyrina. Additionally, examination of B. tentaculata individuals revealed that females tended to exhibit higher mortality than males.}, }
@article {pmid34378768, year = {2021}, author = {Oyarzún-Ruiz, P and Cárdenas, G and Fuente, MCS and Martin, N and Mironov, S and Cicchino, A and Kinsella, JM and Moreno, L and González-Acuña, D}, title = {Parasitic fauna of the invasive house sparrow (Passer domesticus) from Ñuble region, Chile: an example of co-introduced parasites.}, journal = {Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {e004221}, doi = {10.1590/S1984-29612021068}, pmid = {34378768}, issn = {1984-2961}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Chile ; Introduced Species ; *Parasites ; *Sparrows ; }, abstract = {Invasive species impact native wildlife in several ways, as they compete for resources and may transmit their specific pathogens. However, the potential consequences of co-introduced parasites are not fully understood. While the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) was introduced in Chile about a century ago, no data are available regarding its parasites. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the parasitic fauna of this avian invader and to determine whether there are co-introduced/co-invasive parasites shared with native birds. One hundred and eight birds were collected from three different localities in the Ñuble region of Chile, and a complete parasitic necropsy was performed in the laboratory. Twenty-three (21.3%) were parasitized by six arthropod species and four (3.7%) were parasitized by two helminth species. Four out of eight taxa are reported for the first time in Chile; among them, three arthropod parasites and the tapeworm, Anonchotaenia globate, are considered as co-introduced parasites. Only A. globata is a potential co-invasive parasite given its low degree specificity in terms of its definitive hosts. Future research should examine whether additional co-introduced/co-invasive parasites have been brought by the house sparrow, and what their potential consequences might be on the health of native birds in Chile.}, }
@article {pmid34376221, year = {2021}, author = {Tufts, DM and Diuk-Wasser, MA}, title = {First hemispheric report of invasive tick species Haemaphysalis punctata, first state report of Haemaphysalis longicornis, and range expansion of native tick species in Rhode Island, USA.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {394}, pmid = {34376221}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {NSF IOS-1755370//National Science Foundation/ ; R01 GM105246/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/parasitology ; Arthropod Vectors/parasitology ; Birds/parasitology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/classification/*genetics ; Male ; Mammals/*parasitology ; Nymph ; Rhode Island/epidemiology ; Sheep/parasitology ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive arthropod vectors and the range expansions of native vectors can lead to public and veterinary health concerns, as these vectors may introduce novel pathogens or spread endemic pathogens to new locations. Recent tick invasions and range expansion in the USA has been attributed to climate and land use change, an increase in global travel, and importations of exotic animals.<br><br>METHODS: A 10-year surveillance study was conducted on Block Island, Rhode Island, from 2010 to 2020 including sampling ticks from small mammal and avian hosts.<br><br>RESULTS: We report the discovery and establishment of the red sheep tick (Haemaphysalis punctata) for the first time in the western hemisphere and in the US. This invasive species was first collected in 2010 on Block Island, was collected continuously throughout the study, and was collected from an avian host. We document the first report of the invasive Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis) in the state of Rhode Island, first observed at our sites in 2018. Finally, we present data on the range expansion and establishment of two native tick species, the lone star tick and the rabbit tick, on Block Island.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study emphasized the importance of long-term surveillance to detect changes in tick host communities, including invasive and expanding native vectors of potential significance to humans and wildlife.}, }
@article {pmid34374833, year = {2022}, author = {Elumalai, M and Ipatov, A and Carvalho, J and Guerreiro, J and Prado, M}, title = {Dual colorimetric strategy for specific DNA detection by nicking endonuclease-assisted gold nanoparticle signal amplification.}, journal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry}, volume = {414}, number = {18}, pages = {5239-5253}, pmid = {34374833}, issn = {1618-2650}, support = {Partnership Agreement with Confederaci&#xf3;n Hidrogr//Partnership Agreement/ ; NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000019, supported by Norte Por//NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000019/ ; }, mesh = {*Biosensing Techniques ; Colorimetry ; DNA/genetics ; *DNA, Environmental ; Endonucleases ; Gold ; Limit of Detection ; *Metal Nanoparticles ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; Water ; }, abstract = {The continuous spread of invasive alien species, as zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), is a major global concern and it is urgent to stop it. Early stages of an invasion are crucial and challenging; however, detection tools based on environmental DNA analysis are promising alternatives. We present an alternative DNA target amplification strategy for signal enhancement followed by dual-mode colorimetric naked eye and optical smartphone analysis for the early detection of zebra mussel environmental DNA. Target amplification was designed based on the nicking endonuclease probe cleavage upon probe and complementary target hybridization. The cleaved/intact probe interacts with DNA-modified nanoparticles for colorimetric detection. We have demonstrated that enzyme amplification strategy enhanced 12-fold the sensitivity by naked eye detection, achieving a detection limit of ~8 nM (4.48×10[10] copies) in controlled conditions, whereas target in complex environmental samples allowed the detection of 22.5 nM (1.26×10[11] copies). Competitive assays also showed that the system can discriminate specific zebra mussel DNA sequences from other DNA sequences. Additionally, smartphone analysis for DNA quantification further improved the sensitivity of its detection by 130-fold, more than 2 orders of magnitude, when applied to environmental samples. The limit of detection to 0.17 nM (9.52×10[8] copies) is based on RGB coordinates, which is especially relevant to monitor early aggregation stages, being more accurate and reducing naked eye detection subjectivity. DNA extracted from zebra mussel meat, zebra mussel contaminated river water, and non-contaminated river water samples were successfully tested. Dual-mode colorimetric detection is useful in field analysis without the need for expensive laboratory equipment.}, }
@article {pmid34374762, year = {2021}, author = {Arathi H S,  and Bernklau, E}, title = {Context-Dependent Effect of Dietary Phytochemicals on Honey Bees Exposed to a Pesticide, Thiamethoxam.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {34374762}, issn = {1536-2442}, support = {549029//Foundation for Food and Agricultural Research Pollinator Health Funds/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Bees ; Caffeine ; Coumaric Acids ; *Dietary Supplements ; Gallic Acid ; *Insecticides ; Kaempferols ; *Phytochemicals ; *Thiamethoxam ; }, abstract = {Honey bees continue to face challenges relating to the degradation of natural flowering habitats that limit their access to diverse floral resources. While it is known that nectar and pollen provide macronutrients, flowers also contain secondary metabolites (phytochemicals) that impart benefits including increased longevity, improved gut microbiome abundance, and pathogen tolerance. Our study aims to understand the role of phytochemicals in pesticide tolerance when worker bees were fed with sublethal doses (1 ppb and 10 ppb) of thiamethoxam (TMX), a neonicotinoid, in 20% (w/v) sugar solution supplemented with 25 ppm of phytochemicals-caffeine, kaempferol, gallic acid, or p-coumaric acid, previously shown to have beneficial impacts on bee health. The effect of phytochemical supplementation during pesticide exposure was context-dependent. With 1 ppb TMX, phytochemical supplementation increased longevity but at 10 ppb TMX, longevity was reduced suggesting a negative synergistic effect. Phytochemicals mixed with 1 ppb TMX increased mortality in bees of the forager-age group but with 10 ppb TMX, mortality of the inhive-age group increased, implying the possibility of accumulation effect in lower sublethal doses. Given that the phytochemical composition of pollen and nectar varies between plant species, we suggest that the negative impacts of agrochemicals on honey bees could vary based on the phytochemicals in pollen and nectar of that crop, and hence the effects may vary across crops. Analyzing the phytochemical composition for individual crops may be a necessary first step prior to determining the appropriate dosage of agrochemicals so that harm to bees Apis mellifera L. is minimized while crop pests are effectively controlled.}, }
@article {pmid34371680, year = {2021}, author = {Vinogradova, YK and Tokhtar, VK and Notov, AA and Mayorov, SR and Danilova, ES}, title = {Plant Invasion Research in Russia: Basic Projects and Scientific Fields.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {34371680}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {No. 19-54-26010//Russian Foundation for Basic Research/ ; }, abstract = {This paper represents a review of comprehensive research into invasion biology done by Russian scholars for four decades. Invasion biology is a relatively new field of research focused on the study of alien plants, their behavior in new habitats and risks they pose to indigenous species. It is shown that over 40 years, single finds of alien plant species have transformed into a check-list of invasive species in Russia. The most significant invasion pathways were identified, and the rate of microevolutional changes in plant species in their secondary distribution range was determined. Since the most active alien species disperse without regard to national borders, international cooperation is crucial in joint studies of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid34371580, year = {2021}, author = {Park, JS and Lee, H and Choi, D and Kim, Y}, title = {Spatially Varying Relationships between Alien Plant Distributions and Environmental Factors in South Korea.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {34371580}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Invasive alien plants can severely threaten biodiversity and cause economic losses in the agricultural industry; therefore, identifying the critical environmental factors related to the distribution of alien plants plays a crucial role in ecosystem management. In this study, we applied partial least squares regression (PLSR) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) to estimate the important environmental factors affecting the spread of two invasive and expansive plants, Lactuca scariola L. and Aster pilosus Willd., across South Korea. GWR provides more accurate predictions than ordinary least squares regression, and the local coefficients of GWR allow for the determination of the spatial relationships between alien plant distributions and environmental variables. Based on the model's results, the distributions of these alien species were significantly associated with anthropogenic effects, such as human population density, residential area, and road density. Furthermore, the two alien species can establish themselves in habitats where native plants cannot thrive, owing to their broad tolerance to temperature and drought conditions. This study suggests that urban development and expansion can facilitate the invasion of these species in metropolitan cities.}, }
@article {pmid34371567, year = {2021}, author = {Del Pino, AM and Pannacci, E and Di Michele, A and Bravi, E and Marconi, O and Tei, F and Palmerini, CA}, title = {Selective Inhibition of Wild Sunflower Reproduction with Mugwort Aqueous Extract, Tested on Cytosolic Ca[2+] and Germination of the Pollen Grains.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {34371567}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Wild sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an invasive species widely distributed in several regions of the world, where it shares a large area with domesticated sunflower. The imidazolinone-tolerant sunflower enables the control of problematic weeds (such as Xanthium spp., Brassica spp., wild sunflower) with imidazolinone herbicides (Clearfield[®] production system) in cultivated sunflower crops, but could facilitate the gene transfer of herbicide resistance, from cultivated sunflower to wild sunflower, generating hard-to-control weed biotypes or herbicide-resistant populations. The development of new practices that involve the selective inhibition of reproduction structures, such as pollen granules, could be an innovative strategy to minimize outcrossing and the origin of weed-crop hybrids in Clearfield[®] production systems. In this study, the effects of mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.) aqueous extract on cytosolic Ca[2+] and the germination of pollen grains collected from conventional, wild and IMI-tolerant sunflower were tested. The results showed that mugwort deregulated Ca[2+] homeostasis and markedly reduced the germination of conventional and wild sunflower pollen, but not IMI-tolerant pollen. The HPLC analysis revealed the presence of phenolic acids belonging to the hydroxycinnamic and benzoic classes in the mugwort extract. Hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic and ferulic) deregulated the cytosolic Ca[2+] of conventional and wild sunflower pollen, but not those which were IMI-tolerant, similar to mugwort extract. Selective inhibition of wild sunflower pollen in the Clearfield[®] sunflower crop contributes to a possible new weed management strategy, reducing the wild sunflower reproduction by seed, minimizing the potential risks of outcrossing with the formation of weed-crop hybrids. The Ca[2+] selective chelating activity of caffeic or ferulic acids provides elements to be investigated for their possible use as an alternative to mugwort extract.}, }
@article {pmid34371043, year = {2021}, author = {Almeida, RO and Ramos, A and Alves, L and Potsi, E and Ferreira, PJT and Carvalho, MGVS and Rasteiro, MG and Gamelas, JAF}, title = {Production of nanocellulose gels and films from invasive tree species.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {188}, number = {}, pages = {1003-1011}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.015}, pmid = {34371043}, issn = {1879-0003}, mesh = {Acacia/chemistry ; Ailanthus/chemistry ; Cellulose/*chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Chromatography, Gas ; Cyclic N-Oxides/chemistry ; Gels/*chemical synthesis ; *Introduced Species ; Nanostructures/*chemistry ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Surface Properties ; Trees/*chemistry ; Wood/chemistry ; X-Ray Diffraction ; }, abstract = {Wood from invasive tree species Acacia dealbata and Ailanthus altissima was used to produce high value-added nanocellulose. Firstly, bleached pulps were produced from the wood of these tree species after kraft cooking. Afterwards, the resultant pulps were pre-treated by TEMPO-mediated oxidation (Acacia dealbata) or enzymatic hydrolysis (Ailanthus altissima) followed by high-pressure homogenization. Hydrogels were obtained and characterized for their main physical and chemical properties, including rheology measurements. After freeze-drying, the surface properties of the materials were evaluated by inverse gas chromatography. Results showed that nano/micro fibrils could be obtained from the wood of these invasive species. Rheometry studies showed that Acacia-TEMPO cellulose nanofibrils form strong gels with high yield stress point and viscosities (reaching ca. 100,000 Pa·s). Additionally, the surfaces of the obtained nanocelluloses showed a dispersive component of the surface energy near 40 mJ/m[2] and a prevalence of the Lewis acidic character over the basic one, as typical for cellulose-based materials. Finally, films with good mechanical and optical properties could be obtained from the cellulose hydrogels. Acacia-TEMPO film (produced by filtration/hot pressing) showed a tensile strength of 79 MPa, Young's modulus of 7.9 GPa, and a transparency of 88%. The water vapor barrier, however, was modest (permeability of 4.9 × 10[-6] g/(Pa·day·m)).}, }
@article {pmid34369564, year = {2021}, author = {Norderud, ED and Powell, SL and Peterson, RKD}, title = {Risk Assessment for the Establishment of Vespa mandarinia (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the Pacific Northwest, United States.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {34369564}, issn = {1536-2442}, support = {W-4045//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Climate ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment ; United States ; *Wasps/physiology ; }, abstract = {The recent introduction of the Asian giant hornet, Vespa mandarinia Smith, in the United States in late 2019 has raised concerns about its establishment in the Pacific Northwest and its potential deleterious effects on honey bees, Apis spp., and their pollination services in the region. Therefore, we conducted a risk assessment of the establishment of V. mandarinia in Washington, Oregon, Montana, and Idaho on a county-by-county basis. Our highly conservative tier-1 qualitative and semiquantitative risk assessment relied on the biological requirements and ecological relationships of V. mandarinia in the environments of the Pacific Northwest. Our risk characterization was based on climate and habitat suitability estimates for V. mandarinia queens to overwinter and colonize nests, density and distribution of apiaries, and locations of major human-mediated introduction pathways that may increase establishment of the hornet in the counties. Our results suggest that 32 counties in the region could be at low risk, 120 at medium risk, and 23 at high risk of establishment. Many of the western counties in the region were estimated to be at the highest risk of establishment mainly because of their suitable climate for queens to overwinter, dense forest biomass for nest colonization, and proximity to major port and freight hubs in the region. By design, our tier-1 risk assessment most likely overestimates the risk of establishment, but considering its negative effects, these counties should be prioritized in ongoing monitoring and eradication efforts of V. mandarinia.}, }
@article {pmid34367577, year = {2021}, author = {Murphy, SM and Vyas, DK and Hoffman, JL and Jenck, CS and Washburn, BA and Hunnicutt, KE and Davidson, A and Andersen, JM and Bennet, RK and Gifford, A and Herrera, M and Lawler, B and Lorman, S and Peacock, V and Walker, L and Watkins, E and Wilkinson, L and Williams, Z and Tinghitella, RM}, title = {Streetlights positively affect the presence of an invasive grass species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {15}, pages = {10320-10326}, pmid = {34367577}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Anthropogenic disturbances associated with urban ecosystems can create favorable conditions for populations of some invasive plant species. Light pollution is one of these disturbances, but how it affects the growth and establishment of invasive plant populations is unknown. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) is a problematic invasive species where it has displaced native grassland communities in the United States, but to our knowledge, there have been no studies of the ecological factors that affect cheatgrass presence in urban ecosystems. We conducted field surveys in urban alleys in Denver, Colorado, to compare the presence of cheatgrass at sites with and without artificial light at night (hereafter artificial light) from streetlights. These streetlights are mounted on utility poles, which cause ground disturbance when installed in alleys; we were able to test the independent effect of poles on cheatgrass establishment because not all poles have streetlights on them. We found that cheatgrass was positively associated with the presence of streetlights and to a lesser extent poles. In addition to cheatgrass, we also found that other plants were positively associated with the presence of both poles and streetlights. Our results suggest that artificial light may benefit the occurrence of cheatgrass and other plant species in urban settings. While invasive populations of cheatgrass in wild habitats attract the most attention from managers, we suggest more consideration for this grass in urban environments where its growth and establishment benefit from anthropogenic changes.}, }
@article {pmid34367576, year = {2021}, author = {Mizrahi, GA and Shemesh, E and Mizrachi, A and Tchernov, D}, title = {Comparative genetics of scyphozoan species reveals the geological history and contemporary processes of the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {15}, pages = {10303-10319}, pmid = {34367576}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Jellyfish are useful genetic indicators for aquatic ecosystems as they have limited mobility and are highly exposed to the water column. By using comparative genomics and the molecular clock (timetree) of Rhizostoma pulmo, we revealed a divergence point between the East and West Mediterranean Sea (MS) populations that occurred 4.59 million years ago (mya). It is suggested that the two distinct ecological environments we know today were formed at this time. We propose that before this divergence, the highly mixed Atlantic and Mediterranean waters led to the wide dispersal of different species including R. pulmo. At 4.59 mya, the Western and Eastern MS were formed, indicating the possibility of a dramatic environmental event. For the first time, we find that for the jellyfish we examined, the division of the MS in east and west is not at the Straits of Sicily as generally thought, but significantly to the east. Using genomics of the Aurelia species, we examined contemporary anthropogenic impacts with a focus on migration of scyphozoa across the Suez Canal (Lessepsian migration). Aurelia sp. is among the few scyphozoa we find in both the MS and the Red Sea, but our DNA analysis revealed that the Red Sea Aurelia sp. did not migrate or mix with MS species. Phyllorhiza punctata results showed that this species was only recently introduced to the MS as a result of anthropogenic transportation activity, such as ballast water discharge, and revealed a migration vector from Australia to the MS. Our findings demonstrate that jellyfish genomes can be used as a phylogeographic molecular tool to trace past events across large temporal scales and reveal invasive species introduction due to human activity.}, }
@article {pmid34363432, year = {2021}, author = {Kamiyama, MT and Matsuura, K and Yoshimura, T and Yang, CS}, title = {Improving invasive species management using predictive phenology models: an example from brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) in Japan.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {77}, number = {12}, pages = {5489-5497}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6589}, pmid = {34363432}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Heteroptera ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In order to better understand the population dynamics of invasive species in their native range, we developed two predictive phenological models using the ubiquitous invasive insect pest, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), as the model organism. Our work establishes a zero-inflated negative binomial regression (ZINB) model, and a general additive mixed model (GAMM) based on 11 years of black light trap monitoring of H. halys at three locations in Japan.<br><br>RESULTS: The ZINB model indicated that degree days (DD) have a significant effect on the trap catch of adult H.&#xa0;halys, and that precipitation has no effect. A dataset generated by 1000 simulations from the ZINB suggested that higher predicted trap catches equated to a lower probability of encountering a zero-count. The GAMM produced a cubic regression smooth curve which forecasts the seasonal phenology of H.&#xa0;halys as following a bell-shaped trend in Japan. Critical DD points during the field season in Japan included 261 DD for first H.&#xa0;halys adult detection and 1091 DD for peak activity.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study establishes the first models capable of forecasting native H.&#xa0;halys population dynamics based on DD. These robust models practically improve population forecasting of H.&#xa0;halys in the future and help fill gaps in knowledge pertaining to its native phenology, thus ultimately contributing to the progression of efficient management of this globally invasive species. &#xa9; 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid34363067, year = {2022}, author = {Bier, E}, title = {Gene drives gaining speed.}, journal = {Nature reviews. Genetics}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {5-22}, pmid = {34363067}, issn = {1471-0064}, support = {R01 GM117321/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; *CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Gene Drive Technology/*methods/trends ; Gene Editing/*methods/trends ; Genetics, Population/*methods ; Humans ; Models, Genetic ; Mutation ; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/*genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Gene drives are selfish genetic elements that are transmitted to progeny at super-Mendelian (>50%) frequencies. Recently developed CRISPR-Cas9-based gene-drive systems are highly efficient in laboratory settings, offering the potential to reduce the prevalence of vector-borne diseases, crop pests and non-native invasive species. However, concerns have been raised regarding the potential unintended impacts of gene-drive systems. This Review summarizes the phenomenal progress in this field, focusing on optimal design features for full-drive elements (drives with linked Cas9 and guide RNA components) that either suppress target mosquito populations or modify them to prevent pathogen transmission, allelic drives for updating genetic elements, mitigating strategies including trans-complementing split-drives and genetic neutralizing elements, and the adaptation of drive technology to other organisms. These scientific advances, combined with ethical and social considerations, will facilitate the transparent and responsible advancement of these technologies towards field implementation.}, }
@article {pmid34362931, year = {2021}, author = {Pötzelsberger, E and Gossner, MM and Beenken, L and Gazda, A and Petr, M and Ylioja, T and La Porta, N and Avtzis, DN and Bay, E and De Groot, M and Drenkhan, R and Duduman, ML and Enderle, R and Georgieva, M and Hietala, AM and Hoppe, B and Jactel, H and Jarni, K and Keren, S and Keseru, Z and Koprowski, M and Kormuťák, A and Lombardero, MJ and Lukjanova, A and Marozas, V and Mauri, E and Monteverdi, MC and Nygaard, PH and Ogris, N and Olenici, N and Orazio, C and Perny, B and Pinto, G and Power, M and Puchalka, R and Ravn, HP and Sevillano, I and Stroheker, S and Taylor, P and Tsopelas, P and Urban, J and Voolma, K and Westergren, M and Witzell, J and Zborovska, O and Zlatkovic, M}, title = {Biotic threats for 23 major non-native tree species in Europe.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {210}, pmid = {34362931}, issn = {2052-4463}, support = {FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; FP1403//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; 451-03-68/2020-14/ 200197//Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnolo&#x161;kog Razvoja (Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Europe ; Fungi ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Nematoda ; Plant Diseases ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {For non-native tree species with an origin outside of Europe a detailed compilation of enemy species including the severity of their attack is lacking up to now. We collected information on native and non-native species attacking non-native trees, i.e. type, extent and time of first observation of damage for 23 important non-native trees in 27 European countries. Our database includes about 2300 synthesised attack records (synthesised per biotic threat, tree and country) from over 800 species. Insects (49%) and fungi (45%) are the main observed biotic threats, but also arachnids, bacteria including phytoplasmas, mammals, nematodes, plants and viruses have been recorded. This information will be valuable to identify patterns and drivers of attacks, and trees with a lower current health risk to be considered for planting. In addition, our database will provide a baseline to which future impacts on non-native tree species could be compared with and thus will allow to analyse temporal trends of impacts.}, }
@article {pmid34361966, year = {2021}, author = {Azami-Conesa, I and Sansano-Maestre, J and Martínez-Díaz, RA and Gómez-Muñoz, MT}, title = {Invasive Species as Hosts of Zoonotic Infections: The Case of American Mink (Neovison vison) and Leishmania infantum.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {34361966}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {established groups anual funding//Universidad Complutense de Madrid/ ; }, abstract = {Leishmania infantum produces an endemic disease in the Mediterranean Basin that affects humans and domestic and wild mammals, which can act as reservoir or minor host. In this study, we analyzed the presence of the parasite in wild American minks, an invasive species in Spain. We screened for L. infantum DNA by PCR using five primer pairs: Two targeting kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), and the rest targeting the ITS1 region, the small subunit of ribosomal RNA (SSU) and a repetitive sequence (Repeat region). The detection limit was determined for each method using a strain of L. infantum and a bone marrow sample from an infected dog. PCR approaches employing the Repeat region and kDNA (RV1/RV2 primers) showed higher sensitivity than the other PCR methods when control samples were employed. However, only PCR of the Repeat region and nested PCR of SSU (LnSSU) detected the parasite in the samples, while the other three were unable to do so. The majority of the analyzed animals (90.1%) tested positive. American mink may act as an incidental host of the disease for other mammals and should be further investigated, not only for their negative impact on the local fauna, but also as carriers of zoonotic diseases.}, }
@article {pmid34359913, year = {2021}, author = {Green, L and Apostolou, A and Faust, E and Palmqvist, K and Behrens, JW and Havenhand, JN and Leder, EH and Kvarnemo, C}, title = {Ancestral Sperm Ecotypes Reveal Multiple Invasions of a Non-Native Fish in Northern Europe.}, journal = {Cells}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {34359913}, issn = {2073-4409}, support = {217-2008-1719//Svenska Forskningsr&#xe5;det Formas/ ; 2016-03343//Vetenskapsr&#xe5;det/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecotype ; Europe ; Fishes/genetics/*physiology ; Fresh Water ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Principal Component Analysis ; Salinity ; Seawater ; Spermatozoa/*physiology ; }, abstract = {For externally fertilising organisms in the aquatic environment, the abiotic fertilisation medium can be a strong selecting force. Among bony fishes, sperm are adapted to function in a narrow salinity range. A notable exception is the family Gobiidae, where several species reproduce across a wide salinity range. The family also contains several wide-spread invasive species. To better understand how these fishes tolerate such varying conditions, we measured sperm performance in relation to salinity from a freshwater and a brackish population within their ancestral Ponto-Caspian region of the round goby, Neogobius melanostomus. These two ancestral populations were then compared to nine additional invaded sites across northern Europe, both in terms of their sperm traits and by using genomic SNP markers. Our results show clear patterns of ancestral adaptations to freshwater and brackish salinities in their sperm performance. Population genomic analyses show that the ancestral ecotypes have generally established themselves in environments that fit their sperm adaptations. Sites close to ports with intense shipping show that both outbreeding and admixture can affect the sperm performance of a population in a given salinity. Rapid adaptation to local conditions is also supported at some sites. Historical and contemporary evolution in the traits of the round goby sperm cells is tightly linked to the population and seascape genomics as well as biogeographic processes in these invasive fishes. Since the risk of a population establishing in an area is related to the genotype by environment match, port connectivity and the ancestry of the round goby population can likely be useful for predicting the species spread.}, }
@article {pmid34358939, year = {2021}, author = {Phillips, EW and Kotrschal, A}, title = {Where are they now? Tracking the Mediterranean lionfish invasion via local dive centers.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {298}, number = {}, pages = {113354}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113354}, pmid = {34358939}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; *Diving ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Perciformes ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are globally on the rise due to human-induced environmental change and are often a source of harm to their new ecosystems. Tracking the spread of invaders is crucial to better manage invasive species, and citizen science is often used to collect sighting data. However, this can be unreliable due to the general public's limited expertise for accurate identification and a lack of clear absence data. Here, we introduce a refined method of citizen science by tracking the spread of the invasive lionfish (Pterois miles) in the Mediterranean Sea using dive centers' expertise on local marine wildlife. We contacted 1131 dive centers on the Mediterranean coast via email and received 216 responses reporting whether or not lionfish were present in their area and, if present, the year they were first sighted. Currently, lionfish sightings are observed in the eastern half of the Mediterranean, though the front is continuing to move west with the furthest sighting as far as Corfu, Greece (19.939423°E, 39.428017°N). In 2020, lionfish also expanded their invasive range north on the Turkish Aegean coast to Karaburun (26.520657°E, 38.637033°N), showing that the invasion is ongoing. We found that the invasive range is now exceeding previous invasion models, highlighting the need for additional research on lionfish biology to inform management efforts. Continuous monitoring of invasive fronts based on dive center reports and a better understanding of what makes lionfish so invasive is crucial to creating effective management strategies and mitigating their negative impact on native ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid34358748, year = {2021}, author = {Choi, SM and Seo, JY and Jeong, SW and Lee, MJ and Ha, HK}, title = {Disturbance of sedimentary processes in tidal salt marshes invaded by exotic vegetation.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {799}, number = {}, pages = {149303}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149303}, pmid = {34358748}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Geologic Sediments ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {In situ moorings were conducted at salt marsh and bare flat to reveal the environmental disturbance of sedimentary processes in the intertidal flat. Spartina alterniflora (Spartina), an invasive species, grew up to 156 cm in the Ganghwa tidal flat from June to November 2019. This rapid growth has resulted in the dense salt marsh, which complicated hydrodynamics and associated sediment processes. Stems and leaves could effectively trap fine-grained sediments (17.24-20.42 μm) at the bed, increasing the differences in bed elevation between the two sites to up to 5.11 cm. The cohesive sediments accumulated in Spartina communities were resuspended differently by stem-scale turbulence generated from the disturbance of stems and leaves, depending on wind forcing and vegetation conditions. The vegetated sediments, under low wind speeds (<4 m s[-1]), were hardly resuspended in the water column, compared to those in the bare flat, resulting in sedimentation. Under high wind speeds (>6 m s[-1]), stem-scale turbulence was sufficiently strengthened to surpass the sedimentation of suspended sediments; thus, it resuspended additional bed sediments without a loss of the trapped sediment, unlike in the bare flat. The flocculation of suspended sediments in Spartina communities was mainly controlled by stem-scale turbulence. The flocs were confined to a size of 40 μm (settling velocity: 0.17 mm s[-1]) and developed an approaching spherical shape. After the cut-off of Spartina, a favorable condition for the flocs to grow by 57 μm (settling velocity: 0.23 mm s[-1]) was established with decrease in stem-scale turbulence. These larger flocs were able to develop into a ramified spherical structure. Despite diminishment of stem-scale turbulence, the disturbed sediments were outflowed, resulting in an abrupt decrease in bed elevation (0.12 cm day[-1]). The results suggest that the sediment accumulated in Spartina communities remained erodible due to frequent disturbances without sufficient consolidation.}, }
@article {pmid34358554, year = {2021}, author = {Bojko, J and Clark, KF and Stewart-Clark, S and Stentiford, GD}, title = {Panopeispora mellora n. gen. n. sp. (microsporidia) infecting Say's crab (Dyspanopeus sayi) from the Atlantic shoreline of Canada.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {184}, number = {}, pages = {107652}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2021.107652}, pmid = {34358554}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura/*parasitology ; Microsporidia/*classification ; Nova Scotia ; }, abstract = {Say's mud crab, Dyspanopeus sayi (Brachyura: Panopeidae) is a native shallow subtidal and inter-tidal inhabitant of the Atlantic coastline of North America and an invasive species in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Little is known about the microparasites of this host and the broader Panopeidae. We describe a novel microsporidian parasite infecting the musculature of D. sayi from Malagash, Nova Scotia (Canada), at a prevalence of 7%. Histopathology and molecular diagnostics were used to describe pathology and parasite phylogenetics, respectively. Based on SSU rDNA gene sequencing we propose that the microsporidian requires establishment of a new genus (Panopeispora n. gen.) and species (Panopeispora mellora n. sp.), due to significant differences to closest known taxa (e.g. Facilispora margolisi [81% similarity] and Thelohania butleri [80% similarity]), residing in Clade V of the Microsporidia. Archived, wax-embedded histological material was re-processed for transmission electron microscopy to obtain preliminary details of its intracellular development cycle and ultrastructure within the host musculature. The discovery of this pathogen is discussed with relevance to microsporidian taxonomy and the potential for achieving ultrastructural data from archived material.}, }
@article {pmid34358039, year = {2021}, author = {Hang, JW and Tukijan, F and Lee, EQ and Abdeen, SR and Aniweh, Y and Malleret, B}, title = {Zoonotic Malaria: Non-Laverania Plasmodium Biology and Invasion Mechanisms.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {34358039}, issn = {2076-0817}, support = {NUHSRO/2018/006/SU/01//National University of Singapore/ ; }, abstract = {Malaria, which is caused by Plasmodium parasites through Anopheles mosquito transmission, remains one of the most life-threatening diseases affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide every year. Plasmodium vivax, which accounts for the majority of cases of recurring malaria caused by the Plasmodium (non-Laverania) subgenus, is an ancient and continuing zoonosis originating from monkey hosts probably outside Africa. The emergence of other zoonotic malarias (P. knowlesi, P. cynomolgi, and P. simium) further highlights the seriousness of the disease. The severity of this epidemic disease is dependent on many factors, including the parasite characteristics, host-parasite interactions, and the pathology of the infection. Successful infection depends on the ability of the parasite to invade the host; however, little is known about the parasite invasion biology and mechanisms. The lack of this information adds to the challenges to malaria control and elimination, hence enhancing the potential for continuation of this zoonosis. Here, we review the literature describing the characteristics, distribution, and genome details of the parasites, as well as host specificity, host-parasite interactions, and parasite pathology. This information will provide the basis of a greater understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of malaria to support future development of strategies for the control and prevention of this zoonotic infection.}, }
@article {pmid34357303, year = {2021}, author = {Eyer, PA and Moran, MN and Blumenfeld, AJ and Vargo, EL}, title = {Development of a Set of Microsatellite Markers to Investigate Sexually Antagonistic Selection in the Invasive Ant Nylanderia fulva.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {34357303}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Sexually antagonistic selection (SAS) occurs when distinct alleles are differentially selected in each sex. In the invasive tawny crazy ant, Nylanderia fulva, a genomic region is under SAS, while the rest of the genome is randomly selected in males and females. In this study, we designed a suite of 15 microsatellite markers to study the origin and evolution of SAS in N. fulva. These SAS markers were polymorphic, with allelic frequencies that are highly different between males and females. All haploid males carry only a subset of the alleles present in the population, while females are reliably heterozygous, with one allele from the male gene pool and a different allele inherited from their mother. In addition, we identified six polymorphic markers not associated with SAS and six markers yielding consistent, yet monomorphic, amplification in the introduced range of this species. Reaction condition optimizations allowed all retained markers to be co-amplified in four PCR mixes. The SAS markers may be used to test for the strength and the extent of the genomic regions under SAS in both the native and introduced ranges of N. fulva, while the set of non-SAS loci may be used to assess the invasion route of this species. Overall, the application of these microsatellite markers will yield insights into the origin and evolution of SAS within and among species of the genus Nylanderia.}, }
@article {pmid34357297, year = {2021}, author = {Marini, F and Profeta, E and Vidović, B and Petanović, R and de Lillo, E and Weyl, P and Hinz, HL and Moffat, CE and Bon, MC and Cvrković, T and Kashefi, J and Sforza, RFH and Cristofaro, M}, title = {Field Assessment of the Host Range of Aculus mosoniensis (Acari: Eriophyidae), a Biological Control Agent of the Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {34357297}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) is a fast-growing deciduous tree native to China, considered a serious invasive species worldwide, with several socio-economic and ecological impacts attributed to it. Chemical and mechanical methods have limited efficacy in its management, and biological controls may offer a suitable and sustainable option. Aculus mosoniensis (Ripka) is an eriophyid mite that has been recorded to attack tree of heaven in 13 European countries. This study aims to explore the host range of this mite by exposing 13 plant species, selected either for their phylogenetic and ecological similarity to the target weed or their economic importance. Shortly after inoculation with the mite, we recorded a quick decrease in mite number on all nontarget species and no sign of mite reproduction. Whereas, after just one month, the population of mites on tree of heaven numbered in the thousands, irrespective of the starting population, and included both adults and juveniles. Significantly, we observed evidence of damage due to the mite only on target plants. Due to the specificity, strong impact on the target, and the ability to increase its population to high levels in a relatively short amount of time, we find A. mosoniensis to be a very promising candidate for the biological control of tree of heaven.}, }
@article {pmid34357267, year = {2021}, author = {Ruiz-Diaz, CP and Rodrigues, JCV}, title = {Vertical Trapping of the Coffee Berry Borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), in Coffee.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {34357267}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2040-22430-026-20S//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {The coffee industry loses millions of dollars annually worldwide due to the Coffee Berry Borer (CBB); these losses imply a decrease in quality and production. Traps are used to monitor their flight and for pest control. The main objective of this study was to determine the capture pattern and trap capture percentages of the CBB population over time using column traps (CTs) in two independent field experiments. CTs were composed of four traps installed at four different heights 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 m above ground. Our results demonstrated a significant difference in CBB capture by traps placed at different heights above the ground. The CT capture maintained a pattern throughout this study's lag: the lower the height, the greater the percentage of CBBs captured. The study was conducted in two independent experiments (A and B). In Experiment A and B, the traps placed at 0.5 m caught 67% and 85% of the CBBs captured, respectively. Furthermore, the trap set at 1.5 m above the ground in the multi-level CT showed a higher capture percentage than the single placed trap (ST, also at 1.5 m about ground). The pattern of the capture and proportion of the CBB in the CTs was maintained throughout the study despite the season, changes in temperature, and relative air humidity. We suggest that CTs could be explored as a useful tool for capturing the CBB, considering its monitoring and management.}, }
@article {pmid34356778, year = {2021}, author = {Muzondiwa, D and Hlanze, H and Reva, ON}, title = {The Epistatic Landscape of Antibiotic Resistance of Different Clades of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {34356778}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {105996//DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology/ ; }, abstract = {Drug resistance (DR) remains a global challenge in tuberculosis (TB) control. In order to develop molecular-based diagnostic methods to replace the traditional culture-based diagnostics, there is a need for a thorough understanding of the processes that govern TB drug resistance. The use of whole-genome sequencing coupled with statistical and computational methods has shown great potential in unraveling the complexity of the evolution of DR-TB. In this study, we took an innovative approach that sought to determine nonrandom associations between polymorphic sites in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) genomes. Attributable risk statistics were applied to identify the epistatic determinants of DR in different clades of Mtb and the possible evolutionary pathways of DR development. It was found that different lineages of Mtb exploited different evolutionary trajectories towards multidrug resistance and compensatory evolution to reduce the DR-associated fitness cost. Epistasis of DR acquisition is a new area of research that will aid in the better understanding of evolutionary biological processes and allow predicting upcoming multidrug-resistant pathogens before a new outbreak strikes humanity.}, }
@article {pmid34356538, year = {2021}, author = {Hernández-Brito, D and Carrete, M and Blanco, G and Romero-Vidal, P and Senar, JC and Mori, E and White, TH and Luna, &#xc1; and Tella, JL}, title = {The Role of Monk Parakeets as Nest-Site Facilitators in Their Native and Invaded Areas.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {34356538}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {SVP-2014-068732//Severo Ochoa Program/ ; ES1304//European Cooperation in Science and Technology/ ; PP-146-2018-1//Loro Parque Fundaci&#xf3;n/ ; CGL-2016-79568-C3-3-P//Ministerio de Econom&#xed;a, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa&#xf1;a/ ; }, abstract = {While most of the knowledge on invasive species focuses on their impacts, little is known about their potential positive effects on other species. Invasive ecosystem engineers can disrupt recipient environments; however, they may also facilitate access to novel resources for native species. The monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) is a worldwide invader and the only parrot that builds its own communal nests, which can be used by other species. However, the ecological effects of these interspecific interactions are barely known. We compared the role of the monk parakeet as a nest-site facilitator in different rural and urban areas, both invaded and native, across three continents and eight breeding seasons. A total of 2690 nests from 42 tenant species, mostly cavity-nesting birds, were recorded in 26% of 2595 monk parakeet nests. Rural and invaded areas showed the highest abundance and richness of tenant species. Multispecies communal nests triggered interspecific aggression between the monk parakeet host and its tenants, but also a cooperative defense against predators. Despite the positive effects for native species, monk parakeets also facilitate nesting opportunities to other non-native species and may also transmit diseases to tenants, highlighting the complexity of biotic interactions in biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid34356533, year = {2021}, author = {Lin, YS and Liao, JR and Shiao, SF and Ko, CC}, title = {Origin and Potential Expansion of the Invasive Longan Lanternfly, Pyrops candelaria (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in Taiwan.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {34356533}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {MOST108-2621-B-002-005-MY3//Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan/ ; 109-RA-Q-09//Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine/ ; }, abstract = {The longan lanternfly Pyrops candelaria is a new invasive species on the main island of Taiwan. The introduction of an invasive species may negatively influence the native fauna, flora and environment. Thus, this study aimed to infer the invasion history, predict habitat suitability and potential expansion and assess the risk to crop cultivation areas in Taiwan. Genetic structures of P. candelaria from the main island of Taiwan and related regions were analyzed based on partial COI and ND2 sequences. Additionally, machine learning MaxEnt was utilized to study habitat suitability. The results suggested that the Taiwanese populations may originate from the Kinmen Islands and the plain areas of Taiwan are considered to have high habitat suitability. Furthermore, most of the cultivation areas of longan and pomelo crops showed high habitat suitability.}, }
@article {pmid35619733, year = {2021}, author = {Hoffman, JC and Meredith, C and Pilgrim, E and Trebitz, A and Hatzenbuhler, C and Kelly, JR and Peterson, G and Lietz, J and Okum, S and Martinson, J}, title = {Comparison of Larval Fish Detections Using Morphology-Based Taxonomy versus High-Throughput Sequencing for Invasive Species Early Detection.}, journal = {Canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences. Journal canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques}, volume = {78}, number = {6}, pages = {752-764}, pmid = {35619733}, issn = {0706-652X}, support = {EPA999999/ImEPA/Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {When first introduced, invasive species typically evade detection; DNA barcoding coupled with high-throughput sequencing (HTS) may be more sensitive and accurate than morphology-based taxonomy, and thereby improve invasive (or rare) species detection. We quantified the relative error of species detection between morphology-based and HTS-based taxonomic identification of ichthyoplankton collections from the Port of Duluth, Minnesota, an aquatic non-native species introduction 'hot-spot' in the Laurentian Great Lakes. We found HTS-based taxonomy identified 28 species and morphology-based taxonomy 30 species, of which 27 were common to both. Among samples, 76% of family-level taxonomic assignments agreed; however, only 42% of species assignments agreed. Most errors were attributed to morphology-based taxonomy, whereas HTS-based taxonomy error was low. For this study system, for most non-native fishes, the detection probability by randomized survey for larvae was similar to that by a survey that is optimized for non-native species early detection of juveniles and adults. We conclude that classifying taxonomic errors by comparing HTS results against morphology-based taxonomy is an important step toward incorporating HTS-based taxonomy into biodiversity surveys.}, }
@article {pmid35386252, year = {2021}, author = {Liu, X and Rohr, JR and Li, X and Deng, T and Li, W and Li, Y}, title = {Climate extremes, variability, and trade shape biogeographical patterns of alien species.}, journal = {Current zoology}, volume = {67}, number = {4}, pages = {393-402}, pmid = {35386252}, issn = {1674-5507}, abstract = {Understanding how alien species assemble is crucial for predicting changes to community structure caused by biological invasions and for directing management strategies for alien species, but patterns and drivers of alien species assemblages remain poorly understood relative to native species. Climate has been suggested as a crucial filter of invasion-driven homogenization of biodiversity. However, it remains unclear which climatic factors drive the assemblage of alien species. Here, we compiled global data at both grid scale (2,653 native and 2,806 current grids with a resolution of 2° × 2°) and administrative scale (271 native and 297 current nations and sub-nations) on the distributions of 361 alien amphibians and reptiles (herpetofauna), the most threatened vertebrate group on the planet. We found that geographical distance, a proxy for natural dispersal barriers, was the dominant variable contributing to alien herpetofaunal assemblage in native ranges. In contrast, climatic factors explained more unique variation in alien herpetofaunal assemblage after than before invasions. This pattern was driven by extremely high temperatures and precipitation seasonality, 2 hallmarks of global climate change, and bilateral trade which can account for the alien assemblage after invasions. Our results indicated that human-assisted species introductions combined with climate change may accelerate the reorganization of global species distributions.}, }
@article {pmid34938151, year = {2020}, author = {Enders, M and Havemann, F and Ruland, F and Bernard-Verdier, M and Catford, JA and Gómez-Aparicio, L and Haider, S and Heger, T and Kueffer, C and Kühn, I and Meyerson, LA and Musseau, C and Novoa, A and Ricciardi, A and Sagouis, A and Schittko, C and Strayer, DL and Vilà, M and Essl, F and Hulme, PE and van Kleunen, M and Kumschick, S and Lockwood, JL and Mabey, AL and McGeoch, MA and Palma, E and Pyšek, P and Saul, WC and Yannelli, FA and Jeschke, JM}, title = {A conceptual map of invasion biology: Integrating hypotheses into a consensus network.}, journal = {Global ecology and biogeography : a journal of macroecology}, volume = {29}, number = {6}, pages = {978-991}, pmid = {34938151}, issn = {1466-822X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Since its emergence in the mid-20th century, invasion biology has matured into a productive research field addressing questions of fundamental and applied importance. Not only has the number of empirical studies increased through time, but also has the number of competing, overlapping and, in some cases, contradictory hypotheses about biological invasions. To make these contradictions and redundancies explicit, and to gain insight into the field's current theoretical structure, we developed and applied a Delphi approach to create a consensus network of 39 existing invasion hypotheses.<br><br>RESULTS: The resulting network was analysed with a link-clustering algorithm that revealed five concept clusters (resource availability, biotic interaction, propagule, trait and Darwin's clusters) representing complementary areas in the theory of invasion biology. The network also displays hypotheses that link two or more clusters, called connecting hypotheses, which are important in determining network structure. The network indicates hypotheses that are logically linked either positively (77 connections of support) or negatively (that is, they contradict each other; 6 connections).<br><br>SIGNIFICANCE: The network visually synthesizes how invasion biology's predominant hypotheses are conceptually related to each other, and thus, reveals an emergent structure - a conceptual map - that can serve as a navigation tool for scholars, practitioners and students, both inside and outside of the field of invasion biology, and guide the development of a more coherent foundation of theory. Additionally, the outlined approach can be more widely applied to create a conceptual map for the larger fields of ecology and biogeography.}, }
@article {pmid34554535, year = {2020}, author = {Molnár V, A and Siffer, S and Molnár, HA and Fekete, R}, title = {Occurrence of the rare plant Sternbergia colchiciflora in an urban environment.}, journal = {Biologia futura}, volume = {71}, number = {1-2}, pages = {93-98}, pmid = {34554535}, issn = {2676-8607}, mesh = {Amaryllidaceae/*physiology ; Cities ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Hungary ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Roots ; }, abstract = {In this paper, we report a remarkable population of the rare plant Sternbergia colchiciflora found along a busy road section in the downtown of county seat Veszprém (W-Hungary). The population contains at least 7000 individuals and spreads across fifteen grassy traffic islands. Regarding the position of individuals, their relative distance from the road/sidewalk within the traffic islands differed significantly from a hypothetical uniform distribution, with higher number of individuals situated close to the island edges than expected by chance. Besides this rare bulbous plant, several other dry grassland specialist plant species were also found in these habitat patches, e.g., Astragalus austriacus, Festuca rupicola, Filipendula vulgaris, Muscari neglectum, Petrorhagia saxifraga, Potentilla arenaria, Ranunculus illyricus, Salvia nemorosa, Sanguisorba minor, Teucrium chamaedrys, Thesium linophyllon, Verbascum phoeniceum and Vinca herbacea. The origin of these dry grassland plants in this highly disturbed urban environment is uncertain; possibly, they were introduced ca. 15 years ago in the course of earthworks during the construction of the road. Recent management (frequent and motorized lawn mowing) seems to favor the Sternbergia colchiciflora, while the habitat is currently not directly threatened. Unfortunately, the potential for local conservation appears to be highly limited.}, }
@article {pmid34554528, year = {2020}, author = {Rigó, A and Barina, Z}, title = {Methodology of the habitat classification of anthropogenic urban areas in Budapest (Hungary).}, journal = {Biologia futura}, volume = {71}, number = {1-2}, pages = {53-68}, pmid = {34554528}, issn = {2676-8607}, mesh = {Cities ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; Hungary ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*classification ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The vast majority of floristical and coenological studies focus on the natural vegetation and its remnants in urban environments; however, there is an increasing interest in the systematic exploration of built environments. This survey of the inhabited areas of Budapest launched in 2018 applied a new and detailed methodology. The territorial units of the survey were street sections, where the presence of vascular plants was recorded in ecologically different habitats separately. We laid down the foundations to establish new habitat categories for the habitat classification and mapping of urban ecosystems using a different approach than the Hungarian habitat classification system (ÁNÉR). The method enables us to study the flora of urban ecosystems in detail. We established 18 urban habitat categories, surveyed more than 27,000 survey units and registered 647 spontaneously growing plant species in Budapest. Our survey evinced the spontaneous occurrence of 193 alien species in Budapest, 81 of them are data deficient, while 10 of them are new introductions in Hungary. 53.9% of the aliens are cultivated frequently in Hungary.}, }
@article {pmid34554526, year = {2020}, author = {Wirth, T and Kovács, D and Sebe, K and Csiky, J}, title = {The vascular flora of Pécs and its immediate vicinity (South Hungary) I.: species richness and the distribution of native and alien plants.}, journal = {Biologia futura}, volume = {71}, number = {1-2}, pages = {19-30}, pmid = {34554526}, issn = {2676-8607}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Demography ; Hungary ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Urbanization is one of the major causes of species loss and the homogenization of the world's flora. Our coarse-scale floristic mapping project of the largest south Transdanubian city, Pécs, is the first grid-based urban study in Hungary that reveals the current pattern of the vascular flora. Beyond the general description of the project, the species richness, the number of native, archaeophyte, neophyte and legally protected taxa are presented in the scale of the grid units (2.2 km[2]) and according to the residential area of the city. Relationships between the number and proportion of natives, archaeophytes, neophytes, protected species versus the proportion of built-up areas, forest coverage and elevation are estimated by linear regression models. Among the 1458 spontaneous or subspontaneous vascular plant species of the study area 131 are legally protected. The average number of species per grid unit is 338. Regression models show that the number of aliens decreases with forest coverage and increases with the rate of built-up areas, while number of natives shows opposite trends as a function of the same variables. These opposite trends lead to the conclusion that in the case of the vascular flora of Pécs the "poor get richer" theory is supported. Among the most frequent species hemicryptophytes, widespread, native and zoochorous plants are dominant. The most widespread four invasive taxa are native to North America.}, }
@article {pmid34554525, year = {2020}, author = {Szinetár, C and Kovács, G and Urák, I and Gajdoš, P}, title = {Synanthropic spider fauna of the Carpathian Basin in the last three decades.}, journal = {Biologia futura}, volume = {71}, number = {1-2}, pages = {31-38}, pmid = {34554525}, issn = {2676-8607}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Europe, Eastern ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Species Specificity ; Spiders/*classification/*physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {This paper reviews the scientific literature published on synanthropic spiders in three Carpathian Basin countries-Hungary, Slovakia and Romania. A total number of 204 spider species have been reported from human constructions. Most of the 204 spider species (165 species) found in buildings were only occasional visitors, so-called asynanthropic species with typically low abundance. On average, eusynanthropic (23 species) and hemisynanthropic (16 species) species accounted for 80% of the specimen number. We have discovered that the number of hemisynanthropic faunal elements have remained unchanged in the past three decades. At the same time 14 new eusynanthropic species have been observed in the region, roughly one new species in every 2 years. Some of them have been introduced from the tropics, but some species originates from southern Europe, which may be related to climate change. This hypothesis was also confirmed by the seasonal summer outdoor appearance of these eusynanthropic species. True tropical spiders could only be settled permanently in greenhouses with special climate (such as botanical gardens). We still do not have data of any synanthropic species posing a health risk in this region.}, }
@article {pmid34494766, year = {2020}, author = {Xie, XF and Sun, XM and Wu, T and Jiang, GJ and Pu, LJ and Xiang, Q}, title = {[Impacts of Spartina alterniflora invasion on coastal wetland ecosystem: Advances and prospects].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, pages = {2119-2128}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202006.032}, pmid = {34494766}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {China ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; Soil ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Coastal wetland, affected by the interaction of land and marine ecosystems, is a typical fragile and sensitive zone. Spartina alterniflora is the most successful invasive species in global coastal zone, with important impact on coastal wetland ecosystems. We systematically summarized available literature, and reviewed the effects of S. alterniflora invasion on biogeochemical cycling (soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus cycling, and soil heavy metal migration) and biological community (microorganisms, plants, and animals) in coastal wetlands. Then, three perspectives were proposed for the future research: 1) strengthening the mechanism of the impact of S. alterniflora invasion on ecosystem health of coastal wetlands; 2) focusing on the coupling mechanism of the interaction between S. alterniflora community and coastal wetland environment in the context of global change; 3) carrying out long-term positioning monitoring to clarify the responses of coastal wetlands at different stages of S. alterniflora invasion. This review could provide guidance for the ecological utilization and management of S. alterniflora.}, }
@article {pmid34494763, year = {2020}, author = {Xiao, QZ and Chen, LJ and Jin, JJ and Qiu, YP and Chen, GZ}, title = {[Ecomorphological traits explaining the competition exclusion between Oryzias and mosqui-tofish].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, pages = {2087-2097}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202006.040}, pmid = {34494763}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cyprinodontiformes ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Oryzias ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {The theory of ecomorphology predicts that species with similar morphological traits can occupy similar ecological niche, which may cause competitive exclusion. To apply this theory into fish invasion ecology research is of significance for understanding the interaction between native and invasive species. Here, we compared the morphological difference between two native (Oryzias pectoralis, Oryzias curvinotus) and one invasive species (Gambusia affinis) to explore the competitive exclusion among them. The results showed that despite O. pectoralis and O. curvinotus were sympa-tric species, they varied in spatial distribution. Such a result supported the theory of ecomorphology, which predicts that two species with similar morphological traits might have strong competition. Moreover, their population density exhibited a significant negative relationship with that of G. affinis. The morphology of G. affinis and both Oryzias species were more similar when comparing to other fish in the assemblage. Results from the cluster analysis showed that G. affinis and Oryzias species were close in a branch, with extremely low spatial niche overlap between invasive mosquitofish and native Oryzias species. There was significant negative correlation between the population abundance of mosquitofish and Oryzias species. All the results suggested that mosquitofish led to population decline of both Oryzias species, due to the ecomorphological similarity. More studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms of G. affinis invasion in habitats of native Oryzias species.}, }
@article {pmid34381281, year = {2020}, author = {Giguere, C and Moore, C and Whitehead, JC}, title = {Valuing Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Control in Public Forests: Scope Effects with Attribute Non-Attendance.}, journal = {Land economics}, volume = {96}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {34381281}, issn = {0023-7639}, support = {EPA999999/ImEPA/Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {Sensitivity to the scope of public good provision is an important indication of validity for the contingent valuation method. An online survey was administered to an opt-in non-probability sample panel to estimate the willingness-to-pay to protect hemlock trees from a destructive invasive species on federal land in North Carolina. We collected survey responses from 907 North Carolina residents. We find evidence that attribute non-attendance (ANA) is a factor when testing for sensitivity to scope. When estimating the model with stated ANA, the ecologically and socially important scope coefficients become positive and statistically significant with economically significant marginal willingness-to-pay estimates.}, }
@article {pmid35275137, year = {2020}, author = {Humblet, MF and Losson, B and Saegerman, C}, title = {Integrated management of blood-feeding arthropods in veterinary teaching facilities - Part 1: overview of haematophagous arthropods of interest in North-western Europe.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {39}, number = {3}, pages = {737-756}, doi = {10.20506/rst.39.3.3175}, pmid = {35275137}, issn = {0253-1933}, abstract = {Numerous arthropod species negatively affect animal and human health through physical attacks, by generating allergic reactions and as potential vectors of pathogens. Their control is essential to prevent vector-borne diseases and reduce their negative direct effect. Climate change militates for appropriate preparedness towards invasive species, their establishment and their involvement in new potential vector-pathogen-host cycles. This paper reviews the main blood-feeding arthropods of veterinary/zoonotic interest and their role in the transmission of infections in North-western Europe. It is the first part of an approach aimed at proposing a coherent and affordable vector control programme for facilities housing healthy and sick animals in a veterinary faculty, from a global health point of view. It is the first review focusing on this topic in such a specific and at-risk environment. Indeed, considering its multi-disciplinary and multi-species context and the importance of animal welfare, a veterinary faculty should attach great importance to vector control.}, }
@article {pmid34991288, year = {2005}, author = {Thuiller, W and Richardson, DM and Pyšek, P and Midgley, GF and Hughes, GO and Rouget, M}, title = {Niche-based modelling as a tool for predicting the risk of alien plant invasions at a global scale.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {2234-2250}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001018.x}, pmid = {34991288}, issn = {1365-2486}, abstract = {Predicting the probability of successful establishment of plant species by matching climatic variables has considerable potential for incorporation in early warning systems for the management of biological invasions. We select South Africa as a model source area of invasions worldwide because it is an important exporter of plant species to other parts of the world because of the huge international demand for indigenous flora from this biodiversity hotspot. We first mapped the five ecoregions that occur both in South Africa and other parts of the world, but the very coarse definition of the ecoregions led to unreliable results in terms of predicting invasible areas. We then determined the bioclimatic features of South Africa's major terrestrial biomes and projected the potential distribution of analogous areas throughout the world. This approach is much more powerful, but depends strongly on how particular biomes are defined in donor countries. Finally, we developed bioclimatic niche models for 96 plant taxa (species and subspecies) endemic to South Africa and invasive elsewhere, and projected these globally after successfully evaluating model projections specifically for three well-known invasive species (Carpobrotus edulis, Senecio glastifolius, Vellereophyton dealbatum) in different target areas. Cumulative probabilities of climatic suitability show that high-risk regions are spatially limited globally but that these closely match hotspots of plant biodiversity. These probabilities are significantly correlated with the number of recorded invasive species from South Africa in natural areas, emphasizing the pivotal role of climate in defining invasion potential. Accounting for potential transfer vectors (trade and tourism) significantly adds to the explanatory power of climate suitability as an index of invasibility. The close match that we found between the climatic component of the ecological habitat suitability and the current pattern of occurrence of South Africa alien species in other parts of the world is encouraging. If species' distribution data in the donor country are available, climatic niche modelling offers a powerful tool for efficient and unbiased first-step screening. Given that eradication of an established invasive species is extremely difficult and expensive, areas identified as potential new sites should be monitored and quarantine measures should be adopted.}, }
@article {pmid34517689, year = {2005}, author = {Herben, T}, title = {Species pool size and invasibility of island communities: a null model of sampling effects.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {909-917}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00790.x}, pmid = {34517689}, issn = {1461-0248}, abstract = {The success of alien species on oceanic islands is considered to be one of the classic observed patterns in ecology. Explanations for this pattern are based on lower species richness on islands and the lower resistance of species-poor communities to invaders, but this argument needs re-examination. The important difference between islands and mainland is in the size of species pools, not in local species richness; invasibility of islands should therefore be addressed in terms of differences in species pools. Here I examine whether differences in species pools can affect invasibility in a lottery model with pools of identical native and exotic species. While in a neutral model with all species identical, invasibility does not depend on the species pool, a model with non-zero variation in population growth rates predicts higher invasibility of communities of smaller pools. This is because of species sampling; drawing species from larger pools increases the probability that an assemblage will include fast growing species. Such assemblages are more likely to exclude random invaders. This constitutes a mechanism through which smaller species pools (such as those of isolated islands) can directly underlie differences in invasibility.}, }
@article {pmid34356476, year = {2021}, author = {Coakley, S and Petti, C}, title = {Impacts of the Invasive Impatiens glandulifera: Lessons Learned from One of Europe's Top Invasive Species.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {34356476}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {PES1219//IT Carlow President's Fellowship Award/ ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are renowned for their negative ecological and economic implications, however from studying invasions invaluable insights can be gained in the fields of ecology and evolution- potentially contributing towards conservation plans to deal, not only with biological invasion, but with other concerning issues, such as climate change. Impatiens glandulifera, or Himalayan balsam, is widely considered to be a highly problematic invasive, having spread across more than thirty countries during the past century. This paper will examine the findings which have arose from studying I. glandulifera and its impacts on the invaded ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid34355383, year = {2021}, author = {Liu, M and Pan, Y and Pan, X and Sosa, A and Blumenthal, DM and Van Kleunen, M and Li, B}, title = {Plant invasion alters latitudinal pattern of plant-defense syndromes.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {12}, pages = {e03511}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3511}, pmid = {34355383}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; *Plants ; Syndrome ; }, abstract = {The relationship between herbivory and latitude may differ between native and introduced populations of invasive plants, which can generate latitudinal heterogeneity in the strength of enemy release. However, still little is known about how latitudinal heterogeneity in herbivore pressure influences latitudinal variation in defense phenotypes of invasive plants. We tested how latitudinal patterns in multi-variate defense syndromes differed between native (Argentinian) and introduced (Chinese) populations of the invasive herb Alternanthera philoxeroides. In addition, to better understand the drivers underlying latitudinal patterns, we also tested whether associations of defense syndromes with climate and herbivory differed between native and introduced ranges. We found that native plant populations clustered into three main defense syndromes associated with latitude. In contrast, we only found two defense syndromes in the introduced range. One matched the high-latitude syndrome from the native range, but was distributed at both the northern and southern range limits in the introduced range. The other was unique to the introduced range and occurred at mid-latitudes. Climatic conditions were associated with variation in syndromes in the native range, and climatic conditions and herbivory were associated with variation in syndromes in the introduced range. Together, our results demonstrate that plants may under the new environmental conditions in the introduced range show latitudinal patterns of defense syndromes that are different from those in their native range. This emphasizes that geographical dependence of population differentiation should be explicitly considered in studies on the evolution of defense in invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid34354173, year = {2021}, author = {Sotelo-Cardona, P and Chuang, WP and Lin, MY and Chiang, MY and Ramasamy, S}, title = {Oviposition preference not necessarily predicts offspring performance in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on vegetable crops.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {15885}, pmid = {34354173}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Crops, Agricultural ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Oviposition/*physiology ; Reproduction/physiology ; Seasons ; Spodoptera/*growth &amp; development/*metabolism/physiology ; Taiwan ; Vegetables ; Zea mays ; }, abstract = {Given the new spread and potential damage of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Asia, it has become imperative to understand the development biology of this invasive species on selected vegetable crops in newer geographical regions. In this study, we investigated the ovipositional preference of FAW females on different host plants, under choice- and non-choice tests. In addition, using the age-stage, two-sex life table theory, we assessed the performance of immature FAW individuals fed and reared on selected vegetable crops to get information related to development time, survival, reproduction and longevity. Fall armyworm females had an oviposition preference on maize compared to other vegetable crops, including cabbage and soybean, and reluctance for tomato, which was confirmed during the choice and non-choice tests. In contrast to the oviposition preference, our results also suggest that despite low preference for cabbage, soybean, and tomato, these crops seemed to provide a high benefit for an appropriate offspring performance, exceeding in some cases the benefits from a maize-based diet. Information from this study was discussed in terms of FAW ecology and how female's decision affects their reproductive fitness, and the survival and performance of its offspring.}, }
@article {pmid34352239, year = {2021}, author = {Frizzera, A and Bojko, J and Cremonte, F and Vázquez, N}, title = {Symbionts of invasive and native crabs, in Argentina: The most recently invaded area on the Southwestern Atlantic coastline.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {184}, number = {}, pages = {107650}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2021.107650}, pmid = {34352239}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Brachyura/*parasitology/*physiology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; *Symbiosis ; Trematoda/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions have the capacity to introduce non-native parasites. This study aimed to determine whether the invasive green crab population, Carcinus spp., on the Southwestern Atlantic coast of Argentina harbours any symbionts, and whether these may spillover or spillback between native crabs, Cyrtograpsus altimanus and C. angulatus. Macroscopy, histology, and molecular analyses of some parasites were used to describe and compare their diversity across the three species of crab. We also evaluated the susceptibility of invasive Carcinus spp. to a native digenean, Maritrema madrynense, via experimental infections (exposure and cohabitation). Our results revealed that the green crab pathobiome included similar symbiotic groups to native crabs. This included putative viral, bacterial, and protozoan parasites. Haplosporidium-like observations were recorded in all crab species, and a single green crab was found to be parasitized by an Agmasoma-like microsporidium. Metagenomic analysis of one individual revealed additional symbiotic diversity (46 bacteria, 5 eukaryotic species). The green crabs were infected by more microparasite taxa than the native crabs (5:3). Wild populations of Carcinus spp. were free of metazoan parasites and are shown not to be susceptible to M. madryense under experimental conditions. Our results suggest a reduction/escape of macroparasites (trematode Maritrema madrynense; acanthocephalan Profilicollis chasmagnathi) in invasive Carcinus spp. compared to their native competitors.}, }
@article {pmid34351686, year = {2021}, author = {Zhang, GF and Xian, XQ and Zhang, YB and Liu, WX and Liu, H and Feng, XD and Ma, DY and Wang, YS and Gao, YH and Zhang, R and Li, QH and Wan, FH and Fu, WJ and Wang, J and Kuang, M and Yang, WJ and Rao, X and Gao, Y and Dai, AM}, title = {Outbreak of the South American tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta, in the Chinese mainland: geographic and potential host range expansion.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {77}, number = {12}, pages = {5475-5488}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6588}, pmid = {34351686}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//the National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; //the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; China/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Host Specificity ; Larva ; *Solanum lycopersicum ; *Moths ; South America ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In 2017 Tuta absoluta was identified as an invasive species in China. Due to its rapid geographic expansion and the severe crop damage it causes, T. absoluta poses a serious threat to China's tomato production industry. To determine its geographic distribution and host range, intensive surveys and routine monitoring were conducted across the Chinese mainland between 2018 and 2019. The population colonization coefficient (PCC; ratio of colonized sites and prefectures) and population occurrence index (POI; ratio of infested host species and PCCs) were calculated.<br><br>RESULTS: In northwestern China, T. absoluta populations established in Xinjiang exhibited a medium PCC value (~0.03). In southwestern China, populations in Yunnan and its five neighboring provinces exhibited high (~0.50 in Yunnan and Guizhou), or low (<0.02 in Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, and Chongqing) PCC values. In the Chinese mainland, infestations of four crop plant species (tomato, eggplant, potato, and Chinese lantern) and two wild plant species (black nightshade and Dutch eggplant) were identified; tomatoes were infested in every colonized province. Chinese lantern and Dutch eggplant are potentially novel hosts. Yunnan, Guizhou, and Xinjiang experienced the most serious damage (POI). In southwestern China, observed damage significantly decreased with increased distance from the first discovery site of T. absoluta to the farthest county of an infested province increased.<br><br>CONCLUSION: T. absoluta populations are well-established and could potentially spread to other regions of China. The present study helps to inform the establishment of better pest management guidelines and strategies in China and tomato-producing regions worldwide. &#xa9; 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid34351535, year = {2021}, author = {Khan, K and Liu, S and Schaerf, TM and Du, Y}, title = {Invasive behaviour under competition via a free boundary model: a numerical approach.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {83}, number = {3}, pages = {23}, pmid = {34351535}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; Diffusion ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {What will happen when two invasive species are competing and invading the environment at the same time? In this paper, we try to find all the possible scenarios in such a situation based on the diffusive Lotka-Volterra competition system with free boundaries. In a recent work, Du and Wu (Calc Var Partial Differ Equ, 57(2):52, 2018) considered a weak-strong competition case of this model (with spherical symmetry) and theoretically proved the existence of a "chase-and-run coexistence" phenomenon, for certain parameter ranges when the initial functions are chosen properly. Here we use a numerical approach to extend the theoretical research of Du and Wu (Calc Var Partial Differ Equ, 57(2):52, 2018) in several directions. Firstly, we examine how the longtime dynamics of the model changes as the initial functions are varied, and the simulation results suggest that there are four possible longtime profiles of the dynamics, with the chase-and-run coexistence the only possible profile when both species invade successfully. Secondly, we show through numerical experiments that the basic features of the model appear to be retained when the environment is perturbed by periodic variation in time. Thirdly, our numerical analysis suggests that in two space dimensions the population range and the spatial population distribution of the successful invader tend to become more and more circular as time increases no matter what geometrical shape the initial population range possesses. Our numerical simulations cover the one space dimension case, and two space dimension case with or without spherical symmetry. The numerical methods here are based on that of Liu et al. (Mathematics, 6(5):72, 2018, Int J Comput Math, 97(5): 959-979, 2020). In the two space dimension case without radial symmetry, the level set method is used, while the front tracking method is used for the remaining cases. We hope the numerical observations in this paper can provide further insights to the biological invasion problem, and also to future theoretical investigations. More importantly, we hope the numerical analysis may reach more biologically oriented experts and inspire applications of some refined versions of the model tailored to specific real world biological invasion problems.}, }
@article {pmid34351047, year = {2022}, author = {Jahant-Miller, C and Miller, R and Parry, D}, title = {Size-dependent flight capacity and propensity in a range-expanding invasive insect.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, pages = {879-888}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12950}, pmid = {34351047}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Flight, Animal ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Male ; *Moths/physiology ; Reproduction ; Wings, Animal/anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {For capital-breeding insects, all resources available for adult metabolic needs are accumulated during larval feeding. Therefore, body size at adult eclosion represents the total energetic capacity of the individual. For female capital breeders, body size is strongly correlated with lifetime fecundity, while in males, body size, which correlates with fitness, is less understood. In capital-breeding species with wingless, flightless, or dispersal-limited females, flight potential for male Lepidoptera has important implications for mate-finding and may be correlated with body size. At low population densities, failure to mate has been identified as an important Allee effect and can drive the success or failure of invasive species at range edges and in species of conservation concern. Th capital-breeding European subspecies of Lymantria dispar (L.), was introduced to North America in 1869 and now ranges across much of eastern North America. In L. dispar, females are flightless and mate-finding is entirely performed by males. We quantified male L. dispar flight capacity and propensity relative to morphological and physiological characteristics using fixed-arm flight mills. A range of male body sizes was produced by varying the protein content of standard artificial diets while holding other dietary components constant. Wing length, a proxy for body size, relative thorax mass, and forewing aspect were all important predictors of total flight distance and maximum speed. These results have important implications for mate-finding and invasion dynamics in L. dispar and may apply broadly to other capital-breeding insects.}, }
@article {pmid34348430, year = {2021}, author = {Graham, K and Gilligan, D and Brown, P and van Klinken, RD and McColl, KA and Durr, PA}, title = {Use of spatio-temporal habitat suitability modelling to prioritise areas for common carp biocontrol in Australia using the virus CyHV-3.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {295}, number = {}, pages = {113061}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113061}, pmid = {34348430}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bayes Theorem ; *Carps ; *Fish Diseases ; Herpesviridae ; *Herpesviridae Infections ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are an invasive species of the rivers and waterways of south-eastern Australia, implicated in the serious decline of many native fish species. Over the past 50 years a variety of control options have been explored, all of which to date have proved either ineffective or cost prohibitive. Most recently the use of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) has been proposed as a biocontrol agent, but to assess the risks and benefits of this, as well as to develop a strategy for the release of the virus, a knowledge of the fundamental processes driving carp distribution and abundance is required. To this end, we developed a novel process-based modelling framework that integrates expert opinion with spatio-temporal datasets via the construction of a Bayesian Network. The resulting weekly networks thus enabled an estimate of the habitat suitability for carp across a range of hydrological habitats in south-eastern Australia, covering five diverse catchment areas encompassing in total a drainage area of 132,129 km[2] over a period of 17-27 years. This showed that while suitability for adult and subadult carp was medium-high across most habitats throughout the period, nevertheless the majority of habitats were poorly suited for the recruitment of larvae and young-of-year (YOY). Instead, high population abundance was confirmed to depend on a small number of recruitment hotspots which occur in years of favourable inundation. Quantification of the underlying ecological drivers of carp abundance thus makes possible detailed planning by focusing on critical weaknesses in the population biology of carp. More specifically, it permits the rational planning for population reduction using the biocontrol agent, CyHV-3, targeting areas where the total population density is above a "damage threshold" of approximately 100 kg/ha.}, }
@article {pmid34346401, year = {2021}, author = {Bertolino, S and Vimercati, G and Paoloni, D and Martinoli, A and Wauters, LA and Genovesi, P and La Morgia, V}, title = {Restricted access to private properties limits management of invasive alien species: A literature review and case studies.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {297}, number = {}, pages = {113318}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113318}, pmid = {34346401}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are one of the major drivers of global environmental change and there is a need to develop integrated strategies to counteract this phenomenon. Eradication is an effective management option to mitigate the deleterious impacts of invasive alien species (IAS). Eradication can be achieved if all reproductive individuals are removed and population recovery is prevented. However, individuals may survive removal operations in private areas if interventions are not allowed. Here, we present 1) three case studies in which restricted private property access prevented the local eradication of invasive alien populations, and 2) a list of reasons for denying access to private properties and a list of actions implemented or suggested by managers to facilitate access and reported in 29 reviewed papers. The restricted access affected the local eradication of three Eastern grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) populations in Italy. In Lombardy region, in one area a planned eradication did not start and in another area the implemented eradication failed due to the refusal from the owner of a large private property to grant access to managers. In Umbria region, the lack of collaboration from an Italian financial institution produced a delay of 15 months in the removal. In our case studies, therefore, a single person or institution denied access for a personal gain or presumed internal security. The reasons behind landowner opposition may be diverse and individual attitudes towards IAS management will depend on interactions with owners. According to our review, in many cases the denial of access takes place in a general perception of mistrust or opposition to the project as the results of a limited engagement of local people. Such opposition often jeopardizes control activities, with profound negative consequences on eradication, expecially at landscape scale. Bottom-up approaches aiming at involving stakeholders can increase the possibility to achieve IAS eradication, however appropriate legislation remains pivotal to enforce eradication in case of non-cooperative behaviour.}, }
@article {pmid34346070, year = {2021}, author = {Couper, LI and Sanders, NJ and Heller, NE and Gordon, DM}, title = {Multiyear drought exacerbates long-term effects of climate on an invasive ant species.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {10}, pages = {e03476}, pmid = {34346070}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; California ; *Droughts ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Invasive species threaten biodiversity, ecosystem function, and human health, but the long-term drivers of invasion dynamics remain poorly understood. We use data from a 28-yr ongoing survey of a Northern California ant community invaded by the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) to investigate the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on invasion dynamics. We found that the distribution of L. humile retracted following an extreme drought that occurred in the region from 2012 to 2015. The distribution of several native ant species also contracted, but overall native ant diversity was higher after the drought and for some native ant species, distributions expanded over the 28-yr survey period. Using structural equation models, we found the strongest impact on the distribution of L. humile was from direct effects of climate, namely, cumulative precipitation and summer maximum temperatures, with only a negligible role for biotic resistance and indirect effects of climate mediated by native ants. The increasing drought and high temperature extremes projected for northern California because of anthropogenic-driven climate change may limit the spread, and possibly the impact, of L. humile in invaded regions. The outcome will depend on the response of native ant communities to these climatic stressors.}, }
@article {pmid34344391, year = {2021}, author = {Arjona-García, C and Blancas, J and Beltrán-Rodríguez, L and López Binnqüist, C and Colín Bahena, H and Moreno-Calles, AI and Sierra-Huelsz, JA and López-Medellín, X}, title = {How does urbanization affect perceptions and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants?.}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {48}, pmid = {34344391}, issn = {1746-4269}, support = {447597//Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog&#xed;a (CONACYT)/ ; }, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Ethnobotany ; Humans ; Knowledge ; Mexico ; Phytotherapy ; *Plants, Medicinal ; *Urbanization ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The use and knowledge of medicinal plants play an essential role in community health in rural Mexico. Medicinal plants are part of the local heritage and provide a source of economic income. Nevertheless, knowledge of their use has declined due to factors like accelerated urbanization. Some authors have proposed that by reducing natural spaces, urbanization generates changes that impact the recognition, use, and management of natural resources. Here, we evaluate how urbanization affects the knowledge, use, and perception of medicinal plants in a Biosphere Reserve in Mexico.<br><br>METHODS: Using a mixed methodology including quantitative and qualitative analyses, we generated a list of medicinal plants, methods of preparation, prevalence of illness, and use in two communities with different degrees of urbanization.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 217 medicinal plants were identified. The more urbanized community had greater knowledge of, and used, a larger number of introduced plant species, while the less urbanized community used and had more knowledge about wild plants. One of the factors explaining these differences was occupation, with people who work outdoors showing greater knowledge of wild plants.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Urbanization can lead to a loss of knowledge of the use and management of local wild species, with implications for the conservation of biocultural heritage. Substitution of native medicinal plants by introduced species shows disinterest and disuse in the local medicinal flora, which could be reflected in their ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid34342359, year = {2021}, author = {Stone, CM}, title = {Highlights of Medical Entomology, 2020.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {58}, number = {5}, pages = {2006-2011}, pmid = {34342359}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Aedes ; Animals ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Entomology ; Environment ; Humans ; Insect Control ; Insect Vectors ; Tick-Borne Diseases/epidemiology ; Ticks ; }, abstract = {Medical Entomology as a field is inherently global - thriving on international and interdisciplinary collaborations and affected dramatically by arthropod and pathogen invasions and introductions. This past year also will be remembered as the year in which the SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 pandemic affected every part of our lives and professional activities and impacted (or changed, sometimes in good ways) our ability to collaborate and detect or respond to invasions. This incredible year is the backdrop for the 2020 Highlights in Medical Entomology. This article highlights the broad scope of approaches and disciplines represented in the 2020 published literature, ranging from sensory and chemical ecology, population genetics, impacts of human-mediated environmental change on vector ecology, life history and the evolution of vector behaviors, to the latest developments in vector surveillance and control.}, }
@article {pmid34336187, year = {2021}, author = {Cano-Pérez, E and Torres-Pacheco, J and Barraza-Quiroz, L and Morelos-Muñoz, J and Gómez-Camargo, D}, title = {Population characterization and parasitological assessment of the giant African snail (Achatina fulica) in urban areas of Cartagena, Colombia.}, journal = {F1000Research}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {77}, pmid = {34336187}, issn = {2046-1402}, mesh = {Animals ; Colombia ; *Disease Vectors ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Snails ; }, abstract = {Background: The giant African snail, Achatina fulica, is an invasive species recognized for being a serious agricultural pest and an intermediary vector for diverse parasites that cause diseases in humans. The knowledge of the state of African snail populations in urban areas is of great ecological and public health importance. Therefore, our objective was to characterize the status of giant African snail populations present in the city of Cartagena, Colombia, including the assessment of nematode parasites in the specimens. Methods. Sites were visited following information from citizens affected by the presence of the African snail. The specimens were collected and transported to the laboratory; subsequently, they were weighed, measured, and classified by size. Dissections of lung tissue and soft organs were performed to search for and identify nematode parasites. Size measurement between the sampled sites was statistically compared and density and biomass indicators were established. Results. In total, 204 snails were collected distributed among four sites within Cartagena city. Of these, 50% were juvenile specimens (10-40 mm). The size of the specimens showed significant differences between the sampling areas. The calculated density was between 0.0019-0.68 ind/m [2] and the biomass between 3.92-48.75 kg/ha. No presence of nematode parasites was observed in these specimens. Conclusions. Densities and biomasses of A. fulica in Cartagena do not reach levels considered highly harmful. On the other hand, although no parasites were found in these snails, it is relevant to continue with studies on the human health risks that represent the presence of this invasive species in urban areas of Cartagena.}, }
@article {pmid34340083, year = {2021}, author = {Brown, VS and Erickson, TE and Merritt, DJ and Madsen, MD and Hobbs, RJ and Ritchie, AL}, title = {A global review of seed enhancement technology use to inform improved applications in restoration.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {798}, number = {}, pages = {149096}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149096}, pmid = {34340083}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Biomedical Enhancement ; Ecosystem ; *Herbicides ; Prospective Studies ; }, abstract = {Seed-based restoration often experiences poor success due to a range of edaphic and biotic issues. Seed enhancement technologies (SETs) are a novel approach that can alleviate these pressures and improve restoration success. Broadly, SETs have been reviewed for agricultural and horticultural purposes, for specific types of SETs such as coating or priming, or for focal ecosystems. However, information is lacking for SETs within a restoration focused context, and how they are being used to alleviate certain barriers. This review aimed to synthesise the current literature on SETs to understand what SETs are being tested, in which sectors and locations they are being tested, what issues are faced within restoration using SETs, and how SETs are being used to approach these issues. Priming was highlighted as the main SET investigated. Inoculation, pesticide application and magnetic fields were also commonly tested (SETs we termed 'prospective techniques'). SET research mainly occurred in the agricultural sector. More recently, other sectors, such as restoration and rangeland management, have increased efforts into SET research. The restoration sector has focused on extruded pelleting and coating (with activated carbon), in combination with herbicide application, to overcome invasive species, and coating with certain additives to alleviate edaphic issues. Other sectors outside restoration were largely focused on evaluating priming for overcoming these barriers. The majority of priming research has been completed on crop species and differences between these species and ecosystems must be considered in future restoration efforts that focus on native seed use. Generally, SETs require further refinement, including identifying ideal additives and their optimum concentrations to target certain issues, refining formulations for coating and extruded pelleting and developing flash flaming. A bet-hedging approach using multiple SETs and/or combinations of SETs may be advantageous in overcoming a wide range of barriers in seed-based restoration.}, }
@article {pmid34340071, year = {2021}, author = {Blettler, MCM and Mitchell, C}, title = {Dangerous traps: Macroplastic encounters affecting freshwater and terrestrial wildlife.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {798}, number = {}, pages = {149317}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149317}, pmid = {34340071}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fresh Water ; Humans ; Plastics ; Waste Products/analysis ; }, abstract = {Encounters (or interactions) between plastic debris and wildlife can cause great harm to individuals and populations. The most common encounters are ingestion, entanglement and plastic usage (plastic as nesting material, vector for biota transport and refuge/shelter). Hundreds of plastic-encounters have been reported for marine species. However, there is a lack of studies reporting encounters in other ecosystems, such as freshwater and terrestrial ones. Based on a citizen science approach, we documented and analyzed 90 different cases of macroplastic-fauna encounters for 44 freshwater and terrestrial species. Herein, we provided evidence (photographically documented) of the negative consequences of macroplastic debris discarded in freshwater and terrestrial environments. Birds were by far the taxon most frequently reported in encounters (72.2% of the encounters, 30 different species). The dominant type of plastic-fauna encounter was the use of plastic as nesting material (42% of the total cases) and the second one was entanglement (33%). Most of the entanglements had lethal consequences for the organisms involved (almost 60%). Entanglement in ghost fishing gear and bottle (security) rings were particularly dangerous and comparatively frequent in this study. Some invasive species could benefit from the encounters to the detriment of the environment's health, using plastics as settlement substrata. Finally, we lay the foundation for creating worldwide lists of non-marine species impacted by encounters with plastic debris.}, }
@article {pmid34340031, year = {2021}, author = {Ardura, A and Gonzalez-Sanz, A and Clusa, L and Planes, S and Garcia-Vazquez, E}, title = {Beware of oysters. Rapid advance of non-native species in tropical Pacific islands.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {170}, number = {}, pages = {105436}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105436}, pmid = {34340031}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; *Ostreidae ; Pacific Islands ; Polynesia ; }, abstract = {Non-indigenous species can become a problem for the ecosystem health, especially when their distribution grows to the detriment of native species. In this moment, they can become invasive species. In marine ecosystems, the maritime transport is the principal gate and corridor for the movement of alien species. The genetic identification, using barcoding tools, of different oyster species in ports of the remote French Polynesia islands and atolls, showed a significant increase of exotic versus native oyster species between 2011 and 2018. This supports the spread of exotic species with the maritime traffic as the main cause. Moreover, the 11% of inaccurate identification at species level obtained in this study shows the need to complete the genetic databases.}, }
@article {pmid34337834, year = {2021}, author = {Bellard, C and Bernery, C and Leclerc, C}, title = {Looming extinctions due to invasive species: Irreversible loss of ecological strategy and evolutionary history.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {27}, number = {20}, pages = {4967-4979}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15771}, pmid = {34337834}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; *Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are one of the main drivers of biodiversity decline worldwide. However, many associated extinctions are yet to occur, meaning that the ecological debt caused by invasive species could be considerable for biodiversity. We explore extinction scenarios due to invasive species and investigate whether paying off the current extinction debt will shift the global composition of mammals and birds in terms of ecological strategy and evolutionary history. Current studies mostly focus on the number of species potentially at risk due to invasions without taking into account species characteristics in terms of ecological or phylogenetic properties. We found that 11% of phylogenetic diversity worldwide is represented by invasive-threatened species. Furthermore, 14% of worldwide trait diversity is hosted by invasive-threatened mammals and 40% by invasive-threatened birds, with Neotropical and Oceanian realms being primary risk hotspots. Projected extinctions of invasive-threatened species result in a smaller reduction in ecological strategy space and evolutionary history than expected under randomized extinction scenarios. This can be explained by the strong pattern in the clustering of ecological profiles and families impacted by invasive alien species (IAS). However, our results confirm that IAS are likely to cause the selective loss of species with unique evolutionary and ecological profiles. Our results also suggest a global shift in species composition away from those with large body mass, which mostly feed in the lower foraging strata and have an herbivorous diet (mammals). Our findings demonstrate the potential impact of biological invasions on phylogenetic and trait dimensions of diversity, especially in the Oceanian realm. We therefore call for a more systematic integration of all facets of diversity when investigating the consequences of biological invasions in future studies. This would help to establish spatial prioritizations regarding IAS threats worldwide and anticipate the consequences of losing specific ecological profiles in the invaded community.}, }
@article {pmid34335548, year = {2021}, author = {Smertina, E and Hall, RN and Urakova, N and Strive, T and Frese, M}, title = {Calicivirus Non-structural Proteins: Potential Functions in Replication and Host Cell Manipulation.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {712710}, pmid = {34335548}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The Caliciviridae are a family of viruses with a single-stranded, non-segmented RNA genome of positive polarity. The ongoing discovery of caliciviruses has increased the number of genera in this family to 11 (Norovirus, Nebovirus, Sapovirus, Lagovirus, Vesivirus, Nacovirus, Bavovirus, Recovirus, Salovirus, Minovirus, and Valovirus). Caliciviruses infect a wide range of hosts that include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and marine and land mammals. All caliciviruses have a genome that encodes a major and a minor capsid protein, a genome-linked viral protein, and several non-structural proteins. Of these non-structural proteins, only the helicase, protease, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase share clear sequence and structural similarities with proteins from other virus families. In addition, all caliciviruses express two or three non-structural proteins for which functions have not been clearly defined. The sequence diversity of these non-structural proteins and a multitude of processing strategies suggest that at least some have evolved independently, possibly to counteract innate and adaptive immune responses in a host-specific manner. Studying these proteins is often difficult as many caliciviruses cannot be grown in cell culture. Nevertheless, the study of recombinant proteins has revealed many of their properties, such as intracellular localization, capacity to oligomerize, and ability to interact with viral and/or cellular proteins; the release of non-structural proteins from transfected cells has also been investigated. Here, we will summarize these findings and discuss recent in silico studies that identified previously overlooked putative functional domains and structural features, including transmembrane domains that suggest the presence of viroporins.}, }
@article {pmid34332387, year = {2021}, author = {Haddad, MB and De-la-Torre, GE and Abelouah, MR and Hajji, S and Alla, AA}, title = {Personal protective equipment (PPE) pollution associated with the COVID-19 pandemic along the coastline of Agadir, Morocco.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {798}, number = {}, pages = {149282}, pmid = {34332387}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Communicable Disease Control ; Humans ; Morocco ; Pandemics ; *Personal Protective Equipment ; Plastics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {The increasing use of personal protective equipment (PPE) as a sanitary measure against the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has become a significant source of many environmental risks. The majority of the governments enforce the use of PPE in public areas, such as beaches. Thus, the use and disposal of PPE have compromised most solid waste management strategies, ultimately leading to the occurrence of PPE polluting the marine environment. The present study aimed to monitor the PPE pollution associated with COVID-19 along the coastline of Agadir, Morocco. In parallel, the influence of the activities carried out in each sampled beach before and after the lockdown break was reported. Overall, a total number of 689 PPE items were identified, with a mean density of 1.13 × 10[-5] PPE m[-2] (0-1.21 × 10[-4] PPE m[-2]). The majority of the PPE items found were face masks (96.81%), out of which 98.4% were surgical masks and 1.6% were reusable cloth masks. The most polluted sites were the beaches with recreational activities, followed by surfing, and fishing as the main activity. Importantly, PPE density increased significantly after lockdown measures. Additionally, the discarded PPE sampled in the supralittoral zone was higher than PPE recorded in the intertidal zone. This confirms that PPE items are driven by the beachgoers during their visit. PPE items are a source of microplastic and chemical pollutants, a substrate to invasive species colonization, and a potential threat of entanglement, ingestion, and/or infection among apex predators. In the specific case of Agadir beaches, significant efforts are required to work on the lack of environmental awareness and education. It is recommended to improve beach cleaning strategies and to penalize incorrect PPE disposal. Additional alternatives may be adopted, as the involvement of biodegradable materials in PPE manufacturing, recycling through pyrolysis, and encouraging reusable and washable masks.}, }
@article {pmid34331568, year = {2021}, author = {Henry, AL and González, E and Bourgeois, B and Sher, AA}, title = {Invasive tree cover covaries with environmental factors to explain the functional composition of riparian plant communities.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {196}, number = {4}, pages = {1139-1152}, pmid = {34331568}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {1617463//National Science Foundation (US)/ ; }, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Rivers ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a major cause of biodiversity loss worldwide, but their impact on communities and the mechanisms driving those impacts are varied and not well understood. This study employs functional diversity metrics and guilds-suites of species with similar traits-to assess the influence of an invasive tree (Tamarix spp.) on riparian plant communities in the southwestern United States. We asked: (1) What traits define riparian plant guilds in this system? (2) How do the abundances of guilds vary along gradients of Tamarix cover and abiotic conditions? (3) How does the functional diversity of the plant community respond to the gradients of Tamarix cover and abiotic conditions? We found nine distinct guilds primarily defined by reproductive strategy, as well as growth form, height, seed weight, specific leaf area, drought and anaerobic tolerance. Guild abundance varied along a covarying gradient of local and regional environmental factors and Tamarix cover. Guilds relying on sexual reproduction, in particular, those producing many light seeds over a long period of time were more strongly associated with drier sites and higher Tamarix cover. Tamarix itself appeared to facilitate more shade-tolerant species with higher specific leaf areas than would be expected in resource-poor environments. Additionally, we found a high degree of specialization (low functional diversity) in the wettest, most flood-prone, lowest Tamarix cover sites as well as in the driest, most stable, highest Tamarix cover sites. These guilds can be used to anticipate plant community response to restoration efforts and in selecting appropriate species for revegetation.}, }
@article {pmid34329910, year = {2021}, author = {Castro, KL and Battini, N and Giachetti, CB and Trovant, B and Abelando, M and Basso, NG and Schwindt, E}, title = {Early detection of marine invasive species following the deployment of an artificial reef: Integrating tools to assist the decision-making process.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {297}, number = {}, pages = {113333}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113333}, pmid = {34329910}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Ships ; *Urochordata/genetics ; }, abstract = {Early detection and rapid response plans are a set of principles to reduce the establishment, spread and impact of invasive species and it is a critical step in management in marine ecosystems. Two potentially invasive ascidians attached to the hull of a recently sunk fishing vessel were early detected in Patagonia. With the aim of assisting in the management decision-making process during the early steps of a rapid response, we conducted several analyses through different approaches. First, we identified the species through classic taxonomical and genetic analyses. Then, we evaluated the regional and international shipping connectivity to study potential donor regions and finally, we used species distribution models (SDMs) to predict the potential distribution of these species. The potentially invasive ascidians were identified as Styela clava and Styela plicata, and this is the first record for both species in the Nuevo gulf, Patagonia Argentina. Both species have a widespread distribution around the world with strong ecological and economic impacts documented. Shipping traffic analysis suggested that S. plicata could have arrived by secondary spread from regional ports, while the arrival of S. clava was likely to be associated with international shipping traffic. Furthermore, the SDM predicted that S. clava has suitable coastal areas along the entire Southwestern Atlantic shoreline, where it is currently absent. On the contrary, the SDM predicted that further southward spread of S. plicata is unlikely, being limited by the minimum annual temperature. We discussed the different approaches, tools, and expertise integrated in this work in the light of the decision-making process for the early detection of marine invasive species in the Southwestern Atlantic. Moreover, we call attention to the increased creation of artificial habitats through the intentional sinking of ships and the potential consequences of these actions in the conservation of marine ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid34329290, year = {2021}, author = {Mackay-Smith, A and Dornon, MK and Lucier, R and Okimoto, A and Mendonca de Sousa, F and Rodriguero, M and Confalonieri, V and Lanteri, AA and Sequeira, AS}, title = {Host-specific gene expression as a tool for introduction success in Naupactus parthenogenetic weevils.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {e0248202}, pmid = {34329290}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Citrus/metabolism/parasitology ; Down-Regulation ; Fabaceae/metabolism/parasitology ; Gene Ontology ; Herbivory ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Immunity/genetics ; Inactivation, Metabolic/genetics ; *Transcriptome ; Up-Regulation ; Weevils/genetics/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Food resource access can mediate establishment success in invasive species, and generalist herbivorous insects are thought to rely on mechanisms of transcriptional plasticity to respond to dietary variation. While asexually reproducing invasives typically have low genetic variation, the twofold reproductive capacity of asexual organisms is a marked advantage for colonization. We studied host-related transcriptional acclimation in parthenogenetic, invasive, and polyphagous weevils: Naupactus cervinus and N. leucoloma. We analyzed patterns of gene expression in three gene categories that can mediate weevil-host plant interactions through identification of suitable host plants, short-term acclimation to host plant defenses, and long-term adaptation to host plant defenses and their pathogens. This approach employed comparative transcriptomic methods to investigate differentially expressed host detection, detoxification, immune defense genes, and pathway-level gene set enrichment. Our results show that weevil gene expression responses can be host plant-specific, and that elements of that response can be maintained in the offspring. Some host plant groups, such as legumes, appear to be more taxing as they elicit a complex gene expression response which is both strong in intensity and specific in identity. However, the weevil response to taxing host plants shares many differentially expressed genes with other stressful situations, such as host plant cultivation conditions and transition to novel host, suggesting that there is an evolutionarily favorable shared gene expression regime for responding to different types of stressful situations. Modulating gene expression in the absence of other avenues for phenotypic adaptation may be an important mechanism of successful colonization for these introduced insects.}, }
@article {pmid34327064, year = {2021}, author = {Chadin, I and Dalke, I and Tishin, D and Zakhozhiy, I and Malyshev, R}, title = {A simple mechanistic model of the invasive species Heracleum sosnowskyi propagule dispersal by wind.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e11821}, pmid = {34327064}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive species are one of the key elements of human-mediated ecosystem degradation and ecosystem services impairment worldwide. Dispersal of propagules is the first stage of plant species spread and strongly influences the dynamics of biological invasion. Therefore, distance prediction for invasive species spread is critical for invasion management. Heracleum sosnowskyi is one of the most dangerous invasive species with wind-dispersed propagules (seeds) across Eastern Europe. This study developed a simple mechanistic model for H. sosnowskyi propagule dispersal and their distances with an accuracy comparable to that of empirical measurements.<br><br>METHODS: We measured and compared the propagule traits (terminal velocity, mass, area, and wing loading) and release height for H. sosnowskyi populations from two geographically distant regions of European Russia. We tested two simple mechanistic models: a ballistic model and a wind gradient model using identical artificial propagules. The artificial propagules were made of colored paper with a mass, area, wing loading, and terminal velocity close to those of natural H. sosnowskyi mericarps.<br><br>RESULTS: The wind gradient model produced the best results. The first calculations of maximum possible propagule transfer distance by wind using the model and data from weather stations showed that the role of wind as a vector of long-distance dispersal for invasive Heracleum species was strongly underestimated. The published dataset with H. sosnowskyi propagule traits and release heights allows for modeling of the propagules' dispersal distances by wind at any geographical point within their entire invasion range using data from the closest weather stations. The proposed simple model for the prediction of H. sosnowskyi propagule dispersal by wind may be included in planning processes for managing invasion of this species.}, }
@article {pmid34327056, year = {2021}, author = {Konorov, EA and Yurchenko, V and Patraman, I and Lukashev, A and Oyun, N}, title = {The effects of genetic drift and genomic selection on differentiation and local adaptation of the introduced populations of Aedes albopictus in southern Russia.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e11776}, pmid = {34327056}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is an arbovirus vector that has spread from its native habitation areal in Southeast Asia throughout North and South Americas, Europe, and Africa. Ae. albopictus was first detected in the Southern Federal District of the Russian Federation in the subtropical town of Sochi in 2011. In subsequent years, this species has been described in the continental areas with more severe climate and lower winter temperatures.<br><br>METHODS: Genomic analysis of pooled Ae. albopictus samples collected in the mosquito populations in the coastal and continental regions of the Krasnodar Krai was conducted to look for the genetic changes associated with the spread and potential cold adaptation in Ae. albopictus.<br><br>RESULTS: The results of the phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial genomes corresponded well with the hypothesis that Ae. albopictus haplotype A1a2a1 was introduced into the region from a single source. Population analysis revealed the role of dispersal and genetic drift in the local adaptation of the Asian tiger mosquito. The absence of shared haplotypes between the samples and high fixation indices suggest that gene flow between samples was heavily restricted. Mitochondrial and genomic differentiation together with different distances between dispersal routes, natural and anthropogenic barriers and local effective population size reduction could lead to difficulties in local climatic adaptations due to reduced selection effectiveness. We have found genomic regions with selective sweep patterns which can be considered as having been affected by recent selection events. The genes located in these regions participate in neural protection, lipid conservation, and cuticle formation during diapause. These processes were shown to be important for cold adaptation in the previous transcriptomic and proteomic studies. However, the population history and relatively low coverage obtained in the present article could have negatively affect sweep detection.}, }
@article {pmid34325276, year = {2021}, author = {Pusceddu, A and Mikhno, M and Giglioli, A and Secci, M and Pasquini, V and Moccia, D and Addis, P}, title = {Foraging of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) on invasive allochthonous and autochthonous algae.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {170}, number = {}, pages = {105428}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105428}, pmid = {34325276}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Caulerpa ; Introduced Species ; *Paracentrotus ; *Seaweed ; }, abstract = {Attempts to control marine invasive alien species (IAS) with native predators gained contrasting results, so far. To explore the feasibility of this approach to control the invasive marine alga Caulerpa cylindracea, we investigated the foraging behaviour of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus on three native macroalgae (Ulva sp., Penicillus capitatus and Cystoseira compressa) and on C. cylindracea. The consumption rate of C. cylindracea fresh biomass resulted larger than that of the other algae, when offered separately or in combination. C. cylindracea, however, was not the most attractive food item. The larger consumption rates of C. cylindracea can be explained by its specific caloric content (as assessed by its biochemical composition) that is lower than that of the other algae. Our results confirm that P. lividus can feed on C. cylindracea, but do not fully support its use to control C. cylindracea, unless in conditions where this alga is largely dominant because of other factors.}, }
@article {pmid34324751, year = {2021}, author = {Errbii, M and Keilwagen, J and Hoff, KJ and Steffen, R and Altmüller, J and Oettler, J and Schrader, L}, title = {Transposable elements and introgression introduce genetic variation in the invasive ant Cardiocondyla obscurior.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {23}, pages = {6211-6228}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16099}, pmid = {34324751}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {403813881//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; SCHR 1554/2-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; OE 549/4-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/genetics ; *DNA Transposable Elements/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genomics ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Introduced populations of invasive organisms have to cope with novel environmental challenges, while having reduced genetic variation caused by founder effects. The mechanisms associated with this "genetic paradox of invasive species" has received considerable attention, yet few studies have examined the genomic architecture of invasive species. Populations of the heart node ant Cardiocondyla obscurior belong to two distinct lineages, a New World lineage so far only found in Latin America and a more globally distributed Old World lineage. In the present study, we use population genomic approaches to compare populations of the two lineages with apparent divergent invasive potential. We find that the strong genetic differentiation of the two lineages began at least 40,000 generations ago and that activity of transposable elements (TEs) has contributed significantly to the divergence of both lineages, possibly linked to the very unusual genomic distribution of TEs in this species. Furthermore, we show that introgression from the Old World lineage is a dominant source of genetic diversity in the New World lineage, despite the lineages' strong genetic differentiation. Our study uncovers mechanisms underlying novel genetic variation in introduced populations of C. obscurior that could contribute to the species' adaptive potential.}, }
@article {pmid34324706, year = {2021}, author = {Gianoli, E and Molina-Montenegro, MA}, title = {Evolution of physiological performance in invasive plants under climate change.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {75}, number = {12}, pages = {3181-3190}, doi = {10.1111/evo.14314}, pmid = {34324706}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Climate change is expected to promote biological invasions. Invasive species often undergo adaptive evolution, but whether invasive species show greater evolutionary potential than their native counterparts under climate change has rarely been evaluated. We conducted experimental evolution trials comparing the evolution of physiological performance (light-saturated photosynthetic rate, Amax) of coexisting and closely related (1) invasive-native species pairs from Arid, Alpine, and Antarctic ecosystems, and (2) an invasive-naturalized species pair from a Mediterranean ecosystem differing in invasiveness. Experiments were conducted over three generations and under four environments of temperature and water availability resembling typical and climate change conditions in each ecosystem. Amax increased across generations for most species. Invasive species from Arid, Alpine, and Antarctic ecosystems showed similar, greater, and lesser evolution of Amax than their native counterparts, respectively. The Mediterranean invasive species showed greater evolution of Amax than its naturalized congener. Similar patterns were observed in all four experimental environments for each ecosystem, suggesting that comparable responses may be expected under climate change scenarios. All study species showed a positive association between Amax and reproductive output. Results suggest that invasive plants and their native (or naturalized) counterparts would show similar evolutionary responses of physiological performance to global warming and drought.}, }
@article {pmid34324610, year = {2021}, author = {Rothman, JA and Loope, KJ and McFrederick, QS and Wilson Rankin, EE}, title = {Microbiome of the wasp Vespula pensylvanica in native and invasive populations, and associations with Moku virus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {e0255463}, pmid = {34324610}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bees ; RNA Viruses ; *RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Invasive species present a worldwide concern as competition and pathogen reservoirs for native species. Specifically, the invasive social wasp, Vespula pensylvanica, is native to western North America and has become naturalized in Hawaii, where it exerts pressures on native arthropod communities as a competitor and predator. As invasive species may alter the microbial and disease ecology of their introduced ranges, there is a need to understand the microbiomes and virology of social wasps. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize the microbiome of V. pensylvanica samples pooled by colony across two geographically distinct ranges and found that wasps generally associate with taxa within the bacterial genera Fructobacillus, Fructilactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, and Zymobacter, and likely associate with environmentally-acquired bacteria. Furthermore, V. pensylvanica harbors-and in some cases were dominated by-many endosymbionts including Wolbachia, Sodalis, Arsenophonus, and Rickettsia, and were found to contain bee-associated taxa, likely due to scavenging on or predation upon honey bees. Next, we used reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR to assay colony-level infection intensity for Moku virus (family: Iflaviridae), a recently-described disease that is known to infect multiple Hymenopteran species. While Moku virus was prevalent and in high titer, it did not associate with microbial diversity, indicating that the microbiome may not directly interact with Moku virus in V. pensylvanica in meaningful ways. Collectively, our results suggest that the invasive social wasp V. pensylvanica associates with a simple microbiome, may be infected with putative endosymbionts, likely acquires bacterial taxa from the environment and diet, and is often infected with Moku virus. Our results suggest that V. pensylvanica, like other invasive social insects, has the potential to act as a reservoir for bacteria pathogenic to other pollinators, though this requires experimental demonstration.}, }
@article {pmid34324511, year = {2021}, author = {Carle, RD and Fleishman, AB and Varela, T and Manríquez Angulo, P and De Rodt, G and Hodum, P and Colodro, V and López, V and Gutiérrez-Guzmán, H}, title = {Introduced and native vertebrates in pink-footed shearwater (Ardenna creatopus) breeding colonies in Chile.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {e0254416}, pmid = {34324511}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Chile ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Biodiversity conservation planning requires accurate, current information about species status and threats. Although introduced mammals are the greatest threat to seabirds globally, data on introduced species is lacking for many seabird breeding islands. To inform conservation planning, we used trail cameras to document the presence, relative abundance, and seasonal and diel attendance of introduced and native vertebrates within pink-footed shearwater (Ardenna creatopus) breeding colonies on Isla Mocha (five colonies, 2015-2020) and Isla Robinson Crusoe (Juan Fernández Archipelago), Chile (one colony, 2019-2020). The most commonly detected species were pink-footed shearwaters and introduced rats (Rattus spp.) on Isla Mocha, and European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and pink-footed shearwaters on Isla Robinson Crusoe. Introduced mammals observed, in order of greatest catch-per-unit-effort, were rats, cats (Felis catus), dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), and European hares (Lepus europaeus) on Isla Mocha and European rabbits, cats, cattle (Bos taurus), rats, dogs, mice (Mus musculus), and southern coati (Nasua nasua) on Isla Robinson Crusoe. Especially noteworthy results for pink-footed shearwater conservation were the presence of cats during all monitoring months in shearwater colonies on both islands, that catch-per-unit-effort of rabbits was greater than shearwaters on Isla Robinson Crusoe, and that rats were the most observed vertebrates after shearwaters on Isla Mocha. Pink-footed shearwaters were regularly present on the islands from October through May. Presence and relative catch-per-unit-effort of pink-footed shearwaters qualitatively matched the species' known breeding phenology. The regular presence and temporal overlap with shearwaters of cats, rats, rabbits, and cattle within shearwater colonies, coupled with the irregular presence of dogs, coati, hares, and mice, indicated a serious conservation threat for pink-footed shearwaters and other native insular fauna and flora. Finally, our study provides a widely applicable model for analysis of multi-year trail camera data collected with unstandardized settings.}, }
@article {pmid34323973, year = {2021}, author = {Marchioro, M and Faccoli, M}, title = {Improved Light Traps for Early Detection of Insect Pests of Phytosanitary Concern in Shipping Containers.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {114}, number = {5}, pages = {2060-2068}, pmid = {34323973}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Insect Control ; Insecta ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {The number of introductions of alien insect has been increasing in the last decades, primarily transported in shipping containers. The attraction of light of different wavelengths (white, infrared, ultraviolet, and red) applied on sticky traps was tested for the development of new traps for hitchhiker insects. The addition of entomological glue and insecticide on the trap was also tested. Tests were conducted on Cadra cautella Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae), Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and released inside a shipping container. In the first test, one light color at a time was tested setting eight traps in the container, one for each possible combination of the variables: light on or off, glue added or not, and insecticide sprayed or not. In the second, five traps were used, all of them coated with the entomological glue: one for each light color and one with light off as control. In all the single color tests (except for infrared), light-on traps captured more, except for T. castaneum that was not attracted to white. In the multi-color test, C. cautella showed no preference among white, ultraviolet, or red; Drosophila melanogaster preferred ultraviolet and white over red; and beetles had a much greater attraction to red. Lastly, the stronger entomological glue improved catches of beetles, whereas insecticides did not. In conclusion, results suggest a possible application of sticky light traps against hitchhiker insects and further studies should verify if the simultaneous use of different light colors can improve the trap performance and does not act as a repellent.}, }
@article {pmid34322736, year = {2021}, author = {Zheng, C and Zhou, Q and Wang, Z and Wang, J}, title = {Behavioral responses of Platycladus orientalis plant volatiles to Phloeosinus aubei by GC-MS and HS-GC-IMS for discrimination of different invasive severity.}, journal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry}, volume = {413}, number = {23}, pages = {5789-5798}, pmid = {34322736}, issn = {1618-2650}, support = {31670654//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Coleoptera/*drug effects ; Cupressaceae/*chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control/*methods ; Volatile Organic Compounds/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {In recent years, the invasive cypress bark beetle (Phloeosinus aubei) has caused extensive damage to Platycladus orientalis plants in China, but its infestation is hard to monitor in the early stages. In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was initially employed to investigate the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions of P. aubei-infested P. orientalis saplings. The emissions of total sesquiterpenes were dominating (84-86% of total VOCs) and increased by 3.09-fold in P. aubei-damaged P. orientalis samples compared to undamaged samples, and the monoterpenes, aromatic compounds, and ketone emissions also had varying degrees of increase between 1.39-fold and 5.65-fold. Based on this variation, gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) was applied, as an untargeted analytical approach, to discriminate P. orientalis samples with different invasive severity. Two different features derived from GC-IMS data were adopted as the input information for classification and prediction models. Results showed that grid search support vector machine (GS-SVM) combined with multilinear principal component analysis (MPCA) based on spectral fingerprint achieved the best classification performances (> 88.98%), and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSR) method can accurately predict the pest numbers (R[2] > 0.9423 and RMSE < 0.9827). In a word, the VOC profiling-based approach had the potential for evaluating P. aubei invasive severity and pest management.}, }
@article {pmid34318414, year = {2021}, author = {Fang, Q and Huang, T and Wang, N and Ding, Z and Sun, Q}, title = {Effects of Herbaspirillum sp. p5-19 assisted with alien soil improvement on the phytoremediation of copper tailings by Vetiveria zizanioides L.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {28}, number = {45}, pages = {64757-64768}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-021-15091-y}, pmid = {34318414}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Chrysopogon ; Copper ; *Herbaspirillum ; Introduced Species ; Plant Roots/chemistry ; Soil ; *Soil Pollutants/analysis ; }, abstract = {Microbial assisted phytoremediation and reclamation are both potential contaminated soil remediation technologies, but little is known about the combined application of the two technologies on real contaminated soils. This study investigated the potential of Herbaspirillum sp. p5-19 (p5-19) assisted with alien soil improvement on improving stress tolerance and enhancing the accumulation of Mn, Cu, Zn, and Cd by Vetiveria zizanioides L. in copper tailings. Phytoremediation potential was evaluated by plant biomass and the ability of plants to absorb and transfer heavy metals. Results showed that the biomass was increased by 19.64-173.81% in p5-19 inoculation treatments with and without alien soil improvement compared with control. Meanwhile, photosynthetic pigment contents were enhanced in co-inoculation treatment (p5-19 with alien soil improvement). In addition, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was decreased, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) were increased in p5-19 treatment, thereby alleviating the oxidative stress. Moreover, co-inoculation significantly (p < 0.05) increased the concentrations of Mn, Cu, Zn, and Cd in the roots and shoots of V. zizanioides. In particular, the highest concentrations of Mn, Zn, and Cd in the shoots (roots) were obtained in covering 10 cm combined with p5-19 inoculation treatment, which were 4.44- (2.71-), 4.73- (3.87-), and 5.93- (4.35-) fold as that of the controls, respectively. These results provided basis for the change of phytoremediation ability of V. zizanioides after inoculation. We concluded that p5-19 assisted with alien soil improvement was a potential strategy for enhancing phytoremediation ability in tailings.}, }
@article {pmid34316010, year = {2021}, author = {Fontúrbel, FE and Murúa, MM and Vieli, L}, title = {Invasion dynamics of the European bumblebee Bombus terrestris in the southern part of South America.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {15306}, pmid = {34316010}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Bees/*growth &amp; development ; Chile ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Pollination ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are one of the main biodiversity loss drivers. Some species can establish and thrive in novel habitats, impacting local communities, as is the case of managed pollinators. In this regard, an invasive species' expansion process over time is critical for its control and management. A good example is the European bumblebee Bombus terrestris, which has rapidly invaded the southern part of South America after being repeatedly introduced in Chile for crop pollination since 1997. We assessed the temporal dynamics of B. terrestris invasion in Argentina and Chile by compiling 562 occurrence points from 2000 to 2019. We used two estimators (minimum convex polygon and 95% fixed kernel) to estimate the increase of the invaded area over time. We found that the area invaded by B. terrestris in the southern part of South America presents a linear increase over time, which was consistent for both estimators. In this scenario, species traits, environmental characteristics, and introduction dynamics facilitate a rapid invasion process that will continue to expand, reaching other South American countries in the near future. As this bumblebee is a super-generalist, it probably will expand across South America, as climate niche modelling predicts, if no actions were taken.}, }
@article {pmid34315478, year = {2021}, author = {Shin, J and Jung, J}, title = {Comparative population genetics of the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus and the native mosquito Aedes flavopictus in the Korean peninsula.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {377}, pmid = {34315478}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {2017R1D1A2B04033088//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics/physiology ; Animals ; Electron Transport Complex I/chemistry/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/chemistry/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population/*methods ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control ; Mosquito Vectors/*genetics/physiology ; Republic of Korea ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes mosquitoes are important invasive species contributing to the spread of chikungunya, dengue fever, yellow fever, zika virus, and other dangerous vector-borne diseases. Aedes albopictus is native to southeast Asia, with rapid expansion due to human activity, showing a wide distribution in the Korean peninsula. Aedes flavopictus is considered to be native to East Asia, with a broad distribution in the region, including the Korean peninsula. A better understanding of the genetic diversity of these species is critical for establishing strategies for disease prevention and vector control.<br><br>METHODS: We obtained DNA from 148 specimens of Ae. albopictus and 166 specimens of Ae. flavopictus in Korea, and amplified two mitochondrial genes (COI and ND5) to compare the genetic diversity and structure of the two species.<br><br>RESULTS: We obtained a 658-bp sequence of COI and a 423-bp sequence of ND5 from both mosquito species. We found low diversity and a nonsignificant population genetic structure in Ae. albopictus, and high diversity and a nonsignificant structure in Ae. flavopictus for these two mitochondrial genes. Aedes albopictus had fewer haplotypes with respect to the number of individuals, and a slight mismatch distribution was confirmed. By contrast, Ae. flavopictus had a large number of haplotypes compared with the number of individuals, and a large unimodal-type mismatch distribution was confirmed. Although the genetic structure of both species was nonsignificant, Ae. flavopictus exhibited higher genetic diversity than Ae. albopictus.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Aedes albopictus appears to be an introduced species, whereas Ae. flavopictus is endemic to the Korean peninsula, and the difference in genetic diversity between the two species is related to their adaptability and introduction history. Further studies on the genetic structure and diversity of these mosquitos will provide useful data for vector control.}, }
@article {pmid34314837, year = {2022}, author = {Devos, Y and Mumford, JD and Bonsall, MB and Glandorf, DCM and Quemada, HD}, title = {Risk management recommendations for environmental releases of gene drive modified insects.}, journal = {Biotechnology advances}, volume = {54}, number = {}, pages = {107807}, doi = {10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107807}, pmid = {34314837}, issn = {1873-1899}, mesh = {Animals ; *Gene Drive Technology ; Insecta/genetics ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Management ; }, abstract = {The ability to engineer gene drives (genetic elements that bias their own inheritance) has sparked enthusiasm and concerns. Engineered gene drives could potentially be used to address long-standing challenges in the control of insect disease vectors, agricultural pests and invasive species, or help to rescue endangered species. However, risk concerns and uncertainty associated with potential environmental release of gene drive modified insects (GDMIs) have led some stakeholders to call for a global moratorium on such releases or the application of other strict precautionary measures to mitigate perceived risk assessment and risk management challenges. Instead, we provide recommendations that may help to improve the relevance of risk assessment and risk management frameworks for environmental releases of GDMIs. These recommendations include: (1) developing additional and more practical risk assessment guidance to ensure appropriate levels of safety; (2) making policy goals and regulatory decision-making criteria operational for use in risk assessment so that what constitutes harm is clearly defined; (3) ensuring a more dynamic interplay between risk assessment and risk management to manage uncertainty through closely interlinked pre-release modelling and post-release monitoring; (4) considering potential risks against potential benefits, and comparing them with those of alternative actions to account for a wider (management) context; and (5) implementing a modular, phased approach to authorisations for incremental acceptance and management of risks and uncertainty. Along with providing stakeholder engagement opportunities in the risk analysis process, the recommendations proposed may enable risk managers to make choices that are more proportionate and adaptive to potential risks, uncertainty and benefits of GDMI applications, and socially robust.}, }
@article {pmid34312457, year = {2021}, author = {Arnold, SEJ and Elisante, F and Mkenda, PA and Tembo, YLB and Ndakidemi, PA and Gurr, GM and Darbyshire, IA and Belmain, SR and Stevenson, PC}, title = {Beneficial insects are associated with botanically rich margins with trees on small farms.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {15190}, pmid = {34312457}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Crop Production/methods ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; *Farms ; Flowers ; Forests ; Insecta/*physiology ; Malawi ; Phaseolus/growth &amp; development ; Pollination ; Symbiosis/physiology ; Tanzania ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Beneficial insect communities on farms are influenced by site- and landscape-level factors, with pollinator and natural enemy populations often associated with semi-natural habitat remnants. They provide ecosystem services essential for all agroecosystems. For smallholders, natural pest regulation may be the only affordable and available option to manage pests. We evaluated the beneficial insect community on smallholder bean farms (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and its relationship with the plant communities in field margins, including margin trees that are not associated with forest fragments. Using traps, botanical surveys and transect walks, we analysed the relationship between the floral diversity/composition of naturally regenerating field margins, and the beneficial insect abundance/diversity on smallholder farms, and the relationship with crop yield. More flower visits by potential pollinators and increased natural enemy abundance measures in fields with higher plant, and particularly tree, species richness, and these fields also saw improved crop yields. Many of the flower visitors to beans and potential natural enemy guilds also made use of non-crop plants, including pesticidal and medicinal plant species. Selective encouragement of plants delivering multiple benefits to farms can contribute to an ecological intensification approach. However, caution must be employed, as many plants in these systems are introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid34311767, year = {2021}, author = {Eritja, R and Delacour-Estrella, S and Ruiz-Arrondo, I and González, MA and Barceló, C and García-Pérez, AL and Lucientes, J and Miranda, M&#xc1; and Bartumeus, F}, title = {At the tip of an iceberg: citizen science and active surveillance collaborating to broaden the known distribution of Aedes japonicus in Spain.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {375}, pmid = {34311767}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {Y01 ES000001/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology/virology ; Animals ; Arbovirus Infections/*epidemiology/transmission/virology ; *Citizen Science ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; *Mosquito Control ; Mosquito Vectors/*physiology/virology ; Public Health ; Spain ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Active surveillance aimed at the early detection of invasive mosquito species is usually focused on seaports and airports as points of entry, and along road networks as dispersion paths. In a number of cases, however, the first detections of colonizing populations are made by citizens, either because the species has already moved beyond the implemented active surveillance sites or because there is no surveillance in place. This was the case of the first detection in 2018 of the Asian bush mosquito, Aedes japonicus, in Asturias (northern Spain) by the citizen science platform Mosquito Alert.<br><br>METHODS: The collaboration between Mosquito Alert, the Ministry of Health, local authorities and academic researchers resulted in a multi-source surveillance combining active field sampling with broader temporal and spatial citizen-sourced data, resulting in a more flexible and efficient surveillance strategy.<br><br>RESULTS: Between 2018 and 2020, the joint efforts of administrative bodies, academic teams and citizen-sourced data led to the discovery of this species in northern regions of Spain such as Cantabria and the Basque Country. This raised the estimated area of occurrence of Ae. japonicus from < 900&#xa0;km[2] in 2018 to > 7000 km[2] in 2020.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This population cluster is geographically isolated from any other population in Europe, which raises questions about its origin, path of introduction and dispersal means, while also highlighting the need to enhance surveillance systems by closely combining crowd-sourced surveillance with public health and mosquito control agencies' efforts, from local to continental scales. This multi-actor approach for surveillance (either passive and active) shows high potential efficiency in the surveillance of other invasive mosquito species, and specifically the major vector Aedes aegypti which is already present in some parts of Europe.}, }
@article {pmid34311375, year = {2021}, author = {Lin, G and He, Y and Lu, J and Chen, H and Feng, J}, title = {Seasonal variations in soil physicochemical properties and microbial community structure influenced by Spartina alterniflora invasion and Kandelia obovata restoration.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {797}, number = {}, pages = {149213}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149213}, pmid = {34311375}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {China ; Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; Poaceae ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; *Rhizophoraceae ; Seasons ; Soil ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Spartina alterniflora invasion has initiated one of the greatest changes to occur in coastal wetlands in China, and ecological replacement using mangrove species such as Kandelia obovata is an effective method for controlling these invasions. The effects of S. alterniflora invasions and subsequent K. obovata restorations on soil microbial community structures in different seasons are still not fully understood. In this study, soil samples were collected from six vegetation types (unvegetated mudflat, invasive S. alterniflora stands, one-/eight-/ten-year K. obovata restoration areas, and native mature K. obovata forests) in summer and winter. The variations in the soil microbial community structure between the vegetation types across two seasons were then characterized based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and the physicochemical properties that shaped the microbial communities were also determined. The invasion and restoration processes significantly influenced microbial community diversity, composition, and putative functions in different seasonal patterns. Microbial communities from a ten-year restoration area and a native mature K. obovata area shared more similarities than other areas. In both seasons, the key environmental factors driving microbial community included total carbon and nitrogen content, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen, and the soil pH. In addition, total sulfur and total phosphorus contents significantly contributed to structuring microbial communities in summer and winter, respectively. This study provides insights into microbial diversity, composition, and functional profiles in association with physicochemical impacts, with the aim of understanding microbial ecological functions during the invasion and restoration processes in wetland ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid34309946, year = {2021}, author = {Pirtle, EI and van Rooyen, AR and Maino, J and Weeks, AR and Umina, PA}, title = {A molecular method for biomonitoring of an exotic plant-pest: Leafmining for environmental DNA.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {19}, pages = {4913-4925}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16092}, pmid = {34309946}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Monitoring ; Crops, Agricultural ; *DNA, Environmental ; *Diptera/genetics ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Understanding how invasive species respond to novel environments is limited by a lack of sensitivity and throughput in conventional biomonitoring methods. Arthropods in particular are often difficult to monitor due to their small size, rapid lifecycles, and/or visual similarities with co-occurring species. This is true for the agromyzid leafminer fly, Liriomyza sativae, a global pest of vegetable and nursery industries that has recently established in Australia. A robust method based on environmental DNA (eDNA) was developed exploiting traces of DNA left inside "empty" leaf mines, which are straightforward to collect and persist longer in the environment than the fly. This extends the window of possible diagnosis to at least 28 days after a leaf mine becomes empty. The test allowed for visually indistinguishable leafmining damage caused by L. sativae to be genetically differentiated from that of other flies. Field application resulted in the identification of new local plant hosts for L. sativae, including widely distributed weeds and common garden crops, which has important implications for the pest's ability to spread. Moreover, the test confirmed the presence of a previously unknown population of L. sativae on an island in the Torres Strait. The developed eDNA method is likely to become an important tool for L. sativae and other leafmining species of biosecurity significance, which, historically, have been difficult to detect, diagnose and monitor. More generally, eDNA is emerging as a highly sensitive and labour-efficient surveillance tool for difficult to survey species to improve outcomes for agricultural industries, global health, and the environment.}, }
@article {pmid34309851, year = {2021}, author = {Dominguez Almela, V and South, J and Britton, JR}, title = {Predicting the competitive interactions and trophic niche consequences of a globally invasive fish with threatened native species.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {90}, number = {11}, pages = {2651-2662}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13571}, pmid = {34309851}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Novel trophic interactions between invasive and native species potentially increase levels of interspecific competition in the receiving environment. However, theory on the trophic impacts of invasive fauna on native competitors is ambiguous, as while increased interspecific competition can result in the species having constricted and diverged trophic niches, the species might instead increase their niche sizes, especially in omnivorous species. The competitive interactions between an omnivorous invasive fish, common carp Cyprinus carpio, and a tropically analogous native and threatened fish, crucian carp Carassius carassius, were tested using comparative functional responses (CFRs). A natural pond experiment then presented the species in allopatry and sympatry, determining the changes in their trophic (isotopic) niche sizes and positions over 4 years. These predictive approaches were complemented by assessing their trophic relationships in wild populations. Comparative functional responses revealed that compared to crucian carp, carp had a significantly higher maximum consumption rate. Coupled with a previous cohabitation growth study, these results predicted that competition between the species is asymmetric, with carp the superior competitor. The pond experiment used stable isotope metrics to quantify shifts in the trophic (isotopic) niche sizes of the fishes. In allopatry, the isotopic niches of the two species were similar sized and diverged. Conversely, in sympatry, carp isotopic niches were always considerably larger than those of crucian carp and were strongly partitioned. Sympatric crucian carp had larger isotopic niches than allopatric conspecifics, a likely response to asymmetric competition from carp. However, carp isotopic niches were also larger in sympatry than allopatry. In the wild populations, the carp isotopic niches were always larger than crucian carp niches, and were highly divergent. The superior competitive abilities of carp predicted in aquaria experiments were considered to be a process involved in sympatric crucian carp having larger isotopic niches than in allopatry. However, as sympatric carp also had larger niches than in allopatry, this suggests other ecological processes were also likely to be involved, such as those relating to fish prey resources. These results highlight the inherent complexity in determining how omnivorous invasive species integrate into food webs and alter their structure.}, }
@article {pmid34308995, year = {2021}, author = {Willot, Q and Loos, B and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Interactions between developmental and adult acclimation have distinct consequences for heat tolerance and heat stress recovery.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {224}, number = {16}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.242479}, pmid = {34308995}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Hot Temperature ; *Thermotolerance ; }, abstract = {Developmental and adult thermal acclimation can have distinct, even opposite, effects on adult heat resistance in ectotherms. Yet, their relative contribution to heat-hardiness of ectotherms remains unclear despite the broad ecological implications thereof. Furthermore, the deterministic relationship between heat knockdown and recovery from heat stress is poorly understood but significant for establishing causal links between climate variability and population dynamics. Here, using Drosophila melanogaster in a full-factorial experimental design, we assessed the heat tolerance of flies in static stress assays, and document how developmental and adult acclimation interact with a distinct pattern to promote survival to heat stress in adults. We show that warmer adult acclimation is the initial factor enhancing survival to constant stressful high temperatures in flies, but also that the interaction between adult and developmental acclimation becomes gradually more important to ensure survival as the stress persists. This provides an important framework revealing the dynamic interplay between these two forms of acclimation that ultimately enhance thermal tolerance as a function of stress duration. Furthermore, by investigating recovery rates post-stress, we also show that the process of heat-hardening and recovery post-heat knockdown are likely to be based on set of (at least partially) divergent mechanisms. This could bear ecological significance as a trade-off may exist between increasing thermal tolerance and maximizing recovery rates post-stress, constraining population responses when exposed to variable and stressful climatic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid34306627, year = {2021}, author = {Antoł, A and Sniegula, S}, title = {Damselfly eggs alter their development rate in the presence of an invasive alien cue but not a native predator cue.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {14}, pages = {9361-9369}, pmid = {34306627}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Biological invasions are a serious problem in natural ecosystems. Local species that are potential prey of invasive alien predators can be threatened by their inability to recognize invasive predator cues. Such an inability of prey to recognize the presence of the predator supports the naïve prey hypothesis. We exposed eggs of a damselfly, Ischnura elegans, to four treatments: water with no predator cue (control), water with a native predator cue (perch), water with an invasive alien predator cue (spinycheek crayfish) that is present in the damselfly sampling site, and water with an invasive alien predator cue (signal crayfish) that is absent in the damselfly sampling site but is expected to invade it. We measured egg development time, mortality between ovipositing and hatching, and hatching synchrony. Eggs took longer to develop in the signal crayfish group (however, in this group, we also observed high green algae growth), and there was a trend of shorter egg development time in the spinycheek crayfish group than in the control group. There was no difference in egg development time between the perch and the control group. Neither egg mortality nor hatching synchrony differed between groups. We suggest that egg response to signal crayfish could be a general stress reaction to an unfamiliar cue or an artifact due to algae development in this group. The egg response to the spinycheek crayfish cue could be caused by the predation of crayfish on damselfly eggs in nature. The lack of egg response to the perch cue could be caused by perch predation on damselfly larvae rather than on eggs. Such differences in egg responses to alternative predator cues can have important implications for understanding how this group of insects responds to biological invasions, starting from the egg stage.}, }
@article {pmid34303297, year = {2021}, author = {Donelan, SC and Hughes, AR and Trussell, GC and Grabowski, JH}, title = {Effects of a non-native cyanobacterium on bay scallops (Argopecten irradians) in a New England seagrass ecosystem.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {170}, number = {}, pages = {105427}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105427}, pmid = {34303297}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cyanobacteria ; Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; *Pectinidae ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Bay scallops (Argopecten irradians) are an economically valuable species whose populations have declined in recent decades due in part to harmful algal and cyanobacterial blooms. Nantucket, Massachusetts hosts one of the last remaining bay scallop fisheries in the U.S., but recently documented the occurrence of a non-native cyanobacterium (Hydrocoleum sp.). Hydrocoleum can form dense mats in seagrass beds, the primary habitat of scallops, but is also diazotrophic, potentially augmenting bioavailable nitrogen to primary producers and fueling secondary production. We conducted surveys to explore the relationships between Hydrocoleum and scallop condition, reproductive potential, and density in eelgrass beds in Nantucket Harbor as well as effects of other habitat characteristics (e.g., eelgrass cover) on these same scallop traits. We found low Hydrocoleum cover during our sampling, but found fewer large scallops in plots with Hydrocoleum, suggesting that this size class may be especially vulnerable to negative effects of Hydrocoleum. Contrary to expectation, we found a positive correlation between Hydrocoleum cover and scallop condition. These patterns suggest that Hydrocoleum may enhance scallop condition, but also affect habitat use, highlighting the need for manipulative experiments to clarify mechanisms driving these relationships. Understanding how non-native species such as Hydrocoleum impact fishery species will help advance conservation and resource management efforts.}, }
@article {pmid34303251, year = {2021}, author = {Costa, MJ and Duarte, G and Segurado, P and Branco, P}, title = {Major threats to European freshwater fish species.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {797}, number = {}, pages = {149105}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149105}, pmid = {34303251}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Europe ; Fishes ; Fresh Water ; }, abstract = {In Europe, freshwater fish are the richest group amongst European vertebrates and the second most threatened animal group, surpassed only by freshwater molluscs. The identification of threats is a major benefit for conservation efforts, as it allows actions to be bespoke to specific threats imperilling fish communities in sensitive areas. In this work, we analyse all threats identified under the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species for all European native freshwater dependent fish and lamprey species and relate them with the species distribution, conservation status and migratory phenology. Results show that the current level of imperilment of European freshwater fish fauna is high, especially in the Iberian Peninsula fish communities where low richness is combined with a proportion of threatened species surpassing 50% in several catchments The most relevant threats affecting European freshwater fish are: "Dams &amp; Water Management/Use", "Droughts", "Invasive Non-Native/Alien Species/Diseases", "Agricultural &amp; Forestry Effluents" and "Fishing &amp; Harvesting Aquatic Resources". The present work contributes to the ultimate goal of species conservation by highlighting the main threats affecting freshwater fish species in Europe and by demonstrating how specific regions need particular attention. Increasing longitudinal connectivity stands out as a measure with the potential to increase species' resilience to the several threats affecting them, and it should be coupled with additional efforts to reduce water pollution, control alien species and effectively manage fishing.}, }
@article {pmid34302819, year = {2021}, author = {Strömbom, D and Pandey, S}, title = {Modeling the life cycle of the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) with management implications.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences}, volume = {340}, number = {}, pages = {108670}, doi = {10.1016/j.mbs.2021.108670}, pmid = {34302819}, issn = {1879-3134}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera/physiology ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Life Cycle Stages ; *Models, Biological ; *Pest Control/methods ; Plants/parasitology ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; }, abstract = {The spotted lanternfly (SLF) is an invasive pest that emerged in the US less than a decade ago. With few natural enemies and an ability to feed on a wide variety of readily available plants the population has grown rapidly. It is causing damage to a wide range of natural and economically important farmed plants and at present there is no known way to stop the growth and spread of the population. However, a number of control measures have been proposed to limit the growth and the effectiveness of some of these have been assessed via empirical studies. Studies to estimate the natural mortality rate of the lanternfly's different life stages and other properties of its life cycle are also available. However, no attempt to integrate this empirical information to estimate population level characteristics such as the population growth rate and the potential effects of proposed control measures can be found in the literature. Here, we introduce a simple population dynamics model parameterized using available information in the literature to obtain estimates of this type. Our model suggests that the annual growth rate of the SLF population in the US is 5.47, that only three out of six proposed control measures considered here have the potential to decrease the population even if we can find and treat each SLF in every stage, and that even with a combined strategy involving the most effective proposed control measures about 35% of all SLF in the relevant stages must be found and treated to turn the current population growth into decline. Suggesting that eradication of the spotted lanternfly over larger geographical areas in the US will be challenging, and we believe that the modeling framework presented here may be useful in providing estimates to inform feasibility assessment of proposed management efforts.}, }
@article {pmid34299368, year = {2021}, author = {Spaggiari, G and Iovine, N and Cozzini, P}, title = {In Silico Prediction of the Mechanism of Action of Pyriproxyfen and 4'-OH-Pyriproxyfen against A. mellifera and H. sapiens Receptors.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {22}, number = {14}, pages = {}, pmid = {34299368}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bees/*drug effects/*metabolism ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Insecticides/pharmacology ; Juvenile Hormones/metabolism ; Larva/drug effects/metabolism ; Pyridines/*pharmacology ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/*metabolism ; Receptors, Steroid/metabolism ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Poisoning from pesticides can be extremely hazardous for non-invasive species, such as bees, and humans causing nearly 300,000 deaths worldwide every year. Several pesticides are recognized as endocrine disruptors compounds that alter the production of the normal hormones mainly by acting through their interaction with nuclear receptors (NRs). Among the insecticides, one of the most used is pyriproxyfen. As analogous to the juvenile hormone, the pyriproxyfen acts in the bee's larval growth and creates malformations at the adult organism level.<br><br>METHODS: This work aims to investigate the possible negative effects of pyriproxyfen and its metabolite, the 4'-OH-pyriproxyfen, on human and bee health. We particularly investigated the mechanism of binding of pyriproxyfen and its metabolite with ultraspiracle protein/ecdysone receptor (USP-EcR) dimer of A. mellifera and the relative heterodimer farnesoid X receptor/retinoid X receptor alpha (FXR-RXR&#x3b1;) of H. sapiens using molecular dynamic simulations.<br><br>RESULTS: The results revealed that pyriproxyfen and its metabolite, the 4'-OH- pyriproxyfen, stabilize each dimer and resulted in stronger binders than the natural ligands.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We demonstrated the endocrine interference of two pesticides and explained their possible mechanism of action. Furthermore, in vitro studies should be carried out to evaluate the biological effects of pyriproxyfen and its metabolite.}, }
@article {pmid34297483, year = {2022}, author = {Jiang, NJ and Mo, BT and Guo, H and Yang, J and Tang, R and Wang, CZ}, title = {Revisiting the sex pheromone of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, a new invasive pest in South China.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, pages = {865-878}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12956}, pmid = {34297483}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Moths/physiology ; Pheromones/pharmacology ; *Sex Attractants/chemistry/pharmacology ; Spodoptera ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda is a worldwide serious agricultural pest, and recently invaded South China. Sex pheromone can be employed to monitor its population dynamics accurately in the field. However, the pheromone components previously reported by testing different geographic populations and strains are not consistent. On the basis of confirming that the S. frugiperda population from Yunnan Province belonged to the corn strain, we analyzed the potential sex pheromone components in the pheromone gland extracts of females using gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and electroantennography (EAG). The results show that (Z)-9-tetradecenal acetate (Z9-14:Ac), (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:Ac), (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:Ac) or (E)-7-dodecenyl acetate (E7-12:Ac) with a ratio of 100 : 15.8 : 3.9 induced EAD responses to varying degrees: Z9-14:Ac elicited a strong EAD response, Z7-12:Ac or E7-12:Ac elicited a small but clear EAD response, while Z11-16:Ac elicited a weak EAD response. Further single sensillum recording (SSR) showed that Z9-14:Ac and Z7-12:Ac induced dose-dependent activities in two types (A and B) of sensilla in male antennae, respectively, while the sensilla in response to E7-12:Ac and Z11-16:Ac was not recorded. Finally, wind tunnel tests reveal that Z9-14:Ac and Z7-12:Ac are two principal sex pheromone components of the tested population.}, }
@article {pmid34295361, year = {2021}, author = {Rosenthal, WC and McIntyre, PB and Lisi, PJ and Prather, RB and Moody, KN and Blum, MJ and Hogan, JD and Schoville, SD}, title = {Invasion and rapid adaptation of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) across the Hawaiian Archipelago.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {1747-1761}, pmid = {34295361}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {How much does natural selection, as opposed to genetic drift, admixture, and gene flow, contribute to the evolution of invasive species following introduction to a new environment? Here we assess how evolution can shape biological invasions by examining population genomic variation in non-native guppies (Poecilia reticulata) introduced to the Hawaiian Islands approximately a century ago. By examining 18 invasive populations from four Hawaiian islands and four populations from the native range in northern South America, we reconstructed the history of introductions and evaluated population structure as well as the extent of ongoing gene flow across watersheds and among islands. Patterns of differentiation indicate that guppies have developed significant population structure, with little natural or human-mediated gene flow having occurred among populations following introduction. Demographic modeling and admixture graph analyses together suggest that guppies were initially introduced to O'ahu and Maui and then translocated to Hawai'i and Kaua'i. We detected evidence for only one introduction event from the native range, implying that any adaptive evolution in introduced populations likely utilized the genetic variation present in the founding population. Environmental association tests accounting for population structure identified loci exhibiting signatures of adaptive variation related to predators and landscape characteristics but not nutrient regimes. When paired with high estimates of effective population sizes and detectable population structure, the presence of environment-associated loci supports the role of natural selection in shaping contemporary evolution of Hawaiian guppy populations. Our findings indicate that local adaptation may engender invasion success, particularly in species with life histories that facilitate rapid evolution. Finally, evidence of low gene flow between populations suggests that removal could be an effective approach to control invasive guppies across the Hawaiian archipelago.}, }
@article {pmid34294132, year = {2021}, author = {Rojas, A and Maldonado-Junior, A and Mora, J and Morassutti, A and Rodriguez, R and Solano-Barquero, A and Tijerino, A and Vargas, M and Graeff-Teixeira, C}, title = {Abdominal angiostrongyliasis in the Americas: fifty years since the discovery of a new metastrongylid species, Angiostrongylus costaricensis.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {374}, pmid = {34294132}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Americas/epidemiology ; Angiostrongylus/*classification/genetics/immunology/physiology ; Animals ; Caribbean Region/epidemiology ; Disease Reservoirs/*parasitology ; Host Specificity ; Humans ; Immunity ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Life Cycle Stages ; Mollusca/*parasitology ; Rodentia ; Strongylida Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/*parasitology/pathology ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {Angiostrongylus costaricensis is a zoonotic parasitic nematode described for the first time in 1971 by Pedro Morera and Rodolfo Céspedes in Costa Rica. This parasite causes an infection known as abdominal angiostrongyliasis, affecting mainly school-aged children and young adults. Infection with A. costaricensis has been associated with a myriad of rodent and mollusk species in the Americas and the Caribbean, as its natural hosts and reservoirs. In this commemorative review, we highlight the extensive research collected through a 50-year journey, which includes ecological, pathological, and molecular studies on A. costaricensis and its implicated disease. We also identify major knowledge gaps in its evolutionary history, the ecological role of imported and invasive mollusk species, and immune response. We propose that the advent of -omics analyses will allow us to gather novel information regarding A. costaricensis biology and infection dynamics, as well as to promote the design of much-needed sensitive and specific diagnostic tools.}, }
@article {pmid34292985, year = {2021}, author = {Thomson, DM and Meyer, WM and Whitcomb, IF}, title = {Non-native plant removal and high rainfall years promote post-fire recovery of Artemisia californica in southern California sage scrub.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {e0254398}, pmid = {34292985}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Artemisia/*growth &amp; development ; *Biodiversity ; California ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Rain ; *Seasons ; *Wildfires ; }, abstract = {Non-native plant invasions, changes in fire regime, and increasing drought stress all pose important threats to biodiverse mediterranean-climate shrublands. These factors can also interact, with fire and drought potentially creating opportunities for non-native species to establish dominance before native shrubs recover. We carried out post-fire demographic monitoring of the common native shrub Artemisia californica in a southern California sage scrub fragment for 7 years, including several with very low rainfall. Experimental removals of non-native plants were included for the first 4 years. We quantified A. californica post-fire crown resprouting and seedling emergence, and tested effects of precipitation, non-native plants, and their interactions on seedling and adult survival. Only 7 A. californica were confirmed as resprouts; almost all individuals established after the fire from seedlings, with 90% of emergence occurring in the second growing year after fire (spring 2015). Higher spring precipitation increased both adult and seedling survival. Non-native grasses and forbs rapidly recolonized control plots, but the removal treatment reduced non-native cover by nearly 60%. For seedlings, non-native removal reduced the probability of dropping leaves by start of summer drought and increased survival both directly and through positive interactions with rainfall. Non-native removal also reduced mortality in smaller adult plants. By 2020, mean A. californica canopy area was nearly four times greater in non-native removal plots. These findings reinforce the high vulnerability of sage scrub habitat to post-fire loss of shrub cover and potential type conversion, particularly with increasing drought frequency and in stands and species with limited crown resprouting. Yet they also illustrate the potential for targeted management of non-natives immediately after fire to promote recovery of native shrubs in this increasingly endangered community.}, }
@article {pmid34292946, year = {2021}, author = {Pettit, L and Crowther, MS and Ward-Fear, G and Shine, R}, title = {Divergent long-term impacts of lethally toxic cane toads (Rhinella marina) on two species of apex predators (monitor lizards, Varanus spp.).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {e0254032}, pmid = {34292946}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/*physiology ; *Models, Biological ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions can massively disrupt ecosystems, but evolutionary and ecological adjustments may modify the magnitude of that impact through time. Such post-colonisation shifts can change priorities for management. We quantified the abundance of two species of giant monitor lizards, and of the availability of their mammalian prey, across 45 sites distributed across the entire invasion trajectory of the cane toad (Rhinella marina) in Australia. One varanid species (Varanus panoptes from tropical Australia) showed dramatic population collapse with toad invasion, with no sign of recovery at most (but not all) sites that toads had occupied for up to 80 years. In contrast, abundance of the other species (Varanus varius from eastern-coastal Australia) was largely unaffected by toad invasion. That difference might reflect availability of alternative food sources in eastern-coastal areas, perhaps exacerbated by the widespread prior collapse of populations of small mammals across tropical (but not eastern) Australia. According to this hypothesis, the impact of cane toads on apex predators has been exacerbated and prolonged by a scarcity of alternative prey. More generally, multiple anthropogenically-induced changes to natural ecosystems may have synergistic effects, intensifying the impacts beyond that expected from either threat in isolation.}, }
@article {pmid34292423, year = {2021}, author = {Pereira, MJ and Eleutério, T and Meirelles, MG and Vasconcelos, HC}, title = {Hedychium gardnerianum Sheph. ex Ker Gawl. from its discovery to its invasive status: a review.}, journal = {Botanical studies}, volume = {62}, number = {1}, pages = {11}, pmid = {34292423}, issn = {1817-406X}, support = {M-ERA.NET 2 Contrato n&#xba; 685451//Horizon 2020/ ; }, abstract = {Hedychium gardnerianum Sheph. ex Ker Gawl. is one of the 100 world's worst invasive alien species and the research target in areas as diverse as biological control, natural fibres uses, taxonomy or the biological activity of its compounds. This review aimed to clarify the taxonomic status and the native range of H. gardnerianum and bring accuracy to the history of its introduction and escape from cultivation through the analysis of the increasing number of accessible digitalized dry specimens and grey literature. The analysis of the available information allowed to conclude that: (a) Hedychium gardnerianum is a validly published name, the authority of the name is Sheph. ex Ker Gawl., the species holotype is the illustration published along with the species name, and the Natural History Museum BM000574691 specimen collected in 1815 is the first dried specimen of H. gardnerianum; (b) This species is native to the Central and Eastern Nepal, Bhutan, Northeast India and North Myanmar; (c) The species was cultivated at Cambridge Botanical Garden since 1818 and the first known herbarium specimen collected in Europe dates back to 1821; (d) Kathmandu (Nepal) and Khasi Hills (India) specimens are considered two varieties of the same species and the BM000574691 specimen is the lectotype of H. gardnerianum var. speciosum; (e) Specimens, references, and/or pictures support that H. gardnerianum escaped from cultivation at Galicia (Spain), Azores archipelago, Madeira, Tenerife, Cuba, Jamaica, Martinique, Trinidad, Ascension, Mexico, Honduras, Brazil, South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Réunion, Mauritius, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Hawaii, and Vietnam; and (f) H. gardnerianum is a serious pest in Azores, Madeira, Jamaica, Réunion, New Zealand and Hawaii and continues to expand its distribution area in South and Central America, Australia and Southern Africa. This review presents linear raw information compiled with precision, allowing the world databases updating their data but also gives the most detailed information possible to each country/region identifying new regions of concern and updating the invasiveness status in each region.}, }
@article {pmid34288353, year = {2021}, author = {Ghisbain, G and Gérard, M and Wood, TJ and Hines, HM and Michez, D}, title = {Expanding insect pollinators in the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {96}, number = {6}, pages = {2755-2770}, pmid = {34288353}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Insecta ; *Pollination ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Global changes are severely affecting pollinator insect communities worldwide, resulting in repeated patterns of species extirpations and extinctions. Whilst negative population trends within this functional group have understandably received much attention in recent decades, another facet of global changes has been overshadowed: species undergoing expansion. Here, we review the factors and traits that have allowed a fraction of the pollinating entomofauna to take advantage of global environmental change. Sufficient mobility, high resistance to acute heat stress, and inherent adaptation to warmer climates appear to be key traits that allow pollinators to persist and even expand in the face of climate change. An overall flexibility in dietary and nesting requirements is common in expanding species, although niche specialization can also drive expansion under specific contexts. The numerous consequences of wild and domesticated pollinator expansions, including competition for resources, pathogen spread, and hybridization with native wildlife, are also discussed. Overall, we show that the traits and factors involved in the success stories of expanding pollinators are mostly species specific and context dependent, rendering generalizations of 'winning traits' complicated. This work illustrates the increasing need to consider expansion and its numerous consequences as significant facets of global changes and encourages efforts to monitor the impacts of expanding insect pollinators, particularly exotic species, on natural ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid34288288, year = {2022}, author = {O'Bryan, CJ and Patton, NR and Hone, J and Lewis, JS and Berdejo-Espinola, V and Risch, DR and Holden, MH and McDonald-Madden, E}, title = {Unrecognized threat to global soil carbon by a widespread invasive species.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {877-882}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15769}, pmid = {34288288}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Carbon Footprint ; Ecosystem ; Forestry ; *Introduced Species ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {Most of Earth's terrestrial carbon is stored in the soil and can be released as carbon dioxide (CO2) when disturbed. Although humans are known to exacerbate soil CO2 emissions through land-use change, we know little about the global carbon footprint of invasive species. We predict the soil area disturbed and resulting CO2 emissions from wild pigs (Sus scrofa), a pervasive human-spread vertebrate that uproots soil. We do this using models of wild pig population density, soil damage, and their effect on soil carbon emissions. Our models suggest that wild pigs are uprooting a median area of 36,214 km[2] (mean of 123,517 km[2]) in their non-native range, with a 95% prediction interval (PI) of 14,208 km[2] -634,238 km[2] . This soil disturbance results in median emissions of 4.9 million metric tonnes (MMT) CO2 per year (equivalent to 1.1 million passenger vehicles or 0.4% of annual emissions from land use, land-use change, and forestry; mean of 16.7 MMT) but that it is highly uncertain (95% PI, 0.3-94 MMT CO2) due to variability in wild pig density and soil dynamics. This uncertainty points to an urgent need for more research on the contribution of wild pigs to soil damage, not only for the reduction of anthropogenically related carbon emissions, but also for co-benefits to biodiversity and food security that are crucial for sustainable development.}, }
@article {pmid34285252, year = {2021}, author = {Milugo, TK and Tchouassi, DP and Kavishe, RA and Dinglasan, RR and Torto, B}, title = {Root exudate chemical cues of an invasive plant modulate oviposition behavior and survivorship of a malaria mosquito vector.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {14785}, pmid = {34285252}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {107742/Z/15/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Anopheles/drug effects/*physiology ; Asteraceae/*chemistry ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Female ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Malaria/*parasitology ; Mosquito Vectors/drug effects/physiology ; Oviposition/*drug effects ; Plant Extracts/chemistry/pharmacology ; Plant Roots/chemistry ; Terpenes/chemistry/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Gravid female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes identify suitable oviposition sites through a repertoire of cues, but the influence of allelochemicals, especially root phytochemicals in modulating this behavior and impacting subsequent progeny bionomics remains unexplored. We addressed these questions in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae and its invasive host plant Parthenium hysterophorus. Using chemical analysis combined with laboratory behavioral assays, we demonstrate that a blend of terpenes, namely α-pinene, α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, 3-carene and (E)-caryophyllene emitted from P. hysterophorus root exudate treated-water attracted gravid females. However, fewer eggs (55%) hatched in this treatment than in control water (66%). The sesquiterpene lactone parthenin, identified in both the natural aquatic habitat harboring P. hysterophorus and root exudate-treated water was found to be responsible for the ovicidal effect. Moreover, larvae exposed to parthenin developed 2 to 3 days earlier but survived 4 to 5 days longer as adults (median larval survival time = 9 days (all replicates);11 to 12 days as adults) than the non-exposed control (median larval survival time = 11 days (reps 1 &amp; 2), 12 days (rep 3); 6 to 7 days as adults). These results improve our understanding of the risk and benefits of oviposition site selection by gravid An. gambiae females and the role root exudate allelochemicals could play on anopheline bionomics, with potential implications in malaria transmission.}, }
@article {pmid34282482, year = {2021}, author = {Murakami, T and Paris, C and Chirino, M and Sasa, C and Sakamoto, H and Higashi, S and Sato, K}, title = {Unusual chromosome numbers and polyploidy in invasive fire ant populations.}, journal = {Genetica}, volume = {149}, number = {4}, pages = {203-215}, pmid = {34282482}, issn = {1573-6857}, support = {23650494//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*genetics ; Chromosomes, Insect/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Nucleolus Organizer Region/genetics ; *Polyploidy ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Telomere/genetics ; }, abstract = {Fire ants (Solenopsis invicta Buren in J Ga Entomol Soc 7:1-26, 1972), an invasive alien ant species, first spread from South America to the United States in the 1930s, the southern part of the United States by the end of the twentieth century, Oceania, Taiwan, and China in the twenty-first century, and finally to Japan and South Korea in 2017. As these ants have significant negative economic, human health, and environmental impacts, the purpose of this research was to accumulate cytogenetic information regarding fire ants and provide basic data for developing management strategies for their control. Fire ants were collected from invasive populations from Taiwan, Florida (USA), and Buenos Aires (Argentina), and a native population from Puerto Iguazu (Argentina), their point of origination, and analyzed with regard to chromosome number, morphology, and polyploidy, silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions (Ag-NORs), and 18S rDNA and telomere fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The results showed that (1) fire ants from invaded populations differed in chromosome morphology compared to those from native populations; (2) the Florida and Taiwanese fire ant populations evinced greater variability in chromosome numbers and polyploidy variations; (3) the Taiwanese population exhibited significantly increased Ag-NOR signals in interphase cells, with signal number significantly positively correlating with distance from native populations; and (4) substantial diversity of signals was also apparent following 18S rDNA and telomere FISH analyses. Variation in these characteristics were hypothesized to be due to (1) the effect of hybridizations and interbreeding between closely related species or genetically distant populations, and (2) the potential effect of large amounts of insecticides sprayed for pest control.}, }
@article {pmid34282032, year = {2021}, author = {Wiens, JD and Dugger, KM and Higley, JM and Lesmeister, DB and Franklin, AB and Hamm, KA and White, GC and Dilione, KE and Simon, DC and Bown, RR and Carlson, PC and Yackulic, CB and Nichols, JD and Hines, JE and Davis, RJ and Lamphear, DW and McCafferty, C and McDonald, TL and Sovern, SG}, title = {Invader removal triggers competitive release in a threatened avian predator.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {118}, number = {31}, pages = {}, pmid = {34282032}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Northwestern United States ; Population Dynamics ; Strigiformes/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Changes in the distribution and abundance of invasive species can have far-reaching ecological consequences. Programs to control invaders are common but gauging the effectiveness of such programs using carefully controlled, large-scale field experiments is rare, especially at higher trophic levels. Experimental manipulations coupled with long-term demographic monitoring can reveal the mechanistic underpinnings of interspecific competition among apex predators and suggest mitigation options for invasive species. We used a large-scale before-after control-impact removal experiment to investigate the effects of an invasive competitor, the barred owl (Strix varia), on the population dynamics of an iconic old-forest native species, the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina). Removal of barred owls had a strong, positive effect on survival of sympatric spotted owls and a weaker but positive effect on spotted owl dispersal and recruitment. After removals, the estimated mean annual rate of population change for spotted owls stabilized in areas with removals (0.2% decline per year), but continued to decline sharply in areas without removals (12.1% decline per year). The results demonstrated that the most substantial changes in population dynamics of northern spotted owls over the past two decades were associated with the invasion, population expansion, and subsequent removal of barred owls. Our study provides experimental evidence of the demographic consequences of competitive release, where a threatened avian predator was freed from restrictions imposed on its population dynamics with the removal of a competitively dominant invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid34281652, year = {2021}, author = {Bradshaw, M and Braun, U and Elliott, M and Kruse, J and Liu, SY and Guan, G and Tobin, P}, title = {A global genetic analysis of herbarium specimens reveals the invasion dynamics of an introduced plant pathogen.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {125}, number = {8}, pages = {585-595}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2021.03.002}, pmid = {34281652}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {*Acer/microbiology ; *Ascomycota/physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Diseases/microbiology ; }, abstract = {The introduction, spread, and impact of fungal plant pathogens is a critical concern in ecological systems. In this study, we were motivated by the rather sudden appearance of Acermacrophyllum heavily infected with powdery mildew. We used morphological and genetic analyses to confirm the pathogen causing the epidemic was Sawadaea bicornis. In subsequent field studies, this pathogen was found in several locations in western North America, and in greenhouse studies, A. macrophyllum was found to be significantly more susceptible to S. bicornis than nine other Acer species tested. A genetic analysis of 178 specimens of powdery mildew from freshly collected and old herbarium specimens from 15 countries revealed seven different haplotypes. The high diversity of haplotypes found in Europe coupled with sequence results from a specimen from 1864 provides evidence that S. bicornis has a European origin. Furthermore, sequence data from a specimen from 1938 in Canada show that the pathogen has been present in North America for at least 82 years revealing a considerable lag time between the introduction and current epidemic. This study used old herbarium specimens to genetically hypothesize the origin, the native host, and the invasion time of a detrimental fungal plant pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid34279809, year = {2022}, author = {Guo, Q and Lee, DC}, title = {The ecology of COVID-19 and related environmental and sustainability issues.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {51}, number = {4}, pages = {1014-1021}, pmid = {34279809}, issn = {1654-7209}, mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Communicable Disease Control ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Pandemics ; Retrospective Studies ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {Around the globe, human behavior and ecosystem health have been extensively and sometimes severely affected by the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. Most efforts to study these complex and heterogenous effects to date have focused on public health and economics. Some studies have evaluated the pandemic's influences on the environment, but often on a single aspect such as air or water pollution. The related research opportunities are relatively rare, and the approaches are unique in multiple aspects and mostly retrospective. Here, we focus on the diverse research opportunities in disease ecology and ecosystem sustainability related to the (intermittent) lockdowns that drastically reduced human activities. We discuss several key knowledge gaps and questions to address amid the ongoing pandemic. In principle, the common knowledge accumulated from invasion biology could also be effectively applied to COVID-19, and the findings could offer much-needed information for future pandemic prevention and management.}, }
@article {pmid34279362, year = {2021}, author = {Ortega, Z and Romero, F and Paz, R and Suárez, L and Benítez, AN and Marrero, MD}, title = {Valorization of Invasive Plants from Macaronesia as Filler Materials in the Production of Natural Fiber Composites by Rotational Molding.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {13}, number = {13}, pages = {}, pmid = {34279362}, issn = {2073-4360}, support = {MAC/4.6d/040//European Regional Development Fund/ ; MAC2/4.6d/229//European Regional Development Fund/ ; }, abstract = {This paper compares the mechanical properties of different natural fiber composites produced by rotational molding as a way of waste valorization from campaigns to control invasive plant species in Macaronesia. Rotomolded parts produced with polymeric matrices (polyethylene) and filled with up to 20% by weight of cellulosic fibers obtained from Arundo donax L., Pennisetum setaceum, and Ricinus communis plants were characterized in terms of tensile, flexural, and impact strength. It was found that the sieving of natural fibers allowed for their introduction in higher loadings, from 10 (for un-sieved material) to 20%; fiber size greatly affected the mechanical properties of the final parts, although some combinations were proven not to reduce the mechanical properties of the neat resin. This study is a first approach to the valorization of residues obtained from periodic campaigns of the control of invasive species performed by public authorities, usually at the local level. It is important to highlight that the main objective of this research did not focus on economically profitable activity; instead, it was focused on the reduction of wastes to be disposed from ecosystem maintenance actions and the investment of potential income into preservation policies.}, }
@article {pmid34278603, year = {2021}, author = {Cao, LJ and Li, BY and Chen, JC and Zhu, JY and Hoffmann, AA and Wei, SJ}, title = {Local climate adaptation and gene flow in the native range of two co-occurring fruit moths with contrasting invasiveness.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {17}, pages = {4204-4219}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16055}, pmid = {34278603}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fruit ; Gene Flow ; Geography ; *Moths/genetics ; }, abstract = {Invasive species pose increasing threats to global biodiversity and ecosystems. While previous studies have characterized successful invaders based on ecological traits, characteristics related to evolutionary processes have rarely been investigated. Here we compared gene flow and local adaptation using demographic analyses and outlier tests in two co-occurring moth pests across their common native range of China, one of which (the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii) has maintained its native distribution, while the other (the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta) has expanded its range globally during the past century. We found that both species showed a pattern of genetic differentiation and an evolutionary history consistent with a common southwestern origin and northward expansion in their native range. However, for the noninvasive species, genetic differentiation was closely aligned with the environment, and there was a relatively low level of gene flow, whereas in the invasive species, genetic differentiation was associated with geography. Genome scans indicated stronger patterns of climate-associated loci in the noninvasive species. While strong local adaptation and reduced gene flow across its native range may have decreased the invasiveness of C. sasakii, this requires further validation with additional comparisons of invasive and noninvasive species across their native range.}, }
@article {pmid34277855, year = {2021}, author = {Hanafi-Bojd, AA and Jafari, S and Telmadarraiy, Z and Abbasi-Ghahramanloo, A and Moradi-Asl, E}, title = {Spatial Distribution of Ticks (Arachniada: Argasidae and Ixodidae) and Their Infection Rate to Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Iran.}, journal = {Journal of arthropod-borne diseases}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {41-59}, pmid = {34277855}, issn = {2322-1984}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is one of the most important arthropod-borne viral diseases with a mortality rate of about 30% among humans. The disease, caused by a Nairovirus, is transmitted to humans and animals by hard and soft ticks. This study aimed to determine the distribution of soft and hard ticks in the past three decades in Iran with an emphasis on the vectors of the CCHF virus.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, all studies that were carried out in different regions of Iran from 1979 to 2018 and their results were published in prestigious journals were used to create a database. The distribution of ticks was mapped using ArcMap10.3.<br><br>RESULTS: Based on the results, nine genera and 37 species of soft and hard ticks were recorded in Iran. So far, six genera and 16 species of hard and soft ticks were reported to be infected with the CCHF virus. The infection to this virus was reported from 18 out of 31 provinces, with a high rate in Sistan and Baluchistan as well as Khuzestan provinces. The highest levels of CCHF infection belonged to Hyalomma marginatum and H. anatolicum.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The main vectors of CCHF, H. marginatum and H. anatolicum, were reported in more than 38.7% of Iran's provinces, and these two species were identified as invasive species in Iran. Thus, control activities should be strengthened to avoid the outbreaks of CCHF.}, }
@article {pmid34274979, year = {2021}, author = {Zeng, H and Liu, X and Zhang, L and Li, Y and Zhu, M and Chen, D}, title = {Educational Approaches Help Bridge Perception Gaps of Invasive Alien Species (Mikania micrantha) between Managers and Non-managers.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, pages = {340-352}, pmid = {34274979}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; China ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Mikania ; Perception ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) significantly impact biodiversity, human health, and economies, and considerable resources are often used to manage their spread. Few studies have focused on the human perception of IAS management, and little is known about approaches to improve stakeholder perception. This study examined perception gaps between managers and non-managers of a notorious weed Mikania micrantha and the preference for educational approaches to bridge those gaps. Household questionnaires and key informant interviews were conducted in the China-Myanmar Border Region (China), and ordinal logistic regressions and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used in statistical analyses. We found a high level of perception of M. micrantha among stakeholders, and a significant influence of socio-demographic factors including gender, educational level, ethnic group, and geographical location. Scores of the identification, damage, control measure, and manual treatment of M. micrantha were significantly higher for managers than those for non-managers, indicating that there were certain perception gaps between two stakeholder groups. Nine educational approaches were identified as being effective in improving stakeholder perception of IAS, of which training workshops were mostly preferred, followed by brochures (or leaflets) and other promotional materials. Additionally, we propose that well-designed and well-conducted educational approaches would benefit stakeholder perception of IAS, and that integration of IAS management into a comprehensive rural development scheme would improve its long-term performance in marginalized rural communities.}, }
@article {pmid34274866, year = {2021}, author = {Lawrence, MJ and Mitrovic, D and Foubister, D and Bragg, LM and Sutherby, J and Docker, MF and Servos, MR and Wilkie, MP and Jeffries, KM}, title = {Contrasting physiological responses between invasive sea lamprey and non-target bluegill in response to acute lampricide exposure.}, journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {237}, number = {}, pages = {105848}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105848}, pmid = {34274866}, issn = {1879-1514}, mesh = {Animals ; Lakes ; Larva ; *Perciformes ; *Petromyzon ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Control of invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America uses lampricides, which consist of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and niclosamide. Lampricides are thought to inhibit aerobic energy synthesis, with TFM having a relatively greater selective action against lampreys. While the toxicity and physiological effects of TFM are known, the impacts associated with exposure to niclosamide and TFM:niclosamide mixtures are poorly characterized in fishes. Therefore, focusing on energy metabolism, we quantified the physiological responses of larval sea lamprey and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), a non-target, native species. Exposures consisted of each lampricide alone (TFM at the species-specific 24 h LC10; niclosamide at 1.5% of the mixture's TFM concentration) or a mixture of the two (larval sea lamprey at TFM 24 h LC10 + 1.5% niclosamide; bluegill at sea lamprey's TFM 24 h LC99.9 + 1.5% niclosamide) for 24 h. Tissues (brain, skeletal muscle, and liver) were sampled at 6, 12, and 24 h of exposure and assayed for concentrations of ATP, phosphocreatine, glycogen, lactate, and glucose and tissue lampricide levels. In larval sea lamprey, TFM had little effect on brain and skeletal muscle, but niclosamide resulted in a depletion of high energy substrates in both tissues. Mixture-exposed lamprey showed depletion of high energy substrates, accumulation of lactate, and high mortality rates. Bluegill were largely unaffected by toxicant exposures. However, bluegill liver showed lower glycogen and lactate under all three toxicant exposures suggesting increased metabolic turnover. Bluegill also had lower concentrations of TFM and niclosamide in their tissues when compared to lamprey. Our results indicate that lampricide toxicity in sea lamprey larvae is mediated through a depletion of high energy substrates because of impaired aerobic ATP synthesis. We also confirmed that non-target bluegill showed high tolerance to lampricide exposure, an effect potentially mediated through a high detoxification capacity relative to lampreys.}, }
@article {pmid34273362, year = {2021}, author = {Zhang, B and Zhai, L and Bintz, J and Lenhart, SM and Valega-Mackenzie, W and David Van Dyken, J}, title = {The optimal controlling strategy on a dispersing population in a two-patch system: Experimental and theoretical perspectives.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {528}, number = {}, pages = {110835}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110835}, pmid = {34273362}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive species, disease vectors, and pathogens are significant threats to biodiversity, ecosystem function and services, and human health. Understanding the optimal management strategy, which maximizes the effectiveness is crucial. Despite an abundance of theoretical work has conducted on projecting the optimal allocation strategy, almost no empirical work has been performed to validate the theory. We first used a consumer-resource model to simulate a series of allocation fractions of controlling treatment to determine the optimal controlling strategy. Further, we conducted rigorous laboratory experiments using spatially diffusing laboratory populations of yeast to verify our mathematical results. We found consistent results that: (1) When population growth is limited by the local resource, the controlling priority should be given to the areas with higher concentration of resource; (2) When population growth is not limited by the resource concentration, the best strategy is to allocate equal amount of controlling efforts among the regions; (3) With restricted budget, it is more efficient to prioritize the controlling effects to the areas with high population abundance, otherwise, it is better to control equally among the regions. The new theory, which was tested by laboratory experiments, will reveal new opportunities for future field interventions, thereby informing subsequent biological decision-making.}, }
@article {pmid34273183, year = {2021}, author = {Biancolini, D and Vascellari, V and Melone, B and Blackburn, TM and Cassey, P and Scrivens, SL and Rondinini, C}, title = {DAMA: the global Distribution of Alien Mammals database.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {11}, pages = {e03474}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3474}, pmid = {34273183}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Databases, Factual ; Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; *Mammals ; }, abstract = {We developed the DAMA (Distribution of Alien Mammals) database, a comprehensive source reporting the global distribution of the 230 species of mammals that have established self-sustaining and free-ranging populations outside their native range due to direct or indirect human action. Every alien range is accompanied by information on its invasion stage, pathway, method of introduction, and date of introduction. We collected information from 827 different sources (scientific literature, books, risk assessments, reports, online biodiversity databases and websites), and used it to draw alien range maps for these species following the IUCN mapping framework. DAMA comprises 2,726 range polygons, covering 199 countries, 2,190 level 1 administrative areas, and 11 zoogeographic realms for the period 21500 BC-AD 2017. The most represented orders among introduced mammal species are Rodentia (n = 58, 25.22%), Cetartiodactyla (n = 49 species, 21.30%), Carnivora (n = 30 species, 13.04%), Diprotodontia (n = 28, 12.17%), and Primates (n = 26, 11.30%). Mammal species have been frequently introduced for hunting (n = 100), pet trade (n = 57), conservation (n = 51), and fauna improvement (n = 42). The majority of range polygons are placed on islands (n = 2,196, 80.56%), encompass populations that have moved beyond establishment and into the invasion stage (n = 1,655, 60.71%), and originated from 1500 AD to the present (n = 1,496, 54.88%). Despite inheriting literature biases towards more studied regions (e.g., developed countries), DAMA is the most up-to-date picture of alien mammal global distribution and can be used to investigate their invasion ecology across different biogeographical regions. There are no copyright or proprietary restrictions; IUCN range maps were modified into a derivative work according to the IUCN's terms of service.}, }
@article {pmid34272411, year = {2021}, author = {Wilke, ABB and Vasquez, C and Cardenas, G and Carvajal, A and Medina, J and Petrie, WD and Beier, JC}, title = {Invasion, establishment, and spread of invasive mosquitoes from the Culex coronator complex in urban areas of Miami-Dade County, Florida.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {14620}, pmid = {34272411}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {U01 CK000510/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/United States ; U01CK000510/ACL/ACL HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Culex ; *Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Florida ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mosquito Control ; *Mosquito Vectors ; Public Health ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Species from the Culex coronator complex are Neotropical species and potential vectors of Saint Louis and West Nile viruses. Culex coronator was first described in Trinidad and Tobago in the early twentieth century and since then it has invaded and has been reported established in most countries of the Americas. Species from the Culex coronator complex were first detected in the United States in the state of Louisiana in 2004 and were subsequently detected in Florida in 2005, reaching Miami-Dade County in 2008. We hypothesize that species from the Cx. coronator complex are adapting to urban environments in Miami-Dade County, Florida, and are becoming more present and abundant in these areas. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the patterns of the presence and abundance of species from the Cx. coronator complex in the urban areas of Miami-Dade County. Here we used weekly data comprised of 32 CDC traps from 2012 to 2020 and 150 BG-Sentinel traps from 2016 to 2020. A total of 34,146 female mosquitoes from the Cx. coronator complex were collected, 26,138 by CDC traps and 8008 by BG-Sentinel traps. While the number of CDC traps that were positive was relatively constant at 26-30 positive traps per year, the number of positive BG-Sentinel traps varied substantially from 50 to 87 positive traps per year. Furthermore, the heat map and logistic general linear model for repeated measures analyses showed a significant increase in both the distribution and abundance of mosquitoes from the Cx. coronator complex, indicating that these species are becoming more common in anthropized habitats being able to thrive in highly urbanized areas. The increase in the distribution and abundance of species from the Cx. coronator complex is a major public health concern. The ability of species from the Cx. coronator complex to benefit from urbanization highlights the need to better understand the mechanisms of how invasive vector mosquito species are adapting and exploiting urban habitats.}, }
@article {pmid34271392, year = {2021}, author = {Peneaux, C and Grainger, R and Lermite, F and Machovsky-Capuska, GE and Gaston, T and Griffin, AS}, title = {Detrimental effects of urbanization on the diet, health, and signal coloration of an ecologically successful alien bird.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {796}, number = {}, pages = {148828}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148828}, pmid = {34271392}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; Diet/veterinary ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Theory suggests that overcrowding and increased competition in urban environments might be detrimental to individual condition in avian populations. Unfavourable living conditions could be compounded by changes in dietary niche with additional consequences for individual quality of urban birds. We analysed the isotopic signatures, signal coloration, body condition, parasitic loads (feather mites and coccidia), and immune responsiveness of 191 adult common (Indian) mynas (Acridotheres tristis) captured in 19 localities with differing levels of urbanization. The isotopic signature of myna feathers differed across low and high urbanized habitats, with a reduced isotopic niche breadth found in highly urbanized birds. This suggests that birds in high urban environments may occupy a smaller foraging niche to the one of less urbanized birds. In addition, higher degrees of urbanization were associated with a decrease in carotenoid-based coloration, higher ectoparasite loads and higher immune responsiveness. This pattern of results suggests that the health status of mynas from more urbanized environments was poorer than mynas from less modified habitats. Our findings are consistent with the theory that large proportions of individual birds that would otherwise die under natural conditions survive due to prevailing top-down and bottom-up ecological processes in cities. Detrimental urban ecological conditions and search for more favourable, less crowded habitats offers the first reasonable explanation for why an ecological invader like the common myna continues to spread within its global invasive range.}, }
@article {pmid34270786, year = {2021}, author = {Hesketh, AV and Schwindt, E and Harley, CDG}, title = {Ecological and environmental context shape the differential effects of a facilitator in its native and invaded ranges.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {10}, pages = {e03478}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3478}, pmid = {34270786}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; British Columbia ; *Ecosystem ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; *Thoracica ; }, abstract = {Invasive species often exhibit disproportionately strong negative effects in their introduced range compared to their native range, and much research has been devoted to understanding the role of shared evolutionary history, or lack thereof, in driving these differences. Less studied is whether introduced species, particularly those that are important as facilitators in their native range, have persistent positive effects in their invaded range despite a lack of a shared evolutionary history with the invaded community. Here, we manipulated the density of a habitat-forming facilitator, the high intertidal acorn barnacle Balanus glandula, factorially with herbivore density in its native range (Bluestone Point, British Columbia, Canada) and invaded range (Punta Ameghino, Chubut Province, Argentina) to determine how this facilitator differentially affects associated species at these two locations. Given that high intertidal species at Punta Ameghino (PA) are evolutionarily naïve to barnacles, we predicted that the positive effects of B. glandula at PA would be absent or weak compared to those at Bluestone Point (BP). However, we found that B. glandula had an equally positive effect on herbivore biomass at PA compared to BP, possibly because the moisture-retaining properties of barnacle bed habitats are particularly important in seasonally dry Patagonia. Barnacle presence indirectly decreased ephemeral algal cover at BP by increasing grazer pressure, but barnacles instead facilitated ephemeral algae at PA. In contrast, B. glandula increased perennial algal cover at BP, but generally decreased perennial algal cover at PA, likely due to differences in dominant algal morphology. Though our experiment was limited to one location on each continent, our results suggest that shared evolutionary history may not be a prerequisite for strong facilitation to occur, but rather that the nature and strength of novel species interactions are determined by the traits of associated species and the environment in which they occur.}, }
@article {pmid34270565, year = {2021}, author = {Mohamed, SA and Wamalwa, M and Obala, F and Tonnang, HEZ and Tefera, T and Calatayud, PA and Subramanian, S and Ekesi, S}, title = {A deadly encounter: Alien invasive Spodoptera frugiperda in Africa and indigenous natural enemy, Cotesia icipe (Hymenoptera, Braconidae).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {e0253122}, pmid = {34270565}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Ethiopia ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Kenya ; Larva/parasitology ; Male ; Oviposition ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; Spodoptera/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {The invasion and wide spread of Spodoptera frugiperda represent real impediments to food security and the livelihood of the millions of maize and sorghum farming communities in the sub-Saharan and Sahel regions of Africa. Current management efforts for the pest are focused on the use of synthetic pesticides, which are often economically unviable and are extremely hazardous to the environment. The use of biological control offers a more economically and environmentally safer alternative. In this study, the performance of the recently described parasitoid, Cotesia icipe, against the pest was elucidated. We assessed the host stage acceptability by and suitability for C. icipe, as well as its ovigenic status. Furthermore, the habitat suitability for the parasitoid in the present and future climatic conditions was established using Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm and the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Prediction (GARP). Cotesia icipe differentially accepted the immature stages of the pest. The female acceptance of 1st and 2nd instar larvae for oviposition was significantly higher with more than 60% parasitism. No oviposition on the egg, 5th and 6th larval instars, and pupal stages was observed. Percentage of cocoons formed, and the number of emerged wasps also varied among the larval stages. At initial parasitism, parasitoid progenies, time to cocoon formation and overall developmental time were significantly affected by the larval stage. Egg-load varied significantly with wasp age, with six-day-old wasps having the highest number of mature eggs. Ovigeny index of C. icipe was 0.53. Based on the models, there is collinearity in the ecological niche of the parasitoid and the pest under current and future climate scenarios. Eastern, Central and parts of coastal areas of western Africa are highly suitable for the establishment of the parasitoid. The geographic distribution of the parasitoid would remain similar under future climatic conditions. In light of the findings of this study, we discuss the prospects for augmentative and classical biological control of S. frugiperda with C. icipe in Africa.}, }
@article {pmid34265139, year = {2021}, author = {Tocco, C and Foster, J and Venter, N and Cowie, B and Marlin, D and Byrne, M}, title = {Elevated atmospheric CO2 adversely affects a dung beetle's development: Another potential driver of decline in insect numbers?.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {27}, number = {19}, pages = {4592-4600}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15804}, pmid = {34265139}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Climate Change ; *Coleoptera ; *Microbiota ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Insect declines have been attributed to several drivers such as habitat loss, climate change, invasive alien species and insecticides. However, in the global context, these effects remain patchy, whereas insect losses appear to be consistent worldwide. Increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations are known to have indirect effects on herbivorous insects, but the effects on other insects are largely unexplored. We wondered if elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) could influence the growth and survival of insects, not via rising temperature, nor through their changes in food quality, but by other means. Rearing tunnelling dung beetle Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche, 1848) at pre-industrial (250 parts per million [ppm]), current (400 ppm) and eCO2 levels (600 and 800 ppm), we found that exposure to eCO2 resulted in longer developmental times and increased mortality. Elevated CO2 also caused reduction of adult size and mass which is detrimental to dung beetle fitness. Additional results showed associated increases in CO2 levels inside dung brood balls, dung pH and respiration rates of the soil surrounding the developing dung beetles (CO2 flux). We thus hypothesize that elevated CO2 increases competition for O2 and nutrients between soil microbiota and subterranean insects. Given that many insect orders spend at least part of their life underground, our findings indicate the possibility of a negative ubiquitous effect of eCO2 on a large portion of the earth's insect biota. These findings therefore suggest an important area for future research on the soil community in the context of atmospheric change.}, }
@article {pmid34263735, year = {2021}, author = {da Costa, AR and de Abreu, DC and Torres Chideroli, R and Santo, K and Dib Gonçalves, D and Di Santis, GW and Pádua Pereira, U}, title = {Interspecies transmission of Edwardsiella ictaluri in Brazilian catfish (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) from exotic invasive fish species.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {145}, number = {}, pages = {197-208}, doi = {10.3354/dao03610}, pmid = {34263735}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Catfishes ; Edwardsiella ictaluri ; *Enterobacteriaceae Infections/veterinary ; *Fish Diseases ; *Ictaluridae ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Infections caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri are one of the biggest problems in the catfish industry in North America and have been reported in fishes around the world. E. ictaluri was detected in juvenile pintado Pseudoplatystoma corruscans-a Brazilian catfish-in a farm in Paraná State, Brazil; diseased animals showed ascites and neurological signs of infection, with more than 50% mortality. Exotic invasive species susceptible to this bacterium have been reported in this area. We assessed the susceptibility of pintado to E. ictaluri with experimental infection via intraperitoneal and immersion methods as well as a cohabitation experiment with Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and African walking catfish Clarias gariepinus, 2 exotic invasive species. All pintados challenged by intraperitoneal and immersion routes and those cohabiting with infected C. gariepinus died within 17 d of the challenge. Mortality of Nile tilapia reached 71.42% after the intraperitoneal and 35.71% in the immersion challenges within 28 d, whereas African walking catfish showed zero mortality. Observed clinical signs were comparable to those in the farm and those described in the literature as enteric septicemia of catfish. With this study, we demonstrated the susceptibility of P. corruscans to E. ictaluri, as well as interspecies transmission of this bacterium.}, }
@article {pmid34262105, year = {2021}, author = {Paltán, HA and Benitez, FL and Rosero, P and Escobar-Camacho, D and Cuesta, F and Mena, CF}, title = {Climate and sea surface trends in the Galapagos Islands.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {14465}, pmid = {34262105}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The Galapagos Islands are a global hotspot of environmental change. However, despite their potentially major repercussions, little is known about current and expected changes in regional terrestrial climate variables and sea surface temperatures (SST). Here, by analysing existing meteorological observations and secondary datasets, we find that the Islands have warmed by about 0.6 °C since the early 1980s, while at the same time becoming drier. In fact, the onset of the wet season is currently delayed 20 days. This drying trend may reverse, however, given that future climate projections for the region suggest mean annual precipitation may increase between 20 and 70%. This would also be accompanied by more extreme wet and hot conditions. Further, we find that regional SST has increased by 1.2 °C over the last two decades. These changes will, in turn, translate into deterioration of marine ecosystems and coral, proliferation of invasive species, and damages to human water, food, and infrastructure systems. Future projections, however, may be overestimated due to the poor capacity of climatic models to capture Eastern-Pacific ENSO dynamics. Our findings emphasize the need to design resilient climate adaptation policies that will remain robust in the face of a wide range of uncertain and changing climatic futures.}, }
@article {pmid34260740, year = {2021}, author = {Granjon, L and Fossati-Gaschignard, O and Artige, E and Bâ, K and Brouat, C and Dalecky, A and Diagne, C and Diallo, M and Gauthier, P and Handschumacher, P and Kane, M and Husse, L and Niang, Y and Piry, S and Sarr, N and Sow, A and Duplantier, JM}, title = {Commensal small mammal trapping data in Southern Senegal, 2012-2015: where invasive species meet native ones.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {10}, pages = {e03470}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3470}, pmid = {34260740}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Mice ; *Parasites ; Rats ; Rodentia ; Senegal ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Describing patterns and testing hypotheses on processes driving biological invasions represent major issues in ecology. Addressing these questions requires building adequate data sets, i.e., covering areas and spanning periods adapted to the invasion processes studied. Rodents include major invasive species, among which the black rat Rattus rattus and the domestic mouse Mus musculus have nearly colonized the entire world, from their native Asian range. To do so, they have benefitted from their ability to cope with human-modified environments and to live in the immediate vicinity of Man, who served as a vector of their dispersal between regions and continents. In Senegal, both R. rattus and M. musculus, initially introduced by early West European colonizers some centuries ago, are currently expanding thanks to road traffic and infrastructure development and rampant urbanization that concerns even remote regions of the country. As part of projects aimed at studying (1) the role of invasive black rat populations in the emergence of zoonotic diseases in southeastern Senegal, and (2) the evolutionary consequences of parasites in R. rattus and M. musculus invasions in Senegal, we conducted a series of field campaigns throughout the southern half of the country, between May 2012 and September 2015. The objectives were to catch commensal small mammals using standard trapping procedures, identify them using morphological or molecular tools, and take samples from them upon autopsy, to look for zoonotic parasites and pathogens. Along with data on individual specimens, information on microhabitats was gathered at each trap position. This resulted in the constitution of a data set of more than 13,000 trapnights, which allowed the capture of more than 3,100 small mammals, all characterized by a series of associated biological, geographical, and environmental data. The small mammals concerned are mainly rodents (10 species), shrews, and hedgehogs. The two invasive rodent species were the most numerous, exceeding in numbers all the other species pooled. This data set makes it possible to study coarse to fine-scaled distribution of species of this commensal community in southern Senegal, as well as the possible determinants of this distribution in terms of habitat preferences and/or interspecific interactions. This data set can be freely used for non-commercial purposes and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.}, }
@article {pmid34257920, year = {2021}, author = {Van Rossum, F and Raspé, O and Vandelook, F}, title = {Evidence of spontaneous selfing and disomic inheritance in Geranium robertianum.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {13}, pages = {8640-8653}, pmid = {34257920}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Knowing species' breeding system and mating processes occurring in populations is important not only for understanding population dynamics, gene flow processes, and species' response to climate change, but also for designing control plans of invasive species. Geranium robertianum, a widespread biennial herbaceous species showing high morphological variation and wide ecological amplitude, can become invasive outside its distribution range. A mixed-mating system may be expected given the species' floral traits. However, autonomous selfing is considered as a common feature. Genetic variation and structure, and so population mating processes, have not been investigated in wild populations. We developed 15 polymorphic microsatellite markers to quantify genetic variation and structure in G. robertianum. To investigate whether selfing might be the main mating process in natural conditions, we sampled three generations of plants (adult, F1, and F2) for populations from the UK, Spain, Belgium, Germany, and Sweden, and compared open-pollinated with outcrossed hand-pollinated F2 progeny. The highly positive Wright's inbreeding coefficient (F IS) values in adults, F1, and open-pollinated F2 progeny and the low F IS values in outcross F2 progeny supported autonomous selfing as the main mating process for G. robertianum in wild conditions, despite the presence of attractive signals for insect pollination. Genetic differentiation among samples was found, showing some western-eastern longitudinal trend. Long-distance seed dispersal might have contributed to the low geographic structure. Local genetic differentiation may have resulted not only from genetic drift effects favored by spontaneous selfing, but also from ecological adaptation. The presence of duplicate loci with disomic inheritance is consistent with the hypothesis of allotetraploid origin of G. robertianum. The fact that most microsatellite markers behave as diploid loci with no evidence of duplication supports the hypothesis of ancient polyploidization. The differences in locus duplication and the relatively high genetic diversity across G. robertianum range despite spontaneous autonomous selfing suggest multiple events of polyploidization.}, }
@article {pmid34256622, year = {2021}, author = {E B LaDouceur, E and Hajek, AE}, title = {Histologic lesions of experimental infection with Lymantria dispar multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus and Lymantria dispar cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in European gypsy moth caterpillars (Lymantria dispar dispar).}, journal = {Veterinary pathology}, volume = {58}, number = {6}, pages = {1152-1157}, doi = {10.1177/03009858211022699}, pmid = {34256622}, issn = {1544-2217}, mesh = {Animals ; Larva ; *Moths ; North America ; *Nucleopolyhedroviruses ; *Reoviridae ; }, abstract = {European gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar dispar) are an invasive species in North America, and are listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature as one of the 100 most destructive invasive species worldwide. They have several known viruses, some of which are used as biological control agents. However, there are no detailed descriptions of many entomopathogenic viral infections, including in European gypsy moths, using bright-field microscopy. In this study, 11 European gypsy moth caterpillars were evaluated histologically: 4 were experimentally infected with Lymantria dispar multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV; Baculoviridae); 4 were experimentally infected with Lymantria dispar cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (LdCPV; Reoviridae); 3 control animals were uninfected. A complete tissue set was evaluated in all animals from all groups using bright-field microscopy, including epidermis, cuticle, striated muscle, tracheae, foregut, midgut, hindgut, Malpighian tubules, hemocytes, fat body, and nervous system. LdMNPV-infected caterpillars had marked karyomegaly and intranuclear viral inclusions in cells of the epidermis, tracheae, fat body, and hemocytes. LdMNPV-infected caterpillars also had hyperplasia and hypertrophy of epidermal and tracheal epithelial cells. LdCPV-infected caterpillars had numerous granular eosinophilic intracytoplasmic viral inclusions in midgut epithelial cells. Both LdMNPV-infected and LdCPV-infected caterpillars had atrophy of fat body adipocytes; this change was more pronounced in LdCPV-infected caterpillars. This work provides the first detailed descriptions of these viral infections in European gypsy moth caterpillars using bright-field light microscopy and provides images of normal histology from control caterpillars.}, }
@article {pmid34255404, year = {2021}, author = {Turner, RM and Brockerhoff, EG and Bertelsmeier, C and Blake, RE and Caton, B and James, A and MacLeod, A and Nahrung, HF and Pawson, SM and Plank, MJ and Pureswaran, DS and Seebens, H and Yamanaka, T and Liebhold, AM}, title = {Worldwide border interceptions provide a window into human-mediated global insect movement.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {31}, number = {7}, pages = {e02412}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2412}, pmid = {34255404}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {As part of national biosecurity programs, cargo imports, passenger baggage, and international mail are inspected at ports of entry to verify compliance with phytosanitary regulations and to intercept potentially damaging nonnative species to prevent their introduction. Detection of organisms during inspections may also provide crucial information about the species composition and relative arrival rates in invasion pathways that can inform the implementation of other biosecurity practices such as quarantines and surveillance. In most regions, insects are the main taxonomic group encountered during inspections. We gathered insect interception data from nine world regions collected from 1995 to 2019 to compare the composition of species arriving at ports in these regions. Collectively, 8,716 insect species were intercepted in these regions over the last 25 yr, with the combined international data set comprising 1,899,573 interception events, of which 863,972 were identified to species level. Rarefaction analysis indicated that interceptions comprise only a small fraction of species present in invasion pathways. Despite differences in inspection methodologies, as well as differences in the composition of import source regions and imported commodities, we found strong positive correlations in species interception frequencies between regions, particularly within the Hemiptera and Thysanoptera. There were also significant differences in species frequencies among insects intercepted in different regions. Nevertheless, integrating interception data among multiple regions would be valuable for estimating invasion risks for insect species with high likelihoods of introduction as well as for identifying rare but potentially damaging species.}, }
@article {pmid34255398, year = {2021}, author = {Amburgey, SM and Yackel Adams, AA and Gardner, B and Hostetter, NJ and Siers, SR and McClintock, BT and Converse, SJ}, title = {Evaluation of camera trap-based abundance estimators for unmarked populations.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {31}, number = {7}, pages = {e02410}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2410}, pmid = {34255398}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Estimates of species abundance are critical to understand population processes and to assess and select management actions. However, capturing and marking individuals for abundance estimation, while providing robust information, can be economically and logistically prohibitive, particularly for species with cryptic behavior. Camera traps can be used to collect data at temporal and spatial scales necessary for estimating abundance, but the use of camera traps comes with limitations when target species are not uniquely identifiable (i.e., "unmarked"). Abundance estimation is particularly useful in the management of invasive species, with herpetofauna being recognized as some of the most pervasive and detrimental invasive vertebrate species. However, the use of camera traps for these taxa presents additional challenges with relevancy across multiple taxa. It is often necessary to use lures to attract animals in order to obtain sufficient observations, yet lure attraction can influence species' landscape use and potentially induce bias in abundance estimators. We investigated these challenges and assessed the feasibility of obtaining reliable abundance estimates using camera-trapping data on a population of invasive brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) in Guam. Data were collected using camera traps in an enclosed area where snakes were subject to high-intensity capture-recapture effort, resulting in presumed abundance of 116 snakes (density = 23/ha). We then applied spatial count, random encounter and staying time, space to event, and instantaneous sampling estimators to photo-capture data to estimate abundance and compared estimates to our presumed abundance. We found that all estimators for unmarked populations performed poorly, with inaccurate or imprecise abundance estimates that limit their usefulness for management in this system. We further investigated the sensitivity of these estimators to the use of lures (i.e., violating the assumption that animal behavior is unchanged by sampling) and camera density in a simulation study. Increasing the effective distances of a lure (i.e., lure attraction) and camera density both resulted in biased abundance estimates. Each estimator rarely recovered truth or suffered from convergence issues. Our results indicate that, when limited to unmarked estimators and the use of lures, camera traps alone are unlikely to produce abundance estimates with utility for brown treesnake management.}, }
@article {pmid34252591, year = {2021}, author = {Lach, L}, title = {Invasive ant establishment, spread, and management with changing climate.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {47}, number = {}, pages = {119-124}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2021.06.008}, pmid = {34252591}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Ant invasions and climate change both pose globally widespread threats to the environment and economy. I highlight our current knowledge of how climate change will affect invasive ant distributions, population growth, spread, impact, and invasive ant management. Invasive ants often have traits that enable rapid colony growth in a range of habitats. Consequently, many invasive ant species will continue to have large global distributions as environmental conditions change. Distributions and impacts at community scales will depend on how resident ant communities respond to local abiotic conditions as well as availability of plant-based carbohydrate resources. Though target species may change under an altered climate, invasive ant impacts are unlikely to diminish, and novel control methods will be necessary.}, }
@article {pmid34249765, year = {2021}, author = {Badros, AZ and Meddeb, M and Weikel, D and Philip, S and Milliron, T and Lapidus, R and Hester, L and Goloubeva, O and Meiller, TF and Mongodin, EF}, title = {Prospective Observational Study of Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw in Multiple Myeloma: Microbiota Profiling and Cytokine Expression.}, journal = {Frontiers in oncology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {704722}, pmid = {34249765}, issn = {2234-943X}, abstract = {PURPOSE: Define incidence and risk factors of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) and explore oral microbial signatures and host immune response as reflected by cytokine changes in saliva and serum in multiple myeloma (MM) patients on bisphosphate (BP) therapy.<br><br>PATIENTS AND METHODS: A single center observational prospective study of MM patients (n = 110) on >2 years of BP, none had ONJ at enrollment. Patients were followed every 3 months for 18 months with clinical/dental examination and serial measurements of inflammatory cytokines, bone turnover markers, and angiogenic growth factors. Oral microbiota was characterized by sequencing of 16S rRNA gene from saliva.<br><br>RESULTS: Over the study period 14 patients (13%) developed BRONJ, at a median of 5.7 years (95% CI: 1.9-12.0) from MM diagnosis. Chronic periodontal disease was the main clinically observed risk factor. Oral microbial profiling revealed lower bacterial richness/diversity in BRONJ. Streptococcus intermedius, S. mutans, and S. perioris were abundant in controls; S. sonstellatus and S anginosus were prevalent in BRONJ. In the saliva, at baseline patients who developed BRONJ had higher levels of MIP-1&#x3b2;; TNF-&#x3b1; and IL-6 compared to those without BRONJ, cytokine profile consistent with M-1 macrophage activation. In the serum, patients with BRONJ have significantly lower levels of TGF beta and VEGF over the study period.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Periodontal disease associated with low microbial diversity and predominance of invasive species with a proinflammatory cytokine profile leading to tissue damage and alteration of immunity seems to be the main culprit in pathogenesis of BRONJ.}, }
@article {pmid34249488, year = {2021}, author = {Santos, B and Bletz, MC and Sabino-Pinto, J and Cocca, W and Fidy, JFS and Freeman, KL and Kuenzel, S and Ndriantsoa, S and Noel, J and Rakotonanahary, T and Vences, M and Crottini, A}, title = {Characterization of the microbiome of the invasive Asian toad in Madagascar across the expansion range and comparison with a native co-occurring species.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e11532}, pmid = {34249488}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Biological invasions are on the rise, with each invader carrying a plethora of associated microbes. These microbes play important, yet poorly understood, ecological roles that can include assisting the hosts in colonization and adaptation processes or as possible pathogens. Understanding how these communities differ in an invasion scenario may help to understand the host's resilience and adaptability. The Asian common toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus is an invasive amphibian, which has recently established in Madagascar and is expected to pose numerous threats to the native ecosystems. We characterized the skin and gut bacterial communities of D. melanostictus in Toamasina (Eastern Madagascar), and compared them to those of a co-occurring native frog species, Ptychadena mascareniensis, at three sites where the toad arrived in different years. Microbial composition did not vary among sites, showing that D. melanostictus keeps a stable community across its expansion but significant differences were observed between these two amphibians. Moreover, D. melanostictus had richer and more diverse communities and also harboured a high percentage of total unique taxa (skin: 80%; gut: 52%). These differences may reflect the combination of multiple host-associated factors including microhabitat selection, skin features and dietary preferences.}, }
@article {pmid34249308, year = {2021}, author = {Woch, MW and Kapusta, P and Stanek, M and Zubek, S and Stefanowicz, AM}, title = {Functional traits predict resident plant response to Reynoutria japonica invasion in riparian and fallow communities in southern Poland.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {plab035}, pmid = {34249308}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Reynoutria japonica is one of the most harmful invasive species in the world, dramatically reducing the diversity of resident vegetation. To mitigate the impact of R. japonica on ecosystems and properly manage affected areas, understanding the mechanisms behind this plant's invasive success is imperative. This study aimed to comprehensively analyse plant communities invaded by R. japonica, taking into account species traits, habitat conditions and seasonal variability, and to determine the ecological profile of species that withstand the invader's pressure. The study was performed in fallow and riparian areas in southern Poland. Pairs of adjacent plots were established at 25 sites with no obvious signs of recent human disturbance. One plot contained R. japonica, and the other contained only resident vegetation. For each plot, botanical data were collected and soil physicochemical properties were determined. Twelve sites were surveyed four times, in two springs and two summers, to capture seasonal variability. The presence of R. japonica was strongly associated with reduced resident plant species diversity and/or abundance. In addition to the ability to quickly grow and form a dense canopy that shades the ground, the success of the invader likely resulted from the production of large amounts of hard-to-decompose litter. The indirect impact of R. japonica by controlling the availability of nutrients in the soil might also play a role. A few species coexisted with R. japonica. They can be classified into three groups: (i) spring ephemerals - geophytic forbs with a mixed life history strategy, (ii) lianas with a competitive strategy and (iii) hemicryptophytic forbs with a competitive strategy. Species from the first two groups likely avoided competition for light by temporal or spatial niche separation (they grew earlier than or above the invasive plant), whereas the high competitive abilities of species from the third group likely enabled them to survive in R. japonica patches.}, }
@article {pmid34247503, year = {2021}, author = {Song, XY and Furman, BLS and Premachandra, T and Knytl, M and Cauret, CMS and Wasonga, DV and Measey, J and Dworkin, I and Evans, BJ}, title = {Sex chromosome degeneration, turnover, and sex-biased expression of sex-linked transcripts in African clawed frogs (Xenopus).}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {376}, number = {1832}, pages = {20200095}, pmid = {34247503}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Male ; Sex Characteristics ; Sex Chromosomes/*genetics ; *Sex Determination Processes ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Xenopus/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The tempo of sex chromosome evolution-how quickly, in what order, why and how their particular characteristics emerge during evolution-remains poorly understood. To understand this further, we studied three closely related species of African clawed frog (genus Xenopus), that each has independently evolved sex chromosomes. We identified population polymorphism in the extent of sex chromosome differentiation in wild-caught Xenopus borealis that corresponds to a large, previously identified region of recombination suppression. This large sex-linked region of X. borealis has an extreme concentration of genes that encode transcripts with sex-biased expression, and we recovered similar findings in the smaller sex-linked regions of Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis. In two of these species, strong skews in expression (mostly female-biased in X. borealis, mostly male-biased in X. tropicalis) are consistent with expectations associated with recombination suppression, and in X. borealis, we hypothesize that a degenerate ancestral Y-chromosome transitioned into its contemporary Z-chromosome. These findings indicate that Xenopus species are tolerant of differences between the sexes in dosage of the products of multiple genes, and offer insights into how evolutionary transformations of ancestral sex chromosomes carry forward to affect the function of new sex chromosomes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part I)'.}, }
@article {pmid34245664, year = {2022}, author = {Mattiacci, A and Masciocchi, M and Corley, JC}, title = {Flexible foraging decisions made by workers of the social wasp Vespula germanica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in response to different resources: influence of ontogenetic shifts and colony feedback.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {581-594}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12942}, pmid = {34245664}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {B215//Universidad Nacional del Comahue/ ; PICT 2015-1150//Agencia Nacional de Promoci&#xf3;n Cient&#xed;fica y Tecnol&#xf3;gica/ ; PUE 0069 2018//Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog&#xed;a Agropecuaria/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Feedback ; *Wasps/physiology ; }, abstract = {Decisions made by foraging animals conform a complex process based on the integration of information from multiple external environmental stimuli and internal physiological signals, which in turn are modulated by individual experience and a detection threshold of each individual. For social insects in which foraging is limited to given age subcastes, individual foraging decisions may also be affected by ontogenetic shifts and colony requirements. We studied the short-term changes in foraging preferences of the generalist wasp Vespula germanica, focusing on whether the individual response to different resources could be influenced by the ontogenetic shifts and/or by social interaction with nestmates. We carried both laboratory and field experiments to confront worker wasps to a short-term resource switch between either protein or carbohydrate-based foods. We tested the response of (1) Preforager workers (no foraging experience nor interaction with other wasps), (2) Forager workers (experience in foraging and no colony feedback), and (3) Wild forager workers (foraging naturally and exposed to free interactions with nestmates). We evaluated the maxilla-labium extension response (MaLER) for laboratory assays or the landing response for field assays. We observed that for wasps deprived of colony feedback (either preforagers or foragers), the protein-rich foods acceptance threshold increased (and thus a lower level of foraging on that item was observed) if they had foraged on carbohydrates previously, whereas carbohydrates were accepted in all assays. However, wasps immersed in a natural foraging context did accept protein foods regardless of their first foraging experience and reduced the carbohydrates collected when trained on protein foods. We provide evidence that short-term changes in foraging preferences depend on the type of resource foraged and on the social interactions, but not on ontogenetic shifts.}, }
@article {pmid34239342, year = {2021}, author = {Khlyap, LA and Dinets, V and Warshavsky, AA and Osipov, FA and Dergunova, NN and Petrosyan, VG}, title = {Aggregated occurrence records of the invasive alien striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius Pall.) in the former USSR.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e69159}, pmid = {34239342}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Open access to occurrence records of the most dangerous invasive species in a standardised format have important potential applications for ecological research and management, including the assessment of invasion risks, formulation of preventative and management plans in the context of global climate and land use changes in the short and long perspective. The striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius Pallas, 1771) is a common species in the temperate latitudes of the Palaearctic. Due to land use and global climate changes, several waves of expansion of the range of this species have been observed or inferred. By intrusion into new regions, the striped field mouse has become an alien species there. Apodemus agrarius causes significant harm to agriculture and is one of the most important pests of grain crops. In tree nurseries, A. agrarius destroys seeds of valuable tree species and gnaws at the bark of saplings of broadleaf species and berry bushes. It is one of the most epidemiologically important rodents, involved in the circulation of the causative agents of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and many other zoonotic infections. The foregoing allows us to classify the striped field mouse as a dangerous invasive alien species in the expanding part of the range. A lot of data accumulated for this species are of interest from both ecological and applied points of view. The accumulation and aggregation of data on the occurrence records of A. agrarius is relevant for the study of ecology, biogeography and construction of the spatial distribution and ecological niche models in the context of global climate change. We have created a dataset of 1603 occurrence records of this species, collected from 1936 to December 2020 by various zoologists, previously published or original. These records relate to a significant part of the striped field mouse's range in Russia (1264 records) and neighbouring countries (339 records). The dataset shows the position of the northern and central parts of A. agrarius range, the disjunction of the range in Transbaikalia and isolated populations in the north of the range. The data were obtained in different formats from literature, indicating different degrees of accuracy of geographic coordinates and with several variations of the species' name. In the process of aggregating and fixing errors, we created a set of georeferenced occurrence records, adopted a controlled vocabulary, removed duplicates and standardised the format of records using unified data structure. We examined the dataset for inconsistencies with the taxonomic position of A. agrarius and removed the incorrect records. This paper presents the resulting dataset of A. agrarius occurrence records in the territory of Russia and neighbouring countries in a standardised format.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: This is a validated and comprehensive dataset of occurrence records of A. agrarius, including both our own observations and records from literature. This dataset is available for extension by other researchers using a standard format in accordance with Darwin Core standards. In different countries, there are a lot of occurrence records for the striped field mouse, but the overwhelming part of them is presented in separate literary sources, stored in the form of maps and in zoological collections. Prior to this project, such information was not available to a wide range of researchers and did not allow the use of these spatial data for further processing by modern methods of analysis, based on geographic information systems (GIS technologies). The created dataset combines species occurrence records of many Soviet zoologists who studied the distribution of the striped field mouse over a significant part of its recent range, in Russia and neighbouring countries (within the former USSR). The final set of records was created by combining the species occurrence records using a uniform data structure, checking geographic coordinates and removing duplicate and erroneous records. The dataset expands the available information on the spatial and temporal distribution of the dangerous invasive species in Russia and neighbouring countries of the former USSR (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan).}, }
@article {pmid34235726, year = {2021}, author = {Aguirre, WE and Alvarez-Mieles, G and Anaguano-Yancha, F and Burgos Morán, R and Cucalón, RV and Escobar-Camacho, D and Jácome-Negrete, I and Jiménez Prado, P and Laaz, E and Miranda-Troya, K and Navarrete-Amaya, R and Nugra Salazar, F and Revelo, W and Rivadeneira, JF and Valdiviezo Rivera, J and Zárate Hugo, E}, title = {Conservation threats and future prospects for the freshwater fishes of Ecuador: A hotspot of Neotropical fish diversity.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {99}, number = {4}, pages = {1158-1189}, pmid = {34235726}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//Wildlife Conservation Society/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; Fisheries ; Fishes ; Fresh Water ; }, abstract = {Freshwater fish communities in Ecuador exhibit some of the highest levels of diversity and endemism in the Neotropics. Unfortunately, aquatic ecosystems in the country are under serious threat and conditions are deteriorating. In 2018-19, the government of Ecuador sponsored a series of workshops to examine the conservation status of Ecuador's freshwater fishes. Concerns were identified for 35 species, most of which are native to the Amazon region, and overfishing of Amazonian pimelodid catfishes emerged as a major issue. However, much of the information needed to make decisions across fish groups and regions was not available, hindering the process and highlighting the need for a review of the conservation threats to Ecuador's freshwater fishes. Here, we review how the physical alteration of rivers, deforestation, wetland and floodplain degradation, agricultural and urban water pollution, mining, oil extraction, dams, overfishing, introduced species and climate change are affecting freshwater fishes in Ecuador. Although many of these factors affect fishes throughout the Neotropics, the lack of data on Ecuadorian fish communities is staggering and highlights the urgent need for more research. We also make recommendations, including the need for proper enforcement of existing environmental laws, restoration of degraded aquatic ecosystems, establishment of a national monitoring system for freshwater ecosystems, investment in research to fill gaps in knowledge, and encouragement of public engagement in citizen science and conservation efforts. Freshwater fishes are an important component of the cultural and biological legacy of the Ecuadorian people. Conserving them for future generations is critical.}, }
@article {pmid34234761, year = {2021}, author = {Ge, SX and Shi, FM and Pei, JH and Hou, ZH and Zong, SX and Ren, LL}, title = {Gut Bacteria Associated With Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Their Possible Roles in Host Plant Adaptations.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {687211}, pmid = {34234761}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an important native pest in the pine forests of northeast China and a dispersing vector of an invasive species Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. To investigate the bacterial gut diversity of M. saltuarius larvae in different host species, and infer the role of symbiotic bacteria in host adaptation, we used 16S rRNA gene Illumina sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics processing to obtain and compare the composition of the bacterial community and metabolites in the midguts of larvae feeding on three host tree species: Pinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, and Pinus tabuliformis. Metabolomics in xylem samples from the three aforementioned hosts were also performed. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the predominant bacterial phyla in the larval gut. At the genus level, Klebsiella, unclassified_f__Enterobacteriaceae, Lactococcus, and Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia were most dominant in P. koraiensis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica feeders, while Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Dyella, Pseudoxanthomonas, and Mycobacterium were most dominant in P. tabuliformis feeders. Bacterial communities were similar in diversity in P. koraiensis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica feeders, while communities were highly diverse in P. tabuliformis feeders. Compared with the other two tree species, P. tabuliformis xylems had more diverse and abundant secondary metabolites, while larvae feeding on these trees had a stronger metabolic capacity for secondary metabolites than the other two host feeders. Correlation analysis of the association of microorganisms with metabolic features showed that dominant bacterial genera in P. tabuliformis feeders were more negatively correlated with plant secondary metabolites than those of other host tree feeders.}, }
@article {pmid34233062, year = {2021}, author = {Duplouy, A and Nair, A and Nyman, T and van Nouhuys, S}, title = {Long-term spatiotemporal genetic structure of an accidental parasitoid introduction, and local changes in prevalence of its associated Wolbachia symbiont.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {18}, pages = {4368-4380}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16065}, pmid = {34233062}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Butterflies/genetics ; Humans ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Prevalence ; *Wasps/genetics ; *Wolbachia/genetics ; }, abstract = {Population bottlenecks associated with founder events strongly impact the establishment and genetic makeup of populations. In addition to their genotype, founding individuals also bring along parasites, as well as symbionts that can manipulate the phenotype of their host, affecting the host population establishment, dynamics and evolution. Thus, to understand introduction, invasion, and spread, we should identify the roles played by accompanying symbionts. In 1991, the parasitoid wasp, Hyposoter horticola, and its associated hyperparasitoid were accidentally introduced from the main Åland islands, Finland, to an isolated island in the archipelago, along with their host, the Glanville fritillary butterfly. Though the receiving island was unoccupied, the butterfly was present on some of the small islands in the vicinity. The three introduced species have persisted locally ever since. A strain of the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia has an intermediate prevalence in the parasitoid H. horticola across the main Åland population. The infection increases its susceptibility of to hyperparasitism. We investigated the establishment and spread of the parasitoid, along with patterns of prevalence of its symbiont using 323 specimens collected between 1992 and 2013, from five localities across Åland, including the source and introduced populations. Using 14 microsatellites and one mitochondrial marker, we suggest that the relatively diverse founding population and occasional migration between islands might have facilitated the persistence of all isolated populations, despite multiple local population crashes. We also show that where the hyperparasitoid is absent, and thus selection against infected wasp genotypes is relaxed, there is near-fixation of Wolbachia.}, }
@article {pmid34233050, year = {2021}, author = {Comeault, AA and Kautt, AF and Matute, DR}, title = {Genomic signatures of admixture and selection are shared among populations of Zaprionus indianus across the western hemisphere.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {23}, pages = {6193-6210}, pmid = {34233050}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {R01 GM121750/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01GM121750//National Institute for Health Research/ ; ALTF 47-2018//European Molecular Biology Organization/ ; 1737752//NSF/ ; }, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Drosophilidae ; Genomics ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Introduced species have become an increasingly common component of biological communities around the world. A central goal in invasion biology is therefore to identify the demographic and evolutionary factors that underlie successful introductions. Here we use whole genome sequences, collected from populations in the native and introduced range of the African fig fly, Zaprionus indianus, to quantify genetic relationships among them, identify potential sources of the introductions, and test for selection at different spatial scales. We find that geographically widespread populations in the western hemisphere are genetically more similar to each other than to lineages sampled across Africa, and that these populations share a mixture of alleles derived from differentiated African lineages. Using patterns of allele-sharing and demographic modelling we show that Z. indinaus have undergone a single expansion across the western hemisphere with admixture between African lineages predating this expansion. We also find support for selection that is shared across populations in the western hemisphere, and in some cases, with a subset of African populations. This suggests either that parallel selection has acted across a large part of Z. indianus's introduced range; or, more parsimoniously, that Z. indianus has experienced selection early on during (or prior-to) its expansion into the western hemisphere. We suggest that the range expansion of Z. indianus has been facilitated by admixture and selection, and that management of this invasion could focus on minimizing future admixture by controlling the movement of individuals within this region rather than between the western and eastern hemisphere.}, }
@article {pmid34232389, year = {2021}, author = {Tomé, B and Harris, DJ and Perera, A and Damas-Moreira, I}, title = {Invasive lizard has fewer parasites than native congener.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {120}, number = {8}, pages = {2953-2957}, pmid = {34232389}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Female ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; *Lizards/parasitology ; Male ; *Parasites ; Phylogeny ; Portugal ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can carry parasites to introduced locations, which may be key to understand the success or failure of species establishment and the invasive potential of introduced species. We compared the prevalence and infection levels of haemogregarine blood parasites between two sympatric congeneric species in Lisbon, Portugal: the invasive Italian wall lizard (Podarcis siculus) and the native green Iberian wall lizard (Podarcis virescens). The two species had significant differences in their infection levels: while P. virescens had high prevalence of infection (69.0%), only one individual of P. siculus was infected (3.7%), and while P. virescens exhibited an average intensity of 1.36%, the infected P. siculus individual had an infection rate of only 0.04%. Genetic analyses of 18S rRNA identified two different haemogregarine haplotypes in P. virescens. Due to the low levels of infection, we were not able to amplify parasite DNA from the infected P. siculus individual, although it was morphologically similar to those found in P. virescens. Since other studies also reported low levels of parasites in P. siculus, we hypothesize that this general lack of parasites could be one of the factors contributing to its competitive advantage over native lizard species and introduction success.}, }
@article {pmid34231839, year = {2021}, author = {Tarusikirwa, VL and Cuthbert, RN and Mutamiswa, R and Gotcha, N and Nyamukondiwa, C}, title = {Water Balance and Desiccation Tolerance of the Invasive South American Tomato Pinworm.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {114}, number = {4}, pages = {1743-1751}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toab128}, pmid = {34231839}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Desiccation ; Enterobius ; Larva ; *Solanum lycopersicum ; *Moths ; South America ; Water ; }, abstract = {Temperature and dehydration stress are two major co-occurring environmental stressors threatening the physiology, biochemistry, and ecology of insects. As such, understanding adaptive responses to desiccation stress is critical for predicting climate change impacts, particularly its influence on insect invasions. Here, we assessed water balance and desiccation resistance of the invasive Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), and infer how eco-physiology shapes its niche. We measured basal body water and lipid content, water loss rates (WLRs), and desiccation resistance in larvae (second to fourth instars) and adults. Body -water, -lipid, and WLRs significantly varied across life stages. Second instars recorded the lowest while fourth instars exhibited the highest body water and lipid content. Adult body water and lipid content were higher than second and third instars and lower than fourth instars while proportion of body water and lipid contents were highest in adults and second larval instars respectively. Water loss rates were significantly highest in fourth-instar larvae compared to other life stages, but differences among stages were less apparent at longer exposure durations (48 h). Desiccation resistance assays showed that second instars had greatest mortality while fourth-instar larvae and adults were the most desiccation tolerant. Our results show that T. absoluta fourth-instar larvae and adults are the most resilient developmental stages and potentially contribute most to the invasion success of the pest in arid environments. Incorporation of these species-specific eco-physiological traits in predictive models can help refine invasive species potential spread under changing climates.}, }
@article {pmid34231756, year = {2021}, author = {Moraes, AB and DE Moraes, DCS and Alencar, CERD and Freire, FAM}, title = {Native and non-native species of Litopenaeus Pérez-Farfante, 1969 (Crustacea: Penaeidae) from the East Atlantic: Geometric morphometrics as a tool for taxonomic discrimination.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {93}, number = {3}, pages = {e20200107}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765202120200107}, pmid = {34231756}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Animals ; *Decapoda ; Introduced Species ; *Penaeidae ; }, abstract = {The shape of the secondary sexual characters is, traditionally, used to discriminate the marine shrimps at the species level. However, the qualitative evaluation of structures that are morphologically variable in the taxonomy of species can favor misunderstandings and misidentifications. These possibilities of taxonomic inaccuracies are especially alarming when there is a need to evaluate the invasion of introduced species. The present study used geometric morphometric analyses to identify differences in the cephalothorax shape that would help discriminate the native and non-native species of Litopenaeus of the South American coast. The comparative morphology analysis was conducted using the right profile of adult males' cephalothorax of L. schmitti, captured in the natural environment, and L. vannamei captured in the natural environment or grown in shrimp farms. In intraspecific evaluation, it was not possible to distinguish the specimens of L. vannamei that were grown in shrimp farms from those acclimated to the natural environment. However, significant interspecific differences in shape were found in the shape of this body structure. Additionally, the base position of the first rostral spine to the tip of the hepatic spine is indicated as a characteristic that can be used to distinguish these two species by eye in the field.}, }
@article {pmid34229238, year = {2021}, author = {Arranz, I and Brucet, S and Bartrons, M and García-Comas, C and Benejam, L}, title = {Fish size spectra are affected by nutrient concentration and relative abundance of non-native species across streams of the NE Iberian Peninsula.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {795}, number = {}, pages = {148792}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148792}, pmid = {34229238}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Nutrients ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Aquatic ecosystems are strongly body-size structured with a decline of numerical abundance with increasing body size (hereafter, the size spectrum). Marine and lake fish studies have reported consistent variations of size spectra in relation to environmental conditions and biotic composition, but little is known about stream fishes. Accordingly, in this study we test several hypotheses about the effects of local water conditions, biotic introductions and cumulative pressures (measured as the IMPRESS index) on the fish size-spectrum slope (that is, the linear rate of decline of fish abundance as body size increase in a log-log scale) and the size-spectrum intercept (commonly used as proxy for carrying capacity) among 118 local fish assemblages in streams of the NE Iberian Peninsula. To our knowledge, this is the first time that an extensive river fish dataset is used in a dendritic network to cover systematic changes of size-spectrum parameters. We find that the slope and intercept of the fish size spectrum are negatively correlated with nutrient concentration (mainly total phosphorus), with a greater relative abundance of small fishes but a decline of overall carrying capacity. Moreover, fish assemblages with greater relative abundance of non-native species have flatter size-spectrum slopes. In contrast, the IMPRESS index and climate-related variables are poor predictors of the shape of the fish size spectra. This study contributes to better understanding of the main factors structuring fish assemblages in lotic environments of the Iberian Peninsula. We encourage more research on this line to further explore the use of fish size structure to evaluate the ecological health of riverine ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid34221739, year = {2021}, author = {Liu, B and Wang, G and An, Y and Xue, D and Wang, L and Lu, C}, title = {Similar seed dispersal systems by local frugivorous birds in native and alien plant species in a coastal seawall forest.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e11672}, pmid = {34221739}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Frugivorous birds play an important role in seed dispersal. Alien plant species' seeds are dispersed by local birds in order to establish populations in new habitats. Alien plant species that produce fruits similar to that of native species have the potential to attract local birds, creating new mutualistic systems that are similar to the local ones. In autumn 2018 and 2019, we studied the seed dispersal systems of an alien plant species, Phytolacca americana, and a native species, Cayratia japonica, in a coastal seawall forest. Both plant species' fruit, frugivorous bird foraging behaviors, seed germination rates, and seedling microhabitats were examined to determine whether the alien species had a similar seed dispersal system to that of the native species. Our results showed that P. americana and C. japonica had similar fruit type, color, and ripening period. There was a positive correlation between the percentage rate of fruit ripening and the percentage rate of fruit missing for both plant species, indicating that local frugivorous birds have the potential to sufficiently disperse the alien seeds to enable its spread in the coastal seawall forest (simple linear regression, P. americana: β = 0.863 ± 0.017, R[2] adj = 0.978, P < 0.01; C. japonica: β = 0.787 ± 0.034, R[2] adj = 0.898, P < 0.01). Eleven bird species consumed the fruits of the alien species or native species during the study period. Similar results were shown across alien and native species in bird foraging behavior (feeding frequency, feeding duration and first stop distance) indicating that a similar seed dispersal relationship had been established between local frugivorous and both plant species. The alien plant had a higher number of fruits carried by birds, suggesting that P. americana had a slightly higher fruit consumption than that of C. japonica (t-test, P < 0.01). Alien plant seedlings grow more abundant in forest gap microhabitat (t-test, P < 0.01). Our results confirmed that bird digestion promotes seed germination success in both plant species. Our study suggests that in a narrow coastal seawall forest, alien plant species can successfully establish their populations by relying on similar seed dispersal systems as the local species.}, }
@article {pmid34220914, year = {2021}, author = {Kaur, A and Batish, DR and Kaur, S and Chauhan, BS}, title = {An Overview of the Characteristics and Potential of Calotropis procera From Botanical, Ecological, and Economic Perspectives.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {690806}, pmid = {34220914}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. (commonly known as the apple of sodom, calotrope, and giant milkweed) is an evergreen, perennial shrub of the family Apocynaceae, mainly found in arid and semi-arid regions. It is a multipurpose plant, which can be utilized for medicine, fodder, and fuel purposes, timber and fiber production, phytoremediation, and synthesis of nanoparticles. It has been widely used in traditional medicinal systems across North Africa, Middle East Asia, and South-East Asia. At present, it is being extensively explored for its potential pharmacological applications. Several reports also suggest its prospects in the food, textile, and paper industries. Besides, C. procera has also been acknowledged as an ornamental species. High pharmacological potential and socio-economic value have led to the pantropical introduction of the plant. Morpho-physiological adaptations and the ability to tolerate various abiotic stresses enabled its naturalization beyond the introduced areas. Now, it is recognized as an obnoxious environmental weed in several parts of the world. Its unnatural expansion has been witnessed in the regions of South America, the Caribbean Islands, Australia, the Hawaiian Islands, Mexico, Seychelles, and several Pacific Islands. In Australia, nearly 3.7 million hectares of drier areas, including rangelands and Savannahs, have been invaded by the plant. In this review, multiple aspects of C. procera have been discussed including its general characteristics, current and potential uses, and invasive tendencies. The objectives of this review are a) to compile the information available in the literature on C. procera, to make it accessible for future research, b) to enlist together its potential applications being investigated in different fields, and c) to acknowledge C. procera as an emerging invasive species of arid and semi-arid regions.}, }
@article {pmid34217229, year = {2021}, author = {Elfstrand, M and Chen, J and Cleary, M and Halecker, S and Ihrmark, K and Karlsson, M and Davydenko, K and Stenlid, J and Stadler, M and Durling, MB}, title = {Comparative analyses of the Hymenoscyphus fraxineus and Hymenoscyphus albidus genomes reveals potentially adaptive differences in secondary metabolite and transposable element repertoires.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {503}, pmid = {34217229}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {STSM-FP1103-15236//European Cost Action (FRAXBACK)/ ; }, mesh = {Ascomycota ; *DNA Transposable Elements ; Europe ; *Fraxinus/genetics ; Humans ; Plant Diseases ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The dieback epidemic decimating common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in Europe is caused by the invasive fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. In this study we analyzed the genomes of H. fraxineus and H. albidus, its native but, now essentially displaced, non-pathogenic sister species, and compared them with several other members of Helotiales. The focus of the analyses was to identify signals in the genome that may explain the rapid establishment of H. fraxineus and displacement of H. albidus.<br><br>RESULTS: The genomes of H. fraxineus and H. albidus showed a high level of synteny and identity. The assembly of H. fraxineus is 13&#xa0;Mb longer than that of H. albidus', most of this difference can be attributed to higher dispersed repeat content (i.e. transposable elements [TEs]) in H. fraxineus. In general, TE families in H. fraxineus showed more signals of repeat-induced point mutations (RIP) than in H. albidus, especially in Long-terminal repeat (LTR)/Copia and LTR/Gypsy elements. Comparing gene family expansions and 1:1 orthologs, relatively few genes show signs of positive selection between species. However, several of those did appeared to be associated with secondary metabolite genes families, including gene families containing two of the genes in the H. fraxineus-specific, hymenosetin biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC).<br><br>CONCLUSION: The genomes of H. fraxineus and H. albidus show a high degree of synteny, and are rich in both TEs and BGCs, but the genomic signatures also indicated that H. albidus may be less well equipped to adapt and maintain its ecological niche in a rapidly changing environment.}, }
@article {pmid34216516, year = {2022}, author = {Chen, P and Chen, T and Liu, B and Zhang, M and Lu, C}, title = {Song variation of a native songbird in a modified habitat by invasive plant.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {93-104}, pmid = {34216516}, issn = {1749-4877}, support = {31670432//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2020XJ43//Research Culture Funds of Anhui Normal University/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Introduced Species ; *Poaceae ; *Songbirds ; *Vocalization, Animal ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Habitat structure has been considered as an important factor affecting the acoustic evolution of birds, and bird songs are increasingly affected by artificial environmental variation. Invasive plants sometimes can dramatically alter native habitats, but the song variation of native songbirds migrating into invaded habitats has received little attention. The invasion of smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora in the coastal wetlands of eastern China has drastically altered the vegetation structure and some small passerines have begun to use invaded habitats to breed. In this study, we compared the song type prevalence and the song characteristics of male plain prinia Prinia inornata to identify differences in vocal behavior between native and invaded habitats. We also tested for differences in vocal behavior in relation to singing perch and wind speed variation between different habitats. The results indicated that males of plain prinia in invaded habitats sang shorter songs than those in native habitats and had a lower song diversity. The homogeneous vegetation structure and higher wind speed in invaded habitats likely leads to males changing the traditional perched singing style. The song variation may be related to the founder effect, the alteration of vegetation structure and microclimate in invaded habitats. This finding highlights the need for better understanding the behavioral evolution of native species in the process of adapting to the invaded habitat. In the future, experimental manipulation is needed to ascertain how the invasive plant drove these vocal behavior changes of native songbirds.}, }
@article {pmid34216272, year = {2021}, author = {Fenollosa, E and Jené, L and Munné-Bosch, S}, title = {Geographic patterns of seed trait variation in an invasive species: how much can close populations differ?.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {196}, number = {3}, pages = {747-761}, pmid = {34216272}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {ICREA Academia award//Generalitat de Catalunya/ ; 2017 SGR 980//Generalitat de Catalunya/ ; FPU 15/06666//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#xf3;n y Universidades/ ; }, mesh = {Climate ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Seeds ; *Soil ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Seeds play a major role in plant species persistence and expansion, and therefore they are essential when modeling species dynamics. However, homogeneity in seed traits is generally assumed, underestimating intraspecific trait variability across the geographic space, which might bias species success models. The aim of this study was to evaluate the existence and consequences of interpopulation variability in seed traits of the invasive species Carpobrotus edulis at different geographical scales. We measured seed production, morphology, vigour and longevity of nine populations of C. edulis along the Catalan coast (NE Spain) from three differentiated zones with a human presence gradient. Geographic distances between populations were contrasted against individual and multivariate trait distances to explore trait variation along the territory, evaluating the role of bioclimatic variables and human density of the different zones. The analysis revealed high interpopulation variability that was not explained by geographic distance, as regardless of the little distance between some populations (< 0.5 km), significant differences were found in several seed traits. Seed production, germination, and persistence traits showed the strongest spatial variability up to 6000% of percent trait variability between populations, leading to differentiated C. edulis soil seed bank dynamics at small distances, which may demand differentiated strategies for a cost-effective species management. Seed trait variability was influenced by human density but also bioclimatic conditions, suggesting a potential impact of increased anthropogenic pressure and climate shifts. Geographic interpopulation trait variation should be included in ecological models and will be important for assessing species responses to environmental heterogeneity and change.}, }
@article {pmid34215191, year = {2021}, author = {Apuli, RP and Richards, T and Rendón-Anaya, M and Karacic, A and Rönnberg-Wästljung, AC and Ingvarsson, PK}, title = {The genetic basis of adaptation in phenology in an introduced population of Black Cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa, Torr. &amp; Gray).}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {317}, pmid = {34215191}, issn = {1471-2229}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Gene Ontology ; Genetic Association Studies ; Inheritance Patterns/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Populus/*genetics/*physiology ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Entering and exiting winter dormancy present important trade-offs between growth and survival at northern latitudes. Many forest trees display local adaptation across latitude in traits associated with these phenology transitions. Transfers of a species outside its native range introduce the species to novel combinations of environmental conditions potentially requiring different combinations of alleles to optimize growth and survival. In this study, we performed genome wide association analyses and a selection scan in a P. trichocarpa mapping population derived from crossings between clones collected across the native range and introduced into Sweden. GWAS analyses were performed using phenotypic data collected across two field seasons and in a controlled phytotron experiment.<br><br>RESULTS: We uncovered 584 putative candidate genes associated with spring and autumn phenology traits as well as with growth. Many regions harboring variation significantly associated with the initiation of leaf shed and leaf autumn coloring appeared to have been evolving under positive selection in the native environments of P. trichocarpa. A comparison between the candidate genes identified with results from earlier GWAS analyses performed in the native environment found a smaller overlap for spring phenology traits than for autumn phenology traits, aligning well with earlier observations that spring phenology transitions have a more complex genetic basis than autumn phenology transitions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In a small and structured introduced population of P. trichocarpa, we find complex genetic architectures underlying all phenology and growth traits, and identify multiple putative candidate genes despite the limitations of the study population.}, }
@article {pmid34214798, year = {2021}, author = {Madikizela, LM}, title = {Removal of organic pollutants in water using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes).}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {295}, number = {}, pages = {113153}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113153}, pmid = {34214798}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Eichhornia ; *Environmental Pollutants ; Water ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical ; }, abstract = {Globally, water hyacinth is recognized as an invasive species that threatens the survival of aquatic organisms. Its removal from water is performed manually or physically to avoid the secondary water pollution that results through the usage of chemically synthesised herbicides for its control, thus generating solid waste. Among other things, scientists have proposed the conversion of this waste into adsorbents that can be utilized for the remediation of water resources. This is essentially significant as the quality of water remains a necessity in all spheres of life. In this paper, the remediation strategies that have been proposed for the remediation of water resources through the removal of organic pollutants using water hyacinth are reviewed. Phytoremediation and removal of organics through adsorption using water hyacinth have been extensively investigated. From this review, it can be observed that the majority of the reviewed work focussed more on the removal of organic dyes from water. In this context, the mechanisms involved during the adsorption processes are discussed. In the end, future research that is likely to assist in the environmental management of water resources through their remediation with water hyacinth is suggested.}, }
@article {pmid34214119, year = {2021}, author = {Jalbert, CS and Falke, JA and López, JA and Dunker, KJ and Sepulveda, AJ and Westley, PAH}, title = {Vulnerability of Pacific salmon to invasion of northern pike (Esox lucius) in Southcentral Alaska.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {e0254097}, pmid = {34214119}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Alaska ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Ecosystem ; Esocidae/*physiology ; Geography ; Human Activities ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Oncorhynchus/*physiology ; Rivers ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The relentless role of invasive species in the extinction of native biota requires predictions of ecosystem vulnerability to inform proactive management strategies. The worldwide invasion and range expansion of predatory northern pike (Esox lucius) has been linked to the decline of native fishes and tools are needed to predict the vulnerability of habitats to invasion over broad geographic scales. To address this need, we coupled an intrinsic potential habitat modelling approach with a Bayesian network to evaluate the vulnerability of five culturally and economically vital species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) to invasion by northern pike. This study was conducted along 22,875 stream km in the Southcentral region of Alaska, USA. Pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) were the most vulnerable species, with 15.2% (2,458 km) of their calculated extent identified as "highly" vulnerable, followed closely by chum salmon (O. keta, 14.8%; 2,557 km) and coho salmon (O. kisutch, 14.7%; 2,536 km). Moreover, all five Pacific salmon species were highly vulnerable in 1,001 stream km of shared habitat. This simple to implement, adaptable, and cost-effective framework will allow prioritizing habitats for early detection and monitoring of invading northern pike.}, }
@article {pmid34211343, year = {2021}, author = {Julius, RS and Brettschneider, H and Chimimba, CT and Bastos, ADS}, title = {Prevalence and Diversity of the Streptobacillus Rat-bite Fever Agent, in Three Invasive, Commensal Rattus Species from South Africa.}, journal = {The Yale journal of biology and medicine}, volume = {94}, number = {2}, pages = {217-226}, pmid = {34211343}, issn = {1551-4056}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Prevalence ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Rat-Bite Fever ; Rats ; Retrospective Studies ; South Africa/epidemiology ; *Streptobacillus/genetics ; }, abstract = {Rat-bite fever is an over-looked, global zoonotic disease that has a mortality rate of up to 13%, if untreated. Historically, this rat-borne disease has been attributed to one of two causative agents, Streptobacillus moniliformis or Spirillum minus. Given the confirmed presence of multiple invasive Rattus host species, high rat densities in urban, informal human settlements and increasing reports of rat bites in South Africa, we undertook a retrospective assessment of Streptobacillus in rats sampled from 16 urban sites, in Gauteng, the smallest but most populous Province in South Africa. Using a multi-gene PCR-sequencing approach, we confirmed Streptobacillus presence in 50.9% of oral swabs from three rat species and the presence of two Streptobacillus species, viz.S. moniliformis and S. notomytis. The two members of the cryptic Rattus rattus species complex (R. rattus and R. tanezumi), which are morphologically indistinguishable from each other, had markedly different colonization rates. Whereas 48.6% of rats from this species complex were Streptobacillus-positive, only 32.3% of Rattus tanezumi were positive compared to 61.5% R. rattus. Rattus norvegicus had an intermediate prevalence of 55.6%. Phylogenetic analysis of four gene regions (16S rRNA, gyrB, groEL, recA) identified two discrete lineages; S. moniliformis occurred exclusively in R.norvegicus, and S. notomytis was restricted to the two members of the R. rattus species complex; this represents the first report of Streptobacillus in R. tanezumi. These results highlight a largely overlooked zoonotic threat posed by invasive rats and confirm the presence of two discrete and potentially host-specific Streptobacillus lineages in South Africa.}, }
@article {pmid34210999, year = {2021}, author = {Darji, TB and Adhikari, B and Pathak, S and Neupane, S and Thapa, LB and Bhatt, TD and Pant, RR and Pant, G and Pal, KB and Bishwakarma, K}, title = {Phytotoxic effects of invasive Ageratina adenophora on two native subtropical shrubs in Nepal.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {13663}, pmid = {34210999}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The response of native plants to allelopathic interference of invasive species may differ from species to species. In this study, the phytotoxic effects of Ageratina adenophora were tested on two native shrubs (Osbeckia stellata and Elsholtzia blanda) of Nepal. Both the shrubs were grown in pots under treatments of A. adenophora fresh leaves and root leachates, and litter. Then, the seedling length and biomass were compared among the treatments. The results show that A. adenophora litter has stimulatory effects but the leachates from fresh leaves and root are phytotoxic to the growth and development of native shrubs. Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) analysis confirmed the presence of O-H (Hydroxyl), N-H (Amines), C≡C (Alkynes), and C-H stretching (Aromatic) or C-O-C stretching (Ethers) in the leachates representing harmful allelochemicals. The invaded soil by A. adenophora had low pH and a high amount of organic matter, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium than the uninvaded soil. The results indicate that the native O. stellata and E. blanda are harmed by A. adenophora in nature by leaching of allelochemicals and probably by reducing the soil pH. Overall, this study has provided valuable insights regarding the effects of A. adenophora invasion on native shrubs and revealing the potential mechanism of its invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid34210255, year = {2021}, author = {Chen, L and Li, S and Xiao, Q and Lin, Y and Li, X and Qu, Y and Wu, G and Li, H}, title = {Composition and diversity of gut microbiota in Pomacea canaliculata in sexes and between developmental stages.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {200}, pmid = {34210255}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*genetics ; *Biodiversity ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages ; Male ; Sex Factors ; Snails/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, is one of the world's 100 worst invasive alien species and vector of some pathogens relevant to human health.<br><br>METHODS: On account of the importance of gut microbiota to the host animals, we compared the communities of the intestinal microbiota from P. canaliculata collected at different developmental stages (juvenile and adult) and different sexes by using high-throughput sequencing.<br><br>RESULTS: The core bacteria phyla of P. canaliculata gut microbiota included Tenericutes (at an average relative abundance of 45.7&#x2009;%), Firmicutes (27.85&#x2009;%), Proteobacteria (11.86&#x2009;%), Actinobacteria (4.45&#x2009;%), and Cyanobacteria (3.61&#x2009;%). The female group possessed the highest richness values, whereas the male group possessed the lowest bacterial richness and diversity compared with the female and juvenile group. Both the developmental stages and sexes had important effects on the composition of the intestinal microbiota of P. canaliculata. By LEfSe analysis, microbes from the phyla Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were enriched in the female group, phylum Bacteroidetes was enriched in the male group, family Mycoplasmataceae and genus Leuconostoc were enriched in the juvenile group. PICRUSt analysis predicted twenty-four metabolic functions in all samples, including general function prediction, amino acid transport and metabolism, transcription, replication, recombination and repair, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, etc. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided a general understanding of the diversity characteristics of intestinal microbial communities of P. canaliculata, and indicated that developmental stage and gender could both influence the intestinal microbes of P. canaliculata. Further study may focus on the interaction between the gut microbiota and their host.}, }
@article {pmid34209596, year = {2021}, author = {Braman, CA and Lambert, AM and Özsoy, AZ and Hollstien, EN and Sheehy, KA and McKinnon, T and Moran, P and Gaskin, JF and Goolsby, JA and Dudley, TL}, title = {Biology of an Adventive Population of the Armored Scale Rhizaspidiotus donacis, a Biological Control Agent of Arundo donax in California.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {34209596}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {18-DG-11052021-227//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; 0808.17.057447//National Fish and Wildlife Foundation/ ; 0806.17.055495//National Fish and Wildlife Foundation/ ; 3423//University of California, Santa Barbara Undergraduate Research and Creative Activity/ ; }, abstract = {Arundo donax (giant reed) is invasive in Mediterranean, sub-, and tropical riparian systems worldwide. The armored scale Rhizaspidiotus donacis is approved for biocontrol in North America, but an adventive population was recently discovered in southern California. We documented this population's distribution, phylogeny, phenology, potential host spillover to Phragmites spp., and potential for parasitism by a common biocontrol parasitoid of citrus scale. The adventive scale was found within a single watershed and is genetically closest to Iberian scale genotypes. Rhizaspidiotus donacis developed on Phragmites haplotypes but at much lower densities than Arundo. The adventive population is univoltine, producing crawlers from March-June. Aphytis melinus parasitoids exhibited sustained interest in R. donacis during choice and no-choice trials and oviposition resulted in a small second generation. Rhizaspidiotus donacis appears limited in distribution by its univoltinism and sessile adult females. This presents challenges for broad biocontrol implementation but allows for targeted application. The genetic differentiation between imported biocontrol samples and adventive populations presents an opportunity for exploring benefits of hybrids and/or alternative genotypes where establishment has been difficult. While unlikely to occur in situ, spillover to vulnerable endemic Phragmites or deleterious parasitoid effects on scale biocontrol agents warrants consideration when planning use of R. donacis.}, }
@article {pmid34209253, year = {2021}, author = {Kim, P and Yoon, TJ and Shin, S}, title = {Monthly eDNA Monitoring of an Invasive Bryozoan, Bugulina californica, in Seawater Using Species-Specific Markers.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {34209253}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {20190518//Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries/ ; NIBR202002204//National Institute of Biological Resources/ ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) method used by many ecologists as effective investigation tool can detect endangered species, rare species, and invasive species. In case of invasive species, eDNA method help to monitor the target species when the species was hard to detect through the traditional survey such as the early stage of invasion, low abundance, and larva or juvenile stage. The bryozoan, Bugulina californica, was known as a marine fouling invasive species in Korea since its first reported in 1978. This species expanded nationwide, and damages to ascidian aquaculture through attached on the ship hulls and artificial facilities. To monitor the distribution and biomass of invasive bryozoan, B. californica, the qPCR analysis of environmental DNA was performed on seawater samples from 12 harbors. In this study, we designed species-specific markers which can calculate the detected DNA copies of B. californica, and the presence and monitoring of this species can be more accurately estimated by environmental DNA analysis than by traditional survey, in which it is difficult to identify the species. Real-time PCR analysis using environmental DNA is an effective monitoring method that can determine both the distribution and the monthly change in biomass of B. californica in Korea.}, }
@article {pmid34208370, year = {2021}, author = {Stanicka, A and Migdalski, &#x141; and Szopieray, K and Cichy, A and Jermacz, &#x141; and Lombardo, P and Żbikowska, E}, title = {Invaders as Diluents of the Cercarial Dermatitis Etiological Agent.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {34208370}, issn = {2076-0817}, abstract = {Research on alien and invasive species focuses on the direct effects of invasion on native ecosystems, and the possible positive effects of their presence are most often overlooked. Our aim was to check the suitability of selected alien species (the snail Physa acuta, the bivalve Dreissena polymorpha, and the gammarid Dikerogammarus villosus) as diluents for infectious bird schistosome cercariae-the etiological factor of swimmer's itch. It has been hypothesized that alien species with different feeding habits (scrapers, filterers and predators) that cohabit the aquatic environment with intermediate hosts of the schistosomatid trematodes are capable of feeding on their free-swimming stages-cercariae. In the laboratory conditions used, all experimental animals diluted the cercariae of bird schistosome. The most effective diluents were P. acuta and D. villosus. However, a wide discrepancy in the dilution of the cercariae between replicates was found for gammarids. The obtained results confirm the hypothesis that increased biodiversity, even when alien species are involved, creates the dilution effect of the free-living stages of parasites. Determining the best diluent for bird schistosome cercariae could greatly assist in the development of current bathing areas protection measures against swimmer's itch.}, }
@article {pmid34207548, year = {2021}, author = {Wang, X and Ramualde, N and Aparicio, EM and Maspero, M and Duan, JJ and Smith, L}, title = {Optimal Conditions for Diapause Survival of Aprostocetus fukutai, an Egg Parasitoid for Biological Control of Anoplophora chinensis.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {34207548}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Aprostocetus fukutai is a specialist egg parasitoid of the citrus longhorned beetle Anoplophora chinensis, a high-risk invasive pest of hardwood trees. The parasitoid overwinters as diapausing mature larvae within the host egg and emerges in early summer in synchrony with the egg-laying peak of A. chinensis. This study investigated the parasitoid's diapause survival in parasitized host eggs that either remained in potted trees under semi-natural conditions in southern France or were removed from the wood and held at four different humidities (44, 75, 85-93 and 100% RH) at 11 °C or four different temperature regimes (2, 5, 10 and 12.5 °C) at 100% RH in the laboratory. The temperature regimes reflect overwintering temperatures across the parasitoid's geographical distribution in its native range. Results show that the parasitoid resumed its development to the adult stage at normal rearing conditions (22 °C, 100% RH, 14L:10D) after 6- or 7-months cold chilling at both the semi-natural and laboratory conditions. It had a low survival rate (36.7%) on potted plants due to desiccation or tree wound defense response. No parasitoids survived at 44% RH, but survival rate increased with humidity, reaching the highest (93.7%) at 100% RH. Survival rate also increased from 21.0% at 2 °C to 82.8% at 12.5 °C. Post-diapause developmental time decreased with increased humidity or temperature. There was no difference in the lifetime fecundity of emerged females from 2 and 12.5 °C. These results suggest that 100% RH and 12.5 °C are the most suitable diapause conditions for laboratory rearing of this parasitoid.}, }
@article {pmid34206657, year = {2021}, author = {Peter, A and Žlabur, J&#x160; and Šurić, J and Voća, S and Purgar, DD and Pezo, L and Voća, N}, title = {Invasive Plant Species Biomass-Evaluation of Functional Value.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {26}, number = {13}, pages = {}, pmid = {34206657}, issn = {1420-3049}, mesh = {*Biomass ; *Introduced Species ; *Phytochemicals/analysis/chemistry ; *Plant Extracts/analysis/chemistry ; Plants/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant species (IAS), with their numerous negative ecological, health, and economic impacts, represent one of the greatest conservation challenges in the world. Reducing the negative impacts and potentially exploiting the biomass of these plant species can significantly contribute to sustainable management, protect biodiversity, and create a healthy environment. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional potential, phytochemical status, and antioxidant capacity of nine alien invasive plant species: Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus retroflexus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Datura stramonium, Erigeron annuus, Galinsoga ciliata, Reynoutria japonica, Solidago gigantea, and Sorghum halepense. Multivariate statistical methods such as cluster and PCA were performed to determine possible connections and correlations among selected IAS depending on the phytochemical content. According to the obtained results, R. japonica was notable with the highest content of vitamin C (38.46 mg/100 g FW); while E. annuus (1365.92 mg GAE/100 g FW) showed the highest values of total polyphenolic compounds. A. retroflexus was characterized by the highest content of total chlorophylls (0.26 mg/g) and antioxidant capacity (2221.97 µmol TE/kg). Therefore, it can be concluded that the selected IAS represent nutrient-rich plant material with significant potential for the recovering of bioactive compounds.}, }
@article {pmid34206023, year = {2021}, author = {Marini, F and Weyl, P and Vidović, B and Petanović, R and Littlefield, J and Simoni, S and de Lillo, E and Cristofaro, M and Smith, L}, title = {Eriophyid Mites in Classical Biological Control of Weeds: Progress and Challenges.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {34206023}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {A classical biological control agent is an exotic host-specific natural enemy, which is intentionally introduced to obtain long-term control of an alien invasive species. Among the arthropods considered for this role, eriophyid mites are likely to possess the main attributes required: host specificity, efficacy, and long-lasting effects. However, so far, only a few species have been approved for release. Due to their microscopic size and the general lack of knowledge regarding their biology and behavior, working with eriophyids is particularly challenging. Furthermore, mites disperse in wind, and little is known about biotic and abiotic constraints to their population growth. All these aspects pose challenges that, if not properly dealt with, can make it particularly difficult to evaluate eriophyids as prospective biological control agents and jeopardize the general success of control programs. We identified some of the critical aspects of working with eriophyids in classical biological control of weeds and focused on how they have been or may be addressed. In particular, we analyzed the importance of accurate mite identification, the difficulties faced in the evaluation of their host specificity, risk assessment of nontarget species, their impact on the weed, and the final steps of mite release and post-release monitoring.}, }
@article {pmid34205750, year = {2021}, author = {Hall, RN and King, T and O'Connor, T and Read, AJ and Arrow, J and Trought, K and Duckworth, J and Piper, M and Strive, T}, title = {Age and Infectious Dose Significantly Affect Disease Progression after RHDV2 Infection in Naïve Domestic Rabbits.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {34205750}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animal Diseases/*pathology/*virology ; Animals ; Caliciviridae Infections/*veterinary ; Disease Progression ; Female ; *Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/pathogenicity ; Male ; Rabbits ; Virulence ; }, abstract = {Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2 or GI.2, referring to any virus with lagovirus GI.2 structural genes) is a recently emerged calicivirus that causes generalised hepatic necrosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation leading to death in susceptible lagomorphs (rabbits and hares). Previous studies investigating the virulence of RHDV2 have reported conflicting results, with case fatality rates ranging from 0% to 100% even within a single study. Lagoviruses are of particular importance in Australia and New Zealand where they are used as biocontrol agents to manage wild rabbit populations, which threaten over 300 native species and result in economic impacts in excess of $200 million AUD annually to Australian agricultural industries. It is critically important that any pest control method is both highly effective (i.e., virulent, in the context of viral biocontrols) and has minimal animal welfare impacts. To determine whether RHDV2 might be a suitable candidate biocontrol agent, we investigated the virulence and disease progression of a naturally occurring Australian recombinant RHDV2 in both 5-week-old and 11-week-old New Zealand White laboratory rabbits after either high or low dose oral infection. Objective measures of disease progression were recorded through continuous body temperature monitoring collars, continuous activity monitors, and twice daily observations. We observed a 100% case fatality rate in both infected kittens and adult rabbits after either high dose or low dose infection. Clinical signs of disease, such as pyrexia, weight loss, and reduced activity, were evident in the late stages of infection. Clinical disease, i.e., welfare impacts, were limited to the period after the onset of pyrexia, lasting on average 12 h and increasing in severity as disease progressed. These findings confirm the high virulence of this RHDV2 variant in naïve rabbits. While age and infectious dose significantly affected disease progression, the case fatality rate was consistently 100% under all conditions tested.}, }
@article {pmid34204761, year = {2021}, author = {Harms, NE and Knight, IA and Pratt, PD and Reddy, AM and Mukherjee, A and Gong, P and Coetzee, J and Raghu, S and Diaz, R}, title = {Climate Mismatch between Introduced Biological Control Agents and Their Invasive Host Plants: Improving Biological Control of Tropical Weeds in Temperate Regions.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {34204761}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Many weed biological control programs suffer from large-scale spatial variation in success due to restricted distributions or abundances of agents in temperate climates. For some of the world's worst aquatic weeds, agents are established but overwintering conditions limit their survival in higher latitudes or elevations. The resulting need is for new or improved site- or region-specific biological control tools. Here, we review this challenge with a focus on low-temperature limitations of agents and propose a roadmap for improving success. Investigations across spatial scales, from global (e.g., foreign exploration), to local (selective breeding), to individual organisms (molecular modification), are discussed. A combination of traditional (foreign) and non-traditional (introduced range) exploration may lead to the discovery and development of better-adapted agent genotypes. A multivariate approach using ecologically relevant metrics to quantify and compare cold tolerance among agent populations is likely required. These data can be used to inform environmental niche modeling combined with mechanistic modeling of species' fundamental climate niches and life histories to predict where, when, and at what abundance agents will occur. Finally, synthetic and systems biology approaches in conjunction with advanced modern genomics, gene silencing and gene editing technologies may be used to identify and alter the expression of genes enhancing cold tolerance, but this technology in the context of weed biological control has not been fully explored.}, }
@article {pmid34204036, year = {2021}, author = {Brasier, C and Franceschini, S and Forster, J and Kirk, S}, title = {Enhanced Outcrossing, Directional Selection and Transgressive Segregation Drive Evolution of Novel Phenotypes in Hybrid Swarms of the Dutch Elm Disease Pathogen Ophiostoma novo-ulmi.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {34204036}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {(none)//Leverhulme Trust/ ; }, abstract = {In the 1970s, clones of the two subspecies of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, subsp. americana (SSAM) and subsp. novo-ulmi (SSNU) began to overlap in Europe, resulting in hybrid swarms. By 1983-1986, hybrids with high, SSAM-like growth and pathogenic fitness comprised ~75% of popula-tions at Limburg, Netherlands and Orvieto, Italy. We resampled these populations in 2008 to examine trends in hybrid fitness traits. Since preliminary sampling in 1979-1980, MAT-1 locus frequency had increased from ~0% to ~32% at Orvieto and 5% to ~43% at Limburg, and vegeta-tive incompatibility type frequency had changed from near clonal to extremely diverse at both sites. This represents an enormous increase in outcrossing and recombination potential, due in part to selective acquisition (under virus pressure) of MAT-1 and vic loci from the resident O. ulmi and in part to SSAM × SSNU hybridisation. Overt virus infection in the 2008 samples was low (~4%), diagnostic SSAM and SSNU cu and col1 loci were recombinant, and no isolates exhib-ited a parental SSAM or SSNU colony pattern. At both sites, mean growth rate and mean patho-genicity to 3-5 m clonal elm were high SSAM-like, indicating sustained directional selection for these characters, though at Orvieto growth rate was slower. The once frequent SSNU-specific up-mut colony dimorphism was largely eliminated at both sites. Perithecia formed by Limburg isolates were mainly an extreme, long-necked SSNU-like form, consistent with transgressive segregation resulting from mismatch of SSAM and SSNU developmental loci. Orvieto isolates produced more parental-like perithecia, suggesting the extreme phenotypes may have been se-lected against. The novel phenotypes in the swarms are remodelling O. novo-ulmi in Europe. Locally adapted genotypes may emerge.}, }
@article {pmid34203157, year = {2021}, author = {Caron, V and Yonow, T and Paull, C and Talamas, EJ and Avila, GA and Hoelmer, KA}, title = {Preempting the Arrival of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys: Biological Control Options for Australia.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {34203157}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {N/A//Australian Department of Agriculture and Water and the Environment/ ; }, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorphahalys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is native to Northeast Asia, but has become a serious invasive species in North America and Europe, causing major damage to crops. While it has not established itself in Australia, it has been intercepted at the border several times, indicating that future incursions and establishment are a case of when, not if. Biological control is one of the few control options for this species and will be important for managing H.halys should it become established in Australia. Prioritizing species that could be used as biological control agents would ensure Australia is prepared. This study summarizes the literature on natural enemies of H. halys in its native and invaded ranges and prioritizes potential biological control agents of H.halys that could be used in Australia. Two egg parasitoid species were identified: Trissolcusjaponicus (Ashmead) and Trissolcusmitsukurii (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Future efforts to develop biological control should focus on T. mitsukurii, as it is already present in Australia. However, little is known about this species and further work is required to: (1) assess its potential effectiveness in parasitizing H. halys, (2) determine its current distribution and (3) host range in Australia.}, }
@article {pmid34202512, year = {2021}, author = {Sanna, D and Azzena, I and Scarpa, F and Cossu, P and Pira, A and Gagliardi, F and Casu, M}, title = {First Record of the Alien Species Procambarus virginalis Lyko, 2017 in Fresh Waters of Sardinia and Insight into Its Genetic Variability.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {34202512}, issn = {2075-1729}, support = {FAR2019SANNAD//Universit&#xe0; degli Studi di Sassari/ ; FAR2019CASUM//Universit&#xe0; degli Studi di Sassari/ ; }, abstract = {In the fresh waters of Sardinia (Italy), the non-indigenous crayfish species Procambarus clarkii has been reported from 2005, but, starting from 2019, there have been several reports of a new non-indigenous crayfish in southern and central areas of this Mediterranean island, and its morphology suggests that this species may be the marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis. Forty-seven individuals of this putative species were analyzed, using the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I as molecular marker to identify this crayfish and investigate the level of genetic variability within the recently established population. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were carried out on a dataset including sequences from the Sardinian individuals and from all congenerics available in GenBank. Results showed that the new Sardinian crayfish belong to the species P. virginalis. All the sequences belonging to P. virginalis from European countries are identical, with only few exceptions found among Sardinian individuals. In conclusion, this paper highlights the occurrence of a new further alien species in the Sardinian fresh waters, which are already characterized by the high presence of non-indigenous species.}, }
@article {pmid34202372, year = {2021}, author = {Suárez, L and Castellano, J and Romero, F and Marrero, MD and Benítez, AN and Ortega, Z}, title = {Environmental Hazards of Giant Reed (Arundo donax L.) in the Macaronesia Region and Its Characterisation as a Potential Source for the Production of Natural Fibre Composites.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {13}, number = {13}, pages = {}, pmid = {34202372}, issn = {2073-4360}, support = {MAC2/4.6d/229//European Regional Development Fund/ ; }, abstract = {This paper summarises the results obtained from the characterisation of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) plant and fibres. The research is part of a project developed in the Macaronesia region, of which the aim is to demonstrate the feasibility of using biomass from invasive plant species in the composites sector as a way of financing control campaigns and habitats conservation labours. An experimental procedure for the extraction of fibre bundles from this plant was developed, and the material obtained was characterised in terms of chemical composition, thermogravimetry and infrared spectra to evaluate its potential application in the production of polymeric composite materials as a strategy for the valorisation of residual biomass from this invasive species in Macaronesia. Thermoplastic matrix composites with fibre content up to 40 wt.% were produced and their mechanical properties under tensile, flexural and impact loading were determined. No references on the preparation of composite materials with polyolefin matrices and giant reed fibres have been found. Results obtained from mechanical tests show a good performance of the manufactured composites, with a significant increase in both flexural and tensile stiffness; the flexural modulus is almost tripled for PE-based composites and rises to 88% with respect to PP matrix. The ultimate flexural strength and the tensile and flexural yield strength are kept at acceptable values compared to neat polymer materials, although ultimate tensile strength and impact resistance are significantly affected when natural fibres are added.}, }
@article {pmid34201673, year = {2021}, author = {Ferraguti, M and Martínez-de la Puente, J and Figuerola, J}, title = {Ecological Effects on the Dynamics of West Nile Virus and Avian Plasmodium: The Importance of Mosquito Communities and Landscape.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {34201673}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {Animals ; Culicidae/parasitology/*physiology/virology ; *Environment ; Humans ; Malaria, Avian/epidemiology/transmission ; Mosquito Vectors/parasitology/*physiology/virology ; Plasmodium/*physiology ; Prevalence ; West Nile Fever/epidemiology/transmission ; West Nile virus/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Humans and wildlife are at risk from certain vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and West Nile and yellow fevers. Factors linked to global change, including habitat alteration, land-use intensification, the spread of alien species, and climate change, are operating on a global scale and affect both the incidence and distribution of many vector-borne diseases. Hence, understanding the drivers that regulate the transmission of pathogens in the wild is of great importance for ecological, evolutionary, health, and economic reasons. In this literature review, we discuss the ecological factors potentially affecting the transmission of two mosquito-borne pathogens circulating naturally between birds and mosquitoes, namely, West Nile virus (WNV) and the avian malaria parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Traditionally, the study of pathogen transmission has focused only on vectors or hosts and the interactions between them, while the role of landscape has largely been ignored. However, from an ecological point of view, it is essential not only to study the interaction between each of these organisms but also to understand the environmental scenarios in which these processes take place. We describe here some of the similarities and differences in the transmission of these two pathogens and how research into both systems may facilitate a greater understanding of the dynamics of vector-borne pathogens in the wild.}, }
@article {pmid34200292, year = {2021}, author = {Sapkota, S and Boggess, SL and Trigiano, RN and Klingeman, WE and Hadziabdic, D and Coyle, DR and Olukolu, BA and Kuster, RD and Nowicki, M}, title = {Microsatellite Loci Reveal Genetic Diversity of Asian Callery Pear (Pyrus calleryana) in the Species Native Range and in the North American Cultivars.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {34200292}, issn = {2075-1729}, support = {NACA 58-6062-6//USDA - Agricultural Research Service/ ; Sapkota/Nowicki 2019//Student/Faculty Research Award (SFRA), University of Tennessee Knoxville/ ; }, abstract = {Pyrus calleryana Decne. (Callery pear) includes cultivars that in the United States are popular ornamentals in commercial and residential landscapes. Last few decades, this species has increasingly naturalized across portions of the eastern and southern US. However, the mechanisms behind this plant's spread are not well understood. The genetic relationship of present-day P.calleryana trees with their Asian P. calleryana forebears (native trees from China, Japan, and Korea) and the original specimens of US cultivars are unknown. We developed and used 18 microsatellite markers to analyze 147 Pyrus source samples and to articulate the status of genetic diversity within Asian P. calleryana and US cultivars. We hypothesized that Asian P. calleryana specimens and US cultivars would be genetically diverse and would show genetic relatedness. Our data revealed high genetic diversity, high gene flow, and presence of population structure in P. calleryana, potentially relating to the highly invasive capability of this species. Strong evidence for genetic relatedness between Asian P. calleryana specimens and US cultivars was also demonstrated. Our data suggest the source for P. calleryana that have become naturalized in US was China. These results will help understand the genetic complexity of invasive P. calleryana when developing management for escaped populations: In follow-up studies, we use the gSSRs developed here to analyze P. calleryana escape populations from across US.}, }
@article {pmid34199405, year = {2021}, author = {Kokociński, M and Dziga, D and Antosiak, A and Soininen, J}, title = {Are Bacterio- and Phytoplankton Community Compositions Related in Lakes Differing in Their Cyanobacteria Contribution and Physico-Chemical Properties?.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {34199405}, issn = {2073-4425}, mesh = {*Biota ; Cyanobacteria/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Lakes/chemistry/*microbiology ; Phytoplankton/pathogenicity/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Bacterioplankton community composition has become the center of research attention in recent years. Bacteria associated with toxic cyanobacteria blooms have attracted considerable interest. However, little is known about the environmental factors driving the bacteria community, including the impact of invasive cyanobacteria. Therefore, our aim has been to determine the relationships between heterotrophic bacteria and phytoplankton community composition across 24 Polish lakes with different contributions of cyanobacteria including the invasive species Raphidiopsis raciborskii. This analysis revealed that cyanobacteria were present in 16 lakes, while R. raciborskii occurred in 14 lakes. Our results show that bacteria communities differed between lakes dominated by cyanobacteria and lakes with minor contributions of cyanobacteria but did not differ between lakes with R. raciborskii and other lakes. Physical factors, including water and Secchi depth, were the major drivers of bacteria and phytoplankton community composition. However, in lakes dominated by cyanobacteria, bacterial community composition was also influenced by biotic factors such as the amount of R. raciborskii, chlorophyll-a and total phytoplankton biomass. Thus, our study provides novel evidence on the influence of environmental factors and R. raciborskii on lake bacteria communities.}, }
@article {pmid34197609, year = {2021}, author = {Butler, RA and Chandler, JG and Vail, KM and Holderman, CJ and Trout Fryxell, RT}, title = {Spray and Pour-On Acaricides Killed Tennessee (United States) Field-Collected Haemaphysalis longicornis Nymphs (Acari: Ixodidae) in Laboratory Bioassays.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {58}, number = {6}, pages = {2514-2518}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjab115}, pmid = {34197609}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {*Acaricides ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Ixodidae/growth &amp; development ; Nymph/growth &amp; development ; Tennessee ; *Tick Control/instrumentation ; }, abstract = {Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann (Asian longhorned tick) is an exotic and invasive tick species presenting a health and economic threat to the United States (U.S.) cattle industry due to its ability to transmit pathogens and infest hosts in large numbers. The objective of this study was to evaluate available products at causing H. longicornis mortality in a laboratory bioassay. The efficacy of products was evaluated at label rates using H. longicornis nymphs collected from a cattle farm in eastern Tennessee in two different bioassays (spray or dip) against untreated controls. After exposure, ticks were transferred to clean petri dishes and checked for mortality at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 21, 24, and 48 h post exposure. No mortality occurred in the untreated controls, whereas all treated ticks were dead within 24 h of exposure (P < 0.0001). These findings support the hypothesis that currently available spray and pour-on products are effective at causing H. longicornis mortality. We conclude that these acaricides can be used as a component to prevent H. longicornis dispersal and for control in the U.S.}, }
@article {pmid34197464, year = {2021}, author = {Ceballos-Osuna, L and Scianni, C and Falkner, M and Nedelcheva, R and Miller, W}, title = {Proxy-based model to assess the relative contribution of ballast water and biofouling's potential propagule pressure and prioritize vessel inspections.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {e0247538}, pmid = {34197464}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/physiology ; Biofouling/*prevention &amp; control ; California ; Databases, Factual ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Ships ; Water/*parasitology ; *Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Commercial shipping is the primary pathway of introduction for aquatic nonindigenous species (NIS), mainly through the mechanisms of ballast water and biofouling. In response to this threat, regulatory programs have been established across the globe to regulate and monitor commercial merchant and passenger vessels to assess compliance with local requirements to reduce the likelihood of NIS introductions. Resource limitations often determine the inspection efforts applied by these regulatory agencies to reduce NIS introductions. We present a simple and adaptable model that prioritizes vessel arrivals for inspection using proxies for potential propagule pressure (PPP), namely a ships' wetted surface area as a proxy for the likelihood of biofouling-mediated PPP and ballast water discharge volume as a proxy for ballast water-mediated PPP. We used a California-specific dataset of vessels that arrived at California ports between 2015 and 2018 to test the proposed model and demonstrate how a finite set of inspection resources can be applied to target vessels with the greatest PPP. The proposed tool is adaptable by jurisdiction, scalable to different segments of the vessel population, adjustable based on the vector of interest, and versatile because it allows combined or separate analyses of the PPP components. The approach can be adopted in any jurisdiction across the globe, especially jurisdictions without access to, or authority to collect, risk profiling data or direct measurements for all incoming vessel arrivals.}, }
@article {pmid34196699, year = {2021}, author = {Lingbeek, B and Roberts, D and Elkner, T and Gates, M and Fleischer, SJ}, title = {Corrigendum to: Phenology, Development, and Parasitism of Allium Leafminer (Diptera: Agromyzidae), a Recent Invasive Species in the United States.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {4}, pages = {1006}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvab067}, pmid = {34196699}, issn = {1938-2936}, support = {2018-70006-28920//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; 2018-70006-28920//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; }, }
@article {pmid34193919, year = {2021}, author = {El-Barougy, RF and Elgamal, IA and Khedr, AA and Bersier, LF}, title = {Contrasting alien effects on native diversity along biotic and abiotic gradients in an arid protected area.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {13557}, pmid = {34193919}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Alien impact on native diversity could be a function of both the relatedness of alien species to native community and resources availability. Here, we investigated whether alien plants expand or decrease the functional and phylogenetic space of native plant communities, and how this is affected by alien relatedness to natives and by resources availability. We used a trait-environment dataset of 33 alien and 130 native plants in 83 pairs of invaded and non-invaded plots, covering a gradient of soil resources (organic matter-nitrogen) in Saint-Katherine-Protectorate, Egypt. First, we compared the changes in native composition and calculated alien relatedness to natives within each pair of plots. Second, we tested the effects of resources availability and relatedness on the magnitude of alien impact (defined as a change in native diversity). We found that native composition was phylogenetically less but functionally more diverse in invaded plots compared to non-invaded ones. Moreover, in resources-rich plots, dissimilar aliens to natives significantly increased native diversity, while in resource-limited ones, similar aliens to natives declined native diversity. These results suggest that the assessment of alien impacts in arid-regions is significantly linked to resources-availability and relatedness to natives. Hence, future studies should test the generality of our findings in different environments.}, }
@article {pmid34193895, year = {2021}, author = {Peng, X and Yang, Y and Yan, X and Li, H}, title = {The effects of water control on the survival and growth of Alternanthera philoxeroides in the vegetative reproduction and seedling stages.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {13556}, pmid = {34193895}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Amaranthaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/*growth &amp; development ; Seedlings/*growth &amp; development ; *Soil ; Water/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Alternanthera philoxeroides (Martius) is an infamous invasive alien plant that is widely distributed in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. To investigate the vegetative reproduction, growth, survival strategy, and the function of leaves in fragment of A. philoxeroides under different water conditions, two water control experiments were conducted with different leaf treatments: (1) water control with stolon fragments, and (2) water control with plants. The water control was subjected to five levels: I 30% soil water content, II 70% soil water content, III 97% soil water content, IV water depth of 5 cm, and V water depth of 10 cm in combination with the two leaf treatments, fragments with two leaves and fragments without leaves. Based on the results, A. philoxeroides produced a significantly higher stem length, node number, leaf number, stem biomass, leaf biomass, and total biomass in the 97% soil water content and in treatments with leaves. Additionally, the stem mass ratio increased and the root mass ratio decreased with the increase of the water content. In Exp. 1, the survival rate was the highest in the 97% water content and was 0 in the 30% water content. Therefore, the leaves of stolon fragments contribute to the vegetative reproduction and growth of A. philoxeroides. In response to different water conditions, A. philoxeroides adopts different strategies according to the resource reserves by itself, which are conducive to its survival and widespread occurrence.}, }
@article {pmid34192379, year = {2021}, author = {Ortego, J and Céspedes, V and Millán, A and Green, AJ}, title = {Genomic data support multiple introductions and explosive demographic expansions in a highly invasive aquatic insect.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {17}, pages = {4189-4203}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16050}, pmid = {34192379}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Explosive Agents ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genomics ; *Heteroptera/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {The study of the genetic makeup and demographic fate of alien species is essential to understand their capacity to recover from founder effects, adapt to new environmental conditions and, ultimately, become invasive and potentially damaging. Here, we employ genomic data to gain insights into key demographic processes that might help to explain the extraordinarily successful invasion of the Western Mediterranean region by the North American boatman Trichocorixa verticalis (Hemiptera: Corixidae). Our analyses revealed the genetic distinctiveness of populations from the main areas comprising the invasive range and coalescent-based simulations supported that they originated from independent introductions events probably involving different source populations. Testing of alternative demographic models indicated that all populations experienced a strong bottleneck followed by a recent and instantaneous demographic expansion that restored a large portion (>30%) of their ancestral effective population sizes shortly after introductions took place (<60 years ago). Considerable genetic admixture of some populations suggest that hypothetical barriers to dispersal (i.e., land and sea water) are permeable to gene flow and/or that they originated from introductions involving multiple lineages. This study demonstrates the repeated arrival of propagules with different origins and short time lags between arrival and establishment, emphasizing the extraordinary capacity of the species to recover from founder effects and genetically admix in invaded areas. This can explain the demonstrated capacity of this aquatic insect to spread and outcompete native species once it colonizes new suitable regions. Future genomic analyses of native range populations could help to infer the genetic makeup of introduced populations and track invasion routes.}, }
@article {pmid34189418, year = {2021}, author = {Alexander, JA and Fick, WH and Ogden, SB and Haukos, DA and Lemmon, J and Gatson, GA and Olson, KC}, title = {Effects of prescribed fire timing on vigor of the invasive forb sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata), total forage biomass accumulation, plant-community composition, and native fauna on tallgrass prairie in the Kansas Flint Hills.}, journal = {Translational animal science}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {txab079}, pmid = {34189418}, issn = {2573-2102}, abstract = {The predominant grazing-management practice of the Kansas Flint Hills involves annual prescribed burning in March or April with postfire grazing by yearling beef cattle at a high stocking density from April to August. There has been a dramatic increase in sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata [Dumont] G. Don) coincident with this temporally focused use of prescribed fire in the Flint Hills region. The species is an aggressive invader and a statewide noxious weed in Kansas. Control has generally been attempted using repeated herbicide applications. This approach has not limited proliferation of sericea lespedeza and resulted in collateral damage to nontarget flora and fauna. Alternative timing of prescribed fire has not been evaluated for its control. Our objectives for this 4-yr experiment were to (1) document the effects of prescribed burning during early April, early August, or early September on vigor of sericea lespedeza, standing forage biomass, and basal cover of native graminoids, forbs, and shrubs and (2) measure responses to fire regimes by grassland bird and butterfly communities. Whole-plant dry mass, basal cover, and seed production of sericea lespedeza were markedly less (P < 0.01) in areas treated with prescribed fire in August or September compared with April. Forage biomass did not differ (P ≥ 0.43) among treatments when measured during July; moreover, frequencies of bare soil, litter, and total basal plant cover were not different (P ≥ 0.29) among treatments. Combined basal covers of C4 grasses, C3 grasses, annual grasses, forbs, and shrubs also did not differ (P ≥ 0.11) between treatments. Densities of grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), dickcissel (Spiza americana), and eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna) were not negatively affected (P > 0.10) by midsummer or late-summer fires relative to early-spring fires. There were no differences (P > 0.10) in densities of grassland-specialist butterfly species across fire regimes. Under the conditions of our experiment, prescribed burning during summer produced no detrimental effects on forage production, desirable nontarget plant species, grassland birds, or butterfly communities but had strong suppressive effects on sericea lespedeza. Additional research is warranted to investigate how to best incorporate late-summer prescribed fire into common grazing-management practices in the Kansas Flint Hills.}, }
@article {pmid34187197, year = {2021}, author = {Anderson, D and Negishi, Y and Ishiniwa, H and Okuda, K and Hinton, TG and Toma, R and Nagata, J and Tamate, HB and Kaneko, S}, title = {Introgression dynamics from invasive pigs into wild boar following the March 2011 natural and anthropogenic disasters at Fukushima.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {288}, number = {1953}, pages = {20210874}, pmid = {34187197}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Disasters ; *Fukushima Nuclear Accident ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Japan ; Sus scrofa/genetics ; Swine ; }, abstract = {Natural and anthropogenic disasters have the capability to cause sudden extrinsic environmental changes and long-lasting perturbations including invasive species, species expansion and influence evolution as selective pressures force adaption. Such disasters occurred on 11 March 2011, in Fukushima, Japan, when an earthquake, tsunami and meltdown of a nuclear power plant all drastically reformed anthropogenic land use. Using genetic data, we demonstrate how wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax) have persevered against these environmental changes, including an invasion of escaped domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). Concurrently, we show evidence of successful hybridization between pigs and native wild boar in this area; however in future offspring, the pig legacy has been diluted through time. We speculate that the range expansion dynamics inhibit long-term introgression and introgressed alleles will continue to decrease at each generation while only maternally inherited organelles will persist. Using the gene flow data among wild boar, we assume that offspring from hybrid lineages will continue dispersal north at low frequencies as climates warm. We conclude that future risks for wild boar in this area include intraspecies competition, revitalization of human-related disruptions and disease outbreaks.}, }
@article {pmid34187001, year = {2021}, author = {Constantino, R}, title = {Termite taxonomy from 20012021: the contribution of Zootaxa.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4979}, number = {1}, pages = {222223}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4979.1.22}, pmid = {34187001}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Isoptera/*classification ; Periodicals as Topic ; United States ; }, abstract = {Termites comprise a relatively small group of insects, with 3176 known species (2976 living and 200 fossil) (Constantino 2020). They include, however, very important urban and agricultural pests, and also major decomposers of plant matter in terrestrial ecosystems, especially in the tropics. For instance, the annual economic impact of a single invasive termite species, Coptotermes formosanus, was estimated as US$11 billion in the United States in 1999 (Su 2002), placing it among the most important insect pests in the world.}, }
@article {pmid34186996, year = {2021}, author = {Gordon, DP and Bock, PE}, title = {Phylum Bryozoa Ehrenberg, 1831 in the first twenty years of Zootaxa.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4979}, number = {1}, pages = {236239}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4979.1.27}, pmid = {34186996}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Bryozoa/*classification ; Fossils ; Periodicals as Topic ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {This short account is an invited contribution to the Zootaxa special volume 'Twenty years of Zootaxa.' Zootaxa was first published on 28 May 2001. Between this date and December 2020, 116 papers were published in Zootaxa that mention Bryozoa, comprising mostly descriptions of new species and higher taxa, but also including molecular sequencing (e.g. Fehlauer-Ale et al. 2011; Taylor et al. 2011; Franjevic et al. 2015), invasive-species research (e.g. Ryland et al. 2014; Vieira et al. 2014), checklists (e.g. Vieira et al. 2008), classification (e.g. Bock Gordon 2013), bryozoans as associates of other organisms (e.g. Rudman 2007; Chatterjee Dovgal 2020; Chatterjee et al. 2020), metazoan phylogeny (e.g. Giribet et al. 2013), biographies of historical figures who worked on bryozoans (e.g. Calder Brinkmann-Voss 2011; Calder 2015) and a catalogue of the fossil invertebrate taxa described by William Gabb (including 67 bryozoan species) (Groves Squires 2018). Of the 116 papers, 15 (13%) were open-access.}, }
@article {pmid34186902, year = {2021}, author = {Riba-Flinch, JM and Leza, M and Gallego, D}, title = {First records of Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in the Iberian Peninsula: an expanding alien species?.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4970}, number = {1}, pages = {161170}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4970.1.8}, pmid = {34186902}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Laurus ; Liquidambar ; Spain ; Weevils/*classification ; }, abstract = {Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Col.: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) is an ambrosia beetle species native to subtropical Eastern Asia, with great concern due to its high invasive ability. This species has invaded 54 countries worldwide, including 4 European countries (Italy, France, Greece, and Spain); it was detected in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) in October 2019. In the present work, X. compactus is recorded for the first time in the Iberian Peninsula (Girona province, NE Spain); specimens were collected in Banyoles (August 2020, attacking twigs of Laurus nobilis and Liquidambar styraciflua) and Platja d'Aro (October 2020, attacking twigs of L. nobilis). Up-to-date information is presented about its geographical distribution, host plants, biology, symptoms, associate damages, and the possible origin of this species in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid34186770, year = {2021}, author = {Trilikauskas, LA and Azarkina, GN}, title = {The harvestmen fauna (Arachnida: Opiliones) of the Katunsky Biosphere Reserve and adjacent territories (South Siberia, Russia), with a description of a new species of Sabacon (Sabaconidae) and notes on Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4990}, number = {1}, pages = {117133}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.7}, pmid = {34186770}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Arachnida/*classification ; Female ; Male ; Russia ; Siberia ; }, abstract = {An annotated list of harvestmen species (six species in two families) of the Katunsky Biosphere Reserve and adjacent territories in the Altai Republic, Russia is provided. A new species, Sabacon zateevi sp. nov. (♂ ♀ from the Altai Mountains, Russia), is described. Liropilio stukanovi Gritsenko, 1979 is recorded from Russia for the first time, and appearance and diagnostic features of its male are described. The appearance of a living specimen of the female of Homolophus nordenskioeldi (C.L. Koch, 1879) is also provided. For all the studied species, biotope preferences and distribution are discussed. Additional information on morphology and distribution of Sabacon sergeidedicatum Martens, 1989 is given.}, }
@article {pmid34185871, year = {2021}, author = {Molaei, G and Little, EAH and Williams, SC and Stafford, KC}, title = {First Record of Established Populations of the Invasive Pathogen Vector and Ectoparasite Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Connecticut, United States.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {58}, number = {6}, pages = {2508-2513}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjab117}, pmid = {34185871}, issn = {1938-2928}, support = {U01 CK000509/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adult ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Child ; Connecticut ; Female ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Tick Infestations/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {A number of invasive tick species capable of transmitting pathogens have been accidentally introduced into the U.S. in recent years. The invasion and further range expansion of these exotic ticks have been greatly facilitated by frequent global travel and trade as well as increases in legal and illegal importation of animals. We describe the discovery of the first established populations of Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann and the first fully engorged human parasitizing specimen documented through passive tick surveillance in Fairfield County, Connecticut, U.S. We also report several individual specimens of this invasive arthropod and vector of multiple pathogens of medical and veterinary importance collected through active tick surveillance from three counties (Fairfield, New Haven, and New London). Considering the potential for invasive ticks to transmit numerous native and emerging pathogens, the implementation of comprehensive surveillance programs will aid in prompt interception of these ticks and reduce the risk of infection in humans and wildlife.}, }
@article {pmid34183751, year = {2021}, author = {Burkett-Cadena, ND and Blosser, EM and Loggins, AA and Valente, MC and Long, MT and Campbell, LP and Reeves, LE and Bargielowski, I and McCleery, RA}, title = {Invasive Burmese pythons alter host use and virus infection in the vector of a zoonotic virus.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {804}, pmid = {34183751}, issn = {2399-3642}, mesh = {Animals ; Boidae/*physiology ; Culex/*virology ; Ecosystem ; Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/*isolation &amp; purification ; Female ; Food Chain ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/*virology ; Viral Zoonoses/*transmission ; }, abstract = {The composition of wildlife communities can have strong effects on transmission of zoonotic vector-borne pathogens, with more diverse communities often supporting lower infection prevalence in vectors (dilution effect). The introduced Burmese python, Python bivittatus, is eliminating large and medium-sized mammals throughout southern Florida, USA, impacting local communities and the ecology of zoonotic pathogens. We investigated invasive predator-mediated impacts on ecology of Everglades virus (EVEV), a zoonotic pathogen endemic to Florida that circulates in mosquito-rodent cycle. Using binomial generalized linear mixed effects models of field data at areas of high and low python densities, we show that increasing diversity of dilution host (non-rodent mammals) is associated with decreasing blood meals on amplifying hosts (cotton rats), and that increasing cotton rat host use is associated with increasing EVEV infection in vector mosquitoes. The Burmese python has caused a dramatic decrease in mammal diversity in southern Florida, which has shifted vector host use towards EVEV amplifying hosts (rodents), resulting in an indirect increase in EVEV infection prevalence in vector mosquitoes, putatively elevating human transmission risk. Our results indicate that an invasive predator can impact wildlife communities in ways that indirectly affect human health, highlighting the need for conserving biological diversity and natural communities.}, }
@article {pmid34181792, year = {2022}, author = {Mairal, M and Chown, SL and Shaw, J and Chala, D and Chau, JH and Hui, C and Kalwij, JM and Münzbergová, Z and Jansen van Vuuren, B and Le Roux, JJ}, title = {Human activity strongly influences genetic dynamics of the most widespread invasive plant in the sub-Antarctic.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, pages = {1649-1665}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16045}, pmid = {34181792}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; Ecosystem ; *Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Islands ; *Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; }, abstract = {The link between the successful establishment of alien species and propagule pressure is well-documented. Less known is how humans influence the post-introduction dynamics of invasive alien populations. The latter requires studying parallel invasions by the same species in habitats that are differently impacted by humans. We analysed microsatellite and genome size variation, and then compared the genetic diversity and structure of invasive Poa annua L. on two sub-Antarctic islands: human-occupied Marion Island and unoccupied Prince Edward Island. We also carried out niche modelling to map the potential distribution of the species on both islands. We found high levels of genetic diversity and evidence for extensive admixture between genetically distinct lineages of P. annua on Marion Island. By contrast, the Prince Edward Island populations showed low genetic diversity, no apparent admixture, and had smaller genomes. On both islands, high genetic diversity was apparent at human landing sites, and on Marion Island, also around human settlements, suggesting that these areas received multiple introductions and/or acted as initial introduction sites and secondary sources (bridgeheads) for invasive populations. More than 70 years of continuous human activity associated with a meteorological station on Marion Island led to a distribution of this species around human settlements and along footpaths, which facilitates ongoing gene flow among geographically separated populations. By contrast, this was not the case for Prince Edward Island, where P. annua populations showed high genetic structure. The high levels of genetic variation and admixture in P. annua facilitated by human activity, coupled with high habitat suitability on both islands, suggest that P. annua is likely to increase its distribution and abundance in the future.}, }
@article {pmid34179170, year = {2021}, author = {Julius, RS and Zengeya, TA and Schwan, EV and Chimimba, CT}, title = {Geospatial Modelling and Univariate Analysis of Commensal Rodent-Borne Cestodoses: The Case of Invasive spp. of Rattus and Indigenous Mastomys coucha From South Africa.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {678478}, pmid = {34179170}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {Poor socio-economic and unsanitary conditions are conducive to commensal rodent infestations, and these conditions are widespread in South Africa. Cestode species of zoonotic interest are highly prevalent in commensal rodents, such as invasive Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus, Rattus tanezumi, and indigenous Mastomys coucha, and have been frequently recovered from human stool samples. These cestode species have similar transmission dynamics to traditional soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), which ties them to infections associated with poverty and poor sanitation. Univariate analysis was used in the present study to determine the association between rodent-related factors and cestode prevalence, while ecological niche modelling was used to infer the potential distribution of the cestode species in South Africa. Cestode prevalence was found to be associated with older rodents, but it was not significantly associated with sex, and ectoparasite presence. The predicted occurrence for rodent-borne cestodes predominantly coincided with large human settlements, typically associated with significant anthropogenic changes. In addition, cestode parasite occurrence was predicted to include areas both inland and along the coast. This is possibly related to the commensal behaviour of the rodent hosts. The study highlights the rodent-related factors associated with the prevalence of parasites in the host community, as well as the environmental variables associated with parasite infective stages that influence host exposure. The application of geospatial modelling together with univariate analysis to predict and explain rodent-borne parasite prevalence may be useful to inform management strategies for targeted interventions.}, }
@article {pmid34178098, year = {2021}, author = {Sherpa, S and Després, L}, title = {The evolutionary dynamics of biological invasions: A multi-approach perspective.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {1463-1484}, pmid = {34178098}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Biological invasions, the establishment and spread of non-native species in new regions, can have extensive economic and environmental consequences. Increased global connectivity accelerates introduction rates, while climate and land-cover changes may decrease the barriers to invasive populations spread. A detailed knowledge of the invasion history, including assessing source populations, routes of spread, number of independent introductions, and the effects of genetic bottlenecks and admixture on the establishment success, adaptive potential, and further spread, is crucial from an applied perspective to mitigate socioeconomic impacts of invasive species, as well as for addressing fundamental questions on the evolutionary dynamics of the invasion process. Recent advances in genomics together with the development of geographic information systems provide unprecedented large genetic and environmental datasets at global and local scales to link population genomics, landscape ecology, and species distribution modeling into a common framework to study the invasion process. Although the factors underlying population invasiveness have been extensively reviewed, analytical methods currently available to optimally combine molecular and environmental data for inferring invasive population demographic parameters and predicting further spreading are still under development. In this review, we focus on the few recent insect invasion studies that combine different datasets and approaches to show how integrating genetic, observational, ecological, and environmental data pave the way to a more integrative biological invasion science. We provide guidelines to study the evolutionary dynamics of invasions at each step of the invasion process, and conclude on the benefits of including all types of information and up-to-date analytical tools from different research areas into a single framework.}, }
@article {pmid34175696, year = {2021}, author = {Luoma, E and Nevalainen, L and Altarriba, E and Helle, I and Lehikoinen, A}, title = {Developing a conceptual influence diagram for socio-eco-technical systems analysis of biofouling management in shipping - A Baltic Sea case study.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {170}, number = {}, pages = {112614}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112614}, pmid = {34175696}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Baltic States ; *Biofouling ; *Ships ; Systems Analysis ; }, abstract = {Ship hulls create a vector for the transportation of harmful non-indigenous species (NIS) all over the world. To sustainably prevent NIS introductions, the joint consideration of environmental, economic and social aspects in the search of optimal biofouling management strategies is needed. This article presents a multi-perspective soft systems analysis of the biofouling management problem, based on an extensive literature review and expert knowledge collected in the Baltic Sea area during 2018-2020. The resulting conceptual influence diagram (CID) reveals the multidimensionality of the problem by visualizing the causal relations between the key elements and demonstrating the entanglement of social, ecological and technical aspects. Seen as a boundary object, we suggest the CID can support open dialogue and better risk communication among stakeholders by providing an illustrative and directly applicable starting point for the discussions. It also provides a basis for quantitative management optimization in the future.}, }
@article {pmid34175510, year = {2021}, author = {Demeter, L and Molnár, &#xc1;P and Bede-Fazekas, &#xc1; and Öllerer, K and Varga, A and Szabados, K and Tucakov, M and Kiš, A and Biró, M and Marinkov, J and Molnár, Z}, title = {Controlling invasive alien shrub species, enhancing biodiversity and mitigating flood risk: A win-win-win situation in grazed floodplain plantations.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {295}, number = {}, pages = {113053}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113053}, pmid = {34175510}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Cattle ; *Ecosystem ; Floods ; *Introduced Species ; Serbia ; }, abstract = {The high nature conservation value of floodplain ecosystems is severely threatened by invasive alien species. Besides adversely affecting native biodiversity, these species also pose a major threat from a wider socio-ecological perspective (e.g. 'roughness' increases flood risk). Finding options to control dense shrub layers consisting of invasive alien species is therefore of high priority for multipurpose management. We studied cattle grazing impacts on the cover, composition and diversity of the herb and shrub layers in floodplain poplar plantations along the Tamiš river, Serbia. Non-grazed, moderately grazed, intensively grazed and resting place stands were sampled in five locations in three sampling points. Non-grazed stands had substantially higher cover of invasive alien shrub species (on average 65%) than moderately and intensively grazed stands, and resting places (5.17, 0.02 and 0.00%, respectively), but without considerable differences between the grazing intensity categories. The number of invasive alien species in the shrub layer decreased considerably from non-grazed to intensively grazed stands. Species composition in the herb layer changed from non-grazed to intensively grazed stands, while resting places differed substantially from the other categories. Total species richness, richness of native generalist herbaceous grassland species, and the cover of palatable grasses were the highest in moderately and intensively grazed stands. Our results suggest that cattle grazing in floodplains is effective at controlling invasive alien shrub species. Furthermore, continuous moderate or intensive grazing would contribute to multifunctional management of invaded floodplains by enhancing local biodiversity, reducing flood risk, and providing additional grazing areas for the local community.}, }
@article {pmid34173877, year = {2021}, author = {Elbasiouny, H and Darwesh, M and Elbeltagy, H and Abo-Alhamd, FG and Amer, AA and Elsegaiy, MA and Khattab, IA and Elsharawy, EA and Ebehiry, F and El-Ramady, H and Brevik, EC}, title = {Ecofriendly remediation technologies for wastewater contaminated with heavy metals with special focus on using water hyacinth and black tea wastes: a review.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {193}, number = {7}, pages = {449}, pmid = {34173877}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Adsorption ; *Eichhornia ; Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; *Metals, Heavy/analysis ; Tea ; Wastewater ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Treatment of water contaminated with heavy metals is challenging. Heavy metals are non-degradable, persistent in the environment, have a high dispersion capacity by water, can bioaccumulate, and represent risks to human and environmental health. Conventional treatment methods have disadvantages; however, adsorption in biomass is a highly promising method with high efficiency and low cost that avoids many of the disadvantages of conventional methods. Black tea (BT) wastes and water hyacinth (WH) have attracted attention for their ability to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Utilizing these approaches can remove contaminants and effectively manage problematic invasive species and wastes. The conventional uses of BT and WH were efficient for removing heavy metals from wastewater. Due to the unique and distinct properties and advantages of biochar and nano-forms of biosorbents, the use of BT and WH in these forms is promising to achieve sustainable heavy metals removal from wastewater. However, more study is needed to confirm preliminary results.}, }
@article {pmid34173714, year = {2021}, author = {Bauer, AM and Daza, JD and Herrera-Martínez, A and Ospina, OE}, title = {The herpetological contributions of Richard Thomas.}, journal = {Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)}, volume = {304}, number = {10}, pages = {2095-2109}, doi = {10.1002/ar.24687}, pmid = {34173714}, issn = {1932-8494}, support = {//Lemole Endowed Chair in Integrative Biology Fund at Villanova University/ ; }, mesh = {*Amphibians ; Animals ; *Osteology ; }, abstract = {John Paul Richard Thomas is among the living herpetologists to have described the greatest number of new species of amphibians and reptiles, and his contributions to the herpetology of the West Indies, particularly the Greater Antilles, have been exceptional. His academic career followed an unusual path, having established a strong reputation and described 50 new taxa prior to beginning his doctoral studies. His career was strongly influenced by Albert Schwartz and later was characterized by extensive and fruitful collaboration with S. Blair Hedges. Thomas' contributions to the study of blind snakes have been noteworthy. In addition to describing 28 species of scolecophidians he has been a keen observer of blind snake morphology and his 1976 dissertation remains a valuable source of osteological data. We outline some of the highlights of the career of Richard Thomas and provide a bibliography of his scientific works and a listing of the 108 taxa of amphibians and reptiles described by him.}, }
@article {pmid34172822, year = {2021}, author = {Fackelmann, G and Gillingham, MAF and Schmid, J and Heni, AC and Wilhelm, K and Schwensow, N and Sommer, S}, title = {Human encroachment into wildlife gut microbiomes.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {800}, pmid = {34172822}, issn = {2399-3642}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/*microbiology ; Ecosystem ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*physiology ; Humans ; Metagenome ; Microbiota ; }, abstract = {In the Anthropocene, humans, domesticated animals, wildlife, and their environments are interconnected, especially as humans advance further into wildlife habitats. Wildlife gut microbiomes play a vital role in host health. Changes to wildlife gut microbiomes due to anthropogenic disturbances, such as habitat fragmentation, can disrupt natural gut microbiota homeostasis and make animals vulnerable to infections that may become zoonotic. However, it remains unclear whether the disruption to wildlife gut microbiomes is caused by habitat fragmentation per se or the combination of habitat fragmentation with additional anthropogenic disturbances, such as contact with humans, domesticated animals, invasive species, and their pathogens. Here, we show that habitat fragmentation per se does not impact the gut microbiome of a generalist rodent species native to Central America, Tome's spiny rat Proechimys semispinosus, but additional anthropogenic disturbances do. Indeed, compared to protected continuous and fragmented forest landscapes that are largely untouched by other human activities, the gut microbiomes of spiny rats inhabiting human-disturbed fragmented landscapes revealed a reduced alpha diversity and a shifted and more dispersed beta diversity. Their microbiomes contained more taxa associated with domesticated animals and their potential pathogens, suggesting a shift in potential metagenome functions. On the one hand, the compositional shift could indicate a degree of gut microbial adaption known as metagenomic plasticity. On the other hand, the greater variation in community structure and reduced alpha diversity may signal a decline in beneficial microbial functions and illustrate that gut adaption may not catch up with anthropogenic disturbances, even in a generalist species with large phenotypic plasticity, with potentially harmful consequences to both wildlife and human health.}, }
@article {pmid34172799, year = {2021}, author = {Jeong, S and Kim, TM and Choi, B and Kim, Y and Kim, E}, title = {Invasive Lactuca serriola seeds contain endophytic bacteria that contribute to drought tolerance.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {13307}, pmid = {34172799}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*microbiology/*physiology ; Bacteria ; Droughts ; Endophytes/*physiology ; Enterobacteriaceae/physiology ; Plant Development/physiology ; Plant Roots/microbiology/physiology ; Seeds/*microbiology/*physiology ; Soil ; Stress, Physiological/physiology ; Symbiosis/physiology ; }, abstract = {The mutualistic relationship between alien plant species and microorganisms is proposed to facilitate or hinder invasive success, depending on whether plants can form novel associations with microorganisms in the introduced habitats. However, this hypothesis has not considered seed endophytes that would move together with plant propagules. Little information is available on the seed endophytic bacteria of invasive species and their effects on plant performance. We isolated the seed endophytic bacteria of a xerophytic invasive plant, Lactuca serriola, and examined their plant growth-promoting traits. In addition, we assessed whether these seed endophytes contributed to plant drought tolerance. Forty-two bacterial species were isolated from seeds, and all of them exhibited at least one plant growth-promoting trait. Kosakonia cowanii occurred in all four tested plant populations and produced a high concentration of exopolysaccharides in media with a highly negative water potential. Notably, applying K. cowanii GG1 to Arabidopsis thaliana stimulated plant growth under drought conditions. It also reduced soil water loss under drought conditions, suggesting bacterial production of exopolysaccharides might contribute to the maintenance of soil water content. These results imply that invasive plants can disperse along with beneficial bacterial symbionts, which potentially improve plant fitness and help to establish alien plant species.}, }
@article {pmid34170600, year = {2021}, author = {Ning, Z and Chen, C and Xie, T and Zhu, Z and Wang, Q and Cui, B and Bai, J}, title = {Can the native faunal communities be restored from removal of invasive plants in coastal ecosystems? A global meta-analysis.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {27}, number = {19}, pages = {4644-4656}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15765}, pmid = {34170600}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Coastal ecosystems worldwide are being threatened by invasive plants in the context of global changes. However, how invasive plants influence native faunal communities and whether native faunal communities can recover following the invader removals/controls across global coastal ecosystems are still poorly understood. Here, we present the first global meta-analysis to quantify the impacts of Spartina species invasions on coastal faunal communities and further to evaluate the outcomes of Spartina species removals on faunal community recovery based on 74 independent studies. We found that invasive Spartina species generally decreased the biodiversity (e.g., species richness), but increased coastal faunal abundance (e.g., individual number) and fitness (e.g., biomass), though the effect on abundance was insignificant. The pattern of influence was strongly dependent on habitat types, faunal taxa, trophic levels, and feeding types. Specifically, Spartina species invasion of mudflats caused greater impacts than invasion of vegetated habitats. Insects and birds at higher trophic levels were strongly affected by invasive Spartina, indicating that invasive plant effects can cascade upward along the food chain. Additionally, impacts of Spartina invasions were more obvious on food specialists such as herbivores and carnivores. Furthermore, our analyses revealed that invader removals were overall beneficial for native faunal communities to recover from the displacement caused by Spartina invasions, but this recovery process depended on specific removal measure and time. For example, the long-term waterlogging had strong negative impacts on faunal recovery, so it should not be encouraged. Our findings suggest that invasive plants could have contrasting effects on functional responses of native faunal communities. Although invasive plant removals could restore native faunal communities, future functional restorations of invaded ecosystems should take the legacy effects of invasive species on native communities into account. These findings provide insightful implications for future scientific controls of invasive species and ecosystem restoration under intensifying global changes.}, }
@article {pmid34170513, year = {2022}, author = {Oduor, AMO}, title = {Native plant species show evolutionary responses to invasion by Parthenium hysterophorus in an African savanna.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {233}, number = {2}, pages = {983-994}, doi = {10.1111/nph.17574}, pmid = {34170513}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Asteraceae ; *Grassland ; Introduced Species ; Kenya ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant species often competitively displace native plant species but some populations of native plant species can evolve adaptation to competition from invasive plants and persist in invaded habitats. However, studies are lacking that examine how variation in abiotic conditions in invaded landscapes may affect fitness of native plants that have adapted to compete with invasive plants. I tested whether invasion by Parthenium hysterophorus in Nairobi National Park - Kenya may have selected for native plant individuals with greater competitive ability than conspecific naïve natives in nutrient-rich and mesic soil conditions. I compared vegetative growth and seed yields of invader-experienced and conspecific naïve individuals of seven native species. Invader-experienced natives grew shorter than naïve natives regardless of growth conditions. Nevertheless, the two groups of native plants also exhibited treatment-specific differences in competitive ability against P. hysterophorus. Invader-experienced natives displayed plasticity in seed yield under drought treatment, while naïve natives did not. Moreover, drought treatment enhanced competitive effects of invader-experienced natives on P. hysterophorus, while nutrient enrichment relaxed competitive effects of invader-experienced natives on the invader. The results suggest that P. hysterophorus may have selected for shorter native plant genotypes that also exhibit plasticity in competitive ability under drought conditions.}, }
@article {pmid34168626, year = {2021}, author = {Li, PS and Kong, WL and Wu, XQ}, title = {Salt Tolerance Mechanism of the Rhizosphere Bacterium JZ-GX1 and Its Effects on Tomato Seed Germination and Seedling Growth.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {657238}, pmid = {34168626}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Salinity is one of the strongest abiotic factors in nature and has harmful effects on plants and microorganisms. In recent years, the degree of soil salinization has become an increasingly serious problem, and the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria has become an option to improve the stress resistance of plants. In the present study, the salt tolerance mechanism of the rhizosphere bacterium Rahnella aquatilis JZ-GX1 was investigated through scanning electron microscopy observations and analysis of growth characteristics, compatible solutes, ion distribution and gene expression. In addition, the effect of JZ-GX1 on plant germination and seedling growth was preliminarily assessed through germination experiments. R. aquatilis JZ-GX1 was tolerant to 0-9% NaCl and grew well at 3%. Strain JZ-GX1 promotes salt tolerance by stimulating the production of exopolysaccharides, and can secrete 60.6983 mg/L of exopolysaccharides under the high salt concentration of 9%. Furthermore, the accumulation of the compatible solute trehalose in cells as the NaCl concentration increased was shown to be the primary mechanism of resistance to high salt concentrations in JZ-GX1. Strain JZ-GX1 could still produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and siderophores and dissolve inorganic phosphorus under salt stress, characteristics that promote the ability of plants to resist salt stress. When the salt concentration was 100 mmol/L, strain JZ-GX1 significantly improved the germination rate, germination potential, fresh weight, primary root length and stem length of tomato seeds by 10.52, 125.56, 50.00, 218.18, and 144.64%, respectively. Therefore, R. aquatilis JZ-GX1 is a moderately halophilic bacterium with good growth-promoting function that has potential for future development as a microbial agent and use in saline-alkali land resources.}, }
@article {pmid34168517, year = {2021}, author = {Groom, Q and Adriaens, T and Bertolino, S and Phelps, K and Poelen, JH and Reeder, DM and Richardson, DM and Simmons, NB and Upham, N}, title = {Holistic understanding of contemporary ecosystems requires integration of data on domesticated, captive and cultivated organisms.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e65371}, pmid = {34168517}, issn = {1314-2828}, support = {R21 AI164268/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Domestic and captive animals and cultivated plants should be recognised as integral components in contemporary ecosystems. They interact with wild organisms through such mechanisms as hybridization, predation, herbivory, competition and disease transmission and, in many cases, define ecosystem properties. Nevertheless, it is widespread practice for data on domestic, captive and cultivated organisms to be excluded from biodiversity repositories, such as natural history collections. Furthermore, there is a lack of integration of data collected about biodiversity in disciplines, such as agriculture, veterinary science, epidemiology and invasion science. Discipline-specific data are often intentionally excluded from integrative databases in order to maintain the "purity" of data on natural processes. Rather than being beneficial, we argue that this practise of data exclusivity greatly limits the utility of discipline-specific data for applications ranging from agricultural pest management to invasion biology, infectious disease prevention and community ecology. This problem can be resolved by data providers using standards to indicate whether the observed organism is of wild or domestic origin and by integrating their data with other biodiversity data (e.g. in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility). Doing so will enable efforts to integrate the full panorama of biodiversity knowledge across related disciplines to tackle pressing societal questions.}, }
@article {pmid34168214, year = {2021}, author = {Risch, DR and Ringma, J and Price, MR}, title = {The global impact of wild pigs (Sus scrofa) on terrestrial biodiversity.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {13256}, pmid = {34168214}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; *Introduced Species ; *Sus scrofa ; }, abstract = {The International Union for the Conservation of Nature's (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species is a comprehensive database of over 120,000 species and is a powerful tool to evaluate the threat of invasive species to global biodiversity. Several problematic species have gained global recognition due to comprehensive threat assessments quantifying the threat these species pose to biodiversity using large datasets like the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, the global threat of wild pigs (Sus scrofa) to biodiversity is still poorly understood despite well-documented ecosystem level impacts. In this study, we utilized the IUCN Red List to quantify the impacts of this globally distributed species throughout its native and non-native range. Here we show that wild pigs threaten 672 taxa in 54 different countries across the globe. Most of these taxa are listed as critically endangered or endangered and 14 species have been driven to extinction as a direct result of impacts from wild pigs. Our results show that threats from wild pigs are pervasive across taxonomic groups and that island endemics and taxa throughout the non-native range of wild pigs are particularly vulnerable.}, }
@article {pmid34167401, year = {2022}, author = {Devos, Y and Mumford, JD and Bonsall, MB and Camargo, AM and Firbank, LG and Glandorf, DCM and Nogué, F and Paraskevopoulos, K and Wimmer, EA}, title = {Potential use of gene drive modified insects against disease vectors, agricultural pests and invasive species poses new challenges for risk assessment.}, journal = {Critical reviews in biotechnology}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {254-270}, doi = {10.1080/07388551.2021.1933891}, pmid = {34167401}, issn = {1549-7801}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Vectors ; *Gene Drive Technology ; Humans ; Insecta/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Potential future application of engineered gene drives (GDs), which bias their own inheritance and can spread genetic modifications in wild target populations, has sparked both enthusiasm and concern. Engineered GDs in insects could potentially be used to address long-standing challenges in control of disease vectors, agricultural pests and invasive species, or help to rescue endangered species, and thus provide important public benefits. However, there are concerns that the deliberate environmental release of GD modified insects may pose different or new harms to animal and human health and the wider environment, and raise novel challenges for risk assessment. Risk assessors, risk managers, developers, potential applicants and other stakeholders at many levels are currently discussing whether there is a need to develop new or additional risk assessment guidance for the environmental release of GD modified organisms, including insects. Developing new or additional guidance that is useful and practical is a challenge, especially at an international level, as risk assessors, risk managers and many other stakeholders have different, often contrasting, opinions and perspectives toward the environmental release of GD modified organisms, and on the adequacy of current risk assessment frameworks for such organisms. Here, we offer recommendations to overcome some of the challenges associated with the potential future development of new or additional risk assessment guidance for GD modified insects and provide considerations on areas where further risk assessment guidance may be required.}, }
@article {pmid34167293, year = {2021}, author = {Moore, EM and Alexander, ME and Sloman, KA and Pereira, MG and Thacker, SA and Orton, F}, title = {Laboratory-Based Comparison for the Effects of Environmental Stressors Supports Field Evidence for the Relative Importance of Pollution on Life History and Behavior of the Pond Snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {55}, number = {13}, pages = {8806-8816}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.1c01640}, pmid = {34167293}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; *Laboratories ; *Lymnaea ; Snails ; }, abstract = {Biodiversity is declining at an alarming rate globally, with freshwater ecosystems particularly threatened. Field-based correlational studies have "ranked" stressors according to their relative effects on freshwater biota, however, supporting cause-effect data from laboratory exposures are lacking. Here, we designed exposures to elicit chronic effects over equivalent exposure ranges for three ubiquitous stressors (temperature: 22-28 °C; pollution [14 component mixture]: 0.05-50 μg/L; invasive predator cue [signal crayfish, Pacifasticus leniusculus]: 25-100% cue) and investigated effects on physiological end points in the pond snail (Lymnaeastagnalis). All stressors reduced posthatch survival at their highest exposure levels, however, highly divergent effects were observed at lower test levels. Temperature stimulated hatching, growth, and reproduction, whereas pollution delayed hatching, decreased growth, reduced egg number/embryo viability, and induced avoidance behavior. The invasive predator cue stimulated growth and reduced embryo viability. In agreement with field-based ranking of stressors, pollution was identified as having the most severe effects in our test system. We demonstrate here the utility of laboratory studies to effectively determine hierarchy of stressors according to their likelihood of causing harm in the field, which has importance for conservation. Finally, we report negative impacts on life-history traits central to population stability (survival/reproduction) at the lowest pollution level tested (0.05 μg/L).}, }
@article {pmid34166501, year = {2021}, author = {Tipping, PW and Martin, MR and Rayamajhi, MB and Pratt, PD and Gettys, LA}, title = {Comparing the Invertebrate Communities and the Decomposition Dynamics Between Dead Native and Non-Native Trees in a Seasonal Everglades Wetland.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {5}, pages = {1056-1062}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvab057}, pmid = {34166501}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Invertebrates ; Seasons ; *Trees ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {A 6-year time-series study in the Western Everglades region of Florida, United States examined the influence of woody debris from two tree species on invertebrate richness, abundance, and diversity, as well as tree debris mass loss, fragmentation, and residence time. Samples of decomposing fine woody debris and coarse woody debris (CWD) from non-native Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) Blake and native Pinus elliottii Englem trees were removed from a field site every six months and processed to capture data on biotic and abiotic variables. Invertebrates found within debris were identified to family. A total of 61,985 individual invertebrates from three classes, 17 orders, and 95 families were identified from all debris. Although both tree species supported similar richness and diversity of invertebrates, abundance was greater in P. elliottii CWD compared with M. quinquenervia. Mass loss and fragmentation of debris were more rapid in M. quinquenervia fine woody debris with no differences between species for CWD. Although M. quinquenervia CWD supported fewer invertebrates than P. elliottii, overall the exotic tree provided a similar resource during the decomposition phase as the native P. elliottii suggesting that, unlike when it is alive, its decomposing presence had a minimal impact on invertebrate food webs. Land managers should consider specific intervals between herbicide applications and controlled burns to decrease the magnitude of fires in areas where a significant portion of the fuel load consists of dead M. quinquenervia, knowing that the decomposing trees are providing significant resources for invertebrate communities in the meantime.}, }
@article {pmid34165788, year = {2021}, author = {McIntire, KM and Chappell, KM and Juliano, SA}, title = {How do noncompetent hosts cause dilution of parasitism? Testing hypotheses for native and invasive mosquitoes.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {10}, pages = {e03452}, pmid = {34165788}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {R15 AI094322/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R15 AI124005/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Aedes/parasitology ; Animals ; *Apicomplexa ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; }, abstract = {Parasite dilution occurs in varied systems, via multiple potential mechanisms. We used laboratory manipulation and field surveys to test for invader-induced parasite dilution via two specific mechanisms: host-host competition and encounter reduction. In the laboratory, single Aedes triseriatus larvae were exposed to one of eight combinations of: parasitic Ascogregarina barretti, +/-1 cohabiting Aedes albopictus larva during parasite exposure, and +/-1 cohabiting A. albopictus larva after infectious parasite removal. Larval infection intensity (predicted to decrease via dilution by encounter reduction) was not significantly affected by A. albopictus. Adult infection prevalence and intensity (predicted to decrease via dilution by host-host competition) were significantly greater with A. albopictus, suggesting parasite amplification by interspecific competition, an effect potentially mediated by competition increasing A. triseriatus development time. In the field, we tested for effects of potential dilution host abundances on prevalence and abundance of A. barretti in A. triseriatus larvae. Piecewise path analysis yielded no evidence of host-host competition impacting parasitism in the field, but instead indicated a significant direct negative effect of Aedes spp. abundance on parasite abundance in A. triseriatus, which is consistent with dilution via encounter reduction in the field, but only in tree holes, not in man-made containers. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that a noncompetent invader can alter the native host-parasite relationship, but our laboratory and field data yield differing results. This difference is likely due to laboratory experiment testing for per capita effects of dilution hosts on parasitism, but field analysis testing for effects of dilution host abundance on parasitism. Individually, host-host competition with the invader amplifies, rather than dilutes, parasite success. In contrast, our path analysis is consistent with the hypothesis that dilution of parasitism results from increased abundance of noncompetent hosts in the field.}, }
@article {pmid34165082, year = {2021}, author = {Gibson, MJ and Torres, ML and Brandvain, Y and Moyle, LC}, title = {Introgression shapes fruit color convergence in invasive Galápagos tomato.}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {34165082}, issn = {2050-084X}, mesh = {Ecuador ; Fruit/*genetics/*physiology ; *Genetic Introgression ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Pigments, Biological ; Solanum/*genetics/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive species represent one of the foremost risks to global biodiversity. Here, we use population genomics to evaluate the history and consequences of an invasion of wild tomato-Solanum pimpinellifolium-onto the Galápagos Islands from continental South America. Using >300 archipelago and mainland collections, we infer this invasion was recent and largely the result of a single event from central Ecuador. Patterns of ancestry within the genomes of invasive plants also reveal post-colonization hybridization and introgression between S. pimpinellifolium and the closely related Galápagos endemic Solanum cheesmaniae. Of admixed invasive individuals, those that carry endemic alleles at one of two different carotenoid biosynthesis loci also have orange fruits-characteristic of the endemic species-instead of typical red S. pimpinellifolium fruits. We infer that introgression of two independent fruit color loci explains this observed trait convergence, suggesting that selection has favored repeated transitions of red to orange fruits on the Galápagos.}, }
@article {pmid34161384, year = {2021}, author = {Ficetola, GF and Silva-Rocha, I and Carretero, MA and Vignoli, L and Sacchi, R and Melotto, A and Scali, S and Salvi, D}, title = {Status of the largest extant population of the critically endangered Aeolian lizard Podarcis raffonei (Capo Grosso, Vulcano island).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {e0253631}, pmid = {34161384}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Islands ; Lizards/*physiology ; *Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The Aeolian wall lizard Podarcis raffonei is an island endemic that survives only on three tiny islets, and on the Capo Grosso peninsula of the Vulcano island, thus is among the European vertebrates with the smallest range and one of the most threatened by extinction. This species is declining due to competition and hybridization with the non-native lizard Podarcis siculus, but a regular monitoring program is lacking. Here we assessed the size and status of the Capo Grosso population of P. raffonei on Vulcano. In September 2015 we captured 30 individuals showing the typical brown phenotype of P. raffonei, while one single male showed a green phenotype, apparently intermediate between P. raffonei and the non-native Podarcis siculus. In May 2017, only 47% of 131 individuals showed the typical brown phenotype (P. raffonei-like) and 53% showed the green phenotype (P. siculus-like). Based on N-mixture models and removal sampling the estimated size of the Capo Grosso population was of 800-1300 individuals in 2017, being similar to 2015; available data suggest that the total range of the species could be as small as 2 ha. The frequency of individuals with the typical P. raffonei phenotype dramatically dropped between two samplings with a parallel increase of individuals displaying the green phenotype. Observation on outdoor captive-bred individuals demonstrates plasticity for colouration in P. raffonei individuals from Capo Grosso, with several individuals showing the typical brown pattern in September 2017 and a green pattern in March 2021. Non-exclusive hypotheses, including hybridization with P. siculus and plasticity in colour pattern of P. raffonei, are discussed to explain the phenotypic shifts of the P. raffonei population of Capo Grosso. While genomic evidence is required to reach conclusions and investigate eventual hybridization, it is urgent to undertake a programme for the monitoring and management of this lizard.}, }
@article {pmid34157540, year = {2021}, author = {Ljubojević, M and Tomić, M and Simikić, M and Savin, L and Narandžić, T and Pušić, M and Grubač, M and Srđan Vejnović,  and Marinković, M}, title = {Koelreuteria paniculata invasiveness, yielding capacity and harvest date influence on biodiesel feedstock properties.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {295}, number = {}, pages = {113102}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113102}, pmid = {34157540}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Biofuels ; *Ecosystem ; Fatty Acids ; Plant Oils ; Sapindaceae ; Serbia ; }, abstract = {Due to Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm., high abundance in Novi Sad (Serbia) and previously confirmed biodiesel feedstock suitability, this study aimed to assess generative potential and yield, assess K. paniculata invasive risk, and investigate the influence of harvesting periods on the oil content and quality. Fifty-five specimens present in the Novi Sad inner-city core exhibited very high scores in the conducted invasiveness risk assessment (score 35/39). Determined good overall adaptability, growth and development, vitality and decorativeness of K. paniculata specimens, as well as the absence of phytopathological and entomological damages, due to lack of natural enemies, provided this species high unhindered yielding. The majority of investigated trees reached 5-10 m in height and canopy volumes from 10.1 to 70 m[3], with an estimated more than 130 000-700 000 seeds produced per canopy. Seeds from one representative specimen were collected on different harvesting dates, at the end of August, September and October of 2019, and analyzed for oil content and quality for biodiesel production. With the average oil percentage of 22.8 w%, determined in the representative specimen, investigated 55 seed-bearing K. paniculata trees merely in the inner city core of Novi Sad, could produce 115 kg of oil. Since oil properties (<1 w% of free fatty acids and the acid number <2 mgKOH.g[-1]) and fatty acid profile (high content of monounsaturated fatty acids ≈72 w%) fit the requirements set in EN14214 biodiesel standard, regardless of the harvest date, harvest season can be extended to at least three months without compromising the oil quality for biodiesel production. Thus, intrinsic disservice of K. paniculata - high seed yielding can be shifted into a novel ecosystem service - quality biodiesel production. Aiming to avoid viable seed deposition in the ground and formation of the invasive seed bank, early August harvest can be recommended.}, }
@article {pmid34157261, year = {2021}, author = {Burkepile, DE}, title = {Ecology: E-rat-ication to restore reefs.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {31}, number = {12}, pages = {R786-R788}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.069}, pmid = {34157261}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coral Reefs ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Nutrients ; Rats ; }, abstract = {Invasive species often drive native species to local extinction. A new study shows that removing invasive rats from tropical islands fosters recovery of native seabirds. Rising seabird populations reestablish key cross-ecosystem nutrient subsidies, reconnecting oceanic, island, and coral reef ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid34155609, year = {2022}, author = {Lou, B and Barbieri, DM and Passavanti, M and Hui, C and Gupta, A and Hoff, I and Lessa, DA and Sikka, G and Chang, K and Fang, K and Lam, L and Maharaj, B and Ghasemi, N and Qiao, Y and Adomako, S and Foroutan Mirhosseini, A and Naik, B and Banerjee, A and Wang, F and Tucker, A and Liu, Z and Wijayaratna, K and Naseri, S and Yu, L and Chen, H and Shu, B and Goswami, S and Peprah, P and Hessami, A and Abbas, M and Agarwal, N}, title = {Air pollution perception in ten countries during the COVID-19 pandemic.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {51}, number = {3}, pages = {531-545}, pmid = {34155609}, issn = {1654-7209}, mesh = {*Air Pollutants/analysis ; *Air Pollution/analysis/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *COVID-19 ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Perception ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {As largely documented in the literature, the stark restrictions enforced worldwide in 2020 to curb the COVID-19 pandemic also curtailed the production of air pollutants to some extent. This study investigates the perception of the air pollution as assessed by individuals located in ten countries: Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, India, Iran, Italy, Norway, South Africa and the USA. The perceptions towards air quality were evaluated by employing an online survey administered in May 2020. Participants (N = 9394) in the ten countries expressed their opinions according to a Likert-scale response. A reduction in pollutant concentration was clearly perceived, albeit to a different extent, by all populations. The survey participants located in India and Italy perceived the largest drop in the air pollution concentration; conversely, the smallest variation was perceived among Chinese and Norwegian respondents. Among all the demographic indicators considered, only gender proved to be statistically significant.}, }
@article {pmid34155249, year = {2021}, author = {Inskeep, JR and Allen, AP and Taylor, PW and Rempoulakis, P and Weldon, CW}, title = {Canopy distribution and microclimate preferences of sterile and wild Queensland fruit flies.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {13010}, pmid = {34155249}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Environment ; Female ; *Insect Control/methods ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Microclimate ; Population Dynamics ; *Tephritidae ; }, abstract = {Insects tend to live within well-defined habitats, and at smaller scales can have distinct microhabitat preferences. These preferences are important, but often overlooked, in applications of the sterile insect technique. Different microhabitat preferences of sterile and wild insects may reflect differences in environmental tolerance and may lead to spatial separation in the field, both of which may reduce the control program efficiency. In this study, we compared the diurnal microhabitat distributions of mass-reared (fertile and sterile) and wild Queensland fruit flies, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Flies were individually tagged and released into field cages containing citrus trees. We recorded their locations in the canopies (height from ground, distance from canopy center), behavior (resting, grooming, walking, feeding), and the abiotic conditions on occupied leaves (temperature, humidity, light intensity) throughout the day. Flies from all groups moved lower in the canopy when temperature and light intensity were high, and humidity was low; lower canopy regions provided shelter from these conditions. Fertile and sterile mass-reared flies of both sexes were generally lower in the canopies than wild flies. Flies generally fed from the top sides of leaves that were lower in the canopy, suggesting food sources in these locations. Our observations suggest that mass-reared and wild B. tryoni occupy different locations in tree canopies, which could indicate different tolerances to environmental extremes and may result in spatial separation of sterile and wild flies when assessed at a landscape scale.}, }
@article {pmid34154535, year = {2021}, author = {Tan, WC and Measey, J and Vanhooydonck, B and Herrel, A}, title = {The relationship between bite force, morphology, and diet in southern African agamids.}, journal = {BMC ecology and evolution}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {126}, pmid = {34154535}, issn = {2730-7182}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bite Force ; Diet ; Ecosystem ; Head ; *Lizards/anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Many animals display morphological and behavioural adaptations to the habitats in which they live and the resources they exploit. Bite force is an important whole-organism performance trait that allows an increase in dietary breadth, the inclusion of novel prey in the diet, territory and predatory defence, and is important during mating in many lizards.<br><br>METHODS: Here, we study six species of southern African agamid lizards from three habitat types (ground-dwelling, rock-dwelling, and arboreal) to investigate whether habitat use constrains head morphology and bite performance. We further tested whether bite force and head morphology evolve as adaptations to diet by analysing a subset of these species for which diet data were available.<br><br>RESULTS: Overall, both jaw length and its out-lever are excellent predictors of bite performance across all six species. Rock-dwelling species have a flatter head relative to their size than other species, possibly as an adaptation for crevice use. However, even when correcting for jaw length and jaw out-lever length, rock-dwelling species bite harder than ground-dwelling species. Diet analyses demonstrate that body and head size are not directly related to diet, although greater in-levers for jaw closing (positively related to bite force) are associated to an increase of hard prey in the diet. Ground-dwelling species consume more ants than other species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results illustrate the role of head morphology in driving bite force and demonstrate how habitat use impacts head morphology but not bite force in these agamids. Although diet is associated with variation in head morphology it is only partially responsible for the observed differences in morphology and performance.}, }
@article {pmid34153498, year = {2021}, author = {Zhou, Y and Qin, W and Zhong, H and Zhang, H and Zhou, L}, title = {Chromosome-level assembly of the Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) genome provides insights into its ecological adaptation.}, journal = {Genomics}, volume = {113}, number = {5}, pages = {2944-2952}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.06.024}, pmid = {34153498}, issn = {1089-8646}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes/genetics ; *Cypriniformes/genetics ; Genome ; }, abstract = {Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (silver carp) is phytoplanktivorous and is an economically and ecologically important fish species. As a well-known invasive species, a number of factors associated with the ecological adaptations of this species are largely unknown. Here, we present a chromosomal-level assembly of the species based on the PacBio Sequel II platform and Hi-C scaffolding technology. Based on the high-quality genome sequences and previous genome sequencing projects, a number of genes that were probably subject to positive selection reside in the genome of H. molitrix, and the last common ancestors of H. molitrix and H. nobilis were identified. Some of these genes may partially explain the mechanisms of H. molitrix for surviving damage due to toxic algae. Demographic history estimation suggests that the effective population size (EPS) of the species may have constantly increased along with the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, started to decline when quaternary glaciation started, and further declined during the Younger Dryas Period. Moreover, the introgression from H. nobilis to H. molitrix in North America was corroborated based on the whole-genome sequencing data, and the proportion of introgressed regions was estimated to be approximately 5.8%. Based on the high-quality assembly, the possible mechanisms by which H. molitrix adapts to its endemic and invaded locations were profiled.}, }
@article {pmid34152467, year = {2021}, author = {Wardjomto, MB and Ndlovu, M and Pérez-Rodríguez, A and Pori, T and Nangammbi, T}, title = {Avian haemosporidia in native and invasive sparrows at an Afrotropical region.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {120}, number = {7}, pages = {2631-2640}, pmid = {34152467}, issn = {1432-1955}, support = {CSRP170511230555//National Research Foundation South Africa/ ; FBIS170530235269//Foundational Biodiversity Information Programme (FBIP)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bird Diseases/*epidemiology/*parasitology ; Ecosystem ; Female ; *Haemosporida/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Likelihood Functions ; Male ; Parasitemia/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary ; Phylogeny ; Plasmodium/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Prevalence ; Protozoan Infections/*epidemiology/parasitology ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Sparrows/*parasitology ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Bio-invasions are a major threat to biodiversity and ecosystems globally and may contribute to the proliferation of emerging infectious diseases. We examined the prevalence and phylogenetic diversity of avian haemosporidian parasites infecting the non-native house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and the native southern grey-headed sparrows (Passer diffusus). Blood samples from 104 sparrows (74 house sparrows and 30 southern grey-headed sparrows) mist-netted inside and around the Kruger National Park were used. Genomic DNA was extracted from each blood sample and subjected to nested PCR analyses, Sanger sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Overall, 35.57% (37/104) of the birds sampled were infected with at least one haemosporidian parasites. Southern grey-headed sparrows had a higher parasite prevalence (60%) than house sparrows (24.3%). A total of 16 parasite lineages were identified, of which eight were novel lineages. Whereas Haemoproteus spp. showed the highest lineage diversity, Leucocytozoon spp. were the most prevalent parasites, albeit with significant differences between sparrow species. A single Plasmodium sp. infection was recorded in a southern grey-headed sparrow. In support of the enemy release hypothesis, we found that prevalence on non-native house sparrows was lower than prevalence recorded in their region of origin and also that they were infected only by indigenous parasites lineages.}, }
@article {pmid34147858, year = {2021}, author = {Ros, M and Guerra-García, JM and Lignot, JH and Rivera-Ingraham, GA}, title = {Environmental stress responses in sympatric congeneric crustaceans: Explaining and predicting the context-dependencies of invader impacts.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {170}, number = {}, pages = {112621}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112621}, pmid = {34147858}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Amphipoda ; Animals ; Introduced Species ; Salinity ; Seawater ; *Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {The role of ecophysiology in mediating marine biological pollution is poorly known. Here we explore how physiological plasticity to environmental stress can explain and predict the context-dependencies of invasive species impacts. We use the case of two sympatric skeleton shrimps, the invader Caprella scaura and its congener C. equilibra, which is currently replaced by the former on the South European coast. We compare their physiological responses to hyposalinity stress under suboptimal low and high temperature, while inferring on hypoxia tolerance. We use an energy-redox approach, analyzing mortality rate, the energetic balance and the consequent effects on the oxidative homeostasis. We found that decreased seawater salinity and/or oxygen levels can weaken biotic resistance, especially in females of C. equilibra, leading to periods of heightened vulnerability to invasion. Our approach provides mechanistic insights towards understanding the factors promoting invader impacts, highlighting the potential of ecophysiology for improving invasive species management.}, }
@article {pmid34146488, year = {2021}, author = {Lin, T and Vrieling, K and Laplanche, D and Klinkhamer, PGL and Lou, Y and Bekooy, L and Degen, T and Bustos-Segura, C and Turlings, TCJ and Desurmont, GA}, title = {Evolutionary changes in an invasive plant support the defensive role of plant volatiles.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {31}, number = {15}, pages = {3450-3456.e5}, pmid = {34146488}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; Evolution, Molecular ; Herbivory ; Insecta ; Introduced Species ; *Moths ; Plant Leaves ; Senecio/*chemistry ; *Volatile Organic Compounds ; }, abstract = {It is increasingly evident that plants interact with their outside world through the production of volatile organic compounds,[1-5] but whether the volatiles have evolved to serve in plant defense is still a topic of considerable debate.[3][,][6-8] Unharmed leaves constitutively release small amounts of volatiles, but when the leaves are damaged by herbivorous arthropods, they emit substantially more volatiles. These herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) attract parasitoids and predators that kill insect herbivores,[9-12] and this can benefit the plants.[13][,][14] As yet, however, there is no tangible evolutionary evidence that this tritrophic interplay contributes to the selection forces that have shaped the volatile emissions of plants.[2][,][3][,][5-8][,][15] With this in mind, we investigated the evolutionary changes in volatile emissions in invasive common ragwort and the respective defensive roles of its constitutive and inducible volatiles. This Eurasian plant has invaded other continents, where it evolved for many generations in the absence of specialized herbivores and their natural enemies. We found that, compared to native ragworts, invasive plants release higher levels of constitutive volatiles but considerably lower levels of herbivore-induced volatiles. As a consequence, invasive ragwort is more attractive to a specialist moth but avoided by an unadapted generalist moth. Importantly, conforming to the indirect defense hypothesis, a specialist parasitoid was much more attracted to caterpillar-damaged native ragwort, which was reflected in higher parasitism rates in a field trial. The evolution of foliar volatile emissions appears to be indeed driven by their direct and indirect roles in defenses against insects.}, }
@article {pmid34144321, year = {2021}, author = {Banerjee, AK and Prajapati, J and Bhowmick, AR and Huang, Y and Mukherjee, A}, title = {Different factors influence naturalization and invasion processes - A case study of Indian alien flora provides management insights.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {294}, number = {}, pages = {113054}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113054}, pmid = {34144321}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; India ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Development ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Why do some alien plants become naturalized, and some naturalized become invasive? Do different factors determine successful naturalization and invasion? Most, if not all, studies addressing these questions have focused either on the part of the invasion continuum or a specific group of alien species. In this study, we aimed to answer these questions for alien plant invasion in India by considering 13 variables related to biogeography, introduction pathways, uses, functional traits, and distribution for 715 species belonging to three invasion categories. We deciphered the variables' influence on successful naturalization and invasion through a structural equation modeling framework implemented as path analyses and translated the findings to management implications. Our study revealed that the invasive aliens had significantly higher naturalized range size, a greater number of uses, and higher specific leaf area than the naturalized and casual aliens. Path analyses revealed that the native and naturalized range sizes, number of uses, and growth form had a direct influence on naturalization success, whereas longer minimum residence time (MRT) facilitated overcoming of the dispersal barrier for naturalized species. Invasion success was directly influenced by the MRT and number of uses, which were further influenced by the number of native congeners and the naturalized range size, respectively. Plant growth forms indirectly influenced invasion success, whereas the native range sizes had indirect effects on successful naturalization and invasion by strongly influencing the size of the naturalized range. Our findings suggested considering species biogeography in the formulation of quarantine measures, imposing policies to discourage the uses and spread of alien plants within the country, and implementing early control measures, especially for the naturalized aliens. The curated dataset used in this study would also provide a ready reference for future research and decision-making towards the management of alien plant invasion in the country.}, }
@article {pmid34143893, year = {2021}, author = {Curtis, AN and Bidart, MG}, title = {Increased Temperature Influenced Growth and Development of Lithobates pipiens Tadpoles Exposed to Leachates of the Invasive Plant European Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) and a Triclopyr Herbicide.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {40}, number = {9}, pages = {2547-2558}, doi = {10.1002/etc.5142}, pmid = {34143893}, issn = {1552-8618}, mesh = {Animals ; Glycolates ; *Herbicides/toxicity ; Larva ; Rana pipiens ; *Rhamnus ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Multiple factors including habitat loss, pollutants, invasive species, and disease have contributed to the global decline of amphibians, and further declines can be expected as a result of climate change. Warming temperatures may allow for range expansion of invasive plants, and because herbicides are the primary method to control invasive plants, chemical use may increase. A laboratory experiment was performed to examine the individual and combined effects of leachates from the invasive plant European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica, L.) and a triclopyr herbicide (Renovate® 3; 0.21 mg/L), which is commonly used to manage R. cathartica, on northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens, Schreber) tadpoles at 2 temperature regimes (20 and 25 °C). We measured tadpole growth weekly and body and intestine morphology at the conclusion of the experiment after 8 wk. In the presence of R. cathartica leachates, tadpole growth increased at 25 °C, but only during the first 3 to 4 wk of the experiment. From week 5 until the end of the experiment, tadpoles were significantly smaller at 25 °C compared with 20 °C, but had more developed limb buds at the end of the experiment (except in the triclopyr treatment). Triclopyr had minimal effects on tadpole growth at the low dose used in this study. These results encourage further examination of potential effects of global climate changes in combination with other environmental factors that may impact amphibian populations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2547-2558. © 2021 SETAC.}, }
@article {pmid34143423, year = {2021}, author = {Santamaría, J and Tomas, F and Ballesteros, E and Ruiz, JM and Bernardeau-Esteller, J and Terrados, J and Cebrian, E}, title = {The role of competition and herbivory in biotic resistance against invaders: a synergistic effect.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {9}, pages = {e03440}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3440}, pmid = {34143423}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive species pose a major threat to global diversity, and once they are well established their eradication typically becomes unfeasible. However, certain natural mechanisms can increase the resistance of native communities to invaders and can be used to guide effective management policies. Both competition and herbivory have been identified as potential biotic resistance mechanisms that can limit plant invasiveness, but it is still under debate to what extent they might be effective against well-established invaders. Surprisingly, whereas biotic mechanisms are known to interact strongly, most studies to date have examined single biotic mechanisms separately, which likely influences our understanding of the strength and effectiveness of biotic resistance against invaders. Here we use long-term field data, benthic assemblage sampling, and exclusion experiments to assess the effect of native assemblage complexity and herbivory on the invasion dynamics of a successful invasive species, the alga Caulerpa cylindracea. A higher complexity of the native algal assemblage limited C. cylindracea invasion, probably through competition by canopy-forming and erect algae. Additionally, high herbivory pressure by the fish Sarpa salpa reduced C. cylindracea abundance by more than four times. However, long-term data of the invasion reflects that biotic resistance strength can vary across the invasion process and it is only where high assemblage complexity is concomitant with high herbivory pressure, that the most significant limitation is observed (synergistic effect). Overall, the findings reported in this study highlight that neglecting the interactions between biotic mechanisms during invasive processes and restricting the studied time scales may lead to underestimations of the true capacity of native assemblages to develop resistance to invaders.}, }
@article {pmid34143081, year = {2021}, author = {Hewitt, J and Furxhi, O and Renshaw, CK and Driggers, R}, title = {Detection of Burmese pythons in the near-infrared versus visible band.}, journal = {Applied optics}, volume = {60}, number = {17}, pages = {5066-5073}, doi = {10.1364/AO.419320}, pmid = {34143081}, issn = {1539-4522}, mesh = {Animals ; Boidae/*physiology ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Florida ; Introduced Species ; Photography/*instrumentation ; Skin Physiological Phenomena ; Whole Body Imaging/*methods ; }, abstract = {Human task performance studies are commonly used for detecting and identifying potential military threats. In this work, these principles are applied to detection of an environmental threat: the invasive Burmese python. A qualitative detection of Burmese pythons with a visible light camera and an 850 nm near-infrared (NIR) camera was performed in natural Florida backgrounds. The results showed that the difference in reflectivity between the pythons and native foliage was much greater in NIR, effectively circumventing the python's natural camouflage in the visible band. In this work, a comparison of detection performance in the selected near-infrared band versus the visible band was conducted. Images of foliage backgrounds with and without a python were taken in each band in daylight and at night with illumination. Intensities of these images were then calibrated and prepared for a human perception test. Participants were tasked with detecting pythons, and the human perception data was used to compare performance between the bands. The results show that the enhanced contrast in the NIR enabled participants to detect pythons at 20% longer ranges than the use of visible imagery.}, }
@article {pmid34142954, year = {2021}, author = {Andreeva, YV and Khrabrova, NV and Alekseeva, SS and Abylkassymova, GM and Simakova, AV and Sibataev, AK}, title = {First record of the invasive mosquito species Aedes koreicus (Diptera, Culicidae) in the Republic of Kazakhstan.}, journal = {Parasite (Paris, France)}, volume = {28}, number = {}, pages = {52}, pmid = {34142954}, issn = {1776-1042}, mesh = {*Aedes/genetics ; Animals ; China ; *Culicidae ; Europe ; Germany ; Hungary ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Japan ; Kazakhstan ; Republic of Korea ; Russia ; Slovenia ; }, abstract = {The natural distribution range of Aedes koreicus is Korea, China, Japan, and the Russian Far East. Since 2008, this species has been recorded as an invasive species in some European countries (Belgium, European Russia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Slovenia, and Switzerland). The invasive mosquito species Ae. koreicus is reported from the Republic of Kazakhstan for the first time. Its morphological identification was confirmed by molecular-genetic analyses of ND4 sequences using specific primers. Aedes koreicus larvae were found in an artificial water reservoir together with the larvae of Culiseta longiareolata and Culex pipiens s.l. Aedes koreicus successfully overwintered in Almaty at low winter temperatures in 2018-2019. This suggests that the Ae. koreicus acclimation capacity is greater than it has been considered until now. We assume that Ae. koreicus will spread over the west and south of the Republic of Kazakhstan and territories of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan Republics bordering the Almaty region.}, }
@article {pmid34142422, year = {2021}, author = {Beaury, EM and Finn, JT and Corbin, JD and Bradley, BA}, title = {Habitat covariates do not artificially cause a negative correlation between native and non-native species richness.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {24}, number = {8}, pages = {1735-1737}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13782}, pmid = {34142422}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {When analyzing biotic resistance/diversity-invasibility, including predictors of species richness may result in a false negative correlation between native and non-native richness. However, reanalysis of vegetation surveys shows that the negative effect of native richness is statistically significant whether or not predictors of species richness are included.}, }
@article {pmid34142394, year = {2021}, author = {Eyer, PA and Blumenfeld, AJ and Johnson, LNL and Perdereau, E and Shults, P and Wang, S and Dedeine, F and Dupont, S and Bagnères, AG and Vargo, EL}, title = {Extensive human-mediated jump dispersal within and across the native and introduced ranges of the invasive termite Reticulitermes flavipes.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {16}, pages = {3948-3964}, doi = {10.1111/mec.16022}, pmid = {34142394}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; *Isoptera/genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats ; United States ; }, abstract = {As native ranges are often geographically structured, invasive species originating from a single source population only carry a fraction of the genetic diversity present in their native range. The invasion process is thus often associated with a drastic loss of genetic diversity resulting from a founder event. However, the fraction of diversity brought to the invasive range may vary under different invasion histories, increasing with the size of the propagule, the number of reintroduction events, and/or the total genetic diversity represented by the various source populations in a multiple-introduction scenario. In this study, we generated a SNP data set for the invasive termite Reticulitermes flavipes from 23 native populations in the eastern United States and six introduced populations throughout the world. Using population genetic analyses and approximate Bayesian computation random forest, we investigated its worldwide invasion history. We found a complex invasion pathway with multiple events out of the native range and bridgehead introductions from the introduced population in France. Our data suggest that extensive long-distance jump dispersal appears common in both the native and introduced ranges of this species, probably through human transportation. Overall, our results show that similar to multiple introduction events into the invasive range, admixture in the native range prior to invasion can potentially favour invasion success by increasing the genetic diversity that is later transferred to the introduced range.}, }
@article {pmid34142322, year = {2021}, author = {Zhang, N and Liao, Y and Xie, L and Zhang, Z and Hu, W}, title = {Using essential oils from Citrus paradisi as a fumigant for Solenopsis invicta workers and evaluating the oils' effect on worker behavior.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {28}, number = {42}, pages = {59665-59672}, pmid = {34142322}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {32001967//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 20202BABL215007//Jiangxi Province Natural Science Foundation/ ; GJJ190760//Foundation of Jiangxi Province Educational Committee/ ; [2020]60//the Program of Science and Technology Planning Project of Ganzhou/ ; [2019]60//the Program of Science and Technology Planning Project of Ganzhou/ ; CX190015//University Students' Innovative Undertaking of Gannan Normal University/ ; [2020]209//Program of Science and Technology Planning Project of Xichang/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *Citrus paradisi ; *Oils, Volatile ; *Pesticides ; Plant Oils ; }, abstract = {The red imported fire ant is one of the world's most devastating invasive species, adversely affecting humans, wildlife, crops, and livestock. To control infestations, chemical pesticides are deployed extensively around the world. However, their extensive use has led to negative effects on the environment and human health. Essential oils, which are safe and ecofriendly, can potentially be used as alternatives to chemical pesticides. In this study, grapefruit essential oils were used as fumigant agents to control red imported fire ants. The crude grapefruit oil (GO1) contained 28 compounds, and the concentrated grapefruit oil (GO2), which was refined from GO1 by vacuum distillation, contained 20 compounds. D-Limonene was the dominant constituent in both GO1 (70.1%) and GO2 (73.96%), and other important constituents included β-pinene, α-pinene, β-phellandrene, octanal, d-carvone, α-terpineol, and linalool. Both the essential oils and their individual constituents (α-pinene, α-terpineol, β-phellandrene, octanal, and d-carvone) showed strong lethal fumigant effects against workers. Workers were more susceptible to GO2 than GO1, and octanal was more toxic to workers as compared with the other four constituents. When antennas of workers were treated with the two oils or the five constituents, their walking and gripping abilities were significantly suppressed, and there was an obvious bending or breaking phenomenon on the sensilla of the antennas. Fumigant activity by grapefruit essential oils and their main compounds were associated with their effects on the walking and gripping behavior of workers, and this confirmed that grapefruit essential oil is a promising, ecofriendly, and safe fumigant for the control of red imported fire ants.}, }
@article {pmid34141463, year = {2021}, author = {Arianoutsou, M and Bazos, I and Christopoulou, A and Kokkoris, Y and Zikos, A and Zervou, S and Delipetrou, P and Cardoso, AC and Deriu, I and Gervasini, E and Tsiamis, K}, title = {Alien plants of Europe: introduction pathways, gateways and time trends.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e11270}, pmid = {34141463}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) pathways classification framework used in the implementation of the European Union's (EU) Regulation 1143/2014 on invasive alien species (IAS Regulation) has recently been adopted by the European Alien Species Information Network (EASIN), the official information system supporting the implementation of the IAS Regulation. In the current paper, the result of an alignment of the primary introduction pathways of all alien plants in Europe included in the EASIN catalogue is presented, based on the CBD framework. In total, 6,250 alien plant taxa (marine plants excluded), both alien to Europe (native range outside Europe) and alien in Europe (native range partially in Europe) are reported. Altogether 5,175 plant taxa had their primary introduction pathway aligned based on the CBD framework, while for the rest the pathway remains unknown. In addition, the taxonomy, year and country of its first record in the wild are provided for each taxon. Our analyses reveal that the main primary introduction pathways of alien plants into Europe are linked to accidental escapes from ornamental and horticultural activities. Northwestern European countries seem to act as the main gateway areas of alien plants into Europe. Recent first observations of new alien taxa growing spontaneously exhibit a contemporary accelerating trend for plants alien to Europe, particularly linked to ornamental and horticultural activities. On the other hand, the number of new plants alien in Europe seems to have stabilized over the last few decades. The present work can assist in the prioritization of introduction pathways control, with the target of slowing down the rate of alien plants introductions into Europe, following also the requirements of the IAS Regulation.}, }
@article {pmid34141435, year = {2021}, author = {Nepal, V and Fabrizio, MC and Brill, RW}, title = {Effects of food limitation on growth, body condition and metabolic rates of non-native blue catfish.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {coaa129}, pmid = {34141435}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Establishment and range expansion of non-native species in novel habitats depend on their energetic requirements and food availability. Knowledge of growth and metabolic rates of non-native fishes at various food levels is particularly critical to inform models that assess their invasion potential. We compared growth rates, body condition and metabolic rates of juvenile blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus), an invasive species in many lakes, coastal rivers and estuaries throughout the Eastern USA, at three ration levels: ad libitum (3.5% of fish body mass/d), two-third ad libitum and one-third ad libitum. All fish survived the entire duration of the experiment (4 months) regardless of ration level. Blue catfish exhibited routine metabolic rates similar to those of other benthic fishes but below the more active species. Mean growth rates were lower at reduced ration levels, but we found no evidence of ration size effect on body condition or metabolic rates. Blue catfish therefore appear to have mechanisms that enable them to survive low rates of food intake for long periods, indicating the potential of this invasive species to become established in habitats with low prey availability.}, }
@article {pmid34141242, year = {2021}, author = {Pliego-Sánchez, JV and Blair, C and Díaz de la Vega-Pérez, AH and Jiménez-Arcos, VH}, title = {The insular herpetofauna of Mexico: Composition, conservation, and biogeographic patterns.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {6579-6592}, pmid = {34141242}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {We compile a Mexican insular herpetofaunal checklist to estimate endemism, conservation status, island threats, net taxonomic turnover among six biogeographic provinces belonging to the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, and the relationships between island area and mainland distance versus species richness. We compile a checklist of insular herpetofaunal through performing a literature and collection review. We define the conservation status according to conservation Mexican law, the Red List of International Union for Conservation of Nature, and Environmental Vulnerability Scores. We determine threat percentages on islands according to the 11 major classes of threats to biodiversity. We estimate the net taxonomic turnover with beta diversity analysis between the Nearctic and Neotropical provinces. The Mexican insular herpetofauna is composed of 18 amphibian species, 204 species with 101 subspecies of reptiles, and 263 taxa in total. Endemism levels are 11.76% in amphibians, 53.57% in reptiles, and 27.91% being insular endemic taxa. Two conservation status systems classify the species at high extinction risk, while the remaining system suggests less concern. However, all systems indicate species lacking assessment. Human activities and exotic alien species are present on 60% of 131 islands. The taxonomic turnover value is high (0.89), with a clear herpetofaunal differentiation between the two biogeographic regions. The species-area and species-mainland distance relationships are positive. Insular herpetofauna faces a high percentage of threats, with the Neotropical provinces more heavily impacted. It is urgent to explore the remaining islands (3,079 islands) and better incorporate insular populations and species in ecological, evolutionary, and systematic studies. In the face of the biodiversity crisis, islands will play a leading role as a model to apply restoration and conservation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid34141194, year = {2021}, author = {Moro, A and Blacquière, T and Dahle, B and Dietemann, V and Le Conte, Y and Locke, B and Neumann, P and Beaurepaire, A}, title = {Adaptive population structure shifts in invasive parasitic mites, Varroa destructor.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {5937-5949}, pmid = {34141194}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Comparative studies of genetic diversity and population structure can shed light on the ecological and evolutionary factors governing host-parasite interactions. Even though invasive parasites are considered of major biological importance, little is known about their adaptative potential when infesting the new hosts. Here, the genetic diversification of Varroa destructor, a novel parasite of Apis mellifera originating from Asia, was investigated using population genetics to determine how the genetic structure of the parasite changed in distinct European populations of its new host. To do so, mites infesting two categories of hosts in four European regions were compared: (a) adapted hosts surviving through means of natural selection, thereby expected to impose strong selective pressure on the mites, and (b) treated host populations, surviving mite infestations because acaricides are applied, therefore characterized by a relaxed selection imposed by the host on the mites. Significant genetic divergence was found across regions, partially reflecting the invasion pattern of V. destructor throughout Europe and indicating local adaptation of the mite to the host populations. Additionally, varying degrees of genotypic changes were found between mites from adapted and treated colonies. Altogether, these results indicate that V. destructor managed to overcome the genetic bottlenecks following its introduction in Europe and that host-mediated selection fostered changes in the genetic structure of this mite at diverse geographic scales. These findings highlight the potential of parasites to adapt to their local host populations and confirm that adaptations developed within coevolutionary dynamics are a major determinant of population genetic changes.}, }
@article {pmid34137894, year = {2021}, author = {Rojas, P and Fragoso, C}, title = {A Regional Approach Shows Differences Among Invasive Ants Solenopsis geminata and Wasmannia auropunctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Within Its Native Range of Distribution.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {34137894}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Ants ; Crops, Agricultural ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Worldwide, two of the most harmful invasive ants typical of disturbed sites are Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius) and Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger). Both are natives of the Neotropics and are widely distributed all over the tropics. Within its original geographic range, there are few data on its abundance and potential damage to natural ecosystems. In this study, we recorded their abundance and relationships to diversity and richness of soil ant communities in two localities with different amount of forested area (López Mateos, LM 77% and Venustiano Carranza, VC 27%), at Los Tuxtlas reserve. In each locality, four land use systems (LUS) were sampled: tropical rain forests, agroforestry plantations, annual crops, and pastures. Data were gathered from 360 ant samples obtained from litter squares, pitfall traps, and soil monoliths in 40 sampling points (20 per locality, and five per LUS). Solenopsis geminata was more abundant in LM than in VC; the opposite trend was observed for W. auropunctata. In LM, S. geminata was more abundant in crops than in the other LUS, whereas W. auropunctata tended to have higher abundances in less managed sites of both localities. Abundance and species richness of ant communities were higher in LM than in VC. At regional and local levels, we found negative relationships between the abundance of S. geminata and species richness; the inverse pattern was found for W. auropunctata. We conclude that at Los Tuxtlas, W. auropunctata can be considered as a typical dominant native species, whereas S. geminata is the common exotic invasive ant.}, }
@article {pmid34137170, year = {2021}, author = {Black, AN and Willoughby, JR and Brüniche-Olsen, A and Pierce, BL and DeWoody, JA}, title = {The endangered White Sands pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa) genome reveals low diversity and heterogenous patterns of differentiation.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {21}, number = {7}, pages = {2520-2532}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.13447}, pmid = {34137170}, issn = {1755-0998}, support = {W9126G-12-2-0019//Air Force Civil Engineer Center/ ; W9126G-12-2-0019//U.S. Corps of Engineers/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Genome ; Genomics ; *Killifishes/genetics ; }, abstract = {The White Sands pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa), endemic to New Mexico in Southwestern North America, is of conservation concern due in part to invasive species, chemical pollution, and groundwater withdrawal. Herein, we developed a draft reference genome and use it to provide biological insights into the evolution and conservation of C. tularosa. We used our assembly to localize microsatellite markers previously used to demarcate evolutionary significant units (ESU), quantified genomic divergence and transposable element profiles between species, and compared C. tularosa genomic diversity related species. Our de novo assembly of PacBio Sequel II error-corrected reads resulted in a 1.08 Gb draft genome with a contig N50 of 1.4 Mb and 25,260 annotated protein coding genes, including 95% of the expected Actinopterygii conserved complete single-copy orthologues. Many of the C. tularosa microsatellite markers used for conservation assessments fell within, or near, genes and exhibited a pattern of increased heterozygosity near genic areas compared to those in intergenic regions. Nuclear alignments between these two species revealed 193 genes contained in rapidly diverging tracts; transposable element profiles were largely concordant and suggest a shared, rapid expansion of LINE and Gypsy elements. Genome-wide heterozygosity was markedly lower in C. tularosa compared to estimates from other related species, probably because of smaller long-term effective population sizes constrained by their isolated and limited habitat. Overall, these inferences provide new insights into C. tularosa that should help inform future management efforts.}, }
@article {pmid34136677, year = {2021}, author = {Plecki, AF and Akamani, K and Groninger, JW and Brenner, JC and Gage, KL}, title = {Homeowner perceptions and responses to buffelgrass invasion risk in the Tucson, Arizona Wildland-Urban Interface.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, pages = {e07040}, pmid = {34136677}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {In this study, we aimed to analyze homeowners' level of awareness and perceived risk about buffelgrass invasion in the Tucson, Arizona Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI), as well as the factors influencing their participation in buffelgrass control and fire risk mitigation efforts. Data for the study were generated through the administration of an online survey among 117 members of Home Owner Associations (HOAs) in the Tucson WUI. The results showed that the overwhelming majority of respondents were aware of buffelgrass, but their knowledge about buffelgrass control mechanisms appeared to be limited. Respondents also more frequently expressed concern about the risks posed by buffelgrass invasion to general targets, such as the Sonoran Desert ecosystem, native plants and wildlife than risks to their private property and neighborhoods. The results also showed that the level of involvement in HOAs, and leadership in HOAs had significant positive effects on homeowners' participation in buffelgrass control efforts. Homeowners' duration of residence also had a significant negative effect on participation in buffelgrass control efforts, suggesting that newcomers may be more involved than long-term residents. Similarly, the number of months respondents spent in Tucson per year had a negative effect on the number of hours spent on buffelgrass control efforts. Respondents' perceived risk about buffelgrass invasion also had a positive effect on the hours spent on buffelgrass control as well as their level of involvement in fire risk mitigation efforts. These results highlight the importance of local institutions and community heterogeneity in social responses to threats in WUI communities. Policies aimed at building the resilience of WUI communities need to account for their complexity as coupled social-ecological systems.}, }
@article {pmid34134389, year = {2021}, author = {Vilizzi, L and Copp, GH and Hill, JE and Adamovich, B and Aislabie, L and Akin, D and Al-Faisal, AJ and Almeida, D and Azmai, MNA and Bakiu, R and Bellati, A and Bernier, R and Bies, JM and Bilge, G and Branco, P and Bui, TD and Canning-Clode, J and Cardoso Ramos, HA and Castellanos-Galindo, GA and Castro, N and Chaichana, R and Chainho, P and Chan, J and Cunico, AM and Curd, A and Dangchana, P and Dashinov, D and Davison, PI and de Camargo, MP and Dodd, JA and Durland Donahou, AL and Edsman, L and Ekmekçi, FG and Elphinstone-Davis, J and Erős, T and Evangelista, C and Fenwick, G and Ferincz, &#xc1; and Ferreira, T and Feunteun, E and Filiz, H and Forneck, SC and Gajduchenko, HS and Gama Monteiro, J and Gestoso, I and Giannetto, D and Gilles, AS and Gizzi, F and Glamuzina, B and Glamuzina, L and Goldsmit, J and Gollasch, S and Goulletquer, P and Grabowska, J and Harmer, R and Haubrock, PJ and He, D and Hean, JW and Herczeg, G and Howland, KL and İlhan, A and Interesova, E and Jakubčinová, K and Jelmert, A and Johnsen, SI and Kakareko, T and Kanongdate, K and Killi, N and Kim, JE and Kırankaya, &#x15e;G and Kňazovická, D and Kopecký, O and Kostov, V and Koutsikos, N and Kozic, S and Kuljanishvili, T and Kumar, B and Kumar, L and Kurita, Y and Kurtul, I and Lazzaro, L and Lee, L and Lehtiniemi, M and Leonardi, G and Leuven, RSEW and Li, S and Lipinskaya, T and Liu, F and Lloyd, L and Lorenzoni, M and Luna, SA and Lyons, TJ and Magellan, K and Malmstrøm, M and Marchini, A and Marr, SM and Masson, G and Masson, L and McKenzie, CH and Memedemin, D and Mendoza, R and Minchin, D and Miossec, L and Moghaddas, SD and Moshobane, MC and Mumladze, L and Naddafi, R and Najafi-Majd, E and Năstase, A and Năvodaru, I and Neal, JW and Nienhuis, S and Nimtim, M and Nolan, ET and Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A and Ojaveer, H and Olenin, S and Olsson, K and Onikura, N and O'Shaughnessy, K and Paganelli, D and Parretti, P and Patoka, J and Pavia, RTB and Pellitteri-Rosa, D and Pelletier-Rousseau, M and Peralta, EM and Perdikaris, C and Pietraszewski, D and Piria, M and Pitois, S and Pompei, L and Poulet, N and Preda, C and Puntila-Dodd, R and Qashqaei, AT and Radočaj, T and Rahmani, H and Raj, S and Reeves, D and Ristovska, M and Rizevsky, V and Robertson, DR and Robertson, P and Ruykys, L and Saba, AO and Santos, JM and Sarı, HM and Segurado, P and Semenchenko, V and Senanan, W and Simard, N and Simonović, P and Skóra, ME and Slovák Švolíková, K and Smeti, E and Šmídová, T and Špelić, I and Srėbalienė, G and Stasolla, G and Stebbing, P and Števove, B and Suresh, VR and Szajbert, B and Ta, KAT and Tarkan, AS and Tempesti, J and Therriault, TW and Tidbury, HJ and Top-Karakuş, N and Tricarico, E and Troca, DFA and Tsiamis, K and Tuckett, QM and Tutman, P and Uyan, U and Uzunova, E and Vardakas, L and Velle, G and Verreycken, H and Vintsek, L and Wei, H and Weiperth, A and Weyl, OLF and Winter, ER and Włodarczyk, R and Wood, LE and Yang, R and Yapıcı, S and Yeo, SSB and Yoğurtçuoğlu, B and Yunnie, ALE and Zhu, Y and Zięba, G and Žitňanová, K and Clarke, S}, title = {A global-scale screening of non-native aquatic organisms to identify potentially invasive species under current and future climate conditions.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {788}, number = {}, pages = {147868}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147868}, pmid = {34134389}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The threat posed by invasive non-native species worldwide requires a global approach to identify which introduced species are likely to pose an elevated risk of impact to native species and ecosystems. To inform policy, stakeholders and management decisions on global threats to aquatic ecosystems, 195 assessors representing 120 risk assessment areas across all six inhabited continents screened 819 non-native species from 15 groups of aquatic organisms (freshwater, brackish, marine plants and animals) using the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit. This multi-lingual decision-support tool for the risk screening of aquatic organisms provides assessors with risk scores for a species under current and future climate change conditions that, following a statistically based calibration, permits the accurate classification of species into high-, medium- and low-risk categories under current and predicted climate conditions. The 1730 screenings undertaken encompassed wide geographical areas (regions, political entities, parts thereof, water bodies, river basins, lake drainage basins, and marine regions), which permitted thresholds to be identified for almost all aquatic organismal groups screened as well as for tropical, temperate and continental climate classes, and for tropical and temperate marine ecoregions. In total, 33 species were identified as posing a 'very high risk' of being or becoming invasive, and the scores of several of these species under current climate increased under future climate conditions, primarily due to their wide thermal tolerances. The risk thresholds determined for taxonomic groups and climate zones provide a basis against which area-specific or climate-based calibrated thresholds may be interpreted. In turn, the risk rankings help decision-makers identify which species require an immediate 'rapid' management action (e.g. eradication, control) to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts, which require a full risk assessment, and which are to be restricted or banned with regard to importation and/or sale as ornamental or aquarium/fishery enhancement.}, }
@article {pmid34133555, year = {2021}, author = {Imran, M and Khan, AM and Altaf, M and Ameen, M and Ahmad, RM and Waseem, MT and Sarwar, G}, title = {Impact of alien fishes on the distribution pattern of indigenous freshwater fishes of Punjab, Pakistan.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {82}, number = {}, pages = {e238096}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.238096}, pmid = {34133555}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Carps ; Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Pakistan ; }, abstract = {Pakistan is the country with mega freshwater fish diversity of native and alien species. In the presence of enormous native fishes varies species of exotic fishes have been introduced into the freshwater bodies of Pakistan which are competing with native freshwater fish fauna and making them deprive of food and habitat as well. Intentional or accidental introductions of animals, plants and pathogens away from their native niche is considered as major leading problem for biodiversity of invaded habitat. Three years study (from January 2017 to December 2019) was conducted in freshwater bodies of Province Punjab, Pakistan. Study was designed to know exotic species impacts on the distribution of native species of fishes. During current survey a total of 68 (indigenous and exotic) fish species belonging to 14 families were recorded from head Qadirabad, head Baloki, Islam headworks and Rasul barrage. Statistical analysis showed that Shannon-Wiener diversity index was the highest (1.41) at both Rasul barrage and Islam headworks but, invasive species were present in very less number in these study sites i.e. Oreochromis mozambicus, O. niloticus, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Carassius auratus, Ctenophryngdon idella, Cyprinus carpio and H. molitrix. The diversity index showed that comparatively low diversity was present in both area head Qadirabad (1.30) and head Baloki (1.4) due to high pressure of invasive species. Direct observation of species and statistical analysis showed that aliens' species produced negative impact on the local fish fauna diversity, evenness, and numbers. It is concluded that many factors are impacts on the diversity of native fishes, but alien (invasive) species also play a major role to reduction of native species, because aliens' species produce competition for native species. So it is urgent need to analysis the aliens and native food web and roosting sites in Pakistan, in future.}, }
@article {pmid34133536, year = {2021}, author = {Fernandes, GW and Tameirão, LBS and Costa, AR and Ribeiro, DG and Neves, MN and Brito, BGSE and Negreiros, D}, title = {Functional traits of three major invasive grasses in a threatened tropical mountain grassland.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {93}, number = {2}, pages = {e20200119}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765202120200119}, pmid = {34133536}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Brazil ; Ecosystem ; *Grassland ; Introduced Species ; *Poaceae ; }, abstract = {The native flora of the Brazilian rupestrian grassland (campos rupestres) is threatened by the spread of invasive grasses. In this study, we evaluated the effect of habitat on the functional traits and CSR ecological strategies of three invasive alien grasses occurring both in the ironstone (IRG) and quartzitic (QRG) rupestrian grassland habitats. Although in both habitats the invasive species predominantly showed a stress-tolerant strategy, they exhibited distinct degrees of stress-tolerance and slightly differences in functional traits values in the IRG compared to the QRG. Habitat type distinctly influenced invasive grasses functional traits and ecological strategies, revealing a species-specific pattern.}, }
@article {pmid34133532, year = {2021}, author = {Ferreira, LAA and Mendes, CB and Pachelle, PPG}, title = {Range extensions of three marine shrimps (Caridea: Alpheidae, Palaemonidae) on the Brazilian coast.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {93}, number = {2}, pages = {e20190634}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765202120190634}, pmid = {34133532}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Brazil ; Female ; Male ; *Palaemonidae ; }, abstract = {Three caridean shrimps have their distribution range extended on the Brazilian coast. Alpheus carlae Anker, 2012 (Alpheidae), previously reported from Ceará to São Paulo, and Typton fapespae Almeida, Anker &amp; Mantelatto, 2014 (Palaemonidae), previously known only from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, are both now reported from Santa Catarina, the new southernmost record of these species in the Atlantic Ocean. Athanas nitescens (Leach, 1813) (Alpheidae), an invasive species from the eastern Atlantic first reported from São Paulo in 2012 based on a single male, is now confirmed to have established populations in Brazil with the finding of ovigerous females on the coast of Rio de Janeiro. Illustrations for all three species are provided based on the new material.}, }
@article {pmid34128369, year = {2021}, author = {L Evdokimova, O and S Alves, C and M Krsmanović Whiffen, R and Ortega, Z and Tomás, H and Rodrigues, J}, title = {Cytocompatible cellulose nanofibers from invasive plant species Agave americana L. and Ricinus communis L.: a renewable green source of highly crystalline nanocellulose.}, journal = {Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {450-461}, pmid = {34128369}, issn = {1862-1783}, mesh = {Agave/*chemistry/ultrastructure ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Cellulose/analysis/isolation &amp; purification/*ultrastructure ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Nanofibers/*ultrastructure ; Ricinus/*chemistry/ultrastructure ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; X-Ray Diffraction ; }, abstract = {In this study, the fibers of invasive species Agave americana L. and Ricinus communis L. were successfully used for the first time as new sources to produce cytocompatible and highly crystalline cellulose nanofibers. Cellulose nanofibers were obtained by two methods, based on either alkaline or acid hydrolysis. The morphology, chemical composition, and crystallinity of the obtained materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) together with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The crystallinity indexes (CIs) of the cellulose nanofibers extracted from A. americana and R. communis were very high (94.1% and 92.7%, respectively). Biological studies evaluating the cytotoxic effects of the prepared cellulose nanofibers on human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells were also performed. The nanofibers obtained using the two different extraction methods were all shown to be cytocompatible in the concentration range assayed (i.e., 0‍‒‍500 µg/mL). Our results showed that the nanocellulose extracted from A. americana and R. communis fibers has high potential as a new renewable green source of highly crystalline cellulose-based cytocompatible nanomaterials for biomedical applications.}, }
@article {pmid34128287, year = {2021}, author = {Guareschi, S and Laini, A and England, J and Barrett, J and Wood, PJ}, title = {Multiple co-occurrent alien invaders constrain aquatic biodiversity in rivers.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, pages = {e02385}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2385}, pmid = {34128287}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {A greater understanding and effective management of biological invasions is a priority for biodiversity conservation globally. Many freshwater ecosystems are experiencing the colonization and spread of multiple co-occurrent alien species. Here the implications of both the relative abundance and richness of alien invaders on aquatic macroinvertebrate taxonomic and functional richness, ecosystem quality, and functional redundancy are assessed using long-term data from rivers in England. Based on the most common aquatic invaders, results indicated that their richness, rather than abundance, was the most important factor negatively affecting aquatic macroinvertebrate biodiversity. However, the response of functional redundancy was negatively affected by invader abundance at the river basin scale. The response of communities varied as the number of invading taxa increased, with the most marked reductions following the colonization of the first few invaders. Results indicate that different facets of multiple biological invasions influence distinct aspects of aquatic biodiversity. Preventing the establishment of new invaders and limiting invader taxa richness within a community should therefore be a conservation priority. These findings will assist river scientists in understanding mechanisms driving changes in biodiversity and facilitate the testing of ecological theories while also ensuring environmental managers and regulators can prioritize conservation / management opportunities.}, }
@article {pmid34121910, year = {2020}, author = {Darling, JA and Pochon, X and Abbott, CL and Inglis, GJ and Zaiko, A}, title = {The risks of using molecular biodiversity data for incidental detection of species of concern.}, journal = {Diversity &amp; distributions}, volume = {26}, number = {9}, pages = {1116-1121}, pmid = {34121910}, issn = {1366-9516}, support = {EPA999999/ImEPA/Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {Incidental detection of species of concern (e.g., invasive species, pathogens, threatened and endangered species) during biodiversity assessments based on high-throughput DNA sequencing holds significant risks in the absence of rigorous, fit-for-purpose data quality and reporting standards. Molecular biodiversity data are predominantly collected for ecological studies and thus are generated to common quality assurance standards. However, the detection of certain species of concern in these data would likely elicit interest from end users working in biosecurity or other surveillance contexts (e.g., pathogen detection in health-related fields), for which more stringent quality control standards are essential to ensure that data are suitable for informing decision-making and can withstand legal or political challenges. We suggest here that data quality and reporting criteria are urgently needed to enable clear identification of those studies that may be appropriately applied to surveillance contexts. In the interim, more pointed disclaimers on uncertainties associated with the detection and identification of species of concern may be warranted in published studies. This is not only to ensure the utility of molecular biodiversity data for consumers, but also to protect data generators from uncritical and potentially ill-advised application of their science in decision-making.}, }
@article {pmid34121189, year = {2021}, author = {Lorenzo, P and González, L and Ferrero, V}, title = {Effect of plant origin and phenological stage on the allelopathic activity of the invasive species Oxalis pes-caprae.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {108}, number = {6}, pages = {971-979}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1685}, pmid = {34121189}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Allelopathy ; Australia ; Chile ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; *Oxalidaceae ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: Invasion processes involve several mechanisms, some of which have received little attention. Allelopathy has been invoked as an invasion driver according to the novel weapon hypothesis (NWH), and polyploidization can also be an important factor for invasion success. However, very few studies have addressed both topics together. We analyzed the allelopathic effect of the polyploid Oxalis pes-caprae, an invader in mediterranean-climate areas worldwide, from different origins and ploidy levels (native: South Africa; invaded: Chile, Australia, California, and the Mediterranean Basin) on Lactuca sativa as a model species.<br><br>METHODS: We measured seed germination, initial plant height, and aboveground and belowground biomass of Lactuca grown in field soil mixed with Oxalis material and with or without activated carbon in a common garden experiment. We performed the experiment twice, when Oxalis was vigorous and when senescent.<br><br>RESULTS: Vigorous plants of Oxalis tended to reduce Lactuca germination, but both vigorous and senescent Oxalis plants increased Lactuca biomass, probably due to an increase in nutrients provided by plant material. The highest increase in Lactuca traits occurred with Oxalis plants from the Iberian Peninsula. Allelopathy only happened when Oxalis was senescent and was especially strong with plants from Chile.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Although we did not find broad evidence for the NWH considering all areas together, we reported differences in the allelopathic potential of Oxalis plants depending on their origin. These results highlight the independent evolution of invasiveness traits in distant introduced ranges and the importance of the invaders' origin when testing hypotheses about invasion drivers.}, }
@article {pmid34119983, year = {2021}, author = {Piquet, JC and Warren, DL and Saavedra Bolaños, JF and Sánchez Rivero, JM and Gallo-Barneto, R and Cabrera-Pérez, M&#xc1; and Fisher, RN and Fisher, SR and Rochester, CJ and Hinds, B and Nogales, M and López-Darias, M}, title = {Could climate change benefit invasive snakes? Modelling the potential distribution of the California Kingsnake in the Canary Islands.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {294}, number = {}, pages = {112917}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112917}, pmid = {34119983}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Islands ; Snakes ; Spain ; }, abstract = {The interaction between climate change and biological invasions is a global conservation challenge with major consequences for invasive species management. However, our understanding of this interaction has substantial knowledge gaps; this is particularly relevant for invasive snakes on islands because they can be a serious threat to island ecosystems. Here we evaluated the potential influence of climate change on the distribution of invasive snakes on islands, using the invasion of the California kingsnake (Lampropeltis californiae) in Gran Canaria. We analysed the potential distribution of L. californiae under current and future climatic conditions in the Canary Islands, with the underlying hypothesis that the archipelago might be suitable for the species under these climate scenarios. Our results indicate that the Canary Islands are currently highly suitable for the invasive snake, with increased suitability under the climate change scenarios tested here. This study supports the idea that invasive reptiles represent a substantial threat to near-tropical regions, and builds on previous studies suggesting that the menace of invasive reptiles may persist or even be exacerbated by climate change. We suggest future research should continue to fill the knowledge gap regarding invasive reptiles, in particular snakes, to clarify their potential future impacts on global biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid34118657, year = {2021}, author = {Capanni, F and Greco, S and Tomasi, N and Giulianini, PG and Manfrin, C}, title = {Orally administered nano-polystyrene caused vitellogenin alteration and oxidative stress in the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii).}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {791}, number = {}, pages = {147984}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147984}, pmid = {34118657}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Astacoidea ; Hepatopancreas/metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; Polystyrenes/metabolism ; *Vitellogenins/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Nanoplastics (≤100 nm) represent the smallest fraction of plastic litter and may result in the aquatic environment as degradation products of larger plastic material. To date, few studies focused on the interactions of micro- and nanoplastics with freshwater Decapoda. The red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii, Girard, 1852) is an invasive species able to tolerate highly perturbed environments. As a benthic opportunistic feeder, this species may be susceptible to plastic ingestion. In this study, adult P. clarkii, at intermolt stage, were exposed to 100 μg of 100 nm carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs) through diet in a 72 h acute toxicity test. An integrated approach was conceived to assess the biological effects of PS NPs, by analyzing both transcriptomic and physiological responses. Total hemocyte counts, basal and total phenoloxidase activities, glycemia and total protein concentration were investigated in crayfish hemolymph at 0 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h from PS NPs administration to evaluate general stress response over time. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the hemocytes and hepatopancreas were analyzed to ascertain the response of crayfish to PS NP challenge after 72 h. At a physiological level, crayfish were able to compensate for the induced stress, not exceeding generic stress thresholds. The RNA-Sequencing analysis revealed the altered expression of few genes involved in immune response, oxidative stress, gene transcription and translation, protein degradation, lipid metabolism, oxygen demand, and reproduction after PS NPs exposure. This study suggests that a low concentration of PS NPs may induce mild stress in crayfish, and sheds light on molecular pathways possibly involved in nanoplastic toxicity.}, }
@article {pmid34117543, year = {2021}, author = {Khan, MF and Panikkar, P and Salim, SM and Leela, RV and Sarkar, UK and Das, BK and Eregowda, VM}, title = {Modeling impacts of invasive sharp tooth African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) and Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) on the ecosystem of a tropical reservoir ecosystem in India.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {28}, number = {41}, pages = {58310-58321}, pmid = {34117543}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; *Catfishes ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; *Tilapia ; }, abstract = {Invasive species exert a strong impact on the trophic structure and functioning of the ecosystem they occupy. A modeling software globally used to assess these impacts is Ecopath with Ecosim. This study measures the effects of two invasive species, African catfish Clarias gariepinus, in the food web of the Karapuzha reservoir ecosystem in India. The findings show that the two invasive species directly and indirectly influence several ecosystem elements. The high level of niche overlap (92%) and strong competition for similar resources was exhibited by C. gariepinus. The adverse effects of African catfish on all fish and crustaceans in the reservoir were revealed by mixed trophic impact. Oreochromis mossambicus impacts were both positive and negative. It had a beneficial impact on its predator aquatic birds and was negative towards minnows. This study will help fishery managers to make informed decisions for ecosystem-based fishery management of fish resources.}, }
@article {pmid34114635, year = {2021}, author = {Elsensohn, JE and Schal, C and Burrack, HJ}, title = {Plasticity in Oviposition Site Selection Behavior in Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Relation to Adult Density and Host Distribution and Quality.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {114}, number = {4}, pages = {1517-1522}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toab108}, pmid = {34114635}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Choice Behavior ; Drosophila ; *Oviposition ; *Rubus ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Flexibility in oviposition site selection under temporally shifting environmental conditions is an important trait that allows many polyphagous insects to flourish. Population density has been shown to affect egg-laying and offspring fitness throughout the animal kingdom. The effects of population density in insects have been suggested to be mutualistic at low densities, whereas intraspecific competition is exhibited at high densities. Here, we explore the effects of adult crowding and spatial resource variation on oviposition rate in the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura). In a series of laboratory experiments, we varied the density of adult males and females while holding oviposition substrate availability constant and measured per female oviposition rate using high and low-quality substrates. We found that oviposition behavior was affected more by substrate than adult density, though both variables had significant effects. When we varied the spatial arrangement of whole raspberries, we observed differences in oviposition rate and egg distribution between the grouped and solitary female treatments. Our results suggest that social interactions encourage oviposition, especially when exposed to unfamiliar or unnatural substrates. These results highlight the compensating effect of increased oviposition rate per female as adult populations decline. They will help researchers and crop managers better understand in-field population dynamics throughout the season as population densities change.}, }
@article {pmid34112879, year = {2021}, author = {Lee, CC and Chiu, MC and Shih, CH and Yang, CS and Liu, HC and Lin, CC}, title = {The role of anthropogenic disturbance and invasion of yellow crazy ant in a recent decline of land crab population.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {12234}, pmid = {34112879}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Biodiversity ; *Brachyura ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Parks, Recreational ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Taiwan ; }, abstract = {The yellow crazy ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes was first reported in Kenting National Park, Taiwan, in the 2000s, raising the concern of this invasive ant's potential effects on the native land crab populations. We investigated the distribution and abundance of A. gracilipes and its adverse effect on the land crab populations at four land crab hotspots within the park. Our survey results indicated that A. gracilipes was widespread and abundant at three of the study sites (Hsiangchiaowan, Shadao, and Natural Spring), while the distribution was much more confined at the fourth site (Houwan). Land crab populations experienced a notable decline at all the study sites except Houwan, indicating an inverse relationship between the population of land crabs and distribution/abundance of A. gracilipes. Combining the results of visual observations, the decline of land crab populations can be attributed, at least partially, to direct attacks by A. gracilipes on land crabs in their natural habitat and during the breeding migration season. Generalized additive model showed that worker abundance of this ant is associated with human disturbance levels, suggesting that anthropogenic disturbance may have contributed to the decline in land crab populations via promoting the abundance of A. gracilipes.}, }
@article {pmid34112270, year = {2021}, author = {Ferreira, LF and Silva-Torres, CSA and Torres, JB and Venette, RC}, title = {Potential displacement of the native Tenuisvalvae notata by the invasive Cryptolaemus montrouzieri in South America suggested by differences in climate suitability.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {111}, number = {5}, pages = {605-615}, doi = {10.1017/S000748532100033X}, pmid = {34112270}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Climate ; *Coleoptera ; Introduced Species ; Seasons ; South America ; }, abstract = {Tenuisvalvae notata (Mulsant) (Coccinellidae) is a predatory ladybird beetle native to South America. It specializes in mealybugs prey (Pseudococcidae), but relatively little is known about its ecology. In contrast, the ladybird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coccinellidae) is indigenous to Australia and has been introduced to many countries worldwide including Brazil for biological control of mealybugs. The potential impacts of these introductions to native coccinellids have rarely been considered. The software CLIMEX estimated the climate suitability for both species as reflected in the Ecoclimatic Index (EI). Much of South America, Africa, and Australia can be considered climatically suitable for both species, but in most cases, the climate is considerably more favorable for C. montrouzieri than T. notata, especially in South America. The CLIMEX model also suggests seasonal differences in growth conditions (e.g. rainfall and temperature) that could affect the phenology of both species. These models suggest that few locations in South America would be expected to provide T. notata climatic refugia from C. montrouzieri. Although other ecological factors will also be important, such as prey availability, this analysis suggests a strong potential for displacement of a native coccinellid throughout most of its range as a consequence of the invasion by an alien competitor.}, }
@article {pmid34111201, year = {2021}, author = {Venegas, P and Calderon, F and Riofrío, D and Benítez, D and Ramón, G and Cisneros-Heredia, D and Coimbra, M and Rojo-Álvarez, JL and Pérez, N}, title = {Automatic ladybird beetle detection using deep-learning models.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {e0253027}, pmid = {34111201}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Coleoptera/*classification ; Colombia ; Deep Learning ; Ecuador ; Introduced Species ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Pattern Recognition, Automated/*methods ; }, abstract = {Fast and accurate taxonomic identification of invasive trans-located ladybird beetle species is essential to prevent significant impacts on biological communities, ecosystem functions, and agricultural business economics. Therefore, in this work we propose a two-step automatic detector for ladybird beetles in random environment images as the first stage towards an automated classification system. First, an image processing module composed of a saliency map representation, simple linear iterative clustering superpixels segmentation, and active contour methods allowed us to generate bounding boxes with possible ladybird beetles locations within an image. Subsequently, a deep convolutional neural network-based classifier selects only the bounding boxes with ladybird beetles as the final output. This method was validated on a 2, 300 ladybird beetle image data set from Ecuador and Colombia obtained from the iNaturalist project. The proposed approach achieved an accuracy score of 92% and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.977 for the bounding box generation and classification tasks. These successful results enable the proposed detector as a valuable tool for helping specialists in the ladybird beetle detection problem.}, }
@article {pmid34110534, year = {2021}, author = {Vukeya, LR and Mokotjomela, TM and Malebo, NJ and Oke, S}, title = {Interspecific competition in germination of bird-dispersed seeds in a habitat with sparse tree vegetation in South Africa.}, journal = {Botanical studies}, volume = {62}, number = {1}, pages = {10}, pmid = {34110534}, issn = {1817-406X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: By transporting and scarifying the seeds during ingestion, avian frugivores reduce the competition with siblings, and may improve the germination which is critical for dispersal effectiveness and population recruitment. However, generally, there is limited knowledge on how deposited seeds interact/compete in the new microsite. We tested the hypothesis that the bird-dispersed seeds benefit from improved germination after their passage through the bird's gut; and we investigated the potential impact of seed density on competition at the microsites by determining whether seed density and species diversity influence germination in the Free State Province, South Africa.<br><br>RESULTS: Overall, the results partly supported the hypothesis. Germination trials with defecated seeds of five plant species compared with the manually depulped seeds showed that only Searsia lancea had significantly higher seed germination success and improved germination speed after passage through the bird gut while Ziziphus mucronata only benefited rapid germination. There was a significant correlation between seed size and the germination of bird-ingested seeds except in Olea subsp. africana possibly due to possession of extremely hard protective seed cover. Seed competition experiments pointed to Z. mucronata and O. subsp. africana having significant germination performance that was positively correlated to seed density and seed size while Ehretia rigida did not germinate at all. Seed species diversity in the germination trays did not have a significant impact since the seeds of two former plant species consistently displayed significantly higher germination across the competition levels.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that different plant species respond differently to seed ingestion by birds, and that further long-term tests for germination physiological responses of the seeds' samples used in this study are required since poor germination observed in other tree/shrub species cannot be attributed to competition solely.}, }
@article {pmid34107943, year = {2021}, author = {Balkew, M and Mumba, P and Yohannes, G and Abiy, E and Getachew, D and Yared, S and Worku, A and Gebresilassie, A and Tadesse, FG and Gadisa, E and Esayas, E and Ashine, T and Ejeta, D and Dugassa, S and Yohannes, M and Lemma, W and Yewhalaw, D and Chibsa, S and Teka, H and Murphy, M and Yoshimizu, M and Dengela, D and Zohdy, S and Irish, S}, title = {An update on the distribution, bionomics, and insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi in Ethiopia, 2018-2020.}, journal = {Malaria journal}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {263}, pmid = {34107943}, issn = {1475-2875}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Anopheles/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Ethiopia ; *Insecticide Resistance ; Insecticides/pharmacology ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Life History Traits ; Malaria/transmission ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Anopheles stephensi, an invasive malaria vector, was first detected in Africa nearly 10 years ago. After the initial finding in Djibouti, it has subsequently been found in Ethiopia, Sudan and Somalia. To better inform policies and vector control decisions, it is important to understand the distribution, bionomics, insecticide susceptibility, and transmission potential of An. stephensi. These aspects were studied as part of routine entomological monitoring in Ethiopia between 2018 and 2020.<br><br>METHODS: Adult mosquitoes were collected using human landing collections, pyrethrum spray catches, CDC light traps, animal-baited tent traps, resting boxes, and manual aspiration from animal shelters. Larvae were collected using hand-held dippers. The source of blood in blood-fed mosquitoes and the presence of sporozoites was assessed through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Insecticide susceptibility was assessed for pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamates.<br><br>RESULTS: Adult An. stephensi were collected with aspiration, black resting boxes, and animal-baited traps collecting the highest numbers of mosquitoes. Although sampling efforts were geographically widespread, An. stephensi larvae were collected in urban and rural sites in eastern Ethiopia, but An. stephensi larvae were not found in western Ethiopian sites. Blood-meal analysis revealed a high proportion of blood meals that were taken from goats, and only a small proportion from humans. Plasmodium vivax was detected in wild-collected An. stephensi. High levels of insecticide resistance were detected to pyrethroids, carbamates and organophosphates. Pre-exposure to piperonyl butoxide increased susceptibility to pyrethroids. Larvae were found to be susceptible to temephos.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the bionomics, insecticide susceptibility and distribution of An. stephensi will improve the quality of a national response in Ethiopia and provide additional information on populations of this invasive species in Africa. Further work is needed to understand the role that An. stephensi will have in Plasmodium transmission and malaria case incidence. While additional data are being collected, national programmes can use the available data to formulate and operationalize national strategies against the threat of An. stephensi.}, }
@article {pmid34104951, year = {2021}, author = {Masetti, A and Depalo, L and Pasqualini, E}, title = {Impact of Triflumuron on Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): Laboratory and Field Studies.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {114}, number = {4}, pages = {1709-1715}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toab102}, pmid = {34104951}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Benzamides ; *Heteroptera ; *Laboratories ; Nymph ; }, abstract = {Halyomorpha halys, (the brown marmorated stink bug, BMSB), is a high-concern invasive species causing severe damage to orchards in many countries outside its native Asian range. Control options matching both effectiveness and sustainability are currently lacking. Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis might be exploited for integrated management programs because of the overall better ecotoxicological profile in comparison with most neurotoxic insecticides used so far against BMSB. In this study, the activity of triflumuron, a benzoylphenyl urea hampering chitin biosynthesis, was tested on BMSB in laboratory and field conditions. In laboratory bioassays, the insecticide was sprayed on potted peach plants (30 cm high) and residues were aged in a glasshouse for 0, 7, 14, and 21 d. Then, third-instar bugs were placed on the plants and continuously exposed to residues. Mortality was scored after 7, 14, and 21 d exposure. Triflumuron caused significantly higher mortality on BMSB nymphs in comparison with water controls at all aging periods. Moreover, aging of residues up to 21 d did not cause any significant reduction of activity. Field experiments were also carried out in 2019 in eight pear orchards. Injuries to fruits at harvest were compared between plots where triflumuron was added to insecticide sprays against BMSB and control plots managed exactly in the same way but without any triflumuron treatment. An overall mean of 9.99 ± 1.98% stink bug injured fruits was detected in plots managed with the strategy including triflumuron, whereas 19.45 ± 3.55% of fruits were injured in plots assigned to controls.}, }
@article {pmid34102330, year = {2021}, author = {Li, N and Huang, Z and Ding, L and Shi, H and Hong, M}, title = {Endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response modulates the adaptation of Trachemys scripta elegans in salinity water.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology &amp; pharmacology : CBP}, volume = {248}, number = {}, pages = {109102}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109102}, pmid = {34102330}, issn = {1532-0456}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology ; Animals ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP/genetics/metabolism ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Introduced Species ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Salinity ; Turtles/*physiology ; Unfolded Protein Response/*physiology ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Trachemys scripta elegans, as a freshwater invasive species, can survive and lay eggs in brackish water, which may lead to the expansion of its potential invasion range due to freshwater salinization. Our previous studies have shown that high salinity leads to the accumulation of serum lipid content, which may induce endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in the turtle. To better understand whether ERS is triggered by salinity, and in turn whether the turtles promote the protection mechanism, we exposed the turtles to the freshwater (CK), 5‰ salinity water (S5) and 15‰ salinity water (S15), and sampled at 6 h, 24 h and 30 d. 13 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to ERS pathways were found in the comparison of CK vs. S15 by transcriptomics analysis. Then, the mRNA and protein expression of ERS and its related activation pathways were further investigated. ERS marker glucose regulated protein 78 kD (GRP78) increased significantly (p < 0.05) in both the transcript and protein levels after exposure to 15‰ salinity water, which clearly indicated that salinity could induce ERS in T. s. elegans. Meanwhile, the three unfolded protein response (UPR) including transducers protein kinase RNA (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) and activating transcription factor-6 (ATF6) were promoted by salinity, suggesting that the turtle might promote physiological process to eliminate damaged cells and cope with unfolded proteins accumulation induced by ERS. Our results provide new insight into the mechanism of salinity adaptation in T. s. elegans and salt-tolerant biological invasion.}, }
@article {pmid34100898, year = {2021}, author = {Parkash, R and Lambhod, C and Pathak, A}, title = {Developmental and adult acclimation impact cold and drought survival of invasive tropical Drosophila kikkawai.}, journal = {Biology open}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {34100898}, issn = {2046-6390}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; *Cold Temperature ; *Drosophila ; *Droughts ; Energy Metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Pigmentation ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Seasons ; *Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Narrow distribution patterns of tropical Drosophila species are limited by lower resistance to cold or drought. In the invasive tropical Drosophila kikkawai, we tested whether developmental and adult acclimations at cooler temperatures could enhance its stress resistance level. Adult acclimation of winter collected body color morphs revealed a significant increase in the level of cold resistance. For light morph, its abundance during winter is not consistent with thermal-melanism hypothesis. However, higher cold acclimation capacity, as well as storage of energy metabolites could support its winter survival. In the wild-caught light and intermediate morphs, there is a lack of trade-off between cold and heat resistance but not in the case of dark morph. Developmental plasticity (15°C) resulted in the fivefold increase of cold survival at 0°C; and a twofold increase in desiccation resistance but a modest reduction (∼28-35%) in heat resistance as compared to morph strains reared at 25°C. Drought acclimation changes were significantly higher as compared with cold or heat pretreatment. We observed a trade-off between basal resistance and acclimation capacity for cold, heat, or drought resistance. For homeostatic energy balance, adult acclimation responses (cold versus drought; heat versus drought) caused compensatory plastic changes in the levels of proline or trehalose (shared patterns) but different patterns for total body lipids. In contrast, rapid cold or heat hardening-induced changes in energy metabolites were different as compared to acclimation. The ability of D. kikkawai to significantly increase stress tolerance through plasticity is likely to support its invasion potential.}, }
@article {pmid34099902, year = {2021}, author = {Rice, C and Wolf, J and Fleisher, DH and Acosta, SM and Adkins, SW and Bajwa, AA and Ziska, LH}, title = {Recent CO2 levels promote increased production of the toxin parthenin in an invasive Parthenium hysterophorus biotype.}, journal = {Nature plants}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, pages = {725-729}, pmid = {34099902}, issn = {2055-0278}, mesh = {Allelopathy ; Asteraceae/*metabolism/physiology ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Ecotype ; Introduced Species ; Plant Shoots/metabolism ; Plant Weeds/*metabolism/physiology ; Sesquiterpenes/*metabolism ; Toxins, Biological/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Recent carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations promoted higher parthenin concentrations in an invasive Parthenium hysterophorus biotype. Mean concentrations of parthenin, an allelopathic and defensive sesquiterpene lactone, were 49% higher at recent (~400 ppm) than at mid-twentieth-century (~300 ppm) CO2 concentrations, but did not vary in a non-invasive biotype, suggesting that recent increases in atmospheric CO2 may have already altered the chemistry of this destructive weed, potentially contributing to its invasive success.}, }
@article {pmid34099778, year = {2021}, author = {Davidsen, JG and Bordeleau, X and Eldøy, SH and Whoriskey, F and Power, M and Crossin, GT and Buhariwalla, C and Gaudin, P}, title = {Marine habitat use and feeding ecology of introduced anadromous brown trout at the colonization front of the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen archipelago.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {11917}, pmid = {34099778}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animal Migration/physiology ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Fresh Water ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Population Density ; Seawater ; Temperature ; Trout/*physiology ; }, abstract = {In 1954, brown trout were introduced to the Kerguelen archipelago (49°S, 70°E), a pristine, sub-Antarctic environment previously devoid of native freshwater fishes. Trout began spreading rapidly via coastal waters to colonize adjacent watersheds, however, recent and unexpectedly the spread has slowed. To better understand the ecology of the brown trout here, and why their expansion has slowed, we documented the marine habitat use, foraging ecology, and environmental conditions experienced over one year by 50 acoustically tagged individuals at the colonization front. Trout mainly utilized the marine habitat proximate to their tagging site, ranging no further than 7 km and not entering any uncolonized watersheds. Nutritional indicators showed that trout were in good condition at the time of tagging. Stomach contents and isotope signatures in muscle of additional trout revealed a diet of amphipods (68%), fish (23%), isopods (6%), and zooplankton (6%). The small migration distances observed, presence of suitable habitat, and rich local foraging opportunities suggest that trout can achieve their resource needs close to their home rivers. This may explain why the expansion of brown trout at Kerguelen has slowed.}, }
@article {pmid34096484, year = {2021}, author = {Santana-Hernández, KM and Orós, J and Priestnall, SL and Monzón-Argüello, C and Rodríguez-Ponce, E}, title = {Parasitological findings in the invasive California kingsnake (Lampropeltis californiae) in Gran Canaria, Spain.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {148}, number = {11}, pages = {1345-1352}, pmid = {34096484}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Colubridae/*parasitology ; Helminthiasis, Animal/epidemiology/parasitology ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Spain/epidemiology ; Zoonoses/epidemiology/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {The California kingsnake (Lampropeltis californiae), native to North America, is a significant threat to the conservation of endemic species in the Spanish Macaronesian island of Gran Canaria. However, its role disseminating potential invasive parasites, such as zoonotic pentastomids, has not been proven. Among its parasitic fauna, only protistans have been documented, in contrast to other Lampropeltis spp., which are known to carry pentastomids. Thus, a parasitological study is urgently required. Between 2016 and 2018, a total of 108 snakes were necropsied and stool samples examined. A single snake was infested with Ophionyssus natricis, and another individual with Serpentirhabdias sp. Only this latter snake presented gross lesions, characterized by granulomatous pneumonia. No Pentastomida were found. By contrast, almost the entire population (98.5%) was infested with larval helminths (three different nematode and two cestode species), characterized by granulomatous gastrointestinal serositis. This suggests the snake poses a ‘dead end’ host for local parasites. Based on these findings, snakes in Gran Canaria carry potential zoonotic mites, which along with Serpentirhabdias sp. could represent a threat to endemic lizards. The presence of metazoan parasites and their lesions are reported for the first time in the California kingsnake.}, }
@article {pmid34093071, year = {2021}, author = {Woodell, JD and Neiman, M and Levri, EP}, title = {Matching a snail's pace: successful use of environmental DNA techniques to detect early stages of invasion by the destructive New Zealand mud snail.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {23}, number = {10}, pages = {3263-3274}, pmid = {34093071}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {Early detection of invasive species allows for a more rapid and effective response. Restoration of the native ecosystem after an invasive population has established is expensive and difficult but more likely to succeed when invasions are detected early in the invasion process. Containment efforts to prevent the spread of known invasions also benefit from earlier knowledge of invaded sites. Environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques have emerged as a tool that can identify invasive species at a distinctly earlier time point than traditional methods of detection. Here, we focus on whether eDNA techniques can be successfully applied to detect new invasions by the destructive New Zealand Mud Snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (NZMS). It is an opportune time to apply eDNA-based detection in P. antipodarum, which is currently expanding its invasive range across eastern North America. We collected water samples from eight sites in central Pennsylvania that prior evidence indicated were not yet invaded by the NZMS but were part of the same watershed as other previously documented invaded sites. We found evidence for NZMS invasion at five of the eight sites, with subsequent physical confirmation of mud snails at one of these sites. This study is the first example of successful application of eDNA to detect a previously unidentified invasive population of NZMS, setting the stage for further monitoring of at-risk sites to detect and control new invasions of this destructive snail. This study also shows potential opportunities for invasion monitoring offered by using low-cost efforts and methods that are adaptable for citizen science.}, }
@article {pmid34093058, year = {2021}, author = {Zangaro, F and Marini, G and Specchia, V and De Luca, M and Visintin, F and Bullo, G and Richard, J and Šalaja, N and Rakar, B and Lipej, B and Kurtović Mrčelić, J and Piasevoli, G and Žuljević, A and Zaimi, N and Bejko, D and Diku, A and Karousou, A and Hatziyanni, E and Pinat, M and Pinna, M}, title = {Building a transnational biodiversity geo-database of the protected areas in the Adriatic-Ionian Macro-Region: approaches and results from the IMPRECO Project.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e67169}, pmid = {34093058}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The main objective of the project Common strategies and best practices to IMprove the transnational PRotection of ECOsystem integrity and services - IMPRECO is to enhance the safeguarding of ecosystems and ecosystem services. Additionally, the aim of this project is to tackle their environmental vulnerability by strengthening the potential of the Protected Areas in biodiversity, ecosystems and ecosystem services conservation. This is expected to be addressed by maintaining it through their transnational networking located in the European Adriatic-Ionian Macro-Region.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: The aim of this research is: 1) to characterise the habitats and ecosystems involved in the coastal-marine protected areas considered; 2) to set a biodiversity baseline; 3) to understand what current ecosystems' conditions are; 4) to build up a transnational biomonitoring programme of target species and habitats and 5) to assess their response to pilot actions. To do so, a transnational inventory of species, habitats, ecosystems and ecosystem services was established, starting with the seven coastal-marine protected areas involved in the project. Data collection was carried out using different sources of information: scientific literature, officially available data from NATURA 2000 Standard Data Forms, checklists from local biomonitoring programmes, personal observations and citizen science, historical maps and data from new in-field analyses. Data were filled in the transnational biodiversity geo-databases according to the NATURA 2000 standards about habitat features, species protection level and species features. The presence of alien species (non-indigenous species, NIS) was also acknowledged and references about data collection were provided in the databases according to the Darwin Core standards.}, }
@article {pmid34093056, year = {2021}, author = {Barone, G and Domina, G and Di Gristina, E}, title = {Comparison of different methods to assess the distribution of alien plants along the road network and use of Google Street View panoramas interpretation in Sicily (Italy) as a case study.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e66013}, pmid = {34093056}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {The survey by foot in the field is compared to the survey from a car, the photo-interpretation of Google Street View (GSV) panoramas continuously and at intervals of 1.5 km and the photo-interpretation of Google Earth aerial images on a 10 km stretch of road in Sicily. The survey by foot was used as reference for the other methods. The interpretation of continuous GSV panoramas gave similar results as the assessment by car in terms of the number of species identified and their location, but with lower cost. The interpretation online of aerial photos allowed the identification of a limited number of taxa, but gave a good localisation for them. Interpretation of GSV panoramas, each of 1.5 km, allowed the recognition of twice as many taxa as the interpretation of aerial photos and taking half the time, but did not allow a complete localisation. None of these methods alone seems sufficient to carry out a complete survey. A mixture of different techniques, which may vary according to the available resources and the goal to be achieved, seems to be the best compromise. To further test the capabilities of the survey using the interpretation of GSV panoramas every 1.5 km along the roads, we proceeded to study the alien plants along 3500 km of the road network on the island of Sicily. This survey identified only 10% of the known species for the region, but allowed us to trace the distribution of invasive species whose distribution is currently poorly recorded.}, }
@article {pmid34093055, year = {2021}, author = {Bachir Bouiadjra, B and Ghellai, M and Daoudi, M and Behmene, IE and Bachir Bouiadjra, MEA}, title = {Impacts of the invasive species Caulerpa cylindracea Sonder, 1845 on the algae flora of the west coast of Algeria.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e64535}, pmid = {34093055}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {The assessment of the impacts of the expansion of the invasive species on taxonomic diversity, the abundance and dominance of groups of algae, the presence and/or absence of species of ecological interest that may or may not be indicative of water quality well mentioned, through the installation of a 20 × 20 cm quadrat representing the minimum area. The observation stations were visited monthly, during a repetitive three-year cycle, during the spring, summer and autumn seasons, periods of maximum growth and development of the algal flora and the results suggest the following facts. The invasive alga Caulerpa cylindracea Sonder, 1845 tends to colonise disturbed ecosystems reflecting a reduction in native algal diversity; in fact, we note a drastic impoverishment of the invaded algal community, represented by a limited number of Macrophyte algae accompanying the invasive taxon in phytosociological surveys and a Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index (H') and Equitability reduced by 4.49 and 0.77 n the heavily affected station. The number of macroalgal species accompanying the invasive species has dropped by 52% in Salamandre. In addition, the multidimensional analysis, represented by the Hierarchical Ascendant Clustering applied to this case, confirms our results.}, }
@article {pmid34091996, year = {2021}, author = {Linardich, C and Brookson, CB and Green, SJ}, title = {Trait-based vulnerability reveals hotspots of potential impact for a global marine invader.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {27}, number = {18}, pages = {4322-4338}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15732}, pmid = {34091996}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//Sloan Research Fellowship/ ; //NSERC Discovery Grant/ ; //NSERC Canada Graduate Scholarship/ ; //University of Alberta/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Predation from the invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish is likely to amplify declines in marine fishes observed in multiple ocean basins. As the invasion intensifies and expands, there is an urgent need to identify species that are most at risk for extirpation-and possible extinction-from this added threat. To address this gap and inform conservation plans, we develop and apply a quantitative framework for classifying the relative vulnerability of fishes based on morphological and behavioural traits known to influence susceptibility to lionfish predation (e.g. body shape, water column position and aggregation behaviour), habitat overlap with lionfish, and degree of geographic range restriction. Applying the framework to fishes across the invaded Caribbean Sea and ahead of the invasion front in the southwestern Atlantic revealed the identity of at least 77 fishes with relatively small ranges that are likely to be most affected by lionfish predation. Trait-based vulnerability scores significantly predict the probability of fishes appearing within the diets of lionfish across the invaded region. Spatial richness analyses reveal hotspots of vulnerable species in the Bahamas, Belize and Curaçao. Crucially, our framework identifies 29 vulnerable fishes endemic to Brazil, which has not yet been colonized by lionfish. Of these, we suggest reefs around offshore island groups occupied by a dozen highly vulnerable and range-restricted species as priorities for intervention should lionfish spread to the region. Observations of the rate of lionfish spread across the invaded range suggest that an average of 5 years (with a median of nearly 2 years) elapses from first sighting to maximum observed densities. This lag may allow managers to mobilize plans to suppress lionfish ahead of an invasion front in priority locations. Our framework also provides a method for assessing the relative vulnerability of cryptobenthic and/or deep-reef fishes, for which population-monitoring data are limited.}, }
@article {pmid34089306, year = {2021}, author = {Herrel, A and Lowie, A and Miralles, A and Gaucher, P and Kley, NJ and Measey, J and Tolley, KA}, title = {Burrowing in blindsnakes: A preliminary analysis of burrowing forces and consequences for the evolution of morphology.}, journal = {Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)}, volume = {304}, number = {10}, pages = {2292-2302}, doi = {10.1002/ar.24686}, pmid = {34089306}, issn = {1932-8494}, support = {ANR-10-LABX-0003-BCDiv//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; Key International Science Collaboration//National Research Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Snakes/classification/physiology ; }, abstract = {Burrowing is a common behavior in vertebrates. An underground life-style offers many advantages but also poses important challenges including the high energetic cost of burrowing. Scolecophidians are a group of morphologically derived subterranean snakes that show great diversity in form and function. Although it has been suggested that leptotyphlopids and anomalepidids mostly use existing underground passageways, typhlopids are thought to create their own burrows. However, the mechanisms used to create burrows and the associated forces that animals may be able to generate remain unknown. Here, we provide the first data on push forces in scolecophidians and compare them with those in some burrowing alethinophidian snakes. Our results show that typhlopids are capable of generating higher forces for a given size than other snakes. The observed differences are not due to variation in body diameter or length, suggesting fundamental differences in the mechanics of burrowing or the way in which axial muscles are used. Qualitative observations of skull and vertebral shape suggest that the higher forces exerted by typhlopids may have impacted the evolution of their anatomy. Our results provide the basis for future studies exploring the diversity of form and function in this fascinating group of animals. Quantitative comparisons of the cranial and vertebral shape in addition to collecting functional and ecological data on a wider array of species would be particularly important to test the patterns described here.}, }
@article {pmid34087666, year = {2021}, author = {Adams, LW and Morris, RL and Hull, RB and Dempster, T and Strain, EMA}, title = {Making marinas bivalve friendly for enhanced biodiversity outcomes.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {169}, number = {}, pages = {112464}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112464}, pmid = {34087666}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Mytilus ; }, abstract = {Natural coastlines are being replaced by artificial structures (pilings, pontoons, breakwaters), with negative environmental impacts, particularly in marinas. Ropes seeded with mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were added to artificial structures in a marina, using aquaculture techniques, to reduce the colonisation of invasive taxa. After 6-months, droplines beneath pontoons had the highest seeded mussel survival and growth, richness of native and invasive taxa, and proportion of invasive to native taxa, compared with the other interventions. Mussel ropes on the intertidal structures (pilings and breakwaters) supported higher biomass of native taxa, whereas mussel ropes on subtidal structures (pontoons and breakwaters) had reduced biomass of invasive taxa, relative to the unseeded ropes. Droplines had the greater biomass of mussels, while mussel ropes placed under pontoons, and in subtidal gabion baskets limited the biomass but not the diversity of invasive species. Further study is required to determine whether these interventions can be upscaled to improve both the native biodiversity and functioning of marinas.}, }
@article {pmid34087348, year = {2021}, author = {Moreyra, S and Lozada, M}, title = {Spatial memory in Vespula germanica wasps: A pilot study using a Y-maze assay.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {189}, number = {}, pages = {104439}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104439}, pmid = {34087348}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Assay ; Cues ; Maze Learning ; Pilot Projects ; Spatial Memory ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {In the present study we analysed spatial learning in Vespula germanica wasps when dealing with a walking Y-maze. We recorded the time taken to leave the maze during two consecutive visits and which of the two short arms was chosen to exit. Two treatments were conducted to evaluate whether wasps learned to leave the Y-maze guided either by spatial or visual cues. In Treatment 1, the colour of both arms remained unchanged between two consecutive visits; and in Treatment 2, the position of the coloured arm was switched after the first trial. Our results demonstrated that the time taken to exit the maze on the second trial was less than half in both treatments and wasps left the maze from the previously chosen arm, irrespective of its colour. This is the first study to demonstrate spatial learning in V. germanica wasps by using a walking Y-maze. Free flying wasps learned to enter the Y-maze on their own volition, walk through it, collect food and find their way out more rapidly after a single foraging experience. The current experimental device is suitable for the evaluation of spatial memory processes and exploratory behaviour in this species.}, }
@article {pmid34085385, year = {2021}, author = {Ørsted, M and Lye, J and Umina, PA and Maino, JL}, title = {Global analysis of the seasonal abundance of the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii reveal temperature extremes determine population activity potential.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {77}, number = {10}, pages = {4555-4563}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6494}, pmid = {34085385}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {0170-00006B//Det Frie Forskningsr&#xe5;d/ ; MT18010//Hort Innovation/ ; //Independent Research Fund Denmark/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Drosophila ; *Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; Seasons ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The global pest spotted winged drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) continues to have a significant economic impact on fruit production in areas where it is established, in addition to newly invaded ranges. Management activities spanning national biosecurity responses to farm-scale pest control are limited by the inability to predict the timing and severity of seasonal outbreaks of D. suzukii and its climatic drivers.<br><br>RESULTS: Here, we compiled and analysed data on international seasonal abundances for D. suzukii under different climates, crop types and management contexts to improve the predictability of seasonal population dynamics. In relating seasonal abundances to environmental predictors, specifically temperature, we found strong negative effects of exposure to high and low temperatures during the preceding month. Unlike most regional studies on D. suzukii phenology that focus on temperature in the physiological development range, we show that thermal extremes better explain seasonal population fluctuations.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Although trap catches remain an indirect measure of infestations and must be interpreted carefully in terms of crop risk, our results should support monitoring programmes through enhanced knowledge of the climatic factors affecting D. suzukii population activity. The negative impact of high temperatures suggests that late-season management strategies focusing on manipulating crop microclimates to temperatures above 25&#x2009;&#xb0;C can reduce D. suzukii abundance. We show that early season abundance is modulated by climate, particularly the depth of cold extremes experienced in the preceding time interval. These associations may be further developed into early-season crop risk forecasts to support monitoring programs. &#xa9; 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid34084069, year = {2021}, author = {Schmidt, C and Anctil, A}, title = {Hemithea aestivaria (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), a Palaearctic moth, new to eastern North America.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e64985}, pmid = {34084069}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {The geometrid moth Hemithea aestivaria (Hübner, 1789) was introduced from Europe to North America, first being detected in British Columbia in 1973. Until 2019, its North American range was limited to a restricted area of the Pacific Northwest. Here, we report on the first records of H. aestivaria for eastern North America from three widely separated urban centres in eastern Canada during 2019-2020.}, }
@article {pmid34083703, year = {2021}, author = {DeVore, JL and Shine, R and Ducatez, S}, title = {Spatial ecology of cane toads (Rhinella marina) in their native range: a radiotelemetric study from French Guiana.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {11817}, pmid = {34083703}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Like most invasive species, cane toads have attracted less research in their native range than in invaded areas. We radio-tracked 34 free-ranging toads in French Guiana, a source region for most invasive populations, across two coastal and two rainforest sites. Coastal toads generally sheltered in pools of fresh or brackish water but nocturnally foraged on beaches, whereas rainforest toads sheltered in forested habitats, moving into open areas at night. Over five days of monitoring, native toads frequently re-used shelters and moved little between days (means = 10-63 m/site) compared to invasion-front toads from Australia (~ 250 m). Larger toads moved less between days, but displaced in more consistent directions. At night, foraging toads travelled up to 200 m before returning to shelters. Foraging distance was related to body condition at coastal sites, with toads in poorer body condition travelling farther. Rain increased the probability of coastal toads sheltering in the dry habitats where they foraged. Dispersal and rainfall were lower at coastal sites, and the strategies utilized by coastal toads to minimize water loss resembled those of invasive toads in semi-desert habitats. This global invader already exhibits a broad environmental niche and substantial behavioural flexibility within its native range.}, }
@article {pmid34083434, year = {2021}, author = {Hudson, J and Castilla, JC and Teske, PR and Beheregaray, LB and Haigh, ID and McQuaid, CD and Rius, M}, title = {Genomics-informed models reveal extensive stretches of coastline under threat by an ecologically dominant invasive species.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {118}, number = {23}, pages = {}, pmid = {34083434}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Chile ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genomics ; *Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Urochordata/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Explaining why some species are widespread, while others are not, is fundamental to biogeography, ecology, and evolutionary biology. A unique way to study evolutionary and ecological mechanisms that either limit species' spread or facilitate range expansions is to conduct research on species that have restricted distributions. Nonindigenous species, particularly those that are highly invasive but have not yet spread beyond the introduced site, represent ideal systems to study range size changes. Here, we used species distribution modeling and genomic data to study the restricted range of a highly invasive Australian marine species, the ascidian Pyura praeputialis This species is an aggressive space occupier in its introduced range (Chile), where it has fundamentally altered the coastal community. We found high genomic diversity in Chile, indicating high adaptive potential. In addition, genomic data clearly showed that a single region from Australia was the only donor of genotypes to the introduced range. We identified over 3,500 km of suitable habitat adjacent to its current introduced range that has so far not been occupied, and importantly species distribution models were only accurate when genomic data were considered. Our results suggest that a slight change in currents, or a change in shipping routes, may lead to an expansion of the species' introduced range that will encompass a vast portion of the South American coast. Our study shows how the use of population genomics and species distribution modeling in combination can unravel mechanisms shaping range sizes and forecast future range shifts of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid34081236, year = {2021}, author = {Xu, T and Teale, SA}, title = {Chemical Ecology of the Asian Longhorn Beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {47}, number = {6}, pages = {489-503}, pmid = {34081236}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera/drug effects ; *Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; Forests ; Pheromones/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The Asian longhorn beetle (ALB), Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky), is a destructive forest pest in its native range, East Asia, or a high-risk invasive species in many other parts of the world. Extensive research has been directed toward the development of ALB management strategies. However, semiochemical-based trap lures, which are one of the effective tools for detecting, monitoring, and potentially assisting in eradicating cerambycids, have not reached operational efficacy for ALB to date, which is probably due to a grossly incomplete understanding of its chemical ecology. Here, we summarize the current progress in ALB chemical ecology including host selection and location, pheromone identification, trapping techniques, olfactory system, and related biology and behavior. We also briefly review the known semiochemicals in the subfamily Lamiinae, particularly the ALB congener, A. chinensis. Based on this knowledge, we highlight a potentially important role of some host-original chemicals, such as sesquiterpenes, in ALB host and mate location, and emphasize the basic studies on the biology and behavior of adult ALB. Last, we formulate suggestions for further research directions that may contribute to a better understanding of ALB chemical ecology and improved lure efficacy.}, }
@article {pmid34080012, year = {2021}, author = {Sherpa, P and Harrington, LC and Piedmonte, NP and Wunderlin, K and Falco, RC}, title = {Optimal Collection Methods for Asian Longhorned Ticks (Ixodida: Ixodidae) in the Northeast United States.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {58}, number = {6}, pages = {2255-2263}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjab083}, pmid = {34080012}, issn = {1938-2928}, support = {U01 CK000509/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; *Ixodidae/growth &amp; development ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Nymph/growth &amp; development ; Specimen Handling/*methods ; United States ; }, abstract = {The Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, is an invasive species in the United States. Since its earliest recorded presence in West Virginia in 2010, H. longicornis has been reported from 15 states. While its public health significance in the United States is unclear, globally it transmits pathogens that infect livestock and humans, causing economic losses and substantial morbidity. Management and control of H. longicornis requires knowledge of its biology, ecology, and distribution. Here, we address the need for effective collection methods for host-seeking H. longicornis as an important step for accurately assessing tick abundance and potential disease risk. The number of H. longicornis collected were compared across three collection methods (dragging, sweeping, CO2 traps) and three tick check distances (5 m, 10 m, and 20 m) were compared for dragging and sweeping. Field collections were conducted from June through August 2019 in Westchester County, New York, and ticks were grouped by life stage to assess collection method efficiency. Results indicated that implementing shorter (5 m) tick check distance was ideal for adult and nymphal collections. The dragging method proved better than sweeping for adult collections; however, there was no significant difference between the methods for nymphal collections, at any tick check distance evaluated. CO2 traps attracted H. longicornis, but additional research is necessary to devise an effective tick retaining method before the traps can be implemented in the field. The results are presented to inform and support H. longicornis surveillance and control programs across the nation.}, }
@article {pmid34075084, year = {2021}, author = {Streito, JC and Chartois, M and Pierre, &#xc9; and Dusoulier, F and Armand, JM and Gaudin, J and Rossi, JP}, title = {Citizen science and niche modeling to track and forecast the expansion of the brown marmorated stinkbug Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {11421}, pmid = {34075084}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Citizen Science/methods ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; France ; Hemiptera/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855), the Brown Marmorated StinkBug (BMSB) is a highly successful invasive species native to eastern Asia that managed to spread into North America and Europe in recent decades. We set up a citizen science survey to monitor BMSB expansion in France in 2012 and analyzed the data it yielded between 2012 and 2019 to examine the local expansion of the insect. These data were gathered with occurrences form various sources (GBIF, literature) to calibrate a species niche model and assess potential current BMSB range. We evaluated the potential changes to the BMSB range due to climate change by projecting the model according to 6 global circulation models (GCM) and the shared socio-economic pathways SSP245 in two time periods 2021-2040 and 2041-2060. Citizen science allowed to track BMSB expansion in France and provided information about its phenology and its habitat preferences. The model highlighted the potential for further range expansion in Europe and illustrated the impact of climate change. These results could help managing the current BMSB invasion and the framework of this survey could contribute to a better preparedness of phytosanitary authorities either for the BMSB or other invasive pests.}, }
@article {pmid34073765, year = {2021}, author = {Bartosik, K and Maślanko, W and Buczek, A and Asman, M and Witecka, J and Szwaj, E and Błaszkiewicz, PS and Świsłocka, M}, title = {Two New Haplotypes of Bartonella sp. Isolated from Lipoptena fortisetosa (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) in SE Poland.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {34073765}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Insects of the genus Lipoptena are parasitic arthropods with a broad host range. Due to the type of parasitism (hematophagy), their potential role as vectors of pathogens, i.e., Bartonella sp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Rickettsia spp., and Borrelia burgdorferi is considered. As the range of their occurrence has been changing dynamically in recent years and infestations of humans have increasingly been reported, these organisms are now the subject of numerous studies. Our research aimed to present the molecular characteristics of Bartonella sp. detected in Lipoptena fortisetosa parasitizing wild cervids in south-eastern Poland. Adults of Lipoptena spp. were collected from carcasses of roe deer and red deer between spring and autumn in 2013. The PCR method was used to detect Bartonella sp. in the insects. We report two new haplotypes of the rpoB gene of Bartonella sp. isolated from L. fortisetosa feeding on wild cervids in south-eastern Poland and the presence of this invasive ectoparasitic species in the studied area since 2013. Phylogenetic analyses of newly obtained Bartonella sp. haplotypes confirmed their unique position on the constructed tree and network topology. The rpoB gene sequences found belonging to lineage B support the view that this phylogenetic lineage represents a novel Bartonella species.}, }
@article {pmid34071958, year = {2021}, author = {Gaskamp, JA and Gee, KL and Campbell, TA and Silvy, NJ and Webb, SL}, title = {Effectiveness and Efficiency of Corral Traps, Drop Nets and Suspended Traps for Capturing Wild Pigs (Sus scrofa).}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {34071958}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Strategic control and eradication programs for wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are being developed to help curtail the expanding populations of this invasive, alien species. Drop nets and corral traps have a long history of capturing a multitude of wildlife species, so we evaluated the effectiveness and efficiency of these traps for controlling wild pigs in southern Oklahoma. We also developed and evaluated a suspended metal trap that provided real-time monitoring and deployment to capture animals. Effectiveness of each trap type was estimated as the proportion of pigs removed from the total population, whereas efficiency was calculated based on catch per unit effort (CPUE) (i.e., the number of person hours per pig removal). During 3 years of study (2010-2012), we removed 601 pigs, 296 using drop nets, 60 using corral traps, and 245 using suspended traps. Suspended traps removed 88.1% of the estimated population, whereas drop nets removed 85.7% and corral traps removed 48.5%. CPUE was 0.64 person hours/pig using suspended traps followed by 1.9 person hours/pig for drop nets and 2.3 person hours/pig for corral traps. Drop nets and suspended traps were more effective at removing a large proportion of the population (>85%), mainly through whole sounder removal, but the suspended trap with real-time notifications was the most efficient trap type, requiring fewer person hours to operate.}, }
@article {pmid34069473, year = {2021}, author = {Reddy, AM and Pratt, PD and Grewell, BJ and Harms, NE and Cibils-Stewart, X and Cabrera Walsh, G and Faltlhauser, A}, title = {Biological and Host Range Characteristics of Lysathia flavipes (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a Candidate Biological Control Agent of Invasive Ludwigia spp. (Onagraceae) in the USA.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {34069473}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {CRIS Project Number 2030-22000-029-00D//USDA-ARS Delta Region Areawide Aquatic Weed Project/ ; Research Agreement Number 60-2030-9-007//US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Aquatic Plant Control Research Program, Vicksburg, Mississippi/ ; }, abstract = {Exotic water primroses (Ludwigia spp.) are aggressive invaders in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. To date, management of exotic Ludwigia spp. has been limited to physical and chemical control methods. Biological control provides an alternative approach for the management of invasive Ludwigia spp. but little is known regarding the natural enemies of these exotic plants. Herein the biology and host range of Lysathia flavipes (Boheman), a herbivorous beetle associated with Ludwigia spp. in Argentina and Uruguay, was studied to determine its suitability as a biocontrol agent for multiple closely related target weeds in the USA. The beetle matures from egg to adult in 19.9 ± 1.4 days at 25 °C; females lived 86.3 ± 35.6 days and laid 1510.6 ± 543.4 eggs over their lifespans. No-choice development and oviposition tests were conducted using four Ludwigia species and seven native plant species. Lysathia flavipes showed little discrimination between plant species: larvae aggressively fed and completed development, and the resulting females (F1 generation) oviposited viable eggs on most plant species regardless of origin. These results indicate that L. flavipes is not sufficiently host-specific for further consideration as a biocontrol agent of exotic Ludwigia spp. in the USA and further testing is not warranted.}, }
@article {pmid34069076, year = {2021}, author = {Espinosa-Zaragoza, S and Pérez-De la O, NB and Aguirre-Medina, JF and López-Martínez, V}, title = {Does the African Citrus psyllid, Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), Represent a Phytosanitary Threat to the Citrus Industry in Mexico?.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {34069076}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The African citrus psyllid, Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), is a vector of Candidatus Liberibacter africanus (CLaf), a pathogen that causes huanglongbing (HLB) in Africa. Trioza erytreae has invaded areas of Asia and Europe and has threatened citrus production due to its biological habits and the transmission of CLaf. Mexico is a country where citrus production has a vital role from the economic and social point of view. Therefore, ecological niche modeling (ENM) was used to determine if Mexico has the environmental availability that will allow T. erytreae invasion. We analyzed whether or not the distribution of Casimiroa edulis La Llave (Rutaceae) in the country could be a factor that enables the dispersal of T. eytreae. The environmental connectivity between five points of entry into the country (two ports and three airports) was explored to determine possible routes of dispersal of T. erytrae. The results showed that Mexico has wide availability for the invasion of the African citrus psyllid, which coincides with essential citrus areas of the country and with the distribution of C. edulis. Of the entry points studied, the Port of Veracruz showed nearby areas with environmental connectivity. Preventive monitoring measures for T. erytreae in Mexico should focus on Veracruz state because it has an entry point, ideal environmental availability, citrus areas, and specimens of C. edulis.}, }
@article {pmid34068504, year = {2021}, author = {Kouba, A and Lipták, B and Kubec, J and Bláha, M and Veselý, L and Haubrock, PJ and Oficialdegui, FJ and Niksirat, H and Patoka, J and Buřič, M}, title = {Survival, Growth, and Reproduction: Comparison of Marbled Crayfish with Four Prominent Crayfish Invaders.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {34068504}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {19-04431S//Czech Science Foundation/ ; Excelencia project P12-RNM 936//Regional Government of Andalusia/ ; SS02030018//Technology Agency of the Czech Republic/ ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are increasingly recognized ecological and economic threats to biodiversity and are projected to increase in the future. Introduced freshwater crayfish in particular are protruding invaders, exerting tremendous impacts on native biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, as exemplified by the North American spiny-cheek, signal and red swamp crayfish as well as the Australian common yabby. The marbled crayfish is among the most outstanding freshwater crayfish invaders due to its parthenogenetic reproduction combined with early maturation and high fecundity. As their introduced ranges expand, their sympatric populations become more frequent. The question of which species and under what circumstances will dominate in their introduced communities is of great interest to biodiversity conservation as it can offer valuable insights for understanding and prioritization of management efforts. In order to examine which of the aforementioned species may be more successful as an invader, we conducted a set of independent trials evaluating survival, growth, claw injury, and reproduction using single-species stocks (intraspecific interactions) and mixed stocks (interspecific interactions) of marbled crayfish vs. other crayfish invaders since the onset of exogenous feeding. In both single and mixed stocks, red swamp crayfish and yabby grew faster than marbled crayfish, while marbled crayfish were superior to both spiny-cheek and signal crayfish in terms of growth. With the exception of signal crayfish, the faster-growing species consistently reached a higher survival rate. The faster-growing species tended to negatively impair smaller counterparts by greater claw injury, delayed maturation, and reduced fecundity. Only marbled crayfish laid eggs as early as 14 weeks in this study, which is earlier than previously reported in the literature. Thus, the success of marbled crayfish among invasive crayfish is significantly driven by relatively fast growth as well as an early and frequent reproduction. These results shed light on how interactions between invasive populations can unfold when their expansion ranges overlap in the wild, thereby contributing to the knowledge base on the complex population dynamics between existing and emerging invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid34067995, year = {2021}, author = {Tabor, JA and Koch, JB}, title = {Ensemble Models Predict Invasive Bee Habitat Suitability Will Expand under Future Climate Scenarios in Hawai'i.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {34067995}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {N/A//David H. Smith Postdoctoral Research Fellowship/ ; }, abstract = {Climate change is predicted to increase the risk of biological invasions by increasing the availability of climatically suitable regions for invasive species. Endemic species on oceanic islands are particularly sensitive to the impact of invasive species due to increased competition for shared resources and disease spread. In our study, we used an ensemble of species distribution models (SDM) to predict habitat suitability for invasive bees under current and future climate scenarios in Hawai'i. SDMs projected on the invasive range were better predicted by georeferenced records from the invasive range in comparison to invasive SDMs predicted by records from the native range. SDMs estimated that climatically suitable regions for the eight invasive bees explored in this study will expand by ~934.8% (±3.4% SE). Hotspots for the invasive bees are predicted to expand toward higher elevation regions, although suitable habitat is expected to only progress up to 500 m in elevation in 2070. Given our results, it is unlikely that invasive bees will interact directly with endemic bees found at >500 m in elevation in the future. Management and conservation plans for endemic bees may be improved by understanding how climate change may exacerbate negative interactions between invasive and endemic bee species.}, }
@article {pmid34067556, year = {2021}, author = {Ruzzier, E and Galli, A and Bani, L}, title = {Monitoring Exotic Beetles with Inexpensive Attractants: A Case Study.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {34067556}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Detecting and monitoring exotic and invasive Coleoptera is a complex activity to implement, and citizen science projects can provide significant contributions to such plans. Bottle traps are successfully used in wildlife surveys and can also be adapted for monitoring alien species; however, a sustainable, large scale trapping plan must take into account the collateral catches of native species and thus minimize its impact on local fauna. In the present paper, we tested the use of bottles baited with standard food products that can be purchased in every supermarket and immediately used (apple cider vinegar, red wine, and 80% ethyl alcohol) in capturing exotic and invasive beetles in the area surrounding Malpensa Airport (Italy). In particular, we reduced the exposition type of the traps in each sampling round to three days in order to minimize native species collecting. We found a significant effect of the environmental covariates (trap placement, temperature, humidity, and forest type) in affecting the efficiency in catching target beetles. Nearly all invasive Nitidulidae and Scarabaeidae known to be present in the area were captured in the traps, with apple cider vinegar usually being the most effective attractant, especially for the invasive Popillia&amp;nbsp;japonica.}, }
@article {pmid34067342, year = {2021}, author = {Rizzo, D and Moricca, S and Bracalini, M and Benigno, A and Bernardo, U and Luchi, N and Da Lio, D and Nugnes, F and Cappellini, G and Salemi, C and Cacciola, SO and Panzavolta, T}, title = {Rapid Detection of Pityophthorus juglandis (Blackman) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) with the Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Method.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {34067342}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {The walnut twig beetle Pityophthorus juglandis is a phloem-boring bark beetle responsible, in association with the ascomycete Geosmithia morbida, for the Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD) of walnut trees. The recent finding of TCD in Europe prompted the development of effective diagnostic protocols for the early detection of members of this insect/fungus complex. Here we report the development of a highly efficient, low-cost, and rapid method for detecting the beetle, or even just its biological traces, from environmental samples: the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. The method, designed on the 28S ribosomal RNA gene, showed high specificity and sensitivity, with no cross reactivity to other bark beetles and wood-boring insects. The test was successful even with very small amounts of the target insect's nucleic acid, with limit values of 0.64 pg/µL and 3.2 pg/µL for WTB adults and frass, respectively. A comparison of the method (both in real time and visual) with conventional PCR did not display significant differences in terms of LoD. This LAMP protocol will enable quick, low-cost, and early detection of P. juglandis in areas with new infestations and for phytosanitary inspections at vulnerable sites (e.g., seaports, airports, loading stations, storage facilities, and wood processing companies).}, }
@article {pmid34066657, year = {2021}, author = {Bergh, JC and Morrison, WR and Stallrich, JW and Short, BD and Cullum, JP and Leskey, TC}, title = {Border Habitat Effects on Captures of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Pheromone Traps and Fruit Injury at Harvest in Apple and Peach Orchards in the Mid-Atlantic, USA.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {34066657}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {#301-13-076//Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services/ ; }, abstract = {The invasive Halyomorpha halys invades crop fields from various bordering habitats, and its feeding on crops has caused significant economic losses. Thus, H. halys is considered a perimeter-driven threat, and research on alternative management tactics against it has focused on intervention at crop edges. Woodlands adjacent to crop fields contain many hosts of H. halys and are therefore considered "riskiest" in terms of pest pressure and crop injury. However, tree fruit orchards in the Mid-Atlantic, USA, are often bordered on one or more sides by woodlands and other habitats, including other tree fruit blocks, and field crops. Monitoring H. halys using pheromone traps has most often focused on the crop-woodland interface, but the relative effects of woodlands and other habitats bordering orchards on pest pressure and crop injury have not been examined. A two-year study comparing seasonal captures of H. halys and fruit injury among different habitats bordering commercial apple and peach orchards in the Mid-Atlantic revealed that while woodland borders often posed the greatest risk, other border habitats also contributed significantly to captures and injury in numerous instances. The relevance of these findings to refining and optimizing perimeter-based monitoring and management approaches for H. halys is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid34066124, year = {2021}, author = {Stutz, S and De Clerck-Floate, R and Hinz, HL and McClay, A and McConnachie, AJ and Schaffner, U}, title = {Host Range and Impact of Dichrorampha aeratana, the First Potential Biological Control Agent for Leucanthemum vulgare in North America and Australia.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {34066124}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {//Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the Alberta Association of Agriculture Fieldmen, the Alber-ta Invasive Species Council, the Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources as part of its Rural R&amp;D for Profit Programme, the Canadian A/ ; }, abstract = {We evaluated the potential of the European root-feeding moth Dichrorampha aeratana as a biological control agent for the invasive weed Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy) in North America and Australia. The taxonomic proximity of the ornamental Shasta daisy (Leucanthemum × superbum) to L. vulgare and its popularity in North America made finding sufficiently host-specific biological control agents a challenge. No-choice tests conducted with 74 non-target species revealed partial or complete larval development on 11 species. In multiple-choice oviposition and larval development tests that were conducted in field cages, larvae were found on five of these, however in multiple-choice tests conducted under open-field conditions, larvae were only found on the ornamentals Shasta daisy and creeping daisy (Mauranthemum paludosum). Larval feeding by D. aeratana had no measurable impact on Shasta daisy, but larval feeding and plant competition reduced the biomass and number of flower heads of L. vulgare. We conclude that D. aeratana is a suitable biological control agent because it will not affect the ornamental value of Shasta or creeping daisies and because it is unlikely to feed on any other economically important or native species. We also expect D. aeratana to contribute to the suppression of L. vulgare populations.}, }
@article {pmid34065749, year = {2021}, author = {Noor-Ul-Ane, M and Jung, C}, title = {Characterization of Cold Tolerance of Immature Stages of Small Hive Beetle (SHB) Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {34065749}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {NRF-2018R1A6A1A03024862//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; }, abstract = {The small hive beetle (SHB) Aethina tumida Murray, (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) is now a global invasive pest of honey bees, but its cold tolerance potential has not been yet explored. Therefore, we measured the supercooling point (SCP) of different stages of SHBs and also the impact of acclimation on their SCPs and survival as a measure for cold tolerance. Combinations of different temperatures (0, 3, 5, 7, and 10 ∘C) for different hours (1, 3, 5, 7, 12, 24, 35, and 48 h) were used to assess SHB survival. The supercooling points occurred at lower temperatures (-19.4 ∘C) in wandering larvae than in the other stages (pupae: -12.5 ∘C, and feeding larvae: -10.7 ∘C). A lethal temperature (LT50) of feeding larvae was achieved earlier at 4.9 ∘C after 7 h exposure than the wandering larvae (3.7 ∘C at 48 h) and pupae (5.6 ∘C at 48 h). The sum of injurious temperature (SIT) is the most suitable estimation to describe cold resistance of the SHB immatures. The wandering larvae were the most cold tolerant, followed by pupae and feeding larvae based on SIT values of -286.8, -153.7 and -28.7 DD, respectively, and also showed more phenotypic plasticity after acclimation than feeding larvae and slightly more than pupae. Our results show that all stages, i.e., feeding larvae, wandering larvae and pupae, are chill susceptible. However, these stages, especially wandering larvae and pupae, showed the capacity to acclimate to cold temperatures, which may help them to survive in winter for the continuity of the SHB population, especially in a scenario of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid34065657, year = {2021}, author = {Aguiló-Gisbert, J and Padilla-Blanco, M and Lizana, V and Maiques, E and Muñoz-Baquero, M and Chillida-Martínez, E and Cardells, J and Rubio-Guerri, C}, title = {First Description of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Two Feral American Mink (Neovison vison) Caught in the Wild.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {34065657}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {COVID-19-203//Agencia Valenciana de la Innovaci&#xf3;n, Ayudas de concesi&#xf3;n directa a soluciones cient&#xed;fico-innovadoras directamente relacionadas con la lucha contra la COVID-19/ ; }, abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causal agent of COVID-19, is considered a pathogen of animal origin that is mainly transmitted from human to human. Several animal species can be naturally or experimentally infected by SARS-CoV-2, with compelling evidence that mink is highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Human-to-mink infection cases have been reported and there are also suggestions that mink-to-human infection occurs. Mink infections have been reported to date only on fur farms, except for one infected free- ranging wild mink near a Utah (USA) fur farm, which suggests a transmission pathway from farms to wild mink. We now report the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in 2 of 13 feral dark brown American mink (Neovison vison) trapped in the Valencian Community (Eastern Spain), during an invasive species trapping campaign. They were trapped in riverbeds in sparsely inhabited rural areas known to harbor self-sustained feral mink populations. The closest fur farm is about 20 km away. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected by two-step RT-PCR in these animals' mesenteric lymph nodes and was confirmed by sequencing a 397-nucleotide amplified region of the S gene, yielding identical sequences in both animals. A molecular phylogenetic analysis was run on this sequence, which was found to correspond to the consensus SARS-CoV-2 sequence from Wuhan. Our findings appear to represent the first example of SARS-CoV-2 acquired in the wild by feral mink in self-sustained populations.}, }
@article {pmid34065589, year = {2021}, author = {Watson, KM and Mikac, KM and Schwab, SG}, title = {Population Genetics of the Invasive Red Fox, Vulpes vulpes, in South-Eastern Australia.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {34065589}, issn = {2073-4425}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Australia ; Foxes/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Pedigree ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; }, abstract = {The use of genetic information in conservation biology has become more widespread with genetic information more readily available for non-model organisms. It has also been recognized that genetic information from invasive species can inform their management and control. The red fox poses a significant threat to Australian native fauna and the agricultural industry. Despite this, there are few recently published studies investigating the population genetics of foxes in Australia. This study investigated the population genetics of 94 foxes across the Illawarra and Shoalhaven regions of New South Wales, Australia. Diversity Array sequencing technology was used to genotype a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (N = 33,375). Moderate genetic diversity and relatedness were observed across the foxes sampled. Low to moderate levels of inbreeding, high-levels of identity-by-state values, as well as high identity-by-descent values were also found. There was limited evidence for population genetic structure among the foxes across the landscape sampled, supporting the presence of a single population across the study area. This indicates that there may be no barriers hindering fox dispersal across the landscape.}, }
@article {pmid34065417, year = {2021}, author = {Kato-Noguchi, H and Kurniadie, D}, title = {Allelopathy of Lantana camara as an Invasive Plant.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {34065417}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) is native to tropical America and has been introduced into many other countries as an ornamental and hedge plant. The species has been spreading quickly and has naturalized in more than 60 countries as an invasive noxious weed. It is considered to be one of the world's 100 worst alien species. L. camara often forms dense monospecies stands through the interruption of the regeneration process of indigenous plant species. Allelopathy of L. camara has been reported to play a crucial role in its invasiveness. The extracts, essential oil, leachates, residues, and rhizosphere soil of L. camara suppressed the germination and growth of other plant species. Several allelochemicals, such as phenolic compounds, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, and a flavonoid, were identified in the extracts, essential oil, residues, and rhizosphere soil of L. camara. The evidence also suggests that some of those allelochemicals in L. camara are probably released into the rhizosphere soil under the canopy and neighboring environments during the decomposition process of the residues and as leachates and volatile compounds from living plant parts of L. camara. The released allelochemicals may suppress the regeneration process of indigenous plant species by decreasing their germination and seedling growth and increasing their mortality. Therefore, the allelopathic property of L. camara may support its invasive potential and formation of dense monospecies stands.}, }
@article {pmid34065242, year = {2021}, author = {Sánchez, O and Arias, A}, title = {All That Glitters Is Not Gold: The Other Insects That Fall into the Asian Yellow-Legged Hornet Vespa velutina 'Specific' Traps.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {34065242}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {The introduction of invasive species is considered one of the major threats to the biodiversity conservation worldwide. In recent years, an Asian invasive species of wasp has set off alarms in Europe and elsewhere in the world, Vespa velutina. The Asian wasp was accidentally introduced in France around 2004 and shortly thereafter it was able to colonise practically all of Europe, including the Iberian Peninsula. The ecological and economic implications of V. velutina invasion and its high colonisation ability have triggered widespread trapping campaigns, usually supported by beekeepers and local governments, with the aim of diminishing its population and its negative impacts. Among the most used control methods are the capture traps, which use a sugary attractant to catch the invasive wasps. However, the species-specific selectivity and efficiency of these traps has been little studied. In this paper, we have analysed the specific identity of the unintentionally trapped insect species from northern Spain (covering one-year period), as well as we have assessed the provided ecosystem services by them. A total of 74 non-target taxa of insects were caught by the V. velutina studied traps, most of them correspond to the orders Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera, the dipterans being the most abundant group. Surprisingly, the most abundant trapped species was the invasive fly, Drosophila suzukii that represented the 36.07% of the total catches. Furthermore, we reported the first record of ectoparasitic mites of the genus Varroa on V. velutina, constituting a newly recorded symbiotic association. Hopefully, the provided information helps to develop new protocols and management tools to control this invasive species in the Iberian Peninsula and other temperate areas of western Europe and the Mediterranean basin.}, }
@article {pmid34064474, year = {2021}, author = {Dieckhoff, C and Wenz, S and Renninger, M and Reißig, A and Rauleder, H and Zebitz, CPW and Reetz, J and Zimmermann, O}, title = {Add Germany to the List-Adventive Population of Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) Emerges in Germany.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {34064474}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {FKZ 281B204716//Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL)/ ; }, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, is a polyphagous pest species of worldwide economic importance. Since the mid-1990s, it has invaded and become established in various countries outside its native Asian range. In the newly invaded areas, biological control by native natural enemies has been shown to be insufficient in the long-term control of this severe pest. Adventive populations of Trissolcus japonicus, an important biological control agent of H. halys in Asia, have been reported from North America and some European countries since the mid-2010s. This egg parasitoid species seems to follow in the wake of the establishment of H. halys populations outside their native Asian range. Here, we report the first discovery of an adventive population of T. japonicus in Germany. In 2020, adult T. japonicus were recovered from parasitized H. halys egg masses (naturally laid and sentinel egg masses) and collected in ruderal areas using an insect suction sampler. The arrival of T. japonicus in Germany, unintentional through pathways yet unknown, corroborates a northbound expansion of its range within Europe. Further field surveys will show the extent of its dispersal and establishment capacities within this new distribution area.}, }
@article {pmid34063926, year = {2021}, author = {Humphries, T and Florentine, SK}, title = {A Comparative Review of Six Invasive Nassella Species in Australia with Implications for Their Management.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {34063926}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Two Nassella species, Nassella trichotoma and Nassella neesiana, have significantly reduced the carrying capacity of Australia's south-east rangelands and agricultural systems. It is, therefore, of considerable concern that four other Nassella species have also become naturalised in Australia, and are noted to share many of the ecological features of the two currently widespread species. This paper reviews the distribution, ecology, and impacts of all six Nassella species, which are currently naturalised in Australia, and makes recommendations toward a blanket Nassella control program. The review highlights observed similarities between the species, including the time of flowering, seed type, germination requirements, and growth morphology. These common factors support the possibility that an integrated Nassella control program could be designed to integrate good grazing management with cultural control methods, such as soil cultivation, fire, and native plant competition, with treatments being implemented prior to the common annual seed maturation period. Notwithstanding the success of these integrated programs, it is recognised that seeds of all species may remain viable in the seedbank for up to 12 years, meaning ongoing monitoring and management will be required. To develop even finer control programs, further research into the ecology of these Nassella species is recommended to determine any additional weak spots in these species' defences, and to subsequently develop and apply novel integrated control methods that target all six species.}, }
@article {pmid34061885, year = {2021}, author = {Kotula, HJ and Peralta, G and Frost, CM and Todd, JH and Tylianakis, JM}, title = {Predicting direct and indirect non-target impacts of biocontrol agents using machine-learning approaches.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {e0252448}, pmid = {34061885}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Diptera/*genetics ; Food Chain ; Forests ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*genetics ; Hymenoptera/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Lepidoptera/*genetics ; *Machine Learning ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; *Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Biological pest control (i.e. 'biocontrol') agents can have direct and indirect non-target impacts, and predicting these effects (especially indirect impacts) remains a central challenge in biocontrol risk assessment. The analysis of ecological networks offers a promising approach to understanding the community-wide impacts of biocontrol agents (via direct and indirect interactions). Independently, species traits and phylogenies have been shown to successfully predict species interactions and network structure (alleviating the need to collect quantitative interaction data), but whether these approaches can be combined to predict indirect impacts of natural enemies remains untested. Whether predictions of interactions (i.e. direct effects) can be made equally well for generalists vs. specialists, abundant vs. less abundant species, and across different habitat types is also untested for consumer-prey interactions. Here, we used two machine-learning techniques (random forest and k-nearest neighbour; KNN) to test whether we could accurately predict empirically-observed quantitative host-parasitoid networks using trait and phylogenetic information. Then, we tested whether the accuracy of machine-learning-predicted interactions depended on the generality or abundance of the interacting partners, or on the source (habitat type) of the training data. Finally, we used these predicted networks to generate predictions of indirect effects via shared natural enemies (i.e. apparent competition), and tested these predictions against empirically observed indirect effects between hosts. We found that random-forest models predicted host-parasitoid pairwise interactions (which could be used to predict attack of non-target host species) more successfully than KNN. This predictive ability depended on the generality of the interacting partners for KNN models, and depended on species' abundances for both random-forest and KNN models, but did not depend on the source (habitat type) of data used to train the models. Further, although our machine-learning informed methods could significantly predict indirect effects, the explanatory power of our machine-learning models for indirect interactions was reasonably low. Combining machine-learning and network approaches provides a starting point for reducing risk in biocontrol introductions, and could be applied more generally to predicting species interactions such as impacts of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid34058455, year = {2021}, author = {McInerney, PJ and Doody, TM and Davey, CD}, title = {Invasive species in the Anthropocene: Help or hindrance?.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {293}, number = {}, pages = {112871}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112871}, pmid = {34058455}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Rivers ; *Salix ; }, abstract = {Under predicted climate change scenarios many parts of the world will be hotter. Higher temperature extremes present significant physiological challenges to ectothermic freshwater species that cannot regulate body temperature. Willows (Salix spp.) are highly invasive deciduous northern hemisphere shrubs and trees that have colonised riparian zones of southern hemisphere streams. Non-native willows are criticised for their high consumption of water and their capacity to form dense monostands along the margins and within waterways that limit light to streams in summer, alter the timing and quality of allochthonous inputs and modify ecosystem function. As such, governments invest heavily in the removal of willows from streams in order to preserve ecosystem integrity. Although detrimental effects of non-native willows are well documented, little attention has been focussed on consideration of potential ecosystem services that non-native willow infestation may provide under predicted climate warming. Here, we use a case study to illustrate that shading by non-native willows can provide thermal refugia for temperature sensitive endemic taxa and we provide a holistic approach to non-native willow removal that may provide benefits to aquatic species amid changing climate. We present a simple decision matrix for prioritising willow removal activities that may be applied to other invasive species and we discuss traditional views of invasive species management and river restoration and their relevance in a rapidly warming world. The concepts we discuss are of immediate relevance to environmental managers challenged with maintaining and restoring ecosystems that are rapidly changing in structure and function in response to climate warming.}, }
@article {pmid34057349, year = {2021}, author = {Fukui, S and Kasugai, K and Sawada, A and Koizumi, I}, title = {Evidence for Introgressive Hybridization between Native Dolly Varden (Salvelinus curilus (syn. Salvelinus malma)) and Introduced Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the Nishibetsu River of Hokkaido, Japan.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, pages = {247-251}, doi = {10.2108/zs200041}, pmid = {34057349}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Microsatellite Instability ; Rivers ; Trout/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Hybridization is one of the negative outcomes for the introduction of non-native species, which can lead to rapid displacement and genetic extinction of native species. Salmonid fishes have been widely introduced outside of their native ranges for food supply and recreational fishing. Here, we investigate the occurrence of introgressive hybridization among native Dolly Varden (Salvelinus curilus (syn. Salvelinus malma)), white-spotted charr (Salvelinus leucomaenis), and introduced brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), in streams of the Nishibetsu River, Hokkaido, Japan. Microsatellite DNA analysis detected five hybrids between native Dolly Varden and introduced brook trout. This is the first evidence for hybridization between native Dolly Varden and introduced brook trout, while the latter has been known to hybridize with many other salmonids. Furthermore, incongruence between mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite DNA analyses suggested introgression among the three Salvelinus species. Further studies to estimate the hybrid fitness are necessary to understand how hybridization among the three species affects the native species.}, }
@article {pmid34057264, year = {2021}, author = {Noss, RF and Cartwright, JM and Estes, D and Witsell, T and Elliott, G and Adams, D and Albrecht, M and Boyles, R and Comer, P and Doffitt, C and Faber-Langendoen, D and Hill, J and Hunter, WC and Knapp, WM and Marshall, ME and Singhurst, J and Tracey, C and Walck, J and Weakley, A}, title = {Improving species status assessments under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and implications for multispecies conservation challenges worldwide.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, pages = {1715-1724}, pmid = {34057264}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Despite its successes, the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) has proven challenging to implement due to funding limitations, workload backlog, and other problems. As threats to species survival intensify and as more species come under threat, the need for the ESA and similar conservation laws and policies in other countries to function efficiently has grown. Attempts by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to streamline ESA decisions include multispecies recovery plans and habitat conservation plans. We address species status assessment (SSA), a USFWS process to inform ESA decisions from listing to recovery, within the context of multispecies and ecosystem planning. Although existing SSAs have a single-species focus, ecosystem-based research can efficiently inform multiple SSAs within a region and provide a foundation for transition to multispecies SSAs in the future. We considered at-risk grassland species and ecosystems within the southeastern United States, where a disproportionate number of rare and endemic species are associated with grasslands. To initiate our ecosystem-based approach, we used a combined literature-based and structured World Café workshop format to identify science needs for SSAs. Discussions concentrated on 5 categories of threats to grassland species and ecosystems, consistent with recommendations to make shared threats a focus of planning under the ESA: (1) habitat loss, fragmentation, and disruption of functional connectivity; (2) climate change; (3) altered disturbance regimes; (4) invasive species; and (5) localized impacts. For each threat, workshop participants identified science and information needs, including database availability, research priorities, and modeling and mapping needs. Grouping species by habitat and shared threats can make the SSA process and other planning processes for conservation of at-risk species worldwide more efficient and useful. We found a combination of literature review and structured discussion effective for identifying the scientific information and analysis needed to support the development of multiple SSAs. Article impact statement: Species status assessments can be improved by an ecosystem-based approach that groups imperiled species by shared habitats and threats.}, }
@article {pmid34057245, year = {2021}, author = {Turo, KJ and Gardiner, MM}, title = {Effects of urban greenspace configuration and native vegetation on bee and wasp reproduction.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, pages = {1755-1765}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13753}, pmid = {34057245}, issn = {1523-1739}, support = {GNC16-233//North Central SARE/ ; CAREER&#xa0;1253197//National Science Foundation/ ; DGE-1343012//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Parks, Recreational ; Reproduction ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Pollinator welfare is a recognized research and policy target, and urban greenspaces have been identified as important habitats. Yet, landscape-scale habitat fragmentation and greenspace management practices may limit a city's conservation potential. We examined how landscape configuration, composition, and local patch quality influenced insect nesting success across inner-city Cleveland, Ohio (U.S.A.), a postindustrial legacy city containing a high abundance of vacant land (over 1600 ha). Here, 40 vacant lots were assigned 1 of 5 habitat treatments (T1, vacant lot; T2, grass lawn; T3, flowering lawn; T4, grass prairie; and T5, flowering prairie), and we evaluated how seeded vegetation, greenspace size, and landscape connectivity influenced cavity-nesting bee and wasp reproduction. Native bee and wasp larvae were more abundant in landscapes that contained a large patch (i.e., >6 ha) of contiguous greenspace, in habitats with low plant biomass, and in vacant lots seeded with a native wildflower seed mix or with fine-fescue grass, suggesting that fitness was influenced by urban landscape features and habitat management. Our results can guide urban planning by demonstrating that actions that maintain large contiguous greenspace in the landscape and establish native plants would support the conservation of bees and wasps. Moreover, our study highlights that the world's estimated 350 legacy cities are promising urban conservation targets due to their high abundance of vacant greenspace that could accommodate taxa's habitat needs in urban areas.}, }
@article {pmid34057238, year = {2021}, author = {Pascual, M and Wingard, J and Bhatri, N and Rydannykh, A and Phelps, J}, title = {Building a global taxonomy of wildlife offenses.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, pages = {1903-1912}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13761}, pmid = {34057238}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Hunting ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Most countries have many pieces of legislation that govern biodiversity, including a range of criminal, administrative, and civil law provisions that state how wildlife must be legally used, managed, and protected. However, related debates in conservation, such as about enforcement, often overlook the details within national legislation that define which specific acts are illegal, the conditions under which laws apply, and how they are sanctioned. Based on a review of 90 wildlife laws in 8 high-biodiversity countries with different legal systems, we developed a taxonomy that describes all types of wildlife offenses in those countries. The 511 offenses are organized into a hierarchical taxonomy that scholars and practitioners can use to help conduct legal analyses. This is significant amidst competing calls to strengthen, deregulate, and reform wildlife legislation, particularly in response to fears over zoonotic threats and large-scale biodiversity loss. It can be used to provide more nuance legal analyses and facilitate like-for-like comparisons across countries, informing processes to redraft conservation laws, review deregulation efforts, close loopholes, and harmonize legislation across jurisdictions. We applied the taxonomy in a comparison of sanctions in 8 countries for hunting a protected species. We found not only huge ranges in fines (US$0 to $200,000) and imprisonment terms (1.5 years to life imprisonment), but also fundamentally different approaches to designing sanctions for wildlife offenses. The taxonomy also illustrates how future legal taxonomies can be developed for other environmental issues (e.g., invasive species, protected areas).}, }
@article {pmid34057237, year = {2022}, author = {Smyth, ERB and Drake, DAR}, title = {A classification framework for interspecific trade-offs in aquatic ecology.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, pages = {e13762}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13762}, pmid = {34057237}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Hydrobiology ; }, abstract = {In some cases, wildlife management objectives directed at multiple species can conflict with one another, creating species trade-offs. For managers to effectively identify trade-offs and avoid their undesirable outcomes, they must understand the agents involved and their corresponding interactions. A literature review of interspecific trade-offs within freshwater and marine ecosystems was conducted to illustrate the scope of potential interspecific trade-offs that may occur. We identified common pitfalls that lead to failed recognition of interspecific trade-offs, including, single-species management and limited consideration of the spatial and temporal scale of ecosystems and their management regimes. We devised a classification framework of common interspecific trade-offs within aquatic systems. The classification can help managers determine whether the conflict is species based through direct relationships (i.e., predator-prey, competition, other antagonistic relationships) or indirect relationships involving intermediate species (i.e., conflict-generating species) or whether the conflict is driven by opposing management objectives for species that would otherwise not interact (i.e., nontarget management effects). Once the nature and scope of trade-offs are understood, existing decision-making tools, such as structured decision-making and real-options analysis, can be incorporated to improve the management of aquatic ecosystems. Article Impact Statement: A synthesis of interspecific trade-offs in aquatic ecosystems supports their identification and resolution.}, }
@article {pmid34054324, year = {2021}, author = {Chartois, M and Streito, JC and Pierre, &#xc9; and Armand, JM and Gaudin, J and Rossi, JP}, title = {A crowdsourcing approach to track the expansion of the brown marmorated stinkbug Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) in France.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e66335}, pmid = {34054324}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855), the brown marmorated stinkbug (BMSB) is a highly successful invasive species, native to eastern Asia. It has managed to spread into North America and Europe in recent decades, causing severe damage to various crops. BMSB has been detected in Europe in 2004 and has since expanded in more than 20 countries from Sweden to Greece and Spain to Turkey, the South European Territory of Russia (Krasnodar region) and Abkhazia. In 2012, we set up a citizen science survey to monitor BMSB expansion in France.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: The present crowdsourcing survey was initiated in 2012 and provided a large number of occurrence points of BMSB. These data allowed to track the expansion of the species in France from 2012 to 2019 and brought information about its phenology and distribution in various habitats. The dataset comprises both valid and invalid sightings, thereby allowing us to examine changes in the quality of citizen reports during the course of the survey. Despite a large proportion of misidentifications, the survey provided a large number of valid occurrences. Furthermore, valuable information on hemipterans of Pentatomidae and Coreidae families entering habitations were also gathered. The dataset also illustrates that, although designed for a large public, the Agiir application was mostly used by urban dwellers with very few sightings stemming from professionals of agricultural sectors.}, }
@article {pmid34053192, year = {2021}, author = {Mayne, B and Berry, O and Jarman, S}, title = {Optimal sample size for calibrating DNA methylation age estimators.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {21}, number = {7}, pages = {2316-2323}, pmid = {34053192}, issn = {1755-0998}, support = {//CSIRO/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *DNA Methylation ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Epigenomics ; Humans ; Monte Carlo Method ; Sample Size ; }, abstract = {Age is a fundamental parameter in wildlife management as it is used to determine the risk of extinction, manage invasive species, and regulate sustainable harvest. In a broad variety of vertebrates species, age can be determined by measuring DNA methylation. Animals with known ages are initially required during development, calibration, and validation of these epigenetic clocks. However, wild animals with known ages are frequently difficult to obtain. Here, we perform Monte-Carlo simulations to determine the optimal sample size required to create an accurate calibration model for age estimation by elastic net regression modelling of cytosine-phosphate-guanine methylation data. Our results suggest a minimum calibration population size of 70, but ideally 134 individuals or more for accurate and precise models. We also provide estimates to the extent a model can be extrapolated beyond a distribution of ages that was used during calibration. The findings can assist researchers to better design age estimation models and decide if their model is adequate for determining key population attributes.}, }
@article {pmid34050232, year = {2021}, author = {Everts, T and Halfmaerten, D and Neyrinck, S and De Regge, N and Jacquemyn, H and Brys, R}, title = {Accurate detection and quantification of seasonal abundance of American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) using ddPCR eDNA assays.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {11282}, pmid = {34050232}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; DNA, Environmental/genetics ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Europe ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species/trends ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Ponds ; Rana catesbeiana/*genetics ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The invasive American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) imperils freshwater biodiversity worldwide. Effective management hinges on early detection of incipient invasions and subsequent rapid response, as established populations are extremely difficult to eradicate. Although environmental DNA (eDNA) detection methods provide a highly sensitive alternative to conventional surveillance techniques, extensive testing is imperative to generate reliable output. Here, we tested and compared the performance of two primer/probe assays to detect and quantify the abundance of bullfrogs in Western Europe in silico and in situ using digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). Although both assays proved to be equally target-specific and sensitive, one outperformed the other in ddPCR detection resolution (i.e., distinguishing groups of target-positive and target-negative droplets), and hence was selected for further analyses. Mesocosm experiments revealed that tadpole abundance and biomass explained 99% of the variation in eDNA concentration. Because per individual eDNA emission rates did not differ significantly among tadpoles and juveniles, and adults mostly reside out of the water, eDNA concentration can be used as an approximation of local bullfrog abundance in natural populations. Seasonal eDNA patterns in three colonized ponds showed parallel fluctuations in bullfrog eDNA concentration. An increase in eDNA concentration was detected in spring, followed by a strong peak coinciding with the breeding season (August, September or October), and continuously low eDNA concentrations during winter. With this study, we report the validation process required for appropriately implementing eDNA barcoding analyses in lentic systems. We demonstrate that this technique can serve as a solid and reliable tool to detect the early stages of bullfrog invasions and to quantify temporal changes in abundance that will be useful in coordinating large-scale bullfrog eradication programs and evaluating their efficiency.}, }
@article {pmid34050023, year = {2021}, author = {Fristoe, TS and Chytrý, M and Dawson, W and Essl, F and Heleno, R and Kreft, H and Maurel, N and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and Seebens, H and Weigelt, P and Vargas, P and Yang, Q and Attorre, F and Bergmeier, E and Bernhardt-Römermann, M and Biurrun, I and Boch, S and Bonari, G and Botta-Dukát, Z and Bruun, HH and Byun, C and Čarni, A and Carranza, ML and Catford, JA and Cerabolini, BEL and Chacón-Madrigal, E and Ciccarelli, D and Ćušterevska, R and de Ronde, I and Dengler, J and Golub, V and Haveman, R and Hough-Snee, N and Jandt, U and Jansen, F and Kuzemko, A and Küzmič, F and Lenoir, J and Macanović, A and Marcenò, C and Martin, AR and Michaletz, ST and Mori, AS and Niinemets, &#xdc; and Peterka, T and Pielech, R and Rašomavičius, V and Rūsiņa, S and Dias, AS and Šibíková, M and Šilc, U and Stanisci, A and Jansen, S and Svenning, JC and Swacha, G and van der Plas, F and Vassilev, K and van Kleunen, M}, title = {Dimensions of invasiveness: Links between local abundance, geographic range size, and habitat breadth in Europe's alien and native floras.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {118}, number = {22}, pages = {}, pmid = {34050023}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; *Phylogeography ; Plants/*classification ; }, abstract = {Understanding drivers of success for alien species can inform on potential future invasions. Recent conceptual advances highlight that species may achieve invasiveness via performance along at least three distinct dimensions: 1) local abundance, 2) geographic range size, and 3) habitat breadth in naturalized distributions. Associations among these dimensions and the factors that determine success in each have yet to be assessed at large geographic scales. Here, we combine data from over one million vegetation plots covering the extent of Europe and its habitat diversity with databases on species' distributions, traits, and historical origins to provide a comprehensive assessment of invasiveness dimensions for the European alien seed plant flora. Invasiveness dimensions are linked in alien distributions, leading to a continuum from overall poor invaders to super invaders-abundant, widespread aliens that invade diverse habitats. This pattern echoes relationships among analogous dimensions measured for native European species. Success along invasiveness dimensions was associated with details of alien species' introduction histories: earlier introduction dates were positively associated with all three dimensions, and consistent with theory-based expectations, species originating from other continents, particularly acquisitive growth strategists, were among the most successful invaders in Europe. Despite general correlations among invasiveness dimensions, we identified habitats and traits associated with atypical patterns of success in only one or two dimensions-for example, the role of disturbed habitats in facilitating widespread specialists. We conclude that considering invasiveness within a multidimensional framework can provide insights into invasion processes while also informing general understanding of the dynamics of species distributions.}, }
@article {pmid34047357, year = {2021}, author = {Ün, &#xc7; and Schultner, E and Manzano-Marín, A and Flórez, LV and Seifert, B and Heinze, J and Oettler, J}, title = {Cytoplasmic incompatibility between Old and New World populations of a tramp ant.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {75}, number = {7}, pages = {1775-1791}, doi = {10.1111/evo.14261}, pmid = {34047357}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Cytoplasm ; Reproduction ; Symbiosis ; *Wolbachia ; }, abstract = {Reproductive manipulation by endosymbiotic Wolbachia can cause unequal inheritance, allowing the manipulator to spread and potentially impacting evolutionary dynamics in infected hosts. Tramp and invasive species are excellent models to study the dynamics of host-Wolbachia associations because introduced populations often diverge in their microbiomes after colonizing new habitats, resulting in infection polymorphisms between native and introduced populations. Ants are the most abundant group of insects on earth, and numerous ant species are classified as highly invasive. However, little is known about the role of Wolbachia in these ecologically dominant insects. Here, we provide the first description of reproductive manipulation by Wolbachia in an ant. We show that Old and New World populations of the cosmotropic tramp ant Cardiocondyla obscurior harbor distinct Wolbachia strains, and that only the Old World strain manipulates host reproduction by causing cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in hybrid crosses. By uncovering a symbiont-induced mechanism of reproductive isolation in a social insect, our study provides a novel perspective on the biology of tramp ants and introduces a new system for studying the evolutionary consequences of CI.}, }
@article {pmid34045562, year = {2021}, author = {Gabín-García, LB and Bartolomé, C and Guerra-Tort, C and Rojas-Nossa, SV and Llovo, J and Maside, X}, title = {Identification of pathogens in the invasive hornet Vespa velutina and in native Hymenoptera (Apidae, Vespidae) from SW-Europe.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {11233}, pmid = {34045562}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Apicomplexa ; *Ecosystem ; Euglenozoa ; Europe ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Hymenoptera/*parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Microsporidia ; Trypanosomatina ; Wasps/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species contribute to deteriorate the health of ecosystems due to their direct effects on native fauna and the local parasite-host dynamics. We studied the potential impact of the invasive hornet Vespa velutina on the European parasite-host system by comparing the patterns of diversity and abundance of pathogens (i.e. Microsporidia: Nosematidae; Euglenozoa: Trypanosomatidae and Apicomplexa: Lipotrophidae) in European V. velutina specimens with those in the native European hornet Vespa crabro, as well as other common Hymenoptera (genera Vespula, Polistes and Bombus). We show that (i) V. velutina harbours most common hymenopteran enteropathogens as well as several new parasitic taxa. (ii) Parasite diversity in V. velutina is most similar to that of V. crabro. (iii) No unambiguous evidence of pathogen release by V. velutina was detected. This evidence together with the extraordinary population densities that V. velutina reaches in Europe (around of 100,000 individuals per km[2] per year), mean that this invasive species could severely alter the native pathogen-host dynamics either by actively contributing to the dispersal of the parasites and/or by directly interacting with them, which could have unexpected long-term harmful consequences on the native entomofauna.}, }
@article {pmid34044234, year = {2021}, author = {Outinen, O and Bailey, SA and Broeg, K and Chasse, J and Clarke, S and Daigle, RM and Gollasch, S and Kakkonen, JE and Lehtiniemi, M and Normant-Saremba, M and Ogilvie, D and Viard, F}, title = {Exceptions and exemptions under the ballast water management convention - Sustainable alternatives for ballast water management?.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {293}, number = {}, pages = {112823}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112823}, pmid = {34044234}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Atlantic Ocean ; Finland ; *Introduced Species ; Maine ; North America ; Ships ; *Water ; Water Supply ; }, abstract = {The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) aims to mitigate the introduction risk of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens (HAOP) via ships' ballast water and sediments. The BWM Convention has set regulations for ships to utilise exceptions and exemptions from ballast water management under specific circumstances. This study evaluated local and regional case studies to provide clarity for situations, where ships could be excepted or exempted from ballast water management without risking recipient locations to new introductions of HAOP. Ships may be excepted from ballast water management if all ballasting operations are conducted in the same location (Regulation A-3.5 of the BWM Convention). The same location case study determined whether the entire Vuosaari harbour (Helsinki, Finland) should be considered as the same location based on salinity and composition of HAOP between the two harbour terminals. The Vuosaari harbour case study revealed mismatching occurrences of HAOP between the harbour terminals, supporting the recommendation that exceptions based on the same location concept should be limited to the smallest feasible areas within a harbour. The other case studies evaluated whether ballast water exemptions could be granted for ships using two existing risk assessment (RA) methods (Joint Harmonised Procedure [JHP] and Same Risk Area [SRA]), consistent with Regulation A-4 of the BWM Convention. The JHP method compares salinity and presence of target species (TS) between donor and recipient ports to indicate the introduction risk (high or low) attributed to transferring unmanaged ballast water. The SRA method uses a biophysical model to determine whether HAOP could naturally disperse between ports, regardless of their transportation in ballast water. The results of the JHP case study for the Baltic Sea and North-East Atlantic Ocean determined that over 97% of shipping routes within these regions resulted in a high-risk indication. The one route assessed in the Gulf of Maine, North America also resulted in a high-risk outcome. The SRA assessment resulted in an overall weak connectivity between all ports assessed within the Gulf of the St. Lawrence, indicating that a SRA-based exemption would not be appropriate for the entire study area. In summary, exceptions and exemptions should not be considered as common alternatives for ballast water management. The availability of recent and detailed species occurrence data was considered the most important factor to conduct a successful and reliable RA. SRA models should include biological factors that influence larval dispersal and recruitment potential (e.g., pelagic larval duration, settlement period) to provide a more realistic estimation of natural dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid34043815, year = {2021}, author = {Zhang, B and Yuan, Y and Shu, L and Grosholz, E and Guo, Y and Hastings, A and Cuda, JP and Zhang, J and Zhai, L and Qiu, J}, title = {Scaling up experimental stress responses of grass invasion to predictions of continental-level range suitability.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {8}, pages = {e03417}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3417}, pmid = {34043815}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Biomass ; Droughts ; *Introduced Species ; *Poaceae ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Understanding how the biological invasion is driven by environmental factors will improve model prediction and advance early detection, especially in the context of accelerating anthropogenic ecological changes. Although a large body of studies has examined how favorable environments promote biological invasions, a more comprehensive and mechanistic understanding of invasive species response to unfavorable/stressful conditions is still developing. Grass invasion has been problematic across the globe; in particular, C4 grass invaders, with high drought tolerance, adaptations to high temperatures, and high water use efficiency, could become more severe. Here, we conducted a rigorous microcosm experiment, with one of the most damaging invasive C4 grass, cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica), to explore how cogongrass responds to soil water and nutrient stress. We further integrated the results of the microcosm study with a species distribution model to (1) corroborate greenhouse results with field observations and (2) validate the robustness of our findings at subcontinental scales. Both the microcosm experiments and species distribution model agreed that soil water stress had a stronger impact on cogongrass than the nutrient one. New vegetative growth of cogongrass continued to be inhibited by the prior water stress. The significant water effect on cogongrass total biomass was supported by the finding that both allometric and biochemical traits of cogongrass did not show significant responses to the changes in water treatment. Different to the conventional wisdom that nutrient enrichment plays a bigger role in facilitating biological invasions, this study highlighted the possibility that water conditions may have a more substantial effect on some aggressive invaders. Therefore, an important implication of this study on biological conservation is that field managers might take advantage of the negative effect of global drought on some invasive species to increase the efficiency of their controlling efforts because invasive species may become more vulnerable under drought effect.}, }
@article {pmid34043759, year = {2021}, author = {Lingbeek, B and Roberts, D and Elkner, T and Gates, M and Fleischer, SJ}, title = {Phenology, Development, and Parasitism of Allium Leafminer (Diptera: Agromyzidae), a Recent Invasive Species in the United States.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {4}, pages = {878-887}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvab043}, pmid = {34043759}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Allium ; Animals ; *Diptera ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Pest Control, Biological ; Pupa ; United States ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Allium leafminer, Phytomyza gymnostoma (Diptera: Agromyzidae), is an invasive species first recorded in the Western Hemisphere in 2015 and has expanded its range into northeastern and MidAtlantic states. Its host range encompasses Allium species grown for food and ornamentals, weedy species, species used for pollinator provisioning, and species of conservation concern. Using field and laboratory studies, we advanced methods for rearing, developed a phenology model for spring emergence, describe pupal development, and report on parasitism. Spring emergence was best detected by scouting wild alliums as opposed to emergence cages, and modeled using 350 degree-days above a lower threshold of 1.0°C. Spring adult flight occurred for about 5 wk. Larval development required 22 and 20 d at 17.5 and 25°C, respectively. Pupal development progressed along a color gradient, and an initial presence of fat cell clusters and an air bubble, followed by an exarate pupa. Pupal developed at 3-5% per day at 3°C and reached 25% per day at 21.5°C, but development was not successful at 30°C. Although parasitism rates were low, we documented two Chalcidoidea parasitoids, Halticoptera circulus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Chrysocharis oscinidis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Together, these data provide baseline information to advance IPM for this invasive species both in crops and noncrop areas.}, }
@article {pmid34042378, year = {2021}, author = {Chen, RR and Zhang, JW and Dong, Y and Lin, XG and Feng, YZ}, title = {[Effects of salinity on soil bacterial diversity and assembly processes in coastal soils.].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {5}, pages = {1816-1824}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202105.039}, pmid = {34042378}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Bacteria ; *Microbiota ; Salinity ; *Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Coastal saline soil is an important reserve resource of agricultural land. Soil microorganisms play a key role in soil nutrient cycling. However, it is still far from clear about the effects of salinity on soil microbial community. We examined the effects of salinity on soil bacterial abundance, diversity, and community assembly, by collecting soil samples in coastal areas with three salinity levels (non-, mild-, and severe-salinity). Our results showed that the activity of dehydrogenase and the abundance of bacteria significantly decreased in the severe-saline soils, while the diversity of bacteria remained unchanged, compared with non- and mild-saline soils. Bacterial communities were clustered by salinity. Null model was used to infer bacterial community assembly processes. Salinity was the main driving factor for bacterial community assembly. Deterministic process driven by salinity played a leading role in controlling bacterial community composition in coastal saline soil. These findings suggested that coastal saline soils contain abundant microbes within the salinity range, and have a biological basis for soil improvement. Due to the high deterministic process of microbial community assembly, it would be difficult for alien species to colonize coastal saline soils. Salt-tolerant and indigenous strains are recommended when using microbial technology to reclaim coastal saline soils.}, }
@article {pmid34041794, year = {2021}, author = {North, HL and McGaughran, A and Jiggins, CD}, title = {Insights into invasive species from whole-genome resequencing.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {23}, pages = {6289-6308}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15999}, pmid = {34041794}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {BB/V001329/1//BBSRC-FAPESP/ ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Genome/genetics ; Genomics ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Studies of invasive species can simultaneously inform management strategies and quantify rapid evolution in the wild. The role of genomics in invasion science is increasingly recognised, and the growing availability of reference genomes for invasive species is paving the way for whole-genome resequencing studies in a wide range of systems. Here, we survey the literature to assess the application of whole-genome resequencing data in invasion biology. For some applications, such as the reconstruction of invasion routes in time and space, sequencing the whole genome of many individuals can increase the accuracy of existing methods. In other cases, population genomic approaches such as haplotype analysis can permit entirely new questions to be addressed and new technologies applied. To date whole-genome resequencing has only been used in a handful of invasive systems, but these studies have confirmed the importance of processes such as balancing selection and hybridization in allowing invasive species to reuse existing adaptations and rapidly overcome the challenges of a foreign ecosystem. The use of genomic data does not constitute a paradigm shift per se, but by leveraging new theory, tools, and technologies, population genomics can provide unprecedented insight into basic and applied aspects of invasion science.}, }
@article {pmid34041542, year = {2021}, author = {Cook, DC and Gardiner, PS and Spafford, H}, title = {What Will Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Cost Western Australian Agriculture?.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {114}, number = {4}, pages = {1613-1621}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toab099}, pmid = {34041542}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Australia ; *Moths ; Seasons ; Spodoptera ; }, abstract = {Following the detection of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Western Australia in early 2020 and the lack of government response action, we estimate the impact it is likely to have on the state's agriculture. A bioeconomic model is used to estimate cost and revenue implications for broadacre cropping and horticulture industries. We assume permanent S. frugiperda populations are likely to establish in areas of the state's north and mid-west over the next decade, and other regions may experience sporadic outbreaks over single seasons. Over 0.8 million hectares of host crops could be permanently affected, while sporadic outbreaks may affect a further 150,000 hectares. Expressed in Australian dollars (A$), S. frugiperda is likely to add a A$14.2-39.3 million burden to agricultural producers per annum by year 10 of the outbreak. Approximately 55% of these damage costs are attributable to yield loss and 45% to increased variable production costs.}, }
@article {pmid34041313, year = {2021}, author = {Juergens, J and Bruslund, S and Staerk, J and Oegelund Nielsen, R and Shepherd, CR and Leupen, B and Krishnasamy, K and Chng, SCL and Jackson, J and da Silva, R and Bagott, A and Alves, RRN and Conde, DA}, title = {A standardized dataset for conservation prioritization of songbirds to support CITES.}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {36}, number = {}, pages = {107093}, pmid = {34041313}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {In this article we present a standardized dataset on 6659 songbirds (Passeriformes) highlighting information relevant to species conservation prioritization with a main focus to support the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Data were collected from both scientific and grey literature as well as several online databases. The data are structured into six knowledge categories: Conventions and Treaties, Human Use, Extinction Risk, Management Opportunities, Biological Information, and Intrinsic Values. The Conventions and Treaties category includes the listings for two international conventions, CITES and the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), as well as EU listings for the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations and the EU Birds Directive. The Human Use category contains information on both regulated trade collected from the CITES Trade Database and the United States' Law Enforcement Management Information System (LEMIS), and highly aggregated data on seizures which we obtained from TRAFFIC, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and two data sources on traditional medicine. We also present, for the first time, the complete Songbirds in Trade Database (SiTDB), a trade database curated by taxon expert S. Bruslund based on expert knowledge, literature review, market surveys and sale announcements. Data on the types of human use, including traditional medicine are also provided. The knowledge area on Extinction Risk contains data on the species' IUCN Red List status, the Alliance for Zero Extinction Trigger Species status, site and population at the site, the species' IUCN Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment, and the listing of priority species at the Asian Songbird Crisis Summit. In the Management Opportunities category, we gathered data on ex-situ management from Species360 zoo holdings as well as species management plans from the European and North American Zoo Associations (EAZA and AZA, respectively). Biological Information includes data on body mass, clutch size, diet, availability of data from the IUCN Red List on habitat systems, extent of occurrence, generation length, migration pattern, distribution, and biological data from the Demographic Species Knowledge Index, number of occurrences recorded by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) as well as genomic data from the Bird 10 000K Genomes (B10K) project, Vertebrate Genome Project (VGP) and GenBank. Information on invasive species is also part of this knowledge area. The Intrinsic Value category refers to two measures of the species' intrinsic value, namely Ecological and Evolutionary Distinctiveness. In order to make these knowledge areas comparable, we standardized data following the taxonomy of the Handbook of the Birds of the World and Birdlife (Version 4, 2019). The data enable a broad spectrum of analyses and will be useful to scientists for further research and to policymakers, zoos and other conservation stakeholders for future prioritization decisions.}, }
@article {pmid34040083, year = {2021}, author = {Chinn, SM and Kilgo, JC and Vukovich, MA and Beasley, JC}, title = {Influence of intrinsic and extrinsic attributes on neonate survival in an invasive large mammal.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {11033}, pmid = {34040083}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Lactation ; Litter Size ; *Mammals ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Reproduction ; Weaning ; }, abstract = {Understanding factors influencing survival of neonates for wild species is important for successful management, particularly for determining drivers of population dynamics. Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are invasive and populations are rapidly increasing in part due to high reproductive capacity. Survival of adults is generally high, however, survival of piglets, and particularly neonates, is largely unknown. We located neonates at the natal nest and quantified survival in relation to individual and maternal biological attributes, and environmental variables. During 2017-2020, we captured 50 neonates from 13 litters and documented 28 mortalities (56%) over six weeks. Survival was positively influenced by pelage coloration, likely as a form of camouflage from predators. Male neonates had higher survival. They were born larger than females, which could be beneficial for thermoregulation and competition for milk. Neonates born to larger sows had lower survival. Sow size was positively correlated with litter size, and this finding may reflect the increased nutritional demands of sustaining large litters, or difficulties in defending more neonates against predators. Neonates born in warmer months had higher survival than those born in cooler months. Neonates are inefficient thermoregulators, thus being born in warmer months could be beneficial for maintaining homeostasis as well as access to more food resources. These are the largest and most complete data for neonate wild pig survival and will inform population models for the development of management strategies to reduce negative impacts of this destructive invasive species on native ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid34040019, year = {2021}, author = {Yasashimoto, T and Sakata, MK and Sakita, T and Nakajima, S and Ozaki, M and Minamoto, T}, title = {Environmental DNA detection of an invasive ant species (Linepithema humile) from soil samples.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {10712}, pmid = {34040019}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Environmental/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Alien ant species (Formicidae, Hymenoptera) cause serious damage worldwide. Early detection of invasion and rapid management are significant for controlling these species. However, these attempts are sometimes hindered by the need for direct detection techniques, such as capture, visual observation, or morphological identification. In this study, we demonstrated that environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis can be used as a monitoring tool for alien ants using Linepithema humile (Argentine ant), one of the most invasive ants, as a model species. We designed a new real-time PCR assay specific to L. humile and successfully detected eDNA from the surface soil. The reliability of eDNA analysis was substantiated by comparing eDNA detection results with traditional survey results. Additionally, we examined the relationship between eDNA concentration and distance from nests and trails. Our results support the effectiveness of eDNA for alien ant monitoring and suggest that this new method could improve our ability to detect invasive ant species.}, }
@article {pmid34039281, year = {2021}, author = {Shu, B and Zou, Y and Yu, H and Zhang, W and Li, X and Cao, L and Lin, J}, title = {Growth inhibition of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae by camptothecin correlates with alteration of the structures and gene expression profiles of the midgut.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {391}, pmid = {34039281}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {2020B020223004//Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province/ ; 2017KCXTD018//Innovation Team Project in Guangdong Provincial Department of Education/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Camptothecin/pharmacology ; Digestive System ; Larva/genetics ; Spodoptera/genetics ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Spodoptera frugiperda is a serious pest that causes devastating losses to many major crops, including corn, rice, sugarcane, and peanut. Camptothecin (CPT) is a bioactive secondary metabolite of the woody plant Camptotheca acuminata, which has shown high toxicity to various pests. However, the effect of CPT against S. frugiperda remains unknown.<br><br>RESULTS: In this study, bioassays have been conducted on the growth inhibition of CPT on S. frugiperda larvae. Histological and cytological changes were examined in the midgut of larvae fed on an artificial diet supplemented with 1.0 and 5.0&#xa0;&#xb5;g/g CPT. The potential molecular mechanism was explored by comparative transcriptomic analyses among midgut samples obtained from larvae under different treatments. A total of 915 and 3560 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from samples treated with 1.0 and 5.0&#xa0;&#xb5;g/g CPT, respectively. Among the identified genes were those encoding detoxification-related proteins and components of peritrophic membrane such as mucins and cuticle proteins. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses indicated that part of DEGs were involved in DNA replication, digestion, immunity, endocrine system, and metabolism.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide useful information on the molecular basis for the impact of CPT on S. frugiperda and for future studies on potential practical application.}, }
@article {pmid34036131, year = {2021}, author = {Ho, PT and Nguyen, HQ and Kern, EMA and Won, YJ}, title = {Experimental data supporting adaptive locomotor responses to salt stress in the mud-tidal gastropod populations (Batillaria).}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {36}, number = {}, pages = {107113}, pmid = {34036131}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {This article describes the experimental locomotor data used to study the general and adaptive responses to salt stress of the northern Pacific intertidal gastropod Batillaria attramentaria. The data were obtained from a series of 30-day experiments on snails acclimated to different salinity regimes. Snails were collected from coastal areas on the eastern and western sides of the North Pacific Ocean. The data consist of three parts: 1) raw videos recording the locomotion of the snails when exposed to novel artificial salinity regimes in laboratory settings, 2) Spectral Time-Lapse results of movement distance of the snails extracted from the recorded videos, and 3) CO1-gene sequences isolated from individuals collected from four sampling sites. A Linear Mixed-effect Model inference procedure was applied in an attempt to assess the impacts of geographic distribution and genetic composition on the locomotor response to salt stress in the snail B. attramentaria. The locomotor dataset we present are the first reports of locomotor response to salt stress of the snail B. attramentaria, that is valuable for further exploration and understanding of the impacts of environmental changes on the physiology and adaptive capacity of living marine molluscs.}, }
@article {pmid34033202, year = {2021}, author = {Andersen, JC and Havill, NP and Caccone, A and Elkinton, JS}, title = {Four times out of Europe: Serial invasions of the winter moth, Operophtera brumata, to North America.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {14}, pages = {3439-3452}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15983}, pmid = {34033202}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; British Columbia ; Europe ; France ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Moths/genetics ; New England ; North America ; Oregon ; Sweden ; }, abstract = {Reconstructing the geographic origins of non-native species is important for studying the factors that influence invasion success, however; these analyses can be constrained by the amount of diversity present in the native and invaded regions, and by changes in the genetic background of the invading population following bottlenecks and/or hybridization events. Here we explore the geographical origins of the invasive winter moth (Operopthera brumata L.) that has caused widespread defoliation to forests, orchards, and crops in Nova Scotia, British Columbia, Oregon, and the northeastern United States. It is not known whether these represent independent introductions to North America, or a "stepping stone" spread among regions. Using a combination of Bayesian assignment and approximate Bayesian computation methods, we analysed a population genetic data set of 24 microsatellite loci. We estimate that winter moth was introduced to North America on at least four occasions, with the Nova Scotian and British Columbian populations probably being introduced from France and Sweden, respectively; the Oregonian population probably being introduced from either the British Isles or northern Fennoscandia; and the population in the northeastern United States probably being introduced from somewhere in Central Europe. We discuss the impact of genetic bottlenecks on analyses meant to determine region of origin.}, }
@article {pmid34032370, year = {2021}, author = {Marchioro, CA and Krechemer, FS}, title = {Prevention is better than cure: Integrating habitat suitability and invasion threat to assess global biological invasion risk by insect pests under climate change.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {77}, number = {10}, pages = {4510-4520}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6486}, pmid = {34032370}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {408606/2018-5//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Coleoptera ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive alien species cause substantial impacts on ecosystem, economy, and public health. Therefore, identifying areas at risk of invasion and establishment is essential for the development and implementation of preventive measures. In this study, we integrated information on species habitat suitability, location of airports and ports, and invasion threat maps to assess global invasion risk under climate change using the cucurbit beetle, Diabrotica speciosa (Germar, 1824), as a model organism.<br><br>RESULTS: Suitable and optimal habitats for D. speciosa were estimated in several regions beyond its native range and comprised all continents. A decrease in the extent of suitable and optimal habitats for D. speciosa was predicted in different climate change scenarios, resulting in a reduction in invasion risk in most regions. However, regions such as western Europe and isolated areas in southern Asia and Oceania were predicted to face an increase in invasion risk under climate change. Invasion pathways via airports and ports were identified in all continents.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings can be used in the development of phytosanitary measures against D. speciosa in high-risk areas. Furthermore, the approach used in this study provides a framework for estimating the global risk of invasion by insect pests and other terrestrial organisms in different climate change scenarios. This information can be used by policy makers to develop preventive measures against species with potential to invade and spread in regions beyond their native range. &#xa9; 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid34031959, year = {2021}, author = {Gioria, M and Carta, A and Baskin, CC and Dawson, W and Essl, F and Kreft, H and Pergl, J and van Kleunen, M and Weigelt, P and Winter, M and Pyšek, P}, title = {Persistent soil seed banks promote naturalisation and invasiveness in flowering plants.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {24}, number = {8}, pages = {1655-1667}, pmid = {34031959}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {RVO 67985939//Akademie V&#x11b;d &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; I 3757-B29//Austrian Science Fund/ ; DFG FZT 118//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; 202548816//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; 19-20405S//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; 19-28807X//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; }, mesh = {*Magnoliopsida ; Plant Dormancy ; *Seed Bank ; Seeds ; Soil ; }, abstract = {With globalisation facilitating the movement of plants and seeds beyond the native range, preventing potentially harmful introductions requires knowledge of what drives the successful establishment and spread of alien plants. Here, we examined global-scale relationships between naturalisation success (incidence and extent) and invasiveness, soil seed bank properties (type and densities) and key species traits (seed mass, seed dormancy and life form) for 2350 species of angiosperms. Naturalisation and invasiveness were strongly associated with the ability to form persistent (vs. transient) seed banks but relatively weakly with seed bank densities and other traits. Our findings suggest that seed bank persistence is a trait that better captures the ability to become naturalised and invasive compared to seed traits more widely available in trait databases. Knowledge of seed persistence can contribute to our ability to predict global naturalisation and invasiveness and to identify potentially invasive flowering plants before they are introduced.}, }
@article {pmid34031491, year = {2021}, author = {van Lenteren, JC and Lanzoni, A and Hemerik, L and Bueno, VHP and Bajonero Cuervo, JG and Biondi, A and Burgio, G and Calvo, FJ and de Jong, PW and López, SN and Luna, MG and Montes, FC and Nieves, EL and Aigbedion-Atalor, PO and Riquelme Virgala, MB and Sánchez, NE and Urbaneja, A}, title = {The pest kill rate of thirteen natural enemies as aggregate evaluation criterion of their biological control potential of Tuta absoluta.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {10756}, pmid = {34031491}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents/*pharmacology ; Crops, Agricultural/drug effects/growth &amp; development/parasitology ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Solanum lycopersicum/drug effects/*growth &amp; development/parasitology ; Male ; Moths/classification/drug effects/*growth &amp; development ; Pest Control, Biological ; Population Density ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Ecologists study how populations are regulated, while scientists studying biological pest control apply population regulation processes to reduce numbers of harmful organisms: an organism (a natural enemy) is used to reduce the population density of another organism (a pest). Finding an effective biological control agent among the tens to hundreds of natural enemies of a pest is a daunting task. Evaluation criteria help in a first selection to remove clearly ineffective or risky species from the list of candidates. Next, we propose to use an aggregate evaluation criterion, the pest kill rate, to compare the pest population reduction capacity of species not eliminated during the first selection. The pest kill rate is the average daily lifetime killing of the pest by the natural enemy under consideration. Pest kill rates of six species of predators and seven species of parasitoids of Tuta absoluta were calculated and compared. Several natural enemies had pest kill rates that were too low to be able to theoretically reduce the pest population below crop damaging densities. Other species showed a high pest reduction capacity and their potential for practical application can now be tested under commercial crop production conditions.}, }
@article {pmid34030376, year = {2021}, author = {Kramer, IM and Pfeiffer, M and Steffens, O and Schneider, F and Gerger, V and Phuyal, P and Braun, M and Magdeburg, A and Ahrens, B and Groneberg, DA and Kuch, U and Dhimal, M and Müller, R}, title = {The ecophysiological plasticity of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus concerning overwintering in cooler ecoregions is driven by local climate and acclimation capacity.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {778}, number = {}, pages = {146128}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146128}, pmid = {34030376}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; *Aedes ; Animals ; Asia ; Cold Temperature ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus transmit diseases such as dengue, and are of major public health concern. Driven by climate change and global trade/travel both species have recently spread to new tropic/subtropic regions and Ae. albopictus also to temperate ecoregions. The capacity of both species to adapt to new environments depends on their ecophysiological plasticity, which is the width of functional niches where a species can survive. Mechanistic distribution models often neglect to incorporate ecophysiological plasticity especially in regards to overwintering capacity in cooler habitats. To portray the ecophysiological plasticity concerning overwintering capability, we conducted temperature experiments with multiple populations of both species originating from an altitudinal gradient in South Asia and tested as follows: the cold tolerance of eggs (-2 °C- 8 days and - 6 °C- 2 days) without and with an experimental winter onset (acclimation: 10 °C- 60 days), differences between a South Asian and a European Ae. albopictus population and the temperature response in life cycles (13 °C, 18 °C, 23 °C, 28 °C). Ecophysiological plasticity in overwintering capacity in Ae. aegypti is high in populations originating from low altitude and in Ae. albopictus populations from high altitude. Overall, ecophysiological plasticity is higher in Ae. albopictus compared to Ae. aegypti. In both species acclimation and in Ae. albopictus temperate continental origin had a huge positive effect on survival. Our results indicate that future mechanistic prediction models can include data on winter survivorship of both, tropic and subtropic Ae. aegypti, whereas for Ae. albopictus this depends on the respective temperate, tropical region the model is focusing on. Future research should address cold tolerance in multiple populations worldwide to evaluate the full potential of the ecophysiological plasticity in the two species. Furthermore, we found that Ae. aegypti can survive winter cold especially when acclimated and will probably further spread to colder ecoregions driven by climate change.}, }
@article {pmid34028015, year = {2021}, author = {Tuckett, QM and Deacon, AE and Fraser, D and Lyons, TJ and Lawson, KM and Hill, JE}, title = {Unstable intraguild predation causes establishment failure of a globally invasive species.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {8}, pages = {e03411}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3411}, pmid = {34028015}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; Florida ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; *Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Biotic resistance is often posited, but rarely known, to be the cause of invasion failure. Competition and predation are the most frequently identified processes that may prevent or limit the establishment of nonnative species. Interactions between nonnative and native species that involve intraguild predation (IGP) are very common in nature, although theory predicts most IGP systems should be unstable and lead to extinction. If this prediction is true, the frequency of invasion failures due to IGP may be underappreciated because of their fleeting nature and, thus, studies of unstable IGP systems are lacking, despite the opportunities they offer for understanding the factors affecting their unstable dynamics. We investigated a failed invasion involving an IGP relationship. In Florida, the guppy (Poecilia reticulata), a worldwide invader, fails to establish in the presence of eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). We tested whether and how resident mosquitofish cause guppy invasion failure using replicated mesocosm and aquarium trials. Both the predator and competitor components of the IGP relationship were strongly asymmetrical, with large impacts on guppies. We identified two effects, direct consumption of neonates and aggressive interference competition, that limited survival and recruitment. The highly unstable nature of this IGP relationship is the primary cause of the failure of the guppy to establish in Florida. Our study shows that the transient nature of an ephemeral IGP relationship can yield important insights into the underlying causes of invasion failure, including the role of strong biotic resistance.}, }
@article {pmid34027066, year = {2021}, author = {Yu, R and Feng, L and Yuan, X}, title = {Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the global invasive species Stictocephala bisonia (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Smiliinae).}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {1601-1602}, doi = {10.1080/23802359.2021.1911705}, pmid = {34027066}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {Stictocephala bisonia Kopp et Yonke, 1977, an invasive alien species colonizing Taibai County, Shaanxi Province, China, belongs to the subfamily Smiliinae. The total mitogenome sequence size is 15,803 bp in length, consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and one control region, and shows a positive AT skew. Phylogenetic analysis results strongly support that treehoppers (Membracidae and Aetalionidae) are monophyletic, and indicate that Smiliinae could be proposed as a separate family.}, }
@article {pmid34026350, year = {2021}, author = {Dörler, D and Dorn, V and Widhalm, T and Horacek, M and Heigl, F and Euteneuer, P and Leisch, F and Frank, T and Zaller, JG}, title = {Experimental indications of gardeners' anecdotes that snails interfere with invasive slugs.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e11309}, pmid = {34026350}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The invasive Spanish slug (Arion vulgaris) is an important pest species in agriculture and horticulture in Europe. In the last decades it has spread across the continent where it outcompetes native slug and snail species, thus posing a threat for biodiversity. A popular anecdote suggests to promote Roman snails (Helix pomatia) in gardens because they are able to control A. vulgaris. We examined a potential interrelationship between these two species using a mesocosm experiment with lettuce plants. [13]C-[15]N stable isotope labelling of lettuce allowed us to investigate interactions between Helix and Arion on weight gain/loss and herbivory. Additionally, we wanted to know whether different watering regimes (daily vs. every 3rd day watering of weekly amount) and earthworms alter these interactions. Egg predation of Helix on Arion eggs was further tested in a food-choice experiment. Arion showed a five times higher herbivory per body mass than Helix in a single-species setting. However, in mesocosms containing both species percentage of herbivory per body mass was significantly lower than in Arion-only mesocosms, especially when watered every three days. Overall isotope uptake via eaten lettuce was unaffected by the presence of the other species. Only very little predation (three out of 200 eggs) of Helix on Arion eggs was observed. Our results provide no evidence for a clear dismissal or confirmation of the popular gardener's anecdote that Helix snails have a negative effect on Arion abundance or herbivory.}, }
@article {pmid34026042, year = {2021}, author = {Canelles, Q and Bassols, E and Vayreda, J and Brotons, L}, title = {Predicting the potential distribution and forest impact of the invasive species Cydalima perspectalis in Europe.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {5713-5727}, pmid = {34026042}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive species have considerably increased in recent decades due to direct and indirect effects of ever-increasing international trade rates and new climate conditions derived from global change. We need to better understand how the dynamics of early species invasions develop and how these result in impacts on the invaded ecosystems. Here we studied the distribution and severe defoliation processes of the box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis W.), a tree defoliator insect native to Asia and invasive in Europe since 2007, through the combination of species distribution models based on climate and landscape composition information. The results showed that the combination of data from the native and the invaded areas was the most effective methodology for the appropriate invasive species modeling. The species was not influenced by overall landscape factors, but only by the presence of its host plant, dispersal capacity, and climate suitability. Such climate suitability was described by low precipitation seasonality and minimum annual temperatures around 0°C, defining a continentality effect throughout the territory. We emphasize the need of studying distribution and severe defoliation processes separately because we identified that climate suitability was slightly involved in limiting species spread processes but strongly constrained ecosystem impact in terms of defoliation before the species reaches equilibrium with the new environment. New studies on habitat recovery after disturbance, ecological consequences of such impact, and community dynamics in a context of climate change are required for a better understanding of this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid34026031, year = {2021}, author = {Evans, HK and Bunch, AJ and Schmitt, JD and Hoogakker, FJ and Carlson, KB}, title = {High-throughput sequencing outperforms traditional morphological methods in Blue Catfish diet analysis and reveals novel insights into diet ecology.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {5584-5597}, pmid = {34026031}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Blue Catfish Ictalurus furcatus are an invasive, yet economically important species in the Chesapeake Bay. However, their impact on the trophic ecology of this system is not well understood. In order to provide in-depth analysis of predation by Blue Catfish, we identified prey items using high-throughput DNA sequencing (HTS) of entire gastrointestinal tracts from 134 samples using two genetic markers, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and the nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA gene. We compared our HTS results to a more traditional "hybrid" approach that coupled morphological identification with DNA barcoding. The hybrid study was conducted on additional Blue Catfish samples (n = 617 stomachs) collected from the same location and season in the previous year. Taxonomic representation with HTS vastly surpassed that achieved with the hybrid methodology in Blue Catfish. Significantly, our HTS study identified several instances of at-risk and invasive species consumption not identified using the hybrid method, supporting the hypothesis that previous studies using morphological methods may greatly underestimate consumption of critical species. Finally, we report the novel finding that Blue Catfish diet diversity inversely correlates to daily flow rates, perhaps due to higher mobility and prey-seeking behaviors exhibited during lower flow.}, }
@article {pmid34026029, year = {2021}, author = {Lei, Y and Liu, Q}, title = {Tolerance niche expansion and potential distribution prediction during Asian openbill bird range expansion.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {5562-5574}, pmid = {34026029}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {It is prevalent to use ecological niche models in the analysis of species expansion and niche changes. However, it is difficult to estimate the niche when alien species fail to establish in exotic areas. Here, we applied the tolerance niche concept, which means that niche of species can live and grow but preclude a species from establishing self-sustaining populations, in such fail-to-establish events. Taking the rapidly expanded bird, Asian openbill (Anastomus oscitans), as a model species, we investigated niche dynamics and its potential effects on the population by Niche A and ecospat, predicted potential distribution by biomod2. Results showed that niche expansion has occurred in two non-native populations caused by the tolerance of colder and wetter environments, and potential distribution mainly concentrated on equatorial islands. Our study suggested that the expanded niche belongs to tolerance niche concept according to the populations' dynamics and GPS tracking evidence. It is essential to consider source populations when we analyze the alien species. We recommended more consideration to the application of tolerance niche in alien species research, and there is still a need for standard measurement frameworks for analyzing the tolerance niche.}, }
@article {pmid34026025, year = {2021}, author = {Mota, JL and Brown, DJ and Canning, DM and Crayton, SM and Lozon, DN and Gulette, AL and Anderson, JT and Mali, I and Dickerson, BE and Forstner, MRJ and Watson, MB and Pauley, TK}, title = {Influence of landscape condition on relative abundance and body condition of two generalist freshwater turtle species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {5511-5521}, pmid = {34026025}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Anthropogenic land use changes have broad impacts on biological diversity, often resulting in shifts in community composition. While many studies have documented negative impacts on occurrence and abundance of species, less attention has been given to native species that potentially benefit from anthropogenic land use changes. For many species reaching high densities in human-dominated landscapes, it is unclear whether these environments represent higher quality habitat than more natural environments. We examined the influence of landscape ecological integrity on relative abundance and body condition of two native generalist freshwater turtle species that are prevalent in anthropogenic systems, the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) and red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans). Relative abundance was negatively associated with ecological integrity for both species, but the relationship was not strongly supported for painted turtles. Body condition was positively associated with ecological integrity for painted turtles, with no strong association for red-eared sliders. Our study suggests that both species benefitted at the population level from reduced ecological integrity, but individual-level habitat quality was reduced for painted turtles. The differing responses between these two habitat generalists could partially explain why red-eared sliders have become a widespread exotic invasive species, while painted turtles have not.}, }
@article {pmid34025777, year = {2021}, author = {McGoey, BV and Stinchcombe, JR}, title = {Introduced populations of ragweed show as much evolutionary potential as native populations.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {1436-1449}, pmid = {34025777}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Invasive species are a global economic and ecological problem. They also offer an opportunity to understand evolutionary processes in a colonizing context. The impacts of evolutionary factors, such as genetic variation, on the invasion process are increasingly appreciated, but there remain gaps in the empirical literature. The adaptive potential of populations can be quantified using genetic variance-covariance matrices (G), which encapsulate the heritable genetic variance in a population. Here, we use a multivariate Bayesian approach to assess the adaptive potential of invasive populations of ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), a serious allergen and agricultural weed. We compared several aspects of genetic architecture and the structure of G matrices between three native and three introduced populations, based on phenotypic data collected in a field common garden experiment. We found moderate differences in the quantitative genetic architecture among populations, but we did not find that introduced populations suffer from a limited adaptive potential or increased genetic constraint compared with native populations. Ragweed has an annual life history, is an obligate outcrosser, and produces very large numbers of seeds and pollen grains. These characteristics, combined with the significant additive genetic variance documented here, suggest ragweed will be able to respond quickly to selection pressures in both its native and introduced ranges.}, }
@article {pmid34025774, year = {2021}, author = {Shephard, AM and Zambre, AM and Snell-Rood, EC}, title = {Evaluating costs of heavy metal tolerance in a widely distributed, invasive butterfly.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {1390-1402}, pmid = {34025774}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Organismal tolerance to environmental pollution is thought to be constrained by fitness costs, where variants with higher survival in polluted environments have lower performance in nonpolluted environments. Yet, costs are not always detected in empirical studies. One hypothesis suggests that whether tolerance costs emerge depends on the degree of heterogeneity populations experience with respect to pollution exposure. For instance, in populations confined to local environments where pollution is persistent, selection may favour alleles that enhance pollution tolerance but reduce performance in nonpolluted environments (costs). However, in broadly distributed populations that undergo selection in both polluted and nonpolluted patches, costs should be eroded. Understanding tolerance costs in broadly distributed populations is relevant to management of invasive species, which are highly dispersive, wide ranging, and often colonize disturbed or polluted patches such as agricultural monocultures. Therefore, we conducted a case study quantifying costs of tolerance to zinc pollution (a common heavy metal pollutant) in wild cabbage white butterflies (Pieris rapae). This wide ranging, highly dispersive and invasive pest periodically encounters metal pollution by consuming plants in urban and agricultural settings. In contrast to expected costs of tolerance, we found that cabbage white families with greater zinc tolerance also produced more eggs and had higher reproductive effort under nonpolluted conditions. These results contribute to a more general hypothesis of why costs of pollution tolerance vary across studies: patchy selection with pollutants should erode costs and may favour genotypes that perform well under both polluted and nonpolluted conditions. This might partly explain why widely distributed invasive species are able to thrive in diverse, polluted and nonpolluted habitats.}, }
@article {pmid34025690, year = {2021}, author = {Zheng, J and Zhang, TJ and Li, BH and Liang, WJ and Zhang, QL and Cai, ML and Peng, CL}, title = {Strong Response of Stem Photosynthesis to Defoliation in Mikania micrantha Highlights the Contribution of Phenotypic Plasticity to Plant Invasiveness.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {638796}, pmid = {34025690}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity affords invasive plant species the ability to colonize a wide range of habitats, but physiological plasticity of their stems is seldom recognized. Investigation of the stem plasticity of invasive plant species could lead to a better understanding of their invasiveness. We performed pot experiments involving defoliation treatments and isolated culture experiments to determine whether the invasive species Mikania micrantha exhibits greater plasticity in the stems than do three non-invasive species that co-occur in southern China and then explored the mechanism underlying the modification of its stem photosynthesis. Our results showed that the stems of M. micrantha exhibited higher plasticity in terms of either net or gross photosynthetic rate in response to the defoliation treatment. These effects were positively related to an increased stem elongation rate. The enhancement of stem photosynthesis in M. micrantha resulted from the comprehensive action involving increases in the Chl a/b ratio, D1 protein and stomatal aperture, changes in chloroplast morphology and a decrease in anthocyanins. Increased plasticity of stem photosynthesis may improve the survival of M. micrantha under harsh conditions and allow it to rapidly recover from defoliation injuries. Our results highlight that phenotypic plasticity promotes the invasion success of alien plant invaders.}, }
@article {pmid34021194, year = {2021}, author = {Yeh, HT and Cheah, HY and Chiu, MC and Liao, JR and Ko, CC}, title = {Assessment of potential invasion for six phytophagous quarantine pests in Taiwan.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {10666}, pmid = {34021194}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Crops, Agricultural ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; *Pest Control ; *Plant Viruses ; *Quarantine ; ROC Curve ; Taiwan ; }, abstract = {Pest risk assessment is typically performed by expert taxonomists using a pest's biological data. However, the biological data or expert taxonomists may be difficult to find. Here, we used species distribution modelling to predict potential invasion in which phytophagous quarantine pests survive in Taiwan; the pests (unrecorded yet in Taiwan) included were three notorious quarantine whiteflies (Crenidorsum aroidephagus, Aleurothrixus trachoides, and Paraleyrodes minei) and three aphids (Nasonovia ribisnigri, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, and Viteus vitifoliae). In brief, maximum entropy modelling (MaxEnt) was used to predict the suitability of the pests' habitats under certain climatic conditions, and then receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed (to verify the prediction result). We then analysed environmental variables affecting the habitat suitability and matched them with Taiwan's crop cultivation areas for the assessment of potential invasion. We observed that the habitat suitability of the cultivation areas of host plants was low for C. aroidephagus, A. trachoides, and N. ribisnigri but was high for the remaining three species. Moreover, precipitation of coldest quarter negatively affected habitat suitability for C. aroidephagus, P. minei, N. ribisnigri, and M. euphorbiae. Seasonal temperature changes also negatively affected the habitat suitability for A. trachoides. This is the first study to demonstrate the use of species distribution modelling as the preliminary step for the pest risk assessment of these emerging pests with limited biological data before their invasion.}, }
@article {pmid34018617, year = {2021}, author = {Gao, L and Wei, C and Xu, H and Liu, X and Siemann, E and Lu, X}, title = {Latitudinal variation in the diversity and composition of various organisms associated with an exotic plant: the role of climate and plant invasion.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {231}, number = {4}, pages = {1559-1569}, doi = {10.1111/nph.17479}, pmid = {34018617}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; China ; *Plants ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Climate and plant invasion can shape biotic communities at large spatial scales. Yet, how diverse groups of organisms associated with an invasive plant change simultaneously with latitude and the roles of climate and plant invasion remains unclear. We conducted a field survey of plants (native vs exotic), soil fungi (pathogenic, saprotrophic, arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi) and arthropods (herbivores, predators and detritivores) associated with the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides at 49 sites spanning 14 latitudinal degrees in China. Results showed that diversity and composition of these functional groups changed differently with latitude, partially due to their specific responses to climate, invasion of A. philoxeroides and other biotic environments. Moreover, A. philoxeroides invasion and/or composition of other plants, rather than climate, predicted the diversity and richness of major functional groups and partly explained variance in composition of putative fungal pathogens. Our results suggest that climate and plant invasion could affect the diversity and composition of diverse groups of organisms simultaneously and their relative importance might vary among functional groups. Thus, it is necessary to explore latitudinal patterns and underlying drivers of diverse groups of organisms simultaneously to improve our ability to predict and mitigate threats posed by plant invasion and climate change.}, }
@article {pmid34018009, year = {2021}, author = {Fournier, RJ and Bond, NR and Magoulick, DD}, title = {Modeling effects of disturbance across life history strategies of stream fishes.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {196}, number = {2}, pages = {413-425}, pmid = {34018009}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Fishes ; *Life History Traits ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {A central goal of population ecology is to establish linkages between life history strategy, disturbance, and population dynamics. Globally, disturbance events such as drought and invasive species have dramatically impacted stream fish populations and contributed to sharp declines in freshwater biodiversity. Here, we used RAMAS Metapop to construct stage-based demographic metapopulation models for stream fishes with periodic, opportunistic, and equilibrium life history strategies and assessed their responses to the effects of invasion (reduced carrying capacity), extended drought (reduced survival and fecundity), and the combined effects of both disturbances. Our models indicated that populations respond differentially to disturbance based on life history strategy. Equilibrium strategists were best able to deal with simulated invasion. Periodic strategists did well under lower levels of drought, whereas opportunistic strategists outperformed other life histories under extreme seasonal drought. When we modeled additive effects scenarios, these disturbances interacted synergistically, dramatically increasing terminal extinction risk for all three life history strategies. Modeling exercises that examine broad life history categories can help to answer fundamental ecological questions about the relationship between disturbance resilience and life history, as well as help managers to develop generalized conservation strategies when species-specific data are lacking. Our results indicate that life history strategy is a fundamental determinant of population trajectories, and that disturbances can interact synergistically to dramatically impact extinction outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid34017611, year = {2021}, author = {Costa, VA and Mifsud, JCO and Gilligan, D and Williamson, JE and Holmes, EC and Geoghegan, JL}, title = {Metagenomic sequencing reveals a lack of virus exchange between native and invasive freshwater fish across the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia.}, journal = {Virus evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {veab034}, pmid = {34017611}, issn = {2057-1577}, abstract = {Biological invasions are among the biggest threats to freshwater biodiversity. This is increasingly relevant in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, particularly since the introduction of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). This invasive species now occupies up to ninety per cent of fish biomass, with hugely detrimental impacts on native fauna and flora. To address the ongoing impacts of carp, cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) has been proposed as a potentially effective biological control agent. Crucially, however, it is unknown whether CyHV-3 and other cyprinid herpesviruses already exist in the Murray-Darling. Further, little is known about those viruses that naturally occur in wild freshwater fauna, and the frequency with which these viruses jump species boundaries. To document the evolution and diversity of freshwater fish viromes and better understand the ecological context to the proposed introduction of CyHV-3, we performed a meta-transcriptomic viral survey of invasive and native fish across the Murray-Darling Basin, covering over 2,200 km of the river system. Across a total of thirty-six RNA libraries representing ten species, we failed to detect CyHV-3 nor any closely related viruses. Rather, meta-transcriptomic analysis identified eighteen vertebrate-associated viruses that could be assigned to the Arenaviridae, Astroviridae, Bornaviridae, Caliciviridae, Coronaviridae, Chuviridae, Flaviviridae, Hantaviridae, Hepeviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Picornaviridae, Poxviridae, Reoviridae and Rhabdoviridae families, and a further twenty-seven that were deemed to be associated with non-vertebrate hosts. Notably, we revealed a marked lack of viruses that are shared among invasive and native fish sampled here, suggesting that there is little virus transmission from common carp to native fish species, despite co-existing for over fifty years. Overall, this study provides the first data on the viruses naturally circulating in a major river system and supports the notion that fish harbour a large diversity of viruses with often deep evolutionary histories.}, }
@article {pmid34016365, year = {2021}, author = {Chen, TY and Richard, R and Lin, TE and Huang, SP}, title = {Landscape forest impacts the potential activity time of an invasive lizard and its possibilities for range expansion in Taiwan under climate warming.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {98}, number = {}, pages = {102948}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102948}, pmid = {34016365}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Altitude ; Animals ; Body Temperature ; *Climate Change ; Female ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/*physiology ; Male ; Models, Theoretical ; Soil ; Taiwan ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Climate warming may have an impact on invasive species and their ecological consequences. Invasive reptiles, which have temperature-dependent physiology, are expected to be greatly impacted by climate warming, though data supporting this is limited. We investigated the potential impact of a warmer climate on an invasive lizard, Eutropis multifasciata, in Taiwan. A mechanistic model, NicheMapR, was used to simulate the maximum activity time available at three elevations, with varying forest densities, under the current climate and a warmer scenario. The results show that climate warming will provide this species more time for activity in the currently occupied lowland region but not in the mountain areas, which are covered with dense forests. However, if the landscape becomes more open in mountain areas, it will become more suitable for this species and may enable an expansion upslope. Our results show that climate warming has a positive impact on this species, and that landscape's characteristics profoundly modulate its impact and the possibilities for elevational expansion in the future.}, }
@article {pmid34016180, year = {2021}, author = {Vafidis, D and Antoniadou, C and Voulgaris, K and Varkoulis, A and Apostologamvrou, C}, title = {Abundance and population characteristics of the invasive sea urchin Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778) in the south Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean).}, journal = {Journal of biological research (Thessalonike, Greece)}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {11}, pmid = {34016180}, issn = {1790-045X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Indo-Pacific sea urchin Diadema setosum has invaded the Mediterranean Sea and has spread along many locations in the southeastern part of the basin, where established populations exist on the shallow subtidal rocky shore. Diadema setosum is a ubiquitous species, of particular ecological importance due to the high levels of grazing pressure it imposes on benthic communities. Its biology, however, is not adequately studied, especially along its introduced range of distribution. The present study examines the population status of D. setosum outside its native range, in the Dodecanese island complex, south Aegean Sea. Thirty-four stations located across 16 islands were surveyed by scientific SCUBA-diving (up to a depth of 10 m) in December 2019 and June-July 2020. Samplings included: (i) visual census along transects to estimate relative abundance and population density, and (ii) random collection of specimens from densely populated stations to assess biometry and reproductive condition (histological examination of gonads) of D. setosum.<br><br>RESULTS: Diadema setosum was found in 21 out of the 34 surveyed stations. The species had sparse populations of well-hidden individuals in rocky crevices, but with dense localized patches in Agathonisi, Leros, Kalymnos, Pserimos, Symi, Alimia and Chalki islands. In those seven islands, mean population density was 2.5&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;1.48 individuals m[-2]. Diadema setosum had denser populations in shallower depths but larger dimensions in deeper; these results suggest segregated density and size patterns along a depth gradient. The size structure, according to the size frequency distribution of the test diameter, was unimodal with a fitted mode at 4.0-4.5 and 6.5-7.0&#xa0;cm in shallow and deep populations, respectively. The examined morphometric relationships followed negative allometry, as previously suggested for the species within its native range of distribution, and test diameter appeared to be a good predictor of biomass. Diadema setosum specimens had immature gonads in winter and mature in summer, suggesting a synchronous reproductive pattern. These results conform to previous data from temperate populations of the species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Differences in local environmental conditions, e.g. hydrodynamics and habitat type, together with biotic interactions, e.g. recruitment and competition, probably shape D. setosum population in the south Aegean distributional range. The establishment of D. setosum has severe implications on benthic communities and local sea urchin populations demanding management measures to prevent the forecasted further expansion of this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid34011295, year = {2021}, author = {Hu, LJ and Wu, XQ and Ding, XL and Ye, JR}, title = {Comparative transcriptomic analysis of candidate effectors to explore the infection and survival strategy of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus during different interaction stages with pine trees.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {224}, pmid = {34011295}, issn = {1471-2229}, mesh = {Animals ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*genetics ; Infections/*genetics ; Nematoda/*genetics/*parasitology ; Parasites/*genetics ; Pinus/*parasitology ; Virulence/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a devastating pathogen of many Pinus species in China. The aim of this study was to understand the interactive molecular mechanism of PWN and its host by comparing differentially expressed genes and candidate effectors from three transcriptomes of B. xylophilus at different infection stages.<br><br>RESULTS: In total, 62, 69 and 46 candidate effectors were identified in three transcriptomes (2.5&#x2009;h postinfection, 6, 12 and 24&#x2009;h postinoculation and 6 and 15 d postinfection, respectively). In addition to uncharacterized pioneers, other candidate effectors were involved in the degradation of host tissues, suppression of host defenses, targeting plant signaling pathways, feeding and detoxification, which helped B. xylophilus survive successfully in the host. Seven candidate effectors were identified in both our study and the B. xylophilus transcriptome at 2.5&#x2009;h postinfection, and one candidate effector was identified in all three transcriptomes. These common candidate effectors were upregulated at infection stages, and one of them suppressed pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) PsXEG1-triggered cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that B. xylophilus secreted various candidate effectors, and some of them continued to function throughout all infection stages. These various candidate effectors were important to B. xylophilus infection and survival, and they functioned in different ways (such as breaking down host cell walls, suppressing host defenses, promoting feeding efficiency, promoting detoxification and playing virulence functions). The present results provide valuable resources for in-depth research on the pathogenesis of B. xylophilus from the perspective of effectors.}, }
@article {pmid34010334, year = {2021}, author = {Pulscher, LA and Dierenfeld, ES and Welbergen, JA and Rose, KA and Phalen, DN}, title = {A comparison of nutritional value of native and alien food plants for a critically endangered island flying-fox.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {e0250857}, pmid = {34010334}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Australia ; Biodiversity ; Chiroptera/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Diet/veterinary ; Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; Fruit/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Nutritional Requirements ; *Nutritive Value ; *Plants, Edible/chemistry ; Pollination ; Seed Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Habitat loss and alteration are two of the biggest threats facing insular flying-foxes. Altered habitats are often re-vegetated with introduced or domestic plant species on which flying-foxes may forage. However, these alien food plants may not meet the nutritional requirements of flying-foxes. The critically endangered Christmas Island flying-fox (CIFF; Pteropus natalis) is subject to habitat alteration and the introduction of alien food plants, and therefore is a good model species to evaluate the potential impact of alien plant species on insular flying-foxes. In this study, we evaluated nutritional content of native food plants to determine how flying-foxes historically met their nutritional requirements. Furthermore, we compared the nutritional content of native and alien fruits to predict possible impacts of alien plants on insular flying-foxes. Native and alien fruits and flowers, and native foliage (leaves, petals, and petioles) commonly consumed by the CIFF were collected and evaluated for soluble sugars, crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrates, and nine minerals. Evaluation of native food plants suggests that flying-foxes meet energy requirements by consuming fruit and nectar. However, fruit and nectar are low in protein and essential minerals required for demanding life periods; therefore, flying-foxes likely supplement their diets with pollen and foliage. Thus, flying-foxes require a diverse array of plants to meet their nutritional requirements. Compared to native fruits, alien fruits contained significantly higher non-fiber carbohydrates, and this may provide an important energy source, particularly from species that bear fruit year-round. Median mineral concentrations in alien fruit species, however, were deficient compared to native fruits, suggesting major (or even seasonal) shifts in the proportion of alien species in the CIFF diet could lead to nutritional imbalances. This study confirms the need to quantify nutritional parameters in addition to feeding ecology when evaluating habitat quality to inform conservation actions that can be applied both locally and globally.}, }
@article {pmid34007458, year = {2021}, author = {Rebelo, AJ and Holden, PB and Esler, K and New, MG}, title = {Benefits of water-related ecological infrastructure investments to support sustainable land-use: a review of evidence from critically water-stressed catchments in South Africa.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {201402}, pmid = {34007458}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Investments to promote sustainable land-use within critical river catchment areas are often undertaken to provide benefits to society. Investments generally aim to protect or restore ecological infrastructure-the underlying framework of ecosystems, functions and processes that supply ecosystem services-for multiple benefits to society. However, the empirical evidence base from studies across the world on both mechanisms and outcomes to support these assumptions is limited. We collate evidence on the benefits of ecological infrastructure interventions, in terms of ecosystem services provided to society, from three major South African water-providing catchments using a novel framework. In these catchments, millions of US Dollars' worth of investments have been made into ecological infrastructure since 1996. We ask the question: is there evidence that ecological infrastructure interventions are delivering the proposed benefits? Results show that even in catchments with substantial, long-term financial investment into ecological infrastructure, research has not empirically confirmed the benefits. Better baseline data collection is required, and monitoring during and after ecological infrastructure interventions, to quantify benefits to society. This evidence is needed to leverage investment into ecological infrastructure interventions at scale. Investment at scale is needed to transition to more sustainable land-use to unlock greater benefits to nature and people.}, }
@article {pmid34007435, year = {2021}, author = {Abbas, AM and Pickart, AJ and Goldsmith, LM and Davenport, DN and Newby, B and Muñoz-Rodríguez, AF and Grewell, BJ and Castillo, JM}, title = {Seed bank persistence of a South American cordgrass in invaded northern Atlantic and Pacific Coast estuaries.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {plab014}, pmid = {34007435}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Invasive alien plant species impart considerable impacts that contribute to the decline of biodiversity worldwide. The ability of an invasive species to overcome barriers to establish and spread in new environments, and the long-term effects of plant invasions supporting their persistence are keys to invasion success. The capacity of introduced species to form soil seed banks can contribute to their invasiveness, yet few studies of invaders have addressed seed bank dynamics. Improved knowledge of this recruitment process can improve conservation management. We studied temporal and spatial changes in soil seed bank characteristics of the cordgrass Spartina densiflora from two continental invaded ranges. In the Odiel Marshes (Southwest Iberian Peninsula), S. densiflora formed transient seed banks (<1 year). At Humboldt Bay Estuary (California), viable seeds persisted for at least 4 years though the germination percentage fell abruptly after the first year from 29 % to less than 5 % of remaining viable seeds. Total soil seed bank density increased with S. densiflora above-ground cover in both estuaries, pointing to the transient component of the seed bank as a critical component of vegetation dynamics during S. densiflora invasion. Even so, seed densities as high as c. 750 seeds m[-2] in Odiel Marshes and c. 12 400 seeds m[-2] in Humboldt Bay were recorded in some plots without fruiting S. densiflora plants. S. densiflora spikelet (dispersal unit) density was more than double close to the sediment surface than deeper within soil. Our study shows the importance of evaluating seed banks during the design of invasive species management since seed bank persistence may vary among invaded sites, and can affect the timing and duration required for desired management outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid34003315, year = {2022}, author = {Kim, J and Heo, YM and Yun, J and Lee, H and Kim, JJ and Kang, H}, title = {Changes in Archaeal Community and Activity by the Invasion of Spartina anglica Along Soil Depth Profiles of a Coastal Wetland.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {83}, number = {2}, pages = {436-446}, pmid = {34003315}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {2019R1A6A3A01091184//Ministry of Education (KR)/ ; 2020R1I1A2072824//Ministry of Education (KR)/ ; 2018K2A9A1A01090455, 2019K1A3A1A74107424, 2019K1A3A1A80113041//Ministry of Science and ICT (KR)/ ; 20170318//Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (KR)/ ; 2019H1A2A1076239//Ministry of Education/ ; }, mesh = {Archaea ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae/physiology ; *Soil ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Invasion of Spartina spp. in tidal salt marshes may affect the function and characteristics of the ecosystem. Previous studies reported that the invasion alters biogeochemical and microbial processes in marsh ecosystems, yet our knowledge of changing archaeal community due to the invasion is still limited, whereas archaeal communities play a pivotal role in biogeochemical cycles within highly reduced marsh soils. In this study, we aimed to illustrate the influences of the Spartina anglica invasion on soil archaeal community and the depth profile of the influences. The relative abundance of archaeal phyla demonstrated that the invasion substantially shifted the characteristics of tidal salt marsh from marine to terrestrial soil only in surface layer, while the influences indirectly propagated to the deeper soil layer. In particular, two archaeal phyla, Asgardaeota and Diapherotrites, were strongly influenced by the invasion, indicating a shift from marine to terrestrial archaeal communities. The shifts in soil characteristics spread to the deeper soil layer that results in indirect propagation of the influences of the invasion down to the deeper soil, which was underestimated in previous studies. The changes in the concentration of dissolved organic carbon and salinity were the substantial regulating factors for that. Therefore, changes in biogeochemical and microbial characteristics in the deep soil layer, which is below the root zone of the invasive plant, should be accounted for a more accurate illustration of the consequences of the invasion.}, }
@article {pmid34003035, year = {2021}, author = {Escalante, C and Galo, D and Diaz, R and Valverde, R}, title = {First report of dasheen mosaic virus infecting taro (Colocasia esculenta) in Louisiana.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-04-21-0854-PDN}, pmid = {34003035}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott], also called dasheen or malanga is an important staple crop in many tropical and subtropical countries (Chaïr et al. 2016). In October 2020, taro plants showing foliar symptoms consisting of mosaic, feathery mottle, and vein clearing patterns were observed in the Hilltop Arboretum, the Bluebonnet Swamp Nature Center, the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Botanic Gardens, and the University Lake, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Unidentified aphids were also observed infesting the plants showing the described symptoms. From each location, two foliar samples from symptomatic and two from asymptomatic plants were collected and tested by ELISA using antiserum for general potyvirus group (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). Seven of eight symptomatic samples tested positive while the asymptomatic samples were negative. The seven positive samples were used to perform an additional ELISA test using antiserum specific for dasheen mosaic virus (DsMV) (Agdia). All seven samples tested positive for DsMV. To confirm the identity of the virus, total RNA was extracted from the seven samples using the PureLink® Plant RNA Reagent Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). After DNA digestion with PerfeCta® DNase I (Qiagen, Beverly, MA), the RNA was used to perform reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primer set DMV 5708-5731-F/DMV 6131-6154-R which is specific for DsMV (Wang et al. 2017). RT-PCR was performed using the AccessQuickTM RT-PCR System (Promega, Madison, WI) following the reaction conditions described by Wang et al. PCR products of the expected size (~447 bp) were obtained with all seven samples and were Sanger-sequenced. A consensus sequence (MW284936) was obtained with the two sequences from samples collected at the University Lake and aligned with other sequences available in the GenBank using BLASTn. Our isolate of DsMV showed 90.6% nt identity to an isolate of DsMV from Ethiopia (MG602229). Mechanical inoculations to healthy taro plants were conducted using leaf tissue of symptomatic plants as source of inoculum. Inoculated plants exhibited mosaic symptoms three weeks after inoculation and were ELISA-positive for DsMV. Symptomatology, serological tests, RT-PCR testing, and DNA sequencing of RT-PCR products support that the symptomatic taro plants were infected with DsMV. Taro is a crop in Hawaii, but in the contiguous United States, it is mostly grown as an ornamental and is considered an invasive species. Its distribution is restricted to the southern continental states and Hawaii (Cozad et al. 2018). CABI, EPPO (1998) lists the presence of DsMV in several states of the United States, including Louisiana; however, there is no record in the literature of the identification of this virus in Louisiana. The potential impact of DsMV in taro and related ornamental species in southern United States is unknown. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report documenting DsMV infecting taro in Louisiana.}, }
@article {pmid33995432, year = {2021}, author = {Huang, Y and Li, J and Yang, R and Wang, F and Li, Y and Zhang, S and Wan, F and Qiao, X and Qian, W}, title = {Hyperspectral Imaging for Identification of an Invasive Plant Mikania micrantha Kunth.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {626516}, pmid = {33995432}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Mile-a-minute weed (Mikania micrantha Kunth) is considered as one of top 100 most dangerous invasive species in the world. A fast and accurate detection technology will be needed to identify M. micrantha. It will help to mitigate the extensive ecologic and economic damage on our ecosystems caused by this alien plant. Hyperspectral technology fulfills the above requirement. However, when working with hyperspectral images, preprocessing, dimension reduction, and classifier are fundamental to achieving reliable recognition accuracy and efficiency. The spectral data of M. micrantha were collected using hyperspectral imaging in the spectral range of 450-998 nm. A different combination of preprocessing methods, principal component analysis (for dimension reduction), and three classifiers were used to analyze the collected hyperspectral images. The results showed that a combination of Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoothing, principal component analysis (PCA), and random forest (RF) achieved an accuracy (A) of 88.71%, an average accuracy (AA) of 88.68%, and a Kappa of 0.7740 with an execution time of 9.647 ms. In contrast, the combination of SG, PCA and a support vector machine (SVM) resulted in a weaker performance in terms of A (84.68%), AA(84.66%), and Kappa (0.6934), but with less execution time (1.318 ms). According to the requirements for specific identification accuracy and time cost, SG-PCA-RF and SG-PCA-SVM might represent two promising methods for recognizing M. micrantha in the wild.}, }
@article {pmid33993589, year = {2021}, author = {Wei, C and Gao, L and Tang, X and Lu, X}, title = {Plant evolution overwhelms geographical origin in shaping rhizosphere fungi across latitudes.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {27}, number = {16}, pages = {3911-3922}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15683}, pmid = {33993589}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {China ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Plant Roots ; *Rhizosphere ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {As the number of non-native invasive species in the world is increasing, there is a pressing need to understand the effects of invasive species on recipient biotic communities to improve our ability to migrate or relieve their potential negative effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Plant invasions have been shown to impose great threats to aboveground biotic communities; however, invasive impacts on soil biota remain ambiguous, partially because of the paucity of studies with a large number of species across biogeographic gradients. Here, we characterized rhizosphere fungal communities of 53 native and invasive plants spanning approximately 1800 km in China, as well as eight pairs of phylogenetically related native versus invasive plants in a greenhouse experiment. The results of both field survey and greenhouse experiment showed that rhizosphere fungal composition was primarily predicted by plant phylogeny (e.g. family and species), and plant geographic origin (native vs. invasive) and abiotic factors had much smaller effects. We detected no differences in the number and relative abundance of total and family/species-specific OTUs (i.e. overall, pathogens and mutualists) associated with these native and invasive plants on average, suggesting novel co-evolution between native soil fungi and these invasive plants. These results suggest that non-native plant invasions had only a weak impact on soil fungi, partially due to stronger controls of plant evolution on rhizosphere fungi and adaptation of native fungi to these invasive species. Interestingly, rhizosphere fungal composition was more variable between invasive plants than between native plants at middle latitudes, potentially creating spatial variations in plant-soil interactions and, in turn, invasion dynamics. These novel findings highlight the importance of integrating phylogenetic and biogeographical approaches to explore invasive effects on native biota.}, }
@article {pmid33992867, year = {2021}, author = {Wosnick, N and Leite, RD and Giareta, EP and Nunes, AROP and Nunes, JLS and Charvet, P and Monteiro-Filho, ELA}, title = {Evaluating conservation status and governmental efforts towards regional flagship species in Brazil.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {292}, number = {}, pages = {112732}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112732}, pmid = {33992867}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Brazil ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Endangered Species ; Government ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Several strategies have been adopted to optimize biodiversity conservation. The use of fauna and flora species as flagships can help increase public commitment and raise funds for their conservation. However, species choices must be well balanced, considering not only intrinsic aspects (e.g., risk of extinction and ecological role), but also social, cultural, and economic aspects of the region where the flagship will be adopted. Brazil is one of the countries with the greatest diversity on the planet. Nevertheless, there are several challenges associated with natural resources conservation. Flagships have been adopted informally for decades throughout the country but there are no efforts to evaluate these strategies results for the preservation of the selected species. The aim of this study was to carry out an extensive survey on regional flagship species, their conservation status, level of endemism, and domestic legislation currently in force for their protection or human use. A total of 62 flagships were identified, with at least one species of flora and one of fauna for each of the 27 Brazilian Federative Units. The animals most commonly used as regional symbols are birds, followed by mammals. Flora species used as regional symbols are quite diverse. However, they are all somehow used by humans. As for legal protection, there are government measures for endangered species. Nevertheless, most species used as regional symbols are not at risk of extinction and, for this reason, do not receive any legal protection. Moreover, while some flagships are endemic, others are alien species, indicating that this criterion is not considered when choosing regional symbols. In the overall analysis it was noted that species choice could be optimized to highlight the national biodiversity. Despite efforts to establish legal measures for their preservation, few effective results have been observed. Therefore, improved effective measures for their conservation should be adopted to guarantee the effectiveness of flagship species for biodiversity conservation.}, }
@article {pmid33991936, year = {2021}, author = {Lin, L and Wang, Q and Wu, H}, title = {Study on the dinoflagellate cysts in ballast tank sediments of international vessels in Chinese shipyards.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {169}, number = {}, pages = {105348}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105348}, pmid = {33991936}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {China ; *Dinoflagellida ; Geologic Sediments ; Harmful Algal Bloom ; Ships ; }, abstract = {The problem of aquatic invasive species caused by discharge of ballast water and sediments from ships' ballast tanks has become extremely prominent. Seventeen sediment samples taken from ballast tanks of different ships docked in two Chinese shipyards were examined to identify the variety of resting dinoflagellate cysts. Twenty-two dinoflagellate cyst taxa were identified in these samples, including 11 photosynthetic and eleven heterotrophic species. These species represent 10 genera with the dominating assemblages of Alexandrium minutum, Scrippsiella acuminata, Lingulodinium polyedra, Protoperidinium sp. and Protoperidinium conicum. The total abundance of the dinoflagellate cysts ranged from 36 to 448 cysts g[-1] dry weight, which demonstrated a wide range of diversity for different ships. It was observed that the number of taxa and concentrations of cysts in ballast tank sediments were slightly greater for ships performing short voyage than ships performing longer voyage. The compositions of dinoflagellate cysts in sediments from ships sailing diverse routes were more variable than those sailing same routes. Sediment moisture content proved to be well correlated to the total cyst abundance (r = 0.7422, P < 0.01). Furthermore, nine toxic and harmful species were observed from all sediment samples, which indicated a wide range of distribution and potential risk of harmful algal blooms if being discharged to Chinese waters. As a result, full attention should be drawn to the studies on dinoflagellate cysts in the ballast tank sediments from ships arriving at China, this is of great significance for preventing introduction of toxic and harmful dinoflagellate cysts and protecting native marine biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid33991052, year = {2021}, author = {Tepa-Yotto, GT and Gouwakinnou, GN and Fagbohoun, JR and Tamò, M and Saethre, MG}, title = {Horizon scanning to assess the bioclimatic potential for the alien species Spodoptera eridania and its parasitoids after pest detection in West and Central Africa.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {77}, number = {10}, pages = {4437-4446}, pmid = {33991052}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {CGIAR Trust Fund to CCAFS//Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)/ ; Strategic Funds to BIMAF//International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)/ ; AICCRA Projects (P173398)//World Bank/ ; }, mesh = {Africa, Central ; Animals ; Crops, Agricultural ; *Introduced Species ; *Moths ; Spodoptera ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The southern armyworm (SAW) Spodoptera eridania (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is native to the tropical Americas where the pest can feed on more than 100 plant species. SAW was recently detected in West and Central Africa, feeding on various crops including cassava, cotton, amaranth and tomato. The current work was carried out to predict the potential spatial distribution of SAW and four of its co-evolved parasitoids at a global scale using the maximum entropy (Maxent) algorithm.<br><br>RESULTS: SAW may not be a huge problem outside its native range (the Americas) for the time being, but may compromise crop yields in specific hotspots in coming years. The analysis of its potential distribution anticipates that the pest might easily migrate east and south from Cameroon and Gabon.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The models used generally demonstrate that all the parasitoids considered are good candidates for the biological control of SAW globally, except they will not be able to establish in specific climates. The current paper discusses the potential role of biological control using parasitoids as a crucial component of a durable climate-smart integrated management of SAW to support decision making in Africa and in other regions of bioclimatic suitability. &#xa9; 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid33987924, year = {2021}, author = {Muthukrishnan, R}, title = {The relationship between native species richness and exotic species richness or occurrence will always be negative when the total number of species is accounted for in statistical models: A response to Beaury et al.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {24}, number = {8}, pages = {1732-1734}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13764}, pmid = {33987924}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {Prepared for Environmental Change Grand Challenge//Indiana University/ ; }, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Beaury et al. (2020) attempt to address the scale dependence of evidence for biotic resistance by including environmental covariates that can account for total species richness. However, this approach will incorrectly estimate relationships, driven by the accuracy of the covariates rather than the true relationship between native and exotic species.}, }
@article {pmid33986380, year = {2021}, author = {Carvalho, J and Garrido-Maestu, A and Azinheiro, S and Fuciños, P and Barros-Velázquez, J and De Miguel, RJ and Gros, V and Prado, M}, title = {Faster monitoring of the invasive alien species (IAS) Dreissena polymorpha in river basins through isothermal amplification.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {10175}, pmid = {33986380}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Primers ; Dreissena/*genetics ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Genes, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/*methods ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/*methods ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Rivers ; Spain ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) is considered as one of the 100 most harmful IAS in the world. Traditional detection methods have limitations, and PCR based environmental DNA detection has provided interesting results for early warning. However, in the last years, the development of isothermal amplification methods has received increasing attention. Among them, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has several advantages, including its higher tolerance to the presence of inhibitors and the possibility of naked-eye detection, which enables and simplifies its potential use in decentralized settings. In the current study, a real-time LAMP (qLAMP) method for the detection of Dreissena polymorpha was developed and tested with samples from the Guadalquivir River basin, together with two real-time PCR (qPCR) methods using different detection chemistries, targeting a specific region of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome C oxidase subunit I. All three developed approaches were evaluated regarding specificity, sensitivity and time required for detection. Regarding sensitivity, both qPCR approaches were more sensitive than qLAMP by one order of magnitude, however the qLAMP method proved to be as specific and much faster being performed in just 9 min versus 23 and 29 min for the qPCR methods based on hydrolysis probe and intercalating dye respectively.}, }
@article {pmid33981486, year = {2021}, author = {Price, MR and Hadfield, MG and Knapp, ISS and Toonen, RJ and Forsman, ZH}, title = {Evolutionary genomics of endangered Hawaiian tree snails (Achatinellidae: Achatinellinae) for conservation of adaptive capacity.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e10993}, pmid = {33981486}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Phylogenomic studies can provide insights into speciation, adaptation, and extinction, while providing a roadmap for conservation. Hawaiian tree snails are a model system for an adaptive radiation facing an extinction crisis. In the last 5 years, nearly all populations of Hawaiian tree snails across the 30 remaining species in the subfamily Achatinellinae (Achatinellidae) have declined from hundreds or thousands in the wild down to undetectable levels. Nearly 100 species historically occurred across dramatic environmental gradients on five of the Hawaiian Islands, but habitat loss, overcollection, and predation by invasive species have decimated populations. As such, this system offers the opportunity to integrate efforts to conserve evolutionary potential into conservation planning for a rapidly declining subfamily. Here, we used genome-wide, restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq), along with mitochondrial genome reconstruction, to resolve evolutionary relationships to inform conservation efforts. Phylogenetic analysis of nearly 400k genome-wide SNPs from 59 populations and 25 species across six genera in the family Achatinellidae, was generally concordant with taxonomy, geography, and mtDNA with several notable exceptions; mtDNA was unable to resolve some deeper nodes (e.g., the monophyly of Achatinella), while SNP data did not resolve as many shallow nodes. Both phylogenetic and coalescent analysis revealed deep divergences between populations within Achatinella mustelina that were consistent with species-level differences. Given cryptic species-level divergence within populations that are geographically proximate, they are at higher risk of extirpation from invasive predators and climate change than previously assumed. This study clarifies evolutionary relationships within this model system for adaptive radiation, forming the basis for conservation strategies such as translocation, captive rearing, and hybridization trials to prevent the loss of capacity to adapt to rapidly changing environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid33978919, year = {2021}, author = {da Silva Rodrigues, C and Nakasu, EYT and Ortiz, GV and Pereira, JL and Lucena-Leandro, VDS and Rêgo-Machado, CM and Souza, TA and Martins, TP and Nagata, AKI}, title = {Evidence of Spread of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Mediated by Internal Transportation of Ornamental Plants in Brazil.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {5}, pages = {850-857}, pmid = {33978919}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {0193.001460/2016//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Apoio &#xe0; Pesquisa do Distrito Federal/ ; 2018/18274-3//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 03.17.00.098.00.00//Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecu&#xe1;ria/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Crops, Agricultural ; *Hemiptera ; Introduced Species ; *Transportation ; }, abstract = {Two Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) species, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED), are major pests that are dispersed throughout the world. While MEAM1 was introduced in Brazil in the 1990s, MED was reported recently with limited spread. Here, a survey was performed to examine whether MED whiteflies are widely present in the Federal District region, in central Brazil. Whiteflies were collected in various locations in the Federal District and surroundings between 2018 and 2020, including garden centers and small- and large-scale farms. The species were identified using RFLPand sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I subunit gene region. Out of 108 whitefly batches, 63.89% were composed exclusively by MEAM1, followed by 16.67% presenting only MED, and another 7.40% containing unidentified whitefly species (NI). Plant varieties serving as hosts for more than one whitefly species were observed in 12.04% of the samples, either by MEAM1/MED, MEAM1/NI, or MED/NI. This study highlights the still limited presence of MED in the Federal District and surroundings, predominantly in garden centers and in the green belt of Brasília, closer to urban areas. In contrast, only MEAM1 was identified in large-scale cultivated areas.}, }
@article {pmid33976855, year = {2021}, author = {Eyer, PA and Shults, PT and Chura, MR and Moran, MN and Thompson, MN and Helms, AM and Saran, RK and Vargo, EL}, title = {Divide and conquer: Multicolonial structure, nestmate recognition, and antagonistic behaviors in dense populations of the invasive ant Brachymyrmex patagonicus.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {4874-4886}, pmid = {33976855}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The ecological success of ants has made them abundant in most environments, yet inter- and intraspecific competition usually limit nest density for a given population. Most invasive ant populations circumvent this limitation through a supercolonial structure, eliminating intraspecific competition through a loss of nestmate recognition and lack of aggression toward non-nestmates. Native to South America, Brachymyrmex patagonicus has recently invaded many locations worldwide, with invasive populations described as extremely large and dense. Yet, in contrast with most invasive ants, this species exhibits a multicolonial structure, whereby each colony occupies a single nest. Here, we investigated the interplay between genetic diversity, chemical recognition, and aggressive behaviors in an invasive population of B. patagonicus. We found that, in its invasive range, this species reaches a high nest density with individual colonies located every 2.5 m and that colony boundaries are maintained through aggression toward non-nestmates. This recognition and antagonism toward non-nestmates is mediated by chemical differentiation between colonies, as different colonies exhibit distinct chemical profiles. We highlighted that the level of aggression between colonies is correlated with their degree of genetic difference, but not their overall chemical differentiation. This may suggest that only a few chemical compounds influence nestmate recognition in this species or that weak chemical differences are sufficient to elicit aggression. Overall, this study demonstrates that invasive ant populations can reach high densities despite a multicolonial structure with strong aggression between colonies, raising questions about the factors underlying their ecological success and mitigating negative consequences of competitive interactions.}, }
@article {pmid33976845, year = {2021}, author = {Larson, DL and Larson, JL and Symstad, AJ and Buhl, DA and Portman, ZM}, title = {Coflowering invasive plants and a congener have neutral effects on fitness components of a rare endemic plant.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {4750-4762}, pmid = {33976845}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Network analyses rarely include fitness components, such as germination, to tie invasive plants to population-level effects on the natives. We address this limitation in a previously studied network of flower visitors around a suite of native and invasive plants that includes an endemic plant at Badlands National Park, South Dakota, USA. Eriogonum visheri coflowers with two abundant invasive plants, Salsola tragus and Melilotus officinalis, as well as a common congener, E. pauciflorum. Network analyses had suggested strong linkages between E. visheri and S. tragus and E. pauciflorum, with a weaker link to M. officinalis. We measured visitation, pollen deposited on stigmas, achene weight and germination over three field seasons (two for germination) in four populations (two in the final season) of E. visheri and applied in situ pollen treatments to E. visheri, adding pollen from other flowers on the same plant; flowers on other E. visheri plants; S. tragus, M. officinalis, or E. pauciflorum; open pollination; or excluding pollinators. Insect visitation to E. visheri was not affected by floral abundance of any of the focal species. Most visitors were halictid bees; one of these (Lasioglossum packeri) was the only identified species to visit E. visheri all three years. Ninety-seven percent of pollen on collected E. visheri stigmas was conspecific, but 22% of flowers had >1 grain of E. pauciflorum pollen on stigmas and 7% had >1 grain of S. tragus pollen; <1% of flowers had M. officinalis pollen on stigmas. None of the pollen treatments produced significant differences in weight or germination of E. visheri achenes. We conclude that, in contrast to the results of the network analysis, neither of the invasive species poses a threat, via heterospecific pollen deposition, to pollination of the endemic E. visheri, and that its congener provides alternative pollen resources to its pollinators.}, }
@article {pmid33976832, year = {2021}, author = {Kelly, CL and Schwarzkopf, L and Gordon, IJ and Hirsch, B}, title = {Population growth lags in introduced species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {4577-4587}, pmid = {33976832}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {When introduced to new ecosystems, species' populations often grow immediately postrelease. Some introduced species, however, maintain a low population size for years or decades before sudden, rapid population growth is observed. Because exponential population growth always starts slowly, it can be difficult to distinguish species experiencing the early phases of slow exponential population growth (inherent lags) from those with actively delayed growth rates (prolonged lags). Introduced ungulates provide an excellent system in which to examine lags, because some introduced ungulate populations have demonstrated rapid population growth immediately postintroduction, while others have not. Using studies from the literature, we investigated which exotic ungulate species and populations (n = 36) showed prolonged population growth lags by comparing the doubling time of real ungulate populations to those predicted from exponential growth models for theoretical populations. Having identified the specific populations that displayed prolonged lags, we examined the impacts of several environmental and biological variables likely to influence the length of lag period. We found that seventeen populations (47%) showed significant prolonged population growth lags. We could not, however, determine the specific factors that contributed to the length of these lag phases, suggesting that these ungulate populations' growth is idiosyncratic and difficult to predict. Introduced species that exhibit delayed growth should be closely monitored by managers, who must be proactive in controlling their growth to minimize the impact such populations may have on their environment.}, }
@article {pmid33976809, year = {2021}, author = {Řeřicha, M and Dobeš, P and Knapp, M}, title = {Changes in haemolymph parameters and insect ability to respond to immune challenge during overwintering.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {4267-4275}, pmid = {33976809}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Overwintering is a challenging period in the life of temperate insects. A limited energy budget characteristic of this period can result in reduced investment in immune system. Here, we investigated selected physiological and immunological parameters in laboratory-reared and field-collected harlequin ladybirds (Harmonia axyridis). For laboratory-reared beetles, we focused on the effects of winter temperature regime (cold, average, or warm winter) on total haemocyte concentration aiming to investigate potential effects of ongoing climate change on immune system in overwintering insects. We recorded strong reduction in haemocyte concentration during winter; however, there were only limited effects of winter temperature regime on changes in haemocyte concentration in the course of overwintering. For field-collected beetles, we measured additional parameters, specifically: total protein concentration, antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, and haemocyte concentration before and after overwintering. The field experiment did not investigate effects of winter temperature, but focused on changes in inducibility of insect immune system during overwintering, that is, measured parameters were compared between naïve beetles and those challenged by Escherichia coli. Haemocyte concentration decreased during overwintering, but only in individuals challenged by Escherichia coli. Prior to overwintering, the challenged beetles had a significantly higher haemocyte concentration compared to naïve beetles, whereas no difference was observed after overwintering. A similar pattern was observed also for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli as challenged beetles outperformed naïve beetles before overwintering, but not after winter. In both sexes, total protein concentration increased in the course of overwintering, but females had a significantly higher total protein concentration in their hemolymph compared to males. In general, our results revealed that insect's ability to respond to an immune challenge is significantly reduced in the course of overwintering.}, }
@article {pmid33976801, year = {2021}, author = {Smart, WA and Collier, N and Rolland, V}, title = {Non-native rats detected on uninhabited southern Grenadine islands with seabird colonies.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {4172-4181}, pmid = {33976801}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Seabirds are among the most endangered avian groups, with populations declining worldwide because of various threats, including invasive nest predators. Similar decreasing trends are occurring in the Southern Grenadines; however, the causes of decline remain uncertain, although non-native rats have been suspected. Therefore, our objective was to determine whether non-native rats are present on five Southern Grenadine islands that harbor seabird colonies, during May-July 2014-2017, using four methods (chew cards, tunnels, cameras, and questionnaires). Les Tantes East and Lee Rocks were the only two islands where cameras detected black rats (Rattus rattus). Although rat occupancy was low (0.125 ± 0.061) and the number of individuals and nesting attempts increased (except in 2017) for most species, the low detection probability and small number of nests prevented any inference about rat impact on seabirds. Rats might have affected seabird colonies, but other factors, such as seabird harvest, prey availability, or climatic fluctuations, could have also driven previous seabird population declines in the Southern Grenadines. However, non-native rats are present and future research should focus on estimating their density and distribution on these and other islands of the region before an appropriate rat eradication program can be implemented.}, }
@article {pmid33976776, year = {2021}, author = {Junaedi, DI and Guillera-Arroita, G and Vesk, PA and McCarthy, MA and Burgman, MA and Catford, JA}, title = {Traits explain invasion of alien plants into tropical rainforests.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {3808-3819}, pmid = {33976776}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {1. The establishment of new botanic gardens in tropical regions highlights a need for weed risk assessment tools suitable for tropical ecosystems. The relevance of plant traits for invasion into tropical rainforests has not been well studied.2. Working in and around four botanic gardens in Indonesia where 590 alien species have been planted, we estimated the effect of four plant traits, plus time since species introduction, on: (a) the naturalization probability and (b) abundance (density) of naturalized species in adjacent native tropical rainforests; and (c) the distance that naturalized alien plants have spread from the botanic gardens.3. We found that specific leaf area (SLA) strongly differentiated 23 naturalized from 78 non-naturalized alien species (randomly selected from 577 non-naturalized species) in our study. These trends may indicate that aliens with high SLA, which had a higher probability of naturalization, benefit from at least two factors when establishing in tropical forests: high growth rates and occupation of forest gaps. Naturalized aliens had high SLA and tended to be short. However, plant height was not significantly related to species' naturalization probability when considered alongside other traits.4. Alien species that were present in the gardens for over 30 years and those with small seeds also had higher probabilities of becoming naturalized, indicating that garden plants can invade the understorey of closed canopy tropical rainforests, especially when invading species are shade tolerant and have sufficient time to establish.5. On average, alien species that were not animal dispersed spread 78 m further into the forests and were more likely to naturalize than animal-dispersed species. We did not detect relationships between the measured traits and estimated density of naturalized aliens in the adjacent forests.6. Synthesis: Traits were able to differentiate alien species from botanic gardens that naturalized in native forest from those that did not; this is promising for developing trait-based risk assessment in the tropics. To limit the risk of invasion and spread into adjacent native forests, we suggest tropical botanic gardens avoid planting alien species with fast carbon capture strategies and those that are shade tolerant.}, }
@article {pmid33976284, year = {2021}, author = {Osathanunkul, M and Minamoto, T}, title = {Molecular detection of giant snakeheads, Channa micropeltes (Cuvier, 1831), one of the most troublesome fish species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {9943}, pmid = {33976284}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; DNA, Environmental/analysis/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Fisheries/trends ; Fishes/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Rivers ; Thailand ; }, abstract = {A lack of reliable tools for determining the presence and distribution of fish species can impede understanding of predator-prey interactions and fishery management. Conventional fish survey methods are invasive, and can be size or species selective. Combining netting and electrofishing is a current method used to monitor fish species in Phayao Lake (Kwan Phayao), Thailand. However, the methods are inefficient and time-consuming. Recently, locals who rely on inland fisheries in Kwan Phayao expressed their deep concerns about the giant snakehead, Channa micropeltes (Cuvier, 1831) destroying other fish there. The giant snakehead prey on many commercially important fish species, as the prey species is reduced, negative effects on both biodiversity and the fishery sector could follow. Here, an eDNA-based survey was developed to detect the presence of the giant snakehead. Water samples were collected from six sites within Kwan Phayao and 17 sites in Ing River where water flowed into and out of Kwan Payao. The eDNA of the giant snakehead was detected in water samples from all collection sites using the developed qPCR assay with various concentrations. The eDNA was shown here to be a sensitive and reliable tool for fish surveillance so there will be a better chance for developing an effective management strategy.}, }
@article {pmid33976235, year = {2021}, author = {Dias, GB and Altammami, MA and El-Shafie, HAF and Alhoshani, FM and Al-Fageeh, MB and Bergman, CM and Manee, MM}, title = {Haplotype-resolved genome assembly enables gene discovery in the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {9987}, pmid = {33976235}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Genetic Association Studies ; *Genome, Insect ; Haplotypes ; Male ; Weevils/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an economically-important invasive species that attacks multiple species of palm trees around the world. A better understanding of gene content and function in R. ferrugineus has the potential to inform pest control strategies and thereby mitigate economic and biodiversity losses caused by this species. Using 10x Genomics linked-read sequencing, we produced a haplotype-resolved diploid genome assembly for R. ferrugineus from a single heterozygous individual with modest sequencing coverage ([Formula: see text] 62x). Benchmarking against conserved single-copy Arthropod orthologs suggests both pseudo-haplotypes in our R. ferrugineus genome assembly are highly complete with respect to gene content, and do not suffer from haplotype-induced duplication artifacts present in a recently published hybrid assembly for this species. Annotation of the larger pseudo-haplotype in our assembly provides evidence for 23,413 protein-coding loci in R. ferrugineus, including over 13,000 predicted proteins annotated with Gene Ontology terms and over 6000 loci independently supported by high-quality Iso-Seq transcriptomic data. Our assembly also includes 95% of R. ferrugineus chemosensory, detoxification and neuropeptide-related transcripts identified previously using RNA-seq transcriptomic data, and provides a platform for the molecular analysis of these and other functionally-relevant genes that can help guide management of this widespread insect pest.}, }
@article {pmid33976206, year = {2021}, author = {Allen, WJ and Waller, LP and Barratt, BIP and Dickie, IA and Tylianakis, JM}, title = {Exotic plants accumulate and share herbivores yet dominate communities via rapid growth.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {2696}, pmid = {33976206}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Biomass ; Biota ; Ecosystem ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; New Zealand ; Plants/classification/*metabolism/parasitology ; Soil/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Herbivores may facilitate or impede exotic plant invasion, depending on their direct and indirect interactions with exotic plants relative to co-occurring natives. However, previous studies investigating direct effects have mostly used pairwise native-exotic comparisons with few enemies, reached conflicting conclusions, and largely overlooked indirect interactions such as apparent competition. Here, we ask whether native and exotic plants differ in their interactions with invertebrate herbivores. We manipulate and measure plant-herbivore and plant-soil biota interactions in 160 experimental mesocosm communities to test several invasion hypotheses. We find that compared with natives, exotic plants support higher herbivore diversity and biomass, and experience larger proportional biomass reductions from herbivory, regardless of whether specialist soil biota are present. Yet, exotics consistently dominate community biomass, likely due to their fast growth rates rather than strong potential to exert apparent competition on neighbors. We conclude that polyphagous invertebrate herbivores are unlikely to play significant direct or indirect roles in mediating plant invasions, especially for fast-growing exotic plants.}, }
@article {pmid33974622, year = {2021}, author = {Chaudhary, A and Sarkar, MS and Adhikari, BS and Rawat, GS}, title = {Ageratina adenophora and Lantana camara in Kailash Sacred Landscape, India: Current distribution and future climatic scenarios through modeling.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {e0239690}, pmid = {33974622}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ageratina/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; India ; Introduced Species ; Lantana/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {The Himalayan region is one of the global biodiversity hotspots. However, its biodiversity and ecosystems are threatened due to abiotic and biotic drivers. One of the major biotic threats to biodiversity in this region is the rapid spread of Invasive Alien Species (IAS). Natural forests and grasslands are increasingly getting infested by IAS affecting regeneration of native species and decline in availability of bio-resources. Assessing the current status of IAS and prediction of their future spread would be vital for evolving specific species management interventions. Keeping this in view, we conducted an in-depth study on two IASs, viz., Ageratina adenophora and Lantana camara in the Indian part of Kailash Sacred Landscape (KSL), Western Himalaya. Intensive field surveys were conducted to collect the presence of A. adenophora (n = 567) and L. camara (n = 120) along an altitudinal gradient between 300 and 3000 m a.s.l. We performed Principal Component Analysis to nullify the multi-colinearity effects of the environmental predictors following MaxEnt species distribution model in the current and future climatic scenarios for both the species. All current and future model precision (i.e., Area Under the Curve; AUC) for both species was higher than 0.81. It is predicted that under the current rate of climate change and higher emission (i.e., RCP 8.5 pathway), A. adenophora will spread 45.3% more than its current distribution and is likely to reach up to 3029 m a.s.l., whereas, L. camara will spread 29.8% more than its current distribution range and likely to reach up to 3018 m a.s.l. Our results will help in future conservation planning and participatory management of forests and grasslands in the Kailash Sacred Landscape-India.}, }
@article {pmid33974620, year = {2021}, author = {Echeverry-Cárdenas, E and López-Castañeda, C and Carvajal-Castro, JD and Aguirre-Obando, OA}, title = {Potential geographic distribution of the tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) (Diptera: Culicidae) in current and future conditions for Colombia.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {e0008212}, pmid = {33974620}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Aedes/classification/*virology ; Animals ; Arboviruses ; Chikungunya Fever/epidemiology ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Colombia/epidemiology ; Dengue/epidemiology ; Dengue Virus ; Ecosystem ; Geography/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mosquito Vectors/*virology ; Public Health ; Risk ; Zika Virus ; Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {In Colombia, little is known on the distribution of the Asian mosquito Aedes albopictus, main vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika in Asia and Oceania. Therefore, this work sought to estimate its current and future potential geographic distribution under the Representative Concentration Paths (RCP) 2.6 and 8.5 emission scenarios by 2050 and 2070, using ecological niche models. For this, predictions were made in MaxEnt, employing occurrences of A. albopictus from their native area and South America and bioclimatic variables of these places. We found that, from their invasion of Colombia to the most recent years, A. albopictus is present in 47% of the country, in peri-urban (20%), rural (23%), and urban (57%) areas between 0 and 1800 m, with Antioquia and Valle del Cauca being the departments with most of the records. Our ecological niche modelling for the currently suggests that A. albopictus is distributed in 96% of the Colombian continental surface up to 3000 m (p < 0.001) putting at risk at least 48 million of people that could be infected by the arboviruses that this species transmits. Additionally, by 2050 and 2070, under RCP 2.6 scenario, its distribution could cover to nearly 90% of continental extension up to 3100 m (≈55 million of people at risk), while under RCP 8.5 scenario, it could decrease below 60% of continental extension, but expand upward to 3200 m (< 38 million of people at risk). These results suggest that, currently in Colombia, A. albopictus is found throughout the country and climate change could diminish eventually its area of distribution, but increase its altitudinal range. In Colombia, surveillance and vector control programs must focus their attention on this vector to avoid complications in the national public health setting.}, }
@article {pmid33973105, year = {2021}, author = {Lal, R and Kaur, A and Kaur, S and Batish, DR and Singh, HP and Sharma, M and Kohli, RK}, title = {Nature of phytotoxic interference of alien weed 'Calyptocarpus vialis' against some crop plants.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {193}, number = {6}, pages = {334}, pmid = {33973105}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Africa ; *Asteraceae ; Environmental Monitoring ; Asia, Eastern ; India ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Calyptocarpus vialis (syn. Synedrella vialis; Asteraceae), a native of the tropical Americas, has acquired an invasive status in the eastern Asia and Africa and, of late, in India. It is an annual herbaceous weed that forms a dominant ground cover due to its prostrate expansion and interferes with the growth of other plant species. However, the reasons for this interference are largely unknown. Therefore, we examined the allelopathic interference of C. vialis via leachation and residue degradation on the emergence, growth, and development of three crop species (Brassica nigra, Triticum aestivum, and Avena sativa). In a laboratory bioassay, the leachates (0.5-4%) of C. vialis exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on various growth parameters of the test plants. Similarly, under screenhouse, C. vialis-amended soil (1-4%) affected the growth of test species in a dose-dependent manner. Further, the phytotoxicity of the residues of C. vialis was examined using rhizospheric soil (RS) and residue-amended soil (RAS). It was observed that RAS exerted the maximum allelopathic effect on the test species accompanied by significant changes in pH, electrical conductivity, and total water-soluble phenolic content, as compared with the control soil (CS) and RS. Liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy analyses confirmed the presence of eleven allelochemicals as the major phytotoxins. The study demonstrated that C. vialis exerts strong phytotoxic effects on other plants through the release of potent allelochemicals, both via leachation and residue degradation.}, }
@article {pmid33972857, year = {2021}, author = {Muhawenimana, V and Thomas, JR and Wilson, CAME and Nefjodova, J and Chapman, AC and Williams, FC and Davies, DG and Griffiths, SW and Cable, J}, title = {Temperature surpasses the effects of velocity and turbulence on swimming performance of two invasive non-native fish species.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {201516}, pmid = {33972857}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Global climate change continues to impact fish habitat quality and biodiversity, especially in regard to the dynamics of invasive non-native species. Using individual aquaria and an open channel flume, this study evaluated the effects of water temperature, flow velocity and turbulence interactions on swimming performance of two lentic, invasive non-native fish in the UK, pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) and topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva). Burst and sustained swimming tests were conducted at 15, 20 and 25°C. Acoustic Doppler velocimetry was used to measure the flume hydrodynamic flow characteristics. Both L. gibbosus and P. parva occupied the near-bed regions of the flume, conserving energy and seeking refuge in the low mean velocities flow areas despite the relatively elevated turbulent fluctuations, a behaviour which depended on temperature. Burst swimming performance and sustained swimming increased by up to 53% as temperature increased from 15 to 20°C and 71% between 15 and 25°C. Furthermore, fish test area occupancy was dependent on thermal conditions, as well as on time-averaged velocities and turbulent fluctuations. This study suggests that invasive species can benefit from the raised temperatures predicted under climate change forecasts by improving swimming performance in flowing water potentially facilitating their further dispersal and subsequent establishment in lotic environments.}, }
@article {pmid33972618, year = {2021}, author = {Zanotti, AA and Gregoracci, GB and Kitahara, MV}, title = {The microbial profile of a tissue necrosis affecting the Atlantic invasive coral Tubastraea tagusensis.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {9828}, pmid = {33972618}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*microbiology ; Atlantic Ocean ; Brazil ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; *Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; Necrosis/microbiology/pathology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {The Southwestern Atlantic rocky reef ecosystems are undergoing significant changes due to sun-corals (Tubastraea tagusensis and T. coccinea) invasion. At Búzios Island, on the northern coast of São Paulo State, where the abundance of T. tagusensis is particularly high, some colonies are displaying tissue necrosis, a phenomenon never reported for this invasive nor any other azooxanthellate coral species. Using next-generation sequencing, we sought to understand the relationship between T. tagusensis tissue necrosis and its microbiota. Thus, through amplicon sequencing, we studied both healthy and diseased coral colonies. Results indicate a wide variety of bacteria associated with healthy colonies and an even higher diversity associated with those corals presenting tissue necrosis, which displayed nearly 25% more microorganisms. Also, as the microbial community associated with the seven healthy colonies did not alter composition significantly, it was possible to verify the microbial succession during different stages of tissue necrosis (i.e., initial, intermediate, and advanced). Comparing the microbiome from healthy corals to those in early tissue necrosis suggests 21 potential pathogens, which might act as the promoters of such disease.}, }
@article {pmid33972597, year = {2021}, author = {Oliveira, S and Rocha, J and Sousa, CA and Capinha, C}, title = {Wide and increasing suitability for Aedes albopictus in Europe is congruent across distribution models.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {9916}, pmid = {33972597}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology/virology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Climate Change/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Computer Simulation ; Dengue/prevention &amp; control/transmission/virology ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Europe ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; Models, Biological ; Mosquito Vectors/*physiology/virology ; Zika Virus Infection/prevention &amp; control/transmission/virology ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus), a vector of dengue, Zika and other diseases, was introduced in Europe in the 1970s, where it is still widening its range. Spurred by public health concerns, several studies have delivered predictions of the current and future distribution of the species for this region, often with differing results. We provide the first joint analysis of these predictions, to identify consensus hotspots of high and low suitability, as well as areas with high uncertainty. The analysis focused on current and future climate conditions and was carried out for the whole of Europe and for 65 major urban areas. High consensus on current suitability was found for the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, southern France, Italy and the coastline between the western Balkans and Greece. Most models also agree on a substantial future expansion of suitable areas into northern and eastern Europe. About 83% of urban areas are expected to become suitable in the future, in contrast with ~ 49% nowadays. Our findings show that previous research is congruent in identifying wide suitable areas for Aedes albopictus across Europe and in the need to effectively account for climate change in managing and preventing its future spread.}, }
@article {pmid33970975, year = {2021}, author = {Guarnieri, LD and McBride, SE and Groden, E and Gardner, AM}, title = {Interactions between sympatric invasive European fire ants (Myrmica rubra) and blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {e0251497}, pmid = {33970975}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Arthropod Vectors/microbiology/physiology ; Borrelia burgdorferi/isolation &amp; purification ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Ixodes/microbiology/*physiology ; Lyme Disease/transmission ; New England ; Sympatry ; }, abstract = {The blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) and the invasive European fire ant (Myrmica rubra) are both expanding throughout their sympatric range in coastal New England. Ixodes scapularis is the primary vector of the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which is the causative agent of Lyme disease, and Mount Desert Island, Maine, home to Acadia National Park, currently is affected by a high Lyme disease burden. Ticks have many natural predators, including ants, although no previous studies have investigated interactions between these two species. To test the hypothesis that the presence of M. rubra alters I. scapularis abundance, we collected ticks by drag-sampling at eight ant-infested sites and eight uninfested control sites in Acadia National Park. We found that nymph density was significantly higher at ant-infested sites, while larval density was significantly higher at control sites. In addition, we conducted a laboratory bioassay to measure M. rubra aggression against I. scapularis larvae, nymphs, and adults and Dermacentor variabilis adults, and found that ant aggression was significantly higher against D. variabilis adults than I. scapularis adults. Our findings support the hypothesis that M. rubra has divergent effects across I. scapularis life stages, and we discuss possible ecological mechanisms, including optimal microclimate and predation, that could promote density of nymphs while inhibiting density of larvae.}, }
@article {pmid33968118, year = {2021}, author = {Weißinger, L and Arand, K and Bieler, E and Kassemeyer, HH and Breuer, M and Müller, C}, title = {Physical and Chemical Traits of Grape Varieties Influence Drosophila suzukii Preferences and Performance.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {664636}, pmid = {33968118}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The cuticle-covered surface forms the interface between plant parts, including fruits, and their environment. The physical and chemical properties of fruit surfaces profoundly influence plant-frugivore interactions by shaping the susceptibility and suitability of the host for the attacker. Grapevine (Vitis vinifera, Vitaceae) serves as one of the various host plants of the spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), which is invasive in several parts of the world and can cause major crop losses. The susceptibility of wine towards this pest species differs widely among varieties. The objective of our study was to identify physical and chemical traits of the berry surface that may explain the differences in susceptibility of five grape varieties to D. suzukii. Both preferences of adult D. suzukii and offspring performance on intact versus dewaxed (epicuticular wax layer mechanically removed) grape berries were investigated in dual-choice assays. Moreover, the morphology and chemical composition of cuticular waxes and cutin of the different varieties were analyzed. Bioassays revealed that the epicuticular wax layer of most tested grape varieties influenced the preference behavior of adult flies; even less susceptible varieties became more susceptible after removal of these waxes. In contrast, neither offspring performance nor berry skin firmness were affected by the epicuticular wax layer. The wax morphology and the composition of both epi- and intracuticular waxes differed pronouncedly, especially between more and less susceptible varieties, while cutin was dominated by ω-OH-9/10-epoxy-C18 acid and the amount was comparable among varieties within sampling time. Our results highlight the underestimated role of the epicuticular surface and cuticle integrity in grape susceptibility to D. suzukii.}, }
@article {pmid33967581, year = {2021}, author = {Javal, M and Terblanche, JS and Conlong, DE and Delahaye, N and Grobbelaar, E and Benoit, L and Lopez-Vaamonde, C and Haran, JM}, title = {DNA barcoding for bio-surveillance of emerging pests and species identification in Afrotropical Prioninae (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae).}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e64499}, pmid = {33967581}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {DNA barcoding has been succesfully used for bio-surveillance of forest and agricultural pests in temperate areas, but has few applications in the tropics and particulary in Africa. Cacosceles newmannii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a Prioninae species that is locally causing extensive damage in commercially-grown sugarcane in the KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa. Due to the risk of spread of this species to the rest of southern Africa and to other sugarcane growing regions, clear and easy identification of this pest is critical for monitoring and for phytosanitary services. The genus Cacosceles Newman, 1838 includes four species, most being very similar in morphology. The damaging stage of the species is the larva, which is inherently difficult to distinguish morphologically from other Cerambycidae species. A tool for rapid and reliable identification of this species was needed by plant protection and quarantine agencies to monitor its potential abundance and spread. Here, we provide newly-generated barcodes for C. newmannii that can be used to reliably identify any life stage, even by non-trained taxonomists. In addition, we compiled a curated DNA barcoding reference library for 70 specimens of 20 named species of Afrotropical Prioninae to evaluate DNA barcoding as a valid tool to identify them. We also assessed the level of deeply conspecific mitochondrial lineages. Sequences were assigned to 42 different Barcode Index Numbers (BINs), 28 of which were new to BOLD. Out of the 20 named species barcoded, 11 (52.4%) had their own unique Barcode Index Number (BIN). Eight species (38.1%) showed multiple BINs with no morphological differentiation. Amongst them, C. newmannii showed two highly divergent genetic clusters which co-occur sympatrically, but further investigation is required to test whether they could represent new cryptic species.}, }
@article {pmid33966267, year = {2021}, author = {Nuske, SJ and Fajardo, A and Nuñez, MA and Pauchard, A and Wardle, DA and Nilsson, MC and Kardol, P and Smith, JE and Peltzer, DA and Moyano, J and Gundale, MJ}, title = {Soil biotic and abiotic effects on seedling growth exhibit context-dependent interactions: evidence from a multi-country experiment on Pinus contorta invasion.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {232}, number = {1}, pages = {303-317}, doi = {10.1111/nph.17449}, pmid = {33966267}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Introduced Species ; *Pinus ; Seedlings ; *Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; Trees ; }, abstract = {The success of invasive plants is influenced by many interacting factors, but evaluating multiple possible mechanisms of invasion success and elucidating the relative importance of abiotic and biotic drivers is challenging, and therefore rarely achieved. We used live, sterile or inoculated soil from different soil origins (native range and introduced range plantation; and invaded plots spanning three different countries) in a fully factorial design to simultaneously examine the influence of soil origin and soil abiotic and biotic factors on the growth of invasive Pinus contorta. Our results displayed significant context dependency in that certain soil abiotic conditions in the introduced ranges (soil nitrogen, phosphorus or carbon content) influenced responses to inoculation treatments. Our findings do not support the enemy release hypothesis or the enhanced mutualism hypothesis, as biota from native and plantation ranges promoted growth similarly. Instead, our results support the missed mutualism hypothesis, as biota from invasive ranges were the least beneficial for seedling growth. Our study provides a novel perspective on how variation in soil abiotic factors can influence plant-soil feedbacks for an invasive tree across broad biogeographical contexts.}, }
@article {pmid33965821, year = {2021}, author = {Wang, Y and Xiong, Y and Wang, Y and Li, Q}, title = {Long period exposure to serious cadmium pollution benefits an invasive plant (Alternanthera philoxeroides) competing with its native congener (Alternanthera sessilis).}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {786}, number = {}, pages = {147456}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147456}, pmid = {33965821}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Amaranthaceae ; *Cadmium/toxicity ; Environmental Pollution ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Many aggressive plants possess high tolerance to heavy metals, but little is known about their invasiveness at heavy metal polluted sites. We performed a greenhouse experiment to examine the impacts of Cd (0, 10, 30, 60, and 100 mg kg[-1]) and inter-specific competition on the reproductive capability of an invasive plant, Alternanthera philoxeroides, and its native congener, Alternanthera sessilis. We also examined the population dynamics of both native and invasive species in a simulated field experiment. Compared with A. philoxeroides, native A. sessilis was a stronger competitor as measured by vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, and dominance status in a mixed culture. However, A. philoxeroides showed great plasticity in root mass ratio that was positively affected by inter-specific competition and high Cd levels. Such high root allocation might allow for delayed growth of A. philoxeroides rhizomes as the relative cover of A. philoxeroides to A. sessilis in the field experiment gradually increased and > 1 after nine months culture, especially at high Cd treatment. Our results suggest that the invasiveness of A. philoxeroides is highly context- and time-dependent. In severely polluted environments, clonal propagation of A. sessilis is likely inhibited by the synergistic negative effects of inter-specific competition and heavy metal pollution, and a long time co-existence of these two competing species would facilitate the colonization of invasive plant.}, }
@article {pmid33965789, year = {2021}, author = {Suárez-Esquivel, M and Ruiz-Villalobos, N and Hidalgo-Jara, W and Chacón-Díaz, C and Zúñiga-Pereira, AM and Masís-Mora, M and Fernández-Fernández, E and Hernández-Mora, G and Barquero-Calvo, E and Chaves-Olarte, E and Thomson, NR and Foster, JT and Moreno, E and Guzmán-Verri, C}, title = {Canine brucellosis in Costa Rica reveals widespread Brucella canis infection and the recent introduction of foreign strains.}, journal = {Veterinary microbiology}, volume = {257}, number = {}, pages = {109072}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109072}, pmid = {33965789}, issn = {1873-2542}, mesh = {Animals ; Brucella canis/classification/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Brucellosis/*epidemiology/*veterinary ; Costa Rica/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology/*microbiology ; Dogs ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Bacterial ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mexico ; Panama ; Pets/microbiology ; *Phylogeny ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; }, abstract = {Brucellosis is a prevalent disease in Costa Rica (CR), with an increasing number of human infections. Close to half of homes in CR have one or more dogs, corresponding to ∼1.4 million canines, most of them in the Central Valley within or near the cities of San José, Heredia, and Alajuela. From 302 dog sera collected from this region, 19 were positive for Brucella canis antigens, and five had antibodies against smooth lipopolysaccharide, suggesting infections by both B. canis and other Brucella species. B. canis strains were isolated in the Central Valley from 26 kennel dogs and three pet dogs, all displaying clinical signs of canine brucellosis. We detected three recent introductions of different B. canis strains in kennels: two traced from Mexico and one from Panama. Multiple locus-variable number tandem repeats (MLVA-16) and whole-genome sequencing (WGSA) analyses showed that B. canis CR strains comprise three main lineages. The tree topologies obtained by WGSA and MLVA-16 just partially agreed, indicating that the latter analysis is not suitable for phylogenetic studies. The fatty acid methyl ester analysis resolved five different B. canis groups, showing less resolution power than the MLVA-16 and WGSA. Lactobacillic acid was absent in linages I and II but present in linage III, supporting the recent introductions of B. canis strains from Mexico. B. canis displaying putative functional cyclopropane synthase for the synthesis of lactobacillic acid are phylogenetically intertwined with B. canis with non-functional protein, indicating that mutations have occurred independently in the various lineages.}, }
@article {pmid33962282, year = {2021}, author = {Beranek, CT and Maynard, C and McHenry, C and Clulow, J and Mahony, M}, title = {Rapid population increase of the threatened Australian amphibian Litoria aurea in response to wetlands constructed as a refuge from chytrid-induced disease and introduced fish.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {291}, number = {}, pages = {112638}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112638}, pmid = {33962282}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura ; Australia ; *Chytridiomycota ; *Mycoses ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Amphibians have declined due to multiple impacts including invasive fish and the disease chytridiomycosis caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Wetland restoration can be used to increase amphibian populations. However the design of created wetlands must account for threats such as Bd and introduced fish. There have been no attempts on a landscape level to manage these threats with habitat design. Here we monitored the green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea) in 2.6 ha of constructed wetlands designed to enhance breeding and increase survival through passive mitigation of Bd and exotic fish. We compared the fecundity, adult population sizes, introduced fish occupancy, Bd prevalence and survival rates of frogs in created wetlands (CW) to three control sites to determine if and why the habitat design was successful. Monitoring involved weekly capture-recapture during the austral spring and summer for three L. aurea breeding seasons. We hypothesised that (1) if the CWs were successful in passively limiting fish colonisation, a larger number of breeding events would be detected compared to control sites which are known to be widely colonised by introduced fish. (2) If the wetlands were successful in passively mitigating Bd, then we would observe an equal or greater survival rate and equal to or lower Bd prevalence compared to control wetlands. We observed a 3.3-fold increase in adult population size in CW from season 1 to 2, and the population increased further in season 3.We found strong support for hypothesis (1) and weak support for (2). Based on these results, we conclude that this design was beneficial shortly after their formation primarily due to fish exclusion, but further study is required to determine if these benefits extend long-term. Future amphibian restoration studies are needed to improve the design of wetlands to enhance suppression of Bd.}, }
@article {pmid33958611, year = {2021}, author = {Tuda, M and Iwase, SI and Kébé, K and Haran, J and Skuhrovec, J and Sanaei, E and Tsuji, N and Podlussány, A and Merkl, O and El-Heneidy, AH and Morimoto, K}, title = {Diversification, selective sweep, and body size in the invasive Palearctic alfalfa weevil infected with Wolbachia.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {9664}, pmid = {33958611}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia ; Body Size ; Europe ; Female ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Weevils/genetics/*microbiology ; *Wolbachia ; }, abstract = {The alfalfa weevil Hypera postica, native to the Western Palearctic, is an invasive legume pest with two divergent mitochondrial clades in its invading regions, the Western clade and the Eastern/Egyptian clade. However, knowledge regarding the native populations is limited. The Western clade is infected with the endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia that cause cytoplasmic incompatibility in host weevils. Our aim was to elucidate the spatial genetic structure of this insect and the effect of Wolbachia on its population diversity. We analyzed two mitochondrial and two nuclear genes of the weevil from its native ranges. The Western clade was distributed in western/central Europe, whereas the Eastern/Egyptian clade was distributed from the Mediterranean basin to central Asia. Intermediate mitotypes were found from the Balkans to central Asia. Most Western clade individuals in western Europe were infected with an identical Wolbachia strain. Mitochondrial genetic diversity of the infected individuals was minimal. The infected clades demonstrated a higher nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution rate ratio than the uninfected clades, suggesting a higher fixation of nonsynonymous mutations due to a selective sweep by Wolbachia. Trans-Mediterranean and within-European dispersal routes were supported. We suggest that the ancestral populations diversified by geographic isolation due to glaciations and that the diversity was reduced in the west by a recent Wolbachia-driven sweep(s). The intermediate clade exhibited a body size and host plant that differed from the other clades. Pros and cons of the possible use of infected-clade males to control uninfected populations are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid33958602, year = {2021}, author = {Watson, GJ and Dyos, J and Barfield, P and Stebbing, P and Dey, KG}, title = {Evidence for self-sustaining populations of Arcuatula senhousia in the UK and a review of this species' potential impacts within Europe.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {9678}, pmid = {33958602}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Mytilidae/*growth &amp; development ; Population Growth ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {The invasive Asian date mussel (Arcuatula senhousia) inhabits diverse global coastal environments, in some circumstances posing significant ecological and economic risks. Recently recorded in the Greater North Sea ecoregion, an established population has not previously been confirmed. Combining historical and field data, we provided baseline information from the UK and recorded colonisation in a variety of habitats. Gonadal development was assessed using the gonadosomatic index (GSI) to determine if an intertidal soft-sediment population is self-sustaining. Arcuatula senhousia records from subtidal muddy/mixed-sediment within a major estuarine system from 2007 to 2016 were also analysed. First detected in 2011, spatial distribution was variable across the years within the subtidal, with individuals found at 4-9 out of 25 sites, and densities per site varying from 10 to 290 individuals per m[2]. The intertidal population was, in part, associated with seagrass (Zostera spp.) and attached to bivalves. In marinas, individuals were attached to concrete tiles, associated with live Mytilus edulis, and to dead Ostrea edulis. Mean GSI from the intertidal population differed across months, peaking in July before declining in September/October, but with high inter-individual variability. Arcuatula senhousia is reproducing and maintaining viable populations. Using a natural capital approach, we identify the potential impacts on Europe's functionally important habitats, fisheries and aquaculture if its spread continues.}, }
@article {pmid33956816, year = {2021}, author = {Ronca, SE and Ruff, JC and Murray, KO}, title = {A 20-year historical review of West Nile virus since its initial emergence in North America: Has West Nile virus become a neglected tropical disease?.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {e0009190}, pmid = {33956816}, issn = {1935-2735}, support = {U19 AI089992/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biomedical Research/economics ; Culicidae/virology ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Neglected Diseases/*epidemiology/*virology ; United States/epidemiology ; Viral Vaccines/immunology ; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/*transmission ; West Nile virus ; }, abstract = {After the unexpected arrival of West Nile virus (WNV) in the United States in 1999, the mosquito-borne virus quickly spread throughout North America. Over the past 20 years, WNV has become endemic, with sporadic epizootics. Concerns about the economic impact of infection in horses lead to the licensure of an equine vaccine as early as 2005, but few advances regarding human vaccines or treatments have since been made. There is a high level of virus transmission in hot/humid, subtropical climates, and high morbidity that may disproportionately affect vulnerable populations including the homeless, elderly, and those with underlying health conditions. Although WNV continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality at great cost, funding and research have declined in recent years. These factors, combined with neglect by policy makers and amenability of control measures, indicate that WNV has become a neglected tropical disease.}, }
@article {pmid33955084, year = {2021}, author = {Skrede, I and Murat, C and Hess, J and Maurice, S and Sønstebø, JH and Kohler, A and Barry-Etienne, D and Eastwood, D and Högberg, N and Martin, F and Kauserud, H}, title = {Contrasting demographic histories revealed in two invasive populations of the dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {12}, pages = {2772-2789}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15934}, pmid = {33955084}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological/genetics ; Basidiomycota/*genetics ; Europe ; Genome, Fungal ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; }, abstract = {Globalization and international trade have impacted organisms around the world leading to a considerable number of species establishing in new geographic areas. Many organisms have taken advantage of human-made environments, including buildings. One such species is the dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans, which is the most aggressive wood-decay fungus in indoor environments in temperate regions. Using population genomic analyses of 36 full genome sequenced isolates, we demonstrated that European and Japanese isolates are highly divergent and the populations split 3000-19,000 generations ago, probably predating human influence. Approximately 250 generations ago, the European population went through a tight bottleneck, probably corresponding to the fungus colonization of the built environment in Europe. The demographic history of these populations, probably lead to low adaptive potential. Only two loci under selection were identified using a Fst outlier approach, and selective sweep analyses identified three loci with extended haplotype homozygosity. The selective sweep analyses found signals in genes possibly related to decay of various substrates in Japan and in genes involved DNA replication and protein modification in Europe. Our results suggest that the dry rot fungus independently established in indoor environments in Europe and Japan and that invasive species can potentially establish large populations in new habitats based on a few colonizing individuals.}, }
@article {pmid33952283, year = {2021}, author = {Kaya, C and Generalovic, TN and Ståhls, G and Hauser, M and Samayoa, AC and Nunes-Silva, CG and Roxburgh, H and Wohlfahrt, J and Ewusie, EA and Kenis, M and Hanboonsong, Y and Orozco, J and Carrejo, N and Nakamura, S and Gasco, L and Rojo, S and Tanga, CM and Meier, R and Rhode, C and Picard, CJ and Jiggins, CD and Leiber, F and Tomberlin, JK and Hasselmann, M and Blanckenhorn, WU and Kapun, M and Sandrock, C}, title = {Global population genetic structure and demographic trajectories of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens.}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {94}, pmid = {33952283}, issn = {1741-7007}, support = {627000824//Bundesamt f&#xfc;r Landwirtschaft/ ; IZ01Z0_147278/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; 400540_152154/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; FWF P32275//Austrian Science Foundation/ ; 108866-001//Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research/ ; CSRP170506229933//National Research Foundation, South Africa/ ; }, mesh = {Animal Feed/analysis ; Animals ; Demography ; *Diptera/genetics ; Genetics, Population ; Humans ; Larva ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) is the most promising insect candidate for nutrient-recycling through bioconversion of organic waste into biomass, thereby improving sustainability of protein supplies for animal feed and facilitating transition to a circular economy. Contrary to conventional livestock, genetic resources of farmed insects remain poorly characterised. We present the first comprehensive population genetic characterisation of H. illucens. Based on 15 novel microsatellite markers, we genotyped and analysed 2862 individuals from 150 wild and captive populations originating from 57 countries on seven subcontinents.<br><br>RESULTS: We identified 16 well-distinguished genetic clusters indicating substantial global population structure. The data revealed genetic hotspots in central South America and successive northwards range expansions within the indigenous ranges of the Americas. Colonisations and naturalisations of largely unique genetic profiles occurred on all non-native continents, either preceded by demographically independent founder events from various single sources or involving admixture scenarios. A decisive primarily admixed Polynesian bridgehead population serially colonised the entire Australasian region and its secondarily admixed descendants successively mediated invasions into Africa and Europe. Conversely, captive populations from several continents traced back to a single North American origin and exhibit considerably reduced genetic diversity, although some farmed strains carry distinct genetic signatures. We highlight genetic footprints characteristic of progressing domestication due to increasing socio-economic importance of H. illucens, and ongoing introgression between domesticated strains globally traded for large-scale farming and wild populations in some regions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We document the dynamic population genetic history of a cosmopolitan dipteran of South American origin shaped by striking geographic patterns. These reflect both ancient dispersal routes, and stochastic and heterogeneous anthropogenic introductions during the last century leading to pronounced diversification of worldwide structure of H. illucens. Upon the recent advent of its agronomic commercialisation, however, current human-mediated translocations of the black soldier fly largely involve genetically highly uniform domesticated strains, which meanwhile threaten the genetic integrity of differentiated unique local resources through introgression. Our in-depth reconstruction of the contemporary and historical demographic trajectories of H. illucens emphasises benchmarking potential for applied future research on this emerging model of the prospering insect-livestock sector.}, }
@article {pmid33951209, year = {2021}, author = {Sahlin, U and Troffaes, MCM and Edsman, L}, title = {Robust Decision Analysis under Severe Uncertainty and Ambiguous Tradeoffs: An Invasive Species Case Study.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {41}, number = {11}, pages = {2140-2153}, doi = {10.1111/risa.13722}, pmid = {33951209}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Decision Support Techniques ; *Introduced Species ; Risk Management ; Sweden ; *Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Bayesian decision analysis is a useful method for risk management decisions, but is limited in its ability to consider severe uncertainty in knowledge, and value ambiguity in management objectives. We study the use of robust Bayesian decision analysis to handle problems where one or both of these issues arise. The robust Bayesian approach models severe uncertainty through bounds on probability distributions, and value ambiguity through bounds on utility functions. To incorporate data, standard Bayesian updating is applied on the entire set of distributions. To elicit our expert's utility representing the value of different management objectives, we use a modified version of the swing weighting procedure that can cope with severe value ambiguity. We demonstrate these methods on an environmental management problem to eradicate an alien invasive marmorkrebs recently discovered in Sweden, which needed a rapid response despite substantial knowledge gaps if the species was still present (i.e., severe uncertainty) and the need for difficult tradeoffs and competing interests (i.e., value ambiguity). We identify that the decision alternatives to drain the system and remove individuals in combination with dredging and sieving with or without a degradable biocide, or increasing pH, are consistently bad under the entire range of probability and utility bounds. This case study shows how robust Bayesian decision analysis provides a transparent methodology for integrating information in risk management problems where little data are available and/or where the tradeoffs are ambiguous.}, }
@article {pmid33947240, year = {2021}, author = {Schatz, AM and Park, AW}, title = {Host and parasite traits predict cross-species parasite acquisition by introduced mammals.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {288}, number = {1950}, pages = {20210341}, pmid = {33947240}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carnivora ; Host Specificity ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Parasites ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Species invasions and range shifts can lead to novel host-parasite communities, but we lack general rules on which new associations are likely to form. While many studies examine parasite sharing among host species, the directionality of transmission is typically overlooked, impeding our ability to derive principles of parasite acquisition. Consequently, we analysed parasite records from the non-native ranges of 11 carnivore and ungulate species. Using boosted regression trees, we modelled parasite acquisition within each zoogeographic realm of a focal host's non-native range, using a suite of predictors characterizing the parasites themselves and the host community in which they live. We found that higher parasite prevalence among established hosts increases the likelihood of acquisition, particularly for generalist parasites. Non-native host species are also more likely to acquire parasites from established host species to which they are closely related; however, the acquisition of several parasite groups is biased to phylogenetically specialist parasites, indicating potential costs of parasite generalism. Statistical models incorporating these features provide an accurate prediction of parasite acquisition, indicating that measurable host and parasite traits can be used to estimate the likelihood of new host-parasite associations forming. This work provides general rules to help anticipate novel host-parasite associations created by climate change and other anthropogenic influences.}, }
@article {pmid33946603, year = {2021}, author = {Scolari, F and Valerio, F and Benelli, G and Papadopoulos, NT and Vaníčková, L}, title = {Tephritid Fruit Fly Semiochemicals: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {33946603}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The Dipteran family Tephritidae (true fruit flies) comprises more than 5000 species classified in 500 genera distributed worldwide. Tephritidae include devastating agricultural pests and highly invasive species whose spread is currently facilitated by globalization, international trade and human mobility. The ability to identify and exploit a wide range of host plants for oviposition, as well as effective and diversified reproductive strategies, are among the key features supporting tephritid biological success. Intraspecific communication involves the exchange of a complex set of sensory cues that are species- and sex-specific. Chemical signals, which are standing out in tephritid communication, comprise long-distance pheromones emitted by one or both sexes, cuticular hydrocarbons with limited volatility deposited on the surrounding substrate or on the insect body regulating medium- to short-distance communication, and host-marking compounds deposited on the fruit after oviposition. In this review, the current knowledge on tephritid chemical communication was analysed with a special emphasis on fruit fly pest species belonging to the Anastrepha, Bactrocera,&amp;nbsp;Ceratitis, and Rhagoletis genera. The multidisciplinary approaches adopted for characterising tephritid semiochemicals, and the real-world applications and challenges for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and biological control strategies are critically discussed. Future perspectives for targeted research on fruit fly chemical communication are highlighted.}, }
@article {pmid33946208, year = {2021}, author = {Rysiak, A and Dresler, S and Hanaka, A and Hawrylak-Nowak, B and Strzemski, M and Kováčik, J and Sowa, I and Latalski, M and Wójciak, M}, title = {High Temperature Alters Secondary Metabolites and Photosynthetic Efficiency in Heracleum sosnowskyi.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {33946208}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Heat-Shock Response ; Heracleum/*physiology ; Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Lipid Peroxidation ; *Photosynthesis ; *Secondary Metabolism ; }, abstract = {Due to global warming, invasive species have spread across the world. We therefore studied the impact of short-term (1 day or 2 days) and longer (7 days) heat stress on photosynthesis and secondary metabolites in Heracleum sosnowskyi, one of the important invasive species in the European Union. H. sosnowskyi leaves exposed to short-term heat stress (35 °C/1 d) showed a decrease in chlorophyll and maximum potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) compared to control, 35 °C/2 d, or 30 °C/7 d treatments. In turn, the high level of lipid peroxidation and increased H2O2 accumulation indicated that the 30 °C/7 d stress induced oxidative damage. The contents of xanthotoxin and bergapten were elevated in the 2 d and 7 d treatments, while isopimpinellin was detected only in the heat-stressed plants. Additionally, the levels of free proline and anthocyanins significantly increased in response to high temperature, with a substantially higher increase in the 7 d (30 °C) treatment. The results indicate that the accumulation of proline, anthocyanins, and furanocoumarins, but not of phenolic acids or flavonols, contributes to protection of H. sosnowskyi plants against heat stress. Further studies could focus on the suppression of these metabolites to suppress the spread of this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid33945562, year = {2021}, author = {Çinar, ME and Bilecenoğlu, M and Yokeş, MB and Öztürk, B and Taşkin, E and Bakir, K and Doğan, A and Açik, &#x15e;}, title = {Current status (as of end of 2020) of marine alien species in Turkey.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {e0251086}, pmid = {33945562}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Biodiversity ; Black Sea ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; Humans ; Indian Ocean ; Introduced Species ; Turkey ; Urochordata/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The 2020's update of marine alien species list from Turkey yielded a total of 539 species belonging to 18 taxonomic groups, 404 of which have become established in the region and 135 species are casual. A total of 185 new alien species have been added to the list since the previous update of 2011. The present compilation includes reports of an ascidian species (Rhodosoma turcicum) new to the marine fauna of Turkey and range extensions of six species. Among the established species, 105 species have invasive characters at least in one zoogeographic region, comprising 19% of all alien species. Mollusca ranked first in terms of the number of species (123 species), followed by Foraminifera (91 species), Pisces (80 species) and Arthropoda (79 species). The number of alien species found in seas surrounding Turkey ranged from 28 (Black Sea) to 413 (Levantine Sea). The vectoral importance of the Suez Canal diminishes when moving from south to north, accounting for 72% of species introductions in the Levantine Sea vs. only 11% of species introductions in the Black Sea. Most alien species on the coasts of Turkey were originated from the Red Sea (58%), due to the proximity of the country to the Suez Canal. Shipping activities transported 39% of alien species, mainly from the Indo-Pacific area (20%) and the Atlantic Ocean (10%). Misidentified species (such as Pterois volitans, Trachurus declivis, etc.) and species those classified as questionable or cryptogenic were omitted from the list based on new data gathered in the last decade and expert judgements. The documented impacts of invasive species on socio-economy, biodiversity and human health in the last decade as well as the legislation and management backgrounds against alien species in Turkey are presented.}, }
@article {pmid33944582, year = {2021}, author = {Moragrega, C and Carol, J and Bisbe, E and Fabregas, E and Llorente, I}, title = {First report of Verticillium wilt and mortality of Ailanthus altissima caused by Verticillium dahliae and V. albo-atrum sensu lato in Spain.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-03-21-0463-PDN}, pmid = {33944582}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) swingle is a highly invasive tree that has become established worldwide, especially in the Mediterranean Basin because of its good drought resistance. Ailanthus altissima is included in the list of Invasive Alien Species of the EU, so measures for eradication and management are required. Assessment for potential biological control agents is of great interest to manage this invasive tree in natural ecosystems. Verticillium dahliae Kleb. and Verticillium nonalfalfae Inderb. et al. (formerly V. albo-atrum Reinke &amp; Berthold) have been reported as the causal agents of Verticillium wilt and mortality of ailanthus (Shall and Davis 2009; Rebbeck et al., 2013; Snyder et al., 2013; Brooks et al. 2020). Ailanthus trees with Verticillium wilt symptoms (wilt, premature defoliation, terminal dieback, yellow vascular discoloration, and mortality) were detected for the first time in 2007 in Celrà (42.040466N, 2.864436E) (Catalonia, Northeastern Spain), then spread to neighboring ailanthus populations. In 2018, ailanthus trees in a 570 km[2] area in Catalonia were surveyed for disease symptoms. The incidence of wilt disease in ailanthus trees in forest ecosystems ranged from 50 to 90%, and the severity, 60 to 92%. One hundred and fifty branch samples showing wilt symptoms were collected and disinfected by immersion in 1% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min, then cut into 5mm pieces. These were placed onto PDA plates and incubated at 22.5 °C and 12 h light photoperiod for 7-10 days. Eighty-four tentative Verticillium sp. isolates were recovered and subcultured on modified water agar (WA-p) and PDA for identification (Inderbitzin et al. 2011, 2013). The majority of isolates (77 %) were identified as V. dahliae based on morphology; production of brown-pigmented microsclerotia and conidia features and dimensions (5.7 ± 0.9 μm long). Sequencing of mycelial DNA using primer pair ITS1-F and ITS4, resulted in consensus sequences of 503 bp. BLASTn analysis of ITS sequence of native isolate VdGi688 gave 100% identity to the ITS sequences of V. dahliae type strain PD322 (92% coverage) and Vd16_9 (100% coverage). In addition, 23% isolates morphologically corresponded to V. albo-atrum or V. nonalfalfae; melanized resting mycelia and round to oval-shaped conidia (5.2 ± 0.9 μm × 2.2 ± 0.5 μm). The ITS consensus sequence (544 bp) of native isolate VaaGi02 gave 99% identity (90-100 % coverage) to V. albo-atrum isolates CBS 127169, PSU 140, Vaa_TN1 and to V. nonalfalfae type PD592, CBS5451.88 and Vert 18. Sequences from isolates VdGi688 and VaaGi02 were deposited in GenBank as MW624723 and MW624724, respectively. Koch's postulates for seven V. dahliae isolates and eight V. albo-atrum isolates were fulfilled by injection of 1 mL of 1 x 10[7] conidia/mL suspension into the stem of A. altissima seedlings under greenhouse conditions. Six plants were inoculated per isolate in two independent experiments. Control plants were inoculated with sterile distilled water. All isolates caused leaf chlorosis, defoliation, and apical stem death, as well as internal necrosis and vascular discoloration. Control plants remained asymptomatic. The pathogens were re-isolated from internal symptomatic tissues of inoculated plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of V. dahliae and V. albo-atrum sensu lato causing Verticillium wilt on A. altissima in Spain. The study suggests the potential of native isolates of Verticillum spp. in the biological control of ailanthus in the Mediterranean Basin. This work was funded by the Diputació de Girona (Spain) (2017/8719, 2019/3091, 2020/7565, and 2021/1468).}, }
@article {pmid33942460, year = {2021}, author = {Chen, F and Ye, J and Liu, W and Chio, C and Wang, W and Qin, W}, title = {Knockout of a highly GC-rich gene in Burkholderia pyrrocinia by recombineering with freeze-thawing transformation.}, journal = {Molecular plant pathology}, volume = {22}, number = {7}, pages = {843-857}, pmid = {33942460}, issn = {1364-3703}, mesh = {Biological Control Agents ; Burkholderia/*genetics/metabolism ; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium/metabolism ; Freezing ; GC Rich Sequence ; Gene Knockout Techniques ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; Homologous Recombination ; Mutation ; Plant Diseases/microbiology/*prevention &amp; control ; Plasmids/genetics ; Populus/*microbiology ; *Transformation, Genetic ; Trimethoprim Resistance ; }, abstract = {Genetic transformation is a valuable and essential method that provides powerful insights into the gene function of microorganisms and contributes to the construction of engineered bacteria. Here, we developed a novel genetic transformation system to easily knock out a highly GC-rich gene (74.71% GC) from Burkholderia pyrrocinia JK-SH007, a biocontrol strain of poplar canker disease. This system revealed a reliable selectable marker (trimethoprim resistance gene, Tmp) and a simplified, efficient transformation method (6,363.64 CFU/μg, pHKT2) that was developed via freeze-thawing. The knockout recombineering of B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007 was achieved through a suicide plasmid with a three-fragment mutagenesis construct. The three-fragment cassette for mutagenesis was generated by overlap extension and touchdown PCRs and composed of Tmp flanked by GC-rich upstream and downstream fragments from B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007. The mutant strain (ΔBpEG), which was verified by PCR, lost 93.3% of its ability to degrade carboxymethyl cellulose over 40 days. Overall, this system may contribute to future research on B. pyrrocinia traits.}, }
@article {pmid33942283, year = {2021}, author = {VanWallendael, A and Alvarez, M and Franks, SJ}, title = {Patterns of population genomic diversity in the invasive Japanese knotweed species complex.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {108}, number = {5}, pages = {857-868}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1653}, pmid = {33942283}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Fallopia japonica ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Metagenomics ; North America ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: Invasive species are expected to undergo a reduction in genetic diversity due to founder effects, which should limit their ability to adapt to new habitats. Still, many invasive species achieve widespread distributions and dense populations. This paradox of invasions could potentially be overcome through multiple introductions or hybridization, both of which increase genetic diversity. We conducted a population genomics study of Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica), which is a polyploid, clonally reproducing invasive species that has been notoriously successful worldwide despite supposedly low genetic diversity.<br><br>METHODS: We used genotyping by sequencing to collect 12,912 SNP markers from 88 samples collected at 38 locations across North America for the species complex. We used alignment-free k-mer hashing analysis in addition to traditional population genetic analyses to account for the challenges of genotyping polyploids.<br><br>RESULTS: Genotypes conformed to three genetic clusters, likely representing Japanese knotweed, giant knotweed, and hybrid bohemian knotweed. We found that, contrary to previous findings, the Japanese knotweed cluster had substantial genetic diversity, though it had no apparent genetic structure across the landscape. In contrast, giant knotweed and hybrids showed distinct population groups. We did not find evidence of isolation by distance in the species complex, likely reflecting the stochastic introduction history of this species complex.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that clonal invasive species can show substantial genetic diversity and can be successful at colonizing a variety of habitats without showing evidence of local adaptation or genetic structure.}, }
@article {pmid33939739, year = {2021}, author = {Essler, JL and Kane, SA and Collins, A and Ryder, K and DeAngelo, A and Kaynaroglu, P and Otto, CM}, title = {Egg masses as training aids for spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula detection dogs.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {e0250945}, pmid = {33939739}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Eggs ; Hemiptera/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Odorants ; Plants/parasitology ; Seasons ; Teaching Materials ; Working Dogs/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) is an invasive species first detected in 2014. The insect feeds on plants causing severe damage in vineyards such as the occurrence of sooty mold fungus that impairs leaf photosynthesis. Currently, there is extensive research on how to track and ultimately prevent the spread of this species. It lays eggs that persist through the winter, while the adults die out, which presents a unique opportunity to enter infested or suspected infested areas to begin quarantine and management of the spread while the species is dormant. Detection dogs may be a tool that can be used to search out the spotted lanternfly egg masses during this overwintering period, however it is not known whether dogs can detect any specific odor from the spotted lanternfly eggs. Moreover, as the eggs are only available during certain times of the year, and hatch based on temperature, finding training aids for the dogs could prove difficult. In this study, we investigated whether three detection dogs could learn the odor from dead spotted lanternfly egg masses and if so, whether that would allow them to recognize live spotted lanternfly egg masses. We found that dogs could be trained to find dead spotted lanternfly egg masses, and could learn to ignore relevant controls, with high levels of sensitivity and specificity (up to 94.6% and 92.8%, respectively). Further, we found that after the training, dogs could find live spotted lanternfly egg masses without additional training and returned to previous levels of sensitivity and specificity within a few sessions. Coded videos of training and testing sessions showed that dogs spent more time at the egg masses than at controls, as expected from training. These results suggest that dead spotted lanternfly egg masses could be a useful training aid for spotted lanternfly detection dogs.}, }
@article {pmid33939720, year = {2021}, author = {Yang, R and Dong, J and Li, C and Wang, L and Quan, Q and Liu, J}, title = {The decomposition process and nutrient release of invasive plant litter regulated by nutrient enrichment and water level change.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {e0250880}, pmid = {33939720}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Sequestration/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Nutrients/*metabolism ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Poaceae/*metabolism ; Water/*metabolism ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Wetlands are vulnerable to plant invasions and the decomposition of invasive plant litter could make impacts on the ecosystem services of wetlands including nutrient cycle and carbon sequestration. However, few studies have explored the effects of nutrient enrichment and water level change on the decomposition of invasive plant litter. In this study, we conducted a control experiment using the litterbag method to compare the decomposition rates and nutrient release in the litter of an invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides in three water levels and two nutrient enrichment treatments. This study found that the water level change and nutrient enrichment showed significant effects on the litter decomposition and nutrient dynamic of A. philoxeroides. The increase of water level significantly reduced the decomposition rate and nutrient release of litter in the nutrient control treatment, whereas no clear relationship was observed in the nutrient enrichment treatment, indicating that the effect of water level change on litter decomposition might be affected by nutrient enrichment. At the late stage of decomposition, the increase of phosphorus (P) concentration and the decrease of the ratio of carbon to P suggested that the decomposition of invasive plant litter was limited by P. Our results suggest that controlling P enrichment in water bodies is essential for the management of invasive plant and carbon sequestration of wetlands. In addition, the new index we proposed could provide a basis for quantifying the impact of invasive plant litter decomposition on carbon cycle in wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid33930798, year = {2021}, author = {Ibabe, A and Miralles, L and Carleos, CE and Soto-López, V and Menéndez-Teleña, D and Bartolomé, M and Montes, HJ and González, M and Dopico, E and Garcia-Vazquez, E and Borrell, YJ}, title = {Building on gAMBI in ports for a challenging biological invasions scenario: Blue-gNIS as a proof of concept.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {169}, number = {}, pages = {105340}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105340}, pmid = {33930798}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; Spain ; }, abstract = {The status of aquatic ecosystems has historically been monitored by the use of biotic indices. However, few biotic measures consider the presence of non-indigenous species as a sign of anthropogenic pollution and habitat disturbance even when this may seriously affect the metric scores and ecological status classifications of an environment. Today, biological invasions are currently one of the greatest threats to biodiversity and sustainable blue economies around the world. In this work, environmental assessments were conducted in the Port of Gijon, Northern Spain, using eDNA metabarcoding, and the gAMBI (genetics based AZTI Marine Biotic Index) was estimated. Results indicate a high/good ecological status within the port. However, nine non-indigenous species and five invasive species were found, and a modification of the gAMBI that includes species invasiveness was proposed: Blue-gNIS. The index was preliminary tested against existing validated indices such as gAMBI, BENTIX (based on the ecology of macroinvertebrates) and ALEX (based on the invasiveness of the species). Blue-gNIS classified the port in a good ecological status and showed its potential usefulness to achieve more complete water quality assessments of ports.}, }
@article {pmid33930066, year = {2021}, author = {Cull, B}, title = {Potential for online crowdsourced biological recording data to complement surveillance for arthropod vectors.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {e0250382}, pmid = {33930066}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {R01 AI042792/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI049424/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Arthropod Vectors/*classification/physiology ; *Citizen Science/methods ; *Crowdsourcing/methods ; Culicidae/*classification/physiology ; Databases, Factual ; Europe ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Ticks/*classification/physiology ; United Kingdom ; United States ; }, abstract = {Voluntary contributions by citizen scientists can gather large datasets covering wide geographical areas, and are increasingly utilized by researchers for multiple applications, including arthropod vector surveillance. Online platforms such as iNaturalist accumulate crowdsourced biological observations from around the world and these data could also be useful for monitoring vectors. The aim of this study was to explore the availability of observations of important vector taxa on the iNaturalist platform and examine the utility of these data to complement existing vector surveillance activities. Of ten vector taxa investigated, records were most numerous for mosquitoes (Culicidae; 23,018 records, 222 species) and ticks (Ixodida; 16,214 records, 87 species), with most data from 2019-2020. Case studies were performed to assess whether images associated with records were of sufficient quality to identify species and compare iNaturalist observations of vector species to the known situation at the state, national and regional level based on existing published data. Firstly, tick data collected at the national (United Kingdom) or state (Minnesota, USA) level were sufficient to determine seasonal occurrence and distribution patterns of important tick species, and were able to corroborate and complement known trends in tick distribution. Importantly, tick species with expanding distributions (Haemaphysalis punctata in the UK, and Amblyomma americanum in Minnesota) were also detected. Secondly, using iNaturalist data to monitor expanding tick species in Europe (Hyalomma spp.) and the USA (Haemaphysalis longicornis), and invasive Aedes mosquitoes in Europe, showed potential for tracking these species within their known range as well as identifying possible areas of expansion. Despite known limitations associated with crowdsourced data, this study shows that iNaturalist can be a valuable source of information on vector distribution and seasonality that could be used to supplement existing vector surveillance data, especially at a time when many surveillance programs may have been interrupted by COVID-19 restrictions.}, }
@article {pmid33924186, year = {2021}, author = {Palit, R and Gramig, G and DeKeyser, ES}, title = {Kentucky Bluegrass Invasion in the Northern Great Plains and Prospective Management Approaches to Mitigate Its Spread.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {33924186}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) is one of the most aggressive grasses invading Northern Great Plains (NGP) grasslands, resulting in substantial native species losses. Highly diverse grasslands dominated by native species are gradually transforming into rangelands largely dominated by non-native Kentucky bluegrass. Several factors potentially associated with Kentucky bluegrass invasions, including high propagule pressure, thatch formation, climate change, and increasing nitrogen deposition, could determine the future dominance and spread of Kentucky bluegrass in the NGP. Because atmospheric CO2 is amplifying rapidly, a C3 grass like Kentucky bluegrass might be photosynthetically more efficient than native C4 grasses. As this exotic species shares similar morphological and phenological traits with many native cool-season grasses, controlling it with traditional management practices such as prescribed fire, grazing, herbicides, or combinations of these practices may also impair the growth of native species. Thus, developing effective management practices to combat Kentucky bluegrass spread while facilitating the native species cover is essential. Modifying traditional techniques and embracing science-based adaptive management tools that focus on the ecological interactions of Kentucky bluegrass with the surrounding native species could achieve these desired management goals. Enhancement of the competitiveness of surrounding native species could also be an important consideration for controlling this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid33924117, year = {2021}, author = {Demidko, DA and Demidko, NN and Mikhaylov, PV and Sultson, SM}, title = {Biological Strategies of Invasive Bark Beetles and Borers Species.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {33924117}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The present study attempts to identify the biological characteristics of invasive (high-impact in the secondary area) bark beetles and borers species, contributing to their success in an invaded area. We selected 42 species based on the CABI website data on invasive species and information on the most studied regional faunas. Four groups of species with different invasion strategies were identified based on the cluster and factor analysis. The first one (inbred strategy) is characterized by flightless males, xylomycetophagy, low fecundity (~50 eggs), inbreeding, polyvoltinism, and polyphagy. Species with an aggressive strategy are poly- or monovoltine, feeds on a limited number of hosts, larval feeding on the inner bark, are often associated with phytopathogens, and produce aggregation pheromones. Representatives of the polyphagous strategy have a wide range of hosts, high fecundity (~150 eggs), larval feeding on wood, and their life cycle is at least a year long. For the intermediate strategy, the typical life cycle is from a year or less, medium fecundity, feed on inner bark tissues, mono- or oligophagy. Comparison with low-impact alien species showed that the most significant traits from the viewpoint of the potential danger of native plant species are high fecundity, polyvoltinism, presence of symbiotic plant pathogens, long-range or aggregation pheromones.}, }
@article {pmid33922699, year = {2021}, author = {Carrau, T and Lamp, B and Reuscher, CM and Vilcinskas, A and Lee, KZ}, title = {Organization of the Structural Protein Region of La Jolla Virus Isolated from the Invasive Pest Insect Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {33922699}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Drosophila/*virology ; Female ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; RNA Viruses/classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification/ultrastructure ; RNA, Viral ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Viral Load ; Viral Structural Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii (Ds) is an invasive pest insect that infests ripening fruit, causing severe economic losses. Control measures based on chemical pesticides are inefficient and undesirable, so biological alternatives have been considered, including native Ds viruses. We previously isolated a strain of La Jolla virus (LJV-Ds-OS20) from Ds in Germany as a candidate biopesticide. Here we characterized the new strain in detail, focusing on the processing of its capsid proteins. We tested LJV growth during Ds development to optimize virus production, and established a laboratory production system using adult flies. This system was suitable for the preparation of virions for detailed analysis. The LJV-Ds-OS20 isolate was cloned by limiting dilution and the complete nucleotide sequence was determined as a basis for protein analysis. The terminal segments of the virus genome were completed by RACE-PCR. LJV virions were also purified by CsCl gradient centrifugation and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and electron microscopy. The capsid proteins of purified LJV virions were resolved by two-dimensional SDS-PAGE for N-terminal sequencing and peptide mass fingerprinting. The N-terminal sequences of VP1 and VP2, together with MS data representing several capsid proteins, allowed us to develop a model for the organization of the LJV structural protein region. This may facilitate the development of new viral strains as biopesticides.}, }
@article {pmid33921507, year = {2021}, author = {Znój, A and Grzesiak, J and Gawor, J and Gromadka, R and Chwedorzewska, KJ}, title = {Bacterial Communities Associated with Poa annua Roots in Central European (Poland) and Antarctic Settings (King George Island).}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {33921507}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {2016/21/N/NZ9/01536//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/ ; }, abstract = {Poa annua (annual bluegrass) is one of the most ubiquitous grass species in the world. In isolated regions of maritime Antarctica, it has become an invasive organism threatening native tundra communities. In this study, we have explored and compared the rhizosphere and root-endosphere dwelling microbial community of P. annua specimens of maritime Antarctic and Central European origin in terms of bacterial phylogenetic diversity and microbial metabolic activity with a geochemical soil background. Our results show that the rhizospheric bacterial community was unique for each sampling site, yet the endosphere communities were similar to each other. However, key plant-associated bacterial taxa such as the Rhizobiaceae family were poorly represented in Antarctic samples, probably due to high salinity and heavy metal concentrations in the soil. Metabolic activity in the Antarctic material was considerably lower than in Central European samples. Antarctic root endosphere showed unusually high numbers of certain opportunistic bacterial groups, which proliferated due to low competition conditions. Thirteen bacterial families were recognized in this study to form a core microbiome of the P. annua root endosphere. The most numerous were the Flavobacteriaceae, suspected to be major contributors to the ecological success of annual bluegrass, especially in harsh, Antarctic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid33921410, year = {2021}, author = {Martinet, JP and Ferté, H and Sientzoff, P and Krupa, E and Mathieu, B and Depaquit, J}, title = {Wing Morphometrics of Aedes Mosquitoes from North-Eastern France.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {33921410}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2020/01/129//Agence Nationale de S&#xe9;curit&#xe9; Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the context of the increasing circulation of arboviruses, a simple, fast and reliable identification method for mosquitoes is needed. Geometric morphometrics have proven useful for mosquito classification and have been used around the world on known vectors such as Aedes albopictus. Morphometrics applied on French indigenous mosquitoes would prove useful in the case of autochthonous outbreaks of arboviral diseases.<br><br>METHODS: We applied geometric morphometric analysis on six indigenous and invasive species of the Aedes genus in order to evaluate its efficiency for mosquito classification.<br><br>RESULTS: Six species of Aedes mosquitoes (Ae. albopictus, Ae. cantans, Ae. cinereus, Ae. sticticus, Ae. japonicus and Ae. rusticus) were successfully differentiated with Canonical Variate Analysis of the Procrustes dataset of superimposed coordinates of 18 wing landmarks.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Geometric morphometrics are effective tools for the rapid, inexpensive and reliable classification of at least six species of the Aedes genus in France.}, }
@article {pmid33920882, year = {2021}, author = {Möhrle, K and Reyes-Aldana, HE and Kollmann, J and Teixeira, LH}, title = {Suppression of an Invasive Native Plant Species by Designed Grassland Communities.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {33920882}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {A/17/05//Bavarian State Research Centre for Agriculture, StMELF/ ; }, abstract = {Grassland biodiversity is declining due to climatic change, land-use intensification, and establishment of invasive plant species. Excluding or suppressing invasive species is a challenge for grassland management. An example is Jacobaea aquatica, an invasive native plant in wet grasslands of Central Europe, that is causing problems to farmers by being poisonous, overabundant, and fast spreading. This study aimed at testing designed grassland communities in a greenhouse experiment, to determine key drivers of initial J. aquatica suppression, thus dismissing the use of pesticides. We used two base communities (mesic and wet grasslands) with three plant traits (plant height, leaf area, seed mass), that were constrained and diversified based on the invader traits. Native biomass, community-weighted mean trait values, and phylogenetic diversity (PD) were used as explanatory variables to understand variation in invasive biomass. The diversified traits leaf area and seed mass, PD, and native biomass significantly affected the invader. High native biomass permanently suppressed the invader, while functional traits needed time to develop effects; PD effects were significant at the beginning of the experiment but disappeared over time. Due to complexity and temporal effects, community weighted mean traits proved to be moderately successful for increasing invasion resistance of designed grassland communities.}, }
@article {pmid33920822, year = {2021}, author = {Szumańska, I and Lubińska-Mielińska, S and Kamiński, D and Rutkowski, L and Nienartowicz, A and Piernik, A}, title = {Invasive Plant Species Distribution Is Structured by Soil and Habitat Type in the City Landscape.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {33920822}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) is a global problem that largely relates to human activities and human settlements. To prevent the further spread of IAS, we first need to know their pattern of distribution, to determine which constitutes the greatest threat, and understand which habitats and migration pathways they prefer. Our research aimed to identify the main vectors and distribution pattern of IAS of plants in the city environment. We checked the relations between species distribution and such environmental factors as urban soil type and habitat type. We applied data on IAS occurrence (collected in the period 1973-2015) in 515 permanent plots with dimensions of 0.5 × 0.5 km and analyzed by direct ordination methods. In total, we recorded 66 IAS. We found a 27% variance in the IAS distribution pattern, which can be explained by statistically significant soil and habitat types. The most important for species distribution were: river and alluvial soils, forests and related rusty soils, and places of intensive human activities, including areas of urbisols and industriosols. Our results provide details that can inform local efforts for the management and control of invasive species, and they provide evidence of the different associations between natural patterns and human land use.}, }
@article {pmid33920576, year = {2021}, author = {Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A}, title = {Biopollution by Invasive Marine Non-Indigenous Species: A Review of Potential Adverse Ecological Effects in a Changing Climate.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {18}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {33920576}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {Climate ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {Biopollution by alien species is considered one of the main threats to environmental health. The marine environment, traditionally less studied than inland domains, has been the object of recent work that is reviewed here. Increasing scientific evidence has been accumulated worldwide on ecosystem deterioration induced by the development of massive non-indigenous population outbreaks in many coastal sites. Biopollution assessment procedures have been proposed, adopting criteria already used for xenochemical compounds, adjusting them to deal with alien species invasions. On the other hand, prevention and mitigation measures to reduce biopollution impact cannot always mimic the emission countermeasures that have been successfully applied for chemical pollutants. Nevertheless, in order to design comprehensive water-quality criteria, risk assessment and management strategies, based on scientific knowledge, have been developed in a similar way as for chemical pollution. The Mediterranean Sea is a well-known case of alien species invasion, mainly linked to the opening of the Suez Canal. Non-indigenous species have caused well-documented changes in many coastal ecosystems, favoured by concomitant changes induced by global warming and by the heavy load of nutrients and pollutants by various anthropogenic activities. Naval commercial traffic and leisure boats are among the most active vectors of spread for alien species inside the Mediterranean, and also towards other ocean regions. The scientific evidence gathered and summarized in this review suggests that effective management actions, under a precautionary approach, should be put in place in order to control introductions of species in new areas. These management measures are already established in international treaties and national legislations, but should be enforced to prevent the disruption of the dynamic ecological equilibria in the receiving environment and to control the direct adverse effects of alien species.}, }
@article {pmid33918889, year = {2021}, author = {Plichta, Z and Kobak, J and Maciaszek, R and Kakareko, T}, title = {All Shades of Shrimp: Preferences of Colour Morphs of a Freshwater Shrimp Neocaridina davidi (Decapoda, Atyidae) for Substrata of Different Colouration.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {33918889}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {An ornamental freshwater shrimp, Neocaridina davidi, is popular as an aquarium hobby and, therefore, a potentially invasive species. There is a growing need for proper management of this species to determine not only their optimum breeding conditions, but also their ability to colonise novel environments. We tested habitat preferences of colour morphs (brown, red, white) of N. davidi for substratum colour (black, white, grey shades, red) and fine or coarse chess-board patterns to recognise their suitable captivity conditions and predict their distribution after potential release into nature. We conducted laboratory choice experiments (n = 8) with three individuals of the same morph exposed for two hours to a range of backgrounds. Shrimp preferred dark backgrounds over light ones irrespective of their own colouration and its match with the background colour. Moreover, the brown and red morphs, in contrast to the white morph, preferred the coarse background pattern over the finer pattern. This suggests that the presence of dark, uniform substrata (e.g., rocks, macrophytes) will favour N. davidi. Nevertheless, the polymorphism of the species has little effect on its total niche breadth, and thus its invasive potential.}, }
@article {pmid33918421, year = {2021}, author = {Lu, SS and Takahashi, J and Yeh, WC and Lu, ML and Huang, JY and Lin, YJ and Sung, IH}, title = {Evidence for Range Expansion and Origins of an Invasive Hornet Vespa bicolor (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in Taiwan, with Notes on Its Natural Status.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {33918421}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {108 AS-1.2.1-S-aF//Council of Agriculture/ ; 109 AS-1.1.5-S-aM//Council of Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {The invasive alien species (IAS) Vespa bicolor is the first reported hornet that has established in Taiwan and is concerning as they prey on honeybee Apis mellifera, which leads to colony losses and public concerns. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the current status of V. bicolor abundance, dispersal, and impact and to trace the origins of Taiwan's V. bicolor population. Our studies took place in five areas in northern to central Taiwan. We used mtDNA in the phylogenetic analyses. Field survey and ecological niche modeling (ENM) were used to understand the origins and current range of the invasive species. Two main subgroups of V. bicolor in the phylogenetic tree were found, and a clade with short branch lengths in Southeastern China and Taiwan formed a subgroup, which shows that the Taiwan population may have invaded from a single event. Evidence shows that V. bicolor is not a severe pest to honeybees in the study area; however, using ENM, we predict the rapid dispersion of this species to the cooler and hilly mountain areas of Taiwan. The management of V. bicolor should also involve considering it a local pest to reduce loss by beekeepers and public fear in Taiwan. Our findings highlight how the government, beekeepers, and researchers alike should be aware of the implications of V. bicolor's rapid range expansion in Taiwan, or in other countries.}, }
@article {pmid33916913, year = {2021}, author = {Veasey, R and Cordoba, M and Colton, A and Fujimoto, L and Dodge, C and Foley, I and Adams, G and Anderson, T and Merenz, R and Hara, A and Roda, A and Millar, J and Mc Donnell, R}, title = {Fermenting Bread Dough as a Cheap, Effective, Nontoxic, and Generic Attractant for Pest Snails and Slugs.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {33916913}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {AP17PPQST00C076, AP17PPQST00C077, AP16PPQST81300528CA, AP17PPQST00C025, AP17PPQST00C027//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive slugs and snails are among the most damaging pests of agriculture in temperate and tropical regions of the world. Control options, however, are limited and there is a heavy reliance on chemical molluscicides of variable efficacy. There is an ongoing need to improve management methods. Here, we show that a simple fermenting bread dough formulation (flour, water, and yeast) was effective in attracting pest mollusk species in laboratory tests, and in multiple replicated field trials in Hawaii, Oregon, and Montana. The dough attracted substantially more terrestrial pest gastropods, including invasive species of major economic importance such as Cornu aspersum, Deroceras reticulatum, Ambigolimax valentianus, Xerolenta obvia, Lissachatina fulica, and Parmarion martensi, than water controls. The dough remained attractive for at least 8 days and was significantly more attractive than a widely used metaldehyde-based bait, Deadline[®] M-Ps™. Thus, fermenting bread dough represents a nontoxic, generic, and effective tool to aid in managing pest gastropod infestations, either using baited traps or in attract-and-kill approaches. Given its simplicity, low cost, and the ready availability of its ingredients, the dough also has potential to be used in developing countries where access to commercial molluscicide baits is limited by cost.}, }
@article {pmid33915993, year = {2021}, author = {Zapponi, L and Tortorici, F and Anfora, G and Bardella, S and Bariselli, M and Benvenuto, L and Bernardinelli, I and Butturini, A and Caruso, S and Colla, R and Costi, E and Culatti, P and Di Bella, E and Falagiarda, M and Giovannini, L and Haye, T and Maistrello, L and Malossini, G and Marazzi, C and Marianelli, L and Mele, A and Michelon, L and Moraglio, ST and Pozzebon, A and Preti, M and Salvetti, M and Scaccini, D and Schmidt, S and Szalatnay, D and Roversi, PF and Tavella, L and Tommasini, MG and Vaccari, G and Zandigiacomo, P and Sabbatini-Peverieri, G}, title = {Assessing the Distribution of Exotic Egg Parasitoids of Halyomorpha halys in Europe with a Large-Scale Monitoring Program.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {33915993}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {project "Salvaolivi" DM 0033437 21/12/2017//Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali/ ; 00. 5005. PZ/S084-0191//Swiss Federal Office for the Environment/ ; U.O. Fitosanitario//Regione Veneto/ ; project "HALY-END"//Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Cuneo/ ; project "BIOHALY"//Regione Piemonte/ ; }, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys is an invasive agricultural pest with a worldwide distribution. Classical biological control has been identified as the most promising method to reduce the populations of H. halys. Adventive populations of two candidates for releases, Trissolcus japonicus and Trissolcus mitsukurii, have recently been detected in Europe. To assess their distribution and abundance, a large-scale survey was performed. From May to September 2019, a wide area covering northern Italy and parts of Switzerland was surveyed, highlighting the expanding distribution of both Tr. japonicus and Tr. mitsukurii. Within four years after their first detection in Europe, both species have rapidly spread into all types of habitats where H. halys is present, showing a wide distribution and continuous expansion. Both exotic Trissolcus showed high levels of parasitism rate towards H. halys, while parasitization of non-target species was a rare event. The generalist Anastatus bifasciatus was the predominant native parasitoid of H. halys, while the emergence of native scelionids from H. halys eggs was rarely observed. The presence of the hyperparasitoid Acroclisoides sinicus was also recorded. This study provided fundamental data that supported the development of the first inoculative release program of Tr. japonicus in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid33914093, year = {2021}, author = {Coughlan, NE and Cuthbert, RN and Cunningham, EM and Potts, S and McSweeney, D and Vong, GYW and Healey, E and Crane, K and Caffrey, JM and Lucy, FE and Davis, E and Dick, JTA}, title = {Smoke on the Water: Comparative Assessment of Combined Thermal Shock Treatments for Control of Invasive Asian Clam, Corbicula fluminea.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {68}, number = {1}, pages = {117-125}, pmid = {33914093}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; *Corbicula ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Smoke ; Water ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical ; }, abstract = {Suppression of established populations of invasive alien species can be a complex and expensive process, which is frequently unsuccessful. The Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774), is considered a high impact invader that can adversely alter freshwater ecosystems and decrease their socioeconomic value. To date, C. fluminea continues to spread and persist within freshwater environments worldwide, despite repeated management attempts to prevent dispersal and suppress established populations. As extensive C. fluminea beds can often become exposed during low-water conditions, the direct application of hot or cold thermal shock treatments has been proposed as suitable mechanism for their control. Further, mechanical substrate disturbance may enhance the efficacy of thermal shock treatments by facilitating exposures to multiple layers of buried clams. In the present study, we advanced these methods by assessing combined applications of both hot and cold thermal shock treatments for control of C. fluminea, using steam spray (≥100 °C; 350 kPa), low- or high-intensity open-flame burns (~1000 °C) and dry ice (-78 °C). In a direct comparison of raking combined with hot thermal shock applications, both steam and high-intensity open-flame treatments tended to be most effective, especially following multiple applications. In addition, when hot thermal treatments are followed by a final cold shock (i.e. dry ice), steam treatments tended to be most effective. Further, when dry ice was applied either alone or prior to an application of a hot shock treatment, substantial if not complete C. fluminea mortality was observed. Overall, this study demonstrated that combined applications of hot and cold thermal shock treatments, applied following the disruption of the substrate, can substantially increase C. fluminea mortality compared to separate hot or cold treatments.}, }
@article {pmid33911918, year = {2021}, author = {Neto, AIA and Moreu, I and Rosas Alquicira, EF and León-Cisneros, K and Cacabelos, E and Botelho, AZ and Micael, J and Costa, AC and Neto, RMA and Azevedo, JMN and Monteiro, S and Resendes, R and Afonso, P and Prestes, ACL and Patarra, RF and Álvaro, NV and Milla-Figueras, D and Ballesteros, E and Fletcher, RL and Farnham, W and Tittley, I and Parente, MI}, title = {Marine algal flora of São Miguel Island, Azores.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e64969}, pmid = {33911918}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The macroalgal flora of the Island of São Miguel (eastern group of the Azores Archipelago) has attracted the interest of many researchers in the past, the first publications going back to the nineteenth century. Initial studies were mainly taxonomic, resulting in the publication of a checklist of the Azorean benthic marine algae. Later, the establishment of the University of the Azores on the Island permitted the logistic conditions to develop both temporal studies and long-term research and this resulted in a significant increase on research directed at the benthic marine algae and littoral communities of the Island and consequent publications.Prior to the present paper, the known macroalgal flora of São Miguel Island comprised around 260 species. Despite this richness, a significant amount of the research was never made public, notably Masters and PhD theses encompassing information regarding presence data recorded at littoral and sublittoral levels down to a depth of approximately 40 m around the Island and the many collections made, which resulted in vouchers deposited in the AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha and the LSM- Molecular Systematics Laboratory at the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores.The present publication lists the macroalgal taxonomic records, together with information on their ecology and occurrence around São Miguel Island, improving the knowledge of the Azorean macroalgal flora at local and regional scales.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: A total of 12,781 specimens (including some identified only to genus) belonging to 431 taxa of macroalgae are registered, comprising 284 Rhodophyta, 59 Chlorophyta and 88 Ochrophyta (Phaeophyceae). Of these, 323 were identified to species level (212 Rhodophyta, 48 Chlorophyta and 63 Ochrophyta), of which 61 are new records for the Island (42 Rhodophyta, 9 Chlorophyta and 10 Ochrophyta), one an Azorean endemic (Predaea feldmannii subsp. azorica Gabriel), five are Macaronesian endemisms (the red algae Botryocladia macaronesica Afonso-Carrillo, Sobrino, Tittley &amp; Neto, Laurencia viridis Gil-Rodr&#xed;guez &amp; Haroun, Millerella tinerfensis (Seoane-Camba) S.M.Boo &amp; J.M.Rico, Phyllophora gelidioides P.Crouan &amp; H.Crouan ex Karsakoff and the green alga Codium elisabethiae O.C.Schmidt), 19 are introduced species (15 Rhodophyta, two Chlorophyta and two Ochrophyta) and 32 are of uncertain status (21 Rhodophyta, five Chlorophyta and six Ochrophyta).}, }
@article {pmid33909929, year = {2021}, author = {Moore, JL and Camaclang, AE and Moore, AL and Hauser, CE and Runge, MC and Picheny, V and Rumpff, L}, title = {A framework for allocating conservation resources among multiple threats and actions.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, pages = {1639-1649}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13748}, pmid = {33909929}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Australia ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Land managers decide how to allocate resources among multiple threats that can be addressed through multiple possible actions. Additionally, these actions vary in feasibility, effectiveness, and cost. We sought to provide a way to optimize resource allocation to address multiple threats when multiple management options are available, including mutually exclusive options. Formulating the decision as a combinatorial optimization problem, our framework takes as inputs the expected impact and cost of each threat for each action (including do nothing) and for each overall budget identifies the optimal action to take for each threat. We compared the optimal solution to an easy to calculate greedy algorithm approximation and a variety of plausible ranking schemes. We applied the framework to management of multiple introduced plant species in Australian alpine areas. We developed a model of invasion to predict the expected impact in 50 years for each species-action combination that accounted for each species' current invasion state (absent, localized, widespread); arrival probability; spread rate; impact, if present, of each species; and management effectiveness of each species-action combination. We found that the recommended action for a threat changed with budget; there was no single optimal management action for each species; and considering more than one candidate action can substantially increase the management plan's overall efficiency. The approximate solution (solution ranked by marginal cost-effectiveness) performed well when the budget matched the cost of the prioritized actions, indicating that this approach would be effective if the budget was set as part of the prioritization process. The ranking schemes varied in performance, and achieving a close to optimal solution was not guaranteed. Global sensitivity analysis revealed a threat's expected impact and, to a lesser extent, management effectiveness were the most influential parameters, emphasizing the need to focus research and monitoring efforts on their quantification.}, }
@article {pmid33909617, year = {2021}, author = {Gurke, M and Vidal-Gorosquieta, A and Pajimans, JLA and Wȩcek, K and Barlow, A and González-Fortes, G and Hartmann, S and Grandal-d'Anglade, A and Hofreiter, M}, title = {Insight into the introduction of domestic cattle and the process of Neolithization to the Spanish region Galicia by genetic evidence.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {e0249537}, pmid = {33909617}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Domestic/*classification/*genetics ; Breeding ; Cattle ; Domestication ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Fossils/*history ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; History, Ancient ; Introduced Species/*history ; Male ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Domestic cattle were brought to Spain by early settlers and agricultural societies. Due to missing Neolithic sites in the Spanish region of Galicia, very little is known about this process in this region. We sampled 18 cattle subfossils from different ages and different mountain caves in Galicia, of which 11 were subject to sequencing of the mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis, to provide insight into the introduction of cattle to this region. We detected high similarity between samples from different time periods and were able to compare the time frame of the first domesticated cattle in Galicia to data from the connecting region of Cantabria to show a plausible connection between the Neolithization of these two regions. Our data shows a close relationship of the early domesticated cattle of Galicia and modern cow breeds and gives a general insight into cattle phylogeny. We conclude that settlers migrated to this region of Spain from Europe and introduced common European breeds to Galicia.}, }
@article {pmid33906233, year = {2021}, author = {Chalkowski, K and Morgan, A and Lepczyk, CA and Zohdy, S}, title = {Spread of An Avian Eye Fluke, Philophthalmus gralli, Through Biological Invasion of An Intermediate Host.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {107}, number = {2}, pages = {336-348}, doi = {10.1645/20-72}, pmid = {33906233}, issn = {1937-2345}, mesh = {Animals ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology/transmission ; Echinostomatidae/*physiology ; Gastropoda/*parasitology ; Global Health ; Humans ; Trematode Infections/epidemiology/transmission/*veterinary ; Zoonoses/epidemiology/parasitology/*transmission ; }, abstract = {Philophthalmus is a genus of globally distributed parasitic eye flukes with some members of the genus found in disparate locales. In particular, Philophthalmus gralli, a zoonotic trematode, appears to be a relatively new introduction to the Americas, facilitated by spillover from the invasive snails Melanoides tuberculata (red-rimmed melania) and Tarebia granifera (quilted melania), which were introduced via the aquarium trade, and perhaps furthered by avian dispersal. Given that two known intermediate hosts of Philophthalmus flukes are actively expanding their range as a result of human activities, we hypothesize that this spread is also associated with the spread of Philophthalmus flukes. To address this, we systematically reviewed the literature and examined whether the global expansion of P. gralli flukes is associated with the spread of invasive snails M. tuberculata and T. granifera. Here, we show that (1) specimens of P. gralli are only found in intermediate snail hosts M. tuberculata or T. granifera, suggesting intermediate host specificity for these 2 species, and (2) specimens of P. gralli have rarely been found outside the ranges (native and introduced) of M. tuberculata or T. granifera. Given the importance of distribution information of parasites in the role of identifying parasite invasions, we also review the known distribution of all Philophthalmus species. Considering recent outbreaks in humans and wild and domestic animal species, the continued spread of Philophthalmus presents a potential threat to veterinary and public health and conservation.}, }
@article {pmid33905415, year = {2021}, author = {Deng, J and Guo, Y and Su, X and Liu, S and Yang, W and Wu, Y and Wu, K and Yan, G and Chen, XG}, title = {Impact of deltamethrin-resistance in Aedes albopictus on its fitness cost and vector competence.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {e0009391}, pmid = {33905415}, issn = {1935-2735}, support = {D43 TW009527/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI083202/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI136850/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*virology ; Animals ; Dengue/transmission ; Dengue Virus/drug effects ; *Disease Vectors ; Female ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; Insect Control ; *Insecticide Resistance ; Insecticides/pharmacology ; Larva/drug effects ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mosquito Vectors/*virology ; Nitriles/*pharmacology ; Pyrethrins/*pharmacology ; Salivary Glands/virology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes albopictus is one of the most invasive species in the world as well as the important vector for mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue fever, chikungunya fever and zika virus disease. Chemical control of mosquitoes is an effective method to control mosquito-borne diseases, however, the wide and improper application of insecticides for vector control has led to serious resistance problems. At present, there have been many reports on the resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in vector mosquitoes including deltamethrin to Aedes albopictus. However, the fitness cost and vector competence of deltamethrin resistant Aedes albopictus remain unknown. To understand the impact of insecticide resistant mosquito is of great significance for the prevention and control mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases.<br><br>A laboratory resistant strain (Lab-R) of Aedes albopictus was established by deltamethrin insecticide selecting from the laboratory susceptible strain (Lab-S). The life table between the two strains were comparatively analyzed. The average development time of Lab-R and Lab-S in larvae was 9.7 days and 8.2 days (P < 0.005), and in pupae was 2.0 days and 1.8 days respectively (P > 0.05), indicating that deltamethrin resistance prolongs the larval development time of resistant mosquitoes. The average survival time of resistant adults was significantly shorter than that of susceptible adults, while the body weight of resistant female adults was significantly higher than that of the susceptible females. We also compared the vector competence for dengue virus type-2 (DENV-2) between the two strains via RT-qPCR. Considering the results of infection rate (IR) and virus load, there was no difference between the two strains during the early period of infection (4, 7, 10 day post infection (dpi)). However, in the later period of infection (14 dpi), IR and virus load in heads, salivary glands and ovaries of the resistant mosquitoes were significantly lower than those of the susceptible strain (IR of heads, salivary glands and ovaries: P < 0.05; virus load in heads and salivary glands: P < 0.05; virus load in ovaries: P < 0.001). And then, fourteen days after the DENV-2-infectious blood meal, females of the susceptible and resistant strains were allow to bite 5-day-old suckling mice. Both stains of mosquito can transmit DENV-2 to mice, but the onset of viremia was later in the mice biting by resistant group as well as lower virus copies in serum and brains, suggesting that the horizontal transmission of the resistant strain is lower than the susceptible strain. Meanwhile, we also detected IR of egg pools of the two strains on 14 dpi and found that the resistant strain were less capable of vertical transmission than susceptible mosquitoes. In addition, the average survival time of the resistant females infected with DENV-2 was 16 days, which was the shortest among the four groups of female mosquitoes, suggesting that deltamethrin resistance would shorten the life span of female Aedes albopictus infected with DENV-2.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: As Aedes albopictus developing high resistance to deltamethrin, the resistance prolonged the growth and development of larvae, shorten the life span of adults, as well as reduced the vector competence of resistant Aedes albopictus for DENV-2. It can be concluded that the resistance to deltamethrin in Aedes albopictus is a double-edged sword, which not only endow the mosquito survive under the pressure of insecticide, but also increase the fitness cost and decrease its vector competence. However, Aedes albopictus resistant to deltamethrin can still complete the external incubation period and transmit dengue virus, which remains a potential vector for dengue virus transmission and becomes a threat to public health. Therefore, we should pay high attention for the problem of insecticide resistance so that to better prevent and control mosquito-borne diseases.}, }
@article {pmid33905407, year = {2021}, author = {Shi, H and Holbrook, CM and Cao, Y and Sepúlveda, N and Tan, X}, title = {Measurement of suction pressure dynamics of sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {e0247884}, pmid = {33905407}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Fishes/physiology ; Introduced Species/trends ; Lampreys/physiology ; Petromyzon/metabolism/*physiology ; Pressure ; Suction ; }, abstract = {Species-specific monitoring activities represent fundamental tools for natural resource management and conservation but require techniques that target species-specific traits or markers. Sea lamprey, a destructive invasive species in the Laurentian Great Lakes and conservation target in North America and Europe, is among very few fishes that possess and use oral suction, yet suction has not been exploited for sea lamprey control or conservation. Knowledge of specific characteristics of sea lamprey suction (e.g., amplitude, duration, and pattern of suction events; hereafter 'suction dynamics') may be useful to develop devices that detect, record, and respond to the presence of sea lamprey at a given place and time. Previous observations were limited to adult sea lampreys in static water. In this study, pressure sensing panels were constructed and used to measure oral suction pressures and describe suction dynamics of juvenile and adult sea lampreys at multiple locations within the mouth and in static and flowing water. Suction dynamics were largely consistent with previous descriptions, but more variation was observed. For adult sea lampreys, suction pressures ranged from -0.6 kPa to -26 kPa with 20 s to 200 s between pumps at rest, and increased to -8 kPa to -70 kPa when lampreys were manually disengaged. An array of sensors indicated that suction pressure distribution was largely uniform across the mouths of both juvenile and adult lampreys; but some apparent variation was attributed to obstruction of sensing portal holes by teeth. Suction pressure did not differ between static and flowing water when water velocity was lower than 0.45 m/s. Such information may inform design of new systems to monitor behavior, distribution and abundance of lampreys.}, }
@article {pmid33904766, year = {2021}, author = {Stevenson, DS and Wallace, R}, title = {Biogeographical Modeling of Alien Worlds.}, journal = {Astrobiology}, volume = {21}, number = {7}, pages = {831-844}, doi = {10.1089/ast.2020.2304}, pmid = {33904766}, issn = {1557-8070}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Planets ; }, abstract = {In this article, we partially quantify the biological potential of an exoplanet. We employ a variety of biogeographical analyses, placing biological evolution in the context of the geological evolution of the planet as a whole. Terrestrial (as in Earthly) biodiversity is tightly constrained in terms of species richness by its environment. An organism's habitable environment may be considered its niche space or hypervolume in terms of the physical characteristics in which that organism can survive and reproduce. This fundamental niche forms the broader space in which the organism realizes its true niche in terms of its interactions with other species. Many of the physical characteristics can be determined from astrophysical constraints and are thus amenable for dissection. However, the geographical space that organisms occupy is driven by the geological evolution of a sizable telluric planet. In turn, this is driven by the progressive differentiation of its interior to produce increasingly felsic crust. Using a variety of available models, we can then constrain the available space that species can inhabit using species-area relationships. By considering a combination of astrophysical constraints and geographical space, we partially quantify the numbers of species that can inhabit the landscape that geology provides. Finally, we also identify a correlation between geomorphological scale and speciation, which, if validated, will allow further dissection of species diversity on alien worlds.}, }
@article {pmid33904188, year = {2021}, author = {Jenckel, M and Hall, RN and Strive, T}, title = {First description of hepatitis E virus in Australian rabbits.}, journal = {Australian veterinary journal}, volume = {99}, number = {8}, pages = {356-358}, doi = {10.1111/avj.13073}, pmid = {33904188}, issn = {1751-0813}, support = {P01-B-002//Centre for Invasive Species Solutions/ ; //CSIRO/ ; P.PSH.1059//Meat and Livestock Australia/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia/epidemiology ; Europe ; Genotype ; *Hepatitis E virus/genetics ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Viral ; Rabbits ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {We report the first detection of hepatitis E virus in rabbits in Australia. While conducting metatranscriptomic sequencing of liver samples collected from domestic rabbits that had died, we detected hepatitis E virus in three samples. Two viral genome sequences were obtained, which shared 96% nucleotide identity and clustered with hepatitis E strains isolated from rabbits and humans in Europe. This raises a potential public health risk in Australia, as the abundance of wild rabbits and the increasing popularity of domestic rabbits as pets represent a substantial human/rabbit interface to allow for potential zoonotic infections to occur.}, }
@article {pmid33903410, year = {2021}, author = {Justine, JL and Gey, D and Vasseur, J and Thévenot, J and Coulis, M and Winsor, L}, title = {Presence of the invasive land flatworm emPlatydemus/em emmanokwari/em (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) in Guadeloupe, Martinique and Saint Martin (French West Indies).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4951}, number = {2}, pages = {zootaxa.4951.2.11}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4951.2.11}, pmid = {33903410}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Guadeloupe ; Martinique ; *Platyhelminths/classification ; West Indies ; }, abstract = {The land flatworm Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) is recorded from the islands of Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Saint Martin in the Caribbean arc. Photographs and records were obtained mainly from citizen science and ranged from the end of 2018 to February 2021; several specimens were deposited in the collections of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, France. Thirty records were from Guadeloupe, but only one from Martinique and from Saint Martin, respectively. The COI sequences of 3 specimens from Guadeloupe show that they belong to the World haplotype also found in many countries. We also report P. manokwari from Fort Myers, Florida, USA, with molecular characterization, which was also the World haplotype. This is the first published record of P. manokwari for Guadeloupe, Martinique and Saint Martin and the second for islands in the Caribbean, after Puerto Rico.}, }
@article {pmid33903345, year = {2021}, author = {Çerçi, B and Gorczyca, J and Koçak, &#xd6;}, title = {Description of New Miridae and Tingidae Species (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) and New Records from Southern Turkey.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4949}, number = {2}, pages = {zootaxa.4949.2.5}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4949.2.5}, pmid = {33903345}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Female ; Hemiptera ; *Heteroptera/classification/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Ribs ; Turkey ; }, abstract = {In this study, Fulvius anatolicus Çerçi Gorczyca sp. n., Orthotylus (Pinocapsus) kmenti Çerçi Koçak sp. n. (Miridae) and Lasiacantha karamanensis Çerçi Koçak sp. n. (Tingidae) are described from Turkey. Dorsal habitus of each species, male and female genitalia of F. anatolicus sp. n. and male genitalia of O. (P.) kmenti sp. n. are illustrated. Differential diagnostic features between closely related species and the new species are given. Additionally, Hallodapus costae (Miridae) and Tempyra biguttula (Rhyparochromidae) are recorded from Turkey for the first time. Latter is a new alien species for the fauna of Turkey.}, }
@article {pmid33902756, year = {2021}, author = {Lear, G and Kingsbury, JM and Franchini, S and Gambarini, V and Maday, SDM and Wallbank, JA and Weaver, L and Pantos, O}, title = {Plastics and the microbiome: impacts and solutions.}, journal = {Environmental microbiome}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {2}, pmid = {33902756}, issn = {2524-6372}, support = {C03X1802//Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment/ ; }, abstract = {Global plastic production has increased exponentially since manufacturing commenced in the 1950's, including polymer types infused with diverse additives and fillers. While the negative impacts of plastics are widely reported, particularly on marine vertebrates, impacts on microbial life remain poorly understood. Plastics impact microbiomes directly, exerting toxic effects, providing supplemental carbon sources and acting as rafts for microbial colonisation and dispersal. Indirect consequences include increased environmental shading, altered compositions of host communities and disruption of host organism or community health, hormone balances and immune responses. The isolation and application of plastic-degrading microbes are of substantial interest yet little evidence supports the microbial biodegradation of most high molecular weight synthetic polymers. Over 400 microbial species have been presumptively identified as capable of plastic degradation, but evidence for the degradation of highly prevalent polymers including polypropylene, nylon, polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride must be treated with caution; most studies fail to differentiate losses caused by the leaching or degradation of polymer monomers, additives or fillers. Even where polymer degradation is demonstrated, such as for polyethylene terephthalate, the ability of microorganisms to degrade more highly crystalline forms of the polymer used in commercial plastics appears limited. Microbiomes frequently work in conjunction with abiotic factors such as heat and light to impact the structural integrity of polymers and accessibility to enzymatic attack. Consequently, there remains much scope for extremophile microbiomes to be explored as a source of plastic-degrading enzymes and microorganisms. We propose a best-practice workflow for isolating and reporting plastic-degrading taxa from diverse environmental microbiomes, which should include multiple lines of evidence supporting changes in polymer structure, mass loss, and detection of presumed degradation products, along with confirmation of microbial strains and enzymes (and their associated genes) responsible for high molecular weight plastic polymer degradation. Such approaches are necessary for enzymatic degraders of high molecular weight plastic polymers to be differentiated from organisms only capable of degrading the more labile carbon within predominantly amorphous plastics, plastic monomers, additives or fillers.}, }
@article {pmid33902447, year = {2021}, author = {Engelbrecht, J and Duong, TA and Prabhu, SA and Seedat, M and van den Berg, N}, title = {Genome of the destructive oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi provides insights into its pathogenicity and adaptive potential.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {302}, pmid = {33902447}, issn = {1471-2164}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Genomics ; *Phytophthora/genetics ; Plant Diseases ; Virulence/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Phytophthora cinnamomi is an oomycete pathogen of global relevance. It is considered as one of the most invasive species, which has caused irreversible damage to natural ecosystems and horticultural crops. There is currently a lack of a high-quality reference genome for this species despite several attempts that have been made towards sequencing its genome. The lack of a good quality genome sequence has been a setback for various genetic and genomic research to be done on this species. As a consequence, little is known regarding its genome characteristics and how these contribute to its pathogenicity and invasiveness.<br><br>RESULTS: In this work we generated a high-quality genome sequence and annotation for P. cinnamomi using a combination of Oxford Nanopore and Illumina sequencing technologies. The annotation was done using RNA-Seq data as supporting gene evidence. The final assembly consisted of 133 scaffolds, with an estimated genome size of 109.7&#x2009;Mb, N50 of 1.18&#x2009;Mb, and BUSCO completeness score of 97.5%. Genome partitioning analysis revealed that P. cinnamomi has a two-speed genome characteristic, similar to that of other oomycetes and fungal plant pathogens. In planta gene expression analysis revealed up-regulation of pathogenicity-related genes, suggesting their important roles during infection and host degradation.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study has provided a high-quality reference genome and annotation for P. cinnamomi. This is among the best assembled genomes for any Phytophthora species assembled to date and thus resulted in improved identification and characterization of pathogenicity-related genes, some of which were undetected in previous versions of genome assemblies. Phytophthora cinnamomi harbours a large number of effector genes which are located in the gene-poor regions of the genome. This unique genomic partitioning provides P. cinnamomi with a high level of adaptability and could contribute to its success as a highly invasive species. Finally, the genome sequence, its annotation and the pathogenicity effectors identified in this study will serve as an important resource that will enable future studies to better understand and mitigate the impact of this important pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid33901733, year = {2021}, author = {Xu, T and Chen, L}, title = {Chemical communication in ant-hemipteran mutualism: potential implications for ant invasions.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {45}, number = {}, pages = {121-129}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2021.04.004}, pmid = {33901733}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Communication ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Pheromones/*metabolism ; Species Specificity ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Ant-hemipteran mutualism is one of the most frequently observed food-for-protection associations in nature, and is recently found to contribute to the invasions of several of the most destructive invasive ants. Chemical communication underlies establishment and maintenance of such associations, in which a multitude of semiochemicals, such as pheromones, cuticular hydrocarbons, honeydew sugars and bacteria-produced honeydew volatiles mediate location, recognition, selection, learning of mutualistic partners. Here, we review what is known about the chemical communication between ants and honeydew-producing hemipterans, and discuss how invasive ants can rapidly recognize and establish a mutualistic relationship with the hemipterans with which they have never coevolved. We also highlight some future directions for a clearer understanding of the chemical communication in ant-hemipteran mutualism and its role in ant invasions.}, }
@article {pmid33900280, year = {2021}, author = {Parker, MR and Currylow, AF and Tillman, EA and Robinson, CJ and Josimovich, JM and Bukovich, IMG and Nazarian, LA and Nafus, MG and Kluever, BM and Adams, AAY}, title = {Using Enclosed Y-Mazes to Assess Chemosensory Behavior in Reptiles.}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {170}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3791/61858}, pmid = {33900280}, issn = {1940-087X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Boidae ; Cues ; Introduced Species ; *Lizards ; Male ; Odorants ; }, abstract = {Reptiles utilize a variety of environmental cues to inform and drive animal behavior such as chemical scent trails produced by food or conspecifics. Decrypting the scent-trailing behavior of vertebrates, particularly invasive species, enables the discovery of cues that induce exploratory behavior and can aid in the development of valuable basic and applied biological tools. However, pinpointing behaviors dominantly driven by chemical cues versus other competing environmental cues can be challenging. Y-mazes are common tools used in animal behavior research that allow quantification of vertebrate chemosensory behavior across a range of taxa. By reducing external stimuli, Y-mazes remove confounding factors and present focal animals with a binary choice. In our Y-maze studies, a scenting animal is restricted to one arm of the maze to leave a scent trail and is removed once scent-laying parameters have been met. Then, depending on the trial type, either the focal animal is allowed into the maze, or a competing scent trail is created. The result is a record of the focal animal's choice and behavior while discriminating between the chemical cues presented. Here, two Y-maze apparatuses tailored to different invasive reptile species: Argentine black and white tegu lizards (Salvator merianae) and Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus) are described, outlining the operation and cleaning of these Y-mazes. Further, the variety of data produced, experimental drawbacks and solutions, and suggested data analysis frameworks have been summarized.}, }
@article {pmid33899992, year = {2021}, author = {Lorenz, J and Heinrich, R and Schneider, A and Schwager, M and Herklotz, V and Wesche, K and Ritz, CM}, title = {Invasive populations of Spiraea tomentosa (Rosaceae) are genetically diverse but decline during succession in forest habitats.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, pages = {749-759}, doi = {10.1111/plb.13275}, pmid = {33899992}, issn = {1438-8677}, support = {//ENEDAS/ ; //Projekt DEAL/ ; //Senckenberg Gesellschaft fur Naturforschung/ ; }, mesh = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Genetic Variation ; *Rosaceae ; *Spiraea/genetics ; }, abstract = {Population genetic and ecological data may help to control invasive plants, which are considered a major threat to natural habitats. In contrast to expected bottleneck events, genetic diversity of such invasive populations may be high due to extensive propagule pressure or admixture. The ecological impact of invasive species has been broadly evaluated in the field; however, long-term studies on the fate of invasive plants are scarce. We analysed genetic diversity and structure in invasive Spiraea tomentosa populations in eastern Germany and western Poland using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism. Potential hybridization between co-occurring diploid Sp. tomentosa and tetraploid Sp. douglasii was investigated using Flow Cytometry. The genetic analyses were complemented by data from a 13-year vegetation study in an area invaded by these Spiraea species. We found no evidence for hybridization between Spiraea species. In populations of Sp. tomentosa both genetic diversity (He = 0.26) and genetic structure (ΦPT = 0.27) were high and comparable to other outcrossing woody plants. Low levels of clonality, presence of seedlings and new patches in sites that had been colonized over the last 13 years imply that populations spread via sexual reproduction. In all habitat types, native species diversity declined following Sp. tomentosa invasion. However, detailed aerial mapping of a forest reserve with ongoing succession revealed that Spiraea spp. populations have declined over a 10-year period. Despite its potential for dispersal and negative effects on native plant communities, invasive Spiraea populations may be controlled by increasing canopy cover in forest habitats.}, }
@article {pmid33899303, year = {2021}, author = {Lazenby, BT and Mooney, NJ and Dickman, CR}, title = {Raiders of the last ark: the impacts of feral cats on small mammals in Tasmanian forest ecosystems.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, pages = {e02362}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2362}, pmid = {33899303}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Cats ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; Mammals ; Mice ; Predatory Behavior ; Rats ; }, abstract = {Feral individuals of the cat Felis catus are recognized internationally as a threat to biodiversity. Open, non-insular systems support a large proportion of the world's biodiversity, but the population-level impacts of feral cats in these systems are rarely elucidated. This limits prioritization and assessment of the effectiveness of management interventions. We quantified the predatory impact of feral cats on small mammals in open, non-insular forest systems in Tasmania, Australia in the context of other factors hypothesized to affect small mammal densities and survival, namely the density of a native carnivore, co-occurring small mammals, and rainfall. Change in feral cat density was the most important determinant of small mammal density and survival. We calculated that, on average, a 50% reduction in feral cat density could result in 25% and 10% increases in the density of the swamp rat Rattus lutreolus and long-tailed mouse Pseudomys higginsi, respectively. Low-level culling of feral cats that we conducted on two of our four study sites to experimentally alter feral cat densities revealed that swamp rat survival was highest when feral cat densities were stable. We conclude that feral cats exert downward pressure on populations of indigenous small mammals in temperate forest systems. However, alleviating this downward pressure on prey by culling a large proportion of the feral cat population is difficult as current methods for reducing feral cat populations in cool temperate forest systems are ineffective, and potentially even counterproductive. We suggest using an adaptive approach that regularly and robustly monitors how feral cats and small mammals respond to management interventions that are intended to conserve vulnerable prey species.}, }
@article {pmid33897820, year = {2021}, author = {Champer, J and Champer, SE and Kim, IK and Clark, AG and Messer, PW}, title = {Design and analysis of CRISPR-based underdominance toxin-antidote gene drives.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {1052-1069}, pmid = {33897820}, issn = {1752-4571}, support = {R01 ES029929/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 GM127418/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {CRISPR gene drive systems offer a mechanism for transmitting a desirable transgene throughout a population for purposes ranging from vector-borne disease control to invasive species suppression. In this simulation study, we assess the performance of several CRISPR-based underdominance gene drive constructs employing toxin-antidote (TA) principles. These drives disrupt the wild-type version of an essential gene using a CRISPR nuclease (the toxin) while simultaneously carrying a recoded version of the gene (the antidote). Drives of this nature allow for releases that could be potentially confined to a desired geographic location. This is because such drives have a nonzero-invasion threshold frequency required for the drive to spread through the population. We model drives which target essential genes that are either haplosufficient or haplolethal, using nuclease promoters with expression restricted to the germline, promoters that additionally result in cleavage activity in the early embryo from maternal deposition, and promoters that have ubiquitous somatic expression. We also study several possible drive architectures, considering both "same-site" and "distant-site" systems, as well as several reciprocally targeting drives. Together, these drive variants provide a wide range of invasion threshold frequencies and options for both population modification and suppression. Our results suggest that CRISPR TA underdominance drive systems could allow for the design of flexible and potentially confinable gene drive strategies.}, }
@article {pmid33897812, year = {2021}, author = {Du, Z and Wu, Y and Chen, Z and Cao, L and Ishikawa, T and Kamitani, S and Sota, T and Song, F and Tian, L and Cai, W and Li, H}, title = {Global phylogeography and invasion history of the spotted lanternfly revealed by mitochondrial phylogenomics.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {915-930}, pmid = {33897812}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Biological invasion has been a serious global threat due to increasing international trade and population movements. Tracking the source and route of invasive species and evaluating the genetic differences in their native regions have great significance for the effective monitoring and management, and further resolving the invasive mechanism. The spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula is native to China and invaded South Korea, Japan, and the United States during the last decade, causing severe damages to the fruits and timber industries. However, its global phylogeographic pattern and invasion history are not clearly understood. We applied high-throughput sequencing to obtain 392 whole mitochondrial genome sequences from four countries to ascertain the origin, dispersal, and invasion history of the spotted lanternfly. Phylogenomic analyses revealed that the spotted lanternfly originated from southwestern China, diverged into six phylogeographic lineages, and experienced northward expansion across the Yangtze River in the late Pleistocene. South Korea populations were derived from multiple invasions from eastern China and Japan with two different genetic sources of northwestern (Loess Plateau) and eastern (East Plain) lineages in China, whereas the each of Japan and the United States had only one. The United States populations originated through single invasive event from South Korea, which served as a bridgehead of invasion. The environmental conditions, especially the distribution of host Ailanthus trees, and adaptability possibly account for the rapid spread of the spotted lanternfly in the native and introduced regions.}, }
@article {pmid33896095, year = {2021}, author = {Duncan, RP}, title = {Time lags and the invasion debt in plant naturalisations.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {24}, number = {7}, pages = {1363-1374}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13751}, pmid = {33896095}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Ecological processes often exhibit time lags. For plant invasions, lags of decades to centuries between species' introduction and establishment in the wild (naturalisation) are common, leading to the idea of an invasion debt: accelerating rates of introduction result in an expanding pool of introduced species that will naturalise in the future. Here, I show how a concept from survival analysis, the hazard function, provides an intuitive way to understand and forecast time lags. For plant naturalisation, theoretical arguments predict that lags between introduction and naturalisation will have a unimodal distribution, and that increasing horticultural activity will cause the mean and variance of lag times to decline over time. These predictions were supported by data on introduction and naturalisation dates for plant species introduced to Britain. While increasing trade and horticultural activity can generate an invasion debt by accelerating introductions, the same processes could lower that debt by reducing lag times.}, }
@article {pmid33893635, year = {2021}, author = {Sutherland, BL and Barrett, CF and Beck, JB and Latvis, M and McKain, MR and Sigel, EM and Kooyers, NJ}, title = {Botany is the root and the future of invasion biology.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {108}, number = {4}, pages = {549-552}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1642}, pmid = {33893635}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Botany ; Genomics ; }, }
@article {pmid33891731, year = {2021}, author = {Campbell-Palmer, R and Rosell, F and Naylor, A and Cole, G and Mota, S and Brown, D and Fraser, M and Pizzi, R and Elliott, M and Wilson, K and Gaywood, M and Girling, S}, title = {Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) health surveillance in Britain: Assessing a disjunctive reintroduced population.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {188}, number = {8}, pages = {e84}, doi = {10.1002/vetr.84}, pmid = {33891731}, issn = {2042-7670}, mesh = {Animals ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Health Status ; *Introduced Species ; *Rodentia ; Sentinel Surveillance/*veterinary ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Numerous translocations of Eurasian beavers have occurred with little implementation of standardised health screening. Pre-release health screening enables the selection of individuals with the best survival prospects and reduces potential health risks, but this is by-passed during unofficial releases. Beaver reintroduction to Britain has been haphazard and currently disjunctive populations of varying status exist.<br><br>METHODS: This observational cross section study investigated the health status of three beaver populations, with 90 live beavers tested for a range of pathogens comprising 56 from Tayside (unofficially released Scotland), nine from Knapdale (officially released Scotland) and 25 from Devon (unofficially released England). In addition, a further 32 cadavers were screened (25 from Tayside and seven from Knapdale).<br><br>RESULTS: All beavers were in good physical condition, did not harbour any non-native disease or parasites of concern and demonstrated remarkably low levels of any disease or parasite exposure.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Beavers are establishing and adapting well to British landscapes and are not acting as reservoirs of significant zoonotic diseases. Official, licensed reintroduction programmes may appear overly convoluted; however, reputational damage of unofficial releases should be considered, along with the health and welfare of the animals involved and collateral damage to other wildlife, domestic animals and humans.}, }
@article {pmid33888934, year = {2021}, author = {Newcomb, TJ and Simonin, PW and Martinez, FA and Chadderton, WL and Bossenbroek, JM and Cudmore, B and Hoff, MH and Keller, RP and Ridenhour, BD and Rothlisberger, JD and Rutherford, ES and Van Egeren, S and Lodge, DM}, title = {A Best Practices Case Study for Scientific Collaboration between Researchers and Managers.}, journal = {Fisheries}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {131-138}, pmid = {33888934}, issn = {0363-2415}, abstract = {Effective engagement among scientists, government agency staff, and policymakers is necessary for solving fisheries challenges, but remains challenging for a variety of reasons. We present seven practices learned from a collaborative project focused on invasive species in the Great Lakes region (USA-CAN). These practices were based on a researcher-manager model composed of a research team, a management advisory board, and a bridging organization. We suggest this type of system functions well when (1) the management advisory board is provided compelling rationale for engagement; (2) the process uses key individuals as communicators; (3) the research team thoughtfully selects organizations and individuals involved; (4) the funding entity provides logistical support and allows for (5) a flexible structure that prioritizes management needs; (6) a bridging organization sustains communication between in-person meetings; and (7) the project team determines and enacts a project endpoint. We predict these approaches apply equally effectively to other challenges at the research-management-policy interface, including reductions of water pollution, transitions to renewable energy, increasing food security, and addressing climate change.}, }
@article {pmid33888783, year = {2021}, author = {Ercoli, F and Ghia, D and Gruppuso, L and Fea, G and Bo, T and Ruokonen, TJ}, title = {Diet and trophic niche of the invasive signal crayfish in the first invaded Italian stream ecosystem.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {8704}, pmid = {33888783}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; *Diet ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Male ; *Rivers ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The occurrence of the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus in the Valla Stream was the first established population of this invasive species recorded in an Italian stream ecosystem. We evaluated the seasonality of diet and trophic niche of invasive signal crayfish in order to estimate the ecological role and effects on native communities of the stream ecosystem. We studied the differences in food source use between sexes, life stages and seasons using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses. To supplement stable isotope analyses, we evaluated food source usage using traditional stomach content analysis. We tested the hypothesis that juveniles have a different diet, showing different trophic niches, compared to adults. Results indicated that signal crayfish adult and juvenile diets mainly rely on macroinvertebrates and periphyton in summer, shifting to mostly periphyton in autumn. Although the two age classes occupied an equivalent trophic niche, juveniles showed slightly different carbon isotope values, suggesting a somewhat ontogenetic shift consistent among seasons. No significant differences were found in adult and juvenile diets between summer and autumn seasons. Our findings suggest that signal crayfish juveniles and adults exhibited seasonal feeding habits, probably due to ecological behaviour rather than food resource availability, and that both are likely to impose similar effects on macroinvertebrate communities in this and similar stream ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid33888695, year = {2021}, author = {Cui, Z and Liu, Y and Yuan, J and Zhang, X and Ventura, T and Ma, KY and Sun, S and Song, C and Zhan, D and Yang, Y and Liu, H and Fan, G and Cai, Q and Du, J and Qin, J and Shi, C and Hao, S and Fitzgibbon, QP and Smith, GG and Xiang, J and Chan, TY and Hui, M and Bao, C and Li, F and Chu, KH}, title = {The Chinese mitten crab genome provides insights into adaptive plasticity and developmental regulation.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {2395}, pmid = {33888695}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Animals ; Aquaculture ; Brachyura/*physiology ; Chromosome Mapping ; Female ; Fertility/genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Homeobox/genetics ; Genome/*genetics ; Genomics ; Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages/genetics ; Male ; Multigene Family/genetics ; Osmoregulation/genetics ; Sexual Development/genetics ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; }, abstract = {The infraorder Brachyura (true or short-tailed crabs) represents a successful group of marine invertebrates yet with limited genomic resources. Here we report a chromosome-anchored reference genome and transcriptomes of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis, a catadromous crab and invasive species with wide environmental tolerance, strong osmoregulatory capacity and high fertility. We show the expansion of specific gene families in the crab, including F-ATPase, which enhances our knowledge on the adaptive plasticity of this successful invasive species. Our analysis of spatio-temporal transcriptomes and the genome of E. sinensis and other decapods shows that brachyurization development is associated with down-regulation of Hox genes at the megalopa stage when tail shortening occurs. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism regulating sexual development is achieved by integrated analysis of multiple omics. These genomic resources significantly expand the gene repertoire of Brachyura, and provide insights into the biology of this group, and Crustacea in general.}, }
@article {pmid33887185, year = {2021}, author = {Benkwitt, CE and Gunn, RL and Le Corre, M and Carr, P and Graham, NAJ}, title = {Rat eradication restores nutrient subsidies from seabirds across terrestrial and marine ecosystems.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {31}, number = {12}, pages = {2704-2711.e4}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.104}, pmid = {33887185}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; Coral Reefs ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Nutrients ; Rats ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions pose a threat to nearly every ecosystem worldwide.[1][,][2] Although eradication programs can successfully eliminate invasive species and enhance native biodiversity, especially on islands,[3] the effects of eradication on cross-ecosystem processes are unknown. On islands where rats were never introduced, seabirds transfer nutrients from pelagic to terrestrial and nearshore marine habitats, which in turn enhance the productivity, biomass, and functioning of recipient ecosystems.[4-6] Here, we test whether rat eradication restores seabird populations, their nutrient subsidies, and some of their associated benefits for ecosystem function to tropical islands and adjacent coral reefs. By comparing islands with different rat invasion histories, we found a clear hierarchy whereby seabird biomass, seabird-driven nitrogen inputs, and the incorporation of seabird-derived nutrients into terrestrial and marine food chains were highest on islands where rats were never introduced, intermediate on islands where rats were eradicated 4-16 years earlier, and lowest on islands with invasive rats still present. Seabird-derived nutrients diminished from land to sea and with increasing distance to rat-eradicated islands, but extended at least 300 m from shore. Although rat eradication enhanced seabird-derived nutrients in soil, leaves, marine algae, and herbivorous reef fish, reef fish growth was similar around rat-eradicated and rat-infested islands. Given that the loss of nutrient subsidies is of global concern,[7] that removal of invasive species restores previously lost nutrient pathways over relatively short timescales is promising. However, the full return of cross-ecosystem nutrient subsidies and all of their associated demographic benefits may take multiple decades.}, }
@article {pmid33886040, year = {2021}, author = {Amin, OM and Peña, C and Castro, T}, title = {An Unusual Type of Neoechinorhynchus cylindratus (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from Gambusia affinis in Peru, with Notes on Introductions.}, journal = {Acta parasitologica}, volume = {66}, number = {4}, pages = {1229-1239}, pmid = {33886040}, issn = {1896-1851}, mesh = {*Acanthocephala ; Animals ; Cattle ; *Cyprinodontiformes ; Female ; *Fish Diseases ; *Helminthiasis, Animal ; Humans ; Male ; Peru ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Neoechinorhynchus cylindratus Van Cleave (Zoo Anz 43: 177-1990, 1913) Van Cleave (Ill Natl Hist Surv Bull 13:225-257, 1919) is a North American acanthocephalan originally described from Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède) in Pelican Lake, Minnesota. It is common in Centrarchids but also not infrequent in fishes of other families.<br><br>PURPOSE: A unique population of N. cylindratus was discovered in Peru. It needed to be described and its introduction into Peru investigated.<br><br>METHODS: Standard processing of specimens and staining in Borax carmine and fast green for creating whole mounts were employed. Literature sources were available from the OMA personal collection.<br><br>RESULTS: The descriptive accounts of N. cylindratus have been rather stable over the years since its original description. It has been, however, oddly identified from Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard) in Peru. Females of the Peruvian specimens were, however, not typical in having a terminal-near terminal gonopore at odds with the sub-ventral position characteristic of the usual populations of N. cylindratus in North America. We describe the Peruvian material and outline the distinct morphological variations from the North American populations in the position of the female gonopore, among other characters. We also explain its introduction into Peru and the translocation of the position of female gonopore to the terminal position.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The translocation to the terminal position of the female gonopore in the Peruvian material is attributed to host related developmental factors. The route of introduction of N. cylindratus into Peru through the introduction of G. affinis from the United States has been accounted for. It may be comparable to the introduction of the same acanthocephalan species into northern Mexico via the documented introduction of its primary host, M. salmoides, also from the United States into Mexico in 1930. The introduction of Acanthocephalus dirus Van Cleave (Ill Natl Hist Surv Bull 13:225-257, 1919) (Van Cleave and Townsend, 1936) into Mexico is also discussed.}, }
@article {pmid33885937, year = {2021}, author = {Devarajan, M and Muralidharan, S and Prakasham, K and Nambirajan, K}, title = {Variation in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contamination Between Native and Introduced Species of Fishes of Pallikaranai Wetland, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.}, journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {107}, number = {3}, pages = {459-465}, pmid = {33885937}, issn = {1432-0800}, support = {IF150157//Department of Science and technology INDIA/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Fishes ; India ; Introduced Species ; *Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The impacts of invasive fish species on recipient communities are mostly considered a threat to the biodiversity of freshwater systems. A characteristic of introduced species turning invasive is their higher tolerance to environmental stressors. To understand if non-native fishes in Pallikaranai wetland, Tamil Nadu, India, are more tolerant to anthropogenic pressures in the Wetland, we assessed the variation in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon contamination between introduced and native fish species. Mean levels of Naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, and total PAH in samples of introduced species were higher than native species, while High Molecular weight PAH and carcinogenic PAH4 were higher in native fish species. The data was also analysed to assess if co-variates (organs, seasons, and sex) affected PAH accumulation patterns in non-native species. It was observed that only organs, sex, and year contributed significantly.}, }
@article {pmid33883555, year = {2021}, author = {Broennimann, O and Petitpierre, B and Chevalier, M and González-Suárez, M and Jeschke, JM and Rolland, J and Gray, SM and Bacher, S and Guisan, A}, title = {Distance to native climatic niche margins explains establishment success of alien mammals.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {2353}, pmid = {33883555}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Climate ; Databases, Factual ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Mammals ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {One key hypothesis explaining the fate of exotic species introductions posits that the establishment of a self-sustaining population in the invaded range can only succeed within conditions matching the native climatic niche. Yet, this hypothesis remains untested for individual release events. Using a dataset of 979 introductions of 173 mammal species worldwide, we show that climate-matching to the realized native climatic niche, measured by a new Niche Margin Index (NMI), is a stronger predictor of establishment success than most previously tested life-history attributes and historical factors. Contrary to traditional climatic suitability metrics derived from species distribution models, NMI is based on niche margins and provides a measure of how distant a site is inside or, importantly, outside the niche. Besides many applications in research in ecology and evolution, NMI as a measure of native climatic niche-matching in risk assessments could improve efforts to prevent invasions and avoid costly eradications.}, }
@article {pmid33882628, year = {2021}, author = {Wolfe, TM and Bruzzese, DJ and Klasson, L and Corretto, E and Lečić, S and Stauffer, C and Feder, JL and Schuler, H}, title = {Comparative genome sequencing reveals insights into the dynamics of Wolbachia in native and invasive cherry fruit flies.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {23}, pages = {6259-6272}, pmid = {33882628}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {P 31441/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Symbiosis/genetics ; *Tephritidae/genetics ; *Wolbachia/genetics ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia is a maternally inherited obligate endosymbiont that can induce a wide spectrum of effects in its host, ranging from mutualism to reproductive parasitism. At the genomic level, recombination within and between strains, transposable elements, and horizontal transfer of strains between host species make Wolbachia an evolutionarily dynamic bacterial system. The invasive cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cingulata arrived in Europe from North America ~40 years ago, where it now co-occurs with the native cherry pest R. cerasi. This shared distribution has been proposed to have led to the horizontal transfer of different Wolbachia strains between the two species. To better understand transmission dynamics, we performed a comparative genome study of the strain wCin2 in its native United States and invasive European populations of R. cingulata with wCer2 in European R. cerasi. Previous multilocus sequence genotyping (MLST) of six genes implied that the source of wCer2 in R. cerasi was wCin2 from R. cingulata. However, we report genomic evidence discounting the recent horizontal transfer hypothesis for the origin of wCer2. Despite near identical sequences for the MLST markers, substantial sequence differences for other loci were found between wCer2 and wCin2, as well as structural rearrangements, and differences in prophage, repetitive element, gene content, and cytoplasmic incompatibility inducing genes. Our study highlights the need for whole-genome sequencing rather than relying on MLST markers for resolving Wolbachia strains and assessing their evolutionary dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid33882413, year = {2021}, author = {Morey, AC and Venette, RC}, title = {A participatory method for prioritizing invasive species: Ranking threats to Minnesota's terrestrial ecosystems.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {290}, number = {}, pages = {112556}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112556}, pmid = {33882413}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Minnesota ; Plant Diseases ; }, abstract = {Terrestrial invasive species threaten the integrity of diverse and highly-valued ecosystems. The Minnesota Invasive Terrestrial Plants and Pests Center (MITPPC) was established by the state of Minnesota to fund research projects aimed at minimizing harms posed by the most threatening terrestrial invasive species to the state's prairies, wetlands, forests, and agriculture. MITPPC used the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to identify and prioritize diverse invasive species threats. We describe how MITPPC tailored AHP to establish its research priorities and highlight major outcomes and challenges with our approach. We found that subject matter experts considered factors associated with the severity of impact from invasion, rather than the potential for invasion, to be the greatest contributors in identifying the most threatening species. Specifically, out of the 17 total criteria identified by the experts to rank species, negative environmental impact was the most influential threat criterion. Currently, narrowleaf cattail, mountain pine beetle, and the causative agent of Dutch elm disease are top threats to Minnesota terrestrial ecosystems. AHP does not handle data-poor situations well; however, it allows for easy incorporation of new information over time for a species without undoing the original framework. The MITPPC prioritization has encouraged interdisciplinary, cross-project synergy among its research projects. Such outcomes, coupled with the transparent and evidence-based decision structure, strengthen the credibility of MITPPC activities with many stakeholders.}, }
@article {pmid33878331, year = {2021}, author = {Anderson, LG and Bojko, J and Bateman, KS and Stebbing, PD and Stentiford, GD and Dunn, AM}, title = {Patterns of infection in a native and an invasive crayfish across the UK.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {184}, number = {}, pages = {107595}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2021.107595}, pmid = {33878331}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*microbiology/*parasitology/virology ; *Introduced Species ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Invasive crayfish and the introduction of non-native diseases pose a significant risk for the conservation of endangered, white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes). Continued pollution of waterways is also of concern for native species and may be linked with crayfish disease dynamics. We explore whether crayfish species or environmental quality are predictors of infection presence and prevalence in native A. pallipes and invasive signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus). We use a seven-year dataset of histology records, and a field survey comparing the presence and prevalence of infectious agents in three isolated A. pallipes populations; three isolated P. leniusculus populations, and three populations where the two species had overlapped in the past. We note a lower diversity of parasites (Simpson's Index) in P. leniusculus ('Pacifastacus leniusculus Bacilliform Virus' - PlBV) (n = 1 parasite) relative to native A. pallipes (n = 4 parasites), which host Thelohania contejeani, 'Austropotamobius pallipes bacilliform virus' (ApBV), Psorospermium haeckeli and Branchiobdella astaci, at the sites studied. The infectious group present in both species was an intranuclear bacilliform virus of the hepatopancreas. The prevalence of A. astaci in A. pallipes populations was higher in more polluted water bodies, which may reflect an effect of water quality, or may be due to increased chance of transmission from nearby P. leniusculus, a species commonly found in poor quality habitats.}, }
@article {pmid33877445, year = {2021}, author = {Srivastava, P and Raghubanshi, AS}, title = {Impact of Parthenium hysterophorus L. invasion on soil nitrogen dynamics of grassland vegetation of Indo-Gangetic plains, India.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {193}, number = {5}, pages = {286}, pmid = {33877445}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Grassland ; India ; Nitrogen ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {The noxious plant species Parthenium hysterophorus L. has become a major concern for the conservation of many natural and managed areas. The species is known for its various adverse effects on the invaded ecosystems, particularly in terms of biodiversity loss. Currently, P. hysterophorus is a leading invasive species widespread in the grasslands of productive and diversity rich Indo-Gangetic plains of India and is responsible for various changes in the ecosystem. The present study addresses the changes that P. hysterophorus can bring in the vegetation structure (species richness, species evenness, and species composition) of the grasslands of Indo-Gangetic plain. To broaden our understanding of the invasion success and facilitated expansion, we also focus on the variability of soil nitrogen pool and processes as a consequence of invasion. We report that in the presence of P. hysterophorus, the species diversity, evenness, composition and richness were altered, affecting many native and non-native flora of the ecosystem. The effect was more prominent during the second and third year of the study with more increase in the invasion outcomes. Significant changes in soil nitrogen (N) dynamics, particularly, increased available (N), N-mineralization and microbial biomass N have been found in the invaded plots along with changes in vegetation of the grassland community. Overall, the result suggested that the invasive species, P. hysterophorus, modifies the soil and this modification is correlated with changes in vegetation structure and this situation is likely to further facilitate severe alterations in the ecosystem and could favor encroachment of other non-native species in the area.}, }
@article {pmid33876193, year = {2021}, author = {Vicente, S and Máguas, C and Richardson, DM and Trindade, H and Wilson, JRU and Le Roux, JJ}, title = {Highly diverse and highly successful: invasive Australian acacias have not experienced genetic bottlenecks globally.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {128}, number = {2}, pages = {149-157}, pmid = {33876193}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {*Acacia/genetics ; Australia ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Inbreeding ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Invasive species may undergo rapid evolution despite very limited standing genetic diversity. This so-called genetic paradox of biological invasions assumes that an invasive species has experienced (and survived) a genetic bottleneck and then underwent local adaptation in the new range. In this study, we test how often Australian acacias (genus Acacia), one of the world's most problematic invasive tree groups, have experienced genetic bottlenecks and inbreeding.<br><br>METHODS: We collated genetic data from 51 different genetic studies on Acacia species to compare genetic diversity between native and invasive populations. These studies analysed 37 different Acacia species, with genetic data from the invasive ranges of 11 species, and data from the native range for 36 species (14 of these 36 species are known to be invasive somewhere in the world, and the other 22 are not known to be invasive).<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Levels of genetic diversity are similar in native and invasive populations, and there is little evidence of invasive populations being extensively inbred. Levels of genetic diversity in native range populations also did not differ significantly between species that have and that do not have invasive populations.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We attribute our findings to the impressive movement, introduction effort and human usage of Australian acacias around the world.}, }
@article {pmid33872791, year = {2021}, author = {Romeo, C and Cafiso, A and Fesce, E and Martínez-Rondán, FJ and Panzeri, M and Martinoli, A and Cappai, N and Defilippis, G and Ferrari, N}, title = {Lost and found: Helminths infecting invasive raccoons introduced to Italy.}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {83}, number = {}, pages = {102354}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2021.102354}, pmid = {33872791}, issn = {1873-0329}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Cestoda/*isolation &amp; purification ; Cestode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary ; Female ; Helminthiasis, Animal/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Helminths/*isolation &amp; purification ; Introduced Species ; Italy/epidemiology ; Male ; Nematoda/*isolation &amp; purification ; Nematode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary ; Prevalence ; *Raccoons ; Trematoda/*isolation &amp; purification ; Trematode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {North American raccoons (Procyon lotor) have been introduced to several European countries, where they may represent a sanitary threat as hosts of several pathogens such as the zoonotic ascarid Baylisascaris procyonis. We carried out parasitological analysis on raccoons introduced to Italy to verify whether the species had carried along B. procyonis or any other gastro-intestinal helminths that may threaten humans, livestock or native wildlife. We examined 64 raccoons culled in Northern Italy during control activities and 3 roadkills opportunistically sampled from a separate population located in central Italy. Helminths were collected from the gastro-intestinal tract through standard parasitological techniques and identified based on a combination of morphology and molecular methods. Overall, examined raccoons showed a poor parasitic fauna, with almost 30% of individuals free of any helminth infection. The most prevalent species were the nematodes Strongyloides procyonis (26.9%), Aonchotheca putorii (25.4%) and Porrocaecum sp. (19.4%). Plagiorchis sp. trematodes were also common (13.4%), whereas cestodes were scarcely represented. With the exception of S. procyonis introduced from North America, all the other identified taxa have either a Eurasian or a wide Holarctic distribution. Despite not finding any B. procyonis in the examined raccoons, passive surveillance for this parasite should be implemented, especially in Tuscany, since the limited host sample examined in the present survey does not allow to exclude its presence.}, }
@article {pmid33870588, year = {2021}, author = {Cruickshank, SS and Bergamini, A and Schmidt, BR}, title = {Estimation of breeding probability can make monitoring data more revealing: a case study of amphibians.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, pages = {e02357}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2357}, pmid = {33870588}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Amphibians ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Probability ; }, abstract = {Monitoring programs serve to detect trends in the distribution and abundance of species. To do so, monitoring programs often use static state variables. Dynamic state variables that describe population dynamics might be more valuable because they allow for a mechanistic understanding of the processes that lead to population trends. We fit multistate occupancy models to data from a country-wide multispecies amphibian occupancy monitoring program and estimated occupancy and breeding probabilities. If breeding probabilities are determinants of occupancy dynamics, then they may serve in monitoring programs as state variables that describe dynamic processes. The results showed that breeding probabilities were low and that a large proportion of the populations had to be considered to be non-breeding populations (i.e., populations where adults are present but no breeding occurs). For some species, the majority of populations were non-breeding populations. We found that non-breeding populations have lower persistence probabilities than populations where breeding occurs. Breeding probabilities may thus explain trends in occupancy but they might also explain other ecological phenomena, such as the success of invasive species, which had high breeding probabilities. Signs of breeding, i.e., the presence of eggs and larvae, were often hard to detect. Importantly, non-breeding populations also had low detection probabilities, perhaps because they had lower abundances. We suggest that monitoring programs should invest more in the detection of life history stages indicative of breeding, and also into the detection of non-breeding populations. We conclude that breeding probability should be used as a state variable in monitoring programs because it can lead to deeper insights into the processes driving occupancy dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid33868824, year = {2021}, author = {Richling, I and von Proschwitz, T}, title = {Identification problems of travelling snail species-new exotic introductions to tropical greenhouses in Gothenburg, Sweden (Gastropoda: Achatinellidae, Strobilopsidae, Helicarionidae).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e11185}, pmid = {33868824}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Three previously unreported species of tropical land snails were found in the greenhouses of the Gothenburg (Göteborg) Botanical Garden and the Public Science Center Universeum in Gothenburg. For Tornatellides cf. boeningi (Schmacker &amp; Boettger, 1891) and Ovachlamys fulgens (Gude, 1900) this is the first observed occurrence in a European greenhouse, while Discostrobilops hubbardi (Brown, 1861) was first reported very recently in the Vienna Botanical garden. Tornatellides and Discostrobilops seem to be spread with orchid culture and trade. Identification of the Tornatellides species proved extremely difficult and a genetic sequence-based approach completely failed due to the unavailability of reference data. This was unexpected considering the importance of these introduced species in horticultural trade. A broader assessment of available sequence data for genetic identification based on COI or 16S for other snail species reported from horticultural facilities showed that such reference data in GenBank are still scarce and only for a limited number of species this approach would support identification.}, }
@article {pmid33868811, year = {2021}, author = {Nouri-Aiin, M and Görres, JH}, title = {Biocontrol of invasive pheretimoid earthworms using Beauveria bassiana.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e11101}, pmid = {33868811}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive species cause enormous costs of over $120 billion to the U.S. economy. Among biological invasions, the invasion by pheretimoid earthworms has gone relatively unnoticed and their invasion imposes yet unknown damage on USA agriculture and horticulture. The main dispersal is with horticultural goods such as plant material and composts. Pheretimoids affect commercially important hardwood forest. With no chemical agents currently certified for earthworm control nor any best horticultural practices, slowing the invasion is difficult.<br><br>METHODS: In this study we measured the efficacy of a commercial entomopathogenic fungal isolate of B. bassiana (BotaniGard[&#xae;]) to kill pheretimoid earthworms under greenhouse conditions. Four treatments of B. bassiana were applied: The commercial product as per label, re-cultured commercial B. bassiana, 15 g and 25 g millet grains mycotized with recultured product. In all, three bioassays were conducted in 2 consecutive years with two batches of BotaniGard[&#xae;].<br><br>RESULTS: With fresh batches, all B. bassiana treatments with re-cultured product resulted in greater than 70% mortality within 4 weeks. Mortality was less than 60% when BotaniGard[&#xae;] was used as prescribed by the label. When using 1-year old spores (refrigerated at 4 &#xb0;C), mortality rates for B. bassiana treatments were less than 20% and not significantly different from the controls. However, B. bassiana still affected the earthworms by slowing their development from juvenile to adult stage.<br><br>CONCLUSION: B. bassiana was effective against pheretimoid earthworms. Overall, mycotized millet grains did not significantly increase mortality over the re-cultured, directly applied B. bassiana spores. More experimentation is needed to find the mode of action of the re-cultured B. bassiana before investigating ways to improve the efficacy of B. bassiana when applied as prescribed on the label.}, }
@article {pmid33867868, year = {2021}, author = {Reiskind, MOB and Moody, ML and Bolnick, DI and Hanifin, CT and Farrior, CE}, title = {Nothing in Evolution Makes Sense Except in the Light of Biology.}, journal = {Bioscience}, volume = {71}, number = {4}, pages = {370-382}, pmid = {33867868}, issn = {0006-3568}, support = {R01 AI123659/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {A key question in biology is the predictability of the evolutionary process. If we can correctly predict the outcome of evolution, we may be better equipped to anticipate and manage species' adaptation to climate change, habitat loss, invasive species, or emerging infectious diseases, as well as improve our basic understanding of the history of life on Earth. In the present article, we ask the questions when, why, and if the outcome of future evolution is predictable. We first define predictable and then discuss two conflicting views: that evolution is inherently unpredictable and that evolution is predictable given the ability to collect the right data. We identify factors that generate unpredictability, the data that might be required to make predictions at some level of precision or at a specific timescale, and the intellectual and translational value of understanding when prediction is or is not possible.}, }
@article {pmid33867159, year = {2021}, author = {Wang, D and Bai, J and Gu, C and Gao, W and Zhang, C and Gong, Z and Cui, B}, title = {Scale-dependent biogeomorphic feedbacks control the tidal marsh evolution under Spartina alterniflora invasion.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {776}, number = {}, pages = {146495}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146495}, pmid = {33867159}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {China ; *Ecosystem ; Feedback ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The mechanisms of biogeomorphic feedbacks and its influencing factors have been extensively studied for pioneer species colonization in tidal environment. However, biogeomorphic impacts of alien species over the entire invasion process coupled with hydro-geomorphologic processes and ecoengineering traits still lack sufficient understanding to forecast salt marsh succession. In this study, we developed a bio-hydrogeomorphic model to account for the tidal platform evolution and vegetation distribution under Spartina alterniflora invasion in the Yellow River Delta, China. Our field observation and modelling results revealed that salt marsh transformed from a stabilized to a self-organized system due to the significant geomorphic-biological feedback under Spartina alterniflora invasion. Tidal channels took shape differently along the elevation gradient of the intertidal platform. Patch-scale feedbacks promoted the channel initiation in the low-elevated zone during early colonization phase. While landscape-scale feedbacks dominated channel incision in the middle to high platform during the mature phase. Specifically, the channel initiation in the middle-elevated ecotone could be attributed to the change from homogenous sheet flow to concentrated channel flow along the marsh edge, which was determined by tidal prism and discrepancy in organism traits. Hence, our study showed that scale-dependent feedback and gaps in ecoengineering capacity of organism determined the morphological variation in the invasive ecosystem. This would provide the insights into biogeomorphic impacts of invasive species and scientific conservation for native ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid33866809, year = {2021}, author = {Mounger, J and Ainouche, ML and Bossdorf, O and Cavé-Radet, A and Li, B and Parepa, M and Salmon, A and Yang, J and Richards, CL}, title = {Epigenetics and the success of invasive plants.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {376}, number = {1826}, pages = {20200117}, pmid = {33866809}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Genome, Plant ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; Phenotype ; Plant Dispersal/*genetics ; Plants/*genetics ; Polyploidy ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions impose ecological and economic problems on a global scale, but also provide extraordinary opportunities for studying contemporary evolution. It is critical to understand the evolutionary processes that underly invasion success in order to successfully manage existing invaders, and to prevent future invasions. As successful invasive species sometimes are suspected to rapidly adjust to their new environments in spite of very low genetic diversity, we are obliged to re-evaluate genomic-level processes that translate into phenotypic diversity. In this paper, we review work that supports the idea that trait variation, within and among invasive populations, can be created through epigenetic or other non-genetic processes, particularly in clonal invaders where somatic changes can persist indefinitely. We consider several processes that have been implicated as adaptive in invasion success, focusing on various forms of 'genomic shock' resulting from exposure to environmental stress, hybridization and whole-genome duplication (polyploidy), and leading to various patterns of gene expression re-programming and epigenetic changes that contribute to phenotypic variation or even novelty. These mechanisms can contribute to transgressive phenotypes, including hybrid vigour and novel traits, and may thus help to understand the huge successes of some plant invaders, especially those that are genetically impoverished. This article is part of the theme issue 'How does epigenetics influence the course of evolution?'}, }
@article {pmid33866803, year = {2021}, author = {Sarma, RR and Crossland, MR and Eyck, HJF and DeVore, JL and Edwards, RJ and Cocomazzo, M and Zhou, J and Brown, GP and Shine, R and Rollins, LA}, title = {Intergenerational effects of manipulating DNA methylation in the early life of an iconic invader.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {376}, number = {1826}, pages = {20200125}, pmid = {33866803}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bufo marinus/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Cues ; Cytidine/administration &amp; dosage/analogs &amp; derivatives ; *DNA Methylation ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Larva/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Life History Traits ; }, abstract = {In response to novel environments, invasive populations often evolve rapidly. Standing genetic variation is an important predictor of evolutionary response but epigenetic variation may also play a role. Here, we use an iconic invader, the cane toad (Rhinella marina), to investigate how manipulating epigenetic status affects phenotypic traits. We collected wild toads from across Australia, bred them, and experimentally manipulated DNA methylation of the subsequent two generations (G1, G2) through exposure to the DNA methylation inhibitor zebularine and/or conspecific tadpole alarm cues. Direct exposure to alarm cues (an indicator of predation risk) increased the potency of G2 tadpole chemical cues, but this was accompanied by reductions in survival. Exposure to alarm cues during G1 also increased the potency of G2 tadpole cues, indicating intergenerational plasticity in this inducible defence. In addition, the negative effects of alarm cues on tadpole viability (i.e. the costs of producing the inducible defence) were minimized in the second generation. Exposure to zebularine during G1 induced similar intergenerational effects, suggesting a role for alteration in DNA methylation. Accordingly, we identified intergenerational shifts in DNA methylation at some loci in response to alarm cue exposure. Substantial demethylation occurred within the sodium channel epithelial 1 subunit gamma gene (SCNN1G) in alarm cue exposed individuals and their offspring. This gene is a key to the regulation of sodium in epithelial cells and may help to maintain the protective epidermal barrier. These data suggest that early life experiences of tadpoles induce intergenerational effects through epigenetic mechanisms, which enhance larval fitness. This article is part of the theme issue 'How does epigenetics influence the course of evolution?'}, }
@article {pmid33865639, year = {2021}, author = {Proesmans, W and Albrecht, M and Gajda, A and Neumann, P and Paxton, RJ and Pioz, M and Polzin, C and Schweiger, O and Settele, J and Szentgyörgyi, H and Thulke, HH and Vanbergen, AJ}, title = {Pathways for Novel Epidemiology: Plant-Pollinator-Pathogen Networks and Global Change.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {36}, number = {7}, pages = {623-636}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2021.03.006}, pmid = {33865639}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Epidemics ; Flowers ; Humans ; Plants ; Pollination ; }, abstract = {Multiple global change pressures, and their interplay, cause plant-pollinator extinctions and modify species assemblages and interactions. This may alter the risks of pathogen host shifts, intra- or interspecific pathogen spread, and emergence of novel population or community epidemics. Flowers are hubs for pathogen transmission. Consequently, the structure of plant-pollinator interaction networks may be pivotal in pathogen host shifts and modulating disease dynamics. Traits of plants, pollinators, and pathogens may also govern the interspecific spread of pathogens. Pathogen spillover-spillback between managed and wild pollinators risks driving the evolution of virulence and community epidemics. Understanding this interplay between host-pathogen dynamics and global change will be crucial to predicting impacts on pollinators and pollination underpinning ecosystems and human wellbeing.}, }
@article {pmid33864223, year = {2021}, author = {Fernández, V and Caselli, A and Tammone, A and Condorí, WE and Vanstreels, RET and Delaloye, A and Sosa, C and Uhart, MM}, title = {Lead exposure in dogs fed game meat and offal from culled invasive species in El Palmar National Park, Argentina.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {28}, number = {33}, pages = {45486-45495}, pmid = {33864223}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {IF-2019-51074878-APN-DNDUYV#MECCYT//Secretar&#xed;a de Pol&#xed;ticas Universitarias, Ministerio de Educaci&#xf3;n, Cultura, Ciencia y Tecnolog&#xed;a de Argentina/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; *Deer ; Dogs ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Introduced Species ; *Lead/analysis ; Meat/analysis ; Parks, Recreational ; }, abstract = {This is the first field study to evaluate lead exposure in dogs fed game meat and offal and, to our knowledge, the first study exploring associations between game consumption and dog health status. We quantified lead concentrations in blood and hair and haematological parameters of 31 dogs fed game meat and offal from wild boar (Sus scrofa) and axis deer (Axis axis) culled with lead ammunition in El Palmar National Park, Argentina. Despite variable weekly frequency in game consumption, dogs had detectable blood and hair lead levels, demonstrating recent and chronic exposure. Lead geometric mean and SD were 18.91 ± 346.85 μg/dL w.w. in blood (range = 0.53-216.58), and 0.721 ± 6.444 μg/gr d.w. in hair (range = 0.007-34.800). Hair lead levels were relatively low in most samples, except for the oldest dog which had an atypically high value concurrent with anaemia, a common outcome of chronic lead exposure. Dog's owner was significantly predictive of both blood and hair lead levels, which reflects the same feeding patterns for all dogs owned by the same person. Body condition was associated with hair lead, with dogs in good condition presenting higher lead levels. This could be related to greater game consumption by those dogs, resulting in higher lead ingestion. Dogs fed game meat and offal at very low or low frequency (≤4 times per week) showed higher blood lead levels, suggesting there might not be a risk-free frequency for game provision to dogs. Considering the risks of dietary lead exposure, avoiding feeding dogs lead-killed game and replacing lead ammunition with non-toxic alternatives are recommended. This would allow using hunted game as a valuable food resource without unnecessary risk for the health of consumers and the environment.}, }
@article {pmid33864129, year = {2021}, author = {Pereira, A and Figueiredo, A and Ferreira, V}, title = {Invasive Acacia Tree Species Affect Instream Litter Decomposition Through Changes in Water Nitrogen Concentration and Litter Characteristics.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {82}, number = {1}, pages = {257-273}, pmid = {33864129}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {SFRH/BD/118069/2016//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; IF/00129/2014//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; UIDP/04292/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; }, mesh = {*Acacia ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen ; Plant Leaves ; Rivers ; *Trees ; Water ; }, abstract = {Non-native nitrogen-fixing Acacia species have been invading riparian ecosystems worldwide, potentially threatening stream communities that strongly depend on allochthonous litter. We examined the effects of the invasion of native deciduous temperate forests by Acacia species on litter decomposition and associated fungal decomposers in streams. Litter of native (Alnus glutinosa and Quercus robur) and invasive (Acacia melanoxylon) species were enclosed in fine-mesh bags and immersed in three native and three invaded streams, for 14-98 days. Litter decomposition rates, fungal biomass, and aquatic hyphomycete sporulation rates were higher in invaded than in native streams, likely due to the higher water nitrogen concentration found in invaded streams. Alnus glutinosa litter had higher aquatic hyphomycete sporulation rates and species richness, and higher decomposition rates, probably because they were soft and nitrogen rich. Quercus robur litter also had high aquatic hyphomycete sporulation rates but lower decomposition rates than Al. glutinosa, probably due to high polyphenol concentration and carbon:nitrogen ratio. Acacia melanoxylon litter had lower aquatic hyphomycete sporulation rates and species richness, and lower decomposition rates, most likely because it was very tough. Thus, litter decomposition rates varied in the order: Al. glutinosa > Q. robur > Ac. melanoxylon. The aquatic hyphomycete community structure strongly differed between native and invaded streams, and among litter species, suggesting that microbes were sensitive to water nitrogen concentration and litter characteristics. Overall, increases in water nitrogen concentration and alterations in litter characteristics promoted by the invasion of native riparian forests by Acacia species may affect the activity and community structure of microbial decomposers, and instream litter decomposition, thus altering the functioning of stream ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid33863976, year = {2021}, author = {Pellegrini, E and Buccheri, M and Martini, F and Boscutti, F}, title = {Agricultural land use curbs exotic invasion but sustains native plant diversity at intermediate levels.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {8385}, pmid = {33863976}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Agriculture/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Development ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Unveiling the processes driving exotic plant invasion represent a central issue in taking decisions aimed at constraining the loss of biodiversity and related ecosystem services. The invasion success is often linked to anthropogenic land uses and warming due to climate change. We studied the responses of native versus casual and naturalised exotic species richness to land uses and climate at the landscape level, relying on a large floristic survey undertaken in North - Eastern Italy. Both climate and land use drove exotic species richness. Our results suggest that the success of plant invasion at this scale is mainly due to warm climatic conditions and the extent of urban and agricultural land, but with different effects on casual and naturalized exotic species. The occurrence of non-linear trends showed that a small percentage of extensive agricultural land in the landscape may concurrently reduce the number of exotic plant while sustaining native plant diversity. Plant invasion could be potentially limited by land management, mainly focusing on areas with extensive agricultural land use. A more consciousness land management is more and more commonly required by local administrations. According to our results, a shift of intensive to extensive agricultural land, by implementing green infrastructures, seems to be a win-win solution favouring native species while controlling the oversimplification of the flora due to plant invasion.}, }
@article {pmid33863897, year = {2021}, author = {Mancinelli, G and Bardelli, R and Zenetos, A}, title = {A global occurrence database of the Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {111}, pmid = {33863897}, issn = {2052-4463}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Brachyura ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus is a portunid native to the western Atlantic, from New England to Uruguay. The species was introduced in Europe in 1901 where it has become invasive; additionally, a significant northward expansion has been emphasized in its native range. Here we present a harmonized global compilation of C. sapidus occurrences from native and non-native distribution ranges derived from online databases (GBIF, BISON, OBIS, and iNaturalist) as well as from unpublished and published sources. The dataset consists of 40,388 geo-referenced occurrences, 39,824 from native and 564 from non-native ranges, recorded in 53 countries. The implementation of quality controls imposed a severe reduction, in particular from online databases, of the records selected for inclusion in the dataset. In addition, a technical validation procedure was used to flag entries showing identical coordinates but different year of record, in-land occurrences and those located close to the coast. Similarly, a flagging system identified entries outside the known distribution of the species, or associated with unsuccessful introductions.}, }
@article {pmid33863428, year = {2021}, author = {Westhoff, JT and Abdelrahman, HA and Rice, CJ and Stoeckel, JA}, title = {Linking multiple aspects of thermal performance to explore the potential for thermal resource partitioning between a native and an invasive crayfish.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {97}, number = {}, pages = {102864}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102864}, pmid = {33863428}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins/*metabolism ; Female ; Fish Proteins/*metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Ecologists require standardized, ecologically relevant information on the thermal ecology of aquatic ectotherms to address growing concerns related to changing climates, altered habitats, and introduced species. We measured multiple thermal endpoints to investigate potential for establishment of the invasive Ringed Crayfish (Faxonius neglectus) in thermally heterogeneous habitat of the narrowly distributed endemic Coldwater Crayfish (Faxonius eupunctus). For each species, we examined the relationships between thermal endpoints at the cellular and organismal levels. We then compared results between the two species to gain insight as to the generality of linkages between cellular and organismal-level endpoints, as well as the potential for thermal niche separation between the native and potential invader. At the cellular level, we found no differences in the temperature for maximum activity of electron transport system enzymes (ETSmax) between species. At the organismal level, F. neglectus preferred significantly warmer temperatures than F. eupunctus, but this difference was small (1.3 °C) and likely to have only limited biological significance. The critical thermal maximum (CTM) did not differ between species. For both species, the thermal performance curve for ETS enzyme activity served as a useful framework to link thermal endpoints and estimate the transition from optimal to stressful temperatures - organismal thermal preference and optimal temperature estimates consistently fell below ETSmax whereas CTM estimates fell above ETSmax. Taken together, the strong similarities in thermal endpoint patterns between the two species suggest habitats thermally suitable for the native F. eupunctus will also be thermally available to expanding populations of F. neglectus, thereby increasing the opportunity for negative interactions and population effects if F. neglectus invades one of the few remaining, uninvaded, critical habitats of F. eupunctus.}, }
@article {pmid33860349, year = {2021}, author = {León, MR and Hughes, KA and Morelli, E and Convey, P}, title = {International Response under the Antarctic Treaty System to the Establishment of A Non-native Fly in Antarctica.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {67}, number = {6}, pages = {1043-1059}, pmid = {33860349}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; *Biodiversity ; *Diptera ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Islands ; }, abstract = {Antarctica currently has few non-native species, compared to other regions of the planet, due to the continent's isolation, extreme climatic conditions and the lack of habitat. However, human activity, particularly the activities of national government operators and tourism, increasingly contributes to the risk of non-native species transfer and establishment. Trichocera (Saltitrichocera) maculipennis Meigen, 1888 (Diptera, Trichoceridae) is a non-native fly originating from the Northern Hemisphere that was unintentionally introduced to King George Island in the maritime Antarctic South Shetland Islands around 15 years ago, since when it has been reported within or in the vicinity of several research stations. It is not explicitly confirmed that T. maculipennis has established in the natural environment, but life-history characteristics make this likely, thereby making potential eradication or control a challenge. Antarctic Treaty Parties active in the region are developing a coordinated and expanding international response to monitor and control T. maculipennis within and around stations in the affected area. However, there remains no overarching non-native invasive species management plan for the island or the wider maritime Antarctic region (which shares similar environmental conditions and habitats to those of King George Island). Here we present some options towards the development of such a plan. We recommend the development of (1) clear mechanisms for the timely coordination of response activities by multiple Parties operating in the vicinity of the introduction location and (2) policy guidance on acceptable levels of environmental impacts resulting from eradication attempts in the natural environment, including the use of pesticides.}, }
@article {pmid33859825, year = {2021}, author = {Cooke, SJ and Bergman, JN and Madliger, CL and Cramp, RL and Beardall, J and Burness, G and Clark, TD and Dantzer, B and de la Barrera, E and Fangue, NA and Franklin, CE and Fuller, A and Hawkes, LA and Hultine, KR and Hunt, KE and Love, OP and MacMillan, HA and Mandelman, JW and Mark, FC and Martin, LB and Newman, AEM and Nicotra, AB and Raby, GD and Robinson, SA and Ropert-Coudert, Y and Rummer, JL and Seebacher, F and Todgham, AE and Tomlinson, S and Chown, SL}, title = {One hundred research questions in conservation physiology for generating actionable evidence to inform conservation policy and practice.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {coab009}, pmid = {33859825}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Environmental change and biodiversity loss are but two of the complex challenges facing conservation practitioners and policy makers. Relevant and robust scientific knowledge is critical for providing decision-makers with the actionable evidence needed to inform conservation decisions. In the Anthropocene, science that leads to meaningful improvements in biodiversity conservation, restoration and management is desperately needed. Conservation Physiology has emerged as a discipline that is well-positioned to identify the mechanisms underpinning population declines, predict responses to environmental change and test different in situ and ex situ conservation interventions for diverse taxa and ecosystems. Here we present a consensus list of 10 priority research themes. Within each theme we identify specific research questions (100 in total), answers to which will address conservation problems and should improve the management of biological resources. The themes frame a set of research questions related to the following: (i) adaptation and phenotypic plasticity; (ii) human-induced environmental change; (iii) human-wildlife interactions; (iv) invasive species; (v) methods, biomarkers and monitoring; (vi) policy, engagement and communication; (vii) pollution; (viii) restoration actions; (ix) threatened species; and (x) urban systems. The themes and questions will hopefully guide and inspire researchers while also helping to demonstrate to practitioners and policy makers the many ways in which physiology can help to support their decisions.}, }
@article {pmid33859809, year = {2021}, author = {Zhang, Y and Wu, H and Hörandl, E and de Oliveira Franca, R and Wang, L and Hao, J}, title = {Autonomous apomixis in Praxelis clematidea (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae), an invasive alien plant.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {plab007}, pmid = {33859809}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Understanding the reproductive mechanisms of invasive alien species can lay the foundation for effective control measures. Praxelis clematidea is a triploid neotropical Asteraceae species that is invasive in China and other countries. However, few studies have focused on its reproductive biology. In this study, flow cytometric seed screening (FCSS) was used to identify and confirm the reproductive mode of the species. The development of ovules, anthers, and mega- and microgametophytes was observed using a clearing method and differential interference contrast microscopy. Pollen viability was measured using the Benzidine test and Alexander's stain. Pollen morphology was observed via fluorescence microscopy after sectioning the disk florets and staining with water-soluble aniline blue or 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole nuclei dyes. Controlled pollination experiments were conducted on four populations in China to examine the breeding system and to confirm autonomous apomixis. The reproductive mode was found to be autonomous apomixis without pseudogamy, according to FCSS. Megaspore mother cells developed directly into eight-nucleate megagametophytes without meiosis, conforming to Antennaria-type diplospory. The unreduced egg cells developed into embryos through parthenogenesis, while the endosperm was formed by the fusion of two unreduced polar nuclei. Pollen viability was very low (0.82 ± 0.57 % and 0.36 ± 0.44 %) as measured by the Benzidine test and Alexander's stain, respectively. The majority of the pollen grains were empty and had neither cytoplasm nor nuclei. The seed set was >90 % for all treatments of open pollination, bagging and emasculated capitula. Mature cypselae developed in capitula that were emasculated before flowering, which confirmed that the breeding system of P. clematidea was autonomous apomixis. The present study is the first report of autonomous apomixis in P. clematidea in China. Antennaria-type autonomous apomixis in P. clematidea greatly increases the probability of successful colonisation and dispersal of P. clematidea into new areas, which likely contributes to its high invasion potential. Effective control measures should be implemented to prevent autonomous (pollen-independent) seed production.}, }
@article {pmid33857292, year = {2021}, author = {Teider-Junior, PI and Felipetto, LG and Kmetiuk, LB and Machado, FP and Chaves, LB and Dos Santos Cunha Neto, R and Corona, TF and Martins, CM and van Wilpe Bach, R and de Barros-Filho, IR and Dos Santos, AP and Biondo, AW}, title = {EXPOSURE OF WILD BOAR (SUS SCROFA) TO THE COMMON VAMPIRE BAT AND LACK OF IMMUNE PROTECTION TO RABIES VIRUS IN BRAZILIAN HUNTERS.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {57}, number = {3}, pages = {561-568}, doi = {10.7589/JWD-D-20-00044}, pmid = {33857292}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil/epidemiology ; *Chiroptera ; Dogs ; *Rabies virus ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Sus scrofa ; Swine ; }, abstract = {Rabies virus is recognized as one of the most fatal zoonotic agents affecting all mammals. Wild boars (Sus scrofa), classified as a large-size exotic invasive species in Brazil with nationwide hunting permitted, may serve as an extra blood source for the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus). Our aim was to document wild boar exposure to vampire bats to determine the seroprevalence of rabies virus antibodies in wild boars and to determine the immune status of hunters in southern and central-western Brazilian regions. Serum samples were collected from 80 wild boars and 49 hunters from natural and degraded areas of the Atlantic Forest biome of southern Brazil and in degraded areas of the Cerrado biome of central-western Brazil. The rabies-modified rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test was performed to detect the presence of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies in wild boars and considered seropositive when ≥0.10 IU/mL. The simplified fluorescence inhibition microtest was used for samples from hunters with a titer of ≥0.50 IU/mL and considered indicative of seroconversion. While 11% (9/80) of wild boars had serum titers for rabies exposure (≥0.10 IU/mL), 88% (43/49) of corresponding hunters lacked immune protective titers (<0.50 IU/mL). Wild boars showed serum titers for rabies likely due to contact with contaminated saliva of vampire bats or from infected carcass consumption. Additionally, Brazilian wild boars can be exposed to rabies and may play an important role in the sylvatic rabies cycle by providing a blood supply for vampire bats, highlighting the possibility of direct transmission of rabies virus to hunting dogs and hunters. These findings suggested hunters are a potential risk group for contracting rabies, and the World Health Organization may consider adding this occupation to their recommendations of who should receive the pre-exposure rabies vaccination.}, }
@article {pmid33853517, year = {2021}, author = {Yin, X and Martinez, AS and Sepúlveda, MS and Christie, MR}, title = {Rapid genetic adaptation to recently colonized environments is driven by genes underlying life history traits.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {269}, pmid = {33853517}, issn = {1471-2164}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Animals ; Genome ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; *Life History Traits ; Petromyzon/*genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Uncovering the mechanisms underlying rapid genetic adaptation can provide insight into adaptive evolution and shed light on conservation, invasive species control, and natural resource management. However, it can be difficult to experimentally explore rapid adaptation due to the challenges associated with propagating and maintaining species in captive environments for long periods of time. By contrast, many introduced species have experienced strong selection when colonizing environments that differ substantially from their native range and thus provide a "natural experiment" for studying rapid genetic adaptation. One such example occurred when sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), native to the northern Atlantic, naturally migrated into Lake Champlain and expanded their range into the Great Lakes via man-made shipping canals.<br><br>RESULTS: Utilizing 368,886 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we calculated genome-wide levels of genetic diversity (i.e., heterozygosity and &#x3c0;) for sea lamprey collected from native (Connecticut River), native but recently colonized (Lake Champlain), and invasive (Lake Michigan) populations, assessed genetic differentiation between all populations, and identified candidate genes that responded to selection imposed by the novel environments. We observed a 14 and 24% reduction in genetic diversity in Lake Michigan and Lake Champlain populations, respectively, compared to individuals from the Connecticut River, suggesting that sea lamprey populations underwent a genetic bottleneck during colonization. Additionally, we identified 121 and 43 outlier genes in comparisons between Lake Michigan and Connecticut River and between Lake Champlain and Connecticut River, respectively. Six outlier genes that contained synonymous SNPs in their coding regions and two genes that contained nonsynonymous SNPs may underlie the rapid evolution of growth (i.e., GHR), reproduction (i.e., PGR, TTC25, STARD10), and bioenergetics (i.e., OXCT1, PYGL, DIN4, SLC25A15).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: By identifying the genomic basis of rapid adaptation to novel environments, we demonstrate that populations of invasive species can be&#xa0;a useful study system for understanding adaptive evolution. Furthermore, the reduction in genome-wide levels of genetic diversity associated with colonization coupled with the identification of outlier genes underlying key life history traits known to have changed in invasive sea lamprey populations (e.g., growth, reproduction) illustrate the utility in applying genomic approaches for the successful management of introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid33852700, year = {2021}, author = {Briceño, C and Yévenes, K and Larraechea, M and Sandoval-Rodríguez, A and Silva-de la Fuente, MC and Fredes, F and Hidalgo, H and Alcayaga, V and Oyarzún-Ruiz, P and Munita, C and González-Acuña, D}, title = {First record of Ornithonyssus bursa (Berlese, 1888) (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae) parasitizing invasive monk parakeets in Santiago, Chile.}, journal = {Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {e024020}, doi = {10.1590/S1984-29612021023}, pmid = {33852700}, issn = {1984-2961}, mesh = {Animals ; Chile ; Cities ; *Mite Infestations/veterinary ; *Mites ; Parakeets ; *Parrots ; }, abstract = {Myiopsitta monachus is an invasive psittacine with wide distribution due to the pet trade. Its large communal nests and synanthropic nature contribute to its successful colonization of cities, from where it seems to be expanding in range and numbers. This is relevant with regard to pathogens that invasive species may harbor, especially when host populations thrive. We aimed to identify an abundant mite found in invasive monk parakeet chicks that had been collected in Santiago during 2017 and 2018. Through morphological and molecular identification of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene, we confirmed the presence of Ornithonyssus bursa. This was the first report of this mite in Chile. This mite is common in native and invasive monk parakeet populations and may affect other birds, including domestic fowl. Further, this mite bites people and can be a potential vector of pathogens such as bacteria or viruses. We conclude that this parasite was likely introduced with the parakeet and discuss possible ecological, health and economic consequences of this new potential pest.}, }
@article {pmid33852601, year = {2021}, author = {Roberts, JL and Cooper, WJ and Luther, D}, title = {Global assessment of forest quality for threatened terrestrial vertebrate species in need of conservation translocation programs.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {e0249378}, pmid = {33852601}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Endangered Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Forests ; Vertebrates/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Conservation actions such as habitat protection, restoration, and translocations are critical actions in preventing further extinctions of threatened species. We used the 152 threatened species on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's Red List with conservation translocations as a recommended conservation action to access the habitat quality of these species' ranges. We determined where multi-species conservation translocation and forest restoration efforts can be concentrated. To determine the habitat quality of species' ranges, we assessed forest cover, forest restoration potential, protected area status, and invasive species concerns. Forty-four percent (67 species) of species with translocations recommended have part of their range in a protected area, existing forest cover, and currently no invasive species risk. However, the majority (85 species) currently need habitat management (63 species), invasive species control (71 species), or protection (34 species). We also identified key differences between species recommended for reintroductions (115 species) and benign introductions (37 species), such as the percentage of a species' range within a protected area, in which reintroductions (median = 7.4%) had more than benign introductions (median = 0.9%). Mauritius, central Africa, eastern Australia and Himalaya regions each have areas with range overlap of three or more species recommended for translocations and forest restoration potential. For those species with CT programs in place, mean forest cover was 32% and restoration potential was 16%, suggesting potential minimum habitat requirements for initial releases. Results provide a global perspective on reintroduction and translocation needs of threatened species with evidenced-based information on habitat quality, i.e. forest restoration potential, forest cover, protected areas, and invasive species control, to aid conservation translocation scientists and ultimately improve the success of such projects.}, }
@article {pmid33852584, year = {2021}, author = {Levers, LR and Pradhananga, AK}, title = {Recreationist willingness to pay for aquatic invasive species management.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {e0246860}, pmid = {33852584}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; *Dreissena/physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Minnesota ; }, abstract = {We estimated willingness to pay for local aquatic invasive species lake management in the form of a daily lake access fee by conducting summer lake surveys in Minnesota, USA. Similar pairs of lakes with differing infestations of zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, and starry stonewort, Nitellopsis obtuse, were used as study sites to infer how being at an infested lake vs. being at an uninfested lake and different local species would impact responses. We also examined recreationists' visit motivation, and aquatic invasive species perceived risk, knowledge, and awareness of problem. We estimated mean willingness to pay about nine to ten dollars per day, which did not differ significantly by lake. Additionally, perceived risk, awareness of problem, and visit motivation were significant in predicting willingness to pay, which could have important ramifications for aquatic invasive species management.}, }
@article {pmid33851249, year = {2021}, author = {Semenas, L and Viozzi, G and Arbetman, M}, title = {A regional study of the zoonotic broad tapeworm Dibothriocephalus spp. in Northwestern Patagonia (Argentina): origin of fishes and coastal cities as factors affecting infection in fishes.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {120}, number = {7}, pages = {2415-2427}, pmid = {33851249}, issn = {1432-1955}, support = {PIP 0447 2015//CONICET/ ; B225//Universidad Nacional del Comahue/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina/epidemiology ; Cities ; Diphyllobothriasis/*epidemiology/parasitology/transmission ; Diphyllobothrium/*physiology ; Dogs ; Fish Diseases/*epidemiology/*parasitology ; Fishes/*parasitology ; Humans ; Lakes ; Risk Factors ; }, abstract = {Diphyllobothriosis was first recorded in humans in Argentina in 1892 and in introduced salmonids in 1952. The aim of this work is to assess factors influencing the values of prevalence and abundance of plerocercoids in fishes that could increase the risk of transmission of Dibothriocephalus spp. in Andean Patagonian lakes. We analysed two key issues potentially related to the occurrence of tapeworms in fish: the presence of cities on coastlines (as potential sources of eggs to nearby lakes) and the difference between native and exotic fishes in susceptibility to infection. We investigated the probability of finding parasites in fish, the variation in parasite abundance in different environments and the relationship between host length and occurrence of plerocercoids. A total of 3226 fishes (belonging to six autochthonous and four introduced species) were analysed between 2010 and 2019 in eight environments. Plerocercoids were counted, and a subset was determined molecularly to species level. Two species, Dibothriocephalus latus and Dibothriocephalus dendriticus, were identified from both salmonids and native fishes, this being the first molecular confirmation of these tapeworm species parasitizing native South American fishes. Salmonids had higher levels of infection than native fishes, and these levels were higher in aquatic environments with a city on their coastline. Transmission to humans seems to occur mainly through Oncorhynchus mykiss, which showed the highest infection values and is the species most captured by fishers. Based on previous data and the present results, eggs shed by humans, dogs and gulls in cities could be the principal factors in maintaining the life cycle of this parasite in surrounding aquatic environments.}, }
@article {pmid33848368, year = {2021}, author = {Shibata, R and Kojima, W}, title = {An introduced host plant alters circadian activity patterns of a rhinoceros beetle.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {9}, pages = {e03366}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3366}, pmid = {33848368}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; *Circadian Rhythm ; *Coleoptera/physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, }
@article {pmid33846382, year = {2021}, author = {Batovska, J and Piper, AM and Valenzuela, I and Cunningham, JP and Blacket, MJ}, title = {Developing a non-destructive metabarcoding protocol for detection of pest insects in bulk trap catches.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {7946}, pmid = {33846382}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*genetics ; DNA/genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Genetic Loci ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; Larva/physiology ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Metabarcoding has the potential to revolutionise insect surveillance by providing high-throughput and cost-effective species identification of all specimens within mixed trap catches. Nevertheless, incorporation of metabarcoding into insect diagnostic laboratories will first require the development and evaluation of protocols that adhere to the specialised regulatory requirements of invasive species surveillance. In this study, we develop a multi-locus non-destructive metabarcoding protocol that allows sensitive detection of agricultural pests, and subsequent confirmation using traditional diagnostic techniques. We validate this protocol for the detection of tomato potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) and Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) within mock communities and field survey traps. We find that metabarcoding can reliably detect target insects within mixed community samples, including specimens that morphological identification did not initially detect, but sensitivity appears inversely related to community size and is impacted by primer biases, target loci, and sample indexing strategy. While our multi-locus approach allowed independent validation of target detection, lack of reference sequences for 18S and 12S restricted its usefulness for estimating diversity in field samples. The non-destructive DNA extraction proved invaluable for resolving inconsistencies between morphological and metabarcoding identification results, and post-extraction specimens were suitable for both morphological re-examination and DNA re-extraction for confirmatory barcoding.}, }
@article {pmid33845280, year = {2021}, author = {Reynolds, SA and Aldridge, DC}, title = {Impacts of invasive quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) on reservoir water quality, as revealed by progressive-change BACIPS analysis.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {197}, number = {}, pages = {117105}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2021.117105}, pmid = {33845280}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia ; Chlorophyll A ; *Dreissena ; Ecosystem ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Invasive quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) are an emerging threat to the functioning and management of freshwater ecosystems. Quagga mussels were first recorded in the UK in 2014 and have subsequently established at high densities in a number of major reservoirs. Through implementing a Progressive-Change BACIPS (Before-After-Control-Impact Paired Series) analysis, we found that the following trends were observed following quagga mussel establishment: reduced diatom and cyanobacteria abundances; increased soluble reactive phosphorus and reactive silica concentrations; and reduced abundances of Aphanizomenon sp., a potentially toxic cyanobacterium. We also found reservoirs with established quagga mussel populations experienced slightly increased overall chlorophyll a concentration but no changes in turbidity or Microcystis sp. abundance, which are often considered common indicators of dreissenid invasion. Our results show that Progressive-Change BACIPS analysis is a powerful tool which can be used to interrogate industry standard long-term datasets of water quality metrics in order to identify and quantify the impacts of invasive species when the approximate timeframe of species arrival is known. We also demonstrate that quagga mussels may have had significant effects on reservoir ecosystems which, primarily through their impacts on phytoplankton communities, may have implications for reservoir management.}, }
@article {pmid33844016, year = {2021}, author = {Jia, Z and Fu, K and Guo, W and Jiang, W and Ahmat, T and Ding, X and He, J and Wang, X}, title = {CAP Analysis of the Distribution of the Introduced Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Species Complex in Xinjiang, China and the Southerly Expansion of the Mediterranean Species.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {33844016}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; China ; Asia, Eastern ; Gene Flow ; Genes, Insect ; Genetic Variation ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; }, abstract = {Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) cryptic complex has invaded Xinjiang, China, since 1998. The distribution of Mediterranean (MED) and Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) B. tabaci substrains has been gradually identified due to the development of molecular technology. In this study, the distribution of MED and MEAM1 in Xinjiang was determined by cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPs). Results showed that MED dominated in northern Xinjiang (84%), whereas MEAM1 was dominant in southern Xinjiang (72%). Five pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers were used to analyze the genetic diversity of B. tabaci among 36 geographic populations. The genetic diversity of MED and MEAM1was low and varied little among populations in Xinjiang (0.09 ± 0.14 and 0.09 ± 0.13, respectively). Based on ∆K statistic, 13 populations of MEAM1 could be classified into two subgroups at K = 2, whereas the 23 populations of MED could be classified into four subgroups at K = 4. However, Mantel t-test demonstrated no correlation between geographical and genetic distances among B. tabaci complex (R = 0.42, P = 1.00). Neighbor-joining and principal coordinate analysis showed that geographical isolation and interspecific differences were the main causes of the genetic variation. Gene flow predicted that MEAM1 was most likely introduced from Urumqi to the southern Xinjiang. Meanwhile, a large proportion of MED in Kashi region came from Changji and Yining. To block ongoing dispersal, strict detection and flower quarantine regulations need to be enforced.}, }
@article {pmid33843503, year = {2021}, author = {Benovics, M and Francová, K and Volta, P and Dlapka, V and Šimková, A}, title = {Helminth communities of endemic cyprinoids of the Apennine Peninsula, with remarks on ectoparasitic monogeneans, and a description of four new Dactylogyrus Diesing, 1850 species.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {148}, number = {8}, pages = {1003-1018}, pmid = {33843503}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Helminth/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; Ectoparasitic Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Genetic Variation ; Gills/parasitology ; Helminthiasis, Animal/*epidemiology/*parasitology ; Helminths/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/genetics ; Italy/epidemiology ; Killifishes/*parasitology ; Phylogeny ; Rivers ; Trematoda/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {The fauna of the Apennine Peninsula is, in comparison to other southern European peninsulas, relatively species-poor regarding the number of endemic cyprinoid species. Nonetheless, the recent introduction of non-native species has significantly increased the total number of freshwater species in this region. Such invasive species may represent a threat to the native fauna, associated among other things with the introduction of non-native parasites with their original hosts.In the present study, we investigated endemic cyprinoid species for the presence of helminth parasites. A total of 36 ectoparasitic monogenean species and five endoparasitic helminth species were collected from ten cyprinoid species in five localities in northern Italy. Out of 20 Dactylogyrus species (gill monogeneans specific to cyprinoids), four were identified as new to science and herein described: Dactylogyrus opertus n. sp. and Dactylogyrus sagittarius n. sp. from Telestes muticellus, Dactylogyrus conchatus n. sp. from T. muticellus and Protochondrostoma genei, and Dactylogyrus globulatus n. sp. from Chondrostoma soetta. All new Dactylogyrus species appear to be endemic to the Apennine Peninsula; however, they share a common evolutionary history with the endemic Dactylogyrus parasitizing cyprinoids of the Balkans. This common origin of cyprinoid-specific parasites supports a historical connection between these two (currently separated) geographical regions.}, }
@article {pmid33841787, year = {2021}, author = {Williams, RJ and Dunn, AM and Mendes da Costa, L and Hassall, C}, title = {Climate and habitat configuration limit range expansion and patterns of dispersal in a non-native lizard.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {3332-3346}, pmid = {33841787}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive species are one of the main causes of biodiversity loss worldwide. As introduced, populations increase in abundance and geographical range, so does the potential for negative impacts on native communities. As such, there is a need to better understand the processes driving range expansion as species become established in recipient landscapes. Through an investigation into capacity for population growth and range expansion of introduced populations of a non-native lizard (Podarcis muralis), we aimed to demonstrate how multi-scale factors influence spatial spread, population growth, and invasion potential in introduced species. We collated location records of P. muralis presence in England, UK through data collected from field surveys and a citizen science campaign. We used these data as input for presence-background models to predict areas of climate suitability at a national-scale (5 km resolution), and fine-scale habitat suitability at the local scale (2 m resolution). We then integrated local models into an individual-based modeling platform to simulate population dynamics and forecast range expansion for 10 populations in heterogeneous landscapes. National-scale models indicated climate suitability has restricted the species to the southern parts of the UK, primarily by a latitudinal cline in overwintering conditions. Patterns of population growth and range expansion were related to differences in local landscape configuration and heterogeneity. Growth curves suggest populations could be in the early stages of exponential growth. However, annual rates of range expansion are predicted to be low (5-16 m). We conclude that extensive nationwide range expansion through secondary introduction is likely to be restricted by currently unsuitable climate beyond southern regions of the UK. However, exponential growth of local populations in habitats providing transport pathways is likely to increase opportunities for regional expansion. The broad habitat niche of P. muralis, coupled with configuration of habitat patches in the landscape, allows populations to increase locally with minimal dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid33841492, year = {2021}, author = {Giraud, D and Lima, O and Rousseau-Gueutin, M and Salmon, A and Aïnouche, M}, title = {Gene and Transposable Element Expression Evolution Following Recent and Past Polyploidy Events in Spartina (Poaceae).}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {589160}, pmid = {33841492}, issn = {1664-8021}, abstract = {Gene expression dynamics is a key component of polyploid evolution, varying in nature, intensity, and temporal scales, most particularly in allopolyploids, where two or more sub-genomes from differentiated parental species and different repeat contents are merged. Here, we investigated transcriptome evolution at different evolutionary time scales among tetraploid, hexaploid, and neododecaploid Spartina species (Poaceae, Chloridoideae) that successively diverged in the last 6-10 my, at the origin of differential phenotypic and ecological traits. Of particular interest are the recent (19th century) hybridizations between the two hexaploids Spartina alterniflora (2n = 6x = 62) and S. maritima (2n = 6x = 60) that resulted in two sterile F1 hybrids: Spartina × townsendii (2n = 6x = 62) in England and Spartina × neyrautii (2n = 6x = 62) in France. Whole genome duplication of S. × townsendii gave rise to the invasive neo-allododecaploid species Spartina anglica (2n = 12x = 124). New transcriptome assemblies and annotations for tetraploids and the enrichment of previously published reference transcriptomes for hexaploids and the allododecaploid allowed identifying 42,423 clusters of orthologs and distinguishing 21 transcribed transposable element (TE) lineages across the seven investigated Spartina species. In 4x and 6x mesopolyploids, gene and TE expression changes were consistent with phylogenetic relationships and divergence, revealing weak expression differences in the tetraploid sister species Spartina bakeri and Spartina versicolor (<2 my divergence time) compared to marked transcriptome divergence between the hexaploids S. alterniflora and S. maritima that diverged 2-4 mya. Differentially expressed genes were involved in glycolysis, post-transcriptional protein modifications, epidermis development, biosynthesis of carotenoids. Most detected TE lineages (except SINE elements) were found more expressed in hexaploids than in tetraploids, in line with their abundance in the corresponding genomes. Comparatively, an astonishing (52%) expression repatterning and deviation from parental additivity were observed following recent reticulate evolution (involving the F1 hybrids and the neo-allododecaploid S. anglica), with various patterns of biased homoeologous gene expression, including genes involved in epigenetic regulation. Downregulation of TEs was observed in both hybrids and accentuated in the neo-allopolyploid. Our results reinforce the view that allopolyploidy represents springboards to new regulatory patterns, offering to worldwide invasive species, such as S. anglica, the opportunity to colonize stressful and fluctuating environments on saltmarshes.}, }
@article {pmid33839295, year = {2021}, author = {Hidalgo-Galiana, A and Ribera, I and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Geographic variation in acclimation responses of thermal tolerance in South African diving beetles (Dytiscidae: Coleoptera).}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology}, volume = {257}, number = {}, pages = {110955}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110955}, pmid = {33839295}, issn = {1531-4332}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Hot Temperature ; Regression Analysis ; South Africa ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Understanding sources of variation in animal thermal limits is critical to forecasting ecological responses to climate change. Here, we estimated upper and lower thermal limits, and their capacity to respond to thermal acclimation, in several species and populations of diving beetles (Dytiscidae) from diverse geographic regions representative of variable climate within South Africa. We also considered ecoregions and latitudinal ranges as potential predictors of thermal limits and the plasticity thereof. For upper thermal limits, species showed significant variation and limited acclimation-related plasticity. Lower thermal limits responded to acclimation in some cases and showed marked variation among species that could be explained by taxonomic affiliation and ecoregion. Limited acclimation ability in the species included in this study suggest plasticity of thermal limits will not be a likely buffer for coping with climate change. From the present results for the Dytiscidae of the region, it appears the group may be particularly susceptible to heat and/or drought and may thus serve as useful indicator species of ecosystem change. Understanding how these climate-related impacts play out at different spatial and temporal scales will have profound implications for conservation management and functional responses, especially important in a region already showing a trend for warming and drying.}, }
@article {pmid33837788, year = {2021}, author = {Tobin, PC and Strom, BL and Francese, JA and Herms, DA and McCullough, DG and Poland, TM and Ryall, KL and Scarr, T and Silk, PJ and Thistle, HW}, title = {Evaluation of Trapping Schemes to Detect Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {114}, number = {3}, pages = {1201-1210}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toab065}, pmid = {33837788}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; *Coleoptera ; *Fraxinus ; Insect Control ; Insecta ; Larva ; Pheromones ; }, abstract = {Management responses to invasive forest insects are facilitated by the use of detection traps ideally baited with species-specific semiochemicals. Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, is currently invading North American forests, and since its detection in 2002, development of monitoring tools has been a primary research objective. We compared six trapping schemes for A. planipennis over 2 yr at sites in four U.S. states and one Canadian province that represented a range of background A. planipennis densities, canopy coverage, and ash basal area. We also developed a region-wide phenology model. Across all sites and both years, the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentile of adult flight occurred at 428, 587, and 837 accumulated degree-days, respectively, using a base temperature threshold of 10°C and a start date of 1 January. Most trapping schemes captured comparable numbers of beetles with the exception of purple prism traps (USDA APHIS PPQ), which captured significantly fewer adults. Trapping schemes varied in their trap catch across the gradient of ash basal area, although when considering trap catch as a binary response variable, trapping schemes were more likely to detect A. planipennis in areas with a higher ash component. Results could assist managers in optimizing trap selection, placement, and timing of deployment given local weather conditions, forest composition, and A. planipennis density.}, }
@article {pmid33836118, year = {2021}, author = {Li, D and Prinyawiwatkul, W and Tan, Y and Luo, Y and Hong, H}, title = {Asian carp: A threat to American lakes, a feast on Chinese tables.}, journal = {Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {2968-2990}, doi = {10.1111/1541-4337.12747}, pmid = {33836118}, issn = {1541-4337}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; China ; Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Rivers ; United States ; }, abstract = {Asian carp, which are widely distributed in Asia and Europe, are nutritious and popular with consumers. In China, Asian carp is a tasty dish and has been consumed for thousands of years. However, they are considered aggressive invasive species that threaten rivers, lakes, and indigenous species in the United States. Asian carp have proliferated greatly in the water basin of the Mississippi River and its tributaries, and they have caused severe ecological problems over the past 20 years. In recent years, several state governments along the Mississippi River have implemented assistance programs to eliminate invasive Asian carp, but these did not alleviate the threat. We conducted a survey to understand consumers' attitudes toward Asian carp in the United States, and related reports were reviewed to explore the possibility of Asian carp as food fish on American tables. Emphasis is placed on the farming history, functional characteristics, consumption preferences, and successful utilization methods for Asian carp in China. In addition, suggestions and possible utilization methods were proposed to improve the negative impression of Asian carp in the United States. Further research is needed to take full advantage of this huge excellent source of food or health supplements. This review provides ideas and directions for the use of Asian carp in the United States. We believe that through effective cooperation between China and the United States, the negative aspects of Asian carp in the United States could be diminished, and a mutually beneficial situation could be achieved.}, }
@article {pmid33835160, year = {2021}, author = {Peffers, CS and Pomeroy, LW and Meuti, ME}, title = {Critical Photoperiod and Its Potential to Predict Mosquito Distributions and Control Medically Important Pests.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {58}, number = {4}, pages = {1610-1618}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjab049}, pmid = {33835160}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Climate Change ; Culicidae/*physiology ; Diapause, Insect ; *Mosquito Control ; Mosquito Vectors/*physiology ; *Photoperiod ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Diapause, a period of arrested development that allows mosquitoes to survive inhospitable conditions, is triggered by short daylengths in temperate mosquitoes. Different populations of mosquitoes initiate diapause in response to a specific photoperiod, or daylength, resulting in population-specific differences in annual cycles of abundance. The photoperiod that causes approximately 50% of a population to initiate diapause is known as the critical photoperiod (CPP). The autumn daylength corresponding to the CPP in the field likely marks the day beyond which the photoperiods would trigger and maintain 50% or more diapause incidence in a population, although temperature, diet, and other factors can impact diapause initiation. In the Northern Hemisphere, northern populations of mosquitoes experience lower temperatures earlier in the year and must be triggered into diapause by longer daylengths than southern populations. CPP is genetically based, but also adapts over time responding to the population's environment. Therefore, CPP has been shown to lengthen with increasing latitude and altitude. While the positive correlation between CPP and latitude/altitude has been established in a few mosquito species, including Aedes albopictus (Skuse, Diptera: Culicidae), Aedes triseriatus, Aedes sierrensis, and Wyeomyia smithii (Coquillett, Diptera: Culicidae), we do not know when most other species initiate their seasonal responses. As several of these species transmit important diseases, characterizing the CPP of arthropod vectors could improve existing control by ensuring that surveillance efforts align with the vector's seasonally active period. Additionally, better understanding when mosquitoes and other vectors initiate diapause can reduce the frequency of chemical applications, thereby ameliorating the negative impacts to nontarget insects.}, }
@article {pmid33831702, year = {2021}, author = {Xavier, EA and Almeida, ACS and Vieira, LM}, title = {The role of artificial habitats on fouling bryozoan fauna in the southwestern Atlantic.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {167}, number = {}, pages = {112310}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112310}, pmid = {33831702}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Bryozoa ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Artificial habitats, such as harbours and marinas, are entry doors for the introduction and dispersal of species. Surveys on fouling community in these habitats help to understand preventing environmental impacts and management of invasive species. Thus, a survey on fouling bryozoan fauna was carried out along 17 artificial habitats (eight harbours and nine marinas) from three coastal stretches in Southwestern Atlantic. A total of 55 species were identified, including 13 non-native, 33 cryptogenic and nine native taxa. Only five bryozoan species were found in more than 75% of sampled sites. Our analysis revealed that bryozoan fouling communities in artificial habitats do not vary significantly between commercial and recreational localities. However, we also found that faunal assemblages varied significantly along Brazilian coastal stretches that are distinguished by environmental conditions, such as salinity and temperature.}, }
@article {pmid33831091, year = {2021}, author = {Bonnet, M and Guédon, G and Pondaven, M and Bertolino, S and Padiolleau, D and Pénisson, V and Gastinel, F and Angot, F and Renaud, PC and Frémy, A and Pays, O}, title = {Aquatic invasive alien rodents in Western France: Where do we stand today after decades of control?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {e0249904}, pmid = {33831091}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Arvicolinae/*physiology ; Biomass ; France ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Two aquatic invasive alien rodents, the coypu (Myocastor coypus) and muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), have taken over a significant amount of wetlands in France. Pays de la Loire is an administrative region of about 32 000 km2 in the Western France with 6.3% of its area in wetlands (excluding the Loire River). Populations of coypus and muskrats are established and a permanent control programme has been set to reduce their impacts. The control plan is based on few professional trappers and many volunteers which makes this programme unique compared to other programme relying on professionals only. The aim of this study is to analyse the temporal and spatial dynamics of coypu and muskrat captures during the last 10 years to evaluate their effectiveness. The number of rodents removed per year increased by 50% in 10 years and reached about 288 000 individuals in 2016 with about 80% of them being coypus. During the same time length, the number of trappers involved in the programme also increased by 50% to reach 3 000 people in 2016. Although the raise of coypus and muskrats trapped can possibly be explained by an increase of the number of trappers, the number of coypus removed per trapper per year increased by 22%. Despite the outstanding number of individuals removed per year, our results suggest that the programme does not limit the population dynamics of coypus. Finally, since 2017, the number of data gathered from municipalities decreased, as did the total number of individuals trapped. Indeed, although rewards are crucial to recruit new volunteers, subsidies from local and regional authorities are declining. Decision makers and financers should be encouraged to fund this programme from the perspectives of the direct or indirect costs related to the presence of aquatic invasive alien rodents in wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid33831041, year = {2021}, author = {Sario, S and Santos, C and Gonçalves, F and Torres, L}, title = {DNA screening of Drosophila suzukii predators in berry field orchards shows new predatory taxonomical groups.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {e0249673}, pmid = {33831041}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Arachnida/*genetics ; Crops, Agricultural/parasitology ; DNA/*genetics ; Drosophila/*genetics ; Fruit/*parasitology ; Insect Control/*methods ; Portugal ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii (spotted wing drosophila, SWD) is a pandemic quarantine pest that attacks mostly red fruits. The high number of life cycles per year, its ability to rapidly invade and spread across new habitats, and highly polyphagous nature, makes this a particularly aggressive invasive species, for which efficient control methods are currently lacking. The use of native natural predators is particularly promising to anchor sustainable and efficient measures to control SWD. While several field studies have suggested the presence of potential predatory species in infested orchards, only a few confirmed the presence of SWD DNA in predators' gut content. Here, we use a DNA-based approach to identify SWD predators among the arthropod diversity in South Europe, by examining the gut content of potential predator specimens collected in SWD-infested berry fields in North Portugal. These specimens were morphologically identified to the family/order, and their gut content was screened for the presence of SWD DNA using PCR. New SWD predatory taxonomical groups were identified, as Opiliones and Hemerobiidae, in addition to known SWD predators, such as Hemerobiidae, Chrysopidae, Miridae, Carabidae, Formicidae and Araneae. Additionally, the presence of a spider family, Uloboridae, in the orchards was recorded for the first time, posing this family as another SWD-candidate predator. This study sets important bases to further investigate the potential large-scale use of some of these confirmed predator taxa for SWD control in South Europe.}, }
@article {pmid33830072, year = {2021}, author = {Whitfield, SM and Alvarado-Barboza, G and Abarca, JG and Zumbado-Ulate, H and Jimenez, RR and Kerby, J}, title = {Ranavirus is widespread in Costa Rica and co-occurs with threatened amphibians.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {144}, number = {}, pages = {89-98}, doi = {10.3354/dao03576}, pmid = {33830072}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Amphibians ; Animals ; Central America ; Costa Rica/epidemiology ; *DNA Virus Infections/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Ranavirus ; }, abstract = {Amphibians are globally threatened by emerging infectious diseases, and ranaviruses are among the most concerning pathogens to threaten species in the wild. We sampled for ranaviruses in wild amphibians at 8 sites in Costa Rica, spanning broad climatic zones and taxonomic associations. Seven of these sites are inhabited by highly threatened amphibian species that persist at low global population sizes after population declines due to amphibian chytridiomycosis. One of the surveyed sites is occupied by an introduced amphibian species, which is relatively rare in Central America but may be an important pathway for long-distance transport of ranaviruses. We detected ranavirus using quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 16.3% of the 243 individuals and among 5 of our 8 sites, but not at the site with the introduced species. Infection prevalence varied among species and sites, but not with mean annual temperature or mean annual precipitation. Infection intensity did not vary with species, site, temperature, or precipitation. Our results show that ranavirus infection is spatially widespread in Costa Rica, affecting a broad range of host species, and occurs across climatic zones-though we encountered no mortality or morbidity in our sampled species. Ranaviruses are known to cause intermittent mass mortality in amphibian populations, and the threatened species sampled here are likely vulnerable to population impacts from emerging ranaviruses. Therefore, we believe the potential impacts of ranaviruses on amphibian populations in tropical regions have likely been underestimated, and that they should be viewed as a potential major stressor to threatened amphibians in tropical regions.}, }
@article {pmid33827665, year = {2021}, author = {Horváth, C and Cazan, CD and Mihalca, AD}, title = {Emergence of the invasive Asian bush mosquito, Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus, in an urban area, Romania.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {192}, pmid = {33827665}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {57 PCCDI/2018//Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/classification/*genetics ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/classification/*genetics ; Romania ; *Urban Renewal ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A study conducted at the International Airport of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, with the aim of investigating the presence/absence of invasive Aedes mosquito species resulted in finding Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald 1901) eggs in one of the ovitraps placed on site.<br><br>METHODS: The study was carried out between 30 June and 29 September 2020. On 24 August, 26 eggs were collected and later hatched at the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca's insectary. On 15 October another adult female Ae. japonicus was caught entering a building in the center of the city, about 7&#xa0;km from the first sampling spot.<br><br>RESULTS: The mosquitoes were identified morphologically and confirmed by molecular analysis, based on the genetic analysis of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI).<br><br>CONCLUSION: This is the first report of the species in Romania, highlighting the need for surveillance and implemented control methods. However, in Romania to our knowledge only Aedes albopictus has been established; further studies are required to learn about this new invasive species' status in Romania.}, }
@article {pmid33826620, year = {2021}, author = {Larson, JL and Larson, DL and Venette, RC}, title = {Balancing the need for seed against invasive species risks in prairie habitat restorations.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {e0248583}, pmid = {33826620}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Adequate diversity and abundance of native seed for large-scale grassland restorations often require commercially produced seed from distant sources. However, as sourcing distance increases, the likelihood of inadvertent introduction of multiple novel, non-native weed species as seed contaminants also increases. We created a model to determine an "optimal maximum distance" that would maximize availability of native prairie seed from commercial sources while minimizing the risk of novel invasive weeds via contamination. The model focused on the central portion of the Level II temperate prairie ecoregion in the Midwest US. The median optimal maximum distance from which to source seed was 272 km (169 miles). In addition, we weighted the model to address potential concerns from restoration practitioners: 1. sourcing seed via a facilitated migration strategy (i.e., direct movement of species from areas south of a given restoration site to assist species' range expansion) to account for warming due to climate change; and 2. emphasizing non-native, exotic species with a federal mandate to control. Weighting the model for climate change increased the median optimal maximum distance to 398 km (247 miles), but this was not statistically different from the distance calculated without taking sourcing for climate adaptation into account. Weighting the model for federally mandated exotic species increased the median optimal maximum distance only slightly to 293 km (182 miles), so practitioners may not need to adjust their sourcing strategy, compared to the original model. This decision framework highlights some potential inadvertent consequences from species translocations and provides insight on how to balance needs for prairie seed against those risks.}, }
@article {pmid33825758, year = {2021}, author = {Castro, WAC and Luz, RC and Peres, CK}, title = {Seasonality and forest edge as drivers of Tradescantia zebrina Hort. ex Bosse invasion in the Atlantic Forest.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {82}, number = {}, pages = {e238403}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.238403}, pmid = {33825758}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Brazil ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; *Tradescantia ; Trees ; }, abstract = {As a result of biodiversity and ecosystem service losses associated with biological invasions, there has been growing interest in basic and applied research on invasive species aiming to improve management strategies. Tradescantia zebrina is a herbaceous species increasingly reported as invasive in the understory of disturbed forest ecosystems. In this study, we assess the effect of spatial and seasonal variation on biological attributes of this species in the Atlantic Forest. To this end, we measured attributes of T. zebrina associated with plant growth and stress in the four seasons at the forest edge and in the forest interior of invaded sites in the Iguaçu National Park, Southern Brazil. The invasive plant had higher growth at the forest edge than in the forest interior and lower leaf asymmetry and herbivory in the winter than in the summer. Our findings suggest that the forest edge environment favours the growth of T. zebrina. This invasive species is highly competitive in the understory of semi-deciduous seasonal forests all over the year. Our study contributes to the management of T. zebrina by showing that the summer is the best season for controlling this species.}, }
@article {pmid33823450, year = {2021}, author = {Lamb, BT and McCrea, AA and Stoodley, SH and Dzialowski, AR}, title = {Monitoring and water quality impacts of an herbicide treatment on an aquatic invasive plant in a drinking water reservoir.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {288}, number = {}, pages = {112444}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112444}, pmid = {33823450}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; *Drinking Water ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Herbicides ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Effective treatment options are needed for the management of aquatic invasive species. An herbicide treatment was used to control an invasive aquatic plant, yellow floating heart (Nymphoides peltata) in a 3350-acre drinking water reservoir. The purpose of this research was to document the success of the treatment in an individual cove of the reservoir using in-situ sampling and reservoir-wide using remotely sensed Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. We also determined if the dying vegetation negatively impacted biological oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen concentrations in the cove. The aquatic herbicide ProcellaCOR™ (active ingredient = florpyrauxifen-benzyl) was used to treat a 55-acre infestation of YFH at a rate of 3 Prescription Dose Units (PDU)/ac-ft by a certified applicator in July 2019. Total surface coverage of yellow floating heart in the reservoir was reduced by more than 90% within 15 days after the treatment, and to less than 3.0 acres within 50 days after the treatment. No blooming flowers were observed after treatment and the surface coverage was close to 0% within 17 days after treatment in the cove. The effect of the herbicide treatment also appeared to carry over into the following growing season as the total surface coverage of yellow floating heart in the reservoir was less than 8 acres one year after the treatment in July 2020. The herbicide treatment resulted in short term increases in biological oxygen demand and decreases in dissolved oxygen at some sites in the cove within 3-10 days after the treatment. Dissolved oxygen then increased and concentrations were greater 42 days after treatment than they were before the treatment. Our results show that ProcellaCOR™ has the potential to control yellow floating heart infestations with relatively short-term negative impacts on dissolved oxygen concentrations. We also show that Sentinel-2 satellite imagery can be used to monitor the success of herbicide applications over large spatial and temporal scales that would not be possible from ground based monitoring alone.}, }
@article {pmid33822028, year = {2021}, author = {Hartshorn, JA and Coyle, DR}, title = {Comparative Meta-analysis Effects of Nonnative Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), and Bark and Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Native Confamilials.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {3}, pages = {622-632}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvab017}, pmid = {33822028}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Ambrosia ; Animals ; *Ants ; Biodiversity ; *Coleoptera ; Plant Bark ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {Nonnative species often transform local communities to the detriment of native species. Much of the existing invasion ecology research focuses on the effects of a few extremely impactful species, and it is less clear how nonnative species which are not causing economic or ecological impacts alter closely related natives at risk of being displaced. Filling these knowledge gaps is critical because consequences of nonnative species are likely to vary depending on taxonomic scale, functional trait, and spatial or temporal niche. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate how biodiversity of native Formicidae (ants), Carabidae (ground beetles), and Scolytinae (bark and ambrosia beetles) species changes across a gradient of pressure from nonnative confamilials. We calculated Hill numbers for each group from data presented in literature and correlated native diversity metrics to proportion of nonnative species. Species richness of native ants was significantly negatively correlated with proportions of nonnative ants, whereas bark and ambrosia beetle metrics showed a nonsignificant negative correlation. Nonnative ground beetles had neutral effects on diversity of native ground beetles. Resulting contrasting patterns of invasive species effects on natives suggest complex biotic and abiotic factors driving effects of nonnative species in these groups. Our results suggest that a few extreme examples (e.g., red imported fire ants) drive most of the changes seen in native arthropod communities. To accurately assess impacts of invaders on native arthropod diversity, baseline data are needed, and community analyses must consider diverse functional traits of native taxa and improve the depth and breadth of community sampling.}, }
@article {pmid33822022, year = {2021}, author = {Aita, RC and Kees, AM and Aukema, BH and Hutchison, WD and Koch, RL}, title = {Effects of Starvation, Age, and Mating Status on Flight Capacity of Laboratory-Reared Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {3}, pages = {532-540}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvab019}, pmid = {33822022}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Heteroptera ; *Laboratories ; Male ; Minnesota ; North America ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an invasive species to North America and has spread throughout most of the territory. Understanding flight in H. halys is crucial to understanding the dispersal capacity and developing forecasting models for this pest. The purpose of this research was to assess the effects of starvation, age, mating status, sex, and preflight weight on flight parameters of laboratory-reared H. halys using computer-monitored flight mills. The mean flight distance observed over a 24-h period was 266 m and the maximum distance was 7.3 km. Overall, the flight capacity of males and females was similar, even though females weighed more than males. The proportion of H. halys that initiated flight was not affected by starvation, age, or mating status. The number of bouts of individual flights and velocity significantly increased with longer durations of starvation. The number of bouts significantly decreased with increasing age. The total distance flew and total flight time was not affected by starvation, age, or mating status. Although some statistical differences were seen across the experiments, these differences likely represent minimal ecological significance. Therefore, these results suggest that H. halys are remarkably resilient, which may contribute to their success as an invasive species. The findings of this study could help better predict the dispersal potential of H. halys in Minnesota.}, }
@article {pmid33815799, year = {2021}, author = {Elmer, LK and Madliger, CL and Blumstein, DT and Elvidge, CK and Fernández-Juricic, E and Horodysky, AZ and Johnson, NS and McGuire, LP and Swaisgood, RR and Cooke, SJ}, title = {Exploiting common senses: sensory ecology meets wildlife conservation and management.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {coab002}, pmid = {33815799}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Multidisciplinary approaches to conservation and wildlife management are often effective in addressing complex, multi-factor problems. Emerging fields such as conservation physiology and conservation behaviour can provide innovative solutions and management strategies for target species and systems. Sensory ecology combines the study of 'how animals acquire' and process sensory stimuli from their environments, and the ecological and evolutionary significance of 'how animals respond' to this information. We review the benefits that sensory ecology can bring to wildlife conservation and management by discussing case studies across major taxa and sensory modalities. Conservation practices informed by a sensory ecology approach include the amelioration of sensory traps, control of invasive species, reduction of human-wildlife conflicts and relocation and establishment of new populations of endangered species. We illustrate that sensory ecology can facilitate the understanding of mechanistic ecological and physiological explanations underlying particular conservation issues and also can help develop innovative solutions to ameliorate conservation problems.}, }
@article {pmid33813701, year = {2021}, author = {Tammone, A and Caselli, AE and Condorí, WE and Fernandez, V and Estein, SM and Vanstreels, RET and Sosa, C and Delaloye, A and Uhart, MM}, title = {Lead exposure in consumers of culled invasive alien mammals in El Palmar National Park, Argentina.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {28}, number = {31}, pages = {42432-42443}, pmid = {33813701}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {reference number 105/19, Expte. 2018-14465730//Secretar&#xed;a de Pol&#xed;ticas Universitarias del Ministerio de Educaci&#xf3;n, Cultura, Ciencia y Tecnolog&#xed;a/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; *Deer ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Lead ; Meat/analysis ; Parks, Recreational ; }, abstract = {Consumption of meat from animals hunted with Pb ammunition can cause toxic accumulation with consequent health risks, even if relatively small amounts are consumed in each exposure. In El Palmar National Park, Argentina, invasive alien mammals, wild boar (Sus scrofa) and axis deer (Axis axis), are culled with Pb ammunition and their meat is consumed. In this study, we evaluated blood Pb concentrations in 58 consumers of culled game and examined Pb exposure risk according to their demographics, duty, and consumption habits. Likewise, the likelihood of exposure was evaluated by quantifying Pb concentrations in meat samples of seven culled axis deer. Twenty-seven participants (46%) had detectable blood Pb levels (limit of detection = 3.3 μg/dL), with an average 4.75 ± 1.35 μg/dL (geometric mean ± geometric S.D.); the average for all participants was 3.25 ± 1.51 μg/dL. Blood Pb concentrations were significantly higher in hunters, in participants who reported consuming game meat more than 5 times per week, and in participants who reported frequently consuming cured game meat (compared to cooked or pickled). Pb concentration varied significantly along the trajectory of the bullet in deer muscle, being highest at mid-point but with detectable Pb levels even in distant tissue samples (control), suggesting potential for dietary intake by consumers. These findings provide evidence of Pb exposure risk in consumers and emphasize the relevance of replacing Pb ammunition with non-toxic alternatives. This change would reduce dietary exposure in frequent consumers and allow the use of game meat as safe food for people whilst eliminating collateral risks to wild animals and the environment.}, }
@article {pmid33811410, year = {2021}, author = {Flucher, SM and Krapf, P and Arthofer, W and Suarez, AV and Crozier, RH and Steiner, FM and Schlick-Steiner, BC}, title = {Effect of social structure and introduction history on genetic diversity and differentiation.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {2511-2527}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15911}, pmid = {33811410}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Europe ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; North America ; South America ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a global threat to biodiversity, and understanding their history and biology is a major goal of invasion biology. Population-genetic approaches allow insights into these features, as population structure is shaped by factors such as invasion history (number, origin and age of introductions) and life-history traits (e.g., mating system, dispersal capability). We compared the relative importance of these factors by investigating two closely related ants, Tetramorium immigrans and Tetramorium tsushimae, that differ in their social structure and invasion history in North America. We used mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite alleles to estimate the source and number of introduction events of the two species, and compared genetic structure among native and introduced populations. Genetic diversity of both species was strongly reduced in introduced populations, which also differed genetically from native populations. Genetic differentiation between ranges and the reduction in microsatellite diversity were more severe in the more recently introduced and supercolonial T. tsushimae. However, the loss of mitochondrial haplotype diversity was more pronounced in T. immigrans, which has single-queen colonies and was introduced earlier. Tetramorium immigrans was introduced at least twice from Western Europe to North America and once independently to South America. Its monogyny might have limited genetic diversity per introduction, but new mutations and successive introductions over a long time may have added to the gene pool in the introduced range. Polygyny in T. tsushimae probably facilitated the simultaneous introduction of several queens from a Japanese population to St. Louis, USA. In addition to identifying introduction pathways, our results reveal how social structure can influence the population-genetic consequences of founder events.}, }
@article {pmid33810127, year = {2021}, author = {Rey-Campos, M and Novoa, B and Pallavicini, A and Gerdol, M and Figueras, A}, title = {Comparative Genomics Reveals 13 Different Isoforms of Mytimycins (A-M) in Mytilus galloprovincialis.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {33810127}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {AEI/EU-FEDER RTI2018-095997-B-I00, BES-2016-076302.//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; VIVALDI (678589)//Horizon 2020 Framework Programme/ ; IN607B 2019/01//Conseller&#xed;a de Econom&#xed;a, Emprego e Industria, Xunta de Galicia/ ; 0474_BLUEBIOLAB//Interreg/ ; }, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/chemistry/classification/*genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Genome ; *Genomics ; Isoelectric Point ; Mytilus/*genetics ; Open Reading Frames ; Phylogeny ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Isoforms ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Mytimycins are cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides that show antifungal properties. These peptides are part of the immune network that constitutes the defense system of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis). The immune system of mussels has been increasingly studied in the last decade due to its great efficiency, since these molluscs, particularly resistant to adverse conditions and pathogens, are present all over the world, being considered as an invasive species. The recent sequencing of the mussel genome has greatly simplified the genetic study of some of its immune genes. In the present work, we describe a total of 106 different mytimycin variants in 16 individual mussel genomes. The 13 highly supported mytimycin clusters (A-M) identified with phylogenetic inference were found to be subject to the presence/absence variation, a widespread phenomenon in mussels. We also identified a block of conserved residues evolving under purifying selection, which may indicate the "functional core" of the mature peptide, and a conserved set of 10 invariable plus 6 accessory cysteines which constitute a plastic disulfide array. Finally, we extended the taxonomic range of distribution of mytimycins among Mytilida, identifying novel sequences in M. coruscus, M. californianus, P. viridis, L. fortunei, M. philippinarum, M. modiolus, and P. purpuratus.}, }
@article {pmid33809350, year = {2021}, author = {Sandoval-Rodríguez, A and Marcone, D and Alegría-Morán, R and Larraechea, M and Yévenes, K and Fredes, F and Briceño, C}, title = {Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Free-Ranging Introduced Monk Parakeets from Santiago, Chile.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {33809350}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {FONDECYT Initiation No. 11160852//Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient&#xed;fico y Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; Beca de Doctorado Nacional Convocatoria 2018 - 21181241//Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo/ ; }, abstract = {Monk Parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) are medium-sized parrots that due to international pet trade currently exist as invasive species in 19 countries globally. Such is the case of Chile, where Monk Parakeets have thrived in the city of Santiago. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. are worldwide distributed gastrointestinal parasites whose potential hosts include birds and humans. The present study sought to determine the presence of these pathogens in Monk Parakeets from Santiago. During the austral summers of 2017 and 2018, 207 Monk Parakeet nestlings were captured, and fecal samples were studied via microscopical analyses. Environmental data related to the trees in which the nestlings were captured were analyzed to establish the existence of infection clusters. Associations between spatial clusters, environmental variables, and the presence or absence of these pathogens were explored. In total, 33 samples were positive to the presence of one or both protozoa. Of the 33, Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were detected in 10 nestlings (30%) while Giardia spp. cysts were detected in 25 (76%). Two nestlings presented poly-parasitism (6%). Statistical analyses established pruned trees as a potential protective factor against infection with these parasites. The present study corresponds to the second report of Cryptosporidium spp. in Monk Parakeets in Chile and the first worldwide report of Giardia spp. in these birds, emphasizing Monk Parakeet's potential role as a reservoir and pathogen disseminator, especially in urban environments.}, }
@article {pmid33808988, year = {2021}, author = {Scaccini, D and Ruzzier, E and Daane, KM}, title = {Givira ethela (Neumoegen and Dyar, 1893) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), A Previously Unidentified Pest on Vitis vinifera (L.).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {33808988}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {n.a.//California Table Grape Commission/ ; }, abstract = {Grape cultivation is a billion-dollar agricultural sector in California, where invasive or novel pest species can disrupt management practices. We report herein on a new pest associated with California vineyards, the carpentermoth Givira ethela (Neumoegen and Dyar, 1893). Rather than an invasive species, G. ethela appears to be a newly recognized wood-boring pest of Vitis vinifera (L.) in regions of California's Central Valley, where its initial occurrence has been dated back to, at least, the beginning of the 2000s. The habitus of adult, genitalia and pupa is illustrated. Givira ethela distribution in California is updated including published records and new data. Carpentermoth galleries seem to facilitate the access of Planococcus ficus Signoret, 1875 to vine sap and protection from natural enemies, environmental stresses, and pesticide treatments. Notes on pest status, life history, monitoring practices, natural enemies, and management options on grapes are also discussed. Tools for the Integrated Pest Management of G. ethela should include the correct identification of the insect and its damage, a full understanding of its biology and ecology, the application of monitoring methods, and the identification of economic thresholds and injury levels.}, }
@article {pmid33808530, year = {2021}, author = {Peterson, HM and Talamas, E and Krawczyk, G}, title = {Survey for Adventive Populations of the Samurai Wasp, Trissolcus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in Pennsylvania at Commercial Fruit Orchards and the Surrounding Forest.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {33808530}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {N/A//State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania/ ; N/A//The Pennsylvania Peach and Nectarine Marketing Program/ ; 58-8080-6-018, 2016-51181-25409//USDA ARS and USDA NIFA SCRI/ ; N/A//USDA Farm Bill: Identification, monitoring, and redistribution of Trissolcus japonicus - Biological Control of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB)/ ; }, abstract = {The samurai wasp, Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), is an egg parasitoid associated with the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Trissolcus japonicus is a candidate for classical biological control of H. halys populations. Since 2014, adventive populations of T. japonicus have been detected in 14 US states, in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia and Ontario, and in two European countries, Switzerland and Italy. Establishing baseline information about populations of T. japonicus is important, as this species is not host specific to H. halys and the potential ecological effects of the accidental introductions are not fully known. In this study, yellow sticky cards were deployed at commercial fruit orchards in nine counties in Pennsylvania separated by more than 400 km. Trissolcus japonicus was detected on cards in eight counties, and in two habitats, in the orchard and at the forest border. Other native species of Scelionidae known to attack the eggs of H. halys were also identified, including Trissolcus euschisti (Ashmead), Trissolcus brochymenae (Ashmead), and Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). These results are important baseline ecological knowledge for both T. japonicus, which appears to be established in orchards throughout Pennsylvania, and other native Scelionidae.}, }
@article {pmid33808405, year = {2021}, author = {Lastra González, D and Baláž, V and Vojar, J and Chajma, P}, title = {Dual Detection of the Chytrid Fungi Batrachochytrium spp. with an Enhanced Environmental DNA Approach.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {33808405}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {20194201//Internal Grant Agency of the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague/ ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) is becoming an indispensable tool in biodiversity monitoring, including the monitoring of invasive species and pathogens. Aquatic chytrid fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal) are major threats to amphibians. However, the use of eDNA for detecting these pathogens has not yet become widespread, due to technological and economic obstacles. Using the enhanced eDNA approach (a simple and cheap sampling protocol) and the universally accepted qPCR assay, we confirmed the presence of Bsal and Bd in previously identified sites in Spain, including four sites that were new for Bsal. The new approach was successfully tested in laboratory conditions using manufactured gene fragments (gBlocks) of the targeted DNA sequence. A comparison of storage methods showed that samples kept in ethanol had the best DNA yield. Our results showed that the number of DNA copies in the Internal Transcribed Spacer region was 120 copies per Bsal cell. Eradication of emerging diseases requires quick and cost-effective solutions. We therefore performed cost-efficiency analyses of standard animal swabbing, a previous eDNA approach, and our own approach. The procedure presented here was evaluated as the most cost-efficient. Our findings will help to disseminate information about efforts to prevent the spread of chytrid fungi.}, }
@article {pmid33807145, year = {2021}, author = {Oh, HJ and Chang, KH and Jin, MY and Suh, JM and Yoon, JD and Shin, KH and Park, SG and Chang, MH}, title = {Trophic Ecology of Endangered Gold-Spotted Pond Frog in Ecological Wetland Park and Rice Paddy Habitats.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {33807145}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {NIE-C-2018-04//National Institute of Ecology/ ; }, abstract = {The gold-spotted pond frog (Pelophylax chosenicus) is an endangered amphibian species in South Korea. In order to obtain ecological information regarding the gold-spotted pond frog's habitat environment and biological interactions, we applied stable isotope analysis to quantify the ecological niche space (ENS) of frogs including black-spotted pond frogs (P. nigromaculatus) and bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) within the food web of two different habitats-an ecological wetland park and a rice paddy. The gold-spotted pond frog population exhibited a broader ENS in the ecological wetland park than in the rice paddy. According to the carbon stable isotope ratios, gold-spotted pond frogs mainly fed on insects, regardless of habitat type. However, the results comparing the range of both carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes showed that gold-spotted pond frogs living in the rice paddy showed limited feeding behavior, while those living in the ecological wetland park fed on various food sources located in more varied trophic positions. Although the ENS of the gold-spotted pond frog was generally less likely to be overlapped by that of other frog species, it was predicted to overlap with a high probability of 87.3% in the ecological wetland park. Nevertheless, gold-spotted pond frogs in the ecological wetland park were not significantly affected by the prey competition with competitive species by feeding on other prey for which other species' preference was low. Since these results show that a habitats' food diversity has an effect on securing the ENS of gold-spotted pond frogs and prey competition, we recommend that the establishment of a food environment that considers the feeding behavior of gold-spotted pond frogs is important for the sustainable preservation of gold-spotted pond frogs and their settlement in alternative habitats.}, }
@article {pmid33807022, year = {2021}, author = {Dvoretsky, AG and Dvoretsky, VG}, title = {New Echinoderm-Crab Epibiotic Associations from the Coastal Barents Sea.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {33807022}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {//Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation/ ; }, abstract = {During diving surveys for a Russian research project that monitored introduced species, red king crabs (Paralithodes camtschaticus) were collected at a coastal site of the Barents Sea to study the structure and dynamics of this species. Sampling of the organisms colonizing the crabs was part of this research project. For the first time, the presence of relatively large specimens of the common starfish Asterias rubens as epibionts of P. camtschaticus was observed in July 2010, 2018, and 2019. In 2010 and 2019, we also found three other echinoderm species (the Atlantic sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa, the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, and the brittle star Ophiura sarsii). These findings add to the current list of associated species on king crabs not only in the Barents Sea but also in native areas of this host. Red king crabs have been documented as predators for these echinoderm species, and our records show additional possible interactions between king crabs and echinoderms in this region. More likely, the epibiotic lifestyle allows these echinoderms to avoid predation from red king crabs. There are no potential disadvantages derived by red king crabs through their relationships with the echinoderm epibionts due to low occurrences of these associations. We suggest no negative effects for the local red king crab population and populations of other commercial species in the Barents Sea.}, }
@article {pmid33805320, year = {2021}, author = {Han, WH and Zou, C and Qian, LX and Wang, C and Wang, XW and Liu, YQ and Wang, XR}, title = {Functional Analysis of Alkaline Phosphatase in Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Middle East Asia Minor 1 and Mediterranean) on Different Host Plants.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {33805320}, issn = {2073-4425}, mesh = {Alkaline Phosphatase/genetics/*metabolism ; Animals ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gossypium/*parasitology ; Hemiptera/enzymology/*physiology ; Insect Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Male ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; Nicotiana/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Alkaline phosphatases (ALPs: EC 3.1.3.1) are ubiquitous enzymes and play crucial roles in the fundamental phosphate uptake and secretory processes. Although insects are regarded as the most diverse group of organisms, the current understanding of ALP roles in insects is limited. As one type of destructive agricultural pest, whitefly Bemisia tabaci, a phloem feeder and invasive species, can cause extensive crop damage through feeding and transmitting plant diseases. In this study, we retrieved five ALP genes in MEAM1 whitefly, nine ALP genes in MED whitefly via comparative genomics approaches. Compared with nine other insects, whiteflies' ALP gene family members did not undergo significant expansion during insect evolution, and whiteflies' ALP genes were dispersed. Moreover, whiteflies' ALP gene family was conserved among insects and emerged before speciation via phylogenetic analysis. Whiteflies' ALP gene expression profiles presented that most ALP genes have different expression patterns after feeding on cotton or tobacco plants. Female/male MED whiteflies possessed higher ALP activities on both cotton and tobacco plants irrespective of sex, relative to MEAM1 whiteflies. Meanwhile, adult MED whiteflies possessed higher ALP activity in both whole insect and salivary samples, relative to MEAM1 whiteflies. We also found that both MED and MEAM1 whiteflies could upregulate ALP activities after feeding on cotton compared with feeding on tobacco plants. These findings demonstrated the functions of whiteflies ALPs and will assist the further study of the genomic evolution of insect ALPs.}, }
@article {pmid33805262, year = {2021}, author = {Kim, CJ and Choi, MB}, title = {First Discovery of Vespa velutina nigrithorax du Buysson (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), an Invasive Hornet in the Feces of the Yellow-Throated Marten in South Korea.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {33805262}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {KNA 1-1-25, 19-1//Korea National Arboretum/ ; }, abstract = {Yellow-throated martens (YTMs) are omnivores that often prey on wasps in late autumn in Korea. However, to the best of our knowledge, predation of the invasive alien species Vespa velutina nigrithorax (VVN) has not previously been investigated. In this study, YTM feces were collected and analyzed from Mt. Onggangsan, Sinwon-ri, Cheongdo, South Korea, where VVN density was high and YTMs were active. Surveys were conducted three times between October and December 2019, during which a total of 22 samples were collected. Debris from VVN was found in three samples, along with evidence of two indigenous wasps, Vespa crabro and Vespula koreensis. The VVN remains were identified as one queen, four males, one female, and one individual whose caste was unclear. Martens prey on wasps, owing to a sudden decrease in plant food sources from late autumn to early winter, mostly eating males and new queens attempting to mate. If VVN reproduction is prevented or disturbed by YTM predation, there may be potential biological control effects in areas with high VVN density. Further studies should be conducted to verify whether there is a practical biological control effect.}, }
@article {pmid33805033, year = {2021}, author = {Greiner, DM and Skonberg, DI and Perkins, LB and Perry, JJ}, title = {Use of Invasive Green Crab Carcinus maenas for Production of a Fermented Condiment.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {33805033}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {ME0-21915//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; 2019//Maine Food and Agriculture Center/ ; }, abstract = {To control the population of an invasive species of green crab, we investigated the feasibility of producing a fermented crab condiment. Commercial fermented fish condiments were tested to assess variability in the marketplace and to identify targets for lab-fermented sauces. Finely chopped crab was combined with 100 mg g[-1], 200 mg g[-1], or 300 mg g[-1] NaCl, and spontaneously fermented for up to 120 days. Chromatographic analysis revealed that histamine content was not a safety concern as all treatments were below the current U.S. legal threshold (50 mg 100 mL[-1]). The majority of microbial and physicochemical properties measured within salt level (proteolytic bacterial population, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), amine nitrogen, water activity, moisture, and biogenic amines) were statistically unchanged between days 60 and 120 of fermentation, suggesting that most of the biochemical changes happened early in the fermentation. While the production of a fermented condiment was successful and could represent an opportunity for the valorization of this invasive species, additional work is needed to accelerate the process and further understand the dynamics of the early fermentation stages.}, }
@article {pmid33804281, year = {2021}, author = {Loeffler, CR and Tartaglione, L and Friedemann, M and Spielmeyer, A and Kappenstein, O and Bodi, D}, title = {Ciguatera Mini Review: 21st Century Environmental Challenges and the Interdisciplinary Research Efforts Rising to Meet Them.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {18}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {33804281}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {*Ciguatera Poisoning/epidemiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Humans ; Interdisciplinary Research ; Oceans and Seas ; }, abstract = {Globally, the livelihoods of over a billion people are affected by changes to marine ecosystems, both structurally and systematically. Resources and ecosystem services, provided by the marine environment, contribute nutrition, income, and health benefits for communities. One threat to these securities is ciguatera poisoning; worldwide, the most commonly reported non-bacterial seafood-related illness. Ciguatera is caused by the consumption of (primarily) finfish contaminated with ciguatoxins, potent neurotoxins produced by benthic single-cell microalgae. When consumed, ciguatoxins are biotransformed and can bioaccumulate throughout the food-web via complex pathways. Ciguatera-derived food insecurity is particularly extreme for small island-nations, where fear of intoxication can lead to fishing restrictions by region, species, or size. Exacerbating these complexities are anthropogenic or natural changes occurring in global marine habitats, e.g., climate change, greenhouse-gas induced physical oceanic changes, overfishing, invasive species, and even the international seafood trade. Here we provide an overview of the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century regarding the many facets of ciguatera, including the complex nature of this illness, the biological/environmental factors affecting the causative organisms, their toxins, vectors, detection methods, human-health oriented responses, and ultimately an outlook towards the future. Ciguatera research efforts face many social and environmental challenges this century. However, several future-oriented goals are within reach, including digital solutions for seafood supply chains, identifying novel compounds and methods with the potential for advanced diagnostics, treatments, and prediction capabilities. The advances described herein provide confidence that the tools are now available to answer many of the remaining questions surrounding ciguatera and therefore protection measures can become more accurate and routine.}, }
@article {pmid33802414, year = {2021}, author = {Tolo, IE and K Padhi, S and Hundt, PJ and Bajer, PG and K Mor, S and Phelps, NBD}, title = {Host Range of Carp Edema Virus (CEV) during a Natural Mortality Event in a Minnesota Lake and Update of CEV Associated Mortality Events in the USA.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {33802414}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps ; Coinfection/epidemiology/*veterinary ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Fish Diseases/*epidemiology/virology ; Herpesviridae Infections/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Host Specificity ; Lakes ; Minnesota/epidemiology ; *Poxviridae/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; *Poxviridae Infections/epidemiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Mass mortality events of common carp (Cyprinus carpio, carp) associated with carp edema virus (CEV) alone or in coinfections with koi herpesvirus (KHV), is an emerging issue. Despite recent outbreaks of CEV in wild carp populations, the host range of North American species has not been well studied. To that end, we intensively sampled carp (n = 106) and co-habiting native fish species (n = 5 species; n = 156 total fish) from a CEV-suspect mass-mortality event of carp in a small Minnesota lake (Lake Swartout). Additionally, fecal and regurgitant samples (n = 73 each) from double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus, DCCO) were sampled to test the potential of DCCO to act as a vector for virus transmission. CEV was confirmed to be widespread in the Lake Swartout carp population during the outbreak with high viral loads and histological confirmation, suggesting that CEV was the cause of the mortality event. There were no detections of CEV in any native fish species; however, DCCO regurgitant and fecal samples were positive for CEV DNA. In addition, three CEV-positive and one CEV + KHV-positive mortality events were confirmed with no observed mortality or morbidity of non-carp species in other lakes. This study provides evidence that CEV infection and disease may be specific to carp during mortality events with mixed-species populations, identifies DCCO as a potential vector for CEV, and further expands the known range of CEV, as well as coinfections with KHV, in North America.}, }
@article {pmid33802305, year = {2021}, author = {Campbell, LP and Burkett-Cadena, ND and Miqueli, E and Unlu, I and Sloyer, KE and Medina, J and Vasquez, C and Petrie, W and Reeves, LE}, title = {Potential Distribution of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) scapularis (Diptera: Culicidae): A Vector Mosquito New to the Florida Peninsula.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {33802305}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Aedes scapularis is a neotropical mosquito known to transmit pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. Its recent establishment in southeastern Florida has potential public health implications. We used an ecological niche modeling approach to predict the abiotic environmental suitability for Ae. scapularis across much of the Americas and Caribbean Islands. Georeferenced occurrence data obtained from the Global Biodiversity Inventory Facility and recent collection records of Ae. scapularis from southern Florida served as input for model calibration. Environmental layers included bioclimatic variables provided in 2000 to 2010 average Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications climatic (MERRAclim) data. Models were run in the software program Maxent. Isothermality values often found in costal environments, had the greatest contribution to model performance. Model projections suggested that there are areas predicted to be suitable for Ae. Scapularis across portions of the Amazon Basin, the Yucatán Peninsula, the Florida Peninsula, and multiple Caribbean Islands. Additionally, model predictions suggested connectivity of highly suitable or relatively suitable environments spanning the United States Gulf Coast, which may facilitate the geographic expansion of this species. At least sixteen Florida counties were predicted to be highly suitable for Ae. scapularis, suggesting that vigilance is needed by vector control and public health agencies to recognize the further spread of this vector.}, }
@article {pmid33801288, year = {2021}, author = {Rondoni, G and Roman, A and Meslin, C and Montagné, N and Conti, E and Jacquin-Joly, E}, title = {Antennal Transcriptome Analysis and Identification of Candidate Chemosensory Genes of the Harlequin Ladybird Beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {33801288}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {PSR UMBRIA 2014-2020, measure 19.2//Local Action Group (LAG) Media Valle del Tevere/ ; 2015.0349.021//Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Perugia/ ; 2017-1-IT02-KA103-035499; 2018-1-IT02-KA103-047328//Erasmus+/ ; }, abstract = {In predatory ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), antennae are important for chemosensory reception used during food and mate location, and for finding a suitable oviposition habitat. Based on NextSeq 550 Illumina sequencing, we assembled the antennal transcriptome of mated Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) males and females and described the first chemosensory gene repertoire expressed in this species. We annotated candidate chemosensory sequences encoding 26 odorant receptors (including the coreceptor, Orco), 17 gustatory receptors, 27 ionotropic receptors, 31 odorant-binding proteins, 12 chemosensory proteins, and 4 sensory neuron membrane proteins. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses allowed to assign candidate H. axyridis chemosensory genes to previously described groups in each of these families. Differential expression analysis between males and females revealed low variability between sexes, possibly reflecting the known absence of relevant sexual dimorphism in the structure of the antennae and in the distribution and abundance of the sensilla. However, we revealed significant differences in expression of three chemosensory genes, namely two male-biased odorant-binding proteins and one male-biased odorant receptor, suggesting their possible involvement in pheromone detection. Our data pave the way for improving the understanding of the molecular basis of chemosensory reception in Coccinellidae.}, }
@article {pmid33800231, year = {2021}, author = {Lee, CM and Lee, DS and Kwon, TS and Athar, M and Park, YS}, title = {Predicting the Global Distribution of Solenopsis geminata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) under Climate Change Using the MaxEnt Model.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {33800231}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {FTIS 2017042A00-1823-CA01//Korea Forest Service (Korea Forestry Promotion Institute)/ ; }, abstract = {The tropical fire ant Solenopsis geminata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is a serious invasive species that causes a decline in agricultural production, damages infrastructure, and harms human health. This study was aimed to develop a model using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm to predict the current and future distribution of S. geminata on a global scale for effective monitoring and management. In total, 669 occurrence sites of S. geminata and six bioclimatic variables of current and future climate change scenarios for 2050 and 2100 were used for the modeling. The annual mean temperature, annual precipitation, and precipitation in the driest quarter were the key influential factors for determining the distribution of S. geminata. Although the potential global distribution area of S. geminata is predicted to decrease slightly under global warming, the distribution of favorable habitats is predicted to expand to high latitudes under climate scenarios. In addition, some countries in America and East Asia, such as Brazil, China, South Korea, the USA, and Uruguay, are predicted to be threatened by S. geminata invasion under future climate change. These findings can facilitate the proactive management of S. geminata through monitoring, surveillance, and quarantine measures.}, }
@article {pmid33800079, year = {2021}, author = {Mouga, T and Mendes, S and Franco, I and Fagundes, AI and Oliveira, N and Crisóstomo, P and Morais, L and Afonso, C}, title = {Recent Efforts to Recover Armeria berlengensis, an Endemic Species from Berlengas Archipelago, Portugal.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {33800079}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {UID/MAR/04292/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; LIFE13 NAT/PT/000458 - LIFE Berlenga//LIFE+ Program/ ; }, abstract = {Berlengas archipelago is a UNESCO world heritage site and the only location where Armeria berlengensis is found. This species faces various threats, namely, human disturbance, the presence of Carpobrotus edulis, yellow-legged gull, common-rabbit, and black-rat populations. Thus, exclusion areas were installed, which blocked the access of most Gulls, aiming to promote the recovery of A. berlengensis. Additionally, rabbits and rats were removed from the island. After six years of surveys, there has been an increase in the number of individuals of A. berlengensis in the exclusion areas, and a clear shift in the size structure of the A. berlengensis population. Significant changes in the height and diameter of the individuals were also noted. These findings indicate that the population of A. berlengensis is changing and becoming a healthier population. Principal component analysis results show a straightforward dissimilarity between the areas with A. berlengensis and those without the species and allowed the clustering of two groups: the rupicolous species and the nitrophilous species. A. berlengensis produces few seeds (seed set 3.4%), which raises concern regarding the long-term survival of the species. Thus, further conservation efforts must be implemented, such as the control of invasive species, gulls, and ruderals, to allow for the recovery of A. berlengensis.}, }
@article {pmid33799148, year = {2021}, author = {Drake, LA and Bailey, SA and Brydges, T and Carney, KJ and Ruiz, GM and Bayly-Stark, J and Drillet, G and Everett, RA}, title = {Design and installation of ballast water sample ports: Current status and implications for assessing compliance with discharge standards.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {167}, number = {}, pages = {112280}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112280}, pmid = {33799148}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Introduced Species ; Reference Standards ; *Ships ; *Water ; }, abstract = {To verify ships' compliance with ballast water regulations, samples may be collected and tested for viable organisms. This task is completed using a sample probe, which is placed in the ballast discharge pipe through a sample port (a flanged opening). To collect representative samples, the placement of the sample port and the size of the sample probe must be appropriate for the shipboard piping arrangement and ballast water flows. The placement of sample ports was evaluated on 72 ships to assess the current condition of ballast water sampling installations against available guidance. Few ships (15%) had sample ports fully aligned with International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard 11711-1. While current configurations may present challenges in collecting representative samples, these installations likely occurred before the ISO standard was available. Future installations should be in accordance with the standard to facilitate representative sampling.}, }
@article {pmid33799144, year = {2021}, author = {De-la-Torre, GE and Dioses-Salinas, DC and Pérez-Baca, BL and Millones Cumpa, LA and Pizarro-Ortega, CI and Torres, FG and Gonzales, KN and Santillán, L}, title = {Marine macroinvertebrates inhabiting plastic litter in Peru.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {167}, number = {}, pages = {112296}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112296}, pmid = {33799144}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Bathing Beaches ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; Peru ; *Plastics ; *Waste Products/analysis ; }, abstract = {Marine litter, such as plastic bags, bottles, fabrics, or fishing gear, serve as a shelter for many marine organisms that are likely to colonize artificial substrata. Such assemblages can potentially turn marine litter into vectors of alien invasive species (AIS). Here, we report the abundance and diversity of macroinvertebrates inhabiting marine litter in Peruvian beaches. Results indicate that most of the fouled items found came from land-based sources (81.5%) and Bivalvia was the most abundant class (53.5%), mainly composed of the mussel Semimytilus algosus. No significant differences were found in the abundance and diversity of macroinvertebrates (class level) among sampling sites or sources of litter. Polypropylene and low-density polyethylene items were most frequently found with fouled biota. Although none of the identified species were non-native to the coast of Peru, we discuss marine litter as a potential source of AIS in this region.}, }
@article {pmid33797209, year = {2021}, author = {Yao, ZY and Wang, X and Li, SQ}, title = {Tip of the iceberg: species diversity of Pholcus spiders (Araneae, Pholcidae) in the Changbai Mountains, Northeast China.}, journal = {Zoological research}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, pages = {267-271}, pmid = {33797209}, issn = {2095-8137}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Species Specificity ; Spiders/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Despite 250 years of taxonomic classification and over 1.2 million species already catalogued, known species diversity is only a small part of true species diversity on Earth, and thus, the known species are only the tip of iceberg. Here, we investigated the genus Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805 of the family Pholcidae C. L. Koch, 1850 in the Changbai Mountains, Northeast China, which provides an excellent case of high species diversity. Previously, only 14 endemic Pholcus spiders, all belonging to the P. phungiformes species group, and two introduced species P. manueli Gertsch, 1937 and P. zichyi Kulczyński, 1901 from the P. crypticolens species group, have been recorded from this area. Our study confirmed 11 new species of the P. phungiformes species group based on morphology and three methods of molecular species delimitation: P. gaizhou Yao &amp; Li, sp. nov., P. guanshui Yao &amp; Li, sp. nov., P. jiguanshan Yao &amp; Li, sp. nov., P. longxigu Yao &amp; Li, sp. nov., P. luoquanbei Yao &amp; Li, sp. nov., P. shenshi Yao &amp; Li, sp. nov., P. tianmenshan Yao &amp; Li, sp. nov., P. wangjiang Yao &amp; Li, sp. nov., P. xingqi Yao &amp; Li, sp. nov., P. yaoshan Yao &amp; Li, sp. nov., and P. yuhuangshan Yao &amp; Li, sp. nov. This study brings the fauna of the P. phungiformes species group from the Changbai Mountains to 25 species, approximately two times more than previously known, which could indicate that species diversity in the area is underestimated for all arthropod fauna.}, }
@article {pmid33796745, year = {2021}, author = {Park, J and Park, SM and Moon, JI and Song, YJ and Choi, JH and Sung, HC and Lee, DH}, title = {Complete mitochondrial genome of the distinct red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta ssp., Testudines: Emydidae) in Korea.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {1077-1079}, pmid = {33796745}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {The complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Trachemys scripta ssp. in Korea was sequenced and characterized. The mt genome is constituted of 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and 2 ribosomal RNA genes) and a control region. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete mt genome showed that the unidentified turtle had the mt genome closely related to that of T. s. elegans, though it had distinct morphology compared to T. s. elegans. This study can provide information for biogeographical studies and management plan for invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid33796681, year = {2021}, author = {Park, J and Moon, JI and Song, YJ and Park, SM and Cheon, S and Sung, HC and Lee, DH}, title = {Complete mitochondrial genome of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans, Testudines: Emydidae) in Korea.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {918-919}, pmid = {33796681}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {The complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Trachemys scripta elegans in Korea was sequenced and characterized. The mt genome is constituted of 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and 2 ribosomal RNA genes) and a noncoding control region. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete mt genome showed that T. s. elegans Korea has closer relationship with T. scripta Canada than T. s. elegans China. This is the first complete mt genome from T. s. elegans in Korea, which provides information for biogeographical studies and management plan for invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid33795420, year = {2021}, author = {Gazzola, A and Balestrieri, A and Scribano, G and Fontana, A and Pellitteri-Rosa, D}, title = {Contextual behavioural plasticity in Italian agile frog (Rana latastei) tadpoles exposed to native and alien predator cues.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {224}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.240465}, pmid = {33795420}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura ; *Cues ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Larva ; *Odonata ; Predatory Behavior ; Ranidae ; }, abstract = {Predation is a strong driver for the evolution of prey behaviour. To properly assess the actual risk of predation, anuran tadpoles mostly rely on water-borne chemical cues, and their ability to evaluate environmental information is even more crucial when potential predators consist of unknown alien species. Behavioural plasticity - that is, the capacity to express changes in behaviour in response to different environmental stimuli - is crucial to cope with predation risk. We explored the defensive behaviour of Italian agile frog (Rana latastei) tadpoles when exposed to the chemical cues of two predator species, one native (dragonfly larvae) and one alien (red swamp crayfish). Firstly, we observed whether a plastic life history trait (i.e. hatching time) might be affected by native predatory cues. Secondly, we recorded a suite of behavioural responses (activity level, lateralization and sinuosity) to each cue. For assessing lateralization and sinuosity, we developed a C++ code for the automatic analysis of digitally recorded tadpole tracks. Hatching time seemed not to be affected by the potential risk of predation, while both predator species and diet affected tadpoles' defensive behaviour. Tadpoles responded to a predator threat by two main defensive strategies: freezing and 'zig-zagging'. While the first behaviour had previously been reported, the analysis of individual trajectories indicated that tadpoles can also increase path complexity, probably to prevent predators from anticipating their location. We also recorded a decrease in lateralization intensity, which suggests that under predation risk, tadpoles tend to scrutinize the surrounding environment equally on both sides.}, }
@article {pmid33793868, year = {2021}, author = {Těšitel, J and Li, AR and Knotková, K and McLellan, R and Bandaranayake, PCG and Watson, DM}, title = {The bright side of parasitic plants: what are they good for?.}, journal = {Plant physiology}, volume = {185}, number = {4}, pages = {1309-1324}, pmid = {33793868}, issn = {1532-2548}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Czech Republic ; *Ecosystem ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*physiology ; Plants/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Parasitic plants are mostly viewed as pests. This is caused by several species causing serious damage to agriculture and forestry. There is however much more to parasitic plants than presumed weeds. Many parasitic plans exert even positive effects on natural ecosystems and human society, which we review in this paper. Plant parasitism generally reduces the growth and fitness of the hosts. The network created by a parasitic plant attached to multiple host plant individuals may however trigger transferring systemic signals among these. Parasitic plants have repeatedly been documented to play the role of keystone species in the ecosystems. Harmful effects on community dominants, including invasive species, may facilitate species coexistence and thus increase biodiversity. Many parasitic plants enhance nutrient cycling and provide resources to other organisms like herbivores or pollinators, which contributes to facilitation cascades in the ecosystems. There is also a long tradition of human use of parasitic plants for medicinal and cultural purposes worldwide. Few species provide edible fruits. Several parasitic plants are even cultivated by agriculture/forestry for efficient harvesting of their products. Horticultural use of some parasitic plant species has also been considered. While providing multiple benefits, parasitic plants should always be used with care. In particular, parasitic plant species should not be cultivated outside their native geographical range to avoid the risk of their uncontrolled spread and the resulting damage to ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid33792856, year = {2021}, author = {Montes, MA and Neves, CHCB and Ferreira, AF and Dos Santos, MFS and Quintas, JIFP and Manetta, GD&#xc2; and de Oliveira, PV and Garcia, ACL}, title = {Invasion and Spreading of Drosophila nasuta (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in the Caatinga Biome, Brazil.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {4}, pages = {571-578}, pmid = {33792856}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {425274/2018-7//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Brazil ; *Drosophila ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are one of the main causes of biodiversity loss, and it is essential to understand the pattern and rate of expansion of invasive species outside their native distribution. In this study, we documented the invasion of the Asian fruit fly, Drosophila nasuta Lamb, in the Caatinga, and measured its geographical distribution in this environment, which covers 11% of the Brazilian territory. We collected drosophilids in eight sites distributed in the north of the Caatinga (in the state of Ceará), in the south (in Bahia), in the east (in Pernambuco), and in the west (in Piauí), as well as in sites in the central area of the biome. Drosophila nasuta occurred in all areas and was one of the most frequently occurring species in half of the sampled sites. We observed greater abundance in areas with arboreal vegetation and a possible preference of this species for areas with higher annual rainfall in the Caatinga. Of all the biomes where D. nasuta is found in Brazil, the area occupied in the Caatinga is the largest documented to date. Our results show D. nasuta's success in invading the Caatinga and the vast area this species has colonized in this biome. The success of this invasion can be explained by the high fertility and short life cycle as well as by the ability of D. nasuta to use different trophic resources.}, }
@article {pmid33790468, year = {2021}, author = {Diagne, C and Leroy, B and Vaissière, AC and Gozlan, RE and Roiz, D and Jarić, I and Salles, JM and Bradshaw, CJA and Courchamp, F}, title = {High and rising economic costs of biological invasions worldwide.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {592}, number = {7855}, pages = {571-576}, pmid = {33790468}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Ecology/*economics ; Environmental Science/*economics ; Geographic Mapping ; *Internationality ; Introduced Species/*economics/*trends ; Invertebrates ; Linear Models ; Plants ; Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are responsible for substantial biodiversity declines as well as high economic losses to society and monetary expenditures associated with the management of these invasions[1,2]. The InvaCost database has enabled the generation of a reliable, comprehensive, standardized and easily updatable synthesis of the monetary costs of biological invasions worldwide[3]. Here we found that the total reported costs of invasions reached a minimum of US$1.288 trillion (2017 US dollars) over the past few decades (1970-2017), with an annual mean cost of US$26.8 billion. Moreover, we estimate that the annual mean cost could reach US$162.7 billion in 2017. These costs remain strongly underestimated and do not show any sign of slowing down, exhibiting a consistent threefold increase per decade. We show that the documented costs are widely distributed and have strong gaps at regional and taxonomic scales, with damage costs being an order of magnitude higher than management expenditures. Research approaches that document the costs of biological invasions need to be further improved. Nonetheless, our findings call for the implementation of consistent management actions and international policy agreements that aim to reduce the burden of invasive alien species.}, }
@article {pmid33788020, year = {2021}, author = {Makenov, MT and Toure, AH and Korneev, MG and Sacko, N and Porshakov, AM and Yakovlev, SA and Radyuk, EV and Zakharov, KS and Shipovalov, AV and Boumbaly, S and Zhurenkova, OB and Grigoreva, YE and Morozkin, ES and Fyodorova, MV and Boiro, MY and Karan, LS}, title = {Rhipicephalus microplus and its vector-borne haemoparasites in Guinea: further species expansion in West Africa.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {120}, number = {5}, pages = {1563-1570}, pmid = {33788020}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Anaplasma/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Anaplasma marginale/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Animals ; Babesia/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Benin ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/parasitology ; Cote d'Ivoire ; Ehrlichia/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Female ; Guinea ; Livestock/parasitology ; Rhipicephalus/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Tick Infestations/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Rhipicephalus microplus is an ixodid tick with a pantropical distribution that represents a serious threat to livestock. West Africa was free of this tick until 2007, when its introduction into Benin was reported. Shortly thereafter, further invasion of this tick species into other West African countries was identified. In this paper, we describe the first detection of R. microplus in Guinea and list the vector-borne haemoparasites that were detected in the invading and indigenous Boophilus species. In 2018, we conducted a small-scale survey of ticks infesting cattle in three administrative regions of Guinea: N`Zerekore, Faranah, and Kankan. The tick species were identified by examining their morphological characteristics and by sequencing their COI gene and ITS-2 gene fragments. R. microplus was found in each studied region. In the ticks, we found the DNA of Babesia bigemina, Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma platys, and Ehrlichia sp. The results of this study indicate that R. microplus was introduced into Guinea in association with cows from Mali and/or the Ivory Coast.}, }
@article {pmid33786707, year = {2021}, author = {Harkin, C and Stewart, AJA}, title = {Differential outcomes of novel plant-herbivore associations between an invading planthopper and native and invasive Spartina cordgrass species.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {195}, number = {4}, pages = {983-994}, pmid = {33786707}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {NE/J500446/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Hemiptera ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; Poaceae ; }, abstract = {Non-native plants may benefit, briefly or permanently, from natural enemy release in their invaded range, or may form novel interactions with native enemy species. Likewise, newly arrived herbivores may develop novel associations with native plants or, where their hosts have arrived ahead of them, re-establish interactions that existed previously in their ancestral ranges. Predicting outcomes from this diversity of novel and re-established interactions between plants and their herbivores presents a major challenge for invasion biology. We report on interactions between the recently arrived invasive planthopper Prokelisia marginata, and the multi-ploidy Spartina complex of four native and introduced species in Britain, each representing a different level of shared evolutionary history with the herbivore. As predicted, S. alterniflora, the ancestral host, was least impacted by planthopper herbivory, with the previously unexposed native S. maritima, a nationally threatened species, suffering the greatest impacts on leaf length gain, new leaf growth and relative water content. Contrary to expectations, glasshouse trials showed P. marginata to preferentially oviposit on the invasive allododecaploid S. anglica, on which it achieved earlier egg hatch, faster nymphal development, larger female body size and greatest final population size. We suggest P. marginata is in the process of rapid adaptation to maximise its performance on what is now the most abundant and widespread host in Britain. The diversity of novel and re-established interactions of the herbivore with this multi-ploidy complex makes this a highly valuable system for the study of the evolutionary ecology of plant-insect interactions and their influence on invasion dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid33786394, year = {2021}, author = {Legesse, A and Negash, M}, title = {Species diversity, composition, structure and management in agroforestry systems: the case of Kachabira district, Southern Ethiopia.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {e06477}, pmid = {33786394}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Agroforestry is increasingly being identified as an integrated land use enhancing plant diversity while reducing habitat loss and fragmentation. This paper examined species diversity, composition, structure and management in agroforestry systems. Two Kebeles (Kachabira and Mesafe) were purposively selected for this study. Then, farmers who dominantly practiced agroforestry practices such as home garden, parkland and live fence were stratified based on wealth categories. Ten percent of the sample households were randomly selected from each wealth category. Accordingly, a total of 83 households were selected. Inventories of plant species were done by sampling one plot of each farm management type. A total of 59 plant species, belonging to 56 genera and 36 families were recorded across the home gardens, parklands and live fences in the study area. Among the plant species, trees constituted 42%, shrubs 27%, herbs 29% and climber 2%. From recorded plant species, 66% were native and the remainders 34% were introduced species. From the native species recorded in this study, Lippia adoensis and Millettia ferruginea were endemic to Ethiopia. The mean Shannon diversity index of rich, medium and poor households in the three different agroforestry practices were 1.75, 1.57 and 1.62 in home garden, 0.36, 0.30 and 0.49 in parkland and 0.84, 0.99 and 1.00 in live fence respectively. The largest tree basal area was recorded in the live fence (14.7 m[2]ha[-1]), followed by home garden and parkland. The study revealed that agroforestry plays an important role in the conservation of biodiversity, and also by providing food, income and a wide range of other products such as fuel wood, construction material, fodder, spices and medicinal plants. Farm household landholding size, species preference and management found to be the most important influencing factors that affect the diversity of plant species. Further detailed study of explicit examining of the factors such as socio-ecological effects that determine species diversity and the contribution of different functional groups to livelihood is needed to fully understand the agroforestry system.}, }
@article {pmid33785998, year = {2021}, author = {Reaser, JK and Witt, A and Tabor, GM and Hudson, PJ and Plowright, RK}, title = {Ecological countermeasures for preventing zoonotic disease outbreaks: when ecological restoration is a human health imperative.}, journal = {Restoration ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, pages = {e13357}, pmid = {33785998}, issn = {1526-100X}, abstract = {Ecological restoration should be regarded as a public health service. Unfortunately, the lack of quantitative linkages between environmental and human health has limited recognition of this principle. The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic provides the impetus for further discussion. We propose ecological countermeasures as highly targeted, landscape-based interventions to arrest the drivers of land use-induced zoonotic spillover. We provide examples of ecological restoration activities that reduce zoonotic disease risk and a five-point action plan at the human-ecosystem health nexus. In conclusion, we make the case that ecological countermeasures are a tenet of restoration ecology with human health goals.}, }
@article {pmid33785766, year = {2021}, author = {Gilman, E and Musyl, M and Suuronen, P and Chaloupka, M and Gorgin, S and Wilson, J and Kuczenski, B}, title = {Highest risk abandoned, lost and discarded fishing gear.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {7195}, pmid = {33785766}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Derelict abandoned, lost and discarded fishing gear have profound adverse effects. We assessed gear-specific relative risks from derelict gear to rank-order fishing methods based on: derelict gear production rates, gear quantity indicators of catch weight and fishing grounds area, and adverse consequences from derelict gear. The latter accounted for ghost fishing, transfer of microplastics and toxins into food webs, spread of invasive alien species and harmful microalgae, habitat degradation, obstruction of navigation and in-use fishing gear, and coastal socioeconomic impacts. Globally, mitigating highest risk derelict gear from gillnet, tuna purse seine with fish aggregating devices, and bottom trawl fisheries achieves maximum conservation gains. Locally, adopting controls following a sequential mitigation hierarchy and implementing effective monitoring, surveillance and enforcement systems are needed to curb derelict gear from these most problematic fisheries. Primary and synthesis research are priorities to improve future risk assessments, produce the first robust estimate of global derelict gear quantity, and assess the performance of initiatives to manage derelict gear. Findings from this first quantitative estimate of gear-specific relative risks from derelict gear guide the allocation of resources to achieve the largest improvements from mitigating adverse effects of derelict gear from the world's 4.6 million fishing vessels.}, }
@article {pmid33782496, year = {2021}, author = {Wang, L and Liu, Y and Zhu, X and Zhang, Z and Huang, X}, title = {Identify potential allelochemicals from Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr. root extracts that induce allelopathy on Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {7068}, pmid = {33782496}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Allelopathy ; Amaranthaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Humulus/*chemistry ; Plant Extracts/*isolation &amp; purification ; Plant Roots/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Although it is well-documented that invasion of invasive plants is promoted with allelopathic effects by inhibiting the growth and phenotypic performance of native plants, little is known conversely. In this study, the allelopathy effects of a native plant, Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr., on a typical invasive species Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb., was investigated by exposing A. philoxeroides seedlings to three chemical solvent extracts (i.e., petroleum ether extract (PE), ethyl acetate extract (EE), and n-butanol extract (NE) of H. scandens root (HR). The three chemical extracts inhibited the growth, stem length, node number, leaf number, leaf area, and root number, and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content of A. philoxeroides seedlings, which indicated that the extracts inhibited the plant growth by damaging the membrane system of leaves. And the synthetical effect of allelopathy (SE) index indicated that EE had the greatest inhibition on the growth of A. philoxeroides. Fifty compounds were identified from the three extracts of HR using GC-MS analysis, among which 5 compounds (dibutyl phthalate, stigmasta-3,5-diene, 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol campesterol, and neophytadiene) were identified from H. scandens root extracts for the first time. And n-hexadecanoic acid exists in all three extracts. The findings of the present study provide a novel method to potentially control the invasion of A. philoxeroides. However, field monitoring under natural conditions would be necessary to confirm in practice the results obtained with the bioassays.}, }
@article {pmid33782446, year = {2021}, author = {Roques, L and Desbiez, C and Berthier, K and Soubeyrand, S and Walker, E and Klein, EK and Garnier, J and Moury, B and Papaïx, J}, title = {Emerging strains of watermelon mosaic virus in Southeastern France: model-based estimation of the dates and places of introduction.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {7058}, pmid = {33782446}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {France ; *Models, Biological ; Plant Diseases/*virology ; Potyvirus/*classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Probability ; }, abstract = {Where and when alien organisms are successfully introduced are central questions to elucidate biotic and abiotic conditions favorable to the introduction, establishment and spread of invasive species. We propose a modelling framework to analyze multiple introductions by several invasive genotypes or genetic variants, in competition with a resident population, when observations provide knowledge on the relative proportions of each variant at some dates and places. This framework is based on a mechanistic-statistical model coupling a reaction-diffusion model with a probabilistic observation model. We apply it to a spatio-temporal dataset reporting the relative proportions of five genetic variants of watermelon mosaic virus (WMV, genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) in infections of commercial cucurbit fields. Despite the parsimonious nature of the model, it succeeds in fitting the data well and provides an estimation of the dates and places of successful introduction of each emerging variant as well as a reconstruction of the dynamics of each variant since its introduction.}, }
@article {pmid33781298, year = {2021}, author = {Estrada-Castillón, E and Villarreal-Quintanilla, J&#xc1; and Encina-Domínguez, JA and Jurado-Ybarra, E and Cuéllar-Rodríguez, LG and Garza-Zambrano, P and Arévalo-Sierra, JR and Cantú-Ayala, CM and Himmelsbach, W and Salinas-Rodríguez, MM and Gutiérrez-Santillán, TV}, title = {Ethnobotanical biocultural diversity by rural communities in the Cuatrociénegas Valley, Coahuila; Mexico.}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {21}, pmid = {33781298}, issn = {1746-4269}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; *Biodiversity ; *Ethnobotany ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mexico ; Middle Aged ; *Rural Population ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cuatrociénegas, part of the Chihuahuan Desert, is a region of unique biological, geological, geographical, and evolutionary importance. Its current population is mestizo; nevertheless, it has high national historical, cultural, and touristic relevance in Mexico. It has been cataloged as nationally significant for its flora and fauna by Mexican law, as well as being designated a High Protection site by the World Wildlife Fund and UNESCO. Because of its diverse and complex biological and sociocultural characteristics, we considered it important to determine, identify, and analyze various aspects of the traditional ethnobotanical knowledge and practices in this region.<br><br>METHODS: Between 2016 and 2019, seven field trips were made to document the knowledge and use of flora. Cuatroci&#xe9;negas is a protected area, collecting botanical material is regulated, so specimens were photographed and collected in neighboring communities, and in public and private gardens. Later permission was obtained to complete the collection of specimens (2019-2020). The plants were identified and entered into the flora database of the state of Coahuila, and deposited in the Herbarium of the Faculty of Forest Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Le&#xf3;n, Mexico. One hundred ten local residents (50 men and 60 women), aged between 27 and 91 years, were interviewed (semi-structured interviews). The cultural importance of ethnobotanical resources (cultural significance index) and its significance with respect to ethnobotanical richness in other Biosphere Reserves in Mexico (Mann-Whitney test), and similarities in the diversity of exotic species (S&#xf8;rensen index) were studied.<br><br>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The ethnobotanical information registers 158 species and 132 genera in 57 vascular and non-vascular families, documenting a greater knowledge and use of cultivated species (84) with respect to wild species (74). The diversity of plants reported is compared to other ethnobotanical studies carried out in Mexican Biosphere Reserves. These results are highly relevant, in spite of unique exotic species. The people local pay special attention to medicinal and ornamental plants. The species that presented the highest use values are Larrea tridentata, Jatropha dioica, and Machaeranthera pinnatifida, three species characteristic of the desert region.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The particular diversity of wild flora in Cuatroci&#xe9;negas Valley, combined with the varied introduced flora, is an important multifunctional resource. Special attention to introduced species is associated with harvesting use restrictions in the protected area as well as the high value of ornamental species that are difficult to maintain in desert areas. The extensive use of ethnobotanical knowledge is an example that biocultural diversity (at the conceptual level) is also strongly associated with socio-ecological systems incorporating mestizo groups and semi-urban rural landscapes, thus ceasing to be an exclusive focus of indigenous communities and regions.}, }
@article {pmid33774308, year = {2021}, author = {Cuthbert, RN and Briski, E}, title = {Temperature, not salinity, drives impact of an emerging invasive species.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {780}, number = {}, pages = {146640}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146640}, pmid = {33774308}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Amphipoda ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Salinity ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a growing ecological and socioeconomic problem worldwide. While robust predictions of impactful future invaders are urgently needed, understandings of invader impacts have been challenged by context-dependencies. In aquatic systems in particular, future climate change could alter the impacts of invasive non-native species. Widespread warming coupled with sea freshening may exacerbate ecological impacts of invaders in marine environments, compromising ecosystem structure, function and stability. We examined how multiple abiotic changes affect the potential ecological impact of an emerging invasive non-native species from the Ponto-Caspian region - a notorious origin hotspot for invaders, characterised by high salinity and temperature variation. Using a comparative functional response (feeding rates across prey densities) approach, the potential ecological impacts of the gammarid Pontogammarus maeoticus towards native chironomid prey were examined across a range of current and future temperature (18, 22 °C) and salinity (14, 10, 6, 2 ppt) regimes in a factorial design. Feeding rates of P. maeoticus on prey significantly increased with temperature (by 60%), but were not significantly affected by salinity regime. Gammarids displayed significant Type II functional responses, with attack rates not significantly affected by warming across all salinities. Handling times were, however, shortened by warming, and thus maximum feeding rates significantly increased, irrespective of salinity regime. Functional responses were significantly different following warming at high prey densities under all salinities, except under the ambient 10 ppt. Euryhalinity of invasive non-native species from the Ponto-Caspian region thus could allow sustained ecological impacts across a range of salinity regimes. These results corroborate high invasion success and field impacts of Ponto-Caspian gammarids in brackish through to freshwater ecosystems. Climate warming will likely worsen the potential ecological impact of P. maeoticus. With invasions growing worldwide, quantifications of how combined elements of climate change will alter the impacts of emerging invasive non-native species are needed.}, }
@article {pmid33773417, year = {2021}, author = {Streit, OT and Lambert, G and Erwin, PM and López-Legentil, S}, title = {Diversity and abundance of native and non-native ascidians in Puerto Rican harbors and marinas.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {167}, number = {}, pages = {112262}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112262}, pmid = {33773417}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Hispanic or Latino ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Puerto Rico ; *Urochordata ; }, abstract = {Ascidians are an ideal taxon to study invasion processes: they require anthropogenic introduction vectors for long-distance dispersal, are easy to collect and monitor, and are abundant on artificial substrates. In March 2019 we surveyed 11 harbors around Puerto Rico and recorded 47 ascidian species. Eleven of these were only identified to the genus level or above based on morphological or genetic characterization. The remaining 36 species were classified as: 11 introduced (7 with worldwide distributions), 13 cryptogenic, and 12 native. We report the occurrence of Phallusia cf. philippinensis in the Atlantic for the first time. Ascidian community structure did not differ significantly across geographic locations and distances between marinas, while marina size had a significant effect on species richness and composition. Stakeholder involvement and periodic monitoring efforts are essential to detect the arrival of new species and the spread of already introduced ones to natural habitats.}, }
@article {pmid33772946, year = {2021}, author = {Evans, MV and Drake, JM and Jones, L and Murdock, CC}, title = {Assessing temperature-dependent competition between two invasive mosquito species.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, pages = {e02334}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2334}, pmid = {33772946}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {5R01AI110793-04/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; *Anopheles ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Invasive mosquitoes are expanding their ranges into new geographic areas and interacting with resident mosquito species. Understanding how novel interactions can affect mosquito population dynamics is necessary to predict transmission risk at invasion fronts. Mosquito life-history traits are extremely sensitive to temperature, and this can lead to temperature-dependent competition between competing invasive mosquito species. We explored temperature-dependent competition between Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi, two invasive mosquito species whose distributions overlap in India, the Middle East, and North Africa, where An. stephensi is currently expanding into the endemic range of Ae. aegypti. We followed mosquito cohorts raised at different intraspecific and interspecific densities across five temperatures (16-32°C) to measure traits relevant for population growth and to estimate species' per capita growth rates. We then used these growth rates to derive each species' competitive ability at each temperature. We find strong evidence for asymmetric competition at all temperatures, with Ae. aegypti emerging as the dominant competitor. This was primarily because of differences in larval survival and development times across all temperatures that resulted in a higher estimated intrinsic growth rate and competitive tolerance estimate for Ae. aegypti compared to An. stephensi. The spread of An. stephensi into the African continent could lead to urban transmission of malaria, an otherwise rural disease, increasing the human population at risk and complicating malaria elimination efforts. Competition has resulted in habitat segregation of other invasive mosquito species, and our results suggest that it may play a role in determining the distribution of An. stephensi across its invasive range.}, }
@article {pmid33772941, year = {2021}, author = {Nicolaï, MPJ and D'Alba, L and Goldenberg, J and Gansemans, Y and Van Nieuwerburgh, F and Clusella-Trullas, S and Shawkey, MD}, title = {Untangling the structural and molecular mechanisms underlying colour and rapid colour change in a lizard, Agama atra.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {10}, pages = {2262-2284}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15901}, pmid = {33772941}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Color ; *Lizards/genetics ; Melanins/genetics ; Pigmentation/genetics ; }, abstract = {With functions as diverse as communication, protection and thermoregulation, coloration is one of the most important traits in lizards. The ability to change colour as a function of varying social and environmental conditions is thus an important innovation. While colour change is present in animals ranging from squids, to fish and reptiles, not much is known about the mechanisms behind it. Traditionally, colour change was attributed to migration of pigments, in particular melanin. More recent work has shown that the changes in nanostructural configuration inside iridophores are able to produce a wide palette of colours. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying colour, and colour change in particular, remain unstudied. Here we use a combination of transcriptomic and microscopic data to show that melanin, iridophores and pteridines are the main colour-producing mechanisms in Agama atra, and provide molecular and structural data suggesting that rapid colour change is achieved via melanin dispersal in combination with iridophore organization. This work demonstrates the power of combining genotypic (gene expression) and phenotypic (microscopy) information for addressing physiological questions, providing a basis for future studies of colour change.}, }
@article {pmid33772654, year = {2021}, author = {Caudera, E and Viale, S and Bertolino, S and Cerri, J and Venturino, E}, title = {A Mathematical Model Supporting a Hyperpredation Effect in the Apparent Competition Between Invasive Eastern Cottontail and Native European Hare.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {83}, number = {5}, pages = {51}, pmid = {33772654}, issn = {1522-9602}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe ; Food Chain ; Foxes/physiology ; *Hares/physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Rabbits ; }, abstract = {In this work a mathematical model is built in order to validate on theoretical grounds field study results on a three-species system made of two prey, of which one is native and another one invasive, together with a native predator. Specifically, our results mathematically describe the negative effect on the native European hare after the introduction of the invasive Eastern cottontail, mediated by an increased predation rate by foxes. Two nonexclusive assumptions can be made: an increase in cottontail abundance would lead to a larger fox population, magnifying their predatory impact ("hyperpredation") on hares; alternatively, cottontails attract foxes in patches where they live, which are also important resting sites for hares and consequently the increased presence of foxes results in a higher predation rates on hares. The model results support hyperpredation of increasing fox populations on native hares.}, }
@article {pmid33771736, year = {2021}, author = {Evans, TA}, title = {Predicting ecological impacts of invasive termites.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {46}, number = {}, pages = {88-94}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2021.03.003}, pmid = {33771736}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Insecta ; Introduced Species ; *Isoptera ; Trees ; }, abstract = {There are 28 invasive termite species, most belong to two families, the Kalotermitidae (esp. Cryptotermes spp.) and Rhinotermitidae (esp. Coptotermes spp.). Six invasive termite species are known to have spread into natural habitats, but little direct research has been conducted into their ecological impacts. Predictions based on indirect research (natural durability of commercial wood species) suggest fast-growing, pioneer tree species with low density wood, perhaps notably legumes, are most vulnerable to invasive termites, but even slow growing climax tree species may succumb. Cryptotermes will likely have less ecological impact, due to small colonies attacking dead branch stubs in the canopy. Coptotermes will likely have greater impact, due to large colony sizes and nesting in living trees, which they hollow out and can kill. There are no studies of invasive termites on native termites, other wood-eating insects, or predators, such as ants, showing considerable scope for future research.}, }
@article {pmid33770078, year = {2021}, author = {Khan, MA and Hussain, K and Shah, MA}, title = {Ecological restoration of habitats invaded by Leucanthemum vulgare that alters key ecosystem functions.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {e0246665}, pmid = {33770078}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Leucanthemum ; Multivariate Analysis ; }, abstract = {Precise assessment of the impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) on ecosystem structure and functions is paramount for implementing appropriate management and restoration strategies. Here we investigated the impacts of Leucanthemum vulgare (ox-eye daisy), an aggressive invader in Kashmir Himalaya, on species diversity and primary productivity. We also evaluated bunch of strategies for the ecological restoration of the habitats invaded by this species. We found that uninvaded plots harbored on an average of 6.11 (±2.92) more species per 1m2 of quadrat than invaded plots. At multivariate scale, the ordination (nMDS) and ANOSIM exhibited significant differences between invaded and uninvaded plots with R = 0.7889 and p < 0.001. The decrease in diversity indices in invaded as compared to uninvaded plots was associated with more productive plant communities due to Leucanthemum invasion. Higher altitude Gulmarg site was more affected by Leucanthemum invasion than lower altitude Drung site. We tested different approaches for restoration and management of invaded habitats that include herbicide treatment at seedling stage, herbicide treatment before and after flowering stage, mowing and herbicide treatment together, joint mowing, digging and herbicide treatment and Leucanthemum uprooting. Among these treatments, uprooting and combined digging, mowing and herbicide treatment proved to be most effective in controlling Leucanthemum invasion. The implications of these results for effective management of ecologically sensitive and socio-culturally important landscapes are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid33767834, year = {2021}, author = {Gardiner, MM and Perry, KI and Riley, CB and Turo, KJ and Delgado de la Flor, YA and Sivakoff, FS}, title = {Community science data suggests that urbanization and forest habitat loss threaten aphidophagous native lady beetles.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {2761-2774}, pmid = {33767834}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Community scientists have illustrated rapid declines of several aphidophagous lady beetle (Coccinellidae) species. These declines coincide with the establishment of alien coccinellids. We established the Buckeye Lady Beetle Blitz program to measure the seasonal occupancy of coccinellids within gardens across a wide range of landscape contexts. Following the Habitat Compression Hypothesis, we predicted that gardens within agricultural landscapes would be alien-dominated, whereas captures of natives would be higher within landscapes encompassing a high concentration of natural habitat.Within the state of Ohio, USA, community scientists collected lady beetles for a 7-day period across 4 years in June and August using yellow sticky card traps. All identifications were verified by professional scientists and beetles were classified by three traits: status (alien or native), mean body length, and primary diet. We compared the relative abundance and diversity of coccinellids seasonally and determined if the distribution of beetles by size, status, and diet was related to landscape features.Alien species dominated the aphidophagous fauna. Native aphidophagous coccinellid abundance was positively correlated with forest habitat while alien species were more common when gardens were embedded within agricultural landscapes. Urbanization was negatively associated with both aphidophagous alien and native coccinellids. Synthesis and Applications: Our census of native coccinellid species within residential gardens-a widespread and understudied habitat-was enabled by volunteers. These data will serve as an important baseline to track future changes within coccinellid communities within this region. We found that native coccinellid species richness and native aphidophagous coccinellid abundance in gardens were positively associated with forest habitat at a landscape scale of 2 km. However, our understanding of when and why (overwintering, summer foraging, or both) forest habitats are important remains unclear. Our findings highlight the need to understand how declining aphidophagous native species utilize forest habitats as a conservation priority.}, }
@article {pmid33767755, year = {2021}, author = {Strait, JT and Eby, LA and Kovach, RP and Muhlfeld, CC and Boyer, MC and Amish, SJ and Smith, S and Lowe, WH and Luikart, G}, title = {Hybridization alters growth and migratory life-history expression of native trout.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {821-833}, pmid = {33767755}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Human-mediated hybridization threatens many native species, but the effects of introgressive hybridization on life-history expression are rarely quantified, especially in vertebrates. We quantified the effects of non-native rainbow trout admixture on important life-history traits including growth and partial migration behavior in three populations of westslope cutthroat trout over five years. Rainbow trout admixture was associated with increased summer growth rates in all populations and decreased spring growth rates in two populations with cooler spring temperatures. These results indicate that non-native admixture may increase growth under warmer conditions, but cutthroat trout have higher growth rates during cooler periods. Non-native admixture consistently increased expression of migratory behavior, suggesting that there is a genomic basis for life-history differences between these species. Our results show that effects of interspecific hybridization on fitness traits can be the product of genotype-by-environment interactions even when there are minor differences in environmental optima between hybridizing species. These results also indicate that while environmentally mediated traits like growth may play a role in population-level consequences of admixture, strong genetic influences on migratory life-history differences between these species likely explains the continued spread of non-native hybridization at the landscape-level, despite selection against hybrids at the population-level.}, }
@article {pmid33767752, year = {2021}, author = {Baños-Villalba, A and Carrete, M and Tella, JL and Blas, J and Potti, J and Camacho, C and Diop, MS and Marchant, TA and Cabezas, S and Edelaar, P}, title = {Selection on individuals of introduced species starts before the actual introduction.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {781-793}, pmid = {33767752}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Biological invasion is a global problem with large negative impacts on ecosystems and human societies. When a species is introduced, individuals will first have to pass through the invasion stages of uptake and transport, before actual introduction in a non-native range. Selection is predicted to act during these earliest stages of biological invasion, potentially influencing the invasiveness and/or impact of introduced populations. Despite this potential impact of pre-introduction selection, empirical tests are virtually lacking. To test the hypothesis of pre-introduction selection, we followed the fate of individuals during capture, initial acclimation, and captivity in two bird species with several invasive populations originating from the international trade in wild-caught pets (the weavers Ploceus melanocephalus and Euplectes afer). We confirm that pre-introduction selection acts on a wide range of physiological, morphological, behavioral, and demographic traits (incl. sex, age, size of body/brain/bill, bill shape, body mass, corticosterone levels, and escape behavior); these are all traits which likely affect invasion success. Our study thus comprehensively demonstrates the existence of hitherto ignored selection acting before the actual introduction into non-native ranges. This could ultimately change the composition and functioning of introduced populations, and therefore warrants greater attention. More knowledge on pre-introduction selection also might provide novel targets for the management of invasive species, if pre-introduction filters can be adjusted to change the quality and/or quantity of individuals passing through such that invasion probability and/or impacts are reduced.}, }
@article {pmid33767748, year = {2021}, author = {Zhu, L and Zhang, Z and Chen, H and Lamer, JT and Wang, J and Wei, W and Fu, L and Tang, M and Wang, C and Lu, G}, title = {Gut microbiomes of bigheaded carps and hybrids provide insights into invasion: A hologenome perspective.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {735-745}, pmid = {33767748}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Gut microbiomes play an essential role in host survival and local adaptation and thus can facilitate the invasion of host species. Biological invasions have been shown to be linked to the genetic properties of alien host species. It is thus plausible that the holobiont, the host, and its associated microbiome act as an entity to drive invasion success. The bighead carp and silver carp (bigheaded carps), invasive species that exhibit extensive hybridization in the Mississippi River Basin (MRB), provided a unique model to test the holobiont hypothesis of invasion. Here, we investigated the microbiomes of foreguts and hindguts in bigheaded carps and their reciprocal hybrids reared in aquaculture ponds using 16S amplicons and the associated gene prediction. We found an admixed pattern in the gut microbiome community in bigheaded carp hybrids. The hybrid gut microbiomes showed special characteristics such as relatively high alpha diversity in the foregut, an increasing dissimilarity between foreguts and hindguts, and a remarkable proportion of genes coding for putative enzymes related to their digestion of main food resources (Cyanobacteria, cellulose, and chitin). The pond-reared hybrids had advantageous features in genes coding for putative enzymes related to their diet. The above results collectively suggested that the gut microbiomes of hybrids could be beneficial to their local adaptation (e.g., food resource utilization), which might have facilitated their invasion in the MRB. The gut microbial findings, along with the intrinsic genomic features likely associated with life-history traits revealed in our recent study, provide preliminary evidence supporting the holobiont hypothesis of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid33767327, year = {2021}, author = {Bokhorst, S and Convey, P and Casanova-Katny, A and Aerts, R}, title = {Warming impacts potential germination of non-native plants on the Antarctic Peninsula.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {403}, pmid = {33767327}, issn = {2399-3642}, mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; Climate Change ; *Germination ; *Global Warming ; Introduced Species ; *Plant Development ; Plants/classification ; *Soil ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The Antarctic Peninsula is under pressure from non-native plants and this risk is expected to increase under climate warming. Establishment and subsequent range expansion of non-native plants depend in part on germination ability under Antarctic conditions, but quantifying these processes has yet to receive detailed study. Viability testing and plant growth responses under simulated Antarctic soil surface conditions over an annual cycle show that 16 non-native species, including grasses, herbs, rushes and a succulent, germinated and continued development under a warming scenario. Thermal germination requirement (degree day sum) was calculated for each species and field soil-temperature recordings indicate that this is satisfied as far south as 72° S. Here, we show that the establishment potential of non-native species, in number and geographical range, is considerably greater than currently suggested by species distribution modelling approaches, with important implications for risk assessments of non-native species along the Antarctic Peninsula.}, }
@article {pmid33767284, year = {2021}, author = {Clontz, LM and Pepin, KM and VerCauteren, KC and Beasley, JC}, title = {Behavioral state resource selection in invasive wild pigs in the Southeastern United States.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {6924}, pmid = {33767284}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Geographic Information Systems ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Remote Sensing Technology ; Seasons ; South Carolina ; Sus scrofa/*psychology ; }, abstract = {Elucidating correlations between wild pig (Sus scrofa) behavior and landscape attributes can aid in the advancement of management strategies for controlling populations. Using GPS data from 49 wild pigs in the southeastern U.S., we used hidden Markov models to define movement path characteristics and assign behaviors (e.g., resting, foraging, travelling). We then explored the connection between these behaviors and resource selection for both sexes between two distinct seasons based on forage availability (i.e., low forage, high forage). Females demonstrated a crepuscular activity pattern in the high-forage season and a variable pattern in the low-forage season, while males exhibited nocturnal activity patterns across both seasons. Wild pigs selected for bottomland hardwoods and dense canopy cover in all behavioral states in both seasons. Males selected for diversity in vegetation types while foraging in the low-forage season compared to the high-forage season and demonstrated an increased use of linear anthropogenic features across seasons while traveling. Wild pigs can establish populations and home ranges in an array of landscapes, but our results demonstrate male and female pigs exhibit clear differences in movement behavior and there are key resources associated with common behaviors that can be targeted to improve the efficiency of management programs.}, }
@article {pmid33766310, year = {2021}, author = {Casabella-Herrero, G and Martínez-Ríos, M and Viljamaa-Dirks, S and Martín-Torrijos, L and Diéguez-Uribeondo, J}, title = {Aphanomyces astaci mtDNA: insights into the pathogen's differentiation and its genetic diversity from other closely related oomycetes.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {125}, number = {4}, pages = {316-325}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2020.11.010}, pmid = {33766310}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aphanomyces/genetics ; Astacoidea ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; }, abstract = {The causative agent of crayfish plague, Aphanomyces astaci (Saprolegniales, Oomycota), is one of the 100 world's worst invasive alien species and represents a major threat to freshwater crayfish species worldwide. A better understanding of the biology and epidemiology of A. astaci relies on the application of efficient tools to detect the pathogen and assess its genetic diversity. In this study, we validated the specificity of two recently developed PCR-based approaches used to detect A. astaci groups. The first relies on the analysis of mitochondrial ribosomal rnnS (small) and rnnL (large) subunit sequences and the second, of sequences obtained by using genotype-specific primers designed from A. astaci whole genome sequencing. For this purpose, we tested the specificity against 76 selected isolates, including other oomycete species and the recently described species Aphanomyces fennicus, which, when used in nrITS-based specific tests for A. astaci, is known to result in a false positive. Under both approaches, we were able to efficiently and accurately identify A. astaci and its genetic groups in both pure cultures and clinical samples. We report that sequence analysis of the rnnS region alone is sufficient for the identification of A. astaci and a partial characterization of haplogroups. In contrast, the rnnL region alone is not sufficiently informative for A. astaci identification as other oomycete species present sequences identical to those of A. astaci.}, }
@article {pmid33766104, year = {2021}, author = {Smitz, N and De Wolf, K and Deblauwe, I and Kampen, H and Schaffner, F and De Witte, J and Schneider, A and Verlé, I and Vanslembrouck, A and Dekoninck, W and Meganck, K and Gombeer, S and Vanderheyden, A and De Meyer, M and Backeljau, T and Werner, D and Müller, R and Van Bortel, W}, title = {Population genetic structure of the Asian bush mosquito, Aedes japonicus (Diptera, Culicidae), in Belgium suggests multiple introductions.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {179}, pmid = {33766104}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Animals ; Belgium ; Europe ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Humans ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data/*trends ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes japonicus japonicus has expanded beyond its native range and has established in multiple European countries, including Belgium. In addition to the population located at Natoye, Belgium, locally established since 2002, specimens were recently collected along the Belgian border. The first objective of this study was therefore to investigate the origin of these new introductions, which were assumed to be related to the expansion of the nearby population in western Germany. Also, an intensive elimination campaign was undertaken at Natoye between 2012 and 2015, after which the species was declared to be eradicated. This species was re-detected in 2017, and thus the second objective was to investigate if these specimens resulted from a new introduction event and/or from a few undetected specimens that escaped the elimination campaign.<br><br>METHODS: Population genetic variation at nad4 and seven microsatellite loci was surveyed in 224 and 68 specimens collected in Belgium and Germany, respectively. German samples were included as reference to investigate putative introduction source(s). At Natoye, 52 and 135 specimens were collected before and after the elimination campaign, respectively, to investigate temporal changes in the genetic composition and diversity.<br><br>RESULTS: At Natoye, the genotypic microsatellite make-up showed a clear difference before and after the elimination campaign. Also, the population after 2017 displayed an increased allelic richness and number of private alleles, indicative of new introduction(s). However, the Natoye population present before the elimination programme is believed to have survived at low density. At the Belgian border, clustering results suggest a relation with the western German population. Whether the introduction(s) occur via passive human-mediated ground transport or, alternatively, by natural spread cannot be determined yet from the dataset.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Further introductions within Belgium are expected to occur in the near future, especially along the eastern Belgian border, which is at the front of the invasion of Ae. japonicus towards the west. Our results also point to the complexity of controlling invasive species, since 4 years of intense control measures were found to be not completely successful at eliminating this exotic at Natoye.}, }
@article {pmid33765575, year = {2021}, author = {Davies, KW and Leger, EA and Boyd, CS and Hallett, LM}, title = {Living with exotic annual grasses in the sagebrush ecosystem.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {288}, number = {}, pages = {112417}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112417}, pmid = {33765575}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Artemisia ; Ecosystem ; *Fires ; North America ; Poaceae ; }, abstract = {Exotic annual grasses dominate millions of hectares and increase fire frequency in the sagebrush ecosystem of North America. This devastating invasion is so costly and challenging to revegetate with perennial vegetation that restoration efforts need to be prioritized and strategically implemented. Management needs to break the annual grass-fire cycle and prevent invasion of new areas, while research is needed to improve restoration success. Under current land management and climate regimes, extensive areas will remain annual grasslands, because of their expansiveness and the low probability of transition to perennial dominance. We propose referring to these communities as Intermountain West Annual Grasslands, recognizing that they are a stable state and require different management goals and objectives than perennial-dominated systems. We need to learn to live with annual grasslands, reducing their costs and increasing benefits derived from them, at the same time maintaining landscape-level plant diversity that could allow transition to perennial dominance under future scenarios. To accomplish this task, we propose a framework and research to improve our ability to live with exotic annual grasses in the sagebrush biome.}, }
@article {pmid33765201, year = {2021}, author = {Stalažs, A}, title = {×Sorbaronia mitschurinii: from an artificially created species to an invasion in Europe: repeating the fate of invasive Amelanchier ×spicata, a review.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {134}, number = {3}, pages = {497-507}, pmid = {33765201}, issn = {1618-0860}, support = {lzp-2020/1-0179//Latvijas Zin&#x101;tnes Padome/ ; }, mesh = {Europe ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Poland ; *Rosaceae ; Russia ; }, abstract = {By intervening in natural events, relocating species to other areas, purposefully hybridizing them, as well as reducing the habitats required for them, humans have created conditions for new hybrid species to emerge. As long as hybrids exist in our gardens and fields, we have no reason to worry. However, problems arise with the expansion of these hybrid species into natural habitats, where such hybrid species cannot always be recognized and remain unnoticed, and in most cases they are often mistaken for natural parent species. Two hybrid species, Amelanchier ×spicata and ×Sorbaronia mitschurinii have historically developed in Europe with different scenarios of origin. It has been suggested in the past that both species are of hybrid origin, and recent molecular studies have confirmed the previous assumptions. There is no doubt that A. ×spicata originated in a natural way of hybridization, when the two parental species came into contact in Europe, but ×S. mitschurinii is a purposefully created species, crossing ×Sorbaronia fallax with Aronia melanocarpa. Produced as a result of different scenarios, these two hybrid species have become invasive in Europe, and ×S. mitschurinii has started to follow in the footsteps of the highly invasive A. ×spicata, spreading in the wild, where it predominantly expands in pine forests and in wetland forests along water bodies and bogs. Moreover, ×S. mitschurinii occupies the same habitats in Europe as one of its parent plants, A. melanocarpa in North America, and this species is a threat to wetland forest habitats. Given that ×S. mitschurinii has long been regarded as one of Aronia species, the exact distribution of the species in Europe is unknown, but the following countries are currently reporting the presence of the species in Europe: Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russian Federation, Sweden, Ukraine and United Kingdom. In the light of current knowledge, further studies on ×S. mitschurinii invasion in Europe are needed, as well as the need to correct the information in international databases, such as CABI, NOBANIS, to separate ×S. mitschurinii data from what applies to Aronia taxa.}, }
@article {pmid33763976, year = {2021}, author = {Rodríguez-Robles, JA and Leal, M and Daza, JD and Herrera-Martínez, A and Ospina, OE}, title = {A biographical account of John Paul Richard Thomas, the man who leaves no stone unturned.}, journal = {Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)}, volume = {304}, number = {10}, pages = {2085-2094}, doi = {10.1002/ar.24619}, pmid = {33763976}, issn = {1932-8494}, mesh = {*Ecology ; Humans ; Peru ; *Plant Leaves ; }, abstract = {This biographical account summarizes the professional career and scientific contributions of John Paul Richard Thomas, a contemporary leading figure in the systematics of West Indian amphibians and non-avian reptiles, especially of blind snakes of the families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae. Since his first expedition to the West Indies in 1957, Richard's vast field experience (including three trips to Peru between 1968 and 1974), impressive collecting skills, and remarkable ability to detect phenotypic variation among natural populations have resulted in the description of more than 70 species of snakes (24 typhlopids, 4 leptotyphlopids), lizards, and frogs in 16 genera and 11 taxonomic families. Richard joined the faculty of the Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, in 1976 and ever since his efforts significantly advanced organismal biology research at the institution. Although primarily a systematist, his desire to understand multiple aspects of an organism's biology and contagious passion for becoming intimately familiar with animals in their natural environments provided his students the opportunity to conduct research in fields such as behavioral and evolutionary ecology. Richard's mentoring fostered the scientific interests of his graduate students, who were exposed first-hand to every aspect of research, an invaluable experience that served as a springboard for the development of their professional careers inside and outside academia. This Commentary is a fitting tribute to an influential, unassuming scientist whose passion for turning over rocks has led to the discovery of many interesting species.}, }
@article {pmid33762869, year = {2021}, author = {González-Sánchez, VH and Johnson, JD and González-Solís, D and Fucsko, LA and Wilson, LD}, title = {A review of the introduced herpetofauna of Mexico and Central America, with comments on the effects of invasive species and biosecurity methodology.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {1022}, number = {}, pages = {79-154}, pmid = {33762869}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Among the principal causes producing detrimental effects on global biodiversity are introductions of alien species. Very few attempts to control introduced amphibians and reptiles in Middle America (Mexico and Central America) can be identified, so listings are provided for 24 exotic species, 16 translocated species, and 11 species that were removed from the introduced species listing because of lack of substantiating evidence that they are from established populations. Biosecurity methods are also identified that can be applied for preventing, controlling, and managing introduced and especially invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid33760914, year = {2021}, author = {Jaffe, BD and Wallin, M and Fox, M and Guédot, C}, title = {Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) Is a Marginal Host for Brown Marmorated Stink Bug.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {114}, number = {3}, pages = {1401-1405}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toab032}, pmid = {33760914}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Crops, Agricultural ; Fruit ; *Heteroptera ; Nymph ; *Vaccinium macrocarpon ; }, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a well-documented pest of agricultural crops across the globe. However, not all crops are suitable hosts for H. halys, and it is necessary to proactively document the susceptibility of economically important specialty crops, such as cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon; Ericaceae), a native fruit crop that contributes millions of dollars to the North American economy. In this study, we tested whether cranberry is a suitable host for H. halys by measuring the development and feeding injury inflicted by H. halys on cranberry fruit and foliage. We found that H. halys nymphs cannot successfully develop on cranberry fruit or foliage alone, but that the fruit are susceptible to adult feeding. On the basis of these findings, cranberry does not seem to be a suitable host to support nymph development, but adult feeding could negatively impact fruit quality. Future research should consider the impacts of adult feeding on fruit quality and how adult abundance in and near agricultural crops might change the risk profile of this pest.}, }
@article {pmid33760049, year = {2021}, author = {Venkatraman, M and Fleischer, RC and Tsuchiya, MTN}, title = {Comparative Analysis of Annotation Pipelines Using the First Japanese White-Eye (Zosterops japonicus) Genome.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {33760049}, issn = {1759-6653}, mesh = {Animals ; Computational Biology/methods ; Genome ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Annotation/*methods ; Passeriformes/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Introduced into Hawaii in the early 1900s, the Japanese white-eye or warbling white-eye (Zosterops japonicus) is now the most abundant land bird in the archipelago. Here, we present the first Z. japonicus genome, sequenced from an individual in its invasive range. This genome provides an important resource for future studies in invasion genomics. We annotated the genome using two workflows-standalone AUGUSTUS and BRAKER2. We found that AUGUSTUS was more conservative with gene predictions when compared with BRAKER2. The final number of annotated gene models was similar between the two workflows, but standalone AUGUSTUS had over 70% of gene predictions with Blast2GO annotations versus under 30% using BRAKER2. Additionally, we tested whether using RNA-seq data from 47 samples had a significant impact on annotation quality when compared with data from a single sample, as generating RNA-seq data for genome annotation can be expensive and requires well preserved tissue. We found that more data did not significantly change the number of annotated genes using AUGUSTUS but using BRAKER2 the number increased substantially. The results presented here will aid researchers in annotating draft genomes of nonmodel species as well as those studying invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid33759034, year = {2021}, author = {Nelson, KR and Davies, MM and Thomson, HM and Lawn, PTES and Kushneryk, K and Brouard-John, EK and Paleczny, M and Helms, S and Hawkes, VC and Gerwing, TG}, title = {Population dynamics and methodological assessments from a 15-year period of Amphibian monitoring in British Columbia's Southern Gulf Islands.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {193}, number = {4}, pages = {216}, pmid = {33759034}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Amphibians ; Animals ; British Columbia ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {With amphibian populations facing a multitude of threats, including habitat loss, climate change, invasive species and infectious diseases, it is important to identify valuable amphibian habitat and the imminent pressures these environments face. Between 2004 and 2019, 6 years of amphibian surveys were conducted at Greenburn, Roe and McLean lakes in the Southern Gulf Islands of British Columbia, Canada. We assessed (1) species composition and trends of native amphibians, including at-risk northern red-legged frog (Rana aurora); (2) observations of invasive American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus); and (3) the efficacy of visual encounter and trapping survey methods in determining multi-species amphibian occupancy. The shallow, semi-ephemeral McLean Lake hosted more amphibian species and more breeding activity than the larger, deeper waters of Greenburn and Roe lakes. Despite multiple observations, bullfrogs have thus far not established a detectable population within these lakes, with the presence of native and introduced predators as potential contributing factors. Declining trends in occupancy of native populations of R. aurora, Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) and rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa) were observed at all three lakes. Results varied within years by species and survey method, highlighting the importance of effective replication and employing complementary survey methods to optimize studies of amphibian occupancy. These observations also emphasize the value of shallow, small- to medium-sized waterbodies to native amphibian populations in the Southern Gulf Islands. As these waterbodies become increasingly threatened by global climate change and habitat degradation, the potential impacts of declining freshwater ecosystem health on amphibian populations should be considered.}, }
@article {pmid33758235, year = {2021}, author = {Chavana, J and Singh, S and Vazquez, A and Christoffersen, B and Racelis, A and Kariyat, RR}, title = {Local adaptation to continuous mowing makes the noxious weed Solanum elaeagnifolium a superweed candidate by improving fitness and defense traits.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {6634}, pmid = {33758235}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; *Plant Development ; *Plant Weeds ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Seeds ; *Solanum ; }, abstract = {The role of disturbance in accelerating weed growth is well understood. While most studies have focused on soil mediated disturbance, mowing can also impact weed traits. Using silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium), a noxious and invasive weed, through a series of field, laboratory, and greenhouse experiments, we asked whether continuous mowing influences growth and plant defense traits, expressed via different avenues, and whether they cascade into offspring. We found that mowed plants produced significantly less number of fruits, and less number of total seeds per plant, but had higher seed mass, and germinated more and faster. When three herbivores were allowed to feed, tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) caterpillars, gained more mass on seedlings from unmowed plants, while cow pea aphid (Aphis craccivora), a generalist, established better on mowed seedlings; however, leaf trichome density was higher on unmowed seedlings, suggesting possible negative cross talk in defense traits. Texas potato beetle (Leptinotarsa texana), a co-evolved specialist on S. elaeagnifolium, did not show any differential feeding effects. We also found that specific root length, an indicator of nutrient acquisition, was significantly higher in first generation seedlings from mowed plants. Taken together, we show that mowing is a selective pressure that enhances some fitness and defense traits and can contribute to producing superweeds.}, }
@article {pmid33757295, year = {2021}, author = {Mills, R and McGraw, KJ}, title = {Cool birds: facultative use by an introduced species of mechanical air conditioning systems during extremely hot outdoor conditions.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {20200813}, pmid = {33757295}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {*Agapornis ; Air Conditioning ; Animals ; Birds ; Cold Temperature ; Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Rapid climate change across the globe is having dramatic effects on wildlife. Responses of organisms to shifting thermal conditions often include physiological and behavioural accommodations, but to date these have been largely viewed and studied as naturally evolved phenomena (e.g. heat avoidance, sweating, panting) and not necessarily as strategies where animals exploit other anthropogenic conditions or resources. Moreover, the degree to which native versus introduced species show thermal plasticity has generated much conservation and ecological interest. We previously have observed introduced rosy-faced lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis) perching in the relief-air vents on building faces in the Phoenix, Arizona, USA, metropolitan area, but doing so only during summer. Here, we show that such vent-perching events are significantly associated with extreme outdoor summer temperatures (when daily local highs routinely exceed 40°C). In fact, the temperature threshold at which we detected lovebirds starting to perch in cool air vents mirrors the upper range of the thermoneutral zone for this species. These results implicate novel, facultative use of an anthropogenic resource-industrial air-conditioning systems-by a recently introduced species (within the last 35 years) to cool down and survive extremely hot conditions in this urban 'heat-island' environment.}, }
@article {pmid33757106, year = {2021}, author = {Almeida, ASE and Alves, DFR and DE Paiva Barros-Alves, S and Pescinelli, RA and Santos, RC and DA Costa, RC}, title = {Morphology of the early larval stages of Lysmata lipkei Okuno amp; Fiedler, 2010 (Caridea: Lysmatidae): an invasive shrimp in the Western Atlantic.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4903}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4903.1.4}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4903.1.4}, pmid = {33757106}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Decapoda ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Plankton ; }, abstract = {Considering the importance of establishing different approaches to the early detection of invasive species, the present study aimed to describe and illustrate the morphology of the early larval stages of the shrimp Lysmata lipkei, an invasive species in the Western Atlantic. Additionally, we did a morphological comparison and a review of the other Lysmata species from the Western Atlantic Ocean with a known larvae description. The larvae used in this study were obtained by the maintenance, under laboratory conditions, of ovigerous hermaphrodites of L. lipkei, collected in the wild. Then, larvae were dissected under a stereo microscope and illustrated using a microscope equipped with a camera lucida. The first three larval stages (zoeae) of L. lipkei were illustrated, described, and compared to other species of Lysmata previously described of the Western Atlantic. Some features of the larval morphology of L. lipkei are very similar when compared to other Lysmata species with previous larval descriptions, such as a rostrum long and simple, the eyes stalked with a long peduncle from the second zoeae, one pterygostomian spine and several denticles along the anterior ventral margin of the carapace, similarities in the segmentation of the maxillipeds, and the presence of dorsolateral spines on the posterior margin of the 5th pleomere, among other features. Also, unique features were observed for L. lipkei, such as differences in the setation of some structures, including the antennule, antenna, maxillule, and maxillipeds. Using the morphological descriptions, we expect to identify species from the plankton, especially invaders, that might be present in the Western Atlantic, as well as assist in several areas in which the larval morphology is relevant.}, }
@article {pmid33756830, year = {2020}, author = {Dippenaar-Schoeman, AS and Foord, SH}, title = {Revision of the Afrotropical crab-spider genus Parabomis Kulczyński, 1901 (Araneae: Thomisidae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4899}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4899.1.8}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.8}, pmid = {33756830}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura ; }, abstract = {The Afrotropical spider genus Parabomis Kulczyński, 1901 is revised. Members of Parabomis are some of the smallest thomisids known, and occur from Eritrea in the north of Africa to South Africa in the south, but are absent from Madagascar. Prior to this study, three species were known, namely P. levanderi Kulczyński, 1901 (Eritrea, ♂), P. martini Lessert, 1919 (Tanzania, ♂♀) and P. anabensis Lawrence, 1928 (Namibia, ♀). Parabomis anabensis sp. nov. is here recognized as a junior synonym of P. martini and four new species are described: P. elsae sp. nov. from South Africa (♂♀), P. megae sp. nov. from Zimbabwe (♂♀), P. pilosus sp. nov. from Botswana (♂♀) and P. wandae sp. nov. from Ghana (♂♀). A key to the six species is provided. The monotypic Afrotropical genus Felsina Simon, 1895, only known from its type species, F. granulum Simon, 1895, resembles Parabomis closely is known only from juveniles.}, }
@article {pmid33756826, year = {2020}, author = {Azarkina, GN and Haddad, CR}, title = {Partial revision of the Afrotropical Ballini, with the description of seven new genera (Araneae: Salticidae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4899}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4899.1.4}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.4}, pmid = {33756826}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures ; Animals ; Body Size ; Female ; Male ; Organ Size ; *Spiders ; }, abstract = {The jumping spider tribe Ballini is reviewed in the Afrotropical Region. The genera Afromarengo Benjamin, 2004 and Goleta Peckham Peckham, 1894 are redefined. In Afromarengo, A. coriacea (Simon, 1900) is illustrated and A. ghanaensis sp. nov. (♀, from Ghana) and A. ugandensis sp. nov. (♂♀, from Uganda and D.R. Congo) are newly described. For Goleta, the type species, Goleta workmani (Peckham Peckham, 1885), is redescribed from both sexes. Seven new genera and twelve new species are described, including three monotypic genera, Ballagascar gen. nov., with B. insularis (Peckham Peckham, 1885) comb. nov. (ex Colaxes Simon, 1900) from Madagascar (♂♀) as the type species; Mondeku gen. nov., with M. albopilosum sp. nov. (♂♀, from Kenya) as the type species; and Oviballus gen. nov., with O. vidae sp. nov. (♂♀, from South Africa) as the type species. We also describe Planamarengo gen. nov., with P. bimaculata (Peckham Peckham, 1903) comb. nov. (ex Afromarengo) from South Africa (♂♀) as the type species, as well as P. gatamaiyu sp. nov. (♂, from Kenya) and P. kenyaensis sp. nov. (♂♀, from Kenya); Propiomarengo gen. nov., with P. plana (Haddad Wesołowska, 2013) comb. nov. (ex Afromarengo) from South Africa (♀) as the type species, as well as P. foordi sp. nov. (♂, from South Africa); Tenuiballus gen. nov., with T. minor sp. nov. (♂, from South Africa) as the type species, and also including T. coronatus sp. nov. (♂, from South Africa); and Wandawe gen. nov., with W. benjamini (Wesołowska Haddad, 2013) comb. n. (ex Colaxes) from South Africa (♂♀) as the type species, and also including W. australe sp. nov. (♂♀, from South Africa) and W. tigrinа sp. nov. (♂♀, from Kenya and Uganda). A new combination for Copocrossa albozonata Caporiacco, 1949, Afromarengo albozonata comb. nov. is provided, and the name A. albozonata is treated as a nomen dubium. A new species of Padilla Peckham Peckham, 1894, a genus only known from the Afrotropical Indian Ocean islands, P. wandae sp. nov. (♂♀, from Madagascar), is described. New data and illustrations for Sadies Wanless, 1984, as well as two Asian species of Colaxes, are provided. The recently revised Pachyballus Simon, 1900 and Peplometus Simon, 1900 are not treated further. A key to the genera of Afrotropical Ballinae is presented, as well as new data on their natural history, biogeography, and a discussion of the evolution of mimicry of various arthropod groups by balline jumping spiders. A putative synapomorphy and the new composition of Ballini sensu novo are proposed.}, }
@article {pmid33756642, year = {2021}, author = {Kök, &#x15e; and Özdemir, I}, title = {Annotated Systematic Checklist of the Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidomorpha) of Turkey.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4925}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4925.1.1}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4925.1.1}, pmid = {33756642}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aphids ; Hemiptera/*classification ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Introduced Species/*history ; Turkey ; }, abstract = {This comprehensive checklist of aphids presents a total of 591 species, including 26 subspecies, from 147 genera belonging to 15 subfamilies in three families distributed over three superfamilies of Aphidomorpha recorded from 1903 to 2020 in Turkey. In the current list, the systematic positions with the genus and species names of some taxa have been revised, and some species have been downgraded to subspecies in accordance with recent changes in nomenclature. Seven species have been removed from the Turkish fauna and four species that were not included in the previous checklist have been added to the list. Also, 59 of the listed species (about 10% of Aphidomorpha) are evaluated as alien to the Turkish fauna, and the distribution of all species in Turkey is given.}, }
@article {pmid33756639, year = {2021}, author = {Ruzzier, E and Martínez-Muñoz, CA}, title = {First record of the invasive Lagria villosa (Fabricius, 1781) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Lagriinae) in Europe.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4908}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4908.1.11}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4908.1.11}, pmid = {33756639}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The lagriid beetle Lagria villosa (Fabricius, 1781), an invasive species of African origin, is recorded for the first time in Europe. A single specimen was found in November 2020 in Turku (Finland) inside a box of table grapes from a local supermarket. This species, included in the EPPO Global Database and in the CABI Invasive Species Compendium, is widely recognized as a significant pest of crops.}, }
@article {pmid33756351, year = {2021}, author = {Fu, S and Rao, Y and Chen, X and Zhou, X and Wu, C and Li, X and Peng, W and Cai, L}, title = {Comparison of benthic nematode assemblages in native mangrove forest and exotic mangrove plantations (Sonneratia apetala Buch-Ham) along the South China Coast.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {166}, number = {}, pages = {112249}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112249}, pmid = {33756351}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *Lythraceae ; *Nematoda ; Seasons ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The exotic mangrove species Sonneratia apetala has been planted widely in China since 1985. As an exotic mangrove species, it is important to understand the influence of Sonneratia plantations on marine nematode assemblages. We studied the Zhanjiang and Xiatanwei mangrove wetlands on the South China Coast during the four seasons of 2010 and 2019. The results showed that S. apetala plantations increased the number of genera, Shannon-Wiener diversity, richness, evenness, maturity index (MI) and decreased the index of trophic diversity (ITD) values for nematodes compared to those in mudflats, but did not change significantly compared to those of native mangrove forests. In addition, Sonneratia plantations did not significantly change nematode assemblages compared to those of native mangroves, though they did change significantly compared to those in mudflats. Thus, interplanting S. apetala into native mangrove forests may be an effective substitute for using native mangroves in mangrove plantation.}, }
@article {pmid33755682, year = {2021}, author = {Zaya, DN and Leicht-Young, SA and Pavlovic, NB and Ashley, MV}, title = {Heterospecific pollination by an invasive congener threatens the native American bittersweet, Celastrus scandens.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {e0248635}, pmid = {33755682}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Celastrus/*genetics ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Indiana ; *Introduced Species ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants have the potential to interfere with native species' reproductive success through a number of mechanisms, including heterospecific pollination and hybridization. This study investigated reproductive interactions between a native North American woody vine (American bittersweet, Celastrus scandens) and an introduced congener (oriental bittersweet, C. orbiculatus). The decline of C. scandens in the eastern portion of its range is coincident with the introduction and spread of C. orbiculatus, and the two species are known to hybridize. The relationship between proximity and floral production of conspecific and heterospecific males on fertilization and hybridization rates was measured at a field site in northwestern Indiana, USA where both species occur and reproduce. We found that the invasive vine had an extreme advantage in both male and female floral production, producing nearly 200 times more flowers per staminate plant and 65 times more flowers per pistillate plant than the native. Using nuclear microsatellite DNA markers we found that hybridization rates were asymmetric; 39% of the C. scandens seeds tested were hybrids, compared to only 1.6% of C. orbiculatus seeds. The asymmetric hybridization rates were likely not solely due to greater abundance of C. orbiculatus pollen because experimental hand crosses revealed that C. scandens had a higher rate (41%) of heterospecific fertilization than C. orbiculatus (2.4%). We previously reported that few hybrids were observed in the wild, and hybrids had greatly reduced fecundity. Thus, in our system, the threat posed by heterospecific pollen is not replacement by hybrids or introgression, but rather asymmetric reproductive interference. Reproductive interference extended to distances as great as 100 meters, thus, efforts to conserve the native species must reduce its exposure to C. orbiculatus over a relatively large spatial scale.}, }
@article {pmid33755671, year = {2021}, author = {Willis, K and Burt, A}, title = {Double drives and private alleles for localised population genetic control.}, journal = {PLoS genetics}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {e1009333}, pmid = {33755671}, issn = {1553-7404}, mesh = {*Alleles ; Animals ; Anopheles/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Fitness ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Male ; *Models, Genetic ; Population Density ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; }, abstract = {Synthetic gene drive constructs could, in principle, provide the basis for highly efficient interventions to control disease vectors and other pest species. This efficiency derives in part from leveraging natural processes of dispersal and gene flow to spread the construct and its impacts from one population to another. However, sometimes (for example, with invasive species) only specific populations are in need of control, and impacts on non-target populations would be undesirable. Many gene drive designs use nucleases that recognise and cleave specific genomic sequences, and one way to restrict their spread would be to exploit sequence differences between target and non-target populations. In this paper we propose and model a series of low threshold double drive designs for population suppression, each consisting of two constructs, one imposing a reproductive load on the population and the other inserted into a differentiated locus and controlling the drive of the first. Simple deterministic, discrete-generation computer simulations are used to assess the alternative designs. We find that the simplest double drive designs are significantly more robust to pre-existing cleavage resistance at the differentiated locus than single drive designs, and that more complex designs incorporating sex ratio distortion can be more efficient still, even allowing for successful control when the differentiated locus is neutral and there is up to 50% pre-existing resistance in the target population. Similar designs can also be used for population replacement, with similar benefits. A population genomic analysis of CRISPR PAM sites in island and mainland populations of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae indicates that the differentiation needed for our methods to work can exist in nature. Double drives should be considered when efficient but localised population genetic control is needed and there is some genetic differentiation between target and non-target populations.}, }
@article {pmid33753557, year = {2021}, author = {Gippet, JMW and Bertelsmeier, C}, title = {Invasiveness is linked to greater commercial success in the global pet trade.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {118}, number = {14}, pages = {}, pmid = {33753557}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Commerce/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Pets/*economics ; *Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {The pet trade has become a multibillion-dollar global business, with tens of millions of animals traded annually. Pets are sometimes released by their owners or escape, and can become introduced outside of their native range, threatening biodiversity, agriculture, and health. So far, a comprehensive analysis of invasive species traded as pets is lacking. Here, using a unique dataset of 7,522 traded vertebrate species, we show that invasive species are strongly overrepresented in trade across mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. However, it is unclear whether this occurs because, over time, pet species had more opportunities to become invasive, or because invasive species have a greater commercial success. To test this, we focused on the emergent pet trade in ants, which is too recent to be responsible for any invasions so far. Nevertheless, invasive ants were similarly overrepresented, demonstrating that the pet trade specifically favors invasive species. We show that ant species with the greatest commercial success tend to have larger spatial distributions and more generalist habitat requirements, both of which are also associated with invasiveness. Our findings call for an increased risk awareness regarding the international trade of wildlife species as pets.}, }
@article {pmid33752683, year = {2021}, author = {Lenancker, P and Feldhaar, H and Holzinger, A and Greenfield, M and Strain, A and Yeeles, P and Hoffmann, BD and Tay, WT and Lach, L}, title = {Origin, behaviour, and genetics of reproductive workers in an invasive ant.}, journal = {Frontiers in zoology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {13}, pmid = {33752683}, issn = {1742-9994}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Worker reproduction has an important influence on the social cohesion and efficiency of social insect colonies, but its role in the success of invasive ants has been neglected. We used observations of 233 captive colonies, laboratory experiments, and genetic analyses to investigate the conditions for worker reproduction in the invasive Anoplolepis gracilipes (yellow crazy ant) and its potential cost on interspecific defence. We determined the prevalence of worker production of males and whether it is triggered by queen absence; whether physogastric workers with enlarged abdomens are more likely to be reproductive, how normal workers and physogastric workers compare in their contributions to foraging and defence; and whether worker-produced males and males that could have been queen- or worker-produced differ in their size and heterozygosity.<br><br>RESULTS: Sixty-six of our 233 captive colonies produced males, and in 25 of these, some males could only have been produced by workers. Colonies with more workers were more likely to produce males, especially for queenless colonies. The average number of days between the first appearance of eggs and adult males in our colonies was 54.1&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;10.2 (mean&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;SD, n&#x2009;=&#x2009;20). In our laboratory experiment, queen removal triggered an increase in the proportion of physogastric workers. Physogastric workers were more likely to have yolky oocytes (37-54.9%) than normal workers (2-25.6%), which is an indicator of fertile or trophic egg production. Physogastric workers were less aggressive during interspecific aggression tests and foraged less than normal workers. The head width and wing length of worker-produced males were on average 4.0 and 4.3% greater respectively than those of males of undetermined source. Our microsatellite DNA analyses indicate that 5.5% of worker-produced males and 14.3% of males of undetermined source were heterozygous, which suggests the presence of diploid males and/or genetic mosaics in A. gracilipes.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our experimental work provides crucial information on worker reproduction in A. gracilipes and its potential cost to colony defence. The ability of A. gracilipes workers to produce males in the absence of queens may also contribute to its success as an invasive species if intranidal mating can take place between virgin queens and worker-produced males.}, }
@article {pmid33752255, year = {2021}, author = {Stevens, MCA and Faulkner, SC and Wilke, ABB and Beier, JC and Vasquez, C and Petrie, WD and Fry, H and Nichols, RA and Verity, R and Le Comber, SC}, title = {Spatially clustered count data provide more efficient search strategies in invasion biology and disease control.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, pages = {e02329}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2329}, pmid = {33752255}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {MR/R015600/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; U01 CK000510/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/United States ; 1U01CK000510-03/CC/CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Culicidae ; Ecology ; Florida ; *Mosquito Vectors ; }, abstract = {Geographic profiling, a mathematical model originally developed in criminology, is increasingly being used in ecology and epidemiology. Geographic profiling boasts a wide range of applications, such as finding source populations of invasive species or breeding sites of vectors of infectious disease. The model provides a cost-effective approach for prioritizing search strategies for source locations and does so via simple data in the form of the positions of each observation, such as individual sightings of invasive species or cases of a disease. In doing so, however, classic geographic profiling approaches fail to make the distinction between those areas containing observed absences and those areas where no data were recorded. Absence data are generated via spatial sampling protocols but are often discarded during the inference process. Here we construct a geographic profiling model that resolves these issues by making inferences via count data, analyzing a set of discrete sentinel locations at which the number of encounters has been recorded. Crucially, in our model this number can be zero. We verify the ability of this new model to estimate source locations and other parameters of practical interest via a Bayesian power analysis. We also measure model performance via real-world data in which the model infers breeding locations of mosquitoes in bromeliads in Miami-Dade County, Florida, USA. In both cases, our novel model produces more efficient search strategies by shifting focus from those areas containing observed absences to those with no data, an improvement over existing models that treat these areas equally. Our model makes important improvements upon classic geographic profiling methods, which will significantly enhance real-world efforts to develop conservation management plans and targeted interventions.}, }
@article {pmid33749672, year = {2021}, author = {Fine, JD and Torres, KM and Martin, J and Robinson, GE}, title = {Assessing Agrochemical Risk to Mated Honey Bee Queens.}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {169}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3791/62316}, pmid = {33749672}, issn = {1940-087X}, mesh = {Agrochemicals/*toxicity ; Animals ; Bees/*drug effects/embryology/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/drug effects ; Female ; *Hierarchy, Social ; Neonicotinoids/toxicity ; Nitro Compounds/toxicity ; Ovum/drug effects ; Reproduction/drug effects ; *Risk Assessment ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*drug effects ; }, abstract = {Current risk assessment strategies for honey bees rely heavily upon laboratory tests performed on adult or immature worker bees, but these methods may not accurately capture the effects of agrochemical exposure on honey bee queens. As the sole producer of fertilized eggs inside a honeybee colony, the queen is arguably the most important single member of a functioning colony unit. Therefore, understanding how agrochemicals affect queen health and productivity should be considered a critical aspect of pesticide risk assessment. Here, an adapted method is presented to expose honey bee queens and worker queen attendants to agrochemical stressors administered through a worker diet, followed by tracking egg production in the laboratory and assessing first instar eclosion using a specialized cage, referred to as a Queen Monitoring Cage. To illustrate the method's intended use, results of an experiment in which worker queen attendants were fed diet containing sublethal doses of imidacloprid and effects on queens were monitored are described.}, }
@article {pmid33749156, year = {2021}, author = {Solarczyk, P and Dabert, M and Frantz, AC and Osten-Sacken, N and Trzebny, A and Wojtkowiak-Giera, A and Heddergott, M}, title = {Zoonotic Giardia duodenalis sub-assemblage BIV in wild raccoons (Procyon lotor) from Germany and Luxembourg.}, journal = {Zoonoses and public health}, volume = {68}, number = {5}, pages = {538-543}, doi = {10.1111/zph.12826}, pmid = {33749156}, issn = {1863-2378}, mesh = {Animals ; Feces/parasitology ; Female ; Germany/epidemiology ; Giardia lamblia/*genetics ; Giardiasis/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Luxembourg/epidemiology ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Raccoons/*parasitology ; *Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {Giardia duodenalis is a cosmopolitan flagellate that causes giardiasis, one of the most significant gastrointestinal diseases in humans. This parasite can be a serious threat to public health because it can cause waterborne outbreaks as well as sporadic infections in humans. Invasive raccoons (Procyon lotor) may play a role in disseminating Giardia into the environment and transmitting it to humans and domestic animals because they live in high densities and deposit their faces in latrines near areas used by humans. While Giardia infections have been reported from raccoons in North America, it is unknown whether they carry G. duodenalis with zoonotic assemblage A and B, which have the potential to cause illness in humans. We collected faecal samples from 66 legally harvested raccoons in Germany and Luxembourg and examined for Giardia using molecular techniques. Using a quantitative PCR based on primers specific to Giardia genetic assemblages A and B, we detected the presence of zoonotic assemblage B in 27% (95% CI, 17.0-39.6) of all examined faecal samples from raccoons, including animals sampled in buildings. We did not detect genetic assemblage A in any of the samples. Sequences obtained from the glutamate dehydrogenase and beta-giardin gene fragments from a selection of three of the positive samples showed that raccoons carried a zoonotic G. duodenalis genotype belonging to sub-assemblage BIV, which is commonly found in humans and animals worldwide. Our results suggest that free-ranging raccoons have the potential to play an increasingly important role in the epidemiology of Giardia and pose a threat to public health in Europe and other regions where this species is common and lives in close association with humans.}, }
@article {pmid33745197, year = {2021}, author = {Milligan, PD and Martin, TA and John, GP and Riginos, C and Goheen, JR and Carpenter, SM and Palmer, TM}, title = {Mutualism disruption by an invasive ant reduces carbon fixation for a foundational East African ant-plant.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, pages = {1052-1062}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13725}, pmid = {33745197}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {1556905//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; //University of Florida/ ; //Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute/ ; //National Geographic Society/ ; }, mesh = {*Acacia ; Animals ; *Ants ; Carbon Cycle ; Ecosystem ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Invasive ants shape assemblages and interactions of native species, but their effect on fundamental ecological processes is poorly understood. In East Africa, Pheidole megacephala ants have invaded monodominant stands of the ant-tree Acacia drepanolobium, extirpating native ant defenders and rendering trees vulnerable to canopy damage by vertebrate herbivores. We used experiments and observations to quantify direct and interactive effects of invasive ants and large herbivores on A. drepanolobium photosynthesis over a 2-year period. Trees that had been invaded for ≥ 5 years exhibited 69% lower whole-tree photosynthesis during key growing seasons, resulting from interaction between invasive ants and vertebrate herbivores that caused leaf- and canopy-level photosynthesis declines. We also surveyed trees shortly before and after invasion, finding that recent invasion induced only minor changes in leaf physiology. Our results from individual trees likely scale up, highlighting the potential of invasive species to alter ecosystem-level carbon fixation and other biogeochemical cycles.}, }
@article {pmid33742440, year = {2021}, author = {Mortier, F and Masier, S and Bonte, D}, title = {Genetically diverse populations spread faster in benign but not in challenging environments.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {6}, pages = {e03345}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3345}, pmid = {33742440}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {//Special Research Fund (BOF)/ ; G018017N//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO)/ ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Genetic Variation ; Population Density ; Population Growth ; }, abstract = {Population spread from a limited pool of founding propagules is at the basis of biological invasions. The size and genetic variation of these propagules eventually affect whether the invasion is successful or not. The inevitable bottleneck at introduction decreases genetic diversity, and therefore should affect population growth and spread. However, many heavily bottlenecked invasive populations have been successful in nature. Negative effects of a genetic bottleneck are typically considered to be relaxed in benign environments because of a release from stress. Despite its relevance to understand and predict invasions, empirical evidence on the role of genetic diversity in relation to habitat quality is largely lacking. We use the mite Tetranychus urticae Koch as a model to experimentally assess spread rate and size of genetically depleted inbred populations vs. enriched mixed populations. This was assessed in replicated linear patch systems consisting of benign (bean), challenging (tomato), or a gradient (bean to tomato) habitat. As expected, we found no effect of genetic diversity on population size in benign habitat but found that it increased population size in challenging habitat. However, we found that population spread rates were increased due to genetic diversity in the benign but not in the challenging habitat. Additionally, variance in spread was consistently higher in genetically poor populations and highest in the challenging habitat. Our experiment challenges the general view that a bottleneck in genetic variation decreases invasion success in challenging but not benign environments.}, }
@article {pmid33740370, year = {2021}, author = {Cheng, X and Lu, R and Zhang, X and Zhu, Y and Wei, S and Zhang, Y and Zan, X and Geng, W and Zhang, L}, title = {Silanization of a Metal-Polyphenol Coating onto Diverse Substrates as a Strategy for Controllable Wettability with Enhanced Performance to Resist Acid Corrosion.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {37}, number = {12}, pages = {3637-3647}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03623}, pmid = {33740370}, issn = {1520-5827}, abstract = {Wettability is a crucial characteristic of materials that plays a vital role in surface engineering. Surface modification is the key to changing the wettability of materials, and a simple and universal modification approach is being extensively pursued by researchers. Recently, metal-phenolic networks (MPNs) have been widely studied because they impart versatility and functionality in surface modification. However, an MPN is not stable for long periods, especially under acidic conditions, and is susceptible to pollution by invasive species. Spurred by the versatility of MPNs and various functionalities achieved by silanization, we introduce a general strategy to fabricate functionally stable coatings with controllable surface wettability by combining the two methods. The formation process of MPN and silane-MPN coatings was characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), UV-visible-near-infrared (UV-vis-NIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), water contact angle (WCA), etc. We found that the stability of the MPN was greatly enhanced after silanization, which is attributed to the cross-linking effect that occurs between silane and the MPN, namely, the cross-linking protection produced in this case. Additionally, the wettability of an MPN can be easily changed through our strategy. We trust that our strategy can further extend the applications of MPNs and points toward potential prospects in surface modification.}, }
@article {pmid33739995, year = {2021}, author = {Mammone, M and Ferrier-Pagés, C and Lavorano, S and Rizzo, L and Piraino, S and Rossi, S}, title = {High photosynthetic plasticity may reinforce invasiveness of upside-down zooxanthellate jellyfish in Mediterranean coastal waters.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {e0248814}, pmid = {33739995}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; Mediterranean Sea ; Organic Chemicals/analysis ; Photosynthesis/*physiology/radiation effects ; Proteins/analysis ; Scyphozoa/*physiology/radiation effects ; *Seawater ; Symbiosis/physiology/radiation effects ; }, abstract = {Ecological profiling of non-native species is essential to predict their dispersal and invasiveness potential across different areas of the world. Cassiopea is a monophyletic taxonomic group of scyphozoan mixotrophic jellyfish including C. andromeda, a recent colonizer of sheltered, shallow-water habitats of the Mediterranean Sea, such as harbors and other light-limited, eutrophic coastal habitats. To assess the ecophysiological plasticity of Cassiopea jellyfish and their potential to spread across the Mare Nostrum by secondary introductions, we investigated rapid photosynthetic responses of jellyfish to irradiance transitions-from reduced to increased irradiance conditions (as paradigm of transition from harbors to coastal, meso/oligotrophic habitats). Laboratory incubation experiments were carried out to compare oxygen fluxes and photobiological variables in Cassiopea sp. immature specimens pre-acclimated to low irradiance (PAR = 200 μmol photons m-2 s-1) and specimens rapidly exposed to higher irradiance levels (PAR = 500 μmol photons m-2 s-1). Comparable photosynthetic potential and high photosynthetic rates were measured at both irradiance values, as also shown by the rapid light curves. No significant differences were observed in terms of symbiont abundance between control and treated specimens. However, jellyfish kept at the low irradiance showed a higher content in chlorophyll a and c (0.76±0.51SD vs 0.46±0.13SD mg g-1 AFDW) and a higher Ci (amount of chlorophyll per cell) compared to jellyfish exposed to higher irradiance levels. The ratio between gross photosynthesis and respiration (P:R) was >1, indicating a significant input from the autotrophic metabolism. Cassiopea sp. specimens showed high photosynthetic performances, at both low and high irradiance, demonstrating high potential to adapt to sudden changes in light exposure. Such photosynthetic plasticity, combined with Cassiopea eurythermal tolerance and mixotrophic behavior, jointly suggest the upside-down jellyfish as a potentially successful invader in the scenario of a warming Mediterranean Sea.}, }
@article {pmid33739859, year = {2021}, author = {Benford, J}, title = {A Drake Equation for Alien Artifacts.}, journal = {Astrobiology}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, pages = {757-763}, doi = {10.1089/ast.2020.2364}, pmid = {33739859}, issn = {1557-8070}, mesh = {Artifacts ; Astronomy ; *Exobiology ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {I propose a version of the Drake equation to include searching for alien artifacts, which may be located on the Moon, Earth Trojans, and Earth co-orbital objects. The virtue of searching for artifacts is their lingering endurance in space, long after they go dead. I compare a search for extraterrestrial artifacts (SETA) strategy with the existing listening to stars search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) strategy. I construct a ratio of a SETA Drake equation for artifacts to the conventional Drake equation so that most terms cancel out. This ratio is a good way to debate the efficacy of SETI versus SETA. The ratio is the product of two terms: one is the ratio of the length of time that probes from extraterrestrial (ET) civilizations could be present in the near-Earth region to the length of time that ET civilizations transmit signals to the Solar System. The second term is the ratio of the respective origin volumes: the volume from which probes can come, which is affected by the long-term passage of stars near the Sun, to the volume of transmitting civilizations. Scenarios are quantified that suggest that looking for alien artifacts near Earth is a credible alternative approach relative to listening to stars. This argues for emphasis on artifact searches, ET archeology. I suggest study of existing high-resolution images of the Moon, imaging of the Earth Trojans and Earth co-orbitals, and probe missions to the latter two. Close inspection in these near-Earth regions, which also may hold primordial remnants of the early Solar System, yields concrete astronomical research.}, }
@article {pmid33737497, year = {2021}, author = {Vogt, G}, title = {Epigenetic variation in animal populations: Sources, extent, phenotypic implications, and ecological and evolutionary relevance.}, journal = {Journal of biosciences}, volume = {46}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33737497}, issn = {0973-7138}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Astacoidea/physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Domestication ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Insecta/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Mutation ; }, abstract = {Laboratory experiments and fieldwork with asexually reproducing invertebrates and vertebrates clearly revealed that animal populations can produce substantial phenotypic variation despite genetic identity. This epigenetically caused phenotypic variation comes from two different sources, namely directional environmental induction and bed-hedging developmental stochasticity. Both occur together and are mediated by molecular epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs. These epigenetic mechanisms are also involved in insect polyphenism, phenotypic changes in early domestication, and gene expression change and chromatin rearrangement during speciation. Epigenetic variation is particularly important for asexual populations helping them to stay in the game of life when the environmental conditions change. However, it is also relevant for sexually reproducing populations, as shown for genetically impoverished invasive groups, cave animals and sessile taxa that cannot evade unfavourable environmental conditions. Experiments revealed that epigenetic marks can be transgenerationally inherited and persist for several generations. First evidence suggests that inherited epimutations with phenotypic effects may end-up in phenotype-fixing genetic mutations by accelerated mutation of methylated nucleotides. Refined concepts, suitable animal models, fast and affordable new omics techniques that require only small tissue samples, and appropriate data interpretation tools are now available enabling future investigations in ecological and evolutionary epigenetics with high accuracy.}, }
@article {pmid33734489, year = {2022}, author = {Pearson, DE and Clark, TJ and Hahn, PG}, title = {Evaluating unintended consequences of intentional species introductions and eradications for improved conservation management.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, pages = {e13734}, pmid = {33734489}, issn = {1523-1739}, support = {//Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service/ ; //MPG Ranch/ ; 366280//National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship/ ; DEB-1901552//NSF/ ; }, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Increasingly intensive strategies to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem function are being deployed in response to global anthropogenic threats, including intentionally introducing and eradicating species via assisted migration, rewilding, biological control, invasive species eradications, and gene drives. These actions are highly contentious because of their potential for unintended consequences. We conducted a global literature review of these conservation actions to quantify how often unintended outcomes occur and to elucidate their underlying causes. To evaluate conservation outcomes, we developed a community assessment framework for systematically mapping the range of possible interaction types for 111 case studies. Applying this tool, we quantified the number of interaction types considered in each study and documented the nature and strength of intended and unintended outcomes. Intended outcomes were reported in 51% of cases, a combination of intended outcomes and unintended outcomes in 26%, and strictly unintended outcomes in 10%. Hence, unintended outcomes were reported in 36% of all cases evaluated. In evaluating overall conservations outcomes (weighing intended vs. unintended effects), some unintended effects were fairly innocuous relative to the conservation objective, whereas others resulted in serious unintended consequences in recipient communities. Studies that assessed a greater number of community interactions with the target species reported unintended outcomes more often, suggesting that unintended consequences may be underreported due to insufficient vetting. Most reported unintended outcomes arose from direct effects (68%) or simple density-mediated or indirect effects (25%) linked to the target species. Only a few documented cases arose from more complex interaction pathways (7%). Therefore, most unintended outcomes involved simple interactions that could be predicted and mitigated through more formal vetting. Our community assessment framework provides a tool for screening future conservation actions by mapping the recipient community interaction web to identify and mitigate unintended outcomes from intentional species introductions and eradications for conservation.}, }
@article {pmid33732410, year = {2021}, author = {Li, H and Li, B and Lövei, GL and Kring, TJ and Obrycki, JJ}, title = {Interactions Among Native and Non-Native Predatory Coccinellidae Influence Biological Control and Biodiversity.}, journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, volume = {114}, number = {2}, pages = {119-136}, pmid = {33732410}, issn = {0013-8746}, abstract = {Over the past 30 yr, multiple species of predatory Coccinellidae, prominently Coccinella septempunctata L. and Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) have spread to new continents, influencing biodiversity and biological control. Here we review the mechanisms underlying these ecological interactions, focusing on multi-year field studies of native and non-native coccinellids and those using molecular and quantitative ecological methods. Field data from Asia show that H. axyridis, C. septempunctata, and Propylea japonica (Thunberg) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) are regularly among the most abundant predatory species but their rank varies by habitat. Studies of these species in their native Asian range, primarily related to their range in mainland China, document different patterns of seasonal abundance, species specific associations with prey, and habitat separation. Intraguild predation is well documented both in Asia and in newly invaded areas, and H. axyridis benefits most from this interaction. Harmonia axyridis also seems to rely more on cannibalism in times of prey scarcity than other species, and relatively sparse data indicate a lower predation pressure on it from natural enemies of coccinellids. Declines in the abundance of native coccinellids following the spread and increase of non-native species, documented in several multi-year studies on several continents, is a major concern for native biodiversity and the persistence of native coccinellid species. We suggest that future studies focus more attention on the community ecology of these invasive species in their native habitats.}, }
@article {pmid33732038, year = {2021}, author = {Ali Alghamdi, A}, title = {Phytoconstituents screening and antimicrobial activity of the invasive species Nicotiana glauca collected from Al-Baha region of Saudi Arabia.}, journal = {Saudi journal of biological sciences}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {1544-1547}, pmid = {33732038}, issn = {1319-562X}, abstract = {Nicotiana glauca belonging to the family Solanaceae is an exotic perinnial bushy species that recently has invaded the mountainous areas of Al-Baha region at the south-west of Saudi Arabia, causing degredation to soil and vegetation composition of those mountains. Accordingly, this plant must be either removed or exploited as a source of useful products such as medicines as it has been proven to contain many effective compounds with therapeutic properties. Thus, the current study aimd to screening N. glauca preliminary phytoconsitiuents and its anticmicrobial activity. Results showed that varying amounts of alkaloids, steroid, tannins, flavonoid, were present in the extracts of N. glauca leaves, stems and flowers. Saponins were present only in the flowers extract. However, all previuos bioactive compounds were absent in the roots except alkaloids, therefore, roots posses lesser amount of the phytoconstituents compared to the other parts of the plants. Leaves extracts inhibited the growth of E. coli (16.3 ± 0.71 mm) and also inhibited the growth of S. aureus (11.0 ± 0.23 mm), while, the flower extracts also inhibited the growth of E. coli (6.7 ± 0.65 mm), and also inhibited the growth of S. aureus (15.8 ± 0.52 mm). This result coincide with the previous results of the screening of N, glauca phytochemicals where the highest amounts found in leaves and flowers extracts. The inhibition zone of the antibiotic gentamycin (reference control) were 32 mm in S. aureus and 38 mm in E. coli. The inhibition zone of gentamycin (reference control) were 32 mm in S. aureus and 38 mm in E. coli. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethyl acetate was ranged (1.5-2 mg/ml). The lower MIC is an indication of high effectiveness of extract. Therefore, such bioactive property would support the idea that removing N. glauca from the mountainous areas of Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia, is not the only solution, but the plant can be exploited as a beneficial source of medicinal and economic purposes such as; antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal, however, further comprehensive exploration is recommended to confirm such propreties.}, }
@article {pmid33727544, year = {2021}, author = {Saccaggi, DL and Arendse, M and Wilson, JRU and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Contaminant organisms recorded on plant product imports to South Africa 1994-2019.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {83}, pmid = {33727544}, issn = {2052-4463}, mesh = {Animals ; *Fruit/microbiology/parasitology ; Fungi ; Insecta ; Mites ; *Plants/microbiology/parasitology ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Biosecurity interception records are crucial data underlying efforts to predict and manage pest and pathogen introductions. Here we present a dataset containing information on imported plant products inspected by the South African Department of Agriculture's laboratories between 1994 and 2019 and the contaminant organisms found on them. Samples were received from border inspectors as either propagation material (e.g. plants) or material for immediate use (e.g. fruit). Material for immediate use was further divided into two sample categories, depending on if contaminants were seen/suspected by the border official or not: intervention or audit samples. The final dataset consists of 25,279 records, of which 30% tested positive (i.e. had at least one contaminant) and 13% had multiple contaminants. Of the 13,731 recorded contaminants, fungi (41%), mites (37%) and insects (19%) were most common. This dataset provides insight into the suite of taxa transported along the plant import pathway and provides an important resource for analyses of contaminant organisms in international trade, which can inform strategies for risk assessment, pathway management and biosecurity protocols.}, }
@article {pmid33727416, year = {2021}, author = {Grosholz, E and Ashton, G and Bradley, M and Brown, C and Ceballos-Osuna, L and Chang, A and de Rivera, C and Gonzalez, J and Heineke, M and Marraffini, M and McCann, L and Pollard, E and Pritchard, I and Ruiz, G and Turner, B and Tepolt, C}, title = {Stage-specific overcompensation, the hydra effect, and the failure to eradicate an invasive predator.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {118}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {33727416}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {As biological invasions continue to increase globally, eradication programs have been undertaken at significant cost, often without consideration of relevant ecological theory. Theoretical fisheries models have shown that harvest can actually increase the equilibrium size of a population, and uncontrolled studies and anecdotal reports have documented population increases in response to invasive species removal (akin to fisheries harvest). Both findings may be driven by high levels of juvenile survival associated with low adult abundance, often referred to as overcompensation. Here we show that in a coastal marine ecosystem, an eradication program resulted in stage-specific overcompensation and a 30-fold, single-year increase in the population of an introduced predator. Data collected concurrently from four adjacent regional bays without eradication efforts showed no similar population increase, indicating a local and not a regional increase. Specifically, the eradication program had inadvertently reduced the control of recruitment by adults via cannibalism, thereby facilitating the population explosion. Mesocosm experiments confirmed that adult cannibalism of recruits was size-dependent and could control recruitment. Genomic data show substantial isolation of this population and implicate internal population dynamics for the increase, rather than recruitment from other locations. More broadly, this controlled experimental demonstration of stage-specific overcompensation in an aquatic system provides an important cautionary message for eradication efforts of species with limited connectivity and similar life histories.}, }
@article {pmid33727141, year = {2021}, author = {Rogers, KH and Mete, A and Ip, HS and Torchetti, MK and Killian, ML and Crossley, B}, title = {Emergence and molecular characterization of pigeon Paramyxovirus-1 in non-native Eurasian collared doves (Streptopelia decaocto) in California, USA.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {91}, number = {}, pages = {104809}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104809}, pmid = {33727141}, issn = {1567-7257}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Bird Diseases/*epidemiology/mortality/virology ; California/epidemiology ; *Columbidae ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Paramyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology/mortality/*veterinary/virology ; Paramyxovirinae/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Prevalence ; Seasons ; Sex Factors ; }, abstract = {Eurasian collared doves (Streptopelia decaocto) were introduced into Florida in the 1980s and have since established populations throughout the continental United States. Pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1), a species-adapted genotype VI Avian orthoavulavirus 1, has caused periodic outbreaks among collared doves in the U.S. since 2001 with outbreaks occasionally involving native doves. In California, PPMV-1 mortality events were first documented in Riverside County in 2014 with subsequent outbreaks in 23 additional counties from southern to northern California between 2015 and 2019. Affected collared doves exhibited torticollis and partial paralysis. Pale kidneys were frequently visible on gross necropsy (65.4%; 51/78) while lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis often with acute tubular necrosis (96.0%; 24/25) and pancreatic necrosis (80.0%; 20/25) were common findings on histopathology. In total, PPMV-1 was confirmed by rRT-PCR and sequence analysis from oropharyngeal and/or cloacal swabs in 93.0% (40/43) of the collared doves tested from 16 California counties. In 2017, Avian orthoavulavirus 1 was confirmed in a native mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) found dead during a PPMV-1 outbreak in collared doves by rRT-PCR from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues, after the initial rRT-PCR from swabs failed to detect the virus. Molecular sequencing of the fusion protein of isolates collected from collared doves during outbreaks in 2014, 2016, and 2017 identified two distinct subgenotypes, VIa and VIn. Subgenotype VIn has been primarily isolated from collared doves in the southern U.S., while VIa has been isolated from mixed avian species in the northeastern U.S., indicating two independent introductions into California. While populations of collared doves are not expected to be substantially impacted by this disease, PPMV-1 may pose a threat to already declining populations of native columbids. This threat could be assessed by monitoring native and non-native columbids for PPMV-1. Based on our study, swab samples may not be sufficient to detect infection in native columbids and may require the use of non-traditional diagnostic approaches, such as FFPE tissues, to ensure virus detection.}, }
@article {pmid33726559, year = {2021}, author = {Keiller, ML and Lopez, LK and Paijmans, KC and Wong, MYL}, title = {Behavioural plasticity in a native species may be related to foraging resilience in the presence of an aggressive invader.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {20200877}, pmid = {33726559}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Aggression ; Animals ; Australia ; *Cyprinodontiformes ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Competition between invasive and native species can result in the exploitation of resources by the invader, reducing foraging rates of natives. However, it is increasingly recognized that multiple factors can enhance the resilience of native species competing for limiting resources with invaders. Although extensively studied in terrestrial species, little research has focused on behavioural plasticity in aquatic ecosystems and how this influences native species resilience. Here, we examined the role of behavioural plasticity in interactions between a native Australian fish, Pseudomugil signifer, and a widespread invasive fish, Gambusia holbrooki. To determine whether P. signifer displays behavioural plasticity that may mitigate competition with G. holbrooki, we first quantified social behaviours (aggression, submission and affiliation) and shoal cohesion for each species in single- and mixed-species groups. Second, we compared the feeding rates of both species in these groups to ascertain if any modulation of social behaviours and cohesion related to foraging success. We found that aggressive and submissive behaviours of G. holbrooki and P. signifer showed plasticity in the presence of heterospecifics, but social affiliation, shoaling and, most importantly, foraging, remained inflexible. This variation in the degree of plasticity highlights the complexity of the behavioural response of a native species and suggests that both behavioural modulation and consistency may be related to sustaining foraging efficiency in the presence of an invader.}, }
@article {pmid33725569, year = {2021}, author = {Zunzunegui, M and Morales Sánchez, J&#xc1; and Díaz Barradas, MC and Gallego-Fernández, JB}, title = {Different tolerance to salinity of two populations of Oenothera drummondii with contrasted biogeographical origin.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {162}, number = {}, pages = {336-348}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.03.001}, pmid = {33725569}, issn = {1873-2690}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Oenothera ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves ; *Salinity ; Water ; }, abstract = {Oenothera drummondii is a native species from the coastal dunes of the Gulf of Mexico that has nowadays extended to coastal areas in temperate zones all over the world, its invasion becoming a significant problem locally. The species grows on back beach and incipient dunes, where it can suffer flooding by seawater, and sea spray. We were interested in knowing how salinity affects this species and if invasive populations present morphological or functional traits that would provide greater tolerance to salinity than native ones. To this end, we conducted a greenhouse experiment where plants from one native and from one invading population were irrigated with five salinity treatments. We measured functional traits on photosynthetic, photochemical efficiency, water content, flowering, Na[+] content, pigment content, and biomass. Although O. drummondii showed high resistance to salinity, the highest levels recorded high mortality, especially in the invasive population. Plants exhibited differences not only in response to time under salinity conditions, but also according to their biogeographic origin, the native population being more resistant to long exposure and high salt concentration than the invasive one. Native and invasive populations showed different response to salt stress in photosynthesis and transpiration rates, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, carboxylation efficiency, electron transport rate, electron transport efficiency, energy used in photochemistry, among others. The increasing salinity levels resulted in a progressive reduction of photosynthesis rate due to both stomatal and biochemical limitations, and also in a reduction of biomass and number and size of flowers, compromising the reproductive capacity.}, }
@article {pmid33725162, year = {2021}, author = {Izuhara, H and Monobe, H and Wu, CH}, title = {The formation of spreading front: the singular limit of three-component reaction-diffusion models.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {82}, number = {5}, pages = {38}, pmid = {33725162}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Diffusion ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Sciuridae/physiology ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Understanding the invasion processes of biological species is a fundamental issue in ecology. Several mathematical models have been proposed to estimate the spreading speed of species. In recent decades, it was reported that some mathematical models of population dynamics have an explicit form of the evolution equations for the spreading front, which are represented by free boundary problems such as the Stefan-like problem (e.g., Mimura et al., Jpn J Appl Math 2:151-186, 1985; Du and Lin, SIAM J Math Anal 42:377-405, 2010). To understand the formation of the spreading front, in this paper, we will consider the singular limit of three-component reaction-diffusion models and give some interpretations for spreading front from the viewpoint of modeling. As an application, we revisit the issue of the spread of the grey squirrel in the UK and estimate the spreading speed of the grey squirrel based on our result. Also, we discuss the relation between some free boundary problems related to population dynamics and mathematical models describing Controlling Invasive Alien Species. Lastly, we numerically consider the traveling wave solutions, which give information on the spreading behavior of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid33724990, year = {2021}, author = {Chan, J and Zeng, Y and Yeo, DCJ}, title = {Invasive species trait-based risk assessment for non-native freshwater fishes in a tropical city basin in Southeast Asia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {e0248480}, pmid = {33724990}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Animals ; Fishes/*genetics ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; *Quantitative Trait Loci ; Risk Assessment ; Singapore ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions have created detrimental impacts in freshwater ecosystems. As non-native freshwater species include economically beneficial, but also harmful, species, trait-based risk assessments can be used to identify and prevent the import of potentially invasive species. Freshwater fishes are one of the most evaluated freshwater taxa to date. However, such assessments have mostly been done in sub-temperate to temperate regions, with a general lack of such research in the tropics. In view of this knowledge gap, this study aims to determine if a different set of traits are associated with successful establishment of non-native fishes within the tropics. In tropical Southeast Asia, Singapore represents a suitable model site to perform an invasive species trait-based risk assessment for the tropical region given its susceptibility to the introduction and establishment of non-native freshwater fishes and lack of stringent fish import regulation. A quantitative trait-based risk assessment was performed using random forest to determine the relative importance of species attributes associated with the successful establishment of introduced freshwater fishes in Singapore. Species having a match in climate, prior invasion success, lower absolute fecundity, higher trophic level, and involvement in the aquarium trade were found to have higher establishment likelihood (as opposed to native distributional range and maximum size being among the commonly identified predictors in subtropical/temperate trait-based risk assessments). To minimize invasive risk, incoming freshwater fishes could be screened in future for such traits, allowing lists of prohibited or regulated species to be updated. The findings could also potentially benefit the development of invasive species action plans and inform management decisions in the Southeast Asian region. Considering a geographical bias in terms of having relatively less documentation of biological invasions in the tropics, particularly Asia, this study highlights the need to perform more of such risk assessments in other parts of the tropics.}, }
@article {pmid33724677, year = {2022}, author = {Taggart, PL and Hall, RN and Cox, TE and Kovaliski, J and McLeod, SR and Strive, T}, title = {Changes in virus transmission dynamics following the emergence of RHDV2 shed light on its competitive advantage over previously circulating variants.}, journal = {Transboundary and emerging diseases}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, pages = {1118-1130}, doi = {10.1111/tbed.14071}, pmid = {33724677}, issn = {1865-1682}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia/epidemiology ; *Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin M ; Phylogeny ; Rabbits ; }, abstract = {Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is highly pathogenic to European rabbits. Until recently, only one serotype of RHDV was known, GI.1/RHDV. RHDV2/GI.2 is a novel virus that has rapidly spread and become the dominant pathogenic calicivirus in wild rabbits worldwide. It is speculated that RHDV2 has three competitive advantages over RHDV: (a) the ability to partially overcome immunity to other variants; (b) the ability to clinically infect young rabbits; and (c) a wider host range. These differences would be expected to influence virus transmission dynamics. We used markers of recent infection (IgM/IgA antibodies) to investigate virus transmission dynamics pre and post the arrival of RHDV2. Our data set contained over 3,900 rabbits sampled across a 7-year period at 12 Australian sites. Following the arrival of RHDV2, seasonal peaks in IgM and IgA seropositivity shifted forward one season, from winter to autumn and spring to winter, respectively. Contrary to predictions, we found only weak effects of rabbit age, seropositivity to non-pathogenic calicivirus RCV-A1 and population abundance on IgM/IgA seropositivity. Our results demonstrate that RHDV2 enters rabbit populations shortly after the commencement of annual breeding cycles. Upon entering, the population RHDV2 undergoes extensive replication in young rabbits, causing clinical disease, high virus shedding, mortality and the creation of virus-laden carcasses. This results in high virus contamination in the environment, furthering the transmission of RHDV2 and initiating outbreaks, whilst simultaneously removing the susceptible cohort required for the effective transmission of RHDV. Although RHDV may enter the population at the same time point, it is sub-clinical in young rabbits, causing minimal virus shedding and low environmental contamination. Our results demonstrate a major shift in epidemiological patterns in virus transmission, providing the first evidence that RHDV2's ability to clinically infect young rabbits is a key competitive advantage in the field.}, }
@article {pmid33717449, year = {2021}, author = {Haller-Bull, V and Bode, M}, title = {Modeling herbivore functional responses causing boom-bust dynamics following predator removal.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {2209-2220}, pmid = {33717449}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Native biodiversity is threatened by invasive species in many terrestrial and marine systems, and conservation managers have demonstrated successes by responding with eradication or control programs. Although invasive species are often the direct cause of threat to native species, ecosystems can react in unexpected ways to their removal or reduction. Here, we use theoretical models to predict boom-bust dynamics, where the removal of predatory or competitive pressure from a native herbivore results in oscillatory population dynamics (boom-bust), which can endanger the native species' population in the short term. We simulate control activities, applied to multiple theoretical three-species Lotka-Volterra ecosystem models consisting of vegetation, a native herbivore, and an invasive predator. Based on these communities, we then develop a predictive tool that-based on relative parameter values-predicts whether control efforts directed at the invasive predator will lead to herbivore release followed by a crash. Further, by investigating the different functional responses, we show that model structure, as well as model parameters, are important determinants of conservation outcomes. Finally, control strategies that can mitigate these negative consequences are identified. Managers working in similar data-poor ecosystems can use the predictive tool to assess the probability that their system will exhibit boom-bust dynamics, without knowing exact community parameter values.}, }
@article {pmid33717437, year = {2021}, author = {Milián-García, Y and Young, R and Madden, M and Bullas-Appleton, E and Hanner, RH}, title = {Optimization and validation of a cost-effective protocol for biosurveillance of invasive alien species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {1999-2014}, pmid = {33717437}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has revolutionized biodiversity monitoring and invasive pest biosurveillance programs. The introduction of insect pests considered invasive alien species (IAS) into a non-native range poses a threat to native plant health. The early detection of IAS can allow for prompt actions by regulating authorities, thereby mitigating their impacts. In the present study, we optimized and validated a fast and cost-effective eDNA metabarcoding protocol for biosurveillance of IAS and characterization of insect and microorganism diversity. Forty-eight traps were placed, following the CFIA's annual forest insect trapping survey, at four locations in southern Ontario that are high risk for forest IAS. We collected insects and eDNA samples using Lindgren funnel traps that contained a saturated salt (NaCl) solution in the collection jar. Using cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) as a molecular marker, a modified Illumina protocol effectively identified 2,535 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs). BINs were distributed among 57 Orders and 304 Families, with the vast majority being arthropods. Two IAS (Agrilus planipennis and Lymantria dispar) are regulated by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) as plant health pests, are known to occur in the study area, and were identified through eDNA in collected traps. Similarly, using 16S ribosomal RNA and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), five bacterial and three fungal genera, which contain species of regulatory concern across several Canadian jurisdictions, were recovered from all sampling locations. Our study results reaffirm the effectiveness and importance of integrating eDNA metabarcoding as part of identification protocols in biosurveillance programs.}, }
@article {pmid33715862, year = {2021}, author = {Angulo, E and Diagne, C and Ballesteros-Mejia, L and Adamjy, T and Ahmed, DA and Akulov, E and Banerjee, AK and Capinha, C and Dia, CAKM and Dobigny, G and Duboscq-Carra, VG and Golivets, M and Haubrock, PJ and Heringer, G and Kirichenko, N and Kourantidou, M and Liu, C and Nuñez, MA and Renault, D and Roiz, D and Taheri, A and Verbrugge, LNH and Watari, Y and Xiong, W and Courchamp, F}, title = {Non-English languages enrich scientific knowledge: The example of economic costs of biological invasions.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {775}, number = {}, pages = {144441}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144441}, pmid = {33715862}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Europe ; *Introduced Species ; *Language ; }, abstract = {We contend that the exclusive focus on the English language in scientific research might hinder effective communication between scientists and practitioners or policy makers whose mother tongue is non-English. This barrier in scientific knowledge and data transfer likely leads to significant knowledge gaps and may create biases when providing global patterns in many fields of science. To demonstrate this, we compiled data on the global economic costs of invasive alien species reported in 15 non-English languages. We compared it with equivalent data from English documents (i.e., the InvaCost database, the most up-to-date repository of invasion costs globally). The comparison of both databases (~7500 entries in total) revealed that non-English sources: (i) capture a greater amount of data than English sources alone (2500 vs. 2396 cost entries respectively); (ii) add 249 invasive species and 15 countries to those reported by English literature, and (iii) increase the global cost estimate of invasions by 16.6% (i.e., US$ 214 billion added to 1.288 trillion estimated from the English database). Additionally, 2712 cost entries - not directly comparable to the English database - were directly obtained from practitioners, revealing the value of communication between scientists and practitioners. Moreover, we demonstrated how gaps caused by overlooking non-English data resulted in significant biases in the distribution of costs across space, taxonomic groups, types of cost, and impacted sectors. Specifically, costs from Europe, at the local scale, and particularly pertaining to management, were largely under-represented in the English database. Thus, combining scientific data from English and non-English sources proves fundamental and enhances data completeness. Considering non-English sources helps alleviate biases in understanding invasion costs at a global scale. Finally, it also holds strong potential for improving management performance, coordination among experts (scientists and practitioners), and collaborative actions across countries. Note: non-English versions of the abstract and figures are provided in Appendix S5 in 12 languages.}, }
@article {pmid33715860, year = {2021}, author = {Cuthbert, RN and Pattison, Z and Taylor, NG and Verbrugge, L and Diagne, C and Ahmed, DA and Leroy, B and Angulo, E and Briski, E and Capinha, C and Catford, JA and Dalu, T and Essl, F and Gozlan, RE and Haubrock, PJ and Kourantidou, M and Kramer, AM and Renault, D and Wasserman, RJ and Courchamp, F}, title = {Global economic costs of aquatic invasive alien species.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {775}, number = {}, pages = {145238}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145238}, pmid = {33715860}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Asia ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; }, abstract = {Much research effort has been invested in understanding ecological impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) across ecosystems and taxonomic groups, but empirical studies about economic effects lack synthesis. Using a comprehensive global database, we determine patterns and trends in economic costs of aquatic IAS by examining: (i) the distribution of these costs across taxa, geographic regions and cost types; (ii) the temporal dynamics of global costs; and (iii) knowledge gaps, especially compared to terrestrial IAS. Based on the costs recorded from the existing literature, the global cost of aquatic IAS conservatively summed to US$345 billion, with the majority attributed to invertebrates (62%), followed by vertebrates (28%), then plants (6%). The largest costs were reported in North America (48%) and Asia (13%), and were principally a result of resource damages (74%); only 6% of recorded costs were from management. The magnitude and number of reported costs were highest in the United States of America and for semi-aquatic taxa. Many countries and known aquatic alien species had no reported costs, especially in Africa and Asia. Accordingly, a network analysis revealed limited connectivity among countries, indicating disparate cost reporting. Aquatic IAS costs have increased in recent decades by several orders of magnitude, reaching at least US$23 billion in 2020. Costs are likely considerably underrepresented compared to terrestrial IAS; only 5% of reported costs were from aquatic species, despite 26% of known invaders being aquatic. Additionally, only 1% of aquatic invasion costs were from marine species. Costs of aquatic IAS are thus substantial, but likely underreported. Costs have increased over time and are expected to continue rising with future invasions. We urge increased and improved cost reporting by managers, practitioners and researchers to reduce knowledge gaps. Few costs are proactive investments; increased management spending is urgently needed to prevent and limit current and future aquatic IAS damages.}, }
@article {pmid33714776, year = {2021}, author = {Ardura, A and Fernandez, S and Haguenauer, A and Planes, S and Garcia-Vazquez, E}, title = {Ship-driven biopollution: How aliens transform the local ecosystem diversity in Pacific islands.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {166}, number = {}, pages = {112251}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112251}, pmid = {33714776}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Oceans and Seas ; Pacific Islands ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {Ships moving species across the oceans mix marine communities throughout latitudes. The introduction of new species may be changing the ecosystems even in remote islands. In tropical Pacific islands where maritime traffic is principally local, eDNA metabarcoding and barcoding revealed 75 introduced species, accounting in average for 28% of the community with a minimum of 13% in the very remote Rangiroa atoll. The majority of non-native species were primary producers -from diatoms to red algae, thus the ecosystem is being transformed from the bottom. Primary producers were more shared among sites than other exotics, confirming ship-mediated dispersal in Pacific marine ecosystems. Limited alien share and an apparent saturation of aliens (similar proportion in ports of very different size) suggests the occurrence of "alien drift" in port communities, or random retention of newly introduced aliens that reminds genetic drift of new mutations in a population.}, }
@article {pmid33712659, year = {2021}, author = {Vallejo-Marín, M and Friedman, J and Twyford, AD and Lepais, O and Ickert-Bond, SM and Streisfeld, MA and Yant, L and van Kleunen, M and Rotter, MC and Puzey, JR}, title = {Population genomic and historical analysis suggests a global invasion by bridgehead processes in Mimulus guttatus.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {327}, pmid = {33712659}, issn = {2399-3642}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genes, Plant ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Plant ; *Introduced Species ; Mimulus/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Imperfect historical records and complex demographic histories present challenges for reconstructing the history of biological invasions. Here, we combine historical records, extensive worldwide and genome-wide sampling, and demographic analyses to investigate the global invasion of Mimulus guttatus from North America to Europe and the Southwest Pacific. By sampling 521 plants from 158 native and introduced populations genotyped at >44,000 loci, we determined that invasive M. guttatus was first likely introduced to the British Isles from the Aleutian Islands (Alaska), followed by admixture from multiple parts of the native range. We hypothesise that populations in the British Isles then served as a bridgehead for vanguard invasions worldwide. Our results emphasise the highly admixed nature of introduced M. guttatus and demonstrate the potential of introduced populations to serve as sources of secondary admixture, producing novel hybrids. Unravelling the history of biological invasions provides a starting point to understand how invasive populations adapt to novel environments.}, }
@article {pmid33710642, year = {2021}, author = {Parra-Tabla, V and Arceo-Gómez, G}, title = {Impacts of plant invasions in native plant-pollinator networks.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {230}, number = {6}, pages = {2117-2128}, doi = {10.1111/nph.17339}, pmid = {33710642}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {The disruption of mutualisms by invasive species has consequences for biodiversity loss and ecosystem function. Although invasive plant effects on the pollination of individual native species has been the subject of much study, their impacts on entire plant-pollinator communities are less understood. Community-level studies on plant invasion have mainly focused on two fronts: understanding the mechanisms that mediate their integration; and their effects on plant-pollinator network structure. Here we briefly review current knowledge and propose a more unified framework for evaluating invasive species integration and their effects on plant-pollinator communities. We further outline gaps in our understanding and propose ways to advance knowledge in this field. Specifically, modeling approaches have so far yielded important predictions regarding the outcome and drivers of invasive species effects on plant communities. However, experimental studies that test these predictions in the field are lacking. We further emphasize the need to understand the link between invasive plant effects on pollination network structure and their consequences for native plant population dynamics (population growth). Integrating demographic studies with those on pollination networks is thus key in order to achieve a more predictive understanding of pollinator-mediated effects of invasive species on the persistence of native plant biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid33709566, year = {2021}, author = {Jakovac, CC and Junqueira, AB and Crouzeilles, R and Peña-Claros, M and Mesquita, RCG and Bongers, F}, title = {The role of land-use history in driving successional pathways and its implications for the restoration of tropical forests.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {96}, number = {4}, pages = {1114-1134}, pmid = {33709566}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Forests ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Soil ; Trees ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Secondary forests are increasingly important components of human-modified landscapes in the tropics. Successional pathways, however, can vary enormously across and within landscapes, with divergent regrowth rates, vegetation structure and species composition. While climatic and edaphic conditions drive variations across regions, land-use history plays a central role in driving alternative successional pathways within human-modified landscapes. How land use affects succession depends on its intensity, spatial extent, frequency, duration and management practices, and is mediated by a complex combination of mechanisms acting on different ecosystem components and at different spatial and temporal scales. We review the literature aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying the long-lasting effects of land use on tropical forest succession and to discuss its implications for forest restoration. We organize it following a framework based on the hierarchical model of succession and ecological filtering theory. This review shows that our knowledge is mostly derived from studies in Neotropical forests regenerating after abandonment of shifting cultivation or pasture systems. Vegetation is the ecological component assessed most often. Little is known regarding how the recovery of belowground processes and microbiota communities is affected by previous land-use history. In published studies, land-use history has been mostly characterized by type, without discrimination of intensity, extent, duration or frequency. We compile and discuss the metrics used to describe land-use history, aiming to facilitate future studies. The literature shows that (i) species availability to succession is affected by transformations in the landscape that affect dispersal, and by management practices and seed predation, which affect the composition and diversity of propagules on site. Once a species successfully reaches an abandoned field, its establishment and performance are dependent on resistance to management practices, tolerance to (modified) soil conditions, herbivory, competition with weeds and invasive species, and facilitation by remnant trees. (ii) Structural and compositional divergences at early stages of succession remain for decades, suggesting that early communities play an important role in governing further ecosystem functioning and processes during succession. Management interventions at early stages could help enhance recovery rates and manipulate successional pathways. (iii) The combination of local and landscape conditions defines the limitations to succession and therefore the potential for natural regeneration to restore ecosystem properties effectively. The knowledge summarized here could enable the identification of conditions in which natural regeneration could efficiently promote forest restoration, and where specific management practices are required to foster succession. Finally, characterization of the landscape context and previous land-use history is essential to understand the limitations to succession and therefore to define cost-effective restoration strategies. Advancing knowledge on these two aspects is key for finding generalizable relations that will increase the predictability of succession and the efficiency of forest restoration under different landscape contexts.}, }
@article {pmid33709447, year = {2021}, author = {Bombaci, SP and Innes, J and Kelly, D and Flaherty, V and Pejchar, L}, title = {Excluding mammalian predators increases bird densities and seed dispersal in fenced ecosanctuaries.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {6}, pages = {e03340}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3340}, pmid = {33709447}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {//National Science Foundation/ ; //Ford Foundation/ ; //Colorado State University/ ; //National Geographic Society/ ; //Explorer's Club Exploration Fund/ ; //Riverbanks Zoo/ ; //Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; *Ecosystem ; Islands ; Mammals ; *Seed Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Islands are epicenters of animal extinctions and population declines. These losses exacerbate biodiversity loss and disrupt ecological services in areas of high endemism. Island defaunation is primarily driven by invasive mammalian predators, and mammal eradications are reversing population declines for some island species. Invasive mammal eradications may also have the capacity to restore ecological interactions, along with the recovery of island fauna. Here we show that invasive mammal eradication in fenced ecosanctuaries results in higher rates of bird foraging on fruit, and higher bird-mediated seed dispersal, than in similar forests without mammal eradication. We further show that higher foraging and seed dispersal is related to higher densities of native bird species, after accounting for natural variation in fruit availability. For the many other systems globally that are under threat from invasive mammals, New Zealand's fenced ecosanctuary model offers a promising tool for restoring biodiversity and ecosystem services.}, }
@article {pmid33705571, year = {2021}, author = {Moyano, J and Rodriguez-Cabal, MA and Nuñez, MA}, title = {Invasive trees rely more on mycorrhizas, countering the ideal-weed hypothesis.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {5}, pages = {e03330}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3330}, pmid = {33705571}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae ; *Pinus ; Plant Roots ; Seedlings ; Symbiosis ; Trees ; }, abstract = {The ideal-weed hypothesis predicts that invasive plants should be less dependent on mutualisms. However, evidence in favor of or against this hypothesis comes mainly from observational studies. Here, we experimentally tested this hypothesis using a two-factor greenhouse experiment, comparing the seedling growth response of different Pinus species (varying in invasiveness) to ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculation. Most species showed no response until they were 6 mo old, at which point inoculation increased growth between 10 and 260% among the different species. This growth response was higher for species with lower seed mass, higher dispersal ability, higher Z score (a proxy for invasiveness) and higher number of naturalized regions, all of which correspond to higher invasiveness. Our results show that timing is a crucial factor when comparing mycorrhizal dependency of different species. Dependence on mutualistic microorganisms could be part of a strategy in which invasive species produce smaller seeds, in greater number, which can disperse further, but where seedlings are more reliant on mycorrhizas to improve access to water, nutrients, and protection from pathogens. Our results suggest that reliance on mutualisms may enhance, rather than limit, nonnative species in their ability to spread, establish, and colonize.}, }
@article {pmid33692648, year = {2021}, author = {Pincheira-Ulbrich, J and Andrade Mansilla, E and Peña-Cortés, F and Vergara Fernández, C}, title = {Trees, shrubs and herbs of the coastal Myrtaceae swamp forest (Región de La Araucanía, Chile): a dataset.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e63634}, pmid = {33692648}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Species lists are fundamental for knowledge of species diversity in regions subject to intense anthropogenic pressure, especially in poorly-studied ecosystems. The dataset comes from an inventory conducted in 30 fragments of Myrtaceae swamp forest, located in an agroforestry matrix landscape of the coastal La Araucanía Region in Chile. The data collection was carried out using line transect sampling, which was traced through the core of each fragment orientated towards its longest axis. The dataset provides a record of 55 species (24 trees, 1 vine [as a host], 16 herbs and 15 shrubs) including accidental epiphytes (n = 7), hemiparasites (n = 4), host (n = 10) and additionally woody debris (n = 36). The most frequent trees in the landscape were Myrceugenia exsucca (n = 36 records) and Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii (n = 33 records), species that were also the most common hosts. Drimys winteri was a companion species, other trees and shrubs generally being rarely observed, as was the case of the introduced species (Prunus avium, Rubus constrictus and Ulex europaeus). Branches were the most common microhabitat for hemiparasites. Within this group, Lepidoceras chilense was the most frequent species. For accidental epiphytes, Drimys winteri, which commonly grows on the ground (soil), were the most common species found in the main trunk crotch. Some unusual observations were the climber Cissus striata as host of Tristerix corymbosus (hemiparasite) and Tristerix corymbosus as host of Lepidoceras chilense (hemiparasite).<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: This study represents a landscape-scale sample of the swamp forest, which is distributed in a dispersed pattern over a large stretch of Chile. The data were collected from 30 forest patches (from 0.05 to 936 ha), located on the coast of the Araucan&#xed;a. The database includes the presence of 55 species of vascular plants in 356 records. The main novelty of this contribution is the systematic classification of species under six traits, never before reported in the same database: (i) condition (coarse woody debris, fallen log, live, snag), (ii) habit (herb, shrub, tree), (iii) growth microhabitat (e.g. tree trunk, branch, main trunk crotch), (iv) growth form (accidental epiphyte, hemiparasite, terricolous, vegetative), (v) host species (as appropriate) and (vi) relative location of the species in the sampled patch and surrounding areas (core, border, matrix). Species not previously observed in these forests were: Gavilea spp., Hieracium spp., Lophosoria quadripinnata, Berberis actinacantha, Gaultheria phillyreifolia, Ovidia pillo-pillo, Amomyrtus meli and Caldcluvia paniculata. In addition, two introduced species are novelties for the catalogue of vascular plants of Chile (Cupressus macrocarpa and Prunus avium). Several of these ecosystem traits are indeed new reports for these types of forests (e.g. accidental epiphytes, fallen logs, species-host relationship); at the same time, more frequent data (i.e. species composition, habit) are found in different contributions, making the comprehensive process of analysis difficult. Accordingly, the database is made available in this manuscript.}, }
@article {pmid33690637, year = {2021}, author = {Goetz, SM and Steen, DA and Miller, MA and Guyer, C and Kottwitz, J and Roberts, JF and Blankenship, E and Pearson, PR and Warner, DA and Reed, RN}, title = {Argentine Black and White Tegu (Salvator merianae) can survive the winter under semi-natural conditions well beyond their current invasive range.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {e0245877}, pmid = {33690637}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Energy Metabolism ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/metabolism/*physiology ; Male ; Reproduction ; *Seasons ; Survival Analysis ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The Argentine Black and White Tegu (Salvator merianae, formerly Tupinambis merianae) is a large lizard from South America. Now established and invasive in southern Florida, and it poses threats to populations of many native species. Models suggest much of the southern United States may contain suitable temperature regimes for this species, yet there is considerable uncertainty regarding either the potential for range expansion northward out of tropical and subtropical zones or the potential for the species establishing elsewhere following additional independent introductions. We evaluated survival, body temperature, duration and timing of winter dormancy, and health of wild-caught tegus from southern Florida held in semi-natural enclosures for over a year in Auburn, Alabama (> 900 km northwest of capture location). Nine of twelve lizards emerged from winter dormancy and seven survived the greater-than-one-year duration of the study. Average length of dormancy (176 d) was greater than that reported in the native range or for invasive populations in southern Florida and females remained dormant longer than males. Tegus grew rapidly throughout the study and the presence of sperm in the testes of males and previtellogenic or early vitellogenic follicles in female ovaries at the end of our study suggest the animals would have been capable of reproduction the following spring. The survival and overall health of the majority of adult tegus in our study suggests weather and climate patterns are unlikely to prevent survival following introduction in many areas of the United States far from their current invasive range.}, }
@article {pmid33690082, year = {2021}, author = {Pearson, RG and Connolly, NM and Davis, AM and Brodie, JE}, title = {Fresh waters and estuaries of the Great Barrier Reef catchment: Effects and management of anthropogenic disturbance on biodiversity, ecology and connectivity.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {166}, number = {}, pages = {112194}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112194}, pmid = {33690082}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Australia ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Estuaries ; Fresh Water ; Humans ; }, abstract = {We review the literature on the ecology, connectivity, human impacts and management of freshwater and estuarine systems in the Great Barrier Reef catchment (424,000 km[2]), on the Australian east coast. The catchment has high biodiversity, with substantial endemicity (e.g., lungfish). Freshwater and estuarine ecosystems are closely linked to the land and are affected by human disturbance, including climate change, flow management, land clearing, habitat damage, weed invasion, and excessive sediments, nutrients and pesticides. They require holistic integrated management of impacts, interactions, and land-sea linkages. This requirement is additional to land management aimed at reducing pollutant delivery to reef waters. Despite advances in research and management over recent decades, there are substantial deficiencies that need addressing, including understanding of physical and biological processes and impacts in ground waters, large rivers and estuaries; ecological effects of pesticides; management and mitigation for invasive species and climate change; and explicit protection of non-marine waters.}, }
@article {pmid33689720, year = {2021}, author = {Westwood, JH}, title = {Plant Biology: Genome Reveals Secrets of the Alien Within.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, pages = {R241-R243}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.012}, pmid = {33689720}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Biology ; DNA Transposable Elements/genetics ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; *Genome, Chloroplast ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {The genome of the parasitic plant Sapria himalayana reveals extraordinary changes that reflect its endoparasitic lifestyle. The genome has lost many genes, including the entire chloroplast genome, but has gained genes through horizontal gene transfer and repeated transposable elements.}, }
@article {pmid33686141, year = {2021}, author = {Kardia, E and Frese, M and Smertina, E and Strive, T and Zeng, XL and Estes, M and Hall, RN}, title = {Culture and differentiation of rabbit intestinal organoids and organoid-derived cell monolayers.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {5401}, pmid = {33686141}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Caliciviridae/growth &amp; development ; *Cell Culture Techniques ; *Cell Differentiation ; Female ; *Intestinal Mucosa/cytology/metabolism ; *Intestine, Small/cytology/metabolism ; Male ; *Organoids/cytology/metabolism ; Rabbits ; }, abstract = {Organoids emulate many aspects of their parental tissue and are therefore used to study pathogen-host interactions and other complex biological processes. Here, we report a robust protocol for the isolation, maintenance and differentiation of rabbit small intestinal organoids and organoid-derived cell monolayers. Our rabbit intestinal spheroid and monolayer cultures grew most efficiently in L-WRN-conditioned medium that contained Wnt, R-spondin and Noggin, and that had been supplemented with ROCK and TGF-β inhibitors. Organoid and monolayer differentiation was initiated by reducing the concentration of the L-WRN-conditioned medium and by adding ROCK and Notch signalling inhibitors. Immunofluorescence staining and RT-qPCR demonstrated that our organoids contained enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells, goblet cells and Paneth cells. Finally, we infected rabbit organoids with Rabbit calicivirus Australia-1, an enterotropic lagovirus that-like many other caliciviruses-does not grow in conventional cell culture. Despite testing various conditions for inoculation, we did not detect any evidence of virus replication, suggesting either that our organoids do not contain suitable host cell types or that additional co-factors are required for a productive infection of rabbit organoids with Rabbit calicivirus Australia-1.}, }
@article {pmid33686134, year = {2021}, author = {Kurle, CM and Zilliacus, KM and Sparks, J and Curl, J and Bock, M and Buckelew, S and Williams, JC and Wolf, CA and Holmes, ND and Plissner, J and Howald, GR and Tershy, BR and Croll, DA}, title = {Indirect effects of invasive rat removal result in recovery of island rocky intertidal community structure.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {5395}, pmid = {33686134}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Alaska ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Rats ; }, abstract = {Eleven years after invasive Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) were eradicated from Hawadax Island, in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, the predicted three-level trophic cascade in the rocky intertidal, with native shorebirds as the apex predator, returned, leading to a community resembling those on rat-free islands with significant decreases in invertebrate species abundances and increases in fleshy algal cover. Rats had indirectly structured the intertidal community via their role as the apex predator in a four-level trophic cascade. Our results are an excellent example of an achievable and relatively short-term community-level recovery following removal of invasive animals. These conservation successes are especially important for islands as their disproportionately high levels of native biodiversity are excessively threatened by invasive mammals.}, }
@article {pmid33685438, year = {2021}, author = {de Graeff, N and Jongsma, KR and Bredenoord, AL}, title = {Experts' moral views on gene drive technologies: a qualitative interview study.}, journal = {BMC medical ethics}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {25}, pmid = {33685438}, issn = {1472-6939}, support = {15804//Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; }, mesh = {Attitude ; *Gene Drive Technology ; Morals ; Qualitative Research ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Gene drive technologies (GDTs) promote the rapid spread of a particular genetic element within a population of non-human organisms. Potential applications of GDTs include the control of insect vectors, invasive species and agricultural pests. Whether, and if so, under what conditions, GDTs should be deployed is hotly debated. Although broad stances in this debate have been described, the convictions that inform the moral views of the experts shaping these technologies and related policies have not been examined in depth in the academic literature.<br><br>METHODS: In this qualitative study, we interviewed GDT experts (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;33) from different disciplines to identify and better understand their moral views regarding these technologies. The pseudonymized transcripts were analyzed thematically.<br><br>RESULTS: The respondents' moral views were principally influenced by their attitudes towards (1) the uncertainty related to GDTs; (2) the alternatives to which they should be compared; and (3) the role humans should have in nature. Respondents agreed there is epistemic uncertainty related to GDTs, identified similar knowledge gaps, and stressed the importance of realistic expectations in discussions on GDTs. They disagreed about whether uncertainty provides a rationale to refrain from field trials ('risks of intervention' stance) or to proceed with phased testing to obtain more knowledge given the harms of the status quo ('risks of non-intervention' stance). With regards to alternatives to tackle vector-borne diseases, invasive species and agricultural pests, respondents disagreed about which alternatives should be considered (un)feasible and (in)sufficiently explored: conventional strategies ('downstream solutions' stance) or systematic changes to health care, political and agricultural systems ('upstream solutions' stance). Finally, respondents held different views on nature and whether the use of GDTs is compatible with humans' role in nature ('interference' stance) or not ('non-interference stance').<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This interview study helps to disentangle the debate on GDTs by providing a better understanding of the moral views of GDT experts. The obtained insights provide valuable stepping-stones for a constructive debate about underlying value conflicts and call attention to topics that deserve further (normative) reflection. Further evaluation of these issues can facilitate the debate on and responsible development of GDTs.}, }
@article {pmid33684753, year = {2021}, author = {Guerra-Coss, FA and Badano, EI and Cedillo-Rodríguez, IE and Ramírez-Albores, JE and Flores, J and Barragán-Torres, F and Flores-Cano, JA}, title = {Modelling and validation of the spatial distribution of suitable habitats for the recruitment of invasive plants on climate change scenarios: An approach from the regeneration niche.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {777}, number = {}, pages = {146007}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146007}, pmid = {33684753}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Entropy ; Introduced Species ; Mexico ; }, abstract = {The regeneration niche concept states that plant species only occur in habitats where the environmental conditions allow their recruitment. This study focuses on this concept and proposes a novel approach for modelling and experimentally validating the distribution of suitable habitats for the recruitment of invasive plants under the current and future climate. The biological invasion of the Peruvian peppertree (Schinus molle) in Mexico is used as practical example. The values of eight bioclimatic variables associated to sites in which young, naturally established seedlings and saplings were detected were used to model the current distribution of recruitment habitats. A machine-learning algorithm of maximum entropy (MaxEnt) was used to calibrate the model and its output indicated the distribution of occurrence probabilities of young peppertrees in Mexico under the current climate. This model was projected on climate change scenarios predicted for the middle of this century, which indicated that the cover of suitable recruitment habitats for this invasive species will shrink. To validate these predictions, field experiments were performed at three sites where the model predicted reduced occurrence probabilities of young peppertrees. In these experiments, emergence and survival rates of peppertree seedlings were assessed under the current climate and under simulated climate change conditions. As seedling emergence and survival rates were lower under simulated climate change conditions, the experiments validated the model predictions. These results supported our proposal, which combines modelling and experimental approaches to make accurate and valid predictions about the distribution of suitable recruitment habitats for invasive plants in a warmer and drier world.}, }
@article {pmid33683829, year = {2022}, author = {Pacioni, C and Vaughan, TG and Strive, T and Campbell, S and Ramsey, DSL}, title = {Field validation of phylodynamic analytical methods for inference on epidemiological processes in wildlife.}, journal = {Transboundary and emerging diseases}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, pages = {1020-1029}, doi = {10.1111/tbed.14058}, pmid = {33683829}, issn = {1865-1682}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Australia/epidemiology ; *Caliciviridae Infections/veterinary ; *Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/genetics ; Population Density ; Rabbits ; }, abstract = {Amongst newly developed approaches to analyse molecular data, phylodynamic models are receiving much attention because of their potential to reveal changes to viral populations over short periods. This knowledge can be very important for understanding disease impacts. However, their accuracy needs to be fully understood, especially in relation to wildlife disease epidemiology, where sampling and prior knowledge may be limited. The release of the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) as biological control in naïve rabbit populations in Australia in 1996 provides a unique data set with which to validate phylodynamic models. By comparing results obtained from RHDV sequence data with our current understanding of RHDV epidemiology in Australia, we evaluated the performances of these recently developed models. In line with our expectations, coalescent analyses detected a sharp increase in the virus population size in the first few months after release, followed by a more gradual increase. Phylodynamic analyses using a birth-death model generated effective reproductive number estimates (the average number of secondary infections per each infectious case, Re) larger than one for most of the epochs considered. However, the possible range of the initial Re included estimates lower than one despite the known rapid spread of RHDV in Australia. Furthermore, the analyses that accounted for geographical structuring failed to converge. We argue that the difficulties that we encountered most likely stem from the fact that the samples available from 1996 to 2014 were too sparse with respect to both geographic and within outbreak coverage to adequately infer some of the model parameters. In general, while these phylodynamic analyses proved to be greatly informative in some regards, we caution that their interpretation may not be straightforward. We recommend further research to evaluate the robustness of these models to assumption violations and sensitivity to sampling regimes.}, }
@article {pmid33681491, year = {2021}, author = {Simakova, AV and Chitnis, N and Babkina, IB and Fedorova, OS and Fedotova, MM and Babkin, AM and Khodkevich, NE}, title = {Abundance of Opisthorchis felineus Metacercariae in cyprinid fish in the middle Ob River basin (Tomsk region, Russia).}, journal = {Food and waterborne parasitology}, volume = {22}, number = {}, pages = {e00113}, pmid = {33681491}, issn = {2405-6766}, abstract = {Infection with the liver fluke, Opisthorchis felineus, caused by the consumption of infected raw or undercooked cyprinid fish is common in humans and carnivores in the middle Ob River basin (Tomsk region, Russia) and can lead to diseases in humans. The goal of this study was the status of fish infection with O. felineus metacercariae in order to assess the role of fish in the infection of the human population in the middle Ob River basin. Of the 14 Cyprinidae species recorded in the middle Ob River basin, we examined 6 cyprinid species for prevalence and intensity of infection with O. felineus metacercariae. Five of these species (Leuciscus idus, Leuciscus leuciscus, Rutilus rutilus, Abramis brama, and Carassius gibelio) are of commercial value, while the common bleak is an object of amateur fishing. In addition, we conducted a survey of the fish consumption habits as part of a community-based cross-sectional study in the rural Shegarsky district, Tomsk region, Russian Federation. O. felineus metacercariae were observed in muscles of all examined species except for the Prussian carp. The ide is the main infection source in the Ob River (prevalence of infection, 100%, and intensity, 50.5 metacercariae per fish) and the common dace in the Tom River (91.1% and 12.7 metacercariae). Although the two alien species (bream and common bleak) are susceptible to infection with O. felineus metacercariae, the prevalence of infection in these fish and in the roach did not exceed 3%. The prevalence and intensity of infection in fish increased with age and size. The infection characteristics of fish in different water flows were different. The cyprinid species account on average for 69.8% of the commercial fish harvested in the Tomsk region. According to epidemiological survey, among 600 participants, 87.5% (n = 525) of respondents consumed river fish, with the most popular fish being cyprinids including Prussian carp, dace, ide and bream, followed by pike and perch. Thus, the epizootological state of the water flows in the middle Ob River basin is adverse with respect to opisthorchiasis, as indicated by high infection rates of liver fluke metacercariae in ide and common dace, which are abundant species of high commercial value. An extremely high prevalence of infection suggests a strong transmission cycle with a high rate of infection from infected humans and/or animal reservoir hosts to snails and fish. In addition to treating humans, there should be a strong focus on identifying these potential reservoir hosts to reduce subsequent infection in humans. Furthermore, since the intensity of infection in humans is determined by the presence of fish species such as ide and dace in the diet, they should be included in a dietary change campaign by eliminating the consumption of raw fish.}, }
@article {pmid33679211, year = {2021}, author = {Bello, C and Cintra, ALP and Barreto, E and Vancine, MH and Sobral-Souza, T and Graham, CH and Galetti, M}, title = {Environmental niche and functional role similarity between invasive and native palms in the Atlantic Forest.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {741-754}, pmid = {33679211}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {Invasive species can significantly affect native species when their niches are similar. Ecological and morphological similarities between the invasive Australian palm, Archontophoenix cunninghamiana, and the native palm from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, Euterpe edulis, suggest that they have similar environmental requirements and functional roles (i.e., the function a species performs in an ecosystem). This similarity raises concerns about how the invasive palm could impact the native species in the present and future. We used spatial (species occurrences) and ecological information (frugivory events) to characterize the environmental niche and functional role of the two palms and assess their overlap. In addition, we predicted the potential area of occurrence of each palm within the Brazilian Atlantic Forest under current and future climate conditions.We estimated the environmental conditions used by the invasive plant based on its native distribution only, and based on all areas where the species is able to establish across the globe. We found that the environmental niches of the two palm species overlap up to 39%, which corresponds to 50% of the current geographic distribution of E. edulis in the Atlantic Forest. In the areas where the two species potentially co-occur, the impact of the invasive species on the native should be influenced by the invasive species interactions with frugivores. We found that the frugivory functional role of the two palms was similar (84% overlap) which suggest that A. cunninghamiana might disrupt the seed dispersal of the native palm. However, co-occurrence between the palms may decline with future climate change, as the potentially environmental suitable area for the invasive palm is predicted to decline by 10% to 55%. Evaluating the similarity in both the environmental niche, of the native and global extent, and the functional role of native and invasive plants provides a detailed understanding of the potential impact of invasive species on native species now and in the future.}, }
@article {pmid33678387, year = {2021}, author = {Machado, DMR and de Barros, LD and de Souza Lima Nino, B and de Souza Pollo, A and Dos Santos Silva, AC and Perles, L and André, MR and Zacarias Machado, R and Garcia, JL and Lux Hoppe, EG}, title = {Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild boars (Sus scrofa) from the State of São Paulo, Brazil: Serology, molecular characterization, and hunter's perception on toxoplasmosis.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports}, volume = {23}, number = {}, pages = {100534}, doi = {10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100534}, pmid = {33678387}, issn = {2405-9390}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Dogs ; Mice ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Sus scrofa/*parasitology ; Swine ; *Swine Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology ; *Toxoplasma/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *Toxoplasmosis, Animal/diagnosis/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {The consumption of wild boar meat, common in many countries, became popular in Brazil after the hunting of these animals was authorized in 2013. The meat of these animals is often consumed by hunters and their social groups, and their offal is occasionally used as supplemental food in the diet of hunting dogs. Given the high frequency of foodborne diseases related to wild boar meat consumption in other countries, including toxoplasmosis, knowledge on these diseases is essential for risk assessment and elaboration of education campaigns for the exposed public. Thus, this study aimed diagnosing, isolating, and genotyping Toxoplasma gondii in hunted wild boars. For that, we obtained samples of serum and tissues (brain, tongue, diaphragm, and heart) from 26 wild boar hunted in three areas in São Paulo State, Brazil, based on convenience sampling strategy. The serum samples were submitted to the indirect immunofluorescence reaction test (IFAT) test while the tissue samples (n = 22) were used to perform a bioassay in mice to isolate the parasite. The isolated samples were genetically characterized by PCR-RFLP with SAG1, 5' and 3' SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico markers. Questionnaires were also formulated and applied to wildlife hunters to assess knowledge about toxoplasmosis. The seroprevalence of T. gondii was 76.9% (20/26), with titers ranging from 16 to 1024. Viable parasites accounted for 4.5% (1/22) of the samples. The ToxoDB #6 genotype of TgJava1 alone was detected. Most interviewed hunters, 84.2% (16/19) consume game meat and a few of them (15.7%; 3/19) prefer undercooked meat. Also, 15.7% (3/19) of the hunters reported supplementing their hunting dogs' diet with wild boar meat and/or offal. As antibodies to T. gondii were detected in 76.9% (20/26) of the studied wild boars, we concluded that infection by T. gondii is frequent in wild boars used for human and animal consumption in the studied areas. Although genotype #6 is commonly found in Brazil in domestic animals, wild animals, and humans, causing everything from mild clinical symptoms to death, this study found, for the first time, the detection of this genotype in wild boars. These results also reaffirm the importance of these animals as a possible source of T. gondii infection for humans and domestic animals.}, }
@article {pmid33676665, year = {2021}, author = {Carvalho, J and Diéguez, L and Ipatov, A and Guerreiro, JR and Garrido-Maestu, A and Azinheiro, S and Prado, M}, title = {Single-use microfluidic device for purification and concentration of environmental DNA from river water.}, journal = {Talanta}, volume = {226}, number = {}, pages = {122109}, doi = {10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122109}, pmid = {33676665}, issn = {1873-3573}, mesh = {DNA/genetics ; *DNA, Environmental ; Fresh Water ; Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ; *Microfluidic Analytical Techniques ; Water ; }, abstract = {Purification and concentration of DNA is a critical step on DNA-based analysis, which should ensure efficient DNA isolation and effective removal of contaminants that may interfere with downstream DNA amplification. Complexity of samples, minute content of target analyte, or high DNA fragmentation greatly entangles the success of this step. To overcome this issue, we designed and fabricated a novel miniaturized disposable device for a highly efficient DNA purification. The microfluidic device showed binding efficiency and elution yield of 90.1% and 86.7%, respectively. Moreover, the effect of DNA fragmentation, a parameter that has not been previously addressed, showed a great impact in the recovery step. The microfluidic system integrated micropillars with chitosan being used as the solid-phase for a pH-dependent DNA capture and release. We have showed the potential of the device in the successful purification of environmental DNA (eDNA) from river water samples contaminated with Dreissena polymorpha, an invasive alien species responsible for unquestionable economic and environmental consequences in river water basins. Additionally, the device was also able to concentrate the DNA extract from highly diluted samples, showing promising results for the early detection of such invasive species, which may allow prompt measures for a more efficient control in affected areas. Suitability for integration with downstream DNA analysis was also demonstrated through qPCR analysis of the samples purified with the microfluidic device, allowing detection of the target species even if highly diluted.}, }
@article {pmid33676206, year = {2021}, author = {Haubrock, PJ and Balzani, P and Matsuzaki, SS and Tarkan, AS and Kourantidou, M and Haase, P}, title = {Spatio-temporal niche plasticity of a freshwater invader as a harbinger of impact variability.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {777}, number = {}, pages = {145947}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145947}, pmid = {33676206}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; Food Chain ; Japan ; Lakes ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien fishes have detrimental ecological effects on aquatic ecosystems and the services they provide. Impacts from an invasion in a single ecosystem may differ across space and time due to variability in prey availability and environmental conditions. We hypothesize that such variability can be profound, even within a single ecosystem. Stable isotopes analysis (SIA) is commonly used to quantitatively describe the trophic niche of a species. However, spatial and temporal variability in occupied niches are often not incorporated into management strategies and policy options. Here, we used long-term monitoring data to investigate the invasion stage as well as SIA to analyse the trophic niche of the invasive channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in Lake Kasumigaura (Japan), a long-term ecological research site (LTER), across distant sampling sites and years. We found a significant spatio-temporal variability in relative growth and isotopic niche occupation. Moreover, we defined a new index, the Isotopic Plasticity Index (IPI), which is the ratio between core and total home range of an occupied isotopic niche, to be used as a proxy for the trophic niche stretch or density. We found that this IPI varied considerably, confirming the spatio-temporal variability in trophic niches, suggesting the IPI to be an adequate new isotopic metric. Our results further provide evidence for the existence of variation across invaded landscapes, implying heterogeneous impacts on recipient native communities. Therefore, our work emphasizes the importance of exploring trophic plasticity in feeding ecology and growth as such information enables a better understanding of impacts and can inform the design and implementation of effective management responses.}, }
@article {pmid33674925, year = {2021}, author = {Jousseaume, T and Roussel, JM and Beaulaton, L and Bardonnet, A and Faliex, E and Amilhat, E and Acou, A and Feunteun, E and Launey, S}, title = {Molecular detection of the swim bladder parasite Anguillicola crassus (Nematoda) in fecal samples of the endangered European eel Anguilla anguilla.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {120}, number = {5}, pages = {1897-1902}, pmid = {33674925}, issn = {1432-1955}, support = {AFB-INRA_2017_035_01//Agence Fran&#xe7;aise de la Biodiversit&#xe9;/ ; }, mesh = {Air Sacs/*parasitology ; Anguilla/*parasitology ; Animals ; Dracunculoidea/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Feces/parasitology ; Female ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; Male ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {The European eel Anguilla anguilla is listed as critically endangered by the IUCN. Among many threats, the introduced parasitic nematode Anguillicola crassus is suspected to alter the eels' swim bladder and jeopardize their reproductive oceanic migration. To date, gaining knowledge about the distribution and prevalence of A. crassus requires individual sacrifice (over 50,000 eels were sacrificed for epidemiology studies since 2010). This paper describes a non-lethal molecular protocol for identifying prevalence of A. crassus in A. anguilla, based on searching for A. crassus DNA in the feces of eels. Tests using three DNA microsatellite markers specific to the nematode showed that molecular detection provided similar results to visual examination of the swim bladder in up to 80% of the cases, and allowed for comparison of prevalence among sites. Easy to implement, this non-lethal protocol for detecting A. crassus could be valuable for management plans of this endangered species.}, }
@article {pmid33673608, year = {2021}, author = {Golnar, AJ and Medeiros, MCI and Rosenbaum, K and Bejcek, J and Hamer, SA and Hamer, GL}, title = {Vector-Borne Blood Parasites of the Great-Tailed Grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus) in East-Central Texas, USA.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {33673608}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Great-tailed grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus) have dramatically expanded into North America over the past century. However, little is known about the blood that parasites they support. Here, for the first time, we document an assemblage of trypanosome, haemosporida, and filarial nematodes co-circulating in invasive great-tailed grackles. Between February and July, 2015, 61 individuals were captured in an urban environment of College Station, Texas. Field microscopy and molecular diagnostics indicate that 52% (24/46) were visually infected with filarioid nematodes, 24% (11/46) with avian trypanosomes, and 73% (n = 44/60) with haemosporida parasites, such as Haemoproteus (Parahaemoproteus) and Plasmodium cathemerium. Overall, 87% of great-tailed grackles were infected with blood parasites. Although 50% of individuals hosted parasites from multiple phylum, no patterns of parasite assembly were observed. Results indicate that great-tailed grackles can support a relatively high level of blood parasitism. However, the consequences for avian health remain to be determined.}, }
@article {pmid33671950, year = {2021}, author = {Liu, Y and Cui, Z and Shi, M and Kenis, M and Dong, W and Zhang, F and Zhang, J and Xiao, C and Chen, L}, title = {Antennal and Behavioral Responses of Drosophila suzukii to Volatiles from a Non-Crop Host, Osyris wightiana.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {33671950}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {613678//European Union's Seventh Framework program/ ; QCYL-2018-05//the Innovation Pilot Project of the Whole Industry Chain, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry/ ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) infests a variety of commercial fruits, including cherries and other soft-skinned fruits. After the cropping season of most cultivated crop hosts, it heavily infests the fruit of a wild host-plant, Osyris wightiana in southwest China. Here, we employ gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) together with behavioral bioassays and a trapping experiment to identify volatile semiochemicals emitted by O. wightiana that are involved in D. suzukii attraction. GC-EAD recordings of D. suzukii antenna showed responses to 13 compounds, including α-pinene, 3-methylbutyl acetate, 2-hexanol, E-β-ocimene, Z-3-hexenol, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and six unidentified compounds. The flies were attracted by seven individual EAD-active compounds at low doses (0.01 and 0.1 μg), but were repelled at high doses (10 and 100 μg). In a similar manner, a blend of seven EAD-active compounds at low doses (0.1 and 1 μg) was attractive to female flies, but became repulsive at high doses (10 μg). The low dose of the blend was as attractive as the fruit volatiles, although both were less attractive than the fruits. The blend attracted both female and male D. suzukii and other Drosophila flies. The percentage of D. suzukii out of all flies captured by the blend was significantly greater than that captured by the control. These results indicate that the EAD-active volatile compounds emitted by fruits of O. wightiana play an important role in D. suzukii attraction, and have the potential to be used for management of D. suzukii.}, }
@article {pmid33670459, year = {2021}, author = {Bernete Perdomo, E and Araña Padilla, JE and Dewitte, S}, title = {Amelioration of Pet Overpopulation and Abandonment Using Control of Breeding and Sale, and Compulsory Owner Liability Insurance.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {33670459}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Overpopulation and abandonment of pets are long-standing and burgeoning concerns that involve uncontrolled breeding and selling, illegal trafficking, overpopulation, and pet safety and well-being issues. Abandonment of pets creates numerous negative externalities and multimillion-dollar costs, in addition to severe consequences and problems concerning animal welfare (e.g., starvation, untreated disease, climatic extremes, uncertainty of rescue and adoption), ecological (e.g., invasive species and introduction of novel pathogens), public health and safety (e.g., risks to people from bites, zoonoses, or road hazards), and economic (e.g., financial burdens for governmental and nongovernmental organizations). These interwoven problems persist for several reasons, including the following: (1) lack of an efficient system for the prevention of abandonment and overpopulation, (2) lack of regulatory liability for pet owners, (3) lack of legal alternative to abandonment. This article proposes a novel comprehensive management system for amelioration of overpopulation and abandonment of pets aimed to tackle the current supply and demand dysfunction of the pet market and provide a legal alternative to abandonment.}, }
@article {pmid33668312, year = {2021}, author = {Becker, AAMJ and Hill, KC and Butaye, P}, title = {Unraveling the Gut Microbiome of the Invasive Small Indian Mongoose (Urva auropunctata) in the Caribbean.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {33668312}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {41001-2016//One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine/ ; }, abstract = {Small Indian mongooses (Urva auropunctata) are among the most pervasive predators to disrupt the native ecology on Caribbean islands and are strongly entrenched in their areas of introduction. Few studies, however, have considered the microbial ecology of such biological invasions. In this study, we investigated the gut microbiota of invasive small Indian mongooses in terms of taxonomic diversity and functional potential. To this end, we collected fecal samples from 60 free-roaming mongooses trapped in different vegetation zones on the island Saint Kitts. The core gut microbiome, assessed by 16S rRNA amplicon gene sequencing on the Ion S5[TM] XL platform, reflects a carnivore-like signature with a dominant abundance of Firmicutes (54.96%), followed by Proteobacteria (13.98%) and Fusobacteria (12.39%), and a relatively minor contribution of Actinobacteria (10.4%) and Bacteroidetes (6.40%). Mongooses trapped at coastal sites exhibited a higher relative abundance of Fusobacterium spp. whereas those trapped in scrubland areas were enriched in Bacteroidetes, but there was no site-specific difference in predicted metabolic properties. Between males and females, beta-diversity was not significantly different and no sex-specific strategies for energy production were observed. However, the relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria, and more specifically, Enterobacteriaceae, was significantly higher in males. This first description of the microbial profile of small Indian mongooses provides new insights into their bioecology and can serve as a springboard to further elucidating this invasive predator's impact throughout the Caribbean.}, }
@article {pmid33667693, year = {2021}, author = {Wilson Rankin, EE}, title = {Emerging patterns in social wasp invasions.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {46}, number = {}, pages = {72-77}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2021.02.014}, pmid = {33667693}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a main driver of biodiversity loss and ecological change globally. Consequently, there is a need to understand how invaders damage ecosystems and to develop effective management strategies. Social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) include some of the world's most ecologically damaging invasive insects. In recent decades, the invasive social wasp literature has grown rapidly. This may be due in part to increased rate of introduction as well as greater public awareness of invasive wasps and their potential negative impacts on bees. Here, we investigate trends in invasive social wasp research, identifying the emergence of Vespa invasions, the mechanism-based inquiry into Vespula invasions, and the increased application of molecular methods to track invasive species through the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid33667239, year = {2021}, author = {Blouquy, L and Mottet, C and Olivares, J and Plantamp, C and Siegwart, M and Barrès, B}, title = {How varying parameters impact insecticide resistance bioassay: An example on the worldwide invasive pest Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {e0247756}, pmid = {33667239}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Assay ; Drosophila/*drug effects/*genetics ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Insect Control ; Insecticide Resistance/*genetics ; Insecticides/*toxicity ; *Introduced Species ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Male ; Nitriles/toxicity ; Phosmet/toxicity ; Pyrethrins/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Monitoring pesticide resistance is essential for effective and sustainable agricultural practices. Bioassays are the basis for pesticide-resistance testing, but devising a reliable and reproducible method can be challenging because these tests are carried out on living organisms. Here, we investigated five critical parameters and how they affected the evaluation of resistance to the organophosphate phosmet or the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin using a tarsal-contact protocol on Drosophila suzukii, a worldwide invasive pest. Three of the parameters were related to insect biology: (i) sex, (ii) age of the imago (adult stage) and (iii) genetic diversity of the tested population. The two remaining parameters were linked to the experimental setup: (iv) the number of individuals tested per dose and (v) the duration of exposure to the active ingredient. Results showed that response to insecticide differed depending on sex, males being twice as susceptible to phosmet as females. Age principally affected young females' susceptibility to phosmet, because 0-24 hour-old flies were twice as susceptible as 24-48 hour-old and 72-96 hour-old females. Genetic diversity had no observable effect on resistance levels. The precision and accuracy of the median lethal dose (LD50) were greatly affected by the number of individuals tested per dose with a threshold effect. Finally, optimal duration of exposure to the active ingredient was 24 h, as we found an underestimation of mortality when assessed between 1 and 5 h after exposure to lambda-cyhalothrin. None of the main known point mutations on the para sodium channel gene associated with a knockdown effect were observed. Our study demonstrates the importance of calibrating the various parameters of a bioassay to develop a reliable method. It also provides a valuable and transferable protocol for monitoring D. suzukii resistance worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid33667226, year = {2021}, author = {Werner, SJ and DeLiberto, ST and McLean, HE and Horak, KE and VerCauteren, KC}, title = {Toxicity of sodium nitrite-based vertebrate pesticides for European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {e0246277}, pmid = {33667226}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Pesticides/*toxicity ; Sodium Nitrite/*toxicity ; *Starlings ; Toxicity Tests ; }, abstract = {In the 21st century, invasive animals rank second only to habitat destruction as the greatest threat to global biodiversity. Socially-acceptable and cost-effective strategies are needed to reduce the negative economic and environmental impacts of invasive animals. We investigated the potential for sodium nitrite (SN; CAS 7632-00-0) to serve as an avian toxicant for European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris L.). We also assessed the non-target hazard of an experimental formulation of SN that is being developed as a toxicant for invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa L.). In gavage experiments with European starlings, we identified a lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for mortality of 2.40% technical SN (w/v; 120 mg SN/kg body mass) and a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for mortality of 1.30% technical SN (65 mg/kg). The exposure of ten starlings to the experimental formulation of SN (10% SN pig toxicant) resulted in one starling mortality during four days of exposure to the toxic bait. Sodium nitrite toxicity presented a moderate hazard to European starlings; thus, the future development of SN as an avian toxicant is dependent upon its cost-effectiveness. We discuss the management of toxic effects and non-target hazards of SN for wild birds, including best practices for toxic baiting of vertebrate pests and management of invasive wild pigs.}, }
@article {pmid33666863, year = {2021}, author = {Michereff-Filho, M and Fonseca, MEN and Boiteux, LS and Torres, JB and Silva, KFAS and Specht, A}, title = {Helicoverpa armigera Harm 1 Haplotype Predominates in the Heliothinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Complex Infesting Tomato Crops in Brazil.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, pages = {258-268}, pmid = {33666863}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {02.13.14.006.00.00//Embrapa/ ; Finance Code 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Haplotypes ; Larva ; *Solanum lycopersicum ; *Moths/genetics ; }, abstract = {Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a natural host for the Helicoverpa-Chloridea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae) pest complex. The species Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) was responsible for significant yield losses in several crops after its detection in Brazil. The morphology of its larval stage resembles common Heliothinae species, making pest control decisions difficult. The overall lack of studies on the Heliothinae associated with tomatoes in Brazil and the establishment of H. armigera in the country plus their recent outbreaks supported our investigation about the relative importance of the insects from the Helicoverpa-Chloridea complex in this vegetable crop. A nationwide survey was carried out across fresh-market and processing tomato fields. Molecular analyses targeting a segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene and their sequence analyses indicated the presence of a pest complex, comprising the introduced species H. armigera and the indigenous species, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and Chloridea virescens (Fabricius). The Harm 1 haplotype of H. armigera was identified as the predominant Heliothinae pest infesting fresh-market tomatoes. The New World species Chloridea subflexa (Guenée) as well as the exotic Solanaceae-specific species Helicoverpa assulta (Guenée) were not found in our survey. Additional larvae surveys in processing tomato fields during 2013/2014 in Central Brazil also indicated H. armigera as the most abundant Heliothinae species (95%) together with H. zea (4.75%) and C. virescens (0.25%). The occurrence of distinct Helicoverpa species (which are potentially capable of interbreeding) indicates that novel crop management strategies will be necessary in order to minimize damages caused by this pest complex in tomatoes.}, }
@article {pmid33666552, year = {2021}, author = {Stauber, L and Badet, T and Feurtey, A and Prospero, S and Croll, D}, title = {Emergence and diversification of a highly invasive chestnut pathogen lineage across southeastern Europe.}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33666552}, issn = {2050-084X}, mesh = {Ascomycota/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Europe ; Fagaceae/*microbiology ; Genes, Mating Type, Fungal ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Fungal ; Introduced Species ; *Plant Diseases/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive microbial species constitute a major threat to biodiversity, agricultural production and human health. Invasions are often dominated by one or a small number of genotypes, yet the underlying factors driving invasions are poorly understood. The chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica first decimated the North American chestnut, and a more recent outbreak threatens European chestnut stands. To unravel the chestnut blight invasion of southeastern Europe, we sequenced 230 genomes of predominantly European strains. Genotypes outside of the invasion zone showed high levels of diversity with evidence for frequent and ongoing recombination. The invasive lineage emerged from the highly diverse European genotype pool rather than a secondary introduction from Asia or North America. The expansion across southeastern Europe was mostly clonal and is dominated by a single mating type, suggesting a fitness advantage of asexual reproduction. Our findings show how an intermediary, highly diverse bridgehead population gave rise to an invasive, largely clonally expanding pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid33665918, year = {2021}, author = {Welsh, MJ and Turner, JA and Epanchin-Niell, RS and Monge, JJ and Soliman, T and Robinson, AP and Kean, JM and Phillips, C and Stringer, LD and Vereijssen, J and Liebhold, AM and Kompas, T and Ormsby, M and Brockerhoff, EG}, title = {Approaches for estimating benefits and costs of interventions in plant biosecurity across invasion phases.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, pages = {e02319}, pmid = {33665918}, issn = {1939-5582}, mesh = {Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Economic ; Probability ; Risk Management ; }, abstract = {Nonnative plant pests cause billions of dollars in damages. It is critical to prevent or reduce these losses by intervening at various stages of the invasion process, including pathway risk management (to prevent pest arrival), surveillance and eradication (to counter establishment), and management of established pests (to limit damages). Quantifying benefits and costs of these interventions is important to justify and prioritize investments and to inform biosecurity policy. However, approaches for these estimations differ in (1) the assumed relationship between supply, demand, and prices, and (2) the ability to assess different types of direct and indirect costs at invasion stages, for a given arrival or establishment probability. Here we review economic approaches available to estimate benefits and costs of biosecurity interventions to inform the appropriate selection of approaches. In doing so, we complement previous studies and reviews on estimates of damages from invasive species by considering the influence of economic and methodological assumptions. Cost accounting is suitable for rapid decisions, specific impacts, and simple methodological assumptions but fails to account for feedbacks, such as market adjustments, and may overestimate long-term economic impacts. Partial equilibrium models consider changes in consumer and producer surplus due to pest impacts or interventions and can account for feedbacks in affected sectors but require specialized economic models, comprehensive data sets, and estimates of commodity supply and demand curves. More intensive computable general equilibrium models can account for feedbacks across entire economies, including capital and labor, and linkages among these. The two major considerations in choosing an approach are (1) the goals of the analysis (e.g., consideration of a single pest or intervention with a limited range of impacts vs. multiple interventions, pests or sectors), and (2) the resources available for analysis such as knowledge, budget and time.}, }
@article {pmid33664794, year = {2021}, author = {Yang, F and Liu, N and Crossley, MS and Wang, P and Ma, Z and Guo, J and Zhang, R}, title = {Cropland connectivity affects genetic divergence of Colorado potato beetle along an invasion front.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {553-565}, pmid = {33664794}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The population genetic structure of invasive species can be strongly affected by environmental and landscape barriers to dispersal. Disentangling the relative contributions of these factors to genetic divergence among invading populations is a fundamental goal of landscape genetics with important implications for invasion management. Here, we relate patterns of genetic divergence in a global invasive agricultural pest, Colorado potato beetle (CPB; Leptinotarsa decemlineata), to environmental and landscape factors along an invasion front in Northwestern China. We first used microsatellite markers and spatial-temporal samples to assess broad patterns of genetic diversity as well as fine-scale changes in patterns of genetic divergence. We then distinguished the relative contributions of five factors to genetic divergence among front populations: geographic distance (isolation by distance), climate dissimilarity (isolation by environment), and least-cost distances (isolation by resistance) modeled with three factors: climate suitability, cropland cover, and road networks. Genetic diversity broadly decreased from West to East, with the exception being Eastern China. Low levels of genetic diversity and varying degrees of divergence were observed in Northwestern China, reflecting the potential effect of landscape heterogeneity. Least-cost distance across cropland cover was most positively correlated with genetic divergence, suggesting a role of croplands in facilitating gene flow. The contribution of climate to genetic divergence was secondary, whether modeled in terms of local adaptability or connectivity of the climatic landscape, suggesting that constraints to CPB gene flow imposed by a harsh climate may be ameliorated in agricultural landscapes. No evidence was found for an obvious effect of road networks on genetic divergence and population structuring. Our study provides an example of how agricultural landscape connectivity can facilitate the spread of invasive pests, even across a broad climatic gradient. More broadly, our findings can guide decisions about future land management for mitigating further spread.}, }
@article {pmid33664305, year = {2021}, author = {Faber, NR and McFarlane, GR and Gaynor, RC and Pocrnic, I and Whitelaw, CBA and Gorjanc, G}, title = {Novel combination of CRISPR-based gene drives eliminates resistance and localises spread.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {3719}, pmid = {33664305}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {BB/P013732/1//RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)/ ; BB/P013759/1//RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)/ ; BBS/E/D/30002275//RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)/ ; }, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; CRISPR-Cas Systems/*genetics ; Gene Drive Technology/methods ; Genes, Essential/genetics ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Pest Control/*methods ; *Pest Control, Biological ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are among the major driving forces behind biodiversity loss. Gene drive technology may offer a humane, efficient and cost-effective method of control. For safe and effective deployment it is vital that a gene drive is both self-limiting and can overcome evolutionary resistance. We present HD-ClvR in this modelling study, a novel combination of CRISPR-based gene drives that eliminates resistance and localises spread. As a case study, we model HD-ClvR in the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), which is an invasive pest in the UK and responsible for both biodiversity and economic losses. HD-ClvR combats resistance allele formation by combining a homing gene drive with a cleave-and-rescue gene drive. The inclusion of a self-limiting daisyfield gene drive allows for controllable localisation based on animal supplementation. We use both randomly mating and spatial models to simulate this strategy. Our findings show that HD-ClvR could effectively control a targeted grey squirrel population, with little risk to other populations. HD-ClvR offers an efficient, self-limiting and controllable gene drive for managing invasive pests.}, }
@article {pmid33662701, year = {2021}, author = {Póvoa, AA and Skinner, LF and de Araújo, FV}, title = {Fouling organisms in marine litter (rafting on abiogenic substrates): A global review of literature.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {166}, number = {}, pages = {112189}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112189}, pmid = {33662701}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; *Bryozoa ; Ships ; *Thoracica ; }, abstract = {One of the underestimated consequences of marine litter presence on marine environment is the transportation of fouling species on detritus - a process known as rafting. We undertook a review of articles concerning rafting published between 1970 and 2020 to identify patterns and potential areas of study that could contribute to directing future research. We observed in 53 publications an increase in rafting studies from the 1990s but fewer studies have been undertaken in the Southern Atlantic. The main fouling organisms were algae, barnacles, bryozoans, mollusks and polychaetes. The transport of those organisms over time and distances, and the volumes of material transported, have been very irregular, reflecting oceanic movements and detritus generating events acting at local, regional, or trans-oceanic scales. No standardized methodologies for collecting marine litter and identifying and quantifying their fouling were observed, but are suggested in this review, to allow more accurate future comparisons among different studies.}, }
@article {pmid33662404, year = {2021}, author = {Gilioli, G and Colli, P and Colturato, M and Gervasio, P and Sperandio, G}, title = {A nonlinear model for stage-structured population dynamics with nonlocal density-dependent regulation: An application to the fall armyworm moth.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences}, volume = {335}, number = {}, pages = {108573}, doi = {10.1016/j.mbs.2021.108573}, pmid = {33662404}, issn = {1879-3134}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; *Models, Biological ; *Moths ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The assessment and the management of the risks linked to insect pests can be supported by the use of physiologically-based demographic models. These models are useful in population ecology to simulate the dynamics of stage-structured populations, by means of functions (e.g., development, mortality and fecundity rate functions) realistically representing the nonlinear individuals physiological responses to environmental forcing variables. Since density-dependent responses are important regulating factors in population dynamics, we propose a nonlinear physiologically-based Kolmogorov model describing the dynamics of a stage-structured population in which a time-dependent mortality rate is coupled with a nonlocal density-dependent term. We prove existence and uniqueness of the solution for this resulting highly nonlinear partial differential equation. Then, the equation is discretized by finite volumes in space and semi-implicit backward Euler scheme in time. The model is applied for simulating the population dynamics of the fall armyworm moth (Spodoptera frugiperda), a highly invasive pest threatening agriculture worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid33659841, year = {2020}, author = {Porotnikov, IV and Antonova, OY and Mitrofanova, OP}, title = {[Molecular markers in the genetic analysis of crossability of bread wheat with rye].}, journal = {Vavilovskii zhurnal genetiki i selektsii}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, pages = {557-567}, doi = {10.18699/VJ20.649}, pmid = {33659841}, issn = {2500-0462}, abstract = {Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the varieties of which are widely used for the grain production, is difficultly crossable with related species of Triticeae Dum. This factor limits the chance of introduction of alien genetic material into the wheat gene pool and the possibility of new varieties breeding with good adaptation to adverse environmental factors. The crossability between wheat and related species is controlled by Kr1-Kr4 genes (Crossability with Rye, Hordeum and Aegilops spp.) and the SKr gene (Suppressor of crossability). SKr and Kr1 have the largest influence on the trait. In the case of the recessive alleles, these genes do not function and the quantity of hybrid seeds after pollination with alien species can achieve more than 50 %. SKr is located on 5BS between the GBR0233 and Xgwm234 markers, closely linked with the markers Xcfb341, TGlc2 and gene12. Kr1 was mapped on 5BL, proximally to the Ph1 gene, between the EST-SSR markers Xw5145 and Xw9340. The markers of SKr were used to control the transfer of its recessive allele into other wheat genotypes, which made it possible to obtain highly crossable forms. However, the advantages of using the SKr and Kr1 markers in marker-assisted selection and in the screening of ex situ collections are not sufficiently studied. The published Kr1 sequence for varieties with different crossability offers great prospects, because it will be possible to create allele-specific markers. In this review, the following issues are considered: genetic resources created by wheat and rye hybridization, the geographical distribution of easy-to-cross forms of wheat, genetic control of the wheat and rye compatibility, advances of the use of molecular markers in the mapping of Kr-genes and their transmission control.}, }
@article {pmid33653717, year = {2021}, author = {Wagener, C and Kruger, N and Measey, J}, title = {Progeny of Xenopus laevis from altitudinal extremes display adaptive physiological performance.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {224}, number = {7}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.233031}, pmid = {33653717}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {*Altitude ; Animals ; Larva ; *Swimming ; Temperature ; Xenopus laevis/genetics ; }, abstract = {Environmental temperature variation generates adaptive phenotypic differentiation in widespread populations. We used a common garden experiment to determine whether offspring with varying parental origins display adaptive phenotypic variation related to different thermal conditions experienced in parental environments. We compared burst swimming performance and critical thermal limits of African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) tadpoles bred from adults captured at high (∼2000 m above sea level) and low (∼ 5 m above sea level) altitudes. Maternal origin significantly affected swimming performance. Optimal swimming performance temperature (Topt) had a >9°C difference between tadpoles with low altitude maternal origins (pure- and cross-bred, 35.0°C) and high-altitude maternal origins (pure-bred, 25.5°C; cross-bred, 25.9°C). Parental origin significantly affected critical thermal (CT) limits. Pure-bred tadpoles with low-altitude parental origins had higher CTmax (37.8±0.8°C) than pure-bred tadpoles with high-altitude parental origins and all cross-bred tadpoles (37.0±0.8 and 37.1±0.8°C). Pure-bred tadpoles with low-altitude parental origins and all cross-bred tadpoles had higher CTmin (4.2±0.7 and 4.2±0.7°C) than pure-bred tadpoles with high-altitude parental origins (2.5±0.6°C). Our study shows that the varying thermal physiological traits of Xenopus laevis tadpoles are the result of adaptive responses to their parental thermal environments. This study is one of few demonstrating potential intraspecific evolution of critical thermal limits in a vertebrate species. Multi-generation common garden experiments and genetic analyses would be required to further tease apart the relative contribution of plastic and genetic effects to the adaptive phenotypic variation observed in these tadpoles.}, }
@article {pmid33647128, year = {2020}, author = {Ibáñez-Justicia, A and Koenraadt, CJM and Stroo, A and van Lammeren, R and Takken, W}, title = {Risk-Based and Adaptive Invasive Mosquito Surveillance at Lucky Bamboo and Used Tire Importers in the Netherlands.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {89-98}, doi = {10.2987/20-6914.1}, pmid = {33647128}, issn = {1943-6270}, mesh = {Animals ; *Culicidae ; Dracaena ; Female ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mosquito Control ; Netherlands ; }, abstract = {The detection of Aedes albopictus in Lucky bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana) greenhouses and Ae. atropalpus at used tire importers illustrates that the Netherlands is exposed to the risk of introductions of invasive mosquito species (IMS). In this study we implemented a risk-based and adaptive surveillance (2010-16) in order to detect introductions and prevent potential proliferation of IMS at these locations. Results at Lucky bamboo greenhouses show that interceptions of Ae. albopictus occurred every year, with 2010 and 2012 being the years with most locations found positive for this species (n = 6), and 2015 the year with the highest percentage of positive samples (4.1%). Furthermore, our results demonstrate that Ae. japonicus can also be associated with the import of Lucky bamboo. At used tire companies, IMS were found at 12 locations. Invasive mosquito species identified were Ae. albopictus, Ae. atropalpus, Ae. aegypti, and Ae. japonicus, of which Ae. albopictus has been found every year since 2010. The proportion of samples containing IMS was significantly higher before application of a covenant between the used tire importers and the Dutch government in 2013 (12.96%) than in the successive 3 years (2014 [6.93%], 2015 [4.24%], 2016 [5.09%], 1-sided binomial test, P < 0.01). It is concluded that risk-based and adaptive surveillance is an effective methodology for detection of IMS, and that application of governmental management measures in combination with mosquito control has stabilized the situation.}, }
@article {pmid33647127, year = {2020}, author = {Oliveira, AA and Gil-Santana, HR and Alves, RJV and Alencar, J}, title = {Aedes aegypti Invades Trindade Island, 1,140 km from the Brazilian Coast, in the South Atlantic.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {112-114}, doi = {10.2987/19-6911.1}, pmid = {33647127}, issn = {1943-6270}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Atlantic Islands ; Brazil ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Herein we report the first recorded arrival of Aedes aegypti on Trindade Island, approximately 1,140 km from the Brazilian coast, posing potential health risks to the human inhabitants thereof. The collection of mosquitoes was done from August to October 2019 via an active search for adults, eggs, and larvae by surveying objects with accumulated water and implantation of 23 ovitraps in different regions of the island. As a result, we collected 33 adults of Ae. aegypti via active search inside buildings. A total of 433 eggs of Ae. aegypti were also obtained from the ovitraps, all of which subsequently reached the adult stage. No other species of Culicidae was found.}, }
@article {pmid33647118, year = {2020}, author = {Riles, MT and Day, CA and Killingsworth, D}, title = {Field Observations of Invasive Species Aedes japonicus and Larval Contemporaries in Escambia County, Florida.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, pages = {269-271}, doi = {10.2987/20-6981.1}, pmid = {33647118}, issn = {1943-6270}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Florida ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Population Density ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {The Asian bush mosquito, Aedes japonicus, is an invasive species that is well established in North America and Europe. Though it is considered a temperate species, we have observed an established population of Ae. japonicus in the subtropical climate of northwestern Florida. To evaluate the temporal patterns of Ae. japonicus abundance, mosquito larvae were collected from 15 artificial containers in Escambia County, FL, from August 2019 to July 2020, with the prediction that Ae. japonicus abundance would peak in the winter months and decline with increasing ambient temperatures. Aedes japonicus larvae were collected in low abundances during each month except for February (n = 51), with no clear temporal patterns of abundance. Larval contemporaries belonging to other species were considered in sampling of containers and were also cataloged. We demonstrate monthly observance of this temperate species at a single site in the Florida panhandle, exemplifying the persistence of Ae. japonicus through all seasons in a subtropical climate.}, }
@article {pmid33647113, year = {2020}, author = {DeCarlo, CH and Campbell, SR and Bigler, LL and Mohammed, HO}, title = {Aedes japonicus and West Nile Virus in New York.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, pages = {261-263}, doi = {10.2987/20-6958.1}, pmid = {33647113}, issn = {1943-6270}, mesh = {Aedes/*virology ; Animals ; Female ; New York ; West Nile virus/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Identifying the array of vectors that play a role in perpetuating West Nile virus (WNV) infection in endemic foci will help in controlling the disease. Aedes japonicus has the potential to be a vector in the wild of at least 3 kinds of encephalitis, including WNV. Aedes japonicus is a nonnative species in the USA that is temperature tolerant and a potential human biter. Detection of WNV in mosquito pools of this field-collected invasive species, combined with their ability to feed on humans, make this mosquito species a possible public health concern. In this study, we collected mosquito abundance data and tested them for WNV-positive mosquito samples from 3 counties in New York State. We found a significant association between the season and land demography and the likelihood of the virus in Ae. japonicus.}, }
@article {pmid33647021, year = {2021}, author = {Kendig, AE and Svahnström, VJ and Adhikari, A and Harmon, PF and Flory, SL}, title = {Emerging fungal pathogen of an invasive grass: Implications for competition with native plant species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {e0237894}, pmid = {33647021}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biomass ; Bipolaris/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Infectious diseases and invasive species can be strong drivers of biological systems that may interact to shift plant community composition. For example, disease can modify resource competition between invasive and native species. Invasive species tend to interact with a diversity of native species, and it is unclear how native species differ in response to disease-mediated competition with invasive species. Here, we quantified the biomass responses of three native North American grass species (Dichanthelium clandestinum, Elymus virginicus, and Eragrostis spectabilis) to disease-mediated competition with the non-native invasive grass Microstegium vimineum. The foliar fungal pathogen Bipolaris gigantea has recently emerged in Microstegium populations, causing a leaf spot disease that reduces Microstegium biomass and seed production. In a greenhouse experiment, we examined the effects of B. gigantea inoculation on two components of competitive ability for each native species: growth in the absence of competition and biomass responses to increasing densities of Microstegium. Bipolaris gigantea inoculation affected each of the three native species in unique ways, by increasing (Dichanthelium), decreasing (Elymus), or not changing (Eragrostis) their growth in the absence of competition relative to mock inoculation. Bipolaris gigantea inoculation did not, however, affect Microstegium biomass or mediate the effect of Microstegium density on native plant biomass. Thus, B. gigantea had species-specific effects on native plant competition with Microstegium through species-specific biomass responses to B. gigantea inoculation, but not through modified responses to Microstegium density. Our results suggest that disease may uniquely modify competitive interactions between invasive and native plants for different native plant species.}, }
@article {pmid33644455, year = {2021}, author = {Waldrop, SG and Smith, GP and Boyle, SM and Sriranganathan, N}, title = {Brucella abortus RB51 ΔleuB expressing Salmonella FliC conjugated gonadotropins reduces mouse fetal numbers: A possible feral swine brucellosis immunocontraceptive vaccine.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {e06149}, pmid = {33644455}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Population and health management of wildlife is a key to environmental health, domestic herd health, and ultimately public health. Many different methods including: surgical sterilization, poison baits, and sponsored hunting programs have been used in the attempt to control populations of various nuisance animal species. Particular interest has been given to immunocontraception through wildlife vaccination protocols. This study specifically looked at the potential immunocontraceptive and protective properties of a Brucella abortus RB51 ΔleuB vaccine expressing Salmonella typhimurium FliC conjugated to porcine follicle stimulating hormone beta subunit (FSHβ) or gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) DNA sequences. B. abortus RB51 ΔleuB pNS4-TrcD-FliC- FSH β (RB51LFSHβ) and B. abortus RB51 ΔleuB pNS4-TrcD-FliC-GnRH (RB51LGnRH) were tested in a pilot breeding study with BALB/c mice, and a significant reduction in fertility characteristics was observed in both male and female mice. Ultimately, this study provides support to test these vaccine candidates in feral swine, a destructive invasive species in the United States of America.}, }
@article {pmid33644158, year = {2021}, author = {Landaeta-Aqueveque, C and Moreno Salas, L and Henríquez, A and Silva-de la Fuente, MC and González-Acuña, D}, title = {Parasites of Native and Invasive Rodents in Chile: Ecological and Human Health Needs.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {643742}, pmid = {33644158}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {Invasive populations are a threat to biodiversity, resulting in the loss of species, and also a threat to human health, participating in the reservoir of diseases. Rodents are among the most important invasive species worldwide. Chile is a country that features island conditions in terms of geography and has been widely invaded by allochthonous rodents. In this mini-review, we updated the literature on macro-parasites infecting both native and invasive rodents and of vector-borne pathogens in continental Chile in order to assess the relative importance of invasive rodents from both ecological and public health points of view. A total of 174 parasite species were found, with Siphonaptera representing the most diverse group. When examining how parasites are shared between native and introduced rodents, the analysis suggests that parasites circulate freely within recipient populations, and are not significantly transmitted from source populations. Further, generalist parasites are typically more prone to being shared between native and introduced rodents. Most zoonotic parasites were reported in invasive rodents, suggesting that these rodents must represent a public health concern. Although several vector-borne pathogens have been reported in rodents or ectoparasites, most of the recently emerging research has illustrated that there is a lack of evidence on rodent-vector-borne zoonoses in most pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid33638164, year = {2021}, author = {Palma, E and Vesk, PA and White, M and Baumgartner, JB and Catford, JA}, title = {Plant functional traits reflect different dimensions of species invasiveness.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {5}, pages = {e03317}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3317}, pmid = {33638164}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; *Plants ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Trait-based invasiveness studies typically categorize exotic species as invasive or noninvasive, implicitly assuming species form two homogenous groups. However, species can become invasive in different ways (e.g., high abundance, fast spread), likely relying on different functional traits to do so. As such, binary classification may obscure traits associated with invasiveness. We tested whether (1) the way in which invasiveness is quantified influences its correlation with functional traits and (2) different demography-based metrics are related to different sets of traits. Using a case study of 251 herbs exotic to Victoria, Australia, we quantified species' invasiveness using 10 metrics: four continuous, demography-based dimensions of invasiveness (spread rate, local abundance, geographic and environmental range sizes) and six binary classifications of invasiveness (based on alternative sources and invasion criteria). We examined the correlation between species' invasiveness and a set of four traits known to relate to plant demography and invasion. Then, we examined whether different demographic dimensions of invasiveness were better explained by different sets of traits. We found that the way invasiveness was quantified was important: different traits were linked with different invasiveness metrics, and some traits showed opposite effects across metrics. Species with fast spread were either tall with small seeds (i.e., good colonizers), or had heavy, animal-dispersed seeds. Plants with a large environmental range had greater plasticity for some traits. Locally abundant plants had low SLA and heavy seeds (i.e., strong competitors). Animal dispersal was also key to reach a large geographic range. No traits were consistently related to the six binary classifications. Our results indicate that exotic plants are invasive in different ways and rely on different combinations of traits to be so. Some traits (e.g., seed mass) had complex relationships with invasion: they apparently promote, hampered, or had no influence on different dimensions of invasiveness. Our findings are consistent with the notion that plant species use strategies that may be near optimal under some, but not all, ecological conditions. Compared to binary classifications of invasiveness, the use of invasiveness dimensions advances clearer hypothesis testing in invasion science.}, }
@article {pmid33637774, year = {2021}, author = {Unni, AP and Mir, SH and Rajesh, TP and Ballullaya, UP and Jose, T and Sinu, PA}, title = {Native and invasive ants affect floral visits of pollinating honey bees in pumpkin flowers (Cucurbita maxima).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {4781}, pmid = {33637774}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Bees/*physiology ; Cucurbita/physiology ; Female ; Flowers/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {Global pollinator decline is a major concern. Several factors-climate change, land-use change, the reduction of flowers, pesticide use, and invasive species-have been suggested as the reasons. Despite being a potential reason, the effect of ants on flowers received less attention. The consequences of ants being attracted to nectar sources in plants vary depending upon factors like the nectar source's position, ants' identity, and other mutualists interacting with the plants. We studied the interaction between flower-visiting ants and pollinators in Cucurbita maxima and compared the competition exerted by native and invasive ants on its pollinators to examine the hypothesis that the invasive ants exacerbate more interference competition to pollinators than the native ants. We assessed the pollinator's choice, visitation rate, and time spent/visit on the flowers. Regardless of species and nativity, ants negatively influenced all the pollinator visitation traits, such as visitation rate and duration spent on flowers. The invasive ants exerted a higher interference competition on the pollinators than the native ants did. Despite performing pollination in flowers with generalist pollination syndrome, ants can threaten plant-pollinator mutualism in specialist plants like monoecious plants. A better understanding of factors influencing pollination will help in implementing better management practices.}, }
@article {pmid33636787, year = {2021}, author = {Balmori, A}, title = {Electromagnetic radiation as an emerging driver factor for the decline of insects.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {767}, number = {}, pages = {144913}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144913}, pmid = {33636787}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Crops, Agricultural ; *Ecosystem ; Electromagnetic Radiation ; Insecta ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {The biodiversity of insects is threatened worldwide. Numerous studies have reported the serious decline in insects that has occurred in recent decades. The same is happening with the important group of pollinators, with an essential utility for pollination of crops. Loss of insect diversity and abundance is expected to provoke cascading effects on food webs and ecosystem services. Many authors point out that reductions in insect abundance must be attributed mainly to agricultural practices and pesticide use. On the other hand, evidence for the effects of non-thermal microwave radiation on insects has been known for at least 50 years. The review carried out in this study shows that electromagnetic radiation should be considered seriously as a complementary driver for the dramatic decline in insects, acting in synergy with agricultural intensification, pesticides, invasive species and climate change. The extent that anthropogenic electromagnetic radiation represents a significant threat to insect pollinators is unresolved and plausible. For these reasons, and taking into account the benefits they provide to nature and humankind, the precautionary principle should be applied before any new deployment (such 5G) is considered.}, }
@article {pmid33636784, year = {2021}, author = {Braga, AC and Marçal, R and Marques, A and Guilherme, S and Vilariño, &#xd3; and Martins, JML and Gago-Martínez, A and Costa, PR and Pacheco, M}, title = {Invasive clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) are better equipped to deal with harmful algal blooms toxins than native species (R. decussatus): evidence of species-specific toxicokinetics and DNA vulnerability.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {767}, number = {}, pages = {144887}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144887}, pmid = {33636784}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia ; Chromatography, Liquid ; DNA ; *Harmful Algal Bloom ; Humans ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Toxicokinetics ; }, abstract = {This study aims to assess and compare the kinetics (accumulation/elimination) of the marine biotoxins okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), between native (Ruditapes decussatus) and invasive (Ruditapes philippinarum) clam species, and their genotoxic effects and DNA recover capacity after, exposure to toxic dinoflagellates Prorocentrum lima. Clams were fed with P. lima for 5 days and then to non-toxic algae (post-exposure) during other 5 days. Toxin concentrations determined in clams by LC-MS/MS were related with DNA damage and repair assessment through the comet and base excision repair (BER) assays, respectively. Differential accumulation patterns were observed between the invasive and native species. The invasive species consistently and progressively accumulated the toxins during the first 24 h of exposure, while the native clams showed drastic variations in the toxin accumulation. Nevertheless, at the end of a 5 days of exposure period, the native clams presented higher toxin concentrations, nearly reaching the legal regulatory limit for human consumption. In addition, native clams were vastly affected by OA and DTX1, presenting an increment in the DNA damage since the first day, with a correspondent increase in the repair activity. On the other hand, invasive clams were not affected by the dinoflagellate toxins, exhibiting only some signs of the challenge, namely an increase in the DNA repair mechanisms in the post-exposure period. Invasive clams R. philippinarum are better adapted to cope with harmful algal blooms and OA-group toxins than native species. These results may increase farming interest and may lead to new introductions of the invasive clams. In sympatry sites, exposure to OA-group toxins may unbalance clams species biomass and distribution as exposure to toxic dinoflagellates affects the native clams from cellular to a population level, representing a significant threat to development and maintenance of R. decussatus populations.}, }
@article {pmid33636036, year = {2021}, author = {Stringham, OC and Lockwood, JL}, title = {Managing propagule pressure to prevent invasive species establishments: propagule size, number, and risk-release curve.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {e02314}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2314}, pmid = {33636036}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {PO1-I-002//Centre for Invasive Species Solutions/ ; }, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {There is considerable evidence that keeping propagule pressure low can drastically reduce establishment probability of potential invasive species. Yet, most management plans and research efforts fail to explicitly acknowledge all three of the components of propagule pressure: size, number, and the risk-release relationship. It is unclear how failing to specify one or more of these components can influence the efficacy of management plans in preventing invasive species establishment. Furthermore, even if all components are acknowledged and quantified, there currently is no mathematical tool available to calculate the levels of propagule pressure that ensure attainment of a predetermined, and system-specific, target establishment probability. Here, we quantify the resulting uncertainty in establishment probability when one or more components of propagule pressure is unknown by using parameter uncertainty analysis on realistic values of propagule pressure. In addition, to aid in the development of management plans that explicitly set propagule pressure limits, we develop a propagule-pressure sensitivity analysis that we use to determine the required reduction in levels for propagule size and number (representative of management actions) to maintain a target establishment probability. We show that the precision of establishment estimates is highly dependent on knowledge of all three propagule pressure components, where the possible range of values for establishment probability can vary by over 50% without full specification. In addition, our sensitivity analysis showed that propagule size and number can be altered independently or in conjunction to lower establishment probability below a target level. Importantly, our sensitivity analysis was able to specifically quantify how much reduction in a propagule pressure component(s) is needed to reach a given target establishment probability. Our findings suggest that quantifying the three components of propagule pressure should be a priority for invasive species prevention moving forward. Furthermore, our sensitivity analysis tool can serve to guide the development of new invasive species management plans in a transparent and quantitative manner. Together with information on the costs associated with approaches to reducing propagule pressure, our tool can be used to identify the most cost-effective approach to prevent invasive species establishments.}, }
@article {pmid33635978, year = {2021}, author = {Zapararte, MB and Ramírez-Pizarro, F and Landaeta-Aqueveque, C and Poulin, E and Ortega, R and Napolitano, C}, title = {Molecular Survey of Parvoviruses and Mycoplasma spp. in Invasive American Mink (Neovison vison) from Southern Chile.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, pages = {234-237}, doi = {10.7589/JWD-D-20-00047}, pmid = {33635978}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; Chile ; Disease Reservoirs/veterinary ; *Introduced Species ; *Mink ; Mycoplasma/*isolation &amp; purification ; Mycoplasma Infections/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Parvoviridae Infections/epidemiology/*veterinary/virology ; Parvovirus/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Using PCR, we evaluated the presence of parvoviruses and Mycoplasma spp. in 123 American mink (Neovison vison), an introduced invasive carnivore in Chile. Our results showed all analyzed animals were negative for both pathogen groups. We cannot completely dismiss their presence, but if present, their prevalence should be lower than 2%.}, }
@article {pmid33633148, year = {2021}, author = {Warren, DA and Bradbeer, SJ and Dunn, AM}, title = {Superior predatory ability and abundance predicts potential ecological impact towards early-stage anurans by invasive 'Killer Shrimp' (Dikerogammarus villosus).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {4570}, pmid = {33633148}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*physiology ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Population Density ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species negatively impact upon biodiversity and generate significant economic costs worldwide. Globally, amphibians have suffered considerable losses, with a key driver being predation by large invasive invertebrate and vertebrate predators. However, there is no research regarding the potential ecological impact of small invertebrate invaders. The invasive freshwater amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus can act as a top predator capable of displacing native amphipods and preying heavily upon a range of native species. Listed as one of Europe's top 100 worst invaders, D. villosus has significantly restructured freshwater communities across western Europe and is expected to invade North America in the near future. Here we explore the ecological impact of invasive D. villosus upon UK native and invasive amphibians (Rana temporaria and Xenopus laevis respectively) using the "Relative Impact Potential" (RIP) metric. By combining estimations of per capita effects (i.e. functional response; FR) and relative field abundances, we apply the RIP metric to quantify the potential ecological impact of invasive D. villosus upon embryonic and larval amphibian prey, compared to the native amphipod Gammarus pulex. Both native and invasive amphipods consumed early-stage amphibians and exhibited potentially destabilising Type II FRs. However, larger body size in invasive D. villosus translated into a superior FR through significantly lower handling times and subsequently higher maximum feeding rates-up to seven times greater than native G. pulex. Higher invader abundance also drove elevated RIP scores for invasive D. villosus, with potential impact scores predicted up to 15.4 times greater than native G. pulex. Overall, D. villosus is predicted to have a greater predatory impact upon amphibian populations than G. pulex, due primarily to its larger body size and superior field abundance, potentially reducing amphibian recruitment within invaded regions.}, }
@article {pmid33631589, year = {2021}, author = {Xuehui, Z and Zhongsheng, Z and Zhe, L and Min, L and Haitao, W and Ming, J}, title = {Impacts of Spartina alterniflora invasion on soil carbon contents and stability in the Yellow River Delta, China.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {775}, number = {}, pages = {145188}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145188}, pmid = {33631589}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Spartina alterniflora has rapidly expanded in coastal wetlands of China, and this would affect soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and stability. In the present work, the impacts of S. alterniflora colonization on SOC pool and stability was deciphered to better understand how alien species altered the carbon cycle in the Yellow River Delta (YRD). SOC contents were in the range of 1.29 g/kg-7.02 g/kg, of which wetlands covered by S. alterniflora increased with colonization time and exceed those in wetlands covered by native species after 7 years. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis showed that aromatic moieties were predominant components of SOC, and there were remarkable increase trends of phenol and lignin compounds and decrease trend of aromatic moieties with S. alterniflora invasion time. SA had the highest microorganism biomass reflected by phospholipids fatty acid (PLFA) across different wetlands. Salinity had the largest negative effects while nutrients had the largest positive effects on the SOC pool. The proportion of decomposition-resistant compounds (including aromatics, lignin, and phenol) to total SOC was decreasing while the SOC pool was increasing with S. alterniflora invasion time. This study demonstrated that S. alterniflora invasion could promote the SOC pool but weaken its stability in the wetlands of the YRD.}, }
@article {pmid33631488, year = {2021}, author = {Doi, K and Kono, M and Kato, T and Hayama, SI}, title = {Ecological traps and boosters of ixodid ticks: The differing ecological roles of two sympatric introduced mammals.}, journal = {Ticks and tick-borne diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {101687}, doi = {10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101687}, pmid = {33631488}, issn = {1877-9603}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Japan/epidemiology ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Life History Traits ; Male ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Raccoons ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; *Viverridae ; }, abstract = {The raccoon (Procyon lotor) and masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) are introduced species in Japan and have become abundant in human-inhabited environments. We surveyed tick infestations and tick ingestion by introduced raccoons and masked palm civets captured in Hayama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan between November 2018 and January 2020. We collected ticks from the body surface of animals and tick capitula from the gastrointestinal contents. We collected 18,357 ticks identified as Haemaphysalis flava, Haemaphysalis megaspinosa, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Ixodes ovatus, Ixodes tanuki, and Amblyomma testudinarium from 58 of 60 raccoons and 152 ticks, identified as H. flava and I. tanuki, from 16 of 41 masked palm civets. Furthermore, we obtained 16 capitula from 12 % of raccoons and 106 capitula from 63 % of masked palm civets. Raccoons harbored a greater number of ticks (all stages of H. flava and adult I. tanuki) compared with masked palmed civets, whereas the latter species ingested a greater number of nymphal and larval ticks. The results of this study extend our understanding of the ecological roles of two introduced wildlife species. The raccoon may act as an ecological booster, thereby increasing the success rate of bloodmeals and reproduction in ticks. In contrast, the masked palm civet may act as an ecological trap by effectively grooming to remove ticks and prevent bloodmeals.}, }
@article {pmid33631484, year = {2021}, author = {McLean, HE and Teel, TL and Bright, AD and Jaebker, LM and Tomecek, JM and Frank, MG and Connally, RL and Shwiff, SA and Carlisle, KM}, title = {Understanding tolerance for an invasive species: An investigation of hunter acceptance capacity for wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in Texas.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {285}, number = {}, pages = {112143}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112143}, pmid = {33631484}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Sus scrofa ; Swine ; Texas ; }, abstract = {Invasive species and their establishment in new areas have significant impacts on the ecological, economic, and social well-being of our planet. Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are one of the world's most formidable invasive species, particularly in the United States. They cause significant damage to agriculture and ecosystems, and can transmit diseases to livestock, wildlife, and people. There is an inherent social dimension to the issue of wild pigs due in part to the fact that people hunt them. Hunting contributes to both the control and spread of this species. The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine hunters' overall tolerance for wild pigs; and 2) identify what factors predict hunters' tolerance. Results obtained from a survey of Texas hunters in 2019 indicated that 83% of hunters had a low level of tolerance for wild pigs, with approximately 63% preferring to see the population reduced and 20% preferring to see the population completely removed. Fourteen percent preferred that wild pig numbers remain the same, and 2% preferred to see numbers increase. Results from regression analysis indicated that approximately 53% of the variance in tolerance for wild pigs was explained by motivations and preferences for hunting wild pigs, level of concern for wild pig damage, and overall attitudes toward wild pigs. Results of this research are useful in expanding current knowledge about human tolerance for wildlife, including those species that are non-native and invasive, and in identifying important factors affecting how hunters perceive and interact with wild pigs. Study findings are also helpful in informing the development of effective and socially acceptable management plans for wild pigs, as well as communication efforts aimed at influencing hunters' attitudes and behaviors in the wild pig management context.}, }
@article {pmid33631361, year = {2021}, author = {Mancuso, FP and D'Agostaro, R and Milazzo, M and Chemello, R}, title = {The invasive Asparagopsis taxiformis hosts a low diverse and less trophic structured molluscan assemblage compared with the native Ericaria brachycarpa.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {166}, number = {}, pages = {105279}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105279}, pmid = {33631361}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Rhodophyta ; *Seaweed ; }, abstract = {Invasive seaweeds threaten biodiversity and socio-economics values of worldwide marine ecosystems. Understanding to what extent invasive seaweeds can modify local biodiversity is one of the main priorities in conservation ecology. We compared the molluscan assemblage of the invasive Asparagopsis taxiformis with that of the native Ericaria brachycarpa and explore if variation in the molluscan assemblage diversity was related to the substrate attributes (biomass, and thallus, canopy, and interstitial volumes) of the algae. Results showed that A. taxiformis harboured lower diversity and trophic structure of the molluscan assemblage compared to E. brachycarpa. Biomass was the variable that better explained the variation of abundance and number of species as well as the multivariate structure of the molluscan assemblage. Overall, our results suggest that a complete habitat shift from native to invasive species can potentially trigger bottom-up effects in rocky shores habitats, reducing the biodiversity and the services provided by the invaded habitat.}, }
@article {pmid33630838, year = {2021}, author = {Greenbaum, G and Feldman, MW and Rosenberg, NA and Kim, J}, title = {Designing gene drives to limit spillover to non-target populations.}, journal = {PLoS genetics}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, pages = {e1009278}, pmid = {33630838}, issn = {1553-7404}, support = {R01 HG005855/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Ecosystem ; Gene Drive Technology/*methods ; Gene Frequency ; Gene Targeting/*methods ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Malaria/*transmission ; Models, Genetic ; Models, Theoretical ; Rodentia ; }, abstract = {The prospect of utilizing CRISPR-based gene-drive technology for controlling populations has generated much excitement. However, the potential for spillovers of gene-drive alleles from the target population to non-target populations has raised concerns. Here, using mathematical models, we investigate the possibility of limiting spillovers to non-target populations by designing differential-targeting gene drives, in which the expected equilibrium gene-drive allele frequencies are high in the target population but low in the non-target population. We find that achieving differential targeting is possible with certain configurations of gene-drive parameters, but, in most cases, only under relatively low migration rates between populations. Under high migration, differential targeting is possible only in a narrow region of the parameter space. Because fixation of the gene drive in the non-target population could severely disrupt ecosystems, we outline possible ways to avoid this outcome. We apply our model to two potential applications of gene drives-field trials for malaria-vector gene drives and control of invasive species on islands. We discuss theoretical predictions of key requirements for differential targeting and their practical implications.}, }
@article {pmid33629721, year = {2021}, author = {De Jong, GD and Meyer, F and Goddard, J}, title = {Relative Roles of Blow Flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Invasive Fire Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Solenopsis spp.) in Carrion Decomposition.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, pages = {1074-1082}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjab014}, pmid = {33629721}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Biota ; Cadaver ; Calliphoridae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Florida ; *Forensic Entomology ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Mississippi ; }, abstract = {Fire ants (Solenopsis spp.) have increasingly been reported from carrion in the southeastern United States and are now a part of the normal succession community. There have been previous observations of these ants altering carrion and preying on other carrion-attendant fauna; however, the overall effects of these activities on carrion decomposition rates, community composition, and blow fly larval development are poorly understood. Alteration of these ecological processes by fire ants could affect the forensic interpretation of entomological data. We conducted a study in Mississippi and Florida whereby portions of the succession fauna were excluded from access to pig carrion to study the relative effects of fire ants and blow flies on carrion decomposition and succession: a control with all fauna having access, a second treatment where fire ants and other geophilic taxa were excluded, and a third treatment in which blow flies and other large organisms were excluded. Fire ants inflicted lesions in the carrion, buried portions that touched the ground, and preyed on some members of the succession fauna. Their exclusion did not affect carrion decomposition rates that were measured but slightly affected the overall carrion community, and strongly affected the oviposition and development of blow flies. Despite the presence of fire ants early in the control, blow flies were eventually able to overcome predation of eggs and larvae, continue colonization, and complete development; however, the delay in the colonization of blow flies on carrion could affect the determination of postmortem intervals when development rates of blow flies are considered in the calculation.}, }
@article {pmid33621871, year = {2021}, author = {Mantoani, MC and Osborne, BA}, title = {Alien plant introductions and greenhouse gas emissions: Insights from Gunnera tinctoria invasions.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {775}, number = {}, pages = {145861}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145861}, pmid = {33621871}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; Greenhouse Effect ; *Greenhouse Gases/analysis ; Introduced Species ; Ireland ; Methane/analysis ; Nitrous Oxide/analysis ; Plants ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Plant invasions represent a major global change in land/vegetation cover with the potential to significantly modify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To get a better understanding of the impacts of terrestrial invasive plants on soil GHG emissions we report, firstly, on experiments conducted on invasive populations of the N-fixing herbaceous species Gunnera tinctoria in Ireland, and secondly, compare our results with published information based on a systematic review of the literature. For G. tinctoria populations, there was a >50% reduction in soil CO2 emissions, mainly due to a reduction in autotrophic respiration, but with little impact on annual N2O or CH4 budgets. One year after the removal of G. tinctoria, soil GHG emissions returned to values comparable to uninvaded areas and this was associated with the reestablishment of the vegetation and an increased root biomass per unit area. If G. tinctoria covered 10% of abandoned agricultural land in Ireland, this could be associated with a reduction of approximately 8% (or 4.988 Mt CO2eq y[-1]) of the country's national CO2 emissions. Comparisons of these results with literature values were difficult because of the often low and limited sampling effort of previous investigations, a failure to assess all three major GHGs and because of marked seasonal variations. We found 46 studies that documented results for 16 species. From the studies that measured soil respiration, it was enhanced in only 45% of cases, questioning the assumption that invasive plants always increase soil CO2 emissions. In 25 cases that analysed methane, CH4 emissions increased in 76% of them, but all of these were conducted in wetlands. In only two cases were N-fixing species associated with enhanced N2O emissions. Our results argue for more detailed and comprehensive assessments of the effect of plant invasions on GHG emissions and their global impact.}, }
@article {pmid33621432, year = {2021}, author = {Schrader, L and Winter, M and Errbii, M and Delabie, J and Oettler, J and Gadau, J}, title = {Inhibition of HSP90 causes morphological variation in the invasive ant Cardiocondyla obscurior.}, journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution}, volume = {336}, number = {4}, pages = {333-340}, doi = {10.1002/jez.b.23035}, pmid = {33621432}, issn = {1552-5015}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/anatomy &amp; histology/*metabolism ; Benzoquinones/*pharmacology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation/*drug effects ; HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/*antagonists &amp; inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Lactams, Macrocyclic/*pharmacology ; Male ; }, abstract = {Canalization underlies the expression of steady phenotypes in the face of unsteady environmental conditions or varying genetic backgrounds. The chaperone HSP90 has been identified as a key component of the molecular machinery regulating canalization and a growing body of research suggests that HSP90 could act as a general capacitator in evolution. However, empirical data about HSP90-dependent phenotypic variation and its evolutionary impact is still scarce, particularly for non-model species. Here we report how pharmacological suppression of HSP90 increases morphological variation up to 87% in the invasive ant Cardiocondyla obscurior. We show that workers treated with the HSP90 inhibitor 17-DMAG are significantly more diverse compared to untreated workers in two of four measured traits: maximal eye distance and maximal propodeal spine distance. We further find morphological differentiation between natural populations of C. obscurior in the same traits that responded to our pharmacological treatment. These findings add support for the putative impact of HSP90 on canalization, the modularity of phenotypic traits, and its potential role in morphological evolution of ants.}, }
@article {pmid33620484, year = {2021}, author = {Zhang, G and St Clair, AL and Dolezal, AG and Toth, AL and O'Neal, ME}, title = {North American Prairie Is a Source of Pollen for Managed Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae).}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {33620484}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; *Beekeeping ; Bees/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; *Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Iowa ; *Magnoliopsida/physiology ; *Pollen ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Prairie was a dominant habitat within large portions of North America before European settlement. Conversion of prairies to farmland resulted in the loss of a large proportion of native floral resources, contributing to the decline of native pollinator populations. Efforts to reconstruct prairie could provide honey bees (Apis mellifera) a source of much-needed forage, especially in regions dominated by crop production. To what extent honey bees, which were introduced to North America by European settlers, use plants native to prairies is unclear. We placed colonies with pollen traps within reconstructed prairies in central Iowa to determine which and how much pollen is collected from prairie plants. Honey bee colonies collected more pollen from nonnative than native plants during June and July. During August and September, honey bee colonies collected more pollen from plants native to prairies. Our results suggest that honey bees' use of native prairie plants may depend upon the seasonality of both native and nonnative plants present in the landscape. This finding may be useful for addressing the nutritional health of honey bees, as colonies in this region frequently suffer from a dearth of forage contributing to colony declines during August and September when crops and weedy plants cease blooming. These results suggest that prairie can be a significant source of forage for honey bees in the later part of the growing season in the Midwestern United States; we discuss this insight in the context of honey bee health and biodiversity conservation.}, }
@article {pmid33619615, year = {2021}, author = {Bonk, M and Bobrek, R}, title = {Does river channelization increase the abundance of invasive crayfish? Survey of Faxonius limosus in small Central European streams.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {28}, number = {24}, pages = {31831-31837}, pmid = {33619615}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {n/a//Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Astacoidea ; Europe ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Poland ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {The aim of this study was to assess whether regulated river reaches show higher numbers of the spiny cheek crayfish Faxonius limosus, a common freshwater invader in Europe. Man-made alterations of riverine habitats may increase their susceptibility to biological invasions. This phenomenon is commonly studied in the context of dam reservoirs; however, the impact of river channelization and the resulting riverine habitat homogenization on the success of invasive species are mostly lacking. Surveys were conducted in natural and channelised river stretches in five rivers of south-central Poland. General linear mixed model analysis showed that crayfish abundance is usually higher at sites located within regulated reaches. The likely reason for the detected differences in abundance of crayfish may be related to decreased food-web complexity and lack of predators in a homogenised habitat. The results suggest that the channelization of small watercourses may increase the abundance of invasive species F. limosus and its pressure on native European crayfish. However, due to limited data obtained in field, our study should be considered as a pilot one.}, }
@article {pmid33619083, year = {2021}, author = {Pless, E and Saarman, NP and Powell, JR and Caccone, A and Amatulli, G}, title = {A machine-learning approach to map landscape connectivity in Aedes aegypti with genetic and environmental data.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {118}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {33619083}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {R01 AI101112/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; Animals ; *Environment ; *Gene-Environment Interaction ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Humans ; *Machine Learning ; Models, Biological ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics ; Workflow ; }, abstract = {Mapping landscape connectivity is important for controlling invasive species and disease vectors. Current landscape genetics methods are often constrained by the subjectivity of creating resistance surfaces and the difficulty of working with interacting and correlated environmental variables. To overcome these constraints, we combine the advantages of a machine-learning framework and an iterative optimization process to develop a method for integrating genetic and environmental (e.g., climate, land cover, human infrastructure) data. We validate and demonstrate this method for the Aedes aegypti mosquito, an invasive species and the primary vector of dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika. We test two contrasting metrics to approximate genetic distance and find Cavalli-Sforza-Edwards distance (CSE) performs better than linearized FST The correlation (R) between the model's predicted genetic distance and actual distance is 0.83. We produce a map of genetic connectivity for Ae. aegypti's range in North America and discuss which environmental and anthropogenic variables are most important for predicting gene flow, especially in the context of vector control.}, }
@article {pmid33618222, year = {2021}, author = {Braga, MDA and Paiva, SV and Gurjão, LM and Teixeira, CEP and Gurgel, ALAR and Pereira, PHC and Soares, MO}, title = {Retirement risks: Invasive coral on old oil platform on the Brazilian equatorial continental shelf.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {165}, number = {}, pages = {112156}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112156}, pmid = {33618222}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Brazil ; *COVID-19 ; Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Retirement ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {The objective of this study was to report, for the first time, the presence of an invasive coral (Tubastraea tagusensis) in an oil platform on the Brazilian equatorial continental shelf. This structure is located more than 1200 km north from other oil and gas structures colonized by this coral. We also discussed the retirement and decommissioning of old biofouling-encrusted oil and gas platforms (~62 platforms) from decreased production and the current oil crisis, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. This presents an ecological concern due invasive coral range expansion and potential impacts to poorly studied ecosystems such as marginal shallow-water coral reefs and mesophotic ecosystems. It is imperative that mindful risk analysis and rigorous environmental studies must precede the installation of new oil and gas platforms. In addition, decommissioning of retired structures should take into consideration marine restoration and non-indigenous species dispersal, and more specifically, Tubastraea bioinvasion.}, }
@article {pmid33616724, year = {2021}, author = {Devegili, AM and Lescano, MN and Gianoli, E and Farji-Brener, AG}, title = {Evidence of indirect biotic resistance: native ants decrease invasive plant fitness by enhancing aphid infestation.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {196}, number = {3}, pages = {607-618}, pmid = {33616724}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *Aphids ; Herbivory ; Plants ; Seeds ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {The biotic resistance hypothesis asserts that native species may hinder the invasion of exotic species, which can occur either directly or indirectly by influencing interactions between exotic and local species. Aphid-tending ants may play a key role in the indirect biotic resistance to plant invasion. Ants may protect aphids, thus increasing their negative effect on exotic plants, but may also deter chewing herbivores, thus benefiting exotic plants. We studied native aphid-tending ants (Dorymyrmex tener, Camponotus distinguendus, and Dorymyrmex richteri) on exotic nodding thistles (Carduus thoermeri), which are attacked by thistle aphids (Brachycaudus cardui) and thistle-head weevils (Rhinocyllus conicus). We evaluated the impact of ants, aphids, and weevils on thistle seed set. We compared ant species aggressiveness towards aphid predators and weevils and performed ant-exclusion experiments to determine the effects of ants on aphid predators and weevils. We analysed whether ant species affected thistle seed set through their effects on aphids and/or weevils. The ant D. tener showed the most aggressive behaviour towards aphid predators and weevils. Further, D. tener successfully removed aphid predators from thistles but did not affect weevils. Excluding D. tener from thistles increased seed set. Analyses supported a negative indirect pathway between the aggressive D. tener and thistle seed set through aphid populations, while the other ant species showed no indirect effects on thistle reproduction. Therefore, aggressive aphid-tending ants may enhance biotic resistance by increasing aphid infestation on exotic invasive plants. This study highlights the importance of indirect biotic resistance in modulating the success of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid33616529, year = {2021}, author = {Dweck, HK and Talross, GJ and Wang, W and Carlson, JR}, title = {Evolutionary shifts in taste coding in the fruit pest Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33616529}, issn = {2050-084X}, support = {R01 DC002174/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DC004729/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DC011697/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Drosophila/genetics/*physiology ; Fragaria ; Fruit/chemistry ; Oviposition/*physiology ; Sensilla/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Taste/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Although most Drosophila species lay eggs in overripe fruit, the agricultural pest Drosophila suzukii lays eggs in ripe fruit. We found that changes in bitter taste perception have accompanied this adaptation. We show that bitter-sensing mutants of Drosophila melanogaster undergo a shift in egg laying preference toward ripe fruit. D. suzukii has lost 20% of the bitter-sensing sensilla from the labellum, the major taste organ of the head. Physiological responses to various bitter compounds are lost. Responses to strawberry purées are lost from two classes of taste sensilla. Egg laying is not deterred by bitter compounds that deter other species. Profiling of labellar transcriptomes reveals reduced expression of several bitter Gr genes (gustatory receptors). These findings support a model in which bitter compounds in early ripening stages deter egg laying in most Drosophila species, but a loss of bitter response contributes to the adaptation of D. suzukii to ripe fruit.}, }
@article {pmid33613991, year = {2021}, author = {Pettit, L and Brown, GP and Ward-Fear, G and Shine, R}, title = {Anthropogenically modified habitats favor bigger and bolder lizards.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {1586-1597}, pmid = {33613991}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Anthropogenic activities often create distinctive but discontinuously distributed habitat patches with abundant food but high risk of predation. Such sites can be most effectively utilized by individuals with specific behaviors and morphologies. Thus, a widespread species that contains a diversity of sizes and behavioral types may be pre-adapted to exploiting such hotspots. In eastern Australia, the giant (to >2 m) lizard Varanus varius (lace monitor) utilizes both disturbed (campground) and undisturbed (bushland) habitats. Our surveys of 27 sites show that lizards found in campgrounds tended to be larger and bolder than those in adjacent bushland. This divergence became even more marked after the arrival of a toxic invasive species (the cane toad, Rhinella marina) caused high mortality in larger and bolder lizards. Some of the behavioral divergences between campground and bushland lizards may be secondary consequences of differences in body size, but other habitat-associated divergences in behavior are due to habituation and/or nonrandom mortality.}, }
@article {pmid33613989, year = {2021}, author = {Young, RG and Milián-García, Y and Yu, J and Bullas-Appleton, E and Hanner, RH}, title = {Biosurveillance for invasive insect pest species using an environmental DNA metabarcoding approach and a high salt trap collection fluid.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {1558-1569}, pmid = {33613989}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {With the increase in global trade and warming patterns, the movement, introduction, and establishment of non-native insect species has increased. A rapid and effective early detection biosurveillance program to identify species of concern is needed to reduce future impacts and costs associated with introduced non-native species. One of the challenges facing insect surveillance trapping methods is the sheer volume of individual specimens in the collections. Although molecular identification methods are improving, they currently have limitations (e.g., destructive processing of specimens) and a protocol addressing these limitations can support regulatory applications that need morphological evidence to corroborate molecular data.The novel protocol presented here uses a metabarcoding approach to amplify environmental DNA from a saturated salt solution trap fluid, which retains trap specimens for downstream morphological identifications. The use of a saturated salt solution to preserve specimens in traps addresses issues with the high evaporation rate of ethanol in traps, and public safety concerns with other fluid preservation options with unattended traps in public settings.Using a metabarcoding approach, a 407-nucleotide segment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) animal barcode region was successfully amplified from Lindgren funnel trap collection fluids. These traps were placed in forested areas to survey for wood-boring beetles of regulatory concern. Our results displayed successful amplification of target taxa, including the molecular identification of the Japanese Beetle Popillia japonica, a species regulated in Canada. A second species, Anisandrus maiche, recently introduced to North America, was identified in every trap. The genus Lymantria, which contains numerous species of concern to North American woodlands, was also detected. Also, there were six other species identified of interest due to their potential impacts on native and crop flora and fauna.Our results show how this protocol can be used as an efficient method for the surveillance of insects using a trap with a saturated salt solution and eDNA metabarcoding to detect species of regulatory concern.}, }
@article {pmid33611673, year = {2021}, author = {El-Hachem, M and McCue, SW and Simpson, MJ}, title = {Invading and Receding Sharp-Fronted Travelling Waves.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {83}, number = {4}, pages = {35}, pmid = {33611673}, issn = {1522-9602}, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Biological invasion, whereby populations of motile and proliferative individuals lead to moving fronts that invade vacant regions, is routinely studied using partial differential equation models based upon the classical Fisher-KPP equation. While the Fisher-KPP model and extensions have been successfully used to model a range of invasive phenomena, including ecological and cellular invasion, an often-overlooked limitation of the Fisher-KPP model is that it cannot be used to model biological recession where the spatial extent of the population decreases with time. In this work, we study the Fisher-Stefan model, which is a generalisation of the Fisher-KPP model obtained by reformulating the Fisher-KPP model as a moving boundary problem. The nondimensional Fisher-Stefan model involves just one parameter, [Formula: see text], which relates the shape of the density front at the moving boundary to the speed of the associated travelling wave, c. Using numerical simulation, phase plane and perturbation analysis, we construct approximate solutions of the Fisher-Stefan model for both slowly invading and receding travelling waves, as well as for rapidly receding travelling waves. These approximations allow us to determine the relationship between c and [Formula: see text] so that commonly reported experimental estimates of c can be used to provide estimates of the unknown parameter [Formula: see text]. Interestingly, when we reinterpret the Fisher-KPP model as a moving boundary problem, many overlooked features of the classical Fisher-KPP phase plane take on a new interpretation since travelling waves solutions with [Formula: see text] are normally disregarded. This means that our analysis of the Fisher-Stefan model has both practical value and an inherent mathematical value.}, }
@article {pmid33609243, year = {2021}, author = {Gómez, F and Galil, B}, title = {Comments on the "Mediterranean alien harmful algal blooms" by Marampouti et al. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2021.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {28}, number = {41}, pages = {58810-58811}, pmid = {33609243}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {*Harmful Algal Bloom ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Racial Groups ; }, }
@article {pmid33608946, year = {2021}, author = {Vimercati, G and Kruger, N and Secondi, J}, title = {Land cover, individual's age and spatial sorting shape landscape resistance in the invasive frog Xenopus laevis.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {90}, number = {5}, pages = {1177-1190}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13445}, pmid = {33608946}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anura ; Ecosystem ; France ; *Locomotion ; Species Specificity ; Xenopus laevis ; }, abstract = {The description of functional connectivity is based on the quantification of landscape resistance, which represents species-specific movement costs across landscape features. Connectivity models use these costs to identify movement corridors at both individual and population levels and provide management recommendations for populations of conservation interest. Typically, resistance costs assigned to specific land cover types are assumed to be valid for all individuals of the population. Little attention has been paid to intraspecific variation in resistance costs due to age or dispersal syndrome, which may significantly affect model predictions. We quantified resistance costs in an expanding invasive population of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis in Western France. In this principally aquatic amphibian, juveniles, sub-adults and adults disperse overland. The enhancement of dispersal traits via spatial sorting has been also observed at the range periphery of the population. Resistance costs, and thus connectivity, might vary as a function of life stage and position within the invaded range. We assessed multiple dimensions of functional connectivity. On various land cover types, we measured locomotion, as crossing speed, in different post-metamorphic age classes, and dehydration, sensitivity of locomotion to dehydration and substrate preference in juveniles. We also tested the effect of the position in the invaded range (core vs. periphery) on individual performances. In juveniles, general trends towards higher resistance costs on grass and lower resistance costs on bare soil and asphalt were observed, although not all experiments provided the same cost configurations. Resistance to locomotion varied between age classes, with adults and sub-adults facing lower costs than juveniles, particularly when crossing structurally complex land cover types such as grass and leaf litter. The position in the range had a minor effect on landscape resistance, and only in the dehydration experiment, where water loss in juveniles was lower at the range periphery. Depicting functional connectivity requires (a) assessing multiple dimensions of behavioural and physiological challenges faced by animals during movement; (b) considering factors, such as age and dispersal syndrome, that may affect movement at both individual and population levels. Ignoring this complexity might generate unreliable connectivity models and provide unsupported management recommendations for conservation.}, }
@article {pmid33608528, year = {2021}, author = {Bennett, JM and Sunday, J and Calosi, P and Villalobos, F and Martínez, B and Molina-Venegas, R and Araújo, MB and Algar, AC and Clusella-Trullas, S and Hawkins, BA and Keith, SA and Kühn, I and Rahbek, C and Rodríguez, L and Singer, A and Morales-Castilla, I and Olalla-Tárraga, M&#xc1;}, title = {The evolution of critical thermal limits of life on Earth.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {1198}, pmid = {33608528}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Earth, Planet ; Ecology ; Hot Temperature ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Temperature ; Thermotolerance/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Understanding how species' thermal limits have evolved across the tree of life is central to predicting species' responses to climate change. Here, using experimentally-derived estimates of thermal tolerance limits for over 2000 terrestrial and aquatic species, we show that most of the variation in thermal tolerance can be attributed to a combination of adaptation to current climatic extremes, and the existence of evolutionary 'attractors' that reflect either boundaries or optima in thermal tolerance limits. Our results also reveal deep-time climate legacies in ectotherms, whereby orders that originated in cold paleoclimates have presently lower cold tolerance limits than those with warm thermal ancestry. Conversely, heat tolerance appears unrelated to climate ancestry. Cold tolerance has evolved more quickly than heat tolerance in endotherms and ectotherms. If the past tempo of evolution for upper thermal limits continues, adaptive responses in thermal limits will have limited potential to rescue the large majority of species given the unprecedented rate of contemporary climate change.}, }
@article {pmid33606766, year = {2021}, author = {Conley, KJ and Seimon, TA and Popescu, IS and Wellehan, JFX and Fox, JG and Shen, Z and Haakonsson, J and Seimon, A and Brown, AT and King, V and Burton, F and Calle, PP}, title = {Systemic Helicobacter infection and associated mortalities in endangered Grand Cayman blue iguanas (Cyclura lewisi) and introduced green iguanas (Iguana iguana).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {e0247010}, pmid = {33606766}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {P30 ES002109/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 OD011141/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; T32 OD010978/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; *Endangered Species ; Helicobacter Infections/*mortality ; Iguanas/*microbiology ; *Introduced Species ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; }, abstract = {The Blue Iguana Recovery Programme maintains a captive breeding and head-starting program for endangered Grand Cayman blue iguanas (Cyclura lewisi) on Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands. In May 2015, program staff encountered two lethargic wild Grand Cayman blue iguanas within the Queen Elizabeth II Botanic Park (QEIIBP). Spiral-shaped bacteria were identified on peripheral blood smears from both animals, which molecular diagnostics identified as a novel Helicobacter species (provisionary name Helicobacter sp. GCBI1). Between March 2015 and February 2017, 11 Grand Cayman blue iguanas were identified with the infection. Two of these were found dead and nine were treated; five of the nine treated animals survived the initial infection. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene suggests Helicobacter sp. GCBI1 is most closely related to Helicobacter spp. in chelonians. We developed a Taqman qPCR assay specific for Helicobacter sp. GCBI1 to screen tissue and/or blood samples from clinical cases, fecal and cloacal samples from clinically healthy Grand Cayman blue iguanas, including previously infected and recovered iguanas, and iguanas housed adjacent to clinical cases. Fecal and/or cloacal swab samples were all negative, suggesting that Grand Cayman blue iguanas do not asymptomatically carry this organism nor shed this pathogen per cloaca post infection. Retrospective analysis of a 2014 mortality event affecting green iguanas (Iguana iguana) from a separate Grand Cayman location identified Helicobacter sp. GCBI1 in two of three cases. The source of infection and mode of transmission are yet to be confirmed. Analysis of rainfall data reveal that all infections occurred during a multi-year dry period, and most occurred shortly after the first rains at the end of seasonal drought. Additionally, further screening has identified Helicobacter sp. GCBI1 from choanal swabs of clinically normal green iguanas in the QEIIBP, suggesting they could be asymptomatic carriers and a potential source of the pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid33606166, year = {2021}, author = {Marampouti, C and Buma, AGJ and de Boer, MK}, title = {Reply to "Comments on the Mediterranean alien harmful algal blooms".}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {28}, number = {41}, pages = {58807-58808}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-021-12527-3}, pmid = {33606166}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {*Harmful Algal Bloom ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid33605502, year = {2021}, author = {Mata, L and Andersen, AN and Morán-Ordóñez, A and Hahs, AK and Backstrom, A and Ives, CD and Bickel, D and Duncan, D and Palma, E and Thomas, F and Cranney, K and Walker, K and Shears, I and Semeraro, L and Malipatil, M and Moir, ML and Plein, M and Porch, N and Vesk, PA and Smith, TR and Lynch, Y}, title = {Indigenous plants promote insect biodiversity in urban greenspaces.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {e02309}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2309}, pmid = {33605502}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {//City of Melbourne/ ; //RMIT University's Strategic Projects in Urban Research (SPUR) Fund/ ; //National Environmental Science Programme-Clean Air and Urban Landscapes Hub (NESP-CAUL)/ ; //Australian Research Council - Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions (CEED)/ ; IJCI-2016-30349//Spanish Government/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Cities ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Insecta ; *Parks, Recreational ; Plants ; }, abstract = {The contribution of urban greenspaces to support biodiversity and provide benefits for people is increasingly recognized. However, ongoing management practices favor vegetation oversimplification, often limiting greenspaces to lawns and tree canopy rather than multi-layered vegetation that includes under- and midstorey, and the use of nonnative species. These practices hinder the potential of greenspaces to sustain indigenous biodiversity, particularly for taxa like insects that rely on plants for food and habitat. Yet, little is known about which plant species may maximize positive outcomes for taxonomically and functionally diverse insect communities in greenspaces. Additionally, while cities are expected to experience high rates of introductions, quantitative assessments of the relative occupancy of indigenous vs. introduced insect species in greenspace are rare, hindering understanding of how management may promote indigenous biodiversity while limiting the establishment of introduced insects. Using a hierarchically replicated study design across 15 public parks, we recorded occurrence data from 552 insect species on 133 plant species, differing in planting design element (lawn, midstorey, and tree canopy), midstorey growth form (forbs, lilioids, graminoids, and shrubs) and origin (nonnative, native, and indigenous), to assess (1) the relative contributions of indigenous and introduced insect species and (2) which plant species sustained the highest number of indigenous insects. We found that the insect community was overwhelmingly composed of indigenous rather than introduced species. Our findings further highlight the core role of multi-layered vegetation in sustaining high insect biodiversity in urban areas, with indigenous midstorey and canopy representing key elements to maintain rich and functionally diverse indigenous insect communities. Intriguingly, graminoids supported the highest indigenous insect richness across all studied growth forms by plant origin groups. Our work highlights the opportunity presented by indigenous understory and midstorey plants, particularly indigenous graminoids, in our study area to promote indigenous insect biodiversity in urban greenspaces. Our study provides a blueprint and stimulus for architects, engineers, developers, designers, and planners to incorporate into their practice plant species palettes that foster a larger presence of indigenous over regionally native or nonnative plant species, while incorporating a broader mixture of midstorey growth forms.}, }
@article {pmid33604965, year = {2021}, author = {Flanagan, BA and Krueger-Hadfield, SA and Murren, CJ and Nice, CC and Strand, AE and Sotka, EE}, title = {Founder effects shape linkage disequilibrium and genomic diversity of a partially clonal invader.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {9}, pages = {1962-1978}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15854}, pmid = {33604965}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Europe ; *Founder Effect ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genomics ; Humans ; Japan ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; North America ; }, abstract = {The genomic variation of an invasive species may be affected by complex demographic histories and evolutionary changes during the invasion. Here, we describe the relative influence of bottlenecks, clonality, and population expansion in determining genomic variability of the widespread red macroalga Agarophyton vermiculophyllum. Its introduction from mainland Japan to the estuaries of North America and Europe coincided with shifts from predominantly sexual to partially clonal reproduction and rapid adaptive evolution. A survey of 62,285 SNPs for 351 individuals from 35 populations, aligned to 24 chromosome-length scaffolds indicate that linkage disequilibrium (LD), observed heterozygosity (Ho), Tajima's D, and nucleotide diversity (Pi) were greater among non-native than native populations. Evolutionary simulations indicate LD and Tajima's D were consistent with a severe population bottleneck. Also, the increased rate of clonal reproduction in the non-native range could not have produced the observed patterns by itself but may have magnified the bottleneck effect on LD. Elevated marker diversity in the genetic source populations could have contributed to the increased Ho and Pi observed in the non-native range. We refined the previous invasion source region to a ~50 km section of northeastern Honshu Island. Outlier detection methods failed to reveal any consistently differentiated loci shared among invaded regions, probably because of the complex A. vermiculophyllum demographic history. Our results reinforce the importance of demographic history, specifically founder effects, in driving genomic variation of invasive populations, even when localized adaptive evolution and reproductive system shifts are observed.}, }
@article {pmid33604608, year = {2021}, author = {Simón-Porcar, VI and Silva, JL and Vallejo-Marín, M}, title = {Rapid local adaptation in both sexual and asexual invasive populations of monkeyflowers (Mimulus spp.).}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {127}, number = {5}, pages = {655-668}, pmid = {33604608}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Introduced Species ; *Mimulus ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Traditionally, local adaptation has been seen as the outcome of a long evolutionary history, particularly with regard to sexual lineages. By contrast, phenotypic plasticity has been thought to be most important during the initial stages of population establishment and in asexual species. We evaluated the roles of adaptive evolution and phenotypic plasticity in the invasive success of two closely related species of invasive monkeyflowers (Mimulus) in the UK that have contrasting reproductive strategies: M. guttatus combines sexual (seeds) and asexual (clonal growth) reproduction while M. × robertsii is entirely asexual.<br><br>METHODS: We compared the clonality (number of stolons), floral and vegetative phenotype, and phenotypic plasticity of native (M. guttatus) and invasive (M. guttatus and M.&#x2005;&#xd7;&#x2005;robertsii) populations grown in controlled environment chambers under the environmental conditions at each latitudinal extreme of the UK. The goal was to discern the roles of temperature and photoperiod on the expression of phenotypic traits. Next, we tested the existence of local adaptation in the two species within the invasive range with a reciprocal transplant experiment at two field sites in the latitudinal extremes of the UK, and analysed which phenotypic traits underlie potential local fitness advantages in each species.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Populations of M. guttatus in the UK showed local adaptation through sexual function (fruit production), while M.&#x2005;&#xd7;&#x2005;robertsii showed local adaptation via asexual function (stolon production). Phenotypic selection analyses revealed that different traits are associated with fitness in each species. Invasive and native populations of M. guttatus had similar phenotypic plasticity and clonality. M.&#x2005;&#xd7;&#x2005;robertsii presents greater plasticity and clonality than native M. guttatus, but most populations have restricted clonality under the warm conditions of the south of the UK.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study provides experimental evidence of local adaptation in a strictly asexual invasive species with high clonality and phenotypic plasticity. This indicates that even asexual taxa can rapidly (<200 years) adapt to novel environmental conditions in which alternative strategies may not ensure the persistence of populations.}, }
@article {pmid33602318, year = {2021}, author = {Maquart, PO and Fontenille, D and Boyer, S}, title = {Recent and massive invasion of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1894) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {113}, pmid = {33602318}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology/virology ; Animals ; Cambodia ; Dengue/*transmission ; Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {[Image: see text]}, }
@article {pmid33600585, year = {2020}, author = {Su, T and Mullens, P and Thieme, J and Melgoza, A and Real, R and Brown, MQ}, title = {Deployment and Fact Analysis of the In2Care® Mosquito Trap, A Novel Tool for Controlling Invasive Aedes Species.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {167-174}, doi = {10.2987/20-6929.1}, pmid = {33600585}, issn = {1943-6270}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Beauveria/*physiology ; California ; Cities ; Culex ; *Insecticides ; Introduced Species ; *Juvenile Hormones ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; *Pyridines ; }, abstract = {During April-October 2019, the West Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District (Ontario, CA) deployed large numbers of In2Care® mosquito traps in a preliminary study to evaluate the trap's potential effectiveness at controlling invasive Aedes aegypti (L.) and Ae. albopictus (Skuse) in 6 cities of San Bernardino County, CA. The trap was used to attract ovipositing females, expose them to the juvenile hormone mimic pyriproxyfen and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, and autodisseminate pyriproxyfen to other water sources prior to their death from fungal infection. The trap attracted Ae. aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, with the latter species predominating at much higher larval densities in the trap reservoirs. Field-collected larvae and pupae from the trap reservoirs showed complete adult emergence inhibition. Furthermore, the trap reservoirs retained high levels of residual larvicidal, pupicidal, and emergence inhibition activity after they were retrieved from the field, as indicated by laboratory bioassays against laboratory colony of Cx. quinquefasciatus. Results of this study support more detailed quantitative local evaluations on trap efficacy to measure the impact of the In2Care mosquito trap on wild invasive Aedes and Culex populations in future mosquito control efforts.}, }
@article {pmid33598995, year = {2022}, author = {Gladstone, NS and Niemiller, ML and Hutchins, B and Schwartz, B and Czaja, A and Slay, ME and Whelan, NV}, title = {Subterranean freshwater gastropod biodiversity and conservation in the United States and Mexico.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, pages = {e13722}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13722}, pmid = {33598995}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; *Gastropoda ; Humans ; Mexico ; United States ; }, abstract = {Many taxonomic groups successfully exploit groundwater environments and have adapted to a subterranean (stygobiotic) existence. Among these groups are freshwater gastropods (stygosnails), which represent a widespread and taxonomically diverse component of groundwater ecosystems in North America. However, owing to sampling difficulty and lack of targeted study, stygosnails remain among the most understudied of all subterranean groups. We conducted a literature review to assess the biodiversity and geographic associations of stygosnails, along with the threats, management activities, and policy considerations related to the groundwater systems they inhabit. We identified 39 stygosnail species known to occur in a range of groundwater habitats from karst regions in the United States and Mexico. Most stygosnails exhibit extreme narrow-range endemism, resulting in a high risk of extinction from a single catastrophic event. We found that anthropogenically driven changes to surface environments have led to changes in local hydrology and degradation of groundwater systems inhabited by stygosnails such as increased sedimentation, introduction of invasive species, groundwater extraction, or physical collapse of water-bearing passages. Consequently, 32 of the 39 described stygosnail species in the United States and Mexico have been assessed as imperiled under NatureServe criteria, and 10 species have been assessed as threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature criteria. Compared with surface species of freshwater snails, stygosnail conservation is uniquely hindered by difficulties associated with accessing subterranean habitats for monitoring and management. Furthermore, only three species were found to have federal protection in either the United States or Mexico, and current laws regulating wildlife and water pollution at the state and federal level may be inadequate for protecting stygosnail habitats. As groundwater systems continue to be manipulated and relied on by humans, groundwater-restricted fauna such as stygosnails should be studied so unique biodiversity can be protected.}, }
@article {pmid33598914, year = {2021}, author = {Majure, LC and Barrios, D and Díaz, E and Zumwalde, BA and Testo, W and Negrón-Ortíz, V}, title = {Pleistocene aridification underlies the evolutionary history of the Caribbean endemic, insular, giant Consolea (Opuntioideae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {108}, number = {2}, pages = {200-215}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1610}, pmid = {33598914}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Animals ; Bahamas ; Caribbean Region ; Florida ; *Phylogeny ; Puerto Rico ; West Indies ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: The Caribbean islands are in the top five biodiversity hotspots on the planet; however, the biogeographic history of the seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF) there is poorly studied. Consolea consists of nine species of dioecious, hummingbird-pollinated tree cacti endemic to the West Indies, which form a conspicuous element of the SDTF. Several species are threatened by anthropogenic disturbance, disease, sea-level rise, and invasive species and are of conservation concern. However, no comprehensive phylogeny yet exists for the clade.<br><br>METHODS: We reconstructed the phylogeny of Consolea, sampling all species using plastomic data to determine relationships, understand the evolution of key morphological characters, and test their biogeographic history. We estimated divergence times to determine the role climate change may have played in shaping the current diversity of the clade.<br><br>RESULTS: Consolea appears to have evolved very recently during the latter part of the Pleistocene on Cuba/Hispaniola likely from a South American ancestor and, from there, moved into the Bahamas, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Florida, and the Lesser Antilles. The tree growth form is a synapomorphy of Consolea and likely aided in the establishment and diversification of the clade.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Pleistocene aridification associated with glaciation likely played a role in shaping the current diversity of Consolea, and insular gigantism may have been a key innovation leading to the success of these species to invade the often-dense SDTF. This in-situ Caribbean radiation provides a window into the generation of species diversity and the complexity of the SDTF community within the Antilles.}, }
@article {pmid33598116, year = {2021}, author = {Marohomsalic, JS and Macas Nuñeza, O and Michalski, M and Wiesner, J and Jaskuła, R}, title = {Alien and native tree species having extrafloral nectaries as favorite hunting area for arboreal endemic Philippine tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) in human-disturbed habitat in Lanao del Sur Province, Mindanao, Philippines.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {1093-1099}, pmid = {33598116}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {To document a relation between abundance of arboreal, predatory tiger beetles, their ant prey, and extrafloral nectaries attracting the ants, we gathered data from more than 10 species of native and introduced trees and large, tree-like perennial plants in Lanao del Sur Province, Mindanao, Philippines. All specimens of tiger beetles (two Tricondyla and two Neocollyris species, all endemic to the country) were noted on five tree species characterized by presence of extrafloral nectaries, including three alien/invasive and two native ones. Invasive Spathodea campanulata and native Hibiscus tiliaceus were the most inhabited ones (respectively, 56% and 19% of beetles). Presence of tiger beetles on these trees most probably depends on high abundance of ants, which are typical prey for arboreal Cicindelidae, while occurrence of ants can result from presence of extrafloral nectaries on different parts of the plants. This suggests a new mutualistic insect-plant interaction between native and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid33595860, year = {2021}, author = {Rendall, AR and Sutherland, DR and Baker, CM and Raymond, B and Cooke, R and White, JG}, title = {Managing ecosystems in a sea of uncertainty: invasive species management and assisted colonizations.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {e02306}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2306}, pmid = {33595860}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {HWRE2016R2011NEW//Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Cats ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mice ; Predatory Behavior ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Managing ecosystems in the face of complex species interactions, and the associated uncertainty, presents a considerable ecological challenge. Altering those interactions via actions such as invasive species management or conservation translocations can result in unintended consequences, supporting the need to be able to make more informed decisions in the face of this uncertainty. We demonstrate the utility of ecosystem models to reduce uncertainty and inform future ecosystem management. We use Phillip Island, Australia, as a case study to investigate the impacts of two invasive species management options and consider whether a critically endangered mammal is likely to establish a population in the presence of invasive species. Qualitative models are used to determine the effects of apex predator removal (feral cats) and invasive prey removal (rabbits, rats, and mice). We extend this approach using Ensemble Ecosystem Models to consider how suppression, rather than eradication influences the species community; and consider whether an introduction of the critically endangered eastern barred bandicoot is likely to be successful in the presence of invasive species. Our analysis revealed the potential for unintended outcomes associated with feral cat control operations, with rats and rabbits expected to increase in abundance. A strategy based on managing prey species appeared to have the most ecosystem-wide benefits, with rodent control showing more favorable responses than a rabbit control strategy. Eastern barred bandicoots were predicted to persist under all feral cat control levels (including no control). Managing ecosystems is a complex and imprecise process. However, qualitative modeling and ensemble ecosystem modeling address uncertainty and are capable of improving and optimizing management practices. Our analysis shows that the best conservation outcomes may not always be associated with the top-down control of apex predators, and land managers should think more broadly in relation to managing bottom-up processes as well. Challenges faced in continuing to conserve biodiversity mean new, bolder, conservation actions are needed. We suggest that endangered species are capable of surviving in the presence of feral cats, potentially opening the door for more conservation translocations.}, }
@article {pmid33595640, year = {2021}, author = {Hougardy, E and Hogg, BN}, title = {Host Patch Use and Potential Competitive Interactions Between Two Egg Parasitoids From the Family Scelionidae, Candidate Biological Control Agents of Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {114}, number = {2}, pages = {611-619}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toab014}, pmid = {33595640}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents ; Female ; *Hemiptera ; *Heteroptera ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Hymenoptera ; Pakistan ; }, abstract = {Two egg parasitoids from Pakistan, Gryon sp. nr. gonikopalense Sharma (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and Trissolcus hyalinipennis Rajmohana &amp; Narendran (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), are currently being investigated as potential classical biocontrol agents for Bagrada hilaris Burmeister. The former is the most promising because of its ability to attack B. hilaris eggs in soil, but the latter was recently discovered in California. This study detailed the patch use and oviposition behavior of both species and assessed their relative foraging efficiency. We also investigated possible competitive interactions by assessing 1) the occurrence of intra- and interspecific host discrimination, 2) mutual interference between females (extrinsic competition), 3) the outcome of multiparasitism (intrinsic competition), and 4) the effect of competition on host suppression. Our results showed that T. hyalinipennis females tended to probe repeatedly in the same hosts leading to longer host patch time and lower foraging efficiency. Both species avoided conspecific superparasitism, but not multiparasitism. When the two species foraged simultaneously, G. sp. nr. gonikopalense seemed to be slightly superior in extrinsic competition, while neither species seemed to have an advantage in intrinsic competition. Also, neither species could develop as a facultative hyperparasitoid, but they inflicted non-reproductive mortality on eggs containing 4-d-old larvae of their competitor. Lastly, host mortality inflicted by G. sp. nr. gonikopalense and T. hyalinipennis when acting together appeared to be additive. These results suggest that the presence of T. hyalinipennis in California is unlikely to reduce G. sp. nr. gonikopalense efficiency, but will instead improve the biological control of B. hilaris.}, }
@article {pmid33592402, year = {2021}, author = {De-la-Torre, GE and Rakib, MRJ and Pizarro-Ortega, CI and Dioses-Salinas, DC}, title = {Occurrence of personal protective equipment (PPE) associated with the COVID-19 pandemic along the coast of Lima, Peru.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {774}, number = {}, pages = {145774}, pmid = {33592402}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *COVID-19 ; Cities ; Humans ; Pandemics ; *Personal Protective Equipment ; Peru ; Plastics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {The use and disposal of face masks, gloves, face shields, and other types of personal protective equipment (PPE) have increased dramatically due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Many governments enforce the use of PPE as an efficient and inexpensive way to reduce the transmission of the virus. However, this may pose a new challenge to solid waste management and exacerbate plastic pollution. The aim of the present study was to report the occurrence and distribution of COVID-19-associated PPE along the coast of the overpopulated city of Lima, Peru, and determine the influence of the activities carried out in each study site. In general terms, 138 PPE items were found in 11 beaches during 12 sampling weeks. The density was in the range of 0 to 7.44 × 10[-4] PPE m[-2]. Microplastic release, colonization of invasive species, and entanglement or ingestion by apex predators are some of the potential threats identified. Recreational beaches were the most polluted sites, followed by surfing, and fishing sites. This may be because recreational beaches are many times overcrowded by beachgoers. Additionally, most of the PPE was found to be discarded by beachgoers rather than washed ashore. The lack of environmental awareness, education, and coastal mismanagement may pose a threat to the marine environment through marine litter and plastic pollution. Significant efforts are required to shift towards a sustainable solid waste management. Novel alternatives involve redesigning masks based on degradable plastics and recycling PPE by obtaining liquid fuels through pyrolysis.}, }
@article {pmid33590858, year = {2021}, author = {Bolton, LG and Piñero, JC and Barrett, BA}, title = {Olfactory Cues From Host- and Non-host Plant Odor Influence the Behavioral Responses of Adult Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) to Visual Cues.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {3}, pages = {571-579}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvab004}, pmid = {33590858}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Cues ; Drosophila ; Female ; Fruit ; Insect Control ; Male ; *Odorants ; *Smell ; }, abstract = {While trapping methods for Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) have typically relied on fermentation volatiles alone or in association with a visual stimulus, the relative contribution of visual and olfactory stimuli to the food- and host-seeking behavior of D. suzukii is poorly understood. This study quantified the type of response exhibited by male and female D. suzukii to color and the effects that volatiles (fermentation, fresh fruit, and leaf) exert on the outcome. Seven-, four- and two-choice assays were used to quantify interactions between visual and olfactory cues. When no volatiles were present in a seven-choice assay, D. suzukii preferred red, black, and green pigments. Black and red were preferred when yeast odors were present, and black alone was the most attractive color when blueberry odor was present. A strawberry leaf terpenoid, β-cyclocitral, seemed to have overridden the flies' response to color. In four-choice assays, blueberry odor was more likely to interact synergistically with color than yeast or β-cyclocitral. This study demonstrates that D. suzukii modulates the response to multimodal sensory modalities (vision and olfaction) depending, to some extent, on the type of olfactory stimuli. Our findings also provide insight into the relative importance of vision as a function of odor quality in this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid33590856, year = {2021}, author = {Barnes, EE and Usborne, R and Stone, A and Sadof, CS}, title = {Lessons From a 10-yr Invasive Species Webinar Program: Emerald Ash Borer University.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {3}, pages = {505-513}, pmid = {33590856}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; *Coleoptera ; *Fraxinus ; Introduced Species ; Universities ; }, abstract = {Information about invasive species needs to be spread rapidly across a wide geographic area following an invasion. However, in-person events can be time-consuming and costly for the participants, organizers, and presenters. Online programming like webinars can bridge this gap, but there is limited published data on how best to run these programs. We report on a 10-yr webinar program, Emerald Ash Borer University, and offer suggestions for improving their effectiveness as a communication tool. Webinar participants viewed the webinars positively and undertook recommended management actions. In addition, most of our survey respondents extended the reach of this program by widely sharing the information from the webinars. Posting the webinars on popular streaming platforms greatly extended their reach long after the live viewing event. Despite their longevity, viewers of recorded videos watched them differently than those viewing live events. We suggest modifying the format of future webinar presentations to accommodate these differences to improve information transfer.}, }
@article {pmid33590267, year = {2021}, author = {Rosana, ARR and Pokorny, S and Klutsch, JG and Ibarra-Romero, C and Sanichar, R and Engelhardt, D and van Belkum, MJ and Erbilgin, N and Bohlmann, J and Carroll, AL and Vederas, JC}, title = {Selection of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) for the biocontrol of Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in Western Canada.}, journal = {Applied microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {105}, number = {6}, pages = {2541-2557}, pmid = {33590267}, issn = {1432-0614}, support = {STPGP 521081//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Beauveria ; British Columbia ; *Coleoptera ; *Pinus ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae, has infested over ~16 Mha of pine forests in British Columbia killing >50% of mature lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta, trees in affected stands. At present, it is functionally an invasive species in Alberta, killing and reproducing in evolutionarily naïve populations of lodgepole pine (P. contorta), novel jack pine (P. banksiana), and their hybrids. The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana has shown some potential as a biocontrol agent of several bark beetle species. In this study, nine isolates of B. bassiana were examined for insect virulence characteristics, including conidiation rate, pigmentation, and infection rate in laboratory-reared D. ponderosae, to assess for their potential as biocontrol agents. The strains were categorized into three phenotypic groups based on pigmentation, conidial density, and myceliation rate. Virulence screening utilizing insect-based agar medium (D. ponderosae and European honeybee Apis mellifera carcasses) revealed no difference in selection of fungal growth. However, infection studies on D. ponderosae and A. mellifera showed contrasting results. In vivo A. mellifera infection model revealed ~5% mortality, representing the natural death rate of the hive population, whereas laboratory-reared D. ponderosae showed 100% mortality and mycosis. The LT50 (median lethal time 50) ranges from 2 to 5 ± 0.33 days, and LT100 ranges from 4 to 6 ± 0.5 days. We discuss the selective advantages of the three phenotypic groups in terms of virulence, pigmentation, conidial abundance, and tolerance to abiotic factors like UV and host tree monoterpenes. These results can further provide insights into the development of several phenotypically diverse B. bassiana strains in controlling the spread of the invasive D. ponderosae in Western Canada. KEY POINTS: • Three B. bassiana morphotype groups have been demonstrated to kill D. ponderosae. • A range of effective lethal times (LT50 and LT100) was established against D. ponderosae. • Variable tolerance to UV light and pine monoterpenes were observed in B. bassiana.}, }
@article {pmid33586767, year = {2021}, author = {Durkin, SM and Chakraborty, M and Abrieux, A and Lewald, KM and Gadau, A and Svetec, N and Peng, J and Kopyto, M and Langer, CB and Chiu, JC and Emerson, JJ and Zhao, L}, title = {Behavioral and Genomic Sensory Adaptations Underlying the Pest Activity of Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, pages = {2532-2546}, pmid = {33586767}, issn = {1537-1719}, support = {K99 GM129411/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 GM123303/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM133780/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM066699/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cues ; Drosophila/*genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Fruit ; *Genome, Insect ; Introduced Species ; *Oviposition ; Selection, Genetic ; *Sensation ; Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Studying how novel phenotypes originate and evolve is fundamental to the field of evolutionary biology as it allows us to understand how organismal diversity is generated and maintained. However, determining the basis of novel phenotypes is challenging as it involves orchestrated changes at multiple biological levels. Here, we aim to overcome this challenge by using a comparative species framework combining behavioral, gene expression, and genomic analyses to understand the evolutionary novel egg-laying substrate-choice behavior of the invasive pest species Drosophila suzukii. First, we used egg-laying behavioral assays to understand the evolution of ripe fruit oviposition preference in D. suzukii compared with closely related species D. subpulchrella and D. biarmipes as well as D. melanogaster. We show that D. subpulchrella and D. biarmipes lay eggs on both ripe and rotten fruits, suggesting that the transition to ripe fruit preference was gradual. Second, using two-choice oviposition assays, we studied how D. suzukii, D. subpulchrella, D. biarmipes, and D. melanogaster differentially process key sensory cues distinguishing ripe from rotten fruit during egg-laying. We found that D. suzukii's preference for ripe fruit is in part mediated through a species-specific preference for stiff substrates. Last, we sequenced and annotated a high-quality genome for D. subpulchrella. Using comparative genomic approaches, we identified candidate genes involved in D. suzukii's ability to seek out and target ripe fruits. Our results provide detail to the stepwise evolution of pest activity in D. suzukii, indicating important cues used by this species when finding a host, and the molecular mechanisms potentially underlying their adaptation to a new ecological niche.}, }
@article {pmid33586245, year = {2022}, author = {Gagne, RB and Crooks, KR and Craft, ME and Chiu, ES and Fountain-Jones, NM and Malmberg, JL and Carver, S and Funk, WC and VandeWoude, S}, title = {Parasites as conservation tools.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, pages = {e13719}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13719}, pmid = {33586245}, issn = {1523-1739}, support = {NSF-EID 1413925//National Science Foundation, Ecology of Infectious Disease Program/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Parasites ; }, abstract = {Parasite success typically depends on a close relationship with one or more hosts; therefore, attributes of parasitic infection have the potential to provide indirect details of host natural history and are biologically relevant to animal conservation. Characterization of parasite infections has been useful in delineating host populations and has served as a proxy for assessment of environmental quality. In other cases, the utility of parasites is just being explored, for example, as indicators of host connectivity. Innovative studies of parasite biology can provide information to manage major conservation threats by using parasite assemblage, prevalence, or genetic data to provide insights into the host. Overexploitation, habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive species, and climate change are major threats to animal conservation, and all of these can be informed by parasites.}, }
@article {pmid33586146, year = {2021}, author = {Chen, X and Liu, W and Pennings, SC and Zhang, Y}, title = {Plasticity and selection drive hump-shaped latitudinal patterns of flowering phenology in an invasive intertidal plant.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {5}, pages = {e03311}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3311}, pmid = {33586146}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {China ; Flowers ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Poaceae ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Patterns of flowering phenology can affect the success of plant invasions, especially when introduced species spread across a wide range of latitude into different climatic conditions. We combined a 4-yr field survey and a 3-yr common garden experiment with the invasive grass Spartina alterniflora that is now widespread along the coast of China to document the latitudinal pattern of flowering phenology, determine if phenology was related to climate or oceanographic variables, and determine whether phenology patterns were fixed versus plastic. In the field, first flowering day displayed a hump-shaped relationship with latitude, with low- and high-latitude plants flowering 100 d and 10 d earlier than plants at middle latitudes, respectively. Peak flowering day showed a similar hump-shaped relationship with latitude, with the interval between first and peak flowering day decreasing with increasing latitude. First flowering day had a hump-shaped relationship with annual growing degree days but a linear positive relationship with tidal range. In the common garden, first flowering day decreased linearly with increasing latitude of origin, as did peak flowering day, and the interval between first and peak flowering day increased with increasing latitude. First flowering day in the common garden had weak or no relationships with abiotic variables at the sites of origin. In both the field and common garden, first flowering day was later in site years for which plants were taller. These results indicate a high degree of plasticity in flowering phenology, with plants flowering later in the field at sites with intermediate temperatures and high tide ranges. Common garden results indicate some selection for earlier flowering at sites with low temperatures, consistent with a shorter growing season. Consistent with life-history theory, plants flowered later under conditions favoring vigorous growth. Earlier flowering and smaller size of plants at high and low latitudes suggests that S. alterniflora has already occupied much of the geographic range favorable for it on the East Coast of Asia.}, }
@article {pmid33584626, year = {2021}, author = {Scolari, F and Sandionigi, A and Carlassara, M and Bruno, A and Casiraghi, M and Bonizzoni, M}, title = {Exploring Changes in the Microbiota of Aedes albopictus: Comparison Among Breeding Site Water, Larvae, and Adults.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {624170}, pmid = {33584626}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The mosquito body hosts highly diverse microbes, which influence different physiological traits of both larvae and adults. The composition of adult mosquito microbiota is tightly linked to that of larvae, which are aquatic and feed on organic detritus, algae and prokaryotic microorganisms present in their breeding sites. Unraveling the ecological features of larval habitats that shape the structure of bacterial communities and their interactions with the mosquito host is still a poorly investigated topic in the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus, a highly invasive species that is vector of numerous arboviruses, including Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika viruses. In this study, we investigated the composition of the bacterial community present in the water from a natural larval breeding site in which we separately reared wild-collected larvae and hatched eggs of the Foshan reference laboratory strain. Using sequence analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, we comparatively analyzed the microbiota of the larvae and that of adult mosquitoes, deriving information about the relative impact of the breeding site water on shaping mosquito microbiota. We observed a higher bacterial diversity in breeding site water than in larvae or adults, irrespective of the origin of the sample. Moreover, larvae displayed a significantly different and most diversified microbial community than newly emerged adults, which appeared to be dominated by Proteobacteria. The microbiota of breeding site water significantly increased its diversity over time, suggesting the presence of a dynamic interaction among bacterial communities, breeding sites and mosquito hosts. The analysis of Wolbachia prevalence in adults from Foshan and five additional strains with different geographic origins confirmed the described pattern of dual wAlbA and wAlbB strain infection. However, differences in Wolbachia prevalence were detected, with one strain from La Reunion Island showing up to 18% uninfected individuals. These findings contribute in further understanding the dynamic interactions between the ecology of larval habitats and the structure of host microbiota, as well as providing additional information relative to the patterns of Wolbachia infection.}, }
@article {pmid33584114, year = {2021}, author = {Neto, AIA and Parente, MI and Tittley, I and Fletcher, RL and Farnham, W and Costa, AC and Botelho, AZ and Monteiro, S and Resendes, R and Afonso, P and Prestes, ACL and Álvaro, NV and Mila-Figueras, D and Neto, RMA and Azevedo, JMN and Moreu, I}, title = {Marine algal flora of Flores and Corvo Islands, Azores.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e60929}, pmid = {33584114}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The algal flora of the western group of the Azores archipelago (Islands of Flores and Corvo) has attracted the interest of many researchers on numerous past occasions (such as Drouet 1866, Trelease 1897, Gain 1914, Schmidt 1929, Schmidt 1931, Azevedo et al. 1990, Fralick and Hehre 1990, Neto and Azevedo 1990, Neto and Baldwin 1990, Neto 1996, Neto 1997, Neto 1999, Tittley and Neto 1996, Tittley and Neto 2000, Tittley and Neto 2005, Tittley and Neto 2006, Azevedo 1998, Azevedo 1999, Tittley et al. 1998, Dionísio et al. 2008, Neto et al. 2008). Despite this interest, the macroalgal flora of the Islands cannot be described as well-known with the published information reflecting limited collections preformed in short-term visits by scientists. To overcome this, a thorough investigation, encompassing collections and presence data recording, has been undertaken for both the littoral and sublittoral regions, down to a depth of approximately 40 m, covering a relatively large area on both Islands (approximately 143 km[2] for Flores and 17 km[2] for Corvo).This paper lists the resultant taxonomic records and provides information on species ecology and occurrence around both these Islands, thereby improving the knowledge of the Azorean macroalgal flora at both local and regional scales.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: For the Island of Flores, a total of 1687 specimens (including some taxa identified only to genus level) belonging to 196 taxa of macroalgae are registered, comprising 120 Rhodophyta, 35 Chlorophyta and 41 Ochrophyta (Phaeophyceae). Of these taxa, 128 were identified to species level (80 Rhodophyta, 22 Chlorophyta and 26 Ochrophyta), encompassing 37 new records for the Island (20 Rhodophyta, 6 Chlorophyta and 11 Ochrophyta); two Macaronesian endemics (Laurencia viridis Gil-Rodr&#xed;guez &amp; Haroun and Millerella tinerfensis (Seoane-Camba) S.M.Boo &amp; J.M.Rico); six introduced (the Rhodophyta Asparagopsis armata Harvey, Neoizziella divaricata (C.K.Tseng) S.-M.Lin, S.-Y.Yang &amp; Huisman and Symphyocladia marchantioides (Harvey) Falkenberg; the Chlorophyta Codium fragile subsp. fragile (Suringar) Hariot; and the Ochrophyta Hydroclathrus tilesii (Endlicher) Santia&#xf1;ez &amp; M.J.Wynne and Papenfussiella kuromo (Yendo) Inagaki); and 14 species of uncertain status (10 Rhodophyta, two Chlorophyta and two Ochrophyta).For the Island of Corvo, a total of 390 specimens distributed in 56 taxa of macroalgae are registered, comprising 30 Rhodophyta, nine Chlorophyta and 17 Ochrophyta (Phaeophyceae). Whilst a number of taxa were identified only to the genus level, 43 were identified to species level (22 Rhodophyta, eight Chlorophyta and 13 Ochrophyta), comprising 22 new records for the Island (nine Rhodophyta, four Chlorophyta and nine Ochrophyta), two introduced species (the Rhodophyta Asparagopsis armata and the Chlorophyta Codium fragile subsp. fragile and seven species of uncertain status (five Rhodophyta and two Ochrophyta).}, }
@article {pmid33580197, year = {2021}, author = {Blumenfeld, AJ and Eyer, PA and Husseneder, C and Mo, J and Johnson, LNL and Wang, C and Kenneth Grace, J and Chouvenc, T and Wang, S and Vargo, EL}, title = {Bridgehead effect and multiple introductions shape the global invasion history of a termite.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {196}, pmid = {33580197}, issn = {2399-3642}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Asia, Eastern ; *Introduced Species ; Isoptera/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Models, Genetic ; Phylogeny ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Population Dynamics ; United States ; }, abstract = {Native to eastern Asia, the Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus (Shiraki) is recognized as one of the 100 worst invasive pests in the world, with established populations in Japan, Hawaii and the southeastern United States. Despite its importance, the native source(s) of C. formosanus introductions and their invasive pathway out of Asia remain elusive. Using ~22,000 SNPs, we retraced the invasion history of this species through approximate Bayesian computation and assessed the consequences of the invasion on its genetic patterns and demography. We show a complex invasion history, where an initial introduction to Hawaii resulted from two distinct introduction events from eastern Asia and the Hong Kong region. The admixed Hawaiian population subsequently served as the source, through a bridgehead, for one introduction to the southeastern US. A separate introduction event from southcentral China subsequently occurred in Florida showing admixture with the first introduction. Overall, these findings further reinforce the pivotal role of bridgeheads in shaping species distributions in the Anthropocene and illustrate that the global distribution of C. formosanus has been shaped by multiple introductions out of China, which may have prevented and possibly reversed the loss of genetic diversity within its invasive range.}, }
@article {pmid33579008, year = {2021}, author = {Zhang, L and Hua, Y and Wei, S}, title = {High Genetic Diversity of an Invasive Alien Species: Comparison between Fur-Farmed and Feral American Mink (Neovison vison) in China.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {33579008}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {147855//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Genetic characteristics play an important role in alien species for achieving high adaptation and rapid evolution in a new environment. The American mink (Neovison vison) is one of the best-known and most widespread invasive species that has successfully invaded the Eurasian mainland over quite a short period, including most parts of northeastern China. However, genetic information on farmed and feral American mink populations introduced in China is completely lacking. In this study, we combined mitochondrial DNA sequences and polymorphic microsatellites to examine the genetic divergence and genetic diversity of farmed and feral American mink populations. Our results suggest that there is admixture of individuals of different genetic characteristics between farmed and feral populations of mink. Furthermore, the genetic diversity of both farmed and feral American mink populations was high, and no bottleneck or population expansion was detected in most of the populations. These findings not only highlight the genetic characteristics of American mink in northeastern China but also contribute to the general understanding of the invasiveness of farmed species.}, }
@article {pmid33572058, year = {2021}, author = {Kumar, PL and Cuervo, M and Kreuze, JF and Muller, G and Kulkarni, G and Kumari, SG and Massart, S and Mezzalama, M and Alakonya, A and Muchugi, A and Graziosi, I and Ndjiondjop, MN and Sharma, R and Negawo, AT}, title = {Phytosanitary Interventions for Safe Global Germplasm Exchange and the Prevention of Transboundary Pest Spread: The Role of CGIAR Germplasm Health Units.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {33572058}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {The inherent ability of seeds (orthodox, intermediate, and recalcitrant seeds and vegetative propagules) to serve as carriers of pests and pathogens (hereafter referred to as pests) and the risk of transboundary spread along with the seed movement present a high-risk factor for international germplasm distribution activities. Quarantine and phytosanitary procedures have been established by many countries around the world to minimize seed-borne pest spread by screening export and import consignments of germplasm. The effectiveness of these time-consuming and cost-intensive procedures depends on the knowledge of pest distribution, availability of diagnostic tools for seed health testing, qualified operators, procedures for inspection, and seed phytosanitation. This review describes a unique multidisciplinary approach used by the CGIAR Germplasm Health Units (GHUs) in ensuring phytosanitary protection for the safe conservation and global movement of germplasm from the 11 CGIAR genebanks and breeding programs that acquire and distribute germplasm to and from all parts of the world for agricultural research and food security. We also present the challenges, lessons learned, and recommendations stemming from the experience of GHUs, which collaborate with the national quarantine systems to export and distribute about 100,000 germplasm samples annually to partners located in about 90 to 100 countries. Furthermore, we describe how GHUs adjust their procedures to stay in alignment with evolving phytosanitary regulations and pest risk scenarios. In conclusion, we state the benefits of globally coordinated phytosanitary networks for the prevention of the intercontinental spread of pests that are transmissible through plant propagation materials.}, }
@article {pmid33571867, year = {2021}, author = {Griffith, K and Jenkins, SR and Giménez, L}, title = {Larval tolerance to food limitation is stronger in an exotic barnacle than in its native competitor.}, journal = {Zoology (Jena, Germany)}, volume = {145}, number = {}, pages = {125891}, doi = {10.1016/j.zool.2020.125891}, pmid = {33571867}, issn = {1873-2720}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Diatoms ; *Food Supply ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Thoracica/*physiology ; }, abstract = {A critical question in marine ecology is understanding how organisms will cope with environmental conditions under climate change. Increasing temperatures not only have a direct effect on marine organisms but may also lead to food limitation through for example trophic mismatches, or by the increased metabolic demands imposed by developing at high temperatures. Using barnacles from a population of North Wales, we studied the combined effect of temperature and food density on the survival, settlement success, developmental time and body size of larvae of the native barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and its exotic competitor, the barnacle Austrominius modestus. Larvae were reared at similar food levels but at temperature ranges which varied among species reflecting their different phenology and tolerances. For S. balanoides (spring larval release) we used a lower temperature of 9 °C, reflecting spring temperatures from N Wales to SW England, and 15 °C representing warmer conditions; for A. modestus (summer larval release) a typical summer temperature for this geographic range of 15 °C was used with a raised temperature of 18 °C. Larvae were reared under controlled conditions in automated, computer programmable incubators and fed diatoms (Skeletonema costatum) at three food levels. We found stress effects of food limitation on larval performance of S. balanoides. While survival during naupliar development was little affected by food and temperature, low food levels strongly depressed survival and settlement during the cyprid stage of S. balanoides at both tested temperatures, but especially at 15 °C. By contrast, at the tested temperatures little effects were found on survival and settlement success in the exotic A. modestus. Both species delayed development in response to low food levels while S. balanoides cyprids showed decreased body size at the high tested temperature. The main impact occurred as a delayed effect, at the time when cyprids attempt to settle, rather than as an effect on naupliar survival or metamorphosis to the cyprid stage. Response in body size and developmental time may have costs at the time of metamorphosis (delayed settlement) or after metamorphosis. Overall, our experiments suggest that as temperature increases, settlement success of S. balanoides larvae (but not that of its competitor A. modestus) will become more sensitive to conditions of food limitation, imposed for instance by phenological mismatches with periods of phytoplankton peak.}, }
@article {pmid33571278, year = {2021}, author = {Chichizola, GA and Gonzalez, SL and Rovere, AE}, title = {Alien plant species on roadsides of the northwestern Patagonian steppe (Argentina).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {e0246657}, pmid = {33571278}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Argentina ; Biodiversity ; Grassland ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Plant Development ; Plants/*classification ; Seed Bank ; Seeds/*classification/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The introduction of alien species represents one of the greatest threats to biodiversity worldwide. Highway construction increases the dispersal and invasion of exotic plant species. This study examined the assembly process of the plant communities to determine whether the roadsides of the Patagonian steppe represent a reservoir and dispersal source of invasive exotic species. We analyzed the composition of exotic and native species and functional groups present in the established vegetation and seed banks of roadsides and reference areas nearby. The type of dispersal of exotic and native species at the roadsides was also evaluated. Total cover and that of exotic and native species was lower at the roadsides than in the reference areas; however, at the roadsides the cover and seed abundance of exotic species was higher than that of native species. In the roadsides vegetation, native shrubs such as Acaena splendens predominated, along with exotic perennial herbs and grasses which were mainly represented by Rumex acetosella. In the seed bank the predominant species were exotic perennial herbs, also represented by R. acetosella, annual exotic species such as Epilobium brachycarpum and Verbascum thapsus, and annual native species such as Heliotropium paronychioides. No exotic shrubs were found either at the roadsides or in the reference areas. The species at the roadsides did not present a dominant type of dispersal. The abundance of exotic species at the roadsides, both in the aboveground vegetation and the seed bank, may be due to the stressful environment and the characteristics of the species themselves, such as the ability to form seed banks. This work revealed that the roadsides of the Patagonian steppe constitute reservoirs of invasive exotic species, highlighting the importance of identifying them and controlling their spread, with a view to generating ecosystem management programs.}, }
@article {pmid33571044, year = {2021}, author = {Annas, GJ and Beisel, CL and Clement, K and Crisanti, A and Francis, S and Galardini, M and Galizi, R and Grünewald, J and Immobile, G and Khalil, AS and Müller, R and Pattanayak, V and Petri, K and Paul, L and Pinello, L and Simoni, A and Taxiarchi, C and Joung, JK}, title = {A Code of Ethics for Gene Drive Research.}, journal = {The CRISPR journal}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {19-24}, pmid = {33571044}, issn = {2573-1602}, mesh = {*Codes of Ethics ; Ecosystem ; *Gene Drive Technology ; Gene Editing ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Morals ; Public Health ; }, abstract = {Gene drives hold promise for use in controlling insect vectors of diseases, agricultural pests, and for conservation of ecosystems against invasive species. At the same time, this technology comes with potential risks that include unknown downstream effects on entire ecosystems as well as the accidental or nefarious spread of organisms that carry the gene drive machinery. A code of ethics can be a useful tool for all parties involved in the development and regulation of gene drives and can be used to help ensure that a balanced analysis of risks, benefits, and values is taken into consideration in the interest of society and humanity. We have developed a code of ethics for gene drive research with the hope that this code will encourage the development of an international framework that includes ethical guidance of gene drive research and is incorporated into scientific practice by gaining broad agreement and adherence.}, }
@article {pmid33568185, year = {2021}, author = {Lucía, CA and Jacqueline, BR and Alberto, BL and David, BA and Beatriz, RA}, title = {Actualized inventory of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Oaxaca, Mexico.}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {7}, pmid = {33568185}, issn = {1746-4269}, support = {JF102//Comisi&#xf3;n Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad/ ; local founds//Universidad Aut&#xf3;noma Metropolitana/ ; }, mesh = {Ethnicity ; Ethnobotany ; Humans ; *Knowledge ; *Medicine, Traditional ; Mexico ; Plants, Medicinal/*classification ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Oaxaca is one of the most diverse states in Mexico from biological and cultural points of view. Different ethnic groups living there maintain deep and ancestral traditional knowledge of medicinal plants as well as traditional practices and beliefs about diseases/illnesses and cures. Previous ethnobotanical research in this state has helped document this knowledge, but with the addition of more studies, more records appear. We updated the inventory of medicinal knowledge between the different ethnic groups that inhabit the Oaxacan territory.<br><br>METHODS: A database was constructed from two sources: (1) original data from a 3-year project in 84 municipalities of Oaxaca inhabited by eight ethnic groups and (2) different electronic databases.<br><br>RESULTS: Records of 1032 medicinal plants were obtained; 164 families were registered, with Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Rubiaceae being the most commonly used. A total of 770 species were reported in 14 vegetation types; the most important species came from temperate forests. Only 144 species corresponded to introduced species, and 272 were listed in a risk category. Illnesses of the digestive and genitourinary systems as well as culture-bound syndromes were treated with high numbers of medicinal plants. The Mestizo, Mixe, Mixtec, and Zapotec ethnic groups exhibited the greatest number of recorded medicinal plants. The 17 species that were used among almost all ethnic groups in Oaxaca were also used to cure the highest number of diseases.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Inventories of medicinal plants confirm the persistence of traditional knowledge and reflect the need to recognize and respect this cosmovision. Many species are gathered in wild environments. The most important illnesses or diseases recorded in the present inventory are also mentioned in different studies, suggesting that they are common health problems in the rural communities of Mexico.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Medicinal plants are essential for ethnic groups in Oaxaca. It is necessary to recognize and understand the complex ancestral processes involved in the human-nature interaction and the role of these processes in the conservation of biodiversity and in the survivorship of ethnic groups that have persisted for centuries. Finally, this study serves as a wake-up call to respect those worldviews.}, }
@article {pmid33563116, year = {2021}, author = {Brock, RE and Crowther, LP and Wright, DJ and Richardson, DS and Carvell, C and Taylor, MI and Bourke, AFG}, title = {No severe genetic bottleneck in a rapidly range-expanding bumblebee pollinator.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {288}, number = {1944}, pages = {20202639}, pmid = {33563116}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Bees/*genetics ; Diploidy ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; }, abstract = {Genetic bottlenecks can limit the success of populations colonizing new ranges. However, successful colonizations can occur despite bottlenecks, a phenomenon known as the genetic paradox of invasion. Eusocial Hymenoptera such as bumblebees (Bombus spp.) should be particularly vulnerable to genetic bottlenecks, since homozygosity at the sex-determining locus leads to costly diploid male production (DMP). The Tree Bumblebee (Bombus hypnorum) has rapidly colonized the UK since 2001 and has been highlighted as exemplifying the genetic paradox of invasion. Using microsatellite genotyping, combined with the first genetic estimates of DMP in UK B. hypnorum, we tested two alternative genetic hypotheses ('bottleneck' and 'gene flow' hypotheses) for B. hypnorum's colonization of the UK. We found that the UK population has not undergone a recent severe genetic bottleneck and exhibits levels of genetic diversity falling between those of widespread and range-restricted Bombus species. Diploid males occurred in 15.4% of reared colonies, leading to an estimate of 21.5 alleles at the sex-determining locus. Overall, the findings show that this population is not bottlenecked, instead suggesting that it is experiencing continued gene flow from the continental European source population with only moderate loss of genetic diversity, and does not exemplify the genetic paradox of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid33561161, year = {2021}, author = {Qu, T and Du, X and Peng, Y and Guo, W and Zhao, C and Losapio, G}, title = {Invasive species allelopathy decreases plant growth and soil microbial activity.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {e0246685}, pmid = {33561161}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Allelopathy/*physiology ; Biomass ; Carbon/metabolism ; Introduced Species/trends ; Microbiota/physiology ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Plant Development/*physiology ; Plant Roots/physiology ; Plants/metabolism/microbiology ; Rhus/metabolism/toxicity ; Soil/*chemistry ; Soil Microbiology ; Tagetes/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; }, abstract = {According to the 'novel weapons hypothesis', invasive success depends on harmful plant biochemicals, including allelopathic antimicrobial roots exudate that directly inhibit plant growth and soil microbial activity. However, the combination of direct and soil-mediated impacts of invasive plants via allelopathy remains poorly understood. Here, we addressed the allelopathic effects of an invasive plant species (Rhus typhina) on a cultivated plant (Tagetes erecta), soil properties and microbial communities. We grew T. erecta on soil samples at increasing concentrations of R. typhina root extracts and measured both plant growth and soil physiological profile with community-level physiological profiles (CLPP) using Biolog Eco-plates incubation. We found that R. typhina root extracts inhibit both plant growth and soil microbial activity. Plant height, Root length, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and AWCD were significantly decreased with increasing root extract concentration, and plant above-ground biomass (AGB), below-ground biomass (BGB) and total biomass (TB) were significantly decreased at 10 mg·mL-1 of root extracts. In particular, root extracts significantly reduced the carbon source utilization of carbohydrates, carboxylic acids and polymers, but enhanced phenolic acid. Redundancy analysis shows that soil pH, TN, SOC and EC were the major driving factors of soil microbial activity. Our results indicate that strong allelopathic impact of root extracts on plant growth and soil microbial activity by mimicking roots exudate, providing novel insights into the role of plant-soil microbe interactions in mediating invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid33560879, year = {2021}, author = {Elliott, M and Rollins, L and Bourret, T and Chastagner, G}, title = {First report of leaf blight caused by Phytophthora ramorum on periwinkle (Vinca minor) in Washington State, USA.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-08-20-1721-PDN}, pmid = {33560879}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Phytophthora ramorum (Werres, De Cock &amp; Man in't Veld) was recovered from symptomatic foliage of periwinkle at a botanical garden in WA in March 2015. Symptoms were tan colored lesions with a dark brown margin visible on both surfaces of the leaf and were found on wounds or around leaf margins. Periwinkle is native to Europe and is commonly used for ground cover in ornamental landscapes. It is known to be invasive in US forests near the urban/wildland interface. Potential spread of P. ramorum into WA forests is of regulatory concern, as well as long distance spread to other states via nursery stock (7 CFR §301.92-2). Phytophthora ramorum was isolated from symptomatic foliage by excising leaf pieces 4-6 mm in diameter and surface-sterilizing in 0.6% sodium hypochlorite followed by two rinses in sterile water. Leaf pieces were plated on PARP medium (Ferguson and Jeffers 1999) and after 2-3 days at 20°C, slow-growing dense colonies with coralloid hyphae were isolated onto V8 agar. Colony morphology and chlamydospore production were consistent with descriptions of P. ramorum (Werres et al. 2001), except that the isolate was slower growing and had irregular, non-wildtype morphology (Elliott et al. 2018) compared to other isolates of P. ramorum. ITS and COX1 regions of mycelial DNA was amplified and sequenced to confirm the identity of P. ramorum using primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990) and COX1F1/COX1R1 (Van Poucke et al. 2012). Sequences were submitted to GenBank (accession nos. ITS MT031975, COX1 MT031974). BLAST results showed at least 98% similarity with sequences of P. ramorum (ITS, MN540640 [98%]; COX1, EU124920 [100%]), and belonged to the NA1 clonal lineage. Pathogenicity of P. ramorum to periwinkle was confirmed by completing Koch's Postulates. Inoculum was grown on V8 agar plates at 20°C for two weeks until sporangia were abundant. A zoospore suspension was produced by flooding plates with 7 ml sterile water, incubating for 2 hours at 5°C, then for an additional hour at 24°C. Zoospores were observed under the microscope and quantified with a hemocytometer, then diluted to 2 x 105 zoospores/ml. A 10 µl droplet of inoculum was placed at one wounded and one unwounded site on six leaves on each of four plants. In addition, a set of four plants was inoculated by dipping foliage on one branch per plant into the zoospore suspension for 30 seconds. A set of four control plants were mock inoculated in the same manner using sterile water. The trial was repeated once. Inoculated plant materials were incubated in a moist chamber for 3-5 days and free moisture was present on foliage upon removal. Plants were held in a biocontainment chamber (USDA-APHIS permit # 65857) at 20C and symptom development assessed after 7 days (Figure S1). . Symptoms developed on foliage inoculated using both methods in both trials. Phytophthora ramorum was isolated once from droplet inoculated foliage at a wounded site on one plant. Reisolation onto PARP and then V8 agar was conducted from surface-sterilized symptomatic tissue and the presence of P. ramorum confirmed by observation of colony morphology and chlamydospore production. The presence of P. ramorum was also confirmed with DNA extraction from symptomatic foliage from plants from each of the two trials followed by PCR and sequencing of the COX1 gene (EU124920, 100%) (Figure S2). None of the water-inoculated controls were positive for P. ramorum. Low isolation success could be attributed to reduced pathogenicity due to being a non-wildtype isolate. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, McIntire-Stennis project 1019284 and USDA APHIS Cooperative Agreement AP17PPQS&amp;T00C070.}, }
@article {pmid33560563, year = {2022}, author = {Elfekih, S and Metcalfe, S and Walsh, TK and Cox, TE and Strive, T}, title = {Genomic insights into a population of introduced European rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus in Australia and the development of genetic resistance to rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus.}, journal = {Transboundary and emerging diseases}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, pages = {895-902}, doi = {10.1111/tbed.14030}, pmid = {33560563}, issn = {1865-1682}, support = {R-91040-11//CSIRO Office of the Chief Executive/ ; ASTF-6889//European Molecular Biology Organization/ ; R-8681-1//CSIRO H&amp;B Genes of Biosecurity&#xa0;Importance/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia/epidemiology ; *Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology/genetics/veterinary ; Genomics ; *Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/genetics ; *Myxoma virus/genetics ; Rabbits ; }, abstract = {The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is one of the most devastating invasive species in Australia. Since the 1950s, myxoma virus (MYXV) and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) have been used to manage overabundant rabbit populations. Resistance to MYXV was observed within a few years of the release. More recently, resistance to lethal RHDV infection has also been reported, undermining the efficiency of landscape-scale rabbit control. Previous studies suggest that genetic resistance to lethal RHDV infection may differ locally between populations, yet the mechanisms of genetic resistance remain poorly understood. Here, we used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) data representing a reduced representation of the genome, to investigate Australian rabbit populations. Our aims were to understand the relationship between populations and identify possible genomic signatures of selection for RHDV resistance. One population we investigated had previously been reported to show levels of resistance to lethal RHDV infection. This population was compared to three other populations with lower or no previously reported RHDV resistance. We identified a set of novel candidate genes that could be involved in host-pathogen interactions such as virus binding and infection processes. These genes did not overlap with previous studies on RHDV resistance carried out in different rabbit populations, suggesting that multiple mechanisms are feasible. These findings provide useful insights into the different potential mechanisms of genetic resistance to RHDV virus which will inform future functional studies in this area.}, }
@article {pmid33558907, year = {2021}, author = {Mercer, NH and Obrycki, JJ and Bessin, RT}, title = {Altering Planting Date to Manage Melanaphis sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Populations in Sweet Sorghum.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {114}, number = {1}, pages = {197-200}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toaa306}, pmid = {33558907}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aphids ; Edible Grain ; *Insecticides ; Population Density ; *Sorghum ; }, abstract = {Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner is a new pest of sweet sorghum in the United States, with the potential to cause complete crop failure. In Kentucky, sweet sorghum is normally planted in early May and harvested in late August or September. Planting sweet sorghum earlier in the season may avoid damaging levels of M. sacchari that develop in late summer. In a 2-yr field study, three different planting dates separated by a month (April, May, and June) were tested for their effect on M. sacchari densities and sweet sorghum yield. April (early) planted sweet sorghum was grown in greenhouses and transplanted to the field. May (mid) and June (late) planted sweet sorghum were direct seeded in the field. Melanaphis sacchari population densities were evaluated weekly starting in June. Sweet sorghum was harvested at the onset of the hard dough stage. Plots were split into two subplots, insecticide or noninsecticide, in the second year to control for planting date effect on yield. Early-planted sweet sorghum had lower aphid densities, but had lower yield relative to mid-planting date, which had the highest yield. Insecticide drenches in 2019 reduced cumulative aphid days in mid-plantings and late plantings, but did not significantly affect yield within planting dates. Seeding sweet sorghum earlier can reduce M. sacchari densities; however, this method alone may not provide the highest yields. We documented that the recommended planting date (May) for Kentucky produced the highest yield.}, }
@article {pmid33558904, year = {2021}, author = {Solano, A and Rodriguez, SL and Greenwood, L and Dodds, KJ and Coyle, DR}, title = {Firewood Transport as a Vector of Forest Pest Dispersal in North America: A Scoping Review.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {114}, number = {1}, pages = {14-23}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toaa278}, pmid = {33558904}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Mexico ; North America ; Trees ; United States ; }, abstract = {Native and nonnative insects and diseases can result in detrimental impacts to trees and forests, including the loss of economic resources and ecosystem services. Increases in globalization and changing human behaviors have created new anthropogenic pathways for long distance pest dispersal. In North America, literature suggests that once a forest or tree pest is established, the movement of firewood by the general public for recreational or home heating purposes is one of the primary pathways for its dispersal. Understanding human perceptions and behaviors is essential to inform the most effective strategies for modifying firewood and pest dispersal by humans. This scoping review seeks to assess trends and gaps in the existing literature, as well as patterns in behavior related to forest pest dispersal through firewood movement in North America. We identified 76 documents that addressed this topic to which we applied inclusion and exclusion criteria to select articles for further analysis. Twenty-five articles met the inclusion criteria and were categorized based on five identified themes: 1) insect incidence in firewood, 2) insect dispersal via firewood, 3) recreational firewood movement, 4) firewood treatments, and 5) behavior and rule compliance. The selected articles show trends that suggest that firewood movement presents a risk for forest insect dispersal, but that behavior can be modified, and compliance, monitoring, and treatments should be strengthened. This scoping review found limited research about western United States, Mexico, and Canada, various insect species and other organisms, regulation and management, awareness, and behavioral dimensions of firewood movement.}, }
@article {pmid33558646, year = {2021}, author = {Arnan, X and Angulo, E and Boulay, R and Molowny-Horas, R and Cerdá, X and Retana, J}, title = {Introduced ant species occupy empty climatic niches in Europe.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {3280}, pmid = {33558646}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Exploring shifts in the climatic niches of introduced species can provide significant insight into the mechanisms underlying the invasion process and the associated impacts on biodiversity. We aim to test the phylogenetic signal hypothesis in native and introduced species in Europe by examining climatic niche similarity. We examined data from 134 ant species commonly found in western Europe; 130 were native species, and 4 were introduced species. We characterized their distribution patterns using species records from different databases, determined their phylogenetic relatedness, and tested for a phylogenetic signal in their optimal climatic niches. We then compared the introduced species' climatic niches in Europe with their climatic niches in their native ranges and with the climatic niches of their closest relative species in Europe. We found a strong phylogenetic signal in the optimal climatic niches of the most common ant species in Europe; however, this signal was weak for the main climatic variables that affect the distributions of introduced versus native species. Also, introduced species occupied different climatic niches in Europe than in their native ranges; furthermore, their European climatic niches did not resemble those of their closest relative species in Europe. We further discovered that there was not much concordance between the climatic niches of introduced species in their native ranges and climatic conditions in Europe. Our findings suggest that phylogenetics do indeed constrain shifts in the climatic niches of native European ant species. However, introduced species would not face such constraints and seemed to occupy relatively empty climatic niches.}, }
@article {pmid33556773, year = {2021}, author = {Asakura, A}, title = {Crustaceans in changing climate: Global warming and invasion of tropical land hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae) into temperate area in Japan.}, journal = {Zoology (Jena, Germany)}, volume = {145}, number = {}, pages = {125893}, doi = {10.1016/j.zool.2021.125893}, pmid = {33556773}, issn = {1873-2720}, mesh = {Animals ; Anomura/*physiology ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; }, abstract = {There is currently a strong scientific consensus that recent global change of climate, including the global warming, seriously damage ecosystems of both lands and oceans. Here, I review recent drastic northern expansion of distribution of tropical land hermit crabs (Coenobita) into temperate Japan. Seto Marine Biological Laboratory of Kyoto University has a long history (97 years) and has been conducting various programs of long-term monitoring survey on coastal biota. A part of the results is also introduced here. Seventeen species of land hermit crabs are known from tropical regions worldwide, and seven species are known in Japan, which are mainly distributed in tropical region of Japan. Recent intensive studies on coastal areas of Japan have shown that many juveniles and small individuals of land hermit crabs are found during warm season in temperate regions. The finding of the species that were identified by DNA analysis as Coenobita rugosus and C. purpureus might be an indication for the global warming effect. Further, I here introduce the model of northern limit of distribution proposed by Gorodkov (1986) which explains change of detailed structure of population toward the limit of distribution. Moreover, I here propose the model of stages of adaptation of tropical species to temperate zone through ecological and evolutional times. These two models are useful and helpful to understand the things happen in populations in the limit of distribution and, therefore, useful for conservation of species and biological communities.}, }
@article {pmid33556188, year = {2021}, author = {Jobe, JGD and Gedan, K}, title = {Species-specific responses of a marsh-forest ecotone plant community responding to climate change.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, pages = {e03296}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3296}, pmid = {33556188}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Forests ; Poaceae ; Salinity ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Ecotones are responsive to environmental change and pave a path for succession as they move across the landscape. We investigated the biotic and abiotic filters to species establishment on opposite ends of a tidal marsh-forest ecotone that is moving inland in response to sea level rise. We transplanted four plant species common to the ecotone to the leading or trailing edge of the migrating ecotone, with and without caging to protect them from ungulate herbivores. We found that species exhibited an individualistic response to abiotic and biotic pressures in this ecotone; three species performed better at the leading edge of the ecotone in the coastal forest, whereas one performed better at the trailing edge in the marsh. Specifically, grass species Phragmites australis and Panicum virgatum grew more in the low light and low salinity conditions of the leading edge of the ecotone (forest), whereas the shrub Iva frutescens grew better in the high light, high salinity conditions of the trailing edge of the ecotone (marsh). Furthermore, of the four species, only P. australis was affected by the biotic pressure of herbivory by an introduced ungulate, Cervus nippon, which greatly reduced its biomass and survival at the leading edge (forest). P. australis is an aggressive invasive species and has been observed to dominate in the wake of migrating marsh-forest ecotones. Our findings detail the role of lower salinity stress to promote and herbivory pressure to inhibit the establishment of P. australis during shifts of this ecotone, and also highlight an interaction between two nonnative species, P. australis and C. nippon. Understanding migration of the marsh-forest ecotone and the factors controlling P. australis establishment are critical for marsh conservation in the face of sea level rise. More generally, our findings support the conclusion that the abiotic and biotic filters of a migrating ecotone shape the resulting community.}, }
@article {pmid33555561, year = {2021}, author = {Moo-Llanes, DA}, title = {Inferring Distributional Shifts of Asian Giant Hornet Vespa mandarinia Smith in Climate Change Scenarios.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {4}, pages = {673-676}, pmid = {33555561}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Central America ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Models, Theoretical ; North America ; South America ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Vespa mandarinia Smith is a species with native distribution in Asia and with the potential distribution of invasion in the Americas. We use ecological niche models to be able to predict their potential distribution in Asia and their projection in the Americas using KUENM in R in climate change scenarios. The ecological niche of V. mandarinia is potentially distributed in Asia and is expected with invasion potential in the east coast of USA, part of the México, Central America, and South America, while for 2050 it is projected with dispersion in North and Central of USA and rest of the Americas. The realized niche expanded in the Americas. Ecological niche modeling helps us infer the distribution of this species in Asia and its possible establishment of invasion in the USA, México, Central America, and South America.}, }
@article {pmid33554374, year = {2021}, author = {Mushegian, AA and Neupane, N and Batz, Z and Mogi, M and Tuno, N and Toma, T and Miyagi, I and Ries, L and Armbruster, PA}, title = {Ecological mechanism of climate-mediated selection in a rapidly evolving invasive species.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {698-707}, pmid = {33554374}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {R01 AI132409/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; EF-1702664//US National Science Foundation/ ; 1R01AI132409-01A1/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; 1R01AI132409-01A1/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Aedes/genetics ; Animals ; Climate ; *Introduced Species ; Photoperiod ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Recurring seasonal changes can lead to the evolution of phenological cues. For example, many arthropods undergo photoperiodic diapause, a programmed developmental arrest induced by short autumnal day length. The selective mechanisms that determine the timing of autumnal diapause initiation have not been empirically identified. We quantified latitudinal clines in genetically determined diapause timing of an invasive mosquito, Aedes albopictus, on two continents. We show that variation in diapause timing within and between continents is explained by a novel application of a growing degree day (GDD) model that delineates a location-specific deadline after which it is not possible to complete an additional full life cycle. GDD models are widely used to predict spring phenology by modelling growth and development as physiological responses to ambient temperatures. Our results show that the energy accumulation dynamics represented by GDD models have also led to the evolution of an anticipatory life-history cue in autumn.}, }
@article {pmid33553640, year = {2021}, author = {Shin, J and Jung, J}, title = {Complete mitochondrial genome of Aedes flavopictus (Yamada, 1921) (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in South Korea.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {265-267}, pmid = {33553640}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {In this study, we determined for the first time the mitochondrial genome sequence of an Aedes flavopictus specimen collected in South Korea. Its mitochondrial genome was 16,060 bp in length, consisting of 13 protein-coding, 22 tRNA, and 2 rRNA genes and a non-coding A + T rich region. The overall base composition in the heavy strand was 39.7, 8.6, 12.7, and 39% of A, G, C, and T, respectively, and the G + C content was 21.2%. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Aedes spp. formed a monophyletic clade.}, }
@article {pmid33553245, year = {2020}, author = {Codd-Downey, R and Jenkin, M and Dey, BB and Zacher, J and Blainey, E and Andrews, P}, title = {Monitoring Re-Growth of Invasive Plants Using an Autonomous Surface Vessel.}, journal = {Frontiers in robotics and AI}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {583416}, pmid = {33553245}, issn = {2296-9144}, abstract = {Invasive aquatic plant species, and in particular Eurasian Water-Milfoil (EWM), pose a major threat to domestic flora and fauna and can in turn negatively impact local economies. Numerous strategies have been developed to harvest and remove these plant species from the environment. However it is still an open question as to which method is best suited to removing a particular invasive species and the impact of different lake conditions on the choice. One problem common to all harvesting methods is the need to assess the location and degree of infestation on an ongoing manner. This is a difficult and error prone problem given that the plants grow underwater and significant infestation at depth may not be visible at the surface. Here we detail efforts to monitor EWM infestation and evaluate harvesting methods using an autonomous surface vessel (ASV). This novel ASV is based around a mono-hull design with two outriggers. Powered by a differential pair of underwater thrusters, the ASV is outfitted with RTK GPS for position estimation and a set of submerged environmental sensors that are used to capture imagery and depth information including the presence of material suspended in the water column. The ASV is capable of both autonomous and tele-operation.}, }
@article {pmid33551657, year = {2021}, author = {Sammet, K and Martin, M and Kesküla, T and Kurina, O}, title = {An update to the distribution of invasive Ctenolepisma longicaudatum Escherich in northern Europe, with an overview of other records of Estonian synanthropic bristletails (Insecta: Zygentoma).}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e61848}, pmid = {33551657}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Previously, two species of Zygentoma have been reported as synanthropic in Estonia (Lepisma saccharinum Linnaeus, 1758 and Thermobia domestica (Packard, 1873)). Ctenolepisma longicaudatum Escherich, 1905 is an invasive species that is currently expanding its range in Europe, but had no published records from the northern Baltic Region.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: Ctenolepisma longicaudatum was first found in Estonia in 2018. It has currently several established populations in public buildings in Tartu and Tallinn, but has not been found in private households, nor in other places in Estonia. A brief overview of its invasion history in northern Europe is given.}, }
@article {pmid33549568, year = {2021}, author = {Lehmann, P and Javal, M and Plessis, AD and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Using µCT in live larvae of a large wood-boring beetle to study tracheal oxygen supply during development.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {130}, number = {}, pages = {104199}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104199}, pmid = {33549568}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Animals ; Basal Metabolism ; Body Size ; Coleoptera/*anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Larva/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Oxygen/*physiology ; Respiratory System/anatomy &amp; histology/diagnostic imaging/growth &amp; development ; Trachea/anatomy &amp; histology/diagnostic imaging/growth &amp; development ; X-Ray Microtomography/*instrumentation ; }, abstract = {How respiratory structures vary with, or are constrained by, an animal's environment is of central importance to diverse evolutionary and comparative physiology hypotheses. To date, quantifying insect respiratory structures and their variation has remained challenging due to their microscopic size, hence only a handful of species have been examined. Several methods for imaging insect respiratory systems are available, in many cases however, the analytical process is lethal, destructive, time consuming and labour intensive. Here, we explore and test a different approach to measuring tracheal volume using X-ray micro-tomography (µCT) scanning (at 15 µm resolution) on living, sedated larvae of the cerambycid beetle Cacosceles newmannii across a range of body sizes at two points in development. We provide novel data on resistance of the larvae to the radiation dose absorbed during µCT scanning, repeatability of imaging analyses both within and between time-points and, structural tracheal trait differences provided by different image segmentation methods. By comparing how tracheal dimension (reflecting metabolic supply) and basal metabolic rate (reflecting metabolic demand) increase with mass, we show that tracheal oxygen supply capacity increases during development at a comparable, or even higher rate than metabolic demand. Given that abundant gas delivery capacity in the insect respiratory system may be costly (due to e.g. oxygen toxicity or space restrictions), there are probably balancing factors requiring such a capacity that are not linked to direct tissue oxygen demand and that have not been thoroughly elucidated to date, including CO2 efflux. Our study provides methodological insights and novel biological data on key issues in rapidly quantifying insect respiratory anatomy on live insects.}, }
@article {pmid33546714, year = {2021}, author = {Geertsma, IP and Françozo, M and van Andel, T and Rodríguez, MA}, title = {What's in a name? Revisiting medicinal and religious plants at an Amazonian market.}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {9}, pmid = {33546714}, issn = {1746-4269}, support = {715423//H2020 European Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {Brazil ; *Ceremonial Behavior ; *Commerce ; *Ethnobotany ; Introduced Species ; Plants, Medicinal/*classification ; Religion ; Terminology as Topic ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In spite of an increasing number of ethnobotanical market surveys in the past decades, few studies compare changes in plant species trade over time. The open-air market Ver-o-Peso (VOP) in Belém, located near the mouth of the Amazon River in the state of Pará, Brazil, is known for its wide variety of medicinal plants. A survey of VOP was published in 1984, but it remains unknown to what extent its botanical composition changed over 34 years. Furthermore, in northern Brazil, little attention has been given to the origins of the vernacular names of these plants. Our aim is to give an up-to-date overview of the VOP medicinal plant market, concentrating on changes in species composition and vernacular names over time.<br><br>METHODS: We collected medicinal plants and vernacular names at VOP in August 2018. We identified most plants at the Museo Paraense Emilio Goeldi Herbarium, where we also deposited vouchers and specimen labels. We compared our species composition data to the 1984 inventory by Van den Berg. Furthermore, we investigated the etymologies of the vernacular plant names.<br><br>RESULTS: We recorded 155 plant specimens and 165 corresponding vernacular names, and collected 146 specimens from the medicinal and ritual stalls of VOP reporting 86 species formerly not recorded at this market. Vernacular names had mostly Portuguese roots, followed by Tupi and African ones. We found 30 species also documented in 1984, and vernacular names that overlapped between both surveys were used for the same botanical species or genus, indicating that vernacular names have changed little in the past decades. Lastly, we found 26 more introduced species sold at VOP compared to 1984.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Forest degradation and deforestation, prevalence of diseases, and methodological factors may play a role in the differences we found in our survey compared to 1984. Of the plants that did overlap between the two surveys, vernacular names of these plants were hardly different. Lastly, the lingual origins of the vernacular names in our survey and the origins of the plant species reflect the history of the intricate syncretism of medicinal plant practices of indigenous, Afro-Brazilian and European origins in Bel&#xe9;m.}, }
@article {pmid33546597, year = {2021}, author = {Lanner, J and Gstöttenmayer, F and Curto, M and Geslin, B and Huchler, K and Orr, MC and Pachinger, B and Sedivy, C and Meimberg, H}, title = {Evidence for multiple introductions of an invasive wild bee species currently under rapid range expansion in Europe.}, journal = {BMC ecology and evolution}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {17}, pmid = {33546597}, issn = {2730-7182}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Europe ; Asia, Eastern ; France ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive species are increasingly driving biodiversity decline, and knowledge of colonization dynamics, including both drivers and dispersal modes, are important to prevent future invasions. The bee species Megachile sculpturalis (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), native to East-Asia, was first recognized in Southeast-France in 2008, and has since spread throughout much of Europe. The spread is very fast, and colonization may result from multiple fronts.<br><br>RESULT: To track the history of this invasion, codominant markers were genotyped using Illumina sequencing and the invasion history and degree of connectivity between populations across the European invasion axis were investigated. Distinctive genetic clusters were detected with east-west differentiations in Middle-Europe.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We hypothesize that the observed cluster formation resulted from multiple, independent introductions of the species to the European continent. This study draws a first picture of an early invasion stage of this wild bee and forms a foundation for further investigations, including studies of the species in their native Asian range and in the invaded range in North America.}, }
@article {pmid33545436, year = {2021}, author = {Bertelsmeier, C}, title = {Globalization and the anthropogenic spread of invasive social insects.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {46}, number = {}, pages = {16-23}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2021.01.006}, pmid = {33545436}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Bees ; Insecta ; Internationality ; Introduced Species ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Social insects are among the worst invasive species and a better understanding of their anthropogenic spread is needed. I highlight recent research demonstrating that social insects have been dispersed since the early beginnings of globalized trade and in particular after the Industrial Revolution, following two waves of globalization. Many species have complex invasion histories, with multiple independent introduction events and frequent secondary spread. The major source and recipient regions differ markedly across ants, wasps, termites and bees, probably linked to their different introduction pathways. At a more local scale, anthropogenic factors such as irrigation, urbanization or the presence of railways facilitate invasions. In the future, social insect invasions could further accelerate due to intensifying global trade and novel introduction pathways.}, }
@article {pmid33544753, year = {2021}, author = {Tucker Williams, E and Lepczyk, CA and Morse, W and Smith, M}, title = {Stakeholder perspectives towards the use of toxicants for managing wild pigs.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {e0246457}, pmid = {33544753}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Alabama ; Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Farmers ; Hazardous Substances ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Population Control/methods ; Sodium Nitrite ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; *Sus scrofa ; Warfarin ; }, abstract = {Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are one of the most detrimental invasive mammals in the US. Lack of adequate population control has allowed pigs to become established across the landscape, causing significant ecological and economic damage. Given the need for additional tools for reducing wild pig populations, two toxicants, warfarin and sodium nitrite, are at the forefront of the discussion regarding future wild pig management. However, no research has examined stakeholders' perspectives towards the use of toxicants in wild pig management. Given the lack of knowledge, our goal was to determine stakeholders' perspectives towards the legal use of toxicants for managing wild pigs. We surveyed 1822 individuals from three stakeholder groups (hunters, farmers, and forestland owners) across Alabama during February 2018 using an online survey following the Tailored Design Method. All three stakeholder groups were generally supportive of toxicant use, though their views differed slightly by group. Furthermore, all stakeholder groups were supportive of toxicant purchasing and use regulations, while accidental water contamination, human health impact, and incorrect usage of a toxicant were stakeholders' greatest concerns. These results indicate that these groups would likely be in support of using toxicants for wild pig management in Alabama and could be a model for other states or locations. Consequently, these results have direct implications for shaping policy and possible use of toxicants as a future wild pig management tool.}, }
@article {pmid33544226, year = {2021}, author = {Truter, M and Hadfield, KA and Weyl, OLF and Smit, NJ}, title = {Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae (Yin &amp; Sproston, 1948) from the giant mottled eel Anguilla marmorata Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1824, in the Phongolo River, South Africa: an invader on the African continent.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {120}, number = {4}, pages = {1247-1268}, pmid = {33544226}, issn = {1432-1955}, support = {CPRR160429163437 (120240)//National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa/ ; CPRR160429163437 (120403)//National Research Foundation (NRF) South Africa/ ; 110507//National Research Foundation (NRF)-South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) (Inland Fisheries and Freshwater Ecology, Grant no. 110507)/ ; }, mesh = {Anguilla/*parasitology ; Animals ; DNA, Intergenic/genetics ; Female ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; Gills/parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Rivers ; South Africa ; Trematoda/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Trematode Infections/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The global invasive anguillid gill parasite Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae (Yin and Sproston, 1948) has only recently been documented from eels in South Africa. As there is no known eel trade in South Africa, the source of introduction of this parasite has been debated, and its status as an alien parasite was rendered uncertain. We report on the first infection of Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae from the giant mottled eel Anguilla marmorata from the Phongolo River (South Africa) using classic morphological and molecular methodologies and clarify the introduction status category of this parasite as alien and invasive.}, }
@article {pmid33542801, year = {2021}, author = {Castillo, ML and Schaffner, U and van Wilgen, BW and Montaño, NM and Bustamante, RO and Cosacov, A and Mathese, MJ and Le Roux, JJ}, title = {Genetic insights into the globally invasive and taxonomically problematic tree genus Prosopis.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {plaa069}, pmid = {33542801}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Accurate taxonomic identification of alien species is crucial to detect new incursions, prevent or reduce the arrival of new invaders and implement management options such as biological control. Globally, the taxonomy of non-native Prosopis species is problematic due to misidentification and extensive hybridization. We performed a genetic analysis on several Prosopis species, and their putative hybrids, including both native and non-native populations, with a special focus on Prosopis invasions in Eastern Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania). We aimed to clarify the taxonomic placement of non-native populations and to infer the introduction histories of Prosopis in Eastern Africa. DNA sequencing data from nuclear and chloroplast markers showed high homology (almost 100 %) between most species analysed. Analyses based on seven nuclear microsatellites confirmed weak population genetic structure among Prosopis species. Hybrids and polyploid individuals were recorded in both native and non-native populations. Invasive genotypes of Prosopis juliflora in Kenya and Ethiopia could have a similar native Mexican origin, while Tanzanian genotypes likely are from a different source. Native Peruvian Prosopis pallida genotypes showed high similarity with non-invasive genotypes from Kenya. Levels of introduced genetic diversity, relative to native populations, suggest that multiple introductions of P. juliflora and P. pallida occurred in Eastern Africa. Polyploidy may explain the successful invasion of P. juliflora in Eastern Africa. The polyploid P. juliflora was highly differentiated from the rest of the (diploid) species within the genus. The lack of genetic differentiation between most diploid species in their native ranges supports the notion that hybridization between allopatric species may occur frequently when they are co-introduced into non-native areas. For regulatory purposes, we propose to treat diploid Prosopis taxa from the Americas as a single taxonomic unit in non-native ranges.}, }
@article {pmid33540272, year = {2021}, author = {Bartolo, AG and Tsiamis, K and Küpper, FC}, title = {Identifying hotspots of non-indigenous species' high impact in the Maltese islands (Central Mediterranean Sea).}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {164}, number = {}, pages = {112016}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112016}, pmid = {33540272}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {Several invasive non-indigenous species (NIS) cause ecological and socio-economic impacts. A good understanding of the impacts of invasive NIS in Mediterranean habitats is important for managing and prioritising measures in the marine environment. We applied a conservative additive model to sum up the Cumulative IMPacts of invasive Alien (CIMPAL) species of 19 invasive marine NIS on 13 habitats in Maltese waters. This analysis identified three hotspot areas of NIS' high impact and five top-priority together with four high-priority invasive NIS for management. By using CIMPAL, it was also possible to differentiate between areas within the same Marine Protected Area. CIMPAL is thus recommended as a good tool for managers and policy makers for prioritising measures as well as funds. Finally, recommendations are made with respect to future steps that are needed for the CIMPAL applicability, aiming to a more appropriate decision-making on prioritisation of hotspot areas and invasive marine NIS.}, }
@article {pmid33540109, year = {2021}, author = {Russo, L and de Keyzer, CW and Harmon-Threatt, AN and LeCroy, KA and MacIvor, JS}, title = {The managed-to-invasive species continuum in social and solitary bees and impacts on native bee conservation.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {46}, number = {}, pages = {43-49}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2021.01.001}, pmid = {33540109}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Ecosystem ; *Flowers ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Invasive bee species have negative impacts on native bee species and are a source of conservation concern. The invasion of bee species is mediated by the abiotic environment, biotic communities, and propagule pressure of the invader. Each of these factors is further affected by management, which can amplify the magnitude of the impact on native bee species. The ecological traits and behavior of invasive bees also play a role in whether and to what degree they compete with or otherwise negatively affect native bee species. The magnitude of impact of an invasive bee species relates both to its population size in the introduced habitat and the degree of overlap between its resources and the resources native bees require.}, }
@article {pmid33537402, year = {2021}, author = {Norton, BB and Norton, SA}, title = {Lionfish envenomation in Caribbean and Atlantic waters: Climate change and invasive species.}, journal = {International journal of women's dermatology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {120-123}, pmid = {33537402}, issn = {2352-6475}, abstract = {The concept of emerging diseases is well understood; however, the concept of emerging injuries is not. We describe the introduction of two species of lionfish, native to the Indian and Pacific Oceans, into the warm shallow coastal waters of the Western Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Lionfish thrive in the same coastal waters that attract recreational swimmers, snorkelers, and divers. Because lionfish have ornate colors, people often swim close to have a better look. Lionfish have venomous spines and, in a defensive reaction, frequently envenomate curious humans. The fish are voracious predators and disrupt the coral ecosystems of the Atlantic. Furthermore, their range is spreading through a combination of lack of natural predators and the expansion of hospitable warm waters into higher latitudes as part of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid33536543, year = {2021}, author = {Seko, Y and Hashimoto, K and Koba, K and Hayasaka, D and Sawahata, T}, title = {Intraspecific differences in the invasion success of the Argentine ant Linepithema humile Mayr are associated with diet breadth.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {2874}, pmid = {33536543}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Geography ; Haplotypes/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; }, abstract = {The Argentine ant, Linepithema humile Mayr, has spread to almost all continents. In each introduced region, L. humile often forms a single large colony (supercolony), the members of which share the haplotype "LH1", despite the presence of other supercolonies with different genetic structures. However, the mechanisms underlying the successful invasion of LH1 ants are unclear. Here, we examined whether diet breadth differs between more successful (LH1) and less successful (LH2, LH3, LH4) L. humile supercolonies in Japan to better understand the processes responsible for invasion success. The standard ellipse areas (SEAs) of δ[13]C and δ[15]N and their ranges (CR and NR) were used as diet breadth indices. The SEAs of LH1 were much larger than those of the less successful supercolonies despite no differences in the baseline SEAs of arthropods within the supercolony habitats, indicating that the invasion success of a supercolony is associated with its diet breadth. Furthermore, LH1 had a broader CR than the other supercolonies, suggesting that which might be derived from superior resource exploitation ability. Our study highlights the importance of focusing on intraspecific differences in diet breadth among supercolonies when assessing organisms that can potentially invade and become dominant in new habitats.}, }
@article {pmid33536336, year = {2021}, author = {Grainger, TN and Rudman, SM and Schmidt, P and Levine, JM}, title = {Competitive history shapes rapid evolution in a seasonal climate.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {118}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {33536336}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {R01 GM100366/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate Change ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/physiology ; Drosophilidae/*genetics/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Eco-evolutionary dynamics will play a critical role in determining species' fates as climatic conditions change. Unfortunately, we have little understanding of how rapid evolutionary responses to climate play out when species are embedded in the competitive communities that they inhabit in nature. We tested the effects of rapid evolution in response to interspecific competition on subsequent ecological and evolutionary trajectories in a seasonally changing climate using a field-based evolution experiment with Drosophila melanogaster Populations of D. melanogaster were either exposed, or not exposed, to interspecific competition with an invasive competitor, Zaprionus indianus, over the summer. We then quantified these populations' ecological trajectories (abundances) and evolutionary trajectories (heritable phenotypic change) when exposed to a cooling fall climate. We found that competition with Z. indianus in the summer affected the subsequent evolutionary trajectory of D. melanogaster populations in the fall, after all interspecific competition had ceased. Specifically, flies with a history of interspecific competition evolved under fall conditions to be larger and have lower cold fecundity and faster development than flies without a history of interspecific competition. Surprisingly, this divergent fall evolutionary trajectory occurred in the absence of any detectible effect of the summer competitive environment on phenotypic evolution over the summer or population dynamics in the fall. This study demonstrates that competitive interactions can leave a legacy that shapes evolutionary responses to climate even after competition has ceased, and more broadly, that evolution in response to one selective pressure can fundamentally alter evolution in response to subsequent agents of selection.}, }
@article {pmid33531857, year = {2021}, author = {Albano, PG and Steger, J and Bakker, PAJ and Bogi, C and Bošnjak, M and Guy-Haim, T and Huseyinoglu, MF and LaFollette, PI and Lubinevsky, H and Mulas, M and Stockinger, M and Azzarone, M and Sabelli, B}, title = {Numerous new records of tropical non-indigenous species in the Eastern Mediterranean highlight the challenges of their recognition and identification.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {1010}, number = {}, pages = {1-95}, pmid = {33531857}, issn = {1313-2989}, support = {P 28983/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, abstract = {New data on 52 non-indigenous mollusks in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea is reported. Fossarus sp. (aff. aptus sensu Blatterer 2019), Coriophora lessepsiana Albano, Bakker &amp; Sabelli, sp. nov., Cerithiopsis sp. aff. pulvis, Joculator problematicus Albano &amp; Steger, sp. nov., Cerithiopsis sp., Elachisina sp., Iravadia aff. elongata, Vitrinella aff. Vitrinella sp. 1 (sensu Blatterer 2019), Melanella orientalis, Parvioris aff. dilecta, Odostomia cf. dalli, Oscilla virginiae, Parthenina cossmanni, Parthenina typica, Pyrgulina craticulata, Turbonilla funiculata, Cylichna collyra, Musculus coenobitus, Musculus aff. viridulus, Chavania erythraea, Scintilla cf. violescens, Iacra seychellarum and Corbula erythraeensis are new records for the Mediterranean. An unidentified gastropod, Skeneidae indet., Triphora sp., Hypermastus sp., Sticteulima sp., Vitreolina cf. philippi, Odostomia (s.l.) sp. 1, Henrya (?) sp., and Semelidae sp. are further potential new non-indigenous species although their status should be confirmed upon final taxonomic assessment. Additionally, the status of Dikoleps micalii, Hemiliostraca clandestina comb. nov. and H. athenamariae comb. nov. is changed to non-indigenous, range extensions for nine species and the occurrence of living individuals for species previously recorded from empty shells only are reported. Opimaphora blattereri Albano, Bakker &amp; Sabelli, sp. nov. is described from the Red Sea for comparison with the morphologically similar C. lessepsiana Albano, Bakker &amp; Sabelli, sp. nov. The taxonomic part is followed by a discussion on how intensive fieldwork and cooperation among institutions and individuals enabled such a massive report, and how the poor taxonomic knowledge of the Indo-Pacific fauna hampers non-indigenous species detection and identification. Finally, the hypothesis that the simultaneous analysis of quantitative benthic death assemblages can support the assignment of non-indigenous status to taxonomically undetermined species is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid33531568, year = {2021}, author = {van Kuijk, T and Biesmeijer, JC and van der Hoorn, BB and Verdonschot, PFM}, title = {Functional traits explain crayfish invasive success in the Netherlands.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {2772}, pmid = {33531568}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Netherlands ; *Seafood ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions by nonindigenous species can have negative effects on economies and ecosystems. To limit this impact, current research on biological invasions uses functional traits to facilitate a mechanistic understanding of theoretical and applied questions. Here we aimed to assess the role of functional traits in the progression of crayfish species through different stages of invasion and determine the traits associated with invasive success. A dataset of thirteen functional traits of 15 species currently occurring or available for sale in the Netherlands was evaluated. Six of these crayfish appeared invasive. Important traits distinguishing successful from unsuccessful invaders were a temperate climate in the native range, a medium to high egg count and producing more than one egg clutch per year. The most successful invaders had different functional trait combinations: Procambarus clarkii has a higher reproductive output, can migrate over longer distances and possesses a higher aggression level; Faxonius limosus is adapted to a colder climate, can reproduce parthenogetically and has broader environmental tolerances. Using a suit of functional traits to analyse invasive potential can help risk management and prevention. For example, based on our data Procambarus virginalis is predicted to become the next successful invasive crayfish in the Netherlands.}, }
@article {pmid33529495, year = {2021}, author = {Chen, M and Mei, Y and Chen, X and Chen, X and Xiao, D and He, K and Li, Q and Wu, M and Wang, S and Zhang, F and Li, F}, title = {A chromosome-level assembly of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis as a genomic resource to study beetle and invasion biology.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {1318-1332}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.13342}, pmid = {33529495}, issn = {1755-0998}, support = {QNJJ201725//Youth Scientific Research Funds of Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences/ ; 2016YFC1200602//National Key Research and Development Program/ ; 2017YFC1200602//National Key Research and Development Program/ ; 2017YFD0201000//National Key Research and Development Program/ ; 2018YFD0200402//National Key Research and Development Program/ ; LZ18C060001//Zhejiang Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents ; Chromosomes, Insect ; *Coleoptera/genetics ; Europe ; Female ; *Genome, Insect ; Genomics ; Male ; North America ; }, abstract = {The harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), is a well-known model organism for genetic studies and is also a well-studied natural enemy used for pest control. It became an invasive species after being introduced to North America and Europe as a pest control agent. Though two genome assemblies for this insect have been previously reported, a high-quality genome assembly at the chromosome level is still not available. Here, we obtained a new chromosome-level genome assembly of H. axyridis by combining various sequencing technologies, namely Illumina short reads, PacBio long reads, 10X Genomics and Hi-C. The chromosome-level genome assembly is 423 Mb with a scaffold N50 of 45.92 Mb. Using Hi-C data 1,897 scaffolds were anchored to eight chromosomes. A total of 730,068 repeat sequences were identified, making up 51.2% of the assembled genome. After masking these repeat sequences, we annotated 22,810 protein-encoding genes. The X chromosome and Y-linked scaffolds were also identified by resequencing male and female genomes and calculating the male to female coverage ratios. Two gene families associated with environmental adaptation, odorant receptor and cytochrome P450, were analysed and showed no obvious expansion in H. axyridis. We successfully constructed a putative biosynthesis pathway of harmonine, a defence compound in the haemolymph of H. axyridis, which is a key factor for H. axyridis strong immunity. The chromosome-level genome assembly of H. axyridis is a helpful resource for studies of beetle biology and invasive biology.}, }
@article {pmid33529245, year = {2021}, author = {Russell, MC and Qureshi, A and Wilson, CG and Cator, LJ}, title = {Size, not temperature, drives cyclopoid copepod predation of invasive mosquito larvae.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {e0246178}, pmid = {33529245}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; *Body Size ; Copepoda/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Larva ; Pest Control, Biological ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {During range expansion, invasive species can experience new thermal regimes. Differences between the thermal performance of local and invasive species can alter species interactions, including predator-prey interactions. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is a known vector of several viral diseases of public health importance. It has successfully invaded many regions across the globe and currently threatens to invade regions of the UK where conditions would support seasonal activity. We assessed the functional response and predation efficiency (percentage of prey consumed) of the cyclopoid copepods Macrocyclops albidus and Megacyclops viridis from South East England, UK against newly-hatched French Ae. albopictus larvae across a relevant temperature range (15, 20, and 25°C). Predator-absent controls were included in all experiments to account for background prey mortality. We found that both M. albidus and M. viridis display type II functional response curves, and that both would therefore be suitable biocontrol agents in the event of an Ae. albopictus invasion in the UK. No significant effect of temperature on the predation interaction was detected by either type of analysis. However, the predation efficiency analysis did show differences due to predator species. The results suggest that M. viridis would be a superior predator against invasive Ae. albopictus larvae due to the larger size of this copepod species, relative to M. albidus. Our work highlights the importance of size relationships in predicting interactions between invading prey and local predators.}, }
@article {pmid33526349, year = {2021}, author = {Bremer, LL and DeMaagd, N and Wada, CA and Burnett, KM}, title = {Priority watershed management areas for groundwater recharge and drinking water protection: A case study from Hawai'i Island.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {286}, number = {}, pages = {111622}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111622}, pmid = {33526349}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Drinking Water ; Forests ; *Groundwater ; Hawaii ; Humans ; Islands ; }, abstract = {Worldwide, water utilities and other water users increasingly seek to finance watershed protection and restoration in order to maintain or enhance water quality and quantity important for drinking water supply and other human use. Hydrologic studies which characterize the relative effectiveness of watershed management activities in terms of metrics important to water users are greatly needed to guide prioritization. To address this need, we worked with a local water utility in Hawai'i to develop a novel framework for prioritizing investments in native forest protection and restoration for groundwater recharge and applied it in the utility's priority aquifers and recharge areas. Specifically we combined land cover and water balance modeling to quantify the 50-year cumulative recharge benefits of: 1) protection of native forest from conversion to non-native forest, and 2) restoration of native forest in non-native grasslands. The highest priority areas (80th percentile of benefits) for native forest protection are projected to prevent the loss of over 48,600 m[3] per hectare of recharge over 50 years. Incorporating land cover change modeling (versus assuming all areas are equally susceptible to invasion) shifts prioritization towards low to mid-elevation mesic forest areas at the highest risk of invasion by invasive canopy species as well as to high elevation, cloud forest areas at high risk of conversion to non-native grassland or bare ground. We also find that, in the highest priority areas with substantial fog interception, native forest restoration is projected to increase recharge by over 88,900 m[3] per hectare over 50 years, but that decreases in recharge occur in areas with low fog interception. This study provides a framework for prioritizing investments in forest protection and restoration for groundwater recharge in a way that incorporates both the threat of conversion as well as changes in hydrologic fluxes. The framework and results can be utilized by current managers and updated as new ecohydrological data become available. The results also provide broad insights on the links between watershed management and groundwater recharge, particularly on islands and in other regions where species invasions threaten source watersheds and where groundwater is a primary water source.}, }
@article {pmid33524681, year = {2021}, author = {Terêncio, DPS and Pacheco, FAL and Sanches Fernandes, LF and Cortes, RMV}, title = {Is it safe to remove a dam at the risk of a sprawl by exotic fish species?.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {771}, number = {}, pages = {144768}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144768}, pmid = {33524681}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Fishes ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {The longitudinal dimension of river connectivity has been significantly disrupted by barriers to compensate for water demand in the long periods of water scarcity in the Iberian Peninsula. The scale of this modification is widespread in the Portuguese part of Douro River network where, side to side with agriculture water demand, there is a constant increase in hydropower production. Thus, native species in Iberian freshwater systems, performing reproductive migrations along the rivers, are strongly affected by the amplification of fragmentation caused by the tremendous density of transversal obstacles in this river basin. We aimed to prioritize dam removal in the Portuguese part of Douro River, mainly considering obsolete barriers (small dams, weirs) based on a spatial multicriteria decision analysis (GIS-MCDA) based on a prioritization procedure. A diversity of parameters were used to prioritize (rank) the dam's suitability for removal, considering the losses of connectivity and fish biodiversity, habitat degradation, negative effects on water quality and ecological conditions, and socio-economic factors. Different weights were assigned to the different attributes in each criterion according to their importance. The analysis also included a significant constraint: the potential spreading of exotic invasive fish species if connection was reestablished through dam removal. This procedure started with the georeferencing of 1201 transversal obstacles that were further characterized for their relative permeability to fish migration. In conclusion the model used allowed to identify 158 priority barriers, as well as the 5 most fragmented tributaries, which means the most impacted by river regulation. In 8 cases the barriers were big dams (> 15 m), whereas in the remaining 150 were weirs. From a final rank of 20 most impacting structures, the MCDA results also identified two cases where potential removal could trigger the additional impact to native fish species related to the sprawl of alien populations.}, }
@article {pmid33524221, year = {2021}, author = {Stewart, PS and Hill, RA and Stephens, PA and Whittingham, MJ and Dawson, W}, title = {Impacts of invasive plants on animal behaviour.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {891-907}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13687}, pmid = {33524221}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {n/a//Iapetus2 Doctoral Training Partnership/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {The spread of invasive species is a threat to ecosystems worldwide. However, we know relatively little about how invasive species affect the behaviour of native animals, even though behaviour plays a vital role in the biotic interactions which are key to understanding the causes and impacts of biological invasions. Here, we explore how invasive plants - one of the most pervasive invasive taxa - impact the behaviour of native animals. To promote a mechanistic understanding of these behavioural impacts, we begin by introducing a mechanistic framework which explicitly considers the drivers and ecological consequences of behavioural change, as well as the moderating role of environmental context. We then synthesise the existing literature within this framework. We find that while some behavioural impacts of invasive plants are relatively well-covered in the literature, others are supported by only a handful of studies and should be explored further in the future. We conclude by identifying priority topics for future research, which will benefit from an interdisciplinary approach uniting invasion ecology with the study of animal behaviour and cognition.}, }
@article {pmid33524042, year = {2021}, author = {Barbieri, DM and Lou, B and Passavanti, M and Hui, C and Hoff, I and Lessa, DA and Sikka, G and Chang, K and Gupta, A and Fang, K and Banerjee, A and Maharaj, B and Lam, L and Ghasemi, N and Naik, B and Wang, F and Foroutan Mirhosseini, A and Naseri, S and Liu, Z and Qiao, Y and Tucker, A and Wijayaratna, K and Peprah, P and Adomako, S and Yu, L and Goswami, S and Chen, H and Shu, B and Hessami, A and Abbas, M and Agarwal, N and Rashidi, TH}, title = {Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mobility in ten countries and associated perceived risk for all transport modes.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {e0245886}, pmid = {33524042}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {COVID-19/*epidemiology ; Humans ; *Pandemics ; Regression Analysis ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; *Transportation ; Travel ; }, abstract = {The restrictive measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic have triggered sudden massive changes to travel behaviors of people all around the world. This study examines the individual mobility patterns for all transport modes (walk, bicycle, motorcycle, car driven alone, car driven in company, bus, subway, tram, train, airplane) before and during the restrictions adopted in ten countries on six continents: Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, India, Iran, Italy, Norway, South Africa and the United States. This cross-country study also aims at understanding the predictors of protective behaviors related to the transport sector and COVID-19. Findings hinge upon an online survey conducted in May 2020 (N = 9,394). The empirical results quantify tremendous disruptions for both commuting and non-commuting travels, highlighting substantial reductions in the frequency of all types of trips and use of all modes. In terms of potential virus spread, airplanes and buses are perceived to be the riskiest transport modes, while avoidance of public transport is consistently found across the countries. According to the Protection Motivation Theory, the study sheds new light on the fact that two indicators, namely income inequality, expressed as Gini index, and the reported number of deaths due to COVID-19 per 100,000 inhabitants, aggravate respondents' perceptions. This research indicates that socio-economic inequality and morbidity are not only related to actual health risks, as well documented in the relevant literature, but also to the perceived risks. These findings document the global impact of the COVID-19 crisis as well as provide guidance for transportation practitioners in developing future strategies.}, }
@article {pmid33521849, year = {2021}, author = {Rainville, V and Filion, A and Lussier, I and Pépino, M and Magnan, P}, title = {Does ecological release from distantly related species affect phenotypic divergence in brook charr?.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {195}, number = {1}, pages = {77-92}, pmid = {33521849}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {RGPIN-2017-06808//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; 950-230713//Canada Research Chairs/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; *Trout ; Zooplankton ; }, abstract = {Ecological opportunity occurs when a resource becomes available through a decrease of interspecific competition and another species colonizes the vacant niche through phenotypic plasticity and intraspecific competition. Brook charr exhibit a resource polymorphism in some Canadian Shield lakes, where a littoral ecotype feeds mainly on zoobenthos and a pelagic ecotype feeds mostly on zooplankton. The objectives of this study were to test that (i) resource polymorphism is common in these brook charr populations, (ii) the presence creek chub and white sucker, two introduced species competing with brook charr for littoral resources, will decrease the phenotypic divergence between the two brook charr ecotypes, and (iii) the ecological release from introduced species will increase population and/or individual niche widths in brook charr. The study was based on 27 lakes and five indicators of resource use (stomach content, liver δ[13]C, muscle astaxanthin concentration, pyloric caecum length, and gill raker length). Our results indicate that within-lake differences in resource use by both ecotypes are common and stable through time. When facing interspecific competition, both littoral and pelagic brook charr incorporated more pelagic prey into their diet but maintained the amplitude of their differences in resource use, which contradicts our second prediction. Finally, we did not find any significant effect of introduced species on population and individual niche widths of brook charr. We suggest that the difference in feeding mode among distantly related competitors could prevent the complete exclusion of a species from a given niche and explain the lack of response to the ecological release.}, }
@article {pmid33520462, year = {2021}, author = {Nuñez-Penichet, C and Osorio-Olvera, L and Gonzalez, VH and Cobos, ME and Jiménez, L and DeRaad, DA and Alkishe, A and Contreras-Díaz, RG and Nava-Bolaños, A and Utsumi, K and Ashraf, U and Adeboje, A and Peterson, AT and Soberon, J}, title = {Geographic potential of the world's largest hornet, Vespa mandarinia Smith (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), worldwide and particularly in North America.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e10690}, pmid = {33520462}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The Asian giant hornet (AGH, Vespa mandarinia) is the world's largest hornet, occurring naturally in the Indomalayan region, where it is a voracious predator of pollinating insects including honey bees. In September 2019, a nest of Asian giant hornets was detected outside of Vancouver, British Columbia; multiple individuals were detected in British Columbia and Washington state in 2020; and another nest was found and eradicated in Washington state in November 2020, indicating that the AGH may have successfully wintered in North America. Because hornets tend to spread rapidly and become pests, reliable estimates of the potential invasive range of V. mandarinia in North America are needed to assess likely human and economic impacts, and to guide future eradication attempts. Here, we assess climatic suitability for AGH in North America, and suggest that, without control, this species could establish populations across the Pacific Northwest and much of eastern North America. Predicted suitable areas for AGH in North America overlap broadly with areas where honey production is highest, as well as with species-rich areas for native bumble bees and stingless bees of the genus Melipona in Mexico, highlighting the economic and environmental necessity of controlling this nascent invasion.}, }
@article {pmid33520461, year = {2021}, author = {Jung, J and Do, HDK and Hyun, J and Kim, C and Kim, JH}, title = {Comparative analysis and implications of the chloroplast genomes of three thistles (Carduus L., Asteraceae).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e10687}, pmid = {33520461}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Carduus, commonly known as plumeless thistles, is a genus in the Asteraceae family that exhibits both medicinal value and invasive tendencies. However, the genomic data of Carduus (i.e., complete chloroplast genomes) have not been sequenced.<br><br>METHODS: We sequenced and assembled the chloroplast genome (cpDNA) sequences of three Carduus species using the Illumina Miseq sequencing system and Geneious Prime. Phylogenetic relationships between Carduus and related taxa were reconstructed using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses. In addition, we used a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the protein coding region of the matK gene to develop molecular markers to distinguish C. crispus from C. acanthoides and C. tenuiflorus.<br><br>RESULTS: The cpDNA sequences of C. crispus, C. acanthoides, and C. tenuiflorus ranged from 152,342 bp to 152,617 bp in length. Comparative genomic analysis revealed high conservation in terms of gene content (including 80 protein-coding, 30 tRNA, and four rRNA genes) and gene order within the three focal species and members of subfamily Carduoideae. Despite their high similarity, the three species differed with respect to the number and content of repeats in the chloroplast genome. Additionally, eight hotspot regions, including psbI-trnS_GCU, trnE_UUC-rpoB, trnR_UCU-trnG_UCC, psbC-trnS_UGA, trnT_UGU-trnL_UAA, psbT-psbN, petD-rpoA, and rpl16-rps3, were identified in the study species. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from 78 protein-coding and non-coding regions indicated that Carduus is polyphyletic, suggesting the need for additional studies to reconstruct relationships between thistles and related taxa. Based on a SNP in matK, we successfully developed a molecular marker and protocol for distinguishing C. crispus from the other two focal species. Our study provides preliminary chloroplast genome data for further studies on plastid genome evolution, phylogeny, and development of species-level markers in Carduus.}, }
@article {pmid33520451, year = {2021}, author = {Saba, AO and Ismail, A and Zulkifli, SZ and Shohaimi, S and Azmai, MNA}, title = {Economic contribution and attitude towards alien freshwater ornamental fishes of pet store owners in Klang Valley, Malaysia.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e10643}, pmid = {33520451}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Malaysia is one of the top ten countries in the world that produce freshwater ornamental fishes. This industry can offer better livelihood opportunities to many poor households. However, most of the produced ornamental fishes are alien to Malaysia. In this study, we explore the contribution of alien freshwater fishes to the income of ornamental fish store owners and their attitude towards alien freshwater fishes within Klang Valley, Malaysia. Using a structured questionnaire, we surveyed 70 pet stores out of which 54 (81.42%) store owners responded. Most of the pet store owners were male (72%), Chinese (83%), and the highest educational level was at the secondary level (79%). Most of the pet store owners reported a monthly income of RM 2001-RM 5000 (78%) and were married (73%). Using Chi-square (χ[2]) test, significant relationships (p < 0.05) existed between the attitude of store owners towards alien ornamental fish species versus educational level (χ[2] = 16.424, p = 0.007) and contribution of alien ornamental fishes to the pet store owners' income (χ[2] = 27.266, p = 0.003). Fish sales as the main income source also related significantly with the impact of fish selling business on income level (χ[2] = 10.448, p = 0.007). This study showed that the ornamental fish sales contributed over half of the income (51-100%) from the businesses of store owners. Almost half of the respondents (42%) reported that alien ornamental fish was the highest contributor to their income from the ornamental fish sale. While the mismanagement of alien ornamental fishes could give various negative ecological impacts, the socio-economic benefits of these fishes cannot be denied.}, }
@article {pmid33520174, year = {2021}, author = {Fisher, JT and Burton, AC}, title = {Spatial structure of reproductive success infers mechanisms of ungulate invasion in Nearctic boreal landscapes.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {900-911}, pmid = {33520174}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Landscape change is a key driver of biodiversity declines due to habitat loss and fragmentation, but spatially shifting resources can also facilitate range expansion and invasion. Invasive populations are reproductively successful, and landscape change may buoy this success.We show how modeling the spatial structure of reproductive success can elucidate the mechanisms of range shifts and sustained invasions for mammalian species with attendant young. We use an example of white-tailed deer (deer; Odocoileus virginianus) expansion in the Nearctic boreal forest, a North American phenomenon implicated in severe declines of threatened woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus).We hypothesized that deer reproductive success is linked to forage subsidies provided by extensive landscape change via resource extraction. We measured deer occurrence using data from 62 camera traps in northern Alberta, Canada, over three years. We weighed support for multiple competing hypotheses about deer reproductive success using multistate occupancy models and generalized linear models in an AIC-based model selection framework.Spatial patterns of reproductive success were best explained by features associated with petroleum exploration and extraction, which offer early-seral vegetation resource subsidies. Effect sizes of anthropogenic features eclipsed natural heterogeneity by two orders of magnitude. We conclude that anthropogenic early-seral forage subsidies support high springtime reproductive success, mitigating or exceeding winter losses, maintaining populations. Synthesis and Applications. Modeling spatial structuring in reproductive success can become a key goal of remote camera-based global networks, yielding ecological insights into mechanisms of invasion and range shifts to inform effective decision-making for global biodiversity conservation.}, }
@article {pmid33519842, year = {2020}, author = {Yang, L and Huang, Y and Lima, LV and Sun, Z and Liu, M and Wang, J and Liu, N and Ren, H}, title = {Rethinking the Ecosystem Functions of Dicranopteris, a Widespread Genus of Ferns.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {581513}, pmid = {33519842}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Dicranopteris is an ancient and widespread genus of ferns in pantropical regions. Some species of the genus can form dense thickets, and dominate the understory, which are common and key species in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. However, they were mostly cut or burned in forest management because of forming dense thickets which were considered to interfere with forest regeneration and succession. In the current review, we argue that the Dicranopteris species which are able to rapidly colonize barren areas may contribute to ecosystem recovery, resistance to environmental stress, and succession control. Rapid colonization involves prolific spore production, rapid clonal growth, the generation of high surface cover, and the ability to fill gaps; stress resistance includes resistance to abiotic stress, and the ability to reduce soil erosion from rainfall, alien species invasion, and soil contamination and toxicity; and succession facilitation consists of carbon and nutrient sequestration in soil, moderation of the microclimate, alteration of the soil microbial and faunal communities, and determination of which plant species to be established in the next successional stage. All of these ecosystem functions may be beneficial to ecosystem resilience. We expect that the distribution of Dicranopteris will expand in response to global warming, changes in precipitation patterns, increases in soil pollution, deforestation, and land degradation. We recommend that Dicranopteris, as a pioneer fern and a valuable component of tropical and subtropical ecosystems, needs more attention in future research and better management practices to promote forest regeneration and succession.}, }
@article {pmid33515830, year = {2021}, author = {Martínez-Vázquez, RM and de Pablo Valenciano, J and Caparrós Martínez, JL}, title = {Marinas and sustainability: Directions for future research.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {164}, number = {}, pages = {112035}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112035}, pmid = {33515830}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Paint ; *Ships ; Transportation Facilities ; }, abstract = {Marinas have ceased to be ports dedicated exclusively to recreational boating and nautical sports. Nowadays, marinas offer a variety of services that complement the tourist offering of its locality in addition to auxiliary activities that arise from its main activity. There are considerable economic and social resources generated by these types of facilities that benefit their localities, but they can also have negative effects such as compromising the sustainability of the environment. The objective of this article is to examine the terms related to changes in the ecosystem derived from marinas through the Keywords Plus and the Author Keywords extracted from the WoS database and obtain results that explain how several themes have evolved and how these concepts relate to each other and to other variables. In this way, it will be possible to critically examine the selection of terms that appear in scientific documents. The results show that pollution, antifouling paints, and invasive species are the terms of greatest concern and on which particular emphasis should be placed for future lines of research.}, }
@article {pmid33515113, year = {2021}, author = {Saylor, RK and Schofield, PJ and Bennett, WA}, title = {Non-native Asian swamp eel, Monopterus albus/javanensis (Zuiew, 1973/Lacepede, 1800), responses to low temperatures.}, journal = {Fish physiology and biochemistry}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, pages = {465-476}, pmid = {33515113}, issn = {1573-5168}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; *Cold Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Smegmamorpha/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Asian swamp eel, Monopterus albus/javanensis [Zuiew, 1973/Lacepede 1800], has been established in the southeastern USA since at least 1994, yet little is known about its ability to survive low winter temperatures. We use standard thermal methodologies to quantify low temperature responses and provide a detailed description of swamp eel reactions to cold temperatures. When exposed to chronic temperature decreases of 1.0 °C day[-1], swamp eel ceased foraging at 15.0 °C, markedly diminished movements below 11.0 °C, and became incapacitated near 9.6 °C. During critical thermal minima trials, swamp eel exposed to acute temperature drops (0.25 °C min[-1]) tolerated temperatures as low as 6.2 °C. Swamp eel exhibited a moderate cold acclimation response, gaining 0.23 °C in cold tolerance for every 1 °C drop in acclimation temperature. Progressive time-series critical thermal minimum temperatures (CTmin) estimates for eel acclimated to 20.5 °C followed by an acute temperature decrease to 16.0 °C, revealed that cold acclimation may occur in only 8 days. Fringe populations of swamp eel in their native range periodically experience colder winter temperatures, which may explain the ability of introduced populations to survive winter cold fronts in Florida. Understanding Asian swamp eel acute and chronic thermal limits may be useful in assessing dispersal risk and range expansion in the southeastern USA.}, }
@article {pmid33515051, year = {2021}, author = {Keet, JH and Ellis, AG and Hui, C and Novoa, A and Le Roux, JJ}, title = {Impacts of Invasive Australian Acacias on Soil Bacterial Community Composition, Microbial Enzymatic Activities, and Nutrient Availability in Fynbos Soils.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {82}, number = {3}, pages = {704-721}, pmid = {33515051}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {89967//South Africa National Research Foundation/ ; 109244//South African National Research Foundation/ ; 109683//South African National Research Foundation/ ; EXPRO 19-28807X//Czech Science Foundation/ ; RVO 67985939//The Czech Academy of Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {*Acacia ; Australia ; *Microbiota ; Nutrients ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants often impact soil conditions, notably through changes in soil chemistry and microbial community composition, potentially leading to altered soil functionality. We determine the impacts of invasive nitrogen-fixing Australian Acacia trees on soil chemistry and function (carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling) in South Africa's Core Cape Subregion, and whether any differences in soil function are linked to differences in soil chemical properties and bacterial community composition between neighbouring acacia-invaded and uninvaded sites. We do so by using Illumina MiSeq sequencing data together with soil chemistry and soil enzyme activity profiles. Acacias significantly increased levels of soil nitrogen (NO3[-], NH4[+], and total N), C, and pH. Although we did not find evidence that acacias affected soil bacterial community diversity, we did find them to alter bacterial community composition. Acacias also significantly elevated microbial phosphatase activity, but not β-glucosidase, whilst having contrasting effects on urease. Changes in soil chemical properties under acacia invasion were found to correlate with changes in enzyme activities for urease and phosphatase. Similarly, changes in soil bacterial community composition were correlated to changes in phosphatase enzymatic activity levels under acacia invasion. Whilst we found evidence for acacias altering soil function by changing soil chemical properties and bacterial community composition, these impacts appear to be specific to local site conditions.}, }
@article {pmid33514854, year = {2021}, author = {Liu, X and Feng, Y and Bai, X and Wang, X and Qin, R and Tang, B and Yu, X and Yang, Y and Liu, M and Gao, F}, title = {Comparative multi-omics analyses reveal differential expression of key genes relevant for parasitism between non-encapsulated and encapsulated Trichinella.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {134}, pmid = {33514854}, issn = {2399-3642}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cytoskeleton/parasitology/pathology ; *Epigenome ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Genes, Helminth ; *Genome, Protozoan ; Genomics ; Helminth Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Mice ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/parasitology/pathology ; Muscle, Skeletal/*parasitology/pathology ; Trichinella/*genetics/metabolism/pathogenicity ; Trichinella spiralis/genetics/metabolism/parasitology ; Trichinellosis/*parasitology/pathology ; }, abstract = {Genome assemblies provide a powerful basis of comparative multi-omics analyses that offer insight into parasite pathogenicity, host-parasite interactions, and invasion biology. As a unique intracellular nematode, Trichinella consists of two clades, encapsulated and non-encapsulated. Genomic correlation of the distinct differences between the two clades is still unclear. Here, we report an annotated draft reference genome of non-encapsulated Trichinella, T. pseudospiralis, and perform comparative multi-omics analyses with encapsulated T. spiralis. Genome and methylome analyses indicate that, during Trichinella evolution, the two clades of Trichinella exhibit differential expansion and methylation of parasitism-related multi-copy gene families, especially for the DNase II members of the phospholipase D superfamily and Glutathione S-transferases. Further, methylome and transcriptome analyses revealed divergent key excretory/secretory (E/S) genes between the two clades. Among these key E/S genes, TP12446 is significantly more expressed across three life stages in T. pseudospiralis. Overexpression of TP12446 in the mouse C2C12 skeletal muscle cell line could induce inhibition of myotube formation and differentiation, further indicating its key role in parasitism of T. pseudospiralis. This multi-omics study provides a foundation for further elucidation of the mechanism of nurse cell formation and immunoevasion, as well as the identification of pharmacological and diagnostic targets of trichinellosis.}, }
@article {pmid33514782, year = {2021}, author = {Biasazin, TD and Wondimu, TW and Herrera, SL and Larsson, M and Mafra-Neto, A and Gessese, YW and Dekker, T}, title = {Dispersal and competitive release affect the management of native and invasive tephritid fruit flies in large and smallholder farms in Ethiopia.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {2690}, pmid = {33514782}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ceratitis capitata/*physiology ; Ethiopia ; *Farms ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Pest Control ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {African horticulture is seriously affected by fruit flies, both native and invasive. Novel sustainable control methods need testing against the backdrop of smallholder-dominated farming of Africa. We evaluated the potential of male-specific attractants (parapheromones) laced with insecticide to suppress the alien invasive Bactrocera dorsalis and native Ceratitis capitata. In large-scale guava, methyl-eugenol (ME)-bait stations combined with toxic protein baits suppressed B. dorsalis within 8 months but resulted in a resurgence of the displaced Ceratitis capitata. In smallholder farms, intervention using SPLAT-ME laced with spinosad was surprisingly unsuccessful. Subsequent mark-release-recapture experiments showed high dispersal rates of flies, covering many times a typical farm size, leading to a continuous influx of flies from surrounding areas. Several other factors important for intervention were evaluated. SPLAT-MAT-ME dollops remained attractive for over two weeks, although gradually becoming less attractive than fresh baits. Further, competitive displacement was observed: C. capitata selectively emerged from fruits in which B. dorsalis infestation was low. Finally, we evaluated whether ME could be combined with C. capitata male attractants [trimedlure (TML) and terpinyl acetate (TA)] without affecting attraction. Combining male lures did not affect catches directly, although at very high populations of B. dorsalis attracted to ME interfered with C. capitata trap entry. Although ME-based methods can effectively suppress B. dorsalis, they were not effective at single smallholder scale due to the high dispersive propensity of tephritids. Further, competitive release implies the need for a combination of lures and methods. These observations are important for developing control schemes tailored for African smallholder settings.}, }
@article {pmid33513498, year = {2021}, author = {Mozsár, A and Árva, D and Józsa, V and Györe, K and Kajári, B and Czeglédi, I and Erős, T and Weiperth, A and Specziár, A}, title = {Only one can remain? Environmental and spatial factors influencing habitat partitioning among invasive and native crayfishes in the Pannonian Ecoregion (Hungary).}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {770}, number = {}, pages = {145240}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145240}, pmid = {33513498}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Astacoidea ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Hungary ; Seafood ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions have increasingly threatened indigenous species, influence metacommunity organisation and consequently, global biodiversity. World-wide expansion of non-indigenous crayfish (NICS) is associated with dramatic changes in species poor indigenous crayfish (ICS) assemblages challenging conservation planning. We analysed long-term changes of crayfish occurrences from the pre-invasion state, through the first appearance of NICS, to their intensive spread in Hungarian waters. Further, we analysed present-day crayfish metacommunity patterns for co-occurrences and influence of spatial and environmental factors. Historic data revealed a marked pre-invasion decline in indigenous noble crayfish Astacus astacus and stone crayfish Austropotamobius torrentium populations, but not in the narrow-clawed crayfish Pontastacus leptodactylus. Historic data provided no direct evidence for the impact of NICS on ICS, rather it supported that NICS often entered areas where ICS had been extinct or were not present at all. Crayfish species extremely rarely co-occurred which could indicate their strong competition and be related to utilization of empty sites by NICS. Crayfish metacommunities were predominantly spatially structured indicating the primary influence of ongoing invasion. Crayfish species also exhibited different environmental preferences mainly along the altitude and temperature gradients. We conclude that the invasion is still in the expanding phase and without an effective conservational program the future of ICS is doubtful in Hungary. Conservation policy should focus on the preservation and reintroduction of the stone and noble crayfishes in highland refugees. Expansion of NICS should be prevented in refugee areas by utilizing possibilities provided by natural and artificial barriers, and education and strict ban should be simultaneously applied to prevent further illegal releases by aquarists.}, }
@article {pmid33513188, year = {2021}, author = {Sarto I Monteys, V and Costa Ribes, A and Savin, I}, title = {The invasive longhorn beetle Xylotrechus chinensis, pest of mulberries, in Europe: Study on its local spread and efficacy of abamectin control.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {e0245527}, pmid = {33513188}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Europe ; Insect Control/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Insecticides ; *Introduced Species ; Ivermectin/*analogs &amp; derivatives ; *Morus/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care ; }, abstract = {The invasive wasp-mimicking Tiger Longicorn Beetle, Xylotrechus chinensis, a potentially lethal pest of mulberry trees (Moraceae: Morus sp.), was first reported in Europe in 2018, although its colonization and establishment were estimated to have occurred during the year 2012 or earlier. In Catalonia the infestation spread from four towns and 44.1 km2 in 2018 to 12 towns and 378.1 km2 in 2020; in the studied town of Barberà del Vallès, infested trees rose from 16.21% in February 2016 to 59.29% in December 2018. Human safety in public parks and avenues is a concern, as beetle infestation increases the risk of falling branches. The main objective of this study was to evaluate how the infestation progresses over time, with and without abamectin treatment, and provide insights into female egg-laying preferences. Such knowledge helps contribute to management efforts to reduce expansion of the range of beetle infestation. Our statistical analysis shows that females prefer laying eggs on larger trees, on the highest part of trunks and on the crown base (this being more preferred than the trunk), and they do so on warmer, SW orientations rather than those facing N, NW and E. Emergence holes and gallery slits predict the spreading of infestations to new trees. An abamectin treatment (trunk injection) carried out at the end of April significantly reduced the number of new infestation. However, for maximum insecticide efficiency, the best time for treating with abamectin would be from mid-July to mid-August, when newly hatched larvae begin feeding on the phloem.}, }
@article {pmid33511767, year = {2021}, author = {Yang, P and Wang, D and Guo, W and Kang, L}, title = {FAWMine: An integrated database and analysis platform for fall armyworm genomics.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {590-601}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12903}, pmid = {33511767}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {KJZD-SW-L07//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; IPM2008//The State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Databases, Genetic ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Genome, Insect ; Genomics ; Insect Control ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Pest Control ; Spodoptera/*genetics ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), a native insect species in the Americas, is rapidly becoming a major agricultural pest worldwide and is causing great damage to corn, rice, soybeans, and other crops. To control this pest, scientists have accumulated a great deal of high-throughput data of fall armyworm, and nine versions of its genomes and transcriptomes have been published. However, easily accessing and performing integrated analysis of these omics data sets is challenging. Here, we developed the Fall Armyworm Genome Database (FAWMine, http://159.226.67.243:8080/fawmine/) to maintain genome sequences, structural and functional annotations, transcriptomes, co-expression, protein interactions, homologs, pathways, and single-nucleotide variations. FAWMine provides a powerful framework that helps users to perform flexible and customized searching, present integrated data sets using diverse visualization methods, output results tables in a range of file formats, analyze candidate gene lists using multiple widgets, and query data available in other InterMine systems. Additionally, stand-alone JBrowse and BLAST services are also established, allowing the users to visualize RNA-Seq data and search genome and annotated gene sequences. Altogether, FAWMine is a useful tool for querying, visualizing, and analyzing compiled data sets rapidly and efficiently. FAWMine will be continually updated to function as a community resource for fall armyworm genomics and pest control research.}, }
@article {pmid33510578, year = {2021}, author = {Meng, CR and Zhang, Q and Yang, ZF and Geng, K and Zeng, XY and Thilini Chethana, KW and Wang, Y}, title = {Lasiodiplodia syzygii sp. nov. (Botryosphaeriaceae) causing post-harvest water-soaked brown lesions on Syzygium samarangense in Chiang Rai, Thailand.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {e60604}, pmid = {33510578}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Syzygium samarangense (Wax apple) is an important tropical fruit tree with high economic and nutrient value and is widely planted in the tropics or subtropics of Asia. Post-harvest water-soaked brown lesions were observed on mature fruits of ornamental wax apples in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. A fungus with morphological characters, similar to Lasiodiplodia, was consistently isolated from symptomatic fruits. Phylogenetic analyses, based on ITS, LSU, TEF1-a and tub2, revealed that our isolates were closely related to, but phylogenetically distinct from, Lasiodiplodia rubropurpurea.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: Morphological comparisons indicated that pycnidia and conidiogenous cells of our strains were significantly larger than L. rubropurpurea. Comparisons of base-pair differences in the four loci confirmed that the species from wax apple was distinct from L. rubropurpurea and a new species, L. syzygii sp. nov., is introduced to accommodate it. Pathogenicity tests confirmed the newly-introduced species as the pathogen of this post-harvest water-soaked brown lesion disease on wax apples.}, }
@article {pmid33508444, year = {2021}, author = {Khurana, H and Sharma, M and Bharti, M and Singh, DN and Negi, RK}, title = {Gut milieu shapes the bacterial communities of invasive silver carp.}, journal = {Genomics}, volume = {113}, number = {2}, pages = {815-826}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.01.013}, pmid = {33508444}, issn = {1089-8646}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/*microbiology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism/microbiology ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Silver carp is an invasive fish present in the Gobindsagar reservoir, India and has a profound impact on aquaculture. Understanding taxonomic diversity and functional attributes of gut microbiota will provide insights into the important role of bacteria in metabolism of silver carp that facilitated invasion of this exotic species. Microbial composition in foregut, midgut, hindgut and water samples was analysed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The bacterial communities of water samples were distinct from gut microbiota, and unique microbial assemblages were present in different regions of gut depicting profound impact of gut environment on microflora. Proteobacteria was the most abundant phyla across all samples. Ecological network analysis showed dominance of competitive interactions within posteriors region of the gut, promoting niche specialization. Predictive functional profiling revealed the microbiota specialized in digestive functions in different regions of the gut, which also reflects the dietary profile of silver carp.}, }
@article {pmid33507399, year = {2021}, author = {Foster, JG and Gervan, CA and Coghill, MG and Fraser, LH}, title = {Are arthropod communities in grassland ecosystems affected by the abundance of an invasive plant?.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {196}, number = {1}, pages = {1-12}, pmid = {33507399}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {RGPIN-2017-04984//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; 1150-20/GR18HRA023//Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Arthropods ; British Columbia ; Ecosystem ; Europe, Eastern ; Grassland ; North America ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants cause changes to native plant communities and nutrient cycling, and by doing so, may alter the amount and quality of habitat available for animals at multiple trophic levels, including arthropods. Arthropods are generally abundant, diverse, and contribute to energy flow and nutrient cycling and are, therefore, an important group to study as a way of determining the effects of changes to ecosystem functioning. Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe L.), a perennial forb native to Eastern Europe, is considered one of the most ecologically harmful invasive species in Western North America. Here, we test if spotted knapweed alters plant community, ground litter and ground temperature, and arthropod functional group structure and biomass in grassland habitats in British Columbia, Canada. Pitfall traps, installed at 20 sites that differed in spotted knapweed density, were sorted into herbivores, omnivores, predators, detritivores, and parasites. Decreases in herbivore and detritivore biomass was associated with increasing spotted knapweed density. The first two coordinates of a Principle Coordinates Analysis explained a cumulative 60% of the variation, and herbivores were separated from predators on both axes. The results suggest that spotted knapweed density may affect arthropod functional groups through changes in plant community composition, and surface soil temperatures. The results suggest that in terms of relative abundance and biomass, increasing knapweed density had positive effects on some arthropod functional groups, neutral effects on others, and negative effects on others. Thus, not all arthropod functional groups responded equally to knapweed invasion, and knapweed invasion does not necessarily decrease arthropod functional group diversity.}, }
@article {pmid33506576, year = {2021}, author = {Miller, AD and Inamine, H and Buckling, A and Roxburgh, SH and Shea, K}, title = {How disturbance history alters invasion success: biotic legacies and regime change.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {687-697}, pmid = {33506576}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {DEB-1556444//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Disturbance is a key factor shaping ecological communities, but little is understood about how the effects of disturbance processes accumulate over time. When disturbance regimes change, historical processes may influence future community structure, for example, by altering invasibility compared to communities with stable regimes. Here, we use an annual plant model to investigate how the history of disturbance alters invasion success. In particular, we show how two communities can have different outcomes from species introduction, solely due to past differences in disturbance regimes that generated different biotic legacies. We demonstrate that historical differences can enhance or suppress the persistence of introduced species, and that biotic legacies generated by stable disturbance history decay over time, though legacies can persist for unexpectedly long durations. This establishes a formal theoretical foundation for disturbance legacies having profound effects on communities, and highlights the value of further research on the biotic legacies of disturbance.}, }
@article {pmid33503321, year = {2021}, author = {Luz, BLP and Miller, DJ and Kitahara, MV}, title = {High regenerative capacity is a general feature within colonial dendrophylliid corals (Anthozoa, Scleractinia).}, journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution}, volume = {336}, number = {3}, pages = {281-292}, doi = {10.1002/jez.b.23021}, pmid = {33503321}, issn = {1552-5015}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; *Regeneration ; Signal Transduction ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {The regenerative capacity of cnidarians plays an essential role in the maintenance and restoration of coral reef ecosystems by allowing faster recovery from disturbances and more efficient small-scale dispersal. However, in the case of invasive species, this property may contribute to their dispersal and success in nonnative habitats. Given that four Indo-Pacific members of the coral genus Tubastraea have invaded the Atlantic, here we evaluated the ability of three of these species (Tubastraea coccinea, Tubastraea diaphana, and Tubastraea micranthus) to regenerate from fragments of undifferentiated coral tissue to fully functional polyps in response to differences in food supply and fragment size. For comparative purposes, another colonial dendrophylliid (Dendrophyllia sp.) was included in the analyses. All dendrophylliids displayed regenerative ability and high survival rates that were independent of whether or not food was supplied or fragment size. However, regeneration rates varied between species and were influenced by fragment size. Temporal expression of key genes of the regenerative process (Wnt and FGF) was profiled during whole-body regeneration of T. coccinea, suggesting a remarkable regenerative ability of T. coccinea that points to its potential use as a laboratory model for the investigation of regeneration in colonial calcified anthozoans.}, }
@article {pmid33503253, year = {2021}, author = {Shanovich, HN and Ribeiro, AV and Koch, RL}, title = {Seasonal Abundance, Defoliation, and Parasitism of Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Two Apple Cultivars.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {114}, number = {2}, pages = {811-817}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toaa315}, pmid = {33503253}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Female ; Male ; *Malus ; Minnesota ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, is an invasive insect to the United States that feeds on turfgrass roots as a larva and the foliage, flowers, and fruit of many major ornamental and agricultural crops, such as apple, as an adult. Despite its generalist feeding behavior, P. japonica shows preferences for certain plant species and cultivars. Classical biological control for P. japonica, including release of Istocheta aldrichi (Mensil), has been pursued in Minnesota. This study was conducted to assess the effects of apple cultivar on season-long abundance of adult P. japonica and their defoliation; and to assess effects of apple cultivar and P. japonica abundance and sex on parasitism of P. japonica by I. aldrichi. Sampling occurred during the summers of 2017 and 2018 on Zestar! and Honeycrisp cultivars in four different apple orchards. Abundance and defoliation of P. japonica was higher on Honeycrisp than Zestar!. Parasitism of P. japonica by I. aldrichi was higher for females than for males. In 2018, the relationship between parasitism of P. japonica and host density varied by cultivar. These findings may help growers determine which apple cultivars should be prioritized for scouting and management efforts and may provide an estimate of potential biological control by I. aldrichi in agricultural areas in the Midwest.}, }
@article {pmid33501634, year = {2021}, author = {Hickmann, F and Savaris, M and Corrêa, AS and Schwertner, CF}, title = {Euschistus crenator (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): a New Invasive Species on Soybean Fields in Northern Brazil.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {3}, pages = {497-503}, pmid = {33501634}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {2014/11495-3//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 2018/20351-6//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 2018/09469-5//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; Finance Code 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; 311465/2018-8//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 421413/2017-4//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Crops, Agricultural ; *Heteroptera ; Introduced Species ; *Glycine max ; }, abstract = {The expansion of soybean Glycine max (L.) Merrill in South America has provided an abundant host to the native arthropod fauna. Stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) are severe pests on soybean crops due to their feeding activities. Several native species have been recorded on this crop, with the widespread Neotropical brow stink bug Euschistus heros (Fabricius) recognized as the key pest in most of its distribution. Here, we report for the first time Euschistus crenator (Fabricius) as a new invasive species on soybean fields in Northern Brazil. We collected the species at Pará state (2°38'32.2″S 54°55'56.1″W and 4°06'31.2″S 54°55'01.9″W) and Roraima state (2°39'41.3″N 60°46'58.9″W and 3°00'44.6″N 60°22'32.9″W). The latter represents a new state record, and the first represents new locality records, however, both representing the first soybean host record for the species. The distribution of E. crenator ranges from southern US (AZ, CA, FL, and TX) to north South America, mostly between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Despite overlap in distribution, we did not find E. crenator and E. heros simultaneously on soybean crops in the North region (Amazon Forest) of Brazil. Euschistus crenator was able to complete its life cycle and had viable offspring on soybean plants, with development parameters similar to E. heros.}, }
@article {pmid33499890, year = {2021}, author = {Chen, Y and Zhao, L and Teng, H and Shi, C and Liu, Q and Zhang, J and Zhang, Y}, title = {Population genomics reveal rapid genetic differentiation in a recently invasive population of Rattus norvegicus.}, journal = {Frontiers in zoology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {6}, pmid = {33499890}, issn = {1742-9994}, support = {31672306//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31572277//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31872237//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; XDB11010400//the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; ChineseIPM1816//State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (CN)/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive species bring a serious effect on local biodiversity, ecosystems, and even human health and safety. Although the genetic signatures of historical range expansions have been explored in an array of species, the genetic consequences of contemporary range expansions have received little attention, especially in mammal species. In this study, we used whole-genome sequencing to explore the rapid genetic change and introduction history of a newly invasive brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) population which invaded Xinjiang Province, China in the late 1970s.<br><br>RESULTS: Bayesian clustering analysis, principal components analysis, and phylogenetic analysis all showed clear genetic differentiation between newly introduced and native rat populations. Reduced genetic diversity and high linkage disequilibrium suggested a severe population bottleneck in this colonization event. Results of TreeMix analyses revealed that the introduced rats were derived from an adjacent population in geographic region (Northwest China). Demographic analysis indicated that a severe bottleneck occurred in XJ population after the split off from the source population, and the divergence of XJ population might have started before the invasion of XJ. Moreover, we detected 42 protein-coding genes with allele frequency shifts throughout the genome for XJ rats and they were mainly associated with lipid metabolism and immunity, which could be seen as a prelude to future selection analyses in the novel environment of XJ.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study presents the first genomic evidence on genetic differentiation which developed rapidly, and deepens the understanding of invasion history and evolutionary processes of this newly introduced rat population. This would add to our understanding of how invasive species become established and aid strategies aimed at the management of this notorious pest that have spread around the world with humans.}, }
@article {pmid33498566, year = {2021}, author = {Feás, X}, title = {Human Fatalities Caused by Hornet, Wasp and Bee Stings in Spain: Epidemiology at State and Sub-State Level from 1999 to 2018.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {33498566}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {Epidemiology of fatalities in Spain due to hornet, wasp, and bee stings (Cause Code of Death: X23) is described. Over a 20-year period (1999-2018), a total of 78 fatalities were recorded, mostly occurring in males (85.9%), of 65 years and older (52.6%), at "unspecified places" (67.9%), and in the months of July and August (50%). The X23 mortality rates (X23MR) expressed in terms of annual rates and per million inhabitants, varied from 0.02 to 0.19 (mean value ± standard deviation = 0.09 ± 0.05), placing Spain at low levels in comparison with other countries. A more detailed and specific breakdown of the distribution of the yearly deaths at the sub-state level and across communities reveals some striking features. They were more concentrated in the communities of Galicia (35.8%), Andalucía (21.7%), and Castilla y León (12.8%). X23MR were estimated in Galicia at 1.82, 1.10, and 2.22 in 2014, 2016, and 2018, respectively; and in Asturias at 1.88 and 0.97, in 2014 and 2017, respectively. The role of the invasive species Vespa velutina (VV) is examined. Due to its habits, abundance, and broader distribution, the risk that VV represents to human health is unmatched by other Hymenoptera native species.}, }
@article {pmid33497744, year = {2021}, author = {La Laina, DZ and Nekaris, KAI and Nijman, V and Morcatty, TQ}, title = {Illegal online pet trade in venomous snakes and the occurrence of snakebites in Brazil.}, journal = {Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology}, volume = {193}, number = {}, pages = {48-54}, doi = {10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.01.010}, pmid = {33497744}, issn = {1879-3150}, mesh = {Animals ; Antivenins ; Bothrops ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Crotalus ; Humans ; *Pets ; *Snake Bites/epidemiology ; Snakes ; }, abstract = {Greater access to the Internet has boosted the online pet trade and especially enabled the trade in niche-targeted groups, such as venomous species. Despite their fearsome reputation, an array of venomous animals, such as snakes, spiders and scorpions arise interest among pet hobbyists, which exposes owners, sellers, and others involved in their transport and maintenance to potentially serious accidents by envenomation. To assess the potential risk to human health posed by the trade and ownership of venomous pet snakes, we examined social media posts trading or portraying native and exotic venomous species as pets (Facebook™ and YouTube™) and official seizures in Brazil between 2015 and 2020. In addition, we recorded all venomous snakebite events occurring in the country during the same period from the Brazilian Ministry of Health database. We compiled 114,931 venomous snakebite events resulting in over 600 human deaths. Bothrops spp. and Crotalus spp. were responsible for 86% and 10% of these events. We recorded 241 individual venomous snakes kept as pets of at least 16 species (seven native and nine non-native). The taxa with higher numbers of snakebites were also those most often kept as pets. Venomous pet snakes were sold at low prices, US$ 71.70 ± 18.44 on average. Our findings highlight a dangerous market, given the similarity of taxa raised as pets and those causing snakebites, combined with low availability of anti-venom for exotic species in Brazil. Additionally, several of the venomous pet snakes recorded are invasive species in many countries. Trade in venomous snakes is prohibited in Brazil, but the law is not well-enforced. To curb this illegal market and discourage consumer demand, we suggest that tougher penalties for sellers and owners should be considered, along with the development of awareness campaigns on the consequences of the snakebite injuries and the lack of antivenoms.}, }
@article {pmid33496234, year = {2021}, author = {Price, KJ and Graham, CB and Witmier, BJ and Chapman, HA and Coder, BL and Boyer, CN and Foster, E and Maes, SE and Bai, Y and Eisen, RJ and Kyle, AD}, title = {Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto DNA in Field-Collected Haemaphysalis longicornis Ticks, Pennsylvania, United States.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {608-611}, pmid = {33496234}, issn = {1080-6059}, mesh = {Animals ; *Borrelia burgdorferi/genetics ; *Borrelia burgdorferi Group/genetics ; DNA ; Female ; *Ixodes ; *Ixodidae ; *Lyme Disease ; Pennsylvania/epidemiology ; *Ticks ; }, abstract = {We collected questing Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks from southeastern counties of Pennsylvania, USA. Of 263 ticks tested by PCR for pathogens, 1 adult female was positive for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, yielding a 0.4% infection rate. Continued monitoring of this invasive tick is essential to determine its public health role.}, }
@article {pmid33495646, year = {2021}, author = {Mondet, F and Blanchard, S and Barthes, N and Beslay, D and Bordier, C and Costagliola, G and Hervé, MR and Lapeyre, B and Kim, SH and Basso, B and Mercer, AR and Le Conte, Y}, title = {Chemical detection triggers honey bee defense against a destructive parasitic threat.}, journal = {Nature chemical biology}, volume = {17}, number = {5}, pages = {524-530}, pmid = {33495646}, issn = {1552-4469}, mesh = {Acetates/chemistry/*isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; Animals ; Bees/cytology/drug effects/*metabolism/parasitology ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects/*physiology ; Biological Assay ; Complex Mixtures/*chemistry/pharmacology ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Ketones/chemistry/*isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; Varroidae/*chemistry/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {Invasive species events related to globalization are increasing, resulting in parasitic outbreaks. Understanding of host defense mechanisms is needed to predict and mitigate against the consequences of parasite invasion. Using the honey bee Apis mellifera and the mite Varroa destructor, as a host-parasite model, we provide a comprehensive study of a mechanism of parasite detection that triggers a behavioral defense associated with social immunity. Six Varroa-parasitization-specific (VPS) compounds are identified that (1) trigger Varroa-sensitive hygiene (VSH, bees' key defense against Varroa sp.), (2) enable the selective recognition of a parasitized brood and (3) induce responses that mimic intrinsic VSH activity in bee colonies. We also show that individuals engaged in VSH exhibit a unique ability to discriminate VPS compounds from healthy brood signals. These findings enhance our understanding of a critical mechanism of host defense against parasites, and have the potential to apply the integration of pest management in the beekeeping sector.}, }
@article {pmid33495593, year = {2021}, author = {Lovell, RSL and Blackburn, TM and Dyer, EE and Pigot, AL}, title = {Environmental resistance predicts the spread of alien species.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {322-329}, pmid = {33495593}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The unabating rise in the number of species introduced outside of their native range makes predicting the spread of alien species an urgent challenge. Most predictions use models of the ecological niche of a species to identify suitable areas for invasion, but these predictions may have limited accuracy. Here, using the global alien avifauna, we demonstrate an alternative approach for predicting alien spread based on the environmental resistance of the landscape. This approach does not require any information on the ecological niche of the invading species and, instead, uses gradients of biotic similarity among native communities in the invaded region to predict the most likely routes of spread. We show that environmental resistance predicts patterns of spread better than a null model of random dispersal or a model based on climate matching to the native range of each species. Applying this approach to simulate future spread reveals major regional differences in projected invasion risk, shaped by proximity to existing invasion hotspots as well as gradients in environmental resistance. Our results show how environmental resistance may provide a general and complementary approach for predicting invasion risk that can be rapidly deployed even when information on the niche or the identity of potential invaders is unknown.}, }
@article {pmid33495360, year = {2021}, author = {Li, J and Ianaiev, V and Huff, A and Zalusky, J and Ozersky, T and Katsev, S}, title = {Benthic invaders control the phosphorus cycle in the world's largest freshwater ecosystem.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {118}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {33495360}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Phosphorus/*metabolism ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The productivity of aquatic ecosystems depends on the supply of limiting nutrients. The invasion of the Laurentian Great Lakes, the world's largest freshwater ecosystem, by dreissenid (zebra and quagga) mussels has dramatically altered the ecology of these lakes. A key open question is how dreissenids affect the cycling of phosphorus (P), the nutrient that limits productivity in the Great Lakes. We show that a single species, the quagga mussel, is now the primary regulator of P cycling in the lower four Great Lakes. By virtue of their enormous biomass, quagga mussels sequester large quantities of P in their tissues and dramatically intensify benthic P exchanges. Mass balance analysis reveals a previously unrecognized sensitivity of the Great Lakes ecosystem, where P availability is now regulated by the dynamics of mussel populations while the role of the external inputs of phosphorus is suppressed. Our results show that a single invasive species can have dramatic consequences for geochemical cycles even in the world's largest aquatic ecosystems. The ongoing spread of dreissenids across a multitude of lakes in North America and Europe is likely to affect carbon and nutrient cycling in these systems for many decades, with important implications for water quality management.}, }
@article {pmid33494404, year = {2021}, author = {Zhang, H and Song, J and Zhao, H and Li, M and Han, W}, title = {Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Species Leptocybe invasa: Combining MaxEnt and Geodetector Models.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {33494404}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {40461011//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2019-RC-105//Lanzhou Talent Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project/ ; }, abstract = {Leptocybe invasa is a globally invasive pest of eucalyptus plantations, and is steadily spread throughout China. Predicting the growth area of L. invasa in China is beneficial to the establishment of early monitoring, forecasting, and prevention of this pest. Based on 194 valid data points and 21 environmental factors of L. invasa in China, this study simulated the potential distribution area of L. invasa in China under three current and future climate scenarios (SSPs1-2.5, SSPs2-3.5, and SSPs5-8.5) via the MaxEnt model. The study used the species distribution model (SDM) toolbox in ArcGIS software to analyze the potential distribution range and change of L. invasa. The importance of crucial climate factors was evaluated by total contribution rate, knife-cut method, and environmental variable response curve, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to test and evaluate the accuracy of the model. The results showed that the simulation effect of the MaxEnt model is excellent (area under the ROC curve (AUC) = 0.982,). The prediction showed that L. invasa is mainly distributed in Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, and surrounding provinces, which is consistent with the current actual distribution range. The distribution area of the potential high fitness zone of L. invasa in the next three scenarios increases by between 37.37% and 95.20% compared with the current distribution. Climate change affects the distribution of L. invasa, with the annual average temperature, the lowest temperature of the coldest month, the average temperature of the driest season, the average temperature of the coldest month, and the precipitation in the wettest season the most important. In the future, the core areas of the potential distribution of L. invasa in China will be located in Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, and Hainan. They tend to spread to high latitudes (Hubei, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and other regions).}, }
@article {pmid33492713, year = {2021}, author = {Evans, T}, title = {Quantifying the global threat to native birds from predation by non-native birds on small islands.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, pages = {1268-1277}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13697}, pmid = {33492713}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Birds ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Although invasive non-native species can adversely affect biodiversity in many ways, predation of native species by non-native species on islands can be severely damaging. Results of numerous studies document non-native birds preying on birds on islands, but our understanding of the number and type of species affected has been limited by the lack of a global review of these impacts. I identified the non-native bird species that have been recorded preying on birds, the locations where this predation occurred, and the bird species affected. Because the impacts of non-native birds can be particularly severe on small islands, I then identified the islands <500 km[2] around the world that are occupied by predatory non-native birds. By taking into account their life-history traits and predation history, I also identified the near-threatened and threatened bird species on these islands that they may prey on. The results indicated that predation by non-native birds was primarily a concern for threatened bird conservation on small islands; almost all predation impacts (91%) on near-threatened and threatened birds were recorded on islands, and median island size was 106 km[2] . I also found non-native bird predation was a poorly known and widespread potential threat to avian biodiversity; worldwide, 194 islands of <500 km[2] were occupied by predatory non-native birds, but information on their impacts was unavailable for most of these islands. On them, where the impacts of non-native species can be severe, non-native birds may be preying on approximately 6% of the world's near-threatened and threatened bird species. Four non-native bird species I identified have been successfully eradicated from islands. If they were eradicated from the small islands they occupy, 70% of the near-threatened and threatened bird species I identified would no longer be affected by nest predation by non-native birds on small islands.}, }
@article {pmid33490016, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, F and Zhang, J and Cao, M and Zhang, Y and Hui, C}, title = {Exponential Damping: The Key to Successful Containment of COVID-19.}, journal = {Frontiers in public health}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {580619}, pmid = {33490016}, issn = {2296-2565}, mesh = {COVID-19/*transmission ; *Communicable Disease Control ; Humans ; *Internationality ; *Models, Statistical ; Public Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {Due to its excessive capacity for human-to-human transmission, the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has now been declared a global public health emergency. Here we propose a simple model based on exponential infectious growth, but with a time-varying, largely damping, transmission rate. This model provides an excellent fit to the existing data for 46 countries with 10,000+ cases by 16 May 2020, five continents and the entire world. Hence, the model has largely captured the transmission patterns of the COVID-19 outbreak under a variety of intervention and control measures. The damping rate ranged from -0.0228 to 0.1669 d[-1] globally (a negative damping rate represents acceleration in spread) and can greatly affect the duration of the outbreak and the eventual number of infections. Our model suggests that it is possible to defeat the COVID-19 pandemic by the end of 2020 through achieving a high damping rate (0.0615 d[-1]). However, the global damping rate is rather low (0.0504 d[-1] before 26 April) and has dropped even further since late April (0.0168 d[-1]). Easing currently implemented control measures in countries with weak or no damping in transmission could lead to an exponential rebound of COVID-19 spread.}, }
@article {pmid33489291, year = {2020}, author = {Morris, SD and Johnson, CN and Brook, BW}, title = {Roughing it: terrain is crucial in identifying novel translocation sites for the vulnerable brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale pencillata).}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {201603}, pmid = {33489291}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Translocations-the movement of species from one place to another-are likely to become more common as conservation attempts to protect small isolated populations from threats posed by extreme events such as bushfires. The recent Australian mega-fires burnt almost 40% of the habitat of the brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale pencillata), a threatened species whose distribution is already restricted, primarily due to predation by invasive species. This chronic threat of over-predation, coupled with the possible extinction of the genetically distinct southern population (approx. 40 individuals in the wild), makes this species a candidate for a conservation translocation. Here, we use species distribution models to identify translocation sites for the brush-tailed rock-wallaby. Our models exhibited high predictive accuracy, and show that terrain roughness, a surrogate for predator refugia, is the most important variable. Tasmania, which currently has no rock-wallabies, showed high suitability and is fox-free, making it a promising candidate site. We outline our argument for the trial translocation of rock-wallaby to Maria Island, located off Tasmania's eastern coast. This research offers a transparent assessment of the translocation potential of a threatened species, which can be adapted to other taxa and systems.}, }
@article {pmid33486186, year = {2021}, author = {Qian, W and Chen, J and Zhang, Q and Wu, C and Ma, Q and Silliman, BR and Wu, J and Li, B and He, Q}, title = {Top-down control of foundation species recovery during coastal wetland restoration.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {769}, number = {}, pages = {144854}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144854}, pmid = {33486186}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura ; Estuaries ; Herbivory ; Poaceae ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Restoration has been increasingly adopted to halt trends in coastal wetland loss globally. Existing restoration often assumes that once abiotic stress is relieved, disturbances are prevented, and invasive species are eradicated, coastal wetlands will recover if propagules of native species are supplied either through natural dispersal or planting. Whether other factors including consumers can help explain the often suboptimal performance of existing restoration remains poorly understood. In a series of field experiments in the Yangtze estuary, we examined the relative importance of abiotic stress and crab grazing in regulating the recovery of the native foundation plant species Scirpus mariqueter in salt marsh areas where exotic cordgrass was successfully eradicated. We found that grazing by herbivorous crabs, rather than abiotic stress, was the primary obstacle restricting the recovery of planted Scirpus. This negative effect of crab grazing varied predictably across elevation and was strongest at low elevations where abiotic conditions were positive for Scirpus. These findings highlight that i) measures to control crab grazing are needed to enhance the success of Scirpus restoration, even in areas where abiotic conditions are set to be optimal, and ii) restoration measures purely focused on reducing abiotic stress could be ineffective or suboptimal in field conditions, likely jeopardizing restoration investment and success. Since top-down control of foundation plant species is common in many coastal wetlands and can be especially important in degraded systems where herbivores are abundant, we urge that future coastal wetland restoration assesses for the impacts of grazers and, when present, apply intervention measures.}, }
@article {pmid33484875, year = {2021}, author = {Fournier, D and Aron, S}, title = {Hybridization and invasiveness in social insects - The good, the bad and the hybrid.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {46}, number = {}, pages = {1-9}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2020.12.004}, pmid = {33484875}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Bees/genetics ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Insecta/genetics ; *Isoptera/genetics ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Hybridization may help drive biological invasions by reducing Allee effects, increasing genetic variation, and generating novel adaptive genotypes/phenotypes. Social insects (ants, bees, wasps, and termites) are among the world's worst invasive species. In this review, we study the relationship between hybridization and invasiveness in social insects. We examine three types of hybridization based on the reproductive characteristics of first-generation hybrids. We discuss several examples of the association between hybridization and invasiveness, which are predominantly found in bees and termites. However, hybridization also occurs in several non-invasive species, and highly invasive species are not consistently associated with hybridization events, indicating that hybridization is not a main driver of invasiveness in social insects. We discuss why hybridization is not more commonly seen in invasive social insects.}, }
@article {pmid33483416, year = {2021}, author = {Hui, C}, title = {Introduced species shape insular mutualistic networks.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {118}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {33483416}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Seed Dispersal ; Symbiosis ; }, }
@article {pmid33481090, year = {2021}, author = {van der Marel, A and Waterman, JM and López-Darias, M}, title = {Exploring the role of life history traits and introduction effort in understanding invasion success in mammals: a case study of Barbary ground squirrels.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {195}, number = {2}, pages = {327-339}, pmid = {33481090}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {04362//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (CA)/ ; P. INNOVA 2016-2021//Cabildo de Tenerife, Program TF INNOVA 2016-21/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; Mammals ; Sciuridae ; }, abstract = {Invasive species-species that have successfully overcome the barriers of transport, introduction, establishment, and spread-are a risk to biodiversity and ecosystem function. Introduction effort is one of the main factors underlying invasion success, but life history traits are also important as they influence population growth. In this contribution, we first investigated life history traits of the Barbary ground squirrel, Atlantoxerus getulus, a species with a very low introduction effort. We then studied if their invasion success was due to a very fast life history profile by comparing their life history traits to those of other successful invasive mammals. Next, we examined whether the number of founders and/or a fast life history influences the invasion success of squirrels. Barbary ground squirrels were on the fast end of the "fast-slow continuum", but their life history was not the only contributing factor to their invasion success, as the life history profile is comparable to other invasive species that do not have such a low introduction effort. We also found that neither life history traits nor the number of founders explained the invasion success of introduced squirrels in general. These results contradict the concept that introduction effort is the main factor explaining invasion success, especially in squirrels. Instead, we argue that invasion success can be influenced by multiple aspects of the new habitat or the biology of the introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid33479490, year = {2021}, author = {Bonthond, G and Bayer, T and Krueger-Hadfield, SA and Stärck, N and Wang, G and Nakaoka, M and Künzel, S and Weinberger, F}, title = {The role of host promiscuity in the invasion process of a seaweed holobiont.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {1668-1679}, pmid = {33479490}, issn = {1751-7370}, mesh = {Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; *Rhodophyta ; *Seaweed ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are co-introduced with microbiota from their native range and also interact with microbiota found in the novel environment to which they are introduced. Host flexibility toward microbiota, or host promiscuity, is an important trait underlying terrestrial plant invasions. To test whether host promiscuity may be important in macroalgal invasions, we experimentally simulated an invasion in a common garden setting, using the widespread invasive macroalga Agarophyton vermiculophyllum as a model invasive seaweed holobiont. After disturbing the microbiota of individuals from native and non-native populations with antibiotics, we monitored the microbial succession trajectories in the presence of a new source of microbes. Microbial communities were strongly impacted by the treatment and changed compositionally and in terms of diversity but recovered functionally by the end of the experiment in most respects. Beta-diversity in disturbed holobionts strongly decreased, indicating that different populations configure more similar -or more common- microbial communities when exposed to the same conditions. This decline in beta-diversity occurred not only more rapidly, but was also more pronounced in non-native populations, while individuals from native populations retained communities more similar to those observed in the field. This study demonstrates that microbial communities of non-native A. vermiculophyllum are more flexibly adjusted to the environment and suggests that an intraspecific increase in host promiscuity has promoted the invasion process of A. vermiculophyllum. This phenomenon may be important among invasive macroalgal holobionts in general.}, }
@article {pmid33479424, year = {2021}, author = {Tolo, IE and Padhi, SK and Williams, K and Singh, V and Halvorson, S and Mor, SK and Phelps, NBD}, title = {Susceptibility of Pimephales promelas and Carassius auratus to a strain of koi herpesvirus isolated from wild Cyprinus carpio in North America.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {1985}, pmid = {33479424}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {L.A. 2017 (00080373)//Environmental and Natural Resource Trust Fund/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/genetics/*virology ; Disease Susceptibility ; Fish Diseases/genetics/virology ; Goldfish/genetics/*virology ; Herpesviridae/genetics/*pathogenicity ; Herpesviridae Infections/genetics/virology ; North America ; }, abstract = {Cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3, syn. koi herpesvirus) is an important pathogen worldwide and a common cause of mass mortality events of wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in North America, however, reference strains and genomes obtained from wild carp are not available. Additionally, it is unclear if fishes in North America are susceptible to CyHV-3 infection due to incomplete susceptibility testing. Here we present the first North American type strain and whole-genome sequence of CyHV-3 isolated from wild carp collected from a lake with a history and recent incidence of carp mortality. Additionally, the strain was used in an in-vivo infection model to test the susceptibility of a common native minnow (Pimephales promelas) and goldfish (Carrasius auratus) which is invasive in North America. Detection of CyHV-3 DNA was confirmed in the tissues of a single fathead minnow but the same tissues were negative for CyHV-3 mRNA and samples from exposed fathead minnows were negative on cell culture. There was no detection of CyHV-3 DNA or mRNA in goldfish throughout the experiment. CyHV-3 DNA in carp tissues was reproducibly accompanied by the detection of CyHV-3 mRNA and isolation on cell culture. Additionally, environmental CyHV-3 DNA was detected on all tank filters during the study. These findings suggest that fathead minnows and goldfish are not susceptible to CyHV-3 infection and that detection of CyHV-3 DNA alone in host susceptibility trials should be interpreted with caution.}, }
@article {pmid33479296, year = {2021}, author = {Vázquez-Barrios, V and Boege, K and Sosa-Fuentes, TG and Rojas, P and Wegier, A}, title = {Ongoing ecological and evolutionary consequences by the presence of transgenes in a wild cotton population.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {1959}, pmid = {33479296}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/physiology ; *Ecology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Gene Flow ; *Genes, Plant ; Gossypium/*genetics/physiology ; Herbivory ; Mexico ; Plant Nectar ; Plants, Genetically Modified/*genetics ; *Transgenes ; }, abstract = {After 25 years of genetically modified cotton cultivation in Mexico, gene flow between transgenic individuals and their wild relatives represents an opportunity for analysing the impacts of the presence of novel genes in ecological and evolutionary processes in natural conditions. We show comprehensive empirical evidence on the physiological, metabolic, and ecological effects of transgene introgression in wild cotton, Gossypium hirsutum. We report that the expression of both the cry and cp4-epsps genes in wild cotton under natural conditions altered extrafloral nectar inducibility and thus, its association with different ant species: the dominance of the defensive species Camponotus planatus in Bt plants, the presence of cp4-epsps without defence role of Monomorium ebeninum ants, and of the invasive species Paratrechina longicornis in wild plants without transgenes. Moreover, we found an increase in herbivore damage to cp4-epsps plants. Our results reveal the influence of transgene expression on native ecological interactions. These findings can be useful in the design of risk assessment methodologies for genetically modified organisms and the in situ conservation of G. hirsutum metapopulations.}, }
@article {pmid33479145, year = {2021}, author = {Charvet, P and Occhi, TVT and Faria, L and Carvalho, B and Pedroso, CR and Carneiro, L and Freitas, M and Petrere-Junior, M and Vitule, JRS}, title = {Tilapia farming threatens Brazil's waters.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {371}, number = {6527}, pages = {356}, doi = {10.1126/science.abg1346}, pmid = {33479145}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Fisheries ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; *Tilapia ; }, }
@article {pmid33477734, year = {2021}, author = {Jug, U and Naumoska, K and Vovk, I}, title = {(-)-Epicatechin-An Important Contributor to the Antioxidant Activity of Japanese Knotweed Rhizome Bark Extract as Determined by Antioxidant Activity-Guided Fractionation.}, journal = {Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {33477734}, issn = {2076-3921}, support = {research core funding No. P1-0005//Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS/ ; "Young Researchers" program//Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS/ ; }, abstract = {The antioxidant activities of Japanese knotweed rhizome bark extracts, prepared with eight different solvents or solvent mixtures (water, methanol, 80% methanol(aq), acetone, 70% acetone(aq), ethanol, 70% ethanol(aq), and 90% ethyl acetate(aq)), were determined using a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging assay. Low half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values (2.632-3.720 µg mL[-1]) for all the extracts were in the range of the IC50 value of the known antioxidant ascorbic acid at t0 (3.115 µg mL[-1]). Due to the highest extraction yield (~44%), 70% ethanol(aq) was selected for the preparation of the extract for further investigations. The IC50 value calculated for its antioxidant activity remained stable for at least 14 days, while the IC50 of ascorbic acid increased over time. The stability study showed that the container material was of great importance for the light-protected storage of the ascorbic acid(aq) solution in a refrigerator. Size exclusion-high-performance liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC)-UV and reversed phase (RP)-HPLC-UV coupled with multistage mass spectrometry (MS[n]) were developed for fractionation of the 70% ethanol(aq) extract and for further compound identification, respectively. In the most potent antioxidant SEC fraction, determined using an on-line post-column SEC-HPLC-DPPH assay, epicatechin, resveratrol malonyl hexoside, and its in-source fragments (resveratrol and resveratrol acetyl hexoside) were tentatively identified by RP-HPLC-MS[n]. Moreover, epicatechin was additionally confirmed by two orthogonal methods, SEC-HPLC-UV and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with densitometry. Finally, the latter technique enabled the identification of (-)-epicatechin. (-)-Epicatechin demonstrated potent and stable time-dependent antioxidant activity (IC50 value ~1.5 µg mL[-1]) for at least 14 days.}, }
@article {pmid33477097, year = {2021}, author = {Fischer, SM and Beck, M and Herborg, LM and Lewis, MA}, title = {Managing aquatic invasions: Optimal locations and operating times for watercraft inspection stations.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {283}, number = {}, pages = {111923}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111923}, pmid = {33477097}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia ; British Columbia ; *Dreissena ; Introduced Species ; Ships ; }, abstract = {Aquatic invasive species (AIS) cause significant ecological and economic damages around the world. A major spread mechanism for AIS is traffic of boaters transporting their watercraft from invaded to uninvaded waterbodies. To inhibit the spread of AIS, Canadian provinces and American states often set up watercraft inspection stations at roadsides, where potentially infested boats are screened for AIS and, if necessary, decontaminated. However, since budgets for AIS control are limited, watercraft inspection stations can only be operated at specific locations and daytimes. Though theoretical studies provide managers with general guidelines for AIS management, more specific results are needed to determine when and where watercraft inspections would be most effective. This is the subject of this paper. We show how linear integer programming techniques can be used to optimize watercraft inspection policies under budget constraints. We introduce our approach as a general framework and apply it to the prevention of the spread of zebra and quagga mussels (Dreissena spp.) to the Canadian province of British Columbia. We consider multiple scenarios and show how variations in budget constraints, propagule sources, and model uncertainty affect the optimal policy. Based on these results, we identify simple, generally applicable principles for optimal AIS management.}, }
@article {pmid33476978, year = {2021}, author = {Vozzo, ML and Mayer-Pinto, M and Bishop, MJ and Cumbo, VR and Bugnot, AB and Dafforn, KA and Johnston, EL and Steinberg, PD and Strain, EMA}, title = {Making seawalls multifunctional: The positive effects of seeded bivalves and habitat structure on species diversity and filtration rates.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {165}, number = {}, pages = {105243}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105243}, pmid = {33476978}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Estuaries ; *Ostreidae ; }, abstract = {The marine environment is being increasingly modified by the construction of artificial structures, the impacts of which may be mitigated through eco-engineering. To date, eco-engineering has predominantly aimed to increase biodiversity, but enhancing other ecological functions is arguably of equal importance for artificial structures. Here, we manipulated complexity through habitat structure (flat, and 2.5 cm, 5 cm deep vertical and 5 cm deep horizontal crevices) and seeding with the native oyster (Saccostrea glomerata, unseeded and seeded) on concrete tiles (0.25 m × 0.25 m) affixed to seawalls to investigate whether complexity (both orientation and depth of crevices) influences particle removal rates by suspension feeders and colonisation by different functional groups, and whether there are any ecological trade-offs between these functions. After 12 months, complex seeded tiles generally supported a greater abundance of suspension feeding taxa and had higher particle removal rates than flat tiles or unseeded tiles. The richness and diversity of taxa also increased with complexity. The effect of seeding was, however, generally weaker on tiles with complex habitat structure. However, the orientation of habitat complexity and the depth of the crevices did not influence particle removal rates or colonising taxa. Colonisation by non-native taxa was low compared to total taxa richness. We did not detect negative ecological trade-offs between increased particle removal rates and diversity and abundance of key functional groups. Our results suggest that the addition of complexity to marine artificial structures could potentially be used to enhance both biodiversity and particle removal rates. Consequently, complexity should be incorporated into future eco-engineering projects to provide a range of ecological functions in urbanised estuaries.}, }
@article {pmid33472872, year = {2021}, author = {Clutton, EA and Alurralde, G and Repolho, T}, title = {Early developmental stages of native populations of Ciona intestinalis under increased temperature are affected by local habitat history.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {224}, number = {Pt 5}, pages = {}, pmid = {33472872}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ciona intestinalis ; Ecosystem ; Larva ; Metamorphosis, Biological ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Temperature modulates marine ectotherm physiology, influencing survival, abundance and species distribution. While native species could be susceptible to ocean warming, thermal tolerance might favour the spread of non-native species. Determining the success of invasive species in response to climate change is confounded by the cumulative, synergistic or antagonistic effects of environmental drivers, which vary at a geographical and temporal scale. Thus, an organism's acclimation or adaptive potential could play an important evolutionary role by enabling or conditioning species tolerance to stressful environmental conditions. We investigated developmental performance of early life stages of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis (derived from populations of anthropogenically impacted and control sites) to an extreme weather event (i.e. marine heatwave). Fertilization rate, embryo and larval development, settlement, metamorphosis success and juvenile heart rate were assessed as experimental endpoints. With the exception of fertilization and heart rates, temperature influenced all analysed endpoints. C. intestinalis derived from control sites were the most negatively affected by increased temperature conditions. By contrast, C. intestinalis from anthropogenically impacted sites showed a positive response to thermal stress, with a higher proportion of larvae development, settlement and metamorphosis success being observed under increased temperature conditions. No differences were observed for heart rates between sampled populations and experimental temperature conditions. Moreover, interaction between temperature and populations was statistically significant for embryo and larvae development, and metamorphosis. We hypothesize that selection resulting from anthropogenic forcing could shape stress resilience of species in their native range and subsequently confer advantageous traits underlying their invasive potential.}, }
@article {pmid33467094, year = {2021}, author = {Sansone, C and Galasso, C and Lo Martire, M and Fernández, TV and Musco, L and Dell'Anno, A and Bruno, A and Noonan, DM and Albini, A and Brunet, C}, title = {In Vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of the Invasive Seagrass Halophila stipulacea.}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {33467094}, issn = {1660-3397}, support = {PG/2018/0494374//Regione Campania/ ; }, mesh = {Antioxidants/isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival/drug effects/physiology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods ; Female ; Fetus ; Humans ; *Hydrocharitaceae ; *Introduced Species ; Oxidative Stress/*drug effects/physiology ; Plant Extracts/isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Salt-Tolerant Plants ; }, abstract = {Marine organisms with fast growth rates and great biological adaptive capacity might have biotechnological interests, since ecological competitiveness might rely on enhanced physiological or biochemical processes' capability promoting protection, defense, or repair intracellular damages. The invasive seagrass Halophila stipulacea, a non-indigenous species widespread in the Mediterranean Sea, belongs to this category. This is the premise to investigate the biotechnological interest of this species. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activity in vitro, both in scavenging reactive oxygen species and in repairing damages from oxidative stress on the fibroblast human cell line WI-38. Together with the biochemical analysis, the antioxidant activity was characterized by the study of the expression of oxidative stress gene in WI-38 cells in presence or absence of the H. stipulacea extract. Concomitantly, the pigment pool of the extracts, as well as their macromolecular composition was characterized. This study was done separately on mature and young leaves. Results indicated that mature leaves exerted a great activity in scavenging reactive oxygen species and repairing damages from oxidative stress in the WI-38 cell line. This activity was paralleled to an enhanced carotenoids content in the mature leaf extracts and a higher carbohydrate contribution to organic matter. Our results suggest a potential of the old leaves of H. stipulacea as oxidative stress damage protecting or repair agents in fibroblast cell lines. This study paves the way to transmute the invasive H. stipulacea environmental threat in goods for human health.}, }
@article {pmid33464634, year = {2021}, author = {Hofmeister, NR and Werner, SJ and Lovette, IJ}, title = {Environmental correlates of genetic variation in the invasive European starling in North America.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {5}, pages = {1251-1263}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15806}, pmid = {33464634}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; New York ; North America ; *Starlings/genetics ; }, abstract = {Populations of invasive species that colonize and spread in novel environments may differentiate both through demographic processes and local selection. European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were introduced to New York in 1890 and subsequently spread throughout North America, becoming one of the most widespread and numerous bird species on the continent. Genome-wide comparisons across starling individuals and populations can identify demographic and/or selective factors that facilitated this rapid and successful expansion. We investigated patterns of genomic diversity and differentiation using reduced-representation genome sequencing of 17 winter-season sampling sites. Consistent with this species' high dispersal rate and rapid expansion history, we found low geographical differentiation and few FST outliers even at a continental scale. Despite starting from a founding population of ~180 individuals, North American starlings show only a moderate genetic bottleneck, and models suggest a dramatic increase in effective population size since introduction. In genotype-environment associations we found that ~200 single-nucleotide polymorphisms are correlated with temperature and/or precipitation against a background of negligible genome- and range-wide divergence. Given this evidence, we suggest that local adaptation in North American starlings may have evolved rapidly even in this wide-ranging and evolutionarily young system. This survey of genomic signatures of expansion in North American starlings is the most comprehensive to date and complements ongoing studies of world-wide local adaptation in these highly dispersive and invasive birds.}, }
@article {pmid33463893, year = {2020}, author = {Závorka, L and Lassus, R and Britton, JR and Cucherousset, J}, title = {Phenotypic responses of invasive species to removals affect ecosystem functioning and restoration.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {10}, pages = {5693-5704}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15271}, pmid = {33463893}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//Office Fran&#xe7;aise de la Biodiversit&#xe9;/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Reducing the abundances of invasive species by removals aims to minimize their ecological impacts and enable ecosystem recovery. Removal methods are usually selective, modifying phenotypic traits in the managed populations. However, there is little empirical evidence of how removal-driven changes in multiple phenotypic traits of surviving individuals of invasive species can affect ecosystem functioning and recovery. Overcoming this knowledge gap is highly relevant because individuals are the elemental units of ecological processes and so integrating individual-level responses into the management of biological invasions could improve their efficiency. Here we provide novel demonstration that removals by trapping, angling and biocontrol from lakes of the globally invasive crayfish Procambarus clarkii induced substantial changes in multiple phenotypic traits. A mesocosm experiment then revealed that these changes in phenotypic traits constrain recovery of basic ecosystem functions (decomposition of organic matter, benthic primary production) by acting in the opposite direction than the effects of reduced invader abundance. However, only minor ecological impacts of invader abundance and phenotypic traits variation remained a year after its complete eradication. Our study provides quantitative evidence to an original idea that removal-driven trait changes can dampen recovery of invaded ecosystems even when the abundance of invasive species is substantially reduced. We suggest that the phenotypic responses of invaders to the removal programme have strong effects on ecosystem recovery and should be considered within the management of biological invasions, particularly when complete eradication is not achievable.}, }
@article {pmid33463838, year = {2021}, author = {Stuart, KC and Cardilini, APA and Cassey, P and Richardson, MF and Sherwin, WB and Rollins, LA and Sherman, CDH}, title = {Signatures of selection in a recent invasion reveal adaptive divergence in a highly vagile invasive species.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, pages = {1419-1434}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15601}, pmid = {33463838}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; *Starlings/genetics ; }, abstract = {A detailed understanding of population genetics in invasive populations helps us to identify drivers of successful alien introductions. Here, we investigate putative signals of selection in Australian populations of invasive common starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, and seek to understand how these have been influenced by introduction history. We used reduced representation sequencing to determine population structure, and identify Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) that are putatively under selection. We found that since their introduction into Australia, starling populations have become genetically differentiated despite the potential for high levels of dispersal, and that starlings have responded to selective pressures imposed by a wide range of environmental conditions across their geographic range. Isolation by distance appears to have played a strong role in determining genetic substructure across the starling's Australian range. Analyses of candidate SNPs that are putatively under selection indicated that aridity, precipitation and temperature may be important factors driving adaptive variation across the starling's invasive range in Australia. However, we also noted that the historic introduction regime may leave footprints on sites flagged as being under adaptive selection, and encourage critical interpretation of selection analyses in non-native populations.}, }
@article {pmid33463828, year = {2020}, author = {Soghigian, J and Gloria-Soria, A and Robert, V and Le Goff, G and Failloux, AB and Powell, JR}, title = {Genetic evidence for the origin of Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, in the southwestern Indian Ocean.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {19}, pages = {3593-3606}, pmid = {33463828}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {U01 CK000509/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Aedes/genetics ; Africa ; Animals ; Asia ; Humans ; Indian Ocean ; Madagascar ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics ; Reunion ; *Yellow Fever/genetics ; }, abstract = {Aedes aegypti is among the best-studied mosquitoes due to its critical role as a vector of human pathogens and ease of laboratory rearing. Until now, this species was thought to have originated in continental Africa, and subsequently colonized much of the world following the establishment of global trade routes. However, populations of this mosquito on the islands in the southwestern Indian Ocean (SWIO), where the species occurs with its nearest relatives referred to as the Aegypti Group, have received little study. We re-evaluated the evolutionary history of Ae. aegypti and these relatives, using three data sets: nucleotide sequence data, 18,489 SNPs and 12 microsatellites. We found that: (a) the Aegypti Group diverged 16 MYA (95% HPD: 7-28 MYA) from its nearest African/Asian ancestor; (b) SWIO populations of Ae. aegypti are basal to continental African populations; (c) after diverging 7 MYA (95% HPD: 4-15 MYA) from its nearest formally described relative (Ae. mascarensis), Ae. aegypti moved to continental Africa less than 85,000 years ago, where it recently (<1,000 years ago) split into two recognized subspecies Ae. aegypti formosus and a human commensal, Ae. aegypti aegypti; (d) the Madagascar samples form a clade more distant from all other Ae. aegypti than the named species Ae. mascarensis, implying that Madagascar may harbour a new cryptic species; and (e) there is evidence of introgression between Ae. mascarensis and Ae. aegypti on Réunion, and between the two subspecies elsewhere in the SWIO, a likely consequence of recent introductions of domestic Ae. aegypti aegypti from Asia.}, }
@article {pmid33461075, year = {2021}, author = {Huang, X and Liu, B and Guo, D and Zhong, Y and Li, S and Liu, X and Laws, EA and Huang, B}, title = {Blackfordia virginica blooms shift the trophic structure to smaller size plankton in subtropical shallow waters.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {163}, number = {}, pages = {111990}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.111990}, pmid = {33461075}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Biomass ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Phytoplankton ; *Plankton ; }, abstract = {The hydromedusa Blackfordia virginica is an invasive species that has disrupted coastal marine food webs throughout the world. Here, we report the response of plankton community to B. virginica blooms in a subtropical lagoon in China. Chlorophyll-a concentrations increased after the peak of B. virginica abundance, which was coincident with high concentrations of ammonium. An increase of the biomass and composition of pico- and nano-phytoplankton during the bloom resulted from bottom-up effects due to the nutrients excreted by B. virginica. The average size and grazing rates of microzooplankton concurrently decreased. The negative correlation between the abundances of B. virginica and microzooplankton was accurately simulated by a generalized linear model and redundancy analysis. This study provided empirical evidence of the impacts of the B. virginica bloom on the food web and the mechanisms responsible for those effects. These impacts may lead to serious ecological and environmental consequences for the lagoonal ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid33460837, year = {2021}, author = {Xie, T and Wang, Q and Ning, Z and Chen, C and Cui, B and Bai, J and Shi, W and Pang, B}, title = {Artificial modification on lateral hydrological connectivity promotes range expansion of invasive Spartina alterniflora in salt marshes of the Yellow River delta, China.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {769}, number = {}, pages = {144476}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144476}, pmid = {33460837}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {China ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Poaceae ; Rivers ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {'Invasibility', or the extent to which a habitat is prone to being invaded by plants, is a measure of the resistance of that ecosystem to biological invasion: a limited extent represents abiotic conditions unsuitable for invasion by invasive species; however, human activity can change that and make a habitat prone to rapid invasion. Field surveys and greenhouse experiments were carried out to explore, using spatial analysis, how a strong invader, namely Spartina alterniflora, is assisted by such activities as constructing levees and digging trenches, ditches, and pits in a tidal salt marsh. These activities changed the lateral hydrological connectivity of a salt marsh. The invasibility was then estimated based on the probability of seed dispersal and retention using the classical probabilistic method, and the rate of seedling emergence using threshold analysis. Changes in lateral hydrological connectivity led to more seeds of the invading species being retained, especially in high marshes, and promoted the emergence of its seedlings by making the soil more moist and less saline. The results suggest that changes in the lateral hydrological connectivity in a salt marsh can make it more prone to being invaded. The results have important implications for the control of invasive plants by limiting human activity and thereby regulating lateral hydrological connectivity in coastal ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid33460088, year = {2020}, author = {Balzani, P and Gozlan, RE and Haubrock, PJ}, title = {Overlapping niches between two co-occurring invasive fish: the topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva and the common bleak Alburnus alburnus.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {97}, number = {5}, pages = {1385-1392}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14499}, pmid = {33460088}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; Cyprinidae/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Gastrointestinal Contents ; *Introduced Species ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Invasive fish species impact aquatic ecosystems and modify native communities, often leading to a decline in local species. These ecological impacts include the transmission of pathogens, predation, competition as well as hybridization. Two invasive fish species, the common bleak Alburnus alburnus and the topmouth gudgeon Pseudorabora parva, have both been recently found co-occurring in several regions of southern Europe, such as the Italian Arno River. Nonetheless, the trophic relationships among invasive fish species, especially cyprinids, remain poorly understood, and no studies have reported the trophic interaction between these two species. This study compared length-weight relationship and used stomach content and stable isotope analysis of two co-occurring populations in the Arno River to characterize the growth and overlap of potential trophic niches. It also found similar allometric growth in both species, a wider generalist trophic niche for P. parva and a more specialized niche for A. alburnus. A considerable niche overlap was found, suggesting that feeding competition can occur if resources were to be limited. Moreover, the niche of P. parva was more likely to overlap with that of A. alburnus than vice versa, suggesting that P. parva can be considered as a potential over competitor. Nonetheless, the authors found in the overlapping populations no evidence of realized competition, probably avoided through a combination of fine-scale mechanisms. They also highlighted that these two invasive species can co-exist and share resources, at least in an open ecosystem like a river, thus potentially doubling up their trophic impact on local communities.}, }
@article {pmid33459780, year = {2021}, author = {Hartshorn, JA and Coyle, DR and Rabaglia, RJ}, title = {Responses of Native and Non-native Bark and Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to Different Chemical Attractants: Insights From the USDA Forest Service Early Detection and Rapid Response Program Data Analysis.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {114}, number = {2}, pages = {776-783}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toaa309}, pmid = {33459780}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Ambrosia ; Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Data Analysis ; Ecosystem ; Insect Control ; North America ; Plant Bark ; United States ; United States Department of Agriculture ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {More than 60 non-native bark and ambrosia beetle species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are established in North America and several have had severe negative impacts on ecosystems. Non-native scolytines can introduce fungi which may cause vascular wilts and compete with native fungi and lead to reductions in native species through host reduction. The Early Detection Rapid Response (EDRR) program was created by the USDA Forest Service in 2007 to detect non-native bark and ambrosia beetles and provide a baseline for tracking populations over time. This program has led to new collection records and increased communication among agencies to delimit non-native scolytine populations and perform appropriate management. Although insect responses to different lure types vary, it is unknown how different lures compare in attracting bark and ambrosia beetles. Our goal was to examine how lure combinations used in the EDRR program affect captures of bark and ambrosia beetle communities and to determine the most effective combination of lures for targeting non-native scolytines. The highest proportion of non-native scolytines was captured with ethanol, as was the greatest total number of species, and the most diverse beetle community. Traps with Ips (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) lures captured the highest proportion of native scolytines but the lowest total number of total species and was also the least diverse. Communities of scolytines differed significantly among lures, states, and years. While ethanol is an appropriate lure for generalist trapping and targeting a wide range of non-native bark and ambrosia beetles, more targeted lures are needed for monitoring certain species of non-natives.}, }
@article {pmid33458083, year = {2020}, author = {Taniwaki, T and Hiroshima, M and Imakita, M and Kishimoto, Y and Okuyama, H and Takahashi, JI}, title = {Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the East Asian minnow, Pungtungia herzi (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes).}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {3127-3129}, pmid = {33458083}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {Some populations of the East Asian minnow Pungtungia herzi Herzenstein, 1892, which are naturally distributed in western Japan, have declined and are considered endangered. However, P. herzi has become a domestic invasive species in eastern Japan. Thus, knowledge of genetic features and phylogenetic relationships of P. herzi is important for conservation of this species and understanding its impact on ecosystems. We analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome using next generation sequencing of the East Asian minnow P. herzi from Yodo River, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. The mitochondrial genome of P. herzi consists of a circular molecule of 16,599 bp that includes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and one control region. The heavy (H)-strand was predicted to have 12 PCGs, 14 tRNA, and two rRNA genes, while the light (L)-strand was predicted to contain one PCGs and eight tRNA genes. The average AT content was 57.68%. The genes ATP8 and ATP6, ATP6 and COIII, ND4L and ND4, and ND5 and ND6 shared seven, one, seven, and four nucleotides, respectively. The initiation codons ATG and GTG were found in 12 and one genes, respectively. The termination codons TAA, TAG, incomplete TA-, and single T-- were observed in nine, one, one, and two genes, respectively. All the tRNA genes possessed a cloverleaf secondary structure. The phylogenetic relationships inferred using 13 PCGs (based on the maximum likelihood) were consistent with previous studies that predicted interrelationships of Cypriniformes.}, }
@article {pmid33457760, year = {2020}, author = {Kim, YC and Lee, DH and Baek, HJ and Kim, A and Lee, J and Kim, MH and Kwon, YH and Kim, YK}, title = {Characteristic of complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic status of a muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus (Rodentia: Cricetidae) in South Korea.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {2145-2146}, pmid = {33457760}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {The complete mitochondrial genome of Muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus (Rodentia: Cricetidae) in Korea was sequenced for the first time using the next-generation sequencing method to understand its evolutionary relationship and to be helpful to establish a management plan. This mitogenome was 16,350 base pairs in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and one control region. Its overall A, C, G, and T contents were 32.0%, 26.9%, 12.6%, and 28.5%, respectively. A + T content (63.7%) was higher than G + C content (36.3%). We made the phylogenetic tree of muskrat and other 12 species of order Rodentia distributed in Korea.}, }
@article {pmid33457745, year = {2020}, author = {,  and Aguilar, A and Ahumada, TJ and Amezcua Moreno, N and Bohn, J and Bustamante, DE and Calderon, MS and Cardoso, E and Carranza, R and Castillo, M and Cazares, E and Cazares, E and Companion, JK and Cruz, J and Cuevas, N and De La Torre, L and Dietz, DP and Fernando, KM and Garcia, B and Gomez, P and Gonzales-Miramontes, B and Hernandez, Y and Huaracha, K and Hughey, JR and Lazaro, G and Zhai Lorenzo, F and Medrano, D and Mendoza, A and Mendoza, D and Mohssin, A and Orozco Medina, J and Pacheco, A and Palacios Ruvalcaba, G and Patel, J and Patel, J and Patino, S and Perez-Alfaro, K and Ponce, AN and Poso, JG and Ramirez, G and Ramirez, HA and Resendiz, N and Reyno, R and Rodriguez, D and Russell, IA and Saenz-Verdugo, P and Carmona, AS and Sanchez, F and Sheffer, SX and Solorio, C and Soto Trujillo, A and Vasaya, GS and Velasquez Lopez, V}, title = {The complete mitochondrial and plastid genomes of the invasive marine red alga Caulacanthus okamurae (Caulacanthaceae, Rhodophyta) from Moss Landing, California, USA.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {2067-2069}, pmid = {33457745}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {Caulacanthus okamurae is an invasive red alga that forms extensive mats in sheltered marine habitats around the world. To determine its genomic structure and genetic relationship to native and other non-native populations of C. okamurae, high-throughput sequencing analysis was performed on an introduced specimen from Bennett Slough, Moss Landing, California, USA. Assembly of 23,146,595 filtered 150 bp paired-end Illumina sequencing reads yielded its complete mitogenome (GenBank accession MT193839) and plastid genome (GenBank accession MT193838). The mitogenome is 25,995 bp in length and contains 50 genes. The plastid genome is 173,516 bp and contains 234 genes. Comparison of the organellar chromosomes to other Gigartinales revealed a high-level of gene synteny. BLAST analysis of marker sequences (rbcL, cox1, cox2) of C. okamurae from Moss Landing identified four identical DNA sequences: one from a specimen from a native population of C. okamurae from South Korea and three from specimens representing invasive populations from France, Spain, and the USA. These genetic results confirm the presence of C. okamurae in central California, USA, and represent the first complete mitogenome and plastid genome from the Caulacanthaceae.}, }
@article {pmid33456548, year = {2020}, author = {Jouladeh-Roudbar, A and Ghanavi, HR and Doadrio, I}, title = {Ichthyofauna From Iranian Freshwater: Annotated Checklist, Diagnosis, Taxonomy, Distribution and Conservation Assessment.}, journal = {Zoological studies}, volume = {59}, number = {}, pages = {e21}, pmid = {33456548}, issn = {1810-522X}, abstract = {This is an annotated checklist of all the recognized and named taxa of freshwater fishes in Iran. It documents recent changes and controversies in the nomenclature and includes primary synonyms updated from the Jouladeh-Roudbar et al. (2015b) checklist. We provide an updated comprehensive listing of taxonomy, diagnostic and meristic characters, names, and conservation status, including detailed distribution maps. We strive to record the most recent justified taxonomic assignment in a hierarchical framework, providing annotations, including alternative possible arrangements, for some proposed changes. We provide common English and Persian names, and detail distributional data for all taxa, listing occurrence by basins, including indications of native, endemic, and translocated populations. We used the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria for classifying species at high risk of global extinction. This checklist consists of 274 recognized species in 100 genera, 33 families, 20 orders and 3 classes. We also report and confirm for the first time the presence of seven species from Iran's basins: Aphanius kruppi, Capoeta kaput, Luciobarbus conocephalus, Oxynoemacheilus veyselorum, O. gyndes, O. hanae and Squalius latus. The confirmed freshwater fishes of Iran comprise 264 species in 97 genera, 33 families, 20 orders and 3 classes. The 241 endemic and native fish species can be divided into the following conservation statuses: 1 Extinct in the Wild (EW), 17 Critically Endangered (CR), 12 Endangered (EN), 15 Vulnerable (VU), 9 Near Threatened (NT), 148 Least Concern (LC) and 39 Data Deficient (DD). Forty-four fish species (18.3% of the 241 species listed) are officially regarded as globally Threatened (Critically Endangered [CR], Endangered [EN], or Vulnerable [VU]). These numbers and percentages of Threatened species have increased since the last checklist.}, }
@article {pmid33454953, year = {2021}, author = {Yang, Y and Liu, M and Pan, Y and Huang, H and Pan, X and Sosa, A and Hou, Y and Zhu, Z and Li, B}, title = {Rapid evolution of latitudinal clines in growth and defence of an invasive weed.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {230}, number = {2}, pages = {845-856}, doi = {10.1111/nph.17193}, pmid = {33454953}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Amaranthaceae ; China ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; *Plant Weeds/genetics ; }, abstract = {Re-establishment of heritable latitudinal clines in growth-related traits has been recognised as evidence for adaptive evolution in invasive plants. However, less information is known about latitudinal clines in defence and joint clinal evolution of growth and defence in invasive plants. We planted 14 native Argentinean populations and 14 introduced Chinese populations of Alternanthera philoxeroides in replicate common gardens in China. We investigated the latitudinal clines of traits related to growth and defence, and plasticity of these traits in relation to experiment site and soil nitrogen. We found that chemical defence decreased with latitude in introduced populations but increased with latitude in native populations. For growth rate, latitudinal clines were positive in introduced populations but nonexistent in native populations. There were also parallel positive latitudinal clines in total/shoot biomass and specific leaf area. Experiment site affected the occurrence or magnitude of latitudinal clines in growth rate, branch intensity and triterpenoid saponins concentration. Introduced populations were more plastic to experiment site and soil nitrogen than native populations. We provide evidence for rapid evolution of clines in growth and defence in an invasive plant. Altered herbivory gradients and trade-off between growth and defence may explain nonparallel clines between the native and introduced ranges.}, }
@article {pmid33454473, year = {2021}, author = {Wang, C and Cheng, H and Wang, S and Wei, M and Du, D}, title = {Plant community and the influence of plant taxonomic diversity on community stability and invasibility: A case study based on Solidago canadensis L.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {768}, number = {}, pages = {144518}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144518}, pmid = {33454473}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Solidago/genetics ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien plants (IAPs) can negatively affect plant taxonomic diversity, community stability, and invasibility in the invaded habitats. This study aimed to assess the degree of influence of the IAP Solidago canadensis L. under various levels of invasion (i.e., light, moderate, and heavy invasion based on its relative abundance in the invaded communities) on plant taxonomic diversity, community stability, and invasibility. In addition, we determined the contribution of plant taxonomic diversity to community stability and invasibility under various levels of S. canadensis invasion. The degree of influence of S. canadensis on plant taxonomic diversity and community stability increases as the level of S. canadensis invasion increases. Community invasibility increases as the level of S. canadensis invasion increases. The competitive advantage of S. canadensis is negatively associated with all indexes of plant taxonomic diversity and community stability but positively connected with community invasibility. Community stability is positively related to Shannon's diversity and Simpson's dominance indexes but negatively associated with community invasibility. Inversely, communities were more likely to be invaded when they had less plant taxonomic diversity. Thus, plant communities with lower values of plant taxonomic diversity and community stability are more vulnerable to S. canadensis invasion. Plant diversity causes a greater pressure on community stability than the other indexes of plant taxonomic diversity under various levels of S. canadensis invasion. However, the contribution intensity of the number of plant species to community invasibility is higher than the other indexes of plant taxonomic diversity under various levels of S. canadensis invasion.}, }
@article {pmid33451068, year = {2021}, author = {Cai, M and Lin, X and Peng, J and Zhang, J and Chen, M and Huang, J and Chen, L and Sun, F and Ding, W and Peng, C}, title = {Why Is the Invasive Plant Sphagneticola trilobata More Resistant to High Temperature than Its Native Congener?.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {33451068}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {31870374,41907023//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Asteraceae/*physiology ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; *Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Oxidative Stress ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Climate change and invasive alien species threaten biodiversity. High temperature is a worrying ecological factor. Most responses of invasive plants aimed at coping with adversity are focused on the physiological level. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of an invasive plant (Sphagneticola trilobata L.) to high temperature, using a native species (Sphagneticola calendulacea L.) as the control, relevant indicators, including photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, the antioxidant system, and related enzyme-coding genes were measured. The results showed that the leaves of S. calendulacea turned yellow, photosynthetic pigment content (Chl a, Chl b, Car, Chl) decreased, gas exchange (Pn) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, ΦPSII) decreased under high temperature. It was also found that high temperature caused photoinhibition and a large amount of ROS accumulated, resulting in an increase in MDA and relative conductivity. Antioxidant enzymes (including SOD, POD, CAT, and APX) and antioxidants (including flavonoids, total phenols, and carotenoids) were decreased. The qPCR results further showed that the expression of the PsbP, PsbA, and RubiscoL, SOD, POD, CAT, and APX genes was downregulated, which was consistent with the results of physiological data. Otherwise, the resistance of S. trilobata to high temperature was better than that of S. calendulacea, which made it a superior plant in the invasion area. These results further indicated that the gradual warming of global temperature will greatly accelerate the invasion area of S. trilobata.}, }
@article {pmid33450946, year = {2021}, author = {Tang, Y and Li, Q and Xiang, L and Gu, R and Wu, Y and Zhang, Y and Bai, X and Niu, X and Li, T and Wei, J and Pan, G and Zhou, Z}, title = {First Report on Megaselia scalaris Loew (Diptera: Phoridae) Infestation of the Invasive Pest Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {33450946}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {XDJK2018AA001 and XDJK2019C010//the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities/ ; cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0511//Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China/ ; }, abstract = {The invasive pest Spodoptera frugiperda first emerged in China in January 2019 and has, to date, migrated to 29 provinces and municipalities in China, causing heavy crop damage in large areas. As a response to this invasive species from the environment, some indigenous natural enemies have been discovered and reported after S. frugiperda invasion. In this paper, parasitic flies were collected and identified from S. frugiperda collected in the Yunnan, Guangxi, and Henan provinces and the Chongqing municipality in China. By using both conventional and molecular approaches, we were able to show that all the parasitic flies of S. frugiperda identified in the four regions were Megaselia. scalaris, and that they attacked the pest larvae and pupae. This is the first report on an indigenous Chinese Megaselia species that has parasitic ability against the invasive pest S. frugiperda, potentially providing new ideas for pest control in China.}, }
@article {pmid33450937, year = {2021}, author = {Ðurović, G and Alawamleh, A and Carlin, S and Maddalena, G and Guzzon, R and Mazzoni, V and Dalton, DT and Walton, VM and Suckling, DM and Butler, RC and Angeli, S and De Cristofaro, A and Anfora, G}, title = {Liquid Baits with Oenococcus oeni Increase Captures of Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {33450937}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {no. 722642 (project INTERFUTURE)//Research and Innovation Program under the Marie Sk&#x142;odowska-Curie grant/ ; }, abstract = {The spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), native to Eastern Asia, is an invasive alien species in Europe and the Americas, where it is a severe pest of horticultural crops, including soft fruits and wine grapes. The conventional approach to controlling infestations of SWD involves the use of insecticides, but the frequency of application for population management is undesirable. Consequently, alternative strategies are urgently needed. Effective and improved trapping is important as an early risk detection tool. This study aimed to improve Droskidrink[®] (DD), a commercially available attractant for SWD. We focused on the chemical and behavioral effects of adding the bacterium Oenococcus oeni (Garvie) to DD and used a new trap design to enhance the effects of attractive lures. We demonstrate that microbial volatile compounds produced by O. oeni are responsible for the increase in the attractiveness of the bait and could be later utilized for the development of a better trapping system. Our results showed that the attractiveness of DD was increased up to two-fold by the addition of commercially available O. oeni when combined with an innovative trap design. The new trap-bait combination increased the number of male and especially female catches at low population densities.}, }
@article {pmid33450355, year = {2021}, author = {Lopes, AS and Pulido-Murillo, EA and López-Hernández, D and Melo, AL and Pinto, HA}, title = {First report of Melanoides tuberculata (Mollusca: Thiaridae) harboring a xiphidiocercaria in Brazil: A new parasite introduced in the Americas?.}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {82}, number = {}, pages = {102284}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2021.102284}, pmid = {33450355}, issn = {1873-0329}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Brazil ; Cercaria/classification/growth &amp; development ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Helminth/analysis ; RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/analysis ; Snails/*parasitology ; Trematoda/*classification/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Xiphidiocercariae were found in the invasive snail Melanoides tuberculata collected during a malacological survey in Ceará-Mirim, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil in November 2018 and submitted to morphological and molecular analyses. The morphology revealed similarities between the larvae here reported for the first time in M. tuberculata from Brazil and other xiphidiocercariae described in thiarid snails from Asia and Africa. Phylogenetic analyses based on 28S and ITS-2 sequences revealed that the larvae correspond to an unidentified species of the family Lecithodendriidae. Aspects related to the morphology and taxonomy of xiphidiocercariae found in M. tuberculata are briefly discussed. It is possible that the parasite here reported is a newly introduced species transmitted by M. tuberculata in the American continent.}, }
@article {pmid33450144, year = {2020}, author = {Titon, SCM and Assis, VR}, title = {Introduction to the special issue: Ecoimmunology in ectotherms.}, journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology}, volume = {333}, number = {10}, pages = {697-705}, doi = {10.1002/jez.2437}, pmid = {33450144}, issn = {2471-5646}, mesh = {Amphibians/*immunology ; Animals ; *Body Temperature Regulation/immunology ; *Ecology ; Female ; *Immunity ; Immunomodulation ; Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages/immunology ; Male ; Reptiles/*immunology ; }, }
@article {pmid33449362, year = {2021}, author = {Popovic, I and Bernatchez, L}, title = {Uncovering endemism in a lake of invasive species introgression.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {880-883}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15801}, pmid = {33449362}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Cichlids ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; }, }
@article {pmid33448098, year = {2021}, author = {Kannan, M and Elango, K and Kalyanasundaram, M and Govindaraju, K}, title = {Ultra-structural and physico-chemical characterization of eggs and egg hairs (setae) of the new invasive pest, fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in India: A first report.}, journal = {Microscopy research and technique}, volume = {84}, number = {7}, pages = {1422-1430}, doi = {10.1002/jemt.23698}, pmid = {33448098}, issn = {1097-0029}, mesh = {Animals ; India ; *Introduced Species ; *Sensilla ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Spodoptera ; }, abstract = {In this study, we report first time in India on the morphology, ultra-architectural pattern of the chorion in the egg and egg hair (setae). Further, physico-chemical characterizations of egg hairs (setae) were studied in the new invasive pest, fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. The egg is dome shaped with flattened base and curves upward to a broadly rounded point at the apex. HR-SEM micrographs revealed the surface ultrastructure of eggs chorion and shows structural elements of a marked rosette of petals surround the micropyle followed by micropylar rosette region around the micropyle plate. There was a small single micropylar opening along with 9 micropylar rosette cells and 13 micropylar rosette zones present near to the micropylar pit. In the egg the first order ribs were absent, but around 58-60 numbers of second order ribs were present. All the ventral and lateral cells of the eggs are connected by 19-22 cross striae and not forming a grid pattern, but joints with the longitudinal ribs at several of angles and totally 1,277-1,495 convex cells present at the egg's surface. The physico-chemical characteristics of egg hairs were studied using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis. TGA results show that three weight losses occurred at 142, 418, and 880°C, respectively. FT-IR confirms the presence of amides, sulfoxide, and nitro compounds in egg hairs (setae).}, }
@article {pmid33447876, year = {2020}, author = {Hernández, FA and Carr, AN and Milleson, MP and Merrill, HR and Avery, ML and Parker, BM and Pylant, CL and Austin, JD and Wisely, SM}, title = {Dispersal and Land Cover Contribute to Pseudorabies Virus Exposure in Invasive Wild Pigs.}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {498-511}, pmid = {33447876}, issn = {1612-9210}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; Animals, Wild ; *Brucella ; *Herpesvirus 1, Suid ; *Pseudorabies/epidemiology ; Sus scrofa ; Swine ; *Swine Diseases/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {We investigated the landscape epidemiology of a globally distributed mammal, the wild pig (Sus scrofa), in Florida (U.S.), where it is considered an invasive species and reservoir to pathogens that impact the health of people, domestic animals, and wildlife. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that two commonly cited factors in disease transmission, connectivity among populations and abundant resources, would increase the likelihood of exposure to both pseudorabies virus (PrV) and Brucella spp. (bacterial agent of brucellosis) in wild pigs across the Kissimmee Valley of Florida. Using DNA from 348 wild pigs and sera from 320 individuals at 24 sites, we employed population genetic techniques to infer individual dispersal, and an Akaike information criterion framework to compare candidate logistic regression models that incorporated both dispersal and land cover composition. Our findings suggested that recent dispersal conferred higher odds of exposure to PrV, but not Brucella spp., among wild pigs throughout the Kissimmee Valley region. Odds of exposure also increased in association with agriculture and open canopy pine, prairie, and scrub habitats, likely because of highly localized resources within those land cover types. Because the effect of open canopy on PrV exposure reversed when agricultural cover was available, we suggest that small-scale resource distribution may be more important than overall resource abundance. Our results underscore the importance of studying and managing disease dynamics through multiple processes and spatial scales, particularly for non-native pathogens that threaten wildlife conservation, economy, and public health.}, }
@article {pmid33446796, year = {2021}, author = {Jones, L and Brennan, GL and Lowe, A and Creer, S and Ford, CR and de Vere, N}, title = {Shifts in honeybee foraging reveal historical changes in floral resources.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {37}, pmid = {33446796}, issn = {2399-3642}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; *Flowers ; Honey/analysis ; Pollination ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Decreasing floral resources as a result of habitat loss is one of the key factors in the decline of pollinating insects worldwide. Understanding which plants pollinators use is vital to inform the provision of appropriate floral resources to help prevent pollinator loss. Using a globally important pollinator, the honeybee, we show how changes in agricultural intensification, crop use and the spread of invasive species, have altered the nectar and pollen sources available in the UK. Using DNA metabarcoding, we analysed 441 honey samples from 2017 and compared these to a nationwide survey of honey samples from 1952. We reveal that shifts in major plants foraged by honeybees are driven by changes in the availability of these plants within the landscape. Improved grasslands are the most widespread habitat type in the UK, and management changes within this habitat have the greatest potential to increase floral resource availability.}, }
@article {pmid33446689, year = {2021}, author = {Urvois, T and Auger-Rozenberg, MA and Roques, A and Rossi, JP and Kerdelhue, C}, title = {Climate change impact on the potential geographical distribution of two invading Xylosandrus ambrosia beetles.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {1339}, pmid = {33446689}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Coleoptera/classification/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Xylosandrus compactus and X. crassiusculus are two polyphagous ambrosia beetles originating from Asia and invasive in circumtropical regions worldwide. Both species were recently reported in Italy and further invaded several other European countries in the following years. We used the MaxEnt algorithm to estimate the suitable areas worldwide for both species under the current climate. We also made future projections for years 2050 and 2070 using 11 different General Circulation Models, for 4 Representative Concentration Pathways (2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5). Our analyses showed that X. compactus has not been reported in all potentially suitable areas yet. Its current distribution in Europe is localised, whereas our results predicted that most of the periphery of the Mediterranean Sea and most of the Atlantic coast of France could be suitable. Outside Europe, our results also predicted Central America, all islands in Southeast Asia and some Oceanian coasts as suitable. Even though our results when modelling its potential distribution under future climates were more variable, the models predicted an increase in suitability poleward and more uncertainty in the circumtropical regions. For X. crassiusculus, the same method only yielded poor results, and the models thus could not be used for predictions. We discuss here these results and propose advice about risk prevention and invasion management of both species.}, }
@article {pmid33445721, year = {2021}, author = {Delgado-Acevedo, J and Zamorano, A and DeYoung, RW and Campbell, TA}, title = {Genetic Population Structure of Wild Pigs in Southern Texas.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {33445721}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {TEXR-2006-03606//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) alter ecosystems, affect the economy, and carry diseases that can be transmitted to livestock, humans, and wildlife. Understanding wild pig movements and population structure data, including natural population boundaries and dispersal, may potentially increase the efficiency and effectiveness of management actions. We trapped, conducted aerial shootings, and hunted wild pigs from 2005 to 2009 in southern Texas. We used microsatellites to assist large-scale applied management. We quantify broad-scale population structure among 24 sites across southern Texas by computing an overall Fst value, and a Bayesian clustering algorithm both with and without considering the spatial location of samples. At a broad geographic scale, pig populations displayed a moderate degree of genetic structure (Fst = 0.11). The best partition for number of populations, based on 2nd order rate of change of the likelihood distribution, was K = 10 genetic clusters. The spatially explicit Bayesian clustering algorithm produced similar results, with minor differences in designation of admixed sites. We found evidence of past (and possibly ongoing) translocations; many populations were admixed. Our original goal was to identify landscape features, such as barriers or dispersal corridors, that could be used to aid management. Unfortunately, the extensive admixture among clusters made this impossible. This research shows that large-scale management of wild pigs may be necessary to achieve control and ameliorate damages. Reduction or cessation of translocations is necessary to prevent human-mediated dispersion of wild pigs.}, }
@article {pmid33445138, year = {2021}, author = {Yang, X and Wyckhuys, KAG and Jia, X and Nie, F and Wu, K}, title = {Fall armyworm invasion heightens pesticide expenditure among Chinese smallholder farmers.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {282}, number = {}, pages = {111949}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111949}, pmid = {33445138}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Asia ; China ; Ecosystem ; *Farmers ; Health Expenditures ; Humans ; *Pesticides ; Spodoptera ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a prominent feature of global change. Aside from their direct impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, invasive crop pests routinely trigger environmentally-disruptive actions e.g., unguided applications of synthetic pesticides. Since 2016, the polyphagous fall armyworm (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) has rapidly spread across Africa and Asia, impacting millions of hectares of agricultural crops. Upon its invasion of Yunnan (China) in late 2018, S. frugiperda attained outbreak population levels and inflicted important feeding damage in smallholder-managed maize crops. In this study, we show how local maize growers rely primarily on pesticides for FAW management and employ these products at 3-fold higher application frequencies as compared to 2018. Local reliance upon high-risk compounds (i.e., pyrethroids, organophosphates) decreased over time, with a respective 100% and 62% farmers using these compounds in 2018 versus 27% and 5% in 2020. Conversely, 71% and 95% farmers used new, selective compounds such as emamectin benzoate and chlorfenapyr by 2020. The full cost of pesticide-based crop protection increased from US $81 per hectare and season in 2018 to $276 in 2020. In farmer-managed fields, FAW infestation levels averaged 8.3 larvae per 100 plants and thus remained below economic injury levels (EILs) as established in other countries. Farmers' use of two or more pesticide sprays per season likely was not economically justified. Our work demonstrates how the FAW invasion has altered pest management regimes in Yunnan's maize crop, deepening farmers' pesticide dependency, and potentially exacerbating its burden on household budgets. Sustainable pest management schemes urgently need to be devised for smallholder maize systems in China and across the FAW invaded range.}, }
@article {pmid33444997, year = {2021}, author = {Li, FL and Zhong, L and Wen, W and Tian, TT and Li, HC and Cheung, SG and Wong, YS and Shin, PKS and Zhou, HC and Tam, NFY and Song, X}, title = {Do distribution and expansion of exotic invasive Asteraceae plants relate to leaf construction cost in a man-made wetland?.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {163}, number = {}, pages = {111958}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111958}, pmid = {33444997}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Asteraceae ; China ; Hong Kong ; Humans ; Macau ; Plant Leaves ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Exotic species especially Asteraceae plants severely invade wetlands in Shenzhen Bay, an important part of the coast wetland in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Bay Area, China. However, the reasons causing their expansion are unclear. The leaf traits and expansion indices of six invasive Asteraceae plants from the Overseas Chinese Town (OCT) wetland were studied and the results showed that nearly 45% of the total plant species (31 out of 69 species) in the OCT wetland, belonging to 15 families and 27 genera, were exotic invasive species. The expansion indices of six Asteraceae species negatively correlated with their leaf construction cost based on mass (CCM), caloric values and carbon concentration, but their relations with ash content were positive. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that CCM was the most important factor affecting the expansion of an exotic species, indicating CCM may be an important reason causing the expansion of exotic species in coastal wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid33443796, year = {2021}, author = {Abia, WA and Montgomery, H and Nugent, AP and Elliott, CT}, title = {Tropane alkaloid contamination of agricultural commodities and food products in relation to consumer health: Learnings from the 2019 Uganda food aid outbreak.}, journal = {Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {501-525}, doi = {10.1111/1541-4337.12664}, pmid = {33443796}, issn = {1541-4337}, mesh = {*Alkaloids ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention &amp; control ; Humans ; *Hyoscyamine ; Tropanes ; Uganda/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are secondary plant metabolites derived mainly from Solanaceae plant families, with the most virulent invasive species being Datura stramonium. Datura stramonium commonly grows in cereal fields and produce TAs (e.g., hyoscyamine and scopolamine) which may accidentally contaminate cereals (and cereal-based foods) at occasionally high levels. Dietary exposure to TAs can be toxic and depending on the dose ingested can cause outcomes ranging from anticholinergic effects to acute poisoning and death. In 2019, 315 adults became ill and another five adults died in Uganda following consumption of a "Super Cereal" (a fortified blended food) that was later confirmed to be contaminated by TAs-a scenario which provoked this holistic review on TAs in foodstuffs. Thus, this article provides information on the history, development, occurrences, exposures, and human legislative and health benchmarks for TAs. It describes control strategies for reducing TA contamination of agricultural commodities and resultant health implications following consumption of TA contaminated foodstuffs. Adequate application of food safety control measures (including maximum limits) and good practices, from the start of cereal cultivation through to the final stages of manufacturing of food products can aid in the reduction of seeing toxic plants including D. stramonium in cereal fields.}, }
@article {pmid33443195, year = {2021}, author = {Stroud, JT}, title = {Island species experience higher niche expansion and lower niche conservatism during invasion.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {118}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {33443195}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; }, }
@article {pmid33443175, year = {2021}, author = {Liu, C and Wolter, C and Xian, W and Jeschke, JM}, title = {Reply to Stroud: Invasive amphibians and reptiles from islands indeed show higher niche expansion than mainland species.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {118}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {33443175}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Amphibians ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; *Reptiles ; }, }
@article {pmid33443170, year = {2021}, author = {Tabashnik, BE and Liesner, LR and Ellsworth, PC and Unnithan, GC and Fabrick, JA and Naranjo, SE and Li, X and Dennehy, TJ and Antilla, L and Staten, RT and Carrière, Y}, title = {Transgenic cotton and sterile insect releases synergize eradication of pink bollworm a century after it invaded the United States.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {118}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {33443170}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Arizona ; Bacillus thuringiensis/*genetics ; Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins/*genetics/metabolism ; Computer Simulation ; Disease Eradication/economics/*methods ; Gossypium/*genetics ; Infertility/genetics ; Insecticides/metabolism ; Mexico ; Moths/*genetics/growth &amp; development/pathogenicity ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Southwestern United States ; }, abstract = {Invasive organisms pose a global threat and are exceptionally difficult to eradicate after they become abundant in their new habitats. We report a successful multitactic strategy for combating the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), one of the world's most invasive pests. A coordinated program in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico included releases of billions of sterile pink bollworm moths from airplanes and planting of cotton engineered to produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). An analysis of computer simulations and 21 y of field data from Arizona demonstrate that the transgenic Bt cotton and sterile insect releases interacted synergistically to reduce the pest's population size. In Arizona, the program started in 2006 and decreased the pest's estimated statewide population size from over 2 billion in 2005 to zero in 2013. Complementary regional efforts eradicated this pest throughout the cotton-growing areas of the continental United States and northern Mexico a century after it had invaded both countries. The removal of this pest saved farmers in the United States $192 million from 2014 to 2019. It also eliminated the environmental and safety hazards associated with insecticide sprays that had previously targeted the pink bollworm and facilitated an 82% reduction in insecticides used against all cotton pests in Arizona. The economic and social benefits achieved demonstrate the advantages of using agricultural biotechnology in concert with classical pest control tactics.}, }
@article {pmid33442321, year = {2020}, author = {Subedi, IP and Budha, PB and Bharti, H and Alonso, L}, title = {An updated checklist of Nepalese ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {1006}, number = {}, pages = {99-136}, pmid = {33442321}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The location of Nepal in the Central Himalaya promotes high habitat and species diversity. Ant diversity is likely high, but there have been few studies of the diversity and distribution of ants in Nepal. Here we present an updated checklist list of Nepalese ants that includes 128 named species in 48 genera and eight subfamilies. Among these species, 21 species have a type locality from Nepal, nine species are endemic to Nepal, and three are introduced species. We add six new ant records for Nepal, namely Harpegnathos venator, Monomorium pharaonis, Nylanderia bourbonica, Odontoponera denticulata, Polyrhachis tyrannica and Pseudoneoponera bispinosa. The checklist presents distribution records for Nepalese ant species and provides comparisons with the neighboring countries of China and India.}, }
@article {pmid33441896, year = {2021}, author = {Silva, GA and Queiroz, EA and Arcanjo, LP and Lopes, MC and Araújo, TA and Galdino, TSV and Samuels, RI and Rodrigues-Silva, N and Picanço, MC}, title = {Biological performance and oviposition preference of tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta when offered a range of Solanaceous host plants.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {1153}, pmid = {33441896}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Fertility ; Introduced Species ; Lepidoptera/*anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Solanum lycopersicum/*parasitology ; Male ; *Oviposition ; Plant Diseases/parasitology ; Solanaceae/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {The tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechuidae) is native to South America and has now become the main tomato pest in Europe, Africa and Asia. The wide range of host plants attacked by this pest has been reported as one of the main reasons for the success of this important insect species. However, the information currently available on the biological performance of T. absoluta on Solanaceae has been obtained from a limited number of host species. The Solanaceae family is composed of thousands of species, many of which are potential hosts for T. absoluta. Our results showed that the highest oviposition rates occurred on cultivated tomato plants, potato and wild tomato. The lowest rates occurred on "gilo", "jurubeba", green pepper and pepper. The highest survival rates of the immature stages occurred on potato and the lowest on pepper, green pepper and "jurubeba". Female fertility, following infestation of the different plant species, was highest for insects that developed on tomato or potato and the lowest rates were seen on American black nightshade. The net reproductive rate and the intrinsic growth rate were highest on potato and tomato. Cluster analysis grouped tomato and potato as highly susceptible to attack, American black nightshade, juá, eggplant, gilo and wild tomato as moderately susceptible, whilst pepper, green pepper and jurubeba were categorized as resistant to T. absoluta. These results clearly demonstrate that the choice of solanaceous host plant species has a direct impact on the fitness parameters of the tomato pinworm as well as survival potential, dispersion and establishment at new sites. These results are important for the planning of integrated pest management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid33441802, year = {2021}, author = {Hudson, CM and Brown, GP and Blennerhassett, RA and Shine, R}, title = {Variation in size and shape of toxin glands among cane toads from native-range and invasive populations.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {936}, pmid = {33441802}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/metabolism/physiology ; Bufanolides/*toxicity ; Bufo marinus/*metabolism/physiology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Parotid Gland/metabolism/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Toxins, Biological/metabolism/physiology ; }, abstract = {If optimal investment in anti-predator defences depends on predation risk, invading new regions (and thus, encountering different predators) may favour shifts in that investment. Cane toads offer an ideal system to test this prediction: expensive anti-predator toxins are stored mainly in parotoid glands whose dimensions are easy to measure, and toad invasions have changed the suites of predators they encounter. Although plasticity may influence parotoid morphology, comparisons between parents and progeny revealed that gland dimensions were highly heritable. That heritability supports the plausibility of an evolved basis to variation in gland dimensions. Measurements of 3779 adult toads show that females have larger glands than males, invasive populations have larger glands than in the native-range, and that parotoid sexual size dimorphism varies strongly among invaded areas. Geographic variation in parotoid morphology may be driven by predation risk to both adult toads and offspring (provisioned with toxins by their mother), with toxins allocated to eggs exacerbating the risk of cannibalism but reducing the risk of interspecific predation. Investment into chemical defences has evolved rapidly during the cane toad's international diaspora, consistent with the hypothesis that organisms flexibly adjust resource allocation to anti-predator tactics in response to novel challenges.}, }
@article {pmid33437614, year = {2021}, author = {Kołodziej-Sobocińska, M and Tokarska, M and Zalewska, H and Popiołek, M and Zalewski, A}, title = {Digestive tract nematode infections in non-native invasive American mink with the first molecular identification of Molineus patens.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {48-52}, pmid = {33437614}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {Parasites may negatively affect hosts condition, especially when infection intensity is high. Species introduced to a new habitat are often less exposed to a parasite pressure but may accumulate parasites in time. American mink (Neovison vison) introduced to Europe, Asia, and South America is an example of such invasive species. We analysed nematode prevalence and digestive tract infection intensity in 796 feral American mink from Poland. The analyses were performed separately for stomach, duodenum, small intestine and large intestine. Parasite species identification was performed using molecular methods based on highly conserved nuclear 18S rRNA gene and supplemented with morphological analysis. In total, we collected 26,852 nematodes and 98.6% of them were isolated from mink stomachs. We found positive association between infection intensity in stomach and other parts of digestive tract. Nematode prevalence was estimated at 63.8% and average infection intensity per one American mink at 52.9 (range from 1 to 1118). If the stomach results were theoretically and intentionally omitted the prevalence was 5 times lower (12.7%) and infection intensity 14 times lower (3.7; range 1-50). We identified two nematode species in digestive tracts of American mink: Aonchotheca putorii and Molineus patens. The 18S rRNA gene sequence of Molineus patens has been reported for the first time. The results showed that Aonchotheca putorii is a dominating nematode in the invasive American mink and that it inhabits stomach intensively and preferably.}, }
@article {pmid33437447, year = {2021}, author = {Woo, S and Lee, D and Cho, YC and Lee, S and Kim, E}, title = {Differential responses to fertilization and competition among invasive, noninvasive alien, and native Bidens species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {516-525}, pmid = {33437447}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Comparative studies of invasive, noninvasive alien, and native congenic plant species can identify plant traits that drive invasiveness. In particular, functional traits associated with rapid growth rate and high fecundity likely facilitate invasive success. As such traits often exhibit high phenotypic plasticity, characterizing plastic responses to anthropogenic environmental changes such as eutrophication and disturbance is important for predicting the invasive success of alien plant species in the future. Here, we compared trait expression and phenotypic plasticity at the species level among invasive, noninvasive alien, and native Bidens species. Plants were grown under nutrient addition and competition treatments, and their functional, morphological, and seed traits were examined. Invasive B. frondosa exhibited higher phenotypic plasticity in most measured traits than did the alien noninvasive B. pilosa or native B. bipinnata. However, differential plastic responses to environmental treatments rarely altered the rank of trait values among the three Bidens species, except for the number of inflorescences. The achene size of B. frondosa was larger, but its pappus length was shorter than that of B. pilosa. Two species demonstrated opposite plastic responses of pappus length to fertilization. These results suggest that the plasticity of functional traits does not significantly contribute to the invasive success of B. frondosa. The dispersal efficiency of B. frondosa is expected to be lower than that of B. pilosa, suggesting that long-distance dispersal is likely not a critical factor in determining invasive success.}, }
@article {pmid33437442, year = {2021}, author = {Ho, PT and Nguyen, HQ and Kern, EMA and Won, YJ}, title = {Locomotor responses to salt stress in native and invasive mud-tidal gastropod populations (Batillaria).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {458-470}, pmid = {33437442}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Plasticity in salt tolerance can be crucial for successful biological invasions of novel habitats by marine gastropods. The intertidal snail Batillaria attramentaria, which is native to East Asia but invaded the western shores of North America from Japan 80 years ago, provides an opportunity to examine how environmental salinity may shape behavioral and morphological traits. In this study, we compared the movement distance of four B. attramentaria populations from native (Korea and Japan) and introduced (United States) habitats under various salinity levels (13, 23, 33, and 43 PSU) during 30 days of exposure in the lab. We sequenced a partial mitochondrial CO1 gene to infer phylogenetic relationships among populations and confirmed two divergent mitochondrial lineages constituting our sample sets. Using a statistical model-selection approach, we investigated the effects of geographic distribution and genetic composition on locomotor performance in response to salt stress. Snails exposed to acute low salinity (13 PSU) reduced their locomotion and were unable to perform at their normal level (the moving pace of snails exposed to 33 PSU). We did not detect any meaningful differences in locomotor response to salt stress between the two genetic lineages or between the native snails (Japan vs. Korea populations), but we found significant locomotor differences between the native and introduced groups (Japan or Korea vs. the United States). We suggest that the greater magnitude of tidal salinity fluctuation at the US location may have influenced locomotor responses to salt stress in introduced snails.}, }
@article {pmid33434490, year = {2021}, author = {Savidge, JA and Seibert, TF and Kastner, M and Jayne, BC}, title = {Lasso locomotion expands the climbing repertoire of snakes.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {R7-R8}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.050}, pmid = {33434490}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/physiology ; Animals ; Colubridae/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Locomotion/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The diverse ways and environments in which animals move are correlated with morphology[1], but morphology is not sufficient to predict how animals move because behavioral innovations can create new capacities. We document a new mode of snake locomotion - 'lasso locomotion' - that allows the brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) to ascend much larger smooth cylinders than any previously known behavior. This lasso locomotion may facilitate exploiting resources that might otherwise be unobtainable and contribute to the success and impact of this highly invasive species. VIDEO ABSTRACT.}, }
@article {pmid33433925, year = {2021}, author = {Wendlandt, CE and Helliwell, E and Roberts, M and Nguyen, KT and Friesen, ML and von Wettberg, E and Price, P and Griffitts, JS and Porter, SS}, title = {Decreased coevolutionary potential and increased symbiont fecundity during the biological invasion of a legume-rhizobium mutualism.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, pages = {731-747}, doi = {10.1111/evo.14164}, pmid = {33433925}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Medicago/genetics/*microbiology ; Rhizobium ; Sinorhizobium/genetics/*physiology ; Symbiosis/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Although most invasive species engage in mutualism, we know little about how mutualism evolves as partners colonize novel environments. Selection on cooperation and standing genetic variation for mutualism traits may differ between a mutualism's invaded and native ranges, which could alter cooperation and coevolutionary dynamics. To test for such differences, we compare mutualism traits between invaded- and native-range host-symbiont genotype combinations of the weedy legume, Medicago polymorpha, and its nitrogen-fixing rhizobium symbiont, Ensifer medicae, which have coinvaded North America. We find that mutualism benefits for plants are indistinguishable between invaded- and native-range symbioses. However, rhizobia gain greater fitness from invaded-range mutualisms than from native-range mutualisms, and this enhancement of symbiont fecundity could increase the mutualism's spread by increasing symbiont availability during plant colonization. Furthermore, mutualism traits in invaded-range symbioses show lower genetic variance and a simpler partitioning of genetic variance between host and symbiont sources, compared to native-range symbioses. This suggests that biological invasion has reduced mutualists' potential to respond to coevolutionary selection. Additionally, rhizobia bearing a locus (hrrP) that can enhance symbiotic fitness have more exploitative phenotypes in invaded-range than in native-range symbioses. These findings highlight the impacts of biological invasion on the evolution of mutualistic interactions.}, }
@article {pmid33433666, year = {2021}, author = {Vaas, J and Driessen, PPJ and Giezen, M and van Laerhoven, F and Wassen, MJ}, title = {Moving from Latent to Manifest Problem: Trajectories Across Scientific and Public Salience of Invasive Alien Species.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {67}, number = {5}, pages = {901-919}, pmid = {33433666}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Netherlands ; }, abstract = {Who worries first about an invasive alien species: scientists or the general public, or do both become concerned simultaneously? Taking thirteen invasive alien species in the Netherlands, this article reconstructs the development of their public and scientific salience: the attention they attracted and the knowledge about them. Salience was assessed from the number of publications from 1997 onwards in the LexisNexis newspaper database and Scopus scientific database. Three trajectories were derived for a species to move from being a latent problem with low salience toward a manifest status with high public and scientific salience. In the most common trajectory, scientific salience increased first, followed by an increase in public salience. We probed the merit of this concept of trajectories by examining the action undertaken for a representative species of the trajectories. We assigned each of these three species a code for inertia and inaction based on the content of a hundred newspaper articles and all available government documents. Knowing the scientific and public salience of these species clarifies why the actions to deal with them differed even though from an ecological perspective they warranted similar attention. The typology of public and scientific salience and the problem trajectories developed in this article together offer a structured approach for understanding an invasive alien species and provide pointers for engaging a community in managing that species.}, }
@article {pmid33433059, year = {2021}, author = {Andres, KJ and Sethi, SA and Lodge, DM and Andrés, J}, title = {Nuclear eDNA estimates population allele frequencies and abundance in experimental mesocosms and field samples.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {685-697}, pmid = {33433059}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *DNA, Environmental ; *Fishes/genetics ; Gene Frequency ; Humans ; Likelihood Functions ; }, abstract = {Advances in environmental DNA (eDNA) methodologies have led to improvements in the ability to detect species and communities in aquatic environments, yet the majority of studies emphasize biological diversity at the species level by targeting variable sites within the mitochondrial genome. Here, we demonstrate that eDNA approaches also have the capacity to detect intraspecific diversity in the nuclear genome, allowing for assessments of population-level allele frequencies and estimates of the number of genetic contributors in an eDNA sample. Using a panel of microsatellite loci developed for the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), we tested the similarity between eDNA-based and individual tissue-based estimates of allele frequencies from experimental mesocosms and in a field-based trial. Subsequently, we used a likelihood-based DNA mixture framework to estimate the number of unique genetic contributors in eDNA samples and in simulated mixtures of alleles. In both mesocosm and field samples, allele frequencies from eDNA were highly correlated with allele frequencies from genotyped round goby tissue samples, indicating nuclear markers can be reliably amplified from water samples. DNA mixture analyses were able to estimate the number of genetic contributors from mesocosm eDNA samples and simulated mixtures of DNA from up to 58 individuals, with the degree of positive or negative bias dependent on the filtering scheme of low-frequency alleles. With this study we document the application of eDNA and multiple amplicon-based methods to obtain intraspecific nuclear genetic information and estimate the absolute abundance of a species in eDNA samples. With proper validation, this approach has the potential to advance noninvasive survey methods to characterize populations and detect population-level genetic diversity.}, }
@article {pmid33432697, year = {2021}, author = {Xia, S and Wang, W and Song, Z and Kuzyakov, Y and Guo, L and Van Zwieten, L and Li, Q and Hartley, IP and Yang, Y and Wang, Y and Andrew Quine, T and Liu, C and Wang, H}, title = {Spartina alterniflora invasion controls organic carbon stocks in coastal marsh and mangrove soils across tropics and subtropics.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {27}, number = {8}, pages = {1627-1644}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15516}, pmid = {33432697}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {2016YFA0601002//State's Key Project of Research and Development Plan of China/ ; 2017YFC0212700//State's Key Project of Research and Development Plan of China/ ; 41930862//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 41571130042//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Carbon/analysis ; China ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; Soil ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Coastal wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems and store large amounts of organic carbon (C)-the so termed "blue carbon." However, wetlands in the tropics and subtropics have been invaded by smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) affecting storage of blue C. To understand how S. alterniflora affects soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, sources, stability, and their spatial distribution, we sampled soils along a 2500 km coastal transect encompassing tropical to subtropical climate zones. This included 216 samplings within three coastal wetland types: a marsh (Phragmites australis) and two mangroves (Kandelia candel and Avicennia marina). Using δ[13] C, C:nitrogen (N) ratios, and lignin biomarker composition, we traced changes in the sources, stability, and storage of SOC in response to S. alterniflora invasion. The contribution of S. alterniflora-derived C up to 40 cm accounts for 5.6%, 23%, and 12% in the P. australis, K. candel, and A. marina communities, respectively, with a corresponding change in SOC storage of +3.5, -14, and -3.9 t C ha[-1] . SOC storage did not follow the trend in aboveground biomass from the native to invasive species, or with vegetation types and invasion duration (7-15 years). SOC storage decreased with increasing mean annual precipitation (1000-1900 mm) and temperature (15.3-23.4℃). Edaphic variables in P. australis marshes remained stable after S. alterniflora invasion, and hence, their effects on SOC content were absent. In mangrove wetlands, however, electrical conductivity, total N and phosphorus, pH, and active silicon were the main factors controlling SOC stocks. Mangrove wetlands were most strongly impacted by S. alterniflora invasion and efforts are needed to focus on restoring native vegetation. By understanding the mechanisms and consequences of invasion by S. alterniflora, changes in blue C sequestration can be predicted to optimize storage can be developed.}, }
@article {pmid33431649, year = {2021}, author = {Vizentin-Bugoni, J and Sperry, JH and Kelley, JP and Gleditsch, JM and Foster, JT and Drake, DR and Hruska, AM and Wilcox, RC and Case, SB and Tarwater, CE}, title = {Ecological correlates of species' roles in highly invaded seed dispersal networks.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {118}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {33431649}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fruit/physiology ; Hawaii ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Nutritional Status/physiology ; Phenotype ; Seed Dispersal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Ecosystems with a mix of native and introduced species are increasing globally as extinction and introduction rates rise, resulting in novel species interactions. While species interactions are highly vulnerable to disturbance, little is known about the roles that introduced species play in novel interaction networks and what processes underlie such roles. Studying one of the most extreme cases of human-modified ecosystems, the island of O'ahu, Hawaii, we show that introduced species there shape the structure of seed dispersal networks to a greater extent than native species. Although both neutral and niche-based processes influenced network structure, niche-based processes played a larger role, despite theory predicting neutral processes to be predominantly important for islands. In fact, ecological correlates of species' roles (morphology, behavior, abundance) were largely similar to those in native-dominated networks. However, the most important ecological correlates varied with spatial scale and trophic level, highlighting the importance of examining these factors separately to unravel processes determining species contributions to network structure. Although introduced species integrate into interaction networks more deeply than previously thought, by examining the mechanistic basis of species' roles we can use traits to identify species that can be removed from (or added to) a system to improve crucial ecosystem functions, such as seed dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid33431565, year = {2021}, author = {Wagner, DL and Fox, R and Salcido, DM and Dyer, LA}, title = {A window to the world of global insect declines: Moth biodiversity trends are complex and heterogeneous.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {118}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {33431565}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Americas ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Extinction, Biological ; Food Chain ; Larva ; *Moths ; Stress, Physiological ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Moths are the most taxonomically and ecologically diverse insect taxon for which there exist considerable time-series abundance data. There is an alarming record of decreases in moth abundance and diversity from across Europe, with rates varying markedly among and within regions. Recent reports from Costa Rica reveal steep cross-lineage declines of caterpillars, while other sites (Ecuador and Arizona, reported here) show no or only modest long-term decreases over the past two decades. Rates of decline for dietary and ecological specialists are steeper than those for ecologically generalized taxa. Additional traits commonly associated with elevated risks include large wingspans, small geographic ranges, low dispersal ability, and univoltinism; taxa associated with grasslands, aridlands, and nutrient-poor habitats also appear to be at higher risk. In temperate areas, many moth taxa limited historically by abiotic factors are increasing in abundance and range. We regard the most important continental-scale stressors to include reductions in habitat quality and quantity resulting from land-use change and climate change and, to a lesser extent, atmospheric nitrification and introduced species. Site-specific stressors include pesticide use and light pollution. Our assessment of global macrolepidopteran population trends includes numerous cases of both region-wide and local losses and studies that report no declines. Spatial variation of reported losses suggests that multiple stressors are in play. With the exception of recent reports from Costa Rica, the most severe examples of moth declines are from Northern Hemisphere regions of high human-population density and intensive agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid33426804, year = {2021}, author = {Ferreira, V and Figueiredo, A and Graça, MAS and Marchante, E and Pereira, A}, title = {Invasion of temperate deciduous broadleaf forests by N-fixing tree species - consequences for stream ecosystems.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {96}, number = {3}, pages = {877-902}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12682}, pmid = {33426804}, issn = {1469-185X}, support = {//CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology/ ; UIDB/04004/2020//MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ ; SFRH/BD/118069/2016//Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)/ ; CEECIND/02484/2018//Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)/ ; IF/00129/2014, UIDB/04004/2020//Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)/ ; UIDP/04292/2020//Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)/ ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Forests ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Rivers ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a major threat to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Forest invasion by alien woody species can have cross-ecosystem effects. This is especially relevant in the case of stream-riparian forest meta-ecosystems as forest streams depend strongly on riparian vegetation for carbon, nutrients and energy. Forest invasion by woody species with dissimilar characteristics from native species may be particularly troublesome. The invasion of temperate deciduous broadleaf forests with low representation of nitrogen (N)-fixing species by N-fixers has the potential to induce ecosystem changes at the stream level. Although effects of tree invasion on stream ecosystems have been under assessed, knowledge of native and invasive tree characteristics allows prediction of invasion effects on streams. Here we present a conceptual model to predict the effects of forest invasion by alien N-fixing species on streams, using as a background the invasion of temperate deciduous broadleaf forests by leguminous Acacia species, which are among the most aggressive invaders worldwide. Effects are discussed using a trait-based approach to allow the model to be applied to other pairs of invaded ecosystem-invasive species, taking into account differences in species traits and environmental conditions. Anticipated effects of N-fixing species invasions include changes in water quality (increase in N concentration) and quantity (decrease in flow) and changes in litter input characteristics (altered diversity, seasonality, typology, quantity and quality). The magnitude of these changes will depend on the magnitude of differences in species traits, the extent and duration of the invasion and stream characteristics (e.g. basal nutrient concentration). The extensive literature on effects of nutrient enrichment of stream water, water scarcity and changes in litter input characteristics on aquatic communities and processes allows prediction of invasion effects on stream structure and function. The magnitude of invasion effects on aquatic communities and processes may, however, depend on interactions among different pathways (e.g. effects mediated by increases in stream nutrient concentration may contrast with those mediated by decreases in water availability or by decreases in litter nutritional quality). A review of the literature addressing effects of increasing cover of N-fixing species on streams suggests a wide application of the model, while it highlights the need to consider differences in the type of system and species when making generalizations. Changes induced by N-fixing species invasion on streams can jeopardize multiple ecosystem services (e.g. good quality water, hydroelectricity, leisure activities), with relevant social and economic consequences.}, }
@article {pmid33426372, year = {2021}, author = {He, Y and Hou, H and Wang, S and Lin, R and Wang, L and Yu, L and Qiu, X}, title = {From waste of marine culture to natural patch in cardiac tissue engineering.}, journal = {Bioactive materials}, volume = {6}, number = {7}, pages = {2000-2010}, pmid = {33426372}, issn = {2452-199X}, abstract = {Sea squirt, as a highly invasive species and main biofouling source in marine aquaculture, has seriously threatened the biodiversity and aquaculture economy. On the other hand, a conductive biomaterial with excellent biocompatibility, and appropriate mechanical property from renewable resources is urgently required for tissue engineering patches. To meet these targets, we presented a novel and robust strategy for sustainable development aiming at the marine pollution via recycling and upgrading the waste biomass-sea squirts and serving as a renewable resource for functional bio-scaffold patch in tissue engineering. We firstly demonstrated that the tunic cellulose derived natural self-conductive scaffolds successfully served as functional cardiac patches, which significantly promote the maturation and spontaneous contraction of cardiomyocytes both in vitro and enhance cardiac function of MI rats in vivo. We believe this novel, feasible and "Trash to Treasure" strategy to gain cardiac patches via recycling the waste biomass must be promising and beneficial for marine environmental bio-pollution issue and sustainable development considering the large-scale consumption potential for tissue engineering and other applications.}, }
@article {pmid33425671, year = {2020}, author = {Piroddi, C and Colloca, F and Tsikliras, AC}, title = {The living marine resources in the Mediterranean Sea Large Marine Ecosystem.}, journal = {Environmental development}, volume = {36}, number = {}, pages = {100555}, pmid = {33425671}, issn = {2211-4653}, abstract = {The Mediterranean Large Marine Ecosystem (Med-LME) is a heterogeneous system that, despite its oligotrophic nature, has high diversity of marine species and high rate of endemism, making it one of the world hotspots for marine biodiversity. The basin is also among the most impacted Large Marine Ecosystems in the world due to the combined multiple stressors, such as fishing pressure, habitat loss and degradation, climate change, pollution, eutrophication and the introduction of invasive species. The complexity of Med-LME in its structure/function and dynamics, combined with the socio-political framework of the region make management of its marine resources quite challenging. This contribution aims at highlighting the importance of the Med-LME, with an emphasis on the state of its food web and of its fish/fisheries using modelling tools and national/international reporting. The purpose is to demonstrate the importance of an holistic framework, based on stock assessments and ecosystem based modelling approaches, to be adopted in support of management and conservation measures for the preservation and sustainable use of the Med-LME resources.}, }
@article {pmid33424411, year = {2021}, author = {Alghamdi, AA}, title = {Impact of the invasive plant species "Nicotiana glauca" toxins on the larvae of the invasive insect species "Rhynchophorus ferrugineus": A damaging pest of date palm trees in Saudi Arabia.}, journal = {Saudi journal of biological sciences}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {1154-1157}, pmid = {33424411}, issn = {1319-562X}, abstract = {The wild tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) is an alien species that invaded vast areas of the Southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. While, the Red Palm Weevil (RPW) (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) is considered to be the most damaging invasive insect species of palm trees all over the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, causing major economic losses to farmers and the economy of the country. Using conventional insecticides to control harmful insects such as RPW has undesirable effects on the environment and human health. Alternatively, using biocontrol agents such as poisonous extracts from N. glauca might be a better approach in pest management and can be considered as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and safe alternative. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal effect of N. glauca aqueous extracts against the red palm weevil larvae. The plant specimens were collected from Al-Baha region in the Southwest of Saudi Arabia. Each single test consisted of 20 larvae, and N. glauca preparations were; 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 ml, besides the control test. Results obtained for the effect of botanical extracts; leaf, flower, stem and root against R. ferrugineus larvae for an exposure period of 24 hr. at the concentrations of 2.8, 4.2, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 ppm. The concentrations for N. glauca extracts reflected an LC50 of 2.7 ppm for leave, 2.6 ppm for flower, 2.8 ppm for stem and 7.00 ppm for root. While, the same concentrations extracts reflected an LC95of 11 ppm for leaf, 9.6 ppm for flower, 8.9 ppm for stem and 13.00 ppm for root. These results showed that N. glauca extracts have a remarkable potentiality as insecticidal substances that can be used as an ecofriendly integrated approach for the management of R. ferrugineus.}, }
@article {pmid33424318, year = {2021}, author = {Alharthi, AS and Abd-ElGawad, AM and Assaeed, AM}, title = {Influence of the invasive shrub Nicotiana glauca Graham on the plant seed bank in various locations in Taif region, western of Saudi Arabia.}, journal = {Saudi journal of biological sciences}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {360-370}, pmid = {33424318}, issn = {1319-562X}, abstract = {Invasive species have been considered as one of the most serious threats to the biodiversity of various ecosystems, particularly in arid regions. The present study aimed to assess the influence of the invasive shrub Nicotiana glauca on the biodiversity of different habitats in Taif region, Saudi Arabia as well as to determine the highest habitat with seed bank of N. glauca. Soil samples were collected from three locations (Alwaht, Ash-shafa, and Ar Ruddaf), invaded with N. glauca, and analyzed for the soil seed bank. A soil seed experiment was designed in a greenhouse, whereby emerged plant seedlings were left to grow for three months and identified as well as the species density and biodiversity were assessed under and outside the canopy of N. glauca. Also, the floristic composition, life forms, and chorotype spectra of the plant species of the seed bank were analyzed. A total of 42 species, belonging to 23 families, were recorded in the soil seed bank. Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Cyperaceae were the major families (42.9%). The life form spectra of the recorded species were dominated by Therophytes (59.5%). Chorotype spectra analysis revealed that Mediterranean, Saharo-Arabian, and Irano-Turanian were the most represented elements. The species richness and evenness were higher outside the canopy, which indicates a negative effect of the invasive shrub N. glauca on the plant biodiversity in the study area, particularly in Ar Ruddaf location. This could be attributed to the competition or allelopathic effect of N. glauca. In contrast, the density of N. glauca seeds was higher under the canopy compared to outside. The soil nutrients and moisture under the canopy were higher than outside canopy. The present study provides a deeper understanding of the most susceptible habitats or communities to the invasion by N. glauca and thereby open the challenge toward control of this noxious plant and vegetation restoration.}, }
@article {pmid33423381, year = {2021}, author = {Leza, M and Herrera, C and Picó, G and Morro, T and Colomar, V}, title = {Six years of controlling the invasive species Vespa velutina in a Mediterranean island: The promising results of an eradication plan.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {77}, number = {5}, pages = {2375-2384}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6264}, pmid = {33423381}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Asia ; Bees ; Europe ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Islands ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The yellow-legged hornet, Vespa velutina nigrithorax, is an invasive alien species (IAS) which was accidentally introduced in Europe from Asia. This social insect preys primarily on honeybees but also on other pollinators and insects. Consequently, the establishment of this pest has a negative impact on biodiversity, pollination and economy. There is no clear coordination and uniformed methods for eradication measures between countries. Here we present the first field study of the strategy of eradication of the pest species V. velutina that has been conducted in the westernmost Mediterranean archipelago.<br><br>RESULTS: We investigated the combination of different eradication methods, such as trapping; the use of the citizen science data for detection of presence, the active search of nests and the removal of nests using mechanical methods. The progression of the number of secondary nests found was 1 (2015), 9 (2016) and 20 (2017), with zero during 2018, 2019 and 2020, and just one embryo nest in 2018. More than half of the nests (58%) were detected thanks to citizen science data. The people sent us adult detections, and we started the triangulation method to find the nests. The last hornet found in the traps was in June 2018.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Early detections of the IAS are crucial to minimise their effects, and citizen science may offer an important source of information to determine the presence and distribution of V. velutina. The findings we present here indicate successful management for this globally significant pest and could contribute to advance the 'science of eradication'. &#xa9; 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid33422911, year = {2021}, author = {Blanco, A and Larrinaga, AR and Neto, JM and Troncoso, J and Méndez, G and Domínguez-Lapido, P and Ovejero, A and Pereira, L and Mouga, TM and Gaspar, R and Martínez, B and Lemos, MFL and Olabarria, C}, title = {Spotting intruders: Species distribution models for managing invasive intertidal macroalgae.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {281}, number = {}, pages = {111861}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111861}, pmid = {33422911}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; *Seaweed ; }, abstract = {Invasive macroalgae represent one of the major threats to marine biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and structure, as well as being important drivers of ecosystem services depletion. Many such species have become well established along the west coast of the Iberian Peninsula. However, the lack of information about the distribution of the invaders and the factors determining their occurrence make bioinvasions a difficult issue to manage. Such information is key to enabling the design and implementation of effective management plans. The present study aimed to map the current probability of presence of six invasive macroalgae: Grateloupia turuturu, Asparagopsis armata, Colpomenia peregrina, Sargassum muticum, Undaria pinnatifida, and Codium fragile ssp. fragile. For this purpose, an extensive field survey was carried out along the coast of the north-western Iberian Peninsula. Species distribution models (SDMs) were then used to map the presence probability of these invasive species throughout the study region on the basis of environmental and anthropogenic predictor variables. The southern Galician rias were identified as the main hotspots of macroalgal invasion, with a high probability of occurrence for most of the species considered. Conversely, the probability of presence on the Portuguese coast was generally low. Physico-chemical variables were the most important factors for predicting the distribution of invasive macroalgae contributing between 57.27 and 85.24% to the ensemble models. However, anthropogenic factors (including size of vessels, number of shipping lines, distance from ports, population density, etc.) considerably improved the estimates of the probability of occurrence for most of the target species. This study is one of the few to include anthropogenic factors in SDMs for invasive macroalgae. The findings suggest that management actions aimed at controlling these species should strengthen control and surveillance at ports, particularly in southern Galician rias. Early detection should be of main concern for risk assessment plans on the Portuguese coast.}, }
@article {pmid33421215, year = {2021}, author = {Barbosa, S}, title = {Is a handful of genes responsible for the common starling invasion success?.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, pages = {1361-1363}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15794}, pmid = {33421215}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; *Starlings ; }, abstract = {Invasive species have the ability to colonize new habitats across distinct areas of the globe, rapidly adjusting to new biotic and abiotic conditions, and often experiencing little impact from the decrease in effective population size and genetic diversity. Still, as each invading population represents a subsample of the original native distribution, it is common to see variability in terms of the genetic makeup of invading populations and consequently differences in invasion success rates across their non-native range (Blackburn et al., 2017). In a From the Cover article in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Stuart et al. (2020) used genotyping-by-sequencing to explore how landscape and environmental heterogeneity shaped the genetic population structure and adaptation of multiple invasions of the common starling in Australia, and compared it to the patterns observed in North America, examined in Hofmeister et al. (2019). Their results suggest that the common starling worldwide invasion has been driven by a handful of genes that allowed adaptation to extreme environmental conditions and might be the key for differences in invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid33420160, year = {2021}, author = {Muluvhahothe, MM and Joseph, GS and Seymour, CL and Munyai, TC and Foord, SH}, title = {Repeated surveying over 6 years reveals that fine-scale habitat variables are key to tropical mountain ant assemblage composition and functional diversity.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {56}, pmid = {33420160}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {High-altitude-adapted ectotherms can escape competition from dominant species by tolerating low temperatures at cooler elevations, but climate change is eroding such advantages. Studies evaluating broad-scale impacts of global change for high-altitude organisms often overlook the mitigating role of biotic factors. Yet, at fine spatial-scales, vegetation-associated microclimates provide refuges from climatic extremes. Using one of the largest standardised data sets collected to date, we tested how ant species composition and functional diversity (i.e., the range and value of species traits found within assemblages) respond to large-scale abiotic factors (altitude, aspect), and fine-scale factors (vegetation, soil structure) along an elevational gradient in tropical Africa. Altitude emerged as the principal factor explaining species composition. Analysis of nestedness and turnover components of beta diversity indicated that ant assemblages are specific to each elevation, so species are not filtered out but replaced with new species as elevation increases. Similarity of assemblages over time (assessed using beta decay) did not change significantly at low and mid elevations but declined at the highest elevations. Assemblages also differed between northern and southern mountain aspects, although at highest elevations, composition was restricted to a set of species found on both aspects. Functional diversity was not explained by large scale variables like elevation, but by factors associated with elevation that operate at fine scales (i.e., temperature and habitat structure). Our findings highlight the significance of fine-scale variables in predicting organisms' responses to changing temperature, offering management possibilities that might dilute climate change impacts, and caution when predicting assemblage responses using climate models, alone.}, }
@article {pmid33420080, year = {2021}, author = {Cucco, M and Alessandria, G and Bissacco, M and Carpegna, F and Fasola, M and Gagliardi, A and Gola, L and Volponi, S and Pellegrino, I}, title = {The spreading of the invasive sacred ibis in Italy.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {86}, pmid = {33420080}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The spreading of invasive species in new continents can vary from slow and limited diffusion to fast colonisations over vast new areas. We studied the sacred ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus along a 31-year period, from 1989 to 2019, with particular attention to the first area of release in NW Italy. We collected data on species distribution through observations by citizen science projects, population density by transects with distance method, breeding censuses at colonies, and post breeding censuses at roosts. The birds counted at winter roosts in NW Italy increased from a few tens up to 10,880 individuals in 2019. Sacred ibises started breeding in 1989, with a single nest in north-western Italy. The number of breeders remained very low until 2006, when both overwintering and breeding sacred ibises started to increase exponentially and expand their range throughout northern Italy with isolated breeding cases in central Italy. In 2019, the number of nests had increased to 1249 nests in 31 colonies. In NW Italy, the density of foraging birds averaged 3.9 ind./km[2] in winter and 1.5 ind./km[2] in the breeding period, with a mean size of the foraging groups of 8.9 and 2.1 birds respectively. Direct field observations and species distribution models (SDM) showed that foraging habitats were mainly rice fields and wetlands. A SDM applied to the whole Italian peninsula plus Sardinia and Sicily showed that the variables best related to the SDM were land class (rice fields and wetlands), altitude, and the temperature seasonality. The areas favourable for species expansion encompass all the plains of Northern Italy, and several areas of Tuscany, Latium, Sardinia, and Apulia.}, }
@article {pmid33418897, year = {2021}, author = {Skoczowski, A and Odrzywolska-Hasiec, M and Oliwa, J and Ciereszko, I and Kornaś, A}, title = {Ecophysiological Variability of Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC. Green Alder Leaves in the Bieszczady Mountains (Poland).}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {33418897}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC., green alder, is a fast-growing shrub that grows expansively in the European mountainside. In Poland, A. viridis naturally occurs only in the Bieszczady Mountains (south-eastern part of the country), above the upper forest border. In this study, we assessed the potential of green alder to expand in post-farming areas in the Bieszczady Mountains. We investigated the effects of topographical, climatic, and edaphic characteristics of four various study sites on the physiological and morphological properties of A. viridis leaves in order to answer the question whether the growth of plants in lower positions improves their physiological condition to such an extent that it increases the species invasiveness. This is the first comprehensive ecophysiological study of this species to be carried out in this part of Europe. The photochemical efficiency of PSII, the chlorophyll content, and leaf [13]C and [15]N discrimination were analyzed. On the basis of leaf radiation reflection, coefficients such as reflectance indices of anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoids (ARI2, CRI1, FRI), photochemical index of reflection (PRI), and the water band index (WBI) were calculated. We observed favorable physiological effects in A. viridis plants growing in locations below the upper forest border compared to plants growing in higher locations. As a result, A. viridis may become an invasive species and disturb the phytocoenotic balance of plant communities of the altitudinal zones in the Polish Western Carpathians.}, }
@article {pmid33418329, year = {2021}, author = {Xia, Z and MacIsaac, HJ and Hecky, RE and Depew, DC and Haffner, GD and Weidman, RP}, title = {Multiple factors regulate filtration by invasive mussels: Implications for whole-lake ecosystems.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {765}, number = {}, pages = {144435}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144435}, pmid = {33418329}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia ; *Dreissena ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Lakes ; North America ; }, abstract = {The quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) is a filter-feeding invasive species that has re-engineered many freshwater ecosystems worldwide. High clearance rates (CRs) and dense populations underpin their ecological impacts. CRs, however, are highly variable, as are environmental factors that regulate them. Despite their widespread distribution in Europe and North America, knowledge of how multiple environmental factors regulate CRs of quagga mussels remains limited. We investigated quagga mussel CRs under varying conditions including water temperature, food availability, habitat depth, flow velocity, and duration of incubation in chambers with both static and flowing water. We found that CR was positively related to water temperature and initial food concentration in static chambers. When coupled with limited food concentration, cold water (7.5 °C), due to a deep-water upwelling event, produced very low CR (~ 10× lower) compared to warmer water (12-24 °C) (0.47 vs. 3.12-5.84 L g[-1] DW h[-1]). Mussels from deeper water (20 m) had CRs that were ~ 3.5× higher than from shallower depths (2-10 m) and CRs were inversely affected by total mussel dry weight. Flow rates from 1 to 22 cm s[-1] generated a unimodal pattern of CR with an optimal flow velocity of 6-12 cm s[-1] (~ 2× higher than suboptimal CRs). Enhanced flow velocity (22 cm s[-1]), reflective of storm conditions in shallow waters, significantly increased the closing/reopening activity of mussel valves relative to lower velocities (1-12 cm s[-1]). Incubation time had a strong negative effect (~ 2-4× reduction) on CRs likely reflecting refiltration in static chambers versus food saturation of mussels in flowing chambers, respectively. Our findings highlight how multiple factors can influence quagga mussel CRs by factors of 2-10. Given widespread habitat heterogeneity in large aquatic ecosystems, whole-lake estimates of mussel impacts should include multiple regulatory factors that affect mussel filtration.}, }
@article {pmid33416960, year = {2021}, author = {García-Díaz, P and Binny, RN and Anderson, DP}, title = {How important is individual foraging specialisation in invasive predators for native-prey population viability?.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {195}, number = {1}, pages = {261-272}, pmid = {33416960}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {Security for iconic species: kiwi rescue//Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment/ ; NE/S011641/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; *Mustelidae ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Predation by invasive species is a major threat to the persistence of naïve prey. Typically, this negative effect is addressed by suppressing the population size of the invasive predator to a point where the predation pressure does not hinder the viability of the prey. However, this type of intervention may not be effective whenever a few specialised predators are the cause of the decline. We investigated the effects of varying levels of specialised invasive stoats (Mustela erminea) abundance on the long-term viability of simulated kiwi (Apteryx spp.) populations. We explored four scenarios with different proportions of highly specialised stoats, which were those that had a ≥ 0.75 probability of predating kiwi eggs and chicks if they were within their home range: (i) a stoat population composed mostly of generalists (mean: 0.5 probability of predation across the population); (ii) 5% of highly specialised stoats and the remaining being generalists; (iii) 10% of highly specialised stoats and the remaining being generalists; and, (iv) half highly specialised stoats and half generalists. We found that stoat home range sizes, rather than stoat density or the density of highly specialised stoats, was the main driver of kiwi population trends. Stoats with large home ranges were more likely to predate kiwi eggs and chicks as these were more likely to fall within a large home range. More broadly, our findings show how the daily individual ranging and foraging behaviour of an invasive predator can scale-up to shape population trends of naïve prey.}, }
@article {pmid33415490, year = {2021}, author = {Ramaj, T}, title = {On the Mathematical Modelling of Competitive Invasive Weed Dynamics.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {83}, number = {2}, pages = {13}, pmid = {33415490}, issn = {1522-9602}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Plant Weeds/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Tradescantia/physiology ; }, abstract = {We explore the dynamics of invasive weeds by partial differential equation (PDE) modelling and applying dynamical system and phase portrait techniques. We begin by applying the method of characteristics to a preexisting PDE model of the spreading of T. fluminensis, an invasive weed which has been responsible for native forest depletion. We explore the system both at particular points in space and over all of space, in one dimension, as a function of time. Our model suggests that an increase in the rate of spread of the weed through space will increase the efficacy of control measures taken at the weed's spatial boundary. We then propose new competition models based on the previous model and explore the existence of travelling wave solutions. These models represent both the cases with (i) a competing native plant species which spreads through the forest and (ii) a non-mobile, established native plant species. In the former case, the model suggests that an increased mass-action coefficient between the competing species is sufficient and necessary for the transition of the forest into a state of coexistence. In the latter case, the result is not as strong: a sufficiently large rate of competition between the species excludes the possibility of native plant extinction and hence suggests that forest depletion will not occur, but does not imply coexistence. We perform some numerical simulations to support our analytic results. In all cases, we give a discussion on the physical and biological interpretations of our results. We conclude with some suggestions for future work and with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the methods.}, }
@article {pmid33415474, year = {2021}, author = {David, OA and Akomolafe, GF and Akanmu, AO and Ogunlowo, II}, title = {The impact of tantalite mining on the flora diversity in Nasarawa state, Nigeria.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {193}, number = {1}, pages = {46}, pmid = {33415474}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; *Mining ; Nigeria ; Oxides ; Tantalum ; }, abstract = {The activities of the artisanals and small-scale miners in Nasarawa state, Nigeria, are increasing daily without considering the loss of biodiversity, which has continuously disrupted ecological functions and environmental balance. The study aimed at investigating the effect of tantalite mining activities on flora diversity. Three study sites were selected for floristic data collection, comprising tantalite mining site A situated in Azara, Awe LGA; tantalite mining site B situated in Tunga, Awe LGA; and referred site C situated along the Makurdi-Obi Road, Lafia LGA. Eight plots of 20 × 20 m were systematically placed along two transect lines of 1000 m with 500 m distance apart. The total numbers of 32 plant species, at the ratio of 11:20:21 individual species, were found in sites A, B, and referred site C, respectively. Tantalite mining site A showed 46% rare herbs dominating the site, with an introduction of new non-native species of Jateorhiza spp. and Hyptis suaveolens, presenting a significantly high number of individuals (p ˂ 0.0069). Tantalite site B, Tunga, had 50% reductions of several indigenous tree species such as Daniellia oliveri and Vitex doniana, while site A had 75% reduction of tree species. Therefore, the floristic diversity in site A endured a higher degradation than in site B. The indigenous species in site A were almost completely replaced with problematic weeds, invasive weed species, and non-native plant species. The tree diversities in sites A and B were seriously threatened, and H. suaveolens has been regarded as a potentially invasive plant species in Nasarawa state, Nigeria.}, }
@article {pmid33414199, year = {2021}, author = {Popkin, G}, title = {Dismay greets end of U.S. effort to curb devastating forest pest.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {371}, number = {6525}, pages = {111-112}, doi = {10.1126/science.371.6525.111}, pmid = {33414199}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; *Endangered Species ; *Forests ; Fraxinus/*parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Quarantine ; United States ; United States Department of Agriculture ; *Wasps ; }, }
@article {pmid33414190, year = {2021}, author = {James, SW and Csuzdi, C and Chang, CH and Aspe, NM and Jiménez, JJ and Feijoo, A and Blouin, M and Lavelle, P}, title = {Comment on "Global distribution of earthworm diversity".}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {371}, number = {6525}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1126/science.abe4629}, pmid = {33414190}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Oligochaeta ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Phillips et al (Reports, 25 October 2019, p. 480) incorrectly conclude that tropical earthworm communities are less diverse and abundant than temperate communities. This result is an artifact generated by some low-quality datasets, lower sampling intensity in the tropics, different patterns in richness-area relationships, the occurrence of invasive species in managed soils, and a focus on local rather than regional richness.}, }
@article {pmid33413607, year = {2021}, author = {Altuna, M and Hickner, PV and Castro, G and Mirazo, S and Pérez de León, AA and Arp, AP}, title = {New World screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) myiasis in feral swine of Uruguay: One Health and transboundary disease implications.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {26}, pmid = {33413607}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {project 3094-32000-038-00D//USDA-ARS/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/*parasitology ; Calliphoridae/*pathogenicity ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Humans ; Larva/physiology ; Livestock/parasitology ; Male ; *One Health ; Screw Worm Infection/*epidemiology/transmission/*veterinary ; Seasons ; Swine ; Uruguay/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Feral swine (Sus scrofa) are highly invasive and threaten animal and human health in the Americas. The screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) is listed by the World Organization for Animal Health as a notifiable infestation because myiasis cases affect livestock, wildlife, and humans in endemic areas, and outbreaks can have major socioeconomic consequences in regions where the screwworm has been eradicated. However, a knowledge gap exists on screwworm infestation of feral swine in South America, where the screwworm is endemic. Here, we report screwworm infestation of feral swine harvested in Artigas Department (Uruguay), where the Republic of Uruguay shares borders with Brazil and Argentina.<br><br>METHODS: Myiasis caused by the larvae of screwworm were identified in feral swine with the support and collaboration of members of a local feral swine hunting club over a 3-year period in the Department of Artigas. Harvested feral swine were examined for the presence of lesions where maggots causing the myiasis could be sampled and processed for taxonomic identification. The sites of myiasis on the body of infested feral swine and geospatial data for each case were recorded. The sex and relative size of each feral swine were also recorded. Temperature and precipitation profiles for the region were obtained from public sources.<br><br>RESULTS: Myiases caused by screwworms were recorded in 27 of 618 the feral swine harvested. Cases detected in males weighing > 40&#xa0;kg were associated with wounds that, due to their location, were likely caused by aggressive dominance behavior between adult males. The overall prevalence of screwworm infestation in the harvested feral swine was associated with ambient temperature, but not precipitation. Case numbers peaked in the warmer spring and summer months.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report on myiasis in feral swine caused by screwworm in South America. In contrast to myiasis in cattle, which can reach deep into host tissues, screwworms in feral swine tended to cause superficial infestation. The presence of feral swine in screwworm endemic areas represents a challenge to screwworm management in those areas. Screwworm populations maintained by feral swine may contribute to human cases in rural areas of Uruguay, which highlights the importance of the One Health approach to the study of this invasive host species-ectoparasite interaction.}, }
@article {pmid33410506, year = {2021}, author = {Bolds, SA and Lockaby, BG and Ditchkoff, SS and Smith, MD and VerCauteren, KC}, title = {Impacts of a large invasive mammal on water quality in riparian ecosystems.}, journal = {Journal of environmental quality}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, pages = {441-453}, doi = {10.1002/jeq2.20194}, pmid = {33410506}, issn = {1537-2537}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteroidetes ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Feces ; Mammals ; Swine ; *Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are a highly invasive species in many regions of the world and can act as ecosystem engineers in areas where they are established. In riparian ecosystems, wild pigs may affect water quality parameters and introduce fecal bacteria, although previous studies have reported conflicting results. We propose four conditions that we believe are needed for an accurate assessment of wild pig impacts on water quality and address each one in our study. Water samples were collected between May 2018 and June 2019 in riparian watersheds on a privately owned property in Alabama that was densely populated by wild pigs (treatment) and in watersheds at a nearby national forest without an established population. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of water quality parameters, such as anions and cations, dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids, N, dissolved organic C, and Escherichia coli and other fecal coliforms. An additional 38 samples were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction for swine fecal bacteroidetes. At treatment watersheds, specific conductivity and concentrations of organic N and C, SO4 [2-] , and Ca[2+] were between 2 and 11 times that of reference watersheds. Escherichia coli values at treatment watersheds were 40 times reference watershed values. DNA from swine fecal bacteroidetes was detected in 70% of treatment samples and 0% of reference samples. Wild pigs are a threat to water quality in riparian areas, and our results indicate that it may be important to control populations upstream of major drinking water sources and recreational areas.}, }
@article {pmid33407622, year = {2021}, author = {Xavier, CAD and Allen, ML and Whitfield, AE}, title = {Ever-increasing viral diversity associated with the red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta (Formicidae: Hymenoptera).}, journal = {Virology journal}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {5}, pmid = {33407622}, issn = {1743-422X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/genetics/growth &amp; development/*virology ; Biodiversity ; DNA Viruses/classification/genetics ; Genome, Viral/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages ; Open Reading Frames/genetics ; Phylogeny ; RNA Viruses/classification/genetics ; Taiwan ; Transcriptome ; United States ; Virome/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Advances in sequencing and analysis tools have facilitated discovery of many new viruses from invertebrates, including ants. Solenopsis invicta is an invasive ant that has quickly spread worldwide causing significant ecological and economic impacts. Its virome has begun to be characterized pertaining to potential use of viruses as natural enemies. Although the S. invicta virome is the best characterized among ants, most studies have been performed in its native range, with less information from invaded areas.<br><br>METHODS: Using a metatranscriptome approach, we further identified and molecularly characterized virus sequences associated with S. invicta, in two introduced areas, U.S and Taiwan. The data set used here was obtained from different stages (larvae, pupa, and adults) of S. invicta life cycle. Publicly available RNA sequences from GenBank's Sequence Read Archive were downloaded and de novo assembled using CLC Genomics Workbench 20.0.1. Contigs were compared against the non-redundant protein sequences and those showing similarity to viral sequences were further analyzed.<br><br>RESULTS: We characterized five putative new viruses associated with S. invicta transcriptomes. Sequence comparisons revealed extensive divergence across ORFs and genomic regions with most of them sharing less than 40% amino acid identity with those closest homologous sequences previously characterized. The first negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus genomic sequences included in the orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales are reported. In addition, two positive single-strand virus genome sequences and one single strand DNA virus genome sequence were also identified. While the presence of a putative tenuivirus associated with S. invicta was previously suggested to be a contamination, here we characterized and present strong evidence that Solenopsis invicta virus 14 (SINV-14) is a tenui-like virus that has a long-term association with the ant. Furthermore, based on virus sequence abundance compared to housekeeping genes, phylogenetic relationships, and completeness of viral coding sequences, our results suggest that four of five virus sequences reported, those being SINV-14, SINV-15, SINV-16 and SINV-17, may be associated to viruses actively replicating in the ant S. invicta.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The present study expands our knowledge about viral diversity associated with S. invicta in introduced areas with potential to be used as biological control agents, which will require further biological characterization.}, }
@article {pmid33406134, year = {2021}, author = {Kemp, L and Aldridge, DC and Booy, O and Bower, H and Browne, D and Burgmann, M and Burt, A and Cunningham, AA and Dando, M and Dick, JTA and Dye, C and Weiss Evans, S and Gallardo, B and Godfray, HCJ and Goodfellow, I and Gubbins, S and Holt, LA and Jones, KE and Kandil, H and Martin, P and McCaughan, M and McLeish, C and Meany, T and Millett, K and ÓhÉigeartaigh, SS and Patron, NJ and Rhodes, C and Roy, HE and Shackelford, G and Smith, D and Spence, N and Steiner, H and Sundaram, LS and Voeneky, S and Walker, JR and Watkins, H and Whitby, S and Wood, J and Sutherland, WJ}, title = {80 questions for UK biological security.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {e0241190}, pmid = {33406134}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Bioterrorism/prevention &amp; control ; COVID-19/prevention &amp; control ; Clinical Governance/trends ; Communication ; Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention &amp; control/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Humans ; Pandemics/*prevention &amp; control/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Policy ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; Security Measures/statistics &amp; numerical data/*trends ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Multiple national and international trends and drivers are radically changing what biological security means for the United Kingdom (UK). New technologies present novel opportunities and challenges, and globalisation has created new pathways and increased the speed, volume and routes by which organisms can spread. The UK Biological Security Strategy (2018) acknowledges the importance of research on biological security in the UK. Given the breadth of potential research, a targeted agenda identifying the questions most critical to effective and coordinated progress in different disciplines of biological security is required. We used expert elicitation to generate 80 policy-relevant research questions considered by participants to have the greatest impact on UK biological security. Drawing on a collaboratively-developed set of 450 questions, proposed by 41 experts from academia, industry and the UK government (consulting 168 additional experts) we subdivided the final 80 questions into six categories: bioengineering; communication and behaviour; disease threats (including pandemics); governance and policy; invasive alien species; and securing biological materials and securing against misuse. Initially, the questions were ranked through a voting process and then reduced and refined to 80 during a one-day workshop with 35 participants from a variety of disciplines. Consistently emerging themes included: the nature of current and potential biological security threats, the efficacy of existing management actions, and the most appropriate future options. The resulting questions offer a research agenda for biological security in the UK that can assist the targeting of research resources and inform the implementation of the UK Biological Security Strategy. These questions include research that could aid with the mitigation of Covid-19, and preparation for the next pandemic. We hope that our structured and rigorous approach to creating a biological security research agenda will be replicated in other countries and regions. The world, not just the UK, is in need of a thoughtful approach to directing biological security research to tackle the emerging issues.}, }
@article {pmid33406099, year = {2021}, author = {Salata, S and Fisher, BL}, title = {Taxonomic revision of Madagascan species of the Pheidole fervens species-group (Hymenoptera, Formicidae).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {e0244195}, pmid = {33406099}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Ants/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Introduced Species ; Madagascar ; Phylogeny ; Tooth/anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Madagascar, one of the top megadiversity regions, hosts one of the highest numbers of endemic and threatened organisms on earth. One of the most spectacular examples of ant radiation on the island has occurred in the hyperdiverse genus Pheidole. To this date, there are 117 described Madagascan Pheidole divided into 16 species-groups, and 97% of them are endemic to the island. Only two of these species-groups contain widely distributed invasive species in addition to native, endemic taxa: megacephala, and fervens species-groups. Here we revise the fervens species-group and discuss updated distribution records of its introduced members on Madagascar. We recognize six species belonging to this group, including five new to science: Pheidole ampangabe sp. nov., P. arivo sp. nov., P. comosa sp. nov., P. indica Mayr, P. mamirapiratra sp. nov., and P. mena sp. nov. Detailed descriptions are supplemented with measurements, diagnoses, identification key, high-resolution images for major and minor worker, and comments on distribution and biology.}, }
@article {pmid33404162, year = {2021}, author = {Champer, J and Kim, IK and Champer, SE and Clark, AG and Messer, PW}, title = {Suppression gene drive in continuous space can result in unstable persistence of both drive and wild-type alleles.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {1086-1101}, pmid = {33404162}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {F32 AI138476/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 ES029929/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 GM127418/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI130635/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Alleles ; Disease Vectors ; *Gene Drive Technology ; Humans ; Models, Genetic ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Rapid evolutionary processes can produce drastically different outcomes when studied in panmictic population models vs. spatial models. One such process is gene drive, which describes the spread of "selfish" genetic elements through a population. Engineered gene drives are being considered for the suppression of disease vectors or invasive species. While laboratory experiments and modelling in panmictic populations have shown that such drives can rapidly eliminate a population, it remains unclear if these results translate to natural environments where individuals inhabit a continuous landscape. Using spatially explicit simulations, we show that the release of a suppression drive can result in what we term "chasing" dynamics, in which wild-type individuals recolonize areas where the drive has locally eliminated the population. Despite the drive subsequently reconquering these areas, complete population suppression often fails to occur or is substantially delayed. This increases the likelihood that the drive is lost or that resistance evolves. We analyse how chasing dynamics are influenced by the type of drive, its efficiency, fitness costs, and ecological factors such as the maximal growth rate of the population and levels of dispersal and inbreeding. We find that chasing is more common for lower efficiency drives when dispersal is low and that some drive mechanisms are substantially more prone to chasing behaviour than others. Our results demonstrate that the population dynamics of suppression gene drives are determined by a complex interplay of genetic and ecological factors, highlighting the need for realistic spatial modelling to predict the outcome of drive releases in natural populations.}, }
@article {pmid33401417, year = {2021}, author = {Savadova-Ratkus, K and Mazur-Marzec, H and Karosienė, J and Kasperovičienė, J and Paškauskas, R and Vitonytė, I and Koreivienė, J}, title = {Interplay of Nutrients, Temperature, and Competition of Native and Alien Cyanobacteria Species Growth and Cyanotoxin Production in Temperate Lakes.}, journal = {Toxins}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {33401417}, issn = {2072-6651}, support = {European Network for Algal Bioproducts (EUALGAE).//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action ES1408/International ; }, mesh = {Cyanobacteria/*classification/*physiology ; Harmful Algal Bloom ; Lakes/chemistry/*microbiology ; Saxitoxin/*chemistry/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Global warming and eutrophication contribute to formation of HABs and distribution of alien cyanobacteria northward. The current study assessed how alien to Europe Sphaerospermopsis aphanizomenoides and Chrysosporum bergii will co-occur with dominant native Planktothrix agardhii and Aphanizomenon gracile species under changing conditions in temperate freshwaters. The experiments were carried out to examine the effect of nutrients and temperature on the growth rate of cyanobacteria, production of cyanotoxins, and interspecies competition. The highest growth rate was determined for A. gracile (0.43 day[-1]) and S. aphanizomenoides (0.40 day[-1]) strains at all the tested nutrient concentrations (IP and IN were significant factors). S. aphanizomenoides adapted to the wide range of nutrient concentrations and temperature due to high species ecological plasticity; however, A. gracile was able to suppress its dominance under changing conditions. Regularity between tested variables and STX concentration in A. gracile was not found, but IP concentration negatively correlated with the amount of dmMC-RR and other non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs) in P. agardhii strains. The relative concentration of NRPs in nontoxic P. agardhii strain was up to 3-fold higher than in MC-producing strain. Our study indicated that nutrients, temperature, and species had significant effects on interspecies competition. A. gracile had a negative effect on biomass of both alien species and P. agardhii.}, }
@article {pmid33391868, year = {2020}, author = {Castaño-Quintero, S and Escobar-Luján, J and Osorio-Olvera, L and Peterson, AT and Chiappa-Carrara, X and Martínez-Meyer, E and Yañez-Arenas, C}, title = {Supraspecific units in correlative niche modeling improves the prediction of geographic potential of biological invasions.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e10454}, pmid = {33391868}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biological invasions rank among the most significant threats to biodiversity and ecosystems. Correlative ecological niche modeling is among the most frequently used tools with which to estimate potential distributions of invasive species. However, when areas accessible to the species across its native distribution do not represent the full spectrum of environmental conditions that the species can tolerate, correlative studies often underestimate fundamental niches.<br><br>METHODS: Here, we explore the utility of supraspecific modeling units to improve the predictive ability of models focused on biological invasions. Taking into account phylogenetic relationships in correlative ecological niche models, we studied the invasion patterns of three species (Aedes aegypti, Pterois volitans and Oreochromis mossambicus).<br><br>RESULTS: Use of supraspecific modeling units improved the predictive ability of correlative niche models in anticipating potential distributions of three invasive species. We demonstrated that integrating data on closely related species allowed a more complete characterization of fundamental niches. This approach could be used to model species with invasive potential but that have not yet invaded new regions.}, }
@article {pmid33391727, year = {2020}, author = {Hedrick, PW}, title = {Heterozygosity levels and estimation of self-fertilization in an invasive species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {24}, pages = {14451-14452}, pmid = {33391727}, issn = {2045-7758}, }
@article {pmid33391679, year = {2020}, author = {Wang, B and Li, K and He, ZQ}, title = {The genetic differentiation of a cricket (Velarifictorus micado) with two modes of life cycle in East Asia after the middle Pleistocene and the invasion origin of the United States of America.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {24}, pages = {13767-13786}, pmid = {33391679}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The cricket Velarifictorus micado is widely distributed in East Asia and colonized the United States of America (the USA) in 1959. It has two life cycles: egg and nymph diapause. We aimed to investigate the biogeographic boundary between them and determine when and why V. micado diverged. Mitochondrial fragments including COI and CytB were used for haplotype network, demographic analysis, and divergence time estimation in individuals of East Asia. We selected several samples from the USA to find out the colonization origin. The haplotype network indicated there were three lineages based on COI, NE lineage (the egg diapause and mainly distributed in the northern regions), SE lineage (the egg diapause and mainly distributed in the southern regions), and SN lineage (the nymph diapause and mainly distributed in the southern regions). The molecular chronograms indicated that the first divergence of V. micado into two main lineages, NE and southern lineages (SE and SN), was essentially bounded by the Yangtze River. It occurred around ~0.79 Ma (95% HPD: 1.13-0.46 Ma) in the Middle Pleistocene Transition. This was followed by the divergence of the southern lineage into two sublineages, SE and SN lineage, occurred around ~0.50 Ma (95% HPD: 0.71-0.25 Ma), corresponding to the time of development of glaciers in various parts of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) (0.73-0.46 Ma). SE lineage might originate from southwestern China based on the comparison between the haplotype network based on COI and CytB. Our study suggested that divergences of lineages have twice co-occurred with tendency of cooling climatic in Asia after the Mid-Pleistocene, and the life-history strategy may play an important role in lineage diversification. Additionally, our results indicated that the USA populations were revealed at least twice separate Asian invasions. These both belonged to the egg diapause, which might provide a new perspective for invasion control.}, }
@article {pmid33391677, year = {2020}, author = {Ramula, S and Kalske, A}, title = {Introduced plants of Lupinus polyphyllus are larger but flower less frequently than conspecifics from the native range: Results of the first year.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {24}, pages = {13742-13751}, pmid = {33391677}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Introduced species, which establish in novel environments, provide an opportunity to explore trait evolution and how it may contribute to the distribution and spread of species. Here, we explore trait changes of the perennial herb Lupinus polyphyllus based on 11 native populations in the western USA and 17 introduced populations in Finland. More specifically, we investigated whether introduced populations outperformed native populations in traits measured in situ (seed mass) and under common garden conditions during their first year (plant size, flowering probability, and number of flowering shoots). We also explored whether climate of origin (temperature) influenced plant traits and quantified the degree to which trait variability was explained collectively by country and temperature as compared to other population-level differences. Three out of four plant traits differed between the native and introduced populations; only seed mass was similar between countries, with most of its variation attributed to other sources of intraspecific variation not accounted for by country and temperature. Under common garden conditions, plants originating from introduced populations were larger than those originating from native populations. However, plants from the introduced range flowered less frequently and had fewer flowering shoots than their native-range counterparts. Temperature of a population's origin influenced plant size in the common garden, with plant size increasing with increasing mean annual temperature in both native and introduced populations. Our results of the first year reveal genetic basis for phenotypic differences in some fitness-related traits between the native and introduced populations of L. polyphyllus. However, not all of these trait differences necessarily contribute to the invasion success of the species and thus may not be adaptive, which raises a question how persistent the trait differences observed in the first year are later in individuals' life for perennial herbs.}, }
@article {pmid33391669, year = {2020}, author = {Parker, ES and Moczek, AP}, title = {Don't stand so close to me: Microbiota-facilitated enemy release dynamics in introduced Onthophagus taurus dung beetles.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {24}, pages = {13640-13648}, pmid = {33391669}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Microbial symbionts can influence their hosts in stunningly diverse ways. Emerging research suggests that an underappreciated facet of these relationships is the influence microbes can have on their host's responses to novel, or stressful, environmental conditions. We sought to address these and related questions in populations resulting from the recent introduction and subsequent rapid range expansion of Onthophagus taurus dung beetles. Specifically, we manipulated both microbial communities and rearing temperature to detect signatures of developmental and life history differentiation in response to the local thermal conditions in two populations derived from the southern most (Florida) and northern most (Michigan) extremes of the exotic Eastern U.S. range of O. taurus. We then sought to determine the contributions, if any, of host-associated microbiota to this differentiation. We found that when reared under common garden conditions individuals from Florida and Michigan populations differed significantly in developmental performance measures and life history traits, consistent with population divergence. At the same time, and contrary to our predictions, we failed to find support for the hypothesis that animals perform better if reared at temperatures that match their location of origin and that performance differences may be mediated by host-associated microbiota. Instead, we found that microbiome swapping across host populations improved developmental performance in both populations, consistent with enemy release dynamics. We discuss the implications of our results for our understanding of the rapid spread of exotic O. taurus through the Eastern United States and the significance of symbiosis in host responses to novel environmental conditions more broadly.}, }
@article {pmid33391365, year = {2020}, author = {Putman, BJ and Pauly, GB and Blumstein, DT}, title = {Urban invaders are not bold risk-takers: a study of 3 invasive lizards in Southern California.}, journal = {Current zoology}, volume = {66}, number = {6}, pages = {657-665}, pmid = {33391365}, issn = {1674-5507}, abstract = {Biological invasions threaten biodiversity worldwide, and therefore, understanding the traits of successful invaders could mitigate their spread. Many commonly invasive species do well in disturbed habitats, such as urban environments, and their abilities to effectively respond to disturbances could contribute to their invasiveness. Yet, there are noninvasive species that also do well in disturbed habitats. The question remains whether urban invaders behave differently in urban environments than noninvaders, which could suggest an "urban-exploiting" phenotype. In Southern California, the co-occurrence of invasive Italian wall lizards Podarcis siculus, brown anoles Anolis sagrei, and green anoles A. carolinensis, and native western fence lizards Sceloporus occidentalis offers an opportunity to test whether invasives exhibit consistent differences in risk-taking within human-altered habitats compared with a native species. We predicted that invasive lizards would exhibit more bold behavior by having shorter flight-initiation distances (FIDs) and by being found farther from a refuge (behaviors that would presumably maximize foraging in low-risk environments). Invasive populations had similar or longer FIDs, but were consistently found at distances closer to a refuge. Collectively, invasive lizards in urban habitats were not bolder than a native species. Reliance on nearby refuges might help species successfully invade urban habitats, and if a general pattern, may pose an added challenge in detecting or eliminating them.}, }
@article {pmid33391317, year = {2020}, author = {Camacho, MJ and de Andrade, E and Mota, M and Nobrega, F and Vicente, C and Rusinque, L and Inácio, ML}, title = {Potato Cyst Nematodes: Geographical Distribution, Phylogenetic Relationships and Integrated Pest Management Outcomes in Portugal.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {606178}, pmid = {33391317}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The identification and phylogenetic relationships of potato cyst nematodes (PCN) were studied to assess the potential value of geographical distribution information for integrated pest management of potato production in Portugal. This research focused on PCN species, Globodera pallida and Globodera rostochiensis. From 2013 until 2019, 748 soil samples from the rhizosphere of different potato cultivars were surveyed in the Portuguese mainland to detect and identify both species and track their location. PCN are widespread invasive species throughout Portugal. In fact, during the survey period an incidence of 22.5% was estimated for the tested samples. The patterns of infestation vary among regions, increasing from south to north, where PCN were first detected. Currently, both species are present in all potato producing regions of the country, with a greater incidence of G. pallida. Phytosanitary control measures are influencing to the observed results. The use of potato cultivars resistant to G. rostochiensis led to a decrease of this species but had no influence on G. pallida detections, which continues its reproduction freely since there are no effective resistant cultivars for this species. The relationship between the presence, infestation rate, spread and geographical distribution of PCN is discussed in terms of behavioral responses of the potato cultivars and the implications for developing new integrated crop protection measures.}, }
@article {pmid33389757, year = {2021}, author = {Kinziger, AP and White, JL and Nakamoto, RJ and Harvey, BC}, title = {Recent, small beginnings: genetic analysis suggests Catostomus rimiculus (Klamath smallscale sucker) in the Smith River, California, are introduced.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {98}, number = {5}, pages = {1321-1328}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14664}, pmid = {33389757}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Cypriniformes/*genetics ; Founder Effect ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Identification of introduced species can be important to understanding ecological systems and meeting conservation and management goals, but the process can be surprisingly challenging. The Klamath smallscale sucker Catostomus rimiculus seems likely to be native to the Smith River because the drainage separates two basins believed to be within the fish's native range, the Rogue and Klamath rivers. Further, C. rimiculus is broadly distributed in the Smith River, and the indigenous Dee-ni' People of the Smith River have a unique word for sucker. Nonetheless, a historical survey of fishes that described C. rimiculus from the Rogue and Klamath rivers did not include C. rimiculus among the fishes of the Smith River. To determine whether the genetic structure of the Smith River C. rimiculus reflects expectations for a native sucker population, the authors of this study examined variation in microsatellite and mitochondrial genetic markers from the Smith River and surrounding drainages. The genetic analyses revealed a pattern consistent with extreme founder effects in Smith River C. rimiculus, as would be expected from a single introduction of six or fewer effective individuals. The sharing of a high-frequency haplotype between the Smith River and Klamath River that is not detected in the Rogue River suggests the Klamath River as the likely source for the introduction. The findings highlight that local-scale introductions can be easily overlooked because the newly established populations can appear to be parts of contiguous natural distributions.}, }
@article {pmid33389546, year = {2021}, author = {Awad, M and Sharaf, A and Elrahman, TA and El-Saadany, HM and ElKraly, OA and Elnagdy, SM}, title = {The First Report for the Presence of Spiroplasma and Rickettsia in Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Egypt.}, journal = {Acta parasitologica}, volume = {66}, number = {2}, pages = {593-604}, pmid = {33389546}, issn = {1896-1851}, support = {LM2015047//ELIXIR-CZ project/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Egypt ; Humans ; Phylogeny ; *Rickettsia/genetics ; *Spiroplasma ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: The study of the Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), as an invasive pest of palm trees.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, 36 RPW individuals were collected from 6 different locations in Egypt. The presences of endosymbionts in the RPW individuals were assayed. The phylogenetic analysis of the RPW inhabiting Egypt was conducted using Cytochrome c oxidase sub-unit 1 (CO1) gene.<br><br>RESULTS: Spiroplasma was found, for the first time, in all individuals, while Rickettsia was found, for the first time, in individuals collected from only 3 of the 6 locations. Endosymbionts harbouring Egyptian RPW were closely related to those harbouring Diptera and\or Trombidiformes associated with palm trees. This may be due to horizontal transmission through palm sap or through ectoparasites living on the RPW. Finally, the phylogenetic analysis of the RPW inhabiting Egypt was conducted. The collected individuals were closely related to Saudi Arabia specimens collected from the eastern region. Thus, Saudi Arabia may be the origin of the RPW which invaded Egypt. Individuals from populations inhabiting the same geographical locations were closely related. This may be due to secondary invasion incidents that may have taken place through transportation of infested date palm trees and offshoots from infected to uninfected locations.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study reports the first incidence for the presence and coexistence of Spiroplasma and Rickettsia in RPW collected from Egypt. In addition, it was found that the collected individuals of RPW were closely related to a Saudi haplotype. Thus, Saudi Arabia may be the origin of infection which invaded Egypt.}, }
@article {pmid33386639, year = {2021}, author = {Rengefors, K and Gollnisch, R and Sassenhagen, I and Härnström Aloisi, K and Svensson, M and Lebret, K and Čertnerová, D and Cresko, WA and Bassham, S and Ahrén, D}, title = {Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism markers reveal population structure and dispersal direction of an expanding nuisance algal bloom species.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {912-925}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15787}, pmid = {33386639}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Europe ; Gene Flow ; Harmful Algal Bloom ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; *Stramenopiles ; }, abstract = {Species invasion and range expansion are currently under scrutiny due to increasing anthropogenic impact on the natural environment. This is also true for harmful algal blooms, which have been reported to have increased in frequency. However, this research is challenging due to the ephemeral nature, small size and mostly low concentrations of microalgae in the environment. One such species is the nuisance microalga Gonyostomum semen (Raphidophyceae), which has increased in occurrence in northern Europe in recent decades. The question of whether the species has expanded its habitat range or if it was already present in the lakes but was too rare to be detected remains unanswered. The aim of the present study was to determine the genetic structure and dispersal pathways of G. semen using RAD (restriction-site-associated DNA) tag sequencing. For G. semen, which has a huge genome (32 Gbp), we faced particular challenges, but were nevertheless able to recover over 1000 single nucleotide polymorphisms at high coverage. Our data revealed a distinct population genetic structure, demonstrating a divide of western and eastern populations that probably represent different lineages. Despite significant genetic differentiation among lakes, we found only limited isolation-by-distance. While we had expected a pattern of recent expansion northwards, the data demonstrated gene flow from the northeast/east towards the southwest/west. This genetic signature suggests that the observed gene flow may be due to dispersal by autumn migratory birds, which act as dispersal vectors of resistant resting propagules that form at the end of the G. semen blooms.}, }
@article {pmid33386461, year = {2021}, author = {Earl, JE}, title = {Leaf litter input to ponds can dramatically alter amphibian morphological phenotypes.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {195}, number = {1}, pages = {145-153}, pmid = {33386461}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {DEB-0239943//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; STAR Fellowship//U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Anura ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Phenotype ; *Plant Leaves ; *Ponds ; Ranidae ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity in growth and development is commonly examined, but morphology can exhibit plasticity as well. Leg length plasticity is important, because it impacts mobility, which affects predator avoidance, prey capture, and seasonal movements. Differences in relative (i.e., body size adjusted) hind leg lengths > 5% in anurans affect jumping abilities, and resource levels and predation can generate these differences. Leaf litter input can alter larval growth and development and likely morphology as well. I show that relative leg length [leg length/snout-to-vent length (SVL) × 100%] can be quite variable, ranging from 44% of SVL to 120% of SVL across the following species: Hyla versicolor, Lithobates sylvaticus, L. sphenocephalus, and Anaxyrus americanus. Within species variability was highest in L. sylvaticus and almost as great as across species. I measured relative leg length for metamorphs from aquatic mesocosm studies examining the effects of plant litter type and quality. I also examined the relative importance of different environmental variables, including water quality, predation, resource level, and temperature. Good predictors were found only for the two ranids, where leaf litter input was the only variable found to affect relative leg length. Ranid frogs had longer legs when emerging from mesocosms with grass than mesocosms with no litter input, and deciduous leaves produced metamorphs intermediate in leg length. These results suggest that habitat changes in vegetation from land use change, invasive species, and climate change may affect the mobility and fitness of individuals through changes in metamorph relative leg length.}, }
@article {pmid33385799, year = {2021}, author = {De-la-Torre, GE and Aragaw, TA}, title = {What we need to know about PPE associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in the marine environment.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {163}, number = {}, pages = {111879}, pmid = {33385799}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; Microplastics ; Pandemics ; *Plastics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {Since the COVID-19 outbreak was declared as a global health emergency, the use of multiple types of plastic-based PPEs as a measure to reduce the infection increased tremendously. Recent evidence suggests that the overuse of PPEs during the COVID-19 pandemic is worsening plastic pollution in the marine environment. In this short focus, we discussed the potential sources, fate, and effects of PPE plastic to the marine environment and proposed five key research needs, involving (1) the occurrence and abundance of PPEs, (2) the sources, fate, and drivers of PPEs, (3) PPEs as a source of microplastics, (4) PPEs as a vector of invasive species and pathogens, and (5) PPEs as a source and vector of chemical pollutants in the marine environment. We suggest that addressing these knowledge gaps will lay the groundwork for improved COVID-19-associated waste management and legislation to prevent marine plastic pollution to continue exacerbating.}, }
@article {pmid33383510, year = {2021}, author = {Wang, J and Koopman, KR and Collas, FPL and Posthuma, L and de Nijs, T and Leuven, RSEW and Hendriks, AJ}, title = {Towards an ecosystem service-based method to quantify the filtration services of mussels under chemical exposure.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {763}, number = {}, pages = {144196}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144196}, pmid = {33383510}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia ; *Dreissena ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Netherlands ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {As filter-feeders, freshwater mussels provide the ecosystem service (ES) of biofiltration. Chemical pollution may impinge on the provisioning of mussels' filtration services. However, few attempts have been made to estimate the impacts of chemical mixtures on mussels' filtration capacities in the field, nor to assess the economic benefits of mussel-provided filtration services for humans. The aim of the study was to derive and to apply a methodology for quantifying the economic benefits of mussel filtration services in relation to chemical mixture exposure. To this end, we first applied the bootstrapping approach to quantify the filtration capacity of dreissenid mussels when exposed to metal mixtures in the Rhine and Meuse Rivers in the Netherlands. Subsequently, we applied the value transfer method to quantify the economic benefits of mussel filtration services to surface water-dependent drinking water companies. The average mixture filtration inhibition (filtration rate reduction due to exposure to metal mixtures) to dreissenids was estimated to be <1% in the Rhine and Meuse Rivers based on the measured metal concentrations from 1999 to 2017. On average, dreissenids on groynes were estimated to filter the highest percentage of river discharge in the Nederrijn-Lek River (9.1%) and the lowest in the Waal River (0.1%). We estimated that dreissenid filtration services would save 110-12,000 euros/million m[3] for drinking water production when abstracting raw water at the end of respective rivers. Economic benefits increased over time due to metal emission reduction. This study presents a novel methodology for quantifying the economic benefits of mussel filtration services associated with chemical pollution, which is understandable to policymakers. The derived approach could potentially serve as a blueprint for developing methods in examining the economic value of other filter-feeders exposed to other chemicals and environmental stressors. We explicitly discuss the uncertainties for further development and application of the method.}, }
@article {pmid33382723, year = {2020}, author = {Herrera, JP and Wickenkamp, NR and Turpin, M and Baudino, F and Tortosa, P and Goodman, SM and Soarimalala, V and Ranaivoson, TN and Nunn, CL}, title = {Effects of land use, habitat characteristics, and small mammal community composition on Leptospira prevalence in northeast Madagascar.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {e0008946}, pmid = {33382723}, issn = {1935-2735}, support = {R01 TW011493/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Leptospira/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Leptospirosis/*epidemiology/microbiology ; Madagascar/epidemiology ; Mammals ; Prevalence ; *Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {Human activities can increase or decrease risks of acquiring a zoonotic disease, notably by affecting the composition and abundance of hosts. This study investigated the links between land use and infectious disease risk in northeast Madagascar, where human subsistence activities and population growth are encroaching on native habitats and the associated biota. We collected new data on pathogenic Leptospira, which are bacteria maintained in small mammal reservoirs. Transmission can occur through close contact, but most frequently through indirect contact with water contaminated by the urine of infected hosts. The probability of infection and prevalence was compared across a gradient of natural moist evergreen forest, nearby forest fragments, flooded rice and other types of agricultural fields, and in homes in a rural village. Using these data, we tested specific hypotheses for how land use alters ecological communities and influences disease transmission. The relative abundance and proportion of exotic species was highest in the anthropogenic habitats, while the relative abundance of native species was highest in the forested habitats. Prevalence of Leptospira was significantly higher in introduced compared to endemic species. Lastly, the probability of infection with Leptospira was highest in introduced small mammal species, and lower in forest fragments compared to other habitat types. Our results highlight how human land use affects the small mammal community composition and in turn disease dynamics. Introduced species likely transmit Leptospira to native species where they co-occur, and may displace the Leptospira species naturally occurring in Madagascar. The frequent spatial overlap of people and introduced species likely also has consequences for public health.}, }
@article {pmid33382722, year = {2020}, author = {Barker, BS and Coop, L and Wepprich, T and Grevstad, F and Cook, G}, title = {DDRP: Real-time phenology and climatic suitability modeling of invasive insects.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, pages = {e0244005}, pmid = {33382722}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biomass ; *Climate ; *Computer Simulation ; Geographic Mapping ; Insecta/pathogenicity/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Parasites/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; }, abstract = {Rapidly detecting and responding to new invasive species and the spread of those that are already established is essential for reducing their potential threat to food production, the economy, and the environment. We describe a new spatial modeling platform that integrates mapping of phenology and climatic suitability in real-time to provide timely and comprehensive guidance for stakeholders needing to know both where and when invasive insect species could potentially invade the conterminous United States. The Degree-Days, Risk, and Phenological event mapping (DDRP) platform serves as an open-source and relatively easy-to-parameterize decision support tool to help detect new invasive threats, schedule monitoring and management actions, optimize biological control, and predict potential impacts on agricultural production. DDRP uses a process-based modeling approach in which degree-days and temperature stress are calculated daily and accumulate over time to model phenology and climatic suitability, respectively. Outputs include predictions of the number of completed generations, life stages present, dates of phenological events, and climatically suitable areas based on two levels of climate stress. Species parameter values can be derived from laboratory and field studies or estimated through an additional modeling step. DDRP is written entirely in R, making it flexible and extensible, and capitalizes on multiple R packages to generate gridded and graphical outputs. We illustrate the DDRP modeling platform and the process of model parameterization using two invasive insect species as example threats to United States agriculture: the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana, and the small tomato borer, Neoleucinodes elegantalis. We then discuss example applications of DDRP as a decision support tool, review its potential limitations and sources of model error, and outline some ideas for future improvements to the platform.}, }
@article {pmid33377167, year = {2021}, author = {Petrice, TR and Bauer, LS and Miller, DL and Poland, TM and Ravlin, FW}, title = {A Phenology Model for Simulating Oobius agrili (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) Seasonal Voltinism and Synchrony With Emerald Ash Borer Oviposition.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, pages = {280-292}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvaa169}, pmid = {33377167}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *Coleoptera ; Female ; *Fraxinus ; Larva ; Michigan ; North America ; Oviposition ; Seasons ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {In North America, the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), continues to spread, and its egg parasitoid, Oobius agrili Zhang and Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), is being released for emerald ash borer biocontrol well beyond their endemic climatic ranges in China. We developed a multiple cohort rate summation model to simulate O. agrili F0, F1, and F2 generations, and emerald ash borer oviposition for examining host-parasitoid synchrony across a north-south gradient from Duluth, MN (latitude 46.8369, longitude -92.1833) to Shreveport, LA (latitude 32.4469, longitude -93.8242). Temporal occurrences of critical day length for O. agrili diapause induction were integrated into the model. We used O. agrili and emerald ash borer trapping data from south central and northwestern Lower Michigan for model validation. Simulations demonstrated that 1) F0 adult emergence consistently occurred 2-5 d before emerald ash borer oviposition began; 2) F1 adult emergence was most synchronized with peak emerald ash borer oviposition compared with other generations; and 3) emerald ash borer oviposition was complete, or near so, when F2 adult emergence was predicted across the north-south gradient. Comparison of O. agrili trap captures with model simulations demonstrated that primarily two adult O. agrili generations (F0 and F1) emerged per year in Michigan and almost all F2 larvae entered diapause despite day lengths longer than critical day length in south central Michigan. Critical day length varied temporally across the north-south gradient during emergence of O. agrili generations. Determining day lengths perceived by O. agrili larvae in the field should improve model realism for examining spatiotemporal variation in O. agrili population dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid33375755, year = {2020}, author = {Kidawa, J and Chmura, D and Molenda, T}, title = {The Hydrological-Hydrochemical Factors that Control the Invasion of the Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) in Succession in Areas with Opencast Mines.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {33375755}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Studies on opencast mines have indicated that the spontaneous colonization of excavations and sedimentation tanks by vegetation is determined not only by the substratum and the land relief, but also by the hydrological and hydrochemical relations in the exploitation hollow. Sometimes, biological invasions can also disturb the natural revegetation. Robinia pseudoacacia L. black locust is an invasive alien species that frequently colonizes sandy habitats. Thirty study plots were randomly established on four types of sites: (1) sandy sediments, extremely dry places located mainly on heaps of post-washer slime; (2) sandy sediments, dry areas that are periodically flooded and have pulp; (3) clay sediments, damp areas that are periodically submerged, and (4) the control, a forest with R. pseudoacacia in its neighborhood. A total of 94 species of vascular plants and seven species of mosses were found. The vegetation at the sites differs and the role of the black locust increases along the dryness gradient and developmental phase of vegetation. Older phases of succession resemble a forest in the surrounding area. It is a R. pseudoacacia species-poor monodominant stand that has been forming for around 30 years. A lack of trees and dense grasses favor the successful invasion of the black locust on man-made sandy habitats.}, }
@article {pmid33375546, year = {2020}, author = {Silva, CO and Novais, SC and Soares, AMVM and Barata, C and Lemos, MFL}, title = {Impacts of the Invasive Seaweed Asparagopsis armata Exudate on Energetic Metabolism of Rock Pool Invertebrates.}, journal = {Toxins}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {33375546}, issn = {2072-6651}, support = {UID/MAR/04292/2013//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/International ; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031144//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/International ; SFRH/BD/87030/2012//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/International ; EASME/EMFF/2016/1.2.1.4/03/SI2.750419//Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises/International ; Centro-01-0145-FEDER-000018//European Regional Development Fund/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ecotoxicology ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Palaemonidae/*drug effects ; Rhodophyta/*toxicity ; Seaweed/*metabolism ; Snails/*drug effects ; }, abstract = {The marine red algae Asparagopsis armata is an invasive species gaining competitive advantage by releasing large amounts of toxic compounds to the surrounding invaded area. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of this invasive seaweed on marine invertebrates by exposing the common prawn Palaemon elegans and the marine snail Gibbula umbilicalis to the exudate of this seaweed. The seaweed was collected and placed in a tank for 12 h in the dark in a 1:10 ratio. Afterwards the seawater medium containing the released secondary metabolites was collected for further testing. Lethal and sublethal effects of A. armata were investigated. Biochemical biomarker responses associated with energy metabolism (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH; electron transport system activity, ETS; lipid, protein and carbohydrate content) were analysed. The biomarker responses showed physiological status impairment of invertebrates after exposure to low concentrations of this algal exudate. The highest concentrations of exudate significantly increased lipid content in both organisms. In the shrimp, protein content, ETS, and LDH were also significantly increased. By contrast, these parameters were significantly decreased in G. umbilicalis. A behavioural impairment was also observed in G. umbilicalis exposed to A. armata exudate, reducing feeding consumption. These results represent an important step in the research of natural toxic exudates released to the environment and prospective effects of this seaweed in invaded communities under increasing global change scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid33375455, year = {2020}, author = {Agha, SB and Alvarez, M and Becker, M and Fèvre, EM and Junglen, S and Borgemeister, C}, title = {Invasive Alien Plants in Africa and the Potential Emergence of Mosquito-Borne Arboviral Diseases-A Review and Research Outlook.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {33375455}, issn = {1999-4915}, support = {BB/L019019/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Arbovirus Infections/*epidemiology/*transmission/virology ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*epidemiology/*transmission/virology ; Culicidae/*virology ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/*virology ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {The emergence of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) as linked to land-use changes, especially the growing agricultural intensification and expansion efforts in rural parts of Africa, is of growing health concern. This places an additional burden on health systems as drugs, vaccines, and effective vector-control measures against arboviruses and their vectors remain lacking. An integrated One Health approach holds potential in the control and prevention of arboviruses. Land-use changes favour invasion by invasive alien plants (IAPs) and investigating their impact on mosquito populations may offer a new dimension to our understanding of arbovirus emergence. Of prime importance to understand is how IAPs influence mosquito life-history traits and how this may affect transmission of arboviruses to mammalian hosts, questions that we are exploring in this review. Potential effects of IAPs may be significant, including supporting the proliferation of immature and adult stages of mosquito vectors, providing additional nutrition and suitable microhabitats, and a possible interaction between ingested secondary plant metabolites and arboviruses. We conclude that aspects of vector biology are differentially affected by individual IAPs and that while some plants may have the potential to indirectly increase the risk of transmission of certain arboviruses by their direct interaction with the vectors, the reverse holds for other IAPs. In addition, we highlight priority research areas to improve our understanding of the potential health impacts of IAPs.}, }
@article {pmid33375126, year = {2020}, author = {Marinas, IC and Oprea, E and Geana, EI and Tutunaru, O and Pircalabioru, GG and Zgura, I and Chifiriuc, MC}, title = {Valorization of Gleditsia triacanthos Invasive Plant Cellulose Microfibers and Phenolic Compounds for Obtaining Multi-Functional Wound Dressings with Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {33375126}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {29604/12.12.2019//Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB/ ; }, mesh = {Anti-Infective Agents/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Antioxidants/metabolism/*pharmacology ; *Bandages ; Candida albicans/drug effects ; Cellulose/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Gleditsia/*metabolism ; Humans ; Hydroxybenzoates/*metabolism ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Plant Extracts/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism/pharmacology ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Wound Infection/microbiology/*prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {Gleditsia triacanthos is an aggressive invasive species in Eastern Europe, producing a significant number of pods that could represent an inexhaustible resource of raw material for various applications. The aim of this study was to extract cellulose from the Gleditsia triacanthos pods, characterize it by spectrophotometric and UHPLC-DAD-ESI/MS analysis, and use it to fabricate a wound dressing that is multi-functionalized with phenolic compounds extracted from the leaves of the same species. The obtained cellulose microfibers (CM) were functionalized, lyophilized, and characterized by ATR-FTIR and SEM. The water absorption and retention capacity as well as the controlled release of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties evaluated in temporal dynamics were also determined. The antimicrobial activity against reference and clinical multi-drug-resistant Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter cloacae, Candida albicans, and Candida parapsilosis strains occurred immediately after the contact with the tested materials and was maintained for 24 h for all tested microbial strains. In conclusion, the multi-functionalized cellulose microfibers (MFCM) obtained from the reproductive organs of an invasive species can represent a promising alternative for the development of functional wound dressings with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, as well as being a scalable example for designing cost-effective, circular bio-economy approaches to combat the accelerated spread of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid33374552, year = {2020}, author = {Lee, KH and Jeong, JS and Park, JS and Kim, MJ and Jeong, NR and Jeong, SY and Lee, GS and Lee, W and Kim, I}, title = {Tracing the Invasion and Expansion Characteristics of the Flatid Planthopper, Metcalfa pruinosa (Hemiptera: Flatidae), in Korea Using Mitochondrial DNA Sequences.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {33374552}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {Project No. PJ01338901//The Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea/ ; }, abstract = {The flatid planthopper, Metcalfa pruinosa (Hemiptera: Flatidae), which is an invasive species, is widespread in Korea. We sequenced a fragment of the COI from 536 individuals collected mainly in Korea and the European countries and combined these sequence data with the public data, totaling 830 individuals worldwide. The identification of one shared haplotype only between Korea and the USA, the presence of this haplotype only in the North-West region of Korea, and the highest haplotype diversity in this region suggested that the North-West region is another point of entry in addition to the South-East region, which is the presumed sole point of entry to Korea. Furthermore, it suggested that North-West entry involves the M. pruinosa originating from the USA. In an effort to find further variable regions in the mitochondrial genome, one region provided substantially increased variability compared to that of the fragment of COI. F ST estimation, PCoA, and BAPS analysis, using the concatenated sequences of COI and the newly detected variable region to infer the expansion pattern in Korea, indicates that the main highway, running obliquely between the North-West and South-East regions, appears to be responsible for the current population genetic structure of M. pruinosa in Korea, facilitating gene flow through this highway traffic.}, }
@article {pmid33372520, year = {2021}, author = {Günthardt, BF and Wettstein, FE and Hollender, J and Singer, H and Härri, J and Scheringer, M and Hungerbühler, K and Bucheli, TD}, title = {Retrospective HRMS Screening and Dedicated Target Analysis Reveal a Wide Exposure to Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Small Streams.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {55}, number = {2}, pages = {1036-1044}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.0c06411}, pmid = {33372520}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Chromatography, Liquid ; Humans ; *Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ; Retrospective Studies ; Switzerland ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; }, abstract = {Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are found to be toxic pollutants emitted into the environment by numerous plant species, resulting in contamination. In this article, we investigate the occurrence of PAs in the aquatic environment of small Swiss streams combining two different approaches. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are toxic secondary metabolites produced by numerous plant species. Although they were classified as persistent and mobile and found to be emitted into the environment, their occurrence in surface waters is largely unknown. Therefore, we performed a retrospective data analysis of two extensive HRMS campaigns each covering five small streams in Switzerland over the growing season. All sites were contaminated with up to 12 individual PAs and temporal detection frequencies between 36 and 87%. Individual PAs were in the low ng/L range, but rain-induced maximal total PA concentrations reached almost 100 ng/L in late spring and summer. Through PA patterns in water and plants, several species were tentatively identified as the source of contamination, with Senecio spp. and Echium vulgare being the most important. Additionally, two streams were monitored, and PAs were quantified with a newly developed, faster, and more sensitive LC-MS/MS method to distinguish different plant-based and indirect human PA sources. A distinctly different PA fingerprint in aqueous plant extracts pointed to invasive Senecio inaequidens as the main source of the surface water contamination at these sites. Results indicate that PA loads may increase if invasive species are sufficiently abundant.}, }
@article {pmid33372327, year = {2021}, author = {Komatsu, K and Iwasaki, T and Murata, K and Yamashiro, H and Goh, VST and Nakayama, R and Fujishima, Y and Ono, T and Kino, Y and Simizu, Y and Takahashi, A and Shinoda, H and Ariyoshi, K and Kasai, K and Suzuki, M and Palmerini, MG and Belli, M and Macchiarelli, G and Oka, T and Fukumoto, M and Yoshida, MA and Nakata, A and Miura, T}, title = {Morphological reproductive characteristics of testes and fertilization capacity of cryopreserved sperm after the Fukushima accident in raccoon (Procyon lotor).}, journal = {Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, pages = {484-497}, doi = {10.1111/rda.13887}, pmid = {33372327}, issn = {1439-0531}, support = {JPMX 17S17942991//JAEA Nuclear Energy S&amp;T and Human Resource Development Project/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cesium Radioisotopes/*adverse effects/analysis ; Cryopreservation/veterinary ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro ; *Fukushima Nuclear Accident ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Male ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Raccoons/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Semen Preservation/veterinary ; Spermatogenesis/radiation effects ; Testis/physiology/*radiation effects/ultrastructure ; }, abstract = {Since the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident, we have established an archive system of livestock and wild animals from the surrounding ex-evacuation zone. Wildlife within the alert zone have been exposed to low-dose-rate (LDR) radiation for a long continuous time. In this study, we analysed the morphological characteristics of the testes and in vitro fertilization (IVF) capacity of cryopreserved sperm of racoons from the ex-evacuation zone of the FDNPP accident. The radioactivity of caesium-137 ([137] Cs) was measured by gamma-ray spectrometry, and the measured radioactivity concentration was 300-6,630 Bq/kg in the Fukushima raccoons. Notably, normal spermatogenesis was observed in the seminiferous tubules of the testes, with the germinal epithelium composed of a spermatogenic cell lineage with no evident ultrastructural alterations; freeze-thawing sperm penetration ability was confirmed using the interspecific zona pellucida-free mouse oocytes IVF assays. This study revealed that the chronic and LDR radiation exposure associated with the FDNPP accident had no adverse effect on the reproductive characteristics and functions of male raccoons.}, }
@article {pmid33371344, year = {2020}, author = {Cordonnier, M and Blight, O and Angulo, E and Courchamp, F}, title = {The Native Ant Lasius niger Can Limit the Access to Resources of the Invasive Argentine Ant.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {33371344}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {ANR-14-CE02-0021//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; }, abstract = {Within ant communities, the biotic resistance of native species against invasive ones is expected to be rare, because invasive species are often highly dominant competitors. The invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile (Mayr)) often demonstrated numerical dominance against its opponents, increased aggressiveness, and ability to quickly recruit to food. The present study aimed to assess the behavioral mechanisms involved in the interspecific competition between L. humile, facing either an invasive species (Lasius neglectus Van Loon, Boomsma and Andrásfalvy) or a native dominant species (Lasius niger (Linnaeus)). The resource exploitation by the Argentine ant was investigated during one-hour competitive interactions using 10 dead Drosophila flies as prey. When facing La. niger, L. humile exploratory behavior was strongly inhibited, it brought very few prey resources, and killed few opponents. Conversely, La. neglectus had a low impact on L. humile. Contrarily to expectations, the invasive La. neglectus lacked the ability to hinder L. humile resource exploitation, whereas the native La. niger did. These results suggest that La. niger could impact invasive populations of L. humile by interference competition, perhaps better so than some invasive species. While L. humile has become invasive in Southern Europe, the invasion process could be slowed down in the northern latitudes by such native dominant species.}, }
@article {pmid33370371, year = {2020}, author = {Nevers, MB and Przybyla-Kelly, K and Shively, D and Morris, CC and Dickey, J and Byappanahalli, MN}, title = {Influence of sediment and stream transport on detecting a source of environmental DNA.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, pages = {e0244086}, pmid = {33370371}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Environmental/*analysis ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) can be used for early detection, population estimations, and assessment of potential spread of invasive species, but questions remain about factors that influence eDNA detection results. Efforts are being made to understand how physical, chemical, and biological factors-settling, resuspension, dispersion, eDNA stability/decay-influence eDNA estimations and potentially population abundance. In a series of field and controlled mesocosm experiments, we examined the detection and accumulation of eDNA in sediment and water and the transport of eDNA in a small stream in the Lake Michigan watershed, using the invasive round goby fish (Neogobius melanostomus) as a DNA source. Experiment 1: caged fish (average n = 44) were placed in a stream devoid of round goby; water was collected over 24 hours along 120-m of stream, including a simultaneous sampling event at 7 distances from DNA source; stream monitoring continued for 24 hours after fish were removed. Experiment 2: round goby were placed in laboratory tanks; water and sediment were collected over 14 days and for another 150 days post-fish removal to calculate eDNA shedding and decay rates for water and sediment. For samples from both experiments, DNA was extracted, and qPCR targeted a cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) fragment specific to round goby. Results indicated that eDNA accumulated and decayed more slowly in sediment than water. In the stream, DNA shedding was markedly lower than calculated in the laboratory, but models indicate eDNA could potentially travel long distances (up to 50 km) under certain circumstances. Collectively, these findings show that the interactive effects of ambient conditions (e.g., eDNA stability and decay, hydrology, settling-resuspension) are important to consider when developing comprehensive models. Results of this study can help resource managers target representative sites downstream of potential invasion sites, thereby maximizing resource use.}, }
@article {pmid33368953, year = {2021}, author = {Albertson, LK and MacDonald, MJ and Tumolo, BB and Briggs, MA and Maguire, Z and Quinn, S and Sanchez-Ruiz, JA and Veneros, J and Burkle, LA}, title = {Uncovering patterns of freshwater positive interactions using meta-analysis: Identifying the roles of common participants, invasive species and environmental context.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {594-607}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13664}, pmid = {33368953}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {1556684//National Science Foundation/ ; //Montana State University/ ; P17AC01089//National Park Service/ ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Positive interactions are sensitive to human activities, necessitating synthetic approaches to elucidate broad patterns and predict future changes if these interactions are altered or lost. General understanding of freshwater positive interactions has been far outpaced by knowledge of these important relationships in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. We conducted a global meta-analysis to evaluate the magnitude of positive interactions across freshwater habitats. In 340 studies, we found substantial positive effects, with facilitators increasing beneficiaries by, on average, 81% across all taxa and response variables. Mollusks in particular were commonly studied as both facilitators and beneficiaries. Amphibians were one group benefiting the most from positive interactions, yet few studies investigated amphibians. Invasive facilitators had stronger positive effects on beneficiaries than non-invasive facilitators. We compared positive effects between high- and low-stress conditions and found no difference in the magnitude of benefit in the subset of studies that manipulated stressors. Future areas of research include understudied facilitators and beneficiaries, the stress gradient hypothesis, patterns across space or time and the influence of declining taxa whose elimination would jeopardise fragile positive interaction networks. Freshwater positive interactions occur among a wide range of taxa, influence populations, communities and ecosystem processes and deserve further exploration.}, }
@article {pmid33368863, year = {2021}, author = {Carter, ZT and Lumley, T and Bodey, TW and Russell, JC}, title = {The clock is ticking: Temporally prioritizing eradications on islands.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {27}, number = {7}, pages = {1443-1456}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15502}, pmid = {33368863}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//New Zealand International Doctoral Research Scholarship/ ; 747120//Marie Sklodowska-Curie Fellowship/ ; RDF-UOA1404//Rutherford Discovery Fellowship/ ; 1617-44-003//High tech solutions to invasive mammals pests/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Mammals ; New Zealand ; Rats ; }, abstract = {Achieving conservation objectives is time critical, but the vast number of threats and potential actions means some form of ranking is necessary to aid prioritization. Objective methods for ranking conservation actions based on when they are differentially likely to become feasible, or to succeed, are currently unavailable within existing decision-making frameworks but are critical for making informed management decisions. We demonstrate how statistical tools developed for survival (or time-to-event) analysis can be used to rank conservation actions over time, through the lens of invasive mammal eradications on islands. Here we forecast the probability of eradicating commensal rat species (Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus, R. exulans) from the New Zealand archipelago by the government's stated target of year 2050. Our methods provide temporally ranked eradication trajectories for the entire country, thus facilitating meeting nationwide policy goals. This demonstration highlights the relevance and applicability of such an approach and its utility for prioritizing globally effective conservation actions.}, }
@article {pmid33367677, year = {2021}, author = {Barr, NB and Garza, D and Ledezma, LA and Salinas, DA}, title = {Using the rDNA Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 to Identify the Invasive Pest Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae) in North America.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {114}, number = {1}, pages = {360-370}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toaa281}, pmid = {33367677}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; DNA, Ribosomal ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ; New York ; North America ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; *Tephritidae/genetics ; }, abstract = {The cherry-infesting fruit fly Rhagoletis cerasi Loew is a significant commercial pest in Europe that has recently invaded North America. To date, it has been trapped only in Canada and northwestern counties of New York. It has the potential to spread further and threaten production and movement of cherry commodities. Timely diagnosis of the pest will facilitate surveys and quick response to new detections. Adult morphology of the pest is distinct from other flies in North America. However, when flies are significantly damaged on traps or the immature life stages are found in fruits, molecular methods of identification are important to confirm presence and host-use records. Other than DNA sequencing of genes from flies which takes over a day to complete, there are no timely methods of molecular identification for this pest. In this study, we report the first sequence record of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) from R. cerasi and develop two diagnostic tests for the pest based on ITS1 differences among species in North America. The tests use loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and multiplex, conventional polymerase chain reaction (mcPCR) technologies that target the same region of the R. cerasi ITS1 sequence. Both tests performed well when tested against collections of R. cerasi from North America and Europe, generating Diagnostic Sensitivity estimates of 98.4-99.5%. Likewise, the tests had relatively high estimates of Diagnostic Specificity (97.8-100%) when tested against Rhagoletis Loew species present in North America that also use cherry as a developmental host.}, }
@article {pmid33367269, year = {2020}, author = {Hodgins, KA and Guggisberg, A and Nurkowski, K and Rieseberg, LH}, title = {Genetically Based Trait Differentiation but Lack of Trade-offs between Stress Tolerance and Performance in Introduced Canada Thistle.}, journal = {Plant communications}, volume = {1}, number = {6}, pages = {100116}, pmid = {33367269}, issn = {2590-3462}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Canada ; Cirsium/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Climate ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; *Stress, Physiological/genetics ; United States ; }, abstract = {Trade-offs between performance and tolerance of abiotic and biotic stress have been proposed to explain both the success of invasive species and frequently observed size differences between native and introduced populations. Canada thistle seeds collected from across the introduced North American and the native European range were grown in benign and stressful conditions (nutrient stress, shading, simulated herbivory, drought, and mowing), to evaluate whether native and introduced individuals differ in performance or stress tolerance. An additional experiment assessed the strength of maternal effects by comparing plants derived from field-collected seeds with those derived from clones grown in the glasshouse. Introduced populations tended to be larger in size, but no trade-off of stress tolerance with performance was detected; introduced populations had either superior performance or equivalent trait values and survivorship in the treatment common gardens. We also detected evidence of parallel latitudinal clines of some traits in both the native and introduced ranges and associations with climate variables in some treatments, consistent with recent climate adaptation within the introduced range. Our results are consistent with rapid adaptation of introduced populations, but, contrary to predictions, the evolution of invasive traits did not come at the cost of reduced stress tolerance.}, }
@article {pmid33366836, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, L and Zhang, H and Hua, Y}, title = {Evolutionary status of the invasive muskrat Ondatra zibethicus revealed by complete mitochondrial genome.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {980-981}, pmid = {33366836}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {The muskrat Ondatra zibethicus is native to North America, However it has successfully dispersed into most areas of northeast China in the past decades, which may lead to potential impact on endemic eco-system. We determined and annotated the whole mtDNA genome of the muskrat O. zibethicus to better understand the evolutionary relationship of this invasive species with other Rodentia distributed in China. The complete mitogenome is 16,351 bp in length, includes 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a control region. We built the phylogenetic tree of muskrat and other 11 most closely related Rodentia species.}, }
@article {pmid33366303, year = {2019}, author = {,  and Andrade, P and Arreola, L and Belnas, M and Bland, E and Castillo, A and Cisneros, O and Contreras, V and Diaz, C and Do, KT and Donate, C and Espinoza, E and Frater, N and Gabriel, GG and Gomez, EA and Gonzalez, GF and Gonzalez, M and Guido, P and Guidotti, D and Guzman Espinoza, M and Haro, I and Hernandez Lopez, J and Hernandez, CE and Hernandez, K and Hernandez-Salazar, JA and Hughey, JR and Jácome-Sáenz, H and Jimenez, LA and Kallison, ER and King, MS and Lazaro, LJ and Zhai Lorenzo, F and Madrigal, I and Madruga, S and Maldonado, AJ and Medina, AM and Mendez-Molina, M and Mendez, A and Murillo Martinez, D and Orozco, D and Orozco, J and Ortiz, U and Pantoja, JM and Ponce, AN and Ramirez, AR and Rangel, I and Rojas, E and Roque, A and Rosas, B and Rubbo, C and Saldana, JA and Sanchez, E and Steinhardt, A and Taveras Dina, MO and Torres, J and Valdez-Mata, S and Vargas, V and Vazquez, P and Vazquez, MM and Vidales, I and Wong, FL and Zagal, CS and Zamora, S and Zepeda Amador, J}, title = {The complete mitogenome of the invasive Japanese mud snail Batillaria attramentaria (Gastropoda: Batillariidae) from Elkhorn Slough, California, USA.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, pages = {4031-4032}, pmid = {33366303}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {Genomic analysis of the invasive marine snail Batillaria attramentaria from Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing, California, USA using 150 bp paired-end Illumina sequences resulted in the assembly of its complete mitogenome. The mitogenome is 16,095 bp in length and contains 2 rRNA, 13 protein-coding, and 22 tRNA genes (GenBank Accession MN557850). Gene content and organization of B. attramentaria are identical to the Turritellidae and Pachychilidae. The phylogenetic analysis of B. attramentaria resolves it in a fully supported clade with these same two families in the superfamily Cerithioidea. Nucleotide BLAST searches of the Elkhorn Slough cox1 gene of B. attramentaria yielded identical sequences from invasive populations from California and British Columbia, and native populations from northeastern and central Japan. These data show that mitogenome sequencing is a useful tool for studying the classification and phylogenetic history Cerithioidea.}, }
@article {pmid33366256, year = {2019}, author = {Park, KT and Park, L and Kim, JH and Park, S}, title = {Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Centaurea maculosa (Asteraceae).}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, pages = {3929-3930}, pmid = {33366256}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {The complete chloroplast genome of Centaurea maculosa (Asteraceae) was presented in this article. The genome size is 152,518 bp in length, with 43.1% of GC content. It consists of a large single-copy (LSC) region (83,959 bp) and a small single-copy region (SSC) (18,487 bp) which were separated by two inverted repeat (IRs) regions (25,218 bp). The complete chloroplast genome contains 111 unique genes, including 80 coding genes, 4 rRNA genes, and 27 tRNA genes.}, }
@article {pmid33366235, year = {2019}, author = {Alam, MJ and Khalil, MAS and Kim, KS and Andriyono, S and Choi, CG and Kim, HW}, title = {Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Silurus soldatovi in Korean river.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, pages = {3886-3887}, pmid = {33366235}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {The complete mitochondrial genome of Silurus soldatovi firstly collected from a native Korean river was determined by the bioinformatics assembly of the next-generation sequencing (NGS) reads. The circular mitogenome was 16,525 bp in length which harbored canonical 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs, which was identical to those of family Siluridae. Twenty-eight genes were located on H strand, whereas the remaining nine genes were on L strand. Except for COX1 gene (GTG), other 12 protein-coding genes were predicted typical start codons (ATG). Among the currently known mitogenome sequences, S. soldatovi showed highest identity (99.38%) to the Chinese haplotype of S. soldatovi (NC022723) followed by the Chinese haplotype of Silurus asotus (JX087351). Interestingly, intraspecies variations of S. asotus are higher than those of interspecies and further study should be made to elucidate the evolutional relationship between two Silurus species.}, }
@article {pmid33365150, year = {2020}, author = {Campbell, SJ and Ashley, W and Gil-Fernandez, M and Newsome, TM and Di Giallonardo, F and Ortiz-Baez, AS and Mahar, JE and Towerton, AL and Gillings, M and Holmes, EC and Carthey, AJR and Geoghegan, JL}, title = {Red fox viromes in urban and rural landscapes.}, journal = {Virus evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {veaa065}, pmid = {33365150}, issn = {2057-1577}, abstract = {The Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) has established large populations in Australia's urban and rural areas since its introduction following European settlement. The cryptic and highly adaptable nature of foxes allows them to invade cities and live among humans whilst remaining largely unnoticed. Urban living and access to anthropogenic food resources also influence fox ecology. Urban foxes grow larger, live at higher densities, and are more social than their rural counterparts. These ecological changes in urban red foxes are likely to impact the pathogens that they harbour, and foxes could pose a disease risk to humans and other species that share these urban spaces. To investigate this possibility, we used a meta-transcriptomic approach to characterise the virome of urban and rural foxes across the Greater Sydney region in Australia. Urban and rural foxes differed significantly in virome composition, with rural foxes harbouring a greater abundance of viruses compared to their urban counterparts. We identified ten potentially novel vertebrate-associated viruses in both urban and rural foxes, some of which are related to viruses associated with disease in domestic species and humans. These included members of the Astroviridae, Picobirnaviridae, Hepeviridae, and Picornaviridae as well as rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus-2. This study sheds light on the viruses carried by urban and rural foxes and emphasises the need for greater genomic surveillance of foxes and other invasive species at the human-wildlife interface.}, }
@article {pmid33362293, year = {2021}, author = {Heyer, E and Cimadom, A and Wappl, C and Tebbich, S}, title = {Parental care in the Small Tree Finch Camarhynchus parvulus in relation to parasitism and environmental factors.}, journal = {The Ibis}, volume = {163}, number = {1}, pages = {137-149}, pmid = {33362293}, issn = {0019-1019}, abstract = {The parental food compensation hypothesis suggests that parents may compensate for the negative effects of parasites on chicks by increased food provisioning. However, this ability differs widely among host species and may also depend on ecological factors such as adverse weather conditions and habitat quality. Although weed management can improve habitat quality, management measures can bring about a temporary decrease in food availability and thus may reduce parents' ability to provide their nestlings with enough energy. In our study we investigated the interaction of parasitism and weed management, and the influence of climate on feeding rates in a Darwin's tree finch species, which is negatively impacted by two invasive species. The larvae of the invasive parasitic fly Philornis downsi ingest the blood and body tissues of tree finch nestlings, and the invasive Blackberry Rubus niveus affects one of the main habitats of Darwin's tree finches. We compared parental food provisioning of the Small Tree Finch Camarhynchus parvulus in parasitized and parasite-free nests in three different areas, which differed in invasive weed management (no management, short-term and long-term management). In a parasite reduction experiment, we investigated whether the Small Tree Finch increases food provisioning rates to nestlings when parasitized and whether this ability depends on weed management conditions and precipitation. Our results provide no evidence that Small Tree Finches can compensate with additional food provisioning when parasitized with P. downsi. However, we found an increase in male effort in the short-term management area, which might indicate that males compensate for lower food quality with increased provisioning effort. Furthermore, parental food provisioning was lower during rainfall, which provides an explanation for the negative influence of rain on breeding success found in earlier studies. Like other Darwin's finches, the Small Tree Finch seems to lack the ability to compensate for the negative effects of P. downsi parasitism, which is one explanation for why this invasive parasite has such a devastating effect on this host species.}, }
@article {pmid33362266, year = {2020}, author = {Zingore, KM and Sithole, G and Abdel-Rahman, EM and Mohamed, SA and Ekesi, S and Tanga, CM and Mahmoud, MEE}, title = {Global risk of invasion by Bactrocera zonata: Implications on horticultural crop production under changing climatic conditions.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, pages = {e0243047}, pmid = {33362266}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Crops, Agricultural/*parasitology ; Egypt ; Entropy ; Horticulture ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Rain ; Tephritidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The peach fruit fly Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an important invasive species causing substantial losses to the horticulture industry worldwide. Despite the severe economic impact caused by this pest in its native and invaded range, information on its potential range expansion under changing climate remains largely unknown. In this study, we employed maximum entropy (MaxEnt) modeling approach to predict the global potential climatic suitability of B. zonata under current climate and four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) for the year 2050. Outputs from MaxEnt were merged with Spatial Production Allocation Model. A natural dispersal model using Gaussian dispersal kernel was developed. The Areas Under Curves generated by MaxEnt were greater than 0.92 for both current and future climate change scenarios, indicating satisfactory performances of the models. Mean temperature of the coldest quarter, precipitation of driest month and temperature seasonality significantly influenced the potential establishment of B. zonata. The models indicated high climatic suitability in tropical and subtropical areas in Asia and Africa, where the species has already been recorded. Suitable areas were predicted in West, East and Central Africa and to a lesser extent in Central and South America. Future climatic scenarios models, RCP 4.5 and 8.5 show significant potential range expansion of B. zonata in Western Sahara, while RCP 4.5 highlighted expansion in Southern Africa. Contrarily, RCP 2.6 showed considerable decrease in B. zonata range expansion in Central, East and West Africa. There was increased climatic suitability of B. zonata in Egypt and Middle East under RCP 6.0. The dispersal model revealed that B. zonata could spread widely within its vicinity with decreasing infestation rates away from the source points. Our findings can help to guide biosecurity agencies in decision-making and serve as an early warning tool to safeguard against the pest invasion into unaffected areas.}, }
@article {pmid33361634, year = {2020}, author = {Esteve, C and Lagares, C and Mestres, F}, title = {First detection of chromosomal inversions in a natural population of the invasive pest species Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Journal of genetics}, volume = {99}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33361634}, issn = {0973-7731}, mesh = {Animals ; Centromere/genetics ; *Chromosome Inversion ; Drosophila/*genetics ; Genetics, Population/methods ; *Introduced Species ; Karyotype ; Polytene Chromosomes/*genetics ; Spain ; Telomere/genetics ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii is native to East and Southeast Asia and spread very fast around the world being considered an invasive pest species. Many demographic, population genetics and genomic studies have been recently developed, but so far no analysis has been carried out regarding the presence of chromosomal inversions in D. suzukii natural populations. In this research, we studied polytene chromosomes of flies collected from the Font Groga (Barcelona) population. The chromosomes and many of their segments were characterized for their similarity with those from D. melanogaster. This is the report of one paracentric inversion (in heterozygous condition) in the right arm of the third chromosome (3R). As far as we know, it is the first time that an inversion has been observed in a D. suzukii natural population. Finally, the evolutionary significance of the finding of inversions in this species is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid33360727, year = {2021}, author = {Ardura, A and Rick, J and Martinez, JL and Zaiko, A and Garcia-Vazquez, E}, title = {Stress resistance for unraveling potential biopollutants. Insights from ballast water community analysis through DNA.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {163}, number = {}, pages = {111935}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111935}, pmid = {33360727}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA ; Introduced Species ; Phytoplankton ; *Ships ; Water/analysis ; *Zooplankton ; }, abstract = {In marine settings, anthropogenic disturbances and climate change increase the rate of biological invasions. Predicting still undescribed invasive alien species (IAS) is needed for preparing timely management responses. We tested a strategy for discovering new potential IAS using DNA in a trans-equatorial expedition onboard RV Polarstern. During one-month travel, species inside ballast water experienced oxygen depletion, warming, darkness and ammonium stress. Many organisms died but several phytoplankton and zooplankton survivors resisted and were detected through a robust combination of individual sampling, DNA barcoding and metabarcoding, new in ballast water studies. Ammonium was identified as an important influential factor to explain diversity changes in phytoplankton and zooplankton. Some species reproduced until the end of the travel. These species tolerant to travel stress could be targeted as potential IAS and prioritized for designing control measures. Introducing resistance to travel stress in biosecurity risk analysis would be recommended.}, }
@article {pmid33360379, year = {2021}, author = {Kucharczyk, D and Malinovskyi, O and Nowosad, J and Kowalska, A and Cejko, BI}, title = {Comparison of responses to artificial spawning of ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernua) specimens captured from their natural habitat to those produced in cultured conditions.}, journal = {Animal reproduction science}, volume = {225}, number = {}, pages = {106684}, doi = {10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106684}, pmid = {33360379}, issn = {1873-2232}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquaculture ; Domperidone/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology ; Male ; Ovulation/drug effects ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Reproduction/*drug effects ; Sperm Motility/drug effects ; Spermatozoa/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Although ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernua) are widely distributed in Eurasia, in some regions (i.e., North America) ruffe are considered an invasive species. There have been no reports on artificial reproduction of this species. A study, therefore, was conducted to evaluate reproduction of ruffe with results of specimens captured from their natural habitat and cultured (F1 generation) specimens being compared. Spawning specimens from both stocks were treated with hormonal preparations: carp pituitary homogenate (CPH), Ovopel, Ovaprim and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and results were analyzed by comparing response to the specimens of control groups. Spermiation outcomes and sperm motility of the captured and cultured ruffe were similar and with all hormonal treatments, there was a slightly greater sperm motility (55.6 %-57.1 %) in comparison to specimens of control groups (46.7 %-47.1 %). For captured specimens, there was no asynchronous development of oocytes, whereas in cultured specimens 32 % of females had asynchronous development of oocytes. The ovulation rate in specimens of all treated groups was 100 %, whereas specimens in the control groups did not reproductively mature and have ovulations. The latency time from time of hormonal treatments to initiation of reproductive functions depended on the spawning agent used and oocyte maturation stage and there was the shortest latency after using CPH and the longest with hCG treatment. The embryo survival and hatching rates varied with use of different hormonal preparations to induce reproduction: greatest hatching rates with hCG treatment (86.4 %-88.9 %), followed by Ovaprim (78.2 %-80.2 %) and least hatching rate with Ovopel and CPH treatments (66.0 %-67.1 % and 64.0 %-66.0 %, respectively).}, }
@article {pmid33359388, year = {2021}, author = {Bédry, R and de Haro, L and Bentur, Y and Senechal, N and Galil, BS}, title = {Toxicological risks on the human health of populations living around the Mediterranean Sea linked to the invasion of non-indigenous marine species from the Red Sea: A review.}, journal = {Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology}, volume = {191}, number = {}, pages = {69-82}, doi = {10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.12.012}, pmid = {33359388}, issn = {1879-3150}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Catfishes ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Indian Ocean ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Perciformes ; Tetraodontiformes ; *Toxins, Biological ; }, abstract = {The Mediterranean region is, by far, a prime travel destination, having hosted more than 330 million tourists in 2016, mostly for seaside holidays. A greatly increased influx of thermophilic Red Sea species, introduced through the Suez Canal in a process referred to as Lessepsian invasion (in honor of Ferdinand de Lesseps who instigated the building of the Suez Canal), have raised awareness among scientists, medical personnel, and the public, of health risks caused by some venomous and poisonous marine species. The main species of concern are the poisonous Lagocephalus sceleratus, and the venomous Plotosus lineatus, Siganus luridus, Siganus rivulatus, Pterois miles, Synancea verrucosa, Rhopilema nomadica, Macrorhynchia philippina and Diadema setosum. Recognizing that the main factors that drive the introduction and dispersal of Red Sea biota in the Mediterranean, i.e., Suez Canal enlargements and warming seawater, are set to increase, and international tourist arrivals are forecasted to increase as well, to 500 million in 2030, an increase in intoxications and envenomations by alien marine species is to be expected and prepared for.}, }
@article {pmid33358457, year = {2021}, author = {Guo, F and Zhang, Y and Kennard, MJ}, title = {The Importance of Diet Nutrition for Freshwater Invaders.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {36}, number = {5}, pages = {386-387}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2020.12.001}, pmid = {33358457}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Diet ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid33355400, year = {2021}, author = {Falaschi, M and Giachello, S and Lo Parrino, E and Muraro, M and Manenti, R and Ficetola, GF}, title = {Long-term drivers of persistence and colonization dynamics in spatially structured amphibian populations.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, pages = {1530-1539}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13686}, pmid = {33355400}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Amphibians ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Many organisms live in networks of local populations connected by dispersing individuals, called spatially structured populations (SSPs), where the long-term persistence of the entire network is determined by the balance between 2 processes acting at the scale of local populations: extinction and colonization. When multiple threats act on an SSP, a comparison of the different factors determining local extinctions and colonizations is essential to plan sound conservation actions. We assessed the drivers of long-term population dynamics of multiple amphibian species at the regional scale. We used dynamic occupancy models within a Bayesian framework to identify the factors determining persistence and colonization of local populations. Because connectivity among patches is fundamental to SSPs dynamics, we considered 2 measures of connectivity acting on each focal patch: incidence of the focal species and incidence of invasive crayfish. We used meta-analysis to summarize the effect of different drivers at the community level. Persistence and colonization of local populations were jointly determined by factors acting at different scales. Persistence probability was positively related to the area and the permanence of wetlands, whereas it was negatively related to occurrence of fish. Colonization probability was highest in semipermanent wetlands and in sites with a high incidence of the focal species in nearby sites, whereas it showed a negative relationship with the incidence of invasive crayfish in the landscape. By analyzing long-term data on amphibian population dynamics, we found a strong effect of some classic features commonly used in SSP studies, such as patch area and focal species incidence. The presence of an invasive non-native species at the landscape scale emerged as one of the strongest drivers of colonization dynamics, suggesting that studies on SSPs should consider different connectivity measures more frequently, such as the incidence of predators, especially when dealing with biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid33351736, year = {2021}, author = {Jahan, NA and Lindsey, LL and Larsen, PA}, title = {The Role of Peridomestic Rodents as Reservoirs for Zoonotic Foodborne Pathogens.}, journal = {Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {133-148}, doi = {10.1089/vbz.2020.2640}, pmid = {33351736}, issn = {1557-7759}, mesh = {Animals ; Biosecurity ; Disease Outbreaks ; Disease Reservoirs ; Europe ; *Rodentia ; United States ; Zoonoses/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Although rodents are well-known reservoirs and vectors for a number of zoonoses, the functional role that peridomestic rodents serve in the amplification and transmission of foodborne pathogens is likely underappreciated. Clear links have been identified between commensal rodents and outbreaks of foodborne pathogens throughout Europe and Asia; however, comparatively little research has been devoted to studying this relationship in the United States. In particular, regional studies focused on specific rodent species and their foodborne pathogen reservoir status across the diverse agricultural landscapes of the United States are lacking. We posit that both native and invasive species of rodents associated with food-production pipelines are likely sources of seasonal outbreaks of foodborne pathogens throughout the United States. In this study, we review the evidence that identifies peridomestic rodents as reservoirs for foodborne pathogens, and we call for novel research focused on the metagenomic communities residing at the rodent-agriculture interface. Such data will likely result in the identification of new reservoirs for foodborne pathogens and species-specific demographic traits that might underlie seasonal enteric disease outbreaks. Moreover, we anticipate that a One Health metagenomic research approach will result in the discovery of new strains of zoonotic pathogens circulating in peridomestic rodents. Data resulting from such research efforts would directly inform and improve upon biosecurity efforts, ultimately serving to protect our food supply.}, }
@article {pmid33348176, year = {2021}, author = {Orlando-Bonaca, M and Lipej, L and Bonanno, G}, title = {Non-indigenous macrophytes in Central Mediterranean ports, marinas and transitional waters: Origin, vectors and pathways of dispersal.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {162}, number = {}, pages = {111916}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111916}, pmid = {33348176}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Transportation Facilities ; }, abstract = {Non-indigenous species are confirmed to be among the biggest threats for marine biodiversity. Among them, non-indigenous macrophytes (NIM) are well known to have local negative effects, especially in coastal ecosystems. Since transitional waters (TWs), ports and also marinas are recognized as very vulnerable coastal ecosystems, greatly subjected to biological invasions, the present study analysed the available scientific literature on NIM in such areas in the Central Mediterranean Sea (CMED), in the period 1970-2019. The analysis underlined that 27 NIM were recorded in CMED TWs, marinas and ports. Around 37% of them (10 species) are marked as invasive, while about 11% (3 species) are considered as potentially invasive. Maricultural activities resulted the key vector of introduction, while the primary pathway of NIM dispersion is related to maritime activities. The paper also discusses why in CMED TWs, marinas and ports, currently, less NIM were detected than in similar Adriatic areas.}, }
@article {pmid33348153, year = {2021}, author = {Li, Q and Long, Z and Wang, H and Zhang, G}, title = {Functions of constructed wetland animals in water environment protection - A critical review.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {760}, number = {}, pages = {144038}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144038}, pmid = {33348153}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Plants ; Water ; *Water Purification ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Constructed wetlands (CWLs) are widely used for water environment protection. In some cases, CWL animals can help improve CWL treatment efficiency and contribute to CWL maintenance and management. However, while plants, microorganisms, and substrates in CWLs have received much attention, animals have been largely ignored. Therefore, the aims of this review are to determine the roles wetland animals play in the water environmental protection of CWLs. This study introduced species of wetland animals and the main factors that can affect their survival. The way in which CWL animals affect pollutants was discussed in detail from four perspectives: adsorption and bioaccumulation, bioturbation, and the influence of CWL animals on plants and microorganisms. The characteristics of CWL animals that can be used for biological monitoring are summarized, and the use of CWLs for the protection of wetland biodiversity is also discussed. Finally, some prospects are proposed for future research. This study will help researchers better understand the role of CWL animals in CWLs and encourage researchers to focus on studies of wetland animals.}, }
@article {pmid33346099, year = {2021}, author = {Yan, Y and Schwirz, J and Schetelig, MF}, title = {Characterization of the Drosophila suzukii β2-tubulin gene and the utilization of its promoter to monitor sex separation and insemination.}, journal = {Gene}, volume = {771}, number = {}, pages = {145366}, doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2020.145366}, pmid = {33346099}, issn = {1879-0038}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Drosophila/genetics/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Insemination ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Optical Imaging ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Reproduction ; Sex Determination Processes ; Tubulin/*genetics/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The Drosophila melanogaster β2-tubulin gene (Dm-β2t) controls the function of microtubules in the testis and sperm, and has been evaluated for use in biocontrol strategies based on the sterile insect technique, including sexing and the induction of male sterility. The spotted-wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) is native to eastern Asia but has spread globally as an invasive pest of fruit crops, so biocontrol strategies are urgently required for this species. We therefore isolated the β2tubulin ortholog Ds-β2t from the USA laboratory strain of D. suzukii and confirmed the presence of functional motifs by aligning orthologs from multiple insects. The developmental expression profile of Ds-β2t was determined by RT-PCR using gene-specific primers and was similar to that of Dm-β2t. We then isolated the Ds-β2t promoter and used it to generate transgenic strains expressing a testis-specific fluorescent protein starting from the thirdinstar larvae. Efficient sexing was achieved based on fluorescence detection, and the transgenic males showed a similar survival rate to wild-type males. Fluorescence imaging and PCR were also used to confirm the insemination of wild-type females by transgenic males. We therefore confirm that D. suzukii strains expressing fluorescent markers under the control of the Ds-β2t promoter can be used for sexing and the confirmation of mating, and we discuss the wider potential of the Ds-β2t promoter in the context of genetic control strategies for D. suzukii.}, }
@article {pmid33345767, year = {2021}, author = {Gil-Tapetado, D and Cabrero-Sañudo, FJ and Gómez, JF and Askew, RR and Nieves-Aldrey, JL}, title = {Differences in native and introduced chalcid parasitoid communities recruited by the invasive chestnut pest Dryocosmus kuriphilus in two Iberian territories.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {111}, number = {3}, pages = {307-322}, doi = {10.1017/S000748532000067X}, pmid = {33345767}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents ; Fagaceae ; Hymenoptera ; *Introduced Species ; Parasites ; Pest Control ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Plant Tumors ; Spain ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) is a global invasive gall wasp and a pest of chestnuts (Castanea spp.). A study of the Chalcidoidea parasitoid community of D. kuriphilus was undertaken over two years, from March 2017 to March 2019, at 15 sites in south and northwest Spain (Málaga and Galicia regions). More than 18,000 galls were collected, and 1153 parasitoids belonging to 22 species of seven chalcidoid families, plus two individuals of an inquiline Cynipidae, Synergus facialis, emerged. Richness was higher in the Málaga region, with 20 species, while 17 parasitoids and one inquiline were identified in Galicia. The parasitism rate of native chalcid parasitoid species in both regions was low. Eupelmus urozonus and Mesopolobus lichtensteini were the most abundant native species. Mesopolobus tibialis was a dominant species in south Spain, while Ormyrus pomaceus was a dominant species in northwest Spain. Our results revealed the existence of a sub-community of univoltine, probably host specialized, parasitoids in south Spain, which overwinter in galls, exhibiting a similar life cycle to Torymus sinensis. These species were Torymus notatus, Aulogymnus bicolor, Aulogymnus obscuripes and Aulogymnus balani. Data on the recovery of T. sinensis after release in the south Spain region show it to be well established, but its numbers are still low in northwest Spain.}, }
@article {pmid33343218, year = {2020}, author = {Ballesteros Mejia, L and Arnal, P and Hallwachs, W and Haxaire, J and Janzen, D and Kitching, IJ and Rougerie, R}, title = {A global food plant dataset for wild silkmoths and hawkmoths and its use in documenting polyphagy of their caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea: Saturniidae, Sphingidae).}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e60027}, pmid = {33343218}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Herbivorous insects represent a major fraction of global biodiversity and the relationships they have established with their food plants range from strict specialists to broad generalists. Our knowledge of these relationships is of primary importance to basic (e.g. the study of insect ecology and evolution) and applied biology (e.g. monitoring of pest or invasive species) and yet remains very fragmentary and understudied. In Lepidoptera, caterpillars of families Saturniidae and Sphingidae are rather well known and considered to have adopted contrasting preferences in their use of food plants. The former are regarded as being rather generalist feeders, whereas the latter are more specialist.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: To assemble and synthesise the vast amount of existing data on food plants of Lepidoptera families Saturniidae and Sphingidae, we combined three major existing databases to produce a dataset collating more than 26,000 records for 1256 species (25% of all species) in 121 (67%) and 167 (81%) genera of Saturniidae and Sphingidae, respectively. This dataset is used here to document the level of polyphagy of each of these genera using summary statistics, as well as the calculation of a polyphagy score derived from the analysis of Phylogenetic Diversity of the food plants used by the species in each genus.}, }
@article {pmid33342014, year = {2021}, author = {Bing, XL and Winkler, J and Gerlach, J and Loeb, G and Buchon, N}, title = {Identification of natural pathogens from wild Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {77}, number = {4}, pages = {1594-1606}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6235}, pmid = {33342014}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {*Achromobacter ; Animals ; *Drosophila ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Female ; Fruit ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (spotted wing drosophila), an invasive species, has recently become a significant global pest of soft-skinned fruits such as berries. Unlike other Drosophila species, female D. suzukii have evolved a specialized sharp, serrated ovipositor that pierces and penetrates ripe and ripening fruits, causing them to lose commercial value and preventing their sale. A first step for the development of biological control agents for pest management may be achieved through the identification of microbes infectious for D. suzukii in the wild.<br><br>RESULTS: We first determined that D. suzukii is susceptible to chemicals commonly used to rear Drosophilids in the laboratory and established a diet able to sustain healthy D. suzukii growth. Using this diet, we demonstrated that of 25 species of culturable bacteria and fungi isolated from field-collected D. suzukii, eight microbes decreased host survival when injected. Three of the eight bacteria (Alcaligenes faecalis, Achromobacter spanius and Serratia marcescens) were acutely pathogenic to both D. suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster adults by injection. Feeding of these bacteria resulted in susceptibility only in larvae.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We successfully identified multiple microbes from field-collected D. suzukii that are pathogenic to both larvae and adults through different routes of infection, some of which could be candidates for biocontrol of this species. &#xa9; 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid33339511, year = {2020}, author = {Ahmed, HMM and Heese, F and Wimmer, EA}, title = {Improvement on the genetic engineering of an invasive agricultural pest insect, the cherry vinegar fly, Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {BMC genetics}, volume = {21}, number = {Suppl 2}, pages = {139}, pmid = {33339511}, issn = {1471-2156}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Drosophila/*genetics ; Female ; Genetic Engineering/*methods ; Genetic Vectors ; Germ Cells ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Transgenes ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The invasive fly Drosophila suzukii has become an established fruit pest in Europe, the USA, and South America with no effective and safe pest management. Genetic engineering enables the development of transgene-based novel genetic control strategies against insect pests and disease vectors. This, however, requires the establishment of reliable germline transformation techniques. Previous studies have shown that D. suzukii is amenable to transgenesis using the transposon-based vectors piggyBac and Minos, site-specific recombination (lox/Cre), and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.<br><br>RESULTS: We experienced differences in the usability of piggyBac-based germline transformation in different strains of D. suzukii: we obtained no transgenic lines in a US strain, a single rare transgenic line in an Italian strain, but observed a reliable transformation rate of 2.5 to 11% in a strain from the French Alps. This difference in efficiency was confirmed by comparative examination of these three strains. In addition, we used an attP landing site line to successfully established &#x3c6;C31-integrase-mediated plasmid integration at a rate of 10% and generated landing site lines with two attP sequences to effectively perform &#x3c6;C31-Recombinase Mediated Cassette Exchange (&#x3c6;C31-RMCE) with 11% efficiency. Moreover, we isolated and used the endogenous regulatory regions of Ds nanos to express &#x3c6;C31 integrase maternally to generate self-docking lines for &#x3c6;C31-RMCE. Besides, we isolated the promoter/enhancer of Ds serendipity &#x3b1; to drive the heterologous tetracycline-controlled transactivator (tTA) during early embryonic development and generated a testes-specific tTA driver line using the endogenous beta-2-tubulin (&#x3b2;2t) promoter/enhancer.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results provide evidence that the D. suzukii strain AM derived from the French Alps is more suitable for piggyBac germline transformation than other strains. We demonstrated the feasibility of using &#x3c6;C31-RMCE in the cherry vinegar fly and generated a set of lines that can be used for highly efficient integration of larger constructs. The &#x3c6;C31-based integration will facilitate modification and stabilization of previously generated transgenic lines that carry at least one attP site in the transgene construction. An early embryo-specific and a spermatogenesis-specific driver line were generated for future use of the binary expression system tet-off to engineer tissue- and stage-specific effector gene expression for genetic pest control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid33339494, year = {2020}, author = {Carraretto, D and Aketarawong, N and Di Cosimo, A and Manni, M and Scolari, F and Valerio, F and Malacrida, AR and Gomulski, LM and Gasperi, G}, title = {Transcribed sex-specific markers on the Y chromosome of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis.}, journal = {BMC genetics}, volume = {21}, number = {Suppl 2}, pages = {125}, pmid = {33339494}, issn = {1471-2156}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Genes, Insect ; *Genetic Markers ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Karyotyping ; Male ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Retroelements ; Sex Characteristics ; Tephritidae/*genetics ; Y Chromosome/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, is a highly polyphagous invasive species with a high reproductive potential. In many tropical and subtropical parts of the world it ranks as one of the major pests of fruits and vegetables. Due to its economic importance, genetic, cytogenetic, genomic and biotechnological approaches have been applied to understand its biology and to implement the Sterile Insect Technique, currently a part of area-wide control programmes against this fly. Its chromosome complement includes five pairs of autosomes and the sex chromosomes. The X and Y sex chromosomes are heteromorphic and the highly heterochromatic and degenerate Y harbours the male factor BdMoY. The characterization of the Y chromosome in this fly apart from elucidating its role as primary sex determination system, it is also of crucial importance to understand its role in male biology. The repetitive nature of the Y chromosome makes it challenging to sequence and characterise.<br><br>RESULTS: Using Representational Difference Analysis, fluorescent in situ hybridisation on mitotic chromosomes and in silico genome resources, we show that the B. dorsalis Y chromosome harbours transcribed sequences of gyf, (typo-gyf) a homologue of the Drosophila melanogaster Gigyf gene, and of a non-LTR retrotransposon R1. Similar sequences are also transcribed on the X chromosome. Paralogues of the Gigyf gene are also present on the Y and X chromosomes of the related species B. tryoni. Another identified Y-specific repetitive sequence linked to BdMoY appears to be specific to B. dorsalis.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our random scan of the Y chromosome provides a broad picture of its general composition and represents a starting point for further applicative and evolutionary studies. The identified repetitive sequences can provide a useful Y-marking system for molecular karyotyping of single embryos. Having a robust diagnostic marker associated with BdMoY will facilitate studies on how BdMoY regulates the male sex determination cascade during the embryonic sex-determination window. The Y chromosome, despite its high degeneracy and heterochromatic nature, harbours transcribed sequences of typo-gyf that may maintain their important function in post-transcriptional mRNA regulation. That transcribed paralogous copies of Gigyf are present also on the X and that this genomic distribution is maintained also in B. tryoni raises questions on the evolution of sex chromosomes in Bactrocera and other tephritids.}, }
@article {pmid33339374, year = {2020}, author = {Deloso, BE and Terry, LI and Yudin, LS and Marler, TE}, title = {Biotic Threats to Cycas micronesica Continue to Expand to Complicate Conservation Decisions.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {33339374}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {17-DG-11052021-217//U.S. Forest Service/ ; }, abstract = {Invasions of non-native species can threaten native biodiversity, and island ecosystems are ideal for studying these phenomena. In this article, first, we report on the invasive species that combine to threaten the island cycad Cycas micronesica by reviewing the history of previously reported invasions and providing an update of recent invasions. Then, we prioritize the threat status of each herbivore and the interactions among them. Plant damage was initiated in 2003─2005 by the non-native Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi armored scale, Erechthias sp. Meyrick leaf miner, and Luthrodes pandava Horsfield butterfly, which elicited unprecedented irruptions of the native Acalolepta marianarum Aurivillius stem borer and increased herbivory by feral pigs (Sus scrofa L.). The combined impact of these five consumers represents the greatest sustained threat to the cycad tree species. Mitigation of the damage caused by phytophagous non-native species is urgently needed to conserve this unique gymnosperm tree.}, }
@article {pmid33336685, year = {2021}, author = {Orive, ME and Krueger-Hadfield, SA}, title = {Sex and Asex: A Clonal Lexicon.}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {112}, number = {1}, pages = {1-8}, doi = {10.1093/jhered/esaa058}, pmid = {33336685}, issn = {1465-7333}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Congresses as Topic ; Models, Biological ; Reproduction/*genetics ; Reproduction, Asexual/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Organisms across the tree of life have complex life cycles that include both sexual and asexual reproduction or that are obligately asexual. These organisms include ecologically dominant species that structure many terrestrial and marine ecosystems, as well as many pathogens, pests, and invasive species. We must consider both the evolution and maintenance of these various reproductive modes and how these modes shape the genetic diversity, adaptive evolution, and ability to persist in the species that exhibit them. Thus, having a common framework is a key aspect of understanding the biodiversity that shapes our planet. In the 2019 AGA President's Symposium, Sex and Asex: The genetics of complex life cycles, researchers investigating a wide range of taxonomic models and using a variety of modes of investigation coalesced around a common theme-understanding not only how such complex life cycles may evolve, but how they are shaped by the evolutionary and ecological forces around them. In this introduction to the Special Issue from the symposium, we give an overview of some of the key ideas and areas of investigation (a common clonal lexicon, we might say) and introduce the breadth of work submitted by symposium participants.}, }
@article {pmid33336522, year = {2021}, author = {Puchałka, R and Dyderski, MK and Vítková, M and Sádlo, J and Klisz, M and Netsvetov, M and Prokopuk, Y and Matisons, R and Mionskowski, M and Wojda, T and Koprowski, M and Jagodziński, AM}, title = {Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) range contraction and expansion in Europe under changing climate.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {27}, number = {8}, pages = {1587-1600}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15486}, pmid = {33336522}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Climate Change ; Europe ; Europe, Eastern ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Robinia ; }, abstract = {Robinia pseudoacacia is one of the most frequent non-native species in Europe. It is a fast-growing tree of high economic and cultural importance. On the other hand, it is an invasive species, causing changes in soil chemistry and light regime, and consequently altering the plant communities. Previously published models developed for the potential distribution of R. pseudoacacia concerned 2070, and were based mainly on data from Western and Central Europe; here we extended these findings and included additional data from Eastern Europe. To fill the gap in current knowledge of R. pseudoacacia distribution and improve the reliability of forecasts, we aimed to (i) determine the extent to which the outcome of range modeling will be affected by complementing R. pseudoacacia occurrence data with sites from Central, Southeastern, and Eastern Europe, (ii) identify and quantify the changes in the availability of climate niches for 2050 and 2070, and discuss their impacts on forest management and nature conservation. We showed that the majority of the range changes expected in 2070 will occur as early as 2050. In comparison to previous studies, we demonstrated a greater eastward shift of potential niches of this species and a greater decline of potential niches in Southern Europe. Consequently, future climatic conditions will likely favor the occurrence of R. pseudoacacia in Central and Northeastern Europe where this species is still absent or relatively rare. There, controlling the spread of R. pseudoacacia will require monitoring sources of invasion in the landscape and reducing the occurrence of this species. The expected effects of climate change will likely be observed 20 years earlier than previously forecasted. Hence we highlighted the urgent need for acceleration of policies aimed at climate change mitigation in Europe. Also, our results showed the need for using more complete distribution data to analyze potential niche models.}, }
@article {pmid33335062, year = {2020}, author = {Descombes, P and Pitteloud, C and Glauser, G and Defossez, E and Kergunteuil, A and Allard, PM and Rasmann, S and Pellissier, L}, title = {Novel trophic interactions under climate change promote alpine plant coexistence.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {370}, number = {6523}, pages = {1469-1473}, doi = {10.1126/science.abd7015}, pmid = {33335062}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; *Climate Change ; *Grassland ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Herbivory and plant defenses exhibit a coupled decline along elevation gradients. However, the current ecological equilibrium could be disrupted under climate change, with a faster upward range shift of animals than plants. Here, we experimentally simulated this upward herbivore range shift by translocating low-elevation herbivore insects to alpine grasslands. We report that the introduction of novel herbivores and increased herbivory disrupted the vertical functional organization of the plant canopy. By feeding preferentially on alpine plants with functional traits matching their low-elevation host plants, herbivores reduced the biomass of dominant alpine plant species and favored encroachment of herbivore-resistant small-stature plant species, inflating species richness. Supplementing a direct effect of temperature, novel biotic interactions represent a neglected but major driver of ecosystem modifications under climate change.}, }
@article {pmid33334377, year = {2020}, author = {Früh, L and Kampen, H and Koban, MB and Pernat, N and Schaub, GA and Werner, D}, title = {Oviposition of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) and associated native species in relation to season, temperature and land use in western Germany.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {623}, pmid = {33334377}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {2819105315//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Ern&#xe4;hrung und Landwirtschaft/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Arbovirus Infections/*prevention &amp; control ; Climate Change ; Female ; Germany/epidemiology ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/*physiology ; Oviposition ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes japonicus japonicus, first detected in Europe in 2000 and considered established in Germany 10 years later, is of medical importance due to its opportunistic biting behaviour and its potential to transmit pathogenic viruses. Its seasonal phenology, temperature and land use preference related to oviposition in newly colonised regions remain unclear, especially in the context of co-occurring native mosquito species.<br><br>METHODS: Focussing on regions in Germany known to be infested by Ae. japonicus japonicus, we installed ovitraps in different landscapes and their transition zones and recorded the oviposition activity of mosquitoes in relation to season, temperature and land use (arable land, forest, settlement) in two field seasons (May-August 2017, April-November 2018).<br><br>RESULTS: Ae. japonicus japonicus eggs and larvae were encountered in 2017 from June to August and in 2018 from May to November, with a markedly high abundance from June to September in rural transition zones between forest and settlement, limited to water temperatures below 30 &#xb0;C. Of the three native mosquito taxa using the ovitraps, the most frequent was Culex pipiens s.l., whose offspring was found in high numbers from June to August at water temperatures of up to 35 &#xb0;C. The third recorded species, Anopheles plumbeus, rarely occurred in ovitraps positioned in settlements and on arable land, but was often associated with Ae. japonicus japonicus. The least frequent species, Aedes geniculatus, was mostly found in ovitraps located in the forest.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The transition zone between forest and settlement was demonstrated to be the preferred oviposition habitat of Ae. japonicus japonicus, where it was also the most frequent container-inhabiting mosquito species in this study. Compared to native taxa, Ae. japonicus japonicus showed an extended seasonal activity period, presumably due to tolerance of colder water temperatures. Higher water temperatures and arable land represent distribution barriers to this species. The frequently co-occurring native species An. plumbeus might be useful as an indicator for potentially suitable oviposition habitats of Ae. japonicus japonicus in hitherto uncolonised regions. The results contribute to a better understanding of mosquito ecology and provide a basis for more targeted monitoring, distribution modelling and risk management of mosquitoes.}, }
@article {pmid33333226, year = {2021}, author = {Chen, W and Li, C and Yang, J and Zhu, S and Li, J and Li, Y and Li, X}, title = {Temporal species-level composition of larvae resources in the lower Pearl River drainage and implications for species' reproductive cycles.}, journal = {Gene}, volume = {776}, number = {}, pages = {145351}, doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2020.145351}, pmid = {33333226}, issn = {1879-0038}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture/*methods ; China ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Fishes/*genetics ; Genetics, Population/methods ; Larva/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Reproduction/genetics/physiology ; Rivers ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Resolving the temporal community composition of a larvae population can not only further our understanding of the regional species composition but also help us to infer the reproductive times of regional fish taxa, which can have implications on the development of effective monitoring and conservation policies for the regional fish stock. Nevertheless, correctly diagnosing the fish larvae is extremely challenging due to the paucity of diagnostic morphological characters at the species level. Based on daily larval samplings during March and October in 2018, this study combined morphological features with a DNA barcode technique to determine the species composition of fish larvae in the lower Pearl River drainage (LPR) and evaluate the spawning periods of identified species. Due to an absence of reference barcodes for LPR fishes, a DNA barcode library of adult fishes in the LPR was built for 384 individuals representing 78 morphological species. Analyses demonstrated the usability of the barcode library and uncovered many undetected mitochondrial lineages in 12 species. Morphological analyses performed on 81 temporal larval samples revealed 25 morphotypes and assigned 9 morphotypes into the species level. A total of 1624 larvae from 96 temporal larval samples were selected for molecular identification, and high quality barcoding sequences were obtained from 1391 larvae. We accurately assigned 1078 larvae to 37 species using our barcode library and published database. Among the identified species, a critically endangered species, namely, Ochetobius elongatus, and several invasive species were examined, providing a new perspective to assess the stock of regional endangered and invasive species. Furthermore, this study found high species diversity occurred primarily between May and September, and clarified the spawning periods of identified species inferred from the temporal occurrences of larvae. Above all, our study highlights the applicability to fish larval ecology to assist conservation and fishery management efforts.}, }
@article {pmid33330717, year = {2020}, author = {Fukuzawa, M and Shibata, K}, title = {Testing the Ability of Dogs to Detect Different Odor Concentrations of the Carolina Anole (Anolis carolinensis) in Japan.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {590834}, pmid = {33330717}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {The Carolina anole (Anolis carolinensis) is regarded as a problem in the Ogasawara Islands. The decision to use eradication measures depends on the limit of detection at low densities. We tested the ability of two dogs to discriminate the odor of anole to assess the possibility of using dogs to detect anoles at low densities. The two dogs were trained to discriminate the basic target odor concentration (512 anoles/ha) on 10-g coconut peat sachets. When they reached 100% accuracy, they were tested at different odor concentrations (densities of 385, 256, 128, 26, and 3 anoles/ha). During training, both dogs achieved 100% accuracy after 2 daily sessions in only 2 days. They were able to select the positive odor concentration sachet, and their accuracy was from 75 to 100%. We believe that testing using soil from sites of high anole high density and at the limit of detection in the Ogasawara Islands will be useful.}, }
@article {pmid33327717, year = {2021}, author = {Bradie, JN and Drake, DAR and Ogilvie, D and Casas-Monroy, O and Bailey, SA}, title = {Ballast Water Exchange Plus Treatment Lowers Species Invasion Rate in Freshwater Ecosystems.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, pages = {82-89}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.0c05238}, pmid = {33327717}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; Ships ; *Water ; }, abstract = {The movement of ballast water by commercial shipping is a prominent pathway for aquatic invasions. Ships' ballast water management is now transitioning from open ocean exchange to a ballast water performance standard that will effectively require use of onboard treatment systems. Neither strategy is perfect, therefore, combined use of ballast water exchange plus treatment has been suggested to provide greatest protection of aquatic ecosystems. This study compared the performance of exchange plus treatment against treatment alone by modeling establishment rates of nonindigenous zooplankton introduced by ballast water across different habitat types (fresh, brackish, and marine) in Canada. Treatment was modeled under two efficacy scenarios (100% and 50% of ship trips) to consider the possibility that treatment may not always be successful. The model results indicate that exchange plus treatment will be more effective than treatment alone at reducing establishments when recipient ports are freshwater (58 140 vs 11 338 trips until ≥1 establishment occurs, respectively). Exchange plus treatment also serves as an important backup strategy if treatment systems are partially effective (50% of trips), primarily for freshwater recipient ecosystems (1442 versus 585 trips until ≥1 establishment occurs, respectively).}, }
@article {pmid33326466, year = {2020}, author = {Ye, J and Li, J}, title = {First proteomic analysis of the role of lysine acetylation in extensive functions in Solenopsis invicta.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, pages = {e0243787}, pmid = {33326466}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acetylation ; Animals ; Ants/cytology/genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Ontology ; Insect Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Intracellular Space/metabolism ; Lysine/*metabolism ; Proteomics/*methods ; }, abstract = {Lysine acetylation (Kac) plays a critical role in the regulation of many important cellular processes. However, little is known about Kac in Solenopsis invicta, which is among the 100 most dangerous invasive species in the world. Kac in S. invicta was evaluated for the first time in this study. Altogether, 2387 Kac sites were tested in 992 proteins. The prediction of subcellular localization indicated that most identified proteins were located in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nucleus. Venom allergen Sol i 2, Sol i 3, and Sol i 4 were found to be located in the extracellular. The enriched Kac site motifs included Kac H, Kac Y, Kac G, Kac F, Kac T, and Kac W. H, Y, F, and W frequently occurred at the +1 position, whereas G, Y, and T frequently occurred at the -1 position. In the cellular component, acetylated proteins were enriched in the cytoplasmic part, mitochondrial matrix, and cytosolic ribosome. Furthermore, 25 pathways were detected to have significant enrichment. Interestingly, arginine and proline metabolism, as well as phagosome, which are related to immunity, involved several Kac proteins. Sequence alignment analyses demonstrated that V-type proton ATPase subunit G, tubulin alpha chain, and arginine kinase, the acetylated lysine residues, were evolutionarily conserved among different ant species. In the investigation of the interaction network, diverse interactions were adjusted by Kac. The results indicated that Kac may play an important role in the sensitization, cellular energy metabolism, immune response, nerve signal transduction, and response to biotic and abiotic stress of S. invicta. It may be useful to confirm the functions of Kac target proteins for the design of specific and effective drugs to prevent and control this dangerous invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid33324693, year = {2020}, author = {Pierce, CF and Brown, VR and Olsen, SC and Boggiatto, P and Pedersen, K and Miller, RS and Speidel, SE and Smyser, TJ}, title = {Loci Associated With Antibody Response in Feral Swine (Sus scrofa) Infected With Brucella suis.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {554674}, pmid = {33324693}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {Feral swine (Sus scrofa) are a destructive invasive species widespread throughout the United States that disrupt ecosystems, damage crops, and carry pathogens of concern for the health of domestic stock and humans including Brucella suis-the causative organism for swine brucellosis. In domestic swine, brucellosis results in reproductive failure due to abortions and infertility. Contact with infected feral swine poses spillover risks to domestic pigs as well as humans, companion animals, wildlife, and other livestock. Genetic factors influence the outcome of infectious diseases; therefore, genome wide association studies (GWAS) of differential immune responses among feral swine can provide an understanding of disease dynamics and inform management to prevent the spillover of brucellosis from feral swine to domestic pigs. We sought to identify loci associated with differential antibody responses among feral swine naturally infected with B. suis using a case-control GWAS. Tissue, serum, and genotype data (68,516 bi-allelic single nucleotide polymorphisms) collected from 47 feral swine were analyzed in this study. The 47 feral swine were culture positive for Brucella spp. Of these 47, 16 were antibody positive (cases) whereas 31 were antibody negative (controls). Single-locus GWAS were performed using efficient mixed-model association eXpedited (EMMAX) methodology with three genetic models: additive, dominant, and recessive. Eight loci associated with seroconversion were identified on chromosome 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, and 18. Subsequent bioinformatic analyses revealed nine putative candidate genes related to immune function, most notably phagocytosis and induction of an inflammatory response. Identified loci and putative candidate genes may play an important role in host immune responses to B. suis infection, characterized by a detectable bacterial presence yet a differential antibody response. Given that antibody tests are used to evaluate brucellosis infection in domestic pigs and for disease surveillance in invasive feral swine, additional studies are needed to fully understand the genetic component of the response to B. suis infection and to more effectively translate estimates of Brucella spp. antibody prevalence among feral swine to disease control management action.}, }
@article {pmid33322836, year = {2020}, author = {Kenis, M and Nacambo, S and Van Vlaenderen, J and Zindel, R and Eschen, R}, title = {Long Term Monitoring in Switzerland Reveals That Adalia bipunctata Strongly Declines in Response to Harmonia axyridis Invasion.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {33322836}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {N/a//Federal Office for the Environment/ ; }, abstract = {A long-term monitoring was conducted at 40 sites in four different habitats in north-western Switzerland to observe changes in populations of native ladybirds, following the invasion of the Asian harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis. From 2006 to 2017, the same trees and meadows were sampled at least seven times per year using standard protocols. On 15 broadleaved hedges, H. axyridis quickly became the dominant species, representing 60 to 80% of adult ladybirds collected. It was second in abundance at five pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands and was a minor component of the ladybird complex at five spruce (Picea abies) stands and in 15 meadows. This survey revealed the severe decline of Adalia bipunctata, which was the most abundant native ladybird on broadleaved trees in 2006-2009 and has almost disappeared since 2010. So far, other native ladybirds do not seem to decline significantly, including species occupying the same ecological niches as H. axyridis. The total number of aphidophagous ladybirds did not decline either, suggesting that the biological control function of ladybirds on aphids living in these habitats has not been affected by the arrival of H. axyridis. Recommendations are given to further assess the impact of H. axyridis on native ladybirds and aphids.}, }
@article {pmid33322763, year = {2020}, author = {Johnson, MA and Ruiz-Diaz, CP and Manoukis, NC and Verle Rodrigues, JC}, title = {Coffee Berry Borer (Hypothenemus hampei), a Global Pest of Coffee: Perspectives from Historical and Recent Invasions, and Future Priorities.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {33322763}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {NACA-58-2040-6-007//USDA-ARS/ ; }, abstract = {Coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), CBB) has invaded nearly every coffee-producing country in the world, and it is commonly recognized as the most damaging insect pest of coffee. While research has been conducted on this pest in individual coffee-growing regions, new insights may be gained by comparing and contrasting patterns of invasion and response across its global distribution. In this review, we explore the existing literature and focus on common themes in the invasion biology of CBB by examining (1) how it was introduced into each particular region and the response to its invasion, (2) flight activity and infestation patterns, (3) economic impacts, and (4) management strategies. We highlight research conducted over the last ten years in Hawaii as a case study for the development and implementation of an effective integrated pest management (IPM) program for CBB, and also discuss biosecurity issues contributing to incursion and establishment. Potential areas for future research in each of the five major components of CBB IPM (monitoring and sampling, cultural, biological, chemical, and physical controls) are also presented. Finally, we emphasize that outreach efforts are crucial to the successful implementation of CBB IPM programs. Future research programs should strive to include coffee growers as much as possible to ensure that management options are feasible and cost-effective.}, }
@article {pmid33322607, year = {2020}, author = {Bonelli, M and Melotto, A and Minici, A and Eustacchio, E and Gianfranceschi, L and Gobbi, M and Casartelli, M and Caccianiga, M}, title = {Manual Sampling and Video Observations: An Integrated Approach to Studying Flower-Visiting Arthropods in High-Mountain Environments.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {33322607}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Despite the rising interest in biotic interactions in mountain ecosystems, little is known about high-altitude flower-visiting arthropods. In particular, since the research in these environment can be limited or undermined by harsh conditions and logistical difficulties, it is mandatory to develop effective approaches that maximize possibilities to gather high-quality data. Here we compared two different methods, manual sampling and video observations, to investigate the interactions between the high-mountain arthropod community and flowers of Androsace brevis (Primulaceae), a vulnerable endemic alpine species with a short flowering period occurring in early season. We manually sampled flower-visiting arthropods according to the timed-observations method and recorded their activity on video. We assessed differences and effectiveness of the two approaches to estimate flower-visiting arthropod diversity and to identify potential taxa involved in A. brevis pollination. Both methods proved to be effective and comparable in describing the diversity of flower visitors at a high taxonomic level. However, with manual sampling we were able to obtain a fine taxonomic resolution for sampled arthropods and to evaluate which taxa actually carry A. brevis pollen, while video observations were less invasive and allowed us to assess arthropod behavior and to spot rare taxa. By combining the data obtained with these two approaches we could accurately identify flower-visiting arthropods, characterize their behavior, and hypothesize a role of Hymenoptera Apoidea and Diptera Brachycera in A. brevis pollination. Therefore, we propose integrating the two approaches as a powerful instrument to unravel interactions between flowering plants and associated fauna that can provide crucial information for the conservation of vulnerable environments such as high-mountain ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid33321814, year = {2020}, author = {Tully, BG and Huntley, JF}, title = {A Francisella tularensis Chitinase Contributes to Bacterial Persistence and Replication in Two Major U.S. Tick Vectors.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {33321814}, issn = {2076-0817}, support = {R01 AI093351/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; Bridge Funding//University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {Nearly 100 years after the first report of tick-borne tularemia, questions remain about the tick vector(s) that pose the greatest risk for transmitting Francisella tularensis (Ft), the causative agent of tularemia. Additionally, few studies have identified genes/proteins required for Ft to infect, persist, and replicate in ticks. To answer questions about vector competence and Ft transmission by ticks, we infected Dermacentor variabilis (Dv),Amblyomma americanum (Aa), and Haemaphysalis longicornis (Hl; invasive species from Asia) ticks with Ft, finding that although Aa ticks initially become infected with 1 order of magnitude higher Ft, Ft replicated more robustly in Dv ticks, and did not persist in Hl ticks. In transmission studies, both Dv and Aa ticks efficiently transmitted Ft to naïve mice, causing disease in 57% and 46% of mice, respectively. Of four putative Ft chitinases, FTL1793 is the most conserved among Francisella sp. We generated a ΔFTL1793 mutant and found that ΔFTL1793 was deficient for infection, persistence, and replication in ticks. Recombinant FTL1793 exhibited chitinase activity in vitro, suggesting that FTL1793 may provide an alternative energy source for Ft in ticks. Taken together, Dv ticks appear to pose a greater risk for harboring and transmitting tularemia and FTL1793 plays a major role in promoting tick infections by Ft.}, }
@article {pmid33321177, year = {2021}, author = {Barsotti, AMG and Madelaire, CB and Wagener, C and Titon, B and Measey, J and Gomes, FR}, title = {Challenges of a novel range: Water balance, stress, and immunity in an invasive toad.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology}, volume = {253}, number = {}, pages = {110870}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110870}, pmid = {33321177}, issn = {1531-4332}, mesh = {Animals ; Blood Bactericidal Activity ; Bufonidae/immunology/*physiology ; Dehydration/*physiopathology ; *Introduced Species ; Lymphocyte Count ; Neutrophils/cytology ; South Africa ; *Stress, Physiological ; *Water-Electrolyte Balance ; }, abstract = {Species introduced by human activities can alter the normal functioning of ecosystems promoting negative impacts on native biodiversity, as they can rapidly expand their population size, demonstrating phenotypic plasticity and possible adaptive capacity to novel environments. Twenty years ago, the guttural toad, Sclerophrys gutturalis, was introduced to a peri-urban area of Cape Town, with cooler and drier climatic characteristics than its native source population, Durban, South Africa. Our goal was to understand the phenotypic changes, in terms of physiology and immunity, of populations in native and novel environments. We evaluated body index (BI), field hydration level, plasma corticosterone levels (CORT), proportion of neutrophils: lymphocytes (N: L), plasma bacterial killing ability (BKA), and hematocrit (HTC) in the field, and after standardized stressors (dehydration and movement restriction) in males from the native and invasive populations. Toads from the invasive population presented lower BI and tended to show a lower field hydration state, which is consistent with living in the drier environmental conditions of Cape Town. Additionally, invasive toads also showed higher BKA and N:L ratio under field conditions. After exposure to stressors, invasive animals presented higher BKA than the natives. Individuals from both populations showed increased CORT after dehydration, an intense stressor for these animals. The highest BKA and N:L ratio in the field and after submission to stressors in the laboratory shows that the invasive population has a phenotype that might increase their fitness, leading to adaptive responses in the novel environment and, thus, favoring successful dispersion and population increase.}, }
@article {pmid33318615, year = {2020}, author = {Pettit, L and Ward-Fear, G and Shine, R}, title = {Choose your meals carefully if you need to coexist with a toxic invader.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {21866}, pmid = {33318615}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Behavior, Animal ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Vulnerable native species may survive the impact of a lethally toxic invader by changes in behaviour, physiology and/or morphology. The roles of such mechanisms can be clarified by standardised testing. We recorded behavioural responses of monitor lizards (Varanus panoptes and V. varius) to legs of poisonous cane toads (Rhinella marina) and non-toxic control meals (chicken necks or chicken eggs and sardines) along 1300 and 2500 km transects, encompassing the toad's 85-year invasion trajectory across Australia as well as yet-to-be-invaded sites to the west and south of the currently colonised area. Patterns were identical in the two varanid species. Of monitors that consumed at least one prey type, 96% took control baits whereas toad legs were eaten by 60% of lizards in toad-free sites but 0% from toad-invaded sites. Our survey confirms that the ability to recognise and reject toads as prey enables monitor lizards to coexist with cane toads. As toxic invaders continue to impact ecosystems globally, it is vital to understand the mechanisms that allow some taxa to persist over long time-scales.}, }
@article {pmid33316952, year = {2020}, author = {Beckie, HJ and Owen, MJ and Borger, CPD and Gill, GS and Widderick, MJ}, title = {Agricultural Weed Assessment Calculator: An Australian Evaluation.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {33316952}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Weed risk assessment systems are used to estimate the potential weediness or invasiveness of introduced species in non-agricultural habitats. However, an equivalent system has not been developed for weed species that occur in agronomic cropland. Therefore, the Agricultural Weed Assessment Calculator (AWAC) was developed to quantify the present and potential future adverse impact of a weed species on crop production and profitability (threat analysis), thereby informing or directing research, development, and extension (RDE) investments or activities. AWAC comprises 10 questions related primarily to a weed's abundance and economic impact. Twenty weed species from across Australia were evaluated by AWAC using existing information and expert opinion, and rated as high, medium, or low for RDE prioritization based on total scores of 70 to 100, 40 to <70, or <40, respectively. Five species were rated as high (e.g., Lolium rigidum Gaud.), eight were rated as medium (e.g., Conyza spp.), and seven were rated as low (e.g., Rapistrum rugosum L.). Scores were consistent with the current state of knowledge of the species' impact on grain crop production in Australia. AWAC estimated the economic or agronomic threat of 20 major or minor agricultural weeds from across Australia. The next phase of development is the testing of AWAC by weed practitioners (e.g., agronomists, consultants, farmers) to verify its utility and robustness in accurately assessing these and additional weed species.}, }
@article {pmid33316607, year = {2021}, author = {Pack, KE and Rius, M and Mieszkowska, N}, title = {Long-term environmental tolerance of the non-indigenous Pacific oyster to expected contemporary climate change conditions.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {164}, number = {}, pages = {105226}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105226}, pmid = {33316607}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Crassostrea ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Salinity ; Seawater ; }, abstract = {The current global redistribution of biota is often attributed to two main drivers: contemporary climate change (CCC) and non-indigenous species (NIS). Despite evidence of synergetic effects, however, studies assessing long-term effects of CCC conditions on NIS fitness remain rare. We examined the interactive effects of warming, ocean acidification and reduced salinity on the globally distributed marine NIS Magallana gigas (Pacific oyster) over a ten-month period. Growth, clearance and oxygen consumption rates were measured monthly to assess individual fitness. Lower salinity had a significant, permanent effect on M. gigas, reducing and increasing clearance and oxygen consumption rates, respectively. Neither predicted increases in seawater temperature nor reduced pH had a long-term physiological effect, indicating conditions predicted for 2100 will not affect adult physiology and survival. These results suggest that M. gigas will remain a globally successful NIS and predicted CCC will continue to facilitate their competitive dominance in the near future.}, }
@article {pmid33316089, year = {2021}, author = {Li, C and Ohadi, S and Mesgaran, MB}, title = {Asymmetry in fitness-related traits of later-generation hybrids between two invasive species.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {108}, number = {1}, pages = {51-62}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1583}, pmid = {33316089}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Brassicaceae ; Family Characteristics ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: The importance of hybridization to invasion has been frequently discussed, with most studies focusing on the comparison of fitness-related traits between F1 hybrids and their parents and the consequences of such fitness differences. However, relatively little attention has been given to late-generation hybrids. Different fitness landscapes could emerge in later generations after hybrids cross with each other or backcross with their parents, which may play an important role in plant invasion and subsequent speciation.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, artificial crosses were conducted to generate multiple generations, including F1, F2, and backcrosses between two invasive species: Cakile edentula (self-compatible) and C. maritima (self-incompatible). Putative hybrids were also collected in the sympatric zone and compared with their co-occurring parents for phenotypic and genetic differences.<br><br>RESULTS: Genetic data provided evidence of hybridization happening in the wild, and phenotypic comparisons showed that natural hybrids had intermediate traits between the two species but showed more similarity to C. maritima than to C. edentula. The asymmetry was further identified in artificial generations for several phenotypic characters. Furthermore, backcrosses exhibited different patterns of variation, with backcrosses to C. maritima having higher reproductive output than their counterparts.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that hybridization and introgression (backcrossing) in Cakile species is asymmetric and most likely to favor the proliferation of C. maritima genes in the mixed population and thus help its establishment, a finding that could not be predicted by characterizing F1 hybrids.}, }
@article {pmid33315246, year = {2020}, author = {Givnish, TJ and Kriebel, R and Zaborsky, JG and Rose, JP and Spalink, D and Waller, DM and Cameron, KM and Sytsma, KJ}, title = {Adaptive associations among life history, reproductive traits, environment, and origin in the Wisconsin angiosperm flora.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {107}, number = {12}, pages = {1677-1692}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1578}, pmid = {33315246}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Flowers ; *Magnoliopsida/genetics ; Plant Breeding ; Pollination ; Reproductive History ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: We tested 25 classic and novel hypotheses regarding trait-origin, trait-trait, and trait-environment relationships to account for flora-wide variation in life history, habit, and especially reproductive traits using a plastid DNA phylogeny of most native (96.6%, or 1494/1547 species) and introduced (87.5%, or 690/789 species) angiosperms in Wisconsin, USA.<br><br>METHODS: We assembled data on life history, habit, flowering, dispersal, mating system, and occurrence across open/closed/mixed habitats across species in the state phylogeny. We used phylogenetically structured analyses to assess the strength and statistical significance of associations predicted by our models.<br><br>RESULTS: Introduced species are more likely to be annual herbs, occupy open habitats, have large, visually conspicuous, hermaphroditic flowers, and bear passively dispersed seeds. Among native species, hermaphroditism is associated with larger, more conspicuous flowers; monoecy is associated with small, inconspicuous flowers and passive seed dispersal; and dioecy is associated with small, inconspicuous flowers and fleshy fruits. Larger flowers with more conspicuous colors are more common in open habitats, and in understory species flowering under open (spring) canopies; fleshy fruits are more common in closed habitats. Wind pollination may help favor dioecy in open habitats.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings support predictions regarding how breeding systems depend on flower size, flower color, and fruit type, and how those traits depend on habitat. This study is the first to combine flora-wide phylogenies with complete trait databases and phylogenetically structured analyses to provide powerful tests of evolutionary hypotheses about reproductive traits and their variation with geographic source, each other, and environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid33315076, year = {2020}, author = {Keller, J and Rost, J and Hoover, K and Urban, J and Leach, H and Porras, M and Walsh, B and Bosold, M and Calvin, D}, title = {Dispersion Patterns and Sample Size Estimates for Egg Masses of Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, pages = {1462-1472}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvaa107}, pmid = {33315076}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Ailanthus ; Animals ; *Hemiptera ; Oviposition ; Sample Size ; Trees ; }, abstract = {The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White), is a new invasive pest in the United States. To quantify spotted lanternfly population abundance, one must understand this pest's dispersion pattern, that is, the spatial arrangement of individuals within a population. Spotted lanternflies overwinter in egg masses from late fall to May, making this life stage suitable for population assessments. We measured the dispersion pattern of egg masses at two types of sites: a suburban housing development, where we used individual trees as the sampling unit, and rural woodlots, where we used individual trees and also plots with 5.64 m radius as sampling units. Plots were the same size as those recommended for monitoring the gypsy moth, a well-studied pest with similar egg laying habit to the spotted lanternfly. Egg masses in both sampling units were counted up to a height of 3 m. With trees as the sampling unit, egg masses were aggregated in 12 of 20 rural sampling universes, randomly dispersed at 6, and completely absent at 2. Similar patterns were seen when using the 5.64-m radius rural sampling units and for suburban sampling universes. We calculated sample size requirements for a range of mean densities at a precision of 25 and 30%. Additionally, the vertical distribution of egg masses was characterized on the invasive tree of heaven [Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle], a preferred host for spotted lanternflies. For small trees, there was a positive relationship between number of egg masses in the bottom 3 m of the tree and the total count.}, }
@article {pmid33313786, year = {2020}, author = {MacLeod, A and Spence, N}, title = {Biosecurity: tools, behaviours and concepts.}, journal = {Emerging topics in life sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, pages = {449-452}, doi = {10.1042/ETLS20200343}, pmid = {33313786}, issn = {2397-8554}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Animals ; COVID-19 ; *Environmental Health ; Farmers ; Humans ; One Health ; Pandemics ; Pest Control ; Plants ; *Risk Management ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {COVID 19 has raised the profile of biosecurity. However, biosecurity is not only about protecting human life. This issue brings together mini-reviews examining recent developments and thinking around some of the tools, behaviours and concepts around biosecurity. They illustrate the multi-disciplinary nature of the subject, demonstrating the interface between research and policy. Biosecurity practices aim to prevent the spread of harmful organisms; recognising that 2020 is the International Year of Plant Health, several focus on plant biosecurity although invasive species and animal health concerns are also captured. The reviews show progress in developing early warning systems and that plant protection organisations are increasingly using tools that compare multiple pest threats to prioritise responses. The bespoke modelling of threats can inform risk management responses and synergies between meteorology and biosecurity provide opportunities for increased collaboration. There is scope to develop more generic models, increasing their accessibility to policy makers. Recent research can improve pest surveillance programs accounting for real-world constraints. Social science examining individual farmer behaviours has informed biosecurity policy; taking a broader socio-cultural approach to better understand farming networks has the potential to change behaviours in a new way. When encouraging public recreationists to adopt positive biosecurity behaviours communications must align with their values. Bringing together the human, animal, plant and environmental health sectors to address biosecurity risks in a common and systematic manner within the One Biosecurity concept can be achieved through multi-disciplinary working involving the life, physical and social sciences with the support of legislative bodies and the public.}, }
@article {pmid33312773, year = {2020}, author = {Cisneros-Heredia, DF and Peñaherrera-Romero, E}, title = {Invasion history of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Ecuador.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e10461}, pmid = {33312773}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Harmonia axyridis is a ladybird extensively used around the world for biological control of agricultural pests. However, it has become invasive in several countries, producing negative ecological and socio-economic impacts. Herein, we review the invasion history of the Harlequin Ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) in Ecuador. Although first reported in Ecuador in 2012, museum specimens date back to 2004 and it is currently established across the country, especially along the Andean region. Due to its invasive nature, further studies are urgently needed to evaluate possible impacts of H. axyridis on the Ecuadorian biodiversity and agroindustry.}, }
@article {pmid33311326, year = {2020}, author = {KovaČiĆ, M}, title = {Checklist of gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae) of the Mediterranean Sea and a key for species identification.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4877}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4877.1.3}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4877.1.3}, pmid = {33311326}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Fishes ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Perciformes ; }, abstract = {A checklist of 73 gobiid species (Teleostei: Gobiidae) recorded to date from the Mediterranean Sea is established following the evidence approach for checklists. The Mediterranean gobiofauna currently has 62 known native species and 11 alien species. An identification key to gobiid species known from the area is provided. The principles of character selection for the key are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid33311325, year = {2020}, author = {Barnouin, T and Soldati, F and Roques, A and Faccoli, M and Kirkendall, LR and Mouttet, R and Daubree, JB and Noblecourt, T}, title = {Bark beetles and pinhole borers recently or newly introduced to France (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae and Platypodinae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4877}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4877.1.2}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4877.1.2}, pmid = {33311325}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; France ; Plant Bark ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {We present an annotated list of 11 Scolytinae and Platypodinae species newly or recently introduced to France. Four species are recorded for the first time as interceptions: Euplatypus hintzi (Schaufuss), Euplatypus parallelus (Fabricius), Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff and Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabricius). Two are possibly naturalised: Xyleborus bispinatus Eichhoff and Cryphalus dilutus Eichhoff, while Cyclorhipidion distinguendum (Eggers) and Xyloterinus politus (Say) are confirmed as species newly established in Europe. Moreover, an unidentified species of Amasa Lea, collected previously in Spain, is recorded for the first time in France: Amasa sp. near truncata (Erichson). We point out that literature references to Amasa truncata as an invasive species in New Zealand and South America are incorrect, as the photographs of these non-native populations do not match the holotype of A. truncata. For each species we have updated its global distribution, detailed all French records, and summarized biology, ecology, host trees and potential risks as pests.}, }
@article {pmid33311205, year = {2020}, author = {Phillips, G and Moulton, JK and Bernard, EC}, title = {Heth pivari n. sp. (Nematoda: Ransomnematoidea: Hethidae) from the indigenous North American millipede Narceus gordanus (Spirobolida: Spirobolidae), with keys for worldwide Heth spp.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4861}, number = {4}, pages = {zootaxa.4861.4.2}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4861.4.2}, pmid = {33311205}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Arthropods ; DNA, Ribosomal ; Female ; Male ; *Nematoda/genetics ; United States ; }, abstract = {Forty-four specimens of the millipede Narceus gordanus Chamberlin, 1943 (Spirobolida: Spirobolidae) were collected from Alachua, Citrus, Hernando, and Marion counties in peninsular Florida. Morphometric data were recorded for each. Nematodes were dissected from the intestine of each individual and sorted into morphotaxa. Heth pivari n. sp. (Oxyuridomorpha: Ransomnematoidea: Hethidae) was found in 33 (75%) of dissected N. gordanus and examined with brightfield, differential interference contrast, phase contrast and scanning electron microscopies. LSU rDNA sequences of representative males and females of H. pivari n. sp. were analyzed and compared to sequences of nematodes in the infraorder Rhigonematomorpha. Heth mauriesi, an introduced species, also was sequenced. Females of H. pivari n. sp. differ from those of other Heth spp. in having smooth, button-like somatic and cervical papillae and shallow, shield-like cervical collars. Males have slit-like or narrowed, rather than circular, stomal openings. Heth pivari n. sp. is the first species of this genus found in an indigenous millipede north of Mexico. Keys based on female cervical ornamentation are provided to differentiate the 52 known Heth spp.}, }
@article {pmid33310235, year = {2021}, author = {Mao, R and Shabbir, A and Adkins, S}, title = {Parthenium hysterophorus: A tale of global invasion over two centuries, spread and prevention measures.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {279}, number = {}, pages = {111751}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111751}, pmid = {33310235}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Africa ; Asia ; *Asteraceae ; Australia ; *Introduced Species ; Water ; }, abstract = {Ever since parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) first left its native range more than two centuries ago, this noxious herb has now invaded 46 countries and territories. The weed has expanded its range from a couple of islands in 18th Century through 11 minor and eight major introductions around the world. Segmented regression analyses confirmed introductions and revealed that the weed has spread fastest in developing countries, especially after the 1950s in Asia and Africa. A review of historical records, research papers and reports suggests that while border traffic (36%) and unchecked imports (seeds 16%, other commodities 17%) have resulted in the majority of international introductions, local spread has been achieved through multiple pathways, including roads and vehicles, by water and wind, through contaminated seed feed lots and floral bouquets. The high proportion of adjacent counties (51%) and oversea islands (5%) over the unknown origins (32%) or directly from the native range (12%) reveal a steady and predictable international spread pattern. Prevention of spread by management was first practised in Australia, then followed by other five countries. Containment barriers were set up, legislation on biosecurity imposed, and management plans based on early detection and eradication were executed; and these measures have been effective. Awareness within international research groups is raising, however, insufficient coordination between invaded countries has occurred to date, with policies yet to be formalised and executed to prevent the spread and impact of this weed.}, }
@article {pmid33309525, year = {2021}, author = {Jack, CN and Petipas, RH and Cheeke, TE and Rowland, JL and Friesen, ML}, title = {Microbial Inoculants: Silver Bullet or Microbial Jurassic Park?.}, journal = {Trends in microbiology}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, pages = {299-308}, doi = {10.1016/j.tim.2020.11.006}, pmid = {33309525}, issn = {1878-4380}, mesh = {*Agricultural Inoculants ; Bacteria/*metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; Introduced Species ; Plants/*microbiology ; Symbiosis ; United States ; }, abstract = {The appeal of using microbial inoculants to mediate plant traits and productivity in managed ecosystems has increased over the past decade, because microbes represent an alternative to fertilizers, pesticides, and direct genetic modification of plants. Using microbes bypasses many societal and environmental concerns because microbial products are considered a more sustainable and benign technology. In our desire to harness the power of plant-microbial symbioses, are we ignoring the possibility of precipitating microbial invasions, potentially setting ourselves up for a microbial Jurassic Park? Here, we outline potential negative consequences of microbial invasions and describe a set of practices (Testing, Regulation, Engineering, and Eradication, TREE) based on the four stages of invasion to prevent microbial inoculants from becoming invasive. We aim to stimulate discussion about best practices to proactively prevent microbial invasions.}, }
@article {pmid33308215, year = {2020}, author = {Suzuki, T and Ikeda, T}, title = {Invasive raccoon management systems and challenges in regions with active control.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {68}, pmid = {33308215}, issn = {1472-6785}, support = {4D - 1101//the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund/International ; 26-644//the Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant from The Japan Science Society/International ; 20K12311//JSPS KAKENHI/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; *Raccoons ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The raccoon (Procyon lotor) is an invasive, non-native species in Japan. Throughout the country, it causes significant agricultural damage and negatively affects native biodiversity. Most of the responsibility for raccoon management lies with local government, and there are still many challenges to be overcome. Although raccoon populations have not been eradicated, intensive control campaigns such as focus on the early stages of invasion have controlled raccoons in some regions. To improve the national management of raccoons, we conducted a survey on raccoon management systems in local government departments considered to solve the challenges recognized in many areas. During 2014 and 2015, we surveyed three different municipal departments about raccoon management measures. The semi-structured interview survey covered two topics: (1) the situation leading up to the current management system; (2) the current management system.<br><br>RESULTS: Our results describe the scope and methods used in raccoon management. The government staff managed raccoons using monitoring, employing a variety of methods, a range of budgets, and various role divisions. The management practices are similar in that they share a sense of taking precautions, collaborating with stakeholders, understanding that adequate methods must be used, and obtaining support from experts.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our case studies reveal the challenges in raccoon management faced by local government officers in regions with active control. The management systems and methods that we surveyed seemed to be effective in solving problems in both developed and undeveloped areas.}, }
@article {pmid33304894, year = {2020}, author = {Häcker, I and Koller, R and Eichner, G and Martin, J and Liapi, E and Rühl, J and Rehling, T and Schetelig, MF}, title = {Evaluation of Hydrogen Peroxide Fumigation and Heat Treatment for Standard Emergency Arthropod Inactivation in BSL-3 Insectaries.}, journal = {Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {602937}, pmid = {33304894}, issn = {2296-4185}, abstract = {Climate change and global movements of people and goods have accelerated the spread of invasive species, including insects that vector infectious diseases, which threaten the health of more than half of the world's population. Increasing research efforts to control these diseases include the study of vector - pathogen interactions, involving the handling of pathogen-infected vector insects under biosafety level (BSL) 2 and 3 conditions. Like microbiology BSL-3 laboratories, BSL-3 insectaries are usually subjected to fixed-term or emergency room decontamination using recognized methods such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or formaldehyde fumigation. While these procedures have been standardized and approved for the inactivation of diverse pathogens on surfaces, to date, there are no current standards for effective room-wide inactivation of insects in BSL-3 facilities in case of an emergency such as the accidental release of a large number of infected vectors. As H2O2 is often used for standard room decontamination in BSL-3 facilities, we evaluated H2O2 fumigation as a potential standard method for the safe, room-wide deactivation of insects in BSL-3 insectaries in comparison to heat treatment. To account for physiological diversity in vector insect species, six species from three different orders were tested. For the H2O2 fumigation we observed a strong but also varying resilience across all species. Lethal exposure time for the tested dipterans ranged from nine to more than 24 h. Furthermore, the coleopteran, Tribolium castaneum, did not respond to continuous H2O2 exposure for 48 h under standard room decontamination conditions. In contrast, temperatures of 50°C effectively killed all the tested species within 2 to 10 min. The response to lower temperatures (40-48°C) again showed a strong variation between species. In summary, results suggest that H2O2 fumigation, especially in cases where a gas generator is part of the laboratory equipment, may be used for the inactivation of selected species but is not suitable as a general emergency insect inactivation method under normal room decontamination conditions. In contrast, heat treatment at 48 to 50°C has the potential to be developed as an approved standard procedure for the effective inactivation of insects in BSL-3 facilities.}, }
@article {pmid33304543, year = {2020}, author = {Yu, H and Yue, M and Wang, C and Le Roux, JJ and Peng, C and Li, W}, title = {Priority effects and competition by a native species inhibit an invasive species and may assist restoration.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {23}, pages = {13355-13369}, pmid = {33304543}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Selecting native species for restoration is often done without proper ecological background, particularly with regard to how native and invasive species interact. Here, we provide insights suggesting that such information may greatly enhance restoration success. The performance of the native vine, Pueraria lobata, and that of the invasive bitter vine, Mikania micrantha, were investigated in South China to test how priority effects (timing and rate of germination and seedling growth) and competition (phytochemical effects and competitive ability) impact invasive plant performance. We found that, in the absence of competition, the germination rate of M. micrantha, but not of P. lobata, was significantly affected by light availability. P. lobata seedlings also performed better than those of M. micrantha during early growth phases. Under competition, negative phytochemical effects of P. lobata on M. micrantha were strong and we found M. micrantha to have lower performance when grown with P. lobata compared to when grown by itself. Relative interaction indexes indicated that, under interspecific competition, P. lobata negatively affected (i.e., inhibited) M. micrantha, whereas M. micrantha positively affected (i.e., facilitated) P. lobata. Higher photosynthetic efficiency and soil nutrient utilization put P. lobata at a further advantage over M. micrantha. Field trails corroborated these experimental findings, showing little recruitment of M. micrantha in previously invaded and cleared field plots that were sown with P. lobata. Thus, P. lobata is a promising candidate for ecological restoration and for reducing impacts of M. micrantha in China. This research illustrates that careful species selection may improve restoration outcomes, a finding that may also apply to other invaded ecosystems and species.}, }
@article {pmid33304541, year = {2020}, author = {Ünlü, AG and Obrycki, JJ and Bucher, R}, title = {Comparison of native and non-native predator consumption rates and prey avoidance behavior in North America and Europe.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {23}, pages = {13334-13344}, pmid = {33304541}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Novel predator-prey interactions can contribute to the invasion success of non-native predators. For example, native prey can fail to recognize and avoid non-native predators due to a lack of co-evolutionary history and cue dissimilarity with native predators. This might result in a competitive advantage for non-native predators. Numerous lady beetle species were globally redistributed as biological control agents against aphids, resulting in novel predator-prey interactions. Here, we investigated the strength of avoidance behavior of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) toward chemical cues of native lady beetles and non-native Asian Harmonia axyridis and European Coccinella septempunctata and Hippodamia variegata in North America, hypothesizing that cues of non-native lady beetles induce weaker avoidance behavior than cues of co-evolved native lady beetles. Additionally, we compared aphid consumption of lady beetles, examining potential predation advantages of non-native lady beetles. Finally, we compared cue avoidance behavior between North American and European pea aphid populations and aphid consumption of native and non-native lady beetles in North America and Europe. In North America, pea aphids avoided chemical cues of all ladybeetle species tested, regardless of their origin. In contrast to pea aphids in North America, European pea aphids did not avoid cues of the non-native H. axyridis. The non-native H. axyridis and C. septempunctata were among the largest and most voracious lady beetle species tested, on both continents. Consequently, in North America non-native lady beetle species might have a competitive advantage on shared food resources due to their relatively large body size, compared to several native American lady beetle species. In Europe, however, non-native H. axyridis might benefit from missing aphid cue avoidance as well as a large body size. The co-evolutionary time gap between the European and North American invasion of H. axyridis likely explains the intercontinental differences in cue avoidance behavior and might indicate evolution in aphids toward non-native predators.}, }
@article {pmid33304527, year = {2020}, author = {Ploughe, LW and Carlyle, CN and Fraser, LH}, title = {Priority effects: How the order of arrival of an invasive grass, Bromus tectorum, alters productivity and plant community structure when grown with native grass species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {23}, pages = {13173-13181}, pmid = {33304527}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Theories and models attempt to explain how and why particular plant species grow together at particular sites or why invasive exotic species dominate plant communities. As local climates change and human-use degrades and disturbs ecosystems, a better understanding of how plant communities assemble is pertinent, particularly when restoring grassland ecosystems that are frequently disturbed. One such community assembly theory is priority effects, which suggests that arrival order of species into a community alters plant-plant interactions and community assembly. Theoretically, priority effects can have lasting effects on ecosystems and will likely be altered as the risk of invasion by exotic species increases. It is difficult to predict how and when priority effects occur, as experimental reconstruction of arrival order is often difficult in adequate detail. As a result, limited experimental studies have explored priority effects on plant community assembly and plant invasions. To determine if and how priority effects affect the success of invasive species, we conducted a greenhouse study exploring how the arrival order of an invasive grass, Bromus tectorum, affects productivity and community composition when grown with native grasses. We found evidence for priority effects, as productivity was positively related to dominance of B. tectorum and was greater the earlier B. tectorum arrived. This suggests that priority effects could be important for plant communities as the early arrival of an invasive species drastically impacted the productivity and biodiversity of our system at the early establishment stages of plant community development.}, }
@article {pmid33304507, year = {2020}, author = {English, HM and Caravaggi, A}, title = {Where's wallaby? Using public records and media reports to describe the status of red-necked wallabies in Britain.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {23}, pages = {12949-12959}, pmid = {33304507}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Investigating the range and population dynamics of introduced species provides insight into species behavior, habitat preferences, and potential of becoming established. Here, we show the current population status of the red-necked wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus) in Britain based on records from an eleven-year period (2008-2018). Records were obtained from Local Environmental Records Centres (LERCs), the National Biodiversity Network (NBN), and popular media. All records were mapped and compared to a historical distribution map (1940-2007), derived from published data. A total of 95 confirmed wallaby sightings were recorded between 2008 and 2018, of which 64 came from media sources, 18 from Local Environmental Records Centres (LERCs), seven from the National Biodiversity Network (NBN), and six from the published literature (Yalden, Br. Wildl., 24, 2013, 169). The greatest density of wallaby sightings was in southern England, with the Chiltern Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty a particular hot spot (n = 11). More sightings were recorded in August than in any other month. Much of the species' ecology and responses to British biota and anthropogenic pressures are unknown, and therefore, further research is warranted. The methods used here are widely applicable to other non-native species, particularly those that the public are more likely to report and could be an important supplement to existing studies of conservation and management relevance.}, }
@article {pmid33304482, year = {2020}, author = {Perfecto, I and Vandermeer, J}, title = {The assembly and importance of a novel ecosystem: The ant community of coffee farms in Puerto Rico.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {23}, pages = {12650-12662}, pmid = {33304482}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Agricultural ecosystems are by their very nature novel and by definition the more general biodiversity associated with them must likewise constitute a novel community. Here, we examine the community of arboreally foraging ants in the coffee agroecosystem of Puerto Rico. We surveyed 20 coffee plants in 25 farms three times in a period of one year. We also conducted a more spatially explicit sampling in two of the farms and conducted a species interaction study between the two most abundant species, Wasmannia auropunctata and Solenopsis invicta, in the laboratory. We find that the majority of the most common species are well-known invasive ants and that there is a highly variable pattern of dominance that varies considerably over the main coffee producing region of Puerto Rico, suggesting an unusual modality of community structure. The distribution pattern of the two most common species, W. auropunctata and S. invicta, suggests strong competitive exclusion. However, they also have opposite relationships with the percent of shade cover, with W. auropunctata showing a positive relationship with shade, while S. invicta has a negative relationship. The spatial distribution of these two dominant species in the two more intensively studied farms suggests that young colonies of S. invicta can displace W. auropunctata. Laboratory experiments confirm this. In addition to the elaboration of the nature and extent of this novel ant community, we speculate on the possibilities of its active inclusion as part of a biological control system dealing with several coffee pests, including one of the ants itself, W. auropunctata.}, }
@article {pmid33304370, year = {2020}, author = {Spoelhof, JP and Soltis, DE and Soltis, PS}, title = {Habitat Shape Affects Polyploid Establishment in a Spatial, Stochastic Model.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {592356}, pmid = {33304370}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Polyploidy contributes massively to the taxonomic and genomic diversity of angiosperms, but certain aspects of polyploid evolution are still enigmatic. The establishment of a new polyploid lineage following whole-genome duplication (WGD) is a critical step for all polyploid species, but this process is difficult to identify and observe in nature. Mathematical models offer an opportunity to study this process by varying parameters related to the populations, habitats, and organisms involved in the polyploid establishment process. While several models of polyploid establishment have been published previously, very few incorporate spatial factors, including spatial relationships between organisms, habitat shape, or population density. This study presents a stochastic, spatial model of polyploid establishment that shows how factors such as habitat shape and dispersal type can influence the fixation and persistence of nascent polyploids and modulate the effects of other factors. This model predicts that narrow, constrained habitats such as roadsides and coastlines may enhance polyploid establishment, particularly in combination with frequent clonal reproduction, limited dispersal, and high population density. The similarity between this scenario and the growth of many invasive or colonizing species along disturbed, narrow habitats such as roadsides may offer a partial explanation of the prevalence of polyploidy among invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid33304185, year = {2020}, author = {Ismail, M and Ahmad, A and Nadeem, M and Javed, MA and Khan, SH and Khawaish, I and Sthanadar, AA and Qari, SH and Alghanem, SM and Khan, KA and Khan, MF and Qamer, S}, title = {Development of DNA barcodes for selected Acacia species by using rbcL and matK DNA markers.}, journal = {Saudi journal of biological sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {12}, pages = {3735-3742}, pmid = {33304185}, issn = {1319-562X}, abstract = {Acacia species are very important tree species in tropical and subtropical countries of the World for their economic and medicinal benefits. Precise identification of Acacia is very important to distinguish the invasive species from rare species however, it is difficult to differentiate Acacia species based on morphological charcters. In addition, precise identification is also important for wood charcterization in the forest industry as these species are declining due to illegal logging and deforestation. To overcome thsese limitations of morphological identification, DNA barcoding is being used as an efficient and quick approach for precise identification of tree species. In this study, we selected two chloroplast and plastid base DNA markers (rbcL and matK) for the identification of five selected tree species of Acacia (A. albida, A. ampliceps, A. catechu, A. coriacea and A. tortilis). The genomic DNA of the selected Acacia species was extracted, amplified through PCR using specific primers and subsequently sequenced through Sanger sequencing. In matK DNA marker the average AT nucleotide contents were higher (59.46%) and GC contents were lower (40.44%) as compared to the AT (55.40%) and GC content (44.54%) in rbcL marker. The means genetic distance K2P between the Acacia species was higher in matK (0.704%) as compared to rbcL (0.230%). All Acacia species could be identified based on unique SNPs profile. Based on SNP data profiles, DNA sequence based scannable QR codes were developed for accurate identification of Acacia species. The phylogenetic analysis based on both markers (rbcL and matK) showed that both A. coriacea and A. tortilis were closely related with each other and clustered in the same group while other two species A. albida and A. catechu were grouped together. The specie A. ampliceps remained ungrouped distantly, compared with other four species. These finding highlights the potential of DNA barcoding for efficient and reproducible identification of Acacia species.}, }
@article {pmid33304122, year = {2020}, author = {Ward, D and Brav-Cubitt, T and Tassell, S}, title = {Dataset of host records for introduced parasitoid wasp species (Hymenoptera) in New Zealand.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e59472}, pmid = {33304122}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The introduction of species to new regions is occurring at an increasing rate. These introductions typically consist of species that are deliberately introduced for the purposes of biological control of pests or of species that are accidentally introduced through human-mediated transport networks.Understanding the potential and actual impacts of these introduced species requires comprehensive information on their geographic distributions and biological associations.However, apart from a few well-known case studies, such information is lacking for many introduced species which severely hinders further assessment of risks and impact.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: A dataset is provided on host associations, geographic distributions and dates of collection for both deliberately and accidentally-introduced parasitoid wasp species (Hymenoptera) in New Zealand. Information was obtained by digitising specimens from the New Zealand Arthropod Collection. Dates of records range from 1921 to 2017.The dataset includes 1265 specimen records, representing 127 parasitoid species from 12 families, with host records for 177 host species from 61 families and eight insect orders.These data provide baseline information to help evaluate the risk from introduced parasitoids to non-target and native species.}, }
@article {pmid33303830, year = {2020}, author = {Haubrock, PJ and Balzani, P and Britton, JR and Haase, P}, title = {Using stable isotopes to analyse extinction risks and reintroduction opportunities of native species in invaded ecosystems.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {21576}, pmid = {33303830}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Anguilla ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; *Cyprinidae ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Introduced Species ; *Isotopes ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Invasive non-native species have pervasive impacts on native biodiversity, including population extirpations and species extinctions. Identifying reasons why a population of a native species is extirpated following an invasion often relies on literature-based results of anecdotal observations. The well-established schemes of existing risk assessments for invasive species assume that a species' information (e.g. impacts or behavioural and biological traits) can be projected from one area to another to estimate the potential impact of a species in another environment. We used stable isotope data (δ[13]C, δ[15]N) from both invaded and uninvaded communities to predict such invasion impacts by reconstructing trophic relationships. This approach was tested on a community within a protected lake in Northern Spain where, following the introductions of non-native species, the last resident native species (the common tench Tinca tinca, the European eel Anguilla anguilla, and the whirligig beetle Gyrinus sp.) had been extirpated. Through the application of this novel approach, we found evidence that native species' declines were related to direct predation by and resource overlap with non-native species, which occurred in conjunction with habitat modification. Using this approach, we outlined the mechanisms involved in the extirpation of native species in the post-invasion period. To compensate for losses of native species induced by invasions of non-native species, native species reintroductions might be an appropriate tool. For this, we further suggested and discussed a novel approach that predicts the outcome of arising interactions by superimposing stable isotope data from alternative sources to better estimate the success of native species´ reintroductions.}, }
@article {pmid33303774, year = {2020}, author = {Prüter, H and Franz, M and Twietmeyer, S and Böhm, N and Middendorff, G and Portas, R and Melzheimer, J and Kolberg, H and von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G and Greenwood, AD and Lüschow, D and Mühldorfer, K and Czirják, G&#xc1;}, title = {Increased immune marker variance in a population of invasive birds.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {21764}, pmid = {33303774}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Bird Diseases/*epidemiology/immunology/*parasitology ; Female ; Geese/*immunology/*parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*immunology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Namibia/epidemiology ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/*epidemiology/immunology/*parasitology ; Prevalence ; }, abstract = {Immunity and parasites have been linked to the success of invasive species. Especially lower parasite burden in invasive populations has been suggested to enable a general downregulation of immune investment (Enemy Release and Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability Hypotheses). Simultaneously, keeping high immune competence towards potentially newly acquired parasites in the invasive range is essential to allow population growth. To investigate the variation of immune effectors of invasive species, we compared the mean and variance of multiple immune effectors in the context of parasite prevalence in an invasive and a native Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus) population. Three of ten immune effectors measured showed higher variance in the invasive population. Mean levels were higher in the invasive population for three effectors but lower for eosinophil granulocytes. Parasite prevalence depended on the parasite taxa investigated. We suggest that variation of specific immune effectors, which may be important for invasion success, may lead to higher variance and enable invasive species to reduce the overall physiological cost of immunity while maintaining the ability to efficiently defend against novel parasites encountered.}, }
@article {pmid33303767, year = {2020}, author = {Boissin, E and Neglia, V and Baksay, S and Micu, D and Bat, L and Topaloglu, B and Todorova, V and Panayotova, M and Kruschel, C and Milchakova, N and Voutsinas, E and Beqiraj, S and Nasto, I and Aglieri, G and Taviani, M and Zane, L and Planes, S}, title = {Chaotic genetic structure and past demographic expansion of the invasive gastropod Tritia neritea in its native range, the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {21624}, pmid = {33303767}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Gastropoda/*genetics ; Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Population Growth ; }, abstract = {To better predict population evolution of invasive species in introduced areas it is critical to identify and understand the mechanisms driving genetic diversity and structure in their native range. Here, we combined analyses of the mitochondrial COI gene and 11 microsatellite markers to investigate both past demographic history and contemporaneous genetic structure in the native area of the gastropod Tritia neritea, using Bayesian skyline plots (BSP), multivariate analyses and Bayesian clustering. The BSP framework revealed population expansions, dated after the last glacial maximum. The haplotype network revealed a strong geographic clustering. Multivariate analyses and Bayesian clustering highlighted the strong genetic structure at all scales, between the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea, but also within basins. Within basins, a random pattern of genetic patchiness was observed, suggesting a superimposition of processes involving natural biological effects (no larval phase and thus limited larval dispersal) and putative anthropogenic transport of specimens. Contrary to the introduced area, no isolation-by-distance patterns were recovered in the Mediterranean or the Black Seas, highlighting different mechanisms at play on both native and introduced areas, triggering unknown consequences for species' evolutionary trajectories. These results of Tritia neritea populations on its native range highlight a mixture of ancient and recent processes, with the effects of paleoclimates and life history traits likely tangled with the effects of human-mediated dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid33303589, year = {2020}, author = {Patton, AH and Lawrance, MF and Margres, MJ and Kozakiewicz, CP and Hamede, R and Ruiz-Aravena, M and Hamilton, DG and Comte, S and Ricci, LE and Taylor, RL and Stadler, T and Leaché, A and McCallum, H and Jones, ME and Hohenlohe, PA and Storfer, A}, title = {A transmissible cancer shifts from emergence to endemism in Tasmanian devils.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {370}, number = {6522}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1126/science.abb9772}, pmid = {33303589}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*epidemiology/genetics/*veterinary ; Endemic Diseases/*veterinary ; Extinction, Biological ; Facial Neoplasms/*epidemiology/genetics/*veterinary ; *Marsupialia ; Phylogeny ; Tasmania/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Emerging infectious diseases pose one of the greatest threats to human health and biodiversity. Phylodynamics is often used to infer epidemiological parameters essential for guiding intervention strategies for human viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2). Here, we applied phylodynamics to elucidate the epidemiological dynamics of Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease (DFTD), a fatal, transmissible cancer with a genome thousands of times larger than that of any virus. Despite prior predictions of devil extinction, transmission rates have declined precipitously from ~3.5 secondary infections per infected individual to ~1 at present. Thus, DFTD appears to be transitioning from emergence to endemism, lending hope for the continued survival of the endangered Tasmanian devil. More generally, our study demonstrates a new phylodynamic analytical framework that can be applied to virtually any pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid33303250, year = {2021}, author = {Cheţan, MA and Dornik, A}, title = {20 years of landscape dynamics within the world's largest multinational network of protected areas.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {280}, number = {}, pages = {111712}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111712}, pmid = {33303250}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Bulgaria ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Forests ; Germany ; Greece ; Humans ; Italy ; Poland ; Spain ; }, abstract = {The world's largest network of protected areas (PAs), Natura 2000, is facing different types of disturbances and pressures, however, it still remains unclear the impact they have on the conservation status of sites. Remote sensing big data analysis and satellite data were used to quantify dynamics of the dominant land cover category, landscape structure, and vegetation greenness, as indicators of conservation status, as well as drivers of change, between 2000 and 2018, within each Natura 2000 protected area, across the entire European Union. Our results show that the majority of sites are 'favourable' on natural land cover range and areas, but heading to 'unfavourable' status regarding the landscape structure, while an alarmingly high number of sites experience both net loss of the dominant land cover type and degradation of landscape structure, labeled consequently as having an 'unfavourable' conservation status. The results also showed high differences between biogeographic regions and countries, with an extremely low number of sites suffering dramatic changes to other dominant land cover types, mainly among grasslands. Mediterranean region showed a high net forest increase (mainly extension of existing forests) as well as insignificant changes of landscape fragmentation and diversity (predominantly in Greece, Spain and, Italy), related to the intensification of forest planting, and to a high loss of grassland area and cropland (land abandonment). High net forest gain, but increasing landscape fragmentation, was observed in the Continental region (mainly in Bulgaria, Poland, Germany and, Italy), suggesting that forest developed in numerous new smaller patches, due to the development of invasive species through natural processes (agricultural land abandonment) and natural system modifications. The Alpine region also showed a low positive net forest change, but with significant dynamics of gains due to reducing of agricultural activities and human disturbances, and losses due to natural catastrophes such as natural fires, storms, avalanches or landslides. Contrarily, the Boreal and Atlantic regions recorded considerable net forest loss during the analyzed period, caused mainly by the occurrence of natural catastrophes, natural biotic and abiotic processes (erosion, parasitism, diseases), and the increase of forestry clearance. These results show the high potential of moderate resolution remote sensing big data in assessing PAs, even more as higher spatial and temporal resolution satellite data are continuously emerging.}, }
@article {pmid33302152, year = {2021}, author = {Janiak, DS and Branson, D}, title = {Impacts of habitat and predation on epifaunal communities from seagrass beds and artificial structures.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {163}, number = {}, pages = {105225}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105225}, pmid = {33302152}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Within the coastal marine environment, the increased presence of artificial habitat can have negative impacts on the functioning of marine communities. Artificial structures provide a novel, hard surface for the colonization and growth of a variety of marine species and disproportionally favor introduced species. With the global rise in hardened shorelines, it is imperative to examine the ecological processes that occur within these habitats to those occurring in natural habitats. Here, we compared habitat differences in fouling community composition of different successional ages as well as the impact of predation on those communities. Specifically, we investigated how communities differed with respect to natural (seagrass beds) and artificial (docks) habitats and then exposed previously caged communities to predators to examine prey-specific effects within each habitat and on different aged communities. We found that habitat was a good predictor of community structure including both total species richness and introduced species richness higher in artificial habitats. We expected predators to increase available space allowing increased species co-existence, however, this was not the case. Predators in both habitats reduced richness despite having a strong impact on the percent cover of dominant groups. Predators also reduced introduced species richness, particularly in artificial habitats. Artificial structures are an important pathway of success for introduced species and results here show the importance of biotic resistance within these habitats, potentially limiting the spread of introduced species into natural habitat. Overall, species found within the different habitats could be predicted based on life history traits and predators did not increase the similarity of communities between habitats though still acted in a comparable way, reducing the dominant groups.}, }
@article {pmid33301531, year = {2020}, author = {Mostowy, J and Malca, E and Rasmuson, L and Vásquez-Yeomans, L and Gerard, T and Sosa Cordero, E and Carrillo, L and Lamkin, JT}, title = {Early life ecology of the invasive lionfish (Pterois spp.) in the western Atlantic.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, pages = {e0243138}, pmid = {33301531}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Caribbean Region ; Demography ; Ecology ; Gulf of Mexico ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; *Perciformes/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; }, abstract = {The invasion of the western Atlantic by the Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) is a serious threat to the ecological stability of the region. The early life history of the lionfish remains poorly understood despite the important role that larval supply plays reef fish population dynamics. In this study, we characterized patterns in the horizontal and vertical distributions of larval lionfish collected in the western Caribbean, US Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico from 19 ichthyoplankton surveys conducted from 2009-2016. Using generalized additive models (GAMs), we assessed the relative effects of spatiotemporal and environmental variation on the distribution of lionfish larvae. We also examined otoliths to determine larval ages and report the first larval growth rate estimates for this species. Lionfish larvae were present at 7.8% of all stations sampled and our model suggests that lionfish presence is related to sea surface temperature and the lunar cycle. Year and location also strongly affected the larval distribution, likely reflecting the ongoing expansion of the species during our sampling timeframe. Much of the variation in larval lionfish presence remained unexplained, and future studies should incorporate additional environmental factors to improve model predictions. This study improves our understanding of the lionfish life cycle and accentuates the need for further research into the early life history of this invasive species. The design and implementation of effective long-term lionfish control mechanisms will require an understanding of their entire life history.}, }
@article {pmid33298398, year = {2021}, author = {Wang, J and Zhao, M and Zhang, J and Zhao, B and Lu, X and Wei, H}, title = {Characterization and utilization of biochars derived from five invasive plant species Bidens pilosa L., Praxelis clematidea, Ipomoea cairica, Mikania micrantha and Lantana camara L. for Cd[2+] and Cu[2+] removal.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {280}, number = {}, pages = {111746}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111746}, pmid = {33298398}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Adsorption ; *Asteraceae ; *Bidens ; Cadmium/analysis ; Charcoal ; Introduced Species ; *Ipomoea ; *Lantana ; *Mikania ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Exotic invasive plants endanger the integrity of agricultural and natural systems throughout the world. Thus, the development of cost-effective and economic application of invasive plants is warranted. Here, we characterized fifteen biochars derived from five invasive plants at different temperatures (300, 500, and 700 °C) by determining their yield, ash content, pH, CEC, surface area, elementary composition, functional groups, and mineral composition. We conducted batch adsorption experiments to investigate the adsorption capacity and efficiency for Cd[2+] and Cu[2+] in wastewater. Our results suggest that all invasive plants are appropriate for biochar production, temperature and plant species had interacting effects on biochar properties, and the biochars pyrolyzed at 500 and 700 °C exhibited high metal adsorption capacity in neutral (pH = 7) solutions. The adsorption kinetics can be explained adequately by a pseudo-second-order model. BBC500 (Bidens pilosa L. derived biochar at 500 °C) and MBC500 (Mikania micrantha) exhibited higher metal equilibrium adsorption capacities (38.10 and 38.02 mg g[-1] for Cd[2+], 20.01 and 20.10 mg g[-1] for Cu[2+]) and buffer abilities to pH than other biochars pyrolyzed at 500 °C. The Langmuir model was a better fit for IBC500 (Ipomoea cairica), MBC500, and LBC500 (Lantana camara L.) compared to the Freundlich model, whereas the opposite was true for BBC500 and PBC500 (Praxelis clematidea). These results suggest that the adsorption of metals by IBC500, MBC500, and LBC500 was mainly monolayer adsorption, while that by BBC500 and PBC500 was mainly chemical adsorption. Our results are important for the utilization and control of invasive plants as well as the decontamination of aqueous pollution.}, }
@article {pmid33298397, year = {2021}, author = {Arasumani, M and Bunyan, M and Robin, VV}, title = {Opportunities and challenges in using remote sensing for invasive tree species management, and in the identification of restoration sites in tropical montane grasslands.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {280}, number = {}, pages = {111759}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111759}, pmid = {33298397}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Grassland ; India ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Remote Sensing Technology ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Tropical montane grasslands (TMG) support biodiverse and endemic taxa and provide vital ecosystem services to downstream communities. Nevertheless, invasive alien tree species across the world have threatened tropical grasslands and grassland endemic species. In India, TMG in the Shola Sky Islands of the Western Ghats have been reduced due to exotic tree invasions (Acacias, Pines, and Eucalyptus species). The loss of grassland habitat has, in turn, reduced the range sizes of species endemic to grasslands (plants, birds, amphibians, and mammals), driving some populations to local extinction. Grassland conversion to exotic trees has also impacted ecosystem services in the Western Ghats. Conserving existing grassland and restoring invaded habitat is critical to reverse these losses. This research focused on identifying grassland restoration sites using satellite images with a high spatial resolution (RapidEye). We used an object-oriented Random Forest classification to map the area for grassland restoration. We identified an area of 254 sq. km. as suitable for grassland restoration and an area of 362 sq. km. for grassland conservation and preventing invasion by exotic tree species. For restoration, we recommend careful removal of young and isolated exotic trees at the invasion front and restoring grasslands, instead of removing dense stands of mature exotic trees. Although our limited data indicate that areas with low fire frequency tend to be invaded, and areas invaded by exotic trees tend to burn at higher intensities, we recommend a broader investigation of these patterns to critically examine a potential role for the use of fire in invasive species management. We assume that removing exotic tree species in the identified restoration sites and restoring the grassland will help recover lost habitat and ensure the viability of indigenous and endemic species and increase streamflow.}, }
@article {pmid33298396, year = {2021}, author = {Phillips, TB and Bailey, RL and Martin, V and Faulkner-Grant, H and Bonter, DN}, title = {The role of citizen science in management of invasive avian species: What people think, know, and do.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {280}, number = {}, pages = {111709}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111709}, pmid = {33298396}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; Citizen Science ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; *Starlings ; }, abstract = {In North America, nest site competition from invasive cavity-nesting birds can limit the opportunities for successful nesting by native birds. Managing invasive species is costly and complex, requiring input from biologists, decision makers, and the public. An informed and engaged public can play an important role in mitigating the negative effects of invasive avian species. However, little is known regarding the publics' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors toward non-native bird species. We examined the association between participating in a citizen science project and enjoyment, knowledge, and management of two non-native avian species in North America: European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus). We administered a pre and post survey to 947 people who monitor nest boxes in the United States and Canada, 30% of whom were also reporting their observations to NestWatch, a citizen science project focused on nesting birds. We found that NestWatch participants were more likely to have negative views of non-native species, score higher on bird identification tasks, and manage for invasive species than non-participants. The most important predictor for undertaking management activities was respondents' perceptions of whether they believed non-native birds to be a problem at the continental scale, underscoring the important role of individual factors such as perception. Our study also highlights the important role citizen science may play in shaping attitudes and behaviors and increasing knowledge. We propose a conceptual model describing the mechanisms by which citizen science can be leveraged for management of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid33297314, year = {2020}, author = {Acharya, R and Hwang, HS and Mostafiz, MM and Yu, YS and Lee, KY}, title = {Susceptibility of Various Developmental Stages of the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, to Entomopathogenic Nematodes.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {33297314}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {#117044-3//Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs of the Republic of Korea/ ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, which is native to Central and South America, has recently invaded Africa and Asia, causing serious damage to various crops. Although management to date has been largely unsuccessful, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are a potential biological control agent that could be used to control the late larval and pupal stages of S. frugiperda that dwell under the ground. Here, we compared the virulence of seven EPNs against larval and pupal stages of S. frugiperda. In a Petri dish assay, both Heterorhabditis indica and Steinernema carpocapsae were highly virulent against younger larvae, whereas S. arenarium and S. longicaudum were highly virulent against older larvae. In contrast, H. bacteriophora, Heterorhabditis sp., and S. kushidai showed low virulence against all larval stages. In soil column and pot assays, H. indica, S. carpocapsae, and S. longicaudum were highly virulent against late larval and pupal stages compared with the other EPN species. Thus, H. indica, S. carpocapsae, and S. longicaudum are recommended for the biological control of S. frugiperda. Our study provides important information of EPNs for the practical application of biological control of fall armyworm.}, }
@article {pmid33296112, year = {2021}, author = {Rosinger, HS and Geraldes, A and Nurkowski, KA and Battlay, P and Cousens, RD and Rieseberg, LH and Hodgins, KA}, title = {The tip of the iceberg: Genome wide marker analysis reveals hidden hybridization during invasion.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {810-825}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15768}, pmid = {33296112}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Australia ; Brassicaceae/*genetics ; Europe ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; North America ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are accelerating, and invasive species can have large economic impacts as well as severe consequences for biodiversity. During invasions, species can interact, potentially resulting in hybridization. Here, we examined two Cakile species, C. edentula and C. maritima (Brassicaceae), that co-occur and may hybridize during range expansion in separate regions of the globe. Cakile edentula invaded each location first, while C. maritima established later, apparently replacing the former. We assessed the evidence for hybridization in western North America and Australia, where both species have been introduced, and identified source populations with 4561 SNPs using Genotype-by-Sequencing. Our results indicate that C. edentula in Australia originated from one region of eastern North America while in western North America it is probably from multiple sources. Cakile maritima in Australia is derived from at least two different parts of Europe while the introduction in western North America is from one. Although morphological evidence of hybridization is generally limited to mixed species populations in Australia and virtually absent elsewhere, our genetic analysis revealed relatively high levels of hybridization in Australia (58% hybrids using Admixture) and supported the presence of hybrids in western North America (16% hybrids using Admixture) and New Zealand. Hybrids might be commonly overlooked in invaders, as identification based solely on morphological traits may represent only the tip of the iceberg. Our study reveals a repeated pattern of invasion, hybridization and apparent replacement of one species by another, which offers an opportunity to investigate the role of hybridization and introgression during invasion.}, }
@article {pmid33295097, year = {2021}, author = {McEachran, MC and Sampedro, F and Travis, DA and Phelps, NBD}, title = {An expert-based risk ranking framework for assessing potential pathogens in the live baitfish trade.}, journal = {Transboundary and emerging diseases}, volume = {68}, number = {6}, pages = {3463-3473}, pmid = {33295097}, issn = {1865-1682}, support = {CON000000070043//Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Minnesota ; *Probability ; United States ; }, abstract = {As global trade of live animals expands, there is increasing need to assess the risks of invasive organisms, including pathogens, that can accompany these translocations. The movement and release of live baitfish by recreational anglers has been identified as a particularly high-risk pathway for the spread of aquatic diseases in the United States. To provide risk-based decision support for preventing and managing disease invasions from baitfish release, we developed a hazard identification and ranking tool to identify the pathogens that pose the highest risk to wild fish via this pathway. We created a screening protocol and semi-quantitative stochastic risk ranking framework, combining published data with expert elicitation (n = 25) and applied the framework to identify high-priority pathogens for the bait supply in Minnesota, USA. Normalized scores were developed for seven risk criteria (likelihood of transfer, prevalence in bait supply, likelihood of colonization, current distribution, economic impact if established, ecological impact if established and host species) to characterize a pathogen's ability to persist in the bait supply and cause impacts to wild fish species of concern. The generalist macroparasite Schizocotyle acheilognathi was identified as presenting highest overall threat, followed by the microsporidian Ovipleistophora ovariae, and viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. Our findings provide risk-based decision support for managers charged with maintaining both the recreational fishing industry and sustainable, healthy natural resources. Particularly, the identification of several high-risk but currently unregulated pathogens suggests that focusing risk management on pathogens of concern in all potential host species could reduce disease introduction risk. The ranking process, implemented here for a single state case study, provides a conceptual framework for integrating expert opinion and sparse available data that could be scaled up and applied across jurisdictions to inform risk-based management of the live baitfish pathway.}, }
@article {pmid33294013, year = {2020}, author = {Smith, SE and Palkovacs, EP and Weidel, BC and Bunnell, DB and Jones, AW and Bloom, DD}, title = {A century of intermittent eco-evolutionary feedbacks resulted in novel trait combinations in invasive Great Lakes alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus).}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {2630-2645}, pmid = {33294013}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Species introductions provide opportunities to quantify rates and patterns of evolutionary change in response to novel environments. Alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) are native to the East Coast of North America where they ascend coastal rivers to spawn in lakes and then return to the ocean. Some populations have become landlocked within the last 350 years and diverged phenotypically from their ancestral marine population. More recently, alewives were introduced to the Laurentian Great Lakes (~150 years ago), but these populations have not been compared to East Coast anadromous and landlocked populations. We quantified 95 years of evolution in foraging traits and overall body shape of Great Lakes alewives and compared patterns of phenotypic evolution of Great Lakes alewives to East Coast anadromous and landlocked populations. Our results suggest that gill raker spacing in Great Lakes alewives has evolved in a dynamic pattern that is consistent with responses to strong but intermittent eco-evolutionary feedbacks with zooplankton size. Following their initial colonization of Lakes Ontario and Michigan, dense alewife populations likely depleted large-bodied zooplankton, which drove a decrease in alewife gill raker spacing. However, the introduction of large, non-native zooplankton to the Great Lakes in later decades resulted in an increase in gill raker spacing, and present-day Great Lakes alewives have gill raker spacing patterns that are similar to the ancestral East Coast anadromous population. Conversely, contemporary Great Lakes alewife populations possess a gape width consistent with East Coast landlocked populations. Body shape showed remarkable parallel evolution with East Coast landlocked populations, likely due to a shared response to the loss of long-distance movement or migrations. Our results suggest the colonization of a new environment and cessation of migration can result in rapid parallel evolution in some traits, but contingency also plays a role, and a dynamic ecosystem can also yield novel trait combinations.}, }
@article {pmid33293925, year = {2020}, author = {Romeo, C and Wauters, LA and Santicchia, F and Dantzer, B and Palme, R and Martinoli, A and Ferrari, N}, title = {Complex relationships between physiological stress and endoparasite infections in natural populations.}, journal = {Current zoology}, volume = {66}, number = {5}, pages = {449-457}, pmid = {33293925}, issn = {1674-5507}, abstract = {Short-term elevation of glucocorticoids (GCs) is one of the major physiological mechanisms by which vertebrates cope with challenging environmental or social factors (stressors). However, when exposure to stressors occurs repeatedly or over a prolonged period of time, animals may experience chronic elevation of GCs, which reduces the immune response efficiency and can lead to higher intensity of parasitic infection. Here, we used invasive gray squirrels Sciurus carolinensis introduced in Northern Italy and their 2 most prevalent gastrointestinal parasites, the nematode Strongyloides robustus and coccidia of the genus Eimeria, as a model to investigate relationships among macroparasite infection and concentrations of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs), an integrated measure of circulating GCs. Our results revealed an association of FGMs with infection by St. robustus, but not with coccidia. Individuals with higher FGMs appear to be responsible for the greatest St. robustus egg shedding within gray squirrel populations, thus possibly acting as superspreaders. However, FGMs were negatively associated with adult St. robustus, suggesting that the abundance of adults of this nematode species does not induce elevation in FGMs, but is only affected by it through immune-mediated effects on its fecundity. Finally, the relationship between St. robustus (both eggs and adult parasites) and FGMs was not linear, suggesting that only high levels of physiological stress influence parasite infection. Our findings highlight that the direction and magnitude of the stress-infection relationship may depend not only on the specific host-parasite system, but also on the different life stages of the same parasite.}, }
@article {pmid33293657, year = {2020}, author = {Takahashi, D and Park, YS}, title = {Spatial heterogeneities of human-mediated dispersal vectors accelerate the range expansion of invaders with source-destination-mediated dispersal.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {21410}, pmid = {33293657}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Spatial Analysis ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {Rapid range expansions of invasive species are a major threat to ecosystems. Understanding how invasive species increase their habitat ranges and how environmental factors, including intensity of human activities, influence dispersal processes is an important issue in invasion biology, especially for invasive species management. We have investigated how spatially heterogeneous factors influence range expansion of an invasive species by focusing on long-distance dispersal, which is frequently assisted by human activities. We have developed models varying two underlying processes of a dispersal event. These events are described by source and destination functions that determine spatial variations in dispersal frequency and the probability of being a dispersal destination. Using these models, we investigated how spatially heterogeneous long-distance dispersal influences range expansion. We found that: (1) spatial variations in the destination function slow down late population dynamics, (2) spatial variations in the source function increase the stochasticity of early population dynamics, and (3) the speed of early population dynamics changes when both the source and the destination functions are spatially heterogeneous and positively correlated. These results suggest an importance of spatial heterogeneity factors in controlling long-distance dispersal when predicting the future spread of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid33293019, year = {2020}, author = {Glynn, PW and Alitto, R and Dominguez, J and Christensen, AB and Gillette, P and Martinez, N and Riegl, BM and Dettloff, K}, title = {A tropical eastern Pacific invasive brittle star species (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) reaches southeastern Florida.}, journal = {Advances in marine biology}, volume = {87}, number = {1}, pages = {443-472}, doi = {10.1016/bs.amb.2020.08.010}, pmid = {33293019}, issn = {2162-5875}, mesh = {Animals ; *Echinodermata ; Ecosystem ; Florida ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The invasive brittle star Ophiothela mirabilis (family Ophiotrichidae), a tropical Indo-Pacific endemic species, first reported in Atlantic waters off southern Brazil in 2000, has extended its range northward to the Caribbean Sea, to the Lesser Antilles in 2011, and was first reported in south Florida in January 2019. Its occurrence in southeast Florida extends along nearly 70km of coastline, from near the Port of Miami, Miami-Dade County, northward to Deerfield Beach, Broward County. It occurs abundantly as an epizoite on octocorals, attaining population densities of 25 individuals and more per 10-cm long octocoral stem. The surface texture of octocoral hosts (rough, smooth) did not affect the densities of the ophiuroid epizoites, and there were significantly greater abundances on octocorals during two winter sampling periods than in the summer. Beige and orange-coloured morphs are sometimes present on the same octocoral stem. Gut content analysis supported a suspension feeding mode, revealing essentially identical ingested items in both colour morphs with a preponderance of amorphous detritus and filamentous algae. Molecular genetic evidence (COI &amp; 16s) has established the identity of O. mirabilis and its relationship to invasive Brazilian populations. The orange and beige morphs form two distinct, but closely related lineages that may represent two separate introductions. The orange morph shares haplotypes with Brazilian and Caribbean specimens suggesting a further range expansion of the 'original' invasion. The beige morph, however, shares haplotypes with specimens from the Mexican Pacific and Peru and potentially represents a secondary introduction. Traits promoting dispersal and establishment of this species in new habitats are manifold: vagility and ability to cling tightly to diverse host taxa (e.g. sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, and echinoderms), frequent asexual reproduction (fissiparity), suspension feeding, including a wide range of dietary items, possession of integument-covered ossicles and arm spines offering protection from predators, and an effective competitive edge over associated microbiota for substrate space.}, }
@article {pmid33289257, year = {2020}, author = {Volery, L and Jatavallabhula, D and Scillitani, L and Bertolino, S and Bacher, S}, title = {Ranking alien species based on their risks of causing environmental impacts: a global assessment of alien ungulates.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15467}, pmid = {33289257}, issn = {1365-2486}, abstract = {For an efficient allocation of the limited resources to alien species management, the most damaging species should be prioritized. Comparing alien species based on their impacts is not straightforward, as the same species can cause different types and magnitudes of impacts when introduced to different contexts, making it difficult to summarize its overall impact. The Environmental Impact Classification of Alien Taxa (EICAT) systematically summarizes and compares detrimental impacts caused by alien populations to native biota and has been adopted by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). For each alien species, all reported impacts to native populations within the introduced range are classified into five levels of severity, from negligible impact to irreversible local extinction. Currently, EICAT only compares alien species based on their highest impact, thereby ignoring variation in impact magnitudes. Here, we used information on the variation in impact magnitudes of alien species to estimate their risks to cause high impacts if introduced to a novel environment. We demonstrate the usefulness of this approach by classifying the global impacts of alien ungulates. We found impact reports for 27 of the 66 alien ungulate species established worldwide, highlighting substantial knowledge gaps in invasion science. We classified a total of 441 impacts to native fauna and flora caused by these 27 species. Twenty-six of the species were found to cause harmful impacts (native population declines or local extinctions). Mouflon (Ovis orientalis, Gmelin, 1774) and dromedary (Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus, 1758) had a higher risk of causing local extinctions if introduced to a novel environment than sika deer (Cervus nippon, Temminck, 1838) and goats (Capra hircus, Linnaeus, 1758). Including risk of high impacts allows to discriminate among species with the same EICAT classification and improves alien species prioritization for management.}, }
@article {pmid33288870, year = {2021}, author = {Williams, JW and Ordonez, A and Svenning, JC}, title = {A unifying framework for studying and managing climate-driven rates of ecological change.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {17-26}, pmid = {33288870}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {During the Anthropocene and other eras of rapidly changing climates, rates of change of ecological systems can be described as fast, slow or abrupt. Fast ecological responses closely track climate change, slow responses substantively lag climate forcing, causing disequilibria and reduced fitness, and abrupt responses are characterized by nonlinear, threshold-type responses at rates that are large relative to background variability and forcing. All three kinds of climate-driven ecological dynamics are well documented in contemporary studies, palaeoecology and invasion biology. This fast-slow-abrupt conceptual framework helps unify a bifurcated climate-change literature, which tends to separately consider the ecological risks posed by slow or abrupt ecological dynamics. Given the prospect of ongoing climate change for the next several decades to centuries of the Anthropocene and wide variations in ecological rates of change, the theory and practice of managing ecological systems should shift attention from target states to target rates. A rates-focused framework broadens the strategic menu for managers to include options to both slow and accelerate ecological rates of change, seeks to reduce mismatch among climate and ecological rates of change, and provides a unified conceptual framework for tackling the distinct risks associated with fast, slow and abrupt ecological rates of change.}, }
@article {pmid33288702, year = {2020}, author = {Landy, JA and Oschmann, A and Munch, SB and Walsh, MR}, title = {Ancestral genetic variation in phenotypic plasticity underlies rapid evolutionary changes in resurrected populations of waterfleas.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {117}, number = {51}, pages = {32535-32544}, pmid = {33288702}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; Cladocera/genetics/*physiology ; Clutch Size ; Daphnia/genetics/physiology ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Geologic Sediments ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Life History Traits ; Predatory Behavior ; Selection, Genetic ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {The role of phenotypic plasticity in adaptive evolution has been debated for decades. This is because the strength of natural selection is dependent on the direction and magnitude of phenotypic responses to environmental signals. Therefore, the connection between plasticity and adaptation will depend on the patterns of plasticity harbored by ancestral populations before a change in the environment. Yet few studies have directly assessed ancestral variation in plasticity and tracked phenotypic changes over time. Here we resurrected historic propagules of Daphnia spanning multiple species and lakes in Wisconsin following the invasion and proliferation of a novel predator (spiny waterflea, Bythotrephes longimanus). This approach revealed extensive genetic variation in predator-induced plasticity in ancestral populations of Daphnia It is unlikely that the standing patterns of plasticity shielded Daphnia from selection to permit long-term coexistence with a novel predator. Instead, this variation in plasticity provided the raw materials for Bythotrephes-mediated selection to drive rapid shifts in Daphnia behavior and life history. Surprisingly, there was little evidence for the evolution of trait plasticity as genetic variation in plasticity was maintained in the face of a novel predator. Such results provide insight into the link between plasticity and adaptation and highlight the importance of quantifying genetic variation in plasticity when evaluating the drivers of evolutionary change in the wild.}, }
@article {pmid33287264, year = {2020}, author = {Oliveira-Christe, R and Wilke, ABB and Marrelli, MT}, title = {Microgeographic Wing-Shape Variation in Aedes albopictus and Aedes scapularis (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {33287264}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {301466/2015-7//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; 2013/15313-4//State of S&#xe3;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)/ ; 2017/02342-7//State of S&#xe3;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)/ ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus and Aedes scapularis are vectors of several arboviruses, including the dengue, chikungunya, and Rocio virus infection. While Ae. albopictus is a highly invasive species native to Asia and has been dispersed by humans to most parts of the world, Ae. scapularis is native to Brazil and is widely distributed in the southeast of the country. Both species are highly anthropophilic and are often abundant in places with high human population densities. Because of the great epidemiological importance of these two mosquitoes and the paucity of knowledge on how they have adapted to different urban built environments, we investigated the microgeographic population structure of these vector species in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, using wing geometric morphometrics. Females of Ae. albopictus and Ae. scapularis were collected in seven urban parks in the city. The right wings of the specimens were removed and digitized, and eighteen landmarks based on vein intersections in the wing venation patterns were used to assess cross-sectional variation in wing shape and size. The analyses revealed distinct results for Ae. albopictus and Ae. scapularis populations. While the former had less wing shape variation, the latter had more heterogeneity, indicating a higher degree of intraspecific variation. Our results indicate that microgeographic selective pressures exerted by different urban built environments have a distinct effect on wing shape patterns in the populations of these two mosquito species studied here.}, }
@article {pmid33286382, year = {2020}, author = {Bowler, MG}, title = {Ensembles of Atoms, Ensembles of Species: Comparative Statistical Mechanics.}, journal = {Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {33286382}, issn = {1099-4300}, abstract = {The methods of statistical physics are exemplified in the classical perfect gas-each atom is a single dynamical entity. Such methods can be applied in ecology to the distribution of cosmopolitan species over many sites. The analogue of an atom is a class of species distinguished by the number of sites at which it occurs, hardly a material entity; yet, the methods of statistical physics nonetheless seem applicable. This paper compares the application of statistical mechanics to the distribution of atoms and to the vastly different problem of distribution of cosmopolitan species. A number of different approaches show that these distributed entities must be in some sense equivalent; the dynamics must be controlled by interaction between species and the global environment rather than between species and many uncorrelated local environments.}, }
@article {pmid33284962, year = {2021}, author = {Schartel, TE and Cooper, ML and May, A and Daugherty, MP}, title = {Quantifying Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Invasion in Northern California Vineyards to Inform Management Strategy.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {138-148}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvaa141}, pmid = {33284962}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Farms ; *Ficus ; *Hemiptera ; Spatial Analysis ; }, abstract = {The spread and impact of invasive species in exotic ranges can be mitigated by increased understanding of pest invasion dynamics. Here, we used geospatial analyses and habitat suitability modeling to characterize the invasion of an important vineyard pest, vine mealybug (Planococcus ficus Signoret, Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), using nearly 15,000 trapping records from throughout Napa County, California, between 2012 and 2017. Spatial autocorrelation among P. ficus detections was strongest at distances of ~250 m and detectable at regional scales (up to 40 km), estimates of the rate and directionality of spread were highly idiosyncratic, and P. ficus detection hotspots were spatiotemporally dynamic. Generalized linear model, boosted regression tree, and random forest modeling methods performed well in predicting habitat suitability for P. ficus. The most important predictors of P. ficus occurrence were a positive effect of precipitation in the driest month, and negative effects of elevation and distance to nearest winery. Our results indicate that 250-m quarantine and treatment zones around P. ficus detections are likely sufficient to encompass most local establishment and spread, and that implementing localized regulatory procedures may limit inadvertent P. ficus spread via anthropogenic pathways. Finally, surveys of P. ficus presence at >300 vineyard sites validated that habitat suitability estimates were significantly and positively associated with P. ficus frequency of occurrence. Our findings indicate that habitat suitability predictions may offer a robust tool for identifying areas in the study region at risk to future P. ficus invasion and prioritizing locations for early detection and preventative management efforts.}, }
@article {pmid33282561, year = {2020}, author = {Dai, L and Liu, H and Wang, G and Wang, C and Guo, Z and Zhou, Y and Li, Y}, title = {Modelling the effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on the landscape succession of Yancheng coastal natural wetlands, China.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e10400}, pmid = {33282561}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Yancheng coastal natural wetlands (YCNR) are well-preserved silty tidal flat wetlands in China. Due to the severe invasion of Spartina alterniflora, the native ecosystem has undergone great changes. The successful invasion of S. alterniflora reduced the biodiversity of the YCNR, changed the structure and function of the local ecosystem, and eventually led to the degradation of the ecosystem and the loss of ecosystem function and service. Fully understanding the impact of an alien species invasion on YCNR succession is an important prerequisite for protecting and restoring the wetlands.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, remote sensing, GIS technology, and a cellular-automaton Markov model were used to simulate the natural succession process of native ecosystems without being affected by alien species. By comparing the landscape of the YCNR with the model simulation results, we gained a better understanding of how alien species affect native landscape-scale ecosystems.<br><br>RESULTS: During the natural succession of the coastal native wetland ecosystem in the YCNR, the pioneer species S. alterniflora occupied the mudflats and expanded seaward. The whole area expanded and moved seaward with an average annual movement of 58.23 m. Phragmites australis seemed to dominate the competition with S. salsa communities, and the area gradually expanded with an average annual movement of 39.89 m. The invasion of S. alterniflora changed the native ecosystem's spatial succession process, causing the S. salsa ecosystem to be stressed by ecosystems on the side of the sea (S. alterniflora) and that of land (P. australis). The area of the seaward-expanding P. australis ecosystem has been declining. Under a reasonable protected area policy, human activities have enhanced the succession rate of the P. australis ecosystem and have had a small impact on the ecological spatial succession of S. salsa and S. alterniflora.}, }
@article {pmid33281473, year = {2020}, author = {Ruzzier, E and Menchetti, M and Bortolotti, L and Selis, M and Monterastelli, E and Forbicioni, L}, title = {Updated distribution of the invasive Megachile sculpturalis (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in Italy and its first record on a Mediterranean island.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e57783}, pmid = {33281473}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {Megachile sculpturalis (Smith, 1853) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) is an invasive solitary bee that is rapidly spreading all over Europe. The present study aims to update the distribution of this species in Italy. The research led to the collection of 177 records, obtained through bibliographic research and data-mining from websites, blogs and social networks. We here present the first record of M. sculpturalis on a Mediterranean island and discuss its possible effect on the native ecosystem. Given the particular discovery of M. sculpturalis on Elba Island (Tuscany), we suggest possible monitoring, containment and possible eradication measures of the species.}, }
@article {pmid33278554, year = {2021}, author = {Fu, R and Huang, X and Zhan, A}, title = {Identification of DNA (de)methylation-related genes and their transcriptional response to environmental challenges in an invasive model ascidian.}, journal = {Gene}, volume = {768}, number = {}, pages = {145331}, doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2020.145331}, pmid = {33278554}, issn = {1879-0038}, mesh = {Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/genetics/*metabolism ; *DNA Methylation ; DNA Methyltransferase 3A ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Databases, Protein ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2/genetics/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Salt Stress ; Time Factors ; Urochordata/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Marine invasive species are constantly challenged by acute or recurring environmental stresses during their range expansions. DNA methylation-mediated stress memory has been proposed to effectively affect species' response and enhance their overall performance in recurring environmental challenges. In order to further test this proposal in marine invasive species, we identified genes in the DNA methylation and demethylation processes in the highly invasive model species, Ciona robusta, and subsequently investigated the expression patterns of these genes under recurring salinity stresses. After a genome-wide comprehensive survey, we found a total of six genes, including two genes of DNA methyltransferase 3a (DNMT3a1 and DNMT3a2), and one gene of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2 (MBD2), methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 4 (MBD4) and ten-eleven-translocation protein 1 (TET1). Phylogenetic reconstruction and domain arrangement analyses showed that the deduced proteins of the identified genes were evolutionarily conserved and functionally similar with their orthologs. All genes were constitutively expressed in all four tested tissues. Interestingly, we found time-dependent and stress-specific gene expression patterns under high and low salinity stresses. Under the recurring high salinity stresses, DNMT3a1 and TET1 conformed to the definition of memory genes, while under the recurring low salinity stresses, two DNMT3a paralogues were identified as the memory genes. Altogether, our results clearly showed that the transcriptional patterns of (de)methylation-related genes were significantly influenced by environmental stresses, and the transcriptional memory of some (de)methylation-related genes should play crucial roles in DNA methylation-mediated stress memory during the process of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid33278373, year = {2020}, author = {Hinsley, S}, title = {Planetary health research digest.}, journal = {The Lancet. Planetary health}, volume = {4}, number = {12}, pages = {e556}, doi = {10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30276-X}, pmid = {33278373}, issn = {2542-5196}, mesh = {Carbon/economics ; *Climate Change ; *Food Industry ; Greenhouse Gases ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Politics ; *Poverty ; *Social Media ; Sustainable Development ; }, }
@article {pmid33275543, year = {2021}, author = {Dallas, JW and Deutsch, M and Warne, RW}, title = {Eurythermic Sprint and Immune Thermal Performance and Ecology of an Exotic Lizard at Its Northern Invasion Front.}, journal = {Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ}, volume = {94}, number = {1}, pages = {12-21}, doi = {10.1086/712059}, pmid = {33275543}, issn = {1537-5293}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Temperature Regulation/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/immunology/*physiology ; Phytohemagglutinins/immunology ; Running/*physiology ; }, abstract = {AbstractThermal performance of immunity has been relatively understudied in ectotherms, especially in the context of invasive species or in relation to other fitness-related traits and thermoregulatory patterns in the field. For reptiles, thermal biology is a primary factor determining physiological performance and population viability, and suboptimal thermal conditions may limit the expansion of exotic species along the edges of their invasion fronts. This study examined thermoregulatory ecology and thermal performance of immunity and sprinting in a population of Mediterranean geckos (Hemidactylus turcicus) at the northern edge of their invasion front in a temperate zone of the United States. In the field, we quantified temperatures of geckos of varied age classes in relation to air, wall, and refugia temperatures. We also quantified temperature-dependent sprint performance and immune function in field-collected geckos to detail thermal performance patterns that may contribute to the capacity for this species to invade cool climates. Although body temperature (Tb) of wild-caught geckos correlated with wall temperature, average Tb exhibited wide distributions, suggesting eurythermy. Furthermore, the thermal performance of immune swelling responses to phytohemagglutinin injections and sprinting was optimized over a similarly wide temperature range that overlapped with the field Tb's that suggest eurythermy in this species. The wide thermal performance breadths in these traits could buffer against variation in factors such as pathogen exposure and environmental temperatures that could otherwise suppress functional performance. Thus, eurythermy of sprint and immune performance may facilitate the invasive potential of H. turcicus.}, }
@article {pmid33274864, year = {2020}, author = {Ahmad, AK and Nur-Hazwani, MNR and Aisyah Syed Omar, S and Aweng, ER and Taweel, A}, title = {Preliminary Study on Invasive Fish Species Diffusion in Selected Malaysian Freshwater Ecosystems.}, journal = {Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS}, volume = {23}, number = {11}, pages = {1374-1379}, doi = {10.3923/pjbs.2020.1374.1379}, pmid = {33274864}, issn = {1812-5735}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Endangered Species ; Environmental Monitoring ; Feeding Behavior ; Fishes/*classification ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Malaysia ; Population Density ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Malaysia reported experiencing serious invasive species intrusion in various rivers and threatening some local species to distinct. A study was undertaken to estimate and compare their composition and species richness in two pristine and two disturbed freshwater ecosystems.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Invasive and local species growth pattern was also estimated using length-weight analysis. Sampling was conducted using cast net and electric shock in each river twice in 12 months. Fish collected were identified, photo captured and measured for their weight and length. The growth pattern was also estimated using length-weight analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 188 fishes were caught, comprises of 8 families and 15 species (ten local species with 119 individuals and five alien species with 69 individuals). Sistomus binotatus was the most dominant local species, whereas Tilapia nilotica was the most dominant alien species. There is no significant difference in composition between local and invasive species occur indicates the raise of alien species in those ecosystems even local species still dominated. The growth pattern for Sistomus binotatus and Clarias batrachus is isometric in the pristine ecosystem but negative isometric in disturbed rivers. Contrary, Tilapia nilotica has isometric for both ecosystems.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study concluded the capability and potential of colonization of alien species in stress ecosystem especially Tilapia nilotica. Thus, there is potential colonization of alien in Malaysia freshwater systems and a threat to local species due to food competition, site preferences and survival ability.}, }
@article {pmid33274377, year = {2021}, author = {Panthi, BR and Renkema, JM and Lahiri, S and Liburd, OE}, title = {The Short-Range Movement of Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Rate of Spread of Feeding Injury Among Strawberry Plants.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {12-18}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvaa149}, pmid = {33274377}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Fragaria ; Larva ; Plant Leaves ; Plants ; *Thysanoptera ; }, abstract = {Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood infest strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne, Rosaceae) fields from nearby crop fields and surrounding vegetation and cause injury to plants by feeding on young leaf tissues. Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to determine the short-range movement of S. dorsalis to assess the risk of an early S. dorsalis population to spread to adjacent plants. In a greenhouse, 25 potted strawberry plants were arranged in two concentric rows around a central plant, where plants in inner rows were 20 cm, and those in the outer rows were 40 cm from the central plant. In the field, 20 strawberry plants were arranged in two beds (90 cm apart), ten in each bed, and five plants in each row, with plants 30 cm apart. White sticky cards were placed at 60-120 cm from the central plant. Fifty S. dorsalis adults were released on a centrally located plant, and the numbers of S. dorsalis adults and larvae and feeding injury were recorded for 9-17 d on adjacent plants and sticky cards. Results showed that significantly more S. dorsalis adults and larvae remained on the initially infested plant compared to adjacent plants, although few adults were found up to 120 cm on sticky cards. The rate of spread of feeding injury was low with slight bronzing injury (<10% injury) on adjacent plants by 14-17 d. Since most S. dorsalis remained on initially infested plants for at least 2 wk, it is feasible to delay management actions and 'rescue' plants around a plant with minor injury symptoms.}, }
@article {pmid33273581, year = {2020}, author = {Kindlmann, P and Štípková, Z and Dixon, AFG}, title = {Aphid colony duration does not limit the abundance of Harmonia axyridis in the mediterranean area.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {21085}, pmid = {33273581}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Aphids/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; *Biomass ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Diet ; Phylogeography ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {There is a lot of information on the factors limiting the distributions of species in their native areas, but much less on those limiting potential changes in distributions of species that are currently spreading outside their present range, especially invasive species. However, this information is often quite essential, as it enables the prediction of future spatial distributions and local abundances of invasive species and the potential effect they may have on people and crops. Arising from glasshouse escapes in North America and the Netherlands, the invasive ladybird, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), originally from the east Palearctic, has now spread across the whole of North America and most of Europe, both of which caused serious concern. Recent observations show that the spread of H. axyridis towards the equator is limited. For example, it is quite rare in the Mediterranean area and its northward spread in South America is also quite slow, as if there was something limiting its spread towards the equator. European literature indicates it is neither climate, nor the distance of the Mediterranean from the original release location in the Netherlands. Therefore, we hypothesized that it may be biotic factors. In particular, the duration of colonies of prey (colony is the set of individuals in one patch, usually on one plant) that becomes shorter as one approaches the equator. This may lower the fitness of the predator and subsequently lead to low population densities. We test here, whether the duration of aphid colonies is shorter in the Mediterranean area than in Central Europe. Unfortunately, our data does not support this hypothesis. Therefore, the question of what limits the distribution of H. axyridis towards the equator remains to be resolved.}, }
@article {pmid33270641, year = {2020}, author = {Sánchez-Ortiz, K and Taylor, KJM and De Palma, A and Essl, F and Dawson, W and Kreft, H and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and van Kleunen, M and Weigelt, P and Purvis, A}, title = {Effects of land-use change and related pressures on alien and native subsets of island communities.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, pages = {e0227169}, pmid = {33270641}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {I 3757/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/growth &amp; development ; *Islands ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Island species and habitats are particularly vulnerable to human disturbances, and anthropogenic changes are increasingly overwriting natural island biogeographic patterns. However, quantitative comparisons of how native and alien assemblages respond to human disturbances are scarce. Using data from 6,242 species of vertebrates, invertebrates and plants, from 7,718 sites on 81 islands, we model how land-use change, human population density and distance to the nearest road affect local assemblages of alien and native species on islands. We found that land-use change reduces both richness and abundance of native species, whereas the number and abundance of alien species are high in plantation forests and agricultural or urban sites. In contrast to the long-established pattern for native species (i.e., decline in species number with island isolation), more isolated islands have more alien species across most land uses than do less isolated islands. We show that alien species play a major role in the turnover of island assemblages: our models show that aliens outnumber natives among the species present at disturbed sites but absent from minimally-disturbed primary vegetation. Finally, we found a homogenization pattern for both native and alien assemblages across sites within most land uses. The declines of native species on islands in the face of human pressures, and the particular proneness to invasions of the more remote islands, highlight the need to reduce the intensity of human pressures on islands and to prevent the introduction and establishment of alien species.}, }
@article {pmid33269804, year = {2021}, author = {Probert, AF and Ward, DF and Beggs, JR and Bury, SJ and Hermans, SM and Lear, G and Stanley, MC}, title = {High Dietary Niche Overlap Between Non-native and Native Ant Species in Natural Ecosystems.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {86-96}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvaa133}, pmid = {33269804}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Diet ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; }, abstract = {Ants represent a highly diverse and ecologically important group of insects found in almost all terrestrial ecosystems. A subset of ant species have been widely transported around the globe and invade many natural ecosystems, often out-competing native counterparts and causing varying impacts on recipient ecosystems. Decisions to control non-native ant populations require an understanding of their interactions and related impacts on native communities. We employed stable isotope analysis and metabarcoding techniques to identify potential dietary niche overlap and identify gut contents of 10 ant species found in natural ecosystems in Aotearoa New Zealand. Additionally, we looked at co-occurrence to identify potential competitive interactions among native and non-native ant species. Ants fed mainly across two trophic levels, with high dietary overlap. Relative to other ant species sampled, two non-native ant species, Linepithema humile and Technomyrmex jocosus, were found to feed at the lowest trophic level. The largest isotopic niche overlap was observed between the native Monomorium antarcticum and the invasive Ochetellus glaber, with analyses revealing a negative co-occurrence pattern. Sequence data of ant gut content identified 51 molecular operational taxonomic units, representing 22 orders and 34 families, and primarily consisting of arthropod DNA. Although we generally found high dietary overlap among species, negative occurrence between a dominant, non-native species and a ubiquitous native species indicates that species-specific interactions could be negatively impacting native ecosystems. Our research progresses and informs the currently limited knowledge around establishing protocols for metabarcoding to investigate ant diet and interactions between native and non-native ant species.}, }
@article {pmid33267775, year = {2020}, author = {Raman, G and Park, KT and Kim, JH and Park, S}, title = {Characteristics of the completed chloroplast genome sequence of Xanthium spinosum: comparative analyses, identification of mutational hotspots and phylogenetic implications.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {855}, pmid = {33267775}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {PQ20180B009//Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency/ ; }, mesh = {*Genome, Chloroplast ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; *Xanthium/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The invasive species Xanthium spinosum has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for many years. Unfortunately, no extensive molecular studies of this plant have been conducted.<br><br>RESULTS: Here, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of X. spinosum was assembled and analyzed. The cp genome of X. spinosum was 152,422 base pairs (bp) in length, with a quadripartite circular structure. The cp genome contained 115 unique genes, including 80 PCGs, 31 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Comparative analyses revealed that X. spinosum contains a large number of repeats (999 repeats) and 701 SSRs in its cp genome. Fourteen divergences (&#x3a0;&#x2009;>&#x2009;0.03) were found in the intergenic spacer regions. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Parthenium is a sister clade to both Xanthium and Ambrosia and an early-diverging lineage of subtribe Ambrosiinae, although this finding was supported with a very weak bootstrap value.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The identified hotspot regions could be used as molecular markers for resolving phylogenetic relationships and species identification in the genus Xanthium.}, }
@article {pmid33264517, year = {2021}, author = {Ginal, P and Mokhatla, M and Kruger, N and Secondi, J and Herrel, A and Measey, J and Rödder, D}, title = {Ecophysiological models for global invaders: Is Europe a big playground for the African clawed frog?.}, journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology}, volume = {335}, number = {1}, pages = {158-172}, doi = {10.1002/jez.2432}, pmid = {33264517}, issn = {2471-5646}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Xenopus laevis/*physiology ; }, abstract = {One principle threat prompting the worldwide decline of amphibians is the introduction of nonindigenous amphibians. The African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis, is now one of the widest distributed amphibians occurring on four continents with ongoing range expansion including large parts of Europe. Species distribution models (SDMs) are essential tools to predict the invasive risk of these species. Previous efforts have focused on correlative approaches but these can be vulnerable to extrapolation errors when projecting species' distributions in nonnative ranges. Recent developments emphasise more robust process-based models, which use physiological data like critical thermal limits and performance, or hybrid models using both approaches. Previous correlative SDMs predict different patterns in the potential future distribution of X. laevis in Europe, but it is likely that these models do not assess its full invasive potential. Based on physiological performance trials, we calculate size and temperature-dependent response surfaces, which are scaled to geographic performance layers matching the critical thermal limits. We then use these ecophysiological performance layers in a standard correlative SDM framework to predict the potential distribution in southern Africa and Europe. Physiological performance traits (standard metabolic rate and endurance time of adult frogs) are the main drivers for the predicted distribution, while the locomotor performance (maximum velocity and distance moved in 200 ms) of adults and tadpoles have low contributions.}, }
@article {pmid33264496, year = {2021}, author = {Zhao, M and Wickham, JD and Zhao, L and Sun, J}, title = {Major ascaroside pheromone component asc-C5 influences reproductive plasticity among isolates of the invasive species pinewood nematode.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {893-907}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12512}, pmid = {33264496}, issn = {1749-4877}, support = {2018YFC1200400//National key R &amp; D Program of China/ ; 31630013//Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31572272//Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; QYZDJ-SSW-SMC024//Frontier Science Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Helminth Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Nematoda/*drug effects ; Oviposition/*drug effects/physiology ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; RNA Interference ; }, abstract = {Pheromones are communication chemicals and regulatory signals used by animals and represent unique tools for organisms to mediate behaviors and make "decisions" to maximize their fitness. Phenotypic plasticity refers to the innate capacity of a species to tolerate a greater breadth of environmental conditions across which it adapts to improve its survival, reproduction, and fitness. The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, an invasive nematode species, was accidentally introduced from North America into Japan, China, and Europe; however, few studies have investigated its pheromones and phenotypic plasticity as a natural model. Here, we demonstrated a novel phenomenon, in which nematodes under the condition of pheromone presence triggered increased reproduction in invasive strains (JP1, JP2, CN1, CN2, EU1, and EU2), while it simultaneously decreased reproduction in native strains (US1 and US2). The bidirectional effect on fecundity, mediated by presence/absence of pheromones, is henceforth termed pheromone-regulative reproductive plasticity (PRRP). We further found that synthetic ascaroside asc-C5 (ascr#9), the major pheromone component, plays a leading role in PRRP and identified 2 candidate receptor genes, Bxydaf-38 and Bxysrd-10, involved in perceiving asc-C5. These results suggest that plasticity of reproductive responses to pheromones in pinewood nematode may increase its fitness in novel environments following introduction. This opens up a new perspective for invasion biology and presents a novel strategy of invasion, suggesting that pheromones, in addition to their traditional roles in chemical signaling, can influence the reproductive phenotype among native and invasive isolates. In addition, this novel mechanism could broadly explain, through comparative studies of native and invasive populations of animals, a potential underlying factor behind of the success of other biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid33261674, year = {2021}, author = {Alba, A and Vazquez, AA and Hurtrez-Boussès, S}, title = {Towards the comprehension of fasciolosis (re-)emergence: an integrative overview.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {148}, number = {4}, pages = {385-407}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182020002255}, pmid = {33261674}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Climate Change ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*epidemiology ; Disease Vectors ; Environmental Pollution ; Fascioliasis/*epidemiology ; Gastropoda/parasitology ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Livestock ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Poverty ; Prevalence ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Zoonoses/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {The increasing distribution and prevalence of fasciolosis in both human and livestock are concerning. Here, we examine the various types of factors influencing fasciolosis transmission and burden and the interrelations that may exist between them. We present the arsenal of molecules, 'adjusting' capabilities and parasitic strategies of Fasciola to infect. Such features define the high adaptability of Fasciola species for parasitism that facilitate their transmission. We discuss current environmental perturbations (increase of livestock and land use, climate change, introduction of alien species and biodiversity loss) in relation to fasciolosis dynamics. As Fasciola infection is directly and ultimately linked to livestock management, living conditions and cultural habits, which are also changing under the pressure of globalization and climate change, the social component of transmission is also discussed. Lastly, we examine the implication of increasing scientific and political awareness in highlighting the current circulation of fasciolosis and boosting epidemiological surveys and novel diagnostic techniques. From a joint perspective, it becomes clear that factors weight differently at each place and moment, depending on the biological, environmental, social and political interrelating contexts. Therefore, the analyses of a disease as complex as fasciolosis should be as integrative as possible to dissect the realities featuring each epidemiological scenario. Such a comprehensive appraisal is presented in this review and constitutes its main asset to serve as a fresh integrative understanding of fasciolosis.}, }
@article {pmid33260438, year = {2020}, author = {Cebrián-Camisón, S and Martínez-de la Puente, J and Figuerola, J}, title = {A Literature Review of Host Feeding Patterns of Invasive Aedes Mosquitoes in Europe.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {33260438}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {PGC2018-095704-B-I00//Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Regional Development Fund/ ; }, abstract = {Aedes invasive mosquitoes (AIMs) play a key role as vectors of several pathogens of public health relevance. Four species have been established in Europe, including Aedes aegypti, Aedesalbopictus, Aedes japonicus and Aedes koreicus. In addition, Aedes atropalpus has been repeatedly recorded although it has not yet been established. In spite of their importance in the transmission of endemic (e.g., heartworms) and imported pathogens (e.g., dengue virus), basic information of parameters affecting their vectorial capacity is poorly investigated. The aim of this study is to review the blood feeding patterns of these invasive mosquito species in Europe, summarizing available information from their native and introduced distribution ranges. The feeding patterns of mosquitoes constitute a key parameter affecting the contact rates between infected and susceptible hosts, thus playing a central role in the epidemiology of mosquito-borne pathogens. Our results highlight that these mosquito species feed on the blood of different vertebrate groups from ectotherms to birds and mammals. However, humans represent the most important source of blood for these species, accounting for 36% and 93% of hosts identified for Ae. japonicus and Ae. aegypti, respectively. In spite of that, limited information has been obtained for some particular species, such as Ae. koreicus, or it is restricted to a few particular areas. Given the high vector competence of the four AIM species for the transmission of different emerging arboviruses such as dengue, Chikungunya, Zika or Yellow fever viruses and their high feeding rates on humans, these AIM species may have an important impact on the vectorial capacity for such pathogens on urban and periurban areas. Finally, we propose directions for future research lines based on identified knowledge gaps.}, }
@article {pmid33260209, year = {2020}, author = {Keller, EL and Schall, JJ}, title = {A New Species of Monocystis (Apicomplexa: Gregarina: Monocystidae) from the Asian Invasive Earthworm Amynthas agrestis (Megascolecidae), with an Improved Standard for Monocystis Species Descriptions.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {106}, number = {6}, pages = {735-741}, doi = {10.1645/20-20}, pmid = {33260209}, issn = {1937-2345}, mesh = {Animals ; Apicomplexa/*classification/genetics/growth &amp; development/isolation &amp; purification ; DNA, Protozoan/isolation &amp; purification ; Host Specificity ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Oligochaeta/classification/*parasitology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Seasons ; Sequence Alignment ; Soil ; Vermont ; }, abstract = {Monocystis perplexa n. sp., a parasite of an important invasive Japanese earthworm in North America, Amynthas agrestis, is described from a site in Vermont. An improved standard for Monocystis species descriptions is proposed including a standard nomenclature to reduce synonymies, a standard set of biometrics and shape descriptions for living cells, and a DNA genomic sequence for the 18S rRNA (∼1,700 base pairs). Comparing morphologies of Monocystis parasites in sympatric earthworm species indicates that M. perplexa is specific to A. agrestis in the study region. Also, polymerase chain reaction primers specific to M. perplexa amplified samples of A. agrestis earthworms taken from several sites in Japan. This suggests the parasite entered North America from Japan, the origin of the invasive Amynthas earthworm, and thus M. perplexa would be the first Monocystis described from the diverse Japanese Amynthas earthworms and the first from East Asia. Monocystis perplexa was found in every population of A. agrestis surveyed in Vermont, always reaching 100% prevalence by late summer (the host has an annual life cycle in Vermont). The 18S gene sequence differed from that of Monocystis agilis from the sympatric earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (the only other sequence available for Monocystis), and a genetic similarity tree places them closest among other gregarines. Many of the 95 described species of Monocystis are very similar in morphology (based on species descriptions), so the 18S gene can act as a barcode for Monocystis species and thus will help to eliminate both synonymies and reveal cryptic species.}, }
@article {pmid33260073, year = {2021}, author = {Jackson, MV and Fuller, RA and Gan, X and Li, J and Mao, D and Melville, DS and Murray, NJ and Wang, Z and Choi, CY}, title = {Dual threat of tidal flat loss and invasive Spartina alterniflora endanger important shorebird habitat in coastal mainland China.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {278}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {111549}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111549}, pmid = {33260073}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {China ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Poaceae ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {China's coastal wetlands are critically important to shorebirds. Substantial loss of tidal flats, shorebirds' primary foraging grounds, has occurred from land claim and other processes, and is driving population declines in multiple species. Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora was intentionally introduced to the coast of China in 1979 to promote conversion of tidal flats into dry land and has since spread rapidly. The occurrence of S. alterniflora reduces the availability of foraging and roosting habitat for shorebirds, and may be particularly detrimental in places that have experienced other tidal flat loss. However, the extent to which S. alterniflora is encroaching upon important shorebird habitat throughout coastal mainland China, and its intersection with tidal flat loss, has not been quantified. Here, we i) estimate change in the spatial extent of tidal flats between 2000 and 2015 in coastal mainland China where internationally important numbers of shorebirds have been recorded; ii) map the extent of S. alterniflora coverage in 2015 at the same set of sites; and, iii) investigate where these two threats to important shorebird habitat intersect. Our analysis of remote sensing data indicated a 15% net loss in tidal flat area between 2000 and 2015 across all sites, including a net loss in tidal flat area in 39 of 53 individual sites (74%). Spartina alterniflora occurred at 28 of 53 sites (53%) in 2015, of which 22 sites (79%) also had a net loss in tidal flat area between 2000 and 2015. Combined pressures from tidal flat loss and S. alterniflora invasion were most severe in eastern coastal China. Species highly dependent on migrating through this region, which include the Critically Endangered Spoon-billed Sandpiper and Endangered Nordmann's Greenshank and Far Eastern Curlew, may be particularly impacted. Our results underscore the urgent need to arrest tidal flat declines and develop a comprehensive control program for S. alterniflora in coastal areas of mainland China that are important for shorebirds.}, }
@article {pmid33259896, year = {2021}, author = {Vythalingam, LM and Hossain, MAM and Bhassu, S}, title = {Rapid in-situ detection kit (RisK): Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the rapid identification of selected invasive alien fish in Malaysian freshwaters.}, journal = {Molecular and cellular probes}, volume = {55}, number = {}, pages = {101683}, doi = {10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101683}, pmid = {33259896}, issn = {1096-1194}, mesh = {Animals ; Fishes/*genetics ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Malaysia ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/*methods ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/*methods ; Transillumination ; Ultraviolet Rays ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien fish species have become a silent treat towards the ecosystem especially the native fish population in Malaysia. There has been a need to develop rapid identification methods that can aid management teams in identifying fish species that are not native to our ecosystem. Current visual identification methods are highly tedious and require time, delaying action towards curbing the invasion. The LAMP assay successfully identified six popular invasive fish species in Malaysia. None of the LAMP assays showed false positives and the Limit of Detection of the LAMP primers were highly sensitive and could detect DNA samples up to 1 × 10[-15] ng/μl. The LAMP primers designed were highly specific to the target species and did not amplify non target species. DNA sequencing was done to ensure the accuracy of LAMP assay results. This study demonstrates that LAMP is a suitable tool in species identification efforts of invasive fish species in Malaysia.}, }
@article {pmid33259538, year = {2020}, author = {Dexter, E and Katz, SL and Bollens, SM and Rollwagen-Bollens, G and Hampton, SE}, title = {Modeling the trophic impacts of invasive zooplankton in a highly invaded river.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, pages = {e0243002}, pmid = {33259538}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Statistical ; Multivariate Analysis ; Regression Analysis ; *Rivers ; *Zooplankton/classification ; }, abstract = {The lower Columbia River (Washington and Oregon, USA) has been heavily invaded by a large number of planktonic organisms including the invasive copepod Pseudodiaptomus forbesi and the planktonic juveniles of the invasive clam, Corbicula fluminea. In order to assess the ecological impacts of these highly abundant invaders, we developed a multivariate auto-regressive (MAR) model of food web dynamics based upon a 12-year time-series of plankton community and environmental data from the Columbia River. Our model results indicate that plankton communities in the lower Columbia River are strongly impacted by the copepod P. forbesi at multiple trophic levels. We observed different ecological effects across different life stages of P. forbesi, with nauplii negatively impacting ciliates and autotrophs, and copepodite stages negatively impacting Daphnia and cyclopoid copepods. Although juvenile C. fluminea were highly abundant in the summer and autumn of each year, our best fit MAR model did not show significant C. fluminea impacts. Our results illustrate the strong ecological impact that some zooplankton invaders may cause within rivers and estuarine systems, and highlight the need for further research on the feeding ecology of the planktonic life-stage of C. fluminea. Overall, our study demonstrates the manner in which long-term, high resolution data sets can be used to better understand the ecological impacts of invasive species among complex and highly dynamic communities.}, }
@article {pmid33259063, year = {2021}, author = {Yu, H and Le Roux, JJ and Jiang, Z and Sun, F and Peng, C and Li, W}, title = {Soil nitrogen dynamics and competition during plant invasion: insights from Mikania micrantha invasions in China.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {229}, number = {6}, pages = {3440-3452}, doi = {10.1111/nph.17125}, pmid = {33259063}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {China ; Introduced Species ; *Mikania ; Nitrogen ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants often change a/biotic soil conditions to increase their competitiveness. We compared the microbially mediated soil nitrogen (N) cycle of invasive Mikania micrantha and two co-occurring native competitors, Persicaria chinensis and Paederia scandens. We assessed how differences in plant tissue N content, soil nutrients, N cycling rates, microbial biomass and activity, and diversity and abundance of N-cycling microbes associated with these species impact their competitiveness. Mikania micrantha outcompeted both native species by transferring more N to plant tissue (37.9-55.8% more than natives). We found total soil N to be at lowest, and available N highest, in M. micrantha rhizospheres, suggesting higher N cycling rates compared with both natives. Higher microbial biomass and enzyme activities in M. micrantha rhizospheres confirmed this, being positively correlated with soil N mineralization rates and available N. Mikania micrantha rhizospheres harbored highly diverse N-cycling microbes, including N-fixing, ammonia-oxidizing and denitrifying bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). Structural equation models indicated that M. micrantha obtained available N via AOA-mediated nitrification mainly. Field data mirrored our experimental findings. Nitrogen availability is elevated under M. micrantha invasion through enrichment of microbes that participate in N cycling, in turn increasing available N for plant growth, facilitating high interspecific competition.}, }
@article {pmid33257439, year = {2021}, author = {da Silva, CRB and Beaman, JE and Dorey, JB and Barker, SJ and Congedi, NC and Elmer, MC and Galvin, S and Tuiwawa, M and Stevens, MI and Alton, LA and Schwarz, MP and Kellermann, V}, title = {Climate change and invasive species: a physiological performance comparison of invasive and endemic bees in Fiji.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {224}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.230326}, pmid = {33257439}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Female ; Fiji ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic climate change and invasive species are two of the greatest threats to biodiversity, affecting the survival, fitness and distribution of many species around the globe. Invasive species are often expected to have broad thermal tolerance, be highly plastic, or have high adaptive potential when faced with novel environments. Tropical island ectotherms are expected to be vulnerable to climate change as they often have narrow thermal tolerance and limited plasticity. In Fiji, only one species of endemic bee, Homalictus fijiensis, is commonly found in the lowland regions, but two invasive bee species, Braunsapis puangensis and Ceratina dentipes, have recently been introduced into Fiji. These introduced species pollinate invasive plants and might compete with H. fijiensis and other native pollinators for resources. To test whether certain performance traits promote invasiveness of some species, and to determine which species are the most vulnerable to climate change, we compared the thermal tolerance, desiccation resistance, metabolic rate and seasonal performance adjustments of endemic and invasive bees in Fiji. The two invasive species tended to be more resistant to thermal and desiccation stress than H. fijiensis, while H. fijiensis had greater capacity to adjust their CTmax with season, and H. fijiensis females tended to have higher metabolic rates than B. puangensis females. These findings provide mixed support for current hypotheses for the functional basis of the success of invasive species; however, we expect the invasive bees in Fiji to be more resilient to climate change because of their increased thermal tolerance and desiccation resistance.}, }
@article {pmid33257434, year = {2021}, author = {Christensen, EAF and Norin, T and Tabak, I and van Deurs, M and Behrens, JW}, title = {Effects of temperature on physiological performance and behavioral thermoregulation in an invasive fish, the round goby.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {224}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {}, pmid = {33257434}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Body Temperature Regulation ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Invasive species exert negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems on a global scale, which may be enhanced in the future by climate change. Knowledge of how invasive species respond physiologically and behaviorally to novel and changing environments can improve our understanding of which traits enable the ecological success of these species, and potentially facilitate mitigation efforts. We examined the effects of acclimation to temperatures ranging from 5 to 28°C on aerobic metabolic rates, upper temperature tolerance (critical thermal maximum, CTmax), as well as temperature preference (Tpref) and avoidance (Tavoid) of the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), one of the most impactful invasive species in the world. We show that round goby maintained a high aerobic scope from 15 to 28°C; that is, the capacity to increase its aerobic metabolic rate above that of its maintenance metabolism remained high across a broad thermal range. Although CTmax increased relatively little with acclimation temperature compared with other species, Tpref and Tavoid were not affected by acclimation temperature at all, meaning that round goby maintained a large thermal safety margin (CTmax-Tavoid) across acclimation temperatures, indicating a high level of thermal resilience in this species. The unperturbed physiological performance and high thermal resilience were probably facilitated by high levels of phenotypic buffering, which can make species readily adaptable and ecologically competitive in novel and changing environments. We suggest that these physiological and behavioral traits could be common for invasive species, which would only increase their success under continued climate change.}, }
@article {pmid33255920, year = {2020}, author = {Ludwick, DC and Patterson, J and Leake, LB and Carper, L and Leskey, TC}, title = {Integrating Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead, 1904) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) into Management Programs for Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Apple Orchards: Impact of Insecticide Applications and Spray Patterns.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {33255920}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {USDA-NIFA-SCRI 2016-51181-25409//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; Project 8080-21000-030-00-D//Agricultural Research Service/ ; }, abstract = {Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive species in the United States, where it has caused significant damage to specialty crops, including apples. While integrated pest management techniques have been developed for H. halys in apple, including spray application techniques, it is unknown how these techniques affect foraging, adventive Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead, 1904) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), and its offspring. In this study, egg masses (unparasitized and 2 and 7 day parasitized pre-treatment) were placed in apple orchards in treated and untreated locations that received full block insecticide applications or reduced application techniques, including border row or alternate row middle applications. Bifenthrin, thiamethoxam + λ-cyhalothrin, clothianidin, and methomyl were evaluated. Egg masses were retrieved 24 h after spray applications. For 2 and 7 day parasitized pre-treatment, adult T. japonicus emergence was recorded from each egg mass. For unparasitized egg masses, T. japonicus females were given 24 h to forage and oviposit on post-treatment egg masses with female survivorship, and adult emergence from egg masses was recorded. Female survivorship was significantly lower on post-treatment egg masses retrieved from areas receiving bifenthrin applications. Emergence from post-treatment egg masses was affected by thiamethoxam + λ-cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, and methomyl in some treated areas, whereas less impact was observed on 2 and 7 day pre-treatment parasitized egg masses in general. These data provide further insights into H. halys management and the potential impact of T. japonicus in sprayed orchard agroecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid33254855, year = {2021}, author = {De-la-Torre, GE and Dioses-Salinas, DC and Pizarro-Ortega, CI and Santillán, L}, title = {New plastic formations in the Anthropocene.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {754}, number = {}, pages = {142216}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142216}, pmid = {33254855}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Biota ; Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental Pollution ; Geology ; Microplastics ; *Plastics ; Waste Products ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical ; }, abstract = {Plastic pollution is one of the major challenges in the Anthropocene. Upon reaching the marine environment, plastic debris is subject to anthropogenic and environmental conditions that result in novel items that vary in composition, physical and chemical characteristics. Here, we reviewed and discussed the potential fate and threat to the environment of four recently described plastic formations: Plastiglomerates, pyroplastics, plasticrusts, and anthropoquinas. The threats identified were mostly related to the release of toxic chemicals and plastic ingestion. Transportation of alien invasive species or microbial pathogens and fragmentation of larger plastics into microplastics (<5 mm), potentially reaching marine trophic webs, are suspected as potential impacts based on the characteristics of these plastic formations. Some plastic forms may persist in the environment and voyage across the ocean, while others are denser and less likely to enter the plastic cycle or interact with biota. In the latter case, plastics are expected to become buried in the sediment and incorporate into the geological record. It is necessary to establish sampling protocols or standards that are specific to each plastic formation and start reporting the occurrence of these new plastic categories as such to avoid underestimating plastic pollution in marine environments. It is suggested that monitoring plans include these categories and identify potential sources. Further research must focus on investigating whether the suspected impacts are a matter of concern. In this sense, we have suggested research questions to address the knowledge gaps and have a better understanding of the impacts and distribution of the new plastic forms.}, }
@article {pmid33251632, year = {2021}, author = {Popovic, I and Bierne, N and Gaiti, F and Tanurdžić, M and Riginos, C}, title = {Pre-introduction introgression contributes to parallel differentiation and contrasting hybridization outcomes between invasive and native marine mussels.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {175-192}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.13746}, pmid = {33251632}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bivalvia/*genetics/metabolism ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Introgression ; *Introduced Species ; RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Non-native species experience novel selection pressures in introduced environments and may interbreed with native lineages. Species introductions therefore provide opportunities to investigate repeated patterns of adaptation and introgression across replicated contact zones. Here, we investigate genetic parallelism between multiple introduced populations of the invasive marine mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, in the absence (South Africa and California) and presence of hybridization with a native congener (Mytilus planulatus in Batemans Bay and Sydney Harbour, Australia). Repeatability in post-introduction differentiation from native-range populations varied between genetically distinct Atlantic and Mediterranean lineages, with Atlantic-derived introductions displaying high differentiation (maxFST > 0.4) and parallelism at outlier loci. Identification of long noncoding RNA transcripts (lncRNA) additionally allowed us to clarify that parallel responses are largely limited to protein-coding loci, with lncRNAs likely evolving under evolutionary constraints. Comparisons of independent hybrid zones revealed differential introgression most strongly in Batemans Bay, with an excess of M. galloprovincialis ancestry and resistance to introgression at loci differentiating parental lineages (M. planulatus and Atlantic M. galloprovincialis). Additionally, contigs putatively introgressed with divergent alleles from a closely related species, Mytilus edulis, showed stronger introgression asymmetries compared with genome-wide trends and also diverged in parallel in both Atlantic-derived introductions. These results suggest that divergent demographic histories experienced by introduced lineages, including pre-introduction introgression, influence contemporary admixture dynamics. Our findings build on previous investigations reporting contributions of historical introgression to intrinsic reproductive architectures shared between marine lineages and illustrate that interspecific introgression history can shape differentiation between colonizing populations and their hybridization with native congeners.}, }
@article {pmid33250211, year = {2021}, author = {Cowie, BW and Byrne, MJ and Witkowski, ETF}, title = {Feasible or foolish: Attempting restoration of a Parthenium hysterophorus invaded savanna using perennial grass seed.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {280}, number = {}, pages = {111686}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111686}, pmid = {33250211}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Africa, Southern ; *Asteraceae ; Grassland ; *Poaceae ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {The annual herb Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae), remains one of Southern Africa's most significant invasive weeds, commonly invading savannas, and their rangelands, causing severe losses to agriculture, livestock production and native biodiversity. Previous studies have suggested that perennial grasses may act as useful competitive species, capable of suppressing the growth and invasion of P. hysterophorus. To explore this, a total of 48 plots were established within an invaded savanna, using a randomised block design, and included treatments with and without the clearing of P. hysterophorus, as well as with and without the sowing of native perennial grass seed (Anthephora pubescens, Chloris gayana, Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria eriantha, Eragrostis curvula, Panicum maximum and Themeda triandra). Plots were assessed yearly in terms of P. hysterophorus density and growth as well as grass species composition, basal cover, and biomass over a three-year period. Clearing alone was found to exacerbate invasion, increasing P. hysterophorus density by 40%. Whereas the sowing of grass seed, in both the cleared and uncleared plots, increased the abundance of perennial grass species by 28%, subsequently reducing the size, reproductive output and density of P. hysterophorus over the three years. In addition, these sowing efforts contributed towards partial restoration of the plots, enhancing grass basal cover by ~15% and biomass production by 17%. Overall, this research suggests that sowing of native grass species, with or without clearing, may be a useful supplementary control or restoration tool towards the long-term management of P. hysterophorus invasions in managed savannas and rangelands in Southern Africa.}, }
@article {pmid33248784, year = {2021}, author = {Fang, Y and Zhang, X and Wei, H and Wang, D and Chen, R and Wang, L and Gu, W}, title = {Predicting the invasive trend of exotic plants in China based on the ensemble model under climate change: A case for three invasive plants of Asteraceae.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {756}, number = {}, pages = {143841}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143841}, pmid = {33248784}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Asteraceae ; China ; Climate Change ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Mikania ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Ageratina adenophora, Eupatorium odoratum, and Mikania micrantha are three highly destructive invasive plants of Compositae in China. Through the screening of SDMs, random forest (RF), gradient boosting model (GBM), artificial neural network (ANN), and flexible discriminant analysis (FDA) with TSS greater than 0.8 are selected to construct a high-precision ensemble model (EM) as the prediction model. We use specimen sites and environmental variables containing climate, soil, terrain, and human activities to simulate and predict the invasion trend of three invasive weeds in China in current, the 2050s, and the 2070s. Results indicate that the highly invasive risk area of three exotic plants is mostly distributed along the river in the provinces south of 30° N. In the future scenario, the three exotic plants obviously invade northwards Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Jiangxi and Fujian. Climate is the most important variable that affects the spread of three kinds of alien plant invasions. Temperature and precipitation variables have a similar effect on A. adenophora and E. odoratum, while M. micrantha is more sensitive to temperature. It has been reported that Ipomoea batatas and Vitex negundo can prevent the invasion of three invasive plants. Hence, we also simulate the suitable planting areas for I. batatas and V. negundo. The results show that I. batatas and V. negundo are suitable to be planted in the areas where the three weeds show invasion tendency. In the paper, predicting invasion trends of exotic plants and simulating the planting suitability of crops that can block invasion, to provide a practical significance reference and suggestion for the management, prevention, and control of the invasion of exotic plants in China.}, }
@article {pmid33248767, year = {2021}, author = {Zhang, J and Huang, W and Ding, J}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity in resource allocation to sexual trait of alligatorweed in wetland and terrestrial habitats.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {757}, number = {}, pages = {143819}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143819}, pmid = {33248767}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; China ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Resource Allocation ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Environmental heterogeneity in resource availability affects invasive plant reproductive strategies and resource allocation to reproduction. Here, we conducted two field surveys to examine the effect of wetland and terrestrial habitats on inflorescence production and resource allocation to inflorescence of the amphibious invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides in its invasive range (China). We also specifically examined the effects of water availability, fertilizer application, and plant density (space) in a greenhouse experiment. In field surveys, inflorescence biomass, normal monoclinous flowers and ratio of inflorescences to shoots of plants from wetlands were about 2.4-, 0.8- and 1.3-fold higher than those from terrestrial habitats, respectively. In greenhouse experiment, plants with higher fertilizer application and lower competition conditions produced more inflorescences, and had a lower ratio of roots to shoots and a comparable ratio of inflorescences to shoot and root. Furthermore, water availability had a significant interactive effect when combined with fertilizer level or plant density on inflorescence production and resource allocation. Together, our results indicate that high resources, such as those found in wetland habitats, favor both vegetative growth and sexual trait in A. philoxeroides. However, in terrestrial habitats where resources are relatively poor, the invader can adapt to the environment by allocating more resources to vegetative growth for clonal reproduction and less resources for sexual trait. This phenotypic plasticity in resource allocation likely facilitates the plant to invade heterogeneous wetlands and terrestrial environments.}, }
@article {pmid33248759, year = {2021}, author = {Zhang, G and Bai, J and Tebbe, CC and Huang, L and Jia, J and Wang, W and Wang, X and Yu, L and Zhao, Q}, title = {Spartina alterniflora invasions reduce soil fungal diversity and simplify co-occurrence networks in a salt marsh ecosystem.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {758}, number = {}, pages = {143667}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143667}, pmid = {33248759}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Fungi/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Poaceae ; *Soil ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Soil fungal communities drive diverse ecological processes and are critical in maintaining ecosystems' stability, but the effects of plant invasion on soil fungal diversity, community composition, and functional groups are not well understood. Here, we investigated soil fungal communities in a salt marsh ecosystem with both native (Suaeda salsa) and exotic (Spartina alterniflora) species in the Yellow River Delta. We characterized fungal diversity based on the PCR-amplified Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) DNA sequences from soil extracted total DNA. The plant invasion evidently decreased fungal richness and phylogenetic diversity and significantly altered the taxonomic community composition (indicated by the permutation test, P < 0.001). Co-occurrence networks between fungal species showed fewer network links but were more assembled because of the high modularity after the invasion. As indicated by the fungal Bray-Curtis and weighted UniFrac distances, the fungal community became homogenized with the invasion. FUNGuild database analyses revealed that the invaded sites had a higher proportion of saprophytic fungi, suggesting higher organic matter decomposition potential with the invasion. The plant invasion dramatically inhibited the growth of pathogenic fungi, which may facilitate the expansion of invasive plants in the intertidal habitats. Soil pH and salinity were identified as the most important edaphic factors in shaping the fungal community structures in the context of Spartina alterniflora invasion. Overall, this study elucidates the linkage between plant invasion and soil fungal communities and poses potential consequences for fungal contribution to ecosystem function, including the decomposition of soil organic substrates.}, }
@article {pmid33247300, year = {2021}, author = {Broadley, HJ and Gould, JR and Sullivan, LT and Wang, XY and Hoelmer, KA and Hickin, ML and Elkinton, JS}, title = {Life History and Rearing of Anastatus orientalis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), an Egg Parasitoid of the Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {28-35}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvaa124}, pmid = {33247300}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Female ; *Hemiptera ; *Hymenoptera ; Male ; Nymph ; Ovum ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {To support efforts to manage and contain spotted lanternfly (SLF), Lycorma delicatula White (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), research is being conducted to develop classical biological control methods. To date, two potential biocontrol agents from China have been identified: an egg parasitoid, Anastatus orientalis, and a nymphal parasitoid, Dryinus sinicus Olmi (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae). The research detailed here focuses on investigating the biology and rearing of A. orientalis to assess its potential efficacy in a biocontrol program and optimize its rearing. Female wasps lived significantly longer than male wasps (68 and 23 d, respectively) and females produced an average of 94 total progeny that successfully emerged as adults, with most progeny produced between weeks one and four of the females' lives. The sex ratio of the progeny, with no re-mating, was initially highly female-biased but became progressively more male-biased, likely due to sperm depletion. There was no evidence of additional mortality to SLF eggs from wasp host feeding, but the data were highly variable and the sample size was small. There was high parasitoid emergence when oviposition conditions mimicked mid-September Beijing temperature and photoperiod; however, there was little emergence under 25°C and long-day conditions because most progeny entered a diapause. Storage of parasitized eggs in 5°C chill lowered parasitoid emergence rates. Lastly, there was no evidence that storing field-collected SLF egg masses in 5°C for 10 mo prior to parasitization affected parasitism rates. These findings inform our rearing protocol for A. orientalis and facilitate our testing of this species as a potential biological control agent for SLF.}, }
@article {pmid33246748, year = {2021}, author = {Kleitou, P and Crocetta, F and Giakoumi, S and Giovos, I and Hall-Spencer, JM and Kalogirou, S and Kletou, D and Moutopoulos, DK and Rees, S}, title = {Fishery reforms for the management of non-indigenous species.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {280}, number = {}, pages = {111690}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111690}, pmid = {33246748}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Fisheries ; Fishes ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {Marine ecosystems are undergoing major transformations due to the establishment and spread of Non-Indigenous Species (NIS). Some of these organisms have adverse effects, for example by reducing biodiversity and causing ecosystem shifts. Others have upsides, such as benefits to fisheries or replacing lost ecological functions and strengthening biogenic complexity. Stopping the spread of NIS is virtually impossible and so the societal challenge is how to limit the socioeconomic, health, and ecological risks, and sustainably exploit the benefits provided by these organisms. We propose a move away from the notion that NIS have only negative effects, and suggest a turn towards an Ecosystem-Based Fishery Management approach for NIS (EBFM-NIS) in the Mediterranean Sea, the world's most invaded marine region. A structured, iterative, and adaptive framework that considers the range of costs and benefits to ecosystems, ecosystem services, and fisheries is set out to determine whether NIS stocks should be managed using sustainable or unsustainable exploitation. We propose fishery reforms such as multiannual plans, annual catch limits, technical measures for sustainable exploitation, and legitimization of unlimited fishing of selected NIS and introduction of a radical new license for NIS fishing for unsustainable exploitation. Depending on local conditions, investment strategies can be included within the EBFM-NIS framework to protect/enhance natural assets to improve ecosystem resilience against NIS, as well as fishery assets to improve the performance of NIS fisheries. Examples of the former include the enhancement of Marine Protected Areas, harvesting of invasive NIS within MPAs, and protection of overfished predators and key species. Examples of the latter include market promotion and valorisation of NIS products, development of novel NIS products, and innovative/alternative NIS fishing such as fishery-related tourism ('pescatourism'). The application of the suggested EBFM-NIS would create jobs, protect and enhance ecosystem services, and help to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development.}, }
@article {pmid33244619, year = {2021}, author = {Mathai, PP and Bertram, JH and Padhi, SK and Singh, V and Tolo, IE and Primus, A and Mor, SK and Phelps, NBD and Sadowsky, MJ}, title = {Influence of Environmental Stressors on the Microbiota of Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha).}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {81}, number = {4}, pages = {1042-1053}, pmid = {33244619}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.//Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station./ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia ; *Dreissena ; Lakes ; *Microbiota ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Host-associated microbiota play a critical role in host fitness by providing nutrition, enhancing digestion capabilities, and by providing protection from pathogens. Here, we investigated the effects of two environmental stressors, temperature, and salinity, on the microbiota associated with zebra mussels (ZMs), a highly invasive bivalve in North America. To examine this in detail, lake-collected ZMs were acclimated to laboratory conditions, and subjected to temperature and salinity stress conditions. The impact of these stressors on the diversity, composition, and dynamics of ZM-associated microbiota were assessed by using amplicon- and shotgun-based sequencing, and qPCR-based approaches. Elevated temperature was found to be the primary driver of ZM mortality, although salinity alone also increased its likelihood. Stressor-induced ZM mortality, which ranged between 53 and 100%, was concomitant with significant increases in the relative abundance of several genera of putative opportunistic pathogens including Aeromonas. These genera were only present in low relative abundance in ZMs obtained from the control tank with 0% mortality. Shotgun sequencing and qPCR analyses indicated that the relative and absolute abundances of pathogenic Aeromonas species (particularly A. veronii) were significantly greater in temperature-induced dead ZMs. Taken together, our results show that environmental stress, especially elevated temperature (> 25 °C), is associated with the rapid mortality of ZMs as well as the proliferation of putative opportunistic bacterial pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid33241845, year = {2020}, author = {Koch, FH and Yemshanov, D and Haight, RG and MacQuarrie, CJK and Liu, N and Venette, R and Ryall, K}, title = {Optimal invasive species surveillance in the real world: practical advances from research.}, journal = {Emerging topics in life sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, pages = {513-520}, pmid = {33241845}, issn = {2397-8554}, mesh = {Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {When alien species make incursions into novel environments, early detection through surveillance is critical to minimizing their impacts and preserving the possibility of timely eradication. However, incipient populations can be difficult to detect, and usually, there are limited resources for surveillance or other response activities. Modern optimization techniques enable surveillance planning that accounts for the biology and expected behavior of an invasive species while exploring multiple scenarios to identify the most cost-effective options. Nevertheless, most optimization models omit some real-world limitations faced by practitioners during multi-day surveillance campaigns, such as daily working time constraints, the time and cost to access survey sites and personnel work schedules. Consequently, surveillance managers must rely on their own judgments to handle these logistical details, and default to their experience during implementation. This is sensible, but their decisions may fail to address all relevant factors and may not be cost-effective. A better planning strategy is to determine optimal routing to survey sites while accounting for common daily logistical constraints. Adding site access and other logistical constraints imposes restrictions on the scope and extent of the surveillance effort, yielding costlier but more realistic expectations of the surveillance outcomes than in a theoretical planning case.}, }
@article {pmid33240597, year = {2020}, author = {Rewicz, A and Myśliwy, M and Adamowski, W and Podlasiński, M and Bomanowska, A}, title = {Seed morphology and sculpture of invasive Impatiens capensis Meerb. from different habitats.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e10156}, pmid = {33240597}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Impatiens capensis is an annual plant native to eastern North America that is currently spreading across Europe. In Poland, due to this plant's rapid spread in the secondary range and high competitiveness in relation to native species, it is considered a locally invasive species. The microstructure of seeds is an important tool for solving various taxonomic problems and also provides data useful for determining the impact of various environmental factors on the phenotypic variability of species. This issue is particularly important in regard to invasive species which occupy a wide range of habitats in the invaded range. There are few reports on seed size and thus far no descriptions of the seed ultrastructure of I. capensis in the analyzed literature. We present new data on the seed morphology of I. capensis growing in different habitats and conditions in the secondary range of the species. The studied populations differed significantly in each of the investigated traits (seed length, width, circumference, area, roundness, and mass). Our findings showed that anthropogenic disturbances in habitats and some soil parameters (presence of carbonates, potassium, loose sand, and moisture) were statistically significant with various seed sizes and morphology in the studied populations of I. capensis. Moreover, our studies showed maximum seed length (5.74 mm) and width (3.21 mm) exceeding those values given in the available literature. For the first time, we also provide a detailed SEM study of the ultrastructure of the seed coat of I. capensis. There are two types of epidermal cells on the seeds: (a) between the ribs (elongated with straight anticlinal walls, slightly concave outer periclinal walls, and micropapillate secondary sculpture on the edges with anticyclic walls), and (b) on the ribs (isodiametric cells with straight anticlinal walls and concave outer periclinal walls). Unlike the variability of size and weight of seeds, the coat ornamentation has turned out to be a steady feature within the studied secondary range of I. capensis.}, }
@article {pmid33240595, year = {2020}, author = {Justine, JL and Gey, D and Thévenot, J and Gastineau, R and Jones, HD}, title = {The land flatworm Amaga expatria (Geoplanidae) in Guadeloupe and Martinique: new reports and molecular characterization including complete mitogenome.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e10098}, pmid = {33240595}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The land flatworm Amaga expatria Jones &amp; Sterrer, 2005 (Geoplanidae) was described from two specimens collected in Bermuda in 1963 and 1988 and not recorded since.<br><br>METHODS: On the basis of a citizen science project, we received observations in the field, photographs and specimens from non-professionals and local scientists in Martinique and Guadeloupe. We barcoded (COI) specimens from both islands and studied the histology of the reproductive organs of one specimen. Based on Next Generation Sequencing, we obtained the complete mitogenome of A. expatria and some information on its prey from contaminating DNA.<br><br>RESULTS: We add records from 2006 to 2019 in two French islands of the Caribbean arc, Guadeloupe (six records) and Martinique (14 records), based on photographs obtained from citizen science and specimens examined. A specimen from Martinique was studied for histology of the copulatory organs and barcoded for the COI gene; its anatomy was similar to the holotype, therefore confirming species identification. The COI gene was identical for several specimens from Martinique and Guadeloupe and differed from the closest species by more than 10%; molecular characterisation of the species is thus possible by standard molecular barcoding techniques. The mitogenome is 14,962 bp in length and contains 12 protein coding genes, two rRNA genes and 22 tRNA genes; for two protein genes it was not possible to determine the start codon. The mitogenome was compared with the few available mitogenomes from geoplanids and the most similar was Obama nungara, a species from South America. An analysis of contaminating DNA in the digestive system suggests that A. expatria preys on terrestrial molluscs, and citizen science observations in the field suggest that prey include molluscs and earthworms; the species thus could be a threat to biodiversity of soil animals in the Caribbean.}, }
@article {pmid33239631, year = {2020}, author = {Edgington, MP and Harvey-Samuel, T and Alphey, L}, title = {Split drive killer-rescue provides a novel threshold-dependent gene drive.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {20520}, pmid = {33239631}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {BBS/E/I/00007038/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BBS/E/I/00007033/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; 110117/Z/15/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; DNA End-Joining Repair ; Female ; *Gene Drive Technology ; Male ; Mice ; Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted ; Proof of Concept Study ; }, abstract = {A wide range of gene drive mechanisms have been proposed that are predicted to increase in frequency within a population even when they are deleterious to individuals carrying them. This also allows associated desirable genetic material ("cargo genes") to increase in frequency. Gene drives have garnered much attention for their potential use against a range of globally important problems including vector borne disease, crop pests and invasive species. Here we propose a novel gene drive mechanism that could be engineered using a combination of toxin-antidote and CRISPR components, each of which are already being developed for other purposes. Population genetics mathematical models are developed here to demonstrate the threshold-dependent nature of the proposed system and its robustness to imperfect homing, incomplete penetrance of toxins and transgene fitness costs, each of which are of practical significance given that real-world components inevitably have such imperfections. We show that although end-joining repair mechanisms may cause the system to break down, under certain conditions, it should persist over time scales relevant for genetic control programs. The potential of such a system to provide localised population suppression via sex ratio distortion or female-specific lethality is also explored. Additionally, we investigate the effect on introduction thresholds of adding an extra CRISPR base element, showing that this may either increase or decrease dependent on parameter context.}, }
@article {pmid33238620, year = {2020}, author = {Bieńkowski, AO and Orlova-Bienkowskaja, MJ}, title = {Invasive Agricultural Pest Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae) Appeared in the Russian Caucasus.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {33238620}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Spotted-wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is one of the most important invasive pests of fruit and wine production worldwide. This species feeds on Prunus spp., Rubus spp., Fragaria spp. (Rosaceae), Vaccinium spp. (Ericaceae), Vitis spp. (Vitaceae), and other soft fruits. It causes significant damage because, unlike most other Drosophila species, it oviposits and feeds on healthy fruits. Drosophila suzukii is a quarantine pest that is included on the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) A2 List. This species is native to East Asia and has been rapidly spreading through Europe since 2008. Herein, we report the first records of D. suzukii in European Russia. In 2017 and 2020, we placed baited traps in different districts of the resort city of Sochi (Black sea Coast of the Caucasus, Krasnodar Territory, Russia). Three specimens of D. suzukii were collected in June 2017, two specimens in September 2017, and 44 specimens in September 2020. Specimens were identified by the typical female ovipositor, spotted wings of the males, and other morphological characters. Krasnodar Territory is one of the main fruit-producing regions of Russia. Therefore, populations of this pest should be monitored and measures to minimize economic damage should be taken.}, }
@article {pmid33238578, year = {2020}, author = {Bieńkowski, AO and Orlova-Bienkowskaja, MJ}, title = {History of the Biodiversity of Ladybirds (Coccinellidae) at the Black Sea Coast of the Russian Caucasus in the Last 120 Years-Does the Landscape Transformation and Establishment of Harmonia axyridis Have an Impact?.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {33238578}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {16-14-10031//Russian Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Studies of the history of regional insect fauna are important for understanding the changes in ecosystems. We analyzed the dynamics of ladybird fauna at the main sea resort of Russia over a period of 120 years to determine the following: (1) what species disappeared and what species appeared during landscape transformation; (2) what alien species introduced for pest control have been observed to date; and (3) whether the establishment of the global invader Harmonia axyridis (Coccinellidae) caused the extinction of some ladybird species in the Caucasus. We examined specimens collected by us and 54 other collectors including specimens from old museum collections and detected 62 species, 50 of which were collected in recent years (2011-2020). Landscape transformation and recreational use have caused not a decrease but an increase in ladybird biodiversity. Twenty-nine of 34 species recorded before 1930 have been observed in the region to date. Twenty-three other species have spontaneously spread to the region between 1930 and 2020 because of the creation of suitable anthropogenic habitats or because of unintentional introduction. Rodolia cardinalis, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Lindorus lophanthae, and Serangium montazerii were released for pest control, and they occur in gardens and streets but not in natural habitats. Harmonia axyridis, which appeared approximately 10 years ago, is abundant in urban and natural habitats, but there is no evidence that it caused the elimination of any ladybird species.}, }
@article {pmid33234143, year = {2020}, author = {Colesie, C and Stangl, ZR and Hurry, V}, title = {Differences in growth-economics of fast vs. slow growing grass species in response to temperature and nitrogen limitation individually, and in combination.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {63}, pmid = {33234143}, issn = {1472-6785}, support = {Feodor Lynen//Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung/International ; }, mesh = {Bromus ; Ecosystem ; *Nitrogen ; *Poaceae ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Fast growing invasive alien species are highly efficient with little investment in their tissues. They often outcompete slower growing species with severe consequences for diversity and community composition. The plant economics trait-based approach provides a theoretical framework, allowing the classification of plants with different performance characteristics. However, in multifaceted background, this approach needs testing. The evaluation and prediction of plant performance outcomes in ecologically relevant settings is among the most pressing topics to understand and predict ecosystem functioning, especially in a quickly changing environment. Temperature and nutrient availability are major components of the global environmental change and this study examines the response of growth economic traits, photosynthesis and respiration to such changes for an invasive fast-growing (Bromus hordaceus) and a slow-growing perennial (Bromus erectus) grass species.<br><br>RESULTS: The fully controlled growth chamber experiment simulated temperature-and changes in nitrogen availability individually and in combination. We therefore provide maximum control and monitoring of growth responses allowing general growth trait response patterns to be tested. Under optimal nitrogen availability the slow growing B. erectus was better able to handle the lower temperatures (7&#xa0;&#xb0;C) whilst both species had problems at higher temperatures (30&#xa0;&#xb0;C). Stresses produced by a combination of heat and nutrient availability were identified to be less limiting for the slow growing species but the combination of chilling with low nutrient availability was most detrimental to both species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: For the fast-growing invader B. hordeaceus a reduction of nitrogen availability in combination with a temperature increase, leads to limited growth performance in comparison to the slow-growing perennial species B.erectus and this may explain why nutrient-rich habitats often experience more invasion than resource-poor habitats.}, }
@article {pmid33233472, year = {2020}, author = {Lin, S and Qin, D and Zhang, Y and Zheng, Q and Yang, L and Cheng, D and Huang, S and Chen, J and Zhang, Z}, title = {Toxicity and Sublethal Effects of Autumn Crocus (Colchicum autumnale) Bulb Powder on Red Imported Fire Ants (Solenopsis invicta).}, journal = {Toxins}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {33233472}, issn = {2072-6651}, mesh = {Aggression/drug effects ; Animals ; Ants/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Colchicine/*toxicity ; *Colchicum ; Eating/drug effects ; Insecticides/*toxicity ; Plant Preparations/*toxicity ; *Plant Roots ; Powders ; }, abstract = {Autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale L.) is a medicinal plant as it contains high concentrations of colchicine. In this study, we reported that the ground powder of autumn crocus bulb is highly toxic to invasive Solenopsis invicta Buren, commonly referred to as red imported fire ants (RIFAs). Ants fed with sugar water containing 5000 mg/L of bulb powder showed 54.67% mortality in three days compared to 45.33% mortality when fed with sugar water containing 50 mg/L of colchicine. Additionally, the effects of short-term feeding with sugar water containing 1 mg/L of colchicine and 100 mg/L of autumn crocus bulb powder were evaluated for RIFAs' colony weight, food consumption, and aggressiveness, i.e., aggregation, grasping ability, and walking speed. After 15 days of feeding, the cumulative colony weight loss reached 44.63% and 58.73% due to the sublethal concentrations of colchicine and autumn crocus bulb powder, respectively. The consumption of sugar water and mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) was substantially reduced. The aggregation rates decreased 48.67% and 34.67%, grasping rates were reduced to 38.67% and 16.67%, and walking speed decreased 1.13 cm/s and 0.67 cm/s as a result of the feeding of the two sublethal concentrations of colchicine and autumn crocus bulb powder, respectively. Our results for the first time show that powder derived from autumn crocus bulbs could potentially be a botanical pesticide for controlling RIFAs, and application of such a product could be ecologically benign due to its rapid biodegradation in the environment.}, }
@article {pmid33226643, year = {2021}, author = {Achury, R and Holway, DA and Suarez, AV}, title = {Pervasive and persistent effects of ant invasion and fragmentation on native ant assemblages.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {3}, pages = {e03257}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3257}, pmid = {33226643}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a leading cause of global change, yet their long-term effects remain hard to predict. Invasive species can remain abundant for long periods of time, or exhibit population crashes that allow native communities to recover. The abundance and impact of nonnative species may also be closely tied to temporally variable habitat characteristics. We investigated the long-term effects of habitat fragmentation and invasion by the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) by resurveying ants in 40 scrub habitat fragments in coastal southern California that were originally sampled 21 yr ago. At a landscape scale, fragment area, but not fragment age or Argentine ant mean abundance, continued to explain variation in native ant species richness; the species-area relationship between the two sample years did not differ in terms of slope or intercept. At local scales, over the last 21 yr we detected increases in the overall area invaded (+36.7%, estimated as the proportion of occupied traps) and the relative abundance of the Argentine ant (+121.95%, estimated as mean number of workers in pitfall traps). Argentine ant mean abundance also increased inward from urban edges in 2017 compared to 1996. The greater level of penetration into fragments likely reduced native ant richness by eliminating refugia for native ants in fragments that did not contain sufficient interior area. At one fragment where we sampled eight times over the last 21 yr, Argentine ant mean abundance increased over time while the diversity of native ground-foraging ants declined from 14 to 4 species. Notably, native species predicted to be particularly sensitive to the combined effect of invasion and habitat loss were not detected at any sites in our recent sampling, including the army ant genus Neivamyrmex. Conversely, two introduced ant species (Brachymyrmex patagonicus and Pheidole flavens) that were undetected in 1996 are now common and widespread at our sites. Our results indicate that behaviorally and numerically dominant invasive species can maintain high densities and suppress native diversity for extended periods.}, }
@article {pmid33226184, year = {2021}, author = {Bang, A and Courchamp, F}, title = {Industrial rearing of edible insects could be a major source of new biological invasions.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {393-397}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13646}, pmid = {33226184}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {//Rajiv Gandhi Science &amp; Technology Commission/ ; //Invasion Biology AXA Chair/ ; //BiodivERsA/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Edible Insects ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The recent upsurge in the edible insect market has seen industrialisation and intensification without adequate regulatory policy guidelines in place. The species being reared and sold are often non-native, in rearing centres not equipped to contain the species, and in areas without regional or national pre-entry regulations, post-entry monitoring guidelines and early response programmes to address escapee species. Such unregulated transport, trade and rearing of species, compounded by the policy and implementation loopholes at the regional, national and international levels will most likely lead to new biological invasions, as has been witnessed with other unregulated trade practices. To avoid this, it is necessary to monitor and regulate the species to be reared, to improve the quarantine guidelines of the rearing centres, and to be more stringent about the policies and practices that allow movements of non-native species across international borders.}, }
@article {pmid33225569, year = {2021}, author = {Orden, JA and García-Meniño, I and Flament-Simon, SC and Blanco, J and de la Fuente, R and Martínez-Rodrigo, A and Mas, A and Carrión, J and Sobrino, F and Domínguez-Bernal, G}, title = {Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in the Madrid region of Spain are carriers of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli and enteropathogenic E. coli.}, journal = {Zoonoses and public health}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, pages = {69-78}, doi = {10.1111/zph.12784}, pmid = {33225569}, issn = {1863-2378}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Carrier State ; Disease Reservoirs/veterinary ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Feces/microbiology ; *Raccoons ; Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Spain ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {The role of wildlife in the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance is unclear. Raccoons in North America can carry a variety of enteric bacteria, with associated antimicrobial resistance, that could infect humans and livestock. The potential for raccoons to carry these bacteria in Europe, where they are an invasive species, has not been explored. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of Escherichia coli with associated antimicrobial resistance in raccoons from the Madrid region of Spain and to determine whether they are carriers of potential human pathogens, including verotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). In total, we tested 237 E. coli isolates from the faeces of 83 euthanized raccoons for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobial agents and the presence of VTEC and EPEC. Antimicrobial resistance to at least one antimicrobial was detected in the faeces of 51% (42/83; 95% CI, 40.1-61.1) of the raccoons tested. A high percentage of raccoons carried, in their faeces, E. coli isolates resistant to ampicillin (33%), streptomycin (33%), tetracycline (30%), sulphafurazole (31%) and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (23%). We detected one isolate of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli from the faeces of one raccoon. We detected VTEC in the faeces of one raccoon, and EPEC in the faeces of 12% (10/83) of the raccoons. Of the raccoons that carried EPEC in their faeces, 60% (6/10) carried EPEC isolates that exhibited characteristics associated with pathogenicity in humans. Raccoons in Madrid can carry pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant E. coli in their faeces and may be a risk to public health because of their potential to contaminate food and the environment with their faeces.}, }
@article {pmid33225354, year = {2021}, author = {Reeves, LE and Medina, J and Miqueli, E and Sloyer, KE and Petrie, W and Vasquez, C and Burkett-Cadena, ND}, title = {Establishment of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) scapularis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mainland Florida, With Notes on the Ochlerotatus Group in the United States.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {58}, number = {2}, pages = {717-729}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjaa250}, pmid = {33225354}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {*Aedes/classification/genetics ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Classification ; Culicidae/classification/genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA, Intergenic/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Florida ; Genes, Insect ; Introduced Species ; Larva/classification/genetics ; Mosquito Vectors/classification/genetics ; *Ochlerotatus/classification/genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Aedes scapularis (Rondani), a widespread neotropical vector mosquito species, has been included in the mosquito fauna of Florida on the basis of just three larval specimens that were collected in the middle Florida Keys in 1945. Here, we report numerous recent collections of immature and adult Ae. scapularis from multiple locations in two counties of southern Florida. These specimens represent the first records of Ae. scapularis from mainland Florida and the first records of the species in the state since the initial detection of the species 75 yr ago. Collections of both larvae and adults across several years indicate that Ae. scapularis is now established in Broward and Miami-Dade Counties. These contemporary records of this species in Florida may represent novel dispersal and subsequent establishment events from populations outside the United States or a recent reemergence of undetected endemic populations. To confirm morphological identification of Ae. scapularis specimens from Florida, the DNA barcoding region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) was sequenced and compared to all other Ochlerotatus Group species from the United States, specifically Aedes condolescens Dyar and Knab (Diptera: Culicidae), Aedes infirmatus Dyar and Knab (Diptera: Culicidae), Aedes thelcter Dyar (Diptera: Culicidae), Aedes tortilis (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae), and Aedes trivittatus (Coquillett) (Diptera: Culicidae). Molecular assays and sequencing confirm morphological identification of Ae. scapularis specimens. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of COI and ITS2 sequences place Florida Ae. scapularis in a distinct clade, but was unable to produce distinct clades for Florida specimens of Ae. condolescens and Ae. tortilis.}, }
@article {pmid33223917, year = {2020}, author = {Senator, S and Tretyakova, A and Vorontsov, D}, title = {Distribution of alien plant species of the Middle Volga Region (South-East of the European part of Russia): a dataset.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e59125}, pmid = {33223917}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The dataset presented in the current study contains information regarding alien vascular plant species found in the Middle Volga Region (South-East of the European part of Russia). The dataset overall includes 413 species belonging to 247 genera and 67 families. The described dataset is based on the data published during floristic studies from 1851 to 2019. The dataset does not include alien vascular plant species that have presently disappeared from the territory of the region. It contains a total of 7,782 records of occurrences, extracted from the Salix system of information and analytics, developed in the Institute of Ecology of the Volga River Basin of the Russian Academy of Sciences.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: A total of 7,782 records were published on the occurrence of alien vascular plants in the Middle Volga Region. Each entry includes information regarding the place of occurrence of the alien plant species, the year of occurrence, the person who recorded the alien plant and who identified it, status of the species (introduced or invasive), link to the herbarium, which contains the specimen and the literary source. If it were impossible to establish the names of the persons who collected the samples and (or) their identification in the identifiedBy and recordedBy fields, the names of the authors of the publication given in the associatedReferences field were entered. The presented dataset supplements the information on the distribution of alien plant species in the whole European part of Russia and specifies the places of their findings in the Middle Volga Region.}, }
@article {pmid33221087, year = {2021}, author = {Shuman-Goodier, ME and Singleton, GR and Forsman, AM and Hines, S and Christodoulides, N and Daniels, KD and Propper, CR}, title = {Developmental assays using invasive cane toads, Rhinella marina, reveal safety concerns of a common formulation of the rice herbicide, butachlor.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {272}, number = {}, pages = {115955}, pmid = {33221087}, issn = {1873-6424}, support = {R25 GM127199/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; T37 MD008626/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Acetanilides/toxicity ; Animals ; Bufo marinus ; Ecosystem ; *Herbicides/toxicity ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Oryza ; }, abstract = {Identifying the adverse impacts of pesticide exposure is essential to guide regulations that are protective of wildlife and human health. Within rice ecosystems, amphibians are valuable indicators because pesticide applications coincide with sensitive reproductive and developmental life stages. We conducted two experiments using wild cane toads (Rhinella marina) to test 1) whether environmentally relevant exposure to a commercial formulation of butachlor, an acetanilide herbicide used extensively in rice, affects amphibian development and 2) whether cane toad tadpoles are capable of acclimatizing to sub-lethal exposure. First, we exposed wild cane toads to 0.002, 0.02, or 0.2 mg/L of butachlor (Machete EC), during distinct development stages (as eggs and hatchlings, as tadpoles, or continuously) for 12 days. Next, we exposed a subset of animals from the first experiment to a second, lethal concentration and examined survivorship. We found that cane toads exposed to butachlor developed slower and weighed less than controls, and that development of the thyroid gland was affected: exposed individuals had smaller thyroid glands and thyrocyte cells, and more individual follicles. Analyses of the transcriptome revealed that butachlor exposure resulted in downregulation of transcripts related to metabolic processes, anatomic structure development, immune system function, and response to stress. Last, we observed evidence of acclimatization, where animals exposed to butachlor early in life performed better than naïve animals during a second exposure. Our findings indicate that the commercial formulation of butachlor, Machete EC, causes thyroid endocrine disruption in vertebrates, and suggest that exposure in lowland irrigated rice fields presents a concern for wildlife and human health. Furthermore, we establish that developmental assays with cane toads can be used to screen for adverse effects of pesticides in rice fields.}, }
@article {pmid33219543, year = {2021}, author = {Nishimoto, M and Miyashita, T and Yokomizo, H and Matsuda, H and Imazu, T and Takahashi, H and Hasegawa, M and Fukasawa, K}, title = {Spatial optimization of invasive species control informed by management practices.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {e02261}, pmid = {33219543}, issn = {1939-5582}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control ; Population Density ; *Turtles ; }, abstract = {Optimization of spatial resource allocation is crucial for the successful control of invasive species under a limited budget but requires labor-intensive surveys to estimate population parameters. In this study, we devised a novel framework for the spatially explicit optimization of capture effort allocation using state-space population models from past capture records. We applied it to a control program for invasive snapping turtles to determine effort allocation strategies that minimize the population density over the whole area. We found that spatially heterogeneous density dependence and capture pressure limit the abundance of snapping turtles. Optimal effort allocation effectively improved the control effect, but the degree of improvement varied substantially depending on the total effort. The degree of improvement by the spatial optimization of allocation effort was only 3.21% when the total effort was maintained at the 2016 level. However, when the total effort was increased by two, four, and eight times, spatial optimization resulted in improvements of 4.65%, 8.33%, and 20.35%, respectively. To achieve the management goal for snapping turtles in our study area, increasing the current total effort by more than four times was necessary, in addition to optimizing the spatial effort. The snapping turtle population is expected to reach the target density one year after the optimal management strategy is implemented, and this rapid response can be explained by high population growth rate coupled with density-dependent feedback regulation. Our results demonstrated that combining a state-space model with optimization makes it possible to adaptively improve the management of invasive species and decision-making. The method used in this study, based on removal records from an invasive management program, can be easily applied to monitoring data for wildlife and pest control management using traps in a variety of ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid33219310, year = {2020}, author = {Řezáčová, V and Řezáč, M and Gryndlerová, H and Wilson, GWT and Michalová, T}, title = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi favor invasive Echinops sphaerocephalus when grown in competition with native Inula conyzae.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {20287}, pmid = {33219310}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Echinops Plant/*microbiology/physiology ; Europe ; Glomeromycota/*physiology ; Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Inula/*microbiology/physiology ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {In a globalized world, plant invasions are common challenges for native ecosystems. Although a considerable number of invasive plants form arbuscular mycorrhizae, interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and invasive and native plants are not well understood. In this study, we conducted a greenhouse experiment examining how AM fungi affect interactions of co-occurring plant species in the family Asteracea, invasive Echinops sphaerocephalus and native forb of central Europe Inula conyzae. The effects of initial soil disturbance, including the effect of intact or disturbed arbuscular mycorrhizal networks (CMNs), were examined. AM fungi supported the success of invasive E. sphaerocephalus in competition with native I. conyzae, regardless of the initial disturbance of CMNs. The presence of invasive E. sphaerocephalus decreased mycorrhizal colonization in I. conyzae, with a concomitant loss in mycorrhizal benefits. Our results confirm AM fungi represent one important mechanism of plant invasion for E. sphaerocephalus in semi-natural European grasslands.}, }
@article {pmid33218618, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, Y and Xu, L and Chen, S and Qiang, S}, title = {Transcription-mediated tissue-specific lignification of vascular bundle causes trade-offs between growth and defence capacity during invasion of Solidago canadensis.}, journal = {Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology}, volume = {301}, number = {}, pages = {110638}, doi = {10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110638}, pmid = {33218618}, issn = {1873-2259}, mesh = {China ; Introduced Species ; Lignin/*metabolism ; Organ Specificity ; Phloem/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Plant Vascular Bundle/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Solidago/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Xylem/growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {Allocation of more resources to growth but less to defense causing growth vigor of invasive alien plant populations contributes to successful invasion. However, few studies has addressed to relationship between vascular development variation and this mechanism. In this study, a common garden experimentwas established to compare the growth and vascular bundle development between native and introduced populations of Solidago canadensis, which is a wide-distributed invasive species in China. Our results suggested that the rapid growth of introduced populations could be explained by the well-developed and highly lignified xylem; while native populations present more developed and highly lignified phloem, which contributed more resistance to the infection of Sclerotiun rofsii compared with introduced populations. This difference was resulted from tissue-specific tradeoff distribution of lignification related gene expression between xylem and phloem, which is regulated by upstream MYB transcription factors. Our study gives a novel insight of mechanism that explain invasion success: lignin-related gene transcription-mediated tissue-specific lignification of vascular bundle contributes tradeoffs in resource allocation between growth and defence capacity during successful invasion of S. canadensis.}, }
@article {pmid33216401, year = {2020}, author = {Cuthbert, RN and Bacher, S and Blackburn, TM and Briski, E and Diagne, C and Dick, JTA and Essl, F and Genovesi, P and Haubrock, PJ and Latombe, G and Lenzner, B and Meinard, Y and Pauchard, A and Pyšek, P and Ricciardi, A and Richardson, DM and Russell, JC and Simberloff, D and Courchamp, F}, title = {Invasion costs, impacts, and human agency: response to Sagoff 2020.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, pages = {1579-1582}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13592}, pmid = {33216401}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Biology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Article impact statement: In an era of profound biodiversity crisis, invasion costs, invader impacts, and human agency should not be dismissed.}, }
@article {pmid33214246, year = {2020}, author = {Kelly, LT and Giljohann, KM and Duane, A and Aquilué, N and Archibald, S and Batllori, E and Bennett, AF and Buckland, ST and Canelles, Q and Clarke, MF and Fortin, MJ and Hermoso, V and Herrando, S and Keane, RE and Lake, FK and McCarthy, MA and Morán-Ordóñez, A and Parr, CL and Pausas, JG and Penman, TD and Regos, A and Rumpff, L and Santos, JL and Smith, AL and Syphard, AD and Tingley, MW and Brotons, L}, title = {Fire and biodiversity in the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {370}, number = {6519}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1126/science.abb0355}, pmid = {33214246}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Endangered Species ; *Extinction, Biological ; Forecasting ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Wildfires ; }, abstract = {Fire has been a source of global biodiversity for millions of years. However, interactions with anthropogenic drivers such as climate change, land use, and invasive species are changing the nature of fire activity and its impacts. We review how such changes are threatening species with extinction and transforming terrestrial ecosystems. Conservation of Earth's biological diversity will be achieved only by recognizing and responding to the critical role of fire. In the Anthropocene, this requires that conservation planning explicitly includes the combined effects of human activities and fire regimes. Improved forecasts for biodiversity must also integrate the connections among people, fire, and ecosystems. Such integration provides an opportunity for new actions that could revolutionize how society sustains biodiversity in a time of changing fire activity.}, }
@article {pmid33212996, year = {2020}, author = {Marini, G and Manica, M and Arnoldi, D and Inama, E and Rosà, R and Rizzoli, A}, title = {Influence of Temperature on the Life-Cycle Dynamics of Aedes albopictus Population Established at Temperate Latitudes: A Laboratory Experiment.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {33212996}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The mosquito species Aedes albopictus has successfully colonized many areas at temperate latitudes, representing a major public health concern. As mosquito bionomics is critically affected by temperature, we experimentally investigated the influence of different constant rearing temperatures (10, 15, 25, and 30 °C) on the survival rates, fecundity, and developmental times of different life stages of Ae. albopictus using a laboratory colony established from specimens collected in northern Italy. We compared our results with previously published data obtained with subtropical populations. We found that temperate Ae. albopictus immature stages are better adapted to colder temperatures: temperate larvae were able to develop even at 10 °C and at 15 °C, larval survivorship was comparable to the one observed at warmer conditions. Nonetheless, at these lower temperatures, we did not observe any blood-feeding activity. Adult longevity and fecundity were substantially greater at 25 °C with respect to the other tested temperatures. Our findings highlight the ability of Ae. albopictus to quickly adapt to colder environments and provide new important insights on the bionomics of this species at temperate latitudes.}, }
@article {pmid33211690, year = {2020}, author = {Iqbal, MF and Liu, MC and Iram, A and Feng, YL}, title = {Effects of the invasive plant Xanthium strumarium on diversity of native plant species: A competitive analysis approach in North and Northeast China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {11}, pages = {e0228476}, pmid = {33211690}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Xanthium/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Xanthium strumarium is native to North America and now has become one of the invasive alien species (IAS) in China. In order to detect the effects of the invader on biodiversity and evaluate its suitable habitats and ecological distribution, we investigated the abundance, relative abundance, diversity indices, and the number of the invasive and native plants in paired invaded and non-invaded quadrats in four locations in North and Northeast China. We also analyzed the effects of monthly mean maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity (%), and precipitations (mm). Strong positive significant (P < 0.01) correlation and maximum interspecific competition (41%) were found in Huailai between invaded and non-invaded quadrats. Shannon's Diversity Index showed that non-invaded plots had significantly (P < 0.05) more diversified species than invaded ones. The significant (P < 0.05) Margalef's Richness Index was found in Huailai and Zhangjiakou in non-invaded recorded heterogeneous nature of plant communities. Similarly, significant (P < 0.05) species richness found in Huailai and Zhangjiakou in non-invaded quadrats compared to invaded ones. Maximum evenness of Setaria feberi (0.47, 0.37), Seteria viridis (0.43) found in Fushun and Zhangjiakou recorded more stable in a community compared to other localities. Evenness showed positive relationship of Shannon Entropy within different plant species. The higher dissimilarity in plant communities found in Huailai (87.06%) followed by Yangyuan (44.43%), Zhangjiakou (40.13%) and Fushun (29.02%). The significant (P < 0.01) value of global statistics R (0.943/94.3%) showed high species diversity recorded in Huailai followed by Zhangjiakou recorded by non-metric multidimensional scaling and analysis of similarity between invaded and non-invaded plots. At the end it was concluded that the diversity indices reduced significantly (P < 0.05) in invaded quadrats indicated that native plant species become less diverse due to X. strumarium invasion. The degrees of X. strumarium invasion affected on species richness resulted to reduce diversity indices significantly in invaded quadrats.}, }
@article {pmid33210785, year = {2021}, author = {Li, G and Zhang, T and Yu, Z and Wang, H and Yang, E and Yang, Z}, title = {An efficient Oligo-FISH painting system for revealing chromosome rearrangements and polyploidization in Triticeae.}, journal = {The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology}, volume = {105}, number = {4}, pages = {978-993}, doi = {10.1111/tpj.15081}, pmid = {33210785}, issn = {1365-313X}, mesh = {Aegilops/genetics ; Chromosome Painting/*methods ; Chromosomes, Plant/*genetics ; Gene Library ; Gene Rearrangement/*genetics ; Genetic Linkage/genetics ; Hordeum/*genetics ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/*methods ; Oligonucleotides/genetics ; Poaceae/*genetics ; Secale/genetics ; Translocation, Genetic/genetics ; Triticum/*genetics ; }, abstract = {A chromosome-specific painting technique has been developed which combines the most recent approaches of the companion disciplines of molecular cytogenetics and genome research. We developed seven oligonucleotide (oligo) pools derivd from single-copy sequences on chromosomes 1 to 7 of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and corresponding collinear regions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The seven groups of pooled oligos comprised between 10 986 and 12 496 45-bp monomers, and these then produced stable fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) signals on chromosomes of each linkage group of wheat and barley. The pooled oligo probes were applied to high-throughput karyotyping of the chromosomes of other Triticeae species in the genera Secale, Aegilops, Thinopyrum, and Dasypyrum, and the study also extended to some wheat-alien amphiploids and derived lines. We demonstrated that a complete set of whole-chromosome oligo painting probes facilitated the study of inter-species chromosome homologous relationships and visualized non-homologous chromosomal rearrangements in Triticeae species and some wheat-alien species derivatives. When combined with other non-denaturing FISH procedures using tandem-repeat oligos, the newly developed oligo painting techniques provide an efficient tool for the study of chromosome structure, organization, and evolution among any wild Triticeae species with non-sequenced genomes.}, }
@article {pmid33210712, year = {2020}, author = {MacLeod, A and Lloyd, S}, title = {The emergence of prioritisation systems to inform plant health biosecurity policy decisions.}, journal = {Emerging topics in life sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, pages = {463-471}, doi = {10.1042/ETLS20200341}, pmid = {33210712}, issn = {2397-8554}, mesh = {Health Policy ; *Plants ; Probability ; *Risk Management ; }, abstract = {The management of risk is fundamental to biosecurity. Potential pest risks must be recognised early, with appropriate measures taken to prevent or reduce the potential damage a non-native species can cause. Risk registers are a recognised tool to support risk management, especially in project management or governance of corporate risk. The use of risk registers and risk prioritisation systems in the plant health biosecurity sphere has emerged in recent years driven by the recognition that resources to assess pest risks in detail are scarce, and biosecurity actions need to be targeted and prioritised. Individual national plant protection organisations have consequently developed a variety of tools that prioritise and rank plant pests, typically taking likelihood of pest entry, establishment, spread and impact into account. They use expert opinion to give scores to risk elements within a framework of multi-criteria decision analysis to rank pests based on the prioritisation aims of users. Knowing that biosecurity extends beyond national borders we recognise that such systems would add value to global efforts to detect and share information on emerging pests to better target actions against pests to protect plant biosecurity.}, }
@article {pmid33209278, year = {2020}, author = {Gleditsch, JM and Sperry, JH}, title = {Ecomorphological relationships and invasion history of non-native terrestrial bird species on O'ahu, Hawai'i, suggest ecological fitting during novel community assembly.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {12157-12169}, pmid = {33209278}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The widespread introduction of species has created novel communities in many areas of the world. Since introduced species tend to have generalized ecologies and often lack shared evolutionary history with other species in their communities, it would be expected that the relationship between form and function (i.e., ecomorphology) may change in novel communities. We tested this expectation in a subset of the novel bird community on O'ahu, Hawai'i. By relating foraging behavior observations to morphology obtained from live birds at four sites across the island, we found many relationships between species' morphology and foraging ecology that mirrored relationships found in the literature for native-dominated bird communities. Both movement and certain foraging behaviors were related to a species' tarsus-to-wing ratio. Further, bill morphology was related to gleaning, frugivory, and flycatching behaviors. The commonness of significant ecomorphological relationships suggests that, within O'ahu's novel bird community, form is strongly related to function. We hypothesize that ecological fitting likely played a major role in the assembly of this novel community conserving the relationships between form and function found in many other bird communities. To further support this hypothesis, we used niche data from EltonTraits 1.0 to determine whether the establishment of bird species introduced to O'ahu was related to the distinctiveness of their ecological niche from the incumbent community. Introduced species were more likely to establish on O'ahu if their diets were less similar to the bird species already present on the island. Our results support the idea that ecological fitting is an important mechanism in shaping ecological communities, especially in the Anthropocene, thereby influencing novel community assembly and functioning.}, }
@article {pmid33209154, year = {2020}, author = {,  and Naegeli, H and Bresson, JL and Dalmay, T and Dewhurst, IC and Epstein, MM and Guerche, P and Hejatko, J and Moreno, FJ and Mullins, E and Nogué, F and Rostoks, N and Sánchez Serrano, JJ and Savoini, G and Veromann, E and Veronesi, F and Bonsall, MB and Mumford, J and Wimmer, EA and Devos, Y and Paraskevopoulos, K and Firbank, LG}, title = {Adequacy and sufficiency evaluation of existing EFSA guidelines for the molecular characterisation, environmental risk assessment and post-market environmental monitoring of genetically modified insects containing engineered gene drives.}, journal = {EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority}, volume = {18}, number = {11}, pages = {e06297}, pmid = {33209154}, issn = {1831-4732}, abstract = {Advances in molecular and synthetic biology are enabling the engineering of gene drives in insects for disease vector/pest control. Engineered gene drives (that bias their own inheritance) can be designed either to suppress interbreeding target populations or modify them with a new genotype. Depending on the engineered gene drive system, theoretically, a genetic modification of interest could spread through target populations and persist indefinitely, or be restricted in its spread or persistence. While research on engineered gene drives and their applications in insects is advancing at a fast pace, it will take several years for technological developments to move to practical applications for deliberate release into the environment. Some gene drive modified insects (GDMIs) have been tested experimentally in the laboratory, but none has been assessed in small-scale confined field trials or in open release trials as yet. There is concern that the deliberate release of GDMIs in the environment may have possible irreversible and unintended consequences. As a proactive measure, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has been requested by the European Commission to review whether its previously published guidelines for the risk assessment of genetically modified animals (EFSA, 2012 and 2013), including insects (GMIs), are adequate and sufficient for GDMIs, primarily disease vectors, agricultural pests and invasive species, for deliberate release into the environment. Under this mandate, EFSA was not requested to develop risk assessment guidelines for GDMIs. In this Scientific Opinion, the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) concludes that EFSA's guidelines are adequate, but insufficient for the molecular characterisation (MC), environmental risk assessment (ERA) and post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM) of GDMIs. While the MC,ERA and PMEM of GDMIs can build on the existing risk assessment framework for GMIs that do not contain engineered gene drives, there are specific areas where further guidance is needed for GDMIs.}, }
@article {pmid33208830, year = {2020}, author = {Dematteis, B and Ferrucci, MS and Coulleri, JP}, title = {Morphological differentiation across the invasive range in Senecio madagascariensis populations.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {20045}, pmid = {33208830}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Founder Effect ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Phenotype ; Plant Leaves/*physiology ; *Selection, Genetic ; Senecio/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are characterized by their ability to colonize new habitats and establish populations away from their native range. In this sense, these plants are expected to have plastic responses to adapt to the environmental pressures during the invasion process. Hence, the role of natural selection is essential because it might favor the occurrence of advantageous traits. However, gene flow can counteract natural selection because immigrants introduce genes adapted to different conditions, with these introductions tending to homogenize allelic frequencies. In this work, we explore the effect of natural selection in invasive populations of S. madagascariensis in Argentina. We quantified leaf area, head number, and length of internodes and inflorescence from material spanning 54 years (1962-2016) and then compared between the edge versus established ranges. Our results show differences in all the measured plant traits among the sampled areas. However, only leaf area was statistically significant, which evidences different responses under the same environmental pressures in the areas located in the edge and established ranges. On the other hand, unlike homogeneous areas, the areas characterized by phenotypically diverse individuals were related to higher dispersal ability. In this sense, long-distance dispersal between neighboring areas may have had an important role in the recorded values. Furthermore, the implications of natural selection and founder effect in the invasion of S. madagascariensis are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid33207701, year = {2020}, author = {Belgeri, A and Bajwa, AA and Shabbir, A and Navie, S and Vivian-Smith, G and Adkins, S}, title = {Managing an Invasive Weed Species, Parthenium hysterophorus, with Suppressive Plant Species in Australian Grasslands.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {33207701}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Parthenium weed has been invading native and managed Australian grasslands for almost 40 years. This study quantified the potential of selected plant mixtures to suppress the growth of parthenium weed and followed their response to grazing and their impact upon plant community diversity. The first mixture consisted of predominantly introduced species including Rhodes grass, Bisset bluegrass, butterfly pea and green panic. This mixture produced biomass rapidly and showed tolerance to weed species other than parthenium weed. However, the mixture was unable to suppress the growth of parthenium weed. The second mixture of predominantly native pasture species (including forest bluegrass, Queensland bluegrass, Buffel grass and siratro) produced biomass relatively slowly, but eventually reached the same biomass production as the first mixture 12 weeks after planting. This mixture suppressed parthenium weed re-establishment by 78% compared to the control treatment. Its tolerance to the invasion of other weed species and the maintenance of forage species evenness was also superior. The total diversity was five times higher for the mixture communities as compared to the plant community in the control treatment. Therefore, using the suppressive pasture mixtures may provide an improved sustainable management approach for parthenium weed in grasslands.}, }
@article {pmid33207222, year = {2020}, author = {Katiski da Costa Stuart, A and Lee Furuie, J and Aparecida Cassilha Zawadneak, M and Chapaval Pimentel, I}, title = {Increased mortality of the European pepper moth Duponchelia fovealis (Lepidoptera:Crambidae) using entomopathogenic fungal consortia.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {177}, number = {}, pages = {107503}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2020.107503}, pmid = {33207222}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Beauveria/*physiology ; Biological Control Agents/pharmacology ; Cordyceps/*physiology ; Hypocreales/*physiology ; Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; Microbial Consortia ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; }, abstract = {The European pepper moth (Duponchelia fovealis) is an invasive pest affecting crops in many countries. The use of chemicals to control D. fovealis is not only ineffective but is hazardous to the environment. The most effective way to reduce this invasive species is biological control using entomopathogenic fungi. Furthermore, the use of combining entomopathogenic fungi is a novel and underexplored approach in the field of biocontrol research. The compatibility of different strains of Beauveria bassiana, Purpureocillium lilacinum, and Isaria javanica was evaluated by forming two-fungi consortia. The pathogenicity of these consortia against D. fovealis, as well as the related enzymatic activities, were investigated. Seven consortia increased D. fovealis mortality, showing synergistic activity. One consortium formed by two strains of B. bassiana produced highest control. Moreover, these consortia also demonstrated increased chitinase and lipase activities. Higher mortality of D. fovealis by these consortia was mainly associated with enzyme production. One consortium, also formed by two strains of B. bassiana, was unique in producing lower D. fovealis mortality than the two strains alone. The potential use of entomopathogenic fungal consortia is a promising alternative approach for biological control. Most of the consortia used in this study improved control of D. fovealis, showed synergistic activity and could be a suitable strategy to control this pest.}, }
@article {pmid33207061, year = {2020}, author = {Baharmand, I and Coatsworth, H and Peach, DAH and Belton, P and Lowenberger, C}, title = {Molecular relationships of introduced Aedes japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) populations in British Columbia, Canada using mitochondrial DNA.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {285-296}, doi = {10.1111/jvec.12399}, pmid = {33207061}, issn = {1948-7134}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; Animals ; British Columbia ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; Haplotypes ; NADH Dehydrogenase/*genetics ; *Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald) is a relatively recent immigrant to the Pacific Northwest, having been collected in Washington State in 2001 and in British Columbia (BC) since 2014. We applied a molecular barcoding approach to determine the phylogenetic relationship of Ae. j. japonicus populations in BC with those from around the world. We sequenced a 617 base-pair segment of the cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene and a 330 base-pair region of the NADH dehydrogenase 4 gene to find genetic variation and characterize phylogenetic and haplotypic relationships based on nucleotide divergences. Our results revealed low genetic diversity in the BC samples, suggesting that these populations arose from the same introduction event. However, our approach lacked the granularity to identify the exact country of origin of the Ae. j. japonicus collected in BC. Future efforts should focus on detecting and preventing new Ae. j. japonicus introductions, recognizing that current molecular techniques are unable to pin-point the precise source of an introduction.}, }
@article {pmid33206375, year = {2021}, author = {Soares Guedes, GH and Gomes, ID and Alves do Nascimento, A and Silva de Aguiar, F and Araújo, FG}, title = {Equilibrium reproductive strategy of the peacock bass Cichla kelberi facilitates invasion into a Neotropical reservoir.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, pages = {743-755}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14618}, pmid = {33206375}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {E-26/201.248/2014//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; 4600004989//LIGHT ENERGIA S. A/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Cichlids/classification/*physiology ; Female ; Gonads/growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Reproduction/*physiology ; Seasons ; Sex Ratio ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {The reproductive strategy of the non-native predator cichlid Cichla kelberi was determined to explain its success after more than 60 years of being introduced into an isolated reservoir in southeastern Brazil. This was one of the first-known translocations of the genus Cichla out of its natural range. Macro- and microscopy characteristics of the gonadal development stages and the maturation phases, along with the reproductive features (size at first maturation size, gonado-somatic index and sex ratio), were described. It was hypothesized that the stable conditions of the reservoir, with low connectivity, weakly defined spatial gradient and slight seasonal changes in environmental variables, favour the equilibrium strategy that enables predators to have high offspring survivorship because of great parental investment in individual progeny. Sex ratio was well balanced, with males and females reaching first maturity between 30.0 and 28.6 cm total length (LT), respectively. The stages of oocyte (primary and secondary growth, vitellogenic and atresia) and spermatocyte (spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa) development were identified. Five phases of gonadal development (immature, developing, spawning capable, regressing and regenerating) were described for both sexes. A long reproductive season was found, with spawning peaks in August/September and, to a lesser extent, in April/May. Parental care and spawns in parcels (batch spawns) corroborated the raised equilibrium strategy that was effective in this isolated reservoir. This species developed reproductive mechanisms that fit to different environmental conditions, with multiple spawning being associated with lentic environments and asynchronous development of oocytes, which are released over long periods. The reproductive plasticity in reservoirs may be one of the main factors inherent to the successful of colonization and establishment of the peacock bass in the environments in which they were introduced.}, }
@article {pmid33206031, year = {2021}, author = {Yang, AL and Chen, L and Fang, K and Dong, XF and Li, YX and Zhang, HB and Yu, ZF}, title = {Remotididymella ageratinae sp. nov. and Remotididymella anemophila sp. nov., two novel species isolated from the invasive weed Ageratina adenophora in PR China.}, journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1099/ijsem.0.004572}, pmid = {33206031}, issn = {1466-5034}, mesh = {Ascomycota/*classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Base Composition ; China ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; Introduced Species ; *Phylogeny ; Plant Leaves/microbiology ; Plant Weeds/*microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {To determine if Ageratina adenophora can accumulate diverse pathogens from surrounding native plants, we intensively sampled fungal communities, including endophytes, leaf spot pathogens and canopy air fungi, associated with Ag. adenophora as well as native plants in its invasive range. In total, we collected 4542 foliar fungal strains from 10 geographic sites, including 1340 from healthy leaves of Ag. adenophora, 2051 from leaf spots of Ag. adenophora and 1151 from leaf spots of 56 species of native plants and crops. Taxonomically, the common fungal genera included Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Alternaria, Nemania, Xylaria, Neofusicoccum, Nigrospora, Epicoccum, Gibberella, Pestalotiopsis, Irpex, Schizophyllum and Clonostachys. We also isolated the cultivable fungi from 12 air samples collected from six areas in Yunnan Province, PR China. Among the total of 1255 air fungal isolates, the most common genera were Cladosporium, Trichoderma and Epicoccum. Among them, two new Remotididymella species, Remotididymella ageratinae from leaf spot of Ag. adenophora and Remotididymella anemophila from canopy air of Ag. adenophora were found. The two species showed both asexual and sexual reproductive structures. The conidia of R. ageratinae and R. anemophila are larger than those of R. anthropophila and R. destructiva. The size of ascospores of R. ageratinae and R. anemophila also differ from R. bauhiniae. Phylogenetic analysis of the combined ITS, LSU rRNA, rpb2 and tub2 sequences showed that R. ageratinae and R. anemophila each formed a distinct clade, separated from all species previously described in Remotididymella and confirmed them as new species belonging to Remotididymella. Full descriptions of R. ageratinae and R. anemophila are provided in this study.}, }
@article {pmid33202584, year = {2020}, author = {Torrini, G and Paoli, F and Mazza, G and Simoncini, S and Benvenuti, C and Strangi, A and Tarasco, E and Barzanti, GP and Bosio, G and Cutino, I and Roversi, PF and Marianelli, L}, title = {Evaluation of Indigenous Entomopathogenic Nematodes as Potential Biocontrol Agents against Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Northern Italy.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {33202584}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {861852//European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme "IPM POPILLIA" Integrated pest Management of the invasive Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica/ ; 1161 - 29/11/2016//Piedmont Region/ ; }, abstract = {The natural presence of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) has been investigated in the Piedmont region (Northern Italy) in areas infested by the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica. Thirty-nine out of 155 soil samples (25.2%) were positive for EPNs. Most of the samples contained only steinermatids (92.3%), 5.1% contained heterorhabditids, and one sample (2.6%) contained both genera. All the recovered isolates were identified at species level both morphologically and molecularly. Steinernema carpocapsae was the most abundant and it was mainly distributed in open habitats, such as perennial meadows, uncultivated soils, and cropland, characterized by sandy loam soil texture and acidic pH. Steinernema feltiae has been found associated mainly with closed habitats such as coniferous and deciduous woodland, characterized by sandy loam-texture and extremely acidic soil. The three isolates of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora were collected only in open habitats (perennial meadows and uncultivated fields) characterized by strongly acidic soils with sandy loam texture. The virulence of all EPN natural strains was evaluated by laboratory assays against P. japonica third-instar larvae collected during two different periods of the year (spring, autumn). The results showed that larval mortality was higher for pre-wintering larvae than post-wintering ones. The five more promising EPN isolates were tested in the semi-field assay in which H. bacteriophora natural strains have been shown to be more efficient in controlling P. japonica grubs. All of these results are finally discussed considering the use of these natural EPNs as biological control agents against P. japonica, within an eco-friendly perspective of management.}, }
@article {pmid33202183, year = {2020}, author = {Baxter-Gilbert, J and Riley, JL and Wagener, C and Mohanty, NP and Measey, J}, title = {Shrinking before our isles: the rapid expression of insular dwarfism in two invasive populations of guttural toad (Sclerophrys gutturalis).}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {20200651}, pmid = {33202183}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Bufonidae ; *Dwarfism ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Male ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Island ecosystems have traditionally been hailed as natural laboratories for examining phenotypic change, including dramatic shifts in body size. Similarly, biological invasions can drive rapid localized adaptations within modern timeframes. Here, we compare the morphology of two invasive guttural toad (Sclerophrys gutturalis) populations in Mauritius and Réunion with their source population from South Africa. We found that female toads on both islands were significantly smaller than mainland counterparts (33.9% and 25.9% reduction, respectively), as were males in Mauritius (22.4%). We also discovered a significant reduction in the relative hindlimb length of both sexes, on both islands, compared with mainland toads (ranging from 3.4 to 9.0%). If our findings are a result of natural selection, then this would suggest that the dramatic reshaping of an amphibian's morphology-leading to insular dwarfism-can result in less than 100 years; however, further research is required to elucidate the mechanism driving this change (e.g. heritable adaptation, phenotypic plasticity, or an interaction between them).}, }
@article {pmid33202096, year = {2021}, author = {Yeeles, P and Strain, A and Lenancker, P and Lach, L}, title = {Low reduction of invasive ant colony productivity with an insect growth regulator.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {77}, number = {4}, pages = {1626-1632}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6181}, pmid = {33202096}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Humans ; *Insecticides ; Introduced Species ; *Juvenile Hormones/pharmacology ; Methoprene ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Insect growth regulators (IGRs) generally are considered to have safer eco-toxicological profiles than the more commonly used neurotoxins and metabolic inhibitors, and are extremely effective against several insect groups, including some invasive ant species. However, use of an IGR product in a large-scale eradication program for a widespread invasive ant (Anoploepis gracilipes; yellow crazy ant) was ineffective. We tested the IGR in question (active ingredient: (S)-methoprene) on A. gracilipes colonies in a laboratory environment to evaluate efficacy.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that treatment with (S)-methoprene resulted in lower egg production with subsequently decreased numbers of larvae, pupae, and workers over the 135&#x2009;days of the experiment. None of the treated colonies died, and the number of worker ants in treated colonies was 36% of that seen in control colonies 135&#x2009;days post-treatment. Treated queen egg production was 39% lower than queens in control colonies, but we saw no effect of treatment on the internal physiology of dissected queens. Treatment had no effect on worker activity levels.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results show that although (S)-methoprene treatment reduced production of larvae, pupae and workers in treated colonies, the magnitude of reduction was lower than might be expected considering the responses of other species against which this IGR has been tested. Our findings highlight a need for testing species-specific responses to IGR-based insecticides in a controlled environment, before broad-scale field applications that could result in suboptimal management of the target species. &#xa9; 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid33201583, year = {2021}, author = {Lenda, M and Skórka, P and Kuszewska, K and Moroń, D and Bełcik, M and Baczek Kwinta, R and Janowiak, F and Duncan, DH and Vesk, PA and Possingham, HP and Knops, JMH}, title = {Misinformation, internet honey trading and beekeepers drive a plant invasion.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {165-169}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13645}, pmid = {33201583}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {CE11001000104//Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions/ ; IP2012 029472//Iuventus Plus, Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education/ ; 1324/1/MOB/IV/15/2016/0//Mobilno&#x15b;&#x107; Plus, Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education/ ; //Australian Government/ ; //Ministry of Science and Higher Education/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Communication ; *Ecosystem ; *Honey ; Humans ; Internet ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a major human induced global change that is threatening global biodiversity by homogenizing the world's fauna and flora. Species spread because humans have moved species across geographical boundaries and have changed ecological factors that structure ecosystems, such as nitrogen deposition, disturbance, etc. Many biological invasions are caused accidentally, as a byproduct of human travel and commerce driven product shipping. However, humans also have spread many species intentionally because of perceived benefits. Of interest is the role of the recent exponential growth in information exchange via internet social media in driving biological invasions. To date, this has not been examined. Here, we show that for one such invasive species, goldenrod, social networks spread misleading and incomplete information that is enhancing the spread of goldenrod invasions into new environments. We show that the notion of goldenrod honey as a "superfood" with unsupported healing properties is driving a demand that leads beekeepers to produce goldenrod honey. Social networks provide a forum for such information exchange and this is leading to further spread of goldenrod in many countries where goldenrod is not native, such as Poland. However, this informal social information exchange ignores laws that focus on preventing the further spread of invasive species and the strong negative effects that goldenrod has on native ecosystems, including floral resources that negatively impact honeybee performance. Thus, scientifically unsupported information on "superfoods" such as goldenrod honey that is disseminated through social internet networks has real world consequences such as increased goldenrod invasions into novel geographical regions which decreases native biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid33200879, year = {2021}, author = {Snow, NP and Wishart, JD and Foster, JA and Staples, LD and VerCauteren, KC}, title = {Efficacy and risks from a modified sodium nitrite toxic bait for wild pigs.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {77}, number = {4}, pages = {1616-1625}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6180}, pmid = {33200879}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Australia ; Queensland ; Sodium Nitrite ; *Sus scrofa ; Swine ; Texas ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are a destructive invasive species throughout many regions of the world. In 2018, a field evaluation of an early prototype of a sodium nitrite (SN) toxic bait in the United States revealed wild pigs dropped large amounts of the toxic bait outside the pig-specific bait stations while feeding, and thus subsequent hazards for non-target animals. We modified the SN-toxic bait formulation, the design of the bait station, and the baiting strategy to reduce dropped bait. We tested the modifications in Queensland, Australia (December 2018), Alabama, USA (August 2019), and Texas, USA (March 2020) under differing climatic and seasonal conditions for one night.<br><br>RESULTS: Cumulatively we found 161 carcasses of all age classes of wild pigs using systematic transects. Remote camera indices indicated high lethality for wild pigs, achieving population reductions of 76.3 to 90.4%. Wild pigs dropped only small particles of SN-toxic bait (average = 55.5&#x2009;g per bait site), which represented a 19-fold decrease from the previous trial. Despite this reduction, we found three Australian ravens (Corvus coronoides) in Queensland, two Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) in Alabama, and 35 granivorous-passerine birds (mostly dark-eyed juncos [Junco hyemalis]) in Texas dead from consuming the dropped bait. We did not detect any population-level effects for those species.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our modifications were effective at reducing populations of wild pigs, but the deaths of non-target species require further steps to minimize these hazards. Next steps will include evaluating various deterrent devices for birds the morning after SN-toxic bait has been offered. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.}, }
@article {pmid33199966, year = {2020}, author = {Imamura, A and Hayami, K and Sakata, MK and Minamoto, T}, title = {Environmental DNA revealed the fish community of Hokkaido Island, Japan, after invasion by rainbow trout.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e56876}, pmid = {33199966}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {In freshwater ecosystems, invasive salmonid fishes can have a significant impact on native fish species. Detecting the invasion and its negative effects is critical for the conservation of native fish communities. We examined the species composition and seasonal changes in the freshwater fish community, including salmonids, on the Kamikawa Plain, Hokkaido Island, Japan, using environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding. We detected 23 fish species in 176 samples collected from 16 sites over 12 months (October 2018 - August 2019). Between 11 and 20 species were detected at each site, including five native salmonids (Oncorhynchus masou, Oncorhynchus keta, Parahucho perryi, Salvelinus leucomaenis leucomaenis and Salvelinus malma krascheninnikova). The invasive alien rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was detected at all 16 sites and it was the most commonly detected salmonid. Although we found no obvious competitive exclusion of native salmonids by rainbow trout in the study area, the invasive species occurred more often and at more sites than any of the natives. We also determined the occurrence and seasonal changes in the fish community, classified as native salmonids, invasive rainbow trout, Cypriniformes and other benthic fishes. There were fewer species overall in winter, but the sites with higher species richness in winter were on the lower reaches of the river. In addition, we detected domestic invaders, such as the topmouth gudgeon, Pseudorasbora parva, although they were less prevalent than rainbow trout. These results show the effectiveness of eDNA metabarcoding, which can be used for surveying species richness at an ecosystem scale. In particular, the detection of the early stages of establishment and spread of invasive species can be achieved by eDNA monitoring.}, }
@article {pmid33199961, year = {2020}, author = {Kiew, R and Chung-Lu, L}, title = {Checklist of vascular plants of Klang Gates Quartz Ridge, Malaysia, a 14-km long quartz dyke.}, journal = {PhytoKeys}, volume = {166}, number = {}, pages = {57-77}, pmid = {33199961}, issn = {1314-2011}, abstract = {The Klang Gates Quartz Ridge (KGQR) is proposed for protection as National Heritage and as a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of its spectacular size, exceptional beauty and significant biodiversity. The checklist of vascular plants documents 314 species that comprise a unique combination that grows on lowland quartz and that is distinct from the surrounding lowland equatorial rain forest by the absence of orchids, palms, gingers and tree canopy families. The Rubiaceae, Gramineae, Moraceae, Apocynaceae, Melastomataceae and Polypodiaceae are the most speciose families. The summit vegetation at 200-400 m elevation is dominated by Baeckea frutescens (Myrtaceae) and Rhodoleia championii (Hamamelidaceae) and shows similarities to the plant community on rocky mountain peaks above 1500 m. About 11% of its species are endemic in Peninsular Malaysia and four are endemic to KGQR: Aleisanthia rupestris (Rubiaceae), Codonoboea primulina (Gesneriaceae), Spermacoce pilulifera (Rubiaceae), and Ilex praetermissa (Aquifoliaceae). All four are provisionally assessed as Critically Endangered. Two, Eulalia milsumi (Gramineae) and Sonerila prostrata (Melastomataceae), are endemic to KGQR and a few neighbouring smaller quartz dykes. They are assessed as Endangered. The KGQR is a fragile habitat and conservation management is urgently required to halt the spread of the aggressive alien grass, Pennisetum polystachion and to prevent further habitat degradation from visitors. Based on KGQR being a threatened habitat, its biodiverse flora, and endangered species, it qualifies as an Important Plant Area.}, }
@article {pmid33199135, year = {2021}, author = {Kerr, JR and Vowles, AS and Crabb, MC and Kemp, PS}, title = {Selective fish passage: Restoring habitat connectivity without facilitating the spread of a non-native species.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {279}, number = {}, pages = {110908}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110908}, pmid = {33199135}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {River managers are challenged to address two key threats to freshwater biodiversity. The first is the effects of habitat fragmentation by instream structures, such as dams and weirs, that disrupt migrations and impact species distributions. The second is the impact of non-native species on native species and ecological processes. However, mitigating anthropogenic habitat fragmentation through the installation of passage facilities can facilitate the invasion and spread of non-native species. This study compared the potential of two existing low-cost fish passage technologies designed for sloping weirs, a cylindrical bristle cluster (CBC) array and horizontally oriented studded tiles, to facilitate upstream movement of native European fish while preventing dispersal of non-native American signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus); thus providing a selective fish passage solution. Crayfish movement and passage was experimentally quantified at a Crump weir installed in a recirculating flume under two velocity regimes (low and high), without (control) and with the addition of either a CBC array or studded tiles. Results were compared to passage efficacy (PE) data for native fish species for both technologies (existing data). Most (84.4%) crayfish were active during the trials, exhibiting frequent up and downstream movements below the weir. During control conditions under the high velocity regime, high velocities (ca. 2.39 m s[-1]) prevented crayfish reaching the foot of the weir (PE: 0%). Under the low velocity regime, relatively low velocities (ca. 0.74 m s[-1]) at the weir crest prevented most crayfish from passing (PE: 10-16%). Crayfish movement speed and total distance moved were lower under the high than the low velocity regime. Neither fish pass technology improved crayfish maximum distance of ascent on the downstream weir face or PE under either velocity regime. Under comparable conditions to the high velocity regime tested here, previous studies have shown both technologies improve PE for native fish. Hence, both CBC arrays and studded tiles would likely function as suitable selective fish passes where the conservation objective is not to aid the spread of non-native crayfish. Additional passage inhibiting technologies will be required at sites where complete blockage of crayfish movement is required.}, }
@article {pmid33195512, year = {2020}, author = {Ayala, AJ and Yabsley, MJ and Hernandez, SM}, title = {A Review of Pathogen Transmission at the Backyard Chicken-Wild Bird Interface.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {539925}, pmid = {33195512}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {Habitat conversion and the expansion of domesticated, invasive species into native habitats are increasingly recognized as drivers of pathogen emergence at the agricultural-wildlife interface. Poultry agriculture is one of the largest subsets of this interface, and pathogen spillover events between backyard chickens and wild birds are becoming more commonly reported. Native wild bird species are under numerous anthropogenic pressures, but the risks of pathogen spillover from domestic chickens have been historically underappreciated as a threat to wild birds. Now that the backyard chicken industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world, it is imperative that the principles of biosecurity, specifically bioexclusion and biocontainment, are legislated and implemented. We reviewed the literature on spillover events of pathogens historically associated with poultry into wild birds. We also reviewed the reasons for biosecurity failures in backyard flocks that lead to those spillover events and provide recommendations for current and future backyard flock owners.}, }
@article {pmid33194431, year = {2020}, author = {Qu, YF and Wu, YQ and Zhao, YT and Lin, LH and Du, Y and Li, P and Li, H and Ji, X}, title = {The invasive red-eared slider turtle is more successful than the native Chinese three-keeled pond turtle: evidence from the gut microbiota.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e10271}, pmid = {33194431}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The mutualistic symbiosis between the gut microbial communities (microbiota) and their host animals has attracted much attention. Many factors potentially affect the gut microbiota, which also varies among host animals. The native Chinese three-keeled pond turtle (Chinemys reevesii) and the invasive red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) are two common farm-raised species in China, with the latter generally considered a more successful species. However, supporting evidence from the gut microbiota has yet to be collected.<br><br>METHODS: We collected feces samples from these two turtle species raised in a farm under identical conditions, and analyzed the composition and relative abundance of the gut microbes using bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing on the Roach/454 platform.<br><br>RESULTS: The gut microbiota was mainly composed of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes at the phylum level, and Porphyromonadaceae, Bacteroidaceae and Lachnospiraceae at the family level in both species. The relative abundance of the microbes and gene functions in the gut microbiota differed between the two species, whereas alpha or beta diversity did not. Microbes of the families Bacteroidaceae, Clostridiaceae and Lachnospiraceae were comparatively more abundant in C. reevesii, whereas those of the families Porphyromonadaceae and Fusobacteriaceae were comparatively more abundant in T. s. elegans. In both species the gut microbiota had functional roles in enhancing metabolism, genetic information processing and environmental information processing according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. The potential to gain mass is greater in T. s. elegans than in C. reevesii, as revealed by the fact that the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was lower in the former species. The percentage of human disease-related functional genes was lower in T. s. elegans than in C. reevesii, presumably suggesting an enhanced potential to colonize new habitats in the former species.}, }
@article {pmid33194385, year = {2020}, author = {Haelewaters, D and Hiller, T and Kemp, EA and van Wielink, PS and Shapiro-Ilan, DI and Aime, MC and Nedvěd, O and Pfister, DH and Cottrell, TE}, title = {Mortality of native and invasive ladybirds co-infected by ectoparasitic and entomopathogenic fungi.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e10110}, pmid = {33194385}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Harmonia axyridis is an invasive alien ladybird in North America and Europe. Studies show that multiple natural enemies are using Ha. axyridis as a new host. However, thus far, no research has been undertaken to study the effects of simultaneous infection by multiple natural enemies on Ha. axyridis. We hypothesized that high thallus densities of the ectoparasitic fungus Hesperomyces virescens on a ladybird weaken the host's defenses, thereby making it more susceptible to infection by other natural enemies. We examined mortality of the North American-native Olla v-nigrum and Ha. axyridis co-infected with He. virescens and an entomopathogenic fungus-either Beauveria bassiana or Metarhizium brunneum. Laboratory assays revealed that He. virescens-infected O. v-nigrum individuals are more susceptible to entomopathogenic fungi, but Ha. axyridis does not suffer the same effects. This is in line with the enemy release hypothesis, which predicts that invasive alien species in new geographic areas experience reduced regulatory effects from natural enemies compared to native species. Considering our results, we can ask how He. virescens affects survival when confronted by other pathogens that previously had little impact on Ha. axyridis.}, }
@article {pmid33194343, year = {2020}, author = {Cruz, A and da Costa, F and Fernández-Pérez, J and Nantón, A and Fernández-Boo, S and Insua, A and Méndez, J}, title = {Genetic variability in Ruditapes decussatus clam combined with Perkinsus infection level to support founder population selection for a breeding program.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e9728}, pmid = {33194343}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Clam farmers worldwide face several challenges, including irregular seed supply and high mortalities due to pathogenic organisms such as Perkinsus olseni. In Europe, there is a high unmet consumer demand for native clam species such as Ruditapes decussatus. The high market value of R. decussatus makes the culture of this species potentially more attractive than that culture of the alien species Ruditapes philippinarum. Thus, there is a market opportunity in breeding and producing R. decussatus at an industrial scale. A selective breeding program to improve R. decussatus performance will be carried out in Portugal; and the first critical step to develop such a breeding program is the establishment of a founder population. In this study, intra- and interpopulation genetic diversity was assessed using 13 microsatellite markers in eight natural beds located in Portugal, Spain and Italy. Also, allele and genotypic frequencies of each microsatellite locus were assessed discriminating between clams infected and non-infected by P. olseni. All locations showed similar values for several genetic diversity parameters. Analyses of population differentiation (F ST, Bayesian clustering and AMOVAs) revealed five genetically differentiated regions: Rías Altas and Rías Baixas (NW Spain), North/Central Coast of Portugal, Gulf of Cadiz and Adriatic Sea. Significant differences in the allelic and genotypic frequency distribution between infected clams and non-infected ones at four microsatellite loci are reported suggesting that resistance to the disease could have a genetic basis. Moreover, a positive or negative relationship between the frequency of certain alleles and the parasite infection was inferred. Further studies should confirm the potential use of those alleles as genetic markers for P. olseni infection. Integrating results of genetic diversity within and between populations and Perkinsus infection levels, a founder population for a R. decussatus breeding program is proposed, composed by individuals from Barallobre (Rías Altas), Pontevedra or Cangas (Rías Baixas), Óbidos (North/Central Coast of Portugal), Algarve (Gulf of Cadiz) and Venice (Adriatic Sea).}, }
@article {pmid33192152, year = {2020}, author = {Grattarola, F and González, A and Mai, P and Cappuccio, L and Fagúndez-Pachón, C and Rossi, F and Teixeira de Mello, F and Urtado, L and Pincheira-Donoso, D}, title = {Biodiversidata: A novel dataset for the vascular plant species diversity in Uruguay.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e56850}, pmid = {33192152}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: South America hosts some of the world's most prominent biodiversity hotspots. Yet, Uruguay - a country where multiple major ecosystems converge - ranks amongst the countries with the lowest levels of available digital biodiversity data in the continent. Such prevalent data scarcity has significantly undermined our ability to progress towards evidence-based conservation actions - a critical limitation for a country with a strong focus on agricultural industries and only 1.3% of the land surface guarded by protected areas. Under today's rapid biodiversity loss and environmental changes, the need for open-access biodiversity data is more pressing than ever before. To address this national issue, Biodiversidata - Uruguay's first Consortium of Biodiversity Data - has recently emerged with the aim of assembling a constantly growing database for the biodiversity of this country. While the first phase of the project targeted vertebrate biodiversity, the second phase presented in this paper spans the biodiversity of plants.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: As part of the second phase of the Biodiversidata initiative, we present the first comprehensive open-access species-level database of the vascular plant diversity recorded in Uruguay to date (i.e. all species for which data are currently available and species presence has been confirmed). It contains 12,470 occurrence records from across 1,648 species and 160 families, which roughly represents 60% of the total recorded flora of Uruguay. The primary biodiversity data include extant native and introduced species from the lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms groups. Records were collated from multiple sources, including data available in peer-reviewed scientific literature, institutional scientific collections and datasets contributed by members of the Biodiversidata initiative. The complete database can be accessed at the Zenodo repository: doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3954406.}, }
@article {pmid33192144, year = {2020}, author = {Soreng, RJ and Sylvester, SP and Sylvester, MDPV and Clark, VR}, title = {New records and key to Poa (Pooideae, Poaceae) from the Flora of Southern Africa region and notes on taxa including a diclinous breeding system in Poa binata.}, journal = {PhytoKeys}, volume = {165}, number = {}, pages = {27-50}, pmid = {33192144}, issn = {1314-2011}, abstract = {Four species of Poa L. are newly reported for sub-Saharan Africa and southern Africa, Poa compressa L., P. iconia Azn., P. infirma Kunth and P. nemoralis L. This is the first report of P. iconia from Africa. Vouchers at PRE of P. bulbosa L. all belong to var. vivipara Koeler, those of P. iconia belong to var. iconia and the one of P. trivialis L. belongs to var. trivialis. Two subspecies are recognised in P. pratensis L.: subsp. irrigata (Lindm.) H.Lindb. and subsp. pratensis. We also designate a lectotype for P. iconia and second-step lectotype for P. leptoclada Hochst. ex A.Rich. and report the first recording of a diclinous breeding system in P. binata Nees. Our account updates the treatment in Identification Guide to Southern African Grasses (Fish et al. 2015) including a key to the taxa and notes on infrageneric taxonomy, DNA subtypes, ecology, chromosome numbers and breeding systems.}, }
@article {pmid33192132, year = {2020}, author = {Boer, P and Loss, AC and Bakker, F and Beentjes, K and Fisher, BL}, title = {Monomorium sahlbergi Emery, 1898 (Formicidae, Hymenoptera): a cryptic globally introduced species.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {979}, number = {}, pages = {87-97}, pmid = {33192132}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The discovery in the Netherlands in a shipping container of the ant Monomorium sahlbergi Emery, 1898, a species similar to the invasive pharaoh ant M. pharaonis (Linnaeus, 1758), led to a quest to better define the distribution of this species, which was initially obscure due to uncertain specimen identifications. Here it is shown that M. sahlbergi, like M. pharaonis, is found worldwide, almost certainly as a result of introductions. Including quarantine interceptions, this species is recorded from seven global biogeographic regions, but its established outdoor distribution is currently limited to the tropics and subtropics. Monomorium dichroum Forel, 1902 is here presented as a junior synonym of M. sahlbergi syn. nov. based on morphometric and CO1 analyses.}, }
@article {pmid33189714, year = {2021}, author = {Smit, C and Javal, M and Lehmann, P and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Metabolic responses to starvation and feeding contribute to the invasiveness of an emerging pest insect.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {128}, number = {}, pages = {104162}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104162}, pmid = {33189714}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Animals ; Basal Metabolism/*physiology ; Coleoptera/metabolism/*physiology ; Crops, Agricultural ; Energy Metabolism/physiology ; Pest Control ; Population Dynamics ; Saccharum ; *Starvation ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Metabolic rate, and the flexibility thereof, is a complex trait involving several inter-linked variables that can influence animal energetics, behavior, and ultimately, fitness. Metabolic traits respond readily to ambient temperature variation, in some cases increasing relative or absolute energetic costs, while in other cases, depending on the organism's metabolic and behavioral responses to changing conditions, resulting in substantial energy savings. To gain insight into the rapid recent emergence of the indigenous South African longhorn beetle Cacosceles newmannii as a crop pest in sugarcane, a better understanding of its metabolic rate, feeding response, digestion times, and aerobic scope is required, in conjunction with any behavioral responses to food availability or limitation thereof. Here, we therefore experimentally determined metabolic rate, estimated indirectly as CO2 production using flow-through respirometry, in starved, fasted, and fed C. newmannii larvae, at 20 °C and 30 °C. We estimated multiple parameters of metabolic rate (starved, standard, active, and maximum metabolic rates) as well as aerobic scope (AS), specific dynamic action (SDA), and the percentage time active during respirometry trials. Additionally, in individuals that showed cyclic or discontinuous gas exchange patterns, we compared rate, volume, and duration of cycles, and how these were influenced by temperature. Standard and active metabolic rate, and AS and SDA were significantly higher in the larvae measured at 30 °C than those measured at 20 °C. By contrast, starved and maximum metabolic rates and percentage time active were unaffected by temperature. At rest and after digestion was complete, 35% of larvae showed cyclic gas exchange at both temperatures; 5% and 15% showed continuous gas exchange at 20 °C and 30 °C respectively, and 10% and 0% showed discontinuous gas exchange at 20 °C and 30 °C respectively. We propose that the ability of C. newmannii larvae to survive extended periods of resource limitation, combined with a rapid ability to process food upon securing resources, even at cooler conditions that would normally suppress digestion in tropical insects, may have contributed to their ability to feed on diverse low energy resources typical of their host plants, and become pests of, and thrive on, a high energy host plant like sugarcane.}, }
@article {pmid33188640, year = {2021}, author = {Tagawa, K and Watanabe, M}, title = {Can sticky plants reduce herbivory of neighboring plants?.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {2}, pages = {e03240}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3240}, pmid = {33188640}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; *Herbivory ; *Mites ; Plants ; Predatory Behavior ; }, }
@article {pmid33187704, year = {2021}, author = {Franco, ACS and García-Berthou, E and Santos, LND}, title = {Ecological impacts of an invasive top predator fish across South America.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {761}, number = {}, pages = {143296}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143296}, pmid = {33187704}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cichlids ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Rivers ; South America ; }, abstract = {Peacock bass Cichla ocellaris is a piscivorous cichlid native from the Amazon and Orinoco river basins, which has been broadly introduced into tropical areas worldwide, leading to several adverse local effects. However, predictors of its invasibility and assessments of its ecological impacts over large spatial scales are still lacking. The importance of different environmental factors in explaining the relative abundance of peacock bass in 62 sites across South America (30 native and 32 invaded systems) was investigated. The impacts of peacock bass on fish assemblages were appraised, using years since introduction as a proxy of its cumulative impacts and modern statistical techniques, such as random forests, and negative binomial regression models. Random forests highlighted maximum depth, introduced status, and ecosystem type as the best predictors of the peacock bass relative abundance, which ranged 0.01-26.0%, increased with maximum depth, was highest in invaded reservoirs but decreased with depth in native riverine populations. Other factors such as climate or limnological features were less important in explaining C. ocellaris abundance, which did not vary markedly with years since introduction. Introduction year was not related to latitude but varied among hydrographic regions, indicating invasion pathways not linked to geographical proximity. Variation partitioning of different fish assemblage metrics showed that hydrographic region followed by limnological and reservoir features accounted for most explained variation, indicating a strong historical and local influence. Introduction time accounted for 5-8% of variation in species composition and diversity, independently of limnological features. Our results suggest that the ecological effects of introduced C. ocellaris on native fish fauna are likely but small compared to large geographical and environmental gradients. Although experiments and before-after designs are probably more sensitive in detecting the ecological impacts of invasive species, large-scale compilations of available data are more feasible and can provide invaluable information, especially for large-sized invaders that are often illegally introduced.}, }
@article {pmid33187222, year = {2020}, author = {Zina, V and Branco, M and Franco, JC}, title = {Impact of the Invasive Argentine Ant in Citrus Agroecosystems: Effects on the Diversity and Frequency of Native Ant Species Foraging on Tree Canopy.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {33187222}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {PD/BD/142882/2018//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; UIDB/00239/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; NA//KKL-JNF Israel/ ; }, abstract = {The invasion of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) can alter the entire ecosystem with serious impacts on the native community structure (e.g., ant diversity) and processes (e.g., trophic interactions) leading to biodiversity loss and pest outbreaks. Most studies addressing these impacts have been conducted in natural or semi-natural areas, few are those conducted in agricultural ecosystems, such as citrus orchards. These are dominant agricultural ecosystems in Mediterranean landscapes. Furthermore, most studies have been conducted in a short span, not evidencing seasonal fluctuations. In this work, we assessed the ecological impact of the Argentine ant on the native ant communities in citrus orchards, in the region of Algarve, southern Portugal. By using principal response curve, we compared seasonal variation on ant assemblages in invaded and uninvaded citrus orchards foraging on tree canopy from a two-year sampling. The Argentine ant had a marked negative impact on the native ant community foraging on citrus canopy. In the uninvaded orchards, the native ant community had a rich assemblage composed of 16 ant species, in its majority (72%) controlled by the dominant species Lasius grandis Forel, Tapinoma nigerrimum (Nylander) and/or Pheidole pallidula (Nylander). In the invaded orchards, the native ant community was poorer and highly modified, mostly dominated by the Argentine ant (80%). Apparently, the only native ant species not affected by the presence of the Argentine ant was Plagiolepis pygmaea (Latreille). A significant negative effect was found between the proportion of infested trees by L. humile and the number of native ant species per orchard. Differences in the native ant community in the invaded and uninvaded orchards persisted over seasons and years. However, negative impacts were higher in the spring and summer, and less pronounced in the autumn. We discuss implications for citrus pest management.}, }
@article {pmid33187210, year = {2020}, author = {Howse, MWF and Haywood, J and Lester, PJ}, title = {Bioclimatic Modelling Identifies Suitable Habitat for the Establishment of the Invasive European Paper Wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) across the Southern Hemisphere.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {33187210}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Species distribution models (SDMs) are tools used by ecologists to help predict the spread of invasive species. Information provided by these models can help direct conservation and biosecurity efforts by highlighting areas likely to contain species of interest. In this study, two models were created to investigate the potential range expansion of Polistes dominula Christ (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the southern hemisphere. This palearctic species has spread to invade North and South America, South Africa, Australia, and more recently New Zealand. Using the BIOCLIM and MAXENT modelling methods, regions that were suitable for P. dominula were identified based on climate data across four regions in the southern hemisphere. In South America areas of central Chile, eastern Argentina, parts of Uruguay, and southern Brazil were identified as climatically suitable for the establishment of P. dominula. Similarly, southern parts of South Africa and Australia were identified by the model to be suitable as well as much of the North Island and east of the South Island of New Zealand. Based on outputs from both models, significant range expansion by P. dominula is possible across its more southern invaded ranges.}, }
@article {pmid33186067, year = {2021}, author = {Loeza-Quintana, T and Crookes, S and Li, PY and Reid, DP and Smith, M and Hanner, RH}, title = {Environmental DNA detection of endangered and invasive species in Kejimkujik National Park and Historic Site.}, journal = {Genome}, volume = {64}, number = {3}, pages = {172-180}, doi = {10.1139/gen-2020-0042}, pmid = {33186067}, issn = {1480-3321}, mesh = {Animals ; Bass/genetics ; DNA, Environmental/*analysis ; *Endangered Species ; Esocidae/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Nova Scotia ; Parks, Recreational ; Turtles/genetics ; }, abstract = {The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) allows the early detection of aquatic species at low densities (e.g., elusive and invasive species), which otherwise could be challenging to monitor using conventional techniques. Here, we assess the ability of eDNA sampling to detect the presence or absence of one species at risk (Blanding's turtle) and two invasive species (chain pickerel and smallmouth bass) in Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site, Nova Scotia, where the aquatic system is highly acidic and rich in organic compounds. Five replicates of 1 L water samples were taken per sampling site. Water filtration and eDNA extractions were performed on-site, while qPCR reactions were performed in the laboratory using species-specific assays. Samples were treated with an inhibition removal kit and analyzed pre- and post-inhibition removal. Despite the low pH and PCR inhibitors in water samples, our results showed positive eDNA detections in almost all expected positive sites (except in one site for Blanding's turtle). Detections of the target species were also observed at sites where their presence was previously unknown. Our study supports the advantage of eDNA to monitor species at low densities, revealing new distributions or recently invaded areas. We also demonstrate how eDNA can directly instruct management strategies in Kejimkujik.}, }
@article {pmid33183824, year = {2021}, author = {Navratil, O and Brekenfeld, N and Puijalon, S and Sabastia, M and Boyer, M and Pella, H and Lejot, J and Piola, F}, title = {Distribution of Asian knotweeds on the Rhône River basin, France: A multi-scale model of invasibility that combines biophysical and anthropogenic factors.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {763}, number = {}, pages = {142995}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142995}, pmid = {33183824}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Biotic and abiotic factors are important drivers of the introduction, dispersal and establishment of an invasive species in fluvial corridors. In this study, we propose to better understand the spatial distribution of Asian knotweeds and to model their invasibility at the river basin scale in the Rhône Mediterranean and Corsica regions, France. We implemented a multiscale analysis of biophysical and anthropogenic factors related to the presence of knotweeds. Subbasins were sampled (50-600 km[2]), a large dataset on knotweed occurrence and biotic/abiotic factors was collected, and logistic regression was applied. A robust logit model (accuracy: 90%; false positive rate: 13%) estimated the probability of the occurrence of knotweeds at the river basin scale. We found clear evidence of: i) spatial scale-dependent water availability for knotweed implantation (e.g., summer vs. winter rainfalls > 250 mm); ii) an important role of hydrogeomorphic forces in dispersal; and iii) interspecific competition in riparian areas. The occurrence of knotweeds is also closely related to human-derived pressures. The management of knotweeds on roads and railways in the vicinity of rivers may be a major source of propagules. Hydraulic infrastructures (dikes and mill weirs) may also have served as locations of knotweed introduction since the end of the nineteenth century and may play a major role in the propagule transfer of knotweed; to date, these infrastructures have provided favourable conditions for knotweed establishment. Despite local water authorities' increasing awareness of invasive plants, local management practices for flood mitigation, low awareness of roads/railway managers, and negative representations of knotweeds have probably largely contributed to their dispersion over decades. The final model intends to integrate these biophysical and human factors by providing an operational tool to help river managers determine the sensitivity of their river basins to knotweed invasion.}, }
@article {pmid33183360, year = {2021}, author = {Farahani, S and Palsbøll, PJ and Pen, I and Komdeur, J}, title = {Effects of parasites upon non-host predator avoidance behaviour in native and invasive gammarids.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {148}, number = {3}, pages = {354-360}, pmid = {33183360}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*physiology ; Animals ; Avoidance Learning ; Chemotaxis ; *Cues ; Germany ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; Smegmamorpha/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The acanthocephalan parasite, Polymorphus minutus, manipulates its intermediate hosts' (gammarids) behaviour, presumably to facilitate its transmission to the definitive hosts. A fundamental question is whether this capability has evolved to target gammarids in general, or specifically sympatric gammarids. We assessed the responses to chemical cues from a non-host predator (the three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus) in infected and non-infected gammarids; two native (Gammarus pulex and Gammarus fossarum), and one invasive (Echinogammarus berilloni) species, all sampled in the Paderborn Plateau (Germany). The level of predator avoidance was assessed by subjecting gammarids to choice experiments with the presence or absence of predator chemical cues. We did not detect any behavioural differences between uninfected and infected G. pulex and E. berilloni, but an elevated degree of predator avoidance in infected G. fossarum. Avoiding non-host predators may ultimately increase the probability of P. minutus' of predation by the definitive host. Our results suggested that P. minutus' ability to alter the host's behaviour may have evolved to specifically target sympatric gammarid host species. Uninfected gammarids did not appear to avoid the non-host predator chemical cues. Overall the results also opened the possibility that parasites may play a critical role in the success or failure of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid33182264, year = {2020}, author = {Zakardjian, M and Geslin, B and Mitran, V and Franquet, E and Jourdan, H}, title = {Effects of Urbanization on Plant-Pollinator Interactions in the Tropics: An Experimental Approach Using Exotic Plants.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {33182264}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Land-use changes through urbanization and biological invasions both threaten plant-pollinator networks. Urban areas host modified bee communities and are characterized by high proportions of exotic plants. Exotic species, either animals or plants, may compete with native species and disrupt plant-pollinator interactions. These threats are heightened in insular systems of the Southwest Pacific, where the bee fauna is generally poor and ecological networks are simplified. However, the impacts of these factors have seldom been studied in tropical contexts. To explore those questions, we installed experimental exotic plant communities in urban and natural contexts in New Caledonia, a plant diversity hotspot. For four weeks, we observed plant-pollinator interactions between local pollinators and our experimental exotic plant communities. We found a significantly higher foraging activity of exotic wild bees within the city, together with a strong plant-pollinator association between two exotic species. However, contrary to our expectations, the landscape context (urban vs. natural) had no effect on the activity of native bees. These results raise issues concerning how species introduced in plant-pollinator networks will impact the reproductive success of both native and exotic plants. Furthermore, the urban system could act as a springboard for alien species to disperse in natural systems and even invade them, leading to conservation concerns.}, }
@article {pmid33182237, year = {2020}, author = {Divari, S and Pregel, P and Zanet, S and Ferroglio, E and Giannini, F and Scaglione, FE and Grinberg, A and Biolatti, B and Bollo, E}, title = {Molecular Evidence of Bartonella spp. in Rodents: A Study in Pianosa Island, Italy.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {33182237}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {cod. ROL 58276//Fondazione CRT/ ; }, abstract = {Wild rodents are reservoirs of several Bartonella species that cause human bartonellosis. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of Bartonella spp. DNA in wild rodents in Pianosa island, Italy. Rats (Rattus spp.; n = 15) and field mice (Apodemus spp.; n = 16) were captured and spleen DNA tested for the presence of Bartonella spp. by means of an initial screening using a qPCR amplifying a short segment of the 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic transcribed spacer region (ITS, ~200 bp) followed by conventional PCR amplification of a longer ITS fragment (~600 bp) and of a citrate synthase (gltA, ~340 bp) gene segment. A total of 25 spleen DNA samples obtained from 31 rodent carcasses (81%) yielded positive qPCR results. Bartonella genus was confirmed by amplicon sequencing. By conventional PCR, eight out of 25 samples (32%) yielded bands on gels consistent with ITS segment, and 6/25 (24%) yielded bands consistent with the gltA locus. Amplicon sequencing identified B. henselae and B. coopersplainsensis in 1/25 (4%), and 4/25 (16%) samples, respectively. Moreover, 5/25 (20%) of Bartonella spp. positive samples showed gltA sequences with about 97% identity to B. grahamii. These results provide support to recently published observations suggesting that B. henselae circulates in wild rodent populations.}, }
@article {pmid33182175, year = {2021}, author = {Grabowska, J and Tarkan, AS and Błońska, D and Top Karakuş, N and Janic, B and Przybylski, M}, title = {Prolific pioneers and reserved settlers. Changes in the life-history of the western tubenose goby (Proterorhinus semilunaris) at different invasion stages.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {750}, number = {}, pages = {142316}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142316}, pmid = {33182175}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Fishes ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Perciformes ; Reproduction ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {The western tubenose goby is one of the most wide-spread invasive fish species in European freshwaters, though information of its life-history in relation to its invasion success is limited. We compared the reproductive traits, growth rate and condition of three populations that differed in their stage of invasion in its expanding range in the River Vistula: core - the oldest population established at the centre of the invasive range; intermediate - long established by downstream dispersal from the core area but continuously supplemented by drifting specimens; front - new population at the edge of the invasive range, upstream from the core area. Pronounced differences in life-history traits were found between the 'core' and the 'front' populations. The 'front' population displayed high investment in reproduction and had heavier gonads, higher fecundity, higher batch fecundity though smaller eggs than the 'core' population. The 'core' population was characterized by the lowest fecundity, the largest eggs, the highest condition after spawning, and the highest maximum age of males. The 'intermediate' population was intermediate between the 'front' and the 'core' populations regarding reproductive traits, but showed the highest growth rates. The life-history traits that varied most among populations were gonad weight, fecundity, gonado-somatic index, condition and growth in the first years of life. Inter-individual variability of life-history traits was lower in the front of the invasive range than in the core and intermediate area. The observed plasticity in life-history appears to favour production of large numbers of offspring in newly-colonised areas in the initial stages of invasion and at the edge of the expanding range. In longer-established populations, at the core of invasive range, a strategy for greater competitiveness under intra-specific competition appears to be favoured.}, }
@article {pmid33181936, year = {2020}, author = {Mantelatto, MC and Póvoa, AA and Skinner, LF and Araujo, FV and Creed, JC}, title = {Marine litter and wood debris as habitat and vector for the range expansion of invasive corals (Tubastraea spp.).}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {160}, number = {}, pages = {111659}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111659}, pmid = {33181936}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Atlantic Ocean ; Brazil ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Wood ; }, abstract = {Tubastraea coccinea Lesson, 1830 and T. tagusensis Wells 1982 are azooxanthellate corals non-native to Brazil and introduced through fouling on oil platforms, the primary vector. They first invaded the tropical rocky reefs at Ilha Grande Bay (southwest Atlantic Ocean), during the early 1990s. Currently, at some Brazilian locations these species occupy 80% of the benthos of the shallow subtidal. They cause economic and environmental impacts by fouling shipping and modifying native communities. This study provides observations of an additional mechanism of secondary dispersal by T. coccinea and T. tagusensis that were seen attached to floating wood debris and marine litter, which are highly abundant in the region. Such rafting corals have been found adjacent to invaded reefs and stranded on beaches. These observations indicate that transport by rafting over long distances may be another mechanism of range expansion and secondary introduction of these invasive species within the region.}, }
@article {pmid33181927, year = {2020}, author = {Ibabe, A and Borrell, YJ and Knobelspiess, S and Dopico, E}, title = {Perspectives on the marine environment and biodiversity in recreational ports: The marina of Gijon as a case study.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {160}, number = {}, pages = {111645}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111645}, pmid = {33181927}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental Pollution ; Introduced Species ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Recreational ports are known to be sources of pollution to the coastal marine environment due to the pouring of pollutants or the transfer of invasive species to neighboring areas. Nonetheless, the responsibility of protecting the marine environment does not lie solely on the users of the ports, but also affects the rest of citizens. Thus, an effective communication is necessary between scientists and citizens to avoid the lack of knowledge and boost cooperation against these environmental problems. In this study, (focused on the marina of Gijon, Northwestern Spain) citizens set education and social media as the main sources of information, rarely considering science outreach. Also, their environmental knowledge showed to be based on a visual perception, rather than on a cognitive one, as marine litter was considered a great environmental problem, while invasive species and biofouling went unnoticed, remarking the lack of an effective communication from scientific sources.}, }
@article {pmid33181924, year = {2020}, author = {Devi, SS and Sreedevi, AV and Kumar, AB}, title = {First report of microplastic ingestion by the alien fish Pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus) in the Ramsar site Vembanad Lake, south India.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {160}, number = {}, pages = {111637}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111637}, pmid = {33181924}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Characiformes ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes ; India ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Microplastics ; Plastics ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {This study reports on the ingestion of microplastics by the alien fish Pirapitinga, Piaractus brachypomus (Characiformes; Serrasalmidae) that escaped Vembanad lake, the largest brackish water lake in the south-west coast of India, from the aquaculture systems during flooding. Microplastics separated from the gut of 32 out of the 123 fishes (26%) examined were identified using Attenuated Total Reflectance - Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR), and Raman Spectroscopy. In total, 69 microplastic particles, represented by fibers, foam and fragments were recovered from the fish, with sizes ranging from 0.89 to 4.85 mm. The ATR-FTIR spectral analyses revealed the presence of polymers polyethylene and Nylon 6. The occurrence of PP, Nylon 6, PET and PBT were confirmed using Raman spectroscopy. The presence of MPs in the gut content of alien fish P. brachypomus could be a reflection of the increasing microplastics pollution in the estuaries and backwaters along the south-west coast of India.}, }
@article {pmid33181821, year = {2020}, author = {Reyserhove, L and Desmet, P and Oldoni, D and Adriaens, T and Strubbe, D and Davis, AJS and Vanderhoeven, S and Verloove, F and Groom, Q}, title = {A checklist recipe: making species data open and FAIR.}, journal = {Database : the journal of biological databases and curation}, volume = {2020}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33181821}, issn = {1758-0463}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Checklist ; Plants ; Registries ; Workflow ; }, abstract = {Species checklists are a crucial source of information for research and policy. Unfortunately, many traditional species checklists vary wildly in their content, format, availability and maintenance. The fact that these are not open, findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable (FAIR) severely hampers fast and efficient information flow to policy and decision-making that are required to tackle the current biodiversity crisis. Here, we propose a reproducible, semi-automated workflow to transform traditional checklist data into a FAIR and open species registry. We showcase our workflow by applying it to the publication of the Manual of Alien Plants, a species checklist specifically developed for the Tracking Invasive Alien Species (TrIAS) project. Our approach combines source data management, reproducible data transformation to Darwin Core using R, version control, data documentation and publication to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). This checklist publication workflow is openly available for data holders and applicable to species registries varying in thematic, taxonomic or geographical scope and could serve as an important tool to open up research and strengthen environmental decision-making.}, }
@article {pmid33179252, year = {2021}, author = {Tran, LT and Bafort, Q and Steen, F and Gómez Garreta, A and D'Hondt, S and Miller, KA and Vranken, S and Žuljević, A and Smith, JE and De Clerck, O}, title = {Dictyota cyanoloma (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae), a Newly Introduced Brown Algal Species in California.}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, pages = {370-378}, doi = {10.1111/jpy.13100}, pmid = {33179252}, issn = {1529-8817}, mesh = {Australia ; California ; Europe ; Mediterranean Sea ; Mexico ; *Phaeophyceae ; }, abstract = {Here, we report for the first time the presence of Dictyota cyanoloma in southern California. Dictyota cyanoloma is conspicuous in harbors and bays by its distinctive bright blue-iridescent margins. This species was originally described from Europe, but subsequent studies have revealed that it represented an introduction from Australia. The current distribution of D. cyanoloma comprises southern Australia and the North East Atlantic, including the Mediterranean Sea and the Macaronesian islands. The presence of D. cyanoloma in southern California is supported by molecular cox1 and psbA gene sequences. A reconstruction of the invasive history based on nine polymorphic microsatellite markers reveals a close affinity of the Californian specimens with European populations. Dictyota cyanoloma in the United States appears to be (so far) restricted to the Californian coast from San Diego Bay in the south to Santa Catalina Island and Long Beach Harbor in the north. A correlative species distribution model suggests gradually declining habitat suitability north of the Southern Californian Bight and high suitability in Baja California, including the Gulf of California. Finally, its widespread abundance in bays and harbors suggests shipping is a likely transport mechanism.}, }
@article {pmid33177658, year = {2020}, author = {Saebi, M and Xu, J and Curasi, SR and Grey, EK and Chawla, NV and Lodge, DM}, title = {Network analysis of ballast-mediated species transfer reveals important introduction and dispersal patterns in the Arctic.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {19558}, pmid = {33177658}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Rapid climate change has wide-ranging implications for the Arctic region, including sea ice loss, increased geopolitical attention, and expanding economic activity resulting in a dramatic increase in shipping activity. As a result, the risk of harmful non-native marine species being introduced into this critical region will increase unless policy and management steps are implemented in response. Using data about shipping, ecoregions, and environmental conditions, we leverage network analysis and data mining techniques to assess, visualize, and project ballast water-mediated species introductions into the Arctic and dispersal of non-native species within the Arctic. We first identify high-risk connections between the Arctic and non-Arctic ports that could be sources of non-native species over 15 years (1997-2012) and observe the emergence of shipping hubs in the Arctic where the cumulative risk of non-native species introduction is increasing. We then consider how environmental conditions can constrain this Arctic introduction network for species with different physiological limits, thus providing a tool that will allow decision-makers to evaluate the relative risk of different shipping routes. Next, we focus on within-Arctic ballast-mediated species dispersal where we use higher-order network analysis to identify critical shipping routes that may facilitate species dispersal within the Arctic. The risk assessment and projection framework we propose could inform risk-based assessment and management of ship-borne invasive species in the Arctic.}, }
@article {pmid33177635, year = {2020}, author = {Jones, EP and Conyers, C and Tomkies, V and Semmence, N and Fouracre, D and Wakefield, M and Stainton, K}, title = {Managing incursions of Vespa velutina nigrithorax in the UK: an emerging threat to apiculture.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {19553}, pmid = {33177635}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Beekeeping ; Bees ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Microsatellite Repeats ; United Kingdom ; Wasps/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Vespa velutina nigrithorax is an invasive species of hornet accidentally introduced into Europe in 2004. It feeds on invertebrates, including honey bees, and represents a threat to European apiculture. In 2016, the first nest of this hornet was detected and destroyed on mainland UK. A further 8 nests were discovered between 2016 and 2019. Nest dissection was performed on all nests together with microsatellite analyses of different life stages found in the nests to address the reproductive output and success of nests found in the UK. None of the nests had produced the next generation of queens. Follow-up monitoring in those regions detected no new nests in the following years. Diploid males were found in many UK nests, while microsatellite analysis showed that nests had low genetic diversity and the majority of queens had mated with one or two males. All UK nests derived from the European zone of secondary colonisation, rather than from the native range of the species. None of the nests discovered so far have been direct offspring of another UK nest. The evidence suggests that these nests were separate incursions from a continental population rather than belonging to a single established UK population of this pest.}, }
@article {pmid33176004, year = {2020}, author = {Sagoff, M}, title = {Fact and value in invasion biology: reply to Cuthbert et al. 2020.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, pages = {1583-1585}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13594}, pmid = {33176004}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Biology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; }, }
@article {pmid33175265, year = {2021}, author = {Sandland, GJ and Peirce, JP}, title = {Patterns of Sphaeridiotrema pseudoglobulus infection in sympatric and allopatric hosts (Bithynia tentaculata) originating from widely separated sites across the USA.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {120}, number = {1}, pages = {187-195}, pmid = {33175265}, issn = {1432-1955}, support = {1852224//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Coevolution ; Echinostoma/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Echinostomiasis/parasitology/transmission ; Introduced Species ; Montana ; Snails/*parasitology ; Sympatry ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {In circumstances where populations of invasive species occur across variable landscapes, interactions among invaders, their parasites, and the surrounding environment may establish local coevolutionary trajectories for the participants. This can generate variable infection patterns when parasites interact with sympatric versus allopatric hosts. Identifying the potential for such patterns within an invasive-species framework is important for better predicting local infection outcomes and their subsequent impacts on the surrounding native community. To begin addressing this question, we exposed an invasive snail (Bithynia tentaculata) from two widely separated sites across the USA (Wisconsin and Montana) to the digenean parasite, Sphaeridiotrema pseudoglobulus, collected from Wisconsin. Parasite exposures generated high infection prevalences in both sympatric and allopatric snails. Furthermore, host survival, host growth, the proportion of patent snails, and the timing of patency did not differ between sympatric and allopatric combinations. Moreover, passaging parasites through snails of different origins had no effect on transmission success to subsequent hosts in the life cycle. However, the number of parasites emerging from snails and the pattern of their release varied based on snail origin. These latter observations suggest the potential for local adaptation in this system, but subsequent research is required to further substantiate this as a key factor underlying infection patterns in the association between S. pseudoglobulus and B. tentaculata.}, }
@article {pmid33174393, year = {2020}, author = {Friday, B and Holzheuser, C and Lips, KR and Longo, AV}, title = {Preparing for invasion: Assessing risk of infection by chytrid fungi in southeastern plethodontid salamanders.}, journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology}, volume = {333}, number = {10}, pages = {829-840}, doi = {10.1002/jez.2427}, pmid = {33174393}, issn = {2471-5646}, support = {/HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Batrachochytrium/pathogenicity ; Florida ; Introduced Species ; Mycoses/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Risk Assessment ; Urodela/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Understanding the responses of naïve communities to the invasion of multihost pathogens requires accurate estimates of susceptibility across taxa. In the Americas, the likely emergence of a second amphibian pathogenic fungus (Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, Bsal) calls for new ways of prioritizing disease mitigation among species due to the high diversity of naïve hosts with prior B. dendrobatidis (Bd) infections. Here, we applied the concept of pathogenic potential to quantify the virulence of chytrid fungi on naïve amphibians and evaluate species for conservation efforts in the event of an outbreak. The benefit of this measure is that it combines and summarizes the variation in disease effects into a single numerical index, allowing for comparisons across species, populations or groups of individuals that may inherently exhibit differences in susceptibility. As a proof of concept, we obtained standardized responses of disease severity by performing experimental infections with Bsal on five plethodontid salamanders from southeastern United States. Four out of five species carried natural infections of Bd at the start of the experiments. We showed that Bsal exhibited its highest value of pathogenic potential in a species that is already declining (Desmognathus auriculatus). We find that this index provides additional information beyond the standard measures of disease prevalence, intensity, and mortality, because it leveraged these disease parameters within each categorical group. Scientists and practitioners could use this measure to justify research, funding, trade, or conservation measures.}, }
@article {pmid33172666, year = {2021}, author = {Guo, W and Weiperth, A and Hossain, MS and Kubec, J and Grabicová, K and Ložek, F and Veselý, L and Bláha, M and Buřič, M and Kouba, A and Velíšek, J}, title = {The effects of the herbicides terbuthylazine and metazachlor at environmental concentration on the burrowing behaviour of red swamp crayfish.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {270}, number = {}, pages = {128656}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128656}, pmid = {33172666}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Acetamides ; Animals ; *Astacoidea ; Female ; *Herbicides/toxicity ; Male ; Triazines/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Despite their low concentrations in many aquatic environments, evidence exists to suggest that herbicides do affect non-target organisms. Given that burrowing is a primary life-history trait in crayfish, herbicides could potentially have serious negative effects on these ecologically important freshwater macroinvertebrates. In this study, we exposed the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii to terbuthylazine (a triazine) and metazachlor (a chloroacetanilide) at an environmental concentration of 2.0 μg/L for 28 days, and then observed their burrowing behaviour for two days. The metazachlor-exposed males excavated a greater number of burrows than the other tested groups, with comparable depths and volumes relative to individual specimen weight. The relative depth and volume of female burrows were identical in all groups. The natural habit of female crayfish of constructing deeper burrows than males was marginally significant in the control and META groups but was not significant for relative volume. The hypothesized adverse effects of chronic exposure to real environmental concentrations of herbicides were not documented in terms of either relative depth or volume. However, the increased number of burrows in metazachlor-exposed animals may mean that this invasive species will cause greater damage to embankments and river banks. The mechanisms behind these effects require closer study.}, }
@article {pmid33171892, year = {2020}, author = {Tarusikirwa, VL and Machekano, H and Mutamiswa, R and Chidawanyika, F and Nyamukondiwa, C}, title = {Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on the "Offensive" in Africa: Prospects for Integrated Management Initiatives.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {33171892}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) has aggressively invaded the African continent. Since its first detection in North Africa in Morocco and Tunisia in 2008, it has successfully invaded the entire southern, eastern and western Africa, where it has been on the offensive, causing significant damage to Solanaceous food crops. While control of this prolific invader is primarily based on conventional synthetic pesticides, this form of control is consistently losing societal approval owing to (1) pesticide resistance development and consequential loss of field efficacy; (2) growing public health concerns; (3) environmental contamination and loss of biological diversity and its associated ecological services; and (4) unsustainable costs, particularly for resource-poor African farmers. As such, more ecologically sound pest management strategies, e.g., the use of natural substances (NSs), may offer a more sustainable approach to tackling this offensive. A systematic literature search through digital libraries and online databases (JSTOR, PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS and Google Scholar) was conducted using predetermined keywords on T. absoluta, e.g., South American tomato pinworm. We use this to explain the invasion of T. absoluta in Africa, citing mechanisms facilitating African invasion and exploring the potential of its control using diverse biological control agents, natural and low-risk substances. Specifically, we explore how botanicals, entomopathogens, semiochemicals, predators, parasitoids, host plant resistance, sterile insect technique and others have been spatially employed to control T. absoluta and discuss the potential of these control agents in African landscapes using more integrated approaches. We discuss the use of NSs as assets to general insect pest control, some potential associated liabilities and explain the potential use and barriers to adoption in African systems from a legislative, economic, ecological and social standpoint.}, }
@article {pmid33171090, year = {2020}, author = {Hudson, CM and Vidal-García, M and Murray, TG and Shine, R}, title = {The accelerating anuran: evolution of locomotor performance in cane toads (Rhinella marina, Bufonidae) at an invasion front.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {287}, number = {1938}, pages = {20201964}, pmid = {33171090}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; *Bufo marinus ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {As is common in biological invasions, the rate at which cane toads (Rhinella marina) have spread across tropical Australia has accelerated through time. Individuals at the invasion front travel further than range-core conspecifics and exhibit distinctive morphologies that may facilitate rapid dispersal. However, the links between these morphological changes and locomotor performance have not been clearly documented. We used raceway trials and high-speed videography to document locomotor traits (e.g. hop distances, heights, velocities, and angles of take-off and landing) of toads from range-core and invasion-front populations. Locomotor performance varied geographically, and this variation in performance was linked to morphological features that have evolved during the toads' Australian invasion. Geographical variation in morphology and locomotor ability was evident not only in wild-caught animals, but also in individuals that had been raised under standardized conditions in captivity. Our data thus support the hypothesis that the cane toad's invasion across Australia has generated rapid evolutionary shifts in dispersal-relevant performance traits, and that these differences in performance are linked to concurrent shifts in morphological traits.}, }
@article {pmid33168295, year = {2021}, author = {Tang, F and Aldridge, DC}, title = {Using osmotic shock to control invasive aquatic species.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {279}, number = {}, pages = {111604}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111604}, pmid = {33168295}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Osmotic Pressure ; Salinity ; Seawater ; }, abstract = {Coastal estuaries are especially vulnerable to the arrival and establishment of invasive aquatic species (IAS) as they are often the receiving locations of ship-based introductions. Rapid response tools, such as mechanical or chemical treatments to capture, remove, and contain of IAS, are needed to prevent subsequent spread into adjacent marine and freshwater systems. Abrupt salinity change, created when infrastructure in estuaries situated at the proximity of river mouths is operated, offers a novel, low-cost and environmentally friendly method for potentially controlling IAS. We investigated the use of osmotic shock to control the invasive brackish water clam Rangia cuneata that is quickly spreading through Europe. Clams were exposed in the laboratory to eight salinity concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 32.0‰ and monitored for 60 days. Saline shock, but not freshwater shock, could control R. cuneata. Salinities >26‰ killed 95% R. cuneata in two weeks. All specimens exposed to full strength seawater (32‰) were killed within 30 days. At lower salinities, clams collected from the most freshwater locality (1.2‰) showed lower mortality than clams from the most saline site (3.1‰). Furthermore, even modest increases in salinity during spawning periods of R. cuneata may prevent recruitment. Given the vulnerability of coastal estuaries to introduction of IAS, saline flushing presents a novel and effective management tool for many species.}, }
@article {pmid33166046, year = {2021}, author = {Donihue, CM and Daltry, JC and Challenger, S and Herrel, A}, title = {Population increase and changes in behavior and morphology in the Critically Endangered Redonda ground lizard (Pholidoscelis atratus) following the successful removal of alien rats and goats.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {379-389}, pmid = {33166046}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; Antigua and Barbuda ; Behavior, Animal ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Endangered Species ; Female ; Goats ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Male ; *Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Rats ; }, abstract = {Redonda is a small volcanic Caribbean island that is home to at least 4 endemic lizard species, including the Critically Endangered ground lizard (Pholidoscelis atratus). Black rats (Rattus rattus) and domestic goats (Capra hircus) were introduced to the island at some time after its discovery by Europeans in the late 1500s. They had a devastating effect on the island, resulting in the loss of nearly all trees and most of the ground vegetation. Point count surveys of P. atratus in 2012 indicated low densities, and the invasive rats were observed hunting and preying on the lizards. Both populations of rats and goats were successfully removed in 2017 as part of an ecological restoration program, and native vegetation and invertebrate populations have increased rapidly since. Population surveys in 2017, 2018, and 2019 show the lizard population has increased by more than sixfold. In 2017, as rats and goats were being removed, we evaluated the morphology and escape behavior of this species and repeated these measurements 1 year later. We observed that P. atratus had become bolder, with a reduced flight distance. We also detected changes in limb morphology related to locomotion and suggest possible explanations that will need to be further investigated in the future. These results show how the removal of invasive species can rapidly affect lizard population recovery and behavior, potentially restoring island ecosystems to their pre-human interference dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid33163599, year = {2020}, author = {Barbieri, DM and Lou, B and Passavanti, M and Hui, C and Lessa, DA and Maharaj, B and Banerjee, A and Wang, F and Chang, K and Naik, B and Yu, L and Liu, Z and Sikka, G and Tucker, A and Foroutan Mirhosseini, A and Naseri, S and Qiao, Y and Gupta, A and Abbas, M and Fang, K and Ghasemi, N and Peprah, P and Goswami, S and Hessami, A and Agarwal, N and Lam, L and Adomako, S}, title = {A survey dataset to evaluate the changes in mobility and transportation due to COVID-19 travel restrictions in Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, India, Iran, Italy, Norway, South Africa, United States.}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {33}, number = {}, pages = {106459}, pmid = {33163599}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {COVID-19 pandemic has heavily impacted the global community. To curb the viral transmission, travel restrictions have been enforced across the world. The dataset documents the mobility disruptions and the modal shifts that have occurred as a consequence of the restrictive measures implemented in ten countries: Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, India, Iran, Italy, Norway, South Africa and the United States. An online questionnaire was distributed during the period from the 11st to the 31st of May 2020, with a total of 9 394 respondents. The first part of the survey has characterized the frequency of use of all transport modes before and during the enforcement of the restrictions, while the second part of the survey has dealt with perceived risks of contracting COVID-19 from different transport modes and perceived effectiveness of travel mitigation measures. Overall, the dataset (stored in a repository publicly available) can be conveniently used to quantify and understand the modal shifts and people's cognitive behavior towards travel due to COVID-19. The collected responses can be further analysed by considering other demographic and socioeconomic covariates.}, }
@article {pmid34290160, year = {2020}, author = {Dharmarathne, HAKM and Weerasena, OVDSJ and Perera, KLNS and Galhena, GH}, title = {Genetic characterization of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Sri Lanka based on COI gene.}, journal = {Journal of vector borne diseases}, volume = {57}, number = {2}, pages = {153-160}, doi = {10.4103/0972-9062.310871}, pmid = {34290160}, issn = {0972-9062}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics/virology ; Animals ; Dengue/*transmission/virology ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics/metabolism ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Mosquito Control ; Mosquito Vectors/*genetics/virology ; Phylogeny ; Sri Lanka ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND &amp; OBJECTIVES: Aedes aegypti is the most prominent vector for dengue virus worldwide. Accurate identification of the species and understanding its colonization pattern are essential prerequisites in vector control. Thus, the present study was aimed to genetically characterize Ae. aegypti mosquitoes collected from different regions of Sri Lanka based on mitochondrial COI gene.<br><br>METHODS: Thirty-three Ae. aegypti larval samples were collected from 19 districts. A 735bp region of the mitochondrial COI gene was amplified and analyzed for genetic diversity indices. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using Sri Lankan samples and also including mosquito samples reported from other parts of the world.<br><br>RESULTS: High genetic diversity was observed within the samples analysed (gene diversity: 0.949; average number of nucleotide differences: 6.371). There were 20 haplotypes presented within the 19 localities investigated. The phylogenetic tree derived two main clades. However, no distinguishable clustering pattern was observed in the phylogenetic tree except for the districts in the northern corner indicating extensive admixing among different populations. When samples from other countries were included in the phylogenetic tree, Anuradhapura, and Mannar samples were clustered together with samples from India, Venezuela, USA, Portugal and Cambodia while Rathnapura was clustered with Bolivia and France.<br><br>Our results suggest that Sri Lanka has undergone multiple invasions of Ae. aegypti from various parts of the world over an extensive period. Further, the mosquito control campaigns had not caused a significant effect on the Ae. aegypti populations which is existing in mutation-drift equilibrium.}, }
@article {pmid33736199, year = {2020}, author = {Milardi, M and Gavioli, A and Soana, E and Lanzoni, M and Fano, EA and Castaldelli, G}, title = {The role of species introduction in modifying the functional diversity of native communities.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {699}, number = {}, pages = {134364}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134364}, pmid = {33736199}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; }, abstract = {Although one of the most evident effects of biological invasions is the loss of native taxonomic diversity, contrasting views exist on the consequences of biological invasions on native functional diversity. We investigated this topic using Mediterranean stream, river and canal fish communities as a test case, at 3734 sites in Italy, and distinguishing between exotic and translocated species invasion in three different faunal districts. Our results clearly confirmed that introduced species were widespread and in many cases the invasion was severe (130 communities were completely composed by introduced species). Exotic and translocated fish species had substantially different geographical distribution patterns, perhaps arising from their differences in introduction timing, spread and invasion mechanisms. We also found a clear decreasing trend of functional dispersion along an invasion gradient, confirming our hypothesis that the invasion process can diminish the relative diversity of ecofunctional traits of host fish communities. Furthermore, our results suggested that exotic species might have a greater negative effect than translocated species on the relative diversity of ecofunctional traits of fish communities. This could also be linked to the fact that translocated species are more ecofunctionally similar to native ones, compared to the exotics. Our multivariate analysis of site-specific combinations of ecofunctional traits highlighted some traits characteristic of all invaded communities, while our discriminant analysis underlined how there was a substantial ecofunctional overlap between native, exotic and translocated species groups in most areas.}, }
@article {pmid33817184, year = {2019}, author = {Robert, K and Baranowska, M and Behnke-Borowczyk, J}, title = {The Effect of Size of Black Cherry Stumps on the Composition of Fungal Communities Colonising Stumps.}, journal = {Open life sciences}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {482-493}, pmid = {33817184}, issn = {2391-5412}, abstract = {We investigated fungal communities colonising black cherry stumps. We tested the hypothesis that black cherry stumps of greater diameter should be characterised by more diverse fungal communities than stumps of smaller diameter. The material for analyses came from Podanin Forest District. DNA was extracted using a Plant Genomic DNA purification kit. The results were subjected to bioinformatic analysis and statistical analysis. The OTU sequences were compared using the BLAST algorithm with reference sequences from the UNITE database. In total, 8192 raw sequences were obtained from samples of black cherry stumps applying the Illumina sequencing technique. The results of the statistical analysis indicate a trend towards increased diversity in bigger black cherry stumps. The dominant share of fungi associated with wood decomposition indicates the progressing process of decomposition in stumps. Identification of the role and functions of the individual components of fungal communities colonising stumps may provide insight into the overall ecology of these organisms and provide a basis for improved plant protection, with a view to limiting the occurrence of black cherries in the future in undesirable locations outside their natural range.}, }
@article {pmid33791540, year = {2019}, author = {Bressman, NR and Love, JW and King, TW and Horne, CG and Ashley-Ross, MA}, title = {Emersion and Terrestrial Locomotion of the Northern Snakehead (Channa argus) on Multiple Substrates.}, journal = {Integrative organismal biology (Oxford, England)}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {obz026}, pmid = {33791540}, issn = {2517-4843}, abstract = {Most fishes known for terrestrial locomotion are small and/or elongate. Northern snakeheads (Channa argus) are large, air-breathing piscivores anecdotally known for terrestrial behaviors. Our goals were to determine their environmental motivations for emersion, describe their terrestrial kinematics for fish 3.0-70.0 cm and compare kinematics among four substrates. For emersion experiments, C. argus was individually placed into aquatic containers with ramps extending through the surface of the water, and exposed to 15 ecologically-relevant environmental conditions. For kinematic experiments, fish were filmed moving on moist bench liner, grass, artificial turf, and a flat or tilted rubber boat deck. Videos were digitized for analysis in MATLAB and electromyography was used to measure muscular activity. Only the low pH (4.8), high salinity (30 ppt), and high dCO2 (10% seltzer solution) treatments elicited emersion responses. While extreme, these conditions do occur in some of their native Asian swamps. Northern snakeheads >4.5 cm used a unique form of axial-appendage-based terrestrial locomotion involving cyclic oscillations of the axial body, paired with near-simultaneous movements of both pectoral fins. Individuals ≤3.5 cm used tail-flip jumps to travel on land. Northern snakeheads also moved more quickly on complex, three-dimensional substrates (e.g., grass) than on smooth substrates (e.g., bench liner), and when moving downslope. Release of snakeheads onto land by humans or accidentally by predators may be more common than voluntary emersion, but because northern snakeheads can respire air, it may be necessary to factor in the ability to spread overland into the management of this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid33366033, year = {2019}, author = {Du, Y and Song, X and Yu, H and Lu, Z}, title = {Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Tapinoma melanocephalum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, pages = {3448-3449}, pmid = {33366033}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {Tapinoma melanocephalum is a ubiquitous invasive species and widely distributed in subtropical and tropical regions around the world. Here, we sequenced and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of T. melanocephalum. This mitogenome was 15,499 bp long and encoded 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and 2 ribosomal RNA unit genes (rRNAs). Compared to other Formicidae species, gene order of T. melanocephalum was not conserved and one tRNA cluster trnW-trnC-trnY converted to trnW-trnY-trnC. The whole mitogenome exhibited heavy AT nucleotide bias (79.5%). All PCGs started with the standard ATN codons. Except for cox1 and nad5 end with the incomplete codon T-, all PCGs terminated with the stop codon TAA. Phylogenetic analysis showed that T. melanocephalum got together with three same subfamily Dolichoderinae species and one Dorylinae species, indicating the close relationship of Dolichoderinae and Dorylinae.}, }
@article {pmid33365940, year = {2019}, author = {Xu, H}, title = {The complete chloroplast genome of alien invasive species, Diodia virginiana L. (rubiaceae), in China.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, pages = {3248-3249}, pmid = {33365940}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {The first complete chloroplast genome sequences of new intercepted alien weeds in China, Diodia, were reported in this study. The D. virginiana plastome was 154,387 bp long, with the large single copy (LSC) region of 83,625 bp, the small single copy (SSC) region of 17,475 bp, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 26,643 bp. The plastome contained 137 genes, including 92 proteincoding, eight ribosomal RNA, and 37 transfer RNA genes. The overall GC content was 37.2%. Phylogenetic analysis of 24 representative plastomes within the order Gentianales suggests that subfamily Cinchonoideae is closely related to subfamily Ixoroideae compared with subfamily Rubioideae in Rubiaceae. Tribe Spermacoceae was most closely related to Rubieae among the three representative groups of subfamily Rubioideae.}, }
@article {pmid33365673, year = {2019}, author = {Xu, H and Jing, X}, title = {The complete chloroplast genome of new alien species, Celosia trigyna L. (Amaranthaceae), in China.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, pages = {2664-2665}, pmid = {33365673}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {The first complete chloroplast genome sequences of new alien weeds in Guangdong, Celosia, were reported in this study. The C. trigyna plastome was 152,089 bp long, with the large single copy (LSC) region of 83,716 bp, the small single copy (SSC) region of 17,251 bp, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,561 bp. The plastome contained 130 genes, including 85 proteincoding, eight ribosomal RNA, and 37 transfer RNA genes. The overall GC content was 36.9%. Phylogenetic analysis of 21 representative plastomes within the order Caryophyllales suggests that C. trigyna is closely related to the species in genus Amaranthus.}, }
@article {pmid33267330, year = {2019}, author = {Bowler, MG and Kelly, CK}, title = {Endemics and Cosmopolitans: Application of Statistical Mechanics to the Dry Forests of Mexico.}, journal = {Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {33267330}, issn = {1099-4300}, abstract = {Data on the seasonally dry tropical forests of Mexico have been examined in the light of statistical mechanics. The results suggest a division into two classes of species. There are drifting populations of a cosmopolitan class capable of existing in most dry forest sites; these have a statistical distribution previously only observed (globally) for populations of alien species. We infer that a high proportion of species found only at a single site are specialists, endemics, and that these prefer sites comparatively low in species richness.}, }
@article {pmid33717291, year = {2018}, author = {Boëte, C}, title = {Technoscience and Biodiversity Conservation.}, journal = {Asian bioethics review}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {245-259}, pmid = {33717291}, issn = {1793-9453}, abstract = {The discovery of CRISPR/Cas9 has opened new avenues in gene editing. This system, usually considered as molecular scissors, permits the cutting of the DNA at a targeted site allowing the introduction of new genes or the removal or the modification of existing ones. The genome-editing, involving gene drive or not, is then considered with a strong interest in a variety of fields ranging from agriculture to public health and conservation biology. Given its controversial aspects, it is then no surprise that actors in biodiversity conservation do express conflicting views on this emerging and disruptive technology. The positions are ranging from a request for a moratorium to the will to test and deploy it in strategies aiming at eradicating invasive species of mammals on islands. Reviewing some of its recent developments brings light on the conflicts of interest, the financial support, and lobbying currently occurring in this growing field of biotechnology. While an optimistic view on the use of gene drive for ecosystem conservation was first promoted by several molecular biologists, the risks and uncertainties associated have now led to some reservations. Overall, the eventual use of this novel approach for conservation raises concerns related to the engagement of the public, the communication between scientists, and the public and the risk of a manufactured consent. There are also a series of essential ethical and philosophical questions on the relations we have with Nature that needs to be answered.}, }
@article {pmid33365412, year = {2019}, author = {Singha, D and V, VK and Chakraborty, R and Kundu, S and Hosamani, A and Kumar, V and Tyagi, K}, title = {Molecular footprint of Frankliniella occidentalis from India: a vector of Tospoviruses.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {39-42}, pmid = {33365412}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {The western flower thrips, F. occidentalis is a vector of Tospoviruses and native to Western North America and Mexico. The present study is based on collected F. occidentalis specimens from Karnataka state in southern India and morphologically identified through available keys. The generated DNA barcode data show 99-100% similarity with the database sequences of F. occidentalis. The phylogenetic analysis (NJ, ML, and BA) shows three distinct clades of F. occidentalis in the present dataset with high bootstrap supports and posterior probabilities. The K2P genetic distances further depicted high similarity of the generated sequences from India and Netherlands. The Clade-1 (India + Netherlands) also shows a close relationship with Clade-2 (Kenya) rather than Clade-3 (Canada + USA). This study recorded the first genetic footprint of F. occidentalis in India and indicated the gene flow from the Netherlands to India. The similar molecular techniques may help to detect the invasion of many alien species in the near future and assists the quarantine regulations to protect the native ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid33474403, year = {2018}, author = {Ng, WL and Zhou, Y and Zhou, R and Wu, W}, title = {Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome sequence of Sphagneticola calendulacea (Asteraceae).}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {1029-1030}, pmid = {33474403}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {Sphagneticola calendulacea is a valuable medicinal herb. With the spread of a congeneric invasive species Sphagneticola trilobata in South China, the already vulnerable S. calendulacea populations are being threatened further by natural hybridization with the invading species. In this study, we assembled and characterized the complete chloroplast genome of S. calendulacea as a resource for future studies on this species. The chloroplast genome was 151,748 bp in size, with a large single-copy (LSC) region of 83,270 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,348 bp, separated by two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,065 bp each. A total of 134 genes were predicted. Phylogenetic analysis showed close relationship between S. calendulacea and Eclipta prostrata within the Heliantheae tribe.}, }
@article {pmid33474306, year = {2018}, author = {Zhou, Y and Ng, WL and Zhou, R and Wu, W}, title = {The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Sphagneticola trilobata (Asteraceae).}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {740-741}, pmid = {33474306}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {Sphagneticola trilobata is one of the world's worst invasive alien species. The paucity of genetic information for this species has made it difficult for studies on the underlying genetic mechanism of its invasiveness. Herein, we report the de novo chloroplast genome assembly of S. trilobata using Illumina whole-genome sequencing data. The chloroplast genome was 151,939 bp in length, with a large single copy (LSC) region of 83,405 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,448 bp, separated by two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,044 bp each. A total of 134 genes were annotated for the chloroplast genome assembly, including 86 protein-encoding genes. Phylogenetic analysis suggested close relationship between S. trilobata and Eclipta prostrata.}, }
@article {pmid33490524, year = {2018}, author = {Lee, CC and Wang, J and Matsuura, K and Yang, CS}, title = {The complete mitochondrial genome of yellow crazy ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {622-623}, pmid = {33490524}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {The yellow crazy ant Anoplolepis gracilipes is an invasive species that threatens biodiversity in introduced ecosystems. We sequenced the A. gracilipes mitogenome using next-generation sequencing methods. The circular mitogenome of A. gracilipes was 16,943 bp included 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and a single large non-coding region of 893 bp. The base composition was AT-biased (72%). Three genomic rearrangements compared to ancestral insects were found. Phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated nucleotide sequences of the 13 protein-coding genes supports A. gracilipes belonging to the Formicinae subfamily. We announce the A. gracilipes mitogenome as a DNA reference for further population genetic, phylogenetic, and evolutionary analyses.}, }
@article {pmid33474110, year = {2018}, author = {Takahashi, R and Okuyama, H and Minoshima, YN and Takahashi, JI}, title = {Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the alien hornet Vespa velutina (Insecta: Hymenoptera) invading Kyushu Island, Japan.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {179-181}, pmid = {33474110}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {We analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome of the invasive Asian hornet Vespa velutina from Kyushu Island, Japan. The mitochondrial genome of V. velutina was identified as a circular molecule of 16,388 bp. We predicted that the genome contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes, along with one A + T-rich control region. The average AT content is 81.68%. Molecular phylogenetic analysis using the 13 mitochondrial PCGs from 11 closely related taxa of Vespidae indicated that the V. velutina invading the Japanese Islands of Kyushu and Tsushima have a common origin.}, }
@article {pmid33473833, year = {2017}, author = {Woogeng, IN and Coetzer, WG and Etchu, KA and Ndamukong, KJN and Grobler, JP}, title = {Current patterns of genetic diversity in indigenous and introduced species of land snails in Cameroon reflect isolation by distance, limited founder size and known evolutionary relationships.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {375-380}, pmid = {33473833}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to gain molecular insights into patterns of genetic diversity in indigenous and introduced land snails in Cameroon. These species, Archachatina marginata and Achatina fulica, form an important source of protein in Cameroon, but widespread utilization may possibly impact natural patterns of genetic diversity of the indigenous species, while the introduced species may display signs of genetic drift. The evolutionary relationship between the indigenous and introduced species was also studied. Specimens were collected from seven sites in Cameroon. Genetic analyses using COI mitochondrial DNA data suggest that gene flow among the Ar. marginata populations screened follows a model of isolation by distance, and genetic diversity estimates for this species did not provide support for the hypothesis of loss of genetic diversity in areas of intense harvesting. Diversity in the introduced species was much lower, which is likely the signature of an introduction involving limited numbers.}, }
@article {pmid33473746, year = {2017}, author = {Takahashi, R and Okuyama, H and Kiyoshi, T and Takahashi, JI}, title = {Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the invasive hornet Vespa velutina (Insecta, Hymenoptera) found in Japan.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {143-144}, pmid = {33473746}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {In this study, we analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome of the invasive Asian hornet Vespa velutina from Japan. The mitochondrial genome of V. velutina was identified as a circular molecule of 16,765 bp, similar to that in other hornet species. It was predicted to contain 13 protein-coding, 20 tRNA, and two rRNA genes, along with one A + T-rich control region. The initiation codons ATC was found in one, ATG in four, ATT in five, and ATA in three genes, while TAA was the termination codon in all these genes. The average AT content of 13 protein-coding was 82%.}, }
@article {pmid33473530, year = {2016}, author = {Coates, BS and Abel, CA}, title = {The mitochondrial genome of the western bean cutworm, Striacosta albicosta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {487-488}, pmid = {33473530}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {The complete 15,553 bp mitochondrial genome of the western bean cutworm, Stricosta albicosta, (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was assembled from paired end Illumina HiSeq2500 read data. Annotation showed 13 predicted protein coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs and 2 rRNAs have an order and orientation typical of insect mitochondrial genomes, and the derived rearrangement of tRNA-Met, -Ile and -Gln upstream of nad2 as in other Lepidoptera. A 79.3% A + T content resulted in a bias for codons with A or T in the 3rd position, and prevalence of synonymous substitutions suggest the effects of purifying selection on the mitochondrial genome sequence. Two microsatellite repeat motifs, (CA)10(AT)19 and (AT)12, are respectively located in intergenic spaces between tRNA-Glu and -Phe and tRNA-Leu and 16S rRNA. Mitochondrial phylogenomics was able to resolve sub-families within the Noctuidae, and suggest analogous analyses may be applicable across other lepidopteran Families.}, }
@article {pmid33473387, year = {2016}, author = {Hua, Y and Xu, Y}, title = {Evolutionary status of the invasive American mink Neovison vison revealed by complete mitochondrial genome.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {6-7}, pmid = {33473387}, issn = {2380-2359}, abstract = {The American mink, Neovison vison, is native to North America and listed as one of the most widely distributed invasive species into the Eurasian mainland. Even though facing serious over-hunting and habitat degradation problems, this species has successfully dispersed into most areas of northeast China in the past decades, which may have a huge impact on local species composition and structure. We determined and annotated the whole mitochondrial DNA genome of the American mink N. vison to better understand the evolutionary relationship of this invasive species with other Mustelidae distributing in China. The complete mitogenome is 16 627 bp in length, includes 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and one control region. We built the phylogenetic tree of American mink and other 10 most closely Mustelidae species.}, }
@article {pmid33892583, year = {2014}, author = {}, title = {Corrigendum.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {202}, number = {4}, pages = {1413}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12794}, pmid = {33892583}, issn = {1469-8137}, }
@article {pmid33873709, year = {2004}, author = {Belote, RT and Weltzin, JF and Norby, RJ}, title = {Response of an understory plant community to elevated [CO2 ] depends on differential responses of dominant invasive species and is mediated by soil water availability.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {161}, number = {3}, pages = {827-835}, pmid = {33873709}, issn = {1469-8137}, abstract = {• Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are likely to have direct effects on terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we describe effects of elevated concentrations of CO2 on an understory plant community in terms of production and community composition. • In 2001 and 2002 total and species-specific above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) were estimated by harvesting above-ground biomass within an understory community receiving ambient [CO2 ] and elevated [CO2 ] at Oak Ridge National Laboratory's free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) facility. • During a wet year, community composition differed between plots receiving ambient [CO2 ] and elevated [CO2 ], but total ANPP did not differ. By contrast, during a drier year, community composition did not differ, but total ANPP was greater in elevated than ambient [CO2 ] plots. These patterns were driven by the response of two codominant species, Lonicera japonica and Microstegium vimineum, both considered invasive species in the south-eastern United States. The ANPP of L. japonica was consistently greater under elevated [CO2 ], whereas the response of M. vimineum to CO2 enrichment differed between years and mediated total community response. • These data suggest that community and species responses to a future, CO2 -enriched atmosphere may be mediated by other environmental factors and will depend on individual species responses.}, }
@article {pmid33873422, year = {2002}, author = {Garnatje, T and Vilatersana, R and Roché, CT and Garcia-Jacas, N and Susanna, A and Thill, DC}, title = {Multiple introductions from the Iberian peninsula are responsible for invasion of Crupina vulgaris in western North America.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {154}, number = {2}, pages = {419-428}, pmid = {33873422}, issn = {1469-8137}, abstract = {• Crupina vulgaris is a relatively recent invader to grasslands and other open habitats in western North America. Like related Centaurea species, it was introduced from the Mediterranean region, where it does not exhibit ruderal behavior. Determining the number and sources of invasion founders allows fuller interpretation of colonization dynamics and recognition of potential intercontinental carriers, both critical factors for curbing the spread of invasive species. • We chose the molecular technique of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to identify the number and sources of invasion founders from the eastern hemisphere, by comparing indigenous and invasive populations. • Our results indicated that the five North American populations derived from three or more successful invasion events whose founders originated in the Iberian peninsula. • Also inferred by the similarity clustering among eastern hemisphere populations is a more ancient origin of the genus to the east of the Mediterranean, a concept supported by the scarcity of suitable nonanthropic habitat in Spain. Its epizoochoric association with migratory movements of domestic herds suggests probable routes of migration first to southern Europe, then later to North America.}, }
@article {pmid33874598, year = {1993}, author = {Foulds, W}, title = {Nutrient concentrations of foliage and soil in South-western Australia.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {125}, number = {3}, pages = {529-546}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb03901.x}, pmid = {33874598}, issn = {1469-8137}, abstract = {The element found in highest concentration in the shoots of the South-western Australian plants surveyed is N followed by K ≤ Ca ≤ Cl ≤ Mg ≤ P ≤ Mn ≤ Zn ≤ Cu. The oligotrophic families (mainly primitive Australian pioneer families Proteaceae, Casuarinaceae, Restionaceae and Epacridaceae) have the lowest nutrient concentrations. The nitrogen-fixing Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae have the highest N concentrations though the nitrogen-fixing Casaurinaceae have relatively low N concentrations. The native shrubs have lower tissue concentrations than the introduced species. Certain families possess a great variation in the concentration of tissue Mn (e.g. Proteaceae, Casuarinaceae) with certain individuals containing high concentrations compared to the average South-west Australian species. Increased amounts of soil nutrients can cause an increase in shoot concentration of the species found growing there, e.g. rich habitats (limestone heath) tend to have higher concentrations than those found on depleted habitats (sandplain heaths). There was no correlation found between shoot concentrations and mean annual rainfall.}, }
@article {pmid33162627, year = {2020}, author = {Wappl, C and Cimadom, A and Filek, N and Heyer, E and Tebbich, S}, title = {Under adverse conditions, older small tree finch males (Camarhynchus parvulus) produce more offspring than younger males.}, journal = {Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie}, volume = {126}, number = {10}, pages = {966-975}, pmid = {33162627}, issn = {0179-1613}, abstract = {Females of many bird species prefer mating with older males, presumably because they provide superior parental care and possibly superior genes. A previous study found that female small tree finches (Camarhynchus parvulus) preferred pairing with old males and had a higher breeding success when paired with old males because their nests were more concealed, higher up in the canopy and therefore less likely to be depredated. However, causes for brood loss have changed over the last decade: predation of small tree finch nests has decreased, whereas brood losses due to parasitism by the invasive parasitic fly Philornis downsi have increased. In the present study, we investigated (a) how the change in predation and parasitism by P. downsi influenced the breeding success of small tree finches, (b) whether there were still differences in breeding success between young and old males, (c) whether P. downsi infestation had a differential effect on nests of young and old males and (d) whether young and old males differed in foraging success. During 2012-2016, we found an overall low influence of predation and a high influence of P. downsi, but neither differed between nests of young and old males. Nests of old males had more fledglings than those of young males. However, the difference in breeding success disappeared when P. downsi numbers were experimentally reduced by injecting an insecticide into nests. This indicates that older males were able to compensate for the detrimental effects of parasitism.}, }
@article {pmid33162133, year = {2021}, author = {Pfauserová, N and Slavík, O and Horký, P and Turek, J and Randák, T}, title = {Spatial distribution of native fish species in tributaries is altered by the dispersal of non-native species from reservoirs.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {755}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {143108}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143108}, pmid = {33162133}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe ; *Fishes ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Rivers ; Seasons ; Trout ; }, abstract = {Reservoirs are known to alter temperature and flow regimes, shift nutrient cycles, reduce downstream species diversity and enable a predominantly upstream spread of non-native species. However, information about the seasonal dynamics of the spread of non-natives from a reservoir to its tributaries and the further consequences regarding the spatial distribution of native species is rare. We observed the occurrence of fish in the Vltava River and its tributaries (Elbe catchment area, central Europe) upstream of the Lipno Reservoir for five consecutive years. We radio-tagged two non-native and four native species. To detect assemblage spatial variability, we sampled sites in the study area by electrofishing twice per year (spring and autumn). We expected seasonal trends in non-native species appearance in upstream reservoir tributaries and, conversely, low motivation of native fishes to descend to the reservoir. By analysing nearly 3000 individuals of 21 species from the longitudinal profile of the study area, we observed an effect of reservoir distance on the native species ratio in the upper Vltava catchment area, i.e., an increase in distance increased the native species proportion, and the opposite was observed for non-native species. Analyses of 3798 tracking positions of 193 tagged individuals showed massive spring dispersal of non-native species from the reservoir to the main tributary, the Vltava River, and their return to the reservoir for wintering. Their upstream movement positively correlated with an increase in flow rate. Native Salmo trutta showed a specific shift from the Vltava River to smaller streams during the summer, when the presence of non-native species in the Vltava River was most significant. These findings indicate that non-native species repeatedly spread from the reservoir to the upstream river stretch and its tributaries and potentially compete with native species for resources.}, }
@article {pmid33159899, year = {2021}, author = {Pagac, BB and Spring, AR and Stawicki, JR and Dinh, TL and Lura, T and Kavanaugh, MD and Pecor, DB and Justi, SA and Linton, YM}, title = {Incursion and establishment of the Old World arbovirus vector Aedes (Fredwardsius) vittatus (Bigot, 1861) in the Americas.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {213}, number = {}, pages = {105739}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105739}, pmid = {33159899}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {*Aedes/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/virology ; Animals ; Arbovirus Infections/transmission ; Arboviruses ; Cuba ; Dominican Republic ; Humans ; India ; Introduced Species ; *Mosquito Vectors/genetics/virology ; }, abstract = {Routine biosurveillance efforts at the Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, on 18 June 2019, detected two unusual mosquitos in a CO2-baited CDC light trap. Morphological and molecular analysis confirmed the presence of Aedes (Fredwardsius) vittatus (Bigot, 1861) - the first record of the Old World dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever virus vector into the Americas - and provides evidence for its establishment in Cuba. Newly submitted GenBank sequences from Dominican Republic further evidence its establishment in the Caribbean, and a median-joining network analysis using mitochondrial COI gene sequences clearly supports multiple introductions of Ae. vittatus into the Caribbean from the Indian subcontinent. It was determined that many Ae. vittatus COI barcode sequences in GenBank are currently misidentified as Aedes (Fredwardsius) cogilli Edwards, 1922.}, }
@article {pmid33159701, year = {2021}, author = {Haubrock, PJ and Pilotto, F and Innocenti, G and Cianfanelli, S and Haase, P}, title = {Two centuries for an almost complete community turnover from native to non-native species in a riverine ecosystem.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {606-623}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15442}, pmid = {33159701}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; Italy ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Non-native species introductions affect freshwater communities by changing community compositions, functional roles, trait occurrences and ecological niche spaces. Reconstructing such changes over long periods is difficult due to limited data availability. We collected information spanning 215 years on fish and selected macroinvertebrate groups (Mollusca and Crustacea) in the inner-Florentine stretch of the Arno River (Italy) and associated water grid, to investigate temporal changes. We identified an almost complete turnover from native to non-native fish (1800: 92% native; 2015: 94% non-native species) and macroinvertebrate species (1800: 100% native; 2015: 70% non-native species). Non-native fish species were observed ~50 years earlier compared to macroinvertebrate species, indicating phased invasion processes. In contrast, α-diversity of both communities increased significantly following a linear pattern. Separate analyses of changes in α-diversities for native and non-native species of both fish and macroinvertebrates were nonlinear. Functional richness and divergence of fish and macroinvertebrate communities decreased non-significantly, as the loss of native species was compensated by non-native species. Introductions of non-native fish and macroinvertebrate species occurred outside the niche space of native species. Native and non-native fish species exhibited greater overlap in niche space over time (62%-68%) and non-native species eventually replaced native species. Native and non-native macroinvertebrate niches overlapped to a lesser extent (15%-30%), with non-natives occupying mostly unoccupied niche space. These temporal changes in niche spaces of both biotic groups are a direct response to the observed changes in α-diversity and species turnover. These changes are potentially driven by deteriorations in hydromorphology as indicated by alterations in trait modalities. Additionally, we identified that angling played a considerable role for fish introductions. Our results support previous findings that the community turnover from native to non-native species can be facilitated by, for example, deteriorating environmental conditions and that variations in communities are multifaceted requiring more indicators than single metrics.}, }
@article {pmid33159346, year = {2021}, author = {Eppinga, MB and Baudena, M and Haber, EA and Rietkerk, M and Wassen, MJ and Santos, MJ}, title = {Spatially explicit removal strategies increase the efficiency of invasive plant species control.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {e02257}, pmid = {33159346}, issn = {1939-5582}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Effective management strategies are needed to control expansion of invasive alien plant species and attenuate economic and ecological impacts. While previous theoretical studies have assessed optimal control strategies that balance economic costs and ecological benefits, less attention has been paid to the ways in which the spatial characteristics of individual patches may mediate the effectiveness of management strategies. We developed a spatially explicit cellular automaton model for invasive species spread, and compared the effectiveness of seven control strategies. These control strategies used different criteria to prioritize the removal of invasive species patches from the landscape. The different criteria were related to patch size, patch geometry, and patch position within the landscape. Effectiveness of strategies was assessed for both seed dispersing and clonally expanding plant species. We found that, for seed-dispersing species, removal of small patches and removal of patches that are isolated within the landscape comprised relatively effective control strategies. For clonally expanding species, removal of patches based on their degree of isolation and their geometrical properties comprised relatively effective control strategies. Subsequently, we parameterized the model to mimic the observed spatial distribution of the invasive species Antigonon leptopus on St. Eustatius (northern Caribbean). This species expands clonally and also disperses via seeds, and model simulations showed that removal strategies focusing on smaller patches that are more isolated in the landscape would be most effective and could increase the effectiveness of a 10-yr control strategy by 30-90%, as compared to random removal of patches. Our study emphasizes the potential for invasive plant species management to utilize recent advances in remote sensing, which enable mapping of invasive species at the high spatial resolution needed to quantify patch geometries. The presented results highlight how this spatial information can be used in the design of more effective invasive species control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid33155178, year = {2021}, author = {Moura, RF and Queiroga, D and Vilela, E and Moraes, AP}, title = {Polyploidy and high environmental tolerance increase the invasive success of plants.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {134}, number = {1}, pages = {105-114}, pmid = {33155178}, issn = {1618-0860}, support = {001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; }, mesh = {Genome Size ; Genome, Plant/genetics ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; *Plants/genetics ; *Polyploidy ; }, abstract = {Ploidy level and genome size (GS) could affect the invasive capacity of plants, although these parameters can be contradictory. While small GS seems to favor dispersion, polyploidy-which increases the GS-also seems to favor it. Using a phylogenetic path analysis, we evaluated the effects of both factors on the environmental tolerance and invasive success of plants. We selected 99 invasive plant species from public online databases and gathered information about invasive capacity (number of non-original countries in which each species occurs), tolerance to environmental factors, ploidy level, and GS. The invasive capacity varied depending on the ploidy level and tolerance to environmental factors. Polyploids and species with increased tolerance to elevated temperatures and rainfall values exhibited high invasive capacity. We found no evidence that GS affects the invasive capacity of plants. We suggest that the genetic variability provided by polyploidization has a positive impact on plant competitiveness, which may ultimately lead to an increased ability to colonize new environments. In a global warming scenario, integrative approaches using phenotypic, genetic, epigenetic, and ecological traits should be a productive route to unveil the aspects of invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid33154467, year = {2020}, author = {Dunlop, MJ and Clemons, C and Reiner, R and Sabo, R and Agarwal, UP and Bissessur, R and Sojoudiasli, H and Carreau, PJ and Acharya, B}, title = {Towards the scalable isolation of cellulose nanocrystals from tunicates.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {19090}, pmid = {33154467}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Cellulose/chemistry/*isolation &amp; purification/ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Nanoparticles/*chemistry/ultrastructure ; Nanotechnology ; Pilot Projects ; Rheology ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Urochordata/*chemistry ; Wood/chemistry ; X-Ray Diffraction ; }, abstract = {In order for sustainable nanomaterials such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to be utilized in industrial applications, a large-scale production capacity for CNCs must exist. Currently the only CNCs available commercially in kilogram scale are obtained from wood pulp (W-CNCs). Scaling the production capacity of W-CNCs isolation has led to their use in broader applications and captured the interest of researchers, industries and governments alike. Another source of CNCs with potential for commercial scale production are tunicates, a species of marine animal. Tunicate derived CNCs (T-CNCs) are a high aspect ratio CNC, which can complement commercially available W-CNCs in the growing global CNC market. Herein we report the isolation and characterization of T-CNCs from the tunicate Styela clava, an invasive species currently causing significant harm to local aquaculture communities. The reported procedure utilizes scalable CNC processing techniques and is based on our experiences from laboratory scale T-CNC isolation and pilot scale W-CNC isolation. To our best knowledge, this study represents the largest scale where T-CNCs have been isolated from any tunicate species, under any reaction conditions. Demonstrating a significant step towards commercial scale isolation of T-CNCs, and offering a potential solution to the numerous challenges which invasive tunicates pose to global aquaculture communities.}, }
@article {pmid33154398, year = {2020}, author = {Seehausen, ML and Ris, N and Driss, L and Racca, A and Girod, P and Warot, S and Borowiec, N and Toševski, I and Kenis, M}, title = {Evidence for a cryptic parasitoid species reveals its suitability as a biological control agent.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {19096}, pmid = {33154398}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Control Agents ; China ; Drosophila/*parasitology/*pathogenicity ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Fruit/parasitology ; Genetics, Population ; Genome, Insect ; Haplotypes ; Host-Parasite Interactions/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Male ; Species Specificity ; Wasps/genetics/*pathogenicity/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Uncertainty about the taxonomic status and the specificity of a species commonly prevent its consideration as a candidate for biological control of pest organisms. Here we use a combination of molecular analysis and crossing experiments to gather evidence that the parasitoid wasp Ganaspis brasiliensis, a candidate for biological control of the invasive spotted wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii, is a complex of at least two cryptic species. Complementary experiments demonstrate that individuals from one genetic group readily parasitize several drosophila species regardless of their food source while individuals from the other one are almost exclusively specific to larvae feeding in ripening fruits. Because only D. suzukii attacks ripening fruits in its area of invasion, parasitoids from this second group appear to be well suited as a biological control agent. Our study demonstrates the need for a combination of biosystematics with biological and ecological investigations for the development of safe and efficient biological control programs.}, }
@article {pmid33153153, year = {2020}, author = {Tsuji, LJS and Tsuji, SRJ and Zuk, AM and Davey, R and Liberda, EN}, title = {Harvest Programs in First Nations of Subarctic Canada: The Benefits Go Beyond Addressing Food Security and Environmental Sustainability Issues.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {33153153}, issn = {1660-4601}, support = {105525, MOP-133395, IAPH-151686, PJT-169169//CIHR/Canada ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; Canada ; *Food Security ; *Food Supply ; Health Status ; Humans ; *Indigenous Canadians ; Minority Groups ; }, abstract = {By breaking down barriers that impacted the ability of subarctic First Nations people to harvest waterfowl, the Sharing-the-Harvest program provided a safe, nutritious, and culturally appropriate food (i.e., geese) to James Bay Cree communities while also helping to protect the environment by harvesting overabundant geese. However, the impacts extend beyond those described above. Thus, the objectives of the present paper are twofold: to document the food sharing networks of the Sharing-the-Harvest program; and to examine the benefits associated with the harvest program beyond food security and environmental sustainability issues, as revealed through semi-directed interviews. In the regional initiative, harvested geese were shared with all James Bay communities; sharing is an important part of Cree culture. Where detailed information was collected, the goose-sharing network reached 76% of the homes in one of the communities. Likewise, in the local initiative, the goose-sharing network had a 76% coverage rate of the homes in the community. Although decreasing food insecurity was an important focus of the harvest-sharing programs, there were other benefits, from an Indigenous perspective, of being on the land, as identified by the Cree harvesters through semi-directed interviews (e.g., the transmission of Indigenous knowledge, the strengthening of social networks, and the feeling of wellness while out on-the-land). Thus, by participating in the on-the-land harvest programs, the Cree gained benefits beyond those solely related to strengthening food security and contributing in part to environmental sustainability. The Sharing-the-Harvest protocol has the potential to be adapted and employed by other Indigenous (or marginalized) groups worldwide, to help improve health and wellness, while, also protecting the environment from overabundant and/or invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid33152590, year = {2021}, author = {Robichaud, CD and Rooney, RC}, title = {Title: Low concentrations of glyphosate in water and sediment after direct over-water application to control an invasive aquatic plant.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {188}, number = {}, pages = {116573}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2020.116573}, pmid = {33152590}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {Environmental Monitoring ; Glycine/analogs &amp; derivatives ; *Herbicides/analysis ; Ontario ; Organophosphonates ; Plants ; Water ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {When an invasive wetland grass degrades a Ramsar wetland and Important Bird Area, decisive management action is called for. To limit the extent and spread of European Phragmites australis, the Ontario government began the first, large-scale application of glyphosate (Roundup Custom[Ⓡ]) over standing water to control an invasive species in Canadian history. Between 2016 and 2018, over 1000 ha of marsh were treated. To assess the concentration, movement and longevity of this herbicide in treated marshes, we measured the concentration of glyphosate, its primary breakdown product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and the alcohol ethoxylate-based adjuvant Aquasurf[Ⓡ] in water and sediments in areas of the highest exposure and up to 150 m into adjacent bays. The maximum observed concentration of glyphosate in water was 0.320 mg/L, occurring within 24 hr of application. The maximum glyphosate concentration in sediment was 0.250 mg/kg, occurring within about 30 days of application. AMPA was detectable in water and sediment, indicating microbial breakdown of glyphosate in the marsh, but at low concentrations (maxwater = 0.025 mg/L, maxsed = 0.012 mg/kg). The maximum distance from the point of application that glyphosate was detected in the water was 100 m, while AMPA was detectable only at the edge of where glyphosate was applied (0 m). Concentrations in water returned to pre-treatment levels (<DL) within 20-30 days of application. In sediment, glyphosate residue persisted above detection limits (>0.005 mg/kg) for over one year but less than two years. Concentrations of alcohol ethoxylates were variable in space and time, following a pattern that could not be attributed to Aquasurf[Ⓡ] use. The direct, over-water application of Roundup Custom[Ⓡ] with Aquasurf[Ⓡ] to control invasive P. australis did not reach concentrations deemed to pose toxicological concern to aquatic biota by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment.}, }
@article {pmid33151815, year = {2020}, author = {Qu, XJ and Fan, SJ}, title = {First report of the parasitic invasive weed field dodder (Cuscuta campestris) parasitizing the confamilial invasive weed common morning-glory (Ipomoea purpurea) in Shandong, China.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-09-20-1934-PDN}, pmid = {33151815}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Common morning-glory (Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth, Convolvulaceae), an annual herbaceous vine native to South America, was first recorded to be cultivated in China in 1890, and since then it has invaded all provinces of China. It was one of the 18 alien invasive species in China (MEE. 2014). As an invasive weed, it can readily invade dry lands, orchards, and nurseries and compete for sunlight by wrapping other plants. On 20 September 2019 and 18 July 2020, I. purpurea was found to be parasitized by a dodder species (also Convolvulaceae) in Lushan Mountain (36°21'N, 118°3'E, 569 m elevation), Shandong province, China (Fig. S1). Within and area of ca. 100 m[2], dozens of individuals of common morning-glory were parasitized by the leafless stems of dodder. After removal of the haustrial connection of the dodder stem from the I. purpurea stem, brownish black lesions around uneven holes were visible on the I. purpurea stem, with broken haustoria clearly visible to our naked eye remaining in the I. purpurea stem (Fig. S1). Anatomical results showed that the haustoria of dodder penetrate I. purpurea stem and xylem elements connect the vascular systems of both the parasitic and host plant (Fig. S1). Based on morphological characteristics of stems, inflorescences, calyx, corolla, stamens, and capsules as described in Costea et al. (2006), this dodder was identified as Cuscuta campestris Yunck. (i.e., field dodder). Field dodder is readily distinguished from C. chinensis and C. australis in China by the capsules with persistent corollas enveloping 1/3 or less of its base and the spreading and inflexed corolla lobes with acute to acuminate apices. In order to further confirm the identity of the species, total genomic DNA was extracted and sequenced using genome-skimming method as described in Qu et al. (2019). An 831-bp region of 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-26S for the dodder studied was assembled, examined, and deposited in GenBank under accession number MN718805. The new sequence has 100% similarity with other available sequences of C. campestris (accession number: KT383104, KT383150, KY968857). Phylogenetic analysis also placed the new dodder accession with other accessions of C. campestris (Fig. S2a). In addition, the plastome sequence of the dodder studied was assembled (86,727 bp in length) and deposited in GenBank under accession number MN708214, and a BLAST analysis found that it was 99.98% similar to that of C. gronovii (accession number: AM711639). The plastome of C. gronovii was published by Funk et al. (2007). However, Costea et al. (2015) indicated that Funk et al. (2007) misidentified C. campestris as C. gronovii. Furthermore, our phylogenetic tree strongly supported the identification of the dodder studied as C. campestris (Fig. S2b). Therefore, the dodder on common morning-glory in Shandong province was finally identified as C. campestris according to morphological and molecular evidence. The specimen of C. campestris on I. purpurea was deposited at the herbarium of the College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University (voucher number: 092012B). Field dodder, the second most common dodder species in North America, is the most widespread Cuscuta weed in the world and has been found in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and South America (Holm et al. 1997). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the parasitic invasive weed C. campestris parasitizing the invasive weed I. purpurea in Shandong of China. This is also the first report of Cuscuta species parasitizing confamilial Ipomoea species, which is especially noteworthy given that the genus Cuscuta is sister to the genus Ipomoea. This study provides a good model for exploring gene flow between species of closely related genera with different lifestyle. Another implication of this study is that customs and departments of inspection and quarantine need to quarantine the seeds or plants of both dodders and common morning-glories.}, }
@article {pmid33150604, year = {2021}, author = {Eckert, S and Herden, J and Stift, M and Joshi, J and van Kleunen, M}, title = {Manipulation of cytosine methylation does not remove latitudinal clines in two invasive goldenrod species in Central Europe.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {222-236}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15722}, pmid = {33150604}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Cytosine ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; Methylation ; *Solidago ; }, abstract = {Invasive species frequently differentiate phenotypically in novel environments within a few generations, often even with limited genetic variation. For the invasive plants Solidago canadensis and S. gigantea, we tested whether such differentiation might have occurred through heritable epigenetic changes in cytosine methylation. In a 2-year common-garden experiment, we grew plants from seeds collected along a latitudinal gradient in their non-native Central European range to test for trait differentiation and whether differentiation disappeared when seeds were treated with the demethylation agent zebularine. Microsatellite markers revealed no population structure along the latitudinal gradient in S. canadensis, but three genetic clusters in S. gigantea. Solidago canadensis showed latitudinal clines in flowering phenology and growth. In S. gigantea, the number of clonal offspring decreased with latitude. Although zebularine had a significant effect on early growth, probably through effects on cytosine methylation, latitudinal clines remained (or even got stronger) in plants raised from seeds treated with zebularine. Thus, our experiment provides no evidence that epigenetic mechanisms by selective cytosine methylation contribute to the observed phenotypic differentiation in invasive goldenrods in Central Europe.}, }
@article {pmid33150076, year = {2020}, author = {Gubanova, A and Drapun, I and Garbazey, O and Krivenko, O and Vodiasova, E}, title = {Pseudodiaptomus marinus Sato, 1913 in the Black Sea: morphology, genetic analysis, and variability in seasonal and interannual abundance.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e10153}, pmid = {33150076}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Calanoid copepod Peudodiaptomus marinus Sato, 1913 was first recorded in Sevastopol Bay in the northern Black Sea in September 2016. We performed regular observations of this new invasive species between October 2016 and December 2018. We conducted bi-weekly plankton sampling at three stations located within or adjacent to Sevastopol Bay. This is the first paper to combine (i) a detailed morphological study, (ii) molecular genetic analysis, and (iii) an investigation of P. marinus seasonal dynamics and interannual abundance variability in the coastal Black Sea. Our morphological research showed similarities between Pseudodiaptomus specimens and existing P. marinus illustrations and descriptions. Our morphological analysis results were confirmed using molecular genetic studies. Based on the genetic variability of ITS2 and cytb, we found that all investigated specimens from Sevastopol Bay belonged to P. marinus. Investigations of P. marinus seasonal and interannual abundance variability showed the same seasonal patterns throughout the studied period, with a higher seasonal abundance from October to November and one pronounced density peak in autumn. The highest abundances (2,000 ind m[-3] at the mouth of the bay and more than 5,000 ind m[-3]at its centre) were recorded in November 2018. In the samples, we found adults of both sexes, including ovigerous females, copepodites I-V, and nauplii, suggesting that the species reproduce in Sevastopol Bay. Our research indicated that P. marinus is a new non-indigenous species (NIS) in the Black Sea, and we will discuss a possible vector of its introduction into this basin.}, }
@article {pmid33149184, year = {2020}, author = {Jarnevich, CS and Young, NE and Cullinane Thomas, C and Grissom, P and Backer, D and Frid, L}, title = {Assessing ecological uncertainty and simulation model sensitivity to evaluate an invasive plant species' potential impacts to the landscape.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {19069}, pmid = {33149184}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Biomass ; Cenchrus/*physiology ; *Computer Simulation ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Uncertainty ; Weather ; Wildfires/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {Ecological forecasts of the extent and impacts of invasive species can inform conservation management decisions. Such forecasts are hampered by ecological uncertainties associated with non-analog conditions resulting from the introduction of an invader to an ecosystem. We developed a state-and-transition simulation model tied to a fire behavior model to simulate the spread of buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) in Saguaro National Park, AZ, USA over a 30-year period. The simulation models forecast the potential extent and impact of a buffelgrass invasion including size and frequency of fire events and displacement of saguaro cacti and other native species. Using simulation models allowed us to evaluate how model uncertainties affected forecasted landscape outcomes. We compared scenarios covering a range of parameter uncertainties including model initialization (landscape susceptibility to invasion) and expert-identified ecological uncertainties (buffelgrass patch infill rates and precipitation). Our simulations showed substantial differences in the amount of buffelgrass on the landscape and the size and frequency of fires for dry years with slow patch infill scenarios compared to wet years with fast patch infill scenarios. We identified uncertainty in buffelgrass patch infill rates as a key area for research to improve forecasts. Our approach could be used to investigate novel processes in other invaded systems.}, }
@article {pmid33146259, year = {2020}, author = {Collado, GA and Vidal, MA and Torres-DÍaz, C and Cabrera, FJ and Araya, JF and Darrigran, G}, title = {Morphological and molecular identification of the invasive freshwater snail Physa acuta (Gastropoda: Physidae) into Llanquihue Lake, Chilean Patagonia.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {92}, number = {suppl 2}, pages = {e20181101}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765202020181101}, pmid = {33146259}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Animals ; Chile ; *Ecosystem ; *Lakes ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Snails/genetics ; }, abstract = {The sewage snail Physa acuta, native to North America, is an effective invasive species around the world. In Chile, it was first reported in 2014 in the north central area of the country. So far, the species has not been recorded in southern Chile. Sampling performed in 2015 in three localities from Llanquihue Lake, Chilean Patagonia, only provided native freshwater snails. However, new collections performed in February 2018 in the same three sites were successful for physid specimens suggesting a biological invasion entailing a large southward range expansion of these snails. Here we performed morphological, microstructural and phylogenetic analyses to investigate whether the new samples belong to Physa acuta. The shell morphology, male copulatory complex and radula microstructure of the new material agree with those of the sewage snail. The molecular phylogenetic analyses using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene confirmed morphological identification. We suggest to take prompt measures to prevent the expansion of Physa acuta in Llanquihue Lake or nearby aquatic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid33145856, year = {2021}, author = {Kaul, AD and Wilsey, BJ}, title = {Exotic species drive patterns of plant species diversity in 93 restored tallgrass prairies.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {e2252}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2252}, pmid = {33145856}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Grassland ; Iowa ; Plants ; Poaceae ; }, abstract = {A primary goal of restoration ecology is to understand the factors that generate variability in species diversity and composition among restorations. Plant communities may assemble deterministically toward a common community type, or they may assemble stochastically, ending differently because of weather conditions during establishment, soil legacy effects, or exotic species propagule pressure. To test these alternative hypotheses, we sampled plant communities and soil at 93 randomly selected restored prairies distributed throughout Iowa, USA. Five remnant sites were sampled as a reference. We tested our hypotheses using multiple regressions and investigated the strength of direct and indirect effects on species diversity and richness using structural equation models. The prairie restorations were highly variable in their age, size, diversity, soil characteristics, and how they were managed post-seeding. The strongest predictor of plant species richness and diversity was the degree of invasion, as measured by the abundance of exotic species. Restorations planted with species-rich seed mixes had reduced exotic species abundance, which led indirectly to higher species richness of restorations. Sites with higher organic matter and a more linear shape had a direct positive effect on exotic abundance, which in turn decreased diversity. We found little support for deterministic assembly, and diversity did not increase with the age of planting. Our results indicate that restored prairie communities tend to assemble into states of high or low diversity, driven by invasion from exotic plant species. Management of exotic species is essential for maximizing species diversity in temperate grassland restorations.}, }
@article {pmid33144997, year = {2020}, author = {Bickford, WA and Zak, DR and Kowalski, KP and Goldberg, DE}, title = {Differences in rhizosphere microbial communities between native and non-native Phragmites australis may depend on stand density.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {20}, pages = {11739-11751}, pmid = {33144997}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Microorganisms surrounding plant roots may benefit invasive species through enhanced mutualism or decreased antagonism, when compared to surrounding native species. We surveyed the rhizosphere soil microbiome of a prominent invasive plant, Phragmites australis, and its co-occurring native subspecies for evidence of microbial drivers of invasiveness. If the rhizosphere microbial community is important in driving plant invasions, we hypothesized that non-native Phragmites would cultivate a different microbiome from native Phragmites, containing fewer pathogens, more mutualists, or both. We surveyed populations of native and non-native Phragmites across Michigan and Ohio USA, and we described rhizosphere microbial communities using culture-independent next-generation sequencing. We found little evidence that native and non-native Phragmites cultivate distinct bacterial, fungal, or oomycete rhizosphere communities. Microbial community differences in our Michigan survey were not associated with plant lineage but were mainly driven by environmental factors, such as soil saturation and nutrient concentrations. Intensive sampling along transects consisting of dense monocultures of each lineage and mixed zones revealed bacterial community differences between lineages in dense monoculture, but not in mixture. We found no evidence of functional differences in the microbial communities surrounding each lineage. We extrapolate that the invasiveness of non-native Phragmites, when compared to its native congener, does not result from the differential cultivation of beneficial or antagonistic rhizosphere microorganisms.}, }
@article {pmid33144954, year = {2020}, author = {Landsman, AP and Burghardt, KT and Bowman, JL}, title = {Invasive grass (Microstegium vimineum) indirectly benefits spider community by subsidizing available prey.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {20}, pages = {11133-11143}, pmid = {33144954}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive plant species cause a suite of direct, negative ecological impacts, but subsequent, indirect effects are more complex and difficult to detect. Where identified, indirect effects to other taxa can be wide-ranging and include ecological benefits in certain habitats or locations.Here, we simultaneously examine the direct and indirect effects of a common, invasive grass species (Microstegium vimineum) on the invertebrate communities of understory deciduous forests in the eastern United States. To do this, we use two complementary analytic approaches to compare invaded and reference plots: (a) community composition analysis of understory arthropod taxa and (b) analysis of isotopic carbon and nitrogen ratios of a representative predatory spider species.Invaded plots contained a significantly greater abundance of nearly all taxa, including predators, herbivores, and detritivores. Spider communities contained over seven times more individuals and exhibited greater species diversity and richness in invaded plots.Surprisingly, however, the abundant invertebrate community is not nutritionally supported by the invasive plant, despite 100% ground cover of M. vimineum. Instead, spider isotopic carbon ratios showed that the invertebrate prey community found within invaded plots was deriving energy from the plant tissue of C3 plants and not the prevalent, aboveground M. vimineum. Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that invasive M. vimineum can create non-nutritional ecological benefits for some invertebrate taxa, with potential impacts to the nutritional dynamics of invertebrate-vertebrate food webs. These positive impacts, however, may be restricted to habitats that experience high levels of ungulate herbivory or reduced vegetative structural complexity. Our results highlight the importance of fully understanding taxon- and habitat-specific effects of invading plant species when prioritizing invasive species removal or management efforts.}, }
@article {pmid33144947, year = {2020}, author = {Higgins, SI and Larcombe, MJ and Beeton, NJ and Conradi, T and Nottebrock, H}, title = {Predictive ability of a process-based versus a correlative species distribution model.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {20}, pages = {11043-11054}, pmid = {33144947}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Species distribution modeling is a widely used tool in many branches of ecology and evolution. Evaluations of the transferability of species distribution models-their ability to predict the distribution of species in independent data domains-are, however, rare. In this study, we contrast the transferability of a process-based and a correlative species distribution model. Our case study uses 664 Australian eucalypt and acacia species. We estimate models for these species using data from their native Australia and then assess whether these models can predict the adventive range of these species. We find that the correlative model-MaxEnt-has a superior ability to describe the data in the training data domain (Australia) and that the process-based model-TTR-SDM-has a superior ability to predict the distribution of the study species outside of Australia. The implication of this analysis, that process-based models may be more appropriate than correlative models when making projections outside of the domain of the training data, needs to be tested in other case studies.}, }
@article {pmid33144649, year = {2020}, author = {Cano-Barbacil, C and Radinger, J and Argudo, M and Rubio-Gracia, F and Vila-Gispert, A and García-Berthou, E}, title = {Key factors explaining critical swimming speed in freshwater fish: a review and statistical analysis for Iberian species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {18947}, pmid = {33144649}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; Fresh Water ; Swimming/*physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Swimming performance is a key feature that mediates fitness and survival in aquatic animals. Dispersal, habitat selection, predator-prey interactions and reproduction are processes that depend on swimming capabilities. Testing the critical swimming speed (Ucrit) of fish is the most straightforward method to assess their prolonged swimming performance. We analysed the contribution of several predictor variables (total body length, experimental water temperature, time step interval between velocity increments, species identity, taxonomic affiliation, native status, body shape and form factor) in explaining the variation of Ucrit, using linear models and random forests. We compiled in total 204 studies testing Ucrit of 35 inland fishes of the Iberian Peninsula, including 17 alien species that are non-native to that region. We found that body length is largely the most important predictor of Ucrit out of the eight tested variables, followed by family, time step interval and species identity. By contrast, form factor, temperature, body shape and native status were less important. Results showed a generally positive relationship between Ucrit and total body length, but regression slopes varied markedly among families and species. By contrast, linear models did not show significant differences between native and alien species. In conclusion, the present study provides a first comprehensive database of Ucrit in Iberian freshwater fish, which can be thus of considerable interest for habitat management and restoration plans. The resulting data represents a sound foundation to assess fish responses to hydrological alteration (e.g. water flow tolerance and dispersal capacities), or to categorize their habitat preferences.}, }
@article {pmid33143352, year = {2020}, author = {Montanari, A and Bergamini, G and Ferrari, A and Ferri, A and Nasi, M and Simonini, R and Malagoli, D}, title = {The Immune Response of the Invasive Golden Apple Snail to a Nematode-Based Molluscicide Involves Different Organs.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {33143352}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {FAR2015//Universit&#xe0; Degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emila/ ; Bando 2015//Fondazione di Vignola (Vignola, MO, Italy)/ ; }, abstract = {The spreading of alien and invasive species poses new challenges for the ecosystem services, the sustainable production of food, and human well-being. Unveiling and targeting the immune system of invasive species can prove helpful for basic and applied research. Here, we present evidence that a nematode (Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita)-based molluscicide exerts dose-dependent lethal effects on the golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata. When used at 1.7 g/L, this biopesticide kills about 30% of snails within one week and promotes a change in the expression of Pc-bpi, an orthologue of mammalian bactericidal/permeability increasing protein (BPI). Changes in Pc-bpi expression, as monitored by quantitative PCR (qPCR), occurred in two immune-related organs, namely the anterior kidney and the gills, after exposure at 18 and 25 °C, respectively. Histological analyses revealed the presence of the nematode in the snail anterior kidney and the gills at both 18 and 25 °C. The mantle and the central nervous system had a stable Pc-bpi expression and seemed not affected by the nematodes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments demonstrated the expression of Pc-bpi in circulating hemocytes, nurturing the possibility that increased Pc-bpi expression in the anterior kidney and gills may be due to the hemocytes patrolling the organs. While suggesting that P. hermaphrodita-based biopesticides enable the sustainable control of P. canaliculata spread, our experiments also unveiled an organ-specific and temperature-dependent response in the snails exposed to the nematodes. Overall, our data indicate that, after exposure to a pathogen, the snail P. canaliculata can mount a complex, multi-organ innate immune response.}, }
@article {pmid33141324, year = {2020}, author = {Anthony, MA and Stinson, KA and Moore, JAM and Frey, SD}, title = {Plant invasion impacts on fungal community structure and function depend on soil warming and nitrogen enrichment.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {194}, number = {4}, pages = {659-672}, pmid = {33141324}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {NRC2326//Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program/ ; LTER; DEB-1832110//National Science Foundation/ ; DGE 1450271//National Science Foundation/ ; LTREB; DEB-1456610//Directorate for Biological Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {*Mycobiome ; *Mycorrhizae ; Nitrogen/analysis ; North America ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {The impacts of invasive species on biodiversity may be mitigated or exacerbated by abiotic environmental changes. Invasive plants can restructure soil fungal communities with important implications for native biodiversity and nutrient cycling, yet fungal responses to invasion may depend on numerous anthropogenic stressors. In this study, we experimentally invaded a long-term soil warming and simulated nitrogen deposition experiment with the widespread invasive plant Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) and tested the responses of soil fungal communities to invasion, abiotic factors, and their interaction. We focused on the phytotoxic garlic mustard because it suppresses native mycorrhizae across forests of North America. We found that invasion in combination with warming, but not under ambient conditions or elevated nitrogen, significantly reduced soil fungal biomass and ectomycorrhizal relative abundances and increased relative abundances of general soil saprotrophs and fungal genes encoding for hydrolytic enzymes. These results suggest that warming potentially exacerbates fungal responses to plant invasion. Soils collected from uninvaded and invaded plots across eight forests spanning a 4 °C temperature gradient further demonstrated that the magnitude of fungal responses to invasion was positively correlated with mean annual temperature. Our study is one of the first empirical tests to show that the impacts of invasion on fungal communities depends on additional anthropogenic pressures and were greater in concert with warming than under elevated nitrogen or ambient conditions.}, }
@article {pmid33138880, year = {2021}, author = {Olivera, L and Minghetti, E and Montemayor, SI}, title = {Ecological niche modeling (ENM) of Leptoglossus clypealis a new potential global invader: following in the footsteps of Leptoglossus occidentalis?.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {111}, number = {3}, pages = {289-300}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485320000656}, pmid = {33138880}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Asia ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Heteroptera ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; North America ; }, abstract = {The introduction of alien species is one of the main problems in conservation. Many successful invaders cause severe economic and ecological damage. Such is the case of Leptoglossus occidentalis, a phytophagous true bug native to North America, which has become a pest in Europe, Asia, Africa and South America. Within the genus, another species whose distributional range is expanding toward the east of North America is Leptoglossus clypealis. As climate determines the successful establishment of insects, the identification of climatically suitable areas for invasive species based on ecological niche models (ENMs) offers an excellent opportunity for preventing invasions. In this study, ENMs were built for both species and their native climatic niches were compared. Their niche breath was also measured. The climatic niches of both species are identical and the niche breadth of L. clypealis is broader than that of L. occidentalis. In view of the great ecological resemblance between these two species, we believe that L. clypealis could became a major pest thus it should be carefully monitored. The results of the present worldwide ENMs showed numerous regions with suitable conditions for the establishment of both species. The future ENMs exhibited a retraction in the suitable areas in North America, Europe and Asia.}, }
@article {pmid33135270, year = {2021}, author = {Johnstone, KC and McArthur, C and Banks, PB}, title = {Testing transgenerational transfer of personality in managed wildlife populations: a house mouse control experiment.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {e02247}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2247}, pmid = {33135270}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Mice ; *Personality ; }, abstract = {Pest species control operations are most effective if every individual in a population is targeted. Yet, individual personality drives variation in animal responses to devices such as traps and baits. Failing to account for differences in behavior during control operations may drive a selective removal, resulting in residual animals with biased expressions of personality. If these biased traits are passed onto offspring, control operations would become increasingly problematic. To test if biased trait expressions in founding populations are passed on to offspring, we quantified personality traits in wild-caught house mice (Mus musculus) and created founder populations selected for biased (high, low) or intermediate expressions of activity. We released the behaviorally biased populations into outdoor yards to breed to the F1 generation and, 10 weeks later, removed the mice and quantified the personality traits of the offspring. Despite the strong personality bias in founder populations, we observed no transgenerational transfer of personality and detected no personality bias in the F1 generation. Our results provide reassuring evidence that a single intensive control operation that selects for survivors with a personality bias is unlikely to lead to a recovering population inherently more difficult to eradicate, at least for house mice.}, }
@article {pmid33134361, year = {2020}, author = {Izquierdo-Rodriguez, E and Martin-Carrillo, N and Valladares, B and Foronda, P}, title = {Study of Zoonotic Enteric Pathogens of Atelerix algirus in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {579602}, pmid = {33134361}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {Atelerix algirus is an invasive species in the Canary Islands (Spain). There are few studies about the zoonotic pathogens this species could be hosting; therefore, this study was focused on analyzing causative agents of diarrhea in humans in feces from hedgehogs. A total of 45 fecal samples obtained in Tenerife (Canary Islands) were analyzed in this study using Biofire FilmArray gastrointestinal panel with an integrated Biofire FilmArray system. Forty-two (93.33%) of the samples presented at least one of the pathogens detected by the panel. The prevalence of four bacteria stands out as for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (71.11%), Salmonella (66.67%), Clostridioides difficile (33.33%), and Campylobacter sp. (22.22%), all of which were widely distributed along Tenerife. Besides, other pathogens were found, Cryptosporidium sp. and enterotoxigenic E. coli lt/st in 6.66% of the animals, Shigella/enteroinvasive E. coli in 4.44%, and Norovirus GI/GII, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Vibrio sp. in 2.22%. Of the hedgehogs, 26.66% were hosting just one pathogen, and the others showed coinfection: 24.44% hosted two, 31.11% hosted three, and 11.11% hosted four or more. The close contact with hedgehogs may imply the transmission of not only one causative agent of diarrhea but also multiple agents, since coinfection is highly prevalent. The lack of management measurements for this animal in the Canary Islands, the common habit of adopting hedgehogs from wildlife without veterinary control, and the fact that most of the hedgehogs studied belonged to highly populated areas imply a high risk of transmission of pathogens to humans.}, }
@article {pmid33133479, year = {2020}, author = {Yaegashi, S and Omura, T and Watanabe, K}, title = {Spatial genetic structure of the invasive tree Robinia pseudoacacia to determine migration patterns to inform best practices for riparian restoration.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {plaa043}, pmid = {33133479}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {The black locust Robinia pseudoacacia (Robinieae, Fabaceae) is a common invasive riparian tree in Japan. There are less effective management strategies to remove the tree from the riparian area because of its quickly established high population. We investigated the expansion patterns of R. pseudoacacia through sympatric (i.e. between high- and low-water channel (HWC/LWC) within a study site) and allopatric (i.e. along river corridor) dispersal in the Tama River (Tokyo, Japan). Four microsatellites were used to examine the effects of gene flow on six populations in three sites. These subpopulations showed small genetic distance (i.e. no barrier or slightly limited) and genetically mixed population structure. It indicated that both sympatric and allopatric dispersals were active. Many migrants were younger individuals (i.e. <5 years old) and were found in the LWC area. Thus, the LWC could receive more migrants than the HWC through both types of dispersals. In addition, our age and genetic structure analyses reveal that recruited individuals likely settled immediately after the clearing project of R. pseudoacacia through sympatric dispersal. It appears that the migration by allopatric dispersal occurred following this. For the effective management of R. pseudoacacia, migrants should be removed regularly following initial removal of invaders during site restoration.}, }
@article {pmid33131959, year = {2021}, author = {Wang, J and Lu, X and Zhang, J and Xiao, Z}, title = {Simultaneous quantification of the lipids phosphatidylcholine, 3-sn-phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, and L-α-lysophosphatidylcholine extracted from the tissues of the invasive golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS.}, journal = {Food chemistry}, volume = {343}, number = {}, pages = {128427}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128427}, pmid = {33131959}, issn = {1873-7072}, mesh = {Animals ; Chemical Fractionation ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Introduced Species ; Lysophosphatidylcholines/*analysis/isolation &amp; purification ; Phosphatidylcholines/*analysis/isolation &amp; purification ; Phosphatidylethanolamines/*analysis/isolation &amp; purification ; Snails/*chemistry ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Sphingomyelins/*analysis/isolation &amp; purification ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods ; }, abstract = {Lipids such as phosphatidylcholine (PC), 3-sn-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), sphingomyelin (SM) and L-α-lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) are the major components of biological membranes and play important roles in physiological functions. Here, PC, PE, SM, and LPC were extracted from golden apple snails (GAS, Pomacea canaliculata) and GAS flesh (GASF) using an ethanol/hexane sequential scheme and quantified simultaneously using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) to evaluate whether the GAS could be the source of the four lipids. Our results suggest that ethanol extracts contained the most crude lipids, and the yield of dry (evaporated) lipids were 3.45 g per 100 g fresh GASF and 1.82 g per 100 g of fresh GAS. Quantification of the lipids using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS suggested that GAS contained PE, PC, SM and LPC, with SM being the most abundant lipid (after purification: 1.71 and 1.42 mg g[-1] dry weight from 100 g of GASF and GAS, respectively). The method we used is cost-effective, and the recovery rates of ethanol and hexane ranged from 80-91% and 87-91% respectively. Overall, GAS and GASF are potential raw materials for lipids such as SM and PC extraction using the ethanol/hexane method. Comparatively, lipids extraction from the GAS is more effective and timesaving. Our finding would provide a way to utilize GAS and potentially control its invasion.}, }
@article {pmid33131068, year = {2021}, author = {Bujan, J and Charavel, E and Bates, OK and Gippet, JMW and Darras, H and Lebas, C and Bertelsmeier, C}, title = {Increased acclimation ability accompanies a thermal niche shift of a recent invasion.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {90}, number = {2}, pages = {483-491}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13381}, pmid = {33131068}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; *Ants ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Globalization is removing dispersal barriers for the establishment of invasive species and enabling their spread to novel climates. New thermal environments in the invaded range will be particularly challenging for ectotherms, as their metabolism directly depends on environmental temperature. However, we know little about the role climatic niche shifts play in the invasion process, and the underlining physiological mechanisms. We tested if a thermal niche shift accompanies an invasion, and if native and introduced populations differ in their ability to acclimate thermal limits. We used an alien ant species-Tapinoma magnum-which recently started to spread across Europe. Using occurrence data and accompanying climatic variables, we measured the amount of overlap between thermal niches in the native and invaded range. We then experimentally tested the acclimation ability in native and introduced populations by incubating T. magnum at 18, 25 and 30°C. We measured upper and lower critical thermal limits after 7 and 21 days. We found that T. magnum occupies a distinct thermal niche in its introduced range, which is on average 3.5°C colder than its native range. Critical thermal minimum did not differ between populations from the two ranges when colonies were maintained at 25 or 30°C, but did differ after colony acclimation at a lower temperature. We found twofold greater acclimation ability of introduced populations to lower temperatures, after prolonged incubation at 18°C. Increased acclimation ability of lower thermal limits could explain the expansion of the realized thermal niche in the invaded range, and likely contributed to the spread of this species to cooler climates. Such thermal plasticity could be an important, yet so far understudied, factor underlying the expansion of invasive insects into novel climates.}, }
@article {pmid33130399, year = {2020}, author = {Shannon, C and Quinn, CH and Dunn, AM and Stebbing, PD}, title = {Coherence of marine alien species biosecurity legislation: A study of England and Wales.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {161}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {111796}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111796}, pmid = {33130399}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; England ; *Introduced Species ; Wales ; Water ; }, abstract = {The marine environment is particularly at risk from the intentional and unintentional introduction and spread of invasive alien species (IAS); preventing their introduction and spread from occurring is therefore, a key component in the on-going management of marine IAS. Ensuring legislation is coherent and consistent is essential to the success of managing the existing and future impacts of marine IAS. We explore the coherence (determined as consistency and interaction) of marine biosecurity legislation for IAS at different geopolitical scales. There was consistency between both the Bern Convention and Convention on Biological Diversity and European and national legislation that had been created in response. There was a lack of interaction evidenced by the Ballast Water Management Convention, which had not yet been transposed into regional (mainly European) or national legislation. Implementation measures such as legislation should be coherent as any failure in the chain could potentially weaken the overall effort to establish and maintain biosecurity and achieve behaviour change.}, }
@article {pmid33128562, year = {2020}, author = {Murman, K and Setliff, GP and Pugh, CV and Toolan, MJ and Canlas, I and Cannon, S and Abreu, L and Fetchen, M and Zhang, L and Warden, ML and Wallace, M and Wickham, J and Spichiger, SE and Swackhamer, E and Carrillo, D and Cornell, A and Derstine, NT and Barringer, L and Cooperband, MF}, title = {Distribution, Survival, and Development of Spotted Lanternfly on Host Plants Found in North America.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, pages = {1270-1281}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvaa126}, pmid = {33128562}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Ailanthus ; Animals ; *Hemiptera ; North America ; Nymph ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Studies were conducted from 2015 to 2018 to evaluate spotted lanternfly (SLF) distribution and developmental suitability of different plant species in the U.S. Tree bands on 283 trees spanning 33 species captured 21,006 SLF in 2 yr. More SLF per tree were trapped on tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae) than on other species, on average, and most adults were captured on tree-of-heaven. Frequency of detection of adult SLF was higher on tree-of-heaven than on other species but was actually equal or lower on tree-of-heaven than on all other species combined for younger SLF stages in 2015. An enclosed choice test between tree-of-heaven and black walnut Juglans nigra L. (Fagales: Juglandaceae) revealed nymphs showed little consistent preference, whereas adults consistently and significantly preferred tree-of-heaven. No-choice field sleeve studies evaluated SLF survivorship on 26 host plant species in 17 families. Ten plant species supported SLF for an average of ≥45 d, with the rest unable to support SLF for >30 d. Eight species were able to support development from first instar to adult: black walnut, chinaberry Melia azedarach L. (Sapindales: Meliaceae), oriental bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. (Celastrales: Celastraceae), tree-of-heaven, hops Humulus lupulus L. (Rosales: Cannabaceae), sawtooth oak Quercus acutissima Carruthers (Fagales: Fagaceae), butternut Juglans cinerea L, and tulip tree Liriodendron tulipifiera L. (Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae). The ability of SLF to develop to adult on hosts other than tree-of-heaven may impact pest management decisions.}, }
@article {pmid33128364, year = {2020}, author = {Liu, H and Duan, C and Qi, Y and Ren, L and Wu, H}, title = {Movement Behavior of the Pine Needle Gall Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae).}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {33128364}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Female ; *Flight, Animal ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; Movement ; Nematocera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The movement behavior of the pine needle gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida Et Inouye (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)), an invasive species in China, was determined by using a tethered flight technique and digital videography in the laboratory. The flight distance, duration, and speed of females were compared at different ages (2-10 h) and ambient temperatures (17, 21, 26, and 30°C). Female flight distance and duration at 26°C were significantly greater than those at 17°C and 21°C. The age of T. japonensis did not significantly affect the three flight characteristics. For females at 2-10 h of age at 26°C and 70% RH, the maximum flight distance was 667.59 m; the longest flight time was 6,222.34 s; and the fastest flight speed was 0.44 m·s-1. For larvae wetted with water, the highest jump was 5.7 cm; the longest jump was 9.6 cm; and the greatest distance moved in 5 min was 27.13 cm, which showed that the active dispersal potential of larvae was very low.}, }
@article {pmid33127817, year = {2021}, author = {Goddard-Dwyer, M and López-Legentil, S and Erwin, PM}, title = {Microbiome Variability across the Native and Invasive Ranges of the Ascidian Clavelina oblonga.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {87}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {33127817}, issn = {1098-5336}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/genetics ; Brazil ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Florida ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; *Microbiota ; North Carolina ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Seawater ; South Carolina ; Spain ; Symbiosis ; Urochordata/genetics/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Ascidians are prolific colonizers of new environments and possess a range of well-studied features that contribute to their successful spread, but the role of their symbiotic microbial communities in their long-term establishment is mostly unknown. In this study, we utilized next-generation amplicon sequencing to provide a comprehensive description of the microbiome in the colonial ascidian Clavelina oblonga and examined differences in the composition, diversity, and structure of symbiont communities in the host's native and invasive ranges. To identify host haplotypes, we sequenced a fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). C. oblonga harbored a diverse microbiome spanning 42 bacterial and three archaeal phyla. Colonies in the invasive range hosted significantly less diverse symbiont communities and exhibited lower COI haplotype diversity than colonies in the native range. Differences in microbiome structure were also detected across colonies in the native and invasive range, driven largely by novel bacteria representing symbiont lineages with putative roles in nitrogen cycling. Variability in symbiont composition was also observed among sites within each range. Together, these data suggest that C. oblonga hosts a dynamic microbiome resulting from (i) reductions in symbiont diversity due to founder effects in host populations and (ii) environmental selection of symbiont taxa in response to new habitats within a range. Further investigation is required to document the mechanisms behind these changes and to determine how changes in microbiome structure relate to holobiont function and the successful establishment of C. oblonga worldwide.IMPORTANCE Nonnative species destabilize coastal ecosystems and microbial symbionts may facilitate their spread by enhancing host survival and fitness. However, we know little of the microorganisms that live inside invasive species and whether they change as the host spreads to new areas. In this study, we investigated the microbial communities of an introduced ascidian (Clavelina oblonga) and tracked symbiont changes across locations within the host's native and invasive ranges. Ascidians in the invasive range had less-diverse microbiomes, as well as lower host haplotype diversity, suggesting that specific colonies reach new locations and carry select symbionts from native populations (i.e., founder effects). Further, ascidians in the invasive range hosted a different composition of symbionts, including microbes with the potential to aid in processes related to invasion success (e.g., nutrient cycling). We conclude that the putative functionality and observed flexibility of this introduced ascidian microbiome may represent an underappreciated factor in the successful establishment of nonnative species in new environments.}, }
@article {pmid33122871, year = {2020}, author = {Dawson, B and Peterson, G and Hrabik, T and Hoffman, J}, title = {Dietary Niche and Growth Rate of the Nonnative Tubenose Goby (Proterorhinus semilunaris) in the Lake Superior Basin.}, journal = {Journal of Great Lakes research}, volume = {46}, number = {5}, pages = {1358-1368}, pmid = {33122871}, issn = {0380-1330}, support = {EPA999999/ImEPA/Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {The tubenose goby (Proterorhinus semilunaris) entered the Great Lakes in the 1990s via ballast water, but remains poorly studied within North America, making it difficult to predict its effects on native ecosystems. Dietary breadth and somatic growth rate have important ramifications for survival, competitiveness, and dispersal ability of a fish species, and thereby its ecological impact. We studied diet and growth of age-0 tubenose goby within the St. Louis River, a tributary to Lake Superior that contains the largest population within the Lake Superior basin. We sampled tubenose gobies from shallow, vegetated habitat during summer and fall. Stomach contents were identified and weighed to measure fullness and dietary breadth between seasons and several locations. We aged fish based on otolith daily increments to model somatic growth. Diet was dominated by isopods and amphipods, and dietary breadth was low and not significantly different between locations and seasons. Tubenose goby diet strongly overlapped with that of tadpole madtom (Noturus gyrinus), a native, demersal species. We tested several candidate growth models; the Gompertz Growth Function was the most parsimonious model among those examined. The model demonstrates that tubenose goby obtains a small maximum size and is short-lived. We conclude that tubenose goby presents a unique risk to the Great Lakes and other freshwater bodies because their life history is typical of invasive species, their diet overlaps with native fish, and because they occupy shallow, vegetated habitat which functions as both nursery and foraging habitat for many native fishes.}, }
@article {pmid33121032, year = {2020}, author = {Dissanayake, AJ and Chen, YY and Liu, JJ}, title = {Unravelling Diaporthe Species Associated with Woody Hosts from Karst Formations (Guizhou) in China.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {33121032}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {Grant No. U1812401//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Though several Diaporthe species have been reported in China, little is known about the species associated with nature reserves in Guizhou province. During a survey of fungi in six nature reserves in Guizhou province of China, thirty-one Diaporthe isolates were collected from different woody hosts. Based on morphology, culture characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis, these isolates were characterized and identified. Phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), combined with translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef), β-tubulin (tub), calmodulin (cal) and histone H3 (his) gene regions identified five known Diaporthe species and seven distinct lineages representing novel Diaporthe species. The details of five known species: Diaporthe cercidis, D. cinnamomi, D. conica, D. nobilis and D. sackstonii are given and the seven new species D. constrictospora, D. ellipsospora, D. guttulata, D. irregularis, D. lenispora, D. minima, and D. minusculata are introduced with detailed descriptions and illustrations. This study revealed a high diversity of previously undescribed Diaporthe species associated with woody hosts in various nature reserves of Guizhou province, indicating that there is a potential of Diaporthe species remains to be discovered in this unique landform (Karst formations) in China. Interestingly, the five known Diaporthe species have been reported as pathogens of various hosts, and this could indicate that those newly introduced species in this study could be potentially pathogenic pending further studies to confirm.}, }
@article {pmid33119650, year = {2020}, author = {Janssen, N and Graovac, N and Vignjević, G and Bogojević, MS and Turić, N and Klobučar, A and Kavran, M and Petrić, D and Ćupina, AI and Fischer, S and Werner, D and Kampen, H and Merdić, E}, title = {Rapid spread and population genetics of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in southeastern Europe (Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {e0241235}, pmid = {33119650}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Europe, Eastern ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The Asian bush mosquito, Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901), a potential vector of several pathogens, has recently established in North America and Central Europe. In 2013, it was found on the Slovenian-Croatian border, and during the following years, it emerged in more and more counties of northwestern Croatia. Surveillance of Ae. j. japonicus and other invasive mosquito species was subsequently extended both spatially and temporally in Croatia and neighbouring Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. Mosquito collections were conducted in 2017 and 2018, based on adult trapping through dry ice-baited CDC traps and BG-Lure-baited BG-Sentinel traps, larval sampling through dippers and nets, and ovitrapping. Aedes j. japonicus specimens from collected samples were subjected to population genetic analysis by comparing microsatellite signatures and nad4 DNA sequences between sampled locations and with data previously obtained from more western European distribution areas. Aedes j. japonicus immature stages were found at 19 sites in Croatia, two sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina and one site in Serbia. In Croatia, four new counties were found colonised, two in the east and two in the south of the previously known distribution area. A spread of 250 km could thus be documented within five years. The findings in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia represent the first records of Ae. j. japonicus in these countries. Genetic analysis suggests at least two introduction events into the surveyed area. Among the locations analysed, Orahovica can be considered a genetic border. The individuals collected west of this point were found to be similar to samples previously collected in the border regions of Southeast Germany/Austria and Austria/Slovenia, while the specimens from more eastern Croatian localities, together with those from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, were genetically different and could not be assigned to a probable origin. Thus, introduction from Central Europe, possibly by vehicular traffic, into the study area is likely, but other origins, transportation routes and modes of entry appear to contribute. Further dispersal of Ae. j. japonicus to other parts of southeastern Europe is anticipated.}, }
@article {pmid33119582, year = {2020}, author = {Jarić, I and Roll, U and Arlinghaus, R and Belmaker, J and Chen, Y and China, V and Douda, K and Essl, F and Jähnig, SC and Jeschke, JM and Kalinkat, G and Kalous, L and Ladle, R and Lennox, RJ and Rosa, R and Sbragaglia, V and Sherren, K and Šmejkal, M and Soriano-Redondo, A and Souza, AT and Wolter, C and Correia, RA}, title = {Expanding conservation culturomics and iEcology from terrestrial to aquatic realms.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, pages = {e3000935}, pmid = {33119582}, issn = {1545-7885}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/physiology ; Bias ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Fisheries ; }, abstract = {The ongoing digital revolution in the age of big data is opening new research opportunities. Culturomics and iEcology, two emerging research areas based on the analysis of online data resources, can provide novel scientific insights and inform conservation and management efforts. To date, culturomics and iEcology have been applied primarily in the terrestrial realm. Here, we advocate for expanding such applications to the aquatic realm by providing a brief overview of these new approaches and outlining key areas in which culturomics and iEcology are likely to have the highest impact, including the management of protected areas; fisheries; flagship species identification; detection and distribution of threatened, rare, and alien species; assessment of ecosystem status and anthropogenic impacts; and social impact assessment. When deployed in the right context with awareness of potential biases, culturomics and iEcology are ripe for rapid development as low-cost research approaches based on data available from digital sources, with increasingly diverse applications for aquatic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid33117073, year = {2020}, author = {Yang, S and Yang, W and Tian, Y}, title = {Description of Anoplophora fanjingensis sp. n. (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) from southwest China.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e51752}, pmid = {33117073}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Anoplophora Hope, 1839 is a genus including more than 40 species occurring in Asia. Most species of this genus have beautiful colours on the elytra and are of great interest to insect collectors. Due to their developing in and consuming wood in the larval stage, species in this genus could be economically important, such as A. glabripennis, an introduced species to North America.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: We described Anoplophora fanjingensis sp. n., based on specimens from Mount Fanjing (also Fanjingshan), Jiankou County, Guizhou, China. The new species is characterised by its elytra with metallic iridescent sheen and the non-annulated antennae. Habitus of two similar species, Anoplophora chiangi and Anoplophora leechi, are also presented.}, }
@article {pmid33116256, year = {2020}, author = {Martinez-Sañudo, I and Perotti, MA and Scaccini, D and Pozzebon, A and Marri, L and Mazzon, L}, title = {Co-haplotyping symbiont and host to unravel invasion pathways of the exotic pest Halyomorpha halys in Italy.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {18441}, pmid = {33116256}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Haplotypes ; Heteroptera/*genetics/*microbiology ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Pantoea/physiology ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys (Stål) is a globally invasive species that harbours the primary bacterial symbiont 'Candidatus Pantoea carbekii'. In this work, P. carbekii was used as another genetic marker to investigate the biodiversity and biogeographical patterns of this important pest, in native and newly invaded areas, especially in Italy. The correlation between the genetic structure of the symbiont and that of its host was studied through the analyses of one bacterial and one host marker, the putative pseudogene ΔybgF and the mitochondrial gene COI, respectively. As a result, five new P. carbekii haplotypes were identified, and an association pattern between host-symbiont haplotypes was observed. Host species showed higher haplotype diversity than symbiont, which can be expected in a long term host-symbiont association. Populations from the north-eastern Italy showed the highest values of genetic diversity for both markers, highlighting that this particular Italian area could be the result of multiple ongoing introductions. Moreover, some of the symbiont-host haplotypes observed were shared only by populations from north-eastern Italy and native areas, especially Japan, suggesting further introductions from this native country to Italy. Overall, our findings improve the understanding of the potential origin of multiple accidental introductions of H. halys in Italy.}, }
@article {pmid33113043, year = {2020}, author = {Jaffri, SA and Yan, Y and Schwirz, J and Schetelig, MF}, title = {Functional characterization of the Drosophila suzukii pro-apoptotic genes reaper, head involution defective and grim.}, journal = {Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death}, volume = {25}, number = {11-12}, pages = {864-874}, doi = {10.1007/s10495-020-01640-2}, pmid = {33113043}, issn = {1573-675X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Apoptosis/genetics ; Cell Line ; Drosophila/embryology/*genetics/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Neuropeptides/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; }, abstract = {Apoptosis is a fundamental process for the elimination of damaged or unwanted cells, and is a key aspect of development. It is triggered by pro-apoptotic genes responding to the intrinsic pathway that senses cell stress or the extrinsic pathway that responds to signals from other cells. The disruption of these genes can therefore lead to developmental defects and disease. Pro-apoptotic genes have been studied in detail in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, a widely-used developmental model. However, little is known about the corresponding genes in its relative D. suzukii, a pest of soft fruit crops that originates from Asia but is now an invasive species in many other regions. The characterization of D. suzukii pro-apoptotic genes could lead to the development of transgenic sexing strains for pest management. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of the pro-apoptotic genes reaper (Dsrpr), head involution defective (Dshid) and grim (Dsgrim) from a laboratory strain of D. suzukii. We determined their expression profiles during development, revealing that all three genes are expressed throughout development but Dsrpr is expressed most strongly, especially at the pupal stage. Functional analysis was carried out by expressing single genes or pairs (linked by a 2A peptide) in S2 cell death assays, indicating that Dsgrim and Dshid are more potent pro-apoptotic genes than Dsrpr, and the lethality can be significantly enhanced by co-expression of two genes. Therefore, the binary or multiple expression of different pro-apoptotic genes can be considered to build an efficient transgenic sexing system in D. suzukii.}, }
@article {pmid33112879, year = {2020}, author = {Wang, Y and Lian, J and Shen, H and Ni, Y and Zhang, R and Guo, Y and Ye, W}, title = {The effects of Bidens alba invasion on soil bacterial communities across different coastal ecosystem land-use types in southern China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {e0238478}, pmid = {33112879}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acidobacteria/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Bidens/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; China ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Microbiota/genetics ; Natural Resources ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Environments in both biotic and abiotic ecosystems have been affected by the colonization of non-native flora. In this study, we examined the effect of Bidens alba invasion on different land-use types along a coastline in southern China. Bacterial communities in each site were determined using 16S rDNA sequencing, and soil physicochemical properties were analyzed using standard methods. Although our results indicated that B. alba invasion did not have a significant effect on the alpha diversity of bacteria, it caused significant differences in soil bacterial community composition between invaded and uninvaded soil across different land-use types. Beta diversity and several physicochemical properties in forest, orchard and waterfront environments were recorded to be more susceptible to B. alba invasion. A high proportion of the variation of bacterial communities can be explained by a combination of environmental variables, indicating that environmental selection rather than plant invasion is a more effective process in coastal microbial assemblages. By comparing topological roles of shared OTUs among invaded and uninvaded soil, keystone taxa in invaded soil were identified. Acidobacteria was the major phyla involved in the invasive process which could be driven by environmental selection. How key phyla react in our experiment should be verified by further studies.}, }
@article {pmid33111945, year = {2020}, author = {Hulme, PE}, title = {One Biosecurity: a unified concept to integrate human, animal, plant, and environmental health.}, journal = {Emerging topics in life sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, pages = {539-549}, pmid = {33111945}, issn = {2397-8554}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Animals ; COVID-19 ; Climate Change ; *Environmental Health ; Humans ; *One Health ; Pandemics ; Plants ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {In the wake of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the world has woken up to the importance of biosecurity and the need to manage international borders. Yet strong sectorial identities exist within biosecurity that are associated with specific international standards, individual economic interests, specific research communities, and unique stakeholder involvement. Despite considerable research addressing human, animal, plant, and environmental health, the science connections between these sectors remain quite limited. One Biosecurity aims to address these limitations at global, national, and local scales. It is an interdisciplinary approach to biosecurity policy and research that builds on the interconnections between human, animal, plant, and environmental health to effectively prevent and mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species. It provides an integrated perspective to address the many biosecurity risks that transcend the traditional boundaries of health, agriculture, and the environment. Individual invasive alien plant and animal species often have multiple impacts across sectors: as hosts of zoonotic parasites, vectors of pathogens, pests of agriculture or forestry, as well as threats to biodiversity and ecosystem function. It is time these risks were addressed in a systematic way. One Biosecurity is essential to address several major sociological and environmental challenges to biosecurity: climate change, increasing urbanisation, agricultural intensification, human global mobility, loss of technical capability as well as public resistance to pesticides and vaccines. One Biosecurity will require the bringing together of taxonomists, population biologists, modellers, economists, chemists, engineers, and social scientists to engage in a new agenda that is shaped by politics, legislation, and public perceptions.}, }
@article {pmid33111822, year = {2020}, author = {Larsen, JG and Fockink, GD and Redin, CL and JÚnior, CFS and Zangalli, C and Correoso, CTC and Santos, GND and Buss, TOL and Santos, VD and Silva, ACD and Higuchi, P}, title = {Functional niche differences between native and invasive tree species from the southern Brazilian mixed forest.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {92}, number = {3}, pages = {e20200410}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765202020200410}, pmid = {33111822}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Biological invasion is a major threat to global biodiversity and ecosystem services. We examined the functional traits similarity between a set of native and non-native invasive tree species from the Southern Brazilian subtropical mixed forest, part of an important global hotspot for biodiversity conservation. We hypothesized that invasive species occupy marginal niche spaces. We ordered the species using the Principal Component Analysis based on their wood density, leaf area, and specific leaf area. These are all important traits that summarize essential ecological strategies associated with resource acquisition and conservation. Functional overlaps between non-native and native species were analyzed through kernel density estimation of continuous traits data. While native and non-native invasive species were distributed along the same functional gradients, the position of non-native species in the functional space is species and traits specific. We concluded that within Brazilian subtropical mixed forests, the functional dissimilarity as a key factor in invasion success could not be generalized for all species and traits.}, }
@article {pmid33109758, year = {2020}, author = {Albright, MBN and Sevanto, S and Gallegos-Graves, V and Dunbar, J}, title = {Biotic Interactions Are More Important than Propagule Pressure in Microbial Community Invasions.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {33109758}, issn = {2150-7511}, mesh = {Bacteria ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Environment ; Fungi/physiology ; *Microbial Interactions ; *Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Microbial probiotics are intended to improve functions in diverse ecosystems, yet probiotics often fail to establish in a preexisting microbiome. This is a species invasion problem. The relative importance of the two major factors controlling establishment in this context-propagule pressure (inoculation dose and frequency) and biotic interactions (composition of introduced and resident communities)-is unknown. We tested the effect of these factors in driving microbial composition and functioning following 12 microbial community invasions (e.g., introductions of many microbial invaders) in microcosms. Ecosystem functioning over a 30-day postinvasion period was assessed by measuring activity (respiration) and environment modification (dissolved organic carbon abundance). To test the dependence on environmental context, experiments were performed in two resource environments. In both environments, biotic interactions were more important than propagule pressure in driving microbial composition and community function, but the magnitude of effect varied by environment. Successful invaders comprised approximately 8% of the total number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Bacteria were better invaders than fungi, with average relative abundances of 7.4% ± 6.8% and 1.5% ± 1.4% of OTUs, respectively. Common bacterial invaders were associated with stress response traits. The most resilient bacterial and fungal families, in other words, those least impacted by invasions, were linked to antimicrobial resistance or production traits. Illuminating the principles that determine community composition and functioning following microbial invasions is key to efficient community engineering.IMPORTANCE With increasing frequency, humans are introducing new microbes into preexisting microbiomes to alter functioning. Example applications include modification of microflora in human guts for better health and those of soil for food security and/or climate management. Probiotic applications are often approached as trial-and-error endeavors and have mixed outcomes. We propose that increased success in microbiome engineering may be achieved with a better understanding of microbial invasions. We conducted a microbial community invasion experiment to test the relative importance of propagule pressure and biotic interactions in driving microbial community composition and ecosystem functioning in microcosms. We found that biotic interactions were more important than propagule pressure in determining the impact of microbial invasions. Furthermore, the principles for community engineering vary among organismal groups (bacteria versus fungi).}, }
@article {pmid33109015, year = {2020}, author = {Tamburini, G and Santoiemma, G and E O'Rourke, M and Bommarco, R and Chaplin-Kramer, R and Dainese, M and Karp, DS and Kim, TN and Martin, EA and Petersen, M and Marini, L}, title = {Species traits elucidate crop pest response to landscape composition: a global analysis.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {287}, number = {1937}, pages = {20202116}, pmid = {33109015}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; *Crops, Agricultural ; *Ecosystem ; Insecta ; Pest Control, Biological ; }, abstract = {Recent synthesis studies have shown inconsistent responses of crop pests to landscape composition, imposing a fundamental limit to our capacity to design sustainable crop protection strategies to reduce yield losses caused by insect pests. Using a global dataset composed of 5242 observations encompassing 48 agricultural pest species and 26 crop species, we tested the role of pest traits (exotic status, host breadth and habitat breadth) and environmental context (crop type, range in landscape gradient and climate) in modifying the pest response to increasing semi-natural habitats in the surrounding landscape. For natives, increasing semi-natural habitats decreased the abundance of pests that exploit only crop habitats or that are highly polyphagous. On the contrary, populations of exotic pests increased with an increasing cover of semi-natural habitats. These effects might be related to changes in host plants and other resources across the landscapes and/or to modified top-down control by natural enemies. The range of the landscape gradient explored and climate did not affect pests, while crop type modified the response of pests to landscape composition. Although species traits and environmental context helped in explaining some of the variability in pest response to landscape composition, the observed large interspecific differences suggest that a portfolio of strategies must be considered and implemented for the effective control of rapidly changing communities of crop pests in agroecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid33108654, year = {2021}, author = {Kerr, PJ and Hall, RN and Strive, T}, title = {Viruses for Landscape-Scale Therapy: Biological Control of Rabbits in Australia.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, volume = {2225}, number = {}, pages = {1-23}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-0716-1012-1_1}, pmid = {33108654}, issn = {1940-6029}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Biological Coevolution ; *Biological Control Agents ; Caliciviridae Infections/mortality/*veterinary/virology ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Genotype ; Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/genetics/*pathogenicity ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics ; Insect Vectors/virology ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Myxoma virus/genetics/*pathogenicity ; Myxomatosis, Infectious/mortality/pathology/*virology ; Rabbits ; *Reproduction ; Siphonaptera/virology ; Viral Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Viral diseases, whether of animals or humans, are normally considered as problems to be managed. However, in Australia, two viruses have been used as landscape-scale therapeutics to control European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), the preeminent invasive vertebrate pest species. Rabbits have caused major environmental and agricultural losses and contributed to extinction of native species. It was not until the introduction of Myxoma virus that effective control of this pest was obtained at a continental scale. Subsequent coevolution of rabbit and virus saw a gradual reduction in the effectiveness of biological control that was partially ameliorated by the introduction of the European rabbit flea to act as an additional vector for the virus. In 1995, a completely different virus, Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), escaped from testing and spread through the Australian rabbit population and again significantly reduced rabbit numbers and environmental impacts. The evolutionary pressures on this virus appear to be producing quite different outcomes to those that occurred with myxoma virus and the emergence and invasion of a novel genotype of RHDV in 2014 have further augmented control. Molecular studies on myxoma virus have demonstrated multiple proteins that manipulate the host innate and adaptive immune response; however the molecular basis of virus attenuation and reversion to virulence are not yet understood.}, }
@article {pmid33107580, year = {2020}, author = {Nguyen, NA and Eskelson, BNI and Meitner, MJ and Murray, T}, title = {People's Knowledge and Risk Perceptions of Invasive Plants in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {66}, number = {6}, pages = {985-996}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-020-01350-0}, pmid = {33107580}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; British Columbia ; Humans ; Perception ; *Plants ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Effective management of invasive plants conserves biodiversity values, reduces economic costs, and minimizes negative impacts on human health. Fostering people's awareness of invasive plants is one of the most cost-effective approaches in preventing the spread and introduction of invasive plants. Therefore, this study aims to understand (1) people's knowledge and risk perceptions, (2) associations between risk perceptions and demographics, and (3) people's willingness to support current management strategies in the Metro Vancouver region, British Columbia, Canada. An online survey was carried out and received 356 responses across the region. We found that people's knowledge and risk perceptions of invasive plants were ecologically oriented. Older respondents perceived higher risks of invasive plants. Among respondents of the same age, annual income higher than $50,000 was associated with higher levels of risk perception. Respondents who had professional and/or recreational group memberships perceived higher economic risks. Respondents highly supported activities that they could take part in directly, such as community invasive pulls and native species planting. Overall, our findings aid managers in allocating appropriate funding or tailoring outreach efforts to different aspects of invasive plants as well as groups/communities where people's knowledge and risk perceptions of invasive plants are low.}, }
@article {pmid33107575, year = {2021}, author = {Romiti, F and Ermenegildi, A and Magliano, A and Rombolà, P and Varrenti, D and Giammattei, R and Gasbarra, S and Ursino, S and Casagni, L and Scriboni, A and Puro, V and Ruta, A and Brignola, L and Fantasia, O and Corpolongo, D and Di Luzio, G and De Liberato, C}, title = {Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Monitoring in the Lazio Region (Central Italy).}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {58}, number = {2}, pages = {847-856}, pmid = {33107575}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Humans ; Humidity ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Oviposition ; Seasons ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1894) is assuming an ever-increasing importance as invasive species in Europe and consequently as human health and nuisance concern. In Central Italy, the species has been recently involved in a chikungunya outbreak. A 3 yr Ae. albopictus monitoring was carried out in 21 municipalities of the Lazio region (Central Italy), belonging to three provinces. Samplings were performed on a weekly basis using ovitraps, in order to investigate climatic and spatial variables driving egg abundance and Ae. albopictus period of activity. A temperature of 10.4°C was indicated as lower threshold for the onset of egg-laying activity, together with a photoperiod of 13:11 (L:D) h. The whole oviposition activity lasted 8 mo (May-December), with 95% of eggs laid between early June and mid-November and a peak at the end of August. Egg abundance was positively influenced by accumulated temperature (AT) of the 4 wk preceding sampling and negatively by precipitation during the week before. Egg-laying activity dropped with decreasing AT, increasing rainfall, and with a photoperiod below 10:14 (L:D) h. Our results pinpointed the importance of fine-scaled spatial features on egg abundance. Some of these fine-scaled characteristics have been highlighted, such as the presence of vegetation and human footprint index. Our model estimated an almost doubled maximum number of laid eggs for the maximum value of human footprint. Compelling evidence of the relevance of fine-scaled characteristics was reported, describing cases where human-made breeding sites driven the abundance of Ae. albopictus.}, }
@article {pmid33107058, year = {2021}, author = {Bombin, S and Wysor, B and Lopez-Bautista, JM}, title = {Assessment of littoral algal diversity from the northern Gulf of Mexico using environmental DNA metabarcoding.}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, pages = {269-278}, doi = {10.1111/jpy.13087}, pmid = {33107058}, issn = {1529-8817}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; *DNA, Environmental ; Environmental Monitoring ; Gulf of Mexico ; }, abstract = {Traditional methods for algal biodiversity monitoring are costly and time inefficient because they rely on high-level taxonomic expertise to address species identity problems involving phenotypic plasticity and morphological convergence. These problems are exacerbated in regions such as the Gulf of Mexico, that has a limited history of phycological exploration, but that are economically important or threatened by numerous anthropogenic stressors. Given the high pace of disturbance to natural systems, there is a critical need for expedient and cost-effective tools for the study of benthic algal communities. Here we document the use of environmental DNA metabarcoding, using the partial LSU rDNA and 23S rDNA plastid molecular markers, to elucidate littoral algal diversity in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. We assigned 73.7% of algal OTUs to genus and 59.6% to species ranks. Our current study detected molecular signals for 35 algal/protist species with no previous reports in the Gulf of Mexico, thus providing an important, molecular-validated, baseline of species richness for this region. We also make several bioinformatic recommendations for the efficient use of high-throughput sequence data to assess biological communities.}, }
@article {pmid33106838, year = {2021}, author = {Levin, DA}, title = {Propagule pressure and the establishment of emergent polyploid populations.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {127}, number = {1}, pages = {1-5}, pmid = {33106838}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Diploidy ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Magnoliopsida ; Plants ; *Polyploidy ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Whereas the incidence or rate of polyploid speciation in flowering plants is modest, the production of polyploid individuals within local populations is widespread. Explanations for this disparity primarily have focused on properties or interactions of polyploids that limit their persistence.<br><br>HYPOTHESIS: The emergence of local polyploid populations within diploid populations is similar to the arrival of invasive species at new, suitable sites, with the exception that polyploids suffer interference from their progenitor(s). The most consistent predictor of successful colonization by invasive plants is propagule pressure, i.e. the number of seeds introduced. Therefore, insufficient propagule pressure, i.e. the formation of polyploid seeds within diploid populations, ostensibly is a prime factor limiting the establishment of newly emergent polyploids within local populations. Increasing propagule number reduces the effects of genetic, environmental and demographic stochasticity, which thwart population survival. As with invasive species, insufficient seed production within polyploid populations limits seed export, and thus reduces the chance of polyploid expansion.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The extent to which propagule pressure limits the establishment of local polyploid populations remains to be determined, because we know so little. The numbers of auto- or allopolyploid seed in diploid populations rarely have been ascertained, as have the numbers of newly emergent polyploid plants within diploid populations. Moreover, seed production by these polyploids has yet to be assessed.}, }
@article {pmid33106535, year = {2020}, author = {Charbonnel, N and Galan, M and Tatard, C and Loiseau, A and Diagne, C and Dalecky, A and Parrinello, H and Rialle, S and Severac, D and Brouat, C}, title = {Differential immune gene expression associated with contemporary range expansion in two invasive rodents in Senegal.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {18257}, pmid = {33106535}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Africa, Western ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mice ; Rats ; Rodentia/*genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; Senegal ; Sequence Analysis, RNA/*methods ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are major anthropogenic changes associated with threats to biodiversity and health. However, what determines the successful establishment and spread of introduced populations remains unclear. Here, we explore several hypotheses linking invasion success and immune phenotype traits, including those based on the evolution of increased competitive ability concept. We compared gene expression profiles between anciently and recently established populations of two major invading species, the house mouse Mus musculus domesticus and the black rat Rattus rattus, in Senegal (West Africa). Transcriptome analyses identified differential expression between anciently and recently established populations for 364 mouse genes and 83 rat genes. All immune-related genes displaying differential expression along the mouse invasion route were overexpressed at three of the four recently invaded sites studied. Complement activation pathway genes were overrepresented among these genes. By contrast, no particular immunological process was found to be overrepresented among the differentially expressed genes of black rat. Changes in transcriptome profiles were thus observed along invasion routes, but with different specific patterns between the two invasive species. These changes may be driven by increases in infection risks at sites recently invaded by the house mouse, and by stochastic events associated with colonization history for the black rat. These results constitute a first step toward the identification of immune eco-evolutionary processes potentially involved in the invasion success of these two rodent species.}, }
@article {pmid33106194, year = {2021}, author = {Schuler, H and Elsler, D and Fischnaller, S}, title = {Population genetics of the brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys in the early phase of invasion in South Tyrol (Northern Italy).}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {111}, number = {4}, pages = {394-401}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485320000553}, pmid = {33106194}, issn = {1475-2670}, support = {P 31441/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Genetic Variation ; Heteroptera/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys is one of the most harmful invasive species in the world. Native to East Asia, this insect was introduced into North America in the 1990s and into Europe in the 2000s where it subsequently established and spread across the continent. Previous population genetic studies determined the invasion pathways at continental and national levels. However, information on the dynamics on a small-scale is currently scarce. Here we study the genetic diversity and population dynamics of H. halys in South Tyrol, a region in Northern Italy, since its arrival to its widespread establishment over a period of four years. By haplotyping 162 individuals from ten populations (including six previously published individuals) we found a high haplotype diversity in most populations with an increasing diversity across the different years. Most haplotypes were previously found in other regions of Northern Italy, providing evidence for migration from neighboring regions. However, the presence of four previously undescribed haplotypes as well as a haplotype previously found exclusively in Greece highlights additional long-distance dispersal across the continent. Phylogenetic analysis of the haplotypes found in South Tyrol showed that the majority of haplotypes clustered with haplotypes predominantly found in Japan. This suggests a potential recent introduction of H. halys individuals from Japan into Europe, and thus an additional invasion pathway that was previously unidentified.}, }
@article {pmid33104744, year = {2020}, author = {Malyshev, AV and Tummon Flynn, P and Cox, R and Duarte, C and Quijón, PA}, title = {Community disruption in small biogenic habitats: A coastal invader overcomes habitat complexity to alter community structure.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {e0241116}, pmid = {33104744}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura ; Canada ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; *Mya ; *Mytilus edulis ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Non-indigenous species are often identified as threats to native species and communities. Yet, the mechanisms that enable many of these invaders to thrive and alter their newly invaded habitats are still not fully understood. This applies to habitats such as widespread sedimentary shorelines characterized by the presence of scattered biogenic clumps of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) structurally more complex than bare sediments. In Atlantic Canada, some of these shorelines are numerically dominated by native mud crabs (Dyspanopeus sayi) but have been gradually invaded by the European green crab (Carcinus maenas). This study describes between-habitat (mussel clump vs. bare sediment) differences in density and diversity of invertebrates. It also tests the impact of juvenile green crabs in comparison to native mud crabs using two approaches: First, measuring habitat-related differences in these crabs' feeding rates on a common prey (soft-shell clams, Mya arenaria). Second, measuring their influence on invertebrate communities associated with mussel clumps. The results show that mussel clumps hold higher invertebrate density and diversity than surrounding sedimentary bottoms. In the laboratory, the feeding rates of native mud crabs were dependent on the type of habitat (sand flat > mussel clump), whereas those of green crabs were significantly higher and unrelated to the habitat in which predation occurred. In field experiments, juvenile green crabs were also the only predators that changed community structure in the mussel clump habitat. These results indicate that green crabs can cause a significant impact on native species and communities. Moreover, they suggest that the ability of this species to overcome the refuge provided by complex biogenic habitats for prey may represent an unexplored mechanism to explain this invader's expansion here and elsewhere.}, }
@article {pmid33104733, year = {2020}, author = {Duru, C and Olanipekun, G and Odili, V and Kocmich, N and Rezac, A and Ajose, TO and Medugu, N and Umoru, D and Onuchukwu, C and Munir, H and Jibir, BW and Farouk, Z and Gambo, S and Hassan-Hanga, F and Olaosebikan, R and Ebruke, B and Esimone, C and Obaro, S}, title = {Molecular characterization of invasive Enterobacteriaceae from pediatric patients in Central and Northwestern Nigeria.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {e0230037}, pmid = {33104733}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {R01 AI097493/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Bacteremia/*epidemiology/microbiology ; Child, Preschool ; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests ; Enterobacteriaceae/*classification/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification ; Enterobacteriaceae Infections/*epidemiology/microbiology ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Nigeria/epidemiology ; Population Surveillance ; Prevalence ; *beta-Lactam Resistance ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bacteremia is a leading cause of mortality in developing countries, however, etiologic evaluation is infrequent and empiric antibiotic use not evidence-based. Here, we evaluated the patterns of ESBL resistance in children enrolled into a surveillance study for community acquired bacteremic syndromes across health facilities in Central and Northwestern Nigeria.<br><br>METHOD: Blood culture was performed for children aged less than 5 years suspected of having sepsis from Sept 2008-Dec 2016. Blood was incubated using the BACTEC00AE system and Enterobacteriacea identified to the species level using Analytical Profile Index (API20E&#xae;). Antibiotic susceptibility profile was determined by the disc diffusion method. Real time PCR was used to characterize genes responsible for ESBL production.<br><br>RESULT: Of 21,000 children screened from Sept 2008-Dec 2016, 2,625(12.5%) were culture-positive. A total of 413 Enterobacteriaceae available for analysis were screened for ESBL. ESBL production was detected in 160 Enterobacteriaceae, high resistance rates were observed among ESBL-positive isolates for Ceftriaxone (92.3%), Aztreonam (96.8%), Cefpodoxime (96.3%), Cefotaxime (98.8%) and Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (90%), while 87.5%, 90.7%, and 91.9% of the isolates were susceptible to Imipenem, Amikacin and Meropenem respectively. Frequently detected resistance genes were blaTEM-83.8% (134/160), and, blaCTX-M 83.1% (133/160) followed by blaSHVgenes 66.3% (106/160). Co-existence of blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaSHV was seen in 94/160 (58.8%), blaCTX-M and blaTEM in 118/160 (73.8%), blaTEM and blaSHV in 97/160 (60.6%) and blaCTX-M and blaSHV in 100/160 (62.5%) of isolates tested.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results indicate a high prevalence of bacteremia from ESBL Enterobacteriaceae in this population of children. These are resistant to commonly used antibiotics and careful choice of antibiotic treatment options is critical. Further studies to evaluate transmission dynamics of resistance genes could help in the reduction of ESBL resistance in these settings.}, }
@article {pmid33103859, year = {2020}, author = {von Fricken, ME}, title = {Living with the longhorned: A perspective on invasive Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks in the United States.}, journal = {Zoonoses and public health}, volume = {67}, number = {7}, pages = {841-842}, doi = {10.1111/zph.12750}, pmid = {33103859}, issn = {1863-2378}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Cattle ; Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/*physiology ; Reproduction ; Tick Control ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; United States/epidemiology ; }, }
@article {pmid33101058, year = {2020}, author = {Lehmann, P and Westberg, M and Tang, P and Lindström, L and Käkelä, R}, title = {The Diapause Lipidomes of Three Closely Related Beetle Species Reveal Mechanisms for Tolerating Energetic and Cold Stress in High-Latitude Seasonal Environments.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {576617}, pmid = {33101058}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {During winter insects face energetic stress driven by lack of food, and thermal stress due to sub-optimal and even lethal temperatures. To survive, most insects living in seasonal environments such as high latitudes, enter diapause, a deep resting stage characterized by a cessation of development, metabolic suppression and increased stress tolerance. The current study explores physiological adaptations related to diapause in three beetle species at high latitudes in Europe. From an ecological perspective, the comparison is interesting since one species (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) is an invasive pest that has recently expanded its range into northern Europe, where a retardation in range expansion is seen. By comparing its physiological toolkit to that of two closely related native beetles (Agelastica alni and Chrysolina polita) with similar overwintering ecology and collected from similar latitude, we can study if harsh winters might be constraining further expansion. Our results suggest all species suppress metabolism during diapause and build large lipid stores before diapause, which then are used sparingly. In all species diapause is associated with temporal shifts in storage and membrane lipid profiles, mostly in accordance with the homeoviscous adaptation hypothesis, stating that low temperatures necessitate acclimation responses that increase fluidity of storage lipids, allowing their enzymatic hydrolysis, and ensure integral protein functions. Overall, the two native species had similar lipidomic profiles when compared to the invasive species, but all species showed specific shifts in their lipid profiles after entering diapause. Taken together, all three species show adaptations that improve energy saving and storage and membrane lipid fluidity during overwintering diapause. While the three species differed in the specific strategies used to increase lipid viscosity, the two native beetle species showed a more canalized lipidomic response, than the recent invader. Since close relatives with similar winter ecology can have different winter ecophysiology, extrapolations among species should be done with care. Still, range expansion of the recent invader into high latitude habitats might indeed be retarded by lack of physiological tools to manage especially thermal stress during winter, but conversely species adapted to long cold winters may face these stressors as a consequence of ongoing climate warming.}, }
@article {pmid33100918, year = {2020}, author = {Edmunds, RC and Burrows, D}, title = {Got Glycogen?: Development and Multispecies Validation of the Novel Preserve, Precipitate, Lyse, Precipitate, Purify (PPLPP) Workflow for Environmental DNA Extraction from Longmire's Preserved Water Samples.}, journal = {Journal of biomolecular techniques : JBT}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {125-150}, pmid = {33100918}, issn = {1943-4731}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bufo marinus/*genetics ; Computer Simulation ; DNA, Environmental/*isolation &amp; purification ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Glycogen ; Hydrobiology/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Plant Weeds/*genetics ; Preservation, Biological/*methods ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Tilapia/*genetics ; Water/*analysis ; Workflow ; }, abstract = {Unfiltered and filtered water samples can be used to collect environmental DNA (eDNA). We developed the novel "Preserve, Precipitate, Lyse, Precipitate, Purify" (PPLPP) workflow to efficiently extract eDNA from Longmire's preserved unfiltered and filtered water samples (44-100% recovery). The PPLPP workflow includes initial glycogen-aided isopropanol precipitation, guanidium hypochlorite and Triton X-100-based lysis, terminal glycogen-aided polyethylene glycol precipitation, and inhibitor purification. Three novel eDNA assays that exclusively target species invasive to Australia were also developed: Tilapia_v2_16S concurrently targets Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia) and Tilapia mariae (spotted tilapia) while R.marina_16S and C.caroliniana_matK discretely target Rhinella marina (cane toad) and Cabomba caroliniana (fanwort), respectively. All 3 assays were validated in silico before in vitro and in situ validations using PPLPP workflow extracted samples. PPLPP workflow was concurrently validated in vitro and in situ using all 3 assays. In vitro validations demonstrated that 1) glycogen inclusion increased extracellular DNA recovery by ∼48-fold compared with glycogen exclusion, 2) swinging-bucket centrifugation for 90 min at 3270 g is equivalent to fixed-angle centrifugation for 5-20 min at 6750 g, and 3) Zymo OneStep Inhibitor Removal Kit, Qiagen DNeasy PowerClean Pro Cleanup Kit, and silica-Zymo double purification provide effective inhibitor removal. In situ validation demonstrated 95.8 ± 2.8% (mean ± SEM) detectability across all 3 target species in Longmire's preserved unfiltered and filtered water samples extracted using the PPLPP workflow (without phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol purification) after 39 d of incubation at room temperature and 50°C. PPLPP workflow is recommended for future temperate and tropical eDNA studies that use Longmire's to preserve unfiltered or filtered water samples.}, }
@article {pmid33098658, year = {2021}, author = {Palmer, TM and Riginos, C and Milligan, PD and Hays, BR and Pietrek, AG and Maiyo, NJ and Mutisya, S and Gituku, B and Musila, S and Carpenter, S and Goheen, JR}, title = {Frenemy at the gate: Invasion by Pheidole megacephala facilitates a competitively subordinate plant ant in Kenya.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {2}, pages = {e03230}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3230}, pmid = {33098658}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {*Acacia ; Animals ; *Ants ; Herbivory ; Kenya ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions can lead to the reassembly of communities and understanding and predicting the impacts of exotic species on community structure and functioning are a key challenge in ecology. We investigated the impact of a predatory species of invasive ant, Pheidole megacephala, on the structure and function of a foundational mutualism between Acacia drepanolobium and its associated acacia-ant community in an East African savanna. Invasion by P. megacephala was associated with the extirpation of three extrafloral nectar-dependent Crematogaster acacia ant species and strong increases in the abundance of a competitively subordinate and locally rare acacia ant species, Tetraponera penzigi, which does not depend on host plant nectar. Using a combination of long-term monitoring of invasion dynamics, observations and experiments, we demonstrate that P. megacephala directly and indirectly facilitates T. penzigi by reducing the abundance of T. penzigi's competitors (Crematogaster spp.), imposing recruitment limitation on these competitors, and generating a landscape of low-reward host plants that favor colonization and establishment by the strongly dispersing T. penzigi. Seasonal variation in use of host plants by P. megacephala may further increase the persistence of T. penzigi colonies in invaded habitat. The persistence of the T. penzigi-A. drepanolobium symbiosis in invaded areas afforded host plants some protection against herbivory by elephants (Loxodonta africana), a key browser that reduces tree cover. However, elephant damage on T. penzigi-occupied trees was higher in invaded than in uninvaded areas, likely owing to reduced T. penzigi colony size in invaded habitats. Our results reveal the mechanisms underlying the disruption of this mutualism and suggest that P. megacephala invasion may drive long-term declines in tree cover, despite the partial persistence of the ant-acacia symbiosis in invaded areas.}, }
@article {pmid33098575, year = {2021}, author = {Chollet, S and Maillard, M and Schörghuber, J and Grayston, SJ and Martin, JL}, title = {Deer slow down litter decomposition by reducing litter quality in a temperate forest.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {2}, pages = {e03235}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3235}, pmid = {33098575}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; *Deer ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; Nitrogen ; Plant Leaves ; }, abstract = {Litter decomposition is a key process that allows the recycling of nutrients within ecosystems. In temperate forests, the role of large herbivores in litter decomposition remains a subject of debate. To address this question, we used two litterbag experiments in a quasiexperimental situation resulting from the introduction of Sitka black-tailed deer Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis on forested islands of Haida Gwaii (Canada). We investigated the two main pathways by which deer could modify litter decomposition: change in litter quality and modification of decomposer communities. We found that deer presence significantly reduced litter mass loss after 1 yr, mainly through a reduction in litter quality. This mass loss reflected a 30 and 28% lower loss of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), respectively. The presence of deer also reduced the ability of decomposers to break down carbon, but not nitrogen. Indeed, litter placed on an island with deer lost 5% less carbon after 1 yr of decomposition than did litter decomposing on an island without deer. This loss in ability to decompose litter in the presence of deer was outweighed by the differences in mass loss associated with the effect of deer on litter quality. Additional effects of feces deposition by deer on the decomposition process were also significant but minor. These results suggest that the effects dramatic continental-scale increases in deer populations may have on broad-scale patterns of C and N cycling deserve closer attention.}, }
@article {pmid33096941, year = {2020}, author = {Montecchiari, S and Tesei, G and Allegrezza, M}, title = {Ailanthus altissima Forests Determine a Shift in Herbaceous Layer Richness: A Paired Comparison with Hardwood Native Forests in Sub-Mediterranean Europe.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {33096941}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Ailanthus altissima is an invasive alien species (IAS) present throughout Europe and included in the list of alien species of Union concern. In sub-Mediterranean areas of central Italy, there is a lack of knowledge about this invasive species and its interactions with the native forest ecosystems. We aim to find what are the main differences in vegetation structure and floristic diversity between A. altissima forests and native forests through the assessment of the principal ecological parameters that differ between the forest types. We performed 38 phytosociological relevés and sampling of ecological parameters in A. altissima forest communities and neighboring native forests. We analyzed how species richness, diversity, life forms, life strategies, structural characteristics, and ecological parameters changed in A. altissima forests compared with native ones. We found that in A. altissima forests, there is a shift in herbaceous layer richness, with a higher presence of annual ruderal herbs and the absence of herbaceous species linked to the forest environment. The ecological parameters that diverge from the native forests were total nitrogen, total carbon, and C/N ratio. A. altissima forest communities could threaten the biodiversity of the native forest ecosystems in the sub-Mediterranean landscape, favoring ruderal species and inhibiting the presence of typical forest species.}, }
@article {pmid33096058, year = {2021}, author = {Bojko, J and Burgess, AL and Baker, AG and Orr, CH}, title = {Invasive Non-Native Crustacean Symbionts: Diversity and Impact.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {186}, number = {}, pages = {107482}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2020.107482}, pmid = {33096058}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Crustacea/*parasitology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Invasive non-native species (INNS) pose a risk as vectors of parasitic organisms (Invasive Parasites). Introducing invasive parasites can result in ecological disturbances, leading to biodiversity loss and native species illness/mortality, but occasionally can control INNS limiting their impact. Risks to human health and the economy are also associated with INNS and invasive parasites; however, we understand little about the diversity of symbiotic organisms co-invading alongside INNS. This lack of clarity is an important aspect of the 'One Health' prerogative, which aims to bridge the gap between human, wildlife, and ecosystem health. To explore symbiont diversity associated with the invasive crustacean group (including: crab, lobster, crayfish, shrimp, amphipod, isopod, copepod, barnacle, other) (n = 323) derived from 1054 aquatic invertebrates classed as INNS across databases, we compile literature (year range 1800-2017) from the native and invasive range to provide a cumulative symbiont profile for each species. Our search indicated that 31.2% of INN crustaceans were known to hold at least one symbiont, whereby the remaining 68.8% had no documented symbionts. The symbiont list mostly consisted of helminths (27% of the known diversity) and protists (23% of the known diversity), followed by bacteria (12%) and microsporidians (12%). Carcinus maenas, the globally invasive and extremely well-studied green crab, harboured the greatest number of symbionts (n = 72). Additional screening is imperative to become more informed on invasive symbiont threats. We reveal that few studies provide truly empirical data that connect biodiversity loss with invasive parasites and suggest that dedicated studies on available systems will help to provide vital case studies. Despite the lack of empirical data, co-invasive parasites of invasive invertebrates appear capable of lowering local biodiversity, especially by causing behavioural change and mortality in native species. Alternatively, several invasive parasites appear to protect ecosystems by controlling the impact and population size of their invasive host. We provide a protocol that could be followed to explore symbiont diversity in invasive groups as part of our case studies. The consequence of limited parasite screening of INNS, in addition to the impacts invasive parasites impart on local ecologies, are explored throughout the review. We conclude in strong support of the 'One Health' prerogative and further identify a need to better explore disease in invasion systems, many of which are accountable for economic, human health and ecological diversity impacts.}, }
@article {pmid33095813, year = {2020}, author = {Glennemeier, K and Packard, S and Spyreas, G}, title = {Dramatic long-term restoration of an oak woodland due to multiple, sustained management treatments.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {e0241061}, pmid = {33095813}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Deer ; Fires ; *Forests ; Illinois ; Introduced Species ; Plant Dispersal ; *Quercus ; *Sustainable Development ; }, abstract = {We measured 34 years of plant community change in a degraded oak woodland undergoing ecological management. Management included regular prescribed fire, control of white-tailed deer populations, repeated sowing of a diverse seed mix, and removal of invasive plants. We tracked change with several conservation metrics. Time series analysis showed no significant changes over time in either plant species richness or the Shannon-Weiner diversity index. Floristic Quality Assessment measures-the Floristic Quality Index (FQI), Cover-weighted FQI, and the Mean Coefficient of Conservatism (Mean C)-all increased dramatically over time, such that their values now surpass those of the highest quality representative of this habitat in the region. Cover-weighted FQI had the added benefit of being quick to respond (negatively and positively) to short-term management changes during the study. This sensitivity highlights its utility for adaptive management, enabling timely, data-driven changes to ongoing management regimes. Plant community composition showed striking changes during the study period, as species of high conservation value replaced weedier species. As a group, conservative woodland species are notoriously slow to recover from degradation, making this flora's recovery particularly notable. A mid-study cessation of management immediately stalled the woodland's recovery according to Floristic Quality metrics, but the restoration quickly returned to its positive trajectory with the resumption of management treatments. These results illustrate that impressive plant biodiversity restoration can be achieved, even in highly degraded contemporary oak ecosystems, if ecological management is comprehensive and if it is sustained over time.}, }
@article {pmid33092113, year = {2020}, author = {Wani, GA and Shah, MA and Tekeu, H and Reshi, ZA and Atangana, AR and Khasa, DP}, title = {Phenotypic Variability and Genetic Diversity of Phragmites australis in Quebec and Kashmir Reveal Contrasting Population Structure.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {33092113}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {BT/IN/IC-IMPACTS/30/MAS/2015-2016//Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India/ ; }, abstract = {The origin of differences in traits influencing competitive success between invasive and native wild populations of alien species is subject of debate. Herbarium-based information sources from 2005 onwards about nativity and distributional range of Phragmites australis were used to survey putative native populations of the species in Quebec, and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) PCR-RFLP analyses identified only one native population, whereas the same analyses revealed that the Kashmir populations are invasive. We compared the native population of P. australis in Quebec (QN), ten populations invasive to Quebec (QE), and five populations invasive in Kashmir, India (KE) using morphometric traits. Using nine cpDNA microsatellite loci, we also compared nine KE populations, ten QE populations, and the QN population. Phenotypic variation was observed among and within populations. Only dry mass of flowers varied across regions. Characterization of morphotypes defined three distinct haplotypes. A bimodal distribution of stem diameter (SD), internode length (IL), leaf length (LL), and leaf width (LW) suggests that a major gene may control growth traits or occurrence of co-selection. High genetic differentiation was observed between populations (RST = 0.353) and haplotypes (RST = 0.133 to 0.418), indicating limited gene flow and probable local adaptation. Principal coordinates analysis and the neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree clearly distinguished the three haplotypes. Among-populations phenotypic difference (PST) was lower than overall RST for plant height, SD, and fresh and dry mass of flowers and seeds, whereas PST estimates for LL and LW exceeded among-populations RST, suggesting divergent selection, while local adaptation might have occurred in IL, LL, and flower masses. Genetic drift probably influenced among-populations IL differences.}, }
@article {pmid33091094, year = {2020}, author = {Chinchio, E and Crotta, M and Romeo, C and Drewe, JA and Guitian, J and Ferrari, N}, title = {Invasive alien species and disease risk: An open challenge in public and animal health.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {e1008922}, pmid = {33091094}, issn = {1553-7374}, mesh = {Animals ; Awareness ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Public Health/trends ; Public Health Administration/trends ; Risk ; }, }
@article {pmid33091062, year = {2020}, author = {Malacrinò, A and Sadowski, VA and Martin, TK and Cavichiolli de Oliveira, N and Brackett, IJ and Feller, JD and Harris, KJ and Combita Heredia, O and Vescio, R and Bennett, AE}, title = {Biological invasions alter environmental microbiomes: A meta-analysis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {e0240996}, pmid = {33091062}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Microbiota/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions impact both agricultural and natural systems. The damage can be quantified in terms of both economic loss and reduction of biodiversity. Although the literature is quite rich about the impact of invasive species on plant and animal communities, their impact on environmental microbiomes is underexplored. Here, we re-analyze publicly available data using a common framework to create a global synthesis of the effects of biological invasions on environmental microbial communities. Our findings suggest that non-native species are responsible for the loss of microbial diversity and shifts in the structure of microbial populations. Therefore, the impact of biological invasions on native ecosystems might be more pervasive than previously thought, influencing both macro- and micro-biomes. We also identified gaps in the literature which encourage research on a wider variety of environments and invaders, and the influence of invaders across seasons and geographical ranges.}, }
@article {pmid33090204, year = {2021}, author = {Del Vecchio, S and Mattana, E and Ulian, T and Buffa, G}, title = {Functional seed traits and germination patterns predict species coexistence in Northeast Mediterranean foredune communities.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {127}, number = {3}, pages = {361-370}, pmid = {33090204}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Germination ; Italy ; Seeds ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The structure of plant communities, which is based on species abundance ratios, is closely linked to ecosystem functionality. Seed germination niche plays a major role in shaping plant communities, although it has often been neglected when explaining species coexistence. The aim of this work is to link the seed germination niche to community ecology, investigating how functional seed traits contribute to species coexistence.<br><br>METHODS: Species selection was based on a database of 504 vegetation surveys from the Veneto coast (Italy). Through cluster analysis we identified the foredune community and selected all of its 19 plant species. By using the 'Phi coefficient' and frequency values, species were pooled in different categories (foundation species, accidental species of the semi-fixed dune and aliens), then the 19 species were grouped according to their germination responses to temperature and photoperiod through cluster analyses. For each germination cluster, we investigated germination trends against temperature and photoperiod by using generalized linear mixed models.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: We identified four germination strategies: (1) high germination under all tested conditions ('high-germinating'); (2) high germination at warm temperatures in the dark ('dark warm-cued'); (3) high germination at warm temperatures in the light ('light warm-cued'); and (4) low germination, regardless of conditions ('low-germinating'). Foredune foundation species showed a narrow germination niche, being 'low-germinating' or 'dark warm-cued'. Annual species of semi-fixed dunes were 'high-germinating', while alien species were the only members of the 'light warm-cued' cluster.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our research suggests that different categories of species have dissimilar seed germination niches, which contributes to explaining their coexistence. Climatic events, such as rising temperature, could alter germination patterns, favouring seed regeneration of certain categories (i.e. alien and semi-fixed dune species) at the expense of others (i.e. foundation species, pivotal to ecosystem functioning), and hence potentially altering the plant community structure.}, }
@article {pmid33085152, year = {2021}, author = {Zhang, Z and Liu, Y and Yuan, L and Weber, E and van Kleunen, M}, title = {Effect of allelopathy on plant performance: a meta-analysis.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {348-362}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13627}, pmid = {33085152}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {Y9B7041001//Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; Y9H1011001//Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; 201606100049//China Scholarship Council/ ; }, mesh = {*Allelopathy ; Phylogeny ; *Plants ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Allelopathy (i.e. chemical interactions between plants) is known to affect individual performance, community structure and plant invasions. Yet, a quantitative synthesis is lacking. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of 384 studies that measured allelopathic effects of one species (allelopathy plant) on another species or itself (test plant). Overall, allelopathy reduced plant performance by 25%, but the variation in allelopathy was high. The type of method affected the allelopathic effect: compared to leachates, allelopathy was more negative when residues of allelopathy plants were applied, and less negative when soil conditioned by allelopathy plants was applied. The negative effects of allelopathy diminished with study duration, and increased with concentrations of leachates or residues. Although allelopathy was not significantly related to lifespan, life form or domestication of the interacting plants, it became more negative with increasing phylogenetic distance. Moreover, native plants suffered more from leachates of naturalised alien plants than from leachates of other native plants. Our synthesis reveals that allelopathy could contribute to success of alien plants. The negative relationship between phylogenetic distance and allelopathy indicates that allelopathy might contribute to coexistence of closely related species (i.e. convergence) or dominance of single species.}, }
@article {pmid33081133, year = {2020}, author = {Lioy, S and Laurino, D and Capello, M and Romano, A and Manino, A and Porporato, M}, title = {Effectiveness and Selectiveness of Traps and Baits for Catching the Invasive Hornet Vespa velutina.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {33081133}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {LIFE14 NAT/IT/001128 STOPVESPA//LIFE programme/ ; }, abstract = {Vespa velutina is an invasive hornet that is colonising several countries worldwide, with detrimental effects on multiple components but primarily affecting honey bees and native insect species. Traps for wasps and hornets are commonly used for trapping V. velutina, both for monitoring and control purposes. In this study, we compared the performances of two typologies of traps and baits widely used for trapping this invasive hornet, by evaluating their effectiveness and selectiveness in trapping V. velutina in two sites during two different periods of the year, spring and autumn. The performance of the traps changed in relation to (i) the trap's model, (ii) the bait's typology and (iii) the period of the year. In spring, traps with common beer as bait were more effective and more selective independently of trap's model than the commercial bait that has been tested. On the contrary, in autumn, just one combination of trap and attractant (the commercial trap and bait) achieved higher effectiveness and selectiveness. Despite the underlined variations among traps and baits, overall catches of V. velutina were scanty compared to bycatches of non-target insects, since best performing traps either in term of effectiveness and selectiveness caught 3.65% of the target species in spring and 1.35% in autumn upon the total trapped insects. This highlights the urgent necessity of developing more selective trapping methods for monitoring and particularly for controlling purposes.}, }
@article {pmid33080436, year = {2020}, author = {Silva, M and Rodríguez, I and Barreiro, A and Kaufmann, M and Neto, AI and Hassouani, M and Sabour, B and Alfonso, A and Botana, LM and Vasconcelos, V}, title = {Lipophilic toxins occurrence in non-traditional invertebrate vectors from North Atlantic Waters (Azores, Madeira, and Morocco): Update on geographical tendencies and new challenges for monitoring routines.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {161}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {111725}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111725}, pmid = {33080436}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Azores ; *Ecosystem ; Invertebrates ; Morocco ; Portugal ; *Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; }, abstract = {In the last decades, due to monitoring programs and strict legislation poisoning incidents occurrence provoked by ingestion of naturally contaminated marine organisms has decreased. However, climate change and anthropogenic interference contributed to the expansion and establishment of toxic alien species to more temperate ecosystems. In this work, the coasts of Madeira, São Miguel islands and the northwestern Moroccan coast were surveyed for four groups of lipophilic toxins (yessotoxins, azaspiracids, pectenotoxins, and spirolides), searching for new vectors and geographical tendencies. Twenty-four species benthic organisms were screened using UHPLC-MS/MS technique. We report 19 new vectors for these toxins, six of them with commercial interest (P. aspera, P. ordinaria, C. lampas, P. pollicipes, H. tuberculata and P. lividus). Regarding toxin uptake a south-north gradient was detected. This study contributes to the update of monitoring routines and legislation policies, comprising a wider range of vectors, to better serve consumers and ecosystems preservation.}, }
@article {pmid33079201, year = {2021}, author = {Bueno, A and Pritsch, K and Simon, J}, title = {Responses of native and invasive woody seedlings to combined competition and drought are species-specific.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, pages = {343-357}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpaa134}, pmid = {33079201}, issn = {1758-4469}, mesh = {Droughts ; Europe ; Nitrogen ; *Quercus ; *Seedlings ; Soil ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Woody species invasions are a major threat to native communities with intensified consequences during increased periods of summer drought as predicted for the future. Competition for growth-limiting nitrogen (N) between native and invasive tree species might represent a key mechanism underlying the invasion process, because soil water availability and N acquisition of plants are closely linked. To study whether the traits of invasive species provide an advantage over natives in Central Europe in the competition for N under drought, we conducted a greenhouse experiment. We analyzed the responses of three native (i.e., Fagus sylvatica L., Quercus robur L. and Pinus sylvestris L.) and two invasive woody species (i.e., Prunus serotina Ehrh. and Robinia pseudoacacia L.) to competition in terms of their organic and inorganic N acquisition, as well as allocation of N to N pools in the leaves and fine roots. In our study, competition resulted in reduced growth and changes in internal N pools in both native and invasive species mediated by the physiological characteristics of the target species, the competitor, as well as soil water supply. Nitrogen acquisition, however, was not affected by competition indicating that changes in growth and N pools were rather linked to the remobilization of stored N. Drought led to reduced N acquisition, growth and total soluble protein-N levels, while total soluble amino acid-N levels increased, most likely as osmoprotectants as an adaptation to the reduced water supply. Generally, the consequences of drought were enhanced with competition across all species. Comparing the invasive competitors, P. serotina was a greater threat to the native species than R. pseudoacacia. Furthermore, deciduous and coniferous native species affected the invasives differently, with the species-specific responses being mediated by soil water supply.}, }
@article {pmid33078849, year = {2021}, author = {Lenzner, B and Magallón, S and Dawson, W and Kreft, H and König, C and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and Weigelt, P and van Kleunen, M and Winter, M and Dullinger, S and Essl, F}, title = {Role of diversification rates and evolutionary history as a driver of plant naturalization success.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {229}, number = {5}, pages = {2998-3008}, pmid = {33078849}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; *Plants/genetics ; }, abstract = {Human introductions of species beyond their natural ranges and their subsequent establishment are defining features of global environmental change. However, naturalized plants are not uniformly distributed across phylogenetic lineages, with some families contributing disproportionately more to the global alien species pool than others. Additionally, lineages differ in diversification rates, and high diversification rates have been associated with characteristics that increase species naturalization success. Here, we investigate the role of diversification rates in explaining the naturalization success of angiosperm plant families. We use five global data sets that include native and alien plant species distribution, horticultural use of plants, and a time-calibrated angiosperm phylogeny. Using phylogenetic generalized linear mixed models, we analysed the effect of diversification rate, different geographical range measures, and horticultural use on the naturalization success of plant families. We show that a family's naturalization success is positively associated with its evolutionary history, native range size, and economic use. Investigating interactive effects of these predictors shows that native range size and geographic distribution additionally affect naturalization success. High diversification rates and large ranges increase naturalization success, especially of temperate families. We suggest this may result from lower ecological specialization in temperate families with large ranges, compared with tropical families with smaller ranges.}, }
@article {pmid33078842, year = {2020}, author = {Shi, W and Roderick, G and Zhang, GS}, title = {Mechanisms of Novel Host Use by Bactrocera tau (Tephritid: Diptera) Revealed by RNA Transcriptomes.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {33078842}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbohydrate Metabolism/genetics ; Cucurbitaceae ; Energy Metabolism/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Musa ; Oxidative Phosphorylation ; Plants ; Tephritidae/*physiology ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Use of novel plant hosts can facilitate the establishment and range expansion of herbivorous invasive species. However, the inherent mechanisms of novel host use are still unclear in many herbivorous species. Here, we examine mechanisms of novel host use in the invasive tephritid fruit fly Bactrocera tau (Walker)(Diptera: Tephritidae) by documenting changes in the RNA transcriptomes associated with a novel host. RNA transcripts of B. tau were obtained with high-throughput sequencing from samples continuously reared on two traditional Cucurbitaceae hosts and a novel host (banana). We found transcriptome variation was strongly associated with feeding on banana. Moreover, B. tau feeding on banana contained more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and more annotated categories of DEGs in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database with 1,595 DEGs and 21 major annotated pathways. The annotated categories of DEGs in individuals reared on banana differed with from those individuals feeding on other hosts and were enriched in oxidative phosphorylation, citrate cycle pathway, and four other carbohydrate pathways. For B. tau feeding on banana, the predominant numbers of upregulated genes in the mitochondrial NADH (56 on average) and a relatively higher numbers of upregulated genes (13 on average) were found in oxidative phosphorylation and the TCA pathway, respectively. Changes in RNA transcriptomes associated with novel host use, especially for genes related to energy and carbohydrate metabolism, help to explain how B. tau can be successful in use of novel hosts and may be useful in developing novel strategies for control of tephritid flies.}, }
@article {pmid33077134, year = {2020}, author = {Guevara-Molina, EC and Gomes, FR and Camacho, A}, title = {Effects of dehydration on thermoregulatory behavior and thermal tolerance limits of Rana catesbeiana ().}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {93}, number = {}, pages = {102721}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102721}, pmid = {33077134}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Organism Hydration Status ; Rana catesbeiana/*physiology ; *Thermotolerance ; }, abstract = {Predicting the effects of high environmental temperatures and drought on populations requires understanding how these conditions will influence the thermoregulatory behavior and thermal tolerance of organisms. Ectotherms show proportional (fine-tuned) and all-or-none (abrupt) responses to avoid overheating. Scattered evidence suggests that dehydration alters these behavioral responses and thermal tolerance, but these effects have not been evaluated in an integrative manner. We examined the effects of hydration level on the behavioral thermoregulation and behavioral and physiological thermal limits of the "bullfrog" (Rana catesbeiana), a well-studied and important invasive species. To examine the effects of dehydration on proportional responses, we compared the Preferred Body Temperatures (PBT) of frogs with restricted and unrestricted access to water. To assess the effect of dehydration on all-or-none responses, we measured and compared the Voluntary Thermal Maximum (VTMax) at different hydration levels (100%, 90%, 80% of body weight at complete hydration). Finally, to understand the effect of dehydration on physiological thermal tolerance, we measured the Critical Thermal Maximum (CTMax) of frogs at matched hydration levels. PBT, VTMax, and CTMax all decreased in response to higher dehydration levels. However, bullfrogs changed their PBT more than their VTMax or CTMax in response to dehydration. Moreover, some severely dehydrated individuals did not exhibit a VTMax response. We discuss the implications of our results in the context of plasticity of thermoregulatory responses and thermal limits, and its potential application to mechanistic modeling.}, }
@article {pmid33075730, year = {2021}, author = {Bickerton, M and McSorley, K and Toledo, A}, title = {A life stage-targeted acaricide application approach for the control of Haemaphysalis longicornis.}, journal = {Ticks and tick-borne diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {101581}, doi = {10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101581}, pmid = {33075730}, issn = {1877-9603}, mesh = {*Acaricides ; Animals ; Female ; Introduced Species ; *Ixodidae/growth &amp; development ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; New Jersey ; *Nitriles ; Nymph/growth &amp; development ; *Pyrethrins ; Seasons ; *Tick Control/methods ; }, abstract = {Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann is an invasive tick species that has recently been detected in the eastern United States. We designed field studies to monitor the population dynamics of H. longicornis over a year (2019) in New Jersey, and to assess the efficacy of a pyrethroid acaricide (lambda-cyhalothrin) in controlling this tick using a stage-treatment approach. Nymphs were the most abundant life stage found host-seeking from May through early July, followed by a brief period of high adult activity in mid-July, and a very high larval peak extending from late July through October. Overall, 542 adults, 1910 nymphs, and 69,238 larvae were recorded during the sampling. In the present study, the efficacy of acaricide treatments to suppress host-seeking ticks was assessed by applying lambda-cyhalothrin once during each of the three periods of activity for nymphs (June), adults (July), and larvae (August), or sequentially during all three months. Control plots were left untreated and used for phenology studies. Applications in June and July provided 100 % control of all life stages, including the dominant nymphal and adult stages for 42 and 35 d, respectively. Ticks re-established at normal or reduced levels following applications in June or July, respectively, compared to untreated controls. The application in August provided 100 % control for 49 d, and a high level of suppression (>99 % control) remained through the end of the tick season in October. This study therefore supports that single pyrethroid applications can provide 100 % control of H. longicornis for up to 7 wk, and a single late-summer application towards the end of host-seeking adult activity can provide near complete control of the larval population. An evaluation of single applications over the course of the season revealed that treatments in July or August did not lead to significant reductions in the nymphal population. However, multiple sequential treatments targeting all life stages provided 66 %, 97 %, and >99 % control of adults, nymphs, and larvae, respectively through the season of H. longicornis activity.}, }
@article {pmid33074572, year = {2021}, author = {Miller, KM and McGill, BJ and Weed, AS and Seirup, CE and Comiskey, JA and Matthews, ER and Perles, S and Paul Schmit, J}, title = {Long-term trends indicate that invasive plants are pervasive and increasing in eastern national parks.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {e02239}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2239}, pmid = {33074572}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Parks, Recreational ; Plants ; Poaceae ; United States ; }, abstract = {While invasive plant distributions are relatively well known in the eastern United States, temporal changes in species distributions and interactions among species have received little attention. Managers are therefore left to make management decisions without knowing which species pose the greatest threats based on their ability to spread, persist and outcompete other invasive species. To fill this gap, we used the U.S. National Park Service's Inventory and Monitoring Program data collected from over 1,400 permanent forest plots spanning 12 yr and covering 39 eastern national parks to analyze invasive plant trends. We analyzed trends in abundance at multiple scales, including plot frequency, quadrat frequency, and average quadrat cover. We examined trends overall, by functional group, and by species. We detected considerably more increasing than decreasing trends in invasive plant abundance. In fact, 80% of the parks in our study had at least one significant increasing trend in invasive abundance over time. Where detected, significant negative trends tended to be herbaceous or graminoid species. However, these declines were often countered by roughly equivalent increases in invasive shrubs over the same time period, and we only detected overall declines in invasive abundance in two parks in our study. Present in over 30% of plots and responsible for the steepest and greatest number of significant increases, Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) was the most aggressive invader in our study and is a high management priority. Invasive shrubs, especially Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), and wineberry (Rubus phoenicolasius), also increased across multiple parks, and sometimes at the expense of Japanese stiltgrass. Given the added risks to human health from tick-borne diseases, invasive shrubs are a high management priority. While these findings provide critical information to managers for species prioritization, they also demonstrate the incredible management challenge that invasive plants pose in protected areas, particularly since we documented few overall declines in invasive abundance. As parks work to overcome deferred maintenance of infrastructure, our findings suggest that deferred management of natural resources, particularly invasive species, requires similar attention and long-term commitment to reverse these widespread increasing invasive trends.}, }
@article {pmid33073851, year = {2020}, author = {Can-Vargas, X and Barboza, N and Fuchs, EJ and Hernández, EJ}, title = {Spatial Distribution of Whitefly Species (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Identification of Secondary Bacterial Endosymbionts in Tomato Fields in Costa Rica.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {113}, number = {6}, pages = {2900-2910}, pmid = {33073851}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria ; Costa Rica ; *Hemiptera/genetics ; *Solanum lycopersicum ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {In Costa Rica, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Linnaeus) Linnaeus (Solanales: Solanaceae) is one of the crops most severely affected by the whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) and the Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) species complex. The objective of this study was to monitor the spatial distribution and diversity of these species and to detect the presence of secondary bacterial endosymbionts in individuals collected in areas of intensive tomato production. In total, 628 whitefly individuals were identified to the species level using restriction analysis (PCR-RFLP) of a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase I gene (mtCOI). Trialeurodes vaporariorum was the predominant species, followed by B. tabaci Mediterranean (MED). Bemisia tabaci New World (NW) and B. tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) were present in lower numbers. The mtCOI fragment was sequenced for 89 individuals and a single haplotype was found for each whitefly species. Using molecular markers, the 628 individuals were analyzed for the presence of four endosymbionts. Arsenophonus Gherna et al. (Enterobacterales: Morganellaceae) was most frequently associated with T. vaporariorum, whereas Wolbachia Hertig (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) and Rickettsia da Rocha-Lima (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) were associated with B. tabaci MED. This study confirmed that B. tabaci NW has not been completely displaced by the invasive species B. tabaci MED and B. tabaci MEAM1 present in the country. An association was found between whitefly species present in tomato and certain secondary endosymbionts, elevation was the most likely environmental factor to affect their frequency.}, }
@article {pmid33073848, year = {2021}, author = {Westby, KM and Juliano, SA and Medley, KA}, title = {Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Has Not Become the Dominant Species in Artificial Container Habitats in a Temperate Forest More Than a Decade After Establishment.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {58}, number = {2}, pages = {950-955}, pmid = {33073848}, issn = {1938-2928}, support = {R15 AI075306/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R15 AI094322/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) is one of the most invasive species globally, and has led to rapid declines and local extirpations of resident mosquitoes where it becomes established. A potential mechanism behind these displacements is the superior competitive ability of Ae. albopictus in larval habitats. Research on the context-dependent nature of competitive displacement predicts that Ae. albopictus will not replace native Aedes triseriatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) in treeholes but could do so in artificial container habitats. Aedes albopictus remains rare in temperate treeholes but less is known about how Ae. albopictus fares in artificial containers in forests. Tyson Research Center (TRC) is a field station composed of mostly oak-hickory forest located outside Saint Louis, MO. The container community has been studied regularly at TRC since 2007 with permanently established artificial containers on the property since 2013. Aedes albopictus was detected each year when these communities were sampled; however, its abundance remains low and it fails to numerically dominate other species in these communities. We present data that show Ae. albopictus numbers have not increased in the last decade. We compare egg counts from 2007 to 2016 and combine larval sample data from 2012 to 2017.We present average larval densities and prevalence of Ae. albopictus and two competitors, Ae. triseriatus and Aedes japonicus (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae), as well as monthly averages by year. These data highlight a circumstance in which Ae. albopictus fails to dominate the Aedes community despite it doing so in more human-impacted habitats. We present hypotheses for these patterns based upon abiotic and biotic environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid33072298, year = {2020}, author = {Lucero, JE and Arab, NM and Meyer, ST and Pal, RW and Fletcher, RA and Nagy, DU and Callaway, RM and Weisser, WW}, title = {Escape from natural enemies depends on the enemies, the invader, and competition.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {19}, pages = {10818-10828}, pmid = {33072298}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) attributes the success of some exotic plant species to reduced top-down effects of natural enemies in the non-native range relative to the native range. Many studies have tested this idea, but very few have considered the simultaneous effects of multiple kinds of enemies on more than one invasive species in both the native and non-native ranges. Here, we examined the effects of two important groups of natural enemies-insect herbivores and soil biota-on the performance of Tanacetum vulgare (native to Europe but invasive in the USA) and Solidago canadensis (native to the USA but invasive in Europe) in their native and non-native ranges, and in the presence and absence of competition.In the field, we replicated full-factorial experiments that crossed insecticide, T. vulgare-S. canadensis competition, and biogeographic range (Europe vs. USA) treatments. In greenhouses, we replicated full-factorial experiments that crossed soil sterilization, plant-soil feedback, and biogeographic range treatments. We evaluated the effects of experimental treatments on T. vulgare and S. canadensis biomass.The effects of natural enemies were idiosyncratic. In the non-native range and relative to populations in the native range, T. vulgare escaped the negative effects of insect herbivores but not soil biota, depending upon the presence of S. canadensis; and S. canadensis escaped the negative effects of soil biota but not insect herbivores, regardless of competition. Thus, biogeographic escape from natural enemies depended upon the enemies, the invader, and competition. Synthesis: By explicitly testing the ERH in terms of more than one kind of enemy, more than one invader, and more than one continent, this study enhances our nuanced perspective of how natural enemies can influence the performance of invasive species in their native and non-native ranges.}, }
@article {pmid33072296, year = {2020}, author = {Bowen, AKM and Stevens, MHH}, title = {Temperature, topography, soil characteristics, and NDVI drive habitat preferences of a shade-tolerant invasive grass.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {19}, pages = {10785-10797}, pmid = {33072296}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {AIM: Despite the large literature documenting the negative effects of invasive grasses, we lack an understanding of the drivers of their habitat suitability, especially for shade-tolerant species that do not respond positively to canopy disturbance. We aimed to understand the environmental niche and potential spatial distribution of a relatively new invasive species, wavyleaf basketgrass (Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) Roem. &amp; Schult, WLBG) by leveraging data available at two different spatial scales.<br><br>LOCATION: Mid-Atlantic region of the United States.<br><br>METHODS: Maximum entropy modeling (Maxent) was used to predict the habitat suitability of WLBG at the regional scale and the landscape scale. Following variable evaluation, model calibration, and model evaluation, final models were created using 1,000 replicates and projected to each study area.<br><br>RESULTS: At the regional scale, our best models show that suitability for WLBG was driven by relatively high annual mean temperatures, low temperature seasonality and monthly range, low slope, and high cumulative Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). At the landscape scale, suitability was highest near roads and streams, far from trails, at low elevations, in sandy, moist soil, and in areas with high NDVI.<br><br>MAIN CONCLUSIONS: We found that invasion potential of this relatively new invader appears high in productive, mesic habitats at low slope and elevations. At the regional scale, our model predicted areas of suitable habitat far outside areas where WLBG has been reported, including large portions of Virginia and West Virginia, suggests serious potential for spread. However, large portions of this area carry a high extrapolation risk and should therefore be interpreted with caution. In contrast, at the landscape level, the suitability of WLBG is largely restricted to areas near current presence points, suggesting that the expansion risk of this species within Shenandoah National Park is somewhat limited.}, }
@article {pmid33072278, year = {2020}, author = {Wooley, SC and Smith, DS and Lonsdorf, EV and Brown, SC and Whitham, TG and Shuster, SM and Lindroth, RL}, title = {Local adaptation and rapid evolution of aphids in response to genetic interactions with their cottonwood hosts.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {19}, pages = {10532-10542}, pmid = {33072278}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Several studies have demonstrated the ecological consequences of genetic variation within a single plant species. For example, these studies show that individual plant genotypes support unique composition of the plants' associated arthropod community. By contrast, fewer studies have explored how plant genetic variation may influence evolutionary dynamics in the plant's associated species. Here, we examine how aphids respond evolutionarily to genetic variation in their host plant. We conducted two experiments to examine local adaptation and rapid evolution of the free-feeding aphid Chaitophorus populicola across genetic variants of its host plant, Populus angustifolia. To test for local adaptation, we collected tree cuttings and aphid colonies from three sites along an elevation/climate gradient and conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment. In general, home aphids (aphids transplanted onto trees from the same site) produced 1.7-3.4 times as many offspring as foreign aphids (aphids transplanted onto trees from different sites). To test for rapid evolution, we used 4 clonally replicated aphid genotypes and transplanted each onto 5 clonally replicated P. angustifolia genotypes. Each tree genotype started with the same aphid genotype composition. After 21 days (~two aphid generations), aphid genotype composition changed (i.e., aphids evolved) and some tree genotypes supported unique evolutionary trajectories of aphids. These results suggest that plant evolution in response to human perturbation, such as climate change and invasive species, will also result in evolutionary responses in strongly interacting species that could cascade to affect whole communities.}, }
@article {pmid33072273, year = {2020}, author = {Poveda-Martínez, D and Aguirre, MB and Logarzo, G and Hight, SD and Triapitsyn, S and Diaz-Sotero, H and Diniz Vitorino, M and Hasson, E}, title = {Species complex diversification by host plant use in an herbivorous insect: The source of Puerto Rican cactus mealybug pest and implications for biological control.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {19}, pages = {10463-10480}, pmid = {33072273}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Cryptic taxa have often been observed in the form of host-associated species that diverged as the result of adaptation to alternate host plants. Untangling cryptic diversity in species complexes that encompass invasive species is a mandatory task for pest management. Moreover, investigating the evolutionary history of a species complex may help to understand the drivers of their diversification. The mealybug Hypogeococcus pungens was believed to be a polyphagous species from South America and has been reported as a pest devastating native cacti in Puerto Rico, also threatening cactus diversity in the Caribbean and North America. There is neither certainty about the identity of the pest nor the source population from South America. Recent studies pointed to substantial genetic differentiation among local populations, suggesting that H. pungens is a species complex. In this study, we used a combination of genome-wide SNPs and mtDNA variation to investigate species diversity within H. pungens sensu lato to establish host plant ranges of each one of the putative members of the complex, to evaluate whether the pattern of host plant association drove diversification in the species complex, and to determine the source population of the Puerto Rican cactus pest. Our results suggested that H. pungens comprises at least five different species, each one strongly associated with specific host plants. We also established that the Puerto Rican cactus pest derives from southeastern Brazilian mealybugs. This is an important achievement because it will help to design reliable strategies for biological control using natural enemies of the pest from its native range.}, }
@article {pmid33071307, year = {2020}, author = {Roznik, EA and Surbaugh, KL and Cano, N and Rohr, JR}, title = {Elucidating mechanisms of invasion success: effects of parasite removal on growth and survival rates of invasive and native frogs.}, journal = {The Journal of applied ecology}, volume = {57}, number = {6}, pages = {1078-1088}, pmid = {33071307}, issn = {0021-8901}, support = {R01 GM109499/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 TW010286/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Identifying the mechanisms underlying biological invasions can inform the management of invasive species. The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) suggests that invasive species have a competitive advantage in their introduced range because they leave behind many of their predators and parasites from their native range, allowing them to shift resources from defenses to growth, reproduction, and dispersal. Many studies have demonstrated that invasive species have fewer parasites than their native counterparts, but few studies have tested whether the loss of these natural enemies appears to be a primary driver of the invasion process.To test the ERH, we conducted a mark-recapture study in which we used an anthelmintic drug to successfully reduce parasitic worms in invasive Cuban treefrogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) and native treefrogs (Hyla spp.) at half of 12 wetlands, marking nearly 4,200 frogs. If the ERH is supported, we would expect that treating for parasitic worms would have a greater benefit to native than invasive hosts.Growth and survival rates of invasive and native treefrogs responded similarly to the anthelmintic treatment, suggesting that the Cuban treefrog's release from parasitic worms does not appear to significantly contribute to its invasiveness in established areas. Instead, it appears that the overall faster rates of growth and maturation, higher survival rates, and larger body sizes of Cuban treefrogs that we observed may contribute to their expansion and proliferation.Synthesis and applications. Although Cuban treefrogs have a lower diversity of parasitic worms in their invasive than native range, this does not appear to significantly contribute to their invasion success in areas where they have been established for more than 20 years. This suggests that any manipulation of parasites in invasive or native hosts would not be an effective method of controlling Cuban treefrogs or reducing their impacts. Further research into other hypotheses is needed to explain the Cuban treefrog's success and help guide management actions to reduce their spread and negative impacts. Our study demonstrates that enemy release may not be a primary driver of invasiveness, highlighting the need for more experimental tests of the enemy release hypothesis to examine its generality.}, }
@article {pmid33071280, year = {2020}, author = {Hogg, CJ and Lea, MA and Gual Soler, M and Vasquez, VN and Payo-Payo, A and Parrott, ML and Santos, MM and Shaw, J and Brooks, CM}, title = {Protect the Antarctic Peninsula - before it's too late.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {586}, number = {7830}, pages = {496-499}, pmid = {33071280}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Aquatic Organisms/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*trends ; *Ecosystem ; Euphausiacea ; Fisheries/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Food Chain ; Geographic Mapping ; Global Warming/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Ice Cover ; Introduced Species ; Research/organization &amp; administration ; Ships ; Spheniscidae ; Tourism ; Wilderness ; }, }
@article {pmid33071219, year = {2020}, author = {Dissegna, A and Caputi, A and Chiandetti, C}, title = {Long-lasting generalization triggered by a single trial event in the invasive crayfish Procambarus clarkii.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {223}, number = {Pt 22}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.227827}, pmid = {33071219}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; *Astacoidea ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Behavioural flexibility allows adaptation to environmental changes, a situation that invasive species have often to face when colonizing new territories. Such flexibility arises from a set of cognitive mechanisms among which generalization plays a key role, as it allows the transfer of past solutions to solve similar new problems. By means of a habituation paradigm, we studied generalization in the invasive crayfish Procambarus clarkii Once crayfish had habituated their defensive response to a specific water jet, we tested whether habituation transferred to a new type of water jet. Although habituation did not generalize when the new stimulus was initially presented, it surprisingly emerged 15 and 45 days later. Hence, remarkably, in Pclarkii, a single presentation of a new event was sufficient to trigger a long-lasting form of learning generalization from previous similar stimuli, a cognitive ability that may concur in providing adaptive advantages to this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid33070931, year = {2020}, author = {Tempesti, J and Mangano, MC and Langeneck, J and Lardicci, C and Maltagliati, F and Castelli, A}, title = {Non-indigenous species in Mediterranean ports: A knowledge baseline.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {161}, number = {}, pages = {105056}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105056}, pmid = {33070931}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {Port areas have been considered bioinvasion hotspots due to the concentration of several invasion vectors. However, the actual distribution of non-indigenous species (NIS) in Mediterranean ports is still poorly understood. Here we conducted a literature review with the aim to provide a knowledge baseline about NIS distribution in Mediterranean ports. NIS distribution in Mediterranean ports showed a high degree of heterogeneity in terms of studies across the whole basin, with a limited knowledge on both specific taxa and geographical areas, as well as a generally low proportion of investigated ports. The low rate of specific studies designed to monitor these particular environments may represent the main source of knowledge gaps. Mediterranean ports host NIS from all regions of the world, playing a key role in marine bioglobalization. Our synthesis represents the first baseline addressing the presence of NIS in Mediterranean ports, which may be useful to define plans of NIS management and strategies focusing on a network of recognised focal hotspots.}, }
@article {pmid33068558, year = {2020}, author = {Keyler, DE and Ahmad, M and Rodriguez, A and De Silva, PMK}, title = {Latrodectus geometricus (Aranea: Theridiidae) envenoming: Rapid resolution of symptoms following F(ab')2 antivenom therapy.}, journal = {Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology}, volume = {188}, number = {}, pages = {76-79}, doi = {10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.10.009}, pmid = {33068558}, issn = {1879-3150}, mesh = {Animals ; Antivenins/*therapeutic use ; *Black Widow Spider ; Humans ; *Receptors, Immunologic ; Spider Bites/*drug therapy ; }, abstract = {The Brown Widow spider (Latrodectus geometricus) is an invasive species whose geographic range has been expanding worldwide. It is a relative species of the Black Widow and Red-backed spiders of the genus Latrodectus. Despite its broad geographic distribution cases of Brown Widow envenomation have rarely been documented. The venom of L. geometricus is similar to the venom of L. mactans with the primary venom component being alpha-latrotoxin, and consequent envenoming by L. geometricus to humans has resulted in symptoms similar to those reported for other Latrodectus spp. Specific FDA approved Latrodectus antivenom (IgG) available in North America has been effectively used in treating venom-induced symptoms following L. mactans envenoming. The patient reported here involved a confirmed L. geometricus envenoming who was efficaciously treated with an alternately available F(ab')2 antivenom from Mexico.}, }
@article {pmid33068496, year = {2020}, author = {Anton, A}, title = {How many alien species will there be in 2050?.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15406}, pmid = {33068496}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {IJC2018-036527-I//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; }, abstract = {How many alien species will there be in 2050? Seebens et al. (2020) calculate that the number of alien species will continue to increase steeply everywhere across the globe. This number of emerging alien species will rise globally by about 35% from 2005 to 2050, and each continent will gain around 1,300 new species on average. Photo credit: Andrea Anton.}, }
@article {pmid33068493, year = {2021}, author = {Vázquez, AA and Sabourin, E and Alda, P and Leroy, C and Leray, C and Carron, E and Mulero, S and Caty, C and Hasfia, S and Boisseau, M and Saugné, L and Pineau, O and Blanchon, T and Alba, A and Faugère, D and Vittecoq, M and Hurtrez-Boussès, S}, title = {Genetic diversity and relationships of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) with native and introduced definitive and intermediate hosts.}, journal = {Transboundary and emerging diseases}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, pages = {2274-2286}, doi = {10.1111/tbed.13882}, pmid = {33068493}, issn = {1865-1682}, support = {170544IA//MUSE/ ; ANR-IDEX-0006//MUSE/ ; //INEE CNRS/ ; //Labex CeMeb/ ; //Universit&#xe9; de Montpellier/ ; //Tour du Valat/ ; //Ecosan/ ; //IRD/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; *Fasciola hepatica/genetics ; *Fascioliasis/epidemiology/veterinary ; Genetic Variation ; Snails ; *Trematoda ; }, abstract = {Fasciolosis is a worldwide spread parasitosis mainly caused by the trematode Fasciola hepatica. This disease is particularly important for public health in tropical regions, but it can also affect the economies of many developed countries due to large infections in domestic animals. Although several studies have tried to understand the transmission by studying the prevalence of different host species, only a few have used population genetic approaches to understand the links between domestic and wildlife infections. Here, we present the results of such genetic approach combined with classical parasitological data (prevalence and intensity) by studying domestic and wild definitive hosts from Camargue (southern France) where fasciolosis is considered as a problem. We found 60% of domestic hosts (cattle) infected with F. hepatica but lower values in wild hosts (nutria, 19%; wild boars, 4.5%). We explored nine variable microsatellite loci for 1,148 adult flukes recovered from four different populations (non-treated cattle, treated cattle, nutria and wild boars). Populations from the four groups differed, though we found a number of migrants particularly non-treated cattle and nutria. Overall, we detected 729 different multilocus genotypes (from 783 completely genotyped individuals) and only 46 genotypes repeated across samples. Finally, we experimentally infected native and introduced intermediate snail hosts to explore their compatibility with F. hepatica and assess the risks of fasciolosis expansion in the region. The introduced species Galba truncatula and Pseudosuccinea columella attained the higher values of overall compatibility in relation to the European species. However, concerning the origin, sympatric combinations of G. truncatula were more compatible (higher prevalence, intensity and survival) than the allopatric tested. According to our results, we should note that the assessment of epidemiological risks cannot be limited to a single host-parasite system, but should focus on understanding the diversity of hosts in the heterogeneous environment through space and time.}, }
@article {pmid33066790, year = {2020}, author = {de Medeiros, PM and Ferreira Júnior, WS and Queiroz, FDS}, title = {Utilitarian redundancy in local medical systems - theoretical and methodological contributions.}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {62}, pmid = {33066790}, issn = {1746-4269}, support = {302786/2016-3//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Brazil ; *Ecosystem ; *Ethnobotany ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Knowledge ; *Models, Theoretical ; Rural Population ; }, abstract = {The utilitarian redundancy model (URM) is one of the recent contributions to ethnobiology. We argue that URM can be applied to access use-pressure on plant species, the resilience of socioecological systems (e.g., local medical systems), cultural keystone species, and the role of exotic species in social-ecological systems. Based on previous URM studies, we also emphasize the need to differ practical (considering plants and uses that are currently employed) and theoretical (considering both currently employed and potentially employed plants and uses) redundancy. Based on the main applications of the URM, we propose a new index to access redundancy of a therapeutic indication: the Uredit, so that Uredit = NSp + CR, were Uredit is the Utilitarian Redundancy Index for the therapeutic indication; NSp is the total number of species mentioned for the indication, and CR is the species' contribution to redundancy (in terms of knowledge sharing). The maximum value that the Uredit could reach is twice the number of species employed for the therapeutic indication. We believe that this theoretical and methodological improvement in the model can improve comparisons of redundancy in different social-ecological systems. We also highlight some limitations of the URM (and our Uredit), and we believe that conscious reasons behind people's decisions should be incorporated into future studies on the subject.}, }
@article {pmid33063411, year = {2021}, author = {Blackwell, T and Ford, AGP and Ciezarek, AG and Bradbeer, SJ and Gracida Juarez, CA and Smith, AM and Ngatunga, BP and Shechonge, A and Tamatamah, R and Etherington, G and Haerty, W and Di Palma, F and Turner, GF and Genner, MJ}, title = {Newly discovered cichlid fish biodiversity threatened by hybridization with non-native species.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {895-911}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15638}, pmid = {33063411}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {BB/M026736/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BB/P016774/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Cichlids/genetics ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Tanzania ; }, abstract = {Invasive freshwater fishes are known to readily hybridize with indigenous congeneric species, driving loss of unique and irreplaceable genetic resources. Here we reveal that newly discovered (2013-2016) evolutionarily significant populations of Korogwe tilapia (Oreochromis korogwe) from southern Tanzania are threatened by hybridization with the larger invasive Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). We use a combination of morphology, microsatellite allele frequencies and whole genome sequences to show that O. korogwe from southern lakes (Nambawala, Rutamba and Mitupa) are distinct from geographically disjunct populations in northern Tanzania (Zigi River and Mlingano Dam). We also provide genetic evidence of O. korogwe × niloticus hybrids in three southern lakes and demonstrate heterogeneity in the extent of admixture across the genome. Finally, using the least admixed genomic regions we estimate that the northern and southern O. korogwe populations most plausibly diverged ~140,000 years ago, suggesting that the geographical separation of the northern and southern groups is not a result of a recent translocation, and instead these populations represent independent evolutionarily significant units. We conclude that these newly discovered and phenotypically unique cichlid populations are already threatened by hybridization with an invasive species, and propose that these irreplaceable genetic resources would benefit from conservation interventions.}, }
@article {pmid33062435, year = {2020}, author = {Mateos, E and Jones, HD and Riutort, M and Álvarez-Presas, M}, title = {A new species of alien terrestrial planarian in Spain: Caenoplana decolorata.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e10013}, pmid = {33062435}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Terrestrial planarians found in a plant nursery in Spain in 2012 are described as a new species, Caenoplana decolorata. Dorsally they are mahogany brown with a cream median line. Ventrally they are pastel turquoise fading to brown laterally. Molecular data indicate that they are a member of the genus Caenoplana, but that they differ from other Caenoplana species found in Europe. One mature specimen has been partially sectioned, and the musculature and copulatory apparatus is described, confirming the generic placement but distinguishing the species from other members of the genus. It is probable that the species originates from Australia.}, }
@article {pmid33062417, year = {2020}, author = {Pokhrel, MR and Cairns, SC and Andrew, NR}, title = {Dung beetle species introductions: when an ecosystem service provider transforms into an invasive species.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e9872}, pmid = {33062417}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Dung beetle introduction programmes were designed to accelerate exotic livestock dung degradation and to control dung breeding pestiferous flies and livestock parasites. The introduction programmes provided exotic dung beetle species with an opportunity to cross natural barriers and spread beyond their native range. There are no reports that explain what probable adaptation mechanisms enable particular dung beetle species to be the most successful invader. Here we identify the morphological, biological, physiological, ecological and behavioural attributes of the four most widespread and successful dung beetle species in introduced areas on a global scale in relation to the assumption that these species are different from other exotic and native dung beetles. We have recognised Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius), Onthophagus taurus (Schreber), Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche) and Aphodius fimetarius (Linnaeus) as the most successful invaders based on their spread, predominance, distribution range and the reports of invasion. Each of these four species has different natural history traits that increase their fitness making them successful invaders. D. gazella has high fecundity and spreading ability, can instantly locate and colonise fresh and nutritious dung, and has a broad thermal window. O. taurus has morphological plasticity, high fecundity, high brood survival rate due to bi-parenting, and is adapted to extreme thermal and moisture conditions. E. intermedius has remnant-dung feeding abilities, a wide thermal window, functioning best at upper-temperature levels, and successful breeding and survival abilities at extremely low soil moisture conditions. A. fimetarius is small-sized, has high breeding and dispersal abilities, and is adapted to lower thermal and upper moisture extremes and variable soil conditions. Discussed here are perspectives on adaptive attributes of dung beetle species that are important to consider during their selection for redistributions. We have elaborated on the fitness and success characteristics of the four species individually. Further, we recommend a prior-introduction baseline monitoring of native dung beetle assemblages so as to evaluate the future impact of exotic dung beetle introductions on the recipient ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid33060612, year = {2020}, author = {Bates, OK and Ollier, S and Bertelsmeier, C}, title = {Smaller climatic niche shifts in invasive than non-invasive alien ant species.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {5213}, pmid = {33060612}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*classification ; Biodiversity ; *Climate ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The globalization of trade and human movement has resulted in the accidental dispersal of thousands of alien species worldwide at an unprecedented scale. Some of these species are considered invasive because of their extensive spatial spread or negative impacts on native biodiversity. Explaining which alien species become invasive is a major challenge of invasion biology, and it is often assumed that invasiveness is linked to a greater ability to establish in novel climates. To test whether invasive species have expanded more into novel climates than non-invasive alien species, we quantified niche shifts of 82 ant species. Surprisingly, invasive species showed smaller niche shifts than non-invasive alien species. Independent of their invasiveness, the species with the smallest native niches and range sizes, experienced the greatest niche shifts. Overall, our results challenge the assumption that invasive species are particularly good pioneers of novel climates.}, }
@article {pmid33058297, year = {2021}, author = {Geldert, C and Abdo, Z and Stewart, JE and H S, A}, title = {Dietary supplementation with phytochemicals improves diversity and abundance of honey bee gut microbiota.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {130}, number = {5}, pages = {1705-1720}, doi = {10.1111/jam.14897}, pmid = {33058297}, issn = {1365-2672}, support = {USDA-NIFA 2018-36100-06008//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; //Project Apis m./ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*classification ; Bees/*microbiology ; Biodiversity ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; *Dietary Supplements ; Fungi/*classification ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Phytochemicals/*pharmacology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; }, abstract = {AIM: Determine the impact of beneficial phytochemicals on diversity and abundance of the gut microbiome in the honey bee (Apis mellifera).<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Eight-day-old honey bee workers were fed 25&#xa0;ppm of phytochemical (caffeine, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid or kaempferol) in 20% sucrose. Guts of bees collected at 3 and 6&#xa0;days were excised and subjected to next-generation sequencing for bacterial 16S and fungal ITS regions. Although phytochemical supplementation fostered gut microbial diversity and abundance, the patterns differed between phytochemicals and there was a temporal stabilization of the bacterial community. While bacterial and fungal communities responded differently, all phytochemical treatments displayed increased abundance of the most represented bacterial genera, Snodgrassella sp. and Lactobacillus sp.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Phytochemical supplementation improves gut microbial diversity and abundance, reiterating the need for diverse habitats that provide bees with access to pollen and nectar rich in these micronutrients. Diverse gut microbiota can provide a strong line of defense for bees against biotic stressors while improving worker bee lifespan.<br><br>This is the first report on the impact of phytochemical supplementation on gut microbiota in honey bees and these findings have implications for strategic hive management through standardization of effective phytochemical and probiotic feed supplements.}, }
@article {pmid33057156, year = {2020}, author = {Saba, AO and Ismail, A and Zulkifli, SZ and Halim, MRA and Wahid, NAA and Amal, MNA}, title = {Species composition and invasion risks of alien ornamental freshwater fishes from pet stores in Klang Valley, Malaysia.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {17205}, pmid = {33057156}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Exotic ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Malaysia ; Risk ; Risk Assessment/*methods ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The ornamental fish trade has been considered as one of the most important routes of invasive alien fish introduction into native freshwater ecosystems. Therefore, the species composition and invasion risks of fish species from 60 freshwater fish pet stores in Klang Valley, Malaysia were studied. A checklist of taxa belonging to 18 orders, 53 families, and 251 species of alien fishes was documented. Fish Invasiveness Screening Test (FIST) showed that seven (30.43%), eight (34.78%) and eight (34.78%) species were considered to be high, medium and low invasion risks, respectively. After the calibration of the Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK) v2 using the Receiver Operating Characteristics, a threshold value of 17 for distinguishing between invasive and non-invasive fishes was identified. As a result, nine species (39.13%) were of high invasion risk. In this study, we found that non-native fishes dominated (85.66%) the freshwater ornamental trade in Klang Valley, while FISK is a more robust tool in assessing the risk of invasion, and for the most part, its outcome was commensurate with FIST. This study, for the first time, revealed the number of high-risk ornamental fish species that give an awareness of possible future invasion if unmonitored in Klang Valley, Malaysia.}, }
@article {pmid33056888, year = {2020}, author = {Ferreira, VG and Higuti, J and Martens, K}, title = {Taxonomic revision of Strandesia s.s. (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from four Brazilian floodplains, with the description of three new species.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4760}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4760.1.1}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4760.1.1}, pmid = {33056888}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Crustacea ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {The present paper is a contribution to the taxonomy of the genus Strandesia. Here, we describe three new species: S. thomazi nov. sp., S. galeati nov. sp. and S. nakatanii nov. sp. We also describe the male of Strandesia obtusata (Sars, 1901); this is the first record of sexual populations of a Brazilian Strandesia species. Nine other Strandesia species from the Amazon, Araguaia, Pantanal and Paraná river floodplains are redescribed. We also propose that Strandesia trichosa Roessler, 1990 is a synonym of Strandesia psittacea Sars, 1901. Most of the species analyzed here are endemic to the Neotropical region, with the exception of Strandesia bicuspis (Claus, 1892) G.W. Müller, which occurs also (as an alien invasive species) in the Palaearctic. This genus occurs in water bodies with a wide range of abiotic variables and in many different aquatic macrophyte species. The species analyzed here have a highly conservative soft part morphology, but an impressive variety of carapace shapes.}, }
@article {pmid33056838, year = {2020}, author = {Aguin-Pombo, D and Freitas, N}, title = {Empoasca fabalis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae): first report of an invasive pest of sweet potatoes in Portugal (Madeira Island).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4838}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4838.1.9}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4838.1.9}, pmid = {33056838}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera ; Introduced Species ; Portugal ; *Solanum tuberosum ; }, abstract = {The genus Empoasca comprises more than 600 species, many of them important pests of cultivated plants. The leafhopper Empoasca fabalis DeLong, 1930 is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of America. From here, it has successfully spread to most regions of the continent. Today its range extends from the southern United States, through Central America, and the West Indies to southern South America (Cusipuma Sanchez 1993, DeLong 1930, Paradell et al. 1990, Poos Wheeler 1949, Wolcott, 1948). Outside its native area, the species was more recently recorded in the Canary Islands (Lorenzo Hermoso de Mendonza 2000) and Hawaii (Dietrich Perreira 2019). Although it is still not known to occur in the European mainland, specimens were collected in 2000 on the island of La Palma (Spain) (Lorenzo Hermoso de Mendonza, 2000). Until now, it was unknown on the island of Madeira and Portugal.}, }
@article {pmid33056816, year = {2020}, author = {Nel, WJ and DE Beer, ZW and Wingfield, MJ and Duong, TA}, title = {The granulate ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), and its fungal symbiont found in South Africa.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4838}, number = {3}, pages = {zootaxa.4838.3.7}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4838.3.7}, pmid = {33056816}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {*Ambrosia ; Animals ; *Coleoptera ; South Africa ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motchulsky) is a native Asian ambrosia beetle that has been accidentally introduced to many countries of the world, presumably through the international movement of nursery, timber, and wood products. The species is known in various tropical African countries but only as far south as Tanzania on the African continent. In this study, we report X. crassiusculus and its fungal symbiont for the first time from South Africa. The species was identified using both morphological characters and COI sequence data. Xylosandrus crassiusculus were obtained from three different provinces of South Africa and represent two distinct haplotypes. The fungal symbiont, Ambrosiella roeperi, was isolated and identified using DNA sequencing and morphological characterization.}, }
@article {pmid33056797, year = {2020}, author = {ErdoĞan-Dereli, D and Çinar, ME}, title = {The diversity of the genus Aricidea (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Sea of Marmara, with descriptions of two new species and two new records for the Mediterranean fauna.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4844}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4844.1.1}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4844.1.1}, pmid = {33056797}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Polychaeta ; }, abstract = {This paper reports 13 Aricidea species from the Sea of Marmara. The Aricidea specimens were collected at 98 stations in the region in 2012 and 2013 from soft and hard substrata at depths ranging from 0 to 1200 m. Among the material, two new species, namely Aricidea (Acmira) katzmanni n. sp. and Aricidea (Acmira) pseudoassimilis n. sp., and 11 known species were discovered. Aricidea mirunekoa and A. bulbosa are new records for the Mediterranean fauna; A. (Acmira) annae and A. (Aricidea) wassi are new records for the Sea of Marmara. Aricidea (Acmira) katzmanni n. sp. is characterized by having a long, digitiform antenna; no notopodial papillae on the posterior part of the branchial region; and hook shaped modified neurochaetae with a strong hood and fragile arista. Aricidea (Acmira) pseudoassimilis n. sp. is characterized by having a short, digitiform antenna; interramal lobes between notopodia and neuropodia; hook-shaped modified neurochaeta that gets subterminally thinner with a rounded tip. As A. (Strelzovia) bulbosa has been only previously reported from the Gulf of Suez (Red Sea), it could be a new alien species for the Sea of Marmara and Mediterranean Sea. Based on the characters that have been overlooked so far, the subspecies A. suecica meridionalis and A. capensis bansei were raised to species level, A. meridionalis n. stat. and A. bansei n. stat. The present paper reports the usage of ciliary bands and slits on the prostomium and body, swellings/ridges in the branchial region, and the shape and distribution of sense organs in the taxonomy of Aricidea. All species were described and figured.}, }
@article {pmid33056715, year = {2020}, author = {Abesinghe, A and Sudasinghe, H and Amarasinghe, A and Fareed, F and Senavirathna, T and Meegaskumbura, M}, title = {The identity of the exotic Pterygoplichthys sailfin catfishes in Sri Lanka (Teleostei: Loricariidae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4852}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4852.1.10}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4852.1.10}, pmid = {33056715}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Catfishes ; Introduced Species ; Sri Lanka ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) are a major threat to biodiversity and have contributed to population declines in native species worldwide (Vilà et al. 2011; Gurevitch Padilla 2004). IUCN's Invasive Species Specialist Group lists some 80 invasive or potentially invasive species in Sri Lanka, which is part of a global biodiversity hotspot (Myers et al. 2000; Marambe et al. 2011). The major release of aquatic IAS on the island are routed through the ornamental-fish industry (Marambe et al. 2011; Sudasinghe 2016), though a minority represents deliberate, if unplanned, introductions by governmental and non-governmental agencies (Marambe et al. 2011).}, }
@article {pmid33056692, year = {2020}, author = {Smith, RJ and Chang, CY}, title = {Taxonomic assessments of some Cyprinotinae Bronstein, 1947 species (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from Japanese and Korean rice fields, including (re-) descriptions of six species and a review of the type species of the subfamily.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4795}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4795.1.1}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4795.1.1}, pmid = {33056692}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Crustacea ; Japan ; Republic of Korea ; }, abstract = {Rice is the staple food crop for approximately half the world's population, but some common and abundant taxa inhabiting rice fields, such as ostracods, are poorly studied. For many ostracod species only brief, initial descriptions are available, hindering reliable identifications, and so their ecological roles in rice fields remain obscure. This study partially addresses this problem by assessing the taxonomic validity of six species of Cyprinotinae ostracods reported from rice fields in Japan and South Korea: Cyprinotus uenoi Brehm, 1936, Hemicypris megalops Sars, 1903, Hemicypris ovata Sars, 1903, Hemicypris vulgaris Okubo, 1990, Heterocypris rotundata (Bronstein, 1928), and Hemicypris kawagaensis Okubo, 2004 nomen nudum. Type material of C. uenoi was not designated and Brehm's ostracod collection is missing, but Japanese and Korean records of C. uenoi differ significantly from Brehm's original description. The Japanese and Korean species is described and named herein as Cyprinotus cassidula sp. nov. Japanese specimens reported to be Hemicypris megalops are probably misidentified, but details of the carapace of Hemicypris megalops are obscure due to poor preservation of type material. Examination of topotype material of Hemicypris posterotruncata Bate, 1970, a sub-fossil from near Lake Turkana in Kenya, demonstrates that this species is extant in Asian rice fields. Investigation of type material of Hemicypris kliei (Lindroth, 1953) has revealed that it is not a senior synonym of Hemicypris posterotruncata, contrary to previous studies. Size and morphological data indicates that Hemicypris vulgaris is a large form of Hemicypris posterotruncata and the two species are treated as synonyms herein. Examination of paralectotypes of Hemicypris ovata indicates that it is very similar to Hemicypris posterotruncata, especially the larger morphotypes, but as these two species can be distinguished by morphological features they are both retained as separate species. However, Japanese records of Hemicypris ovata are considered misidentifications of the larger forms of Hemicypris posterotruncata. Hemicypris kawagaensis, which has only been reported once from East Asia, is herein regarded as a junior synonym of Hemicypris barbadensis Broodbakker, 1983, and is likely an alien species in Asia. Asian specimens previously identified as Heterocypris rotundata show sufficient differences to European specimens to determine that they are not conspecific. This species is described as Heterocypris savatenalintonae sp. nov. Taxonomic descriptions of Hemicypris ovata, Hemicypris posterotruncata, Hemicypris megalops, Hemicypris kliei, Heterocypris savatenalintonae sp. nov., and Cyprinotus cassidula sp. nov. are presented. Finally, it is noted that past redescriptions of Cyprinotus cingalensis Brady, 1886, the type species of the genus and the subfamily Cyprinotinae Bronstein 1947, are based partly on other species.}, }
@article {pmid33056570, year = {2020}, author = {Leza, M and NuÑez, L and Riba, JM and Comparini, C and Roca, &#xc1; and Gallego, D}, title = {First record of the black twig borer, Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in Spain.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4767}, number = {2}, pages = {zootaxa.4767.2.9}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4767.2.9}, pmid = {33056570}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Ecosystem ; Spain ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {We present the first record for Spain of the black twig borer, Xylosandrus compactus, an ambrosia beetle of Asian origin, collected from an infested carob tree located in Calvià (Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain). X. compactus is included in the EPPO Alert List, and it has been recently reported causing damages in a Mediterranean maquis ecosystem in Italy and Southern France. Here, we discuss about the first steps of management of this Invasive Alien species (IAS), the eradication plan and the hypothesis of the path of introduction in this Western Mediterranean island.}, }
@article {pmid33056353, year = {2020}, author = {Wilson, GDF and Humphrey, CL}, title = {The Eophreatoicus Nicholls, 1926 species flock from Kakadu and Arnhem Land, with a description of a new genus of Amphisopidae (Crustacea : Isopoda : Phreatoicidea).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4854}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4854.1.1}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4854.1.1}, pmid = {33056353}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Female ; *Isopoda ; Male ; Parks, Recreational ; }, abstract = {We present descriptions of 28 new species of Amphisopidae from Arnhem Land and Kakadu National Park of Australia's Northern Territory. We identified five additional species that are not yet fully characterized and are not provided with formal species recognition. This is the first taxonomic treatment highlighting the high species richness within the Phreatoicidea that occur in Australia and likely elsewhere. We document each species fully with scanning electron and light micrographic images, diagnoses, detailed descriptions, keys to identification and justification of each species using parsimony analysis of their morphological and genetic characters. The distributional data show that all species, except for one, have microendemic distributions, with some sibling species occurring within a few kilometers of each other. Because of the age of this group of species, they appear to have spread throughout the region of the Arnhem sandstone plateau and then back-colonized the same habitats so that as many as three morphologically and genetically distinct species may co-occur syntopically. Our research has uncovered a new genus-level taxon of the family Amphisopidae, Kakadubeh gen. nov. This new genus is unlike Eophreatoicus, not only in its general appearance, but also in having an inferred reproductive strategy different from most of the other members of the family. While Eophreatoicus species have males that are much larger than the females and practice precopula, a form of pre-insemination mate guarding, males of the new species, Kakadubeh rangemyahwurd sp. nov., are much smaller than females. In addition, males of this species have a fourth walking leg that is not specialized for holding females, suggesting that they have a reproductive strategy that does not involve precopula of the form seen in Eophreatoicus and Eremisopus Wilson Keable, 2002a. Most of our research has been undertaken in Kakadu National Park, although recent collections have been made in Arnhem Land, yielding additional distinctive species. Given the size of unexplored territory around the Arnhem Plateau and the geographic frequency of discovering new species, we predict that the diversity of this group in the Northern Territory may be many more than the ~35 species described here. At this time, these microendemic isopods appear to be unthreatened by human activities, largely owing to the environmental protection afforded by Kakadu National Park and Arnhem Land, and their cryptic habits during the dry season. Because they are dependent on small springs of permanent groundwater, future changes in hydrology owing to water use and climate change, as well as invasive introduced species, may present risks to populations and species.}, }
@article {pmid33056287, year = {2020}, author = {Carpinelli, &#xc1;N and Cordeiro, RTS and Neves, LM and DE Moura, RL and Kitahara, MV}, title = {Erythropodium caribaeorum (Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1860) (Cnidaria: Alcyonacea), an additional alien coral in the Southwestern Atlantic.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4822}, number = {2}, pages = {zootaxa.4822.2.2}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4822.2.2}, pmid = {33056287}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Invasive species may compromise biodiversity and ecosystem services, and represent a steadily growing concern for coastal marine ecosystems. The marine aquarium trade (MAT) is the source of some of the world's worst aquatic invasions, inflicting multimillion-dollar losses in infected regions. In the Southwestern Atlantic (SWA), two Indo-Pacific coral species were recently introduced as a result of the MAT and already dominate the substrate at the introduction site in Southeastern Brazil (Praia Vermelha, Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro State). Herein, based on morphological and molecular evidence, we report a Caribbean native coral species likely introduced by the MAT in Praia Vermelha, Erythropodium caribaeorum (Duchassaing Michelotti 1860). While the eradication of coral species that already have a pest status in the SWA is unlikely, we propose that the eradication of the three species still contained to their introduction sites, including E. caribaeorum, is still feasible and depends on a rapid and integrated embracement of the task by core stakeholders. Priority actions for the regulation of MAT and hobbyism in Brazil are proposed.}, }
@article {pmid33056007, year = {2020}, author = {Grebennikov, VV}, title = {Allaeotes niger, a weevil introduced to Cuba and the only known New World Stromboscerini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4803}, number = {3}, pages = {zootaxa.4803.3.5}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4803.3.5}, pmid = {33056007}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Cuba ; Humans ; Male ; Niger ; Phylogeny ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {Allaeotes niger He, Zhang and Pelsue, a weevil hitherto known only from the type series collected in China, is for the first time reported from Cuba. In addition to three historical Cuban specimens, approximately one hundred adults were observed in 2018 under bark of fallen logs at a plantation of (likely non-native) pines in westernmost Pinar del Río province. This is the only New World record of a member of the monophyletic core of the tribe Stromboscerini, otherwise distributed in a triangle delimited by Japan, Sri Lanka and northern Australia (plus a single mysterious record from Uganda). Phylogenetic analysis of one mitochondrial (COI) and two nuclear (ITS2 and 28S) markers recovered the Cuban specimens nested within the tribe, but not in a clade with two unnamed congeners from Vietnam. Adults of all four known Allaeotes species are illustrated, including both named ones. Remarkably, both Cuban and Ugandan records of extraterritorial Stromboscerini pertain to species associated with dead wood, a biological trait possibly facilitating human-assisted transoceanic dispersal. Cuban populations of A. niger are interpreted as a pre-1990 human-mediated introduction. Two additional specimens of A. niger intercepted at US ports of entry arriving from China and the Dominican Republic, respectively, corroborate this hypothesis and suggest China as a likely origin of the Cuban introduction. All data used herein (specimen images, geographical localities, DNA sequences) are available online in a public dataset dx.doi.org/10.5883/DS-VGDS012.}, }
@article {pmid33055988, year = {2020}, author = {Roberts, DM and Boag, B and Hunter, F and Tarlton, J and Mackenzie, K and Neilson, R}, title = {Genetic variability of Arthurdendyus triangulatus (Dendy, 1894), a non-native invasive land planarian.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4808}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4808.1.2}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4808.1.2}, pmid = {33055988}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Planarians ; }, abstract = {Arthurdendyus triangulatus (Dendy, 1894) is a land planarian native to New Zealand which has become established in the United Kingdom and the Faroe Islands during the last 60 years. The species has become prevalent and widely established in Scotland mediated by human activity mostly through the exchange of plants and associated soil. As a predator of earthworms, concerns regarding both the direct impact on earthworm abundance and diversity and the indirect impact on those birds and mammals that have earthworms as a primary dietary component led to A. triangulatus being the subject of both national and EU regulation. Whilst much is known regarding the ecology of A. triangulatus there is a significant knowledge gap regarding the genetic variability of the species. Using four DNA target regions cytochrome oxidase (CoI), elongation factor (EF), internal transcribed spacer region (ITS-1) and large subunit (LSU), we characterised the genetic variability of A. triangulatus populations across its full geographic range in Scotland and included a few populations from New Zealand, England and Northern Ireland. Two DNA regions, ITS-1 and CoI, revealed inter-population variability yielding well supported genetic structure in predominantly Scottish populations. We also identified considerable intra-specific and intra-individual heterogeneity in both ribosomal and mitochondrial regions, including the prevalence of pseudo-gene nuclear encoded mitochondrial DNA (Numt), the latter not previously reported for Platyhelminthes. Furthermore, given the presence of multiple ITS-1 haplotypes in individual specimens of A. triangulatus it is not possible to make definitive comment to support previously published findings that A. triangulatus was subjected to multiple introductions into the UK.}, }
@article {pmid33055932, year = {2020}, author = {Bernard, J and Gillett, CPDT}, title = {A new species of cylindrical bark beetle (Zopheridae: Colydiinae) from Vanuatu establishes in Hawaii.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4809}, number = {3}, pages = {zootaxa.4809.3.12}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4809.3.12}, pmid = {33055932}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Hawaii ; Plant Bark ; Vanuatu ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {We describe Bulasconotus scaccarius sp. nov., a new species of cylindrical bark beetle (Zopheridae: Colydiinae: Synchitini), elevating the number of described species in its genus to two. Despite discovering this species in Hawaii, we suspect, based on collections and survey data, that it is endemic to the South Pacific archipelago of Vanuatu and has only recently arrived in Hawaii. Evidence of the diet of closely related genera indicates that the new species may be a predator of ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), conceivably posing a risk to those that are endemic to Hawaii.}, }
@article {pmid33055869, year = {2020}, author = {Nardi, G and Bocci, M and Poggi, R}, title = {Ptilodactyla exotica Chapin, 1927 in Italy (Coleoptera: Ptilodactylidae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4861}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4861.1.4}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4861.1.4}, pmid = {33055869}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Italy ; }, abstract = {Ptilodactyla exotica Chapin, 1927 is a subcosmopolitan synanthropic species introduced to Europe with tropical ornamental plants. It is here firstly recorded from central Italy (Tuscany region), and its Italian chronogeonemy (1940-2016) is summarized. Most records come from the Genoa province (Northern Italy, Liguria region), where this species was repeatedly collected in the period 1940-1999.}, }
@article {pmid33055839, year = {2020}, author = {Mutlu, E and ÇaĞatay, IT and Olguner, MT and Yilmaz, HE}, title = {A new sea-nettle from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Chrysaora pseudoocellata sp. nov. (Scyphozoa: Pelagiidae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4790}, number = {2}, pages = {zootaxa.4790.2.2}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4790.2.2}, pmid = {33055839}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Scyphozoa ; }, abstract = {A new species of Chrysaora is described from five specimens collected off Turkey in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during December 2018. The species is characterised by its pale exumbrella, milky to creamy in colour, bearing faint and narrow markings, strap-like marginal tentacles, semi-rounded to tongue-shaped lappets, and a prominent dark spot on the exumbrella above each rhopalium. Analysis of the COI gene indicates that it may be most closely related to Chrysaora africana (Vanhöffen 1902), from which it is nevertheless 10.2 % different. It is unclear whether the species represents a previously undetected and endemic species from the Mediterranean, or whether source populations are located in the Red Sea and the northern Indian Ocean.}, }
@article {pmid33055629, year = {2020}, author = {Joshi, S and Pai, SG and Deepthy, KB and Ballal, CR and Watson, GW}, title = {The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) arrives in India.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4772}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4772.1.8}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4772.1.8}, pmid = {33055629}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera ; India ; Introduced Species ; *Manihot ; Vegetables ; }, abstract = {Invasive species threaten the ecological and economic wellbeing of a country (Pimentel et al. 2001). In the last decade, several mealybugs and soft scale insects have been accidentally introduced to India, of which some have become serious pests (e.g., Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, Paracoccus marginatus Williams Granara de Willink, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green and Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel Miller); others are widening their host ranges and spreading rapidly. Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) and Protopulvinaria longivalvata Green seem relatively harmless but Trijuba oculata (Brain) and Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell cause economic damage (Joshi Rameshkumar 2013; Joshi 2017).}, }
@article {pmid33053771, year = {2020}, author = {Lee, CC and Lin, CY and Tseng, SP and Matsuura, K and Yang, CS}, title = {Ongoing Coevolution of Wolbachia and a Widespread Invasive Ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {33053771}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {While Wolbachia are commonly found among arthropods, intraspecific infection rates can vary substantially across the geographic populations. Here we report nearly 100% prevalence of Wolbachia in the global populations of the yellow crazy ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes. To understand coevolutionary history between Wolbachia and A. gracilipes, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Wolbachia from the ant across 12 geographical regions and compared the phylogeny of SNP-based Wolbachia to patterns of the ant's mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation. Our results revealed a strong concordance between phylogenies of Wolbachia and host mtDNA, providing immediate evidence of co-divergence. Among eight identified SNP loci separating the genetic clusters of Wolbachia, seven loci are located in potential protein-coding genes, three of which being non-synonymous SNPs that may influence gene functions. We found a Wolbachia hypothetical protein gene with signature of positive selection. These findings jointly allow us to characterize Wolbachia-ant coevolution and also raise a question about mechanism(s) underlying maintenance of high prevalence of Wolbachia during the colonization of this invasive ant.}, }
@article {pmid33053731, year = {2020}, author = {Wu, YH and Kamiyama, MT and Chung, CC and Tzeng, HY and Hsieh, CH and Yang, CS}, title = {Population Monitoring, Egg Parasitoids, and Genetic Structure of the Invasive Litchi Stink Bug, Tessaratoma papillosa in Taiwan.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {33053731}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Here we assessed population dynamics, natural enemy fauna (with emphasis on egg parasitoid), and population genetic structure (based on mitochondrial DNA) of the invasive litchi stink bug (LSB), Tessaratoma papillosa in Taiwan. Our major findings include: (1) fluctuations of LSB in numbers of adults, mating pairs, and egg masses over a 2-year period in Taiwan generally resemble those in the native populations; (2) Anastatus dexingensis and A. fulloi are among the most dominant LSB egg parasitoids, with the former consistently outnumbering the latter throughout Taiwan; (3) the presence of two genetically distinct clades suggests LSB in Taiwan most likely derived from multiple invasions. All these data practically improve our understanding of this invasive insect pest, particularly its ecological and genetic characteristics in the introduced area, which represents critical baseline information for the design of future integrated pest management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid33052040, year = {2021}, author = {Ryan, LM and Gunderson, AR}, title = {Competing native and invasive Anolis lizards exhibit thermal preference plasticity in opposite directions.}, journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology}, volume = {335}, number = {1}, pages = {118-125}, doi = {10.1002/jez.2420}, pmid = {33052040}, issn = {2471-5646}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology ; Animals ; *Body Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/*physiology ; Male ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive species have emerged as a significant problem in the age of anthropogenic change. Behavior can be key to invasive species success and is strongly affected by temperature. Therefore, knowledge of the temperature dependence of behavior is likely critical to understand invasive species dynamics and their interactions with native species. In this study, we tested for differences in thermal preference plasticity and temperature-dependent activity levels in a pair of congeneric lizards found in the United States: the invasive Anolis sagrei and the native A. carolinensis. We predicted that A. sagrei would demonstrate greater thermal preference plasticity and would utilize a higher and/or wider range of activity temperatures than A. carolinensis. Both would point to plasticity allowing A. sagrei to behaviorally exploiting thermal conditions that A. carolinensis cannot. We found that both species exhibited plasticity in thermal preference, but in opposite directions: preferred temperatures of A. carolinensis increased with acclimation temperature, while those of A. sagrei decreased. As a result, which species had a higher thermal preference changed with acclimation conditions. We saw no difference in overall field activity rates between the species, but that A. sagrei did tend to be active over a broader range of body temperatures. In sum, we found little evidence that differences in thermal preference plasticity between the species allow A. sagrei to remain active at a higher or broader temperature range than A. carolinensis. Nonetheless, the thermal preference data suggest complementary thermal preferences between the species that could promote microclimatic partitioning, though more work is required to test this idea.}, }
@article {pmid33051466, year = {2020}, author = {Lebouvier, M and Lambret, P and Garnier, A and Convey, P and Frenot, Y and Vernon, P and Renault, D}, title = {Spotlight on the invasion of a carabid beetle on an oceanic island over a 105-year period.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {17103}, pmid = {33051466}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; *Coleoptera ; Diptera ; Ecology ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The flightless beetle Merizodus soledadinus, native to the Falkland Islands and southern South America, was introduced to the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands in the early Twentieth Century. Using available literature data, in addition to collecting more than 2000 new survey (presence/absence) records of M. soledadinus over the 1991-2018 period, we confirmed the best estimate of the introduction date of M. soledadinus to the archipelago, and tracked subsequent changes in its abundance and geographical distribution. The range expansion of this flightless insect was initially slow, but has accelerated over the past 2 decades, in parallel with increased local abundance. Human activities may have facilitated further local colonization by M. soledadinus, which is now widespread in the eastern part of the archipelago. This predatory insect is a major threat to the native invertebrate fauna, in particular to the endemic wingless flies Anatalanta aptera and Calycopteryx moseleyi which can be locally eliminated by the beetle. Our distribution data also suggest an accelerating role of climate change in the range expansion of M. soledadinus, with populations now thriving in low altitude habitats. Considering that no control measures, let alone eradication, are practicable, it is essential to limit any further local range expansion of this aggressively invasive insect through human assistance. This study confirms the crucial importance of long term biosurveillance for the detection and monitoring of non-native species and the timely implementation of control measures.}, }
@article {pmid33050622, year = {2020}, author = {Ruttanaphan, T and de Sousa, G and Pengsook, A and Pluempanupat, W and Huditz, HI and Bullangpoti, V and Le Goff, G}, title = {A Novel Insecticidal Molecule Extracted from Alpinia galanga with Potential to Control the Pest Insect Spodoptera frugiperda.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {33050622}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {PHD/0043/2558//Thailand Research Fund/ ; 42852PL//French Ministries of Europe and Foreign Affairs (MEAE); Higher Education, Research and Innovation (MESRI); Office of the Commission for higher Education of the Thai Ministry of Education/ ; }, abstract = {Spodoptera frugiperda, a highly polyphagous insect pest from America, has recently invaded and widely spread throughout Africa and Asia. Effective and environmentally safe tools are needed for successful pest management of this invasive species. Natural molecules extracted from plants offer this possibility. Our study aimed to determine the insecticidal efficacy of a new molecule extracted from Alpinia galanga rhizome, the 1'S-1'-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA). The toxicity of ACA was assessed by topical application on early third-instar larvae of S. frugiperda. Results showed that ACA caused significant larval growth inhibition and larval developmental abnormalities. In order to further explore the effects of this molecule, experiments have been performed at the cellular level using Sf9 model cells. ACA exhibited higher toxicity on Sf9 cells as compared to azadirachtin and was 38-fold less toxic on HepG2 cells. Inhibition of cell proliferation was observed at sublethal concentrations of ACA and was associated with cellular morphological changes and nuclear condensation. In addition, ACA induced caspase-3 activity. RT-qPCR experiments reveal that ACA induces the expression of several caspase genes. This first study on the effects of ACA on S. frugiperda larvae and cells provides evidence that ACA may have potential as a botanical insecticide for the control of S. frugiperda.}, }
@article {pmid33049575, year = {2021}, author = {Balzani, P and Haubrock, PJ and Russo, F and Kouba, A and Haase, P and Veselý, L and Masoni, A and Tricarico, E}, title = {Combining metal and stable isotope analyses to disentangle contaminant transfer in a freshwater community dominated by alien species.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {268}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {115781}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115781}, pmid = {33049575}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fresh Water ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; *Metals, Heavy/analysis ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Freshwater ecosystems are negatively impacted by various pollutants, from agricultural, urban and industrial wastewater, with metals being one of the largest concerns. Moreover, freshwater ecosystems are often affected by alien species introductions that can modify habitats and trophic relationships. Accordingly, the threat posed by metals interacts with those by alien species, since the latter can accumulate and transfer these substances across the food web to higher trophic levels. How metals transfer within such communities is little studied. We analysed the concentration of 14 metals/metalloids (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn, hereafter 'metal(s)') of eight fish and three crustacean species co-existing in the Arno River (Central Italy), most of which were alien. To assess the pathway of contaminants within the community, we coupled metal analysis with carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis derived from the same specimens. Crustaceans showed higher metal concentration than fish, except for Cd, Hg and Se that were higher in fish. We found evidence of trophic transfer for six metals (Cd, Cr, Hg, Mg, Se, Zn). Additionally, ontogenetic differences and differences among various fish tissues (muscle, liver, and gills) were found in metals concentration. Considerable biomagnification along the trophic chain was found for Hg, while other metals were found to biodilute. Using stable isotopes and Hg as a third diet tracer, we refined the estimations of consumed preys in the diet previously reconstructed with stable isotope mixing models. Alien species reach high biomass and can both survive to and accumulate high pollutants concentrations, potentially posing a risk for their predators and humans. A combined effect of environmental filtering and increased competition may potentially contribute to the disappearance of native species with lower tolerances.}, }
@article {pmid33049175, year = {2020}, author = {Vandermeer, J and Perfecto, I}, title = {Endogenous spatial pattern formation from two intersecting ecological mechanisms: the dynamic coexistence of two noxious invasive ant species in Puerto Rico.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {287}, number = {1936}, pages = {20202214}, pmid = {33049175}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *Introduced Species ; Puerto Rico ; }, abstract = {Endogenous (or autonomous, or emergent) spatial pattern formation is a subject transcending a variety of sciences. In ecology, there is growing interest in how spatial patterns can 'emerge' from internal system processes and simultaneously affect those very processes. A classic situation emerges when a predator's focus on a dominant competitor releases competitive pressure on a subdominant competitor, allowing coexistence of the two. If this idea is formulated spatially, two interesting consequences immediately arise. First, a spatial predator/prey system may take the form of a Turing instability, in which an activator (the dispersing prey population) is contained by a repressor (the more rapidly dispersing predator population) generating a spatial pattern of clusters of prey and predators, and second, an indirect intransitive loop (where A beats B beats C beats A) emerges from the simple fact that the system is spatial. Two common invasive ant species, Wasmannia auropunctata and Solenopsis invicta, and the parasitic phorid flies of S. invicta commonly coexist in Puerto Rico. Emergent spatial patterns generated by the combination of the Turing mechanism and the indirect intransitive loop are likely to be common here. This theoretical framework and the realities of the natural history in the field could explain both the long-term coexistence of these two species, and the highly variable pattern of their occurrence across a large landscape.}, }
@article {pmid33048954, year = {2020}, author = {Chang, CH and Wang, YC and Shao, YT and Liu, SH}, title = {Phylogenetic analysis and ontogenetic changes in the cone opsins of the western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {e0240313}, pmid = {33048954}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Cone Opsins/*genetics/metabolism ; Cyprinodontiformes/*genetics ; Ecosystem ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Fish Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling/*veterinary ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Multigene Family ; Phylogeny ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Whole Genome Sequencing/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {To convert external light into internal neural signal, vertebrates rely on a special group of proteins, the visual opsins. Four of the five types of visual opsins-short-wavelength sensitive 1 (Sws1), short-wavelength sensitive 2 (Sws2), medium-wavelength sensitive (Rh2), and long-wavelength sensitive (Lws)-are expressed in cone cells for scotopic vision, with the fifth, rhodopsin (Rh1), being expressed in rod cells for photopic vision. Fish often display differing ontogenetic cone opsin expression profiles, which may be related to dietary and/or habitat ontogenetic shift. The western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) is an aggressive invader that has successfully colonized every continent except Antarctica. The strong invasiveness of this species may be linked to its visual acuity since it can inhabit turbid waters better than other fishes. By genome screening and transcriptome analysis, we identify seven cone opsin genes in the western mosquitofish, including one sws1, two sws2, one rh2, and three lws. The predicted maximal absorbance wavelength (λmax) values of the respective proteins are 353 nm for Sws1, 449 nm for Sws2a, 408 nm for Sws2b, 516 nm for Rh2-1, 571 nm for Lws-1, and 519 nm for Lws-3. Retention of an intron in the lws-r transcript likely renders this visual opsin gene non-functional. Our real-time quantitative PCR demonstrates that adult male and female western mosquitofish do not differ in their cone opsin expression profiles, but we do reveal an ontogenetic shift in cone opsin expression. Compared to adults, larvae express proportionally more sws1 and less lws-1, suggesting that the western mosquitofish is more sensitive to shorter wavelengths in the larval stage, but becomes more sensitive to longer wavelengths in adulthood.}, }
@article {pmid33048393, year = {2021}, author = {Sharp, SJ and Elgersma, KJ and Martina, JP and Currie, WS}, title = {Hydrologic flushing rates drive nitrogen cycling and plant invasion in a freshwater coastal wetland model.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {e02233}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2233}, pmid = {33048393}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Hydrology ; Nitrogen/analysis ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Coastal wetlands intercept significant amounts of nitrogen (N) from watersheds, especially when surrounding land cover is dominated by agriculture and urban development. Through plant uptake, soil immobilization, and denitrification, wetlands can remove excess N from flow-through water sources and mitigate eutrophication of connected aquatic ecosystems. Excess N can also change plant community composition in wetlands, including communities threatened by invasive species. Understanding how variable hydrology and N loading impact wetland N removal and community composition can help attain desired management outcomes, including optimizing N removal and/or preventing invasion by nonnatives. By using a dynamic, process-based ecosystem simulation model, we are able to simulate various levels of hydrology and N loading that would otherwise be difficult to manipulate. We investigate in silico the effects of hydroperiod, hydrologic residence time, N loading, and the NH4+ : NO3- ratio on both N removal and the invasion success of two nonnative species (Typha × glauca or Phragmites australis) in temperate freshwater coastal wetlands. We found that, when residence time increased, annual N removal increased up to 10-fold while longer hydroperiods also increased N removal, but only when residence time was >10 d and N loading was >30 g N·m[-2] ·yr[-1] . N removal efficiency also increased with increasing residence time and hydroperiod, but was less affected by N loading. However, longer hydrologic residence time increased vulnerability of wetlands to invasion by both invasive plants at low to medium N loading rates where native communities are typically more resistant to invasion. This suggests a potential trade-off between ecosystem services related to nitrogen removal and wetland invasibility. These results help elucidate complex interactions of community composition, N loading and hydrology on N removal, helping managers to prioritize N removal when N loading is high or controlling plant invasion in more vulnerable wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid33048356, year = {2021}, author = {Keller, JA and Shea, K}, title = {Warming and shifting phenology accelerate an invasive plant life cycle.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {1}, pages = {e03219}, pmid = {33048356}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Life Cycle Stages ; *Plants ; Seasons ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Numerous studies have documented changes in the seasonal timing of organisms' growth and reproduction in response to climate warming. These changes correlate with documented changes in species' abundance, but mechanisms linking these trends remain elusive. We investigated the joint demographic effects of advanced reproductive phenology and warming on a globally invasive plant (Carduus nutans) in a field experiment, documenting a substantial shift toward completion of the life cycle at younger ages. Demographic modeling projected 71% of warmed individuals flower as annuals, compared to 61% under current conditions. As this species only reproduces once, this represents a major acceleration of the life cycle. We project a 15% increase in this invader's population growth rate. We show that rising temperatures accelerate this invasive species' population growth by increasing the average size of reproducing individuals; increasing the proportion of individuals that survive to reproduce; and increasing the fraction that reproduce as annuals. Major increases in population growth in this, and potentially many other, invasive species will threaten food security and require careful planning to avoid significant environmental and economic impacts.}, }
@article {pmid33047351, year = {2020}, author = {Posavi, M and Gulisija, D and Munro, JB and Silva, JC and Lee, CE}, title = {Rapid evolution of genome-wide gene expression and plasticity during saline to freshwater invasions by the copepod Eurytemora affinis species complex.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {24}, pages = {4835-4856}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15681}, pmid = {33047351}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Copepoda/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Gene Expression ; Salinity ; }, abstract = {Saline migrants into freshwater habitats constitute among the most destructive invaders in aquatic ecosystems throughout the globe. However, the evolutionary and physiological mechanisms underlying such habitat transitions remain poorly understood. To explore the mechanisms of freshwater adaptation and distinguish between adaptive (evolutionary) and acclimatory (plastic) responses to salinity change, we examined genome-wide patterns of gene expression between ancestral saline and derived freshwater populations of the Eurytemora affinis species complex, reared under two different common-garden conditions (0 versus 15 PSU). We found that evolutionary shifts in gene expression (between saline and freshwater inbred lines) showed far greater changes and were more widespread than acclimatory responses to salinity (0 versus 15 PSU). Most notably, 30-40 genes showing evolutionary shifts in gene expression across the salinity boundary were associated with ion transport function, with inorganic cation transmembrane transport forming the largest Gene Ontology category. Of particular interest was the sodium transporter, the Na[+] /H[+] antiporter (NHA) gene family, which was discovered in animals relatively recently. Thirty key ion regulatory genes, such as NHA paralogue #7, demonstrated concordant evolutionary and plastic shifts in gene expression, suggesting the evolution of ion transporter function and plasticity during rapid invasions into novel salinities. Moreover, freshwater invasions were associated with the evolution of reduced plasticity in the freshwater population, again for the same key ion transporters, consistent with the predicted evolution of canalization following adaptation to stressful conditions. Our results have important implications for understanding evolutionary and physiological mechanisms of range expansions by some of the most widespread invaders in aquatic habitats.}, }
@article {pmid33045943, year = {2022}, author = {McCorquodale-Bauer, K and Cicek, N}, title = {Zebra mussel shells as an alternative mineral resource for lime production as a phosphorus precipitant.}, journal = {Environmental technology}, volume = {43}, number = {10}, pages = {1446-1457}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2020.1836029}, pmid = {33045943}, issn = {1479-487X}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Compounds ; *Dreissena ; Minerals ; Oxides ; Phosphorus ; Wastewater ; }, abstract = {Zebra mussels are an invasive species to North America and are presently found in many rivers and lakes in prolific numbers. Along with many other issues, zebra mussels present a problem when their shells are deposited on shore, carpeting beaches and reducing beach usability. A possible solution presented in this study is to use the zebra mussel shells as an alternative mineral resource to mined calcium carbonate for the production of lime to remove phosphorus in wastewater. Heat-treated coarse (500-1000 μm) and fine (<75 μm) zebra mussel shell dosed to 10 mg L[-1] phosphate solution at 0.50 g L[-1] and 0.25 g L[-1], removed over 99% phosphorus while maintaining pH levels significantly lower than pure calcium hydroxide dosed under the same conditions. It was found that ground zebra mussel shells (<75 μm) heated for 1 h at temperatures of 600°C, 700°C, 800°C, 900°C, and 1000°C were capable of removing varying levels of phosphorus in water. Shells heated at 800°C and dosed at 1.00 g L[-1] reduced phosphorus in collected real wastewater effluent by 99.48%. It was also shown that shells heat treated at 1000°C achieved 98.7% phosphorus removal when dosed at 0.25 g L[-1], while maintaining a final effluent pH of 9.13, demonstrating the lowest overall energy costs of any of the effective shell treatments. The results indicate that zebra mussel shells show promise as an alternative resource for phosphorus precipitation in wastewater.}, }
@article {pmid33044567, year = {2020}, author = {Khan, MA and Wani, GA and Majid, H and Farooq, FU and Reshi, ZA and Husaini, AM and Shah, MA}, title = {Differential Bioaccumulation of Select Heavy Metals from Wastewater by Lemna minor.}, journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {105}, number = {5}, pages = {777-783}, doi = {10.1007/s00128-020-03016-3}, pmid = {33044567}, issn = {1432-0800}, support = {PDF/2018/001689//DST-SERB/ ; }, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Araceae/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; *Bioaccumulation ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Cadmium/analysis/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; India ; Lakes ; Lead/analysis/metabolism ; Metals, Heavy/analysis/*metabolism ; Nickel/analysis/metabolism ; Wastewater/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {The capacity of Lemna minor to remediate toxic heavy metals from wastewater is reasonably well documented. In view of the pivotal role of this species in the environmental clean-up, here we evaluated the bioaccumulation potential of L. minor for cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) through a controlled experiment. L. minor tolerated the metals Cd, Ni, and Pb up to 0.5, 5, and 8 mg/L, respectively, and beyond these concentrations the toxicity symptoms appeared. Bio-concentration factor varied at different concentrations of heavy metals tested. Overall, L. minor showed good phytoremediation potential for all the three tested heavy metals (Cd, Ni, and Pb), though in relative terms it was more effective in extracting Ni and Cd, as compared to Pb, both in single and mixed concentrations. In view of the growing pollution in Kashmir Himalayan aquatic habitats the phytoremediation by invasive species such as L. minor promises to be one of the best choices than other native plants for cleaning up of polluted soils/water because of its fast growth rate, high abundance, easy handling, and wide distribution in Kashmir Himalayan aquatic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid33040162, year = {2021}, author = {Ha, MK and Schneider, SA and Adler, LS}, title = {Facilitative pollinator sharing decreases with floral similarity in multiple systems.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {195}, number = {2}, pages = {273-286}, pmid = {33040162}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {DEB-1258096//National Science Foundation/ ; NRI 2008-02346//USDA/ ; }, mesh = {*Flowers ; *Magnoliopsida ; Phylogeny ; Plant Nectar ; Pollination ; }, abstract = {Investigating the factors that determine whether interactions are competitive or facilitative is essential to understanding community structure and trait evolution. Co-flowering plants interact indirectly through shared pollinators, and meta-analyses suggest that phylogenetic relatedness and floral trait similarity may predict the outcome of these interactions. In a comparative approach, we manipulated the floral community across five focal species to assess how floral similarity and phylogenetic relatedness affect the outcome of interactions. To assess the extent of pollinator-mediated competition versus facilitation, we compared pollen limitation in five focal species growing with floral neighbors (either congeners or neighbors from a different family) relative to a control (growing alone). We measured floral morphology, color, and nectar traits to calculate multivariate floral similarity between species pairs and inferred a phylogeny to calculate phylogenetic distance. Pollinator-mediated interaction values were regressed against floral similarity and phylogenetic distance. We found evidence of pollinator-mediated facilitation in nine of 13 species pairs. Furthermore, floral similarity and phylogenetic distance reduced facilitative interactions, but the latter relationship was not significant when controlling for the identity of the focal species. Our results suggest that facilitative pollinator sharing is more common than reported in the literature, but co-flowering plant species with similar floral traits are less likely to facilitate pollination. A better understanding of the factors that promote facilitation versus competition has important potential applications for managing rare and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid33038069, year = {2020}, author = {Tylan, C and Horvat-Gordon, M and Bartell, PA and Langkilde, T}, title = {Ecoimmune reallocation in a native lizard in response to the presence of invasive, venomous fire ants in their shared environment.}, journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology}, volume = {333}, number = {10}, pages = {792-804}, doi = {10.1002/jez.2418}, pmid = {33038069}, issn = {2471-5646}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies/immunology ; *Ants ; Complement System Proteins/immunology ; Ecology ; *Environment ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/*immunology/physiology ; Male ; Phagocytes/metabolism ; Respiratory Burst ; Stress, Physiological/immunology ; }, abstract = {Exposure to stressors over prolonged periods can have fitness-relevant consequences, including suppression of immune function. We tested for effects of presence of an invasive species threat on a broad panel of immune functions of a coexisting lizard. Eastern fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) have been exposed to invasive fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) for over 80 years. Fire ants sting and envenomate lizards, causing physiological stress, but we do not have a comprehensive understanding of the broad immune consequences of lizard exposure to fire ant presence. We conducted a suite of immune measures on fence lizards caught from areas with long histories of fire ant invasion and lizards from areas not yet invaded by fire ants. The effect of fire ant presence on immunity varied depending on the immune component measured: within fire ant invaded areas, some portions of immunity were suppressed (lymphocytic cell-mediated immunity, complement), some were unaffected (phagocytic respiratory burst, natural antibodies), and some were enhanced (anti-fire ant immunoglobulin M, basophils) compared to within uninvaded areas. Rather than fire ants being broadly immunosuppressing, as generally assumed, the immune response appears to be tailored to this specific stressor: the immune measures that were enhanced are important to the lizards' ability to handle envenomation, whereas those that were unaffected or suppressed are less critical to surviving fire ant encounters. Several immune measures were suppressed in reproductive females when actively producing follicles, which may make them more susceptible to immunosuppressive costs of stressors such as interactions with fire ants.}, }
@article {pmid33037612, year = {2021}, author = {Mamantov, MA and Sheldon, KS}, title = {Behavioural responses to warming differentially impact survival in introduced and native dung beetles.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {90}, number = {1}, pages = {273-281}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13366}, pmid = {33037612}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; *Coleoptera ; Feces ; Introduced Species ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic changes are often studied in isolation but may interact to affect biodiversity. For example, climate change could exacerbate the impacts of biological invasions if climate change differentially affects invasive and native species. Behavioural plasticity may mitigate some of the impacts of climate change, but species vary in their degree of behavioural plasticity. In particular, invasive species may have greater behavioural plasticity than native species since plasticity helps invasive species establish and spread in new environments. This plasticity could make invasives better able to cope with climate change. Here our goal was to examine whether reproductive behaviours and behavioural plasticity vary between an introduced and a native Onthophagus dung beetle species in response to warming temperatures and how differences in behaviour influence offspring survival. Using a repeated measures design, we exposed small colonies of introduced O. taurus and native O. hecate to three temperature treatments, including a control, low warming and high warming treatment, and then measured reproductive behaviours, including the number, size and burial depth of brood balls. We reared offspring in their brood balls in developmental temperatures that matched those of the brood ball burial depth to quantify survival. We found that the introduced O. taurus produced more brood balls and larger brood balls, and buried brood balls deeper than the native O. hecate in all treatments. However, the two species did not vary in the degree of behavioural plasticity in response to warming. Differences in reproductive behaviours did affect survival such that warming temperatures had a greater effect on survival of offspring of native O. hecate compared to introduced O. taurus. Overall, our results suggest that differences in behaviour between native and introduced species are one mechanism through which climate change may exacerbate negative impacts of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid33037317, year = {2020}, author = {Uyi, OO}, title = {Light environments affect herbivory patterns but not reproductive performance of a multivoltine specialist moth, Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {16868}, pmid = {33037317}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Africa, Western ; Animals ; Chromolaena/growth &amp; development/metabolism/physiology ; *Environment ; *Herbivory ; Larva/*physiology ; *Light ; Moths/*physiology ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; *Reproduction ; Water/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Unravelling the responses of insect herbivores to light-environment-mediated variation in the traits of their host plants is central to our understanding of the nutritional ecology of, and factors driving the population dynamics in, these species. This study examined the effect of light environment (shaded vs full-sun habitat) on leaf toughness and leaf nutritional quality in Chromolaena odorata (an invasive species in West Africa) and related these attributes to the abundance, herbivory patterns and reproductive performance of a multivoltine specialist moth, Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata (a biological control agent). In this system, plants growing in shaded areas in the field experienced more herbivory and had higher herbivore abundance than those growing in full-sun. In the laboratory, P. pseudoinsulata larvae consumed significantly greater amounts of shaded foliage relative to full-sun foliage. However, reproductive performance metrics such as mating success, pre-oviposition period, number of eggs laid, duration of egg laying, egg hatchability, and adult longevity in P. pseudoinsulata did not differ according to foliage types. Reduced leaf toughness, increased water and nitrogen contents in shaded leaves coincided with increased leaf consumption by the larvae of P. pseudoinsulata. In summary, this study showed for the first time that light environments affect herbivory patterns but not reproductive performance of P. pseudoinsulata and hypothesized that high foliar nitrogen and water contents in shaded leaves resulted in feedback and necessity consumption patterns.}, }
@article {pmid33037256, year = {2020}, author = {Griffen, BD and Bailey, J and Carver, J and Vernier, A and DiNuzzo, ER and Anderson, L and Meidell, M and Potter, B}, title = {Mechanisms of possible self-limitation in the invasive Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {16908}, pmid = {33037256}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura/*physiology ; Diet ; Ecosystem ; North America ; Population Density ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Seafood ; }, abstract = {Population sizes of invasive species are commonly characterized by boom-bust dynamics, and self-limitation via resource depletion is posited as one factor leading to these boom-bust changes in population size. Yet, while this phenomenon is well-documented in plants, few studies have demonstrated that self-limitation is possible for invasive animal species, especially those that are mobile. Here we examined the invasive Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus, a species that reached very high abundances throughout invaded regions of North America, but has recently declined in many of these same regions. We examined the relationship between diet, energy storage, reproduction, and growth in crabs collected from the New Hampshire coast. We show that energy storage and reproduction both increase with diet quality, while growth declines with diet quality. These results suggest that self-limitation may be a contributing factor to the recent declines of H. sanguineus at sites where this invader was once much more abundant. Further, these results suggest a diet-associated tradeoff in energy allocation to different vital rates, with a focus on reproduction when high quality resources are consumed, and a focus instead on growth when poor quality resources are consumed.}, }
@article {pmid33036394, year = {2020}, author = {Hoi, TM and Huong, LT and Chinh, HV and Hau, DV and Satyal, P and Tai, TA and Dai, DN and Hung, NH and Hien, VT and Setzer, WN}, title = {Essential Oil Compositions of Three Invasive Conyza Species Collected in Vietnam and Their Larvicidal Activities against Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {25}, number = {19}, pages = {}, pmid = {33036394}, issn = {1420-3049}, support = {106.03-2019.315//National Foundation for Science and Technology Development/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*drug effects ; Animals ; Conyza/*chemistry ; Culex/*drug effects ; Insecticides/*chemistry/pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Larva/*drug effects ; Mosquito Control/methods ; Mosquito Vectors/drug effects ; Oils, Volatile/*chemistry/pharmacology ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Vietnam ; }, abstract = {Mosquito-borne infectious diseases are a persistent problem in tropical regions of the world, including Southeast Asia. Vector control has relied principally on synthetic insecticides, but these have detrimental environmental effects and there is an increasing demand for plant-based agents to control insect pests. Invasive weedy plant species may be able to serve as readily available sources of essential oils, some of which may be useful as larvicidal agents for control of mosquito populations. We hypothesize that members of the genus Conyza (Asteraceae) may produce essential oils that may have mosquito larvicidal properties. The essential oils from the aerial parts of Conyza bonariensis, C. canadensis, and C. sumatrensis were obtained by hydrodistillation, analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and screened for mosquito larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus. The essential oils of C. canadensis and C. sumatrensis, both rich in limonene (41.5% and 25.5%, respectively), showed notable larvicidal activities against Ae. aegypti (24-h LC50 = 9.80 and 21.7 μg/mL, respectively) and Ae. albopictus (24-h LC50 = 18.0 and 19.1 μg/mL, respectively). These two Conyza species may, therefore, serve as sources for alternative, environmentally-benign larvicidal control agents.}, }
@article {pmid33035971, year = {2021}, author = {Gissi, E and Manea, E and Mazaris, AD and Fraschetti, S and Almpanidou, V and Bevilacqua, S and Coll, M and Guarnieri, G and Lloret-Lloret, E and Pascual, M and Petza, D and Rilov, G and Schonwald, M and Stelzenmüller, V and Katsanevakis, S}, title = {A review of the combined effects of climate change and other local human stressors on the marine environment.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {755}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {142564}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142564}, pmid = {33035971}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Climate change (CC) is a key, global driver of change of marine ecosystems. At local and regional scales, other local human stressors (LS) can interact with CC and modify its effects on marine ecosystems. Understanding the response of the marine environment to the combined effects of CC and LS is crucial to inform marine ecosystem-based management and planning, yet our knowledge of the potential effects of such interactions is fragmented. At a global scale, we explored how cumulative effect assessments (CEAs) have addressed CC in the marine realm and discuss progress and shortcomings of current approaches. For this we conducted a systematic review on how CEAs investigated at different levels of biological organization ecological responses, functional aspects, and the combined effect of CC and HS. Globally, the effects of 52 LS and of 27 CC-related stressors on the marine environment have been studied in combination, such as industrial fisheries with change in temperature, or sea level rise with artisanal fisheries, marine litter, change in sediment load and introduced alien species. CC generally intensified the effects of LS at species level. At trophic groups and ecosystem levels, the effects of CC either intensified or mitigated the effects of other HS depending on the trophic groups or the environmental conditions involved, thus suggesting that the combined effects of CC and LS are context-dependent and vary among and within ecosystems. Our results highlight that large-scale assessments on the spatial interaction and combined effects of CC and LS remain limited. More importantly, our results strengthen the urgent need of CEAs to capture local-scale effects of stressors that can exacerbate climate-induced changes. Ultimately, this will allow identifying management measures that aid counteracting CC effects at relevant scales.}, }
@article {pmid33035969, year = {2021}, author = {Zhang, A and Xie, Z}, title = {C4 herbs dominate the reservoir flood area of the Three Gorges Reservoir.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {755}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {142479}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142479}, pmid = {33035969}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Dam operations can dramatically degenerate riparian vegetation. To improve the restoration practices of reservoir riparian vegetation, it is important to understand which and how a dominant species physiologically and ecologically maintain high fitness in this type of ecosystems. We explored the compositional change of riparian plants during the long-term flood-dry-flood cycle in the reservoir flood area (RFA) of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA), China. In total 769 vascular plant species (belonging to 415 genera in 122 families) existed in the study area before damming (prior to 2006, i.e. the natural riparian zone). Following damming (2008-2018), plant species diversity rapidly declined, with only 51 species identified in 2018 (45 genera in 22 families). Before damming, perennial herbs, annual herbs and shrubs co-dominated the study area. After damming, the proportion of shrubs decreased significantly, and the proportion of annuals to total plants increased by 20%. Alien invasive species proportion increased from 5% to 18%. Notably, the proportion of C4 species increased significantly from 7% to 31%. Ten of the 16 dominant species in RFA since 2015 were C4 Poaceae species. Our study indicates that dam construction could cause severe biodiversity loss of riparian plants and draw alien species invasion. Besides, C4 herbs would dominate the RFA. A higher photosynthetic rate could help C4 plants grow faster to cope with the nitrogen deficiency and short growth cycles in RFA. Hence, screening C4 herbs for vegetation restoration might aid in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functions in flood-dry-flood reservoir flood areas.}, }
@article {pmid33033590, year = {2020}, author = {Johnson, JC and Williams, JL}, title = {A native annual forb locally excludes a closely related introduced species that co-occurs in oak-savanna habitat remnants.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {plaa045}, pmid = {33033590}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Despite the ubiquity of introduced species, their long-term impacts on native plant abundance and diversity remain poorly understood. Coexistence theory offers a tool for advancing this understanding by providing a framework to link short-term individual measurements with long-term population dynamics by directly quantifying the niche and average fitness differences between species. We observed that a pair of closely related and functionally similar annual plants with different origins-native Plectritis congesta and introduced Valerianella locusta-co-occur at the community scale but rarely at the local scale of direct interaction. To test whether niche and/or fitness differences preclude local-scale long-term coexistence, we parameterized models of competitor dynamics with results from a controlled outdoor pot experiment, where we manipulated densities of each species. To evaluate the hypothesis that niche and fitness differences exhibit environmental dependency, leading to community-scale coexistence despite local competitive exclusion, we replicated this experiment with a water availability treatment to determine if this key limiting resource alters the long-term prediction. Water availability impacted population vital rates and intensities of intraspecific versus interspecific competition between P. congesta and V. locusta. Despite environmental influence on competition our model predicts that native P. congesta competitively excludes introduced V. locusta in direct competition across water availability conditions because of an absence of stabilizing niche differences combined with a difference in average fitness, although this advantage weakens in drier conditions. Further, field data demonstrated that P. congesta densities have a negative effect on V. locusta seed prediction. We conclude that native P. congesta limits abundances of introduced V. locusta at the direct-interaction scale, and we posit that V. locusta may rely on spatially dependent coexistence mechanisms to maintain coexistence at the site scale. In quantifying this competitive outcome our study demonstrates mechanistically how a native species may limit the abundance of an introduced invader.}, }
@article {pmid33033218, year = {2020}, author = {Pandolfi, JM and Staples, TL and Kiessling, W}, title = {Increased extinction in the emergence of novel ecological communities.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {370}, number = {6513}, pages = {220-222}, doi = {10.1126/science.abb3996}, pmid = {33033218}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Datasets as Topic ; *Extinction, Biological ; Genetic Speciation ; Introduced Species ; *Plankton ; Probability ; }, abstract = {Environmental change is transforming ecological assemblages into new configurations, resulting in novel communities. We developed a robust methodology to detect novel communities, examine patterns of emergence, and quantify probabilities of local demographic turnover in transitions to and from novel communities. Using a global dataset of Cenozoic marine plankton communities, we found that the probability of local extinction, origination, and emigration during transitions to a novel community increased two to four times that of background community changes. Although rare, novel communities were five times more likely than chance to shift into another novel state. For marine plankton communities at a 100,000-year time grain, novel communities were sensitive to further extinctions and substantial community change.}, }
@article {pmid33031821, year = {2020}, author = {Baumgartner, NR and Ryan, SD}, title = {Interaction of red crabs with yellow crazy ants during migration on Christmas Island.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences}, volume = {330}, number = {}, pages = {108486}, doi = {10.1016/j.mbs.2020.108486}, pmid = {33031821}, issn = {1879-3134}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Ants/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Australia ; Biodiversity ; Brachyura/*physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Monte Carlo Method ; }, abstract = {Invasive species have had a profound impact on ecosystems all over the world. Their presence can lead to fundamental changes in the biodiversity of a given ecosystem as well as the extinction of native species. In particular, this work looks at the effect on the Gecarcoidea natalis (Red Crab) population on Christmas Island due to the presence of vast arrays of supercolonies containing Anoplolepis gracilipes (Yellow Crazy Ant). We primarily study the inter-species interaction occurring during the crab migration to the island coast. We propose a microscopic model for the dynamics of the crabs and ants with the goal of increasing crab survival. Through analysis of the model, we investigate a range of potential preventative measures that could be taken to preserve the native crab population dependent on their locations. The main result of this work is that by considering the locations of ant supercolonies incorporated into Monte Carlo simulations of the model, we can identify the order that the supercolonies need to be removed to provide the greatest chance at survival for the crabs per migration cycle.}, }
@article {pmid33024637, year = {2020}, author = {Purdon, J and Shabangu, FW and Yemane, D and Pienaar, M and Somers, MJ and Findlay, K}, title = {Species distribution modelling of Bryde's whales, humpback whales, southern right whales, and sperm whales in the southern African region to inform their conservation in expanding economies.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e9997}, pmid = {33024637}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {In southern African waters, information about species distribution and habitat preferences of many cetacean species is limited, despite the recent economic growth that may affect them. We determined the relative importance of eight environmental variables (bathymetry, distance to shore, slope, chlorophyll-a, salinity, eastwards sea water velocity, northwards sea water velocity and sea surface temperature) as drivers of seasonal habitat preferences of Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera brydei), humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). Using presence only data from multiple sources, we constructed predictive species distribution models (SDMs) consisting of ensembles of seven algorithms for these species during both summer and winter. Predicted distribution for all cetaceans was high in southern Africa and, in particular, within the South African Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Predictive models indicated a more pronounced seasonal variation for humpback, sperm and southern right whales than for Bryde's whales. Southern right whales occurred closer to shore during winter, humpback whales were more likely to occur along the east coast in winter and the west coast in summer, and sperm whales were more concentrated off the shelf in winter. Our study shows that ensemble models using historical, incidental and scientific data, in conjunction with modern environmental variables, can provide baseline knowledge on important environmental drivers of cetacean distribution for conservation purposes. Results of this study can further be used to help develop marine spatial plans and identify important marine mammal areas.}, }
@article {pmid33024624, year = {2020}, author = {Nengovhela, A and Denys, C and Taylor, PJ}, title = {Life history and habitat do not mediate temporal changes in body size due to climate warming in rodents.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e9792}, pmid = {33024624}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Temporal changes in body size have been documented in a number of vertebrate species, with different contested drivers being suggested to explain these changes. Among these are climate warming, resource availability, competition, predation risk, human population density, island effects and others. Both life history traits (intrinsic factors such as lifespan and reproductive rate) and habitat (extrinsic factors such as vegetation type, latitude and elevation) are expected to mediate the existence of a significant temporal response of body size to climate warming but neither have been widely investigated. Using examples of rodents, we predicted that both life history traits and habitat might explain the probability of temporal response using two tests of this hypothesis. Firstly, taking advantage of new data from museum collections spanning the last 106 years, we investigated geographical and temporal variation in cranial size (a proxy for body size) in six African rodent species of two murid subfamilies (Murinae and Gerbillinae) of varying life history, degree of commensality, range size, and habitat. Two species, the commensal Mastomys natalensis, and the non-commensal Otomys unisulcatus showed significant temporal changes in body size, with the former increasing and the latter decreasing, in relation with climate warming. Commensalism could explain the increase in size with time due to steadily increasing food availability through increased agricultural production. Apart from this, we found no general life history or habitat predictors of a temporal response in African rodents. Secondly, in order to further test this hypothesis, we incorporated our data into a meta-analysis based on published literature on temporal responses in rodents, resulting in a combined dataset for 50 species from seven families worldwide; among these, 29 species showed no significant change, eight showed a significant increase in size, and 13 showed a decline in size. Using a binomial logistic regression model for these metadata, we found that none of our chosen life history or habitat predictors could significantly explain the probability of a temporal response to climate warming, reinforcing our conclusion based on the more detailed data from the six African species.}, }
@article {pmid33021997, year = {2020}, author = {Ruiz-Cristi, I and Berville, L and Darrouzet, E}, title = {Characterizing thermal tolerance in the invasive yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina nigrithorax): The first step toward a green control method.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {e0239742}, pmid = {33021997}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/physiology ; Female ; France ; Hot Temperature ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Male ; Temperature ; Thermotolerance/*physiology ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The yellow-legged hornet, Vespa velutina nigrithorax (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Lepeletier 1836), is native to Southeast Asia and has been unintentionally introduced in France. The species is spreading in many areas of the world. The European Union has classified V. velutina as a species of concern because the hornet significantly affects beekeeping activities, mostly by preying honeybees (Apis mellifera) at beehive entrances. No current control method is simultaneously eco-friendly and effective. Here, we aimed to develop a greener technique for destroying V. velutina nests, inspired by a defense behavior used by the eastern honeybee (Apis cerana), the "heat ball". In the laboratory, we tested how V. velutina of different sexes, castes, and developmental stages responded to different heat exposure systems employing a range of temperature levels. Overall, the time of death decreased as temperature increased. Hornets died faster when the temperature was gradually increased than when it was instantaneously increased; larvae seemed to be more thermally tolerant. The most promising and potential technique for quickly destroying hornet nests may be steam injection, as the humid airflow system killed all hornets within 13 seconds, and therefore could be a good candidate for a green nest control method.}, }
@article {pmid33021922, year = {2020}, author = {Elliott, M and Rollins, L and Bourret, T and Chastagner, G}, title = {First report of leaf blight caused by Phytophthora ramorum on cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) in Washington State, USA.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-07-20-1489-PDN}, pmid = {33021922}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {In April 2014, Phytophthora ramorum (Werres, De Cock &amp; Man in't Veld) was recovered from symptomatic foliage of cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) at an ornamental plant nursery in Washington State. Cherry laurel, also known as English laurel, is widely propagated in WA because it is commonly used in landscaping. It is invasive in forests near the urban/wildland interface in the western US and in Europe (Rusterholz et al. 2018). Given its popularity as an ornamental species, the potential of this host to spread P. ramorum is of regulatory concern due to possible long distance spread to other states via nursery stock. Foliar symptoms consisted of dark brown lesions near wounds or around leaf margins where water collected. Shot-hole symptoms characterized by abscission zones and dropping of infected tissues were also observed. Lesions expanded beyond the margin of the shot-hole in some cases (Figure S1A). Phytophthora was isolated from symptomatic foliage by surface-sterilizing leaf pieces in 0.6% sodium hypochlorite and 2 rinses in sterile water. They were plated on PARP medium (Ferguson and Jeffers 1999). After 2-3 days, a slow-growing dense colony with coralloid hyphae was isolated onto V8 agar. P. ramorum was identified by observing morphological features (Figure S1B). Colony and spore morphology matched that of P. ramorum (Werres et al. 2001). The isolate was confirmed as P. ramorum by PCR and sequencing of ITS and COX1 regions using primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990) and COX1F1/COX1R1 (Van Poucke et al. 2012). Sequences were submitted to GenBank (accession nos. ITS MT031969, COX1 MT031968). BLAST results showed at least 99% similarity with sequences of P. ramorum (ITS, KJ755124 [100%]; COX1, EU124926 [99%]). Multilocus genotyping with microsatellite markers placed the isolate in the EU1 clonal lineage. Pathogenicity of P. ramorum on cherry laurel was confirmed by completing Koch's Postulates using the isolate taken from this host. Two trials were done in a biocontainment chamber (USDA-APHIS permit # 65857) since P. ramorum is a quarantine pathogen and greenhouse trials could not be conducted, using detached stems from mature, visibly healthy cherry laurel plants growing in a landscape. Phytophthora ramorum inoculum was grown on V8A plates at 20®C for 2 weeks until sporangia were abundant. A zoospore suspension was produced by flooding plates with 7 ml sterile water, incubating for 2 hours at 5®C, then 1 hour at 24®C. Zoospores were observed with light microscopy, quantified with a hemocytometer and diluted to 1 x 104 zoospores/ml. A 10 µl droplet was placed at 3 wounded and 3 unwounded sites on 4 leaves per branch. In addition, a set of samples was inoculated by dipping foliage into the zoospore suspension for 30 seconds. A set of controls was mock inoculated using sterile water. Four branches per inoculation treatment were used and the trial was repeated once. Inoculated plant materials were incubated in moist chambers for 3-5 days at 20®C. Free moisture was present on foliage upon removal. Symptom development was assessed after incubation in the biocontainment chamber at 20®C for 7 days (Figure S1C). Phytophthora ramorum was reisolated from symptomatic tissue and the recovered culture was verified morphologically and by PCR and sequencing. It was isolated more often from foliage dipped in zoospore suspension than droplet inoculated, and more from wounded than unwounded sites. None of the water-inoculated controls were positive for P. ramorum. The presence of P. ramorum was also confirmed with DNA extraction from surface-sterilized symptomatic foliage followed by PCR and sequencing of the COX1 gene (EU124926, 100%) (Figure S2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. ramorum naturally infecting cherry laurel in the United States. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, McIntire-Stennis project 1019284 and USDA APHIS Cooperative Agreement AP17PPQS&amp;T00C070 Literature cited Ferguson and Jeffers, 1999. Plant Disease 83:1129-1136 Van Poucke, K. et al. 2012. Fungal Biology 116: 1178-1191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2012.09.003 Werres, S. et al. 2001. Mycol. Res. 105:1155-1165. White, T. J., et al. 1990. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.}, }
@article {pmid33020599, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, Z and Liu, Y and Brunel, C and van Kleunen, M}, title = {Soil-microorganism-mediated invasional meltdown in plants.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {12}, pages = {1612-1621}, pmid = {33020599}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {Introduced Species ; *Plants ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {While most alien species fail to establish, some invade native communities and become widespread. Our understanding of invasion success is derived mainly from pairwise interactions between aliens and natives, while interactions among more than two species remain largely unexplored. Here, we experimentally tested whether and how a third plant species, either native or alien, affected the competitive outcomes between alien and native plants through its soil legacy. We first conditioned soil with one of ten species (six natives and four aliens) or without plants. We then grew on these 11 soils five aliens and five natives without competition, or with intra- or interspecific competition. We found that aliens were not more competitive than natives when grown on soil conditioned by other natives or on non-conditioned soil. However, aliens were more competitive than natives on soil conditioned by other aliens (that is, invasional meltdown). Soil conditioning did not change competitive outcomes by affecting the strength of competition between later plants. Instead, soil conditioned by aliens pushed competitive outcomes towards later aliens by affecting the growth of aliens less negatively than that of natives. Microbiome analysis verified this finding, as we showed that the soil-legacy effects of a species on later species were less negative when their fungal endophyte communities were less similar, and that fungal endophyte communities were less similar between two aliens than between aliens and natives. Our study reveals invasional meltdown in multispecies communities and identifies soil microorganisms as a driver of the invasion success of alien plants.}, }
@article {pmid33020593, year = {2020}, author = {Tsai, CL and Chu, IH and Chou, MH and Chareonviriyaphap, T and Chiang, MY and Lin, PA and Lu, KH and Yeh, WB}, title = {Rapid identification of the invasive fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) using species-specific primers in multiplex PCR.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {16508}, pmid = {33020593}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Pest Control ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Species Specificity ; Spodoptera/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Zea mays/parasitology ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), is a major pest native to the Americas. A recent invasion of FAWs from Africa eastward to South Asia, the Indochina Peninsula, and mainland China has received much attention due to the considerable economic losses in agriculture. FAWs can rapidly colonise a new area, likely due to the wide range of host plants, good flying capability, and high egg production. Therefore, a convenient, quick, and accurate tool for FAW identification is urgently required to establish a FAW invasion management strategy. In this study, FAW-specific primers were designed to recognise FAWs on the basis of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). The results revealed the accurate FAW recognition of the three congeneric species and eight common corn lepidopteran pests, especially at their larval stage. Furthermore, species-specific primers have confirmed their efficacy by using 69 FAW specimens from Taiwan, Thailand, and the United States, with a 96% success rate, excluding 3 decayed specimens. By using the simple, reliable, and convenient FAW-specific primers, a pest management programme can be developed not only to reduce sequencing costs and experimental time from 2 days to 4 h, but eradicate the FAW as soon as it enters a new area.}, }
@article {pmid33016935, year = {2020}, author = {McMahan, MD}, title = {Assessing Intertidal Populations of the Invasive European Green Crab.}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {163}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3791/61667}, pmid = {33016935}, issn = {1940-087X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura/growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Invasive species have caused major disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The European green crab invaded North America in the 1800s and is considered one of the world's 100 worst invaders by the IUCN. Observations of spatiotemporal green crab population dynamics are essential for predicting and managing the ecological and economic impacts of this harmful invasive species. This protocol was developed in an effort to create a standardized method for assessing green crab population dynamics in the rocky intertidal zone of New England and Atlantic Canada. The protocol was designed to be accessible to multiple users including researchers, educators, students, and citizen scientists. Although it was designed for surveying crab populations, this protocol is easy to adapt and could be used for any number of intertidal species. The resulting data collected using this protocol has a wide range of uses, including to inform ecological research, conservation efforts, mitigation strategies, and fishery development, as well as for educational outreach purposes.}, }
@article {pmid33013973, year = {2020}, author = {Maebara, Y and Tamaoki, M and Iguchi, Y and Nakahama, N and Hanai, T and Nishino, A and Hayasaka, D}, title = {Genetic Diversity of Invasive Spartina alterniflora Loisel. (Poaceae) Introduced Unintentionally Into Japan and Its Invasion Pathway.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {556039}, pmid = {33013973}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Among invasive species, aquatic plants pose serious threats to local biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Spartina alterniflora Loisel. (Poaceae), native to the eastern United States, was introduced unintentionally into Japan (Aichi and Kumamoto Prefectures) at around 2010. This invasive species could easily and rapidly spread to estuarine areas of Japan via vigorous trade and transport, making the prediction of its future invasion necessary. Here, the distribution and structure of the genetic variation of S. alterniflora in Japan were examined using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and microsatellite genotyping analyses for clarifying its invasion route and process. According to the cpDNA analysis, S. alterniflora populations in Japan had a single haplotype (haplotype C4) that is the most dominant genotype around the Florida Peninsula, the region of its origin, and is also widely found in the introduced populations in the East Asia. Microsatellite analysis also showed a loss of genetic diversity in Japanese S. alterniflora populations (allelic richness (A R) = 1.20-1.39) compared with that in its native region (A R = 4.58-4.59), suggesting a founder effect on S. alterniflora that might have occurred after invasion of the species into Japan. The principal coordinate analysis and The STRUCTURE analysis indicated that no gene mixing among Japanese local populations (Aichi, northern and southern Kumamoto) was observed, indicating that Spartina invasion occurred independently into these regions. Among the three regions, trading between the ports of northern Kumamoto and the U.S. was obviously lower than trading with China. We concluded that invasive S. alterniflora might have independently invaded Japan at different times through an East Asia route, particularly via China (i.e., secondary introduction). Therefore, it is important to strengthen the quarantine control on the importation of commodities, especially of transport vehicles at potential donor spots (i.e., border control/border biosecurity system), and to share information networks on invasive species between each region/port for minimizing further risks of biological species such as Spartina.}, }
@article {pmid33013958, year = {2020}, author = {Langmaier, M and Lapin, K}, title = {A Systematic Review of the Impact of Invasive Alien Plants on Forest Regeneration in European Temperate Forests.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {524969}, pmid = {33013958}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) are one of the major threats to global and local biodiversity. In forest ecosystems, the threats caused by IAS include hybridization, transmission of diseases and species competition. This review sets out to analyze the impact of alien plant species on forest regeneration, which we consider to be one of the key stages in tree ecology for the survival of forest ecosystems in the future. The focus of the study is directly relevant to practitioners, forest managers and the conservation management of forests. With this systematic review, we aim to provide an overview of 48 research studies reporting on the impact and/or management of IAS in European temperate forests. We followed a multi-step protocol for compiling the publications for the literature review, with nine search queries producing a total of 3,825 hits. After several reduction rounds, we ended up with a grand total of 48 papers. We identified 53 vascular plant species having a negative influence on forest regeneration in Central European forests. In total, 21 tree species are reported to be impacted by IAS in 24 studies. The results of the review synthesis show that five impact mechanisms affect the regeneration success of native tree species: competition for resources, chemical impact on regeneration, physical impact on regeneration, structural impact on regeneration and indirect impact through interaction with other species. We identified in our synthesis management measures that have been recommended for application at different stages of biological invasions. The associated costs and required resources of management measures are under-reported or not accessible by reviewing the scientific literature. We can thus conclude that it is very import to improve the links between science and practical forest management. We expect that this review will provide direction for invasive plant species research and management aimed at protecting biodiversity in European temperate forest ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid33011452, year = {2020}, author = {Coon, JJ and van Riper, CJ and Morton, LW and Miller, JR}, title = {What drives private landowner decisions? Exploring non-native grass management in the eastern Great Plains.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {276}, number = {}, pages = {111355}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111355}, pmid = {33011452}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Attitude ; Cattle ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Poaceae ; }, abstract = {Non-native grasses used as forage for domestic livestock can negatively impact ecosystem services provided by grasslands. In the U.S., most grazed grasslands are privately owned so the introduction and reduction of non-native grasses are both driven by landowner behavior. Yet, the social factors that shape non-native grass management are rarely explored. To address this knowledge gap, we evaluated how decisions to reduce these grasses through practices such as herbicide application, prescribed fire, and physical removal are influenced by attitudes, norms, and perceived ability. We administered a mixed mode (mailback and online) survey in 2017 to landowners in the eastern Great Plains of the U.S., in a region where cattle production remains the predominant land-use. Using structural equation modeling with parceling, we tested hypotheses related to management decisions derived from a model integrating two theories - the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Norm Activation Model. In this analysis, we identified perceived ability (i.e., access to time, skills, or other necessary resources) as a barrier to adoption for landowners who were already willing to manage non-native grasses. Positive attitudes toward management and increased social norm pressures were both associated with increased sentiments of moral responsibility to reduce non-native grasses. These personal norms, together with attitudes, positively influenced willingness to control non-native grasses. Further, we observed that social norms related to expectations of neighbors had more influence on personal norms than the social norms from natural resource agencies. The power of norms to explain individual management decisions suggests that landowners could be engaged in landscape-scale initiatives by leveraging moral responsibility and influential social groups.}, }
@article {pmid33010737, year = {2020}, author = {Dairel, M and Fidelis, A}, title = {The presence of invasive grasses affects the soil seed bank composition and dynamics of both invaded and non-invaded areas of open savannas.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {276}, number = {}, pages = {111291}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111291}, pmid = {33010737}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Grassland ; Humans ; Poaceae ; *Seed Bank ; Seeds ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {One of the major threats to tropical savannas globally is the invasion by alien grasses. In systems frequently disturbed, individuals can be recruited from the seed bank, and areas under natural regeneration can be more easily invaded when exotic newcomers are in the system, including the presence of invasive propagules in the soil seed bank. This study analyzed the dynamics of the soil seed bank in invaded and non-invaded areas of open savannas elucidating the potential of grass regeneration from the seed bank. Soil samples were collected in areas with different invasive grasses: Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R.D.Webster - synonym Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf, Melinis minutiflora Beauv. and areas with native vegetation. Soil seed bank was assessed using two techniques: seed counting and seedling emergence. Dominant species in each area influenced the seed bank composition, showing the highest densities from April to September. In invaded areas, the seed bank was composed mainly of invasive grasses that contributed to 98% (670 ± 382 seeds.m[-2]) of total seeds. In non-invaded areas, the soil seed bank presented the highest density (65%, 135 ± 38 seeds.m[-2]) of native species. However, the presence of invasive grasses was significant, with 35% of the total seeds belonging to U. brizantha. Although non-invaded areas have a higher potential for regeneration by native grasses, the presence of invasive grasses in the seed bank is an indication that the invasive species is already in the system and changes in the aboveground cover could accelerate the invasion process. Early management efforts towards establishing and/or established invasive species before seed dispersal could help reduce the soil seed bank load and should be carried out to control and avoid the establishment of African grasses, since they can dominate the seed bank in non-invaded areas if they are present in neighboring areas, affecting the dynamics of plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid33008088, year = {2020}, author = {Passantino, G and Tursi, M and Vercelli, C and Filippi, I and Decaro, N and Tinelli, A and Valente, L and Leone, R and Zizzo, N}, title = {Systematic Pathologic Findings Report of Callosciurus finlaysonii (Horsfield, 1823) (Rodentia, Sciuridae) Squirrels from Maratea area (South Italy) to Investigate Species-Specific Pathologies, Reliability of CO2 Euthanasia Method, and Possible Use as Environmental Sentinels.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {33008088}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {The aim of the present study was to macroscopically and microscopically describe the main pathological findings occurring in this invasive species, in order to better understand the real risks for naïve animals and humans. The present study was conducted on Callosciurusfinlaysonii squirrels (n = 165), captured in the Maratea area and euthanatized with CO2 according to a population control of invasive species of the Italian Agriculture Ministry project (ex CIPE project) and conferred to the Department of Veterinary Medicine of Bari (Italy). Macroscopic analysis demonstrated heart, lung, and liver congestion, probably due to the euthanasia method, and variable lesions of bowel, liver, and kidney. The microscopically examination showed the presence of lymphocytic infiltration in the lower layers of the bowel, suggesting enteritis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systemic report of gross and microscopical anatomopathological lesions in C.finlaysonii, in South Italy. The results could be useful to fill a gap of knowledge of this species in Italy.}, }
@article {pmid33006641, year = {2020}, author = {Li, B and Zhang, M and Coffman, B}, title = {Can a barrier zone stop invasion of a population?.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {81}, number = {4-5}, pages = {1193-1216}, doi = {10.1007/s00285-020-01541-7}, pmid = {33006641}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {We consider an integro-difference model to study the effect of a stationary barrier zone on invasion of a population with a strong Allee effect. It is assumed that inside the barrier zone a certain proportion of the population is killed. A Laplace dispersal kernel is used in the model. We provide a formula for the critical width [Formula: see text] of barrier zone. We show that when a barrier zone is set at the front of a population, if the width of barrier zone is bigger than [Formula: see text] then the barrier zone can stop the population invasion, and if the width of barrier zone is less than [Formula: see text] then the population crosses the barrier zone and eventually occupies the entire space. The results are proven by establishing the existence and attractivity of three types of equilibrium solutions. The mathematical proofs involve phase plane analysis and comparison.}, }
@article {pmid33005380, year = {2020}, author = {Lamar, SK and Beddows, I and Partridge, CG}, title = {Examining the molecular mechanisms contributing to the success of an invasive species across different ecosystems.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {18}, pages = {10254-10270}, pmid = {33005380}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive species provide an opportune system to investigate how populations respond to new environments. Baby's breath (Gypsophila paniculata) was introduced to North America in the 1800s and has since spread throughout the United States and western Canada. We used an RNA-seq approach to explore how molecular processes contribute to the success of invasive populations with similar genetic backgrounds across distinct habitats. Transcription profiles were constructed from seedlings collected from a sand dune ecosystem in Petoskey, MI (PSMI), and a sagebrush ecosystem in Chelan, WA (CHWA). We assessed differential gene expression and identified SNPs within differentially expressed genes. We identified 1,146 differentially expressed transcripts across all sampled tissues between the two populations. GO processes enriched in PSMI were associated with nutrient starvation, while enriched processes in CHWA were associated with abiotic stress. Only 7.4% of the differentially expressed transcripts contained SNPs differing in allele frequencies of at least 0.5 between populations. Common garden studies found the two populations differed in germination rate and seedling emergence success. Our results suggest the success of G. paniculata in these two environments is likely due to plasticity in specific molecular processes responding to different environmental conditions, although some genetic divergence may be contributing to these differences.}, }
@article {pmid33005374, year = {2020}, author = {Bodt, LH and Rollins, LA and Zichello, JM}, title = {Contrasting mitochondrial diversity of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) across three invasive continental distributions.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {18}, pages = {10186-10195}, pmid = {33005374}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) represent one of the most widespread and problematic avian invasive species in the world. Understanding their unique population history and current population dynamics can contribute to conservation efforts and clarify evolutionary processes over short timescales. European starlings were introduced to Central Park, New York in 1890, and from a founding group of about 100 birds, they have expanded across North America with a current population of approximately 200 million. There were also multiple introductions in Australia in the mid-19th century and at least one introduction in South Africa in the late 19th century. Independent introductions on these three continents provide a robust system to investigate invasion genetics. In this study, we compare mitochondrial diversity in European starlings from North America, Australia, and South Africa, and a portion of the native range in the United Kingdom. Of the three invasive ranges, the North American population shows the highest haplotype diversity and evidence of both sudden demographic and spatial expansion. Comparatively, the Australian population shows the lowest haplotype diversity, but also shows evidence for sudden demographic and spatial expansion. South Africa is intermediate to the other invasive populations in genetic diversity but does not show evidence of demographic expansion. In previous studies, population genetic structure was found in Australia, but not in South Africa. Here we find no evidence of population structure in North America. Although all invasive populations share haplotypes with the native range, only one haplotype is shared between invasive populations. This suggests these three invasive populations represent independent subsamples of the native range. The structure of the haplotype network implies that the native-range sampling does not comprehensively characterize the genetic diversity there. This study represents the most geographically widespread analysis of European starling population genetics to date.}, }
@article {pmid33005373, year = {2020}, author = {McCann, S and Crossland, M and Greenlees, M and Shine, R}, title = {Field trials of chemical suppression of embryonic cane toads (Rhinella marina) by older conspecifics.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {18}, pages = {10177-10185}, pmid = {33005373}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Laboratory experiments have shown that the viability of embryos of the invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina) can be reduced by exposure to chemical cues from older conspecific larvae. These effects (very strong in laboratory trials) may offer an exciting new approach to controlling this problematic invasive species in Australia. However, the degree to which the method works in natural environments has yet to be assessed.Our experiments in the laboratory and in seminatural outdoor waterbodies show that chemical cues from tadpoles do indeed suppress the growth, development, and survival of conspecific larvae that are exposed as embryos and do so in a dose-dependent manner; higher tadpole densities cause greater suppression of embryos.In seminatural outdoor waterbodies, suppressor-exposed tadpoles were less than half as likely to survive to metamorphosis as were controls, and were much smaller when they did so and hence, less likely to survive the metamorph stage. Additionally, female cane toads were less likely to oviposit in a waterbody containing free-ranging (but not cage-enclosed) tadpoles, suggesting that the presence of tadpoles (rather than the chemical cues they produce) may discourage oviposition.Broadly, our results suggest that the suppression effect documented in laboratory studies does indeed occur in the field also, and hence that we may be able to translate that approach to develop new and more effective ways to reduce rates of recruitment of peri-urban populations of cane toads in their invasive range.}, }
@article {pmid33005332, year = {2020}, author = {Pless, E and Hopperstad, KA and Ledesma, N and Dixon, D and Henke, JA and Powell, JR}, title = {Sunshine versus gold: The effect of population age on genetic structure of an invasive mosquito.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {18}, pages = {9588-9599}, pmid = {33005332}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The genetic diversity and structure of invasive species are affected by the time since invasion, but it is not well understood how. We compare likely the oldest populations of Aedes aegypti in continental North America with some of the newest to illuminate the range of genetic diversity and structure that can be found within the invasive range of this important disease vector. Aedes aegypti populations in Florida have probably persisted since the 1600-1700s, while populations in southern California derive from new invasions that occurred in the last 10 years. For this comparison, we genotyped 1,193 individuals from 28 sites at 12 highly variable microsatellites and a subset of these individuals at 23,961 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This is the largest sample analyzed for genetic structure for either region, and it doubles the number of southern California populations previously analyzed. As predicted, the older populations (Florida) showed fewer indicators of recent founder effect and bottlenecks; in particular, these populations have dramatically higher genetic diversity and lower genetic structure. Geographic distance and driving distance were not good predictors of genetic distance in either region, especially southern California. Additionally, southern California had higher levels of genetic differentiation than any comparably sized documented region throughout the worldwide distribution of the species. Although population age and demographic history are likely driving these differences, differences in climate and transportation practices could also play a role.}, }
@article {pmid33005235, year = {2020}, author = {Stastny, M and Russell-Mercier, JL and Sargent, RD}, title = {No evidence that rapid adaptation impedes biological control of an invasive plant.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {2472-2483}, pmid = {33005235}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Biological control is a popular tool for invasive species management, but its success in nature is difficult to predict. One risk is that invasive plants, which may have adapted to lower herbivore pressure in the introduced range, could rapidly evolve defences upon re-association with their biocontrol agent(s). Previous studies have demonstrated that populations of the invasive plant purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) exposed to biocontrol exhibit traits consistent with the rapid evolution of defence. However, to date, no one has tested this hypothesis under field-natural levels of herbivory. Using seed from 17 populations of purple loosestrife growing in eastern Canada, that varied in their history of exposure to their biocontrol agent, the leaf beetle Neogalerucella spp., we transplanted 1,088 seedlings from 136 maternal families into a common garden under ambient herbivory. Over the following three and half years, we assessed plant performance in the face of biocontrol by measuring early-season plant size, defoliation, flowering, and season-end biomass. We discovered that a population history with biocontrol explained little variation in herbivory or plant performance, suggesting that adaptation is not hindering biocontrol effectiveness. Instead, plant size, subsequent defoliation, and spatio-temporal variables were the main predictors of plant growth and flowering during the study. The high individual variability we observed in plant performance underscores that flexible strategies of allocation and phenology are important contributors to the persistence of invasive plants. Our findings suggest that plant adaptation to biocontrol is unlikely to be a strong impediment to biological control in this species, however, the high survival and variable defoliation of plants in our study also indicate that biocontrol alone is unlikely to result in significant population decline. We recommend that the application of multiple forms of control simultaneously (e.g. thinning plus biocontrol) could help to prevent the existence of refuges of large, reproductive individuals.}, }
@article {pmid33005229, year = {2020}, author = {Li, J and Aidlin Harari, O and Doss, AL and Walling, LL and Atkinson, PW and Morin, S and Tabashnik, BE}, title = {Can CRISPR gene drive work in pest and beneficial haplodiploid species?.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {2392-2403}, pmid = {33005229}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Gene drives based on CRISPR/Cas9 have the potential to reduce the enormous harm inflicted by crop pests and insect vectors of human disease, as well as to bolster valued species. In contrast with extensive empirical and theoretical studies in diploid organisms, little is known about CRISPR gene drive in haplodiploids, despite their immense global impacts as pollinators, pests, natural enemies of pests, and invasive species in native habitats. Here, we analyze mathematical models demonstrating that, in principle, CRISPR homing gene drive can work in haplodiploids, as well as at sex-linked loci in diploids. However, relative to diploids, conditions favoring the spread of alleles deleterious to haplodiploid pests by CRISPR gene drive are narrower, the spread is slower, and resistance to the drive evolves faster. By contrast, the spread of alleles that impose little fitness cost or boost fitness was not greatly hindered in haplodiploids relative to diploids. Therefore, altering traits to minimize damage caused by harmful haplodiploids, such as interfering with transmission of plant pathogens, may be more likely to succeed than control efforts based on introducing traits that reduce pest fitness. Enhancing fitness of beneficial haplodiploids with CRISPR gene drive is also promising.}, }
@article {pmid33004879, year = {2020}, author = {Urbina, J and Bredeweg, EM and Cousins, C and Blaustein, AR and Garcia, TS}, title = {Reproductive characteristics of American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) in their invasive range of the Pacific Northwest, USA.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {16271}, pmid = {33004879}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Oregon ; *Ranidae/physiology ; Reproduction ; Sexual Maturation ; }, abstract = {Invasive species pose a major threat to global biodiversity. The effects of invasive species can be strongly influenced and potentially mediated by their reproductive characteristics, such as fecundity, egg production, and duration and number of reproductive events. Selection for smaller body size at first reproduction can also play a role in their establishment, facilitating colonization and spread. The American bullfrog, native to the eastern U.S. (Lithobates catesbeianus), is a species that has invaded more than 40 countries across 4 continents. This species has become especially prevalent in the western United States since its introduction in the early 1900s. This study characterized reproductive characteristics of bullfrogs with emphasis on the minimum size at which males and females reach sexual maturity in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA invasion range. We collected and dissected 121 individuals in 2013 and 2017, quantifying characteristics of sexual maturity including snout-vent length, total length, sex, tympanum diameter, presence of distended oviducts or eggs for females, and testes length and sperm activity in males. Our results showed that the minimum reproductive size of both males and females was smaller relative to bullfrogs in their native range as well as in populations across their invasive range. Reduction in size at reproductive maturity is likely impacting the invasive success of American bullfrogs and this study gives us insight on management actions to control the invasion. Applying this insight, managers can adjust their definition of reproductively active adults, increasing the target population of culling and other control methods.}, }
@article {pmid33002035, year = {2020}, author = {Larson, MD and Levri, EP and Huzurbazar, SV and Greenwood, DJ and Wise, KL and Krist, AC}, title = {No evidence for a dilution effect of the non-native snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, on native snails.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {e0239762}, pmid = {33002035}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; *Snails/parasitology ; Trematoda ; Trematode Infections/veterinary ; Wyoming ; }, abstract = {The dilution effect can occur by a range of mechanisms and results in reduced parasite prevalence in host taxa. In invaded ecosystems, the dilution effect can benefit native species if non-native species, acting as resistant or less competent hosts, reduce rates of parasitic infections in native species. In field experiments, we assessed whether manipulating biomass of the non-native snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, caused a dilution effect by reducing trematode infections in three taxa of native snails. In contrast to many studies showing resistant or less competent non-native hosts can "dilute" or reduce infection rates, we found no evidence for a dilution effect reducing infection rates of any of the native snails. We suggest that a dilution effect may not have occurred because most trematode taxa are highly host specific, and thus the trematode transmission stages did not recognize the invasive snail as a possible host. In this case, community composition appears to be important in influencing the dilution effect.}, }
@article {pmid33001575, year = {2021}, author = {Sarmento, MI and Pinto, G and Araújo, WL and Silva, RC and Lima, CHO and Soares, AM and Sarmento, RA}, title = {Differential development times of galls induced by Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reveal differences in susceptibility between two Eucalyptus clones.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {77}, number = {2}, pages = {1042-1051}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6119}, pmid = {33001575}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {204521/2014-9//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico Project/ ; 88881.062227/2014-2101 for G. Pinto and A058_2013 for A.M.V.M. Soares//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior: Programa Pesquisador Visitante Especial - PVE - Capes Grant/ ; UID/50017/2020+UIDB/50017/2020//Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)/MCTES: to CESAM/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Clone Cells ; *Eucalyptus ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Oviposition ; Plant Tumors ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The significance of morphological responses of hosts on susceptibility against gall-inducing insects is relatively unknown, especially in planted forests. Here, we investigate the temporal morphological responses (gall development) induced by the invasive gall wasp Leptocybe invasa and the subsequent insect development in two Eucalyptus clones.<br><br>RESULTS: Our results identified a novel stage of gall development, not previously reported, termed here 'brownish ring'. In both hosts similar gall development stages were observed. Although L. invasa oviposited in both clones, comparison of external morphological traits of galls over time revealed a differential response in the number of galls between clones. Comparison of the developmental time of each gall and insect stage between clones suggests that plant defense mechanisms against L. invasa are activated shortly after oviposition by the wasp, yet before gall formation.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Gall number is an important parameter that should be used to measure host susceptibility among Eucalyptus clones. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing differential morphological responses induced by a galling insect, even before gall formation, revealing differences in susceptibility between different plant hosts. These findings provide insight into the use of early stages of gall formation by L. invasa to prevent invasion and establishment of this pest.}, }
@article {pmid33000893, year = {2020}, author = {Seebens, H and Bacher, S and Blackburn, TM and Capinha, C and Dawson, W and Dullinger, S and Genovesi, P and Hulme, PE and van Kleunen, M and Kühn, I and Jeschke, JM and Lenzner, B and Liebhold, AM and Pattison, Z and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and Winter, M and Essl, F}, title = {Projecting the continental accumulation of alien species through to 2050.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15333}, pmid = {33000893}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {31003A_179491//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; 31BD30_184114//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; CEECIND/02037/2017//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; EVA4.0//OP RDE/ ; I 4011-B32//Austrian Science Fund/ ; SE 1891/2-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; 264740629//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; 19-28807X//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; RVO 67985939//Akademie V&#x11b;d &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; JE 288/9-2//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; I 3757/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; 01LC1807A//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Bildung und Forschung/ ; //USDA Forest Service/ ; //Belmont Forum/ ; UIDB/00295/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; 01LC1807C//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Bildung und Forschung/ ; UIDP/00295/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; FZT 118//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; 01LC1807B//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Bildung und Forschung/ ; CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803//OP RDE/ ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions have steadily increased over recent centuries. However, we still lack a clear expectation about future trends in alien species numbers. In particular, we do not know whether alien species will continue to accumulate in regional floras and faunas, or whether the pace of accumulation will decrease due to the depletion of native source pools. Here, we apply a new model to simulate future numbers of alien species based on estimated sizes of source pools and dynamics of historical invasions, assuming a continuation of processes in the future as observed in the past (a business-as-usual scenario). We first validated performance of different model versions by conducting a back-casting approach, therefore fitting the model to alien species numbers until 1950 and validating predictions on trends from 1950 to 2005. In a second step, we selected the best performing model that provided the most robust predictions to project trajectories of alien species numbers until 2050. Altogether, this resulted in 3,790 stochastic simulation runs for 38 taxon-continent combinations. We provide the first quantitative projections of future trajectories of alien species numbers for seven major taxonomic groups in eight continents, accounting for variation in sampling intensity and uncertainty in projections. Overall, established alien species numbers per continent were predicted to increase from 2005 to 2050 by 36%. Particularly, strong increases were projected for Europe in absolute (+2,543 ± 237 alien species) and relative terms, followed by Temperate Asia (+1,597 ± 197), Northern America (1,484 ± 74) and Southern America (1,391 ± 258). Among individual taxonomic groups, especially strong increases were projected for invertebrates globally. Declining (but still positive) rates were projected only for Australasia. Our projections provide a first baseline for the assessment of future developments of biological invasions, which will help to inform policies to contain the spread of alien species.}, }
@article {pmid33000522, year = {2021}, author = {Liu, C and Ren, Y and Li, Z and Hu, Q and Yin, L and Wang, H and Qiao, X and Zhang, Y and Xing, L and Xi, Y and Jiang, F and Wang, S and Huang, C and Liu, B and Liu, H and Wan, F and Qian, W and Fan, W}, title = {Giant African snail genomes provide insights into molluscan whole-genome duplication and aquatic-terrestrial transition.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {478-494}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.13261}, pmid = {33000522}, issn = {1755-0998}, support = {31901950//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; Y2017JC01//the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program &amp;&amp; The Elite Young Scientists Program of CAAS, Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution/ ; 2016YFC1200600//the National key research and development program of China/ ; JCYJ20190813120401662//Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen/ ; CAAS-XTCX2016//the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program Cooperation and Innovation Mission/ ; ZDSYS20141118170111640//Fund of Key Laboratory of Shenzhen/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Gene Duplication ; Genome ; Phylogeny ; Snails/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Whole-genome duplication (WGD), contributing to evolutionary diversity and environmental adaptability, has been observed across a wide variety of eukaryotic groups, but not in molluscs. Molluscs are the second largest animal phylum in terms of species numbers, and among the organisms that have successfully adapted to the nonmarine realm through aquatic-terrestrial (A-T) transition. We assembled a chromosome-level reference genome for Achatina immaculata, a globally invasive species, and compared the genomes of two giant African snails (A. immaculata and Achatina fulica) to other available mollusc genomes. Macrosynteny, colinearity blocks, Ks peak and Hox gene clusters collectively suggested a WGD event in the two snails. The estimated WGD timing (~70 million years ago) was close to the speciation age of the Sigmurethra-Orthurethra (within Stylommatophora) lineage and the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) mass extinction, indicating that the WGD may have been a common event shared by all Sigmurethra-Orthurethra species and conferred ecological adaptability allowing survival after the K-T extinction event. Furthermore, the adaptive mechanism of WGD in terrestrial ecosystems was confirmed by the presence of gene families related to the respiration, aestivation and immune defence. Several mucus-related gene families expanded early in the Stylommatophora lineage, and the haemocyanin and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase families doubled during WGD, and zinc metalloproteinase genes were highly tandemly duplicated after WGD. This evidence suggests that although WGD may not have been the direct driver of the A-T transition, it played an important part in the terrestrial adaptation of giant African snails.}, }
@article {pmid32997823, year = {2021}, author = {Culverwell, CL and Uusitalo, RJ and Korhonen, EM and Vapalahti, OP and Huhtamo, E and Harbach, RE}, title = {The mosquitoes of Finland: updated distributions and bionomics.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, pages = {1-29}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12475}, pmid = {32997823}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Culicidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Finland ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Life History Traits ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) were collected in Finland between 2012 and 2018 to determine the species present and their distributions. In total, 52 466 specimens from 1031 collections formed the basis for the preparation of distribution maps for each of the 40 species that were collected. Anopheles maculipennis s.s., An. claviger, Aedes geminus and Ochlerotatus sticticus are confirmed on mainland Finland after previous records were uncertain or absent. Coquillettidia richiardii, Culiseta morsitans, Cs. ochroptera, Culex territans, Cx. torrentium, Oc. leucomelas, Oc. nigrinus, Oc. pullatus and Oc. punctodes occur more widely than previously reported. Three species, Ae. rossicus, Cs. subochrea and Oc. cyprius were not collected, although Ae. rossicus was subsequently found in Lapland by another researcher. No invasive species were collected. Ochlerotatus communis, an aggressive biter, was the most commonly encountered species. Larval collection data suggest that several species may have up to three generations per year in Finland, with Cx. torrentium and Cx. pipiens having at least two, and Oc. communis and Oc. punctor regularly found as larvae across the summer. These data, especially when coupled with historical records, are vital for monitoring species which have significant vector potential, particularly when faced with a warming climate.}, }
@article {pmid32997680, year = {2020}, author = {Ekanayake, EMBP and Cirella, GT and Xie, Y}, title = {Impacts of community forestry on forest condition: Evidence from Sri Lanka's intermediate zone.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {e0239405}, pmid = {32997680}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Forestry ; *Forests ; Humans ; *Residence Characteristics ; Sri Lanka ; Trees/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Sri Lanka's community forestry (CF) program emerged in the early 1980s following a global trend to conserve forest resources and provide benefits to the local community. However, very little is known about the effect of CF on forest resources. We assess the impacts of CF on forest conditions of semi-mixed evergreen forest in the intermediate zone of Sri Lanka using the before-after control-impact method. The study examines tree density, regeneration, woody species diversity, and evidence of disturbance as parameters to analyze the impact of the CF program. Data are analyzed using the difference in differences approach. The results show that the CF program has increased seedling and sapling density to a significant degree and reduced human disturbances. A major contribution of the CF program is that it was found to reduce invasive species and forest fires. The program reduced the amount of invasive species up to six times less than previous. The findings revealed that the impact of CF on forests may vary depending on pre-existing forest conditions, length of period to implement, perception, and decisions by local people. Community understanding and decision-making, in tandem with government policy, will weigh heavily on its future effectiveness.}, }
@article {pmid32997384, year = {2021}, author = {Landis, WG}, title = {The Origin, Development, Application, Lessons Learned, and Future Regarding the Bayesian Network Relative Risk Model for Ecological Risk Assessment.}, journal = {Integrated environmental assessment and management}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {79-94}, doi = {10.1002/ieam.4351}, pmid = {32997384}, issn = {1551-3793}, support = {MWD Agreement No. 189788//California Metropolitan Water District/ ; 1935018//National Science Foundation/ ; 19-C0030//California Department of Pesticide Regulation/ ; }, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; *Risk Assessment ; Rivers ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/toxicity ; }, abstract = {In 2012, a regional risk assessment was published that applied Bayesian networks (BN) to the structure of the relative risk model. The original structure of the relative risk model (RRM) was published in the late 1990s and developed during the next decade. The RRM coupled with a Monte Carlo analysis was applied to calculating risk to a number of sites and a variety of questions. The sites included watersheds, terrestrial systems, and marine environments and included stressors such as nonindigenous species, effluents, pesticides, nutrients, and management options. However, it became apparent that there were limits to the original approach. In 2009, the relative risk model was transitioned into the structure of a BN. Bayesian networks had several clear advantages. First, BNs innately incorporated categories and, as in the case of the relative risk model, ranks to describe systems. Second, interactions between multiple stressors can be combined using several pathways and the conditional probability tables (CPT) to calculate outcomes. Entropy analysis was the method used to document model sensitivity. As with the RRM, the method has now been applied to a wide series of sites and questions, from forestry management, to invasive species, to disease, the interaction of ecological and human health endpoints, the flows of large rivers, and now the efficacy and risks of synthetic biology. The application of both methods have pointed to the incompleteness of the fields of environmental chemistry, toxicology, and risk assessment. The low frequency of exposure-response experiments and proper analysis have limited the available outputs for building appropriate CPTs. Interactions between multiple chemicals, landscape characteristics, population dynamics and community structure have been poorly characterized even for critical environments. A better strategy might have been to first look at the requirements of modern risk assessment approaches and then set research priorities. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:79-94. © 2020 SETAC.}, }
@article {pmid32997363, year = {2020}, author = {Yuan, M and Stinchcombe, JR}, title = {Population genomics of parallel adaptation.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {21}, pages = {4033-4036}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15659}, pmid = {32997363}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Genomics ; *Metagenomics ; Phenotype ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Parallel evolution is one of the striking patterns in nature. The presence of repeated evolution of the same phenotypes, suites of traits, and adaptations suggests a strong role for natural selection in shaping biological diversity. The reasoning is straightforward: each instance of repeated evolution makes it less likely that these features evolved neutrally or due to stochastic forces in each population or species. With the growing sequencing capability, we are now poised to examine the genetic basis of parallel evolution in model and nonmodel systems. On pages 4102-4117 of this issue of Molecular Ecology, van Boheemen and Hodgins (2020) provide an exemplar study of this kind, using common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia; Figure 1a). Their study is noteworthy and ambitious in many respects, and we think will serve as a model for studying parallel adaptation, even in nonmodel species.}, }
@article {pmid32996571, year = {2020}, author = {Milosavljević, I and Hoddle, CD and Mafra-Neto, A and Gómez-Marco, F and Hoddle, MS}, title = {Use of Digital Video Cameras to Determine the Efficacy of Two Trap Types for Capturing Rhynchophorus palmarum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {113}, number = {6}, pages = {3028-3031}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toaa223}, pmid = {32996571}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Insect Control ; Pheromones ; *Phoeniceae ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {The efficacies of two trap types, bucket and Picusan traps, for capturing and retaining Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.), an invasive palm pest responsible for killing thousands of ornamental Canary Islands date palms (Phoenix canariensis Chabaud [Arecales: Arecaceae]) in San Diego County, CA, were compared. Digital video data were analyzed to determine how R. palmarum behavior toward each trap type affected capture and retention rates. Videography was conducted 24 h/d, 7 d/wk, for more than 7 mo resulting in 20,211 h of digital data for analysis. Weevil attraction to traps was observed only during daylight hours and no patterns in diel activity were found. Neither trap type tested captured 100% of weevils attracted to traps. Bucket traps suspended 1.5 m above the ground attracted 30% more weevils than ground deployed Picusan traps. Of those weevils attracted to bucket traps, 89% entered, 82% escaped, and 18% that entered traps were retained. Weevils that were not retained spent an average of 19 min 20 s entering and exiting entry holes and walking and flying around the bucket trap. By contrast, Picusan traps captured 89% of weevils that entered the trap. The time between weevils arriving (via walking or flight) on the sides of the Picusan trap and retention in the trap ranged between 90 and 376 s. These visual observations suggest that Picusan traps are more efficient than bucket traps for R. palmarum capture.}, }
@article {pmid32995100, year = {2020}, author = {Rugman-Jones, PF and Au, M and Ebrahimi, V and Eskalen, A and Gillett, CPDT and Honsberger, D and Husein, D and Wright, MG and Yousuf, F and Stouthamer, R}, title = {One becomes two: second species of the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) species complex is established on two Hawaiian Islands.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e9987}, pmid = {32995100}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The cryptic species that make up the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex can be readily distinguished via their DNA sequences. Until recently, it was believed that the Hawaiian Islands had been invaded by only one of these cryptic species, E. perbrevis (tea shot hole borer; TSHB). However, following the 2016 deposition of a DNA sequence in the public repository GenBank, it became evident that another species, E. fornicatus (polyphagous shot hole borer; PSHB), had been detected in macadamia orchards on Hawai'i Island (the Big Island). We surveyed the two most-populous islands of Hawai'i, Big Island and O'ahu, and herein confirm that populations of TSHB and PSHB are established on both. Beetles were collected using a variety of techniques in macadamia orchards and natural areas. Individual specimens were identified to species using a high-resolution melt assay, described herein and validated by subsequent sequencing of specimens. It remains unclear how long each species has been present in the state, and while neither is currently recognized as causing serious economic or ecological damage in Hawai'i, the similarity of the newly-confirmed PSHB population to other damaging invasive PSHB populations around the world is discussed. Although the invasive PSHB populations in Hawai'i and California likely have different geographic origins within the beetle's native range, they share identical Fusarium and Graphium fungal symbionts, neither of which have been isolated from PSHB in that native range.}, }
@article {pmid32993936, year = {2020}, author = {Tufts, DM and Sameroff, S and Tagliafierro, T and Jain, K and Oleynik, A and VanAcker, MC and Diuk-Wasser, MA and Lipkin, WI and Tokarz, R}, title = {A metagenomic examination of the pathobiome of the invasive tick species, Haemaphysalis longicornis, collected from a New York City borough, USA.}, journal = {Ticks and tick-borne diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {101516}, doi = {10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101516}, pmid = {32993936}, issn = {1877-9603}, mesh = {Animals ; Ixodidae/growth &amp; development/*microbiology/virology ; Larva/growth &amp; development/microbiology/virology ; *Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; *Microbiota ; New York City ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/microbiology/virology ; *Virome ; }, abstract = {Haemaphysalis longicornis, the Asian longhorned tick, is an invasive tick species that has spread rapidly across the northeastern and southeastern regions of the United States in recent years. This invasive pest species, known to transmit several tick-borne pathogens in its native range, is a potential threat to wildlife, livestock, domestic animals, and humans. Questing larval (n = 25), nymph (n = 10), and adult (n = 123), along with host-derived adult (n = 25) H. longicornis ticks were collected from various locations on Staten Island, NY. The pathobiome of each specimen was examined using two different high throughput sequencing approaches, virus enrichment and shotgun metagenomics. An average of 45,828,061 total reads per sample were recovered from the virus enriched samples and an average of 11,381,144 total reads per sample were obtained using shotgun metagenomics. Aside from endogenous viral sequences, no viruses were identified through either approach. Through shotgun metagenomics, Coxiella-like bacteria, Legionella, Sphingomonas, and other bacterial species were recovered. The Coxiella-like agent was ubiquitous and present at high abundances in all samples, suggesting it may be an endosymbiont. The other bacterial agents are not known to be transmitted by ticks. From these analyses, H. longicornis do not appear to host any endemic human tick-borne pathogens in the New York City region.}, }
@article {pmid32993095, year = {2020}, author = {Assaeed, AM and Al-Rowaily, SL and El-Bana, MI and Hegazy, AK and Dar, BA and Abd-ElGawad, AM}, title = {Functional Traits Plasticity of the Invasive Herb Argemone ochroleuca Sweet in Different Arid Habitats.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {32993095}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {AT24-110//King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology/ ; }, abstract = {Understanding the strategies and mechanisms of invasive species could guide their control and management especially in arid ecosystems. This study compares the vegetative and reproductive functional traits of the invasive Mexican poppy (Argemone ochroleuca), in seven habitat types, in southwestern Saudi Arabia. The results showed that the aboveground phenological attributes such as plant height, leaf area, and leaf dry mass attained the highest values in the wadi channels, whereas these attributes attained the lowest values in the mountain ranges. Maximum specific leaf area, root parameters, and all reproductive traits were recorded in the abandoned fields. In contrast to all other habitats, populations from abandoned fields had a greater investment of resources in belowground structures, while the population growing in the wadi channels and mountain ranges habitat allocated more energy to vegetative parts. The plasticity in vegetative and reproductive resource allocation in A. ochroleuca is an important mechanism in determining its colonizing ability in different habitat types and expanding the distribution range. The present data of the functional traits of A. ochroleuca agree with the resource fluctuation hypothesis, where the plant flourished in the abandoned fields that attained the highest values of organic matter and nutrients. Therefore, the restoration of these disturbed habitats could improve the resistance toward invasion by this noxious weed.}, }
@article {pmid32990345, year = {2021}, author = {Knapp, L and Mazzi, D and Finger, R}, title = {The economic impact of Drosophila suzukii: perceived costs and revenue losses of Swiss cherry, plum and grape growers.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {77}, number = {2}, pages = {978-1000}, pmid = {32990345}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Crops, Agricultural ; Drosophila ; Drosophila Proteins ; Insect Control ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; *Prunus domestica ; Switzerland ; *Vitis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Drosophila suzukii can lead to substantial damages in horticultural production. In this article we analyze revenue losses and cost increases due to D. suzukii as perceived of Swiss cherry, plum and grape growers. Moreover, we investigate associations between farm and grower characteristics and revenue losses and perceived costs increases. We surveyed Swiss growers of cherries, plums and grapes repeatedly in the period 2016-2018 (N = 1572).<br><br>RESULTS: We find that 76% of cherry, plum and grape growers faced additional costs due to D. suzukii. In contrast, yield losses due to D. suzukii infestation were small on average, but nevertheless high for some growers. We find substantial heterogeneity in perceived costs and revenue losses across crops, years and farms. Larger farms are found to face lower perceived additional costs, suggesting scale effects in prevention and control of D. suzukii. Growers with a higher inter-varietal diversity perceived additional costs to be higher. Furthermore, organic farming was negatively associated with expected additional costs.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the economic impact of invasive species such as D. suzukii goes far beyond reductions in yield quantity and quality, but rather stems from higher costs due to the need to establish preventive and control measures. Heterogeneity in costs and revenue losses suggests that policy measures to support growers need to be tailored to crops and farm types. Policies supporting improvements of measures against D. suzukii and other newly occurring alien pests and reduce additional costs such as more efficient preventive and control measures merit further encouragement.}, }
@article {pmid32989855, year = {2021}, author = {Thusithana, V and Amarasekara, RWK and Gehan Jayasuriya, KMG and Gama-Arachchige, NS and Baskin, CC and Baskin, JM}, title = {Seed dormancy of Cardiospermum halicacabum (Sapindaceae) from three precipitation zones in Sri Lanka.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {148-155}, doi = {10.1111/plb.13189}, pmid = {32989855}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {*Climate ; Germination ; *Plant Dormancy ; Rain ; Sapindaceae/*physiology ; Seeds/*physiology ; Sri Lanka ; }, abstract = {This study investigated seed germination of Cardiospermum halicacabum, a medicinally important invasive species. We compared mass, moisture content (MC), dormancy and dormancy-breaking treatments and imbibition and germination of scarified and non-scarified seeds of C. halicacabum from a low-elevation dry zone (DZ), low-elevation wet zone (WZ1) and mid-elevation wet zone (WZ2) in Sri Lanka to test the hypothesis that the percentage of seeds with water-impermeable seed coats (physical dormancy, PY) decreases with increased precipitation. Seed mass was higher in WZ2 than in DZ and WZ1, while seed MC did not vary among the zones. All scarified DZ, WZ1 and WZ2 and non-scarified DZ and WZ1 seeds imbibed water, but only a few non-scarified WZ2 seeds did so. When DZ and WZ1 seeds were desiccated, MC and percentage imbibition decreased, showing that these seeds have the ability to develop PY. GA3 promoted germination of embryos excised from fresh DZ and WZ1 seeds and of scarified WZ2 seeds. At maturity, seeds from DZ and WZ1 had only physiological dormancy (PD), while those from WZ2 had combinational dormancy (PY+PD). Thus, our hypothesis was not supported. Since a high percentage of excised embryos developed into normal seedlings; this is a low-cost method to produce C. halicacabum plants for medicinal and ornamental purposes.}, }
@article {pmid32986704, year = {2020}, author = {Müller, P and Engeler, L and Vavassori, L and Suter, T and Guidi, V and Gschwind, M and Tonolla, M and Flacio, E}, title = {Surveillance of invasive Aedes mosquitoes along Swiss traffic axes reveals different dispersal modes for Aedes albopictus and Ae. japonicus.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {e0008705}, pmid = {32986704}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/*physiology/virology ; Animals ; *Epidemiological Monitoring ; Europe ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Mosquito Control/instrumentation ; Mosquito Vectors/*physiology ; Oviposition/physiology ; Switzerland ; Zika Virus ; }, abstract = {Over the past three decades, Europe has witnessed an increased spread of invasive aedine mosquito species, most notably Aedes albopictus, a key vector of chikungunya, dengue and Zika virus. While its distribution in southern Europe is well documented, its dispersal modes across the Alps remain poorly investigated, preventing a projection of future scenarios beyond its current range in order to target mosquito control. To monitor the presence and frequency of invasive Aedes mosquitoes across and beyond the Alps we set oviposition and BG-Sentinel traps at potential points of entry with a focus on motorway service areas across Switzerland. We placed the traps from June to September and controlled them for the presence of mosquitoes every other week between 2013 and 2018. Over the six years of surveillance we identified three invasive Aedes species, including Ae. albopictus, Ae. japonicus and Ae. koreicus. Based on the frequency and distribution patterns we conclude that Ae. albopictus and Ae. koreicus are being passively spread primarily along the European route E35 from Italy to Germany, crossing the Alps, while Ae. japonicus has been expanding its range from northern Switzerland across the country most likely through active dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid32981063, year = {2020}, author = {Braschler, B and Duffy, GA and Nortje, E and Kritzinger-Klopper, S and du Plessis, D and Karenyi, N and Leihy, RI and Chown, SL}, title = {Realised rather than fundamental thermal niches predict site occupancy: Implications for climate change forecasting.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {12}, pages = {2863-2875}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13358}, pmid = {32981063}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Hot Temperature ; South Africa ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Thermal performance traits are regularly used to make forecasts of the responses of ectotherms to anthropogenic environmental change, but such forecasts do not always differentiate between fundamental and realised thermal niches. Here we determine the relative extents to which variation in the fundamental and realised thermal niches accounts for current variation in species abundance and occupancy and assess the effects of niche-choice on future-climate response estimations. We investigated microclimate and macroclimate temperatures alongside abundance, occupancy, critical thermal limits and foraging activity of 52 ant species (accounting for >95% individuals collected) from a regional assemblage from across the Western Cape Province, South Africa, between 2003 and 2014. Capability of a species to occupy sites experiencing the most extreme temperatures, coupled with breadth of realised niche, explained most deviance in occupancy (up to 75%), while foraging temperature range and body mass explained up to 50.5% of observed variation in mean species abundance. When realised niches are used to forecast responses to climate change, large positive and negative effects among species are predicted under future conditions, in contrast to the forecasts of minimal impacts on all species that are indicated by fundamental niche predictions.}, }
@article {pmid32980958, year = {2021}, author = {Machado, RM and de Oliveira, FA and de Matos Alves, F and de Souza, AP and Forni-Martins, ER}, title = {Population Genetics of Polyploid Complex Psidium cattleyanum Sabine (Myrtaceae): Preliminary Analyses Based on New Species-Specific Microsatellite Loci and Extension to Other Species of the Genus.}, journal = {Biochemical genetics}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, pages = {219-234}, pmid = {32980958}, issn = {1573-4927}, support = {2018/18527-9//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 141938/2020-0//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, mesh = {DNA, Plant/genetics ; Gene Library ; *Genes, Plant ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; *Ploidies ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polyploidy ; Psidium/*genetics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Polyploidy is a phenomenon that alters the genetic diversity of populations and has been reported as one of the most important evolutionary forces for plant diversification. The Psidium cattleyanum complex comprises a group of wild populations with several ploidy levels reported in the literature. The multiple cytotypes, associated with its wide distribution area, make this species a potential key model for understanding evolutionary processes related to polyploidization. In this study, we isolated and characterized nuclear microsatellite markers of P. cattleyanum and tested their transferability to other nine species of the genus. We performed a preliminary analysis of genetic diversity and population structure in three populations of P. cattleyanum. The three populations analyzed had different chromosome numbers, being polyploid cytotypes (2n = 6x = 66, 2n = 7x = 77 and 2n = 8x = 88). We designed 46 primer pairs and successfully amplified 37 markers, from which the 10 best were selected for analysis. Considering both the PIC and DP values, most of markers were highly informative. The new SSR markers were used to assess the levels of genetic diversity of the populations and detected one population with predominance of sexual reproduction. DAPC analysis pointed the formation of three groups, which corresponded to the populations analyzed. The markers were successfully amplified in related species, with some species presenting 80% transferability. By producing this panel of polymorphic microsatellites, we contribute to the understanding evolution in groups of natural polyploids for future studies.}, }
@article {pmid32978630, year = {2020}, author = {Parent, CE and Peck, SB and Causton, CE and Roque-Albelo, L and Lester, PJ and Bulgarella, M}, title = {Polistes versicolor (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), an Introduced Wasp in the Galapagos Islands: Its Life Cycle and Ecological Impact.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, pages = {1480-1491}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvaa110}, pmid = {32978630}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecuador ; Insecta ; Islands ; Predatory Behavior ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {The yellow paper wasp, Polistes versicolor (Olivier) was first recorded in the Galapagos archipelago in 1988. Its life cycle and ecological impacts were studied on two islands 11 yr after it was first discovered. This invasive wasp adapted quickly and was found in most environments. Colony counts and adult wasp monitoring showed a strong preference for drier habitats. Nest activities were seasonally synchronized, nest building followed the rains in the hot season (typically January-May), when insect prey increases, and peaked as temperature and rains started to decline. Next, the number of adult wasps peaked during the cool season when there is barely any rain in the drier zones. In Galapagos, almost half of the prey loads of P. versicolor were lepidopteran larvae, but wasps also carried spiders, beetles, and flies back to the colonies. An estimated average of 329 mg of fresh insect prey was consumed per day for an average colony of 120-150 wasp larvae. The wasps preyed upon native and introduced insects, but likely also affect insectivorous vertebrates as competitors for food. Wasps may also compete with native pollinators as they regularly visited flowers to collect nectar, and have been recorded visiting at least 93 plant species in Galapagos, including 66 endemic and native plants. Colonies were attacked by a predatory moth, Taygete sphecophila (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Autostichidae), but colony development was not arrested. High wasp numbers also affect the activities of residents and tourists. A management program for this invasive species in the archipelago is essential.}, }
@article {pmid32977604, year = {2020}, author = {Wineriter-Wright, SA and Smith, MC and Metz, MA and Makinson, JR and Brown, BT and Purcell, MF and Barr, KL and Pratt, PD}, title = {The Biology of Casmara subagronoma (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), a Stem-Boring Moth of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae): Descriptions of the Previously Unknown Adult Female and Immature Stages, and Its Potential as a Biological Control Candidate.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {32977604}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {6032-22000-012-73R//South Florida Water Management District/ ; 6032-18000-017//Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission/ ; }, abstract = {Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is a perennial shrub native to Southeast Asia and is invasive in South Florida and Hawai'i, USA. During surveys of R. tomentosa in Hong Kong from 2013-2018 for potential biological control agents, we collected larvae of the stem borer, Casmara subagronoma. Larvae were shipped in stems to a USDA-ARS quarantine facility where they were reared and subjected to biology studies and preliminary host range examinations. Casmara subagronoma is the most recent Casmara species to be described from males collected in Vietnam and Indonesia. Because the original species description was based on only two male specimens, we also provide a detailed description of the female, egg, larva, and pupa. Finally, we conducted preliminary host range trials utilizing Myrtus communis, Myrcianthes fragrans, and Camellia sinensis. Casmara subagronoma emerged from M. fragrans, a Florida-native shrub, and larvae were able to survive in non-target stems for over a year (>400 days). Based on these findings and difficulty in rearing, we do not believe C. subagronoma is a suitable insect for biological control of R. tomentosa at this time, but may warrant further study. This investigation also illustrates the importance of host surveys for conservation and taxonomic purposes.}, }
@article {pmid32975750, year = {2021}, author = {Rettig, JE and Smith, GR}, title = {Relative strength of top-down effects of an invasive fish and bottom-up effects of nutrient addition in a simple aquatic food web.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, pages = {5845-5853}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-020-10933-7}, pmid = {32975750}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Chlorophyll A ; *Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Nutrients ; Phytoplankton ; Zooplankton ; }, abstract = {Introduction of exotic predators or runoff of fertilizers can alter aquatic food webs, in particular zooplankton communities, through top-down and bottom-up effects. In a mesocosm experiment, we manipulated the density of Western Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and nutrient levels (nitrate and phosphate independently) and observed effects on zooplankton and phytoplankton in a fall, temperate zone system. If top-down regulation were important, we expected mosquitofish predation to reduce zooplankton abundance, which would indirectly benefit phytoplankton. If bottom-up regulation were important, we expected nutrient addition to increase both primary producers and zooplankton. Western Mosquitofish predation significantly decreased the abundance of several zooplankton taxa, resulting in a trophic cascade with increased chlorophyll a (i.e., primary productivity). This effect did not differ between mesocosms with 5 or 10 fish. Nutrient addition had no significant effects on zooplankton; however, chlorophyll a was positively affected by both nitrogen addition and phosphorus addition. Our results suggest weak bottom-up regulation in our experimental community, but strong top-down regulation, emphasizing the potential consequences of introducing non-native Western Mosquitofish to native aquatic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid32974560, year = {2019}, author = {Yan, Y and Finnigan, GC}, title = {Analysis of CRISPR gene drive design in budding yeast.}, journal = {Access microbiology}, volume = {1}, number = {9}, pages = {e000059}, pmid = {32974560}, issn = {2516-8290}, abstract = {Control of biological populations remains a critical goal to address the challenges facing ecosystems and agriculture and those posed by human disease, including pests, parasites, pathogens and invasive species. A particular architecture of the CRISPR/Cas biotechnology - a gene drive - has the potential to modify or eliminate populations on a massive scale. Super-Mendelian inheritance has now been demonstrated in both fungi and metazoans, including disease vectors such as mosquitoes. Studies in yeast and fly model systems have developed a number of molecular safeguards to increase biosafety and control over drive systems in vivo, including titration of nuclease activity, anti-CRISPR-dependent inhibition and use of non-native DNA target sites. We have developed a CRISPR/Cas9 gene drive in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that allows for the safe and rapid examination of alternative drive designs and control mechanisms. In this study, we tested whether non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) had occurred within diploid cells displaying a loss of the target allele following drive activation and did not detect any instances of NHEJ within multiple sampled populations. We also demonstrated successful multiplexing using two additional non-native target sequences. Furthermore, we extended our analysis of 'resistant' clones that still harboured both the drive and target selection markers following expression of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9; de novo mutation or NHEJ-based repair could not explain the majority of these heterozygous clones. Finally, we developed a second-generation gene drive in yeast with a guide RNA cassette integrated within the drive locus with a near 100 % success rate; resistant clones in this system could also be reactivated during a second round of Cas9 induction.}, }
@article {pmid32971790, year = {2020}, author = {Drossart, M and Gérard, M}, title = {Beyond the Decline of Wild Bees: Optimizing Conservation Measures and Bringing Together the Actors.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {32971790}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Wild bees are facing a global decline mostly induced by numerous human factors for the last decades. In parallel, public interest for their conservation increased considerably, namely through numerous scientific studies relayed in the media. In spite of this broad interest, a lack of knowledge and understanding of the subject is blatant and reveals a gap between awareness and understanding. While their decline is extensively studied, information on conservation measures is often scattered in the literature. We are now beyond the precautionary principle and experts are calling for effective actions to promote wild bee diversity and the enhancement of environment quality. In this review, we draw a general and up-to-date assessment of the conservation methods, as well as their efficiency and the current projects that try to fill the gaps and optimize the conservation measures. Targeting bees, we focused our attention on (i) the protection and restoration of wild bee habitats, (ii) the conservation measures in anthropogenic habitats, (iii) the implementation of human made tools, (iv) how to deal with invasive alien species, and finally (v) how to communicate efficiently and accurately. This review can be considered as a needed catalyst to implement concrete and qualitative conversation actions for bees.}, }
@article {pmid32970846, year = {2021}, author = {Roche, MD and Pearse, IS and Bialic-Murphy, L and Kivlin, SN and Sofaer, HR and Kalisz, S}, title = {Negative effects of an allelopathic invader on AM fungal plant species drive community-level responses.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {1}, pages = {e03201}, pmid = {32970846}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {*Allelopathy ; Brassicaceae/*chemistry ; Introduced Species ; *Mycorrhizae ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {The mechanisms causing invasive species impact are rarely empirically tested, limiting our ability to understand and predict subsequent changes in invaded plant communities. Invader disruption of native mutualistic interactions is a mechanism expected to have negative effects on native plant species. Specifically, disruption of native plant-fungal mutualisms may provide non-mycorrhizal plant invaders an advantage over mycorrhizal native plants. Invasive Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) produces secondary chemicals toxic to soil microorganisms including mycorrhizal fungi, and is known to induce physiological stress and reduce population growth rates of native forest understory plant species. Here, we report on a 11-yr manipulative field experiment in replicated forest plots testing if the effects of removal of garlic mustard on the plant community support the mutualism disruption hypothesis within the entire understory herbaceous community. We compare community responses for two functional groups: the mycorrhizal vs. the non-mycorrhizal plant communities. Our results show that garlic mustard weeding alters the community composition, decreases community evenness, and increases the abundance of understory herbs that associate with mycorrhizal fungi. Conversely, garlic mustard has no significant effects on the non-mycorrhizal plant community. Consistent with the mutualism disruption hypothesis, our results demonstrate that allelochemical producing invaders modify the plant community by disproportionately impacting mycorrhizal plant species. We also demonstrate the importance of incorporating causal mechanisms of biological invasion to elucidate patterns and predict community-level responses.}, }
@article {pmid32970149, year = {2020}, author = {Cornelissen, B and Neumann, P and Ellis, JD}, title = {Successful Pupation of Small Hive Beetle, Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), in Greenhouse Substrates.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {113}, number = {6}, pages = {3032-3034}, pmid = {32970149}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; *Coleoptera ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Pollen ; Soil ; }, abstract = {The small hive beetle, Aethina tumida Murray, is an invasive pest that has spread globally. Western honey bees, Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), are considered the most important host and infestations can lead to collapse of colonies. Larvae feed on honey, pollen, and brood inside the hive and leave the hive as postfeeding wandering larvae to pupate in the surrounding soil. Other host species include bumble bees, stingless bees, and solitary bees, all of which can facilitate small hive beetle reproduction and are used for greenhouse crop pollination worldwide. Here, we investigated if small hive beetles can complete their life cycle when soil is absent by pupating in plant root-supporting substrates commonly used in greenhouses. Wandering small hive beetle larvae were introduced into containers with coconut fiber, perlite, a mixture of both and stone wool substrates to investigate pupation success and development time. Sand was used as control substrate. In all but one substrate (perlite), small hive beetles developed into adults equally well as they did in the sand. Development time ranged between 23 and 37 d and was not different from that of the control. We showed that small hive beetles can pupate in greenhouse substrates. This could constitute a problem for greenhouse pollination as well as it could facilitate small hive beetle survival in areas which otherwise would be deemed unsuitable or marginal environments for small hive beetles to become established. Our study highlights the opportunistic nature of the small hive beetle as an invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid32968614, year = {2020}, author = {Fu, JY and Zhao, H and Bao, JX and Wen, ZL and Fang, RJ and Fazal, A and Yang, MK and Liu, B and Yin, TM and Pang, YJ and Lu, GH and Qi, JL and Yang, YH}, title = {Establishment of the hairy root culture of Echium plantagineum L. and its shikonin production.}, journal = {3 Biotech}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {429}, pmid = {32968614}, issn = {2190-572X}, abstract = {Echium plantagineum L. (Boraginaceae) is an invasive species in Australia and contains medicinal shikonins in its roots. In this study, the hairy root lines of E. plantagineum were established using Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain ATCC15834 and confirmed by the amplification of the rolB gene. Results showed significant difference in shikonin production between the hairy root lines in the [1]/2B5 and M9 media. The biomass of the lines in the [1]/2B5 medium was fivefold of that in the M9 medium. However, the components of detected shikonins were similar in these two liquid media. By contrast, different accumulation profiles appeared in the hairy root lines. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of nine possible related compounds, including shikonins, and acetylshikonin was the most abundant shikonin derivative. The content of acetylshikonin in the [1]/2B5 medium (36.25 mg/L on average) was twofold of that in the M9 medium. Our results showed that the hairy root cultures of E. plantagineum can be used in enhancing the production of potential pharmaceutical compounds, such as acetylshikonin.}, }
@article {pmid32967722, year = {2020}, author = {Wang, HH and Grant, WE and Teel, PD and Lohmeyer, KH and A Pérez de León, A}, title = {Enhanced biosurveillance of high-consequence invasive pests: southern cattle fever ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, on livestock and wildlife.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {487}, pmid = {32967722}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {3094-32000-039-93S//USDA-ARS/ ; 3094-32000-039-00-D//USDA-ARS/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/*parasitology ; Biosurveillance ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/*parasitology ; Deer/parasitology ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Livestock/parasitology ; Mexico ; Rhipicephalus/classification/genetics/*physiology ; Seasons ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Texas ; Tick Infestations/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Some tick species are invasive and of high consequence to public and veterinary health. Socioeconomic development of rural parts of the USA was enabled partly through the eradication by 1943 of cattle fever ticks (CFT, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and R. (B.) microplus). The southern cattle fever ticks (SCFT, R. (B.) microplus) remain a real and present threat to the USA animal agriculture because they are established in Mexico. Livestock-wildlife interactions in the Permanent Quarantine Zone (PQZ) established by the century-old Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Programme (CFTEP) in south Texas endanger its operations.<br><br>METHODS: We describe a spatially-explicit, individual-based model that simulates interactions between cattle, white-tailed deer (WTD, Odocoileus virginianus), and nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) to assess the risk for SCFT infestations across the pathogenic landscape in the PQZ and beyond. We also investigate the potential role of nilgai in sustaining SCFT populations by simulating various hypothetical infestation and eradication scenarios.<br><br>RESULTS: All infestation scenarios resulted in a phase transition from a relatively small proportion of the ranch infested to almost the entire ranch infested coinciding with the typical period of autumn increases in off-host tick larvae. Results of eradication scenarios suggest that elimination of all on-host ticks on cattle, WTD, or nilgai would have virtually no effect on the proportion of the ranch infested or on the proportions of different tick habitat types infested; the entire ranch would remain infested. If all on-host ticks were eliminated on cattle and WTD, WTD and nilgai, or cattle and nilgai, the proportions of the ranch infested occasionally would drop to 0.6, 0.6 and 0.2, respectively. Differences in proportions of the ranch infested from year to year were due to primarily to differences in winter weather conditions, whereas infestation differences among tick habitat types were due primarily to habitat use preferences of hosts.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Infestations in nilgai augment SCFT refugia enabled by WTD and promote pest persistence across the landscape and cattle parasitism. Our study documented the utility of enhanced biosurveillance using simulation tools to mitigate risk and enhance operations of area-wide tick management programmes like the CFTEP through integrated tactics for SCFT suppression.}, }
@article {pmid32967219, year = {2020}, author = {Hyndman, TH and Algar, KL and Woodward, AP and Coiacetto, F and Hampton, JO and Nickels, D and Hamilton, N and Barnes, A and Algar, D}, title = {Estradiol-17β Pharmacokinetics and Histological Assessment of the Ovaries and Uterine Horns following Intramuscular Administration of Estradiol Cypionate in Feral Cats.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {32967219}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {The control of feral cats (Felis catus) in Australia is a key biological conservation issue. Male cats are more difficult to control than female cats. Collared and tagged female cats displaying estrous behavior have been considered as a way to lure male cats and reveal their locations. As female cats are seasonal breeders, artificial induction of estrous behavior following the administration of a long-acting estrogen could improve their use for this purpose. Estradiol cypionate was intramuscularly administered to nine entire non-pregnant female feral cats, of unknown estrous status, at 0.1, 0.3, or 0.5 mg/kg. Mean peak serum concentrations of estradiol-17β were 365 pg/mL (0.1 mg/kg), 1281 pg/mL (0.3 mg/kg), and 1447 pg/mL (0.5 mg/kg). The time-course of estradiol-17β concentrations after various doses of estradiol cypionate was assessed using non-compartmental and non-linear mixed-effects methods. At the highest-studied dose (0.5 mg/kg), the 50th percentile of estradiol-17β concentrations exceeded 0.1 ng/mL for 11.8 days, and 0.05 ng/mL for 14.6 days. The duration increased with increasing dose. No signs of toxicity were noticed in any cat during the study. This information will be useful to ongoing studies that are investigating ways to reduce the abundance of feral cats in Australia, especially adult male cats.}, }
@article {pmid32966893, year = {2020}, author = {Rodriguez, C and Simon, V and Conget, P and Vega, IA}, title = {Both quiescent and proliferating cells circulate in the blood of the invasive apple snail Pomacea canaliculata.}, journal = {Fish &amp; shellfish immunology}, volume = {107}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {95-103}, doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.026}, pmid = {32966893}, issn = {1095-9947}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Count ; Flow Cytometry ; Hematopoiesis/*immunology ; Hemocytes/*immunology ; Introduced Species ; Snails/*immunology ; }, abstract = {Gastropod hematopoiesis occurs at specialized tissues in some species, but the evidence also suggests that hemocyte generation is maybe widespread in the connective tissues or the blood system in others. In Ampullariidae (Caenogastropoda), both the kidney and the lung contain putative hematopoietic cells, which react to immune challenges. In the current study, we wanted to explore if hematopoiesis occurs in the blood of Pomacea canaliculata. Thus, we obtained circulating hemocytes from donor animals and tested their ability to proliferate in the blood of conspecific recipients. We tracked cell proliferation by labeling the donors' hemocytes with the fluorescent cell proliferation marker carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE). Transferred CFSE-labeled hemocytes survived and proliferated into the recipients' circulation for at least 17 days. We also determined the cell cycle status of circulating hemocytes by using the propidium iodide (PI) and acridine orange (AO) staining methods. Flow cytometry analyses showed that most PI-stained hemocytes were in the G1 phase (~96%), while a lower proportion of cells were through the G2/S-M transition (~4%). When we instead used AO-staining, we further distinguished a subpopulation of cells (~5%) of low size, complexity-granularity, and RNA content. We regarded this subpopulation as quiescent cells. In separate experimental sets, we complemented these findings by assessing in circulating hemocytes two evolutionary conserved features of quiescent, undifferentiated cells. First, we used JC-1 staining to determine the mitochondrial membrane potential (Ψm) of circulating hemocytes, which is expected to be low in quiescent cells. Most hemocytes (~87%) showed high aggregation of JC-1, which indicates a high Ψm. Besides that, a small hemocyte subpopulation (~11%) showed low aggregation of the dye, thus indicating a low Ψm. It is known that the transition from a quiescent to a proliferating state associates with an increase of the Ψm. The specificity of these changes was here controlled by membrane depolarization with the Ψm disruptor CCCP. Second, we stained hemocytes with Hoechst33342 dye to determine the efflux activity of ABC transporters, which participate in the multixenobiotic resistance system characteristic of undifferentiated cells. Most hemocytes (>99%) showed a low dye-efflux activity, but a small proportion of cells (0.06-0.12%) showed a high dye-efflux activity, which was significantly inhibited by 100 and 500 μM verapamil, and thus is indicative of an undifferentiated subpopulation of circulating hemocytes. Taken together, our results suggest that, among circulating hemocytes, there are cells with the ability to proliferate or to stay in a quiescent state and behave as progenitor cells later, either in the circulation or the hematopoietic tissues/organs.}, }
@article {pmid32963093, year = {2020}, author = {Zhu, G and Gutierrez Illan, J and Looney, C and Crowder, DW}, title = {Assessing the ecological niche and invasion potential of the Asian giant hornet.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {117}, number = {40}, pages = {24646-24648}, pmid = {32963093}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; North America ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature ; Wasps/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia) was recently detected in western British Columbia, Canada and Washington State, United States. V. mandarinia are an invasion concern due to their ability to kill honey bees and affect humans. Here, we used habitat suitability models and dispersal simulations to assess potential invasive spread of V. mandarinia We show V. mandarinia are most likely to establish in areas with warm to cool annual mean temperature, high precipitation, and high human activity. The realized niche of introduced populations is small compared to native populations, suggesting introduced populations could spread into habitats across a broader range of environmental conditions. Dispersal simulations also show that V. mandarinia could rapidly spread throughout western North America without containment. Given its potential negative impacts and capacity for spread, extensive monitoring and eradication efforts throughout western North America are warranted.}, }
@article {pmid32961876, year = {2020}, author = {Romanowski, J and Ceryngier, P and Vĕtrovec, J and Piotrowska, M and Szawaryn, K}, title = {Endemics Versus Newcomers: The Ladybird Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Fauna of Gran Canaria.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {32961876}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2020/01/15//En Arche/ ; }, abstract = {Research on the fauna of beetles (Coleoptera) of the Canary Islands has a long tradition, which enables tracking changes in their species composition and arrival of new species. In this paper, we provide new faunistic data on the ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) recorded on Gran Canaria, one of the central islands of the archipelago, and then analyze available information on the Gran Canarian ladybird fauna from geographical and historical points of view. The field survey resulted in recording 1402 ladybird individuals belonging to 30 species. Ten of these species were new to Gran Canaria and three of them, Chilocorus bipustulatus (Linnaeus), Nephus bisignatus (Boheman), and Nephus ulbrichi Fürsch, had not previously been reported to be on any of the islands of the Canarian archipelago. Tetrabrachys tinerfensis (Hodgson) is synonymized with T. deserticola (Wollaston). Our survey and literature reports allowed us to recognize 42 species of Coccinellidae so far recorded on Gran Canaria. Seventeen of them (40%) belonged to the Canarian endemic and subendemic species, and 21 (50%) were newcomers and presumed newcomers. Colonization of Gran Canaria and other islands of the archipelago by ladybird species of various origins seems to be a frequent phenomenon that may pose a threat to the unique communities of the native Canarian species.}, }
@article {pmid32961869, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, Q and Chen, G and Huang, J and Peng, C}, title = {Comparison of the Ability to Control Water Loss in the Detached Leaves of Wedelia trilobata, Wedelia chinensis, and Their Hybrid.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {32961869}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {31870374//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2017YFC1200105//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {In the process of biological invasion, hybridization between invasive species and native species is very common, which may lead to the formation of hybrids with a stronger adaptability. The hybrid of Wedelia trilobata (an alien invasive species) and Wedelia chinensis (an indigenous congener) has been found in South China. In our previous study, we found that the hybrid showed heterosis under cadmium stress. However, the results of this experiment demonstrated that the leaves of the hybrid had no heterosis in controlling water loss. The results showed that the water loss rate of W. trilobata was the slowest, that of W. chinensis was the fastest, and that of the hybrid was in the middle. Compared with W. chinensis and the hybrid, W. trilobata accumulated more abscisic acid (ABA) in leaves to control water loss. After the leaves were detached, W. chinensis leaves suffered the most serious damage, the lowest maximum photochemical efficiency, the most serious membrane lipid peroxidation, and the largest accumulation of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species. Compared with W. chinensis and its hybrid, the leaves of W. trilobata could accumulate more antioxidant enzymes and antioxidants, and the total antioxidant capacity was the strongest. The results demonstrate that the ability of the hybrid to reduce water loss was lower than that of W. trilobata, but higher than that of W. chinensis. They showed that the drought resistance of the hybrid may be higher than that of W. chinensis, and it might threaten the survival of W. chinensis.}, }
@article {pmid32960892, year = {2020}, author = {Crandall, SG and Gold, KM and Jiménez-Gasco, MDM and Filgueiras, CC and Willett, DS}, title = {A multi-omics approach to solving problems in plant disease ecology.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {e0237975}, pmid = {32960892}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Ecology ; Genomics/*methods ; Metabolomics/*methods ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Microbiota ; Plant Diseases/*etiology ; Plants/*immunology/metabolism ; Proteomics/*methods ; Systems Biology ; }, abstract = {The swift rise of omics-approaches allows for investigating microbial diversity and plant-microbe interactions across diverse ecological communities and spatio-temporal scales. The environment, however, is rapidly changing. The introduction of invasive species and the effects of climate change have particular impact on emerging plant diseases and managing current epidemics. It is critical, therefore, to take a holistic approach to understand how and why pathogenesis occurs in order to effectively manage for diseases given the synergies of changing environmental conditions. A multi-omics approach allows for a detailed picture of plant-microbial interactions and can ultimately allow us to build predictive models for how microbes and plants will respond to stress under environmental change. This article is designed as a primer for those interested in integrating -omic approaches into their plant disease research. We review -omics technologies salient to pathology including metabolomics, genomics, metagenomics, volatilomics, and spectranomics, and present cases where multi-omics have been successfully used for plant disease ecology. We then discuss additional limitations and pitfalls to be wary of prior to conducting an integrated research project as well as provide information about promising future directions.}, }
@article {pmid32960283, year = {2020}, author = {Mason, CJ and Walsh, B and Keller, J and Couture, JJ and Calvin, D and Urban, JM}, title = {Fidelity and Timing of Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) Attack Patterns on Ornamental Trees in the Suburban Landscape.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, pages = {1427-1436}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvaa109}, pmid = {32960283}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera ; Herbivory ; Insecta ; Plants ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Invasive herbivores can have dramatic impacts in new environments by altering landscape composition, displacing natives, and causing plant decline and mortality. One of the most recent invasive insects in the United States, the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula), has the potential to cause substantial economic and environmental impacts in agriculture and forestry. Spotted lanternfly exhibits a broad host range, yet reports of late-season movement from the surrounding landscapes onto select tree species in suburban environments have been reported. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the fidelity of spotted lanternfly attack on specific, individual trees within the same species during this movement period. In 2018 and 2019, we observed that individual red (Acer rubrum L. [Sapindales: Sapindaceae]) and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L. [Sapindales: Sapindaceae]) trees were preferentially attacked over other nearby trees of the same species. Foliar elemental composition was a good predictor of spotted lanternfly attack numbers, indicating that individual variation in nutrients may influence spotted lanternfly attraction to and/or retention on maple trees. Our data also confirm reports of late-season movement from surrounding landscapes throughout autumn. Collectively, our results show that spotted lanternfly exhibits some fidelity to particular trees in the landscape during this movement period. While other potential mechanisms also contribute to host plant selection by spotted lanternfly, our data show that host nutritional profiles influence spotted lanternfly infestation of suburban trees at the landscape scale. Our data establish that late-season infestations of suburban trees by spotted lanternfly occurred and that variation in host quality should be further considered in the management of this invasive insect pest.}, }
@article {pmid32958963, year = {2021}, author = {Olden, JD and Whattam, E and Wood, SA}, title = {Online auction marketplaces as a global pathway for aquatic invasive species.}, journal = {Hydrobiologia}, volume = {848}, number = {9}, pages = {1967-1979}, pmid = {32958963}, issn = {0018-8158}, abstract = {The ornamental aquarium pet trade is a leading pathway for the introduction of aquatic invasive species. In addition to purchasing live organisms in stores, hobbyists are engaging more with alternative informal online marketplaces that enable peer-to-peer selling of aquarium organisms via auctions. Although growing in popularity, little is known regarding the global extent of informal marketplaces, including the taxonomy of species that are traded, their economic value, and the geographic routes by which live organisms are transported. In this study we use an automated web crawler to collect data on completed auctions between 2011 and 2017 from the largest informal market for aquarium hobbyists, AquaBid, to understand the market dynamics and trade flows of the informal retail market online. During the 7-year study period, the AquaBid website facilitated the estimated trade of 539,548 live freshwater animals, 579,700 fish eggs, and 31,431 plant assortments/bunches among 24,409 unique users who collectively placed 444,132 bids on 192,227 auctions, representing a total sale value of $6,015,030 USD. Source (seller) and recipient (buyer) locations of live organisms were distributed across 39 countries but concentrated largely in major cities of the United States and select European and southeast Asian countries. Our study is among the first to quantify geographic routes of live organism transport between specific locations on the landscape and demonstrates the highly diffuse and non-centralized nature of the informal aquarium trade. Evaluating the emerging challenges represented by informal online retail marketplaces is critical to create policy and regulatory solutions that minimize the transport of prohibited invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid32956970, year = {2020}, author = {Barrett, LT and Swearer, SE and Dempster, T}, title = {Native predator limits the capacity of an invasive seastar to exploit a food-rich habitat.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {162}, number = {}, pages = {105152}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105152}, pmid = {32956970}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior ; Starfish ; }, abstract = {Biodiverse ecosystems are sometimes inherently resistant to invasion, but environmental change can facilitate invasion by disturbing natural communities and providing resources that are underutilised by native species. In such cases, sufficiently abundant native predators may help to limit invasive population growth. We studied native and invasive seastars feeding under two mussel aquaculture sites in south-east Australia, to determine whether food-rich farm habitats are likely to be reproductive hotspots for the invasive seastar (Asterias amurensis) and whether the larger native seastar (Coscinasterias muricata) reduces the value of the farms for the invader. We found that invaders were not significantly more abundant inside the farms, despite individuals residing within the farms having higher body condition metrics and reproductive investment than those outside. By contrast, the native seastar was 25 × more abundant inside the two farms than outside. We observed several intraguild predation events and an absence of small invaders at the farms despite reports of high larval recruitment to these environments, consistent with some level of biotic control by the native predator. A laboratory choice experiment showed that invaders were strongly attracted to mussels except when the native predator was present. Together, these findings indicate that a combination of predation and predator evasion may play a role in reducing the value of food-rich anthropogenic habitats for this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid32955664, year = {2021}, author = {Kumar, JPPJ and Ragumaran, S and Nandagopal, G and Ravichandran, V and Mallavarapu, RM and Missimer, TM}, title = {Green method of stemming the tide of invasive marine and freshwater organisms by natural filtration of shipping ballast water.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, pages = {5116-5125}, pmid = {32955664}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Seawater ; Ships ; *Water ; }, abstract = {Marine and freshwater pollution caused by transport of invasive species in shipping ballast water is a major global problem and will increase in magnitude as shipping of commodities increases in the future. An economical method to preclude biological organisms in the seawater used for ballast is to exclude them at the source port. Integrated natural filtration using onshore wells or seabed gallery systems has been thoroughly investigated for use as pretreatment for seawater desalination systems and has proven to be environmentally acceptable and economic. Thus, the use of this proven filtration technology to another issue, ballast water treatment, is an innovative method of providing marine organism free seawater by non-destructive means in port-based facilities. This method is ecosystem-friendly in that no chemicals or destructive processes are used. Design and construction of well or seabed gallery intake systems for production of ballast seawater are feasible in virtually all global port facilities.}, }
@article {pmid32955613, year = {2020}, author = {Padilla, P and Tallis, J and Hurst, J and Courant, J and James, RS and Herrel, A}, title = {Do muscle contractile properties drive differences in locomotor performance in invasive populations of Xenopus laevis in France?.}, journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology}, volume = {190}, number = {6}, pages = {771-778}, doi = {10.1007/s00360-020-01310-4}, pmid = {32955613}, issn = {1432-136X}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; France ; *Introduced Species ; Locomotion/*physiology ; Male ; *Muscle Contraction ; Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology ; Sex Characteristics ; Xenopus laevis/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Jumping and swimming are key locomotor traits in frogs intimately linked to survival and dispersal. French populations of the frog Xenopus laevis from the invasion front are known to possess greater terrestrial locomotor endurance. Here, we tested whether individuals from the invasion front show differences in their muscle physiology that may underlie the observed whole-organism performance differences. We measured muscle contractile properties of the isolated gastrocnemius muscle in vitro, including isometric stress, activation and relaxation time, and work loop power output, both before and during a period of fatiguing contractions. We found that frogs from the centre of the range can produce tetanus force in their gastrocnemius muscle faster than animals from the periphery of the range, which could contribute to higher performance in one-off jumps. Yet, populations did not differ in muscle endurance. These results, coupled with previous work on this invasive population of Xenopus laevis, suggest that the greater stamina observed in individuals from the periphery may be more due to anatomical differences such as longer hind limbs and larger hearts along with potentially other as of yet untested physiological differences rather than differences in the mechanical properties of skeletal muscle.}, }
@article {pmid32953257, year = {2020}, author = {Wang, W and Liu, X and Ferreira-Rodríguez, N and Sun, W and Wu, Y and Ouyang, S and Zhou, C and Wu, X}, title = {Demographic and genetic characterization of harvested Corbicula fluminea populations.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e9657}, pmid = {32953257}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea s.l. is an edible freshwater bivalve of economic value in Asia. The species has been particularly well studied in the invaded range. However, there is a lack of knowledge in its native range where it supports an increasing commercial harvest pressure. Among Asiatic countries, China accounts for 70% of known commercial harvest and aquaculture production. We aim to characterize here wild C. fluminea s.l populations exposed to commercial harvest pressure in Poyang Lake Basin. We found higher biomass, density and genetic diversity in lake populations compared to peripheral populations (i.e., lake tributaries). Given that lake habitats support more intense harvest pressure than peripheral habitats, we suggest that demographic and genetic differentiation among subpopulations may be influenced in some degree by different harvest pressure. In this regard, additional demographic and/or genetic changes related to increasing harvest pressure may place population at a higher risk of extirpation. Altogether, these results are especially relevant for maintaining populations at or above viable levels and must be considered in order to ensure the sustainability of the resource.}, }
@article {pmid32953255, year = {2020}, author = {Nascimento, CES and da Silva, CAD and Leal, IR and Tavares, WS and Serrão, JE and Zanuncio, JC and Tabarelli, M}, title = {Seed germination and early seedling survival of the invasive species Prosopis juliflora (Fabaceae) depend on habitat and seed dispersal mode in the Caatinga dry forest.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e9607}, pmid = {32953255}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biological invasion is one of the main threats to tropical biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Prosopis juliflora (Sw) DC. (Fabales: Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae) was introduced in the Caatinga dry forest of Northeast Brazil at early 1940s and successfully spread across the region. As other invasive species, it may benefit from the soils and seed dispersal by livestock. Here we examine how seed dispersal ecology and soil conditions collectively affect seed germination, early seedling performance and consequently the P. juliflora invasive potential.<br><br>METHODS: Seed germination, early seedling survival, life expectancy and soil attributes were examined in 10 plots located across three habitats (flooding plain, alluvial terrace and plateau) into a human-modified landscape of the Caatinga dry forest (a total of 12,000 seeds). Seeds were exposed to four seed dispersal methods: deposition on the soil surface, burial in the soil, passed through cattle (Boss taurus) digestive tracts and mixed with cattle manure and passed through mule (Equus africanus asinus &#xd7; Equus ferus caballus) digestive tracts and mixed with mule manure. Seeds and seedlings were monitored through a year and their performance examined with expectancy tables.<br><br>RESULTS: Soils differed among habitats, particularly its nutrient availability, texture and water with finely-textured and more fertile soils in the flooding plain. Total seed germination was relatively low (14.5%), with the highest score among seeds buried in the flooding plain (47.4 &#xb1; 25.3%). Seed dispersal by cattle and mule also positively impacted seed germination. Early seedling survival rate of P. juliflora was dramatically reduced with few seedlings still alive elapsed a year. Survival rate was highest in the first 30 days and declined between 30 and 60 days with stabilization at 70 days after germination in all seed treatments and habitats. However, survival and life expectancy were higher in the flooding plain at 75 days and lower in the plateau. Prosopis juliflora seedling survival and life expectancy were higher in the case seeds were mixed with cattle manure.<br><br>SYNTHESIS: Prosopis juliflora seeds and seedlings are sensitive to water stress and habitat desiccation. Therefore, they benefit from the humid soils often present across human-disturbed flooding plains. This plant also benefits from seed deposition/dispersal by livestock in these landscapes, since cattle manure represents a nutrient-rich and humid substrate for both seeds and seedlings. The quality of the seed dispersal service varies among livestock species, but this key mutualism between exotic species is due to the arillate, hard-coated and palatable seeds. Prosopis juliflora traits allow this species to take multiple benefits from human presence and thus operating as a human commensal.}, }
@article {pmid32953074, year = {2020}, author = {Arismendi, I and Penaluna, BE and Jara, CG}, title = {Introduced beaver improve growth of non-native trout in Tierra del Fuego, South America.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {17}, pages = {9454-9465}, pmid = {32953074}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Species introductions threaten ecosystem function worldwide, and interactions among introduced species may amplify their impacts. Effects of multiple invasions are still poorly studied, and often, the mechanisms underlying potential interactions among invaders are unknown. Despite being a remote and well-conserved area, the southern portion of South America has been greatly impacted by invasions of both the American beaver (Castor canadensis) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario). Here, we compared growth, condition, diet, and stable isotopes of sulfur δ[34]S, nitrogen δ[15]N, and carbon δ[13]C for stream-living Brown Trout from streams with (n = 6) and without (n = 6) beaver in Tierra del Fuego, Chile. We show that beaver may facilitate the success of trout by positively influencing fish growth. Beaver indirectly provide greater food subsidies (i.e., macroinvertebrate abundances) by modifying the local aquatic environment through active dam and lodge building suggesting a one-way positive interaction. Trout in beaver-influenced streams occupied a slightly higher trophic level with more depleted sulfur and carbon isotopic ratios suggesting that food web pathways rely on secondary production from autochthonous origin. Trout in beaver-influenced streams had a wider dietary breadth with diptera and amphipoda as the prey items providing most of the energy, whereas in streams without beaver, trichoptera were the main source of energy for trout. Ultimately, we find that these two species, which have never co-occurred naturally, bring about the same ecosystem function and the beneficial influences in their native ranges as in invaded systems.}, }
@article {pmid32953065, year = {2020}, author = {Perez-Correa, J and Carr, P and Meeuwig, JJ and Koldewey, HJ and Letessier, TB}, title = {Climate oscillation and the invasion of alien species influence the oceanic distribution of seabirds.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {17}, pages = {9339-9357}, pmid = {32953065}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Spatial and temporal distribution of seabird transiting and foraging at sea is an important consideration for marine conservation planning. Using at-sea observations of seabirds (n = 317), collected during the breeding season from 2012 to 2016, we built boosted regression tree (BRT) models to identify relationships between numerically dominant seabird species (red-footed booby, brown noddy, white tern, and wedge-tailed shearwater), geomorphology, oceanographic variability, and climate oscillation in the Chagos Archipelago. We documented positive relationships between red-footed booby and wedge-tailed shearwater abundance with the strength in the Indian Ocean Dipole, as represented by the Dipole Mode Index (6.7% and 23.7% contribution, respectively). The abundance of red-footed boobies, brown noddies, and white terns declined abruptly with greater distance to island (17.6%, 34.1%, and 41.1% contribution, respectively). We further quantified the effects of proximity to rat-free and rat-invaded islands on seabird distribution at sea and identified breaking point distribution thresholds. We detected areas of increased abundance at sea and habitat use-age under a scenario where rats are eradicated from invaded nearby islands and recolonized by seabirds. Following rat eradication, abundance at sea of red-footed booby, brown noddy, and white terns increased by 14%, 17%, and 3%, respectively, with no important increase detected for shearwaters. Our results have implication for seabird conservation and island restoration. Climate oscillations may cause shifts in seabird distribution, possibly through changes in regional productivity and prey distribution. Invasive species eradications and subsequent island recolonization can lead to greater access for seabirds to areas at sea, due to increased foraging or transiting through, potentially leading to distribution gains and increased competition. Our approach predicting distribution after successful eradications enables anticipatory threat mitigation in these areas, minimizing competition between colonies and thereby maximizing the risk of success and the conservation impact of eradication programs.}, }
@article {pmid32949134, year = {2021}, author = {Welles, SR and Funk, JL}, title = {Patterns of intraspecific trait variation along an aridity gradient suggest both drought escape and drought tolerance strategies in an invasive herb.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {127}, number = {4}, pages = {461-471}, pmid = {32949134}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Biomass ; Climate Change ; *Droughts ; Phenotype ; *Water ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In water-limited landscapes, some plants build structures that enable them to survive with minimal water (drought resistance). Instead of making structures that allow survival through times of water limitation, annual plants may invoke a drought escape strategy where they complete growth and reproduction when water is available. Drought escape and resistance each require a unique combination of traits and therefore plants are likely to have a suite of trait values that are consistent with a single drought response strategy. In environments where conditions are variable, plants may additionally evolve phenotypically plastic trait responses to water availability. Invasive annual species commonly occur in arid and semi-arid environments and many will be subject to reduced water availability associated with climate change. Assessing intraspecific trait variation across environmental gradients is a valuable tool for understanding how invasive plants establish and persist in arid environments.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, we used a common garden experiment with two levels of water availability to determine how traits related to carbon assimilation, water use, biomass allocation and flowering phenology vary in California wild radish populations across an aridity gradient.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: We found that populations from arid environments have rapid flowering and increased allocation to root biomass, traits associated with both drought escape and tolerance. Early flowering was associated with higher leaf nitrogen concentration and lower leaf mass per area, traits associated with high resource acquisition. While trait values varied across low- and high-water treatments, these shifts were consistent across populations, indicating no differential plasticity across the aridity gradient.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: While previous studies have suggested that drought escape and drought resistance are mutually exclusive drought response strategies, our findings suggest that invasive annuals may employ both strategies to succeed in novel semi-arid environments. As many regions are expected to become more arid in the future, investigations of intraspecific trait variation within low water environments help to inform our understanding of potential evolutionary responses to increased aridity in invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid32947862, year = {2020}, author = {Daane, KM and Yokota, GY and Walton, VM and Hogg, BN and Cooper, ML and Bentley, WJ and Millar, JG}, title = {Development of a Mating Disruption Program for a Mealybug, Planococcus ficus, in Vineyards.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {32947862}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The vine mealybug (VMB), Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is a key insect pest of vineyards, and improvements in sustainable control of this pest are needed to meet increasing consumer demand for organically farmed products. One promising option is mating disruption. In a series of experiments conducted from 2004 to 2007, we tested the effects of mating disruption on trap captures of Pl. ficus males in pheromone-baited traps, on Pl. ficus numbers and age structure on vines, and on damage to grape clusters. From 2004 to 2005, the effects of dispenser load (mg active ingredient per dispenser) were also assessed, and dispensers were compared to a flowable formulation. Across all trials, mating disruption consistently reduced pheromone trap captures and often reduced mealybug numbers on vines and/or crop damage, regardless of the pheromone dose that was applied. Reductions in Pl. ficus densities in mating disruption plots were not accompanied by clear effects on mealybug population age structure; however, production of non-viable ovisacs by unmated females may have obscured differences in proportional representation of ovisacs. Pheromone trap captures were never lowered to zero (often called trap shut down), possibly because trials were conducted in vineyards with unusually high Pl. ficus densities. Trap-capture patterns in both treated and control plots commonly began low in April-May, increased in mid-July or August, and often decreased in September-October when post-harvest insecticides were applied. During the four-year trial, the release rate from plastic sachet dispensers was improved by industry cooperators as pheromone was released too quickly (2004) or not completely released during the season (2005-2006). The flowable formulation performed slightly better than dispensers at the same application dose. Results over all years suggest season-long coverage or late-season coverage may be as or more important than dose per hectare. Development of a dispenser with optimized season-long pheromone emission or targeted seasonal periods should be a future goal.}, }
@article {pmid32938832, year = {2020}, author = {Sumiyama, D and Hayashida, I and Kanazawa, T and Anzai, H and Murata, K}, title = {Prevalence and antimicrobial-resistance profiles of Salmonella spp. isolated from green anoles (Anolis carolinensis) collected on the Haha-jima of the Ogasawara archipelago, Japan.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {82}, number = {10}, pages = {1558-1561}, pmid = {32938832}, issn = {1347-7439}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Anti-Infective Agents/*pharmacology ; Birds/microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Japan/epidemiology ; Lizards/*microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary ; Prevalence ; Salmonella/*drug effects/isolation &amp; purification ; Salmonella enterica/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {We investigated the prevalence of Salmonellaenterica and its antimicrobial resistance from 79 green anoles, the invasive alien species inhabits Haha-jima of the Ogasawara archipelago. Samples were collected during the period between 2009 and 2010. The resistance of S. enterica of these samples against 12 common antimicrobial agents was also determined. Salmonella strains, including serovar Oranienburg and Aberdeen, were detected from the large intestines of 30.4% of 79 green anole samples. And 37.5% of which were resistant to Oxytetracycline. This study suggests that green anoles may play an important role of the infection of S. enterica on this island. Attention is needed from the aspect of public and ecological health.}, }
@article {pmid32938478, year = {2020}, author = {Tareau, MA and Bonnefond, A and Palisse, M and Odonne, G}, title = {Phytotherapies in motion: French Guiana as a case study for cross-cultural ethnobotanical hybridization.}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {54}, pmid = {32938478}, issn = {1746-4269}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; *Cross-Cultural Comparison ; *Ethnobotany ; Female ; French Guiana ; Herbal Medicine ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Knowledge ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Phytotherapy ; Plants, Medicinal/*classification ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: French Guiana is characterized by a very multicultural population, made up of formerly settled groups (Amerindians, Maroons, Creoles) and more recent migrants (mostly from Latin America and the Caribbean). It is the ideal place to try to understand the influence of intercultural exchanges on the composition of medicinal floras and the evolution of phytotherapies under the effect of cross-culturalism.<br><br>METHODS: A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was used. Semi-directive interviews were conducted in 12 localities of French Guiana's coast between January 2016 and June 2017, and the responses to all closed questions collected during the survey were computerized in an Excel spreadsheet to facilitate quantitative processing. Herbarium vouchers were collected and deposited at the Cayenne Herbarium to determine Linnaean names of medicinal species mentioned by the interviewees. A list of indicator species for each cultural group considered was adapted from community ecology to this ethnobiological context, according to the Dufr&#xea;ne-Legendre model, via the "labdsv" package and the "indval" function, after performing a redundancy analysis (RDA).<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 205 people, belonging to 15 distinct cultural groups, were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. A total of 356 species (for 106 botanical families) were cited. We observed that pantropical and edible species hold a special place in these pharmacopeias. If compared to previous inventories, 31 recently introduced species can be counted. Furthermore, this study shows that the majority of the plants used are not specific to a particular group but shared by many communities. However, despite this obvious cross-culturalism of medicinal plants between the different cultural communities of French Guiana, divergent trends nevertheless appear through the importance of 29 indicator/cultural keystone species in 10 cultural groups. Finally, we have emphasized that the transmission of herbal medicine's knowledge in French Guiana is mainly feminine and intra-cultural.<br><br>CONCLUSION: French Guianese medicinal flora is undoubtedly related to the multiple cultures that settled this territory through the last centuries. Cultural pharmacopeias are more hybrid than sometimes expected, but cultural keystone species nevertheless arise from a common background, allowing to understand, and define, the relationships between cultural groups.}, }
@article {pmid32933443, year = {2020}, author = {Sillero, N and Huey, RB and Gilchrist, G and Rissler, L and Pascual, M}, title = {Distribution modelling of an introduced species: do adaptive genetic markers affect potential range?.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {287}, number = {1935}, pages = {20201791}, pmid = {32933443}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Markers ; *Introduced Species ; Portugal ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions have increased in the last few decades mostly due to anthropogenic causes such as globalization of trade. Because invaders sometimes cause large economic losses and ecological disturbances, estimating their origin and potential geographical ranges is useful. Drosophila subobscura is native to the Old World but was introduced in the New World in the late 1970s and spread widely. We incorporate information on adaptive genetic markers into ecological niche modelling and then estimate the most probable geographical source of colonizers; evaluate whether the genetic bottleneck experienced by founders affects their potential distribution; and finally test whether this species has spread to all its potential suitable habitats worldwide. We find the environmental space occupied by this species in its native and introduced distributions are notably the same, although the introduced niche has shifted slightly towards higher temperature and lower precipitation. The genetic bottleneck of founding individuals was a key factor limiting the spread of this introduced species. We also find that regions in the Mediterranean and north-central Portugal show the highest probability of being the origin of the colonizers. Using genetically informed environmental niche modelling can enhance our understanding of the initial colonization and spread of invasive species, and also elucidate potential areas of future expansions worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid32932932, year = {2020}, author = {Rodrigues, JCV and Cosh, MH and Hunt, ER and de Moraes, GJ and Barroso, G and White, WA and Ochoa, R}, title = {Tracking Red Palm Mite Damage in the Western Hemisphere Invasion with Landsat Remote Sensing Data.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {32932932}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Red palm mites (Raoiella indica Hirst, Acari: Tenuipalpidae) were first observed in the western hemisphere on the islands and countries surrounding the Caribbean Sea, infesting the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.). Detection of invasive pests usually relies upon changes in vegetation properties as result of the pest activity. These changes may be visible in time series of satellite data records, such as Landsat satellites, which have been available with a 16-day repeat cycle at a spatial resolution of 30 m since 1982. Typical red palm mite infestations result in the yellowing of the lower leaves of the palm crown; remote sensing model simulations have indicated that this feature may be better detected using the green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI). Using the Google Earth Engine programming environment, a time series of Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper, Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager data was generated for plantations in northern and northeast Brazil, El Salvador, and Trinidad-Tobago. Considering the available studied plantations, there were little or no differences of GNDVI before and after the dates when red palm mites were first revealed at each location. A discussion of possible alternative approaches are discussed related to the limitations of the current satellite platforms.}, }
@article {pmid32932847, year = {2020}, author = {Laface, VLA and Musarella, CM and Cano Ortiz, A and Quinto Canas, R and Cannavò, S and Spampinato, G}, title = {Three New Alien Taxa for Europe and a Chorological Update on the Alien Vascular Flora of Calabria (Southern Italy).}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {32932847}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {Axis 12 Actions 10.5.6 and 10.5.12//POR Calabria FESR/FSE 2014/2020/ ; CUP: C33C18000010002//Coordination of monitoring activities of natural and semi-natural habitats of the flora and fauna species of the Natura 2000 Network present in Calabria/ ; }, abstract = {Knowledge on alien species is needed nowadays to protect natural habitats and prevent ecological damage. The presence of new alien plant species in Italy is increasing every day. Calabria, its southernmost region, is not yet well known with regard to this aspect. Thanks to fieldwork, sampling, and observing many exotic plants in Calabria, here, we report new data on 34 alien taxa. In particular, we found three new taxa for Europe (Cascabela thevetia, Ipomoea setosa subsp. pavonii, and Tecoma stans), three new for Italy (Brugmansia aurea, Narcissus 'Cotinga', and Narcissus 'Erlicheer'), one new one for the Italian Peninsula (Luffa aegyptiaca), and 21 new taxa for Calabria (Allium cepa, Asparagus setaceus, Bassia scoparia, Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris, Bidens formosa, Casuarina equisetifolia, Cedrus atlantica, Chlorophytum comosum, Cucurbita maxima subsp. maxima, Dolichandra unguis-cati, Fagopyrum esculentum, Freesia alba, Juglans regia, Kalanchoë delagoënsis, Passiflora caerulea, Portulaca grandiflora, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus dulcis, Solanum tuberosum, Tradescantia sillamontana, and Washingtonia filifera). Furthermore, we provide the first geolocalized record of Araujia sericifera, the confirmation of Oxalis stricta, and propose a change of status for four taxa (Cenchrus setaceus, Salpichroa origanifolia, Sesbania punicea, and Nothoscordum gracile) for Calabria. The updated knowledge on the presence of new alien species in Calabria, in Italy and in Europe could allow for the prevention of other new entries and to eliminate this potential ecological threat to natural habitats.}, }
@article {pmid32931567, year = {2020}, author = {Winterhoff, ML and Achmadi, AS and Roycroft, EJ and Handika, H and Putra, RTJ and Rowe, KMC and Perkins, SL and Rowe, KC}, title = {Native and Introduced Trypanosome Parasites in Endemic and Introduced Murine Rodents of Sulawesi.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {106}, number = {5}, pages = {523-536}, doi = {10.1645/19-136}, pmid = {32931567}, issn = {1937-2345}, mesh = {Altitude ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; DNA, Ribosomal/analysis ; Genetic Variation ; Indonesia/epidemiology ; Introduced Species ; Likelihood Functions ; Muridae/*parasitology ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Prevalence ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; Trypanosoma/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Trypanosomiasis/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is a globally significant biodiversity hotspot with substantial undescribed biota, particularly blood-borne parasites of endemic wildlife. Documenting the blood parasites of Sulawesi's murine rodents is the first fundamental step towards the discovery of pathogens likely to be of concern for the health and conservation of Sulawesi's endemic murines. We screened liver samples from 441 specimens belonging to 20 different species of murine rodents from 2 mountain ranges on Sulawesi, using polymerase chin reaction (PCR) primers targeting the conserved 18S rDNA region across the protozoan class Kinetoplastea. We detected infections in 156 specimens (10 host species) with a mean prevalence of 35.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 30.9-39.8%). Sequences from these samples identified 4 infections to the genus Parabodo, 1 to Blechomonas, and the remaining 151 to the genus Trypanosoma. Within Trypanosoma, we recovered 17 haplotypes nested within the Trypanosoma theileri clade infecting 117 specimens (8 host species) and 4 haplotypes nested within the Trypanosoma lewisi clade infecting 34 specimens (6 host species). Haplotypes within the T. theileri clade were related to regional Indo-Australian endemic trypanosomes, displayed geographic structuring but with evidence of long-term connectivity between mountains, and had substantial phylogenetic diversity. These results suggest T. theileri clade parasites are native to Sulawesi. Conversely, T. lewisi clade haplotypes were recovered from both endemic and introduced rodents, demonstrated complete geographic separation between clades, and had low genetic diversity. These results suggest that the T. lewisi clade parasites invaded Sulawesi recently and likely in 2 separate invasion events. Our results provide the first records of metakinetoplastids in Sulawesi's rodents and highlight the need for more extensive sampling for pathogens in this biodiversity hotspot.}, }
@article {pmid32931513, year = {2020}, author = {Jentsch, PC and Bauch, CT and Yemshanov, D and Anand, M}, title = {Go big or go home: A model-based assessment of general strategies to slow the spread of forest pests via infested firewood.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {e0238979}, pmid = {32931513}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Camping/trends ; Coleoptera ; Forests ; Humans ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insecta ; Introduced Species/trends ; Models, Theoretical ; Pest Control/*methods ; Travel/trends ; Wood/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Invasive pests, such as emerald ash borer or Asian longhorn beetle, have been responsible for unprecedented ecological and economic damage in eastern North America. These and other wood-boring invasive insects can spread to new areas through human transport of untreated firewood. Behaviour, such as transport of firewood, is affected not only by immediate material benefits and costs, but also by social forces. Potential approaches to reduce the spread of wood-boring pests through firewood include raising awareness of the problem and increasing the social costs of the damages incurred by transporting firewood. In order to evaluate the efficacy of these measures, we create a coupled social-ecological model of firewood transport, pest spread, and social dynamics, on a geographical network of camper travel between recreational destinations. We also evaluate interventions aimed to slow the spread of invasive pests with untreated firewood, such as inspections at checkpoints to stop the movement of transported firewood and quarantine of high-risk locations. We find that public information and awareness programs can be effective only if the rate of spread of the pest between and within forested areas is slow. Direct intervention via inspections at checkpoints can only be successful if a high proportion of the infested firewood is intercepted. Patch quarantine is only effective if sufficiently many locations can be included in the quarantine and if the quarantine begins early. Our results indicate that the current, relatively low levels of public outreach activities and lack of adequate funding are likely to render inspections, quarantine and public outreach efforts ineffective.}, }
@article {pmid32930886, year = {2020}, author = {Wang, Y and Ni, G and Hou, Y and Wang, Q and Huang, Q}, title = {Plant-soil feedbacks under resource limitation may not contribute to the invasion by annual Asteraceae plants.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {194}, number = {1-2}, pages = {165-176}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-020-04756-z}, pmid = {32930886}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {31670547//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31971498//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 1630042020012//Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund for Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {*Asteraceae ; Biomass ; Introduced Species ; Plant Development ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {Changes in resource availability can alter plant growth, the influence of plants on soil characteristics, and, ultimately, plant-soil feedback (PSF). Previous studies often show that invasive plants can outperform native plants under high but not low resource conditions. However, it remains unclear whether under low resource conditions, invaders can outperform natives in the long term by generating more positive or less negative PSFs. Using three non-native invasive and three non-invasive native annual Asteraceae plants, we conducted a two-phase pot experiment, where in the first, conditioning generation plants were grown to induce changes in soil characteristics, and in the second, bioassay generation plants were regrown to evaluate how they respond to these soils. Half of the pots received a nutrient addition treatment in the conditioning generation. We found significant species-specific effects of conditioning on most of the soil characteristics, and some soil characteristics were significantly correlated with bioassay generation biomass of a subset of species, but neither species nor invasive or native status affected bioassay generation biomass. All invasive species generated neutral PSFs across soil nutrient conditions. The native Emilia sonchifolia tended to condition the soil that favored its own growth more than others, and under low nutrient conditions, the native Eclipta prostrata conditioned the soil that disfavored its own growth more than others. These results indicate that invaders may not outperform natives through PSFs under low resource conditions, and increasing resource availability may change the types of PSFs for some native but not invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid32930376, year = {2021}, author = {Elinson, RP}, title = {Development of a non-amphibious amphibian - an interview with a coquí.}, journal = {The International journal of developmental biology}, volume = {65}, number = {1-2-3}, pages = {171-176}, doi = {10.1387/ijdb.190386re}, pmid = {32930376}, issn = {1696-3547}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anura/growth &amp; development ; Larva ; }, abstract = {Development without a free-living tadpole is common among Ibero American frogs. The most derived condition is direct development where the tadpole has been eliminated, and the most investigated direct developing frog is Eleutherodactylus coqui. To provide a different point-of-view, an imaginary interview with a coqui is conducted. Opinions are offered on invasive species, developmental features that are surprisingly conserved, and novelty in germ layer specification.}, }
@article {pmid32929143, year = {2020}, author = {Lucardi, RD and Bellis, ES and Cunard, CE and Gravesande, JK and Hughes, SC and Whitehurst, LE and Worthy, SJ and Burgess, KS and Marsico, TD}, title = {Seeds attached to refrigerated shipping containers represent a substantial risk of nonnative plant species introduction and establishment.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {15017}, pmid = {32929143}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Saccharum/*physiology ; *Seed Dispersal ; *Transportation ; United States ; }, abstract = {The initial processes for successful biological invasions are transport, introduction, and establishment. These can be directly influenced or completely avoided through activities that reduce the number and frequency of entering nonnative propagules. Economic and environmental benefits through preventative monitoring programs at early stages of invasion far outweigh the long-term costs associated with mitigating ecological and economic impacts once nonnative species establish and spread. In this study, we identified 30 taxa of hitchhiking plant propagules on the air-intake grilles of refrigerated shipping containers arriving into a United States seaport from a port on the Pacific coast of South America. The four monocotyledonous taxa with the highest number of seeds collected were analyzed; we estimated propagule pressure, germination, and survivorship of these taxa, and we used the estimates to determine likelihood of establishment. At the levels of propagule pressure estimated here, non-zero germination and survival rates resulted in high establishment probabilities even when escape rates from shipping containers were modelled to be exceedingly low. Our results suggest high invasion risk for nonnative taxa including Saccharum spontaneum L., a listed Federal Noxious Weed. Currently, not all shipping containers arriving at USA ports are thoroughly inspected due to limited personnel and funding for biological invasion prevention. Our results indicate that there is a significant risk from only a few propagules escaping into the environment from this source, and we propose possible solutions for reducing this risk.}, }
@article {pmid32929020, year = {2020}, author = {Sinka, ME and Pironon, S and Massey, NC and Longbottom, J and Hemingway, J and Moyes, CL and Willis, KJ}, title = {A new malaria vector in Africa: Predicting the expansion range of Anopheles stephensi and identifying the urban populations at risk.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {117}, number = {40}, pages = {24900-24908}, pmid = {32929020}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 108440/Z/15/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Africa/epidemiology ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Anopheles/parasitology/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Malaria/epidemiology/parasitology/*transmission ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors/parasitology/*physiology ; Plasmodium/physiology ; Urban Population/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {In 2012, an unusual outbreak of urban malaria was reported from Djibouti City in the Horn of Africa and increasingly severe outbreaks have been reported annually ever since. Subsequent investigations discovered the presence of an Asian mosquito species; Anopheles stephensi, a species known to thrive in urban environments. Since that first report, An. stephensi has been identified in Ethiopia and Sudan, and this worrying development has prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to publish a vector alert calling for active mosquito surveillance in the region. Using an up-to-date database of published locational records for An. stephensi across its full range (Asia, Arabian Peninsula, Horn of Africa) and a set of spatial models that identify the environmental conditions that characterize a species' preferred habitat, we provide evidence-based maps predicting the possible locations across Africa where An. stephensi could establish if allowed to spread unchecked. Unsurprisingly, due to this species' close association with man-made habitats, our maps predict a high probability of presence within many urban cities across Africa where our estimates suggest that over 126 million people reside. Our results strongly support the WHO's call for surveillance and targeted vector control and provide a basis for the prioritization of surveillance.}, }
@article {pmid32927750, year = {2020}, author = {Mazza, G and Nerva, L and Strangi, A and Mori, E and Chitarra, W and Carapezza, A and Mei, M and Marianelli, L and Roversi, PF and Campanaro, A and Cianferoni, F}, title = {Scent of Jasmine Attracts Alien Invaders and Records on Citizen Science Platforms: Multiple Introductions of the Invasive Lacebug Corythauma ayyari (Drake, 1933) (Heteroptera: Tingidae) in Italy and the Mediterranean Basin.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {32927750}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The jasmine lacebug Corythauma ayyari is a pest of cultivated and ornamental plants mainly associated to Jasminum spp. This invasive insect is native to Asia, and it has been recently introduced in several countries, mainly within the Mediterranean basin. Here, we updated the known distribution of this species, including five new Italian regions (Liguria, Tuscany, Latium, Apulia, and Calabria); Salamis Island in Greece, and the Occitanie region in France. Citizen-science data have significantly contributed to the knowledge on species distribution, and the online platform for sharing biodiversity information can represent an effective tool for the early detection. Molecular analyses revealed that the specimens collected in Peninsular Italy and Sicily belong to a unique clade, suggesting the possibility of a single introduction, whereas those from Menton (France) and Calabria (Southern Italy) are separated from the others and probably originate from separated introductions.}, }
@article {pmid32927537, year = {2020}, author = {Tambo, JA and Kansiime, MK and Mugambi, I and Rwomushana, I and Kenis, M and Day, RK and Lamontagne-Godwin, J}, title = {Understanding smallholders' responses to fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) invasion: Evidence from five African countries.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {740}, number = {}, pages = {140015}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140015}, pmid = {32927537}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Asia ; Ghana ; *Introduced Species ; *Pesticides ; Rwanda ; *Spodoptera ; Uganda ; Zambia ; Zimbabwe ; }, abstract = {Fall armyworm (FAW) is a new invasive pest that is causing devastating effects on maize production and threatening the livelihoods of millions of poor smallholders across sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Using unique survey data from 2356 maize-growing households in Ghana, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe, we examined how smallholder farmers are fighting this voracious pest. In particular, we assessed the FAW management strategies used by smallholders, socio-economic factors driving the choice of the management options, the complementarities or tradeoffs among the management options, and the (un)safe pesticide use practices of farmers. Results showed that smallholder farm households have adopted a variety of cultural, physical, chemical and local options to mitigate the effects of FAW, but the use of synthetic pesticides remains the most popular option. Results from multivariate probit regressions indicated that the extensive use of synthetic pesticides is driven by household asset wealth, and access to subsidised farm inputs and extension information. We observed that farm households are using a wide range of pesticides, including highly hazardous and banned products. Unfortunately, a majority of the households do not use personal protective equipment while handling the pesticides, resulting in reports of acute pesticide-related illness. Our findings have important implications for policies and interventions aimed at promoting environmentally friendly and sustainable ways of managing invasive pests in smallholder farming systems.}, }
@article {pmid32924909, year = {2020}, author = {Tierney, PA and Caffrey, JM and Matthews, SM and Costantini, E and Holland, CV}, title = {Evidence for enemy release in invasive common dace Leuciscus leuciscus in Ireland: a helminth community survey and systematic review.}, journal = {Journal of helminthology}, volume = {94}, number = {}, pages = {e191}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X20000759}, pmid = {32924909}, issn = {1475-2697}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyprinidae/*parasitology ; Fish Diseases/*epidemiology/*parasitology ; Fresh Water/parasitology ; Helminthiasis, Animal/*epidemiology ; Helminths/classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Ireland/epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Invasive species lose parasites in the process of invasion and tend to be less parasitized than conspecifics in the native range and sympatric native species in the invasive range (enemy release). We evaluated enemy release in an invasive freshwater fish in Ireland, common dace Leuciscus leuciscus, using helminth parasite community surveys at the core and front of the invasive range of common dace. Furthermore, we undertook a systematic literature review of helminth infection in common dace across its native range in Great Britain and Europe and invasive range in Ireland. The helminth parasite community survey revealed that invasive common dace were infected with fewer helminth species at the invasion front than at the core. Four helminth taxa - Acanthocephala, Monogenea, Digenea and Nematoda - were present in dace at the invasion core compared to only a single helminth species (Pomphorhynchus tereticollis) at the front. The systematic review revealed that invasive common dace in Ireland hosted fewer species of helminths than common dace in the native range. We report a total of three helminth species in common dace in Ireland compared to 24 in Great Britain and 84 in Continental Europe. Our results support the hypotheses that invasive populations are less parasitized than native populations and that more recently established populations host fewer parasites. However, we demonstrate that invasive species may continue to experience release from parasites long after initial invasion.}, }
@article {pmid32923712, year = {2020}, author = {Thushari, GGN and Senevirathna, JDM}, title = {Plastic pollution in the marine environment.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {6}, number = {8}, pages = {e04709}, pmid = {32923712}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Plastic pollution is recognized as a severe anthropogenic issue in the coastal and marine ecosystems across the world. Unprecedented and continuous accumulation of growing plastic contaminants into any respective aquatic ecosystem by the anthropogenic sources causes direct and/or indirect interruption to ecosystem structure, functions, and consequently, services and values. Land-based and sea-based sources are the primary sources of these contaminants in various modes that enter the ocean. In this review paper, we focused on highlighting different aspects related to plastic pollution in coastal and marine environments. Plastic pollutants are distributed in the ecosystems in different forms, with different size variations as megaplastic, macroplastic, mesoplastic, and microplastic. Microplastics in primary and secondary forms reveal a widespread distribution in the water, sediment, and biota of the marine and coastal habitats. The microplastic level of different coastal and marine ecosystems nearly ranged from 0.001-140 particles/m[3] in water and 0.2-8766 particles/m[3] in sediments at different aquatic environments over the world. The microplastic accumulation rate of coastal and marine organisms varied at 0.1-15,033 counts. Accordingly, plastic pollution creates several kinds of negative consequences combined with ecological and socio-economic effects. Entanglement, toxicological effects via ingestion of plastics, suffocation, starvation, dispersal, and rafting of organisms, provision of new habitats, and introduction of invasive species are significant ecological effects with growing threats to biodiversity and trophic relationships. Degradation (changes in the ecosystem state) and modifications of marine systems are associated with loss of ecosystem services and values. Consequently, this emerging contaminant affects the socio-economic aspects through negative impacts on tourism, fishery, shipping, and human health. Preventing accumulation sources of plastic pollutants, 3Rs (Reduce-Recycle-Reuse), awareness &amp; capacity building, and producer/manufacturer responsibility are practical approaches toward addressing the issue of plastic pollution. Existing and adopted policies, legislations, regulations, and initiatives at global, regional, and national level play a vital role in reducing plastic debris in the marine and coastal zones. Development of proposals/solutions on key research gaps can open a novel pathway to address this environmental issue in an effective scientific manner. In conclusion, this paper demonstrates the current status of plastic pollution in the marine ecosystem to make aware people of a plastic-free, healthy blue ocean in the near future.}, }
@article {pmid32915915, year = {2020}, author = {Ma, KCK and Zardi, GI and McQuaid, CD and Nicastro, KR}, title = {Historical and contemporary range expansion of an invasive mussel, Semimytlius algosus, in Angola and Namibia despite data scarcity in an infrequently surveyed region.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {e0239167}, pmid = {32915915}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Angola ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data/*trends ; Namibia ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; }, abstract = {Understanding the spread of invasive species in many regions is difficult because surveys are rare. Here, historical records of the invasive marine mussel, Semimytilus algosus, on the shores of Angola and Namibia are synthesised to re-construct its invasive history. Since this mussel was first discovered in Namibia about 90 years ago, it has spread throughout the western coast of southern Africa. By the late 1960s, the species was well established across a range of 1005 km of coastline in southern Angola and northern Namibia. Although only coarse spatial resolution data are available since the 1990s, the distribution of S. algosus clearly increased substantially over the subsequent decades. Today, the species is distributed over 2785 km of coastline, appearing in southern Namibia in 2014, whence it spread across the border to northern South Africa in 2017, and in northern Angola in 2015. Conspicuously, its current range appears to be relatively contiguous across at least 810 km of shore in southern Angola and throughout Namibia, with isolated, spatially disjunct occurrences towards the southern and northern limits of its distribution. Despite there being few occurrence records that are unevenly distributed spatially and temporally, data for the distributional patterns of S. algosus in Angola and Namibia provide invaluable insights into how marine invasive species spread in developing regions that are infrequently monitored.}, }
@article {pmid32913726, year = {2020}, author = {Sessa, FM and Cianti, L and Brogelli, N and Tinacci, L and Guidi, A}, title = {Risks and critical issues related to the discovery on the market of unauthorized live alien species on the Italian territory: Chinese crab (Eriocheir sinensis).}, journal = {Italian journal of food safety}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {8774}, pmid = {32913726}, issn = {2239-7132}, abstract = {Eriocheir sinensis, Chinese Crab or Chinese Mitten Crab is a catadromous species belonging to the Varunidae family, native to river and estuarine areas of North and South East China and Korea. At European level, E. sinensis is widespread in the main water basins of Central and Northern Europe and, since 2016, it has been included in the list of invasive species important for the European Union and subjected to confinement and eradication measures which include the prohibition of collection, transit and placing on the market of live specimens (Regulation (EC) N° 1143/2014). The Chinese Crab can represent a significant danger for the local ecosystem and for the native biota as well as contributing to the appearance of hydrogeological instability phenomena resulting from the intense excavation and erosion of the riverbanks. The first finding of 5 kg of live specimens of Eriocheir sinensis was recorded in the official control by the UFS (Functional Simple Unit) veterinary public health and food safety of the ASL Toscana Centro at an ethnic catering establishment. The specimens were subjected to seizure, photographed, identified morphologically, and subjected to euthanasia and destruction in accordance with the European requirements for welfare and management of animal by-products. From the sanitary point of view, the dangers associated with the consumption of this crab are mainly biological and chemical therefore, risk communication is fundamental, not only at the level of the competent authorities in the sector, but also for the food business operators.}, }
@article {pmid32912330, year = {2020}, author = {Esser, HJ and Liefting, Y and Ibáñez-Justicia, A and van der Jeugd, H and van Turnhout, CAM and Stroo, A and Reusken, CBEM and Koopmans, MPG and de Boer, WF}, title = {Spatial risk analysis for the introduction and circulation of six arboviruses in the Netherlands.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {464}, pmid = {32912330}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {522001004//ZonMw/ ; }, mesh = {Arbovirus Infections/epidemiology/*virology ; Arboviruses/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Netherlands/epidemiology ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Arboviruses are a growing public health concern in Europe, with both endemic and exotic arboviruses expected to spread further into novel areas in the next decades. Predicting where future outbreaks will occur is a major challenge, particularly for regions where these arboviruses are not endemic. Spatial modelling of ecological risk factors for arbovirus circulation can help identify areas of potential emergence. Moreover, combining hazard maps of different arboviruses may facilitate a cost-efficient, targeted multiplex-surveillance strategy in areas where virus transmission is most likely. Here, we developed predictive hazard maps for the introduction and/or establishment of six arboviruses that were previously prioritized for the Netherlands: West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Rift Valley fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, louping-ill virus and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus.<br><br>METHODS: Our spatial model included ecological risk factors that were identified as relevant for these arboviruses by an earlier systematic review, including abiotic conditions, vector abundance, and host availability. We used geographic information system (GIS)-based tools and geostatistical analyses to model spatially continuous datasets on these risk factors to identify regions in the Netherlands with suitable ecological conditions for arbovirus introduction and establishment.<br><br>RESULTS: The resulting hazard maps show that there is spatial clustering of areas with either a relatively low or relatively high environmental suitability for arbovirus circulation. Moreover, there was some overlap in high-hazard areas for virus introduction and/or establishment, particularly in the southern part of the country.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The similarities in environmental suitability for some of the arboviruses provide opportunities for targeted sampling of vectors and/or sentinel hosts in these potential hotspots of emergence, thereby increasing the efficient use of limited resources for surveillance.}, }
@article {pmid32912227, year = {2020}, author = {Varga, A and Demeter, L and Ulicsni, V and Öllerer, K and Biró, M and Babai, D and Molnár, Z}, title = {Prohibited, but still present: local and traditional knowledge about the practice and impact of forest grazing by domestic livestock in Hungary.}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {51}, pmid = {32912227}, issn = {1746-4269}, support = {NKFIH K 119478//Hungarian Scientific Research Fund/ ; GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00019//National Research, Development and Innovation Office/ ; MTA Premium Postdoctoral Research Program of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences//Magyar Tudom&#xe1;nyos Akad&#xe9;mia/ ; MTA Premium Postdoctoral Research Program of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Humanities//Magyar Tudom&#xe1;nyos Akad&#xe9;mia/ ; RO1567-IBB03/2019//Academia Rom&#xe2;na/ ; SNN126230//"Protected Areas along the Slovenian-Hungarian Border: Challenges of Cooperation and Sustainable Development"/ ; }, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Female ; Forestry ; *Forests ; *Herbivory ; Humans ; Hungary ; *Knowledge ; *Livestock ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Forests have been grazed for millennia. Around the world, forest grazing by livestock became a controversial management practice, gradually restricted in many countries over the past 250 years. This was also the case in most Central and Eastern European countries, including Hungary, where forest grazing was a legally prohibited activity between 1961 and 2017. Until the 2010s, ecologists and nature conservationists considered it merely as a historical form of forest use. As a result, there is little contemporary scientific information available about the impact of forest grazing on vegetation and the traditional ecological knowledge associated with it. Our aim was to explore and summarize this type of knowledge held by herders in Hungary.<br><br>METHODS: We interviewed 58 knowledgeable herders and participated in forest grazing activities in 43 study locations across the country. The results were analysed qualitatively.<br><br>RESULTS: We revealed a living ecological knowledge tradition and practice of forest grazing in native and non-native forest stands. The impact of livestock grazing on native and non-native forests is not considerably different, in the view of the herders. For both forest types, the greatest impact of grazing was the suppression of the shrub layer, while grazing also increased the dominance and palatability ("tameness") of the grasses. Livestock could cause significant damage to seedlings during forest grazing, but if done with care, grazing could also be an integral part of forestry management.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Sustainability of current forest grazing practices depends on the depth of local and traditional knowledge applied and herders' stewardship. We stress the importance of collaborating with holders of local and traditional knowledge in order to gain a better understanding of the effects of livestock grazing on vegetation in temperate forests.}, }
@article {pmid32911875, year = {2020}, author = {Caniço, A and Mexia, A and Santos, L}, title = {First Report of Native Parasitoids of Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Mozambique.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {32911875}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {SFRH/BD/135260/2017//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; UID/AGR/04129/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; }, abstract = {The alien invasive insect pest Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), commonly referred to as fall armyworm (FAW), is causing significant losses to maize production in Africa since its detection in 2016. As an emergency response, governments in several countries distributed and/or promoted massive use of synthetic insecticides among smallholder farmers to fight FAW. The inappropriate use of synthetic insecticides by non-trained and ill-equipped farmers raises environmental and health concerns. This study aimed to assess the occurrence of native parasitoids of FAW, their parasitism rates, and relative abundance in the central province of Manica, Mozambique. A field collection of FAW egg masses and larvae was conducted from May to August 2019 (dry season of the 2018/2019 cropping season) and in December 2019 and January 2020 (rainy season of 2019/2020 cropping season). A total of 101 egg masses and 1444 larvae of FAW were collected from infested fields. Five larval parasitoids were recorded, but no egg parasitism was observed. Coccygidium luteum Brullé (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Drino quadrizonula Thomson (Diptera: Tachinidae) were the primary parasitoids. Maximum parasitism of 23.68% and 8.86% and relative abundance of 100 and 96.3 were recorded for C. luteum and D. quadrizonula, respectively. Total parasitism by different parasitoid species was at 9.49%. Cultural practices favoring the action of these parasitoids should be advocated.}, }
@article {pmid32911431, year = {2020}, author = {Wang, Z and Nong, D and Countryman, AM and Corbett, JJ and Warziniack, T}, title = {Potential impacts of ballast water regulations on international trade, shipping patterns, and the global economy: An integrated transportation and economic modeling assessment.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {275}, number = {}, pages = {110892}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110892}, pmid = {32911431}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Commerce ; Internationality ; Introduced Species ; *Ships ; United States ; *Water ; }, abstract = {Global ballast water management regulations aiming to decrease aquatic species invasion require actions that can increase shipping costs. We employ an integrated shipping cost and global economic modeling approach to investigate the impacts of ballast water regulations on bilateral trade, national economies, and shipping patterns. Given the potential need for more stringent regulation at regional hotspots of species invasions, this work considers two ballast water treatment policy scenarios: implementation of current international regulations, and a possible stricter regional regulation that targets ships traveling to and from the United States while other vessels continue to face current standards. We find that ballast water management compliance costs under both scenarios lead to modest negative impacts on international trade and national economies overall. However, stricter regulations applied to U.S. ports are expected to have large negative impacts on bilateral trade of several specific commodities for a few countries. Trade diversion causes decreased U.S. imports of some products, leading to minor economic welfare losses.}, }
@article {pmid32911114, year = {2020}, author = {Vivó-Pons, A and Alós, J and Tomas, F}, title = {Invasion by an ecosystem engineer shifts the abundance and distribution of fish but does not decrease diversity.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {160}, number = {}, pages = {111586}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111586}, pmid = {32911114}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Negative impacts of invasive species are widely accepted, but there is increasing evidence that neutral or positive effects are more prevalent than initially recognized, particularly for species which are of different functional / trophic group than the invader. We used a BACI design to examine how fish communities responded to the invasion of Halimeda incrassata, an ecosystem engineer which colonizes sandy habitats in the Western Mediterranean. While invasion did not alter overall species richness or diversity, we detected positive, negative and neutral responses by different fish species, which has important ecological and socio-economic implications. Contrasting responses likely result from different alterations that this alga conferred, putatively increasing prey availability via habitat creation, or limiting burial and camouflage abilities of fish. Our results highlight that effects of ecosystem engineers can be multiple and complex, and that predictions of invasive species are not straight forward.}, }
@article {pmid32908607, year = {2020}, author = {Quilodrán, CS and Nussberger, B and Macdonald, DW and Montoya-Burgos, JI and Currat, M}, title = {Projecting introgression from domestic cats into European wildcats in the Swiss Jura.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {2101-2112}, pmid = {32908607}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Hybridization between wild and domesticated organisms is a worldwide conservation issue. In the Jura Mountains, threatened European wildcats (Felis silvestris) have been demographically spreading for approximately the last 50 years, but this recovery is coupled with hybridization with domestic cats (Felis catus). Here, we project the pattern of future introgression using different spatially explicit scenarios to model the interactions between the two species, including competition and different population sizes. We project the fast introgression of domestic cat genes into the wildcat population under all scenarios if hybridization is not severely restricted. If the current hybridization rate and population sizes remain unchanged, we expect the loss of genetic distinctiveness between wild and domestic cats at neutral nuclear, mitochondrial and Y chromosome markers in one hundred years. However, scenarios involving a competitive advantage for wildcats and a future increase in the wildcat population size project a slower increase in introgression. We recommend that future studies assess the fitness of these hybrids and better characterize their ecological niche and their ecological interactions with parental species to elucidate effective conservation measures.}, }
@article {pmid32908604, year = {2020}, author = {Wu, Y and Bogdanowicz, SM and Andres, JA and Vieira, KA and Wang, B and Cossé, A and Pfister, SE}, title = {Tracking invasions of a destructive defoliator, the gypsy moth (Erebidae: Lymantria dispar): Population structure, origin of intercepted specimens, and Asian introgression into North America.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {2056-2070}, pmid = {32908604}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Genetic data can help elucidate the dynamics of biological invasions, which are fueled by the constant expansion of international trade. The introduction of European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar dispar) into North America is a classic example of human-aided invasion that has caused tremendous damage to North American temperate forests. Recently, the even more destructive Asian gypsy moth (mainly L. d. asiatica and L. d. japonica) has been intercepted in North America, mostly transported by cargo ships. To track invasion pathways, we developed a diagnostic panel of 60 DNA loci (55 nuclear and 5 mitochondrial) to characterize worldwide genetic differentiation within L. dispar and its sister species L. umbrosa. Hierarchical analyses supported strong differentiation and recovered five geographic groups that correspond to (1) North America, (2) Europe plus North Africa and Middle East, (3) the Urals, Central Asia, and Russian Siberia, (4) continental East Asia, and (5) the Japanese islands. Interestingly, L. umbrosa was grouped with L. d. japonica, and the introduced North American population exhibits remarkable distinctiveness from contemporary European counterparts. Each geographic group, except for North America, shows additional lower-level structures when analyzed individually, which provided the basis for inference of the origin of invasive specimens. Two assignment approaches consistently identified a coastal area of continental East Asia as the major source for Asian invasion during 2014-2015, with Japan being another source. By analyzing simulation and laboratory crosses, we further provided evidence for the occurrence of natural Asian-North American hybrids in the Pacific Northwest, raising concerns for introgression of Asian alleles that may accelerate range expansion of gypsy moth in North America. Our study demonstrates how genetic data contribute to bio-surveillance of invasive species with results that can inform regulatory management and reduce the frequency of trade-associated invasions.}, }
@article {pmid32902103, year = {2020}, author = {Culshaw-Maurer, M and Sih, A and Rosenheim, JA}, title = {Bugs scaring bugs: enemy-risk effects in biological control systems.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {23}, number = {11}, pages = {1693-1714}, pmid = {32902103}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {2018-07745//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; CA-D-ENM-5671-RR//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; 2013-306//United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation/ ; 1456724//Division of Integrative Organismal Systems/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Biological Products ; Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Pest Control, Biological ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Enemy-risk effects, often referred to as non-consumptive effects (NCEs), are an important feature of predator-prey ecology, but their significance has had little impact on the conceptual underpinning or practice of biological control. We provide an overview of enemy-risk effects in predator-prey interactions, discuss ways in which risk effects may impact biocontrol programs and suggest avenues for further integration of natural enemy ecology and integrated pest management. Enemy-risk effects can have important influences on different stages of biological control programs, including natural enemy selection, efficacy testing and quantification of non-target impacts. Enemy-risk effects can also shape the interactions of biological control with other pest management practices. Biocontrol systems also provide community ecologists with some of the richest examples of behaviourally mediated trophic cascades and demonstrations of how enemy-risk effects play out among species with no shared evolutionary history, important topics for invasion biology and conservation. We conclude that the longstanding use of ecological theory by biocontrol practitioners should be expanded to incorporate enemy-risk effects, and that community ecologists will find many opportunities to study enemy-risk effects in biocontrol settings.}, }
@article {pmid32901922, year = {2020}, author = {Raick, X and Huby, A and Kurchevski, G and Godinho, AL and Parmentier, &#xc9;}, title = {Yellow-eyed piranhas produce louder sounds than red-eyed piranhas in an invasive population of Serrasalmus marginatus.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {97}, number = {6}, pages = {1676-1680}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14529}, pmid = {32901922}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {T.0101.15 and travel: grants 2018/V 3/5/200-JG/MS-2717 and 2018/V 3/5/199-JG/MS-2718//Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS/ ; //King Leopold III Fund for Nature Exploration and Conservation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Characiformes/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Pigmentation/genetics ; Reproduction ; Rivers ; Species Specificity ; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Serrasalmus marginatus is a piranha species native from the lower Paraná River basin and has been invasive in the upper Paraná River basin since the 1980s. In piranhas, sounds of different species have different features. The aim of this study was to investigate if the sounds produced by this species could be used to distinguish two morphotypes: red- and yellow-eyed S. marginatus from the Araguari River (upper Paraná River basin). All the temporal and frequency features of the sounds were equivalent in both groups of eye colour; it corresponds to the species-specific signature described for S. marginatus. Nonetheless, the amplitude features were all statistically different between red- and yellow-eyed piranhas. Yellow-eyed specimens produced louder sounds. In different fish species, colour change in eyes can be due to the absence or the presence of a dominant allele. It can also be involved in social rank or during reproduction. Different hormones and neuropeptides can modulate vocal features. It is hypothesized that a mutation or different hormonal concentrations could explain both sound amplitude and eye colour playing a role in animal communication in S. marginatus.}, }
@article {pmid32901801, year = {2021}, author = {Mullens, P and Su, T and Vong, Q and Thieme, J and Brown, MQ}, title = {Establishment of the Invasive Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in the West Valley Area of San Bernardino County, CA.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, pages = {365-371}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjaa174}, pmid = {32901801}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; California ; Cities ; Environment ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), is the most aggressive invasive mosquito species with worldwide distribution. In addition to being a notorious nuisance species, it can pose significant public health concern because of its ability to transmit various viral pathogens. The first adult capture in the West Valley area of San Bernardino County, CA, occurred in September 2015 in Montclair. A strategic surveillance plan was implemented accordingly by the West Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District to document the infestation. The Biogent Sentinel (BG-2) trap augmented with BG-Lure and carbon dioxide (CO2) was deployed as a routine surveillance tool during 2017-2019. Extensive trapping revealed an expanding infestation, when positive trap nights (TN) increased from 14.2% in 2017 to 23.9% in 2018 and 55.6% in 2019. The average counts/TN increased from 0.65 in 2017 and 0.90 in 2018 to 3.83 in 2019. The cities of Montclair, Chino, and Ontario had much higher infestation than other cities in the district with the highest positive TN of 46.0% in Montclair, and highest average trap count of 3.23/TN in Chino. It was interesting to note that males coincided with females with more profound trend during warmer months of July to October when ratios of males ranged 28.4-35.0%. The BG-2 trap significantly outperformed the CO2 trap and gravid trap. The establishment of this invasive species in semiarid inland Southern California was further confirmed by concurrent larval collections.}, }
@article {pmid32901023, year = {2020}, author = {Diagne, C and Leroy, B and Gozlan, RE and Vaissière, AC and Assailly, C and Nuninger, L and Roiz, D and Jourdain, F and Jarić, I and Courchamp, F}, title = {InvaCost, a public database of the economic costs of biological invasions worldwide.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {277}, pmid = {32901023}, issn = {2052-4463}, mesh = {Databases as Topic ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*economics ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are responsible for tremendous impacts globally, including huge economic losses and management expenditures. Efficiently mitigating this major driver of global change requires the improvement of public awareness and policy regarding its substantial impacts on our socio-ecosystems. One option to contribute to this overall objective is to inform people on the economic costs linked to these impacts; however, until now, a reliable synthesis of invasion costs has never been produced at a global scale. Here, we introduce InvaCost as the most up-to-date, comprehensive, harmonised and robust compilation and description of economic cost estimates associated with biological invasions worldwide. We have developed a systematic, standardised methodology to collect information from peer-reviewed articles and grey literature, while ensuring data validity and method repeatability for further transparent inputs. Our manuscript presents the methodology and tools used to build and populate this living and publicly available database. InvaCost provides an essential basis (2419 cost estimates currently compiled) for worldwide research, management efforts and, ultimately, for data-driven and evidence-based policymaking.}, }
@article {pmid32901021, year = {2020}, author = {Maselko, M and Feltman, N and Upadhyay, A and Hayward, A and Das, S and Myslicki, N and Peterson, AJ and O'Connor, MB and Smanski, MJ}, title = {Engineering multiple species-like genetic incompatibilities in insects.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {4468}, pmid = {32901021}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {R35 GM118029/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Crosses, Genetic ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics ; Female ; Genes, Insect ; Genes, Lethal ; Genetic Engineering/*methods ; *Genetic Speciation ; Genotype ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; Models, Genetic ; Transgenes ; }, abstract = {Speciation constrains the flow of genetic information between populations of sexually reproducing organisms. Gaining control over mechanisms of speciation would enable new strategies to manage wild populations of disease vectors, agricultural pests, and invasive species. Additionally, such control would provide safe biocontainment of transgenes and gene drives. Here, we demonstrate a general approach to create engineered genetic incompatibilities (EGIs) in the model insect Drosophila melanogaster. EGI couples a dominant lethal transgene with a recessive resistance allele. Strains homozygous for both elements are fertile and fecund when they mate with similarly engineered strains, but incompatible with wild-type strains that lack resistant alleles. EGI genotypes can also be tuned to cause hybrid lethality at different developmental life-stages. Further, we demonstrate that multiple orthogonal EGI strains of D. melanogaster can be engineered to be mutually incompatible with wild-type and with each other. EGI is a simple and robust approach in multiple sexually reproducing organisms.}, }
@article {pmid32899282, year = {2020}, author = {Gilligan, TM and Brown, JW and Baixeras, J}, title = {Immigrant Tortricidae: Holarctic versus Introduced Species in North America.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {32899282}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {In support of a comprehensive update to the checklist of the moths of North America, we attempt to determine the status of 151 species of Tortricidae present in North America that may be Holarctic, introduced, or sibling species of their European counterparts. Discovering the natural distributions of these taxa is often difficult, if not impossible, but several criteria can be applied to determine if a species that is present in both Europe and North America is natively Holarctic, introduced, or represented by different but closely related species on each continent. We use DNA barcodes (when available), morphology, host plants, and historical records (literature and museum specimens) to make these assessments and propose several taxonomic changes, as well as future areas of research. The following taxa are raised from synonymy to species status: Acleris ferrumixtana (Benander, 1934), stat. rev.; Acleris viburnana (Clemens, 1860), stat. rev.; Acleris pulverosana (Walker, 1863), stat. rev.; Acleris placidana (Robinson, 1869), stat. rev.; Lobesia spiraeae (McDunnough, 1938), stat. rev.; and Epiblema arctica Miller, 1985, stat. rev. Cydia saltitans (Westwood, 1858), stat. rev., is determined to be the valid name for the "jumping bean moth," and Phiaris glaciana (Möschler, 1860), comb. n., is placed in a new genus. We determine that the number of Holarctic species has been overestimated by at least 20% in the past, and that the overall number of introduced species in North America is unexpectedly high, with Tortricidae accounting for approximately 23-30% of the total number of Lepidoptera species introduced to North America.}, }
@article {pmid32898748, year = {2021}, author = {Hereş, AM and Petritan, IC and Bigler, C and Curtu, AL and Petrea, &#x15e; and Petritan, AM and Polanco-Martínez, JM and Rigling, A and Curiel Yuste, J}, title = {Legacies of past forest management determine current responses to severe drought events of conifer species in the Romanian Carpathians.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {751}, number = {}, pages = {141851}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141851}, pmid = {32898748}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Droughts ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Romania ; *Tracheophyta ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Worldwide increases in droughts- and heat-waves-associated tree mortality events are destabilizing the future of many forests and the ecosystem services they provide. Along with climate, understanding the impact of the legacies of past forest management is key to better explain current responses of different tree species to climate change. We studied tree mortality events that peaked in 2012 affecting one native (silver fir; growing within its natural distribution range) and two introduced (black pine and Scots; growing outside their natural distribution range) conifer species from the Romanian Carpathians. The three conifers were compared in terms of mortality events, growth trends, growth resilience to severe drought events, climate-growth relationships, and regeneration patterns. The mortality rates of the three species were found to be associated with severe drought events. Nevertheless, the native silver fir seems to undergo a self-thinning process, while the future of the remaining living black pine and Scots pine trees is uncertain as they register significant negative growth trends. Overall, the native silver fir showed a higher resilience to severe drought events than the two introduced pine species. Furthermore, and unlike the native silver fir, black pine and Scots pine species do not successfully regenerate. A high diversity of native broadleaf species sprouts and develops instead under them suggesting that we might be witnessing a process of ecological succession, with broadleaves recovering their habitats. As native species seem to perform better in terms of resilience and regeneration than introduced species, the overall effect of the black pine and Scots pine mortality might be compensated. Legacies of past forest management should be taken into account in order to better understand current responses of different tree species to ongoing climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32898194, year = {2020}, author = {Gormley, AM and Warburton, B}, title = {Refining kill-trap networks for the control of small mammalian predators in invaded ecosystems.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {e0238732}, pmid = {32898194}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Islands ; *Mammals ; Models, Statistical ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Population control of invasive mammal pests is an ongoing process in many conservation projects. In New Zealand, introduced wild domestic cats and mustelids have a severe impact on biodiversity, and methods to reduce and maintain predator populations to low levels have been developed involving poisoning and trapping. Such conservation efforts often run on limited funds, so ways to minimize costs while not compromising their effectiveness are constantly being sought. Here we report on a case example in a 150 km2 area in the North Island, New Zealand, where high predator numbers were reduced by 70-80% in an initial 'knockdown' trapping program, using the full set of traps available in the fixed network and frequent checks, and then maintained at low density using maintenance trapping with less frequent checking. We developed and applied a simulation model of predator captures, based on trapping data, to investigate the effect on control efficacy of varying numbers of trap sites and numbers of traps per site. Included in the simulations were captures of other, non-target, introduced mammals. Simulations indicated that there are potentially significant savings to be made, at least in the maintenance phase of a long-term predator control programme, by first reducing the number of traps in large-scale networks without dramatically reducing efficacy, and then, possibly, re-locating traps according to spatial heterogeneity in observed captures of the target species.}, }
@article {pmid32898173, year = {2020}, author = {Castro, SA and Rojas, P and Vila, I and Habit, E and Pizarro-Konczak, J and Abades, S and Jaksic, FM}, title = {Partitioning β-diversity reveals that invasions and extinctions promote the biotic homogenization of Chilean freshwater fish fauna.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {e0238767}, pmid = {32898173}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Chile ; *Extinction, Biological ; Fishes/*classification ; *Fresh Water ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {AIM: Exotic species' introductions together with extinction of native species represent the main mechanisms driving biotic homogenization of freshwater fish assemblages around the world. While generally ichtyofaunistic realms transit towards biotic homogenization, for conservation purposes it is essential to understand what specific mechanisms are promoting it on particular areas or regions. Here, we report the occurrence of biotic homogenization in 29 Chilean watersheds, analyzing its β-diversity (including turnover and nestedness) and predicting future trends.<br><br>LOCATION: Continental Chile (18o-56o S).<br><br>METHODS: We determined fish composition per basin for historical and current assemblages; extant native, exotic, and extinct species were recorded as 1 (presence) or 0 (absence) in two matrices basins &#xd7; species. For each matrix, we calculated the turnover (&#x3b2;sim), nestedness (&#x3b2;nes), and &#x3b2;-diversity (&#x3b2;sor); then, we obtained &#x394;&#x3b2;sim, &#x394;&#x3b2;nes, and &#x394;&#x3b2;sor, as the arithmetical difference between basin pairs over time. In addition, we search for explanatory variables correlating &#x394;&#x3b2;sim, &#x394;&#x3b2;nes, and &#x394;&#x3b2;sor with geographical and land use variables. Finally, simulating events of species introduction (i.e., invasion) and extinction, we generated 15 hypothetical assemblages, looking to establish future trends towards biotic change in Chilean basins.<br><br>RESULTS: Species turnover and &#x3b2;-diversity significantly decreased from historical to current assemblages (&#x394;&#x3b2;sim = -0.084; &#x394;&#x3b2;sor = -0.061, respectively), while the species nestedness did not show significant changes (&#x394;&#x3b2;nes = 0.08). Biotic changes have been driven mainly by the introduction of 28 exotic species, with a minor role of extinctions (one species) and translocations (0 species) of native species. Changes in &#x3b2;-diversity were negatively correlated with area, elevation, and geographical distance between basins but not with land-use nor human population. Finally, the analysis of 15 future assemblages predicts a significant decrease of &#x3b2;-diversity and turnover, and an increase for species nestedness, this time promoted by an increase in the extinction of native species.<br><br>MAIN CONCLUSION: Chilean basins show a significant decrease of the distributional &#x3b2;-diversity and species turnover of the freshwater fish fauna, evidencing a trend towards biotic homogenization. This trend is shared with other Neotropical basins; however, specific mechanisms driving it show different magnitude. Changes in the &#x3b2;-diversity components do not show correlation with variables associated to land use, thus suggesting that casual introductions of freshwater fishes in Chile follow an opportunistic mode related to commercial use. According to future scenarios simulated, biotic homogenization should increase further, mainly as consequence of increased native extinctions.}, }
@article {pmid32893873, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, Z and Liu, Y and Brunel, C and van Kleunen, M}, title = {Evidence for Elton's diversity-invasibility hypothesis from belowground.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {101}, number = {12}, pages = {e03187}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3187}, pmid = {32893873}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {201606100049//China Scholarship Council/ ; Y9H1011001//Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; Y9B7041001//Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {Bacteria/genetics ; Biomass ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Sixty year ago, Charles Elton posed that species-rich communities should be more resistant to biological invasion. Still, little is known about which processes could drive the diversity-invasibility relationship. Here we examined whether soil-microbe-mediated apparent competition on alien invaders is more negative when the soil originates from multiple native species. We trained soils with five individually grown native species and used amplicon sequencing to analyze the resulting bacterial and fungal soil communities. We mixed the soils to create trained soils from one, two or four native species. We then grew four alien species separately on these differently trained soils. In the soil-conditioning phase, the five native species built species-specific bacterial and fungal communities in their rhizospheres. In the test phase, it did not matter for biomass of alien plants whether the soil had been trained by one or two native species. However, the alien species achieved 11.7% (95% CI: 3.7-20.1%) less aboveground biomass when grown on soils trained by four native species than on soils trained by two native species. Our results revealed soil-microbes-mediated apparent competition as a mechanism underlying the negative relationship between diversity and invasibility.}, }
@article {pmid32891817, year = {2021}, author = {Kyaw, YMM and Bi, Y and Oo, TN and Yang, X}, title = {Traditional medicinal plants used by the Mon people in Myanmar.}, journal = {Journal of ethnopharmacology}, volume = {265}, number = {}, pages = {113253}, doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2020.113253}, pmid = {32891817}, issn = {1872-7573}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Ethnobotany ; Female ; *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Male ; *Medicine, East Asian Traditional ; Middle Aged ; Myanmar ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Preparations/isolation &amp; purification/*therapeutic use ; Plants, Medicinal/*classification ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Myanmar's Mon people largely depend on a traditional medical system for health care, however, information about their medical plants is rare in the current literature. In this first ethnobotanical study of Mon traditional medicinal plants (MTMs), we attempt to answer three research questions: 1) What species are used as MTMs by the Mon people and what diseases can be treated with these MTMs? 2) What are the general characteristics of these MTMs? 3) Which species and their usages have high consensus of knowledge?<br><br>AIM OF THE STUDY: We aimed (1) to document both the diversity of medicinal plants used by the Mon people and their knowledge of the therapeutic usages of these plants; and (2) to quantitatively identify the most well-known medicinal plant species and prevalent diseases treated by these species, and to evaluate the status of scientific research and application for each of these species.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ethnobotanical surveys and interviews were carried out in 10 villages in four townships of Mon State, Myanmar in 2018. Data were collected from interviews with 131 informants, chosen via the snowball sampling method. Therapeutic uses of medicinal plants were categorized according to the ICPC-2 standard. Voucher specimens of plant species were collected and identified by experts. To evaluate the consensus of knowledge, we applied use reports (URs) using the R package of ethnobotanyR.<br><br>RESULTS: In total, we recorded 158 medicinal plant species belonging to 64 families as being used by the Mon people, with 13 species being newly recorded as medicinal plants in Myanmar. The people listed 78 therapeutic uses for these plants, which could be classified into 16 ICPC-2 disease categories. Digestive, urological and respiratory diseases ranked as the most prevalent diseases based on use reports. Fabaceae was the most represented family and the leaf was the most commonly used plant part. Decoction and oral administration ranked top in preparation and administration methods, respectively. Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr, the introduced species Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King &amp; H. Rob., Mimosa pudica L., Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H. Ohashi, and Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC were the five most cited medicinal plant species, and were used to treat dysuria, cuts and wounds, cough, diabetes and gall stones respectively, with high consensus.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The Mon people of Myanmar have a rich and diverse knowledge of traditional medicinal plants. The list of medicinal plants in Myanmar can be renewed, with the addition of 13 species. MTMs still function as an important component of the health care of the Mon people in Myanmar, and a systematic documentation of the local knowledge of MTMs would be of great value in the future. Resource monitoring, phytochemical and pharmacological research and evidence-based drug development are suggested to promote the use of MTMs and aid drug discovery.}, }
@article {pmid32889446, year = {2020}, author = {Manda, S and Titelboim, D and Ashckenazi-Polivoda, S and Almogi-Labin, A and Herut, B and Abramovich, S}, title = {Epiphytic benthic foraminiferal preferences for macroalgal habitats: Implications for coastal warming.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {161}, number = {}, pages = {105084}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105084}, pmid = {32889446}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Foraminifera ; Introduced Species ; *Seaweed ; }, abstract = {Considering the thermal limits of coastal macroalgae habitats in the South-Eastern Mediterranean, it is important to study the response of the associated meiofauna to better understand the expected feedback of ecosystems to future warming. In this study, we compared benthic foraminiferal assemblages from two common macroalgal habitats, Turf and Coralline algae, based on ecological monitoring of a thermally polluted station representing near future warming, and an undisturbed environment. None of the common local species is confined to a specific algal habitat. This implies that their existence is not threatened by the disappearance of the Coralline algae. However, most likely their community structure will be impacted with coastal warming. Species that are more affiliated with Coralline algae are highly thermally tolerant, thus their proliferation might be reduced with warming. Specifically, the negative response of Coralline algae to warming may limit the contribution of invasive species such as Pararotalia calcariformata.}, }
@article {pmid32887345, year = {2020}, author = {Maranesi, M and Palermo, FA and Bufalari, A and Mercati, F and Paoloni, D and Cocci, P and Moretti, G and Crotti, S and Zerani, M and Dall'Aglio, C}, title = {Seasonal Expression of NGF and Its Cognate Receptors in the Ovaries of Grey Squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis).}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {32887345}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {The grey squirrel is an invasive alien species that seriously threatens the conservation of the native red squirrel species. With the aim of characterizing the reproductive physiology of this species due to its great reproductive success, the function of the ovarian nerve growth factor (NGF) system was analyzed in a grey squirrel population living in central Italy. During the breeding and nonbreeding seasons, the ovarian presence, distribution, and gene expression of NGF, neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor 1 (NTRK1), and nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR), as well as NGF plasma concentrations, were evaluated in female grey squirrels. NGF was found in the luteal cells and in the thecal and granulosa cells of follicles, while NTRK1 and NGFR were only observed in follicular thecal and granulosa cells. NGF and NGFR transcripts were almost two-fold greater during the breeding season, while no seasonal differences were observed in NTRK1 gene expression. During the breeding season, NGFR was more expressed than NTRK1. Moreover, no changes were observed in NGF plasma levels during the reproductive cycle. The NGF system seems to be involved in regulating the ovarian cycle mainly via local modulation of NGF/NGFR, thus playing a role in the reproductive physiology of this grey squirrel population.}, }
@article {pmid32886966, year = {2020}, author = {Xiao, L and Ding, J and Zhang, J and Huang, W and Siemann, E}, title = {Chemical responses of an invasive plant to herbivory and abiotic environments reveal a novel invasion mechanism.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {741}, number = {}, pages = {140452}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140452}, pmid = {32886966}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {China ; *Euphorbiaceae ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant environments differ along latitudes and between native and introduced ranges. In response to herbivory and abiotic stresses that vary with latitudes and between ranges, invasive plants may shift their secondary chemicals to facilitate invasion success. However, it remains unclear whether and how invasive plant chemical responses to herbivory and chemical responses to abiotic environments are associated. We conducted large scale field surveys of herbivory on the invasive tallow tree (Triadica sebifera) along latitudes in both its native (China) and introduced ranges (United States) and collected leaf samples for analyses of tannins and flavonoids. We used data on climate and solar radiation to examine these chemical responses to abiotic environments and their variations along these latitudes and between ranges. We also re-analyzed previously published data from multiple common garden experiments on tallow tree to investigate genetic divergence of secondary chemical concentrations between introduced and native populations. We found foliar tannins and herbivory (chewing, sucking) were higher in the native range compared to the invasive range. Allocation to tannins versus flavonoids decreased with latitude in the native range but did not vary in the invasive range. Analyses of previously published common garden experimental data indicated genetic divergence contributes to chemical concentration differences between ranges. Our field data further indicated that the latitudinal patterns were primarily phenotypic responses to herbivory in China while in US they were primarily phenotypic responses to abiotic environments. The variation of tannins may be linked to flavonoids, given tannins and flavonoids share a biosynthesis pathway. Together, our results suggest that invasive plants adjust their secondary metabolism to decrease chemicals that primarily defend against herbivory and increase those that help them to respond to their abiotic environment. These findings deepen our understanding of how invasive plants adapt to biogeographically heterogeneous environments through trade-offs between secondary chemical responses.}, }
@article {pmid32885821, year = {2020}, author = {Robinet, C and van den Dool, R and Collot, D and Douma, JC}, title = {Modelling for risk and biosecurity related to forest health.}, journal = {Emerging topics in life sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, pages = {485-495}, doi = {10.1042/ETLS20200062}, pmid = {32885821}, issn = {2397-8554}, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Forests ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Modelling the invasion and emergence of forest pests and pathogens (PnPs) is necessary to quantify the risk levels for forest health and provide key information for policy makers. Here, we make a short review of the models used to quantify the invasion risk of exotic species and the emergence risk of native species. Regarding the invasion process, models tackle each invasion phase, e.g. pathway models to describe the risk of entry, species distribution models to describe potential establishment, and dispersal models to describe (human-assisted) spread. Concerning the emergence process, models tackle each process: spread or outbreak. Only a few spread models describe jointly dispersal, growth, and establishment capabilities of native species while some mechanistic models describe the population temporal dynamics and inference models describe the probability of outbreak. We also discuss the ways to quantify uncertainty and the role of machine learning. Overall, promising directions are to increase the models' genericity by parameterization based on meta-analysis techniques to combine the effect of species traits and various environmental drivers. Further perspectives consist in considering the models' interconnection, including the assessment of the economic impact and risk mitigation options, as well as the possibility of having multi-risks and the reduction in uncertainty by collecting larger fit-for-purpose datasets.}, }
@article {pmid32884656, year = {2020}, author = {Sedio, BE and Devaney, JL and Pullen, J and Parker, GG and Wright, SJ and Parker, JD}, title = {Chemical novelty facilitates herbivore resistance and biological invasions in some introduced plant species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {16}, pages = {8770-8792}, pmid = {32884656}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Ecological release from herbivory due to chemical novelty is commonly predicted to facilitate biological invasions by plants, but has not been tested on a community scale. We used metabolomics based on mass spectrometry molecular networks to assess the novelty of foliar secondary chemistry of 15 invasive plant species compared to 46 native species at a site in eastern North America. Locally, invasive species were more chemically distinctive than natives. Among the 15 invasive species, the more chemically distinct were less preferred by insect herbivores and less browsed by deer. Finally, an assessment of invasion frequency in 2,505 forest plots in the Atlantic coastal plain revealed that, regionally, invasive species that were less preferred by insect herbivores, less browsed by white-tailed deer, and chemically distinct relative to the native plant community occurred more frequently in survey plots. Our results suggest that chemically mediated release from herbivores contributes to many successful invasions.}, }
@article {pmid32883880, year = {2020}, author = {Liu, C and Wolter, C and Xian, W and Jeschke, JM}, title = {Most invasive species largely conserve their climatic niche.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {117}, number = {38}, pages = {23643-23651}, pmid = {32883880}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Biological ; Plants ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The ecological niche is a key concept for elucidating patterns of species distributions and developing strategies for conserving biodiversity. However, recent times are seeing a widespread debate whether species niches are conserved across space and time (niche conservatism hypothesis). Biological invasions represent a unique opportunity to test this hypothesis in a short time frame at the global scale. We synthesized empirical findings for 434 invasive species from 86 studies to assess whether invasive species conserve their climatic niche between native and introduced ranges. Although the niche conservatism hypothesis was rejected in most studies, highly contrasting conclusions for the same species between and within studies suggest that the dichotomous conclusions of these studies were sensitive to techniques, assessment criteria, or author preferences. We performed a consistent quantitative analysis of the dynamics between native and introduced climatic niches reported by previous studies. Our results show there is very limited niche expansion between native and introduced ranges, and introduced niches occupy a position similar to native niches in the environmental space. These findings support the niche conservatism hypothesis overall. In particular, introduced niches were narrower for terrestrial animals, species introduced more recently, or species with more native occurrences. Niche similarity was lower for aquatic species, species introduced only intentionally or more recently, or species with fewer introduced occurrences. Climatic niche conservatism for invasive species not only increases our confidence in transferring ecological niche models to new ranges but also supports the use of niche models for forecasting species responses to changing climates.}, }
@article {pmid32882915, year = {2020}, author = {Zapponi, L and Bon, MC and Fouani, JM and Anfora, G and Schmidt, S and Falagiarda, M}, title = {Assemblage of the Egg Parasitoids of the Invasive Stink Bug Halyomorpha halys: Insights on Plant Host Associations.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {32882915}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive alien species and a key agricultural pest. Its native parasitoids (Trissolcus japonicus Ashmead and Tr. mitsukurii Ashmead) have been registered in several countries where H. halys brought dramatic economic losses and where biological control is considered to be the most effective long-term solution. By searching for stink bug egg masses and exposing sentinel egg masses, we monitored the distribution of native and exotic egg parasitoids in Trentino-Alto Adige (Italy), an area where both the host and parasitoids are in expansion. We recorded ten pentatomids, seven parasitoid species, with the first report of Tr. japonicus in this area and a hyperparasitoid. In the assemblage, Anastatus bifasciatus (Geoffroy) and Tr. mitsukurii were the dominant parasitoids, with a different distribution in terms of context and host plants. Sycamore was the host plant where the highest number of naturally laid parasitized egg masses (26%) were recorded. Trissolcus mitsukurii showed the highest parasitism rate, and was often found in apple orchards. The emergence of exotic parasitoids showed a temporal delay compared to native ones. Sequence analysis of 823 bp of the CO1 mitochondrial gene revealed that the recovered Tr. japonicus and Tr. mitsukurii harbored one single haplotype each. These haplotypes were previously found in 2018 in Northern Italy. While sentinel egg masses proved to be very effective in tracking the arrival of exotic Trissolcus species, the collection of stink bug egg masses provided fundamental data on the plant host species. The results lend strong support to the adaptation of exotic Trissolcus species to the environmental conditions of the range of introduction, providing new information on plant host-associations, fundamental for the development of biological control programs.}, }
@article {pmid32881373, year = {2020}, author = {Liu, C and Wolter, C and Xian, W and Jeschke, JM}, title = {Species distribution models have limited spatial transferability for invasive species.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {23}, number = {11}, pages = {1682-1692}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13577}, pmid = {32881373}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {//International IGB Fellowship Program in Freshwater Science/ ; //Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; U1606404//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; 31472016 31872568//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Climate ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Reproducibility of Results ; }, abstract = {The reliability of transferring species distribution models (SDMs) to new ranges and future climates has been widely debated. Biological invasions offer the unique opportunity to evaluate model transferability, as distribution data between species' native and introduced ranges are geographically independent of each other. Here, we performed the first global quantitative synthesis of the spatial transferability of SDMs for 235 invasive species and assessed the association of model transferability with the focal invader, model choice and parameterisation. We found that SDMs had limited spatial transferability overall. However, model transferability was higher for terrestrial endotherms, species introduced from or to the Southern Hemisphere, and species introduced more recently. Model transferability was also positively associated with the number of presences for model calibration and evaluation, respectively, but negatively with the number of predictors. These findings highlight the importance of considering the characteristics of the focal invader, environment and modelling in the application and assessment of SDMs.}, }
@article {pmid32880735, year = {2020}, author = {Londe, V and de Sousa, HC and Messias, MCTB}, title = {Monitoring of forest components reveals that exotic tree species are not always invasive in areas under ecological restoration.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {192}, number = {10}, pages = {618}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-020-08583-w}, pmid = {32880735}, issn = {1573-2959}, support = {APG-03055-11//Companhia Energ&#xe9;tica de Minas Gerais (BR)/ ; }, mesh = {Brazil ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Exotic species are known to become invasive in several ecosystems, including areas undergoing restoration. But does that always happen? We monitored the tree layer, seed rain, and regenerating layer of 10-year and 20-year-old forests under restoration in southeast Brazil to verify if planted exotic trees were behaving as invasive; if they were influencing the species richness and abundance of regenerating native plants; and the probabilities of exotic trees perpetuating over time. Data from the three forest components (trees, seed rain, and regenerating) were collected in 12 permanent plots of 100 m[2] each in each study area. Collected data were analyzed through generalized linear models (GLM) and Markov chains. We verified that exotic species were not behaving as invasive species. Of the five species planted, Acacia mangium, Syzygium cumini, and Psidium guajava were dispersing seeds but recruiting only six new individuals. In general, the species richness and abundance of exotic trees were not related to the richness and abundance of regenerating native plants. In addition, the chances of individuals' transition between forest components were in most cases nil, so that exotic species should continue not to spread in the 10- and 20-year-old forests. We assume that biotic resistance was occurring in the assembled communities and this prevented exotic trees from behaving as invaders. Monitoring of forest components helped to better understand the role of non-native species in the dynamics of these novel ecosystems. Monitoring also indicated that not all recovering forests need management actions against exotic trees after a decade or two of restoration.}, }
@article {pmid32880026, year = {2020}, author = {Brannelly, LA and Wetzel, DP and Ohmer, MEB and Zimmerman, L and Saenz, V and Richards-Zawacki, CL}, title = {Evaluating environmental DNA as a tool for detecting an amphibian pathogen using an optimized extraction method.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {194}, number = {1-2}, pages = {267-281}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-020-04743-4}, pmid = {32880026}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {1649443//US NSF/ ; RC-2638//U.S. Department of Defense/ ; }, mesh = {Amphibians ; Animals ; *Chytridiomycota/genetics ; DNA ; *DNA, Environmental ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) detection is a valuable conservation tool that can be used to identify and monitor imperiled or invasive species and wildlife pathogens. Batrachochytrium pathogens are of global conservation concern because they are a leading cause of amphibian decline. While eDNA techniques have been used to detect Batrachochytrium DNA in the environment, a systematic comparison of extraction methods across environmental samples is lacking. In this study, we first compared eDNA extraction methods and found that a soil extraction kit (Qiagen PowerSoil) was the most effective for detecting Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in water samples. The PowerSoil extraction had a minimum detection level of 100 zoospores and had a two- to four-fold higher detection probability than other commonly used extraction methods (e.g., QIAamp extraction, DNeasy+Qiashredder extraction method, respectively). Next, we used this extraction method on field-collected water and sediment samples and were able to detect pathogen DNA in both. While field-collected water filters were equivalent to amphibian skin swab samples in detecting the presence of pathogen DNA, the seasonal patterns in pathogen quantity were different between skin swabs and water samples. Detection rate was lowest in sediment samples. We also found that detection probability increases with the volume of water filtered. Our results indicate that water filter eDNA samples can be accurate in detecting pathogen presence at the habitat scale but their utility for quantifying pathogen loads in the environment appears limited. We suggest that eDNA techniques be used for early warning detection to guide animal sampling efforts.}, }
@article {pmid32879498, year = {2020}, author = {Fricke, EC and Svenning, JC}, title = {Accelerating homogenization of the global plant-frugivore meta-network.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {585}, number = {7823}, pages = {74-78}, pmid = {32879498}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; *Introduced Species ; *Phylogeography ; *Plants ; Seed Dispersal ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Introductions of species by humans are causing the homogenization of species composition across biogeographic barriers[1-3]. The ecological and evolutionary consequences of introduced species derive from their effects on networks of species interactions[4,5], but we lack a quantitative understanding of the impacts of introduced species on ecological networks and their biogeographic patterns globally. Here we address this data gap by analysing mutualistic seed-dispersal interactions from 410 local networks, encompassing 24,455 unique pairwise interactions between 1,631 animal and 3,208 plant species. We show that species introductions reduce biogeographic compartmentalization of the global meta-network, in which nodes are species and links are interactions observed within any local network. This homogenizing effect extends across spatial scales, decreasing beta diversity among local networks and modularity within networks. The prevalence of introduced interactions is directly related to human environmental modifications and is accelerating, having increased sevenfold over the past 75 years. These dynamics alter the coevolutionary environments that mutualists experience[6], and we find that introduced species disproportionately interact with other introduced species. These processes are likely to amplify biotic homogenization in future ecosystems[7] and may reduce the resilience of ecosystems by allowing perturbations to propagate more quickly and exposing disparate ecosystems to similar drivers. Our results highlight the importance of managing the increasing homogenization of ecological complexity.}, }
@article {pmid32878349, year = {2020}, author = {Arbona, V and Ximénez-Embún, MG and Echavarri-Muñoz, A and Martin-Sánchez, M and Gómez-Cadenas, A and Ortego, F and González-Guzmán, M}, title = {Early Molecular Responses of Tomato to Combined Moderate Water Stress and Tomato Red Spider Mite Tetranychus evansi Attack.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {32878349}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {AGL2015- 73235-JIN//Ministerio de Econom&#xed;a y Competitividad/ ; RYC-2016-19325//Ministerio de Econom&#xed;a y Competitividad/ ; AGL2015- 73235-JIN//European Regional Development Fund/ ; RYC-2016-19325//European Regional Development Fund/ ; UJI-B2019-24//Universitat Jaume I/ ; UJI-B2016- 23//Universitat Jaume I/ ; UJI-B2016-24//Universitat Jaume I/ ; GENOMITE, Proposal No. 618105//Instituto Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Tecnolog&#xed;a Agraria y Alimentaria/ ; AGL201676574-R//Ministerio de Econom&#xed;a y Competitividad/ ; IDIFEDER 2018-10//Generalitat Valenciana/ ; }, abstract = {Interaction between plants and their environment is changing as a consequence of the climate change and global warming, increasing the performance and dispersal of some pest species which become invasive species. Tetranychus evansi also known as the tomato red spider mite, is an invasive species which has been reported to increase its performance when feeding in the tomato cultivar Moneymaker (MM) under water deficit conditions. In order to clarify the underlying molecular events involved, we examined early plant molecular changes occurring on MM during T. evansi infestation alone or in combination with moderate drought stress. Hormonal profiling of MM plants showed an increase in abscisic acid (ABA) levels in drought-stressed plants while salicylic acid (SA) levels were higher in drought-stressed plants infested with T. evansi, indicating that SA is involved in the regulation of plant responses to this stress combination. Changes in the expression of ABA-dependent DREB2, NCED1, and RAB18 genes confirmed the presence of drought-dependent molecular responses in tomato plants and indicated that these responses could be modulated by the tomato red spider mite. Tomato metabolic profiling identified 42 differentially altered compounds produced by T. evansi attack, moderate drought stress, and/or their combination, reinforcing the idea of putative manipulation of tomato plant responses by tomato red spider mite. Altogether, these results indicate that the tomato red spider mite acts modulating plant responses to moderate drought stress by interfering with the ABA and SA hormonal responses, providing new insights into the early events occurring on plant biotic and abiotic stress interaction.}, }
@article {pmid32878134, year = {2020}, author = {Korzeniewicz, R and Baranowska, M and Kwaśna, H and Niedbała, G and Behnke-Borowczyk, J}, title = {Communities of Fungi in Black Cherry Stumps and Effects of Herbicide.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {32878134}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {So far, there have been no studies on fungal communities in Prunus serotina (black cherry) wood. Our objectives were to characterize fungal communities from P. serotina wood and to evaluate effects of glyphosate (Glifocyd 360 SL) used on P. serotina stumps on abundance, species richness and diversity of those communities. In August 2016, in the Podanin Forest District, stumps of black cherry trees left after felling were treated with the herbicide. Control stumps were treated with water. Wood discs were cut from the surface of the stumps in May and July-August 2017. Eight treatment combinations (2 herbicide treatments × 2 disc sizes × 2 sample times) were tested. Sub-samples were pooled and ground in an acryogenic mill. Environmental DNA was extracted with a Plant Genomic DNA Purification Kit. The ITS1, 5.8S rDNA region was used to identify fungal species, using primers ITS1FI2 5'-GAACCWGCGGARGGATCA-3' and 5.8S 5'-CGCTGCGTT CTTCATCG-3'. The amplicons were sequenced using the Illumina system. The results were subjected to bioinformatic analysis. Sequences were compared with reference sequences from the NCBI database using the BLASTn 2.8.0 algorithm. Abundance of fungi was defined as the number of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs), and diversity as the number of species in a sample. Differences between the number of OTUs and taxa were analyzed using the chi-squared test (χ[2]). Diversity in microbial communities was compared using diversity indices. A total of 54,644 OTUs were obtained. Culturable fungi produced 49,808 OTUs (91.15%), fungi not known from culture had 2571 OTUs (4.70%), non-fungal organisms had 1333 (2.44%) and organisms with no reference sequence in NCBI, 934 OTUs (1.71%). The total number of taxa ranged from 120 to 319. Fungi in stump wood were significantly more abundant in July-August than in May, in stumps >5 cm diameter than in stumps <5 cm diameter, in glyphosate-treated than in untreated stumps when sampled in May, and in untreated than in glyphosate-treated stumps when sampled in July-August. Species richness was significantly greater in July-August than in May, and in stumps >5 cm diameter than in stumps <5 cm diameter, either treated or untreated, depending on size. Herbicides can therefore affect the abundance and diversity of fungal communities in deciduous tree wood. The greater frequency of Ascomycota in herbicide-treated than in untreated stumps indicates their greater tolerance of glyphosate.}, }
@article {pmid32878034, year = {2020}, author = {Leimbach-Maus, HB and McCluskey, EM and Locher, A and Parks, SR and Partridge, CG}, title = {Genetic Structure of Invasive Baby's Breath (Gypsophila paniculata L.) Populations in a Michigan Dune System.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {32878034}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {#00E01934//U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/ ; }, abstract = {Coastal sand dunes are dynamic ecosystems with elevated levels of disturbance and are highly susceptible to plant invasions. One invasive plant that is of concern to the Great Lakes system is Gypsophila paniculata L. (perennial baby's breath). The presence of G. paniculata negatively impacts native species and has the potential to alter ecosystem dynamics. Our research goals were to (1) estimate the genetic structure of invasive G. paniculata along the Michigan dune system and (2) identify landscape features that influence gene flow in this area. We analyzed 12 populations at 14 nuclear and two chloroplast microsatellite loci. We found strong genetic structure among populations (global FST = 0.228), and pairwise comparisons among all populations yielded significant FST values. Results from clustering analysis via STRUCTURE and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) suggest two main genetic clusters that are separated by the Leelanau Peninsula, and this is supported by the distribution of chloroplast haplotypes. Land cover and topography better explained pairwise genetic distances than geographic distance alone, suggesting that these factors influence the genetic distribution of populations within the dunes system. Together, these data aid in our understanding of how invasive populations move through the dune landscape, providing valuable information for managing the spread of this species.}, }
@article {pmid32876789, year = {2020}, author = {Dayathilake, DDTL and Lokupitiya, E and Wijeratne, VPIS}, title = {Estimation of aboveground and belowground carbon stocks in urban freshwater wetlands of Sri Lanka.}, journal = {Carbon balance and management}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {17}, pmid = {32876789}, issn = {1750-0680}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The occurrence of climate change at an unprecedented scale has resulted in alterations of ecosystems around the world. Numerous studies have reported on the potential to slow down climate change through the sequestration of carbon in soil and trees. Freshwater wetlands hold significant potential for climate change mitigation owing to their large capacity to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Wetlands among all terrestrial ecosystems have the highest carbon density and are found to store up to three to five times more carbon than terrestrial forests. The current study was undertaken to quantify carbon stocks of two carbon pools: aboveground biomass (AGB) and belowground biomass (BGB). Chosen study sites; Kolonnawa wetland and Thalawathugoda wetland park are distributed within the Colombo wetland complex. Colombo was recognized as one of the 18 global Ramsar wetland cities in 2018. A combination of field measurements and allometric tree biomass regression models was used in the study. Stratification of the project area was performed using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI).<br><br>RESULTS: The AGB carbon stock, across strata, is estimated to be in the range of 13.79&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;3.65-66.49&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;6.70 tC/ha and 8.13&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;2.42-52.63&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;10.00 tC/ha at Kolonnawa wetland and Thalawathugoda wetland park, respectively. The BGB carbon stock is estimated to be in the range of 2.47&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.61-10.12&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.89 tC/ha and 1.56&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.41-8.17&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;1.39 tC/ha at Kolonnawa wetland and Thalawathugoda wetland park, respectively. The total AGB carbon stock of Kolonnawa wetland was estimated at 19,803&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;1566 tCO2eq and that of Thalawathugoda wetland park was estimated at 4180&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;729 tCO2eq.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the study reveals that tropical freshwater wetlands contain considerable potential as carbon reservoirs. The study suggests the use of tropical freshwater wetlands in carbon sequestration enhancement plans in the tropics. The study also shows that Annona glabra, an invasive alien species (IAS), has the potential to enhance the net sink of AGB carbon in these non-mangrove wetlands. However, further studies are essential to confirm if enhanced carbon sequestration by Annona glabra is among the unexplored and unreported benefits of the species.}, }
@article {pmid32874776, year = {2020}, author = {Shanmuganandam, S and Hu, Y and Strive, T and Schwessinger, B and Hall, RN}, title = {Uncovering the microbiome of invasive sympatric European brown hares and European rabbits in Australia.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e9564}, pmid = {32874776}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) and European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are invasive pest species in Australia, with rabbits having a substantially larger environmental impact than hares. As their spatial distribution in Australia partially overlaps, we conducted a comparative microbiome study to determine how the composition of gastrointestinal microbiota varies between these species, since this may indicate species differences in diet, physiology, and other internal and external factors.<br><br>METHODS: We analysed the faecal microbiome of nine wild hares and twelve wild rabbits from a sympatric periurban reserve in Canberra, Australia, using a 16S rRNA amplicon-based sequencing approach. Additionally, we compared the concordance between results from Illumina and Nanopore sequencing platforms.<br><br>RESULTS: We identified significantly more variation in faecal microbiome composition between individual rabbits compared to hares, despite both species occupying a similar habitat. The faecal microbiome in both species was dominated by the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, typical of many vertebrates. Many phyla, including Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Patescibacteria, were shared between rabbits and hares. In contrast, bacteria from phylum Verrucomicrobia were present only in rabbits, while phyla Lentisphaerae and Synergistetes were represented only in hares. We did not identify phylum Spirochaetes in Australian hares; this phylum was previously shown to be present at high relative abundance in European hare faecal samples. These differences in the composition of faecal microbiota may be indicative of less discriminate foraging behaviour in rabbits, which in turn may enable them to adapt quicker to new environments, and may reflect the severe environmental impacts that this species has in Australia.}, }
@article {pmid32874623, year = {2020}, author = {Vaudo, AD and Biddinger, DJ and Sickel, W and Keller, A and López-Uribe, MM}, title = {Introduced bees (Osmia cornifrons) collect pollen from both coevolved and novel host-plant species within their family-level phylogenetic preferences.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {200225}, pmid = {32874623}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Studying the pollen preferences of introduced bees allows us to investigate how species use host-plants when establishing in new environments. Osmia cornifrons is a solitary bee introduced into North America from East Asia for pollination of Rosaceae crops such as apples and cherries. We investigated whether O. cornifrons (i) more frequently collected pollen from host-plant species they coevolved with from their geographic origin, or (ii) prefer host-plant species of specific plant taxa independent of origin. To address this question, using pollen metabarcoding, we examined the identity and relative abundance of pollen in larval provisions from nests located in different landscapes with varying abundance of East-Asian and non-Asian plant species. Our results show that O. cornifrons collected more pollen from plant species from their native range. Plants in the family Rosaceae were their most preferred pollen hosts, but they differentially collected species native to East Asia, Europe, or North America depending on the landscape. Our results suggest that while O. cornifrons frequently collect pollen of East-Asian origin, the collection of pollen from novel species within their phylogenetic familial affinities is common and can facilitate pollinator establishment. This phylogenetic preference highlights the effectiveness of O. cornifrons as crop pollinators of a variety of Rosaceae crops from different geographic origins. Our results imply that globalization of non-native plant species may ease the naturalization of their coevolved pollinators outside of their native range.}, }
@article {pmid32874609, year = {2020}, author = {Jones, FAM and Dornelas, M and Magurran, AE}, title = {Recent increases in assemblage rarity are linked to increasing local immigration.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {192045}, pmid = {32874609}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {As pressures on biodiversity increase, a better understanding of how assemblages are responding is needed. Because rare species, defined here as those that have locally low abundances, make up a high proportion of assemblage species lists, understanding how the number of rare species within assemblages is changing will help elucidate patterns of recent biodiversity change. Here, we show that the number of rare species within assemblages is increasing, on average, across systems. This increase could arise in two ways: species already present in the assemblage decreasing in abundance but with no increase in extinctions, or additional species entering the assemblage in low numbers associated with an increase in immigration. The positive relationship between change in rarity and change in species richness provides evidence for the second explanation, i.e. higher net immigration than extinction among the rare species. These measurable changes in the structure of assemblages in the recent past underline the need to use multiple biodiversity metrics to understand biodiversity change.}, }
@article {pmid32873823, year = {2020}, author = {Díaz, C and Wege, FF and Tang, CQ and Crampton-Platt, A and Rüdel, H and Eilebrecht, E and Koschorreck, J}, title = {Aquatic suspended particulate matter as source of eDNA for fish metabarcoding.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {14352}, pmid = {32873823}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; DNA, Environmental/*genetics ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Fishes/classification/*genetics ; Germany ; Particulate Matter/*chemistry ; Retrospective Studies ; Rivers/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) for monitoring aquatic macrofauna allows the non-invasive species determination and measurement of their DNA abundance and typically involves the analysis of eDNA captured from water samples. In this proof-of-concept study, we focused on the novel use of eDNA extracted from archived suspended particulate matter (SPM) for identifying fish species using metabarcoding, which benefits from the prospect of retrospective monitoring and also analysis of fish communities through time. We used archived SPM samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB), which were collected using sedimentation traps from different riverine points in Germany. Environmental DNA was extracted from nine SPM samples differing in location, organic content, and porosity (among other factors) using four different methods for the isolation of high-quality DNA. Application of the PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit with an overnight incubation in lysis buffer, resulted in DNA extraction with the highest purity and eDNA metabarcoding of these eDNA fragments was used to detect a total of 29 fish taxa among the analyzed samples. Here we demonstrated for the first time that SPM is a promising source of eDNA for metabarcoding analysis, which could provide valuable retrospective information (when using archived SPM) for fish monitoring, complementing the currently used approaches.}, }
@article {pmid32871091, year = {2020}, author = {Cuthbert, RN and Kotronaki, SG and Dick, JTA and Briski, E}, title = {Salinity tolerance and geographical origin predict global alien amphipod invasions.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {20200354}, pmid = {32871091}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {*Amphipoda ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Salt Tolerance ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species are driving global biodiversity loss, compromising ecosystem function and service provision, and human, animal and plant health. Habitat characteristics and geographical origin may predict invasion success, and in aquatic environments could be mediated principally by salinity tolerance. Crustacean invaders are causing global problems and we urgently require better predictive power of their invasiveness. Here, we compiled global aquatic gammarid (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Gammaroidea) diversity and examined their salinity tolerances and regions of origin to test whether these factors predict invasion success. Across 918 aquatic species within this superfamily, relatively few gammarids (n = 27, 3%) were reported as aliens, despite extensive invasion opportunities and high numbers of published studies on amphipod invasions. However, reported alien species were disproportionately salt-tolerant (i.e. 32% of brackish-water species), with significantly lower proportions of aliens originating from freshwater and marine environments (both 1%). Alien gammarids also significantly disproportionally originated from the Ponto-Caspian (20% of these taxa) when compared with all 'other' grouped regions (1%), and principally invaded Eurasian waters, with translocations of salt-tolerant taxa to freshwaters being pervasive. This suggests habitat characteristics, alongside regional contexts, help predict invasibility. In particular, broad environmental tolerances to harsh environments and associated evolutionary history probably promote success of aliens globally.}, }
@article {pmid32871090, year = {2020}, author = {Kelly, TR and Kimball, MG and Stansberry, KR and Lattin, CR}, title = {No, you go first: phenotype and social context affect house sparrow neophobia.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {20200286}, pmid = {32871090}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Phenotype ; Social Environment ; *Social Learning ; *Sparrows ; }, abstract = {Novel object trials are commonly used to assess aversion to novelty (neophobia), and previous work has shown neophobia can be influenced by the social environment, but whether the altered behaviour persists afterwards (social learning) is largely unknown in wild animals. We assessed house sparrow (Passer domesticus) novel object responses before, during and after being paired with a conspecific of either similar or different behavioural phenotype. During paired trials, animals housed with a similar or more neophobic partner demonstrated an increased aversion to novel objects. This change did not persist a week after unpairing, but neophobia decreased after unpairing in birds previously housed with a less neophobic partner. We also compared novel object responses to non-object control trials to validate our experimental procedure. Our results provide evidence of social learning in a highly successful invasive species, and an interesting asymmetry in the effects of social environment on neophobia behaviour depending on the animal's initial behavioural phenotype.}, }
@article {pmid32869830, year = {2020}, author = {Derstine, NT and Meier, L and Canlas, I and Murman, K and Cannon, S and Carrillo, D and Wallace, M and Cooperband, MF}, title = {Plant Volatiles Help Mediate Host Plant Selection and Attraction of the Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae): a Generalist With a Preferred Host.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, pages = {1049-1062}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvaa080}, pmid = {32869830}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Ailanthus ; Animals ; *Hemiptera ; Herbivory ; Pheromones ; Plants ; *Volatile Organic Compounds ; }, abstract = {Host plant volatiles play a key role in mediating plant-herbivore interactions. How an array of host plant volatiles guides host preference and attraction in the invasive polyphagous Lycorma delicatula (White), the spotted lanternfly (SLF), is largely unknown. A pernicious phloem feeder, SLF feeds on over 70 species of plants, some with high economic impact. To aid the development of detection and monitoring tools for SLF, we used a two-choice olfactometer to compare 14 host plant species for attraction, first to a blank control, and then to their preferred host Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae), tree-of-heaven. SLF were significantly attracted to seven host plants compared to a blank control, but no host plant was more attractive than tree-of-heaven. We then used electroantennographic detection (EAD) to screen select host plants for EAD active compounds, hypothesizing that EAD-active plant volatiles act as kairomones and mediate SLF attraction to host plants. Out of 43 unique antennal responses, 18 compounds were identified and tested individually for attraction in a two-choice olfactometer against a blank control and then against methyl salicylate, the current best attractant. Eleven compounds were significantly attractive, and one, sulcatone, was more attractive than methyl salicylate. Blends of kairomones were then tested for attraction, revealing five blends that were significantly more attractive than methyl salicylate, and could be developed into lures for field testing. The presence of these kairomones in volatile profiles of 17 plant species is described. These findings support the hypothesis that the identified volatiles act as kairomones and function in attraction to host plants.}, }
@article {pmid32868917, year = {2020}, author = {Wyckhuys, KAG and Lu, Y and Zhou, W and Cock, MJW and Naranjo, SE and Fereti, A and Williams, FE and Furlong, MJ}, title = {Ecological pest control fortifies agricultural growth in Asia-Pacific economies.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {11}, pages = {1522-1530}, pmid = {32868917}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Asia ; Crops, Agricultural ; Humans ; *Pest Control ; Poverty ; }, abstract = {The Green Revolution is credited with alleviating famine, mitigating poverty and driving aggregate economic growth since the 1960s. In Asia, high-input technology packages secured a tripling of rice output, with germplasm improvements providing benefits beyond US$4.3 billion yr[-1]. Here, we unveil the magnitude and macro-economic relevance of parallel nature-based contributions to productivity growth in non-rice crops over the period 1918-2018 (across 23 different Asia-Pacific geopolitical entities). We empirically demonstrate how biological control resolved invasive pest threats in multiple agricultural commodities, ensuring annually accruing (on-farm) benefits of US$14.6-19.5 billion yr[-1]. Scientifically guided biological control of 43 exotic invertebrate pests permitted 73-100% yield-loss recovery in critical food, feed and fibre crops including banana, breadfruit, cassava and coconut. Biological control thereby promoted rural growth and prosperity even in marginal, poorly endowed, non-rice environments. By placing agro-ecological innovations on equal footing with input-intensive measures, our work provides lessons for future efforts to mitigate invasive species, restore ecological resilience and sustainably raise output of global agrifood systems.}, }
@article {pmid32867734, year = {2020}, author = {Karimi, S and Hemami, MR and Tarkesh Esfahani, M and Baltzinger, C}, title = {Endozoochorous dispersal by herbivores and omnivores is mediated by germination conditions.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {49}, pmid = {32867734}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Animals ; *Deer ; Germination ; Herbivory ; *Seed Dispersal ; Seedlings ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Vertebrate-mediated seed dispersal is probably the main long distance dispersal mode. Through endozoochory, large mammals act as mobile links between habitats within and among forest patches. Along with other factors, their feeding regimes do affect their contribution as dispersal vectors. We conducted a cross-species comparative experiment involving two herbivores, red deer and roe deer; and two opportunistic omnivores, wild boar and brown bear, all occurring in the forest and steppe-forest ecotone habitats of the south-eastern Caspian region. We compared their role as endozoochorous seed dispersal agents by monitoring seedling emergence in their dungs under greenhouse and natural conditions.<br><br>RESULTS: In total, 3078 seedlings, corresponding to 136 plant taxa sprouted from 445 paired dung sub-samples, under greenhouse and natural conditions. Only 336 seedlings, corresponding to 36 plant taxa, emerged under natural conditions, among which five taxa did not appear under greenhouse conditions. Graminoids and forbs composed 91% of the seedlings in the greenhouse whereas shrubs were more abundant under natural conditions, representing 55% of the emerged seedlings. Under greenhouse conditions, first red deer and then wild boar dispersed more species than the other two mammals, while under natural conditions brown bear was the most effective vector. We observed remarkably higher species richness and seedling abundance per dung sub-sample under buffered greenhouse conditions than we did under natural conditions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The four sympatric mammals studied provided different seed dispersal services, both in terms of seedling abundance and species richness and may therefore be regarded as complementary. Our results highlight a positive bias when only considering germination under buffered greenhouse conditions. This must be taken into account when planning management options to benefit plant biodiversity based on the dispersal services concluded from greenhouse experiments.}, }
@article {pmid32867528, year = {2021}, author = {Haelewaters, D and Blackwell, M and Pfister, DH}, title = {Laboulbeniomycetes: Intimate Fungal Associates of Arthropods.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {66}, number = {}, pages = {257-276}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-013020-013553}, pmid = {32867528}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/*microbiology ; Ascomycota/classification/*physiology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Mycology ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Arthropod-fungus interactions involving the Laboulbeniomycetes have been pondered for several hundred years. Early studies of Laboulbeniomycetes faced several uncertainties. Were they parasitic worms, red algal relatives, or fungi? If they were fungi, to which group did they belong? What was the nature of their interactions with their arthropod hosts? The historical misperceptions resulted from the extraordinary morphological features of these oddly constructed ectoparasitic fungi. More recently, molecular phylogenetic studies, in combination with a better understanding of life histories, have clearly placed these fungi among filamentous Ascomycota (subphylum Pezizomycotina). Species discovery and research on the classification of the group continue today as arthropods, and especially insects, are routinely collected and examined for the presence of Laboulbeniomycetes. Newly armed with molecular methods, mycologists are poisedto use Laboulbeniomycetes-insect associations as models for the study of a variety of basic evolutionary and ecological questions involving host-parasite relationships, modes of nutrient intake, population biology, host specificity, biological control, and invasion biology. Collaboration between mycologists and entomologists is essential to successfully advance knowledge of Laboulbeniomycetes and their intimate association with their hosts.}, }
@article {pmid32865211, year = {2021}, author = {Day, CA and Armstrong, EG and Byrd, BD}, title = {Population Growth Rates of Aedes atropalpus (Diptera: Culicidae) Are Depressed at Lower Temperatures Where Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) Are Naturally Abundant in Rock Pools.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, pages = {493-497}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjaa183}, pmid = {32865211}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Animals ; *Cold Temperature ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; Population Density ; Population Growth ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Recent studies report extensive reductions in the abundance of the North American rock pool mosquito, Aedes atropalpus (Diptera: Culicidae), following the invasion of Ae. japonicus japonicus in the United States. Although developmental temperature is recognized as an important component of the invasion biology of Ae. j. japonicus, its impacts on the population growth and fitness of Ae. atropalpus remain largely undefined. In this study we reared Ae. atropalpus larvae at three temperature ranges reflecting ecologically important temperatures in natural rock pools: a low temperature range (mean: 19°C) where Ae. j. japonicus is common and Ae. atropalpus is often rare, a middle temperature range (mean: 25°C) where both species are naturally found in similar relative abundances, and a higher temperature range (mean: 31°C) where Ae. atropalpus is the dominant species. We measured survival, development time, wing length, and fecundity to calculate a finite population growth rate at each temperature. Our results indicate that Ae. atropalpus population growth suffers in colder rock pools, which informs the perceived displacement of the species in temperate habitats. The population growth rate was highest in the middle temperature range, but not significantly higher than in the highest temperature range used in this study. The developmental success of Ae. atropalpus at the intermediate temperature range suggests that competition with Ae. j. japonicus in rock pools within that range may significantly impact natural Ae. atropalpus populations.}, }
@article {pmid32863719, year = {2020}, author = {Ng, TH and Jeratthitikul, E and Sutcharit, C and Chhuoy, S and Pin, K and Pholyotha, A and Siriwut, W and Srisonchai, R and Hogan, ZS and Ngor, PB}, title = {Annotated checklist of freshwater molluscs from the largest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {958}, number = {}, pages = {107-141}, pmid = {32863719}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia is a crucial freshwater biodiversity hotspot and supports one of the world's largest inland fisheries. Within the Tonle Sap basin, freshwater molluscs provide vital ecosystem services and are among the fauna targetted for commercial harvesting. Despite their importance, freshwater molluscs of the Tonle Sap basin remain poorly studied. The historical literature was reviewed and at least 153 species of freshwater molluscs have been previously recorded from throughout Cambodia, including 33 from the Tonle Sap basin. Surveys of the Tonle Sap Lake and surrounding watershed were also conducted and found 31 species, 15 bivalves (five families) and 16 gastropods (eight families), in the Tonle Sap basin, including three new records for Cambodia (Scaphula minuta, Novaculina siamensis, Wattebledia siamensis), the presence of globally invasive Pomacea maculata and potential pest species like Limnoperna fortunei. This study represents the most comprehensive documentation of freshwater molluscs of the Tonle Sap basin, and voucher specimens deposited at the Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Cambodia, represent the first known reference collection of freshwater molluscs in the country. In order to combat the combined anthropogenic pressures, including invasive species, climate change and dams along the Mekong River, a multi-pronged approach is urgently required to study the biodiversity, ecology, ecosystem functioning of freshwater molluscs and other aquatic fauna in the Tonle Sap basin.}, }
@article {pmid32863714, year = {2020}, author = {van Nieukerken, EJ and Eiseman, CS}, title = {Splitting the leafmining shield-bearer moth genus Antispila Hübner (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae): North American species with reduced venation placed in Aspilanta new genus, with a review of heliozelid morphology.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {957}, number = {}, pages = {105-161}, pmid = {32863714}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The new genus Aspilanta gen. n. is described to harbour Nearctic heliozelid moths with reduced venation, previously placed in Antispila Hübner, 1825, with type species Antispila oinophylla van Nieukerken &amp; Wagner, 2012. The erection of this genus has become possible now that monophyly has been supported by a recent phylotranscriptomics analysis. Six species are combined in this genus: Aspilanta oinophylla (van Nieukerken &amp; Wagner, 2012), comb. n., A. hydrangaeella (Chambers, 1874), comb. n., A. ampelopsifoliella (Chambers, 1874), comb. n., A. voraginella (Braun, 1927), comb. n., A. argentifera (Braun, 1927), comb. n., A. viticordifoliella (Clemens, 1860), comb. n. and two candidate species are recognised. DNA barcode COI sequences of Malaise trapped specimens suggest a rich fauna of Aspilanta in Central America. All are leafminers, with Vitaceae as main host family, and single species feeding respectively on Hydrangeaceae and Myricaceae. The species are briefly diagnosed, and data on biology, DNA barcodes and distribution are provided. To place the genus in context, a review of heliozelid morphology and phylogeny is presented and a key to Nearctic genera is given. The genus is confined to North and Central America, possibly also occurring in South America. Aspilanta oinophylla is also an invasive species on grapevine in Italy. The genus is sister to Coptodisca Walsingham, 1895. Another species is removed from Antispila: Heliozela eugeniella (Busck, 1900), comb. n., feeding on Eugenia (Myrtaceae), from Florida.}, }
@article {pmid32863391, year = {2020}, author = {Manenti, R and Mori, E and Di Canio, V and Mercurio, S and Picone, M and Caffi, M and Brambilla, M and Ficetola, GF and Rubolini, D}, title = {The good, the bad and the ugly of COVID-19 lockdown effects on wildlife conservation: Insights from the first European locked down country.}, journal = {Biological conservation}, volume = {249}, number = {}, pages = {108728}, pmid = {32863391}, issn = {0006-3207}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic zoonosis has determined extensive lockdowns worldwide that provide an unprecedented opportunity to understand how large-scale shifts of human activities can impact wildlife. We addressed the impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown on wildlife in Italy, the first European country that performed a countrywide lockdown, and identified potentially beneficial and negative consequences for wildlife conservation and management. We combined a qualitative analysis of social media information with field data from multiple taxa, data from citizen science projects, and questionnaires addressed to managers of protected areas. Both social media information and field data suggest that a reduction of human disturbance allowed wildlife to exploit new habitats and increase daily activity. The field data confirmed some positive effects on wildlife conservation, such as an increase in species richness in temporarily less-disturbed habitats, a higher breeding success of an aerial insectivorous bird, and reduction of road-killing of both amphibians and reptiles. Despite some positive effects, our data also highlighted several negative impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on wildlife. The lower human disturbance linked to lockdown was in fact beneficial for invasive alien species. Results from questionnaires addressed to managers of protected areas highlighted that the COVID-19 lockdown interrupted actions for the control of invasive alien species, and hampered conservation activities targeting threatened taxa. Furthermore, the reduction of enforcement could cause a surge of illegal killing of wildlife. The COVID-19 crisis, besides having deep socio-economic impacts, might profoundly affect wildlife conservation, with potentially long-lasting effects.}, }
@article {pmid32863285, year = {2020}, author = {Imatake, S and Imaizumi, N and Ohashi, Y and Matsumura, H and Urakawa, M and Konaka, Y and Kida, T and Yanagita, T and Fujisaki, H and Wakitani, S and Yasuda, M}, title = {Reproductive cycle and maturation of Swinhoe's tree lizard (Diploderma swinhonis (Günther, 1864)) in Hyuga City, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {82}, number = {10}, pages = {1551-1557}, pmid = {32863285}, issn = {1347-7439}, mesh = {Animals ; Clutch Size ; Epididymis/anatomy &amp; histology ; Female ; Genitalia/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Lizards/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Male ; Ovarian Follicle/growth &amp; development ; Oviducts/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Ovum ; Reproduction/physiology ; Seasons ; Seminiferous Tubules/anatomy &amp; histology ; Spermatogenesis ; Testis/anatomy &amp; histology ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Swinhoe's tree lizard (Diploderma swinhonis) is an arboreal agamid that is native to Taiwan. The species has been introduced to some areas of Japan and is regarded as an invasive alien species. In 2016, a nonnative population of D. swinhonis was discovered in Hyuga City, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan, but little information was available on the ecology of the population at the time. The main purpose of this study was therefore to investigate the reproductive cycle and maturation of this population. Field research was conducted from 2017 to 2019, and 764 lizards were collected. Euthanized lizards were dissected and the reproductive organs were examined to determine the reproductive period, clutch size, clutch frequency and size at sexual maturity. Females with oviductal eggs or vitellogenic ovarian follicles were observed from May to October. Clutch size ranged from 2 to 8, and clutch frequency was more than twice a year. In males, spermiogenesis started in early May and testicular regression was observed in September. Males with spermatozoa in the epididymides were found from May to November. Minimum snout-vent length at sexual maturity was 50.2 mm in females and 53.0 mm in males. Comparisons of the findings of this study and reports from Taiwan suggest that the nonnative population of D. swinhonis in Hyuga City has a higher fecundity than populations in Taiwan. It is therefore considered necessary to exterminate the population in Hyuga City before this species colonizes other areas.}, }
@article {pmid32861906, year = {2020}, author = {Joseph, B and Hensgen, F and Wachendorf, M}, title = {Life Cycle Assessment of bioenergy production from mountainous grasslands invaded by lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.).}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {275}, number = {}, pages = {111182}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111182}, pmid = {32861906}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Biofuels ; Biomass ; Grassland ; *Lupinus ; Poaceae ; }, abstract = {Mountainous grasslands are typically important habitats both for fauna and flora but increasingly suffer from invasions by neophytes (i.e. Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.) in most German low mountain areas, which eventually threatens species richness. Regular defoliation is required to eliminate the invasion, however, at present options to handle the harvested biomass are limited. Integrated generation of solid fuel and biogas from biomass (IFBB) and anaerobic digestion (AD) are two possible options to utilise the biomass and convert it into energy. There is substantial environmental impact associated with the energy and resource usage during conversion of the biomass into fuel and during usage of fuels and co-products obtained. This study examines IFBB and AD to identify the best option in terms of environmental impacts and primary energy usage, also looking at alternatives for process parameters along the life cycle that would reduce environmental impacts. It was found that IFBB was a better option compared to AD, as it had higher environmental and primary energy savings across all grassland sites. Higher energy conversion efficiency of IFBB resulted in higher greenhouse gas (GHG) and energy savings, even though the energy usage for the processing steps were higher compared to AD. Biomass yield was positively related to the savings, providing better GHG and energy savings for grasslands containing invasive species. There were no savings in terms of acidification (AP) and eutrophication potential (EP) for both IFBB and AD, however AP and EP was lower using IFBB compared to AD. Hence, biomass originating from mountainous grasslands with lupine invasion could be effectively utilised with IFBB, as this option had lower environmental impacts and higher energy savings compared to AD. Biomass from non-invaded grasslands could also be converted effectively using IFBB, hence IFBB could be used to utilise the harvested biomass in the situation where the invasion is eliminated.}, }
@article {pmid32860227, year = {2020}, author = {Duncan, RP and Dexter, N and Wayne, A and Hone, J}, title = {Eruptive dynamics are common in managed mammal populations.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {101}, number = {12}, pages = {e03175}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3175}, pmid = {32860227}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Mammals ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Successful conservation management is often based on the principle that small or declining populations can recover if we identify and remove the factors that caused them to decline in the first place. But what form will that recovery take? Theory tells us that when a strong limiting factor is removed, a population should increase in size to where it becomes limited by some other factor. However, if the subsequent limitation involves feedbacks between the density of a consumer and its resource, there is potential for the consumer population to undergo substantial fluctuations in size that we would characterize as boom-bust or eruptive dynamics. We analysed long-term (7.6-29 yr) data documenting changes in the abundance of 169 populations of 20 mammal species released from a strong limiting factor (fox predation) in Australia. We show that many populations (44) exhibited eruptive dynamics, with exponential increase to a peak and subsequent population decline. Of 51 populations showing eruptive dynamics (the Australian populations plus seven translocated ungulate populations), the time taken for erupting populations to reach a peak before declining was related negatively to the intrinsic rate of population growth and positively to body mass, such that larger-bodied species with slow rates of population growth had a longer period of population increase before declining. Our results suggest that a substantial proportion of populations recovering after removal of a threatening process are likely to exhibit eruptive dynamics, and that managers of recovering or translocated populations should anticipate this outcome in conservation planning.}, }
@article {pmid32860106, year = {2020}, author = {Stoeckli, S and Felber, R and Haye, T}, title = {Current distribution and voltinism of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, in Switzerland and its response to climate change using a high-resolution CLIMEX model.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {64}, number = {12}, pages = {2019-2032}, pmid = {32860106}, issn = {1432-1254}, support = {627000612//Federal Office for Agriculture FOAG/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Europe ; *Heteroptera ; North America ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {Climate change can alter the habitat suitability of invasive species and promote their establishment. The highly polyphagous brown marmorated stinkbug, Halyomorpha halys Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is native to East Asia and invasive in Europe and North America, damaging a wide variety of fruit and vegetable crops. In Switzerland, crop damage and increasing populations have been observed since 2017 and related to increasing temperatures. We studied the climatic suitability, population growth, and the number of generations under present and future climate conditions for H. halys in Switzerland, using a modified version of the bioclimatic model package CLIMEX. To address the high topographic variability in Switzerland, model simulations were based on climate data of high spatial resolution (approx. 2 km), which significantly increased their explanatory power, and identified many more climatically suitable areas in comparison to previous models. The validation of the CLIMEX model using observational records collected in a citizen science initiative between 2004 and 2019 revealed that more than 15 years after its accidental introduction, H. halys has colonised nearly all bioclimatic suitable areas in Switzerland and there is limited potential for range expansion into new areas under present climate conditions. Simulations with climate change scenarios suggest an extensive range expansion into higher altitudes, an increase in generations per year, an earlier start of H. halys activity in spring and a prolonged period for nymphs to complete development in autumn. A permanent shift from one to two generations per year and the associated population growth of H. halys may result in increasing crop damages in Switzerland. These results highlight the need for monitoring the spread and population development in the north-western part of Switzerland and higher altitudes of the valleys of the south.}, }
@article {pmid32860076, year = {2021}, author = {Câmara, PEAS and Carvalho-Silva, M and Pinto, OHB and Amorim, ET and Henriques, DK and da Silva, TH and Pellizzari, F and Convey, P and Rosa, LH}, title = {Diversity and Ecology of Chlorophyta (Viridiplantae) Assemblages in Protected and Non-protected Sites in Deception Island (Antarctica, South Shetland Islands) Assessed Using an NGS Approach.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {81}, number = {2}, pages = {323-334}, pmid = {32860076}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {23/2018//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; *Biodiversity ; Chlorophyta/classification/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Islands ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Assessment of the diversity of algal assemblages in Antarctica has until now largely relied on traditional microbiological culture approaches. Here we used DNA metabarcoding through high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to assess the uncultured algal diversity at two sites on Deception Island, Antarctica. The first was a relatively undisturbed site within an Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA 140), and the second was a site heavily impacted by human visitation, the Whalers Bay historic site. We detected 65 distinct algal taxa, 50 from within ASPA 140 and 61 from Whalers Bay. Of these taxa, 46 were common to both sites, and 19 only occurred at one site. Algal richness was about six times greater than reported in previous studies using culture methods. A high proportion of DNA reads obtained was assigned to the highly invasive species Caulerpa webbiana at Whalers Bay, and the potentially pathogenic genus Desmodesmus was found at both sites. Our data demonstrate that important differences exist between these two protected and human-impacted sites on Deception Island in terms of algal diversity, richness, and abundance. The South Shetland Islands have experienced considerable effects of climate change in recent decades, while warming through geothermal activity on Deception Island itself makes this island one of the most vulnerable to colonization by non-native species. The detection of DNA of non-native taxa highlights concerns about how human impacts, which take place primarily through tourism and national research operations, may influence future biological colonization processes in Antarctica.}, }
@article {pmid32857760, year = {2020}, author = {Bergey, EA and Whipkey, BE}, title = {Climate gradients, and patterns of biodiversity and biotic homogenization in urban residential yards.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {e0234830}, pmid = {32857760}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Biota ; Cities ; *Climate ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Kansas ; Oklahoma ; Snails/*classification ; }, abstract = {Residential yards constitute a substantive biodiverse greenspace within urban areas. This biodiversity results from a combination of native and non-native species and can contribute to biotic homogenization. Geographical climatic patterns affect the distribution of native species and may differently affect non-native species. In this study, we examined biodiversity and biotic homogenization patterns of yard-dwelling land snails across 12 towns in Oklahoma and Kansas (USA). The 3 x 4 array of towns incorporated a N-S winter temperature gradient (mean low January temperature range = -8.4 to 0.1°C) and an E-W annual rainfall gradient (annual rainfall range = 113.8 to 61.3 cm/yr). Ten yards per town were surveyed. We hypothesized that mild winter temperatures and greater annual rainfall would be associated with greater snail abundance and richness, and that the presence of non-native species would contribute to biotic homogenization. Non-native snails were present and often abundant in all towns. Snail communities varied with both rainfall and cold temperature. Contrary to our prediction, snail abundance was inversely related to annual rainfall-likely because drier conditions resulted in greater yard watering that both augmented rainfall and maintained moist conditions. Sørensen similarity between towns for the entire land snail community and for only non-native species both showed distance-decay patterns, with snail composition becoming less similar with increasing distance-patterns resulting from species turnover. The biotic homogenization index also showed a distance-related pattern, such that closer towns were more likely to have biotic homogenization whereas more distant towns tended to have biotic differentiation. These results support the concept that biotic homogenization is more likely regionally and that climatic changes over distance result in species turnover and can reduce spatially broad biotic homogenization.}, }
@article {pmid32855602, year = {2020}, author = {Arteaga, A and Malumbres-Olarte, J and Gabriel, R and Ros-Prieto, A and Casimiro, P and Sanchez, AF and Albergaria, IS and Borges, PAV}, title = {Arthropod diversity in two Historic Gardens in the Azores, Portugal.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e54749}, pmid = {32855602}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {The aim of our study was to characterise and compare the richness and composition of endemic, native (non-endemic) and introduced arthropod assemblages of two Azorean Historic Gardens with contrasting plant species composition. We hypothesised that Faial Botanic Garden would hold higher arthropod diversity and abundance of native and endemic arthropod species due to its larger native plant community. Species were collected using several arthropod standardised techniques between April 2017 and June 2018. We used the alpha diversity metrics (Hill series) and the partitioning of total beta diversity (βtotal) into its replacement (βrepl) and richness (βrich) components, to analyse the adult and total arthropod community. The orders Araneae, Coleoptera and Hemiptera were also studied separately. Our results show that the number of exotic arthropod species exceeds the number of native and/or the endemic species in both gardens, but the arthropod community of Faial Botanic Garden exhibited a higher density of endemic and native species. Despite some minor exceptions, the geographic origins of plant communities largely influenced the arthropod species sampled in each garden. This study improves our knowledge about urban arthropod diversity in the Azores and shows how well-designed urban garden management and planning contribute to the conservation of native and endemic Azorean species.}, }
@article {pmid32855321, year = {2020}, author = {Weiss, KR}, title = {Ridding paradise of palms.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {369}, number = {6507}, pages = {1046-1049}, doi = {10.1126/science.369.6507.1046}, pmid = {32855321}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cocos ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Pacific Islands ; }, }
@article {pmid32854620, year = {2020}, author = {Liu, D and Chen, L and Chen, C and An, X and Zhang, Y and Wang, Y and Li, Q}, title = {Full-length transcriptome analysis of Phytolacca americana and its congener P. icosandra and gene expression normalization in three Phytolaccaceae species.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {396}, pmid = {32854620}, issn = {1471-2229}, mesh = {China ; Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Introduced Species ; Phytolacca/*genetics/metabolism ; Phytolacca americana/genetics/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Phytolaccaceae species in China are not only ornamental plants but also perennial herbs that are closely related to human health. However, both large-scale full-length cDNA sequencing and reference gene validation of Phytolaccaceae members are still lacking. Therefore, single-molecule real-time sequencing technology was employed to generate full-length transcriptome in invasive Phytolacca americana and non-invasive exotic P. icosandra. Based on the transcriptome data, RT-qPCR was employed to evaluate the gene expression stability in the two plant species and another indigenous congener P. acinosa.<br><br>RESULTS: Total of 19.96 Gb and 19.75 Gb clean reads of P. americana and P. icosandra were generated, including 200,857 and 208,865 full length non-chimeric (FLNC) reads, respectively. Transcript clustering analysis of FLNC reads identified 89,082 and 98,448 consensus isoforms, including 86,989 and 96,764 high-quality ones. After removing redundant reads, 46,369 and 50,220 transcripts were obtained. Based on structure analysis, total 1675 and 1908 alternative splicing variants, 25,641 and 31,800 simple sequence repeats (SSR) as well as 34,971 and 36,841 complete coding sequences were detected separately. Furthermore, 3574 and 3833 lncRNA were predicted and 41,676 and 45,050 transcripts were annotated respectively. Subsequently, seven reference genes in the two plant species and a native species P. acinosa were selected and evaluated by RT-qPCR for gene expression analysis. When tested in different tissues (leaves, stems, roots and flowers), 18S rRNA showed the highest stability in P. americana, whether infested by Spodoptera litura or not. EF2 had the most stable expression in P. icosandra, while EF1-&#x3b1; was the most appropriate one when attacked by S. litura. EF1-&#x3b1; showed the highest stability in P.acinosa, whereas GAPDH was recommended when infested by S. litura. Moreover, EF1-&#x3b1; was the most stable one among the three plant species whenever germinating seeds or flowers only were considered.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Full-length transcriptome of P. americana and P. icosandra were produced individually. Based on the transcriptome data, the expression stability of seven candidate reference genes under different experimental conditions was evaluated. These results would facilitate further exploration of functional and comparative genomic studies in Phytolaccaceae and provide insights into invasion success of P. americana.}, }
@article {pmid32853930, year = {2021}, author = {Pinteus, S and Lemos, MFL and Alves, C and Silva, J and Pedrosa, R}, title = {The marine invasive seaweeds Asparagopsis armata and Sargassum muticum as targets for greener antifouling solutions.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {750}, number = {}, pages = {141372}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141372}, pmid = {32853930}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms ; *Biofouling/prevention &amp; control ; Ecosystem ; *Rhodophyta ; *Sargassum ; *Seaweed ; }, abstract = {Biofouling is a complex phenomenon that affects all maritime dependent industries. The accumulation of both micro and macro-organisms in immerged structures increases significantly the maintenance expenses, and thus the use of antifouling substances is inevitable. Although with recognized antifouling properties, the available antifouling coatings are known to induce negative impacts in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, greener alternatives are urgently required. Living underwater, marine organisms are prone to biofouling and some have developed strategies to defend themselves against undesirable organisms, which include the production of bioactive substances. As a result, marine organisms are promising sources of natural antifouling substances. Within this framework, the marine invasive seaweeds Sargassum muticum and Asparagopsis armata were addressed for antifouling compounds biodiscovery. Both seaweeds revealed antifouling properties against microfoulers, namely algicidal and anti-biofilm activities; however Asparagopsis armata stand out for its capacity to inhibit marine bacteria and microalgae growth, to decrease biofilm formation, and for acting as a neurotransmitter disruptor through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. By addressing invasive species, the problematic of the biological material supply for industrial purposes is surpassed while mitigating the negative impacts of invasive species through specimen's collection.}, }
@article {pmid32853864, year = {2020}, author = {Wang, S and Wei, M and Cheng, H and Wu, B and Du, D and Wang, C}, title = {Indigenous plant species and invasive alien species tend to diverge functionally under heavy metal pollution and drought stress.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {205}, number = {}, pages = {111160}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111160}, pmid = {32853864}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {Amaranthus/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Droughts ; *Introduced Species ; Metals, Heavy/*toxicity ; Models, Theoretical ; Plant Leaves/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Soil Pollutants/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {The functional similarity between indigenous plant species (IPS) and invasive alien species (IAS) governs the invasion process of successful IAS because IPS and coexisting IAS suffer alike or even same ecological selection pressures. The aggravated condition created by heavy metal pollution (HMP) and drought stress may generate a noticeable impact on the invasive competitiveness and invasion process of IAS possibly via the variations in the functional similarity between IPS and IAS. Consequently, it is necessary to illumine the functional similarity between IPS and IAS under HMP and drought stress to clarify the mechanisms underlying the successful invasion of IAS. This study aims to estimate the functional similarity between IPS Amaranthus tricolor L. and IAS A. retroflexus L. under the condition with the alone and combined effects of HMP with different kinds (e.g., Cu and Pb) and drought stress [simulated by polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG) solution]. HMP notably declines A. tricolor growth but has no remarkable effect on A. retroflexus growth. A. retroflexus displays a strong competitive intensity than A. tricolor under HMP. Further, HMP makes a greater stress intensity on A. tricolor growth than A. retroflexus growth. Therefore, HMP can accelerate A. retroflexus invasion. A. retroflexus displays a poor competitive intensity under drought stress. Thus, drought stress can hinder A. retroflexus invasion. However, drought stress causes a greater stress intensity on A. tricolor growth than A. retroflexus growth. Thus, the continued drought stress may converse the adverse effects of drought stress on A. retroflexus invasion potentially. The two Amaranthus species tend to diverge functionally under the combined HMP and drought stress. Further, A. retroflexus shows a strong competitive intensity than A. tricolor under the combined HMP and drought stress. Moreover, the combined HMP and drought stress induces a greater stress intensity on A. tricolor growth than A. retroflexus growth. Thus, the combined HMP and drought stress can facilitate A. retroflexus invasion. Meanwhile, the competitiveness for sunlight acquisition and leaf photosynthetic capacity may play a key role in the successful invasion of A. retroflexus under the combined HMP and drought stress.}, }
@article {pmid32852039, year = {2020}, author = {Shao, F and Ludwig, A and Mao, Y and Liu, N and Peng, Z}, title = {Chromosome-level genome assembly of the female western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis).}, journal = {GigaScience}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {32852039}, issn = {2047-217X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cyprinodontiformes/genetics ; Female ; *Genome ; Genomics ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Sex Chromosomes/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) is a sexually dimorphic poeciliid fish known for its worldwide biological invasion and therefore an important research model for studying invasion biology. This organism may also be used as a suitable model to explore sex chromosome evolution and reproductive development in terms of differentiation of ZW sex chromosomes, ovoviviparity, and specialization of reproductive organs. However, there is a lack of high-quality genomic data for the female G. affinis; hence, this study aimed to generate a chromosome-level genome assembly for it.<br><br>RESULTS: The chromosome-level genome assembly was constructed using Oxford nanopore sequencing, BioNano, and Hi-C technology. G. affinis genomic DNA sequences containing 217 contigs with an N50 length of 12.9 Mb and 125 scaffolds with an N50 length of 26.5 Mb were obtained by Oxford nanopore and BioNano, respectively, and the 113 scaffolds (90.4% of scaffolds containing 97.9% nucleotide bases) were assembled into 24 chromosomes (pseudo-chromosomes) by Hi-C. The Z and W chromosomes of G. affinis were identified by comparative genomic analysis of female and male G. affinis, and the mechanism of differentiation of the Z and W chromosomes was explored. Combined with transcriptome data from 6 tissues, a total of 23,997 protein-coding genes were predicted and 23,737 (98.9%) genes were functionally annotated.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The high-quality female G. affinis reference genome provides a valuable omics resource for future studies of comparative genomics and functional genomics to explore the evolution of Z and W chromosomes and the reproductive developmental biology of G. affinis.}, }
@article {pmid32851731, year = {2020}, author = {Booy, O and Robertson, PA and Moore, N and Ward, J and Roy, HE and Adriaens, T and Shaw, R and Van Valkenburg, J and Wyn, G and Bertolino, S and Blight, O and Branquart, E and Brundu, G and Caffrey, J and Capizzi, D and Casaer, J and De Clerck, O and Coughlan, NE and Davis, E and Dick, JTA and Essl, F and Fried, G and Genovesi, P and González-Moreno, P and Huysentruyt, F and Jenkins, SR and Kerckhof, F and Lucy, FE and Nentwig, W and Newman, J and Rabitsch, W and Roy, S and Starfinger, U and Stebbing, PD and Stuyck, J and Sutton-Croft, M and Tricarico, E and Vanderhoeven, S and Verreycken, H and Mill, AC}, title = {Using structured eradication feasibility assessment to prioritize the management of new and emerging invasive alien species in Europe.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {11}, pages = {6235-6250}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15280}, pmid = {32851731}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {DPLUS074//Darwin plus/ ; //Agency for Nature and Forest (Belgium)/ ; //Newcastle University (UK)/ ; //Research Institute for Nature and Forest (Belgium)/ ; I2086-B16//Austrian Science Foundation/ ; //Animal and Plant Health Agency/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Feasibility Studies ; *Introduced Species ; Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {Prioritizing the management of invasive alien species (IAS) is of global importance and within Europe integral to the EU IAS regulation. To prioritize management effectively, the risks posed by IAS need to be assessed, but so too does the feasibility of their management. While the risk of IAS to the EU has been assessed, the feasibility of management has not. We assessed the feasibility of eradicating 60 new (not yet established) and 35 emerging (established with limited distribution) species that pose a threat to the EU, as identified by horizon scanning. The assessment was carried out by 34 experts in invasion management from across Europe, applying the Non-Native Risk Management scheme to defined invasion scenarios and eradication strategies for each species, assessing the feasibility of eradication using seven key risk management criteria. Management priorities were identified by combining scores for risk (derived from horizon scanning) and feasibility of eradication. The results show eradication feasibility score and risk score were not correlated, indicating that risk management criteria evaluate different information than risk assessment. In all, 17 new species were identified as particularly high priorities for eradication should they establish in the future, whereas 14 emerging species were identified as priorities for eradication now. A number of species considered highest priority for eradication were terrestrial vertebrates, a group that has been the focus of a number of eradication attempts in Europe. However, eradication priorities also included a diverse range of other taxa (plants, invertebrates and fish) suggesting there is scope to broaden the taxonomic range of attempted eradication in Europe. We demonstrate that broad scale structured assessments of management feasibility can help prioritize IAS for management. Such frameworks are needed to support evidence-based decision-making.}, }
@article {pmid32850108, year = {2020}, author = {Jorgensen, A and Sorrell, BK and Eller, F}, title = {Carbon assimilation through a vertical light gradient in the canopy of invasive herbs grown under different temperature regimes is determined by leaf and whole-plant architecture.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {plaa031}, pmid = {32850108}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {This study examined the acclimation to temperature of two globally invasive species Iris pseudacorus and Lythrum salicaria, which share the same habitat type but differ in morphology. Iris pseudacorus has long vertical leaves, allowing light penetration through the canopy, while L. salicaria has stems with small horizontal leaves, creating significant self-shading. We aimed to build a physiological understanding of how these two species respond to different growth temperatures with regard to growth and gas exchange-related traits over the canopy. Growth and gas exchange-related traits in response to low (15 °C) and high (25 °C) growth temperature regimes were compared. Plants were grown in growth chambers, and light response curves were measured with infrared gas analysers after 23-33 days at three leaf positions on each plant, following the vertical light gradient through the canopy. After 37 days of growth, above-ground biomass, photosynthetic pigments and leaf N concentration were determined. The maximum photosynthesis rate was lower in lower leaf positions but did not differ significantly between temperatures. Iris pseudacorus photosynthesis decreased with decreasing leaf position, more so than L. salicaria. This was explained by decreasing N and chlorophyll concentrations towards the leaf base in I. pseudacorus, while pigment concentrations increased towards the lower canopy in L. salicaria. Biomass, shoot height and specific leaf area increased with temperature, more so in I. pseudacorus than in L. salicaria. Light response curves revealed that L. salicaria had a higher degree of shade acclimation than I. pseudacorus, probably due to self-shading in L. salicaria. High temperature decreased C assimilation at the bottom of the canopy in L. salicaria, while C assimilation in I. pseudacorus was less affected by temperature. As vegetative growth and flowering was stimulated by temperature, the invasive potential of these species is predicted to increase under global warming.}, }
@article {pmid32848181, year = {2020}, author = {Bakacsy, L and Bagi, I}, title = {Survival and regeneration ability of clonal common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) after a single herbicide treatment in natural open sand grasslands.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {14222}, pmid = {32848181}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Asclepias ; Glycine/administration &amp; dosage/*analogs &amp; derivatives ; Herbicides/*administration &amp; dosage ; *Introduced Species ; Reproduction, Asexual/*drug effects ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a major threat to biodiversity, human health, and economies worldwide. Clonal growth is a common ability of most invasive plants. The clonal common milkweed Asclepias syriaca L. is the most widespread invasive species in Pannonic sand grasslands. Despite of being an invader in disturbed semi-natural vegetation, this plant prefers agricultural fields or plantations. Herbicide treatment could be one of the most cost-effective and efficient methods for controlling the extended stands of milkweed in both agricultural and protected areas. The invasion of milkweed stand was monitored from 2011 to 2017 in a strictly protected UNESCO biosphere reserve in Hungary, and a single herbicide treatment was applied in May 2014. This single treatment was successful only in a short-term but not in a long-term period, as the number of milkweed shoots decreased following herbicide treatment. The herbicide translocation by rhizomatic roots induced the damage of dormant bud banks. The surviving buds developing shoots, growth of the milkweed stand showed a slow regeneration for a longer-term period. We concluded that the successful control of milkweed after herbicide treatment depends on repeated management of treated areas to suppress further spreading during subsequent seasons.}, }
@article {pmid32846430, year = {2020}, author = {Hunt, CL and Andradi-Brown, DA and Hudson, CJ and Bennett-Williams, J and Noades, F and Curtis-Quick, J and Lewis, OT and Exton, DA}, title = {Shelter use interactions of invasive lionfish with commercially and ecologically important native invertebrates on Caribbean coral reefs.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {e0236200}, pmid = {32846430}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Caribbean Region ; Coral Reefs ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Homing Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Palinuridae/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Sea Urchins/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Indo-Pacific lionfish have become invasive throughout the western Atlantic. Their predatory effects have been the focus of much research and are suggested to cause declines in native fish abundance and diversity across the invaded range. However, little is known about their non-consumptive effects, or their effects on invertebrates. Lionfish use shelters on the reef, thus there is potential for competition with other shelter-dwelling organisms. We demonstrate similar habitat associations between invasive lionfish, native spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus) and native long-spined sea urchins (Diadema antillarum), indicating the potential for competition. We then used a laboratory experiment to compare activity and shelter use of each species when alone and when lionfish were paired with each native species. Spiny lobsters increased their activity but did not change their shelter use in the presence of a lionfish, whilst long-spined sea urchins changed neither their activity nor shelter use. However, lionfish reduced their shelter use in the presence of spiny lobsters and long-spined sea urchins. This study highlights the importance not only of testing for the non-consumptive effects of invasive species, but also exploring whether native species exert non-consumptive effects on the invasive.}, }
@article {pmid32846346, year = {2020}, author = {Darling, JA and Martinson, J and Pagenkopp Lohan, KM and Carney, KJ and Pilgrim, E and Banerji, A and Holzer, KK and Ruiz, GM}, title = {Metabarcoding quantifies differences in accumulation of ballast water borne biodiversity among three port systems in the United States.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {749}, number = {}, pages = {141456}, pmid = {32846346}, issn = {1879-1026}, support = {EPA999999/ImEPA/Intramural EPA/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; *Ships ; United States ; Water/analysis ; Zooplankton ; }, abstract = {Characterizing biodiversity conveyed in ships' ballast water (BW), a global driver of biological invasions, is critically important for understanding risks posed by this key vector and establishing baselines to evaluate changes associated with BW management. Here we employ high throughput sequence (HTS) metabarcoding of the 18S small subunit rRNA to test for and quantify differences in the accumulation of BW-borne biodiversity among three distinct recipient port systems in the United States. These systems were located on three different coasts (Pacific, Gulf, and Atlantic) and chosen to reflect distinct trade patterns and source port biogeography. Extensive sampling of BW tanks (n = 116) allowed detailed exploration of molecular diversity accumulation. Our results indicate that saturation of introduced zooplankton diversity may be achieved quickly, with fewer than 25 tanks needed to achieve 95% of the total extrapolated diversity, if source biogeography is relatively limited. However, as predicted, port systems with much broader source geographies require more extensive sampling to estimate diversity, which continues to accumulate after sampling >100 discharges. The ability to identify BW sources using molecular indicators was also found to depend on the breadth of source biogeography and the extent to which sources had been sampled. These findings have implications both for the effort required to fully understand introduced diversity and for projecting risks associated with future changes to maritime traffic that may increase source biogeography for many recipient ports. Our data also suggest that molecular diversity may not decline significantly with BW age, indicating either that some organisms survive longer than recognized in previous studies or that nucleic acids from dead organisms persist in BW tanks. We present evidence for detection of potentially invasive species in arriving BW but discuss important caveats that preclude strong inferences regarding the presence of living representatives of these species in BW tanks.}, }
@article {pmid32845879, year = {2020}, author = {Harris, HE and Fogg, AQ and Gittings, SR and Ahrens, RNM and Allen, MS and Patterson Iii, WF}, title = {Testing the efficacy of lionfish traps in the northern Gulf of Mexico.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {e0230985}, pmid = {32845879}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*methods ; Fishes/growth &amp; development ; Gulf of Mexico ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Perciformes/growth &amp; development ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Spearfishing is currently the primary approach for removing invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) to mitigate their impacts on western Atlantic marine ecosystems, but a substantial portion of lionfish spawning biomass is beyond the depth limits of SCUBA divers. Innovative technologies may offer a means to target deepwater populations and allow for the development of a lionfish trap fishery, but the removal efficiency and potential environmental impacts of lionfish traps have not been evaluated. We tested a collapsible, non-containment trap (the 'Gittings trap') near artificial reefs in the northern Gulf of Mexico. A total of 327 lionfish and 28 native fish (four were species protected with regulations) recruited (i.e., were observed within the trap footprint at the time of retrieval) to traps during 82 trap sets, catching 144 lionfish and 29 native fish (one more than recruited, indicating detection error). Lionfish recruitment was highest for single (versus paired) traps deployed <15 m from reefs with a 1-day soak time, for which mean lionfish and native fish recruitment per trap were approximately 5 and 0.1, respectively. Lionfish from traps were an average of 19 mm or 62 grams larger than those caught spearfishing. Community impacts from Gittings traps appeared minimal given that recruitment rates were >10X higher for lionfish than native fishes and that traps did not move on the bottom during two major storm events, although further testing will be necessary to test trap movement with surface floats. Additional research should also focus on design and operational modifications to improve Gittings trap deployment success (68% successfully opened on the seabed) and reduce lionfish escapement (56% escaped from traps upon retrieval). While removal efficiency for lionfish demonstrated by traps (12-24%) was far below that of spearfishing, Gittings traps appear suitable for future development and testing on deepwater natural reefs, which constitute >90% of the region's reef habitat.}, }
@article {pmid32842514, year = {2020}, author = {Bellaloui, N and Saha, S and Tonos, JL and Scheffler, JA and Jenkins, JN and McCarty, JC and Stelly, DM}, title = {Effects of Interspecific Chromosome Substitution in Upland Cotton on Cottonseed Micronutrients.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {32842514}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {6066-21220-014-00D//Agricultural Research Service/ ; }, abstract = {Micronutrients are essential for plant growth and development, and important for human health nutrition and livestock feed. Therefore, the discovery of novel germplasm with significant variability or higher micronutrients content in crop seeds is critical. Currently, there is no information available on the effects of chromosome or chromosome arm substitution in cotton on cottonseed micronutrients. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chromosome or chromosome arm substitution on the variability and levels of micronutrients B, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Ni in cottonseed from chromosome substitution (CS) cotton lines. Our hypothesis was that interspecific chromosome substitution in cotton can affect cottonseed micronutrients content, resulting in significant differences and variabilities of these nutrients among CS lines and between CS lines and the controls. Nine CS lines were grown in two-field experiments at two locations (in 2013 in South Carolina, USA; and in 2014 in Mississippi, USA). TM-1 (the recurrent parent of the CS line) and AM UA48 (cultivar) were used as control. The results showed significant variability among CS lines compared to the controls AM UA48 and TM-1. For example, in South Carolina (SC), B concentration in cottonseed ranged from 10.35 mg kg[-1] in CS-M02 to 13.67 mg kg[-1] in CS-T04. The concentration of Cu ranged from 4.81 mg kg[-1] in CS-B08sh to 7.65 mg kg[-1] in CS-T02, and CS-T02 was higher than both controls. The concentration of Fe ranged from 36.09 mg kg[-1] to 56.69 mg kg[-1] (an increase up to 57%), and six CS lines (CS-B02, CS-B08sh, CS-M02, CS-M04, CS-T02, and CS-T04) had higher concentration than both controls in 2013. In 2014 at the Mississippi location (MS), similar observation was found with CS lines for micronutrients content. The CS lines with higher concentrations of these micronutrients can be used as a genetic tool toward QTL identification for desired seed traits because these lines are genetically similar with TM-1, except the substituted chromosome or chromosome segment pairs from the alien species. Chromosome substitution provides an effective means for upland cotton improvement by targeted interspecific introgression, yielding CS lines that facilitate trait discovery, such as seed micronutritional qualities, due to increased isogenicity and markedly reduced complexity from epistatic interactions with non-target alien chromosomes. The positive correlation between B, Cu, and Fe at both locations, between Ni and Mn, between Zn and Cu, and between Zn and Ni at both locations signify the importance of a good agricultural and fertilizer management of these nutrients to maintain higher cottonseed nutrient content.}, }
@article {pmid32842465, year = {2020}, author = {Freeman, M and Looney, C and Orlova-Bienkowskaja, MJ and Crowder, DW}, title = {Predicting the Invasion Potential of the Lily Leaf Beetle, Lilioceris lilii Scopoli (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in North America.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {32842465}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {K1985//Washington State Department of Agriculture/ ; 16-14-10031//Russian Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are among the leading threats to global ecosystems due to impacts on native flora and fauna through competition and predation. The lily leaf beetle, Lilioceris lilii Scopoli (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is an invasive pest of lilies (Lilium spp.) and other genera of Liliaceae (Liliales). A habitat suitability model was created using Maxent, to help predict if L. lilii will be able to establish in locations were native North American Liliaceae species grow. The model was created using georeferenced occurrence records from the beetle's native, naturalized, and invasive range. Model results indicate that precipitation in the driest quarter and annual average temperatures are most strongly correlated with L. lilii distribution, and suggest that the species will perform poorly in very dry, hot, or cold environments. The model also indicates that the beetle should be able to establish throughout the range of most North American Liliaceae genera, including species of special conservation concern. This model can be used by natural area managers to identify areas of high habitat suitability that overlap with vulnerable North American Liliaceae species, and prioritize L. lilii monitoring and control activities as the beetle continues to expand its range.}, }
@article {pmid32841491, year = {2021}, author = {Alaniz, AJ and Carvajal, MA and Vergara, PM}, title = {Giants are coming? Predicting the potential spread and impacts of the giant Asian hornet (Vespa mandarinia, Hymenoptera:Vespidae) in the USA.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, pages = {104-112}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6063}, pmid = {32841491}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {1180978//Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient&#xed;fico y Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; Oregon ; United States ; Washington ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {BACKGOUND: Biological invasions are a global concern in agriculture, food production and biodiversity. Among the invasive species, some hornets are known to have serious effects on honey bees, as found during the invasion of Vespa velutina in Europe. The recent findings of Vespa mandarinia individuals in Washington state in the west coast of the USA have raised alarm in the whole country. Here we estimate the potential spread of V. mandarinia in the USA, analyzing its potential impacts on honey bee colonies, economic losses in the honey bee industry and bee-pollinated croplands.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that V. mandarinia could colonize Washington and Oregon states in the west coast and a significant proportion of the east coast. If this species spread across the country, it could threaten 95&#x2009;216&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;5551 honey bee colonies, threatening an estimated income of US$11.9 and 101.8 million for hive derived products and bee-pollinated crops production, respectively, while colonizing 60&#x2009;837.8 km[2] of bee-pollinated croplands.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that V. mandarinia will have serious effects in the USA, raising the need for prompt monitoring actions and planning at different administrative levels to avoid its potential spread.}, }
@article {pmid32837768, year = {2020}, author = {Corlett, RT}, title = {Safeguarding our future by protecting biodiversity.}, journal = {Plant diversity}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {221-228}, pmid = {32837768}, issn = {2468-2659}, abstract = {The Anthropocene is marked by twin crises: climate change and biodiversity loss. Climate change has tended to dominate the headlines, reflecting, in part, the greater complexity of the biodiversity crisis. Biodiversity itself is a difficult concept. Land plants dominate the global biomass and terrestrial arthropods probably dominate in terms of numbers of species, but most of the Tree of Life consists of single-celled eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea. Wild plants provide a huge variety of products and services to people, ranging from those that are species-specific, such as food, medicine, and genetic resources, to many which are partly interchangeable, such as timber and forage for domestic animals, and others which depend on the whole community, but not on individual species, such as regulation of water supply and carbon sequestration. The use of information from remote sensing has encouraged a simplified view of the values of nature's contributions to people, but this does not match the way most people value nature. We can currently estimate the proportion of species threatened by human impacts only for a few well-assessed groups, for which it ranges from 14% (birds) to 63% (cycads). Less than 8% of land plants have been assessed, but it has been estimated that 30-44% are threatened, although there are still few (0.2%) well-documented extinctions. Priorities for improving protection of biodiversity include: improving the inventory, with surveys focused on geographical areas and taxonomic groups which are under-collected; expanding the protected area system and its representativeness; controlling overexploitation; managing invasive species; conserving threatened species ex situ; restoring degraded ecosystems; and controlling climate change. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) COP15 and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) COP26 meetings, both postponed to 2021, will provide an opportunity to address both crises, but success will require high ambition from all participants.}, }
@article {pmid32837498, year = {2020}, author = {Mori, E and Andreoni, A and Cecere, F and Magi, M and Lazzeri, L}, title = {Patterns of activity rhythms of invasive coypus Myocastor coypus inferred through camera-trapping.}, journal = {Mammalian biology = Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde}, volume = {100}, number = {6}, pages = {591-599}, pmid = {32837498}, issn = {1616-5047}, abstract = {Studies on activity rhythms are pivotal for the management of invasive alien species, as they provide basic insights into species basic ecology and may increase the success of control programs. The coypu Myocastor coypus, introduced from South America for fur farms, has become one of the most invasive rodents in Europe. Introduced coypus may affect crop productions, as well as natural vegetation and the breeding success of wading birds. In this study, we examined activity data collected through intensive camera-trapping in three Italian areas, including two natural areas in Northern and Central Italy, and a suburban area in Central Italy. Coypus were mostly diurnal in areas characterised by low predator pressure and, at night, they are mostly active in bright moonlight. Conversely, where predators, human pressure or numerical control programmes are present, coypus remarkably shift their behaviour towards crepuscular and night hours. In these last areas, nocturnal activity increased as moonlight decreased, possibly to reduce predation risk or encounters with humans. Where winter temperature are low, diurnal habits may have developed as a physiological adaptation and a strategy to preserve energy, potentially achieving a cost/effective thermal balance.}, }
@article {pmid32837266, year = {2020}, author = {Glon, H and Daly, M and Carlton, JT and Flenniken, MM and Currimjee, Z}, title = {Mediators of invasions in the sea: life history strategies and dispersal vectors facilitating global sea anemone introductions.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {22}, number = {11}, pages = {3195-3222}, pmid = {32837266}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {Widespread non-native species tend to demonstrate an apparent lack of selectivity in habitat requirements, feeding regimes, and reproductive needs, while displaying a tendency to thrive in human-modified habitats. The high phenotypic plasticity typical of sessile, substrate-attached marine species may enhance their chances of survival and spread in a new region. Anthropogenic activities have changed marine habitats over a wide range of phenomena, including water temperature, community species composition, and the types of available substrates, creating new physical and biotic regimes that may contribute to the potential for successful species introduction. Here we examine ten species of sea anemones that have been introduced outside of their native range, and elucidate specific characteristics that are common among globally introduced sea anemones. Various life history strategies enable these species to survive and flourish through transport, introduction, establishment and spread, leading to the successful colonization of a new geographic area. Considering life history strategies and weighing of vector potential, we suggest conditions that facilitate introduction of these species, and identify species of sea anemones that may be introduced in the future in the face of changing climate and increased anthropogenic activities.}, }
@article {pmid32837265, year = {2020}, author = {Shwiff, S and Pelham, A and Shwiff, S and Haden-Chomphosy, W and Brown, VR and Ernst, K and Anderson, A}, title = {Framework for assessing vertebrate invasive species damage: the case of feral swine in the United States.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {22}, number = {10}, pages = {3101-3117}, pmid = {32837265}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {The aim of this study is to provide a general overview of the economic impacts associated with vertebrate invasive species (VIS) in the United States and suggests a methodology for differentiating types of damage. We identify a general framework for categorizing VIS damage that separates this damage into three main categories: destruction, depredation, and disease. We then examine how this framework fits into current published estimates of damage and management costs. Economic impacts associated with feral swine damage and management are plentiful enough to warrant separate treatment from other VIS and are observed in all three categories. For all VIS examined in this study, damage estimates associated with destruction provide the most evaluations of VIS impacts, especially destruction of crops. Evaluations of the losses associated with depredation are largely absent from the literature. We find that while published studies have estimated substantial economic impact associated with VIS, the current state of the literature focusing on VIS frequently fails to address all of the categories of damage, is difficult to compare or replicate, and is unsuited for extrapolation to nation-wide estimates of damage.}, }
@article {pmid32837264, year = {2020}, author = {Bertelsmeier, C and Ollier, S}, title = {International tracking of the COVID-19 invasion: an amazing example of a globalized scientific coordination effort.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, pages = {2647-2649}, pmid = {32837264}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {It is extraordinary to witness the spread of COVID-19 almost in real-time. This tight monitoring of the invasion of a new virus is a situation that most other invasion scientists could only dream of. Especially spatiotemporal spread data of the early phases of an invasion would be extremely useful in order to understand and predict the human-mediated spread of species around the globe. So far, invasive species that directly affect human health, such as the Sars-Cov-2 virus causing COVID-19, have been treated differently from invasive species affecting environmental health. Despite progresses in constructing large checklists of invasive species, these records often enter the databases only decades after the establishment of the organism in a country. This is inadequate to understand ongoing spread dynamics and estimate current invasion risks. Yet, national services often possess extremely useful information about early detections and interceptions of species at air and maritime ports, which could greatly improve predictions and help set management priorities. Considering the massive impacts of invasive species, it is time to move on to such a collaborative way of handling invasion data. Invasive insects, birds, mammals, fungi, and other species are the result of globalization and call for a globalized response, exactly like the COVID-19 pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid32835042, year = {2020}, author = {Barbieri, DM and Lou, B and Passavanti, M and Hui, C and Lessa, DA and Maharaj, B and Banerjee, A and Wang, F and Chang, K and Naik, B and Yu, L and Liu, Z and Sikka, G and Tucker, A and Mirhosseini, AF and Naseri, S and Qiao, Y and Gupta, A and Abbas, M and Fang, K and Ghasemi, N and Peprah, P and Goswami, S and Hessami, A and Agarwal, N and Lam, L and Adomako, S}, title = {Survey data regarding perceived air quality in Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, India, Iran, Italy, Norway, South Africa, United States before and during Covid-19 restrictions.}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {32}, number = {}, pages = {106169}, pmid = {32835042}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {The dataset deals with the air quality perceived by citizens before and during the enforcement of COVID-19 restrictions in ten countries around the world: Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, India, Iran, Italy, Norway, South Africa and the United States. An online survey conveniently translated into Chinese, English, Italian, Norwegian, Persian, Portuguese collected information regarding the perceived quality of air pollution according to a Likert scale. The questionnaire was distributed between 11-05-2020 and 31-05-2020 and 9 394 respondents took part. Both the survey and the dataset (stored in a Microsoft Excel Worksheet) are available in a public repository. The collected data offer the people's subjective perspectives related to the objective improvement in air quality occurred during the COVID-19 restrictions. Furthermore, the dataset can be used for research studies involving the reduction in air pollution as experienced, to a different extent, by populations of all the ten countries.}, }
@article {pmid32831548, year = {2020}, author = {Cárdenas-Calle, M and Mora, E and Torres, G and Pérez-Correa, J and Bigatti, G and Signorelli, J and Coronel, J}, title = {Marine invertebrate and seaweed biodiversity of continental coastal Ecuador.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e53818}, pmid = {32831548}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {This study summarises the diversity of living macroinvertebrates and seaweeds from the intertidal and subtidal rocky shores along Ecuadorian continental coast. Benthic macroinvertebrate communities and seaweeds were quantified over quadrants (50 × 50 cm) randomly placed on transects of 50 m length. A checklist of 612 species was generated: 479 species of macroinvertebrates and 133 species of seaweeds. Groups recorded were Mollusca (184 species), Cnidaria (70), Arthropoda (68), Annelida (60), Echinodermata (42), Chordata (18), Bryozoa (13), Porifera (22), Sipuncula (2), Brachiopoda and Platyhelminthes (only identified as morphotypes). The seaweeds were represented by Rhodophyta (78), Chlorophyta (37), Ochrophyta (13), Cyanobacteria (5) and 19 biotic complexes. Furthermore, 22 new taxa and six alien species were recorded from the intertidal zone. This study provides the first large scale report of benthic communities in different marine coastal ecosystems in mainland Ecuador, covering 1,478 km[2] of protected areas and 382 km[2] of non-protected areas. The highest benthic diversity was registered in the protected areas and rocky shores from the intertidal zone. The biological data, herein reported, are useful for a long-term monitoring programme to evaluate the status of conservation and to detect rapid changes in the benthic biodiversity from coastal areas.}, }
@article {pmid32829271, year = {2020}, author = {Zhou, Q and Wang, L and Jiang, Z and Wu, J and Cui, X and Li, X and Liu, Z and Musa, A and Ma, Q and Yu, H and Wang, Y}, title = {Effects of climatic and social factors on dispersal strategies of alien species across China.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {749}, number = {}, pages = {141443}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141443}, pmid = {32829271}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {China ; *Introduced Species ; *Social Factors ; }, abstract = {Determination of dispersal strategies of alien species and its relationship with social and climatic factors are essential to understand the mechanisms of species invasion and adaption. Based on morphological trait, dispersal mode, and dispersal agent of diaspore of 562 alien species across China, we determined: (i) the proportions of five dispersal strategies (i.e., autochory, anemochory, hydrochory, zoochory, and anthropochory), (ii) the relationships between the dispersal strategies and socio-climatic factors in 34 administrative regions across China, and (iii) the correlations between different dispersal strategies. Anthropochory, zoochory, and anemochory account for nearly 90.0% of all the dispersal strategies of alien species. Mean frost days (MFD), mean annual humidity (MAH), and gross domestic product (GDP) were the main climatic and social factors that were correlated to different dispersal strategies. Zoochory was positively related to MFD, but negatively related to the autochory and anthropochory. MAH negatively influenced the anemochory, while GDP positively influenced the hydrochory. We classified the six dispersal strategies into two groups based on the correlations among dispersal strategies, group I included autochory and anthropochory, and group II included anemochory, hydrochory, and zoochory. Within a group, dispersal strategies were positively correlated, while between groups, dispersal strategies were negatively correlated. Positive correlation between different strategies might be co-owned while negative correlation between different strategies might not be co-owned by one alien species. Understanding the characteristics of the dispersal strategies of alien species is important for policy makers when controlling the dispersal of malignant invasive alien species, predicting the distribution, and decreasing or cutting off the dispersal pathways of invasive alien species.}, }
@article {pmid32829209, year = {2020}, author = {Fine, JD}, title = {Evaluation and comparison of the effects of three insect growth regulators on honey bee queen oviposition and egg eclosion.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {205}, number = {}, pages = {111142}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111142}, pmid = {32829209}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Female ; Hydrazines ; Juvenile Hormones/*toxicity ; Larva ; Oviposition/drug effects/physiology ; *Ovum ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are highly valued pollinators that help to ensure national food security in the United States, but reports of heavy annual losses to managed colonies have caused concerns and prompted investigations into the causes of colony losses. One factor that can negatively affect honey bee health and survival is agrochemical exposure. Investigations into the sublethal effects of agrochemicals on important metrics of colony health such as reproduction and queen fecundity has been limited by the availability of targeted methods to study honey bee queens. This work investigates the effects of three insect growth regulators (IGR), a class of agrochemicals known to target pathways involved in insect reproduction, on honey bee queen oviposition, egg hatching, and worker hypopharyngeal development in order to quantify their effects on the fecundity of mated queens. The reported results demonstrate that none of the IGRs affected oviposition, but all three affected egg eclosion. Worker bees consuming methoxyfenozide had significantly larger hypopharyngeal glands at two weeks of age than bees not fed this compound. The results suggest that although IGRs may not exhibit direct toxic effects on adult honey bees, they can affect larval eclosion from eggs and the physiology of workers, which may contribute to colony population declines over time.}, }
@article {pmid32828049, year = {2021}, author = {Dehnert, GK and Freitas, MB and Sharma, PP and Barry, TP and Karasov, WH}, title = {Impacts of subchronic exposure to a commercial 2,4-D herbicide on developmental stages of multiple freshwater fish species.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {263}, number = {}, pages = {127638}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127638}, pmid = {32828049}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/toxicity ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; *Herbicides/analysis/toxicity ; Humans ; Phylogeny ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Invasive, nuisance aquatic species such as Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) are rapidly spreading across the United States. One common active ingredient used to control this invasive species is 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Application of 2,4-D to aquatic environments typically occurs while many freshwater fish are spawning and due to 2,4-D stability in aquatic environments, many non-target species experience prolonged exposure throughout embryogenesis and larval development. The impacts of 2,4-D exposure on phylogenetically distant fish species is poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the impacts of the 2,4-D commercial herbicide DMA4®IVM on nine freshwater fish species from six different families (four orders) at different points during ontogeny. Each species was exposed to ecologically relevant concentrations of a commercial 2,4-D herbicide (0.05, 0.50, and 2.00 ppm or mg/L 2,4-D a. e.), and effects on morphology, survival, and growth were evaluated. Our results demonstrate that exposure of embryonic and larval fish to ecologically relevant concentrations of a commercial 2,4-D herbicide reduced survival in early developmental stages of six freshwater species that spanned five phylogenetic families and three phylogenetic orders; however, sensitivity to 2,4-D exposure did not show correlation with phylogenetic proximity. Altogether, our results indicate that the use of 2,4-D herbicides in aquatic ecosystems at current recommended concentrations (≤2 ppm whole-lake treatment) could present risk to multiple freshwater fish species survival during early development.}, }
@article {pmid32827975, year = {2020}, author = {Lian, W and Yang, L and Joseph, S and Shi, W and Bian, R and Zheng, J and Li, L and Shan, S and Pan, G}, title = {Utilization of biochar produced from invasive plant species to efficiently adsorb Cd (II) and Pb (II).}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {317}, number = {}, pages = {124011}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124011}, pmid = {32827975}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {Adsorption ; *Cadmium ; Charcoal ; *Introduced Species ; Lead ; }, abstract = {Global expansion of invasive plant species has caused serious ecological and economic problems. Two such invasive species, ragweed and horseweed, were pyrolyzed at temperatures of 350, 450 and 550 ℃ for biochar production (RB350, RB450, RB550 and HB350, HB450, HB550). The biochars produced were used for Cd(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) removal in aqueous solutions. The results indicated that the properties of the biochars varied with pyrolysis temperature, which further affected their adsorption performance. The maximum adsorption capacity of RB450 for Cd(Ⅱ) (139 mg·g[-1]) and Pb(Ⅱ) (358.7 mg·g[-1]) was much higher than that shown in previous studies. The immobilized Cd(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) fraction on RB450, RB550, HB450 and HB550 was mainly attributable to the acid soluble and non-available fractions. These findings suggested that pyrolysis of invasive plants at 450 ℃ could not only be an option to control invasive plants but also could be of benefit in using biochar as excellent adsorbent.}, }
@article {pmid32827846, year = {2020}, author = {Rilov, G and Peleg, O and Guy-Haim, T and Yeruham, E}, title = {Community dynamics and ecological shifts on Mediterranean vermetid reefs.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {160}, number = {}, pages = {105045}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105045}, pmid = {32827846}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Coral Reefs ; *Ecosystem ; Mediterranean Sea ; Seasons ; *Seaweed ; }, abstract = {Mediterranean coastal ecosystems experience many local and global stressors and require long-term monitoring to detect and follow trends in community structure. Between 2009 and 2017, we seasonally and annually monitored the spatiotemporal community dynamics at 11 sites on the rocky shores of the southeastern Mediterranean, focusing on the understudied intertidal vermetid reef ecosystem. Marked seasonal trends were found in biodiversity, with the highest diversity in winter and spring. Canopy-forming brown algae, dominating the northwestern Mediterranean intertidal reefs, were generally scarce on the reef platform and almost only found in tidepools. Interannual shifts in community structure were driven mostly by sharp fluctuations in a few dominant native and alien species and the regional mass mortality of an Indo-Pacific mussel in summer 2016. Compared to an older macroalgae dataset, dating back to 1973-1995, we found that some warm-affinity (summer) taxa became more dominant and cold-affinity (winter) species less dominant, while one once conspicuous species, Halimeda tuna, completely disappeared. The observed community shifts are probably driven mostly by stressors related to climate change. We encourage forming a network of long-term, multi-site ecological monitoring programs in the Mediterranean to improve our understanding of ecosystem change and to enable making better predictions at the basin scale.}, }
@article {pmid32827555, year = {2020}, author = {Castrillo, LA and Wraight, SP and Galaini-Wraight, S and Matsumoto, TK and Howes, RL and Keith, LM}, title = {Genetic diversity among naturally-occurring strains of Beauveria bassiana associated with the introduced coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei, (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Hawai'i Island.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {175}, number = {}, pages = {107456}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2020.107456}, pmid = {32827555}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Beauveria/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Hawaii ; *Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Weevils/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {The coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei, is considered the most important insect pest of coffee worldwide. CBB was discovered on Hawai'i Island in 2010 and soon thereafter on the islands of O'ahu (2014) and Maui (2016). As part of an areawide effort to manage CBB in Hawai'i, we conducted a survey of naturally-occurring Beauveria associated with the beetle to complement field efficacy studies of the commercial B. bassiana strain GHA. Sampling of CBB from coffee farms or unmanaged sites in various districts on the islands of Hawai'i and O'ahu, and also from Puerto Rico, resulted in >1800 Beauveria isolates. These were initially characterized using colony morphology to differentiate strain GHA, registered for use in Hawai'i, from indigenous congenerics. A total of 114 isolates representative of these indigenous morphotypes were selected for further characterization. Sequencing of the intergenic regions B locus and EFutr identified all as Beauveria bassiana sensu stricto. Sixteen haplotypes were observed, with one more common haplotype present in 12 of 16 sites sampled on Hawai'i Island. This B locus-EFutr haplotype, designated Bb1, was the only haplotype observed in 2016 epizootics on two high-elevation coffee farms on Hawai'i Island with no history of GHA application. Many of the haplotypes showed genetic similarity to those collected from CBB from other countries, including Brazil, Columbia, Nicaragua, and Kenya, but a few were identical to those from other insect species collected in Hawai'i before 2010. This diversity suggests a mixed lineage among B. bassiana strains associated with CBB in the three Hawaiian islands.}, }
@article {pmid32824290, year = {2020}, author = {Correa, JP and Bacigalupo, A and Yefi-Quinteros, E and Rojo, G and Solari, A and Cattan, PE and Botto-Mahan, C}, title = {Trypanosomatid Infections among Vertebrates of Chile: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {32824290}, issn = {2076-0817}, support = {1170367//Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient&#xed;fico y Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 11181182//Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient&#xed;fico y Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 1180940//Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient&#xed;fico y Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 1190392//Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient&#xed;fico y Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 3180707//Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient&#xed;fico y Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, abstract = {We present a review on the natural infection by trypanosomatids of nonhuman vertebrates in Chile, aiming to synthesize and update the knowledge on the diversity of trypanosomatids infecting native and alien vertebrate species. To this end, we conducted a systematic review of literature records published from 1900 to April 2020 on four databases, focusing on the 21 genera of trypanosomatids and Chile. The methods and findings of our review have been based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (prisma) checklist. We found 29,756 records but only 71 presented relevant information for this review. Overall, there are only two reported trypanosomatid genera infecting vertebrate species in Chile, the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania. The former is mostly represented by Trypanosoma cruzi (90% of the total records) and to a much lesser extent by Trypanosoma avium, Trypanosoma humboldti, Trypanosoma lewisi, and a couple of unidentified trypanosomatids. A total of 25 mammals have been reported as being infected by T. cruzi, including 14 native and 11 alien species from Orders Artiodactyla, Carnivora, Chiroptera, Didelphimorphia, Lagomorpha, Perissodactyla, and Rodentia. Extensive screening studies using new analytical tools are necessary to grasp the whole potential diversity of trypanosomatid species infecting vertebrates in Chile.}, }
@article {pmid32823084, year = {2020}, author = {Clements, HS and Biggs, R and Cumming, GS}, title = {Cross-scale and social-ecological changes constitute main threats to private land conservation in South Africa.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {274}, number = {}, pages = {111235}, pmid = {32823084}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Social Change ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Conserving biodiversity in the long term will depend in part on the capacity of Protected Areas (PAs) to cope with cross-scale, social-ecological disturbances and changes, which are becoming more frequent in a highly connected world. Direct threats to biodiversity within PAs and their interactions with broader-scale threats are both likely to vary with PA spatial and management characteristics (e.g., location, dependence on ecotourism revenues, governmental support). Private Land Conservation Areas (PLCAs) are interesting case study systems for assessing cross-scale threats to PAs and their determinants. Despite the growing number of PLCAs around the world, there is considerable uncertainty regarding the long-term capacity of these privately owned areas to conserve biodiversity. Their potential impermanence is commonly raised as a key concern. To better understand the threats to which different types of PLCAs are likely to be vulnerable, we asked 112 PLCA landholders in South Africa what they perceived as the top threats to their PLCAs. Landowners identified direct threats to the biodiversity within their PLCAs (e.g., poaching, extreme weather, inappropriate fire regimes, alien species) as well as describing broader socio-economic threats (e.g., regional crime, national legislation and politics, global economic recessions), which were noted to interact across scales. We found support for the hypothesis that patterns in the perceived multi-scale threats to a PLCA correspond with its management and spatial characteristics, including its remoteness, dependence on ecotourism or hunting revenues, and richness of megafaunal species. Understanding the threats to which different PLCAs may be vulnerable is useful for developing more nuanced, targeted strategies to build PLCA resilience to these threats (for example, by strengthening the capacity of self-funded PLCAs to cope with the threat of economic downturns through more innovative financial instruments or diversified revenue streams). Our findings highlight the importance of considering interactions between broad-scale socio-economic changes and direct threats to biodiversity, which can influence the resilience of PAs in ways that are not anticipated by more traditional, discipline-specific consideration of direct threats to the biodiversity within their boundaries.}, }
@article {pmid32821542, year = {2020}, author = {Buglione, M and Petrelli, S and Troiano, C and Notomista, T and Rivieccio, E and Fulgione, D}, title = {The diet of otters (Lutra lutra) on the Agri river system, one of the most important presence sites in Italy: a molecular approach.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e9606}, pmid = {32821542}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) underwent a strong decline in large areas of the Central-Western part of its distribution range, during the second half of the twentieth century. In Italy, only residual fragmented nuclei survive in the Central-Southern part of the peninsula. Nowadays, the otter is one of the most endangered mammals in Italy, and increasing the knowledge about the ecology of this species is a key step in defining fitting management strategies. Here we provide information about the diet of otter on the Agri river system, one of the most important presence sites in Italy, to understand both the species' food requirements and the impact on fish communities.<br><br>METHODS: DNA metabarcoding and High Throughput Sequencing were used on DNA extracted from spraints. We amplified DNA with a primer set for vertebrates, focusing efforts on the bulk of the otter's diet (fishes and amphibians).<br><br>RESULTS: Our findings showed that the diet of the otter was dominated by cyprinids (97.77%, and 99.14% of fishes), while amphibians represented 0.85% of the sequences analyzed. Results are in general accordance with previous studies based on morphological characterization; however, molecular analyses allow the resolving of some morphological uncertainties. Although the study area offers a very wide range of available prey, the diet of the otters shows marked selectivity. We highlighted a variation in prey consumed, in accordance with the typology of water system (i.e., river, lake, tributary). Some of the preys found in the diet were alien species introduced by man for sport fishing. Our findings could help define strategies useful for the conservation of the otter population in Southern Italy, suggesting management actions directed at avoiding fish community alterations through illegal stockings without severe controls on their taxonomic status. These introductions could result in a general reduction in the diversity of the otter's preys, affecting its predatory behavior.}, }
@article {pmid32821264, year = {2020}, author = {Garner, AM and Pamfilie, AM and Hamad, EJ and Kindig, R and Taylor, JT and Unsworth, CK and Niewiarowski, PH}, title = {Home-field advantage: native gecko exhibits improved exertion capacity and locomotor ability in structurally complex environments relative to its invasive counterpart.}, journal = {Frontiers in zoology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {23}, pmid = {32821264}, issn = {1742-9994}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive species are of substantial concern because they may threaten ecosystem stability and biodiversity worldwide. Not surprisingly, studies examining the drivers of biological invasion have increased in number over the past few decades in an effort to curtail invasive species success by way of informing management decisions. The common house gecko, Hemidactylus frenatus, has successfully invaded the Pacific islands where it appears to thrive in and dominate non-natural habitats offering high food availability (i.e., well-lit human dwellings) compared to native geckos. Previous work demonstrated that H. frenatus can outperform the native gecko, Lepidodactylus lugubris, in terms of maximal sprint speed on relatively simple planar surfaces (e.g., building walls). Lepidodactylus lugubris and other native geckos, however, may have superior locomotor performance in three-dimensional, structurally complex habitats.<br><br>RESULTS: Here we compared the locomotor behaviour and exertion capacity of the native gecko, Gehyra oceanica, and the invasive gecko, Hemidactylus frenatus, on the island of Mo'orea, French Polynesia, on fabricated structures simulating structurally complex substrates. We found that the native gecko exhibits improved locomotor performance compared to the invasive gecko on structurally complex substrates. We also completed encounter surveys to document free-ranging habitat use and behaviour of these two species. We discovered that H. frenatus were more common in natural habitats than previously observed and used similar substrates as G. oceanica, although G. oceanica appeared to use substrates with greater perch heights (i.e., trees).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings revealed that locomotor performance in complex environments may contribute to the previously observed habitat segregation between native and invasive Pacific island geckos. Furthermore, our locomotor and habitat use data are consistent with the hypothesis that G. oceanica may be resistant to invasion of H. frenatus in natural environments. Our study calls for more detailed ecophysiological and ecomorphological studies of both native and invasive Pacific gecko species.}, }
@article {pmid32818892, year = {2020}, author = {Erős, T and Czeglédi, I and Tóth, R and Schmera, D}, title = {Multiple stressor effects on alpha, beta and zeta diversity of riverine fish.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {748}, number = {}, pages = {141407}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141407}, pmid = {32818892}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes ; Hungary ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {We examined the effects of regional scale land use and local scale environmental and biotic stressors on alpha, beta and zeta diversities of native fish communities in wadeable streams and non-wadeable rivers in the Danube basin, Hungary. Relationships among land use and local scale environmental and biotic stressors were weak both in streams and rivers, suggesting that these stressors act relatively independently. Alpha diversity decreased strongly with increasing local scale environmental stressor intensity in rivers. On the contrary, its response to stressors was more obscure in streams, where the best-fit statistical model indicated the importance of the interaction between land use, local scale environmental and biotic stressors, while the secondly ranked model highlighted the negative impact of local scale environmental stressors. Analysis of variance using distance matrices provided evidence that stressors alone and in interactions explained compositional differences of pairs of study sites (beta diversity). Considering the degree of overall degradation, both local (alpha) and among-site (beta and zeta) diversity indices responded to increasing stressor intensity, generally negatively. Riverine fish communities showed higher degrees of similarity (lower beta and higher zeta) than stream fish communities. They also showed increasing similarity (i.e. homogenization) with increasing overall stressor intensity, unlike stream fish communities, which showed no relationship with overall stressor intensity. Our results suggest that the relationships between land use and local scale environmental and biotic stressors can be complex and so do their effects on biodiversity. While stressor specific indices can provide information on the role of specific stressors in some cases, the examination of overall stressor effects is needed to assess realistically the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on native fish diversity. Diversity indices that quantify among-site changes in species composition, such as measures of beta and zeta diversity, can be fruitful for better understanding the role of multiple stressors in structuring ecological communities.}, }
@article {pmid32818820, year = {2020}, author = {Gomes, LEO and da Silva, EC}, title = {Drought periods driving bioinvasion on hard substrates at a tropical estuary, Eastern Brazil.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {160}, number = {}, pages = {111563}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111563}, pmid = {32818820}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Brazil ; Climate Change ; *Droughts ; Ecosystem ; *Estuaries ; }, abstract = {During drier periods estuarine salinization can stimulate the colonization of marine organisms and further bioinvasion, therefore, may cause future ecological change. In this sense, we applied the Rapid Assessment Surveys (RAS) on natural and artificial hard substrates during the most intense drought period (between 2014 and 2016) since 1950, in a tropical estuary in Eastern Brazil. Through the estuary salinization the ascidian Didemnum psammatodes overgrow the dominant native taxa; this dominance taxa shift provided suitable habitat favorable for invasion of Ophiothela mirabilis across the estuary. Even the invasion starts on artificial substrates, the higher resilience of natural substrates were not enough to enable the establishment of invasive species. This baseline is the first evidence of bioinvasion influenced by climate change drought periods in tropical estuaries in South America, which is a great advance for the development of management strategies to mitigate this and future climate change scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid32817683, year = {2020}, author = {Bhuyain, MMH and Lim, UT}, title = {Relative susceptibility to pesticides and environmental conditions of Frankliniella intonsa and F. occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), an underlying reason for their asymmetrical occurrence.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {e0237876}, pmid = {32817683}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Fragaria/parasitology ; Humidity ; Insecticides/*toxicity ; Introduced Species ; Larva/drug effects ; Pesticides/*toxicity ; Pupa/drug effects ; Pyrethrins/*toxicity ; Republic of Korea ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; Thysanoptera/*drug effects ; }, abstract = {To explain the asymmetrical abundance of native Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and invasive Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) in the fields, we examined differential susceptibility to pesticides and environmental conditions, i.e., nine combinations of temperatures and relative humidities (RHs). We found adult female F. intonsa to be more susceptible to most of the tested insecticides as compared to F. occidentalis. Chlorfenapyr was most toxic to both thrips' species. In the evaluation of environment conditions in the adult stage, F. intonsa survived 2.5 and 2.4-fold longer as RH increased at 20 and 25 °C, respectively, whereas F. occidentalis survived 1.8 and 1.6-fold longer, respectively. In both pupal and larval stage, no significant effect of interaction of temperatures and RHs was found between the two species. In conclusion, the insecticides tested differed considerably in their species-specific toxicity, and F. intonsa was generally more susceptible to the insecticides, while at the same time survivorship was better at higher RH conditions than F. occidentalis. Thus, differences in the relative susceptibility to changing environmental conditions, especially humidity, may be an underlying mechanism for the recent dominance of F. intonsa over F. occidentalis in the strawberry plastic greenhouse in Korea.}, }
@article {pmid32814963, year = {2020}, author = {Milosavljević, I and Hoddle, CD and Mafra-Neto, A and Gómez-Marco, F and Hoddle, MS}, title = {Effects of Food Bait and Trap Type on Captures of Rhynchophorus palmarum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Trap Bycatch in Southern California.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {113}, number = {5}, pages = {2407-2417}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toaa175}, pmid = {32814963}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Coleoptera ; Insect Control ; Pheromones/pharmacology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.) is an invasive pest responsible for killing thousands of ornamental Canary Islands date palms (Phoenix canariensis Chabaud) in San Diego County, CA. Two field experiments were conducted to compare the attractiveness of six different baits and two trap types. The tested baits were dates + water; dates + water + Saccharomyces cerevisiae; dates + water + S. bayanus; dates + water + S. pastorianus; 15% sugarcane molasses water solution mixed with 3% paraffinic oil, and a no bait control treatment. The two traps tested were white bucket traps (hanging 1.5 m above the ground and set on the ground) and black cone shaped Picusan traps (set on ground only). All traps were loaded with commercially available R. palmarum aggregation pheromone and the synergist ethyl acetate. Differences in weevil capture rates were observed across bait and trap types. Weevil captures were almost five times greater in Picusan traps compared to bucket traps that were hanging or placed on the ground. Adding dates and water alone or combined with S. cerevisiae to traps increased weevil captures compared to other baits and controls. Trap and bait types affected bycatch of nontarget arthropod species. In general, spiders, earwigs, and carabid beetles were most commonly recovered from Picusan traps, regardless of bait type. Scarab beetles, moths, and flies were found more frequently in bucket traps baited with molasses or dates mixed with S. bayanus. No effects of bait and trap type were associated with bycatch species richness.}, }
@article {pmid32814958, year = {2020}, author = {Keller, JA and Johnson, AE and Uyi, O and Wurzbacher, S and Long, D and Hoover, K}, title = {Dispersal of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) Nymphs Through Contiguous, Deciduous Forest.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, pages = {1012-1018}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvaa089}, pmid = {32814958}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Forests ; *Hemiptera ; Nymph ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) is a recently introduced pest in the United States, where it threatens the wine, timber, and ornamentals industries. Knowledge of the dispersal ability of L. delicatula is key to developing effective management strategies for this invasive pest. We conducted a mark, release, re-sight study, marking nymphs with fluorescent powders and observing dispersal distances from a central release point at three time points over 7 d following release. To examine how dispersal patterns changed over the course of nymphal development, we repeated this process for each of L. delicatula's four instars. All releases were conducted in contiguous, deciduous forest, which is a widespread habitat type within L. delicatula's invaded range and a habitat where this pest may have negative ecological and economic impacts. We found that nymphs displayed clear directionality in their movement following release, apparently preferring to move uphill on the modest 6° grade at our release site. Most nymphs remained near the release location, while some moved tens of meters. The maximum displacement we observed was 65 m from the release point, 10 d after release. Nymphs were re-sighted singly and in small groups on a variety of trees, shrubs, and understory vegetation. All four instars had similar dispersal distances over time, though third instar nymphs moved farthest on average, with estimated median displacement of 16.9 m 7 d after release. Further studies are needed to provide additional information on what factors influence spotted lanternfly dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid32813922, year = {2020}, author = {Cupp, AR and Smerud, JR and Thomas, LM and Waller, DL and Smith, DL and Erickson, RA and Gaikowski, MP}, title = {Toxicity of Carbon Dioxide to Freshwater Fishes: Implications for Aquatic Invasive Species Management.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {39}, number = {11}, pages = {2247-2255}, doi = {10.1002/etc.4855}, pmid = {32813922}, issn = {1552-8618}, support = {//USGS Ecosystem Mission Area/International ; //Great Lakes Restoration Initiative/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects ; Carbon Dioxide/*toxicity ; Carps/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Cyprinidae/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Perciformes/physiology ; Temperature ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency as a new aquatic pesticide to control invasive Asian carps and other aquatic nuisance species in the United States. However, limited CO2 toxicity data could make it challenging for resource managers to characterize the potential risk to nontarget species during CO2 applications. The present study quantified the toxicity of CO2 to 2 native riverine fishes, bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), using 12-h continuous flow-through CO2 exposure at 5, 15, and 25 °C water temperatures. Resulting survival indicated that bluegill (median lethal concentration [LC50] range 91-140 mg/L CO2) were more sensitive to CO2 than fathead minnow (LC50 range 235-306 mg/L CO2) across all water temperatures. Bluegill were also more sensitive to CO2 at 5 °C (LC50 91 mg/L CO2 , 95% CI 85-96 mg/L CO2) than at 25 °C (LC50 140 mg/L CO2 , 95% CI 135-146 mg/L CO2). Fathead minnow showed an opposite response and were less sensitive at 5 °C (LC50 306 mg/L CO2 , 95% CI 286-327 mg/L CO2) relative to 25 °C (LC50 235 mg/L CO2 , 95% CI 224-246 mg/L CO2). Our results show that CO2 toxicity can differ by species and water temperature. Data from the present study may inform decisions related to the use of CO2 as a control tool. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2247-2255. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. government work and is in the public domain in the USA.}, }
@article {pmid32813898, year = {2020}, author = {Radinger, J and García-Berthou, E}, title = {The role of connectivity in the interplay between climate change and the spread of alien fish in a large Mediterranean river.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {11}, pages = {6383-6398}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15320}, pmid = {32813898}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//BiodivERsA/ ; CGL2015-69311-REDT//Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities/ ; CGL2016-80820-R//Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities/ ; PCIN-2016-168//Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities/ ; 2014 SGR 484//Government of Catalonia/ ; 2017 SGR 548//Government of Catalonia/ ; //DEAL/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Introduced Species ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Understanding how global change and connectivity will jointly modify the distribution of riverine species is crucial for conservation biology and environmental management. However, little is known about the interaction between climate change and fragmentation and how movement barriers might impede native species from adjusting their distributions versus limit the further spread of alien species. In this study, we modelled the current and future distributions of 11 native and five alien fishes in the large and heavily fragmented Ebro River, located within the Mediterranean region, which has many freshwater endemics severely threatened by global change. We considered 10 climate change models and five modelling algorithms and assessed the effects of connectivity on the accessibility of future suitable habitats. Thereby, we identify most conflict-prone river reaches, that is, where barriers pose a particular trade-off between isolating and negatively impacting native species versus potentially reducing the risk of alien species spread. Our results projected upstream habitat shifts for the vast majority of the species. Climate change affected species differently, with alien species generally showing larger habitat gains compared to natives. Most pronounced distributional changes (i.e. losses of native species and gains of alien species) and compositional turnover might be expected in the lower and mid reaches of large tributaries of the Ebro River. The role of anthropogenic barriers in this context is often ambiguous but rather unfavourable, as they not only restrict native fishes but also alter stream habitats and flow conditions. However, with our spatial modelling framework, we could identify specific river reaches where the connectivity trade-off in the context of climate change is particularly relevant. Overall, our findings emphasize the importance of the complex effects that climate change, riverine connectivity and alien species are expected to impose on river communities and the urgent need to adapt management strategies accordingly.}, }
@article {pmid32813070, year = {2020}, author = {Harvey, JT and Leffler, AJ}, title = {Differential stoichiometric homeostasis and growth in two native and two invasive C3 grasses.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {193}, number = {4}, pages = {857-865}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-020-04734-5}, pmid = {32813070}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {G2017031593424119//Sigma Xi (US)/ ; }, mesh = {Bromus ; Homeostasis ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Poaceae ; }, abstract = {Global changes interact with plant invasions by differentially impacting native and invasive species. For example, invasive plants often benefit from eutrophication to a greater degree than native plants. While this is well-documented, a broad, trait-based explanation for this phenomenon is lacking. Recent research shows that stoichiometric homeostasis predicts plant species responses to eutrophication and drought, but this research has not been extended into an invasion ecology paradigm. We tested the hypotheses that stoichiometric homeostasis would differ between native and invasive plants, that expressed levels of stoichiometric homeostasis would respond to water availability, and that differences in stoichiometric homeostasis would match differences in growth. In a nutrient and water manipulation study, we found that stoichiometric homeostasis differed between native grasses (Elymus canadensis and Pascopyrum smithii) and invasive grasses (Agropyron cristatum and Bromus inermis), that differences in stoichiometric homeostasis matched differences in growth in well-watered grasses, and that expressed levels of stoichiometric homeostasis were stable across the water supply treatments. These results suggest that invasive plants maintain growth advantages over native plants in eutrophic conditions because of differential homeostatic requirements. We argue that stoichiometric homeostasis is therefore a useful functional trait to explain and predict differential native and invasive plant responses to global change.}, }
@article {pmid32812277, year = {2021}, author = {Alvarez-Blanco, P and Cerdá, X and Hefetz, A and Boulay, R and Bertó-Moran, A and Díaz-Paniagua, C and Lenoir, A and Billen, J and Liedtke, HC and Chauhan, KR and Bhagavathy, G and Angulo, E}, title = {Effects of the Argentine ant venom on terrestrial amphibians.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, pages = {216-226}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13604}, pmid = {32812277}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Amphibians ; Animals ; *Ant Venoms ; *Ants ; Behavior, Animal ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; }, abstract = {Invasive species have major impacts on biodiversity and are one of the primary causes of amphibian decline and extinction. Unlike other top ant invaders that negatively affect larger fauna via chemical defensive compounds, the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) does not have a functional sting. Nonetheless, it deploys defensive compounds against competitors and adversaries. We estimated levels of ant aggression toward 3 native terrestrial amphibians by challenging juveniles in field ant trails and in lab ant foraging arenas. We measured the composition and quantities of toxin in L. humile by analyzing pygidial glands and whole-body contents. We examined the mechanisms of toxicity in juvenile amphibians by quantifying the toxin in amphibian tissues, searching for histological damages, and calculating toxic doses for each amphibian species. To determine the potential scope of the threat to amphibians, we used global databases to estimate the number, ranges, and conservation status of terrestrial amphibian species with ranges that overlap those of L. humile. Juvenile amphibians co-occurring spatially and temporally with L. humile die when they encounter L. humile on an ant trail. In the lab, when a juvenile amphibian came in contact with L. humile the ants reacted quickly to spray pygidial-gland venom onto the juveniles. Iridomyrmecin was the toxic compound in the spray. Following absorption, it accumulated in brain, kidney, and liver tissue. Toxic dose for amphibian was species dependent. Worldwide, an estimated 817 terrestrial amphibian species overlap in range with L. humile, and 6.2% of them are classified as threatened. Our findings highlight the high potential of L. humile venom to negatively affect amphibian juveniles and provide a basis for exploring the largely overlooked impacts this ant has in its wide invasive range.}, }
@article {pmid32807197, year = {2020}, author = {Dib, LV and Palmer, JPS and de Souza Carvalho Class, C and Pinheiro, JL and Ramos, RCF and Dos Santos, CR and Fonseca, ABM and Rodríguez-Castro, KG and Gonçalves, CF and Galetti, PM and Bastos, OMP and Uchôa, CMA and Corrêa, LL and Bastos, ACMP and Amendoeira, MRR and da Silva Barbosa, A}, title = {Non-invasive sampling in Itatiaia National Park, Brazil: wild mammal parasite detection.}, journal = {BMC veterinary research}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {295}, pmid = {32807197}, issn = {1746-6148}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Carnivora/*parasitology ; Cryptosporidium/isolation &amp; purification ; Feces/*parasitology ; Hair ; Helminths/isolation &amp; purification ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary ; Protozoan Infections, Animal/epidemiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sus scrofa/*parasitology ; Zoonoses/parasitology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Non-invasive sampling through faecal collection is one of the most cost-effective alternatives for monitoring of free-living wild mammals, as it provides information on animal taxonomy as well as the dynamics of the gastrointestinal parasites that potentially infect these animals. In this context, this study aimed to perform an epidemiological survey of gastrointestinal parasites using non-invasive faecal samples from carnivores and artiodactyls identified by stool macroscopy, guard hair morphology and DNA sequencing in Itatiaia National Park. Between 2017 and 2018, faeces from carnivores and artiodactyls were collected along trails in the park. The host species were identified through macroscopic and trichological examinations and molecular biology. To investigate the parasites, the Faust, Lutz and modified Ritchie and Sheather techniques and enzyme immunoassays to detect Cryptosporidium sp. antigens were used.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 244 stool samples were collected. The species identified were Chrysocyon brachyurus, Leopardus guttulus, Canis familiaris, Cerdocyon thous, Puma yagouaroundi, Leopardus pardalis, Puma concolor and Sus scrofa. There were 81.1% samples that were positive for parasites distributed mainly in the high part of the park. Helminths, especially eggs of the family Ascarididae, were more frequently detected in carnivore faeces (70.9%). Protozoa, especially Cryptosporidium sp., represented the highest frequency of infection in artiodactyl faeces (87.1%). This zoonotic protozoon was detected in eight mammalian species, including in a wild boar. High values of structural richness and Shannon and Simpson diversity indices were observed for the parasites, especially in the faeces of C. brachyurus. Significant differences in parasite diversity were observed between wild and domestic animals, such as C. brachyurus and C. familiaris, respectively, and between taxonomically distant species, such as C. brachyurus and S. scrofa. The highest values for parasite similarity were found among the species that frequented similar areas of the park, such as C. brachyurus and L. guttulus.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The animals and parasite infections were identified through the combination of three techniques. High frequency parasite structures were diagnosed. Zoonotic protozoa were found and mainly occurred in samples from introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid32806590, year = {2020}, author = {Nannarone, S and Moretti, G and Bellocchi, F and Menchetti, L and Bufalari, A}, title = {A Comparative Study of Intramuscular Alfaxalone- or Ketamine-Based Anesthetic Mixtures in Gray Squirrels Undergoing Gonadectomy: Clinical and Physiologic Findings.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {32806590}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {18/2016//Oikos Institute S.r.l./ ; }, abstract = {The gray squirrel is one of the most common invasive species in Europe, whose presence is dangerous for the survival of the European red squirrel. To cope with this biological invasion and to safeguard biodiversity, the LIFE+U-SAVEREDS project aims to protect the red squirrel, by limiting the growth of the current population of gray squirrels and simultaneously promoting their eradication with surgical sterilization. This study compares two different anesthetic protocols, including dexmedetomidine (40 µg/kg) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg) associated with ketamine (15 mg/kg; n = 25 squirrels) or alfaxalone (5 mg/kg; n = 22 squirrels). A blinded investigator evaluated the quality and onset of sedation, intraoperative anesthesia, and recovery, as well as the physiologic parameters for each animal. Alfaxalone provided a good quality of anesthesia with limited cardiovascular effects (p < 0.05) and good intraoperative myorelaxation. Ketamine induced complete relaxation in a shorter time (p < 0.05) and a rapid (p < 0.001) and excellent (p < 0.05) recovery. Despite the overall superiority of ketamine, alfaxalone appeared to be an adequate alternative anesthetic drug that can be administered without requiring intravascular access. It should be rapidly metabolized and excreted; however, it requires the combination of longer acting sedatives/myorelaxants to prevent a poor recovery quality.}, }
@article {pmid32806386, year = {2020}, author = {Zhu, D and Hui, D and Wang, M and Yang, Q and Yu, S}, title = {Light and competition alter leaf stoichiometry of introduced species and native mangrove species.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {738}, number = {}, pages = {140301}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140301}, pmid = {32806386}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Avicennia ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves ; *Rhizophoraceae ; }, abstract = {Ecological stoichiometry is the study of the balance of ecosystem energy and nutrient cycling, especially carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). C, N, and P are the key elements for plant growth and metabolism. Systematic research on leaf stoichiometry in mangrove forest ecosystems is still lacking. To understand the leaf stoichiometry of introduced species and native species in mangrove forests, we selected four species (one introduced species, Sonneratia apetala, and three native species, Avicennia marina, Aegiceras corniculatum, and Kandelia obovate) and measured leaf C, N, and P contents under different light conditions. The results showed that there were significant negative scaling relationships of leaf C versus N and C versus P but positive scaling relationships of leaf N versus P in the four mangrove species. Light and competition had significant effects on leaf stoichiometry, especially under the full light condition. S. apetala influenced leaf elements in a mixture with native species. Interspecific competition reduced leaf N and P contents in A. corniculatum and K. obovate but increased leaf N and P contents in A. marina. Leaf N and P contents of the four species showed similar responses to both intraspecific and interspecific competition. The ratio of leaf C:N:P (108:11:1) in the mangrove forests was lower than that in other ecosystems, and species with a higher growth rate had a higher leaf P content and lower N:P ratio, supporting the growth rate hypothesis. Leaf N:P was 11.04, indicating that there was N limitation in the mangrove forests. This systematic research of leaf stoichiometry of mangrove forests improves our understanding of mangrove growth and nutrient use strategies in response to different environmental stresses.}, }
@article {pmid32805737, year = {2021}, author = {Adomako, MO and Alpert, P and Du, DL and Yu, FH}, title = {Effects of fragmentation of clones compound over vegetative generations in the floating plant Pistia stratiotes.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {127}, number = {1}, pages = {123-133}, pmid = {32805737}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {*Araceae ; Biomass ; Clone Cells ; Family Characteristics ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Clonal plants dominate many plant communities, especially in aquatic systems, and clonality appears to promote invasiveness and to affect how diversity changes in response to disturbance and resource availability. Understanding how the special physiological and morphological properties of clonal growth lead to these ecological effects depends upon studying the long-term consequences of clonal growth properties across vegetative generations, but this has rarely been done. This study aimed to show how a key clonal property, physiological integration between connected ramets within clones, affects the response of clones to disturbance and resources in an aquatic, invasive, dominant species across multiple generations.<br><br>METHODS: Single, parental ramets of the floating stoloniferous plant Pistia stratiotes were grown for 3 weeks, during which they produced two or three generations of offspring; connections between new ramets were cut or left intact. Individual offspring were then used as parents in a second 3-week iteration that crossed fragmentation with previous fragmentation in the first iteration. A third iteration yielded eight treatment combinations, zero to three rounds of fragmentation at different times in the past. The experiment was run once at a high and once at a low level of nutrients.<br><br>RESULTS: In each iteration, fragmentation increased biomass of the parental ramet, decreased biomass of the offspring and increased number of offspring. These effects persisted and compounded from one iteration to another, though more recent fragmentation had stronger effects, and were stronger at the low than at the high nutrient level. Fragmentation did not affect net accumulation of mass by groups after one iteration but increased it after two iterations at low nutrients, and after three iterations at both nutrient levels.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Both the positive and negative effects of fragmentation on clonal performance can compound and persist over time and can be stronger when resource levels are lower. Even when fragmentation has no short-term net effect on clonal performance, it can have a longer-term effect. In some cases, fragmentation may increase total accumulation of mass by a clone. The results provide the first demonstration of how physiological integration in clonal plants can affect fitness across generations and suggest that increased disturbance may promote invasion of introduced clonal species via effects on integration, perhaps especially at lower nutrient levels.}, }
@article {pmid32804984, year = {2020}, author = {Lautenschläger, T and Mandombe, JL and Mawunu, M and Neinhuis, C}, title = {Stories told by plants on graveyards in Northern Angola.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {e0236941}, pmid = {32804984}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Angola ; Asparagaceae ; *Cemeteries ; Cross-Cultural Comparison ; Cultural Characteristics ; *Ethnobotany ; Euphorbiaceae ; Funeral Rites ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Introduced Species ; Portugal/ethnology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Worldwide, different traditions of symbolic statements in graveyards can be found. However, studies on sub-Saharan Africa are rare. For BaKongo cemeteries, it is only known that they traditionally do not exhibit plants for decoration purposes. Our study wanted to inspect the influence of Portuguese culture due to the long shared colonial past.<br><br>METHODS: During 2015 and 2019, plant use in 87 graveyards in 13 municipalities of the province U&#xed;ge was documented. Five expert interviews with the village eldest in five municipalities completed the data collection.<br><br>RESULTS: While 24% of the graveyards didn&#xb4;t have any planting, 27 plant species were found in the remaining ones, including a high percentage of alien species (59%), mainly from the Americas. The most abundant plant species are Euphorbia tirucalli (23%) and Agave sisalana (22%). With increasing distance from the city U&#xed;ge (especially towards the Democratic Republic of the Congo), the utilization of living plants in cemeteries is decreasing except along the road. In most of the cases, just one plant species per gravesite was found.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This unexpected high number of plants might be interpreted as a strong evidence of outside influence. Cultural symbols of the BaKongo cosmology and Christianism appear to coexist or coalesce. Furthermore, plants are used as a marker for graveyards. Modern influences like the use of concrete in proximity to urban areas indicate a certain wealth.}, }
@article {pmid32804938, year = {2020}, author = {Howe, DK and Ha, AD and Colton, A and De Ley, IT and Rae, RG and Ross, J and Wilson, M and Nermut, J and Zhao, Z and Mc Donnell, RJ and Denver, DR}, title = {Phylogenetic evidence for the invasion of a commercialized European Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita lineage into North America and New Zealand.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {e0237249}, pmid = {32804938}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; North America ; Pest Control, Biological ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rhabditida/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Biological control (biocontrol) as a component of pest management strategies reduces reliance on synthetic chemicals, and seemingly offers a natural approach that minimizes environmental impact. However, introducing a new organism to new environments as a classical biocontrol agent can have broad and unanticipated biodiversity effects and conservation consequences. Nematodes are currently used in a variety of commercial biocontrol applications, including the use of Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita as an agent targeting pest slug and snail species. This species was originally discovered in Germany, and is generally thought to have European origins. P. hermaphrodita is sold under the trade name Nemaslug®, and is available only in European markets. However, this nematode species was discovered in New Zealand and the western United States, though its specific origins remained unclear. In this study, we analyzed 45 nematode strains representing eight different Phasmarhabditis species, collected from nine countries around the world. A segment of nematode mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analyses. Our mtDNA phylogenies were overall consistent with previous analyses based on nuclear ribosomal RNA (rRNA) loci. The recently discovered P. hermaphrodita strains in New Zealand and the United States had mtDNA haplotypes nearly identical to that of Nemaslug®, and these were placed together in an intraspecific monophyletic clade with high support in maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. We also examined bacteria that co-cultured with the nematode strains isolated in Oregon, USA, by analyzing 16S rRNA sequences. Eight different bacterial genera were found to associate with these nematodes, though Moraxella osloensis, the bacteria species used in the Nemaslug® formulation, was not detected. This study provided evidence that nematodes deriving from the Nemaslug® biocontrol product have invaded countries where its use is prohibited by regulatory agencies and not commercially available.}, }
@article {pmid32804003, year = {2021}, author = {Huang, X and Zhan, A}, title = {Highly dynamic transcriptional reprogramming and shorter isoform shifts under acute stresses during biological invasions.}, journal = {RNA biology}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {340-353}, pmid = {32804003}, issn = {1555-8584}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; *Alternative Splicing ; Animals ; Ciona/*genetics ; Environment ; Exons ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Regulatory Networks ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; *Introduced Species ; Open Reading Frames ; Stress, Physiological/*genetics ; Temperature ; *Transcription, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity has been increasingly recognized for its importance in adaptation to novel environments, and initial rapid plastic response to acute stresses usually serves as the stepping stone for future adaptation. Differential gene expression and alternative splicing have been proposed as two underlying mechanisms for rapid plastic response to environmental stresses. Here, we used an invasive model species, Ciona savignyi, to investigate the temporary plastic changes under temperature stresses on gene expression and alternative splicing. Our results revealed rapid and highly dynamic gene expression reprogramming and alternative splicing switch under acute stresses. Distinct transcriptional response profiles were triggered by two types of temperature stresses, showing resilience recovery and increasing divergence under heat and cold challenges, respectively. Interestingly, alternative exons were more inclined to be skipped under both heat and cold stresses, leading to shorter isoforms but with maintained Open Reading Frames (ORFs). Although similar response patterns were observed between differential gene expression and alternative splicing, low overlap between Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) and Differentially Alternative Spliced Genes (DASGs) suggests that distinct gene sets and associated functions should be involved in temperature challenges. Thus, alternative splicing should offer an additional layer of plastic response to environmental challenges. Finally, we identified key plastic genes involved in both gene expression regulation and alternative splicing. The results obtained here shed light on adaptation and accommodation mechanisms during biological invasions, particularly for acute environmental changes at early stages of biological invasions such as transport and introduction.}, }
@article {pmid32803614, year = {2021}, author = {Marampouti, C and Buma, AGJ and de Boer, MK}, title = {Mediterranean alien harmful algal blooms: origins and impacts.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, pages = {3837-3851}, pmid = {32803614}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Harmful Algal Bloom ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are mostly phytoplankton blooms, which have detrimental environmental and socioeconomic impacts. The Mediterranean Sea due to its enclosed nature is of special concern since it has an enormously rich native biodiversity. Though, it is also the world's most invaded marine ecosystem and is considered at very high risk of future invasions. The aim of this review study is to explore the origins, establishment, environmental, and socioeconomic impacts of HABs caused by nonnative algal species in the Mediterranean Sea. Based on this, it is also discussed whether HABs form an increasing threat in the basin, and what could possibly be done to prevent or to minimize their impacts. The increasing rate of their introduction and the harmful impacts that they have on the environment, economy, and human health makes it important to have accurate knowledge about HABs. Anthropogenic activities and climate change are considered the main contributors of alien invasions but also the main enablers of HAB events. Mediterranean HABs are adequately studied, but there are no studies purposefully concerning invasive microalgae species in the basin. In the present study, 20 species have been identified, and an attempt has been made to collect their introduction information, as well as known or suspected impacts. Future research should be focused on data mining, current legislation updates, and monitoring of Mediterranean coastlines.}, }
@article {pmid32800149, year = {2020}, author = {Makoni, M}, title = {Africa's invasive species problem.}, journal = {The Lancet. Planetary health}, volume = {4}, number = {8}, pages = {e317-e319}, doi = {10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30174-1}, pmid = {32800149}, issn = {2542-5196}, mesh = {Africa ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid32800015, year = {2021}, author = {Howe, K and Bernal, LM and Brewer, FK and Millikan, D and Jarvi, S}, title = {A Hawaii public education programme for rat lungworm disease prevention.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {148}, number = {2}, pages = {206-211}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182020001523}, pmid = {32800015}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Angiostrongylus cantonensis ; Animals ; Hawaii ; Public Health/*education ; *Schools ; Strongylida Infections/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Education is essential for lowering cases of Angiostrongyliasis in Hawaii. A professional development course on rat lungworm disease (RLWD) prevention was offered to Hawaii K-12 teachers during the 2018-2019 school year. Fourteen teachers, 11 from Hawaii Island and three from Maui, representing grades K, 2, 6-8, and 10-12, completed workshops and activities and received course credit. Teachers reached 652 students and educated 86 teachers and staff and approximately 900 community members including parents. A pre-course survey showed 55% of teachers agreed to a basic understanding of rat lungworm and its impact on Hawaii; this increased to 100% post-course. A sixth-grade class was the first to document the arrival of a highly competent intermediate host of the rat lungworm in a new location, an important discovery that initiated community awareness and control efforts. Six, 1-day workshops were held in 2018-2019, each on one of the main Hawaiian Islands. These were attended by 106 participants including teachers, community educators, and interested individuals from agencies, non-profits, businesses and the private sector. Of participants surveyed, 100% responded the workshop improved their overall understanding of RLWD. Efforts are being made to continue these programmes.}, }
@article {pmid32798531, year = {2020}, author = {Shvydka, S and Cadarso-Suárez, C and Ballová, D and Sarabeev, V}, title = {Patterns of monogenean abundance in native and invasive populations of Planiliza haematocheila (Teleostei: Mugilidae): interactions between climate and host defence mechanisms explain parasite release.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {50}, number = {12}, pages = {1023-1031}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.06.008}, pmid = {32798531}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate ; *Fish Diseases/parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; *Smegmamorpha/parasitology ; *Trematoda ; }, abstract = {One of the most intriguing questions in invasive biology is how an introduced species changes its population parameters in a new environment. Translocation of free-living species commonly results in co-introduction of their parasites. The current study focuses on the abundance pattern of the monogenean parasite Ligophorus llewellyni of the pacific so-iuy mullet, Planiliza haematocheila, across the native and introduced distribution ranges. We evaluated parasite release by the so-iuy mullet by comparing abundance patterns of L. llewellyni under effects of the host length, water temperature and month of the year in the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Azov. Generalised additive models applied to analysis of parasite abundance data showed that relationships between the mean number of L. llewellyni and the three tested independent variables were not linear. Our results suggest that the introduced host lost a large amount of parasite abundance due to the effect of warm climate in a new region, which is mediated by host defence mechanisms. The abundance of L. llewellyni rapidly rose in autumn, as fish activity and immune response decrease, reached the maximum in winter and began to fall in spring as a warm temperature facilitates the fish immune defence. The abundance of L. llewellyni showed an initial increase in response to fish growth and reached an asymptote. The response curves built for native and introduced regions reached an asymptote at different fish body lengths, reflecting the fish growth rate, which is higher in the introduced range of P. haematocheila. We found that the carried parasite species holds the same trend in relationships compared with its native area, between the mean number of monogeneans per host and independent variables increasing abundance with fish length, low temperature and cold months. Our results open new perspectives for future research on statistical modelling of parasite abundance across native and introduced distribution ranges in order to provide deeper insight into host-parasite interactions of invasive populations.}, }
@article {pmid32798221, year = {2021}, author = {Ricotta, EE and Lai, YL and Babiker, A and Strich, JR and Kadri, SS and Lionakis, MS and Prevots, DR and Adjemian, J}, title = {Invasive Candidiasis Species Distribution and Trends, United States, 2009-2017.}, journal = {The Journal of infectious diseases}, volume = {223}, number = {7}, pages = {1295-1302}, pmid = {32798221}, issn = {1537-6613}, mesh = {Antifungal Agents ; Candida/*classification/pathogenicity ; Candidemia/epidemiology ; *Candidiasis, Invasive/epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Introduced Species ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; United States/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive candidiasis (IC) is a growing concern among US healthcare facilities. A large-scale study evaluating incidence and trends of IC in the United States by species and body site is needed to understand the distribution of infection.<br><br>METHODS: An electronic medical record database was used to calculate incidence and trends of IC in the United States by species and infection site from 2009 through 2017. Hospital incidence was calculated using total unique inpatient hospitalizations in hospitals reporting at least 1 Candida case as the denominator. IC incidence trends were assessed using generalized estimating equations with exchangeable correlation structure to fit Poisson regression models, controlling for changes in hospital characteristics and case mix over time.<br><br>RESULTS: Candida albicans remains the leading cause of IC in the United States, followed by Candida glabrata. The overall incidence of IC was 90/100 000 patients, which did not change significantly over time. There were no changes in incidence among C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, or C. tropicalis; the incidence of other Candida spp. as a whole increased 7.2% annually. While there was no change in candidemia 2009-2017, abdominal and nonabdominal sterile site IC increased significantly.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Nonbloodstream IC is increasing in the United States. Understanding the epidemiology of IC should facilitate improved management of infected patients.}, }
@article {pmid32797186, year = {2020}, author = {Barringer, L and Ciafré, CM}, title = {Worldwide Feeding Host Plants of Spotted Lanternfly, With Significant Additions From North America.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, pages = {999-1011}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvaa093}, pmid = {32797186}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Ailanthus ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Hemiptera ; Insecta ; North America ; }, abstract = {The spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula (White) is an invasive insect spreading throughout southeast Asia and eastern North America. The rapid spread of this species is facilitated by the prevalence of its preferred host, tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle), as well as its use of many other host plants. While the spotted lanternfly has been previously reported to use over 65 plant species, most of these reports are from Asia and may not be applicable in North America. Additionally, many of the known hosts have not been specified as feeding hosts or as egg laying substrates. To better understand the potential impacts of this invasive insect on natural and cultivated systems in North America, we reviewed records from published and unpublished results and observations of host plant use by spotted lanternfly. We aggregated 172 host plant records worldwide and found feeding behaviors associated with 103 plant taxa across 33 families and 17 orders, 20 of which were not previously known to be associated with SLF and 15 of which were not confirmed as feeding hosts. North American records account for 56 of these taxa which include native, cultivated, and nonnative species. As a result, the spotted lanternfly has the potential to impact a wide assortment of ecosystems throughout its potential range and its North American distribution may not be limited by the presence of tree of heaven.}, }
@article {pmid32795814, year = {2020}, author = {Lazzaro, L and Bolpagni, R and Buffa, G and Gentili, R and Lonati, M and Stinca, A and Acosta, ATR and Adorni, M and Aleffi, M and Allegrezza, M and Angiolini, C and Assini, S and Bagella, S and Bonari, G and Bovio, M and Bracco, F and Brundu, G and Caccianiga, M and Carnevali, L and Di Cecco, V and Ceschin, S and Ciaschetti, G and Cogoni, A and Foggi, B and Frattaroli, AR and Genovesi, P and Gigante, D and Lucchese, F and Mainetti, A and Mariotti, M and Minissale, P and Paura, B and Pellizzari, M and Perrino, EV and Pirone, G and Poggio, L and Poldini, L and Poponessi, S and Prisco, I and Prosser, F and Puglisi, M and Rosati, L and Selvaggi, A and Sottovia, L and Spampinato, G and Stanisci, A and Venanzoni, R and Viciani, D and Vidali, M and Villani, M and Lastrucci, L}, title = {Impact of invasive alien plants on native plant communities and Natura 2000 habitats: State of the art, gap analysis and perspectives in Italy.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {274}, number = {}, pages = {111140}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111140}, pmid = {32795814}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien plants are a major threat to biodiversity and they contribute to the unfavourable conservation status of habitats of interest to the European Community. In order to favour implementation of European Union Regulation no. 1143/2014 on invasive alien species, the Italian Society of Vegetation Science carried out a large survey led by a task force of 49 contributors with expertise in vegetation across all the Italian administrative regions. The survey summed up the knowledge on impact mechanisms of invasive alien plants in Italy and their outcomes on plant communities and the EU habitats of Community Interest, in accordance with Directive no. 92/43/EEC. The survey covered 241 alien plant species reported as having deleterious ecological impacts. The data collected illustrate the current state of the art, highlight the main gaps in knowledge, and suggest topics to be further investigated. In particular, the survey underlined competition as being the main mechanism of ecological impact on plant communities and Natura 2000 habitats. Of the 241 species, only Ailanthus altissima was found to exert an ecological impact on plant communities and Natura 2000 habitats in all Italian regions; while a further 20 species impact up to ten out of the 20 Italian administrative regions. Our data indicate that 84 out of 132 Natura 2000 Habitats (64%) are subjected to some degree of impact by invasive alien plants. Freshwater habitats and natural and semi-natural grassland formations were impacted by the highest number of alien species, followed by coastal sand dunes and inland dunes, and forests. Although not exhaustive, this research is the first example of nationwide evaluation of the ecological impacts of invasive alien plants on plant communities and Natura 2000 Habitats.}, }
@article {pmid32792985, year = {2020}, author = {Sun, D and Huang, Y and Qin, Z and Zhan, H and Zhang, J and Liu, Y and Yang, S}, title = {Identification of Candidate Olfactory Genes in the Antennal Transcriptome of the Stink Bug Halyomorpha halys.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {876}, pmid = {32792985}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a serious agricultural and urban pest that has become an invasive species in many parts of the world. Olfaction plays an indispensable role in regulating insect behaviors, such as host plant location, partners searching, and avoidance of predators. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the antennal transcriptomes of both male and female adults of H. halys to better understand the olfactory mechanisms in this species. A total of 241 candidate chemosensory genes were identified, including 138 odorant receptors (ORs), 24 ionotropic receptors (IRs), 15 gustatory receptors (GRs), 44 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), 17 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), and three sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs). The results of semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) assays showed that some HhalOBP and HhalCSP genes have tissue-specific and sex-biased expression patterns. Our results provide an insight into the molecular mechanisms of the olfactory system in H. halys and identify potential novel targets for pest control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid32790670, year = {2020}, author = {Guth, S and Hanley, KA and Althouse, BM and Boots, M}, title = {Ecological processes underlying the emergence of novel enzootic cycles: Arboviruses in the neotropics as a case study.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {e0008338}, pmid = {32790670}, issn = {1935-2735}, support = {U01 AI115577/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; BB/L010879/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Americas ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/virology ; Arbovirus Infections/*epidemiology/transmission ; *Arboviruses ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/transmission/virology ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Mosquito Vectors ; Tropical Climate ; Zoonoses/*epidemiology/transmission/virology ; }, abstract = {Pathogens originating from wildlife (zoonoses) pose a significant public health burden, comprising the majority of emerging infectious diseases. Efforts to control and prevent zoonotic disease have traditionally focused on animal-to-human transmission, or "spillover." However, in the modern era, increasing international mobility and commerce facilitate the spread of infected humans, nonhuman animals (hereafter animals), and their products worldwide, thereby increasing the risk that zoonoses will be introduced to new geographic areas. Imported zoonoses can potentially "spill back" to infect local wildlife-a danger magnified by urbanization and other anthropogenic pressures that increase contacts between human and wildlife populations. In this way, humans can function as vectors, dispersing zoonoses from their ancestral enzootic systems to establish reservoirs elsewhere in novel animal host populations. Once established, these enzootic cycles are largely unassailable by standard control measures and have the potential to feed human epidemics. Understanding when and why translocated zoonoses establish novel enzootic cycles requires disentangling ecologically complex and stochastic interactions between the zoonosis, the human population, and the natural ecosystem. In this Review, we address this challenge by delineating potential ecological mechanisms affecting each stage of enzootic establishment-wildlife exposure, enzootic infection, and persistence-applying existing ecological concepts from epidemiology, invasion biology, and population ecology. We ground our discussion in the neotropics, where four arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) of zoonotic origin-yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses-have separately been introduced into the human population. This paper is a step towards developing a framework for predicting and preventing novel enzootic cycles in the face of zoonotic translocations.}, }
@article {pmid32788979, year = {2020}, author = {Martel, SI and Ossa, CG and Simon, JC and Figueroa, CC and Bozinovic, F}, title = {Latitudinal trend in the reproductive mode of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum invading a wide climatic range.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {15}, pages = {8289-8298}, pmid = {32788979}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The maintenance of sexuality is a puzzling phenomenon in evolutionary biology. Many universal hypotheses have been proposed to explain the prevalence of sex despite its costs, but it has been hypothesized that sex could be also retained by lineage-specific mechanisms that would confer some short-term advantage. Aphids are good models to study the maintenance of sex because they exhibit coexistence of both sexual and asexual populations within the same species and because they invade a large variety of ecosystems. Sex in aphids is thought to be maintained because only sexually produced eggs can persist in cold climates, but whether sex is obligate or facultative depending on climatic conditions remains to be elucidated. In this study, we have inferred the reproductive mode of introduced populations of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum in Chile along a climatic gradient using phenotypic assays and genetic-based criteria to test the ecological short-term advantage of sex in cold environments. Our results showed a latitudinal trend in the reproductive mode of Chilean pea aphid population from obligate parthenogenesis in the north to an intermediate life cycle producing both parthenogenetic and sexual progeny in the southernmost locality, where harsh winters are usual. These findings are congruent with the hypothesis of the ecological short-term advantage of sex in aphids.}, }
@article {pmid32785239, year = {2020}, author = {Richard, SA and Bukovich, IMG and Tillman, EA and Jayamohan, S and Humphrey, JS and Carrington, PE and Bruce, WE and Kluever, BM and Avery, ML and Parker, MR}, title = {Conspecific chemical cues facilitate mate trailing by invasive Argentine black and white tegus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {e0236660}, pmid = {32785239}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecology ; Female ; Florida ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/*physiology ; Male ; *Marriage ; Odorants/analysis ; Reproduction/physiology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Snakes/*physiology ; South America ; }, abstract = {Squamate reptiles (snakes and lizards) rely on chemical cues from conspecifics to search the environment for potential mates. How such cues are used by invasive species to facilitate reproduction, especially seasonally, is a key question that can inform management practices. The Argentine black and white tegu (Salvator merianae) is an invasive reptile species in south Florida threatening native fauna in biodiverse regions such as Everglades National Park. While some information exists on the reproductive ecology of this species in its native range in South America, the chemical ecology of S. merianae is unclear especially in its invasive range. By testing both male (n = 7) and female (n = 7) tegus in a Y-maze apparatus, we assessed if either sex follows chemical trails left by conspecifics and if behaviors were sex- or season-specific. We conducted three types of trials where conspecifics created odor trails: Male-only (male scent only in base and one arm of Y), Female-only, and Male vs. female. Males did not preferentially follow scent trails from either sex, but they did differentially investigate conspecific scent from both sexes. Seasonally, males showed increased rates of chemosensory sampling (rates of tongue-flicking) during the spring (breeding season; March-May) compared to fall (non-breeding season; September-November). Males also had reduced turning and pausing behavior while trailing in the spring. Female tegus exhibited stronger conspecific trailing abilities than males, following both male and female scent trails, and they explored the maze less before making an arm choice. Females also investigated the scent trails intensely compared to males (more passes in scented arms, more time with scent trails). Our results demonstrate for the first time that females of an invasive reptile species can follow conspecific scent trails. Given the strong female responses to odor, sex-specific targeting of tegus via application of a conspecific chemical cue in traps could enhance removal rates of females during the breeding season.}, }
@article {pmid32785203, year = {2020}, author = {García, K and Sanpera, C and Jover, L and Palazón, S and Gosálbez, J and Górski, K and Melero, Y}, title = {High Trophic Niche Overlap between a Native and Invasive Mink Does Not Drive Trophic Displacement of the Native Mink during an Invasion Process.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {32785203}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {302 375//Fundaci&#xf3; Bosch i Gimpera/ ; }, abstract = {The pressure elicited by invasive species on native species significantly increases with the increase of the overlap of their ecological niches. Still, the specific mechanisms of the trophic displacement of native species during the invasion process are unclear. The effects of the invasive American mink (Neovison vison) on the critically endangered European mink (Mustela lutreola) was assessed by analyses of diet and niche overlap during the invasion process. To do this, the isotopic composition (δ[13]C and δ[15]N) of both species of mink and their four main types of prey was analysed. Significant trophic overlap between the native European mink and invasive American mink was found when they coexisted in sympatry. Furthermore, both mink species were characterised by significant individual variation in diet and no obvious change in diet of the native species in response to the arrival of the introduced species was observed. High niche overlap registered between both species in sympatry with no displacement in diet of the native mink in response to the arrival of the invasive mink is expected to have important consequences for the viability and conservation of the native mink populations, as it suggests high competitive pressure.}, }
@article {pmid32784902, year = {2020}, author = {Brooks, RK and Toland, A and Dechaine, AC and McAvoy, T and Salom, S}, title = {The Inability of Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) to Vector a Plant Pathogen between its Preferred Host, Ailanthus altissima, in a Laboratory Setting.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {32784902}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {Federal Flow Through Fund number 23046.//Virginia Department of Forestry/ ; }, abstract = {With the recent introduction of the non-native spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) to the USA, research and concern regarding this insect is increasing. Though L. delicatula is able to feed on many different plant species, its preference for the invasive tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) is apparent, especially during its later life stage. Therefore, management focused on A. altissima control to help limit L. delicatula establishment and population growth has become popular. Unfortunately, the control of A. altissima is difficult. Verticillium nonalfalfae, a naturally occurring vascular-wilt pathogen, has recently received attention as a potential biological control agent. Therefore, we studied if L. delicatula fourth instars or adults could vector V. nonalfalfae from infected A. altissima material to healthy A. altissima seedlings in a laboratory setting. We were unable to re-isolate V. nonalfalfae from the 45 A. altissima seedlings or from the 225 L. delicatula utilized in this experiment. We therefore, found no support that L. delicatula could effectively vector this pathogen between A. altissima in laboratory conditions. Since L.delicatula's ability to vector V. nonalfalfae has implications for the dissemination of both this beneficial biological control and other similar unwanted plant pathogens, future research is needed to confirm these findings in a field setting.}, }
@article {pmid32782046, year = {2021}, author = {Martínez, AS and Rousselot, N and Corley, JC and Masciocchi, M}, title = {Nest-departure behaviour of gynes and drones in the invasive yellowjacket Vespula germanica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae).}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {111}, number = {2}, pages = {174-181}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485320000462}, pmid = {32782046}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Female ; Inbreeding ; Insecta ; Male ; Reproduction ; Sex Distribution ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Inbreeding costs can be high in haplodiploid hymenopterans due to their particular mechanism of sex determination (i.e., single-locus complementary sex-determination system, sl-CSD), as it can lead to the production of sterile males. Therefore, mechanisms contributing to reduced inbred matings can be beneficial. In this sense, asynchronous nest departure of sibling drones and gynes could reduce kin encounters in social hymenopterans. Using six observation colonies, we determined under field conditions the nest departure behaviour of sibling reproductives of the social wasp Vespula germanica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). We determined that sexuals leave the nests definitively and detected asynchronous departure not fixed to a particular caste at a seasonal scale in some colonies, as gynes or drones delayed their departure as a function of the departure of the opposite sex, depending on the colony. At a higher temporal resolution (i.e., within a day), we discovered that drones consistently began to leave nests 1 h before gynes and this difference was driven by those individuals that left on the same day as did the opposite-sex kin. Even though other mechanisms such as polyandry and differential dispersal could also be important at reducing inbred matings in the species, the observed departure patterns (i.e., in some colonies actually leave together with the opposite caste, while in others temporal segregation seems to occur) from nests could be complementary to the former and be important at reducing the negative effects of inbreeding in this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid32782032, year = {2021}, author = {Estaño, LA and Bordado, AMD and Paller, VGV}, title = {Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection of non-native rats in Mount Makiling Forest Reserve, the Philippines.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {148}, number = {2}, pages = {143-148}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182020001511}, pmid = {32782032}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Angiostrongylus cantonensis/*physiology ; Animals ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Philippines/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Rats ; Rodent Diseases/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Strongylida Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A number of studies had been conducted on rat species diversity in the Philippines, however, there is a dearth of information on the extent of Angiostrongylus spp. infection in various ecological niches. Collection of non-native rat samples occurred in various sampling sites categorized as residential, agricultural and agro-forest in Philippine Mount Makiling Forest Reserve (MMFR) and its adjacent areas . Three species of non-native rats were captured including Rattus tanezumi, Rattus norvegicus and Rattus exulans. Of the total 90 non-native rats collected, 24.4% were found infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Statistical analysis showed significant difference among rat species with highest prevalence observed in R. exulans (42.9%) followed by R. tanezumi (29.8%) and R. norvegicus (7.7%) (P = 0.047). Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection was significantly higher in adults (29.4%) than in juvenile rats (9.1%) (P = 0.050). However, results showed no significant difference in A. cantonensis infection between male (43.3%) and female (18.3%) rats and between wet (31.6%) and dry seasons (19.2%) (P > 0.05). Moreover, this study also revealed that rats from agricultural and agro-forest areas showed significantly higher prevalence than residential areas. With urbanization and the everchanging landscape of MMFR watersheds and buffer zones, zoonotic transmission can pose health threats to the local people.}, }
@article {pmid32781792, year = {2020}, author = {Tizzani, P and Andrade, D and Min, ARM and Peano, A and Meneguz, PG}, title = {Does the Introduction of Alien Species Represent a Sanitary Threat for Native Species? The Case of the Eastern Cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus in Italy.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {32781792}, issn = {2075-1729}, abstract = {Introduction of alien species is a well-known threat to biodiversity. Where newly introduced, alien species may pose a risk for the local ecological community by competing for resources or by introducing pathogens. Sylvilagus floridanus is an American lagomorph introduced into Europe in the second half of 20th century, for hunting. This study evaluated the structure and epidemiological characteristics of the gastrointestinal parasite community in an introduced population of S. floridanus in the Province of Alessandria (Piedmont Region-Italy). Three alien parasites were reported out of 271 animals: Obeliscoides cuniculi in the stomach, Trichostrongylus calcaratus in the small intestine, and Passarulus nonnanulatus in the large intestine. All these nematodes are commonly reported in S. floridanus in its natural range, but they represent alien species in Europe. The report of these alien parasites is an example of the unexpected consequences caused by the introduction of non-native vertebrates. The documented introduction of new pathogens may alter the parasite community of the native lagomorphs, with possible long-term effects on local ecological dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid32781701, year = {2020}, author = {Lozano-Soria, A and Picciotti, U and Lopez-Moya, F and Lopez-Cepero, J and Porcelli, F and Lopez-Llorca, LV}, title = {Volatile Organic Compounds from Entomopathogenic and Nematophagous Fungi, Repel Banana Black Weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {32781701}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {Grant Agreement No 727624//European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme: Microbial Uptakes for Sustainable management of major bananA pests and diseases/ ; }, abstract = {Fungal Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) repel banana black weevil (BW), Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar, 1824), the key-pest of banana [Musa sp. (Linnaeus, 1753)]. The entomopathogens Beauveria bassiana (Bb1TS11) and Metarhizium robertsii (Mr4TS04) were isolated from banana plantation soils using an insect bait. Bb1TS11 and Mr4TS04 were pathogenic to BW adults. Bb1TS11, Bb203 (from infected palm weevils), Mr4TS04 and the nematophagous fungus Pochonia clamydosporia (Pc123), were tested for VOCs production. VOCs were identified by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry-Solid-Phase Micro Extraction (GC/MS-SPME). GC/MS-SPME identified a total of 97 VOCs in all strains tested. Seven VOCs (styrene, benzothiazole, camphor, borneol, 1,3-dimethoxy-benzene, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-cyclohepten-1-one) were selected for their abundance or previous record as insect repellents. BW-starved adults in the dark showed the highest mobility to banana corm in olfactometry bioassays. 3-cyclohepten-1-one (C7), produced by all fungal strains, is the best BW repellent (p < 0.05), followed by 1,3-dimethoxy-benzene (C5). The rest of the VOCs have a milder repellency to BW. Styrene (C1) and benzothiazole (C2) (known to repel palm weevil) block the attraction of banana corm and BW pheromone to BW adults in bioassays. Therefore, VOCs from biocontrol fungi can be used in future studies for the biomanagement of BW in the field.}, }
@article {pmid32781349, year = {2020}, author = {Evans, BJ and Gansauge, MT and Tocheri, MW and Schillaci, MA and Sutikna, T and Jatmiko,  and Saptomo, EW and Klegarth, A and Tosi, AJ and Melnick, DJ and Meyer, M}, title = {Mitogenomics of macaques (Macaca) across Wallace's Line in the context of modern human dispersals.}, journal = {Journal of human evolution}, volume = {146}, number = {}, pages = {102852}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102852}, pmid = {32781349}, issn = {1095-8606}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; *Human Migration ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Macaca/genetics/*physiology ; Philippines ; }, abstract = {Wallace's Line demarcates a biogeographical boundary between the Indomalaya and Australasian ecoregions. Most placental mammalian genera, for example, occur to the west of this line, whereas most marsupial genera occur to the east. However, macaque monkeys are unusual because they naturally occur on both western and eastern sides. To further explore this anomalous distribution, we analyzed 222 mitochondrial genomes from ∼20 macaque species, including new genomes from 60 specimens. These comprise a population sampling of most Sulawesi macaques, Macaca fascicularis (long-tailed macaques) specimens that were collected by Alfred R. Wallace and specimens that were recovered during archaeological excavations at Liang Bua, a cave on the Indonesian island of Flores. In M. fascicularis, three mitochondrial lineages span the southernmost portion of Wallace's Line between Bali and Lombok, and divergences within these lineages are contemporaneous with, and possibly mediated by, past dispersals of modern human populations. Near the central portion of Wallace's Line between Borneo and Sulawesi, a more ancient dispersal of macaques from mainland Asia to Sulawesi preceded modern human colonization, which was followed by rapid dispersal of matrilines and was subsequently influenced by recent interspecies hybridization. In contrast to previous studies, we find no strong signal of recombination in most macaque mitochondrial genomes. These findings further characterize macaque evolution before and after modern human dispersal throughout Southeast Asia and point to possible effects on biodiversity of ancient human cultural diasporas.}, }
@article {pmid32780731, year = {2020}, author = {Mychek-Londer, JG and Chaganti, SR and Heath, DD}, title = {Metabarcoding of native and invasive species in stomach contents of Great Lakes fishes.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {e0236077}, pmid = {32780731}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Fishes/*physiology ; Food Chain ; *Food Preferences ; Gastrointestinal Contents ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*genetics ; Lakes ; Michigan ; Predatory Behavior ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {As aquatic invasive species (AIS) proliferate worldwide, a better understanding of their roles in invaded habitats is needed to inform management and introduction prevention strategies and priorities. Metabarcoding of stomach content DNA (scDNA) shows considerable promise in such regard. We thus metabarcoded scDNA from two non-native fish species (alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax)), and three native ones (bloater (Coregonus hoyi), ninespine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius), and slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus)). Fishes (N = 376) were sampled in spring 2009 and 2010 from 73-128 m depths at three Lake Michigan sites. Four mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) primer sets designed to target five potential AIS prey, and a universal aquatic invertebrate CO1 primer set targeting both native and AIS prey were used. Quality controlled prey amplicons were matched to three AIS prey: Bythotrephes longimanus (mean percent frequency occurrence, all samples = 7%), Cercopagis pengoi (5%), and Dreissena rostriformis bugensis (11%). Neither invasive prey Dreissena polymorpha nor Hemimysis anomala were detected. Native prey Leptodiaptomus sicilis, Limnocalanus macrurus, and Mysis diluviana were relatively common in scDNA (respective mean percent occurrences, all samples: 48%, 25%, 42%). Analysis of variation in prey occurrences for sample site, predator species, sample year, sample depth, and predator total length (TL) indicated site and predator species were most important. However, B. longimanus occurrence in scDNA depended upon predator TL, perhaps indicative of its unique defensive spine limiting susceptibility to predation until fishes exceed species-specific gape-based limitations. Our analysis of native and invasive prey species indicated possible indirect AIS impacts such as native predators switching their diet due to AIS-driven losses of preferred native prey. Metabarcoding demonstrated that AIS are integrated components of the offshore Lake Michigan food web, with both native and non-native predators, and both invasive and native prey are affecting species interactions across multiple trophic levels.}, }
@article {pmid32780480, year = {2020}, author = {Davis, MA}, title = {Let's welcome a variety of voices to invasion biology.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, pages = {1329-1330}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13608}, pmid = {32780480}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Biology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; }, }
@article {pmid32780102, year = {2020}, author = {Alarcón-Elbal, PM and Rodríguez-Sosa, MA and Newman, BC and Sutton, WB}, title = {The First Record of Aedes vittatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Dominican Republic: Public Health Implications of a Potential Invasive Mosquito Species in the Americas.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {57}, number = {6}, pages = {2016-2021}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjaa128}, pmid = {32780102}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Dominican Republic ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors/*physiology ; *Public Health ; }, abstract = {Aedes vittatus Bigot is distributed throughout Africa, tropical Asia, and southern Europe and occurs in sylvatic as well as peridomestic environments where it readily feeds on humans. Although the vectorial capacity of Ae. vittatus is not well understood, this species is known to play a role in the maintenance and transmission of yellow fever, Zika, chikungunya, and dengue virus within its native range. In October 2019, after a routine inspection of mosquito-breeding containers in Jarabacoa, Dominican Republic, two Ae. vittatus females were captured via human landing catch method. After this finding, a CDC miniature light trap was deployed at the point of initial detection from 18:00 to 08:00 h, 2 d/wk from 3 to 31 October 2019. Potential larval habitats were also sampled via traditional dip method once per week spanning a 150 m radius from point of initial detection. In addition to the 2 adult females, 10 female and 2 male Ae. vittatus were captured. One Ae. vittatus larva also was found in a small puddle formed by an animal hoof print. Conventional PCR and Sanger sequencing were used to confirm morphological identification of collected specimens. This is the first detection of Ae. vittatus in the Dominican Republic as well as the Americas. Therefore, enhanced surveillance is needed to better understand the range and public health risks this potential invasive mosquito species may pose in the Dominican Republic, other Caribbean Islands, and/or the Americas.}, }
@article {pmid32778299, year = {2020}, author = {Damasceno, G and Fidelis, A}, title = {Abundance of invasive grasses is dependent on fire regime and climatic conditions in tropical savannas.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {271}, number = {}, pages = {111016}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111016}, pmid = {32778299}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Grassland ; *Poaceae ; South America ; }, abstract = {Invasive grasses are a threat to some tropical savannas, but despite being fire-prone ecosystems, little is known about the relationships between fire season, climatic conditions and invasive species on these systems. We evaluated the response of the perennial invasive grasses Melinis minutiflora and Urochloa brizantha to three fire seasons in an open tropical savanna in South America: Early-Dry (May), Mid-Dry (July) and Late-Dry (October) in relation to unburned Controls. Moreover, we investigated how these responses were influenced by precipitation and extreme air temperatures. We hypothesized that biomass of both species would be reduced by fires during their reproductive period and that climatic conditions would affect them equally. We conducted prescribed burns on 15 × 15 m plots (4 plots x 4 treatment x 2 invasive species = 32 plots) in 2014. We sampled the biomass before the burn experiments and for the next two years (five 0.25 m[2] samples/plot). Our experiments revealed that the fire season did not influence the abundance of either species. However, the two species responded differently to fire occurrence: M. minutiflora decreased whereas U. brizantha was not affected by fires. Early-Dry and Late-Dry fire treatments enhanced the replacement of M. minutiflora by U. brizantha. We found that the influence of precipitation depended on the species: it reduced M. minutiflora but increased U. brizantha abundance. Lower monthly minimum temperatures decreased the abundance of both species. It directly reduced live M. minutiflora and increased dead U. brizantha biomass. Monthly maximum temperatures affected the invasive grasses by reducing live M. minutiflora. Since tropical savannas are predicted to face climatic instability and that climate influences the differential response of invasive species, the management of invaders should consider both the identity of the target species and the possible interactions with other invasive species. Moreover, it is essential to keep an adaptive management approach to face the uncertainties that climate change may pose to biodiversity conservation.}, }
@article {pmid32778261, year = {2020}, author = {Schwoerer, T and Little, J and Hayward, GD}, title = {Quantifying expert opinion with discrete choice models: Invasive elodea's influence on Alaska salmonids.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {271}, number = {}, pages = {110924}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110924}, pmid = {32778261}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Alaska ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Expert Testimony ; Humans ; *Hydrocharitaceae ; *Salmonidae ; }, abstract = {Scientific evidence should inform environmental policy, but rapid environmental change brings high ecological uncertainty and associated barriers to the science-management dialogue. Biological invasions of aquatic plants are a worldwide problem with uncertain ecological and economic consequences. We demonstrate that the discrete choice method (DCM) can serve as a structured expert elicitation alternative to quantify expert opinion across a range of possible but uncertain environmental outcomes. DCM is widely applied in the social sciences to better understand and predict human preferences and trade-offs. Here we apply it to Alaska's first submersed invasive aquatic freshwater plant, Elodea spp. (elodea), and its unknown effects on salmonids. While little is known about interactions between elodea and salmonids, ecological research suggests that aquatic plant invasions can have positive and negative, as well as direct and indirect, effects on fish. We use DCM to design hypothetical salmonid habitat scenarios describing elodea's possible effect on critical environmental conditions for salmonids: prey abundance, dissolved oxygen, and vegetation cover. We then observe how experts choose between scenarios that they believe could support persistent salmonid populations in elodea-invaded salmonid habitat. We quantify the relative importance of habitat characteristics that influence expert choice and investigate how experts trade off between habitat characteristics. We take advantage of Bayesian techniques to estimate discrete choice models for individual experts and to simulate expert opinion for specific environmental management situations. We discuss possible applications and advantages of the DCM approach for expert elicitation in the ecological context. We end with methodological questions for future research.}, }
@article {pmid32778255, year = {2020}, author = {Cheney, C and Esler, KJ and Foxcroft, LC and van Wilgen, NJ}, title = {The dominating influence of efficacy above management strategy in the long-term success of alien plant clearing programmes.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {271}, number = {}, pages = {110836}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110836}, pmid = {32778255}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Introduced Species ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Conservation managers are required to make decisions in complex and uncertain contexts. To strengthen the robustness of conservation decisions, several approaches have been proposed to facilitate stakeholder engagement in the setting of conservation objectives and priority actions. While such processes have led to the formulation of several invasive alien plant management strategies to achieve specific objectives, the long-term consequences and trade-offs inherent in these strategies have not been tested. The performance of five of these strategies over 50 years was tested in the protected area context using empirical data from Table Mountain National Park, South Africa. A simulation model based on data for invasive Acacia species in a fire-driven ecosystem, focused on the interaction between strategy performance and clearing efficacy in achieving a management goal or reducing Acacia density to below 1 plant per hectare. At near perfect levels of clearing efficacy, all strategies converged towards reaching the management goal, while at lower efficacy levels the strategies diverged in their ability to achieve desired outcomes. Despite working across the largest area, strategies that focussed on clearing low density invasions, maintained the least area in a maintenance state over time. In contrast, strategies that focussed on a mix of post-fire, low density areas and high altitude areas cleared less area annually, but maintained a much larger area in a maintenance state. At higher levels of efficacy, strategies that return to previously worked areas were more successful than a post-fire strategy. Strategies that focused solely on securing water, performed poorly in maintaining low overall density of aliens. However, the influence of efficacy was significant and substantial and a much larger difference in area reaching the management goal was achieved by varying efficacy than varying strategy. As such, improving quality of work and implementation will have a far greater effect than which areas are prioritized or how this prioritization is done. While acacias are likely to persist in the long-term, improving work quality coupled with correct strategy selection will ensure continued gains in the area under maintenance and improved return on investment over time.}, }
@article {pmid32777811, year = {2020}, author = {Werner, SJ and Fischer, JW and Hobson, KA}, title = {Multi-isotopic (δ2H, δ13C, δ15N) tracing of molt origin for European starlings associated with U.S. dairies and feedlots.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {e0237137}, pmid = {32777811}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Carbon Isotopes ; *Deuterium ; Ecosystem ; Feathers/*chemistry ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Molting/*physiology ; *Nitrogen Isotopes ; Starlings/*physiology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Introduced bird species can become invasive in agroecosystems and their management is inhibited if their origin and movements are not well understood. Stable isotope measurements of feathers can be used to infer molt origins and interstate movements in North America. We analyzed stable-hydrogen (δ2H), carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ 15N) isotope ratios in feathers to better understand the molt origin of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) collected at dairies and feedlots throughout the United States. Primary feathers were used from 596 adult and 90 juvenile starlings collected during winter at dairies and feedlots that experience starling damages in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas, Vermont, Washington and Wisconsin. The best-fit model indicated that the combination of feather δ2H, δ13C and δ15N values best predicted the state where samples were collected and thus supported use of this approach for tracing molt origins in European starlings. Interestingly, molt origins of starlings collected at dairies and feedlots generally west of -90° longitude (i.e. 11 of 15 states west of the Mississippi River, including Wisconsin) were assigned to the collection state and/or the state adjacent to the collection state. In contrast, molt origins of starlings collected generally east of -90° longitude (four of five eastern states) were not assigned to the collection state and/or the state adjacent to the collection state. Among all starlings (N = 686), 23% were assigned to the collection state and 19% were assigned to the state adjacent to the collection state. Among all males (N = 489) and all females (N = 197), 23% and 26% were assigned to the collection state and 19% and 13% were assigned to the state adjacent to the collection state, respectively. We observed a greater proportion (88%) of juvenile starlings assigned to states other than their collection state (i.e. potentially a result of natal dispersal) than that proportion (76%) in adult starlings. This study included an unprecedented sample of feather isotopes from European starlings throughout the United States. As a novel contribution to the ecology and management of invasive and migratory passerines, we demonstrate how such feather isoscapes can be used to predict molt origin and, potentially, interstate movements of European starlings for subsequent ecological and management investigations.}, }
@article {pmid32776642, year = {2021}, author = {de Andrade, RB and Abell, K and Duan, JJ and Shrewsbury, P and Gruner, DS}, title = {Protective neighboring effect from ash trees treated with systemic insecticide against emerald ash borer.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, pages = {474-481}, pmid = {32776642}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Department of Agriculture/ ; //University of Maryland/ ; T00C175//USDA APHIS/ ; AP18PPQS//USDA APHIS/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; *Fraxinus ; *Insecticides ; Larva ; Maryland ; North America ; Trees ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is now the most destructive invasive species in North America. While biocontrol using parasitoids shows promising results in natural forests, strategies are needed to protect high-value trees against invasive EAB populations. Emamectin benzoate is a commonly used systemic insecticide for the protection of valuable trees. Methods that optimize its use allow for reduced quantities of insecticide to be released in the environment and save time and money in efforts to protect ash trees from EAB. We hypothesize that a treated tree can also offer a protective neighboring effect to nearby untreated ash trees, allowing for an optimized spatial planning of insecticide applications.<br><br>RESULTS: We sampled 896 untreated ash trees, in the vicinity of treated trees, in Maryland and Washington DC. We recorded signs of EAB infestation (canopy condition, exit holes, wood pecks, epicormic growth, and bark splits). Two subsequent yearly samplings were made of 198 and 216 trees, respectively. We also present a novel proximity index for this particular application. Results show consistent decrease in EAB infestation signs in untreated trees as proximity to treated trees increases.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Results support that a neighboring effect occurs. However, proximity to treated trees must be high for a tree to be safely left untreated. This proximity seems rare in forests, but can happen in urban/planted landscapes. Future studies should test and validate these findings, and could lead to a more precise recommended safe index tailored across multiple ash species and geographic regions.}, }
@article {pmid32776333, year = {2020}, author = {Šubrtová Salmonová, H and Marchi, M and Doskočil, I and Kodešová, T and Vlková, E}, title = {Pathogenic profile and cytotoxic activity of Aeromonas spp. isolated from Pectinatella magnifica and surrounding water in the South Bohemian aquaculture region.}, journal = {Journal of fish diseases}, volume = {43}, number = {10}, pages = {1213-1227}, doi = {10.1111/jfd.13223}, pmid = {32776333}, issn = {1365-2761}, support = {CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000845//European Regional Development Fund-Project NutRisk/ ; 20182020//Internal Grant Agency (CIGA) of the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague/ ; }, mesh = {Aeromonas/genetics/*pathogenicity ; Animals ; Aquaculture ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Bryozoa/*microbiology ; Czech Republic ; Enterotoxins/genetics ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; Virulence ; Virulence Factors/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Pectinatella magnifica is an invasive freshwater bryozoan that has expanded in many localities worldwide, including fishing areas. It contains microbial communities, predominantly consisting of Aeromonas bacteria that are frequently associated with fish infections. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential pathogenicity of Aeromonas spp. associated with P. magnifica and evaluate the health risks for fish. Aeromonas strains were isolated from P. magnifica (101 strains) and from surrounding water (29 strains) in the South Bohemian region and investigated for the presence of 14 virulence-associated genes using PCR. We demonstrated high prevalence of phospholipase GCAT, polar flagellin, enolase, DNAse, aerolysin/cytotoxic enterotoxin, serine protease and heat-stable cytotonic enterotoxin-coding genes. Further, all twelve isolates that were analysed for cytotoxicity against intestinal epithelial cells were found to be cytotoxic. Six of the isolates were also tested as co-cultures composed of pairs. Enhanced cytotoxicity was observed when the pair was composed of strains from different species. In conclusion, P. magnifica is colonized by Aeromonas strains that have a relatively high prevalence of virulence-associated genes and the ability to provoke disease. Results also suggest a possibly increased risk arising from mixed infections.}, }
@article {pmid32775750, year = {2020}, author = {Sintayehu, DW and Dalle, G and Bobasa, AF}, title = {Impacts of climate change on current and future invasion of Prosopis juliflora in Ethiopia: environmental and socio-economic implications.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {6}, number = {8}, pages = {e04596}, pmid = {32775750}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Prosopis juliflora is a serious invader, causing great ecological and economic damage in Ethiopia. Thus, it is imperative to examine potential invasion dynamics of P. juliflora at national level under climate change scenario to better influence decision making processes on the management of this invasive species. We derived a consensus model from five modeling approaches to examine the current and future (2050 and 2070) climatic suitability for P. juliflora under two climate scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) in Ethiopia. Under the current climatic scenario, 94.8% of the country was non-suitable for P. juliflora establishment and invasion while 0.4% (4.56 million ha) was highly suitable. In 2050, highly suitable area for P. juliflora is expected to increase by 55.6% and 63.6%, while moderately suitable area is projected to increase by 33.3% and 42.9% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios, respectively. Compared to the current climatic condition, in 2070, highly suitable area for the species is projected to increase by 73.3% (3.43 million ha) and 80.0% (3.65 million ha) under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenario, respectively. With the current cover, this invasive species had already caused significant impact on rangelands in many parts of the country. Its further expansion would worsen the problem, leading to great environmental and economic damage, thereby threatening the livelihood of the community. Negative environmental and economical impacts caused by the species will be high if preventive and effective management measures are not earnestly taken, and it becomes one of the major challenges for the 21[st] century pastoralism and their livelihoods. We recommend a national effort be organized towards combating P. juliflora expansion to new areas, especially in regions and protected area predicted as frontiers of potential expansion.}, }
@article {pmid32771933, year = {2020}, author = {Fenollosa, E and Munné-Bosch, S}, title = {Reproductive load modulates drought stress response but does not compromise recovery in an invasive plant during the Mediterranean summer.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {155}, number = {}, pages = {221-230}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.07.030}, pmid = {32771933}, issn = {1873-2690}, mesh = {Aizoaceae/*physiology ; Chlorophyll ; Cytokinins ; *Droughts ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; *Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Despite summer drought may challenge plant survival in Mediterranean-type ecosystems, the role of reproductive load on drought stress and recovery has been poorly studied in invasive plants, most particularly under natural field conditions. In this study, a highly plastic clonal invasive species, Carpobrotus edulis was used to explore a putative differential response to drought between reproductive (senescent) ramets and non-reproductive ramets. Furthermore, fruit removal was used to assess how alterations on the source-sink dynamics influence plant performance during drought stress and recovery. We examined the variations in chloroplast pigments, antioxidants, lipid peroxidation and cytokinins in leaves of non-reproductive and reproductive ramets (either with intact or fruit-removed ramets) in response to summer drought stress and recovery after rains under Mediterranean field conditions. Results showed that although both ramet types within a C. edulis patch recovered at the end of the summer, increased photoprotective investment was found in leaves from reproductive ramets, thus indicating an increased photoprotective demand associated with reproduction at the ramet level. This response was associated with differentiated cytokinin contents in leaves of reproductive ramets compared to those of non-reproductive ramets. Although leaf senescence was not reversed by the fruit removal, leaves recovered their chlorophyll content after rainfall during late summer in parallel with the accumulation of cytokinins. In conclusion, C. edulis shows a huge plasticity in drought stress responses with a marked compartmentation at the ramet level, which helps at least in part to an efficient recovery from unpredictable water shortage periods in the current frame of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32770448, year = {2020}, author = {Barros-Parada, W and Bergmann, J and Curkovic, T and Espinosa, C and Fuentes-Contreras, E and Guajardo, J and Herrera, H and Morales, S and Queiroz, AFO and Vidal, &#xc1;}, title = {3,7-Dimethylpentadecane: a Novel Sex Pheromone Component from Leucoptera sinuella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae).}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {46}, number = {9}, pages = {820-829}, doi = {10.1007/s10886-020-01208-z}, pmid = {32770448}, issn = {1573-1561}, support = {EQM130154//Fondo de Equipamiento Cientifico y Tecnologico/ ; 039.399/2017//Vicerrector&#xed;a de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Estudios Avanzados PUCV/ ; 039.498/2018//Vicerrector&#xed;a de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Estudios Avanzados/ ; IDI 40008896-0//Fondo de Innovaci&#xf3;n para la Competitividad de la Regi&#xf3;n de O&#xb4;Higgins/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Lepidoptera/*physiology ; Plant Leaves/parasitology ; Populus/*parasitology ; Salix/*parasitology ; Sex Attractants/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Leucoptera sinuella is a leaf-miner moth present in several regions in the world, which has been recently introduced into Chile. The larvae feed exclusively on the leaves of poplar and willow trees, and the damage caused by the feeding behavior poses a threat to the wood-producing industry. Besides, L. sinuella larvae invade nearby orchards for pupation, causing rejections in Chilean fresh fruit for export. Here we report the identification of the female-produced sex pheromone of L. sinuella as a first step towards the development of pheromone-based methods for pest management of this species. First, we analyzed hexane extracts of the abdominal glands of virgin females by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and identified the major compound in these extracts to be 3,7-dimethylpentadecane, while minor compounds in the extracts proved to be 3,7-dimethyltetradecane and 7-methylpentadecane. Structure assignments were carried out by comparison of retention times and mass spectra of the natural products with those of authentic reference samples. Second, we conducted field tests, which showed that traps baited with synthetic 3,7-dimethylpentadecane were significantly attractive to males in a dose-dependent response. Our results also showed that a mixture of 3,7-dimethylpentadecane, 3,7-dimethyltetradecane, and 7-methylpentadecane in proportions similar to those found in gland extracts was the most attractive lure.}, }
@article {pmid32768640, year = {2021}, author = {Cock, IE and Ndlovu, N and Van Vuuren, SF}, title = {The use of South African botanical species for the control of blood sugar.}, journal = {Journal of ethnopharmacology}, volume = {264}, number = {}, pages = {113234}, doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2020.113234}, pmid = {32768640}, issn = {1872-7573}, mesh = {Blood Glucose/*drug effects/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus/*blood/*drug therapy/ethnology ; Humans ; Medicine, African Traditional/*methods/trends ; Plant Extracts/isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; *Plants, Medicinal ; South Africa/ethnology ; }, abstract = {Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent diseases globally and is of considerable concern to global health. Approximately 425 million people are estimated to have DM globally and this is predicted to increase to >642 million by 2040. Whilst the prevalence of DM in South Africa is slightly lower than the global average, it is expected to rise rapidly in future years as more South Africans adopt a high calorie "westernised" diet. Traditional medicines offer an alternative for the development of new medicines to treat DM and the usage of South African plants is relatively well documented.<br><br>AIM OF THE STUDY: To critically review the literature on the anti-diabetic properties of South African plants and to document plant species used for the treatment of DM. Thereafter, a thorough examination of the related research will highlight where research is lacking in the field.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review of published ethnobotanical books, reviews and primary scientific studies was undertaken to identify plants used to treat DM in traditional South African healing systems and to identify gaps in the published research. The study was non-biased, without taxonomic preference and included both native and introduced species. To be included, species must be recorded in the pharmacopeia of at least one South African ethnic group for the treatment of DM.<br><br>RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-seven species are recorded as therapies for DM, with leaves and roots most commonly used. The activity of only 43 of these species have been verified by rigorous testing, and relatively few studies have examined the mechanism of action.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Despite relatively extensive ethnobotanical records and a diverse flora, the anti-diabetic properties of South African medicinal plants is relatively poorly explored. The efficacy of most plants used traditionally to treat DM are yet to be verified and few mechanistic studies are available. Further research is required in this field.}, }
@article {pmid32767966, year = {2020}, author = {Gomulski, LM and Manni, M and Carraretto, D and Nolan, T and Lawson, D and Ribeiro, JM and Malacrida, AR and Gasperi, G}, title = {Transcriptional variation of sensory-related genes in natural populations of Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {547}, pmid = {32767966}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {228421//FP7 Research infrastructures (INFRAVEC)/ ; RF-2010-2318965//Ministero della Salute/ ; Z01 AI000810-18//Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; }, mesh = {*Aedes/genetics ; Animals ; *Arboviruses ; Italy ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics ; Thailand ; *Zika Virus ; *Zika Virus Infection ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is a highly dangerous invasive vector of numerous medically important arboviruses including dengue, chikungunya and Zika. In four decades it has spread from tropical Southeast Asia to many parts of the world in both tropical and temperate climes. The rapid invasion process of this mosquito is supported by its high ecological and genetic plasticity across different life history traits. Our aim was to investigate whether wild populations, both native and adventive, also display transcriptional genetic variability for functions that may impact their biology, behaviour and ability to transmit arboviruses, such as sensory perception.<br><br>RESULTS: Antennal transcriptome data were derived from mosquitoes from a native population from Ban Rai, Thailand and from three adventive Mediterranean populations: Athens, Greece and Arco and Trento from Italy. Clear inter-population differential transcriptional activity was observed in different gene categories related to sound perception, olfaction and viral infection. The greatest differences were detected between the native Thai and the Mediterranean populations. The two Italian populations were the most similar. Nearly one million quality filtered SNP loci were identified.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The ability to express this great inter-population transcriptional variability highlights, at the functional level, the remarkable genetic flexibility of this mosquito species. We can hypothesize that the differential expression of genes, including those involved in sensory perception, in different populations may enable Ae. albopictus to exploit different environments and hosts, thus contributing to its status as a global vector of arboviruses of public health importance. The large number of SNP loci present in these transcripts represents a useful addition to the arsenal of high-resolution molecular markers and a resource that can be used to detect selective pressure and adaptive changes that may have occurred during the colonization process.}, }
@article {pmid32767569, year = {2020}, author = {Oduor, AMO and van Kleunen, M and Stift, M}, title = {Allelopathic effects of native and invasive Brassica nigra do not support the novel-weapons hypothesis.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {107}, number = {8}, pages = {1106-1113}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1516}, pmid = {32767569}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Allelopathy ; Europe ; Germination ; Introduced Species ; *Mustard Plant ; North America ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: The novel-weapons hypothesis predicts that some plants are successful invaders because they release allelopathic compounds that are highly suppressive to naïve competitors in invaded ranges but are relatively ineffective against competitors in the native range. For its part, the evolution of enhanced weaponry hypothesis predicts that invasive populations may evolve increased expression of the allelopathic compounds. However, these predictions have rarely been tested empirically.<br><br>METHODS: Here, we made aqueous extracts of roots and shoots of invasive (North American) and native (European) Brassica nigra plants. Seeds of nine species from North America and nine species from Europe were exposed to these extracts. As control solutions, we used pure distilled water and distilled water with the osmotic potential adjusted with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to match that of root and shoot extracts of B.&#xa0;nigra.<br><br>RESULTS: The extracts had a strong negative effect on germination rates and seedling root lengths of target species compared to the water-control. Compared to the osmolality-adjusted controls, the extracts had a negative effect on seedling root length. We found no differences between the effects of B.&#xa0;nigra plant extracts from the invasive vs. native populations on germination rates and seedling root growth of target plant species. Responses were largely independent of whether the target plant species were from the invaded or native range of B.&#xa0;nigra.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results show that B.&#xa0;nigra can interfere with other species through allelochemical interactions, but do not support predictions of the novel-weapons hypothesis and evolution of increased allelopathy.}, }
@article {pmid32765452, year = {2020}, author = {Kiss, L and Vaghefi, N and Bransgrove, K and Dearnaley, JDW and Takamatsu, S and Tan, YP and Marston, C and Liu, SY and Jin, DN and Adorada, DL and Bailey, J and Cabrera de Álvarez, MG and Daly, A and Dirchwolf, PM and Jones, L and Nguyen, TD and Edwards, J and Ho, W and Kelly, L and Mintoff, SJL and Morrison, J and Németh, MZ and Perkins, S and Shivas, RG and Smith, R and Stuart, K and Southwell, R and Turaganivalu, U and Váczy, KZ and Blommestein, AV and Wright, D and Young, A and Braun, U}, title = {Australia: A Continent Without Native Powdery Mildews? The First Comprehensive Catalog Indicates Recent Introductions and Multiple Host Range Expansion Events, and Leads to the Re-discovery of Salmonomyces as a New Lineage of the Erysiphales.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {1571}, pmid = {32765452}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {In contrast to Eurasia and North America, powdery mildews (Ascomycota, Erysiphales) are understudied in Australia. There are over 900 species known globally, with fewer than currently 60 recorded from Australia. Some of the Australian records are doubtful as the identifications were presumptive, being based on host plant-pathogen lists from overseas. The goal of this study was to provide the first comprehensive catalog of all powdery mildew species present in Australia. The project resulted in (i) an up-to-date list of all the taxa that have been identified in Australia based on published DNA barcode sequences prior to this study; (ii) the precise identification of 117 specimens freshly collected from across the country; and (iii) the precise identification of 30 herbarium specimens collected between 1975 and 2013. This study confirmed 42 species representing 10 genera, including two genera and 13 species recorded for the first time in Australia. In Eurasia and North America, the number of powdery mildew species is much higher. Phylogenetic analyses of powdery mildews collected from Acalypha spp. resulted in the transfer of Erysiphe acalyphae to Salmonomyces, a resurrected genus. Salmonomyces acalyphae comb. nov. represents a newly discovered lineage of the Erysiphales. Another taxonomic change is the transfer of Oidium ixodiae to Golovinomyces. Powdery mildew infections have been confirmed on 13 native Australian plant species in the genera Acacia, Acalypha, Cephalotus, Convolvulus, Eucalyptus, Hardenbergia, Ixodia, Jagera, Senecio, and Trema. Most of the causal agents were polyphagous species that infect many other host plants both overseas and in Australia. All powdery mildews infecting native plants in Australia were phylogenetically closely related to species known overseas. The data indicate that Australia is a continent without native powdery mildews, and most, if not all, species have been introduced since the European colonization of the continent.}, }
@article {pmid32764786, year = {2020}, author = {Lamelas-López, L and Pardavila, X and Borges, PAV and Santos-Reis, M and Amorim, IR and Santos, MJ}, title = {Modelling the distribution of Mustela nivalis and M. putorius in the Azores archipelago based on native and introduced ranges.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {e0237216}, pmid = {32764786}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Azores ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Mustelidae/physiology ; Portugal ; }, abstract = {The aims of this study were to predict the potential distribution of two introduced Mustelidae, Mustela nivalis and M. putorius in the Azores archipelago (Portugal), and evaluate the relative contribution of environmental factors from native and introduced ranges to predict species distribution ranges in oceanic islands. We developed two sets of Species Distribution Models using MaxEnt and distribution data from the native and introduced ranges of the species to project their potential distribution in the archipelago. We found differences in the predicted distributions for the models based on introduced and on native occurrences for both species, with different most important variables being selected. Climatic variables were most important for the introduced range models, while other groups of variables (i.e., human-disturbance) were included in the native-based models. Most of the islands of the Azorean archipelago were predicted to have suitable habitat for both species, even when not yet occupied. Our results showed that predicting the invaded range based on introduced range environmental conditions predicted a narrower range. These results highlight the difficulty to transfer models from native to introduced ranges across taxonomically related species, making it difficult to predict future invasions and range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid32764481, year = {2020}, author = {Abd-ElGawad, AM and El Gendy, AEG and Assaeed, AM and Al-Rowaily, SL and Omer, EA and Dar, BA and Al-Taisan, WA and Elshamy, AI}, title = {Essential Oil Enriched with Oxygenated Constituents from Invasive Plant Argemone ochroleuca Exhibited Potent Phytotoxic Effects.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {32764481}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {RG-1441-302//King Saud University/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are considered as one of the major threats to ecosystems worldwide. Although invasive plants are regarded as a foe, they could be considered as natural resources for valuable bioactive compounds. The present study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) from the invasive plant Argemone ochroleuca Sweet, collected from Saudi Arabia, as well as to evaluate its phytotoxic activity. Seventy-four compounds were characterized via GC-MS analysis of EO representing 98.75% of the overall mass. The oxygenated constituents (79.01%) were found as the main constituents, including mono- (43.27%), sesqui- (17.67%), and di-terpenes (0.53%), as well as hydrocarbons (16.81%) and carotenoids (0.73%). Additionally, 19.69% from the overall mass was characterized as non-oxygenated compounds with mono- (1.77%), sesquiterpenes (17.41%), and hydrocarbons (0.56%) as minors. From all identified constituents, trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (25.71%), γ-cadinene (11.70%), oleic acid, methyl ester (7.37%), terpinene-4-ol (4.77%), dihydromyrcenol (2.90%), α-muurolene (1.77%), and γ-himachalene (1.56%) were found as abundant. The EO of A. ochroleuca showed significant phytotoxic activity against the test plant Lactuca sativa and the noxious weed Peganum harmala. The EO attained IC50 values of 92.1, 128.6, and 131.6 µL L[-1] for seedling root growth, germination, and shoot growth of L. sativa, respectively, while it had IC50 values of 134.8, 145.7, and 147.9 µL L[-1], respectively, for P. harmala. Therefore, this EO could be used as a bioherbicide against weeds, while further study is recommended for the characterization of the authentic materials of the main compounds in the EO as well as for the evaluation of potency of this oil on a field scale and the determination of its biosafety.}, }
@article {pmid32764388, year = {2020}, author = {Hadjisterkotis, E and Konstantinou, G and Sanna, D and Pirastru, M and Mereu, P}, title = {First mtDNA Sequences and Body Measurements for Rattus norvegicus from the Mediterranean Island of Cyprus.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {32764388}, issn = {2075-1729}, abstract = {Invasive species are the primary driver of island taxa extinctions and, among them, those belonging to the genus Rattus are considered as the most damaging. The presence of black rat (Rattus rattus) on Cyprus has long been established, while that of brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) is dubious. This study is the first to provide molecular and morphological data to document the occurrence of R. norvegicus in the island of Cyprus. A total of 223 black rats and 14 brown rats were collected. Each sample was first taxonomically attributed on the basis of body measurements and cranial observations. Four of the specimens identified as R. norvegicus and one identified as R. rattus were subjected to molecular characterization in order to corroborate species identification. The analyses of the mitochondrial control region were consistent with morphological data, supporting the taxonomic identification of the samples. At least two maternal molecular lineages for R. norvegicus were found in Cyprus. The small number of brown rats collected in the island, as well as the large number of samples of black rats retrieved in the past years might be an indication that the distribution of R. norvegicus is still limited into three out of the six districts of Cyprus.}, }
@article {pmid32760531, year = {2020}, author = {Carosi, A and Ghetti, L and Padula, R and Lorenzoni, M}, title = {Population status and ecology of the Salmo trutta complex in an Italian river basin under multiple anthropogenic pressures.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {14}, pages = {7320-7333}, pmid = {32760531}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Salmonids inhabiting Mediterranean rivers are of particular concern for biodiversity conservation, as they are threatened by various stressors, including habitat alterations, overfishing, climate change, and introgressive hybridization with alien species. In the Tiber River basin (Central Italy), genetic introgression phenomena of the native Salmo cettii with the non-native Salmo trutta hinder the separate analysis of the two species, which are both included in the S. trutta complex. Little is known about the factors currently limiting the trout populations in this area, particularly with respect to climate change. With the intention of filling this gap, the aims of the current study were to (a) quantify changes in the climate and (b) analyze the distribution, status, and ecology of trout populations, in the context of changing abiotic conditions over the last decades. Fish stock assessments were carried out by electrofishing during three census periods (1998-2004, 2005-2011, and 2012-2018) at 129 sites. The trend over time of meteorological parameters provided evidence for increased air temperature and decreased rainfall. Multivariate analysis of trout densities and environmental data highlighted the close direct correlation of trout abundance with water quality, altitude, and current speed. Climate-induced effects observed over time in the sites where trout were sampled have not yet led to local extinctions or distribution shifts, indicating a marked resilience of trout, probably due to the buffering effect of intrinsic population dynamics. Decreasing body conditions over time and unbalanced age structures support the hypothesis that variations in hydraulic regime and water temperature could overcome these compensatory effects, which may lead to a severe decline in trout populations in the near future. In a climate change context, habitat availability plays a key role in the distribution of cold-water species, which often do not have the possibility to move upstream to reach their thermal optimum because of water scarcity in the upper river stretches.}, }
@article {pmid32760502, year = {2020}, author = {Ramulifho, PA and Foord, SH and Rivers-Moore, NA}, title = {The role of hydro-environmental factors in Mayfly (Ephemeroptera, Insecta) community structure: Identifying threshold responses.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {14}, pages = {6919-6928}, pmid = {32760502}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Freshwater organisms are threatened by changes in stream flow and water temperature regimes due to global climate change and anthropogenic activities. Threats include the disappearance of narrow-tolerance species and loss of favorable thermal conditions for cold-adapted organisms. Mayflies are an abundant and diverse indicator of river health that performs important functional roles. The relative importance of key hydro-environmental factors such as water temperature and flow volumes in structuring these communities has rarely been explored in the tropical regions of Africa. Here, we investigate the response of mayfly species diversity to these factors in the Luvuvhu catchment, a strategic water source area in the arid northeastern region of South Africa. Mayfly larvae were sampled monthly in stones-in-current biotopes across 23 sites over a one-year period. The relationship between these environmental drivers and mayfly diversity was modeled using linear mixed effects models (LMMs) and a model-based multivariate approach. Threshold Indicator Taxa Analysis (TITAN) was used to model the response of mayfly species to important gradients and identify thresholds of change. Site-specific characteristic were the most important predictor of mayfly diversity, and there was considerable variation over time, with mayfly diversity peaking during winter. Along this, gradient temperature was the best predictor of assemblage structure, with five out of six reliable indicator species being cold-adapted, and a community threshold response at 19°C. Results support laboratory-based thresholds of temperature for mayfly species survival and development, extending empirical evidence to include field-based observations. Increased global (climate change) and local (riparian vegetation removal, impoundments) changes are predicted to have negative impacts on mayfly diversity and ultimately on ecosystem function.}, }
@article {pmid32760453, year = {2020}, author = {Hamasaki, K and Osabe, N and Nishimoto, S and Dan, S and Kitada, S}, title = {Sexual Dimorphism and Reproductive Status of the Red Swamp Crayfish Procambarus clarkii.}, journal = {Zoological studies}, volume = {59}, number = {}, pages = {e7}, pmid = {32760453}, issn = {1810-522X}, abstract = {The red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii is native to northeastern Mexico and the south-central USA, and it has expanded its distribution worldwide and negatively impacted the ecosystems in the invaded regions. The dynamics of the P. clarkii populations have been studied as the basis for the development of effective control measures against this invasive alien species. Adult males of P. clarkii exhibit a cyclical dimorphism between two sexual morphotypes; reproductive form I has large chelae and non-reproductive form II has small chelae. However, whether P. clarkii females have two sexual morphotypes and exhibit form alternation has not been resolved, and little is known about the degree of intra-sexual dimorphism of the chelae, even among males. We employed allometric growth analysis on the chelae dimensions of P. clarkii females and males that were collected from a small pond in Yokohama, Japan. Our analysis demonstrated the existence of form I, which has larger chelae, and form II, which has smaller chelae, in P. clarkii females and highlighted the intra- and inter-sexual dimorphisms in the chelae of this species. The reproductive cycle of the population was successfully traced by the reproductive status of P. clarkii based on the occurrence patterns of each sexual morphotype; the form I crayfish occurred throughout the sampling period from April to December, while the occurrences of form I females and males were highly correlated, peaking in October. Our results suggested that alternation of sexual forms occurs in P. clarkii females. The ability to discriminate between the sexual morphotypes based on chelae allometric growth would allow us to evaluate the female reproductive status more easily and precisely in invasive P. clarkii populations.}, }
@article {pmid32758820, year = {2020}, author = {Williamson, TN and Barton, CD}, title = {Hydrologic modeling to examine the influence of the forestry reclamation approach and climate change on mineland hydrology.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {743}, number = {}, pages = {140605}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140605}, pmid = {32758820}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Forests in the Appalachian region of the U.S. are threatened by a variety of short- and long-term pressures, including climate change, invasive species, and resource extraction. Surface mining for coal is one of the most important drivers of land-use change in the region, reducing native forest cover, causing forest fragmentation, eliminating intact soil, and affecting water resources. The Forestry Reclamation Approach (FRA) has been demonstrated as a successful best practice for restoring forests on mine-impacted landscapes, but little information exists on how the practice will affect hydrologic processes. A study was initiated to examine soil-water movement, as in-situ saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), combined with soil porosity to quantify the potential influence on streamflow of reclaimed mines relative to an unmined, forested control site in eastern Kentucky. We compared different reclamation techniques and time since reclamation to determine the extent to which hydrologic function can be restored. We also simulated evapotranspiration at the watershed scale as a function of reclamation technique for both historical and projected (2050) climate. Results indicate that conventional grassland reclamation critically changes how soil water transitions to streamflow, primarily due to Ksat variability that exceeds that measured for intact and FRA soils. Sites reclaimed using FRA exhibited a soil-water environment that was more similar to the unmined control. However, all reclaimed mine soils were thinner, retained and stored less soil water, and thus could provide less plant-available water during the growing season. The plant-available water stored in reclaimed landscapes may not be sufficient to support forest health and this is exacerbated by projected climate conditions. However, soil development under a combination of FRA techniques has the potential to mitigate this limitation.}, }
@article {pmid32758760, year = {2020}, author = {Cini, A and Meriggi, N and Bacci, G and Cappa, F and Vitali, F and Cavalieri, D and Cervo, R}, title = {Gut microbial composition in different castes and developmental stages of the invasive hornet Vespa velutina nigrithorax.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {745}, number = {}, pages = {140873}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140873}, pmid = {32758760}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Introduced Species ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Social insects are successful animal invaders. Their survival and success, and in some cases also their impact on invaded ecosystem functioning, is often mediated by symbiosis with microorganisms. Here, we report a comprehensive comparative characterization of the gut microbial communities of different castes and developmental stages of the invasive hornet Vespa velutina nigrithorax. The species recently colonized Europe, becoming a high ecological and economic concern, as it threatens pollinator survival and competes with native hornet species. We used targeted meta-genomics to describe the yeasts and bacteria gut communities of individuals of different reproductive phenotypes (workers and future queens), life stages (larvae, newly emerged individuals and adults) and colony non-living samples (nest paper and larval faeces). Bacilli, Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria were the most abundant classes of bacteria, and Saccharomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Tremellomycetes and Eurotiomycetes were the most represented yeast classes. We found that the microbial compositions significantly differ across developmental stages and castes, with yeast and bacterial communities switching in frequency and abundance during ontogeny and according to reproductive phenotype. Moreover, the gut microbial communities poorly mirror those found in the nest, suggesting that hornets possess a specific microbial signature. Our results provide the first metagenomic resource of the microbiome of V. velutina in Europe and suggest the importance of considering life stages, reproductive phenotypes and nest influence in order to obtain a comprehensive picture of social insect microbial communities.}, }
@article {pmid32756868, year = {2020}, author = {Rainford, J and Crowe, A and Jones, G and van den Berg, F}, title = {Early warning systems in biosecurity; translating risk into action in predictive systems for invasive alien species.}, journal = {Emerging topics in life sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, pages = {453-462}, doi = {10.1042/ETLS20200056}, pmid = {32756868}, issn = {2397-8554}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Risk Management ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) are one of the most severe threats to biodiversity and are the subject of varying degrees of surveillance activity. Predictive early warning systems (EWS), incorporating automated surveillance of relevant dataflows, warning generation and dissemination to decision makers are a key target for developing effective management around IAS, alongside more conventional early detection and horizon scanning technologies. Sophisticated modelling frameworks including the definition of the 'risky' species pool, and pathway analysis at the macro and micro-scale are increasingly available to support decision making and to help prioritise risks from different regions and/or taxa. The main challenges in constructing such frameworks, to be applied to border inspections, are (i) the lack of standardisation and integration of the associated complex digital data environments and (ii) effective integration into the decision making process, ensuring that risk information is disseminated in an actionable way to frontline surveillance staff and other decision makers. To truly achieve early warning in biosecurity requires close collaboration between developers and end-users to ensure that generated warnings are duly considered by decision makers, reflect best practice, scientific understanding and the working environment facing frontline actors. Progress towards this goal will rely on openness and mutual understanding of the role of EWS in IAS risk management, as much as on developments in the underlying technologies for surveillance and modelling procedures.}, }
@article {pmid32755391, year = {2021}, author = {Mayonde, S and Cron, GV and Glennon, KL and Byrne, MJ}, title = {Effects of cadmium toxicity on the physiology and growth of a halophytic plant, Tamarix usneoides (E. Mey. ex Bunge).}, journal = {International journal of phytoremediation}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {130-138}, doi = {10.1080/15226514.2020.1801573}, pmid = {32755391}, issn = {1549-7879}, mesh = {Biodegradation, Environmental ; Cadmium/analysis/toxicity ; *Metals, Heavy/analysis ; Plant Roots/chemistry ; Salt-Tolerant Plants ; Soil ; *Soil Pollutants/toxicity ; *Tamaricaceae ; }, abstract = {Heavy metal polluted soils can be remediated using plants, a process called phytoremediation. However, high concentrations of heavy metals can negatively affect plant physiology and growth. We experimentally evaluated the effects of cadmium (Cd) on the growth, (i.e. height, shoot and biomass) and physiology (i.e. leaf chlorophyll and relative water contents) of Tamarix usneoides. In a greenhouse experiment, T. usneoides clones were subjected to a once off treatment of 100 mmol/l NaCl with three different Cd concentrations (6, 12, and 18 mg/kg) applied 3 times/week for eight weeks. We predicted that plant health would decrease with an increase in Cd concentration. Results revealed a 35.9% reduction in chlorophyll content between the 18 mg/kg Cd treated plants and the control, suggesting that T. usneoides experienced a reduction in photosynthetic rate, which in turn influenced the growth and relative water content (RWC) of the plant. Although T. usneoides' growth and physiology were significantly decreased at 12 and 18 mg/kg Cd concentrations, the plants tolerated up to 6 mg/kg Cd concentration, a level found in most anthropogenic Cd-contaminated soils. Tamarix usneoides should thus be confirmed as a good phytoremediation candidate once its ability to extract, translocate and concentrate Cd has been determined.}, }
@article {pmid32754931, year = {2020}, author = {Bressman, NR and Hill, JE and Ashley-Ross, MA}, title = {Why did the invasive walking catfish cross the road? Terrestrial chemoreception described for the first time in a fish.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {97}, number = {3}, pages = {895-907}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14465}, pmid = {32754931}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//Animal Superpowers project at Experiment.com/ ; //National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (NSF GRFP)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Catfishes/physiology ; Florida ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; *Taxis Response ; Time ; }, abstract = {Clarias batrachus (walking catfish) is an invasive species in Florida, renowned for its air-breathing and terrestrial locomotor capabilities. However, it is unknown how this species orients in terrestrial environments. Furthermore, while anecdotal life history information is widespread for this species in its nonnative range, little of this information exists in the literature. The goals of this study were to identify sensory modalities that C. batrachus use to orient on land, and to describe the natural history of this species in its nonnative range. Fish (n = 150) were collected from around Ruskin, FL, and housed in a greenhouse, where experiments took place. Individual catfish were placed in the center of a terrestrial arena and were exposed to nine treatments: two controls, L-alanine, quinine, allyl isothiocynate, sucrose, volatile hydrogen sulphide, pond water and aluminium foil. These fish exhibited significantly positive chemotaxis toward alanine and pond water, and negative chemotaxis away from volatile hydrogen sulphide, suggesting chemoreception - both through direct contact and through the air - is important to their terrestrial orientation. Additionally, 88 people from Florida wildlife-related Facebook groups who have personal observations of C. batrachus on land were interviewed for information regarding their terrestrial natural history. These data were combined with observations from 38 YouTube videos. C. batrachus appear to emerge most frequently during or just after heavy summer rains, particularly from stormwater drains in urban areas, where they may feed on terrestrial invertebrates. By better understanding the full life history of C. batrachus, we can improve management of this species.}, }
@article {pmid32754141, year = {2020}, author = {Bolius, S and Morling, K and Wiedner, C and Weithoff, G}, title = {Genetic Identity and Herbivory Drive the Invasion of a Common Aquatic Microbial Invader.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {1598}, pmid = {32754141}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Despite the increasing number of species invasions, the factors driving invasiveness are still under debate. This is particularly the case for "invisible" invasions by aquatic microbial species. Since in many cases only a few individuals or propagules enter a new habitat, their genetic variation is low and might limit their invasion success, known as the genetic bottleneck. Thus, a key question is, how genetic identity and diversity of invading species influences their invasion success and, subsequently, affect the resident community. We conducted invader-addition experiments using genetically different strains of the globally invasive, aquatic cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis raciborskii (formerly: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii) to determine the role of invader identity and genetic diversity (strain richness) at four levels of herbivory. We tested the invasion success of solitary single strain invasions against the invader genetic diversity, which was experimentally increased up to ten strains (multi-strain populations). By using amplicon sequencing we determined the strain-specific invasion success in the multi-strain treatments and compared those with the success of these strains in the single-strain treatments. Furthermore, we tested for the invasion success under different herbivore pressures. We showed that high grazing pressure by a generalist herbivore prevented invasion, whereas a specialist herbivore enabled coexistence of consumer and invader. We found a weak effect of diversity on invasion success only under highly competitive conditions. When invasions were successful, the magnitude of this success was strain-specific and consistent among invasions performed with single-strain or multi-strain populations. A strain-specific effect was also observed on the resident phytoplankton community composition, highlighting the strong role of invader genetic identity. Our results point to a strong effect of the genetic identity on the invasion success under low predation pressure. The genetic diversity of the invader population, however, had little effect on invasion success in our study, in contrast to most previous findings. Instead, it is the interaction between the consumer abundance and type together with the strain identity of the invader that defined invasion success. This study underlines the importance of strain choice in invasion research and in ecological studies in general.}, }
@article {pmid32753180, year = {2020}, author = {Soares, MO and Salani, S and Paiva, SV and Braga, MDA}, title = {Shipwrecks help invasive coral to expand range in the Atlantic Ocean.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {158}, number = {}, pages = {111394}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111394}, pmid = {32753180}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Atlantic Ocean ; Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The invasive coral Tubastraea tagusensis (sun coral) is a habitat-forming species currently increasing its geographical range into the Atlantic Ocean, thereby causing negative ecological and socioeconomic impacts. Scuba divers observed this coral in the western equatorial Atlantic in January 2020, growing at high densities on a shipwreck from World War II (sunk in 1943) at a depth of approximately 32 m. Available footage from the beginning of the decade (2012-2018) shows no obvious signs of sun coral on this shipwreck, suggesting recent colonization and range expansion. The recent evidence of expansion was found 200 km east of the last record, which was also found on a WWII shipwreck (sunk in 1942) in 2016. We have identified hundreds of overlooked WWII shipwrecks, as well as new wrecks in shallow and mesophotic waters, that may provide stepping-stone habitats for this coral to expand its distribution in the Atlantic. We discuss the role of shipwrecks as a network of stepping stones for the sun coral spread, creating complementary paths for the invasiveness by overcoming physiological traits and the short lifespan of the coral larvae. Previous research underestimates the importance of these artificial stepping-stone patches in sustaining crucial dispersal events and range expansion of invasive species. These results are a call to action to manage the invasive Tubastraea corals at a national and international scale in the Atlantic basin.}, }
@article {pmid32753035, year = {2020}, author = {Lukwa, AT and Siya, A and Zablon, KN and Azam, JM and Alaba, OA}, title = {Socioeconomic inequalities in food insecurity and malnutrition among under-five children: within and between-group inequalities in Zimbabwe.}, journal = {BMC public health}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {1199}, pmid = {32753035}, issn = {1471-2458}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Body Weights and Measures ; Child ; *Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology ; Child, Preschool ; Diet ; Female ; *Health Status Disparities ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Male ; Malnutrition/epidemiology ; *Nutritional Status ; Prevalence ; Rural Population/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Social Class ; Zimbabwe ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Food insecurity and malnutrition in children are pervasive public health concerns in Zimbabwe. Previous studies only identified determinants of food insecurity and malnutrition with very little efforts done in assessing related inequalities and decomposing the inequalities across household characteristics in Zimbabwe. This study explored socioeconomic inequalities trend in child health using regression decomposition approach to compare within and between group inequalities.<br><br>METHODS: The study used Demographic Health Survey (DHS) data sets of 2010\11 and 2015. Food insecurity in under-five children was determined based on the WHO dietary diversity score. Minimum dietary diversity was defined by a cut- off point of >&#x2009;4 therefore, children with at least 3 of the 13 food groups were defined as food insecure. Malnutrition was assessed using weight for age (both acute and chronic under-nutrition) Z-scores. Children whose weight-for-age Z-score below minus two standard deviations (-&#x2009;2 SD) from the median were considered malnourished. Concentration curves and indices were computed to understand if malnutrition was dominant among the poor or rich. The study used the Theil index and decomposed the index by population subgroups (place of residence and socioeconomic status).<br><br>RESULTS: Over the study period, malnutrition prevalence increased by 1.03 percentage points, while food insecurity prevalence decreased by 4.35 percentage points. Prevalence of malnutrition and food insecurity increased among poor rural children. Theil indices for nutrition status showed socioeconomic inequality gaps to have widened, while food security status socioeconomic inequality gaps contracted for the period under review.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The study concluded that unequal distribution of household wealth and residence status play critical roles in driving socioeconomic inequalities in child food insecurity and malnutrition. Therefore, child food insecurity and malnutrition are greatly influenced by where a child lives (rural/urban) and parental wealth.}, }
@article {pmid32752287, year = {2020}, author = {Máximo, P and Ferreira, LM and Branco, PS and Lourenço, A}, title = {Invasive Plants: Turning Enemies into Value.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {25}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {32752287}, issn = {1420-3049}, mesh = {Aizoaceae/chemistry ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*chemistry ; Oxalidaceae/chemistry ; Phytochemicals/chemistry/pharmacology ; Phytolacca americana/chemistry ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Portugal ; Proteaceae/chemistry ; }, abstract = {In this review, a brief description of the invasive phenomena associated with plants and its consequences to the ecosystem is presented. Five worldwide invasive plants that are a threat to Portugal were selected as an example, and a brief description of each is presented. A full description of their secondary metabolites and biological activity is given, and a resume of the biological activity of extracts is also included. The chemical and pharmaceutical potential of invasive species sensu lato is thus acknowledged. With this paper, we hope to demonstrate that invasive species have potential positive attributes even though at the same time they might need to be controlled or eradicated. Positive attributes include chemical and pharmaceutical properties and developing these could help mitigate the costs of management and eradication.}, }
@article {pmid32752163, year = {2020}, author = {Guégan, M and Martin, E and Valiente Moro, C}, title = {Comparative Analysis of the Bacterial and Fungal Communities in the Gut and the Crop of Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes: A Preliminary Study.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {32752163}, issn = {2076-0817}, support = {Micro-be-have 333//Scientific Breakthrough Program Micro-be-have 333 (IDEX Lyon - Universit&#xe9; de Lyon)/ ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is a major pathogen vector and one of the world's most invasive species. In recent years, the study of mosquito-associated microbiota has received growing interest for reducing transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens. Most of studies on mosquito microbiota mainly focused on the gut bacteria. However, microorganisms can also colonize other organs and are not restricted to bacteria. In mosquitoes, the crop is the primary storage organ for sugars from the nectar feeding before it is transferred into the midgut for digestion. No study has yet investigated whether this organ can harbor microorganisms in Ae. albopictus. By using high-throughput sequencing, this study is the first to describe the microbiota including both bacteria and fungi in sugar-fed Ae. albopictus males and females. The results showed the presence of diverse and rich bacterial and fungal communities in the crop of both sexes that did not strongly differ from the community composition and structure found in the gut. Altogether, our results provide a thorough description of the crop-associated microbiota in Ae. albopictus which can open new avenues for further studies on trophic interactions between the mosquito and its microbiota.}, }
@article {pmid32752151, year = {2020}, author = {Amprako, L and Stenchly, K and Wiehle, M and Nyarko, G and Buerkert, A}, title = {Arthropod Communities in Urban Agricultural Production Systems under Different Irrigation Sources in the Northern Region of Ghana.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {32752151}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {FKZ 031A242A//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Bildung und Forschung/ ; FKZ 031A242A//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung/ ; }, abstract = {Urban and peri-urban agricultural (UPA) production systems in West African countries do not only mitigate food and financial insecurity, they may also foster biodiversity of arthropods and partly compensate for structural losses of natural environments. However, management practices in UPA systems like irrigation may also contribute to disturbances in arthropod ecology. To fill knowledge gaps in the relationships between UPA management and arthropod populations, we compared arthropods species across different irrigation sources in Tamale. During a 72-h sampling period, 14,226 arthropods were caught with pitfall traps and pan traps from 36 fields. These specimens comprised 13 orders, 103 families, 264 genera, and 329 taxa (243 identified species, 86 unidentified species) and categorized into five feeding guilds (carnivores, decomposers, herbivores, omnivores, and pollinators). Species richness, species accumulation curves, and diversity functions (richness, evenness, and dispersion) were calculated to characterize the arthropod community. Non-metric multidimensional scaling was applied to examine structural similarity of arthropod communities among sites. To account for the effects of soil-related data, we furthermore applied a redundancy analysis. Arthropods grouped according to the irrigation water source, whereby the dipterans were most dominant under wastewater conditions. Here, particularly the eye gnat, Hippelates pusio, a disease-causing vector for humans, accounted for the dipterans. The occurrence of three alien ant species suggested community shifts through invasive species, while the occurrence of seven ant species (at least one ant species occurred under each water source) that form mutualistic relationships with aphids highlighted future risks of aphid pest outbreak. Future studies on these taxa should specifically target their ecological and economic effects and potential countermeasures.}, }
@article {pmid32752147, year = {2020}, author = {Tóth, Z and Tóth, M and Jósvai, JK and Tóth, F and Flórián, N and Gergócs, V and Dombos, M}, title = {Automatic Field Detection of Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) with a New Probe.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {32752147}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {LIFE13 ENV/HU/001092//European Union's LIFE project/ ; GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00056//Hungarian TALAJBIOM project/ ; }, abstract = {The Western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a significant invasive pest of maize plantations in Europe. Integrated pest management demands an adequate monitoring system which detects the activity of insects with high accuracy in real-time. In this study, we show and test a new electronic device (ZooLog KLP), which was developed to detect WCR in the field. The ZooLog KLP consists of a trapping element that attracts insects with its color and species-specific sex pheromone. The other part is an opto-electronic sensor-ring which detects the specimens when they fall into the trap. At detection, the time of catch is recorded and sent to a web interface. In this study, we followed WCR flight patterns for six weeks in two locations, using ZooLog KLP probes. We investigated sensor precision by comparing the number of catches to the number of detections. The tool reached high accuracy (95.84%) in recording WCR. We found a peak in flight activity in August and a bimodal daily pattern. This method may be beneficial in detecting the WCR during their activity, and this new device may serve as a prototype for real-time monitoring systems and improve the management of this pest.}, }
@article {pmid32751077, year = {2020}, author = {Srivastava, V and Liang, W and Keena, MA and Roe, AD and Hamelin, RC and Griess, VC}, title = {Assessing Niche Shifts and Conservatism by Comparing the Native and Post-Invasion Niches of Major Forest Invasive Species.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {32751077}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {#10106//Genome British Columbia/ ; #10106//Genome Canada/ ; #10106//Genome Quebec/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive species experience biotic and abiotic conditions that may (or may not) resemble their native environment. We explored the methodology of determining climatic niches and compared the native and post-invasion niches of four invasive forest pests to determine if these species experienced shifts or changes in their new climatic niches. We used environmental principle components analysis (PCA-env) method to quantify climatic niche shifts, expansions, and temporal changes. Furthermore, we assessed the effect of variable selection in the delineation and comparison of niche space. We found that variable selection influenced the delineation and overlap of each niche, whereas the subset of climatic variables selected from the first two PCA-env axes explained more variance in environmental conditions than the complete set of climatic variables for all four species. Most focal species showed climatic niche shifts in their invasive range and had not yet fully occupied the available niche within the invaded range. Our species varied the proportion of niche overlap between the native and invasive ranges. By comparing native and invasive niches, we can help predict a species' potential range expansion and invasion potential. Our results can guide monitoring and help inform management of these and other invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid32750271, year = {2020}, author = {Cox, CL and Alexander, S and Casement, B and Chung, AK and Curlis, JD and Degon, Z and Dubois, M and Falvey, C and Graham, ZA and Folfas, E and Gallegos Koyner, MA and Neel, LK and Nicholson, DJ and Perez, DJP and Ortiz-Ross, X and Rosso, AA and Taylor, Q and Thurman, TJ and Williams, CE and McMillan, WO and Logan, ML}, title = {Ectoparasite extinction in simplified lizard assemblages during experimental island invasion.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {16}, number = {8}, pages = {20200474}, pmid = {32750271}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; *Lizards ; *Parasites ; }, abstract = {Introduced species can become invasive, damaging ecosystems and disrupting economies through explosive population growth. One mechanism underlying population expansion in invasive populations is 'enemy release', whereby the invader experiences relaxation of agonistic interactions with other species, including parasites. However, direct observational evidence of release from parasitism during invasion is rare. We mimicked the early stages of invasion by experimentally translocating populations of mite-parasitized slender anole lizards (Anolis apletophallus) to islands that varied in the number of native anoles. Two islands were anole-free prior to the introduction, whereas a third island had a resident population of Gaige's anole (Anolis gaigei). We then characterized changes in trombiculid mite parasitism over multiple generations post-introduction. We found that mites rapidly went extinct on one-species islands, but that lizards introduced to the two-species island retained mites. After three generations, the two-species island had the highest total density and biomass of lizards, but the lowest density of the introduced species, implying that the 'invasion' had been less successful. This field-transplant study suggests that native species can be 'enemy reservoirs' that facilitate co-colonization of ectoparasites with the invasive host. Broadly, these results indicate that the presence of intact and diverse native communities may help to curb invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid32749631, year = {2020}, author = {Tippery, NP and Pesch, JD and Murphy, BJ and Bautzmann, RL}, title = {Genetic diversity of native and introduced Phragmites (common reed) in Wisconsin.}, journal = {Genetica}, volume = {148}, number = {3-4}, pages = {165-172}, doi = {10.1007/s10709-020-00098-z}, pmid = {32749631}, issn = {1573-6857}, mesh = {Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Poaceae/*genetics ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {Two subspecies of common reed (Phragmites australis; Poaceae) exist in northern North America: the native P. australis subsp. americanus and the introduced P. australis subsp. australis. There are numerous native populations in Wisconsin, in addition to the more recently established populations of the introduced subspecies. We studied populations of both P. australis subspecies across Wisconsin in order to characterize the genetic diversity of both subspecies and to investigate whether any instances of hybridization could be ascertained in Wisconsin. Using eight microsatellite markers, we found minimal overlap in the alleles that could be recovered from native and introduced plants, and we found no evidence to suggest hybridization between subspecies, even in localities where native and introduced plants grow in close proximity. Overall, we found greater genetic variation in plants of the introduced subspecies relative to the native subspecies, and we observed some geographic patterns of allelic diversity.}, }
@article {pmid32748837, year = {2020}, author = {Volkovitsh, MG and Kovalev, AV and Orlova-Bienkowskaja, MJ}, title = {Current Distribution and Diagnostic Features of Two Potentially Invasive Asian Buprestid Species: Agrilus mali Matsumura and A. fleischeri Obenberger (Coleoptera: Buprestidae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {32748837}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {16-14-10031//RUSSIAN SCIENCE FOUNDATION/ ; }, abstract = {Our goal is to analyze the known geographical ranges and diagnostic features of two potentially invasive Asian buprestid species: the quarantine apple tree pest, Agrilus mali Matsumura, and the poplar pest A. fleischeri Obenberger. Based on the examination of museum collections and literature sources, we compiled comprehensive databases of records of the exact collecting sites for both species and generated detailed maps of their ranges. There are 51 documented localities for A. mali in the Russian Far East and East Siberia, Mongolia, China, and the Korean peninsula, and there are 53 documented localities for A. fleischeri in the Far East and Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, and Japan. No evidence of the presence of A. mali in Japan was found. Outbreak sites of A. mali in Xinjiang in the 2000s most likely represent the newly forming invasion areas; their proximity to the wild apple stands in the Kazakh part of the Tien Shan is a direct threat to Kazakhstan and adjacent countries. Sites damaged by A. fleischeri in Liaoning are situated within its native range; the outbreaks were likely triggered by the switch from indigenous to introduced poplars. This situation is similar to the early stages of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) invasion.}, }
@article {pmid32745561, year = {2020}, author = {Yan, Y and Ziemek, J and Schetelig, MF}, title = {CRISPR/Cas9 mediated disruption of the white gene leads to pigmentation deficiency and copulation failure in Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {126}, number = {}, pages = {104091}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104091}, pmid = {32745561}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/*genetics ; Animals ; CRISPR-Associated Protein 9 ; *CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Copulation ; Drosophila/*genetics/physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics ; Eye Proteins/*genetics ; Female ; Genes, Insect ; Insect Control/methods ; Male ; Mutation ; Pigmentation/*genetics ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {The Spotted-wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) is a devastating invasive pest of fruit crops. In D. melanogaster, the white (w) gene was associated with pigmentation and mating behavior, which are also important aspects to understand the invasion biology as well as to develop control strategies for D. suzukii. Here, we show that the generation of D. suzukii white-eyed mutants by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis of the w gene resulted in the complete failure of copulation when w[-] males were individually paired with w[-] females in small circular arenas (diameter 0.7 cm) for 24 h. Further analysis showed that the mating defect was associated with w[-] males and could not be rectified by two years of inbreeding by crossing sibling w[-] females with w[+] males, dim red illumination, male-female sexual training, changing to large arenas (diameter 3.5 cm), or different sex ratios. Profound pigmentation deficiency was detected in the compound eyes, ocelli, Malpighian tubules and testis sheaths in the w[-] flies. Specifically, testis imaging showed that w[-] males failed to deposit any pigments into pigment cells of the testis sheath, and produced smaller sperms and less seminal fluid compared to those from wildtype males. Together these observations suggest that the w gene plays an essential role in the regulation of sexual behavior and reproduction in D. suzukii. The similarities and differences in w gene function between D. suzukii and D. melanogaster in the context of pigmentation and mating behavior are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid32745261, year = {2020}, author = {Malloch, B and Tatsumi, S and Seibold, S and Cadotte, MW and MacIvor, JS}, title = {Urbanization and plant invasion alter the structure of litter microarthropod communities.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {11}, pages = {2496-2507}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13311}, pmid = {32745261}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Biodiversity ; *Butterflies ; Canada ; Cities ; Dogs ; Ecosystem ; *Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic activity underpins the creation of urban ecosystems, often with introduced or invasive species playing a large role in structuring ecological communities. While the effects of urbanization on charismatic taxa such as birds, bees or butterflies have received much attention, the impacts on small and inconspicuous organisms remain poorly understood. Here, we assess how the community structure of leaf litter-inhabiting microarthropods in city parks varies along an urbanization gradient in Toronto, Canada. At each park, we established paired forest understorey plots which were either dominated by native vegetation or dog-strangling vine Vincetoxicum rossicum, an invasive species that is spreading throughout northeastern North America and abundant in urban areas. We compared microarthropod richness, abundance and diversity in ecological traits between invaded and non-invaded plots as well as compositional dissimilarities among plots across the urbanization gradient. We recorded 123 genera and found (a) there was a negative effect of urbanization on microarthropod richness and abundance but only in invaded plots; (b) richness and abundance increased continuously with urbanization in non-invaded plots, but peaked at intermediate urbanization levels in invaded plots and (c) there was significant turnover with increasing urbanization, with distinct communities represented in highly urbanized areas compared to less urbanized areas, regardless of whether invaded. We also found litter microarthropod richness and abundance increased with soil ammonium and decreased with nitrate. These trends were especially strong for fungivorous microarthropods; however, there was no relationship between soil nutrients and urbanization or invasion. Urbanization and biological invasion drive biodiversity change, and there is a need to disentangle these effects on ecological communities and related ecosystem processes. We show microarthropod communities change with urbanization, with the effects of invasion most prominent in non-urban areas. Here, there is high richness and abundance but low ecological trait diversity, possibly because certain feeding traits are excluded and others overrepresented. Understanding of urban ecological systems must include knowledge of the microarthropods that interact widely across food webs, form distinct communities in highly urban areas and drive many of the important ecological functions upon which people in cities depend.}, }
@article {pmid32745258, year = {2020}, author = {Prior, KM and Meadley-Dunphy, SA and Frederickson, ME}, title = {Interactions between seed-dispersing ant species affect plant community composition in field mesocosms.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {11}, pages = {2485-2495}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13310}, pmid = {32745258}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *Seed Dispersal ; Seedlings ; Seeds ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {In generalized mutualisms, species vary in the quality of services they provide to their partners directly via traits that affect partner fitness and indirectly via traits that influence interactions among mutualist species that play similar functional roles. Myrmecochory, or seed dispersal by ants, is a generalized mutualism with ant species varying in the quality of dispersal services they provide to their plant partners. Variation in ant species identity can directly impact seed dispersal patterns and plant community composition; however, we know less about how interactions among seed-dispersing ant species indirectly influence plant partners. The invasive ant Myrmica rubra, is a high-quality seed-disperser in its native range that interacts with myrmecochores (ant-dispersed plants) and the high-quality seed disperser Aphaenogaster sp. in its invaded range. We use this system to examine how interactions between two functionally similar mutualist ant species influence the recruitment and community composition of ant-dispersed plants. We performed a field mesocosm experiment and a laboratory behavioural experiment to compare discovery and dominance behaviours between ant species, and seed dispersal and seedling recruitment of four myrmecochore species among intraspecific interaction treatments of each ant species and an interspecific interaction treatment. We found that M. rubra was better at discovering and dispersing seeds, but Aphaenogaster sp. was dominantly aggressive over M. rubra. Interspecific interactions dampened seed dispersal relative to dispersal by the better disperser. Despite this dampening, we found no effect of interspecific interactions on seedling recruitment. However, community composition of seedlings in the interspecific interaction treatment was more similar to composition in the aggressively dominant ant (Aphaenogaster sp.) treatment than in the better discoverer ant M. rubra treatment. We show that interspecific interactions between mutualist species in the same functional guild affect the outcome of mutualistic interactions with partner species. Despite the native ant dispersing fewer seeds, its dominance over the subordinate (invasive) ant has the potential to allow for some level of biotic resistance against the effects of M. rubra on plant communities when these species coexist.}, }
@article {pmid32745238, year = {2020}, author = {Ruland, F and Jeschke, JM}, title = {How biological invasions affect animal behaviour: A global, cross-taxonomic analysis.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {11}, pages = {2531-2541}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13306}, pmid = {32745238}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Ecosystem ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {In the Anthropocene, species are faced with drastic challenges due to rapid, human-induced changes, such as habitat destruction, pollution and biological invasions. In the case of invasions, native species may change their behaviour to minimize the impacts they sustain from invasive species, and invaders may also adapt to the conditions in their new environment in order to survive and establish self-sustaining populations. We aimed at giving an overview of which changes in behaviour are studied in invasions, and what is known about the types of behaviour that change, the underlying mechanisms and the speed of behavioural changes. Based on a review of the literature, we identified 191 studies and 360 records (some studies reported multiple records) documenting behavioural changes caused by biological invasions in native (236 records from 148 species) or invasive (124 records from 50 species) animal species. This global dataset, which we make openly available, is not restricted to particular taxonomic groups. We found a mild taxonomic bias in the literature towards mammals, birds and insects. In line with the enemy release hypothesis, native species changed their anti-predator behaviour more frequently than invasive species. Rates of behavioural change were evenly distributed across taxa, but not across the types of behaviour. Our findings may help to better understand the role of behaviour in biological invasions as well as temporal changes in both population densities and traits of invasive species, and of native species affected by them.}, }
@article {pmid32742786, year = {2020}, author = {Marszewska, A and Cichy, A and Bulantová, J and Horák, P and Żbikowska, E}, title = {The chemotactic swimming behavior of bird schistosome miracidia in the presence of compatible and incompatible snail hosts.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e9487}, pmid = {32742786}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {No effective method has yet been developed to prevent the threat posed by the emerging disease-cercarial dermatitis (swimmer's itch), caused by infective cercariae of bird schistosomes (Digenea: Schistosomatidae). In our previous studies, the New Zealand mud snail-Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray, 1853; Gastropoda, Tateidae)-was used as a barrier between the miracidia of Trichobilharzia regenti and the target snails Radix balthica. Since the presence of non-indigenous snails reduced the parasite prevalence under laboratory conditions, we posed three new research questions: (1) Do bird schistosomes show totally perfect efficacy for chemotactic swimming behavior? (2) Do the larvae respond to substances emitted by incompatible snail species? (3) Do the excretory-secretory products of incompatible snail species interfere with the search for a compatible snail host? The experiments were carried out in choice-chambers for the miracidia of T. regenti and T. szidati. The arms of the chambers, depending on the variant, were filled with water conditioned by P. antipodarum, water conditioned by lymnaeid hosts, and dechlorinated tap water. Miracidia of both bird schistosome species chose more frequently the water conditioned by snails-including the water conditioned by the incompatible lymnaeid host and the alien species, P. antipodarum. However, species-specific differences were noticed in the behavior of miracidia. T. regenti remained more often inside the base arm rather than in the arm filled with water conditioned by P. antipodarum or the control arm. T. szidati, however, usually left the base arm and moved to the arm filled with water conditioned by P. antipodarum. In conclusion, the non-host snail excretory-secretory products may interfere with the snail host-finding behavior of bird schistosome miracidia and therefore they may reduce the risk of swimmer's itch.}, }
@article {pmid32742052, year = {2020}, author = {Venkatramanan, S and Wu, S and Shi, B and Marathe, A and Marathe, M and Eubank, S and Sah, LP and Giri, AP and Colavito, LA and Nitin, KS and Sridhar, V and Asokan, R and Muniappan, R and Norton, G and Adiga, A}, title = {Modeling Commodity Flow in the Context of Invasive Species Spread: Study of Tuta absoluta in Nepal.}, journal = {Crop protection (Guildford, Surrey)}, volume = {135}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {32742052}, issn = {0261-2194}, support = {R01 GM109718/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Trade and transport of goods is widely accepted as a primary pathway for the introduction and dispersal of invasive species. However, understanding commodity flows remains a challenge owing to its complex nature, unavailability of quality data, and lack of systematic modeling methods. A robust network-based approach is proposed to model seasonal flow of agricultural produce and examine its role in pest spread. It is applied to study the spread of Tuta absoluta, a devastating pest of tomato in Nepal. Further, the long-term establishment potential of the pest and its economic impact on the country are assessed. Our analysis indicates that regional trade plays an important role in the spread of T. absoluta. The economic impact of this invasion could range from USD 17-25 million. The proposed approach is generic and particularly suited for data-poor scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid32742019, year = {2020}, author = {Sharp, RT and Shaw, MW and van den Bosch, F}, title = {The effect of competition on the control of invading plant pathogens.}, journal = {The Journal of applied ecology}, volume = {57}, number = {7}, pages = {1403-1412}, pmid = {32742019}, issn = {0021-8901}, abstract = {New invading pathogen strains must compete with endemic pathogen strains to emerge and spread. As disease control measures are often non-specific, that is, they do not distinguish between strains, applying control not only affects the invading pathogen strain but the endemic as well. We hypothesize that the control of the invasive strain could be compromised due to the non-specific nature of the control.A spatially explicit model, describing the East African cassava mosaic virus-Uganda strain (EACMV-UG) outbreak, is used to evaluate methods of controlling both disease incidence and spread of invading pathogen strains in pathosystems with and without an endemic pathogen strain present.We find that while many newly introduced or intensified control measures (such as resistant cultivars or roguing) decrease the expected incidence, they have the unintended consequence of increasing, or at least not reducing, the speed with which the invasive pathogen spreads geographically. We identify the controls that cause this effect and methods in which these controls may be applied to prevent it.We found that the spatial spread of the invading strain is chiefly governed by the incidence at the wave front. Control can therefore be applied, or intensified, once the wave front has passed without increasing the pathogen's rate of spread.When trade of planting material occurs, it is possible that the planting material is already infected. The only forms of control in this study that reduces the speed of geographic spread, regardless of the presence of an endemic strain, are those that reduce the amount of trade and the distance over which trade takes place. Synthesis and applications. The best control strategy depends on the presence of competing endemic strains. Applying or intensifying the control can slow the rate of spread when absent but increase it if present. Imposing trade restrictions before the epidemic has reached a given area and intensifying other control methods only when the wave front has passed is the most effective way of both slowing down spread and controlling incidence when a competing endemic strain is present and is the safest approach when its presence is unknown.}, }
@article {pmid32741106, year = {2020}, author = {O'Neil, ST and Coates, PS and Brussee, BE and Ricca, MA and Espinosa, SP and Gardner, SC and Delehanty, DJ}, title = {Wildfire and the ecological niche: Diminishing habitat suitability for an indicator species within semi-arid ecosystems.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {11}, pages = {6296-6312}, pmid = {32741106}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//U.S. Geological Survey/ ; //California Dept. of Wildlife/ ; //Nevada Department of Wildlife/ ; //U.S. Bureau of Land Management/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Female ; *Galliformes ; Nesting Behavior ; Plant Breeding ; *Wildfires ; }, abstract = {Globally accelerating frequency and extent of wildfire threatens the persistence of specialist wildlife species through direct loss of habitat and indirect facilitation of exotic invasive species. Habitat specialists may be especially prone to rapidly changing environmental conditions because their ability to adapt lags behind the rate of habitat alteration. As a result, these populations may become increasingly susceptible to ecological traps by returning to suboptimal breeding habitats that were dramatically altered by disturbance. We demonstrate a multistage modeling approach that integrates habitat selection and survival during the key nesting life-stage of a bird species of high conservation concern, the greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; hereafter, sage-grouse). We applied these spatially explicit models to a spatiotemporally robust dataset of sage-grouse nest locations and fates across wildfire-altered sagebrush ecosystems of the Great Basin ecoregion, western United States. Female sage-grouse exhibited intricate habitat selection patterns that varied across regional gradients of ecological productivity among sagebrush communities, but often selected nest sites that disproportionately resulted in nest failure. For example, 23% of nests occurred in wildfire-affected habitats characterized by reduced sagebrush cover and greater composition of invasive annual grasses. We found survival of nests was negatively associated with wildfire-affected areas, but positively associated with higher elevations with increased ruggedness and overall shrub cover. Strong site fidelity likely drove sage-grouse to continue nesting in habitats degraded by wildfire. Hence, increasing frequency and extent of wildfire may contribute disproportionately to reduced reproductive success by creating ecological traps that act as population sinks. Identifying such habitat mismatches between selection and survival facilitates deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving reduced geographic niche space and population decline at broad spatiotemporal scales, while guiding management actions to areas that would be most beneficial to the species.}, }
@article {pmid32741004, year = {2020}, author = {Donne, C and Neiman, M and Woodell, JD and Haase, M and Verhaegen, G}, title = {A layover in Europe: Reconstructing the invasion route of asexual lineages of a New Zealand snail to North America.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {18}, pages = {3446-3465}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15569}, pmid = {32741004}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; North America ; Ontario ; *Snails ; }, abstract = {Non-native invasive species are threatening ecosystems and biodiversity worldwide. High genetic variation is thought to be a critical factor for invasion success. Accordingly, the global invasion of a few clonal lineages of the gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum is thus both puzzling and has the potential to help illuminate why some invasions succeed while others fail. Here, we used SNP markers and a geographically broad sampling scheme (N = 1617) including native New Zealand populations and invasive North American and European populations to provide the first widescale population genetic assessment of the relationships between and among native and invasive P. antipodarum. We used a combination of traditional and Bayesian molecular analyses to demonstrate that New Zealand populations harbour very high diversity relative to the invasive populations and are the source of the two main European genetic lineages. One of these two European lineages was in turn the source of at least one of the two main North American genetic clusters of invasive P. antipodarum, located in Lake Ontario. The other widespread North American group had a more complex origin that included the other European lineage and two New Zealand clusters. Altogether, our analyses suggest that just a small handful of clonal lineages of P. antipodarum were responsible for invasion across continents. Our findings provide critical information for prevention of additional invasions and control of existing invasive populations and are of broader relevance towards understanding the establishment and evolution of asexual populations and the forces driving biological invasion.}, }
@article {pmid32738020, year = {2021}, author = {Bastille-Rousseau, G and Schlichting, PE and Keiter, DA and Smith, JB and Kilgo, JC and Wittemyer, G and Vercauteren, KC and Beasley, JC and Pepin, KM}, title = {Multi-level movement response of invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) to removal.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, pages = {85-95}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6029}, pmid = {32738020}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Crops, Agricultural ; *Introduced Species ; Movement ; *Sus scrofa ; Swine ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Lethal removal of invasive species, such as wild pigs (Sus scrofa), is often the most efficient approach for reducing their negative impacts. Wild pigs are one of the most widespread and destructive invasive mammals in the USA. Lethal management techniques are a key approach for wild pigs and can alter wild pig spatial behavior, but it is unclear how wild pigs respond to the most common removal technique, trapping. We investigated the spatial behavior of wild pigs following intensive removal of conspecifics via trapping at three sites within the Savannah River Site, SC, USA. We evaluated changes in wild pig densities, estimated temporal shifts in home-range properties, and evaluated fine-scale movement responses of wild pigs to removal.<br><br>RESULTS: We observed a significant reduction in the density of wild pigs in one site following removal via trapping while a qualitative reduction was observed in another site. We found little evidence of shifts in pig home-ranging behavior following removal. However, we did observe a nuanced response in movement behavior of wild pigs to the removal at the scale of the GPS locations (4&#x2009;h), including increased movement speed and reduced selection for vegetation rich areas.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our work provides a better understanding of the impact of removal via trapping on wild pig movement and its implications for management. The lack of shift in home-range characteristics observed illustrates how targeted trapping could be used to provide temporary relief for species sensitive to wild pig consumption such as ground nesting birds or agricultural crops.}, }
@article {pmid32738015, year = {2021}, author = {Stockton, DG and Wallingford, AK and Cha, DH and Loeb, GM}, title = {Automated aerosol puffers effectively deliver 1-OCTEN-3-OL, an oviposition antagonist useful against spotted-wing drosophila.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, pages = {389-396}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6028}, pmid = {32738015}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Aerosols ; Animals ; Drosophila ; Female ; Insect Control ; New York ; Octanols ; *Oviposition ; *Tetraodontiformes ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Automated aerosol puffers releasing behaviorally active volatile organic compounds can deter insect pests in crops. During 2016, we tested the efficacy of aerosol puffer arrays emitting 1-octen-3-ol at reducing Drosophila suzukii oviposition in fall-bearing raspberries in Western New York State. During 2017, we compared the performance of aerosol puffers with a passive diffusion release method (vial dispensers), as well as puffer timing and placement within the field.<br><br>RESULTS: During 2016, we found that octenol application in the field via aerosol puffer systems resulted in a 20% decrease in D. suzukii oviposition compared to control plots. During 2017, we found that aerosol puffers releasing octenol were 42-55% more effective than vial dispensers at deterring oviposition. We also found that a discontinuous application of octenol during dawn and dusk was sufficient to deter D. suzukii oviposition equivalent to continuous applications throughout the day. Although we observed no differences in infestation depending on puffer placement, low fly populations at the time of the trial may have affected the data.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that automated aerosol puffer systems may reduce D. suzukii infestation to a greater extent than vial dispensers. If adopted, a discontinuous puffer release schedule may protect both economic and ecological interests by reducing the amount of material required to achieve efficacy. Further research on puffer placement is needed to determine whether perimeter applications are effective in larger scale field research and in combination with attractants as part of a push-pull management system.}, }
@article {pmid32736247, year = {2020}, author = {Quetglas-Llabrés, MM and Tejada, S and Capó, X and Langley, E and Sureda, A and Box, A}, title = {Antioxidant response of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus to pollution and the invasive algae Lophocladia lallemandii.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {261}, number = {}, pages = {127773}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127773}, pmid = {32736247}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Animals ; Antioxidants ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Catalase/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution/analysis ; Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism ; Glutathione Reductase ; Glutathione Transferase ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Malondialdehyde ; Oxidative Stress/physiology ; Paracentrotus/metabolism/*physiology ; Rhodophyta/metabolism/*physiology ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Pollution derived from human activities and the arrival of invasive species are common worldwide and affect coastal marine ecosystems negatively, and more especially in a semi-closed sea such as the Mediterranean Sea. The aim of the study was to evaluate oxidative stress biomarkers in the gonadal tissue of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) sampled in different areas of Sant Antoni de Portmany (Ibiza Island, Spain) with different anthropic activities, and in an area deeply covered by the invasive red algae Lophocladia lallemandii. The densities of P. lividus were higher in the area with the greatest anthropogenic influence, while the area invaded by L. lallemandii showed the lowest density. A significant increase in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GRd) and the phase II detoxifying enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) was found in the most impacted area by the human activity. Moreover, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite levels were also increased in the most impacted area. Similarly, the presence of L. lallemandii induced oxidative stress in P. lividus evidenced by a significant increase in all analysed biomarkers. In conclusion, changes in oxidative stress biomarkers are a good proxy to evaluate the impacts induced by anthropogenic activities and by the presence of invasive algae to P. lividus.}, }
@article {pmid32735579, year = {2020}, author = {Saebi, M and Xu, J and Grey, EK and Lodge, DM and Corbett, JJ and Chawla, N}, title = {Higher-order patterns of aquatic species spread through the global shipping network.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {e0220353}, pmid = {32735579}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/*physiology ; Biofouling ; Cluster Analysis ; *Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment ; Ships ; }, abstract = {The introduction and establishment of nonindigenous species (NIS) through global ship movements poses a significant threat to marine ecosystems and economies. While ballast-vectored invasions have been partly addressed by some national policies and an international agreement regulating the concentrations of organisms in ballast water, biofouling-vectored invasions remain largely unaddressed. Development of additional efficient and cost-effective ship-borne NIS policies requires an accurate estimation of NIS spread risk from both ballast water and biofouling. We demonstrate that the first-order Markovian assumption limits accurate modeling of NIS spread risks through the global shipping network. In contrast, we show that higher-order patterns provide more accurate NIS spread risk estimates by revealing indirect pathways of NIS transfer using Species Flow Higher-Order Networks (SF-HON). Using the largest available datasets of non-indigenous species for Europe and the United States, we then compare SF-HON model predictions against those from networks that consider only first-order connections and those that consider all possible indirect connections without consideration of their significance. We show that not only SF-HONs yield more accurate NIS spread risk predictions, but there are important differences in NIS spread via the ballast and biofouling vectors. Our work provides information that policymakers can use to develop more efficient and targeted prevention strategies for ship-borne NIS spread management, especially as management of biofouling is of increasing concern.}, }
@article {pmid32734552, year = {2020}, author = {Agüero, JI and Pérez-Méndez, N and Torretta, JP and Garibaldi, LA}, title = {Impact of Invasive Bees on Plant-Pollinator Interactions and Reproductive Success of Plant Species in Mixed Nothofagus antarctica Forests.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, pages = {557-567}, doi = {10.1007/s13744-020-00787-6}, pmid = {32734552}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Asteraceae/physiology ; Bees/classification/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; Cirsium/physiology ; *Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Oxalidaceae/physiology ; Plants ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {Invasive social bees can alter plant-pollinator interactions with detrimental effects on both partners. However, most studies have focused on one invasive bee species, while the interactions among two or more species remain poorly understood. Also, many study sites had a history of invasive bees, being hard to find sites with historical low abundances. In Patagonia, Bombus ruderatus (F.) invasion begun in 1993 and B. terrestris (L.) in 2006. Though honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) introduction started in 1859, their density is still low in some parts. By experimentally increasing honey bee densities, we evaluated the effect of honey bees and bumblebees floral visitation on native pollinator floral visitation, pollen deposition, and reproductive success of three plant species in mixed Nothofagus antarctica forests of northern Patagonia: Oxalis valdiviensis, Mutisia spinosa and Cirsium vulgare. Our results show that exotic bees became the main floral visitors. No negative association was found between invasive bee and native pollinator visitation rates, but there was evidence of potential competition between honey bees and bumblebees. Floral neighborhood diversity played an important role in pollinator behavior. Conspecific pollen deposition was high for all species, while deposition of heterospecific pollen was very high in M. spinosa and C. vulgare. Not as expected, honey bees visitation rate had a negative effect on heterospecific pollen deposition in C. vulgare. For O. valdiviensis, exotic visitation rates increased conspecific pollen deposition, which was positively related to reproductive success. Although exotic bees became main floral visitors, their contribution to reproductive success was only clear for one species.}, }
@article {pmid32733144, year = {2020}, author = {Girón, JC and Chamorro, ML}, title = {Variability and distribution of the golden-headed weevil Compsus auricephalus (Say) (Curculionidae: Entiminae: Eustylini).}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e55474}, pmid = {32733144}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The golden-headed weevil Compsus auricephalus is a native and fairly widespread species across the southern U.S.A. extending through Central America south to Panama. There are two recognised morphotypes of the species: the typical green form, with pink to cupreous head and part of the legs and the uniformly white to pale brown form. There are other Central and South American species of Compsus and related genera of similar appearance that make it challenging to provide accurate identifications of introduced species at ports of entry.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: Here, we re-describe the species, provide images of the habitus, miscellaneous morphological structures and male and female genitalia. We discuss the morphological variation of Compsus auricephalus across its distributional range, by revising and updating its distributional range, based on data from entomological collections in the U.S.A. and Canada. The revised distribution of C. auricephalus extends as far south as Zacapa in Guatemala. Records south from there correspond to a different species, with affinities to C. auricephalus that we discuss and illustrate. We also discuss morphological affinities and differences with other similar species. Furthermore, we summarise information regarding the biology, host plants and natural enemies of C. auricephalus.}, }
@article {pmid32729960, year = {2020}, author = {Barst, BD and Hudelson, K and Lescord, GL and Santa-Rios, A and Basu, N and Crémazy, A and Drevnick, PE}, title = {Effects of Non-native Fish on Lacustrine Food Web Structure and Mercury Biomagnification along a Dissolved Organic Carbon Gradient.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {39}, number = {11}, pages = {2196-2207}, doi = {10.1002/etc.4831}, pmid = {32729960}, issn = {1552-8618}, support = {//Fonds Qu&#xe9;b&#xe9;cois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies/International ; //Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bioaccumulation ; Carbon/*chemistry ; Carbon Isotopes ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes/*metabolism ; *Food Chain ; Geography ; Lakes/chemistry ; Mercury/*analysis ; Methylmercury Compounds/analysis ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; Organic Chemicals/*chemistry ; Quebec ; Trout/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Although the introduction of non-native fish species has been shown to alter trophic ecology in aquatic ecosystems, there has been limited research on how invasive species alter methylmercury (MeHg) biomagnification in lacustrine food webs. We sampled surface water and biota from 8 lakes in Quebec, Canada, spanning a range of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations (2.9-8.4 mg/L); 4 lakes were inhabited by native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), and the remaining lakes contained brook trout and a non-native fish, Allegheny pearl dace (Margariscus margarita). Periphyton, zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, and fish were analyzed for: 1) stable carbon (δ[13] C) and nitrogen (δ[15] N) isotope ratios to delineate food webs, and 2) total Hg (THg) or MeHg. Compared with the brook trout from reference lakes, fish from invaded lakes had higher length-standardized THg concentrations as well as a narrower dietary range and elevated trophic level, inferred from unadjusted δ[13] C and δ[15] N values, respectively. The rate of Hg biomagnification was similar across invaded and reference lakes, implying little effect of the invasive fish on the trophic transfer of MeHg. Despite differences in food web structure due to pearl dace invasion, DOC was the strongest predictor of brook trout THg levels for all lakes, suggesting that underlying environmental factors exerted a stronger influence on brook trout THg concentrations than the presence of a non-native forage fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2196-2207. © 2020 SETAC.}, }
@article {pmid32729452, year = {2020}, author = {Ondračková, M and Seifertová, M and Bryjová, A and Leis, E and Jurajda, P}, title = {Morphometric and genetic evidence for cryptic diversity in Gyrodactylus (Monogenea) infecting non-native European populations of Ameiurus nebulosus and A. melas.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {147}, number = {14}, pages = {1700-1711}, pmid = {32729452}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Czech Republic/epidemiology ; Fish Diseases/*epidemiology/parasitology ; *Ictaluridae ; Introduced Species ; Prevalence ; Rivers ; Trematoda/*anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; Trematode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Gyrodactylid parasites were observed on non-native populations of North-American freshwater catfishes, Ameiurus nebulosus and Ameiurus melas (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae), at several sites in the Elbe River basin, Czech Republic, Europe. Using a combination of morphological and genetic analyses, the parasites infecting A. nebulosus were determined to be Gyrodactylus nebulosus, a North American parasite co-introduced to Europe along with its Ameiurus fish hosts. Subtle morphometrical differences, as well as seasonal variations, were observed among parasites collected from A. nebulosus and A. melas. The host-related variation was further supported through genetic analysis of the partial 18S rDNA, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and COI, showing 0.2, 3.0 and 4.8% divergence, respectively. Consistent genetic differences indicated there were two distinct genotypes. Subtle morphological differences associated with the shape of sickle toe, anchor root and ventral bar membrane, according to host species, also supported the description of a new cryptic species, Gyrodactylus melas n. sp., infecting A. melas. Multivariate morphometrical analysis of haptoral hard parts showed significant differences between the anchor lengths of G. nebulosus and G. melas n. sp. However, the measurements of the haptoral hard structures partially overlapped between species, limiting the usage of these parameters for species delineation.}, }
@article {pmid32728141, year = {2020}, author = {Robalo, JI and Francisco, SM and Vendrell, C and Lima, CS and Pereira, A and Brunner, BP and Dia, M and Gordo, L and Castilho, R}, title = {Against all odds: a tale of marine range expansion with maintenance of extremely high genetic diversity.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {12707}, pmid = {32728141}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Europe ; *Genetic Markers ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Mauritania ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Phylogeography ; Population Dynamics ; Portugal ; Sea Bream/genetics/*physiology ; Senegal ; Spain ; }, abstract = {The displacement of species from equatorial latitudes to temperate locations following the increase in sea surface temperatures is among the significant reported consequences of climate change. Shifts in the distributional ranges of species result in fish communities tropicalisation, i.e., high latitude colonisations by typically low latitude distribution species. These movements create new interactions between species and new trophic assemblages. The Senegal seabream, Diplodus bellottii, may be used as a model to understand the population genetics of these invasions. In the last decades, this species has undergone an outstanding range expansion from its African area of origin to the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula, where now occurs abundantly. Mitochondrial and nuclear markers revealed a striking high haplotypic nucleotide and genetic diversity values, along with significant population differentiation throughout the present-day geographical range of the Senegal seabream. These results are not consistent with the central-marginal hypothesis, nor with the expectations of a leptokurtic distribution of individuals, as D. bellottii seems to be able to retain exceptional levels of diversity in marginal and recently colonised areas. We discuss possible causes for hyperdiversity and lack of geographical structure and subsequent implications for fisheries.}, }
@article {pmid32726450, year = {2021}, author = {Louca, S}, title = {Phylogeographic Estimation and Simulation of Global Diffusive Dispersal.}, journal = {Systematic biology}, volume = {70}, number = {2}, pages = {340-359}, doi = {10.1093/sysbio/syaa061}, pmid = {32726450}, issn = {1076-836X}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {The analysis of time-resolved phylogenies (timetrees) and geographic location data allows estimation of dispersal rates, for example, for invasive species and infectious diseases. Many estimation methods are based on the Brownian Motion model for diffusive dispersal on a 2D plane; however, the accuracy of these methods deteriorates substantially when dispersal occurs at global scales because spherical Brownian motion (SBM) differs from planar Brownian motion. No statistical method exists for estimating SBM diffusion coefficients from a given timetree and tip coordinates, and no method exists for simulating SBM along a given timetree. Here, I present new methods for simulating SBM along a given timetree, and for estimating SBM diffusivity from a given timetree and tip coordinates using a modification of Felsenstein's independent contrasts and maximum likelihood. My simulation and fitting methods can accommodate arbitrary time-dependent diffusivities and scale efficiently to trees with millions of tips, thus enabling new analyses even in cases where planar BM would be a sufficient approximation. I demonstrate these methods using a timetree of marine and terrestrial Cyanobacterial genomes, as well as timetrees of two globally circulating Influenza B clades. My methods are implemented in the R package "castor." [Independent contrasts; phylogenetic; random walk; simulation; spherical Brownian motion.].}, }
@article {pmid32725821, year = {2020}, author = {Mofu, L and Woodford, DJ and Wasserman, RJ and Weyl, OLF}, title = {Life history of the river goby Glossogobius callidus (Teleostei: Gobiidae).}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {97}, number = {6}, pages = {1600-1606}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14478}, pmid = {32725821}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//DSI/NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology/ ; 110507//National Research Foundation - South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Innovation/ ; 101039//National Research Foundation/ ; 109015//National Research Foundation/ ; 103581//National Research Foundation/ ; 88746//National Research Foundation/ ; #K5/2039//Water Research Commission/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Fertility ; *Life History Traits ; Longevity ; Male ; Oocytes/physiology ; Otolithic Membrane/anatomy &amp; histology ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Rivers ; Seasons ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {The river goby Glossogobius callidus is native to freshwater and estuarine habitats in South Africa. Individuals [21.1-144.4 mm total length (LT)] were sampled from impoundments in the Sundays River Valley, Eastern Cape, from February 2014 to March 2015. The largest female was 137.2 mm LT , and the largest male was 144.4 mm LT . Length-at-50% maturity was 75.2 ± 2.1 mm LT for males and 76.2 ± 2.0 mm LT for females. Absolute fecundity was 1028.2 ± 131.7 oocytes per fish, and relative fecundity was 50.1 ± 18.1 oocytes per gram. The spawning season extended from October to December. Fish were aged using sectioned sagittal otoliths. The growth zone periodicity was validated using edge analysis. Longevity was more than 7 years for females and more than 6 years for males. Length-at-age was similar for the two sexes and was best described using the von Bertalanffy growth model as Lt = 74.7(1 - e[-1.0(t + 0.1)]) mm LT for the entire population. Using the population age structure, the mortality rate was estimated at 1.3 per year.}, }
@article {pmid32725195, year = {2020}, author = {Kanle Satishchandra, N and Geerts, S}, title = {Modeling the Distribution of the Invasive Alien Cycad Aulacaspis Scale in Africa Under Current and Future Climate Scenarios.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {113}, number = {5}, pages = {2276-2284}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toaa156}, pmid = {32725195}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; *Cycadopsida ; *Hemiptera ; Introduced Species ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {The cycad aulacaspis scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae), is native to Southeast Asia but an invasive pest of the gymnosperm order Cycadales in many parts of the world. Aulacaspis yasumatsui was recently reported on the cycad genus Encephalartos in South Africa and is currently categorized as a 'prohibited terrestrial invertebrate' in the invasive species legislation, National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (NEM:BA). Encephalartos is endemic to Africa, and 11 species are listed as critically endangered and four species as endangered. Seeing the limited distribution of A. yasumatsui in South Africa and only one unconfirmed record from the Ivory Coast, understanding the potential distribution range is essential for control and management. Here we model the potential distribution of A. yasumatsui under current and future climate scenarios in Africa, with a focus on South Africa. Future climatic scenarios were simulated using a bio-climatic software, CLIMEX. The model indicates that, under the current climatic scenario, all 17 African countries possessing Encephalartos are susceptible to A. yasumatsui establishment. However, under climatic change, the suitability decreases for large parts of Africa. In South Africa, 93% of the winter rainfall areas, and 90% of the temperate, summer rainfall areas are suitable for A. yasumatsui establishment. In this study, we highlight the urgent need for regulation, management, and research on A. yasumatsui in African countries with native cycads.}, }
@article {pmid32724554, year = {2020}, author = {Strayer, DL}, title = {Non-native species have multiple abundance-impact curves.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {13}, pages = {6833-6843}, pmid = {32724554}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The abundance-impact curve is helpful for understanding and managing the impacts of non-native species. Abundance-impact curves can have a wide range of shapes (e.g., linear, threshold, sigmoid), each with its own implications for scientific understanding and management. Sometimes, the abundance-impact curve has been viewed as a property of the species, with a single curve for a species. I argue that the abundance-impact curve is determined jointly by a non-native species and the ecosystem it invades, so that a species may have multiple abundance-impact curves. Models of the impacts of the invasive mussel Dreissena show how a single species can have multiple, noninterchangeable abundance-impact curves. To the extent that ecosystem characteristics determine the abundance-impact curve, abundance-impact curves based on horizontal designs (space-for-time substitution) may be misleading and should be used with great caution, it at all. It is important for scientists and managers to correctly specify the abundance-impact curve when considering the impacts of non-native species. Diverting attention from the invading species to the invaded ecosystem, and especially to the interaction between species and ecosystem, could improve our understanding of how non-native species affect ecosystems and reduce uncertainty around the effects of management of populations of non-native species.}, }
@article {pmid32724534, year = {2020}, author = {Einfeldt, AL and Jesson, LK and Addison, JA}, title = {Historical human activities reshape evolutionary trajectories across both native and introduced ranges.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {13}, pages = {6579-6592}, pmid = {32724534}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The same vectors that introduce species to new ranges could move them among native populations, but how human-mediated dispersal impacts native ranges has been difficult to address because human-mediated dispersal and natural dispersal can simultaneously shape patterns of gene flow. Here, we disentangle human-mediated dispersal from natural dispersal by exploiting a system where the primary vector was once extensive but has since ceased. From 10th to 19th Centuries, ships in the North Atlantic exchanged sediments dredged from the intertidal for ballast, which ended when seawater ballast tanks were adopted. We investigate genetic patterns from RADseq-derived SNPs in the amphipod Corophium volutator (n = 121; 4,870 SNPs) and the annelid Hediste diversicolor (n = 78; 3,820 SNPs), which were introduced from Europe to North America, have limited natural dispersal capabilities, are abundant in intertidal sediments, but not commonly found in modern water ballast tanks. We detect similar levels of genetic subdivision among introduced North American populations and among native European populations. Phylogenetic networks and clustering analyses reveal population structure between sites, a high degree of phylogenetic reticulation within ranges, and phylogenetic splits between European and North American populations. These patterns are inconsistent with phylogeographic structure expected to arise from natural dispersal alone, suggesting human activity eroded ancestral phylogeographic structure between native populations, but was insufficient to overcome divergent processes between naturalized populations and their sources. Our results suggest human activity may alter species' evolutionary trajectories on a broad geographic scale via regional homogenization and global diversification, in some cases precluding historical inference from genetic data.}, }
@article {pmid32724509, year = {2020}, author = {Luz, BLP and Di Domenico, M and Migotto, AE and Kitahara, MV}, title = {Life-history traits of Tubastraea coccinea: Reproduction, development, and larval competence.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {13}, pages = {6223-6238}, pmid = {32724509}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The sun coral Tubastraea coccinea Lesson, 1829 (Dendrophylliidae) is a widely distributed shallow-water scleractinian that has extended its range to non-native habitats in recent decades. With its rapid spread, this coral is now one of the main invasive species in Brazil. Its high invasive capability is related to opportunistic characteristics, including several reproductive strategies that have allowed it to disperse rapidly and widely. To better understand the reproductive biology of T. coccinea and aid in developing management strategies for invaded areas, we investigated aspects of its reproductive performance and life cycle, including the effects of colony size, seawater temperature and salinity, and lunar periodicity on offspring production and larval metamorphosis competence. A total of 18,139 offspring were released in different developmental stages, mainly from the larger colonies, which also produced larvae with longer competence periods. The main reproductive peak occurred during the First Quarter and New Moon phases and was highest in water temperatures around 26°C. Together, these results help to explain the rapid expansion of T. coccinea into non-native habitats such as the Caribbean and southwestern Atlantic, and will inform actions of the recent Brazilian National Plan for the prevention, eradication, control, and monitoring of sun corals.}, }
@article {pmid32724106, year = {2020}, author = {Kosmala, GK and Brown, GP and Shine, R}, title = {Colonization history affects heating rates of invasive cane toads.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {12553}, pmid = {32724106}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Body Temperature ; Bufo marinus/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species/history ; Male ; Population Dynamics/history ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Amphibians in hot climates may be able to avoid high temperatures by controlling their rates of heating. In northern Australia, invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) experience hot dry conditions in newly-colonized (western) sites but milder conditions in longer-occupied (eastern) sites. Under standardized conditions, toads from western sites heated less rapidly than did conspecifics from an eastern site. The availability of free water slowed heating rates of eastern but not western toads. Thus, the colonization of climatically extreme sites has been accompanied by a rapid shift in the toads' ability to remain cool under hot conditions, even when free water is not available.}, }
@article {pmid32723633, year = {2020}, author = {Thompson, AT and White, S and Shaw, D and Egizi, A and Lahmers, K and Ruder, MG and Yabsley, MJ}, title = {Theileria orientalis Ikeda in host-seeking Haemaphysalis longicornis in Virginia, U.S.A.}, journal = {Ticks and tick-borne diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {101450}, doi = {10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101450}, pmid = {32723633}, issn = {1877-9603}, mesh = {Animals ; Antigens, Protozoan/analysis ; Arachnid Vectors/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Male ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/parasitology ; Protozoan Proteins/analysis ; RNA, Protozoan/analysis ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/analysis ; Theileria/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {The Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, has recently become established in the United States. In East Asia, Australia, and New Zealand, the native and previously introduced ranges, this tick is a vector of an important pathogen of cattle, Theileria orientalis. In 2017, the pathogenic Ikeda genotype of T. orientalis was associated with cattle mortalities in Virginia and in 2018 the exotic H. longicornis was detected at this same site. To investigate the possible role of this exotic tick in the epidemiology of theileriosis in Virginia, we tested host-seeking H. longicornis for piroplasm infections. We document the detection of exotic Theileria orientalis Ikeda genotype in 12.7 % (15/118) environmentally collected H. longicornis using both the 18S rRNA and major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene targets. This is the first detection of a pathogen in H. longicornis in its introduced range in the United States and offers new insight into the animal health risks associated with the introduction of this exotic tick species to North America.}, }
@article {pmid32722846, year = {2020}, author = {Montesinos, D and Callaway, RM}, title = {Soil origin corresponds with variation in growth of an invasive Centaurea, but not of non-invasive congeners.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {101}, number = {10}, pages = {e03141}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3141}, pmid = {32722846}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {IF-00066-2013//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; PLA/0763/2014//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; OIA-1757351//Office of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research/ ; }, mesh = {Biomass ; *Centaurea ; Introduced Species ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Why only a small proportion of exotic species become invasive is an unresolved question. Escape from the negative effects of soil biota in the native range can be important for the success of many invasives, but comparative effects of soil biota on less successful exotic species are poorly understood. Studies of other mechanisms suggest that such comparisons might be fruitful. Seeds of three closely related Centaurea species with overlapping distributions in both their native range of Spain and their nonnative range of California were grown to maturity in pots to obtain an F1 generation of full sibling seeds with reduced maternal effects. Full sibling F1 seeds from both ranges were subsequently grown in pots with inoculations of soil from either the native or nonnative ranges in a fully orthogonal factorial design. We then compared plant biomass among species, regions, and soil sources. Our results indicate that escape from soil pathogens may unleash the highly invasive Centaurea solstitialis, which was suppressed by native Spanish soils but not by soils from California. In contrast, the two non-invasive Centaurea species grew the same on all soils. These results add unprecedented phylogenetically controlled insight into why some species invade and others do not.}, }
@article {pmid32722670, year = {2020}, author = {Kwon, O and Choi, MB}, title = {Interspecific hierarchies from aggressiveness and body size among the invasive alien hornet, Vespa velutina nigrithorax, and five native hornets in South Korea.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {e0226934}, pmid = {32722670}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Aggression ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Body Size ; Introduced Species ; Republic of Korea ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The range of the invasive alien hornet, Vespa velutina nigrithorax, has been expanding since its introduction to Korea in 2003. Here, we compare the aggressive behaviors and body size of V. velutina nigrithorax with five native hornet species to identify the interspecific hierarchies that influence the rate of spread of this species. Aggressive behaviors were classified into 11 categories, and each interaction was scored as a win, loss, or tie. We found that V. velutina was superior to V. simillima in fights that V. velutina won and showed a high incidence of threatening behavior. V. mandarinia outperformed V. velutina in fights that V. mandarinia won and grappling behavior was common. V. analis was superior to V. velutina in fights that V. analis won and showed a high degree of threatening behavior. V. crabro was superior to V. velutina in fights that V. crabro won and showed a high rate of threatening behavior. V. dybowskii was superior to V. velutina in fights that V. dybowskii won and showed a high incidence of threatening and grappling behaviors. The body size of V. velutina was greater than V. simillima (although not statistically significant) and smaller than all other Vespa species. Therefore, according to this study, the low interspecific hierarchies of V. velutina seem to be a major cause of the slower spread in Korea than in Europe. However, over time, its density has gradually increased within the forest, where it seems to be overcoming its disadvantages and expanding its range, possibly because the large colonies and good flying abilities of this species help it secure food.}, }
@article {pmid32722463, year = {2020}, author = {Hiebert, N and Kessel, T and Skaljac, M and Spohn, M and Vilcinskas, A and Lee, KZ}, title = {The Gram-Positive Bacterium Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides Shows Insecticidal Activity against Drosophilid and Aphid Pests.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {32722463}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {LOEWE Centre for Insect Biotechnology and Bioresources//Hessisches Ministerium f&#xfc;r Wissenschaft und Kunst/ ; }, abstract = {Insect pests reduce global crop yields by up to 20%, but the most effective control measures are currently based on environmentally hazardous chemical pesticides. An alternative, ecologically beneficial pest-management strategy involves the use of microbial pathogens (or active compounds and extracts derived from them) that naturally target selected insect pests. A novel strain of the bacterium Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides showed promising activity in our preliminary tests. Here, we investigated its effects in more detail, focusing on drosophilid and aphid pests by testing the survival of two species representing the family Drosophilidae (Drosophila suzukii and D. melanogaster) and one representing the family Aphididae (Acyrthosiphon pisum). We used oral and septic infection models to administer living bacteria or cell-free extracts to adult flies and aphid nymphs. We found that infection with living bacteria significantly reduced the survival of our insect models, whereas the administration of cell-free extracts had a significant effect only in aphids. These results confirm that L. pseudomesenteroides has potential as a new biocontrol agent for sustainable pest management.}, }
@article {pmid32720489, year = {2020}, author = {Tang, JS and Ma, M}, title = {Genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of invasive weed Xanthium italicum in China.}, journal = {Comptes rendus biologies}, volume = {343}, number = {1}, pages = {63-72}, doi = {10.5802/crbiol.7}, pmid = {32720489}, issn = {1768-3238}, mesh = {China ; DNA Primers ; Genetic Drift ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Humans ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeny ; Plant Weeds/*genetics ; Xanthium/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Xanthium italicum is an aggressive weed found worldwide. Despite several ecological, morphological, and physiological research on its invasion mechanism, the mechanism of its successful invasion has not been revealed from the viewpoint of population genetics. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the genetic variation within and among populations of the alien invasive weed X. italicum in China, and to provide a theoretical basis for its invasion mechanism. For that, we employed inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers to explore the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of 185 individuals sampled from 10 populations. Eight selected primers yielded a total of 76 bright and discernible bands. X. italicum showed an intermediate genetic diversity at the population level (percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) = 60.26%, Nei's genetic diversity (H) = 0.2098, Shannon's information index (I) = 0.3129). However, the genetic diversity at the species level was significantly high (PPL = 100%; H = 0.3673; I = 0.5425). The coefficient of gene differentiation (GST, 41.4%) and analysis of molecular variance showed that genetic differentiation mainly occurred within populations. The estimated gene flow (Nm, 0.7085) and Mantel test indicated that genetic differentiation in the populations may primarily come from genetic drift and anthropogenic activities. Our results revealed the high genetic diversity of X. italicum, which may help explain its invasion success in China. This knowledge may contribute to the efforts for decreasing and eventually stopping X. italicum invasion in China.}, }
@article {pmid32718029, year = {2020}, author = {Szelényi, MO and Erdei, AL and Jósvai, JK and Radványi, D and Sümegi, B and Vétek, G and Molnár, BP and Kárpáti, Z}, title = {Essential Oil Headspace Volatiles Prevent Invasive Box Tree Moth (Cydalima perspectalis) Oviposition-Insights from Electrophysiology and Behaviour.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {32718029}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {PD1041310//NKFIH/ ; GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00061//National Research, Development, and Innovation Office/ ; J&#xe1;nos Bolyai Research Scholarship//Hungarian Academy of Sciences/ ; &#xda;NKP-19-4//New National Excellence Program of the Ministry of Human Capacities/ ; &#xda;NKP-19-3-1//New National Excellence Program of the Ministry of Human Capacities/ ; NKFIH-1159-6/2019//Hungarian Ministry for Innovation and Technology within the framework of the Higher Education Institutional Excellence Program/ ; }, abstract = {The box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis Walker) is an invasive species in Europe causing severe damage both in natural and ornamental boxwood (Buxus spp.) vegetation. Pest management tactics are often based on the use of chemical insecticides, whereas environmentally-friendly control solutions are not available against this insect. The application of essential oils may provide effective protection against oviposition and subsequent larval damage. Oviposition deterrence of cinnamon, eucalyptus and lavender essential oils was tested on female C. perspectalis in behavioural bioassays. Our results indicate that all the studied essential oils may be adequate deterrents; however, cinnamon oil exhibited the strongest effect. To determine the physiologically active compounds in the headspace of the essential oils, gas chromatography coupled with electroantennography recordings were performed in parallel with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify the volatile constituents. In addition, the release rates of various components from vial-wick dispensers were measured during the oviposition bioassay. These results may serve as a basis for the development of a practical and insecticide-free plant protection method against this invasive moth species.}, }
@article {pmid32717606, year = {2020}, author = {Si, C and Alpert, P and Zhang, JF and Lin, J and Wang, YY and Hong, MM and Roiloa, SR and Yu, FH}, title = {Capacity for clonal integration in introduced versus native clones of the invasive plant Hydrocotyle vulgaris.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {745}, number = {}, pages = {141056}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141056}, pmid = {32717606}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Araliaceae ; Biomass ; *Centella ; China ; Introduced Species ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Clonal plants can make up a disproportionately high number of the introduced, invasive plant species in a region. Physiological integration of connected ramets within clones is a key ecological advantage of clonal growth. To ask whether clonal integration underlies the invasiveness of clonal plants, we tested the hypothesis that introduced clones of an invasive species will show higher capacity for integration than native clones of the same species. We conduct a greenhouse experiment on the widespread, perennial herb Hydrocotyle vulgaris. Clonal fragments consisting of pairs of connected ramets from seven sites in northwestern Spain where the species is native and seven sites in southeastern China where the species is introduced and invasive were grown for 79 days with the younger, apical ramet shaded to 30% of ambient light and the connection between ramets either severed or left intact. Severance decreased the final dry mass and ramet number of the apical ramet and its offspring in nearly all clones and increased the mass or ramet number of the basal portion of the fragment in about half of the clones, but these effects did not differ consistently between native and introduced clones. Severance did affect allocation more in introduced than in native clones, decreasing root/total mass more in apical portions and increasing it more in basal portions. Maintaining the connection between ramets caused introduced, but not native, clonal fragments to produce more leaf and less root mass and thus to lower allocation to roots. Regardless of severance, introduced clones accumulated about twice as much mass as native clones. Results suggest that introduced clones of a species can show greater effects of integration on allocation than native clones. In species such as H. vulgaris, this might increase competitiveness for light.}, }
@article {pmid32716874, year = {2020}, author = {Lapwong, Y and Dejtaradol, A and Webb, JK}, title = {Shifts in thermal preference of introduced Asian house geckos (Hemidactylus frenatus) in temperate regions of southeastern Australia.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {91}, number = {}, pages = {102625}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102625}, pmid = {32716874}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Body Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Despite its tropical origin, the Asian house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus) is currently invading higher latitudes around the world. In this study, we investigated whether the introduced geckos in the subtropical/temperate region of southeastern Australia have shifted their thermal biology to cope with colder temperatures. In the lab, we measured the body temperatures of geckos from Thailand and Australia in a cost-free thermal gradient. Native H. frenatus from Thailand displayed a diel pattern of thermoregulation. Geckos maintained higher body temperatures during mid-afternoon and at dusk but selected cooler temperatures during the night. Introduced geckos showed a similar pattern of thermoregulation, but selected lower body temperatures in summer (mean = 28.9 °C) and winter (mean = 25.5 °C) than native geckos (mean = 31.5 °C). While the Asian house geckos from Thailand did not alter their body temperatures after feeding, their conspecifics from southeastern Australia selected body temperatures that were 1.6-3.1 °C higher after feeding. In conclusion, our study shows that invasive house geckos in Australia have shifted their preferred body temperatures downwards relative to their native conspecifics in Thailand, presumably as a result of plasticity or natural selection. Our findings suggest that these tropical geckos have adapted to colder regions, and thus, they may spread much further than expected for a tropical ectotherm.}, }
@article {pmid32715691, year = {2020}, author = {Hang, W and Ge, YY and Liu, HY and Jiang, HR and Zhang, SH and Tao, Y}, title = {[Effects of Brachythecium plumosum and Plagiomnium venustum on seed germination and seedling growth of invasive plants].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {7}, pages = {2271-2278}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202007.010}, pmid = {32715691}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Allelopathy ; *Bryopsida ; Germination ; *Seedlings ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants can inhibit the survival and reproduction of native species through alle-lopathy. It is not clear whether the native plants, especially the mosses in the ground layer, inf-luence the invasive plants. In this study, we examined the effects of two native moss species, Brachythecium plumosum and Plagiomnium venustum, on two malignant invasive plants, Echinochloa crusgalli and Daucus carota. The effects of mosses on seed germination and seedling growth of both invasive species were determined based on the clump structure and allelopathy of the mosses. The germination rate, germination potential and germination index of the two invasive species were significantly inhibited when seeds fallen on or into the moss clump, with an order of inhibition effect: above moss clump>below moss clump>no moss. Radicle length and radicle/plumule of D. Carota were significantly affected when seeds fallen into the moss clump. Moss water extracts significantly reduced germination rate, germination potential, and germination index of the two invasive plants, with these effects being concentration-dependent. To some extent, moss water extracts increased the plumule length, radicle length and radicle/plumule of D. Carota seedlings, but without effect on E. crusgalli. Both mosses showed inhibitory effects on seed germination and seedling growth of two invasive plants, with higher sensitivity of E. crusgalli than D. Carota. Along with the increases in concentration of water extract, stronger inhibitory effects were found. Therefore, mosses could partially inhibit seed germination and seedling growth of invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid32715682, year = {2020}, author = {Deng, LL and Lyu, P and Huang, XQ and Zhang, Z and Wang, LC and Liu, Y}, title = {[Allelopathic effects of water extracts from sweet potato on the growth of invasive alien species Alternanthera philoxeroides].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {7}, pages = {2202-2210}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202007.020}, pmid = {32715682}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Allelopathy ; *Amaranthaceae ; Introduced Species ; *Ipomoea batatas ; Water ; }, abstract = {It is an effective approach to control invasive plants based on the allelopathic effect of native plants with higher economic values, from the perspective of allelopathy. The aim of this study was to test the allelopathic effect of a local crop, sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), on the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides. Water extracts from different organs of sweet potato (roots, stems, leaves) with three concentrations (0.025, 0.05, 0.1 g·mL[-1]) were used in the study. To test the effect of sweet potato on rhizome growth of A. philoxeroides, the morphological index (ramet number, node number, leaf number, leaf area, plant height, total dry weight and root number of new ramets), allelopathic response index, trait values (succulent degree, root-shoot ratio, specific leaf area, leaf mass ratio, stem mass ratio, root mass ratio), CAT, POD, MDA and SOD in young leaves were measured. The results showed that 1) Water extracts from different organs of sweet potato with different concentrations differed in their effects on the growth of A. philoxeroides. Water extract from root with 0.1 g·mL[-1] significantly inhibited all morphological indices. Except total dry weight and root number, other morphological indices decreased significantly with increasing concentration of water extract from all organs. 2) The synthetic allelopathic response index (RI) was negative under all treatments, indicating that water extract of sweet potato had negative effects on all indices of A. philoxeroides and thus inhibited their growth. Among all the treatments, water extract from root with a concentration of 0.1 g·mL[-1] had the strongest allelopathic inhibition (RI=-0.73), followed by that from stem with a concentration of 0.1 g·mL[-1](RI=-0.44) and from root with a concentration of 0.05 g·mL[-1](RI=-0.44). 3) Water extract of sweet potato had significant inhibitory effects on the degree of succulence, root-shoot ratio, specific leaf area, and leaf mass ratio, but did not affect stem mass ratio and root mass ratio. 4) Water extract of sweet potato significantly increased the contents of MDA and SOD in the fresh leaves of A. philoxeroides, while had no effect on the contents of CAT and POD. All these results indicates that water extract of sweet potato significantly suppress the ramet growth of A. philoxeroides.}, }
@article {pmid32710358, year = {2020}, author = {Chadha, A and Florentine, S and Javaid, M and Welgama, A and Turville, C}, title = {Influence of elements of climate change on the growth and fecundity of Datura stramonium.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {27}, number = {28}, pages = {35859-35869}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-020-10251-y}, pmid = {32710358}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate Change ; *Datura stramonium ; Droughts ; Fertility ; }, abstract = {In this study, the performance of Datura stramonium, an invasive weed of soybean and solanaceous crops, was examined under different elements of climate change. Experiments conducted in CO2 chambers at ambient CO2 (400 ppm) and elevated CO2 (700 ppm) levels under both well-watered and drought conditions exhibited the fertilization effect of elevated CO2. This was, however, limited by drought. Clearly, growth of D. stramonium will be significantly enhanced by enriched atmospheric CO2 concentration under well-watered conditions, producing taller plants with greater biomass and higher seed output. Glasshouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of different soil moisture regimes (100%, 75%, 50% and 25% water-holding capacity (WHC)) on the growth and fecundity of D. stramonium. Plants grown in 75% WHC had the highest plant height (15.24 cm) and shoot diameter (4.25 mm). The lowest leaf area (305.91 mm[2]), fresh weight (14.48 g) and dry weight (4.45 g) were observed in 25% WHC conditions. The ability of D. stramonium plants to grow and complete their life cycle with high seed output, even under limited water availability, shows the weedy nature of this species which is well adapted to survive future inhospitable climatic conditions. Radiant heat treatment on the plants indicated that temperatures of 120 °C and above for more than 180 s were enough to kill the plants, suggesting that thermal weeding or wildfires will be adequate to act as a circuit breaker on the D. stramonium invasion cycle, thus allowing other control measures to be engaged for greater control.}, }
@article {pmid32709966, year = {2020}, author = {Lester, PJ and Bulgarella, M and Baty, JW and Dearden, PK and Guhlin, J and Kean, JM}, title = {The potential for a CRISPR gene drive to eradicate or suppress globally invasive social wasps.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {12398}, pmid = {32709966}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; CRISPR-Cas Systems/*genetics ; *Gene Drive Technology ; Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Population Dynamics ; Wasps/*genetics ; }, abstract = {CRISPR gene drives have potential for widespread and cost-efficient pest control, but are highly controversial. We examined a potential gene drive targeting spermatogenesis to control the invasive common wasp (Vespula vulgaris) in New Zealand. Vespula wasps are haplodiploid. Their life cycle makes gene drive production challenging, as nests are initiated by single fertilized queens in spring followed by several cohorts of sterile female workers and the production of reproductives in autumn. We show that different spermatogenesis genes have different levels of variation between introduced and native ranges, enabling a potential 'precision drive' that could target the reduced genetic diversity and genotypes within the invaded range. In vitro testing showed guide-RNA target specificity and efficacy that was dependent on the gene target within Vespula, but no cross-reactivity in other Hymenoptera. Mathematical modelling incorporating the genetic and life history traits of Vespula wasps identified characteristics for a male sterility drive to achieve population control. There was a trade-off between drive infiltration and impact: a drive causing complete male sterility would not spread, while partial sterility could be effective in limiting population size if the homing rate is high. Our results indicate that gene drives may offer viable suppression for wasps and other haplodiploid pests.}, }
@article {pmid32707668, year = {2020}, author = {Pérez-De la O, NB and Espinosa-Zaragoza, S and López-Martínez, V and D Hight, S and Varone, L}, title = {Ecological Niche Modeling to Calculate Ideal Sites to Introduce a Natural Enemy: The Case of Apanteles opuntiarum (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to Control Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in North America.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {32707668}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {511-6/2019.-13559//Programa para el Desarrollo Profesional Docente/ ; }, abstract = {The cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is an invasive species in North America where it threatens Opuntia native populations. The insect is expanding its distribution along the United States Gulf Coast. In the search for alternative strategies to reduce its impact, the introduction of a natural enemy, Apanteles opuntiarum Martínez and Berta (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), is being pursued as a biological control option. To identify promising areas to intentionally introduce A. opuntiarum for the control of C. cactorum, we estimated the overlap of fundamental ecological niches of the two species to predict their common geographic distributions using the BAM diagram. Models were based on native distributional data for both species, 19 bioclimatic variables, and the Maxent algorithm to calculate the environmental suitability of both species in North America. The environmental suitability of C. cactorum in North America was projected from Florida to Texas (United States) along the Gulf coastal areas, reaching Mexico in northern regions. Apanteles opuntiarum environmental suitability showed a substantial similarity with the calculations for C. cactorum in the United States. Intentional introductions of A. opuntiarum in the actual distribution areas of the cactus moth are predicted to be successful; A. opuntiarum will find its host in an environment conducive to its survival and dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid32705347, year = {2020}, author = {Lamb, RJ and Bannerman, JA and Costamagna, AC}, title = {Interactions between exotic and native lady beetle species stabilize community abundance.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {193}, number = {3}, pages = {701-711}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-020-04716-7}, pmid = {32705347}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {A 23-year time-series of abundance for 13 lady beetle species (Coccinellidae) was used to investigate community stability. The community exhibited persistence in ten habitats, no overall trend in abundance, and low temporal variability quantified as Population variability (PV) = 0.33 on a scale from 0 to 1 that declined to 0.16 in the past 8 years. This high level of stability occurred as exotic lady beetles disrupted populations of the native species. For hypothetical communities of pairs of species (with randomly generated annual abundances in the range for lady beetles), PV increased linearly with the correlation coefficients between individual time series, illustrating a "portfolio effect". PV for the real community and the negative correlation between the abundance of exotics and natives fit this relationship precisely. A gradual decline of natives matched by an equal gradual rise in the abundance of exotics contributed to the negative correlation that stabilized the community. The abundance of the dominant species, an exotic, was negatively correlated with other exotics and most natives, and its stability increased over time, helping to stabilize the community. The community was most stable in habitats where beetle abundance was high (crops, particularly perennial crops) and, unexpectedly, was least stable in habitats with high diversity and stability of vegetation cover (forests). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that competition between exotic and native species, with release from competition for natives in some years, stabilized the abundance of this community. Stability may not last if populations of native species continue declining.}, }
@article {pmid32704445, year = {2020}, author = {Karitonas, R and Jurkonienė, S and Sadauskas, K and Vaičiūnienė, J and Manusadžianas, L}, title = {Modifying effects of leaf litter extracts from invasive versus native tree species on copper-induced responses in Lemna minor.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e9444}, pmid = {32704445}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Invasive plant species tend to migrate from their native habitats under favourable climatic conditions; therefore, trophic and other relationships in ecosystems are changing. To investigate the effect of natural organic matter derived from native Alnus glutinosa tree species and from invasive in Lithuania Acer negundo tree species on copper toxicity in Lemna minor, we analysed the dynamics of Cu binding in aqueous leaf litter extracts (LLE) and plant accumulation, morphophysiological parameters, and antioxidative response. The results revealed that A. glutinosa LLE contained polyphenols (49 mg pyrogallol acid equivalent (PAE)/g DM) and tannins (7.5 mg PAE/g DM), while A. negundo LLE contained only polyphenols (23 mg PAE/g DM). The ability of LLE to bind Cu increased rapidly over 1.5-3 h to 61% and 49% of the total Cu concentration (6.0 ± 0.9 mg/L), respectively for A. glutinosa (AG) and A. negundo (AN), then remained relatively stable until 48 h. At the same time, L. minor accumulated 384, 241 or 188 µg Cu/g FW when plants were exposed to Cu (100 µM CuSO4), Cu with 100 mg/L dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from either AG LLE or AN LLE, accordingly. Catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (POD) played a dominant role in hydrogen peroxide scavenging when plants were exposed to Cu and 10 or 100 mg/L DOCAG mixtures in both the first (up to 6h) and the second (6-48 h) response phases. Due to functioning of oxidative stress enzymes, the levels of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) reduced in concentration-dependent manner, compared to Cu treatment. When combining Cu and DOCAN treatments, the most sensitive enzymes were POD, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Their activities collectively with CAT were sufficient to reduce MDA levels to Cu-induced in the initial, but not the second response phase. These data suggest that leaf litter extracts of different phenolic compositions elicited different antioxidant response profiles resulting in different reductions of Cu stress, thus effecting L. minor frond and root development observed after seven days. The complex data from this study may be useful in modelling the response of the aquatic ecosystem to a changing environment.}, }
@article {pmid32703099, year = {2020}, author = {Lane, B and Stricker, KB and Adhikari, A and Ascunce, MS and Clay, K and Flory, SL and Smith, ME and Goss, EM and Harmon, PF}, title = {Large-spored Drechslera gigantea is a Bipolaris species causing disease on the invasive grass Microstegium vimineum.}, journal = {Mycologia}, volume = {112}, number = {5}, pages = {921-931}, doi = {10.1080/00275514.2020.1781495}, pmid = {32703099}, issn = {1557-2536}, mesh = {Ascomycota/*classification/*cytology/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Bipolaris/*classification/cytology/*genetics/pathogenicity ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/classification/genetics ; Poaceae/*microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United States ; }, abstract = {Environmentally damaging invasive plants can also serve as reservoir hosts for agricultural pathogens. Microstegium vimineum is an invasive C4 annual grass that is present throughout the midwestern and eastern United States. It can reach high densities in disturbed areas such as crop-forest interfaces, which creates the potential for pathogen spillover from M. vimineum to agricultural crops and native plants. A previous study that surveyed disease on M. vimineum found a large-spored Bipolaris species that was widespread on M. vimineum and also isolated from co-occurring native grasses. Here, we report that the large-spored fungus isolated from M. vimineum and the native grass Elymus virginicus is Drechslera gigantea, based on comparison with published descriptions of morphological traits, and establish that D. gigantea is a pathogen of M. vimineum and E. virginicus. We review the phylogenetic placement and taxonomic history of D. gigantea and propose that it be reassigned to the genus Bipolaris as Bipolaris gigantea.}, }
@article {pmid32702074, year = {2020}, author = {Liang, SH and Walther, BA and Shieh, BS}, title = {Determinants of establishment success: Comparing alien and native freshwater fishes in Taiwan.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {e0236427}, pmid = {32702074}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; Body Size/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/genetics/*physiology ; Fresh Water ; *Freshwater Biology ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Taiwan ; }, abstract = {Many parts of Asia, including Taiwan, have suffered severely from freshwater fish invasions. However, few studies using an assemblage approach have been conducted in the region so far that would help to prioritize suitable preventive actions. In this study, we focused on the invasion process from the import stage to the establishment stage, and defined establishment success as the success during this predefined process. We used datasets of freshwater fish assemblages in Taiwan to (1) compare established versus non-established alien species to distinguish the determinants of establishment success, and (2) to use these determinants to test a life history hypothesis which predicts that the magnitudes of the determinants should be significantly different between established alien species and native species. We collated a dataset for freshwater fish species which were imported into Taiwan (n = 118) of which some successfully established (n = 26), and another dataset for freshwater fish species native to Taiwan (n = 77). For each imported species, we collected data for 17 variables, including two phylogenetic, two human-use, two invasion history, and 11 life history variables. We then used decision tree methods, which have advantages in analyzing datasets with many variables of mixed types without the need to make assumptions about data distributions and input data for missing values. Our results showed that aquaculture use and maximum body length were the most important determinants for predicting establishment success of alien freshwater fish in Taiwan. Comparing five important determinants between established alien versus native species showed that the established alien species were significantly more often used in aquaculture, were associated with a higher number of established countries, and had a larger body length and greater highest water temperature tolerance than the native species. We thus conclude that our results provided evidence to support our stated hypothesis. We suggest that aquaculture use, measures of body size, and the number of previously invaded countries may alert researchers and conservation managers to species with a high establishment potential, especially for countries with similar conditions as those in Taiwan.}, }
@article {pmid32700802, year = {2020}, author = {Rosa, CAD and Ribeiro, BR and Bejarano, V and Puertas, FH and Bocchiglieri, A and Barbosa, ALDS and Chiarello, AG and Paglia, AP and Pereira, AA and Moreira, AFS and Souza, AC and Pellegrin, A and Gatica, A and Medeiro, AZ and Pereira, AD and Braz, AG and Yanosky, A and Valenzuela, AEJ and Bertassoni, A and Prado, ADSVD and Nava, AFD and Rocha, A and Bovo, AAA and Bager, A and Cravino, A and Pires, ADS and Martensen, AC and Filippini, A and Percequillo, AR and Vogliotti, A and Antunes, AZ and Leite de Oliveira, AC and da Silva de Oliveira, AJ and Devlin, A and de Paula, A and Ferreira, AS and García-Olaechea, A and Subalusky, A and Sánchez, A and de Aquino, ACMM and Srbek-Araujo, AC and Paldês Gonçales, A and Araújo, ACL and Gozzi, AC and Ochoa, AC and Mendes de Oliveira, AC and Lacerda, ACR and Francisco, AK and Paschoal, AMO and Gomes, APN and Potrich, AP and Olímpio, APM and Rojas, A and Meiga, AYY and Jácomo, ATA and Calaça, AM and Feijó, A and Pagoto, A and Borja Miranda, A and Chein Alonso, A and Barreto-Lima, AF and Lanna, A and Luza, AL and Camilo, AR and Tavares, A and Nunes, AV and Kindel, A and de Miguel, A and Gatti, A and Nobre, AB and Campêlo, ADC and Albuquerque, ACF and de la Torre, A and Mangione, A and Mendes Pontes, AR and Fernandes, AS and Felicio, ALA and Ferreguetti, AC and Marcili, A and Piratelli, AJ and Nascimento, AGSD and Banhos Dos Santos, &#xc1; and Rosa, BF and Cezila, BA and de Thoisy, B and Ingberman, B and Köhler, B and Morais, BC and Gómez-Valencia, B and Bertagni de Camargo, B and Bezerra, BM and Tamasauskas, B and Parahyba Campos, BAT and Kubiak, BB and Saranholi, BH and Nakagawa, BK and Leles, BP and Lim, BK and Pereira Mendes, C and Islas, CA and Aoki, C and Cantagallo Devids, C and Figueiredo, C and Abreu, CMG and Silva Oliveira, CR and Cassano, CR and Lugarini, C and Caputo, C and Gestich, CC and Tedesco, CD and Vera Y Conde, CF and Hegel, CGZ and Kasper, CB and De Angelo, C and Grelle, CEV and Fragoso, CE and Esbérard, CEL and Rocha, CFD and Verona, CE and Salvador, CH and Vieira, CL and Abrahão, CR and Brocardo, CR and Fieker, CZ and Braga, C and Sánchez Lalinde, C and Bueno, C and Ikuta, CY and Luna, CLB and Cestari, C and Del Vechio Koike, C and Knogge, C and Anderson, CB and Hurtado, CM and Ferreira Antunes de Oliveira, C and Tellaeche, C and Cesário, CS and Costa, CG and Kanda, CZ and Costa, SA and Seixas, CS and Trinca, CT and López-Fuerte, CF and da Cunha, CJ and Doutel Ribas, C and Santos, CC and Buscariol, D and Carreira, D and Nascimento, DCD and Carvalho, DR and Ferraz, DDS and Galiano, D and Homem, DH and Jesús-Espinosa, D and Bôlla, DAS and Moreno, DJ and Moreira, DO and Ramos, DL and de Amorim, DA and Barros-Battesti, DM and Lopez, DE and Tavares, DC and Post, DM and Couto, DR and Patrocínio, DN and Carvalho, DLKP and Silva, DA and Córdoba, D and Queirolo, D and Varela, D and de Oliveira, DAG and Casanova, DC and Dias, DM and Machado da Silva, D and Barbier, E and Rivadeneira, EF and Alexandrino, E and Carrano, E and Santos, EM and Venticinque, EM and Hernández-Pérez, E and Casazza, EDF and Anderson, EP and Fraga, EDC and de Lima, EF and D'Bastiani, E and Vieira, EM and Guijosa-Guadarrama, E and González, EM and Maggiorini, EV and Aguiar, EFS and Martínez-Nambo, ED and Castro, &#xc9;P and de la Peña-Cuéllar, E and Pedó, E and Melo, FCSA and Rocha, FL and Fonseca, FL and Girardi, F and Melo, FR and Roque, FO and Keesen Ferreira, F and Peters, FB and Moreli Fantacini, F and Pedrosa, F and Pessoa da Silva, F and Vélez-García, F and Abra, FD and de Azevedo, FC and Guedes da Silva, F and Neri, FM and Teixeira, FZ and Fernandez, FADS and Carvalho, F and Passos, FC and Jacinavicius, FC and Ferreira, F and Pinho, FF and Gonçalves, F and Ibanez Martins, F and Lima, F and Contreras-Moreno, FM and Ribeiro, FS and Tortato, F and Patel, FM and Caruso, F and Tirelli, FP and Rodrigues, FHG and Ubaid, FK and Palmeira, FBL and Grotta Neto, F and Gabriel, FH and de Souza, FL and Costa, FEDVD and de Aguiar, GL and Lemos, FG and Magezi, GS and Panigai, GFVD and Hofmann, GS and Heliodoro, G and Rosa Graviola, G and Beca, G and Andrade, GR and Jiménez Romero, G and Duarte, GT and Melo, GL and Dierings, GL and Sabino-Santos, G and de Oliveira, GL and Santana, GG and Ciocheti, G and Zanirato, GL and Alves, GB and Batista, GO and Behling, GM and Ferreira, GB and da Rocha, GC and Lessa, G and Mourão, G and Maras, GA and Toledo, GADC and Gonsioroski, G and Canale, GR and Schuchmann, KL and Sebastião, H and Alves do Prado, H and Bergallo, HG and Secco, HKC and Roig, HL and Rajão, H and Carlos, HSA and Duarte, HOB and Ermenegildo, H and Pena, HFJ and Entringer Júnior, H and Paulino Neto, HF and Lemos, HM and Del Castillo, H and Fernandes-Ferreira, H and Coitiño Banquero, HI and Roesler, I and Ribeiro, IK and Coelho, IP and Lima, IMS and Bechara, IM and Lermen, IS and Mella Méndez, I and Schuck, G and Esperandio, IB and Silva, IO and Mourthe, I and Oliveira, I and Bernardi, IP and Miller, JR and Marinho-Filho, J and Zocche, JJ and Russell, JC and Seibert, JB and Hinojosa, J and Vitule, JRS and Thompson, JJ and Silva, JCR and Gouvea, JA and Santos, JP and Falcão, JCF and Castro-Prieto, J and Ferreira, JP and Pincheira-Ulbrich, J and Nodari, JZ and Zecchini Gebin, JC and Giovanelli, JGR and Miranda, JMD and Souza-Alves, JP and Marins, JRGA and Costa, JF and Sponchiado, J and de Souza, JL and Gallo, JA and Cherem, JJ and Cordeiro, JLP and Duarte, JMB and Dantas, JO and de Matos, JR and Pires, JSR and Martínez Lanfranco, JA and de la Cruz Godoy, JC and Rudolf, JC and Parrish, JFR and Tellarini, JF and Peña-Mondragón, JL and Arrabal, JP and Reppucci, J and Ruiz-Esparza, J and Beduschi, J and Oshima, JEF and Ribeiro, JF and Almeida Rocha, JM and Ferreira Neto, JS and Silveira Dos Santos, J and Pereira-Ribeiro, J and Zanoni, JB and Bogoni, JA and Ferreira, JR and Bicca-Marques, JC and Chacón Pacheco, JJ and Scarascia, PO and Guidoni-Martins, KG and Burs, K and Ferraz, KMPMB and Pisciotta, KR and Silva, KVKA and Juarez, KM and de la Cruz-Félix, K and de Morais, KDR and Candelária, LP and Fornitano, L and Bailey, LL and Gonçalves, LO and Fasola, L and Nova León, LJ and de Andrade, LR and Marques, LO and Macedo, L and Moreira, LS and Silveira, L and Oliveira, LC and da Silva, LH and Jerusalinsky, L and La Serra, L and Marques Costa, L and Sartorello, LR and Munhoes, LP and Oliveira-Silva, LRB and de Pina, LF and Bonjorne, L and Rampim, LE and Sales, LP and Gonçalves da Silva, L and Quintilham, LLT and Perillo, LN and Rodríguez-Planes, LI and Martín, L and Araújo, LS and Tiepolo, LM and Zago Silva, L and García Loaiza, LM and Querido, LCA and da Silva, LF and La Sala, LF and Bopp, LT and Hufnagel, L and Oliveira, LFB and Oliveira-Santos, LGR and Lyra, LH and Guimarães, LN and Jimenez Segura, LF and de Sousa, LC and Möcklinghoff, L and Guichón, ML and de la Maza, J and Barrios-Garcia, MN and Talamoni, SA and Severo, MM and Martins, MZA and Oliveira, MA and Figuerêdo Duarte Moraes, M and Lima, MGM and Soares Pinheiro, M and Pônzio, MDC and Guerreiro, M and Cervini, M and da Silva, M and Oliveira, MJR and Magioli, M and Passamani, M and Silva de Almeida, M and Amaku, M and Leite de Oliveira, M and Tortato, MA and Melo, MA and Coutinho, ME and Dantas Santos, MP and Vieira, MV and Andrade, MA and Barros, MC and Rosario, MCFD and Domit, MDADS and Fernandes, MEA and Iezzi, ME and do Nascimento, MHS and Andrade-Núñez, MJ and Lorini, ML and Morini, MSC and Nagy-Reis, MB and Landis, MB and Vale, MM and Xavier, MS and Kaizer, MC and Baptiste, MP and Bergel, MM and Borgnia, M and Barros, MAS and Lima da Silva, M and Favarini, MO and Sales Munerato, M and Zaluar, MT and Winter, M and Xavier da Silva, M and Zanin, M and Marques, MI and Haberfeld, MB and Di Bitetti, MS and Galliez, M and Alvarez, MR and Malerba, M and Rivero, M and Melo Dias, M and de Oliveira, MY and Dos Reis, MG and Corrêa, MRJ and Graipel, ME and Godoi, MN and Núñez-Regueiro, MM and Moura, MO and Orsi, ML and Galvão da Silva, MA and Sanvicente Lopez, M and Benedetti, MA and Beltrão, MG and Camino, M and Faria, MB and Miretzki, M and Luiz, MR and Perine, M and Monteiro, MCM and Alves-Eigenheer, M and Perilli, MLL and da Silva, MA and Marini, M&#xc2; and Silva Pereira, M and de Freitas Junior, MC and Cossa, N and Denkiewicz, NM and Tôrres, NM and Olifiers, N and de Albuquerque, NM and Canassa, NF and Detogne, N and Gurgel Filho, N and Seoane, NF and da Rosa Oliveira, N and Megale, N and Pasqualotto, N and Cáceres, NC and Peroni, N and Zanella, N and Pays, O and Arimoro, OAS and Acevedo-Charry, O and de Almeida Curi, NH and Pinha, PRS and Perovic, P and Gonçalves, PR and Santos, PM and Brennand, PGG and Kerches Rogeri, P and Rosas Ribeiro, P and da Rocha, PA and de Lázari, PR and Pedreira, PA and Pinheiro, PF and Lira, PK and Ferreira, PM and Martin, PS and Antas, PTZ and Marinho, PH and Ruffino, PHP and Camargo, PHSA and Landgref Filho, P and Mangini, PR and Farias, P and Cordeiro-Estrela, P and de Faria Peres, PH and Galetti, PM and Ramírez-Bautista, P and Maués, PCRA and Renaud, PC and Sartorello, R and Barros, PA and Lombardi, PM and Bessa, R and Arroyo-Gerala, P and de Souza, RCC and Zenni, RD and Flores Peredo, R and Hoogesteijn, R and Loyola, R and Alves, RSC and Rodarte, RRP and Silva, RL and de Oliveira, R and Beltrão-Mendes, R and Alencar, RM and da Silva, RC and Pedroso, R and Sampaio, RF and Ribeiro, RLA and Pardini, R and Twardowsky Ramalho Bonikowski, R and Pagotto, RV and Dias, RA and Bassini-Silva, R and Corassa Arrais, R and Sampaio, R and de Cassia Bianchi, R and Paolino, RM and Fusco-Costa, R and Trovati, RG and Espíndola Hack, RO and Mauro, RA and Nobre, RA and Gessulli, RD and León Pérez, R and Massara, RL and Fróes da Silva, RM and de Paula, RC and da Cunha, RGT and Costa, RT and Marques, RV and Morato, RG and Bovendorp, RS and Dornas, RADP and Andrade, RS and Siciliano, S and Guaragni, SA and Rolim, SG and Astete, S and Cavalcanti, S and Hartz, SM and Carvalho, S and Cortez, S and Silvestre de Sousa, SM and Ballari, SA and Ramos Lima, S and Cirignoli, S and García-R, S and Bazilio, S and Solari Torres, S and Back Franco, S and Martins, SR and de Bustos, S and Age, SG and Ferrari, SF and Francisco, TM and Micheletti, T and Godim, TMDS and Luiz, TG and Ochotorena de Freitas, TR and Rodrigues, TF and Piovezan, U and Barcos, UC and Onofrio, VC and Martin-Albarracin, VL and Towns, V and Araújo, VC and Kanaan, V and Daga, VS and Boere, V and de Araujo, VPG and Benitez, VV and Leandro-Silva, V and Geraldi, VC and Alberici, V and Bastazini, VAG and Gasparotto, VPO and Orsini, VS and da Silva, VS and Rojas Bonzi, V and Pereira, VJA and Layme, VMG and Duarte da Silva, VH and Tomas, WM and Moreira, TA and Martins, WP and de Moraes Pires, WM and Hannibal, W and Dáttilo, W and Mottin, V and Endo, W and Bercê, W and Carvalho, WD and Magnusson, W and Akkawi, P and Di Blanco, Y and Amaral, PR and Ramos, YGC and Rodríguez-Calderón, YG and Mendes, YR and Ribeiro, YGG and Campos, Z and Galetti, M and Ribeiro, MC}, title = {NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {101}, number = {11}, pages = {e03115}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3115}, pmid = {32700802}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {//Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation/ ; //Unidad para el Cambio Rural/ ; //Lwarcel Celulose/ ; //Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz/ ; //Universidade Estadual do Maranh&#xe3;o/ ; //Minist&#xe9;rio da Ci&#xea;ncia, Tecnologia, Inova&#xe7;&#xf5;es e Comunica&#xe7;&#xf5;es/ ; //Marinha do Brasil/ ; //Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes/ ; //Universidad Nacional de Luj&#xe1;n/ ; //Instituto Nacional de Ci&#xea;ncia &amp; Tecnologia/ ; //Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Governo do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; //Universidad de Antioquia/ ; //Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada/ ; //Legado das &#xc1;guas/ ; //National Geographic Society/ ; //TULIP Laboratory of Excellence/ ; //Tropical Community Ecology Laboratory/ ; //Ministerio de Agroindustria/ ; //Universidade Estadual de Londrina/ ; //Puerto Rico Sea Grant, University of Puerto Rico/ ; //Mohammed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund/ ; //Projeto de Conserva&#xe7;&#xe3;o e Utiliza&#xe7;&#xe3;o Sustent&#xe1;vel da Diversidade Biol&#xf3;gica Brasileira/ ; //Primate Conservation Inc./ ; //Politrade/ ; //PROCAD UESC-UFRJ/ ; //Panthera Kaplan Graduate Award/ ; //Panthera Foudation/ ; //Primate Action Fund/ ; //Votorantim/ ; //Programa BIOTA MINAS/ ; //Programa de P&#xf3;s-Gradua&#xe7;&#xe3;o em Ecologia/ ; //Alexander Koenig Society, Germany/ ; //Ag&#xea;ncia Regulatora dos Transportes Terrestres do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; //Pontif&#xed;cia Universidade Cat&#xf3;lica de Minas Gerais/ ; //Zoological Society of San Diego/ ; //Programa de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade/ ; //Zoologische Gesellschaft fur Arten/ ; //Programa de Pesquisa Ecol&#xf3;gica de Longa Dura&#xe7;&#xe3;o/ ; //PEININ UNTDF-APN 2015/ ; //Petrobr&#xe1;s/ ; //Wild Felid Legacy Scholarship/ ; //VRAC/PUC-Rio/ ; //Wildlife Conservation Society/ ; //Parrot Wildlife Foundation/ ; //US National Science Foundation/ ; //Neotropical Grassland Conservancy/ ; //Vale S.A/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Oswaldo Cruz/ ; //Zoological Society of London/ ; //World Wildlife Fund/ ; //National Science Foundation of the USA/ ; //Programa Nacional de P&#xf3;s Doutorado da CAPES/ ; //Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; //Chinese Academy of Sciences President&#xb4;s International Fellowship Initiative/ ; //ECOFUTURO/ ; //Cofusa/ ; //Comisi&#xf3;n Nacional Forestal/ ; //Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnolog&#xed;a/ ; //Conservation International/ ; //Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient&#xed;ficas y T&#xe9;cnicas/ ; //Conservation Leadership Programme/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco/ ; //Conservation, Research and Education Opportunities International/ ; //Corporacion Autonoma Regional Rionegro Nare/ ; //Elguero Farm/ ; //ECOSUR/ ; //ESALQ - bolsa PUB (Programa Unificado de Bolsas)/ ; //Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecu&#xe1;ria/ ; //Programa &#xc1;reas Protegidas da Amaz&#xf4;nia/ ; //Agencia Nacional de Promoci&#xf3;n Cient&#xed;fica y Tecnol&#xf3;gica/ ; //Asociaci&#xf3;n Guyra Paraguay/ ; //Arteris fluminense/ ; //Aves Argentinas/ ; //AES Tiet&#xea;/ ; //Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; //Belmond Hotel/ ; //Cambuhy Agr&#xed;cola Ltda/ ; //Brehm Fund for International Bird Conservation/ ; //Cors&#xf3;rcio Capim Branco Energia/ ; //Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; //Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund/ ; //Atlantic Forest Network/ ; //Biofaces/ ; //Fundo de Defesa dos Direitos Difusos/ ; //Pr&#xf3;-Reitoria de Gradua&#xe7;&#xe3;o da USP/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo ao Pesquisador do Estado da Bahia/ ; //Pr&#xf3;-Reitorias de Pesquisa e Extens&#xe3;o da UEMG/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Tecnologia do Estado do Acre/ ; //PROPe UNESP/ ; //Holohi/ ; //PROPP/UESC/ ; //Project COFA/PELD/ ; //FATMA/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Estadual do Meio Ambiente e Recursos H&#xed;dricos de Roraima/ ; //Fazenda Elguero/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa e Inova&#xe7;&#xe3;o do Estado de Santa Catarina/ ; //Programa Beca/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; //Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Estadual de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado do Esp&#xed;rito Santo/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo ao Ensino e Pesquisa/ ; //Facultad de Qu&#xed;mica Bioqu&#xed;mica y Farmacia - Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina/ ; //Disney Conservation Fund/ ; //Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient&#xed;ficas/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais/ ; //Nossos Bichos do Mato/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Apoio a Pesquisa - Universidade Federal de Goi&#xe1;s/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Grupo O Botic&#xe1;rio de Prote&#xe7;&#xe3;o a Natureza/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de Mato Grosso/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico do Maranh&#xe3;o/ ; //Projeto Click Animal/ ; //Financiadora de Inova&#xe7;&#xe3;o e Pesquisa/ ; //Superintend&#xea;ncias de Gest&#xe3;o Ambiental/USP/ ; //Instituto Florestal/ ; //The International Newcomer's Club/ ; //Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais e Tecnol&#xf3;gicas/ ; //Idea Wild Grant/ ; //Red de Macro Universidades de America Latina y el Caribe/ ; //Superintend&#xea;ncia da Zona Franca de Manaus/ ; //Instituto Arapya&#xfa;/ ; //Scott Netropical Fund-Cleveland Metroparks Zoo/ ; //ILTER/ ; //Instituto Nacional de Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia em &#xc1;reas &#xda;midas/ ; //Secretar&#xed;a de Ciencia y T&#xe9;cnica, Universidad Nacional de R&#xed;o Cuarto/ ; //Jaguares en el L&#xed;mite/ ; //Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Flroestais/ ; //Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro/ ; //Through teaching practices by Universidad de C&#xf3;rdoba/ ; //R&#xe9;gion Pays de la Loire and CASEST/ ; //Region Midi-Pyrenees project/ ; //Instituto Estadual de Florestas de Minas Gerais/ ; //Reserva Biol&#xf3;gica das Arauc&#xe1;rias/ ; //Projeto Casadinho/ ; //Fibria Celulose S.A./ ; //International Development Research Centre/ ; //Rede PPBio MA/ ; //People's Trust for Endangered Species/ ; //Proyectos de Investigaci&#xf3;n Plurianuales/ ; //Instituto Chico Mendes de Conserva&#xe7;&#xe3;o da Biodiversidade/ ; //Programa Professor Visitante no Exterior/CAPES/ ; //Instituto Federal de Educa&#xe7;&#xe3;o Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia do Mato Grosso do Sul/ ; //Parque Nacional dos Campos Gerais/ ; //Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renov&#xe1;veis/ ; //Rufford Foundation/ ; //Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Biodiversity ; Cattle ; Chile ; Dogs ; Florida ; *Introduced Species ; *Mammals ; Mexico ; }, abstract = {Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data.}, }
@article {pmid32698880, year = {2020}, author = {Rispe, C and Legeai, F and Nabity, PD and Fernández, R and Arora, AK and Baa-Puyoulet, P and Banfill, CR and Bao, L and Barberà, M and Bouallègue, M and Bretaudeau, A and Brisson, JA and Calevro, F and Capy, P and Catrice, O and Chertemps, T and Couture, C and Delière, L and Douglas, AE and Dufault-Thompson, K and Escuer, P and Feng, H and Forneck, A and Gabaldón, T and Guigó, R and Hilliou, F and Hinojosa-Alvarez, S and Hsiao, YM and Hudaverdian, S and Jacquin-Joly, E and James, EB and Johnston, S and Joubard, B and Le Goff, G and Le Trionnaire, G and Librado, P and Liu, S and Lombaert, E and Lu, HL and Maïbèche, M and Makni, M and Marcet-Houben, M and Martínez-Torres, D and Meslin, C and Montagné, N and Moran, NA and Papura, D and Parisot, N and Rahbé, Y and Lopes, MR and Ripoll-Cladellas, A and Robin, S and Roques, C and Roux, P and Rozas, J and Sánchez-Gracia, A and Sánchez-Herrero, JF and Santesmasses, D and Scatoni, I and Serre, RF and Tang, M and Tian, W and Umina, PA and van Munster, M and Vincent-Monégat, C and Wemmer, J and Wilson, ACC and Zhang, Y and Zhao, C and Zhao, J and Zhao, S and Zhou, X and Delmotte, F and Tagu, D}, title = {The genome sequence of the grape phylloxera provides insights into the evolution, adaptation, and invasion routes of an iconic pest.}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {90}, pmid = {32698880}, issn = {1741-7007}, support = {764840//H2020 Marie Sk&#x142;odowska-Curie Actions/International ; 747607//H2020 Marie Sk&#x142;odowska-Curie Actions/International ; 12216941//US National Institute for Food and Agriculture/International ; IJCI-2015-26627//Doctorate Fellowship Foundation of Nanjing Forestry University (CN)/International ; }, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological/genetics ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Genome, Insect/*physiology ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Vitis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although native to North America, the invasion of the aphid-like grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae across the globe altered the course of grape cultivation. For the past 150 years, viticulture relied on grafting-resistant North American Vitis species as rootstocks, thereby limiting genetic stocks tolerant to other stressors such as pathogens and climate change. Limited understanding of the insect genetics resulted in successive outbreaks across the globe when rootstocks failed. Here we report the 294-Mb genome of D. vitifoliae as a basic tool to understand host plant manipulation, nutritional endosymbiosis, and enhance global viticulture.<br><br>RESULTS: Using a combination of genome, RNA, and population resequencing, we found grape phylloxera showed high duplication rates since its common ancestor with aphids, but similarity in most metabolic genes, despite lacking obligate nutritional symbioses and feeding from parenchyma. Similarly, no enrichment occurred in development genes in relation to viviparity. However, phylloxera evolved >&#x2009;2700 unique genes that resemble putative effectors and are active during feeding. Population sequencing revealed the global invasion began from the upper Mississippi River in North America, spread to Europe and from there to the rest of the world.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The grape phylloxera genome reveals genetic architecture relative to the evolution of nutritional endosymbiosis, viviparity, and herbivory. The extraordinary expansion in effector genes also suggests novel adaptations to plant feeding and how insects induce complex plant phenotypes, for instance galls. Finally, our understanding of the origin of this invasive species and its genome provide genetics resources to alleviate rootstock bottlenecks restricting the advancement of viticulture.}, }
@article {pmid32698536, year = {2020}, author = {Effah, E and Barrett, DP and Peterson, PG and Potter, MA and Holopainen, JK and Clavijo McCormick, A}, title = {Effects of Two Invasive Weeds on Arthropod Community Structure on the Central Plateau of New Zealand.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {32698536}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {MURF 2017//Massey University/ ; Doctoral Scholarship to E.E.//Massey University/ ; }, abstract = {Heather (Calluna vulgaris) and broom (Cytisus scoparius), originally from Europe, are the main invasive plants on New Zealand's North Island Central Plateau, where they threaten native flora and fauna. Given the strong link between arthropod communities and plants, we explored the impact of these invasive weeds on the diversity and composition of associated arthropod assemblages in this area. The arthropods in heather-invaded areas, broom-invaded areas, and areas dominated by the native species mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium) and Dracohyllum (Dracophyllum subulatum) were collected and identified to order. During summer and autumn, arthropods were collected using beating trays, flight intercept traps and pitfall traps. Diversity indices (Richness, Shannon's index and Simpson's index) were calculated at the order level, and permutational multivariate analysis (PERMANOVA) was used to explore differences in order-level community composition. Our results show a significant variation in community composition for all trapping methods in both seasons, whereas invasive plants did not profoundly impact arthropod order richness. The presence of broom increased arthropod abundance, while heather was linked to a reduction. Under all possible plant pairings between heather, broom, mānuka, and Dracophylum, the impact of neighbouring plant identity on arthropod community composition was further explored for the samples collected using beating trays. The results suggest that during plant invasion, arthropod communities are affected by neighbouring plant identity and that impacts vary between arthropod sampling methods and seasons.}, }
@article {pmid32698048, year = {2020}, author = {Cieplok, A and Spyra, A}, title = {The roles of spatial and environmental variables in the appearance of a globally invasive Physa acuta in water bodies created due to human activity.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {744}, number = {}, pages = {140928}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140928}, pmid = {32698048}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Cluster Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Human Activities ; *Snails ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic pollution of freshwater environments is a subject of serious international concern since they affect freshwater and land environments. The disturbances in the functioning of ecosystems that result from various forms of human activity permit them to be settled by alien species. Research was carried out in 84 anthropogenic water bodies using quantitative methods for sampling, laboratory analysis and multivariate statistical methods. The appearance of P. acuta in these water bodies seems to depend on their water chemistry. Physa acuta primarily occurred in waters with a very low content of ammonia, medium salinity and hardness, and in waters with a higher pH. The density of P. acuta decreased along with its dominance index, which indicates that in water bodies in which its density was low, the other snail species achieved higher densities. This suggest competitive displacement of native species at high densities of P. acuta. Cluster analysis showed that water bodies in which P. acuta was abundant were similar in the snail community composition in contrast to water bodies in which it wasn't present. Research on colonisation of freshwater habitats by alien species in freshwater habitats is important because in the future, the number of alien species is likely to increase as a result of climate change and their ability to overcome the existing barriers as well as with the progressive colonisation of new areas outside of their native range.}, }
@article {pmid32696963, year = {2020}, author = {Rice, ME and Zou, Y and Millar, JG and Hanks, LM}, title = {Complex Blends of Synthetic Pheromones are Effective Multi-Species Attractants for Longhorned Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {113}, number = {5}, pages = {2269-2275}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toaa157}, pmid = {32696963}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Iowa ; Larva ; Pheromones/pharmacology ; *Sex Attractants/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The wood-boring larvae of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) can be important pests of woody plants, particularly as invasive species introduced by international commerce. Previous research has revealed that cerambycid species native to different parts of the world often share the same aggregation-sex pheromones and that pheromones of different species can be combined to create multi-species attractants that would be advantageous for surveillance monitoring for a number of species simultaneously. To explore the extent to which these chemicals can be combined into single lures, we developed four different blends of six to eight compounds and tested their effects as attractants for a community of longhorned beetle species in Iowa. The blends included known pheromones of species native to the study site, as well as pheromones identified from cerambycid species native to other parts of the world. The experiment confirmed that several cerambycid species were attracted by specific blends, in accordance with their known pheromone chemistry, and despite the presence of pheromone components of heterospecifics. This finding lends further support to developing multi-component blends that can effectively monitor for new incursions of multiple exotic species concurrently.}, }
@article {pmid32694547, year = {2020}, author = {Zamora-Nasca, LB and Dimarco, RD and Nassini, D and Alvear, PA and Mayoral, A and Nuñez, MA and Relva, MA}, title = {Sheep feeding preference as a tool to control pine invasion in Patagonia: influence of foliar toughness, terpenoids and resin content.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {12113}, pmid = {32694547}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Argentina ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Pinus/chemistry/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Population Density ; Resins, Plant/*chemistry ; Sheep/*physiology ; Terpenes/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Herbivores modulate the structure and composition of plant communities, including plant invasions. This is conditioned by plant palatability which can be reduced by its chemical or physical traits. The effects that ungulates browsing has on pine invasions are variable and the empirical evidence on the causes of this variability is scarce. We experimentally explored how sheep browsing preference varies between seedlings of pine species with different invasiveness; Pinus contorta (high invasiveness), P. ponderosa (medium invasiveness), P. radiata (medium invasiveness) and P. jeffreyi (low invasiveness). Secondly, we quantified anti-herbivory chemical compounds and physical traits of these species and related them with sheep preference observed. The browsing incidence of P. contorta was 68%, P. ponderosa 58%, P. radiata 29%, and P. jeffreyi 84%. Among anti-herbivory traits analyzed, α-pinene concentration had a negative effect on the probability of a terminal bud being browsed and on browsing intensity. Meanwhile, foliar toughness was negatively related to browsing intensity and water concentration was positively related to browsing intensity. Also, the most invasive species, P. contorta, was highly damaged. Thus, sheep herbivory could be slowing pine invasion rate; suggesting that could be considered a tool to control early invasions, especially for this particular species.}, }
@article {pmid32694527, year = {2020}, author = {Sharaf, MR and Gotzek, D and Guénard, B and Fisher, BL and Aldawood, AS and Al Dhafer, HM and Mohamed, AA}, title = {Molecular phylogenetic analysis and morphological reassessments of thief ants identify a new potential case of biological invasions.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {12040}, pmid = {32694527}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/*genetics ; Florida ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; Geography ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; *Phenotype ; *Phylogeny ; Saudi Arabia ; }, abstract = {Species delimitation offered by DNA-based approaches can provide important insights into the natural history and diversity of species, but the cogency of such processes is limited without multigene phylogenies. Recent attempts to barcode various Solenopsidini ant taxa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae), including the thief ant Solenopsis saudiensis Sharaf &amp; Aldawood, 2011 described from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), were precipitated by the unexpected existence of a closely related species, the Nearctic S. abdita Thompson, 1989 within the S. molesta species complex native to Florida. This finding left the species status of the former uncertain. Here, we investigated the taxonomy and phylogeny of these two species to determine whether or not S. abdita represents a new global tramp species. We inferred a phylogeny of the two species using DNA sequence data from four nuclear genes (Abd-A, EF1α-F1, EF1α-F2, and Wingless) and one mitochondrial gene (COI) sampled from populations in Florida, Guatemala, Hawaii, and Saudi Arabia. Both species clustered into one distinct and robust clade. The taxonomy of S. saudiensis was re-examined using morphometrics. A reassessment of the morphological characters used to diagnose the worker and queen castes were consistent with molecular evidence. Based on combined morphological and molecular evidences S. saudiensis is declared as a junior synonym of S. abdita (syn. nov.). In addition, our findings indicate that S. abdita is a novel global tramp species which has a far wider distribution than previously thought and has established itself in many new habitats and different geographic realms.}, }
@article {pmid32691947, year = {2021}, author = {Wu, QL and Jiang, YY and Liu, J and Hu, G and Wu, KM}, title = {Trajectory modeling revealed a southwest-northeast migration corridor for fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) emerging from the North China Plain.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {649-661}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12852}, pmid = {32691947}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {31901873//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 1727901//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2019M660896//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; CAAS-ZDRW202007//Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, China/ ; Y2019YJ06//Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, China/ ; 2019YFD0300105//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; China ; Climate ; Computer Simulation ; Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; Pest Control ; Seasons ; Spodoptera/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, an invasive insect pest native to the Americas, has established populations throughout eastern China. The North China Plain-a key corn-producing area in East China with a unique topography-was invaded by fall armyworm in 2019 and is seriously threatened by this migratory pest. However, the spatiotemporal extent of the migratory movements of fall armyworm from the North China Plain remains poorly understood. Using an air transport-based trajectory modeling approach that incorporates flight behavior, we simulated the potential nocturnal migration trajectories of fall armyworm from the North China Plain based on historical meteorological data from June to October of 2015-2019, and examined the night-time atmospheric conditions associated with their possible flights. The emigration patterns showed monthly variation in the main landing area and common migration direction. The displacement of newly emerged moths from the North China Plain was concentrated in the Northeast China Plain (including Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces) before late summer, after which they were most likely to undertake return flights to the south (especially into Hubei, Anhui and Hunan provinces). This southwest-northeast aerial migration corridor follows the topography of East China and is affected by the East Asian monsoon. These topographic-atmospheric conditions have resulted in the North China Plain becoming a key stopover for fall armyworm populations engaging in multigenerational long-distance migration across East China. These findings contribute to our knowledge of fall armyworm migration and will aid in the implementation of management and control strategies against this highly migratory agricultural pest.}, }
@article {pmid32688451, year = {2020}, author = {Uiterwaal, SF and DeLong, JP}, title = {Using patterns in prey DNA digestion rates to quantify predator diets.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, pages = {1723-1732}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.13231}, pmid = {32688451}, issn = {1755-0998}, support = {DGE-1610400//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; DNA ; Diet ; *Digestion ; *Food Chain ; *Predatory Behavior ; Spiders/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Dietary metabarcoding-the process of taxonomic identification of food species from DNA in consumer guts or faeces-has been rapidly adopted by ecologists to gain insights into biocontrol, invasive species and the structure of food webs. However, an outstanding issue with metabarcoding is the semi-quantitative nature of the data it provides: because metabarcoding is likely to produce false negatives for some prey more often than for other prey, we cannot infer relative frequencies of prey in the diet. To correct for this, we can adjust detected prey frequencies using DNA detectability half-lives unique to each predator-prey combination. Because the feeding experiments required to deduce these half-lives are time- and resource-intensive, our ability to weight the frequency of observations using their detectability has thus far been limited to systems with just a few prey. Here, we present a meta-analysis of 24 spider prey DNA half-lives and show that these half-lives are predictable given predator and prey mass, predator family, digestion temperature and DNA amplicon length. We further provide a new technique for weighting observations with half-lives, which allows not just for the ranking of prey in the diet, but reveals the proportion of the diet each prey comprises. Lastly, we apply this method to published dietary metabarcoding data to calculate half-lives and proportion of the predator's diet for 35 prey families, demonstrating that this technique can generate improved understanding of diets in real, diverse systems.}, }
@article {pmid32688149, year = {2020}, author = {Neves, RAF and Naveira, C and Miyahira, IC and Portugal, SGM and Krepsky, N and Santos, LN}, title = {Are invasive species always negative to aquatic ecosystem services? The role of dark false mussel for water quality improvement in a multi-impacted urban coastal lagoon.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {184}, number = {}, pages = {116108}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2020.116108}, pmid = {32688149}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia ; Brazil ; Chlorophyll A ; Ecosystem ; Escherichia coli ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Quality Improvement ; Water ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {The dark false mussel Mytilopsis leucophaeata occurs as non-native species in Asia, Europe and South America. Despite the low population density usually found in its native range, M. leucophaeata forms dense clusters in newly invaded areas which lead to impacts on local organisms and environment. Some of the impacts of non-native species on newly colonized areas may be positive. However, despite the empirical evidences of increase in water transparency by freshwater dresseinids, the hypothesis that dark false mussel enhances the quality of brackish water has never been tested so far. Thus, the present study aimed to determine M. leucophaeata impacts on the water quality of a nutrient-enriched coastal lagoon by (1) analyzing a historical water dataset for pre- and post-invasion at Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon (Brazil) and (2) experimentally testing dark false mussel direct effects on water quality. Historical field data evidenced significant lower phytoplankton abundance and chlorophyll a, and higher water transparency for the post-invasion period. These pattens were also supported by time-series analyses, which detected a decreasing trend for total coliforms density and an increased trend for dissolved oxygen over time. Moreover, time series indicated a gradual increase in lagoon water level with time, but none or minor changes were evidenced for floodgates operation routine, meteorological variables, and the frequency of sewage input. In microcosms, M. leucophaeata was effective to increase water transparency and decrease E. coli densities. The combination of field and laboratory data partially supported the hypothesis that M. leucophaeata invasion promoted an improvement in lagoon water quality, but increased phosphorus availability through excretion in microcosm assays. Management of dark false mussel populations seems to be a potential strategy for water quality improvement within already invaded systems where high sewage-enriched effluents are released. However, as non-native species often unbalance ecological relationships and functioning of the invaded ecosystems, new introductions of M. leucophaeata must be avoided.}, }
@article {pmid32685367, year = {2020}, author = {Rivory, P and Brown, G and Shilton, C and Shine, R and Šlapeta, J}, title = {Apparent lack of spill-over of parasites from an invasive anuran: PCR detects Entamoeba in cane toads (Rhinella marina) but not in sympatric Australian native frogs.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {207-213}, pmid = {32685367}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {The recent detection of a novel amoebozoan parasite (Entamoeba sp. CT1) killing invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) in tropical Australia raises concerns of potential spill-over into native anuran populations. Considering the vulnerability of anuran communities globally, Entamoeba sp. CT1 may pose a serious threat to anuran biodiversity. Through PCR-based detection and molecular identification, we investigated the prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in the faeces and colon tissue of cane toads (Rhinella marina) and eleven native Australian frog species from a single locality in the Northern Territory. No Entamoeba DNA was detected in samples of native frog faeces (N = 57) or colons (N = 17). Entamoeba DNA was detected in 24% of 45 cane toads (95%CI 14.08-38.82). Both E. ranarum and Entamoeba sp. CT1 were present in cane toads. The failure of faecal samples to indicate Entamoeba spp. in infected cane toads may be due to cysts in faeces being shed intermittently, degraded before analysis, or impervious to lysis prior to DNA isolation. Our results suggest that native frogs do not carry the pathogen in an area where 20-30% of cane toads are infected with Entamoeba sp. CT1. We demonstrate the importance of recognising PCR inhibition prior to molecular diagnostics, and the apparent inadequacy of faecal samples for the detection of Entamoeba spp. in anurans.}, }
@article {pmid32685163, year = {2020}, author = {Gallego-Tévar, B and Peinado-Torrubia, P and Álvarez, R and Grewell, BJ and Castillo, JM}, title = {From physiology to salt marsh management challenges with sea level rise: the case of native Spartina foliosa, invasive S. densiflora and their hybrid.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {coaa053}, pmid = {32685163}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Sea level rise (SLR) imposes increasing salinity and inundation stresses in salt marshes which simultaneously face invasions by exotic plant species. We aimed to improve and apply knowledge on the ecophysiological responses of halophytes to SLR to conservation management of salt marshes. In a mesocosm experiment, we measured and compared phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activity and related functional traits of the California-native Spartina foliosa, invasive S. densiflora and their hybrid S. densiflora × foliosa in response to increasing levels of salinity and inundation. S. foliosa was moderately sensitive to salinity, showing a 57% reduction in PEPC specific activity from freshwater to hypersalinity. This native species compensated for the reduction of PEPC activity with increased salinity through 80% higher enzyme activation by phosphorylation. PEPC functional trait responses of S. foliosa were mostly independent of inundation depth. In view of these results, managers should conserve undeveloped lands for accommodation space above current high tide lines to facilitate colonization of stress-tolerant S. foliosa. Our results on functional responses of PEPC traits recorded high sensitivity to salinity for S. densiflora. This was reflected by 65% lower PEPC specific activity together with increasing accumulation of free proline (+96%) and total proteins (+23%) with elevated salinity. These results suggest prioritized eradication of S. densiflora populations in brackish habitats. Measured PEPC responses support the high stress tolerance of the S. densiflora × foliosa hybrid. PEPC traits for the hybrid were mostly independent of salinity and inundation. The hybrid showed higher PEPC-specific activity than S. foliosa (+70%) and S. densiflora (+15%) in freshwater under intermediate inundation. Results suggest that eradication of the hybrid should be the highest management priority. Our study shows that the responses of key functional physiological traits to environmental stresses serve as biological indicators that can guide ecosystem management practices in a scenario of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32684967, year = {2020}, author = {Bourret, V and Albert, V and April, J and Côté, G and Morissette, O}, title = {Past, present and future contributions of evolutionary biology to wildlife forensics, management and conservation.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {1420-1434}, pmid = {32684967}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Successfully implementing fundamental concepts into concrete applications is challenging in any given field. It requires communication, collaboration and shared will between researchers and practitioners. We argue that evolutionary biology, through research work linked to conservation, management and forensics, had a significant impact on wildlife agencies and department practices, where new frameworks and applications have been implemented over the last decades. The Quebec government's Wildlife Department (MFFP: Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs) has been proactive in reducing the "research-implementation" gap, thanks to prolific collaborations with many academic researchers. Among these associations, our department's outstanding partnership with Dr. Louis Bernatchez yielded significant contributions to harvest management, stocking programmes, definition of conservation units, recovery of threatened species, management of invasive species and forensic applications. We discuss key evolutionary biology concepts and resulting concrete examples of their successful implementation that derives directly or indirectly from this successful partnership. While old and new threats to wildlife are bringing new challenges, we expect recent developments in eDNA and genomics to provide innovative solutions as long as the research-implementation bridge remains open.}, }
@article {pmid32684966, year = {2020}, author = {Bangs, MR and Douglas, MR and Brunner, PC and Douglas, ME}, title = {Reticulate evolution as a management challenge: Patterns of admixture with phylogenetic distance in endemic fishes of western North America.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {1400-1419}, pmid = {32684966}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Admixture in natural populations is a long-standing management challenge, with population genomic approaches offering means for adjudication. We now more clearly understand the permeability of species boundaries and the potential of admixture for promoting adaptive evolution. These issues particularly resonate in western North America, where tectonism and aridity have fragmented and reshuffled rivers over millennia, in turn promoting reticulation among endemic fishes, a situation compounded by anthropogenic habitat modifications and non-native introductions. The melding of historic and contemporary admixture has both confused and stymied management. We underscore this situation with a case study that quantifies basin-wide admixture among a group of native and introduced fishes by employing double-digest restriction site-associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing. Our approach: (a) quantifies the admixed history of 343 suckers (10 species of Catostomidae) across the Colorado River Basin; (b) gauges admixture within the context of phylogenetic distance and "ecological specialization"; and (c) extrapolates potential drivers of introgression across hybrid crosses that involve endemic as well as invasive species. Our study extends across an entire freshwater basin and expands previous studies more limited in scope both geographically and taxonomically. Our results detected admixture involving all 10 species, with habitat alterations not only accelerating the breakdown of reproductive isolation, but also promoting introgression. Hybridization occurred across the genus despite phylogenetic distance, whereas introgression was only detected within subgenera, implicating phylogenetic distance and/or ecological specialization as drivers of reproductive isolation. Understanding the extent of admixture and reproductive isolation across multiple species serves to disentangle their reticulate evolutionary histories and provides a broadscale perspective for basin-wide conservation and management.}, }
@article {pmid32684965, year = {2020}, author = {Sutherland, BJG and Rycroft, C and Ferchaud, AL and Saunders, R and Li, L and Liu, S and Chan, AM and Otto, SP and Suttle, CA and Miller, KM}, title = {Relative genomic impacts of translocation history, hatchery practices, and farm selection in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas throughout the Northern Hemisphere.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {1380-1399}, pmid = {32684965}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, endemic to coastal Asia, has been translocated globally throughout the past century, resulting in self-sustaining introduced populations (naturalized). Oyster aquaculture industries in many parts of the world depend on commercially available seed (hatchery-farmed) or naturalized/wild oysters to move onto a farm (naturalized-farmed). It is therefore important to understand genetic variation among populations and farm types. Here, we genotype naturalized/wild populations from France, Japan, China, and most extensively in coastal British Columbia, Canada. We also genotype cultured populations from throughout the Northern Hemisphere to compare with naturalized populations. In total, 16,942 markers were identified using double-digest RAD-sequencing in 182 naturalized, 112 hatchery-farmed, and 72 naturalized-farmed oysters (n = 366). Consistent with previous studies, very low genetic differentiation was observed around Vancouver Island (mean F ST = 0.0019) and low differentiation between countries in the Japan-Canada-France historical translocation lineage (France-Canada F ST = 0.0024; Japan-Canada F ST = 0.0060). Chinese populations were more differentiated (China-Japan F ST = 0.0241). Hatchery-propagated populations had higher interindividual relatedness suggesting family structure. Within-population inbreeding was not detected on farms, but nucleotide diversity and polymorphism rate were lower in one farm population. Moving oysters from nature onto farms did not result in strong within-generation selection. Private alleles at substantial frequency were identified in several hatchery populations grown in BC, suggesting nonlocal origins. Tests of selection identified outlier loci consistent with selective differences associated with domestication, in some cases consistently identified in multiple farms. Top outlier candidates were nearby genes involved in calcium signaling and calmodulin activity. Implications of potential introgression from hatchery-farmed oysters depend on whether naturalized populations are valued as a locally adapted resource or as an introduced, invasive species. Given the value of the industry in BC and the challenges the industry faces (e.g., climate change, crop losses, biotic stressors), this remains an important question.}, }
@article {pmid32684963, year = {2020}, author = {Lu, G and Wang, C and Zhao, J and Liao, X and Wang, J and Luo, M and Zhu, L and Bernatzhez, L and Li, S}, title = {Evolution and genetics of bighead and silver carps: Native population conservation versus invasive species control.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {1351-1362}, pmid = {32684963}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and silver carp (H. molitrix), collectively called bigheaded carps, are cyprinids native mainly to China and have been introduced to over 70 countries. Paleontological and molecular phylogenetic analyses demonstrate bighead and silver carps originated from the Yangtze-Huanghe River basins and modern populations may have derived from the secondary contact of geographically isolated fish during the last glacial events. Significant genetic differences are found among populations of native rivers (Yangtze, Pearl, and Amur) as well as introduced/invasive environments (Mississippi R., USA and Danube R., Hungary), suggesting genetic backgrounds and ecological selection may play a role in population differentiation. Population divergence of bighead carp or silver carp has occurred within their native rivers, whereas, within the Mississippi River Basin (MRB)-an introduced region, such genetic differentiation is likely taking place at least in silver carp. Interspecific hybridization between silver and bighead carps is rare within their native regions; however, extensive hybridization is observed in the MRB, which could be contributed by a shift to a more homogenous environment that lacks reproductive isolation barriers for the restriction of gene flow between species. The wild populations of native bighead and silver carps have experienced dramatic declines; in contrast, the introduced bigheaded carps overpopulate the MRB and are considered two invasive species, which strongly suggests fishing capacity (overfishing and underfishing) be a decisive factor for fishery resource exploitation and management. This review provides not only a global perspective of evolutionary history and population divergence of bigheaded carps but also a forum that calls for international research collaborations to deal with critical issues related to native population conservation and invasive species control.}, }
@article {pmid32684774, year = {2020}, author = {Rakhshani, E and Saval, JM and Hidalgo, NP and Pons, X and Kavallieratos, NG and Starý, P}, title = {Trioxys liui Chou &amp; Chou, 1993 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae): an invasive aphid parasitoid attacking invasive Takecallis species (Hemiptera, Aphididae) in the Iberian Peninsula.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {944}, number = {}, pages = {99-114}, pmid = {32684774}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Biological invasion of aphids and other insects has been increased due to long distance commercial transportation of plant material. The bamboo-aphid-parasitoid association is strictly specific and even though it does not develop interactions with the local environment it should be listed as part of the fauna of southwestern Europe. On-going research regarding aphids and their aphidiine parasitoids in Spain has yielded a new association of Trioxys liui Chou &amp; Chou, 1993 with an undescribed species of Takecallis aphids on bamboo, Phyllostachys spp. Here we present the first association of T. liui with aphids of the genus Takecallis that attack bamboos. Trioxys liui is known as a parasitoid of Cranaphis formosana (Takahashi, 1924) and Phyllaphoides bambusicola Takahashi, 1921 on bamboos in China and Russia. The accidental introduction of this parasitoid species to southwestern Europe has been probably realized through transportation of contaminated bamboo plant material. In the current study, a new host association is recorded for T. liui. Its potential to invade other bamboo-associated aphids and the significance of the tritrophic bamboo-aphid-parasitoid interactions in the new environments are also discussed.}, }
@article {pmid32681028, year = {2020}, author = {Melotto, A and Manenti, R and Ficetola, GF}, title = {Rapid adaptation to invasive predators overwhelms natural gradients of intraspecific variation.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {3608}, pmid = {32681028}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Anura/classification/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Astacoidea/physiology ; Body Size ; Climate ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/classification/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive predators can exert strong selection on native populations. If selection is strong enough, populations could lose the phenotypic variation caused by adaptation to heterogeneous environments. We compare frog tadpoles prior to and 14 years following invasion by crayfish. Prior to the invasion, populations differed in their intrinsic developmental rate, with tadpoles from cold areas reaching metamorphosis sooner than those from warm areas. Following the invasion, tadpoles from invaded populations develop faster than those from non-invaded populations. This ontogenetic shift overwhelmed the intraspecific variation between populations in a few generations, to the point where invaded populations develop at a similar rate regardless of climate. Rapid development can have costs, as fast-developing froglets have a smaller body size and poorer jumping performance, but compensatory growth counteracts some costs of development acceleration. Strong selection by invasive species can disrupt local adaptations by dampening intraspecific phenotypic variation, with complex consequences on lifetime fitness.}, }
@article {pmid32680904, year = {2020}, author = {Rossi, N and Pereyra, M and Moauro, MA and Giurfa, M and d'Ettorre, P and Josens, R}, title = {Trail pheromone modulates subjective reward evaluation in Argentine ants.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {223}, number = {Pt 17}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.230532}, pmid = {32680904}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Feeding Behavior ; Pheromones ; Reward ; South America ; }, abstract = {The Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, is native to South America but has become one of the most invasive species in the world. These ants heavily rely on trail pheromones for foraging, and previous studies have focused on such signals to develop a strategy for chemical control. Here, we studied the effects of pre-exposure to the trail pheromone on sugar acceptance and olfactory learning in Argentine ants. We used the synthetic trail pheromone component (Z)-9-hexadecenal, which triggers the same attraction and trail-following behavior as the natural trail pheromone. We found that pre-exposure to (Z)-9-hexadecenal increases the acceptance of sucrose solutions of different concentrations, thus changing the ants' subjective evaluation of a food reward. However, although ants learned to associate an odor with a sucrose reward, pheromone pre-exposure affected neither the learning nor the mid-term memory of the odor-reward association. Taking into account the importance of the Argentine ant as a pest and invasive organism, our results highlight the importance of pheromonal cues in resource evaluation, a fact that could be useful in control strategies implemented for this species.}, }
@article {pmid32679619, year = {2020}, author = {Atkinson, J and King, NG and Wilmes, SB and Moore, PJ}, title = {Summer and Winter Marine Heatwaves Favor an Invasive Over Native Seaweeds.}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {56}, number = {6}, pages = {1591-1600}, doi = {10.1111/jpy.13051}, pmid = {32679619}, issn = {1529-8817}, mesh = {Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Seasons ; *Seaweed ; }, abstract = {Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are emerging as forceful agents of ecosystem change and are increasing in frequency, duration, and intensity with climate change. During MHWs, physiological thresholds of native species may be exceeded while the performance of invasive species with warm affinities may be enhanced. As a consequence, MHWs could significantly alter an ecosystem's invasive dynamics, but such interactions are poorly understood. Following a 10-d acclimation period, we investigated the physiological resistance and resilience of an intertidal rock pool assemblage invaded by the seaweed Sargassum muticum to realistic 14-d marine heatwave scenarios (+1.5°C, +2.0°C, +3.5°C) followed by a 14-d recovery period. We conducted mesocosm experiments in both summer and winter to investigate temporal variability of MHWs. MHW treatments had clear negative impacts on native seaweeds (Fucus serratus and Chondrus crispus) while enhancing the performance of S. muticum. This pattern was consistent across season indicating that acclimation to cooler ambient temperatures results in winter MHWs having significant impacts on native species. As climate warming advances, this may ultimately lead to changes in competitive interactions and potentially exclusion of native species, while invasive species may proliferate and become more conspicuous within temperate rocky shore environments.}, }
@article {pmid32677683, year = {2020}, author = {Backus, EA and Shih, HT}, title = {Do Sharpshooters From Around the World Produce the Same EPG Waveforms? Comparison of Waveform Libraries From Xylella fastidiosa (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae) Vectors Kolla paulula (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) From Taiwan and Graphocephala atropunctata From California.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {32677683}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Electrophysiology/methods ; Feeding Behavior ; Hemiptera/microbiology/*physiology ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Species Specificity ; Taiwan ; Xylella/*physiology ; }, abstract = {When an exotic invasive species is a vector-borne plant pathogen, vector feeding behavior must be studied to identify potential host plant range and performance of specialized pathogen transmission behaviors. The most rigorous tool for assessing vector feeding behavior is electropenetrography (EPG). Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. is a gram-negative bacterium native to the Americas, where it is the causal agent of lethal scorch-type diseases such as Pierce's disease (PD) of grapevines. In 2002, a PD strain of X. fastidiosa invaded Asia for the first time, as confirmed from grape vineyards in Taiwan. Kolla paulula (Wallker), a native Asian species of sharpshooter leafhopper, was found to be the primary vector in Taiwanese vineyards. This study used an AC-DC electropenetrograph to record stylet probing behaviors of K. paulula on healthy grapevines. The main objective was to create an EPG waveform library for K. paulula. Waveform description, characterization of R versus emf components (electrical origins), and proposed biological meanings of K. paulula waveforms are reported. In addition, comparison of K. paulula waveforms with those from the most efficient, native vector of X. fastidiosa in California vineyards, Graphocephala atropunctata, is also reported. Overall, both species of sharpshooters had similar-appearing waveforms. Five new findings were identified, especially that the previously described but rare waveform subtype, B1p, was extensively produced in K. paulula recordings. Sharpshooter waveforms from species worldwide share a high degree of similarity. Thus, EPG methods can be rapidly applied to potential vectors where X. fastidiosa is newly introduced.}, }
@article {pmid32676899, year = {2020}, author = {Sasa, A and Gosik, R and Witkowski, ETF and Byrne, MJ and Mazur, MA}, title = {Sexual Dimorphism in Anthonomus santacruzi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): a Biological Control Agent of Solanum mauritianum Scopoli (Solanaceae).}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, pages = {840-850}, pmid = {32676899}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents ; *Body Size ; Female ; Male ; *Sex Characteristics ; Solanum ; South Africa ; Weevils/*anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {There is evident variation in body size amongst Anthonomus santacruzi Hustache, 1924, weevils. The aims of this study were to assess if the variation in body size in A. santacruzi weevils is a result of sexual dimorphism and what features can be used to distinguish males from females. The weevils were collected from field sites in Mpumalanga, South Africa, where they were introduced as biocontrol agents of Solanum mauritianum Scopoli. Body structures and the presence/absence of the tergal notch was examined under an optical stereomicroscope and SEM to assess differences between sexes. The morphometric analysis of the body structures included rostrum length (base-apex and antennal insertion-apex), elytral length and width, pronotum length and width, first tarsus length, first tibia length, funiculus length and total body length. Rostrum length, elytra length and width and total body length were significantly larger in females than in males. A tergal notch in the 8th abdominal tergite was present in males and absent in females. The body structure; of rostrum length, elytra length and width and total body length overlapped between sexes in some specimens. The abdominal tergal notch was found to be the most useful body structure to distinguish males from females in A. santacruzi.}, }
@article {pmid32676821, year = {2020}, author = {Mojzes, A and Ónodi, G and Lhotsky, B and Kalapos, T and Kröel-Dulay, G}, title = {Experimental drought indirectly enhances the individual performance and the abundance of an invasive annual weed.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {193}, number = {3}, pages = {571-581}, pmid = {32676821}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {PD 120844//Nemzeti Kutat&#xe1;si Fejleszt&#xe9;si &#xe9;s Innov&#xe1;ci&#xf3;s Hivatal/ ; PD 128385//Nemzeti Kutat&#xe1;si Fejleszt&#xe9;si &#xe9;s Innov&#xe1;ci&#xf3;s Hivatal/ ; K 112576//Nemzeti Kutat&#xe1;si Fejleszt&#xe9;si &#xe9;s Innov&#xe1;ci&#xf3;s Hivatal/ ; K 129068//Nemzeti Kutat&#xe1;si Fejleszt&#xe9;si &#xe9;s Innov&#xe1;ci&#xf3;s Hivatal/ ; GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00019//Nemzeti Kutat&#xe1;si Fejleszt&#xe9;si &#xe9;s Innov&#xe1;ci&#xf3;s Hivatal/ ; }, mesh = {*Droughts ; Hungary ; *Plant Weeds ; Poaceae ; Rain ; }, abstract = {During environmental change, invasive species may be favored by increased resource input or reduced resource use of the resident community. Plasticity in certain plant traits of invasive species may be one possible mechanism behind their ability to quickly exploit unused resources. We tested whether rainfall manipulations (severe drought, moderate drought, watering) alter the growth and reproductive success of the invasive annual Conyza canadensis, and if it translates into a change in the abundance of the species in a semiarid perennial grassland in Central Hungary. Overall, C. canadensis exhibited greater individual performance and higher abundance in drought plots than in control and watered plots. At individual level, plants showed the strongest response to moderate drought: they grew 2.5-times taller than in control and watered plots, and produced twice and 2.5-times more seeds than in watered and control plots, respectively. Reproductive phenology was advanced in response to rain exclusions. Although severe drought caused 40% mortality, the cumulative performance of C. canadensis, expressed as plot-level aboveground biomass, was consistently greater in severe drought plots than in control and watered plots throughout the 3 years of the study. The higher performance of C. canadensis in drought plots is most likely due to the decreased abundance and, thus, decreased competitive effect of previously dominant perennial grasses caused by the rain exclusions. We conclude that drier summers that suppress perennial grasses will favor this alien annual forb, and phenotypic plasticity in growth and reproduction may contribute to its invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid32674400, year = {2020}, author = {Harrop, TWR and Le Lec, MF and Jauregui, R and Taylor, SE and Inwood, SN and van Stijn, T and Henry, H and Skelly, J and Ganesh, S and Ashby, RL and Jacobs, JME and Goldson, SL and Dearden, PK}, title = {Genetic Diversity in Invasive Populations of Argentine Stem Weevil Associated with Adaptation to Biocontrol.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {32674400}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {C10X1306//New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment/ ; Project 2//New Zealand Bio-Protection Research Centre supported by the Tertiary Education Commission of New Zealand/ ; }, abstract = {Modified, agricultural landscapes are susceptible to damage by insect pests. Biological control of pests is typically successful once a control agent has established, but this depends on the agent's capacity to co-evolve with the host. Theoretical studies have shown that different levels of genetic variation between the host and the control agent will lead to rapid evolution of resistance in the host. Although this has been reported in one instance, the underlying genetics have not been studied. To address this, we measured the genetic variation in New Zealand populations of the pasture pest, Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis), which is controlled with declining effectiveness by a parasitoid wasp, Microctonus hyperodae. We constructed a draft reference genome of the weevil, collected samples from a geographical survey of 10 sites around New Zealand, and genotyped them using a modified genotyping-by-sequencing approach. New Zealand populations of Argentine stem weevil have high levels of heterozygosity and low population structure, consistent with a large effective population size and frequent gene flow. This implies that Argentine stem weevils were able to evolve more rapidly than their biocontrol agent, which reproduces asexually. These findings show that monitoring genetic diversity in biocontrol agents and their targets is critical for long-term success of biological control.}, }
@article {pmid32671576, year = {2020}, author = {Odom, RH and Ford, WM}, title = {Assessing the Vulnerability of Military Installations in the Coterminous United States to Potential Biome Shifts Resulting from Rapid Climate Change.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {66}, number = {4}, pages = {564-589}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-020-01331-3}, pmid = {32671576}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Humans ; *Military Personnel ; Trees ; United States ; }, abstract = {Climate-change impacts to Department of Defense (DoD) installations will challenge military mission and natural resource stewardship efforts by increasing vulnerability to flooding, drought, altered fire regimes, and invasive species. We developed biome classifications based on current climate for the coterminous United States using the Holdridge Life Zone system to assess potential change on DoD lands. We validated classifications using comparisons to existing ecoregional classifications, the distribution of major forest types, and tree species in eastern North America. We projected future life zones for mid- and late-century time periods under three greenhouse gas emission scenarios (low-B1, moderate-A1B, and high-A2) using an ensemble of global climate models. To assess installation vulnerability (n = 529), we analyzed biome shifts using spatial cluster analysis to characterize interregional variation, and identified representative installations for subsequent landscape-level analyses. Although mean annual temperatures are expected to increase, installations located in the Northeast, Lake States, and western Great Plains are likely to experience the largest proportional increases in temperature. Accordingly, forest and grassland communities at these installations managed to support a wide range of training, and environmental objectives may be adversely affected by altered disturbance regimes, heat, and moisture stress. However, precipitation is projected to increase in the Northeast and Lake States mitigating some effects of increased temperatures on biological communities. Given the uncertain response to climate change in different ecoregions, additional environmental and stewardship attributes are needed within a decision-support framework to understand vulnerabilities and provide appropriate responses.}, }
@article {pmid32671542, year = {2020}, author = {Werner, D and Kowalczyk, S and Kampen, H}, title = {Nine years of mosquito monitoring in Germany, 2011-2019, with an updated inventory of German culicid species.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {119}, number = {9}, pages = {2765-2774}, pmid = {32671542}, issn = {1432-1955}, support = {2810HS022//Bundesanstalt f&#xfc;r Landwirtschaft und Ern&#xe4;hrung/ ; 2819104115//Bundesanstalt f&#xfc;r Landwirtschaft und Ern&#xe4;hrung/ ; 2819104615//Bundesanstalt f&#xfc;r Landwirtschaft und Ern&#xe4;hrung/ ; 2818SE001//Bundesanstalt f&#xfc;r Landwirtschaft und Ern&#xe4;hrung/ ; 1362/1-982//Robert Koch Institut/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*classification ; Animals ; Anopheles/*classification ; Asia ; Climate ; Culex/*classification ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Europe ; Female ; Germany ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors/*classification ; Ochlerotatus/*classification ; }, abstract = {Before the background of increasingly frequent outbreaks and cases of mosquito-borne diseases in various European countries, Germany recently realised the necessity of updating decade-old data on the occurrence and spatiotemporal distribution of culicid species. Starting in 2011, a mosquito monitoring programme was therefore launched with adult and immature mosquito stages being collected at numerous sites all over Germany both actively by trapping, netting, aspirating and dipping, and passively by the citizen science project 'Mueckenatlas'. Until the end of 2019, about 516,000 mosquito specimens were analysed, with 52 (probably 53) species belonging to seven genera found, including several species not reported for decades due to being extremely rare (Aedes refiki, Anopheles algeriensis, Culex martinii) or local (Culiseta alaskaensis, Cs. glaphyroptera, Cs. ochroptera). In addition to 43 (probably 44 including Cs. subochrea) out of 46 species previously described for Germany, nine species were collected that had never been documented before. These consisted of five species recently established (Ae. albopictus, Ae. japonicus, Ae. koreicus, An. petragnani, Cs. longiareolata), three species probably introduced on one single occasion only and not established (Ae. aegypti, Ae. berlandi, Ae. pulcritarsis), and a newly described cryptic species of the Anopheles maculipennis complex (An. daciae) that had probably always been present but not been differentiated from its siblings. Two species formerly listed for Germany could not be documented (Ae. cyprius, Ae. nigrinus), while presence is likely for another species (Cs. subochrea), which could not be demonstrated in the monitoring programme as it can neither morphologically nor genetically be reliably distinguished from a closely related species (Cs. annulata) in the female sex. While Cs. annulata males were collected in the present programme, this was not the case with Cs. subochrea. In summary, although some species regarded endemic could not be found during the last 9 years, the number of culicid species that must be considered firmly established in Germany has increased to 51 (assuming Cs. subochrea and Ae. nigrinus are still present) due to several newly emerged ones but also to one species (Ae. cyprius) that must be considered extinct after almost a century without documentation. Most likely, introduction and establishment of the new species are a consequence of globalisation and climate warming, as three of them are native to Asia (Ae. albopictus, Ae. japonicus, Ae. koreicus) and three (Ae. albopictus, An. petragnani, Cs. longiareolata) are relatively thermophilic. Another thermophilic species, Uranotaenia unguiculata, which had been described for southwestern Germany in 1994 and had since been found only at the very site of its first detection, was recently documented at additional localities in the northeastern part of the country. As several mosquito species found in Germany are serious pests or potential vectors of disease agents and should be kept under permanent observation or even be controlled immediately on emergence, the German mosquito monitoring programme has recently been institutionalised and perpetuated.}, }
@article {pmid32669625, year = {2020}, author = {Polaina, E and Pärt, T and Recio, MR}, title = {Identifying hotspots of invasive alien terrestrial vertebrates in Europe to assist transboundary prevention and control.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {11655}, pmid = {32669625}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {This study aims to identify environmentally suitable areas for 15 of the most harmful invasive alien terrestrial vertebrates (IATV) in Europe in a transparent and replicable way. We used species distribution models and publicly-available data from GBIF to predict environmental suitability and to identify hotspots of IATV accounting for knowledge gaps in their distributions. To deal with the ecological particularities of invasive species, we followed a hierarchical approach to estimate the global climatic suitability for each species and incorporated this information into refined environmental suitability models within Europe. Combined predictions on environmental suitability identified potential areas of IATV concentrations or hotspots. Uncertainty of predictions identified regions requiring further survey efforts for species detection. Around 14% of Europe comprised potential hotspots of IATV richness, mainly located in northern France, UK, Belgium and the Netherlands. IATV coldspots covered ~ 9% of Europe, including southern Sweden and Finland, and northern Germany. Most of Europe (~ 77% area) comprised uncertain suitability predictions, likely caused by a lack of data. Priorities on prevention and control should focus on potential hotspots where harmful impacts might concentrate. Promoting the collection of presence data within data-deficient areas is encouraged as a core strategy against IATVs.}, }
@article {pmid32668214, year = {2020}, author = {Shik, JZ and Dussutour, A}, title = {Nutritional Dimensions of Invasive Success.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {35}, number = {8}, pages = {691-703}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2020.03.009}, pmid = {32668214}, issn = {1872-8383}, support = {757810/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Food ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Despite mounting calls for predictive ecological approaches rooted in physiological performance currencies, the field of invasive species biology has lagged behind. For instance, successful invaders are often predicted to consume diverse foods, but the nutritional complexity of foods often leaves food-level analyses short of physiological mechanisms. The emerging field of nutritional geometry (NG) provides new theory and empirical tools to predict invasive potential based on fundamental and realized nutritional niches. We review recent advances and synthesize NG predictions about behavioral traits that favor invasive establishment, and evolutionary dynamics that promote invasive spread. We also provide practical advice for applying NG approaches, and discuss the power of nutrition to achieve a more predictive invasion biology that explicitly integrates physiological mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid32666147, year = {2020}, author = {Wei, M and Wang, S and Cheng, H and Wu, B and Wang, C}, title = {The mixed silicon and cadmium synergistically impact the allelopathy of Solidago canadensis L. on native plant species Lactuca sativa L.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)}, volume = {29}, number = {7}, pages = {1095-1104}, doi = {10.1007/s10646-020-02251-y}, pmid = {32666147}, issn = {1573-3017}, support = {2016YFC0502002//National Key Research &amp; Development Program of China/ ; }, mesh = {Allelopathy/*drug effects ; Cadmium/*adverse effects ; Germination/drug effects ; Lactuca/*growth &amp; development ; Protective Agents/*pharmacology ; Seedlings/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Silicon/*pharmacology ; Soil Pollutants/*adverse effects ; Solidago/*drug effects/physiology ; }, abstract = {Several invasive alien plants (IAP) can trigger evidently allelopathy on the seed germination and seedling growth (SgSg) of native plant species (NPS). The getting worse condition with heavy metal pollution (e.g., cadmium) can significantly impact SgSg of plant species. Silicon can offset the adverse effects of environmental pressure on the growth and development of plant species. Thus, it is important to evaluate the influences of silicon on the allelopathy of IAP on SgSg of NPS under cadmium stress to better understand the mechanism driving the successful colonization of IAP. This study focuses on the allelopathy of the infamous IAP Solidago canadensis L. (Canada goldenrod; by using leaf extracts) on SgSg of NPS Lactuca sativa L. under the separated and mixed silicon and cadmium addition. S. canadensis triggers notably allelopathy on SgSg of L. sativa and gradually upsurges with increasing leaf extract concentration. Thus, the growth performance of NPS will be gradually reduced with an increasing degree of S. canadensis invasion. Cadmium evidently declines SgSg of L. sativa due to the broken balance of plant species for nutrient absorption. The mixed S. canadensis leaf extracts and cadmium synergistically impact seed germination of L. sativa but antagonistically affect seedling growth of L. sativa. The mixed silicon and cadmium intensify the allelopathy of S. canadensis on SgSg of L. sativa probably due to the increased effective content of cadmium in plant roots under silicon addition. Thus, the mixed silicon and cadmium will be advantageous to the following invasion process of IAP largely via the depressed SgSg of NPS.}, }
@article {pmid32664300, year = {2020}, author = {da Silva, FR and Trujillo, D and Bernardi, O and Verle Rodrigues, JC and Bailey, WD and Gilligan, TM and Carrillo, D}, title = {Comparative Toxicity of Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Selected Insecticides.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {32664300}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {16-8130-0744-CA and AP17PPQS&amp;T00C189//Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/ ; }, abstract = {Until recently, the Old World bollworm (OWB) Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were geographically isolated. Both species are major pests of agricultural commodities that are known to develop insecticide resistance, and they now coexist in areas where H. armigera invaded the Americas. This is the first study to compare the susceptibility of the two species to conventional insecticides. The susceptibility of third instar H. armigera and H. zea larvae to indoxacarb, methomyl, spinetoram, and spinosad was determined using a diet-overlay bioassay in a quarantine laboratory in Puerto Rico. Mortality was assessed at 48 h after exposure for up to eight concentrations per insecticide. Spinetoram exhibited the highest acute toxicity against H. armigera, with a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 0.11 µg a.i./cm[2], followed by indoxacarb and spinosad (0.17 µg a.i./cm[2] for both) and methomyl (0.32 µg a.i./cm[2]). Spinetoram was also the most toxic to H. zea (LC50 of 0.08 µg a.i./cm[2]), followed by spinosad (0.17 µg a.i./cm[2]) and methomyl (0.18 µg a.i./cm[2]). Indoxacarb was the least toxic to H. zea, with an LC50 of 0.21 µg a.i./cm[2]. These findings could serve as a comparative reference for monitoring the susceptibility of H. armigera and H. zea to indoxacarb, methomyl, spinetoram, and spinosad in Puerto Rico, and may facilitate the detection of field-selected resistance for these two species and their potential hybrids in areas recently invaded by H. armigera.}, }
@article {pmid32663906, year = {2020}, author = {Essl, F and Lenzner, B and Bacher, S and Bailey, S and Capinha, C and Daehler, C and Dullinger, S and Genovesi, P and Hui, C and Hulme, PE and Jeschke, JM and Katsanevakis, S and Kühn, I and Leung, B and Liebhold, A and Liu, C and MacIsaac, HJ and Meyerson, LA and Nuñez, MA and Pauchard, A and Pyšek, P and Rabitsch, W and Richardson, DM and Roy, HE and Ruiz, GM and Russell, JC and Sanders, NJ and Sax, DF and Scalera, R and Seebens, H and Springborn, M and Turbelin, A and van Kleunen, M and von Holle, B and Winter, M and Zenni, RD and Mattsson, BJ and Roura-Pascual, N}, title = {Drivers of future alien species impacts: An expert-based assessment.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {9}, pages = {4880-4893}, pmid = {32663906}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {I 3757-B29//Austrian Science Fund/ ; I 4011-B32//Austrian Science Fund/ ; //COST/ ; I 4011-B32//BiodivERsA-Belmont Forum Project/ ; PCI2018-092939//BiodivERsA-Belmont Forum Project/ ; CEECIND///Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; 02037//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; /2017//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; UIDB///Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; 00295/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; UIDP/00295/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; 89967//National Research Foundation/ ; FKZ 01LC1807A//BMBF/ ; 01LC1807B//BMBF/ ; 01LC1807C//BMBF/ ; FKZ 01LC1803A//BMBF/ ; 19-28807X//Czech Science Foundation/ ; RVO 67985939//Czech Academy of Sciences/ ; //Fisheries and Oceans Canada/ ; //Transport Canada/ ; //NSERC/ ; NE///Natural Environment Research Council/ ; R016429/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; AFB-170008//CONICYT/ ; //DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology/ ; (grant 18576/03)//Oppenheimer Memorial Trust/ ; 1241932//National Science Foundation/ ; 1638702//National Science Foundation/ ; CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803//OP RDE/ ; 31003A_179491/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; 31BD30_184114/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; }, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Forecasting ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Understanding the likely future impacts of biological invasions is crucial yet highly challenging given the multiple relevant environmental, socio-economic and societal contexts and drivers. In the absence of quantitative models, methods based on expert knowledge are the best option for assessing future invasion trajectories. Here, we present an expert assessment of the drivers of potential alien species impacts under contrasting scenarios and socioecological contexts through the mid-21st century. Based on responses from 36 experts in biological invasions, moderate (20%-30%) increases in invasions, compared to the current conditions, are expected to cause major impacts on biodiversity in most socioecological contexts. Three main drivers of biological invasions-transport, climate change and socio-economic change-were predicted to significantly affect future impacts of alien species on biodiversity even under a best-case scenario. Other drivers (e.g. human demography and migration in tropical and subtropical regions) were also of high importance in specific global contexts (e.g. for individual taxonomic groups or biomes). We show that some best-case scenarios can substantially reduce potential future impacts of biological invasions. However, rapid and comprehensive actions are necessary to use this potential and achieve the goals of the Post-2020 Framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity.}, }
@article {pmid32663204, year = {2020}, author = {Silveira de Oliveira, &#xca; and Ludwig da Fontoura Rodrigues, M and Machado Severo, M and Gomes Dos Santos, T and Kasper, CB}, title = {Who's afraid of the big bad boar? Assessing the effect of wild boar presence on the occurrence and activity patterns of other mammals.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {e0235312}, pmid = {32663204}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Brazil ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mammals ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Sus scrofa/*physiology ; Swine/physiology ; }, abstract = {Wild boar are considered one the world's worst invasive species and linked to biodiversity loss, competition for resources, predation of native species, and habitat modifications. In this study, we use camera traps to evaluate whether the invasive wild boar had an effect on the medium-sized mammal community of a protected area in southern Brazil. Based on photographic records, we evaluated whether the presence and relative abundance of wild boar was associated with a decrease in diversity or change in activity of medium-sized mammals. All comparisons were made between samples where wild boar were present or absent. The records of each camera during a season were considered a sample. The wild boar was the fourth most common species in the study area being present in 7.8% of the photographic records. The species richness of mammals was not negatively affected by the occurrence of wild boar and most common species did not exhibit changes in the daily activity pattern. However, we recorded an increase in the time elapsed between an observation of wild boar and the record of the next species relative to the average latency period observed among other mammalian species. This average latency period was similar to that observed in the case of large predators such as Puma, and its increase could be reflective partly of the avoidance of native species to wild boar. Nevertheless, our results show that the effect of invasive wild boar on the mammal community is not large as expected.}, }
@article {pmid32662432, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, Z and Capinha, C and Karger, DN and Turon, X and MacIsaac, HJ and Zhan, A}, title = {Impacts of climate change on geographical distributions of invasive ascidians.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {159}, number = {}, pages = {104993}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104993}, pmid = {32662432}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; Temperature ; *Urochordata ; }, abstract = {Ocean warming associated with global climate change renders marine ecosystems susceptible to biological invasions. Here, we used species distribution models to project habitat suitability for eight invasive ascidians under present-day and future climate scenarios. Distance to shore and maximum sea surface temperature were identified as the most important variables affecting species distributions. Results showed that eight ascidians might respond differently to future climate change. Alarmingly, currently colonized areas are much smaller than predicted, suggesting ascidians may expand their invasive ranges. Areas such as Americas, Europe and Western Pacific have high risks of receiving new invasions. In contrast, African coasts, excluding the Mediterranean side, are not prone to new invasions, likely due to the high sea surface temperature there. Our results highlight the importance of climate change impacts on future invasions and the need for accurate modelling of invasion risks, which can be used as guides to develop management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid32661318, year = {2020}, author = {Fischer, JW and Snow, NP and Wilson, BE and Beckerman, SF and Jacques, CN and VanNatta, EH and Kay, SL and VerCauteren, KC}, title = {Factors and costs associated with removal of a newly established population of invasive wild pigs in Northern U.S.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {11528}, pmid = {32661318}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Agriculture/*economics ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Illinois ; Introduced Species/*economics ; Sus scrofa/*physiology ; Swine ; }, abstract = {The human-mediated spread of exotic and invasive species often leads to unintentional and harmful consequences. Invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are one such species that have been repeatedly translocated throughout the United States and cause extensive damage to natural ecosystems, threatened and endangered species, agricultural resources, and private lands. In 2005, a newly established population of wild pigs was confirmed in Fulton County, Illinois, U.S. In 2011, a state-wide wild pig damage management program involving federal, state, and local government authorities directed a concerted effort to remove wild pigs from the county until the last wild pig (of 376 total) was successfully removed in 2016. We examined surveillance data from camera traps at bait sites and records of wild pig removals during this elimination program to identify environmental and anthropogenic factors that optimized removal of this population. Our results revealed that wild pigs used bait sites most during evening and nocturnal periods and on days with lower daily maximum temperatures. Increased removals of wild pigs coincided with periods of cold weather. We also identified that fidelity and time spent at bait sites by wild pigs was not influenced by increasing removals of wild pigs. Finally, the costs to remove wild pigs averaged $50 per wild pig (6.8 effort hours per wild pig) for removing the first 99% of the animals. Cost for removing the last 1% increased 84-fold, and averaged 122.8 effort hours per wild pig removed. Our results demonstrated that increased effort in removing wild pigs using bait sites should be focused during periods of environmental stress to maximize removal efficiency. These results inform elimination programs attempting to remove newly established populations of wild pigs, and ultimately prevent population and geographic expansion.}, }
@article {pmid32658662, year = {2020}, author = {Sun, J and Chen, Y and Zhou, H and Hu, Z and Liao, W and Yang, Q and Song, X}, title = {Carbon isotope ratio of leaf litter correlates with litter production in a mangrove ecosystem in South China.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {157}, number = {}, pages = {111224}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111224}, pmid = {32658662}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Carbon/analysis ; Carbon Isotopes ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Plant Leaves/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {As an important ecological process, litter production is generally recognized as being directly relevant to net primary productivity and carbon storage of mangrove ecosystems. In the present study, we made continuous, monthly assessment of litter production from 2010 to 2016 for five mangrove sites in Shenzhen Futian Mangrove Nature Reserve. Results showed that all mangrove locations displayed distinct seasonality in litter production, and that the alien species produced significantly more litters than the native species. Carbon isotope analysis revealed an interesting, strongly negative relationship between litter production and δ[13]C of leaf litter (δ[13]CLL) among the five studied sites. Although it has long been known that δ[13]C of plant leaves correlates with water use efficiency and some components of plant productivity, the observed δ[13]CLL-litter production linkage is novel, justifying future exploration of δ[13]CLL as an potential indicator of litter production and net primary productivity in mangrove ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid32654643, year = {2020}, author = {Viard, F and Riginos, C and Bierne, N}, title = {Anthropogenic hybridization at sea: three evolutionary questions relevant to invasive species management.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {375}, number = {1806}, pages = {20190547}, pmid = {32654643}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; Ciona/*genetics ; *Gene Flow ; Genetic Speciation ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Mytilus/*genetics ; *Reproductive Isolation ; }, abstract = {Species introductions promote secondary contacts between taxa with long histories of allopatric divergence. Anthropogenic contact zones thus offer valuable contrasts to speciation studies in natural systems where past spatial isolations may have been brief or intermittent. Investigations of anthropogenic hybridization are rare for marine animals, which have high fecundity and high dispersal ability, characteristics that contrast to most terrestrial animals. Genomic studies indicate that gene flow can still occur after millions of years of divergence, as illustrated by invasive mussels and tunicates. In this context, we highlight three issues: (i) the effects of high propagule pressure and demographic asymmetries on introgression directionality, (ii) the role of hybridization in preventing introduced species spread, and (iii) the importance of postzygotic barriers in maintaining reproductive isolation. Anthropogenic contact zones offer evolutionary biologists unprecedented large scale hybridization experiments. In addition to breaking the highly effective reproductive isolating barrier of spatial segregation, they allow researchers to explore unusual demographic contexts with strong asymmetries. The outcomes are diverse, from introgression swamping to strong barriers to gene flow, and lead to local containment or widespread invasion. These outcomes should not be neglected in management policies of marine invasive species. This article is part of the theme issue 'Towards the completion of speciation: the evolution of reproductive isolation beyond the first barriers'.}, }
@article {pmid32652887, year = {2021}, author = {Zhou, L and Ma, X and Zhu, N and Zou, Q and Guo, K and Bai, L and Yu, H and Hu, J}, title = {The role of mab-3 in spermatogenesis and ontogenesis of pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, pages = {138-147}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6001}, pmid = {32652887}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {2017YFD0600102-03//National Key Research and Development Plan of China/ ; 31870633//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31700565//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31670652//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31570638//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 3127068//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; //Research and Development/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Male ; *Pinus ; *Rhabditida ; Spermatogenesis ; *Tylenchida/genetics ; Xylophilus ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is one of the most destructive invasive species, causing extensive economic losses worldwide. The sex ratio of female to male of B. xylophilus plays an important role in the nematode infestation. However, little is known about the processes of its sex determination. The double sex/mab-3-related family of transcription factors are highly conserved in animals, playing crucial roles in sex determination, spermatogenesis and ontogenesis. We therefore investigated its orthologue, Bxy-mab-3, in B. xylophilus.<br><br>RESULTS: Bxy-mab-3 has two typical conserved DNA-binding domains. It was observed in J2 (the second-stage of juveniles), J3, J4 and male adults (specifically on the spicules), but not in eggs or female adults via mRNA in situ hybridization. RNA-Seq indicated significantly higher expression in males. RNAi showed that the body size and sperm size of male adults were markedly smaller than those of the controls. Meanwhile, almost all the RNAi-treated males failed to mate with the normal females, even 26.34% of interfered males did not produce sperm. However, RNAi of Bxy-mab-3 had no effect on the sex ratio of B. xylophilus.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Bxy-mab-3 is indispensable for spermatogenesis, ontogenesis and mating behavior. It is a typical sex-determination gene with differential expression in males and females. However, knocking down Bxy-mab-3 expression could not alter the sex ratio as seen in other species. Our findings contribute towards a better understanding of the molecular events of Bxy-mab-3 in B. xylophilus, which provides promising hints for control of pine wilt disease by blocking ontogenesis and decreasing nematode fecundity.}, }
@article {pmid32652749, year = {2021}, author = {Tarusikirwa, VL and Mutamiswa, R and Chidawanyika, F and Nyamukondiwa, C}, title = {Cold hardiness of the South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): both larvae and adults are chill-susceptible.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, pages = {184-193}, doi = {10.1002/ps.6006}, pmid = {32652749}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Africa South of the Sahara ; Animals ; Cold Temperature ; Enterobius ; Larva ; *Lepidoptera ; *Solanum lycopersicum ; *Moths ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: For many insects, including invasive species, overwintering survival is achieved behaviourally (e.g. through migration) or physiologically by entering diapause, a state of arrested physiological development that may be accompanied with depressed supercooling points (SCPs). Diapause allows in situ adaptation to adverse environmental conditions, providing sufficient parent propagules for insect pest proliferation when optimal conditions resurface. This phenomenon has however not been observed in the invasive South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta in its Mediterranean invaded areas. Moreover, no studies have looked at its overwintering survival in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we thus investigated the cold hardiness of Tuta absoluta larvae and adults to better explain its local overwintering adaptation strategy.<br><br>RESULTS: Larval lower lethal temperatures ranged from -1 to -17&#x2009;&#xb0;C for 0.5 to 4 h durations. Adults showed lower temperature activity limits than larvae albeit freeze strategy experiments showed neither survived internal freezing. Fasting and dehydration pre-treatment generally depressed SCPs, although asymmetrically, conferring more negative SCPs for larvae. Ramping rates, synonymic to diurnal temperature changes also significantly affected SCPs while, inoculative freezing significantly compromised freezing temperatures in both larvae and adults.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that (i) Tuta absoluta larvae and adults are chill-susceptible and may successfully overwinter, (ii) larvae appear more cold hardy than adults and (iii) ecological factors e.g. inoculative freezing, cooling rates, feeding- and hydration-status may affect cold hardiness. These results are important in determining species range limits, population phenology, modelling pest risk status and allows temporal life-stage specific targeting of management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid32652624, year = {2020}, author = {Tulloch, AIT and Hagger, V and Greenville, AC}, title = {Ecological forecasts to inform near-term management of threats to biodiversity.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {10}, pages = {5816-5828}, pmid = {32652624}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {DE170100599//Australian Research Council/ ; //Ecological Society of Australia/ ; //Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation/ ; }, mesh = {Australia ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; }, abstract = {Ecosystems are being altered by rapid and interacting changes in natural processes and anthropogenic threats to biodiversity. Uncertainty in historical, current and future effectiveness of actions hampers decisions about how to mitigate changes to prevent biodiversity loss and species extinctions. Research in resource management, agriculture and health indicates that forecasts predicting the effects of near-term or seasonal environmental conditions on management greatly improve outcomes. Such forecasts help resolve uncertainties about when and how to operationalize management. We reviewed the scientific literature on environmental management to investigate whether near-term forecasts are developed to inform biodiversity decisions in Australia, a nation with one of the highest recent extinction rates across the globe. We found that forecasts focused on economic objectives (e.g. fisheries management) predict on significantly shorter timelines and answer a broader range of management questions than forecasts focused on biodiversity conservation. We then evaluated scientific literature on the effectiveness of 484 actions to manage seven major terrestrial threats in Australia, to identify opportunities for near-term forecasts to inform operational conservation decisions. Depending on the action, between 30% and 80% threat management operations experienced near-term weather impacts on outcomes before, during or after management. Disease control, species translocation/reintroduction and habitat restoration actions were most frequently impacted, and negative impacts such as increased species mortality and reduced recruitment were more likely than positive impacts. Drought or dry conditions, and rainfall, were the most frequently reported weather impacts, indicating that near-term forecasts predicting the effects of low or excessive rainfall on management outcomes are likely to have the greatest benefits. Across the world, many regions are, like Australia, becoming warmer and drier, or experiencing more extreme rainfall events. Informing conservation decisions with near-term and seasonal ecological forecasting will be critical to harness uncertainties and lower the risk of threat management failure under global change.}, }
@article {pmid32650377, year = {2020}, author = {Cabrera Walsh, G and Ávila, CJ and Cabrera, N and Nava, DE and de Sene Pinto, A and Weber, DC}, title = {Biology and Management of Pest Diabrotica Species in South America.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {32650377}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The genus Diabrotica has over 400 described species, the majority of them neotropical. However, only three species of neotropical Diabrotica are considered agricultural pests: D. speciosa, D. balteata, and D. viridula. D. speciosa and D. balteata are polyphagous both as adults and during the larval stage. D. viridula are stenophagous during the larval stage, feeding essentially on maize roots, and polyphagous as adults. The larvae of the three species are pests on maize, but D. speciosa larvae also feed on potatoes and peanuts, while D. balteata larvae feed on beans and peanuts. None of these species express a winter/dry season egg diapause, displaying instead several continuous, latitude-mediated generations per year. This hinders the use of crop rotation as a management tool, although early planting can help in the temperate regions of the distribution of D. speciosa. The parasitoids of adults, Celatoria bosqi and Centistes gasseni, do not exert much control on Diabrotica populations, or show potential for inundative biocontrol plans. Management options are limited to insecticide applications and Bt genetically modified (GM) maize. Other techniques that show promise are products using Beauveria bassiana and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, semiochemical attractants for monitoring purposes or as toxic baits, and plant resistance.}, }
@article {pmid32649722, year = {2020}, author = {Lanner, J and Huchler, K and Pachinger, B and Sedivy, C and Meimberg, H}, title = {Dispersal patterns of an introduced wild bee, Megachile sculpturalis Smith, 1853 (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in European alpine countries.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {e0236042}, pmid = {32649722}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Citizen Science ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Biodiversity monitoring programs are the baseline of species abundancy studies, which in case of introduced species are especially critical. Megachile sculpturalis Smith, 1853 native to Eastern-Asia, constitutes the first ever recorded wild bee species accidently introduced in Europe. Since its first discovery in 2008, M. sculpturalis has been spreading across the continent. By initiating a citizen science monitoring program, we aimed to investigate the occurrence pattern of M. sculpturalis. Within only two years after starting the project, 111 new reports from Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Austria were recorded. Comparably to other European countries, the population progressed remarkably fast from year to year expanding its area geographically but also ecologically by increasing its altitudinal range. The distribution pattern indicates human assisted jump-dispersal travelling on the major traffic routes of central Europe.}, }
@article {pmid32648317, year = {2021}, author = {Wu, CH and Dodd, AJ and Hauser, CE and McCarthy, MA}, title = {Reallocating budgets among ongoing and emerging conservation projects.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, pages = {955-966}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13585}, pmid = {32648317}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Australia ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Investments ; }, abstract = {Conserving biodiversity and combating ecological hazards require cost-effective allocation of limited resources among potential management projects. Project priorities, however, can change over time as underlying social-ecological systems progress, novel priorities emerge, and management capabilities evolve. Thus, reallocation of ongoing investments in response to shifting priorities could improve management outcomes and address urgent demands, especially when additional funding is not available immediately. Resource reallocation, however, could incur transaction costs, require additional monitoring and reassessment, and be constrained by ongoing project commitments. Such complexities may prevent managers from considering potentially beneficial reallocation strategies, reducing long-term effectiveness. We propose an iterative project prioritization approach, based on marginal return-on-investment estimation and portfolio optimization, that guides resource reallocation among ongoing and new projects. Using simulation experiments in 2 case studies, we explored how this approach can improve efficacy under varying reallocation constraints, frequencies, costs, and rates of project portfolio change. Periodic budget reallocation could enhance the management of stochastically emerging invasive weeds in Australia and thus reduce the overall risk by up to 50% compared with a static budget. Reallocation frequency and the rate of new weed incursion synergistically increased the conservation gains achieved by allowing unconstrained reallocation. Conversely, budget reallocation would not improve the International Union for Conservation of Nature conservation status of threatened Australian birds due to slow rates of transition among conservation states; extinction risk could increase if portfolio reassessment is costly. Although other project prioritization studies may recommend periodic reassessment and reallocation, our findings revealed conditions when reallocation is valuable and demonstrated a structured approach that can help conservation agencies schedule and implement iterative budget-allocation decisions cost-effectively.}, }
@article {pmid32647622, year = {2019}, author = {Drenth, A and McTaggart, AR and Wingfield, BD}, title = {Fungal clones win the battle, but recombination wins the war.}, journal = {IMA fungus}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {18}, pmid = {32647622}, issn = {2210-6340}, abstract = {Clonal reproduction is common in fungi and fungal-like organisms during epidemics and invasion events. The success of clonal fungi shaped systems for their classification and some pathogens are tacitly treated as asexual. We argue that genetic recombination driven by sexual reproduction must be a starting hypothesis when dealing with fungi for two reasons: (1) Clones eventually crash because they lack adaptability; and (2) fungi find a way to exchange genetic material through recombination, whether sexual, parasexual, or hybridisation. Successful clones may prevail over space and time, but they are the product of recombination and the next successful clone will inevitably appear. Fungal pathogen populations are dynamic rather than static, and they need genetic recombination to adapt to a changing environment.}, }
@article {pmid32647288, year = {2020}, author = {Ma, H and Chen, Y and Chen, J and Zhang, Y and Zhang, T and He, H}, title = {Comparison of allelopathic effects of two typical invasive plants: Mikania micrantha and Ipomoea cairica in Hainan island.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {11332}, pmid = {32647288}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Allelopathy ; Benzoic Acid/chemistry ; China ; Chrysanthemum/*growth &amp; development ; Cinnamates/chemistry ; *Introduced Species ; Ipomoea/*chemistry ; Islands ; Mikania/*chemistry ; Pheromones/*chemistry ; Plant Extracts/chemistry ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Plant Weeds/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Mikania micrantha and Ipomoea cairica are two invasive plants widely distribute and seriously damage in Hainan island. In this study, the leaves extracts of two weeds were collected and determined for their allelopathic potentials on Chrysanthemum coronarium. The phytotoxicity bioassay showed that when the extract concentration was 50 and 100 mg/ml, the inhibited effects of M. micrantha on growth of C. coronarium were greater than by I. cairica. However, when the extract concertation at 400 mg/ml, the opposite inhibited effects were observed. We speculated this phenomenon was caused by different allelopathic compounds. Therefore, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 19 and 23 compounds were identified respectively, benzoic acid and cinnamic acid were the main components in the two leaves extracts, which were selected to carry out the further bioassays. Subsequent bioassay results showed the effects of two allelochemicals on morphological index and chlorophyll content and POD activity were all negative to C. coronarium, whereas the content of MDA and activity of SOD, CAT represented adverse changes. Moreover, the inhibitions by cinnamic acid were generally greater than those by benzoic acid. Thus, the phenolic acids played the most crucial roles in the allelopathic effccts of M. micrantha and I. cairica leaves extracts.}, }
@article {pmid32647221, year = {2020}, author = {Lannes, LS and Karrer, S and Teodoro, DAA and Bustamante, MMC and Edwards, PJ and Olde Venterink, H}, title = {Species richness both impedes and promotes alien plant invasions in the Brazilian Cerrado.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {11365}, pmid = {32647221}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Brazil ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/metabolism ; Plant Dispersal/*physiology ; Plant Proteins/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Soil/chemistry ; Soil Microbiology ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {Worldwide, alien plant invasions have been intensively studied in the past decades, but mechanisms controlling the invasibility of native communities are not fully understood yet. The stochastic niche hypothesis predicts that species-rich plant communities are less prone to alien plant invasions than species-poor communities, which is supported by some but not all field studies, with some very species-rich communities such as the Brazilian Cerrado becoming heavily invaded. However, species-rich communities potentially contain a greater variety of facilitative interactions in resource exploitation than species-poor communities, from which invasive plants might benefit. This alternative hypothetical mechanism might explain why nutrient-poor, species-rich ecosystems are prone to invasion. Here we show that a high species richness both impedes and promotes invasive plants in the Brazilian Cerrado, using structural equation modelling and data from 38 field sites. We found support for the stochastic niche hypothesis through an observed direct negative influence of species richness on abundance of alien invasive species, but an indirect positive effect of species richness on invasive alien plants through soil phosphatase activity that enhances P availability was also found. These field observations were supported with results from a mesocosm experiment. Root phosphatase activity of plants increased with species richness in the mesocosms, which was associated with greater community P and N uptake. The most prominent alien grass species of the region, Melinis minutiflora, benefited most from the higher N and P availability in the species mixtures. Hence, this study provides a novel explanation of why species-richness may sometimes promote rather than impede invasion, and highlights the need to perform facilitation experiments in multi-species communities.}, }
@article {pmid32647018, year = {2020}, author = {Portman, SL and Felton, GW and Kariyat, RR and Marden, JH}, title = {Host plant defense produces species-specific alterations to flight muscle protein structure and flight-related fitness traits of two armyworms.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {223}, number = {Pt 16}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.224907}, pmid = {32647018}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; Larva ; *Muscle Proteins ; *Muscles ; Species Specificity ; Spodoptera/genetics ; }, abstract = {Insects manifest phenotypic plasticity in their development and behavior in response to plant defenses, via molecular mechanisms that produce tissue-specific changes. Phenotypic changes might vary between species that differ in their preferred hosts and these effects could extend beyond larval stages. To test this, we manipulated the diet of southern armyworm (SAW; Spodoptera eridania) and fall armyworm (FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda) using a tomato mutant for jasmonic acid plant defense pathway (def1), and wild-type plants, and then quantified gene expression of Troponin t (Tnt) and flight muscle metabolism of the adult insects. Differences in Tnt spliceform ratios in insect flight muscles correlate with changes to flight muscle metabolism and flight muscle output. We found that SAW adults reared on induced def1 plants had a higher relative abundance (RA) of the A isoform of Troponin t (Tnt A) in their flight muscles; in contrast, FAW adults reared on induced def1 plants had a lower RA of Tnt A in their flight muscles compared with adults reared on def1 and controls. Although mass-adjusted flight metabolic rate showed no independent host plant effects in either species, higher flight metabolic rates in SAW correlated with increased RA of Tnt A Flight muscle metabolism also showed an interaction of host plants with Tnt A in both species, suggesting that host plants might be influencing flight muscle metabolic output by altering Tnt This study illustrates how insects respond to variation in host plant chemical defense by phenotypic modifications to their flight muscle proteins, with possible implications for dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid32640612, year = {2020}, author = {Jeong, H and Kim, JM and Kim, B and Nam, JO and Hahn, D and Choi, MB}, title = {Nutritional Value of the Larvae of the Alien Invasive Wasp Vespa velutina nigrithorax and Amino Acid Composition of the Larval Saliva.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {32640612}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {2018R1D1A1B07050065//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; }, abstract = {The systematic investigations on the value of social wasps as a food resource are deficient, in spite of the long history of the utilization of social wasps as food and pharmaceutical bioresources. Vespa velutina nigrithorax is an invasive alien wasp species that is currently dominating in East Asia and Europe, bringing huge economic damages. As a control over alien species is made when the valuable utilization of the invasive species as a potential resource are discovered, investigations on the potential of V. v. nigrithorax as a useful bioresource are also in demand. Nutritional and heavy metal analyses of the larvae revealed their balanced and rich nutritional value and safety as a food resource. The larval saliva amino acid composition was investigated for further study on amino acid supplementation and exercise enhancement.}, }
@article {pmid32639639, year = {2021}, author = {White, SA and Bevins, SN and Ruder, MG and Shaw, D and Vigil, SL and Randall, A and Deliberto, TJ and Dominguez, K and Thompson, AT and Mertins, JW and Alfred, JT and Yabsley, MJ}, title = {Surveys for ticks on wildlife hosts and in the environment at Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis)-positive sites in Virginia and New Jersey, 2018.}, journal = {Transboundary and emerging diseases}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, pages = {605-614}, doi = {10.1111/tbed.13722}, pmid = {32639639}, issn = {1865-1682}, support = {G11AC20003//US Department of Interior/ ; 91130808CA//Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/ ; GM109435/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; GM109435/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Ixodidae/classification/*physiology ; *Mammals ; New Jersey ; Tick Infestations/parasitology/*veterinary ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {Haemaphysalis longicornis, the Asian longhorned tick (ALT), is native to eastern Asia, but it has become invasive in several countries, including Australia, New Zealand and recently in the eastern United States (US). To identify wild mammal and avian host species in the US, we conducted active wildlife surveillance in two states with known ALT infestations (Virginia and New Jersey). In addition, we conducted environmental surveys in both states. These surveillance efforts resulted in detection of 51 ALT-infested individuals from seven wildlife species, including raccoon (Procyon lotor), Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), woodchuck (Marmota monax), eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We found ALT in the environment in both states and also collected three native tick species (Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variablis and Ixodes scapularis) that are vectors of pathogens of public health and veterinary importance. This study provides important specific information on the wildlife host range of ALT in the US.}, }
@article {pmid32638834, year = {2020}, author = {Cardoso, PHM and Balian, SC and Soares, HS and Furtado, W and Martins, ML}, title = {Haliotrema aurigae (Yamaguti, 1968) Plaisance, Bouamer &amp; Morand, 2004, in ornamental reef fish imported into Brazil.}, journal = {Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, pages = {e001620}, doi = {10.1590/s1984-29612020033}, pmid = {32638834}, issn = {1984-2961}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia ; Brazil ; *Fish Diseases/parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Pacific Ocean ; *Perciformes/parasitology ; *Trematoda/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; }, abstract = {More than 1.450 marine fish species are commercialized as ornamental fish and approximately 90% of these are wild-caught. Rainford's butterflyfish, Chaetodon rainfordi (McCulloch, 1923), is endemic to the western Pacific. This fish species belongs to one of the main ornamental fish families imported into Brazil. Haliotrema is a genus of the family Dactylogyridae. Species of this genus have very interesting host associations and geographic distributions. The aim of this study was to report on occurrences of exotic Haliotrema aurigae in diseased Rainford butterflyfish that were imported to Brazil. One Rainford's butterflyfish with suspected parasitic disease was euthanized and subjected to skin and gill scraping. The parasite specimens were mounted on semi-permanent slides with Hoyer's solution for morphological analysis of sclerotized structures. The hard-sclerotized structures of these specimens were compared and were identified as those of Haliotrema aurigae (Yamaguti, 1968). These results emphasize the importance of implementation of correct control measures at the country's borders, to avoid the introduction of exotic parasites. In addition, it can be emphasized that the easy adaptation of this parasite to new environments is a concern for ornamental fish farmers.}, }
@article {pmid32638553, year = {2020}, author = {Egizi, A and Bulaga-Seraphin, L and Alt, E and Bajwa, WI and Bernick, J and Bickerton, M and Campbell, SR and Connally, N and Doi, K and Falco, RC and Gaines, DN and Greay, TL and Harper, VL and Heath, ACG and Jiang, J and Klein, TA and Maestas, L and Mather, TN and Occi, JL and Oskam, CL and Pendleton, J and Teator, M and Thompson, AT and Tufts, DM and Umemiya-Shirafuji, R and VanAcker, MC and Yabsley, MJ and Fonseca, DM}, title = {First glimpse into the origin and spread of the Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, in the United States.}, journal = {Zoonoses and public health}, volume = {67}, number = {6}, pages = {637-650}, doi = {10.1111/zph.12743}, pmid = {32638553}, issn = {1863-2378}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; Ixodidae/*physiology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Established populations of Asian longhorned ticks (ALT), Haemaphysalis longicornis, were first identified in the United States (US) in 2017 by sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) 'barcoding' locus followed by morphological confirmation. Subsequent investigations detected ALT infestations in 12, mostly eastern, US states. To gain information on the origin and spread of US ALT, we (1) sequenced cox1 from ALT populations across 9 US states and (2) obtained cox1 sequences from potential source populations [China, Japan and Republic of Korea (ROK) as well as Australia, New Zealand and the Kingdom of Tonga (KOT)] both by sequencing and by downloading publicly available sequences in NCBI GenBank. Additionally, we conducted epidemiological investigations of properties near its initial detection locale in Hunterdon County, NJ, as well as a broader risk analysis for importation of ectoparasites into the area. In eastern Asian populations (China/Japan/ROK), we detected 35 cox1 haplotypes that neatly clustered into two clades with known bisexual versus parthenogenetic phenotypes. In Australia/New Zealand/KOT, we detected 10 cox1 haplotypes all falling within the parthenogenetic cluster. In the United States, we detected three differentially distributed cox1 haplotypes from the parthenogenetic cluster, supporting phenotypic evidence that US ALT are parthenogenetic. While none of the source populations examined had all three US cox1 haplotypes, a phylogeographic network analysis supports a northeast Asian source for the US populations. Within the United States, epidemiological investigations indicate ALT can be moved long distances by human transport of animals, such as horses and dogs, with smaller scale movements on wildlife. These results have relevant implications for efforts aimed at minimizing the spread of ALT in the United States and preventing additional exotic tick introductions.}, }
@article {pmid32637481, year = {2020}, author = {Duong, TY and Tan, MH and Lee, YP and Croft, L and Austin, CM}, title = {Dataset for genome sequencing and de novo assembly of the Vietnamese bighead catfish (Clarias macrocephalus Günther, 1864).}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {31}, number = {}, pages = {105861}, pmid = {32637481}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {Freshwater catfish of the genus Clarias, known as the airbreathing catfish, are widespread and important for food security through small scale inland fisheries and aquaculture. Limited genomic data are available for this important group of fishes. The bighead catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) is a commercial aquaculture species in southeast Asia used for aquaculture and threatened in its natural environment through habitat destruction, over-exploitation and competition from other introduced species of Clarias. Despite its commercial importance and threats to natural populations, public databases do not include any genomic data for C. macrocephalus. We present the first genomic data for the bighead catfish from Illumina sequencing. A total of 128 Gb of sequence data in paired-end 150 bp reads were assembled de novo, generating a final assembly of 883 Mbp contained in 27,833 scaffolds (N50 length: 80.8 kbp) with BUSCO completeness assessments of 96.3% and 87.6% based on metazoan and Actinopterygii ortholog datasets, respectively. Annotation of the genome predicted 21,124 gene sequences, which were assigned putative functions based on homology to existing protein sequences in public databases. Raw fastq reads and the final version of the genome assembly have been deposited in the NCBI (BioProject: PRJNA604477, WGS: JAAGKR000000000, SRA: SRR11188453). The complete C. macrocephalus mitochondrial genome was also recovered from the same sequence read dataset and is available on NCBI (accession: MT109097), representing the first mitogenome for this species. Lastly, we find an expansion of the mb and ora1 genes thought to be associated with adaptations to air-breathing and a semi-terrestrial life style in this genus of catfish.}, }
@article {pmid32634386, year = {2020}, author = {Wickman, J and Dieckmann, U and Hui, C and Brännström, &#xc5;}, title = {How geographic productivity patterns affect food-web evolution.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {506}, number = {}, pages = {110374}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110374}, pmid = {32634386}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; }, abstract = {It is well recognized that spatial heterogeneity and overall productivity have important consequences for the diversity and community structure of food webs. Yet, few, if any, studies have considered the effects of heterogeneous spatial distributions of primary production. Here, we theoretically investigate how the variance and autocorrelation length of primary production affect properties of evolved food webs consisting of one autotroph and several heterotrophs. We report the following findings. (1) Diversity increases with landscape variance and is unimodal in autocorrelation length. (2) Trophic level increases with landscape variance and is unimodal in autocorrelation length. (3) The extent to which the spatial distribution of heterotrophs differ from that of the autotroph increases with landscape variance and decreases with autocorrelation length. (4) Components of initial disruptive selection experienced by the ancestral heterotroph predict properties of the final evolved communities. Prior to our study reported here, several authors had hypothesized that diversity increases with the landscape variance of productivity. Our results support their hypothesis and contribute new facets by providing quantitative predictions that also account for autocorrelation length and additional properties of the evolved communities.}, }
@article {pmid32634147, year = {2020}, author = {Sherwood, AR and Huisman, JM and Paiano, MO and Williams, TM and Kosaki, RK and Smith, CM and Giuseffi, L and Spalding, HL}, title = {Taxonomic determination of the cryptogenic red alga, Chondria tumulosa sp. nov., (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, Hawai'i, USA: A new species displaying invasive characteristics.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {e0234358}, pmid = {32634147}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Classification/methods ; Hawaii ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Phylogeny ; Rhodophyta/*classification/*genetics ; Seaweed ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; }, abstract = {Survey cruises by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in 2016 and 2019 yielded specimens of an undetermined red alga that rapidly attained alarming levels of benthic coverage at Pearl and Hermes Atoll, Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, Hawai'i. By 2019 the seaweed had covered large expanses on the northeast side of the atoll with mat-like, extensive growth of entangled thalli. Specimens were analyzed using light microscopy and molecular analysis, and were compared to morphological descriptions in the literature for closely related taxa. Light microscopy demonstrated that the specimens likely belonged to the rhodomelacean genus Chondria, yet comparisons to taxonomic literature revealed no morphological match. DNA sequence analyses of the mitochondrial COI barcode marker, the plastidial rbcL gene, and the nuclear SSU gene confirmed its genus-level placement and demonstrated that this alga was unique compared to all other available sequences. Based on these data, this cryptogenic seaweed is here proposed as a new species: Chondria tumulosa A.R.Sherwood &amp; J.M.Huisman sp. nov. Chondria tumulosa is distinct from all other species of Chondria based on its large, robust thalli, a mat-forming tendency, large axial diameter in mature branches (which decreases in diameter with subsequent orders of branching), terete axes, and bluntly rounded apices. Although C. tumulosa does not meet the criteria for the definition of an invasive species given that it has not been confirmed as introduced to Pearl and Hermes Atoll, this seaweed is not closely related to any known Hawaiian native species and is of particular concern given its sudden appearance and rapid increase in abundance in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument; an uninhabited, remote, and pristine island chain to the northwest of the Main Hawaiian Islands.}, }
@article {pmid32632176, year = {2020}, author = {Harms, N and Cronin, J}, title = {Biological control agent attack timing and population variability, but not density, best explain target weed density across an environmental gradient.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {11062}, pmid = {32632176}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Amaranthaceae/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Biological Control Agents ; Climate Change ; Coleoptera/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Herbivory/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Louisiana ; Models, Biological ; Plant Weeds/*growth &amp; development ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Weather ; }, abstract = {Spatial variation in plant-herbivore interactions can be important in pest systems, particularly when insect herbivores are used as biological control agents to manage invasive plants. The geographic ranges of the invasive plant alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) and its biological control agent the alligatorweed flea beetle (Agasicles hygrophila) do not completely overlap in the southeastern USA, producing spatial heterogeneity in interaction strength that may be related to latitude-correlated environmental gradients. We studied this system near the range margin of the alligatorweed flea beetle to test whether spatial variation in alligatorweed density was best explained by agent mean or maximum density, variability in agent density, agent attack timing, or a combination of biological control and environmental (i.e., weather) variables. The pattern that emerged was that mean agent and host densities were negatively and positively associated with latitude, respectively. Variability in agent density increased with latitude and was positively correlated with host density. We further discovered that agent first attack timing was negatively correlated with winter and spring temperatures and spring and summer precipitation, and positively correlated with seasonal temperature extremes, which was then directly influential on agent density and variability in density, and indirectly on host density. This study demonstrates that, contrary to common wisdom, weather-related timing of agent activity and population variability, but not agent mean density, contribute to the spatial heterogeneity observed in alligatorweed populations.}, }
@article {pmid32632156, year = {2020}, author = {Jarić, I and Bellard, C and Courchamp, F and Kalinkat, G and Meinard, Y and Roberts, DL and Correia, RA}, title = {Societal attention toward extinction threats: a comparison between climate change and biological invasions.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {11085}, pmid = {32632156}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Endangered Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Extinction, Biological ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Public Opinion ; }, abstract = {Public attention and interest in the fate of endangered species is a crucial prerequisite for effective conservation programs. Societal awareness and values will largely determine whether conservation initiatives receive necessary support and lead to adequate policy change. Using text data mining, we assessed general public attention in France, Germany and the United Kingdom toward climate change and biological invasions in relation to endangered amphibian, reptile, bird and mammal species. Our analysis revealed that public attention patterns differed among species groups and countries but was globally higher for climate change than for biological invasions. Both threats received better recognition in threatened than in non-threatened species, as well as in native species than in species from other countries and regions. We conclude that more efficient communication regarding the threat from biological invasions should be developed, and that conservation practitioners should take advantage of the existing attention toward climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32629405, year = {2020}, author = {Clusella-Trullas, S and Nielsen, M}, title = {The evolution of insect body coloration under changing climates.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {41}, number = {}, pages = {25-32}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2020.05.007}, pmid = {32629405}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; *Color ; Insecta/*physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Insects have been influential models in research on color variation, its evolutionary drivers and the mechanistic basis of such variation. More recently, several studies have indicated that insect color is responding to rapid climate change. However, it remains challenging to ascertain drivers of color variation among populations and species, and across space and time, as multiple biotic and abiotic factors can interact and mediate color change. Here, we describe some of the challenges and recent advances made in this field. First, we outline the main alternative hypotheses that exist for insect color variation in relation to climatic factors. Second, we review the existing evidence for contemporary adaptive evolution of insect color in response to climate change and then discuss factors that can promote or hinder the evolution of color in response to climate change. Finally, we propose future directions and highlight gaps in this research field. Pigments and structures producing insect color can vary concurrently or independently, and may evolve at different rates, with poorly understood effects on gene frequencies and fitness. Disentangling multiple competing hypotheses explaining insect coloration should be key to assign color variation as an evolutionary response to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32628687, year = {2020}, author = {Nania, D and Flecks, M and Rödder, D}, title = {Continuous expansion of the geographic range linked to realized niche expansion in the invasive Mourning gecko Lepidodactylus lugubris (Duméril &amp; Bibron, 1836).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {e0235060}, pmid = {32628687}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa ; Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Asia ; Female ; Human Activities ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Latin America ; Lizards/*physiology ; Male ; *Models, Statistical ; Parthenogenesis/physiology ; Population Dynamics/trends ; Rain ; Temperature ; Transportation ; }, abstract = {Lepidodactylus lugubris is a parthenogenetic gecko which has been increasingly expanding its range during the last century. This invasive species has been reported from multiple tropical and subtropical countries in five continents, most of which were colonized in recent times. In order to understand how the realized niche of the species was affected by this dramatic geographic range expansion, we reconstructed the history of the geographic range expansion. We built models of the realized niche of the species at different points in time during the invasion process. This was achieved through the implementation of modern hypervolume construction methods, based on the Hutchinson's niche concept. The models were then compared to detect possible realized climatic niche expansion over time. Furthermore, we investigated possible pathways used by the species to spread. A progressive expansion of the realized niche was identified. As the species spread into new areas, we observed a tendency to colonize regions with warmer temperatures and higher precipitation rates. Finally, we found evidence for cargo shipping being the major pathway through which the species expands its range. Further studies on this topic should aim to investigate the role of biological interactions, and how they shape the distribution of L. lugubris on a global scale. A deeper understanding of this kind of processes will help us tackle the issue of invasive species, which has become a major challenge in conservation biology.}, }
@article {pmid32627190, year = {2020}, author = {Santana Marques, P and Resende Manna, L and Clara Frauendorf, T and Zandonà, E and Mazzoni, R and El-Sabaawi, R}, title = {Urbanization can increase the invasive potential of alien species.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {10}, pages = {2345-2355}, pmid = {32627190}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Poecilia ; Rivers ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Alien species often flourish and become invasive in urban ecosystems. How and why invaders succeed in urban systems is an important, yet poorly understood, question. We investigate whether the success of urban invaders is related to changes in species traits that enhance invasive potential. We also explore whether a trophic mechanism helps explain the success of invaders in urban systems. We use the guppy Poecilia reticulata, a globally distributed alien species that has invaded both urban and non-urban systems, as our model. We first characterize the effect of urbanization on streams where guppies are present. We measure guppy invasion success using their population density and size-frequency. Then we assess how traits that are related to the potential of guppies to invade (life history and condition) respond to urbanization. Next, we explore how urbanization affects the availability of food for guppies and their diets. We also test if the presence of other fish species grants biological resistance to invasion by dampening guppy invasive potential. We find that urban streams have high concentrations of ammonium and faecal coliforms, indicating contamination from sewage. On average, guppy populations from urban streams have 26× higher density and larger body sizes than non-urban populations. Urban guppies are in better condition and have on average five more offspring than non-urban guppies. Urbanization increases the availability and consumption of highly nutritious food (chironomid larvae) by guppies. We find a positive relationship between the consumption of chironomids and both fecundity and condition. The presence of other fish species in urban streams often has a negative but small effect on guppy traits and density. Our data suggest a relaxation of trade-offs that shape life-history traits which is related to increased food resources in urban streams. These indicate that urbanization enhances the invasive potential of guppies through a trophic mechanism that simultaneously increases reproduction and somatic investment. Such mechanism is likely widespread because chironomids are often highly abundant in urban systems. Thus, not only guppies but also other invasive species can take advantage of such a resource to invest in traits that enhance invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid32627081, year = {2020}, author = {Coughlan, NE and Cunningham, EM and Potts, S and McSweeney, D and Healey, E and Dick, JTA and Vong, GYW and Crane, K and Caffrey, JM and Lucy, FE and Davis, E and Cuthbert, RN}, title = {Steam and Flame Applications as Novel Methods of Population Control for Invasive Asian Clam (Corbicula fluminea) and Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha).}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {66}, number = {4}, pages = {654-663}, pmid = {32627081}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; *Corbicula ; *Dreissena ; Ecosystem ; Population Control ; Steam ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical ; }, abstract = {Control strategies for established populations of invasive alien species can be costly and complex endeavours, which are frequently unsuccessful. Therefore, rapid-reaction techniques that are capable of maximising efficacy whilst minimising environmental damage are urgently required. The Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea Müller, 1774), and the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha Pallas, 1771), are invaders capable of adversely affecting the functioning and biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems. Despite efforts to implement substantial population-control measures, both species continue to spread and persist within freshwater environments. As bivalve beds often become exposed during low-water conditions, this study examined the efficacy of steam-spray (≥100 °C, 350 kPa) and open-flame burn treatments (~1000 °C) to kill exposed individuals. Direct steam exposure lasting for 5 min caused 100% mortality of C. fluminea buried at a depth of 3 cm. Further, combined rake and thermal shock treatments, whereby the substrate is disturbed between each application of either a steam or open flame, caused 100% mortality of C. fluminea specimens residing within a 4-cm deep substrate patch, following three consecutive treatment applications. However, deeper 8-cm patches and water-saturated substrate reduced maximum bivalve species mortality rates to 77% and 70%, respectively. Finally, 100% of D. polymorpha specimens were killed following exposure to steam and open-flame treatments lasting for 30 s and 5 s, respectively. Overall, our results confirm the efficacy of thermal shock treatments as a potential tool for substantial control of low-water-exposed bivalves. Although promising, our results require validation through upscaling to field application, with consideration of other substrate types, increased substrate depth, greater bivalve densities, non-target and long-term treatment effects.}, }
@article {pmid32626354, year = {2019}, author = {,  and Bragard, C and Dehnen-Schmutz, K and Di Serio, F and Gonthier, P and Jacques, MA and Jaques Miret, JA and Justesen, AF and Magnusson, CS and Milonas, P and Navas-Cortes, JA and Parnell, S and Potting, R and Reignault, PL and Thulke, HH and Van der Werf, W and Civera, AV and Yuen, J and Zappalà, L and Malumphy, C and Lopes, JRS and Czwienczek, E and MacLeod, A}, title = {Pest categorisation of non-EU Cicadomorpha vectors of Xylella spp.}, journal = {EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {e05736}, pmid = {32626354}, issn = {1831-4732}, abstract = {The Panel on Plant Health performed a group pest categorisation of non-EU Cicadomorpha vectors of Xylella spp. known to be associated with plant diseases. Although all the insects considered in this categorisation are proven vectors of Xylella spp., additional vectors within the order Hemiptera most probably exist but have not been associated with any Xylella spp. disease yet. Currently, the group consists of 50 taxa (49 at species level and one at genus level) from the families Aphrophoridae, Cicadellidae and Membracidae (Arthropoda: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) for which reliable identification methods exist. Members of the group can be found in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Oceania. Only one of them, Homalodisca vitripennis is considered invasive. Species in the group are mostly polyphagous; many are known to feed on several plant families. Hosts can include broadleaf trees, herbaceous plants and grasses. Breeding takes place on herbaceous hosts and eggs are inserted into plant tissues. Nymphs emerge to feed on sap of the natal host. Adults move from breeding hosts to food hosts and can spread Xylella spp. causing a variety of diseases. Three of the species are listed in Annex IAI of Council Directive 2000/29/EC as examples of Cicadellidae (non-EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by Xylella fastidiosa). Plants for planting, cut branches, flowers and fruit are potential pathways for entry into the EU. However, there are no records of EU interceptions of any members of the group. EU biotic and abiotic conditions are conducive for establishment and spread of these insects. Were members of the group to establish and spread, impact on several cultivated species (e.g. grapevine, citrus, Prunus spp.) and ornamentals (e.g. Polygala myrtifolia) could be expected as these insect species are efficient vectors of Xylella spp. Considering the criteria within the remit of EFSA to assess their regulatory plant health status, the group of non-EU Cicadomorpha vectors of Xylella spp. meets all the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as potential Union quarantine pests. The group does not meet all the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as regulated non-quarantine pests, as members of the group are not present in the EU.}, }
@article {pmid32624679, year = {2020}, author = {Ivan, LN and Mason, DM and Zhang, H and Rutherford, ES and Hunter, T and Sable, S and Adamack, AT and Rose, K}, title = {Potential establishment and ecological effects of bighead and silver carp in a productive embayment of the Laurentian Great Lakes.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {22}, number = {8}, pages = {2473-2495}, pmid = {32624679}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {Bighead carp H. nobilis and silver carp Hypothalmichthys molitrix (collectively bigheaded carps, BHC) are invasive planktivorous fishes that threaten to enter the Laurentian Great Lakes and disrupt food webs. To assess the likelihood of BHC establishment and their likely effects on the food web of Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, we developed a multi-species individual-based bioenergetics model that tracks individual bighead and silver carp, four key fish species, and seven prey biomass groups over 50 years. The model tracks the daily consumption, mortality and growth of all individuals and the biomass dynamics of interacting prey pools. We ran simulation scenarios to determine the likelihood of BHC establishment under initial introductions from 5 to 1 million yearling and older individuals, and assuming variable age-0 carp survival rates (high, intermediate, and low). We bounded the survival of age-0 BHC as recruitment continues to be one of the biggest unknowns. We also simulated the potential effects of an established population of 1 million bighead carp or silver carp assuming variation in age-0 survival. Results indicated that as few as 10 BHC could establish a population assuming high or intermediate age-0 survival, but at least 100,000 individuals were needed to establish a population assuming low age-0 survival. BHC had negative effects on plankton and planktivorous fish biomass, which increased with BHC density. However, piscivorous walleye Sander vitreus appeared to benefit from BHC establishment. The potential for BHC to establish and affect ecologically and economically important fish species in Saginaw Bay is a cause for concern.}, }
@article {pmid32624676, year = {2020}, author = {Mille, C and Jourdan, H and Cazères, S and Maw, E and Foottit, R}, title = {New data on the aphid (Hemiptera, Aphididae) fauna of New Caledonia: some new biosecurity threats in a biodiversity hotspot.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {943}, number = {}, pages = {53-89}, pmid = {32624676}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Thirty-three species of aphids are now established in New Caledonia. All species appear to have been introduced accidentally by human activity in the last century. Here, 17 aphid species are recorded for the first time: Aphis eugeniae, Aphis glycines, Aphis odinae, Aulacorthum solani, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Cerataphis orchidearum, Greenidea psidii, Hyperomyzus carduellinus, Hysteroneura setariae, Lipaphis pseudobrassicae, Micromyzus katoi, Myzus ornatus, Pentalonia caladii, Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale, Schizaphis rotundiventris, and Tetraneura fusiformis. Thirteen more species are also more or less regularly intercepted at the borders through biosecurity surveys, without further establishment. This demonstrates that aphids represent a major biosecurity threat, including a threat as potential plant virus vectors. The reinforcement of biosecurity is a priority for such biodiversity hotspots, from the perspectives of both agriculture and the native environment. Prioritisation and promotion of local development of vegetable and fruit production, rather than their risky importation from abroad, is desirable. Such an approach also should be promoted and extended to other Pacific islands, which all share the lack of native aphid fauna and their associated plant disease vector risks.}, }
@article {pmid32623739, year = {2020}, author = {Genitoni, J and Vassaux, D and Delaunay, A and Citerne, S and Portillo Lemus, L and Etienne, MP and Renault, D and Stoeckel, S and Barloy, D and Maury, S}, title = {Hypomethylation of the aquatic invasive plant, Ludwigia grandiflora subsp. hexapetala mimics the adaptive transition into the terrestrial morphotype.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {170}, number = {2}, pages = {280-298}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.13162}, pmid = {32623739}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {PI EFPA 2016//Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/ ; //R&#xe9;gion Bretagne/ ; //RTP3ECNRS/ ; }, mesh = {DNA Methylation ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Onagraceae ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Ongoing global changes affect ecosystems and open up new opportunities for biological invasion. The ability of invasive species to rapidly adapt to new environments represents a relevant model for studying short-term adaptation mechanisms. The aquatic invasive plant, Ludwigia grandiflora subsp. hexapetala, is classified as harmful in European rivers. In French wet meadows, this species has shown a rapid transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments with emergence of two distinct morphotypes in 5 years. To understand the heritable mechanisms involved in adjustment to such a new environment, we investigate both genetic and epigenetic as possible sources of flexibility involved in this fast terrestrial transition. We found a low overall genetic differentiation between the two morphotypes arguing against the possibility that terrestrial morphotype emerged from a new adaptive genetic capacity. Artificial hypomethylation was induced on both morphotypes to assess the epigenetic hypothesis. We analyzed global DNA methylation, morphological changes, phytohormones and metabolite profiles of both morphotype responses in both aquatic and terrestrial conditions in shoot and root tissues. Hypomethylation significantly affected morphological variables, phytohormone levels and the amount of some metabolites. The effects of hypomethylation depended on morphotypes, conditions and plant tissues, which highlighted differences among the morphotypes and their plasticity. Using a correlative integrative approach, we showed that hypomethylation of the aquatic morphotype mimicked the characteristics of the terrestrial morphotype. Our data suggest that DNA methylation rather than a new adaptive genetic capacity is playing a key role in L. grandiflora subsp. hexapetala plasticity during its rapid aquatic to terrestrial transition.}, }
@article {pmid32623497, year = {2021}, author = {Pereira, A and Ferreira, V}, title = {Invasion of Native Riparian Forests by Acacia Species Affects In-Stream Litter Decomposition and Associated Microbial Decomposers.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {81}, number = {1}, pages = {14-25}, pmid = {32623497}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {SFRH/BD/118069/2016//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; IF/00129/2014//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; UID/MAR/04292/2019//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; }, mesh = {Acacia/*metabolism ; Alnus/microbiology ; Bacteria/*growth &amp; development ; Biomass ; Ecology ; Forests ; Fungi/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Microbiota ; Nitrogen Fixation/physiology ; Portugal ; Quercus/microbiology ; Rivers/*chemistry/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {The invasion of native riparian forests by exotic tree species can lead to profound changes in the ecological integrity of freshwater ecosystems. We assessed litter decomposition of native (Alnus glutinosa and Quercus robur) and invasive (Acacia melanoxylon and Acacia dealbata) tree species, and associated microbial activity and community structure, after being immersed for conditioning in 3 reference and 3 "invaded" streams in Serra da Lousã (central Portugal) and used in microcosms simulating stream conditions. Litter decomposition differed among species, in the order: Al. glutinosa > Q. robur > (Ac. melanoxylon ~ Ac. dealbata). Alnus glutinosa litter decomposed faster probably because it was soft and had high nitrogen concentration for decomposers. Quercus robur litter decomposed slower most likely because it was tough and had high polyphenol and low nitrogen concentrations. Acacia melanoxylon litter was the toughest and had a thick cuticle that likely acted as a physical barrier for microbial colonization. In Ac. dealbata, the small-sized leaflets and high lignin concentration may have limited microbial litter decomposition. Litter decomposition was faster in "invaded" streams, probably because they were N-limited and increases in nitrogen concentration in water, promoted by Acacia species invasion, stimulated microbial activity on litter. The aquatic hyphomycete community structure differed among litter species and between stream types, further suggesting that microbes were sensitive to litter characteristics and water nutrient concentrations. Overall, the invasion of native riparian forests by Acacia species may affect microbial decomposer activity, thus altering important stream ecosystem processes, such as litter decomposition and nutrient cycles.}, }
@article {pmid32623164, year = {2020}, author = {Jermacz, &#x141; and Kletkiewicz, H and Krzyżyńska, K and Klimiuk, M and Kobak, J}, title = {Does global warming intensify cost of antipredator reaction? A case study of freshwater amphipods.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {742}, number = {}, pages = {140474}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140474}, pmid = {32623164}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Amphipoda ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Global Warming ; Predatory Behavior ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Global warming is a worldwide phenomenon affecting the functioning of diverse ecosystems, including fresh waters. Temperature increase affects physiology and behaviour of ectotherms due to growing energetic demands necessary to sustain increased metabolic rate. Anti-predator responses may resemble temperature-induced changes in organisms, suggesting synergism between these factors. To check how temperature shapes physiological and behavioural responses of ectotherms to predation risk, we exposed amphipods: Dikerogammarus villosus and Gammarus jazdzewskii to fish kairomones at 10, 17 or 24 °C. Animals were placed in tanks where temperature was gradually adjusted to the desired test temperature and acclimated under such conditions for 3 subsequent days. Then they were exposed to the predator cue (the Eurasian perch kairomone) for 35 min to test their acute responses. We measured metabolic rate (as respiration), antioxidant defence (CAT: catalase activity, TAS: total antioxidant status), oxidative molecules (TOS: total oxidative status), oxidative damage (TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and behaviour (locomotor activity). Amphipods increased respiration with raising temperature and when exposed to predation risk (all temperatures). Only G. jazdzewskii exhibited increased TOS when exposed to 24 °C or to predation risk at all temperatures. Antioxidant defence increased with raising temperature (CAT, TAS) and decreased under predation risk (CAT). Cellular damage increased in G. jazdzewskii under predation risk at 10 and 24 °C, but raised temperature itself did not generate any damage. Amphipods reduced locomotor activity at 24 °C. Thus, at elevated temperatures, amphipods minimized their cellular damage at the cost of increased antioxidant defence and lower locomotor activity (potentially disadvantageous under higher energetic demands). Under predation risk, the performance of antioxidant systems was reduced, probably due to energy allocation into anti-predatory mechanisms, leading to increased cellular damage at suboptimum temperatures. Thus, negative consequences of elevated temperature for organisms may be amplified by changes in behaviour (compromising food acquisition) and non-consumptive predator effects.}, }
@article {pmid32621067, year = {2020}, author = {Najberek, K and Olejniczak, P and Berent, K and Gąsienica-Staszeczek, M and Solarz, W}, title = {The ability of seeds to float with water currents contributes to the invasion success of Impatiens balfourii and I. glandulifera.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {133}, number = {5}, pages = {649-664}, pmid = {32621067}, issn = {1618-0860}, support = {ECOST-STSM-TD1209-140915-062069//COST Action TD1209/ ; }, mesh = {Europe ; *Impatiens/growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; *Seeds ; Water ; }, abstract = {Two alien species in Europe, Impatiens glandulifera and I. balfourii, are closely related, have similar growth rates and reproductive capacities, and are very attractive to pollinators. Nevertheless, only I. glandulifera is a highly invasive alien species in Europe, while I. balfourii is non-invasive. We assumed that the varying levels of invasiveness are driven by differences in the floating ability of their seeds, which may determine the invasion success of riparian alien plants, such as the Impatiens species. By mimicking two types of aquatic conditions, we determined seed floating ability for each species from younger and older populations. We also analyzed four seed traits: seed viability, surface, shape and coat structure. Seeds of the non-invasive I. balfourii float less well than seeds of the invasive I. glandulifera. We also found that the seeds of I. balfourii from the younger population have a higher floating ability in comparison with that of the seeds from the older population. The results for I. glandulifera were the opposite, with decreased floating ability in the younger population. These differences were associated with seed surface, shape and coat structure. These results indicate that the floating ability of I. balfourii seeds may increase over time following its introduction into a given area, while in the case of I. glandulifera, this ability may gradually decrease. Therefore, the former species, currently regarded as a poor disperser, has the potential to become invasive in the future, whereas the latter does not seem to benefit from further investments in the floating ability of its seeds.}, }
@article {pmid32620928, year = {2020}, author = {Kurose, D and Pollard, KM and Ellison, CA}, title = {Chloroplast DNA analysis of the invasive weed, Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera), in the British Isles.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {10966}, pmid = {32620928}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Biological Control Agents/therapeutic use ; DNA, Chloroplast/*genetics ; Haplotypes ; Impatiens/classification/*genetics/microbiology ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Plant Weeds/genetics/microbiology ; Puccinia/pathogenicity ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Impatiens glandulifera or Himalayan balsam (HB), is an invasive alien weed throughout the British Isles (BI). Classical biological control of HB in the BI using a rust fungus from the Himalayan native range was implemented in 2014. However, not all HB populations are susceptible to the two rust strains currently released. Additional strains are needed that infect resistant populations in order to achieve successful control. These are best sourced from the historical collecting sites. A molecular analysis was conducted using six chloroplast DNA sequences from leaf material from across the BI and the native range. Herbarium samples collected in the Himalayas between 1881 and 1956 were also included. Phylogenetic analyses resulted in the separation of two distinct groups, one containing samples from the BI and the native range, and the other from the BI only; suggesting that HB was introduced into the BI on at least two occasions. The former group is composed of two subgroups, indicating a third introduction. Ten and 15 haplotypes were found in the introduced and native range respectively, and with two of these found in both regions. Results show where to focus future surveys in the native range to find more compatible rust strains.}, }
@article {pmid32620784, year = {2020}, author = {Andraca-Gómez, G and Lombaert, E and Ordano, M and Pérez-Ishiwara, R and Boege, K and Domínguez, CA and Fornoni, J}, title = {Local dispersal pathways during the invasion of the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, within North America and the Caribbean.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {11012}, pmid = {32620784}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Behavior, Animal ; Caribbean Region ; Commerce ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Moths/*classification/genetics/*physiology ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; North America ; Opuntia/*parasitology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Cactoblastis cactorum, a species of moth native to Argentina, feeds on several prickly pear cactus species (Opuntia) and has been successfully used as a biological control of invading Opuntia species in Australia, South Africa and native ruderal Opuntia species in some Caribbean islands. Since its introduction to the Caribbean its spread was uncontrolled, invading successfully Florida, Texas and Louisiana. Despite this long history of invasion, we are still far from understanding the factors determining the patterns of invasion of Cactoblastis in North America. Here, we explored three non-mutually exclusive explanations: a) a stepping stone model of colonization, b) long distance colonization due to hurricanes, and/or c) hitchhiking through previously reported commercial routes. Genetic diversity, genetic structure and the patterns of migration among populations were obtained by analyzing 10 nuclear microsatellite loci. Results revealed the presence of genetic structure among populations of C. cactorum in the invaded region and suggest that both marine commercial trade between the Caribbean islands and continental USA, as well as recurrent transport by hurricanes, explain the observed patterns of colonization. Provided that sanitary regulations avoiding human-mediated dispersal are enforced, hurricanes probably represent the most important agent of dispersal and future invasion to continental areas.}, }
@article {pmid32614853, year = {2020}, author = {Ito, HC and Shiraishi, H and Nakagawa, M and Takamura, N}, title = {Combined impact of pesticides and other environmental stressors on animal diversity in irrigation ponds.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {e0229052}, pmid = {32614853}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Carbamates/toxicity ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*drug effects/physiology ; Pesticides/*toxicity ; Ponds ; Thiazoles/toxicity ; Vertebrates/physiology ; }, abstract = {Rice paddy irrigation ponds can sustain surprisingly high taxonomic richness and make significant contributions to regional biodiversity. We evaluated the impacts of pesticides and other environmental stressors (including eutrophication, decreased macrophyte coverage, physical habitat destruction, and invasive alien species) on the taxonomic richness of freshwater animals in 21 irrigation ponds in Japan. We sampled a wide range of freshwater animals (reptiles, amphibians, fishes, mollusks, crustaceans, insects, annelids, bryozoans, and sponges) and surveyed environmental variables related to pesticide contamination and other stressors listed above. Statistical analyses comprised contraction of highly correlated environmental variables, best-subset model selection, stepwise model selection, and permutation tests. Results showed that: (i) probenazole (fungicide) was a significant stressor on fish (i.e., contamination with this compound had a significantly negative correlation with fish taxonomic richness), (ii) the interaction of BPMC (insecticide; also known as fenobucarb) and bluegill (invasive alien fish) was a significant stressor on a "large insect" category (Coleoptera, Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Odonata, and Trichoptera), (iii) the interaction of BPMC and concrete bank protection was a significant stressor on an "invertebrate" category, (iv) the combined impacts of BPMC and the other stressors on the invertebrate and large insect categories resulted in an estimated mean loss of taxonomic richness by 15% and 77%, respectively, in comparison with a hypothetical pond with preferable conditions.}, }
@article {pmid32613504, year = {2020}, author = {da Silva Jorge, S and Satir, T}, title = {Framework and implementation of a fuzzy logic filter-an optimization strategy for the BWMS based on stakeholders' perspectives.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {27}, number = {30}, pages = {37790-37801}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-020-09807-9}, pmid = {32613504}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Fuzzy Logic ; Introduced Species ; Ships ; *Water ; *Water Purification ; }, abstract = {The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (IMO 2018 Edition) was adopted in 2004 and came into force on 8 September 2017, aiming to introduce global regulations to control the transfer of potentially invasive species. Large efforts have been made by the maritime industry in creating reliable strategies for the installation of systems on board (Register 2014). Environmental considerations (INTERTANKO 2018) and optimization for the management systems (IMO 2017 Report) are factors broadly considered to tackle this matter. A consistent implementation strategy must be stated before the ballast water management system (BWMS) installation project starts-the management of stakeholders (e.g. ship owners, classification societies, administration, shipyards) is an important aspect of this process. This relies on their expertise, which in turn results in a high level of engagement and supports the implementation plan into the organizations. The creation of a framework for the optimization process, considering the implementation project of a BWMS on board of oil tankers, is the first part of this research. The use of fuzzy logic principles in the second part-as an evaluation instrument from a ranking obtained by multicriteria principles-sums up the aim of this paper, where the peculiarities about oil tankers' modelling will be discussed throughout the analysis of 2 optimization cases (Suezmax and Aframax).}, }
@article {pmid32610646, year = {2020}, author = {Khdiar, MY and Barber, PA and Hardy, GES and Shaw, C and Steel, EJ and McMains, C and Burgess, TI}, title = {Association of Phytophthora with Declining Vegetation in an Urban Forest Environment.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {32610646}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Urban forests consist of various environments from intensely managed spaces to conservation areas and are often reservoirs of a diverse range of invasive pathogens due to their introduction through the nursery trade. Pathogens are likely to persist because the urban forest contains a mixture of native and exotic plant species, and the environmental conditions are often less than ideal for the trees. To test the impact of different land management approaches on the Phytophthora community, 236 discrete soil and root samples were collected from declining trees in 91 parks and nature reserves in Joondalup, Western Australia (WA). Sampling targeted an extensive variety of declining native trees and shrubs, from families known to be susceptible to Phytophthora. A sub-sample was set aside and DNA extracted for metabarcoding using Phytophthora-specific primers; the remaining soil and root sample was baited for the isolation of Phytophthora. We considered the effect on the Phytophthora community of park class and area, soil family, and the change in canopy cover or health as determined through sequential measurements using remote sensing. Of the 236 samples, baiting techniques detected Phytophthora species from 24 samples (18 parks), while metabarcoding detected Phytophthora from 168 samples (64 parks). Overall, forty-four Phytophthora phylotypes were detected. Considering only sampling sites where Phytophthora was detected, species richness averaged 5.82 (range 1-21) for samples and 9.23 (range 2-24) for parks. Phytophthora multivora was the most frequently found species followed by P. arenaria, P. amnicola and P. cinnamomi. While park area and canopy cover had a significant effect on Phytophthora community the R[2] values were very low, indicating they have had little effect in shaping the community. Phytophthora cinnamomi and P. multivora, the two most invasive species, often co-occurring (61% of samples); however, the communities with P. multivora were more common than those with P. cinnamomi, reflecting observations over the past decade of the increasing importance of P. multivora as a pathogen in the urban environment.}, }
@article {pmid32609728, year = {2020}, author = {Ammann, L and Moorhouse-Gann, R and Cuff, J and Bertrand, C and Mestre, L and Hidalgo, NP and Ellison, A and Herzog, F and Entling, MH and Albrecht, M and Symondson, WOC}, title = {Insights into aphid prey consumption by ladybirds: Optimising field sampling methods and primer design for high throughput sequencing.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {e0235054}, pmid = {32609728}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Feed/analysis ; Animals ; Aphids/classification/*genetics ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; DNA/analysis/genetics ; *Food Chain ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Elucidating the diets of insect predators is important in basic and applied ecology, such as for improving the effectiveness of conservation biological control measures to promote natural enemies of crop pests. Here, we investigated the aphid diet of two common aphid predators in Central European agroecosystems, the native Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus) and the invasive Harmonia axyridis (Pallas; Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) by means of high throughput sequencing (HTS). For acquiring insights into diets of mobile flying insects at landscape scale minimizing trapping bias is important, which imposes methodological challenges for HTS. We therefore assessed the suitability of three field sampling methods (sticky traps, pan traps and hand-collection) as well as new aphid primers for identifying aphid prey consumption by coccinellids through HTS. The new aphid primers facilitate identification to species level in 75% of the European aphid genera investigated. Aphid primer specificity was high in silico and in vitro but low in environmental samples with the methods used, although this could be improved in future studies. For insect trapping we conclude that sticky traps are a suitable method in terms of minimizing sampling bias, contamination risk and trapping success, but compromise on DNA-recovery rate. The aphid diets of both field-captured ladybird species were dominated by Microlophium carnosum, the common nettle aphid. Another common prey was Sitobion avenae (cereal aphid), which got more often detected in C. septempunctata compared to H. axyridis. Around one third of the recovered aphid taxa were common crop pests. We conclude that sampling methodologies need constant revision but that our improved aphid primers offer currently one of the best solutions for broad screenings of coccinellid predation on aphids.}, }
@article {pmid32607954, year = {2020}, author = {Lam, DK and Sin, SYW}, title = {Development and characterization of microsatellite markers in Rosy-faced and other lovebirds (Agapornis spp.) using next-generation sequencing.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {47}, number = {8}, pages = {6417-6427}, pmid = {32607954}, issn = {1573-4978}, mesh = {Agapornis/*genetics ; Animals ; Breeding ; Endangered Species ; Heterozygote ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; }, abstract = {Agapornis are a group of small African parrots that are heavily traded around the world. They are invasive species in many places, but some of them are listed as Vulnerable or Near Threatened. However, the genetic tools for assessing inter-individual relationships, population structure, and genetic diversity of these birds are very limited. Therefore, we developed polymorphic microsatellite markers in A. roseicollis and tested the transferability on 5 lovebird species including A. personatus, A. nigrigenis, A. fischeri, A. pullarius, and A. canus, and two closely related outgroups (i.e. Bolbopsittacus lunulatus and Loriculus galgulus). We first performed whole-genome re-sequencing on five individuals of A. roseicollis to identify potential polymorphic loci. Out of 37 loci tested in 11 A. roseicollis, 27 loci were demonstrated to be polymorphic, with the number of the alleles ranging from 2 to 7 (mean = 3.963). The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 0.875 (mean = 0.481) and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.233 to 0.842 (mean = 0.642). Five loci (Agro-A13, p < 0.01; Agro-A15, p < 0.05; Agro-A43, p < 0.05, Agro-A65, p < 0.05; Agro-A67, p < 0.05) were detected to deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with the presence of null alleles suggested in locus Agro-A13 and Agro-A77. The exclusion powers for PE1 and PE2 are 0.997 and 0.999, respectively. The 27 novel polymorphic markers developed here will be useful for parentage and kinship assignment and population genetics study in Agapornis, and provide a tool for scientific research, captive breeding industry, and invasion and conservation management of these species.}, }
@article {pmid32607203, year = {2020}, author = {Cuthbert, RN and Wasserman, RJ and Dalu, T and Kaiser, H and Weyl, OLF and Dick, JTA and Sentis, A and McCoy, MW and Alexander, ME}, title = {Influence of intra- and interspecific variation in predator-prey body size ratios on trophic interaction strengths.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {5946-5962}, pmid = {32607203}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Predation is a pervasive force that structures food webs and directly influences ecosystem functioning. The relative body sizes of predators and prey may be an important determinant of interaction strengths. However, studies quantifying the combined influence of intra- and interspecific variation in predator-prey body size ratios are lacking.We use a comparative functional response approach to examine interaction strengths between three size classes of invasive bluegill and largemouth bass toward three scaled size classes of their tilapia prey. We then quantify the influence of intra- and interspecific predator-prey body mass ratios on the scaling of attack rates and handling times.Type II functional responses were displayed by both predators across all predator and prey size classes. Largemouth bass consumed more than bluegill at small and intermediate predator size classes, while large predators of both species were more similar. Small prey were most vulnerable overall; however, differential attack rates among prey were emergent across predator sizes. For both bluegill and largemouth bass, small predators exhibited higher attack rates toward small and intermediate prey sizes, while larger predators exhibited greater attack rates toward large prey. Conversely, handling times increased with prey size, with small bluegill exhibiting particularly low feeding rates toward medium-large prey types. Attack rates for both predators peaked unimodally at intermediate predator-prey body mass ratios, while handling times generally shortened across increasing body mass ratios.We thus demonstrate effects of body size ratios on predator-prey interaction strengths between key fish species, with attack rates and handling times dependent on the relative sizes of predator-prey participants.Considerations for intra- and interspecific body size ratio effects are critical for predicting the strengths of interactions within ecosystems and may drive differential ecological impacts among invasive species as size ratios shift.}, }
@article {pmid32607145, year = {2020}, author = {Rodrigues, NT and Saranholi, BH and Angeloni, TA and Pasqualotto, N and Chiarello, AG and Galetti, PM}, title = {DNA mini-barcoding of leporids using noninvasive fecal DNA samples and its significance for monitoring an invasive species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {5219-5225}, pmid = {32607145}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Introduced in South America at the end of the 19th century, the European hare population has expanded dramatically and now represents a risk to native Brazilian forest rabbits. Monitoring the invasive Lepus europaeus and its coexistence with native Sylvilagus brasiliensis is a challenge that can be efficiently addressed by the use of molecular tools. This work describes a set of primers useful for amplifying three mini-barcodes for the molecular identification of both invasive and native leporid species using degraded fecal DNA. In addition, tests in silico indicate that these mini-barcodes can successfully amplify the DNA sequences of a number of leporids. These mini-barcodes constitute a powerful tool for the monitoring and management of the invasive L. europaeus and the conservation of native rabbits.}, }
@article {pmid32605660, year = {2020}, author = {Dell, B and Newman, SJ and Purple, K and Miller, B and Ramsay, E and Donnell, R and Gerhold, RW}, title = {Retrospective investigation of Echinococcus canadensis emergence in translocated elk (Cervus canadensis) in Tennessee, USA, and examination of canid definitive hosts.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {330}, pmid = {32605660}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Alberta/epidemiology ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/parasitology ; *Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Coyotes/*parasitology ; Deer/*parasitology ; *Echinococcosis/epidemiology/transmission ; Genes, Helminth ; Genotype ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages ; Phylogeny ; Retrospective Studies ; Tennessee/epidemiology ; Zoonoses/epidemiology/transmission ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Few reports of Echinococcus spp. have been described in the USA; however, the geographical distribution of Echinococcus spp. in wild hosts is increasing consequent to human activities. In the early 2000's, 253 elk (Cervus canadensis) originating from Alberta, Canada were released into the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and North Cumberland Wildlife Management Area in an effort to re-establish their historical range.<br><br>METHODS: We investigated the prevalence of Echinococcus spp. in re-established elk populations in the North Cumberland Wildlife Management Area and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park via a retrospective analysis of banked elk tissues and helminth examinations on intestinal contents from coyotes (Canis latrans) from the North Cumberland Wildlife Management Area.<br><br>RESULTS: Four elk were PCR and sequence positive for E. canadensis. Each sequence had 98% or greater coverage and identity to multiple E. canadensis genotypes on GenBank. Adult Echinococcus spp. were not detected in any of the coyotes examined in this study.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Continued surveillance of this disease in susceptible species in these areas is warranted, and these data further underscore the risk of zoonotic pathogen introduction secondary to wildlife translocation.}, }
@article {pmid32605513, year = {2020}, author = {Levin, SC and Crandall, RM and Pokoski, T and Stein, C and Knight, TM}, title = {Phylogenetic and functional distinctiveness explain alien plant population responses to competition.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {287}, number = {1930}, pages = {20201070}, pmid = {32605513}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Several invasion hypotheses predict a positive association between phylogenetic and functional distinctiveness of aliens and their performance, leading to the idea that distinct aliens compete less with their resident communities. However, synthetic pattern relationships between distinctiveness and alien performance and direct tests of competition as the driving mechanism have not been forthcoming. This is likely because different patterns are observed at different spatial grains, because functional trait and phylogenetic information are often incomplete, and because of the need for competition experiments that measure demographic responses across a variety of alien species that vary in their distinctiveness. We conduct a competitor removal experiment and parameterize matrix population and integral projection models for 14 alien plant species. More novel aliens compete less strongly with co-occurring species in their community, but these results dissipate at a larger spatial grain of investigation. Further, we find that functional traits used in conjunction with phylogeny improve our ability to explain competitive responses. Our investigation shows that competition is an important mechanism underlying the differential success of alien species.}, }
@article {pmid32605135, year = {2020}, author = {Liu, Y and Beaurepaire, A and Rogers, CW and Lopez, D and Evans, JD and Straub, L and Neumann, P and Cook, SC and Huang, Q}, title = {Gene Expression and Functional Analyses of Odorant Receptors in Small Hive Beetles (Aethina tumida).}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {21}, number = {13}, pages = {}, pmid = {32605135}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {201708350098//China Scholarship Council/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropod Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Coleoptera/genetics/*metabolism ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; *Gene Regulatory Networks ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Receptors, Odorant/genetics/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Olfaction is key to many insects. Odorant receptors (ORs) stand among the key chemosensory receptors mediating the detection of pheromones and kairomones. Small hive beetles (SHBs), Aethina tumida, are parasites of social bee colonies and olfactory cues are especially important for host finding. However, how interactions with their hosts may have shaped the evolution of ORs in the SHB remains poorly understood. Here, for the first time, we analyzed the evolution of SHB ORs through phylogenetic and positive selection analyses. We then tested the expression of selected OR genes in antennae, heads, and abdomens in four groups of adult SHBs: colony odor-experienced/-naive males and females. The results show that SHBs experienced both OR gene losses and duplications, thereby providing a first understanding of the evolution of SHB ORs. Additionally, three candidate ORs potentially involved in host finding and/or chemical communication were identified. Significantly different downregulations of ORs between the abdomens of male and female SHBs exposed to colony odors may reflect that these expression patterns might also reflect other internal events, e.g., oviposition. Altogether, these results provide novel insights into the evolution of SHB ORs and provide a valuable resource for analyzing the function of key genes, e.g., for developing biological control. These results will also help in understanding the chemosensory system in SHBs and other beetles.}, }
@article {pmid32600544, year = {2020}, author = {Eble, JA and Daly-Engel, TS and DiBattista, JD and Koziol, A and Gaither, MR}, title = {Marine environmental DNA: Approaches, applications, and opportunities.}, journal = {Advances in marine biology}, volume = {86}, number = {1}, pages = {141-169}, doi = {10.1016/bs.amb.2020.01.001}, pmid = {32600544}, issn = {2162-5875}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *DNA, Environmental ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) is increasingly being used to document species distributions and habitat use in marine systems, with much of the recent effort focused on leveraging advances in next-generation DNA sequencing to assess and track biodiversity across taxonomic groups. Environmental DNA offers a number of important advantages over traditional survey techniques, including non-invasive sampling, sampling where traditional approaches are impractical or inefficient (e.g. deep oceans), reduced cost, and increased detection sensitivity. However, eDNA applications are currently limited because of an insufficient understanding of the influence of sample source, analytical approach, and marker type on eDNA detections. Because approaches vary considerably among eDNA studies, we present a summary of the current state of the field and emerging best practices. The impact of observed variation in rates of eDNA production, persistence, and transport are also discussed and future research needs are highlighted with the goal of expanding eDNA applications, including the development of statistical models to improve the predictability of eDNA detection and quantification.}, }
@article {pmid32598353, year = {2020}, author = {Rudstam, LG and Gandino, CJ}, title = {Zebra or quagga mussel dominance depends on trade-offs between growth and defense-Field support from Onondaga Lake, NY.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {e0235387}, pmid = {32598353}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Dreissena/classification/*growth &amp; development/*immunology ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; New York ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Two invasive mussels (zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha and quagga mussel D. rostriformis bugensis) have restructured the benthic habitat of many water bodies in both Europe and North America. Quagga mussels dominate in most lakes where they co-occur even though zebra mussels typically invade lakes first. A reversal to zebra mussel over time has rarely been observed. Laboratory experiments have shown that quagga mussels grow faster than zebra mussels when predator kairomones are present and this faster growth is associated with lower investment in anti-predator response in quagga mussels than zebra mussels. This led to the hypothesis that the dominance of quagga mussels is due to faster growth that is not offset by higher vulnerability to predators when predation rates are low, as may be expected in newly colonized lakes. It follows that in lakes with high predation pressure, the anti-predatory investments of zebra mussels should be more advantageous and zebra mussels should be the more abundant of the two species. In Onondaga Lake, NY, a meso-eutrophic lake with annual mussel surveys from 2005 to 2018, quagga mussels increased from less than 6% of the combined mussel biomass in 2007 to 82% in 2009 (from 3 to 69% by number), rates typical of this displacement process elsewhere, but then declined again to 11-20% of the mussel biomass in 2016-2018. Average total mussel biomass also declined from 344-524 g shell-on dry weight (SODW)/m2 in 2009-2011 to 34-73 g SODW/m2 in 2016-2018, mainly due to fewer quagga mussels. This decline in total mussel biomass and a return to zebra mussel as the most abundant species occurred as the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) increased in abundance. Both the increase to dominance of quagga mussels and the subsequent decline following the increase in this molluscivorous fish are consistent with the differences in the trade-off between investment in growth and investment in defenses of the two species. We predict that similar changes in dreissenid mussel populations will occur in other lakes following round goby invasions, at least on the habitats colonized by both species.}, }
@article {pmid32597719, year = {2020}, author = {Berke, SK and Keller, EL and Needham, CN and Salerno, CR}, title = {Grazer Interactions with Invasive Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (Rhodophyta): Comparisons to Related versus Unrelated Native Algae.}, journal = {The Biological bulletin}, volume = {238}, number = {3}, pages = {145-153}, doi = {10.1086/709108}, pmid = {32597719}, issn = {1939-8697}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; *Rhodophyta ; }, abstract = {Ecosystem responses to invasion are strongly influenced by interactions between invaders and native species. If native species provide biotic resistance by consuming or competing with an invader, the invasion may be slowed, and/or invasive populations may be limited. If local herbivores recognize an invasive plant as being similar to native species, they may graze it more readily. Biotic resistance is thus generally predicted to increase if the invader is phylogenetically related to natives. However, if the native species were unpalatable, then grazers may be predisposed to avoid the invader, thus reducing biotic resistance from consumption. In the marine realm, invertebrate grazers often avoid feeding on invasive algae. However, tests comparing macroalgal invaders to phylogenetically related natives have been rare. Here we present data for invertebrate grazing and habitat use of (i) invasive Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (Rhodophyta: Gracilariales: Gracilarieae), (ii) the native contribal species Gracilaria tikvahiae, and (iii) an unrelated native, Ulva sp., the most common native alga in the system. We find that grazers prefer Ulva over both Gracilarieae, both for feeding and for habitat use. These data suggest that biotic resistance from consumption is low and not enhanced by the presence of a closely related native alga.}, }
@article {pmid32597498, year = {2020}, author = {Sherpa, S and Renaud, J and Guéguen, M and Besnard, G and Mouyon, L and Rey, D and Després, L}, title = {Landscape does matter: Disentangling founder effects from natural and human-aided post-introduction dispersal during an ongoing biological invasion.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {9}, pages = {2027-2042}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13284}, pmid = {32597498}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {*Aedes/genetics ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Founder Effect ; France ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Environmental features impacting the spread of invasive species after introduction can be assessed using population genetic structure as a quantitative estimation of effective dispersal at the landscape scale. However, in the case of an ongoing biological invasion, deciphering whether genetic structure represents landscape connectivity or founder effects is particularly challenging. We examined the modes of dispersal (natural and human-aided) and the factors (landscape or founders history) shaping genetic structure in range edge invasive populations of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, in the region of Grenoble (Southeast France). Based on detailed occupancy-detection data and environmental variables (climatic, topographic and land-cover), we modelled A. albopictus potential suitable area and its expansion history since first introduction. The relative role of dispersal modes was estimated using biological dispersal capabilities and landscape genetics approaches using genome-wide SNP dataset. We demonstrate that both natural and human-aided dispersal have promoted the expansion of populations. Populations in diffuse urban areas, representing highly suitable habitat for A. albopictus, tend to disperse less, while roads facilitate long-distance dispersal. Yet, demographic bottlenecks during introduction played a major role in shaping the genetic variability of these range edge populations. The present study is one of the few investigating the role of founder effects and ongoing expansion processes in shaping spatial patterns of genetic variation in an invasive species at the landscape scale. The combination of several dispersal modes and large proportions of continuous suitable habitats for A. albopictus promoted range filling of almost its entire potential distribution in the region of Grenoble only few years after introduction.}, }
@article {pmid32596595, year = {2020}, author = {Li, J and Yu, Z and Choo, S and Zhao, J and Wang, Z and Xie, R}, title = {Chemico-Proteomics Reveal the Enhancement of Salt Tolerance in an Invasive Plant Species via H2S Signaling.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {5}, number = {24}, pages = {14575-14585}, pmid = {32596595}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {H2S is a small molecule known to have multiple signaling roles in animals. Recently, evidence shows that H2S also has signaling functions in plants; however, the role of H2S in invasive plants is unknown. Spartina alterniflora is a typical invasive species growing along the beaches of southern China. A physiological comparison proves that S. alterniflora is highly tolerant to salinity stress compared with the native species Cyperus malaccensis. To decipher the mechanism that enables S. alterniflora to withstand salinity stress, a chemico-proteomics analysis was performed to examine the salt stress response of the two species; an inhibitor experiment was additionally designed to investigate H2S signaling on salinity tolerance in S. alterniflora. A total of 86 proteins belonging to nine categories were identified and differentially expressed in S. alterniflora exposed to salt stress. Moreover, the expression level of enzymes responsible for the H2S biosynthesis was markedly upregulated, indicating the potential role of H2S signaling in the plant's response to salt stress. The results suggested that salt triggered l-CD enzyme activity and induced the production of H2S, therefore upregulating expression of the antioxidants ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, which mitigates damage from reactive nitrogen species. Additionally, H2S reduced the potassium efflux, thereby sustaining intracellular sodium/potassium ion homeostasis and enhancing S. alterniflora salt tolerance. These findings indicate that H2S plays an important role in the adaptation of S. alterniflora to saline environments, which provides greater insight into the function of H2S signaling in the adaptation of an invasive plant species.}, }
@article {pmid32595714, year = {2020}, author = {Sharifdini, M and Amin, OM and Ashrafi, K and Karamzadeh, N and Mobedi, I and Rahmati, B and Hesari, Z}, title = {Helminthes in Feral Raccoon (Procyon lotor) as an Alien Species in Iran.}, journal = {Iranian journal of parasitology}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {240-247}, pmid = {32595714}, issn = {1735-7020}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The raccoon, Procyon lotor Linn. (Procyonidae) is native to North and Central America but has been introduced in several European and Asian countries including Japan, Germany and Iran. Objective of this study was to determine frequency of gastrointestinal and tissue helminthes from feral raccoons in Iran.<br><br>METHODS: During 2015-2017, 30 feral raccoons including 12 males and 18 females were collected from Guilan Province, northern Iran (the only region in Iran where raccoons are found). The gastrointestinal tracts and tissues such as lung, liver and muscles were examined for presence of helminthes.<br><br>RESULTS: Twenty raccoons (66.7%) were found infected with five intestinal helminth species. The prevalence of infection with Strongyloides procyonis Little, 1966 (Nematoda) was 63.3%, Plagiorchis koreanus Ogata, 1938 (Trematoda) (13.3%), Centrorhynchus sp. L&#xfc;he, 1911 (Acanthocephala) (10.0%), Camerostrongylus didelphis Wolfgang, 1951 (Nematoda) (3.3%), and Spirocerca lupi Rudolphi, 1809 (Nematoda) (3.3%). No larvae or adult worms were found in other tissues of the examined raccoons.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Most of the raccoons were infected with S. procyonis. The public health importance of zoonotic parasites transmittable through raccoons, the rapid control and decrease of raccoon populations and their distribution in Iran are also discussed.}, }
@article {pmid32595198, year = {2020}, author = {Hou, J and Liu, Q and Wang, J and Wu, Y and Li, T and Gong, Z}, title = {Insecticide Resistance of Aedes albopictus in Zhejiang Province, China.}, journal = {Bioscience trends}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {248-254}, doi = {10.5582/bst.2020.03194}, pmid = {32595198}, issn = {1881-7823}, mesh = {Aedes/*drug effects/virology ; Animals ; Chikungunya Fever/prevention &amp; control/virology ; China ; Cities ; Dengue/prevention &amp; control/virology ; Female ; Humans ; *Insecticide Resistance ; Insecticides/*pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control/methods ; Mosquito Vectors/*drug effects/virology ; Zika Virus Infection/prevention &amp; control/virology ; }, abstract = {From 2003 until 2018, a total of 12 outbreaks with 1,654 confirmed dengue cases have been reported in Zhejiang Province. The emergence of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes will affect the control of dengue. Our study aims to investigate the current situation of insecticide resistance of Ae. albopictus in Zhejiang Province and compares it with the situation in 2016. Ae. albopictus were collected from 12 Zhejiang Province cities in 2019. Resistance to three major categories of insecticides, including 8 commonly used insecticides, was evaluated according to the tube test protocol recommended by China CDC. Ae. albopictus in all cities, except Hangzhou, Wenzhou, Lishui and Shaoxing, showed decreased susceptibility to beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin and permethrin. For malathion, 3 cities Ae. albopictus have developed resistance, 3 cities Ae. albopictus have decreased susceptibility. For propoxur, in 3 cities Ae. albopictus showed decreased susceptibility with mortality ranging from 94.24% to 96.67%. The resistance to alpha-cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and fenitrothion is rare in Ae. albopictus in that only Zhoushan's mosquitoes showed decreased susceptibility to alpha-cypermethrin. The resistance to beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin and permethrin was significantly correlated with each other. Compared to the situation in 2016, the insecticide resistance of Ae. albopictus in Zhejiang Province has become more common in 2019. In the emergency preparedness for future mosquito-borne diseases, two things should be done: 1) the selection of insecticides should be made based on information from insecticide resistance surveillance 2) the use of insecticide should follow scientific guidance.}, }
@article {pmid32594654, year = {2020}, author = {Yang, QQ and He, C and Liu, GF and Yin, CL and Xu, YP and Liu, SW and Qiu, JW and Yu, XP}, title = {Introgressive hybridization between two non-native apple snails in China: widespread hybridization and homogenization in egg morphology.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {76}, number = {12}, pages = {4231-4239}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5980}, pmid = {32594654}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {12301425//General Research Fund of Hong Kong SAR/ ; 2018YFC0809200//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 31800462//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 20190101A01//Science and Technology Planning Project of Hangzhou/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *Genetic Introgression ; Humans ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Snails/genetics ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Apple snails from the genus Pomacea have spread widely in paddy fields and other wetlands of southern China since their introduction in the 1980s. Pomacea spp. are commonly identified using mitochondrial COI sequences. However, sequencing the nuclear elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1α) gene revealed genetic introgression between field populations of P. canaliculata and P. maculata, which produce surviving hybrids in laboratory crossbreeding experiments.<br><br>RESULTS: In this study, we sequenced 1054 EF1&#x3b1; clones to design specific primers and established a fast and accurate multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for genotyping EF1&#x3b1;. Combined with genotyping P. canaliculata and P. maculata based on mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF1&#x3b1;, we revealed the genetic introgression patterns of 30 apple snail populations in China. Purebred and hybrid individuals of P. canaliculata were widely distributed, while pure maculata-EF1&#x3b1; type was detected only in a few individuals identified as P. canaliculata based on COI sequences. Each egg clutch had one to three genetic patterns, indicating multiple paternity or segregation in the progeny of hybrids. The higher percentages of hybrids in both wild populations and progeny than the homozygotes indicated a potential heterosis in the apple snail populations. Additionally, egg size and clutch size of the apple snails became homogeneous among the non-native populations exhibiting introgression hybridization.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings emphasize the value of apple snails as a model to study the mechanisms and impacts of introgressive hybridization on fitness traits. &#xa9; 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid32592166, year = {2020}, author = {Fuster, F and Kaiser-Bunbury, CN and Traveset, A}, title = {Pollination effectiveness of specialist and opportunistic nectar feeders influenced by invasive alien ants in the Seychelles.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {107}, number = {7}, pages = {957-969}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1499}, pmid = {32592166}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Flowers ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Plant Nectar ; *Pollination ; Seychelles ; Specialization ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: Opportunistic nectar-feeders may act as effective pollinators; nonetheless, we still lack information on whether these opportunistic species differ in their pollination effectiveness from specialized nectarivorous vertebrates and insects. Many nectar specialists have coevolved with the plants on which they feed; therefore, we would expect higher pollination effectiveness in specialists than in opportunistic feeders. Here, we assessed quantity and quality components of pollination effectiveness in specialist and opportunistic vertebrate nectarivores and insects, focusing on three plants from the Seychelles: Thespesia populnea, Polyscias crassa, and Syzygium wrightii.<br><br>METHODS: We determined the quantity component (QNC) of pollination effectiveness with pollinator observations, and the quality component (QLC) by measuring fruit and seed set resulting from single visits by each pollinator. To detect potential negative effects of invasive ants on native plant-pollinator interactions, we classified pollinator visits (quantity component) as disturbed (>6 ants/30 min) vs. undisturbed.<br><br>RESULTS: All focal plants were visited by insects, and vertebrate specialist and opportunist nectarivores, yet their pollination effectiveness differed. Flying insects were the most effective pollinators of T. populnea. The other two plants were most effectively pollinated by vertebrates; i.e., sunbirds (nectar specialists) in S. wrightii and Phelsuma geckos (nectar opportunists) in P. crassa, despite marked variation in QNC and QLC. Ant presence was associated with lower pollinator visitation rate in P. crassa and S. wrightii.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the importance of all pollinator guilds, including opportunist nectarivorous vertebrates as pollinators of island plants, and the vulnerability of such interactions to disruption by nonnative species.}, }
@article {pmid32592062, year = {2020}, author = {Ferrão-Filho, AS and Pereira, UJ and Vilar, MCP and de Magalhães, L and Marinho, MM}, title = {Can small-bodied Daphnia control Raphidiopsis raciborskii in eutrophic tropical lakes? A mesocosm experiment.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {27}, number = {28}, pages = {35459-35473}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-020-09737-6}, pmid = {32592062}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {PAEF-IOC-008-FIO-04//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Oswaldo Cruz/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Cyanobacteria ; *Cylindrospermopsis ; Daphnia ; Ecosystem ; Lakes ; }, abstract = {Raphidiopsis raciborskii is being considered an expanding, invasive species all over the world. It is a potentially toxin producer cyanobacterium and form blooms specially in (sub)tropical lakes, causing concern to public health. Thus, controlling such phenomena are of vital importance. To test the hypothesis that a tropical clone of Daphnia laevis is able to reduce the biomass of R. raciborskii, we performed a mesocosm experiment simulating a bloom of this cyanobacterium in field conditions and exposing it to ecologically relevant densities of daphniids. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that omnivorous fish would be able to exert a top-down effect on Daphnia, decreasing the effectiveness of this control. We used treatments with (10 and 20 Daphnia L[-1]) or without Daphnia and fish (3 per mesocosm). Daphnia was able to significantly reduce the biomass of R. raciborskii only at the highest density tested. Fish had low effect on Daphnia biomass, but it is suggested that nutrient recycling by fish might have contributed to the higher R. raciborskii biomass in fish treatments. This is the first evidence of Daphnia control over saxitoxin-producing cyanobacteria in a tropical ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid32588508, year = {2020}, author = {Pyšek, P and Hulme, PE and Simberloff, D and Bacher, S and Blackburn, TM and Carlton, JT and Dawson, W and Essl, F and Foxcroft, LC and Genovesi, P and Jeschke, JM and Kühn, I and Liebhold, AM and Mandrak, NE and Meyerson, LA and Pauchard, A and Pergl, J and Roy, HE and Seebens, H and van Kleunen, M and Vilà, M and Wingfield, MJ and Richardson, DM}, title = {Scientists' warning on invasive alien species.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {95}, number = {6}, pages = {1511-1534}, pmid = {32588508}, issn = {1469-185X}, support = {EVA4.0//USDA Forest Service/International ; 67985939//Akademie V&#x11b;d &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/International ; I 3757-B29//Austrian Science Foundation FWF/International ; 01LC1803A, 01LC1807B, PCI2018-092939//Belmont Forum/International ; 264740629//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/International ; JE 288/9-2//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG/International ; AFB-170008//Fondo de Fomento al Desarrollo Cient&#xed;fico y Tecnol&#xf3;gico/International ; 01LC1803A, 01LC1807B//German Federal Ministry of Education and Research/International ; 19-28807X//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/International ; //Nancy Gore Hunger Professorship in Environmental Studies of the University of Tennessee/International ; IFR2010041400019 and IFR160215158271//National Research Foundation of South Africa/International ; NE/R016429/1//Natural Environment Research Council/International ; 31BD30_184114, and 31003A_179491//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Population Density ; Rats ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a global consequence of an increasingly connected world and the rise in human population size. The numbers of invasive alien species - the subset of alien species that spread widely in areas where they are not native, affecting the environment or human livelihoods - are increasing. Synergies with other global changes are exacerbating current invasions and facilitating new ones, thereby escalating the extent and impacts of invaders. Invasions have complex and often immense long-term direct and indirect impacts. In many cases, such impacts become apparent or problematic only when invaders are well established and have large ranges. Invasive alien species break down biogeographic realms, affect native species richness and abundance, increase the risk of native species extinction, affect the genetic composition of native populations, change native animal behaviour, alter phylogenetic diversity across communities, and modify trophic networks. Many invasive alien species also change ecosystem functioning and the delivery of ecosystem services by altering nutrient and contaminant cycling, hydrology, habitat structure, and disturbance regimes. These biodiversity and ecosystem impacts are accelerating and will increase further in the future. Scientific evidence has identified policy strategies to reduce future invasions, but these strategies are often insufficiently implemented. For some nations, notably Australia and New Zealand, biosecurity has become a national priority. There have been long-term successes, such as eradication of rats and cats on increasingly large islands and biological control of weeds across continental areas. However, in many countries, invasions receive little attention. Improved international cooperation is crucial to reduce the impacts of invasive alien species on biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human livelihoods. Countries can strengthen their biosecurity regulations to implement and enforce more effective management strategies that should also address other global changes that interact with invasions.}, }
@article {pmid32582950, year = {2020}, author = {Helsen, K and Acharya, KP and Graae, BJ and De Kort, H and Brunet, J and Chabrerie, O and Cousins, SAO and De Frenne, P and Hermy, M and Verheyen, K and Pélabon, C}, title = {Earlier onset of flowering and increased reproductive allocation of an annual invasive plant in the north of its novel range.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {126}, number = {6}, pages = {1005-1016}, pmid = {32582950}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; *Reproduction ; Resource Allocation ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: It remains unclear whether invasive species can maintain both high biomass and reproductive output across their invaded range. Along latitudinal gradients, allocation theory predicts that faster flowering onset at high latitudes results in maturation at smaller size and thus reduced reproductive output. For annual invasive plants, more favourable environmental conditions at low latitudes probably result in stronger competition of co-occurring species, potentially driving selection for higher investment in vegetative biomass, while harsher climatic conditions and associated reproductive uncertainty at higher latitudes could reduce selection for vegetative biomass and increased selection for high reproductive investment (stress-gradient hypothesis). Combined, these drivers could result in increased or constant reproductive allocation with increasing latitude.<br><br>METHODS: We quantified life-history traits in the invasive annual plant Impatiens glandulifera along a latitudinal gradient in Europe. By growing two successive glasshouse generations, we assessed genetic differentiation in vegetative growth and reproductive output across six populations, and tested whether onset of flowering drives this divergence.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Trait variation was mainly caused by genetic differentiation. As expected, flowering onset was progressively earlier in populations from higher latitudes. Plant height and vegetative biomass also decreased in populations from higher latitudes, as predicted by allocation theory, but their variation was independent of the variation in flowering onset. Reproductive output remained constant across latitudes, resulting in increased reproductive allocation towards higher latitudes, supporting the stress-gradient hypothesis. We also observed trait genetic differentiation among populations that was independent of latitude.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We show that an annual invasive plant evolved several life-history traits across its invaded range in ~150 years. The evolution of vegetative and reproductive traits seems unconstrained by evolution of flowering onset. This genetic decoupling between vegetative and reproductive traits possibly contributes to the invasion success of this species.}, }
@article {pmid32581635, year = {2020}, author = {Dzido, J and Rolbiecki, L and Izdebska, JN and Bednarek, R}, title = {Checklist of the parasites of European eel Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) (Anguillidae) in Poland.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e52346}, pmid = {32581635}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {The present paper lists all parasite species of the European eel Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758), recorded in Poland, in both its saltwater and freshwater habitats. The list has been drawn up, based on data acquired since 1844. The majority of included parasite species are presented with fish infection parameters together with data on their developmental stages and occupied microhabitats, localities and dates of collection of the eels themselves. The database includes 62 parasite taxa (including 50 species, nine identified to the genus level and three to higher taxa), representing at least 47 genera and 39 families. The most frequently-noted parasites of the European eel are the cestode Bothriocephalus claviceps, the nematodes Anguillicoloides crassus, Camallanus lacustris and Raphidascaris acus and the acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus lucii. Four alien species have been noted from this host: A. crassus, the monogeneans Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae and Pseudodactylogyrus bini and the acanthocephalan Paratenuisentis ambiguus. The present list includes both new host records and earlier records not included in previous lists of parasites of eels.}, }
@article {pmid32581265, year = {2020}, author = {Vega-Rúa, A and Marconcini, M and Madec, Y and Manni, M and Carraretto, D and Gomulski, LM and Gasperi, G and Failloux, AB and Malacrida, AR}, title = {Vector competence of Aedes albopictus populations for chikungunya virus is shaped by their demographic history.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {326}, pmid = {32581265}, issn = {2399-3642}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics/*virology ; Animals ; Asia, Southeastern ; Chikungunya Fever/transmission ; *Chikungunya virus ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Mosquito Vectors ; North America ; South America ; }, abstract = {The mosquito Aedes albopictus is one of the most dangerous invasive species. Its worldwide spread has created health concerns as it is a major vector of arboviruses of public health significance such as chikungunya (CHIKV). Dynamics of different genetic backgrounds and admixture events may have impacted competence for CHIKV in adventive populations. Using microsatellites, we infer the genetic structure of populations across the expansion areas that we then associate with their competence for different CHIKV genotypes. Here we show that the demographic history of Ae. albopictus populations is a consequence of rapid complex patterns of historical lineage diversification and divergence that influenced their competence for CHIKV. The history of adventive populations is associated with CHIKV genotypes in a genotype-by-genotype interaction that impacts their vector competence. Thus, knowledge of the demographic history and vector competence of invasive mosquitoes is pivotal for assessing the risk of arbovirus outbreaks in newly colonized areas.}, }
@article {pmid32581263, year = {2020}, author = {van Kleunen, M and Xu, X and Yang, Q and Maurel, N and Zhang, Z and Dawson, W and Essl, F and Kreft, H and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and Weigelt, P and Moser, D and Lenzner, B and Fristoe, TS}, title = {Economic use of plants is key to their naturalization success.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {3201}, pmid = {32581263}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {I 3757/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {*Agriculture/economics ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Geography ; Introduced Species/*economics ; Phylogeny ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/classification ; Seeds/classification/physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Humans cultivate thousands of economic plants (i.e. plants with economic value) outside their native ranges. To analyze how this contributes to naturalization success, we combine global databases on economic uses and naturalization success of the world's seed plants. Here we show that naturalization likelihood is 18 times higher for economic than non-economic plants. Naturalization success is highest for plants grown as animal food or for environmental uses (e.g. ornamentals), and increases with number of uses. Taxa from the Northern Hemisphere are disproportionately over-represented among economic plants, and economic plants from Asia have the greatest naturalization success. In regional naturalized floras, the percentage of economic plants exceeds the global percentage and increases towards the equator. Phylogenetic patterns in the naturalized flora partly result from phylogenetic patterns in the plants we cultivate. Our study illustrates that accounting for the intentional introduction of economic plants is key to unravelling drivers of plant naturalization.}, }
@article {pmid32577288, year = {2020}, author = {Phillips, LM and Aitkenhead, I and Janion-Scheepers, C and King, CK and McGeoch, MA and Nielsen, UN and Terauds, A and Liu, WPA and Chown, SL}, title = {Basal tolerance but not plasticity gives invasive springtails the advantage in an assemblage setting.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {coaa049}, pmid = {32577288}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {As global climates change, alien species are anticipated to have a growing advantage relative to their indigenous counterparts, mediated through consistent trait differences between the groups. These insights have largely been developed based on interspecific comparisons using multiple species examined from different locations. Whether such consistent physiological trait differences are present within assemblages is not well understood, especially for animals. Yet, it is at the assemblage level that interactions play out. Here, we examine whether physiological trait differences observed at the interspecific level are also applicable to assemblages. We focus on the Collembola, an important component of the soil fauna characterized by invasions globally, and five traits related to fitness: critical thermal maximum, minimum and range, desiccation resistance and egg development rate. We test the predictions that the alien component of a local assemblage has greater basal physiological tolerances or higher rates, and more pronounced phenotypic plasticity than the indigenous component. Basal critical thermal maximum, thermal tolerance range, desiccation resistance, optimum temperature for egg development, the rate of development at that optimum and the upper temperature limiting egg hatching success are all significantly higher, on average, for the alien than the indigenous components of the assemblage. Outcomes for critical thermal minimum are variable. No significant differences in phenotypic plasticity exist between the alien and indigenous components of the assemblage. These results are consistent with previous interspecific studies investigating basal thermal tolerance limits and development rates and their phenotypic plasticity, in arthropods, but are inconsistent with results from previous work on desiccation resistance. Thus, for the Collembola, the anticipated advantage of alien over indigenous species under warming and drying is likely to be manifest in local assemblages, globally.}, }
@article {pmid32577085, year = {2020}, author = {Luz, R and Cordeiro, R and Vilaverde, J and Raposeiro, PM and Fonseca, A and Gonçalves, V}, title = {Cyanobacteria from freshwater lakes in the Azores archipelago, Portugal: data from long term phytoplankton monitoring.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e51928}, pmid = {32577085}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Azores are oceanic islands located in the Northern Atlantic Ocean and are particularly rich in aquatic systems, ranging from freshwater, brackish, marine and thermal habitats. Due to the increase in local anthropogenic pressures and global warming, several azorean lakes began to reveal signs of eutrophication that led to the implementation of monitoring programmes and management strategies on the most impacted lakes. Later, the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) demanded the establishment of biomonitoring programmes for European freshwater ecosystems and the limited Azorean monitoring programmes were extended to a larger set of lakes. Since the establishment of the aquatic systems monitoring programme in the Azores archipelago, lakes have been regularly sampled, producing innumerous unpublished records of cyanobacteria that are difficult to access.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: Here we present the occurrences of cyanobacteria in Azorean lakes that result from 22 years of phytoplankton monitoring in a total of 1948 cyanobacteria occurrences from 968 phytoplankton sampling events on Azorean lakes done between 1996 and 2018 as part of regional inland aquatic ecosystems monitoring programmes. Forty two cyanobacteria taxa were identified in those events, 28 species and 14 at genus level. This information is crucial for conservation, biodiversity studies and lake management, as some of the cyanobacteria species present are bloom-forming and have the ability to produce toxins. This will also allow for the identification of invasive species and possible targeted control and mitigation programmes, according to the species present in the Azorean lakes.}, }
@article {pmid32574726, year = {2020}, author = {Rentería-Solís, Z and Meyer-Kayser, E and Obiegala, A and Ackermann, F and Król, N and Birka, S}, title = {Cryptosporidium sp. skunk genotype in wild raccoons (Procyon lotor) naturally infected with Baylisascaris procyonis from Central Germany.}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {79}, number = {}, pages = {102159}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2020.102159}, pmid = {32574726}, issn = {1873-0329}, mesh = {Animals ; Ascaridida Infections/parasitology/*veterinary ; Ascaridoidea/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Coinfection/*parasitology ; Cryptosporidiosis/*parasitology ; Cryptosporidium/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Genotype ; Germany ; Introduced Species ; *Raccoons ; Zoonoses/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Cryptosporidium spp. are apicomplexan parasites of public health concern. They are one of the main causes of intestinal diseases in humans and animals. Contaminated water is among the main sources of infection for humans and mammals. Raccoons are an introduced species in Germany. They are anthropogenic adapters with a natural affinity for water bodies. We collected samples from wild raccoons in the Federal States of Saxony and Thuringia, Central Germany. Through molecular genotyping, we found Cryptosporidium sp. skunk genotype in one raccoon from Saxony (1/24) and in one animal from Thuringia (1/27). Both raccoons were also infected with the zoonotic nematode Baylisascaris procyonis. This is the first report of co-infection with these two parasites in raccoons from Germany. Our study highlights the potential of these animals as carriers of zoonotic pathogens. Since raccoons can thrive in human settlements, this study provides data that can be used as a baseline for preventive programs.}, }
@article {pmid32573866, year = {2020}, author = {Price, CJ and Banks, PB and Brown, S and Latham, MC and Latham, ADM and Pech, RP and Norbury, GL}, title = {Invasive mammalian predators habituate to and generalize avian prey cues: a mechanism for conserving native prey.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {30}, number = {8}, pages = {e02200}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2200}, pmid = {32573866}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {C09X1505//New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; *Cues ; Mammals ; Mice ; Odorants ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Invasive mammalian predators can cause the decline and extinction of vulnerable native species. Many invasive mammalian predators are dietary generalists that hunt a variety of prey. These predators often rely upon olfaction when foraging, particularly at night. Little is understood about how prey odor cues are used to inform foraging decisions. Prey cues can vary spatially and temporally in their association with prey and can either reveal the location of prey or lead to unsuccessful foraging. Here we examine how two wild-caught invasive mammalian bird predator species (European hedgehogs Erinaceus europaeus and ferrets Mustela putorius furo) respond to unrewarded bird odors over successive exposures, first demonstrating that the odors are perceptually different using house mice (Mus musculus) as a biological olfactometer. We aim to test if introduced predators categorize odor cues of similar prey together, a tactic that could increase foraging efficiency. We exposed house mice to the odors using a standard habituation/dishabituation test in a laboratory setting, and wild-caught European hedgehogs and ferrets in an outdoor enclosure using a similar procedure. Mice discriminated among all bird odors presented, showing more interest in chicken odor than quail or gull odor. Both predator species showed a decline in interest toward unrewarded prey odor (i.e., habituation), but only ferrets generalized their response from one unrewarded bird odor to another bird odor. Hedgehog responses to unrewarded bird odors were highly variable between individuals. Taken together, our results reveal interspecific and intraspecific differences in response to prey odors, which we argue are a consequence of different diet breadth, life and evolutionary histories, and the conditions in each experiment. Generalization of prey odors may have enabled some species of invasive predators to efficiently hunt a range of intraguild prey species, for example, ground-nesting shorebirds. Olfactory manipulation of predators may be a useful conservation tool for threatened prey if it reduces the conspicuousness of vulnerable prey.}, }
@article {pmid32573039, year = {2020}, author = {Rothstein, AP and Knapp, RA and Bradburd, GS and Boiano, DM and Briggs, CJ and Rosenblum, EB}, title = {Stepping into the past to conserve the future: Archived skin swabs from extant and extirpated populations inform genetic management of an endangered amphibian.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {14}, pages = {2598-2611}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15515}, pmid = {32573039}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {P30 GM103324/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; Extinction, Biological ; *Genetics, Population ; *Ranidae ; Skin ; }, abstract = {Moving animals on a landscape through translocations and reintroductions is an important management tool used in the recovery of endangered species, particularly for the maintenance of population genetic diversity and structure. Management of imperiled amphibian species rely heavily on translocations and reintroductions, especially for species that have been brought to the brink of extinction by habitat loss, introduced species, and disease. One striking example of amphibian declines and associated management efforts is in California's Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks with the mountain yellow-legged frog species complex (Rana sierrae/muscosa). Mountain yellow-legged frogs have been extirpated from more than 93% of their historic range, and limited knowledge of their population genetics has made long-term conservation planning difficult. To address this, we used 598 archived skin swabs from both extant and extirpated populations across 48 lake basins to generate a robust Illumina-based nuclear amplicon data set. We found that samples grouped into three main genetic clusters, concordant with watershed boundaries. We also found evidence for historical gene flow across watershed boundaries with a north-to-south axis of migration. Finally, our results indicate that genetic diversity is not significantly different between populations with different disease histories. Our study offers specific management recommendations for imperiled mountain yellow-legged frogs and, more broadly, provides a population genetic framework for leveraging minimally invasive samples for the conservation of threatened species.}, }
@article {pmid32572111, year = {2020}, author = {Haubrock, PJ and Cuthbert, RN and Veselý, L and Balzani, P and Baker, NJ and Dick, JTA and Kouba, A}, title = {Predatory functional responses under increasing temperatures of two life stages of an invasive gecko.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {10119}, pmid = {32572111}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The direct effects of temperature increases and differences among life-history might affect the impacts of native and invasive predators on recipient communities. Comparisons of functional responses can improve our understanding of underlying processes involved in altering species interaction strengths and may predict the effect of species invading new communities. Therefore, we investigated the functional responses of the mourning gecko Lepidodactylus lugubris (Duméril &amp; Bibron, 1836) to explore how temperature, body-size and prey density alter gecko predatory impacts in ecosystems. We quantified the functional responses of juvenile and adult geckos in single-predator experiments at 20, 23 and 26 °C. Both displayed saturating Type-II functional responses, but juvenile functional responses and the novel Functional Response Ratio were positively affected by temperature as juvenile attack rates (a) increased as a function of increased temperature. Handling times (h) tended to shorten at higher temperature for both predator stages. We demonstrate that the effects of temperature on functional responses of geckos differ across ontogeny, perhaps reflecting life-history stages prioritising growth and maturation or body maintenance. This indicates that temperature-dependent gecko predatory impacts will be mediated by population demographics. We advocate further comparisons of functional responses to understand the invasiveness and future predatory impacts of geckos, and other invasive species globally, as temperatures change.}, }
@article {pmid32571940, year = {2020}, author = {Lovas-Kiss, &#xc1; and Vincze, O and Löki, V and Pallér-Kapusi, F and Halasi-Kovács, B and Kovács, G and Green, AJ and Lukács, BA}, title = {Experimental evidence of dispersal of invasive cyprinid eggs inside migratory waterfowl.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {117}, number = {27}, pages = {15397-15399}, pmid = {32571940}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Carps/*embryology ; Ducks/*physiology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian ; Embryonic Development ; Feces ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Ovum ; }, abstract = {Fish have somehow colonized isolated water bodies all over the world without human assistance. It has long been speculated that these colonization events are assisted by waterbirds, transporting fish eggs attached to their feet and feathers, yet empirical support for this is lacking. Recently, it was suggested that endozoochory (i.e., internal transport within the gut) might play a more important role, but only highly resistant diapause eggs of killifish have been found to survive passage through waterbird guts. Here, we performed a controlled feeding experiment, where developing eggs of two cosmopolitan, invasive cyprinids (common carp, Prussian carp) were fed to captive mallards. Live embryos of both species were retrieved from fresh feces and survived beyond hatching. Our study identifies an overlooked dispersal mechanism in fish, providing evidence for bird-mediated dispersal ability of soft-membraned eggs undergoing active development. Only 0.2% of ingested eggs survived gut passage, yet, given the abundance, diet, and movements of ducks in nature, our results have major implications for biodiversity conservation and invasion dynamics in freshwater ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid32570325, year = {2020}, author = {Schratzberger, M and Somerfield, PJ}, title = {Effects of widespread human disturbances in the marine environment suggest a new agenda for meiofauna research is needed.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {728}, number = {}, pages = {138435}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138435}, pmid = {32570325}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; }, abstract = {The response of an ecological community to a disturbance event, and its capacity to recover, are of major interest to ecologists, especially at a time of increasing frequencies and intensities of environmental change brought about by humans. Meiofauna, a group of small-sized organisms, are an abundant and ubiquitous component of seafloor communities that respond rapidly to environmental change. We summarise the available research on the response of metazoan meiofauna to the most widespread anthropogenic disturbances in the marine environment, including bottom fishing, the introduction of invasive species and anthropogenic climate change. We show that disturbance effects on habitats interact critically with effects on resident meiofauna species. Their responses are consistent with competitive replacement, where disparate disturbance effects on competing species drive shifts in dominance and intra- and interspecific interactions. The widespread replacement of habitat-specific ecological specialists by broadly-adapted ecological generalists and opportunists results in biotic and functional homogenisation of once disparate biotas. Anthropogenic disturbances may facilitate novel interactions among meiofauna species, and between meiofauna and other benthic organisms, but the number and breadth of these interactions is likely to be limited. Knowledge about the dependence of meiofauna species on their environment and on other benthic species has been growing. Future studies will be most meaningful if this knowledge is expanded alongside understanding the potential of locally adapted species to respond to shifts in environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid32570175, year = {2020}, author = {Terblanche, JS and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {Validating measurements of acclimation for climate change adaptation.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {41}, number = {}, pages = {7-16}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2020.04.005}, pmid = {32570175}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Climate Change ; Insecta/*physiology ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Acclimation and other forms of plasticity that can increase stress resistance feature strongly in discussions surrounding climate change impacts or vulnerability projections of insects and other ectotherms. There is interest in compiling databases for assessing the adequacy of acclimation for dealing with climate change. Here, we argue that the nature of acclimation is context dependent and therefore that estimates summarised across studies, especially those that have assayed stress using diverse methods, are limited in their utility when applied as a standardized metric or to a single general context such as average climate warming. Moreover, the dynamic nature of tolerances and acclimation drives important variation that is quickly obscured through many summary statistics or even in effect size analyses; retaining a strong focus on the temporal-level, population-level and treatment-level variance in forecasting climate change impacts on insects is essential. We summarise recent developments within the context of climate change and propose how future studies might validate the role of acclimation by integration across field studies and mechanistic modelling. Despite arguments to the contrary, to date no studies have convincingly demonstrated an important role for acclimation in recent climate change adaptation of insects. Paramount to these discussions is i) developing a strong conceptual framework for acclimation in the focal trait(s), ii) obtaining novel empirical data dissecting the fitness benefits and consequences of acclimation across diverse contexts and timescales, with iii) better coverage of under-represented geographic regions and taxa.}, }
@article {pmid32569399, year = {2020}, author = {Pacífico, EC and Efstathion, CA and Filadelfo, T and Horsburgh, R and Cunha, RA and Paschotto, FR and Denes, FV and Gilardi, J and Tella, JL}, title = {Experimental removal of invasive Africanized honey bees increased breeding population size of the endangered Lear's macaw.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {76}, number = {12}, pages = {4141-4149}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5972}, pmid = {32569399}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//American Federation of Aviculture/ ; PhD fellowship: 99999.013558/2013-07 (Doc Pleno)//CAPES (the Brazilian Federal Agency for the Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education)/ ; //HARI Conservation Net Work/ ; //The Parrot Fund/ ; Lear's Macaw nest long term monitoring//World Parrot Trust/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Brazil ; Breeding ; *Nesting Behavior ; *Parrots ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive Africanized honey bees potentially compete with cavity-nesting birds in South America. However, the impacts of this competition and its conservation consequences to threatened species are poorly known. We quantified the presence of these bees and assessed their competition for cliff cavities used by nesting Lear's macaws Anodorhynchus leari, a globally endangered parrot endemic to the Caatinga biome of Brazil. We treated beehives with permethrin by shooting them with a crossbow bolt that distributed the compound upon impact. When feasible, we removed the comb and applied an insecticide (fipronil) to deter bee recolonization. We subsequently surveyed the macaw breeding population to verify whether our treatment allowed for nest recruitment in cavities previously occupied by bees.<br><br>RESULTS: We recorded >&#x2009;100 beehives in the nesting cliffs. Hives outnumbered macaw nests tenfold in two areas recently recolonized by macaws. Cavities occupied by bees were significantly higher than those occupied by macaws, suggesting that macaws may be forced to breed in lower cavities. None of the untreated cavities (n = 50) were occupied by nesting macaws, whereas 15% of treated cavities (n = 52) were occupied within 2&#x2009;years post treatment. Treated cavities occupied by macaws were significantly higher than those not occupied. Hive management increased macaw breeding population by 71% of the macaw breeding population increase.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Experimental hive treatments were effective in restoring nesting resources lost due to bee infestation. An intensive and continued eradication program is recommended to enhance macaw habitat restoration, facilitating its expansion into historical areas. &#xa9; 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid32568082, year = {2020}, author = {Infante-Izquierdo, MD and Polo-Ávila, A and Sanjosé, I and Castillo, JM and Nieva, FJJ and Grewell, BJ and Muñoz-Rodríguez, AF}, title = {Effects of heavy metal pollution on germination and early seedling growth in native and invasive Spartina cordgrasses.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {158}, number = {}, pages = {111376}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111376}, pmid = {32568082}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Estuaries ; *Germination ; *Metals, Heavy ; Poaceae ; Seedlings ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Seed germination and seedling establishment are the stages most sensitive to abiotic stress in the plant life cycle. We analyzed the effects of copper, zinc and nickel on seed germination and early seedling growth of native Spartina maritima and invasive S. densiflora from polluted and non-polluted estuaries. Germination percentages for either species were not affected by any metal at any tested concentration (up to 2000 μM). However, the increase in metal concentration had negative effects on S. densiflora seedlings. The primary effect was on radicle development, representing initial seedling emergence. Spartina densiflora seedlings emerging from seeds from Tinto Estuary, characterized by high bioavailable metal loads, showed higher tolerance to metals than those from less polluted Odiel and Piedras Estuaries. Comparing our results to metal concentrations in the field, we expect S. densiflora seedling development would be negatively impacted in the most metal-polluted areas in Odiel and Tinto Estuaries.}, }
@article {pmid32566410, year = {2020}, author = {Curtis, AN and Larson, ER}, title = {No evidence that crayfish carcasses produce detectable environmental DNA (eDNA) in a stream enclosure experiment.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e9333}, pmid = {32566410}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) is an emerging tool for monitoring invasive and imperiled species, particularly at low densities. However, the factors that control eDNA production, transport, and persistence in aquatic systems remain poorly understood. For example, the extent to which carcasses produce detectable eDNA is unknown. If positive detections are associated with dead organisms, this could confound monitoring for imperiled or invasive species. Here, we present results from one of the first studies to examine carcass eDNA in situ by deploying carcasses of the invasive red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in a stream enclosure experiment for 28 days. We predicted that carcasses would initially produce eDNA that would decline over time as carcasses decayed. Unsurprisingly, crayfish carcasses lost biomass over time, but at the conclusion of our experiment much of the carapace and chelae remained. However, no eDNA of P. clarkii was detected in any of our samples at the crayfish density (15 P. clarkii carcasses at ∼615 g of biomass initially), stream flow (520-20,319 L/s), or temperature (∼14-25 °C) at our site. Subsequent analyses demonstrated that these results were not the consequence of PCR inhibition in our field samples, poor performance of the eDNA assay for intraspecific genetic diversity within P. clarkii, or due to the preservation and extraction procedure used. Therefore, our results suggest that when crayfish are relatively rare, such as in cases of new invasive populations or endangered species, carcasses may not produce detectable eDNA. In such scenarios, positive detections from field studies may be more confidently attributed to the presence of live organisms. We recommend that future studies should explore how biomass, flow, and differences in system (lentic vs. lotic) influence the ability to detect eDNA from carcasses.}, }
@article {pmid32566396, year = {2020}, author = {Nicholson, EG and Manzo, S and Devereux, Z and Morgan, TP and Fisher, RN and Brown, C and Dagit, R and Scott, PA and Shaffer, HB}, title = {Historical museum collections and contemporary population studies implicate roads and introduced predatory bullfrogs in the decline of western pond turtles.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e9248}, pmid = {32566396}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The western pond turtle (WPT), recently separated into two paripatrically distributed species (Emys pallida and Emys marmorata), is experiencing significant reductions in its range and population size. In addition to habitat loss, two potential causes of decline are female-biased road mortality and high juvenile mortality from non-native predatory bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana). However, quantitative analyses of these threats have never been conducted for either species of WPT. We used a combination of historical museum samples and published and unpublished field studies shared with us through personal communications with WPT field researchers (B. Shaffer, P. Scott, R. Fisher, C. Brown, R. Dagit, L. Patterson, T. Engstrom, 2019, personal communications) to quantify the effect of roads and bullfrogs on WPT populations along the west coast of the United States. Both species of WPT shift toward increasingly male biased museum collections over the last century, a trend consistent with increasing, female-biased road mortality. Recent WPT population studies revealed that road density and proximity were significantly associated with increasingly male-biased sex ratios, further suggesting female-biased road mortality. The mean body size of museum collections of E. marmorata, but not E. pallida, has increased over the last 100 years, consistent with reduced recruitment and aging populations that could be driven by invasive predators. Contemporary WPT population sites that co-occur with bullfrogs had significantly greater average body sizes than population sites without bullfrogs, suggesting strong bullfrog predation on small WPT hatchlings and juveniles. Overall, our findings indicate that both species of WPT face demographic challenges which would have been difficult to document without the use of both historical data from natural history collections and contemporary demographic field data. Although correlational, our analyses suggest that female-biased road mortality and predation on small turtles by non-native bullfrogs are occurring, and that conservation strategies reducing both may be important for WPT recovery.}, }
@article {pmid32563045, year = {2020}, author = {Díaz-Barradas, MC and Gallego-Fernández, JB and Zunzunegui, M}, title = {Plant response to water stress of native and non-native Oenothera drummondii populations.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {154}, number = {}, pages = {219-228}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.001}, pmid = {32563045}, issn = {1873-2690}, mesh = {*Dehydration ; *Droughts ; Introduced Species ; Oenothera/*physiology ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Water ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants can spread over climatically diverse areas. We explore the effects of drought on gas exchange and water relations on the invasive dune species Oenothera drummondii, using plants from four populations with different rainfall and temperatures regimes. Plant material was obtained germinating plants from one native and three non-native populations in a greenhouse. Drought stress was induced by withholding water. Responses to drought stressed plants were then compared to well-watered controls. Measurements of gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf traits were taken initially and every 10 days after water was withheld, until day 36 when plants were re-watered and recover capacity was measured. The effect of water stress was more evident in Fv/Fm and gas exchange variables. The results suggest that this species possess a mechanism of thermal dissipation of energy. Leaf relative water content was significant lower in drought stressed than control plants. At the end of withholding water period, stressed plants are separated from control plants along the axis I of the ordination analysis evidencing differences in functional traits. All plants recovered well after re-watering. Our results provide evidence for permanent differences in morphological traits and functional responses to drought stress among native and invasive populations of O. drummondii. Although we have only studied four populations, these results may provide evidence for the role of plasticity in contributing to the invasion success of this species.}, }
@article {pmid32559880, year = {2020}, author = {Liu, C and Ye, J and Lin, Y and Wu, J and Price, GW and Burton, D and Wang, Y}, title = {Removal of Cadmium (II) using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) biochar alginate beads in aqueous solutions.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {264}, number = {}, pages = {114785}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114785}, pmid = {32559880}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Adsorption ; Alginates ; Cadmium/analysis ; Charcoal ; *Eichhornia ; Kinetics ; Solutions ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Biochar produced from water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes) has been demonstrated to be an effective adsorbent for the removal of certain heavy metals and as a means of control for this highly invasive species. This study involved examined the Cd[2+] sorption dynamics of an alginate encapsulated water hyacinth biochar (BAC) generated at different temperatures and modified using ferric/ferrous sulfate (MBAC). The maximum Cd[2+] sorption occurred at a pH of 6 and at a solution temperature of 37 °C. Sorption equilibria for the biochar-alginate capsule (BAC) and modified biochar-alginate capsule (MBAC) treatments fit both the Langmuir (R[2] = 0.876 to 0.99) and Freundlich (R[2] = 0.849 to 0.971) equations. Langmuir isotherms had a better fit than the Freundlich isotherms, with maximum sorption capacities ranging from 24.2 to 45.8 mg Cd[2+] g[-1]. Larger KL values in Freundlich modeling suggest strong bonding of the BAC and MBAC sorbents to Cd[2+], with values of KL in the MBAC treatments ranging between 31 and 178% greater than the BAC treatments. Cd[2+] sorption followed pseudo first-order kinetics (R[2] = 0.926 to 0.991) with greater efficiency of removal using treatments with biochar generated at temperatures >500 °C. Results from this study highlight the potential for biochar-alginate capsules derived from water hyacinth to be effective for the removal of Cd[2+] from wastewaters.}, }
@article {pmid32559529, year = {2020}, author = {Gong, X and Chen, Y and Wang, T and Jiang, X and Hu, X and Feng, J}, title = {Double-edged effects of climate change on plant invasions: Ecological niche modeling global distributions of two invasive alien plants.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {740}, number = {}, pages = {139933}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139933}, pmid = {32559529}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; South America ; }, abstract = {The prediction of the potential distribution of invasive alien species is key for the control of their proliferation. This study developed ensemble niche models to explore the distribution patterns of Cecropia peltata and Ulex europaeus under baseline and future conditions, as well as the factors that regulate them. The models were based on occurrence records as well as climate, land-use and topography datasets. Climatic factors played a stronger role than land-use and topographical factors in their distribution patterns. Additionally, temperature seasonality and temperature annual range were the optimal predictor for the global distributions of C. peltata and U. europaeus, respectively. Under the baseline-RCP 8.5 scenario in 2070, significant increases in habitat suitability for C. peltata were generally detected in tropical regions, while for U. europaeus under the same condition, significant increases in habitat suitability were generally observed in west coast of South America and Europe, suggesting the impacts of climate changes on species distribution may be species specific. The contrast changes of suitable habitat areas for U. europaeus under the baseline-2.6 and 8.5 scenarios may suggest that the scenarios of climate changes may modify its distribution patterns and variations in suitable habitats. The double-edged effects of global warming on plant invasions may be a result of the scenario specific climate change and the species-specific responses to changes in climate. Our findings highlight the importance of climate change scenario specific and species-specific research on the impact of climate change on plant invasions.}, }
@article {pmid32559020, year = {2020}, author = {Hardulak, LA and Morinière, J and Hausmann, A and Hendrich, L and Schmidt, S and Doczkal, D and Müller, J and Hebert, PDN and Haszprunar, G}, title = {DNA metabarcoding for biodiversity monitoring in a national park: Screening for invasive and pest species.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, pages = {1542-1557}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.13212}, pmid = {32559020}, issn = {1755-0998}, support = {GBOL: BMBF FKZ 01LI1101//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Bildung und Forschung/ ; 01LI1501//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Bildung und Forschung/ ; //Bayerisches Staatsministerium f&#xfc;r Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Arthropods/classification ; *Biodiversity ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Germany ; Parks, Recreational ; }, abstract = {DNA metabarcoding was utilized for a large-scale, multiyear assessment of biodiversity in Malaise trap collections from the Bavarian Forest National Park (Germany, Bavaria). Principal component analysis of read count-based biodiversities revealed clustering in concordance with whether collection sites were located inside or outside of the National Park. Jaccard distance matrices of the presences of barcode index numbers (BINs) at collection sites in the two survey years (2016 and 2018) were significantly correlated. Overall similar patterns in the presence of total arthropod BINs, as well as BINs belonging to four major arthropod orders across the study area, were observed in both survey years, and are also comparable with results of a previous study based on DNA barcoding of Sanger-sequenced specimens. A custom reference sequence library was assembled from publicly available data to screen for pest or invasive arthropods among the specimens or from the preservative ethanol. A single 98.6% match to the invasive bark beetle Ips duplicatus was detected in an ethanol sample. This species has not previously been detected in the National Park.}, }
@article {pmid32558925, year = {2020}, author = {Rohner, PT and Moczek, AP}, title = {Rapid differentiation of plasticity in life history and morphology during invasive range expansion and concurrent local adaptation in the horned beetle Onthophagus taurus.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {74}, number = {9}, pages = {2059-2072}, doi = {10.1111/evo.14045}, pmid = {32558925}, issn = {1558-5646}, support = {61369//John Templeton Foundation/ ; P2ZHP3_184003//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; 1901680//National Science Foundation/ ; IOS 1256689//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Coleoptera/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Female ; Florida ; Indiana ; Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; Male ; Michigan ; North Carolina ; Temperature ; Wings, Animal/*anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Understanding the interplay between genetic differentiation, ancestral plasticity, and the evolution of plasticity during adaptation to environmental variation is critical to predict populations' responses to environmental change. However, the role of plasticity in rapid adaptation in nature remains poorly understood. We here use the invasion of the horned beetle Onthophagus taurus in the United States during the last half century to study the contribution of ancestral plasticity and post-invasion evolution of plastic responses in rapid population differentiation. We document latitudinal variation in life history and morphology, including genetic compensation in development time and body size, likely adaptive responses to seasonal constraints in the North. However, clinal variation in development time and size was strongly dependent on rearing temperature, suggesting that population differentiation in plasticity played a critical role in successful adaptation on ecological timescales. Clinal variation in wing shape was independent of ancestral plasticity, but correlated with derived plasticity, consistent with evolutionary interdependence. In contrast, clinal variation in tibia shape aligned poorly with thermal plasticity. Overall, this study suggests that post-invasion evolution of plasticity contributed to range expansions and concurrent adaptation to novel climatic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid32557812, year = {2021}, author = {Guo, Q and Cen, X and Song, R and McKinney, ML and Wang, D}, title = {Worldwide effects of non-native species on species-area relationships.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {711-721}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13573}, pmid = {32557812}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Non-native species have invaded most parts of the world, and the invasion process is expected to continue and accelerate. Because many invading non-native species are likely to become permanent inhabitants, future consideration of species-area relationships (SARs) should account for non-native species, either separately or jointly with native species. If non-native species occupy unused niches and space in invaded areas and extinction rate of native species remains low (especially for plants), the resultant SARs (with both native and non-native species) will likely be stronger. We used published and newly compiled data (35 data sets worldwide) to examine how species invasions affect SARs across selected taxonomic groups and diverse ecosystems around the world. We first examined the SARs for native, non-native, and all species. We then investigated with linear regression analyses and paired or unpaired t tests how degree of invasion (proportion of non-native species) affected postinvasion SARs. Postinvasion SARs for all species (native plus non-native) became significantly stronger as degree of invasion increased (r[2] = 0.31, p = 0.0006), thus, reshaping SARs worldwide. Overall, native species still showed stronger and less variable SARs. Also, slopes for native species were steeper than for non-native species (0.298 vs. 0.153). There were some differences among non-native taxonomic groups in filling new niches (especially for birds) and between islands and mainland ecosystems. We also found evidence that invasions may increase equilibrial diversity. Study of such changing species-area curves may help determine the probability of future invasions and have practical implications for conservation.}, }
@article {pmid32557603, year = {2020}, author = {Clay, TA and Joo, R and Weimerskirch, H and Phillips, RA and den Ouden, O and Basille, M and Clusella-Trullas, S and Assink, JD and Patrick, SC}, title = {Sex-specific effects of wind on the flight decisions of a sexually dimorphic soaring bird.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {8}, pages = {1811-1823}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13267}, pmid = {32557603}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Flight, Animal ; Male ; *Wind ; Wings, Animal ; }, abstract = {In a highly dynamic airspace, flying animals are predicted to adjust foraging behaviour to variable wind conditions to minimize movement costs. Sexual size dimorphism is widespread in wild animal populations, and for large soaring birds which rely on favourable winds for energy-efficient flight, differences in morphology, wing loading and associated flight capabilities may lead males and females to respond differently to wind. However, the interaction between wind and sex has not been comprehensively tested. We investigated, in a large sexually dimorphic seabird which predominantly uses dynamic soaring flight, whether flight decisions are modulated to variation in winds over extended foraging trips, and whether males and females differ. Using GPS loggers we tracked 385 incubation foraging trips of wandering albatrosses Diomedea exulans, for which males are c. 20% larger than females, from two major populations (Crozet and South Georgia). Hidden Markov models were used to characterize behavioural states-directed flight, area-restricted search (ARS) and resting-and model the probability of transitioning between states in response to wind speed and relative direction, and sex. Wind speed and relative direction were important predictors of state transitioning. Birds were much more likely to take off (i.e. switch from rest to flight) in stronger headwinds, and as wind speeds increased, to be in directed flight rather than ARS. Males from Crozet but not South Georgia experienced stronger winds than females, and males from both populations were more likely to take-off in windier conditions. Albatrosses appear to deploy an energy-saving strategy by modulating taking-off, their most energetically expensive behaviour, to favourable wind conditions. The behaviour of males, which have higher wing loading requiring faster speeds for gliding flight, was influenced to a greater degree by wind than females. As such, our results indicate that variation in flight performance drives sex differences in time-activity budgets and may lead the sexes to exploit regions with different wind regimes.}, }
@article {pmid32555734, year = {2020}, author = {Sjodin, BMF and Irvine, RL and Russello, MA}, title = {RapidRat: Development, validation and application of a genotyping-by-sequencing panel for rapid biosecurity and invasive species management.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {e0234694}, pmid = {32555734}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; British Columbia ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Genotyping Techniques/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; Rats ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) are among the main causes of global biodiversity loss. Invasive brown (Rattus norvegicus) and black (R. rattus) rats, in particular, are leading drivers of extinction on islands, especially in the case of seabirds where >50% of all extinctions have been attributed to rat predation. Eradication is the primary form of invasive rat management, yet this strategy has resulted in a ~10-38% failure rate on islands globally. Genetic tools can help inform IAS management, but such applications to date have been largely reactive, time-consuming, and costly. Here, we developed a Genotyping-in-Thousands by sequencing (GT-seq) panel for rapid species identification and population assignment of invasive brown and black rats (RapidRat) in Haida Gwaii, an archipelago comprising ~150 islands off the central coast of British Columbia, Canada. We constructed an optimized panel of 443 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using previously generated double-digest restriction-site associated DNA (ddRAD) genotypic data (27,686 SNPs) from brown (n = 295) and black rats (n = 241) sampled throughout Haida Gwaii. The informativeness of this panel for identifying individuals to species and island of origin was validated relative to the ddRAD results; in all comparisons, admixture coefficients and population assignments estimated using RapidRat were consistent. To demonstrate application, 20 individuals from novel invasions of three islands (Agglomerate, Hotspring, Ramsay) were genotyped using RapidRat, all of which were confidently assigned (>98.5% probability) to Faraday and Murchison Islands as putative source populations. These results indicated that a previous eradication on Hotspring Island was conducted at an inappropriate geographic scale; future management should expand the eradication unit to include neighboring islands to prevent re-invasion. Overall, we demonstrated that RapidRat is an effective tool for managing invasive rat populations in Haida Gwaii and provided a clear framework for GT-seq panel development for informing biodiversity conservation in other systems.}, }
@article {pmid32555686, year = {2020}, author = {Ibabe, A and Rayón, F and Martinez, JL and Garcia-Vazquez, E}, title = {Environmental DNA from plastic and textile marine litter detects exotic and nuisance species nearby ports.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {e0228811}, pmid = {32555686}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Bathing Beaches ; Biofilms ; DNA, Environmental/*analysis/genetics ; *Environmental Monitoring ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; *Oceans and Seas ; Plastics/*chemistry ; Textiles/*analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Marine debris is currently a significant source of environmental and economic problems. Floating litter can be employed by marine organisms as a surface to attach to and use as spreading vector. Human activities are promoting the expansion of potentially harmful species into novel ecosystems, endangering autochthonous communities. In this project, more than 1,000 litter items were collected and classified from five beaches eastwards the port of Gijon, in Asturias, Spain. Next generation sequencing was employed to study biofouling communities attached to items of different materials. A dominance of DNA from Florideophyceae, Dinophyceae and Arthropoda was found, and four non-indigenous species (NIS) were identified. Results showed a clear preference of Florideophyceae and Bryozoa to attach on textile surfaces versus plastic ones. Considering that these taxa contain several highly invasive species described to date, these data emphasize the potential of textile marine debris as a vector for dispersal of NIS. Moreover, the closest beaches to the port contained a more similar biota profile than the farther ones, confirming that both plastic and textile marine litter can be vectors for species dispersal from ports.}, }
@article {pmid32552870, year = {2020}, author = {Siya, A and Kalule, BJ and Ssentongo, B and Lukwa, AT and Egeru, A}, title = {Malaria patterns across altitudinal zones of Mount Elgon following intensified control and prevention programs in Uganda.}, journal = {BMC infectious diseases}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {425}, pmid = {32552870}, issn = {1471-2334}, mesh = {*Altitude ; Climate Change ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Malaria/*epidemiology/mortality/*prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Plasmodium ; Rain ; Temperature ; Uganda/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria remains a major tropical vector-borne disease of immense public health concern owing to its debilitating effects in sub-Saharan Africa. Over the past 30 years, the high altitude areas in Eastern Africa have been reported to experience increased cases of malaria. Governments including that of the Republic of Uganda have responded through intensifying programs that can potentially minimize malaria transmission while reducing associated fatalities. However, malaria patterns following these intensified control and prevention interventions in the changing climate remains widely unexplored in East African highland regions. This study thus analyzed malaria patterns across altitudinal zones of Mount Elgon, Uganda.<br><br>METHODS: Times-series data on malaria cases (2011-2017) from five level III local health centers occurring across three altitudinal zones; low, mid and high altitude was utilized. Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation regression and Mann Kendall trend test were used to analyze malaria patterns. Vegetation attributes from the three altitudinal zones were analyzed using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to determine the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was used to project malaria patterns for a 7 year period.<br><br>RESULTS: Malaria across the three zones declined over the study period. The hotspots for malaria were highly variable over time in all the three zones. Rainfall played a significant role in influencing malaria burdens across the three zones. Vegetation had a significant influence on malaria in the higher altitudes. Meanwhile, in the lower altitude, human population had a significant positive correlation with malaria cases.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Despite observed decline in malaria cases across the three altitudinal zones, the high altitude zone became a malaria hotspot as cases variably occurred in the zone. Rainfall played the biggest role in malaria trends. Human population appeared to influence malaria incidences in the low altitude areas partly due to population concentration in this zone. Malaria control interventions ought to be strengthened and strategically designed to achieve no malaria cases across all the altitudinal zones. Integration of climate information within malaria interventions can also strengthen eradication strategies of malaria in such differentiated altitudinal zones.}, }
@article {pmid32551079, year = {2020}, author = {Kiswaga, SAS and Mbwambo, JR and Shirima, D and Mndolwa, AS and Schaffner, U and Eschen, R}, title = {More widespread alien tree species do not have larger impacts on regeneration of native tree species in a tropical forest reserve.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {5034-5044}, pmid = {32551079}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {There is insufficient information regarding the factors affecting the environmental impacts of alien species. In particular, little is known about whether there is any relationship between the invasiveness (establishment and spread) of an introduced species and its per capita impact. We experimentally assessed the relationship between the extent of spread of up to 29 alien plant species and their impact on recruitment of native tree species in Amani Botanical Garden, Tanzania. We also studied the effects of allelochemicals of selected alien on native plant species to assess potential mechanisms of impact. We found no relationship between the extent of spread of an alien tree species and their impact on seed germination, seedling survival, and seedling communities of native trees in their understory, and no indication that allelochemicals consistently explain their effects on recruitment of the studied species. These results suggest that extent of spread cannot be used as a proxy for impact. Hence, managers should continue assessing both the spread and the impact of alien species when prioritizing alien species for management.}, }
@article {pmid32551066, year = {2020}, author = {Dong, H and Liu, T and Liu, Z and Song, Z}, title = {Fate of the soil seed bank of giant ragweed and its significance in preventing and controlling its invasion in grasslands.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {4854-4866}, pmid = {32551066}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida, L. henceforth referred to as GR), an annual non-native invasive weed, may cause health problems and can reduce agricultural productivity. Chemical control of GR in grasslands may have irreversible side effects on herbs and livestock. In an attempt to propose a solution to the harmful effects of GR on grasslands, this study explores the fate of its soil seed bank (SSB) and considers the physical control of its SSB reduction. By studying GR distributed in grasslands of the Yili Valley, Xinjiang, China, we measured the spatial and temporal changes in seed density, seed germination, dormancy, and death. We analyzed seed germination, dormancy, and death following different storage periods. The study analyzed population characteristics over time, including seed fate, and examined physical control methods for reducing the SSB density. The SSB of GR occurs in the upper 0-15 cm of soil in grasslands. Seed density in the SSB decreased by 68.1% to 82.01% from the reproductive growth period to the senescence period. More than 98.7% of the seeds were rotten, eaten, germinated, dispersed, or died within one year after being produced. The seed germination rate of the SSB decreased with the number of years after invasion. When stored for 0.5 or 3.5 years, seed germination rates fell by 40%, during which time seed death rate increased by almost 40%. When GR was completely eradicated for two consecutive years, the SSB and population densities decreased by >99%. The vast majority of GR seeds germinated or died within one year; the germination rate decreased significantly if the seeds were stored dry at room temperature for a long time. Newly produced seeds are the main source of seeds in the SSB. Therefore, thoroughly eradicating GR plants for several years before the seeds can mature provides an effective control method in grasslands.}, }
@article {pmid32551046, year = {2020}, author = {McGoey, BV and Hodgins, KA and Stinchcombe, JR}, title = {Parallel flowering time clines in native and introduced ragweed populations are likely due to adaptation.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {4595-4608}, pmid = {32551046}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {As introduced species expand their ranges, they often encounter differences in climate which are often correlated with geography. For introduced species, encountering a geographically variable climate sometimes leads to the re-establishment of clines seen in the native range. However, clines can also be caused by neutral processes, and so it is important to gather additional evidence that population differentiation is the result of selection as opposed to nonadaptive processes. Here, we examine phenotypic and genetic differences in ragweed from the native (North America) and introduced (European) ranges. We used a common garden to assess phenotypic differentiation in size and flowering time in ragweed populations. We found significant parallel clines in flowering time in both North America and Europe. Height and branch number had significant clines in North America, and, while not statistically significant, the patterns in Europe were the same. We used SNP data to assess population structure in both ranges and to compare phenotypic differentiation to neutral genetic variation. We failed to detect significant patterns of isolation by distance, geographic patterns in population structure, or correlations between the major axes of SNP variation and phenotypes or latitude of origin. We conclude that the North American clines in size and the parallel clines seen for flowering time are most likely the result of adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid32549973, year = {2020}, author = {Kelly, S and Fletcher, RA and Barney, JN}, title = {Intraspecific, ecotypic and home climate variation in photosynthetic traits of the widespread invasive grass Johnsongrass.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {plaa015}, pmid = {32549973}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Despite their near ubiquity across global ecosystems, the underlying mechanisms contributing to the success of invasive plants remain largely unknown. In particular, ecophysiological traits, which are fundamental to plants' performance and response to their environment, are poorly understood with respect to geographic and climate space. We evaluated photosynthetic trait variation among populations, ecotypes and home climates (i.e. the climates from the locations they were collected) of the widespread and expanding invader Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense). We found that populations vary in the maximum net photosynthetic flux and the light-saturated net photosynthetic rate, and that agricultural and non-agricultural ecotypes vary in apparent quantum yield and water-use efficiency (WUE). We also found that populations from warmer home climates had lower dark respiration rates, light compensation points and WUEs. As Johnsongrass expands across the USA the abiotic and biotic environments are driving variation in its genetics, phenotypes and its underlying physiology. Our study demonstrates the importance of evaluating physiological traits in invasive plants, especially as they relate to home climates.}, }
@article {pmid32549536, year = {2020}, author = {Dick, MH and Waeschenbach, A and Trott, TJ and Onishi, T and Beveridge, C and Bishop, JD and Ito, M and Ostrovsky, AN}, title = {Global Distribution and Variation of the Invasive Cheilostome Bryozoan Cribrilina mutabilis.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, pages = {217-231}, doi = {10.2108/zs190142}, pmid = {32549536}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bryozoa/genetics/*physiology ; Electron Transport Complex IV/analysis ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Life History Traits ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Viable populations of the cheilostome bryozoan Cribrilina mutabilis Ito, Onishi &amp; Dick exist in the NW Pacific (Russian Far East and northern Japan), NE Atlantic (Scandinavia and Scotland), and NW Atlantic (Maine, USA). The first NE and NW Atlantic records are from Norway (2008) and Casco Bay, Maine, USA (2018), respectively, indicating a relatively recent introduction to the region. Mitochondrial COI gene sequences from North Atlantic populations (Sweden, Norway, and Maine) showed two haplotypes differing by one substitution, but differed from two haplotypes from Akkeshi, northern Japan, by 6-8 substitutions. North Atlantic populations differed morphologically from the Akkeshi population in that some zooids formed a suboral projection, and frontal zooids were more common. While C. mutabilis in northern Japan has been found only on natural or artificial eelgrass (Zostera marina), across its range it has been found on several species of algae, plastic panels and strips, several species of Zostera, and mollusc shells. Similar frequencies of heteromorphic zooids with differing degree of frontal wall calcification, i.e., R (rib)-, I (intermediate)-, and S (shield)-type zooids, in colonies on eelgrass at comparable times of the season and across populations suggest an innate response to seasonal environmental fluctuations, although zooid frequencies were different on non-eelgrass substrates. The increase in trans-Arctic shipping along the Northern Sea Route in recent decades, and previous documentation of C. mutabilis on ship hulls in the Sea of Japan, indicate a clear mechanism for anthropogenic introduction from the Far East to Europe in recent decades.}, }
@article {pmid32549032, year = {2020}, author = {Taitingfong, RI}, title = {Islands as Laboratories: Indigenous Knowledge and Gene Drives in the Pacific.}, journal = {Human biology}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, pages = {179-188}, doi = {10.13110/humanbiology.91.3.01}, pmid = {32549032}, issn = {1534-6617}, mesh = {Colonialism ; *Gene Drive Technology ; Humans ; Indigenous Peoples ; Islands ; Laboratories ; }, abstract = {This article argues that the genetic engineering technology known as gene drive must be evaluated in the context of the historic and ongoing impacts of settler colonialism and military experimentation on indigenous lands and peoples. After defining gene drive and previewing some of the key ethical issues related to its use, the author compares the language used to justify Cold War-era nuclear testing in the Pacific with contemporary scholarship framing islands as ideal test sites for gene drive-modified organisms. In both cases, perceptions of islands as remote and isolated are mobilized to warrant their treatment as sites of experimentation for emerging technologies. Though gene drive may offer valuable interventions into issues affecting island communities (e.g., vector-borne disease and invasive species management), proposals to conduct the first open trials of gene drive on islands are complicit in a long history of injustice that has treated islands (and their residents) as dispensable to the risks and unintended consequences associated with experimentation. This article contends that ethical gene drive research cannot be achieved without the inclusion of indigenous peoples as key stakeholders and provides three recommendations to guide community engagement involving indigenous communities: centering indigenous self-determination, replacing the deficit model of engagement with a truly participatory model, and integrating indigenous knowledge and values in the research and decision-making processes related to gene drive.}, }
@article {pmid32547870, year = {2020}, author = {Mikami, OK and Takamatsu, M and Yarita, R}, title = {Repurposing a traditional Japanese method of pest control for wintering pine moths, Komo-trap, for use against summer and winter populations of fall webworms.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e9244}, pmid = {32547870}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), is a widespread invasive species. It is native to North America, ranging from southern Canada to northern Mexico. During and after the 1940s, this pest was accidentally introduced in many parts of Europe and Asia. It has now spread to more than 30 countries. The larvae feed on leaves of a wide range of tree species, including ones used as street trees in cities, causing an increase in urban management cost. Although several pest management methods have been employed, pest damage continues especially in newly invaded areas. In this study, we examined the effect and cost-effectiveness of the komo-trap, traditionally used in Japan to reduce the population of larvae of the pine moth Dendrolimus spectabilis Butler (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). This trap, which is safe for people and ecosystems, has not yet been applied to trap the fall webworm.<br><br>METHODS: In two seasons of 2017, we set komo-traps on street trees in Hakodate City, Japan. We counted the numbers of captured fall webworms compared with controls. We also monitored other species to evaluate any nontarget effects of the trap.<br><br>RESULTS: One komo, the material cost of which is about 1.10 USD, captured 43.8 fall webworms on average in summer and 27.2 in the fall. The values were significantly larger than those of the controls, which were 0.07 in summer and 0.14 in winter. Bycatch of other species was minimal in summer, whereas in the fall one komo, on average, caught 10.7 woodlice Porcellio sp. or spp. (Isopoda: Porcellionidae).<br><br>DISCUSSION: The komo-trap is effective in capturing fall webworm. The cost performance of the trap is very favorable, and the nontarget effects can be reduced by using the trap in summer only. The komo-trap would complement other control methods such as tree pruning. Because its cost is low, we recommend that the komo-trap be introduced as a larger-scale trial.}, }
@article {pmid32547869, year = {2020}, author = {Camacho, R and Steele, S and Challenger, S and Archibald, M}, title = {Status of coral reefs in Antigua &amp; Barbuda: using data to inform management.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e9236}, pmid = {32547869}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The nation of Antigua and Barbuda has experienced major degradation of its coral reef ecosystems over the past 40+ years. The primary drivers of this degradation are multiple and are highly linked to anthropogenic influences, including over-exploitation and poor management of marine resources. The effectiveness of management actions in marine protected areas (MPAs) has often been hampered by a lack of data to inform management recommendations. This was emphasized by The Nature Conservancy's (TNC) Coral Reef Report Card which highlighted not only the lack of data collection in Antigua and Barbuda and other Caribbean nations, but also illustrated how spatially dispersed available datasets are. The government of Antigua and Barbuda recognized the need for a marine data collection program to better inform the designation and management of MPAs as a tool to improve the health of the marine ecosystems. The Atlantic Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) protocol has been identified as a means to address planning and management for marine areas. Three AGRRA surveys have been conducted in the years following the TNC 2016 report, in previously established managed areas: North East Marine Management Area (NEMMA) in 2017 and Nelson Dockyard National Park (NDNP) in 2019 as well as areas outlined for future management (Redonda in 2018). Our surveys were conducted to provide updated datasets to inform management for the aforementioned areas. While the results of these surveys mirror the underlying poor coral reef-health conditions, which have been shown to exist within the Caribbean region, they also highlight intra-site variation that exists within each survey location. This knowledge can be crucial in guiding management decisions in these marine areas, through zoning and other management prescriptions. Additionally, the marine surveys conducted around Redonda established useful marine baselines to aid in monitoring the island's recovery following removal of terrestrial invasive species. This article provides an overview of data collected using the AGRRA methodology in marine zones across Antigua and Barbuda which have current or future management prescriptions and provides recommendations to demonstrate the data's future utilization for marine conservation and management.}, }
@article {pmid32547863, year = {2020}, author = {Ellrich, JA and Yorisue, T and Momota, K}, title = {Limpet disturbance effects on barnacle recruitment are related to recruitment intensity but not recruit size.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e9190}, pmid = {32547863}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Intertidal limpets are important grazers along rocky coastlines worldwide that not only control algae but also influence invertebrates such as common barnacles. For instance, grazing limpets ingest settling barnacle cyprid larvae (hereafter cyprids) and push cyprids and barnacle recruits off the substrate. Such limpet disturbance effects (LDEs) can limit barnacle recruitment, a key demographic variable affecting barnacle population establishment and persistence. In this study, we examined limpet (Lottia cassis) disturbance to barnacle (Chthamalus dalli, Balanus glandula) recruitment on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan, as information on limpet-barnacle interactions from this region is missing. We investigated, for the first time, whether barnacle size and recruitment intensity influence LDEs on barnacle recruitment. Small barnacles may be less susceptible to LDEs than larger barnacles, because small size may reduce the propbability of limpet disturbance. Moreover, recruitment intensity can influence LDEs, as high recruitment can compensate for LDEs on barnacle recruitment density. In Hokkaido, C. dalli cyprids are smaller than B. glandula cyprids, and C. dalli recruitment is higher than B. glandula recruitment. Thus, we hypothesized that LDEs on C. dalli recruitment would be weaker than those on B. glandula recruitment. To test our hypothesis, we conducted a field experiment during which we manipulated limpet presence/absence on the interior surfaces of ring-shaped cages. After four weeks, we measured barnacle recruitment and recruit size on the interior surfaces of the cages and found negative LDEs on C. dalli and B. glandula recruitment and recruit size. As hypothesized, the LDEs on C. dalli recruitment were weaker than the LDEs on B. glandula recruitment. Additionally, C. dalli recruits were smaller than B. glandula recruits. However, the LDEs on C. dalli recruit size were as strong as the LDEs on B. glandula recruit size, indicating that the smaller C. dalli recruits are not less susceptible to LDEs than B. glandula recruits. Since C. dalli recruitment was higher than B. glandula recruitment, we propose that the higher C. dalli recruitment compensated for the LDEs on C. dalli recruitment. Our findings indicate that the detected differences in LDEs on barnacle recruitment are related to barnacle recruitment intensity but not recruit size.}, }
@article {pmid32547526, year = {2020}, author = {Kong, WL and Rui, L and Ni, H and Wu, XQ}, title = {Antifungal Effects of Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by Rahnella aquatilis JZ-GX1 Against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Liriodendron chinense × tulipifera.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {1114}, pmid = {32547526}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by microorganisms for the biological control of plant diseases has attracted much attention in recent years. In this study, the antifungal activity and identity of VOCs produced by Rahnella aquatilis JZ-GX1 isolated from the rhizosphere soil of pine were determined and analyzed. The effect of the VOCs on the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the pathogen of Liriodendron chinense × tulipifera black spot, was determined by a joined-petri dish fumigation method. An in vitro leaf inoculation method was used to determine the fumigation effect of the VOCs on Liriodendron black spot. VOCs with antifungal activity were collected by headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and their components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the VOCs secreted by JZ-GX1 inhibited the mycelial growth of the tested pathogen. The VOCs destroyed the morphology of the mycelium, significantly increased the permeability of the cell membrane and downregulated the expression of pathogenicity-related genes during mycelial infection, thus inhibiting the expansion of anthracnose disease spots in leaves. In the volatile compound profile, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-phenylethyl methyl ether significantly inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination of C. gloeosporioides. This work provides a new strategy for the research and application of microorganisms and bioactive compounds to control plant anthracnose.}, }
@article {pmid32547502, year = {2020}, author = {Spor, A and Camargo, ARO and Bru, D and Gaba, S and Garmyn, D and Gal, L and Piveteau, P}, title = {Habitat Disturbances Modulate the Barrier Effect of Resident Soil Microbiota on Listeria monocytogenes Invasion Success.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {927}, pmid = {32547502}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Microbial communities are continuously exposed to the arrival of alien species. In complex environments such as soil, the success of invasion depends on the characteristics of the habitat, especially the diversity and structure of the residing bacterial communities. While most data available on microbial invasion relies on experiments run under constant conditions, the fate of invading species when the habitat faces disturbances has not yet been addressed. Here, we designed experiments to assess the consequences of habitat disturbance on the success of ongoing microbial invasion. We investigated (i) if disturbance-induced alterations in resident microbial communities could mitigate or facilitate invasion of Listeria monocytogenes, (ii) if disturbance itself could either improve or reduce the invader's fitness and (iii) if the invading species alters the structure of indigenous microbial communities. Our data show that environmental disturbances affect invasion patterns of L. monocytogenes in soils. Intriguingly, successful invasion was recorded in a regimen of disturbances that triggered small changes in microbial community structure while maintaining high bacterial diversity. On the opposite, dramatic decline of the invader was recorded when disturbance resulted in emergence of specific communities albeit concomitant with a diversity loss. This suggests that community composition is more important than its diversity when it comes to prevent the establishment of an invading species. Finally, shifts in bacterial communities during the disturbance event were strengthened by the presence of the invader indicating a major impact of invasion on microbial diversity when the habitat faces disturbance.}, }
@article {pmid32546786, year = {2020}, author = {Skubel, SA and Su, X and Poulev, A and Foxcroft, LC and Dushenkov, V and Raskin, I}, title = {Metabolomic differences between invasive alien plants from native and invaded habitats.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {9749}, pmid = {32546786}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {R01 AT008618/AT/NCCIH NIH HHS/United States ; P50 AT002776/AT/NCCIH NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Chromatography, Liquid/methods ; Chromolaena/genetics/*metabolism ; Datura stramonium/genetics/*metabolism ; Discriminant Analysis ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Metabolome/genetics ; Metabolomics/methods ; South Africa ; Species Specificity ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods ; Xanthium/genetics/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Globalization facilitated the spread of invasive alien species (IAS), undermining the stability of the world's ecosystems. We investigated the metabolomic profiles of three IAS species: Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) Datura stramonium (Solanaceae), and Xanthium strumarium (Asteraceae), comparing metabolites of individual plants in their native habitats (USA), to their invasive counterparts growing in and around Kruger National Park (South Africa, ZA). Metabolomic samples were collected using RApid Metabolome Extraction and Storage (RAMES) technology, which immobilizes phytochemicals on glass fiber disks, reducing compound degradation, allowing long-term, storage and simplifying biochemical analysis. Metabolomic differences were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) of samples eluted from RAMES disks. Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) of metabolomes of individual plants allowed statistical separation of species, native and invasive populations of each species, and some populations on the same continent. Invasive populations of all species were more phytochemically diverse than their native counterparts, and their metabolomic profiles were statistically distinguishable from their native relatives. These data may elucidate the mechanisms of successful invasion and rapid adaptive evolution of IAS. Moreover, RAMES technology combined with PLS-DA statistical analysis may allow taxonomic identification of species and, possibly, populations within each species.}, }
@article {pmid32544382, year = {2020}, author = {Trible, W and McKenzie, SK and Kronauer, DJC}, title = {Globally invasive populations of the clonal raider ant are derived from Bangladesh.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {20200105}, pmid = {32544382}, issn = {1744-957X}, support = {/HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/genetics ; Bangladesh ; China ; Introduced Species ; Singapore ; }, abstract = {Identifying the native range of invasive species is useful to understand their evolution and natural history, as well as to develop new methods to control potentially harmful introduced organisms. The clonal raider ant, Ooceraea biroi, is an introduced species and an increasingly important social insect model organism, but its native range remains unknown. Here, we report a new series of O. biroi collections from Bangladesh, Singapore, Vietnam and China. We use a molecular phylogeny constructed with five gene fragments from 27 samples to determine that invasive lineages of O. biroi originated in Bangladesh. These lineages may have spread from Bangladesh via the historically significant Bay of Bengal shipping ports. Ooceraea biroi shares multiple features of its biology with other introduced ants, including parthenogenesis, retention of heterozygosity and presence of multiple egg-layers in the colony. Using laboratory rearing and microsatellite markers, we show that colonies collected from disturbed habitat in Bangladesh have these traits in common with colonies from the invasive range. Ancestral populations with sexual reproduction in primary habitats either remain to be discovered or have gone extinct. Our findings advance our understanding of the global spread of the clonal raider ant and highlight a suite of general traits that make certain ants prone to becoming invasive.}, }
@article {pmid32538537, year = {2020}, author = {Loewen, CJG and Strecker, AL and Gilbert, B and Jackson, DA}, title = {Climate warming moderates the impacts of introduced sportfish on multiple dimensions of prey biodiversity.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {9}, pages = {4937-4951}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15225}, pmid = {32538537}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; //University of Toronto, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Canada ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; North America ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Human-assisted introductions of exotic species are a leading cause of anthropogenic change in biodiversity; however, context dependencies and interactions with co-occurring stressors impede our ability to predict their ecological impacts. The legacy of historical sportfish stocking in mountainous regions of western North America creates a unique, natural quasiexperiment to investigate factors moderating invasion impacts on native communities across broad geographic and environmental gradients. Here we synthesize fish stocking records and zooplankton relative abundance for 685 mountain lakes and ponds in the Cascade and Canadian Rocky Mountain Ranges, to reveal the effects of predatory sportfish introduction on multiple taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic dimensions of prey biodiversity. We demonstrate an innovative analytical approach, combining exploratory random forest machine learning with confirmatory multigroup analysis using multivariate partial least-squares structural equation models, to generate and test hypotheses concerning environmental moderation of stocking impacts. We discovered distinct effects of stocking across different dimensions of diversity, including negligible (nonsignificant) impacts on local taxonomic richness (i.e. alpha diversity) and trophic structure, in contrast to significant declines in compositional uniqueness (i.e. beta diversity) and body size. Furthermore, we found that stocking impacts were moderated by cross-scale interactions with climate and climate-related land-cover variables (e.g. factors linked to treeline position and glaciers). Interactions with physical morphometric and lithological factors were generally of lesser importance, though catchment slope and habitat size constraints were relevant in certain dimensions. Finally, applying space-for-time substitution, a strong antagonistic (i.e. dampening) interaction between sportfish predation and warmer temperatures suggests redundancy of their size-selective effects, meaning that warming will lessen the consequences of introductions in the future and stocked lakes may be less impacted by subsequent warming. While both stressors drive biotic homogenization, our results have important implications for fisheries managers weighing the costs/benefits of stocking-or removing established non-native populations-under a rapidly changing climate.}, }
@article {pmid32537809, year = {2020}, author = {Egbon, IN and Paterson, ID and Compton, S and Hill, M}, title = {Evolution of growth traits in invasive Pereskia aculeata (Cactaceae): testing the EICA hypothesis using its specialist herbivore, Catorhintha schaffneri (Coreidae).}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {76}, number = {12}, pages = {4046-4056}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5959}, pmid = {32537809}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {A/14/93797-91560159//Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst/ ; //National Research Foundation of South Africa/ ; //South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology/ ; //South African Working for Water (WfW) Programme of the Department of Environmental Affairs: National Resource Management/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Brazil ; *Cactaceae ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; South Africa ; Venezuela ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Species introduced into new habitats are fitter than their native populations, as hypothesized by the 'evolution of increased competitive ability' (EICA). Here, Pereskia aculeata Miller was used as a model to test EICA and explore how 'enemy release' may have influenced the invasion success of its 400-year-old introduced populations (genotypes) compared with native populations. Plant growth traits (height and shoot length) of 15 genotypes [four from the introduced range (South Africa) and 11 from the native range (Brazil and Argentina, Venezuela and The Dominican Republic)] were assessed. Damage and impact of a shoot-feeding, sap-sucking specialist Catorhintha schaffneri Brailovsky &amp; Garcia on ten genotypes were also compared.<br><br>RESULTS: All but one of the invasive genotypes were significantly taller than native genotypes. Although the invasive genotypes were relatively more damaged by herbivory than some of the native genotypes, the observed differences were not explained completely by their origins. Nonetheless, the findings partially supported the predictions of the EICA hypothesis because invasive genotypes were generally taller than native genotypes, but did not fully support the hypothesis because they were not always more damaged than the native genotypes by C. schaffneri.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Invasive genotypes had an advantage in the introduced range as they can climb neighbouring vegetation more quickly than native genotypes, but the damage incurred by the invasive genotypes relative to the native genotypes suggests only that C. schaffneri would be as damaging in South Africa, where it serves as a biocontrol agent, as it is in its native distribution in Brazil. &#xa9; 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid32537217, year = {2020}, author = {Weijola, V and Vahtera, V and Koch, A and Schmitz, A and Kraus, F}, title = {Taxonomy of Micronesian monitors (Reptilia: Squamata: Varanus): endemic status of new species argues for caution in pursuing eradication plans.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, pages = {200092}, pmid = {32537217}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {In the light of recent phylogenetic studies, we re-assess the taxonomy and biogeography of the Varanus populations distributed in the Micronesian islands of Palau, the Western Carolines and the Marianas. Whether these populations are of natural origin or human introductions has long been contentious, but no study has fully resolved that question. Here, we present molecular and morphological evidence that monitor lizards of the Varanus indicus Group reached both Palau and the Mariana Islands sometime in the late Pleistocene and subsequently differentiated into two separate species endemic to each geographical region. One species is confined to the Mariana Islands, and for these populations, we revalidate the name V. tsukamotoi Kishida, 1929. The other species has a disjunct distribution in Palau, the Western Carolines and Sarigan Island in the Northern Marianas and is herein described as V. bennetti sp. nov. Both species are most closely allied to each other, V. lirungensis and V. rainerguentheri, suggesting that colonization of Micronesia took place from the Moluccas. We discuss the biogeographic distributions of both species in the light of the likely colonization mechanism and previous arguments for human introduction, and we argue that bounties for Palauan populations are ill-advised and plans for eradication of some other populations must first demonstrate that they are, in fact, introduced and not native.}, }
@article {pmid32537194, year = {2020}, author = {Fischer, SM and Beck, M and Herborg, LM and Lewis, MA}, title = {A hybrid gravity and route choice model to assess vector traffic in large-scale road networks.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, pages = {191858}, pmid = {32537194}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Human traffic along roads can be a major vector for infectious diseases and invasive species. Though most road traffic is local, a small number of long-distance trips can suffice to move an invasion or disease front forward. Therefore, understanding how many agents travel over long distances and which routes they choose is key to successful management of diseases and invasions. Stochastic gravity models have been used to estimate the distribution of trips between origins and destinations of agents. However, in large-scale systems, it is hard to collect the data required to fit these models, as the number of long-distance travellers is small, and origins and destinations can have multiple access points. Therefore, gravity models often provide only relative measures of the agent flow. Furthermore, gravity models yield no insights into which roads agents use. We resolve these issues by combining a stochastic gravity model with a stochastic route choice model. Our hybrid model can be fitted to survey data collected at roads that are used by many long-distance travellers. This decreases the sampling effort, allows us to obtain absolute predictions of both vector pressure and pathways, and permits rigorous model validation. After introducing our approach in general terms, we demonstrate its benefits by applying it to the potential invasion of zebra and quagga mussels (Dreissena spp.) to the Canadian province British Columbia. The model yields an R [2]-value of 0.73 for variance-corrected agent counts at survey locations.}, }
@article {pmid32533697, year = {2020}, author = {Porras, MF and López-Londoño, T and Rost, J and Biddinger, D and Calvin, D and Rajotte, EG}, title = {A Method for a Long-Term Marking of Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) Using a Stable Isotope of Nitrogen.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, pages = {993-997}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvaa067}, pmid = {32533697}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera ; Isotopes ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; Nymph ; Ovum ; }, abstract = {Developing a lifelong marking method for Lycorma delicatula (White, 1845) is crucial to investigate ecological processes. Here we validate a marking method using stable isotope enrichment (15N) of host plants to track spotted lanternfly (SLF), an invasive species causing economic damage on grapes, hardwood forest and landscape tree species. To validate this method, we first determined the isotope dosage to be sprayed on the host plants and subsequently detected in SLF. Second, we examined whether 15N mark remains detectable from the nymphal to adult stage. We demonstrated that two stable isotope dosages applied to the host plants were assimilated by the insect and equally detectable in the exoskeleton, wings, and mature eggs ready to be oviposited. This safe and reliable method can be used to examine fundamental processes of the biology and ecology of SLF that range from dietary resources and resource allocation to food-web structure and dispersal patterns.}, }
@article {pmid32533179, year = {2020}, author = {Nault, BA and Iglesias, LE and Harding, RS and Grundberg, EA and Rusinek, T and Elkner, TE and Lingbeek, BJ and Fleischer, SJ}, title = {Managing Allium Leafminer (Diptera: Agromyzidae): An Emerging Pest of Allium Crops in North America.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {113}, number = {5}, pages = {2300-2309}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toaa128}, pmid = {32533179}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {*Allium ; Animals ; *Diptera ; Insect Control ; *Insecticides ; New York ; North America ; Pennsylvania ; United States ; }, abstract = {Allium leafminer, Phytomyza gymnostoma Loew, is the newest invasive pest of allium crops in North America. Larvae initially feed in the upper canopy before mining toward the base of the plant to pupate. Crop loss occurs when larvae destroy vascular tissue, facilitating infection by bacterial and fungal pathogens that cause rot. Contamination also occurs when larvae and pupae are present at harvest. In response to this invasion, efficacy of 14 insecticide active ingredients applied via foliar sprays, transplant treatments, and drip chemigation was evaluated for managing P. gymnostoma. Multiple field studies were conducted in onions, leeks, and scallions in Pennsylvania and New York, United States in 2018 and 2019. The highest and most consistent levels of P. gymnostoma control occurred using foliar applications of dinotefuran, cyantraniliprole and spinetoram (84-89% reduction in damage; 95% reduction in P. gymnostoma densities). Despite the success of dinotefuran and cyantraniliprole applied as foliar sprays, neither was effective in controlling P. gymnostoma when administered via drip chemigation. Other foliar-applied insecticides that significantly reduced densities of P. gymnostoma in one or two experiments included abamectin, acetamiprid, cyromazine, imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, methomyl, and spinosad. Active ingredients that never controlled P. gymnostoma included azadirachtin, kaolin clay, pyrethrin, and spirotetramat. Spinosad applied to bare-root and plug-tray transplants immediately before transplanting reduced P. gymnostoma damage in the field by >90%. Implications of using these insecticides and application strategies are discussed within the context of developing a sustainable IPM program.}, }
@article {pmid32533089, year = {2020}, author = {Baker, AM and Potter, DA}, title = {Invasive paper wasp turns urban pollinator gardens into ecological traps for monarch butterfly larvae.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {9553}, pmid = {32533089}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animal Migration/physiology ; Animals ; Asclepias/physiology ; Butterflies/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Gardening/methods ; Gardens ; Introduced Species ; Larva/*physiology ; Pollination/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can be particularly disruptive when they intersect with organisms of conservation concern. Stabilizing the declining eastern migratory population of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) is projected to require extensive habitat restoration across multiple land use sectors including metropolitan areas. Numerous conservation programs encourage urban citizens to plant gardens with milkweeds, the obligate larval host plants of the monarch. Here, we show that predation by Polistes dominula, an invasive paper wasp that is particularly abundant in urban settings, can turn such sites into ecological traps for monarch larvae. Polistes dominula was the predominant paper wasp seen foraging in central Kentucky pollinator gardens. In 120 observed encounters with monarch larvae on milkweeds in gardens, most second to fourth instars were killed, whereas most fifth instars escaped by thrashing or dropping. The wasps bit and carried off second instars whole, whereas third and fourth instar kills were first gutted, then processed and carried away piecemeal. Predation on sentinel larvae was much higher in urban gardens than in rural settings. The wasps exploited ornamental butterfly "hibernation boxes" in pollinator gardens as nesting habitat. Polistes dominula is an under-recognized predator that may diminish the urban sector's contributions to monarch habitat restoration.}, }
@article {pmid32531855, year = {2020}, author = {Wei, J and Zhang, J and Lu, Q and Ren, P and Guo, X and Wang, J and Li, X and Chang, Y and Duan, S and Wang, S and Yu, H and Zhang, X and Yang, X and Gao, H and Dong, B}, title = {Genomic basis of environmental adaptation in the leathery sea squirt (Styela clava).}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, pages = {1414-1431}, pmid = {32531855}, issn = {1755-0998}, support = {2018YFD0900705//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2019YFE0190900//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2018SDKJ0302-1//Marine S&amp;T Fund of Shandong Province for Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao)/ ; 2018SDKJ0406-5//Marine S&amp;T Fund of Shandong Province for Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao)/ ; 31970487//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 201822016//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; 201502035//Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province, China/ ; }, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Ciona intestinalis/genetics ; *Genome ; Genomics ; Urochordata/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Tunicates occupy the evolutionary position at the boundary of invertebrates and vertebrates. It exhibits adaptation to broad environmental conditions and is distributed globally. Despite hundreds of years of embryogenesis studies, the genetic basis of the invasive habits of ascidians remains largely unknown. The leathery sea squirt, Styela clava, is an important invasive species. We used the chromosomal-level genome and transcriptome of S. clava to explore its genomic- and molecular-network-based mechanisms of adaptation to environments. Compared with Ciona intestinalis type A (C. robusta), the size of the S. clava genome was expanded by 2-fold, although the gene number was comparable. An increase in transposon number and variation in dominant types were identified as potential expansion mechanisms. In the S. clava genome, the number of genes encoding the heat-shock protein 70 family and members of the complement system was expanded significantly, and cold-shock protein genes were transferred horizontally into the S. clava genome from bacteria. The expanded gene families potentially play roles in the adaptation of S. clava to its environments. The loss of key genes in the galactan synthesis pathway might explain the distinct tunic structure and hardness compared with the ascidian Ciona species. We demonstrated further that the integrated thyroid hormone pathway participated in the regulation of larval metamorphosis that provides S. clava with two opportunities for adapting to their environment. Thus, our report of the chromosomal-level leathery sea squirt genome provides a comprehensive genomic basis for the understanding of environmental adaptation in tunicates.}, }
@article {pmid32530212, year = {2020}, author = {Ma, HM and Qin, CX and Wang, XQ and Zhu, WT and Yin, CH and Xi, SG and Zuo, T and Pan, WN}, title = {[Establishing potential habitats of Mytilopsis sallei with Maxent niche model].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {1357-1364}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202004.038}, pmid = {32530212}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia ; *Bivalvia ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Mytilopsis sallei, an invasive alien species, has strong reproductive ability and high adaptability. It can severely endanger biodiversity of intertidal ecosystem after invasion. The intertidal zones and oyster breeding areas in some coastal areas of Guangdong Province have been severely invaded by M. sallei. To examine the potential habitat of M. sallei in China, we established a potential habitat prediction model of M. sallei using Maxent and ArcGIS method for China and global scales. The model was verified by the method of receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis and field investigation. The results showed that M. sallei could distribute with high probabili-ty in the area between North and South America, South India in Asia, Sri Lanka, the south coast of the Yangtze River in China, and in Van Dimen Bay of the southern hemisphere. In China, M. sallei mainly distributed in coastal provinces south of Shanghai. The main environmental factors affecting the suitable distribution areas for M. sallei were water vapor pressure, temperature, and solar radiation. After ROC detection, the AUC values of both the training and testing sets were 0.996, indicating that the prediction reached an excellent level. Our results provide theoretical basis for the risk assessment and management of M. sallei, and complement the potential habitat prediction of invasive species in China.}, }
@article {pmid32530184, year = {2020}, author = {Ding, PY and Mao, KQ and Li, HY and Lu, YW and Wang, LX and Hao, JH}, title = {[Breeding-system comparison between alien invasive Solanum rostratum and its non-invasive congener S. americanum].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {1106-1112}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202004.003}, pmid = {32530184}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Breeding ; China ; Flowers ; Introduced Species ; Pollination ; Reproduction ; Seeds ; *Solanum ; }, abstract = {Solanum rostratum is a severely invasive alien plant species in China. Using four S. rostratum populations and non-invasive congener S. americanum, we conducted a common garden experiment to compare their breeding systems. No significant difference in average seed set between the two species under open pollination and supplementary pollination conditions. However, under the bagged self-pollination condition, S. rostratum had significantly lower average seed set (29.5%) than S. americanum (47.0%). No fertile seeds were detected in the emasculation treatments for both species, suggesting no autonomous apomixis in them. S. rostratum had a lower average autofertility index (0.38) than S. americanum (0.64). S. rostratum had higher average pollen limitation index (0.29) and average pollinator's contribution index (0.49) than S. americanum (0.08 and 0.31, respectively). S. rostratum was found in 12 provinces of China and in 3835 locations globally, which were lower than S. americanum with 18 Chinese provinces and 10897 locations globally. The invasive alien S. rostratum had lower self-compatibility than the non-invasive alien S. americanum. Thus, the invasiveness of those two species was not significantly correlated with their self-compatibility, but positively correlated with their distribution range.}, }
@article {pmid32526590, year = {2020}, author = {Gattás, F and Espinosa, M and Babay, P and Pizarro, H and Cataldo, D}, title = {Invasive species versus pollutants: Potential of Limnoperna fortunei to degrade glyphosate-based commercial formulations.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {201}, number = {}, pages = {110794}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110794}, pmid = {32526590}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {Animals ; Argininosuccinate Synthase ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Escherichia coli Proteins ; Fresh Water/*chemistry ; Glycine/*analogs &amp; derivatives/toxicity ; Herbicides/*toxicity ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Mytilidae/*drug effects/metabolism ; Toxicity Tests ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {The intensive use of glyphosate in industrial agriculture may lead to freshwater contamination, encouraging studies of its toxic effect on non-target aquatic organisms. Glyphosate-based commercial formulations contain adjuvants, making them even more toxic than the active ingredient (a.i.) itself. The golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei is a freshwater invasive species which has been found to increase glyphosate dissipation in water and to accelerate eutrophication. The aim of this study is to evaluate the capability of L. fortunei to reduce the concentration of glyphosate in two commercial formulations, Roundup Max® and Glifosato Atanor®. Results were compared with the decay of the a.i. alone and in presence of mussels. Evasive response and toxicity tests were performed in a first set of trials to analyze the response of L. fortunei exposed to Roundup Max® and Glifosato Atanor®. Subsequently, we conducted a 21-day degradation experiment in 2.6-L microcosms applying the following treatments: 6 mg L[-1] of technical-grade glyphosate (G), Glifosato Atanor® (A), Roundup Max® (R), 20 mussels in dechlorinated tap water (M), and the combination of mussels and herbicide either in the technical-grade (MG) or formulated form (MA and MR) (all by triplicate). Samples were collected at days 0, 1, 7, 14 and 21. No significant differences in glyphosate decay were found between treatments with mussels (MG: 2.03 ± 0.40 mg L[-1]; MA: 1.60 ± 0.32 mg L[-1]; MR: 1.81 ± 0.21 mg L[-1]), between glyphosate as a.i. and the commercial formulations, and between the commercial formulations, suggesting that the adjuvants did not affect the degrading potential of L. fortunei. In addition to the acceleration of glyphosate dissipation in water, there was an increase in the concentration of dissolved nutrients in water (N-NH4[+] and P-PO4[3-]) even higher than that caused by the filtering activity of the mussels, probably resulting from stress or from the degradation of glyphosate and adjuvants. We believe that a larger bioavailability of these nutrients due to glyphosate metabolization mediated by mussels would accelerate eutrophication processes in natural water bodies. The approach used here, where L. fortunei was exposed to two commercial formulations actually used in agricultural practices, sheds light on the potential impact of glyphosate decay on water bodies invaded by this species.}, }
@article {pmid32525288, year = {2020}, author = {Elizalde, L and Arbetman, M and Arnan, X and Eggleton, P and Leal, IR and Lescano, MN and Saez, A and Werenkraut, V and Pirk, GI}, title = {The ecosystem services provided by social insects: traits, management tools and knowledge gaps.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {95}, number = {5}, pages = {1418-1441}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12616}, pmid = {32525288}, issn = {1469-185X}, support = {308300/2018-1//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/International ; 1304/15//Fondo para la Investigaci&#xf3;n Cient&#xed;fica y Tecnol&#xf3;gica/International ; NGS-57001R-19//National Geographic Society/International ; RYC-2015-18448//Ram&#xf3;n y Cajal/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Bees ; Ecosystem ; Insecta ; Phenotype ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Social insects, i.e. ants, bees, wasps and termites, are key components of ecological communities, and are important ecosystem services (ESs) providers. Here, we review the literature in order to (i) analyse the particular traits of social insects that make them good suppliers of ESs; (ii) compile and assess management strategies that improve the services provided by social insects; and (iii) detect gaps in our knowledge about the services that social insects provide. Social insects provide at least 10 ESs; however, many of them are poorly understood or valued. Relevant traits of social insects include high biomass and numerical abundance, a diversity of mutualistic associations, the ability to build important biogenic structures, versatile production of chemical defences, the simultaneous delivery of several ESs, the presence of castes and division of labour, efficient communication and cooperation, the capacity to store food, and a long lifespan. All these characteristics enhance social insects as ES providers, highlighting their potential, constancy and efficiency as suppliers of these services. In turn, many of these traits make social insects stress tolerant and easy to manage, so increasing the ESs they provide. We emphasise the need for a conservation approach to the management of the services, as well as the potential use of social insects to help restore habitats degraded by human activities. In addition, we stress the need to evaluate both services and disservices in an integrated way, because some species of social insects are among the most problematic invasive species and native pests. Finally, we propose two areas of research that will lead to a greater and more efficient use of social insects as ES providers, and to a greater appreciation of them by producers and decision-makers.}, }
@article {pmid32524655, year = {2020}, author = {Turner, RM and Plank, MJ and Brockerhoff, EG and Pawson, S and Liebhold, A and James, A}, title = {Considering unseen arrivals in predictions of establishment risk based on border biosecurity interceptions.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {30}, number = {8}, pages = {e02194}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2194}, pmid = {32524655}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {DBI-1639145//National Science Foundation/International ; //USDA Forest Service/International ; C09X1501//Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (New Zealand's Biological Heritage National Science Challenge)/International ; //Te P&#x16b;naha Matatini/International ; CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803//OP RDE/International ; //Swedish Agricultural University/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Humans ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {Assessing species establishment risk is an important task used for informing biosecurity activities aimed at preventing biological invasions. Propagule pressure is a major contributor to the probability of invading species establishment; however, direct assessment of numbers of individuals arriving is virtually never possible. Inspections conducted at borders by biosecurity officials record counts of species (or higher-level taxa) intercepted during inspections, which can be used as proxies for arrival rates. Such data may therefore be useful for predicting species establishments, though some species may establish despite never being intercepted. We present a stochastic process-based model of the arrival-interception-establishment process to predict species establishment risk from interception count data. The model can be used to estimate the probability of establishment, both for species that were intercepted and species that had no interceptions during a given observation period. We fit the stochastic model to data on two insect families, Cerambycidae and Aphididae, that were intercepted and/or established in the United States or New Zealand. We also explore the effects of variation in model parameters and the inclusion of an Allee effect in the establishment probability. Although interception data sets contain much noise due to variation in inspection policy, interception effort and among-species differences in detectability, our study shows that it is possible to use such data for predicting establishments and distinguishing differences in establishment risk profile between taxonomic groups. Our model provides a method for predicting the number of species that have breached border biosecurity, including both species detected during inspections but also "unseen arrivals" that have never been intercepted, but have not yet established a viable population. These estimates could inform prioritization of different taxonomic groups, pathways or identification effort in biosecurity programs.}, }
@article {pmid32524389, year = {2020}, author = {Potocka, M and Krzemińska, E and Gromadka, R and Gawor, J and Kocot-Zalewska, J}, title = {Molecular identification of Trichocera maculipennis, an invasive fly species in the Maritime Antarctic.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {47}, number = {8}, pages = {6379-6384}, pmid = {32524389}, issn = {1573-4978}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Diptera/classification/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Female ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; }, abstract = {Trichocera maculipennis, an invasive Diptera, was described for the first time in Antarctica in 2006 in a sewage system of one of the scientific stations on King George Island, South Shetland Islands, and started to increase its distribution within the island. To date, only taxonomical description of this species, based on morphological data has been available, as there were no molecular data recorded. In the present study, we present two methods of molecular identification of this species-based on partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S) genes. An appropriate and easy-to-use assay for proper and fast identification of invasive species is a key requirement for further management decisions, especially in such a fragile environment as found in terrestrial Antarctica.}, }
@article {pmid32523938, year = {2020}, author = {Teem, JL and Alphey, L and Descamps, S and Edgington, MP and Edwards, O and Gemmell, N and Harvey-Samuel, T and Melnick, RL and Oh, KP and Piaggio, AJ and Saah, JR and Schill, D and Thomas, P and Smith, T and Roberts, A}, title = {Genetic Biocontrol for Invasive Species.}, journal = {Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {452}, pmid = {32523938}, issn = {2296-4185}, abstract = {Invasive species are increasingly affecting agriculture, food, fisheries, and forestry resources throughout the world. As a result of global trade, invasive species are often introduced into new environments where they become established and cause harm to human health, agriculture, and the environment. Prevention of new introductions is a high priority for addressing the harm caused by invasive species, but unfortunately efforts to prevent new introductions do not address the economic harm that is presently manifested where invasive species have already become established. Genetic biocontrol can be defined as the release of organisms with genetic methods designed to disrupt the reproduction of invasive populations. While these methods offer the potential to control or even eradicate invasive species, there is a need to ensure that genetic biocontrol methods can be deployed in a way that minimizes potential harm to the environment. This review provides an overview of the state of genetic biocontrol, focusing on several approaches that were the subject of presentations at the Genetic Biocontrol for Invasive Species Workshop in Tarragona, Spain, March 31st, 2019, a workshop sponsored by the OECD's Co-operative Research Program on Biological Resource Management for Sustainable Agricultural Systems. The review considers four different approaches to genetic biocontrol for invasive species; sterile-release, YY Males, Trojan Female Technique, and gene drive. The different approaches will be compared with respect to the efficiency each affords as a genetic biocontrol tool, the practical utility and cost/benefits associated with implementation of the approach, and the regulatory considerations that will need to be addressed for each. The opinions expressed and arguments employed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD or of the governments of its Member countries.}, }
@article {pmid32523106, year = {2020}, author = {Javed, Q and Sun, J and Azeem, A and Jabran, K and Du, D}, title = {Competitive ability and plasticity of Wedelia trilobata (L.) under wetland hydrological variations.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {9431}, pmid = {32523106}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Asteraceae/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; Ecosystem ; Hydrology ; Introduced Species/trends ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Water ; Wedelia/genetics/*growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Growth behavior of different species under different habitats can be studied by comparing the production of biomass, plasticity index and relative competitive interaction. However, these functional traits of invasive species received rare consideration for determining the invasion success of invasive species at wetlands. Here, we examined the effect of water depth at 5 cm and 15 cm (static and fluctuated) with different nutrient concentrations (full-strength (n1), 1/4-strength (n2) and 1/8-strength (n3) Hoagland solution) on functional traits of invasive Wedelia trilobata and its congener native Wedelia chinensis under mono and mixed culture. Water depth of 5 cm with any of the nutrient treatments (n1, n2 and n3) significantly restrained the photosynthesis, leaf nitrogen and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) of both W. trilobata and W. chinensis. While, increase in the water depth to 15 cm with low nutrient treatment (n3) reduced more of biomass of W. chinensis under mixed culture. However, relative competition interaction (RCI) was recorded positive for W. trilobata and seemingly W. trilobata benefited more from RCI under high-fluctuated water depth at 15 cm in mixed culture. Therefore, higher PNUE, more competitive ability and higher plasticity may contribute to the invasiveness of W. trilobata in wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid32523040, year = {2020}, author = {Oke, AO and Oladigbolu, AA and Kunta, M and Alabi, OJ and Sétamou, M}, title = {First report of the occurrence of Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae), an invasive species in Nigeria, West Africa.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {9418}, pmid = {32523040}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Africa, Eastern ; Africa, Western ; Animals ; Citrus/*parasitology ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; Insect Vectors/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Nigeria ; Nymph/genetics ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Rhizobiaceae/genetics ; }, abstract = {The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP; Diaphorina citri) is the vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) that is associated with the devastating Huanglongbing (HLB; citrus greening disease). This pest of Asian origin has spread into the Americas and more recently into a few countries in East Africa. During recent surveys, suspect ACP adults and nymphs were recorded for the first time infesting citrus trees in southwest Nigeria. Morphological identification and DNA barcoding confirmed the samples to be D. citri. Analysis of the obtained sequences revealed that the ACP recorded in Nigeria clustered with other taxa in the previously identified B1 clade that consists of populations from different continents. The presence of the endosymbionts Ca. Carsonella ruddii and Ca. Profftella armatura in ACP from Nigeria was also confirmed by PCR and Sanger sequencing. The ACP individuals were assayed for the presence of CLaf, CLam and CLas by qPCR, but none of the insects tested positive for any of the Liberibacters. The prolific nature of ACP and the tropical climate prevailing in the citrus-producing areas of Nigeria and other West African countries may favor its rapid spread and population increase, thus posing a grave threat to the sustainability of citriculture in these countries.}, }
@article {pmid32521821, year = {2020}, author = {Schäfer, L and Herz, A}, title = {Suitability of European Trichogramma Species as Biocontrol Agents against the Tomato Leaf Miner Tuta absoluta.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {32521821}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta, originally from South America, is an invasive species threatening European tomato crops. Since various insecticides have become ineffective in controlling T. absoluta, effective and environmentally friendly alternatives are needed. Biological control, especially by Trichogramma parasitoids, is considered to be an effective means of reducing this pest. Thus, the aim of our study was to identify promising candidates of Trichogramma parasitoids for biological control of T. absoluta in Europe. We assessed the efficiency of nine European Trichogramma species and compared them to Trichogramma achaeae, as this species is already commercially available. Firstly, we verified species identity of the 10 rearing strains using molecular and morphological methods. Then, host acceptance, host preference (T. absoluta vs. rearing host Sitotroga cerealella eggs) and host searching capacity were tested under laboratory conditions. Our results indicated that T. nerudai, T. pintoi and T. cacoeciae achieved a similar level of parasitism on potted tomato plants as T. achaeae. For the next step, these promising strains should be tested under greenhouse conditions.}, }
@article {pmid32521242, year = {2020}, author = {Hughes, AC and Lechner, AM and Chitov, A and Horstmann, A and Hinsley, A and Tritto, A and Chariton, A and Li, BV and Ganapin, D and Simonov, E and Morton, K and Toktomushev, K and Foggin, M and Tan-Mullins, M and Orr, MC and Griffiths, R and Nash, R and Perkin, S and Glémet, R and Kim, M and Yu, DW}, title = {Horizon Scan of the Belt and Road Initiative.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {35}, number = {7}, pages = {583-593}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2020.02.005}, pmid = {32521242}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {China ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Policy ; Humans ; }, abstract = {The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) represents the largest infrastructure and development project in human history, and presents risks and opportunities for ecosystems, economies, and communities. Some risks (habitat fragmentation, roadkill) are obvious, however, many of the BRI's largest challenges for development and conservation are not obvious and require extensive consideration to identify. In this first BRI Horizon Scan, we identify 11 frontier issues that may have large environmental and social impacts but are not yet recognised. More generally, the BRI will increase China's participation in international environmental governance. Thus, new cooperative modes of governance are needed to balance geopolitical, societal, and environmental interests. Upgrading and standardising global environmental standards is essential to safeguard ecological systems and human societies.}, }
@article {pmid32516354, year = {2020}, author = {Mody, K and Lerch, D and Müller, AK and Simons, NK and Blüthgen, N and Harnisch, M}, title = {Flower power in the city: Replacing roadside shrubs by wildflower meadows increases insect numbers and reduces maintenance costs.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {e0234327}, pmid = {32516354}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Cities ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Insecta/*metabolism ; Introduced Species/economics ; Magnoliopsida/growth &amp; development ; Plants ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Massive declines in insect biodiversity and biomass are reported from many regions and habitats. In urban areas, creation of native wildflower meadows is one option to support insects and reduce maintenance costs of urban green spaces. However, benefits for insect conservation may depend on previous land use, and the size and location of new wildflower meadows. We show effects of conversion of roadside plantings-from exotic shrubs into wildflower meadows-on (1) the abundance of 13 arthropod taxa-Opiliones, Araneae, Isopoda, Collembola, Orthoptera, Aphidoidea, Auchenorrhyncha, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Nematocera, Brachycera, Apocrita, Formicidae-and (2) changes in maintenance costs. We assessed the influence of vegetation type (meadow vs. woody), meadow age, size, location (distance to city boundary), and mowing regime. We found many, but not all, arthropod taxa profiting from meadows in terms of arthropod activity abundance in pitfall traps and arthropod density in standardized suction samples. Arthropod number in meadows was 212% higher in pitfall traps and 260% higher in suction samples compared to woody vegetation. The increased arthropod number in meadows was independent of the size and isolation of green spaces for most taxa. However, mowing regime strongly affected several arthropod taxa, with an increase of 63% of total arthropod density in unmown compared to mown meadow spots. Costs of green space maintenance were fivefold lower for meadows than for woody vegetation. Our study shows that (1) many different arthropod taxa occur in roadside vegetation in urban areas, (2) replacement of exotic woody vegetation by native wildflower meadows can significantly increase arthropod abundance, especially if meadow management permits temporarily unmown areas, and (3) maintenance costs can be considerably reduced by converting woody plantings into wildflower meadows. Considering many groups of arthropods, our study provides new insights into possible measures to support arthropods in urban environments.}, }
@article {pmid32515886, year = {2020}, author = {Cassini, MH}, title = {A review of the critics of invasion biology.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {95}, number = {5}, pages = {1467-1478}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12624}, pmid = {32515886}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Biology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Herein, I review existing criticisms of the field of invasion biology. Firstly, I identifiy problems of conceptual weaknesses, including disagreements regarding: (i) definitions of invasive, impact, and pristine conditions, and (ii) ecological assumptions such as species equilibrium, niche saturation, and climax communities. Secondly, I discuss methodological problems include the misuse of correlations, biases in impact reviews and risk assessment, and difficulties in predicting the effects of species introductions or eradications. Finally, I analyse the social conflict regarding invasive species management and differences in moral and philosophical foundations. I discuss the recent emergence of alternatives to traditional invasion biology approaches, including the concept of novel ecosystems, conciliation biology, and compassionate conservation. Understanding different value systems will be the first step to reconciling the different perspectives related to this controversial topic.}, }
@article {pmid32515787, year = {2020}, author = {Pozebon, H and Marques, RP and Padilha, G and O Neal, M and Valmorbida, I and Bevilaqua, JG and Tay, WT and Arnemann, JA}, title = {Arthropod Invasions Versus Soybean Production in Brazil: A Review.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {113}, number = {4}, pages = {1591-1608}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toaa108}, pmid = {32515787}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aphids ; Brazil ; *Insecticides ; *Moths ; Glycine max ; }, abstract = {Soybean production in Brazil has been markedly affected by invasions of non-native arthropod species that feed on the crop, severely impacting biodiversity, food security, health, and economic development. Data on soybean production losses and increase in insecticide usage over the last two decades have not been explored in association with past invasion events, and the dynamics underlying the recent blitz of invasive species into Brazil remain largely unclear. We provide a review of arthropod invasions in the Brazilian soybean agroecosystem since 1990, indicating that the introductions of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae), and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are likely correlated with periods of increase in insecticide usage for soybean production. Using these three cases as examples, we review factors that could lead to increased likelihood of future invasions by particular pests, outlining four possible criteria to evaluate potential invasiveness of non-native arthropods: likelihood of entry, likelihood of establishment, biological features of the species, and availability of control measures. Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Aphis glycines (Matsumura) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhynca) are examples of highly damaging soybean pests, related to one or more of these factors, that could be introduced into Brazil over the next years and which could lead to problematic scenarios. Melanagromyza sojae (Zehnter) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) also meets these criteria and has successfully invaded and colonized Brazilian soybean fields in recent years. Our review identifies current issues within soybean pest management in Brazil and highlights the need to adopt management measures to offset future costs and minimize lost revenue.}, }
@article {pmid32513984, year = {2020}, author = {Liu, X and Blackburn, TM and Song, T and Wang, X and Huang, C and Li, Y}, title = {Animal invaders threaten protected areas worldwide.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {2892}, pmid = {32513984}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Invertebrates/classification/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Vertebrates/classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Protected areas are the cornerstone of biodiversity conservation. However, alien species invasion is an increasing threat to biodiversity, and the extent to which protected areas worldwide are resistant to incursions of alien species remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate establishment by 894 terrestrial alien animals from 11 taxonomic groups including vertebrates and invertebrates across 199,957 protected areas at the global scale. We find that <10% of protected areas are home to any of the alien animals, but there is at least one established population within 10-100 km of the boundaries of 89%-99% of protected areas, while >95% of protected areas are environmentally suitable for establishment. Higher alien richness is observed in IUCN category-II national parks supposedly with stricter protection, and in larger protected areas with higher human footprint and more recent designation. Our results demonstrate that protected areas provide important protection from biological invasions, but invasions may become an increasingly dominant problem in the near future.}, }
@article {pmid32513941, year = {2020}, author = {Matula, R and Řepka, R and Šebesta, J and Pettit, JL and Chamagne, J and Šrámek, M and Horgan, K and Maděra, P}, title = {Resprouting trees drive understory vegetation dynamics following logging in a temperate forest.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {9231}, pmid = {32513941}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Removal of canopy trees by logging causes shifts in herbaceous diversity and increases invasibility of the forest understory. However, disturbed (cut) trees of many species do not die but resprout from remaining parts. Because sprouts develop vigorously immediately after disturbances, we hypothesized that sprouts of logged trees offset the changes in species richness and invasibility of the herbaceous layer by eliminating the rise in the resource availability during the time before regeneration from seeds develops. To test this, we analyzed data on herbaceous vegetation and sprout biomass collected in a broadleaved temperate forest in the Czech Republic before and for 6 years after logging. Sprouts that were produced by most of the stumps of logged trees offset large rises in species richness and cover of herbaceous plants and the resource availability that followed logging, but they affected the alien plants more significantly than the native plants. The sprouting canopy effectually eliminated most of the alien species that colonized the forest following a logging event. These findings indicate that in forests dominated by tree species with resprouting ability, sprouts drive the early post-disturbance dynamics of the herbaceous layer. By offsetting the post-disturbance vegetation shifts, resprouting supports forest resilience.}, }
@article {pmid32510370, year = {2020}, author = {Crocetta, F and Tanduo, V and Osca, D and Turolla, E}, title = {The Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne Edwards, 1853 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Varunidae) reappears in the northern Adriatic Sea: Another intrusion attempt or the trace of an overlooked population?.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {156}, number = {}, pages = {111221}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111221}, pmid = {32510370}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Brachyura ; Invertebrates ; }, abstract = {Eriocheir sinensis is included among the 100 most invasive aquatic invertebrates due to its colonization history and the impacts to biodiversity and economy in the newly invaded environments. Despite of that, its attempts of colonization of the Mediterranean basin seem to have failed so far. In this paper, we summarize the status and the distribution of the species in the Mediterranean and report a further finding from the northern Adriatic Sea, confirmed through an integrative taxonomy approach. We finally discuss the vectors of introduction that may be at the basis of the present record, highlighting the unexplored possibility that an undetected population is already thriving in the area. Whatever of the hypotheses done here is true, the Adriatic Sea could be a new perfect house for this invader, suggesting that more attention should be paid by stakeholders in preventing rather than in remediating possible impacts.}, }
@article {pmid32510365, year = {2020}, author = {Cerri, J and Chiesa, S and Bolognini, L and Mancinelli, G and Grati, F and Dragičević, B and Dulčic, J and Azzurro, E}, title = {Using online questionnaires to assess marine bio-invasions: A demonstration with recreational fishers and the Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun, 1986) along three Mediterranean countries.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {156}, number = {}, pages = {111209}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111209}, pmid = {32510365}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura ; Croatia ; Italy ; Montenegro ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Marine bioinvasions require integrating monitoring tools with other complementary strategies. In this study, we collected information about the invasive alien crab Callinectes sapidus in Italy, Croatia and Montenegro, by means of online questionnaires administered to recreational fishers (n = 797). Our records matched the current distribution of the species: C. sapidus resulted far more common in the Adriatic/Ionian than in the Tyrrhenian/Ligurian sector. Most respondents rated the species as 'occasional' or 'rare'. Moreover, the more C. sapidus was considered to be abundant, the more fishers tended to perceive it as a negative disturbance over fisheries and the environment. Our findings suggest that C. sapidus is more common than previously thought in most of the study area, and it could have reached the levels of a true invasions in the south-eastern Adriatic Sea. This experience demonstrates that online questionnaires can be appropriate tools to effectively engage stakeholders in alien species monitoring.}, }
@article {pmid32510131, year = {2020}, author = {Hoddle, MS and Hoddle, CD and Milosavljević, I}, title = {How Far Can Rhynchophorus palmarum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Fly?.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {113}, number = {4}, pages = {1786-1795}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toaa115}, pmid = {32510131}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Female ; Male ; *Phoeniceae ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {The palm weevil, Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.), was first recorded in San Diego County, CA in 2011 and breeding populations were recovered from infested Canary Islands date palms, Phoenix canariensis, in San Ysidro, San Diego County, in 2015. This palm pest presents a significant threat to California's edible date industry as Phoenix dactylifera is a recorded host for this weevil. The flight capabilities of R. palmarum are unknown which limits understanding of rates of natural dispersal. In response to this knowledge deficit, 24-h flight mill trials were conducted with field-collected male and female weevils. A total of 87 weevils (49 females and 38 males) were used in experiments, ~6% failed to fly >1 km in 24 h and were excluded from analyses. Of those 82 weevils flying >1 km in 24 h, the average distance flown by males and females was ~41 and ~53 km, respectively. Approximately 10% of females flew >100 km in 24 h, with two (~4%) females flying >140 km. The maximum recorded distance flown by a male weevil was 95 km. Flight activity was predominantly diurnal and flying weevils exhibited an average weight loss of ~18% while non-flying control weevils lost ~13% body weight in 24 h. The combined flight distances for male and female weevils exhibited a heavy-tailed platykurtic distribution. Flight mill data for R. palmarum are compared to similarly collected flight mill data for two other species of invasive palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) and Rhynchophorus vulneratus (Panzer).}, }
@article {pmid32508303, year = {2020}, author = {Paronyan, L and Babayan, L and Manucharyan, A and Manukyan, D and Vardanyan, H and Melik-Andrasyan, G and Schaffner, F and Robert, V}, title = {The mosquitoes of Armenia: review of knowledge and results of a field survey with first report of Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {Parasite (Paris, France)}, volume = {27}, number = {}, pages = {42}, pmid = {32508303}, issn = {1776-1042}, mesh = {*Aedes/classification/physiology ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Armenia ; *Culicidae/classification/physiology ; Mosquito Vectors/classification/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In 2016, a field study was implemented in all Armenian provinces in order to update knowledge on the presence and distribution of both native and invasive mosquito species. Larvae and adult mosquitoes were sampled and identified on the basis of their morphology. Supplementary field surveys were performed in 2017-2018.<br><br>RESULTS: Between June 20 and July 12, 2016, 117 localities were visited. A total number of 197 sampling units were checked, of which 143 (73%) were positive for mosquitoes (with 1-6 species per sampling unit). A total number of 4157 mosquito specimens were identified to species or species complex level. Ten species represent first records for Armenia: Aedes albopictus, Ae. annulipes, Ae. cataphylla, Ae. cinereus/geminus (probably Ae. cinereus), Ae. flavescens, Anopheles plumbeus, Coquillettidia richiardii, Culex martinii, Cx. torrentium and Culiseta subochrea. The invasive species Ae. albopictus was recorded in a single locality (Bagratashen) at the border point with Georgia, along the main road Tbilisi-Yerevan. This species was further recorded in 2017 and 2018, demonstrating its establishment and spread in north Armenia. These surveys confirm the presence of vectors of malaria parasites (in particular An. sacharovi) and West Nile virus (Cx. pipiens).<br><br>CONCLUSION: The knowledge of the Armenian mosquito fauna is extended to a list of 28 species. The record of Aedes albopictus, an important potential vector of many arboviruses, has important implications for public health.}, }
@article {pmid32507738, year = {2020}, author = {Goodenberger, JS and Gopalakrishnan, S and Klaiber, HA}, title = {Spread externalities and the implications of heterogeneous ecological capacity constraints.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {270}, number = {}, pages = {110813}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110813}, pmid = {32507738}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {We develop a spatial-dynamic model of resource management in the presence of externalities, such as the spread of harmful invasive species, and show that ecological capacity constraints influence optimal management strategies across space. We use integer-programming methods to solve for optimal control strategies in both homogeneous and heterogeneous landscapes. Using the spread of gypsy moths as an application, our results show that optimal levels of control vary over space in landscapes with heterogeneous capacity constraints. Optimal outcomes depend on the marginal costs and damages associated with the externality and the emergence of spread externalities from relative differences in population levels between adjacent patches. In models with high degrees of heterogeneity, we show that a naïve policy assuming homogeneous carrying capacity results in a significantly higher welfare losses from the externality.}, }
@article {pmid32506720, year = {2020}, author = {Goto, D and Dunlop, ES and Young, JD and Jackson, DA}, title = {Shifting trophic control of fishery-ecosystem dynamics following biological invasions.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {30}, number = {8}, pages = {e02190}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2190}, pmid = {32506720}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {//Lake Simcoe Protection Plan, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Fisheries ; Food Chain ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Ontario ; }, abstract = {Increasing human population size and mobility have accelerated the translocation of nonnative species globally, which has become a major threat to conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Introduced species can disrupt species interactions of the recipient ecosystem, triggering system-wide events, and amplify or dampen effects of existing pressures. We show how two pervasive intercontinental invasive consumers in North American lakes, dreissenids (filter-feeding mussels) and Bythotrephes (carnivorous zooplankton), nonlinearly modify consumer-resource dynamics and undermine management interventions to rebuild cold-water predatory fish biomass. Synthesizing 30 yr (1986-2015) of lake-wide monitoring data with a dynamic mass-balance food-web model (consisting of 61 species and trophic groups), we reconstructed historical food-web dynamics of Lake Simcoe, a large, temperate lake in Ontario, Canada that has shifted from a turbid to clear-water state. We then analyzed patterns of biomass fluctuations of three recreationally harvested, ecologically connected populations; lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush, a piscivore), lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis, a benthivore), and cisco (C. artedi, a planktivore) before and after the invasions by testing hypotheses on their delayed recoveries under management interventions-predator manipulations (fishery removal and stocking) and nutrient (phosphorus) load reduction. Analyses suggest that fishery harvest primarily regulated early recovery trajectories of the piscivore and planktivore, weakening top-down control prior to the establishment of the invasive consumers. By contrast, the benthivore biomass patterns were shaped, in part, by the invasive mussels (via diet shift), independently of management actions. Although improved water quality (with reduced hypoxia in deeper water) and, in turn, higher macrophyte production are projected to expand the predation refuge for young fish, intensified planktivory (by Bythotrephes) and herbivory (by dreissenids) have triggered shifts in community composition (from pelagic to demersal dominance). These system-wide shifts, in turn, have substantially diminished ecosystem productivity, thereby shrinking fishery yields. Novel consumers can rewire food webs, disrupt energy flows, and suppress predator recoveries, underscoring the need to account for altered ecological reality when sustainably managing fishery resources in invaded ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid32506578, year = {2020}, author = {de Carvalho, BM and Ferreira Junior, AL and Fávaro, LF and Artoni, RF and Vitule, J}, title = {Human-facilitated dispersal of the Gulf toadfish Opsanus beta (Goode &amp; Bean, 1880) in the Guaratuba Bay, south-eastern Brazil.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {97}, number = {3}, pages = {686-690}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14421}, pmid = {32506578}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {302367/2018-7//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 303776/2015-3//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; code 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; }, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Batrachoidiformes/*physiology ; Bays ; Brazil ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Opsanus beta is endemic to the Gulf of Mexico and has recently been introduced to the Brazilian coast; probably the introduction is via ballast water and/or oil rigs. In this study, the presence of the species is recorded for the first time in Guaratuba Bay, on the southern coast of Brazil. In this region there are no port terminals, which suggests that O. beta used a different mode of human-facilitated transport to colonize Guaratuba Bay.}, }
@article {pmid32506384, year = {2020}, author = {Cossé, AA and Zilkowski, BW and Zou, Y and Millar, JG and Bauer, L and Poland, T}, title = {Female-Produced Sex Pheromone of Tetrastichus planipennisi, a Parasitoid Introduced for Biological Control of the Invasive Emerald Ash Borer, Agrilus planipennis.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {46}, number = {5-6}, pages = {508-519}, doi = {10.1007/s10886-020-01188-0}, pmid = {32506384}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/parasitology ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; North America ; Pest Control, Biological ; Sex Attractants/chemical synthesis/isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Wasps/*chemistry/physiology ; }, abstract = {The Asian eulophid wasp Tetrastichus planipennisi is being released in North America as a biocontrol agent for the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), a very destructive invasive buprestid beetle that is devastating ash trees (Fraxinus spp.). We identified, synthesized, and tested a female-produced sex pheromone for the wasp. The key component eliciting behavioral responses from male wasps in flight tunnel bioassays was identified as (6S,10S)-(2E,4E,8E)-4,6,8,10-tetramethyltrideca-2,4,8-triene. Female specificity was demonstrated by gas chromatographic (GC) comparison of male and female volatile emissions and whole body extracts. The identification was aided by coupled gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis, microchemical reactions, NMR, GC analyses with a chiral stationary phase column, and matching GC retention times and mass spectra with those of synthetic standards. The tetramethyl-triene hydrocarbon was synthesized as a mixture of two enantiomeric pairs of diastereomers, and as the pure insect-produced stereoisomer. In flight-tunnel bioassays, males responded to both the natural pheromone and the chiral synthetic material by upwind flight and landing on the source. In contrast, the mixture of four stereoisomers was not attractive, indicating that one or more of the "unnatural" stereoisomers antagonized attraction. Field trials, using yellow pan traps baited with natural pheromone, captured significantly more male wasps than control traps over a four week trial. The identified pheromone could increase the efficiency and specificity of the current detection methods for Tetrastichus planipennisi and aid in the determination of parasitoid establishment at release sites.}, }
@article {pmid32506383, year = {2020}, author = {Atijegbe, SR and Mansfield, S and Ferguson, CM and Worner, SP and Rostás, M}, title = {Host Range Expansion of an Endemic Insect Herbivore is Associated With High Nitrogen and Low Fibre Content in Exotic Pasture Plants.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {46}, number = {5-6}, pages = {544-556}, doi = {10.1007/s10886-020-01183-5}, pmid = {32506383}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Diet ; Dietary Fiber/*analysis ; Feeding Behavior ; Introduced Species ; Lolium/*chemistry ; Moths/*physiology ; New Zealand ; Nitrogen/*analysis ; Species Specificity ; Trifolium/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Endemic moth species of the genus Wiseana spp. (Hepialidae) have become serious pests of introduced pasture plants in New Zealand. The original native host plants of these moths have not been confirmed. This study investigated the performance (survival, development time, weight gain) of three Wiseana species on seven putative host plants: five native and two exotic species. The aim was to identify native hosts for the three Wiseana species and to compare their performance on native plants and exotic pasture plants. The chemical composition of the seven putative host plants was investigated to compare native and exotic plant chemistries, and to test for associations between plant characteristics and performance of selected Wiseana species. Carbon, nitrogen, silica and fibre contents were measured for each plant species; primary metabolite composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For the three moth species, increased survival and weight gain were significantly associated with high nitrogen and low fibre contents in one exotic host plant, white clover (Trifolium repens), although one species, W. umbraculata, did not complete development to adult on any of the plants tested, including clover. Two exotic plants (T. repens, Lolium perenne × Lolium multiflorum), and two native plants (Aciphylla squarrosa and Festuca actae) supported W. copularis development to the adult stage, but only one exotic (T. repens) and one native (F. actae) species supported complete development of W. cervinata. Exotic and native plant species had distinct metabolite profiles, but there was no significant association between metabolite composition and Wiseana performance. We conclude that W. copularis and W. cervinata, but not W. umbraculata, have expanded their host range, because of their ability to use both native and new hosts. No evidence was found for a host shift, i.e., a loss of performance on the ancestral host compared with the new host.}, }
@article {pmid32506328, year = {2020}, author = {Abelando, M and Bobinac, M and Fiore, JC}, title = {Assessment of the efficiency of controls to prevent biologic invasions at the San Lorenzo Port, Argentina.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {192}, number = {7}, pages = {420}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-020-08359-2}, pmid = {32506328}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Brazil ; China ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Introduced Species ; *Ships/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; }, abstract = {The problem created by invasive non-native species through ships' ballast water has caused the International Maritime Organization (IMO), through the Ballast Water Management (BWM) Convention and many countries to develop their own laws to prevent their introduction. One of the most important non-native species in Argentina, the golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei), causes a significant economic impact on the Plata Basin. Argentina has a great amount of maritime and fluvial ports that receive ships from different regions of the world. Particularly, the San Lorenzo-San Martín Port Complex (here termed SLOR), placed in the terminal portion of the Paraná Basin, receives ocean ships with great loading capacity, which increases the possibility of invasions and the need of an adequate environmental management. This work proposes to estimate the potential vulnerability of SLOR port, in relation with the origin of the ballast water and its volume. For this purpose, an adaptation of the risk assessment model of the GloBallast Program was used. The results suggest that SLOR has important similarities with different fluvial ports of the world, especially in Brazil and China. However the amount of ships coming from the nearest estuary waters, where the diversity of invasive species has major effects, is also important. This article provides the necessary information to conduct the efforts through surveys and enforcement regulations, and could be the foundation for future research using global data that could provide basic information for other fluvial ports with similar features.}, }
@article {pmid32503349, year = {2020}, author = {Mi, Q and Zhang, J and Gould, E and Chen, J and Sun, Z and Zhang, F}, title = {Biology, Ecology, and Management of Erthesina fullo (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): A Review.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {32503349}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {BS20093//Zespri/ ; }, abstract = {The yellow spotted stink bug (YSSB), Erthesina fullo Thunberg, is one of the most widely distributed phytophagous insect pests in Asia. YSSB is highly polyphagous and in China it feeds on over 57 host plants in 29 families, including some economically important fruit crops such as kiwifruit, pear, peach, apple, and pomegranate. With a primarily r-selected life history strategy, reproductive diapause, aggregation behavior, wide host range, high dispersal capacity, and close association with human-modified ecosystems, YSSB is a potentially invasive species that poses significant biosecurity threats to other countries outside its native range. This review summarizes basic and applied knowledge on the biology, ecology, and management of YSSB in China, with specific emphasis on its life history, host range, damage and impacts on economically important horticulture crops, and integrated pest management (IPM) approaches. The insights from the Chinese literature on this pest will help the countries outside its native range to conduct appropriate biosecurity risk assessments, develop a sound surveillance program, and develop an emergency response plan before its invasion of new geographic areas.}, }
@article {pmid32499492, year = {2020}, author = {Vlk, L and Tedersoo, L and Antl, T and Větrovský, T and Abarenkov, K and Pergl, J and Albrechtová, J and Vosátka, M and Baldrian, P and Pyšek, P and Kohout, P}, title = {Alien ectomycorrhizal plants differ in their ability to interact with co-introduced and native ectomycorrhizal fungi in novel sites.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {2336-2346}, pmid = {32499492}, issn = {1751-7370}, mesh = {Introduced Species ; *Mycorrhizae ; Plants ; Symbiosis ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Alien plants represent a potential threat to environment and society. Understanding the process of alien plants naturalization is therefore of primary importance. In alien plants, successful establishment can be constrained by the absence of suitable fungal partners. Here, we used 42 independent datasets of ectomycorrhizal fungal (EcMF) communities associated with alien Pinaceae and Eucalyptus spp., as the most commonly introduced tree species worldwide, to explore the strategies these plant groups utilize to establish symbioses with EcMF in the areas of introduction. We have also determined the differences in composition of EcMF communities associated with alien ectomycorrhizal plants in different regions. While alien Pinaceae introduced to new regions rely upon association with co-introduced EcMF, alien Eucalyptus often form novel interactions with EcMF species native to the region where the plant was introduced. The region of origin primarily determines species composition of EcMF communities associated with alien Pinaceae in new areas, which may largely affect invasion potential of the alien plants. Our study shows that alien ectomycorrhizal plants largely differ in their ability to interact with co-introduced and native ectomycorrhizal fungi in sites of introduction, which may potentially affect their invasive potential.}, }
@article {pmid32497883, year = {2020}, author = {Kim, JY and Nishihiro, J}, title = {Responses of lake macrophyte species and functional traits to climate and land use changes.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {736}, number = {}, pages = {139628}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139628}, pmid = {32497883}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Climate ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; Japan ; *Lakes ; }, abstract = {Aquatic plants are essential components in the regulation of microhabitat complexity and physico-chemical parameters in lake ecosystems. Increased eutrophication, land use change, modification of hydrological regimes, and expansion of invasive species are expected to impact aquatic plant community composition; however, historical pathways and response patterns are not well understood at the national scale. We analyzed temporal changes in aquatic plant communities in Japan from the early 1900s to the 2000s using field survey records from 248 lakes. Relationships of species associations with climate, land use, and lake characteristics were described using a joint species distribution model. The mean variation attributable to lake characteristics was 25.4%, followed by climate (14.0%), and land use (10.5%). Among the 13 functional traits used in our analysis, sexual and pollination traits showed marked responses to precipitation and land use. Hypohydrophily increased with precipitation, whereas monoecious aquatic plants increased in lakes surrounded by urbanized area. The relative ratio of floating to submerged plants has increased over time. Our results provide insight into long-term changes in aquatic plant communities and identify functional traits sensitive to environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid32494952, year = {2020}, author = {Heddergott, M and Frantz, AC and Pohl, D and Osten-Sacken, N and Steinbach, P}, title = {Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. Infection in Wild Raccoons (Procyon lotor) from Luxembourg Using an ELISA Approach.}, journal = {Acta parasitologica}, volume = {65}, number = {4}, pages = {985-989}, doi = {10.2478/s11686-020-00234-x}, pmid = {32494952}, issn = {1896-1851}, support = {AFR 7484378//Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology ; *Cryptosporidium ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Luxembourg ; Raccoons ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cryptosporidium spp. are protozoan parasites that cause enteric infection in a wide range of mammals, including humans. The raccoon (Procyon lotor) is an invasive species in many parts of the world and studies have shown that they can be infected with Cryptosporidium spp. both outside and in their original distribution area. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. antigens in the faeces of raccoons in Luxembourg.<br><br>METHODS: Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we tested 81 faeces samples, collected between 2014 and 2018, for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. coproantigens. Samples with an optical density equal to or greater than 0.15% were considered positive.<br><br>RESULTS: Antigens were detected in 12.35% (10/81; 95% CI 6.68-21.26) of the tested samples. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infection between the sexes and age categories. Cryptosporidium spp.-positive raccoons were found in 7 of the 12 Luxembourg administrative districts (Clervaux, Diekirch, Echternach, Mersch, Remich, Vianden and Wiltz).<br><br>CONCLUSION: The results show that Cryptosporidium infections are not uncommon in Luxembourg raccoons and suggest possible transmission of Cryptosporidium by raccoons.}, }
@article {pmid32494569, year = {2020}, author = {Palit, P and Kudapa, H and Zougmore, R and Kholova, J and Whitbread, A and Sharma, M and Varshney, RK}, title = {An integrated research framework combining genomics, systems biology, physiology, modelling and breeding for legume improvement in response to elevated CO2 under climate change scenario.}, journal = {Current plant biology}, volume = {22}, number = {}, pages = {100149}, pmid = {32494569}, issn = {2214-6628}, abstract = {How unprecedented changes in climatic conditions will impact yield and productivity of some crops and their response to existing stresses, abiotic and biotic interactions is a key global concern. Climate change can also alter natural species' abundance and distribution or favor invasive species, which in turn can modify ecosystem dynamics and the provisioning of ecosystem services. Basic anatomical differences in C3 and C4 plants lead to their varied responses to climate variations. In plants having a C3 pathway of photosynthesis, increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) positively regulates photosynthetic carbon (C) assimilation and depresses photorespiration. Legumes being C3 plants, they may be in a favorable position to increase biomass and yield through various strategies. This paper comprehensively presents recent progress made in the physiological and molecular attributes in plants with special emphasis on legumes under elevated CO2 conditions in a climate change scenario. A strategic research framework for future action integrating genomics, systems biology, physiology and crop modelling approaches to cope with changing climate is also discussed. Advances in sequencing and phenotyping methodologies make it possible to use vast genetic and genomic resources by deploying high resolution phenotyping coupled with high throughput multi-omics approaches for trait improvement. Integrated crop modelling studies focusing on farming systems design and management, prediction of climate impacts and disease forecasting may also help in planning adaptation. Hence, an integrated research framework combining genomics, plant molecular physiology, crop breeding, systems biology and integrated crop-soil-climate modelling will be very effective to cope with climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32492267, year = {2020}, author = {Portilla, MA and Lawler, SP}, title = {Herbicide treatment alters the effects of water hyacinth on larval mosquito abundance.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {69-81}, doi = {10.1111/jvec.12374}, pmid = {32492267}, issn = {1948-7134}, mesh = {Animals ; Culicidae/drug effects ; Ecosystem ; Eichhornia/*drug effects ; Glycine/analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology ; Herbicides/*pharmacology ; Larva/drug effects ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {Invasive aquatic weeds are managed with herbicides to reduce their negative impacts on waterways in many areas, including the California Delta Region. Herbicides create a dynamic environment of living and decomposing plant matter that could affect larval mosquitoes and other invertebrates, such as their predators and competitors. Our objective was to compare the number of larval mosquitoes in water or water hyacinth, before and after an herbicide treatment. We created replicated pond mesocosms with water hyacinth, water hyacinth treated with glyphosate and an oil adjuvant, open water, and water with glyphosate plus adjuvant. We sampled for larval mosquitoes and other aquatic invertebrates. Before herbicide addition, there was a trend for more larval mosquitoes in open water tanks than in tanks with water hyacinth. Herbicide application resulted in an immediate decrease of larval mosquitoes. As decay progressed, larval mosquitoes became most abundant in mesocosms with herbicide-treated hyacinth and very few larval mosquitoes were found in other habitat treatments. Although the numbers of predatory and competitor insects had some variation between treatments, no clear pattern emerged. This information on how invasive weed management with herbicides affects larval mosquitoes will allow control practices for larval mosquitoes and invasive weeds to be better integrated.}, }
@article {pmid32492266, year = {2020}, author = {Merdić, E and Klobučar, A and Žitko, T and Sudarić Bogojević, M and Vrućina, I and Turić, N and Vignjević, G}, title = {Updated checklist of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Croatia.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {135-139}, doi = {10.1111/jvec.12381}, pmid = {32492266}, issn = {1948-7134}, mesh = {Aedes ; Animals ; Anopheles ; Croatia ; Culicidae ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Improvement of morphological and molecular identification methods allows the detection of new species of mosquitoes. The mosquito fauna of Croatia currently includes 52 species, belonging to eight genera, including Anopheles (12 species), Aedes (24 species), Coquillettidia (one species), Culex (seven species), Culiseta (six species), Orthopodomyia (one species), and Uranotaenia (one species). This is an updated checklist, which includes five new species found in Croatian mosquito fauna. Two of these are invasive mosquito species, Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895) and Aedes japonicus (Theobald 1901), which are spreading across Europe and Croatia. The other three species, Culex laticinctus (Edwards 1913), Culex torrentium (Martini 1925), and Anopheles daciae (Linton, Nicolescu &amp; Harbach 2004) are autochthonous species which haven't been recorded so far. Since there are several more invasive species spreading across Europe, we assume that this is not the final list.}, }
@article {pmid32489630, year = {2020}, author = {Ben-Moshe, N and Iwamura, T}, title = {Shelter availability and human attitudes as drivers of rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) expansion along a rural-urban gradient.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {4044-4065}, pmid = {32489630}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {While anthropogenic land-use changes threaten wildlife globally, some species take advantage of such changes and disperse into urban areas. The wildlife in urban areas often promotes conflicts with humans, notably when the animals are associated with the spread of zoonotic diseases. In Israel, current urban invasion of rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis) draws public attention, since the species is a reservoir host of cutaneous leishmaniasis, a serious skin disease. The rock hyrax, however, has seldom been studied in densely populated areas, and the drivers for its urban expansion, as well as its abilities to live and spread in core urban areas, are relatively unknown. Here, we explore the rock hyrax expansion to urban areas process by examining the availability, characteristics and use of shelter along an urban gradient. Our findings suggest that a series of factors determines shelter availability and quality for the rock hyrax, which facilitates its dispersion across the urban gradient. We found that rock hyraxes from the Judean Desert expand to the peri-urban region of Jerusalem by colonizing new rocky shelters formed as by-products of urban development. With their populations reaching extreme densities in this area and saturating the available shelters, there is some spill over to the adjacent core urban areas where they colonize littered sites, which are made available due to the local socio-economic conditions and cultural norms of waste disposal and illegal placement of temporary structures. Our work emphasizes the significance of the urban gradient approach for studying the mechanisms promoting wildlife expansion to cities. Our findings suggest that changes in shelter availability and quality due to urban development, and cultural norms promote shifts of the hyrax population by pushing from the already established areas and pulling into new environment across the urban gradient.}, }
@article {pmid32489622, year = {2020}, author = {Pipek, P and Blackburn, TM and Delean, S and Cassey, P and Şekercioğlu, &#xc7;H and Pyšek, P}, title = {Lasting the distance: The survival of alien birds shipped to New Zealand in the 19th century.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {3944-3953}, pmid = {32489622}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive alien species are a major threat to biodiversity and human activities, providing a strong incentive to understand the processes by which alien invasion occurs. While it is important to understand the determinants of success at each of several invasion stages-transport, introduction, establishment, and spread-few studies have explored the first of these stages. Here, we quantify and analyze variation in the success of individual animals in surviving the transport stage, based on shipping records of European passerines destined for New Zealand. We mined the original documents of Acclimatisation Societies, established in New Zealand for the purpose of introducing supposedly beneficial alien species, in combination with recently digitized newspaper archives, to produce a unique dataset of 122 ships that carried passerines from Europe to New Zealand between 1850 and 1885. For 37 of these shipments, data on the survival of individual species were available. Using generalized linear mixed models, we explored how survival was related to characteristics of the shipments and the species. We show that species differed greatly in their survival, but none of the tested traits accounted for these differences. Yet, survival increased over time, which mirrors the switch from early haphazard shipments to larger organized shipments. Our results imply that it was the quality of care received by the birds that most affected success at this stage of the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid32489615, year = {2020}, author = {Guzmán-Méndez, IA and Rivera-Madrid, R and Planes, S and Boissin, E and Cróquer, A and Agudo-Adriani, E and González-Gándara, C and Perez-España, H and Giro-Petersen, A and Luque, J and García-Rivas, MDC and Aguilar-Espinosa, M and Arguelles Jiménez, J and Arias-González, JE}, title = {Genetic connectivity of lionfish (Pterois volitans) in marine protected areas of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {3844-3855}, pmid = {32489615}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Lionfish (Pterois volitans) have rapidly invaded the tropical Atlantic and spread across the wider Caribbean in a relatively short period of time. Because of its high invasion capacity, we used it as a model to identify the connectivity among nine marine protected areas (MPAs) situated in four countries in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. This study provides evidence of local genetic differentiation of P. volitans in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. A total of 475 lionfish samples were characterized with 12 microsatellites, with 6-20 alleles per locus. Departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were found in 10 of the 12 loci, all caused by heterozygous excess. Moderate genetic differentiation was observed between Chiriviche, Venezuela and Xcalak, México localities (F ST = 0.012), and between the Los Roques and the Veracruz (F ST = 0.074) sites. STRUCTURE analysis found that four genetic entities best fit our data. A unique genetic group in the Gulf of Mexico may imply that the lionfish invasion unfolded both in a counterclockwise manner in the Gulf of Mexico. In spite of the notable dispersion of P. volitans, our results show some genetic structure, as do other noninvasive Caribbean fish species, suggesting that the connectivity in some MPAs analyzed in the Caribbean is limited and caused by only a few source individuals with subsequent genetic drift leading to local genetic differentiation. This indicates that P. volitans dispersion could be caused by mesoscale phenomena, which produce stochastic connectivity pulses. Due to the isolation of some MPAs from others, these findings may hold a promise for local short-term control of by means of intensive fishing, even in MPAs, and may have regional long-term effects.}, }
@article {pmid32488987, year = {2020}, author = {Assis, VR and Gardner, ST and Smith, KM and Gomes, FR and Mendonça, MT}, title = {Stress and immunity: Field comparisons among populations of invasive cane toads in Florida.}, journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology}, volume = {333}, number = {10}, pages = {779-791}, doi = {10.1002/jez.2389}, pmid = {32488987}, issn = {2471-5646}, mesh = {Animals ; Blood Bactericidal Activity ; Bufo marinus/blood/*immunology/physiology ; Corticosterone/blood ; Female ; Florida ; Hemagglutination Tests ; Introduced Species ; Lymphocytes/physiology ; Male ; Neutrophils/physiology ; Stress, Physiological/*immunology/physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Cane toads (Rhinella marina) were introduced worldwide and have become invasive in multiple locations, representing a major driver of biodiversity loss through competition (food, shelter, territory), predation, and the poisoning of native species. These toads have been used in Australia as a model for studies concerning invasion biology and ecoimmunology, as longer-established (core) and invasion front (edge) populations show altered stress and immune response profiles. Although cane toads were also introduced into the United States in the 1950s, these patterns have yet to be evaluated for the populations spanning Florida. Toads introduced into Florida have dispersed primarily northward along a latitudinal gradient, where they encounter cooler temperatures that may further impact stress and immune differences between core and edge populations. In this study, we sampled cane toads from nine different locations spanning their invasion in Florida. Cane toads from southern populations showed higher plasma bacterial killing ability and natural antibody titers than the toads from the northern populations, indicating they have a better immune surveillance system. Also, southern toads were more responsive to a novel stressor (1 hr restraint), showing a higher increase in corticosterone levels. These results indicate that possible trade-offs have occurred between immune and stress responses as these toads have become established in northern cooler areas in Florida.}, }
@article {pmid32487347, year = {2020}, author = {Nuñez, MA and Pauchard, A and Ricciardi, A}, title = {Invasion Science and the Global Spread of SARS-CoV-2.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {35}, number = {8}, pages = {642-645}, pmid = {32487347}, issn = {1872-8383}, abstract = {Emerging infectious diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), are driven by ecological and socioeconomic factors, and their rapid spread and devastating impacts mirror those of invasive species. Collaborations between biomedical researchers and ecologists, heretofore rare, are vital to limiting future outbreaks. Enhancing the crossdisciplinary framework offered by invasion science could achieve this goal.}, }
@article {pmid32486977, year = {2020}, author = {Anton, A and Geraldi, NR and Ricciardi, A and Dick, JTA}, title = {Global determinants of prey naiveté to exotic predators.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {287}, number = {1928}, pages = {20192978}, pmid = {32486977}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Food Chain ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Prey naiveté-the failure of prey to recognize novel predators as threats-is thought to exacerbate the impact that exotic predators exert on prey populations. Prey naiveté varies under the influence of eco-evolutionary mediating factors, such as biogeographic isolation and prey adaptation, although an overall quantification of their influence is lacking. We conducted a global meta-analysis to test the effects of several hypothesized mediating factors on the expression of prey naiveté. Prey were overall naive towards exotic predators in marine and freshwater systems but not in terrestrial systems. Prey naiveté was most pronounced towards exotic predators that did not have native congeneric relatives in the recipient community. Time since introduction was relevant, as prey naiveté declined with the number of generations since introduction; on average, around 200 generations may be required to erode naiveté sufficiently for prey to display antipredator behaviour towards exotic predators. Given that exotic predators are a major cause of extinction, the global predictors and trends of prey naiveté presented here can inform efforts to meet conservation targets.}, }
@article {pmid32481217, year = {2020}, author = {Santi, F and Riesch, R and Baier, J and Grote, M and Hornung, S and Jüngling, H and Plath, M and Jourdan, J}, title = {A century later: Adaptive plasticity and rapid evolution contribute to geographic variation in invasive mosquitofish.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {726}, number = {}, pages = {137908}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137908}, pmid = {32481217}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Cyprinodontiformes ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {One century after their introduction to Europe, eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) represent a natural experiment to determine the relative contributions of adaptive plasticity and rapid evolutionary change in creating large-scale geographic variation in phenotypes. We evaluated the population-genetic structure and invasion history based on allele length polymorphisms of 15 nuclear microsatellites, which we quantified for N = 660 individuals from 23 populations sampled in 2013 across the invasive range of G. holbrooki in Europe. We analysed body-shape and life-history variation in N = 1331 individuals from 36 populations, sampled in 2013 and 2017, and tested heritability of phenotypic differences in a subset of four populations using a common-garden experiment. The genetic structure of wild-caught individuals suggested a single introduction for all European mosquitofish, which were genetically impoverished compared to their native counterparts. We found some convergent patterns of phenotypic divergence across native and invasive climatic gradients (e.g., increased body size in colder/more northern populations); however, several phenotypic responses were not consistent between sampling years, pointing towards plastic phenotypes. Our analysis of common-garden reared individuals uncovered moderate heritability estimates only for two measures of male body size (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.628 and 0.556) and offspring fat content (ICC = 0.734), while suggesting high levels of plasticity in most other phenotypic traits (ICC ≤ 0.407). Our results highlight the importance of phenotypic plasticity in invasive species during range expansions and demonstrate that strong selective pressures-in this case towards increased body size in colder environments-simultaneously promote rapid evolutionary divergence.}, }
@article {pmid32481216, year = {2020}, author = {Landry, C and Houde, M and Brodeur, P and Boily, M}, title = {Biological markers to establish a relationship between the health status of the St. Lawrence River yellow perch (Perca flavescens) with a gradient of anthropogenic disturbances.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {726}, number = {}, pages = {138515}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138515}, pmid = {32481216}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomarkers ; Canada ; Health Status ; Humans ; *Perches ; Quebec ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Since the mid-1990s, the decline of the yellow perch population of Lake Saint-Pierre (hereinafter LSP) in Quebec, Canada has been the subject of several research programs. The combined effect of habitat deterioration, the presence of invasive species, and poor water quality negatively affected the yellow perch population in this lake. In 2013, we sampled yellow perch (larvae, juveniles and adults) at six sites along the St. Lawrence River representing a gradient of increasing human influences from upstream to downstream and measured several biomarkers including retinoid compounds (vitamin A). In the most contaminated sites (LSP, north and south shores), we found that retinoid stores were decreased in all three stages of development. To corroborate these results and to test other biomarkers, we once again sampled yellow perch (adults only) from the same sites. Results from our 2014 and 2015 samplings confirmed that LSP yellow perch appeared to be at a disadvantage compared to fish from upstream populations. Individuals from LSP have lower acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity as well as lower retinoid levels in liver and plasma. These fish were also marked by lower levels of antioxidants such as lycopene and vitamin E. A discriminant analysis of this set of results confirmed that the yellow perch of the LSP could be easily discriminated from those of the other sites (2014 and 2015) on the basis of liver retinoid and, to a lesser extent, of the liver tocopherol and protein concentration of the muscle, as well as AChE activity and DROH (all-trans-3,4-dehydroretinol) measured in plasma.}, }
@article {pmid32479393, year = {2020}, author = {Tarusikirwa, VL and Mutamiswa, R and English, S and Chidawanyika, F and Nyamukondiwa, C}, title = {Thermal plasticity in the invasive south American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {90}, number = {}, pages = {102598}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102598}, pmid = {32479393}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Temperature Regulation/*physiology ; Larva/*physiology ; Solanum lycopersicum/parasitology ; Moths/*physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a devastating invasive global insect pest of tomato, Solanum lycopersicum (Solanaceae). In nature, pests face multiple overlapping environmental stressors, which may significantly influence survival. To cope with rapidly changing environments, insects often employ a suite of mechanisms at both acute and chronic time-scales, thereby improving fitness at sub-optimal thermal environments. For T. absoluta, physiological responses to transient thermal variability remain under explored. Moreso, environmental effects and physiological responses may differ across insect life stages and this can have implications for population dynamics. Against this background, we investigated short and long term plastic responses to temperature of T. absoluta larvae (4th instar) and adults (24-48 h old) from field populations. We measured traits of temperature tolerance vis critical thermal limits [critical thermal minima (CTmin) and maxima (CTmax)], heat knockdown time (HKDT), chill coma recovery time (CCRT) and supercooling points (SCP). Our results showed that at the larval stage, Rapid Cold Hardening (RCH) significantly improved CTmin and HKDT but impaired SCP and CCRT. Heat hardening in larvae impaired CTmin, CCRT, SCP, CTmax but not HKDT. In adults, both heat and cold hardening generally impaired CTmin and CTmax, but had no effects on HKDT, SCP and CCRT. Low temperature acclimation significantly improved CTmin and HKDT while marginally compromising CCRT and CTmax, whereas high temperature acclimation had no significant effects on any traits except for HKDT in larvae. Similarly, low and high temperature acclimation had no effects on CTmin, SCPs and CTmax, while high temperature acclimation significantly compromised adult CCRT. Our results show that larvae are more thermally plastic than adults and can shift their thermal tolerance in short and long timescales. The larval plasticity reported here could be advantageous in new envirnments, suggesting an asymmetrical ecological role of larva relative to adults in facilitating T. absoluta invasion.}, }
@article {pmid32479379, year = {2020}, author = {Romero-Báez, &#xd3; and Santos-Bibiano, R and Domínguez-Godoy, MA and Miles, DB and Muñoz-Nolasco, FJ}, title = {Thermal ecophysiology of a native and an invasive gecko species in a tropical dry forest of Mexico.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {90}, number = {}, pages = {102607}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102607}, pmid = {32479379}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Temperature Regulation/*physiology ; Female ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/*physiology ; Locomotion ; Male ; Mexico ; Sympatry ; Temperature ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {For ectotherms, thermal physiology plays a fundamental role in the establishment and success of invasive species in novel areas and, ultimately, in their ecological interactions with native species. Invasive species are assumed to have a greater ability to exploit the thermal environment, higher acclimation capacities, a wider thermal tolerance range, and better relative performance under a range of thermal conditions. Here we compare the thermal ecophysiology of two species that occur in sympatry in a tropical dry forest of the Pacific coast of Mexico, the microendemic species Benedetti's Leaf-toed Gecko (Phyllodactylus benedettii) and the invasive Common House Gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus). We characterized their patterns of thermoregulation, thermoregulatory efficiency, thermal tolerances, and thermal sensitivity of locomotor performance. In addition, we included morphological variables and an index of body condition to evaluate their effects on the thermal sensitivity of locomotor performance in these species. Although the two species had similar selected temperatures and thermal tolerances, they contrasted in their thermoregulatory strategies and thermal sensitivity of locomotor performance. Hemidactylus frenatus had a higher performance than the native species, P. benedettii, which would represent an ecological advantage for the former species. Nevertheless, we suggest that given the spatial and temporal limitations in habitat use of the two species, the probability of agonistic interactions between them is reduced. We recommend exploring additional biotic attributes, such as competition, behavior and niche overlap in order assess the role of alternative factors favoring the success of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid32479298, year = {2020}, author = {Gracia C, A and Rangel-Buitrago, N}, title = {The invasive species Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758 - Bivalvia: Mytilidae) on artificial substrates: A baseline assessment for the Colombian Caribbean Sea.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {152}, number = {}, pages = {110926}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110926}, pmid = {32479298}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia ; Caribbean Region ; Colombia ; Introduced Species ; *Mytilidae ; *Perna ; }, abstract = {This baseline paper shows the Indo-Pacific mussel Perna viridis (Asian green mussel) inhabiting on floating plastic substrates in the Atlantico Department, as well as rafting on marine debris found at the Via Parque Isla de Salamanca (Magdalena). Both observations are the northernmost record of the species found in the Colombian Caribbean Sea. The above finding opens a new door that suggests that larval dispersion alone may not be the only process responsible for the presence of this invasive suspension-feeder bivalve because this species needs specific vectors for its dispersal. Some organisms such Perna viridis can persist in the marine environment, but they do not necessarily have a rafting capability that allows them to move over long distances. Floating structures as well as marine debris can serve as optimal substrates in the marine environment, contributing to an increase in the problems of non-native species on sites with a high degree of susceptibility to species invasion.}, }
@article {pmid32478944, year = {2021}, author = {Huang, F}, title = {Resistance of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, to transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1F corn in the Americas: lessons and implications for Bt corn IRM in China.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {574-589}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12826}, pmid = {32478944}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Americas ; Animals ; Bacillus thuringiensis/genetics/metabolism ; *Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins/genetics/pharmacology ; China ; Crops, Agricultural/genetics ; *Endotoxins/genetics/pharmacology ; *Hemolysin Proteins/genetics/pharmacology ; *Insecticide Resistance ; Introduced Species ; Pest Control/*methods ; Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics ; Spodoptera/*drug effects/physiology ; Zea mays/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is a major target pest of Bt crops (e.g., corn, cotton, and soybean) in North and South America. This pest has recently invaded Africa and Asia including China and the invasion has placed a great threat to the food security in many countries of these two continents. Due to the extensive use of Bt crops, practical resistance of S. frugiperda to Cry1F corn (TC 1507) with field control problems has widely occurred in Puerto Rico, Brazil, Argentina, and the mainland United States. Analyzing data generated from decade-long studies showed that several factors might have contributed to the wide development of the resistance. These factors include (1) limited modes of action of Bt proteins used in Bt crops; (2) cross-resistance among Cry1 proteins; (3) use of nonhigh dose Bt crop traits; (4) that the resistance is complete on Bt corn plants; (5) abundant in initial Cry1F resistance alleles; and (6) lack of fitness costs/recessive fitness costs of the resistance. The long-term use of Bt crop technology in the Americas suggests that Bt corn can be an effective tool for controlling S. frugiperda in China. IRM programs for Bt corn in China should be as simple as possible to be easily adopted by small-scale growers. The following aspects may be considered in its Bt corn IRM programs: (1) use of only "high dose" traits for both S. frugiperda and stalk borers; (2) developing and implementing a combined resistance monitoring program; (3) use "gene pyramiding" as a primary IRM strategy; and (4) if possible, Bt corn may not be planted in the areas where S. frugiperda overwinters. Lessons and experience gained from the global long-term use of Bt crops should have values in improving IRM programs in the Americas, as well as for a sustainable use of Bt corn technology in China.}, }
@article {pmid32478109, year = {2020}, author = {Kanankege, KST and Phelps, NBD and Vesterinen, HM and Errecaborde, KM and Alvarez, J and Bender, JB and Wells, SJ and Perez, AM}, title = {Lessons Learned From the Stakeholder Engagement in Research: Application of Spatial Analytical Tools in One Health Problems.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {254}, pmid = {32478109}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {Stakeholder engagement in research is widely advocated as a tool to integrate diverse knowledge and perspectives in the management of health threats while addressing potential conflicts of interest. Although guidelines for stakeholder engagement exist in public health and environmental sciences, the feasibility of actionable decisions based on scientific analyses and the lessons learned from the stakeholder engagement in the process co-creation of knowledge have been rarely discussed in One Health literature and veterinary sciences. Risk maps and risk regionalization using spatiotemporal epidemiological/analytical tools are known to improve risk perception and communication. Risk maps are useful when informing policy and management decisions on quarantine, vaccination, and surveillance intended to prevent or control threats to human, animal, or environmental health interface (i.e., One Health). We hypothesized that researcher-stakeholder engagement throughout the research process could enhance the utility of risk maps; while identifying opportunities to improve data collection, analysis, interpretation, and, ultimately, implementation of scientific/evidence-based management and policy measures. Three case studies were conducted to test this process of co-creation of scientific knowledge, using spatiotemporal epidemiological approaches, all related to One Health problems affecting Minnesota. Our interpretation of the opportunities, challenges, and lessons learned from the process are summarized from both researcher and stakeholder perspectives. By sharing our experience we intend to provide an understanding of the expectations, realizations, and "good practices" we learned through this slow-moving iterative process of co-creation of knowledge. We hope this contribution benefits the planning of future transdisciplinary research related to risk map-based management of One Health problems.}, }
@article {pmid32477397, year = {2020}, author = {Paterson, AH and Kong, W and Johnston, RM and Nabukalu, P and Wu, G and Poehlman, WL and Goff, VH and Isaacs, K and Lee, TH and Guo, H and Zhang, D and Sezen, UU and Kennedy, M and Bauer, D and Feltus, FA and Weltzien, E and Rattunde, HF and Barney, JN and Barry, K and Cox, TS and Scanlon, MJ}, title = {The Evolution of an Invasive Plant, Sorghum halepense L. ('Johnsongrass').}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {317}, pmid = {32477397}, issn = {1664-8021}, abstract = {From noble beginnings as a prospective forage, polyploid Sorghum halepense ('Johnsongrass') is both an invasive species and one of the world's worst agricultural weeds. Formed by S. bicolor x S. propinquum hybridization, we show S. halepense to have S. bicolor-enriched allele composition and striking mutations in 5,957 genes that differentiate it from representatives of its progenitor species and an outgroup. The spread of S. halepense may have been facilitated by introgression from closely-related cultivated sorghum near genetic loci affecting rhizome development, seed size, and levels of lutein, a photochemical protectant and abscisic acid precursor. Rhizomes, subterranean stems that store carbohydrates and spawn clonal propagules, have growth correlated with reproductive rather than other vegetative tissues, and increase survival of both temperate cold seasons and tropical dry seasons. Rhizomes of S. halepense are more extensive than those of its rhizomatous progenitor S. propinquum, with gene expression including many alleles from its non-rhizomatous S. bicolor progenitor. The first surviving polyploid in its lineage in ∼96 million years, its post-Columbian spread across six continents carried rich genetic diversity that in the United States has facilitated transition from agricultural to non-agricultural niches. Projected to spread another 200-600 km northward in the coming century, despite its drawbacks S. halepense may offer novel alleles and traits of value to improvement of sorghum.}, }
@article {pmid32476480, year = {2020}, author = {Davidson, IC and Smith, G and Ashton, GV and Ruiz, GM and Scianni, C}, title = {An experimental test of stationary lay-up periods and simulated transit on biofouling accumulation and transfer on ships.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, pages = {455-466}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2020.1769612}, pmid = {32476480}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Biofilms ; *Biofouling ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {Biofouling accumulation on ships' submerged surfaces typically occurs during stationary periods that render surfaces more susceptible to colonization than when underway. As a result, stationary periods longer than typical port residence times (hours to days), often referred to as lay-ups, can have deleterious effects on hull maintenance strategies, which aim to minimize biofouling impacts on ship operations and the likelihood of invasive species transfers. This experimental study tested the effects of different lay-up durations on the magnitude of biofouling, before and after exposure to flow, using fouling panels with three coating treatments (antifouling, foul-release, and controls), at two sites, and a portable field flume to simulate voyage sheer forces. Control panels subjected to extended stationary durations (28-, 45- and 60-days) had significantly higher biofouling cover and there was a 13- to 25-fold difference in biofouling accumulation between 10-days and 28-days of static immersion. Prior to flume exposure, the antifouling coating prevented biofouling accumulation almost entirely at one site and kept it below 20% at the other. Foul-release coatings also proved effective, especially after flume exposure, which reduced biofouling at one site from >52% to <6% cover (on average). The experimental approach was beneficial for co-locating panel deployments and flume processing using a consistent (standardized) flow regime on large panels across sites of differing conditions and biofouling assemblages. While lay-ups of commercial vessels are relatively common, inevitable, and unavoidable, it is important to develop a better understanding of the magnitude of their effects on biofouling of ships' submerged surfaces and to develop workable post-lay-up approaches to manage and respond to elevated biofouling accumulation that may result.}, }
@article {pmid32476234, year = {2020}, author = {da Silva, RS and Fidelis, EG and Amaro, G and Ramos, RS and Junior, PAS and Picanço, MC}, title = {Climate-based seasonal dynamics of the invasive red palm mite Raoiella indica.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {76}, number = {11}, pages = {3849-3856}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5936}, pmid = {32476234}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecu&#xe1;ria - Embrapa: Code 13.16.04.030.00.00/ ; //Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior: Finance code 001/ ; //Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; //National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Cocos ; *Mites ; Musa ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) is the most critical coconut and banana pest recently introduced in Brazil. Once the mite pests are introduced, it is essential to understand their dynamics in important crops under open-field climatic conditions to implement strategies for their management and determine the periods when species populations may increase in the field. Modelling tools have been used to determine the potential distribution of species and implications for the management of invasive species. Thus, our aim in this study was to determine the seasonal variation in R. indica and the influence of the monthly climate using CLIMEX modelling. We adjusted the CLIMEX model for R. indica based on distribution data, additional biological characteristics, and fluctuations in the R. indica population in a commercial coconut plantation.<br><br>RESULTS: The model for the current climate shows a good match between the ecoclimatic index and the global distribution of R. indica. The model results demonstrate that most states of Brazil and several regions worldwide include areas with highly suitable climatic conditions for R. indica. We observed variations in the density of R. indica in commercial coconut crops, with the highest incidence occurring during the first months of the year.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results showed different alterations in seasonal suitability for R. indica that may provide information for the implementation of methods for time management, such as strategies for sampling and control during periods with a high degree of suitability for R. indica. &#xa9; 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid32475721, year = {2020}, author = {Deguines, N and Lorrilliere, R and Dozières, A and Bessa-Gomes, C and Chiron, F}, title = {Any despot at my table? Competition among native and introduced bird species at garden birdfeeders in winter.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {734}, number = {}, pages = {139263}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139263}, pmid = {32475721}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Columbidae ; Europe ; Gardening ; *Gardens ; *Introduced Species ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Garden bird feeding constitutes a massive provision of food that can support bird communities, but there is a growing concern it might favour the establishment of exotic species that could be detrimental to others. How bird species compete with novel species for this anthropogenic food resources needs to be assessed. Here, we investigated competition in wintering bird communities at garden birdfeeders. We evaluated whether - and how much - bird access to resources is hampered by the presence of putative superior competing species, among which the Rose-ringed parakeet, the most abundant introduced species across Europe. Using the nation-wide citizen science scheme BirdLab, in which volunteers record in real-time bird attendance on a pair of birdfeeders during 5-minute sessions, we tested whether i) cumulative bird presence time and richness at birdfeeders, and ii) species probability of presence at birdfeeders, were influenced by three large species (the Eurasian magpie, the Eurasian collared-dove, and the Rose-ringed parakeet). Additionally, we assessed whether the Rose-ringed parakeet occupied resources significantly more than others. Presence of the Rose-ringed parakeet or the Eurasian collared-dove similarly reduced community cumulative presence time at birdfeeders, but only the dove reduced community richness. Each of the three large species influenced the presence of at least one of the six smaller species that could be separately modelled, but effects varied in strength and direction. The Rose-ringed parakeet and the Eurasian collared-dove were among the three species monopolising birdfeeders the longest, substantially more than the Eurasian magpie. Our findings confirm the competitive abilities of the large species studied, but do not suggest that garden bird feeding may alarmingly favour introduced species with detrimental effects on native species. Given the variability of large species' effects on small passerines, direct and indirect interactions among all species must be examined to fully understand the ecological net effects at stake.}, }
@article {pmid32471104, year = {2020}, author = {Hasstedt, SL and Annighöfer, P}, title = {Initial Survival and Development of Planted European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Small-Leaved Lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) Seedlings Competing with Black Cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.).}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {32471104}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {7030277//Zwingenberg-Tietz-Stiftung/ ; }, abstract = {Black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) is considered one of the most invasive tree species in central Europe and causes problems for both nature conservation and silviculture. Besides mechanical control treatments, a suggested control method to prevent its ongoing spread is to underplant shade-tolerant native tree species. Therefore, we combined two mechanical treatments, with underplanting of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) or small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) on fenced and unfenced plots. After the first growing season, survival rates were evaluated, and selected seedlings were destructively harvested to analyze their growth performance and leaf morphology in association with the different light regimes resulting from mechanical treatments Survival rates for both seedlings were very high (>95%). Survival rates were higher on fenced plots than on unfenced plots, most likely as result of browsing. The mortality of F. sylvatica decreased with increasing light availability on fenced plots. The mortality of T. cordata did not change along the light gradient. After one vegetation period no differences with respect to biomass allocation could be detected along the light gradient. However, the specific leaf areas of both species responded similarly, decreasing with increasing light availability. In summary, both species were able to establish and survive in the dense P. serotina understory and might have the potential to outcompete the invasive alien species in the long run.}, }
@article {pmid32470670, year = {2020}, author = {Battaglin, W and Duncker, J and Terrio, P and Bradley, P and Barber, L and DeCicco, L}, title = {Evaluating the potential role of bioactive chemicals on the distribution of invasive Asian carp upstream and downstream from river mile 278 in the Illinois waterway.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {735}, number = {}, pages = {139458}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139458}, pmid = {32470670}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Illinois ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Two non-native carp species have invaded the Illinois Waterway and are a threat to Great Lakes ecosystems. Poor water quality in the upper Illinois Waterway may be a factor contributing to the stalling of the carp population front near river mile 278. In 2015, the U.S. Geological Survey collected 4 sets of water samples from two sites upstream and 4 sites downstream from river mile 278, and one tributary. Each sample was analyzed for up to 649 unique constituents of which 287 were detected including 96 pesticides, 62 pharmaceuticals, 39 wastewater indicator chemicals, 29 metals, 19 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 6 disinfection by-products (DBPs), 5 hormones, and 5 carboxylic acids. Potential for bioactivity was estimated by comparing chemical concentrations to aquatic life or human health criteria and to in-vitro bioactivity screening results in the U.S Environmental Protection Agency ToxCast™ database. The resulting hazard quotients and exposure-activity ratios (EARs) are toxicity indexes that can be used to rank potential bioactivity of individual chemicals and chemical mixtures. This analysis indicates that several bioactive chemicals (BCs) including: carbendazim, 2,4-D, metolachlor, terbuthylazine, and acetochlor (pesticides); 1,4-dioxane (VOC); metformin, diphenhydramine, sulfamethoxazole, tramadol, fexofenadine, and the anti-depressants (pharmaceuticals); bisphenol A, 4-nonylphenol, galaxolide, 4-tert-octylphenol (wastewater indicator chemical); lead and boron (metals); and estrone (hormone) all occur in the upper Illinois Waterway at concentrations that produce elevated EARs values and may be adversely affecting carp reproduction and health. The clear differences in water quality upstream and downstream from river mile 278 with higher contaminant concentrations and potential bioactivity upstream could represent a barrier to carp range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid32470662, year = {2020}, author = {Dézerald, O and Mondy, CP and Dembski, S and Kreutzenberger, K and Reyjol, Y and Chandesris, A and Valette, L and Brosse, S and Toussaint, A and Belliard, J and Merg, ML and Usseglio-Polatera, P}, title = {A diagnosis-based approach to assess specific risks of river degradation in a multiple pressure context: Insights from fish communities.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {734}, number = {}, pages = {139467}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139467}, pmid = {32470662}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Fishes ; France ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {In the context of increasing pressure on water bodies, many fish-based indices have been developed to evaluate the ecological status of rivers. However, most of these indices suffer from several limitations, which hamper the capacity of water managers to select the most appropriate measures of restoration. Those limitations include: (i) being dependent on reference conditions, (ii) not satisfactorily handling complex and non-linear biological responses to pressure gradients, and (iii) being unable to identify specific risks of stream degradation in a multi-pressure context. To tackle those issues, we developed a diagnosis-based approach using Random Forest models to predict the impairment probabilities of river fish communities by 28 pressure categories (chemical, hydromorphological and biological). In addition, the database includes the abundances of 72 fish species collected from 1527 sites in France, sampled between 2005 and 2015; and fish taxonomic and biological information. Twenty random forest models provided at least good performances when evaluating impairment probabilities of fish communities by those pressures. The best performing models indicated that fish communities were impacted, on average, by 7.34 ± 0.03 abiotic pressure categories (mean ± SE), and that hydromorphological alterations (5.27 ± 0.02) were more often detected than chemical ones (2.06 ± 0.02). These models showed that alterations in longitudinal continuity, and contaminations by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons were respectively the most frequent hydromorphological and chemical pressure categories in French rivers. This approach has also efficiently detected the functional impact of invasive alien species. Identifying and ranking the impacts of multiple anthropogenic pressures that trigger functional shifts in river biological communities is essential for managers to prioritize actions and to implement appropriate restoration programmes. Actually implemented in an R package, this approach has the capacity to detect a variety of impairments, resulting in an efficient assessment of ecological risks across various spatial and temporal scales.}, }
@article {pmid32470118, year = {2020}, author = {Biwer, C and Kawam, B and Chapelle, V and Silvestre, F}, title = {The Role of Stochasticity in the Origin of Epigenetic Variation in Animal Populations.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {60}, number = {6}, pages = {1544-1557}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icaa047}, pmid = {32470118}, issn = {1557-7023}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Methylation ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Epigenomics ; Genetic Variation ; *Heredity ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation modulate gene expression in a complex fashion are consequently recognized as among the most important contributors to phenotypic variation in natural populations of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Interactions between genetics and epigenetics are multifaceted and epigenetic variation stands at the crossroad between genetic and environmental variance, which make these mechanisms prominent in the processes of adaptive evolution. DNA methylation patterns depend on the genotype and can be reshaped by environmental conditions, while transgenerational epigenetic inheritance has been reported in various species. On the other hand, DNA methylation can influence the genetic mutation rate and directly affect the evolutionary potential of a population. The origin of epigenetic variance can be attributed to genetic, environmental, or stochastic factors. Generally less investigated than the first two components, variation lacking any predictable order is nevertheless present in natural populations and stochastic epigenetic variation, also referred to spontaneous epimutations, can sustain phenotypic diversity. Here, potential sources of such stochastic epigenetic variability in animals are explored, with a focus on DNA methylation. To this day, quantifying the importance of stochasticity in epigenetic variability remains a challenge. However, comparisons between the mutation and the epimutation rates showed a high level of the latter, suggesting a significant role of spontaneous epimutations in adaptation. The implications of stochastic epigenetic variability are multifold: by affecting development and subsequently phenotype, random changes in epigenetic marks may provide additional phenotypic diversity, which can help natural populations when facing fluctuating environments. In isogenic lineages and asexually reproducing organisms, poor or absent genetic diversity can hence be tolerated. Further implication of stochastic epigenetic variability in adaptation is found in bottlenecked invasive species populations and populations using a bet-hedging strategy.}, }
@article {pmid32469938, year = {2020}, author = {McCann, S and Crossland, M and Shine, R}, title = {Exposure of cane toad hatchlings to older conspecifics suppresses chemosensory food tracking behaviour and increases risk of predation post-exposure.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {e0233653}, pmid = {32469938}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufo marinus/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Pheromones/metabolism ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Attempts to control invasive species using species-specific pheromones need to incorporate an understanding of interactive effects among those pathways. The larvae of invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) utilise chemical cues to repulse, attract or suppress conspecific larvae. We can exploit these effects to reduce toad abundance, but the effects of each cue may not be additive. That is, exposure to one type of cue may lessen the impact of exposure to another cue. To assess this possibility, we exposed toad larvae to combinations of cues. Tadpoles that had been exposed to the suppression cue during larval development exhibited no response to the attraction cue, resulting in lower capture rates in attractant-baited traps. Suppression, however, did not affect a tadpole's response to the alarm cue, and exposure to the alarm cue during tadpole development did not affect response to the attraction cue. Tadpoles exposed to the suppression cue were smaller than control tadpoles at 10 days post-exposure, and consequently were more vulnerable to gape-limited invertebrate predators. Our results demonstrate that the responses by toad tadpoles to chemical cues interact in important ways, and are not simply additive when combined. Control efforts need to incorporate an understanding of such interactions if we are to most effectively use chemical-communication pathways to control invasive amphibians.}, }
@article {pmid32469779, year = {2020}, author = {Soler-Figueroa, BM and Fontaine, DN and Carney, KJ and Ruiz, GM and Tamburri, MN}, title = {Characteristics of global port phytoplankton and implications for current ballast water regulations.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {155}, number = {}, pages = {111165}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111165}, pmid = {32469779}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Introduced Species ; *Phytoplankton ; Ships ; Water ; *Water Purification ; }, abstract = {The International Maritime Organization and U.S. Coast Guard have implemented regulations to reduce introductions of non-indigenous species via ballast water (BW). For phytoplankton, regulations limit discharges to <10 live/viable cells mL[-1] (size: 10-50 μm), ignoring other size fractions. Additionally, challenge conditions of 100 (shipboard) and 1000 (land-based) cells mL[-1] are required in BW management system certification testing. How these requirements correspond to natural phytoplankton populations is poorly resolved. We analyzed phytoplankton samples from 31 major ports to evaluate: a) how natural communities compare to challenge requirements and b) abundances of unregulated size fractions (i.e., <10 and ≥50 μm). None of the ports met land-based challenge conditions, and only 32% met requirements for shipboard testing. Approximately 71% of organisms ≥50 μm were centric diatoms, also unregulated by current protocols. This study demonstrates that current regulations do not consider natural phytoplankton populations, limiting control efforts for potentially harmful non-indigenous species.}, }
@article {pmid32469774, year = {2020}, author = {Lim, CS and Tay, TS and Tan, KS and Teo, SL}, title = {Removal of larvae of two marine invasive bivalves, Mytilopsis sallei (Récluz, 1849) and Mytella strigata (Hanley, 1843), by water treatment processes.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {155}, number = {}, pages = {111154}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111154}, pmid = {32469774}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; *Mytilidae ; *Water Purification ; }, abstract = {The uptake and discharge of bivalve larvae through ballast water operations is a highly viable mechanism for transfer of shellfish. In this paper, we investigate the effects of common water treatment processes on the planktotrophic larvae of the two invasive species of shellfish, Mytilopsis sallei and Mytella strigata. The study found that common water treatment processes used in many ballast water treatment systems were effective for the removal of bivalve larvae, although later stages of larval forms required more effort to remove.}, }
@article {pmid32469748, year = {2020}, author = {Renzi, M and Cilenti, L and Scirocco, T and Grazioli, E and Anselmi, S and Broccoli, A and Pauna, V and Provenza, F and Specchiulli, A}, title = {Litter in alien species of possible commercial interest: The blue crab (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896) as case study.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {157}, number = {}, pages = {111300}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111300}, pmid = {32469748}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura ; Female ; Hepatopancreas ; Introduced Species ; Ovary ; Plastics ; }, abstract = {Marine litter levels were measured in the stomach contents, hepatopancreas, and gonad tissues of crustacea decapod (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896; n = 6), a widespread alien species affecting the Lesina lagoon. Results highlight a mean of 2.5 (SD = 1.6) items/animal and indicate the presence of metals fragments (13%) and plastics (13% PE; 6.7% PET) in the stomach contents of collected individuals. No microplastic particles were detected in the hepatopancreas or in muscle tissue, while microplastic fibres (nylon, rayon, polyester) were found present in female specimen gonads. The presence of synthetic fibres in the investigated species reflects the relative contamination level in this habitat type and suggests that the blue crab could be considered a model organism for evaluating the contamination status of the study area.}, }
@article {pmid32467385, year = {2020}, author = {Waller, LP and Allen, WJ and Barratt, BIP and Condron, LM and França, FM and Hunt, JE and Koele, N and Orwin, KH and Steel, GS and Tylianakis, JM and Wakelin, SA and Dickie, IA}, title = {Biotic interactions drive ecosystem responses to exotic plant invaders.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {368}, number = {6494}, pages = {967-972}, doi = {10.1126/science.aba2225}, pmid = {32467385}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Biota ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {Ecosystem process rates typically increase after plant invasion, but the extent to which this is driven by (i) changes in productivity, (ii) exotic species' traits, or (iii) novel (non-coevolved) biotic interactions has never been quantified. We created communities varying in exotic plant dominance, plant traits, soil biota, and invertebrate herbivores and measured indicators of carbon cycling. Interactions with soil biota and herbivores were the strongest drivers of exotic plant effects, particularly on measures of soil carbon turnover. Moreover, plant traits related to growth and nutrient acquisition explained differences in the ways that exotic plants interacted with novel biota compared with natives. We conclude that novel biological interactions with exotic species are a more important driver of ecosystem transformation than was previously recognized.}, }
@article {pmid32467374, year = {2020}, author = {Urcelay, C and Austin, AT}, title = {Exotic plants get a little help from their friends.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {368}, number = {6494}, pages = {934-936}, doi = {10.1126/science.abc3587}, pmid = {32467374}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, }
@article {pmid32464372, year = {2020}, author = {Chaves, LF and Friberg, MD and Moji, K}, title = {Synchrony of globally invasive Aedes spp. immature mosquitoes along an urban altitudinal gradient in their native range.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {734}, number = {}, pages = {139365}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139365}, pmid = {32464372}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Insecticides ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Larva ; Mosquito Vectors ; }, abstract = {Mosquito-borne infections often have concerted peaks, or are synchronous, across landscapes. This phenomenon might be driven by vector responses to similar environmental conditions that synchronize their abundance. While adult mosquito populations can be synchronous over spatial scales ranging from a few meters to a few kilometers, little to nothing is known about immature mosquito synchrony, including its relationship with mosquito colonization and persistence in larval habitats. Here, we present results from a 2-yearlong synchrony study in co-occurring populations of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse), Aedes (Stegomyia) flavopictus Yamada and Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus (Theobald), three invasive mosquito species, along an urban altitudinal gradient in Japan. We found that Ae. albopictus was asynchronous while Ae. flavopictus and Ae. j. japonicus had synchrony that, respectively, tracked geographic and altitudinal patterns of temperature correlation. Spatially, Ae. albopictus was more persistent at hotter locations near urban land use, while Ae. j. japonicus and Ae. flavopictus increasingly persisted farther away from urban land. Temporally, Ae. albopicus and Ae. flavopictus decreased the proportion of colonized habitats following variable rainfall, while Ae. j. japonicus increased with vegetation growth and leptokurtic temperatures. Our results support the hypothesis that immature mosquito synchrony is autonomous from dispersal and driven by common environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid32463954, year = {2020}, author = {Fontaine, SS and Kohl, KD}, title = {Gut microbiota of invasive bullfrog tadpoles responds more rapidly to temperature than a noninvasive congener.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {13}, pages = {2449-2462}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15487}, pmid = {32463954}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Rana catesbeiana/*microbiology ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Environmental temperature can alter the composition, diversity, and function of ectothermic vertebrate gut microbial communities, which may result in negative consequences for host physiology, or conversely, increase phenotypic plasticity and persistence in harsh conditions. The magnitude of either of these effects will depend on the length of time animals are exposed to extreme temperatures, and how quickly the composition and function of the gut microbiota can respond to temperature change. However, the temporal effects of temperature on gut microbiota are currently unknown. Here, we investigated the length of time required for increased temperature to alter the composition of gut bacterial communities in tadpoles of two frog species, the green frog, Lithobates clamitans, and its congener, the globally invasive American bullfrog, L. catesbeianus. We also explored the potential functional consequences of these changes by comparing predicted metagenomic profiles across temperature treatments at the last experimental time point. Bullfrog-associated microbial communities were more plastic than those of the green frog. Specifically, bullfrog communities were altered by increased temperature within hours, while green frog communities took multiple days to exhibit significant changes. Further, over ten times more bullfrog bacterial functional pathways were temperature-dependent compared to the green frog. These results support our hypothesis that bullfrog gut microbial communities would respond more rapidly to temperature change, potentially bolstering their ability to exploit novel environments. More broadly, we have revealed that even short-term increases in environmental temperature, expected to occur frequently under global climate change, can alter the gut microbiota of ectothermic vertebrates.}, }
@article {pmid32463431, year = {2020}, author = {Novoa, A and Keet, JH and Lechuga-Lago, Y and Pyšek, P and Roux, JJL}, title = {Urbanization and Carpobrotus edulis invasion alter the diversity and composition of soil bacterial communities in coastal areas.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {7}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiaa106}, pmid = {32463431}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {Bacteria/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; Spain ; *Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Coastal dunes are ecosystems of high conservation value that are strongly impacted by human disturbances and biological invasions in many parts of the world. Here, we assessed how urbanization and Carpobrotus edulis invasion affect soil bacterial communities on the north-western coast of Spain, by comparing the diversity, structure and composition of soil bacterial communities in invaded and uninvaded soils from urban and natural coastal dune areas. Our results suggest that coastal dune bacterial communities contain large numbers of rare taxa, mainly belonging to the phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. We found that the presence of the invasive C. edulis increased the diversity of soil bacteria and changed community composition, while urbanization only influenced bacterial community composition. Furthermore, the effects of invasion on community composition were conditional on urbanization. These results were contrary to predictions, as both C. edulis invasion and urbanization have been shown to affect soil abiotic conditions of the studied coastal dunes in a similar manner, and therefore were expected to have similar effects on soil bacterial communities. Our results suggest that other factors (e.g. pollution) might be influencing the impact of urbanization on soil bacterial communities, preventing an increase in the diversity of soil bacteria in urban areas.}, }
@article {pmid32452541, year = {2020}, author = {Lohr, JN and Haag, CR}, title = {Parasite-driven replacement of a sexual by a closely related asexual taxon in nature.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {101}, number = {10}, pages = {e03105}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3105}, pmid = {32452541}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {PCIG13-GA-2013-618961//University of Fribourg, and the European Union/ ; ANR-17-CE02-0016-01//Agence Nationale de le Recherche Scientifique/ ; 31003A_138203/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Daphnia ; *Parasites ; }, abstract = {Asexual species are thought to suffer more from coevolving parasites than related sexuals. Yet a variety of studies do not find the patterns predicted by theory. Here, to shine light on this conundrum, we investigate one such case of an asexual advantage in the presence of parasites. We follow the frequency dynamics of sexual and asexual Daphnia pulex in a natural pond that was initially dominated by sexuals. Coinciding with an epidemic of a microsporidian parasite infecting both sexuals and asexuals, the pond was rapidly taken over by the initially rare asexuals. With experiments comparing multiple sexual and asexual clones from across the local metapopulation, we confirm that asexuals are less susceptible and also suffer less from the parasite once infected. These results are consistent with the parasite-driven, ecological replacement of dominant sexuals by closely related, but more resistant asexuals, ultimately leading to the extinction of the formerly superior sexual competitor. Our study is one of the clearest examples from nature, backed up by experimental verification, showing a parasite-mediated reversal of competition dynamics. The experiments show that, across the metapopulation, asexuals have an advantage in the presence of parasites. In this metapopulation, asexuals are relatively rare, likely due to their recent invasion. While we cannot rule out other reasons for the observed patterns, the results are consistent with a temporary parasite-mediated advantage of asexuals due to the fact that they are rare, which is an underappreciated aspect of the Red Queen Hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid32450817, year = {2020}, author = {Cordeiro, EMG and Pantoja-Gomez, LM and de Paiva, JB and Nascimento, ARB and Omoto, C and Michel, AP and Correa, AS}, title = {Hybridization and introgression between Helicoverpa armigera and H. zea: an adaptational bridge.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {61}, pmid = {32450817}, issn = {1471-2148}, support = {2014/11495-3//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo (BR)/International ; 2017/02393-0//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/International ; 2016/04159-2//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/International ; 403851/2013-0//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/International ; Finance Code 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/International ; }, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Genetic Introgression ; Introduced Species ; Lepidoptera/*genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasion of organisms into new ecosystems is increasingly common, due to the global trade in commodities. One of the most complex post-invasion scenarios occurs when an invasive species is related to a native pest, and even more so when they can hybridize and produce fertile progeny. The global pest Helicoverpa armigera was first detected in Brazil in 2013 and generated a wave of speculations about the possibility of hybridization with the native sister taxon Helicoverpa zea. In the present study, we used genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms from field-collected individuals to estimate hybridization between H. armigera and H. zea in different Brazilian agricultural landscapes.<br><br>RESULTS: The frequency of hybridization varied from 15 to 30% depending on the statistical analyses. These methods showed more congruence in estimating that hybrids contained approximately 10% mixed ancestry (i.e. introgression) from either species. Hybridization also varied considerably depending on the geographic locations where the sample was collected, forming a 'mosaic' hybrid zone where introgression may be facilitated by environmental and landscape variables. Both landscape composition and bioclimatic variables indicated that maize and soybean cropland are the main factors responsible for high levels of introgression in agricultural landscapes. The impact of multiple H. armigera incursions is reflected in the structured and inbred pattern of genetic diversity.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our data showed that the landscape composition and bioclimatic variables influence the introgression rate between H. armigera and H. zea in agricultural areas. Continuous monitoring of the hybridization process in the field is necessary, since agricultural expansion, climatic fluctuations, changing composition of crop species and varieties, and dynamic planting seasons are some factors in South America that could cause a sudden alteration in the introgression rate between Helicoverpa species. Introgression between invasive and native pests can dramatically impact the evolution of host ranges and resistance management.}, }
@article {pmid32449204, year = {2020}, author = {Panicz, R and Eljasik, P and Śmietana, N and Sadowski, J and Biernaczyk, M}, title = {New invertebrate species as potential CyHV-3 reservoirs: A case study of common carp mortalities in hyperthermal conditions.}, journal = {Journal of fish diseases}, volume = {43}, number = {7}, pages = {821-824}, doi = {10.1111/jfd.13177}, pmid = {32449204}, issn = {1365-2761}, support = {//Department of Meat Sciences and the Department of Aquatic Bioengineering and Aquaculture of the ZUT in Szczecin./ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; Disease Reservoirs/*veterinary/virology ; Fish Diseases/*virology ; Herpesviridae/*isolation &amp; purification ; Herpesviridae Infections/*veterinary/virology ; Invertebrates/*virology ; Poland ; }, }
@article {pmid32448533, year = {2020}, author = {Duncan, KT and Sundstrom, KD and Saleh, MN and Little, SE}, title = {Haemaphysalis longicornis, the Asian longhorned tick, from a dog in Virginia, USA.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports}, volume = {20}, number = {}, pages = {100395}, doi = {10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100395}, pmid = {32448533}, issn = {2405-9390}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*parasitology/prevention &amp; control ; Dogs ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/*physiology ; Nymph ; Tick Infestations/parasitology/prevention &amp; control/*veterinary ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {The Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, was only recently recognized in North America and has since been identified on a wide range of domestic and wild animal hosts in multiple states throughout the eastern United States. An H. longicornis nymph was submitted for identification from a dog in central Virginia, USA. Identification was made using standard keys and confirmed molecularly. No products are currently FDA label-approved as effective for H. longicornis in the USA; however, many acaricides commercially available in the United States are known to be effective against H. longicornis in other areas of the world where this tick is endemic. Veterinarians should be aware H. longicornis can commonly be found infesting dogs, cats, livestock, and wildlife, and should continue recommending year-round tick prevention for all pets and routine monitoring for tick-borne infections.}, }
@article {pmid32447771, year = {2020}, author = {Cohen, KE and George, AE and Chapman, DC and Chick, JH and Hernandez, LP}, title = {Developmental ecomorphology of the epibranchial organ of the silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, pages = {527-536}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14409}, pmid = {32447771}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Gills/anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development ; Phytoplankton ; }, abstract = {Silver carp regularly consume and digest particles of food as small as 5 μm. This ability drives their efficient consumption of phytoplankton and because they feed low on the food chain they have an important place in aquaculture worldwide. In North America, where they are considered invasive, silver carp deplete food resources for native species and in so doing occupy increased niche space. Here, we determine the ontogenetic stage and size at which silver carp are morphologically capable of primarily feeding on particles <10 μm. Ecological studies on this species have shown that there is an ontogenetic shift in diet as predominantly zooplanktivorous juveniles later switch to eating much smaller phytoplankton. The occupation of this new trophic niche presents both a metabolic and a mechanical challenge to these fish, since it is unclear how they can efficiently feed on such small particles. We hypothesize that the epibranchial organ (EBO) in silver carp is essential in aggregating these small particles of food, allowing the species to consume mass quantities of tiny particles, thus mitigating metabolic constraints. In this study, we investigate early ontogeny of the EBO in silver carp to determine when this structure achieves the requisite morphology to become functional. We find that at around 80 mm standard length (SL) the EBOs are consistently filled with food, demonstrating that this accumulating organ has become functional. This size corresponds with previous ecological data documenting important shifts in the type of food consumed. While the basic bauplan of the EBO is established very early in ontogeny (by 15 mm SL), multiple waves of histological maturation of muscle, cartilage, gill rakers and epithelium ultimately form the functional structure.}, }
@article {pmid32447399, year = {2020}, author = {Akotsen-Mensah, C and Blaauw, B and Short, B and Leskey, TC and Bergh, JC and Polk, D and Nielsen, AL}, title = {Using IPM-CPR as a Management Program for Apple Orchards.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {113}, number = {4}, pages = {1894-1902}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toaa087}, pmid = {32447399}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; *Heteroptera ; Insect Control ; *Malus ; Maryland ; New Jersey ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {We have demonstrated how management of key orchard pests including the insect invasive species Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) can be accomplished using a systems-level approach termed IPM-CPR (Integrated Pest Management-Crop Perimeter Restructuring) in apple. We conducted on-farm comparisons of IPM-CPR to standard management program for managing H. halys, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois (Hemiptera: Miridae) in commercial apple orchards in 2014, 2016, and 2017 in New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia. The presence and abundance of key pests and fruit injury at harvest were used as a measure of success of the program. We compared the amount of insecticide applied for each management program. In majority of instances, there were no differences in the IPM-CPR and the standard management program in terms of H. halys numbers in baited pyramid traps and stink bug injury at harvest. Damage from C. pomonella and G. molesta in the IPM-CPR treatment was significantly lower than the standard management program in 2014 and 2017. Amount of active ingredient used was on average 62.1% lower in the IPM-CPR treatment compared with standard management program. Despite a reduction in insecticide use, there were minimal impacts on beneficial insects. Overall, IPM-CPR in apples successfully managed key orchard pests, including H. halys, and used significantly less insecticide than a standard insecticide-based management program and could be adopted as a systems-level approach for pest population reduction.}, }
@article {pmid32445398, year = {2020}, author = {Ashman, TL and Arceo-Gómez, G and Bennett, JM and Knight, TM}, title = {Is heterospecific pollen receipt the missing link in understanding pollen limitation of plant reproduction?.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {107}, number = {6}, pages = {845-847}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1477}, pmid = {32445398}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Flowers ; Genes, Plant ; *Pollen ; *Pollination ; Reproduction ; }, }
@article {pmid32444662, year = {2020}, author = {Petersen, TK and Speed, JDM and Grøtan, V and Austrheim, G}, title = {Urban aliens and threatened near-naturals: Land-cover affects the species richness of alien- and threatened species in an urban-rural setting.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {8513}, pmid = {32444662}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Norway ; Rural Population ; Species Specificity ; Urbanization/*trends ; }, abstract = {Urbanisation has strong effects on biodiversity patterns, but impacts vary among species groups and across spatial scales. From a local biodiversity management perspective, a more general understanding of species richness across taxonomic groups is required. This study aims to investigate how fine-scale land-cover variables influence species richness patterns of locally threatened and alien species. The study was performed in Trondheim, Norway, covering a steep urbanisation gradient. Spatially correlated Generalised Linear Mixed Effects Models predicting the number of all-, threatened-and alien species by taxon, habitat, habitat heterogeneity and mean aspect within 500 m×500 m grid cells were constructed. The habitat categories were based on detailed land-cover maps. The highest number of threatened species was found in habitats relatively less affected by humans, whereas the number of alien species were only dependent on taxonomic group and spatial correlation. It is shown that land-cover variables within an administrative border can be used to make predictions on species richness within overarching species groups. Recommendations to biodiversity management agencies are to ensure protection of natural habitats to favour locally threatened species, and closely monitor urban areas to mitigate the introduction and spread of alien species.}, }
@article {pmid32441766, year = {2020}, author = {Smith, JA and Suraci, JP and Hunter, JS and Gaynor, KM and Keller, CB and Palmer, MS and Atkins, JL and Castañeda, I and Cherry, MJ and Garvey, PM and Huebner, SE and Morin, DJ and Teckentrup, L and Weterings, MJA and Beaudrot, L}, title = {Zooming in on mechanistic predator-prey ecology: Integrating camera traps with experimental methods to reveal the drivers of ecological interactions.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {9}, pages = {1997-2012}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13264}, pmid = {32441766}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Camera trap technology has galvanized the study of predator-prey ecology in wild animal communities by expanding the scale and diversity of predator-prey interactions that can be analysed. While observational data from systematic camera arrays have informed inferences on the spatiotemporal outcomes of predator-prey interactions, the capacity for observational studies to identify mechanistic drivers of species interactions is limited. Experimental study designs that utilize camera traps uniquely allow for testing hypothesized mechanisms that drive predator and prey behaviour, incorporating environmental realism not possible in the laboratory while benefiting from the distinct capacity of camera traps to generate large datasets from multiple species with minimal observer interference. However, such pairings of camera traps with experimental methods remain underutilized. We review recent advances in the experimental application of camera traps to investigate fundamental mechanisms underlying predator-prey ecology and present a conceptual guide for designing experimental camera trap studies. Only 9% of camera trap studies on predator-prey ecology in our review use experimental methods, but the application of experimental approaches is increasing. To illustrate the utility of camera trap-based experiments using a case study, we propose a study design that integrates observational and experimental techniques to test a perennial question in predator-prey ecology: how prey balance foraging and safety, as formalized by the risk allocation hypothesis. We discuss applications of camera trap-based experiments to evaluate the diversity of anthropogenic influences on wildlife communities globally. Finally, we review challenges to conducting experimental camera trap studies. Experimental camera trap studies have already begun to play an important role in understanding the predator-prey ecology of free-living animals, and such methods will become increasingly critical to quantifying drivers of community interactions in a rapidly changing world. We recommend increased application of experimental methods in the study of predator and prey responses to humans, synanthropic and invasive species, and other anthropogenic disturbances.}, }
@article {pmid32440700, year = {2020}, author = {Des Marteaux, LE and Kullik, SA and Habash, M and Schmidt, JM}, title = {Terrestrial Isopods Porcellio scaber and Oniscus asellus (Crustacea: Isopoda) Increase Bacterial Abundance and Modify Microbial Community Structure in Leaf Litter Microcosms: a Short-Term Decomposition Study.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {80}, number = {3}, pages = {690-702}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-020-01527-4}, pmid = {32440700}, issn = {1432-184X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Food Chain ; Fungi/*physiology ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Isopoda/*physiology ; *Microbiota ; Ontario ; Plant Leaves/*microbiology ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive terrestrial isopods are likely to have altered leaf litter decomposition processes in North American forests, but the mechanisms underlying these alterations and the degree to which they differ among isopod species are poorly characterized. Using mixed-deciduous leaf litter microcosms, we quantified the effects of two common, invasive isopods (Oniscus asellus and Porcellio scaber) on short-term leaf litter decomposition and microbial community structure and function. Microcosms containing ground litter and a microbial inoculant were exposed to one of the two isopod species or no isopods for 21 days. Mass loss was then quantified as the change in litter dry mass after leaching, and microbial respiration was quantified as the mass of CO2 absorbed by soda lime. Litter leachates were plated on agar to quantify culturable bacterial and fungal abundance, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of amplified leachate microbial DNA was used to characterize shifts in microbial community structure. Isopod presence increased litter mass loss by a modest ~ 6%, but did not affect litter microbial respiration. Bacterial abundance increased significantly in the presence of isopods, while fungal abundance was either unchanged or reduced. Overall litter microbial species richness was reduced by isopods, with O. asellus specifically reducing fungal abundance and diversity. Isopods modified the microbial community structure by suppressing four bacterial and one fungal species, while promoting growth of four other bacterial species (two unique to each isopod species) and two fungal species (one which was unique to O. asellus).}, }
@article {pmid32438741, year = {2020}, author = {Saul-Gershenz, L and Grodsky, SM and Hernandez, RR}, title = {Ecology of the Western Queen Butterfly Danaus gilippus thersippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {32438741}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to assess the ecological knowledge surrounding the western queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus thersippus (H. Bates). Specifically, our objectives were to synthesize existing data and knowledge on the ecology of the queen and use results of this assessment to inform the direction of future research on this understudied species. We identified six core areas for assessment: distribution, the biodiversity of plant resources, western queen and their host plant phenology, chemical ecology, and four key life history traits. We mapped the distribution of D. g. thersippus from museum specimen records, citizen science (e.g., iNaturalist) and image sharing app-based observations, along with other observational data enumerating all current known plant resources and long-range movements. We assembled 14 larval food plants, six pyrrolizidine alkaloids plants and six nectar plants distributed in the western Mojave and Sonoran Desert regions of the United States and Baja California. We report on its phenology and its long-range movement. Butterfly species have declined across the western US, and western monarch populations have declined by 97%. Danaus g. thersippus has received little research attention compared with its famous congener D. plexippus L. Danaus g. thersippus' desert distribution may be at its temperature limits for the species distribution and for its rare host plant Asclepias nyctaginifolia.}, }
@article {pmid32437883, year = {2020}, author = {Mohammed-Geba, K and Sheir, SK and El-Aziz Hamed, EA and Galal-Khallaf, A}, title = {Molecular and morphological signatures for extreme environmental adaptability of the invasive mussel Brachidontes pharaonis (Fischer, 1870).}, journal = {Molecular and cellular probes}, volume = {53}, number = {}, pages = {101594}, doi = {10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101594}, pmid = {32437883}, issn = {1096-1194}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; DNA, Environmental/*genetics ; Egypt ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Indian Ocean ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Mytilidae/classification/genetics/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Brachidontes pharaonis (Bivalvia:Mytilidae) is one of the most successful Lessepsian migrants. Its extensive populations' expansion and phenotypic plasticity might reshape the Mediterranean biodiversity. Individuals of B. pharaonis were collected from various sites in the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea in Egypt. Species-specific primers for Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 1 gene were designed. They were applied for analysis of mussel's population genetics and assessment of its aquatic environmental DNA (eDNA) abundance. Morphological, allometric and morphometric characteristics were also described. The newly designed primers could efficiently detect the species presence, abundance, and genetic diversity. The Northern Red Sea and north-westward populations exhibited higher nucleotide diversities than southwards. Phylogeny and principal coordinates' analysis (PCoA) detected three geographical categories for B. pharaonis: one of the Indian Ocean, other of the Middle Red Sea and southwards, and the other extends from the Northern Red Sea to the westernmost part of the Mediterranean. Intraspecific differences in the shell shape, colour, and biometrics were noted. The shells were significantly smaller and lighter in rocky habitats than in sandy ones. The morphometric indices and allometry were significantly different between rocky and sandy environments. In general, B. pharaonis genetic and morphological features appeared to contribute much to the species success in versatile habitats.}, }
@article {pmid32434538, year = {2020}, author = {Castillo, AI and Chacón-Díaz, C and Rodríguez-Murillo, N and Coletta-Filho, HD and Almeida, RPP}, title = {Impacts of local population history and ecology on the evolution of a globally dispersed pathogen.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {369}, pmid = {32434538}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 635646: POnTE (Pest Organisms Threatening Europe), the California Department of Food and Agriculture Pierce's Disease Research Program, and grant agreement No 727987: XF-ACTORS//California Department of Food and Agriculture (US)/ ; }, mesh = {Costa Rica ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Introgression ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Bacterial/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Recombination, Genetic ; Species Specificity ; Xylella/classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pathogens with a global distribution face diverse biotic and abiotic conditions across populations. Moreover, the ecological and evolutionary history of each population is unique. Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-dwelling bacterium infecting multiple plant hosts, often with detrimental effects. As a group, X. fastidiosa is divided into distinct subspecies with allopatric historical distributions and patterns of multiple introductions from numerous source populations. The capacity of X. fastidiosa to successfully colonize and cause disease in naïve plant hosts varies among subspecies, and potentially, among populations. Within Central America (i.e. Costa Rica) two X. fastidiosa subspecies coexist: the native subsp. fastidiosa and the introduced subsp. pauca. Using whole genome sequences, the patterns of gene gain/loss, genomic introgression, and genetic diversity were characterized within Costa Rica and contrasted to other X. fastidiosa populations.<br><br>RESULTS: Within Costa Rica, accessory and core genome analyses showed a highly malleable genome with numerous intra- and inter-subspecific gain/loss events. Likewise, variable levels of inter-subspecific introgression were found within and between both coexisting subspecies; nonetheless, the direction of donor/recipient subspecies to the recombinant segments varied. Some strains appeared to recombine more frequently than others; however, no group of genes or gene functions were overrepresented within recombinant segments. Finally, the patterns of genetic diversity of subsp. fastidiosa in Costa Rica were consistent with those of other native populations (i.e. subsp. pauca in Brazil).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this study shows the importance of characterizing local evolutionary and ecological history in the context of world-wide pathogen distribution.}, }
@article {pmid32431746, year = {2020}, author = {Baird, HP and Moon, KL and Janion-Scheepers, C and Chown, SL}, title = {Springtail phylogeography highlights biosecurity risks of repeated invasions and intraregional transfers among remote islands.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {960-973}, pmid = {32431746}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Human-mediated transport of species outside their natural range is a rapidly growing threat to biodiversity, particularly for island ecosystems that have evolved in isolation. The genetic structure underpinning island populations will largely determine their response to increased transport and thus help to inform biosecurity management. However, this information is severely lacking for some groups, such as the soil fauna. We therefore analysed the phylogeographic structure of an indigenous and an invasive springtail species (Collembola: Poduromorpha), each distributed across multiple remote sub-Antarctic islands, where human activity is currently intensifying. For both species, we generated a genome-wide SNP data set and additionally analysed all available COI barcodes. Genetic differentiation in the indigenous springtail Tullbergia bisetosa is substantial among (and, to a lesser degree, within) islands, reflecting low dispersal and historic population fragmentation, while COI patterns reveal ancestral signatures of postglacial recolonization. This pronounced geographic structure demonstrates the key role of allopatric divergence in shaping the region's diversity and highlights the vulnerability of indigenous populations to genetic homogenization via human transport. For the invasive species Hypogastrura viatica, nuclear genetic structure is much less apparent, particularly for islands linked by regular shipping, while diverged COI haplotypes indicate multiple independent introductions to each island. Thus, human transport has likely facilitated this species' persistence since its initial colonization, through the ongoing introduction and inter-island spread of genetic variation. These findings highlight the different evolutionary consequences of human transport for indigenous and invasive soil species. Crucially, both outcomes demonstrate the need for improved intraregional biosecurity among remote island systems, where the policy focus to date has been on external introductions.}, }
@article {pmid32431741, year = {2020}, author = {Sjodin, BMF and Irvine, RL and Ford, AT and Howald, GR and Russello, MA}, title = {Rattus population genomics across the Haida Gwaii archipelago provides a framework for guiding invasive species management.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {889-904}, pmid = {32431741}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Invasive species have led to precipitous declines in biodiversity, especially in island systems. Brown (Rattus norvegicus) and black rats (R. rattus) are among the most invasive animals on the planet, with eradication being the primary tool for established island populations. The need for increased research for defining eradication units and monitoring outcomes has been highlighted as a means to maximize success. Haida Gwaii is an archipelago ~100 km off the northern coast of British Columbia, Canada, that hosts globally significant breeding populations of seabirds that are at risk due to invasive rats. Here, we paired sampling of brown (n = 287) and black (n = 291) rats across the Haida Gwaii archipelago with genotyping by sequencing (10,770-27,686 SNPs) to investigate patterns of population connectivity and infer levels/direction of gene flow among invasive rat populations in Haida Gwaii. We reconstructed three regional clusters for both species (north, central and south), with proximate populations within regions being largely more related than those that were more distant, consistent with predictions from island biogeography theory. Population assignment of recently detected individuals post-eradication on Faraday, Murchison and the Bischof Islands revealed all were re-invaders from Lyell Island, rather than being on-island survivors. Based on these results, we identified six eradication units constituting single or clusters of islands that would limit the potential for reinvasion, some of which will need to be combined with biosecurity measures. Overall, our results highlight the importance of targeted research prior to conducting eradications and demonstrate a framework for applying population genomics for guiding invasive species management in island systems.}, }
@article {pmid32431739, year = {2020}, author = {Pabijan, M and Palomar, G and Antunes, B and Antoł, W and Zieliński, P and Babik, W}, title = {Evolutionary principles guiding amphibian conservation.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {857-878}, pmid = {32431739}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The Anthropocene has witnessed catastrophic amphibian declines across the globe. A multitude of new, primarily human-induced drivers of decline may lead to extinction, but can also push species onto novel evolutionary trajectories. If these are recognized by amphibian biologists, they can be engaged in conservation actions. Here, we summarize how principles stemming from evolutionary concepts have been applied for conservation purposes, and address emerging ideas at the vanguard of amphibian conservation science. In particular, we examine the consequences of increased drift and inbreeding in small populations and their implications for practical conservation. We then review studies of connectivity between populations at the landscape level, which have emphasized the limiting influence of anthropogenic structures and degraded habitat on genetic cohesion. The rapid pace of environmental changes leads to the central question of whether amphibian populations can cope either by adapting to new conditions or by shifting their ranges. We gloomily conclude that extinction seems far more likely than adaptation or range shifts for most species. That said, conservation strategies employing evolutionary principles, such as selective breeding, introduction of adaptive variants through translocations, ecosystem interventions aimed at decreasing phenotype-environment mismatch, or genetic engineering, may effectively counter amphibian decline in some areas or for some species. The spread of invasive species and infectious diseases has often had disastrous consequences, but has also provided some premier examples of rapid evolution with conservation implications. Much can be done in terms of setting aside valuable amphibian habitat that should encompass both natural and agricultural areas, as well as designing protected areas to maximize the phylogenetic and functional diversity of the amphibian community. We conclude that an explicit consideration and application of evolutionary principles, although certainly not a silver bullet, should increase effectiveness of amphibian conservation in both the short and long term.}, }
@article {pmid32431738, year = {2020}, author = {Hudson, J and Johannesson, K and McQuaid, CD and Rius, M}, title = {Secondary contacts and genetic admixture shape colonization by an amphiatlantic epibenthic invertebrate.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {600-612}, pmid = {32431738}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Research on the genetics of invasive species often focuses on patterns of genetic diversity and population structure within the introduced range. However, a growing body of literature is demonstrating the need to study how native genotypes affect both ecological and evolutionary mechanisms within the introduced range. Here, we used genotyping-by-sequencing to study both native and introduced ranges of the amphiatlantic marine invertebrate Ciona intestinalis. A previous study using microsatellites analysed samples collected along the Swedish west coast and showed the presence of genetically distinct lineages in deep and shallow waters. Using 1,653 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from newly collected samples (285 individuals), we first confirmed the presence of this depth-defined genomic divergence along the Swedish coast. We then used approximate Bayesian computation to infer the historical relationship among sites from the North Sea, the English Channel and the northwest Atlantic and found evidence of ancestral divergence between individuals from deep waters off Sweden and individuals from the English Channel. This divergence was followed by a secondary contact that led to a genetic admixture between the ancestral populations (i.e., deep Sweden and English Channel), which originated the genotypes found in shallow Sweden. We then revealed that the colonization of C. intestinalis in the northwest Atlantic was as a result of an admixture between shallow Sweden and the English Channel genotypes across the introduced range. Our results showed the presence of both past and recent genetic admixture events that together may have promoted the successful colonizations of C. intestinalis. Our study suggests that secondary contacts potentially reshape the evolutionary trajectories of invasive species through the promotion of intraspecific hybridization and by altering both colonization patterns and their ecological effects in the introduced range.}, }
@article {pmid32431734, year = {2020}, author = {Green, L and Havenhand, JN and Kvarnemo, C}, title = {Evidence of rapid adaptive trait change to local salinity in the sperm of an invasive fish.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {533-544}, pmid = {32431734}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Invasive species may quickly colonize novel environments, which could be attributed to both phenotypic plasticity and an ability to locally adapt. Reproductive traits are expected to be under strong selection when the new environment limits reproductive success of the invading species. This may be especially important for external fertilizers, which release sperm and eggs into the new environment. Despite adult tolerance to high salinity, the invasive fish Neogobius melanostomus (round goby) is absent from fully marine regions of the Baltic Sea, raising the possibility that its distribution is limited by tolerance during earlier life stages. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that the spread of N. melanostomus is limited by sperm function in novel salinities. We sampled sperm from two invasion fronts with higher and lower salinities in the Baltic Sea and tested them across a range of salinity levels. We found that sperm velocity and percentage of motile sperm declined in salinity levels higher and lower than those currently experienced by the Baltic Sea populations, with different performance curves for the two fronts. Sperm velocity also peaked closer to the home salinity conditions in each respective invasion front, with older localities showing an increased fit to local conditions. By calculating how the sperm velocity has changed over generations, we show this phenotypic shift to be in the range of other fish species under strong selection, indicating ongoing local adaptation or epigenetic acclimation to their novel environment. These results show that while immigrant reproductive dysfunction appears to at least partly limit the distribution of invasive N. melanostomus in the Baltic Sea, local adaptation to novel environments could enable future spread beyond their current boundaries.}, }
@article {pmid32431733, year = {2020}, author = {Popovic, I and Matias, AMA and Bierne, N and Riginos, C}, title = {Twin introductions by independent invader mussel lineages are both associated with recent admixture with a native congener in Australia.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {515-532}, pmid = {32431733}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Introduced species can impose profound impacts on the evolution of receiving communities with which they interact. If native and introduced taxa remain reproductively semi-isolated, human-mediated secondary contact may promote genetic exchange across newly created hybrid zones, potentially impacting native genetic diversity and invasive species spread. Here, we investigate the contributions of recent divergence histories and ongoing (post-introduction) gene flow between the invasive marine mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, and a morphologically indistinguishable and taxonomically contentious native Australian taxon, Mytilus planulatus. Using transcriptome-wide markers, we demonstrate that two contemporary M. galloprovincialis introductions into south-eastern Australia originate from genetically divergent lineages from its native range in the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Europe, where both introductions have led to repeated instances of admixture between introduced and endemic populations. Through increased genome-wide resolution of species relationships, combined with demographic modelling, we validate that mussels sampled in Tasmania are representative of the endemic Australian taxon (M. planulatus), but share strong genetic affinities to M. galloprovincialis. Demographic inferences indicate late-Pleistocene divergence times and historical gene flow between the Tasmanian endemic lineage and northern M. galloprovincialis, suggesting that native and introduced taxa have experienced a period of historical isolation of at least 100,000 years. Our results demonstrate that many genomic loci and sufficient sampling of closely related lineages in both sympatric (e.g. Australian populations) and allopatric (e.g. northern hemisphere Mytilus taxa) ranges are necessary to accurately (a) interpret patterns of intraspecific differentiation and to (b) distinguish contemporary invasive introgression from signatures left by recent divergence histories in high dispersal marine species. More broadly, our study fills a significant gap in systematic knowledge of native Australian biodiversity and sheds light on the intrinsic challenges for invasive species research when native and introduced species boundaries are not well defined.}, }
@article {pmid32431730, year = {2020}, author = {Blakeslee, AMH and Manousaki, T and Vasileiadou, K and Tepolt, CK}, title = {An evolutionary perspective on marine invasions.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {479-485}, pmid = {32431730}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Species distributions are rapidly changing as human globalization increasingly moves organisms to novel environments. In marine systems, species introductions are the result of a number of anthropogenic mechanisms, notably shipping, aquaculture/mariculture, the pet and bait trades, and the creation of canals. Marine invasions are a global threat to human and non-human populations alike and are often listed as one of the top conservation concerns worldwide, having ecological, evolutionary, and social ramifications. Evolutionary investigations of marine invasions can provide crucial insight into an introduced species' potential impacts in its new range, including: physiological adaptation and behavioral changes to exploit new environments; changes in resident populations, community interactions, and ecosystems; and severe reductions in genetic diversity that may limit evolutionary potential in the introduced range. This special issue focuses on current research advances in the evolutionary biology of marine invasions and can be broadly classified into a few major avenues of research: the evolutionary history of invasive populations, post-invasion reproductive changes, and the role of evolution in parasite introductions. Together, they demonstrate the value of investigating marine invasions from an evolutionary perspective, with benefits to both fundamental and applied evolutionary biology at local and broad scales.}, }
@article {pmid32430509, year = {2020}, author = {Steele, CH and King, JR and Boughton, EH and Jenkins, D}, title = {Distribution of the Red Imported Fire Ant Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Central Florida Pastures.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, pages = {956-962}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvaa037}, pmid = {32430509}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Cattle ; Ecosystem ; Florida ; Humans ; Seasons ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Habitat disturbance has been found to facilitate the introduction of a wide range of species, including the red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Despite the link between S. invicta colonization and disturbance, little is known about how different intensities or types of disturbance might impact S. invicta populations. In this study, we used S. invicta populations in cattle pastures to understand how variation in disturbance type and frequency correlates with the density of S. invicta mounds. In total, 56 plots were surveyed for mound abundance during both the wet and dry seasons on a subtropical south Florida ranch. Explanatory variables were grouped into five categories based on disturbance type: 1) historic pasture conversion; 2) modern pasture management (mowing, dragging, chopping, or aerating); 3) grazing intensity (a measure vegetation height and dung pat abundance); 4) distance to human-made and natural localized disturbance (roads, ditches, and wetlands); and 5) abiotic conditions (soil temperature, soil moisture). Overall, the average number of mounds per plot was not significantly different between seasons, but was significantly higher in intensive pastures, which are converted to nonnative forage grasses than in seminative pastures during the dry season. Time since soil disturbance (aeration and chopping of pasture) was a significant predictor of S. invicta densities in both dry and wet seasons, with an increase in time since disturbance being associated with higher mound densities. Other forms of pasture management that did not disturb the soil, such as dragging and mowing, as well as distance to localized disturbances (wetlands, roads, and ditches) were not found to have a significant correlation in either season.}, }
@article {pmid32429803, year = {2020}, author = {Kemp, ME and Mychajliw, AM and Wadman, J and Goldberg, A}, title = {7000 years of turnover: historical contingency and human niche construction shape the Caribbean's Anthropocene biota.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {287}, number = {1927}, pages = {20200447}, pmid = {32429803}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {R35 GM133481/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biota ; Caribbean Region ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The human-mediated movement of species across biogeographic boundaries-whether intentional or accidental-is dramatically reshaping the modern world. Yet humans have been reshaping ecosystems and translocating species for millennia, and acknowledging the deeper roots of these phenomena is important for contextualizing present-day biodiversity loss, ecosystem functioning and management needs. Here, we present the first database of terrestrial vertebrate species introductions spanning the entire anthropogenic history of a system: the Caribbean. We employ this approximately 7000-year dataset to assess the roles of historical contingency and priority effects in shaping present-day community structure and conservation outcomes, finding that serial human colonization events contributed to habitat modifications and species extinctions that shaped the trajectories of subsequent species introductions by other human groups. We contextualized spatial and temporal patterns of species introductions within cultural practices and population histories of Indigenous, colonial and modern human societies, and show that the taxonomic and biogeographic diversity of introduced species reflects diversifying reasons for species introductions through time. Recognition of the complex social and economic structures across the 7000-year human history of the Caribbean provides the necessary context for interpreting the formation of an Anthropocene biota.}, }
@article {pmid32429684, year = {2020}, author = {Wang, S and Cheng, H and Wei, M and Wu, B and Wang, C}, title = {Litter decomposition process dramatically declines the allelopathy of Solidago canadensis L. on the seed germination and seedling growth of Lactuca sativa L.}, journal = {International journal of phytoremediation}, volume = {22}, number = {12}, pages = {1295-1303}, doi = {10.1080/15226514.2020.1765140}, pmid = {32429684}, issn = {1549-7879}, mesh = {Allelopathy ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Germination ; Lactuca ; Seedlings ; Seeds ; *Solidago ; }, abstract = {A variety of invasive alien species (IAS) can trigger distinct allelopathy on the seed germination and seedling growth (SGeSGr) of native plant species (NPS) mainly through the released allelochemicals. However, the decomposition process of IAS litters may affect their allelopathy on SGeSGr of NPS because part of the allelochemicals will be released during the litter decomposition process, especially under heavy metal pollution. This study focuses on the impacts of the litter decomposition process of the notorious IAS Solidago canadensis L. on its allelopathy on SGeSGr of NPS Lactuca sativa L. under cadmium (Cd) pollution. The decomposition process signally declines the allelopathy of S. canadensis litters on SGeSGr of L. sativa likely because partial allelochemicals in S. canadensis litters discharged during the decomposition process. Cd addition noticeably rises the allelopathy of S. canadensis litters on SGeSGr of L. sativa probably because Cd can reduce plant growth largely via the improved lipid membrane permeability and the induced reactive oxygen molecules which is unfavorable to plant cell metabolism. This phenomenon may also be attributed to the weak acid properties of one of the most abundant allelochemicals in S. canadensis litters, i.e., phenolics (particularly polyphenols), can improve the solubility and the toxicity of Cd.}, }
@article {pmid32429218, year = {2020}, author = {Ibáñez-Justicia, A and Smitz, N and den Hartog, W and van de Vossenberg, B and De Wolf, K and Deblauwe, I and Van Bortel, W and Jacobs, F and Vaux, AGC and Medlock, JM and Stroo, A}, title = {Detection of Exotic Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) at International Airports in Europe.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {32429218}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Airports ; Animals ; *Culicidae ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; *Mosquito Vectors ; }, abstract = {In Europe, the air-borne accidental introduction of exotic mosquito species (EMS) has been demonstrated using mosquito surveillance schemes at Schiphol International Airport (Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Based upon these findings and given the increasing volume of air transport movements per year, the establishment of EMS after introduction via aircraft is being considered a potential risk. Here we present the airport surveillance results performed by the Centre for Monitoring of Vectors of the Netherlands, by the Monitoring of Exotic Mosquitoes (MEMO) project in Belgium, and by the Public Health England project on invasive mosquito surveillance. The findings of our study demonstrate the aircraft mediated transport of EMS into Europe from a wide range of possible areas in the world. Results show accidental introductions of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, as well as exotic Anopheles and Mansonia specimens. The findings of Ae. albopictus at Schiphol airport are the first evidence of accidental introduction of the species using this pathway in Europe. Furthermore, our results stress the importance of the use of molecular tools to validate the morphology-based species identifications. We recommend monitoring of EMS at airports with special attention to locations with a high movement of cargo and passengers.}, }
@article {pmid32427845, year = {2020}, author = {Cucchi, T and Papayianni, K and Cersoy, S and Aznar-Cormano, L and Zazzo, A and Debruyne, R and Berthon, R and Bălășescu, A and Simmons, A and Valla, F and Hamilakis, Y and Mavridis, F and Mashkour, M and Darvish, J and Siahsarvi, R and Biglari, F and Petrie, CA and Weeks, L and Sardari, A and Maziar, S and Denys, C and Orton, D and Jenkins, E and Zeder, M and Searle, JB and Larson, G and Bonhomme, F and Auffray, JC and Vigne, JD}, title = {Tracking the Near Eastern origins and European dispersal of the western house mouse.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {8276}, pmid = {32427845}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Archaeology ; Asia, Western ; Cyprus ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Europe, Eastern ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Mice/*classification/genetics ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Radiometric Dating ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The house mouse (Mus musculus) represents the extreme of globalization of invasive mammals. However, the timing and basis of its origin and early phases of dispersal remain poorly documented. To track its synanthropisation and subsequent invasive spread during the develoment of complex human societies, we analyzed 829 Mus specimens from 43 archaeological contexts in Southwestern Asia and Southeastern Europe, between 40,000 and 3,000 cal. BP, combining geometric morphometrics numerical taxonomy, ancient mitochondrial DNA and direct radiocarbon dating. We found that large late hunter-gatherer sedentary settlements in the Levant, c. 14,500 cal. BP, promoted the commensal behaviour of the house mouse, which probably led the commensal pathway to cat domestication. House mouse invasive spread was then fostered through the emergence of agriculture throughout the Near East 12,000 years ago. Stowaway transport of house mice to Cyprus can be inferred as early as 10,800 years ago. However, the house mouse invasion of Europe did not happen until the development of proto urbanism and exchange networks - 6,500 years ago in Eastern Europe and 4000 years ago in Southern Europe - which in turn may have driven the first human mediated dispersal of cats in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid32427390, year = {2020}, author = {Monroy-Vilchis, O and GonzÁlez-Maya, JF and Balbuena-Serrano, &#xc1; and Elvir, F and Zarco-GonzÁlez, MM and RodrÍguez-Soto, C}, title = {Coyote (Canis latrans) in South America: potential routes of colonization.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {471-481}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12446}, pmid = {32427390}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Altitude ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Central America ; *Coyotes ; Ecosystem ; Homing Behavior ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; South America ; }, abstract = {During the last century, the coyote (Canis latrans) has increased its distribution in Central America. Before the 1980s, it had not been recorded in Panama. New records show that coyotes have crossed the Panama Canal, indicating that continues to expand; therefore, there is a possibility that it will reach northern South America. Our objectives were to identify potential coyote colonization routes to South America, and the variables that favor its expansion. We hypothesized that habitat fragmentation benefits coyote expansion. We applied 7 algorithms to model the potential distribution of the coyote, using 196 presence records and 12 variables. The models with better performance were used to generate a consensus model. Using our consensus model and the areas with highest probability of presence, a potential colonization route was generated between Central America and northern South America. This route lies through southern Costa Rica, along the Pacific coast of Panama to the south, to the Andean mountains in northern Colombia. The variables that explained potential coyote distribution were human population density, altitude, and percentage of crops with positive influence, and tropical broadleaf forests with negative influence. These results indicate that human activities and deforestation are related to coyote distribution expansion. Actions can be implemented within the identified route to improve environmental management, in order to avoid the presence of the coyote in the ecosystems of northern South America.}, }
@article {pmid32427383, year = {2020}, author = {Halliday, FW and Heckman, RW and Wilfahrt, PA and Mitchell, CE}, title = {Eutrophication, biodiversity loss, and species invasions modify the relationship between host and parasite richness during host community assembly.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {9}, pages = {4854-4867}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15165}, pmid = {32427383}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {DEB-1015909//National Science Foundation/ ; 2016-67013-25762//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; //UNC/ ; //WC Coker/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Eutrophication ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Parasites ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Host and parasite richness are generally positively correlated, but the stability of this relationship in response to global change remains poorly understood. Rapidly changing biotic and abiotic conditions can alter host community assembly, which in turn, can alter parasite transmission. Consequently, if the relationship between host and parasite richness is sensitive to parasite transmission, then changes in host composition under various global change scenarios could strengthen or weaken the relationship between host and parasite richness. To test the hypothesis that host community assembly can alter the relationship between host and parasite richness in response to global change, we experimentally crossed host diversity (biodiversity loss) and resource supply to hosts (eutrophication), then allowed communities to assemble. As previously shown, initial host diversity and resource supply determined the trajectory of host community assembly, altering post-assembly host species richness, richness-independent host phylogenetic diversity, and colonization by exotic host species. Overall, host richness predicted parasite richness, and as predicted, this effect was moderated by exotic abundance-communities dominated by exotic species exhibited a stronger positive relationship between post-assembly host and parasite richness. Ultimately, these results suggest that, by modulating parasite transmission, community assembly can modify the relationship between host and parasite richness. These results thus provide a novel mechanism to explain how global environmental change can generate contingencies in a fundamental ecological relationship-the positive relationship between host and parasite richness.}, }
@article {pmid32425959, year = {2020}, author = {Asaeda, T and Senavirathna, MDHJ and Vamsi Krishna, L}, title = {Evaluation of Habitat Preferences of Invasive Macrophyte Egeria densa in Different Channel Slopes Using Hydrogen Peroxide as an Indicator.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {422}, pmid = {32425959}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Egeria densa is an often-found invasive species in Japan, which has spread widely in the past two decades in rivers where no macrophytes had previously been found. As a result, these ecosystems have now become dominated by E. densa. The habitat preference for E. densa colony formation was investigated using the tissue concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2: a reactive oxygen species) under varying conditions in rivers and laboratory conditions. The empirical equations that can describe the macrophyte tissue H2O2 formation under various velocity and light conditions were produced. The H2O2 concentrations of dark-adapted plants are proportional to the flow velocity, and the surplus H2O2 concentration in the light-exposed condition corresponded to the photosystems produced H2O2. When the H2O2 concentration exceeds 16 μmol/gFW, plant tissue starts to deteriorate, and biomass declines, indicating the critical values required for long-term survival of the plant. The empirically obtained relationships between flow velocity or light intensity and the analysis of H2O2 concentration for different slopes and depths of channels found that the H2O2 value exceeds the critical H2O2 concentration in channels with above 1/100 at around 0.6 m depth. This agrees with the observed results where colonies were not found in channels with slopes exceeding 1/100, and biomass concentration was the largest at depths of 0.6 to 0.8 m. H2O2 concentration is quite applicable to understanding the macrophyte condition in various kinds of macrophyte management.}, }
@article {pmid32425162, year = {2020}, author = {Pongkijvorasin, S and Wada, CA and Burnett, KM}, title = {Optimal multi-instrument management of interrelated resources and a groundwater dependent ecosystem.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {269}, number = {}, pages = {110723}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110723}, pmid = {32425162}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Groundwater ; Islands ; }, abstract = {We develop and operationalize an integrated groundwater and watershed management model using data from the Kīholo aquifer on the west coast of Hawai'i Island. Results from a numerical simulation suggest that investment in fencing (passive management) is preferred to invasive species removal (active management) if we are limited to selecting a single conservation tool. However, using both instruments jointly increases net present value relative to using either instrument independently in most cases tested, and the additional benefit of invasive species removal increases as water becomes scarcer. The general results are largely insensitive to variations in the invasive species uptake rate and recharge benefits of fencing, and in all cases, use of both instruments reduces the loss resulting from the imposition of a safe minimum standard for groundwater-dependent ecosystems more effectively than either instrument alone.}, }
@article {pmid32424518, year = {2020}, author = {Douek, J and Harbuzov, Z and Galil, BS and Rinkevich, B}, title = {Developing novel microsatellite markers by NGS technology for Rhopilema nomadica, an invasive jellyfish.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {47}, number = {6}, pages = {4821-4825}, pmid = {32424518}, issn = {1573-4978}, support = {211-17-023//Israeli Ministry of Energy/ ; 218-17-009//Israeli Ministry of Energy/ ; }, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Gene Frequency/genetics ; Genetics, Population/methods ; Genotype ; Heterozygote ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods ; Mediterranean Sea ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Scyphozoa/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Twelve microsatellite loci, obtained by whole genome sequencing approach, were developed and validated for the rhizostomatid jellyfish Rhopilema nomadica, the most pernicious invasive species in the Mediterranean Sea. A sample of 40 specimens collected at six locations along the Mediterranean coast of Israel were genotyped and all loci presented suitable outcomes to population genetic studies, revealing 5-19 alleles/locus with clean and reproducible amplifications. Observed and expected heterozygosity ranged 0.0.353 to 0.971 and 0.335 to 0.870, respectively, and the fixation index (inbreeding coefficient) and the polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged between - 0.190 and 0.240 and 0.32 to 0.858, respectively. The new set of microsatellite loci will be used to study long-term changes in the population genetic parameters of this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid32424226, year = {2020}, author = {Cleeland, JB and Pardo, D and Raymond, B and Terauds, A and Alderman, R and McMahon, CR and Phillips, RA and Lea, MA and Hindell, MA}, title = {Introduced species and extreme weather as key drivers of reproductive output in three sympatric albatrosses.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {8199}, pmid = {32424226}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*genetics/*physiology ; Climate ; *Introduced Species ; Rabbits ; Reproduction ; *Sympatry ; *Weather ; }, abstract = {Invasive species present a major conservation threat globally and nowhere are their affects more pronounced than in island ecosystems. Determining how native island populations respond demographically to invasive species can provide information to mitigate the negative effects of invasive species. Using 20 years of mark-recapture data from three sympatric species of albatrosses (black-browed Thalassarche melanophris, grey-headed T. chrysostoma, and light-mantled albatrosses Phoebetria palpebrata), we quantified the influence of invasive European rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus and extreme weather patterns on breeding probability and success. Temporal variability in rabbit density explained 33-76% of the variability in breeding probability for all three species, with severe decreases in breeding probability observed after a lag period following highest rabbit numbers. For black-browed albatrosses, the combination of extreme rainfall and high rabbit density explained 33% of total trait variability and dramatically reduced breeding success. We showed that invasive rabbits and extreme weather events reduce reproductive output in albatrosses and that eliminating rabbits had a positive effect on albatross reproduction. This illustrates how active animal management at a local breeding site can result in positive population outcomes even for wide ranging animals like albatrosses where influencing vital rates during their at-sea migrations is more challenging.}, }
@article {pmid32422476, year = {2020}, author = {Magliozzi, C and Tsiamis, K and Vigiak, O and Deriu, I and Gervasini, E and Cardoso, AC}, title = {Assessing invasive alien species in European catchments: Distribution and impacts.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {732}, number = {}, pages = {138677}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138677}, pmid = {32422476}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) induce changes to community structure and functions which lead to a decline of endemic species and major irreversible changes to the local physical habitat. The distribution and the impacts of multiple freshwater IAS are not well known, and they have not been investigated simultaneously at catchment and at European scales. This study provides an assessment of the distribution and cumulative impact of freshwater IAS over European catchments. IAS occurrences were retrieved from the European Alien Species Information Network geospatial dataset and updated with the most recent records from the literature. The Cumulative Impact Index of Invasive Alien Species (CIMPAL) was derived by aggregating the impacts of species and their occupied area at catchment level by following three steps: i) IAS were scored by both the magnitude of impacts on freshwater ecosystems and the strength of evidence in the literature, ii) scores were mapped over the catchment area, and iii) scores were summed across IAS over the catchment. The distribution of CIMPAL in the river ecological classes of the Water Framework Directive was examined and increasing/decreasing patterns identified across ecological statuses. Results showed strong spatial variation in the documented distribution and impacts of IAS in Europe. Catchments with CIMPAL scores >40 (range 0-55) clustered in Western European countries (e.g. Belgium and France) were characterised by plant, invertebrate and vertebrate IAS that had both a large impact in magnitude and colonisation at local (catchment level) and large scale (across catchments). CIMPAL showed statistically significant and increasing values from high to bad ecological classes in eight countries only (Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, France, Hungary, Italy, Luxemburg, Poland). This study provides comprehensive evidence of the distribution and impact of IAS within freshwater environments that could be used to improve understanding of the ecological pressures at catchment scale.}, }
@article {pmid32419297, year = {2021}, author = {Xing, J and Jia, X and Wang, H and Ma, B and Falcão Salles, J and Xu, J}, title = {The legacy of bacterial invasions on soil native communities.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {669-681}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.15086}, pmid = {32419297}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {B17039//Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project/ ; //KNAW-CSC/ ; 2016YFD0800207//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 41721001//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Escherichia coli O157/*growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Microbial Interactions/*physiology ; Microbiota ; Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Soil microbial communities are often not resistant to the impact caused by microbial invasions, both in terms of structure and functionality, but it remains unclear whether these changes persist over time. Here, we used three strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7), a species used for modelling bacterial invasions, to evaluate the resilience of the bacterial communities from four Chinese soils to invasion. The impact of E. coli O157:H7 strains on soil native communities was tracked for 120 days by analysing bacterial community composition as well as their metabolic potential. We showed that soil native communities were not resistant to invasion, as demonstrated by a decline in bacterial diversity and shifts in bacterial composition in all treatments. The resilience of native bacterial communities (diversity and composition) was inversely correlated with invader's persistence in soils (R[2] = 0.487, p < 0.001). Microbial invasions also impacted the functionality of the soil communities (niche breadth and community niche), the degree of resilience being dependent on soil or native community diversity. Collectively, our results indicate that bacteria invasions can potentially leave a footprint in the structure and functionality of soil communities, indicating the need of assessing the legacy of introducing exotic species in soil environments.}, }
@article {pmid32418215, year = {2020}, author = {Minder, M and Arsenault, ER and Erdenee, B and Pyron, M}, title = {Dietary specificity and overlap in endorheic river fishes: How do native and nonnative species compare?.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, pages = {453-464}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14396}, pmid = {32418215}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//This project was funded by an NSF Macrosystem Biology Grant (1442595) to M. Pyron and 10 Co-PIs/ ; 1442595//NSF Macrosystem Biology/ ; //10 Co-PIs/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cyprinidae ; Diet ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; *Rivers ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; United States ; }, abstract = {The introduction of nonnative species is one of the most critical problems facing freshwater systems today. The rivers of the Great Basin (USA) have been particularly imperilled by nonnative species introductions and represent a valuable location to study the dietary trends of native and nonnative fishes in isolated, endorheic systems. We collected fish from 23 sites, spanning three Great Basin watersheds (Carson, Humboldt and Bear Rivers) and two elevation categories (upland and lowland). Only a single species (speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus) occurred in both elevation zones. Diet item analyses of over 500 fish stomachs indicated significant dietary overlaps between native and nonnative fishes and detailed dietary selectivity for all species. This finding, along with the low species diversity observed in the region, suggests low dietary niche diversity, which could have the potential to amplify the competitive impacts of nonnatives on native species. In upland sites, nonnative trouts were the dominant invaders, while in lowland sites warm-water nonnatives were prevalent. The management implications we recommend based on our results urge for continued monitoring of water temperature and species occurrences to predict if dietary overlaps observed in this study are likely to change in the future. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The Great Basin is an ideal endorheic region to study dietary trends in native and nonnative fishes. These trends are important in predicting competitive interactions among fishes. By looking at the diets of fishes within this region we were able to identify multiple significant overlaps among native and nonnative fishes. These results represent a baseline for future studies in the region as well as being comparable to other regions with similar invasive/native overlaps.}, }
@article {pmid32418111, year = {2020}, author = {Brain, RA and Anderson, JC}, title = {Anthropogenic factors affecting wildlife species status outcomes: why the fixation on pesticides?.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-020-08980-1}, pmid = {32418111}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {Most Americans are at least three generations removed from the farm, thereby at least three generations removed from the reality of where their food comes from. Not surprisingly, there are many misconceptions about modern food production, including the potential collateral environmental damage attributed to agriculture, particularly the application of pesticides. However, the implication of conventional agriculture in the broader narrative of wildlife species status outcomes (SSOs) lacks context and relativity. Since the dawn of civilization, humans have had a profound impact on their environment. Originating as hunter-gatherer societies, our ancient ancestors initially exploited anything that could be consumed or brought to bear. With the advent of the "first proto-farmers," humans began manipulating their environments to maximize available resources. Urban centers propagated and flourished proximal to agricultural origins, where modern societies have been built primarily on an abundance of food. As societies "developed," and continue to develop, an inevitable economic transition occurs from agriculture to industry/service predominance, culminating in a corresponding shift in land use. Developed countries have typically experienced maximal expansion of the agricultural frontier, where farmland is now steadily eroding by a proverbial flood of urban development. In contrast, in developing countries, this shift in economic development has not yet fully manifested and the agricultural footprint continues to expand at the expense of native habitats. Thus, the relative influence of "agriculture" on SSOs, in terms of land use, is primarily dependent on economic developmental status, which can be, at least in part, ameliorated via technology by increasing yield from existing land. Moreover, in addition to the land use challenge, there are multiple other factors affecting wildlife SSOs, including a figurative plague of invasive species, a literal plague of disease, a barrage of buildings, bumpers, grilles, and windshields to collide with, light pollution to confuse cues with, poachers to contend with, and even more complicated factors such as climate change. Being an easy target does not mean pesticides are the right target, and this fixation can potentially detract from public awareness regarding the primary drivers affecting SSOs as well as the opportunity to proactively address them. So, relatively speaking, how do these other factors compare to "pesticides" in terms of driving SSOs? Moreover, why is the popular media so fixated on the pesticide narrative? Based on the available evidence, this manuscript attempts to address these questions from a holistic and relative perspective within the context of land use change, economic development, population growth, and associated implications of global connectivity and commerce.}, }
@article {pmid32417920, year = {2020}, author = {Little, CM and Chapman, TW and Hillier, NK}, title = {Plasticity Is Key to Success of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Invasion.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {32417920}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Climate ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Environment ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {After its initial discovery in California in 2008, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura has become one of the most important invasive agricultural pest insects across climate zones in much of Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. Populations of D. suzukii have demonstrated notable behavioral and physiological plasticity, adapting to diverse environmental and climatic conditions, interspecific competition, novel food sources, and potential predators. This adaptability and plasticity have enabled rapid range expansion and diversified niche use by D. suzukii, making it a species particularly suited to changing habitats and conditions. This article reviews factors and evidence that influence plasticity in D. suzukii and promotes this species' invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid32415152, year = {2020}, author = {Okuyama, MW and Shimozuru, M and Nakai, M and Yamaguchi, E and Fujii, K and Shimada, KI and Ikeda, T and Tsubota, T}, title = {Genetic population structure of invasive raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Hokkaido, Japan: Unique phenomenon caused by pet escape or abandonment.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {8108}, pmid = {32415152}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; *Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Japan ; Male ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeny ; Raccoons/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {Phylogeographic studies can resolve relationships between genetic population structure of organisms and geographical distributions. Raccoons have become feral in Japan, and in Hokkaido island, they have been rapidly increasing in number and spreading since the 1970s. We analyzed mitochondrial (mtDNA) and microsatellite DNA to understand the current phylogenetic distribution and invasive founder events. Overall, Hokkaido raccoons maintained high genetic diversity (i.e., the level of heterozygosity was comparable to the original habitat, North America). Based on mtDNA distribution and microsatellite diversity, Hokkaido raccoons were divided into six management units. However, mtDNA haplotype distributions and genetic structures based on microsatellites did not always correspond to each other (e.g., two geographically and genetically separated populations showed similar mtDNA distributions). In addition, a high degree of genetic admixture was observed in every unit, and the degree of genetic differentiation was low even between regions separated by long distances. Compared with other countries in Europe where genetic distribution of introduced raccoons is more clearly structured, the current results represent a unique and complex phenomenon of pet escape/abandonment in Hokkaido: i.e., genetically related colonies were introduced into multiple regions as founder events, resulting in the current state in which raccoons are not clearly genetically differentiated even 40 years after introduction.}, }
@article {pmid32412049, year = {2020}, author = {Marchioro, M and Battisti, A and Faccoli, M}, title = {Light Traps in Shipping Containers: A New Tool for the Early Detection of Insect Alien Species.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {113}, number = {4}, pages = {1718-1724}, pmid = {32412049}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Commerce ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Insect Control ; Insecta ; Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Insects are one of the most successful groups of invasive species, and the number of new introductions has been increasing in the last decades. Insect invasions are affected mainly by the increase in international trade, as most of them travel across the world inside shipping containers. The effectiveness of sticky light traps was tested for the interception of alien pests inside the containers. The tested hypotheses were that light traps have a valuable broad-spectrum attraction and their trapping performance differs between empty or loaded containers. The optimal trap density in a container was also investigated. Trapping tests were conducted on four model species: Cadra cautella Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae), Sitophilus zeamais, Motschulsky and Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insects were released within a standard shipping container, in either empty or loaded conditions, where sticky light traps were deployed for 15 h. Traps were tested with light on (activated) or off (control). Activated traps captured more Lepidoptera and Diptera than control ones, with no differences between empty and loaded container. Instead, Coleoptera were rarely caught, probably because of their ability to escape from traps. Results show that higher trap density in the container (from 1 to 8) increases the probability of insect capture. In conclusion, positive results on C. cautella and D. melanogaster suggest a possible application of sticky light traps against some small Lepidoptera and Diptera species flying in containers and infesting seeds, grains, and fruits, while traps need improvement for application against beetles.}, }
@article {pmid32411389, year = {2020}, author = {Vaz, FF and Raso, TF and Agius, JE and Hunt, T and Leishman, A and Eden, JS and Phalen, DN}, title = {Opportunistic sampling of wild native and invasive birds reveals a rich diversity of adenoviruses in Australia.}, journal = {Virus evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {veaa024}, pmid = {32411389}, issn = {2057-1577}, abstract = {Little is known about the diversity of adenoviruses in wild birds and how they have evolved and are maintained in complex ecosystems. In this study, 409 samples were collected from woodland birds caught for banding (droppings), birds submitted to a wildlife hospital (droppings and tissues), silver gulls (droppings or tissues), and feral pigeons (Columbia livia; oral, cloacal swabs, or tissues) from the Greater Sydney area in NSW, Australia. Additional samples were from native pigeons and doves (swabs) presented to the Healesville Sanctuary, VIC, Australia. Samples were screened for adenovirus DNA using degenerate primers and polymerase chain reaction. Adenovirus sequences were detected in eighty-three samples representing thirty-five novel amino acid sequences. Fourteen novel sequences were atadenoviruses, seven were aviadenoviruses, twelve were siadenoviruses, and one was a mastadenovirus. Sequences from passerine birds were predominately found to form a single lineage within the atadenoviruses, a second lineage in the siadenoviruses, and a third smaller aviadenovirus lineage. These viruses appeared to have co-evolved with a diverse group of woodland birds that share similar habitat. Evidence for host/virus co-evolution in some viruses and a wide host range in others was observed. A high prevalence of adenovirus infection was found in rainbow lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus), galahs (Eolophus roseicapilla), and sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita). Sequences were either identical to or mapped to already established lineages in the Aviadenovirus, Siadenovirus, and Atadenovirus genera, suggesting a possible origin of the psittacine adenoviruses in ancestral Australian psittacine birds. The sequences of passerine and psittacine origin provided insight into diversity and structure of the Atadenovirus genus and demonstrated for the first-time viruses of passerine origin in the Aviadenovirus genus. Four unrelated adenovirus sequences were found in silver gull samples (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae), including one of pigeon origin, suggesting environmental virus exposure. Three pigeon adenovirus types were detected in feral pigeons and infection prevalence was high. Evidence for host switching between invasive species and native species and native species and invasive species was documented. A variant of a murine adenovirus was detected in kidney tissue from two bird species suggesting mouse to bird transmission.}, }
@article {pmid32411273, year = {2020}, author = {Fenollosa, E and Jené, L and Munné-Bosch, S}, title = {A rapid and sensitive method to assess seed longevity through accelerated aging in an invasive plant species.}, journal = {Plant methods}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {64}, pmid = {32411273}, issn = {1746-4811}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Seed longevity and vigor assessment is crucial for efficient ex situ biodiversity conservation in genebanks but may also have potential applications for the understanding of ecological processes and in situ biodiversity conservation. In fact, one of the factors determining the persistence of invasive species, a main threat to global biodiversity, is the generation of soil seed banks where seeds may remain viable for several years. Artificial seed aging tests using high temperatures and high relative humidity have been described for seed longevity estimation but have been mainly optimized for species with commercial interest. Thus, the aim of the study is to define a rapid and sensitive method to assess seed longevity and vigor through accelerated aging in the worldwide distributed invasive species Carpobrotus edulis to provide tools to biodiversity managers to evaluate invasive potential and develop effective post-eradication plans.<br><br>RESULTS: Slow seed deterioration rate was obtained when C. edulis seeds were subjected to common accelerated aging temperatures (43-45&#xa0;&#xb0;C). This contrasts with the rapid viability decay between 24-72&#xa0;h when seeds were subjected to temperatures superior to 55&#xa0;&#xb0;C, a strong inflection point for this species' thermosensitivity. Relative humidity also played a role in defining seed survival curves, but only at high temperatures, speeding up the deterioration process. The selected aging conditions, 55&#xa0;&#xb0;C at 87% relative humidity were tested over two C. edulis populations and three measures were proposed to parametrize the differential sigmoidal seed survival curves, defining the seed resistance to deterioration (L5, aging time where 95% of seeds maintain their viability), medium longevity (L50, 50% of seeds lose their viability) and lethal aging time (L95, 95% of viability loss).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: An accelerated aging test at 55&#xa0;&#xb0;C and 87% relative humidity constitutes a rapid and sensitive method that can be performed within a working week, allowing managers to easily test seed vigor and longevity. This test may contribute to assess invasive potential, design effective monitoring programs and soil seed bank eradication treatments.}, }
@article {pmid32411270, year = {2020}, author = {Hernández-Brito, D and Blanco, G and Tella, JL and Carrete, M}, title = {A protective nesting association with native species counteracts biotic resistance for the spread of an invasive parakeet from urban into rural habitats.}, journal = {Frontiers in zoology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {13}, pmid = {32411270}, issn = {1742-9994}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Non-native species are often introduced in cities, where they take advantage of microclimatic conditions, resources provided by humans, and competitor/predator release to establish and proliferate. However, native communities in the surrounding rural or natural areas usually halt their spread through biotic resistance, mainly via top-down regulative processes (predation pressure). Here, we show an unusual commensal interaction between exotic and native bird species that favours the spread of the former from urban to rural habitats.<br><br>RESULTS: We show how Monk parakeets Myiopsitta monachus, an invasive species often introduced in cities worldwide, associated for breeding with a much larger, native species (the white stork Ciconia ciconia) to reduce predation risk in central Spain, thus allowing their colonization of rural areas. Parakeets selected stork nests close to conspecifics and where breeding raptors were less abundant. Parakeets always flushed when raptors approached their nests when breeding alone, but stayed at their nests when breeding in association with storks. Moreover, when storks abandoned a nest, parakeets abandoned it in the following year, suggesting that storks actually confer protection against predators.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results show how a protective-nesting association between invasive and native species can counteract biotic resistance to allow the spread of an invasive species across non-urban habitats, where they may become crop pests. Monk parakeet populations are now growing exponentially in several cities in several Mediterranean countries, where they coexist with white storks. Therefore, management plans should consider this risk of spread into rural areas and favour native predators as potential biological controllers.}, }
@article {pmid32409706, year = {2020}, author = {Pili, AN and Tingley, R and Sy, EY and Diesmos, MLL and Diesmos, AC}, title = {Niche shifts and environmental non-equilibrium undermine the usefulness of ecological niche models for invasion risk assessments.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {7972}, pmid = {32409706}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Philippines ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Niche shifts and environmental non-equilibrium in invading alien species undermine niche-based predictions of alien species' potential distributions and, consequently, their usefulness for invasion risk assessments. Here, we compared the realized climatic niches of four alien amphibian species (Hylarana erythraea, Rhinella marina, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, and Kaloula pulchra) in their native and Philippine-invaded ranges to investigate niche changes that have unfolded during their invasion and, with this, assessed the extent of niche conservatism and environmental equilibrium. We investigated how niche changes affected reciprocal transferability of ecological niche models (ENMs) calibrated using data from the species' native and Philippine-invaded ranges, and both ranges combined. We found varying levels of niche change across the species' realized climatic niches in the Philippines: climatic niche shift for H. rugulosus; niche conservatism for R. marina and K. pulchra; environmental non-equilibrium in the Philippine-invaded range for all species; and environmental non-equilibrium in the native range or adaptive changes post-introduction for all species except H. erythraea. Niche changes undermined the reciprocal transferability of ENMs calibrated using native and Philippine-invaded range data. Our paper highlights the difficulty of predicting potential distributions given niche shifts and environmental non-equilibrium; we suggest calibrating ENMs with data from species' combined native and invaded ranges, and to regularly reassess niche changes and recalibrate ENMs as species' invasions progress.}, }
@article {pmid32408656, year = {2020}, author = {Li, HP and Wickham, JD and Bushley, K and Wang, ZG and Zhang, B and Sun, JH}, title = {New Approaches in Urban Forestry to Minimize Invasive Species Impacts: The Case of Xiongan New Area in China.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {32408656}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2018YFC1200400//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; YJ201954//special grant for talent introduction in Hebei Agricultural University/ ; }, abstract = {China is implementing an extensive urban forestry plan in Xiongan New Area (XNA), a new city in Hebei province. The city has been designated to serve Beijing's noncapital functions and promote the integration of the broader Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city-region. As part of a green initiative to minimize environmental impacts and its carbon footprint, a massive urban forestry system has been planned on an unprecedented scale, expected to cover over 600 km[2] by 2030. Using science to inform policy, one major goal is to simultaneously minimize impacts of invasive species, while making urban forests more resilient to potential invasive species threats. In this review, we introduce these urban forestry plans such as basic concepts and principles for afforestation, tree species to be planted, delineation of existing pests already established, and expected forest invasive species of concern threatening the new area. Finally, we introduce a framework for invasive pest management strategies in XNA based on a "big data" approach and decision system to minimize impacts of invasive species. This new approach to urban forestry has the potential to become an exemplary global model for urban forestry planning, one that integrates research activities focused on forest health surveys and monitoring with sustainable forestry management. Finally, we provide an overview of the forest health policy required for the design of an unprecedentedly large new urban forest from initial planning to full implementation of an integrated forest management program.}, }
@article {pmid32408381, year = {2020}, author = {Bonthond, G and Bayer, T and Krueger-Hadfield, SA and Barboza, FR and Nakaoka, M and Valero, M and Wang, G and Künzel, S and Weinberger, F}, title = {How do microbiota associated with an invasive seaweed vary across scales?.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {11}, pages = {2094-2108}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15470}, pmid = {32408381}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Introduced Species ; *Microbiota/genetics ; Rhodophyta/*microbiology ; Seaweed/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Communities are shaped by scale dependent processes. To study the diversity and variation of microbial communities across scales, the invasive and widespread seaweed Agarophyton vermiculophyllum presents a unique opportunity. We characterized pro- and eukaryotic communities associated with this holobiont across its known distribution range, which stretches over the northern hemisphere. Our data reveal that community composition and diversity in the holobiont vary at local but also larger geographic scales. While processes acting at the local scale (i.e., within population) are the main structuring drivers of associated microbial communities, changes in community composition also depend on processes acting at larger geographic scales. Interestingly, the largest analysed scale (i.e., native and non-native ranges) explained variation in the prevalence of predicted functional groups, which could suggest a functional shift in microbiota occurred over the course of the invasion process. While high variability in microbiota at the local scale supports A. vermiculophyllum to be a generalist host, we also identified a number of core taxa. These geographically independent holobiont members imply that cointroduction of specific microbiota may have additionally promoted the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid32408208, year = {2020}, author = {Tang, J and Zhang, S and Zhang, X and Chen, J and He, X and Zhang, Q}, title = {Effects of pyrolysis temperature on soil-plant-microbe responses to Solidago canadensis L.-derived biochar in coastal saline-alkali soil.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {731}, number = {}, pages = {138938}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138938}, pmid = {32408208}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Alkalies ; Charcoal ; Pyrolysis ; *Soil ; *Solidago ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Because salinity of coastal soils is drastically increasing, the application of biochars to saline-alkali soil amendments has attracted considerable attention. Various Solidago-canadensis-L.-derived biochars prepared through pyrolysis from 400 to 600 °C were applied to coastal saline-alkali soil samples to optimise the biochar pyrolysis temperature and investigate its actual ecological responses. All biochars reduced the soil bulk density and exchangeable sodium stress and increased soil water-holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, and organic matter content. Principal-component-analysis results showed that pyrolysis temperature played an important role in the potential application of biochars to improve the coastal saline-alkali soil, mainly contributed to ameliorating exchangeable sodium stress and decreasing biochar-soluble toxic compounds. Furthermore, soil bulk density and organic matter, as well as carboxylic acids, phenolic acids and amines of biochar were major driving factors for bacterial community composition. Compared to low-temperature biochar (pyrolyzed below 550 °C), which showed higher toxicity for Brassica chinensis L. growth due to the higher content of carboxylic acids, phenols and amines, high-temperature biochar (pyrolyzed at or above 550 °C) possessed less amounts of these toxic functional groups, more beneficial soil bacteria and healthier for plant growth. Therefore, high-temperature biochar could be applied as an effective soil amendment to ameliorate the coastal saline-alkali soil with acceptable environmental risk.}, }
@article {pmid32407554, year = {2020}, author = {Goldsmit, J and McKindsey, CW and Schlegel, RW and Stewart, DB and Archambault, P and Howland, KL}, title = {What and where? Predicting invasion hotspots in the Arctic marine realm.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {9}, pages = {4752-4771}, pmid = {32407554}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//Ocean Frontier Institute/ ; //Fisheries and Oceans Canada Strategic Program for Ecosystem-Based Research and Advice/ ; //Nunavik Marine Region Wildlife Board/ ; //Fisheries and Oceans Canada Arctic Science Fund/ ; PKC-NST-1617-0016A//Polar Knowledge Canada/ ; 1516-036//Canadian High Arctic Research Station/ ; //Fisheries and Oceans Canada AIS Monitoring Program Funds/ ; //Fisheries and Oceans Canada/ ; //Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {Arctic Regions ; Canada ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Oceans and Seas ; }, abstract = {The risk of aquatic invasions in the Arctic is expected to increase with climate warming, greater shipping activity and resource exploitation in the region. Planktonic and benthic marine aquatic invasive species (AIS) with the greatest potential for invasion and impact in the Canadian Arctic were identified and the 23 riskiest species were modelled to predict their potential spatial distributions at pan-Arctic and global scales. Modelling was conducted under present environmental conditions and two intermediate future (2050 and 2100) global warming scenarios. Invasion hotspots-regions of the Arctic where habitat is predicted to be suitable for a high number of potential AIS-were located in Hudson Bay, Northern Grand Banks/Labrador, Chukchi/Eastern Bering seas and Barents/White seas, suggesting that these regions could be more vulnerable to invasions. Globally, both benthic and planktonic organisms showed a future poleward shift in suitable habitat. At a pan-Arctic scale, all organisms showed suitable habitat gains under future conditions. However, at the global scale, habitat loss was predicted in more tropical regions for some taxa, particularly most planktonic species. Results from the present study can help prioritize management efforts in the face of climate change in the Arctic marine ecosystem. Moreover, this particular approach provides information to identify present and future high-risk areas for AIS in response to global warming.}, }
@article {pmid32406537, year = {2020}, author = {Gillard, MB and Drenovsky, RE and Thiébaut, G and Tarayre, M and Futrell, CJ and Grewell, BJ}, title = {Seed source regions drive fitness differences in invasive macrophytes.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {107}, number = {5}, pages = {749-760}, pmid = {32406537}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; France ; *Introduced Species ; Seedlings ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: Worldwide, ecosystems are threatened by global changes, including biological invasions. Invasive species arriving in novel environments experience new climatic conditions that can affect their successful establishment. Determining the response of functional traits and fitness components of invasive populations from contrasting environments can provide a useful framework to assess species responses to climate change and the variability of these responses among source populations. Much research on macrophytes has focused on establishment from clonal fragments; however, colonization from sexual propagules has rarely been studied. Our objective was to compare trait responses of plants generated from sexual propagules sourced from three climatic regions but grown under common environmental conditions, using L. peploides subsp. montevidensis as a model taxon.<br><br>METHODS: We grew seedlings to reproductive stage in experimental mesocosms under a mediterranean California (MCA) climate from seeds collected in oceanic France (OFR), mediterranean France (MFR), and MCA.<br><br>RESULTS: Seed source region was a major factor influencing differences among invasive plants recruiting from sexual propagules of L. peploides subsp. montevidensis. Trait responses of young individual recruits from MCA and OFR, sourced from geographically distant and climatically distinct source regions, were the most different. The MCA individuals accumulated more biomass, flowered earlier, and had higher leaf N concentrations than the OFR plants. Those from MFR had intermediate profiles.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: By showing that the closer a seedling is from its parental climate, the better it performs, this study provides new insights to the understanding of colonization of invasive plant species and informs its management under novel and changing environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid32406533, year = {2020}, author = {Rees, MW and Carwardine, J and Reeson, A and Firn, J}, title = {Rapidly assessing cobenefits to advance threat-management alliances.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {843-853}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13490}, pmid = {32406533}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Australia ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Endangered Species ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Conservation strategies aimed at reducing threats to biodiversity can have significant implications for multiple sectors in a socioeconomic system, but these cobenefits are often poorly understood. For example, many of the threats to native species also impede agricultural production, yet agriculture is typically perceived as in competition with conservation objectives. Although a comprehensive, multiobjective decision analysis is usually beyond the scope and capacity of conservation decision makers, failing to incorporate key socioeconomic costs and benefits into conservation decision-making processes can result in missed opportunities for diversifying outcomes and creating cost-sharing multisectoral partnerships. We devised a straightforward and readily interpretable approach to incorporate cobenefits into a threat-management prioritization approach. We used it to analyze the agricultural cobenefits of implementing 9 invasive animal management strategies designed to ensure the persistence of 148 threatened species across Australia's Lake Eyre Basin over 50 years. A structured elicitation process with 24 participants (scientists, land managers, agriculturalists, and other stakeholders) was used to collect information on each strategy, including costs, technical and social feasibility, benefits to native threatened species, and cobenefits to agricultural production systems. The costs of targeted invasive animal management to save threatened species across the basin (AU$33 million/year) outweighed the overall benefits to the agricultural industry (estimated AU$226 million/year). The return on investment for these management strategies varied substantially when agricultural cobenefits were considered alongside threatened species benefits and showed synergies and challenges. Our approach demonstrates the value of incorporating cobenefits of conservation actions into cost-effectiveness analyses to guide potential investment and partnerships and to diversify implementation pathways.}, }
@article {pmid32405747, year = {2020}, author = {Bálsamo Crespo, E and Pereyra, PJ and Silvestro, A and Hidalgo, K and Bulus Rossini, G}, title = {Acute Toxicity of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] to the Golden Mussel Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker 1857).}, journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {104}, number = {6}, pages = {748-754}, doi = {10.1007/s00128-020-02854-5}, pmid = {32405747}, issn = {1432-0800}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Biological Monitoring/*methods ; Body Size ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; *Introduced Species ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Metals, Heavy/*toxicity ; Mytilidae/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Seawater/chemistry ; Toxicity Tests, Acute ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {In this study we test the sensitivity of three sizes of golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei), an introduced species in Argentina, to a 96-h exposure to [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]. We also analysed the relative sensitivity of L. fortunei compared to other freshwater bivalve equivalent sensitivity data. The ANOVA results showed that both factors, heavy metal and size, had significant effects (p = 0.0013 and p = 0.0091, respectively) on the mortality of the golden mussel. Tukey's test showed significant differences for [Formula: see text] treatment and the smallest size class (7 mm [Formula: see text]). The relative sensitivity analysis showed that [Formula: see text] values for the smallest size class of L. fortunei exposed to [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] were in the low range, with values of 11.40 mg/L and 12.65 mg/L, respectively. In the case of [Formula: see text] (1.66 mg/L), its [Formula: see text] was in the medium-low range of the freshwater bivalve sensitivity distribution.}, }
@article {pmid32404513, year = {2020}, author = {Fu, N and Wang, M and Wang, L and Luo, Y and Ren, L}, title = {Genome Sequencing and Analysis of the Fungal Symbiont of Sirex noctilio, Amylostereum areolatum: Revealing the Biology of Fungus-Insect Mutualism.}, journal = {mSphere}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {32404513}, issn = {2379-5042}, mesh = {Animals ; Basidiomycota/*genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Genome, Fungal ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/*genetics ; Larva/genetics/physiology ; Phylogeny ; *Symbiosis ; Wasps/*microbiology ; *Whole Genome Sequencing ; }, abstract = {Amylostereum areolatum is the symbiotic fungus of the Eurasian woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, a globally invasive species. The mutualistic symbiont is associated with the woodwasp, assisting the damage process and providing nutrition for its insect partners. Colonization and growth of A. areolatum have essential impacts on the development and spread of S. noctilio, though the mechanism of interaction between the two has been poorly described. In this study, the first genome of this symbiotic fungus was sequenced, assembled, and annotated. The assembled A. areolatum genome was 57.5 Mb (54.51% GC content) with 15,611 protein-coding genes. We identified 580 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), 661 genes associated with pathogen-host interactions, and 318 genes encoding transport proteins in total. The genome annotation revealed 10 terpene/phytoene synthases responsible for terpenoid biosynthesis, which could be classified into three clades. Terpene synthase gene clusters in clade II were conserved well across Russulales. In this cluster, genes encoding mevalonate kinase (MK), EGR12 (COG1557), and nonplant terpene cyclases (cd00687) were the known biosynthesis and regulatory genes. Genome sequence analysis of this fungus would prove the possibility of A. areolatum volatiles affecting the host selection of S. noctilio on a molecular basis. We further clarified that A. areolatum was a strict obligate symbiotic fungus. The wasps might protect the fungus before it was introduced into a suitable host substrate by oviposition, while the fungus would provide S. noctilio with a suitable environment and nutrients for the larval growth. These results would lay a foundation for our understanding of the mechanism of this entomogenous symbiosis.IMPORTANCESirex noctilio (F.), together with Amylostereum areolatum, a wood-decaying symbiotic fungus, causes severe damage to Pinus species worldwide. In China, it causes extensive death of Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica). There is an obligate dependency mutualism between the woodwasp and its fungus. Studies have suggested that the fungal growth rate affected the size of the wasps: larger adults emerged from sites with a higher fungus growth rate. This genome is the first reported genome sequence of a woodwasp symbiotic fungus. Genome sequence analysis of this fungus would prove the possibility of A. areolatum volatiles affecting the host selection of S. noctilio on a molecular basis. We further clarified that A. areolatum was a strict obligate symbiotic fungus and that it would provide S. noctilio with a suitable environment and with nutrients for the larval growth. These results would lay a foundation for our understanding of the mechanism of this entomogenous symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid32403314, year = {2020}, author = {Monti, MM and Ruocco, M and Grobbelaar, E and Pedata, PA}, title = {Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Lema bilineata (Germar), a New Alien Invasive Leaf Beetle for Europe, with Notes on the Related Species Lema daturaphila Kogan &amp; Goeden.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {32403314}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {URCOFI Project//Regione Campania/ ; the Department of Science and Innovation and the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development//Agricultural Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {Lema bilineata (Germar) is an alien invasive leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) first recorded in Europe in the summer of 2017 in the province of Naples (Campania, Italy). It occurs on both cultivated plants (Nicotiana tabacum) and weeds (Salpichroa origanifolia and Datura spp.). Information on morphological characters, color variation and molecular data are deficient for L. bilineata, as is the case for most Lema species. These data could be useful to discriminate between this species and the closely related Lema daturaphila Kogan &amp; Goeden, which has the same potential to become an alien invasive species. In this paper, color variation in adults and the morphology of the aedeagi and spermathecae of the two species are documented and compared, including micrographic images. Additional data on the current distribution of L. bilineata in Campania is also provided. The cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) barcoding region of both Italian and South African specimens of L. bilineata, as well as South African specimens of L. daturaphila, was sequenced. A preliminary phylogenetic tree is provided, based on the sequences available for Lema species.}, }
@article {pmid32402962, year = {2020}, author = {Gomes-Silva, G and Cyubahiro, E and Wronski, T and Riesch, R and Apio, A and Plath, M}, title = {Water pollution affects fish community structure and alters evolutionary trajectories of invasive guppies (Poecilia reticulata).}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {730}, number = {}, pages = {138912}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138912}, pmid = {32402962}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Male ; *Poecilia ; Rwanda ; Water Pollution ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic habitat alterations have the potential to affect both, ecological dynamics of communities and populations, as well as evolutionary processes within populations. Invasive species may benefit from anthropogenic disturbance, such as water pollution, to which they sometimes seem more resistant than native ones. They also allow investigating evolutionary divergence among populations occurring along pollution gradients. We assessed fish communities at 55 sampling sites in the degraded and heavily overstocked Mutara Rangelands of north-eastern Rwanda (upper Nile drainage), which receive pollution from domestic wastewater and cattle dung. Diverse fish communities became apparent that included invasive guppies (Poecilia reticulata, Poeciliidae), and canonical correspondence analyses found significant differentiation of community structures along several environmental parameters (condensed into principal components), including pollution-effects. As predicted, generalized linear models found guppies to have a higher likelihood of occurrence at polluted sites. Local abundances of guppies, however, decreased at polluted sites. Since guppies are color-polymorphic, and color patterns have a heritable basis, they allow inferences regarding both pollution-induced suppression of male ornamentation (e.g., through xenestrogens) and evolutionary population divergence. We thus quantified different ornament types (numbers and percent body surface cover). ANCOVAs uncovered several weak (based on effect strengths), but statistically significant pollution-effects and interactions with other environmental parameters. The direction of several interaction effects was similar for blue/black and red/orange ornaments, while white/iridescent ornaments responded dissimilarly. As responses differed between ornament types, they likely reflect evolutionary divergence due to site-specific alterations of selective regimes rather than developmental inhibition of male secondary sexual characters. We propose that pollution affects local fitness landscapes resulting, e.g., from predation and mate competition (as a function of local abundances), altogether driving evolutionary divergence of sexually selected traits. This study highlights how human activities not only impact ecological dynamics, but-mediated by altered Eco-Evo dynamics-might change the evolutionary trajectories of populations.}, }
@article {pmid32402871, year = {2020}, author = {Lapointe, D and Pelletier, M and Paradis, Y and Armellin, A and Verreault, J and Champoux, L and Desrosiers, M}, title = {Trophic transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a recently modified freshwater food web from the St. Lawrence River, Canada.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {255}, number = {}, pages = {126877}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126877}, pmid = {32402871}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Canada ; Charadriiformes ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes ; *Food Chain ; Fresh Water ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/*analysis ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; Perches ; Rivers ; Wastewater/chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Introduction of invasive species can have a profound impact on food web structure and therefore on trophic transfer of contaminants. In the St. Lawrence River (Canada), 20 years after its first detection in the system, invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) has become the main prey for several piscivorous species. To evaluate the accumulation, trophic transfer, and the ecological risk of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in this recently modified freshwater food web, samples of sediment, invertebrates, fish and aquatic bird eggs and plasma were collected. Sampling sites were located upstream and at two locations downstream of the Montreal wastewater treatment plant outfall. The results suggest that the influence of the WWTP effluent on PBDEs concentrations varied among the various compartments of this recently modified freshwater food web. The results also suggest that although predatory fish have switched to consuming round goby as a prey item instead of native yellow perch, this new feeding behaviour is not expected to have important impacts on the level of transfer of PBDE within this food web. The biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) ranged from 0.6 to 436, whereas biomagnification factors (BMFs) varied between 0.2 and 475. Despite our conservative method of risk assessment, we calculated an important risk for piscivorous fish and gull eggs within this study area.}, }
@article {pmid32401338, year = {2020}, author = {Anderson, AB and da Silva, JP and Sorvilo, R and Francini, CLB and Floeter, SR and Barreiros, JP}, title = {Population expansion of the invasive Pomacentridae Chromis limbata (Valenciennes, 1833) in southern Brazilian coast: long-term monitoring, fundamental niche availability and new records.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, pages = {362-373}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14365}, pmid = {32401338}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {CNPq 475367/2006-5//CNPq/ ; //ECOPERE-SE Project/ ; PROFIX program N&#xba; 10/2018 - T.O.: 348/2018//FAPES/ ; Biodiversidade Marinha do Estado de Santa Catarina Project PI: A.L. FAPESC 4302/2010-8//FAPESC/ ; SISBIOTA-Mar project PI: S.R.F. CNPq 563276/2010-0; FAPESC 6308/2011-8//FAPESC/CNPq/ ; MAArE Project//Petrobras (BR)/ ; //King Abdullah University of Science and Technology/ ; //Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; }, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Brazil ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Human-mediated species invasions are recognized as a leading cause of global biotic homogenization and extinction. Studies on colonization events since early stages, establishment of new populations and range extension are scarce because of their rarity, difficult detection and monitoring. Chromis limbata is a reef-associated and non-migratory marine fish from the family Pomacentridae found in depths ranging between 3 and 45 m. The original distribution of the species encompassed exclusively the eastern Atlantic, including the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. It is also commonly reported from West Africa between Senegal and Pointe Noire, Congo. In 2008, vagrant individuals of C. limbata were recorded off the east coast of Santa Catarina Island, South Brazil (27° 41' 44″ S, 48° 27' 53″ W). This study evaluated the increasing densities of C. limbata populations in Santa Catarina State shoreline. Two recent expansions, northwards to São Paulo State and southwards to Rio Grande do Sul State, are discussed, and a niche model of maximum entropy (MaxEnt) was performed to evaluate suitable C. limbata habitats. Brazilian populations are established and significantly increasing in most sites where the species has been detected. The distributional boundaries predicted by the model are clearly wider than their known range of occurrence, evidencing environmental suitability in both hemispheres from areas where the species still does not occur. Ecological processes such as competition, predation and specially habitat selectivity may regulate their populations and overall distribution range. A long-term monitoring programme and population genetics studies are necessary for a better understanding of this invasion and its consequences to natural communities.}, }
@article {pmid32398761, year = {2020}, author = {Patil, M and Kumar, A and Kumar, P and Cheema, NK and Kaur, R and Bhatti, R and Singh, AN}, title = {Comparative litter decomposability traits of selected native and exotic woody species from an urban environment of north-western Siwalik region, India.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {7888}, pmid = {32398761}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {492/(CSIR-UGC NET JUNE 2017)//University Grants Commission (University Grants Commission India)/International ; 507/(OBC)(CSIR-UGC NET DEC. 2016)//University Grants Commission (University Grants Commission India)/International ; }, abstract = {Exotic plants can potentially modify ecosystem functions like cycling of nutrients by adjusting their decomposition rates. However, these effects are largely unknown for urban ecosystems, though they act as reservoirs of exotic plants. The present study evaluated the decomposition rates of five native and five exotic (three invasive and two non-invasive) species by conducting the litter bag experiment. Our study, however, did not find any significant differences in overall decomposition rates of native and exotic species but decomposition rates were strongly correlated with initial chemical quality of the litter. Further, litter carbon, lignin to nitrogen ratio and carbon to nitrogen ratio seemed to be good predictors for decomposition rates in this study. Interestingly, invasive exotic species had higher decomposition rate while non-invasive exotic species showed a slower rate as compared to the native species. In conclusion, our study indicates that invasive exotic plants try to maintain a higher chemical quality of litter than native and non-invasive exotic species which promotes their rapid decomposition. Thus, the better chemical quality of litter may facilitate the naturalisation and invasion of exotic plants irrespective of their origin.}, }
@article {pmid32397374, year = {2020}, author = {Li, H and Qu, W and Obrycki, JJ and Meng, L and Zhou, X and Chu, D and Li, B}, title = {Optimizing Sample Size for Population Genomic Study in a Global Invasive Lady Beetle, Harmonia Axyridis.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {32397374}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {31570389//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Finding optimal sample sizes is critical for the accurate estimation of genetic diversity of large invasive populations. Based on previous studies, we hypothesized that a minimal sample size of 3-8 individuals is sufficient to dissect the population architecture of the harlequin lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis, a biological control agent and an invasive alien species. Here, equipped with a type IIB endonuclease restriction site-associated (2b-RAD) DNA sequencing approach, we identified 13,766 and 13,929 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), respectively, among native and invasive H. axyridis populations. With this information we simulated populations using a randomly selected 3000 SNPs and a subset of individuals. From this simulation we finally determined that six individuals is the minimum sample size required for the accurate estimation of intra- and inter-population genetic diversity within and across H. axyridis populations. Our findings provide an empirical advantage for population genomic studies of H. axyridis in particular and suggest useful tactics for similar studies on multicellular organisms in general.}, }
@article {pmid32396814, year = {2020}, author = {Crowley, SL and Cecchetti, M and McDonald, RA}, title = {Our Wild Companions: Domestic cats in the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, pages = {477-483}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2020.01.008}, pmid = {32396814}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Domestic ; Animals, Wild ; Cats ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Human-Animal Bond ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Cats share a long history with humans but are remarkable among domesticated species in largely retaining behavioural and reproductive independence from people. In many societies, the cat maintains liminal status as both a domestic and a wild animal. An adaptive push-and-pull between wild and domestic traits corresponds with dual roles as companions and pest controllers, and with conflicted treatment in husbandry, management, law, and public discourse. To move forward, we must proceed by understanding that cats are not exclusively pets or pests, but both a central component of human societies and an important, often adverse, influence on ecosystems. Developing a collaborative 'companion animal ecology', in which human-animal domestic relations link to ecological processes, will enable sustainable management of this wild companionship.}, }
@article {pmid32396806, year = {2020}, author = {Herren, CM}, title = {Disruption of cross-feeding interactions by invading taxa can cause invasional meltdown in microbial communities.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {287}, number = {1927}, pages = {20192945}, pmid = {32396806}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Biota ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; }, abstract = {The strength of biotic interactions within an ecological community affects the susceptibility of the community to invasion by introduced taxa. In microbial communities, cross-feeding is a widespread type of biotic interaction that has the potential to affect community assembly and stability. Yet, there is little understanding of how the presence of cross-feeding within a community affects invasion risk. Here, I develop a metabolite-explicit model where native microbial taxa interact through both cross-feeding and competition for metabolites. I use this model to study how the strength of biotic interactions, especially cross-feeding, influence whether an introduced taxon can join the community. I found that stronger cross-feeding and competition led to much lower invasion risk, as both types of biotic interactions lead to greater metabolite scarcity for the invader. I also evaluated the impact of a successful invader on community composition and structure. The effect of invaders on the native community was greatest at intermediate levels of cross-feeding; at this 'critical' level of cross-feeding, successful invaders generally cause decreased diversity, decreased productivity, greater metabolite availability, and decreased quantities of metabolites exchanged among taxa. Furthermore, these changes resulting from a successful primary invader made communities further susceptible to future invaders. The increase in invasion risk was greatest when the network of metabolite exchange between taxa was minimally redundant. Thus, this model demonstrates a case of invasional meltdown that is mediated by initial invaders disrupting the metabolite exchange networks of the native community.}, }
@article {pmid32392151, year = {2020}, author = {Zhao, Z and Yuan, L and Li, W and Tian, B and Zhang, L}, title = {Re-invasion of Spartina alterniflora in restored saltmarshes: Seed arrival, retention, germination, and establishment.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {266}, number = {}, pages = {110631}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110631}, pmid = {32392151}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {China ; *Ecosystem ; Germination ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; Seeds ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The invasive plant Spartina alterniflora presents a serious threat to the saltmarsh ecosystems in the Yangtze Estuary. Various measures have been implemented to control S. alterniflora and restore the natural saltmarshes in this area. However, many saltmarsh restoration activities often fail partly because of recursions of this invasive plant. In this study, we investigated the re-invasion of S. alterniflora in a restored saltmarsh in the Chongming Dongtan National Nature Reserve by analysing the aspects of seed arrival, retention, germination, and establishment, to better understand the potential factors that may influence the re-invasion of restored saltmarshes. The results showed that 1) tidal currents dispersed the seeds from the possible source area to the restored saltmarsh and adjacent mudflat. The spatio-temporal dynamics of arrived seeds were shown to vary greatly depending on the intertidal geomorphology, vegetation, and hydrodynamic processes. 2) Seed retention in the re-invaded area was shown to be greatly influenced by burial depth, and moderate sedimentation rates provided safe sites for the retention of arrived seeds. 3) Only when both the burial depth and inundation duration below certain thresholds, the retained seeds could germinate and establish in the recipient habitats successfully. The results from this study highlight that control efforts and the management of S. alterniflora should not only focus on the re-invaded areas of restored saltmarshes, but also on the possible source areas of re-invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid32392135, year = {2020}, author = {Carlier, J and Davis, E and Ruas, S and Byrne, D and Caffrey, JM and Coughlan, NE and Dick, JTA and Lucy, FE}, title = {Using open-source software and digital imagery to efficiently and objectively quantify cover density of an invasive alien plant species.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {266}, number = {}, pages = {110519}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110519}, pmid = {32392135}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Remote Sensing Technology ; Software ; }, abstract = {The most commonly used method for measuring vegetation cover is visual estimation, which is highly subjective, potentially leading to measurement errors. This poses serious implications to the assessment and continued management of plant species cover, for example in the control of invasive plant species. Morphological analysis of digital imagery has, to date, been primarily applied in the classification of landscape features. Our novel application of morphological image analysis provides an objective method for detection and accurate cover assessment of an invasive alien plant species (IAS), giving reduced measurement errors when compared to visual estimation. Importantly, this method is entirely based on free software. Guidos Toolbox is a collection of generic raster image processing routines, including Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA), which classifies and quantifies features according to shape. MSPA was employed in this study to detect and quantify cover of invasive Petasites pyrenaicus (Winter heliotrope) in digital images of 1 m × 1 m plots. Its efficacy was compared to that of two other methods- GIS Digitisation (used as an accurate baseline) and Visual Estimation (standard method). We tested the limit of MSPA usability on images of varying complexity, i.e. "simple", intermediate" or "complex", depending on presence/absence of other vascular plant species and the species richness of plot. Our results show good agreement between all three methods. MSPA measurement of P. pyrenaicus cover was most closely aligned with the GIS Digitisation (concordance correlation coefficients of 0.966). Visual Estimation was less closely aligned with GIS Digitisation (concordance correlation coefficients of 0.888). However, image complexity resulted in differing levels of agreement; with the closest agreement being achieved between MSPA and GIS Digitisation when used on images of lower and higher complexity. MSPA consistently provides higher accuracy and precision for P. pyrenaicus cover measurement than the standard Visual Estimation method. Our methodology is applicable to a range of focal vegetation species, both herbaceous and graminoid. Future application of MSPA for larger-scale surveying and monitoring via remote sensing is discussed, potentially reducing resource demands and increasing cover measurement consistency and accuracy. We recommend this method forms part of vegetation management toolkits for not only environmental managers, but for anyone concerned with plant cover assessment, from agricultural systems to sustainable resource use.}, }
@article {pmid32391153, year = {2020}, author = {Seewagen, CL and Slayton, EJ and Smith Pagano, S}, title = {Physiological indicators of habitat quality for a migratory songbird breeding in a forest invaded by non-native Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii).}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {coaa037}, pmid = {32391153}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Non-native, invasive plants can impact birds by altering food sources, nesting substrates and other critical resources. Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) is one of the most invasive, non-native woody plants in in the northeastern USA, and yet almost nothing is known about its effects on birds or other wildlife. To investigate individual-level impacts of Japanese barberry on a forest-breeding bird, we compared food abundance (leaf-litter arthropod biomass) and the physiological condition of territorial male ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapilla) between areas of a forest preserve in New York State that had high or low densities of Japanese barberry. We used haemoglobin and plasma triglyceride concentrations to indicate energetic condition, plasma uric acid and total plasma protein levels to indicate diet quality, and heterophil to lymphocyte ratios to indicate chronic stress. We found no difference in arthropod biomass between ovenbird territories that were heavily invaded by or relatively free of Japanese barberry. Perhaps largely as a result, we found no relationship between Japanese barberry density and any of our five haematological condition indices. There was also no difference in body mass, body size or age ratio between ovenbirds nesting in areas with low or high densities of Japanese barberry to suggest that relatively uninvaded forest patches were in greater demand and acquired by the most dominant individuals. Our results indicate that Japanese barberry does not reduce habitat quality for breeding male ovenbirds in a way that affects their prey abundance or physiological condition, but we caution that other species of birds and other aspects of habitat quality could be affected differently. We encourage future research on additional bird species and the effects of Japanese barberry on factors such as diet composition, pairing and nesting success and post-fledging survival to improve science-based decision-making about the extent to which conservation resources should be applied towards Japanese barberry control.}, }
@article {pmid32391044, year = {2020}, author = {Xia, L and Geng, Q and An, S}, title = {Rapid Genetic Divergence of an Invasive Species, Spartina alterniflora, in China.}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {284}, pmid = {32391044}, issn = {1664-8021}, abstract = {Hundreds of plants and half a kilogram of seeds of Spartina alterniflora, which were collected from Morehead City in North Carolina, Sapelo Island in Georgia, and Tampa Bay in Florida, were introduced to China in 1979. However, according to documented records, S. alterniflora from different origins were introduced to different areas when the species was first introduced to the coastal areas of China in the 1980s. In order to understand the relationship between the invasive S. alterniflora populations of China and the native S. alterniflora populations of the United States, and whether the genetic structure and genetic diversity of the invasive populations of China were affected by different introductions in the 1980s, molecular markers were used to determine the levels of gene flow and its effect on population differentiation. A total of 715 samples of S. alterniflora were collected from nine invasive populations in China and nine native populations from the United States. The genetic diversity and genetic structure of invasive and native populations were compared using microsatellite markers. The heterozygosity of Chinese invasive populations of S. alterniflora (HO = 0.538, HE = 0.725) were similar with those of native populations (HO = 0.530, HE = 0.744), which may attribute to its multiple introductions with the multisource populations from different geographic areas of the United States. However, the lower allelic diversities of Chinese invasive populations were detected, which may be due to the founder effect, or the bottleneck, which supports the theory that the allelic diversity is more sensitive to population bottlenecks than heterozygosity. The results of the STRUCTURE analysis among all sampling sites showed that the value of ΔK was largest when K = 2, which indicated that the invasive S. alterniflora populations in China had completed differentiated from the native populations of the United States. This may be because of admixture and hybridization of three non-overlapping original populations, or the postintroduction rapid evolution in China, and reproductive isolation under long-term geographic isolation. There was significant differentiation among invasive populations, which was mainly affected by different human-mediated introductions in 1980s. Significant genetic structure (K = 7) and high genetic differentiation (Fst = 0.30193) were detected in Chinese invasive populations, which may due to the low natural gene flow among populations. The genetic structure of the invasive populations in China was still affected by the human-mediated introductions in the 1980s, and the different initial introductions might promote differentiation among the invasive populations. In fact, the human-mediated long-distance dispersal should take the most of responsibility for the rapid spread of S. alterniflora along the coast of China. Multisource introductions of S. alterniflora are perhaps helpful for local adaptation but itself cannot cause rapid spread along the whole coast of China. Meanwhile, we suggest that the prevention of gene exchange among populations of S. alterniflora is the first and most important step in the control of the species on the coast of China, because admixture and hybridization of isolated populations might generate new heterosis and increase the difficulty of managing S. alterniflora in China.}, }
@article {pmid32390746, year = {2020}, author = {Wesener, T and Anilkumar, PA}, title = {The millipedes collected by the Museum "La Specola" on Madagascar 1989/1991, with the description of three new species of giant pill-millipedes (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {930}, number = {}, pages = {3-35}, pmid = {32390746}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {A large collection of millipedes (Diplopoda) from Madagascar, belonging to the Museum "La Specola" in Florence, Italy were investigated. The collection includes three new species of the giant pill-millipede genus Zoosphaerium Pocock, 1895 which are described here as Zoosphaerium mangabe Wesener, sp. nov., Z. bartolozzii Anilkumar &amp; Wesener, sp. nov., and Z. taitii Anilkumar &amp; Wesener, sp. nov., all belonging to the Z. coquerelianum species group. The latter two are currently only known from a single site. Other specimens belonging to eight orders (Polyxenida, Sphaerotheriida, Polyzoniida, Siphonophorida, Chordeumatida, Polydesmida, Spirobolida, and Spirostreptida) are listed. Three tropical tramp species, Pseudospirobolellus avernus (Butler, 1876), Glyphiulus granulatus Gervais, 1847, and Chondromorpha xanthotricha (Attems, 1898) are recorded for the first time from Madagascar. New locality data is provided for Zoosphaerium neptunus (Butler, 1872), Z. villosum Wesener &amp; Sierwald, 2005, Z. blandum (de Saussure &amp; Zehntner, 1897), Sphaeromimus musicus (de Saussure &amp; Zehntner, 1897), Rhinotus purpureus (Pocock, 1894), Hylekobolus andasibensis Wesener, 2009, Aphistogoniulus infernalis Wesener, 2009, Ostinobolus rufus Wesener, 2009, Ostinobolus subterraneus Wesener, 2009, Dactylobolus bivirgatus (Karsch, 1881), and Eumekius antimena (de Saussure &amp; Zehntner, 1901).}, }
@article {pmid32388375, year = {2020}, author = {Sánchez-Pérez, A and Oliva-Paterna, FJ and Colin, N and Torralva, M and Górski, K}, title = {Functional response of fish assemblage to multiple stressors in a highly regulated Mediterranean river system.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {730}, number = {}, pages = {138989}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138989}, pmid = {32388375}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Fishes ; *Rivers ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Mediterranean rivers are characterised by strong environmental constrains and species-poor, highly endemic fish fauna. In Europe, these systems are exposed to multiple stressors due to extensive human activities. Studies on the effects of some stressors on riverine fish are available but complex responses of fish assemblages to interplay of flow alteration with physical habitat changes and invasive species have not been evaluated up to date. This study analysed the response of functional diversity of fish assemblages to multiple stressors in the Segura River system in the southern Spain. Fish assemblages were sampled in 16 sites in two consecutive periods (2009-2010 and 2013-2015). Subsequently, we assessed the responses of functional specialisation, originality and entropy (based on nine functional traits and abundances) as well as species richness and abundance to interplay of flow regime alteration and ecological status, fragmentation as well as non-native species abundance across spatial and temporal scales. The governing role of flow regime in structuring fish assemblage was superimposed on physical habitat changes, water quality deterioration and fragmentation as well as the presence of non-native fish species. We found an increase of species richness and abundance but decrease of functional specialisation and originality in river reaches with high level of base flow and more stable hydrological conditions. Opposite pattern was observed in reaches with severe reduction of base flow and marked inversion in the seasonal pattern of high and low flows. We postulate that the use of tools that consider the functional identity of the species as method to assess the effects of environmental alterations on fish biodiversity could improve conservation measures for Mediterranean fish fauna. Furthermore, design flows that mimic natural flow regime patterns characteristic for Mediterranean rivers are a promising tool to provide environmental conditions that would favour native fish within the assemblage and benefit their conservation.}, }
@article {pmid32388370, year = {2020}, author = {Dragun, Z and Krasnići, N and Ivanković, D and Filipović Marijić, V and Mijošek, T and Redžović, Z and Erk, M}, title = {Comparison of intracellular trace element distributions in the liver and gills of the invasive freshwater fish species, Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio Bloch, 1782).}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {730}, number = {}, pages = {138923}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138923}, pmid = {32388370}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; Fresh Water ; Gills ; Introduced Species ; Liver ; Trace Elements ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; }, abstract = {Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) is an invasive freshwater fish known for its high tolerance to aquatic pollution. Our aim was to try to clarify its tolerance to increased exposure to metals/nonmetals, by determining their cytosolic distributions among peptides/proteins of different molecular masses (MM), which form a part of the fish protective mechanisms. The applied approach consisted of fractionation of gill and hepatic cytosols of Prussian carp from the Croatian river Ilova by size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography, whereas Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mo, and Se analyses were done by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results indicated high detoxification of Cd by its binding to metallothioneins (MTs) in both fish organs. In addition, binding to MTs was observed for Cu in both organs and for Zn in the liver, whereas clear Zn binding to MTs in the gills was not recorded. Zinc in the gills was predominantly bound to proteins of higher MM (50-250 kDa) and to biomolecules of MM below 2 kDa. Predominant Fe binding to proteins of MM of ~400 kDa (presumably storage protein ferritin) was observed in the liver, whereas in the gills Fe was mainly associated to proteins of MM of ~15-65 kDa (presumably hemoglobin oligomers). Maximum Mo and Se elutions in the liver were noted at 235 kDa and 141 kDa, respectively, and in the gills below 10 kDa. The striking difference was observed between two organs of Prussian carp, with predominant metal/nonmetal binding to high MM proteins (e.g., enzymes, storage proteins) in the liver, and to very low MM biomolecules (<10 kDa) in the gills (e.g., antioxidants, metallochaperones, nonprotein cofactors). Such metal/nonmetal distributions within the gills, as the first site of defense, as well as association of several metals to MTs, indicated highly developed defense mechanisms in some organs of Prussian carp.}, }
@article {pmid32388112, year = {2020}, author = {Wang, C and Wang, W and Sardans, J and Ouyang, L and Tong, C and Asensio, D and Gargallo-Garriga, A and Wiesmeier, M and Peñuelas, J}, title = {Higher fluxes of C, N and P in plant/soil cycles associated with plant invasion in a subtropical estuarine wetland in China.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {730}, number = {}, pages = {139124}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139124}, pmid = {32388112}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Carbon ; China ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Poaceae ; *Soil ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Invasion of plants in wetland ecosystems is often associated with changes in litter decomposition and in nutrient use, uptake and cycling between invasive and native plants. We studied litter decomposition rates, N and P release and elemental composition and stoichiometry during the invasion of Phragmites australis and Spartina alterniflora into native Cyperus malaccensis wetlands in the Minjiang River estuary (China). Aboveground litter in mono-specific stands decomposed faster for Cyperus malaccensis than for Spartina alterniflora and for Phragmites australis. Cyperus malaccensis litter decomposed slower under the stands of both invasive species. In contrast, the litter of both invasive species decomposed faster under Cyperus malaccesis stands. We observed that the invasion of these species was associated with an increased rate of aboveground litter decomposition and large absolute amounts of C, N and P released from the litter when litter from invasive species was mixed with that of native species. Our results suggest that the large nutrient release from litter during early stages of the invasion favored invasive species with larger size and higher nutrient-uptake capacity than the native species.}, }
@article {pmid32384061, year = {2020}, author = {Cech, G and Sándor, D and Molnár, K and Paulus, P and Papp, M and Preiszner, B and Vitál, Z and Varga, &#xc1; and Székely, C}, title = {New record of metacercariae of the North American Posthodiplostomum centrarchi (Digenea, Diplostomidae) in pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) in Hungary.}, journal = {Acta veterinaria Hungarica}, volume = {68}, number = {1}, pages = {20-29}, doi = {10.1556/004.2020.00001}, pmid = {32384061}, issn = {0236-6290}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Hungary ; Introduced Species ; *Perciformes ; Trematoda/*isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Trematode Infections/parasitology/*veterinary ; Virulence ; }, abstract = {Two species of the genus Posthodiplostomum (Digenea: Diplostomatidae) (Posthodiplostomum brevicaudatum Nordmann, 1832 and Posthodiplostomum cuticola Nordmann, 1832) are known as parasites of Hungarian native fishes. Metacercariae of P. cuticola are widespread in Europe and cause black spot disease. Several species of Posthodiplostomum were described also from North America but none of them has been isolated in Hungary up to now. Posthodiplostomum centrarchi Hoffman, 1958 has been detected recently in pumpkinseeds (Lepomis gibbosus L., 1758) in several European countries. Posthodiplostomum centrarchi was isolated for the first time in Hungary from pumpkinseeds caught in the Maconka water reservoir in 2015. Thereafter, several natural waters (e.g. the River Danube, Lake Balaton and the Sió channel) were sampled in order to determine its presence and distribution. Only the native species P. cuticola was detected in Lake Balaton on cyprinids but a relatively high infection rate of P. centrarchi was observed in the Sió channel close to the lake. Pathological changes were absent, and metacercariae were mostly attached to the surface of the liver, kidney and heart. The phylogenetic analysis of the ITS and COI sequences of P. centrarchi and P. cuticola clustered into two distinct branches, which was in agreement with the morphological results.}, }
@article {pmid32382104, year = {2020}, author = {Javidpour, J and Molinero, JC and Ramírez-Romero, E and Roberts, P and Larsen, T}, title = {Cannibalism makes invasive comb jelly, Mnemiopsis leidyi, resilient to unfavourable conditions.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {212}, pmid = {32382104}, issn = {2399-3642}, mesh = {Animals ; Black Sea ; *Cannibalism ; Ctenophora/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Denmark ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The proliferation of invasive marine species is often explained by a lack of predators and opportunistic life history traits. For the invasive comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi, it has remained unclear how this now widely distributed species is able to overcome long periods of low food availability, particularly in their northernmost exotic habitats in Eurasia. Based on both field and laboratory evidence, we show that adult comb jellies in the western Baltic Sea continue building up their nutrient reserves after emptying the prey field through a shift to cannibalizing their own larvae. We argue, that by creating massive late summer blooms, the population can efficiently empty the prey field, outcompete intraguild competitors, and use the bloom events to build nutrient reserves for critical periods of prey scarcity. Our finding that cannibalism makes a species with typical opportunistic traits more resilient to environmental fluctuations is important for devising more effective conservation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid32380321, year = {2020}, author = {Salgado, J and Vélez, MI and González-Arango, C and Rose, NL and Yang, H and Huguet, C and Camacho, JS and O'Dea, A}, title = {A century of limnological evolution and interactive threats in the Panama Canal: Long-term assessments from a shallow basin.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {729}, number = {}, pages = {138444}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138444}, pmid = {32380321}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Large tropical river dam projects are expected to accelerate over the forthcoming decades to satisfy growing demand for energy, irrigation and flood control. When tropical rivers are dammed the immediate impacts are relatively well studied, but the long-term (decades-centuries) consequences of impoundment remain poorly known. We combined historical records of water quality, river flow and climate with a multi-proxy (macrofossils, diatoms, biomarkers and trace elements) palaeoecological approach to reconstruct the limnological evolution of a shallow basin in Gatun Lake (Panama Canal, Panama) and assess the effects of multiple linked factors (river damming, forest flooding, deforestation, invasive species, pollution and hydro-climate) on the study area. Results show that a century after dam construction, species invasion, deforestation and salt intrusions have forced a gradual change in the study basin from a swamp-type environment towards a more saline lake-governed system of benthic-littoral production likely associated with the expansion of macrophyte stands. Hydrology still remains the most important long-term (decades) structural factor stimulating salinity intrusions, primary productivity, deposition of minerals, and reduction of water transparency during wet periods. During dry periods, physical-chemical conditions are in turn linked to clear water and aerobic conditions while nutrients shift to available forms for the aquatic biota in the detrital-rich reductive sediments. Our study suggests that to preserve the natural riverine system functioning of this area of the Panama Canal, management activities must address long-term ecosystem structural drivers such as river flow, runoff patterns and physical-chemical conditions.}, }
@article {pmid32377910, year = {2020}, author = {Vancheva, N and Bobeva, A and Pehlivanov, L and Stefanov, T and Georgiev, BB}, title = {Alien parasites on an alien fish species: monogeneans from the black bullhead Ameiurus melas (Siluriformes) in the Lake Srebarna Biosphere Reserve, Bulgaria, with the first record of Gyrodactylus nebulosus in the Palaearctic.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {119}, number = {7}, pages = {2105-2112}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-020-06699-z}, pmid = {32377910}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Bulgaria ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Europe ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; Ictaluridae/parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Trematoda/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics ; Trematode Infections/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Black bullhead Ameiurus melas (Actinopterygii: Siluriformes) is an alien fish species of North American origin, which has expanded its invasive geographical range in Europe. In 2017-2019, 32 black bullhead specimens from the Lake Srebarna Biosphere Reserve, Bulgaria, were examined for monogenean parasites. Two species of monogeneans were recorded and identified on the basis of morphological and molecular data: Ligictaluridus pricei (Ancyrocephalidae), with prevalence 100% and intensity 2-32 (mean 13.3 ± 6.8), and Gyrodactylus nebulosus (Gyrodactylidae), with prevalence 72.0% and intensity 1-15 (mean 7.4 ± 4.3). Partial 18S rDNA and the ITS1 region of L. pricei were sequenced. For G. nebulosus, sequenced genes included the partial 18S rDNA and the entire ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 region as well as the mitochondrial COI gene. Both recorded monogenean species are specific parasites of North American ictalurid fishes and alien to Europe. The present study is the first record of L. pricei from Bulgaria and the first record of G. nebulosus from Europe and the Palaearctic Region.}, }
@article {pmid32377457, year = {2020}, author = {van der Geer, AAE}, title = {Size matters: micro-evolution in Polynesian rats highlights body size changes as initial stage in evolution.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e9076}, pmid = {32377457}, issn = {2167-8359}, support = {NWO_016.VENI.181.041/NWO_/Dutch Research Council/Netherlands ; }, abstract = {Microevolutionary patterns in populations of introduced rodent species have often been the focus of analytic studies for their potential relevance to understanding vertebrate evolution. The Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) is an excellent proxy species because of its wide geographic and temporal distribution: its native and introduced combined range spans half the globe and it has been living for at least seven centuries wherever it was introduced. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of long-term isolation (insularity; up to 4,000 years) and geographic variables on skull shape variation using geometric morphometrics. A sample of 513 specimens from 103 islands and four mainland areas was analysed. This study, to my knowledge the first to extensively sample introduced rats, analysed 59 two-dimensional landmarks on the skull. Landmarks were obtained in three separate aspects (dorsal, lateral, ventral skull view). The coordinate data were then subjected to a multivariate ordination analysis (principal components analysis, or PCA), multivariate regressions, and a canonical variates analysis (CVA). Three measures of disparity were evaluated for each view. The results show that introduced Polynesian rats evolve skull shapes that conform to the general mammalian interspecific pattern of cranial evolutionary allometry (CREA), with proportionally longer snouts in larger specimens. In addition, larger skulls are more tubular in shape than the smaller skulls, which are more balloon-shaped with a rounder and wider braincase relative to those of large skulls. This difference is also observed between the sexes (sexual dimorphism), due to the slightly larger average male size. Large, tubular skulls with long snouts are typical for Polynesia and Remote Oceania, where no native mammals occur. The greater disparity of Polynesian rats on mammal species-poor islands ('exulans-only' region) provides further insight into how diversity may affect diversification through ecological release from predators and competitors.}, }
@article {pmid32375069, year = {2020}, author = {Czortek, P and Królak, E and Borkowska, L and Bielecka, A}, title = {Impacts of soil properties and functional diversity on the performance of invasive plant species Solidago canadensis L. on post-agricultural wastelands.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {729}, number = {}, pages = {139077}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139077}, pmid = {32375069}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Asia ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; Lead ; Soil ; *Solidago ; }, abstract = {Amongst the numerous consequences of the rapid development of agriculture and urbanization, biological invasions are highlighted as having the biggest impact on the functioning of ecosystems. One of the alien plant species, considered in Europe and Asia to be highly invasive, is Solidago canadensis L.; and its impact on the functioning of ecosystems has been studied in numerous respects. However, knowledge about how the physico-chemical parameters of soils and biotic interactions between species shape the performance of S. canadensis in a transformed landscape is still insufficient. The aim of this study was to assess how complex soil abiotic conditions and the functional diversity of co-occurring vegetation shape the performance of S. canadensis on the wastelands abandoned by agriculture. Apart from detailed investigations of soil properties and S. canadensis biomass, to achieve our study aims, we used parameters of functional diversity, which allowed us to identify the main ecological processes determining the community assembly processes. Under higher contents of loamy fractions in soil, but lower functional richness in surroundings, S. canadensis achieved larger cover. Alongside increasing functional richness and dispersion in co-occurring vegetation, this species has demonstrated sturdy attributes when competing for water and nutrients, expressed by a higher production of rhizomes and roots. Under elevated zinc and lead levels, as well as higher functional evenness in the surroundings, the flower biomass decreased, while the biomass of stems increased. Thus, S. canadensis exhibits a highly adaptive capacity to grow in soils contaminated by heavy metals, due to the buffer properties and life strategies allowing the use of resources absorbed in loamy soils. Environmental factors seem to be more responsible for the shaping of the performance and for the colonization success of S. canadensis than biotic interactions with plants occurring in the surroundings.}, }
@article {pmid32374059, year = {2020}, author = {Leong, KM and Gramza, AR and Lepczyk, CA}, title = {Understanding conflicting cultural models of outdoor cats to overcome conservation impasse.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {34}, number = {5}, pages = {1190-1199}, pmid = {32374059}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Hawaii ; Introduced Species ; Washington ; }, abstract = {Many conservation conflicts are scientifically complex yet are rooted in value conflicts, which result in an impasse. Additional biological information alone is insufficient to resolve this type of conflict. Conceptual models that articulate the material aspects of a system are increasingly used to identify areas where parties disagree. Yet, modeling processes typically follow the conveners' rules for discussing and assessing the topic, which can exacerbate conflict. Researchers have identified a need for processes that require participants to reflect on the limits of their own philosophical assumptions and acknowledge other perspectives. Cultural models are a promising tool for this purpose because they include nonmaterial beliefs, morals, and values that guide people's understanding of how to interact with an issue, sometimes subconsciously. We explored how cultural models used with conceptual models can improve understanding of value conflicts and used outdoor cat management as a case study. We conducted interviews and focus group discussions with wildlife conservation and cat welfare professionals involved in outdoor cat policy discussions in Hawaii and Washington, D.C. From these conversations, we developed a conceptual model of the outdoor cat management system and cultural models that led stakeholders to weigh elements of the conceptual model differently. Although wildlife conservation professionals generally spoke about outdoor cats as invasive species, cat welfare professionals spoke about them as homeless pets. These conflicting conceptualizations of what an outdoor cat is may help explain the root of many long-standing disagreements. Examining how and when stakeholders invoke different cultural models allowed us to identify management actions that work with, rather than challenge, those models. Dialogue that embraces conflicting cultural models can be difficult and uncomfortable, but has great potential to overcome conservation impasse and achieve lasting conservation results.}, }
@article {pmid32374031, year = {2020}, author = {Courchamp, F and Hulme, PE and Pyšek, P}, title = {Invasion biology and uncertainty in native range definitions: response to Pereyra 2019.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {1041-1043}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13528}, pmid = {32374031}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Uncertainty ; }, }
@article {pmid32372539, year = {2020}, author = {Pereyra, PJ and Guiaşu, RC}, title = {Debate over the importance and meaning of native range in invasion biology: reply to Courchamp et al.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {1044-1046}, pmid = {32372539}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Data Collection ; }, }
@article {pmid32372345, year = {2020}, author = {Adepoju, K and Adelabu, S and Mokubung, C}, title = {Mapping Seriphium plumosum encroachment and interaction with wildfire and environmental factors in a protected mountainous grassland.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {192}, number = {6}, pages = {328}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-020-08253-x}, pmid = {32372345}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Fires ; Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Wildfires ; }, abstract = {Accurate information on the distribution of invasive native species could provide important and effective procedures for managing savannah environment, especially in sensitive mountainous grasslands. The study detected and mapped Seriphium plumosum within a mountainous landscape and linked the georeferenced occurrence data with the corresponding site-specific environmental factors to predict the locations of unknown populations using a MaxEnt niche model. We also explored the relative contribution in terms of species interaction with its surrounding biophysical environment. The AUC value of 0.876 estimated for the species distribution is an indication of a good model fit. Our findings indicated that Seriphium plumosum preferred areas with higher temperature associated with recurrence fire events and limited soil moisture. It was concluded that the projected conditions of increasing temperature and fire events could promote widespread gain of niche space for Seriphium plumosum while at the same time altering community structure and composition, hydrological properties, and other vital ecosystem services in the study area.}, }
@article {pmid32371127, year = {2020}, author = {Sepulveda, AJ and Nelson, NM and Jerde, CL and Luikart, G}, title = {Are Environmental DNA Methods Ready for Aquatic Invasive Species Management?.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {35}, number = {8}, pages = {668-678}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2020.03.011}, pmid = {32371127}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {DNA/genetics ; *DNA, Environmental ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Reproducibility of Results ; }, abstract = {Multiple studies have demonstrated environmental (e)DNA detections of rare and invasive species. However, invasive species managers struggle with using eDNA results because detections might not indicate species presence. We evaluated whether eDNA methods have matured to a point where they can be widely applied to aquatic invasive species management. We have found that eDNA methods meet legal standards for being admissible as evidence in most courts, suggesting eDNA method reliability is not the problem. Rather, we suggest the interface between results and management needs attention since there are few tools for integrating uncertainty into decision-making. Solutions include decision-support trees based on molecular best practices that integrate the temporal and spatial trends in eDNA positives relative to human risk tolerance.}, }
@article {pmid32369747, year = {2020}, author = {Le Roux, JJ and Leishman, MR and Cinantya, AP and Gufu, GD and Hirsch, H and Keet, JH and Manea, A and Saul, WC and Tabassum, S and Warrington, S and Yannelli, FA and Ossola, A}, title = {Plant biodiversity in the face of global change.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {30}, number = {9}, pages = {R390-R391}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.066}, pmid = {32369747}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Le Roux et al. suggest that documented increases in local plant richness in response to climate change should consider the nature of 'new' species. They find that species responsible for increases in richness in areas that have experienced significant disturbance and climate change are often invasive and/or weedy species.}, }
@article {pmid32369668, year = {2021}, author = {Tian, K and Liu, W and Feng, LK and Huang, TY and Wang, GR and Lin, KJ}, title = {Functional characterization of pheromone receptor candidates in codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, pages = {445-456}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12775}, pmid = {32369668}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {31672033//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2017M611069//China postdoctoral science funding/ ; }, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arthropod Antennae/*metabolism ; Female ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Male ; Moths/*genetics/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Receptors, Pheromone/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; }, abstract = {Sex pheromones serve a critical role in Lepidopterans finding mates. Male moths perceive and react to sex pheromones emitted by conspecific females through a delicate pheromone communication system. Pheromone receptors (PRs) are the key sensory elements at the beginning of that process. The codling moth (Cydia pomnonella) is an important pome fruit pest globally and a serious invasive species in China. Pheromone-based techniques have been used successfully in monitoring and controlling this species. We conducted ribonucleic acid sequencing analysis of the codling moth antennal transcriptome and identified 66 odorant receptors (ORs) in a population from Xinjiang province, China, of which 14 were PRs, including two novel PRs (CpomOR2e and CpomOR73). Four PRs that contain full-length open reading frames (CpomOR1, OR2a, OR5, OR7) and four PRs with ligands that have not been reported previously (CpomOR1, OR2a, OR5, OR7) were selected to deorphanize in the heterologous Xenopus oocyte expression system. Specifically, we found that CpomOR2a and CpomOR5 responded to (E,E)-8, 10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate (codlemone acetate). Furthermore, CpomOR5 (EC50 = 1.379 × 10[-8] mol/L) was much more sensitive to codlemone acetate than CpomOR2a (EC50 = 1.663 × 10[-6] mol/L). Since codlemone acetate is an important component of C. pomonella sex pheromone, our results improve the current understanding of pheromone communication in codling moths and will be helpful for the development of pest management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid32369490, year = {2020}, author = {García-Gómez, JC and González, AR and Maestre, MJ and Espinosa, F}, title = {Detect coastal disturbances and climate change effects in coralligenous community through sentinel stations.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {e0231641}, pmid = {32369490}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*physiology ; Biota ; Climate Change ; Coral Reefs ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/*instrumentation ; Ecosystem ; Gibraltar ; }, abstract = {This study was implemented to assess the Sessile Bioindicators in Permanent Quadrats (SBPQ) underwater environmental alert method. The SBPQ is a non-invasive and low-cost protocol; it uses sessile target species (indicators) to detect environmental alterations (natural or anthropic) at either the local or global (i.e., climate change) scale and the intrusion of invasive species. The SBPQ focuses on the monitoring of preselected sessile and sensitive benthic species associated with rocky coralligenous habitats using permanent quadrats in underwater sentinel stations. The selected target species have been well documented as bioindicators that disappear in the absence of environmental stability. However, whether these species are good indicators of stability or, in contrast, suffer variations in long-term coverage has not been verified. The purpose of this study was to assess the part of the method based on the hypothesis that, over a long temporal series in a highly structured and biodiverse coralligenous assemblage, the cover of sensitive sessile species does not change over time if the environmental stability characterising the habitat is not altered. Over a ten-year period (2005-2014), the sublittoral sessile biota in the Straits of Gibraltar Natural Park on the southern Iberian Peninsula was monitored at a 28 m-deep underwater sentinel stations. Analyses of the coverages of target indicator species (i.e., Paramuricea clavata and Astroides calycularis) together with other accompanying sessile organisms based on the periodic superimposition of gridded images from horizontal and vertical rocky surfaces allowed us to assess the effectiveness of the method. We conclude that no alterations occurred during the study period; only minimal fluctuations in cover were detected, and the method is reliable for detecting biological changes in ecosystems found in other geographical areas containing the chosen indicator species at similar dominance levels.}, }
@article {pmid32368560, year = {2019}, author = {Benallal, KE and Garni, R and Bouiba, L and Harrat, Z}, title = {First Detection of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Algiers, the Capital City of Algeria.}, journal = {Journal of arthropod-borne diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {420-425}, pmid = {32368560}, issn = {2322-1984}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Based on the reporting of the presence of stripped mosquitoes by a citizen in the Algiers residential neighborhood of Bir-Khadem, where residents experienced huge daytime mosquito nuisance an entomological investigation was carried out in July 2016.<br><br>METHODS: Ovitraps and BG sentinel traps baited with Lure were used during three consecutive days to collect adult mosquitoes. Eighteen residential houses of the Bir-Khadem neighborhood were also inspected to search larvae breeding sites such as water fountains, baskets and flowerpots.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 57 Aedes albopictus specimens were collected in five villas, consisting of 21 eggs, 20 larvae and 16 adults.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This is the first record of this invasive species in Algiers.}, }
@article {pmid32367522, year = {2020}, author = {Waller, DL and Bartsch, MR and Lord, EG and Erickson, RA}, title = {Temperature-Related Responses of an Invasive Mussel and 2 Unionid Mussels to Elevated Carbon Dioxide.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {39}, number = {8}, pages = {1546-1557}, pmid = {32367522}, issn = {1552-8618}, support = {//U.S. Geological Survey/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon Dioxide/*toxicity ; Dreissena/drug effects/*physiology ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Partial Pressure ; Survival Analysis ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) have exacerbated the decline of native freshwater mussels (order Unionida) in North America since their arrival in the 1980s. Options for controlling invasive mussels, particularly in unionid mussel habitats, are limited. Previously, carbon dioxide (CO2) showed selective toxicity for zebra mussels, relative to unionids, when applied in cool water (12 °C). We first determined 96-h lethal concentrations of CO2 at 5 and 20 °C to zebra mussels and responses of juvenile plain pocketbook (Lampsilis cardium). Next, we compared the time to lethality for zebra mussels at 5, 12, and 20 °C during exposure to partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) values of 110 to 120 atm (1 atm = 101.325 kPa) and responses of juvenile plain pocketbook and fragile papershell (Leptodea fragilis). We found efficacious CO2 treatment regimens at each temperature that were minimally lethal to unionids. At 5 °C, plain pocketbook survived 96-h exposure to the highest PCO2 treatment (139 atm). At 20 °C, the 96-h lethal concentration to 10% of animals (LC10) for plain pocketbook (173 atm PCO2 , 95% CI 147-198 atm) was higher than the LC99 for zebra mussels (118 atm PCO2 , 95% CI 109-127 atm). Lethal time to 99% mortality (LT99) of zebra mussels in 110 to 120 atm PCO2 ranged from 100 h at 20 °C to 300 h at 5 °C. Mean survival of both plain pocketbook and fragile papershell juveniles exceeded 85% in LT99 CO2 treatments at all temperatures. Short-term infusion of 100 to 200 atm PCO2 at a range of water temperatures could reduce biofouling by zebra mussels with limited adverse effects on unionid mussels. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1546-1557. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.}, }
@article {pmid32366920, year = {2020}, author = {Louppe, V and Leroy, B and Herrel, A and Veron, G}, title = {The globally invasive small Indian mongoose Urva auropunctata is likely to spread with climate change.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {7461}, pmid = {32366920}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Europe, Eastern ; Herpestidae/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species represent one of the major factors of global loss of biodiversity and disruption of natural ecosystems. The small Indian mongoose, Urva auropunctata, is considered one of the wild carnivore species with the greatest negative impact on global biodiversity. Understanding of the factors underpinning the species' distribution and potential dispersion in a context of climate change thus appears crucial in the conservation of native ecosystems. Here we modelled the current and future climatically favourable areas for the small Indian mongoose using Ecological Niche Modelling based on data sets filtrated in environmental spaces. Projections from these models show extensive current favourable geographical areas, covering continental and insular regions within tropical and sub-tropical latitudes. Moreover, predictions for 2050 reveal that climate change is likely to expand current favourable areas north of the current favourable spaces, particularly in Eastern Europe. This climate-induced expansion is particularly worrisome given that the species is already spreading in the Balkan region. Our projections suggest that it is very likely that the small Indian mongoose will have an increasing influence on ecosystems and biodiversity in Europe by 2050.}, }
@article {pmid32365625, year = {2020}, author = {Cunha, MV and Albuquerque, T and Themudo, P and Fonseca, C and Bandeira, V and Rosalino, LM}, title = {The Gut Microbiota of the Egyptian Mongoose as an Early Warning Indicator of Ecosystem Health in Portugal.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {32365625}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {Animals ; Drug Resistance ; Ecosystem ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Herpestidae/*microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Portugal ; }, abstract = {The Egyptian mongoose is a carnivore mammal species that in the last decades experienced a tremendous expansion in Iberia, particularly in Portugal, mainly due to its remarkable ecological plasticity in response to land-use changes. However, this species may have a disruptive role on native communities in areas where it has recently arrived due to predation and the potential introduction of novel pathogens. We report reference information on the cultivable gut microbial landscape of widely distributed Egyptian mongoose populations (Herpestes ichneumon, n = 53) and related antimicrobial tolerance across environmental gradients. The panel of isolated species is consistent with the typical protein-based diet of a carnivore: Firmicutes predominate (89% of individuals), while Clostridiales, Enterobacteriales, and Lactobacillales are the major classes. Forty-one individuals (77.4%) harbour Clostridium spp. A spatial influence on mongooses' microbiota is confirmed by nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis, with a significant contribution of municipality to their microbiota composition. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of mongoose commensal bacteria to 28 compounds evidences xenobiotic tolerance of Escherichia coli (E. coli), enterococci, Salmonella Spartel and Mbandaka serotypes and Pseudomonas bacteria, among others. The common isolation of antimicrobial tolerant microbiota from the mongoose's gut suggests this species is exposed to anthropogenic influence and is affected by forestry and agricultural-related practices, reflecting its easy adaptation to ecological gradients across agroecosystems. We thus propose regular microbial and phenotypic resistance profiling of widely distributed mongooses as a sentinel tool for xenobiotics' lifecycle and ecosystem health in Portugal.}, }
@article {pmid32365126, year = {2020}, author = {Hochmair, HH and Scheffrahn, RH and Basille, M and Boone, M}, title = {Evaluating the data quality of iNaturalist termite records.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {e0226534}, pmid = {32365126}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Citizen Science/*standards ; Data Accuracy ; Isoptera/*classification ; }, abstract = {Citizen science (CS) contributes to the knowledge about species distributions, which is a critical foundation in the studies of invasive species, biological conservation, and response to climatic change. In this study, we assessed the value of CS for termites worldwide. First, we compared the abundance and species diversity of geo-tagged termite records in iNaturalist to that of the University of Florida termite collection (UFTC) and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Second, we quantified how the combination of these data sources affected the number of genera that satisfy data requirements for ecological niche modeling. Third, we assessed the taxonomic correctness of iNaturalist termite records in the Americas at the genus and family level through expert review based on photo identification. Results showed that iNaturalist records were less abundant than those in the UFTC and in GBIF, although they complemented the latter two in selected world regions. A combination of GBIF and the UFTC led to a significant increase in the number of termite genera satisfying the abundance criterion for niche modeling compared to either of those two sources alone, whereas adding iNaturalist observations as a third source only had a moderate effect on the number of termite genera satisfying that criterion. Although research grade observations in iNaturalist require a community-supported and agreed upon identification (ID) below the family taxonomic rank, our results indicated that iNaturalist data do not exhibit a higher taxonomic classification accuracy when they are designated research grade. This means that non-research grade observations can be used to more completely map the presence of termite locations in certain geographic locations without significantly jeopardizing data quality. We concluded that CS termite observation records can, to some extent, complement expert termite collections in terms of geographic coverage and species diversity. Based on recent data contribution patterns in CS data, the role of CS termite contributions is expected to grow significantly in the near future.}, }
@article {pmid32364957, year = {2020}, author = {Portela, R and Vicente, JR and Roiloa, SR and Cabral, JA}, title = {A dynamic model-based framework to test the effectiveness of biocontrol targeting a new plant invader- the case of Alternanthera philoxeroides in the Iberian Peninsula.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {264}, number = {}, pages = {110349}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110349}, pmid = {32364957}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Amaranthaceae ; Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are one of the major threats to biodiversity at the global scale, causing numerous environmental impacts and having high direct and indirect costs associated with their management, control and eradication. In this work, we present a system-dynamic modelling approach for the biocontrol of the invasive plant species Alternanthera philoxeroides using its natural predator, Agasicles hygrophila, as a biocontrol agent. We have simulated different scenarios in the Finisterre region (Spain), where a single population of the invasive plant has been recently described. To assess the effectiveness of A. hygrophila as a biocontrol agent in the region, a population dynamic model was developed in order to include the life-cycle of both species, as well as the interaction among them. The results of the simulations indicate that the control of this new invasive plant is possible, as long as several releases of the biocontrol agent are made over time. The proposed model can support the control or even the eradication of the population of A. philoxeroides with a minimal impact on the environment. Additionally, the proposed framework also represents a versatile dynamic tool, adjustable to different local management specificities (objectives and parameters) and capable of responding under different contexts. Hence, this approach can be used to guide eradication efforts of new invasive species, to improve the applicability of early management measures as biocontrol, and to support decision-making by testing several alternative management scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid32362914, year = {2020}, author = {Yao, YX and Shang, XP and Yang, J and Lin, RZ and Huai, WX and Zhao, WX}, title = {Genetic Variation May Have Promoted the Successful Colonization of the Invasive Gall Midge, Obolodiplosis robiniae, in China.}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {387}, pmid = {32362914}, issn = {1664-8021}, abstract = {Invasive species often cause serious economic and ecological damage. Despite decades of extensive impacts of invasives on bio-diversity and agroforestry, the mechanisms underlying the genetic adaptation and rapid evolution of invading populations remain poorly understood. The black locust gall midge, Obolodiplosis robiniae, a highly invasive species that originated in North America, spread widely throughout Asia and Europe in the past decade. Here, we used 11 microsatellite DNA markers to analyze the genetic variation of 22 O. robiniae populations in China (the introduced region) and two additional US populations (the native region). A relatively high level of genetic diversity was detected among the introduced populations, even though they exhibited lower diversity than the native US populations. Evidence for genetic differentiation among the introduced Chinese populations was also found based on the high Fst value compared to the relatively low among the native US populations. Phylogenetic trees, structure graphical output, and principal coordinate analysis plots suggested that the Chinese O. robiniae populations (separated by up to 2,540 km) cluster into two main groups independent of geographical distance. Genetic variation has been observed to increase rapidly during adaptation to a new environment, possibly contributing to population establishment and spread. Our results provide insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying successful invasion, and identify factors that have contributed to colonization by an economically important pest species in China. In addition, the findings improve our understanding of the role that genetic structure plays during invasion by O. robiniae.}, }
@article {pmid32362703, year = {2020}, author = {Glasheen, PM and Burks, RL and Campos, SR and Hayes, KA}, title = {First evidence of introgressive hybridization of apple snails (Pomacea spp.) in their native range.}, journal = {The Journal of molluscan studies}, volume = {86}, number = {2}, pages = {96-103}, pmid = {32362703}, issn = {0260-1230}, abstract = {Genetic variation facilitates both natural range expansions and anthropogenic invasions. Contrary to expectations, hybridization does not always impact negatively on biodiversity. Increasing evidence indicates advantageous roles for introgressive hybridization in maintaining standing genetic variation. Hypothesizing that hybridization may contribute to the evolutionary and invasive success of a diverse group of freshwater snails (Ampullariidae, commonly known as apple snails), we estimated the frequency of hybridization between two globally invasive species of Pomacea, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822) and P. maculata Perry, 1810, in their native range. While previous work in Asia has uncovered the occurrence of extensive hybridization, we provide the first phylogenetic evidence of a high degree of hybridization (30%) between these species in Uruguay and Brazil. Hybrids carried both heterozygous and homozygous combinations of elongation factor 1-α (EF1α) nuclear alleles in both mating directions, indicating that hybridization has occurred over multiple generations and likely preceded introductions outside the native range. Among the five sites in Brazil previously documented as containing only P. maculata, one far northern population (Careiro Castanho), which is thousands of kilometres from the northern range of P. canaliculata, unexpectedly contained hybrids. This may be the result of human-facilitated introductions. Together with recent work from Asia, our investigations in the native range of apple snails support a reframing of historical perspectives of hybridization as a driver of extinction and diversity loss towards a modern paradigm where hybridization may promote diversification and contribute to the survival of evolutionary lineages such as molluscs.}, }
@article {pmid32361527, year = {2020}, author = {Ahmed, A and Abu Bakar, MS and Hamdani, R and Park, YK and Lam, SS and Sukri, RS and Hussain, M and Majeed, K and Phusunti, N and Jamil, F and Aslam, M}, title = {Valorization of underutilized waste biomass from invasive species to produce biochar for energy and other value-added applications.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {186}, number = {}, pages = {109596}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2020.109596}, pmid = {32361527}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {Biomass ; Carbon ; *Charcoal ; *Introduced Species ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Biochar production from invasive species biomass discarded as waste was studied in a fixed bed reactor pyrolysis system under different temperature conditions for value-added applications. Prior to pyrolysis, the biomass feedstock was characterized by proximate, ultimate, and heating value analyses, while the biomass decomposition behavior was examined by thermogravimetric analysis. The heating values of the feedstock biomass ranged from 18.65 to 20.65 MJ/kg, whereas the volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content were 61.54-72.04 wt %, 19.27-26.61 wt % and 1.51-1.86 wt %, respectively. The elemental composition of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the samples was reported to be in the range of 47.41-48.47 wt %, 5.50-5.88 wt % and 46.10-45.18 wt %, respectively, while the nitrogen and sulphur content in the biomass samples were at very low concentrations, making it more useful for valorization from environmental aspects. The biochar yields were reported in the range of 45.36-58.35 wt %, 28.63-44.38 wt % and 22.68-29.42 wt % at a pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C, respectively. The biochars were characterized from ultimate analysis, heating value, energy densification ratio, energy yield, pH, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM and EDX), to evaluate their potential for value-added applications. The carbon content, heating value, energy densification ratio, and the porosity of the biochars improved with the increase in pyrolysis temperature, while the energy yield, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen content of the biochars decreased. This study revealed the potential of the valorization of underutilized discarded biomass of invasive species via a pyrolysis process to produce biochar for value-added applications.}, }
@article {pmid32361345, year = {2020}, author = {Gallardo, B and Aldridge, DC}, title = {Priority setting for invasive species management by the water industry.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {178}, number = {}, pages = {115771}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2020.115771}, pmid = {32361345}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; England ; Humans ; Industry ; *Introduced Species ; Water ; }, abstract = {The expansion of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) is a growing concern to the UK water industry because of their diverse impacts on water quality, infrastructure and eradication costs. New regulations reinforcing the industry's responsibilities beyond operational costs, coupled with continued range expansion and establishment of new IAS will increase damages. To tackle IAS effectively, the water industry requires reliable information about which species pose the greatest risk to operations and which areas are most vulnerable to invasion. Here we assess potential biosecurity threats for the 24 water companies in the UK using well-established modelling research techniques such as risk assessment and distribution modelling. Using a consensus approach with environmental managers and water companies, we identified 11 IAS of concern for the UK water industry, including five plants, three crustaceans, two molluscs and one fish. These invaders pose important hazards in terms of water quality, flood protection, human health, integrity of infrastructures, recreational and aesthetic values, amongst others. We used distribution models to predict their potential expansion under current and future 2050 climate scenarios within each of the 24 water companies in the UK. Water companies in the South East of England (Cambridge Water, Anglian Water, Affinity Water and Thames Water) are under the highest risk of invasional meltdown from multiple IAS, both now and under future scenarios. The quagga mussel poses the most serious risk of immediate spread and may exacerbate the impacts of the widespread zebra mussel for the water industry. The information generated in this study can support the prioritization of species and regions at risk, so that funds for prevention and eradication of invasions are well allocated. Ultimately, this study demonstrates that scientific risk assessments, usually restricted to the academic and public sectors, can be extremely useful to guide decision-making by the private sector.}, }
@article {pmid32361104, year = {2020}, author = {Fornaroli, R and Muñoz-Mas, R and Martínez-Capel, F}, title = {Fish community responses to antecedent hydrological conditions based on long-term data in Mediterranean river basins (Iberian Peninsula).}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {728}, number = {}, pages = {138052}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138052}, pmid = {32361104}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Hydrology ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {In recent decades many studies have proven the paramount impact of flow regimes on the structure of lotic ecosystems, both through extreme events (i.e. floods and droughts) but also during intermediate flows, which temporarily and spatially regulate the habitat availability. Human demand for water is steadily increasing and scientists are challenged to define ecosystem needs clearly enough to guide policies and management strategies. However, field studies demonstrated that a variety of interacting factors, such as, presence of barriers (e.g. dams) and temporal changes in habitat structure affect the abundance, composition and distribution of fish assemblages. This work based on quantile regression tested hypotheses to elucidate the effect of antecedent hydrological conditions on fish communities. A large monitoring database collecting and homogenizing the existing information on fish fauna in the Júcar River Basin District (Eastern Iberian Peninsula) was gathered and used to evaluate biological metrics (species richness, Capture Per Unit Effort-CPUE, and CPUE ratio over the total CPUE) related to life history strategies (i.e. periodic, opportunistic or equilibrium) and species origin (i.e. native, translocated or alien). The resulting dataset was complemented with diverse indicators of the measured daily discharge at the nearest gauging site. Most of the significant relationships confirmed the role of antecedent hydrological conditions as limiting factors, although other environmental factors likely play additional roles. In general, richness and abundance of alien species showed the higher proportion of significant associations, particularly spring flows and annual minima and maxima. These flow-ecology relationships shall be particularly useful to manage ecological responses to hydrological alteration. They also provide with clear ecological foundations for developing environmental flows assessments in Mediterranean river basins worldwide, using holistic approaches which can harmonise eco-hydrological approaches with smaller-scale and habitat-based ecohydraulics methods, especially under the current climate trends.}, }
@article {pmid32360226, year = {2020}, author = {Quinn, EA and Malkin, SH and Rowley, AF and Coates, CJ}, title = {Laccase and catecholoxidase activities contribute to innate immunity in slipper limpets, Crepidula fornicata.}, journal = {Developmental and comparative immunology}, volume = {110}, number = {}, pages = {103724}, doi = {10.1016/j.dci.2020.103724}, pmid = {32360226}, issn = {1879-0089}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism ; Bacterial Infections/*metabolism ; Catechol Oxidase/*metabolism ; Gastropoda/*immunology ; Hemolymph/*metabolism ; Immunity, Innate ; Intestines/*physiology ; Laccase/*metabolism ; Lipofuscin/metabolism ; Melanins/metabolism ; Monophenol Monooxygenase/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata is an invasive, non-native, marine species found throughout the coastal waters of southern England and Wales, UK. These limpets are considered to blight commercial shellfish banks, notably oysters, yet little is known about their disease-carrying capacity or their immunobiology. To address the latter, we isolated haemolymph (blood) from limpets and tested for the presence of the immune-enzyme phenoloxidase. Invertebrate phenoloxidases produce melanic polymers from simple phenolic substrates, which are deployed in the presence of pathogens because of their potent microbicidal and microbiostatic properties. We used a series of established substrates (e.g., tyrosine, hydroquinone) and inhibitors (e.g., 4-hexylresorcinol, benzoic acid) to target three distinct enzymes: laccase (para-diphenoloxidase), catecholoxidase (ortho-diphenoloxidase) and tyrosinase (monophenoloxidase). We confirmed laccase and catecholoxidase activities and characterised their kinetic properties across temperature and pH gradients (5-70 °C and 5-10, respectively). Crucially, we demonstrated that products derived from such laccase and catecholoxidase activities reduced significantly the numbers of colony-forming units of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in vitro. We further screened limpet tissues for signs of melanin using wax histology, and found cells replete with eumelanin-like pigments and lipofuscin in the digestive gland, connective tissues, barrier epithelia and gills. Our data represent the first account of enzyme-based antibacterial defences, notably laccase, in C. fornicata.}, }
@article {pmid32359002, year = {2020}, author = {Schittko, C and Bernard-Verdier, M and Heger, T and Buchholz, S and Kowarik, I and von der Lippe, M and Seitz, B and Joshi, J and Jeschke, JM}, title = {A multidimensional framework for measuring biotic novelty: How novel is a community?.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {8}, pages = {4401-4417}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15140}, pmid = {32359002}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {JE 288/9-2//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/International ; 01LC1501A-H//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Bildung und Forschung/International ; }, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic changes in climate, land use, and disturbance regimes, as well as introductions of non-native species can lead to the transformation of many ecosystems. The resulting novel ecosystems are usually characterized by species assemblages that have not occurred previously in a given area. Quantifying the ecological novelty of communities (i.e., biotic novelty) would enhance the understanding of environmental change. However, quantification remains challenging since current novelty metrics, such as the number and/or proportion of non-native species in a community, fall short of considering both functional and evolutionary aspects of biotic novelty. Here, we propose the Biotic Novelty Index (BNI), an intuitive and flexible multidimensional measure that combines (a) functional differences between native and non-native introduced species with (b) temporal dynamics of species introductions. We show that the BNI is an additive partition of Rao's quadratic entropy, capturing the novel interaction component of the community's functional diversity. Simulations show that the index varies predictably with the relative amount of functional novelty added by recently arrived species, and they illustrate the need to provide an additional standardized version of the index. We present a detailed R code and two applications of the BNI by (a) measuring changes of biotic novelty of dry grassland plant communities along an urbanization gradient in a metropolitan region and (b) determining the biotic novelty of plant species assemblages at a national scale. The results illustrate the applicability of the index across scales and its flexibility in the use of data of different quality. Both case studies revealed strong connections between biotic novelty and increasing urbanization, a measure of abiotic novelty. We conclude that the BNI framework may help building a basis for better understanding the ecological and evolutionary consequences of global change.}, }
@article {pmid32357179, year = {2020}, author = {Lytle, AJ and Costa, JT and Warren, RJ}, title = {Invasion and high-elevation acclimation of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, in the southern Blue Ridge Escarpment region of North America.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {e0232264}, pmid = {32357179}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; *Ants/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Temperature ; Thermotolerance ; United States ; }, abstract = {The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) is a non-native invasive species that rapidly spread northward in the United States after its introduction from South America in the 1930s. Researchers predicted that the northward spread of this invasive ant would be limited by cold temperatures with increased latitude and greater elevation in the Blue Ridge Escarpment region of the United States. The presence of S. invicta at relatively high elevations north of their projected limits suggests greater cold tolerance than previously predicted; however, these populations might be ephemeral indications of strong dispersal abilities. In this study, we investigated potential physiological adaptations of S. invicta that would indicate acclimation to high elevation environments. We hypothesized that if S. invicta colonies can persist in colder climates than where they originated, we would find gradients in S. invicta worker cold tolerance along a montane elevational gradient. We also predicted that higher elevation S. invicta ants might incur greater physiological costs to persist in the colder climate, so we measured colony lipid content to assess health status. For comparison, we also collected physiological temperature tolerance data for the co-occurring dominant native woodland ant Aphaenogaster picea. We found that S. invicta occurring at higher elevations exhibited greater physiological tolerance for cold temperatures as compared to lower-elevation conspecifics-a cold tolerance pattern that paralleled of the native A. picea ants along the same gradient. Both S. invicta and A. picea similarly exhibited lower thermal tolerances for colder temperatures when moving up the elevational gradient, with A. picea consistently exhibiting a lower thermal tolerance overall. There was no change in S. invicta colony lipid content with elevation, suggesting that greater metabolic rates were not needed to sustain these ants at high elevations.}, }
@article {pmid32356013, year = {2020}, author = {Liang, JF and Yuan, WY and Gao, JQ and Roiloa, SR and Song, MH and Zhang, XY and Yu, FH}, title = {Soil resource heterogeneity competitively favors an invasive clonal plant over a native one.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {193}, number = {1}, pages = {155-165}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-020-04660-6}, pmid = {32356013}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {2017YFC0505903//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 41871077//NSFC/ ; 31870610//NSFC/ ; }, mesh = {*Amaranthaceae ; Biomass ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {Soil resource heterogeneity can affect plant growth and competitive ability. However, little is known about how soil resource heterogeneity affects competitive interactions between invasive and native plants. We conducted an experiment with an invasive clonal plant Alternanthera philoxeroides and a coexisting native one Alternanthera sessilis. The experiment was a randomized design with three factors, i.e. two species (A. philoxeroides and A. sessilis), two interspecific competition treatments (with and without) and five soil treatments (three homogeneous treatments and two small-scale heterogeneous treatments consisting of two patches of 10 cm × 15 cm and with different initial planting positions). Irrespective of competition, increasing soil resource availability increased the growth of A. philoxeroides. Increasing soil resource availability also increased the growth of A. sessilis without competition, but had no impact with competition. Irrespective of competition, soil resource heterogeneity increased biomass and ramet production of A. philoxeroides, and such effects were independent of initial planting position. For A. sessilis, however, soil resource heterogeneity only increased ramet production when the initial plant was grown in the low-resource patch without competition. Our results suggest that both high soil resource availability and small-scale soil resource heterogeneity can increase the relative competitive ability of the invasive plant A. philoxeroides when grown with its native congener A. sessilis. These findings may partly explain the invasion success of this clonal species in area with high soil resource availability and heterogeneity caused by e.g. nitrogen deposition, fertilization and disturbance.}, }
@article {pmid32355021, year = {2020}, author = {Miranda, RJ and Nunes, JACC and Creed, JC and Barros, F and Macieira, RM and Santos, RG and Lima, GV and Pontes, AVF and Silva, LGFC and Cordeiro, RT and Sampaio, CLS and Pinto, TK and Malhado, ACM and Ladle, R and Pereira, PH}, title = {Brazil policy invites marine invasive species.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {368}, number = {6490}, pages = {481}, doi = {10.1126/science.abb7255}, pmid = {32355021}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Biodiversity ; Brazil ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Environmental Policy ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Ships ; }, }
@article {pmid32350856, year = {2020}, author = {McKenny, L and O'Handley, R and Kovaliski, J and Mutze, G and Peacock, D and Lanyon, S}, title = {Evidence of infection with Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in South Australia: using wild rabbits as a sentinel species.}, journal = {Australian veterinary journal}, volume = {98}, number = {8}, pages = {380-387}, doi = {10.1111/avj.12951}, pmid = {32350856}, issn = {1751-0813}, support = {//SA Department of Environment and Water/ ; }, mesh = {Abortion, Veterinary ; Animals ; Antibodies, Protozoan ; Cattle ; *Cattle Diseases ; Coccidiosis/*veterinary ; Female ; Humans ; Neospora/*immunology ; Pregnancy ; Rabbits ; Sentinel Species ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Sheep ; *Sheep Diseases ; South Australia ; Toxoplasma/*immunology ; *Toxoplasmosis, Animal ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to utilise wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as a sentinel species to study levels of environmental contamination with N. caninum and T. gondii in South Australia, and to examine associations with rainfall, climate and land use.<br><br>DESIGN: Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), an apicomplexan parasite, causes the clinical disease toxoplasmosis, which can affect sheep as well as humans and many other animals. Neosporosis, the clinical disease caused by closely related Neospora caninum (N. caninum), causes abortions in cattle, with large economic impacts to cattle industries.<br><br>METHODS: Aliquots of wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) serum were obtained from twelve sites across South Australia over a period of eighteen years, with a total of 2114 samples. An in-house Modified Agglutination Test (MAT) was developed, and samples were screened for the specific antibodies against both T.gondii and N. caninum.<br><br>RESULTS: Overall, 9.9% of samples screened for T. gondii tested positive and 6.1% of samples screened for N. caninum tested positive. There was no difference observed in seroprevalence of T.gondii specific antibodies between samples collected throughout summer, autumn, winter or spring. By contrast, a significantly higher (p=0.030) seroprevalence of N. caninum specific antibodies was observed in spring than any other season. T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies were discovered at sites across a broad area of South Australia, indicating these environments maybe infected with both parasites.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Results provide evidence that suggests N. caninum oocysts may have different survival characteristics, such as varying tolerances to low relative humidity, than T. gondii oocysts.}, }
@article {pmid32349952, year = {2020}, author = {Young, SL and Kettenring, KM}, title = {The social-ecological system driving effective invasive plant management: two case studies of non-native Phragmites.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {267}, number = {}, pages = {110612}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110612}, pmid = {32349952}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Nebraska ; *Poaceae ; Utah ; }, abstract = {Globally, the management of invasive plants is motivated by a desire to improve ecosystem services (e.g., recreation, flood mitigation, soil fertility for agriculture, aesthetics) and critical habitat for imperiled species. To reduce invader populations and impacts, it is important to document the social and ecological basis (i.e., the social-ecological system) for the management that has been employed and areas where a greater level of coordination among stakeholder groups (managers, scientists, legislators, resource users) could improve efforts. We present a conceptual model that builds on current thinking for how best to connect these four stakeholder groups-to foster stronger citizen lobbying for impacted resources, science-based governance, legislator-driven noxious weed laws and funding for management and science, knowledge co-production by scientists and managers, and co-management by managers and resource users. In light of our model, we present two case studies based in Nebraska and Utah, U.S.A. involving a common North American wetland invader, Phragmites australis (non-native common reed). In Nebraska, potential lawsuits stemming from water conveyance was strong motivation for funding management. In Utah, duck hunters and other resource users initially instigated management. Progress toward the successful management of Phragmites has been the result of manager-scientist partnerships addressing a knowing-doing gap among practitioners, the complexities of management mosaics, as well as overcoming economic and logistical constraints. Our model demonstrates how legislative initiatives can fund new research and bolster on-going management, while organically building strong partnerships among scientists, managers, and resource users that are key for successfully managing invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid32349951, year = {2020}, author = {Lehtiniemi, M and Outinen, O and Puntila-Dodd, R}, title = {Citizen science provides added value in the monitoring for coastal non-indigenous species.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {267}, number = {}, pages = {110608}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110608}, pmid = {32349951}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Brachyura ; *Citizen Science ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Continuous and comprehensive monitoring is one of the most important practices to trace changes in the state of the environment and target management efforts. Yet, governmental resources are often insufficient for monitoring all required environmental parameters, and therefore authorities have started to utilize citizen observations to supplement and increase the scale of monitoring. The aims of the present study were to show the potential of citizen science in environmental monitoring by utilising citizen observations of the non-indigenous Harris mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii in Finnish waters, where coastal monitoring is insufficient to estimate the distribution and spread of non-indigenous species. Harris mud crab has shown measurable impact locally and is considered invasive. For reporting the status of invasions to national and European authorities and planning for potential eradication efforts, up to date knowledge on NIS ranges are needed. Citizen observations on the species were collected from the first observation onwards between 2009 and 2018, at first via email and later through an active citizen observation web portal (Invasive Alien Species Portal). The outcomes of the study indicate that species-specific citizen observations can be a beneficial addition to supplement national monitoring programs to fulfil legislative reporting requirements and to target potential management. Recognizable species and geographical areas with low biodiversity provide a good opportunity to utilize citizen observations. Moreover, citizen observations may enable distribution assessments for certain species that would otherwise require excessive resources and sampling efforts.}, }
@article {pmid32348777, year = {2020}, author = {Hiebert, N and Carrau, T and Bartling, M and Vilcinskas, A and Lee, KZ}, title = {Identification of entomopathogenic bacteria associated with the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii in infested areas of Germany.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {173}, number = {}, pages = {107389}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2020.107389}, pmid = {32348777}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*isolation &amp; purification ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Biological Control Agents ; Crop Protection ; Drosophila/*immunology/*microbiology ; Fruit ; Germany ; Immunity, Innate ; *Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; Microbiota ; }, abstract = {The invasive insect pest Drosophila suzukii causes extensive damage to soft-skinned fruit crops as they ripen. Current control methods involve the application of chemical pesticides, but this approach is ineffective and environmentally hazardous. To investigate the potential of bacterial pathogens carried by D. suzukii as biocontrol agents, we characterized bacteria associated with D. suzukii larvae in two parts of Hesse, Germany, by collecting infested fruits and culturing individual bacteria from moribund specimens for taxonomic classification by 16S rDNA sequencing. Among the bacteria we detected, some had a detrimental effect on the host whereas others were neutral or beneficial. When the detrimental and beneficial bacteria were presented simultaneously, we observed complex tripartite interactions that modulated the insect's innate immune response. Our study provides insight into the complex relationships within the microbiome and pathobiome of D. suzukii and may lead to the isolation of bacteria that can be used as biological control agents.}, }
@article {pmid32348629, year = {2020}, author = {Wang, B and Hao, X and Xu, J and Wang, B and Ma, W and Liu, X and Ma, L}, title = {Cytochrome P450 metabolism mediates low-temperature resistance in pinewood nematode.}, journal = {FEBS open bio}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {1171-1179}, pmid = {32348629}, issn = {2211-5463}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; Cold Temperature/*adverse effects ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics/*metabolism ; Helminth Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Pinus/parasitology ; Plant Diseases/parasitology ; Rhabditida/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Pinewood nematode (PWN; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is a devastating invasive species that is expanding into colder regions. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying low-temperature resistance of PWN. We identified differentially expressed genes enriched under low temperature in previously published transcriptome data using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to further validate the transcript level changes of three known cytochrome P450 genes under low temperature. RNA interference was used to validate the low-temperature resistance function of three cytochrome P450 genes from PWN. We report that differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in two cytochrome P450-related pathways under low-temperature treatment. Heatmap visualization of transcript levels of cytochrome P450-related genes revealed widely different transcript patterns between PWNs treated under low and regular temperatures. Transcript levels of three cytochrome P450 genes from PWNs were elevated at low temperature, and knockdown of these genes decreased the survival rates of PWNs under low temperature. In summary, these findings suggest that cytochrome P450 metabolism plays a critical role in the low-temperature resistance mechanism of PWN.}, }
@article {pmid32348609, year = {2020}, author = {Constant, NL and Swanepoel, LH and Williams, ST and Soarimalala, V and Goodman, SM and Massawe, AT and Mulungu, LS and Makundi, RH and Mdangi, ME and Taylor, PJ and Belmain, SR}, title = {Comparative assessment on rodent impacts and cultural perceptions of ecologically based rodent management in 3 Afro-Malagasy farming regions.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {578-594}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12447}, pmid = {32348609}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Culture ; Farmers/*psychology ; Female ; Focus Groups ; Humans ; Madagascar ; Male ; Pest Control, Biological ; Rodent Control/economics/*methods ; *Rodentia ; Rodenticides ; South Africa ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tanzania ; }, abstract = {Rodents generate negative consequences for smallholder farmers in Africa that directly impact household and livestock damage, food security, and public health. Ecologically Based Rodent Management (EBRM) seeks sustainable solutions for the mitigation of rodent damage through assessments of rodent population dynamics, agro-ecosystems, and socio-cultural contexts. We adopt a comparative approach across 3 rural Afro-Malagasy smallholder farming regions in South Africa, Tanzania, and Madagascar to assess the household impacts of rodent pests and current perceptions and preferences associated with several rodent control measures. We conducted focus group questionnaires and interviews in different study site locations. Rodents assert multiple impacts on Afro-Malagasy farmers demonstrating recurrent and emerging agricultural and household costs, and public health impacts. We identify a significant knowledge gap in educating communities about the application of different EBRM approaches in favor of acute poisons that are perceived to be more effective. Cultural issues and taboos also have a significant impact on the social acceptance of rodent hunting as well as biological control using indigenous predators. We advocate for an enhanced investigation of the socio-cultural beliefs associated with different rodent practices to understand the factors underlying social acceptance. A collaborative approach that integrates the perspectives of target communities to inform the design of EBRM initiatives according to the specific agro-ecosystem and socio-cultural context is necessary to ensure programmatic success.}, }
@article {pmid32348505, year = {2020}, author = {Valencia-Montoya, WA and Elfekih, S and North, HL and Meier, JI and Warren, IA and Tay, WT and Gordon, KHJ and Specht, A and Paula-Moraes, SV and Rane, R and Walsh, TK and Jiggins, CD}, title = {Adaptive Introgression across Semipermeable Species Boundaries between Local Helicoverpa zea and Invasive Helicoverpa armigera Moths.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {37}, number = {9}, pages = {2568-2583}, pmid = {32348505}, issn = {1537-1719}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/genetics ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Introgression ; Genome, Insect ; Insecticide Resistance/genetics ; Insecticides ; *Introduced Species ; Moths/*genetics ; Pyrethrins ; Sympatry ; }, abstract = {Hybridization between invasive and native species has raised global concern, given the dramatic increase in species range shifts and pest outbreaks due to anthropogenic dispersal. Nevertheless, secondary contact between sister lineages of local and invasive species provides a natural laboratory to understand the factors that determine introgression and the maintenance or loss of species barriers. Here, we characterize the early evolutionary outcomes following secondary contact between invasive Helicoverpa armigera and native H. zea in Brazil. We carried out whole-genome resequencing of Helicoverpa moths from Brazil in two temporal samples: during the outbreak of H. armigera in 2013 and 2017. There is evidence for a burst of hybridization and widespread introgression from local H. zea into invasive H. armigera coinciding with H. armigera expansion in 2013. However, in H. armigera, the admixture proportion and the length of introgressed blocks were significantly reduced between 2013 and 2017, suggesting selection against admixture. In contrast to the genome-wide pattern, there was striking evidence for adaptive introgression of a single region from the invasive H. armigera into local H. zea, including an insecticide resistance allele that increased in frequency over time. In summary, despite extensive gene flow after secondary contact, the species boundaries are largely maintained except for the single introgressed region containing the insecticide-resistant locus. We document the worst-case scenario for an invasive species, in which there are now two pest species instead of one, and the native species has acquired resistance to pyrethroid insecticides through introgression.}, }
@article {pmid32346054, year = {2020}, author = {Russo, E and Nugnes, F and Vicinanza, F and Garonna, AP and Bernardo, U}, title = {Biological and molecular characterization of Aromia bungii (Faldermann, 1835) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), an emerging pest of stone fruits in Europe.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {7112}, pmid = {32346054}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/genetics/*physiology ; Crops, Agricultural/*parasitology ; Europe ; Female ; Fruit/*parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Oviposition ; }, abstract = {The red-necked longhorn beetle (RLB) Aromia bungii (Fald.) is an emerging pest of stone fruit trees, native to East Asia, accidentally introduced in Europe (Germany and Italy) and Japan. Threatening seriously the stone fruit crops in Europe, RLB was added to both the EPPO A1 and priority pest lists of quarantine species. Molecular analyses highlighted that all specimens recovered in southern Italy share the same haplotype, different from the German one, supporting that the invasive process in Europe started from at least two independent introductions. To fill the existing gap of biological knowledge about A. bungii, several laboratory tests were carried out on specimens collected in the outbreak area of Naples (Italy). Results suggest a high biotic potential of the RLB Italian population. Females showed a short pre-oviposition period while the period of oviposition lasted about three weeks, with a rate of 24.2 eggs/day. Each female laid an average of 587.5 eggs and spawned the largest amount of eggs during the first week after emergence. Fed males live up to 62 days at 20 °C while fed females about 63 days at 25 °C. These results are crucial to draw up a multi-facet IPM approach against A. bungii in the outbreak areas.}, }
@article {pmid32344583, year = {2020}, author = {Keena, MA and Richards, JY}, title = {Comparison of Survival and Development of Gypsy Moth Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) Populations from Different Geographic Areas on North American Conifers.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {32344583}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {Appropriated funds//Northern Research Station/ ; }, abstract = {Host utilization information is critical to managers for estimating the hosts at risk and potential geographic range for gypsy moths from different geographic origins. In this study, the development and survival of gypsy moths from all three subspecies on 13 North American conifers and three broadleaf hosts were compared. There was variation in the ability of gypsy moth larvae from different geographic origins to utilize (survive and develop on) key North American conifers. However, that variation was not consistent within gypsy moth subspecies, but instead was more consistent with populations from different origins being preadapted to utilize different hosts and having different biologic traits. Some Asian populations developed and survived well on some conifers while populations from Europe and North America gained weight faster and/or survived better than some Asian populations. Although development was slower and survival poorer on several of the conifers, first instar larvae were able to utilize conifers unless the needles were tough or feeding deterrents were present. Host phenology was also critical since the early instars fed preferentially on new foliage or buds. Gypsy moth larvae can utilize many hosts, so this makes it a very adaptable invasive species that warrants taking measures to prevent its spread.}, }
@article {pmid32344507, year = {2020}, author = {Maranesi, M and Bufalari, A and Dall'Aglio, C and Paoloni, D and Moretti, G and Crotti, S and Manuali, E and Stazi, M and Bergamasco, F and Cruciani, D and Di Meo, A and Boiti, C and Zerani, M and Mercati, F}, title = {Reproductive Traits of an Invasive Alien Population of Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) in Central Italy.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {32344507}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {LIFE U-SAVEREDS Project (LIFE13 BIO/IT/000204)//LIFE+ Biodiversity Programme of the European Commission/ ; }, abstract = {The reproductive cycle of an invasive alien Italian grey squirrel population was studied to understand its adaptation and limit its spread, in order to conserve the autochthonous red squirrel. Female and male genital traits were evaluated throughout the reproductive cycle, including the ovary, uterus, testicle, epididymis, seminiferous tubule morphometry, and germinative epithelium histology. Moreover, individual female fecundity was determined by counting uterine scars. Ovary width and uterus weight, length, and width reached their highest values in the luteal and pregnancy phases. On conducting a histological evaluation of the testicular germinal epithelium, four morphotypes related to the different reproductive phases of the male squirrels were identified: immature, pubertal, spermatogenesis, and regressive. Testicle and epididymis weights and seminiferous tubule diameters reached their largest values during spermatogenesis. Uterine scar analysis showed that 69% of the females had given birth to one or two litters, while 31% had no uterine scars. Litters were larger in the first breeding period than in the second; annual fecundity was 4.52 ± 1.88 uterine scars/female. Umbrian grey squirrels have adapted to their non-native range, showing two annual mating periods at times similar to those in their native range, and high reproductive success.}, }
@article {pmid32344209, year = {2020}, author = {Burger, J and Gochfeld, M and Kosson, DS and Brown, KG and Salisbury, JA and Jeitner, C}, title = {Risk to ecological resources following remediation can be due mainly to increased resource value of successful restoration: A case study from the Department of Energy's Hanford Site.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {186}, number = {}, pages = {109536}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2020.109536}, pmid = {32344209}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; Introduced Species ; United States ; Washington ; }, abstract = {Many nations are faced with the need to remediate large contaminated sites following World War II, the Cold War, and abandoned industrial sites, and to return them to productive land uses. In the United States, the Department of Energy (DOE) has the largest cleanup challenge, and its Hanford Site in the state of Washington has the most extensive and most expensive cleanup task. Ideally, the risk to ecological resources on remediation sites is evaluated before, during, and after remediation, and the risk from, or damage to, ecological resources from contaminants should be lower following remediation. In this paper, we report the risk to ecological resources before, during, and as a consequence of remediation on contaminated units requiring cleanup, and then examine the causes for changes in risk by evaluating 56 cleanup evaluation units (EUs) at the Hanford Site. In this case, remediation includes a restoration phase. In general, the risk to ecological and eco-cultural resources is currently not discernible or low at most contaminated units, increases during remediation, and decreases thereafter. Remediation often causes physical disruption to ecosystems as it reduces the risk from exposure to contaminants. Most new remediation projects at the Hanford Site include ecological restoration. Ecological restoration results in the potential for the presence of higher quality resources after remediation than currently exists on these contaminated lands and facilities. Although counter-intuitive, our evaluation of the risk to ecological resources following remediation indicated that a significant percentage of units (61%) will be at increased risk in the post-remediation period. This increased risk is due to DOE's successful remediation and restoration that results in a higher percent of native vegetation and higher ecological value on the sites in the post-remediation period than before. These newly-created resources can then be at risk from post-remediation activities. Risks to these new higher quality resources include the potential for spread of invasive species and of noxious grasses used in previous cleanup actions, disruption of ecosystems (including those with state or federally listed species and unique ecosystems), compaction of soil, use of pesticides to control invasive species, and the eventual need for continued monitoring activities. Thus, by greatly improving the existing habitat and health of eco-receptors, and maintaining habitat corridors between high quality habitats, the ecological resources in the post-remediated units are at risk unless care is taken to protect them. Many of the negative effects of both remediation and future monitoring (or other future land uses) can be avoided by planning and management early in the remediation process. We suggest DOE and other agencies convene a panel of managers, remediation scientists, regulators, environmental and ecological scientists, Native Americans, economists, and the public to develop a generic list of performance metrics for the restoration phase of remediation, including evaluation of success, which could be applied across the DOE complex.}, }
@article {pmid32343409, year = {2020}, author = {Chen, L and Zhou, J and Zeng, T and Miao, YF and Mei, L and Yao, GB and Fang, K and Dong, XF and Sha, T and Yang, MZ and Li, T and Zhao, ZW and Zhang, HB}, title = {Quantifying the sharing of foliar fungal pathogens by the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora and its neighbours.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {227}, number = {5}, pages = {1493-1504}, doi = {10.1111/nph.16624}, pmid = {32343409}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Ageratina ; Endophytes ; Fungi ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Local pathogens can accumulate as asymptomatic endophytes, making it difficult to detect the impacts of invasive species as propagators of disease in the invaded range. We used the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora to assess such accumulation. We intensively collected foliar fungal endophytes and leaf spot pathogens of A. adenophora and co-occurring neighbours and performed an inoculation experiment to evaluate their pathogenicity and host range. Ageratina adenophora harboured diverse necrotrophic pathogens; its communities of endophytes and leaf spot pathogens were different in composition and shared only a small number of fungal species. In the pathogen communities of local plant hosts, 21% of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs), representing 50% of strains, also occurred as leaf spot pathogens and/or endophytes of A. adenophora. The local pathogen community was more similar to the endophytes than to the pathogens of A. adenophora. The inoculation experiment showed that local pathogens could infect A. adenophora leaves asymptomatically and that local plant hosts were susceptible to both A. adenophora endophytes and pathogens. Ageratina adenophora is a highly competent host for local pathogens, and its asymptomatic latent pathogens are fungi primarily shared with local neighbours. This poses challenges for understanding the long-term ecological consequences of plant invasion.}, }
@article {pmid32343224, year = {2020}, author = {Hanson, HE and Mathews, NS and Hauber, ME and Martin, LB}, title = {The house sparrow in the service of basic and applied biology.}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {32343224}, issn = {2050-084X}, support = {G2016100191872782//Sigma Xi/ ; Hesse Grant//American Ornithological Society/ ; Frank M. Chapman Memorial Fund//American Museum of Natural History/ ; 2017258//United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/genetics ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Biology/methods ; Birds ; Ecosystem ; Genome ; Sparrows/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {From the northernmost tip of Scandinavia to the southernmost corner of Patagonia, and across six continents, house sparrows (Passer domesticus) inhabit most human-modified habitats of the globe. With over 7,000 articles published, the species has become a workhorse for not only the study of self-urbanized wildlife, but also for understanding life history and body size evolution, sexual selection and many other biological phenomena. Traditionally, house sparrows were studied for their adaptations to local biotic and climatic conditions, but more recently, the species has come to serve as a focus for studies seeking to reveal the genomic, epigenetic and physiological underpinnings of success among invasive vertebrate species. Here, we review the natural history of house sparrows, highlight what the study of these birds has meant to bioscience generally, and describe the many resources available for future work on this species.}, }
@article {pmid32342581, year = {2020}, author = {Munson, SM and Yackulic, EO and Bair, LS and Copeland, SM and Gunnell, KL}, title = {The biggest bang for the buck: cost-effective vegetation treatment outcomes across drylands of the western United States.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {30}, number = {7}, pages = {e02151}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2151}, pmid = {32342581}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {//U.S. Geological Survey/International ; }, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Treatment Outcome ; United States ; }, abstract = {Restoration and rehabilitation are globally implemented to improve ecosystem condition but often without tracking treatment expenditures relative to ecological outcomes. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of widely conducted woody plant and herbaceous invasive plant removals and seeding treatments in drylands of the western United States from 2004 to 2018 to determine how land managers can optimize efforts. Woody plant cover decreased at a similar rate per dollar spent regardless of vegetation removal type, and the dominant invasive species was reduced by herbicide application. Relatively inexpensive herbicide application also had a large positive effect on seeded perennial grass cover that was enhanced by additional cost; while expensive woody mastication treatments had little effect regardless of additional cost. High seed cost was driven by including a large proportion of native species in seed mixes, and combined with high seeding cost, promoted a short-term (2-3 yr) gain in perennial forb cover and species richness. In contrast, seeding and seed mix cost had no bearing on seeded perennial grass cover, in part, because relatively cheap nonnative seeded species rapidly increased in cover. Our results suggest the differential benefits of commonly implemented treatments aimed at reducing wildfire risk, improving wildlife habitat and forage, and reducing erosion. Given the growing need and cost of restoration and rehabilitation, we raise the importance of specifying treatment budgets and objectives, coupled with effectiveness monitoring, to improve future outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid32341473, year = {2020}, author = {Gonzalez Mateu, M and Baldwin, AH and Maul, JE and Yarwood, SA}, title = {Dark septate endophyte improves salt tolerance of native and invasive lineages of Phragmites australis.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {1943-1954}, pmid = {32341473}, issn = {1751-7370}, mesh = {*Endophytes/genetics ; Plant Roots ; Plants ; Poaceae ; *Salt Tolerance ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Fungal endophytes can improve plant tolerance to abiotic stress. However, the role of these plant-fungal interactions in invasive species ecology and their management implications remain unclear. This study characterized the fungal endophyte communities of native and invasive lineages of Phragmites australis and assessed the role of dark septate endophytes (DSE) in salt tolerance of this species. We used Illumina sequencing to characterize root fungal endophytes of contiguous stands of native and invasive P. australis along a salinity gradient. DSE colonization was assessed throughout the growing season in the field, and effects of fungal inoculation on salinity tolerance were investigated using laboratory and greenhouse studies. Native and invasive lineages had distinct fungal endophyte communities that shifted across the salinity gradient. DSE colonization was greater in the invasive lineage and increased with salinity. Laboratory studies showed that DSE inoculation increased P. australis seedling survival under salt stress; and a greenhouse assay revealed that the invasive lineage had higher aboveground biomass under mesohaline conditions when inoculated with a DSE. We observed that P. australis can establish mutualistic associations with DSE when subjected to salt stress. This type of plant-fungal association merits further investigation in integrated management strategies of invasive species and restoration of native Phragmites.}, }
@article {pmid32341394, year = {2020}, author = {Bezeng, BS and Yessoufou, K and Taylor, PJ and Tesfamichael, SG}, title = {Expected spatial patterns of alien woody plants in South Africa's protected areas under current scenario of climate change.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {7038}, pmid = {32341394}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Although protected areas (PAs) are declared to provide sanctuaries for biodiversity, they are increasingly threatened by the synergistic effects of anthropic factors, invasive alien species and climate change. Consequently, interventions are required to minimize the impacts of these threats on PAs' integrity. To inform these interventions in the South African context and under the current climate change scenario, we tested for geographic patterns of alien woody species across the network of 1,453 PAs using three alien invasion indices - alien species abundance, invaded area ratio and alien species richness. Our analysis shows that, under current climate change scenario, none of the PAs would be effective in shielding against alien plants and PAs that are geographically close tend to share similar invasion patterns. In addition, PAs that are hotspots of alien species are also geographically clustered but these findings are biome-dependent. Our outlier analysis reveals not only an island of disproportionately rich PAs in alien species, but also identifies some alien-poor PAs. We suggest that PAs that are hotspots of alien species as well as outliers of disproportionately rich PAs in alien species should be priority in monitoring and invasion control programmes in the context of the ongoing climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32339842, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, Z and Mammola, S and McLay, CL and Capinha, C and Yokota, M}, title = {To invade or not to invade? Exploring the niche-based processes underlying the failure of a biological invasion using the invasive Chinese mitten crab.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {728}, number = {}, pages = {138815}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138815}, pmid = {32339842}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; North America ; Republic of Korea ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species represent a serious threat to global biodiversity, causing considerable damage to native ecosystems. To better assess invasion risks, it is essential to better understand the biological processes that determine the success or failure of invasions. The catadromous Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis, whose native distribution is the Pacific Coast of China and Korea, has successfully invaded and established populations in North America and Europe. In Japan, where E. sinensis is also regarded as potentially invasive and multiple introduction vectors exist, the species is not yet established. These settings can be used to explore niche-based processes underlying the apparent failure of a biological invasion. We first quantified native and invasive realized niches of E. sinensis in freshwater habitats using geometrical n-dimensional hypervolumes. Based on the assumption of niche conservatism, we then projected habitat suitability of this species in Japan using species distribution models (SDMs) calibrated with distinct sets of distribution data: native occurrences, invasive occurrences, and both. Results showed that E. sinensis has undergone either niche shifts or niche contractions during invasions in different areas of the world. Projections from SDMs indicate that although part of Japan is suitable for E. sinensis, this does not include the freshwater habitats around the Ariake Sea, which is considered to be a suitable marine environment for E. sinensis larvae. The mismatch between suitable freshwater and marine environments provides a possible explanation for the failure of establishment of E. sinensis in Japan to date. Our findings have useful general implications for the interpretation of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid32336286, year = {2020}, author = {Ibáñez-Justicia, A and Alcaraz-Hernández, JD and van Lammeren, R and Koenraadt, CJM and Bergsma, A and Delucchi, L and Rizzoli, A and Takken, W}, title = {Habitat suitability modelling to assess the introductions of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Netherlands.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {217}, pmid = {32336286}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Belgium ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Netherlands ; Scandinavian and Nordic Countries ; Seasons ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the Netherlands, Aedes albopictus has been found each year since 2010 during routine exotic mosquito species surveillance at companies that import used tires. We developed habitat suitability models to investigate the potential risk of establishment and spread of this invasive species at these locations.<br><br>METHODS: We used two methodologies: first, a species distribution model based on the maximum entropy modelling approach (MaxEnt) taking into consideration updated occurrence data of the species in Europe, and secondly, a spatial logic conditional model based on the temperature requirements of the species and using land surface temperature data (LST model).<br><br>RESULTS: Suitability assessment obtained with the MaxEnt model at European level accurately reflect the current distribution of the species and these results also depict moderately low values in parts of the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, the British islands and southern parts of Scandinavia. Winter temperature was the variable that contributed most to the performance of the model (47.3%). The results of the LST model showed that: (i) coastal areas are suitable for overwintering of eggs; (ii) large areas in the northern part of the country have a low suitability for adult survival; and (iii) the entire country is suitable for successful completion of the life-cycle if the species is introduced after the winter months. Results of the LST model revealed that temperatures in 2012 and 2014 did not limit the overwintering of eggs or survival of adults at the locations where the species was found. By contrast, for the years 2010, 2011 and 2013, overwintering of eggs at these locations is considered unlikely.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Results using two modelling methodologies show differences in predicted habitat suitability values. Based on the results of both models, the climatic conditions could hamper the successful overwintering of eggs of Ae. albopictus and their survival as adults in many areas of the country. However, during warm years with mild winters, many areas of the Netherlands offer climatic conditions suitable for developing populations. Regular updates of the models, using updated occurrence and climatic data, are recommended to study the areas at risk.}, }
@article {pmid32336113, year = {2020}, author = {Stehlíková, D and Luchi, N and Aglietti, C and Pepori, AL and Diez, JJ and Santini, A}, title = {Real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of Fusarium circinatum.}, journal = {BioTechniques}, volume = {69}, number = {1}, pages = {369-375}, doi = {10.2144/btn-2019-0168}, pmid = {32336113}, issn = {1940-9818}, mesh = {DNA, Fungal/genetics ; Fusarium/*genetics ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/*methods ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/*methods ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; }, abstract = {Fusarium circinatum is the causal agent of pitch canker, a lethal disease of pine and other conifers. Since F. circinatum is a quarantine organism, its timely detection could efficiently prevent its introduction into new areas or facilitate spread management in already infected sites. In this study, we developed a sequence-specific probe loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for F. circinatum using a field-deployable portable instrument. The assay was able to recognize the pathogen in host tissues in just 30 min, and the sensitivity of the assay made it possible to detect even small amounts of F. circinatum DNA (as low as 0.5 pg/μl). The high efficiency of this method suggests its use as a standard diagnostic tool during phytosanitary controls.}, }
@article {pmid32335983, year = {2020}, author = {Wei, M and Wang, S and Wu, B and Cheng, H and Wang, C}, title = {Heavy metal pollution improves allelopathic effects of Canada goldenrod on lettuce germination.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {22}, number = {5}, pages = {832-838}, doi = {10.1111/plb.13126}, pmid = {32335983}, issn = {1438-8677}, support = {2016YFC0502002//National Key Research &amp; Development Program of China/ ; PCRRF19009//Tongji University/ ; //Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment/ ; }, mesh = {*Allelopathy/drug effects ; Canada ; *Germination/drug effects ; *Lactuca/drug effects ; *Metals, Heavy/analysis/toxicity ; Soil Pollutants/toxicity ; *Solidago ; }, abstract = {Large amounts of heavy metals have been released into the environment. Thus, the allelopathic effects of invasive alien species on the germination performance of co-occurring indigenous species may be altered or even heightened with the rapid growth in heavy metal pollution. This study evaluated the impacts of Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) leaf extracts at concentrations of 0, 10 or 20 gl 1 on the germination of lettuce under different forms of heavy metal pollution (Cu[2+] , Pb[2+] or a combination of Cu[2+] and Pb[2+] ; 35 mgl 1) during incubation in Petri dishes for 10 days. Goldenrod leaf extracts (high concentration) reduced growth of aboveground and belowground parts of lettuce as well as competition for light and soil nutrients. However, low concentrations of goldenrod leaf extracts dramatically improved growth of lettuce roots, competition for light, soil nutrient availability, leaf photosynthetic area and growth competitiveness. The combination of goldenrod leaf extracts and heavy metal pollution was synergistic on most lettuce germination parameters, probably because high concentrations of goldenrod leaf extracts together with heavy metal pollution had a synergistic negative impact on lettuce germination. Consequently, increased levels of heavy metal pollution may favour invasion of invasive alien species while largely suppressing germination of indigenous species.}, }
@article {pmid32335069, year = {2020}, author = {Bhattacharyya, J and Roelke, DL and Walton, JR and Banerjee, S}, title = {Using YY supermales to destabilize invasive fish populations.}, journal = {Theoretical population biology}, volume = {134}, number = {}, pages = {1-14}, doi = {10.1016/j.tpb.2020.04.003}, pmid = {32335069}, issn = {1096-0325}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {A plausible biocontrol strategy for the eradication of invasive species involves augmenting wild populations with genetically modified supermales. Supermales contain double YY chromosomes. When they are augmented into a wild population, destabilization and eventual extinction occurs over time due to a strongly skewed gender ratio towards males. Here, we employ a mathematical model that considers an Allee effect, but we have discovered through simulation that the presence of supermales leads to an increase in the minimal number of females needed for survival at a value higher than the mathematically defined Allee effect. Using this effect, we focus our research on exploring the sensitivity of the optimized supply rate of supermale fish to the initial gender ratio and density of the wild populations. We find that the eradication strategy with optimized supply rate of supermales can be determined with knowledge of reproductive rate and survival fitness of supermale fish.}, }
@article {pmid32334085, year = {2020}, author = {Bellini, R and Michaelakis, A and Petrić, D and Schaffner, F and Alten, B and Angelini, P and Aranda, C and Becker, N and Carrieri, M and Di Luca, M and Fălcuţă, E and Flacio, E and Klobučar, A and Lagneau, C and Merdić, E and Mikov, O and Pajovic, I and Papachristos, D and Sousa, CA and Stroo, A and Toma, L and Vasquez, MI and Velo, E and Venturelli, C and Zgomba, M}, title = {Practical management plan for invasive mosquito species in Europe: I. Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus).}, journal = {Travel medicine and infectious disease}, volume = {35}, number = {}, pages = {101691}, doi = {10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101691}, pmid = {32334085}, issn = {1873-0442}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control/*methods/organization &amp; administration ; Mosquito Vectors ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus, also known as the "Asian Tiger Mosquito", is an invasive mosquito species to Europe causing high concern in public health due to its severe nuisance and its vectorial capacity for pathogens such as dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever and Zika. Consequently, the responsible authorities implement management activities to reduce its population density, possibly to below noxious and epidemiological thresholds. In urban areas, these aims are difficult to achieve because of the species' ability to develop in a wide range of artificial breeding sites, mainly private properties. This document (Management Plan) has been structured to serve as a comprehensive practical and technical guide for stakeholders in organizing the vector control activities in the best possible way. The current plan includes coordinated actions such as standardized control measures and quality control activities, monitoring protocols, activities for stakeholders and local communities, and an emergency vector control plan to reduce the risk of an epidemic.}, }
@article {pmid32334005, year = {2020}, author = {Duscher, GG and Battisti, E and Hodžić, A and Wäber, K and Steinbach, P and Stubbe, M and Heddergott, M}, title = {First detection and molecular identification of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in an introduced population of Reeve's muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) in United Kingdom.}, journal = {Molecular and cellular probes}, volume = {52}, number = {}, pages = {101582}, doi = {10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101582}, pmid = {32334005}, issn = {1096-1194}, mesh = {Anaplasma phagocytophilum/*isolation &amp; purification ; Animals ; Introduced Species ; Likelihood Functions ; Muntjacs/*microbiology ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {In the present study, we investigated blood samples of 196 invasive Reeve's muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) and 91 native roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) originating from the same area in Thetford Forest in Eastern England for the occurrence of blood pathogens such as Anaplasmatacae, Rickettsiales and Piroplasmida (Babesia spp., Theileria spp.) by using PCR. Babesia spp., Rickettsia spp. and Theileria spp. were not detected. Only two male (1%) Reeve's muntjacs and six (6.6%) roe deer were positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum with 100% identity among their sequences. However, it is not clear whether Reeve's muntjac is less susceptible to infection, less susceptible to infestation by I. ricinus, or an infection in Reeve's muntjac is more lethal and therefore less positive animals are taken during hunting events.}, }
@article {pmid32333755, year = {2020}, author = {Carneiro, VC and Lyko, F}, title = {Rapid Epigenetic Adaptation in Animals and Its Role in Invasiveness.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {60}, number = {2}, pages = {267-274}, pmid = {32333755}, issn = {1557-7023}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Animals ; Astacoidea/*genetics ; Ecosystem ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive species represent a serious ecological threat for many ecosystems worldwide and provide a unique opportunity to investigate rapid adaptation and evolution. Genetic variation allows populations of organisms to be both robust and adaptable to different environmental conditions over evolutionary timeframes. In contrast, invasive animals can rapidly adapt to new environments, with minimal genetic diversity. Thus, the extent to which environmental effects can trigger epigenetic responses is particularly interesting for understanding the role of epigenetics in rapid adaptation. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the different epigenetic mechanisms that control gene expression, and emphasize the importance of epigenetics for environmental adaptation. We also discuss recent publications that provide important examples for the role of epigenetic mechanisms in environmental adaptation. Furthermore, we present an overview of the current knowledge about epigenetic modulation as an adaptive strategy for invasive species. A particularly interesting example is provided by the marbled crayfish, a novel, monoclonal freshwater crayfish species that has colonized diverse habitats within a few years. Finally, we address important limitations of current approaches and highlight the potential importance of less well-known mechanisms for non-genetic organismal adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid32333608, year = {2020}, author = {Nyboer, EA and Chrétien, E and Chapman, LJ}, title = {Divergence in aerobic scope and thermal tolerance is related to local thermal regime in two populations of introduced Nile perch (Lates niloticus).}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {97}, number = {1}, pages = {231-245}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14355}, pmid = {32333608}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//Funding for this project was provided by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada in grants CGS-443206, PGS-D3-426309 and 06675-2015, and through a Fonds Qu&#xe9;b&#xe9;cois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies grant no. 176498./ ; }, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes/*chemistry ; Oxygen/*chemistry ; Perches/*physiology ; Temperature ; Uganda ; }, abstract = {We tested whether thermal tolerance and aerobic performance differed between two populations of Nile perch (Lates niloticus) originating from the same source population six decades after their introduction into two lakes in the Lake Victoria basin in East Africa. We used short-term acclimation of juvenile fish to a range of temperatures from ambient to +6°C, and performed critical thermal maximum (CTmax) and respirometry tests to measure upper thermal tolerance, resting and maximum metabolic rates, and aerobic scope (AS). Across acclimation temperatures, Nile perch from the cooler lake (Lake Nabugabo, Uganda) tended to have lower thermal tolerance (i.e., CTmax) and lower aerobic performance (i.e., AS) than Nile perch from the warmer waters of Lake Victoria (Bugonga region, Uganda). Effects of temperature acclimation were more pronounced in the Lake Victoria population, with the Lake Nabugabo fish showing less thermal plasticity in most metabolic traits. Our results suggest phenotypic divergence in thermal tolerance between these two introduced populations in a direction consistent with an adaptive response to local thermal regimes.}, }
@article {pmid32332831, year = {2020}, author = {Jermacz, &#x141; and Kletkiewicz, H and Nowakowska, A and Dzierżyńska-Białończyk, A and Klimiuk, M and Kobak, J}, title = {Continuity of chronic predation risk determines changes in prey physiology.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {6972}, pmid = {32332831}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*metabolism ; Animals ; *Ecology ; Fresh Water ; Glycogen/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Prey reconfigure their physiology to avoid costs of prolonged predator pressure. However, these changes might not occur under periodic predation risk, with repeating acute phases. To test the effect of predation risk continuity on changes in prey physiology, we exposed amphipods: Dikerogammarus villosus and Gammarus jazdzewskii to periodic and constant predation cue. After one week, we measured: cellular defence systems: total antioxidant status (TAS), heat shock proteins (Hsp70); intracellular damage marker: lipid peroxidation (TBARS); condition index: glycogen concentration. Predator presence reduced TAS level in G. jazdzewskii independent of its continuity and in D. villosus after periodic exposure. Amphipods showed downregulation of Hsp70 when exposed to periodic (D. villosus) or constant (G. jazdzewskii) predation risk. Exposure to predators reduced TBARS level in D. villosus (irrespective of the continuity) and G. jazdzewskii (periodic exposure). Glycogen concentration in both species was not affected by predator presence. Thus, the continuity of the predator cue shaped prey physiology reconfiguration, optimizing costs of physiological adjustments under challenging conditions. Nevertheless, the lack of negative consequences of the prolonged exposure to the predator cue, whether constant or periodic, shows that amphipods can thrive under chronic predation risk, which is a constant part of the wild environment.}, }
@article {pmid32332160, year = {2020}, author = {Lampert, A}, title = {Multiple agents managing a harmful species population should either work together to control it or split their duties to eradicate it.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {117}, number = {19}, pages = {10210-10217}, pmid = {32332160}, issn = {1091-6490}, abstract = {The management of harmful species, including invasive species, pests, parasites, and diseases, is a major global challenge. Harmful species cause severe damage to ecosystems, biodiversity, agriculture, and human health. In particular, managing harmful species often requires cooperation among multiple agents, such as landowners, agencies, and countries. Each agent may have incentives to contribute less to the treatment, leaving more work for other agents, which may result in inefficient treatment. A central question is, therefore, how should a policymaker allocate treatment duties among the agents? Specifically, should the agents work together in the same area, or should each agent work only in a smaller area designated just for her/him? We consider a dynamic game-theoretic model, where a Nash equilibrium corresponds to a possible set of contributions that the agents could adopt over time. In turn, the allocation by the policymaker determines which of the Nash equilibria could be adopted, which allows us to compare the outcome of various allocations. Our results show that fewer agents can abate the harmful species population faster, but more agents can better control the population to keep its density lower. We prove this result in a general theorem and demonstrate it numerically for two case studies. Therefore, following an outbreak, the better policy would be to split and assign one or a few agents to treat the species in a given location, but if controlling the harmful species population at some low density is needed, the agents should work together in all of the locations.}, }
@article {pmid32330157, year = {2020}, author = {Huertas Herrera, A and Lencinas, MV and Toro Manríquez, M and Miller, JA and Martínez Pastur, G}, title = {Mapping the status of the North American beaver invasion in the Tierra del Fuego archipelago.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {e0232057}, pmid = {32330157}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Demography/methods ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Forests ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Rivers ; *Rodentia ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Quantifying the presence and environmental impact of invasive species is the starting point for research on management and nature conservation. North American beavers (Castor canadensis) were introduced to Argentina from Canada in 1946, and the species has been identified as a major agent of environmental change in the Tierra del Fuego archipelago in the Anthropocene. We studied the invasion status (distribution and density) of beavers through analyses of the dam densities in the Tierra del Fuego landscapes. We identified beaver dams with a GIS using visual interpretation of high-resolution aerial imagery from Microsoft Bing, Google Earth and HERE and related them to natural environmental gradients. These factors comprised geographic (vegetation zones and distance to streams), climatic (temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration and net primary productivity) and topographic (elevation and slope) data. The datasets (dams and factors) were combined, and the data from the different zonation classes were subsequently compared using ANOVAs and Tukey's mean comparison tests. Deviations from the mean density (x mean density-x total mean density) were calculated to visualize the deviations for the studied factors. The datasets were also evaluated using principal component analyses (PCA). Our results showed a total of 206,203 beaver dams (100,951 in Argentina and 105,252 in Chile) in the study area (73,000 km2). The main island of Tierra del Fuego presented a greater degree of invasion (73.6% of the total study area) than the rest of the archipelago, especially in areas covered by mixed-evergreen and deciduous forests. The studied geographic, climatic and topographic factors showed positive trends (higher beaver preference) with beaver spread, which were all significant (p <0.05) when compared across the landscape. Although beavers are flexible in their habitat use, our empirical records showed that they had marked preferences and were positively influenced by the most productive forests. Here, we describe a scientific panorama that identified the drivers of species invasion based on satellite data and the available ecological datasets. The identification of such drivers could be useful for developing new tools for management and/or control strategies of the beavers in the Tierra del Fuego archipelago.}, }
@article {pmid32330137, year = {2020}, author = {Kamiyama, MT and Bradford, BZ and Groves, RL and Guédot, C}, title = {Degree day models to forecast the seasonal phenology of Drosophila suzukii in tart cherry orchards in the Midwest U.S.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {e0227726}, pmid = {32330137}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Forecasting/methods ; Fruit/*parasitology ; Gardens/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Humidity ; Insect Control ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Life Cycle Stages/physiology ; Linear Models ; *Models, Biological ; Prunus avium/*parasitology ; *Seasons ; Temperature ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {Spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is an invasive economic pest of soft-skinned and stone fruit across the globe. Our study establishes both a predictive generalized linear mixed model (GLMM), and a generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) of the dynamic seasonal phenology of D. suzukii based on four years of adult monitoring trap data in Wisconsin tart cherry orchards collected throughout the growing season. The models incorporate year, field site, relative humidity, and degree days (DD); and relate these factors to trap catch. The GLMM estimated a coefficient of 2.21 for DD/1000, meaning for every increment of 1000 DD, trap catch increases by roughly 9 flies. The GAMM generated a curve based on a cubic regression smoothing function of DD which approximates critical DD points of first adult D. suzukii detection at 1276 DD, above average field populations beginning at 2019 DD, and peak activity at 3180 DD. By incorporating four years of comprehensive seasonal phenology data from the same locations, we introduce robust models capable of using DD to forecast changing adult D. suzukii populations in the field leading to the application of more timely and effective management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid32328354, year = {2020}, author = {Romagnoli, S and Ficetola, GF and Manenti, R}, title = {Invasive crayfish does not influence spawning microhabitat selection of brown frogs.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e8985}, pmid = {32328354}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Microhabitat selection is a key component of amphibian breeding biology and can be modulated in response to the features of breeding sites and the presence of predators. Despite invasive alien species being among the major threats to amphibians, there is limited information on the role of invasive species in shaping amphibians' breeding microhabitat choice. The invasive red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is a major predator of amphibians' larvae, including those of the brown frogs Rana dalmatina and Rana latastei. Although qualitative information about the spawning site preferences and breeding microhabitat choice of brown frogs is available in the literature, only a few studies performed quantitative analyses, and the relationship between microhabitat choice and the presence of alien predators has not been investigated yet. The aims of this study were: (1) to characterize the microhabitats selected for clutch deposition by R. dalmatina and R. latastei and (2) to test if the position and the aggregation of egg clutches differ in sites invaded or not invaded by P. clarkii. During spring 2017, we surveyed multiple times 15 breeding sites of both brown frogs in Northern Italy; in each site we assessed the features of the microhabitat where each egg clutch was laid, considering its position (distance from the shore, depth of the water column) and the degree of aggregation of clutches. In each site we also assessed the presence/absence of the invasive crayfish and the relative abundance in the breeding period. We detected egg clutches in all sites; the crayfish occurred in eight ponds. Our results showed substantial differences between the spawning microhabitat features of the two brown frogs: Rana latastei clutches showed a higher degree of aggregation and were associated with deeper areas of the ponds , while Rana dalmatina deposited more spaced out clutches in areas of the ponds that were less deep. For both species, spawning microhabitat features were not significantly different between sites with and without P. clarkii. Although we did not detect behavioural responses to P. clarkii in the choice of spawning microhabitat , additional studies are required to assess whether these frogs modulate other behavioural traits (e.g. during larval development) in response to the invasive predator.}, }
@article {pmid32327928, year = {2020}, author = {Timberlake, J and Ballings, P and Vidal, JD and Wursten, B and Hyde, M and Mapaura, A and Childes, S and Palgrave, MC and Clark, VR}, title = {Mountains of the Mist: A first plant checklist for the Bvumba Mountains, Manica Highlands (Zimbabwe-Mozambique).}, journal = {PhytoKeys}, volume = {145}, number = {}, pages = {93-129}, pmid = {32327928}, issn = {1314-2011}, abstract = {The first comprehensive plant checklist for the Bvumba massif, situated in the Manica Highlands along the Zimbabwe-Mozambique border, is presented. Although covering only 276 km[2], the flora is rich with 1250 taxa (1127 native taxa and 123 naturalised introductions). There is a high proportion of Orchidaceae and Pteridophyta, with both groups showing a higher richness than for adjacent montane areas, which may be due to the massif's relatively high moisture levels as a result of frequent cloud cover. However, in contrast to other mesic montane regions in southern Africa, there are relatively few near-endemic or range-restricted taxa: there is only one local endemic, Aeranthes africana, an epiphytic forest orchid. This is likely to be an effect of the massif having limited natural grassland compared to forest, the former being the most endemic-rich habitat in southern African mountains outside of the Fynbos Biome. Six other near-endemic taxa with limited distribution in this portion of the Manica Highlands are highlighted. The high number of invasive species is probably a result of diverse human activities in the area. The main species of concern are Acacia melanoxylon, a tree that is invading grassland and previously cultivated land, the forest herb Hedychium gardnerianum which in places is transforming forest understorey with an adverse effect on some forest birds, and the woody herb Vernonanthura polyanthes which invades cleared forest areas after fire. Future botanical work in the massif should focus on a more detailed exploration of the poorly known Serra Vumba on the Mozambican side and on the drier western slopes. This will allow for a more detailed analysis of patterns of endemism across the Manica Highlands.}, }
@article {pmid32327680, year = {2020}, author = {Doorenweerd, C and San Jose, M and Barr, N and Leblanc, L and Rubinoff, D}, title = {Highly variable COI haplotype diversity between three species of invasive pest fruit fly reflects remarkably incongruent demographic histories.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {6887}, pmid = {32327680}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Demography ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Likelihood Functions ; Phylogeography ; Species Specificity ; Tephritidae/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Distance decay principles predict that species with larger geographic ranges would have greater intraspecific genetic diversity than more restricted species. However, invasive pest species may not follow this prediction, with confounding implications for tracking phenomena including original ranges, invasion pathways and source populations. We sequenced an 815 base-pair section of the COI gene for 441 specimens of Bactrocera correcta, 214 B. zonata and 372 Zeugodacus cucurbitae; three invasive pest fruit fly species with overlapping hostplants. For each species, we explored how many individuals would need to be included in a study to sample the majority of their haplotype diversity. We also tested for phylogeographic signal and used demographic estimators as a proxy for invasion potency. We find contrasting patterns of haplotype diversity amongst the species, where B. zonata has the highest diversity but most haplotypes were represented by singletons; B. correcta has ~7 dominant haplotypes more evenly distributed; Z. cucurbitae has a single dominant haplotype with closely related singletons in a 'star-shape' surrounding it. We discuss how these differing patterns relate to their invasion histories. None of the species showed meaningful phylogeographic patterns, possibly due to gene-flow between areas across their distributions, obscuring or eliminating substructure.}, }
@article {pmid32327393, year = {2020}, author = {Muller-Scharer, H and Schaffner, U}, title = {Editorial overview: Biological control of plant invaders: a continued stimulus and yet untapped potential to link and advance applied and basic research.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {38}, number = {}, pages = {v-viii}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2020.03.002}, pmid = {32327393}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; *Entomology ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Plant Weeds ; Weed Control/*methods ; }, }
@article {pmid32326530, year = {2020}, author = {Kurucz, K and Manica, M and Delucchi, L and Kemenesi, G and Marini, G}, title = {Dynamics and Distribution of the Invasive Mosquito Aedes koreicus in a Temperate European City.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {32326530}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Asia ; Europe ; Humans ; Hungary ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Aedes koreicus is a mosquito species native to Asia that has recently successfully invaded new areas in several European countries. Here, we provide important data on Ae. koreicus establishment in Pécs (Southern Hungary). Mosquito surveillance was carried out weekly between 2016 and 2019 at 10 different sites located throughout the city from May to September. We conducted a statistical analysis to evaluate the most important abiotic factors driving Ae. koreicus abundance. We then calibrated a previously developed temperature-dependent mathematical model to the recorded captures to evaluate mosquito abundance in the study area. We found that too high summer temperatures negatively affect mosquito abundance. The model accurately replicated the observed capture patterns, providing an estimate of Ae. koreicus density for each breeding season, which we interpolated to map Ae. koreicus abundance throughout Pécs. We found a negative correlation between mosquito captures and human density, suggesting that Ae. koreicus does not necessarily require humans for its blood meals. Our study provides a successful application of a previously published mathematical model to investigate Ae. koreicus population dynamics, proving its suitability for future studies, also within an epidemiological framework.}, }
@article {pmid32326048, year = {2020}, author = {Govêa, KP and Pereira, RST and de Assis, MDO and Alves, PI and Brancaglion, GA and Toyota, AE and Machado, JVC and Carvalho, DT and de Souza, TC and Beijo, LA and de Oliveira Ribeiro Trindade, L and Barbosa, S}, title = {Allelochemical Activity of Eugenol-Derived Coumarins on Lactuca sativa L.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {32326048}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Coumarins are widely distributed substances in plant species that promote phytotoxic effects, allowing them to be exploited as herbicides less harmful to the environment, since many invasive species have demonstrated resistance to commercially available products. The derived coumarins used in this study had not been tested in plant models and their effect on plants was unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxic action of these coumarins in bioassays with Lactuca sativa L., in order to select the most responsive substance whose toxicity was best elucidated by chromosomal complement and enzymatic antioxidant metabolism studies. From the phytotoxicity assays, coumarin 8-methoxy-2-oxo-6-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-2H-chromene-3-carboxylic acid (A1), reported here for the first time, was selected as the most responsive and caused a reduction in the following parameters: number of normal seedlings, fresh biomass, root length and shoot length. Subsequent studies demonstrated that this coumarin is cytogenotoxic due to damage caused to the cell cycle and the occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities. However, it did not interfere with antioxidant enzyme activity and did not cause lipid peroxidation. The changes caused by coumarin A1 described herein can contribute to better understanding the allelochemical actions of coumarins and the potential use of these substances in the production of natural herbicides.}, }
@article {pmid32325752, year = {2020}, author = {Kong, WL and Li, PS and Wu, XQ and Wu, TY and Sun, XR}, title = {Forest Tree Associated Bacterial Diffusible and Volatile Organic Compounds against Various Phytopathogenic Fungi.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {32325752}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {2017YFD0600104//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; PAPD//Priority Academic Program Development of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions/ ; }, abstract = {Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can potentially be used as an alternative strategy to control plant diseases. In this study, strain ST-TJ4 isolated from the rhizosphere soil of a healthy poplar was found to have a strong antifungal activity against 11 phytopathogenic fungi in agriculture and forestry. Strain ST-TJ4 was identified as Pseudomonas sp. based on 16S rRNA-encoding gene sequences. The bacterium can produce siderophores, cellulase, and protease, and has genes involved in the synthesis of phenazine, 1-phenazinecarboxylic acid, pyrrolnitrin, and hydrogen cyanide. Additionally, the volatile compounds released by strain ST-TJ4 can inhibit the mycelial growth of plant pathogenic fungi more than diffusible substances can. Based on volatile compound profiles of strain ST-TJ4 obtained from headspace collection and GC-MS/MS analysis, 1-undecene was identified. In summary, the results suggested that Pseudomonas sp. ST-TJ4 can be used as a biocontrol agent for various plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi.}, }
@article {pmid32325319, year = {2020}, author = {Czarniecka-Wiera, M and Szymura, TH and Kącki, Z}, title = {Understanding the importance of spatial scale in the patterns of grassland invasions.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {727}, number = {}, pages = {138669}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138669}, pmid = {32325319}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Grassland ; Introduced Species ; Poland ; Soil ; }, abstract = {The invasion of alien plant species is a serious problem for conservation and the maintenance of biodiversity in grasslands. Therefore, it is important to find environmental factors correlated with the distribution of invasive species in such areas. In this study, we examined the impacts of environmental factors operating at different spatial scales on the distribution of invasive species. The study area were located in the Sudetes Mountains, Poland (3800 km[2]). We sampled field data from 163 random plots located in grassland, among which there were 94 plots with invasive species and 69 plots without invasive species. For each plot, we collected data on resident vegetation (species richness, community structure), geodiversity (topography, soil type), environmental heterogeneity (landscape structure) and climate (temperature and precipitation). Since the factors examined are likely to operate at different spatial scales, we calculated values of environmental variables with different spatial scopes (10m[2] plot and buffers with 50, 250 and 1250 m radii). The probability of invasive plant presence was modeled using boosted regression trees (BRT). The results of our study showed that the distribution of invasive species is explained by factors operated at different spatial scale: in the finer scale the presence of invasive species was driven predominantly by the average Ellenberg's Indicator Values for soil moisture, in medium-scale by the average topographic wetness index and sum of edges, while at coarse-scale by temperature. It was also presented that the effect of drivers operating at fine-spatial scale is overwhelming by effect of drivers operating at coarse scale. From a practical point of view, the results demonstrate that effective grassland management should be planned on a larger spatial context, because focussing on the management of a single site cannot be successful.}, }
@article {pmid32325073, year = {2020}, author = {Morris, EE and O'Grady, P and Csóka, G and Hajek, AE}, title = {Genetic variability among native and introduced strains of the parasitic nematode Deladenus siricidicola.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {173}, number = {}, pages = {107385}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2020.107385}, pmid = {32325073}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Hymenoptera ; *Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; North America ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Tylenchida/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Sirex noctilio is an invasive Eurasian woodwasp that can kill pine (Pinus spp.) trees and has been introduced to areas of the Southern Hemisphere where plantations of introduced pines are grown. The main method of control of this invasive pest has been introduction and augmentation of a parasitic nematode, Deladenus siricidicola. The strain of D. siricidicola used for biological control of S. noctilio in the Southern Hemisphere originated in Sopron, Hungary. The genotype of D. siricidicola used for biological control sterilizes females of the strain of S. noctilio present in Australia. However, different strains of S. noctilio have been introduced to different geographic areas that have been invaded and different combinations of D. siricidicola and S. noctilio genotypes vary in whether these nematodes sterilize female S. noctilio. Moreover, even in the event of sterilization, partial sterilization can occur, where not all woodwasp eggs are compromised. Sirex noctilio has now invaded North America accidentally, putatively accompanying D. siricidicola, but these host/parasite pairings do not result in female sterilization. More information is needed about the genetic diversity of D. siricidicola both where it is native and introduced. In addition, the host range of these nematodes is necessary to understand to evaluate their potential use in areas where pine communities are native. We collected and evaluated Deladenus parasitizing S. noctilio, S. juvencus, and associated insects in Hungary, Denmark, Spain, and Italy, as well as in the United States. Phylogenetic analyses were unable to fully provide fine resolution, although some community structure was evident. Many D. siricidicola samples from Hungary had identical COI and ITS sequences to the strain of D. siricidicola accidentally introduced to North America putatively when S. noctilio invaded. The same or similar strains of D. siricidicola parasitize two different Sirex species that utilize pines as well as a Sirex parasitoid and a pine-boring beetle, demonstrating some limited variability in host specificity of this species. These results highlight the genetic diversity of Deladenus siricidicola in its native range in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid32322986, year = {2020}, author = {Woodworth, GR and Ward, JN and Carr, DE}, title = {Exotic tree and shrub invasions alter leaf-litter microflora and arthropod communities.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {193}, number = {1}, pages = {177-187}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-020-04657-1}, pmid = {32322986}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {DBI-1156796//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Arthropods ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Approximately 90% of all annual net primary productivity in temperate deciduous forests ends up entering the detritus food web as leaf litter. Due to chemical and physical differences from native litter, inputs from invasive species may impact the litter-dwelling community and ecosystem processes. We compared leaf-litter nutritional quality and decomposition rates from two invasive shrubs, Lonicera maackii and Rhamnus davurica, and the invasive tree Ailanthus altissima to litter from native oak-hickory forest in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, USA. We sampled litter from both invaded and uninvaded habitats and conducted litter colonization experiments to test for effects on microflora and the litter-dwelling arthropod communities. Litter from all three invasive species decomposed more rapidly than native litter, with native habitats averaging two to nearly five times as much litter by June. Invasive litter had higher nitrogen concentration and lower C:N ratios than native litter. Invasive litter supported greater growth of bacteria and fungi. Higher numbers of arthropods colonized invasive litter than native litter, but litter arthropod numbers on the forest floor of invaded habitats dropped in the early summer as litter decomposed. Litter had no effect on arthropod richness. Over short time scales, our results indicate that these invasive species represent beneficial, novel resources for the litter-dwelling community. However, the short-lived nature of this resource resulted in a crash in the abundance of the litter-dwelling organisms once the litter decomposed. As a whole, native habitat seems to support a larger, more stable litter-dwelling community over the course of a growing season.}, }
@article {pmid32322881, year = {2020}, author = {Goldson, SL and Barker, GM and Chapman, HM and Popay, AJ and Stewart, AV and Caradus, JR and Barratt, BIP}, title = {Severe Insect Pest Impacts on New Zealand Pasture: The Plight of an Ecological Outlier.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {32322881}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; *Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Wasps/*physiology ; Weevils/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {New Zealand's intensive pastures, comprised almost entirely introduced Lolium L. and Trifolium L. species, are arguably the most productive grazing-lands in the world. However, these areas are vulnerable to destructive invasive pest species. Of these, three of the most damaging pests are weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) that have relatively recently been controlled by three different introduced parasitoids, all belonging to the genus Microctonus Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Arguably that these introduced parasitoids have been highly effective is probably because they, like many of the exotic pest species, have benefited from enemy release. Parasitism has been so intense that, very unusually, one of the weevils has now evolved resistance to its parthenogenetic parasitoid. This review argues that New Zealand's high exotic pasture pest burden is attributable to a lack of pasture plant and natural enemy diversity that presents little biotic resistance to invasive species. There is a native natural enemy fauna in New Zealand that has evolved over millions of years of geographical isolation. However, these species remain in their indigenous ecosystems and, therefore, play a minimal role in creating biotic resistance in the country's exotic ecosystems. For clear ecological reasons relating to the nature of New Zealand pastures, importation biological control can work extremely well. Conversely, conservation biological control is less likely to be effective than elsewhere.}, }
@article {pmid32319910, year = {2020}, author = {O'Shaughnessy, KA and Hawkins, SJ and Yunnie, ALE and Hanley, ME and Lunt, P and Thompson, RC and Firth, LB}, title = {Occurrence and assemblage composition of intertidal non-native species may be influenced by shipping patterns and artificial structures.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {154}, number = {}, pages = {111082}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111082}, pmid = {32319910}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; England ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Habitat modification coupled with the spread of non-native species (NNS) are among the top threats to marine biodiversity globally. Species are known to be transported to new locations via international shipping and secondarily spread via regional vessels and artificial structures. Rapid Assessment Surveys (RAS) combining quantitative and semi-quantitative methods compared NNS richness and assemblage composition on intertidal natural rocky shores and artificial structures in harbours in different regions along the south coast of England. Quantitative data showed that artificial habitats supported higher richness than natural habitats, while semi-quantitative data found no difference in richness among habitat types. This result was attributed to additional species found in rock pools during searches of complex microhabitats in natural habitats. Assemblages on artificial structures differed among regions, with regions and harbours with greater numbers of vessels supporting greater richness. Results highlight the importance of shipping and artificial structures for NNS introduction and spread.}, }
@article {pmid32319894, year = {2020}, author = {Poursanidis, D and Kalogirou, S and Azzurro, E and Parravicini, V and Bariche, M and Zu Dohna, H}, title = {Habitat suitability, niche unfilling and the potential spread of Pterois miles in the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {154}, number = {}, pages = {111054}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111054}, pmid = {32319894}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Perciformes ; }, abstract = {The common lionfish Pterois miles has rapidly spread across the eastern Mediterranean Sea. We compiled occurrence data from both native and invaded range under the framework of Species Distribution Modelling (SDM). Through a construction of an environmental suitability model and estimation of spread rates we investigated the lionfish climate niche in both its native and invaded domains, this latter represented by the Mediterranean region. Model projections allowed to identify suitable areas for lionfish establishment in the Mediterranean. Spread analysis suggested that a further geographical expansion in this basin could be completed within the next years. Our results did not provide evidence for niche expansion but highlighted a high degree of niche unfilling thus prospecting a likely spread of Mediterranean lionfish invasion beyond the predictions of current SDMs. These findings provide novel inputs to forecast the future geographical evolution of the lionfish in the Mediterranean Sea and asses the related risk of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid32319206, year = {2020}, author = {Hu, LJ and Wu, XQ and Li, HY and Wang, YC and Huang, X and Wang, Y and Li, Y}, title = {BxCDP1 from the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is recognized as a novel molecular pattern.}, journal = {Molecular plant pathology}, volume = {21}, number = {7}, pages = {923-935}, pmid = {32319206}, issn = {1364-3703}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Death ; Helminth Proteins/*immunology ; Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules/*immunology ; Pinus/genetics/*immunology/*parasitology ; Plant Cells ; *Plant Immunity ; Recombinant Proteins/genetics/immunology ; Rhabditida/*immunology ; Nicotiana/genetics ; }, abstract = {The migratory plant-parasitic nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal agent of pine wilt disease, which causes serious damage to pine forests in China. Plant immunity plays an important role in plant resistance to multiple pathogens. Activation of the plant immune system is generally determined by immune receptors, including plant pattern recognition receptors, which mediate pattern recognition. However, little is known about molecular pattern recognition in the interaction between pines and B. xylophilus. Based on the B. xylophilus transcriptome at the early stages of infection and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression and infiltration of recombinant proteins produced by Pichia pastoris in many plant species, a novel molecular pattern (BxCDP1) was characterized in B. xylophilus. We found that BxCDP1 was highly up-regulated at the early infection stages of B. xylophilus, and was similar to a protein in Pararhizobium haloflavum. BxCDP1 triggered cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana when secreted into the apoplast, and this effect was dependent on brassinosteroid-insensitive 1-associated kinase 1, but independent of suppressor of BIR1-1. BxCDP1 also exhibited cell death-inducing activity in pine, Arabidopsis, tomato, pepper, and lettuce. BxCDP1 triggered reactive oxygen species production and the expression of PAMP-triggered immunity marker genes (NbAcre31, NbPTI5, and NbCyp71D20) in N. benthamiana. It also induced the expression of pathogenesis-related genes (PtPR-3, PtPR-4, and PtPR-5) in Pinus thunbergii. These results suggest that as a new B. xylophilus molecular pattern, BxCDP1 can not only be recognized by many plant species, but also triggers innate immunity in N. benthamiana and defence responses of P. thunbergii.}, }
@article {pmid32319080, year = {2020}, author = {Crystal-Ornelas, R and Lockwood, JL}, title = {Cumulative meta-analysis identifies declining but negative impacts of invasive species on richness after 20 yr.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {101}, number = {8}, pages = {e03082}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3082}, pmid = {32319080}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Fishes ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {A principal impact of invasive species is that they reduce local species richness. However, it is unknown whether the magnitude of the richness decrease has been consistent over the past two decades of published research. We used cumulative meta-analysis to synthesize evidence from 240 articles evaluating whether this cumulative evidence base generally supports, or refutes, the association between invasive species presence and richness declines. First, we determined whether evidence accumulation lowered the mean effect size of invasive species on local native richness through time; termed the "decline effect." Then, as mean effect sizes changed over time, we identified when accumulated evidence reached sufficiency, indicating that the mean effect direction (positive or negative) was unlikely to be reversed by unpublished research. We also assessed whether the mean effect size reached a threshold of stability over publication years. To date, no research has tested mechanisms of the decline effect, and here we determine whether publication bias, sample size, time since invasion, or invader trophic position are driving a decline effect in the published evidence base. We found a clear decline in the cumulative mean effect of invasive species on local native species richness as published evidence accumulated between 1999 and 2016. Despite this decline, an average negative association was stable and sufficiently robust to unpublished studies by 2007, showing a 21% mean richness decrease by 2016. Contrary to our expectation, the decline effect manifested consistently regardless of invasive species trophic position, time since invasion, or journal rank. Within taxonomic subgroups, trees, insects, and herbaceous plants exhibit a decline effect, yet still show sufficient and stable negative impacts on richness. However, many other taxonomic subgroups (e.g., crustaceans, fish, mammals) lack evidence for average negative impacts on richness, or have not met sufficiency or stability thresholds.}, }
@article {pmid32318644, year = {2019}, author = {Adler, FR and Gordon, DM}, title = {Cancer Ecology and Evolution: Positive interactions and system vulnerability.}, journal = {Current opinion in systems biology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1-7}, pmid = {32318644}, issn = {2452-3100}, support = {U54 CA209978/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Parallels of cancer with ecology and evolution have provided new insights into the initiation and spread of cancer, and new approaches to therapy. This review describes those parallels while emphasizing some key contrasts. We argue that cancers are less like invasive species than like native species or even crops that have escaped control, and that ecological control and homeo-static control differ fundamentally through both their ends and their means. From our focus on the role of positive interactions in control processes, we introduce a novel mathematical modeling framework that tracks how individual cell lineages arise, and how the many layers of control break down in the emergence of cancer. The next generation of therapies must continue to look beyond cancers as being created by individual renegade cells and address not only the network of interactions those cells inhabit, but the evolutionary logic that created those interactions and their intrinsic vulnerability.}, }
@article {pmid32317698, year = {2020}, author = {Schaffner, U and Steinbach, S and Sun, Y and Skjøth, CA and de Weger, LA and Lommen, ST and Augustinus, BA and Bonini, M and Karrer, G and Šikoparija, B and Thibaudon, M and Müller-Schärer, H}, title = {Biological weed control to relieve millions from Ambrosia allergies in Europe.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {1745}, pmid = {32317698}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Ambrosia ; Animals ; *Biological Control Agents ; Coleoptera ; Europe ; Humans ; Plant Weeds/*growth &amp; development ; Public Health/economics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control ; Weed Control/*methods ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) can substantially affect ecosystem services and human well-being. However, quantitative assessments of their impact on human health are rare and the benefits of implementing IAS management likely to be underestimated. Here we report the effects of the allergenic plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia on public health in Europe and the potential impact of the accidentally introduced leaf beetle Ophraella communa on the number of patients and healthcare costs. We find that, prior to the establishment of O. communa, some 13.5 million persons suffered from Ambrosia-induced allergies in Europe, causing costs of Euro 7.4 billion annually. Our projections reveal that biological control of A. artemisiifolia will reduce the number of patients by approximately 2.3 million and the health costs by Euro 1.1 billion per year. Our conservative calculations indicate that the currently discussed economic costs of IAS underestimate the real costs and thus also the benefits from biological control.}, }
@article {pmid32316496, year = {2020}, author = {Emami-Khoyi, A and Parbhu, SP and Ross, JG and Murphy, EC and Bothwell, J and Monsanto, DM and Vuuren, BJV and Teske, PR and Paterson, AM}, title = {De Novo Transcriptome Assembly and Annotation of Liver and Brain Tissues of Common Brushtail Possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand: Transcriptome Diversity after Decades of Population Control.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {32316496}, issn = {2073-4425}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Brain/*metabolism ; Female ; Liver/*metabolism ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; New Zealand ; *Population Control ; *Transcriptome ; Trichosurus/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), introduced from Australia in the mid-nineteenth century, is an invasive species in New Zealand where it is widespread and forms the largest self-sustained reservoir of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) among wild populations. Conservation and agricultural authorities regularly apply a series of population control measures to suppress brushtail possum populations. The evolutionary consequence of more than half a century of intensive population control operations on the species' genomic diversity and population structure is hindered by a paucity of available genomic resources. This study is the first to characterise the functional content and diversity of brushtail possum liver and brain cerebral cortex transcriptomes. Raw sequences from hepatic cells and cerebral cortex were assembled into 58,001 and 64,735 transcripts respectively. Functional annotation and polymorphism assignment of the assembled transcripts demonstrated a considerable level of variation in the core metabolic pathways that represent potential targets for selection pressure exerted by chemical toxicants. This study suggests that the brushtail possum population in New Zealand harbours considerable variation in metabolic pathways that could potentially promote the development of tolerance against chemical toxicants.}, }
@article {pmid32316176, year = {2020}, author = {Weise, FJ and Tomeletso, M and Stein, AB and Somers, MJ and Hayward, MW}, title = {Lions Panthera leo Prefer Killing Certain Cattle Bos taurus Types.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {32316176}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {X124//CLAWS Conservancy/ ; }, abstract = {Lion predation on cattle causes severe human-wildlife conflict that results in retaliatory persecution throughout the lion's geographic range. Cattle closely resemble the body size, shape, and herding patterns of preferred lion prey species. We studied cattle depredation patterns in Botswana's Okavango Delta and tested whether lions exhibited specific preferences based on cattle demographic characteristics (sex and age), as well as morphological traits (body mass, horn length, and pelage patterns). We also tested whether human disturbance of kills influenced lion energy intake and whether depredation circumstances influenced loss levels. Lions predominantly killed cattle at night (87.1%) and exhibited no preference for either sex. Overall, bulls and calves were most preferred, whereas heifers were significantly avoided, as were cattle with uniform colour patterns. Cattle with mottled pelage patterns were most preferred, especially among free-roaming herds. Preferences were context-specific, with lions preferring inexperienced calves during enclosure attacks (including multiple cases of surplus killing) and free-roaming bulls and oxen. About 13% of adult cattle had no horns, and these were preferentially targeted by lions, while cattle with short horns were killed in accordance with their availability and long horned cattle were highly avoided. The contemporary morphology of Tswana cattle that resulted from unnatural selective pressures during domestication does not offer effective antipredatory protection. Human disturbance of feeding soon after kills occurred reduced cattle carcass consumption by >40% (or about 30 kg per carcass per lion). Lions killed significantly more cattle in nonfortified enclosures than in the veldt, although this was influenced by surplus killing. Our results suggest that cattle predation by lions is driven by availability and cavalier husbandry practices, coupled with morphological features associated with facilitating easy husbandry. Cattle no longer exhibit the key features that enabled their ancestors to coexist with large predators and are now reliant upon humans to perform critical antipredator activities. Hence, the responsibility for mitigating human-wildlife conflict involving lions and cattle lies with people in either breeding traits that minimise predation or adequately protecting their cattle.}, }
@article {pmid32314098, year = {2020}, author = {Lin, G and Niu, Y and Pan, S and Ruan, S}, title = {Spreading Speed in an Integrodifference Predator-Prey System without Comparison Principle.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {82}, number = {5}, pages = {53}, doi = {10.1007/s11538-020-00725-y}, pmid = {32314098}, issn = {1522-9602}, support = {11731005//National Natural Science Foundation of China/International ; 11971213//National Natural Science Foundation of China/International ; 1853622//Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {In this paper, we study the spreading speed in an integrodifference system which models invasion of predators into the habitat of the prey. Without the requirement of comparison principle, we construct several auxiliary integrodifference equations and use the results of monotone scalar equations to estimate the spreading speed of the invading predators. We also present some numerical simulations to support our theoretical results and demonstrate that the integrodifference predator-prey system exhibits very complex dynamics. Our theory and numerical results imply that the invasion of predators may have a rough constant speed. Moreover, our numerical simulations indicate that the spatial contact of individuals and the overcompensatory phenomenon of the prey may be conducive to the persistence of nonmonotone biological systems and lead to instability of the predator-free state.}, }
@article {pmid32314003, year = {2020}, author = {Parker, ES and Newton, ILG and Moczek, AP}, title = {(My Microbiome) Would Walk 10,000 miles: Maintenance and Turnover of Microbial Communities in Introduced Dung Beetles.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {80}, number = {2}, pages = {435-446}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-020-01514-9}, pmid = {32314003}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {1901680//Division of Integrative Organismal Systems/ ; 1256689//Division of Integrative Organismal Systems/ ; 61369//John Templeton Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australian Capital Territory ; Bacteria/*isolation &amp; purification ; Coleoptera/*microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; *Microbiota ; *Symbiosis ; West Virginia ; }, abstract = {Host-associated microbes facilitate diverse biotic and abiotic interactions between hosts and their environments. Experimental alterations of host-associated microbial communities frequently decrease host fitness, yet much less is known about if and how host-microbiome interactions are altered by natural perturbations, such as introduction events. Here, we begin to assess this question in Onthophagus dung beetles, a species-rich and geographically widely distributed genus whose members rely on vertically transmitted microbiota to support normal development. Specifically, we investigated to what extent microbiome community membership shifts during host introduction events and the relative significance of ancestral associations and novel environmental conditions in the structuring of microbial communities of introduced host species. Our results demonstrate that both evolutionary history and local environmental forces structure the microbial communities of these animals, but that their relative importance is shaped by the specific circumstances that characterize individual introduction events. Furthermore, we identify microbial taxa such as Dysgonomonas that may constitute members of the core Onthophagus microbiome regardless of host population or species, but also Wolbachia which associates with Onthophagus beetles in a species or even population-specific manner. We discuss the implications of our results for our understanding of the evolutionary ecology of symbiosis in dung beetles and beyond.}, }
@article {pmid32307683, year = {2020}, author = {da Silva Jorge, S and Satir, T}, title = {A survey on the BWM Convention: analysing the stakeholders' perceptions with emphasis on the acquisition process and operational expenditure.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {27}, number = {19}, pages = {23529-23537}, pmid = {32307683}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {*Health Expenditures ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Ships ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; *Water Purification ; }, abstract = {The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (IMO 2018 Edition) was adopted in 2004 and entered into force on 8 September 2017, aiming to introduce global regulations to control the transfer of potentially invasive species Resolution (IMO MEPC.207(62) 2011). These efforts are translated into a wide range of solutions for retrofitting and new building services, which is evidenced through the substantial amount of data disclosed and analysed by different parties showing that optimization processes will have an important role for the existent management systems. Analysing a ballast water management installation project for oil tankers, categorizing the stakeholders involved and assessing properly the outcomes from an engineering perspective are important matters. The experience considered at the BWM Convention and its amendments set an important call to the industry in terms of milestones. Avoiding any delay in terms of operation is not the only answer to this call but also setting up an optimized and sustainable operation after the implementation process. The project management, on the subfield of stakeholders' management (Bourne 2016), brings a myriad of individuals connected to ballast water management matters with different levels of knowledge, experience and commitment from an engineering perspective. This article aims to measure these factors and the stakeholders' experience based on qualitative research into the ballast water management convention, with emphasis on the installation process on board. The data herewith analysed was obtained from a series of interviews conducted from January 2019 to August 2019.}, }
@article {pmid32306529, year = {2020}, author = {Hidalgo, J and Álvarez-Vergara, F and Peña-Villalobos, I and Contreras-Ramos, C and Sanchez-Hernandez, JC and Sabat, P}, title = {Effect of salinity acclimation on osmoregulation, oxidative stress, and metabolic enzymes in the invasive Xenopus laevis.}, journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology}, volume = {333}, number = {5}, pages = {333-340}, doi = {10.1002/jez.2360}, pmid = {32306529}, issn = {2471-5646}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Osmoregulation/*physiology ; Oxidative Stress/*physiology ; *Salinity ; *Xenopus laevis ; }, abstract = {Aquatic animals often display physiological adjustments to improve their biological performance and hydrosaline balance in saline environments. In addition to energetic costs associated with osmoregulation, oxidative stress, and the activation of the antioxidant system are common cellular responses to salt stress in many species, but the knowledge of osmoregulation-linked oxidative homeostasis in amphibians is scarce. Here we studied the biochemical responses and oxidative responses of Xenopus laevis females exposed for 40 days to two contrasting salinities: hypo-osmotic (150 mOsm·kg[-1] ·H2 O NaCl, HYPO group) and hyper-osmotic environments (340 mOsm·kg[-1] ·H2 O NaCl, HYPER group). We found an increase of plasma osmolality and plasma urea concentration in the animals incubated in the HYPER treatment. Increases in electrolyte concentration were paralleled with an increase of both citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase activities in liver and heart. Interestingly, HYPO group had higher catabolic activity of the skin and liver total antioxidant capacity (TAC), compared with animals from the HYPER group. Moreover, there was an inverse relationship between liver TAC and plasma osmolality; and with the metabolic enzymes from liver. These findings suggest that salinity induces changes in urea metabolism and specific activity of metabolic enzymes, which appears to be tissue-dependent in X. laevis. Contrary to our expectations, we also found a moderate change in the oxidative status as revealed by the increase in TAC activity in the animals acclimated to low salinity medium, but constancy in the lipid peroxidation of membranes.}, }
@article {pmid32304325, year = {2020}, author = {Krishnankutty, S and Nadel, H and Taylor, AM and Wiemann, MC and Wu, Y and Lingafelter, SW and Myers, SW and Ray, AM}, title = {Identification of Tree Genera Used in the Construction of Solid Wood-Packaging Materials That Arrived at U.S. Ports Infested With Live Wood-Boring Insects.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {113}, number = {3}, pages = {1183-1194}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toaa060}, pmid = {32304325}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Commerce ; Insecta ; Internationality ; North America ; Trees ; *Wood ; }, abstract = {Although international regulations have been successfully implemented to reduce the introduction and spread of plant pests through wood packaging material (WPM), wood-boring insects continue to be intercepted in WPM at U.S. ports of entry. Both hardwoods and softwoods are used in the construction of WPM for international trade; however, it is not clear if some types of wood pose higher risks than others for harboring wood borers. This study documented the taxonomic diversity of infested wood genera intercepted as a result of targeted WPM inspection at U.S. ports, and identified many of the wood-boring insects transported within them. The results of this study reveal associations among packaging woods, commodities, and shipment origins. The wood genera most frequently infested were Pinus Linnaeus (Pinales: Pinaceae), Picea Miller (Pinales: Pinaceae), and Populus Linnaeus (Malpighiales: Salicaceae), which were heavily represented as packaging for commodities such as stone, metal, vehicles, and machinery. In addition to these results, we summarized preferences by the wood borers to develop in living, stressed, dying, or dead hosts, the pest status of intercepted wood borers in their native and non-native ranges, and potential host range of intercepted wood borers to gauge potential for these taxa to become pests in North America. New possible host associations are reported for eight wood borer taxa. Taxonomy of host wood is presented as a new factor for consideration in pathway-level risk analysis of WPM, and the findings further reinforce the need for enhanced compliance with ISPM 15 to reduce entry of non-native wood-boring insects.}, }
@article {pmid32303812, year = {2020}, author = {Pliszko, A and Klimek, B and Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt, K}, title = {Effect of Shoot Cutting on Trace Metal Concentration in Leaves and Capitula of Potential Phytoaccumulator, Invasive Erigeron annuus (Asteraceae).}, journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {104}, number = {5}, pages = {668-672}, pmid = {32303812}, issn = {1432-0800}, support = {DSC Funds for Young Scientists DS/MND/WBiNoZ/IB/2/2016//Uniwersytet Jagiello&#x144;ski w Krakowie/ ; WBiNoZ/INoS/DS758//Uniwersytet Jagiello&#x144;ski w Krakowie/ ; }, mesh = {*Bioaccumulation ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Erigeron/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Metals, Heavy/*analysis/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Plant Roots/chemistry ; Plant Shoots/chemistry ; Poland ; Soil/chemistry ; Soil Pollutants/*analysis/metabolism ; Trace Elements/*analysis/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The effect of shoot cutting was tested on cadmium, lead and zinc concentration in leaves and capitula of Erigeron annuus, an invasive species, which is considered as a potential phytoremediator. Plant material and soil were collected in the city center of Kraków, southern Poland, considered as one of the most contaminated cities in Europe. We proved that the concentration of zinc in leaves and capitula was higher after regrowth, concentration of cadmium was lower in capitula than in leaves, and the average value of bio-concentration factor for zinc and cadmium was less than 1, whereas for lead it was greater than 1 in both plant organs. Our results suggested that E. annuus can be potentially used for phytoremediation of lead and cutting the shoots can promote effectiveness of zinc removal from the contaminated soil.}, }
@article {pmid32302420, year = {2020}, author = {Lattuada, M and Wilke, T and Raes, N}, title = {Caspian Sea environmental variables: an extension of the Bio-ORACLE ocean data set.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {101}, number = {9}, pages = {e03076}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3076}, pmid = {32302420}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Caspian Sea ; Chlorophyll A ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; }, abstract = {The Caspian Sea hosts unique native and endemic faunas. However, it is also a source and sink of invasive alien species (IAS), with some listed among the worst 100 invasive species by the IUCN. A common approach to study biodiversity and biogeographic patterns or to predict the invasive potential of species is the application of ecological niche models and species distribution models. These are statistical methods using spatially gridded environmental data and species occurrence information. As the Caspian Sea is not connected to the world's oceans, spatially gridded environmental data for the Caspian Sea are not available in the widely used Bio-ORACLE marine data set. To address this issue, we compiled 28 ecologically relevant spatially gridded environmental variables using Kriging interpolation of point data to model minimum, maximum, mean, and range of temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen for the surface and benthic zones of the Caspian Sea. Data were retrieved from the World Ocean Database. Additionally, we utilized raster statistics to create surface layers of maximum, mean, minimum, and range of chlorophyll a from remotely sensed data. We developed these environmental variables as they were previously confirmed to be relevant for the biogeographical classification of the Caspian Sea. To allow projections of models across the world's oceans into the Caspian Sea (and vice versa), we matched our raster dimensions with those of the Bio-ORACLE data set. Our extension of the Bio-ORACLE data set with data from the Caspian Sea provides an important basis for the monitoring and evaluation of suitable habitats for native species as well as predicting the invasive potential of Caspian Sea species into world oceans. Please cite this Data Paper and the associated Figshare data set if the data are used in publications.}, }
@article {pmid32302396, year = {2020}, author = {Olazcuaga, L and Loiseau, A and Parrinello, H and Paris, M and Fraimout, A and Guedot, C and Diepenbrock, LM and Kenis, M and Zhang, J and Chen, X and Borowiec, N and Facon, B and Vogt, H and Price, DK and Vogel, H and Prud'homme, B and Estoup, A and Gautier, M}, title = {A Whole-Genome Scan for Association with Invasion Success in the Fruit Fly Drosophila suzukii Using Contrasts of Allele Frequencies Corrected for Population Structure.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {37}, number = {8}, pages = {2369-2385}, pmid = {32302396}, issn = {1537-1719}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Drosophila/*genetics ; Gene Frequency ; *Genome, Insect ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Evidence is accumulating that evolutionary changes are not only common during biological invasions but may also contribute directly to invasion success. The genomic basis of such changes is still largely unexplored. Yet, understanding the genomic response to invasion may help to predict the conditions under which invasiveness can be enhanced or suppressed. Here, we characterized the genome response of the spotted wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii during the worldwide invasion of this pest insect species, by conducting a genome-wide association study to identify genes involved in adaptive processes during invasion. Genomic data from 22 population samples were analyzed to detect genetic variants associated with the status (invasive versus native) of the sampled populations based on a newly developed statistic, we called C2, that contrasts allele frequencies corrected for population structure. We evaluated this new statistical framework using simulated data sets and implemented it in an upgraded version of the program BayPass. We identified a relatively small set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms that show a highly significant association with the invasive status of D. suzukii populations. In particular, two genes, RhoGEF64C and cpo, contained single-nucleotide polymorphisms significantly associated with the invasive status in the two separate main invasion routes of D. suzukii. Our methodological approaches can be applied to any other invasive species, and more generally to any evolutionary model for species characterized by nonequilibrium demographic conditions for which binary covariables of interest can be defined at the population level.}, }
@article {pmid32300913, year = {2020}, author = {Chouvenc, T and Sillam-Dussès, D and Robert, A}, title = {Courtship Behavior Confusion in Two Subterranean Termite Species that Evolved in Allopatry (Blattodea, Rhinotermitidae, Coptotermes).}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {46}, number = {5-6}, pages = {461-474}, doi = {10.1007/s10886-020-01178-2}, pmid = {32300913}, issn = {1573-1561}, support = {58-6435-8-276//Agricultural Research Service/ ; 1754083//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; REA1801100//Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Courtship ; Female ; Florida ; Introduced Species ; Isoptera/*physiology ; Male ; Polyenes/*metabolism ; Seasons ; Sex Attractants/*metabolism ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {Congeneric species that live in sympatry may have evolved various mechanisms that maintain reproductive isolation among species. However, with the spread of invasive organisms owing to increased global human activity, some species that evolved in allopatry can now be found outside their native range and may have the opportunity to interact, in the absence of mechanisms for reproductive isolation. In South Florida, where the Asian subterranean termite, Coptotermes gestroi (Wamann), and the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) are invasive, the two species can engage in heterospecific mating behavior as their distribution range and their dispersal flight season both overlap. Termites rely on semiochemicals for many of their activities, including finding a mate after a dispersal flight. In this study, we showed that females of both species produce (3Z,6Z,8E)-dodeca-3,6,8-trien-1-ol (DTE) from their tergal glands as a shared sex pheromone. We suggest that both species primarily rely on an inundative dispersal flight strategy to find a mate, and that DTE is used as a short distance pheromone or contact pheromone to initiate and maintain the tandem between males and females. The preference of C. gestroi males for C. formosanus females during tandem resulted from the relatively high amount of DTE produced by tergal glands of C. formosanus females, when compared with those of C. gestroi females. This results in confusion of mating in the field during simultaneous dispersal flights, with a potential for hybridization. Such observations imply that no prezygotic barriers emerged while the two species evolved in allopatry for ~18 Ma.}, }
@article {pmid32300805, year = {2020}, author = {Parker, C and Ramirez, D and Thomas, C and Connelly, CR}, title = {Baseline Susceptibility Status of Florida Populations of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {57}, number = {5}, pages = {1550-1559}, pmid = {32300805}, issn = {1938-2928}, support = {CC999999/ImCDC/Intramural CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Female ; Florida ; *Insecticide Resistance ; *Insecticides ; *Mosquito Vectors ; }, abstract = {Resistance to insecticides used to control mosquito vectors threatens the ability of mosquito-control organizations to protect public health. Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) are invasive species widely distributed throughout Florida and have been implicated in recent epidemics of Zika, dengue, and chikungunya viruses. Knowledge of the susceptibility status of these mosquito species to pyrethroid and organophosphate active ingredients (AIs) is needed to inform product selection and treatment decisions. The susceptibility of 37 Ae. aegypti and 42 Ae. albopictus populations from Florida was assessed in response to six pyrethroid and three organophosphate AIs using the CDC bottle bioassay method. Of all bioassays completed with a pyrethroid AI, 95% for Ae. aegypti and 30% for Ae. albopictus resulted in a resistant outcome. For organophosphate AIs, ~31% of assays conducted for both species were classified as resistant. The highest frequency of susceptibility for both species was observed in response to the organophosphate AI, naled. Lambda-cyhalothrin was the only pyrethroid to result in a susceptible status for Ae. aegypti and also had the highest frequency of susceptibility for Ae. albopictus. Resistance was detected to every AI tested for both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, but there was a pronounced trend of pyrethroid resistance in Florida populations of Ae. aegypti. The results of this work provide evidence for the need to decrease reliance on pyrethroids and to implement different methods of control of Ae. aegypti in Florida.}, }
@article {pmid32300179, year = {2020}, author = {Komine, H and Koike, S and Schwarzkopf, L}, title = {Impacts of artificial light on food intake in invasive toads.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {6527}, pmid = {32300179}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/*physiology ; Australia ; Eating/*radiation effects ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Light/*adverse effects ; }, abstract = {Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a major form of anthropogenic disturbance. ALAN attracts nocturnal invertebrates, which are a food source for nocturnal predators, including invasive species. Few studies quantify the effects of increased food availablity by ALAN on invasive vertebrate predators, and enhancement of food intake caused by ALAN may also be influenced by various environmental factors, such as proximitity to cities, moon phase, temperature, rainfall and wind speed. Revealing the potential impacts on invasive predators of ALAN-attracted invertebrates, and the influence of other factors on these effects, could provide important insights for the management of these predators. We constructed and supplied with artificial light field enclosures for invasive toads, and placed them at locations with different levels of ambient light pollution, in northeastern Australia. In addition, we determined the effect of rainfall, temperature, wind speed, and lunar phase on food intake in toads. We found that ALAN greatly increased the mass of gut contents of invasive toads compared to controls, but that the effect was increased in dark lunar phases, and when there were low ambient light pollution levels. Effects of rainfall, temperature and wind speed on food intake were comparatively weak. To avoid providing food resources to toads, management of ALAN in rural areas, and during dark lunar phases may be advisable. On the contrary, to effectively capture toads, trapping using lights as lures at such times and places should be more successful.}, }
@article {pmid32299345, year = {2020}, author = {Biedrzycka, A and Popiołek, M and Zalewski, A}, title = {Host-parasite interactions in non-native invasive species are dependent on the levels of standing genetic variation at the immune locus.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {43}, pmid = {32299345}, issn = {1471-2148}, support = {2014/15/B/NZ8/00261//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/International ; }, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; *Genetic Variation ; *Host-Parasite Interactions/immunology ; Intestines/parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Multigene Family ; Parasites/physiology ; Raccoons/*genetics/*immunology ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Parasites may mediate the success of biological invasions through their effect on host fitness and thus, on host population growth and stability. However, a release from the pressure of parasites is strongly related to the genetic differentiation of the host. In invasive host populations, the number of available genetic variants, allowing them to 'fight' the infection, are likely to be influenced by founder events and genetic drift. The level standing genetic variation of invasive populations may be crucial in successfully adapting to new environments and resisting diseases. We studied invasive populations of raccoon that experienced a random reduction in genetic diversity during the establishment and evaluated the relationship between host immune genetic diversity and intestinal parasites infection.<br><br>RESULTS: We distinguished two different genetic clusters that are characterized by different sets of functionally relevant MHC-DRB alleles. Both clusters were characterized by considerably different allele-parasite associations and different levels of parasite infection. The specific resistance MHC-DRB alleles explained the lower prevalence of Digenea parasites. An increased infection intensity was related to the presence of two MHC-DRB alleles. One of these alleles significantly decreased in frequency over time, causing a decrease of Digenea abundance in raccoons in consecutive years.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that intestinal parasites can exert selective pressure on an invasive host with lowered levels of immune genetic diversity and contribute to promoting local adaptation over time. The random genetic drift that created the two different genetic clusters in the invasive raccoon range imposed completely different MHC-parasite associations, strongly associated with the infection status of populations. Our findings underline the role of standing genetic variation in shaping host-parasite relationships and provide empirical support that functional genetic variation may be, at least partly, responsible for differences in the success of invasive populations.}, }
@article {pmid32299138, year = {2020}, author = {Brown, NEM and Bernhardt, JR and Harley, CDG}, title = {Energetic context determines species and community responses to ocean acidification.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {101}, number = {8}, pages = {e03073}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3073}, pmid = {32299138}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/International ; }, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oceans and Seas ; *Seawater ; }, abstract = {Physiological responses to ocean acidification are thought to be related to energetic trade-offs. Although a number of studies have proposed that negative responses to low pH could be minimized in situations where food resources are more readily available, evidence for such effects on individuals remain mixed, and the consequences of such effects at the community level remain untested. We explored the potential for food availability and diet quality to modify the effects of acidification on developing marine fouling communities in field-deployed mesocosms by supplementing natural food supply with one of two species of phytoplankton, differing in concentration of fatty acids. After 12 weeks, no species demonstrated the interactive effects generally predicted in the literature, where a positive overall effect of diet mitigated the negative overall effects of acidification. Rather, for some species, additional food supply appeared to bring out or exacerbate the negative effects of low pH. Community richness and structure were only altered by acidification, while space occupation and evenness reflected patterns of the most dominant species. Importantly, we find that acidification stress can increase the relative abundance of invasive species, even under resource conditions that otherwise prevented invasive species establishment. Overall, the proposed hypothesis regarding the ability for food addition to mitigate the negative effects of acidification is thus far not widely supported at species or community levels. It is clear that acidification is a strong driving force in these communities but understanding underlying energetic and competitive context is essential to developing mechanistic predictions for climate change responses.}, }
@article {pmid32299119, year = {2020}, author = {Faria, LC and Kitahara, MV}, title = {Invasive corals hitchhiking in the Southwestern Atlantic.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {101}, number = {8}, pages = {e03066}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3066}, pmid = {32299119}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {Finance Code 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/International ; 301436/2018-5//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/International ; 2014/01332-0//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Atlantic Ocean ; Coral Reefs ; Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid32298472, year = {2020}, author = {Pal, RW and Maron, JL and Nagy, DU and Waller, LP and Tosto, A and Liao, H and Callaway, RM}, title = {What happens in Europe stays in Europe: apparent evolution by an invader does not help at home.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {101}, number = {8}, pages = {e03072}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3072}, pmid = {32298472}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {OIA-1757351//National Science Foundation EPSCoR Cooperative Agreement/International ; DEB 0614406//U.S. National Science Foundation/International ; 300639//People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme/International ; //Fulbright Association/International ; Track-1 EPS-1101342 (INSTEP 3)//NSF EPSCoR/International ; //Provost's Office of the University of Montana/International ; }, mesh = {Europe ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Montana ; North America ; *Solidago ; }, abstract = {Some invasive plant species rapidly evolve greater size and/or competitive ability in their nonnative ranges. However, it is not well known whether these traits transfer back to the native range, or instead represent genotype-by-environment interactions where traits are context specific to communities in the new range where the evolution occurred. Insight into transferability vs. context specificity can be tested using experiments performed with individuals from populations from the native and nonnative ranges of exotic invasive species. Using a widespread invasive plant species in Europe, Solidago gigantea, we established reciprocal common garden experiments in the native range (Montana, North America; n = 4) and the nonnative range (Hungary, Europe; n = 4) to assess differences in size, vegetative shoot number, and herbivory between populations from the native and nonnative ranges. In a greenhouse experiment, we also tested whether the inherent competitive ability of genotypes from 15 native and 15 invasive populations differed when pitted against 11 common native North American competitors. In common gardens, plants from both ranges considered together produced five times more biomass, grew four times taller, and developed five times more rhizomes in the nonnative range garden compared to the native range garden. The interaction between plant origin and the common garden location was highly significant, with plants from Hungary performing better than plants from Montana when grown in Hungary, and plants from Montana performing better than plants from Hungary when grown in Montana. In the greenhouse, there were no differences in the competitive effects and responses of S. gigantea plants from the two ranges when grown with North American natives. Our results suggest that S. gigantea might have undergone rapid evolution for greater performance abroad, but if so, this response does not translate to greater performance at home.}, }
@article {pmid32298100, year = {2020}, author = {Parvizian, BA and Zhou, C and Fernando, S and Crimmins, BS and Hopke, PK and Holsen, TM}, title = {Concentrations and Long-Term Temporal Trends of Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDD) in Lake Trout and Walleye from the Great Lakes.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {54}, number = {10}, pages = {6134-6141}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.0c00605}, pmid = {32298100}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring ; Great Lakes Region ; Hydrocarbons, Brominated ; *Lakes ; Michigan ; Ontario ; Trout ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) is a hazardous, persistent, bioaccumlative brominated flame retardant. To investigate how its use has affected the Great Lakes, total HBCDD (∑HBCDD) concentrations and temporal trends in homogenized whole fish samples from the Great Lakes region (1978 to 2016) were determined. ∑HBCDD concentrations (ng/g ww) for each lake are Erie (0.49-2.60), Ontario (3.12-8.90), Michigan (3.91-9.01), Superior (5.69-13.1), and Huron (5.57-13.7). Early years (1978 to 1992) showed no significant trend. However, recent trends (2004 to 2016) suggest concentrations are increasing in Lakes Erie and Ontario, decreasing in Lakes Superior and Michigan, and not changing in Lake Huron. Decreasing trends for Lakes Superior and Michigan are likely the result of decreased usage of the compound globally, regionally, and locally. For the other lakes, increasing or zero trends are consistent with food web changes due to invasive species and climate change, which has caused more intense storms and less ice cover leading to increased sediment resuspension.}, }
@article {pmid32297101, year = {2021}, author = {Cai, ML and Ding, WQ and Zhai, JJ and Zheng, XT and Yu, ZC and Zhang, QL and Lin, XH and Chow, WS and Peng, CL}, title = {Photosynthetic compensation of non-leaf organ stems of the invasive species Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski at low temperature.}, journal = {Photosynthesis research}, volume = {149}, number = {1-2}, pages = {121-134}, pmid = {32297101}, issn = {1573-5079}, support = {31870374//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2017YFC1200105//Key Technologies Research and Development Program/ ; }, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Asteraceae/*physiology ; China ; Cold Temperature/*adverse effects ; Introduced Species ; Photosynthesis/*physiology ; Plant Leaves/*physiology ; Plant Stems/*physiology ; Plant Weeds/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasion is a hot topic in ecological research. Most studies on the physiological mechanisms of plants focus on leaves, but few studies focus on stems. To study the tolerance of invasive plant (Sphagneticola trilobata L.) to low temperature, relevant physiological indicators (including anthocyanin and chlorophyll) in different organs (leaves and stems) were analyzed, using a native species (Sphagneticola calendulacea L.) as the control. The results showed that, upon exposure to low temperature for 15 days, the stems of two Sphagneticola species were markedly reddened, their anthocyanin content increased, chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters decreased, and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the stem increased. The percentage increases of antioxidants and total antioxidant capacities in stems were significantly higher in S. trilobata than in S. calendulacea. This showed that S. trilobata had higher cold tolerance in stems while leaves were opposite. To further verify the higher cold tolerance of the stem of S. trilobata, a defoliation experiment was designed. We found that the defoliated stem of S. trilobata reduced anthocyanin accumulation and increased chlorophyll content, while alleviating membrane lipid damage and electrical conductivity, and the defoliated stem still showed an increase in stem diameter and biomass under low temperature. The discovery of the physiological and adaptive mechanisms of the stem of S. trilobata to low temperature will provide a theoretical basis for explaining how S. trilobata maintains its annual growth in South China. This is of great significance for predicting the future spread of cloned and propagated invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid32296613, year = {2020}, author = {Fisher, SR and Del Pinto, LA and Fisher, RN}, title = {Establishment of brown anoles (Anolis sagrei) across a southern California county and potential interactions with a native lizard species.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e8937}, pmid = {32296613}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The brown anole, Anolis sagrei, is a native species to the Caribbean; however, A. sagrei has invaded multiple parts of the USA, including Florida, Louisiana, Hawai'i and more recently California. The biological impacts of A. sagrei invading California are currently unknown. Evidence from the invasion in Taiwan shows that they spread quickly and when immediate action is not taken eradication stops being a viable option. In Orange County, California, five urban sites, each less than 100 ha, were surveyed for an average of 49.2 min. Approximately 200 A. sagrei were seen and verified across all survey sites. The paucity of native lizards encountered during the surveys within these sites suggests little to no overlap between the dominant diurnal western fence lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis, and A. sagrei. This notable lack of overlap could indicate a potentially disturbing reality that A. sagrei are driving local extirpations of S. occidentalis.}, }
@article {pmid32296601, year = {2020}, author = {Sheard, JK and Sanders, NJ and Gundlach, C and Schär, S and Larsen, RS}, title = {Monitoring the influx of new species through citizen science: the first introduced ant in Denmark.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e8850}, pmid = {32296601}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Climate change and invasive species threaten biodiversity, yet rigorous monitoring of their impact can be costly. Citizen science is increasingly used as a tool for monitoring exotic species, because citizens are geographically and temporally dispersed, whereas scientists tend to cluster in museums and at universities. Here we report on the establishment of the first exotic ant taxon (Tetramorium immigrans) in Denmark, which was discovered by children participating in The Ant Hunt. The Ant Hunt is a citizen science project for children that we ran in 2017 and 2018, with a pilot study in 2015. T. immigrans was discovered in the Botanical Garden of the Natural History Museum of Denmark in 2015 and confirmed as established in 2018. This finding extends the northern range boundary of T. immigrans by almost 460 km. Using climatic niche modelling, we compared the climatic niche of T. immigrans in Europe with that of T. caespitum based on confirmed observations from 2006 to 2019. T. immigrans and T. caespitum had a 13% niche overlap, with T. immigrans showing stronger occurrence in warmer and drier areas compared to T. caespitum. Mapping the environmental niches onto geographic space identified several, currently uninhabited, areas as climatically suitable for the establishment of T. immigrans. Tetramorium immigrans was sampled almost three times as often in areas with artificial surfaces compared to T. caespitum, suggesting that T. immigrans may not be native to all of Europe and is being accidentally introduced by humans. Overall, citizen scientists collected data on ants closer to cities and harbours than scientists did and had a stronger bias towards areas of human disturbance. This increased sampling effort in areas of likely introduction of exotic species naturally increases the likelihood of discovering species sooner, making citizen science an excellent tool for exotic species monitoring, as long as trained scientists are involved in the identification process.}, }
@article {pmid32296286, year = {2020}, author = {Levy, R and Paces, M and Hufft, R}, title = {Sampling event dataset for ecological monitoring of riparian restoration effort in Colorado foothills.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e51817}, pmid = {32296286}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The foothills and shortgrass prairie ecosystems of Colorado, United States, have undergone substantial and sustained anthropogenic habitat change over the past two centuries. Riparian systems have been dramatically altered by agriculture, hydrological engineering, urbanisation and the introduction of non-native invasive species. In 2016, Denver Botanic Gardens began a restoration effort of Deer Creek which seeks to modify the hydrology of the creek by mimicking the effects of beaver dams with artificial structures. The site, owned by the US Army Core of Engineers and managed by Denver Botanic Gardens, had been the subject of previous botanical surveys. With the initiation of the restoration project, permanent transects were established along the stream and are sampled for ground vegetation richness and abundance, canopy cover, soil and stream conditions and aquatic macroinvertebrate community makeup on an annual basis. To provide a means for tracking any post-intervention changes in the riparian ecosystem, this resource reports all recorded occurrences and measurements, along with methodologies and motivations from past and current surveys in the form of a sampling event dataset.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: The current project and past surveys document 382 plant taxa and 157 aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa. A total of 16304 occurrences and 7422 measurements are included in the resource. Occurrence and measurement data taken from transects provide a means to measure species abundance, ground cover and other biotic and abiotic characteristics relevant to assessing the effects of hydrological restoration on riparian plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid32295737, year = {2020}, author = {Taylor, CL and Lydecker, HW and Lo, N and Hochuli, DF and Banks, PB}, title = {Invasive rabbits host immature Ixodes ticks at the urban-forest interface.}, journal = {Ticks and tick-borne diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {101439}, doi = {10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101439}, pmid = {32295737}, issn = {1877-9603}, mesh = {Animals ; Cities ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Ixodes/classification/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; New South Wales ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Rabbits ; Seasons ; Tick Infestations/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Introduced wildlife may be important alternative hosts for generalist ticks that cause health issues for humans and companion animals in urban areas, but to date are rarely considered as part of the tick-host community compared to native wildlife. In Australia, European rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, are a widespread and abundant invasive species common to a range of human-modified ecosystems. To understand the potential role of rabbits in the life cycle of Australian ticks, we investigated the seasonal abundance of all tick life stages (larva, nymph, and adult) on rabbits collected from pest control programs in two urban forest remnants in Sydney, Australia. We also recorded whether larvae, nymphs, and adults were attached to the head, body, or limbs of rabbits to reveal patterns of tick attachment. Of the 2426 Ixodes ticks collected from 42 rabbits, larvae were by far the most abundant life stage (2360), peaking in abundance in autumn, while small numbers of nymphs (62) and adults (4) were present in winter and summer respectively. Larvae were found all over the body, whereas adults and nymphs were predominantly attached to the head, suggesting that the mature life stages use the host landscape differently, or that adults or nymphs may be groomed off the body. The most abundant tick species, as determined by morphology and DNA sequencing, was Ixodes holocyclus, a generalist tick responsible for significant human and companion animal health concerns in Australia. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the role of introduced wildlife in tick dynamics particularly in novel ecosystems where non-native hosts may be more abundant than native hosts.}, }
@article {pmid32294134, year = {2020}, author = {Andriantsoa, R and Jones, JPG and Achimescu, V and Randrianarison, H and Raselimanana, M and Andriatsitohaina, M and Rasamy, J and Lyko, F}, title = {Perceived socio-economic impacts of the marbled crayfish invasion in Madagascar.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {e0231773}, pmid = {32294134}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Aquaculture/economics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Crop Production/economics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Farmers/psychology ; Food Preferences ; Introduced Species/economics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Madagascar ; Parthenogenesis ; Regression Analysis ; Shellfish/economics/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Socioeconomic Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {The negative environmental and economic impacts of many invasive species are well known. However, given the increased homogenization of global biota, and the difficulty of eradicating species once established, a balanced approach to considering the impacts of invasive species is needed. The marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis) is a parthenogenetic freshwater crayfish that was first observed in Madagascar around 2005 and has spread rapidly. We present the results of a socio-economic survey (n = 385) in three regions of Madagascar that vary in terms of when the marbled crayfish first arrived. Respondents generally considered marbled crayfish to have a negative impact on rice agriculture and fishing, however the animals were seen as making a positive contribution to household economy and food security. Regression modeling showed that respondents in regions with longer experience of marbled crayfish have more positive perceptions. Unsurprisingly, considering the perception that crayfish negatively impact rice agriculture, those not involved in crayfish harvesting and trading had more negative views towards the crayfish than those involved in crayfish-related activities. Food preference ranking and market surveys revealed the acceptance of marbled crayfish as a cheap source of animal protein; a clear positive in a country with widespread malnutrition. While data on biodiversity impacts of the marbled crayfish invasion in Madagascar are still completely lacking, this study provides insight into the socio-economic impacts of the dramatic spread of this unique invasive species. "Biby kely tsy fantam-piaviana, mahavelona fianakaviana" (a small animal coming from who knows where which supports the needs of the family). Government worker Analamanga, Madagascar.}, }
@article {pmid32293107, year = {2021}, author = {Rassati, D and Marchioro, M and Flaherty, L and Poloni, R and Edwards, S and Faccoli, M and Sweeney, J}, title = {Response of native and exotic longhorn beetles to common pheromone components provides partial support for the pheromone-free space hypothesis.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {793-810}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12790}, pmid = {32293107}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {DOR//University of Padova/ ; 15-8130-0395-CA//Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service/ ; 17-8130-0395-CA//United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; *Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Seasons ; *Sex Attractants ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Longhorn beetles are among the most important groups of invasive forest insects worldwide. In parallel, they represent one of the most well-studied insect groups in terms of chemical ecology. Longhorn beetle aggregation-sex pheromones are commonly used as trap lures for specific and generic surveillance programs at points of entry and may play a key role in determining the success or failure of exotic species establishment. An exotic species might be more likely to establish in a novel habitat if it relies on a pheromone channel that is different to that of native species active at the same time of year and day, allowing for unhindered mate location (i.e., pheromone-free space hypothesis). In this study, we first tested the attractiveness of single pheromone components (i.e., racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one, and syn-2,3-hexanediol), and their binary and tertiary combinations, to native and exotic longhorn beetle species in Canada and Italy. Second, we exploited trap catches to determine their seasonal flight activity. Third, we used pheromone-baited "timer traps" to determine longhorn beetle daily flight activity. The response to single pheromones and their combinations was mostly species specific but the combination of more than one pheromone component allowed catch of multiple species simultaneously in Italy. The response of the exotic species to pheromone components, coupled with results on seasonal and daily flight activity, provided partial support for the pheromone-free space hypothesis. This study aids in the understanding of longhorn beetle chemical ecology and confirms that pheromones can play a key role in longhorn beetle invasions.}, }
@article {pmid32292169, year = {2020}, author = {Arts, K and Melero, Y and Webster, G and Sharma, N and Tintarev, N and Tait, E and Mellish, C and Sripada, S and MacMaster, AM and Sutherland, H and Horrill, C and Lambin, X and van der Wal, R}, title = {On the merits and pitfalls of introducing a digital platform to aid conservation management: Volunteer data submission and the mediating role of volunteer coordinators.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {265}, number = {}, pages = {110497}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110497}, pmid = {32292169}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Humans ; Scotland ; *Volunteers ; }, abstract = {Against a backdrop of accelerating digital innovation in nature conservation and environmental management, a real-world experiment was conducted with the research aims of assessing: 1) the effects of introducing a digital data-entry platform on volunteer data submission; and 2) the extent to which coordinators influence digital platform use by their volunteers. We focussed on a large-scale volunteer-based initiative aimed at eradicating the non-native American mink (Neovison vison) from northern Scotland. This geographically dispersed conservation initiative adopted a digital platform that allowed volunteers to submit records to a central database. We found that the platform had a direct and positive effect on volunteer data submission behaviour, increasing both the number and frequency of submissions. However, our analysis revealed striking differences in coordinator engagement with the platform, which in turn influenced the engagement of volunteers with this centrally introduced digital innovation. As a consequence, the intended organisation-wide rolling out of a digital platform translated into a diversely-implemented innovation, limiting the efficacy of the tool and revealing key challenges for digital innovation in geographically-dispersed conservation initiatives.}, }
@article {pmid32291765, year = {2020}, author = {Santicchia, F and Wauters, LA and Piscitelli, AP and Van Dongen, S and Martinoli, A and Preatoni, D and Romeo, C and Ferrari, N}, title = {Spillover of an alien parasite reduces expression of costly behaviour in native host species.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {7}, pages = {1559-1569}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13219}, pmid = {32291765}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Helminths ; Host Specificity ; Introduced Species ; *Parasites ; Sciuridae ; }, abstract = {Understanding the effects of invasive alien species (IAS) on native host-parasite relationships is of importance for enhancing ecological theory and IAS management. When IAS and their parasite(s) invade a guild, the effects of interspecific resource competition and/or parasite-mediated competition can alter existing native host-parasite relationships and the dependent biological traits such as native species' behaviour. We used a natural experiment of populations of native red squirrels Sciurus vulgaris that were colonized by the alien grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis, comparing repeated measurements of red squirrel parasite infection and personality with those taken in sites where only the native species occurred. We explored two alternative hypotheses: (a) individual differences in personality traits (activity and/or sociability) of native red squirrel positively affect the probability of macroparasite spillover and thus the likelihood to acquire the alien's parasitic helminth Strongyloides robustus; (b) the combined effects of grey squirrel presence and parasite infection result in a reduction of costly personality traits (activity and/or exploration). Using data from 323 arena tests across three experimental (native species and IAS) and three control sites (only native species), we found negative correlations between native species' activity and infection with S. robustus in the sites invaded by the alien species. Activity was also negatively correlated with infection by its native helminth Trypanoxyuris sciuri but only when grey squirrels were present, while in the red-only sites there was no relationship of T. sciuri infection with any of the personality traits. Moreover, individuals that acquired S. robustus during the study reduced their activity after infection, while this was not the case for animals that remained uninfected. Our results show that parasite-mediated competition is costly, reducing activity in individuals of the native species, and altering the native host-native parasite relationships.}, }
@article {pmid32291251, year = {2020}, author = {Wang, L and Wang, Q and Xue, J and Xiao, N and Lv, B and Wu, H}, title = {Effects of holding time on the diversity and composition of potential pathogenic bacteria in ship ballast water.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {160}, number = {}, pages = {104979}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104979}, pmid = {32291251}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {*Bacteria/pathogenicity ; China ; *Ships ; Water ; *Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Ballast water is a common vector for the transport of invasive species to new marine and aquatic environments. We used a metagenomics approach to examine the diversity and composition of potential pathogens communities in ballast water from ships in the route of China- Southeast Asia (CSEA). 16 kinds of potential pathogenic genus were detected in the ballast water. Interestingly, the ballast holding time had an important effect on the distribution of potential pathogens in ballast water. The abundance of Pseudoalteromonas in the longer ballast water holding time was less than the shorter ballast water holding time. Bacteroides had completely disappeared in the long ballast holding time samples. Moreover, The Shannon index of samples with longer ballast water holding time (1.80 ± 0.07) was higher than those with shorter ballast water holding time (0.83 ± 0.13). The potential pathogenic genus (Arcobacter, Aeromonas, Enterobacter and so on) lived in the long ballast holding time vessels had more diversity. Besides, the total suspended solids (TSS), total organic carbon (TOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) had a strong positive correlation with most potential pathogens in the ballast water, while the dissolved oxygen (DO) had a clear negative correlation with the potential pathogens in the longer ballast holding time samples. In conclusion, these results provide detailed descriptions of the characteristics of the potential pathogens present in ballast water, document significant potential pathogens diversity, and indicate the importance of ballast holding time for potential pathogens lived in ballast water.}, }
@article {pmid32290501, year = {2020}, author = {Cardarelli, E and Gentili, R and Rocca, FD and Zanella, M and Caronni, S and Bogliani, G and Citterio, S}, title = {Seeding and Overseeding Native Hayseed Support Plant and Soil Arthropod Communities in Agriculture Areas.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {32290501}, issn = {2075-1729}, support = {LIFE14 IPE IT 018GESTIRE2020//Regione Lombardia/ ; nn//Fondazione del Monte di Lombardia/ ; }, abstract = {Using native seed mixtures to create or recover grassland habitats in rotation to crops or in strips surrounding fields is considered a cost-effective practice to enhance ecosystem resilience and agro-biodiversity. The aim of this research was to assess the effects of native hayseed mixtures on plant and microarthropod communities in an agricultural area of Northern Italy. Three different experimental treatments were set up. The first was a control (C) (i.e., non-seeded plots left to spontaneous vegetation succession after ploughing no deeper than 15 cm). The second, hayseed seeded (Hs) after ploughing no deeper than 15 cm. The third experimental treatment was hayseed overseeded (Ov) on the resident plant community after only a superficial harrowing. Ov plots exhibited the preeminent positive effects on the total productivity and quality of the grassland in terms of total vegetation cover, cover and richness of typical grassland species (i.e., Molinio-Arrhenatheretea species), and cover of legumes, grasses and perennial species. Moreover, Ov sites exhibited the highest abundance of microarthropod taxa and soil biological quality (QBS-ar) but only in spring, when the disturbance of ploughing negatively affected Hs and C plots. On the other hand, Hs sites showed a great reduction of invasive alien (i.e., Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Artemisia verlotiorum) and segetal weed species (i.e., Capsella bursa-pastoris and Spergula arvensis) in terms of cover. This study provides valuable indication on using hayseed mixtures to create grassland habitats as reservoir of native flora and soil biodiversity in agriculture areas.}, }
@article {pmid32290327, year = {2020}, author = {Beaurepaire, A and Piot, N and Doublet, V and Antunez, K and Campbell, E and Chantawannakul, P and Chejanovsky, N and Gajda, A and Heerman, M and Panziera, D and Smagghe, G and Yañez, O and de Miranda, JR and Dalmon, A}, title = {Diversity and Global Distribution of Viruses of the Western Honey Bee, Apis mellifera.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {32290327}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {In the past centuries, viruses have benefited from globalization to spread across the globe, infecting new host species and populations. A growing number of viruses have been documented in the western honey bee, Apis mellifera. Several of these contribute significantly to honey bee colony losses. This review synthetizes the knowledge of the diversity and distribution of honey-bee-infecting viruses, including recent data from high-throughput sequencing (HTS). After presenting the diversity of viruses and their corresponding symptoms, we surveyed the scientific literature for the prevalence of these pathogens across the globe. The geographical distribution shows that the most prevalent viruses (deformed wing virus, sacbrood virus, black queen cell virus and acute paralysis complex) are also the most widely distributed. We discuss the ecological drivers that influence the distribution of these pathogens in worldwide honey bee populations. Besides the natural transmission routes and the resulting temporal dynamics, global trade contributes to their dissemination. As recent evidence shows that these viruses are often multihost pathogens, their spread is a risk for both the beekeeping industry and the pollination services provided by managed and wild pollinators.}, }
@article {pmid32290177, year = {2020}, author = {Lampert, Y and Berzak, R and Davidovich, N and Diamant, A and Stern, N and Scheinin, AP and Tchernov, D and Morick, D}, title = {Indigenous versus Lessepsian Hosts: Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV) in Eastern Mediterranean Sea Fish.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {32290177}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {Animals ; Fish Diseases/*virology ; Fishes/*virology ; Mediterranean Sea ; Nodaviridae/*classification/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Viral ; }, abstract = {Viruses are among the most abundant and diverse biological components in the marine environment. In finfish, viruses are key drivers of host diversity and population dynamics, and therefore, their effect on the marine environment is far-reaching. Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) is a disease caused by the marine nervous necrosis virus (NNV), which is recognized as one of the main infectious threats for marine aquaculture worldwide. For over 140 years, the Suez Canal has acted as a conduit for the invasion of Red Sea marine species into the Mediterranean Sea. In 2016-2017, we evaluated the prevalence of NNV in two indigenous Mediterranean species, the round sardinella (Sardinella aurita) and the white steenbras (Lithognathus mormyrus) versus two Lessepsian species, the Randall's threadfin bream (Nemipterus randalli) and the Lessepsian lizardfish (Saurida lessepsianus). A molecular method was used to detect NNV in all four fish species tested. In N. randalli, a relatively newly established invasive species in the Mediterranean Sea, the prevalence was significantly higher than in both indigenous species. In S. lessepsianus, prevalence varied considerably between years. While the factors that influence the effective establishment of invasive species are poorly understood, we suggest that the susceptibility of a given invasive fish species to locally acquired viral pathogens such as NVV may be important, in terms of both its successful establishment in its newly adopted environment and its role as a reservoir 'host' in the new area.}, }
@article {pmid32286563, year = {2019}, author = {Espinosa, L and Franco, S and Chauzat, MP}, title = {Could Vespa velutina nigrithorax be included in the World Organisation for Animal Health list of diseases, infections and infestations?.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, pages = {851-862}, doi = {10.20506/rst.38.3.3030}, pmid = {32286563}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Australia ; Bhutan ; China ; Europe ; India ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Nepal ; New Zealand ; North America ; South Africa ; Wasps/*classification ; }, abstract = {Vespa velutina nigrithorax is an invasive alien organism that has raised concerns in all beekeeping communities of invaded countries including the Republic of Korea, European countries and Japan. Known also as the yellow-legged hornet (or the 'Asian hornet'), it is native to northern India, eastern Nepal, Bhutan and the People's Republic of China. Given its climatic and biological characteristics and the effects of climate change, some coastal areas of North America, Argentina, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand are also susceptible to invasion. Vespa velutina nigrithorax notably affects managed honey-bee colonies by predation on foragers and causing a reduction in the collection of food resources. Being a generalist predator, the yellow-legged hornet also preys on other managed and wild pollinators, and therefore its impacts are not limited to the beekeeping sector but also represent a biodiversity concern. The purpose of this paper is to provide an assessment of V. v. nigrithorax against the four criteria established in Chapter 1.2. of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Terrestrial Animal Health Code for the inclusion of a disease, infection or infestation in the OIE list. The work was requested by the OIE Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases and presented to this Commission and to the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission in September 2017. Owing to the lack of effective measures to prevent its spread, the fact that its legal situation in some countries is under the mandate of environmental authorities rather than Veterinary Services, and because it is not considered a disease or parasite, V. v. nigrithorax is not currently being proposed for inclusion in the OIE list. At the end of the text, the statements from the two commissions are included and discussed.}, }
@article {pmid32286466, year = {2020}, author = {Gribben, PE and Poore, AGB and Thomsen, MS and Quesey, P and Weschke, E and Wright, JT}, title = {Habitat provided by native species facilitates higher abundances of an invader in its introduced compared to native range.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {6385}, pmid = {32286466}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Anomura/*growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Polychaeta ; Population Density ; Spatial Behavior ; Tasmania ; }, abstract = {The impacts invasive species have on biodiversity and ecosystem function globally have been linked to the higher abundances they often obtain in their introduced compared to native ranges. Higher abundances of invaders in the introduced range are often explained by a reduction in negative species interactions in that range, although results are equivocal. The role of positive interactions in explaining differences in the abundance of invaders between native and invasive ranges has not been tested. Using biogeographic surveys, we showed that the rocky shore porcelain crab, Petrolisthes elongatus, was ~4 times more abundant in its introduced (Tasmania, Australia) compared to its native (New Zealand) range. The habitat of these crabs in the invaded range (underside of intertidal boulders) was extensively covered with the habitat-forming tubeworm Galeolaria caespitosa. We tested whether the habitat provided by the tubeworm facilitates a higher abundance of the invasive crab by creating mimics of boulders with and without the tubeworm physical structure and measured crab colonisation into these habitats at three sites in both Tasmania and New Zealand. Adding the tubeworm structure increased crab abundance by an average of 85% across all sites in both ranges. Our intercontinental biogeographic survey and experiment demonstrate that native species can facilitate invader abundance and that positive interactions can be important drivers of invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid32280297, year = {2020}, author = {Monteiro, M and Reino, L and Schertler, A and Essl, F and Figueira, R and Ferreira, MT and Capinha, C}, title = {A database of the global distribution of alien macrofungi.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e51459}, pmid = {32280297}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Human activities are allowing the ever-increasing dispersal of taxa to beyond their native ranges. Understanding the patterns and implications of these distributional changes requires comprehensive information on the geography of introduced species. Current knowledge about the alien distribution of macrofungi is limited taxonomically and temporally, which severely hinders the study of human-mediated distribution changes for this taxonomic group.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: Here, we present a database on the global alien distribution of macrofungi species. Data on the distribution of alien macrofungi were searched in a large number of data sources, including scientific publications, grey literature and online databases. The database compiled includes 1966 records (i.e. species x region combinations) representing 2 phyla, 7 classes, 22 orders, 82 families, 207 genera, 648 species and 31 varieties, forms or subspecies. Dates of introduction records range from 1753 to 2018. Each record includes the location where the alien taxon was identified and, when available, the date of first observation, the host taxa or other important information. This database is a major step forward to the understanding of human-mediated changes in the distribution of macrofungal taxa.}, }
@article {pmid32279258, year = {2020}, author = {Fang, J and Deng, Y and Che, R and Han, C and Zhong, W}, title = {Bacterial community composition in soils covered by different vegetation types in the Yancheng tidal marsh.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {27}, number = {17}, pages = {21517-21532}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-020-08629-z}, pmid = {32279258}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {BK20140923//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; }, mesh = {Carbon ; China ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; *Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Coastal wetland vegetation plays an important role in maintaining ecological function and is a key factor affecting the soil bacterial community. Spartina alterniflora was introduced to the Yancheng tidal marsh to stabilize the sediments and gradually replaced the native plants. However, the changes in the soil bacterial community profile caused by S. alterniflora invasion are poorly characterized. Here, we used MiSeq sequencing to compare the composition of the bacterial community in soil at different depths under exotic S. alterniflora (SA), native Phragmites australis (PA), and native Suaeda salsa (SS). The results showed that the pH value was lower, but the salinity, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and number of 16S rRNA genes were higher in SA soils than in PA and SS soils. Overall, Proteobacteria was the dominant bacterial phylum, followed by Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Nitrospirae. Anaerolineae in the Chloroflexi phylum showed the greatest difference based on vegetation, accounting for 14.4% of the overall bacterial community in SA soils but only about 3.8% of those in PA and SS soils. The composition, interaction, and predicted functional profiles of the bacterial community in SA soils were significantly different from those in PA and SS soils, especially for functions related to the sulfur and nitrogen cycles. Salinity was negatively correlated with the Shannon index and accounted for 37.7% of the total variation in the bacterial community, making it the most important environmental factor. Our results showed the differences in bacterial community composition among different vegetation types and soil depths in the Yancheng tidal marsh, which provides a microbial basis for a better understanding of the ecological functions in this ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid32278697, year = {2020}, author = {Antzée-Hyllseth, H and Trandem, N and Torp, T and Haukeland, S}, title = {Prevalence and parasite load of nematodes and trematodes in an invasive slug and its susceptibility to a slug parasitic nematode compared to native gastropods.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {173}, number = {}, pages = {107372}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2020.107372}, pmid = {32278697}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Gastropoda/*parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Nematoda/*physiology ; Norway ; Rhabditida/physiology ; Trematoda/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The invasive slug Arion vulgaris (Gastropoda: Arionidae) is an agricultural pest and serious nuisance in gardens of Central and Northern Europe. To investigate if the success of A.vulgaris in Norway can be attributed to a release from parasites, we compared the prevalence and parasite load of nematodes and trematodes in A. vulgaris to that of three native gastropod species, A. circumscriptus, A. fasciatus and Arianta arbustorum, in SE Norway. We found A. vulgaris to have the highest prevalence of both parasite groups (49% nematodes, 76% trematodes), which does not support the parasite release hypothesis, but rather points to A. vulgaris as a potentially important intermediate host of these parasites. For trematodes the number of individuals (parasite load) did not differ among host species; for nematodes it was higher in A. vulgaris than A. fasciatus. To further compare the parasite susceptibility of the surveyed gastropods, we exposed A. vulgaris, A. fasciatus, and A. arbustorum to a slug parasitic nematode, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, in the laboratory. This nematode is commercially available and widely used to control A. vulgaris. The non-target species A. fasciatus was most affected, with 100% infection, 60% mortality and significant feeding inhibition. A. vulgaris was also 100% infected, but suffered only 20% mortality and little feeding inhibition. The load of P. hermaphrodita in infected specimens was not significantly different for the two Arion species (median: 22.5 and 45, respectively). Only 35% of A. arbustorum snails were infected, none died, and parasite load was very low (median: 2). However, they showed a near complete feeding inhibition at highest nematode dose, and avoided nematode-infested soil. Our results indicate that A. vulgaris may be less susceptible to P. hermaphrodita than the native A. fasciatus, and that non-target effects of applying this nematode in fields and gardens should be further investigated.}, }
@article {pmid32275564, year = {2020}, author = {Uyan, U and Oh, CW and Tarkan, AS and Top, N and Copp, GH and Vilizzi, L}, title = {Risk screening of the potential invasiveness of non-native marine fishes for South Korean coastal waters.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {153}, number = {}, pages = {111018}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111018}, pmid = {32275564}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Republic of Korea ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Risk screening tools are being increasingly used to identify the potential invasiveness and associated risks of non-native species. In this study, the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit was used to evaluate the invasiveness risks of extant and horizon non-native marine fish species for the coastal waters of South Korea. In total, 57 marine fish species were screened and the threshold scores for the Basic Risk Assessment (BRA) and the BRA + Climate Change Assessment (BRA+CCA) (5.5 and 1.5, respectively) reliably distinguished those species carrying a high risk of invasiveness from those carrying a low to medium risk. For both the BRA and BRA+CCA, common lionfish Pterois miles was the highest-scoring species, followed by white perch Morone americana, red drum Sciaenops ocellatus, marbled spinefoot Siganus rivulatus and redcoat Sargocentron rubrum. The outcomes of this study will contribute to the management of non-native marine fish species for the conservation of the native ecosystems in the coastal waters of South Korea.}, }
@article {pmid32275511, year = {2020}, author = {Skein, L and Alexander, ME and Robinson, TB}, title = {Co-occurring predators increase biotic resistance against an invasive prey.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {157}, number = {}, pages = {104929}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104929}, pmid = {32275511}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {The presence of multiple predators can lead to variation in predator behavior and ultimately altered risk for shared prey. This concept has seldom been accounted for in studies that consider predator-driven biotic resistance from native marine predators against invasive prey. This study compared the prey selection of whelks and rock lobsters when co-occurring and when foraging in isolation. When in isolation, both predators preferred the native mussel Choromytilus meridionalis, regardless of the abundance of alternative prey. However, when co-occurring, predation risk for all prey species, including the invasive mussel Semimytilus algosus, increased. This was largely driven by greater variation in prey selection by rock lobsters in the presence of whelks. This indicates that predatory efforts from co-occurring predators can result in stronger predation pressure on invasive prey than would be recognized if predators were assessed in isolation.}, }
@article {pmid32273979, year = {2020}, author = {Varón-González, C and Fraimout, A and Debat, V}, title = {Drosophila suzukii wing spot size is robust to developmental temperature.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {3178-3188}, pmid = {32273979}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity is an important mechanism allowing adaptation to new environments and as such it has been suggested to facilitate biological invasions. Under this assumption, invasive populations are predicted to exhibit stronger plastic responses than native populations. Drosophila suzukii is an invasive species whose males harbor a spot on the wing tip. In this study, by manipulating developmental temperature, we compare the phenotypic plasticity of wing spot size of two invasive populations with that of a native population. We then compare the results with data obtained from wild-caught flies from different natural populations. While both wing size and spot size are plastic to temperature, no difference in plasticity was detected between native and invasive populations, rejecting the hypothesis of a role of the wing-spot plasticity in the invasion success. In contrast, we observed a remarkable stability in the spot-to-wing ratio across temperatures, as well as among geographic populations. This stability suggests either that the spot relative size is under stabilizing selection, or that its variation might be constrained by a tight developmental correlation between spot size and wing size. Our data show that this correlation was lost at high temperature, leading to an increased variation in the relative spot size, particularly marked in the two invasive populations. This suggests: (a) that D. suzukii's development is impaired by hot temperatures, in agreement with the cold-adapted status of this species; (b) that the spot size can be decoupled from wing size, rejecting the hypothesis of an absolute constraint and suggesting that the wing color pattern might be under stabilizing (sexual) selection; and (c) that such sexual selection might be relaxed in the invasive populations. Finally, a subtle but consistent directional asymmetry in spot size was detected in favor of the right side in all populations and temperatures, possibly indicative of a lateralized sexual behavior.}, }
@article {pmid32273520, year = {2020}, author = {Lewis, JP and Tarnecki, JH and Garner, SB and Chagaris, DD and Patterson, WF}, title = {Changes in Reef Fish Community Structure Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {5621}, pmid = {32273520}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Coral Reefs ; *Fishes ; Gulf of Mexico ; Introduced Species ; Petroleum Pollution/*adverse effects ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Large-scale anthropogenic disturbances can have direct and indirect effects on marine communities, with direct effects often taking the form of widespread injury or mortality and indirect effects manifesting as changes in food web structure. Here, we report a time series that captures both direct and indirect effects of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (DWH) on northern Gulf of Mexico (nGoM) reef fish communities. We observed significant changes in community structure immediately following the DWH, with a 38% decline in species richness and 26% decline in Shannon-Weiner diversity. Initial shifts were driven by widespread declines across a range of trophic guilds, with subsequent recovery unevenly distributed among guilds and taxa. For example, densities of small demersal invertivores, small demersal browsers, generalist carnivores, and piscivores remained persistently low with little indication of recovery seven years after the DWH. Initial declines among these guilds occurred prior to the arrival of the now-widespread, invasive lionfish (Pterois spp.), but their lack of recovery suggests lionfish predation may be affecting recovery. Factors affecting persistently low densities of generalist carnivores and piscivores are not well understood but warrant further study given the myriad ecosystem services provided by nGoM reef fishes.}, }
@article {pmid32272548, year = {2020}, author = {Du Plessis, H and Schlemmer, ML and Van den Berg, J}, title = {The Effect of Temperature on the Development of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {32272548}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {00444//The Maize Trust (South Africa)/ ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a pest of tropical origin which recently invaded Africa, the Far East and Australia. Temperature, therefore, plays an important role in its invasion biology, since this pest does not go into diapause. The aim of this study was to determine the development rate of S. frugiperda at different temperatures and to calculate the number of degree-days (°D) required for each stage to complete its development. This study was conducted at five different temperatures-18, 22, 26, 30 and 32 ± 1 °C. Larvae were reared individually in Petri dishes with sweetcorn kernels provided as food. The development rate of S. frugiperda increased linearly with increasing temperatures between 18 and 30 °C and larval survival was the highest between 26 and 30 °C. The optimal range for egg, larval and egg-to-adult development was between 26 and 30 °C. The optimum temperature with the fastest larval development rate and lowest mortality was at 30 °C. The pupal development period ranged between 7.82 and 30.68 days (32-18 °C). The minimum temperature threshold for egg and larva development was 13.01 and 12.12 °C, respectively, 13.06 °C for pupae and 12.57 °C for egg-to-adult development. Degree-day requirements for the development of the respective life cycle stages of S. frugiperda were 35.68 ± 0.22 for eggs, 204.60 ± 1.23 °D for larvae, 150.54 ± 0.93 °D for pupae and 391.61 ± 1.42 °D for egg-to-adult development.}, }
@article {pmid32271948, year = {2020}, author = {Bleicher, SS and Kotler, BP and Downs, CJ and Brown, JS}, title = {Intercontinental test of constraint-breaking adaptations: Testing behavioural plasticity in the face of a predator with novel hunting strategies.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {8}, pages = {1837-1850}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13234}, pmid = {32271948}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Africa, Northern ; Animals ; Crotalus ; *Dipodomys ; North America ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Constraint-breaking adaptations are evolutionary tools that provide a mechanism for incumbent-replacement between species filling similar ecological roles. In common-garden experiments, we exposed populations of two desert rodents to two different viper species, testing their ability to adjust to novel predators that use different hunting strategies. We aimed to understand whether both predators and prey with constraint-breaking adaptations actually manifest comparative advantage over their counterparts. We used convergent species from desert dunes in the Mojave Desert in North America, Merriam's kangaroo rat Dipodomys merriami and the sidewinder rattlesnake Crotalus cerastes, and from the Negev Desert in the Middle East, the greater Egyptian gerbil Gerbillus pyramidum and the Saharan horned viper Cerastes cerastes. Both Mojave species hold constraint-breaking adaptations in relation to their counterparts from the Negev. The rattlesnakes have heat sensing organs (pits) and the kangaroo rats have fur-lined cheek pouches that allow for greater foraging efficiency and food preservation. Using patch-use theory, we evaluated the rodents' risk-assessment from each snake-separately, together and in combination with barn owls. Initially each rodent species foraged less in the presence of its familiar snake, but within a month both foraged less in the presence of the pit-viper (sidewinder). Our findings indicate a level of learning, and behavioural plasticity, in both rodents and ability to assess the risk from novel predators. The kangaroo rats were capable of harvesting far greater amounts of resources under the same conditions of elevated risk. However, the reason for their advantage may lie in bi-pedal agility and not only their ability collect food more efficiently.}, }
@article {pmid32268378, year = {2020}, author = {Hinman, ED and Fridley, JD}, title = {Impacts of experimental defoliation on native and invasive saplings: are native species more resilient to canopy disturbance?.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {40}, number = {7}, pages = {969-979}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpaa042}, pmid = {32268378}, issn = {1758-4469}, mesh = {*Forests ; North America ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Many non-native, invasive woody species in mesic forests of North America are both shade tolerant and more productive than their native counterparts, but their ability to tolerate disturbances remains unclear. In particular, complete defoliation associated with herbivory and extreme weather events may have larger impacts on invaders if natives maintain greater resource reserves to support regrowth. On the other hand, invaders may be more resilient to partial defoliation by means of upregulation of photosynthesis or may be better able to take advantage of canopy gaps to support refoliation. Across a light gradient, we measured radial growth, new leaf production, non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), chlorophyll content and survival in response to varying levels of defoliation in saplings of two native and two invasive species that commonly co-occur in deciduous forests of Eastern North America. Individuals were subjected to one of the four leaf removal treatments: no-defoliation controls, 50% defoliation over three growing seasons, 100% defoliation over one growing season and 100% defoliation over two growing seasons. Contrary to our hypothesis, native and invasive species generally did not differ in defoliation responses, although invasive species experienced more pronounced decreases in leaf chlorophyll following full defoliation and native species' survival was more dependent on light availability. Radial growth progressively decreased with increasing defoliation intensity, and refoliation mass was largely a function of sapling size. Survival rates for half-defoliated saplings did not differ from controls (90% of saplings survived), but survival rates in fully defoliated individuals over one and two growing seasons were reduced to 45 and 15%, respectively. Surviving defoliated saplings generally maintained control NSC concentrations. Under high light, chlorophyll concentrations were higher in half-defoliated saplings compared with controls, which may suggest photosynthetic upregulation. Our results indicate that native and invasive species respond similarly to defoliation, despite the generally faster growth strategy of invaders.}, }
@article {pmid32267552, year = {2020}, author = {Reatini, B and Vision, TJ}, title = {Genetic architecture influences when and how hybridization contributes to colonization.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {74}, number = {8}, pages = {1590-1602}, doi = {10.1111/evo.13972}, pmid = {32267552}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {Epistasis, Genetic ; Genetic Linkage ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Genetic ; }, abstract = {The role of genetic architecture in adaptation to novel environments has received considerable attention when the source of adaptive variation is de novo mutation. Relatively less is known when the source of adaptive variation is inter- or intraspecific hybridization. We model hybridization between divergent source populations and subsequent colonization of an unoccupied novel environment using individual-based simulations to understand the influence of genetic architecture on the timing of colonization and the mode of adaptation. We find that two distinct categories of genetic architecture facilitate rapid colonization but that they do so in qualitatively different ways. For few and/or tightly linked loci, the mode of adaptation is via the recovery of adaptive parental genotypes. With many unlinked loci, the mode of adaptation is via the generation of novel hybrid genotypes. The first category results in the shortest colonization lag phases across the widest range of parameter space, but further adaptation is mutation limited. The second category takes longer and is more sensitive to genetic variance and dispersal rate, but can facilitate adaptation to environmental conditions that exceed the tolerance of parental populations. These findings have implications for understanding the origins of biological invasions and the success of hybrid populations.}, }
@article {pmid32265944, year = {2020}, author = {Groszmann, M and Chandler, PM and Ross, JJ and Swain, SM}, title = {Manipulating Gibberellin Control Over Growth and Fertility as a Possible Target for Managing Wild Radish Weed Populations in Cropping Systems.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {190}, pmid = {32265944}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Wild radish is a major weed of Australian cereal crops. A rapid establishment, fast growth, and abundant seed production are fundamental to its success as an invasive species. Wild radish has developed resistance to a number of commonly used herbicides increasing the problem. New innovative approaches are needed to control wild radish populations. Here we explore the possibility of pursuing gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis as a novel molecular target for controlling wild radish, and in doing so contribute new insights into GA biology. By characterizing ga 3-oxidase (ga3ox) mutants in Arabidopsis, a close taxonomic relative to wild radish, we showed that even mild GA deficiencies cause considerable reductions in growth and fecundity. This includes an explicit requirement for GA biosynthesis in successful female fertility. Similar defects were reproducible in wild radish via chemical inhibition of GA biosynthesis, confirming GA action as a possible new target for controlling wild radish populations. Two possible targeting approaches are considered; the first would involve developing a species-specific inhibitor that selectively inhibits GA production in wild radish over cereal crops. The second, involves making crop species insensitive to GA repression, allowing the use of existing broad spectrum GA inhibitors to control wild radish populations. Toward the first concept, we cloned and characterized two wild radish GA3OX genes, identifying protein differences that appear sufficient for selective inhibition of dicot over monocot GA3OX activity. We developed a novel yeast-based approach to assay GA3OX activity as part of the molecular characterization, which could be useful for future screening of inhibitory compounds. For the second approach, we demonstrated that a subset of GA associated sln1/Rht-1 overgrowth mutants, recently generated in cereals, are insensitive to GA reductions brought on by the general GA biosynthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol. The location of these mutations within sln1/Rht-1, offers additional insight into the functional domains of these important GA signaling proteins. Our early assessment suggests that targeting the GA pathway could be a viable inclusion into wild radish management programs that warrants further investigation. In drawing this conclusion, we provided new insights into GA regulated reproductive development and molecular characteristics of GA metabolic and signaling proteins.}, }
@article {pmid32260427, year = {2020}, author = {Lazzeri, L and Senini, C and Mori, E}, title = {Interspecific Aggressions between Crested Porcupines and Roe Deer.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {32260427}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Despite being common amongst carnivore mammals, behavioral interference between wild herbivore species is poorly documented. Particularly, in temperate areas, where the ungulate guild is composed of a few species, and large-sized rodents are scarce, most cases of interspecific interactions involve at least one alien species. In this work, we report the first data on behavioral interactions between roe deer, Capreolus capreolus, and crested porcupine, Hystrix cristata. Aggressions by crested porcupines toward roe deer were observed in 34 out of 202 observations of both species feeding at the same site. In the other 168 observations, roe deer and porcupines shared the same feeding area, without any interaction. In 58% cases of interaction, porcupines chased and pushed roe deer away from feeding areas, and in several other cases, roe deer were bitten, or injured with quills. Aggressions by porcupines occurred mostly during warm months, when roe deer are mostly solitary and when competition for food between these species is suggested to be the highest, and against single female individuals.}, }
@article {pmid32257340, year = {2020}, author = {Twining, JP and Ian Montgomery, W and Price, L and Kunc, HP and Tosh, DG}, title = {Native and invasive squirrels show different behavioural responses to scent of a shared native predator.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {191841}, pmid = {32257340}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Invasive species pose a serious threat to native species. In Europe, invasive grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) have replaced native red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in locations across Britain, Ireland and Italy. The European pine marten (Martes martes) can reverse the replacement of red squirrels by grey squirrels, but the underlying mechanism of how pine martens suppress grey squirrels is little understood. Research suggests the reversal process is driven by direct predation, but why the native red squirrel may be less susceptible than the invasive grey squirrel to predation by a commonly shared native predator, is unknown. A behavioural difference may exist with the native sciurid being more effective at avoiding predation by the pine marten with which they have a shared evolutionary history. In mammals, olfactory cues are used by prey species to avoid predators. To test whether anti-predator responses differ between the native red squirrel and the invasive grey squirrel, we exposed both species to scent cues of a shared native predator and quantified the responses of the two squirrel species. Red squirrels responded to pine marten scent by avoiding the feeder, increasing their vigilance and decreasing their feeding activity. By contrast, grey squirrels did not show any anti-predator behaviours in response to the scent of pine marten. Thus, differences in behavioural responses to a shared native predator may assist in explaining differing outcomes of species interactions between native and invasive prey species depending on the presence, abundance and exposure to native predators.}, }
@article {pmid32253494, year = {2020}, author = {Hager, HA and Ryan, GD and Newman, JA}, title = {Effects of elevated CO2 on competition between native and invasive grasses.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {192}, number = {4}, pages = {1099-1110}, pmid = {32253494}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Introduced Species ; Photosynthesis ; *Poaceae ; }, abstract = {Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration increases the performance of invasive plants relative to natives when grown in monoculture, but it is unclear how that will affect the relative competitive abilities per se of invasive and native grasses grown together. We tested competitive outcomes for four native and four invasive perennial C3 and C4 grasses under ambient (390 ppm) and elevated (700 or 1000 ppm) CO2 concentrations in the greenhouse with non-limiting water and nutrients. We predicted that elevated CO2 would increase the competitive suppression of native grasses by invasive grasses. To test this, we determined the relative interaction intensity of biomass allocation for natives grown alone vs. those grown in native-invasive species pairs. We also measured photosynthetic traits that contribute to plant invasiveness and may be affected by elevated CO2 concentrations for species pairs in mixture to determine native-invasive relative performance. We found no effect of CO2 for the aboveground biomass and tiller production measures of interaction intensity or for relative performance for most of the measured photosynthetic traits. In competition, the invaders nearly always outperform natives in biomass and tiller production, regardless of CO2 level. The results suggest that increasing CO2 concentration alone has little effect on grass competitive outcomes under controlled conditions.}, }
@article {pmid32251358, year = {2020}, author = {Nayak, SS and Pradhan, S and Sahoo, D and Parida, A}, title = {De novo transcriptome assembly and analysis of Phragmites karka, an invasive halophyte, to study the mechanism of salinity stress tolerance.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {5192}, pmid = {32251358}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {DNA, Plant/genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Gene Ontology ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; India ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Poaceae/genetics/*physiology ; RNA, Plant/biosynthesis/*genetics ; Salt Stress/*genetics ; Salt Tolerance/*genetics ; Seedlings/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; *Transcriptome ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {With the rapidly deteriorating environmental conditions, the development of stress tolerant plants has become a priority for sustaining agricultural productivity. Therefore, studying the process of stress tolerance in naturally tolerant species hold significant promise. Phragmites karka is an invasive plant species found abundantly in tropical and sub tropical regions, fresh water regions and brackish marshy areas, such as river banks and lake shores. The plant possesses the ability to adapt and survive under conditions of high salinity. We subjected P. karka seedlings to salt stress and carried out whole transcriptome profiling of leaf and root tissues. Assessing the global transcriptome changes under salt stress resulted in the identification of several genes that are differentially regulated under stress conditions in root and leaf tissue. A total of 161,403 unigenes were assembled and used as a reference for digital gene expression analysis. A number of key metabolic pathways were found to be over-represented. Digital gene expression analysis was validated using qRT-PCR. In addition, a number of different transcription factor families including WRKY, MYB, CCCH, NAC etc. were differentially expressed under salinity stress. Our data will facilitate further characterisation of genes involved in salinity stress tolerance in P. karka. The DEGs from our results are potential candidates for understanding and engineering abiotic stress tolerance in plants.}, }
@article {pmid32250924, year = {2020}, author = {Brown, TR and Todd, CR and Hale, R and Swearer, SE and Coleman, RA}, title = {Testing the adaptive advantage of a threatened species over an invasive species using a stochastic population model.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {264}, number = {}, pages = {110524}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110524}, pmid = {32250924}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; *Introduced Species ; *Osmeriformes ; South Australia ; }, abstract = {Introduced species are a major threat to freshwater biodiversity. Often eradication is not feasible, and management must focus on reducing impacts on native wildlife. This requires an understanding of how native species are affected but also how environmental characteristics influence population dynamics of both invasive and native species. Such insights can inform how to manipulate systems in order to take advantage of life-history traits native species possesses that invaders do not. The highly invasive fish, Gambusia holbrooki, has been implicated in the decline of many freshwater fish and amphibians. In south-eastern Australia, one of these is the threatened native fish, Galaxiella pusilla. As G. pusilla can survive periods without surface water, this presents an opportunity for adaptive management, given G. holbrooki lack these adaptations. We develop a stochastic population model to explore the impact of G. holbrooki on G. pusilla and test the feasibility of both natural and management-induced drying to protect this species. Our results support recent empirical studies showing G. holbrooki are a serious threat to G. pusilla persistence, especially through impacts on larval survival. While persistence is more likely in water bodies that frequently dry out, even optimal natural drying regimes may be insufficient when impacts from G. holbrooki are high. However, management-induced drying may allow persistence of G. pusilla in sites inhabited by both species. Given our model outcomes, the biology of these species and the habitats they occupy, we recommend maintaining or restoring aquatic and riparian vegetation and natural drying regimes to protect G. pusilla from G. holbrooki, in addition to undertaking management-induced drying of invaded water bodies. Our results provide insights into how the effects of G. holbrooki may be mitigated for other native species, which is important given this species is perhaps the most pervasive invader of freshwater ecosystems. We conclude with a discussion of the potential for using disturbance processes in the management of invasive species more broadly in freshwater and terrestrial systems.}, }
@article {pmid32250922, year = {2020}, author = {Bouska, KL and Houser, JN and De Jager, NR and Drake, DC and Collins, SF and Gibson-Reinemer, DK and Thomsen, MA}, title = {Conceptualizing alternate regimes in a large floodplain-river ecosystem: Water clarity, invasive fish, and floodplain vegetation.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {264}, number = {}, pages = {110516}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110516}, pmid = {32250922}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Illinois ; Introduced Species ; Mississippi ; *Rivers ; Water ; }, abstract = {Regime shifts - persistent changes in the structure and function of an ecosystem - are well-documented for some ecosystems and have informed research and management of these ecosystems. In floodplain-river ecosystems, there is growing interest from restoration practitioners in ecological resilience, yet regime shifts remain poorly understood in these ecosystems. To understand how regime shifts may apply to floodplain-river ecosystems, we synthesize our understanding of ecosystem dynamics using an alternate regimes conceptual framework. We present three plausible sets of alternate regimes relevant to natural resource management interests within the Upper Mississippi River and Illinois River. These alternate regimes include: 1) a clear water and abundant vegetation regime vs. a turbid water and sparse vegetation regime in lentic, off-channel areas, 2) a diverse native fish community regime vs. an invasive-dominated fish community regime, and 3) a regime characterized by a diverse and dynamic mosaic of floodplain vegetation types vs. one characterized as a persistent invasive wet meadow monoculture. For each set of potential alternate regimes, we review available literature to synthesize known or hypothesized feedback mechanisms that reinforce regimes, controlling variables that drive regime transitions, and current restoration pathways. Our conceptual models provide preliminary support for the existence of alternate regimes in floodplain-river ecosystems. Quantitatively testing hypotheses contained within the conceptual model are important next steps in evaluating the model. Ultimately, the synthesis and evaluation of alternate regimes can inform the utility of resilience concepts in restoration and management on the Upper Mississippi River and Illinois River and improve our understanding of ecosystem dynamics in other large, heavily managed floodplain-river ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid32250885, year = {2020}, author = {Kropf, B and Schmid, E and Schönhart, M and Mitter, H}, title = {Exploring farmers' behavior toward individual and collective measures of Western Corn Rootworm control - A case study in south-east Austria.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {264}, number = {}, pages = {110431}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110431}, pmid = {32250885}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Austria ; *Coleoptera ; Ecosystem ; Farmers ; Humans ; *Zea mays ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are considered a major threat for global agricultural production, biodiversity and ecosystem services. Their spread and establishment is mainly influenced by bio-physical factors, but also by people's activities such as tourism or farming. Understanding farmers' behavior is necessary to develop effective control measures. We conducted qualitative semi-structured interviews in south-east Austria to explore factors that facilitate or impede farmers' behavior to individually or collectively control the invasive Western Corn Rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera). We analyze the interview contents using the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behavior model (COM-B model). Our results show that farmers' motivation and related behavior is influenced by intra- and interpersonal factors such as their knowledge about WCR control measures (capability psychological), perceived societal acceptance of WCR control measures or perceived normative obligations to participate in collective measures (opportunity social). Farmers' motivation (reflective and automatic) for implementing individual or collective WCR control measures is mainly determined by their perceived self-efficacy, their perceived efficacy of WCR control measures and the perceived severity of WCR damages. Contextual factors such as environmental conditions, legal regulations, the landscape composition, the farm type or financial impacts of WCR control measures (opportunity physical) are essential prerequisites for farmers' behavior. The results suggest that new modes of knowledge transfer are required to facilitate the proactive implementation of individual and collective WCR control measures prior to trigger events, such as severe WCR damages. The development of a trusting and communicative environment between farmers is key for collective WCR control. Exchange with residents about WCR and applied control measures may help to create a shared understanding and increase societal acceptance. Moreover, a long-term and proactive coordination which meets individual famers' needs is required to implement collective WCR control measures. Farmers who have successfully implemented individual and collective WCR measures may encourage non-applicants and sceptics by "learning from peers".}, }
@article {pmid32250838, year = {2020}, author = {Bermejo, R and MacMonagail, M and Heesch, S and Mendes, A and Edwards, M and Fenton, O and Knöller, K and Daly, E and Morrison, L}, title = {The arrival of a red invasive seaweed to a nutrient over-enriched estuary increases the spatial extent of macroalgal blooms.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {158}, number = {}, pages = {104944}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104944}, pmid = {32250838}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Estuaries ; Europe ; *Nutrients ; *Seaweed ; }, abstract = {The red seaweed Agarophyton vermiculophyllum is an invasive species native to the north-west Pacific, which has proliferated in temperate estuaries of Europe, North America and Africa. Combining molecular identification tools, historical satellite imagery and one-year seasonal monitoring of biomass and environmental conditions, the presence of A. vermiculophyllum was confirmed, and the invasion was assessed and reconstructed. The analysis of satellite imagery identified the first bloom in 2014 and revealed that A. vermiculophyllum is capable of thriving in areas, where native bloom-forming species cannot, increasing the size of blooms (ca. 10%). The high biomass found during the peak bloom (>2 kg m[-2]) and the observation of anoxic events indicated deleterious effects. The monitoring of environmental conditions and biomass variability suggests an essential role of light, temperature and phosphorous in bloom development. The introduction of this species could be considered a threat for local biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in a global change context.}, }
@article {pmid32249973, year = {2020}, author = {Ronai, I and Tufts, DM and Diuk-Wasser, MA}, title = {Aversion of the invasive Asian longhorned tick to the white-footed mouse, the dominant reservoir of tick-borne pathogens in the U.S.A.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, pages = {369-373}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12441}, pmid = {32249973}, issn = {1365-2915}, support = {U01 CK000509/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cats/parasitology ; Deer/parasitology ; Disease Reservoirs/microbiology ; Dogs/parasitology ; Female ; *Host-Seeking Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Larva/physiology ; Peromyscus/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {The Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis) was reported for the first time in the U.S.A. in 2017 and has now spread across 12 states. The potential of this invasive tick vector to transmit pathogens will be determined through its association to hosts, such as the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), which is the primary reservoir for the causative agent of Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) and other zoonotic pathogens. Larval H. longicornis were placed on P. leucopus; 65% of the larvae (n = 40) moved off the host within a short period of time, and none engorged. By contrast, larval blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) did not move from where they were placed in the ear of the mouse. A laboratory behavioural assay was then conducted to assess the interaction of H. longicornis with the hair of potential mammalian host species in the U.S.A. H. longicornis larvae were significantly less likely to enter the hair zone of P. leucopus and humans compared to the hair of domestic cats, domestic dogs and white-tailed deer. This study identifies a tick-host interaction behaviour, which can be quantified in a laboratory assay to predict tick-host associations and provides insights into how ticks select a host.}, }
@article {pmid32249927, year = {2020}, author = {Savva, I and Chartosia, N and Antoniou, C and Kleitou, P and Georgiou, A and Stern, N and Hadjioannou, L and Jimenez, C and Andreou, V and Hall-Spencer, JM and Kletou, D}, title = {They are here to stay: the biology and ecology of lionfish (Pterois miles) in the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {97}, number = {1}, pages = {148-162}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14340}, pmid = {32249927}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//LIFE programme/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Diet ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Mediterranean Sea ; Population Density ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The lionfish, Pterois miles, is one of the most recent Lessepsian immigrants into the Mediterranean Sea, and it poses a serious threat to marine ecosystems in the region. This study assesses the basic biology and ecology of lionfish in the Mediterranean, examining morphometrics, reproduction and diet as well as population structure and distribution. The population density of lionfish has increased dramatically in Cyprus since the first sighting in late 2012; by 2018 aggregations of up to 70 lionfish were found on rocky grounds with complex reefs and artificial reefs in depths of 0-50 m. Lionfish in Cyprus become mature within a year, and adults are capable of spawning year-round, with peak spawning in summer when the sea-surface temperature reaches 28.4°C. The Cypriot lionfish grow faster and bigger than in their native range, and females are more common than males. Lionfish are generalist predators in these waters, as also found in their native range, consuming a range of teleost and crustacean prey, some of which are of high economic value (e.g., Spicara smaris and Sparisoma cretense) or have an important role in local trophic webs (e.g., Chromis chromis). Overall, the reproductive patterns, the presence of juveniles and adults throughout the year, the rapid growth rates and the generalist diet indicate that lionfish are thriving and are now already well established in the region and could potentially become the serious nuisance that they are in their temperate and tropical western Atlantic-invasive range.}, }
@article {pmid32246535, year = {2020}, author = {van Boheemen, LA and Hodgins, KA}, title = {Rapid repeatable phenotypic and genomic adaptation following multiple introductions.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {21}, pages = {4102-4117}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15429}, pmid = {32246535}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Australia ; *Genetic Variation ; Genomics ; Genotype ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Uncovering the genomic basis of repeated adaption can provide important insights into the constraints and biases that limit the diversity of genetic responses. Demographic processes such as admixture or bottlenecks affect genetic variation underlying traits experiencing selection. The impact of these processes on the genetic basis of adaptation remains, however, largely unexamined empirically. We here test repeatability in phenotypes and genotypes along parallel climatic clines within the native North American and introduced European and Australian Ambrosia artemisiifolia ranges. To do this, we combined multiple lines of evidence from phenotype-environment associations, FST -like outlier tests, genotype-environment associations and genotype-phenotype associations. We used 853 individuals grown in common garden from 84 sampling locations, targeting 19 phenotypes, >83 k SNPs and 22 environmental variables. We found that 17%-26% of loci with adaptive signatures were repeated among ranges, despite alternative demographic histories shaping genetic variation and genetic associations. Our results suggest major adaptive changes can occur on short timescales, with seemingly minimum impacts due to demographic changes linked to introduction. These patterns reveal some predictability of evolutionary change during range expansion, key in a world facing ongoing climate change, and rapid invasive spread.}, }
@article {pmid32245154, year = {2020}, author = {Ferrandez-Villena, M and Ferrandez-Garcia, CE and Garcia-Ortuño, T and Ferrandez-Garcia, A and Ferrandez-Garcia, MT}, title = {The Influence of Processing and Particle Size on Binderless Particleboards Made from Arundo donax L. Rhizome.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {32245154}, issn = {2073-4360}, support = {AGL2013-41612-R//Ministerio de Econom&#xed;a, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa&#xf1;a/ ; }, abstract = {The giant reed (Arundo donax L.) is considered one of the world's 100 worst invasive species. The main method by which this species propagates is by growth of scattered fragments of rhizome, spreading without control with very strong, deep roots. Agricultural waste consists of lignocellulosic materials that can substitute natural wood and offer a suitable alternative with which to manufacture boards for furniture, packaging and building purposes. The objectives of this work were to obtain binderless particleboards using giant reed rhizome as the raw material, to evaluate their mechanical and physical properties according to the applicable European standards and to assess the self-binding mechanism of the particles in the board. Six types of boards (12 classes) were manufactured with giant reed rhizome biomass. They were manufactured with a temperature of 110 °C, a pressure of 2.5 MPa and pressing times of 7 and 15 min, applying one or two pressing cycles. The results achieved for modulus of rupture (14.2 N/mm[2]), modulus of elasticity (2052.45 N/mm[2]) and internal bonding strength (1.12 N/mm[2]) show that the mechanical properties were improved by using a smaller rhizome particle size and two pressing cycles.}, }
@article {pmid32244630, year = {2020}, author = {Avanesyan, A and Lamp, WO}, title = {Use of Molecular Gut Content Analysis to Decipher the Range of Food Plants of the Invasive Spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {32244630}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {191501-02//Maryland Department of Agriculture's Specialty Crop Block Grant Program/ ; MD-ENTM-1802//the Hatch Project/ ; }, abstract = {Spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), is an introduced highly invasive insect pest in the US that poses a significant risk to forestry and agriculture. Assessing and predicting plant usage of the lanternfly has been challenging, and little is known regarding the lanternfly nymph association with its host plants. In this study, we focused on: (a) providing a protocol for using molecular markers for food plant identification of L. delicatula; (b) determining whether the ingested plant DNA corresponds with DNA of the plants from which the lanternfly was collected; and, (c) investigating the spectrum of ingested plants. We utilized gut contents of third and fourth instar nymphs that were collected from multiple plants; we isolated ingested plant DNA and identified consumed plants. We demonstrated that (a) up to 534 bp of the rbcL gene from ingested plants can be detected in L. delicatula guts, (b) ingested plants in ~93% of the nymphs did not correspond with the plants from which the nymphs were collected, and (c) both introduced and native plants, as well as woody and non-woody plants, were ingested. This information will aid effective the monitoring and management of the lanternfly, as well as predict the lanternfly host plants with range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid32244324, year = {2020}, author = {Álvarez, X and Cancela, &#xc1; and Freitas, V and Valero, E and Sánchez, &#xc1; and Acuña-Alonso, C}, title = {Hydrothermal Carbonization and Pellet Production from Egeria densa and Lemna minor.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {32244324}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Biofuels are seen as a potential option for mitigating the effects of fossil fuel use. On the other hand, nutrient pollution is accelerating eutrophication rates in rivers, lakes, and coastal waters. Harvesting aquatic plants to produce biofuels could mitigate this problem, though it is important to attack the problem at source, mainly as regards the contribution of nutrients. For the first time, solid biofuels were obtained in the forms of carbon and pellets from the aquatic plants Egeria densa, which is classed as an invasive plant under the Spanish Catalogue of Exotic Invasive Species, and Lemna minor, both of which can be found in the Umia River in north-west Spain. The essential oils and macro- and microelements present in both these plants were also extracted and analyzed. The higher heating values (HHVs) of the carbon products obtained ranged from 14.28 to 17.25 MJ/kg. The ash content ranged from 22.69% to 49.57%. The maximum yield obtained for biochar for Egeria densa at 200 °C was 66.89%. Temperature significantly affects solid hydrochar yield. The HHVs of the pellets obtained ranged from 11.38 to 13.49 MJ/kg. The use of these species to obtain biofuels through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and pellets is a novel and effective approach that will facilitate the removal of nutrients that cause eutrophication in the Umia River. The elements extracted show that harvesting these plants will help to remove excessive nutrients from the ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid32244271, year = {2020}, author = {Lucardi, RD and Wallace, LE and Ervin, GN}, title = {Patterns of Genetic Diversity in Highly Invasive Species: Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) Expansion in the Invaded Range of the Southern United States (US).}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {32244271}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {04HQAG0135//U.S. Geological Survey/ ; 2006-03613//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; 2008-35320-18679//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {The spatial expansions of invasive organisms in the novel range are generally expected to follow an isolation-by-distance relationship (IBD) if the invasion is biologically driven; however, many invasions are facilitated anthropogenically. This research focused on the extant expansion patterns of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica). Cogongrass is a widespread invasive species throughout the southern United States (US). Patterns of infestation vary among US states. Cogongrass is pyrogenic, and its invasion threatens softwood (Pinus spp.) plantations, a substantial economic market for this US region. Over 600 individuals were sampled from seven invaded US states, using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) to assess genetic diversity and population structure. We suspected that differences in historical management efforts among US states influenced differences in genetic diversity and structure. We detected two genetic lineages at the highest level of analysis. One genetic lineage was locally restricted, whereas the other was found throughout the study region. Admixed individuals were found in all US states and consistently co-occurred with the dominant lineage, suggesting that secondary contact and hybridization may have facilitated expansion. The widespread prevalence of only one of the two detected genetic lineages suggests a primary genetic lineage responsible for on-going population expansion in the US.}, }
@article {pmid32242992, year = {2020}, author = {Wade, L and Roberts, G}, title = {Linguistic Convergence to Observed Versus Expected Behavior in an Alien-Language Map Task.}, journal = {Cognitive science}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, pages = {e12829}, doi = {10.1111/cogs.12829}, pmid = {32242992}, issn = {1551-6709}, mesh = {Comprehension ; Female ; Humans ; Learning ; *Linguistics ; Male ; *Verbal Behavior ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {Individuals shift their language to converge with interlocutors. Recent work has suggested that convergence can target not only observed but also expected linguistic behavior, cued by social information. However, it remains uncertain how expectations and observed behavior interact, particularly when they contradict each other. We investigated this using a cooperative map task experiment, in which pairs of participants communicated online by typing messages to each other in a miniature "alien" language that exhibited variation between alien species. The overall task comprised three phases, in each of which participants were told that they would be paired with a different partner. One member of the pair was given explicit linguistic expectations in each phase, while the software controlled whether or not observed behavior from their partner would be consistent or inconsistent with these expectations. The other participant was given no such expectations, allowing us to control for the role of expectation. Participants converged to both observed and expected linguistic behavior, and convergence was boosted when observation and expectation were aligned. When expected and observed behavior were misaligned, participants updated their expectations, though convergence levels did not drop. Furthermore, participants generalized what they learned about one partner to apparent novel partners of the same alien species. We also discuss individual variation in convergence patterns and the lack of a relationship between linguistic convergence and success at the map task. Findings are consistent with observations outside the laboratory that language users converge toward expected linguistic behavior. They also have broader implications for understanding linguistic accommodation and the influence of social information on linguistic processing and production.}, }
@article {pmid32240481, year = {2020}, author = {Gaffke, AM and Sing, SE and Dudley, TL and Bean, DW and Russak, JA and Mafra-Neto, A and Peterson, RKD and Weaver, DK}, title = {Establishing Diorhabda carinulata: Impact of Release Disturbances on Pheromone Emission and Influence of Pheromone Lures on Establishment.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, pages = {378-386}, doi = {10.1007/s10886-020-01176-4}, pmid = {32240481}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/metabolism/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Pheromones/*metabolism ; Population Dynamics ; *Tamaricaceae ; *Weed Control ; }, abstract = {Before weed biocontrol insects are transported and released in a new area, they are commonly collected into small paper containers, chilled, and kept under dark conditions. This process can be termed a pre-release protocol. The influence of a pre-release protocol on establishment success of a gregarious biological control agent was assessed using the northern tamarisk beetle, Diorhabda carinulata (Desbrochers), and its exotic, invasive host plant saltcedar (Tamarix spp.). Pre-release protocol impacts on aggregation pheromone production by D. carinulata were characterized under controlled conditions. Additional experiments were undertaken to determine if deployment of aggregation pheromone lures might enhance the agent's persistence at release sites. Adults that experienced the pre-release protocol produced less aggregation pheromone compared to undisturbed adults. Olfactometer bioassays indicated that a cohort of adults subjected to the pre-release protocol were less attractive to other adults than a control cohort. Efficacy of aggregation pheromone-based lures to retain adults at release sites was evaluated by comparing capture numbers of adult beetles at paired treatment and control release sites, 10-14 days after the release of 300, 500, or 1000 individuals. A greater number of adult D. carinulata were captured where the pheromone lures had been deployed compared to control release sites. Application of aggregation pheromone when a new release of D. carinulata is planned should allow biological control practitioners to increase retention of beetles at a release site.}, }
@article {pmid32240264, year = {2020}, author = {Blekhman, A and Goryacheva, I and Schepetov, D and Zakharov, I}, title = {Variability of the mitochondrial CO1 gene in native and invasive populations of Harmonia axyridis Pall. comparative analysis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {e0231009}, pmid = {32240264}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; Genes, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; Genetics, Population/methods ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Introduced Species ; North America ; }, abstract = {Our study is focused on original and publicly accessible data on the intraspecific variability of the barcoding DNA fragment in ladybirds Harmonia axyridis Pall analysis. The complete dataset consists of 39 haplotypes, 16 of which we identified for the first time. The intra-population and geographical variability of the barcoding fragment was studied for seven populations of the western and eastern groups of the native range and in six invasive populations, in which 25 of the 39 haplotypes are found. Population structure inferred on base of molecular variability and haplotype frequencies showed a high level of differences between the eastern and western groups of native populations and confirm the hypothesis of the origin of all invasive populations from native populations of the eastern group. A comparative analysis of molecular variation indices testifies to various evolutionary scenarios of the formation of the western and eastern groups of native populations and confirms the hypothesis of the microevolutionary history of the species, previously suggested in morphological character based studies of the geographical variability of H. axyridis. A significant decrease in the molecular diversity of invasive populations confirms the hypothesis of a random nature of the primary invasion of this species in North America.}, }
@article {pmid32240194, year = {2020}, author = {Capron, A and Stewart, D and Hrywkiw, K and Allen, K and Feau, N and Bilodeau, G and Tanguay, P and Cusson, M and Hamelin, RC}, title = {In Situ Processing and Efficient Environmental Detection (iSPEED) of tree pests and pathogens using point-of-use real-time PCR.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {e0226863}, pmid = {32240194}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Forests ; Fungi/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control/methods ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Trees/genetics/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Global trade and climate change are responsible for a surge in foreign invasive species and emerging pests and pathogens across the world. Early detection and surveillance activities are essential to monitor the environment and prevent or mitigate future ecosystem impacts. Molecular diagnostics by DNA testing has become an integral part of this process. However, for environmental applications, there is a need for cost-effective and efficient point-of-use DNA testing to obtain accurate results from remote sites in real-time. This requires the development of simple and fast sample processing and DNA extraction, room-temperature stable reagents and a portable instrument. We developed a point-of-use real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction system using a crude buffer-based DNA extraction protocol and lyophilized, pre-made, reactions for on-site applications. We demonstrate the use of this approach with pathogens and pests covering a broad spectrum of known undesirable forest enemies: the fungi Sphaerulina musiva, Cronartium ribicola and Cronartium comandrae, the oomycete Phytophthora ramorum and the insect Lymantria dispar. We obtained positive DNA identification from a variety of different tissues, including infected leaves, pathogen spores, or insect legs and antenna. The assays were accurate and yielded no false positive nor negative. The shelf-life of the lyophilized reactions was confirmed after one year at room temperature. Finally, successful tests conducted with portable thermocyclers and disposable instruments demonstrate the suitability of the method, named in Situ Processing and Efficient Environmental Detection (iSPEED), for field testing. This kit fits in a backpack and can be carried to remote locations for accurate and rapid detection of pests and pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid32236107, year = {2020}, author = {Lucardi, RD and Cunard, CE and Hughes, SC and Burgess, KS and Reed, JN and Whitehurst, LE and Worthy, SJ and Marsico, TD}, title = {An initial industrial flora: A framework for botanical research in cooperation with industry for biodiversity conservation.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {e0230729}, pmid = {32236107}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Industry ; *Plant Development ; Research ; }, abstract = {Humans have created an accelerating, increasingly connected, globalized economy, resulting in a more globalized, shared flora. The prevention of new, establishing species is less costly, both economically and ecologically, and is more manageable than eradicating nonnative invasive species once they are widespread and negatively impactful. We ask if international trade hubs and points-of-entry with high-volume trade, constant disturbance, and propagule rain have a higher number of nonnative species compared to surrounding areas and if they may serve as initial establishment sites and refugia of nonnative, invasive populations. Therefore, we partnered with various federal, state, and private interests to evaluate the floristic composition at the Garden City Terminal of the Port of Savannah, Georgia, USA. We conducted the following study to demonstrate the collaborative relationship-building between researchers and industry and to develop a framework for biodiversity conservation. In our study, we collected all reproductive vascular plants in the secured areas of the Garden City Terminal during four major seasonal time points over two years. The percent of nonnative species and number of nonnative plant species per hectare at this industrial location exceeded all other comparison floras. The mean coefficient of conservatism was lowest among the comparison floras, indicating a highly disturbed habitat with nonnative, weedy native, and other native species tolerant of disturbance. Our study represents one of the first inventories of an Industrialized Flora and indicates that such areas are hot-spots of nonnative plant diversity and possible sources of emergent plant invasions. We posit that industrial sites and international points-of-entry should be considered laboratories for research on species transport and introduction, adaptability, and taxonomic delineation to better understand the mechanisms and consequences of biotic homogenization due to the volume and frequency of anthropogenic activities.}, }
@article {pmid32235835, year = {2020}, author = {Pettit, L and Ducatez, S and DeVore, JL and Ward-Fear, G and Shine, R}, title = {Diurnal activity in cane toads (Rhinella marina) is geographically widespread.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {5723}, pmid = {32235835}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; French Guiana ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Although adult cane toads (Rhinella marina) are generally active only at night, a recent study reported that individuals of this species switched to diurnal activity in response to encountering a novel habitat type (deeply shaded gorges) in the course of their Australian invasion. Our sampling over a broader geographic scale challenges the idea that this behaviour is novel; we documented diurnal behaviour both in the species' native range and in several sites within the invaded range, in multiple habitat types. Diurnal activity was most common in the tropics and in areas where toads attain high population densities and are in poor body condition, suggesting that the expansion of activity times may be induced by intraspecific competition for food.}, }
@article {pmid32233119, year = {2020}, author = {Rothenberger, M and Armstrong, A and Gaugler, T and Massaro, S and Pfadenhauer, W and Ventresca, J}, title = {Bridging information domains to improve ecological understanding of biological invasions in a marine ecosystem.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, pages = {1560-1570}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13504}, pmid = {32233119}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; New Jersey ; }, abstract = {We devised a practical method for integrating information on 2 marine invasive species using 3 different approaches: standardized ecological monitoring, online-reporting databases, and surveys of anglers and crabbers. Focusing on 2 recently introduced species with different characteristics, the Asian shore crab (Hemigrapsus sanguineus) and Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), in the Hudson-Raritan watershed of New York and New Jersey, we used sensitivity analyses to explore the relative contribution of each information source to knowledge of species abundance and distribution. All 3 information sources contributed something unique to understanding abundance and distribution of the introduced crabs. Online and survey data on Asian shore crabs significantly affected predictions of abundance, whereas monitoring data did not. When survey data were omitted, abundance estimates were unchanged over time, but when they were included, the model predicted an increased abundance in 2012. All 3 data sets for the Asian shore crab significantly affected estimates of species coverage; surveys had the biggest influence, increasing range size by 4097.25 km[2] . For the catadromous Chinese mitten crab, ecological monitoring data collected in freshwater shortly after the original sighting significantly shaped model estimates for abundance and documented the establishment phase of the mitten crab in an area outside the spatial scope of the surveyed resource users. However, the survey data significantly enlarged mitten crab range-size estimates by 6498.01 km[2] . By demonstrating that data integration produced an image of the invasion process that would not have emerged had we used any 1 method individually, model results provide evidence for the advantages of an interdisciplinary approach.}, }
@article {pmid32231875, year = {2020}, author = {Cafa, G and Baroncelli, R and Ellison, CA and Kurose, D}, title = {Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) chloroplast genome sequence as a promising target for populations studies.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e8739}, pmid = {32231875}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Himalayan balsam Impatiens glandulifera Royle (Balsaminaceae) is a highly invasive annual species native of the Himalayas. Biocontrol of the plant using the rust fungus Puccinia komarovii var. glanduliferae is currently being implemented, but issues have arisen with matching UK weed genotypes with compatible strains of the pathogen. To support successful biocontrol, a better understanding of the host weed population, including potential sources of introductions, of Himalayan balsam is required.<br><br>METHODS: In this molecular study, two new complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of I. glandulifera were obtained with low coverage whole genome sequencing (genome skimming). A 125-year-old herbarium specimen (HB92) collected from the native range was sequenced and assembled and compared with a 2-year-old specimen from UK field plants (HB10).<br><br>RESULTS: The complete cp genomes were double-stranded molecules of 152,260 bp (HB92) and 152,203 bp (HB10) in length and showed 97 variable sites: 27 intragenic and 70 intergenic. The two genomes were aligned and mapped with two closely related genomes used as references. Genome skimming generates complete organellar genomes with limited technical and financial efforts and produces large datasets compared to multi-locus sequence typing. This study demonstrates the suitability of genome skimming for generating complete cp genomes of historic herbarium material. It also shows that complete cp genomes are solid genetic markers for population studies that could be linked to plant evolution and aid with targeting native range and natural enemy surveys for biocontrol of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid32230500, year = {2019}, author = {Gusakov, VA and Sylaieva, AA}, title = {Bratislavia dadayi (Michaelsen 1905) (Annelida, Clitellata, Naididae): discovery of an alien oligochaete in a technogenic fresh water body in Ukraine.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4711}, number = {2}, pages = {zootaxa.4711.2.7}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4711.2.7}, pmid = {32230500}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Annelida ; Ecosystem ; *Oligochaeta ; Rivers ; Ukraine ; }, abstract = {A non-native oligochaete, Bratislavia dadayi (Michaelsen 1905), is recorded from a water body of the cooling system of the Khmelnitsky Nuclear Power Plant (Ukraine). This is the first registration of this species in the central part of the European continent, far from sea and river navigable waterways. The only previous record of B. dadayi in Europe had been from a Belgian estuary. The occurrence in samples taken over several years, and the presence of sexually mature individuals in the Ukrainian population indicate the worm's successful naturalization in the new habitat. In this paper, we analyze the species' morphology and abundance in the Ukrainian population and discuss its ecology, current and potential distribution.}, }
@article {pmid32230355, year = {2020}, author = {Wahl, DB and Green, N}, title = {Stenarella domator (Poda) [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae], a newly introduced species to the Nearctic, and a summary of adventive Nearctic species of Ichneumonidae.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4743}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4743.1.8}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4743.1.8}, pmid = {32230355}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hymenoptera ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The western Palaearctic ichneumonid Stenarella domator (Poda) is newly recorded for the Nearctic. Photographs and a new key to the genera of Nearctic Osprynchotina (Cryptinae: Cryptini) are provided. Like other species in the Osprynchotina, S. domator is an ectoparasitoid of aculeate Hymenoptera which use mud/earth in their nests. The 25 species of adventive Nearctic ichneumonids are reviewed, and the implications of their biologies for Nearctic host ranges are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid32229838, year = {2020}, author = {Scripter, MJ and Price, WW and Heard, RW}, title = {Redescription of Deltamysis holmquistae Bowman amp; Orsi, 1992 (Crustacea: Mysida: Mysidae), a mysid species new to the Atlantic Ocean with observations on the taxonomic status of Kochimysis Panampunnayil amp; Biju, 2007.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4729}, number = {4}, pages = {zootaxa.4729.4.3}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4729.4.3}, pmid = {32229838}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Crustacea ; }, abstract = {The first occurrences of the estuarine mysid Deltamysis holmquistae Bowman Orsi from the Atlantic Ocean are documented from sites on the eastern Florida and northwest Gulf of Mexico (Texas) coasts of North America. Based on examination of type material and specimens from Florida and Texas, considerable morphological variability and additional characters were observed necessitating a rediagnosis of the monotypic genus Deltamysis and a redescription of D. holmquistae. As a result of these new taxonomic criteria, the Indian Ocean species, Kochimysis pillaii Panampunnayil Biju, described from southwest coastal India, is subsumed as a junior synonym of D. holmquistae. The current distribution of this apparently invasive species is probably due to maritime commerce. The geographical location of the endemic or source populations of D. holmquistae remains undetermined; however, its co-occurrence in California with three introduced Asian mysids suggests a northern Indian Ocean or northwest Pacific origin.}, }
@article {pmid32229814, year = {2020}, author = {Jones, HD and Mateos, E and Riutort, M and Álvarez-Presas, M}, title = {The identity of the invasive yellow-striped terrestrial planarian found recently in Europe: Caenoplana variegata (Fletcher amp; Hamilton, 1888) or Caenoplana bicolor (Graff, 1899)?.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4731}, number = {2}, pages = {zootaxa.4731.2.2}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4731.2.2}, pmid = {32229814}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe ; *Planarians ; }, abstract = {Terrestrial planarians with a dorsal yellow stripe and dark lateral surfaces and up to 15-20 cm long have been found in several countries in Europe, the earliest in 2008. They are similar to two species originally from Australia, Caenoplana variegata (Fletcher Hamilton, 1888) and C. bicolor (Graff, 1899), both described on external characters only, with no anatomical information. Careful reading suggests that there is no significant difference between the original descriptions. Further: observations on live specimens show considerable variation between individuals and in individuals over time and before and after feeding, negating any distinction between descriptions. Examination of three sectioned specimens shows considerable difference in sexual maturity, though one seems almost fully mature and the reproductive system is described. Molecular results show that specimens from the United Kingdom and Spain are of the same species. It is concluded that the planarians should be referred to as C. variegata, C. bicolor being a junior synonym.}, }
@article {pmid32226107, year = {2020}, author = {Bojko, J}, title = {The mitochondrial genome of UK (non-native) Dikerogammarus haemobaphes (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) informs upon Dikerogammarus evolution, invasions and associated microparasites.}, journal = {Hydrobiologia}, volume = {847}, number = {1}, pages = {229-242}, pmid = {32226107}, issn = {0018-8158}, abstract = {The amphipod Dikerogammarus haemobaphes is a high-risk carrier of parasites that impact wildlife in its non-native range. Studies using the mitochondrial genes, Cytochrome Oxidase Sub-Unit 1 (cox1) and small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene (16S), provide some nucleotide detail for understanding the evolution and phylogeography of this species. Despite this, the origins of the invasion remain unknown, as do the origins of its parasites. This study provides the full annotated mitochondrial genome (15,460 bp) of D. haemobaphes, consisting of 2 rRNAs, 24 tRNAs and 14 protein coding genes. Mitochondrial genes from the UK isolate are compared to existing data on NCBI and are used in a concatenated phylogenetic approach and identify D. haemobaphes as an early member of the Gammaridae (Amphipoda). Viral, bacterial, protistan and microsporidian parasites are present across the Gammaridae, including D. haemobaphes, suggesting the ancestor of the Gammaridae harboured related diseases, and that further screening of amphipods is likely to reveal further microparasite diversity. This correlation suggests that other gammarid invaders have the potential to harbour a range of microparasites. The mitochondrial genome of this species will act a resource to facilitate our understanding of geneflow, disease epidemiology and evolutionary history in this invasion-disease model.}, }
@article {pmid32222781, year = {2020}, author = {Anderson, SE and Closs, GP and Matthaei, CD}, title = {Agricultural Land-Use Legacy, The Invasive Alga Didymosphenia geminata and Invertebrate Communities in Upland Streams with Natural Flow Regimes.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {65}, number = {6}, pages = {804-817}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-020-01285-6}, pmid = {32222781}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; *Diatoms ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Ephemeroptera ; Insecta ; Invertebrates ; New Zealand ; Rivers ; Sheep ; }, abstract = {The integrity of freshwater ecosystems worldwide is under threat from agriculture and invasive species. Past agricultural activity can have persistent effects on aquatic diversity even decades after restoration, and the spread of invasive species is increasingly difficult to prevent due to globalisation. In the South Island of New Zealand, the invasive diatom Didymosphenia geminata (Didymo) causes nuisance blooms in streams. The impact of Didymo on stream invertebrate communities in upland streams with natural flow regimes remains poorly understood. We investigated the relationships between legacy effects of agriculture, Didymo and benthic invertebrate communities at 55 stream sites in Mahu Whenua, a 530 km[2] conservation area comprising four former New Zealand high-country farms. The farms were destocked of sheep 4-9 years before stream sampling started. Kick-netting was used to collect macroinvertebrates from 7-23 streams within each farm to provide a land-use legacy gradient. Moreover, samples from 16 sites with clearly visible Didymo mats covering most of the stream bed (indicating high biomass and a dominant role in the biofilm) were compared with 39 sites without such Didymo mats. Total invertebrate taxon richness and EPT richness (taxon richness of larval mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies) were lower in the stream catchments destocked most recently. When Didymo was present, relative EPT abundance was lower than when Didymo was absent, and Deleatidium mayflies decreased whereas midges and oligochaetes increased. These results highlight the need to look at past land-use practices when restoring high-country streams after agricultural impacts. They also show that Didymo can have negative effects on invertebrate communities in upland streams with natural flow regimes, a stream type previously overlooked in studies on this invasive diatom.}, }
@article {pmid32222070, year = {2020}, author = {Hernández-Castellano, C and Rodrigo, A and Gómez, JM and Stefanescu, C and Calleja, JA and Reverté, S and Bosch, J}, title = {A new native plant in the neighborhood: effects on plant-pollinator networks, pollination, and plant reproductive success.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {101}, number = {7}, pages = {e03046}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3046}, pmid = {32222070}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {BES-2014-068735//Ministerio de Econom&#xed;a y Competitividad/International ; CGL2013-41856-P//Ministerio de Econom&#xed;a y Competitividad/International ; FPU14/03082//Ministerio de Educaci&#xf3;n, Cultura y Deporte/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Flowers ; *Plants ; Pollen ; *Pollination ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Ecological communities are dynamic entities subjected to extinction/colonization events. Because species are connected through complex interaction networks, the arrival of a new species is likely to affect various species across the community, as observed in plant biological invasions. However, plant invasions usually represent extreme scenarios in which the community is strongly dominated by the alien species, confounding the effects of a change in species composition with a massive increase in floral resource availability. Our study addresses changes in plant community composition involving native species, a common phenomenon under the current climate change scenario in which plants are modifying their distribution ranges. We experimentally manipulated patches of a natural scrubland community by introducing a native plant (henceforth colonizing plant). To avoid introducing a disproportionate amount of floral resources we adjusted the number of flowers of the colonizing plant to the amount of floral resources locally available in each patch. We had two objectives: (1) to analyse the effects of the arrival of a new plant on the pollinator community, the rearrangement of plant-pollinator interactions and the structure of the plant-pollinator network; (2) to evaluate potential consequences for pollination and the reproductive success of resident plant species. The colonizing plant acted as a magnet species, attracting bumble bees and facilitating interactions to other plants through spill-over. The introduction of the colonizing plant also affected the structure of plant-pollinator networks (colonized networks were more generalized and more nested than control networks) and modified the arrangement of plant and pollinator species into modules. Ultimately, these changes resulted in higher heterospecific (but not conspecific) pollen deposition and had contrasting effects on the reproductive success of two resident plant species (higher fruit set and lower seed set, respectively). Our study shows that relationships between plants and pollinators are rapidly rearranged in response to novel situations (even when the new plant is not overly dominant), with important functional consequences on pollination and plant reproductive success. Our study establishes a link between network structure and pollination and plant reproductive success, which may be mediated by differences among pollinator species in foraging behavior.}, }
@article {pmid32221966, year = {2020}, author = {Dufour, CMS and Clark, DL and Herrel, A and Losos, JB}, title = {Recent biological invasion shapes species recognition and aggressive behaviour in a native species: A behavioural experiment using robots in the field.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {7}, pages = {1604-1614}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13223}, pmid = {32221966}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Aggression ; Animals ; Introduced Species ; *Lizards ; Male ; *Robotics ; Sympatry ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a world-wide threat to biodiversity. Yet, our understanding of biological invasions remains incomplete, partly due to the difficulty of tracking and studying behavioural interactions in recently created species interactions. We tested whether the interactions between the recently introduced invasive lizard Anolis cristatellus and the native Anolis oculatus in Dominica have led to changes in species recognition and aggressive behaviour of the native species. The use of realistic robots allowed us to test the behavioural response of 131 A. oculatus males towards relevant and controlled conspecific versus heterospecific stimuli, directly in the field and in two contexts (allopatry vs. sympatry). Our results show that species recognition evolved prior to sympatry in A. oculatus. Moreover, interspecific competition resulted in an increase in the time spent displaying and a divergence in the aggressive behaviour of the native species towards conspecifics versus heterospecifics. Inherent species recognition and higher aggressive behaviour may limit species coexistence as they are expected to favour A. oculatus during territorial interactions with A. cristatellus. While more studies are needed to understand the causes of these behavioural shifts and their consequences on long-term species coexistence, the present study highlights the role of behaviour as a first response to interspecific interactions.}, }
@article {pmid32221401, year = {2020}, author = {Petruzzella, A and da S S R Rodrigues, TA and van Leeuwen, CHA and de Assis Esteves, F and Figueiredo-Barros, MP and Bakker, ES}, title = {Species identity and diversity effects on invasion resistance of tropical freshwater plant communities.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {5626}, pmid = {32221401}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Biochemical Phenomena/genetics ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Hydrocharitaceae/genetics/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Biotic resistance mediated by native plant diversity has long been hypothesized to reduce the success of invading plant species in terrestrial systems in temperate regions. However, still little is known about the mechanisms driving invasion patterns in other biomes or latitudes. We help to fill this gap by investigating how native plant community presence and diversity, and the presence of native phylogenetically closely related species to an invader, would affect invader Hydrilla verticillata establishment success in tropical freshwater submerged plant communities. The presence of a native community suppressed the growth of H. verticillata, but did not prevent its colonisation. Invader growth was negatively affected by native plant productivity, but independent of native species richness and phylogenetic relatedness to the invader. Native plant production was not related to native species richness in our study. We show that resistance in these tropical aquatic submerged plant communities is mainly driven by the presence and biomass of a native community independent of native species diversity. Our study illustrates that resistance provided by these tropical freshwater submerged plant communities to invasive species contrasts to resistance described for other ecosystems. This emphasizes the need to include understudied systems when predicting patterns of species invasiveness and ecosystem invasibility across biomes.}, }
@article {pmid32220234, year = {2020}, author = {Schulze, V and Lurz, PWW and Ferrari, N and Romeo, C and Steele, MA and Marino, S and Mazzamuto, MV and Calvignac-Spencer, S and Schlottau, K and Beer, M and Ulrich, RG and Ehlers, B}, title = {Search for polyoma-, herpes-, and bornaviruses in squirrels of the family Sciuridae.}, journal = {Virology journal}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {42}, pmid = {32220234}, issn = {1743-422X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bornaviridae/*classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Genome, Viral ; Herpesviridae/*classification/isolation &amp; purification ; *Phylogeny ; Polyomavirus/*classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Sciuridae/classification/*virology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Squirrels (family Sciuridae) are globally distributed members of the order Rodentia with wildlife occurrence in indigenous and non-indigenous regions (as invasive species) and frequent presence in zoological gardens and other holdings. Multiple species introductions, strong inter-species competition as well as the recent discovery of a novel zoonotic bornavirus resulted in increased research interest on squirrel pathogens. Therefore we aimed to test a variety of squirrel species for representatives of three virus families.<br><br>METHODS: Several species of the squirrel subfamilies Sciurinae, Callosciurinae and Xerinae were tested for the presence of polyomaviruses (PyVs; family Polyomaviridae) and herpesviruses (HVs; family Herpesviridae), using generic nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specificity for the PyV VP1 gene and the HV DNA polymerase (DPOL) gene, respectively. Selected animals were tested for the presence of bornaviruses (family Bornaviridae), using both a broad-range orthobornavirus- and a variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1)-specific reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR).<br><br>RESULTS: In addition to previously detected bornavirus RNA-positive squirrels no more animals tested positive in this study, but four novel PyVs, four novel betaherpesviruses (BHVs) and six novel gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) were identified. For three PyVs, complete genomes could be amplified with long-distance PCR (LD-PCR). Splice sites of the PyV genomes were predicted in silico for large T antigen, small T antigen, and VP2 coding sequences, and experimentally confirmed in Vero and NIH/3T3 cells. Attempts to extend the HV DPOL sequences in upstream direction resulted in contiguous sequences of around 3.3 kilobase pairs for one BHV and two GHVs. Phylogenetic analysis allocated the novel squirrel PyVs to the genera Alpha- and Betapolyomavirus, the BHVs to the genus Muromegalovirus, and the GHVs to the genera Rhadinovirus and Macavirus.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report on molecular identification and sequence characterization of PyVs and HVs and the detection of bornavirus coinfections with PyVs or HVs in two squirrel species. Multiple detection of PyVs and HVs in certain squirrel species exclusively indicate their potential host association to a single squirrel species. The novel PyVs and HVs might serve for a better understanding of virus evolution in invading host species in the future.}, }
@article {pmid32219035, year = {2020}, author = {Escoriza, D}, title = {Ship rats and island reptiles: patterns of co-existence in the Mediterranean.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e8821}, pmid = {32219035}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The western Mediterranean archipelagos have a rich endemic fauna, which includes five species of reptiles. Most of these archipelagos were colonized since early historic times by anthropochoric fauna, such as ship rats (Rattus rattus). Here, I evaluated the influence of ship rats on the occurrence of island reptiles, including non-endemic species.<br><br>METHODOLOGY: I analysed a presence-absence database encompassing 159 islands (Balearic Islands, Provence Islands, Corso-Sardinian Islands, Tuscan Archipelago, and Galite) using Bayesian-regularized logistic regression.<br><br>RESULTS: The analysis indicated that ship rats do not influence the occurrence of endemic island reptiles, even on small islands. Moreover, Rattus rattus co-occurred positively with two species of non-endemic reptiles, including a nocturnal gecko, a guild considered particularly vulnerable to predation by rats. Overall, the analyses showed a very different pattern than that documented in other regions of the globe, possibly attributable to a long history of coexistence.}, }
@article {pmid32218976, year = {2020}, author = {Varón-González, C and Fraimout, A and Delapré, A and Debat, V and Cornette, R}, title = {Limited thermal plasticity and geographical divergence in the ovipositor of Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {191577}, pmid = {32218976}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity has been repeatedly suggested to facilitate adaptation to new environmental conditions, as in invasions. Here, we investigate this possibility by focusing on the worldwide invasion of Drosophila suzukii: an invasive species that has rapidly colonized all continents over the last decade. This species is characterized by a highly developed ovipositor, allowing females to lay eggs through the skin of ripe fruits. Using a novel approach based on the combined use of scanning electron microscopy and photogrammetry, we quantified the ovipositor size and three-dimensional shape, contrasting invasive and native populations raised at three different developmental temperatures. We found a small but significant effect of temperature and geographical origin on the ovipositor shape, showing the occurrence of both geographical differentiation and plasticity to temperature. The shape reaction norms are in turn strikingly similar among populations, suggesting very little difference in shape plasticity among invasive and native populations, and therefore rejecting the hypothesis of a particular role for the plasticity of the ovipositor in the invasion success. Overall, the ovipositor shape seems to be a fairly robust trait, indicative of stabilizing selection. The large performance spectrum rather than the flexibility of the ovipositor would thus contribute to the success of D. suzukii worldwide invasion.}, }
@article {pmid32218472, year = {2020}, author = {Cárdenas, L and Leclerc, JC and Bruning, P and Garrido, I and Détrée, C and Figueroa, A and Astorga, M and Navarro, JM and Johnson, LE and Carlton, JT and Pardo, L}, title = {First mussel settlement observed in Antarctica reveals the potential for future invasions.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {5552}, pmid = {32218472}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Biodiversity ; Bivalvia/*classification/*physiology ; Climate Change ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; South America ; }, abstract = {Global biodiversity is both declining and being redistributed in response to multiple drivers characterizing the Anthropocene, including synergies between biological invasions and climate change. The Antarctic marine benthos may constitute the last biogeographic realm where barriers (oceanographic currents, climatic gradients) have not yet been broken. Here we report the successful settlement of a cohort of Mytilus cf. platensis in a shallow subtidal habitat of the South Shetland Islands in 2019, which demonstrates the ability of this species to complete its early life stages in this extreme environment. Genetic analyses and shipping records show that this observation is consistent with the dominant vectors and pathways linking southern Patagonia with the Antarctic Peninsula and demonstrates the potential for impending invasions of Antarctic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid32218139, year = {2020}, author = {Gontero, C and Fanelli, A and Zanet, S and Meneguz, PG and Tizzani, P}, title = {Exotic Species and Autochthonous Parasites: Trichostrongylus Retortaeformis in Eastern Cottontail.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {32218139}, issn = {2075-1729}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: A parasite community is usually well adapted and specific to the host species they co-evolved with. Although exotic pathogens infecting autochthonous species have been documented, the infection of an alien species with native parasites is rare in lagomorphs. Trichostrongylus retortaeformis is a nematode parasite infecting the small intestine of domestic and wild lagomorphs in Europe.<br><br>METHODS: Thirty-two Eastern cottontails from a naturalized population in Italy were processed to describe the gastrointestinal parasite community.<br><br>RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: T. retortaeformis is reported for the first time in the Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus introduced to Europe. The Eastern cottontail is an invasive lagomorph, living in sympatry with the autochthonous European brown hare in certain areas of Italy. This study provides new insights into the dynamics of parasite communities of native and alien lagomorph species in sympatric areas.}, }
@article {pmid32217709, year = {2020}, author = {Popkin, G}, title = {Can 'sentinel trees' warn of devastating pests?.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {367}, number = {6485}, pages = {1417}, doi = {10.1126/science.367.6485.1417}, pmid = {32217709}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Insecta ; Introduced Species ; *Sentinel Species ; *Trees ; }, }
@article {pmid32215923, year = {2020}, author = {Vlk, L and Tedersoo, L and Antl, T and Větrovský, T and Abarenkov, K and Pergl, J and Albrechtová, J and Vosátka, M and Baldrian, P and Pyšek, P and Kohout, P}, title = {Early successional ectomycorrhizal fungi are more likely to naturalize outside their native range than other ectomycorrhizal fungi.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {227}, number = {5}, pages = {1289-1293}, doi = {10.1111/nph.16557}, pmid = {32215923}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Fungi ; *Mycorrhizae ; }, }
@article {pmid32214396, year = {2020}, author = {Chen, L and Fang, K and Dong, XF and Yang, AL and Li, YX and Zhang, HB}, title = {Characterization of the fungal community in the canopy air of the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora and its potential to cause plant diseases.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {e0230822}, pmid = {32214396}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ageratina/*microbiology ; *Air ; Fungi/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Airborne fungi and their ecological functions have been largely ignored in plant invasions. In this study, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to characterize the airborne fungi in the canopy air of the invasive weed Ageratina adenophora. Then, representative phytopathogenic strains were isolated from A. adenophora leaf spots and their virulence to A.adenophora as well as common native plants in the invaded range was tested. The fungal alpha diversities were not different between the sampling sites or between the high/low part of the canopy air, but fungal co-occurrences were less common in the high than in the low part of the canopy air. Interestingly, we found that the phytopathogenic Didymellaceae fungi co-occurred more frequently with themselves than with other fungi. Disease experiments indicated that all 5 Didymellaceae strains could infect A. adenophora as well as the 16 tested native plants and that there was large variation in the virulence and host range. Our data suggested that the diverse pathogens in the canopy air might be a disease infection source that weakens the competition of invasive weeds, a novel phenomenon that remains to be explored in other invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid32213950, year = {2020}, author = {Dobelmann, J and Felden, A and Lester, PJ}, title = {Genetic Strain Diversity of Multi-Host RNA Viruses that Infect a Wide Range of Pollinators and Associates is Shaped by Geographic Origins.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {32213950}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/virology ; Arthropods/virology ; Bees/virology ; *Genetic Variation ; Geography, Medical ; *Host Specificity ; Insect Viruses/classification/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; RNA Viruses/classification/*physiology ; Virus Replication ; }, abstract = {Emerging viruses have caused concerns about pollinator population declines, as multi-host RNA viruses may pose a health threat to pollinators and associated arthropods. In order to understand the ecology and impact these viruses have, we studied their host range and determined to what extent host and spatial variation affect strain diversity. Firstly, we used RT-PCR to screen pollinators and associates, including honey bees (Apis mellifera) and invasive Argentine ants (Linepithema humile), for virus presence and replication. We tested for the black queen cell virus (BQCV), deformed wing virus (DWV), and Kashmir bee virus (KBV) that were initially detected in bees, and the two recently discovered Linepithema humile bunya-like virus 1 (LhuBLV1) and Moku virus (MKV). DWV, KBV, and MKV were detected and replicated in a wide range of hosts and commonly co-infected hymenopterans. Secondly, we placed KBV and DWV in a global phylogeny with sequences from various countries and hosts to determine the association of geographic origin and host with shared ancestry. Both phylogenies showed strong geographic rather than host-specific clustering, suggesting frequent inter-species virus transmission. Transmission routes between hosts are largely unknown. Nonetheless, avoiding the introduction of non-native species and diseased pollinators appears important to limit spill overs and disease emergence.}, }
@article {pmid32213730, year = {2020}, author = {Sumiyama, D and Shimizu, A and Kanazawa, T and Anzai, H and Murata, K}, title = {Prevalence of Salmonella in green anoles (Anolis Carolinensis), an invasive alien species in Naha and Tomigusuku Cities, Okinawa Main Island, Japan.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {82}, number = {5}, pages = {678-680}, pmid = {32213730}, issn = {1347-7439}, mesh = {Animals ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Intestine, Large/*microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Lizards/*microbiology ; Prevalence ; Salmonella/classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Here, we investigated the prevalence of Salmonella enterica, with and without resistance to 17 common antimicrobial agents, in 706 green anoles (Anolis carolinensis) that were collected in Naha and Tomigusuku Cities, Okinawa Main Island, Japan, between 2009 and 2014. Salmonella strains, including S. enterica Weltevreden and Enteritidis serovars, were identified in the large intestinal content samples extracted from 15 (2.1%) of the analyzed green anoles. No antimicrobial resistance was detected. Thus, the present study demonstrates that although the prevalence of Salmonella and the risk of its transmission from the green anoles to humans or other animals on Okinawa Main Island are relatively low, the green anole population nevertheless represents a potential source of Salmonella infection that could affect human health in this region.}, }
@article {pmid32212574, year = {2020}, author = {Pereira, DG and Batista, E and de Cristo, TG and Santiani, F and Sfaciotte, RAP and Ferraz, SM and de Moraes, AN and Casagrande, RA}, title = {ASPIRATION BRONCHOPNEUMONIA BY ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII IN A WILDLIFE EUROPEAN HARE (LEPUS EUROPAEUS) IN BRAZIL.}, journal = {Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {253-256}, doi = {10.1638/2019-0100}, pmid = {32212574}, issn = {1042-7260}, mesh = {Acinetobacter Infections/diagnosis/microbiology/*veterinary ; Acinetobacter baumannii/*isolation &amp; purification ; Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Brazil ; Bronchopneumonia/diagnosis/microbiology/*veterinary ; *Hares ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Pneumonia, Aspiration/diagnosis/microbiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Acinetobacter baumannii is a major cause of illness in hospitalized patients and the most important and common pathogen in nosocomial outbreaks worldwide. In animals, A. baumannii has been associated with respiratory infections in a group of minks, leading to pneumonia and acute mortality. This report documents a case of aspiration bronchopneumonia in a wild European hare caused by A. baumannii. A free-ranging, adult male European hare was submitted to necropsy after acute trauma due to being hit by a car. Its lungs showed consolidation with abscess in the middle and cranial lobes. Histopathologic evaluation revealed liquefactive necrosis associated with neutrophilic infiltration, cellular debris, plant material, and bacterial myriads surrounded by moderate neutrophils, macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, lymphocytes, and plasma cell inflammation. Acinetobacter baumannii was isolated from lung tissue.}, }
@article {pmid32211951, year = {2020}, author = {Ito, R}, title = {Determining the optimal coefficient of the spatially periodic Fisher-KPP equation that minimizes the spreading speed.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {80}, number = {6}, pages = {1953-1970}, doi = {10.1007/s00285-020-01486-x}, pmid = {32211951}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecology/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Periodicity ; Population Density ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; }, abstract = {This paper is concerned with the spatially periodic Fisher-KPP equation [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], where d(x) and r(x) are periodic functions with period [Formula: see text]. We assume that r(x) has positive mean and [Formula: see text]. It is known that there exists a positive number [Formula: see text], called the minimal wave speed, such that a periodic traveling wave solution with average speed c exists if and only if [Formula: see text]. In the one-dimensional case, the minimal speed [Formula: see text] coincides with the "spreading speed", that is, the asymptotic speed of the propagating front of a solution with compactly supported initial data. In this paper, we study the minimizing problem for the minimal speed [Formula: see text] by varying r(x) under a certain constraint, while d(x) arbitrarily. We have been able to obtain an explicit form of the minimizing function r(x). Our result provides the first calculable example of the minimal speed for spatially periodic Fisher-KPP equations as far as the author knows.}, }
@article {pmid32211065, year = {2020}, author = {Biedrzycka, A and Konopiński, M and Hoffman, E and Trujillo, A and Zalewski, A}, title = {Comparing raccoon major histocompatibility complex diversity in native and introduced ranges: Evidence for the importance of functional immune diversity for adaptation and survival in novel environments.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {752-767}, pmid = {32211065}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The adaptive potential of invasive species is related to the genetic diversity of the invader, which is influenced by genetic drift and natural selection. Typically, the genetic diversity of invaders is studied with neutral genetic markers; however, the expectation of reduced diversity has not been consistently supported by empirical studies. Here, we describe and interpret genetic diversity at both neutral microsatellite loci and the immune-related MHC-DRB locus of native and invasive populations of raccoon to better understand of how drift and selection impact patterns of genetic diversity during the invasion process. We found that despite the loss of many MHC (major histocompatibility complex) alleles in comparison with native populations, functional MHC supertypes are preserved in the invasive region. In the native raccoon population, the number of supertypes within individuals was higher than expected under a neutral model. The high level of individual functional divergence may facilitate the adaptation to local conditions in the invasive range. In the invasive populations, we also detected increased population structure at microsatellites compared to the MHC locus, further suggesting that balancing selection is acting on adaptively important regions of the raccoon genome. Finally, we found that alleles known to exhibit resistance to rabies in the native range, Prlo-DRB*4, Prlo-DRB*16 and Prlo-DRB*102, were the most common alleles in the European populations, suggesting directional selection is acting on this locus. Our research shows empirical support for the importance of functional immune diversity for adaptation and survival in novel environments.}, }
@article {pmid32210665, year = {2020}, author = {Łagowska, B and Golan, K}, title = {An updated annotated checklist of scale insects (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) of Poland.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {918}, number = {}, pages = {65-81}, pmid = {32210665}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {A checklist of scale insects recorded to date in Poland is presented. The data provided here are based on literature records and include the latest taxonomic and nomenclatural changes and updates on Coccomorpha reported in Poland. Changes in comparison with ScaleNet and Fauna Europaea electronic databases are also discussed. A total of 185 species belonging to 98 genera and 16 families are included in the list. Of this group, 47 species are alien introduced species and live only indoors, and one species, Pulvinaria floccifera (Westwood), develops both indoors and outdoors.}, }
@article {pmid32209235, year = {2020}, author = {Weiskopf, SR and Rubenstein, MA and Crozier, LG and Gaichas, S and Griffis, R and Halofsky, JE and Hyde, KJW and Morelli, TL and Morisette, JT and Muñoz, RC and Pershing, AJ and Peterson, DL and Poudel, R and Staudinger, MD and Sutton-Grier, AE and Thompson, L and Vose, J and Weltzin, JF and Whyte, KP}, title = {Climate change effects on biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem services, and natural resource management in the United States.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {733}, number = {}, pages = {137782}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137782}, pmid = {32209235}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Natural Resources ; United States ; }, abstract = {Climate change is a pervasive and growing global threat to biodiversity and ecosystems. Here, we present the most up-to-date assessment of climate change impacts on biodiversity, ecosystems, and ecosystem services in the U.S. and implications for natural resource management. We draw from the 4th National Climate Assessment to summarize observed and projected changes to ecosystems and biodiversity, explore linkages to important ecosystem services, and discuss associated challenges and opportunities for natural resource management. We find that species are responding to climate change through changes in morphology and behavior, phenology, and geographic range shifts, and these changes are mediated by plastic and evolutionary responses. Responses by species and populations, combined with direct effects of climate change on ecosystems (including more extreme events), are resulting in widespread changes in productivity, species interactions, vulnerability to biological invasions, and other emergent properties. Collectively, these impacts alter the benefits and services that natural ecosystems can provide to society. Although not all impacts are negative, even positive changes can require costly societal adjustments. Natural resource managers need proactive, flexible adaptation strategies that consider historical and future outlooks to minimize costs over the long term. Many organizations are beginning to explore these approaches, but implementation is not yet prevalent or systematic across the nation.}, }
@article {pmid32208836, year = {2020}, author = {Martignoni, MM and Hart, MM and Tyson, RC and Garnier, J}, title = {Diversity within mutualist guilds promotes coexistence and reduces the risk of invasion from an alien mutualist.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {287}, number = {1923}, pages = {20192312}, pmid = {32208836}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Biodiversity is an important component of healthy ecosystems, and thus understanding the mechanisms behind species coexistence is critical in ecology and conservation biology. In particular, few studies have focused on the dynamics resulting from the co-occurrence of mutualistic and competitive interactions within a group of species. Here we build a mathematical model to study the dynamics of a guild of competitors who are also engaged in mutualistic interactions with a common partner. We show that coexistence as well as competitive exclusion can occur depending on the competition strength and on strength of the mutualistic interactions, and we formulate concrete criteria for predicting invasion success of an alien mutualist based on propagule pressure, alien traits (such as its resource exchange ability) and composition of the recipient community. We find that intra guild diversity promotes the coexistence of species that would otherwise competitively exclude each other, and makes a guild less vulnerable to invasion. Our results can serve as a useful framework to predict the consequences of species manipulation in mutualistic communities.}, }
@article {pmid32208272, year = {2020}, author = {Zhou, Q and Wang, Y and Li, X and Liu, Z and Wu, J and Musa, A and Ma, Q and Yu, H and Cui, X and Wang, L}, title = {Geographical distribution and determining factors of different invasive ranks of alien species across China.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {722}, number = {}, pages = {137929}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137929}, pmid = {32208272}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {China ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Determination of the geographical distribution and life-form spectra of alien species with different invasive abilities are essential to understand the process of invasion and to develop measures to manage alien species. Based on six classifications of Chinese alien species, environmental and social data, we determined species density, life-form spectrum of alien species, and the relationship between species density of alien species and climatic or social factors. The species density of alien species increased from the northwest to the southeast regions of China for all the six ranks. The boundary line between low and high species density of alien species was consistent with the dividing line of population density (the "Hu Line"). Mean annual precipitation was the most important factor for species density in malignant invaders, serious invaders, local invaders, and species requiring further observation (Ranks I, II, III, and V, respectively). Gross domestic product per square kilometer and annual minimum temperature were the most important factors in mild invaders and cultivated aliens (Ranks IV and VI, respectively). Annual and biennial herbs made up 52.9% to 71.2% of total species in Ranks I to IV; shrubs and trees 3.7% to 14.7%. The annual and biennial herbs were 35.5% and 32.6%, and the shrubs and trees were 25.3% and 31.6% in Ranks IV and VI. Results implied that precipitation was the most important factor on species density for the invasive alien species. However, social factors and temperature were the most important factors for the non-invasive alien species. The invasive alien species had a high proportion of annual and biennial herbs and non-invasive alien had a high proportion of shrubs and trees. It is important to understand the geographical distribution and life-form spectra of various invasive alien species for alien species controls.}, }
@article {pmid32208221, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, Q and Chen, G and Shao, L and Gu, X and Huang, J and Peng, C}, title = {The hybridization between Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski and Sphagneticola calendulacea (L.) Pruski improved the tolerance of hybrid to cadmium stress.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {249}, number = {}, pages = {126540}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126540}, pmid = {32208221}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology ; Adsorption ; Asteraceae/metabolism/*physiology ; Cadmium/*toxicity ; Chimera ; China ; Drug Tolerance ; Introduced Species ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Photosynthesis ; Phytochelatins/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Soil Pollutants/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Hybridization is common between invasive and native species and may be accompanied by invasive evolution. The hybrid of Sphagneticola trilobata (alien invasive species) and Sphagneticola calendulacea (indigenous congener) was found in South China. According to previous studies, the hybrid performed weak environmental adaptability in comparison with parents. However, based on the results from this study, the hybridization significantly improved the tolerance of the hybrid to cadmium (Cd) stress (200 μmol L[-1]). Under Cd stress, the hybrid lines showed lowest level of oxidative damage and the highest level of photosynthetic efficiency. Compared with the parents, the hybrid utilized more active detoxification strategies, such as the cell walls of the leaves and roots adsorbed 88% and 95% Cd, respectively, reducing the amount of Cd entering cells; moreover, most of the Cd that entered cells was transformed into less toxic chemical forms through the reduction of the highly toxic chemical forms; furthermore, it accumulated a large number of phytochelatins to bind Cd[2+] and reduced the damage of organelles by Cd[2+]. The results demonstrate that hybridization between S. trilobata and S. calendulacea improved the adaptability of the new hybrid species to Cd stress and may pose a greater threat to the survival of the native parent species in the presence of serious water and soil pollution.}, }
@article {pmid32206834, year = {2020}, author = {Shackleton, RT and Petitpierre, B and Pajkovic, M and Dessimoz, F and Brönnimann, O and Cattin, L and Čejková, &#x160; and Kull, CA and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and Yoccoz, N and Guisan, A}, title = {Integrated Methods for Monitoring the Invasive Potential and Management of Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) in Switzerland.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {65}, number = {6}, pages = {829-842}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-020-01282-9}, pmid = {32206834}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {*Heracleum ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a major driver of human-induced global environmental change. This makes monitoring of potential spread, population changes and control measures necessary for guiding management. We illustrate the value of integrated methods (species distribution modelling (SDM), plant population monitoring and questionnaires) for monitoring and assessing invasions of Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) over time in Switzerland. SDMs highlighted the potential spread of the species, uncovered ecological mechanisms underlying invasions and guided monitoring at a regional level. We used adaptive and repeat plant sampling to monitor invasive population status and changes, and assess the effectiveness of H. mantegazzianum management over three periods (2005, 2013 and 2018) within the pre-Alps, Vaud. We also conducted questionnaire surveys with managers and the public. Multiscale modelling, and integrating global and regional SDMs, provided the best predictions, showing that H. mantegazzianum can potentially invade large parts of Switzerland, especially below 2 000 m a.s.l. Over time, populations of invasive H. mantegazzianum in the Vaud pre-Alps have declined, which is most likely due to a sharp rise in management uptake post 2007 (7% of municipalities before 2007 to 86% in 2018). The level of known invasive populations has decreased by 54% over time. Some municipalities have even successfully eradicated H. mantegazzianum within their borders. However, a few areas, particularly in the rural, higher-altitude municipalities, where management was not implemented effectively, populations have expanded, which could hamper control efforts at lower altitudes. We provide encouraging evidence that control measures can be effective in reducing plant invasions with long-term commitment, as well as a good template for using integrated methodological approaches to better study and monitor invasive alien species.}, }
@article {pmid32206453, year = {2020}, author = {Despland, E and Santacruz, PG}, title = {Top-down and bottom-up controls on an herbivore on a native and introduced plant in a tropical agricultural landscape.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e8782}, pmid = {32206453}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The recent introduction in a tropical agricultural environment of a weedy open-habitat plant (Solanum myriacanthum) and subsequent host range expansion of a common forest-edge butterfly (Mechanitis menapis) onto that plant provides an opportunity to examine reconfiguration of tritrophic networks in human-impacted landscapes. The objectives of this study were (1) determine if the caterpillars on the exotic host are more or less limited by plant defenses (bottom-up forces) and if they experience enemy release (decrease of top-down pressure) and (2) define how anthropic open pasture habitat influences the herbivore's tritrophic niche. Field and laboratory monitoring of larval survival and performance on a native (Solanum acerifolium) host plant and the exotic (S. myriacanthum) host plant were conducted in the Mindo Valley, Ecuador. Plant physical defenses were also measured. Results showed that larval mortality was mostly top-down on S. acerifolium, linked to parasitism, but mostly bottom-up on S. myriacanthum, possibly linked to observed increased plant defenses. Thus, in the absence of co-evolved relationships, herbivores on the exotic host experienced little top-down regulation, but stronger bottom-up pressures from plant defenses. These findings provide a rare empirical example of enemy-free space as a mechanism underlying host-range expansion. S. myriacanthum was less colonized in open pastures than in semi-shaded habitats (forest edges, thickets): fewer eggs were found, suggesting limited dispersal of adult butterflies into the harsh open environments, and the survival rate of first instar larvae was lower than on semi-shaded plants, likely linked to the stronger defenses of sun-grown leaves. These findings show how environmental conditions modulate the rewiring of trophic networks in heavily impacted landscapes, and limit a biocontrol by a native herbivore on an invasive plant in open habitats.}, }
@article {pmid32205427, year = {2020}, author = {Lundgren, EJ and Ramp, D and Rowan, J and Middleton, O and Schowanek, SD and Sanisidro, O and Carroll, SP and Davis, M and Sandom, CJ and Svenning, JC and Wallach, AD}, title = {Introduced herbivores restore Late Pleistocene ecological functions.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {117}, number = {14}, pages = {7871-7878}, pmid = {32205427}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Herbivory/*genetics/physiology ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Mammals/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Large-bodied mammalian herbivores dominated Earth's terrestrial ecosystems for several million years before undergoing substantial extinctions and declines during the Late Pleistocene (LP) due to prehistoric human impacts. The decline of large herbivores led to widespread ecological changes due to the loss of their ecological functions, as driven by their unique combinations of traits. However, recently, humans have significantly increased herbivore species richness through introductions in many parts of the world, potentially counteracting LP losses. Here, we assessed the extent to which introduced herbivore species restore lost-or contribute novel-functions relative to preextinction LP assemblages. We constructed multidimensional trait spaces using a trait database for all extant and extinct mammalian herbivores ≥10 kg known from the earliest LP (∼130,000 ybp) to the present day. Extinction-driven contractions of LP trait space have been offset through introductions by ∼39% globally. Analysis of trait space overlap reveals that assemblages with introduced species are overall more similar to those of the LP than native-only assemblages. This is because 64% of introduced species are more similar to extinct rather than extant species within their respective continents. Many introduced herbivores restore trait combinations that have the capacity to influence ecosystem processes, such as wildfire and shrub expansion in drylands. Although introduced species have long been a source of contention, our findings indicate that they may, in part, restore ecological functions reflective of the past several million years before widespread human-driven extinctions.}, }
@article {pmid32203801, year = {2020}, author = {Huang, K and Kong, DL and Lu, XR and Feng, WW and Liu, MC and Feng, YL}, title = {Lesser leaf herbivore damage and structural defense and greater nutrient concentrations for invasive alien plants: Evidence from 47 pairs of invasive and non-invasive plants.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {723}, number = {}, pages = {137829}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137829}, pmid = {32203801}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {China ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Nutrients ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Empirical evidence of enemy release is still inconsistent for invasive alien plant species, although enemy release is the key assumption for both the enemy release hypothesis (ERH) and the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis (EICA). In addition, little effort has been made to test this assumption in terms of defense investment using a multi-species comparative approach. Using a phylogenetically controlled within-study meta-analytical approach, we compared leaf herbivore damage, structural defenses and nutrients between 47 pairs of invasive versus native and/or non-invasive alien plants in China. The invasive relative to the co-occurring native or non-invasive (native and non-invasive alien) plants incurred lesser leaf herbivore damage, had lesser leaf concentrations of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and carbon, lesser leaf density and carbon or lignin to nitrogen ratio but greater nutrients, which may facilitate success of the invasive plants. The lesser structural investment did not result in lesser leaf construction costs for the invaders, which may be associated with their greater leaf nitrogen concentration. However, the invasive plants were not significantly different from the non-invasive alien plants in any trait. Our results provide strong evidence for ERH, also are consistent with EICA, and indicate that enemy release may be an important factor in alien plant invasions.}, }
@article {pmid32203248, year = {2020}, author = {Pieper, S and Dorken, M and Freeland, J}, title = {Genetic structure in hybrids and progenitors provides insight into processes underlying an invasive cattail (Typha × glauca) hybrid zone.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {124}, number = {6}, pages = {714-725}, pmid = {32203248}, issn = {1365-2540}, support = {229737-2012//Gouvernement du Canada | Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Conseil de Recherches en Sciences Naturelles et en G&#xe9;nie du Canada)/ ; 355954-2013//Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology)/ ; }, mesh = {Gene Flow ; Genetic Fitness ; Genetics, Population ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; *Typhaceae/classification/genetics ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Traditional models of hybrid zones have assumed relatively low hybrid fitness, and thus focussed more on interspecific gene flow than on hybrid dispersal. Therefore, when hybrids have high fitness and the potential for autonomous dispersal, we have limited understanding of whether hybrid dispersal or repeated local hybrid formation is more important for maintaining hybrid zones. The invasive hybrid cattail Typha × glauca occupies an extensive hybrid zone in northeastern North America where it is sympatric with its progenitors T. latifolia and T. angustifolia. We characterized genetic diversity and genetic structure of the three taxa across a broad spatial scale where the maternal parent is relatively rare, and tested the hypothesis that the hybrid shows stronger evidence of gene flow than its progenitor species, particularly among disturbed sites (ditches) compared with established wetlands. Support for this hypothesis would suggest that dispersal, rather than repeated local formation, is more important for maintaining hybrid zones. Within each taxon, genetic differentiation among ditches was comparable to that among wetlands, although clonal richness was consistently greater in ditches, suggesting more frequent seed establishment. Genetic structure across sites was more pronounced in the hybrid compared with either progenitor species. Overall, our data reflect relatively low gene flow in hybrids, and suggest that hybrids are more likely to be created in situ than to be introduced from other sites. Despite the high fitness of invasive T. × glauca and its potential for autonomy, local processes appear more important than dispersal in maintaining this hybrid zone.}, }
@article {pmid32202354, year = {2020}, author = {Lujan, NK and Weir, JT and Noonan, BP and Lovejoy, NR and Mandrak, NE}, title = {Is Niagara Falls a barrier to gene flow in riverine fishes? A test using genome-wide SNP data from seven native species.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {7}, pages = {1235-1249}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15406}, pmid = {32202354}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/classification/*genetics ; *Gene Flow ; *Genetics, Population ; Models, Genetic ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Since the early Holocene, fish population genetics in the Laurentian Great Lakes have been shaped by the dual influences of habitat structure and post-glacial dispersal. Riverscape genetics theory predicts that longitudinal habitat corridors and unidirectional downstream water-flow drive the downstream accumulation of genetic diversity, whereas post-glacial dispersal theory predicts that fish genetic diversity should decrease with increasing distance from glacial refugia. This study examines populations of seven native fish species codistributed above and below the 58 m high Niagara Falls - a hypothesized barrier to gene flow in aquatic species. A better understanding of Niagara Falls' role as a barrier to gene flow and dispersal is needed to identify drivers of Great Lakes genetic diversity and guide strategies to limit exotic species invasions. We used genome-wide SNPs and coalescent models to test whether populations are: (a) genetically distinct, consistent with the Niagara Falls barrier hypothesis; (b) more genetically diverse upstream, consistent with post-glacial expansion theory, or downstream, consistent with the riverscape habitat theory; and (c) have migrated either upstream or downstream past Niagara Falls. We found that genetic diversity is consistently greater below Niagara Falls and the falls are an effective barrier to migration, but two species have probably dispersed upstream past the falls after glacial retreat yet before opening of the Welland Canal. Models restricting migration to after opening of the Welland Canal were generally rejected. These results help explain how river habitat features affect aquatic species' genetic diversity and highlight the need to better understand post-glacial dispersal pathways.}, }
@article {pmid32200301, year = {2020}, author = {Sun, Y and Ding, J and Siemann, E and Keller, SR}, title = {Biocontrol of invasive weeds under climate change: progress, challenges and management implications.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {38}, number = {}, pages = {72-78}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2020.02.003}, pmid = {32200301}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; *Plant Weeds ; Weed Control/*methods ; }, abstract = {Climate change is predicted to increase the frequency and impact of plant invasions, creating a need for new control strategies as part of mitigation planning. The complex interactions between invasive plants and biocontrol agents have created distinct policy and management challenges, including the effectiveness and risk assessment of biocontrol under different climate change scenarios. In this brief review, we synthesize recent studies describing the potential ecological and evolutionary outcomes for biocontrol agents/candidates for plant invaders under climate change. We also discuss potential methodologies that can be used as a framework for predicting ecological and evolutionary responses of plant-natural enemy interactions under climate change, and for refining our understanding of the efficacy and risk of using biocontrol on invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid32198627, year = {2020}, author = {Egan, SL and Taylor, CL and Austen, JM and Banks, PB and Ahlstrom, LA and Ryan, UM and Irwin, PJ and Oskam, CL}, title = {Molecular identification of the Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) lewisi clade in black rats (Rattus rattus) from Australia.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {119}, number = {5}, pages = {1691-1696}, pmid = {32198627}, issn = {1432-1955}, support = {LP160100200//Australian Research Council/ ; Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment//Ecological Society of Australia/ ; Paddy Pallin Science Grant//Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales/ ; Research Training Program//Australian Government/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Rats ; Rodentia/parasitology ; Trypanosoma lewisi/*classification/*genetics ; Trypanosomiasis/*diagnosis/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Invasive rodent species are known hosts for a diverse range of infectious microorganisms and have long been associated with the spread of disease globally. The present study describes molecular evidence for the presence of a Trypanosoma sp. from black rats (Rattus rattus) in northern Sydney, Australia. Sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) locus were obtained in two out of eleven (18%) blood samples with subsequent phylogenetic analysis confirming the identity within the Trypanosoma lewisi clade.}, }
@article {pmid32197892, year = {2020}, author = {Forrester, MB and Layton, GM and Varney, SM}, title = {Melia Azedarach Ingestions Reported to Texas Poison Centers.}, journal = {The Journal of emergency medicine}, volume = {58}, number = {4}, pages = {e179-e184}, doi = {10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.01.011}, pmid = {32197892}, issn = {0736-4679}, mesh = {Australia ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Eating ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Melia azedarach ; Poison Control Centers ; *Poisons ; Retrospective Studies ; Texas/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Melia azedarach, also known as the chinaberry tree, is native to Southeast Asia and northern Australia but has become an invasive species in the United States. M. azedarach contains limonoid tetranotriterpenes, found in highest concentrations in its berries. Ingestion has been reported to result in adverse clinical effects affecting the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory, and neurologic systems.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: The objective of this investigation was to describe M. azedarach ingestions in Texas.<br><br>METHODS: Cases were M. azedarach ingestions reported to Texas poison centers from 2000-2018. The distribution of cases was determined for various factors related to patient demographics, ingestion circumstances, management, and outcome.<br><br>RESULTS: Of 990 total M. azedarach ingestions, 87.4% involved the berry. There was a seasonal pattern with 42.9% reported between March and May. The patients were male in 55.1% of cases; 86.6% of the patients were &#x2264;5&#xa0;years of age. Patients were managed outside of a health care facility in 89.9% of cases; 95.2% of the ingestions resulted in no or at most minor clinical effects. The most frequently reported clinical effects were gastrointestinal (8.9%) and neurologic (2.1%). The most common treatments were dilution (67.2%) and food/snack (16.8%).<br><br>CONCLUSION: In this study that focused on M. azedarach ingestions reported to Texas poison centers, the ingestions tended to involve berries. Most of the patients were young children. The ingestions often occurred between March and May. The ingestions typically were managed outside of a health care facility and did not result in serious outcomes. The most common clinical effects were gastrointestinal and neurologic.}, }
@article {pmid32197200, year = {2020}, author = {Friedemann, AER and Andernach, L and Jungnickel, H and Borchmann, DW and Baltaci, D and Laux, P and Schulz, H and Luch, A}, title = {Phosphine fumigation - Time dependent changes in the volatile profile of table grapes.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {393}, number = {}, pages = {122480}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122480}, pmid = {32197200}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {Adsorption ; Fruit/*chemistry ; Fumigation/*methods ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Insecticides/analysis/*chemistry ; Odorants/*analysis ; Pesticide Residues/analysis/chemistry ; Phosphines/analysis/*chemistry ; Solid Phase Microextraction ; Time Factors ; Vitis/*chemistry ; Volatile Organic Compounds/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Industrial and agricultural goods are fumigated in transport containers in order to control pest infestations and to avoid the transmission of alien species. Phosphine is increasingly used prior to the export as fumigant for table grapes, fruit cultures and dried fruits to control active table grapevine insect pests. Less knowledge exists for fumigants about the desorption time of toxic gases and factors that affect the composition of the fumigated good. Therefore, red and white table grapes (´Thompson seedless´, ´Scarlotta´ and ´Flame seedless´) were chosen to represent the allowed group of phosphine fumigated foods and were treated with a concentration of 2000 vpm phosphine (PH3) at different temperatures. In the present study, sorption and desorption behavior of PH3 by table grapes and possible changes in their VOC (volatile organic compounds) profiles were investigated. The PH3 concentration was monitored before and after the fumigation process and was determined under the maximum residue level 0.005 ppm after 35 days. The adsorbed amount of PH3 was not influenced by fumigation parameters. For analysis of the influences on the volatile profile after fumigation, a headspace solid-phase micro-extraction coupled to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS) was used. Small differences in volatile profiles of fumigated and subsequently outgassed table grapes compared to non-fumigated table grapes could be observed. A slight influence on the aldehyde group directly after fumigation could be perceived by a decrease of hex-2-en-1-ol and 1- hexanol in PH3-treated table grapes. The concentrations of both compounds increase again after completion of the desorption process. On the other hand terpenes are not significantly influenced by the fumigation process. Overall these changes are likely to affect table grape aroma characteristics directly after a treatment with PH3 and it could be demonstrated that phosphine alters the volatile profile of fumigated table grapes qualitatively and quantitatively.}, }
@article {pmid32197152, year = {2020}, author = {Grignon-Dubois, M and De Montaudouin, X and Rezzonico, B}, title = {Flavonoid pattern inheritance in the allopolyploid Spartina anglica - Comparison with the parental species S. maritima and S. alterniflora.}, journal = {Phytochemistry}, volume = {174}, number = {}, pages = {112312}, doi = {10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112312}, pmid = {32197152}, issn = {1873-3700}, mesh = {Europe ; *Flavonoids ; Phenols ; *Poaceae ; }, abstract = {The invasive species Spartina anglica arose in Europe by a cross between the Afro-European species S. maritima (native, paternal ancestor) and the introduced North American S. alterniflora (invasive, maternal ancestor). Aqueous methanolic extracts were prepared from plant tissue for chemotaxonomical comparison between the three species and determination of the phenolic pattern inheritance in S. anglica. A total of 20 phenolic compounds were detected in the aerial tissues of S. anglica and S. alterniflora, but only seven in S. maritima. They were isolated from their respective crude extracts, and their structures were determined according to spectroscopic data analysis and chemical evidence. They all belong to the flavonoid class, with 13 of them identified as C-glycoflavonoid and seven as O-glycoflavonoid. All these products were detected for the first time from S. anglica, fourteen of them for the first time from S. alterniflora, and three of them for the first time from S. maritima. The individual concentrations in the three species were determined by quantitative HPLC. The two parental species were found to differ markedly in their foliar phenolic fingerprint, whereas that of S. anglica showed a clear maternal dominance. Eight of the fourteen major compounds identified were of maternal origin among which, six were over-expressed, only three were from paternal origin but under-regulated, while two originated from the two parents. As far as we know, this work represents the first exhaustive report of the phenolic fingerprints of S. alterniflora and S. anglica and of the phenolic pattern inheritance in S. anglica. The similarity in the phenolic chemistry of the introduced and invasive S. alterniflora to its progeny could play a role in the physiological vigour and invasion success of S. anglica. This work provide a foundation for further studies, considering the reported biological activities of C-glycosidic flavonoids and tricin derivatives, and the lack of knowledge of the ecological chemistry of the genus Spartina.}, }
@article {pmid32196522, year = {2020}, author = {Rolling, W and Lake, R and Dorrance, AE and McHale, LK}, title = {Genome-wide association analyses of quantitative disease resistance in diverse sets of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plant introductions.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {e0227710}, pmid = {32196522}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Plant/genetics ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics/microbiology ; Datasets as Topic ; Disease Resistance/*genetics ; Genome, Plant/genetics ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; *Introduced Species ; Phytophthora/*pathogenicity ; Plant Breeding ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; Republic of Korea ; Seeds/genetics ; Glycine max/*genetics/microbiology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Phytophthora sojae is one of the costliest soybean pathogens in the US. Quantitative disease resistance (QDR) is a vital part of Phytophthora disease management. In this study, QDR was measured in 478 and 495 plant introductions (PIs) towards P. sojae isolates OH.121 and C2.S1, respectively, in genome-wide association (GWA) analyses to identify genetic markers linked to QDR loci (QDRL). Populations were generated by sampling PIs from the US, the Republic of Korea, and the full collection of PIs maintained by the USDA. Additionally, a meta-analysis of QDRL reported from bi-parental studies was done to compare past and present findings. Twenty-four significant marker-trait associations were identified from the 478 PIs phenotyped with OH.121, and an additional 24 marker-trait associations were identified from the 495 PIs phenotyped with C2.S1. In total, 48 significant markers were distributed across 16 chromosomes and based on linkage analysis, represent a total of 44 QDRL. The majority of QDRL were identified with only one of the two isolates, and only a region on chromosome 13 was consistently identified. Regions on chromosomes 3, 13, and 17 were identified in previous GWA-analyses and were re-identified in this study. Five QDRL co-localized with P. sojae meta-QDRL identified from QDRL reported in previous biparental mapping studies. The remaining regions represent novel QDRL, in the soybean-P. sojae pathosystem and were primarily identified in germplasm from the Republic of Korea. Overall, the number of loci identified in this study highlights the complexity of QDR to P. sojae.}, }
@article {pmid32195543, year = {2020}, author = {Stone, CM and Zuo, Z and Li, B and Ruiz, M and Swanson, J and Hunt, J and Kim, CH and Smith, RL}, title = {Spatial, Temporal, and Genetic Invasion Dynamics of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Illinois.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {57}, number = {5}, pages = {1488-1500}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjaa047}, pmid = {32195543}, issn = {1938-2928}, support = {U01 CK000505/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/genetics/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Electron Transport Complex IV/analysis ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Illinois ; Insect Proteins/analysis ; *Introduced Species ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; }, abstract = {The spread of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus Skuse, throughout the United States has implications for the transmission potential of vector-borne diseases. We used a 30-yr data set of occurrence records in Illinois and developed a hierarchical Bayesian model to shed light on the patterns and processes involved in the introduction and expansion along the northern edge of the geographic range of this species. We also collected specimens from 10 locations and sequenced a segment of their mitochondrial COI genes to assess possible introduction sources and geographic patterns in genetic variation present within contemporary populations. We documented an increase in the number of observations throughout the southern and central parts of Illinois over the study period. The process through which this spread occurred is likely only partially due to local dispersal. The probability of successfully overwintering was likewise low, but both these parameters increased over the study period. This suggests that the presence of Ae. albopictus has been largely due to repeated introductions, but that in recent years populations may have become established and are leading to an increase in locally driven dispersal. There was considerable genetic diversity among populations in Illinois, with 13 distinct haplotypes present in 10 sampling locations, several of which matched haplotypes previously found to be present in locations such as Texas or Japan. Further research is needed to understand how the combination of continued propagule pressure and establishment of populations are driving the increase and expansion of this invasive mosquito along its northern distribution limit.}, }
@article {pmid32194321, year = {2020}, author = {Battiston, R and Amerini, R and Di Pietro, W and Guariento, LA and Bolognin, L and Moretto, E}, title = {A new alien mantis in Italy: is the Indochina mantis Hierodula patellifera chasing the train for Europe?.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e50779}, pmid = {32194321}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {The presence of the Indochina mantis Hierodula patellifera (Mantidae, Mantinae) as a new alien species in Italy is reported, with the description of the first stable macro-population in Europe. This macro-population shows a wide distribution, comprising several fragmented and reproducing sub-populations in Northern Italy and one in Southern France. Specimens and individuals were collected or observed on trees and ornamentals in urban ecosystems with the help of citizen science. A spatial analysis (Average Nearest Neighbour) was undertaken to characterise the present distribution pattern, evidencing the hot spots of arrival and the local spreading process. The random pattern of presence in the local urban textures and the resistance of this species to the challenging North Italian climate, are here discussed in the perspective of a future expansion to central and Northern Europe, using probably the main railways to arrive at depots and cities, travelling with Asian goods. Identification characters are also presented to separate this alien species from the other species of the subfamily Mantinae, native or introduced, present in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid32189063, year = {2020}, author = {Gardner, ST and Assis, VR and Smith, KM and Appel, AG and Mendonça, MT}, title = {Innate immunity of Florida cane toads: how dispersal has affected physiological responses to LPS.}, journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology}, volume = {190}, number = {3}, pages = {317-327}, pmid = {32189063}, issn = {1432-136X}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Basal Metabolism ; Bufo marinus/blood/*immunology/metabolism ; Corticosterone/blood ; Female ; Florida ; Immunity, Innate ; *Introduced Species ; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology ; Male ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Physiological tradeoffs occur in organisms coping with their environments, which are likely to increase as populations reach peripheries of established ranges. Invasive species offer opportunities to study tradeoffs that occur, with many hypotheses focusing on how immune responses vary during dispersal. The cane toad (Rhinella marina) is a well-known invasive species. Populations near the expanding edge of the Australian invasion have altered immune responses compared to toads from longer-established core populations, although this has not been well-documented for Florida populations. In this study, cane toads from a northern edge [New Port Richey (NPR)] and southern core (Miami) population in Florida were collected and injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to compare immune responses. Core population individuals injected with LPS showed greater metabolic increases compared to their baseline rates that were higher compared to those from the edge population. In addition, LPS-injected core individuals had different circulating leukocyte profiles compared to saline-injected cane toads while edge individuals did not. There was a significant interaction between plasma bacteria-killing capability (BKA) and treatment, such that BKA decreased with time in saline compared to LPS-injected individuals, and saline-injected toads from the edge population had lower BKA compared to LPS-injected edge toads at 20 h post-injection. There was also a significant interaction between location and time on circulating corticosterone (CORT) levels following injections with saline or LPS, with CORT decreasing more with time in core population toads. The differential CORT response indicates that differential stress responses contribute to the tradeoffs observed with immunity and dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid32188733, year = {2020}, author = {Mahar, JE and Shi, M and Hall, RN and Strive, T and Holmes, EC}, title = {Comparative Analysis of RNA Virome Composition in Rabbits and Associated Ectoparasites.}, journal = {Journal of virology}, volume = {94}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {32188733}, issn = {1098-5514}, mesh = {Animals ; *Astroviridae/classification/genetics ; *Genome, Viral ; *Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/classification/genetics ; *Myxoma virus/classification/genetics ; RNA, Viral/*genetics ; Rabbits ; Siphonaptera/*virology ; }, abstract = {Ectoparasites play an important role in virus transmission among vertebrates. Little, however, is known about the nature of those viruses that pass between invertebrates and vertebrates. In Australia, flies and fleas support the mechanical transmission of two viral biological controls against wild rabbits-rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) and myxoma virus. We compared virome compositions in rabbits and these ectoparasites, sequencing total RNA from multiple tissues and gut contents of wild rabbits, fleas collected from these rabbits, and flies trapped sympatrically. Meta-transcriptomic analyses identified 50 novel viruses from multiple RNA virus families. Rabbits and their ectoparasites were characterized by markedly different viromes, with virus abundance greatest in flies. Although viral contigs from six virus families/groups were found in both rabbits and ectoparasites, they clustered in distinct host-dependent lineages. A novel calicivirus and a picornavirus detected in rabbit cecal content were vertebrate specific; the newly detected calicivirus was distinct from known rabbit caliciviruses, while the picornavirus clustered with sapeloviruses. Several picobirnaviruses were also identified that fell in diverse phylogenetic positions, compatible with the idea that they are associated with bacteria. Further comparative analysis revealed that the remaining viruses found in rabbits, and all those from ectoparasites, were likely associated with invertebrates, plants, and coinfecting endosymbionts. While no full genomes of vertebrate-associated viruses were detected in ectoparasites, small numbers of reads from rabbit astrovirus, RHDV, and other lagoviruses were present in flies. This supports a role for flies in the mechanical transmission of RHDV, while their involvement in astrovirus transmission merits additional exploration.IMPORTANCE Ectoparasites play an important role in the transmission of many vertebrate-infecting viruses, including Zika and dengue viruses. Although it is becoming increasingly clear that invertebrate species harbor substantial virus diversity, it is unclear how many of the viruses carried by invertebrates have the potential to infect vertebrate species. We used the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as a model species to compare virome compositions in a vertebrate host and known associated ectoparasite mechanical vectors, in this case, fleas and blowflies. In particular, we aimed to infer the extent of viral transfer between these distinct types of host. Our analysis revealed that despite extensive viral diversity in both rabbits and associated ectoparasites, and the close interaction of these vertebrate and invertebrate species, biological viral transmission from ectoparasites to vertebrate species is rare. We did, however, find evidence to support the idea of a role of blowflies in transmitting viruses without active replication in the insect.}, }
@article {pmid32187706, year = {2020}, author = {Maldonado-Márquez, A and Contador, T and Rendoll-Cárcamo, J and Moore, S and Pérez-Troncoso, C and Gomez-Uchida, D and Harrod, C}, title = {Southernmost distribution limit for endangered Peladillas (Aplochiton taeniatus) and non-native coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) coexisting within the Cape Horn biosphere reserve, Chile.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {96}, number = {6}, pages = {1495-1500}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14309}, pmid = {32187706}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {PIA CTTE AFB 170008//Comisi&#xf3;n Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n Cient&#xed;fica y Tecnol&#xf3;gica/ ; //N&#xfa;cleo Milenio INVASAL/ ; }, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Chile ; Endangered Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Fishes/physiology ; *Oncorhynchus kisutch ; }, abstract = {The Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, one of the last wild areas of the planet, is not exempt from the pressures of global change, such as non-native species introductions. During 2018 and 2019 we studied the Róbalo river basin in order to update the diversity and distribution of fishes. Here, we report for the first time the native and endangered "Peladillas" Aplochiton taeniatus and the non-native coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. The coexistence of native and non-native fishes poses a challenge for the management and conservation of aquatic biota from the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve.}, }
@article {pmid32187440, year = {2020}, author = {Liu, HB and Rui, L and Feng, YQ and Wu, XQ}, title = {Autophagy contributes to resistance to the oxidative stress induced by pine reactive oxygen species metabolism, promoting infection by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {76}, number = {8}, pages = {2755-2767}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5823}, pmid = {32187440}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {CX(16)1005//Jiangsu Provincial Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund/ ; //the Doctorate Fellowship Foundation of Nanjing Forestry University/ ; 2018YFD0600203//the National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; //the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Autophagy ; Infections ; *Oxidative Stress ; *Pinus ; Plant Diseases ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Tylenchida ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Autophagy plays an important role in eukaryotes. We investigated its role in the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causative agent of pine wilt disease (PWD), to find promising control strategies against PWD.<br><br>RESULTS: We analysed the expression levels of PtRBOH1 and PtRBOH2, which regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, in Pinus thunbergii and the expression of three autophagy genes, BxATG5, BxATG9 and BxATG16, in PWN by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and measured the content of H2 O2 , the main product of ROS metabolism, in pine stem. There was a correlation between the expression of autophagy genes in PWN and pine ROS metabolism during early infection. We also found that oxidative stress induces autophagy in PWN according to qRT-PCR, transmission electron microscopy and Western blot analyses. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine or silencing of the autophagy genes BxATG9 and BxATG16 in PWN showed that autophagy is essential for feeding, fecundity, egg hatching and survival of PWN under oxidative stress, confirming the importance of autophagy in the antioxidant defences of PWN. Similarly, we demonstrated that autophagy contributes to the virulence of PWN. Moreover, PWN likely ameliorates oxidative damage by enhancing the activities of the peroxidase and catalase antioxidant pathways when autophagy is inhibited.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Autophagy contributes to resistance to the oxidative stress induced by pine ROS metabolism, thus promoting infection by PWN. Our findings clarify the defence mechanisms of PWN and the pathogenesis of PWD, and provide promising hints for control of PWD by blocking autophagy. &#xa9; 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid32187005, year = {2020}, author = {Heddergott, M and Steinbach, P and Schwarz, S and Anheyer-Behmenburg, HE and Sutor, A and Schliephake, A and Jeschke, D and Striese, M and Müller, F and Meyer-Kayser, E and Stubbe, M and Osten-Sacken, N and Krüger, S and Gaede, W and Runge, M and Hoffmann, L and Ansorge, H and Conraths, FJ and Frantz, AC}, title = {Geographic Distribution of Raccoon Roundworm, Baylisascaris procyonis, Germany and Luxembourg.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {821-823}, pmid = {32187005}, issn = {1080-6059}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ascaridida Infections/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Ascaridoidea ; Germany/epidemiology ; Luxembourg ; Raccoons ; }, abstract = {Infestation with Baylisascaris procyonis, a gastrointestinal nematode of the raccoon, can cause fatal disease in humans. We found that the parasite is widespread in central Germany and can pose a public health risk. The spread of B. procyonis roundworms into nematode-free raccoon populations needs to be monitored.}, }
@article {pmid32185924, year = {2020}, author = {Huang, Y and Yue, ZY and Mao, GY and Guo, YH and Zhang, Y}, title = {[Population genetics of invasive Pomacea spp. in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province].}, journal = {Zhongguo xue xi chong bing fang zhi za zhi = Chinese journal of schistosomiasis control}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {23-27}, doi = {10.16250/j.32.1374.2019132}, pmid = {32185924}, issn = {1005-6661}, support = {2016YFC1200500//National Key Research and Development Project of China/ ; GWIV-29//The Three-year Action Plan for Public Health in Shanghai/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; *Snails/classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution and identify the genetic genetics of invasive Pomacea species in Xihu District, Hangzhou City, so as to understand the spread tendency of Pomacea species.<br><br>METHODS: The specimens of Pomacea species were collected from five sites in water systems (lakes, rivers and wetlands) and its costal lands in Xihu District, Hangzhou City in 2017 for morphological identification. Total DNA was isolated from the foot tissues of adult snails for amplification of the COI gene, and haplotype diversity and nucleic acid diversity analyses were performed. In addition, a phylogenetic tree was created based on the haplotype captured from GenBank and those from this study to investigate the phylogenetic relationships.<br><br>RESULTS: Pomacea specimens, which were preliminarily characterized as Pomacea, were found in ponds, rivers and wetlands in Xihu District of Hangzhou City. A total of 16 sequences were captured from the DNA samples of Pomacea specimens, which belonged to 3 haplotypes, including Hap1, Hap2 and Hap3. A high frequency was seen in Hap1 and Hap3, and a low frequency was found in Hap2. The Pomacea specimens collected from the 5 sites in Xihu Districts included P. canaliculata and P. maculate. The Pomacea specimens with a Hap1 had a close genetic relationship with the P. canaliculata from Argentina, Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, and the Pomacea specimens with a Hap2 had a close genetic relationship with the P. canaliculata from Argentina, Japan and Guangzhou City of Guangdong Province, China, while the Pomacea specimens with a Hap2 had a close genetic relationship with the P. maculate from Argentina and Brazil.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: P. canaliculata and P. maculata are present in Xihu District of Hangzhou City. P. maculata may spread to Xihu District through multiple introductions or water flow.}, }
@article {pmid32185377, year = {2020}, author = {Cirocco, RM and Facelli, JM and Watling, JR}, title = {The impact of a native hemiparasite on a major invasive shrub is affected by host size at time of infection.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {71}, number = {12}, pages = {3725-3734}, pmid = {32185377}, issn = {1460-2431}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Biomass ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Parasites ; Ulex ; }, abstract = {Many studies have investigated the effect of parasitic plants on their hosts; however, few have examined how parasite impact is affected by host size. In a glasshouse experiment, we investigated the impact of the Australian native hemiparasitic vine, Cassytha pubescens, on a major invasive shrub, Ulex europaeus, of different sizes. Infected plants had significantly lower total, shoot, and root biomass, but the parasite's impact was more severe on small than on large hosts. When infected, small but not large hosts had significantly lower nodule biomass. Irrespective of size, infection significantly decreased the host shoot/root ratio, pre-dawn and midday quantum yields, maximum electron transport rates, and carbon isotope composition, and the host nodule biomass per gram of root biomass significantly increased in response to infection. Infection did not affect host foliar nitrogen concentration or midday shoot water potential. Parasite biomass was significantly lower on small relative to large hosts, but was similar when expressed on a per gram of host total biomass basis. Parasite stem nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations were significantly greater when C. pubescens was growing on small than on large hosts. Our results clearly show that C. pubescens strongly decreases performance of this major invasive shrub, especially when hosts are small. This suggests that C. pubescens could be used most effectively as a native biocontrol when deployed on smaller hosts.}, }
@article {pmid32185120, year = {2020}, author = {Kim, SH and Kim, HB and Cho, MS and Kim, CS and Kim, SC}, title = {Development and characterization of 17 microsatellite markers for Sonchus oleraceus.}, journal = {Applications in plant sciences}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {e11329}, pmid = {32185120}, issn = {2168-0450}, abstract = {PREMISE: The common sowthistle, Sonchus oleraceus (Asteraceae), is a globally invasive weedy species. In order to investigate its genetic diversity, population genetic structure, and evolutionary history, we developed and characterized nuclear simple sequence repeat markers (SSRs or microsatellites).<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Seventeen microsatellite primer pairs were developed based on the Illumina sequence data. Ten developed SSR loci were polymorphic in four populations sampled from broad geographical regions. The number of alleles per locus ranged from one to 11, and the levels of observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 to 1.000 and from 0.000 to 0.801, respectively. Up to 82% of the newly developed primer pairs were successfully amplified in the congeneric taxa S. asper, S. asper subsp. glaucescens, S. canariensis, and S. palmensis.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The SSR markers developed in this study will be useful for future population genetic studies on S. oleraceus and other congeneric species.}, }
@article {pmid32185009, year = {2020}, author = {Lang, I and Evangelista, C and Everts, RM and Loot, G and Cucherousset, J}, title = {Stable resource polymorphism along the benthic littoral-pelagic axis in an invasive crayfish.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {2650-2660}, pmid = {32185009}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Although intraspecific variability is now widely recognized as affecting evolutionary and ecological processes, our knowledge on the importance of intraspecific variability within invasive species is still limited. This is despite the fact that understanding the linkage between within-population morphological divergences and the use of different trophic or spatial resources (i.e., resource polymorphism) can help to better predict their ecological impacts on recipient ecosystems. Here, we quantified the extent of resource polymorphism within populations of a worldwide invasive crayfish species, Procambarus clarkii, in 16 lake populations by comparing their trophic (estimated using stable isotope analyses) and morphological characteristics between individuals from the littoral and pelagic habitats. Our results first demonstrated that crayfish occured in both littoral and pelagic habitats of seven lakes and that the use of pelagic habitat was associated with increased abundance of littoral crayfish. We then found morphological (i.e., body and chelae shapes) and trophic divergence (i.e., reliance on littoral carbon) among individuals from littoral and pelagic habitats, highlighting the existence of resource polymorphism in invasive populations. There was no genetic differentiation between individuals from the two habitats, implying that this resource polymorphism was stable (i.e., high gene flow between individuals). Finally, we demonstrated that a divergent adaptive process was responsible for the morphological divergence in body and chela shapes between habitats while difference in littoral reliance neutrally evolved under genetic drift. These findings demonstrated that invasive P. clarkii can display strong within-population phenotypic variability in recent populations, and this could lead to contrasting ecological impacts between littoral and pelagic individuals.}, }
@article {pmid32184993, year = {2020}, author = {Rey, A and Basurko, OC and Rodriguez-Ezpeleta, N}, title = {Considerations for metabarcoding-based port biological baseline surveys aimed at marine nonindigenous species monitoring and risk assessments.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {2452-2465}, pmid = {32184993}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Monitoring introduction and spread of nonindigenous species via maritime transport and performing risk assessments require port biological baseline surveys. Yet, the comprehensiveness of these surveys is often compromised by the large number of habitats present in a port, the seasonal variability, and the time-consuming morphological approach used for taxonomic identification. Metabarcoding represents a promising alternative for rapid comprehensive port biological baseline surveys, but its application in this context requires further assessments.We applied metabarcoding (based on barcodes of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene) to 192 port samples collected (a) from diverse habitats (water column-including environmental DNA and zooplankton, sediment, and fouling structures), (b) at different sites (from inner to outer estuary), and iii) during the four seasons of the year.By comparing the biodiversity metrics derived from each sample group, we show that each sampling method resulted in a distinct community profile and that environmental DNA alone cannot substitute for organismal sampling, and that, although sampling at different seasons and locations resulted in higher observed biodiversity, operational results can be obtained by sampling selected locations and seasons.By assessing the taxonomic composition of the samples, we show that metabarcoding data allowed the detection of previously recorded nonindigenous species as well as to reveal presence of new ones, even if in low abundance. Synthesis and application. Our comprehensive assessment of metabarcoding for port biological baseline surveys sets the basics for cost-effective, standardized, and comprehensive monitoring of nonindigenous species and for performing risk assessments in ports. This development will contribute to the implementation of the recently entered into force International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments.}, }
@article {pmid32184805, year = {2020}, author = {Shan, T and Yuan, J and Su, L and Li, J and Leng, X and Zhang, Y and Gao, H and Pang, S}, title = {First Genome of the Brown Alga Undaria pinnatifida: Chromosome-Level Assembly Using PacBio and Hi-C Technologies.}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {140}, pmid = {32184805}, issn = {1664-8021}, }
@article {pmid32183717, year = {2020}, author = {Chen, Q and Zhao, H and Wen, M and Li, J and Zhou, H and Wang, J and Zhou, Y and Liu, Y and Du, L and Kang, H and Zhang, J and Cao, R and Xu, X and Zhou, JJ and Ren, B and Wang, Y}, title = {Genome of the webworm Hyphantria cunea unveils genetic adaptations supporting its rapid invasion and spread.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {242}, pmid = {32183717}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {No. 130028684//Open Project Program of the Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization/ ; No. 1300289103//Open Project Program of the Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization/ ; No. 31501890//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; No. 20160204023NY//Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province/ ; No. 20170204003NY//Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province/ ; No. 20180101005JC//Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province/ ; No. 20190301047NY//Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province/ ; No. 2017E0272//Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region/ ; No. 11SSXT153//The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; No. 2412015KJ015//The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; No. 2412019FZ022//The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; No. J1210070//Fund for Fostering Talents in Basic Science of the National Natural Science/ ; NO. 131004003//Undergraduate teaching quality and teaching reform project of Northeast Normal University/ ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genome ; *Introduced Species ; Moths/*classification/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The fall webworm Hyphantria cunea is an invasive and polyphagous defoliator pest that feeds on nearly any type of deciduous tree worldwide. The silk web of H. cunea aids its aggregating behavior, provides thermal regulation and is regarded as one of causes for its rapid spread. In addition, both chemosensory and detoxification genes are vital for host adaptation in insects.<br><br>RESULTS: Here, a high-quality genome of H. cunea was obtained. Silk-web-related genes were identified from the genome, and successful silencing of the silk protein gene HcunFib-H resulted in a significant decrease in silk web shelter production. The CAFE analysis showed that some chemosensory and detoxification gene families, such as CSPs, CCEs, GSTs and UGTs, were expanded. A transcriptome analysis using the newly sequenced H. cunea genome showed that most chemosensory genes were specifically expressed in the antennae, while most detoxification genes were highly expressed during the feeding peak. Moreover, we found that many nutrient-related genes and one detoxification gene, HcunP450 (CYP306A1), were under significant positive selection, suggesting a crucial role of these genes in host adaptation in H. cunea. At the metagenomic level, several microbial communities in H. cunea gut and their metabolic pathways might be beneficial to H. cunea for nutrient metabolism and detoxification, and might also contribute to its host adaptation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings explain the host and environmental adaptations of H. cunea at the genetic level and provide partial evidence for the cause of its rapid invasion and potential gene targets for innovative pest management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid32182941, year = {2020}, author = {Pace, A and Dipineto, L and Aceto, S and Censullo, MC and Valoroso, MC and Varriale, L and Rinaldi, L and Menna, LF and Fioretti, A and Borrelli, L}, title = {Diagnosis of Centrocestus formosanus Infection in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) in Italy: A Window to a New Globalization-Derived Invasive Microorganism.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {32182941}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {: Centrocestus formosanus is a digenetic trematode with a complex life cycle, involving invertebrate and vertebrate hosts, humans included. In particular, it causes gill lesions and mortality in freshwater fish species, and gastrointestinal symptoms in infected humans. Here, we describe the occurrence of C. formosanus infection in zebrafish imported in Italy and propose a newly designed species-specific primer pair to ameliorate the diagnostic investigations for C. formosanus. Gill arches of 30 zebrafish were examined for the presence of encysted metacercariae under a stereomicroscope and processed through molecular analyses targeting the ribosomal internal transcribed sequence 2 (ITS2). Although C. formosanus distribution was originally restricted to Asia, it has been subsequently reported in new countries, revealing itself as an invasive species and raising important concerns for biodiversity, economy, scientific research, as well as animal and public health. Given the crucial role played by the ornamental fish industry in spreading this parasite, there is an urgent need for control measures to prevent the introduction and establishment of C. formosanus in non-endemic areas, including Europe. We also suggest developing new strategies in microbiology and epidemiology to better explore this new globalization-derived invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid32179747, year = {2020}, author = {Liffner, B and Frölich, S and Heinemann, GK and Liu, B and Ralph, SA and Dixon, MWA and Gilberger, TW and Wilson, DW}, title = {PfCERLI1 is a conserved rhoptry associated protein essential for Plasmodium falciparum merozoite invasion of erythrocytes.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {1411}, pmid = {32179747}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Erythrocytes/*parasitology ; Humans ; Malaria, Falciparum/*parasitology ; Merozoites/genetics/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Organelles/parasitology ; Plasmodium falciparum/genetics/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Protozoan Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The disease-causing blood-stage of the Plasmodium falciparum lifecycle begins with invasion of human erythrocytes by merozoites. Many vaccine candidates with key roles in binding to the erythrocyte surface and entry are secreted from the large bulb-like rhoptry organelles at the apical tip of the merozoite. Here we identify an essential role for the conserved protein P. falciparum Cytosolically Exposed Rhoptry Leaflet Interacting protein 1 (PfCERLI1) in rhoptry function. We show that PfCERLI1 localises to the cytosolic face of the rhoptry bulb membrane and knockdown of PfCERLI1 inhibits merozoite invasion. While schizogony and merozoite organelle biogenesis appear normal, biochemical techniques and semi-quantitative super-resolution microscopy show that PfCERLI1 knockdown prevents secretion of key rhoptry antigens that coordinate merozoite invasion. PfCERLI1 is a rhoptry associated protein identified to have a direct role in function of this essential merozoite invasion organelle, which has broader implications for understanding apicomplexan invasion biology.}, }
@article {pmid32176706, year = {2020}, author = {Harron, P and Joshi, O and Edgar, CB and Paudel, S and Adhikari, A}, title = {Predicting Kudzu (Pueraria montana) spread and its economic impacts in timber industry: A case study from Oklahoma.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {e0229835}, pmid = {32176706}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Forestry/methods ; Introduced Species/*economics ; Oklahoma ; Pueraria/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Quantifying the economic impacts of invasive species is an essential step in developing and prioritizing invasive species management. In particular, kudzu, Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. is an aggressive and non-native vine that not only causes ecological damage and reduces biodiversity, but can have multiple economic consequences such as loss of timber value and volume. Using current infestation locations in Oklahoma, southcentral USA, a Monte Carlo simulation was run to estimate the natural as well as anthropogenic spread rate of kudzu in the next five years. Simulations were supplemented with an economic impact analysis within the Impact Analysis for PLANing (IMPLAN) platform. To account for economic loss in the forest product industry, a replacement cost approach with a sensitivity analysis was conducted. Occurrence data collections revealed that current kudzu populations are already established in Oklahoma forests. The results demonstrate that by year five, total industry output could be reduced by $167.9 million, which will influence 780 jobs in the most extreme case scenario. The predicted economic loss due to kudzu expansion could act as an incentive for appropriate management practices and plans to be implemented.}, }
@article {pmid32174335, year = {2020}, author = {van den Hurk, P and Edhlund, I and Davis, R and Hahn, JJ and McComb, MJ and Rogers, EL and Pisarski, E and Chung, K and DeLorenzo, M}, title = {Lionfish (Pterois volitans) as biomonitoring species for oil pollution effects in coral reef ecosystems.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {156}, number = {}, pages = {104915}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104915}, pmid = {32174335}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Monitoring ; Caribbean Region ; *Coral Reefs ; Florida ; Introduced Species ; *Perciformes ; *Petroleum Pollution ; }, abstract = {With oil spills, and other sources of aromatic hydrocarbons, being a continuous threat to coral reef systems, and most reef fish species being protected or difficult to collect, the use of the invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans) might be a good model species to monitor biomarkers in potentially exposed fish in the Caribbean and western Atlantic. The rapid expansion of lionfish in the Caribbean and western Atlantic, and the unregulated fishing for this species, would make the lionfish a suitable candidate as biomonitoring species for oil pollution effects. However, to date little has been published about the responses of lionfish to environmental pollutants. For this study lionfish were collected in the Florida Keys a few weeks after Hurricane Irma, which sank numerous boats resulting in leaks of oil and fuel, and during the winter and early spring after that. Several biomarkers indicative of exposure to PAHs (bile fluorescence, cytochrome P450-1A induction, glutathione S-transferase activity) were measured. To establish if these biomarkers are inducible in PAH exposed lionfish, dosing experiments with different concentrations of High Energy Water Accommodated Fraction of crude oil were performed. The results revealed no significant effects in the biomarkers in the field collected fish, while the exposure experiments demonstrated that lionfish did show strong effects in the measured biomarkers, even at the lowest concentration tested (0.3% HEWAF, or 25 μg/l ƩPAH50). Based on its widespread distribution, relative ease of collection, and significant biomarker responses in the controlled dosing experiment, it is concluded that lionfish has good potential to be used as a standardized biomonitoring species for oil pollution in its neotropical realm.}, }
@article {pmid32174332, year = {2020}, author = {Ge, B and Jiang, S and Yang, L and Zhang, H and Tang, B}, title = {Succession of macrofaunal communities and environmental properties along a gradient of smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora invasion stages.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {156}, number = {}, pages = {104862}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104862}, pmid = {32174332}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; China ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The exotic species smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) is recognized as an important invasive species in China, introduced about 40 years ago. The consistent smooth cordgrass invasion significantly modified the coastal ecosystem. Understanding the ecological succession and mechanisms of wetland soil ecosystems is essential for biological conservation after the landscape change resulting from the smooth cordgrass invasion. In this study, five different invasion stages of a 16-year smooth cordgrass invasion sequence were identified in a coastal wetland as no invasion, initial invasion, young invasion, mature invasion, and senescing invasion. The succession of macrofaunal communities and environments were investigated along the gradient of invasion stages. The infauna decreased, and the epifauna increased along the invasion sequence. The significant differences of the communities were detected among the mud flats experiencing different invasion stages. The initial and young invasion stages of smooth cordgrass possibly promote the macrofaunal biodiversity, but biodiversity decreased at mature and senescing invasion stages. The ecological effect of smooth cordgrass invasion on macrofauna depended on the species' traits and the invasion stage. The environmental properties co-varied with invasion stages, and varied significantly among selected habitats. Total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen, and the carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N) strongly related to the smooth cordgrass coverage, stem density, and height. C/N was identified as the key factor for shaping the environment by principal components analysis, and TOC for regulating the macrofaunal community by canonical correspondence analysis. The succession of macrofaunal communities should be considered as a comprehensive response to the variations on environmental properties co-varying with smooth cordgrass invasion in coastal wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid32173902, year = {2020}, author = {Puckett, EE and Orton, D and Munshi-South, J}, title = {Commensal Rats and Humans: Integrating Rodent Phylogeography and Zooarchaeology to Highlight Connections between Human Societies.}, journal = {BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, pages = {e1900160}, doi = {10.1002/bies.201900160}, pmid = {32173902}, issn = {1521-1878}, support = {SG170938//British Academy/Leverhulme Trust/International ; DEB 1457523//National Science Foundation/International ; SG170938//Leverhulme Trust/International ; 1457523//Division of Environmental Biology/International ; 209817/Z/17/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Phylogeography ; Rats ; *Rodentia ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Phylogeography and zooarchaeology are largely separate disciplines, yet each interrogates relationships between humans and commensal species. Knowledge gained about human history from studies of four commensal rats (Rattus rattus, R. tanezumi, R. exulans, and R. norvegicus) is outlined, and open questions about their spread alongside humans are identified. Limitations of phylogeographic and zooarchaeological studies are highlighted, then how integration would increase understanding of species' demographic histories and resultant inferences about human societies is discussed. How rat expansions have informed the understanding of human migration, urban settlements, trade networks, and intra- and interspecific competition is reviewed. Since each rat species is associated with different human societies, they identify unique ecological and historical/cultural conditions that influenced their expansion. Finally, priority research areas including nuclear genome based phylogeographies are identified using archaeological evidence to understand R. norvegicus expansion across China, multi-wave colonization of R. rattus across Europe, and competition between R. rattus and R. norvegicus.}, }
@article {pmid32173758, year = {2020}, author = {Zink, FA and Tembrock, LR and Timm, AE and Gilligan, TM}, title = {A Real-Time PCR Assay for Rapid Identification of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {113}, number = {3}, pages = {1479-1485}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toaa040}, pmid = {32173758}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Asia ; Central America ; Europe ; *Lepidoptera ; *Solanum lycopersicum ; *Moths/genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; South America ; }, abstract = {The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), is a highly destructive pest of tomatoes, causing damage to leaves, stalks, buds, and fruits. Native to South America, T. absoluta is now found throughout Europe, South Asia, Africa, parts of Central America, and the Caribbean. Adults are small, with a wingspan of approximately one cm and lack distinctive markings, making morphological identification difficult. Larvae are also difficult to identify and resemble those of many other gelechiids. Due to the extensive time spent and expertise required for morphological identification, and the imminent threat to the North American tomato crop, we have developed a rapid molecular test for discriminating individual specimens of T. absoluta using a probe-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The assay is able to quickly distinguish T. absoluta from similar-sized moth specimens that are attracted to T. absoluta pheromone lures in the United States and is also able to identify larvae of T. absoluta. Decreased identification time for this critical pest will lead to more rapid identification at ports of entry and allow for more efficient trap screening for domestic monitoring programs.}, }
@article {pmid32173740, year = {2020}, author = {Banerjee, AK and Hou, Z and Lin, Y and Lan, W and Tan, F and Xing, F and Li, G and Guo, W and Huang, Y}, title = {Going with the flow: analysis of population structure reveals high gene flow shaping invasion pattern and inducing range expansion of Mikania micrantha in Asia.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {125}, number = {7}, pages = {1113-1126}, pmid = {32173740}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Asia ; Australia ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Mikania/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Mikania micrantha, a climbing perennial weed of the family Asteraceae, is native to Latin America and is highly invasive in the tropical belt of Asia, Oceania and Australia. This study was framed to investigate the population structure of M. micrantha at a large spatial scale in Asia and to identify how introduction history, evolutionary forces and landscape features influenced the genetic pattern of the species in this region.<br><br>METHODS: We assessed the genetic diversity and structure of 1052 individuals from 46 populations for 12 microsatellite loci. The spatial pattern of genetic variation was investigated by estimating the relationship between genetic distance and geographical, climatic and landscape resistances hypothesized to influence gene flow between populations.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: We found high genetic diversity of M. micrantha in this region, as compared with the genetic diversity parameters of other invasive species. Spatial and non-spatial clustering algorithms identified the presence of multiple genetic clusters and admixture between populations. Most of the populations showed heterozygote deficiency, primarily due to inbreeding, and the founder populations showed evidence of a genetic bottleneck. Persistent gene flow throughout the invasive range caused low genetic differentiation among populations and provided beneficial genetic variation to the marginal populations in a heterogeneous environment. Environmental suitability was found to buffer the detrimental effects of inbreeding at the leading edge of range expansion. Both linear and non-linear regression models demonstrated a weak relationship between genetic distance and geographical distance, as well as bioclimatic variables and environmental resistance surfaces.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide evidence that extensive gene flow and admixture between populations have influenced the current genetic pattern of M. micrantha in this region. High gene flow across the invaded landscape may facilitate adaptation, establishment and long-term persistence of the population, thereby indicating the range expansion ability of the species.}, }
@article {pmid32171258, year = {2020}, author = {Sparks, ME and Bansal, R and Benoit, JB and Blackburn, MB and Chao, H and Chen, M and Cheng, S and Childers, C and Dinh, H and Doddapaneni, HV and Dugan, S and Elpidina, EN and Farrow, DW and Friedrich, M and Gibbs, RA and Hall, B and Han, Y and Hardy, RW and Holmes, CJ and Hughes, DST and Ioannidis, P and Cheatle Jarvela, AM and Johnston, JS and Jones, JW and Kronmiller, BA and Kung, F and Lee, SL and Martynov, AG and Masterson, P and Maumus, F and Munoz-Torres, M and Murali, SC and Murphy, TD and Muzny, DM and Nelson, DR and Oppert, B and Panfilio, KA and Paula, DP and Pick, L and Poelchau, MF and Qu, J and Reding, K and Rhoades, JH and Rhodes, A and Richards, S and Richter, R and Robertson, HM and Rosendale, AJ and Tu, ZJ and Velamuri, AS and Waterhouse, RM and Weirauch, MT and Wells, JT and Werren, JH and Worley, KC and Zdobnov, EM and Gundersen-Rindal, DE}, title = {Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), genome: putative underpinnings of polyphagy, insecticide resistance potential and biology of a top worldwide pest.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {227}, pmid = {32171258}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {R01 GM113230/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genome Size ; Heteroptera/classification/*genetics ; Insect Proteins/*genetics ; *Insecticide Resistance ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Whole Genome Sequencing/*methods ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Halyomorpha halys (Stål), the brown marmorated stink bug, is a highly invasive insect species due in part to its exceptionally high levels of polyphagy. This species is also a nuisance due to overwintering in human-made structures. It has caused significant agricultural losses in recent years along the Atlantic seaboard of North America and in continental Europe. Genomic resources will assist with determining the molecular basis for this species' feeding and habitat traits, defining potential targets for pest management strategies.<br><br>RESULTS: Analysis of the 1.15-Gb draft genome assembly has identified a wide variety of genetic elements underpinning the biological characteristics of this formidable pest species, encompassing the roles of sensory functions, digestion, immunity, detoxification and development, all of which likely support H. halys' capacity for invasiveness. Many of the genes identified herein have potential for biomolecular pesticide applications.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Availability of the H. halys genome sequence will be useful for the development of environmentally friendly biomolecular pesticides to be applied in concert with more traditional, synthetic chemical-based controls.}, }
@article {pmid32170773, year = {2020}, author = {Xu, QY and Wang, D and Quan, GM and Xiang, HM and Zhang, JE}, title = {Invasive Chromolaena odorata species specifically affects growth of its co-occurring weeds.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {1470}, number = {1}, pages = {57-66}, doi = {10.1111/nyas.14330}, pmid = {32170773}, issn = {1749-6632}, mesh = {Biomass ; Chromolaena/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Weeds/*growth &amp; development ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {Plant-plant interaction is essential to weed invasion success and is related to impacts on the environment. To understand interactions of the well-known invasive plant siamweed (Chromolaena odorata) and its neighbors (exotic Praxelis clematidea and native cadillo) in South China, and their competitive mechanisms above- and belowground, a multicultivation experiment was conducted. Competitive indices, plant morphological traits, soil nutrient contents, enzyme activities, and microbial biomass were measured. Competitive balance index and morphological traits revealed balanced competition between P. clematidea and siamweed, and suppressive effect of siamweed on cadillo. In coculture of siamweed and P. clematidea, the branch length of siamweed slightly lengthened, while the branch number of P. clematidea increased compared with their respective monocultures accordingly. Overall impacts of the two invaders on soil properties were near averages of their single impacts. In coculture of siamweed and cadillo, siamweed was more competitive in both light and nutrient capture; soil urease activity and acid phosphatase activity were magnified and mitigated compared with the averages of those in their respective monocultures, respectively. The species-specific results of siamweed competing with its co-occurring weeds would contribute to a better understanding of mechanism in synergistic effect of siamweed with the other invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid32167631, year = {2020}, author = {Pepin, KM and Smyser, TJ and Davis, AJ and Miller, RS and McKee, S and VerCauteren, KC and Kendall, W and Slootmaker, C}, title = {Optimal spatial prioritization of control resources for elimination of invasive species under demographic uncertainty.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, pages = {e02126}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2126}, pmid = {32167631}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {//USDA-APHIS/International ; }, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Populations of invasive species often spread heterogeneously across a landscape, consisting of local populations that cluster in space but are connected by dispersal. A fundamental dilemma for invasive species control is how to optimally allocate limited fiscal resources across local populations. Theoretical work based on perfect knowledge of demographic connectivity suggests that targeting local populations from which migrants originate (sources) can be optimal. However, demographic processes such as abundance and dispersal can be highly uncertain, and the relationship between local population density and damage costs (damage function) is rarely known. We used a metapopulation model to understand how budget and uncertainty in abundance, connectivity, and the damage function, together impact return on investment (ROI) for optimal control strategies. Budget, observational uncertainty, and the damage function had strong effects on the optimal resource allocation strategy. Uncertainty in dispersal probability was the least important determinant of ROI. The damage function determined which resource prioritization strategy was optimal when connectivity was symmetric but not when it was asymmetric. When connectivity was asymmetric, prioritizing source populations had a higher ROI than allocating effort equally across local populations, regardless of the damage function, but uncertainty in connectivity structure and abundance reduced ROI of the optimal prioritization strategy by 57% on average depending on the control budget. With low budgets (monthly removal rate of 6.7% of population), there was little advantage to prioritizing resources, especially when connectivity was high or symmetric, and observational uncertainty had only minor effects on ROI. Allotting funding for improved monitoring appeared to be most important when budgets were moderate (monthly removal of 13-20% of the population). Our result showed that multiple sources of observational uncertainty should be considered concurrently for optimizing ROI. Accurate estimates of connectivity direction and abundance were more important than accurate estimates of dispersal rates. Developing cost-effective surveillance methods to reduce observational uncertainties, and quantitative frameworks for determining how resources should be spatially apportioned to multiple monitoring and control activities are important and challenging future directions for optimizing ROI for invasive species control programs.}, }
@article {pmid32164660, year = {2020}, author = {Champer, J and Kim, IK and Champer, SE and Clark, AG and Messer, PW}, title = {Performance analysis of novel toxin-antidote CRISPR gene drive systems.}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {27}, pmid = {32164660}, issn = {1741-7007}, support = {F32 AI138476/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 GM127418/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI130635/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Antidotes/*pharmacology ; Antitoxins/*pharmacology ; *CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Gene Drive Technology/*methods ; Genes, Essential ; Haploinsufficiency ; Models, Genetic ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: CRISPR gene drive systems allow the rapid spread of a genetic construct throughout a population. Such systems promise novel strategies for the management of vector-borne diseases and invasive species by suppressing a target population or modifying it with a desired trait. However, current homing-type drives have two potential shortcomings. First, they can be thwarted by the rapid evolution of resistance. Second, they lack any mechanism for confinement to a specific target population. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive performance assessment of several new types of CRISPR-based gene drive systems employing toxin-antidote (TA) principles, which should be less prone to resistance and allow for the confinement of drives to a target population due to invasion frequency thresholds.<br><br>RESULTS: The underlying principle of the proposed CRISPR toxin-antidote gene drives is to disrupt an essential target gene while also providing rescue by a recoded version of the target as part of the drive allele. Thus, drive alleles tend to remain viable, while wild-type targets are disrupted and often rendered nonviable, thereby increasing the relative frequency of the drive allele. Using individual-based simulations, we show that Toxin-Antidote Recessive Embryo (TARE) drives targeting an haplosufficient but essential gene (lethal when both copies are disrupted) can enable the design of robust, regionally confined population modification strategies with high flexibility in choosing promoters and targets. Toxin-Antidote Dominant Embryo (TADE) drives require a haplolethal target gene and a germline-restricted promoter, but they could permit faster regional population modification and even regionally confined population suppression. Toxin-Antidote Dominant Sperm (TADS) drives can be used for population modification or suppression. These drives are expected to spread rapidly and could employ a variety of promoters, but unlike TARE and TADE, they would not be regionally confined and also require highly specific target genes.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our results suggest that CRISPR-based TA gene drives provide promising candidates for flexible ecological engineering strategies in a variety of organisms.}, }
@article {pmid32161686, year = {2020}, author = {Díaz-Castelazo, C and Martínez-Adriano, CA and Dáttilo, W and Rico-Gray, V}, title = {Relative contribution of ecological and biological attributes in the fine-grain structure of ant-plant networks.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e8314}, pmid = {32161686}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ecological communities of interacting species analyzed as complex networks have shown that species dependence on their counterparts is more complex than expected at random. As for other potentially mutualistic interactions, ant-plant networks mediated by extrafloral nectar show a nested (asymmetric) structure with a core of generalist species dominating the interaction pattern. Proposed factors structuring ecological networks include encounter probability (e.g., species abundances and habitat heterogeneity), behavior, phylogeny, and body size. While the importance of underlying factors that influence the structure of ant-plant networks have been separately explored, the simultaneous contribution of several biological and ecological attributes inherent to the species, guild or habitat level has not been addressed.<br><br>METHODS: For a tropical seasonal site we recorded (in 48 censuses) the frequency of pairwise ant-plant interactions mediated by extrafloral nectaries (EFN) on different habitats and studied the resultant network structure. We addressed for the first time the role of mechanistic versus neutral determinants at the 'fine-grain' structure (pairwise interactions) of ant-plant networks. We explore the simultaneous contribution of several attributes of plant and ant species (i.e., EFN abundance and distribution, ant head length, behavioral dominance and invasive status), and habitat attributes (i.e., vegetation structure) in prevailing interactions as well as in overall network topology (community).<br><br>RESULTS: Our studied network was highly-nested and non-modular, with core species having high species strengths (higher strength values for ants than plants) and low specialization. Plants had higher dependences on ants than vice versa. We found that habitat heterogeneity in vegetation structure (open vs. shaded habitats) was the main factor explaining network and fine-grain structure, with no evidence of neutral (abundance) effects.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Core ant species are relevant to most plants species at the network showing adaptations to nectar consumption and deterrent behavior. Thus larger ants interact with more plant species which, together with higher dependence of plants on ants, suggests potential biotic defense at a community scale. In our study site, heterogeneity in the ant-plant interactions among habitats is so prevalent that it emerges at community-level structural properties. High frequency of morphologically diverse and temporarily-active EFNs in all habitats suggests the relevance and seasonality of plant biotic defense provided by ants. The robust survey of ecological interactions and their biological/ecological correlates that we addressed provides insight of the interplay between adaptive-value traits and neutral effects in ecological networks.}, }
@article {pmid32160930, year = {2020}, author = {Kriticos, DJ and De Barro, PJ and Yonow, T and Ota, N and Sutherst, RW}, title = {The potential geographical distribution and phenology of Bemisia tabaci Middle East/Asia Minor 1, considering irrigation and glasshouse production.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {110}, number = {5}, pages = {567-576}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485320000061}, pmid = {32160930}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Agricultural Irrigation ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Asia ; Crop Production/methods ; Ecosystem ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Middle East ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The Bemisia tabaci species complex is one of the most important pests of open field and protected cropping globally. Within this complex, one species (Middle East Asia Minor 1, B. tabaci MEAM1, formerly biotype B) has been especially problematic, invading widely and spreading a large variety of plant pathogens, and developing broad spectrum pesticide resistance. Here, we fit a CLIMEX model to the distribution records of B. tabaci MEAM1, using experimental observations to calibrate its temperature responses. In fitting the model, we consider the effects of irrigation and glasshouses in extending its potential range. The validated niche model estimates its potential distribution as being considerably broader than its present known distribution, especially in the Americas, Africa and Asia. The potential distribution of the fitted model encompasses the known distribution of B. tabaci sensu lato, highlighting the magnitude of the threat posed globally by this invasive pest species complex and the viruses it vectors to open field and protected agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid32159754, year = {2020}, author = {Hoback, WW and Jurzenski, J and Farnsworth-Hoback, KM and Roeder, KA}, title = {Invasive Saltcedar and Drought Impact Ant Communities and Isopods in South-Central Nebraska.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {3}, pages = {607-614}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvaa024}, pmid = {32159754}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Biodiversity ; Droughts ; Ecosystem ; *Isopoda ; Nebraska ; }, abstract = {The establishment and spread of non-native species often results in negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem function. Several species of saltcedar, Tamarix spp. L., have been recently naturalized in large portions of the United States where they have altered plant and animal communities. To test the prediction that saltcedar negatively affects invertebrates, we measured ant genera diversity and the activity density of the exotic isopod Armadillidium vulgare Latrielle (Isopoda: Oniscoidea) for 2 yr using pitfall traps located within 30 5-m2 plots with or without saltcedar at a south-central Nebraska reservoir. From 2005 to 2006, we collected 10,837 ants representing 17 genera and 4,953 A. vulgare. Per plot, the average number of ant genera was not different between saltcedar (x̅ = 3.9) and non-saltcedar areas (x̅ = 3.9); however, saltcedar plots were compositionally different and more similar from plot to plot (i.e., they had lower beta diversity than control plots) in 2005, but not in 2006. Isopods were likewise temporally affected with higher activity density (+89%) in control plots in 2005, but higher activity density (+27%) in saltcedar plots in 2006. The observed temporal differences occurred as the drought that initially enabled the saltcedar invasion became less severe in 2006. Combined, our results suggest that invertebrate groups like ants, which are generally omnivorous, may be better equipped than more specialized taxa like detritivores to withstand habitat changes due to invasions by non-native species, especially during extreme weather events such as prolonged droughts.}, }
@article {pmid32159752, year = {2020}, author = {Araspin, L and Martinez, AS and Wagener, C and Courant, J and Louppe, V and Padilla, P and Measey, J and Herrel, A}, title = {Rapid Shifts in the Temperature Dependence of Locomotor Performance in an Invasive Frog, Xenopus laevis, Implications for Conservation.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {60}, number = {2}, pages = {456-466}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icaa010}, pmid = {32159752}, issn = {1557-7023}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Female ; France ; Introduced Species ; Locomotion/*physiology ; Male ; South Africa ; *Temperature ; Xenopus laevis/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Temperature is a critical abiotic factor impacting all aspects of the biology of organisms, especially in ectotherms. As such, it is an important determinant of the potential invasive ability of organisms and may limit population expansion unless organisms can physiologically respond to changes in temperature either through plasticity or by adapting to their novel environment. Here, we studied the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, which has become invasive on a global scale. We compared adults from an invasive population of western France with individuals from two populations in the native range in South Africa. We measured the thermal dependence of locomotor performance in adults given its relevance to dispersal, predator escape, and prey capture. Our results show significant differences in the limits of the 80% performance breadth interval for endurance with the French population showing a left shift in its limits congruent with the colder climate experienced in France. The French invasive population was introduced only about 40 years ago suggesting a rapid shift in the thermal physiology. Given that all individuals were acclimated under laboratory conditions at 23°C for 2 months this suggests that the invasive frogs have adapted to their new environment. These data may allow the refinement of physiologically informed species distribution models permitting better estimates of future ranges at risk of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid32156215, year = {2020}, author = {Wesselmann, M and Anton, A and Duarte, CM and Hendriks, IE and Agustí, S and Savva, I and Apostolaki, ET and Marbà, N}, title = {Tropical seagrass Halophila stipulacea shifts thermal tolerance during Mediterranean invasion.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {287}, number = {1922}, pages = {20193001}, pmid = {32156215}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Hydrocharitaceae/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Rhizome ; Seawater ; Temperature ; Thermotolerance/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Exotic species often face new environmental conditions that are different from those that they are adapted to. The tropical seagrass Halophila stipulacea is a Lessepsian migrant that colonized the Mediterranean Sea around 100 years ago, where at present the minimum seawater temperature is cooler than in its native range in the Red Sea. Here, we tested if the temperature range in which H. stipulacea can exist is conserved within the species or if the exotic populations have shifted their thermal breadth and optimum due to the cooler conditions in the Mediterranean. We did so by comparing the thermal niche (e.g. optimal temperatures, and upper and lower thermal limits) of native (Saudi Arabia in the Red Sea) and exotic (Greece and Cyprus in the Mediterranean Sea) populations of H. stipulacea. We exposed plants to 12 temperature treatments ranging from 8 to 40°C for 7 days. At the end of the incubation period, we measured survival, rhizome elongation, shoot recruitment, net population growth and metabolic rates. Upper and lower lethal thermal thresholds (indicated by 50% plant mortality) were conserved across populations, but minimum and optimal temperatures for growth and oxygen production were lower for Mediterranean populations than for the Red Sea one. The displacement of the thermal niche of exotic populations towards the colder Mediterranean Sea regime could have occurred within 175 clonal generations.}, }
@article {pmid32155742, year = {2020}, author = {Oliveira, CSD and Moreira, P and Resende, J and Cruz, MT and Pereira, CMF and Silva, AMS and Santos, SAO and Silvestre, AJD}, title = {Characterization and Cytotoxicity Assessment of the Lipophilic Fractions of Different Morphological Parts of Acacia dealbata.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {32155742}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {UIDB/50011/2020 &amp; UIDP/50011/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; UIDB/50006/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; (UIDB/04539/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000001//European Regional Development Fund/ ; Project inpactus - innovative products and technologies from eucalyptus, Project N. &#xba; 21874//European Regional Development Fund/ ; }, mesh = {Acacia/*chemistry ; Animals ; Cell Survival ; Fatty Acids/*isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Humans ; Mice ; Neoplasms/drug therapy/*pathology ; Phytosterols/*pharmacology ; Plant Extracts/*pharmacology ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; }, abstract = {Acacia dealbata biomass, either from forest exploitation or from the management of invasive species, can be a strategic topic, namely as a source of high-value compounds. In this sense, the present study aimed at the detailed characterization of the lipophilic components of different morphological parts of A. dealbata and the evaluation of their cytotoxicity in cells representative of different mammals' tissues. The chemical composition of lipophilic extracts from A. dealbata bark, wood and leaves was evaluated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Terpenic compounds (representing 50.2%-68.4% of the total bark and leaves extracts, respectively) and sterols (60.5% of the total wood extract) were the main components of these extracts. Other constituents, such as fatty acids, long-chain aliphatic alcohols, monoglycerides, and aromatic compounds were also detected in the studied extracts. All the extracts showed low or no cytotoxicity in the different cells tested, demonstrating their safety profile and highlighting their potential to be used in nutraceutical or pharmaceutical applications. This study is therefore an important contribution to the valorization of A. dealbata, demonstrating the potential of this species as a source of high value lipophilic compounds.}, }
@article {pmid32152302, year = {2020}, author = {Bell, JK and Siciliano, SD and Lamb, EG}, title = {A survey of invasive plants on grassland soil microbial communities and ecosystem services.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {86}, pmid = {32152302}, issn = {2052-4463}, mesh = {Bacteria/classification ; *Bromus ; Fungi/classification ; *Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Microbiota ; Saskatchewan ; Seasons ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants can cause changes in the structure and function of the ecosystem being invaded. Any changes in ecosystem diversity and community composition will likely alter ecosystem services provided by that ecosystem. However, how these ecosystem services may change is poorly understood. To elucidate how these ecosystem services will change with invasion, we sampled 561 plots undergoing invasion by smooth brome (Bromus inermis) and four other invasive species at a native Rough Fescue prairie located near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Soil and plant surveys were undertaken weekly for 26 weeks between May of 2014 and November of 2014, or the growing season. We measured a suite of ecosystem services, including greenhouse gasses, extracellular enzyme function, forage production, glyphosate degradation and decomposition. Furthermore, soil physical and chemical properties were measured, and soil bacterial and fungal communities were sequenced. This is a large and multifaceted dataset with complex temporal and spatial attributes which can be used to answer numerous questions regarding the functioning of prairie ecosystems and how invasive species will impact that functioning.}, }
@article {pmid32150554, year = {2020}, author = {Young, NE and Jarnevich, CS and Sofaer, HR and Pearse, I and Sullivan, J and Engelstad, P and Stohlgren, TJ}, title = {A modeling workflow that balances automation and human intervention to inform invasive plant management decisions at multiple spatial scales.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {e0229253}, pmid = {32150554}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Apiaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Automation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Decision Support Techniques ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Statistical ; Pennisetum/*growth &amp; development ; Risk Assessment ; Workflow ; }, abstract = {Predictions of habitat suitability for invasive plant species can guide risk assessments at regional and national scales and inform early detection and rapid-response strategies at local scales. We present a general approach to invasive species modeling and mapping that meets objectives at multiple scales. Our methodology is designed to balance trade-offs between developing highly customized models for few species versus fitting non-specific and generic models for numerous species. We developed a national library of environmental variables known to physiologically limit plant distributions and relied on human input based on natural history knowledge to further narrow the variable set for each species before developing habitat suitability models. To ensure efficiency, we used largely automated modeling approaches and human input only at key junctures. We explore and present uncertainty by using two alternative sources of background samples, including five statistical algorithms, and constructing model ensembles. We demonstrate the use and efficiency of the Software for Assisted Habitat Modeling [SAHM 2.1.2], a package in VisTrails, which performs the majority of the modeling analyses. Our workflow includes solicitation of expert feedback on model outputs such as spatial prediction results and variable response curves, and iterative improvement based on new data availability and directed field validation of initial model results. We highlight the utility of the models for decision-making at regional and local scales with case studies of two plant species that invade natural areas: fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum) and goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria). By balancing model automation with human intervention, we can efficiently provide land managers with mapped predicted distributions for multiple invasive species to inform decisions across spatial scales.}, }
@article {pmid32148283, year = {2020}, author = {Mabin, CA and Wilson, JRU and Le Roux, JJ and Majiedt, P and Robinson, TB}, title = {The first management of a marine invader in Africa: The importance of trials prior to setting long-term management goals.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {261}, number = {}, pages = {110213}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110213}, pmid = {32148283}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura ; *Ecosystem ; Goals ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions severely impact on marine ecosystems around the world, but to date management is rare and has not previously been attempted in Africa. This study documents a trial management programme aimed at informing a national management strategy for the invasive European shore crab, Carcinus maenas, in South Africa. The approach involved testing control methods used elsewhere (baited traps, crab condos, diver collections and sediment dredging) and adapting these to the local context. Following these trials, baited traps were deployed over the course of the year, and the catch per unit effort (CPUE) tracked. A total of 36,244 crabs were collected during the management period, six times more than a pre-management population estimate. The population was not extirpated and CPUE increased once trapping ceased. The cost of attempting nationwide eradication is prohibitive, particularly given the lack of current impacts by this crab in this region and the possibility of reintroduction. We highlight key administrative challenges encountered, and the importance of such pilot trials in setting long-term goals when attempting alien species management interventions.}, }
@article {pmid32148262, year = {2020}, author = {Egoh, BN and Ntshotsho, P and Maoela, MA and Blanchard, R and Ayompe, LM and Rahlao, S}, title = {Setting the scene for achievable post-2020 convention on biological diversity targets: A review of the impacts of invasive alien species on ecosystem services in Africa.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {261}, number = {}, pages = {110171}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110171}, pmid = {32148262}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Africa ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) are known to pose a serious threat to biodiversity, and reduce the ability of ecosystems to provide benefits to humans. In recognition of this threat and to address the impacts of IAS, Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) adopted Aichi Biodiversity Target 9, which is dedicated to the control or eradication of priority IAS and the management of their introduction pathways by 2020. The achievement of Target 9 relies strongly on the commitment and ability of Parties to set ambitious national or regional targets and achive them, the availability of information and the requisite expertise on invasion biology. Now that the global community is gearing for the post-2020 Biodiversity Framework, it is time to take stock and identify opportunities to improve the performance of the African region beyond 2020. We approached this task by reviewing information on the impacts of IAS on ecosystem services in Africa, as a large proportion of Africans directly rely on ecosystem services, particularly in rural areas. Furthermore, we assessed the expertise on IAS in Africa. Our data sources were National Reports of African countries to the CBD, as well as peer-reviewed scientific literature. National Reports under the CBD provide information on measures taken to implement the Convention at country level, as well as progress towards the achievement of set targets. We found National Reports for 48 (about 90%) countries of which 73% provided feedback on IAS indicating commitment to fight IAS. However, there were few studies within peer-reviewed scientific literature looking at impacts of IAS on ecosystem services in Africa and almost half of the authors were non-Africans. This alludes to limited scientific expertise to inform and support IAS management on the continent. Both the National Reports and scientific literature showed that provisioning services were the most negatively affected by IAS. Also, more than 100 species were listed as problematic. More efforts and resources are needed to document IAS impacts across different realms (e.g. marine, terrestrial and freshwater) and for sub-regional bodies so that more integrated strategies and approaches can be developed. This information is also needed to support the development and implementation of national legislative and regulatory initiatives, as well as to report on international obligations such as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets.}, }
@article {pmid32144932, year = {2020}, author = {Roeder, KA and Prather, RM and Paraskevopoulos, AW and Roeder, DV}, title = {The Economics of Optimal Foraging by the Red Imported Fire Ant.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, pages = {304-311}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvaa016}, pmid = {32144932}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {For social organisms, foraging is often a complicated behavior where tasks are divided among numerous individuals. Here, we ask how one species, the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), collectively manages this behavior. We tested the Diminishing Returns Hypothesis, which posits that for social insects 1) foraging investment levels increase until diminishing gains result in a decelerating slope of return and 2) the level of investment is a function of the size of the collective group. We compared how different metrics of foraging (e.g., number of foragers, mass of foragers, and body size of foragers) are correlated and how these metrics change over time. We then tested the prediction that as fire ant colonies increase in size, both discovery time and the inflection point (i.e., the time point where colonial investment toward resources slows) should decrease while a colony's maximum foraging mass should increase. In congruence with our predictions, we found that fire ants recruited en masse toward baits, allocating 486 workers and 148 mg of biomass, on average, after 60 min: amounts that were not different 30 min prior. There was incredible variation across colonies with discovery time, the inflection point, and the maximum biomass of foragers all being significantly correlated with colony size. We suggest that biomass is a solid indicator of how social taxa invest their workforce toward resources and hypothesize ways that invasive fire ants are able to leverage their enormous workforce to dominate novel ecosystems by comparing their foraging and colony mass with co-occurring native species.}, }
@article {pmid32141020, year = {2020}, author = {Rzeżutka, A and Kaupke, A and Gorzkowski, B}, title = {Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in a Red-Eared Slider Turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans), a Noted Invasive Alien Species, Captured in a Rural Aquatic Ecosystem in Eastern Poland.}, journal = {Acta parasitologica}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, pages = {768-773}, pmid = {32141020}, issn = {1896-1851}, support = {grant no. 2013/11/B/NZ7/01690//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/ ; 05-1/KNOW2/2015.//Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cryptosporidiosis/*diagnosis/parasitology ; Cryptosporidium parvum/classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; DNA, Protozoan/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Feces/parasitology ; Fresh Water/parasitology ; Genome, Protozoan ; Intestines/parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Poland ; Rural Population ; Species Specificity ; Turtles/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: Little is known about cryptosporidiosis in turtles of invasive alien species (IAS) inhabiting European bodies of fresh water. In this article, we report an occurrence of Cryptosporidium parvum in a red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) captured in a rural aquatic ecosystem in eastern Poland.<br><br>METHODS: A pair of samples consisting of feces and scrapings of intestinal mucosa (taken during necropsy) were collected from 104 animals representing the four IAS turtle species red-eared slider, yellow-bellied slider, false map and Cumberland slider. The animals were trapped in running and standing freshwater ecosystems across the Lublin province. Parasite genomic DNA was extracted from samples using a modified alkali wash and a heat-lysis method and identification of the Cryptosporidium species was performed at the 18SSU rRNA and COWP loci.<br><br>RESULTS: The presence of Cryptosporidium DNA was only detected in one sample of intestinal scraping collected from a red-eared slider. A phylogenetic analysis of a 18SSU rRNA gene fragment showed 100% sequence identity between the C. parvum strain isolated from the turtle and other C. parvum strains previously detected in cattle from the Lublin province.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: There was no clinical evidence that the red-eared slider turtle was truly infected rather than being merely a mechanical parasite carrier. Sporadic detection of this protozoan parasite in the studied population of IAS turtles could be associated with low natural occurrence of Cryptosporidium infections in this animal species. The results provide evidence for possible transmission of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species by IAS turtles.}, }
@article {pmid32140309, year = {2020}, author = {Wellnitz, T and Barlow, JL and Dick, CM and Shaurette, TR and Johnson, BM and Wesley, T and Weiher, E}, title = {Campsites, forest fires, and entry point distance affect earthworm abundance in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e8656}, pmid = {32140309}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Factors controlling the spread of invasive earthworms in Minnesota's Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness are poorly known. Believed to have been introduced by anglers who use them as bait, invasive earthworms can alter the physical and chemical properties of soil and modify forest plant communities. To examine factors influencing earthworm distribution and abundance, we sampled 38 islands across five lakes to assess the effects of campsites, fire and entry point distance on earthworm density, biomass and species richness. We hypothesized that all three parameters would be greater on islands with campsites, lower on burned islands and would decrease with distance from the wilderness entry point. In addition to sampling earthworms, we collected soil cores to examine soil organic matter and recorded ground and vegetation cover. Campsite presence was the single most important factor affecting sampled earthworm communities; density, biomass and species richness were all higher on islands having campsites. Fire was associated with reduced earthworm density, but had no direct effects on earthworm biomass or species richness. Fire influenced earthworm biomass primarily through its negative relationship to groundcover and through an interaction with entry point distance. Entry point distance itself affected earthworm density and biomass. For islands with campsites, earthworm biomass increased with distance from the entry point.}, }
@article {pmid32134498, year = {2020}, author = {Wilsey, B and Xu, X and Polley, HW and Hofmockel, K and Hall, SJ}, title = {Lower soil carbon stocks in exotic vs. native grasslands are driven by carbonate losses.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {101}, number = {7}, pages = {e03039}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3039}, pmid = {32134498}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {DEB=0639417//NSF/International ; 2014-67003-22067//USDA NIFA/International ; }, mesh = {*Carbon ; Carbonates ; Ecosystem ; Grassland ; Poaceae ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {Global change includes invasion by exotic (nonnative) plant species and altered precipitation patterns, and these factors may affect terrestrial carbon (C) storage. We measured soil C changes in experimental mixtures of all exotic or all native grassland plant species under two levels of summer drought stress (0 and +128 mm). After 8 yr, soils were sampled in 10-cm increments to 100-cm depth to determine if soil C differed among treatments in deeper soils. Total soil C (organic + inorganic) content was significantly higher under native than exotic plantings, and differences increased with depth. Surprisingly, differences after 8 yr in C were due to carbonate and not organic C fractions, where carbonate was ~250 g C/m[2] lower to 1-m soil depth under exotic than native plantings. Our results indicate that soil carbonate is an active pool and can respond to differences in plant species traits over timescales of years. Significant losses of inorganic C might be avoided by conserving native grasslands in subhumid ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid32130637, year = {2020}, author = {Estrada-Graf, A and Hernández, S and Morales, M}, title = {Biomitigation of CO2 from flue gas by Scenedesmus obtusiusculus AT-UAM using a hybrid photobioreactor coupled to a biomass recovery stage by electro-coagulation-flotation.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {27}, number = {23}, pages = {28561-28574}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-020-08240-2}, pmid = {32130637}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {Proyecto 247006//Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog&#xed;a/ ; Proyecto: 247006//Secretar&#xed;a de Energ&#xed;a/ ; }, mesh = {Biomass ; Carbon Dioxide ; Gases ; *Microalgae ; Photobioreactors ; *Scenedesmus ; }, abstract = {The microalga Scenedesmus obtusiusculus AT-UAM efficiently captured CO2 from two flue gas streams in a hybrid photobioreactor located in a greenhouse. Uptake rates of CO2, NO, and SO2 from a formulated gas stream were 160.7 mg L[-1] day[-1], 0.73 mg L[-1] day[-1], and 1.56 mg L[-1] day[-1], respectively, with removal efficiencies of 100% for all gases. Exhaust gases of a motor generator were also removed with uptake rates of 111.4 mg L[-1] day[-1], 0.42 mg L[-1] day[-1], and 0.98 mg L[-1] day[-1], obtaining removal efficiencies of 77%, 71%, and 53% for CO2, NOx, and SO2, respectively. On average, 61% of the CO2 from both flue gas streams was assimilated as microalgal biomass. The maximum CO2 uptake rate of 182 mg L[-1] day[-1] was achieved for formulated flue gas flow rate above 100 mL min[-1]. The biomass recovery of 88% was achieved using a 20-L electro-coagulation-flotation chamber coupled to a settler with a low specific power consumption of 0.27 kWh kg[-1]. The photobioreactor was operated for almost 7 months without contamination of invasive species or a decrease in the activity. It is a very encouraging result for long-term operation in flue gas treatment.}, }
@article {pmid32129884, year = {2020}, author = {McClure, KM and Fleischer, RC and Kilpatrick, AM}, title = {The role of native and introduced birds in transmission of avian malaria in Hawaii.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {101}, number = {7}, pages = {e03038}, pmid = {32129884}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {DEB 1717498//National Science Foundation/International ; 1R01AI090159/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; A16-0061-002//National Science Foundation/International ; P200A030188//National Science Foundation/International ; EF-0914866//National Science Foundation/International ; R01 AI090159/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Culex ; *Culicidae ; Hawaii/epidemiology ; *Malaria, Avian/epidemiology ; Mosquito Vectors ; }, abstract = {The introduction of nonnative species and reductions in native biodiversity have resulted in substantial changes in vector and host communities globally, but the consequences for pathogen transmission are poorly understood. In lowland Hawaii, bird communities are composed of primarily introduced species, with scattered populations of abundant native species. We examined the influence of avian host community composition, specifically the role of native and introduced species, as well as host diversity, on the prevalence of avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) in the southern house mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus). We also explored the reciprocal effect of malaria transmission on native host populations and demography. Avian malaria infection prevalence in mosquitoes increased with the density and relative abundance of native birds, as well as host community competence, but was uncorrelated with host diversity. Avian malaria transmission was estimated to reduce population growth rates of Hawai'i 'amakihi (Chlorodrepanis virens) by 7-14%, but mortality from malaria could not explain gaps in this species' distribution at our sites. Our results suggest that, in Hawaii, native host species increase pathogen transmission to mosquitoes, but introduced species can also support malaria transmission alone. The increase in pathogen transmission with native bird abundance leads to additional disease mortality in native birds, further increasing disease impacts in an ecological feedback cycle. In addition, vector abundance was higher at sites without native birds and this overwhelmed the effects of host community composition on transmission such that infected mosquito abundance was highest at sites without native birds. Higher disease risk at these sites due to higher vector abundance could inhibit recolonization and recovery of native species to these areas. More broadly, this work shows how differences in host competence for a pathogen among native and introduced taxa can influence transmission and highlights the need to examine this question in other systems to determine the generality of this result.}, }
@article {pmid32129079, year = {2020}, author = {Myers, KV and Pienta, KJ and Amend, SR}, title = {Cancer Cells and M2 Macrophages: Cooperative Invasive Ecosystem Engineers.}, journal = {Cancer control : journal of the Moffitt Cancer Center}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {1073274820911058}, pmid = {32129079}, issn = {1526-2359}, mesh = {Cell Line, Tumor ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Macrophages/*metabolism ; Tissue Engineering/*methods ; }, abstract = {Many aspects of cancer can be explained utilizing well-defined ecological principles. Applying these principles to cancer, cancer cells are an invasive species to a healthy organ ecosystem. In their capacity as ecosystem engineers, cancer cells release cytokines that recruit monocytes to the tumor and polarize them to M2-like protumor macrophages. Macrophages, recruited by the cancer cells, act as a secondary invasive species. The ecosystem engineering functions of M2-macrophages in turn support and stimulate cancer cell survival and proliferation. The cooperative ecosystem engineering of both the primary invasive species of the cancer cell and the secondary invasive species of the M2-macrophage thus creates a vicious cycle of tumor promotion. Targeting a specific aspect of this tumor-promoting ecosystem engineering, such as blocking efferocytosis by M2-like macrophages, may improve the response to standard-of-care anticancer therapies. This strategy has the potential to redirect cooperative protumor ecosystem engineering toward an antitumor ecosystem engineering strategy.}, }
@article {pmid32128414, year = {2020}, author = {Amor, DR and Ratzke, C and Gore, J}, title = {Transient invaders can induce shifts between alternative stable states of microbial communities.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {6}, number = {8}, pages = {eaay8676}, pmid = {32128414}, issn = {2375-2548}, support = {R01 GM102311/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {Microbial dispersal often leads to the arrival of outsider organisms into ecosystems. When their arrival gives rise to successful invasions, outsider species establish within the resident community, which can markedly alter the ecosystem. Seemingly less influential, the potential impact of unsuccessful invaders that interact only transiently with the community has remained largely ignored. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that these transient invasions can induce a lasting transition to an alternative stable state, even when the invader species itself does not survive the transition. First, we develop a mechanistic understanding of how environmental changes caused by these transient invaders can drive a community shift in a simple, bistable model system. Beyond this, we show that transient invaders can also induce switches between stable states in more complex communities isolated from natural soil samples. Our results demonstrate that short-term interactions with an invader species can induce lasting shifts in community composition and function.}, }
@article {pmid32128136, year = {2020}, author = {Manzoor, SA and Griffiths, G and Obiakara, MC and Esparza-Estrada, CE and Lukac, M}, title = {Evidence of ecological niche shift in Rhododendron ponticum (L.) in Britain: Hybridization as a possible cause of rapid niche expansion.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {2040-2050}, pmid = {32128136}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Biological invasions threaten global biodiversity and natural resources. Anticipating future invasions is central to strategies for combating the spread of invasive species. Ecological niche models are thus increasingly used to predict potential distribution of invasive species. In this study, we compare ecological niches of Rhododendron ponticum in its native (Iberian Peninsula) and invasive (Britain) ranges. Here, we test the conservation of ecological niche between invasive and native populations of R. ponticum using principal component analysis, niche dynamics analysis, and MaxEnt-based reciprocal niche modeling. We show that niche overlap between native and invasive populations is very low, leading us to the conclusion that the two niches are not equivalent and are dissimilar. We conclude that R. ponticum occupies novel environmental conditions in Britain. However, the evidence of niche shift presented in this study should be treated with caution because of nonanalogue climatic conditions between native and invasive ranges and a small population size in the native range. We then frame our results in the context of contradicting genetic evidence on possible hybridization of this invasive species in Britain. We argue that the existing contradictory studies on whether hybridization caused niche shift in R. ponticum are not sufficient to prove or disprove this hypothesis. However, we present a series of theoretical arguments which indicate that hybridization is a likely cause of the observed niche expansion of R. ponticum in Britain.}, }
@article {pmid32128128, year = {2020}, author = {Cummins, GC and Theimer, TC and Paxton, EH}, title = {Responses to terrestrial nest predators by endemic and introduced Hawaiian birds.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {1949-1958}, pmid = {32128128}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Birds free from nest predators for long periods may either lose the ability to recognize and respond to predators or retain antipredator responses if they are not too costly. How these alternate scenarios play out has rarely been investigated in an avian community whose members have different evolutionary histories. We presented models of two nest predators (rat and snake) and a negative control (tree branch) to birds on Hawai'i Island. Endemic Hawaiian birds evolved in the absence of terrestrial predators until rats were introduced approximately 1,000 years ago. Introduced birds evolved with diverse predator communities including mammals and snakes, but since their introduction onto the island approximately one century ago have been free from snake predation. We found that (a) endemic and introduced birds had higher agitation scores toward the rat model compared with the branch, and (b) none of the endemic birds reacted to the snake model, while one introduced bird, the Red-billed Leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea), reacted as strongly to the snake as to the rat. Overall, endemic and introduced birds differ in their response to predators, but some endemic birds have the capacity to recognize and respond to introduced rats, and one introduced bird species retained recognition of snake predators from which they had been free for nearly a century, while another apparently lost that ability. Our results indicate that the retention or loss of predator recognition by introduced and endemic island birds is variable, shaped by each species' unique history, ecology, and the potential interplay of genetic drift, and that endemic Hawaiian birds could be especially vulnerable to introduced snake predators.}, }
@article {pmid32124184, year = {2020}, author = {Antonopoulou, E and Chatzigiannidou, I and Feidantsis, K and Kounna, C and Chatzifotis, S}, title = {Effect of water temperature on cellular stress responses in meagre (Argyrosomus regius).}, journal = {Fish physiology and biochemistry}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {1075-1091}, doi = {10.1007/s10695-020-00773-0}, pmid = {32124184}, issn = {1573-5168}, mesh = {Animals ; Catalase/metabolism ; Fish Proteins/metabolism ; Glutathione Reductase/metabolism ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism ; HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism ; Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism ; Liver/metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Muscles/metabolism ; Myocardium/metabolism ; Perciformes/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism ; *Stress, Physiological ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; *Temperature ; Water ; }, abstract = {Μeagre (Argyrosomus regius) is a newly introduced species in the aquaculture sector characterized by high growth rates and good nutritional value. However, the optimum conditions such as water temperature for the rearing of this species are still under research. The aim of the present study was to investigate several biochemical responses in the heart, muscle, liver, and intestine of meagre reared under different water temperatures (17, 23, and 26 °C) in comparison to the initial acclimation temperature at 20 °C. To assess its cellular stress response, the molecular markers of Hsp70 and Hsp90 induced levels, p38 MAPK and p44/42 MAPK phosphorylated levels, ubiquitin conjugates, and Bcl-2 levels were determined. Moreover, to investigate its antioxidant defense, the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase were measured. The obtained results in meagre showed a distinct tissue-specific response regarding the variations observed in the studied parameters under different acclimation temperatures. Specifically, most examined tissues presented a decrease in the levels of the examined markers compared to 20 °C, while in the intestine, an increase of Hsp70 and p38 MAPK levels was observed at 23 and 26 °C. However, data on the final weight and length of the fish lead to the conclusion that high water temperatures such as 26 °C might be the best for the rearing of this species. Therefore, it is assumed that the observed differential molecular responses may act in a cell-protective way at all temperatures, irrespectively of the effect of temperature on growth parameters.}, }
@article {pmid32123324, year = {2020}, author = {Hessenauer, P and Fijarczyk, A and Martin, H and Prunier, J and Charron, G and Chapuis, J and Bernier, L and Tanguay, P and Hamelin, RC and Landry, CR}, title = {Hybridization and introgression drive genome evolution of Dutch elm disease pathogens.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {626-638}, pmid = {32123324}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Ophiostoma ; Plant Diseases ; *Ulmus ; }, abstract = {Hybridization and the resulting introgression can drive the success of invasive species via the rapid acquisition of adaptive traits. The Dutch elm disease pandemics in the past 100 years were caused by three fungal lineages with permeable reproductive barriers: Ophiostoma ulmi, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi subspecies novo-ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi subspecies americana. Using whole-genome sequences and growth phenotyping of a worldwide collection of isolates, we show that introgression has been the main driver of genomic diversity and that it impacted fitness-related traits. Introgressions contain genes involved in host-pathogen interactions and reproduction. Introgressed isolates have enhanced growth rate at high temperature and produce different necrosis sizes on an in vivo model for pathogenicity. In addition, lineages diverge in many pathogenicity-associated genes and exhibit differential mycelial growth in the presence of a proxy of a host defence compound, implying an important role of host trees in the molecular and functional differentiation of these pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid32123225, year = {2020}, author = {Fazlioglu, F and Chen, L}, title = {Introduced non-native mangroves express better growth performance than co-occurring native mangroves.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {3854}, pmid = {32123225}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Avicennia/*growth &amp; development ; *Forests ; *Introduced Species ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Mangroves are salt-tolerant woody species occurring in tropical/subtropical coastal habitats. Plantation of fast-growing non-native mangrove species has been used as a tool for mangrove restoration/reforestation in several countries. However, the fast-growth ability can make recently introduced species invasive as they can possibly replace co-occurring native mangroves through expressing higher growth performance and phenotypic plasticity. Therefore, quantifying growth differences between native versus non-native mangrove species is important for forest ecology and management. In this meta-analysis, we compared the growth performance of non-native and native mangrove species pairs by analysing all available results in the literature (33 studies). We found that non-native mangrove species performed better than co-occurring native mangrove species in their introduced regions (Log response ratio = 0.51 ± 0.05) and they also expressed higher trait plasticity. Therefore, these species can be potentially invasive owing to their greater competitive advantage. However, the growth difference was diminished at higher latitudes where native mangrove species seem to perform as well as non-native mangrove species do. This is the first meta-analysis on the growth response of mangroves and it has consequential management implications. We suggest that planting of non-native mangrove species should be avoided and their spread should be monitored.}, }
@article {pmid32123221, year = {2020}, author = {Cuba-Díaz, M and Rivera-Mora, C and Navarrete, E and Klagges, M}, title = {Advances of native and non-native Antarctic species to in vitro conservation: improvement of disinfection protocols.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {3845}, pmid = {32123221}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Antarctic Regions ; Anti-Infective Agents/*adverse effects ; Calcium Compounds/adverse effects ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Disinfection/*methods ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Metal Nanoparticles/adverse effects ; Silver/adverse effects/chemistry ; Silver Nitrate/adverse effects ; }, abstract = {Plants that inhabit Antarctica have raised scientific interest due to their resilience to climate change, abiotic tolerance mechanisms and potential biological applications. In vitro propagation is useful for conservation, genetic material availability of these species and avoiding mass collection in their habitat. In vitro culture protocols for the native plants Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica and the non-native Juncus bufonius have been affected by endophytic microorganisms that proliferate when introduced to tissue cultures. This study evaluated the microbicidal and phytotoxic effect of calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2), silver nitrate (AgNO3) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and their use at different concentrations for different time periods. The Ca(ClO)2 at 100 mg mL[-1] showed the best microbial contamination control in D. antarctica (applied for 20 min) and for the three C. quitensis populations (applied for 15 min). In J. bufonius, AgNO3 at 10 mg mL[-1] for 10 min reduced the microbial growth, but oxidative damage was generated. AgNPs did not prevent contamination or have adverse effects on tissues. Survival plantlets from each treatment, population or species were effectively introduced to the tissue culture and their propagation was successful. These results constitute a fundamental advance for the introduction, propagation and conservation of Antarctic species and their use in scientific research.}, }
@article {pmid32121509, year = {2020}, author = {Chen, Y and Aukema, BH and Seybold, SJ}, title = {The Effects of Weather on the Flight of an Invasive Bark Beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {32121509}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {#10-CA-11272172-055 and 10-JV-11272172-092//USDA Forest Service/ ; }, abstract = {The walnut twig beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), vectors the fungus Geosmithia morbida, which has been implicated in thousand cankers disease of walnut. Little is known about the flight behavior of the insect across seasons, or about the variability in its flight patterns with weekly fluctuations in weather. We sampled flying adults weekly over a 142-week period (from 29 August, 2011 to 2 June, 2014) with 12-unit black plastic multiple funnel traps baited with a male-produced aggregation pheromone in California, USA. Up to 5000 beetles were captured per trap per week, although catches in most weeks were less than 100 insects. Trap catches were regressed against terms for precipitation, solar radiation, vapor pressure, air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and trap catches in preceding weeks. The number of beetles captured in each of the preceding two weeks explained most variation in a current week's catch. This strong temporal autocorrelation was present in regression models developed for males, females, and both sexes pooled. These models were improved by including two environmental variables. Captures of P. juglandis increased with mean weekly air temperature and decreased with increasing mean minimum relative humidity. The percentage of variation in male, female, or total trap catch explained by the temporal variables and the two environmental variables in these multiple regression models ranged from 72% to 76%. While the flight of this invasive insect will likely be affected by site-specific factors as it spreads to new areas, the strong temporal correlation present in this system may provide a useful starting point for developing flight models for newly invaded areas.}, }
@article {pmid32120096, year = {2020}, author = {Rodríguez-Caballero, G and Caravaca, F and Díaz, G and Torres, P and Roldán, A}, title = {The invader Carpobrotus edulis promotes a specific rhizosphere microbiome across globally distributed coastal ecosystems.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {719}, number = {}, pages = {137347}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137347}, pmid = {32120096}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; *Rhizosphere ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {The importance of plant-microbe interactions to the success of invasive plants has rarely been studied at a global scale. Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N. E. Br is an aggressive invader in many areas around the world, forming dense mats in coastal environments. In an approach at a large geographical scale, over a wide latitudinal and climatic range, we tested the ability of C. edulis to alter the local bacterial and fungal community structure and microbial activity in eight invaded coastal locations. The factors invasiveness and geographical location had a significant effect on the soil microbiota, the microbial community composition and structure from the rhizosphere of native and C. edulis plants being distinct in every location. The effect of the invader on all the chemical, physico-chemical, and microbiological properties studied depended on the invaded location. The soil bacterial and fungal community composition and structure were related to the soil available nutrients and mean annual rainfall, and those of the soil bacterial community were also linked to the soil respiration and latitude. Overall, our results reveal that the ability of the invader C. edulis to alter soil microbial community structure harboring a specific microbiome was widespread across a large invaded range - leading to concurring changes in the rhizosphere microbial functioning, such as nutrient cycling.}, }
@article {pmid32117566, year = {2019}, author = {Aryani, N and Suharman, I and Azrita, A and Syandri, H and Mardiah, A}, title = {Diversity and distribution of fish fauna of upstream and downstream areas at Koto Panjang Reservoir, Riau Province, Indonesia.}, journal = {F1000Research}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {1435}, pmid = {32117566}, issn = {2046-1402}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Fishes/*classification ; Indonesia ; Introduced Species ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Background: The capture fishery sectors in the river and reservoir play an important role in the Indonesian economy through increased income and diversification of livelihoods. The present study was conducted to ascertain fish diversity and their distribution pattern in the upstream and downstream areas of Koto Panjang Reservoir, Riau Province-Indonesia. Methods: Fish samples were collected for a period of 12 months using a variety of fish nets at four sites; Koto Mesjid (KM) and Batu Bersurat (BB), located in the upstream area of Koto Panjang Reservoir and Rantau Berangin (RB) and Kuok (KK), located in the downstream area of Koto Panjang Reservoir. Data obtained were analyzed using standard taxonomic keys based on morphometric characters. Results: A total of 44 species belonging 19 families and 33 genera were recorded in the study area. Alpha diversity indices showed that fish diversity in this area was quite high (Shannon's index = 2.10 and Simpson-D = 0.21) and evenness was low (evenness H/S =0.19). The fish in KM and BB sites (upstream) were from eight and 11 families, respectively. In RB and KK sites (downstream), fish were from 16 and 15 families, respectively. In KM, BB, RB and KK sites, the dominant family was Cyprinidae, comprising 33.45%, 50.95%, 43.04% and 39.35% of all fish caught at each site, respectively. Exotic species, especially Nile tilapia, were 20.15%, 14.11%, 5.62%, and 5.34%, respectively. Some differences were also noted between the upstream and downstream reservoirs, with a slight increase in exotic species in the upstream reservoir over the study period (from 11.39% vs. 34.66%), corresponding to decrease of native species (from 88.61% vs. 65.34%). Conclusions: The diversity and distribution of fish fauna were varied in upstream and downstream areas of Koto Panjang Reservoir. The exotic species were found to be dominant in the upstream reservoir areas.}, }
@article {pmid32116797, year = {2020}, author = {Li, H and Huang, X and Zhan, A}, title = {Stress Memory of Recurrent Environmental Challenges in Marine Invasive Species: Ciona robusta as a Case Study.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {94}, pmid = {32116797}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {Fluctuating environmental changes impose tremendous stresses on sessile organisms in marine ecosystems, in turn, organisms develop complex response mechanisms to keep adaptive homeostasis for survival. Physiological plasticity is one of the primary lines of defense against environmental challenges, and such defense often relies on the antioxidant defense system (ADS). Hence, it is imperative to understand response mechanisms of ADS to fluctuating environments. Invasive species provide excellent models to study how species cope with environmental stresses, as invasive species encounter sudden, and often recurrent, extensive environmental challenges during the whole invasion process. Here, we studied the roles of ADS on rapid response to recurrent cold challenges in a highly invasive tunicate (Ciona robusta) by simulating cold stresses during its invasion process. We assessed antioxidative indicators, including malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), as well as transcriptional changes of ADS-related genes to reveal the physiological plasticity under recurring cold stresses. Our results demonstrated that physiological homeostasis relied on the resilience of ADS, which further accordingly tuned antioxidant activity and gene expression to changing environments. The initial cold stress remodeled baselines of ADS to promote the development of stress memory, and subsequent stress memory largely decreased the physiological response to recurrent environmental challenges. All results here suggest that C. robusta could develop stress memory to maintain physiological homeostasis in changing or harsh environments. The results obtained in this study provide new insights into the mechanism of rapid physiological adaption during biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid32112467, year = {2020}, author = {Tang, J and Huang, L and Liu, Y and Toshmatov, Z and Zhang, C and Shao, H}, title = {Two Phytotoxins Isolated from the Pathogenic Fungus of the Invasive Weed Xanthium italicum.}, journal = {Chemistry &amp; biodiversity}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {e2000043}, doi = {10.1002/cbdv.202000043}, pmid = {32112467}, issn = {1612-1880}, support = {31770586//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; ts201712071//Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong, China/ ; }, mesh = {Alternaria/*chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Amaranthus/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Lactones/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; Mycotoxins/*chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; Pennisetum/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Plant Roots/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Plant Shoots/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Xanthium/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Alternariol and altenuisol were isolated as the major phytotoxins produced by an Alternaria sp. pathogenic fungus of the invasive weed Xanthium italicum. Altenuisol exhibited stronger phytotoxic effect compared with alternariol. At 10 μg/mL, alternariol and altenuisol promoted root growth of the monocot plant Pennisetum alopecuroides by 11.1 % and 75.2 %, respectively, however, inhibitory activity was triggered by the increase of concentration, with root elongation being suppressed by 35.5 % and 52.0 % with alternariol and altenuisol at 1000 μg/mL, respectively. Alternariol slightly inhibited root length of the dicot plant Medicago sativa at 10-1000 μg/mL, whereas altenuisol stimulated root growth by 51.0 % at 10 μg/mL and inhibited root length by 43.4 % at 200 μg/mL. Alternariol and altenuisol did not exert strong regulatory activity on another dicot plant, Amaranthus retroflexus, when tested concentration was low, however, when the concentration reached 1000 μg/mL, they reduced root length by 68.1 % and 51.0 %, respectively. Alternariol and altenuisol exerted similar effect on shoot growth of three tested plants but to a lesser extent. It is noteworthy to mention that this is the first report on the phytotoxicity of altenuisol.}, }
@article {pmid32111052, year = {2020}, author = {Bartlett, JC and Convey, P and Hayward, SAL}, title = {Surviving the Antarctic winter-Life Stage Cold Tolerance and Ice Entrapment Survival in The Invasive Chironomid Midge Eretmoptera murphyi.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {32111052}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {RRBN19276//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; CASS-121 &amp; FCO 22/2016//British Antarctic Survey/ ; }, abstract = {An insect's ability to tolerate winter conditions is a critical determinant of its success. This is true for both native and invasive species, and especially so in harsh polar environments. The midge Eretmoptera murphyi (Diptera, Chironomidae) is invasive to maritime Antarctic Signy Island, and the ability of fourth instar larvae to tolerate freezing is hypothesized to allow the species to extend its range further south. However, no detailed assessment of stress tolerance in any other life stage has yet been conducted. Here, we report that, although larvae, pupae and adults all have supercooling points (SCPs) of around -5 °C, only the larvae are freeze-tolerant, and that cold-hardiness increases with larval maturity. Eggs are freeze-avoiding and have an SCP of around -17 °C. At -3.34 °C, the CTmin activity thresholds of adults are close to their SCP of -5 °C, and they are likely chill-susceptible. Larvae could not withstand the anoxic conditions of ice entrapment or submergence in water beyond 28 d. The data obtained here indicate that the cold-tolerance characteristics of this invasive midge would permit it to colonize areas further south, including much of the western coast of the Antarctic Peninsula.}, }
@article {pmid32110919, year = {2020}, author = {Hougardy, E and Wang, X and Hogg, BN and Johnson, MW and Daane, KM and Pickett, CH}, title = {Current Distribution of the Olive Psyllid, Euphyllura olivina, in California and Initial Evaluation of the Mediterranean Parasitoid Psyllaephagus euphyllurae as a Biological Control Candidate.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {32110919}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {SCBG#12060//California Department of Food and Agriculture/ ; 58220//California Olive Committee/ ; }, abstract = {The olive psyllid, Euphyllura olivina, is a newly invasive species to California with the potential to become an economical pest if it reaches the olive production regions of California's Central Valley. Here, we report on surveys undertaken in California to assess the psyllid's current distribution and the occurrence of parasitism. Additionally, we present results of foreign collections of its parasitoids and initial non-target studies of a possible biological control agent, the Mediterranean parasitoid Psyllaephagus euphyllurae. The current distribution of the psyllid appears to be limited to the California coast between Monterey and San Diego; there have been no reports of infestations on olives in the major production areas of central and northern California. Psyllaephagus euphyllurae was the major primary parasitoid found in our foreign collections. The potential non-target impact of P. euphyllurae was tested on three native North American psyllid species: Neophyllura arctostaphyli, Euglyptoneura nr. robusta, and Calophya nigrella. No P. euphyllurae developed on the non-target species during no-choice tests. Behavioral observations in choice tests confirmed no attack on the non-target hosts, although the parasitoid did remain longer on N. arctostaphyli-infested manzanita plants, and revealed no host feeding behavior.}, }
@article {pmid32109587, year = {2020}, author = {Giordano, R and Donthu, RK and Zimin, AV and Julca Chavez, IC and Gabaldon, T and van Munster, M and Hon, L and Hall, R and Badger, JH and Nguyen, M and Flores, A and Potter, B and Giray, T and Soto-Adames, FN and Weber, E and Marcelino, JAP and Fields, CJ and Voegtlin, DJ and Hill, CB and Hartman, GL and , }, title = {Soybean aphid biotype 1 genome: Insights into the invasive biology and adaptive evolution of a major agricultural pest.}, journal = {Insect biochemistry and molecular biology}, volume = {120}, number = {}, pages = {103334}, doi = {10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103334}, pmid = {32109587}, issn = {1879-0240}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Alleles ; Animals ; Aphids/*genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecotype ; *Genome, Insect ; *Introduced Species ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; United States ; }, abstract = {The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a serious pest of the soybean plant, Glycine max, a major world-wide agricultural crop. We assembled a de novo genome sequence of Ap. glycines Biotype 1, from a culture established shortly after this species invaded North America. 20.4% of the Ap. glycines proteome is duplicated. These in-paralogs are enriched with Gene Ontology (GO) categories mostly related to apoptosis, a possible adaptation to plant chemistry and other environmental stressors. Approximately one-third of these genes show parallel duplication in other aphids. But Ap. gossypii, its closest related species, has the lowest number of these duplicated genes. An Illumina GoldenGate assay of 2380 SNPs was used to determine the world-wide population structure of Ap. Glycines. China and South Korean aphids are the closest to those in North America. China is the likely origin of other Asian aphid populations. The most distantly related aphids to those in North America are from Australia. The diversity of Ap. glycines in North America has decreased over time since its arrival. The genetic diversity of Ap. glycines North American population sampled shortly after its first detection in 2001 up to 2012 does not appear to correlate with geography. However, aphids collected on soybean Rag experimental varieties in Minnesota (MN), Iowa (IA), and Wisconsin (WI), closer to high density Rhamnus cathartica stands, appear to have higher capacity to colonize resistant soybean plants than aphids sampled in Ohio (OH), North Dakota (ND), and South Dakota (SD). Samples from the former states have SNP alleles with high FST values and frequencies, that overlap with genes involved in iron metabolism, a crucial metabolic pathway that may be affected by the Rag-associated soybean plant response. The Ap. glycines Biotype 1 genome will provide needed information for future analyses of mechanisms of aphid virulence and pesticide resistance as well as facilitate comparative analyses between aphids with differing natural history and host plant range.}, }
@article {pmid32109281, year = {2020}, author = {Comeault, AA and Wang, J and Tittes, S and Isbell, K and Ingley, S and Hurlbert, AH and Matute, DR}, title = {Genetic Diversity and Thermal Performance in Invasive and Native Populations of African Fig Flies.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {37}, number = {7}, pages = {1893-1906}, pmid = {32109281}, issn = {1537-1719}, support = {R01 GM121750/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophilidae/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genome, Insect ; *Introduced Species ; Temperature ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; }, abstract = {During biological invasions, invasive populations can suffer losses of genetic diversity that are predicted to negatively impact their fitness/performance. Despite examples of invasive populations harboring lower diversity than conspecific populations in their native range, few studies have linked this lower diversity to a decrease in fitness. Using genome sequences, we show that invasive populations of the African fig fly, Zaprionus indianus, have less genetic diversity than conspecific populations in their native range and that diversity is proportionally lower in regions of the genome experiencing low recombination rates. This result suggests that selection may have played a role in lowering diversity in the invasive populations. We next use interspecific comparisons to show that genetic diversity remains relatively high in invasive populations of Z. indianus when compared with other closely related species. By comparing genetic diversity in orthologous gene regions, we also show that the genome-wide landscape of genetic diversity differs between invasive and native populations of Z. indianus indicating that invasion not only affects amounts of genetic diversity but also how that diversity is distributed across the genome. Finally, we use parameter estimates from thermal performance curves for 13 species of Zaprionus to show that Z. indianus has the broadest thermal niche of measured species, and that performance does not differ between invasive and native populations. These results illustrate how aspects of genetic diversity in invasive species can be decoupled from measures of fitness, and that a broad thermal niche may have helped facilitate Z. indianus's range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid32106554, year = {2020}, author = {Frank, SD and Just, MG}, title = {Can Cities Activate Sleeper Species and Predict Future Forest Pests? A Case Study of Scale Insects.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {32106554}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2019-67012-29633//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; 2016-70006-25827//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; 2018-70006-28914//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; G15AP00153 and G19AP00041//U.S. Geological Survey/ ; }, abstract = {Sleeper species are innocuous native or naturalized species that exhibit invasive characteristics and become pests in response to environmental change. Climate warming is expected to increase arthropod damage in forests, in part, by transforming innocuous herbivores into severe pests: awakening sleeper species. Urban areas are warmer than natural areas due to the urban heat island effect and so the trees and pests in cities already experience temperatures predicted to occur in 50-100 years. We posit that arthropod species that become pests of urban trees are those that benefit from warming and thus should be monitored as potential sleeper species in forests. We illustrate this with two case studies of scale insects that are important pests of urban trees in parts of the US. Melanaspis tenebricosa and Parthenolecanium quercifex are geographically native to the US but take on invasive characteristics such as higher survival and reproduction and become disconnected from natural enemies on urban trees due to the urban heat island effect. This allows them to reach high densities and damage their host trees. Parthenolecanium quercifex density increases up to 12 times on urban willow oaks with just 2 °C of warming due to higher survival and adaptation to warmer temperatures. The urban heat island effect also creates a phenological mismatch between P. quercifex and its parasitoid complex, and so egg production is higher. Melanaspis tenebricosa density can increase 300 times on urban red maples with 2.5 °C of warming. This too is due to direct effects of warmer temperatures on survival and fecundity but M. tenebricosa also benefits from the drought stress incurred by warmer urban trees. These effects combine to increase M. tenebricosa density in forests as well as on urban trees at latitudes higher than its native range. We illustrate how cities provide a unique opportunity to study the complex effects of warming on insect herbivores. Studying pestilent urban species could be a pragmatic approach for identifying and preparing for sleeper species.}, }
@article {pmid32099788, year = {2020}, author = {Tijjani, M and Majid, RA and Abdullahi, SA and Unyah, NZ}, title = {Detection of rodent-borne parasitic pathogens of wild rats in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia: A potential threat to human health.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {174-182}, pmid = {32099788}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {Rodent species, such as Rattus rattus diardii and Rattus norvegicus are invasive species of wild rats that serve as potential reservoirs of important human's pathogens. Parasitic zoonosis accounts for over 60% of all human infectious diseases worldwide. This situation arises from the recent changes in the global climate and ecosystem composition, which led to the spread of rodents and rodent-borne pathogens globally. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of rodent's parasites and their zoonotic potentials in some selected areas in UPM. Rodents were captured using live-traps and euthanised for helminths and protozoan recovery. Intestinal parasites were detected and identified from stool samples using formalin ethyl-acetate concentration technique (FECT), while tissue parasites were identified by histopathological examination of selected tissue sections of the liver, brain, lungs, and muscle. In this study, a total of 89 wild rats were captured. Twelve species of intestinal and tissue parasites were recorded, of which, Taenia taeniaeformis accounts for the highest infection recorded (28%) followed by Hymenolepis nana (19.5%) and Capillaria hepatica (19.1%), while Toxoplasma gondii was the least parasite (6.7%) identified. Furthermore, other parasites species observed include, Cryptosporidium spp. (21.3%), Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar and Moniliformis moniliformis (17.9%), Angiostrongylus cantonensis (16.8%), Hymenolepis diminuta (16.1%), Giardia spp. (14.6%), Trichuris spp. (12.3%), and Sarcocystis spp. (6.74). Based on the results obtained in the present study, 17.1% and 15.4% of the rodents captured were confirmed positive for at least one species of intestinal or tissue parasites, respectively. The presence of these zoonotic parasites in the wild rats suggests the potential risk of rodent-borne zoonotic disease transmission to humans. Hence, the need to improved rats control intervention and public health awareness among the populace.}, }
@article {pmid32099266, year = {2020}, author = {Smith, KR and Barthman-Thompson, LM and Estrella, SK and Riley, MK and Trombley, SN and Rose, CA and Kelt, DA}, title = {Demography of the salt marsh harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris halicoetes) and associated rodents in tidal and managed wetlands.}, journal = {Journal of mammalogy}, volume = {101}, number = {1}, pages = {129-142}, pmid = {32099266}, issn = {0022-2372}, abstract = {Suisun Marsh (Solano County, California) is the largest contiguous marsh remaining on the West Coast of the United States, and makes up approximately 10% of the wetlands remaining in the San Francisco Estuary. Suisun Marsh has been safeguarded from development through the operation of over 100 privately owned waterfowl hunting clubs, which manage for diked waterfowl habitat. However, this management-and the subsequent loss of tidal influence-has been considered harmful for some species, including the endangered salt marsh harvest mouse (SMHM; Reithrodontomys raviventris). To determine the value of tidal wetlands relative to those managed for waterfowl, we performed periodic surveys for rodents in managed and tidal wetlands over 5 years, and used capture-mark-recapture analyses to estimate demographic parameters and abundance for the three most common rodents-the northern SMHM (R. r. halicoetes), the western harvest mouse (a sympatric native species; R. megalotis, WHM), and the house mouse (a sympatric invasive species; Mus musculus). Wetland type had no effect on detection, temporary emigration, or survival for any of these species. However, fecundity and population growth for all three species were affected by an interaction of season and wetland type, although none of these parameters was consistently superior in either habitat type. Estimated abundance of SMHM and Mus was similar in both wetland types, whereas WHM were more abundant in managed wetlands. Salt marsh harvest mice also showed no affinity for any microhabitat characteristics associated with tidal wetlands. Managed wetlands in Suisun Marsh support SMHM and Mus equally, and abundances of WHM were greater than in tidal wetlands, suggesting managed wetlands may be superior in terms of supporting native rodents. As climate change and sea level rise are predicted to threaten coastal marshes, these results suggest the recovery strategy for SMHM could incorporate managed wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid32098885, year = {2020}, author = {Neel, LK and Curlis, JD and Kinsey, CT and Cox, CL and McBrayer, LD}, title = {Acclimatization in the physiological performance of an introduced ectotherm.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {223}, number = {Pt 6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.201517}, pmid = {32098885}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; Body Temperature ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Florida ; *Lizards ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic flexibility may facilitate range expansion by allowing organisms to maintain high levels of performance when introduced to novel environments. Phenotypic flexibility, such as reversible acclimatization, permits organisms to achieve high performance over a wide range of environmental conditions, without the costly allocation or acquisition tradeoffs associated with behavioral thermoregulation, which may expedite range expansion in introduced species. The northern curly-tailed lizard, Leiocephalus carinatus, was introduced to the USA in the 1940s and is now established in southern Florida. We measured bite force and the thermal sensitivity of sprinting of L. carinatus during the winter and spring to determine how morphology and performance varied seasonally. We found evidence of seasonal variation in several aspects of physiological performance. Lizards sampled in spring sprinted faster and tolerated higher temperatures, while lizards sampled in winter had high performance over a wider range of temperatures. Furthermore, seasonal differences in physiology were only detected after generating thermal reaction norms. Both sprint and bite force performance did not differ seasonally when solely comparing performance at a common temperature. No seasonal relationships between morphology and performance were detected. Our results suggest that L. carinatus may use reversible acclimatization to maintain high levels of performance across seasons not typically experienced within their native range. Thermal physiology plasticity may ameliorate the impacts of sub-optimal temperatures on performance without the cost of behavioral thermoregulation. Our work highlights the importance of utilizing reaction norms when evaluating performance and the potential ecological impacts of introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid32098163, year = {2020}, author = {Effah, E and Barrett, DP and Peterson, PG and Godfrey, AJR and Potter, MA and Holopainen, JK and Clavijo McCormick, A}, title = {Natural Variation in Volatile Emissions of the Invasive Weed Calluna vulgaris in New Zealand.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {32098163}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {Massey University Research Fund//Massey University/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants pose a threat to natural ecosystems, changing the community composition and ecological dynamics. One aspect that has received little attention is the production and emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by invasive plants. Investigating VOCs is important because they are involved in vital ecological interactions such as pollination, herbivory and plant competition. Heather, Calluna vulgaris, is a major invasive weed in New Zealand, especially on the Central Plateau, where it has spread rapidly since its introduction in 1912, outcompeting native species. However, the chemical behaviour of heather in its invaded ranges is poorly understood. We aimed to explore the natural variation in volatile emissions of heather and the biotic and abiotic factors influencing them on the Central Plateau of New Zealand. To this end, foliar volatiles produced by heather at four different sites were collected and analysed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Soil properties, herbivory and other environmental data were also collected at each site to investigate their effects on VOC emissions using generalised linear models (GLMs). Our results reveal significant differences in VOC emissions between sites and suggest that soil nutrients are the main factor accounting for these differences. Herbivory and temperature had only a minor effect, while soil water content had no impact. Further studies are needed to investigate how these variations in the invasive plant's foliar volatiles influence native species.}, }
@article {pmid32098137, year = {2020}, author = {Drakou, K and Nikolaou, T and Vasquez, M and Petric, D and Michaelakis, A and Kapranas, A and Papatheodoulou, A and Koliou, M}, title = {The Effect of Weather Variables on Mosquito Activity: A Snapshot of the Main Point of Entry of Cyprus.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {32098137}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Culex/*physiology ; Cyprus ; Mosquito Vectors/physiology ; Population Density ; *Weather ; }, abstract = {Mosquitoes are vectors of pathogens, causing human and animal diseases. Their ability to adapt and expand worldwide increases spread of mosquito-borne diseases. Climate changes contribute in enhancing these "epidemic conditions". Understanding the effect of weather variables on mosquito seasonality and host searching activity contributes towards risk control of the mosquito-borne disease outbreaks. To enable early detection of Aedes invasive species we developed a surveillance network for both invasive and native mosquitoes at the main point of entry for the first time in Cyprus. Mosquito sampling was carried out for one year (May 2017-June 2018), at bimonthly intervals around Limassol port. Morphological and molecular identification confirmed the presence of 5 species in the study region: Culex. pipiens, Aedes detritus, Ae. caspius, Culiseta longiareolata and Cs. annulata. No invasive Aedes mosquito species were detected. The Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression were used to compare number of sampled mosquitoes and weather variables for three most numerous species (Cx. pipiens, Ae. detritus and Ae. caspius). The population densities of the most numerous species were highest from February to April. Number of Cx. pipiens (-0.48), Ae. detritus (-0.40) and Ae. caspius (-0.38) specimens sampled was negatively correlated with average daily temperature. Monthly relative humidity showed positive correlation with the numbers of the species sampled, Cx. pipiens (0.66) Ae. detritus (0.68), and Ae. caspius (0.71). Mosquito abundance of Cx. pipiens (0.97) and Ae. detritus (0.98) was strongly correlated to seasonal precipitation as well. Our work is a stepping stone to further stimulate implementation of International Health Regulations and implementation of early warning surveillance system for detection of invasive Aedes mosquitoes, native mosquitoes and arboviruses they may transmit. A network for the surveillance of both invasive and native mosquito species at the main point of entry for the first time in Cyprus was developed. Number of mosquitoes sampled was correlated with weather factors to identify parameters that might predict mosquito activity and species distribution to the prevention of international spread of vector mosquitoes and vector-borne diseases.}, }
@article {pmid32097104, year = {2020}, author = {Mullin, BR and Reyda, FB}, title = {High Prevalence of the Copepod Salmincola californiensis in Steelhead Trout in Lake Ontario Following its Recent Invasion.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {106}, number = {1}, pages = {198-200}, pmid = {32097104}, issn = {1937-2345}, mesh = {Animals ; Copepoda/*growth &amp; development ; Ectoparasitic Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Fisheries ; Gills/parasitology ; Lakes ; New York/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Trout/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Salmincola californiensis (Dana, 1853) (Subclass Copepoda: Family Lernaeopodidae) is known to parasitize salmonids of the genus Oncorhynchus including Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (chinook salmon), and Oncorhynchus kisutch (coho salmon). These 3 salmonids have been introduced to the Great Lakes intermittently since the mid-1800s. As we demonstrate here, the introduction of these salmonids to the Great Lakes was followed, at some point, by the introduction of their parasitic gill copepod, S. californiensis. Given anecdotal accounts of S. californiensis in introduced salmonids in Lake Ontario since 2012, we chose to conduct a survey to formally document the occurrence of this introduced species. Our survey took place during spring, summer, and fall of 2018 and during spring of 2019 at the south-eastern side of Lake Ontario. Prevalence of S. californiensis was 69, with a mean intensity of 2.7 in 61 rainbow trout examined in 2018. In 2019, prevalence of S. californiensis was 71, with a mean intensity of 3.6 in 59 rainbow trout examined. The prevalence of S. californiensis was 39, with a mean intensity of 1.6 in 223 chinook salmon examined in 2018. No specimens of S. californiensis were found in the 100 coho salmon examined in 2018. The prevalence of S. californiensis in rainbow trout is of great concern considering that it is double that found in rainbow trout in the native range (69 [in 2018] and 71 [in 2019] vs. 35). This is the first formal documentation of the invasion of S. californiensis in Lake Ontario. Future fisheries management decisions in Lake Ontario and its tributaries should take into account these data.}, }
@article {pmid32097045, year = {2020}, author = {Little, CJ and Fronhofer, EA and Altermatt, F}, title = {Nonlinear Effects of Intraspecific Competition Alter Landscape-Wide Scaling Up of Ecosystem Function.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {195}, number = {3}, pages = {432-444}, doi = {10.1086/707018}, pmid = {32097045}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*physiology ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; *Plant Leaves ; Population Density ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {A major focus of ecology is to understand and predict ecosystem function across scales. Many ecosystem functions are measured only at local scales, while their effects occur at a landscape level. Here we investigate how landscape-scale predictions of ecosystem function depend on intraspecific competition, a fine-scale process, by manipulating intraspecific density of shredding macroinvertebrates and examining effects on leaf litter decomposition, a key function in freshwater ecosystems. For two species, we found that per capita leaf processing rates declined with increasing density following power functions with negative exponents, likely due to interference competition. To demonstrate consequences of this nonlinearity, we scaled up estimates of leaf litter processing from shredder abundance surveys in 10 replicated headwater streams. In accordance with Jensen's inequality, applying density-dependent consumption rates reduced estimates of catchment-scale leaf consumption by an order of magnitude relative to density-independent rates. Density-dependent consumption estimates aligned closely with metabolic requirements in catchments with large-but not small-shredder populations. Importantly, shredder abundance was not limited by leaf litter availability, and catchment-level leaf litter supply was much higher than estimated consumption. Thus leaf litter processing was not limited by resource supply. Our work highlights the need for scaling up, which accounts for intraspecific interactions.}, }
@article {pmid32097041, year = {2020}, author = {Erm, P and Phillips, BL}, title = {Evolution Transforms Pushed Waves into Pulled Waves.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {195}, number = {3}, pages = {E87-E99}, doi = {10.1086/707324}, pmid = {32097041}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Understanding the dynamics of biological invasions is crucial for managing numerous phenomena, from invasive species to tumors. While the Allee effect (where individuals in low-density populations suffer lowered fitness) is known to influence both the ecological and the evolutionary dynamics of an invasion, the possibility that an invader's susceptibility to the Allee effect might itself evolve has received little attention. Since invasion fronts are regions of perpetually low population density, selection should be expected to favor vanguard invaders that are resistant to Allee effects. This may not only cause invasions to accelerate over time but, by mitigating the Allee effects experienced by the vanguard, also make the invasion transition from a pushed wave, propelled by dispersal from behind the invasion front, to a pulled wave, driven instead by the invasion vanguard. To examine this possibility, we construct an individual-based model in which a trait that governs resistance to the Allee effect is allowed to evolve during an invasion. We find that vanguard invaders evolve resistance to the Allee effect, causing invasions to accelerate. This results in invasions transforming from pushed waves to pulled waves, an outcome with consequences for invasion speed, population genetic structure, and other emergent behaviors. These findings underscore the importance of accounting for evolution in invasion forecasts and suggest that evolution has the capacity to fundamentally alter invasion dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid32095338, year = {2020}, author = {Sirsi, S and Marsh, MJ and Forstner, MRJ}, title = {Evaluating the effects of red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) on juvenile Houston Toads (Bufo [=Anaxyrus] houstonensis) in Colorado County, TX.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e8480}, pmid = {32095338}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The spread of invasive species is considered a major threat to biodiversity, second only to habitat loss. Red Imported Fire Ants (Solenopsis invicta) are a globally invasive species with negative impacts reported on native invertebrate and vertebrate species. Federally endangered Houston Toads (Bufo [=Anaxyrus] houstonensis), endemic to Texas, are among the vertebrates reportedly negatively impacted by Red Imported Fire Ants (RIFA). Threats posed by RIFA to Houston Toads needed to be explicitly characterized. Large-scale chemical treatments to suppress RIFA and facilitate brood survival in Attwater's prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri) at the Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge (APCNWR) afforded us an opportunity to experimentally examine the influence of RIFA abundance on juvenile Houston Toad growth and survival. We also sought to examine whether juvenile Houston Toads could grow and survive in a vegetation type similar to a historic species locality. We conducted a terrestrial mesocosm experiment to test whether the application of bait-driven suppressant decreased counts of RIFA relative to untreated sites. We examined whether counts of native ant and non-ant native invertebrates were higher in response to potential decreases in RIFA. We compared growth and survival rates in juvenile Houston Toads among treated and untreated sites, expecting juvenile growth and survival to be higher in response to potentially decreased RIFA counts and increased native invertebrate counts. We saw lower counts of RIFA in treated prairies, but we also observed a decrease in native ant counts possibly due to chemical treatment. Therefore, the application of bait-driven suppressant may not affect RIFA alone. We saw no difference in counts of non-ant invertebrates among treated and untreated sites. Juvenile Houston Toads did not differ in growth and survival among treated and untreated sites. We recognize that the lack of a relationship between juvenile growth and survival with a treatment effect, and therefore RIFA abundance, may be limited to APCNWR. We encourage additional experimental studies to elucidate RIFA impacts at other sites. We extrapolated apparent survival estimates from our study to one year. These appear comparable to juvenile survivorship required in simulations for Houston Toad population persistence and on this basis, we recommend that APCNWR be re-evaluated as a reintroduction site for Houston Toads. We also recommend further studies to potentially broaden the regulatory definition of Houston Toad habitat beyond the current restrictive view of canopied forest alone. Such studies would need to examine the utility of native grasslands as dispersal corridors/upland habitat for juvenile Houston Toads. Our findings emphasize the utility of experimental studies in directly examining the influence of perceived threats to imperiled species and the role of such clarifications in adapting recovery efforts.}, }
@article {pmid32095331, year = {2020}, author = {Zargarpour, N and McKenzie, CH and Favaro, B}, title = {A field-based investigation of behavioural interactions between invasive green crab (Carcinus maenas), rock crab (Cancer irroratus), and American lobster (Homarus americanus) in southern Newfoundland.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e8444}, pmid = {32095331}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Marine species invasions pose a global threat to native biodiversity and commercial fisheries. The European green crab (Carcinus maenas) is one of the most successful marine invaders worldwide and has, in the last decade, invaded the southern and western coastal waters of the island of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador (NL), Canada. Impacts of green crab on the American lobster (Homarus americanus), which are native to Newfoundland, are not well understood, particularly for interactions around deployed fishing gear. Declines in lobster catch rates in invaded systems (i.e., Placentia Bay, NL), have prompted concerns among lobster fishers that green crab are interfering with lobster catch. Here, we conducted a field experiment in a recently-invaded bay (2013) in which we deployed lobster traps pre-stocked with green crab, native rock crab (Cancer irroratus) (a procedural control), or empty (control). We compared catch per unit effort across each category, and used underwater cameras to directly observe trap performance in situ. In addition, we used SCUBA surveys to determine the correlation between ambient density of lobster and green crab in the ecosystem and the catch processes of lobster in traps. We found: (1) Regardless of the species of crab stocked, crab presence reduced the total number of lobster that attempted to enter the trap, and also reduced entry success rate, (2) lobster consumed green crab, rock crab and other lobster inside traps and (3) there was a positive association between lobster catch and ambient lobster density. Our results suggest that while there was a relationship between in-trap crab density and trap catch rates, it was not linked to the non-native/native status of the crab species.}, }
@article {pmid32086977, year = {2020}, author = {Lantschner, MV and Corley, JC and Liebhold, AM}, title = {Drivers of global Scolytinae invasion patterns.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {30}, number = {5}, pages = {e02103}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2103}, pmid = {32086977}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {//USDA Forest Service/International ; //International Cooperation grant CONICET-NSF/International ; EVA4.0, No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803//OP RDE/International ; PICT 2016-705//Agencia Nacional de Promoci&#xf3;n Cient&#xed;fica y Tecnol&#xf3;gica/International ; }, mesh = {Ambrosia ; Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are affected by characteristics of invading species, strength of pathway connectivity among world regions and habitat characteristics of invaded regions. These factors may interact in complex ways to drive geographical variation in numbers of invasions among world regions. Understanding the role of these drivers provides information that is crucial to the development of effective biosecurity policies. Here we assemble for the first time a global database of historical invasions of Scolytinae species and explore factors explaining geographical variation in numbers of species invading different regions. This insect group includes several pest species with massive economic and ecological impacts and these beetles are known to be accidentally moved with wood packaging in global trade. Candidate explanatory characteristics included in this analysis are cumulative trade among world regions, size of source species pools, forest area, and climatic similarity of the invaded region with source regions. Species capable of sib-mating comprised the highest proportion on nonnative Scolytines, and these species colonized a higher number of regions than outbreeders. The size of source species pools offered little power in explaining variation in numbers of invasions among world regions nor did climate or forest area. In contrast, cumulative trade had a strong and consistent positive relationship with numbers of Scolytinae species moving from one region to another, and this effect was highest for bark beetles, followed by ambrosia beetles, and was low for seed and twig feeders. We conclude that global variation in Scolytine invasions is primarily driven by variation in trade levels among world regions. Results stress the importance of global trade as the primary driver of historical Scolytinae invasions and we anticipate other hitchhiking species would exhibit similar patterns. One implication of these results is that invasions between certain world regions may be historically low because of past low levels of trade but future economic shifts could result in large numbers of new invasions as a result of increased trade among previously isolated portions of the world. With changing global flow of goods among world regions, it is crucial that biosecurity efforts keep pace to minimize future invasions and their impacts.}, }
@article {pmid32085564, year = {2020}, author = {Hock, M and Plos, C and Sporbert, M and Erfmeier, A}, title = {Combined Effects of UV-B and Drought on Native and Exotic Populations of Verbascum thapsus L.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {32085564}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {During plant invasions, exotic species have to face new environmental challenges and are affected by interacting components of global change, which may include more stressful environmental conditions. We investigated an invasive species of New Zealand grasslands, commonly exposed to two concomitant and limiting abiotic factors-high levels of ultraviolet-B radiation and drought. The extent to which Verbascum thapsus may respond to these interacting stress factors via adaptive responses was assessed in a greenhouse experiment comprising native German plants and plants of exotic New Zealand origins. Plants from both origins were grown within four treatments resulting from the crossed combinations of two levels of UV-B and drought. Over twelve weeks, we recorded growth, morphological characteristics, physiological responses and productivity. The results showed that drought stress had the strongest effect on biomass, morphology and physiology. Significant effects of UV-B radiation were restricted to variables of leaf morphology and physiology. We found neither evidence for additive effects of UV-B and drought nor origin-dependent stress responses that would indicate local adaptation of native or exotic populations. We conclude that drought-resistant plant species might be predisposed to handle high UV-B levels, but emphasize the importance of setting comparable magnitudes in stress levels when testing experimentally for antagonistic interaction effects between two manipulated factors.}, }
@article {pmid32083742, year = {2020}, author = {LaForgia, ML and Harrison, SP and Latimer, AM}, title = {Invasive species interact with climatic variability to reduce success of natives.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {101}, number = {6}, pages = {e03022}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3022}, pmid = {32083742}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {//National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship/International ; //Davis Botanical Society Student Research Grant/International ; //The Nature Conservancy Oren Pollak Grasslands Research Grant/International ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; *Droughts ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; Water ; }, abstract = {Plants have evolved resource-conservative and resource-acquisitive strategies to deal with variability in rainfall, but interactions with dominant invasive species may undermine these adaptations. To investigate the relative effect of invaders on species with these two strategies, we manipulated rainfall and invasive grass presence and measured demographic rates in three resource-acquisitive and three resource-conservative native annual forbs. We found that invasive grasses were harmful to all of the target species, but especially the resource-acquisitive ones, and that these effects were stronger under experimental drought. Invasive grass presence under drought lowered per capita population growth rates of acquisitive natives through increased mortality and decreased seed set. While invasive grasses also decreased per capita growth rates of resource-conservative natives, they did so by increasing mortality under experimental watering and by limiting the production of seed under experimental drought. Invasive species can thus interact with climatic fluctuations to make bad years worse for resource-acquisitive natives and good years less good for resource-conservative natives, and they may generally tend to undermine the acquisitive strategy more than the conservative one.}, }
@article {pmid32083724, year = {2020}, author = {Uesugi, A and Baker, DJ and de Silva, N and Nurkowski, K and Hodgins, KA}, title = {A lack of genetically compatible mates constrains the spread of an invasive weed.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {226}, number = {6}, pages = {1864-1872}, doi = {10.1111/nph.16496}, pmid = {32083724}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Australia ; Genetic Variation ; *Plant Weeds/genetics ; Pollination ; Seeds/genetics ; *Solidago ; }, abstract = {Introduced populations often experience lag times before invasion, but the mechanisms constraining rapid expansions of introduced populations are unclear. Solidago altissima is a North American native plant with highly invasive Japanese populations and introduced Australian populations that are not invasive despite the climatic and ecological suitability of the region. By contrasting Australian with Japanese populations, we tested the hypothesis that Australian population growth is limited by a lack of long-distance dispersal via seeds owing to a limited number of compatible mates. In the field, Australian populations rarely produced viable seeds. A cross-pollination experiment found that Australian plants are fertile, yet lack compatible mates within Australia. Genetic analysis revealed that Australian individuals descend from a small set of self-incompatible genetic clones, which explains the negligible seed set within Australia. Our results show that low genetic diversity, leading to mate incompatibility, inhibits invasiveness of Australian S. altissima, and provides compelling evidence for genetic, rather than ecological, factors constraining invasion in Australia.}, }
@article {pmid32083299, year = {2020}, author = {Lewis, CD and Levine, BA and Vargo, EL and Schal, C and Booth, W}, title = {Recent Detection of Multiple Populations of the Tropical Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Exhibiting kdr-Associated Mutations in Hawaii.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {57}, number = {4}, pages = {1077-1081}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjaa022}, pmid = {32083299}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Animals ; Bedbugs/*genetics ; Female ; Hawaii ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Insecticide Resistance/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Mutation ; Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels/*genetics ; }, abstract = {In recent years, bed bugs have experienced a remarkable resurgence on a near global scale. While reports have primarily focused on the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (L.), which has resurged largely in temperate regions, in tropical regions the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (F.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), has reemerged as well. Recent reports of C. hemipterus introductions to subtropical and temperate regions, outside of the species natural distribution, suggest the potential for establishment and further spread. Establishment may be aided by insecticide resistance mechanisms, such as the presence of knockdown resistance (kdr)-associated mutations, which potentially confer resistance to pyrethroid, pyrethrin, and organochloride insecticides. Here, we present the first report of the detection and likely establishment of C. hemipterus in Honolulu, Hawaii, from samples collected in 2009 and 2019. Furthermore, through partial sequencing of the voltage-gated sodium channel, we report the presence of kdr-associated mutations in all samples. These findings have implications for the implementation of control strategies aimed at eradicating infestations.}, }
@article {pmid32081991, year = {2020}, author = {Herrando-Moraira, S and Vitales, D and Nualart, N and Gómez-Bellver, C and Ibáñez, N and Massó, S and Cachón-Ferrero, P and González-Gutiérrez, PA and Guillot, D and Herrera, I and Shaw, D and Stinca, A and Wang, Z and López-Pujol, J}, title = {Global distribution patterns and niche modelling of the invasive Kalanchoe × houghtonii (Crassulaceae).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {3143}, pmid = {32081991}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Kalanchoe/*genetics/*physiology ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/metabolism ; Software ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species are currently considered one of the main threats to global biodiversity. One of the most rapidly expanding invasive plants in recent times is Kalanchoe × houghtonii (Crassulaceae), an artificial hybrid created in the 1930s in the United States by experimental crossings between K. daigremontiana and K. tubiflora, two species endemic to Madagascar. Thanks to its large colonizing capacity (mainly derived from the production of asexual plantlets), K. × houghtonii soon escaped from cultivation and quickly spread in many parts of the world. However, its actual range is not well known due to the lack of a formal description until recent times (2006) and its strong morphological resemblance with one of its parentals (K. daigremontiana). The present study was aimed, in the first instance, to delimit the present distribution area of K. × houghtonii at the global scale by gathering and validating all its occurrences and to track its colonization history. Currently, K. × houghtonii can be found on all continents except Antarctica, although it did not reach a global distribution until the 2000s. Its potential distribution, estimated with MaxEnt modelling software, is mainly centered in subtropical regions, from 20° to 40° of both northern and southern latitudes, mostly in areas with a high anthropogenic activity. Unexpectedly, concomitant to a poleward migration, future niche models suggest a considerable reduction of its range by up to one-third compared to the present, which might be related with the Crassulaceaean Acid Metabolism (CAM) of K. × houghtonii. Further research may shed light as to whether a decrease in potential habitats constitutes a general pattern for Crassulaceae and CAM plants.}, }
@article {pmid32080922, year = {2020}, author = {Smyser, TJ and Tabak, MA and Slootmaker, C and Robeson, MS and Miller, RS and Bosse, M and Megens, HJ and Groenen, MAM and Paiva, SR and de Faria, DA and Blackburn, HD and Schmit, BS and Piaggio, AJ}, title = {Mixed ancestry from wild and domestic lineages contributes to the rapid expansion of invasive feral swine.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {6}, pages = {1103-1119}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15392}, pmid = {32080922}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/*genetics ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sus scrofa/*genetics ; United States ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species are a significant threat to both economic and ecological systems. Identifying the processes that give rise to invasive populations is essential for implementing effective control strategies. We conducted an ancestry analysis of invasive feral swine (Sus scrofa, Linnaeus, 1758), a highly destructive ungulate that is widely distributed throughout the contiguous United States, to describe introduction pathways, sources of newly emergent populations and processes contributing to an ongoing invasion. Comparisons of high-density single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes for 6,566 invasive feral swine to a comprehensive reference set of S. scrofa revealed that the vast majority of feral swine were of mixed ancestry, with dominant genetic associations to Western heritage breeds of domestic pig and European populations of wild boar. Further, the rapid expansion of invasive feral swine over the past 30 years was attributable to secondary introductions from established populations of admixed ancestry as opposed to direct introductions of domestic breeds or wild boar. Spatially widespread genetic associations of invasive feral swine to European wild boar deviated strongly from historical S. scrofa introduction pressure, which was largely restricted to domestic pigs with infrequent, localized wild boar releases. The deviation between historical introduction pressure and contemporary genetic ancestry suggests wild boar-hybridization may contribute to differential fitness in the environment and heightened invasive potential for individuals of admixed domestic pig-wild boar ancestry.}, }
@article {pmid32080374, year = {2020}, author = {Sendell-Price, AT and Ruegg, KC and Clegg, SM}, title = {Rapid morphological divergence following a human-mediated introduction: the role of drift and directional selection.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {124}, number = {4}, pages = {535-549}, pmid = {32080374}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Animals ; *Genetic Drift ; Genome ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; *Passeriformes/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Polynesia ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Theory predicts that when populations are established by few individuals, random founder effects can facilitate rapid phenotypic divergence even in the absence of selective processes. However, empirical evidence from historically documented colonisations suggest that, in most cases, drift alone is not sufficient to explain the rate of morphological divergence. Here, using the human-mediated introduction of the silvereye (Zosterops lateralis) to French Polynesia, which represents a potentially extreme example of population founding, we reassess the potential for morphological shifts to arise via drift alone. Despite only 80 years of separation from their New Zealand ancestors, French Polynesian silvereyes displayed significant changes in body and bill size and shape, most of which could be accounted for by drift, without the need to invoke selection. However, signatures of selection at genes previously identified as candidates for bill size and body shape differences in a range of bird species, also suggests a role for selective processes in driving morphological shifts within this population. Twenty-four SNPs in our RAD-Seq dataset were also found to be strongly associated with phenotypic variation. Hence, even under population founding extremes, when it is difficult to reject drift as the sole mechanism based on rate tests of phenotypic shifts, the additional role of divergent natural selection in novel environments can be revealed at the level of the genome.}, }
@article {pmid32077183, year = {2020}, author = {Qin, TJ and Zhou, J and Sun, Y and Müller-Schärer, H and Luo, FL and Dong, BC and Li, HL and Yu, FH}, title = {Phylogenetic diversity is a better predictor of wetland community resistance to Alternanthera philoxeroides invasion than species richness.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {591-599}, doi = {10.1111/plb.13101}, pmid = {32077183}, issn = {1438-8677}, support = {2017ZX07602-004-003//China Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment/ ; 2016YFC1201100//National Key Research and Development Program/ ; 2015ZCQ-BH-01//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; //Beijing Municipal Education Commission/ ; //China Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment2017ZX07602-004-003/ ; 31470475//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2018R52016//Ten Thousand Talent Program of Zhejiang Province/ ; }, mesh = {*Amaranthaceae ; *Biodiversity ; China ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Phylogeny ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/classification ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Highly biodiversity communities have been shown to better resist plant invasions through complementarity effects. Species richness (SR) is a widely used biodiversity metric but lacks explanatory power when there are only a few species. Communities with low SR can have a wide variety of phylogenetic diversities (PD), which might allow for a better prediction of invasibility. We assessed the effect of diversity reduction of a wetland community assemblage typical of the Beijing area on biotic resistance to invasion of the exotic weed Alternanthera philoxeroides and compared the reduction in SR and PD in predicting community invasibility. The eight studied resident species performed similarly when grown alone and when grown in eight-species communities together with the invasive A. philoxeroides. Variation partitioning showed that PD contributed more to variation in both A. philoxeroides traits and community indicators than SR. All A. philoxeroides traits and community indicators, except for evenness index, showed a linear relationship with PD. However, only stem length of A. philoxeroides differed between the one- and two-species treatments, and the diversity index of the communities differed between the one- and two-species treatments and between the one- and four-species treatments. Our results showed that in natural or semi-natural wetlands with relatively low SR, PD may be a better predictor of invasibility than SR. When designing management strategies for mitigating A. philoxeroides invasion, deliberately raising PD is expected to be more efficient than simply increasing species number.}, }
@article {pmid32076540, year = {2020}, author = {Johnson, MKA and Johnson, OPJ and Johnson, RA and Johnson, MTJ}, title = {The role of spines in anthropogenic seed dispersal on the Galápagos Islands.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {1639-1647}, pmid = {32076540}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Dispersal has important ecological and evolutionary consequences for populations, but understanding the role of specific traits in dispersal can be difficult and requires careful experimentation. Moreover, understanding how humans alter dispersal is an important question, especially on oceanic islands where anthropogenic disturbance through species introductions can dramatically alter native ecosystems.In this study, we investigated the functional role of spines in seed dispersal of the plant caltrop (Tribulus cistoides L., Zygophyllaceae) by anthropogenic dispersal agents. We also tested whether humans or wildlife are more important seed dispersers of T. cistoides on the Galápagos. Tribulus cistoides is found on tropical mainland and oceanic island habitats. The dispersal structure of T. cistoides is called a mericarp, and they are typically protected by one pair of upper spines and a second pair of lower spines, but the presence and size of spines varies within and between populations. On the Galápagos, the upper and lower spines protect mericarps from seed predation by Darwin's finches. We tested whether spines play a dual role in dispersal by factorially manipulating the presence/absence of the upper and lower spines to simulate natural variation in mericarp morphology.The upper spines greatly facilitated seed dispersal, whereas the lower spines had no discernible effect on dispersal. The presence of upper spines increased dispersal rate on shoes by pedestrians 23-fold, on fabrics (e.g., towels) and cars by nearly twofold, and the presence of upper spines increased dispersal distance by cars sixfold. When comparing dispersal rates in habitats with high (roads and foot paths) versus low (arid forest) anthropogenic activity, dispersal rates were demonstrably higher in the habitats with more human activity.These results have important implications for understanding the ecology and evolution of plant dispersal in the Anthropocene. Spines on the fruits of T. cistoides play important functional roles in anthropogenic dispersal, whereas native and introduced wildlife plays a minor role in dispersal on inhabited islands of the Galápagos. Our results imply that seed predators and humans are jointly shaping the ecology and evolution of contemporary populations of T. cistoides on the Galápagos.}, }
@article {pmid32076511, year = {2020}, author = {Li, W and Zheng, Y and Zhang, L and Lei, Y and Li, Y and Liao, Z and Li, Z and Feng, Y}, title = {Postintroduction evolution contributes to the successful invasion of Chromolaena odorata.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {1252-1263}, pmid = {32076511}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis states that, when introduced in a novel habitat, invasive species may reallocate resources from costly quantitative defense mechanisms against enemies to dispersal and reproduction; meanwhile, the refinement of EICA suggests that concentrations of toxins used for qualitative defense against generalist herbivores may increase. Previous studies considered that only few genotypes were introduced to the new range, whereas most studies to test the EICA (or the refinement of EICA) hypotheses did not consider founder effects.In this study, genetic and phenotypic data of Chromolaena odorata populations sampled across native and introduced ranges were combined to investigate the role of postintroduction evolution in the successful invasion of C. odorata.Compared with native populations, the introduced populations exhibited lower levels of genetic diversity. Moreover, different founder effects events were interpreted as the main cause of the genetic structure observed in introduced ranges. Three Florida, two Trinidad, and two Puerto Rico populations may have been the sources of the invasive C. odorata in Asia.When in free of competition conditions, C. odorata plants from introduced ranges perform better than those from native ranges at high nutrient supply but not at low nutrient level. The differences in performance due to competition were significantly greater for C. odorata plants from the native range than those from the introduced range at both nutrient levels. Moreover, the differences in performance by competition were significantly greater for putative source populations than for invasive populations.Quantities of three types of secondary compounds in leaves of invasive C. odorata populations were significantly higher than those in putative source populations. These results provide more accurate evidence that the competitive ability of the introduced C. odorata is increased with postintroduction evolution.}, }
@article {pmid32076002, year = {2020}, author = {Haenniger, S and Goergen, G and Akinbuluma, MD and Kunert, M and Heckel, DG and Unbehend, M}, title = {Sexual communication of Spodoptera frugiperda from West Africa: Adaptation of an invasive species and implications for pest management.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {2892}, pmid = {32076002}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects ; Africa, Western ; Animals ; Arthropod Antennae/drug effects/physiology ; Dodecanol/analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology ; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/pharmacology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Pest Control ; Pheromones/pharmacology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/drug effects/*physiology ; Spodoptera/drug effects/genetics/*physiology ; Zea mays ; }, abstract = {The pest species Spodoptera frugiperda, which is native to North and South America, has invaded Africa in 2016. The species consists of two strains, the corn-strain and rice-strain, which differ in their sexual communication. When we investigated populations from Benin and Nigeria, consisting of corn-strain and rice-corn-hybrid descendants, we found no strain-specific sexual communication differences. Both genotypes exhibited the same pheromone composition, consisting of around 97% (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:Ac), 2% (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:Ac), and 1% (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate (Z9-12:Ac), they had similar electrophysiological responses, and all mated around three hours into scotophase. However, we found geographic variation between African and American populations. The sex pheromone of African corn-strain and hybrid descendant females was similar to American rice-strain females and showed higher percentages of the male-attracting minor component Z7-12:Ac. In addition, African males exhibited the highest antennal sensitivity towards Z7-12:Ac, while American males showed highest sensitivity towards the major pheromone component Z9-14:Ac. Increasing the production of and response to the critical minor component Z7-12:Ac may reduce communication interference with other African Spodoptera species that share the same major pheromone component. The implications of our results on pheromone-based pest management strategies are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid32075683, year = {2020}, author = {Dallimore, T and Goodson, D and Batke, S and Strode, C}, title = {A potential global surveillance tool for effective, low-cost sampling of invasive Aedes mosquito eggs from tyres using adhesive tape.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {91}, pmid = {32075683}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {Research Investment Fund RDSTRO15//Edge Hill University/ ; }, mesh = {Adhesives/economics ; Aedes/classification/genetics/*physiology ; Animals ; Introduced Species/economics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mosquito Control/economics/instrumentation/*methods ; Mosquito Vectors/classification/physiology ; Ovum/classification/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The international movement of used tyres is a major factor responsible for global introductions of Aedes invasive mosquitoes (AIMs) (Diptera: Culicidae) that are major disease vectors (e.g. dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever). Surveillance methods are restricted by expense, availability and efficiency to detect all life stages. Currently, no tested method exists to screen imported used tyres for eggs in diapause, the life stage most at risk from accidental introduction. Here we test the efficiency of adhesive tape as an affordable and readily available material to screen tyres for eggs, testing its effect on hatch rate, larval development, DNA amplification and structural damage on the egg surface.<br><br>RESULTS: We demonstrated that the properties of adhesive tape can influence pick up of dormant eggs attached to dry surfaces. Tapes with high levels of adhesion, such as duct tape, removed eggs with high levels of efficiency (97%&#xa0;&#xb1;&#xa0;3.14). Egg numbers collected from cleaned used tyres were found to explain larval hatch rate success well, particularly in subsequent larval to adult emergence experiments. The strength of this relationship decreased when we tested dirty tyres. Damage to the exochorion was observed following scanning electron microscopy (SEM), possibly resulting in the high variance in the observed model. We found that five days was the optimal time for eggs to remain on all tested tapes for maximum return on hatch rate success. Tape type did not inhibit amplification of DNA of eggs from three, five or ten days of exposure. Using this DNA, genotyping of AIMs was possible using species-specific markers.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated for the first time that adhesive tapes are effective at removing AIM eggs from tyres. We propose that this method could be a standardised tool for surveillance to provide public health authorities and researchers with an additional method to screen tyre cargo. We provide a screening protocol for this purpose. This method has a global applicability and in turn can lead to increased predictability of introductions and improve screening methods at high risk entry points.}, }
@article {pmid32072991, year = {2020}, author = {Lattos, A and Giantsis, IA and Karagiannis, D and Michaelidis, B}, title = {First detection of the invasive Haplosporidian and Mycobacteria parasites hosting the endangered bivalve Pinna nobilis in Thermaikos Gulf, North Greece.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {155}, number = {}, pages = {104889}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104889}, pmid = {32072991}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Endangered Species ; Greece ; Haplosporida/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Mediterranean Sea ; Mycobacterium/*isolation &amp; purification ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Mycobacterium sp. and Haplosporidium pinnae constitute invasive parasite species of bivalves, reported for the first time in the present study in the Aegean Sea and Thermaikos Gulf, respectively. During the last years, the endangered fan mussel (Pinna nobilis) experienced several mortality events in the Mediterranean Sea that caused deaths to 90% or more of their populations and have been attributed to infections by these pathogens. In Greece, two mass mortality events have been recently reported, namely in the Gulf of Kalloni and in Limnos island. In the present study we investigated the presence of both pathogens in P. nobilis from these marine areas as well as from Thermaikos Gulf using both histopathological microscopy and molecular markers. The detected parasite DNA was further quantified in the three populations utilizing a real time qPCR. Histopathological results indicated the presence of a Mycobacterium species alongside with the existence of the Haplosporidian parasite, which was identified in all mortality events in the Mediterranean Sea. The parasite was present in different phases mostly on the digestive gland epithelium. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the taxonomy of the Haplosporidian parasite as the recently described Haplosporidium pinnae, whereas it failed to identify the Mycobacteria parasite at species level. While Mycobacterium sp. was detected in all examined specimens, H. pinnae was not detected in all diseased fan mussels. Interestingly, monitoring of P. nobilis population from Thermaikos Gulf, an estuary of extremely high importance for bivalve production, revealed the presence of both pathogens in a few specimens in higher quantity but with no symptoms of the disease. Besides, all the specimens from Thermaikos Gulf had inflammatory responses similarly to moribund specimens from mortality events.}, }
@article {pmid32072353, year = {2020}, author = {Negrini, M and Fidelis, EG and Picanço, MC and Ramos, RS}, title = {Mapping of the Steneotarsonemus spinki invasion risk in suitable areas for rice (Oryza sativa) cultivation using MaxEnt.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {80}, number = {3}, pages = {445-461}, pmid = {32072353}, issn = {1572-9702}, support = {1/CX/CSRD VA/United States ; 1/CX/CSRD VA/United States ; 1/CX/CSRD VA/United States ; }, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Climate ; Crops, Agricultural/parasitology ; Mites/*pathogenicity ; Oryza/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Rice is one of the most important socioeconomic crops in the world. The tarsonemid mite Steneotarsonemus spinki is one of the most destructive pests for this crop and is restricted to some regions of Asia and America. The aim of this work was to map the risk of S. spinki invasion in rice-growing areas in the world. Presence data of Oryza sativa and S. spinki obtained from the literature and bioclimatic parameters from WorldClim were analyzed in the MaxEnt program to generate suitability indices and distribution maps for each species and for the two species together. High annual mean temperature associated with low temperature annual range were the most important environmental variables for the occurrence of O. sativa and S. spinki, and low rainfall favoring S. spinki. The model indicates that there are climatic conditions for the establishment of S. spinki in important rice-producing regions, such as western and central Africa, Oceania, Asia, and North, Central, and South America. Our results are useful for the efficient establishment of phytosanitary measures to prevent the dispersal of S. spinki to new rice-producing areas.}, }
@article {pmid32071801, year = {2020}, author = {Justine, JL and Winsor, L and Gey, D and Gros, P and Thévenot, J}, title = {Obama chez moi! The invasion of metropolitan France by the land planarian Obama nungara (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e8385}, pmid = {32071801}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Obama nungara is a species of land flatworm originating from South America; the species was recently described and distinguished from a similar species, Obama marmorata. Obama nungara has invaded several countries of Europe, but the extent of the invasion has not been thoroughly mapped.<br><br>METHODS: In this article, based on a five and a half-year survey undertaken by citizen science, which yielded 530 records from 2013 to 2018, we analysed information about the invasion of Metropolitan France by O. nungara. We also investigated the variability of newly obtained cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) sequences of specimens from France, Italy and Switzerland.<br><br>RESULTS: Obama nungara was recorded from 72 of the 96 Departments of Metropolitan France. The species is especially abundant along the Atlantic coast, from the Spanish border to Brittany, and along the Mediterranean coast, from the Spanish border to the Italian border. More than half of the records were from an altitude below 50 m, and no record was from above 500 m; mountainous regions such as the Alps, Pyrenees and Massif Central are not invaded. Local abundance can be impressive, with 100 of specimens found in a small garden. An analysis of our new COI sequences, combined with published sequences of specimens from several countries, confirmed that three clades comprise the species. The first clade, 'Brazil', is currently confined to this country in South America; the second clade, 'Argentina 2', was found in Argentina and in Europe, only in Spain; and the third, 'Argentina 1', was found in Argentina and in Europe, in Spain, Portugal, France, UK, Italy, Belgium, and Switzerland. This suggests that two clades of O. nungara from Argentina have invaded Europe, with one widely spread.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The present findings strongly suggest that O. nungara is a highly invasive species and that the population which has invaded several countries in Europe comes from Argentina. The wide dispersion of the species and its reported local abundance, combined with the predatory character of the species, make O. nungara a potential threat to the biodiversity and ecology of the native soil fauna in Europe, and probably the most threatening species of all invasive land planarians present in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid32070815, year = {2020}, author = {van Wilgen, BW and Raghu, S and Sheppard, AW and Schaffner, U}, title = {Quantifying the social and economic benefits of the biological control of invasive alien plants in natural ecosystems.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {38}, number = {}, pages = {1-5}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2019.12.004}, pmid = {32070815}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; *Pest Control, Biological/economics ; *Plant Weeds ; South Africa ; *Weed Control/economics ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien plants reduce ecosystem service delivery, resulting in environmental, economic and social costs. Here we review the returns on investment from biological control of alien plants that invade natural ecosystems. Quantifying the economic benefits of biological control requires estimates of the reductions in ecosystem goods and services arising from invasion. It also requires post-release monitoring to assess whether biological control can restore them, and conversion of these estimates to monetary values, which has seldom been done. Past studies, mainly from Australia and South Africa, indicate that biological control delivers positive and substantial returns on investment, with benefit:cost ratios ranging from 8:1 to over 3000:1. Recent studies are rare, but they confirm that successful biological control delivers attractive returns on investment, which increase over time as the value of avoided impacts accumulates.}, }
@article {pmid32070798, year = {2020}, author = {Gripshover, ND and Jayne, BC}, title = {Visual Contrast and Intensity Affect Perch Choice of Brown Tree Snakes (Boiga irregularis) and Boa Constrictors (Boa constrictor).}, journal = {Zoology (Jena, Germany)}, volume = {139}, number = {}, pages = {125744}, doi = {10.1016/j.zool.2020.125744}, pmid = {32070798}, issn = {1873-2720}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Motor Activity/*physiology ; Snakes/*physiology ; Visual Perception/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Habitat structure can affect animal movement both by affecting the mechanical demands of locomotion and by influencing where animals choose to go. Arboreal habitats facilitate studying path choice by animals because variation in branch structure has known mechanical consequences, and different branches create discrete choices. Recent laboratory studies have found that arboreal snakes can use vision to select shapes and locations of destinations that mechanically facilitate bridging gaps. However, the extent to which the appearance of objects unrelated to biomechanical demands affects the choice of destinations remains poorly understood for most animal taxa including snakes. Hence, we manipulated the intensity (black, gray, or white), contrast, structure, and locations of destinations to test for their combined effects on perch choice during gap bridging of brown tree snakes and boa constrictors. For a white background and a given perch structure and location, both species had significant preferences for darker perches. The preference for darker destinations was strong enough to override or reduce some preferences for biomechanically advantageous destinations such as those having secondary branches or being located closer or along a straighter trajectory. These results provide a striking example of how visual cues unrelated to the physical structure of surfaces, such as contrast and intensity, can bias choice and, in some cases, supersede a preference for mechanically beneficial surfaces. Because these two species are so phylogenetically distant, some of their similar preferences suggest a sensory bias that may be widespread in snakes. The manipulation of surface color may facilitate management of invasive species, such as the brown tree snakes, by enhancing the efficiency of traps or making certain objects less attractive to them.}, }
@article {pmid32070404, year = {2020}, author = {Wang, W and Durden, LA and Shao, R}, title = {Rapid host expansion of an introduced parasite, the spiny rat louse Polyplax spinulosa (Psocodea: Phthiraptera: Polyplacidae), among endemic rodents in Australia.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {83}, pmid = {32070404}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {RF217-51//Australian Biological Resources Study/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Anoplura/*genetics/physiology ; Australia ; Female ; Geography ; *Host Specificity ; Male ; Museums ; Rats/*parasitology ; Rodent Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Historical European exploration and colonization resulted in the introduction of four species of rodents to the Australian continent from Eurasia: the brown rat, Rattus norvegicus, the black rat, R. rattus, the Pacific rat, R. exulans, and the house mouse, Mus musculus. The spread of these rodents created opportunities for their co-introduced sucking lice to parasitize and adapt to endemic rodents in Australia.<br><br>METHODS: We collected sucking lice from rodent specimens in seven museums across Australia. We identified the spiny rat louse, Polyplax spinulosa, based on morphology. We sequenced the mitochondrial cox1 and rrnL genes of P. spinulosa specimens and constructed a phylogenetic tree with rrnL sequences.<br><br>RESULTS: We examined 989 rodent specimens of 54 species and collected 2111 adult sucking lice and 1064 nymphal sucking lice. We found that P. spinulosa had nearly doubled its host range by parasitizing at least six endemic rodent species in Australia. The other two introduced lice, P. serrata and Hoplopleura pacifica, however, have apparently failed to expand to any endemic rodents in Australia. Our analysis of mitochondrial rrnL gene sequences divided P. spinulosa into two genotypes (European vs Southeast Asian), which differ by 7.5%; both genotypes were introduced into Australia and then expanded their host ranges to include endemic rodents.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The earliest record of a European ship landing in Australia was in 1606, followed by British settlement in 1788. The expansion of P. spinulosa to at least six endemic rodent species in Australia has therefore occurred in the time frame of 200 to 400&#xa0;years, which is extremely rapid relative to its host expansion to eight native rat species in Eurasia in ~&#x2009;16&#xa0;million years since it diverged from P. serrata. The host expansion of P. spinulosa is remarkable for a blood-sucking louse and is in stark contrast to the absence of host expansion by P. serrata and H. pacifica. Comparison among these three introduced sucking lice indicated that both louse-specific factors and host-specific factors can contribute to the success or failure of host expansion.}, }
@article {pmid32067978, year = {2020}, author = {Bojko, J and Behringer, DC and Moler, P and Stratton, CEL and Reisinger, L}, title = {A new lineage of crayfish-infecting Microsporidia: The Cambaraspora floridanus n. gen. n. sp. (Glugeida: Glugeidae) complex from Floridian freshwaters (USA).}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {171}, number = {}, pages = {107345}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2020.107345}, pmid = {32067978}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*microbiology ; Florida ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Pansporablastina/*classification/genetics/*physiology/ultrastructure ; RNA, Fungal/analysis ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/analysis ; }, abstract = {Crayfish are a vital ecological asset in their native range but can be highly damaging as invasive species. Knowledge of their diseases, including high levels of research on Aphanomyces astaci (crayfish plague), show that disease plays a vital role during crayfish invasions. Microsporidian diseases in crayfish are less studied but are thought to have important links to crayfish health and invasion dynamics. In this study we provide a systematic description of a novel microsporidian parasite from the Floridian crayfish, Procambarus paeninsulanus, with additional genetic identification from related Microsporidia from Procambarus fallax, Cambarellus shufeldtii and Cambarellus blacki. This novel microsporidium from P. paeninsulanus is described in a new genus, Cambaraspora, and species, Cambaraspora floridanus, and represents a novel member of the Clade V Microsporidia within the Glugeidae. The parasite develops in the muscle tissue of P. paeninsulanus, within a sporophorous vesicle, and produces a spore with 19-21 turns of the polar filament measuring 6.136 ± 0.84 µm in length and 2.12 ± 0.23 µm in width. The muscle-infecting nature of the parasite suggests that it is horizontally transmitted. Genetic data for the 18S of the parasite from all hosts confirms its assignment to Clade V and reveal it to be a relative of multiple fish-infecting parasites. It shows closest genetic relationship to Glugea plecoglossi, but branches alongside multiple microsporidia from fish, crustaceans and eDNA isolates. The information presented here suggests that this novel parasite may have the potential to infect piscine hosts and is a likely mortality driver in the P. paeninsulanus population. Its potential as a control agent or wildlife disease invasion threat is explored, as well as the placement of this novel microsporidium within the Glugeidae.}, }
@article {pmid32066890, year = {2020}, author = {Anton, A and Geraldi, NR and Lovelock, CE and Apostolaki, ET and Bennett, S and Cebrian, J and Krause-Jensen, D and Marbà, N and Martinetto, P and Pandolfi, JM and Santana-Garcon, J and Duarte, CM}, title = {Reply to: Indiscriminate data aggregation in ecological meta-analysis underestimates impacts of invasive species.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {315-317}, pmid = {32066890}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {*Data Aggregation ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid32066889, year = {2020}, author = {Solgaard Thomsen, M}, title = {Indiscriminate data aggregation in ecological meta-analysis underestimates impacts of invasive species.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {312-314}, pmid = {32066889}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {*Data Aggregation ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid32066886, year = {2020}, author = {Germain, RM and Srivastava, D and Angert, AL}, title = {Evolution of an inferior competitor increases resistance to biological invasion.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {419-425}, pmid = {32066886}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; }, abstract = {Biodiversity is imperilled by the spatial homogenization of life on Earth. As new species invade ecological communities, there is urgent need to understand when native species might resist or succumb to interactions with new species. In the California Floristic Province, a global biodiversity hotspot, we show that populations of a native grass (Vulpia microstachys) have evolved to resist the competitive impacts of a dominant European invader (Bromus hordeaceus). Contrary to classic theory, which predicts that competing species co-evolve to differentiate their niches, our evidence is instead most consistent with the native species having evolved to better compete for those resources used by the invader, curtailing the invader's spread. Evolution to resist an invader was achieved despite populations interacting within a diverse background community (22 species 0.5 m[-2] on average), refuting the oft-cited hypothesis that high diversity precludes the evolution of pairwise species interactions. Lastly, unlike studies that have explored the demographic consequences of evolution under competition, ours does so with naturally evolved populations. Our study highlights evolution as an underappreciated coexistence mechanism, acting to buffer species from extinction in the face of biological invasion.}, }
@article {pmid32063745, year = {2020}, author = {van der Sande, MT and Bruelheide, H and Dawson, W and Dengler, J and Essl, F and Field, R and Haider, S and van Kleunen, M and Kreft, H and Pagel, J and Pergl, J and Purschke, O and Pyšek, P and Weigelt, P and Winter, M and Attorre, F and Aubin, I and Bergmeier, E and Chytrý, M and Dainese, M and De Sanctis, M and Fagundez, J and Golub, V and Guerin, GR and Gutiérrez, AG and Jandt, U and Jansen, F and Jiménez-Alfaro, B and Kattge, J and Kearsley, E and Klotz, S and Kramer, K and Moretti, M and Niinemets, &#xdc; and Peet, RK and Penuelas, J and Petřík, P and Reich, PB and Sandel, B and Schmidt, M and Sibikova, M and Violle, C and Whitfeld, TJS and Wohlgemuth, T and Knight, TM}, title = {Similar factors underlie tree abundance in forests in native and alien ranges.}, journal = {Global ecology and biogeography : a journal of macroecology}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {281-294}, pmid = {32063745}, issn = {1466-822X}, support = {I 3757/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, abstract = {AIM: Alien plant species can cause severe ecological and economic problems, and therefore attract a lot of research interest in biogeography and related fields. To identify potential future invasive species, we need to better understand the mechanisms underlying the abundances of invasive tree species in their new ranges, and whether these mechanisms differ between their native and alien ranges. Here, we test two hypotheses: that greater relative abundance is promoted by (a) functional difference from locally co-occurring trees, and (b) higher values than locally co-occurring trees for traits linked to competitive ability.<br><br>LOCATION: Global.<br><br>TIME PERIOD: Recent.<br><br>MAJOR TAXA STUDIED: Trees.<br><br>METHODS: We combined three global plant databases: sPlot vegetation-plot database, TRY plant trait database and Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database. We used a hierarchical Bayesian linear regression model to assess the factors associated with variation in local abundance, and how these relationships vary between native and alien ranges and depend on species' traits.<br><br>RESULTS: In both ranges, species reach highest abundance if they are functionally similar to co-occurring species, yet are taller and have higher seed mass and wood density than co-occurring species.<br><br>MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that light limitation leads to strong environmental and biotic filtering, and that it is advantageous to be taller and have denser wood. The striking similarities in abundance between native and alien ranges imply that information from tree species' native ranges can be used to predict in which habitats introduced species may become dominant.}, }
@article {pmid32062457, year = {2020}, author = {Zhao, CY and Liu, YY and Shi, XP and Wang, YJ}, title = {Effects of soil nutrient variability and competitor identify on growth and co-existence among invasive alien and native clonal plants.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {261}, number = {}, pages = {113894}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113894}, pmid = {32062457}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Biomass ; China ; *Introduced Species ; Nutrients ; Plants ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {Changes in soil nutrients variability could significantly interact with other global change processes (such as community dynamics, biological invasion). Global exchange and accumulation of alien species caused environmental and economic threats in the introduced ranges. Their invasion success or not in local plant communities is largely depended on the interactions and competitive outcomes with other species and environmental conditions. Here, we tested whether the interactions of nutrient variability and competitor identity influence plant performance, potential invasion success of invasive species and their co-existence with native species. In both greenhouse and field experiment, we subjected three congeneric and naturally co-occurring pairs of invasive alien and native clonal plants in China to different nutrient variability (constant high, multiple pulses and/or single pulse) and competitor identity (intra-specific competitors, native competitors, invasive competitors and both native &amp; invasive competitors). Our results showed that total biomass or the increase of cover of invasive species was significantly larger than those of the native species regardless of competitor identity. Native competitors significantly decreased biomass proportion of native species, but did not affect that of invasive species. The whole community with invasive target species accumulated more total biomass than with native species under multiple pulses nutrient when with the native competitors. Invasive species produced significantly higher biomass proportion than natives under all competitor identity treatments except for native &amp; invasive competitors. Multiple mixed competitors (i.e. native &amp; invasive competitors) decreased the plant performance and dominance of invasive target species, to some extent, thus construction of multi-species competition might facilitate coexistence of native and invasive species in communities. Interactions between native competitors or native &amp; invasive competitors, and nutrient variability play important roles in plant performance and potential invasion success in communities. Multiple invasional interference may have significant implications for the co-existence of invasive and native species, and for management of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid32060348, year = {2020}, author = {Sanders, HN and Hewitt, DG and Perotto-Baldivieso, HL and VerCauteren, KC and Snow, NP}, title = {Invasive Wild Pigs as Primary Nest Predators for Wild Turkeys.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {2625}, pmid = {32060348}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Foxes/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Nesting Behavior ; *Predatory Behavior ; Raccoons/physiology ; Seasons ; *Swine/physiology ; *Turkeys/physiology ; }, abstract = {Depredation of wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) nests is a leading cause of reduced recruitment for the recovering and iconic game species. Invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are known to depredate nests, and have been expanding throughout the distributed range of wild turkeys in North America. We sought to gain better insight on the magnitude of wild pigs depredating wild turkey nests. We constructed simulated wild turkey nests throughout the home ranges of 20 GPS-collared wild pigs to evaluate nest depredation relative to three periods within the nesting season (i.e., early, peak, and late) and two nest densities (moderate = 12.5-25 nests/km[2], high = 25-50 nests/km[2]) in south-central Texas, USA during March-June 2016. Overall, the estimated probability of nest depredation by wild pigs was 0.3, equivalent to native species of nest predators in the study area (e.g., gray fox [Urocyon cinereoargenteus], raccoon [Procyon lotor], and coyote [Canis latrans]). Female wild pigs exhibited a constant rate of depredation regardless of nesting period or density of nests. However, male wild pigs increased their rate of depredation in areas with higher nest densities. Management efforts should remove wild pigs to reduce nest failure in wild turkey populations especially where recruitment is low.}, }
@article {pmid32056704, year = {2020}, author = {Collins, CL and Burnett, NP and Ramsey, MJ and Wagner, K and Zippay, ML}, title = {Physiological responses to heat stress in an invasive mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis depend on tidal habitat.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {154}, number = {}, pages = {104849}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104849}, pmid = {32056704}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Hot Temperature ; Introduced Species ; *Mytilus/physiology ; *Stress, Physiological ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Mussels are ecologically important organisms that can survive in subtidal and intertidal zones where they experience thermal stress. We know little about how mussels from different tidal habitats respond to thermal stress. We used the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from separate subtidal and intertidal populations to test whether heart rate and indicators of potential aerobic (citrate synthase activity) and anaerobic (cytosolic malate dehydrogenase activity) metabolic capacity are affected by increased temperatures while exposed to air or submerged in water. Subtidal mussels were affected by warming when submerged in water (decreased heart rate) but showed no effect in air. In contrast, intertidal mussels were affected by exposure to air (increased anaerobic capacity) but not by warming. Overall, physiological responses of mussels to thermal stress were dependent on their tidal habitat. These results highlight the importance of considering the natural habitat of mussels when assessing their responses to environmental challenges.}, }
@article {pmid32056330, year = {2020}, author = {Cunningham, CX and Johnson, CN and Jones, ME}, title = {A native apex predator limits an invasive mesopredator and protects native prey: Tasmanian devils protecting bandicoots from cats.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {711-721}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13473}, pmid = {32056330}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {//Save the Tasmanian devil appeal/ ; DP110103069//Australian Research Council/ ; FT100100031//Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Cats ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; *Marsupialia ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Apex predators can limit the abundance and behaviour of mesopredators, thereby reducing predation on smaller species. We know less about whether native apex predators are effective in suppressing invasive mesopredators, a major global driver of vertebrate extinctions. We use the severe disease-induced decline of an apex predator, the Tasmanian devil, as a natural experiment to test whether devils limit abundance of invasive feral cats and in turn protect smaller native prey. Cat abundance was c. 58% higher where devils had declined, which in turn negatively affected a smaller native prey species. Devils had a stronger limiting effect on cats than on a native mesopredator, suggesting apex predators may have stronger suppressive effects on evolutionarily naive species than coevolved species. Our results highlight how disease in one species can affect the broader ecosystem. We show that apex predators not only regulate native species but can also confer resistance to the impacts of invasive populations. Apex predators could therefore be a powerful but underutilised tool to prevent biodiversity loss.}, }
@article {pmid32056021, year = {2020}, author = {Reed, EMX and Serr, ME and Maurer, AS and Burford Reiskind, MO}, title = {Gridlock and beltways: the genetic context of urban invasions.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {192}, number = {3}, pages = {615-628}, pmid = {32056021}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Cities ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The rapid expansion of urban land across the globe presents new and numerous opportunities for invasive species to spread and flourish. Ecologists historically rejected urban ecosystems as important environments for ecology and evolution research but are beginning to recognize the importance of these systems in shaping the biology of invasion. Urbanization can aid the introduction, establishment, and spread of invaders, and these processes have substantial consequences on native species and ecosystems. Therefore, it is valuable to understand how urban areas influence populations at all stages in the invasion process. Population genetic tools are essential to explore the driving forces of invasive species dispersal, connectivity, and adaptation within cities. In this review, we synthesize current research about the influence of urban landscapes on invasion genetics dynamics. We conclude that urban areas are not only points of entry for many invasive species, they also facilitate population establishment, are pools for genetic diversity, and provide corridors for further spread both within and out of cities. We recommend the continued use of genetic studies to inform invasive species management and to understand the underlying ecological and evolutionary processes governing successful invasion.}, }
@article {pmid32050732, year = {2020}, author = {Wu, M and Ge, Y and Xu, C and Wang, J}, title = {Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis of Hexaploid Solidago canadensis Roots Reveals its Invasive Capacity Related to Polyploidy.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {32050732}, issn = {2073-4425}, mesh = {Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Flavonoids/analysis/biosynthesis/genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/genetics ; Gene Ontology ; Gene Regulatory Networks/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; MAP Kinase Signaling System/genetics ; *Metabolome ; MicroRNAs/genetics/metabolism ; Plant Roots/genetics/*metabolism ; *Polyploidy ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Solidago/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Terpenes/analysis ; Transcriptome/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Polyploid plants are more often invasive species than their diploid counterparts. As the invasiveness of a species is often linked to its production of allelopathic compounds, we hypothesize that differences in invasive ability between cytotypes may be due to their different ability to synthesize allelopathic metabolites. We test this using two cytotypes of Solidago canadensis as the model and use integrated metabolome and transcriptome data to resolve the question. Metabolome analysis identified 122 metabolites about flavonoids, phenylpropanoids and terpenoids, of which 57 were differentially accumulated between the two cytotypes. Transcriptome analysis showed that many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in 'biosynthesis of secondary metabolites', 'plant hormone signal transduction', and 'MAPK signaling', covering most steps of plant allelopathic metabolite synthesis. Importantly, the differentially accumulated flavonoids, phenylpropanoids and terpenoids were closely correlated with related DEGs. Furthermore, 30 miRNAs were found to be negatively associated with putative targets, and they were thought to be involved in target gene expression regulation. These miRNAs probably play a vital role in the regulation of metabolite synthesis in hexaploid S. canadensis. The two cytotypes of S. canadensis differ in the allelopathic metabolite synthesis and this difference is associated with regulation of expression of a range of genes. These results suggest that changes in gene expression may underlying the increased invasive potential of the polyploidy.}, }
@article {pmid32050711, year = {2020}, author = {Ji, SX and Wang, XD and Shen, XN and Liang, L and Liu, WX and Wan, FH and Lü, ZC}, title = {Using RNA Interference to Reveal the Function of Chromatin Remodeling Factor ISWI in Temperature Tolerance in Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 Cryptic Species.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {32050711}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Invasive species often encounter rapid environmental changes during invasions and only the individuals that successfully overcome environmental stresses can colonize and spread. Chromatin remodeling may be essential in environmental adaptation. To assess the functions of imitation switch (ISWI) in invasive Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) cryptic species, we cloned and characterized the MEAM1 BtISWI gene and determined its functions in response to thermal stress. The full-length cDNA of BtISWI was 3712 bp, with a 3068 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 118.86 kDa protein. BtISWI mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated after exposure to heat shock or cold shock conditions, indicating that BtISWI expression can be induced by thermal stress. After feeding double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), specifically for BtISWI, resistance to both heat and cold decreased significantly, suggesting that BtISWI may function directly in the thermal tolerance of MEAM1. Moreover, the preferred temperature of MEAM1 adults fed dsRNA was 1.9-3.5 °C higher than the control groups. Taken together, our findings highlight the importance of epigenetic gene regulation in the thermal response or thermal adaptation of invasive Bemisia tabaci (B. tabaci), and provide a new potential target for establishing sustainable control strategies for B. tabaci.}, }
@article {pmid32050602, year = {2020}, author = {Hozawa, M and Nawata, E}, title = {The Interaction between Leaf Allelopathy and Symbiosis with Rhizobium of Ulex europaeus on Hawaii Island.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {32050602}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {26257418//JSPS Kakenhi/ ; }, abstract = {: The objective of this study was to assess the magnitudes of the leaf allelopathy of Ulex europaeus in two different habitats, and discuss the driver of the differences, including rhizobia. The magnitudes of leaf allelopathy of the samples collected in two different habitats were assessed by comparing the hypocotyl and radicle lengths of the lettuce seeds tested on the samples. One habitat was in and adjacent to an Acasia koa forest, while the other was more than 50 m away. A. koa is indigenous to Hawaii and known to have a close symbiotic relationship with Bradyrhizobium for nitrogen-fixing. Within the past three years, U. europaeus has newly invaded both sampling sites, whereas the A. koa forest has been there for several decades. The combined result of both hypocotyl and radicle lengths of the lettuce seeds tested on both sites by linear model and multicomparison analyses showed no significant difference. But the radicle lengths of the lettuce seeds tested on U. europaeus sampled in and adjacent to the A. koa forest were significantly longer than those of the samples more than 50 m away, as measured by t-test (p = 0.05). This result suggested that the magnitude of the leaf allelopathy of U. europaeus depended on the distance of the habitat from the A. koa forest.}, }
@article {pmid32050499, year = {2020}, author = {Sun, X and Tao, J and Roques, A and Luo, Y}, title = {Invasion History of Sirex noctilio Based on COI Sequence: The First Six Years in China.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {32050499}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {Z191100008519004//Beijing's Science and Technology Planning Project/ ; }, abstract = {Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae: Siricinae), a new invasive species in China, is a significant international forestry pest which, transported via logs and related wood packing materials, has led to environmental damage and substantial economic loss in many countries around the world. It was first detected in China in 2013, and since then infestations have been found in 18 additional sites. Using a 322 bp fragment of the mitochondrial barcode gene COI, we studied the genetic diversity and structure of S. noctilio populations in both native and invaded ranges, with a specific focus in China. Twelve haplotypes were found across the native and invaded distribution of the pest, of which three were dominant; among these there were only one or two mutational steps between each pair of haplotypes. No obvious genetic structure was found other than in Chinese populations. China has a unique and dominant haplotype not found elsewhere, and compared with the rest of the world, the genetic structure of Chinese populations suggested a multiple invasion scenario.}, }
@article {pmid32046798, year = {2020}, author = {Thomas, JR and Robinson, CV and Mrugała, A and Ellison, AR and Matthews, E and Griffiths, SW and Consuegra, S and Cable, J}, title = {Crayfish plague affects juvenile survival and adult behaviour of invasive signal crayfish.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {147}, number = {6}, pages = {706-714}, pmid = {32046798}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Aphanomyces/*physiology ; Astacoidea/*microbiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Introduced Species ; Longevity ; }, abstract = {The spread of invasive, non-native species is a key threat to biodiversity. Parasites can play a significant role by influencing their invasive host's survival or behaviour, which can subsequently alter invasion dynamics. The North American signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) is a known carrier of Aphanomyces astaci, an oomycete pathogen that is the causative agent of crayfish plague and fatal to European crayfish species, whereas North American species are considered to be largely resistant. There is some evidence, however, that North American species, can also succumb to crayfish plague, though how A. astaci affects such 'reservoir hosts' is rarely considered. Here, we tested the impact of A. astaci infection on signal crayfish, by assessing juvenile survival and adult behaviour following exposure to A. astaci zoospores. Juvenile signal crayfish suffered high mortality 4-weeks post-hatching, but not as older juveniles. Furthermore, adult signal crayfish with high-infection levels displayed altered behaviours, being less likely to leave the water, explore terrestrial areas and exhibit escape responses. Overall, we reveal that A. astaci infection affects signal crayfish to a much greater extent than previously considered, which may not only have direct consequences for invasions, but could substantially affect commercially harvested signal crayfish stocks worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid32046093, year = {2020}, author = {Govindan, BN and Hutchison, WD}, title = {Influence of Temperature on Age-Stage, Two-Sex Life Tables for a Minnesota-Acclimated Population of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {32046093}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {MN-56300//Minnesota Invasive Terrestrial Plants and Pests Center through the Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources/ ; }, abstract = {Temperature is a critical single factor influencing insect population dynamics, and is foundational for improving our understanding of the phenology of invasive species adapting to new agroecosystems or in the process of range expansion. An age-stage, two-sex life table was therefore developed to analyze fundamental demographic features such as development, survival, and reproduction of a Minnesota-acclimated population of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys), in the north central USA. All salient life history parameters were estimated to better understand the population growth potential of H. halys at the current limit of its northern range in North America. We examined the effect of selected constant temperatures on immature development and survival (15-39 °C), and adult reproduction longevity (17-36 °C) of H. halys in the laboratory. The Minnesota population developed faster and survived at higher rates relative to a population that had previously established in Pennsylvania, USA. Mean generation time for the Minnesota population was minimized at 30 °C, while survival and fecundity were maximized at 27 and 23 °C, respectively. Given these findings, we assessed the effect of temperature on the intrinsic rate of increase (rm), the life table parameter that integrates the effects of temperature on development, survival, and reproduction. A Ratkowsky model predicted rmwas maximized (0.0899) at 27.5 °C. We discuss the implications of our findings for understanding population growth rates for H. halys in the context of a warming climate, and potential to emerge as a serious crop pest in the Midwest U.S. region.}, }
@article {pmid32045766, year = {2020}, author = {Wang, C and Wei, M and Wang, S and Wu, B and Cheng, H}, title = {Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. and Solidago canadensis L. antagonistically affect community stability and community invasibility under the co-invasion condition.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {716}, number = {}, pages = {137128}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137128}, pmid = {32045766}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {China ; Ecosystem ; *Erigeron ; Introduced Species ; *Solidago ; }, abstract = {The successful invasion of one invasive alien plant (IAP) can generate a favorable habitat in the invaded communities that beneficial to the successful invasion of the subsequent IAP. Advanced variations in the species number of IAP have the potential to alter the functional similarity and dissimilarity between IAP and co-existing native plant species (NPS), plant taxonomic diversity, plant functional diversity, community stability, and community invasibility. This study aims to evaluate the effects of the co-invasion of two notorious IAP, Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. and Solidago canadensis L., on the functional similarity and dissimilarity between IAP and co-existing NPS, plant taxonomic diversity, plant functional diversity, community stability, and community invasibility in East China by using a comparative study. Results presented that: (I) IAP and co-existing NPS tend to converge functionally under E. annuus invasion and the functional similarity between IAP and co-existing NPS under E. annuus invasion supports the habitat filtering; (II) IAP and co-existing NPS tend to diverge functionally under S. canadensis invasion and the co-invasion condition and the functional dissimilarity between IAP and co-existing NPS under S. canadensis invasion and the co-invasion condition supports the niche differentiation; (III) plant taxonomic diversity was dramatically reduced under invasion condition, especially under S. canadensis invasion; (IV) Mason's α functional diversity was remarkably elevated under S. canadensis invasion and the co-invasion condition; (V) E. annuus and S. canadensis antagonistically affect community stability and community invasibility under the co-invasion condition compared with their independent invasion.}, }
@article {pmid32041087, year = {2020}, author = {Zhao, L and Liang, J and Liang, J and Liu, B and Deng, Y and Sun, X and Li, H and Lu, Y and Yang, F}, title = {Experimental study of transgenerational effects, pH and predation risk on byssus production in a swiftly spreading invasive fouling Asian mussel, Musculista senhousia (Benson).}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {260}, number = {}, pages = {114111}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114111}, pmid = {32041087}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofouling ; *Bivalvia ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior ; *Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Marine biofouling by the highly invasive Asian date mussel, Musculista senhousia (Benson), has caused devastating ecological and economic consequences in most coastal seas. Acute and short-term exposure experiments have demonstrated the susceptibility of mussel byssus - a holdfast structure by which mussels strongly adhere to underwater substrates, to pH. Yet, the influence of long-term exposures, especially across multiple generations, is largely unknown. Here, we evaluated transgenerational effects of pH on byssal threads secreted by M. senhousia, and compared byssus performance in absence versus presence of predators. If no predation occurred, neither pH nor transgenerational exposure significantly affected the number, length and diameter of byssal threads. Under predation risk, mussels, even exposed to low pH, significantly enhanced byssus production. In particular, individuals originating from parents grown under low conditions produced significantly more, longer and stronger byssal threads compared with those spawn from parents exposed to high pH, demonstrating positive transgenerational effects which can confer mussel byssus resilience at low pH. Given the energetically expensive nature of byssus production, these observations can be in line with previously documented plasticity of energy metabolism arose following transgenerational exposure to low pH, which allows mussels to allocate more energy to fulfill the synthesis and secretion of byssal proteins. Our findings demonstrate the remarkable ability of highly invasive fouling mussel species to respond plastically and adapt behaviorally to low pH and hence provide important implications for linking marine biofouling, biological invasion, and coastal acidification.}, }
@article {pmid32039727, year = {2020}, author = {Adesipo, AA and Akinbiola, S and Awotoye, OO and Salami, AT and Freese, D}, title = {Impact of mining on the floristic association of gold mined sites in Southwest Nigeria.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {9}, pmid = {32039727}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Adolescent ; *Biodiversity ; *Gold ; Humans ; Mining ; Nigeria ; Plants ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Occurrences in land use, human activities and climate change have both direct and indirect influences on the environment. Of interest for this study is mining; a common activity in developing countries such as Nigeria which is endowed with over 34 solid minerals. The gold mining sites in the Southwest region of the country is predominantly by Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM). Though the benefits are known, its induced consequences are enormous. To understand its extent of floristic diversity, identification of functional plants and plant species surviving on the mined sites (despite its characterized mining and alteration level); this study compared the floristic composition of an abandoned mining site (Site 1), an active mining site (Site 2) and an undisturbed vegetation sites (Control) of similar vegetation zone.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 54, 28 and 37 species belonging to 31, 20 and 23 families were found on Site 1, Site 2 and the control site, respectively. It shows that the floristic composition of all the sites has been altered due to its past intense agricultural colonization and human activities, but severe on Site 1 and 2 due to mining. Lots of the identified species are functional species and stand as ecological indicators. Species such as Acanthus montanus and Icacina trichantha found on the Control sites are native and significance but species such as Capsicum frutescens and Crassocephalum crepidioides on Site 2 are due to human inference while most species on Site 1 shows both original and altered floristic composition (e.g. Adenia venenata and Grewia flavescens).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Apart from the on-going farming activities, ASM activities such as pollution, deforestation and exposure of the forest soils to direct sunlight has greatly stressed and disturbed the floristic composition, species richness, life form patterns, of the mined sites as well as introduction of non-native plant species. It is therefore necessary to develop effective approaches and policies to curb these illegal ASM activities, empower the community (especially youths), stabilize the economy and establish sustainable development strategies with adequate reclamation measures.}, }
@article {pmid32039172, year = {2019}, author = {Mitchell, HJ and Bartsch, D}, title = {Regulation of GM Organisms for Invasive Species Control.}, journal = {Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {454}, pmid = {32039172}, issn = {2296-4185}, abstract = {Invasive species can cause significant harm to the environment, agriculture, and human health, but there are often very limited tools available to control their populations. Gene drives (GD) have been proposed as a new tool which could be used to control or eliminate such species. Here, GD describes a variety of molecular biology applications which all enable the introduction of genetic elements at a higher than expected frequency. These elements can change the genotypes in target populations rapidly with consequences either for (intrinsic) fitness or host-parasite interaction, or both. Beneficial applications are foreseen for human and animal health, agriculture, or nature conservation. This rapidly developing technology is likely to have major impacts in the fight against various diseases, pests, and invasive species. The majority of GD applications involve genetic engineering and novel traits. Therefore, applicants and GMO regulators need to interact to achieve the benefits in innovation while cautiously avoiding unacceptable risks. The release into the environment may include transboundary movement and replacement of target populations, with potential impact on human/animal health and the environment. This article summarizes knowledge-based discussions to identify information gaps and analyzes scenarios for responsible introduction of GD organisms into the environment. It aims to connect the latest scientific developments with regulatory approaches and decision-making.}, }
@article {pmid32038571, year = {2019}, author = {Chen, F and Ye, J and Sista Kameshwar, AK and Wu, X and Ren, J and Qin, W and Li, DW}, title = {A Novel Cold-Adaptive Endo-1,4-β-Glucanase From Burkholderia pyrrocinia JK-SH007: Gene Expression and Characterization of the Enzyme and Mode of Action.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {3137}, pmid = {32038571}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The efficient industrial conversion of plant-derived cellulose to simple sugars and other value-added chemicals requires various highly stable and reactive enzymes. Industrial processes especially synchronous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)-based production of cellulosic bio-ethanol require enzymes that are active at lower temperatures. In this study, we have identified, characterized, and expressed the cold-adaptive endo-1,4-β-glucanase (BpEG) isolated from the Burkholderia pyrrocinia JK-SH007. The analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence indicated that BpEG belongs to GH family 8. The BpEG without the signal peptide was cloned into the expression vector pET32a and significantly expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) competent cells. The SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis of BpEG revealed that the recombinant BpEG was approximately 60 kDa. Purified recombinant BpEG exhibited hydrolytic activity against carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (PASC), but not crystalline cellulose and xylan substrates. High performance, anion exchange, chromatography-pulsed amperometric detector (HPAEC-PAD) analysis of the enzymatic products obtained from depolymerization of 1,4-β-linked biopolymers of different lengths revealed an interesting cutting mechanism employed by endoglucanases. The recombinant BpEG exhibited 6.0 of optimum pH and 35°C of optimum temperature, when cultured with CMC substrate. The BpEG enzyme exhibited stable activity between pH 5.0 and 9.0 at 35°C. Interestingly, BpEG retained about 42% of its enzymatic activity at 10°C compared to its optimal temperature. This new cold-adaptive cellulase could potentially achieve synchronous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) making BpEG a promising candidate in the fields of biofuel, biorefining, food and pharmaceutical industries.}, }
@article {pmid32037135, year = {2020}, author = {Benelli, G and Wilke, ABB and Beier, JC}, title = {Aedes albopictus (Asian Tiger Mosquito).}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {36}, number = {11}, pages = {942-943}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2020.01.001}, pmid = {32037135}, issn = {1471-5007}, mesh = {*Aedes/classification/microbiology/parasitology/virology ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; *Mosquito Vectors/classification/microbiology/parasitology/virology ; Vector Borne Diseases/prevention &amp; control/*transmission ; }, }
@article {pmid32036439, year = {2020}, author = {Fălcuţă, E and Prioteasa, LF and Horváth, C and Păstrav, IR and Schaffner, F and Mihalca, AD}, title = {The invasive Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus in Romania: towards a country-wide colonization?.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {119}, number = {3}, pages = {841-845}, pmid = {32036439}, issn = {1432-1955}, support = {PCCDI 57/2018//Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii/ ; OC/EFSA/AHAW/2013/02//European Food Safety Authority/ ; RER5022//International Atomic Energy Agency/ ; PN 16390101//Ministerul Educa&#x21b;iei &#x219;i Cercet&#x103;rii &#x218;tiin&#x21b;ifice/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/classification/*physiology ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Larva/classification/physiology ; Mosquito Vectors/classification/*physiology ; Ovum/classification/physiology ; Romania ; }, abstract = {Currently, five invasive Aedes mosquito species are of concern in Europe according to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control: Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. atropalpus, Ae. japonicus, and Ae. koreicus. Among these, only Ae. albopictus was reported to occur in Romania, in Bucharest. The aim of this study was to update the knowledge on the distribution of this invasive mosquito species in Romania, by investigating new potential locations. Monitoring of Ae. albopictus was carried out between May 2017 and October 2018. Three types of traps (CDC-Gravid Traps, CDC miniature Light Traps, ovitraps) were placed in 53 localities in 13 counties at sites suitable for container-breeding mosquitoes. Collected adult mosquitoes were counted and identified according to morphological criteria. Larvae were found present in domestic containers and rain catch basins. Aedes albopictus adults and eggs were collected in 10 localities in eight counties across Romania. Our study confirms nine new localities and seven counties where Ae. albopictus became established in Romania, highlighting the need for surveillance to further assess the species' distribution and abundance, as well as the pathogen transmission risk related to that vector species.}, }
@article {pmid32034982, year = {2020}, author = {Feit, B and Dempster, T and Jessop, TS and Webb, JK and Letnic, M}, title = {A trophic cascade initiated by an invasive vertebrate alters the structure of native reptile communities.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {5}, pages = {2829-2840}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15032}, pmid = {32034982}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//The Hermon Slade Foundation/International ; //Mazda Foundation/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bufo marinus ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Lizards ; }, abstract = {Invasive vertebrates are frequently reported to have catastrophic effects on the populations of species which they directly impact. It follows then, that if invaders exert strong suppressive effects on some species then other species will indirectly benefit due to ecological release from interactions with directly impacted species. However, evidence that invasive vertebrates trigger such trophic cascades and alter community structure in terrestrial ecosystems remains rare. Here, we ask how the cane toad, a vertebrate invader that is toxic to many of Australia's vertebrate predators, influences lizard assemblages in a semi-arid rangeland. In our study area, the density of cane toads is influenced by the availability of water accessible to toads. We compared an index of the abundance of sand goannas, a large predatory lizard that is susceptible to poisoning by cane toads and the abundances of four lizard families preyed upon by goannas (skinks, pygopods, agamid lizards and geckos) in areas where cane toads were common or rare. Consistent with the idea that suppression of sand goannas by cane toads initiates a trophic cascade, goanna activity was lower and small lizards were more abundant where toads were common. The hypothesis that suppression of sand goannas by cane toads triggers a trophic cascade was further supported by our findings that small terrestrial lizards that are frequently preyed upon by goannas were more affected by toad abundance than arboreal geckos, which are rarely consumed by goannas. Furthermore, the abundance of at least one genus of terrestrial skinks benefitted from allogenic ecosystem engineering by goannas where toads were rare. Overall, our study provides evidence that the invasion of ecosystems by non-native species can have important effects on the structure and integrity of native communities extending beyond their often most obvious and frequently documented direct ecological effects.}, }
@article {pmid32034806, year = {2020}, author = {Oficialdegui, FJ and Delibes-Mateos, M and Green, AJ and Sánchez, MI and Boyero, L and Clavero, M}, title = {Rigid laws and invasive species management.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {1047-1050}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13481}, pmid = {32034806}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid32034253, year = {2020}, author = {French, K and Watts, E}, title = {Differences in vegetative growth of two invasive hawkweeds at temperatures simulating invaded habitats at two altitudes.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {2180}, pmid = {32034253}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Asteraceae/classification/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Biomass ; Germination ; *Introduced Species ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Hieracium pilosella and H. aurantiacum are invading alpine regions in New South Wales, Australia. In a glasshouse experiment we investigated germination and growth rates of these two species at temperatures simulating the altitudes where invasions are occurring from autumn to spring. We measured germination rates, growth rates and the development of stolons and ramets using seedlings and plantlets from established plants. Germination was low in H. aurantiacum and unaffected by altitude or seed age. H. pilosella showed site to site variability in germination but had greater germination. No species produced flower spikes. Both species grew rapidly and put at least twice as much biomass into roots compared to shoots. H. aurantiacum could begin to produce stolons after 27 days and seedlings grew a little larger than for H. pilosella. Hieracium aurantiacum put significantly more resources into ramets, allocating between 4-15% of biomass. H. pilosella produced 2.6 stolons month[-1], in contrast to 9.8 stolons month[-1] for H. aurantiacum. Furthermore, plantlets from established plants had vastly different growth rates. Plantlets of H. aurantiacum produced 2.1 leaves day[-1] from late summer to winter where H. pilosella was 3 times slower for the same period but faster following winter. Both species were able to maintain strong growth over cooler months suggesting hawkweeds have the capacity for fast growth in the invaded range under high nutrients and lower competition. H. aurantiacum is likely to be a more effective invader than H. pilosella spreading through stolons and the development of weed mats.}, }
@article {pmid32034102, year = {2020}, author = {Smith, AL and Hodkinson, TR and Villellas, J and Catford, JA and Csergő, AM and Blomberg, SP and Crone, EE and Ehrlén, J and Garcia, MB and Laine, AL and Roach, DA and Salguero-Gómez, R and Wardle, GM and Childs, DZ and Elderd, BD and Finn, A and Munné-Bosch, S and Baudraz, MEA and Bódis, J and Brearley, FQ and Bucharova, A and Caruso, CM and Duncan, RP and Dwyer, JM and Gooden, B and Groenteman, R and Hamre, LN and Helm, A and Kelly, R and Laanisto, L and Lonati, M and Moore, JL and Morales, M and Olsen, SL and Pärtel, M and Petry, WK and Ramula, S and Rasmussen, PU and Enri, SR and Roeder, A and Roscher, C and Saastamoinen, M and Tack, AJM and Töpper, JP and Vose, GE and Wandrag, EM and Wingler, A and Buckley, YM}, title = {Global gene flow releases invasive plants from environmental constraints on genetic diversity.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {117}, number = {8}, pages = {4218-4227}, pmid = {32034102}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Demography ; *Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Plantago/chemistry/*genetics ; }, abstract = {When plants establish outside their native range, their ability to adapt to the new environment is influenced by both demography and dispersal. However, the relative importance of these two factors is poorly understood. To quantify the influence of demography and dispersal on patterns of genetic diversity underlying adaptation, we used data from a globally distributed demographic research network comprising 35 native and 18 nonnative populations of Plantago lanceolata Species-specific simulation experiments showed that dispersal would dilute demographic influences on genetic diversity at local scales. Populations in the native European range had strong spatial genetic structure associated with geographic distance and precipitation seasonality. In contrast, nonnative populations had weaker spatial genetic structure that was not associated with environmental gradients but with higher within-population genetic diversity. Our findings show that dispersal caused by repeated, long-distance, human-mediated introductions has allowed invasive plant populations to overcome environmental constraints on genetic diversity, even without strong demographic changes. The impact of invasive plants may, therefore, increase with repeated introductions, highlighting the need to constrain future introductions of species even if they already exist in an area.}, }
@article {pmid32033046, year = {2020}, author = {Yuan, B and Chen, M and Li, S}, title = {Isolation and Identification of Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet Gene IcSRO1 Encoding a SIMILAR TO RCD-ONE Protein, Which Improves Salt and Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {32033046}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {NSFC31670266//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; &#xff08;2012&#xff09;//Guangdong Province Higher Vocational Colleges and Schools Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme/ ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/*genetics ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*genetics ; China ; Droughts ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/genetics ; Genes, Plant/*genetics ; Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism ; Ipomoea/*genetics ; Plants, Genetically Modified/*genetics ; Salt Tolerance/*genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; Stress, Physiological/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Ipomoea cairica is a tropical plant and a wild relative of the food plant sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), listed as one of the most invasive alien species in China. Recently, it has been reported that I. cairica had successfully invaded mangrove wetlands, indicating its high salt tolerance. Based on previous genetic studies, I. cairica offers a good model for characterizing stress-resistant genes. It has recently been identified that the SRO proteins (SIMILAR TO RCD-ONE) play important roles in a variety of stress and developmental responses. Radical-Induced Cell Death1 (RCD1) was the first identified plant SRO protein from Arabidopsis thaliana. As a typical SRO protein, IcSRO1 had a highly conservative WWE domain, a conserved PARP fold and protein C in the RST function area. The expression of IcSRO1 was induced by salt, drought, and the plant hormone ABA. The transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing IcSRO1 showed higher tolerance against salt and drought stress along with lower accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2[-]) than the wild type. The IcSRO1 protein was localized in the nucleus after cultivation in the buffer. Our results indicated it could interact with Arabidopsis SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 1 (AtSOS1), suggesting IcSRO1 may have similar functions. The pleiotropic effect of IcSRO1 on physiological processes contributes to the improvement of plant tolerance against diverse abiotic stresses, and may be associated with the adaptation of I. cairica to those environments with extreme saline and drought conditions. It therefore provides valuable gene resources for crop breeding enhancement.}, }
@article {pmid32032396, year = {2020}, author = {Froehly, JL and Beane, NR and Evans, DE and Cagle, KE and Jachowski, DS}, title = {Using multi-scale behavioral investigations to inform wild pig (Sus scrofa) population management.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {e0228705}, pmid = {32032396}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/physiology ; *Behavior, Animal ; Diet/veterinary ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Male ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Seasons ; Swine ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Assessing invasive species ecology at multiple scales is needed to understand how to focus ecological monitoring and population control. As a widespread invasive species, wild pigs (Sus scrofa) frequently disrupt land management programs. We provide a detailed, multi-scaled view of the behavior of wild pigs at Fort Hood, Texas, USA by assessing seasonal and daily movement patterns, and diet. First, we quantified movement behavior through assessment of both seasonal home range size and first passage time movement behavior from 16 GPS-collared wild pigs. Home ranges were relatively large (mean: 10.472 km2, SD: 0.472 km2), and Cox proportional hazard models predicted that pigs moved slowest at temperature extremes (15< °C <30), in the spring, in rougher terrain, and in grassland communities. Secondly, we analyzed wild pig stomach contents to determine diet throughout the year. Diet was primarily plant-based, and showed seasonal variation in such items as hard and soft mast, and the foliage of forbs and woody plants. Integration of both movement and diet analyses indicate that wild pigs are more likely to be lured into baited traps in the winter when movement rates are highest and plant-based food resources are likely less abundant. Wild pigs are likely to have the greatest impact on vegetative communities in grassland habitats during the spring season when movement is restricted. Collectively, this multi-scaled approach provided detailed information on wild pig behavioral ecology in this area that would not have been apparent by looking at any single measure individually or only at a large spatial scale (i.e., home range), and could be a useful approach in other invasive species management programs.}, }
@article {pmid32031723, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, W and Yu, H and Lv, Y and Bushley, KE and Wickham, JD and Gao, S and Hu, S and Zhao, L and Sun, J}, title = {Gene family expansion of pinewood nematode to detoxify its host defence chemicals.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {5}, pages = {940-955}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15378}, pmid = {32031723}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Animals ; Gene Duplication ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genes, Helminth ; Inactivation, Metabolic ; *Multigene Family ; Pinus/chemistry/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; Terpenes/*metabolism ; Transcriptome ; Tylenchida/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Gene gain/loss in the context of gene family dynamics plays an important role in evolutionary processes as organisms, particularly invasive species, adapt to new environments or niches. One notable example of this is the duplication of digestive proteases in some parasitic insects and helminths to meet nutritional requirements during animal parasitism. However, whether gene family expansion participates in the adaptation of a plant parasite nematode to its host remains unknown. Here, we compared the newly sequenced genomes of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, with the genomes of free-living, animal-parasitic and plant-parasitic nematodes. The results showed gene expansions occurring in 51 gene families in B. xylophilus, especially in xenobiotic detoxification pathways, including flavin monooxygenase (FMO), cytochrome P450 (CYP450), short chain dehydrogenase (SDR), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Although a majority of these expansions probably resulted from gene duplications, nine ADH genes were potentially acquired by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from fungi. From the transcriptomes of B. xylophilus treated with pine saplings and terpenes, candidate xenobiotic detoxification genes were identified. We propose that host defence chemicals led to gene family expansions of xenobiotic detoxification pathways in B. xylophilus facilitating its survival in pine resin ducts. This study contributes to a better understanding of how a parasitic nematode adapts to its host.}, }
@article {pmid32030070, year = {2020}, author = {Lamelas-Lopez, L and Pardavila, X and Amorim, IR and Borges, PAV}, title = {Wildlife inventory from camera-trapping surveys in the Azores (Pico and Terceira islands).}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e47865}, pmid = {32030070}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The present publication provides a dataset from five camera-trapping sampling campaigns on two islands of the Azorean archipelago (Pico and Terceira islands), between 2013-2018. This dataset was obtained as a by-product of campaigns designed for different purposes. The sampling campaigns were designed to: (i) study the ecology of introduced mammals; (ii) assess the impact of introduced mammals on native birds (Azores woodpigeon - Columba palumbus azorica and Cory's shearwater - Calonectris diomeda borealis), through nest predation; and (iii) obtain information about the impact of vertebrates on agricultural systems, particularly on Azorean traditional vineyards. A total of 258 sites and 47 nests were sampled using camera traps. These sampling campaigns provided a large data series that allowed the creation of a vertebrate wildlife inventory.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: We obtained a total of 102,095 camera-trap records, which allowed us to to identify 30 species of vertebrates: one amphibian, one reptile, 17 birds and ten mammal species. This represented 100% of the amphibians and terrestrial mammals, 58% of the breeding birds and 50% of the reptile species known for Pico and/or Terceira islands. Concerning the colonisation status of the species, we recorded 15 indigenous (native non-endemic or endemic) and three introduced bird species; all known terrestrial amphibians, reptiles and mammals in the Azores are introduced species. The data collected contribute to increasing knowledge on the distribution of vertebrate species on Pico and Terceira islands, where most existing records of some species were only available to Island level (e.g. mustelids and hedgehogs). None of the identified species was previously unknown to the study area.}, }
@article {pmid32313369, year = {2018}, author = {Murray, KA and Olivero, J and Roche, B and Tiedt, S and Guégan, JF}, title = {Pathogeography: leveraging the biogeography of human infectious diseases for global health management.}, journal = {Ecography}, volume = {41}, number = {9}, pages = {1411-1427}, pmid = {32313369}, issn = {0906-7590}, support = {MR/R015600/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Biogeography is an implicit and fundamental component of almost every dimension of modern biology, from natural selection and speciation to invasive species and biodiversity management. However, biogeography has rarely been integrated into human or veterinary medicine nor routinely leveraged for global health management. Here we review the theory and application of biogeography to the research and management of human infectious diseases, an integration we refer to as 'pathogeography'. Pathogeography represents a promising framework for understanding and decomposing the spatial distributions, diversity patterns and emergence risks of human infectious diseases into interpretable components of dynamic socio-ecological systems. Analytical tools from biogeography are already helping to improve our understanding of individual infectious disease distributions and the processes that shape them in space and time. At higher levels of organization, biogeographical studies of diseases are rarer but increasing, improving our ability to describe and explain patterns that emerge at the level of disease communities (e.g. co-occurrence, diversity patterns, biogeographic regionalisation). Even in a highly globalized world most human infectious diseases remain constrained in their geographic distributions by ecological barriers to the dispersal or establishment of their causal pathogens, reservoir hosts and/or vectors. These same processes underpin the spatial arrangement of other taxa, such as mammalian biodiversity, providing a strong empirical 'prior' with which to assess the potential distributions of infectious diseases when data on their occurrence is unavailable or limited. In the absence of quality data, generalized biogeographic patterns could provide the earliest (and in some cases the only) insights into the potential distributions of many poorly known or emerging, or as-yet-unknown, infectious disease risks. Encouraging more community ecologists and biogeographers to collaborate with health professionals (and vice versa) has the potential to improve our understanding of infectious disease systems and identify novel management strategies to improve local, global and planetary health.}, }
@article {pmid32559965, year = {2018}, author = {Pelegrín, M and Sáez-Tovar, JA and Andreu-Rodríguez, J and Pérez-Murcia, MD and Martínez-Sabater, E and Marhuenda-Egea, FC and Pérez-Espinosa, A and Bustamante, MA and Agulló, E and Vico, A and Paredes, C and Moral, R}, title = {Composting of the invasive species Arundo donax with sewage and agri-food sludge: Agronomic, economic and environmental aspects.}, journal = {Waste management (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {78}, number = {}, pages = {730-740}, doi = {10.1016/j.wasman.2018.06.029}, pmid = {32559965}, issn = {1879-2456}, abstract = {This work evaluates several co-composting scenarios based on the use of Arundo donax biomass (AD) as bulking agent for the co-composting of sewage sludge (MS) and agri-food sludge (AS), to manage these organic wastes and to produce balanced organic fertilizers by optimizing the process. For this, six piles were prepared in commercial composting conditions, using AD in a range of 40%-80% (on a dry weight basis). Physico-chemical and chemical parameters and the thermal behaviour were evaluated during the process, as were the physical and chemical parameters of the final composts. The proportion of AD in the mixtures has a significant effect on the development of the thermophilic stage of composting, showing the piles with higher proportion of AD a quicker organic matter degradation. In addition, the evolution of the thermal indices R1 and R2 was different depending on the origin of the sludge used, indicating an increase in the relative concentration of more recalcitrant materials in the piles prepared with AS. The estimation of the global warming potential showed that the use of higher proportion of AD in the composting mixture may be a strategy to mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases during the composting process. Moreover, the end-products obtained had an additional marketable value, with a balanced nutrient content and a good degree of maturity, which indicates the viability of the composting process as a method for the stabilization of these organic wastes.}, }
@article {pmid32355455, year = {2017}, author = {Taylor, NG and Dunn, AM}, title = {Size matters: predation of fish eggs and larvae by native and invasive amphipods.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {89-107}, pmid = {32355455}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {Invasive predators can have dramatic impacts on invaded communities. Extreme declines in macroinvertebrate populations often follow killer shrimp (Dikerogammarus villosus) invasions. There are concerns over similar impacts on fish through predation of eggs and larvae, but these remain poorly quantified. We compare the predatory impact of invasive and native amphipods (D. villosus and Gammarus pulex) on fish eggs and larvae (ghost carp Cyprinus carpio and brown trout Salmo trutta) in the laboratory. We use size-matched amphipods, as well as larger D. villosus reflecting natural sizes. We quantify functional responses, and electivity amongst eggs or larvae and alternative food items (invertebrate, plant and decaying leaf). D. villosus, especially large individuals, were more likely than G. pulex to kill trout larvae. However, the magnitude of predation was low (seldom more than one larva killed over 48 h). Trout eggs were very rarely killed. In contrast, carp eggs and larvae were readily killed and consumed by all amphipod groups. Large D. villosus had maximum feeding rates 1.6-2.0 times higher than the smaller amphipods, whose functional responses did not differ. In electivity experiments with carp eggs, large D. villosus consumed the most eggs and the most food in total. However, in experiments with larvae, consumption did not differ between amphipod groups. Overall, our data suggest D. villosus will have a greater predatory impact on fish populations than G. pulex, primarily due to its larger size. Higher invader abundance could amplify this difference. The additional predatory pressure could reduce recruitment into fish populations.}, }
@article {pmid32269451, year = {2017}, author = {Wood, KA and Hayes, RB and England, J and Grey, J}, title = {Invasive crayfish impacts on native fish diet and growth vary with fish life stage.}, journal = {Aquatic sciences}, volume = {79}, number = {1}, pages = {113-125}, pmid = {32269451}, issn = {1015-1621}, abstract = {Assessing the impacts of invasive organisms is a major challenge in ecology. Some widespread invasive species such as crayfish are potential competitors and reciprocal predators of ecologically and recreationally important native fish species. Here, we examine the effects of signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) on the growth, diet, and trophic position of the chub (Squalius cephalus) in four rivers in Britain. Growth rates of 0+ chub were typically lower in sympatric populations with signal crayfish compared with allopatric populations, and this effect could be traced through to 2+ chub in one river. However, growth rates of older chub (5+ to 6+) were typically higher in the presence of crayfish. Sympatry with crayfish resulted in lower chub length-at-age and mass-at-age in half of the rivers sampled, with no change detected in the other rivers. Stable isotope analyses (δ[13]C and δ[15]N) revealed that both chub and crayfish were omnivorous, feeding at multiple trophic levels and occupying similar trophic positions. We found some evidence that chub trophic position was greater at invaded sites on one river, with no difference detected on a second river. Mixing models suggested crayfish were important food items for both small and large chub at invaded sites. This study provides evidence that invasive species can have both positive and negative effects on different life stages of a native species, with the net impact likely to depend on responses at the population level.}, }
@article {pmid32269427, year = {2017}, author = {Donaldson, L and Wilson, RJ and Maclean, IMD}, title = {Old concepts, new challenges: adapting landscape-scale conservation to the twenty-first century.}, journal = {Biodiversity and conservation}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {527-552}, pmid = {32269427}, issn = {0960-3115}, abstract = {Landscape-scale approaches to conservation stem largely from the classic ideas of reserve design: encouraging bigger and more sites, enhancing connectivity among sites, and improving habitat quality. Trade-offs are imposed between these four strategies by the limited resources and opportunities available for conservation programmes, including the establishment and management of protected areas, and wildlife-friendly farming and forestry. Although debate regarding trade-offs between the size, number, connectivity and quality of protected areas was prevalent in the 1970-1990s, the implications of the same trade-offs for ongoing conservation responses to threats from accelerating environmental change have rarely been addressed. Here, we reassess the implications of reserve design theory for landscape-scale conservation, and present a blueprint to help practitioners to prioritise among the four strategies. We consider the new perspectives placed on landscape-scale conservation programmes by twenty-first century pressures including climate change, invasive species and the need to marry food security with biodiversity conservation. A framework of the situations under which available theory and evidence recommend that each of the four strategies be prioritized is provided, seeking to increase the clarity required for urgent conservation decision-making.}, }
@article {pmid32355453, year = {2016}, author = {Oliver, MK and Piertney, SB and Zalewski, A and Melero, Y and Lambin, X}, title = {The compensatory potential of increased immigration following intensive American mink population control is diluted by male-biased dispersal.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, pages = {3047-3061}, pmid = {32355453}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {Attempts to mitigate the impact of invasive species on native ecosystems increasingly target large land masses where control, rather than eradication, is the management objective. Depressing numbers of invasive species to a level where their impact on native biodiversity is tolerable requires overcoming the impact of compensatory immigration from non-controlled portions of the landscape. Because of the expected scale-dependency of dispersal, the overall size of invasive species management areas relative to the dispersal ability of the controlled species will determine the size of any effectively conserved core area unaffected by immigration from surrounding areas. However, when dispersal is male-biased, as in many mammalian invasive carnivores, males may be overrepresented amongst immigrants, reducing the potential growth rate of invasive species populations in re-invaded areas. Using data collected from a project that gradually imposed spatially comprehensive control on invasive American mink (Neovison vison) over a 10,000 km[2] area of NE Scotland, we show that mink captures were reduced to almost zero in 3 years, whilst there was a threefold increase in the proportion of male immigrants. Dispersal was often long distance and linking adjacent river catchments, asymptoting at 38 and 31 km for males and females respectively. Breeding and dispersal were spatially heterogeneous, with 40 % of river sections accounting for most captures of juvenile (85 %), adult female (65 %) and immigrant (57 %) mink. Concentrating control effort on such areas, so as to turn them into "attractive dispersal sinks" could make a disproportionate contribution to the management of recurrent re-invasion of mainland invasive species management areas.}, }
@article {pmid32256532, year = {2015}, author = {Zhao, D and Feng, P}, title = {Temperature increase impacts personality traits in aquatic non-native species: Implications for biological invasion under climate change.}, journal = {Current zoology}, volume = {61}, number = {6}, pages = {966-971}, doi = {10.1093/czoolo/61.6.966}, pmid = {32256532}, issn = {1674-5507}, abstract = {Climate change, such as elevated temperatures, may facilitate biological invasion. Aquatic animal systems are more vulnerable to biological invasion when the temperature rises. Animal personality also plays an important role in the possibility of successful establishment of invasive species. However, it is still unclear how personality traits of invasive species will respond to global warming. This study focuses on juveniles of red swamp crawfish Procambarus clarkii, an invasive poikilothermic species with wide distribution throughout the world, and explores how slight temperature increases influence three personality traits (activity, boldness and aggressiveness) of P. clarkii. For each personality, individual variation is to be presented in condition of the same temperature. Individual personality values can significantly increase with the subtle rising of water temperature. Significant correlations among activity, boldness and aggressiveness are found at any temperature stage, and such relationships are maintained at a similar level in the face of different temperatures. It is most likely that significant expressions of personality traits may be an ecological compensation strategy to offset increased metabolic costs when faced with small temperature increases. Aggression syndromes are formed due to stable linkages between personality traits, in order to acquire allopatric resources efficiently and establish a new population in this species.}, }
@article {pmid32313433, year = {2015}, author = {Springborn, MR and Keller, RP and Elwood, S and Romagosa, CM and Zambrana-Torrelio, C and Daszak, P}, title = {Integrating invasion and disease in the risk assessment of live bird trade.}, journal = {Diversity &amp; distributions}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {101-110}, pmid = {32313433}, issn = {1366-9516}, abstract = {AIM: International trade in plants and animals generates significant economic benefits. It also leads to substantial unintended impacts when introduced species become invasive, causing environmental disturbance or transmitting diseases that affect people, livestock, other wildlife or the environment. Policy responses are usually only implemented after these species become established and damages are already incurred. International agreements to control trade are likewise usually based on selection of species with known impacts. We aim to further develop quantitative invasive species risk assessment for bird imports and extend the tool to explicitly address disease threats.<br><br>LOCATION: United States of America.<br><br>METHODS: We use a two-step approach for rapid risk assessment based on the expected biological risks due to both the environmental and health impact of a potentially invasive wildlife species in trade. We assess establishment probability based on a model informed by historical observations and then construct a model of emerging infectious disease threat based on economic and ecological characteristics of the exporting country.<br><br>RESULTS: We illustrate how our rapid assessment tool can be used to identify high-priority species for regulation based on a combination of the threat they pose for becoming established and vectoring emerging infectious diseases.<br><br>MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Our approach can be executed for a species in a matter of days and is nested in an economic decision-making framework for determining whether the biological risk is justified by trade benefits.}, }
@article {pmid32214452, year = {2015}, author = {Havel, JE and Kovalenko, KE and Thomaz, SM and Amalfitano, S and Kats, LB}, title = {Aquatic invasive species: challenges for the future.}, journal = {Hydrobiologia}, volume = {750}, number = {1}, pages = {147-170}, pmid = {32214452}, issn = {0018-8158}, abstract = {Humans have effectively transported thousands of species around the globe and, with accelerated trade; the rate of introductions has increased over time. Aquatic ecosystems seem at particular risk from invasive species because of threats to biodiversity and human needs for water resources. Here, we review some known aspects of aquatic invasive species (AIS) and explore several new questions. We describe impacts of AIS, factors limiting their dispersal, and the role that humans play in transporting AIS. We also review the characteristics of species that should be the greatest threat for future invasions, including those that pave the way for invasions by other species ("invasional meltdown"). Susceptible aquatic communities, such as reservoirs, may serve as stepping stones for invasions of new landscapes. Some microbes disperse long distance, infect new hosts and grow in the external aquatic medium, a process that has consequences for human health. We also discuss the interaction between species invasions and other human impacts (climate change, landscape conversion), as well as the possible connection of invasions with regime shifts in lakes. Since many invaders become permanent features of the environment, we discuss how humans live with invasive species, and conclude with questions for future research.}, }
@article {pmid32846742, year = {2014}, author = {Goldson, SL and Tomasetto, F and Popay, AJ}, title = {Biological control against invasive species in simplified ecosystems: its triumphs and emerging threats.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {50-56}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2014.09.003}, pmid = {32846742}, issn = {2214-5753}, abstract = {Although records show that the loss of susceptibility of pests to biological control agents is an exceedingly rare event, there are certain behavioural and ecological settings that may well predispose to it. In general, these circumstances rarely converge. Such a critical combination of factors could possibly occur in agroecosystems based on incomplete transplants imported from elsewhere. It can be argued that such ecosystems lack the biodiversity required to confer biotic resistance to invasive species and this can result in spectacularly high and damaging pest densities. Through exactly the same mechanism, introduced control agents such as parasitoid wasps, similarly can prove to be very successful in producing persistently very high levels of parasitism of pests, leading to triumph. However, this feeling may be short-lived. When success is based on very high selection pressure on the host pest species this could have the potential to lead to the evolution of resistance to the control agent. This is particularly so should it coincide with factors such as a lack of pest host refugia, parasitoid parthenogenetic reproduction, versus pest sexual reproduction, as well as suppression based on a narrow range of natural enemies. In effect, the very thing that can lead to spectacular success can eventually become the basis for failure. For the purposes of illustration, these considerations are illustrated via what seems to be a developing cause for concern about biological control in New Zealand's pastures.}, }
@article {pmid32226062, year = {2014}, author = {Sutor, A and Schwarz, S and Conraths, FJ}, title = {The biological potential of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides, Gray 1834) as an invasive species in Europe-new risks for disease spread?.}, journal = {Acta theriologica}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, pages = {49-59}, pmid = {32226062}, issn = {0001-7051}, abstract = {Invasive wildlife species have the potential to act as additional host and vector species for infectious diseases. The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonides), a carnivore species that has its origin in Asia, was taken as an example to demonstrate biological and ecological prerequisites which enables an invasive species to occupy a new habitat permanently. Studies conducted during the last 20 years identified a total of 35 species of endoparasites, five ectoparasites, six bacterial or protozoan species, and five viruses found in the subspecies Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis in its original and newly occupied habitat or in Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis in its original habitat, respectively. With reference to raccoon dogs impact as vector species and the relevance for human and animal health, we selected Trichinella spp., Echinococcus multilocularis, Francisella tularensis, rabies virus, and canine distemper virus for detailed description. Results of studies from Finland and Germany furthermore showed that biological characteristics of the raccoon dog make this carnivore an ideal host and vector for a variety of pathogens. This may result in a growing importance of this invasive species concerning the epidemiology of some transmissible diseases in Europe, including the hazard that the existence of autochthonous wildlife, particularly small populations, is endangered. Potential adverse effects on human and animal health in the livestock sector must also be taken into account. Especially with regard to its potential as a reservoir for zoonotic diseases, the raccoon dog should receive more attention in disease prevention and eradication strategies.}, }
@article {pmid32313353, year = {2012}, author = {Hatcher, MJ and Dick, JTA and Dunn, AM}, title = {Disease emergence and invasions.}, journal = {Functional ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {1275-1287}, pmid = {32313353}, issn = {0269-8463}, abstract = {Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are recognized as having significant social, economic and ecological costs, threatening human health, food security, wildlife conservation and biodiversity. We review the processes underlying the emergence of infectious disease, focusing on the similarities and differences between conceptual models of disease emergence and biological invasions in general.Study of the IUCN's list of the world's worst invaders reveals that disease is cited as a driver behind the conservation, medical or economic impact of nearly a quarter of the species on the data base.The emergence of novel diseases in new host species are, in essence, examples of invasions by parasites. Many of the ecological and anthropogenic drivers of disease emergence and classical invasions are also shared, with environmental change and global transport providing opportunities for the introduction and spread of invaders and novel parasites.The phases of disease emergence and biological invasions have many parallels; particularly the early and late phases, where demographic and anthropogenic factors are key drivers. However, there are also differences in the intermediate phases, where host-parasite co-evolution plays a crucial role in determining parasite establishment in novel hosts.Similar opportunities and constraints on control and management occur at the different phases of invasions and disease emergence. However, exploitation of host immune responses offers additional control opportunities through contact control and vaccination against EIDs. We propose that cross-fertilization between the disciplines of disease emergence and invasion biology may provide further insights into their prediction, control and management.}, }
@article {pmid32480937, year = {2011}, author = {Kinmonth-Schultz, H and Kim, SH}, title = {Carbon gain, allocation and storage in rhizomes in response to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and nutrient supply in a perennial C3 grass, Phalaris arundinacea.}, journal = {Functional plant biology : FPB}, volume = {38}, number = {10}, pages = {797-807}, doi = {10.1071/FP11060}, pmid = {32480937}, issn = {1445-4416}, abstract = {Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) is a fast-growing, perennial, rhizomatous C3 grass considered as a model invasive species for its aggressive behaviour. The same traits make it a candidate for bioenergy feedstock. We tested the following hypotheses: (1) elevated atmospheric [CO2] and nutrient supply enhance photosynthetic carbon acquisition of this fructan-accumulating grass with little or no photosynthetic downregulation; (2) elevated [CO2] promotes carbon allocation to growth when nutrients are sufficient and to fructan storage in rhizomes when nutrients are low. Plants were grown at ambient or elevated (+320μmolmol-1) [CO2], and fertilised using full or one-eighth strength modified Hoagland solution. We investigated leaf photosynthesis, whole-plant water use, biomass allocation, and nitrogen and carbon storage in rhizomes. Elevated [CO2] enhanced light-saturated net CO2 assimilation by 61%. It doubled whole-plant, stem and root biomass in summer. Plants grown in elevated [CO2] had a greater rate of CO2 assimilation at higher [CO2], indicating a shift in photosynthetic apparatus for enhanced carbon gain under elevated [CO2]. The majority of belowground biomass was allocated to rhizomes for storage rather than to roots in both seasons. In autumn, elevated [CO2] increased fructan concentration in rhizomes from 8.1 to 11.7% of biomass when nutrients were low (P=0.023). Our results suggest that elevated [CO2] combined with sufficient nutrients is likely to enhance carbon gain and growth of P. arundinacea, and to increase its productivity and competitiveness in summer. Elevated [CO2] is likely to enhance long-term fructan storage in rhizomes, which may benefit overwintering and vegetative spread.}, }
@article {pmid32288758, year = {2011}, author = {Kauhala, K and Kowalczyk, R}, title = {Invasion of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides in Europe: History of colonization, features behind its success, and threats to native fauna.}, journal = {Current zoology}, volume = {57}, number = {5}, pages = {584-598}, doi = {10.1093/czoolo/57.5.584}, pmid = {32288758}, issn = {1674-5507}, abstract = {We aimed to review the history of the introduction and colonization of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides in Europe, the features behind its successful expansion and its impact on native fauna. The raccoon dog quickly colonized new areas after being introduced to the European part of the former Soviet Union. Today it is widespread in Northern and Eastern Europe and is still spreading in Central Europe. Features behind its success include its adaptability, high reproductive potential, omnivory, hibernation in northern areas, multiple introductions with > 9000 individuals from different localities, and tendency to wander enabling gene flow between populations. Firm evidence of the raccoon dog's negative impact on native fauna, such as a reduction in bird populations, is still scarce. Raccoon dogs may destroy waterfowl nests, although a nest predation study in Latvia did not confirm this. Predator removal studies in Finland suggested that the raccoon dog's impact on game birds is smaller than expected. However, raccoon dogs may have caused local extinction of frog populations, especially on islands. Raccoon dogs may compete with other carnivores for food, for example for carrion in winter, or for the best habitat patches. In northern Europe potential competitors include the red fox Vulpes vulpes and the badger Meles meles, but studies of their diets or habitat preferences do not indicate severe competition. The raccoon dog is an important vector of diseases and parasites, such as rabies, Echinococcus multilocularis and Trichinella spp. and this is no doubt the most severe consequence arising from the spread of this alien species in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid32215222, year = {2011}, author = {Graham, J and Jarnevich, CS and Simpson, A and Newman, GJ and Stohlgren, TJ}, title = {Federated or cached searches: Providing expected performance from multiple invasive species databases.}, journal = {Frontiers of earth science}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {111-119}, pmid = {32215222}, issn = {2095-0195}, abstract = {Invasive species are a universal global problem, but the information to identify them, manage them, and prevent invasions is stored around the globe in a variety of formats. The Global Invasive Species Information Network is a consortium of organizations working toward providing seamless access to these disparate databases via the Internet. A distributed network of databases can be created using the Internet and a standard web service protocol. There are two options to provide this integration. First, federated searches are being proposed to allow users to search "deep" web documents such as databases for invasive species. A second method is to create a cache of data from the databases for searching. We compare these two methods, and show that federated searches will not provide the performance and flexibility required from users and a central cache of the datum are required to improve performance.}, }
@article {pmid32688860, year = {2008}, author = {Broz, AK and Manter, DK and Callaway, RM and Paschke, MW and Vivanco, JM}, title = {A molecular approach to understanding plant-plant interactions in the context of invasion biology.}, journal = {Functional plant biology : FPB}, volume = {35}, number = {11}, pages = {1123-1134}, doi = {10.1071/FP08155}, pmid = {32688860}, issn = {1445-4416}, abstract = {Competition is a major determinant of plant community structure, and can influence the size and reproductive fitness of a species. Therefore, competitive responses may arise from alterations in gene expression and plant function when an individual is confronted with new competitors. This study explored competition at the level of gene expression by hybridising transcripts from Centaurea maculosa Lam., one of North America's most invasive exotic plant species, to an Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh microarray chip. Centaurea was grown in competition with Festuca idahoensis Elmer, a native species that generally has weak competitive effects against Centaurea; Gaillardia aristata Pursh, a native species that tends to be a much stronger competitor against Centaurea; and alone (control). Some transcripts were induced or repressed to a similar extent regardless of the plant neighbour grown with Centaurea. Other transcripts showed differential expression that was specific to the competitor species, possibly indicating a species-specific aspect of the competitive response of Centaurea. These results are the first to identify genes in an invasive plant that are induced or repressed by plant neighbours and provide a new avenue of insight into the molecular aspects of plant competitive ability.}, }
@article {pmid32313431, year = {2006}, author = {Lawes, RA and Murphy, HT and Grice, AC}, title = {Comparing agglomerative clustering and three weed classification frameworks to assess the invasiveness of alien species across spatial scales.}, journal = {Diversity &amp; distributions}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {633-644}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-4642.2006.00291.x}, pmid = {32313431}, issn = {1366-9516}, abstract = {To prioritize weed management at the catchment scale, information is required on the species present, their relatively frequency, abundance, and likely spread and impact. The objective of this study was to classify the invasiveness of alien species that have invaded the Upper Burdekin Catchment in Queensland, Australia, at three spatial scales. A combination of three published weed classification frameworks and multivariate techniques were employed to classify species based on their frequency and cover at a range of spatial scales. We surveyed the Upper Burdekin Catchment for alien species, and for each species determined the following distribution indices - site frequency, total cover, transect frequency per site frequency and quadrat frequency per site frequency, cover per quadrat when present, cover per transect when present, and cover per site when present. These indices capture the effect of species abundance and frequency between sites (site frequency and total cover), within sites (transect frequency per site and cover per transect when present), and within transects (quadrat frequency per site frequency and cover per site). They were used to classify the species into seven groups using a hierarchical cluster analysis. The relationship between the indices was explored to determine how effective the small scale, site-specific indices were at predicting the broader, landscape-scale patterns. Strong correlations were observed between transect frequency per site and frequency (r [2] = 0.89) and cover per transect when present and total cover (r [2] = 0.62). This suggests that if a weed is abundant at the site level, it has the potential to occupy large areas of the catchment. The species groupings derived from the application of the three published weed classification frameworks were compared graphically to the groupings derived from the cluster analysis. One of the frameworks classified species into three groups. The other two frameworks classified species into four groups. There was a high degree of subjectivity in applying the frameworks to the survey data. Some of the data were of no relevance to the classification frameworks and were therefore ignored. We suggest that the weed classification frameworks should be used in conjunction with existing multivariate techniques to ensure that classifications capture important natural variations in observed data that may reflect invasion processes. The combined use of the frameworks and multivariate techniques enabled us to aggregate species into categories appropriate for management.}, }
@article {pmid32689128, year = {2005}, author = {Dong, C and Thomas, S and Becker, D and Lörz, H and Whitford, R and Sutton, T and Able, JA and Langridge, P}, title = {WM5: Isolation and characterisation of a gene expressed during early meiosis and shoot meristem development in wheat.}, journal = {Functional plant biology : FPB}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, pages = {249-258}, doi = {10.1071/FP04198}, pmid = {32689128}, issn = {1445-4416}, abstract = {Wheat Meiosis 5 (WM5), isolated from an early meiosis anther cDNA library of wheat by cDNA subtraction encodes a novel glycine-serine-proline-alanine-rich protein. The corresponding homologous genes are located on the short arms of chromosomes 3A, 3B and 3D of allohexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The copy on 3DS is located within the region deleted in the wheat mutant ph2a that displays increased homoeologous chromosome pairing in crosses with alien species. While WM5 is expressed primarily in young flower buds during early meiosis it is also expressed in shoot meristems, thus indicating functional roles in both meiosis and meristem development. Overall, the WM5 amino acid sequence shares no significant similarity with other known proteins in the NCBI database. However, the carboxyl-terminal region does have similarity with the Arabidopsis PDF1 (Protodermal Factor 1) protein. Comparing WM5 and PDF1 reveals that the two proteins share 33% identity and have similar hydropathy plots and predicted secondary structures. In situ immuno-staining locates the protein to the nuclei of pollen mother cells undergoing meiosis and the epidermal layer of the shoot and flower meristem, including the cell wall and cuticle. We propose that the WM5 protein has a role in shoot and flower development within this economically important cereal crop.}, }
@article {pmid32287342, year = {2004}, author = {Dybas, CL}, title = {Invasive Species: The Search for Solutions.}, journal = {Bioscience}, volume = {54}, number = {7}, pages = {615-621}, doi = {10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0615:ISTSFS]2.0.CO;2}, pmid = {32287342}, issn = {0006-3568}, }
@article {pmid32029837, year = {2020}, author = {Davis, AJ and Keiter, DA and Kierepka, EM and Slootmaker, C and Piaggio, AJ and Beasley, JC and Pepin, KM}, title = {A comparison of cost and quality of three methods for estimating density for wild pig (Sus scrofa).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {2047}, pmid = {32029837}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/*physiology ; DNA/isolation &amp; purification ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/economics/*methods ; Feces/chemistry ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Population Density ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/economics ; South Carolina ; Sus scrofa/*physiology ; Video Recording/economics ; }, abstract = {A critical element in effective wildlife management is monitoring the status of wildlife populations; however, resources to monitor wildlife populations are typically limited. We compared cost effectiveness of three common population estimation methods (i.e. non-invasive DNA sampling, camera sampling, and sampling from trapping) by applying them to wild pigs (Sus scrofa) across three habitats in South Carolina, U.S.A where they are invasive. We used mark-recapture analyses for fecal DNA sampling data, spatially-explicit capture-recapture analyses for camera sampling data, and a removal analysis for removal sampling from trap data. Density estimates were similar across methods. Camera sampling was the least expensive, but had large variances. Fecal DNA sampling was the most expensive, although this technique generally performed well. We examined how reductions in effort by method related to increases in relative bias or imprecision. For removal sampling, the largest cost savings while maintaining unbiased density estimates was from reducing the number of traps. For fecal DNA sampling, a reduction in effort only minimally reduced costs due to the need for increased lab replicates while maintaining high quality estimates. For camera sampling, effort could only be marginally reduced before inducing bias. We provide a decision tree for researchers to help make monitoring decisions.}, }
@article {pmid32029620, year = {2020}, author = {Simberloff, D and Barney, JN and Mack, RN and Carlton, JT and Reaser, JK and Stewart, BS and Tabor, G and Lane, EM and Hyatt, W and Malcom, JW and Buchanan, L and Meyerson, LA}, title = {U.S. action lowers barriers to invasive species.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {367}, number = {6478}, pages = {636}, doi = {10.1126/science.aba7186}, pmid = {32029620}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Federal Government ; *Introduced Species ; *Politics ; United States ; }, }
@article {pmid32028944, year = {2020}, author = {Li, N and Li, L and Zhang, Y and Wu, M}, title = {Monitoring of the invasion of Spartina alterniflora from 1985 to 2015 in Zhejiang Province, China.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {7}, pmid = {32028944}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {China ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Spartina alterniflora is an invasive plant on the coast of China that replaces native vegetation and has a serious negative impact on local ecosystems. Monitoring the spatial distribution of S. alterniflora and its changes over time can reveal its expansion mechanism, which is crucial for the management of coastal ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to map the distribution of S. alterniflora in Zhejiang Province from 1985 to 2015 using a time series of Landsat TM/OLI images and analyze the temporal and spatial patterns of expansion of this species.<br><br>RESULTS: After analyzing the distribution of coastal vegetation, the vegetation index was calculated based on Landsat images for 4 years (1985, 1995, 2005 and 2015). According to a threshold determined based on expert knowledge, the distribution of S. alterniflora in Zhejiang Province was extracted, and the temporal and spatial changes in the distribution of S. alterniflora were analyzed. The classification accuracy was 90.3%. S. alterniflora has expanded rapidly in recent decades after being introduced into southern Zhejiang. Between 1985 and 2015, S. alterniflora increased its area of distribution by 10,000 hm[2], and it replaced native vegetation to become the most abundant halophyte in tidal flats. Overall, S. alterniflora expanded from south to north over the decades of the study, and the fastest expansion rate was 463.64 hm[2]/year, which occurred between 1995 and 2005. S. alterniflora was widely distributed in the tidal flats of bays and estuaries and expanded outward as sediment accumulated.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals the changes over time in S. alterniflora cover in Zhejiang and can contribute to the control and management of this invasive plant.}, }
@article {pmid32025364, year = {2020}, author = {Winterton, DJ and van Wilgen, NJ and Venter, JA}, title = {Investigating the effects of management practice on mammalian co-occurrence along the West Coast of South Africa.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e8184}, pmid = {32025364}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The subtle and cascading effects (e.g., altered interspecific interactions) that anthropogenic stressors have on local ecological assemblages often go unnoticed but are concerning given their importance in ecosystem function. For example, elimination of buffalo from the Serengeti National Park is suggested to have driven increased abundance of smaller antelope as a result of release from competition. The perceived low abundance of small antelope in the contractual Postberg section of the West Coast National Park (the park) has been an ongoing management concern which has been anecdotally attributed to predation by a mesopredator (the caracal, Caracal caracal). However, we hypothesized that the historical overstocking, and consequent overgrazing by larger-bodied managed ungulates would influence small antelope abundance. Using camera traps, we investigated species co-occurrence and temporal activity between small antelope, managed ungulates and caracals in Postberg as well as another part of the park (Langebaan) and a farm outside of the park. Results suggest that small antelope and managed ungulates have a high degree of temporal overlap (Δ = 0.74, 0.79 and 0.86 for the farm, Langebaan and Postberg respectively), while temporal partitioning between small antelope and caracal is apparent (Δ = 0.59). Further, small antelope and managed ungulates appear to occur independently of one another (SIF = 0.91-1 across areas). Managed ungulates were detected almost three times more frequently on fallow lands when compared to the more vegetated sites within the park suggesting that segregated food/cover resources allow for independent occurrence. Small antelope had a much higher probability of occurrence outside of the protected area (e.g., ψ = 0.192 and 0.486 for steenbok at Postberg, Langebaan compared to 0.841 on the farm), likely due to less variable (more intact) habitat outside of the protected area. There is not sufficient evidence to currently warrant management intervention for predators. The small size of the protected area provides limited scope for spatial replication thus reducing possibilities to infer the cause and effect for complex interactions (which would historically have taken place over much larger areas) with negative implications for adaptive management. We recommend continued monitoring over multiple seasons and a wider area to determine the spatial information requirements to inform management of small protected areas.}, }
@article {pmid32024949, year = {2020}, author = {Bradbeer, SJ and Coughlan, NE and Cuthbert, RN and Crane, K and Dick, JTA and Caffrey, JM and Lucy, FE and Renals, T and Davis, E and Warren, DA and Pile, B and Quinn, C and Dunn, AM}, title = {The effectiveness of disinfectant and steam exposure treatments to prevent the spread of the highly invasive killer shrimp, Dikerogammarus villosus.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {1919}, pmid = {32024949}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*drug effects ; Animals ; Decontamination/*methods ; Disinfectants/*toxicity ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Peroxides/toxicity ; *Steam ; Sulfuric Acids/toxicity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Biosecurity protocols designed to prevent the spread of invasive alien species (IAS) are now an essential aspect of IAS management. However, the effectiveness of various biosecurity treatments requires further exploration. Killer shrimp, Dikerogammarus villosus, a notoriously high impact and ecosystem destabilising invader, has rapidly spread across Europe, and is of concern to invade Northern America. In this study, we examine the effectiveness of three commonly used, broad-spectrum disinfectants to cause mortality of D. villosus: Virasure Aquatic, Virkon Aquatic, and Virkon S. Immersion and spray treatments of 1%, 2% and 4% disinfectant solutions were examined for applications of up to 300 secs immersion and for up to ten consecutive sprays. Furthermore, we assessed the effectiveness of steam (≥100 °C) treatments for up to 120 secs. For all disinfectants, immersion in 1% solutions caused 100% mortality at ≥120 secs. At higher concentrations, shorter immersion times caused complete mortality: 60 and 15 secs for 2% and 4% solutions, respectively. Five sprays of 2% and 4% solutions resulted in 100% mortality, for all disinfectants. Direct steam exposure was highly effective, with complete D. villosus mortality occurring at ≥10 secs. Overall, brief exposure to broad-spectrum disinfectants and direct steam could be used to limit D. villosus spread.}, }
@article {pmid32020257, year = {2020}, author = {Wang, F and Cale, JA and Erbilgin, N}, title = {Induced Defenses of a Novel Host Tree Affect the Growth and Interactions of Bark Beetle-Vectored Fungi.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {80}, number = {1}, pages = {181-190}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-020-01490-0}, pmid = {32020257}, issn = {1432-184X}, mesh = {Alberta ; Animals ; Antibiosis ; *Host Microbial Interactions ; Ophiostomatales/*growth &amp; development ; Pinus/*immunology/microbiology ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; *Plant Immunity ; Weevils/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Mountain pine beetle (MPB) has recently expanded its host range to the novel jack pine forests in Alberta. Invasion success of MPB may depend on the outcome of interactions between its symbiotic fungus Grosmannia clavigera and Ophiostoma ips, a fungal associate of a potential competitor Ips pini. However, how the quality of jack pine phloem could influence interactions between the fungi is unknown. We investigated whether introduced concentrations of host nitrogen and monoterpenes affect the growth of and interaction between the fungi. Nitrogen concentrations did not affect the growth rate of either fungus. In the absence of monoterpenes, the presence of O. ips promoted G. clavigera growth. Monoterpenes either promoted or inhibited the growth of both fungi, and altered the outcome of species interactions from facilitation to no-effect. Overall, these results suggest that jack pine phloem quality and the presence of a niche-sharing fungus could influence MPB development.}, }
@article {pmid32020056, year = {2020}, author = {Harris, HE and Fogg, AQ and Allen, MS and Ahrens, RNM and Patterson, WF}, title = {Precipitous Declines in Northern Gulf of Mexico Invasive Lionfish Populations Following the Emergence of an Ulcerative Skin Disease.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {1934}, pmid = {32020056}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/mortality/veterinary ; Coral Reefs ; Female ; Fish Diseases/*epidemiology/mortality ; *Fishes ; Gulf of Mexico ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Male ; Prevalence ; Skin Ulcer/mortality/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans/miles have become well-established in many western Atlantic marine habitats and regions. However, high densities and low genetic diversity could make their populations susceptible to disease. We examined changes in northern Gulf of Mexico (nGOM) lionfish populations following the emergence of an ulcerative skin disease in August 2017, when estimated disease prevalence was as high as 40%. Ulcerated female lionfish had 9% lower relative condition compared to non-ulcerated females. Changes in lionfish size composition indicated a potential recruitment failure in early summer 2018, when the proportion of new recruits declined by >80%. Remotely operated vehicle surveys during 2016-2018 indicated lionfish population density declined in 2018 by 75% on natural reefs. The strongest declines (77-79%) in lionfish density were on high-density (>25 lionfish per 100 m[2]) artificial reefs, which declined to similar levels as low-density (<15 lionfish per 100 m[2]) artificial reefs that had prior lionfish removals. Fisheries-dependent sampling indicated lionfish commercial spearfishing landings, commercial catch per unit effort (CPUE), and lionfish tournament CPUE also declined approximately 50% in 2018. Collectively, these results provide correlative evidence for density-dependent epizootic population control, have implications for managing lionfish and impacted native species, and improve our understanding of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid32015847, year = {2020}, author = {Sun, J and Javed, Q and Azeem, A and Ullah, I and Saifullah, M and Kama, R and Du, D}, title = {Fluctuated water depth with high nutrient concentrations promote the invasiveness of Wedelia trilobata in Wetland.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {832-842}, pmid = {32015847}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The distribution of invasive and native species in wetlands is determined by hydrological conditions; whereas conditions such as water depth fluctuations, variations in the nutrient concentrations are expected to affect the growth and physiological traits of plants. For the assessment of such effects, we conduct greenhouse experiment with three factors; 1) water depth of 5 cm and 15 cm (static and fluctuated); 2) three levels of nutrient concentrations (i) full-strength Hoagland solution (N1), (ii) ¼-strength Hoagland solution (N2), and (iii) [1]/8-strength Hoagland solution (N3); and 3) species, invasive Wedelia trilobata (L.) and its congener, native Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck.) under mono and mixed culture. Water depth of 5 cm combined with any of the nutrient treatments significantly restrained the photosynthesis, intracellular CO2 concentration and leaf chlorophyll of both W. trilobata and W. chinensis. Increase in the water depth to 15 cm with low-nutrient treatment N3 did not sustain the physiological traits of W. chinensis under mono and mixed planting. A great loss was noted in the growth of W. chinensis at 15 cm static and fluctuated water depth with low-nutrient treatment (N3) and under mixed culture. In addition, water depth fluctuations with both low- and high-nutrient treatments significantly affected the root-shoot ratio, relative growth rate, and interspecific interaction among these two species. W. trilobata benefited more from competitive interaction index (CII) under fluctuated water depth at 15 cm with high nutrients, and the value of CII was clearly positive. Therefore, higher competitive ability may contribute to the invasiveness of W. trilobata in wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid32014766, year = {2020}, author = {Chetouhi, C and Masseret, E and Satta, CT and Balliau, T and Laabir, M and Jean, N}, title = {Intraspecific variability in membrane proteome, cell growth, and morphometry of the invasive marine neurotoxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum grown in metal-contaminated conditions.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {715}, number = {}, pages = {136834}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136834}, pmid = {32014766}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Cell Proliferation ; Chromatography, Liquid ; *Dinoflagellida ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Italy ; Metals ; Proteome ; Spain ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; }, abstract = {Over the past decades, the occurrence, distribution and intensity of harmful algal blooms involving the dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum have increased in marine coastal areas disturbed by anthropogenic inputs. This invasive species produces saxitoxin, which causes the paralytic shellfish poisoning syndrome in humans upon consumption of contaminated seafood. Blooms of A. pacificum have been reported in metal-contaminated coastal ecosystems, suggesting some ability of these microorganisms to adapt to and/or resist in metal stress conditions. This study seeks to characterize the modifications in membrane proteomes (by 2-D electrophoresis coupled to LC-MS/MS), cell growth and morphometry (measured with an inverted microscope), in response to metal stress (addition of Zn[2+], Pb[2+], Cu[2+] and Cd[2+]), in two Mediterranean A. pacificum strains: SG C10-3 and TAR C5-4F, respectively isolated from the Santa Giusta Lagoon (Sardinia, Italy) and from the Tarragona seaport (Spain), both metal-contaminated ecosystems. In the SG C10-3 cultures grown in a metal cocktail, cell growth was significantly delayed, and cell size increased (22% of 37.5 μm cells after 25 days of growth). Conversely, no substantial change was observed for cell growth or cell size in the TAR C5-4F cultures grown in a metal cocktail (P > 0.10), thus indicating intraspecific variability in the responses of A. pacificum strains to metal contamination. Regardless of the conditions tested, the total number of proteins constituting the membrane proteome was significantly higher for TAR C5-4F than for SG C10-3, which may help TAR C5-4F to thrive better in contaminated conditions. For both strains, the total number of proteins constituting the membrane proteomes was significantly lower in response to metal stress (29% decrease in the SG C10-3 proteome: 82 ± 12 proteins for controls, and 58 ± 12 in metal-contaminated cultures; 17% decrease in the TAR C5-4F proteome: 101 ± 8 proteins for controls, and 84 ± 5 in metal-contaminated cultures). Moreover, regardless of the strain, proteins with significantly modified expression in response to stress were mainly down-regulated (representing 45% of the proteome for SG C10-3 and 38% for TAR C5-4F), clearly showing the harmful effects of the metals. Protein down-regulation may affect cell transport (actin and phospholipid scramblase in SG C10-3), photosynthesis (RUBISCO in SG C10-3, light-harvesting protein in TAR C5-4F, and high-CO2-inducing periplasmic protein in both strains), and finally energy metabolism (ATP synthase in both strains). However, other modifications in protein expression may confer to these A. pacificum strains a capacity for adaptation and/or resistance to metal stress conditions, for example by (i) limiting the metal entry through the plasma membrane of the SG C10-3 cells (via the down-regulation of scramblase) and/or (ii) reducing the oxidative stress generated by metals in SG C10-3 and TAR C5-4F cells (due to down-regulation of ATP-synthase).}, }
@article {pmid32014124, year = {2019}, author = {Vidjak, O and Bojanić, N and de Olazabal, A and Benzi, M and Brautović, I and Camatti, E and Hure, M and Lipej, L and Lučić, D and Pansera, M and Pećarević, M and Pestorić, B and Pigozzi, S and Tirelli, V}, title = {Zooplankton in Adriatic port environments: Indigenous communities and non-indigenous species.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {147}, number = {}, pages = {133-149}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.055}, pmid = {32014124}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Copepoda ; Croatia ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Mediterranean Sea ; Ships ; Zooplankton/*classification ; }, abstract = {The zooplankton community was analyzed in ten Adriatic ports as part of the port biological baseline surveys carried out within the framework of the BALMAS project. We provide the first inventory of resident zooplankton taxa and five detected non-indigenous zooplankton species (NIS), and their spatial and seasonal distribution patterns. Copepoda and meroplankton larvae, particularly of Mollusca, dominated the zooplankton in all sampled ports. We recorded a total of 76 indigenous copepod species and five NIS, among which Parvocalanus crassirostris detected in Šibenik and Rijeka ports and Oithona davisae in Venice port, are new for the Adriatic. All detected NIS were widely distributed within the recipient ports. Co-occurrences of NIS were observed in the ports of Venice, Bari, Ancona and Trieste. The results are expected to contribute to the quality of practical monitoring of zooplankton NIS and facilitate the synchronization of efforts in creating NIS-related policies for the Adriatic sub-region.}, }
@article {pmid32013173, year = {2020}, author = {Nunny, L}, title = {Animal Welfare in Predator Control: Lessons from Land and Sea. How the Management of Terrestrial and Marine Mammals Impacts Wild Animal Welfare in Human-Wildlife Conflict Scenarios in Europe.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {32013173}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {n/a//Wild Animal Initiative/ ; }, abstract = {The control of predators, on land and in the sea, is a complex topic. Both marine and terrestrial mammal predators come into conflict with humans in Europe in many ways and yet their situations are rarely compared. Areas of conflict include the predation of livestock and farmed fish, and the perceived competition for wild prey (for example wolves competing with hunters for deer and seals competing with fishermen for salmon). A lethal method (shooting) and non-lethal methods of conflict reduction (including enclosures, guarding, and aversion) used for terrestrial large carnivores (e.g., bear, wolf, wolverine, lynx) and marine mammals (seals) are discussed. Control measures tend to be species- and habitat-specific, although shooting is a widely used method. Potential impacts on predator welfare are described and welfare assessments which have been developed for other wildlife control scenarios, e.g., control of introduced species, are considered for their potential use in assessing predator control. Such assessments should be applied before control methods are chosen so that decisions prioritizing animal welfare can be made. Further work needs to be carried out to achieve appropriate and widely-accepted animal welfare assessment approaches and these should be included in predator management planning. Future research should include further sharing of approaches and information between terrestrial and marine specialists to help ensure that animal welfare is prioritized.}, }
@article {pmid32011804, year = {2021}, author = {Lioy, S and Bianchi, E and Biglia, A and Bessone, M and Laurino, D and Porporato, M}, title = {Viability of thermal imaging in detecting nests of the invasive hornet Vespa velutina.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {271-277}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12760}, pmid = {32011804}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {LIFE14 NAT/IT/001128 STOPVESPA//European Commission/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; *Nesting Behavior ; Thermography/*methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Vespa velutina is an invasive hornet species that is colonising Europe, generating considerable impacts on honeybees, beekeeping and biodiversity. Control and early warning strategies for this species are mainly based on monitoring plans and procedures of nest detection and destruction. Technological tools (harmonic radar, radio-telemetry) have been developed to increase the probabilities of nest detection in new outbreaks. Since hornets are able to regulate nest temperature, thermography may represent an additional technique that may be used, both alone or in support to other techniques. In this study, the viability of thermal imaging in detecting nests of V. velutina was evaluated in controlled conditions. The influence of different environmental and operative variables (time of the day, presence/absence of leaves covering the nest, distance between the nest and the operator) were tested on three nests detected during August 2018 in Italy. All the nests were detectable by thermal imaging, but environmental and operative variables affect their detectability. The temperature difference between the nests and the surrounding reaches its maximum before sunrise and without a tree canopy covering the nests. Although nests were visible in some cases from 30 m, the detectability was higher at shorter distances, even if this variable may also depend on infrared camera resolution. An increase in the environmental temperature also generates a decrease of nest detectability. Although some limitations could occur, these results show the applicability of thermography in detecting V. velutina nests before the beginning of the reproductive phase, and consequently its potentiality in control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid32011046, year = {2020}, author = {Vetter, VMS and Kreyling, J and Dengler, J and Apostolova, I and Arfin-Khan, MAS and Berauer, BJ and Berwaers, S and De Boeck, HJ and Nijs, I and Schuchardt, MA and Sopotlieva, D and von Gillhausen, P and Wilfahrt, PA and Zimmermann, M and Jentsch, A}, title = {Invader presence disrupts the stabilizing effect of species richness in plant community recovery after drought.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {3539-3551}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15025}, pmid = {32011046}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {01LC1201//ERA-Net BiodivERsA/International ; //German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)/International ; 031B0027C//BonaRes/International ; //Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO)/International ; //Bulgarian Science Found/International ; }, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Droughts ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Grassland ; }, abstract = {Higher biodiversity can stabilize the productivity and functioning of grassland communities when subjected to extreme climatic events. The positive biodiversity-stability relationship emerges via increased resistance and/or recovery to these events. However, invader presence might disrupt this diversity-stability relationship by altering biotic interactions. Investigating such disruptions is important given that invasion by non-native species and extreme climatic events are expected to increase in the future due to anthropogenic pressure. Here we present one of the first multisite invader × biodiversity × drought manipulation experiment to examine combined effects of biodiversity and invasion on drought resistance and recovery at three semi-natural grassland sites across Europe. The stability of biomass production to an extreme drought manipulation (100% rainfall reduction; BE: 88 days, BG: 85 days, DE: 76 days) was quantified in field mesocosms with a richness gradient of 1, 3, and 6 species and three invasion treatments (no invader, Lupinus polyphyllus, Senecio inaequidens). Our results suggest that biodiversity stabilized community productivity by increasing the ability of native species to recover from extreme drought events. However, invader presence turned the positive and stabilizing effects of diversity on native species recovery into a neutral relationship. This effect was independent of the two invader's own capacity to recover from an extreme drought event. In summary, we found that invader presence may disrupt how native community interactions lead to stability of ecosystems in response to extreme climatic events. Consequently, the interaction of three global change drivers, climate extremes, diversity decline, and invasive species, may exacerbate their effects on ecosystem functioning.}, }
@article {pmid32009490, year = {2020}, author = {Zhong, Y and Tang, Z and Huang, L and Wang, D and Lu, Z}, title = {Genetic diversity of Procambarus clarkii populations based on mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers in different areas of Guangxi, China.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {48-56}, doi = {10.1080/24701394.2020.1721484}, pmid = {32009490}, issn = {2470-1408}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*genetics ; China ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; *Genetics, Population ; Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is a famous invasive species. However, it has become one of the most important freshwater aquaculture resources in China. Herein, we focus on five artificial cultured populations of P. clarkii in Guangxi, southern China to investigate the genetic diversity based on mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites. The results revealed that the genetic diversity of P. clarkii populations in southern Guangxi (NN and DT) was lower than in central (LZ and LB) and northern (RS) Guangxi. A total of 17 haplotypes were captured from 100 individuals and haplotype 2 mainly existed, and the number of haplotype in NN and DT was less than other populations. The AMOVA showed that genetic variation was determined by within populations. The observed mismatch distribution of overall populations fit the expected distributions, indicating that no obvious demographic expansion, but unimodal was observed in RS, LZ and LB. Fst among most of groups exhibited moderate differentiation. Nevertheless, the gene flow demonstrated there had extensive gene exchanges between different populations, particularly between LZ and LB. UPGMA tree revealed that NN and DT belonged to the same clade, whereas the remaining populations were in the other clade. According to the genetic diversity, there is a need to improve the germplasm resources of P. clarkii in southern Guangxi.}, }
@article {pmid32006101, year = {2020}, author = {Du, Y and Lou, B and Peng, R and Zhou, M}, title = {The Fisher-KPP equation over simple graphs: varied persistence states in river networks.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {80}, number = {5}, pages = {1559-1616}, pmid = {32006101}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Biological Evolution ; Computational Biology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Linear Models ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Population Dynamics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Rivers ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {In this article, we study the dynamical behaviour of a new species spreading from a location in a river network where two or three branches meet, based on the widely used Fisher-KPP advection-diffusion equation. This local river system is represented by some simple graphs with every edge a half infinite line, meeting at a single vertex. We obtain a rather complete description of the long-time dynamical behaviour for every case under consideration, which can be classified into three different types (called a trichotomy), according to the water flow speeds in the river branches, which depend crucially on the topological structure of the graph representing the local river system and on the cross section areas of the branches. The trichotomy includes two different kinds of persistence states, and the state called "persistence below carrying capacity" here appears new.}, }
@article {pmid32006049, year = {2020}, author = {Luchi, N and Ioos, R and Santini, A}, title = {Fast and reliable molecular methods to detect fungal pathogens in woody plants.}, journal = {Applied microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {104}, number = {6}, pages = {2453-2468}, pmid = {32006049}, issn = {1432-0614}, support = {771271//Horizon 2020 Framework Programme/ ; ANR-11-LABX-0002-01//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; }, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Fungi/*isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; Molecular Biology/*methods ; Plant Diseases/microbiology/*prevention &amp; control ; Plants/*microbiology ; *Wood ; }, abstract = {Plant diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms represent a serious threat to plant productivity, food security, and natural ecosystems. An effective framework for early warning and rapid response is a crucial element to mitigate or prevent the impacts of biological invasions of plant pathogens. For these reasons, detection tools play an important role in monitoring plant health, surveillance, and quantitative pathogen risk assessment, thus improving best practices to mitigate and prevent microbial threats. The need to reduce the time of diagnosis has prompted plant pathologists to move towards more sensitive and rapid methods such as molecular techniques. Considering prevention to be the best strategy to protect plants from diseases, this review focuses on fast and reliable molecular methods to detect the presence of woody plant pathogens at early stage of disease development before symptoms occur in the host. A harmonized pool of novel technical, methodological, and conceptual solutions is needed to prevent entry and establishment of new diseases in a country and mitigate the impact of both invasive and indigenous organisms to agricultural and forest ecosystem biodiversity and productivity.}, }
@article {pmid32005953, year = {2020}, author = {Tait, LW and Lohrer, AM and Townsend, M and Atalah, J and Floerl, O and Inglis, GJ}, title = {Invasive ecosystem engineers threaten benthic nitrogen cycling by altering native infaunal and biofouling communities.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {1581}, pmid = {32005953}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/metabolism ; *Biodegradation, Environmental ; Bioengineering/*methods ; *Biofouling/prevention &amp; control ; *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Oceans and Seas ; Polychaeta/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Predicting the effects of invasive ecosystem engineering species in new bioregions has proved elusive. In part this is because separating biological effects from purely physical mechanisms has been little studied and yet could help predict potentially damaging bioinvasions. Here we tested the effects of a large bio-engineering fanworm Sabella spallanzanii (Sabella) versus worm-like structures (mimics) on gas and nutrient fluxes in a marine soft bottom sediment. Experimental plots of sediment in Hauraki Gulf (New Zealand) were used to test the hypothesis that ecosystem engineers negatively influence benthic ecosystem function through autogenic mechanisms, facilitating activity by biofouling organisms and competitive exclusion of native infauna. Enhanced physical structure associated with Sabella and mimics increased nitrogen fluxes, community metabolism and reduced denitrification from 23 μmol m[-2] h[-1] to zero at densities greater than 25 m[2]. Sabella plots on average had greater respiration (29%), NH4 release (33%), and greater NO3 release (52%) compared to mimics, suggesting allogenic (biological) mechanisms occur, but play a secondary role to autogenic (physical) mechanisms. The dominance of autogenic mechanisms indicates that bio-engineers are likely to cause significant impacts when established, regardless of fundamental differences in recipient regions or identity of the introduced bio-engineer. In the case of Sabella spallanzanii, compromised denitrification has the potential to tip the balance of net solute and gas exchanges and cause further ecological degradation in an already eutrophic system.}, }
@article {pmid32005904, year = {2020}, author = {Avila, C and Angulo-Preckler, C and Martín-Martín, RP and Figuerola, B and Griffiths, HJ and Waller, CL}, title = {Invasive marine species discovered on non-native kelp rafts in the warmest Antarctic island.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {1639}, pmid = {32005904}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Biodiversity ; Bryozoa/*physiology ; Climate Change ; Ecology/methods ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Kelp/*physiology ; Membrane Microdomains/physiology ; }, abstract = {Antarctic shallow coastal marine communities were long thought to be isolated from their nearest neighbours by hundreds of kilometres of deep ocean and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The discovery of non-native kelp washed up on Antarctic beaches led us to question the permeability of these barriers to species dispersal. According to the literature, over 70 million kelp rafts are afloat in the Southern Ocean at any one time. These living, floating islands can play host to a range of passenger species from both their original coastal location and those picked in the open ocean. Driven by winds, currents and storms towards the coast of the continent, these rafts are often cited as theoretical vectors for the introduction of new species into Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic islands. We found non-native kelps, with a wide range of "hitchhiking" passenger organisms, on an Antarctic beach inside the flooded caldera of an active volcanic island. This is the first evidence of non-native species reaching the Antarctic continent alive on kelp rafts. One passenger species, the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea, is found to be an invasive and ecologically harmful species in some cold-water regions, and this is its first record from Antarctica. The caldera of Deception Island provides considerably milder conditions than the frigid surrounding waters and it could be an ideal location for newly introduced species to become established. These findings may help to explain many of the biogeographic patterns and connections we currently see in the Southern Ocean. However, with the impacts of climate change in the region we may see an increase in the range and number of organisms capable of surviving both the long journey and becoming successfully established.}, }
@article {pmid32005878, year = {2020}, author = {Uddin, MN and Robinson, RW and Asaeda, T}, title = {Nitrogen immobilization may reduce invasibility of nutrient enriched plant community invaded by Phragmites australis.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {1601}, pmid = {32005878}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Biomass ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Nutrients/*metabolism ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development/*metabolism/microbiology ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Nutrient enrichment, particularly nitrogen, is an important determinant of plant community productivity, diversity and invasibility in a wetland ecosystem. It may contribute to increasing colonization and dominance of invasive species, such as Phragmites australis, especially during wetland restoration. Providing native species a competitive advantage over invasive species, manipulating soil nutrients (nitrogen) may be an effective strategy to control the invasive species and that management tool is essential to restore the degraded ecosystems. Therefore, we examined competition between Phragmites australis and Melaleuca ericifolia in a greenhouse setting with activated carbon (AC) treatments, followed by cutting of Phragmites shoots in nutrient-rich soils. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of AC on plant-free microcosms in the laboratory, to differentiate direct effects of AC on soil microbial functions from indirect effects. Overall, the objective was to test whether lowering nitrogen might be an effective approach for reducing Phragmites invasion in the wetland. The AC reduced Phragmites total biomass more significantly in repeated cut regime (57%) of Phragmites shoots compared to uncut regime (39%). Conversely, it increased Melaleuca total biomass by 41% and 68% in uncut and repeated cut regimes, respectively. Additionally, AC decreased more total nitrogen in above-ground biomass (41 to 55%) and non-structural carbohydrate in rhizome (21 to 65%) of Phragmites, and less total nitrogen reduction in above-ground biomass (25 to 24%) of Melaleuca in repeated cut compared to uncut regime. The significant negative correlation between Phragmites and Melaleuca total biomass was observed, and noticed that Phragmites acquired less biomass comparatively than Melaleuca in AC-untreated versus AC-treated pots across the cutting frequency. AC also caused significant changes to microbial community functions across Phragmites populations, namely nitrogen mineralization, nitrification, nitrogen microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity (P ≤ 0.05) that may potentially explain changes in plant growth competition between Phragmites and Melaleuca. The overall effects on plant growth, however, may be partially microbially mediated, which was demonstrated through soil microbial functions. Results support the idea that reducing community vulnerability to invasion through nutrient (nitrogen) manipulations by AC with reducing biomass of invasive species may provide an effective strategy for invasive species management and ecosystem restoration.}, }
@article {pmid32005841, year = {2020}, author = {Macêdo, JFS and Ribeiro, LS and Bruno, RLA and Alves, EU and de Andrade, AP and Lopes, KP and da Costa, FB and Zanuncio, JC and Ribeiro, WS}, title = {Green leaves and seeds alcoholic extract controls Sporobulus indicus germination in laboratory conditions.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {1599}, pmid = {32005841}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Carica/chemistry ; Cyperus/chemistry ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Ethanol ; Germination/*drug effects ; Introduced Species ; Phyllanthus/chemistry ; Plant Extracts/*pharmacology ; Plant Leaves/*chemistry ; Poaceae/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Ricinus/chemistry ; Seeds/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {High seed production makes Sporobolus indicus var. pyramidalis a difficult to control invasive grassland plant. The objective of the present study was to investigate the bioactivity of Cyperus rotundus, Phyllanthus tenellus and Ricinus communis green leaf extracts and of Carica papaya seeds on S. indicus germination without breaking dormancy, simulating the field conditions. The ethanolic extract bioactivity of C. rotundus, P. tenellus, R. communis green leaves and C. papaya seeds, at concentrations of 25, 50 and 75% in S. indicus germination was evaluated. Carotenoids, flavonoids, soluble phenolic compounds and total tannins were quantified in the extracts. The chemical component concentrations varied between alcoholic extracts. The P. tenellus extracts at all dilutions and those of R. communis and C. papaya at 75% completely suppressed S. indicus seed germination at five and ten days which can be attributed to their high tannin concentration, total phenolic compounds and flavonoids.}, }
@article {pmid32003124, year = {2020}, author = {Cowie, BW and Venter, N and Witkowski, ET and Byrne, MJ}, title = {Implications of elevated carbon dioxide on the susceptibility of the globally invasive weed, Parthenium hysterophorus, to glyphosate herbicide.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {76}, number = {7}, pages = {2324-2332}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5767}, pmid = {32003124}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//DST-NRF Centre for Excellence for Invasion Biology/ ; Wits-Innovation Block Grant//National Research Foundation of South Africa/ ; //University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg/ ; }, mesh = {*Asteraceae ; Carbon Dioxide ; Glycine/analogs &amp; derivatives ; Herbicides ; Plant Weeds ; South Africa ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The noxious annual herb, Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae), is an invasive weed of global significance, threatening food security, biodiversity and human health. In South Africa, chemical control is frequently used to manage P. hysterophorus, however, concern surrounds increasing atmospheric CO2 levels, which may reduce the efficacy of glyphosate against the weed. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the susceptibility of P. hysterophorus to glyphosate (1L/ha: recommended) after being grown for five generations in Convirons under ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (600 and 800 ppm) CO2 .<br><br>RESULTS: Glyphosate efficacy decreased with increasing CO2 , with mortalities of 100, 83 and 75% recorded at 400, 600 and 800&#x2009;ppm, respectively. Parthenium hysterophorus experienced enhanced growth and reproduction under elevated CO2, however, glyphosate application was highly damaging, reducing the growth and flowering of plants across all CO2 treatments. Physiologically, glyphosate-treated plants, in all CO2 treatments, suffered severe declines of >90% in chlorophyll content, maximum quantum efficiency (F v /Fm), photon absorption (ABS/RC), electron transport (ET 0 /RC) and performance index (PI ABS), albeit at slower rates for plants grown under elevated CO2 . Low levels of recovery from glyphosate were documented only for plants grown under elevated CO2 and was attributed to their increased biomass.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These results suggest that increasing CO2 levels may hinder chemical control efforts used against P. hysterophorus in the future, advocating for further investigation using multigenerational CO2 studies and the maintenance of effective spraying programs at present. &#xa9; 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid32002992, year = {2020}, author = {Moyano, J and Rodriguez-Cabal, MA and Nuñez, MA}, title = {Highly invasive tree species are more dependent on mutualisms.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {101}, number = {5}, pages = {e02997}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2997}, pmid = {32002992}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Introduced Species ; *Mycorrhizae ; *Pinus ; Symbiosis ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Why some species become invasive while others do not remains an elusive question. It has been proposed that invasive species should depend less on mutualisms, because their spread would then be less constrained by the availability of mutualistic partners. We tested this idea with the genus Pinus, whose degree of invasiveness is known at the species level (being highly and negatively correlated with seed size), and which forms obligate mutualistic associations with ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF). Mycorrhizal dependence is defined as the degree to which a plant needs the mycorrhizal fungi to show the maximum growth. In this regard, we use plant growth response to mycorrhizal fungi as a proxy for mycorrhizal dependence. We assessed the responsiveness of Pinus species to EMF using 1,206 contrasts published on 34 species, and matched these data with data on Pinus species invasiveness. Surprisingly, we found that species that are more invasive depend more on mutualisms (EMF). Seedling growth of species with smaller seeds benefited more from mutualisms, indicating a higher dependence. A higher reliance on EMF could be part of a strategy in which small-seeded species produce more seeds that can disperse further, and these species are likely to establish only if facilitated by mycorrhizal fungi. On the contrary, big-seeded species showed a lower dependence on EMF, which may be explained by their tolerance to stressful conditions during establishment. However, the limited dispersal of larger seeds may limit the spread of these species. We present strong evidence against a venerable belief in ecology that species that rely more on mutualisms are less prone to invade, and suggest that in certain circumstances greater reliance on mutualists can increase spread capacity.}, }
@article {pmid32002727, year = {2020}, author = {Song, X and Song, R and Zhou, J and Yan, W and Zhang, T and Sun, H and Xiao, J and Wu, Y and Xi, M and Lou, Q and Wang, H and Wang, X}, title = {Development and application of oligonucleotide-based chromosome painting for chromosome 4D of Triticum aestivum L.}, journal = {Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, pages = {171-182}, doi = {10.1007/s10577-020-09627-0}, pmid = {32002727}, issn = {1573-6849}, mesh = {Cell Cycle ; Chromosome Painting/*methods ; *Chromosomes, Plant ; Computational Biology/methods ; Hybridization, Genetic ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Karyotype ; *Oligonucleotide Probes ; Reproducibility of Results ; Translocation, Genetic ; Triticum/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Chromosome painting is a useful technique for distinguishing specific chromosomes (fragments), elucidating the genetic relationships of different genomes or chromosomes, and identifying chromosomal rearrangements. The development of chromosome- or genome-specific probes is fundamental for chromosome painting. The possibility for developing such probes specifically painting homoeologous chromosomes in allopolyploid species has been questioned since that chromosomes belonging to the same homoeologous group share highly conserved sequences. In the present study, we attempted to construct a wheat chromosome 4D-specific oligo probe library by selecting 4D-specific sequences in reference genome of common wheat cv. Chinese Spring (CS, 2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD). The synthesized library contains 27,392 oligos. Oligo painting using the probe library confirmed its specificity, shown by that only chromosome 4D could be painted in three wheat genotypes and CS nulli-tetrasomic line N4AT4D. Oligo painting was successfully used to define the 4D breakpoints in CS deletion lines involving 4D and two wheat-Haynaldia villosa 4D-4V translocation lines. Thirteen wheat relatives and a Triticum durum-H. villosa amphiploid were used for oligo painting. Except the 4D in two Aegilops tauschii accessions, the 4M in Ae. comosa and 4U in Ae. umbellulata could be painted. In tetraploid Ae. ventricosa, both 4D and 4M could be painted; however, the signal intensity of 4M was less compared with 4D. No painted chromosome was observed for the other alien species. This indicated that the relationship among D/M/U was closer than that among D/A/B as well as D with genomes H/R/S[s]/S[c]/Y/P/N/J. Our successful development of 4D-specific oligo probe library may serve as a model for developing oligo probes specific for other homoeologous chromosomes.}, }
@article {pmid31999602, year = {2020}, author = {Lavagnino, NJ and Fanara, JJ and Mensch, J}, title = {Comparison of overwintering survival and fertility of Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae) flies from native and invaded ranges.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {87}, number = {}, pages = {102470}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102470}, pmid = {31999602}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Body Temperature ; *Cold Temperature ; Diptera/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; *Fertility ; Male ; Oogenesis ; Photoperiod ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {Zaprionus indianus is a fly species native to the Afrotropical biogeographic region that invaded the South American continent 20 years ago. Its southernmost record is 34°S in areas with temperate climates with cold winters. To better understand its invasion biology, we investigated physiological responses to winter-like abiotic conditions that may be relevant in Z. indianus geographic expansion. We characterized Z. indianus females reproductive traits (ovarian maturation and fertility) and survival in response to cold treatments with summer-like and winter-like photoperiods. We also compared these traits between native (Yokadouma, Africa) and invasive (Yuto, South America) range wild-derived flies. We showed that Z. indianus females have the ability to arrest ovarian maturation and maintain fertility following recovery from cold stress. The critical temperature for ovarian maturation of this species was estimated at c. 13 °C, an intermediate value between those of tropical and temperate drosophilid species. Wild-derived females from Yuto responded to winter-like photoperiod by slowing down ovarian maturation at low but permissive temperatures of 14 °C and 16 °C and also delayed the start of oviposition after cold treatment. Yuto flies also survived better and recovered 20% faster from chill coma than flies from Yokadouma. These results are consistent with a scenario of local adaptations or phenotypic plasticity in the invaded range, and suggest that photoperiod could act as modulator of ovarian arrest. Conversely, the fact that native range flies showed higher fertility after cold recovery than females from invaded range is not indicative of local adaptation. All in all, our findings report a set of physiological responses that would enable Z. indianus expansion to temperate and cold areas, but also results that are compatible with a limitation to the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid31997282, year = {2020}, author = {Triapitsyn, SV and Hight, SD and Logarzo, GA and Aguirre, MB and Verle Rodrigues, JC and Trjapitzin, VA and Rivera Ocasio, Z and Rivera-Vázquez, ML and West Ortiz, MJ and Rodríguez Reyes, Y}, title = {Natural Enemies of the Harrisia Cactus Mealybug and Other Hypogeococcus Species (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Puerto Rico: Identification and Taxonomic Notes on Primary and Secondary Parasitoids.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {3}, pages = {369-391}, doi = {10.1007/s13744-019-00754-w}, pmid = {31997282}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {17-8130-0757//USDA-APHIS Farm Bill FY17/ ; APH-HQ-16-0181//APHIS Headquarters for Fiscal Year 2016/ ; APH-HQ-18-0104//APHIS Headquarters for Fiscal Year 2018/ ; 17-8130-0757-1A//APHIS Biological Control for Fiscal Year 2018/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cactaceae ; Diptera/*parasitology ; Female ; Hymenoptera/*physiology ; Male ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Puerto Rico ; }, abstract = {Primary and secondary parasitoids of Hypogeococcus spp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Cactaceae, Amaranthaceae, and Portulacaceae were reported from field surveys conducted in Puerto Rico, USA, since 2009. Resident natural enemies of the Harrisia cactus mealybug (HCM), Hypogeococcus sp., which is devastating native cacti in Puerto Rico and threatening cacti in the adjacent Caribbean islands, were documented prior to the planned introductions of non-native biological control agents from South America against this pest. Two species of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) were recorded as primary parasitoids of the HCM on Cactaceae: Leptomastidea hypogeococci Triapitsyn, which was the most common, and Anagyrus quilmes Triapitsyn, Logarzo &amp; Aguirre. Another primary parasitoid, Acerophagus sp. near nubilipennis Dozier (Encyrtidae), was also reared from a different Hypogeococcus sp. on Amaranthaceae and Portulacaceae. Hyperparasitoids, usually via L. hypogeococci, included Prochiloneurus narendrani Noyes &amp; Triapitsyn (Encyrtidae), Pachyneuron sp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), Chartocerus elongatus (Girault), and Chartocerus niger (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Signiphoridae). Cheiloneurus chrisiantorresi Triapitsyn sp. n. (Encyrtidae) is newly described and illustrated; its status as a suspect hyperparasitoid of Hypogeococcus sp. on Amaranthaceae and Portulacaceae, along with that of Cheiloneurus sp., will need to be verified. The recorded HCM predators include one species of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera), Leucopina bella (Loew), and three species of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera): Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, Decadiomus austrinus (Gordon), and Scymnobius flavifrons (Melsheimer).}, }
@article {pmid31997147, year = {2021}, author = {Eggertsen, M and Halling, C}, title = {Knowledge gaps and management recommendations for future paths of sustainable seaweed farming in the Western Indian Ocean.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {60-73}, pmid = {31997147}, issn = {1654-7209}, support = {2015-05848//Vetenskapsr&#xe5;det/ ; 2014-3264//Vetenskapsr&#xe5;det/ ; }, mesh = {Africa, Eastern ; Agriculture ; Ecosystem ; Indian Ocean ; *Seaweed ; }, abstract = {Farming of eucheumatoid seaweeds is a widespread, promising activity and an important livelihood option in many tropical coastal areas as for example in East Africa, Western Indian Ocean (WIO). Compared to other types of aquaculture, seaweed farming has generally low impact on the environment. Nonetheless, there are potential direct or indirect negative effects of seaweed farming, such as introduction of alien species and changes in local environmental conditions. Although farming has been practiced in this region during several decades, the knowledge concerning the actual environmental impacts from faming non-native eucheumatoid haplotypes and consequently how to manage farming activities to mitigate those is highly limited. In this review, we provide a summary of the current scientific knowledge of potential direct and indirect negative environmental effects linked to eucheumatoid seaweed farming such as alterations of benthic macrophyte habitats and loss of native biodiversity. Furthermore, we highlight knowledge gaps that are of importance to address in the near future, e.g., large-scale ecosystem effects and farms as potential vectors of pathogens. We also provide a number of feasible management recommendations to be implemented for a continued development of environmentally sustainable seaweed farming practices in the WIO region, which includes spatial planning of farms to avoid sensitive areas and farming of native haplotypes of eucheumatoids instead of introduced specimens.}, }
@article {pmid31996745, year = {2020}, author = {Nagoshi, RN and Htain, NN and Boughton, D and Zhang, L and Xiao, Y and Nagoshi, BY and Mota-Sanchez, D}, title = {Southeastern Asia fall armyworms are closely related to populations in Africa and India, consistent with common origin and recent migration.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {1421}, pmid = {31996745}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Africa ; Animal Migration ; Animals ; Asia, Southeastern ; Ecosystem ; Genetics, Population ; *Genotype ; India ; Introduced Species ; Spodoptera/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The discovery of fall armyworm, a native of the Western Hemisphere, in western Africa in 2016 was rapidly followed by detections throughout sub-Saharan Africa, India, and most recently southeastern Asia. This moth pest has a broad host range that threatens such important crops as corn, rice, millet, and sorghum, creating concern for its potential impact on agriculture in the Eastern Hemisphere. Although genetic data suggest populations sampled in Africa and India originate from a recent common source, it is not known whether this is the case for populations in southeastern Asia, nor whether the subgroup with a preference for rice and millet is present in the region. This study found through comparisons of genetic markers that the fall armyworm from Myanmar and southern China are closely related to those from Africa and India, suggesting a common origin for these geographically distant populations. The results are consistent with a single recent introduction into the Eastern Hemisphere followed by rapid dispersion. The molecular similarities include discrepancies between the genetic markers that brings into question whether the subpopulation most likely to be a threat to rice and millet is present in significant numbers in Asia.}, }
@article {pmid31995592, year = {2020}, author = {Tandingan De Ley, I and Schurkman, J and Wilen, C and Dillman, AR}, title = {Mortality of the invasive white garden snail Theba pisana exposed to three US isolates of Phasmarhabditis spp (P. hermaphrodita, P. californica, and P. papillosa).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {e0228244}, pmid = {31995592}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; *Rhabditida ; *Snails/parasitology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Theba pisana is a serious snail pest in many parts of the world and affects diverse crops including grain, vegetables, grapevines, and ornamental plants and shrubs. Due to its gregarious nature, ability to reproduce rapidly, and the difficulty of controlling it by conventional methods, it has the potential to become a significant pest where introduced. Mitigating this pest is an important challenge that must be addressed. Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, is a gastropod-killing nematode that is commercially available only in Europe (Nemaslug ®) and Sub-Saharan Africa (Slugtech ® SP). The use of effective gastropod-killing nematodes in the genus Phasmarhabditis (P. hermaphrodita, P. californica and P. papillosa) in California may provide one strategy for alleviating the potential damage and further spread of these snails, which are currently limited to San Diego and Los Angeles counties. Laboratory assays demonstrated for the first time that US isolates of P. hermaphrodita, P. californica and P. papillosa at 150 DJs/cm2 caused significant mortality and are equally lethal to T. pisana. Molluscicidal efficacy of these nematodes are comparable with those of iron phosphate, at the recommended high dose of 4.88 kg/m2. Additional trials are needed to determine their effects at lower dose and whether they are dependent on the size or age of the snails.}, }
@article {pmid31995228, year = {2020}, author = {Cabezas, MP and Lasso-Alcalá, OM and Xavier, R and Jowers, MJ}, title = {First genetic record of the non-native muzzled blenny Omobranchus punctatus (Teleostei: Blenniidae) in the Atlantic Coast of Central and South America.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {96}, number = {3}, pages = {841-846}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14268}, pmid = {31995228}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//Financial support came from nonprofit organizations Conservation International (USA) and Fundaci&#xf3;n La Salle de Ciencias Naturales (Venezuela) to the project Biological Assessment and Socio Economical Aspects of the Aquatic Ecosystems of the Gulf of Paria and Orinoco Delta, Venezuela under the Program AquaRAP from 2002 to 2004. M.J.J. is supported by FCT (FCT, SFRH/BPD/109148/2015) and R.X. by FCT under the Programa Operacional Potencial Humano - Quadro de Refer&#xea;ncia Estrat&#xe9;gico Nacional funds from the European Social Fund and the Portuguese Minist&#xe9;rio da Educa&#xe7;&#xe3;o e Ci&#xea;ncia (IF-FCT contract IF/00359/2015)./ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Indian Ocean ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/classification/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; South America ; Venezuela ; }, abstract = {In this study we sequenced two mitochondrial (COI and 16S rRNA) and one nuclear (18S rRNA) gene fragment of an introduced muzzled blenny (Omobranchus punctatus) specimen collected from the Orinoco Delta (Gulf of Paria estuary) in Venezuela. This is the first genetic data generated for this species' introduced range in Central and South America, suggesting an introduction from the Indian Ocean.}, }
@article {pmid31994234, year = {2020}, author = {Catford, JA and Dwyer, JM and Palma, E and Cowles, JM and Tilman, D}, title = {Community diversity outweighs effect of warming on plant colonization.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {5}, pages = {3079-3090}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15017}, pmid = {31994234}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Australian Research Council/International ; DEB-0620652//Division of Environmental Biology/International ; DEB-1234162//Division of Environmental Biology/International ; DE120102221//Australian Research Council/International ; //Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve/International ; //University of Minnesota/International ; }, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; }, abstract = {Abiotic environmental change, local species extinctions and colonization of new species often co-occur. Whether species colonization is driven by changes in abiotic conditions or reduced biotic resistance will affect community functional composition and ecosystem management. We use a grassland experiment to disentangle effects of climate warming and community diversity on plant species colonization. Community diversity had dramatic impacts on the biomass, richness and traits of plant colonists. Three times as many species colonized the monocultures than the high diversity 17 species communities (~30 vs. 10 species), and colonists collectively produced 10 times as much biomass in the monocultures than the high diversity communities (~30 vs. 3 g/m[2]). Colonists with resource-acquisitive strategies (high specific leaf area, light seeds, short heights) accrued more biomass in low diversity communities, whereas species with conservative strategies accrued most biomass in high diversity communities. Communities with higher biomass of resident C4 grasses were more resistant to colonization by legume, nonlegume forb and C3 grass colonists, but not by C4 grass colonists. Compared with effects of diversity, 6 years of 3°C-above-ambient temperatures had little impact on plant colonization. Warmed subplots had ~3 fewer colonist species than ambient subplots and selected for heavier seeded colonists. They also showed diversity-dependent changes in biomass of C3 grass colonists, which decreased under low diversity and increased under high diversity. Our findings suggest that species colonization is more strongly affected by biotic resistance from residents than 3°C of climate warming. If these results were extended to invasive species management, preserving community diversity should help limit plant invasion, even under climate warming.}, }
@article {pmid31993123, year = {2020}, author = {Eyer, PA and Espinoza, EM and Blumenfeld, AJ and Vargo, EL}, title = {The underdog invader: Breeding system and colony genetic structure of the dark rover ant (Brachymyrmex patagonicus Mayr).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {493-505}, pmid = {31993123}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Ants are among the most successful species at invading new environments. Their success undeniably comes from their various modes of reproduction and colony breeding structures, which influence their dispersal ability, reproductive potential, and foraging strategies. Almost all invasive ant species studied so far form supercolonies, a dense network of interconnected nests comprising numerous queens, without aggression toward non-nestmates. This strategy results in invasive colonies that are able to grow extremely fast and large while avoiding intraspecific competition, allowing them to monopolize environmental resources and outcompete native species. Here, we developed and used 10 microsatellite markers to investigate the population structure and breeding system of the dark rover ant Brachymyrmex patagonicus Mayr in its introduced range. We determined whether this species exhibits a supercolonial structure by assessing whether different nests belonged to the same genetic colony. We inferred its dispersal ability by investigating isolation by distance and estimated the numbers of queens per colonies and mating per queen through parent-offspring inferences. We found that most of the colonies of B. patagonicus were comprised of a single nest, headed by a single queen. Each nest was distinct from one another, without isolation by distance, which suggests strong dispersal ability through nuptial flights. These features are commonly observed in noninvasive and native ant species, but they are surprising for a successful invasive ant, as they strongly differ from other invasive ants. Overall, we discuss how this seemingly unfavorable strategy for an invasive ant might favor the invasive success of the dark rover ant in the United States.}, }
@article {pmid31992947, year = {2020}, author = {Malumbres-Olarte, J and Boieiro, M and Cardoso, P and Carvalho, R and Crespo, LCF and Gabriel, R and Macías Hernández, N and Paulo, OS and Pereira, F and Rego, C and Ros-Prieto, A and Silva, I and Vieira, A and Rigal, F and Borges, PAV}, title = {Standardised inventories of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of Macaronesia II: The native forests and dry habitats of Madeira archipelago (Madeira and Porto Santo islands).}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e47502}, pmid = {31992947}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Here we present the data obtained from the samples collected as part of a large research project (MACDIV) which aims at understanding the drivers of spider (Araneae) community assembly in Macaronesian islands. To obtain the data, we applied the sampling protocol COBRA (Conservation Oriented Biodiversity Rapid Assessment), in twelve 50 m x 50 m native forest plots and five dry habitat plots on the island of Madeiraand in 5 dry habitat plots on the island of Porto Santo. Through this publication, we contribute to the knowledge of the arachnofauna of the Madeiran archipelago.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: From the samples that we collected, we obtained a total of 14,902 specimens, of which 49% were adults (7,263). We identified these specimens to 87 species and 18 morphospecies (undescribed), belonging to 26 families. Species of the family Linyphiidae dominated the samples, with 24 (morpho)species. Out of the 105 recorded (morpho)species, 34 were endemic, 26 native non-endemic, 22 introduced and 23 species of unknown origin. We report seven new records of possibly recently introduced species in the Madeiran archipelago. We also present 21 new records for Madeira island and 32 for Porto Santo (33 for the whole archipelago).}, }
@article {pmid31992630, year = {2020}, author = {Oliphant, K and Cochrane, K and Schroeter, K and Daigneault, MC and Yen, S and Verdu, EF and Allen-Vercoe, E}, title = {Effects of Antibiotic Pretreatment of an Ulcerative Colitis-Derived Fecal Microbial Community on the Integration of Therapeutic Bacteria In Vitro.}, journal = {mSystems}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {31992630}, issn = {2379-5077}, abstract = {Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a proposedly useful strategy for the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders through remediation of the patient gut microbiota. However, its therapeutic success has been variable, necessitating research to uncover mechanisms that improve patient response. Antibiotic pretreatment has been proposed as one method to enhance the success rate by increasing niche availability for introduced species. Several limitations hinder exploring this hypothesis in clinical studies, such as deleterious side effects and the development of antimicrobial resistance in patients. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of an in vitro, bioreactor-based, colonic ecosystem model as a form of preclinical testing by determining how pretreatment with the antibiotic rifaximin influenced engraftment of bacterial strains sourced from a healthy donor into an ulcerative colitis-derived defined microbial community. Distinct species integrated under the pretreated and untreated conditions, with the relative rifaximin resistance of the microbial strains being an important influencer. However, both conditions resulted in the integration of taxa from Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa, a concomitant reduction of Proteobacteria, and similar decreases in metabolites associated with poor health status. Our results agree with the findings of similar research in the clinic by others, which observed no difference in primary patient outcomes whether or not patients were given rifaximin prior to FMT. We therefore conclude that our model is useful for screening for antibiotics that could improve efficacy of FMT when used as a pretreatment.IMPORTANCE Patients with gastrointestinal disorders often exhibit derangements in their gut microbiota, which can exacerbate their symptoms. Replenishing these ecosystems with beneficial bacteria through fecal microbiota transplantation is thus a proposedly useful therapeutic; however, clinical success has varied, necessitating research into strategies to improve outcomes. Antibiotic pretreatment has been suggested as one such approach, but concerns over harmful side effects have hindered testing this hypothesis clinically. Here, we evaluate the use of bioreactors supporting defined microbial communities derived from human fecal samples as models of the colonic microbiota in determining the effectiveness of antibiotic pretreatment. We found that relative antimicrobial resistance was a key determinant of successful microbial engraftment with rifaximin (broad-spectrum antibiotic) pretreatment, despite careful timing of the application of the therapeutic agents, resulting in distinct species profiles from those of the control but with similar overall outcomes. Our model had results comparable to the clinical findings and thus can be used to screen for useful antibiotics.}, }
@article {pmid31992286, year = {2020}, author = {Adrian-Kalchhauser, I and Blomberg, A and Larsson, T and Musilova, Z and Peart, CR and Pippel, M and Solbakken, MH and Suurväli, J and Walser, JC and Wilson, JY and Alm Rosenblad, M and Burguera, D and Gutnik, S and Michiels, N and Töpel, M and Pankov, K and Schloissnig, S and Winkler, S}, title = {The round goby genome provides insights into mechanisms that may facilitate biological invasions.}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {11}, pmid = {31992286}, issn = {1741-7007}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Fishes/genetics/*physiology ; *Genome ; *Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; Male ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The invasive benthic round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) is the most successful temperate invasive fish and has spread in aquatic ecosystems on both sides of the Atlantic. Invasive species constitute powerful in situ experimental systems to study fast adaptation and directional selection on short ecological timescales and present promising case studies to understand factors involved the impressive ability of some species to colonize novel environments. We seize the unique opportunity presented by the round goby invasion to study genomic substrates potentially involved in colonization success.<br><br>RESULTS: We report a highly contiguous long-read-based genome and analyze gene families that we hypothesize to relate to the ability of these fish to deal with novel environments. The analyses provide novel insights from the large evolutionary scale to the small species-specific scale. We describe expansions in specific cytochrome P450 enzymes, a remarkably diverse innate immune system, an ancient duplication in red light vision accompanied by red skin fluorescence, evolutionary patterns of epigenetic regulators, and the presence of osmoregulatory genes that may have contributed to the round goby's capacity to invade cold and salty waters. A recurring theme across all analyzed gene families is gene expansions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The expanded innate immune system of round goby may potentially contribute to its ability to colonize novel areas. Since other gene families also feature copy number expansions in the round goby, and since other Gobiidae also feature fascinating environmental adaptations and are excellent colonizers, further long-read genome approaches across the goby family may reveal whether gene copy number expansions are more generally related to the ability to conquer new habitats in Gobiidae or in fish.}, }
@article {pmid31992171, year = {2020}, author = {Lear, L and Hesse, E and Shea, K and Buckling, A}, title = {Disentangling the mechanisms underpinning disturbance-mediated invasion.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {287}, number = {1919}, pages = {20192415}, pmid = {31992171}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Biomass ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Pseudomonas fluorescens ; }, abstract = {Disturbances can play a major role in biological invasions: by destroying biomass, they alter habitat and resource abundances. Previous field studies suggest that disturbance-mediated invader success is a consequence of resource influxes, but the importance of other potential covarying causes, notably the opening up of habitats, have yet to be directly tested. Using experimental populations of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, we determined the relative importance of disturbance-mediated habitat opening and resource influxes, plus any interaction between them, for invader success of two ecologically distinct morphotypes. Resource addition increased invasibility, while habitat opening had little impact and did not interact with resource addition. Both invaders behaved similarly, despite occupying different ecological niches in the microcosms. Treatment also affected the composition of the resident population, which further affected invader success. Our results provide experimental support for the observation that resource input is a key mechanism through which disturbance increases invasibility.}, }
@article {pmid31991679, year = {2020}, author = {Iriti, M and Vitalini, S}, title = {Sustainable Crop Protection, Global Climate Change, Food Security and Safety-Plant Immunity at the Crossroads.}, journal = {Vaccines}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {31991679}, issn = {2076-393X}, abstract = {The development of novel strategies of plant disease management is crucial in view of the growing demand of sustainability in agri-food chains. The use of agrochemicals is not without risk for the consumer and environment in terms of their residues in food, feed, water bodies and harmful effects on nontarget organisms. However, because of the high global annual yield losses attributable to plant diseases and also due to global climate changes that have exacerbated some phytosanitary emergences, chemical input in agriculture is mandatory. In this complex scenario, the use of agrochemicals that boost the plant immune system represents a relatively novel approach in crop protection. These plant protection products are not antimicrobial or fungicidal agents, but include both natural and synthetic elicitors and plant activators that only target the host immune system, with no biocide mechanism of action. In general, these products present a number of strengths: they leave no residue and should not select resistant pathogen strains, they can be used to control virus diseases, and can increase the levels of bioactive phytochemicals in plant foods.}, }
@article {pmid31989960, year = {2020}, author = {Requier, F and Fournier, A and Rome, Q and Darrouzet, E}, title = {Science communication is needed to inform risk perception and action of stakeholders.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {257}, number = {}, pages = {109983}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109983}, pmid = {31989960}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Biodiversity ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Stakeholders are critical environmental managers in human-dominated landscapes. In some contexts, stakeholders can be forced to personally act following their own observations and risk perception instead of science recommendation. In particular, biological invasions need rapid control actions to reduce potential socio-ecological impacts, while science-based risk assessments are rather complex and time-delayed. Although they can lead to important detrimental effects on biodiversity, potential time-delayed disconnections between stakeholders' action and science recommendations are rarely studied. Using the case study of western European beekeepers controlling the invasive Asian hornet Vespa velutina nigrithorax for its suspected impact on honey bee colonies, we analysed mechanisms underlying personal actions of stakeholders and how they evolved in science disconnection. Personal actions of stakeholders were causal-effect linked with their risk observation but disconnected to time-delayed science predictions and recommendations. Unfortunately, these science-disconnected actions also led to dramatic impacts on numerous species of the local entomofauna. These results highlight the need to improve mutual risk communication between science and action in the early-stages of management plans to improve the sustainably of stakeholders' practices.}, }
@article {pmid31989775, year = {2021}, author = {Alaniz, AJ and Soares, AO and Vergara, PM and de Azevedo, EB and Grez, AA}, title = {The failed invasion of Harmonia axyridis in the Azores, Portugal: Climatic restriction or wrong population origin?.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {238-250}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12756}, pmid = {31989775}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {M1.1.a/009/Funcionamento-C-/2016//Dire&#xe7;&#xe3;o Regional da Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia, Portugal/ ; //Comisi&#xf3;n Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n Cient&#xed;fica y Tecnol&#xf3;gica/ ; -UID/BIA/00329/2013//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia, Portugal/ ; 1140662//FONDECYT/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Azores ; *Climate ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {We tested two questions: (i) whether the climatic conditions of the Azorean Islands in Portugal may have restricted the invasion of Harmonia axyridis across this archipelago and (ii) determine what population of this species could have a higher probability of invading the islands. We used MaxEnt to project the climate requirements of different H. axyridis populations from three regions of the world, and the potential global niche of the species in the Azorean islands. Then we assessed the suitability of the islands for each of the three H. axyridis populations and global potential niche through histograms analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of climate variables, and a variable-by-variable assessment of the suitability response curves compared with the climatic conditions of the Azores. Climatic conditions of the Azores are less suitable for the U.S. and native Asian populations of H. axyridis, and more suitable for European populations and the global potential niche. The PCA showed that the climatic conditions of the islands differed from the climatic requirements of H. axyridis. This difference is mainly explained by precipitation of the wettest month, isothermality, and the minimum temperature of the coldest month. We concluded that the climatic conditions of the Azores could have influenced the establishment and spread of H. axyridis on these islands from Europe. Our results showed that abiotic resistance represented by the climate of the potentially colonizable zones could hinder the establishment of invasive insects, but it could vary depending of the origin of the colonizing population.}, }
@article {pmid31989582, year = {2020}, author = {Owen, MA and Lahti, DC}, title = {Rapid evolution by sexual selection in a wild, invasive mammal.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {74}, number = {4}, pages = {740-748}, doi = {10.1111/evo.13934}, pmid = {31989582}, issn = {1558-5646}, support = {Research Enhancement Funds 2011//Queens College of The City of New York/International ; Professional Staff Congress 2014//Research Foundation of The City University of New York/International ; Fulbright-Nehru Research Fellowship 2013//Fulbright Association/International ; Grants in Aid of Research 2015//American Society of Mammalogists/International ; Grants in Aid of Research 2013//Sigma Xi/International ; Grants in Aid of Research 2015//Sigma Xi/International ; Dissertation Fellowship 2015//The Graduate Center, City University of New York/International ; Doctoral Student Research Grant 2013//The Graduate Center, City University of New York/International ; Doctoral Student Research Grant 2015//The Graduate Center, City University of New York/International ; }, mesh = {*Animal Communication ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Hawaii ; Herpestidae/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/*physiology ; India ; Introduced Species ; Jamaica ; Mauritius ; *Sexual Selection ; United States Virgin Islands ; }, abstract = {Sexual selection theory provides a framework for investigating the evolution of traits involved in attracting and competing for mates. Given the sexual function of such traits, studies generally focus on individual interactions (i.e., displays and contests) in explaining trait origin and persistence. We show that ecological factors can strongly influence the adaptive value of these traits, and changes to these factors can lead to rapid evolutionary change. We compared sexually selected traits in the small Indian mongoose (Urva auropunctata) between their sparsely populated native range and four tropical islands to which they were introduced within the last 150 years and where, due to a lack of interspecific competition and predation, they have become invasive and densely populated. Because of a likely increase in encounter rate, we predicted that selection on long-distance chemical advertisement by males would relax in the introduced range. Accordingly, male, but not female, anal pads (used in scent marking) decreased in size in relation to both time since introduction and population density, and their relationship to body size and condition weakened. Concurrently, as predicted by intensified sperm competition, testis size increased following introduction. The small Indian mongoose thus experienced an inversion in the relative contributions to fitness of two sexual traits, followed by their rapid evolution in line with ecological changes.}, }
@article {pmid31989366, year = {2020}, author = {Kołodziej-Sobocińska, M and Dvorožňáková, E and Hurníková, Z and Reiterová, K and Zalewski, A}, title = {Seroprevalence of Echinococcus spp. and Toxocara spp. in Invasive Non-native American Mink.}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {13-27}, pmid = {31989366}, issn = {1612-9210}, support = {2/0056/19//Vedeck&#xe1; Grantov&#xe1; Agent&#xfa;ra M&#x160;VVa&#x160; SR a SAV/International ; 2012/05/B/NZ8/01247//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Echinococcosis/*epidemiology/veterinary ; Echinococcus ; Introduced Species ; Mink/*parasitology ; Poland/epidemiology ; Toxocara ; Toxocariasis/*epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive non-native species can become reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens and cause their spread during colonization, increasing the risk of zoonoses transmission to both wild hosts and humans. American mink (Neovison vison) are considered an important invasive mammal species responsible for carrying endoparasites. The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of feral American mink as a possible transmission vector of Echinococcus spp. and Toxocara spp. in wildlife. We analysed the frequency of American mink exposure to both parasites, the spatial distribution in Poland, and the variability over time on the basis of specific antibody presence using ELISA and Western blot. Alimentary tract analyses revealed that American mink do not serve as definitive hosts for these parasites. Altogether, 1100 American mink were examined. The average seropositivity for American mink was 14.2% for echinococcosis and 21.7% for toxocarosis; dual-seropositivity was detected in only 6.0%. Seroprevalence of both parasites differed between study sites and significantly increased over time in Toxocara spp. Thus, our study revealed that free-living American mink are exposed to parasites and likely to be involved in the maintenance of both Echinococcus spp. and Toxocara spp. in the wild as paratenic hosts.}, }
@article {pmid31989314, year = {2020}, author = {Kumar, M and Padalia, H and Nandy, S and Singh, H and Khaiter, P and Kalra, N}, title = {Does spatial heterogeneity of landscape explain the process of plant invasion? A case study of Hyptis suaveolens from Indian Western Himalaya.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {191}, number = {Suppl 3}, pages = {794}, pmid = {31989314}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Hyptis ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Biological invasion is probably one of the most serious threats to biodiversity after climate change. Landscape distinguished by the heterogeneity of structure, forms, human interferences, and environmental settings plays an important role in the establishment and spread of invasive species. We investigated the effect of the spatial heterogeneity for a selected landscape upon the invasion process through a case study of Hyptis (Hyptis suaveolens) in the Indian Western Himalayan region. The selected study site constitutes a heterogeneous landscape of 32,300 ha in the state of Uttarakhand, placed at the lower elevation of the Indian Himalaya. The landscape has varying levels and patterns of Hyptis invasion. We quantified the spatial heterogeneity in terms of elevation; distance from the canal, river, road, and settlement; and 18 landscape metrics (at the patch and land use class level) to investigate their influence on the invasion; for this purpose, a logistic regression model was developed. The invasion of Hyptis was found to be governed by spatial heterogeneity. The highest probability of invasion was found in the areas adjacent to rivers and roads. The analysis at patch level revealed that the invasion is largely governed by the perimeter-area ratio of patches and is positively correlated. This suggests for greater invasion chances in smaller patches as compared with larger ones. The analysis for the land use class metrics indicated a higher influence of edge density expressed as total edge length of patches per unit area, followed by patch density expresses as a total number of patches per unit area. Hence, the landscapes with larger edges and more number of patches are supposed to be more prone to invasion risks. The results of the study can be used by forest managers in designing a landscape-level system to control invasion.}, }
@article {pmid31989265, year = {2020}, author = {Ray, D and Behera, MD and Jacob, J}, title = {Comparing invasiveness of native and non-native species under changing climate in North-East India: ecological niche modelling with plant types differing in biogeographic origin.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {191}, number = {Suppl 3}, pages = {793}, pmid = {31989265}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; India ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {We assess the invasive potential of Ageratum conyzoides, Hevea brasiliensis, Urena lobata and Imperata cylindrica differing in habit and biogeographic origin through ecological niche modelling in the context of the 2000 and 2050 climates of North-East (NE) India. Out of these four species, Ageratum conyzoides, Urena lobata and Imperata cylindrica are naturally occurring weed species and Hevea brasiliensis is a cultivated tree species. This study tries to address a basic question whether species with similarity in biogeographic origin may have some uniform strategy to succeed in invasion process. Ecological niche models predicted that Ageratum conyzoides (a shrub) and Hevea brasiliensis (a tree) of South American origin have greater potential to invade/distribute in NE region of India by 2050 than two other species, Urena lobata and Imperata cylindrica, of South-Asian origin. The latter two species show lower potential to invade in NE India in 2050 compared with their extent of distribution in 2000. A set of major contributing bioclimatic factors responsible for distribution of two South-Asian species (Urena and Imperata sp.) remain more or less constant between 2000 and 2050 climates. However, the distribution of Ageratum sp. and Hevea sp. with respect to two climate scenarios is attributed by two different sets of major bioclimatic factors. This indicates the robustness of the species to get adapted to different set of climatic variables over time.}, }
@article {pmid31989263, year = {2020}, author = {Ahmad, R and Khuroo, AA and Hamid, M and Rashid, I}, title = {Plant invasion alters the physico-chemical dynamics of soil system: insights from invasive Leucanthemum vulgare in the Indian Himalaya.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {191}, number = {Suppl 3}, pages = {792}, pmid = {31989263}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; India ; Introduced Species ; *Leucanthemum ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {Understanding the impact of plant invasions on the terrestrial ecosystems, particularly below-ground soil system dynamics can be vital for successful management and restoration of invaded landscapes. Here, we report the impacts of a global plant invader, Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. (ox-eye daisy), on the key physico-chemical soil properties across four sites selected along an altitudinal gradient (1600-2550 m) in Kashmir Himalaya, India. At each site, two types of spatially separated but environmentally similar sampling plots: invaded (IN) and uninvaded (UN) were selected for soil sampling. The results revealed that invasion by L. vulgare had a significant impact on key soil properties in the IN plots. The soil pH, water content, organic carbon and total nitrogen were significantly higher in the IN plots as compared with the UN plots. In contrast, the electrical conductivity, phosphorous and micronutrients, viz. iron, copper, manganese and zinc, were significantly lower in the IN plots as compared with the UN plots. These changes in the soil system dynamics associated with L. vulgare invasion were consistent across all the sites. Also, among the sites, soil properties of low-altitude site (1600 m) were different from the rest of the sampling sites. Overall, the results of the present study indicate that L. vulgare, by altering key properties of the soil system, is likely to influence nutrient cycling processes and facilitates positive feedback for itself. Furthermore, the research insights from this study have wide management implications in the effective ecological restoration of the invaded landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid31988715, year = {2020}, author = {Qu, WM and Liang, N and Wu, ZK and Zhao, YG and Chu, D}, title = {Minimum sample sizes for invasion genomics: Empirical investigation in an invasive whitefly.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {38-49}, pmid = {31988715}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Analysis of population genetics provides insights into the evolutionary processes, among which the sample size choice is per se a crucial issue in the analysis. Genome-wide high-throughput techniques based on RADseq have been increasingly used in studies on the population genomics of invasive species. However, there is little information available regarding optimal sample sizes for analyzing population genomics of invasive species. In this study, we first use type IIB endonucleases restriction site-associated DNA (2b-RAD) to mine thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for native and introduced populations in Q1 clade (SPB and 17JN) and Q2 clade (ISQ and UAS0601) of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) MED (also known as B. tabaci biotype Q). Then, we used resampling techniques to create simulated populations with a random subset of individuals and 3,000 SNPs to determine how many individuals should be sampled for accurate estimates of intra- and interpopulation genetic diversity. We calculated the intrapopulation genetic diversity parameters (unbiased expected heterozygosity, observed heterozygosity, and the number of effect alleles) and pairwise genetic differentiation F ST; finally, an ad hoc statistic, ΔK, was used to determine the optimal value. Our results showed that a sample size greater than four individuals (n ≥ 4) has little impact on estimates of genetic diversity within whitefly populations; moreover, precise estimate of F ST can be easily achieved at a very small simple size (n = 3 or 4). Our results will provide in-depth understanding of the optimization of sampling schemes in population genomics of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid31988713, year = {2020}, author = {Verwimp, C and Vansteenbrugge, L and Derycke, S and Kerkhove, T and Muylle, H and Honnay, O and Ruttink, T and Roldán-Ruiz, I and Hostens, K}, title = {Population genomic structure of the gelatinous zooplankton species Mnemiopsis leidyi in its nonindigenous range in the North Sea.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {11-25}, pmid = {31988713}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Nonindigenous species pose a major threat for coastal and estuarine ecosystems. Risk management requires genetic information to establish appropriate management units and infer introduction and dispersal routes. We investigated one of the most successful marine invaders, the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, and used genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) to explore the spatial population structure in its nonindigenous range in the North Sea. We analyzed 140 specimens collected in different environments, including coastal and estuarine areas, and ports along the coast. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were called in approximately 40 k GBS loci. Population structure based on the neutral SNP panel was significant (F ST .02; p < .01), and a distinct genetic cluster was identified in a port along the Belgian coast (Ostend port; pairwise F ST .02-.04; p < .01). Remarkably, no population structure was detected between geographically distant regions in the North Sea (the Southern part of the North Sea vs. the Kattegat/Skagerrak region), which indicates substantial gene flow at this geographical scale and recent population expansion of nonindigenous M. leidyi. Additionally, seven specimens collected at one location in the indigenous range (Chesapeake Bay, USA) were highly differentiated from the North Sea populations (pairwise F ST .36-.39; p < .01). This study demonstrates the utility of GBS to investigate fine-scale population structure of gelatinous zooplankton species and shows high population connectivity among nonindigenous populations of this recently introduced species in the North Sea.<br><br>OPEN RESEARCH BADGES: This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at: The DNA sequences generated for this study are deposited in the NCBI sequence read archive under SRA accession numbers SRR6950721-SRR6950884, and will be made publically available upon publication of this manuscript.}, }
@article {pmid31988370, year = {2020}, author = {Ouisse, T and Day, E and Laville, L and Hendrickx, F and Convey, P and Renault, D}, title = {Effects of elevational range shift on the morphology and physiology of a carabid beetle invading the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {1234}, pmid = {31988370}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; *Altitude ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Climate Change ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Climatic changes can induce geographic expansion and altitudinal shifts in the distribution of invasive species by offering more thermally suitable habitats. At the remote sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands, the predatory insect Merizodus soledadinus (Coleoptera: Carabidae), introduced in 1913, rapidly invaded coastal habitats. More recent colonisation of higher elevation habitats by this species could be underlain by their increased thermal suitability as the area has warmed. This study compared the effect of elevational range shift on the morphology and physiology of adult M. soledadinus sampled along two altitudinal transects (from the foreshore to 250 m a.s.l.) and a horizontal lowland transect orthogonal to the seashore (400 m length). Although high inter-individual and inter-transect variations in the traits examined were present, we observed that body mass of males and females tended to decrease with elevation, and that triglyceride contents decreased with distance from the shore. Moreover, protein contents of females as well as those of 26 metabolites were influenced significantly by distance to the foreshore. These results suggest that future climate change at the Kerguelen Islands will further assist the colonisation of lowland inland and higher altitude habitats by this aggressively invasive predator, by making previously sub-optimal habitats progressively more suitable.}, }
@article {pmid31987878, year = {2020}, author = {Su, M and Yang, Y and Hui, C}, title = {How intraguild predation affects the host diversity-disease relationship in a multihost community.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {490}, number = {}, pages = {110174}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110174}, pmid = {31987878}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Animals ; Food Chain ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Parasites ; *Predatory Behavior ; Prospective Studies ; }, abstract = {Broad evidence has shown that host diversity can impede disease invasion and reduce the eventual prevalence, but little is known on how species interactions play in shaping this host diversity-disease relationship. Previous work has illustrated that intraguild predation (IGP), combined with parasite-mediated indirect effects, can have strong influences on parasitic infection. Following this line of thinking, we here examine the role of predatory interactions in the disease transmission within a multihost community. Through varying fractions of IGP in a competitive community, we show that, dependent on the fraction of predatory interactions, species richness can switch from enhancing to inhibiting disease establishment/prevalence. Without IGP interactions, high host species richness can likely weaken the 'dilution effect' and in some cases even enhance the disease establishment (and/or prevalence) due to the existence of alternative sources for infection, whereas IGP can generally heighten the negative diversity-disease relationship due to the reduction of encounter rate between prospective hosts and parasites. Although trait-mediated interactions (captured as the infection-induced changes in predation rate) only weakly affect disease prevalence, density-mediated interactions (captured as the additional infection-induced mortality) can pose a relatively strong influence on disease transmission. Our results thus underline the importance of considering species interactions when investigating the host diversity-disease relationship.}, }
@article {pmid31987066, year = {2020}, author = {Bello, VH and Watanabe, LFM and Fusco, LM and De Marchi, BR and da Silva, FB and Gorayeb, ES and Moura, MF and de Souza, IM and Muller, C and Salas, FJS and Yuki, VA and Bueno, RCOF and Pavan, MA and Krause-Sakate, R}, title = {Outbreaks of Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean species in vegetable crops in São Paulo and Paraná States, Brazil.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {110}, number = {4}, pages = {487-496}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485319000841}, pmid = {31987066}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Begomovirus/isolation &amp; purification ; Brazil ; Crinivirus/isolation &amp; purification ; *Crops, Agricultural ; Disease Outbreaks ; Hemiptera/*classification/genetics/*virology ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Plant Diseases/virology ; Symbiosis ; Vegetables ; }, abstract = {The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is one of the most important agricultural pests and virus vectors worldwide. Bemisia tabaci is considered a complex of cryptic species with at least 44 species. Among them, the species Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1, formerly B biotype) and Mediterranean (MED, formerly Q biotype) are the most important, and they have attained global status. In Brazil, MEAM1 was first reported in the 1990s and is currently the predominant species in the country, meanwhile, MED was recently reported in the South and Southeast regions and was found to be mainly associated with ornamental plants. Currently, an increasing problem in the management of whitefly infestations in greenhouses associated with bell pepper was observed in São Paulo State, Brazil. The whiteflies were collected and identified based on a microsatellite locus (primer pair BEM23F and BEM23R) and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequencing. We observed that MED was the predominant species collected on bell pepper, but it was also found on tomato, cucumber, eggplant, and weeds grown in greenhouses. In open field, we found MED on tomatoes, bell peppers, and eggplants. In addition, MED was identified in Goiás State in association with ornamental plants. The begomovirus Tomato severe rugose virus and the crinivirus Tomato chlorosis virus was detected on bell pepper and tomato, respectively. Only MED specimens were found associated with the virus-infected plants. Moreover, we also investigated the endosymbionts present in the MED whiteflies. The collected populations of B. tabaci MED harbored a diversity of secondary endosymbionts, with Hamiltonella (H) found predominantly in 89 specimens of the 129 tested. These results represent a new concern for Brazilian agriculture, especially for the management of the newly introduced whitefly MED species, which must be implemented to limit the spreading and establishment of this pest in different crops in this country.}, }
@article {pmid31985392, year = {2020}, author = {Abril, S and Jurvansuu, J}, title = {Season- and caste-specific variation in RNA viruses in the invasive Argentine ant European supercolony.}, journal = {The Journal of general virology}, volume = {101}, number = {3}, pages = {322-333}, doi = {10.1099/jgv.0.001384}, pmid = {31985392}, issn = {1465-2099}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*virology ; Europe/epidemiology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Prevalence ; RNA Virus Infections/*epidemiology/transmission ; RNA Viruses/*genetics ; RNA, Viral/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Seasons ; Sex Factors ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The Argentine ant (Linepithema humile, Mayr) is a highly invasive species. Recently, several RNA viruses have been identified in samples from invasive Argentine ant colonies. Using quantitative PCR, we investigated variation in the levels of these viruses in the main European supercolony over the course of a year. We discovered that virus prevalence and amounts of viral RNA were affected by season and caste: ants had more virus types during warm versus cold months, and queens had more virus types and higher virus prevalence than did workers or males. This seasonal variation was largely due to the appearance of positive-strand RNA viruses in the summer and their subsequent disappearance in the winter. The prevalences of positive-strand RNA viruses were positively correlated with worker foraging activity. We hypothesise that during warmer months, ants are more active and more numerous and, as a result, they have more conspecific and heterospecific interactions that promote virus transmission.}, }
@article {pmid31982953, year = {2020}, author = {Gutiérrez-Cánovas, C and Sánchez-Fernández, D and González-Moreno, P and Mateos-Naranjo, E and Castro-Díez, P and Vilà, M}, title = {Combined effects of land-use intensification and plant invasion on native communities.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {192}, number = {3}, pages = {823-836}, pmid = {31982953}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {FJCI-2015-25785//Ministerio de Econom&#xed;a, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa&#xf1;a/ ; IJCI-2017-31733//Ministerio de Econom&#xed;a, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa&#xf1;a/ ; CGL2015-65346-R//Secretar&#xed;a de Estado de Investigaci&#xf3;n, Desarrollo e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; POII10-0179-4700//Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha/ ; RNM-4031//Junta de Andaluc&#xed;a/ ; SEV-2012-0262//Severo Ochoa Program for Centers of Excellence/ ; PTDC/CTA-AMB/31245/2017//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia (FCT)/ ; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007569//European Regional Development Fund/ ; }, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Land-use intensification (LUI) and biological invasions are two of the most important global change pressures driving biodiversity loss. However, their combined impacts on biological communities have been seldom explored, which may result in misleading ecological assessments or mitigation actions. Based on an extensive field survey of 445 paired invaded and control plots of coastal vegetation in SW Spain, we explored the joint effects of LUI (agricultural and urban intensification) and invasion on the taxonomic and functional richness, mean plant height and leaf area of native plants. Our survey covered five invasive species with contrasting functional similarity and competitive ability in relation to the native community. We modeled the response of native communities for the overall and invader-specific datasets, and determined if invader-native functional differences could influence the combined impacts of LUI and invasion. Overall, we found that urban intensification reduced taxonomic richness more strongly at invaded plots (synergistic interactive effects). In contrast, functional richness loss caused by urban intensification was less pronounced at invaded plots (antagonistic interactive effects). Overall models showed also that urban intensification led to reduced mean leaf area, while agriculture was linked to higher mean plant height. When exploring invader-specific models, we observed that the combined effects of agricultural and urban intensification with invasion were heterogeneous. At invaded plots, invader-native functional differences accounted for part of this variability. Our findings demonstrate the importance of considering the interactive effects of global change pressures for a better assessment and management of ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid31981672, year = {2020}, author = {Stuart, P and Paredis, L and Henttonen, H and Lawton, C and Ochoa Torres, CA and Holland, CV}, title = {The hidden faces of a biological invasion: parasite dynamics of invaders and natives.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, pages = {111-123}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.11.003}, pmid = {31981672}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Animals ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging ; Cricetinae/*parasitology ; Helminths ; Host Specificity ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Ireland ; Parasites ; Rodent Diseases/parasitology/*transmission ; }, abstract = {One of the primary drivers of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) is human intervention via host or parasite translocations. A unique opportunity to study host and parasite dispersal during a bio-invasion currently exists in Ireland due to the introduction of the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) in the 1920s. The continuing range expansion of M. glareolus within Ireland presents a natural large-scale perturbation experiment. This study used the Irish M. glareolus model to conduct a spatiotemporal study analysing the parasite dynamics of native and invasive species throughout their range. Myodes glareolus and native Apodemus sylvaticus were trapped in woodlands across Ireland and surveyed for their helminth parasites. Myodes glareolus in Ireland were found to have lower parasite diversity in comparison to records of M. glareolus from across Europe and A. sylvaticus in Ireland. Increased density of M. glareolus resulted in a dilution effect, with significantly lower levels of parasitism overall in native hosts, where M. glareolus has been established longest. However, three helminth parasite species of A. sylvaticus increased in abundance in the presence of M. glareolus. Furthermore, M. glareolus at the expansion front were less parasitised (lower abundance and prevalence of certain parasites and lower parasite diversity) than M. glareolus from the core population. This "enemy release" is believed to be mediating the continued successful spread of the invader across Ireland. Our results identify two important variables, seasonality and the stage of the invasion, which should not be overlooked when investigating or managing the changing distribution of hosts and their parasites. Studies of bio-invasions and parasite transmission have primarily focused on the invasive host species or the native host species in cases where virulent pathogen spillover is observed. Our results demonstrate how the concurrent study of invasive and native hosts, and the careful identification of their parasite communities, allows the dynamic processes influencing the parasite component and intracommunity to be identified.}, }
@article {pmid31981437, year = {2020}, author = {Brown, SC and Wells, K and Roy-Dufresne, E and Campbell, S and Cooke, B and Cox, T and Fordham, DA}, title = {Models of spatiotemporal variation in rabbit abundance reveal management hot spots for an invasive species.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {e02083}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2083}, pmid = {31981437}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {//Australian Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bayes Theorem ; *Introduced Species ; Rabbits ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is a notorious economic and environmental pest species in its invasive range. To better understand the population and range dynamics of this species, 41 yr of abundance data have been collected from 116 unique sites across a broad range of climatic and environmental conditions in Australia. We analyzed this time series of abundance data to determine whether interannual variation in climatic conditions can be used to map historic, contemporary, and potential future fluctuations in rabbit abundance from regional to continental scales. We constructed a hierarchical Bayesian regression model of relative abundance that corrected for observation error and seasonal biases. The corrected abundances were regressed against environmental and disease variables in order to project high spatiotemporal resolution, continent-wide rabbit abundances. We show that rabbit abundance in Australia is highly variable in space and time, being driven primarily by internnual variation in temperature and precipitation in concert with the prevalence of a non-pathogenic virus. Moreover, we show that internnual variation in local spatial abundances can be mapped effectively at a continental scale using highly resolved spatiotemporal predictors, allowing "hot spots" of persistently high rabbit abundance to be identified. Importantly, cross-validated model performance was fair to excellent within and across distinct climate zones. Long-term monitoring data for invasive species can be used to map fine-scale spatiotemporal fluctuations in abundance patterns when accurately accounting for inherent sampling biases. Our analysis provides ecologists and pest managers with a clearer understanding of the determinants of rabbit abundance in Australia, offering an important new approach for predicting spatial abundance patterns of invasive species at the near-term temporal scales that are directly relevant to resource management.}, }
@article {pmid31981270, year = {2020}, author = {Chwedorzewska, KJ and Korczak-Abshire, M and Znój, A}, title = {Is Antarctica under threat of alien species invasion?.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {1942-1943}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15013}, pmid = {31981270}, issn = {1365-2486}, abstract = {The last decade has seen a rapid development of scientific, logistic and tourist activities, especially in the Antarctic region with the mildest climatic conditions: the Antarctic Peninsula. This region is also exhibiting rapid regional warming and all of the already diagnosed alien species in the Antarctic Treaty Area were found within the Antarctic Peninsula. Identifying potential invasive species that can threaten this pristine area of the Earth helps us to take specific preventive actions. This article is a commentary on Hughes et al., 26, 2702-2716.}, }
@article {pmid31981225, year = {2020}, author = {Carpes, RM and Corrêa Fernandes, D and Coelho, MGP and Creed, JC and Fleury, BG and Garden, SJ and Felzenszwalb, I}, title = {Anti-inflammatory potential of invasive sun corals (Scleractinia: Tubastraea spp.) from Brazil: alternative use for management?.}, journal = {The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology}, volume = {72}, number = {4}, pages = {633-647}, doi = {10.1111/jphp.13232}, pmid = {31981225}, issn = {2042-7158}, support = {302345/2017-5//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; E-26/010.003031/2014//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; E-26/202.759/2017//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; }, mesh = {Alkaloids/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Anthozoa/*chemistry ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*pharmacology ; Brazil ; Carrageenan/pharmacology ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Edema/chemically induced/*drug therapy ; Hep G2 Cells ; Humans ; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacokinetics ; Male ; Mice ; Models, Animal ; Nitric Oxide ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Tryptophan/analogs &amp; derivatives ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The objective was to analyse the anti-inflammatory potential of the invasive coral species Tubastraea coccinea and Tubastraea tagusensis.<br><br>METHODS: Methanolic extracts, fractions and synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory ability, and their composition was elucidated through chemical analysis.<br><br>KEY FINDINGS: The genus Tubastraea (Order Scleractinia, Family Dendrophylliidae) (known as sun corals) presents compounds with pharmacological value. The introduction of these azooxanthellate hard corals into Brazil, initially in Rio de Janeiro state, occurred through their fouling of oil and gas platforms from the Campos oil Basin. The two invasive species have successfully expanded along the Brazilian coast and threaten endemic species and biodiversity. The HPLC-MS and GC-MS data suggest the presence of aplysinopsin analogues (alkaloids). Anti-inflammatory activity was observed in all samples tested in in-vivo assays, especially in T.&#xa0;coccinea. The ethyl acetate fraction from this sample was more effective in in-vitro assays for anti-inflammatory activity. Depending on the concentration, this fraction showed cytotoxic responses.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These species have potential pharmacological use, and considering their invasive nature, this study presents a potential alternative use, which may enhance the management of this biological invasion.}, }
@article {pmid31979398, year = {2020}, author = {Cuthbertson, AGS}, title = {Special Issue: Integrated Pest Management in Arable and Open Field Horticultural Crops.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects11020082}, pmid = {31979398}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Invertebrate pest control within both agricultural and horticultural production systems continues to present many challenges. Over the past decades the commonly used method for pest control has been the direct application of chemical products. However, in response to environmental, economic, and other problems associated with the over-reliance on chemical insecticides there has been an increasing drive towards the development of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approaches. Many IPM strategies are now well developed under protected environments. However, within the open field in many situations targeted success is yet to be achieved. This special issue will seek to showcase original articles and reviews by leading research entomologists and associated experts. Articles presented will focus on the development and implementation of IPM strategies against various major arable and horticultural invertebrate pests (both indigenous and invasive species).}, }
@article {pmid31979176, year = {2020}, author = {Hussain, MI and Shackleton, RT and El-Keblawy, A and Del Mar Trigo Pérez, M and González, L}, title = {Invasive Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), an Allergy and Health Challenge.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {31979176}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC), is an medium-sized tree (family Fabaceae, subfamily Mimosoideae), that has been intorcuded around the world. It is a noxious invasive species in Africa, Asia, and the Arabian Peninsula and a source of highly allergenic pollen in. The present article reviews the adverse allergenic effects of P. juliflora pollen on human and animal health. Several studies have diagnosed that allergenic pollens from Prosopis spp. can provoke respiratory problems. Prosopis pollen extracts have 16 allergenic components of which nine proteins were recognized as major allergens with some of them showing cross-reactivity. Clinically, understanding Prosopis pollen production, flowering seasonality, pollen load, and dispersal in the atmosphere are important to avoid allergic consequences for local inhabitants. Climate change and other pollution can also help to further facilitate allergenic issues. Furthermore, we document other human and animal health problems caused by invasive Prosopis trees. This includes flesh injuries, dental and gastric problems, and the facilitation of malaria. This review summarizes and enhances the existing knowledge about Prosopis flowering phenology, aeroallergen, and other human and animal health risks associated with this noxious plant.}, }
@article {pmid31978057, year = {2020}, author = {Averett, JP and Morris, LR and Naylor, BJ and Taylor, RV and Endress, BA}, title = {Vegetation change over seven years in the largest protected Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Prairie remnant.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {e0227337}, pmid = {31978057}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Grassland ; Introduced Species ; Northwestern United States ; Oregon ; Plants/*classification ; }, abstract = {Temperate grasslands are one of the most altered ecosystems on Earth. Consequently, conservation of important characteristics of such ecosystems (e.g., biodiversity) is uncertain even within grasslands that have been protected. Invasion by non-native plants is considered a primary threat to intact grasslands. Here, we evaluated native and non-native vegetation composition change over seven years in the largest Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass remnant. We sampled 124 permanent plots across the Zumwalt Prairie Preserve (northeastern Oregon, USA) twice, seven years apart. With data collected from three grassland community types (xeric prairie, mesic prairie, old fields), we asked: (1) how has species composition changed over time; (2) which species showed the greatest changes in abundance; and (3) how did abundance of Ventenata dubia (the most abundant non-native species) relate to patterns of native and non-native plant abundance? Vegetation composition changed in all three plant communities. Ventenata dubia, an annual non-native grass: (1) became the third most dominant species across the study area; (2) was the only non-native that increased in abundance substantially in all three communities; and (3) was negatively related to native perennial forb cover. Relative cover of non-native species decreased in old fields concomitant with increases in native bunchgrass (Festuca idahoensis) and V. dubia cover. Increased cover of native perennial grasses and non-native annual grasses in old fields were associated with loss of bare ground, but not with reductions in non-native perennial grass cover. Native species dominated in the mesic prairie; however, non-native cover (particularly V. dubia) increased (mean cover increased from 3 to 10%) while mean native perennial forb cover decreased (from 30 to 25%) over time. Continued shifts towards non-native annual grass dominance coupled with potentially declining native perennial forbs, may challenge conservation efforts in one of the last large tracts of Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Prairie.}, }
@article {pmid31977012, year = {2020}, author = {Tait, G and Park, K and Nieri, R and Crava, MC and Mermer, S and Clappa, E and Boyer, G and Dalton, DT and Carlin, S and Brewer, L and Walton, VM and Anfora, G and Rossi-Stacconi, MV}, title = {Reproductive Site Selection: Evidence of an Oviposition Cue in a Highly Adaptive Dipteran, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, pages = {355-363}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvaa005}, pmid = {31977012}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Cues ; *Drosophila ; Europe ; Asia, Eastern ; Female ; Male ; *Oviposition ; Ovum ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is a vinegar fly species that originates from Eastern Asia and has spread throughout Europe and the Americas since its initial detection in United States in 2008. Its relatively large, sclerotized, and serrated ovipositor enables the ability to penetrate ripening fruits, providing a protected environment for its egg and larval stages. Because the mechanism of oviposition site selection of D. suzukii is a matter of hypothesis, the aim of the present study was to elucidate behavioral and chemical aspects of short-range ovipositional site selection within the context of D. suzukii reproductive biology. The preference of D. suzukii to lay eggs on artificially pierced, previously infested, or intact fruits was tested. Video recordings and photographic evidence documented the release of an anal secretion over the fruit surface near the oviposition sites. Gas chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of 11 compounds detected only on the skin of egg-infested berries. Electroantennographic experiments with both sexes of D. suzukii highlighted the importance of six volatile compounds: methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, myristic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, and palmitoleic acid. Finally, a synthetic blend composed of the six compounds in a ratio similar to that found on the skin of egg-infested berries increased the oviposition rate of conspecific females. Data from our work suggest that the identified volatiles are cues for reproductive site selection. We discuss how these oviposition cues may affect the fitness of D. suzukii. The knowledge gained from this study may accelerate establishment of control strategies based on the interference and disruption of D. suzukii communication during the oviposition processes.}, }
@article {pmid31975361, year = {2021}, author = {Stich, H and Just, F and Bothe, K and Wicklein, B}, title = {[The Asian Tiger Mosquito (Aedes albopictus) as a Challenge for the Public Health Service: An Example of a Risk Management Strategy Adapted to the Situation at the Local Level].}, journal = {Gesundheitswesen (Bundesverband der Arzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (Germany))}, volume = {83}, number = {5}, pages = {363-366}, doi = {10.1055/a-1084-3954}, pmid = {31975361}, issn = {1439-4421}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Aedes ; Germany ; Introduced Species ; *Risk Management ; }, abstract = {AIM OF THE STUDY: Case report on risk management for the epidemiology of an infectious disease threat scenario at the municipal level using the example of the Asian tiger mosquito (ATM) with communication of figures based on experience to stakeholders in the public health service METHODS: Formal and substantive presentation of a list of defined control measures together with site-specific modification and evaluation of efficacy RESULTS: Based on a timely education campaign, establishment of a population of ATM first observed in the fall of 2016 could be prevented at the local level. With favourable low temperatures during the 2016/2017 winter months, primarily physical control methods were effective. In the spring of 2017, ATM was no longer detected by a total of 4 monitoring units, each with a suction trap and 3 passive traps. In the following period, up to and including the spring of 2019, no invasive species of mosquito were identified in the cemetery originally involved or in the adjacent residential areas or recreational grounds Overall, cooperation among external experts and stakeholders from the public health service at the level of individualised medicine were able to prevent an insect-borne infection of the local population; a gradual approach following defined criteria for insect control proved to be effective and efficient.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The occurrence of the ATM is primarily a local event that requires a differentiated weighing-up between a specific and abstract hazard potential by the regional health authorities. In addition to an objective and prompt education campaign for the population involved as a trust-building action, primary physical control measures in terms of barrier measures are effective; if necessary, chemical and biological controls can be used as complementary measures.}, }
@article {pmid31972344, year = {2020}, author = {Sanson, AL and Cosenza-Contreras, M and DeMarco, R and Neves, LX and Mattei, B and Silva, GG and Magalhães, PHV and de Andrade, MHG and Castro-Borges, W}, title = {The golden mussel proteome and its response to niclosamide: Uncovering rational targets for control or elimination.}, journal = {Journal of proteomics}, volume = {217}, number = {}, pages = {103651}, doi = {10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103651}, pmid = {31972344}, issn = {1876-7737}, mesh = {Animals ; Chromatography, Liquid ; *Niclosamide ; *Proteome ; Proteomics ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; }, abstract = {The Asian invasive species Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857), known as the golden mussel, causes great economic and environmental damage due to its fixative capacity and accelerated proliferation. Molecular studies for the control of larval and adult forms are of great economic, scientific and technological interest. Here, we first report on the compositional analysis of the L. fortunei proteome obtained through shotgun analysis using LC-MS/MS. Among those 2790 proteins identified, many of them related to secretory processes and membrane receptors. Our second approach consisted in exposing the mollusc to the molluscicide niclosamide to evaluate the induced proteomic alterations. Exposure to niclosamide at 0.25 mg/L for 24 h resulted in a pronounced differential abundance of proteins when compared to those obtained when exposure was reduced to 4 h at 2.3 mg/L. In total, 342 proteins were found differentially expressed in the responsive individuals as revealed by label-free quantitative proteomics. Regarding the affected cell processes were: cell division and differentiation, cytoskeletal organization and compartment acidification (upregulated), and energy metabolism (downregulated). Our findings constitute the first inventory of the expressed proteome of the golden mussel and have the potential to contribute with a more rational proposition of molecular targets for control and monitoring of this species. SIGNIFICANCE: With the recent availability of transcriptomic and genomic data applied to L. fortunei the timing is right to interrogate its putative gene repertoire using proteomic techniques. These have the potential to validate the existence of the predicted genes, infer their relative abundance and quantify their levels as a response to environmental stressors or various agents. Here we provided an inventory of the golden mussel proteome and evaluated its response to the molluscicide niclosamide. The obtained results open new avenues for intervention aimed at its control or elimination, particularly by targeting the various cellular processes that were uncovered.}, }
@article {pmid31971651, year = {2020}, author = {Cavender-Bares, J and Padullés Cubino, J and Pearse, WD and Hobbie, SE and Lange, AJ and Knapp, S and Nelson, KC}, title = {Horticultural availability and homeowner preferences drive plant diversity and composition in urban yards.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {e02082}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2082}, pmid = {31971651}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Minnesota ; Phylogeny ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Understanding the factors that influence biodiversity in urban areas is important for informing management efforts aimed at enhancing the ecosystem services in urban settings and curbing the spread of invasive introduced species. We determined the ecological and socioeconomic factors that influence patterns of plant richness, phylogenetic diversity, and composition in 133 private household yards in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul Metropolitan area, Minnesota, USA. We compared the composition of spontaneously occurring plant species and those planted by homeowners with composition in natural areas (at the Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve) and in the horticulture pool of species available from commercial growers. Yard area and fertilizer frequency influenced species richness of the spontaneous species but expressed homeowner values did not. In contrast, the criteria that homeowners articulated as important in their management decisions, including aesthetics, wildlife, neatness and food provision, significantly predicted cultivated species richness. Strikingly, the composition of plant species that people cultivated in their yards resembled the taxonomic and phylogenetic composition of species available commercially. In contrast, the taxonomic and phylogenetic composition of spontaneous species showed high similarity to natural areas. The large fraction of introduced species that homeowners planted was a likely consequence of what was available for them to purchase. The study links the composition and diversity of yard flora to their natural and anthropogenic sources and sheds light on the human factors and values that influence the plant diversity in residential areas of a major urban system. Enhanced understanding of the influences of the sources of plants, both native and introduced, that enter urban systems and the human factors and values that influence their diversity is critical to identifying the levers to manage urban biodiversity and ecosystem services.}, }
@article {pmid31970605, year = {2020}, author = {Johnson, NS and Lewandoski, SA and Alger, BJ and O'Connor, L and Bravener, G and Hrodey, P and Huerta, B and Barber, J and Li, W and Wagner, CM and Siefkes, MJ}, title = {Behavioral Responses of Sea Lamprey to Varying Application Rates of a Synthesized Pheromone in Diverse Trapping Scenarios.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {233-249}, pmid = {31970605}, issn = {1573-1561}, support = {1/CX/CSRD VA/United States ; 1/CX/CSRD VA/United States ; 1/CX/CSRD VA/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents/*pharmacology ; Cholic Acids/*pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Male ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Petromyzon/*physiology ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Use of the first fish pheromone biopesticide, 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate (3kPZS) in sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) control requires an understanding of both how the amount 3kPZS applied to a trap relates to catch, and how that relationship varies among stream types. By conducting 3kPZS dose-response experiments over two years and across six varied trapping contexts, we conclude (1) that 3kPZS application is best standardized by how much is emitted from the trap instead of the fully mixed concentration achieved downstream, and (2) that 3kPZS is more effective in wide streams (>30 m). In wide streams, emission of 3kPZS at 50 mg hr.[-1] from the trap increased capture rate by 10-15% as sea lamprey were 25-50% more likely to enter the trap after encounter. However, in narrow streams (< 15 m), 50 mg hr.[-1] 3kPZS generally reduced probabilities of upstream movement, trap encounter, and entrance. While 3kPZS significantly influenced upstream movement, encounter, and capture probabilities, these behaviors were also highly influenced by water temperature, stream width, sea lamprey length, and sex. This study highlights that a pheromone component in a stream environment does not ubiquitously increase trap catch in all contexts, but that where, how, and when the pheromone is applied has major impacts on whether it benefits or hinders trapping efforts.}, }
@article {pmid31969660, year = {2020}, author = {Contardi, M and Montano, S and Liguori, G and Heredia-Guerrero, JA and Galli, P and Athanassiou, A and Bayer, IS}, title = {Treatment of Coral Wounds by Combining an Antiseptic Bilayer Film and an Injectable Antioxidant Biopolymer.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {988}, pmid = {31969660}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*drug effects ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local/*pharmacology ; Antioxidants/*pharmacology ; Biopolymers ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Coral Reefs ; }, abstract = {Coral reefs are vital for the marine ecosystem and their potential disappearance can have unequivocal consequences on our environment. Aside from pollution-related threats (changes in water temperature, plastics, and acidity), corals can be injured by diseases, predators, humans and other invasive species. Diseases play an important role in this decline, but so far very few mitigation strategies have been proposed and developed to control this threat. In this work, we demonstrate that recently developed bi-layer human skin wound treatment patches containing antiseptics and natural antioxidants with controlled-release capacity can be adapted to treat scleractinian coral wounds effectively. A hydrophilic bilayer film based on polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hyaluronic acid was used to cover the open wounds while delivering the antiseptics for rapid action. Afterwards, the hydrophilic bi-layer covered wound was sealed with an antioxidant and hydrophobic ε-caprolactone-p-coumaric acid copolymer by melt injection at low temperatures. Treated coral injuries were monitored both in aquaria system and in natural environment in Maldives for over 4 months to reduce the number of entry points for organisms that could lead to diseases. The corals well-tolerated both biomaterials as well as the antiseptics incorporated in these materials. The treatments displayed self-adhering properties, tuneable dissolution time, and biocompatibility and stimulated regeneration properties within the coral wound. As such, this work demonstrates that certain human skin wound treatment materials can be successfully adapted to the curing of coral wounds and delivery of specific drugs to slow down, reduce or even stop the spread of diseases in scleractinian corals as well as in all other benthic organisms affected by uncontrolled pathologies.}, }
@article {pmid31966314, year = {2019}, author = {Yang, QQ and Yu, XP}, title = {A New Species of Apple Snail in the Genus Pomacea (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Ampullariidae).}, journal = {Zoological studies}, volume = {58}, number = {}, pages = {e13}, pmid = {31966314}, issn = {1810-522X}, support = {R01 FD002408/FD/FDA HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Pomacea canaliculata and Pomacea maculata, two species of freshwater apple snails native to South America, have been introduced to and become invasive in many tropical wetlands around the world. Among their invaded regions in mainland China, we discovered a new species (Pomacea occulta nov. sp.), which has > 5.8% inter-specific genetic divergence with its closely-related species. The present study provides a morphological description of this new species. This new species can be distinguished from the other recognized species of Pomacea by a combination of the following features: a thick shell with generally smooth, fine axial growth lines and frequent periodic growth arrests, an angulated body whorl shoulder, and a yellow-orange-red inner pallial lip; a flexible operculum, thinning dorsally towards the edge; broad kidney anterior leaflets and posterior leaflets with a deep tapering cleft; a concave rachidian base; a penis sheath with apical and medial glands, with the medial gland located in the sheath channel; and 87 to ~1000 eggs per clutch, an average egg diameter of 2.38 mm, a mean hatching height of 2.23 mm, and a mean first whorl width of 1-day-old hatchlings of 2.11 mm.}, }
@article {pmid31966023, year = {2020}, author = {Moulin, N}, title = {When Citizen Science highlights alien invasive species in France: the case of Indochina mantis, Hierodula patellifera (Insecta, Mantodea, Mantidae).}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e46989}, pmid = {31966023}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Originally from Asia, Hierodula patellifera (Serville, 1839) occurs several Mediterranean countries, such as Italy. These arrivals could come from many factors: new pets or commercial human transport.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: The presence of Hierodula patellifera (Serville, 1839) is here reported for the first time in France. A well settled and probably widespread population of this species is here discussed as its adaptability to the Mediterranean climate. Some considerations on the potential impacts on the local ecosystems and its future spreading in Europe as an invasive species are given.}, }
@article {pmid31964308, year = {2020}, author = {Thawley, CJ and Kolbe, JJ}, title = {Artificial light at night increases growth and reproductive output in Anolis lizards.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {287}, number = {1919}, pages = {20191682}, pmid = {31964308}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Lighting ; Lizards/*physiology ; Male ; *Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Since the invention of electric lighting, artificial light at night (ALAN) has become a defining, and evolutionary novel, feature of human-altered environments especially in cities. ALAN imposes negative impacts on many organisms, including disrupting endocrine function, metabolism, and reproduction. However, we do not know how generalized these impacts are across taxa that exploit urban environments. We exposed brown anole lizards, an abundant and invasive urban exploiter, to relevant levels of ALAN in the laboratory and assessed effects on growth and reproduction at the start of the breeding season. Male and female anoles exposed to ALAN increased growth and did not suffer increased levels of corticosterone. ALAN exposure induced earlier egg-laying, likely by mimicking a longer photoperiod, and increased reproductive output without reducing offspring quality. These increases in growth and reproduction should increase fitness. Anoles, and potentially other taxa, may be resistant to some negative effects of ALAN and able to take advantage of the novel niche space ALAN creates. ALAN and both its negative and positive impacts may play a crucial role in determining which species invade and exploit urban environments.}, }
@article {pmid31963436, year = {2020}, author = {Feás, X and Vázquez-Tato, MP and Seijas, JA and Pratima G Nikalje, A and Fraga-López, F}, title = {Extraction and Physicochemical Characterization of Chitin Derived from the Asian Hornet, Vespa velutina Lepeletier 1836 (Hym.: Vespidae).}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {31963436}, issn = {1420-3049}, support = {Actividade Investigadora sobre a especie invasora Vespa velutina//DEPUTACION DE A CORU&#xd1;A/ ; Project MAT2017-86109-P//Ministerio de Econom&#xed;a, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa&#xf1;a/ ; }, mesh = {Acetylation ; Animals ; Chitin/*chemistry/*isolation &amp; purification ; Female ; Finite Element Analysis ; Introduced Species ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Thermogravimetry ; Wasps/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Fifteen years ago, at least one multimated female yellow-legged Asian hornet (Vespa velutina Lepeletier 1836) arrived in France, which gave rise to a pan-European invasion. In this study, the isolation and characterization of chitin (CHI) that was obtained from Vespa velutina (CHIVV) is described. In addition, an easy procedure is carried out to capture the raw insect, selectively and with high rates of success. The chitin contents of dry VV was observed to be 11.7%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid-state NMR (ssNMR), elemental analysis (EA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) characterized the physicochemical properties of CHIVV. The obtained CHIVV is close to pure (43.47% C, 6.94% H, and 6.85% N), and full acetylated with a value of 95.44%. Additionally, lifetime and kinetic parameters such as activation E and the frequency factor A using model-free and model-fitting methods, were determined. For CHIVV the solid state mechanism that follows the thermodegradation is of type F2 (random nucleation around two nuclei). The invasive Asian hornet is a promising alternative source of CHI, based on certain factors, such as the current and probable continued abundance of the quantity and quality of the product obtained.}, }
@article {pmid31961920, year = {2020}, author = {Swoboda-Bhattarai, KA and Burrack, HJ}, title = {Diurnal and Seasonal Activity Patterns of Drosophilid Species (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Present in Blackberry Agroecosystems With a Focus on Spotted-Wing Drosophila.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, pages = {277-287}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz161}, pmid = {31961920}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila ; Female ; Insect Control ; North Carolina ; Ovum ; *Rubus ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Drosophilid species with different life histories have been shown to exhibit similar behavioral patterns related to locating and utilizing resources such as hosts, mates, and food sources. Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is an invasive species that differs from other frugivorous drosophilids in that females lay eggs in ripe and ripening fruits instead of overripe or rotten fruits. We hypothesized that there may be diurnal and/or seasonal patterns associated with the movement of drosophilid species into and out of crop fields and their attraction to fermentation-odor-based monitoring traps, and that D. suzukii would conform to similar patterns. To test these hypotheses, we deployed passive, 2-headed Malaise traps between crop fields and wooded edges to simultaneously catch flies moving into and out of crop fields. We also deployed monitoring traps with a fermentation-based bait between crop fields and wooded edges and within crop rows. Traps were deployed weekly in June-August in 2014 and 2015 at two commercial blackberry farm in Cleveland County, NC, and were checked hourly for 24 h, except during darkness. Both D. suzukii and other drosophilid species moved between crop fields and wooded edges and were attracted to monitoring traps primarily during the morning and evening hours. Whereas other drosophilids were captured in traps throughout the season, few D. suzukii were caught in traps until early to mid-July in both years and increased as the season progressed. Understanding D. suzukii movement and activity patterns is essential for the development of effective management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid31961870, year = {2020}, author = {Wei, CY and Wang, JK and Shih, HC and Wang, HC and Kuo, CC}, title = {Invasive plants facilitated by socioeconomic change harbor vectors of scrub typhus and spotted fever.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {e0007519}, pmid = {31961870}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Animals ; Arachnid Vectors/microbiology/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Fabaceae/*parasitology ; Introduced Species/economics ; Orientia tsutsugamushi/physiology ; Rats ; Rickettsia/physiology ; Rodentia/parasitology ; Scrub Typhus/microbiology/*transmission ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis/microbiology/*transmission ; Taiwan ; Ticks/*microbiology/physiology ; Trombiculidae/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ecological determinants of most emerging vector-borne diseases are understudied, particularly for neglected tropical disease. Moreover, although socioeconomic impacts can have significant downstream effects on human risks to vector-borne diseases via a change in land cover, particularly facilitating the invasion of exotic plants, related studies remains very scarce. Scrub typhus and spotted fever are neglected diseases emerging around the globe and are transmitted by chigger mites and ticks infective of Orientia tsutsugamushi and Rickettsia spp., respectively, with small mammals as the primary hosts of both vectors.<br><br>We investigated how invasions of the plant Leucaena leucocephala caused by widespread abandonment of farmlands driven by industrialization affected abundance of chiggers and ticks in Penghu Island, Taiwan. We determined ectoparasite abundance by trapping small mammals in three types of habitats (invasion site, agricultural field, human residential) every two months for a year. Based on ectoparasite burdens, invasion sites harbored more chiggers and ticks than the other two habitats. Furthermore, hosts maintained higher burdens of both vectors in early winter and burdens of chiggers were more stable across seasons in invasion sites, suggesting that sites with invasive plants could be a temporary refuge for both vectors and might help mitigate the negative influence of unfavorable climate. Infective rates of O. tsutsugamushi in chiggers and Rickettsia in ticks were also consistently not lower in invasion sites. Top soil temperature and relative humidity were similar across the three habitats, but invasion sites contained more of the rat Rattus losea, on which chiggers and ticks were more engorged than those from the most commonly trapped species (Suncus murinus shrew), indicating that abundance of the host R. losea instead of microclimate might better determine the abundance of both vectors.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study highlights an important but largely neglected issue that socioeconomic change can have unexpected consequences for human health induced particularly by invasive plants, which could become a hotspot for emerging infectious diseases but usually are very hard to be eradicated. In the future, a more comprehensive approach that integrates socio-economics, land use, exotic species, and human health should be considered to fully understand potential emergence of vector-borne diseases.}, }
@article {pmid31961105, year = {2019}, author = {Gliniewicz, A}, title = {Development of land transport connections between Asia and Europe and their possible impact on vector introductions into European Countries.}, journal = {Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, pages = {415-422}, doi = {10.32394/rpzh.2019.0092}, pmid = {31961105}, issn = {0035-7715}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia ; China ; Communicable Disease Control/*methods ; Communicable Diseases/*transmission ; *Disease Vectors ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Health/*standards ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Europe ; Humans ; Poland ; Travel/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {The possibility of transfer of several organisms – disease vectors by land transportation Asia – Europe corridors into European countries is discussed. In Europe most alien species are of Asiatic origin. Trade and exchange of goods have developed very intensively for the beginning of the XXI century between Asia and European Union countries both by sea and land routes. Road and railway connections shorten the time of goods’ transport from China to Europe to 10,5 – 12 days. Shorter travel time and increased intensity of trade can increase the risk of introducing vector organisms from Asian countries to Europe. Existing legal international regulations (International Health Regulations, IHR) provide procedures to protect goods and persons against the carriage of organisms – vectors at every stage of transport and travel. Mass passenger and car traffic at border crossing points increase the likelihood of vector organisms entering as random stowaways; therefore it is proposed to intensify educational activities to make people aware of the danger posed by the transport of alien species of arthropods and what preventive actions to take. Unloading goods in a transit country (such as Poland) may take place at a transshipment center located near the border or inland. It is postulated to introduce a 400 m vector monitoring zone around both.}, }
@article {pmid31960239, year = {2020}, author = {Rahmanikhah, Z and Esmaili-Sari, A and Bahramifar, N}, title = {Total mercury and methylmercury concentrations in native and invasive fish species in Shadegan International Wetland, Iran, and health risk assessment.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {27}, number = {7}, pages = {6765-6773}, pmid = {31960239}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes/*metabolism ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Iran ; Mercury/*metabolism ; Methylmercury Compounds/*metabolism ; Risk Assessment ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*metabolism ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Human exposure to mercury (Hg) mainly occurs through consumption of aquatics, especially fish. In aquatic systems, the bioaccumulation of Hg across trophic levels could be altered by invasive species through changing community composition. The present study is aimed at measuring total mercury (T-Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in non-native (redbelly tilapia (Tilapia zillii)) and native (Benni (Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio)) fish species throughout Shadegan International Wetland and comparing health risk of their mercury contents to the local population. The concentrations were measured using a direct mercury analyzer (DMA 80). The average values of T-Hg and MeHg for native fishes were 19.8 and 10.49 μg/kg. These concentrations for the invasive fish were 28 and 14.62 μg/kg respectively. Despite having less length and weight than the native fish species, tilapia showed significantly higher T-Hg content, yet the lowest concentration of MeHg was observed in common carp with larger body length and weight. Concerning mercury health risk to consumers, tilapia demonstrated the highest estimated weekly intake (EWI) and percentages of tolerable weekly intake (%TWI) for both T-Hg and MeHg, while the highest hazard quotient (HQ) values were obtained for tilapia and Benni. Taken together, the mercury concentrations in the two native and non-native fishes were acceptable according to the international safety guidelines although the local people shall be warned for consumption of tilapia. Furthermore, the low calculated value of tissue residue criterion (TRC) for the wetland fishes sounds a warning.}, }
@article {pmid31959277, year = {2020}, author = {Smales, LR and Allain, SJR and Wilkinson, JW and Harris, E}, title = {A new species of Pseudoacanthocephalus (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) from the guttural toad, Sclerophrys gutturalis (Bufonidae), introduced into Mauritius, with comments on the implications of the introductions of toads and their parasites into the UK.}, journal = {Journal of helminthology}, volume = {94}, number = {}, pages = {e119}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X19001044}, pmid = {31959277}, issn = {1475-2697}, mesh = {Acanthocephala/*classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Animals ; Bufonidae/*parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Mauritius ; }, abstract = {Pseudoacanthocephalus goodmani n. sp. is described from faecal pellets collected from Sclerophrys gutturalis (Power, 1927), the guttural toad. The species is characterized by a suite of characters, including a proboscis armature of 14-18 longitudinal rows of 4-6 hooks with simple roots, lemnisci longer than the proboscis receptacle, equatorial testes, a cluster of elongated cement glands and eggs without polar prolongations of the middle membrane 72.6-85.8 long. The toad had been accidentally translocated from Mauritius to the UK in a tourist's luggage and survived a washing machine cycle. The guttural toad was introduced into Mauritius from South Africa in 1922 and the cane toad, Rhinella marina (Linneaus, 1758), from South America, between 1936 and 1938. It seems most likely, therefore, that P. goodmani was introduced, with the guttural toad, from South Africa. The cane toad is host to the similar species, Pseudoacanthocephalus lutzi, from the Americas, but P. lutzi has not been recorded from places where the cane toad has been introduced elsewhere. Clearly, the guttural toad is a hardy and adaptable species, although it seems unlikely that it could become established in Northern Europe. Nevertheless, any accidental translocation of hosts poses the potential risk of introducing unwanted pathogens into the environment and should be guarded against.}, }
@article {pmid31957684, year = {2020}, author = {Su, Z and Qiu, G and Fan, H and Li, M and Fang, C}, title = {Changes in carbon storage and macrobenthic communities in a mangrove-seagrass ecosystem after the invasion of smooth cordgrass in southern China.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {152}, number = {}, pages = {110887}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110887}, pmid = {31957684}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Carbon/*analysis ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The exotic smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) has invaded intertidal wetlands near the Ronggenshan tidal flats of Beihai, Guangxi, China, where historically seagrasses and mangroves coexisted. We investigated sediment organic carbon (SOC) storage and macrobenthic community structure in the existing mangroves (MG), S. alterniflora (SA), seagrass bed (SG), and unvegetated flat (UnV) habitats following the S. alterniflora invasion. SOC storage increased after S. alternifolia invasion in the SG and UnV habitats. Spartina alterniflora invasion changed the dominant species of the macrobenthos in the original habitats and reduced the diversity of macrobenthos in SG and UnV habitats. Clearly, S. alternifolia invasion can change the ecological functioning of south China's coastal ecosystems by altering carbon sequestration and affecting biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid31957409, year = {2020}, author = {Xiao, Q and Zhang, MT and Wu, Y and Ding, H and Lei, JC and Zhu, SL and Zhang, ZH and Chen, L}, title = {[Prediction of potential distribution of the invasive species Procambarus clarkii in China based on ecological niche models].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {309-318}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202001.029}, pmid = {31957409}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea ; China ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Procambarus clarkii was introduced into China as an important aquatic product in early 20th century. It has characteristics of high fertility, rapid growth, adaptability and digging burrows, which could cause damage of crops, cropland and facilities, decrease local biodiversity and thus threaten local ecosystem. Thus, predicting the potential distribution of P. clarkii in response to climate change was essential for preventing and monitoring this species. Based on the distribution of P. clarkii, the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) and genetic algorithm for rule-set production (GARP) models were used to predict its distribution in China under current climate and four climate scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, RCP 8.5) in two periods, 2041-2060 and 2061-2080. Then, the modeling results were tested by ROC curves. The results showed that under current climate, the highly suitable region for distribution predicted by the MaxEnt and GARP models were Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui along the Yangtze River. The main environmental variables affecting its distribution were mean temperature of the coldest quarter, minimum temperature of the warmest month, and temperature seasonality, maximum temperature of the warmest month, precipitation of the driest month. Under the future climate scenarios, the suitable area of P. clarkii distribution varied in 2061-2080. The total suitable area of P. clarkii would increase under RCP2.6 and RCP 4.5, whereas under RCP 8.5 the suitable area of P. clarkii would increase, and then decrease. In RCP 6.0, there was no change. The suitable areas of P. clarkii would disperse to different latitude areas and migrate toward high altitude.}, }
@article {pmid31957142, year = {2020}, author = {Faulkner, KT and Robertson, MP and Wilson, JRU}, title = {Stronger regional biosecurity is essential to prevent hundreds of harmful biological invasions.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {2449-2462}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15006}, pmid = {31957142}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//South African National Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries/ ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions often transcend political boundaries, but the capacity of countries to prevent invasions varies. How this variation in biosecurity affects the invasion risks posed to the countries involved is unclear. We aimed to improve the understanding of how the biosecurity of a country influences that of its neighbours. We developed six scenarios that describe biological invasions in regions with contiguous countries. Using data from alien species databases, socio-economic and biodiversity data and species distribution models, we determined where 86 of 100 of the world's worst invasive species are likely to invade and have a negative impact in the future. Information on the capacity of countries to prevent invasions was used to determine whether such invasions could be avoided. For the selected species, we predicted 2,523 discrete invasions, most of which would have significant negative impacts and are unlikely to be prevented. Of these invasions, approximately a third were predicted to spread from the country in which the species first establishes to neighbouring countries where they would cause significant negative impacts. Most of these invasions are unlikely to be prevented as the country of first establishment has a low capacity to prevent invasions or has little incentive to do so as there will be no impact in that country. Regional biosecurity is therefore essential to prevent future harmful biological invasions. In consequence, we propose that the need for increased regional co-operation to combat biological invasions be incorporated in global biodiversity targets.}, }
@article {pmid31953967, year = {2020}, author = {Batavia, C and Nelson, MP and Wallach, AD}, title = {The moral residue of conservation.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {34}, number = {5}, pages = {1114-1121}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13463}, pmid = {31953967}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Australia ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Morals ; Northwestern United States ; Rabbits ; }, abstract = {Should conservationists use lethal management to control introduced wildlife populations? Should they kill individual animals to protect endangered species? Are trade-offs that prioritize some values at the expense of others morally appropriate? These sorts of ethical questions are common in conservation. In debating such questions, conservationists often seem to presume 1 of 2 possible answers: the act in question is right or it is wrong. But morality in conservation is considerably more complex than this simple binary suggests. A robust conservation ethic requires a vocabulary that gives voice to the uncertainty and unease that arise when what seems to be the best available course of action also seems to involve a measure of wrongdoing. The philosophical literature on moral residue and moral dilemmas supplies this vocabulary. Moral dilemmas arise when one must neglect certain moral requirements to fulfill others. Under such circumstances, even the best possible decision leaves a moral residue, which is experienced emotionally as some form of grief. Examples of conservation scenarios that leave a moral residue include management of introduced rabbits in Australia, trophy hunting in Africa, and forest management trade-offs in the Pacific Northwest. Moral residue is integral to the moral experience of conservationists today, and grief is an appropriate response to many decisions conservationists must make. Article impact statement: Defensible conservation decisions may neglect moral requirements, leaving a moral residue; conservationists should respond with grief.}, }
@article {pmid31953413, year = {2020}, author = {Liu, B and Yan, J and Li, W and Yin, L and Li, P and Yu, H and Xing, L and Cai, M and Wang, H and Zhao, M and Zheng, J and Sun, F and Wang, Z and Jiang, Z and Ou, Q and Li, S and Qu, L and Zhang, Q and Zheng, Y and Qiao, X and Xi, Y and Zhang, Y and Jiang, F and Huang, C and Liu, C and Ren, Y and Wang, S and Liu, H and Guo, J and Wang, H and Dong, H and Peng, C and Qian, W and Fan, W and Wan, F}, title = {Mikania micrantha genome provides insights into the molecular mechanism of rapid growth.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {340}, pmid = {31953413}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Biosynthetic Pathways/genetics/physiology ; Carbon Cycle ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Chromosomes, Plant ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Genome, Plant ; Genomics ; Introduced Species ; Mikania/*genetics/*growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Nitrogen Cycle ; Photosynthesis/physiology ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Mikania micrantha is one of the top 100 worst invasive species that can cause serious damage to natural ecosystems and substantial economic losses. Here, we present its 1.79 Gb chromosome-scale reference genome. Half of the genome is composed of long terminal repeat retrotransposons, 80% of which have been derived from a significant expansion in the past one million years. We identify a whole genome duplication event and recent segmental duplications, which may be responsible for its rapid environmental adaptation. Additionally, we show that M. micrantha achieves higher photosynthetic capacity by CO2 absorption at night to supplement the carbon fixation during the day, as well as enhanced stem photosynthesis efficiency. Furthermore, the metabolites of M. micrantha can increase the availability of nitrogen by enriching the microbes that participate in nitrogen cycling pathways. These findings collectively provide insights into the rapid growth and invasive adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid31952351, year = {2020}, author = {Phambala, K and Tembo, Y and Kasambala, T and Kabambe, VH and Stevenson, PC and Belmain, SR}, title = {Bioactivity of Common Pesticidal Plants on Fall Armyworm Larvae (Spodoptera frugiperda).}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {31952351}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {17-070//McKnight Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a recent invasive pest species that has successfully established across sub-Saharan Africa where it continues to disrupt agriculture, particularly smallholder cereal production. Management of FAW in its native range in the Americas has led to the development of resistance to many commercial pesticides before its arrival in Africa. Pesticide use may therefore be ineffective for FAW control in Africa, so new and more sustainable approaches to pest management are required that can help reduce the impact of this exotic pest. Pesticidal plants provide an effective and established approach to pest management in African smallholder farming and recent research has shown that their use can be cost-beneficial and sustainable. In order to optimize the use of botanical extracts for FAW control, we initially screened ten commonly used plant species. In laboratory trials, contact toxicity and feeding bioassays showed differential effects. Some plant species had little to no effect when compared to untreated controls; thus, only the five most promising plant species were selected for more detailed study. In contact toxicity tests, the highest larval mortality was obtained from Nicotiana tabacum (66%) and Lippia javanica (66%). Similarly, in a feeding bioassay L. javanica (62%) and N. tabacum (60%) exhibited high larval mortality at the highest concentration evaluated (10% w/v). Feeding deterrence was evaluated using glass-fibre discs treated with plant extracts, which showed that Cymbopogon citratus (36%) and Azadirachta indica (20%) were the most potent feeding deterrents among the pesticidal plants evaluated. In a screenhouse experiment where living maize plants infested with fall armyworm larvae were treated with plant extracts, N. tabacum and L. javanica were the most potent species at reducing foliar damage compared to the untreated control whilst the synthetic pesticide chlorpyrifos was the most effective in reducing fall armyworm foliar damage. Further field trial evaluation is recommended, particularly involving smallholder maize fields to assess effectiveness across a range of contexts.}, }
@article {pmid31949254, year = {2020}, author = {Kelehear, C and Shine, R}, title = {Tradeoffs between dispersal and reproduction at an invasion front of cane toads in tropical Australia.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {486}, pmid = {31949254}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {FL120100074//Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council (ARC)/International ; }, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Australia ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Biological Evolution ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Male ; Phenotype ; *Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Individuals at the leading edge of a biological invasion experience novel evolutionary pressures on mating systems, due to low population densities coupled with tradeoffs between reproduction and dispersal. Our dissections of >1,200 field-collected cane toads (Rhinella marina) at a site in tropical Australia reveal rapid changes in morphological and reproductive traits over a three-year period after the invaders first arrived. As predicted, individuals with dispersal-enhancing traits (longer legs, narrower heads) had reduced reproductive investment (lower gonad mass). Post-invasion, the population was increasingly dominated by individuals with less dispersive phenotypes and a higher investment into reproduction (including, increased expression of sexually dimorphic traits in males). These rapid shifts in morphology and reproductive biology emphasise the impacts of the invasion process on multiple, interlinked aspects of organismal biology.}, }
@article {pmid31949168, year = {2020}, author = {Eskew, EA and White, AM and Ross, N and Smith, KM and Smith, KF and Rodríguez, JP and Zambrana-Torrelio, C and Karesh, WB and Daszak, P}, title = {United States wildlife and wildlife product imports from 2000-2014.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {22}, pmid = {31949168}, issn = {2052-4463}, support = {R01 GM100471/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Biodiversity ; *Commerce ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; United States ; }, abstract = {The global wildlife trade network is a massive system that has been shown to threaten biodiversity, introduce non-native species and pathogens, and cause chronic animal welfare concerns. Despite its scale and impact, comprehensive characterization of the global wildlife trade is hampered by data that are limited in their temporal or taxonomic scope and detail. To help fill this gap, we present data on 15 years of the importation of wildlife and their derived products into the United States (2000-2014), originally collected by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. We curated and cleaned the data and added taxonomic information to improve data usability. These data include >2 million wildlife or wildlife product shipments, representing >60 biological classes and >3.2 billion live organisms. Further, the majority of species in the dataset are not currently reported on by CITES parties. These data will be broadly useful to both scientists and policymakers seeking to better understand the volume, sources, biological composition, and potential risks of the global wildlife trade.}, }
@article {pmid31945186, year = {2020}, author = {DeVore, JL and Shine, R and Ducatez, S}, title = {Urbanization and translocation disrupt the relationship between host density and parasite abundance.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {4}, pages = {1122-1133}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13175}, pmid = {31945186}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bufo marinus ; Florida ; French Guiana ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; *Parasites ; Puerto Rico ; South America ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {The species interactions that structure natural communities are increasingly disrupted by radical habitat change resulting from the widespread processes of urbanization and species translocations. Although many species are disadvantaged by these changes, others thrive in these new environments, achieving densities that exceed those in natural habitats. Often the same species that benefit from urbanization are successful invaders in introduced habitats, suggesting that similar processes promote these species in both environments. Both processes may especially benefit certain species by modifying their interactions with harmful parasites ('enemy release'). To detect such modifications, we first need to identify the mechanisms underlying host-parasite associations in natural populations, then test whether they are disrupted in cities and introduced habitats. We studied the interaction between the cane toad Rhinella marina, a globally invasive species native to South America, and its Amblyomma ticks. Our field study of 642 cane toads across 46 sites within their native range in French Guiana revealed that 56% of toads carried ticks, and that toads with ticks were in poor body condition relative to uninfected conspecifics. Across natural and disturbed habitats tick prevalence and abundance increased with toad density, but this association was disrupted in the urban environment, where tick abundance remained low even where toad densities were high, and prevalence decreased with density. Reductions in the abundance of ticks in urban habitats may be attributable to pesticides (which are sprayed for mosquito control but are also lethal to ticks), and our literature review shows that tick abundance is generally lower in cane toads from urban habitats across South America. In the invasive range, ticks were either absent (in 1,960 toads from Puerto Rico, Hawai'i, Japan and Australia) or less abundant (in Florida and the Caribbean; literature review). The positive relationship between host density and parasite abundance is thought to be a key mechanism through which parasites regulate host populations; anthropogenic processes that disrupt this relationship may allow populations in urban and introduced habitats to persist at densities that would otherwise lead to severe impacts from parasites.}, }
@article {pmid31940680, year = {2020}, author = {Kong, JY and Kim, HS and Yeon, SC and Park, JK and Jeong, KS and Hong, IH}, title = {Preputial gland adenoma in a wild nutria (Myocastor coypus): a case report.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary science}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {e1}, pmid = {31940680}, issn = {1976-555X}, support = {NRF-2015R1C1A1A01055527/NRF/National Research Foundation of Korea/Korea ; }, mesh = {Adenoma/diagnosis/pathology/*veterinary ; Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Exocrine Glands/*pathology ; Genital Neoplasms, Male/diagnosis/pathology/*veterinary ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Republic of Korea ; Rodent Diseases/diagnosis/*pathology ; *Rodentia ; }, abstract = {Tumor incidence in wild mammals is reportedly very low. Wild nutria, a large rodent, is known to carry many infectious diseases, but rarely exhibits neoplastic diseases. We necropsied a male wild nutria and found a large nodular mass in the left inguinal region, adjacent to the penis. Histopathologically, the mass was diagnosed as preputial gland adenoma. Spontaneous preputial gland adenomas are extremely rare in all animals. Moreover, reports of tumors in nutrias have been limited to adenocarcinomas of the lungs and uterus, as well as subcutaneous fibromas. Here, we describe preputial gland adenoma in a wild nutria.}, }
@article {pmid31940348, year = {2020}, author = {Siljamo, P and Ashbrook, K and Comont, RF and Skjøth, CA}, title = {Do atmospheric events explain the arrival of an invasive ladybird (Harmonia axyridis) in the UK?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {e0219335}, pmid = {31940348}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Migration/physiology ; Animals ; Belgium ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; France ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Statistical ; Monte Carlo Method ; Netherlands ; United Kingdom ; *Wind ; }, abstract = {Species introduced outside their natural range threaten global biodiversity and despite greater awareness of invasive species risks at ports and airports, control measures in place only concern anthropogenic routes of dispersal. Here, we use the Harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis, an invasive species which first established in the UK from continental Europe in 2004, to test whether records from 2004 and 2005 were associated with atmospheric events. We used the atmospheric- chemistry transport model SILAM to model the movement of this species from known distributions in continental Europe and tested whether the predicted atmospheric events were associated with the frequency of ladybird records in the UK. We show that the distribution of this species in the early years of its arrival does not provide substantial evidence for a purely anthropogenic introduction and show instead that atmospheric events can better explain this arrival event. Our results suggest that air flows which may assist dispersal over the English Channel are relatively frequent; ranging from once a week from Belgium and the Netherlands to 1-2 times a week from France over our study period. Given the frequency of these events, we demonstrate that atmospheric-assisted dispersal is a viable route for flying species to cross natural barriers.}, }
@article {pmid31938485, year = {2019}, author = {Rohal, CB and Cranney, C and Hazelton, ELG and Kettenring, KM}, title = {Invasive Phragmites australis management outcomes and native plant recovery are context dependent.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {24}, pages = {13835-13849}, pmid = {31938485}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The outcomes of invasive plant removal efforts are influenced by management decisions, but are also contingent on the uncontrolled spatial and temporal context of management areas. Phragmites australis is an aggressive invader that is intensively managed in wetlands across North America. Treatment options have been understudied, and the ecological contingencies of management outcomes are poorly understood. We implemented a 5-year, multi-site experiment to evaluate six Phragmites management treatments that varied timing (summer or fall) and types of herbicide (glyphosate or imazapyr) along with mowing, plus a nonherbicide solarization treatment. We evaluated treatments for their influence on Phragmites and native plant cover and Phragmites inflorescence production. We assessed plant community trajectories and outcomes in the context of environmental factors. The summer mow, fall glyphosate spray treatment resulted in low Phragmites cover, high inflorescence reduction, and provided the best conditions for native plant recruitment. However, returning plant communities did not resemble reference sites, which were dominated by ecologically important perennial graminoids. Native plant recovery following initial Phragmites treatments was likely limited by the dense litter that resulted from mowing. After 5 years, Phragmites mortality and native plant recovery were highly variable across sites as driven by hydrology. Plots with higher soil moisture had greater reduction in Phragmites cover and more robust recruitment of natives compared with low moisture plots. This moisture effect may limit management options in semiarid regions vulnerable to water scarcity. We demonstrate the importance of replicating invasive species management experiments across sites so the contingencies of successes and failures can be better understood.}, }
@article {pmid31938472, year = {2019}, author = {Pornon, A and Baksay, S and Escaravage, N and Burrus, M and Andalo, C}, title = {Pollinator specialization increases with a decrease in a mass-flowering plant in networks inferred from DNA metabarcoding.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {24}, pages = {13650-13662}, pmid = {31938472}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {How native mass-flowering plants affect the specialization of insects at individual and species levels and the consequences for pollination networks have received much less attention than for mass-flowering crops or alien species and basically remain unexplored.Using existing DNA metabarcoding data on the pollen loads of 402 flower-visiting insects, we assessed the effects of a native mass-flowering plant of high reward quality, the shrub Rhododendron ferrugineum, on pollination networks by investigating: (a) the food niches of individual pollinators and pollinator species and (b) the structure of individual and species networks in subalpine heathland patches with extremely contrasted densities of R. ferrugineum.Relative to its high abundance in high-density patches, the shrub was greatly underrepresented and did not dominate individual's or species' generalized networks, rather individual and species specialization increased with a decrease in R. ferrugineum density. Furthermore, individuals of the more generalist dipteran Empididae species tended to extend exclusive interactions with rare plant species in low-density networks. The same trend was observed in the more specialist Apidea but toward rare species in high-density networks. Our results reveal a quite paradoxical view of pollination and a functional complementarity within networks. Niche and network indices mostly based on the occurrence of links showed that individual pollinators and pollinator species and networks were highly generalized, whereas indices of link strength revealed that species and above all individuals behave as quite strict specialists. Synthesis. Our study provides insights into the status of a native mass-flowering plant in individual's and insect species' food niches and pollination networks. It revealed that a generalist pollinator species can be highly specialized at the individual level and how rare plant species coexisting with mass-flowering plants may nevertheless be visited.}, }
@article {pmid31937243, year = {2020}, author = {Chen, ML and Huang, YH and Qiu, BY and Chen, PT and Du, XY and Li, HS and Pang, H}, title = {Changes in life history traits and transcriptional regulation of Coccinellini ladybirds in using alternative prey.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {44}, pmid = {31937243}, issn = {1471-2164}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; *Life History Traits ; Phylogeny ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ladybird beetles (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) are highly diverse in their feeding habits. Most of them are specialist feeders, while some can have a broad spectrum of prey. As a representative group of generalists, the tribe Coccinellini includes many aphidophagous species, but members of this tribe also feed on other hemipterous insects including coccids, psyllids and whiteflies. As a result, several species are effective biological control agents or invasive species with serious non-target effects. Despite their economic importance, relatively little is known about how they adapt to new prey.<br><br>RESULTS: In this study, comparisons of the life history traits and transcriptomes of ladybirds fed initial (aphids) and alternative prey (mealybugs) were performed in three Coccinellini species. The use of alternative prey greatly decreased performance, implied by the significantly prolonged development time and decreased survival rate and adult weight. Prey shifts resulted in a set of differentially expressed genes encoding chemosensory proteins and digestive and detoxifying enzymes.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that these generalists do not perform well when they use alternative prey as the sole nutrition source. Although their capacity for predation might have created an opportunity to use varied prey, they must adapt to physiological obstacles including chemosensing, digestion and detoxification in response to a prey shift. These findings challenge the effect of Coccinellini predators on the biological control of non-aphid pests and suggest the possibility of non-target attacks by so-called specialists.}, }
@article {pmid31936615, year = {2020}, author = {Swaminathan, P and Ohrtman, M and Carinder, A and Deuja, A and Wang, C and Gaskin, J and Fennell, A and Clay, S}, title = {Water Deficit Transcriptomic Responses Differ in the Invasive Tamarix chinensis and T. ramosissima Established in the Southern and Northern United States.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {31936615}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {1559978//National Science Foundation/ ; IIA-1355423//National Science Foundation/ ; SD00H633-18//USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; BioSNTR//South Dakota Research and Innovation Center/ ; }, abstract = {Tamarix spp. (saltcedar) were introduced from Asia to the southern United States as windbreak and ornamental plants and have spread into natural areas. This study determined differential gene expression responses to water deficit (WD) in seedlings of T. chinensis and T. ramosissima from established invasive stands in New Mexico and Montana, respectively. A reference de novo transcriptome was developed using RNA sequences from WD and well-watered samples. Blast2GO analysis of the resulting 271,872 transcripts yielded 89,389 homologs. The reference Tamarix (Tamaricaceae, Carophyllales order) transcriptome showed homology with 14,247 predicted genes of the Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris (Amaranthaceae, Carophyllales order) genome assembly. T. ramosissima took longer to show water stress symptoms than T. chinensis. There were 2068 and 669 differentially expressed genes (DEG) in T. chinensis and T. ramosissima, respectively; 332 were DEG in common between the two species. Network analysis showed large biological process networks of similar gene content for each of the species under water deficit. Two distinct molecular function gene ontology networks (binding and transcription factor-related) encompassing multiple up-regulated transcription factors (MYB, NAC, and WRKY) and a cellular components network containing many down-regulated photosynthesis-related genes were identified in T. chinensis, in contrast to one small molecular function network in T. ramosissima.}, }
@article {pmid31936005, year = {2020}, author = {Duchicela, J and Bever, JD and Schultz, PA}, title = {Symbionts as Filters of Plant Colonization of Islands: Tests of Expected Patterns and Environmental Consequences in the Galapagos.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {31936005}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {CRN2014//Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research/ ; DEB#1556664//National Science Fundation/ ; }, abstract = {The establishments of new organisms that arrive naturally or with anthropogenic assistance depend primarily on local conditions, including biotic interactions. We hypothesized that plants that rely on fungal symbionts are less likely to successfully colonize remote environments such as oceanic islands, and this can shape subsequent island ecology. We analyzed the mycorrhizal status of Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos flora compared with the mainland Ecuador flora of origin. We experimentally determined plant responsiveness and plant-soil feedback of the island flora and assessed mycorrhizal density and soil aggregate stability of island sites. We found that a greater proportion of the native island flora species belongs to families that typically do not associate with mycorrhizal fungi than expected based upon the mainland flora of origin and the naturalized flora of the island. Native plants benefited significantly less from soil fungi and had weaker negative soil feedbacks than introduced species. This is consistent with the observation that field sites dominated by native plant species had lower arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal density and lower soil aggregate stability than invaded field sites at the island. We found support for a mycorrhizal filter to the initial colonization of the Galapagos.}, }
@article {pmid31935616, year = {2020}, author = {Forcina, G and Guerrini, M and Barbanera, F}, title = {Non-native and hybrid in a changing environment: conservation perspectives for the last Italian red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) population with long natural history.}, journal = {Zoology (Jena, Germany)}, volume = {138}, number = {}, pages = {125740}, doi = {10.1016/j.zool.2019.125740}, pmid = {31935616}, issn = {1873-2720}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; *Ecosystem ; Galliformes/genetics/*physiology ; Haplotypes ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Spain ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The ever-increasing biotic homogenization - especially when associated with introgressive hybridization - raises concern for the reduction of the spatial component of diversity in wildlife worldwide. Nonetheless, there is a growing attention to the potential conservation value of hybridization in fastening the adaptive evolutionary responses to rapidly changing selective pressures. Under these premises, we investigated the genetic affinity of the red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) population inhabiting Elba Island (Italy) in the context of the overall species phylogeography and particularly of the nominate subspecies it is traditionally ascribed to. Although notoriously hybrid with the congeneric A. chukar, this island population is of undisputedly value because of its long natural history and self-sustainability. As such, its adaptive conservation management calls for a comprehensive knowledge including the assessment of its geographic origin. For this purpose, 110 fecal samples were collected across Elba, genotyped at their joint Cytochrome-b and Control Region genes (2,249 characters), and compared with 149 conspecifics from all over the species distribution range. We confirmed a widespread A. chukar mitochondrial DNA introgression in Elba partridges, whereas their expected formal assignment to the nominate subspecies from Italy and France was rejected, since these turned out to be closely related to conspecifics from the Iberian Peninsula. This counterintuitive result found support in a large variety of literary sources and compelling evidences from personal testimonies revealing recent intense management with farm-reared birds of Spanish origin. Although the nativeness of Elba partridges was disproved, we advise local authorities to keep warranting the ongoing conservation efforts - and especially restore the connectivity between the western and eastern island sub-populations - as this resource may still be conceived as the ultimate repository for part of the otherwise extinct Italian A. r. rufa genome. Indeed, the admixture with conspecifics from the Iberian Peninsula does not necessarily mean that the entirety of the native nuclear genome of Elba partridges has been wiped out. Furthermore, these latter represent an interesting case study in conservation biology to investigate the possible role played by introgressive hybridization in the adaptation to recent land use and vegetation cover changes associated with rural abandonment in an insular yet heavily anthropized context.}, }
@article {pmid31932702, year = {2020}, author = {Guyton, JA and Pansu, J and Hutchinson, MC and Kartzinel, TR and Potter, AB and Coverdale, TC and Daskin, JH and da Conceição, AG and Peel, MJS and Stalmans, ME and Pringle, RM}, title = {Trophic rewilding revives biotic resistance to shrub invasion.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, pages = {712-724}, pmid = {31932702}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Mammals ; }, abstract = {Trophic rewilding seeks to rehabilitate degraded ecosystems by repopulating them with large animals, thereby re-establishing strong top-down interactions. Yet there are very few tests of whether such initiatives can restore ecosystem structure and functions, and on what timescales. Here we show that war-induced collapse of large-mammal populations in Mozambique's Gorongosa National Park exacerbated woody encroachment by the invasive shrub Mimosa pigra-considered one of the world's 100 worst invasive species-and that one decade of concerted trophic rewilding restored this invasion to pre-war baseline levels. Mimosa occurrence increased between 1972 and 2015, a period encompassing the near extirpation of large herbivores during the Mozambican Civil War. From 2015 to 2019, mimosa abundance declined as ungulate biomass recovered. DNA metabarcoding revealed that ruminant herbivores fed heavily on mimosa, and experimental exclosures confirmed the causal role of mammalian herbivory in containing shrub encroachment. Our results provide mechanistic evidence that trophic rewilding has rapidly revived a key ecosystem function (biotic resistance to a notorious woody invader), underscoring the potential for restoring ecological health in degraded protected areas.}, }
@article {pmid31930976, year = {2020}, author = {Xue, Q and Ma, CS}, title = {Aged virgin adults respond to extreme heat events with phenotypic plasticity in an invasive species, Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {121}, number = {}, pages = {104016}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104016}, pmid = {31930976}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology ; Age Factors ; Animals ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Extreme Heat ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Mating Factor ; Sex Factors ; Stress, Physiological ; *Thermotolerance ; }, abstract = {Climate warming has increased the frequency of extreme heat events. Alien species usually invade new areas with a low-density population and often have limited mating opportunities due to the unsynchronized emergence of adults. Early-emerging virgin adults often have to wait to mate with later-emerging partners at the cost of aging, which reduces thermal tolerance. To understand the adaptive strategies of virgin males/females versus those of mated males/females in response to heat stress during aging, we conducted a fully factorial experiment to test the basal and plastic heat tolerance (CTmax, critical thermal maximum) of males and females with different mating statuses (virgin and mated) at different ages (5, 10, and 15 days after eclosion) after different acclimation regimes (null, rapid and developmental heat acclimation) in a well-known invasive species, Drosophila suzukii. We found that mating could change the heat tolerance of adults during aging. Mated females had higher basal heat tolerance than virgin females, while mated males had lower tolerance than virgin males. Mating could generally decrease the acclimation capacity (i.e., plasticity of heat tolerance) during aging. Aged virgin adults had a much higher acclimation capacity than aged mated adults. Our findings suggest that phenotypic plasticity of heat tolerance may be a main strategy used by virgin adults to cope with heat events. The phenotypic plasticity of thermal tolerance could increase the invasion success of alien species in new areas by allowing them to rapid respond to local temperature changes.}, }
@article {pmid31930639, year = {2020}, author = {Hughes, KA and Pescott, OL and Peyton, J and Adriaens, T and Cottier-Cook, EJ and Key, G and Rabitsch, W and Tricarico, E and Barnes, DKA and Baxter, N and Belchier, M and Blake, D and Convey, P and Dawson, W and Frohlich, D and Gardiner, LM and González-Moreno, P and James, R and Malumphy, C and Martin, S and Martinou, AF and Minchin, D and Monaco, A and Moore, N and Morley, SA and Ross, K and Shanklin, J and Turvey, K and Vaughan, D and Vaux, AGC and Werenkraut, V and Winfield, IJ and Roy, HE}, title = {Invasive non-native species likely to threaten biodiversity and ecosystems in the Antarctic Peninsula region.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {2702-2716}, pmid = {31930639}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {NE/R016429/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; //Government of the United Kingdom/ ; //Foreign and Commonwealth Office Conflict, Security and Stabilisation Fund/ ; DPLUS074//Darwin Plus/ ; }, abstract = {The Antarctic is considered to be a pristine environment relative to other regions of the Earth, but it is increasingly vulnerable to invasions by marine, freshwater and terrestrial non-native species. The Antarctic Peninsula region (APR), which encompasses the Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Islands and South Orkney Islands, is by far the most invaded part of the Antarctica continent. The risk of introduction of invasive non-native species to the APR is likely to increase with predicted increases in the intensity, diversity and distribution of human activities. Parties that are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty have called for regional assessments of non-native species risk. In response, taxonomic and Antarctic experts undertook a horizon scanning exercise using expert opinion and consensus approaches to identify the species that are likely to present the highest risk to biodiversity and ecosystems within the APR over the next 10 years. One hundred and three species, currently absent in the APR, were identified as relevant for review, with 13 species identified as presenting a high risk of invading the APR. Marine invertebrates dominated the list of highest risk species, with flowering plants and terrestrial invertebrates also represented; however, vertebrate species were thought unlikely to establish in the APR within the 10 year timeframe. We recommend (a) the further development and application of biosecurity measures by all stakeholders active in the APR, including surveillance for species such as those identified during this horizon scanning exercise, and (b) use of this methodology across the other regions of Antarctica. Without the application of appropriate biosecurity measures, rates of introductions and invasions within the APR are likely to increase, resulting in negative consequences for the biodiversity of the whole continent, as introduced species establish and spread further due to climate change and increasing human activity.}, }
@article {pmid31929722, year = {2019}, author = {van Loo, M and Lazic, D and Chakraborty, D and Hasenauer, H and Schüler, S}, title = {North American Douglas-fir (P. menziesii) in Europe: establishment and reproduction within new geographic space without consequences for its genetic diversity.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {21}, number = {11}, pages = {3249-3267}, pmid = {31929722}, issn = {1387-3547}, support = {P 26504/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, abstract = {Genetic admixture and plasticity along with propagule pressure, large seed dispersal distances and fast adaptation support successful establishment and spread of introduced species outside their native range. Consequently, introductions may display climatic niche shifts in the introduced range. Douglas-fir, a controversial forest and ornamental conifer represented by two ecologically different and hybridising varieties, was transferred multiple times outside the native range in North America. Here, we compare climatic and genetic patterns of 38 native populations from North America with six old Pseudotsuga menziesii populations with natural regeneration in the introduced range in Central Europe. Following variety and geographic origin assessment of introduced populations, genotypic and climatic data were examined for signatures of inter-varietal gene flow, reduced genetic diversity, presence of fine-scale spatial genetic structure (SGS), dispersal patterns, and climate similarities between native and introduced range. In the introduced range, dominating coastal variety originated from a restricted area in the US, whereas the interior variety, with limited presence in the European sites, displayed wider geographic origin. Variety hybrids with contributing coastal, but not the interior parent were identified. Differences in genetic diversity between both ranges, but also among the parent and their respective offspring populations in Europe were not found. Old populations in general lacked any SGS, whereas natural regeneration revealed different patterns of SGS. Distances of propagule dispersal ranged between 2.5 and 92 m. The climate of the studied European introduced range was most similar to the climate of the coastal variety from the western Cascade range from which the majority of the analysed coastal European Douglas-fir, but not the European interior variety, was assigned to originate. The results we present here shed not only light on dynamics of invasive species in the introduced range in general, but also allow for refinement of climatic niche modeling when using lower than species level.}, }
@article {pmid31925748, year = {2020}, author = {Gomez, DF and Skelton, J and De María, M and Hulcr, J}, title = {Influence of Temperature and Precipitation Anomaly on the Seasonal Emergence of Invasive Bark Beetles in Subtropical South America.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {3}, pages = {347-352}, doi = {10.1007/s13744-019-00760-y}, pmid = {31925748}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {1556283//National Science Foundation/ ; FO15//Instituto Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n Agropecuaria (UY)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; Pinus taeda ; Plant Bark ; Population Dynamics ; Rain ; *Seasons ; *Temperature ; Uruguay ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {Several invasive bark beetle species have caused major economic and ecological losses in South America. Accurate predictions of beetle emergence times will make control efforts more efficient and effective. To determine whether bark beetle emergence can be predicted by season, temperature, or precipitation, we analyzed trapping records for three introduced pest species of bark beetles in Uruguay. We used trigonometric functions as seasonal predictors in generalized linear models to account for purely seasonal effects, while testing for effects of temperature and precipitation. Results show that all three beetle species had strong but unique seasonal emergence patterns and responded differently to temperature and precipitation. Cyrtogenius luteus (Blandford) emerged in summer and increased with precipitation but was not affected by temperature. Hylurgus ligniperda (Fabricius) emerged in winter and increased with temperature but was not affected by precipitation. Orthotomicus erosus (Wollaston) had a primary emergence in spring, and a smaller emergence in early summer, but showed no significant relationship with temperature or precipitation. This study shows that the emergence of these bark beetle species in Uruguay is influenced by seasonality more than by temperature and precipitation fluctuations. It also shows how seasonality can be easily incorporated into models to make more accurate predictions about pest population dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid31925507, year = {2020}, author = {Alhasanat, A and Ou, C}, title = {On the conjecture for the pushed wavefront to the diffusive Lotka-Volterra competition model.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {80}, number = {5}, pages = {1413-1422}, pmid = {31925507}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Competitive Behavior ; Computational Biology ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Logistic Models ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {This paper concerns ecological invasion phenomenon of species based on the diffusive Lotka-Volterra competition model. We investigate the spreading speed (or the minimal wave speed of traveling waves) selection to the model and concentrate on the conjecture raised by Roques et al. (J Math Biol 71(2):465-489, 2015). By using an abstract implicit function theorem in a weighted functional space coupled with a perturbation technique, we not only prove this conjecture, but also show that the fast decay behavior of the first species is necessary and sufficient for the nonlinear speed selection of the whole system. This may lead to further significant results on the answer to the original Hosono's conjecture, a problem that has been outstanding for more than twenty years.}, }
@article {pmid31923283, year = {2020}, author = {Peralta, G and Dickie, IA and Yeates, GW and Peltzer, DA}, title = {Community- and trophic-level responses of soil nematodes to removal of a non-native tree at different stages of invasion.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {e0227130}, pmid = {31923283}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Nematoda/*physiology ; Nematode Infections ; Pinus ; Soil/*parasitology ; Trees/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Success of invasive non-native plant species management is usually measured as changes in the abundance of the invasive plant species or native plant species following invader management, but more complex trophic responses to invader removal are often ignored or assumed. Moreover, the effects of invader removal at different stages of the invasion process is rarely evaluated, despite a growing recognition that invader impacts are density or stage-dependent. Therefore, the effectiveness of invasive species management for restoring community structure and function across trophic levels remains poorly understood. We determined how soil nematode diversity and community composition respond to removal of the globally invasive tree species Pinus contorta at different stages of invasion by reanalysing and expanding an earlier study including uninvaded vegetation (seedlings removed continuously), early invader removal (saplings removed), late removal (trees removed), and no removal (invaded). These treatments allowed us to evaluate the stage-dependent belowground trophic responses to biological invasion and removal. We found that invaded plots had half the nematode taxa richness compared to uninvaded plots, and that tree invasion altered the overall composition of the nematode community. Differences in nematode community composition between uninvaded nematode communities and those under the tree removal strategy tended to dilute higher up the food chain, whereas the composition of uninvaded vs. sapling removal strategies did not differ significantly. Conversely, the composition of invaded compared to uninvaded nematode communities differed across all trophic levels, altering the community structure and function. Specifically, invaded communities were structurally simplified compared to uninvaded communities, and had a higher proportion of short life cycle nematodes, characteristic of disturbed environments. We demonstrate that a shift in management strategies for a globally invasive tree species from removing trees to earlier removal of saplings is needed for maintaining the composition and structure of soil nematode communities to resemble uninvaded conditions.}, }
@article {pmid31922941, year = {2019}, author = {González-Acosta, C and Correa-Morales, F and Canche-Aguilar, I and Silva-Domínguez, R and Salgado-Alonzo, MC and Muñoz-Urias, R and Salazar-Bueyes, VM and Moreno-García, M}, title = {First Report of Aedes albopictus in Guerrero State, Mexico.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, pages = {285-287}, doi = {10.2987/19-6829.1}, pmid = {31922941}, issn = {1943-6270}, mesh = {*Aedes ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Mexico ; *Mosquito Vectors ; }, abstract = {In 1988, Aedes albopictus was first described in Mexico. Since then, it has been recorded in most of the coastal states that have a shoreline on the Gulf of Mexico, 3 states in Central Mexico and 2 states on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. This is the first report documenting the presence of this invasive species in Guerrero, a state with coastlines on the Pacific Ocean. This evidence suggests that the distribution of Ae. albopictus is expanding throughout Mexico. It remains unknown the extent to which Ae. albopictus contributes to vector-borne disease transmission in this country; however, the risk should not be neglected.}, }
@article {pmid31921284, year = {2019}, author = {Colihueque, N and Estay, FJ and Crespo, JE and Arriagada, A and Baessolo, L and Canales-Aguirre, CB and Marín, J and Carrasco, R}, title = {Genetic Differentiation and Origin of Naturalized Rainbow Trout Populations From Southern Chile, Revealed by the mtDNA Control Region Marker.}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {1212}, pmid = {31921284}, issn = {1664-8021}, abstract = {Numerous self-sustaining naturalized or introduced populations of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are widely distributed throughout the freshwaters of southern Chile. In this study, analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region (CR) marker was conducted to investigate the level of genetic divergence among populations and their phylogenetic relationships with respect to native lineages. This information provided a framework to interpret the genetic structure and origin that was shaped during historical trout introduction efforts. To this end, we analyzed eleven naturalized populations of lakes and rivers from five basins. The CR marker revealed five haplotypes. The overall haplotype (H) and nucleotide (Π) diversities were 0.684 ± 0.030 and 0.00460 ± 0.00012, respectively. Global F ST was 0.169, with several pairwise F ST estimates showing significant differences (P < 0.05). The exact test of population differentiation corroborated this result (P < 0.001). Significant geographic structure was found (P < 0.05), with variations explained primarily by differences within populations (61.65%) and among group basins (20.82%). Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis resolved two distinct clades with medium bootstrap support when naturalized populations were aligned in conjunction with reference native lineages. The haplotype network revealed a close association between naturalized populations and four main haplotypes representative of three native ecotypes or lineages from western North America (rainbow trout, steelhead trout and redband trout). These results indicate a genetic population structuring for naturalized rainbow trout from southern Chile and an origin probably represented by multiple lineages sources. Thus, mitochondrial DNA data strongly suggest that stocking of rainbow trout from different origins may have occurred during or after the initial introduction efforts.}, }
@article {pmid31918081, year = {2020}, author = {Wang, C and Wei, M and Wang, S and Wu, B and Du, D}, title = {Cadmium influences the litter decomposition of Solidago canadensis L. and soil N-fixing bacterial communities.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {246}, number = {}, pages = {125717}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125717}, pmid = {31918081}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Biodegradation, Environmental/*drug effects ; Cadmium/*toxicity ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution ; Introduced Species ; Metals, Heavy ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Plant Leaves ; Soil ; Soil Pollutants/*toxicity ; Solidago/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {It is important to illuminate the effects of litter decomposition of invasive alien species on soil N-fixing bacterial communities (SoNiBa), especially under heavy metal pollution to better outline the mechanisms for invasion success of invasive alien species. This study attempts to identify the effects of litter decomposition of Solidago canadensis L. on SoNiBa under cadmium (Cd) pollution with different concentrations (i.e., low concentration, 7.5 mg/kg soil; high concentration, 15 mg/kg soil) via a polyethylene litterbags-experiment. Electrical conductivity and total N of soil were the most important environmental factors for determining the variations of SoNiBa composition. S. canadensis did not significantly affect the alpha diversity of SoNiBa but significantly affect the beta diversity of SoNiBa and SoNiBa composition. Thus, SoNiBa composition, rather than alpha diversity of SoNiBa, was the most important determinant of the invasion success of S. canadensis. Cd with 15 mg/kg soil did not address distinct effects on alpha diversity of SoNiBa, but Cd with 7.5 mg/kg soil noticeably raised the number of species and species richness of SoNiBa mainly due to the hormonal effects. The combined S. canadensis and Cd with 15 mg/kg soil obviously decreased cumulative mass losses and the rate of litter decomposition (k) of S. canadensis, but the combined S. canadensis and Cd with 7.5 mg/kg soil evidently accelerated cumulative mass losses and k of S. canadensis. Thus, Cd with 7.5 mg/kg soil can accelerate litter decomposition of S. canadensis, but Cd with 15 mg/kg soil can decline litter decomposition of S. canadensis.}, }
@article {pmid31917804, year = {2020}, author = {Wilke, ABB and Benelli, G and Beier, JC}, title = {Beyond frontiers: On invasive alien mosquito species in America and Europe.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {e0007864}, pmid = {31917804}, issn = {1935-2735}, support = {U01 CK000510/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/United States ; U01CK000510/ACL/ACL HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Cities ; *Culex ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors ; United States ; }, }
@article {pmid31916023, year = {2020}, author = {Shi, J and Li, W and Wang, Y and Chen, Q and Deng, F}, title = {Meta-Transcriptome Profiling of Novel Invasive Pest Spodoptera frugiperda in Yunnan, China.}, journal = {Virologica Sinica}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {240-244}, pmid = {31916023}, issn = {1995-820X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/classification/genetics ; China ; Crops, Agricultural/parasitology ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Introduced Species ; Larva/*genetics/microbiology/virology ; Phylogeny ; RNA-Seq ; Spodoptera/classification/*genetics/microbiology/virology ; Viruses/classification/genetics ; }, }
@article {pmid31915583, year = {2020}, author = {Hauger, AN and Hollis-Etter, KM and Etter, DR and Roloff, GJ and Mahon, AR}, title = {Use of environmental DNA (eDNA) in streams to detect feral swine (Sus scrofa).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e8287}, pmid = {31915583}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Invasive feral swine can damage ecosystems, disrupt plant and animal populations, and transmit diseases. Monitoring of feral swine populations requires expensive and labor-intensive techniques such as aerial surveys, field surveys for sign, trail cameras, and verifying landowner reports. Environmental DNA (eDNA) provides an alternative method for locating feral swine. To aid in detection of this harmful invasive species, a novel assay was developed incorporating molecular methods. From August 2017 to April 2018, water samples and stream data were collected along 400 m transects in two different stream types where swine DNA was artificially introduced to investigate potential factors affecting detection. A generalized linear model (family binomial) was used to characterize environmental conditions affecting swine DNA detection; detection was the dependent variable and stream measurements included stream type, distance downstream, water temperature, velocity, turbidity, discharge, and pH as independent variables. Parameters from the generalized linear model were deemed significant if 95% confidence intervals did not overlap 0. Detection probability for swine DNA negatively related to water temperature (β = - 0.21, 95% CI [-0.35 to -0.09]), with the highest detection probability (0.80) at 0 °C and lowest detection probability (0.05) at 17.9 °C water temperature. Results indicate that sampling for swine eDNA in free-flowing stream systems should occur at lower water temperatures to maximize detection probability. This study provides a foundation for further development of field and sampling techniques for utilizing eDNA as a viable alternative to monitoring a terrestrial invasive species in northern regions of the United States.}, }
@article {pmid31915201, year = {2020}, author = {Hraoui, G and Bettinazzi, S and Gendron, AD and Boisclair, D and Breton, S}, title = {Mitochondrial thermo-sensitivity in invasive and native freshwater mussels.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {223}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.215921}, pmid = {31915201}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/metabolism/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Electron Transport Complex IV ; *Introduced Species ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Oxygen Consumption/physiology ; }, abstract = {Climate change is impacting many, if not all, forms of life. Increases in extreme temperature fluctuations and average temperatures can cause stress, particularly in aquatic sessile ectotherms such as freshwater mussels. However, some species seem to thrive more than others in face of temperature-related stressors. Thermal tolerance may, for example, explain the success of invasive species. It is also known that mitochondria can play a key role in setting an ectothermic species' thermal tolerance. In this study, we aimed to characterize the mitochondrial thermo-tolerance in invasive and endemic freshwater mussels. With the use of high-resolution respirometry, we analyzed the mitochondrial respiration of two freshwater bivalve species exposed to a broad range of temperatures. We noticed that the invasive dreissenid Dreissena bugensis possessed a less thermo-tolerant mitochondrial metabolism than the endemic unionid Elliptio complanata This lack of tolerance was linked with a more noticeable aerobic metabolic depression at elevated temperatures. This decrease in mitochondrial metabolic activity was also linked with an increase in leak oxygen consumption as well as a stable maintenance of the activity of cytochrome c oxidase in both species. These findings may be associated both with the species' life history characteristics, as D. bugensis is more adapted to unstable habitats, in which selection pressures for resistance adaptations are reduced. Our findings add to the growing body of literature characterizing the mitochondrial metabolism of many aquatic ectotherms in our changing world.}, }
@article {pmid31914976, year = {2020}, author = {Liao, C and Xavier, JB and Zhu, Z}, title = {Enhanced inference of ecological networks by parameterizing ensembles of population dynamics models constrained with prior knowledge.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {3}, pmid = {31914976}, issn = {1472-6785}, support = {P30 CA008748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI137269/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Population Dynamics ; *Rivers ; United States ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Accurate network models of species interaction could be used to predict population dynamics and be applied to manage real world ecosystems. Most relevant models are nonlinear, however, and data available from real world ecosystems are too noisy and sparsely sampled for common inference approaches. Here we improved the inference of generalized Lotka-Volterra (gLV) ecological networks by using a new optimization algorithm to constrain parameter signs with prior knowledge and a perturbation-based ensemble method.<br><br>RESULTS: We applied the new inference to long-term species abundance data from the freshwater fish community in the Illinois River, United States. We constructed an ensemble of 668&#xa0;gLV models that explained 79% of the data on average. The models indicated (at a 70% level of confidence) a strong positive interaction from emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides) to channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), which we could validate using data from a nearby observation site, and predicted that the relative abundances of most fish species will continue to fluctuate temporally and concordantly in the near future. The network shows that the invasive silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) has much stronger impacts on native predators than on prey, supporting the notion that the invader perturbs the native food chain by replacing the diets of predators.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Ensemble approaches constrained by prior knowledge can improve inference and produce networks from noisy and sparsely sampled time series data to fill knowledge gaps on real world ecosystems. Such network models could aid efforts to conserve ecosystems such as the Illinois River, which is threatened by the invasion of the silver carp.}, }
@article {pmid31913334, year = {2020}, author = {Srivastava, V and Griess, VC and Keena, MA}, title = {Assessing the Potential Distribution of Asian Gypsy Moth in Canada: A Comparison of Two Methodological Approaches.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {22}, pmid = {31913334}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia ; Canada ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Genetic Markers ; *Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Theoretical ; Moths/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) is one of the world's worst hardwood defoliating invasive alien species. It is currently spreading across North America, damaging forest ecosystems and posing a significant economic threat. Two subspecies L. d. asiatica and L. d. japonica, collectively referred to as Asian gypsy moth (AGM) are of special concern as they have traits that make them better invaders than their European counterpart (e.g. flight capability of females). We assessed the potential distribution of AGM in Canada using two presence-only species distribution models, Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) and Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Prediction (GARP). In addition, we mapped AGM potential future distribution under two climate change scenarios (A1B and A2) while implementing dispersal constraints using the cellular automation model MigClim. MaxEnt had higher AUC, pAUC and sensitivity scores (0.82/1.40/1.00) when compared to GARP (0.70/1.26/0.9), indicating better discrimination of suitable versus unsuitable areas for AGM. The models indicated that suitable conditions for AGM were present in the provinces of British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The human influence index was the variable found to contribute the most in predicting the distribution of AGM. These model results can be used to identify areas at risk for this pest, to inform strategic and tactical pest management decisions.}, }
@article {pmid31908623, year = {2019}, author = {Frelich, LE and Blossey, B and Cameron, EK and Dávalos, A and Eisenhauer, N and Fahey, T and Ferlian, O and Groffman, PM and Larson, E and Loss, SR and Maerz, JC and Nuzzo, V and Yoo, K and Reich, PB}, title = {Side-swiped: Ecological cascades emanating from earthworm invasion.}, journal = {Frontiers in ecology and the environment}, volume = {17}, number = {9}, pages = {502-510}, pmid = {31908623}, issn = {1540-9295}, support = {677232/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {Non-native, invasive earthworms are altering soils throughout the world. Ecological cascades emanating from these changes stem from earthworm-caused changes in detritus processing occurring at a mid-point in the trophic pyramid, rather than the more familiar bottom-up or top-down cascades. They include fundamental changes (microcascades) in soil morphology, bulk density, nutrient leaching, and a shift to warmer, drier soil surfaces with loss of organic horizons. In North American temperate and boreal forests, microcascades cause effects of concern to society (macrocascades), including changes in CO2 sequestration, disturbance regimes, soil quality, water quality, forest productivity, plant communities, and wildlife habitat, and facilitation of other invasive species. Interactions among these changes create cascade complexes that interact with climate change and other environmental changes. The diversity of cascade effects, combined with the vast area invaded by earthworms, lead to regionally important changes in ecological functioning.}, }
@article {pmid31907382, year = {2020}, author = {Harvey, JA and Heinen, R and Armbrecht, I and Basset, Y and Baxter-Gilbert, JH and Bezemer, TM and Böhm, M and Bommarco, R and Borges, PAV and Cardoso, P and Clausnitzer, V and Cornelisse, T and Crone, EE and Dicke, M and Dijkstra, KB and Dyer, L and Ellers, J and Fartmann, T and Forister, ML and Furlong, MJ and Garcia-Aguayo, A and Gerlach, J and Gols, R and Goulson, D and Habel, JC and Haddad, NM and Hallmann, CA and Henriques, S and Herberstein, ME and Hochkirch, A and Hughes, AC and Jepsen, S and Jones, TH and Kaydan, BM and Kleijn, D and Klein, AM and Latty, T and Leather, SR and Lewis, SM and Lister, BC and Losey, JE and Lowe, EC and Macadam, CR and Montoya-Lerma, J and Nagano, CD and Ogan, S and Orr, MC and Painting, CJ and Pham, TH and Potts, SG and Rauf, A and Roslin, TL and Samways, MJ and Sanchez-Bayo, F and Sar, SA and Schultz, CB and Soares, AO and Thancharoen, A and Tscharntke, T and Tylianakis, JM and Umbers, KDL and Vet, LEM and Visser, ME and Vujic, A and Wagner, DL and WallisDeVries, MF and Westphal, C and White, TE and Wilkins, VL and Williams, PH and Wyckhuys, KAG and Zhu, ZR and de Kroon, H}, title = {International scientists formulate a roadmap for insect conservation and recovery.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, pages = {174-176}, pmid = {31907382}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Insecta ; }, }
@article {pmid31906387, year = {2020}, author = {Teixeira, LH and Yannelli, FA and Ganade, G and Kollmann, J}, title = {Functional Diversity and Invasive Species Influence Soil Fertility in Experimental Grasslands.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {31906387}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {308701/2013-5//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 400672/2013-8//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 54417975//Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst/ ; }, abstract = {Ecosystem properties can be positively affected by plant functional diversity and compromised by invasive alien plants. We performed a community assembly study in mesocosms manipulating different functional diversity levels for native grassland plants (communities composed by 1, 2 or 3 functional groups) to test if functional dispersion could constrain the impacts of an invasive alien plant (Solidago gigantea) on soil fertility and plant community biomass via complementarity. Response variables were soil nutrients, soil water nutrients and aboveground biomass. We applied linear mixed-effects models to assess the effects of functional diversity and S. gigantea on plant biomass, soil and soil water nutrients. A structural equation model was used to evaluate if functional diversity and invasive plants affect soil fertility directly or indirectly via plant biomass and soil pH. Invaded communities had greater total biomass but less native plant biomass than uninvaded ones. While functional diversity increased nutrient availability in the soil solution of uninvaded communities, invasive plants reduced nutrient concentration in invaded soils. Functional diversity indirectly affected soil water but not soil nutrients via plant biomass, whereas the invader reduced native plant biomass and disrupted the effects of diversity on nutrients. Moreover, invasive plants reduced soil pH and compromised phosphate uptake by plants, which can contribute to higher phosphate availability and its possible accumulation in invaded soils. We found little evidence for functional diversity to constrain invasion impacts on nutrients and plant biomass. Restoration of such systems should consider other plant community features than plant trait diversity to reduce establishment of invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid31906186, year = {2019}, author = {Tang, XT and Cai, L and Shen, Y and Xu, LL and Du, YZ}, title = {Competitive Displacement between Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 and MED and Evidence for Multiple Invasions of MED.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {31906186}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {No. 201303019 and No.200803005//Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China/ ; }, abstract = {Despite the severe ecological damage and economic loss caused by invasive species, the factors contributing to successful invasion or displacement remain elusive. The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), is an important invasive agricultural pest worldwide, causing severe damage to numerous crops by feeding or transmitting plant viruses. In this study, we monitored the dynamics of two invasive whitefly cryptic species, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED), in Jiangsu, China, from 2005-2016. We found that B. tabaci MED quickly established and asserted dominance over MEAM1, resulting in their population displacement in Jiangsu in only three years (from 2005 to 2008). We further investigated the possible mechanisms underlying the successful invasion and competitive displacement from a genetic perspective. Based on sequencing of mitochondrial gene sequences from large numbers of whitefly samples, multiple invasion events of MED were validated by our genetic analyses. MED invaded Jiangsu starting from multiple introduction sites with secondary and/or subsequent invasive events. This may favor their invasion and displacement of MEAM1. This study advances our understanding of the mechanisms that enabled the successful invasion of MED.}, }
@article {pmid31905866, year = {2019}, author = {Hopkins, MC and Zink, SD and Paulson, SL and Hawley, DM}, title = {Influence of Forest Disturbance on La Crosse Virus Risk in Southwestern Virginia.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {31905866}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Forest disturbance effects on La Crosse virus (LACV) are currently unknown. We determined the abundance of three LACV accessory vectors (Aedes albopictus, Ae. canadensis, and Ae. vexans) and the primary amplifying host (Eastern chipmunk; Tamias striatus), and tested for LACV prevalence in both vectors and chipmunks, across a gradient of experimental forest disturbance treatments in southwest Virginia. Forest disturbance significantly affected the abundance of LACV accessory vectors, with a higher abundance on disturbed sites for Ae. canadensis and Ae. vexans. However, there was no significant disturbance effect on chipmunk abundance. Forest disturbance significantly affected LACV prevalence in mosquito vectors, with most (80%) detections on unlogged control sites, which past work showed harbor the highest abundance of the two most common LACV vectors (the primary vector Aedes triseriatus, and Ae. japonicus). Interestingly, LACV nucleic acid was only detected in Ae. japonicus and Culex pipiens/restuans, with no detections in the primary vector, Ae. triseriatus. In contrast to the vector results, antibodies were only found in chipmunks on logged sites, but this result was not statistically significant. Overall, our results suggest that human LACV risk should generally decline with logging, and reveal the potential importance of accessory vectors in LACV maintenance in Appalachian forests.}, }
@article {pmid31904853, year = {2020}, author = {Alford, A and Kuhar, TP and Hamilton, GC and Jentsch, P and Krawczyk, G and Walgenbach, JF and Welty, C}, title = {Baseline Toxicity of the Insecticides Bifenthrin and Thiamethoxam on Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Collected From the Eastern United States.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {113}, number = {2}, pages = {1043-1046}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz361}, pmid = {31904853}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Heteroptera ; *Insecticides ; *Pyrethrins ; Thiamethoxam ; United States ; }, abstract = {Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive species in the United States that attacks a wide variety of agricultural commodities including fruits, vegetables, agronomic crops, and ornamental plants. Populations of H. halys adults were collected from four and six states in 2017 and 2018, respectively, and tested using topical applications to establish baseline levels of susceptibility to two commonly used insecticides, bifenthrin and thiamethoxam. A Probit-estimated (95% fiducial limits) LD50 and LD99 of 2.64 g AI/L (1.2-3.84 g AI/L) and 84.96 g AI/L (35.76-716.16 g AI/L) for bifenthrin, and a LD50 and LD99 of 0.05 g AI/liter (1.14E-5-0.27 g AI/L) and 150.11 g AI/L (27.35-761,867 g AI/L) for thiamethoxam, respectively. These baseline levels can be used for future insecticide resistance monitoring in H. halys.}, }
@article {pmid31899358, year = {2020}, author = {Barjhoux, I and Rioult, D and Geffard, A and Palos Ladeiro, M}, title = {A new protocol for the simultaneous flow cytometric analysis of cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity on zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) hemocytes.}, journal = {Fish &amp; shellfish immunology}, volume = {98}, number = {}, pages = {224-235}, doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.092}, pmid = {31899358}, issn = {1095-9947}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Monitoring/*methods ; Cell Adhesion/drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Dreissena/drug effects/*immunology ; Flow Cytometry/*methods ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; Hemocytes/cytology/drug effects/*immunology ; Hemolymph/cytology/drug effects ; Phagocytosis/drug effects ; Staining and Labeling ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Immunotoxicity analysis receives a strong interest in environmental a priori and a posteriori risk assessment procedures considering the direct involvement of the immune system in the health status of organisms, populations and thus ecosystems. The freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha is an invasive species widely used in ecotoxicology studies and biomonitoring surveys to evaluate the impacts of contaminants on aquatic fauna. Bivalve hemocytes are the immunocompetent cells circulating in the open circulatory system of the organism. However, there is nowadays no consensus on a protocol to evaluate the immunocompetent state of this particular cell type using flow cytometry. Wild species such as D. polymorpha present several technical barriers complicating their analyze including (i) the quality and the purity of the hemolymph sample, (ii) the controversial characterization of hemocyte subpopulations and their diversity, (iii) the quantity of biological material, and (iv) the high inter-individual variability of hemocyte responses. The present work proposes several technical and analytical improvements to control the above-mentioned issues. The inclusion of sedimentation and cell detachment steps in the pre-analytical phase of the protocol substantially ameliorate the quality of the hemolymph sample as well as the accuracy of the cytometric measurements, by selecting the analyzed cells on their adhesion ability and by increasing the concentration of the analyzed events. The development of an effective triple-labeling procedure including the cellular probe Hoechst® 33342, the membrane impermeant dye propidium iodide and yellow-green fluorescent microspheres allowed the simultaneous analysis of cytotoxicity and phagocytosis activity in hemocytes. It also significantly enhanced the accuracy of hemocyte endpoint measurements by eliminating non-target events from the analysis and allowing relevant gating strategies. Finally, the use of pooled samples of hemolymph noticeably reduced inter-sample variability while providing more plasticity in the experimental design and improving the discriminating potency between treatments. The developed protocol is suitable for ex vivo exposure of hemocyte in a chemical/environmental toxicity assessment as well as for in vivo exposure in the laboratory or in situ biomonitoring surveys with few adaptations.}, }
@article {pmid31896822, year = {2020}, author = {Palandačić, A and Kruckenhauser, L and Ahnelt, H and Mikschi, E}, title = {European minnows through time: museum collections aid genetic assessment of species introductions in freshwater fishes (Cyprinidae: Phoxinus species complex).}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {124}, number = {3}, pages = {410-422}, pmid = {31896822}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; *Cyprinidae/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Fresh Water ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Museums ; }, abstract = {Massive fish introductions have taken place throughout much of the world, mostly over the last 70 years, and present a major threat to the genetic diversity of native fishes. Introductions have been reported for European Phoxinus, a ubiquitous small cyprinid that populates a wide variety of habitats. Species delineation in European Phoxinus has proven difficult with one reason being ranges of distribution that often traverse drainage boundaries. The present study combines recent samples with museum samples to better understand the current distribution of Phoxinus species and their distributions prior to the massive introductions of fishes in Europe, and to evaluate the use of museum specimens for species distribution studies. For these purposes, genetic lineages from sites collected prior to 1900 (n = 14), and between 1900 and 1950 (n = 8), were analysed using two mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Although possible fish introductions were detected, our results show that the distribution of genetic lineages of museum samples is comparable to that of the extant lineages of European Phoxinus present in those areas. These observations suggest that in the studied ranges the distribution of Phoxinus lineages has been driven by natural processes.}, }
@article {pmid31893567, year = {2020}, author = {McLeish, J and Briers, RA and Dodd, JA and Rueckert, S}, title = {First genetic evidence that invasive bullhead (Cottus L. 1758) in Scotland is of English origin and the difficulty of resolving the European Cottus species taxonomy.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {96}, number = {3}, pages = {617-630}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14247}, pmid = {31893567}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//This work received funding from the Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS) pooling initiative and their support is gratefully acknowledged. MASTS is funded by the Scottish Funding Council (grant reference HR09011) and contributing institutions. The authors gratefully acknowledge Edinburgh Napier University for partially funding this research./ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/*genetics ; Rivers ; Scotland ; }, abstract = {The European bullhead (Cottus gobio) is widely distributed across Europe, and within the UK is native to England and Wales, where it is protected under the Habitats Directive. In Scotland, however, the species is considered invasive and thriving populations are recorded in the Forth and Clyde river catchments, and the Ale Water in the Scottish Borders. The genetic identity of the Scottish populations has not been established. There is also debate about the status of the European bullhead and its validity as single species, a species complex with several unresolved species, or distinct different species in its European distribution range. There is therefore a need to determine the taxonomy and likely source of the novel Scottish populations. Genetic analyses using cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) mitochondrial DNA sequences were undertaken on specimens from the Forth and Clyde catchments, and combined with the results of morphological characteristics to provide a comprehensive assessment of the taxonomic classification for Scottish bullheads. There was considerable variation in morphological characteristics between populations within Scotland and a wider range of variability than previously recorded for English populations. Genetically the Scottish populations were very closely related to English specimens, supporting the hypothesis of introduction directly from England to Scotland. In terms of broader relationships, Scottish specimens are genetically more closely related to the ostensible species Chabot fluviatile Cottus perifretum, which has been suggested as one of a complex of species across Europe. Morphologically they exhibit characteristics on the spectrum between C. perifretum and C. gobio. There is an urgent need for the clarification of the taxonomy of Cottus sp(p). to avoid confusion in future publications, legislation and management practices relating to bullheads throughout the UK and Europe.}, }
@article {pmid31892946, year = {2020}, author = {Hamelin, RC and Roe, AD}, title = {Genomic biosurveillance of forest invasive alien enemies: A story written in code.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {95-115}, pmid = {31892946}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The world's forests face unprecedented threats from invasive insects and pathogens that can cause large irreversible damage to the ecosystems. This threatens the world's capacity to provide long-term fiber supply and ecosystem services that range from carbon storage, nutrient cycling, and water and air purification, to soil preservation and maintenance of wildlife habitat. Reducing the threat of forest invasive alien species requires vigilant biosurveillance, the process of gathering, integrating, interpreting, and communicating essential information about pest and pathogen threats to achieve early detection and warning and to enable better decision-making. This process is challenging due to the diversity of invasive pests and pathogens that need to be identified, the diverse pathways of introduction, and the difficulty in assessing the risk of establishment. Genomics can provide powerful new solutions to biosurveillance. The process of invasion is a story written in four chapters: transport, introduction, establishment, and spread. The series of processes that lead to a successful invasion can leave behind a DNA signature that tells the story of an invasion. This signature can help us understand the dynamic, multistep process of invasion and inform management of current and future introductions. This review describes current and future application of genomic tools and pipelines that will provide accurate identification of pests and pathogens, assign outbreak or survey samples to putative sources to identify pathways of spread, and assess risk based on traits that impact the outbreak outcome.}, }
@article {pmid31892236, year = {2019}, author = {Falzon, G and Lawson, C and Cheung, KW and Vernes, K and Ballard, GA and Fleming, PJS and Glen, AS and Milne, H and Mather-Zardain, A and Meek, PD}, title = {ClassifyMe: A Field-Scouting Software for the Identification of Wildlife in Camera Trap Images.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {31892236}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {N/A//Centre for Invasive Species Solutions/ ; }, abstract = {We present ClassifyMe a software tool for the automated identification of animal species from camera trap images. ClassifyMe is intended to be used by ecologists both in the field and in the office. Users can download a pre-trained model specific to their location of interest and then upload the images from a camera trap to a laptop or workstation. ClassifyMe will identify animals and other objects (e.g., vehicles) in images, provide a report file with the most likely species detections, and automatically sort the images into sub-folders corresponding to these species categories. False Triggers (no visible object present) will also be filtered and sorted. Importantly, the ClassifyMe software operates on the user's local machine (own laptop or workstation)-not via internet connection. This allows users access to state-of-the-art camera trap computer vision software in situ, rather than only in the office. The software also incurs minimal cost on the end-user as there is no need for expensive data uploads to cloud services. Furthermore, processing the images locally on the users' end-device allows them data control and resolves privacy issues surrounding transfer and third-party access to users' datasets.}, }
@article {pmid31891602, year = {2019}, author = {Wang, YS and Dai, TM and Tian, H and Wan, FH and Zhang, GF}, title = {Comparative analysis of eight DNA extraction methods for molecular research in mealybugs.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {e0226818}, pmid = {31891602}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/*isolation &amp; purification ; Female ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; Nymph/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Preservation, Biological/*methods ; }, abstract = {For molecular research, the quality and integrity of DNA obtained will affect the reliability of subsequent results. Extracting quality DNA from scale insects, including mealybugs, can be difficult due to their small body size and waxy coating. In this study, we evaluate eight commonly used DNA extraction methods to determine their efficacy in PCR analysis across life stages and preservation times. We find that fresh samples, immediately upon collection or after 2 wks, resulted in the most effective DNA extraction. Methods using the DNeasy Blood &amp; Tissue kit, NaCl, SDS-RNase A, and SDS isolated DNA of sufficient quality DNA. The SDS method gave high DNA yield, while the NaCl and SDS-RNase A methods gave lower yield. NaCl, SDS-RNase A, SDS, chloroform-isopentyl alcohol, and the salting-out methods all resulted in sufficient DNA for PCR, and performed equal to or better than that of the DNeasy Blood &amp; Tissue kit. When time and cost per extraction were considered, the SDS method was most efficient, especially for later life stages of mealybug, regardless of preservation duration. DNA extracted from a single fresh sample of a female adult mealybug was adequate for more than 10,000 PCR reactions. For earlier stages, including the egg and 1st instar nymph samples, DNA was most effectively extracted by the Rapid method. Our results provide guidelines for the choice of effective DNA extraction method for mealybug or other small insects across different life stages and preservation status.}, }
@article {pmid31891589, year = {2019}, author = {de la Sancha, NU and Boyle, SA}, title = {Predictive sampling effort and species-area relationship models for estimating richness in fragmented landscapes.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {e0226529}, pmid = {31891589}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Forests ; Geographic Information Systems ; Introduced Species ; Mammals/*physiology ; Models, Theoretical ; Paraguay ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Loss of habitat, specifically deforestation, is a major driver of biodiversity loss. Species-area relationship (SAR) models traditionally have been used for estimating species richness, species loss as a function of habitat loss, and extrapolation of richness for given areas. Sampling-species relationships (SSRs) are interrelated yet separate drivers for species richness estimates. Traditionally, however, SAR and SSR models have been used independently and not incorporated into a single approach. We developed and compared predictive models that incorporate sampling effort species-area relationships (SESARS) along the entire Atlantic Forest of South America, and then applied the best-fit model to estimate richness in forest remnants of Interior Atlantic Forest of eastern Paraguay. This framework was applied to non-volant small mammal assemblages that reflect different tolerances to forest loss and fragmentation. In order to account for differences in functionality we estimated small mammal richness of 1) the entire non-volant small mammal assemblage, including introduced species; 2) the native species forest assemblage; and 3) the forest-specialist assemblage, with the latter two assemblages being subsets of the entire assemblage. Finally, we geospatially modeled species richness for each of the three assemblages throughout eastern Paraguay to identify remnants with high species richness. We found that multiple regression power-law interaction-term models that only included area and the interactions of area and sampling as predictors, worked best for predicting species richness for the entire assemblage and the native species forest assemblage, while several traditional SAR models (logistic, power, exponential, and ratio) best described forest-specialist richness. Species richness was significantly different between assemblages. We identified obvious remnants with high species richness in eastern Paraguay, and these remnants often were geographically isolated. We also found relatively high predicted species richness (in relation to the entire range of predicted richness values) in several geographically-isolated, medium-size forest remnants that likely have not been considered as possible priority areas for conservation. These findings highlight the importance of using an empirical dataset, created using sources representing diverse sampling efforts, to develop robust predictive models. This approach is particularly important in geographic locations where field sampling is limited yet the geographic area is experiencing rapid and dramatic land cover changes. When combined, area and sampling are powerful modeling predictors for questions of biogeography, ecology, and conservation, especially when addressing habitat loss and fragmentation.}, }
@article {pmid31891020, year = {2019}, author = {Maslin, BR and Ho, BC and Sun, H and Bai, L}, title = {Revision of Senegalia in China, and notes on introduced species of Acacia, Acaciella, Senegalia and Vachellia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae).}, journal = {Plant diversity}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, pages = {353-466}, pmid = {31891020}, issn = {2468-2659}, abstract = {The present work represents the first comprehensive taxonomic revision of Acacia sens. lat. (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in China, focusing on the indigenous species. Critical reassessments of specimens and re-definition of previously recorded species have resulted in recognising 21 indigenous species under Senegalia, a segregate of the former Acacia sens. lat. Detailed botanical profiles are provided for these species, together with a diagnostic line drawing and distribution map; photographs of living plants are provided for more than half the species. Terser treatments are also provided for the 15 species from four genera that are regarded as major introductions of Acacia sens. lat. to the country: Acacia Mill. (12 spp.), Acaciella Britton &amp; Rose (1 sp.), Senegalia Raf. (1 sp.) and Vachellia Wight &amp; Arn. (1 sp.). An identification key to all Acacia sens. lat. species in China is provided. The indigenous species of Senegalia in China belong to sect. Monacanthea (Vassal) Maslin, comb. nov., and the introduced ones to sect. Senegalia. As a consequence of this study, the number of Senegalia species now recognised for China has almost doubled. Six new species are described: Senegalia clandestina Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun &amp; L.Bai, sp. nov.; Senegalia guangdongensis Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun &amp; L.Bai, sp. nov.; Senegalia obliqua Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun &amp; L.Bai, sp. nov.; Senegalia orientalis Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun &amp; L.Bai, sp. nov.; Senegalia prominens Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun &amp; L.Bai, sp. nov.; Senegalia stipitata Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun &amp; L.Bai, sp. nov. Four new combinations are established: Senegalia garrettii (I.C.Nielsen) Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun &amp; L.Bai, comb. &amp; stat. nov.; Senegalia kerrii (I.C.Nielsen) Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun &amp; L.Bai, comb. &amp; stat. nov.; Senegalia kunmingensis (C.Chen &amp; H.Sun) Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun &amp; L.Bai, comb. &amp; stat. nov.; Senegalia macrocephala (Lace) Maslin, B.C.Ho, H.Sun &amp; L.Bai, comb. nov. Senegalia andamanica (I.C.Nielsen) Maslin, Seigler &amp; Ebinger and S. macrocephala are new records for China. A lectotype is designated for Acacia teniana Harms and 2nd step lectotypifications effected for Acacia delavayi Franch., Acacia insuavis Lace, Acacia pruinescens Kurz and Acacia yunnanensis Franch. Former holotype citations are corrected to lectotype for Acacia hainanensis Hayata, Acacia macrocephala Lace, Acacia oxyphylla Graham ex Benth. and Acacia philippinarum Benth. A neotype is designated for Acacia arrophula D.Don. China is a principal area of species-richness for Senegalia in Asia. Senegalia displays a high degree of endemism within China and almost half the species are endemic or near-endemic, with Yunnan the most species-rich and species-diverse Province.}, }
@article {pmid31884200, year = {2020}, author = {Lei, G and Fu, Y and Wu, W}, title = {Fine structure of mouthparts and forelegs of Euplatypus parallelus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with emphasis on the behavior of gallery excavation.}, journal = {Micron (Oxford, England : 1993)}, volume = {130}, number = {}, pages = {102815}, doi = {10.1016/j.micron.2019.102815}, pmid = {31884200}, issn = {1878-4291}, mesh = {Animal Structures/*ultrastructure ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Coleoptera/*anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Female ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Mouth/ultrastructure ; }, abstract = {Euplatypus parallelus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the most invasive species of all the Platypodinae. It penetrates the xylem and oviposits in its host trees thereby weakening the trunk causing them to break under extreme conditions. Since the beetle has evolved effective drilling mouthparts enough to make wood tunnels, we used a field emission scanning electron microscopy to describe the sexual difference in mouthparts and forelegs morphology of the beetle. E. parallelus has chewing type mouthparts composed of a labrum, a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae, and a labium. In females, the size of maxillary palpi, submentum, prementum, and labial palpi are significantly larger than males. E. parallelus forelegs were walking type composed of procoxa, protrochanter, profemur, protibia, protarsus, and propretarsus. We observed no significant differences between the forelegs of males and females, but the procoxa of the males was slightly larger than that of females. The structural differences in mouthparts and forelegs between females and males indicated that females invest more time in gallery excavation than males. Possible functional relationships of these structures are discussed. These studies revealed the mechano-dynamic characteristics of E. parallelus and provided a theoretical basis for exploring the behavior of this beetle.}, }
@article {pmid31882949, year = {2019}, author = {Romero, A and Aranguren, R and Moreira, R and Novoa, B and Figueras, A}, title = {Integrated transcriptomic and functional immunological approach for assessing the invasiveness of bivalve alien species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {19879}, pmid = {31882949}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquaculture ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Introduced Species ; *Mytilus/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions started when humans moved species beyond their normal geographic limits. Bivalves are the most notoriously invasive species in subtidal aquatic environments. Next-generation sequencing technologies are applied to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the invasion. The ecological immunology focuses on the role of immunity in invasion, and its magnitude could help to predict the invasiveness of alien species. A remarkable case of invasion has been reported in the Ría de Vigo (Spain) by the black pygmy mussel Xenostrobus securis. In Galicia, the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is the predominant cultured bivalve species. Can we predict the invasiveness of alien bivalve species by analyzing their immune response? Can X. securis represent a risk for the autochthonous mussel? We evaluated the suitability of the immune-related hypotheses in our model by using an integrated transcriptomic and functional immunological approach. Our analysis suggests lower immune capabilities in X. securis compared to M. galloprovincialis, probably due to the relocation of energetic resources from the immune response to vital physiological processes to cope with salinity stress. This multidisciplinary approach will help us understand how the immune response can be influenced by the adaptive process and how this immune response can influence the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid31881706, year = {2019}, author = {Fried, G and Chauvel, B and Munoz, F and Reboud, X}, title = {Which Traits Make Weeds More Successful in Maize Crops? Insights from a Three-Decade Monitoring in France.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {31881706}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {Cesab DiscoWeed//Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversite/ ; }, abstract = {A major aim in invasion biology is identifying traits distinguishing alien invasive and alien non-invasive plants. Surprisingly, this approach has been, so far, poorly used to understand why some arable weeds are abundant and widespread while others are rare and narrowly distributed. In the present study, we focused on the characteristics of successful weeds occurring in maize fields, one of the most important crops worldwide. Two national weed surveys conducted in France were used to identify increasing and decreasing species based on 175 and 484 surveyed fields in the 1970s and the 2000s, respectively. Weed trait values related to regional frequency, local abundance, and specialization to maize were identified with phylogenetic generalized least-squares (PGLS). We found a positive relationship between regional frequency and local abundance, i.e., the most widespread weeds were also locally more abundant. We highlighted that weeds with the C4 photosynthetic pathway and summer emergence were more abundant, more frequent, and more specialized to maize crops. More generally, we highlighted two successful strategies: On the one hand, traits related to a general weediness syndrome with rapid resource acquisition (high SLA and Ellenberg-N) and high colonization capacity (seed longevity, fecundity, and wind dispersal); on the other hand, traits related to specific adaptation to spring cultivation (thermophilous species with summer emergence, late flowering, and C4 photosynthetic pathway). Deviations from the abundancy-frequency relationships also indicated that species of the Panicoideae sub-family, species with Triazine-resistant populations, and neophyte species were more abundant than expected by their regional frequency. To some extent, it is therefore possible to predict which species can be troublesome in maize crops and use this information in weed risk assessment tools to prevent new introductions or favor early detection and eradication. This study showed how tools developed in functional and macro-ecology can be used to improve our understanding of weed ecology and to develop more preventive management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid31881214, year = {2020}, author = {Petrovskaya, N and Zhang, W}, title = {When seeing is not believing: Comparative study of various spatial distributions of invasive species.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {488}, number = {}, pages = {110141}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110141}, pmid = {31881214}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {We address the problem of pattern recognition and comparison when spatial patterns of biological invasions are studied. A model of biological invasion is employed to simulate spatio-temporal dynamics of invasive species and generate a variety of spatial patterns including so called 'no front' patchy spatial distributions. We introduce several topological indices to understand whether various spatial distributions of invasive species can be compared to each other based on information about their topology. We also investigate how topological indices used to make conclusions about the spatial pattern are related to controlling parameters in the underlying process of biological invasion. Our analysis reveals that a small increment in the model parameters results in a small increment in topological indices when the topology of continuous front spatial pattern with no patches behind the front is considered. Meanwhile, 'no front' patchy spatial distributions present a different case where a small change in the model parameters results in random fluctuations of topological indices. The 'random' behaviour of patchy patterns is further studied to understand whether a patchy spatial structure can transform itself into a continuous front spatial distribution over time. In the paper it will be argued that apart from the topological quantities used to classify spatial distributions, the transition time required to establish topological properties of the spatial pattern must be taken into account in pattern recognition and analysis. Furthermore, it will be demonstrated that for some parameter values it is impossible to conclude about the topological type of spatial pattern, i.e. continuous front spatial distributions cannot be distinguished from 'no front' patchy distributions of invasive species, no matter what their topological indices are.}, }
@article {pmid31879707, year = {2019}, author = {Ngamniyom, A and Sriyapai, T and Sriyapai, P and Panyarachun, B}, title = {Contributions to the knowledge of Pseudolevinseniella (Trematoda: Digenea) and temnocephalans from alien crayfish in natural freshwaters of Thailand.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {5}, number = {12}, pages = {e02990}, pmid = {31879707}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) is a decapod species originating from Australian freshwater. For more than two decades, these crayfish have been re-distributing to environments in many countries, including Thailand. Moreover, they can carry endosymbionts and/or ectosymbionts into new environments. The aim of this study was to introduce a morphological description of Pseudolevinseniella anenteron as a metacercaria of the endoparasites of redclaw crayfish collected from natural water sources in Thailand. The occurrence of two ectosymbiotic temnocephalans (Diceratocephala boschmai and Temnosewellia sp.) in C. quadricarinatus was also reported. The internal morphology of P. anenteron, D. boschmai and Temnosewellia were described and discussed. The surface ultrastructure of the multidentate spines on the body and the metacercarial cyst wall of P. anenteron was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). By performing a search of the GenBank nucleotide database of partial sequences of 18S, 28S rDNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1), P. anenteron was found to be related to Maritrema, and Temnosewellia was found to be related to T. fasciata. However, according to the cox1 gene, Temnosewellia was found to be similar to T. minor. These results reveal that redclaw crayfish that inhabit natural freshwaters in Thailand may harbour endoparasites and ecto- and endosymbionts. Furthermore, these findings may be able to monitor invasive or non-invasive species in an ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid31877327, year = {2020}, author = {Lima, MG and Augusto, RC and Pinheiro, J and Thiengo, SC}, title = {Physiology and immunity of the invasive giant African snail, Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica, intermediate host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis.}, journal = {Developmental and comparative immunology}, volume = {105}, number = {}, pages = {103579}, doi = {10.1016/j.dci.2019.103579}, pmid = {31877327}, issn = {1879-0089}, mesh = {Angiostrongylus cantonensis/*physiology ; Animals ; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/metabolism ; Brazil ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging ; Disease Vectors ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; Immune System ; Immunity, Innate ; Introduced Species ; Meningitis/*parasitology ; Rats ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Receptors, Pattern Recognition/metabolism ; Snails/*physiology ; Strongylida Infections/*immunology ; }, abstract = {As one of the most successful invasive land snail species, Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica Bowdich, 1822 has achieved wide global distribution, particularly in (sub)tropical regions, with further dispersal likely due to climate change. This species of giant African snails (up to 17 cm shell length) is a pest that has extensive negative impact on agriculture and can serve as vector for several parasites, including Angiostrongylus cantonensis, a nematode parasite that causes (human) eosinophilic meningitis, an emergent disease. Investigation showed that A. cantonensis infection negatively impacts the metabolism of A. fulica by depleting polysaccharide stores of the intermediate host, compromising the energy balance of the snail. A review of the literature indicates that A. fulica possesses potent innate type immune defenses to counter infection, including phagocytic hemocytes capable of deploying reactive oxygen species and lectins for non-self recognition, a serine protease-dependent coagulation response (not observed in other taxa of gastropods), as well as antimicrobial proteins including achacin, an antimicrobial protein. A recent chromosome level genome assembly will facilitate progressively detailed characterization of these immune features of A. fulica. We strongly encourage further immunological studies of A. fulica, ranging from organismal level to molecular biology to gain better understanding of the A. fulica internal defense response to nematode pathogens like A. cantonensis and the contribution of immune function to the invasiveness of (snail) species. Characterization of immunity of A. fulica, representing the understudied Stylommatophora (panpulmonate landsnails) will also broaden the comparative immunology of Gastropoda.}, }
@article {pmid31875651, year = {2020}, author = {Beaury, EM and Finn, JT and Corbin, JD and Barr, V and Bradley, BA}, title = {Biotic resistance to invasion is ubiquitous across ecosystems of the United States.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {476-482}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13446}, pmid = {31875651}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {Northeast Climate Science Center Graduate Fellowsh//U.S. Geological Survey/ ; 1451512,//National Park Service/ ; //University of Massachusetts/ ; BCS-1560925 Graduate Research Fellowship / 1451512//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; United States ; }, abstract = {The biotic resistance hypothesis predicts that diverse native communities are more resistant to invasion. However, past studies vary in their support for this hypothesis due to an apparent contradiction between experimental studies, which support biotic resistance, and observational studies, which find that native and non-native species richness are positively related at broad scales (small-scale studies are more variable). Here, we present a novel analysis of the biotic resistance hypothesis using 24 456 observations of plant richness spanning four community types and seven ecoregions of the United States. Non-native plant occurrence was negatively related to native plant richness across all community types and ecoregions, although the strength of biotic resistance varied across different ecological, anthropogenic and climatic contexts. Our results strongly support the biotic resistance hypothesis, thus reconciling differences between experimental and observational studies and providing evidence for the shared benefits between invasive species management and native biodiversity conservation.}, }
@article {pmid31875320, year = {2020}, author = {Raj, S and Kumar, AB and Raghavan, R and Dahanukar, N}, title = {Amazonian invaders in an Asian biodiversity hotspot: Understanding demographics for the management of the armoured sailfin catfish, Pterygoplichthys pardalis in Kerala, India.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {96}, number = {2}, pages = {549-553}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14243}, pmid = {31875320}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//SR and ABK thank the Directorate of Environment and Climate Change, Government of Kerala for funding the project/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Catfishes/*classification ; India ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control/methods ; }, abstract = {Invasion of armoured catfish, Pterygoplichthys spp., is a major threat to global aquatic biodiversity, and developing effective strategies for their control and eradication is both a concern and a research priority. A length-based population assessment of invasive Pterygoplichthys pardalis in southern India, a hotspot for endemic aquatic biodiversity, indicated that rapid growth, high growth performance index and continuous recruitment have aided their successful invasion. Increasing fishing pressure on the adults is not adequate for population management, and only targeting young individuals (<30 cm) will result in overexploitation and population collapse.}, }
@article {pmid31873769, year = {2020}, author = {Sáringer-Kenyeres, M and Bauer, N and Kenyeres, Z}, title = {Active dispersion, habitat requirements and human biting behaviour of the invasive mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) in Hungary.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {119}, number = {2}, pages = {403-410}, pmid = {31873769}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Asia, Eastern ; Forests ; Humans ; Hungary/epidemiology ; Insect Bites and Stings/*epidemiology ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Lakes ; }, abstract = {Aedes japonicus japonicus is endemic in a number of countries in eastern Asia but has been accidently introduced into many regions of the world including Europe. It was first detected in Hungary in 2012. In 2017, robust populations of the species were found at Lake Balaton, one of the most important tourist destinations in Central Europe. Based on the experience gathered in the above localities, habitat requirements, dispersion abilities and human biting behaviour of the species were studied in western Hungary during 2017 and 2018. Our results show that (a) a few years after its detection at the Slovenian-Hungarian border, Ae. j. japonicus is widespread in at least two-thirds of the western half of Hungary; (b) the species spreads quickly in ecological corridors formed by mosaics of rural areas, detached houses, gardens and small forest patches; (c) Ae. j. japonicus occupies artificial containers; (d) expansion of the species into new areas is slowed by extensive closed forest patches.}, }
@article {pmid31873170, year = {2019}, author = {Kukuła, K and Ortyl, B and Bylak, A}, title = {Habitat selection patterns of a species at the edge - case study of the native racer goby population in Central Europe.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {19670}, pmid = {31873170}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes/anatomy &amp; histology ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Poland ; Population Density ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species are regarded a nuisance. This extends into a lack of conservation efforts in their native range. As a consequence, conservation of e.g. range-edge populations is neglected. Gobiidae have many representatives of alien species in European freshwaters, and therefore they have a bad reputation. Objectives of this study were to: define the habitat selection patterns of a species at the edge, and examine the ontogenetic variation in its distributions, i.e. spatial distribution of different size classes. A racer goby Babka gymnotrachelus (syn. Neogobius gymnotrachelus) population was selected for the model. In numerous European river basins, Ponto-Caspian racer goby has been an invasive alien species of interest to researchers for many years. Recently, however, native populations of the species have been described in the Polish tributary of the upper Dniester River (Black Sea basin). We used habitat data and densities of racer goby to disentangle the habitat selection patterns of the species at a river reach at the edge of its native range. Evident preferences towards habitats with large submerged objects serving as hiding places were characteristic of the largest gobies. Adult, largest gobies were very likely to choose the 'boulders' site, while forcing smaller individuals to occupy places with faster water current, i.e. less suitable in terms of saving energy. At a larger geographic scale, a significant portion of the submountain river was unsuitable for racer gobies. At the edge of the racer goby range, patches providing habitats suitable for the species were scarce and scattered. With regard to invasive populations, the presence of stony bottoms, quite certainly cannot be considered as a factor excluding potential colonisation by racer goby, and in submountain rivers it might be the preferred kind of bottom.}, }
@article {pmid31873118, year = {2019}, author = {Kołodziejek, J}, title = {Growth performance and emergence of invasive alien Rumex confertus in different soil types.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {19678}, pmid = {31873118}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Biomass ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development ; Plant Shoots/growth &amp; development ; Rumex/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Rumex confertus is known to be one of the most serious invasive weed species infesting meadows, pastures and ruderal lands throughout the Central Europe. Rumex confertus was grown in pot experiments using 8 soil types at 5 concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Based on harvest data, the variables, seedlings emergence, root: shoot (R: S) ratio, N and P concentration, chlorophyll content, Relative Colimitation Index (RCI) and dry matter allocation to plant components, were determined. N and P addition stimulated the growth of plants in different soils, as reflected by a significant increase in seedling growth parameters such as total plant biomass and shoot biomass. Across all soil types, emergence of seedlings was negatively affected by very high N, but positively affected by increased P availability. This study indicates that Dystric Arenosol, Entic Podzol, Brunic Arenosol and Calcaric Leptosol are unfavorable for R. confertus growth, excluding R. confertus completely. Moreover, evidence suggests that plant growth is limited by both N and P, therefore R. confertus could be controlled by reducing available N and P content in the soil.}, }
@article {pmid31869335, year = {2019}, author = {Simons, RRL and Croft, S and Rees, E and Tearne, O and Arnold, ME and Johnson, N}, title = {Using species distribution models to predict potential hot-spots for Rift Valley Fever establishment in the United Kingdom.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {e0225250}, pmid = {31869335}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Climate ; Disease Outbreaks ; Disease Vectors ; Livestock/*virology ; *Models, Theoretical ; Mosquito Vectors/*virology ; Rift Valley Fever/*epidemiology ; *Rift Valley fever virus ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Vector borne diseases are a continuing global threat to both human and animal health. The ability of vectors such as mosquitos to cover large distances and cross country borders undetected provide an ever-present threat of pathogen spread. Many diseases can infect multiple vector species, such that even if the climate is not hospitable for an invasive species, indigenous species may be susceptible and capable of transmission such that one incursion event could lead to disease establishment in these species. Here we present a consensus modelling methodology to estimate the habitat suitability for presence of mosquito species in the UK deemed competent for Rift Valley fever virus (RVF) and demonstrate its application in an assessment of the relative risk of establishment of RVF virus in the UK livestock population. The consensus model utilises observed UK mosquito surveillance data, along with climatic and geographic prediction variables, to inform six independent species distribution models; the results of which are combined to produce a single prediction map. As a livestock host is needed to transmit RVF, we then combine the consensus model output with existing maps of sheep and cattle density to predict the areas of the UK where disease is most likely to establish in local mosquito populations. The model results suggest areas of high suitability for RVF competent mosquito species across the length and breadth of the UK. Notable areas of high suitability were the South West of England and coastal areas of Wales, the latter of which was subsequently predicted to be at higher risk for establishment of RVF due to higher livestock densities. This study demonstrates the applicability of outputs of species distribution models to help predict hot-spots for risk of disease establishment. While there is still uncertainty associated with the outputs we believe that the predictions are an improvement on just using the raw presence points from a database alone. The outputs can also be used as part of a multidisciplinary approach to inform risk based disease surveillance activities.}, }
@article {pmid31868532, year = {2020}, author = {Van Dyken, JD}, title = {Evolutionary Rescue from a Wave of Biological Invasion.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {195}, number = {1}, pages = {115-128}, doi = {10.1086/706181}, pmid = {31868532}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; *Biological Evolution ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Evolution can potentially rescue populations from being driven extinct by biological invasions, but predictions for this occurrence are generally lacking. Here I derive theoretical predictions for evolutionary rescue of a resident population experiencing invasion from an introduced competitor that spreads over its introduced range as a traveling spatial wave that displaces residents. I compare the likelihood of evolutionary rescue from invasion for two modes of competition: exploitation and interference competition. I find that, all else equal, evolutionary rescue is less effective at preventing extinction caused by interference-driven invasions than by exploitation-driven invasions. Rescue from interference-driven invasions is, surprisingly, independent of invader dispersal rate or the speed of invasion and is more weakly dependent on range size than in the exploitation-driven case. In contrast, rescue from exploitation-driven invasions strongly depends on range size and is less likely during fast invasions. The results presented here have potential applications for conserving endemic species from nonnative invaders and for ensuring extinction of pests using intentionally introduced biocontrol agents.}, }
@article {pmid31865164, year = {2020}, author = {Barros, V and Melo, A and Santos, M and Nogueira, L and Frosi, G and Santos, MG}, title = {Different resource-use strategies of invasive and native woody species from a seasonally dry tropical forest under drought stress and recovery.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {147}, number = {}, pages = {181-190}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.12.018}, pmid = {31865164}, issn = {1873-2690}, mesh = {*Droughts ; *Forests ; Introduced Species ; Photosynthesis ; *Plant Leaves/physiology ; Seasons ; *Stress, Physiological ; Trees ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Exotic plants in semiarid region have developed strategies for efficient use or capture of resources. They have become invasive and outperform native species. To understand which factors could explain the success of invasive woody species in a semiarid region, several physiological traits were analyzed in young plants of two invasive and two native species exposed to different water availability. Invasive plants showed low leaf construction cost, high phosphorus and nitrogen contents, reduced loss of instantaneous energy use efficiency, and smaller specific leaf area when compared to native species. This strategy led to a higher biomass gain and a high root/shoot ratio in both water treatments. After rehydration, invasive plants showed faster recovery and higher rates of CO2 assimilation. This resilience is fundamental for species in semiarid regions, and also increase uptake of nutrients. Maintaining a high photosynthetic rate, whenever there is water availability is a strategy that increases the performance of the species in relation to biomass gain. The low leaf construction cost and the fast recovery of the photosynthetic metabolism of invasive plants after limiting water resources explains the success of these species, and suggests that their potential may increase under prolonged and severe drought seasons.}, }
@article {pmid31863455, year = {2020}, author = {Uyà, M and Bulleri, F and Wright, JT and Gribben, PE}, title = {Facilitation of an invader by a native habitat-former increases along interacting gradients of environmental stress.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {101}, number = {4}, pages = {e02961}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2961}, pmid = {31863455}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {FT140100322//Future Fellowship Scheme/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Polychaeta ; Tasmania ; }, abstract = {Native habitat-forming species can facilitate invasion by reducing environmental stress or consumer pressure. However, the intensity of one stressor along a local gradient may differ when expanding the scale of observation to encompass major variations in background environmental conditions. In this study, we determined how facilitation of the invasive porcelain crab, Petrolisthes elongatus, by the native tube-forming serpulid, Galeolaria caespitosa, varied with environmental gradients at local (tidal height) and larger (wave exposure) spatial scales. G. caespitosa constructs a complex calcareous matrix on the underside of intertidal boulders and we predicted that its positive effects on P. elongatus density would increase in intensity with shore height and be stronger at wave-sheltered than wave-exposed locations. To test these predictions, we conducted two experiments. First, we determined the effects of serpulid presence (boulders with live or dead serpulid matrix vs. bare boulders) at six shore heights that covered the intertidal distribution of P. elongatus. Second, we determined the effects of serpulid presence (present vs. absent), shore height (high vs. low) and wave exposure (sheltered vs. exposed) on crabs across six locations within the invaded range in northern Tasmania, Australia. In Experiment 1, the presence of serpulids (either dead or alive) enhanced P. elongatus densities at all shore heights, with facilitation intensity (as determined by a relative interaction index; RII) tending to increase with shore height. In Experiment 2, serpulids facilitated P. elongatus across shore heights and wave exposures, although crab densities were lower at high shore levels of wave-sheltered locations. However, the intensity of crab facilitation by serpulids was greater on wave-sheltered than on wave-exposed shores, but only at the high shore level. This study demonstrates that local effects of native habitat-formers on invasive species are dependent on prevailing environmental conditions at larger spatial scales and that, under more stressful conditions, invaders become increasingly reliant on positive interactions with native habitat-formers. Increased strength of local-scale facilitation by native species, dampening broader scale variations in environmental stressors, could enhance the ability of invasive species to establish self-sustaining populations in the invaded range.}, }
@article {pmid31863031, year = {2019}, author = {Žunič-Kosi, A and Stritih-Peljhan, N and Zou, Y and McElfresh, JS and Millar, JG}, title = {A male-produced aggregation-sex pheromone of the beetle Arhopalus rusticus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae, Spondylinae) may be useful in managing this invasive species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {19570}, pmid = {31863031}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Assay ; Coleoptera/*metabolism ; Female ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Male ; Pheromones/metabolism ; Slovenia ; Terpenes/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The longhorned beetle Arhopalus rusticus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae, Spondylinae) is a common species in conifer forests of the Northern Hemisphere, but with global trade, it has invaded and become established in New Zealand, Australia, and South America. Arhopalus rusticus is a suspected vector of the phytopathogenic nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causative agent of pine wilt disease, which is a major threat to pine forests worldwide. Here, we report the identification of a volatile, male-produced aggregation-sex pheromone for this species. Headspace odours from males contained a major male-specific compound, identified as (2 S, 5E)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-ol (common name (S)-fuscumol), and a minor component (E)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one (geranylacetone). Both compounds are known pheromone components for species in the same subfamily. In field trials in its native range in Slovenia, (S)-fuscumol was significantly more attractive to beetles of both sexes, than racemic fuscumol and a blend of host plant volatiles commonly used as an attractant for this species. Fuscumol-baited traps also caught significant numbers of another spondylidine species, Spondylis buprestoides (L.), and a rare click beetle, Stenagostus rufus (De Geer). The pheromone can be exploited as a cost-effective and environmentally safe tool for detection and monitoring of this invasive species at ports of entry, and for monitoring the beetle's distribution and population trends in both endemic and invasive populations.}, }
@article {pmid31861229, year = {2019}, author = {Kim, IR and Choi, W and Kim, A and Lim, J and Lee, DH and Lee, JR}, title = {Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Nutria (Myocastor coypus) in South Korea.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {31861229}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {NIE-A-2019-07 and NIE-A-2019-12//Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea/ ; }, abstract = {The nutria (Myocastor coypus) is an invasive alien species that have had major adverse effects on biodiversity and the agricultural economy in wetland habitats. Since 2014, the Ministry of Environment in South Korea has been carrying out the Nutria Eradication Project, and we investigated nutria distribution and genetic diversity of nutria populations in South Korea. We estimated that 99.2% of nutria habitats are in the mid-lower Nakdong River regions. To further analyze the genetic diversity in eight major nutria populations, we performed a genetic analysis using microsatellite markers. Genetic diversity levels of the eight nutria populations in South Korea were relatively lower than those in other countries. The probability of migration direction among nutria populations was predicted from genetic distance analysis. Genetic structure analysis showed little difference among the nutria populations in South Korea. These results suggest that nutrias in South Korea originated from a single population. Our results provide important data for establishing management strategies for the successful eradication of nutria populations in South Korea, as well as in other countries with alien invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid31857743, year = {2019}, author = {García-Díaz, P and Anderson, DP and Lurgi, M}, title = {Evaluating the effects of landscape structure on the recovery of an invasive vertebrate after population control.}, journal = {Landscape ecology}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, pages = {615-626}, pmid = {31857743}, issn = {0921-2973}, support = {726176/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {CONTEXT: Effective landscape control of invasive species is context-dependent due to the interplay between the landscape structure, local population dynamics, and metapopulation processes. We use a modelling approach incorporating these three elements to explore the drivers of recovery of populations of invasive species after control.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: We aim to improve our understanding of the factors influencing the landscape-level control of invasive species.<br><br>METHODS: We focus on the case study of invasive brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) control in New Zealand. We assess how 13 covariates describing the landscape, patch, and population features influence the time of population recovery to a management density threshold of two possums/ha. We demonstrate the effects of those covariates on population recovery under three scenarios of population growth: logistic growth, strong Allee effects, and weak Allee effects.<br><br>RESULTS: Recovery times were rapid regardless of the simulated population dynamics (average recovery time < 2 years), although populations experiencing Allee effects took longer to recover than those growing logistically. Our results indicate that habitat availability and patch area play a key role in reducing times to recovery after control, and this relationship is consistent across the three simulated scenarios.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The control of invasive possum populations in patchy landscapes would benefit from a patch-level management approach (considering each patch as an independent management unit), whereas simple landscapes would be better controlled by taking a landscape-level view (the landscape as the management unit). Future research should test the predictions of our models with empirical data to refine control operations.}, }
@article {pmid31857611, year = {2019}, author = {Tsykun, T and Javal, M and Hölling, D and Roux, G and Prospero, S}, title = {Fine-scale invasion genetics of the quarantine pest, Anoplophora glabripennis, reconstructed in single outbreaks.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {19436}, pmid = {31857611}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Switzerland ; Trees/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {The xylophagous cerambycid Anoplophora glabripennis, the Asian long-horned beetle (ALB), is highly polyphagous and can colonize a wide range of broadleaved host trees causing significant economic damage. For this reason, it is considered a quarantine pest in Europe and North America. Although the global spread of ALB has been depicted recently, no comprehensive studies exist on the genetic pattern of populations' establishment and dynamics at fine-scale (i.e. within invasive outbreaks), before eradication measures are applied. This information may, however, be particularly important for an efficient management and control of invasive pests. Here, we characterized population genetic diversity and patterns of spread of ALB within and among the four outbreaks detected in Switzerland between 2011 and 2015. For this, we genotyped 223 specimens at 15 nuclear microsatellite loci and conducted specific population-based analyses. Our study shows: (1) At least three independent introductions and a, human-mediated, secondary dispersal event leading to the four outbreaks in the country; (2) An overall low intra-population genetic diversity in the viable and several years active invasive populations; (3) A colonization of single trees by homogeneous ALB genotypes; And (4) an establishment of populations several generations prior to its official discovery.}, }
@article {pmid31855722, year = {2020}, author = {Huerta, B and Chung-Davidson, YW and Bussy, U and Zhang, Y and Bazil, JN and Li, W}, title = {Sea lamprey cardiac mitochondrial bioenergetics after exposure to TFM and its metabolites.}, journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {219}, number = {}, pages = {105380}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105380}, pmid = {31855722}, issn = {1879-1514}, mesh = {Animals ; Electron Transport Complex I/metabolism ; Electron Transport Complex II/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects ; Metabolic Detoxication, Phase I ; Mitochondria, Heart/*drug effects/metabolism ; Nitrophenols/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidative Phosphorylation ; Oxygen Consumption/drug effects ; Pesticides/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Petromyzon/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Population control of invasive sea lamprey relies heavily on lampricide treatment of infested streams. The lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) is thought to impair mitochondrial ATP production through uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. However, the effect of TFM on the entire electron transport chain (complexes I to V) in the mitochondria is not clear. In addition, TFM is reduced in phase I metabolism by sea lamprey at higher levels than in other fish species. The effects of these TFM reductive metabolites on mitochondria have not been explored. In this study, we sought to examine the effects of TFM and its reductive metabolite amino-TFM (TFMa) on cardiac mitochondrial oxygen consumption and membrane potential to delineate potential mechanisms for toxicity. To determine if molecules with similar structure also exhibit similar effects on mitochondria, we used 4-nitro-3-methylphenol (NMP) and its reductive metabolites 4-amino-3-methylphenol (NMPa) and 4-nitroso-3-methylphenol (NMPn) for comparisons. We found that mitochondrial bioenergetics was heavily affected with increasing concentrations of TFM, NMP, and NMPa when complexes I and II of the electron transport chain were examined, indicating that the toxic action of these compounds was exerted not only by uncoupling complex V, but also affecting complexes I and II.}, }
@article {pmid31853467, year = {2020}, author = {Kaim, D and Szwagrzyk, M and Ostafin, K}, title = {Mid-19th century road network dataset for Galicia and Austrian Silesia, Habsburg Empire.}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {28}, number = {}, pages = {104854}, pmid = {31853467}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {In this paper, we present the vector dataset of the historical road network of Galicia and Austrian Silesia (>80 000 km[2]) in the mid-19th century - two regions of the former Habsburg Empire, located in Central Europe. The data were acquired manually from 455 map sheets of the Austrian second military survey map (1:28,800) for the four main road categories, according to the map legend. All the road categories present the roads passable at any time of the year, which was strategic information from the military point of view and build a network of 15 461 km. Currently, the data can be used by various researchers studying migrations, regional development, but also human impact on the environment, like land use change, invasive species introduction or landscape fragmentation. The dataset presents the times just before the most dynamic economic changes of the 19th century, which had a great impact on the region. On the other hand, the road network presented here was developed in the conditions of one country, the Habsburg Empire, which collapsed after the First World War, triggering the rise of new states and remodelling the transport network connections in Central Europe. Additionally, the data are accompanied by the layer of towns and villages with more than 2000 inhabitants, based on the 1857 Austrian census data.}, }
@article {pmid31852963, year = {2019}, author = {Arnemann, JA and Roxburgh, S and Walsh, T and Guedes, J and Gordon, K and Smagghe, G and Tay, WT}, title = {Multiple incursion pathways for Helicoverpa armigera in Brazil show its genetic diversity spreading in a connected world.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {19380}, pmid = {31852963}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Bolivia ; Brazil ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Humans ; Lepidoptera/*genetics ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; Uruguay ; }, abstract = {The Old World cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera was first detected in Brazil with subsequent reports from Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, and Uruguay. This pattern suggests that the H. armigera spread across the South American continent following incursions into northern/central Brazil, however, this hypothesis has not been tested. Here we compare northern and central Brazilian H. armigera mtDNA COI haplotypes with those from southern Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay. We infer spatial genetic and gene flow patterns of this dispersive pest in the agricultural landscape of South America. We show that the spatial distribution of H. armigera mtDNA haplotypes and its inferred gene flow patterns in the southwestern region of South America exhibited signatures inconsistent with a single incursion hypothesis. Simulations on spatial distribution patterns show that the detection of rare and/or the absence of dominant mtDNA haplotypes in southern H. armigera populations are inconsistent with genetic signatures observed in northern and central Brazil. Incursions of H. armigera into the New World are therefore likely to have involved independent events in northern/central Brazil, and southern Brazil/Uruguay-Argentina-Paraguay. This study demonstrates the significant biosecurity challenges facing the South American continent, and highlights alternate pathways for introductions of alien species into the New World.}, }
@article {pmid31852489, year = {2019}, author = {Lopes, RP and Lima, JBP and Martins, AJ}, title = {Insecticide resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 in Brazil: a review.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {591}, pmid = {31852489}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; 423002/2016-3//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; E-26/203.177/2016//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Culex/*drug effects/enzymology/genetics ; Humans ; Insect Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Insecticide Resistance ; Insecticides/*pharmacology ; Mosquito Vectors/drug effects/enzymology/genetics ; }, abstract = {Culex quinquefasciatus is a successful invasive species broadly distributed in subtropical regions, including Brazil. It is an extremely annoying mosquito due to its nocturnal biting behavior, in high-density populations and it is a potential bridge between sylvatic arbovirus from birds to man in urban territories. Herein, we present a review concerning the methods of chemical control employed against Cx. quinquefasciatus in Brazil since the 1950's and insecticide resistance data registered in the literature. As there is no specific national programme for Cx. quinquefasciatus control in Brazil, the selection of insecticide resistance is likely due in part to the well-designed chemical campaigns against Aedes aegypti and the elevated employment of insecticides by households and private companies. There are very few publications about insecticide resistance in Cx. quinquefasciatus from Brazil when compared to Ae. aegypti. Nevertheless, resistance to organophosphates, carbamate, DDT, pyrethroids and biolarvicides has been registered in Cx. quinquefasciatus populations from distinct localities of the country. Concerning physiological mechanisms selected for resistance, distinct patterns of esterases, as well as mutations in the acetylcholinesterase (ace-1) and voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV) genes, have been identified in natural populations. Given environmental changes and socioeconomical issues in the cities, in recent years we have been experiencing an increase in the number of disease cases caused by arboviruses, which may involve Cx. quinquefasciatus participation as a key vector. It is urgent to better understand the efficiency and susceptibility status to insecticides, as well as the genetic background of known resistant mechanisms already present in Cx. quinquefasciatus populations for an effective and rapid chemical control when eventually required.}, }
@article {pmid31850605, year = {2020}, author = {Popovic, I and Riginos, C}, title = {Comparative genomics reveals divergent thermal selection in warm- and cold-tolerant marine mussels.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, pages = {519-535}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15339}, pmid = {31850605}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Animals ; Cluster Analysis ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Expression Profiling/methods ; Genomics/methods ; Heat-Shock Response/*genetics ; Hot Temperature ; Introduced Species ; Mytilus/*genetics ; Oxidative Stress/genetics ; Proteome/genetics ; Proteomics/methods ; Selection, Genetic/*genetics ; Species Specificity ; Thermotolerance/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Investigating the history of natural selection among closely related species can elucidate how genomes diverge in response to disparate environmental pressures. Molecular evolutionary approaches can be integrated with knowledge of gene functions to examine how evolutionary divergence may affect ecologically relevant traits such as temperature tolerance and species distribution limits. Here, we integrate transcriptome-wide analyses of molecular evolution with knowledge from physiological studies to develop hypotheses regarding the functional classes of genes under positive selection in one of the world's most widespread invasive species, the warm-tolerant marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Based on existing physiological information, we test the hypothesis that genomic functions previously linked to divergent temperature adaptation at the whole-organism level show accelerated molecular divergence between warm-adapted M. galloprovincialis and cold-adapted congeners. Combined results from codon model tests and analyses of polymorphism and divergence reveal that divergent selection has affected genomic functions previously associated with species-specific expression responses to heat stress, namely oxidative stress defence and cytoskeletal stabilization. Examining specific loci implicated in thermal tolerance among Mytilus species (based on interspecific biochemical or expression patterns), we find close functional similarities between known thermotolerance candidate genes under positive selection and positively selected loci under predicted genomic functions (those associated with divergent expression responses). Taken together, our findings suggest a contribution of temperature-dependent selection in the molecular divergence between warm- and cold-adapted Mytilus species that is largely consistent with results from physiological studies. More broadly, this study provides an example of how independent experimental evidence from ecophysiological investigations can inform evolutionary hypotheses about molecular adaptation in closely related nonmodel species.}, }
@article {pmid31850072, year = {2019}, author = {Selechnik, D and Richardson, MF and Shine, R and DeVore, JL and Ducatez, S and Rollins, LA}, title = {Increased Adaptive Variation Despite Reduced Overall Genetic Diversity in a Rapidly Adapting Invader.}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {1221}, pmid = {31850072}, issn = {1664-8021}, abstract = {Invasive species often evolve rapidly following introduction despite genetic bottlenecks that may result from small numbers of founders; however, some invasions may not fit this "genetic paradox". The invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina) displays high phenotypic variation across its introduced Australian range. Here, we used three genome-wide datasets to characterize their population structure and genetic diversity. We found that toads form three genetic clusters: 1) native range toads, 2) toads from the source population in Hawaii and long-established areas near introduction sites in Australia, and 3) toads from more recently established northern Australian sites. Although we find an overall reduction in genetic diversity following introduction, we do not see this reduction in loci putatively under selection, suggesting that genetic diversity may have been maintained at ecologically relevant traits, or that mutation rates were high enough to maintain adaptive potential. Nonetheless, toads encounter novel environmental challenges in Australia, and the transition between genetic clusters occurs at a point along the invasion transect where temperature rises and rainfall decreases. We identify environmentally associated loci known to be involved in resistance to heat and dehydration. This study highlights that natural selection occurs rapidly and plays a vital role in shaping the structure of invasive populations.}, }
@article {pmid31850008, year = {2019}, author = {Shang, L and Li, LF and Song, ZP and Wang, Y and Yang, J and Wang, CC and Qiu, SY and Huang, JX and Nie, M and Wolfe, LM and Li, B}, title = {High Genetic Diversity With Weak Phylogeographic Structure of the Invasive Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae) in China.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {1467}, pmid = {31850008}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Biological invasion represents a global issue of concern due to its large negative impacts on native ecosystems and society. Elucidating the evolutionary history and genetic basis underpinning invasiveness is critical to understanding how alien species invade and adapt to novel environments. Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora, 2n = 6x = 62) is a notorious invasive species that causes heavily negative effects on native ecosystems worldwide. Here we addressed the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the invasion and dispersal history of this species along the China coast in the past decades. We employed nine microsatellites and three chloroplast fragments to investigate phylogeographic structure and genetic diversity of 11 native US and 11 invasive Chinese S. alterniflora populations. Demographic history simulation was also performed for both the native and invasive populations, respectively. Comparative genetic analyses of these natural populations revealed that although all the Chinese populations were introduced only once, high level of genetic diversity with weak geographic structure was observed. In particular, both the genetic features and mathematical simulation illustrated very recent population expansion in the Chinese populations. We found that genetic variants identified in native US populations were mixed in the Chinese populations, suggesting the recombination of these original variants during the invasion process. These genetic attributes indicate that Chinese populations might not have experienced a genetic bottleneck during the invasion process. High genetic diversity and genetic admixture might have contributed to the success of invasion of S. alterniflora in China. Our study provides a framework of how the smooth cordgrass spreads along the China coast as well as its potential genetic mechanisms underlying the invasion.}, }
@article {pmid31847764, year = {2019}, author = {Wedell, N and Price, TAR and Lindholm, AK}, title = {Gene drive: progress and prospects.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1917}, pages = {20192709}, pmid = {31847764}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Aedes ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Culicidae ; Dengue ; *Disease Vectors ; *Gene Drive Technology ; Mosquito Vectors ; Reproduction ; Wolbachia ; Zika Virus ; Zika Virus Infection ; }, abstract = {Gene drive is a naturally occurring phenomenon in which selfish genetic elements manipulate gametogenesis and reproduction to increase their own transmission to the next generation. Currently, there is great excitement about the potential of harnessing such systems to control major pest and vector populations. If synthetic gene drive systems can be constructed and applied to key species, they may be able to rapidly spread either modifying or eliminating the targeted populations. This approach has been lauded as a revolutionary and efficient mechanism to control insect-borne diseases and crop pests. Driving endosymbionts have already been deployed to combat the transmission of dengue and Zika virus in mosquitoes. However, there are a variety of barriers to successfully implementing gene drive techniques in wild populations. There is a risk that targeted organisms will rapidly evolve an ability to suppress the synthetic drive system, rendering it ineffective. There are also potential risks of synthetic gene drivers invading non-target species or populations. This Special Feature covers the current state of affairs regarding both natural and synthetic gene drive systems with the aim to identify knowledge gaps. By understanding how natural drive systems spread through populations, we may be able to better predict the outcomes of synthetic drive release.}, }
@article {pmid31844898, year = {2020}, author = {Macquarrie, CJK and Gray, M and Lavallée, R and Noseworthy, MK and Savard, M and Humble, LM}, title = {Assessment of the Systems Approach for the Phytosanitary Treatment of Wood Infested With Wood-Boring Insects.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {113}, number = {2}, pages = {679-694}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz331}, pmid = {31844898}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Commerce ; *Fraxinus ; Internationality ; Larva ; Systems Analysis ; Wood ; }, abstract = {Addressing the risk from pests present in wood and wood products destined for international trade is an essential step towards minimizing the movement, introduction and establishment of invasive species. One method of managing the pest risk associated with wood commodities is the use of a systems approach that incorporates multiple independent measures applied along a production pathway. However, quantifying the reduction of risk can be difficult because the approach requires raw material infested with the pest of interest at a sufficient density to be able to quantify changes in pest abundance. We tested a systems approach for the production of sawn wood using green ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall (Lamiales: Oleaceae), infested with emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), by quantifying the change in pest density during the milling process and the precise effect of heat treatment on insects in situ. Greater than 90% of emerald ash borer were removed at the first step of the milling process (debarking) and >99% were removed before the production of green sawn wood. No insects survived kilning or heat treatment. All life stages of emerald ash borer were killed at 56°C and above. Heat, however, had no sublethal effect on emerald ash borer performance. These results show that the application of a systems approach to mitigate emerald ash borer in heat-treated, sawn wood is effective. Moreover, the model-system approach developed in this study can be a template for investigating the effect of systems approaches for other phloem-feeding insects.}, }
@article {pmid31844565, year = {2019}, author = {Bomanowska, A and Adamowski, W and Kirpluk, I and Otręba, A and Rewicz, A}, title = {Invasive alien plants in Polish national parks-threats to species diversity.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e8034}, pmid = {31844565}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Due to the relevance of protected areas to the conservation of native biota, the magnitude of invasions and threats posed by alien plants are currently important issues for the preservation of these areas. The paper summarises data on invasive alien plant species presence in the most valuable protected areas in Poland, i.e. national parks (NPs). We investigated the distribution of invasive alien plant species and management attempts concerning those species. We analysed data obtained from 23 national parks originating from published and unpublished sources. Invasive plants were present in all protected areas analysed, from two to 42 species in a particular national park, and 68 in total. The most widely distributed species were: Impatiens parviflora (present in 19 NPs), I. glandulifera (17), Solidago gigantea (17), Reynoutria japonica (17), and Robinia pseudoacacia (16). The conducted analyses showed that the number of invasive species decreased with the higher altitude (asl) of the national park. The most often managed species were Impatiens glandulifera (being removed in seven NPs), I. parviflora (six), Padus serotina (four) and Quercus rubra (four). In the majority of NPs, control activities are limited to small areas and singular species, thus having an incidental character. Only in five objects (Białowieża NP, Biebrza NP, Kampinos NP, Tuchola NP, Wigry NP), management has been focused on several species. We conclude that a lack of comprehensive management of invasive plant species in the majority of national parks currently limits the effectiveness of IAS (invasive alien species) eradication. Exchange of expertise among protected areas, documenting best practice examples, synthesising lessons learnt in IAS management, as well as the development of minimum standards for invasive plants surveillance and management are pivotal.}, }
@article {pmid31842356, year = {2019}, author = {Gallego-Tévar, B and Grewell, BJ and Drenovsky, RE and Castillo, JM}, title = {Transgressivity in Key Functional Traits Rather Than Phenotypic Plasticity Promotes Stress Tolerance in A Hybrid Cordgrass.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {31842356}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {58-2030-6-043-F//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; Plan Propio de Investigaci&#xf3;n//Universidad de Sevilla/ ; }, abstract = {Hybridization might promote offspring fitness via a greater tolerance to environmental stressors due to heterosis and higher levels of phenotypic plasticity. Thus, analyzing the phenotypic expression of hybrids provides an opportunity to elucidate further plant responses to environmental stress. In the case of coastal salt marshes, sea level rise subjects hybrids, and their parents, to longer tidal submergence and higher salinity. We analyzed the phenotypic expression patterns in the hybrid Spartina densiflora x foliosa relative to its parental species, native S. foliosa, and invasive S. densiflora, from the San Francisco Estuary when exposed to contrasting salinities and inundations in a mesocosm experiment. 37% of the recorded traits displayed no variability among parents and hybrids, 3% showed an additive inheritance, 37% showed mid-parent heterosis, 18% showed best-parent heterosis, and 5% presented worst-parent heterosis. Transgressivity, rather than phenotypic plasticity, in key functional traits of the hybrid, such as tiller height, conveyed greater stress tolerance to the hybrid when compared to the tolerance of its parents. As parental trait variability increased, phenotypic transgressivity of the hybrid increased and it was more important in response to inundation than salinity. Increases in salinity and inundation associated with sea level rise will amplify the superiority of the hybrid over its parental species. These results provide evidence of transgressive traits as an underlying source of adaptive variation that can facilitate plant invasions. The adaptive evolutionary process of hybridization is thought to support an increased invasiveness of plant species and their rapid evolution.}, }
@article {pmid31842272, year = {2019}, author = {Szilassi, P and Szatmári, G and Pásztor, L and Árvai, M and Szatmári, J and Szitár, K and Papp, L}, title = {Understanding the Environmental Background of an Invasive Plant Species (Asclepias syriaca) for the Future: An Application of LUCAS Field Photographs and Machine Learning Algorithm Methods.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {31842272}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {For developing global strategies against the dramatic spread of invasive species, we need to identify the geographical, environmental, and socioeconomic factors determining the spatial distribution of invasive species. In our study, we investigated these factors influencing the occurrences of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.), an invasive plant species that is of great concern to the European Union (EU). In a Hungarian study area, we used country-scale soil and climate databases, as well as an EU-scale land cover databases (CORINE) for the analyses. For the abundance data of A. syriaca, we applied the field survey photos from the Land Use and Coverage Area Frame Survey (LUCAS) Land Cover database for the European Union. With machine learning algorithm methods, we quantified the relative weight of the environmental variables on the abundance of common milkweed. According to our findings, soil texture and soil type (sandy soils) were the most important variables determining the occurrence of this species. We could exactly identify the actual land cover types and the recent land cover changes that have a significant role in the occurrence the common milkweed in Europe. We could also show the role of climatic conditions of the study area in the occurrence of this species, and we could prepare the potential distribution map of common milkweed for the study area.}, }
@article {pmid31837878, year = {2020}, author = {Sinclair, JS and Reisinger, AJ and Bean, E and Adams, CR and Reisinger, LS and Iannone, BV}, title = {Stormwater ponds: An overlooked but plentiful urban designer ecosystem provides invasive plant habitat in a subtropical region (Florida, USA).}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {711}, number = {}, pages = {135133}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135133}, pmid = {31837878}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Florida ; Plants ; *Ponds ; }, abstract = {Designed ecosystems are built as part of ongoing urban expansion, providing a suite of valued ecosystem services. However, these new ecosystems could also promote disservices by facilitating the colonization and spread of invasive species. We conduct the first assessment of the quantity and invasion of an overlooked designed ecosystem: stormwater ponds. These ponds are commonly recommended for managing urban hydrology, but little is known about their ecology or extent of proliferation. Using a broad-scale survey of pond coverage in Florida, USA, we found that over 76,000 stormwater ponds have been built just in this state, forming 2.7% of total urban land cover. This extensive pondscape of manufactured habitats could facilitate species spread throughout urban areas and into nearby natural waterbodies. We also conducted a survey of the severity of plant invasion in 30 ponds in Gainesville, FL, US across two pond types (dry vs. wet), and a gradient of management intensities (low, medium, high) and pond ages. We unexpectedly found a high number of invasive plant species (28 in just 30 ponds). Ninety-six percent of surveyed ponds contained from one to ten of these species, with ponds exhibiting high turnover in invader composition (i.e., high beta diversity). The bank sections of dry unmanaged ponds exhibited the highest mean invasive species richness (5.8 ± 1.3) and the inundated centers of wet medium managed ponds exhibited the highest mean invasive species cover (34 ± 12%). Invasive plant richness and cover also tended to be greater in dry ponds with higher soil nutrient levels, and in older wet ponds. Therefore, we found that highly maintained and younger wet ponds were the least invaded. Nevertheless, common management practices that limit plant invasions may also limit native species establishment and invasion may increase in the decades following pond construction.}, }
@article {pmid31836226, year = {2020}, author = {García-Gómez, JC and Sempere-Valverde, J and González, AR and Martínez-Chacón, M and Olaya-Ponzone, L and Sánchez-Moyano, E and Ostalé-Valriberas, E and Megina, C}, title = {From exotic to invasive in record time: The extreme impact of Rugulopteryx okamurae (Dictyotales, Ochrophyta) in the strait of Gibraltar.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {704}, number = {}, pages = {135408}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135408}, pmid = {31836226}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Gibraltar ; *Introduced Species ; *Phaeophyceae ; }, abstract = {In 2015, the exotic seaweed Rugulopteryx okamurae was detected for the first time on the south side of the Strait of Gibraltar, in Ceuta (northern Africa). This highly sensitive area is ideal for monitoring local environmental impacts arising from global warming, as well as the intrusion of alien species. Within one year, R. okamurae became an invasive species with an overflowing competitive capacity and growth. In 2015, more than 5000 tons of upstream biomass was extracted from beaches in Ceuta, and it has since spread irrepressibly on rocky illuminated bottoms of the subtidal zone to a maximum observed depth of 40 m. The highest coverage (80-90%) of R. okamurae in Ceuta was observed between 10 and 20 m depth in illuminated habitats, where it was having a severe impact on local benthic communities which were displaced. Between 5 and 30 m depth, coverage of R. okamurae exceeded 70% over a wide variety of substrate types. A submarine sentinel sessile bioindicators permanent quadrats (SBPQ) station installed in 2013 on poorly lit, vertical, and shady substrate in the El Estrecho Natural Park, on the north side of the Strait of Gibraltar (Tarifa), detected the presence of R. okamurae in July 2016 and recorded the subsequent increase in coverage. These findings reveal the useful role of this type of monitoring SBPQ sentinel station for the detection of impacts and exotic species in marine protected areas, and for the monitoring of global warming based on indicator species. We conclude that the catastrophic bloom of R. okamurae exhibited an initial geographical expansion (2015-2017) to the northern coastal area of the Strait of Gibraltar (Tarifa-Gibraltar) and subsequent extension in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, towards the Atlantic coast (2018) and the Mediterranean coast (2019). This bloom could have been associated with the temperature peak in July 2015 and was thus possibly linked to global warming.}, }
@article {pmid31835670, year = {2019}, author = {Johnson, PJ and Adams, VM and Armstrong, DP and Baker, SE and Biggs, D and Boitani, L and Cotterill, A and Dale, E and O'Donnell, H and Douglas, DJT and Droge, E and Ewen, JG and Feber, RE and Genovesi, P and Hambler, C and Harmsen, BJ and Harrington, LA and Hinks, A and Hughes, J and Katsis, L and Loveridge, A and Moehrenschlager, A and O'Kane, C and Pierre, M and Redpath, S and Sibanda, L and Soorae, P and Stanley Price, M and Tyrrell, P and Zimmermann, A and Dickman, A}, title = {Consequences Matter: Compassion in Conservation Means Caring for Individuals, Populations and Species.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {31835670}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Human activity affecting the welfare of wild vertebrates, widely accepted to be sentient, and therefore deserving of moral concern, is widespread. A variety of motives lead to the killing of individual wild animals. These include to provide food, to protect stock and other human interests, and also for sport. The acceptability of such killing is widely believed to vary with the motive and method. Individual vertebrates are also killed by conservationists. Whether securing conservation goals is an adequate reason for such killing has recently been challenged. Conventional conservation practice has tended to prioritise ecological collectives, such as populations and species, when their interests conflict with those of individuals. Supporters of the 'Compassionate Conservation' movement argue both that conservationists have neglected animal welfare when such conflicts arise and that no killing for conservation is justified. We counter that conservationists increasingly seek to adhere to high standards of welfare, and that the extreme position advocated by some supporters of 'Compassionate Conservation', rooted in virtue ethics, would, if widely accepted, lead to considerable negative effects for conservation. Conservation practice cannot afford to neglect consequences. Moreover, the do-no-harm maxim does not always lead to better outcomes for animal welfare.}, }
@article {pmid31834631, year = {2020}, author = {Liu, W and Zhang, Y and Chen, X and Maung-Douglass, K and Strong, DR and Pennings, SC}, title = {Contrasting plant adaptation strategies to latitude in the native and invasive range of Spartina alterniflora.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {226}, number = {2}, pages = {623-634}, doi = {10.1111/nph.16371}, pmid = {31834631}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Adaptation, Physiological ; China ; *Introduced Species ; *Poaceae/genetics ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions offer model systems of contemporary evolution. We examined trait differences and evolution across geographic clines among continents of the intertidal grass Spartina alterniflora within its invasive and native ranges. We sampled vegetative and reproductive traits in the field at 20 sites over 20° latitude in China (invasive range) and 28 sites over 17° in the US (native range). We grew both Chinese and US plants in a glasshouse common garden for 3 yr. Chinese plants were c. 15% taller, c. 10% denser, and set up to four times more seed than US plants in both the field and common garden. The common garden experiments showed a striking genetic cline of seven-fold greater seed set at higher latitudes in the introduced but not the native range. By contrast, there was a slight genetic cline in some vegetative traits in the native but not the introduced range. Our results are consistent with others showing that introduced plants can evolve rapidly in the new range. S. alterniflora has evolved different trait clines in the native and introduced ranges, showing the importance of phenotypic plasticity and genetic control of change during the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid31834491, year = {2020}, author = {Zittra, C and Schoener, ER and Wagner, R and Heddergott, M and Duscher, GG and Fuehrer, HP}, title = {Unnoticed arrival of two dipteran species in Austria: the synanthropic moth fly Clogmia albipunctata (Williston, 1893) and the parasitic bird louse fly Ornithoica turdi (Olivier in Latreille, 1811).}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {119}, number = {2}, pages = {737-740}, pmid = {31834491}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Austria ; Biodiversity ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Diptera/genetics/*physiology ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Psychodidae/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {In the framework of a mosquito-monitoring program conducted from 2014 to 2018, non-culicid dipteran bycatch was identified to species-level with a focus on Diptera of medical and veterinary importance as part of a biodiversity initiative and barcoding project ("Austrian Barcode of Life"). Two species hitherto not known from Austria, the regularly sampled synanthropic moth fly Clogmia albipunctata (Psychodidae) and a single specimen of the louse fly Ornithoica turdi (Hippoboscidae), were collected in Vienna and Lower Austria. We confirmed identification results using a barcoding approach and provide the first reference sequence for O. turdi.}, }
@article {pmid31833135, year = {2020}, author = {Lennox, RJ and Bravener, GA and Lin, HY and Madenjian, CP and Muir, AM and Remucal, CK and Robinson, KF and Rous, AM and Siefkes, MJ and Wilkie, MP and Zielinski, DP and Cooke, SJ}, title = {Potential changes to the biology and challenges to the management of invasive sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus in the Laurentian Great Lakes due to climate change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {1118-1137}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14957}, pmid = {31833135}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//NSERC/International ; //Canada Research Chairs/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Lakes ; *Pesticides ; *Petromyzon ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Control programs are implemented to mitigate the damage caused by invasive species worldwide. In the highly invaded Great Lakes, the climate is expected to become warmer with more extreme weather and variable precipitation, resulting in shorter iced-over periods and variable tributary flows as well as changes to pH and river hydrology and hydrogeomorphology. We review how climate change influences physiology, behavior, and demography of a damaging invasive species, sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), in the Great Lakes, and the consequences for sea lamprey control efforts. Sea lamprey control relies on surveys to monitor abundance of larval sea lamprey in Great Lakes tributaries. The abundance of parasitic, juvenile sea lampreys in the lakes is calculated by surveying wounding rates on lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), and trap surveys are used to enumerate adult spawning runs. Chemical control using lampricides (i.e., lamprey pesticides) to target larval sea lamprey and barriers to prevent adult lamprey from reaching spawning grounds are the most important tools used for sea lamprey population control. We describe how climate change could affect larval survival in rivers, growth and maturation in lakes, phenology and the spawning migration as adults return to rivers, and the overall abundance and distribution of sea lamprey in the Great Lakes. Our review suggests that Great Lakes sea lamprey may benefit from climate change with longer growing seasons, more rapid growth, and greater access to spawning habitat, but uncertainties remain about the future availability and suitability of larval habitats. Consideration of the biology of invasive species and adaptation of the timing, intensity, and frequency of control efforts is critical to the management of biological invasions in a changing world, such as sea lamprey in the Great Lakes.}, }
@article {pmid31832194, year = {2019}, author = {Hepditch, SLJ and Tessier, LR and Wilson, JM and Birceanu, O and O'Connor, LM and Wilkie, MP}, title = {Mitigation of lampricide toxicity to juvenile lake sturgeon: the importance of water alkalinity and life stage.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {coz089}, pmid = {31832194}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {The pesticide, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), is used to control invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) populations in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Applied to infested tributaries, it is most toxic to larval sea lamprey, which have a low capacity to detoxify TFM. However, TFM can be toxic to lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), whose populations are at risk throughout the basin. They are most vulnerable to TFM in early life stages, with the greatest risk of non-target mortality occurring in waters with high alkalinity. We quantified TFM toxicity and used radio-labelled TFM ([14]C-TFM) to measure TFM uptake rates in lake sturgeon in waters of different pH and alkalinity. Regardless of pH or alkalinity, TFM uptake was 2-3-fold higher in young-of-the-year (YOY) than in age 1-year-plus (1+) sturgeon, likely due to higher mass-specific metabolic rates in the smaller YOY fish. As expected, TFM uptake was highest at lower (pH 6.5) versus higher (pH 9.0) pH, indicating that it is taken up across the gills by diffusion in its unionized form. Uptake decreased as alkalinity increased from low (~50 mg L[-1] as CaCO3) to moderate alkalinity (~150 mg L[-1] as CaCO3), before plateauing at high alkalinity (~250 mg L[-1] as CaCO3). Toxicity curves revealed that the 12-h LC50 and 12-h LC99.9 of TFM to lake sturgeon were in fact higher (less toxic) than in sea lamprey, regardless of alkalinity. However, in actual treatments, 1.3-1.5 times the minimum lethal TFM concentration (MLC = LC99.9) to lamprey is applied to maximize mortality, disproportionately amplifying TFM toxicity to sturgeon at higher alkalinities. We conclude that limiting TFM treatments to late summer/early fall in waters of moderate-high alkalinity, when lake sturgeon are larger with lower rates of TFM uptake, would mitigate non-target TFM effects and help conserve populations of these ancient, culturally important fishes.}, }
@article {pmid31832155, year = {2019}, author = {Mech, AM and Thomas, KA and Marsico, TD and Herms, DA and Allen, CR and Ayres, MP and Gandhi, KJK and Gurevitch, J and Havill, NP and Hufbauer, RA and Liebhold, AM and Raffa, KF and Schulz, AN and Uden, DR and Tobin, PC}, title = {Evolutionary history predicts high-impact invasions by herbivorous insects.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {21}, pages = {12216-12230}, pmid = {31832155}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {A long-standing goal of invasion biology is to identify factors driving highly variable impacts of non-native species. Although hypotheses exist that emphasize the role of evolutionary history (e.g., enemy release hypothesis &amp; defense-free space hypothesis), predicting the impact of non-native herbivorous insects has eluded scientists for over a century.Using a census of all 58 non-native conifer-specialist insects in North America, we quantified the contribution of over 25 factors that could affect the impact they have on their novel hosts, including insect traits (fecundity, voltinism, native range, etc.), host traits (shade tolerance, growth rate, wood density, etc.), and evolutionary relationships (between native and novel hosts and insects).We discovered that divergence times between native and novel hosts, the shade and drought tolerance of the novel host, and the presence of a coevolved congener on a shared host, were more predictive of impact than the traits of the invading insect. These factors built upon each other to strengthen our ability to predict the risk of a non-native insect becoming invasive. This research is the first to empirically support historically assumed hypotheses about the importance of evolutionary history as a major driver of impact of non-native herbivorous insects.Our novel, integrated model predicts whether a non-native insect not yet present in North America will have a one in 6.5 to a one in 2,858 chance of causing widespread mortality of a conifer species if established (R [2] = 0.91) Synthesis and applications. With this advancement, the risk to other conifer host species and regions can be assessed, and regulatory and pest management efforts can be more efficiently prioritized.}, }
@article {pmid31828561, year = {2020}, author = {Dawson Pell, FSE and Hatchwell, BJ and Ortega-Segalerva, A and Dawson, DA and Horsburgh, GJ and Senar, JC}, title = {Microsatellite characterisation and sex-typing in two invasive parakeet species, the monk parakeet Myiopsitta monachus and ring-necked parakeet Psittacula krameri.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, pages = {1543-1550}, pmid = {31828561}, issn = {1573-4978}, support = {NBAF1078//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; CGL-2016-79568-C3-3-P//Spanish Research Council (Ministry of Economics and Enterprise)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Genetic Loci ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Parakeets/*genetics ; *Sex Determination Analysis ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can have wide-ranging negative impacts, and an understanding of the process and success of invasions can be vital to determine management strategies, mitigate impacts and predict range expansions of such species. Monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) and ring-necked parakeets (Psittacula krameri) are both widespread invasive species, but there has been little research into the genetic and social structure of these two species despite the potential links with invasion success. The aim of this study was to isolate novel microsatellite loci from the monk parakeet and characterise them in both monk and ring-necked parakeets in order to facilitate future investigations into their behaviour and population ecology. Sex-typing markers were also tested in both species. Of the 20 microsatellite loci assessed in 24 unrelated monk parakeets, 16 successfully amplified and were polymorphic displaying between 2 and 14 alleles (mean = 8.06). Expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.43 to 0.93 and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.23 to 0.96. Nine of the 20 loci also successfully amplified and were polymorphic in the ring-necked parakeet, displaying between 2 and 10 alleles. Suitable markers to sex both species and a Z-linked microsatellite locus were identified. A multiplex marker set was validated for monk parakeets. These novel microsatellite loci will facilitate fine and broad-scale population genetic analyses of these two widespread invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid31827212, year = {2019}, author = {Tang, F and Aldridge, DC}, title = {Microcapsulated biocides for the targeted control of invasive bivalves.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {18787}, pmid = {31827212}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*drug effects ; *Capsules/chemistry ; *Introduced Species ; Molluscacides/administration &amp; dosage/*toxicity ; Particle Size ; Surface-Active Agents/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) are one of the greatest drivers of ecological change. Typically, control uses chemical agents that often are ineffective, harmful to non-target organisms, and environmentally persistent. Bivalves are frequently high impact IAS, but have proven particularly hard to control due to their valve-closing response when exposed to conventional control agents. Microencapsulation of biocides with edible coatings represents a highly targeted delivery route, bypassing avoidance responses and accumulating in bivalves through their prodigious filter feeding. Uneaten microcapsules degrade and become biologically inactive within hours thus reducing potential impacts on non-target biota. We manufactured two new formulations of microcapsules (BioBullets). Particles were designed to mimic natural food particles (algae) in terms of size (9.5 ± 0.5 to 19.4 ± 1.3 SE µm diameter), buoyancy (near neutral) and shape (spherical). Laboratory exposures demonstrated that two formulations effectively controlled the Gulf wedge clam Rangia cuneata, an IAS currently spreading rapidly through Europe. A single dose of 2-6 mg L[-1] of the active ingredient in a static system achieved 90% mortality after 30 days of exposure. Microencapsulation offers an effective and targeted management tool for rapid responses following the early detection of both Gulf wedge clams and many other filter-feeding IAS, and may be especially effective in closed systems or where populations remain very localised.}, }
@article {pmid31824337, year = {2019}, author = {Javal, M and Thomas, S and Lehmann, P and Barton, MG and Conlong, DE and Du Plessis, A and Terblanche, JS}, title = {The Effect of Oxygen Limitation on a Xylophagous Insect's Heat Tolerance Is Influenced by Life-Stage Through Variation in Aerobic Scope and Respiratory Anatomy.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {1426}, pmid = {31824337}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {Temperature has a profound impact on insect fitness and performance via metabolic, enzymatic or chemical reaction rate effects. However, oxygen availability can interact with these thermal responses in complex and often poorly understood ways, especially in hypoxia-adapted species. Here we test the hypothesis that thermal limits are reduced under low oxygen availability - such as might happen when key life-stages reside within plants - but also extend this test to attempt to explain that the magnitude of the effect of hypoxia depends on variation in key respiration-related parameters such as aerobic scope and respiratory morphology. Using two life-stages of a xylophagous cerambycid beetle, Cacosceles (Zelogenes) newmannii we assessed oxygen-limitation effects on metabolic performance and thermal limits. We complement these physiological assessments with high-resolution 3D (micro-computed tomography scan) morphometry in both life-stages. Results showed that although larvae and adults have similar critical thermal maxima (CTmax) under normoxia, hypoxia reduces metabolic rate in adults to a greater extent than it does in larvae, thus reducing aerobic scope in the former far more markedly. In separate experiments, we also show that adults defend a tracheal oxygen (critical) setpoint more consistently than do larvae, indicated by switching between discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGC) and continuous respiratory patterns under experimentally manipulated oxygen levels. These effects can be explained by the fact that the volume of respiratory anatomy is positively correlated with body mass in adults but is apparently size-invariant in larvae. Thus, the two life-stages of C. newmannii display key differences in respiratory structure and function that can explain the magnitude of the effect of hypoxia on upper thermal limits.}, }
@article {pmid31823024, year = {2019}, author = {Fetter, D and Dörr, DS and Moraes, JAR and Putzke, J and Lobo, EA}, title = {Methodology proposed for photogrammetric monitoring of the exotic species Hovenia dulcis Thunb. in the Green Belt area surrounding the city of Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {192}, number = {1}, pages = {26}, pmid = {31823024}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Brazil ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; *Photogrammetry ; *Plant Dispersal ; Rhamnaceae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The spread of the exotic species Hovenia dulcis known as Japanese raisin tree, coming from Asia, detected in a protected area of 465.0 ha surrounding the city of Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil, named "Green Belt." In this context, this research aimed at developing an aerial monitoring system able to identify and quantify the extension in the Green Belt area that this species invaded, as well as describing the impacts caused on the local forest community. We collected data from an ultralight Flyer GT aircraft equipped with a vertical camera. The images were taking in June and July 2015, when H. dulcis trees have shed their leaves, displaying a gray color, and September and October 2015, when the leaves are young and with a light green color. Based on the methodology proposed trough aerial monitoring by photogrammetry, the results indicated that the total invaded area by H. dulcis in the Green Belt of Santa Cruz do Sul County, RS, was 131.8 ha, corresponding to 20.9% of the total area. To validate this method, a quantitative comparison between the result from a terrestrial fieldwork carried out and the proposed method showed no significant differences in the estimated area occupied by H. dulcis. We concluded that these results validate the proposed aerial assessment method.}, }
@article {pmid31822736, year = {2019}, author = {Jones, LR and Manrique, JM and Uyua, NM and Whitton, BA}, title = {Genetic analysis of the invasive alga Didymosphenia geminata in Southern Argentina: Evidence of a Pleistocene origin of local lineages.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {18706}, pmid = {31822736}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Argentina ; Biological Evolution ; Climate Change ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Diatoms/*genetics ; Ecosystem ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Testing ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {The diatom Didymosphenia geminata has gained notoriety due to the massive growths which have occurred in recent decades in temperate regions. Different explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon, including the emergence of new invasive strains, human dispersion and climate change. Despite the fact in Argentina nuisance growths began in about 2010, historical records suggest that the alga was already present before that date. In addition, preliminary genetic data revealed too high a diversity to be explained by a recent invasion. Here, we estimate the divergence times of strains from southern Argentina. We integrate new genetic data and secondary, fossil and geological calibrations into a Penalized Likelihood model used to infer 18,630 plausible chronograms. These indicate that radiation of the lineages in Argentina began during or before the Pleistocene, which is hard to reconcile with the hypothesis that a new variant is responsible for the local mass growths. Instead, this suggests that important features of present distribution could be the result of multiple recent colonizations or the expansion of formerly rare populations. The text explains how these two possibilities are compatible with the hypothesis that recent nuisance blooms may be a consequence of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid31822718, year = {2019}, author = {Valone, TJ and Weyers, DP}, title = {Invasion intensity influences scale-dependent effects of an exotic species on native plant diversity.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {18769}, pmid = {31822718}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Dispersal/*physiology ; Seeds/*anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant species reduce the diversity of natives by altering habitats or disturbance regimes, but it is less clear whether they do so via competitive exclusion. Here, we show that invader abundance alters scale-dependent competitive effects of invasion on native plant richness. Large-seeded exotic annual Erodium cicutarium invaded a site that manipulated rodent granivores. The invader became dominant on all plots but attained its highest abundance on plots that removed rodents. Invasion reduced plant abundance but not evenness; site-wide richness did not change over time on control plots but declined significantly on rodent removal plots. Species-area relationships within plots changed differently with invasion intensity: slopes increased and y-intercepts decreased on control plots relative to rodent removal plots. Changes in species-area slopes and y-intercepts following invasion suggest that common rather than rare species were most strongly impacted at small spatial scales on control plots, while common and rare species were both negatively impacted at all spatial scales on rodent removal plots. Small-seeded species declined in abundance following invasion more so than large-seeded species, indicative of competitive interactions mediated by seed size. These results reveal variation in scale-dependent competitive effects of invasion on native richness associated with invasion intensity.}, }
@article {pmid31822458, year = {2020}, author = {Singh, S and Malhotra, S and Mukherjee, P and Mishra, R and Farooqi, F and Sharma, RS and Mishra, V}, title = {Peroxidases from an invasive Mesquite species for management and restoration of fertility of phenolic-contaminated soil.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {256}, number = {}, pages = {109908}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109908}, pmid = {31822458}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Biodegradation, Environmental ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Introduced Species ; Peroxidases ; Phenols ; *Prosopis ; Soil ; *Soil Pollutants ; }, abstract = {Phenolics drive the global economy, but they also pose threats to soil health and plant growth. Enzymes like peroxidase have the potential to remove the phenolic contaminants from the wastewater; however, their role in restoring soil health and improving plant growth has not yet been ascertained. We fractionated efficient peroxidases (MPx) from leaves of an invasive species of Mesquite, Prosopis juliflora, and demonstrated its superiority over horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in remediating phenol, 3-chlorophenol (3-CP), and a mixture of chlorophenols (CP-M), from contaminated soil. MPx removes phenolics over a broader range of pH (2.0-9.0) as compared with HRP (pH: 7.0-8.0). In soil, replacing H2O2 with CaO2 further increases the phenolic removal efficiency of MPx (≥90% of phenol, ≥ 70% of 3-CP, and ≥90% of CP-M). MPx maintains ~4-fold higher phenolic removal efficiency than purified HRP even in soils with extremely high contaminant concentration (2 g phenolics/kg of soil), which is desirable for environmental applications of enzymes for remediation. MPx treatment restores soil biological processes as evident by key enzymes of soil fertility viz. Acid- and alkaline-phosphatases, urease, and soil dehydrogenase, and improves potential biochemical fertility index of soil contaminated with phenolics. MPx treatment also assists the Vigna mungo test plant to overcome toxicant stress and grow healthy in contaminated soils. Optimization of MPx for application in the field environment would help both in the restoration of phenolic-contaminated soils and the management of invasive Mesquite.}, }
@article {pmid31822402, year = {2020}, author = {Milardi, M and Soana, E and Chapman, D and Fano, EA and Castaldelli, G}, title = {Could a freshwater fish be at the root of dystrophic crises in a coastal lagoon?.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {711}, number = {}, pages = {135093}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135093}, pmid = {31822402}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; *Fish Diseases ; Fresh Water ; Italy ; }, abstract = {Eutrophication has a profound impact on ecosystems worldwide. Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, an herbivorous fish, has been introduced to control aquatic plant overgrowth caused by eutrophication, but could have other, potentially detrimental, effects. We used the Po di Volano basin (south of the Po River delta, northern Italy) as a test case to explore whether grass carp effects on canal aquatic vegetation could be at the root of historical changes in N loads exported from the basin to the Goro Lagoon. We modeled the aquatic vegetation production and standing crop, its denitrification potential, and its consumption by introduced grass carp. We then examined whether changes in historical nitrogen loads matched the modeled losses of the drainage network denitrification function or other changes in agricultural practices. Our results indicate that introduced grass carp could completely remove submerged vegetation in the Po di Volano canal network, which could - in turn - lead to substantial loss of the denitrification function of the system, causing in an increase in downstream nitrogen loads. A corresponding increase, matching both timing and magnitude, was detected in historical nitrogen loads to the Goro Lagoon, which were significantly different before and after the time of modeled collapse of the denitrification function. This increase was not clearly linked to watershed use or agricultural practices, which implies that the loss of the denitrification function through grass carp overgrazing could be a likely explanation of the increase in downstream nitrogen loads. Perhaps for the first time, we provide evidence that a freshwater fish introduction could have caused long-lasting changes in nutrient dynamics that are exported downstream to areas where the fish is not present.}, }
@article {pmid31822305, year = {2020}, author = {Mazza, G and Marraccini, D and Mori, E and Priori, S and Marianelli, L and Roversi, PF and Gargani, E}, title = {Assessment of color response and activity rhythms of the invasive black planthopper Ricania speculum (Walker, 1851) using sticky traps.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {110}, number = {4}, pages = {480-486}, doi = {10.1017/S000748531900083X}, pmid = {31822305}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; *Color ; Entomology/instrumentation ; Female ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Male ; Seasons ; Sunlight ; }, abstract = {To be effective, management strategies of invasive alien species cannot ignore their spatiotemporal behavior particularly those exerting serious damages to human activities. The black planthopper Ricania speculum is an Asian insect that has been reported as an alien invasive species in Italy, where it threatens local plant diversity, including important crops. In our work, we analyzed the activity rhythms of this species through circular statistics and the efficiency of chromotropic traps to capture adult individuals. Captures were carried out in central Italy, where the black planthopper is showing a remarkable range expansion, after its first discovery in 2009. We observed that the species was mainly crepuscular, with a high intersexual activity overlap. Activity rhythms changed between July-August and September-October, with changing heliophany, but peaked at sunset and were the lowest in the second half of the night and early morning. The insects were mostly caught by green traps, particularly in September, which is the period of egg-laying inside the leaves; conversely, orange ones were avoided, and yellow ones captured proportionally to their local availability. Strategies for controlling this species should consider concentrating trapping effort during the activity peak, using green sticky traps to enhance the capture success of each trap, with the lowest impact over non-target species.}, }
@article {pmid31822255, year = {2019}, author = {Fang, K and Chen, L and Zhou, J and Yang, ZP and Dong, XF and Zhang, HB}, title = {Plant-soil-foliage feedbacks on seed germination and seedling growth of the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1917}, pages = {20191520}, pmid = {31822255}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Ageratina/*physiology ; Germination/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development ; Seeds ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Some exotic plants become invasive because they partially release from soil-borne enemies and thus benefit from positive plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) in the introduced range. However, reports that have focused only on PSFs may exaggerate the invader's competitiveness. Here, we conducted three experiments to characterize plant-soil-foliage feedbacks, including mature leaves (ML), leaf litter (LL), rhizosphere soil (RS) and leaves plus soil (LS), on the early growth stages of the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora. In general, the feedbacks from aboveground (ML, LL) adversely affected A. adenophora by delaying germination time, inhibiting germination rate and reducing seedling growth. The increased invasion history exacerbated the adverse effects of LL and LS feedbacks on seedling growth. These adverse effects were partially contributed by more abundant fungi (e.g. Didymella) or/and more virulent fungi (e.g. Fusarium) developed in the aboveground part of A. adenophora during the invasion. Interestingly, the aboveground adverse effects can be weakened by microbes from RSs. Our novel findings emphasize the important role of aboveground feedbacks in the evaluation of plant invasiveness, and their commonness and significance remain to be explored in other invasive systems.}, }
@article {pmid31819974, year = {2020}, author = {Kaspi, R and Steinitz, H and Nemny-Lavi, E and Lebedev, G and Melamed, E and Gazit, Y}, title = {Nontarget Host Risk Assessment of the Egg Parasitoid Trichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) for Classical Biological Control of the False Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Israel.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {113}, number = {2}, pages = {1023-1027}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz327}, pmid = {31819974}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hymenoptera ; Israel ; *Moths ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {The false codling moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick), is an invasive species in Israel. In order to carry out a classical biological control program, the African egg parasitoid Trichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae (Nagaraja) was recently introduced into Israel, and nontarget host risk assessment was performed as required. In no-choice tests we determined that T. cryptophlebiae was unable to develop in eggs of four nontarget Lepidopteran species: Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), Spodoptora littoralis (Boisduval), Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller), and Belenois aurota (Fabricius). Conversely, it developed in three Lepidopteran species eggs of the Tortricidae family: Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus), Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermüller), and Epiblema strenuana (Walker). Epiblema strenuana eggs showed the lowest parasitism level among all tested moth eggs of the Tortricidae family. The progeny production of parasitized false codling moth eggs was similar to that of C. pomonella eggs, but smaller than that of L. botrana eggs. However, moth egg and parasitoid clutch sizes were smallest on L. botrana eggs and largest on C. pomonella eggs. In choice bioassays, T. cryptophlebiae significantly preferred to parasitize T. leucotreta eggs over the eggs of C. pomonella, L. botrana, and E. strenuana. Moreover, the choice of T. leucotreta eggs over the eggs of L. botrana was not affected by the parasitoids' rearing histories. Our data support the assumption that T. cryptophlebiae develops only in moth species of the Tortricidae family. Thus, the risk that it may attack nontarget species is low.}, }
@article {pmid31818750, year = {2020}, author = {Medellín-Castillo, NA and Cruz-Briano, SA and Leyva-Ramos, R and Moreno-Piraján, JC and Torres-Dosal, A and Giraldo-Gutiérrez, L and Labrada-Delgado, GJ and Pérez, RO and Rodriguez-Estupiñan, JP and Reyes Lopez, SY and Berber Mendoza, MS}, title = {Use of bone char prepared from an invasive species, pleco fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.), to remove fluoride and Cadmium(II) in water.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {256}, number = {}, pages = {109956}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109956}, pmid = {31818750}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Adsorption ; Animals ; Cadmium ; Fluorides ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Introduced Species ; Kinetics ; Water ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical ; *Water Purification ; }, abstract = {In this study, bone char (BC) from pleco fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.) was synthesized, and their textural and physicochemical properties, as well as its adsorption capacity towards fluoride and Cd(II) from single and binary aqueous solutions, were determined. The results showed that the properties of the BCs were independent of the type of bone used and the surface areas were close to 110 m[2] g[-1]. The effect of solution pH revealed that the adsorption capacity of BC towards fluoride from water raised by decreasing the solution pH. This trend was attributed to the electrostatic interaction between the positively charged surface and the fluoride in aqueous solution. On the contrary, the capacity of BC for adsorbing Cd(II) was enhanced by increasing the solution pH, indicating that electrostatic interactions were also essential but with a contrary effect in comparison with fluoride adsorption due to the negatively charged surface at pH above the point zero charge (pHPZC = 8.16). The experimental data for binary adsorption of fluoride and Cd(II) were interpreted satisfactorily using the modified Freundlich multicomponent isotherm (EFMI), and the experimental data revealed that Cd(II) have an antagonistic effect on the adsorption of fluoride, whereas the presence of fluoride does not affect the capacity of BC for adsorbing Cd(II). Thermogravimetric, XRD diffraction and IR spectroscopy analysis corroborated that the adsorption of fluoride in BC is due to electrostatic attractions, ion exchange or chemisorption and physisorption. Besides, the removal of Cd(II) occurs by physical adsorption and ion exchange. It was concluded that BC is an alternative material for the removal of fluoride and Cd(II) from aqueous solutions, and it is a possible application for using the bones of this invasive fish species.}, }
@article {pmid31817571, year = {2019}, author = {Ngondya, IB and Treydte, AC and Ndakidemi, PA and Munishi, LK}, title = {Can Cynodon dactylon Suppress the Growth and Development of the Invasive Weeds Tagetes minuta and Gutenbergia cordifolia?.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {31817571}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {02020811-048-4001-F01503-B02//The Government of Tanzania (GOT) through the Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST)/ ; }, abstract = {Approaches to managing invasive plants is challenging, particularly in protected areas where conventional methods, such as chemical herbicide applications are limited. We studied the effects of varying densities of Cynodon dactylon on the growth and development of the invasive weeds Tagetes minuta and Gutenbergia cordifolia in northern Tanzania. We conducted pot and field plot experiments following a completely randomized block design that was replicated three times. Increasing densities of C. dactylon significantly reduced growth, leaf total chlorophyll, biomass and significantly increased leaf anthocyanin of both T. minuta and G. cordifolia invasives. Our results further showed that the critical density of C. dactylon to suppress the two invasive species is ≥ 8 plants/m[2]. We suggest that C. dactylon can successfully be used as an alternative eco-friendly and sustainable approach for managing invasive weeds, such as T. minuta and G. cordifolia. This management technique can additionally improve forage production and biomass for wild and domestic herbivores in the affected areas.}, }
@article {pmid31814250, year = {2020}, author = {Cunze, S and Kochmann, J and Klimpel, S}, title = {Global occurrence data improve potential distribution models for Aedes japonicus japonicus in non-native regions.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {76}, number = {5}, pages = {1814-1822}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5710}, pmid = {31814250}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG)/ ; 2819105115//German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) through the Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (BLE)/ ; //Uniscientia Stiftung/ ; }, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors ; North America ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: There is great interest in modelling the distribution of invasive species, particularly from the point of view of management. However, distribution modelling for invasive species using ecological niche models (ENMs) involves multiple challenges. Owing to the short time span since the introduction or arrival of a non-indigenous species and the associated dispersal limitations, applying regular ENMs at an early stage of the invasion process may result in an underestimation of the potential niche in the new ranges. This topic is dealt with here using the example of Aedes japonicus japonicus, a vector competent mosquito species for a number of diseases.<br><br>RESULTS: We found high niche unfilling for the species' non-native range niches in Europe and North America compared with the native range niche, which can be explained by the early stage of the invasion process. Comparing four different ENMs based on: (i) the European and (ii) the North American non-native range occurrence data, (iii) (derived) native range occurrence data, and (iv) all available occurrence data together, we found large differences in the projected climatic suitability, with the global data model projecting larger areas with climatic suitability.<br><br>CONCLUSION: ENM in biological invasions can be challenging, especially when distribution data are only poorly available. We suggest one possible way to project climatic suitability for Aedes j. japonicus despite poor data availability for the non-native ranges and missing occurrences from the native range. We discuss aspects of the lack of information and the associated implications for modelling. &#xa9; 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid31814024, year = {2020}, author = {Milosavljević, I and McCalla, KA and Morgan, DJW and Hoddle, MS}, title = {The Effects of Constant and Fluctuating Temperatures on Development of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae), the Asian Citrus Psyllid.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {113}, number = {2}, pages = {633-645}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz320}, pmid = {31814024}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; China ; *Citrus ; Florida ; *Hemiptera ; Japan ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The effects of six average daily temperatures, 15, 20, 25, 30, 32, and 35°C, that were either constant or fluctuating over 24 h on development times of California-sourced Diaphorina citri Kuwayama nymphs were examined. Thermal performance curves for immature stages of D. citri were characterized using one linear and six nonlinear models (i.e., Ratkowsky, Lobry-Rosso-Flandrois, Lactin-2, Brière-2, Beta, and Performance-2). Daily thermal fluctuations had significant effects on development times of D. citri nymphs, which differed across experimental temperatures. Diaphorina citri nymphs reared at constant temperatures completed development faster than those reared under fluctuating profiles with equivalent temperature means. Linear model estimates of degree-days required for completion of cumulative development of D. citri were 25% lower for constant temperatures when compared with fluctuating temperature regimens. Nonlinear model estimations of optimum developmental temperature and upper theoretical temperature bounds for development were similar for individuals reared under constant and fluctuating temperatures. Nevertheless, the estimated values of lower theoretical temperature limits above which development occurred were lower under fluctuating than constant temperatures. A meta-analysis of published D. citri temperature-dependent development literature, synthesizing datasets of five globally distributed populations (Brazil, California, China, Florida, and Japan) reared under different constant temperatures on six different host plants (i.e., Citrus limonia, C. sinensis cv Natal, C. sinensis cv. Pêra, C. reticulata, Fortunella margarita, and Murraya paniculata), together with the results of this study (C. volkameriana), revealed convergence in estimates of developmental parameters. These results have implications for predicting D. citri invasion and establishment risk and subsequent population performance across various climactic gradients and geographic regions.}, }
@article {pmid31812561, year = {2020}, author = {Preston, CE and Agnello, AM and Vermeylen, F and Hajek, AE}, title = {Impact of Nosema maddoxi on the survival, development, and female fecundity of Halyomorpha halys.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {169}, number = {}, pages = {107303}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2019.107303}, pmid = {31812561}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Fertility ; Heteroptera/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; *Insect Control ; Longevity ; Male ; Nosema/*physiology ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/parasitology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; }, abstract = {Nosema maddoxi Becnel, Solter, Hajek, Huang, Sanscrainte, &amp; Estep, a microsporidian species native to the United States, has been found infecting the invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål). Microsporidian infections in insects often shorten lifespans, decrease fecundity, prolong development, and stunt growth. This study was conducted to determine the impact of N. maddoxi on H. halys fitness. Adult females (2 doses) and nymphs (1 dose) drank suspensions of N. maddoxi spores to promote infection. Adult females receiving a high dose died faster than the controls. Nosema maddoxi infections impacted female egg production and egg viability at both doses compared with the controls. Infections were transmitted to 34.9% of adult males caged with infected females. As the number of days after inoculation increased, infection intensity (# spores found within an infected individual) for both adult treatments transitioned from low-intensity to high-intensity. Infected nymphs died significantly sooner than the controls. Of the treated nymphs, 55.9% died before molting into the fourth instar and only 26.5% eclosed to adults. Nymphal development rate and size were not impacted by N. maddoxi infection. These results indicate that N. maddoxi infection can negatively impact the lifespan of adult females, female fecundity, egg viability, and nymphal survival, which we hypothesize would negatively impact H. halys population densities.}, }
@article {pmid31812402, year = {2020}, author = {Dong, X and Ju, T and Grenouillet, G and Laffaille, P and Lek, S and Liu, J}, title = {Spatial pattern and determinants of global invasion risk of an invasive species, sharpbelly Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilesky, 1855).}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {711}, number = {}, pages = {134661}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134661}, pmid = {31812402}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; *Cyprinidae ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive species have imposed huge negative impacts on worldwide aquatic ecosystems and are generally difficult or impossible to be eradicated once established. Consequently, it becomes particularly important to ascertain their invasion risk and its determinants since such information can help us formulate more effective preventive or management actions and direct these measures to those areas where they are truly needed so as to ease regulatory burdens. Here, we examined the global invasion risk and its determinants of sharpbelly (Hemiculter leucisculus), one freshwater fish which has a high invasive potential, by using species distribution models (SDMs) and a layer overlay method. Specifically, first an ensemble species distribution model and its basal models (developed from seven machine learning algorithms) were explored to forecast the global habitat-suitability and variables importance for this species, and then a global invasion risk map was created by combining habitat-suitability with a proxy for introduction likelihood (entailing propagule pressure and dispersal constraints) of exotic sharpbelly. The results revealed that (1) the ensemble model had the highest predictive power in forecasting sharpbelly's global habitat-suitability; (2) areas with high invasion risk by sharpbelly patchily spread over the world except Antarctica; and (3) the Human Influence Index (HII), rather than any of the bioclimatic variables, was the most important factor influencing sharpbelly' future invasion. Based on these results, the present study also attempted to propose a series of prevention and management strategies to eliminate or alleviate the adverse effects caused by this species' further expansion.}, }
@article {pmid31811170, year = {2019}, author = {Jelbert, K and Buss, D and McDonald, J and Townley, S and Franco, M and Stott, I and Jones, O and Salguero-Gómez, R and Buckley, Y and Knight, T and Silk, M and Sargent, F and Rolph, S and Wilson, P and Hodgson, D}, title = {Demographic amplification is a predictor of invasiveness among plants.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {5602}, pmid = {31811170}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Biodiversity ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Plant Development ; Plants/*classification ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant species threaten native biodiversity, ecosystems, agriculture, industry and human health worldwide, lending urgency to the search for predictors of plant invasiveness outside native ranges. There is much conflicting evidence about which plant characteristics best predict invasiveness. Here we use a global demographic survey for over 500 plant species to show that populations of invasive plants have better potential to recover from disturbance than non-invasives, even when measured in the native range. Invasives have high stable population growth rates in their invaded ranges, but this metric cannot be predicted based on measurements in the native ranges. Recovery from demographic disturbance is a measure of transient population amplification, linked to high levels of reproduction, and shows phylogenetic signal. Our results demonstrate that transient population dynamics and reproductive capacity can help to predict invasiveness across the plant kingdom, and should guide international policy on trade and movement of plants.}, }
@article {pmid31810695, year = {2020}, author = {Ni, G and Zhao, P and Huang, Q and Zhu, L and Hou, Y and Yu, Y and Ye, Y and Ouyang, L}, title = {Mikania micrantha invasion enhances the carbon (C) transfer from plant to soil and mediates the soil C utilization through altering microbial community.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {711}, number = {}, pages = {135020}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135020}, pmid = {31810695}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Carbon ; Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; *Mikania ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Exotic plant invasion alters the structure and coverage of terrestrial vegetation and affects the carbon (C) stocks in ecosystems. Previous studies have shown the increases in the C stocks with increasing invasive plants, but these results remain contentious. Soil microbial communities are usually altered by plant invasion, which potentially influences the C cycling underground. We hypothesized that the plant invasion-caused dynamic changes in soil microbes would lead to the corresponding change in soil C accumulation. Using greenhouse experiments we simulated different invader intensities through varying the relative abundance of invasive species Mikania micrantha and its co-occurring native species Paederia scandens. By analyzing [13]C-phospholipid fatty acid we found the invasive M. micrantha assimilated more [13]C and transferred faster the fixed [13]C through different tissues to soils, as compared to native P. scandens. Soil microbial components, i.e., i15:0, 16:0, 10Me16:0, 18:1w9c and 18:2w6,9 were mainly using the photo-assimilated [13]C. In addition, we found a hump-shaped relationship between soil net [13]C accumulate rate and rhizosphere microbial biomass, indicating that the soil C accumulation may be either enhanced or reduced in invaded ecosystems, depending on microbe abundance.}, }
@article {pmid31810685, year = {2020}, author = {Xia, Z and Cao, X and Hoxha, T and Zhan, A and Haffner, GD and MacIsaac, HJ}, title = {Functional response and size-selective clearance of suspended matter by an invasive mussel.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {711}, number = {}, pages = {134679}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134679}, pmid = {31810685}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Chlorophyll A ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; *Mytilidae ; }, abstract = {Filter feeding activities link suspension feeders with their environment and underpin their impact on aquatic ecosystems. Despite their ecological and economic impacts, the functional response and size-selective capture of suspended particulates have not been well documented for the golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei. Here we demonstrated that golden mussels had a type I functional response, with an attack rate a = 0.085 and negligible handling time (h). Clearance rate ranged between 72.6 ± 27.0 and 305.5 ± 105.9 mL ind.[-1]h[-1] (Mean ± S.E.), depending on food concentrations, which exhibited an inverse relationship with clearance rate. Presence of golden mussels suppressed chlorophyll a concentration in experimental mesocosms, the extent of which was dependent on mussel abundance. Concentration of suspended particles in experimental mesocosms experienced a sharp initial decline across all size categories (≤1->50 μm), though with increased final concentration of large particles (>25 μm), indicating packaging and egestion by golden mussels of fine particles (down to ≤1 μm). Capture efficiency of quantitatively-dominant suspended matter (≤1-50 μm) by golden mussels was inversely related to particle size. Animal abundance, particle size, and their interaction (abundance × particle size) determined the extent to which matter was removed from the water column. Presently L. fortunei occurs primarily in the southern end of the central route of South to North Water Diversion Project (China), but the species is spreading north; we anticipate that impacts associated with filtering of L. fortunei will correspond with local population abundance along this gradient.}, }
@article {pmid31809841, year = {2020}, author = {Ju, Y and Liu, H and He, J and Wang, L and Xu, J and Liu, H and Dong, Y and Zhang, R and Zhao, P and Xing, X}, title = {Genetic diversity of Aoluguya Reindeer based on D-loop region of mtDNA and its conservation implications.}, journal = {Gene}, volume = {733}, number = {}, pages = {144271}, doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2019.144271}, pmid = {31809841}, issn = {1879-0038}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Finland ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Reindeer/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Aoluguya Reindeer is the only reindeer population in China. In recent years, habitat loss and inbreeding have led to population decline, and population growth has been slow, maintaining a thousand or so. To better protect the Aoluguya Reindeer and improve its fecundity, we have introduced reindeer from Finland, crossbreeding help us to reach this goal. However, it is lacking in the study of genetic diversity of reindeer in China and Finland. Therefore, we used the partial sequences of the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA to analyze the genetic diversity of Chinese reindeer (Aoluguya Reindeer) and the introduced Finnish reindeer, and identified twenty-six haplotypes, including nineteen in China, five in Finland, and two in Russia. There is no shared haplotype among them. The nucleotide diversity of Aoluguya Reindeer is 0.00752, which is significantly lower than that of reindeer in Finland and other countries. The haplotype and phylogenetic analysis show that reindeer from different geographical origins are not clustered completely according to geographical distribution. Aoluguya Reindeer populations and the introduced reindeer herds from Finland are all closely related to the reindeer from Russia. AMOVA analysis showed that there was significant differentiation between reindeer populations in China and Finland, and mismatch analysis showed that both populations had not experienced expansion. In this study, we identified the genetic diversity of Aoluguya Reindeer and the introduced reindeer, and provided a scientific basis for the conservation and breeding of Aoluguya Reindeer resources.}, }
@article {pmid31807930, year = {2019}, author = {Sheehan, EV and Bridger, D and Nancollas, SJ and Pittman, SJ}, title = {PelagiCam: a novel underwater imaging system with computer vision for semi-automated monitoring of mobile marine fauna at offshore structures.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {192}, number = {1}, pages = {11}, pmid = {31807930}, issn = {1573-2959}, support = {NA//Offshore Shellfish Ltd/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; Aquatic Organisms/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; Computers ; *Ecosystem ; England ; Environmental Monitoring/*instrumentation/*methods ; Fishes ; Marine Biology/*instrumentation/*methods ; *Video Recording/instrumentation ; }, abstract = {Engineered structures in the open ocean are becoming more frequent with the expansion of the marine renewable energy industry and offshore marine aquaculture. Floating engineered structures function as artificial patch reefs providing novel and relatively stable habitat structure not otherwise available in the pelagic water column. The enhanced physical structure can increase local biodiversity and benefit fisheries yet can also facilitate the spread of invasive species. Clear evidence of any ecological consequences will inform the design and placement of structures to either minimise negative impacts or enhance ecosystem restoration. The development of rapid, cost-effective and reliable remote underwater monitoring methods is crucial to supporting evidence-based decision-making by planning authorities and developers when assessing environmental risks and benefits of offshore structures. A novel, un-baited midwater video system, PelagiCam, with motion-detection software (MotionMeerkat) for semi-automated monitoring of mobile marine fauna, was developed and tested on the UK's largest offshore rope-cultured mussel farm in Lyme Bay, southwest England. PelagiCam recorded Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), garfish (Belone belone) and two species of jellyfish (Chrysaora hysoscella and Rhizostoma pulmo) in open water close to the floating farm structure. The software successfully distinguished video frames where fishes were present versus absent. The PelagiCam system provides a cost-effective remote monitoring tool to streamline biological data acquisition in impact assessments of offshore floating structures. With the rise of sophisticated artificial intelligence for object recognition, the integration of computer vision techniques should receive more attention in marine ecology and has great potential to revolutionise marine biological monitoring.}, }
@article {pmid31805864, year = {2019}, author = {Li, LH and Lv, S and Lu, Y and Bi, DQ and Guo, YH and Wu, JT and Yue, ZY and Mao, GY and Guo, ZX and Zhang, Y and Tang, YF}, title = {Spatial structure of the microbiome in the gut of Pomacea canaliculata.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {273}, pmid = {31805864}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*classification ; Female ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology ; Genetic Variation ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Intestines/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Snails/*microbiology ; Stomach/microbiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Gut microbes can contribute to their hosts in food digestion, nutrient absorption, and inhibiting the growth of pathogens. However, only limited studies have focused on the gut microbiota of freshwater snails. Pomacea canaliculata is considered one of the worst invasive alien species in the world. Elucidating the diversity and composition of the microbiota in the gut of P. canaliculata snails may be helpful for better understanding the widespread invasion of this snail species. In this study, the buccal masses, stomachs, and intestines were isolated from seven P. canaliculata snails. The diversity and composition of the microbiota in the three gut sections were then investigated based on high-throughput Illumina sequencing targeting the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene.<br><br>RESULTS: The diversity of the microbiota was highest in the intestine but lowest in the buccal mass. A total of 29 phyla and 111 genera of bacteria were identified in all of the samples. In general, Ochrobactrum, a genus of putative cellulose-degrading bacteria, was the most abundant (overall relative abundance: 13.6%), followed by Sediminibacterium (9.7%), Desulfovibrio (7.8%), an unclassified genus in the family Aeromonadaceae (5.4%), and Cloacibacterium (5.4%). The composition of the microbiota was diverse among the different gut sections. Ochrobactrum (relative abundance: 23.15%&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;7.92%) and Sediminibacterium (16.95&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;5.70%) were most abundant in the stomach, an unclassified genus in the family Porphyromonadaceae (14.28&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;7.29%) and Leptotrichia (8.70&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;4.46%) were highest in the buccal mass, and two genera in the families Aeromonadaceae (7.55&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;4.53%) and Mollicutes (13.47&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;13.03%) were highest in the intestine.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The diversity and composition of the microbiome vary among different gut sections of P. canaliculata snails. Putative cellulose-degrading bacteria are enriched in the gut of P. canaliculata.}, }
@article {pmid31805653, year = {2019}, author = {Cowen, S and Clausen, L and Algar, D and Comer, S}, title = {Using Genetics to Evaluate the Success of a Feral Cat (Felis catus) Control Program in North-Western Australia.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {31805653}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {n/a//Fortescue Metals Group Limited/ ; }, abstract = {The feral cat has been implicated in the decline and extinction of many species worldwide and a range of strategies have been devised for its control. A five-year control program using the aerial broadcast of toxic Eradicat[®] baits was undertaken at Fortescue Marsh in the Pilbara region of north-western Australia, for the protection of biodiversity in this important wetland area. This program has been shown to have had a significant detrimental effect on cats in this landscape, but the long-term impact is difficult to ascertain. We assessed population genetics across three cohorts of feral cats sampled as part of the control program. We also compared cat populations in natural habitats and around human infrastructure. A key challenge in any study of wild animal populations is small sample sizes and feral cats are particularly difficult to capture and sample. The results of this study superficially appear to suggest promising trends but were limited by sample size and many were not statistically significant. We find that the use of genetic techniques to monitor the impact of invasive species control programs is potentially useful, but ensuring adequate sample sizes over a long enough time-frame will be critical to the success of such studies.}, }
@article {pmid31803944, year = {2020}, author = {Peniston, JH}, title = {Digest: Propagule pressure might not matter in the establishment of invasive prokaryotes.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {74}, number = {1}, pages = {203-204}, doi = {10.1111/evo.13889}, pmid = {31803944}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Lavigne et al. developed models to investigate the adaptive colonization of sink environments by asexual organisms. Their results have clear relevance to the spread of infectious disease, but they may also provide insights into prokaryotic invasions into natural communities. Their results show that propagule pressure might not be a good predictor of invasion success in prokaryotes, suggesting that more work is needed to understand how microbial invasions differ from those of plants and animals.}, }
@article {pmid31802430, year = {2020}, author = {Schwoerer, T and Little, JM and Schmidt, JI and Borash, KW}, title = {Hitchhikers on floats to Arctic freshwater: Private aviation and recreation loss from aquatic invasion.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {49}, number = {8}, pages = {1364-1376}, pmid = {31802430}, issn = {1654-7209}, support = {44907//Alaska Sustainable Salmon Fund/ ; R/112-03//Alaska Sea Grant, University of Alaska Fairbanks/ ; }, mesh = {Alaska ; Arctic Regions ; *Aviation ; *Ecosystem ; Recreation ; }, abstract = {This study of aviation-related recreation loss shows that a survey primarily aimed at collecting information on invasive species' pathways can also be used to estimate changes in pathway-related ecosystem services. We present a case study for Elodea spp. (elodea), Alaska's first known aquatic invasive plant, by combining respondents' stated pre-invasion actual flights with stated post-invasion contingent behavior, plane operating costs, and site quality data. We asked pilots about the extent of continued flights should destinations become invaded and inhibit flight safety. We estimate a recreation demand model where the lost trip value to the average floatplane pilot whose destination is an elodea-invaded lake is US$185 (95 % CI $157, $211). Estimates of ecosystem damages incurred by private actors responsible for transmitting invaders can nudge actors to change behavior and inform adaptive ecosystem management. The policy and modeling implications of quantifying such damages and integration into more complex models are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid31801222, year = {2019}, author = {Weißinger, L and Samuel, N and Breuer, M and Müller, C}, title = {Effects of Variety and Grape Berry Condition of Vitis vinifera on Preference Behavior and Performance of Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {31801222}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {InvaProtect project INTERREG V Upper Rhine programme//European Regional Development Fund/ ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii is an invasive fruit pest and represents a potential economic threat to viticulture. After first observations of D. suzukii in Europe in 2008, research mainly focused on the evaluation of the host range and infestation risk for fruit and berry crops. However, the risk assessment of D. suzukii in viticulture has only recently started. Understanding the factors influencing preferences of D. suzukii for host species and varieties as well as offspring performance is essential to improve management strategies. We investigated the field infestation of different grape varieties across Baden-Wuerttemberg, southwestern Germany, between 2015 and 2018. Moreover, we performed dual-choice assays in the laboratory to investigate whether adults show preferences for certain varieties and whether offspring performance differs between varieties. Furthermore, we studied the impact of grape damage on choice behavior. Field monitoring revealed that D. suzukii show preferences for red varieties, whereas almost no oviposition occurred in white varieties. The results of dual-choice assays confirmed that D. suzukii preference and performance are influenced by grape variety and that flies preferred damaged over intact "Pinot Noir", "Pinot Blanc", and "Müller-Thurgau" berries. Overall, these findings may have important implications for winegrowers regarding cultivated varieties, grape health, and insecticide reduction.}, }
@article {pmid31798966, year = {2019}, author = {Agius, JE and Phalen, DN and Rose, K and Eden, JS}, title = {New insights into Sauropsid Papillomaviridae evolution and epizootiology: discovery of two novel papillomaviruses in native and invasive Island geckos.}, journal = {Virus evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {vez051}, pmid = {31798966}, issn = {2057-1577}, abstract = {Papillomaviruses cause persistent infections in skin and mucosal membranes and, in at least one species, are also be able to infect a tissue of mesenchymal origin. Infections may either be subclinical or induce proliferative lesions. Of the known papillomaviruses, the majority that have been characterized are from humans and other mammals. Currently, only fifteen complete bird and reptile papillomavirus genomes have been described, and they have been found in birds (n = 11), turtles (n = 2), and snakes (n = 2). Using next-generation sequencing technologies and virus-specific PCR, we have identified two novel papillomavirus genomes, Hemidactylus frenatus Papillomavirus 1 and 2 (HfrePV1, HfrePV2), in the widely distributed and highly invasive Asian house gecko (H.frenatus) and mute gecko (Gehyra mutilata) on Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands. HfrePV1 was also detected in critically endangered Lister's geckos (Lepidodactylus listeri) in their captive breeding colony on Christmas Island. Tissue-containing virus included epidermis, oral mucosa, and liver (HfrePV1) and epidermis, liver, and colon (HfrePV2). Concurrent infections were found in both H.frenatus and G.mutilata. Invasive mourning geckos (Lepidodactylus lugubris) (n = 4), Sri Lankan house geckos (Hemidactylus parvimaculatus) (n = 3), flat-tailed house geckos (Hemidactylus platyurus) (n = 4) from the Cocos Islands, and blue-tailed skinks (Cryptoblepharus egeriae) (n = 10) from Christmas Island were also screened but were not found to be infected. The novel HfrePV1 and HfrePV2 genomes were 7,378 bp and 7,380 bp in length, respectively, and each contained the early (E1, E2, and E7), and late (L1 and L2) open-reading frames. Phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated E1, E2, and L1 proteins from both papillomaviruses revealed that they clustered with, but were basal to, the Sauropsida clade containing bird and reptile viruses. This study sheds light on the evolution of papillomaviruses and the distribution of pathogens in a highly invasive species impacting endangered populations of geckos.}, }
@article {pmid31796765, year = {2019}, author = {Romanuk, TN and Binzer, A and Loeuille, N and Carscallen, WMA and Martinez, ND}, title = {Simulated evolution assembles more realistic food webs with more functionally similar species than invasion.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {18242}, pmid = {31796765}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {While natural communities are assembled by both ecological and evolutionary processes, ecological assembly processes have been studied much more and are rarely compared with evolutionary assembly processes. We address these disparities here by comparing community food webs assembled by simulating introductions of species from regional pools of species and from speciation events. Compared to introductions of trophically dissimilar species assumed to be more typical of invasions, introducing species trophically similar to native species assumed to be more typical of sympatric or parapatric speciation events caused fewer extinctions and assembled more empirically realistic networks by introducing more persistent species with higher trophic generality, vulnerability, and enduring similarity to native species. Such events also increased niche overlap and the persistence of both native and introduced species. Contrary to much competition theory, these findings suggest that evolutionary and other processes that more tightly pack ecological niches contribute more to ecosystem structure and function than previously thought.}, }
@article {pmid31796760, year = {2019}, author = {Christie, MR and Sepúlveda, MS and Dunlop, ES}, title = {Rapid resistance to pesticide control is predicted to evolve in an invasive fish.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {18157}, pmid = {31796760}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Drug Resistance/genetics ; Fishes/genetics/*parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Larva/genetics/parasitology ; Nitrophenols/pharmacology ; Pesticides/*pharmacology ; Petromyzon/genetics/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Xenobiotic resistance is commonly found in species with short generation times such as bacteria, annual plants, and insects. Nevertheless, the fundamental evolutionary principles that govern the spread of resistance alleles hold true for species with longer generation times. One such example could occur with sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), a parasitic invasive species in the Laurentian Great Lakes that decimated native fish populations prior to its control with the pesticide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM). Since the 1950s, tributaries have been treated annually with TFM, where treatments effectively remove most, but not all, larval sea lamprey. We developed an eco-genetic model of sea lamprey to examine factors affecting the evolution of resistance and found that resistance alleles rapidly rise to fixation after 40-80 years of treatment, despite the species' relatively long generation time (4-7 years). The absence of natal homing allows resistant individuals to spread quickly throughout the entire system, but also makes the early detection of resistance challenging. High costs of resistance and density independent reproduction can delay, but not prevent, the onset of resistance. These results illustrate that sea lamprey have the potential to evolve resistance to their primary control agent in the near future, highlighting the urgent need for alternative controls.}, }
@article {pmid31795249, year = {2019}, author = {Yuval, B and Lahuatte, P and Jose, PA and Causton, CE and Jurkevitch, E and Kouloussis, N and Ben-Yosef, M}, title = {Behavioral Responses of the Invasive Fly Philornis downsi to Stimuli from Bacteria and Yeast in the Laboratory and the Field in the Galapagos Islands.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {31795249}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2016046//United States - Israel Binational Science Foundation/ ; Galapagos Conservancy//Galapagos Conservancy/ ; Lindblad Expeditions-National Geographic//Lindblad Expeditions-National Geographic/ ; }, abstract = {Philornis downsi Dodge and Aitken (Diptera: Muscidae) is an avian parasitic fly that has invaded the Galapagos archipelago and exerts an onerous burden on populations of endemic land birds. As part of an ongoing effort to develop tools for the integrated management of this fly, our objective was to determine its long- and short-range responses to bacterial and fungal cues associated with adult P. downsi. We hypothesized that the bacterial and fungal communities would elicit attraction at distance through volatiles, and appetitive responses upon contact. Accordingly, we amplified bacteria from guts of adult field-caught flies and from bird feces, and yeasts from fermenting papaya juice (a known attractant of P. downsi), on selective growth media, and assayed the response of flies to these microbes or their exudates. In the field, we baited traps with bacteria or yeast and monitored adult fly attraction. In the laboratory, we used the proboscis extension response (PER) to determine the sensitivity of males and females to tarsal contact with bacteria or yeast. Long range trapping efforts yielded two female flies over 112 trap-nights (attracted by bacteria from bird feces and from the gut of adult flies). In the laboratory, tarsal contact with stimuli from gut bacteria elicited significantly more responses than did yeast stimuli. We discuss the significance of these findings in context with other studies in the field and identify targets for future work.}, }
@article {pmid31794557, year = {2019}, author = {Rossi, F and Viejo, RM and Duarte, L and Vaz-Pinto, F and Gestoso, I and Olabarria, C}, title = {Removal of an established invader can change gross primary production of native macroalgae and alter carbon flow in intertidal rock pools.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {e0217121}, pmid = {31794557}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Carbon/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Microalgae/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Sargassum/physiology ; Seawater/analysis/chemistry ; Seaweed/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Spain ; }, abstract = {The impact of invasive species on recipient communities can vary with environmental context and across levels of biological complexity. We investigated how an established invasive seaweed species affected the biomass, eco-physiology, carbon and nitrogen storage capacity of native seaweeds at sites with a different environmental setting due to a persistent upwelling in northern Spain. We removed the invasive Japanese wireweed Sargassum muticum from intertidal rock pools once every month during a one-year period and used an in-situ stable isotope pulse-chase labeling to estimate gross primary production (GPP), nitrogen uptake rate, 13C-carbon and 15N-nitrogen storage capacities. Following the addition of 13C-enriched bicarbonate and 15N-enriched nitrate to the seawater in the rock pools during the period of the low tide, we sampled macroalgal thalli at incoming tide to determine label uptake rate. After four days, we sampled macroalgal assemblages to determine both label storage capacity and biomass. After one year of removal there was no change in the macroalgal assemblage. However, both the GPP and 13C-carbon storage capacity were higher in the turf-forming Corallina spp. and, sometimes, in the canopy-forming Bifurcaria bifurcata. Nitrogen uptake rate followed similar, but more variable results. Although S. muticum inhibited carbon storage capacity of native species, the assemblage-level 13C-carbon storage was similar in the S. muticum-removed and control rock pools because the presence of the invasive species compensated for the functional loss of native species, particularly at sites where it was most abundant. No obvious effects were observed in relation to the environmental setting. Overall, the effect of the invasive S. muticum on carbon flow appeared to be mediated both by the effects on resource-use efficiency of native species and by its own biomass. Integrating physiological and assemblage-level responses can provide a broad understanding of how invasive species affect recipient communities and ecosystem functioning.}, }
@article {pmid31792797, year = {2020}, author = {Wasowicz, P and Sennikov, AN and Westergaard, KB and Spellman, K and Carlson, M and Gillespie, LJ and Saarela, JM and Seefeldt, SS and Bennett, B and Bay, C and Ickert-Bond, S and Väre, H}, title = {Non-native vascular flora of the Arctic: Taxonomic richness, distribution and pathways.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {49}, number = {3}, pages = {693-703}, pmid = {31792797}, issn = {1654-7209}, mesh = {Arctic Regions ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {We present a comprehensive list of non-native vascular plants known from the Arctic, explore their geographic distribution, analyze the extent of naturalization and invasion among 23 subregions of the Arctic, and examine pathways of introductions. The presence of 341 non-native taxa in the Arctic was confirmed, of which 188 are naturalized in at least one of the 23 regions. A small number of taxa (11) are considered invasive; these plants are known from just three regions. In several Arctic regions there are no naturalized non-native taxa recorded and the majority of Arctic regions have a low number of naturalized taxa. Analyses of the non-native vascular plant flora identified two main biogeographic clusters within the Arctic: American and Asiatic. Among all pathways, seed contamination and transport by vehicles have contributed the most to non-native plant introduction in the Arctic.}, }
@article {pmid31792774, year = {2020}, author = {Nędzarek, A and Czerniejewski, P and Tórz, A}, title = {Macroelements and Trace Elements in Invasive Signal Crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) from the Wieprza River (Southern Baltic): Human Health Implications.}, journal = {Biological trace element research}, volume = {197}, number = {1}, pages = {304-315}, doi = {10.1007/s12011-019-01978-y}, pmid = {31792774}, issn = {1559-0720}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea ; Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Poland ; Rivers ; Seafood ; *Trace Elements/analysis ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) is an invasive species displacing native European crayfish from their natural habitats. The elemental composition of the population from the southern Baltic coastal river and the potential health hazards are not known. The aim of the conducted research was to assess the quantitative content of Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn in meat, hepatopancreas, and exoskeleton in a population from Wieprza River (Poland) and compare the results with the recommendations of daily human consumption. Analysis also involved the composition of water and sediments. The concentrations of elements were analyzed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of elements in the signal crayfish was much higher from water than from sediments. Bioaccumulation of elements differed between the particular parts of the body of crayfish, e.g., Ca showed extreme predominance in the exoskeleton, while in meat exhibited a predominance of K, Na, Ca, and Mg. Among trace elements, crayfish meat was the richest in Zn, Cu, and Fe. The concentrations of non-essential Cd, Pb, and As were low compared to other determined elements. The highest concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Se were found in the hepatopancreas, while the highest levels of Al and Pb were found in the exoskeleton. Generally, it was found that the meat of P. leniusculus can be a perfect supplement to the human diet, and the consumption of 100 g of meat per day did not exceed the dietary reference values for essential elements and also for Al, As, Cd, Ni, and Pb.}, }
@article {pmid31792607, year = {2020}, author = {Liao, ZY and Scheepens, JF and Li, QM and Wang, WB and Feng, YL and Zheng, YL}, title = {Founder effects, post-introduction evolution and phenotypic plasticity contribute to invasion success of a genetically impoverished invader.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {192}, number = {1}, pages = {105-118}, pmid = {31792607}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {2017YFC1200101//the National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 2016YFC1201100//the National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 31500463//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31470575//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31670545//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31270582//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 201504910498//the China Scholarship Council/ ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; *Founder Effect ; Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Multiple mechanisms may act synergistically to promote success of invasive plants. Here, we tested the roles of three non-mutually exclusive mechanisms-founder effects, post-introduction evolution and phenotypic plasticity-in promoting invasion of Chromolaena odorata. We performed a common garden experiment to investigate phenotypic diversification and phenotypic plasticity of the genetically impoverished invader in response to two rainfall treatments (ambient and 50% rainfall). We used ancestor-descendant comparisons to determine post-introduction evolution and the QST-FST approach to estimate past selection on phenotypic traits. We found that eight traits differed significantly between plants from the invasive versus native ranges, for two of which founder effects can be inferred and for six of which post-introduction evolution can be inferred. The invader experienced strong diversifying selection in the invasive range and showed clinal variations in six traits along water and/or temperature gradients. These clinal variations are likely attributed to post-introduction evolution rather than multiple introductions of pre-adapted genotypes, as most of the clinal variations were absent or in opposite directions from those for native populations. Compared with populations, rainfall treatments explained only small proportions of total variations in all studied traits for plants from both ranges, highlighting the importance of heritable phenotypic differentiation. In addition, phenotypic plasticity was similar for plants from both ranges although neutral genetic diversity was much lower for plants from the invasive range. Our results showed that founder effects, post-introduction evolution and phenotypic plasticity may function synergistically in promoting invasion success of C. odorata.}, }
@article {pmid31791790, year = {2020}, author = {Tang, F and Kemp, JS and Aldridge, DC}, title = {Life on the edge: Compensatory growth and feeding rates at environmental extremes mediates potential ecosystem engineering by an invasive bivalve.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {706}, number = {}, pages = {135741}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135741}, pmid = {31791790}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Saline Waters ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Invasive non-native species (INNS) with marine or brackish origins have become increasingly common occupying freshwater habitats. The transition of INNS from marine or brackish water into physiologically stressful freshwater environments may be facilitated by compensatory growth and elevated feeding rates. In this study, we investigate the capacity of the Gulf wedge clam (Rangia cuneata), a brackish NNS that is spreading quickly across European waterways, to survive in freshwater conditions and consider its resultant impacts as an ecosystem engineer. To investigate the performance of R. cuneata under freshwater conditions, we compared the population structure, the physiological condition, and the growth of R. cuneata collected from its distributional limits in Great Britain. Feeding rate of R. cuneata was quantified by conducting a reciprocal transfer experiment with a two-way factorial design on individuals obtained from the freshwater and saline extremes. R. cuneata density was almost 10-fold higher at its most saline distributional limit (213 individual m[-][2], 3.1‰) compared to its most freshwater limit (22 individuals m[-][2], 1.2‰). The impaired physiological condition (18.7% lower relative soft tissue mass and 26.4% lower shell mass) and the lack of juvenile individuals also suggests that the R. cuneata inhabiting the freshwater extreme may not be able to maintain a persistent population over the long term. Although R. cuneata at its freshwater extreme were under stress, the per capita impacts caused by these individuals were not weakened at the suboptimal conditions, evidenced by their elevated growth and over four times as high relative clearance rate (0.28 L[-][1] g[-][1] h[-][1]) compared to those from the saline limit (0.06 L[-][1] g[-][1] h[-][1]). This study demonstrates that under suboptimal conditions, the physiological responses of INNS may result in elevated per capita effects which may lead to unexpected or under-estimated impacts on recipient ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid31791783, year = {2020}, author = {Meza-Lopez, MM and Siemann, E}, title = {Warming alone increased exotic snail reproduction and together with eutrophication influenced snail growth in native wetlands but did not impact plants.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {704}, number = {}, pages = {135271}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135271}, pmid = {31791783}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Phenomena ; Biomass ; Eutrophication ; Food ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; Reproduction ; *Snails ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Warming and eutrophication can have varying effects on exotic species performance and their interactions. These effects can vary with trophic level, but are rarely investigated simultaneously on exotic species from multiple trophic levels. To address this, we manipulated temperature, nutrients, and plant origin (native vs. exotic) in snail invaded wetland communities. Warming increased exotic apple snail (Pomacea maculata) reproduction (4-fold increase in egg mass) and also number of egg clutches produced while warming slowed exotic snail growth, suggesting a trade-off between reproduction and growth in exotic snails influenced by warming and nutrients. However, exotic snail size varied with warming and nutrients. Additionally, warming reduced native plant mass with no effect on exotic plants while nutrients had greater positive effects on exotic plants biomass. In combination warming and nutrient enrichment will likely increase exotic snail growth, while nutrient enrichment alone will contribute to exotic plant dominance. In conclusion, the individual and interactive effects of warming and eutrophication vary with the trophic level of exotic species with trade-offs in exotic herbivores depending on environmental conditions, making it difficult to predict effects of multiple anthropogenic factors on co-occurring exotic plants and their effects on native communities.}, }
@article {pmid31791782, year = {2020}, author = {Everard, M}, title = {Can management of 'thirsty' alien trees improve water security in semi-arid India?.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {704}, number = {}, pages = {135451}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135451}, pmid = {31791782}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Climate ; Ecosystem ; Eucalyptus ; Forestry/*methods ; India ; *Introduced Species ; Seasons ; *Trees ; *Water Supply ; }, abstract = {Arid and semi-arid regions of central India receive scarce and episodic precipitation during the short monsoon season, and also experience substantial evaporation. Traditional and innovative water harvesting and governance practices improve water stewardship, or abate some impacts of intensive mechanised water extraction. However, significant numbers of alien trees, in particular Eucalyptus species with high water demands, populate some regions practicing progressive water stewardship. The water demands of these trees can potentially undermine efforts to achieve water security. Through interviews with community leaders in Indian villages with differing eucalyptus tree densities, water loss through evapotranspiration compared with livelihood demands was approximated. Literature review of the water demands and ecosystem services provided respectively by alien eucalypts and native, culturally valued neem trees supports assessment of the likely benefits and acceptability of a replacement programme favouring native trees. Although data limitations mean that the findings of this study are necessarily uncertain, they nonetheless illustrate the likely scale of impact, substantiating the case for alien tree management as an important contribution to water security. Alien vegetation management practices as a contribution to water security are already firmly established in South Africa, and are likely to yield equivalent benefits if translated to dryland India.}, }
@article {pmid31790870, year = {2020}, author = {Tyner, EH and Boyer, TA}, title = {Applying best-worst scaling to rank ecosystem and economic benefits of restoration and conservation in the Great Lakes.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {255}, number = {}, pages = {109888}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109888}, pmid = {31790870}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency ; }, abstract = {Since 2010, over $2.4 billion in public funds have been invested in the cleanup and restoration of the Great Lakes Basin through the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative. Efforts have targeted restoration of Areas of Concern and other degraded sites. While the ecological benefits of Great Lakes restoration have been highlighted by the Environmental Protection Agency, and the economic benefits studied by the binational International Joint Commission, public preferences for Great Lakes conservation and restoration have not been well studied. Using best-worst scaling and a seven-preference choice set, 1,215 Basin residents quantitatively ranked their preferred reasons to restore and conserve Great Lakes shorelines and waterways, with a focus on restoration at Areas of Concern and National Park Service sites. The analysis shows the most preferred reason for restoration and conservation is to promote human health, followed by the protection of native species, and the prevention of new invasive species from entering the Great Lakes. The least preferred reason for restoration and conservation is to improve local property values. Although respondents' top reason was human-centered, respondents' preferred ecosystem conservation over the benefits of economic revitalization, recreational use, and improved property values. Preferences analyzed by gender, income, and home location followed these same rankings. Preferences for habitat restoration and the prevention of invasive species align with the focus areas guiding the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, providing evidence of public support for this expansive, publicly funded restoration effort.}, }
@article {pmid31789228, year = {2019}, author = {Litmer, AR and Murray, CM}, title = {Critical thermal tolerance of invasion: Comparative niche breadth of two invasive lizards.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {86}, number = {}, pages = {102432}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102432}, pmid = {31789228}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/*physiology ; Temperature ; *Thermotolerance ; }, abstract = {Understanding the evolution of thermal tolerance in ectotherms is particularly important given the current period of rapid change in the environment and thermal climate. Specifically, introduced species have the potential to evolve different thermal tolerances than native populations due to rapid evolution and novel selection pressures. Our study examined critical thermal tolerance in two introduced lizard species, the European wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) in Ohio and Kentucky, and the Mediterranean gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus) from Texas through Alabama. We tested the hypotheses that critical thermal maximum, minimum, and breadth varies among introduced populations of P. muralis and H. turcicus, and that critical thermal tolerance broadens when moving away from the introduction site, because dispersal across novel environments may remove dispersers with narrow thermal tolerances. We found that among P. muralis populations, CTmin and thermal breadth were significantly different. Specifically, when moving away from the introduction site, lizards exhibited increased cold tolerance and broader thermal breadth. Variability in thermal parameters were also lowest at the site closest to the introduction point in P. muralis. In contrast, H. turcicus had no significant differences in critical thermal minimum, maximum, or breadth among sites, or with respect to distance from introduction point. However, we did find little variability in thermal maximum, compared to greater variability in overall tolerance and critical thermal minimums. Thus, this study shows that selection on thermal tolerance and dispersal characteristics occur in novel climatic environments. Understanding how thermal tolerance changes over time can aid in predicting establishment and movement of introduced species, with applications for native species during a time of global climatic change.}, }
@article {pmid31789158, year = {2019}, author = {Verlaque, M and Breton, G}, title = {Biological invasion: Long term monitoring of the macroalgal flora of a major European harbor complex.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {143}, number = {}, pages = {228-241}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.038}, pmid = {31789158}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Atlantic Ocean ; Environmental Monitoring ; France ; *Introduced Species ; Pacific Ocean ; *Seaweed ; }, abstract = {The marine macroflora of the ports of Le Havre and Antifer have been studied by citizen scientists since the late 1970s. In addition to analysis of the previous results, the field study was extended from 2010 to 2018. A total of 97 and 62 macroalgae were identified, respectively, including 14 NIS (non-indigenous species), the latter number being certainly an underestimate since microscopic species were not exhaustively sought and given the high number of cryptogenic species encountered. No new primary introduction of NIS for the NE Atlantic has been detected since the late 1970s. The origin of NIS and vector(s) of introduction were investigated. For all NIS, the donor region is the Indo-Pacific. Two likely vectors have been identified: maritime traffic for earlier introductions, and shellfish imports for more recent ones. The role of these ports and maritime traffic in the processes of introduction is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid31788205, year = {2019}, author = {Sherpa, S and Guéguen, M and Renaud, J and Blum, MGB and Gaude, T and Laporte, F and Akiner, M and Alten, B and Aranda, C and Barre-Cardi, H and Bellini, R and Bengoa Paulis, M and Chen, XG and Eritja, R and Flacio, E and Foxi, C and Ishak, IH and Kalan, K and Kasai, S and Montarsi, F and Pajović, I and Petrić, D and Termine, R and Turić, N and Vazquez-Prokopec, GM and Velo, E and Vignjević, G and Zhou, X and Després, L}, title = {Predicting the success of an invader: Niche shift versus niche conservatism.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {22}, pages = {12658-12675}, pmid = {31788205}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive species can encounter environments different from their source populations, which may trigger rapid adaptive changes after introduction (niche shift hypothesis). To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether postintroduction evolution is correlated with contrasting environmental conditions between the European invasive and source ranges in the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus. The comparison of environmental niches occupied in European and source population ranges revealed more than 96% overlap between invasive and source niches, supporting niche conservatism. However, we found evidence for postintroduction genetic evolution by reanalyzing a published ddRADseq genomic dataset from 90 European invasive populations using genotype-environment association (GEA) methods and generalized dissimilarity modeling (GDM). Three loci, among which a putative heat-shock protein, exhibited significant allelic turnover along the gradient of winter precipitation that could be associated with ongoing range expansion. Wing morphometric traits weakly correlated with environmental gradients within Europe, but wing size differed between invasive and source populations located in different climatic areas. Niche similarities between source and invasive ranges might have facilitated the establishment of populations. Nonetheless, we found evidence for environmental-induced adaptive changes after introduction. The ability to rapidly evolve observed in invasive populations (genetic shift) together with a large proportion of unfilled potential suitable areas (80%) pave the way to further spread of Ae. albopictus in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid31788187, year = {2019}, author = {Underwood, EC and Klinger, RC and Brooks, ML}, title = {Effects of invasive plants on fire regimes and postfire vegetation diversity in an arid ecosystem.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {22}, pages = {12421-12435}, pmid = {31788187}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {We assessed the impacts of co-occurring invasive plant species on fire regimes and postfire native communities in the Mojave Desert, western USA. We analyzed the distribution and co-occurrence patterns of three invasive annual grasses (Bromus rubens, Bromus tectorum, and Schismus spp.) known to alter fuel conditions and community structure, and an invasive forb (Erodium cicutarium) which dominates postfire sites. We developed species distribution models (SDMs) for each of the four taxa and analyzed field plot data to assess the relationship between invasives and fire frequency, years postfire, and the impacts on postfire native herbaceous diversity. Most of the Mojave Desert is highly suitable for at least one of the four invasive species, and 76% of the ecoregion is predicted to have high or very high suitability for the joint occurrence of B. rubens and B. tectorum and 42% high or very high suitability for the joint occurrence of the two Bromus species and E. cicutarium. Analysis of cover from plot data indicated two or more of the species occurred in 77% of the plots, with their cover doubling with each additional species. We found invasive cover in burned plots increased for the first 20 years postfire and recorded two to five times more cover in burned than unburned plots. Analysis also indicated that native species diversity and evenness as negatively associated with higher levels of relative cover of the four invasive taxa. Our findings revealed overlapping distributions of the four invasives; a strong relationship between the invasives and fire frequency; and significant negative impacts of invasives on native herbaceous diversity in the Mojave. This suggests predicting the distributions of co-occurring invasive species, especially transformer species, will provide a better understanding of where native-dominated communities are most vulnerable to transformations following fire or other disturbances.}, }
@article {pmid31785285, year = {2020}, author = {García, JA and Rosas, JE and García Y Santos, C and Streitenberger, N and Feijoo, M and Dutra, F}, title = {Senecio spp. transboundary introduction and expansion affecting cattle in Uruguay: Clinico-pathological, epidemiological and genetic survey, and experimental intoxication with Senecio oxyphyllus.}, journal = {Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology}, volume = {173}, number = {}, pages = {68-74}, doi = {10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.11.013}, pmid = {31785285}, issn = {1879-3150}, mesh = {Alkaloids ; Animals ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/*epidemiology ; Health Status ; Introduced Species ; Liver ; Plant Poisoning/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Plants, Toxic ; *Senecio ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Uruguay/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {The genus Senecio is distributed worldwide, being responsible of poisoning in livestock and humans. Many species of Senecio have high invasion and expansion capacity, highly competitive with agricultural and native plant species, causing ecological damage. Particularly in Uruguay, poisoning by Senecio have grown exponentially to reach epidemic proportions. Herein we describe Seneciosis as a re-emerging and expanding epidemic disease affecting cattle, by describing clinico-pathological, epidemiological and genetic variation of species involved, as well as an experimental intoxication with Senecio oxyphyllus. For this, a study was carried out on 28 cattle farms in Eastern Uruguay, with history of seneciosis from 2010 to 2016. Plants of fifty populations of Senecio were sampled, in 2015 and 2016, for identification, analysis of alkaloids and study of genetic variation. In turn, post-mortem examination was performed in cattle of natural and an experimental case to confirm the intoxication, showing microscopic characteristic lesions (hepatomegalocytosis, diffuse fibrosis and ductal reaction). Four species of Senecio were identified: S. oxyphyllus, S. madagascariensis, S. selloi and S. brasiliensis. In the genetic study, 489 molecular markers of amplified sequence-related polymorphisms (SRAP), associated with species and pasture, were used for genetic variation analysis. There was no statistically significant association between genetic variation determined by molecular markers and population (specimens of same species collected from the same farm), botanically determined species, or geographical origin. The increase of seneciosis in cattle in the last years, the presence of species not identified to the moment with implication in the poisoning outbreaks and expansion of these plants shows that the disease is in an epidemic growing active stage. In turn, the experimental poisoning with S. oxyphyllus confirms its chronic hepatotoxic effect, being an emergent species for the region, of high distribution and toxic risk. This latter turned out the main Senecio species involved. This case of expansion of harmful plant for animal production and desirable plant species, can be useful as a model of ecopathological characterization, which is likely to occur with other toxic plants in different geographical ranges globally.}, }
@article {pmid31784553, year = {2019}, author = {Milardi, M and Gavioli, A and Soininen, J and Castaldelli, G}, title = {Exotic species invasions undermine regional functional diversity of freshwater fish.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {17921}, pmid = {31784553}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Fishes/*physiology ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Statistical ; }, abstract = {Exotic species invasions often result in native biodiversity loss, i.e. a lower taxonomic diversity, but current knowledge on invasions effects underlined a potential increase of functional diversity. We thus explored the connections between functional diversity and exotic species invasions, while accounting for their environmental drivers, using a fine-resolution large dataset of Mediterranean stream fish communities. While functional diversity of native and exotic species responded similarly to most environmental constraints, we found significant differences in the effects of altitude and in the different ranking of constraints. These differences suggest that invasion dynamics could play a role in overriding some major environmental drivers. Our results also showed that a lower diversity of ecological traits in communities (about half of less disturbed communities) corresponded to a high invasion degree, and that the exotic component of communities had typically less diverse ecological traits than the native one, even when accounting for stream order and species richness. Overall, our results suggest that possible outcomes of severe exotic species invasions could include a reduced functional diversity of invaded communities, but analyzing data with finer ecological, temporal and spatial resolutions would be needed to pinpoint the causal relationship between invasions and functional diversity.}, }
@article {pmid31783897, year = {2019}, author = {Hoy, MS and Ostberg, CO}, title = {Development of a quantitative PCR assay for detection of redside shiner (Richardsonius balteatus) from environmental DNA.}, journal = {BMC research notes}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {782}, pmid = {31783897}, issn = {1756-0500}, support = {#18WNTAAYD00SCL//Seattle City Light/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Assay ; Cyprinidae/*genetics ; DNA, Environmental/*analysis ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sympatry/genetics ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: A quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for the detection of redside shiner (Richardsonius balteatus) environmental DNA (eDNA) was designed as a side product of a larger project aimed at using eDNA to determine the presence and geographic extent of native and non-native fishes in the reservoirs and associated tributaries above the three mainstem dams (Ross, Diablo, Gorge) on the Skagit River, Washington, USA. The eDNA survey results can be used to help guide additional sampling efforts that include traditional sampling methods, such as electrofishing and netting.<br><br>RESULTS: The redside shiner qPCR assay (RSSCOI_540-601) was validated by testing for sensitivity using redside shiner genomic DNA from three different populations and by testing for specificity against 30 potentially sympatric species. No non-target amplification was observed in our validation tests. We then evaluated the assay on field-collected water samples where there are known populations of redside shiner and a negative control site where the target species is known to be absent. The field-collected water samples tested positive at the redside shiner sites and tested negative at the negative control site. The assay could provide resource managers with an effective means for surveying and monitoring redside shiner populations.}, }
@article {pmid31783440, year = {2020}, author = {Gomes-Silva, G and Pereira, BB and Liu, K and Chen, B and Santos, VSV and de Menezes, GHT and Pires, LP and Santos, BMT and Oliveira, DM and Machado, PHA and de Oliveira Júnior, RJ and de Oliveira, AMM and Plath, M}, title = {Using native and invasive livebearing fishes (Poeciliidae, Teleostei) for the integrated biological assessment of pollution in urban streams.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {698}, number = {}, pages = {134336}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134336}, pmid = {31783440}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Cyprinodontiformes ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes ; Geologic Sediments ; Metals, Heavy/*analysis ; Poecilia ; Rivers ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are increasingly replacing native species, especially in anthropogenically transformed or polluted habitats. This opens the possibility to use invasive species as indicator taxa for the biological assessment of pollution. Integrated biological assessment, however, additionally relies on the application of multiple approaches to quantify physiological or cytogenetic responses to pollution within the same focal species. This is challenging when species are restricted to either polluted or unpolluted sites. Here, we make use of a small group of neotropical livebearing fishes (family Poeciliidae) for the integrated biological assessment of water quality. Comparing urban and suburban stream sections that receive varying degrees of pollution from industrial and domestic waste waters in and around the Brazilian city of Uberlândia, we demonstrate that two members of this family may indeed serve as indicators of water pollution levels. The native species Phalloceros caudimaculatus appears to be replaced by invasive guppies (Poecilia reticulata) at heavily polluted sites. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that both species could be used for the assessment of bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, and Cr). Ambient (sediment) concentrations predicted concentrations in somatic tissue across species (R[2]-values between 0.74 and 0.96). Moreover, we used cytogenetic methods to provide an estimate of genotoxic effects of water pollution and found pollution levels (multiple variables, condensed into principal components) to predict the occurrence of nuclear abnormalities (e.g., frequencies of micro-nucleated cells) across species (R[2] between 0.69 and 0.83). The occurrence of poeciliid fishes in urban and polluted environments renders this family a prime group of focal organisms for biological water quality monitoring and assessment. Both species could be used interchangeably to assess genotoxic effects of water pollution, which may facilitate future comparative analyses over extensive geographic scales, as members of the family Poeciliidae have become invasive in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid31783237, year = {2020}, author = {Boll, PK and Marques, D and Leal-Zanchet, AM}, title = {Mind the food: Survival, growth and fecundity of a Neotropical land planarian (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) under different diets.}, journal = {Zoology (Jena, Germany)}, volume = {138}, number = {}, pages = {125722}, doi = {10.1016/j.zool.2019.125722}, pmid = {31783237}, issn = {1873-2720}, mesh = {Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Diet ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Food ; Planarians/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; }, abstract = {Although most land planarians are sensitive to environmental changes, some species are well adapted to human-disturbed areas and are easily transported to new places, having the potential to threaten native ecosystems. We investigated growth and survival in a land planarian common in human-disturbed areas in southern Brazil. Specimens of Obama anthropophila were divided into three groups that received different diets: (1) only the land planarian Luteostriata abundans (N=13), (2) only the slug Deroceras leave (N=12), and (3) alternating both prey types (N=13). We monitored the weight of the specimens for a month and counted and weighed egg capsules. Planarians receiving a mixed diet tended to survive less than the groups receiving a single prey type; there were significant differences between those feeding on D. laeve and the other groups. Planarians with the mixed diet ate L. abundans more often than D. laeve, and those feeding only on L. abundans tended to eat more than the other groups. Most egg capsules were laid by specimens with a diet based on D. laeve but the mixed-diet group laid heavier capsules. Both prey species are suitable as food for O. anthropophila, although it prefers planarians when both food items are available. The constant alternation between food items seems to have adverse effects, perhaps related to physiological changes to digest different food items. The heavier egg capsules of the mixed-diet group, considering its lower survival, suggest terminal investment, i.e., an increased reproductive effort when approaching death. The ability to feed on both snails and planarians, combined with its proximity to humans, make O. anthropophila a potentially invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid31783203, year = {2020}, author = {Zunzunegui, M and Ruiz-Valdepeñas, E and Sert, MA and Díaz-Barradas, MC and Gallego-Fernández, JB}, title = {Field comparison of ecophysiological traits between an invader and a native species in a Mediterranean coastal dune.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {146}, number = {}, pages = {278-286}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.11.032}, pmid = {31783203}, issn = {1873-2690}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves ; Soil ; Spain ; Water ; }, abstract = {Photochemical efficiency, gas exchange, leaf water potential, pigment content and free proline content of Oenothera drummondii subsp. drummondii Hook (an invasive non-native species) and Achillea maritima (L.) Ehrend. &amp; Y.P. Guo, (an ecologically similar native species) were explored to understand the success of invasive non-native species in Mediterranean coastal dunes of southwest Spain. We have conducted a field study during a complete annual cycle, comparing both species. Fifteen pairs of neighbouring plants of the two study species of similar size were selected and measured seasonally. The results show that in spring and summer, assimilation rates of O. drummondii were significantly higher than those of the native, A. maritime, even though the native species had higher photochemical efficiency. Additionally, the non-native species presented better water content regulation than the native one, surely related to better water use efficiency and maybe linked to greater root development. The differences in leaf dry matter content values for both species might indicate a different strategy of resource use; with A. maritima displaying a more conservative strategy and O. drummondii presenting a rapid resources acquisition and use strategy as predictors of rapid growth and soil fertility. We conclude that O. drummondii utilizes light, water and probably nutrients more efficiently than the native A. maritima and suffers lower stress in Mediterranean coastal dunes where water availability is reduced (44 mm from May to October in the study area) and light radiation levels are high.}, }
@article {pmid31782807, year = {2020}, author = {Gallego-Tévar, B and Peinado-Torrubia, P and Álvarez, R and Gandullo, J and Grewell, BJ and Figueroa, E and Castillo, JM}, title = {Changes to the functional traits of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase following hybridization in C-4 halophytes.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {169}, number = {1}, pages = {83-98}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.13053}, pmid = {31782807}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {58-2030-6-043-F//United State Department of Agriculture/ ; research contract (V Plan Propio de Investigaci&#xf3;n//Universidad de Sevilla/ ; }, mesh = {Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase/*physiology ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves ; Poaceae/*enzymology ; Salt-Tolerant Plants/*enzymology ; }, abstract = {Hybridization is a relevant evolutionary mechanism linked to the invasiveness of plant species, but little is known about its effect on enzymatic activities in response to stress. We analyzed the effects of salinity on key mechanistic traits of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) enzyme for two hybrid taxa derived from native Spartina maritima (Curtis) Fernald and invasive Spartina densiflora Brongn. in comparison with their parental species. Parental species showed contrasted strategies at the PEPC level to cope with salinity. Spartina maritima showed its physiological optimum at 10 to 40 ppt salinity, with high PEPC activity (per unit leaf soluble protein), in contrast to the lower salinity optimum of 0.5 and 10 ppt for S. densiflora, where highest levels of PEPC apparent specific activity coincided with high light-induced activation of PEPC. Both hybrids showed constant PEPC apparent specific activity from fresh water to hypersalinity and exhibited higher net photosynthesis rates in fresh water than their parents. Spartina maritima × densiflora presented three transgressive PEPC-related traits, being the only taxon able to increase its PEPC activation in darkness at high salinity. Spartina densiflora × maritima showed most PEPC-related traits intermediate between its parents. Inheritance types operating differently in reciprocal hybrids determine key functional traits conditioning their ecological performance.}, }
@article {pmid31780688, year = {2019}, author = {Chen, JY and Chang, YW and Tang, XT and Zheng, SZ and Du, YZ}, title = {Population genetics of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and comparison with four Liriomyza species in China based on COI, EF-1a and microsatellites loci.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {17856}, pmid = {31780688}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Diptera/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; Insect Proteins/*genetics ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Mutation Rate ; Peptide Elongation Factor 1/*genetics ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Liriomyza is a large genus that includes polyphagous and invasive species (L. trifolii, L. sativae, and L. huidobrensis), and oligophagous species such as L. Chinensis in China. Effective control of these invasive and oligophagous species is not easy due to the fast invasion rate, interspecific competition, and pesticide resistance. In this study, we investigated population genetics of five Liriomyza species L. trifolii, L. sativae, L. huidobrensis, L. bryoniae, and L. chinensis based on COI and EF-1a genes, and microsatellite DNA. These five Liriomyza species revealed highly conservative characteristics in the COI gene among populations collected from different geographical regions and host plants. By contrast, the mutation rate of the EF-1a gene was higher than COI, and phylogenetic tree based on EF-1a showed that haplotypes of L. trifolii and L. sativae were not distinguished well. Genetic differentiation in microsatellite loci was obvious among the five species. Our results also indicated that geographic isolation had a greater impact on genetic differentiation in L. trifolii than the host plant. Populations of L. trifolii in China showed a high to moderate level of genetic differentiation and they had divided into two groups representing the coastal areas of southern China and northern regions. The genetic diversity of the southern group was higher than the northern group. We speculated that the invasion of L. trifolii likely occurred in southern regions of China and then spread northward. Bottleneck analyses revealed that the L. trifolii population in China was in a steady growth period.}, }
@article {pmid31780090, year = {2020}, author = {Killi, N and Tarkan, AS and Kozic, S and Copp, GH and Davison, PI and Vilizzi, L}, title = {Risk screening of the potential invasiveness of non-native jellyfishes in the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {150}, number = {}, pages = {110728}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110728}, pmid = {31780090}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Risk Assessment ; *Scyphozoa ; }, abstract = {The aim of the present study was to risk screen 45 jellyfish species (30 hydromedusae, 14 scyphomedusae, one cubomedusa) for their potential invasiveness in the Mediterranean Sea to aid managers in making informed decisions on targeting appropriate species for management. Using the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit (AS-ISK), calibrated basic and climate-change threshold assessment scores of 6.5 and 12.5, respectively, were identified for distinguishing reliably between species that pose 'low-to-medium' and 'high' risk of becoming invasive in the risk assessment area. Using these thresholds, 16 species were classified as high risk, 23 as medium risk and six as low risk under current climate conditions. Whereas, under future climate conditions, 13, 30 and two species, respectively, were classified as high, medium and low risk, respectively. Upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda, Australian spotted jellyfish Phyllorhiza punctata, sea nettle Chrysaora quinquecirrha and Rhopilema nomadica were the highest-scoring species, with the maximum increase in risk score under predicted climate change conditions being achieved by C. andromeda.}, }
@article {pmid31780088, year = {2020}, author = {Tempesti, J and Langeneck, J and Maltagliati, F and Castelli, A}, title = {Macrobenthic fouling assemblages and NIS success in a Mediterranean port: The role of use destination.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {150}, number = {}, pages = {110768}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110768}, pmid = {31780088}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; *Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {Macrozoobenthic fouling assemblages were studied in the port area of Livorno, focusing on the occurrence of non-indigenous species (NIS). Sampling was carried out at ten sites characterised by different anthropic impacts related to their use destination. Among the 262 species identified, twenty-six were alien or cryptogenic, seventeen of which were new records for the study area, confirming the role of the port of Livorno as a hotspot of NIS introduction. Multivariate analyses highlighted a strong influence of the use destination on the diversity of macrozoobenthic communities. Even though the majority of transoceanic maritime traffic from and to Livorno pertains to the commercial harbour, the touristic harbour hosted the highest number of NIS, possibly because of secondary spread from other Mediterranean ports. The ALien Biotic IndEX (ALEX) identified all sites as high or good environmental status, but the large number of NIS detected suggests caution about their impact and further spread.}, }
@article {pmid31779143, year = {2019}, author = {Korell, L and Schädler, M and Brandl, R and Schreiter, S and Auge, H}, title = {Release from Above- and Belowground Insect Herbivory Mediates Invasion Dynamics and Impact of an Exotic Plant.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {31779143}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {The enemy-release hypothesis is one of the most popular but also most discussed hypotheses to explain invasion success. However, there is a lack of explicit, experimental tests of predictions of the enemy-release hypothesis (ERH), particularly regarding the effects of above- and belowground herbivory. Long-term studies investigating the relative effect of herbivores on invasive vs. native plant species within a community are still lacking. Here, we report on a long-term field experiment in an old-field community, invaded by Solidago canadensis s. l., with exclusion of above- and belowground insect herbivores. We monitored population dynamics of the invader and changes in the diversity and functioning of the plant community across eight years. Above- and belowground insects favoured the establishment of the invasive plant species and thereby increased biomass and decreased diversity of the plant community. Effects of invertebrate herbivores on population dynamics of S. canadensis appeared after six years and increased over time, suggesting that long-term studies are needed to understand invasion dynamics and consequences for plant community structure. We suggest that the release from co-evolved trophic linkages is of importance not only for the effect of invasive species on ecosystems, but also for the functioning of novel species assemblages arising from climate change.}, }
@article {pmid31777433, year = {2019}, author = {Larson, DJ and Scudder, GGE}, title = {Scolopostethus affinis (Schilling) (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Rhyparochromidae, Drymini): a new alien established in North America.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {889}, number = {}, pages = {17-22}, pmid = {31777433}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Scolopostethus affinis, a species native to the Palearctic region, is reported from two localities in Montreal, Quebec. The species appears established and breeding in Quebec and is a new alien species in North America. A description of S. affinis is given, with illustrations, and details of the life cycle and diagnostic characters.}, }
@article {pmid31777184, year = {2020}, author = {Laitman, JT and Albertine, KH}, title = {The Anatomical Record Uncovers Nature's Extreme Species and How They Have Survived in a Novel Two-Volume Special Issue.}, journal = {Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)}, volume = {303}, number = {1}, pages = {7-9}, doi = {10.1002/ar.24297}, pmid = {31777184}, issn = {1932-8494}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Environment ; *Introduced Species ; Mammals/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; }, }
@article {pmid31773813, year = {2020}, author = {Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and Essl, F and Jeschke, JM and Courchamp, F and Geist, J and Hejda, M and Kowarik, I and Mill, A and Musseau, C and Pipek, P and Saul, WC and von Schmalensee, M and Strayer, D}, title = {Need for routine tracking of biological invasions.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {34}, number = {5}, pages = {1311-1314}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13445}, pmid = {31773813}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecology ; Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid31773308, year = {2020}, author = {Kerkow, A and Wieland, R and Früh, L and Hölker, F and Jeschke, JM and Werner, D and Kampen, H}, title = {Can data from native mosquitoes support determining invasive species habitats? Modelling the climatic niche of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera, Culicidae) in Germany.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {119}, number = {1}, pages = {31-42}, pmid = {31773308}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Germany ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/*physiology ; Support Vector Machine ; }, abstract = {Invasive mosquito species and the pathogens they transmit represent a serious health risk to both humans and animals. Thus, predictions on their potential geographic distribution are urgently needed. In the case of a recently invaded region, only a small number of occurrence data is typically available for analysis, and absence data are not reliable. To overcome this problem, we have tested whether it is possible to determine the climatic ecological niche of an invasive mosquito species by using both the occurrence data of other, native species and machine learning. The approach is based on a support vector machine and in this scenario applied to the Asian bush mosquito (Aedes japonicus japonicus) in Germany. Presence data for this species (recorded in the Germany since 2008) as well as for three native mosquito species were used to model the potential distribution of the invasive species. We trained the model with data collected from 2011 to 2014 and compared our predicted occurrence probabilities for 2015 with observations found in the field throughout 2015 to evaluate our approach. The prediction map showed a high degree of concordance with the field data. We applied the model to medium climate conditions at an early stage of the invasion (2011-2015), and developed an explanation for declining population densities in an area in northern Germany. In addition to the already known distribution areas, our model also indicates a possible spread to Saarland, southwestern Rhineland-Palatinate and in 2015 to southern Bavaria, where the species is now being increasingly detected. However, there is also evidence that the possible distribution area under the mean climate conditions was underestimated.}, }
@article {pmid31772838, year = {2019}, author = {Rolla, M and Consuegra, S and Carrington, E and Hall, DJ and Garcia de Leaniz, C}, title = {Experimental evidence of chemical attraction in the mutualistic zebra mussel-killer shrimp system.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e8075}, pmid = {31772838}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Invasion facilitation, whereby one species has a positive effect on the establishment of another species, could help explain the rapid colonisation shown by some freshwater invasive species, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We employed two-choice test arenas to test whether the presence of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) could facilitate the establishment of the killer shrimp (Dikerogammarus villosus). Killer shrimp preferred to settle on mats of zebra mussel, but this was unrelated to mat size, and was not different from attraction shown to artificial grass, suggesting that zebra mussel primarily provides substrate and refuge to the killer shrimp. Killer shrimp were strongly attracted to water scented by zebra mussel, but not to water scented by fish. Chemical attraction to the zebra mussel's scent did not differ between sympatric and allopatric populations of killer shrimp, suggesting that chemical attraction is not an acquired or learned trait. Our study shows, for the first time, chemical attraction between two highly invasive freshwater species, thereby providing a plausible mechanism for invasion facilitation. This has implications for managing the spread of killer shrimp, and perhaps other freshwater invasive species, because chemical attraction could significantly increase establishment success in mutualistic systems. Failure to consider invasion facilitation may underestimate the risk of establishment, and likely also the impact of some aquatic invaders.}, }
@article {pmid31769024, year = {2021}, author = {Jerde, CL}, title = {Can we manage fisheries with the inherent uncertainty from eDNA?.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {98}, number = {2}, pages = {341-353}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14218}, pmid = {31769024}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//This work was partially supported by USAID (AID-OAA-A-16-00057)./ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*standards ; DNA, Environmental/*chemistry/genetics ; Environmental Monitoring/*standards ; Fisheries/*standards ; Fishes/*genetics ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Environmental (e)DNA, as a general approach in aquatic systems, seeks to connect the presence of species' genetic material in the water and hence to infer the species' physical presence. However, fisheries managers face making decisions with risk and uncertainty when eDNA indicates a fish is present but traditional methods fail to capture the fish. In comparison with traditional methods such as nets, electrofishing and piscicides, eDNA approaches have more sources of underlying error that could give rise to false positives. This has resulted in some managers to question whether eDNA can be used to make management decisions because there is no fish in hand. As a relatively new approach, the methods and techniques have quickly evolved to improve confidence in eDNA. By evaluating an eDNA based research programmes through the pattern of the eDNA signal, assay design, experimental design, quality assurance and quality control checks, data analyses and concurrent search for fish using traditional gears, the evidence for fish presence can be evaluated to build confidence in the eDNA approach. The benefits for fisheries management from adopting an eDNA approach are numerous but include cost effectiveness, broader geographic coverage of habitat occupancy, early detection of invasive species, non-lethal stock assessments, exploration of previously inaccessible aquatic environments and discovery of new species hidden beneath the water's surface. At a time when global freshwater and marine fisheries are facing growing threats from over-harvest, pollution and climate change, we anticipate that growing confidence in eDNA will overcome the inherent uncertainty of not having a fish in hand and will empower the informed management actions necessary to protect and restore our fisheries.}, }
@article {pmid31762869, year = {2019}, author = {Murphy, CA and Taylor, G and Pierce, T and Arismendi, I and Johnson, SL}, title = {Short-term reservoir draining to streambed for juvenile salmon passage and non-native fish removal.}, journal = {Ecohydrology : ecosystems, land and water process interactions, ecohydrogeomorphology}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {e2096}, pmid = {31762869}, issn = {1936-0584}, abstract = {Fish passage out of reservoirs is a critical issue for downstream movement of juvenile salmonids and other migratory species. Reservoirs can delay downstream migrations by juvenile salmon for months or years. Here, we examine whether a novel management activity implementing annual short-term draining of a reservoir to streambed improves timely downstream migration of juvenile salmonids. We analyse 12 years of fish capture data from a screw trap located downstream of Fall Creek Reservoir (Oregon, USA) to examine changes in timing of passage out of the reservoir and to compare fish species composition pre- and post-draining. We observed a contraction in the timing of downstream migration for juvenile Chinook Salmon and reduction of yearlings in years following draining. We suggest that briefly draining the reservoir to streambed leads to reduced abundance of warm-water invasive fishes in the reservoir after it refills. These changes could decrease predation and shift competition between invasive and resident riverine-adapted native fishes in the reservoir. Collectively, our findings suggest that this low-cost reservoir management option may improve passage and connectivity for juvenile Chinook Salmon while also decreasing the abundance of invasive fish species in the reservoir. This case study underscores the crucial need for further evaluations of reservoir draining in other systems and contexts.}, }
@article {pmid31762161, year = {2020}, author = {Cui, Y and Ren, YD and Lyu, M and Zheng, SC and Feng, QL and Xiang, H}, title = {Genomic divergences between the two polyphagous Spodoptera relatives provide cues for successful invasion of the fall armyworm.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {1257-1265}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12738}, pmid = {31762161}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Diet ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genes, Insect ; *Genome ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Selection, Genetic ; Spodoptera/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda recently invaded China, ravaging crops in many provinces. Deciphering the possible genetic basics for its successful invasion is critical for innovative and specific control for this gluttonous pest. Here we generated comparative genomic analyses between S. frugiperda and its native relative, S. litura, which differs in host preference, locomotivity and production behavior. We demonstrated that S. frugiperda genes are enriched in taste sensory perception and nervous system, obviously different from those of S. litura. Potential host adaptation genes showed generally an elevated ratio of non-synonymous substitution rate to synonymous substitution rate, suggesting a faster evolution during the divergence of the two species. Focusing on these sets of genes, we identified 23 genes being under positive selection in S. frugiperda. Among them are two notable genes involved in sensory perception, gustatory receptor (GR) and an acetaldehyde oxidase, which are important for host detection in invasion and expansion processes. Another two genes are mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthase β subunit and ferritin heavy chain, which may be associated with the enhanced locomotivity and resistance, which fascinated long-distance migration needed for invasion and rapid expansion. Another interesting gene is chorion protein, in which positive selection sites in S. frugiperda were found and a replacement in one site is predicted to affect the protein function, which might be associated with competent reproductivity in S. frugiperda to ensure genetic resources for expansion.}, }
@article {pmid31760633, year = {2019}, author = {Howard, PL}, title = {Human adaptation to invasive species: A conceptual framework based on a case study metasynthesis.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {48}, number = {12}, pages = {1401-1430}, pmid = {31760633}, issn = {1654-7209}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Species invasions are a major driver of ecological change, are very difficult to control or reverse, and will increase with climate change and global trade. Invasion sciences consider how species in invaded environments adapt, but neither scientists nor policy makers consider human adaptation to invasive species and how this affects ecosystems and well-being. To address this, a framework conceptualising autochthonous human adaptation to invasions was developed based on the Human Adaptation to Biodiversity Change framework and a case study metasynthesis. Results show that adaptation occurs within different spheres of human activity and organisation at different social-ecological scales; responses have feedbacks within and across these spheres. Adaptation to invasives and other drivers is a set of highly contextual, complex, non-linear responses that make up pathways pursued over time. Most invasive species management and adaptation occurs 'from below,' and policies and planned control efforts should support autochthonous adaptation, rather than undermining it.}, }
@article {pmid31760631, year = {2019}, author = {Howard, PL and Pecl, GT}, title = {Introduction: Autochthonous human adaptation to biodiversity change in the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {48}, number = {12}, pages = {1389-1400}, pmid = {31760631}, issn = {1654-7209}, mesh = {Asia ; *Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Rapid biodiversity change that is already occurring across the globe is accelerating, with major and often negative consequences for human well-being. Biodiversity change is partly driven by climate change, but it has many other interacting drivers that are also driving human adaptation, including invasive species, land-use change, pollution and overexploitation. Humans are adapting to changes in well-being that are related with these biodiversity drivers and other forces and pressures. Adaptation, in turn, has feedbacks both for biodiversity change and human well-being; however, to date, these processes have received little science or policy attention. This Special Issue introduces human adaptation to biodiversity change as a science-policy issue. Research on human adaptation to biodiversity change requires new methods and tools as well as conceptual evolution, as social-ecological systems and environmental change adaptation approaches must be reconsidered when they are applied to different processes and contexts-where biodiversity change drivers are highly significant, where people are responding principally to changes in species, species communities and related ecosystem processes, and where adaptation entails changes in the management of biodiversity and related resource use regimes. The research was carried out in different marine and terrestrial environments across the globe. All of the studies consider adaptation among highly biodiversity-reliant populations, including Indigenous Peoples in the Americas and Europe, farmers in Asia and marine resource users in Europe and the Pacific. The concept of autochthonous adaptation is introduced to specifically address adaptation to environmental change in local systems, which also considers that local adaptation is conditioned by multi-scalar influences and occurs in synergy or conflict with adaptations of other non-local agents and actors who enable or constrain autochthonous adaptation options.}, }
@article {pmid31758645, year = {2020}, author = {Geraldi, NR and Anton, A and Santana-Garcon, J and Bennett, S and Marbà, N and Lovelock, CE and Apostolaki, ET and Cebrian, J and Krause-Jensen, D and Martinetto, P and Pandolfi, JM and Duarte, CM}, title = {Ecological effects of non-native species in marine ecosystems relate to co-occurring anthropogenic pressures.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {1248-1258}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14930}, pmid = {31758645}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//King Abdullah University of Science and Technology/International ; 659246//Horizon 2020 Framework Programme/International ; //Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness/International ; 30728//Agencia Estatal de Investigaci&#xf3;n/International ; 71809//Agencia Estatal de Investigaci&#xf3;n/International ; //Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness/International ; 140100020//ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies/International ; }, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {Predictors for the ecological effects of non-native species are lacking, even though such knowledge is fundamental to manage non-native species and mitigate their impacts. Current theories suggest that the ecological effects of non-native species may be related to other concomitant anthropogenic stressors, but this has not been tested at a global scale. We combine an exhaustive meta-analysis of the ecological effects of marine non-native species with human footprint proxies to determine whether the ecological changes due to non-native species are modulated by co-occurring anthropogenic impacts. We found that non-native species had greater negative effects on native biodiversity where human population was high and caused reductions in individual performance where cumulative human impacts were large. On this basis we identified several marine ecoregions where non-native species may have the greatest ecological effects, including areas in the Mediterranean Sea and along the northwest coast of the United States. In conclusion, our global assessment suggests coexisting anthropogenic impacts can intensify the ecological effects of non-native species.}, }
@article {pmid31758546, year = {2019}, author = {Benoit, LK and Les, DH and King, UM and Na, HR and Chen, L and Tippery, NP}, title = {Extensive interlineage hybridization in the predominantly clonal Hydrilla verticillata.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {106}, number = {12}, pages = {1622-1637}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1392}, pmid = {31758546}, issn = {1537-2197}, support = {//Aquatic Plant Management Society/International ; //University of Connecticut Ronald Bamford Endowment Fund/International ; DEB-0841658//National Science Foundation/International ; }, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; *Hydrocharitaceae ; India ; Phylogeny ; Republic of Korea ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: The submersed aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata ("hydrilla") is important ecologically and economically due to its aggressive growth in both indigenous and nonindigenous regions. Substantial morphological variation has been documented in hydrilla, including the existence of monoecious and dioecious "biotypes." Whereas plastid sequence data have been used previously to explore intraspecific diversity, nuclear data have yet to be analyzed in a phylogenetic context. Molecular and morphological analyses were used to evaluate the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of native and introduced populations.<br><br>METHODS: Nuclear (internal transcribed spacer-ITS; phytoene desaturase-PDS) and plastid (trnL-F) sequence data were evaluated phylogenetically using likelihood and Bayesian methods. Leaf morphologies were compared among clades that were identified in phylogenetic analyses.<br><br>RESULTS: Data from both ITS and PDS show multiple instances of polymorphic sequences that could be traced to two or more lineages, including both invasive biotypes in the Americas. Leaf morphological data support the distinctness of lineages and provide a metric for distinguishing monoecious and dioecious biotypes in the United States.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Nuclear molecular data indicate far greater genetic diversity than could be estimated using plastid markers. Substantially divergent copies of nuclear genes, found in multiple populations worldwide, likely result from interlineage hybridization. Invasive monoecious and dioecious hydrilla biotypes in the Americas are genetically distinct, with both biotypes resulting from admixture among Eurasian progenitors. Genetic similarity to populations in India and South Korea, respectively, implicates these as likely origins for the dioecious and monoecious biotypes.}, }
@article {pmid31758297, year = {2020}, author = {Penagos-Tabares, F and Groß, KM and Hirzmann, J and Hoos, C and Lange, MK and Taubert, A and Hermosilla, C}, title = {Occurrence of canine and feline lungworms in Arion vulgaris in a park of Vienna: First report of autochthonous Angiostrongylus vasorum, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Troglostrongylus brevior in Austria.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {119}, number = {1}, pages = {327-331}, pmid = {31758297}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Austria/epidemiology ; Coinfection/epidemiology/microbiology ; Gastropoda/*microbiology ; Larva/classification/cytology/genetics ; Metastrongyloidea/classification/cytology/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Parks, Recreational ; Strongylida Infections/*epidemiology/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {So far, neither the feline lungworms Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Troglostrongylus brevior nor the canine lungworm Angiostrongylus vasorum was reported in wildlife or intermediate hosts from Austria. The slug Arion vulgaris represents an invasive species in Europe and serves as intermediate host for several lungworm species. This study aimed to analyse the occurrence of metastrongyloid lungworm larvae in slugs in Vienna, Austria. Therefore, 193 A. vulgaris were collected in the central Prater park in summer 2016. Specimens were artificially digested, analysed microscopically for lungworm larvae, and species were confirmed via PCR and sequencing. Out of 193, five slugs were positive to lungworms (2.6%), one for A. vasorum, two for A. abstrusus (genotypes A and B) and one for T. brevior, and one slug had a mixed infection of A. abstrusus and T. brevior larvae. The current study is the first evidence on the endemicity of these metastrongyloid lungworm species in Austria.}, }
@article {pmid31758263, year = {2019}, author = {Sowa, A and Krodkiewska, M and Halabowski, D and Lewin, I}, title = {Response of the mollusc communities to environmental factors along an anthropogenic salinity gradient.}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {106}, number = {11-12}, pages = {60}, pmid = {31758263}, issn = {1432-1904}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Environment ; Mollusca/*physiology ; Population Density ; *Salinity ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic salinisation of freshwater ecosystems is frequent across the world. The scale of this phenomenon remains unrecognised, and therefore, monitoring and management of such ecosystems is very important. We conducted a study on the mollusc communities in inland anthropogenic ponds covering a large gradient of salinity located in an area of underground coal mining activity. A total of 14 gastropod and 6 bivalve species were noted. No molluscs were found in waters with total dissolved solids (TDS) higher than 17.1 g L[-1]. The share of alien species in the communities was very high in waters with elevated salinity and significantly lower in the freshwaters. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that TDS, pH, alkalinity, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, iron, the content of organic matter in sediments, the type of substrate and the content of sand and gravel in sediments were the variables that were significantly associated with the distribution of molluscs. The regression analysis revealed that total mollusc density was positively related to alkalinity and negatively related to nitrate nitrogen. The taxa richness was negatively related to TDS, which is consistent with previous studies which indicated that a high salinity level is a significant threat to freshwater malacofauna, causing a loss of biodiversity and contributing to the colonisation and establishment of alien species in aquatic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid31756834, year = {2019}, author = {Jia, Y and Kennard, MJ and Liu, Y and Sui, X and Chen, Y and Li, K and Wang, G and Chen, Y}, title = {Understanding invasion success of Pseudorasbora parva in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: Insights from life-history and environmental filters.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {694}, number = {}, pages = {133739}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133739}, pmid = {31756834}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cyprinidae ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Tibet ; }, abstract = {Understanding mechanisms of fish invasion success is crucial to controlling existing invasions and preventing potential future spread. Despite considerable advances in explaining successful fish invasions, little is known about how non-native fish successfully invade alpine freshwater ecosystems. Here, we explore the role of fish life history and environmental factors in contributing to invasion success of Pseudorasbora parva on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. We compared life history trait differences between native populations in lowland China with introduced populations in lowland Europe and the high elevation Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyse life-history trait variation across elevation gradients. A random forest model was developed to identify the key environmental filters influencing P. parva invasion success. Life history characteristics differed substantially between native and introduced populations. Compared with native Chinese populations, introduced populations in lowland Europe had smaller body size, higher fecundity, smaller oocytes and earlier maturation. Introduced populations in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau had smaller body size, lower fecundity, smaller oocytes and later maturation compared with native populations. 1-Year-Length and fecundity in all age classes of females significantly increased with increasing elevation. 2-Year-Length and 3-Year-Length of male significantly increased while maximal longevity and length at first maturity were significantly decreased with the elevation gradient. Habitat type, annual mean temperature, elevation, annual precipitation and precipitation seasonality, were the 5 most important predictors for the occurrence of the P. parva. Our study indicates that invasive P. parva adopt different life history strategies on the plateau compared with invasive populations at low elevations, highlighting that more studies are required for a better understanding of biological invasion under extreme conditions. Considering the ongoing hydrologic alteration and climate change, our study also highlighted that P. parva may expand their distribution range in the future on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.}, }
@article {pmid31756233, year = {2019}, author = {LeBrun, EG and Plowes, RM and Folgarait, PJ and Bollazzi, M and Gilbert, LE}, title = {Ritualized aggressive behavior reveals distinct social structures in native and introduced range tawny crazy ants.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, pages = {e0225597}, pmid = {31756233}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Aggression ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {How workers within an ant colony perceive and enforce colony boundaries is a defining biological feature of an ant species. Ants fall along a spectrum of social organizations ranging from single-queen, single nest societies to species with multi-queen societies in which workers exhibit colony-specific, altruistic behaviors towards non-nestmate workers from distant locations. Defining where an ant species falls along this spectrum is critical for understanding its basic ecology. Herein we quantify queen numbers, describe intraspecific aggression, and characterize the distribution of colony sizes for tawny crazy ant (Nylanderia fulva) populations in native range areas in South America as well as in their introduced range in the Southeastern United States. In both ranges, multi-queen nests are common. In the introduced range, aggressive behaviors are absent at all spatial scales tested, indicating that within the population in the Southeastern United States N. fulva is unicolonial. However, this contrasts strongly with intraspecific aggression in its South American native range. In the native range, intraspecific aggression between ants from different nests is common and ritualized. Aggression is typically one-sided and follows a stereotyped sequence of escalating behaviors that stops before actual fighting occurs. Spatial patterns of non-aggressive nest aggregation and the transitivity of non-aggressive interactions demonstrate that results of neutral arena assays usefully delineate colony boundaries. In the native range, both the spatial extent of colonies and the average number of queens encountered per nest differ between sites. This intercontinental comparison presents the first description of intraspecific aggressive behavior for this invasive ant and characterizes the variation in colony organization in the native-range, a pre-requisite to a full understanding of the origins of unicoloniality in its introduced range.}, }
@article {pmid31755610, year = {2020}, author = {Baltazar-Soares, M and Blanchet, S and Cote, J and Tarkan, AS and Záhorská, E and Gozlan, RE and Eizaguirre, C}, title = {Genomic footprints of a biological invasion: Introduction from Asia and dispersal in Europe of the topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {71-85}, pmid = {31755610}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia ; Cyprinidae/*genetics/physiology ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Genomics ; Introduced Species ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Facilitated by the intensification of global trading, the introduction and dispersal of species to areas in which they are historically non-native is nowadays common. From an evolutionary standpoint, invasions are paradoxical: not only non-native environments could be different from native ones for which introduced individuals would be ill-adapted, but also small founding population size should be associated with reduced adaptive potential. As such, biological invasions are considered valuable real-time evolutionary experiments. Here, we investigated the population structure and adaptive potential of the highly invasive topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva) across Europe and East Asia. We RAD-sequenced 301 specimens from sixteen populations and three distinct within-catchment invaded regions as well as two locations in the native range. With 13,785 single nucleotide polymorphisms, we provide conclusive evidence for a genome-wide signature of two distinct invasion events, in Slovakia and Turkey, each originating from a specific area in the native range. A third invaded area, in France, appears to be the result of dispersal within the invasive range. Few loci showed signs of selection, the vast majority of which being identified in the Slovakian region. Functional annotation suggests that faster early stage development, resistance to pollution and immunocompetence contribute to the invasion success of the local habitats. By showing that populations in the invasive range have different evolutionary histories, our study reinforces the idea that populations, rather than species, are the units to consider in invasion biology.}, }
@article {pmid31753041, year = {2019}, author = {Ferraguti, M and Martínez-de la Puente, J and García-Longoria, L and Soriguer, R and Figuerola, J and Marzal, A}, title = {From Africa to Europe: evidence of transmission of a tropical Plasmodium lineage in Spanish populations of house sparrows.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {548}, pmid = {31753041}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {CGL2015-65055-P//Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/ ; CGL2015-64650-P//Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/ ; P11-RNM-7038//Junta de Andaluc&#xed;a/ ; IB16121//Junta de Extremadura/ ; PO17024//Junta de Extremadura/ ; FJCI-2017-34394//Juan de la Cierva 2017 Formaci&#xf3;n/ ; BBVA Foundation//Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators/ ; }, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Bird Diseases/parasitology/*transmission ; DNA, Protozoan/chemistry/genetics ; *Disease Transmission, Infectious ; *Genotype ; Malaria/parasitology/transmission/*veterinary ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Plasmodium/*classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Prevalence ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spain ; *Sparrows ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Avian malaria parasites are a highly diverse group that commonly infect birds and have deleterious effects on their hosts. Some parasite lineages are geographically widespread and infect many host species in many regions. Bird migration, natural dispersal, invasive species and human-mediated introductions into areas where competent insect vectors are present, are probably the main drivers of the current distribution of avian malaria parasites.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 412 and 2588 wild house sparrows (Passer domesticus) were captured in 2012 and 2013 in two areas of the Iberian Peninsula (central and southern Spain, respectively). Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples; parasite lineages were sequenced and identified by comparing with GenBank and/or MalAvi databases.<br><br>RESULTS: Thirteen Plasmodium lineages were identified in house sparrows corresponding to three major clades. Five individuals were infected by the African Plasmodium lineage PAGRI02, which has been proposed to actively circulate only in Africa.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Despite the low prevalence of PAGRI02 in sparrows in Spain, our results suggest that the area of transmission of this parasite is more widespread than previously thought and covers both Africa and Europe. Further studies of the global distribution of Plasmodium lineages infecting wild birds are required to identify the current transmission areas of these parasites. This is vital given the current scenario of global change that is providing new opportunities for avian malaria transmission into areas where parasites were previously absent.}, }
@article {pmid31752961, year = {2019}, author = {Wei, Y and Wang, J and Song, Z and He, Y and Zheng, Z and Fan, P and Yang, D and Zhou, G and Zhong, D and Zheng, X}, title = {Patterns of spatial genetic structures in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) populations in China.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {552}, pmid = {31752961}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {31630011//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 201804020084//Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/*growth &amp; development ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; China ; Dengue/epidemiology ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Genotype ; Incidence ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Mosquito Vectors/*classification/*growth &amp; development ; Spatial Analysis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world and the vector for several arboviruses including dengue, Zika and chikungunya viruses. Understanding the population spatial genetic structure, migration, and gene flow of vector species is critical to effectively preventing and controlling vector-borne diseases. Little is known about the population structure and genetic differentiation of native Ae. albopictus in China. The aim of this study was to examine the patterns of the spatial genetic structures of native Ae. albopictus populations, and their relationship to dengue incidence, on a large geographical scale.<br><br>METHODS: During 2016-2018, adult female Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were collected by human landing catch (HLC) or human-bait sweep-net collections in 34 localities across China. Thirteen microsatellite markers were used to examine the patterns of genetic diversity, population structure, and gene flow among native Ae. albopictus populations. The correlation between population genetic indices and dengue incidence was also examined.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 153 distinct alleles were identified at the 13 microsatellite loci in the tested populations. All loci were polymorphic, with the number of distinct alleles ranging from eight to sixteen. Genetic parameters such as PIC, heterozygosity, allelic richness and fixation index (FST) revealed highly polymorphic markers, high genetic diversity, and low population genetic differentiation. In addition, Bayesian analysis of population structure showed two distinct genetic groups in southern-western and eastern-central-northern China. The Mantel test indicated a positive correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance (R[2]&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.245, P&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.01). STRUCTURE analysis, PCoA and GLS interpolation analysis indicated that Ae. albopictus populations in China were regionally clustered. Gene flow and relatedness estimates were generally high between populations. We observed no correlation between population genetic indices of microsatellite loci in Ae. albopictus populations and dengue incidence.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Strong gene flow probably assisted by human activities inhibited population differentiation and promoted genetic diversity among populations of Ae. albopictus. This may represent a potential risk of rapid spread of mosquito-borne diseases. The spatial genetic structure, coupled with the association between genetic indices and dengue incidence, may have important implications for understanding the epidemiology, prevention, and control of vector-borne diseases.}, }
@article {pmid31751412, year = {2019}, author = {Lamsal, A and Devkota, MP and Shrestha, DS and Joshi, S and Shrestha, A}, title = {Seed germination ecology of Ageratum houstonianum: A major invasive weed in Nepal.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, pages = {e0225430}, pmid = {31751412}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ageratum/adverse effects/*growth &amp; development ; Droughts ; Germination/*drug effects ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Introduced Species ; Nepal ; Polyethylene Glycols/*adverse effects ; Seeds/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {In recent years, spread of invasive alien plant species (IAPS) has been a major concern in Nepal. One such IAPS is Ageratum houstonianum, an Asteraceae, that is a prolific seed producer and difficult-to-control in farmland and various ecological regions causing crop yield and biodiversity losses. However, very little information is available on the germination biology and ecology of this species. Therefore, experiments were conducted to assess the effect of water stress, pH level, and light requirement on seed germination, and the effect of seed burial depth on seedling emergence. Water stress was simulated by polyethylene glycol solutions ranging from 0-5.56 MPa and pH solutions ranging from 4 to 9 were prepared using hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. Germination tests were conducted in petri dishes lined with filter paper and placed in a controlled environment chamber set at 20° C. Light requirement comparisons were made by having petri dishes wrapped with aluminum foil or left unwrapped. Seedling emergence was evaluated by placing seeds at depths ranging from 0 to 20 mm in the soil. Results indicated that this species was moderately drought-tolerant because germination ceased beyond 0.51 MPa. Greater germination occurred at neutral to acidic than at alkaline pH levels. The seeds were positively photoblastic because no germination occurred under dark condition. No seedlings emerged from seeds placed more than 2 mm deep in the soil, indicating that this is a primarily surface germinating species. These findings will help predict future invasions and in development of management strategies for this IAPS.}, }
@article {pmid31748867, year = {2020}, author = {Kwak, ML and Lee, L and Okumura, C and Hsu, CD}, title = {First Report of Co-invasion by the Reptile Nematode Ozolaimus megatyphlon (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) with Invasive Green Iguanas (Iguana iguana) in the Asia-Pacific.}, journal = {Acta parasitologica}, volume = {65}, number = {1}, pages = {264-270}, pmid = {31748867}, issn = {1896-1851}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; *Ecosystem ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Female ; Iguanas/*parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Nematoda/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; Singapore ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: Co-invasion of naïve ecosystems by non-native parasites is a serious threat to global biodiversity, though such events are difficult to detect early in the invasion process. Green iguanas (Iguana iguana) are an emerging invasive species and have colonised several countries in the Asia-Pacific. A survey was undertaken to determine whether parasites of the green iguana had co-invaded naïve ecosystems with their introduced host.<br><br>METHODS: Over a 10-month period, wild green iguanas were trapped and euthanised in Singapore. All animals were necropsied and sampled for parasites. Parasites were then identified morphologically and subsequently characterised molecularly at the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) locus.<br><br>RESULTS: The reptile nematode Ozolaimus megatyphlon was found in 38% of the sampled green iguanas, with burdens of 100&#x2009;+&#x2009;worms in all infected animals. This represents the first recorded co-invasion of this species with wild green iguanas in the Asia-Pacific. Based on the molecular characterisation of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) locus, the first DNA barcode is provided for O. megatyphlon.<br><br>CONCLUSION: For the first time, the reptile nematode Ozolaimus megatyphlon is shown to be invasive and to have colonised the Asia-Pacific region with its introduced host, the green iguana. The DNA barcode provided here will facilitate future monitoring programmes as O. megatyphlon invades new habitats and countries.}, }
@article {pmid31745387, year = {2019}, author = {Burton, EJ and Lea, RN}, title = {Annotated checklist of fishes from Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary with notes on extralimital species.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {887}, number = {}, pages = {1-119}, pmid = {31745387}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary is a federal, marine protected area located off the central coast of California, USA. Understanding biodiversity, and how it is changing, is necessary to effectively manage the sanctuary. The large size of this sanctuary, which contains a variety of habitats and is influenced by several water masses, provides for a diverse fish fauna. The central California coast has a rich history of ichthyological research and surveys, contributing to a unique repository of information on fish diversity. Herein, we provide a checklist of fishes that occur within the sanctuary, including justification for each species. Ancillary record information including name-bearing type specimens, historic species, cold- or warm-water event species, introduced species, and occurrence at Davidson Seamount or Elkhorn Slough are also provided. This represents the first comprehensive annotated checklist of 507 fishes known to occur within the sanctuary. In addition, 18 species are considered to be extralimital. This annotated checklist of fishes can be used by those interested in zoogeography, marine protected areas, ichthyology, regional natural history, and sanctuary management.}, }
@article {pmid31744412, year = {2019}, author = {Merwin, AC}, title = {Flight capacity increases then declines from the core to the margins of an invasive species' range.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {15}, number = {11}, pages = {20190496}, pmid = {31744412}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Heteroptera ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Individuals that disperse farther than other individuals are more likely to be on the frontlines of spreading populations and may be more likely to mate with one another as a consequence of their spatial proximity. Over generations, this process-known as spatial sorting-can produce patterns of increasing dispersal ability from a population's core towards the spreading front. By contrast, when the spread of a population is limited by the availability of suitable habitat, theory predicts that range boundaries can select against more dispersive phenotypes and produce patterns of decreasing dispersal capacity towards population margins. In a common garden study of invasive kudzu bugs (Megacopta cribraria)-which are limited by the availability of hostplants in their southern and western margins-I show that midrange individuals fly 49% farther than individuals in the core and 37% farther than individuals at margins. This result highlights that other processes, such as maternal effects or selection at range boundaries, may create more complicated patterns of dispersal ability across landscapes than predicted by models of spatial sorting alone.}, }
@article {pmid31743431, year = {2020}, author = {Schumm, MP}, title = {Digest: Will invaders adapt to climate change?.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {74}, number = {1}, pages = {205-206}, doi = {10.1111/evo.13885}, pmid = {31743431}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; *Coleoptera ; Insecta ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {One hypothesis for invasive species' success is that they show high potential to evolve in response to environmental change. Logan et al. evaluate this hypothesis in the invasive harlequin ladybeetle (Harmonia axyridis), using a breeding experiment to determine the genetic architecture of traits underlying thermal tolerance. Lack of heritable variation in some of these traits, and genetic correlations leading to trade-offs in others, suggest this species has limited potential to evolve in response to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid31741203, year = {2020}, author = {Squadrone, S and Brizio, P and Stella, C and Mantia, M and Favaro, L and Biancani, B and Gridelli, S and Da Rugna, C and Abete, MC}, title = {Differential Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements and Rare Earth Elements in the Muscle, Kidneys, and Liver of the Invasive Indo-Pacific Lionfish (Pterois spp.) from Cuba.}, journal = {Biological trace element research}, volume = {196}, number = {1}, pages = {262-271}, doi = {10.1007/s12011-019-01918-w}, pmid = {31741203}, issn = {1559-0720}, support = {13C01//Ministero della Salute/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bioaccumulation ; Cuba ; Environmental Monitoring ; Kidney/*chemistry/metabolism ; Liver/*chemistry/metabolism ; Metals, Rare Earth/analysis/*metabolism ; Muscles/*chemistry/metabolism ; Perciformes ; Trace Elements/analysis/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The Indo-Pacific lionfish is a saltwater fish that inhabits the Red Sea waters and the Indian and Pacific oceans; it is an invasive species in the western Atlantic and was recently introduced into the local diet in the USA, Central and South America, and the Caribbean with the aim of controlling the invasion of this species. Due to its predatory nature, it tends to bioaccumulate metals and other contaminants via the marine food web and could thus constitute a suitable species for monitoring aquatic ecosystems. The presence and distribution of 23 trace elements and 16 rare earth elements (REEs) were investigated by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in the muscle, liver, and kidneys of lionfish from Cuba. Significant differences in metal concentrations were found in the different fish organs. The liver and kidneys registered the highest concentrations for most trace elements and for ΣREE, thus demonstrating that they are effective bioindicators of possible pollution on the environment in which fish live, and assuming great importance in the choice of early biomonitoring. Trace element concentrations in the muscle are instead of crucial interest for consumer safety. The limits set by EU regulations and Cuban guidelines for Cd and Pb in fish muscle were never exceeded, suggesting that lionfish from Cuba could therefore represent a good source of minerals and proteins for the local population. Graphical abstract.}, }
@article {pmid31737451, year = {2019}, author = {Perzanowska, J and Korzeniak, J and Chmura, D}, title = {Alien species as a potential threat for Natura 2000 habitats: a national survey.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e8032}, pmid = {31737451}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Invasion by alien species (AS) is one of the most serious threats to ecosystems. In Europe, the Natura 2000 habitats network was established to protect habitats vital for the conservation of biodiversity and function of ecosystems. Therefore, the appearance of AS in Natura 2000 habitats is a warning signal that the most valuable European habitats may be endangered. However, quantitative studies encompassing a wide spectrum of habitats are lacking, and there is no insight into the differences in the level of invasion among habitats. Our survey is based on the State Monitoring of Natura 2000 data and aimed at an assessment of the level of invasion in natural habitat types in Poland. The percentage of invaded locations, number and frequency of alien plant species was assessed in 79 Natura 2000 habitats, both terrestrial and water, investigated on 5,941 locations. The most invaded habitats (with the highest percentage of invaded plots) were dunes with Hippophaë rhamnoides (habitat code 2160), rivers with muddy banks (habitat code 3270), and alpine rivers and herbaceous and ligneous vegetation along their banks (habitat codes: 3220, 3230, 3240). Grassland, forest and most of the bog, mire and fen habitats and also some habitats on a rock were invaded by a relatively large number of AS, but their frequency was comparatively low. In contrast, a high frequency of AS was found in the majority of dune and costal habitats and calaminarian grasslands. Compared with the period 2000-2010, the number of AS in some riparian, grassland and forest habitats rose noticeably. The occurrence of AS showed a negative correlation with conservation status of the habitats. This study has demonstrated that standard monitoring of Natura 2000 habitats provides the basis for the detection of AS, including invasive ones, in all types of habitats, and can be used for development rapid and effective response programs.}, }
@article {pmid31737274, year = {2019}, author = {Fenollosa, E and Munné-Bosch, S}, title = {Increased chilling tolerance of the invasive species Carpobrotus edulis may explain its expansion across new territories.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {coz075}, pmid = {31737274}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Invasive plants are expanding their geographical distribution across new regions. Expansion modeling is crucial for geographic prioritization in management policies. However, the assumption of niche conservatism and the lack of information of the species physiological response to the environmental factors determining species presence may hinder predictions. In this study, we aimed to understand the expansion of the widely distributed plant Carpobrotus edulis in Europe. We contrasted introduced and native C. edulis ecological niches and explored the experimental response to temperature, a major determining factor for species distribution, of native and invasive individuals in terms of different biochemical markers. Niche analysis revealed an expansion of the introduced niche to occupy colder climates. Introduced and native individuals showed differential mechanisms facing low temperatures. Individuals from the native range showed an increased sensitivity to chilling, as reflected by photosynthetic pigment degradation, increased de-epoxidation of xanthophylls and the accumulation of the lipophilic antioxidant alpha-tocopherol. The found physiological differentiation towards an increased invasive chilling tolerance of invasive C. edulis individuals together with a high propagule pressure may explain the introduced climatic niche shift to colder climates observed, allowing the extensive expansion of this species in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid31735172, year = {2020}, author = {Kean, JM and Mansfield, S and Hardwick, S and Barton, DM}, title = {A risk-based detection survey for the predatory mirid Macrolophus pygmaeus in New Zealand.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {110}, number = {3}, pages = {370-378}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485319000749}, pmid = {31735172}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents ; *Heteroptera ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Macrolophus pygmaeus, a predatory mirid used to manage greenhouse whitefly, was illegally imported into New Zealand, and for a time was reared and sold to commercial tomato growers. We designed and implemented a risk-based detection survey to determine whether M. pygmaeus was still present in New Zealand a decade later. The survey was designed to have an 80% chance of detecting a single low density (0.05 per lineal metre of host plants) population within 1 km of known points of introduction. The survey was implemented between 8 and 15 March 2018. Local habitat constraints meant that the planned sampling had to be modified but this was accounted for in the subsequent analysis. No M. pygmaeus were found in the samples, but 93 specimens from seven other mirid taxa were detected, validating the sample methods. The survey gives 60% confidence that M. pygmaeus was not present at a mean density of 0.05 per lineal metre of habitat. It gives 80% confidence that a population at 0.1 m-1 was not present and 90% confidence that no population exists at >0.18 m-1. Though there are no published data on typical field population densities of M. pygmaeus, for related species the survey would have had high confidence in detecting any medium to high density population present. Therefore, it is likely that M. pygmaeus is no longer present in New Zealand, but if extant within the sampled areas then we have high certainty that it was at low densities compared to other predaceous mirids.}, }
@article {pmid31734505, year = {2020}, author = {Mueller, M and Bierschenk, AM and Bierschenk, BM and Pander, J and Geist, J}, title = {Effects of multiple stressors on the distribution of fish communities in 203 headwater streams of Rhine, Elbe and Danube.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {703}, number = {}, pages = {134523}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134523}, pmid = {31734505}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Fishes in European rivers are threatened by manifold stressors such as structural degradation, water pollution, overexploitation, land-use changes in the catchment, invasive species and global processes including climate change. Identifying main stressors in a stream/river system is of utterly importance for efficiently utilizing the scarce funds for conservation measures in order to achieve the best possible outcome. Within 203 headwater streams of Rhine, Elbe and Danube, we quantified the relative influence of different environmental stressors (water chemistry, food availability (macroinvertebrates), terrestrial predators) and anthropogenic stressors (land use, structural modification of streams) on fish assemblages at different spatial scales based on multivariate biota-environment models. In our analyses, the predictor variables percentage of impoundments, crop farming (especially erosion-prone crops such as maize) and ground sealing in the catchments, the number of wastewater treatment plants and biogas plants in the catchments as well as structural modifications of river banks were most often identified as stressors influencing fish community composition. However, the effects of the stressors varied between the investigated survey-area scales (two different catchments sizes and riparian strips) and regionally (entire study area, major drainage systems, river catchments, stream sizes, geographical subregions). In most cases, fish community composition was simultaneously affected by multiple stressors, underpinning the need for a more holistic and ecosystem-based approach in freshwater conservation and restoration.}, }
@article {pmid31734502, year = {2020}, author = {Muñoz-Mas, R and García-Berthou, E}, title = {Alien animal introductions in Iberian inland waters: An update and analysis.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {703}, number = {}, pages = {134505}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134505}, pmid = {31734502}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Portugal ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Inland waters provide innumerable ecosystem services and for this reason are among the most negatively impacted ecosystems worldwide. This is also the case with invasive alien species, which have enormous economic and ecological impacts in freshwater ecosystems. The pace of alien introductions has not decreased in recent years and the first step to their management is to update checklists and to determine introduction pathways and origins of species. This study updates the list of alien animal species introduced and naturalised in inland waters of the Iberian Peninsula. Additionally, the most relevant characteristics and association patterns of these species (region of origin, taxonomic group, introduction pathway and main habitat) and introduction trends in the Iberian Peninsula, mainland Portugal and Galicia are analysed. We identified 125 alien animal species introduced in Iberian inland waters (increase of 30% compared to previous reviews) whereas 24 additional species have uncertain establishment or native status. We found marked associations among taxonomic groups and their region of origin, introduction pathway and main habitat used but less relationship between these three latter features. Considering the whole territory of the Iberian Peninsula, the introduction rates seem to be experiencing a decrease or to have achieved stabilization. However, this is not applicable to mainland Portugal and Galicia for which the historical delay in the first record dates for alien species is fading-out, suggesting increasing spread rates. Our results should facilitate early detections and the design of prevention protocols and taxon-specific management plans.}, }
@article {pmid31733954, year = {2020}, author = {Pinochet, J and Urbina, MA and Lagos, ME}, title = {Marine invertebrate larvae love plastics: Habitat selection and settlement on artificial substrates.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {257}, number = {}, pages = {113571}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113571}, pmid = {31733954}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Invertebrates ; *Larva ; Love ; *Plastics ; }, abstract = {Global urbanization and plastic pollution has increased the availability and variety of substrates for sessile organisms, and are intensively used by invasive species for settlement. Despite extensive literature describing the strong association between artificial structures and invasive species, little effort has been directed towards identifying the larval traits that favor this selection. Larval selection and settlement are crucial as larvae actively search and interpret environmental cues to identify suitable habitats to settle. The aim of this research was to investigate if invertebrate larvae have a preference for a particular anthropogenic substrate, and how pre-settlement behaviors vary when encountering different substrates. We used two invasive bryozoan species, Bugula flabellata and Bugula neritina, which are commonly found in urbanized areas around the world. Energy expenditure during planktonic and benthonic stages, pre-settlement swimming/exploring behaviors, settlement and larval selectivity were quantified under laboratory conditions on different substrates (concrete, wood, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate and polycarbonate). The energy expenditure measured was higher in planktonic larvae than in early settled larvae. Larvae of both species swam less and explored more when exposed to plastic surfaces, suggesting a preference for this substrate and resulting in lower energy expenditures associated with searching for habitat. Larvae actively chose to settle on plastics rather than on wood or concrete substrates. The results suggest that for Bugula larvae, the likelihood of colonizing plastic surfaces is higher than other materials commonly found in urbanized coastal areas. The more quickly they adhere to artificial substrates the lower the energy expenditure, contributing to higher fitness in these individuals. The strong preference of invertebrate larvae for plastics can potentially extend the distribution range of many invasive marine species as they are able to travel long distances attached to floating debris. This phenomenon will likely exacerbate the introduction of exotic species into novel habitats.}, }
@article {pmid31731759, year = {2019}, author = {Tshabalala, T and Ncube, B and Madala, NE and Nyakudya, TT and Moyo, HP and Sibanda, M and Ndhlala, AR}, title = {Scribbling the Cat: A Case of the "Miracle" Plant, Moringa oleifera.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {31731759}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {This paper reviews the properties of the most cultivated species of the Moringaceae family, Moringa oleifera Lam. The paper takes a critical look at the positive and the associated negative properties of the plant, with particular emphasis on its chemistry, selected medicinal and nutritional properties, as well as some ecological implications of the plant. The review highlights the importance of glucosinolates (GS) compounds which are relatively unique to the Moringa species family, with glucomoriginin and its acylated derivative being the most abundant. We highlight some new research findings revealing that not all M. oleifera cultivars contain an important flavonoid, rutin. The review also focuses on phenolic acids, tannin, minerals and vitamins, which are in high amounts when compared to most vegetables and fruits. Although there are numerous benefits of using M. oleifera for medicinal purposes, there are reports of contraindications. Nonetheless, we note that there are no major harmful effects of M. oleifera that have been reported by the scientific community. M. oleifera is suspected to be potentially invasive and moderately invasive in some regions of the world because of its ability to grow in a wide range of environmental conditions. However, the plant is currently classified as a low potential invasive species and thus there is a need to constantly monitor the species. Despite the numerous benefits associated with the plant, there is still a paucity of data on clinical trials proving both the positive and negative effects of the plant. We recommend further clinical trials to ascertain the properties associated with the plant, especially regarding long term use.}, }
@article {pmid31731496, year = {2019}, author = {Grewell, BJ and Gillard, MB and Futrell, CJ and Castillo, JM}, title = {Seedling Emergence from Seed Banks in Ludwigia hexapetala-Invaded Wetlands: Implications for Restoration.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {31731496}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Soil seed banks play a critical role in the maintenance of wetland plant communities and contribute to revegetation following disturbances. Analysis of the seed bank can therefore inform restoration planning and management. Emergence from seed banks may vary in response to hydrologic conditions and sediment disturbances. To assess the community-level impact of exotic Ludwigia hexapetala on soil seed banks, we compared differences in species composition of standing vegetation among invaded and non-invaded wetlands and the degree of similarity between vegetation and soil seed banks in northern California. To determine potential seed bank recruitment of L. hexapetala and associated plant species, we conducted a seedling emergence assay in response to inundation regime (drawdown vs. flooded) and sediment depth (surface vs. buried). Plant species richness, evenness, and Shannon's H' diversity were substantially lower in standing vegetation at L. hexapetala invaded sites as compared to non-invaded sites. Over 12 months, 69 plant taxa germinated from the seed banks, including L. hexapetala and several other exotic taxa. Seedling density varied among sites, being the highest (10,500 seedlings m[-2]) in surface sediments from non-invaded sites subjected to drawdown treatments. These results signal the need for invasive plant management strategies to deplete undesirable seed banks for restoration success.}, }
@article {pmid31730875, year = {2020}, author = {Gallagher, MC and Arnold, M and Kadaub, E and Culloty, S and O'Riordan, RM and McAllen, R and Rachinskii, D}, title = {Competing barnacle species with a time dependent reproduction rate.}, journal = {Theoretical population biology}, volume = {131}, number = {}, pages = {12-24}, doi = {10.1016/j.tpb.2019.11.001}, pmid = {31730875}, issn = {1096-0325}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Introduced Species ; Reproduction ; Thoracica/*physiology ; }, abstract = {A simple competition model with time varying periodic coefficients, in which two species use different reproduction strategies, is explored in this paper. The two species considered comprise a native species which reproduces once a year over a short time period and an invasive species which is capable of reproducing throughout the entire year. A monotonicity property of the model is instrumental for its analysis. The model reveals that the time difference between the peak of reproduction for the two species is a critical factor in determining the outcome of competition between these species. The impact of climate change and an anthropogenic disturbance, comprising the creation of additional substrate, is also investigated using a modified model. The results of this paper describe how climate change will favour the invasive species by reducing the time period between the reproductive peaks of the two species and how the addition of new substrates is likely to endanger a small population of either of the two species, depending on the timing of the introduction of the substrates.}, }
@article {pmid31729753, year = {2020}, author = {Hood, GR and Powell, THQ and Doellman, MM and Sim, SB and Glover, M and Yee, WL and Goughnour, RB and Mattsson, M and Schwarz, D and Feder, JL}, title = {Rapid and repeatable host plant shifts drive reproductive isolation following a recent human-mediated introduction of the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {74}, number = {1}, pages = {156-168}, doi = {10.1111/evo.13882}, pmid = {31729753}, issn = {1558-5646}, support = {2015-67013-23289//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/International ; //Washington State Commision on Pesticide Registration/International ; 1638997//Directorate for Biological Sciences/International ; 1639005//Directorate for Biological Sciences/International ; //Washington Tree Fruit Commission/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Crataegus ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; *Malus ; *Reproductive Isolation ; *Sympatry ; Tephritidae/*physiology ; Washington ; }, abstract = {Ecological speciation via host-shifting is often invoked as a mechanism for insect diversification, but the relative importance of this process is poorly understood. The shift of Rhagoletis pomonella in the 1850s from the native downy hawthorn, Crataegus mollis, to introduced apple, Malus pumila, is a classic example of sympatric host race formation, a hypothesized early stage of ecological speciation. The accidental human-mediated introduction of R. pomonella into the Pacific Northwest (PNW) in the late 1970s allows us to investigate how novel ecological opportunities may trigger divergent adaptation and host race formation on a rapid timescale. Since the introduction, the fly has spread in the PNW, where in addition to apple, it now infests native black hawthorn, Crataegus douglasii, and introduced ornamental hawthorn, Crataegus monogyna. We use this "natural experiment" to test for genetic differentiation among apple, black, and ornamental hawthorn flies co-occurring at three sympatric sites. We report evidence that populations of all three host-associations are genetically differentiated at the local level, indicating that partial reproductive isolation has evolved in this novel habitat. Our results suggest that conditions suitable for initiating host-associated divergence may be common in nature, allowing for the rapid evolution of new host races when ecological opportunity arises.}, }
@article {pmid31726610, year = {2020}, author = {Li, X and Sun, Z and Tian, L and He, T and Li, J and Wang, J and Wang, H and Chen, B}, title = {Effects of spatial expansion between Phragmites australis and Cyperus malaccensis on variations of arsenic and heavy metals in decomposing litters in a typical subtropical estuary (Min River), China.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {240}, number = {}, pages = {124965}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124965}, pmid = {31726610}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Arsenic/*analysis ; China ; Cyperus/*chemistry ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Estuaries ; Geologic Sediments/analysis/chemistry ; *Introduced Species ; Metals, Heavy/*analysis ; Poaceae/*chemistry ; Rivers/chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {To investigate the effects of spatial expansion between native invasive species (Phragmites australis) and commom native species (Cyperus malaccensis) on variations of micro-elements (Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd and As) in decomposing litters in the Min River estuary, in situ filed decomposition experiment was conducted in P. australis (PA) community (before expansion, BE), C. malaccensis (CM) community (before expansion, BE) and P. australis-C. malaccensis (PA'-CM') community (during expansion, DE) from February 2016 to February 2017 by space-for- time substitution method. Results showed that the decomposition of C. malaccensis were faster than those of P. australis whether at BE stage or at DE stage. The decomposition rate of PA' increased by 24.40% compared to PA whereas the value of CM' decreased by 15.67% compared with CM. The concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd and As in decomposing litters of P. australis (PA and PA') and C. malaccensis (CM and CM') generally showed increasing tendency and the values in the former were significantly lower than those in the latter (p < 0.05). The physicochemical sorption onto recalcitrant organic fractions and the substrate quality (C/N and M/C ratios) of decomposing litters were two important factors affecting the differences in As/metals variations between species. The levels of Cr in decaying litters increased initially and decreased afterward, and the values in P. australis were significantly higher than those in C. malaccensis (p < 0.05). Whether at BE stage or at DE stage, stocks of As/metals in decomposing litters of P. australis (PA and PA') were generally higher than those of C. malaccensis (CM and CM'). The lower stocks of As/metals in CM or CM' might be more dependent on its lower mass remaining. Compared with PA at BE stage, the accumulation of As/metals in decomposing litters of PA' at DE stage decreased greatly, which might be ascribed to the lower precipitation of metal sulfides in PA'. Stocks of Zn, Ni, Cd and Cr in CM' and stocks of Cr in PA' generally evidenced the export of metals from decomposing litter to environment, indicating that the potential exposure risk of Zn, Ni, Cd and Cr might be increased as CM was invading by PA. This study found that the spatial expansion between P. australis and C. malaccensis not only altered the stocks of As/metals in decomposing litters but also increased the exposure risk of Zn, Ni, Cd and Cr in ecotone. In future, as the ecological functions of ecotone was precisely evaluated during the expansion of the two plants in the Min River estuary, the alterations of litter decomposition rates and the exposure risks of Zn, Ni and Cd caused by CM' should be emphasized.}, }
@article {pmid31726580, year = {2019}, author = {Giakoumi, S and Katsanevakis, S and Albano, PG and Azzurro, E and Cardoso, AC and Cebrian, E and Deidun, A and Edelist, D and Francour, P and Jimenez, C and Mačić, V and Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A and Rilov, G and Sghaier, YR}, title = {Management priorities for marine invasive species.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {688}, number = {}, pages = {976-982}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.282}, pmid = {31726580}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Decision Making ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Managing invasive alien species is particularly challenging in the ocean mainly because marine ecosystems are highly connected across broad spatial scales. Eradication of marine invasive species has only been achieved when species were detected early, and management responded rapidly. Generalized approaches, transferable across marine regions, for prioritizing actions to control invasive populations are currently lacking. Here, expert knowledge was elicited to prioritize 11 management actions for controlling 12 model species, distinguished by differences in dispersion capacity, distribution in the area to be managed, and taxonomic identity. Each action was assessed using five criteria (effectiveness, feasibility, acceptability, impacts on native communities, and cost), which were combined in an 'applicability' metric. Raising public awareness and encouraging the commercial use of invasive species were highly prioritized, whereas biological control actions were considered the least applicable. Our findings can guide rapid decision-making on prioritizing management options for the control of invasive species especially at early stages of invasion, when reducing managers' response time is critical.}, }
@article {pmid31726570, year = {2019}, author = {Bremer, LL and Wada, CA and Medoff, S and Page, J and Falinski, K and Burnett, KM}, title = {Contributions of native forest protection to local water supplies in East Maui.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {688}, number = {}, pages = {1422-1432}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.220}, pmid = {31726570}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Forests ; Hawaii ; Water Supply ; }, abstract = {Tropical forests provide a suite of benefits including biodiversity, cultural value, and a range of ecosystem services. Globally, there is increasing interest in incentivizing native forest protection as a multi-benefit natural infrastructure strategy to secure clean and ample water supplies. In addition to conversion to agriculture and other non-forest land uses, non-native species invasion represents a major threat to these systems, particularly on islands. Whereas several recent efforts have quantified the benefits of reforestation or avoided agricultural expansion in tropical forest areas, the hydrologic and associated economic benefits of avoided invasion have received less attention. To address this gap, we quantified the benefits of protecting native forest from conversion to non-native forest in East Maui, Hawai'i in terms of groundwater recharge, a highly valued hydrologic ecosystem service that water utilities increasingly seek to co-finance. Compared with two counterfactual invasion scenarios, the groundwater recharge benefits of planned conservation activities reached 40.9 to 146.3 million cubic meters over 100 years depending on invasion rate assumptions. This translated to 2.70 to 137.6 million dollars of cost savings to the water utility in present value terms (achieved through reducing reliance on more expensive water alternatives) under a range of discount rates and water scarcity assumptions. Our results suggest that investing in native forest conservation provides an important hydrologic ecosystem service benefit that complements the range of benefits provided by these ecosystems. These findings demonstrate that co-financing native forest conservation represents an important supply side option in water resources planning.}, }
@article {pmid31725718, year = {2019}, author = {McKinney, ML and Gladstone, NS and Lentz, JG and Jackson, FA}, title = {Land snail dispersal, abundance and diversity on green roofs.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, pages = {e0221135}, pmid = {31725718}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Built Environment ; Cities ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Snails/classification ; Southeastern United States ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {We present the first major systematic study of land snail diversity on green roofs. We surveyed 27 green roofs and the adjacent ground habitat in six major cities in the southeastern United States. We found a total of 18 species of land snails, with three considered to be non-native or invasive species. The majority of land snails encountered in surveys are widespread, generalist species, typically adapted to open habitats. Twelve of the land snails encountered are "greenhouse" species that are very commonly transported via the horticultural trade. Therefore, we infer that at least some land snail species are introduced to green roofs via initial green roof installation and associated landscaping. The major determinants of snail species richness and abundance are the size of each roof and the quality of green roof maintenance regime.}, }
@article {pmid31724384, year = {2019}, author = {Qazi, S and Iqbal, J and Khan, JA}, title = {Assessment of the health impact of paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L.), an invasive plant species in Islamabad, Pakistan.}, journal = {Geospatial health}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.4081/gh.2019.727}, pmid = {31724384}, issn = {1970-7096}, mesh = {*Broussonetia ; Geographic Information Systems ; *Health Impact Assessment ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Pakistan ; Plants ; Pollen/*adverse effects ; }, abstract = {This study focuses on the risk of pollen allergy due to paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L.), an Asian invasive plant species now common in large parts of the world. Pollen plays a key role in the pathogenesis of respiratory allergic diseases, particularly rhinitis and asthma, and Islamabad, a major metropolitan city, is severely affected by allergy owing to B. papyrifera pollen. Due to its seasonality and other relationships with climatic variables, we used remote sensing to monitor the trend of pollen count. We also mapped the localisation of patients affected by pollen allergy using geographic information systems. The maximum likelihood algorithm was applied to SPOT-5 satellite imagery for land use/land cover classification. Temporal analysis of remotely sensed data revealed an increasing trend of paper mulberry density towards the southern and south-western part of Islamabad. Although not evident during rainfall, a clear positive correlation was found between patient count and pollen count. Field survey data and hotspot spatial analysis of allergy patients revealed that residents of Shakerperiyan and Lok Virsa areas (Sectors H-8, I-8, I-9, G-8, G-7 and G-6 in Islamabad) had more pronounced symptoms compared to residents of other sectors. The methodology adopted used in this study can be used to map the distribution of similar invasive species in other parts of the country.}, }
@article {pmid31724310, year = {2020}, author = {Wei, J and Peng, L and He, Z and Lu, Y and Wang, F}, title = {Potential distribution of two invasive pineapple pests under climate change.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {76}, number = {5}, pages = {1652-1663}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5684}, pmid = {31724310}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {31802001//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2015YJ03//Shanxi Agricultural University of Science and Technology Innovation fund projects/ ; }, mesh = {*Ananas ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The number of global invasive species has significantly increased during the past two centuries due to globalization. The understanding of species invasion under climate change is crucial for sustainable biodiversity conservation, community dynamics, ecosystem function, and resource distribution. Two invasive species, Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) and D. neobrevipes (Beardsley) have greatly expanded their ranges during recent years. These insects are now considered as extremely serious pests for various plants, especially pineapple. In addition, they are the primary vectors for pineapple wilt associated virus. However, the potential distribution range and management strategies for these pests are unclear.<br><br>RESULTS: In this study, potential risk maps were developed for these pests with MaxEnt (maximum entropy) based on occurrence data under different environmental variables. The potential distributions of these pests were projected for 2050s and 2070s under three climate change scenarios as described in the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Results showed that both pests have similar potential distributions, with high environmental suitability in South America, Africa and South Asia. In addition, potential range expansions or reductions were predicted under different climate change scenarios. The annual mean temperature was the most important factor, accounting for 43.4% of D. brevipes distribution. The minimum temperature of coldest month and mean temperature of coldest quarter was found to be responsible for 90.3% of D. neobrevipes distribution.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This research provided a theoretical reference framework to develop policies in the management and control of these invasive pests. &#xa9; 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid31724202, year = {2020}, author = {Sagoff, M}, title = {Fact and value in invasion biology.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, pages = {581-588}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13440}, pmid = {31724202}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Some invasion biologists contend their science has reached a consensus on 4 facts: cost estimates of the effects of nonindigenous species provided in papers by Pimentel et al. are credible; invasive species generally, not just predators, pose significant extinction threats; characteristic biological differences distinguish novel from native species, ecosystems, communities, and processes; and ontological dualism, which distinguishes between natural and anthropogenic processes and influences, plays a useful role in biological inquiry. I contend there is no convincing empirical evidence for any of these propositions. Leading invasion biologists cite their agreement about these propositions as evidence for them and impugn the motives of critics who believe consensus should be based on evidence not the other way around.}, }
@article {pmid31723368, year = {2019}, author = {Burgess, MG and Fredston-Hermann, A and Tilman, D and Loreau, M and Gaines, SD}, title = {Broadly inflicted stressors can cause ecosystem thinning.}, journal = {Theoretical ecology}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {207-223}, pmid = {31723368}, issn = {1874-1738}, support = {666971/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {Many anthropogenic stressors broadly inflict mortality or reduce fecundity, including habitat destruction, pollution, climate change, invasive species, and multispecies harvesting. Here, we show-in four analytical models of interspecies competition-that broadly inflicted stressors disproportionately cause competitive exclusions within groups of ecologically similar species. As a result, we predict that ecosystems become progressively thinner-that is, they have progressively less functional redundancy-as broadly inflicted stressors become progressively more intense. This may negatively affect the temporal stability of ecosystem functions, but it also buffers ecosystem productivity against stress by favoring species less sensitive to the stressors. Our main result follows from the weak limiting similarity principle: species with more similar ecological niches compete more strongly, and their coexistence can be upset by smaller perturbations. We show that stressors can cause indirect competitive exclusions at much lower stressor intensity than needed to directly cause species extinction, consistent with the finding of empirical studies that species interactions are often the proximal drivers of local extinctions. The excluded species are more sensitive to the stressor relative to their ecologically similar competitors. Moreover, broadly inflicted stressors may cause hydra effects-where higher stressor intensity results in higher abundance for a species with lower sensitivity to the stressor than its competitors. Correlations between stressor impacts and ecological niches reduce the potential for indirect competitive exclusions, but they consequently also reduce the buffering effect of ecosystem thinning on ecosystem productivity. Our findings suggest that ecosystems experiencing stress may continue to provision ecosystem services but lose functional redundancy and stability.}, }
@article {pmid31721779, year = {2019}, author = {Friebertshauser, R and Shollenberger, K and Janosik, A and Garner, JT and Johnston, C}, title = {The effect of bivalve filtration on eDNA-based detection of aquatic organisms.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, pages = {e0222830}, pmid = {31721779}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/classification/*genetics ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Environmental/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Ecosystem ; Goldfish/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {As the use of environmental-DNA (eDNA) expands as a method to detect the presence and quantity of aquatic taxa, factors potentially impacting the efficacy of this technique must be investigated. Many studies have examined the effects of abiotic parameters on the degradation of environmental-DNA (e.g. UV radiation, pH, temperature, etc.), however, few have focused on biotic effectors. Through high-filtering rates coupled with dense colonization, Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) are able to drastically alter the quantity of particulate matter through translocation into the sediment, potentially including sources of eDNA in lotic and lentic systems. Using a longitudinal, laboratory experiment, we tested the effect of varying densities of Asian clams on the translocation rate of common goldfish (Carassius auratus) DNA. Target DNA in testing tanks was quantified through quantitative PCR (qPCR) at regular intervals and compared. Tanks housing the highest density of Asian clams produced significantly lower DNA concentrations over time compared to tanks of lower densities. These results show, for the first time, a density-dependent reduction of local eDNA sources by bivalve filtration that may lead to the obstructed detection of target species through the sampling of eDNA. Based on these findings, we recommend highly concentrated bivalve populations be taken into consideration when choosing the time and locality of eDNA sampling efforts.}, }
@article {pmid31720779, year = {2020}, author = {Meadley-Dunphy, SA and Prior, KM and Frederickson, ME}, title = {Invasive ants disperse seeds farther than native ants, affecting the spatial pattern of seedling recruitment and survival.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {192}, number = {1}, pages = {119-132}, pmid = {31720779}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {NSERC Discovery Grant//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; NSERC Canada Graduate Scholarship//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; NSERC Undergraduate Student Research Award//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; Postdoctoral Fellowship//Ontario Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation/ ; Postdoctoral Fellowship//University of Toronto, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Introduced Species ; *Seed Dispersal ; Seedlings ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Mutualists can vary in the quantity and quality of service which they provide to their partners. Variation in seed disperser quality depends on seed-processing traits, dispersal distance, and deposition location, all of which ultimately affect plant fitness. Here, we compared these aspects of seed dispersal quality between a native and an invasive ant species, and examined how they affect competition and plant performance. Using experimental mesocosm communities, we examined how these two ant species affect the spatial pattern of recruitment and establishment for four myrmecochorous plant species, including one invasive species. We measured the locations of dispersed seedlings relative to ant nests, adult plants, and other dispersed seedlings, as well as measured the effects of location on plant performance. The invasive ant, Myrmica rubra, secondarily dispersed seeds farther from its nests, creating a less clumped pattern of seedling recruitment compared to the native ant, Aphaenogaster rudis. Plant species responded differently to dispersal. Invasive seedlings recruited farther from adult plants than native seedlings, and had higher survival the farther they were from conspecifics. In contrast, native plants had higher survival and grew taller when dispersed farther from invasive plants. We show that seed-dispersing ant partners differ in mutualist quality creating differences in dispersal distance and deposition location that affects a plant's competitive environment. Our results reveal the potential for long-term consequences on plant community structure with changing ant partner identity. We emphasize the need to examine dispersal quality in addition to quantity to uncover the importance of partner identity in structuring communities.}, }
@article {pmid31720339, year = {2019}, author = {Endress, BA and Averett, JP}, title = {Dataset of plant community composition in the Zumwalt Prairie Preserve, Oregon, USA.}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {27}, number = {}, pages = {104690}, doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2019.104690}, pmid = {31720339}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {These data support the research article: "Non-native species threaten the biotic integrity of the largest remnant Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass prairie in the United States" Endress et al. (2019) [1].The data were collected at the Zumwalt Prairie Preserve (Zumwalt), northeastern Oregon, USA, and include vascular plant species abundance matrices from 123 plots sampled in 2008 and 2009 and the estimated abundance of dominant species in community space.}, }
@article {pmid31720105, year = {2019}, author = {Zalota, AK and Zimina, OL and Spiridonov, VA}, title = {Combining data from different sampling methods to study the development of an alien crab Chionoecetes opilio invasion in the remote and pristine Arctic Kara Sea.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e7952}, pmid = {31720105}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Data obtained using three different types of sampling gear is compared and combined to assess the size composition and density of a non-indigenous snow crab population Chionoecetes opilio in the previously free of alien species Kara Sea benthos. The Sigsbee trawl has small mesh and catches even recently settled crabs. The large bottom trawl is able to catch large crabs, but does not retain younger crabs, due to its large mesh. Video sampling allows the observation of larger crabs, although some smaller crabs can also be spotted. The combined use of such gear could provide full scope data of the existing size groups in a population. The density of the crabs was calculated from the video footage. The highest figures were in Blagopoluchiya Bay at 0.87 crabs/m[2], where the settlement seems to be reaching its first peak of population growth after the introduction. High density in the Kara Gates Strait at 0.55 crabs/m[2], could be due to the close proximity of the Barents Sea from where the crabs can enter by both larval dispersal and active adult migration. All size groups have been present in most sampled areas, which suggest successful settlement and growth of crabs over a number of years. Again, this was not the case in Blagopoluchiya Bay with high density of small crabs (<30 mm CW), which confirms its recent population growth. Male to female ratio was strikingly different between the bays of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago and west of the Yamal Peninsula (0.8 and 3.8 respectively). Seventy five ovigerous females were caught in 2016, which confirms the presence of a reproducing population in the Kara Sea. The spatial structure of the snow crab population in the Kara Sea is still in the process of formation. The presented data indicates that this process may lead to a complex system, which is based on local recruitment and transport of larvae from the Barents Sea and across the western Kara shelf; formation of nursery grounds; active migration of adults and their concentration in the areas of the shelf with appropriate feeding conditions.}, }
@article {pmid31719711, year = {2019}, author = {Heger, T and Bernard-Verdier, M and Gessler, A and Greenwood, AD and Grossart, HP and Hilker, M and Keinath, S and Kowarik, I and Kueffer, C and Marquard, E and Müller, J and Niemeier, S and Onandia, G and Petermann, JS and Rillig, MC and Rödel, MO and Saul, WC and Schittko, C and Tockner, K and Joshi, J and Jeschke, JM}, title = {Towards an Integrative, Eco-Evolutionary Understanding of Ecological Novelty: Studying and Communicating Interlinked Effects of Global Change.}, journal = {Bioscience}, volume = {69}, number = {11}, pages = {888-899}, pmid = {31719711}, issn = {0006-3568}, abstract = {Global change has complex eco-evolutionary consequences for organisms and ecosystems, but related concepts (e.g., novel ecosystems) do not cover their full range. Here we propose an umbrella concept of "ecological novelty" comprising (1) a site-specific and (2) an organism-centered, eco-evolutionary perspective. Under this umbrella, complementary options for studying and communicating effects of global change on organisms, ecosystems, and landscapes can be included in a toolbox. This allows researchers to address ecological novelty from different perspectives, e.g., by defining it based on (a) categorical or continuous measures, (b) reference conditions related to sites or organisms, and (c) types of human activities. We suggest striving for a descriptive, non-normative usage of the term "ecological novelty" in science. Normative evaluations and decisions about conservation policies or management are important, but require additional societal processes and engagement with multiple stakeholders.}, }
@article {pmid31719698, year = {2019}, author = {Peleg, O and Guy-Haim, T}, title = {A 150-year-old idea could hinder Suez Canal invasions.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {575}, number = {7782}, pages = {287}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-019-03476-6}, pmid = {31719698}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Lakes ; Seawater ; }, }
@article {pmid31719486, year = {2019}, author = {Bueno-Villegas, J and Sierwald, P and DE Ascenção, AA}, title = {Check list of the Venezuelan millipedes species.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4686}, number = {2}, pages = {zootaxa.4686.2.1}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4686.2.1}, pmid = {31719486}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Arthropods ; Introduced Species ; Venezuela ; }, abstract = {Here we provide a checklist of millipedes described or recorded in the literature from Venezuela. The diplopod fauna is comprised of eight orders, 18 families, 54 genera, and 157 species. The millipede orders Glomerida, Chordeumatida, Julida, Siphoniulida, and Platydesmida (known elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere) are not, as of yet, reported from the Venezuelan fauna. Two widely distributed invasive species, Asiomorpha coarctata and Oxidus gracilis, were recorded from Venezuela. All species records listed here contain comprehensive citation and synonymy lists. Numerous locality data are questionable and are discussed. For most species, the supposed deposition of the type specimens is given. However, the museum and gender information is taken mostly from the literature as the type specimen themselves were not examined. An analysis of records extracted from GBIF in 2016 and in 2018 was conducted and compared to the data captured from the published taxonomic literature. The data in this checklist are summarized online at the MilliBase website.}, }
@article {pmid31719401, year = {2019}, author = {Korovchinsky, NM and Arnott, SE}, title = {Taxonomic resolution of the North American invasive species of the genus Bythotrephes Leydig, 1860 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Cercopagididae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4691}, number = {2}, pages = {zootaxa.4691.2.2}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4691.2.2}, pmid = {31719401}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; *Cladocera ; Crustacea ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; United States ; }, abstract = {The invasive species of the genus Bythotrephes introduced in the North American lakes in 1970s-early 1980s was named variously either B. cederstroemi or B. longimanus. The investigation of individuals of the genus from 15 Canadian lakes has allowed us to identify all of them as B. cederströmii Schödler, based on the detailed taxonomic redescription of the Eurasian representatives of the species. The available documented data (figures and photographs) on Bythotrephes from other North American lakes, made it possible to recognize their identity with this species as well. The possible introduction of interspecific hybrids of the genus Bythotrephes in the North American lakes has not been confirmed.}, }
@article {pmid31719204, year = {2019}, author = {Eyer, PA and Blumenfeld, AJ and Vargo, EL}, title = {Sexually antagonistic selection promotes genetic divergence between males and females in an ant.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {116}, number = {48}, pages = {24157-24163}, pmid = {31719204}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Ants/*genetics ; Diploidy ; Female ; *Genome, Insect ; Haploidy ; Introduced Species ; Loss of Heterozygosity ; Male ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sex Characteristics ; Sex Determination Processes ; Texas ; }, abstract = {Genetic diversity acts as a reservoir for potential adaptations, yet selection tends to reduce this diversity over generations. However, sexually antagonistic selection (SAS) may promote diversity by selecting different alleles in each sex. SAS arises when an allele is beneficial to one sex but harmful to the other. Usually, the evolution of sex chromosomes allows each sex to independently reach different optima, thereby circumventing the constraint of a shared autosomal genome. Because the X chromosome is found twice as often in females than males, it represents a hot spot for SAS, offering a refuge for recessive male-beneficial but female-costly alleles. Hymenopteran species do not have sex chromosomes; females are diploid and males are haploid, with sex usually determined by heterozygosity at the complementary sex-determining locus. For this reason, their entire genomes display an X-linked pattern, as every chromosome is found twice as often in females than in males, which theoretically predisposes them to SAS in large parts of their genome. Here we report an instance of sexual divergence in the Hymenoptera, a sexually reproducing group that lacks sex chromosomes. In the invasive ant Nylanderia fulva, a postzygotic SAS leads daughters to preferentially carry alleles from their mothers and sons to preferentially carry alleles from their grandfathers for a substantial region (∼3%) of the genome. This mechanism results in nearly all females being heterozygous at these regions and maintains diversity throughout the population, which may mitigate the effects of a genetic bottleneck following introduction to an exotic area and enhance the invasion success of this ant.}, }
@article {pmid31717868, year = {2019}, author = {Abbate, CE and Fischer, B}, title = {Don't Demean "Invasives": Conservation and Wrongful Species Discrimination.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {31717868}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {It is common for conservationists to refer to non-native species that have undesirable impacts on humans as "invasive". We argue that the classification of any species as "invasive" constitutes wrongful discrimination. Moreover, we argue that its being wrong to categorize a species as invasive is perfectly compatible with it being morally permissible to kill animals-assuming that conservationists "kill equally". It simply is not compatible with the double standard that conservationists tend to employ in their decisions about who lives and who dies.}, }
@article {pmid31717432, year = {2019}, author = {Dalmon, A and Gayral, P and Decante, D and Klopp, C and Bigot, D and Thomasson, M and Herniou, EA and Alaux, C and Le Conte, Y}, title = {Viruses in the Invasive Hornet Vespa velutina.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {31717432}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Biological Control Agents ; Dicistroviridae/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Genome, Viral ; *Insect Viruses/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Intestines/virology ; Introduced Species ; Metagenome ; RNA Viruses/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; RNA, Viral ; Wasps/*virology ; }, abstract = {The Asian yellow-legged hornet Vespa velutina nigrithorax, a major predator of honeybees, is spreading in Europe in part due to a lack of efficient control methods. In this study, as a first step to identify biological control agents, we characterized viral RNA sequences present in asymptomatic or symptomatic hornets. Among 19 detected viruses, the honey bee virus Deformed wing virus-B was predominant in all the samples, particularly in muscles from the symptomatic hornet, suggesting a putative cause of the deformed wing symptom. Interestingly, two new viruses closely related to Acyrthosiphon pisumvirus and Himetobi Pvirus and viruses typically associated with honey bees, Acute bee paralysis virus and Black queen cell virus, were detected in the brain and muscles, and may correspond to the circulation and possible replication forms of these viruses in the hornet. Aphid lethal paralysis virus, Bee Macula-like virus, and Moku virus, which are known to infect honey bees, were also identified in the gut virus metagenome of hornets. Therefore, our study underlined the urgent need to study the host range of these newly discovered viruses in hornets to determine whether they represent a new threat for honey bees or a hope for the biocontrol of V. velutina.}, }
@article {pmid31717144, year = {2019}, author = {Breuil, M and Vuillaume, B and Schikorski, D and Krauss, U and Morton, MN and Haynes, P and Daltry, JC and Corry, E and Gaymes, G and Gaymes, J and Bech, N and Jelić, M and Grandjean, F}, title = {A story of nasal horns: two new subspecies of Iguana Laurenti, 1768 (Squamata, Iguanidae) in Saint Lucia, St Vincent amp; the Grenadines, and Grenada (southern Lesser Antilles).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4608}, number = {2}, pages = {zootaxa.4608.2.1}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4608.2.1}, pmid = {31717144}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Caribbean Region ; *Iguanas ; Islands ; Male ; }, abstract = {The Lesser Antilles, in the Eastern Caribbean, were long considered to have only two species in the genus Iguana Laurenti 1768: the Lesser Antillean iguana Iguana delicatissima, which is endemic to parts of the Lesser Antilles, and the Common green iguana Iguana iguana, which also occurs throughout Central and South America. No subspecies are currently recognised. However, herpetologists and reptile collectors have pointed out strong physical differences between some of the island populations of Iguana iguana and those from the continent. Drawing on both morphological and genetic data, this paper describes two subspecies of the Common green iguana Iguana iguana from the southern Lesser Antilles, specifically the countries of Saint Lucia Iguana iguana sanctaluciae and Iguana iguana insularis from St Vincent the Grenadines, and Grenada. The form on the island of Saint Vincent has not been identified. The new subspecies are described based on the following unique combination of characters: Presence of high median and medium to small lateral horns on the snout; Small subtympanic plate not exceeding 20% of the eardrum size; Two or three scales of decreasing size anterior to the subtympanic plate; Fewer than ten small to medium triangular gular spikes; Medium sized dewlap; Low number of small to medium dispersed nuchal tubercles; Dark brown iris, with the white of the eye visible; Oval, prominent nostril; Short and relatively flat head; High dorsal spines; No swelling of the jowls in reproductively active males. Iguana iguana sanctaluciae has in adults vertical black stripes on body and tail and a black dewlap whereas Iguana iguana insularis is pale grey or creamy white in adults. Both subspecies are globally threatened by unsustainable hunting (including the pet trade) and by invasive alien species, including hybridization from invasive iguanas from South and Central America (I. iguana iguana and I. rhinolopha, considered here as full species) that have become established in all three countries. The authors call for stronger measures to conserve the remaining purebred Iguana i. insularis and Iguana i. sanctaluciae ssp. nov. throughout their ranges and for further research to identify other cryptic species and subspecies of Iguana in the Lesser Antilles.}, }
@article {pmid31716881, year = {2019}, author = {Kirichenko, N and Triberti, P and Akulov, E and Ponomarenko, M and Gorokhova, S and Sheiko, V and Ohshima, I and Lopez-Vaamonde, C}, title = {Exploring species diversity and host plant associations of leaf-mining micromoths (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in the Russian Far East using DNA barcoding.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4652}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4652.1.1}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4652.1.1}, pmid = {31716881}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Europe ; Asia, Eastern ; Female ; *Lepidoptera ; Male ; Russia ; Siberia ; }, abstract = {The Russian Far East (RFE) is an important hotspot of biodiversity whose insect fauna remains understudied, particularly its Microlepidoptera. Here we explore the diversity of leaf-mining micromoths of the family Gracillariidae, their distribution and host plant associations in RFE using a combination of field observations and sampling, DNA barcoding, morphological analysis and literature review. We collected 91 gracillariid specimens (45 larvae, 9 pupae and 37 adults) in 12 localities across RFE and identified 34 species using a combination of DNA barcoding and morphology. We provide a genetic library of 57 DNA barcodes belonging to 37 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs), including four BINs that could potentially represent species new to science. Leaf mines and leaf shelters are described and illustrated for 32 studied species, male or female genitalia as well as forewing patterns of adults are shown, especially for those species identified based on morphology. Three species, Micrurapteryx caraganella (Hering), Callisto insperatella (Nickerl), and Phyllonorycter junoniella (Zeller) are newly recorded from RFE. Five species previously known from some regions of RFE, were found for the first time in Amurskaya Oblast: Phyllonorycter populifoliella (Treitschke), Primorskii Krai: Ph. sorbicola Kumata and Sahkalin Island: Caloptilia heringi Kumata, Ph. ermani (Kumata) and Ph. ulmifoliella (Hübner). Eight gracillariid-plant associations are novel to science: Caloptilia gloriosa Kumata on Acer pseudosieboldianum, Cameraria niphonica Kumata on A. caudatum subsp. ukurundense, Parornix ermolaevi Kuznetzov on Corylus sieboldiana, Phyllonorycter ermani (Kumata) on Betula platyphylla, Ph. nipponicella (Issiki) on Quercus mongolica, Ph. orientalis (Kumata) and Ph. pseudojezoniella Noreika on Acer saccharum, Ph. sorbicola on Prunus maakii. For the first time we documented the "green island" phenotype on Phyllonorycter cavella (Zeller) mines on Betula platyphylla. Two pestiferous species have been recorded during our surveys: Micrurapteryx caraganella on ornamental Caragana arborescens in urban plantations in Amurskaya Oblast, and the lime leafminer Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata), a species known to be native to RFE and invasive elsewhere in Russia and in European countries. A revised checklist of RFE gracillariids has been compiled. It accounts for 135 species among which 17 species (13%) are only known to occur in RFE. The gracillariid fauna of RFE is more similar to the Japanese fauna (49%), than to the fauna of the rest of Russia (i.e European part and Siberia) (32%).}, }
@article {pmid31716729, year = {2019}, author = {LaPOLLA, JS and Kallal, RJ}, title = {Nylanderia of the World Part III: Nylanderia in the West Indies.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4658}, number = {3}, pages = {zootaxa.4658.3.1}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.1}, pmid = {31716729}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Introduced Species ; Male ; West Indies ; }, abstract = {The diversity of the formicine ant genus Nylanderia is currently underestimated and largely undescribed. This includes the faunas of tropical regions where species richness is typically high. Here, the taxonomy of the West Indian Nylanderia fauna is revised for the first time. Fourteen new species are described, bringing the total number of species known from the region to 22. The new species are: N. bibadia, sp. nov., N. caerula, sp. nov., N. coveri, sp. nov., N. disatra, sp. nov., N. esperanza, sp. nov., N. fuscaspecula, sp. nov., N. lucayana, sp. nov., N. metacista, sp. nov., N. pini, sp. nov., N. semitincta, sp. nov., N. sierra, sp. nov., N. wardi, sp. nov., N. xestonota, sp. nov., and N. zaminyops, sp. nov. There are several introduced species in the region including the globally widespread Old World species N. bourbonica. Other introduced species are N. fulva, N. pubens, N. guatemalensis, and N. steinheili. The following new synonyms are proposed: fulva Mayr 1862 (= fulva cubana Santschi 1930); steinheili Forel 1893 (= steinheili minuta Forel 1893). An identification key is provided for the workers of Nylanderia found in the West Indies. Photomontage images are provided for the worker of each species and when available photomontage and SEM images are provided for males. This work represents another step forward in understanding the diversity of this widespread and commonly encountered ant genus.}, }
@article {pmid31716473, year = {2019}, author = {Mifsud, D and Daccordi, M}, title = {Colaphellus palaestinus Achard, a new leaf-beetle for Europe (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4565}, number = {3}, pages = {zootaxa.4565.3.13}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4565.3.13}, pmid = {31716473}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; Malta ; }, abstract = {Colaphellus palaestinus Achard, an alien invasive species is here reported for the first time for Europe. It was found for the first time in Malta in November 2017, and the year after thousands of individuals were observed in Malta with many photographs posted in social media and local news. Global distribution of this species and information on closely related species is also provided here. Colaphellus zarudnyi Medvedev is probably a synonym of C. palaestinus.}, }
@article {pmid31716442, year = {2019}, author = {Sepúlveda, TA and Carvalho, CJB}, title = {Chaetonerius Hendel (Neriidae: Diptera) from the East African islands with description of four new species from Madagascar and the Comoros.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4567}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4567.1.7}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4567.1.7}, pmid = {31716442}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Comoros ; *Diptera ; Islands ; Madagascar ; Mauritius ; Seychelles ; }, abstract = {Except for the introduced species, Telostylinus lineolatus Wiedemann, all Neriidae occurring in the Ethiopian Region belong to the genus Chaetonerius Hendel and only one species, C. alluaudi (Giglio-Tos), is known from the East African islands, described from Seychelles and also recorded for Madagascar and Mauritius. Herein, we describe four new species of Chaetonerius from the East African islands, including the first species of Neriidae from the Comoros (C. kotrbae sp. n.) and three new species from Madagascar (C. ebejeri sp. n., C. kirkspriggsi sp. n. and C. madagasikara sp. n.). Additionally, a redescription of C. alluaudi (Giglio-Tos) with new record for Réunion and a key for identification of Chaetonerius from the East African islands are provided.}, }
@article {pmid31716328, year = {2019}, author = {Normark, BB and Okusu, A and Morse, GE and Peterson, DA and Itioka, T and Schneider, SA}, title = {Phylogeny and classification of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4616}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4616.1.1}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4616.1.1}, pmid = {31716328}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Hemiptera ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) are major economic pests and are among the world's most invasive species. Here we describe a system of specimen and identification management that establishes a basis for well-vouchered molecular identification. We also present an expanded Bayesian phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated fragments of 4 genetic loci: the large ribosomal subunit (28S), elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1α), cytochrome oxidase I and II (COI‒II), and the small ribosomal subunit (16S) of the primary endosymbiont, Uzinura diaspidicola (Bacteroidetes: Flavobacteriales). Our sample includes 1,389 individuals, representing 11 outgroup species and at least 311 described and 61 undescribed diaspidid species. The results broadly support Takagi's 2002 classification but indicate that some revisions are needed. We propose a revised classification recognizing 4 subfamilies: Ancepaspidinae Borchsenius, new rank, Furcaspidinae Balachowsky, new rank, Diaspidinae Targioni Tozzetti, and Aspidiotinae Westwood. Within Aspidiotinae, in addition to the existing tribes Aspidiotini Westwood, Parlatoriini Leonardi, Odonaspidini Ferris, Leucaspidini Atkinson, and Smilacicolini Takagi, we recognize as tribes Gymnaspidini Balachowsky, new rank, and Aonidiini Balachowsky, new rank. Within Diaspidinae we recognize the 2 tribes Lepidosaphidini Shimer and Diaspidini Targioni Tozzetti, and within Diaspidini we recognize three subtribes: Diaspidina Targioni Tozzetti, Fioriniina Leonardi, and Chionaspidina Brues Melander. We regard Kuwanaspidina Borchsenius as a junior synonym of Fioriniina, Thysanaspidini Takagi as a junior synonym of Leucaspidini, and Protodiaspidina Takagi and Ulucoccinae Takagi as junior synonyms of Chionaspidina. To clarify the composition of the higher taxa we describe 2 new genera for Australian species heretofore misplaced in the genus Ancepaspis Ferris: Brimblecombia Normark (Aonidiini) and Hendersonaspis Normark (Leucaspidini). We also propose many additional minor modifications to the taxonomy of Diaspididae, including the following new combinations, revived combinations, and replacement names: Aonidia edgerleyi (Mamet), new combination (from Bigymnaspis Balachowsky); Aonidomytilus espinosai Porter, revived combination (from Porterinaspis González); Aspidiotus badius (Brain), new combination (this and the next 5 Aspidiotus species all from Aonidia Targioni Tozzetti); Aspidiotus biafrae (Lindinger), new combination; Aspidiotus chaetachmeae (Brain), new combination; Aspidiotus laticornis (Balachowsky), new combination; Aspidiotus rhusae (Brain), new combination; Aspidiotus sclerosus (Munting), new combination; Brimblecombia asperata (Brimblecombe), new combination (this and the next 5 Brimblecombia species all from Ancepaspis); Brimblecombia longicauda (Brimblecombe), new combination; Brimblecombia magnicauda (Brimblecombe), new combination; Brimblecombia reticulata (Brimblecombe), new combination; Brimblecombia rotundicauda (Brimblecombe), new combination; Brimblecombia striata (Brimblecombe), new combination; Cooleyaspis pseudomorpha (Leonardi), new combination (from Dinaspis Leonardi); Cupidaspis wilkeyi (Howell Tippins), new combination (from Paracupidaspis Howell Tippins); Cupressaspis isfarensis Borchsenius, revived combination (this species, the next 2 species in Cupressaspis Borchsenius, revived genus, and the next 9 species in Diaspidiotus Cockerell all from Aonidia); Cupressaspis mediterranea (Lindinger), revived combination; Cupressaspis relicta (Balachowsky), new combination; Diaspidiotus atlanticus (Ferris), new combination; Diaspidiotus marginalis (Brain), new combination; Diaspidiotus maroccanus (Balachowsky), new combination; Diaspidiotus mesembryanthemae (Brain), new combination; Diaspidiotus opertus (De Lotto), new combination; Diaspidiotus shastae (Coleman), new combination; Diaspidiotus simplex (Leonardi), new combination; Diaspidiotus visci (Hall), new combination; Diaspidiotus yomae (Munting), new combination; Diaspis arundinariae (Tippins Howell), new combination (from Geodiaspis Tippins Howell); Duplachionaspis arecibo (Howell), new combination (this and the next 10 Duplachionaspis MacGillivray species all from Haliaspis Takagi); Duplachionaspis asymmetrica Ferris, revived combination; Duplachionaspis distichlii (Ferris), revived combination; Duplachionaspis litoralis Ferris, revived combination; Duplachionaspis mackenziei McDaniel, revived combination; Duplachionaspis milleri (Howell), new combination; Duplachionaspis nakaharai (Howell), new combination; Duplachionaspis peninsularis (Howell), new combination; Duplachionaspis spartinae (Comstock), revived combination; Duplachionaspis texana (Liu Howell) new combination; Duplachionaspis uniolae (Takagi), new combination; Duplachionaspis mutica (Williams) (from Aloaspis Williams), new combination; Epidiaspis doumtsopi (Schneider), new combination (from Diaspis Costa); Fiorinia ficicola (Takahashi), new combination (from Ichthyaspis Takagi); Fiorinia macroprocta (Leonardi), revived combination (this and the next 2 species of Fiorinia Targioni Tozzetti all from Trullifiorinia Leonardi); Fiorinia rubrolineata Leonardi, revived combination; Fiorinia scrobicularum Green, revived combination; Genaparlatoria pseudaspidiotus (Lindinger), revived combination (from Parlatoria); Greeniella acaciae (Froggatt), new combination (this and the next 4 Greeniella Cockerell species all from Gymnaspis Newstead); Greeniella cassida (Hall Williams), new combination; Greeniella grandis (Green), new combination; Greeniella perpusilla (Maskell), new combination; Greeniella serrata (Froggatt), new combination; Hendersonaspis anomala (Green), new combination (from Ancepaspis); Hulaspis bulba (Munting), new combination (this and the next Hulaspis Hall species both from Andaspis MacGillivray); Hulaspis formicarum (Ben-Dov), new combination; Lepidosaphes antidesmae (Rao in Rao Ferris), new combination (this and the next 19 species all from Andaspis); Lepidosaphes arcana (Matile-Ferrero), new combination; Lepidosaphes betulae (Borchsenius), new combination; Lepidosaphes citricola (Young Hu), new combination; Lepidosaphes conocarpi (Takagi), new combination; Lepidosaphes crawi (Cockerell), revived combination; Lepidosaphes erythrinae Rutherford, revived combination; Lepidosaphes incisor Green, revived combination; Lepidosaphes indica (Borchsenius), new combination; Lepidosaphes kashicola Takahashi, revived combination; Lepidosaphes kazimiae (Williams), new combination; Lepidosaphes laurentina (Almeida), new combination; Lepidosaphes maai (Williams Watson), new combination; Lepidosaphes mackieana McKenzie, revived combination; Lepidosaphes micropori (Borchsenius), new combination; Lepidosaphes punicae Laing, revived combination; Lepidosaphes quercicola (Borchsenius), new combination; Lepidosaphes recurrens (Takagi Kawai), new combination; Lepidosaphes viticis (Takagi), new combination; Lepidosaphes xishuanbannae (Young Hu), new combination; Lepidosaphes giffardi (Adachi Fullaway), new combination (from Carulaspis MacGillivray); Lepidosaphes garciniae (Young Hu), new combination (this and the next 2 species all from Ductofrontaspis Young Hu); Lepidosaphes huangyangensis (Young Hu), new combination; Lepidosaphes jingdongensis (Young Hu), new combination; Lepidosaphes recurvata (Froggatt), revived combination (from Metandaspis Williams); Lepidosaphes ficicola Takahashi, revived combination (this and the next 2 species all from Ungulaspis MacGillivray); Lepidosaphes pinicolous Chen, revived combination; Lepidosaphes ungulata Green, revived combination; Lepidosaphes serrulata (Ganguli), new combination (from Velataspis Ferris); Lepidosaphes huyoung Normark, replacement name for Andaspis ficicola Young Hu; Lepidosaphes tangi Normark, replacement name for Andaspis schimae Tang; Lepidosaphes yuanfeng Normark, replacement name for Andaspis keteleeriae Yuan Feng; Leucaspis ilicitana (Gómez-Menor), new combination (from Aonidia); Lopholeucaspis spinomarginata (Green), new combination (from Gymnaspis); Melanaspis campylanthi (Lindinger), new combination (from Aonidia); Mohelnaspis bidens (Green), new combination (from Fiorinia); Parlatoria affinis (Ramakrishna Ayyar), new combination (this and the next 4 Parlatoria species all from Gymnaspis); Parlatoria ficus (Ramakrishna Ayyar), new combination; Parlatoria mangiferae (Ramakrishna Ayyar), new combination; Parlatoria ramakrishnai (Green), new combination; Parlatoria sclerosa (Munting), new combination; Parlatoria bullata (Green), new combination (from Bigymnaspis); Parlatoria leucaspis (Lindinger), new combination (this and the next species both from Cryptoparlatorea Lindinger); Parlatoria pini (Takahashi), new combination; Parlatoria tangi Normark, replacement name for Parlatoria pini Tang; Pseudoparlatoria bennetti (Williams), new combination (from Parlagena McKenzie); Pseudoparlatoria chinchonae (McKenzie), new combination (from Protodiaspis Cockerell); Pseudoparlatoria larreae (Leonardi), revived combination (from Protargionia Leonardi); Quernaspis lepineyi (Balachowsky), new combination (from Chionaspis); Rhizaspidiotus nullispinus (Munting), new combination (from Aonidia); Rolaspis marginalis (Leonardi), new combination (from Lepidosaphes); Salicicola lepelleyi (De Lotto), new combination (from Anotaspis Ferris); Tecaspis giffardi (Leonardi), new combination (from Dinaspis); Trullifiorinia geijeriae (Froggatt), new combination (from Fiorinia); Trullifiorinia nigra (Lindinger), new combination (from Crypthemichionaspis Lindinger); and Voraspis olivina (Leonardi), new combination (from Lepidosaphes).}, }
@article {pmid31716214, year = {2019}, author = {Gadallah, SM and Nasser, MG and Farag, SM and Elhawary, MO and Hossny, A}, title = {Deroplax silphoides (Thunberg, 1783) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Scutelleridae) Invasive Species in Egypt with additional morphological and behavioral data.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4624}, number = {3}, pages = {zootaxa.4624.3.7}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4624.3.7}, pmid = {31716214}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Ecology ; Egypt ; Female ; *Heteroptera ; Introduced Species ; Male ; }, abstract = {Invasive species continue to be a noteworthy risk to a wide range of biological systems and species diversity throughout the world. At present, accessible data about invasive species in Egypt are still insufficient despite the genuine danger these species pose to the Egyptian environment, economy and human well-being. The present study adds new distribution records of the invasive scutellerid species, Deroplax silphoides (Thunberg, 1783), to the Egyptian fauna. In 2008, this bug was first observed in Egypt in South Sinai, followed by Giza in 2016. Recently, hundreds of specimens were reported from Cairo in 2018. A new host plant, Chrysanthemum morifolium L. (Asteraceae), is reported for this bug. This work also provides additional information about the male and female genitalia. New characteristic features, photos, examined material, map of its world distribution, ecological and behavioral notes are also provided. Moreover, egg sculpturing of Deroplax silphoides was examined for the first time.}, }
@article {pmid31715859, year = {2019}, author = {Korda, M and Csóka, GY and Szabó, &#xc1; and Ripka, G}, title = {First occurrence and description of Aceria fraxiniflora (Felt, 1906) Acariformes: Eriophyoidea) from Europe.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4568}, number = {2}, pages = {zootaxa.4568.2.5}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4568.2.5}, pmid = {31715859}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe ; Female ; Hungary ; Indiana ; *Mites ; }, abstract = {Aceria fraxiniflora (Felt, 1906) is reported from Europe for the first time. This mite has never been described before and we therefore describe and illustrate the female and the nymph. The species was collected from the galled inflorescences and fruits of the introduced species Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall (Oleaceae) in Hungary, and from Fraxinus americana L. in Indiana, USA.}, }
@article {pmid31715759, year = {2019}, author = {Dessouassi, CE and Lalèyè, PA and D'Acoz, CD}, title = {First record of the globally invasive crab, Charybdis hellerii (A. Milne-Edwards, 1867), in Benin, with notes on its taxonomy (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4576}, number = {2}, pages = {zootaxa.4576.2.1}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4576.2.1}, pmid = {31715759}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Benin ; *Brachyura ; *Decapoda ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Pacific Ocean ; }, abstract = {The Indo-Pacific portunid, Charybdis hellerii (A. Milne-Edwards, 1867), is a crab species native to the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans and has previously colonized the Eastern Mediterranean and the Western Atlantic. It is now recorded in the Eastern Atlantic, on the coast of Benin, where a thriving population has established. This invasive and widely distributed species exhibits morphological variations within and between populations, which are discussed in detail. Its current distribution is presented, and its future expansion along the West African coast and future impact on coastal ecosystems and local fisheries are the object of tentative forecasts. Illustrations of sexually mature specimens from different sizes and regions are presented, and their allometric, individual and geographical variations are discussed. A new synonymy and a new account on the taxonomy and the biology of the species are presented. Illustrations of the lectotype and the paralectotype of C. hellerii are also provided for the first time. Charybdis spinifera (Miers, 1884), C. merguiensis (De Man, 1887) and C. vannamei Ward, 1941 are here treated as subjective junior synonyms of C. hellerii. The holotype of C. spinifera and two syntypes of C. merguiensis are illustrated.}, }
@article {pmid31714035, year = {2020}, author = {Smith, TD and Laitman, JT}, title = {Extreme Anatomy: Gear for the Pioneer.}, journal = {Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)}, volume = {303}, number = {1}, pages = {10-14}, doi = {10.1002/ar.24299}, pmid = {31714035}, issn = {1932-8494}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Environment ; *Introduced Species ; Mammals/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {This special issue of The Anatomical Record explores extravagant adaptions that vertebrates have evolved from their base groups to survive in the most challenging environments. The special issue stems from a symposium entitled "Extreme Anatomy: Living beyond the edge," which was held April 23, 2017, at the annual meeting of the American Association of Anatomists, (now called the American Association for Anatomy), in Chicago, IL. In part 1 of this issue, we encounter fossorial mammals and cave-dwelling fish and salamanders that have reduced visual systems accompanied by a variety of mechanosensory adaptations. In rivers and seas, teeth may not suffice in the pursuit of prey: aquatic vertebrates are adorned with armor or weaponry or elaborate keratinous sieves. As vertebrates exploit a great diversity of niches, selection has favored a dizzying array of specialized sensory and locomotor adaptions for deep diving, rapid flight, and navigation through dark and complex settings. Each special adaptation, some seemingly quite "extreme" deviations from an original Bauplan, becomes a tool for a pioneer-like diversification of vertebrates. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.}, }
@article {pmid31713600, year = {2019}, author = {Drummond, FA}, title = {Common St. John's Wort (Malpighiales: Hypericaceae): An Invasive Plant in Maine Wild Blueberry Production and Its Potential for Indirectly Supporting Ecosystem Services.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {6}, pages = {1369-1376}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz129}, pmid = {31713600}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; *Blueberry Plants ; *Clusiaceae ; Ecosystem ; *Hypericum ; *Introduced Species ; Maine ; Malpighiales ; }, abstract = {Common St. John's wort, Hypericum perforatum L. (Malpighiales: Hypericaceae), is a weed in Maine wild blueberry fields. A survey of its presence and relative density in 55 wild blueberry fields was conducted from 2013 to 2016. The objectives of this study were to determine how widespread it is as a weed in wild blueberry and whether it might indirectly contribute to beneficial ecosystem services for wild blueberry. It was found that St. John's wort occurs in about half (45.5%) of all wild blueberry fields surveyed. The crop cycle (prune vs cropping year) affected its relative abundance, significantly less St. John's wort was found in prune fields. St. John's wort relative abundance in wild blueberry fields was not affected by farming system (conventional vs organic) or landscape surrounding blueberry fields. Geographical distribution modeling was performed using the software Maxent. In Maine, the most likely areas predicted to be infested with St. John's wort were the two major blueberry production regions: Mid-coast and Downeast, Maine. Insects associated with St. John's wort were diverse. This weed appears to be under considerable herbivore pressure, especially hemipterans and Chrysolina spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) beetles that have been released for biological control. Insect predators and parasitoids were abundant and may not only reduce herbivory on St. John's wort but may also provide a valuable ecosystem service in terms of predator spillover, resulting in reduction of wild blueberry insect pests. Bumble bees (Bombus spp., Hymenoptera, Apidae) are the most efficient pollinator of blueberry and were the predominant bee taxa found foraging on the flowers.}, }
@article {pmid31713132, year = {2019}, author = {Branco, CWC and Leal, JJF and Huszar, VLM and Farias, DDS and Saint'Pierre, TD and Sousa-Filho, IF and de Palermo, EFA and Guarino, AWS and Gomes, AR and Kozlowsky-Suzuki, B}, title = {New lake in a changing world: the construction and filling of a small hydropower reservoir in the tropics (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {26}, number = {35}, pages = {36007-36022}, pmid = {31713132}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Climate Change ; Corbicula ; Cyanobacteria ; Ecosystem ; *Lakes ; Plankton ; *Power Plants ; Rivers ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Climate change has affected rainfall patterns in tropical regions, where simultaneous demands for water and energy, habitat loss, declining biodiversity, and spread of invasive species have reflected a rapidly changing world underway. In Brazil, hydropower generation accounts for 64% of the electricity matrix, which presently includes 1007 small hydropower plants (SHPs) having many others under construction or planned. This paper aimed to evaluate changes in water quality, plankton communities, and benthic macroinvertebrates during dam construction, filling, and the first year of operation of a SHP. Suspended solids, turbidity, and silica were variables that highlighted the impact of this construction on the river. Fast changes in water quality (increases in calcium, chlorides, and nitrate) and on aquatic communities (i.e. euglenophyceans and testate amoebae increased in numbers) were detected during the filling phase. Following SHP construction, the concentrations of metals and total phosphorus tended to decrease. Two striking findings observed in the aquatic communities from the riverine conditions to the new lake were the increase in picocyanobacteria abundance, expanding population stocks throughout the river basin, and the constant presence of the invasive mollusc Corbicula fluminea in the macroinvertebrate assemblage, revealing once again its resistance to environmental variability. The lake soon became a natural trap for ions from the drainage basin, as revealed by the increase in electrical conductivity, ammonium, potassium, and magnesium concentrations and the abundance of cyanobacteria, highlighting the need for watershed management to improve ecological conditions in the lake.}, }
@article {pmid31713008, year = {2020}, author = {Chen, F and Ye, J and Chio, C and Liu, W and Shi, J and Qin, W}, title = {A simplified quick microbial genomic DNA extraction via freeze-thawing cycles.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, pages = {703-709}, pmid = {31713008}, issn = {1573-4978}, support = {201304404//Chinese State Forestry Administration Special Research Program for Forestry Sectors Beneficial to the Public/ ; CX16-1005//Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund/ ; 2014:5-6//Shanghai Science and Technology Agriculture Key Project/ ; (PAPD)//Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/chemistry/genetics ; Buffers ; Chemical Fractionation/*methods ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis/*isolation &amp; purification ; DNA, Helminth/analysis/isolation &amp; purification ; Freezing ; Genetic Techniques ; Microbiological Techniques/*methods ; Nematoda/chemistry/genetics ; }, abstract = {Effective isolation of high-quality genomic DNA is one of the essential steps in molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetic studies. Here we describe a simplified procedure based on repeated freeze-thawing cycles to isolate genomic DNA from different organisms of microbes (Burkholderia pyrrocinia JK-SH007, Bacillus pumilus HRl0, Botrytis cinerea) and nematodes (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). The DNA extraction buffer includes 10% of CTAB; 4% of NaCl (W/V); 20 mM of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid; 100 mM of Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 and 1% of polyvinylpyrrolidone. The released DNA was purified from the mixture using a phenol/chloroform mixture and precipitated in 70% ethanol to remove proteins, carbohydrates, phenols, RNA, etc. Our method is a reproducible, simple, and rapid technique for routine DNA extractions from various microorganisms and nematodes. Furthermore, the low cost of this method could be an economic benefit to large-scale studies.}, }
@article {pmid31712454, year = {2019}, author = {Grand, D and Marinov, M and Jourdan, H and Cook, C and Rouys, S and Mille, C and Theuerkauf, J}, title = {Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4640}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4640.1.1}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4640.1.1}, pmid = {31712454}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia, Southeastern ; Australia ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; New Caledonia ; *Odonata ; }, abstract = {Compared to other archipelagos of the Pacific, the New Caledonian Odonata fauna is rich and diverse with 56 valid species or subspecies (23 endemics, 41%) from eight families (four Zygoptera: Argiolestidae, Coenagrionidae, Isostictidae, Lestidae, and four Anisoptera: Aeshnidae, Corduliidae, Synthemistidae, Libellulidae) and 31 genera (including four endemics, 13%). In Zygoptera, we record 19 species including 12 endemics (63%), and among Anisoptera, we record 37 species or subspecies, including 11 endemics (30%). We removed five species from the list that had been erroneously recorded as occurring in New Caledonia: Tramea carolina (Linnaeus, 1763), Austroargiolestes icteromelas (Selys-Longchamps, 1862), Ischnura torresiana Tillyard, 1913, Xiphiagrion cyanomelas Selys-Longchamps, 1876 and Hemicordulia oceanica Selys-Longchamps, 1871. The occurrence of Tramea limbata (Desjardins, 1835) appears also doubtful, but we were unable to clarify to which taxon this record referred hence we excluded it from our update. From a biogeographic perspective, the New Caledonian fauna has mostly Australian affinities with some connections with southeast Asia and the Pacific region. We provide for each species, whenever information was available, a distribution map with a brief review of its known ecology, behaviour and phenology. We also evaluated each species' conservation status, in light of known threats (range restriction, scarcity and human activity including altered water flow). We consider seventeen species (30%) endangered. The most immediate threats concern water pollution including alteration to the flow of water courses caused by mining, deforestation and fires. Invasive species, such as alien fish, may be predators of concern for odonata larva, although this has not yet been proven in New Caledonia.}, }
@article {pmid31711511, year = {2019}, author = {Arregui, L and Diaz-Diaz, S and Alonso-López, E and Kouba, AJ}, title = {Hormonal induction of spermiation in a Eurasian bufonid (Epidalea calamita).}, journal = {Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&amp;E}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {92}, pmid = {31711511}, issn = {1477-7827}, support = {CAN GRANT 2011//Memphis Zoo/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Asia ; Bufonidae/*physiology ; Chorionic Gonadotropin/*pharmacology ; Cryopreservation ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Europe ; Humans ; Male ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted ; Seasons ; Sperm Count ; Spermatogenesis/*drug effects ; Spermatozoa/*drug effects/physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Amphibian diversity is declining at an alarming rate due to habitat loss, invasive species, climate change and diseases. Captive assurance colonies have been established for some species at risk; however, many species do not breed well in captivity and the development of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) is critical to help sustain genetic diversity. To date, the majority of the work has been accomplished in species from the American continent and Australia, and there is a need to address similar breeding challenges in Eurasian and African species of amphibians.<br><br>METHODS: The aim of this study was to develop a hormone protocol for stimulation of spermiation in Epidalea calamita as a model for Eurasian bufonids. Hence, the effect on sperm production and quality of three doses of chorionic gonadotropin hormone (5, 10 and 15&#x2009;IU hCG/g) over time (1 to 24&#x2009;h) was evaluated. In addition, cold storage (at 5&#x2009;&#xb0;C) of sperm for 24 and 48&#x2009;h and three frequencies for hormonal treatment (weekly, biweekly and monthly) were examined.<br><br>RESULTS: Hormone concentrations of 10 or 15&#x2009;IU of hCG induced spermiation in 100% of males and produced sperm of comparable quality, while 5&#x2009;IU hCG stimulated spermiation in only 40% of males. Total motility peaked between 1 to 4&#x2009;h post-treatment with 10&#x2009;IU hCG, whereas treatment with 15&#x2009;IU hCG peaked between 2 to 6&#x2009;h. After 24&#x2009;h of cold storage total motility dropped by 20% and forward motility dropped by 10% for both the 10 and 15&#x2009;IU treatments. Weekly hormone administration resulted in higher variation between trials in all motility parameters and a lower overall Total Motility and Forward Movement. Furthermore, the effect of exogenous hormone treatment overlapped between the last two trials in the weekly frequency. Sperm concentration was higher in the first trial for all frequencies but showed no differences among other trials.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results show that hormone concentration, time after treatment, frequency of hormone treatment and cold storage should be borne in mind when developing a hormone stimulation protocol for Eurasian amphibian species.}, }
@article {pmid31711263, year = {2020}, author = {Gopalakrishnan, KK and Kashian, DR}, title = {Identification of Optimal Calcium and Temperature Conditions for Quagga Mussel Filtration Rates as a Potential Predictor of Invasion.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, pages = {410-418}, doi = {10.1002/etc.4624}, pmid = {31711263}, issn = {1552-8618}, support = {G15AC00035//U.S. Geological Survey/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium/*analysis/metabolism ; Dreissena/growth &amp; development/metabolism/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Michigan ; Microcystis/metabolism ; *Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Rivers/*chemistry ; *Temperature ; Water/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis burgensis) are a highly invasive aquatic species to North America, capable of filtering large volumes of water and causing severe ecological and economic impacts. Their range has been expanding since they first invaded the Great Lakes in the 1980s. To predict their spread, it is crucial to understand environmental parameters, which facilitate their range expansion. Two factors likely to influence their distribution include calcium and temperature, because the former is vital for shell development and the latter for metabolic activity. When these factors are optimal for mussels' fitness, the filtration rate has the potential to be maximized if other environmental conditions are also favorable, thus enabling mussels to exploit their growth potential. Deviations from optimal conditions likely result in filtration-rate decline. We identify calcium concentrations and temperatures that maximize the mussel filtration rate for 2 phytoplankton species: Ankistrodesmus facaltus, a common food source for quagga mussels, and a less palatable Microcystis icthyoblabe. In laboratory experiments, filtration rates were measured through cell counts after 24 h of filtration when exposed to a range of temperatures between 2 and 30 °C, and calcium concentrations between 0 and 180 mg/L. Response surface methodology was used to identify a maximum filtration rate, which occurred at 22 mL/mg/h at 137 mg/L of calcium carbonate and 26 °C when fed Ankistrodesmus. To establish a quagga mussel population in a new water source, optimum conditions are required; thus, this information can be used to rank the relative susceptibility of water bodies to invasion by quagga mussels. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:410-418. © 2019 SETAC.}, }
@article {pmid31711164, year = {2020}, author = {Tucker, EK and Zurliene, ME and Suski, CD and Nowak, RA}, title = {Gonad development and reproductive hormones of invasive silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) in the Illinois River.}, journal = {Biology of reproduction}, volume = {102}, number = {3}, pages = {647-659}, doi = {10.1093/biolre/ioz207}, pmid = {31711164}, issn = {1529-7268}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/blood/*physiology ; Estradiol/*blood ; Estrous Cycle/*physiology ; Female ; Illinois ; Male ; Reproduction/physiology ; Rivers ; Seasons ; Spermatogenesis/*physiology ; Testosterone/*blood ; }, abstract = {Reproduction is a major component of an animal's life history strategy. Species with plasticity in their reproductive biology are likely to be successful as an invasive species, as they can adapt their reproductive effort during various phases of a biological invasion. Silver carp (Hypophthalmicthys molitrix), an invasive cyprinid in North America, display wide variation in reproductive strategies across both their native and introduced ranges, though the specifics of silver carp reproduction in the Illinois River have not been established. We assessed reproductive status using histological and endocrinological methods in silver carp between April and October 2018, with additional histological data from August to October 2017. Here, we show that female silver carp are batch spawners with asynchronous, indeterminate oocyte recruitment, while male silver carp utilize a determinate pattern of spermatogenesis which ceases in the early summer. High plasma testosterone levels in females could be responsible for regulating oocyte development. Our results suggest that silver carp have high spawning activity in the early summer (May-June), but outside of the peak spawning period, female silver carp can maintain spawning-capable status by adjusting rates of gametogenesis and atresia in response to environmental conditions, while males regress their gonads as early as July. The results of this study are compared to reports of silver carp reproduction in other North American rivers as well as in Asia.}, }
@article {pmid31706913, year = {2020}, author = {Beeton, NJ and Hosack, GR and Wilkins, A and Forbes, LK and Ickowicz, A and Hayes, KR}, title = {Modelling competition between hybridising subspecies.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {486}, number = {}, pages = {110072}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110072}, pmid = {31706913}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {The geographic niches of many species are dramatically changing as a result of environmental and anthropogenic impacts such as global climate change and the introduction of invasive species. In particular, genetically compatible subspecies that were once geographically separated are being reintroduced to one another. This is of concern for conservation, where rare or threatened subspecies could be bred out by hybridising with their more common relatives, and for commercial interests, where the stock or quality of desirable harvested species could be compromised. It is also relevant to disease ecology, where disease transmission is heterogeneous among subspecies and hybridisation may affect the rate and spatial spread of disease. We develop and investigate a mathematical model to combine competitive effects via the Lotka-Volterra model with hybridisation effects via mate choice. The species complex is structured into two classes: a subspecies of interest (named x), and other subspecies including any hybrids produced (named y). We show that in the absence of limit cycles the model has four possible equilibrium outcomes, representing every combination: total extinction, x-dominance (y extinct), y-dominance (x extinct), and at most a single coexistence equilibrium. We give conditions for which limit cycles cannot exist, then further show that the "total extinction" equilibrium is always unstable, that y-dominance is always stable, and that the other equilibria have stability depending on the model parameters. We demonstrate that both x-dominance and coexistence are achievable under a wide range of parameter values and initial conditions, which corresponds with empirical evidence of known competing-hybridising systems. We then briefly examine bifurcation behaviour. In particular, we note that a subcritical bifurcation is possible in which a "catastrophic" transition from x-dominance to y-dominance can occur, representing an invasion event. Finally, we briefly examine the common complication of time-varying carrying capacity, showing that such a case can make coexistence more likely.}, }
@article {pmid31705409, year = {2019}, author = {Wang, T and Hu, J and Wang, R and Liu, C and Yu, D}, title = {Trait convergence and niche differentiation of two exotic invasive free-floating plant species in China under shifted water nutrient stoichiometric regimes.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {26}, number = {35}, pages = {35779-35786}, pmid = {31705409}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {31170339//National Natural Science Foundation of China (CN)/ ; 2013FY112300//Special Foundation of National Science and Technology Basic Research/ ; 2014GZX217005//the Science and Technology Project of Shandong Province/ ; 2015FY210200//the Science and Technology Project of Shandong Province/ ; 2017M622184//the general financial grant from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Araceae/*chemistry ; China ; Eichhornia/chemistry/*growth &amp; development ; Eutrophication/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*analysis/chemistry ; Nutrients ; Phosphorus/*analysis/chemistry ; Phytoplankton/*chemistry ; Water ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {The effects of eutrophication on the growth and phenotypic performance of macrophytes have been widely studied. Experimental evidence suggests that an increase in the water nutrient level would promote the performance of several invasive free-floating macrophytes. However, few studies have focused on how a shift in water nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) stoichiometric regimes may influence the performance of invasive free-floating macrophytes. In the present study, two exotic invasive plant species, free-floating Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes, were subjected to different water nutrient stoichiometric regimes, and their phenotypic performance was studied. We found that the two species converged in several resource use traits and diverged in lateral root length. This implied that their similarities in fitness-correlated traits and their underwater niche differentiation probably contribute to their stable coexistence in the field. Additionally, the eutrophic conditions in the different N:P regimes scarcely altered the performance of both species compared to their performance in the oligotrophic condition. Based on previous studies, we predicted that moderate eutrophication with slight overloading of nitrogen and phosphorus would not improve the performance of several invasive free-floating plants and thus would scarcely alter the invasive status of these species. However, moderate eutrophication may cause other problems, such as the growth of phytoplankton and algae and increased pollution in the water.}, }
@article {pmid31704683, year = {2020}, author = {Landa, BB and Castillo, AI and Giampetruzzi, A and Kahn, A and Román-Écija, M and Velasco-Amo, MP and Navas-Cortés, JA and Marco-Noales, E and Barbé, S and Moralejo, E and Coletta-Filho, HD and Saldarelli, P and Saponari, M and Almeida, RPP}, title = {Emergence of a Plant Pathogen in Europe Associated with Multiple Intercontinental Introductions.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {86}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {31704683}, issn = {1098-5336}, support = {S10 OD018174/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Brazil ; Europe ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Introduced Species ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; Xylella/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Pathogen introductions have led to numerous disease outbreaks in naive regions of the globe. The plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa has been associated with various recent epidemics in Europe affecting agricultural crops, such as almond, grapevine, and olive, but also endemic species occurring in natural forest landscapes and ornamental plants. We compared whole-genome sequences of X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex from America and strains associated with recent outbreaks in southern Europe to infer their likely origins and paths of introduction within and between the two continents. Phylogenetic analyses indicated multiple introductions of X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex into Italy, Spain, and France, most of which emerged from a clade with limited genetic diversity with a likely origin in California, USA. The limited genetic diversity observed in X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex strains originating from California is likely due to the clade itself being an introduction from X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex populations in the southeastern United States, where this subspecies is most likely endemic. Despite the genetic diversity found in some areas in Europe, there was no clear evidence of recombination occurring among introduced X. fastidiosa strains in Europe. Sequence type taxonomy, based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST), was shown, at least in one case, to not lead to monophyletic clades of this pathogen; whole-genome sequence data were more informative in resolving the history of introductions than MLST data. Although additional data are necessary to carefully tease out the paths of these recent dispersal events, our results indicate that whole-genome sequence data should be considered when developing management strategies for X. fastidiosa outbreaks.IMPORTANCEXylella fastidiosa is an economically important plant-pathogenic bacterium that has emerged as a pathogen of global importance associated with a devastating epidemic in olive trees in Italy associated with X. fastidiosa subspecies pauca and other outbreaks in Europe, such as X. fastidiosa subspecies fastidiosa and X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex in Spain and X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex in France. We present evidence of multiple introductions of X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex, likely from the United States, into Spain, Italy, and France. These introductions illustrate the risks associated with the commercial trade of plant material at global scales and the need to develop effective policy to limit the likelihood of pathogen pollution into naive regions. Our study demonstrates the need to utilize whole-genome sequence data to study X. fastidiosa introductions at outbreak stages, since a limited number of genetic markers does not provide sufficient phylogenetic resolution to determine dispersal paths or relationships among strains that are of biological and quarantine relevance.}, }
@article {pmid31703426, year = {2019}, author = {Schläppi, D and Lattrell, P and Yañez, O and Chejanovsky, N and Neumann, P}, title = {Foodborne Transmission of Deformed Wing Virus to Ants (Myrmica rubra).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {31703426}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {XXXX//B&#xe9;atrice Ederer-Weber Foundation/ ; XXXX//Vinetum Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Virus host shifts occur frequently, but the whole range of host species and the actual transmission pathways are often poorly understood. Deformed wing virus (DWV), an RNA virus described from honeybees (Apis mellifera), has been shown to have a broad host range. Since ants are often scavenging on dead honeybees, foodborne transmission of these viruses may occur. However, the role of the ant Myrmica rubra as an alternative host is not known and foodborne transmission to ants has not been experimentally addressed yet. Here, we show with a 16-week feeding experiment that foodborne transmission enables DWV type-A and -B to infect M. rubra and that these ants may serve as a virus reservoir. However, the titers of both plus- and minus-sense viral RNA strands decreased over time. Since the ants were fed with highly virus-saturated honeybee pupae, this probably resulted in initial viral peaks, then approaching lower equilibrium titers in infected individuals later. Since DWV infections were also found in untreated field-collected M. rubra colonies, our results support the wide host range of DWV and further suggest foodborne transmission as a so far underestimated spread mechanism.}, }
@article {pmid31703061, year = {2019}, author = {Parra-Tabla, V and Angulo-Pérez, D and Albor, C and Campos-Navarrete, MJ and Tun-Garrido, J and Sosenski, P and Alonso, C and Ashman, TL and Arceo-Gómez, G}, title = {The role of alien species on plant-floral visitor network structure in invaded communities.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, pages = {e0218227}, pmid = {31703061}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Flowers ; *Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Models, Biological ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; *Plants ; Pollination ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {The interactions between pairs of native and alien plants via shared use of pollinators have been widely studied. Community level studies however, are necessary in order to fully understand the factors and mechanisms that facilitate successful plant invasion, but these are still scarce. Specifically, few community level studies have considered how differences in invasion level (alien flower abundance), and degree of floral trait similarity between native and invasive species, mediate effects on native plant-pollinator communities. Here, we evaluated the role of alien species on overall plant-floral visitor network structure, and on species-level network parameters, across nine invaded coastal communities distributed along 205 km in Yucatán, México that vary in alien species richness and flower abundance. We further assessed the potential the role of alien plant species on plant-floral visitor network structure and robustness via computational simulation of native and invasive plant extinction scenarios. We did not find significant differences between native and alien species in their functional floral phenotypes or in their visitation rate and pollinator community composition in these invaded sites. Variation in the proportion of alien plant species and flower abundance across sites did not influence plant-pollinator network structure. Species-level network parameters (i.e., normalized degree and nestedness contribution) did not differ between native and alien species. Furthermore, our simulation analyses revealed that alien species are functionally equivalent to native species and contribute equally to network structure and robustness. Overall, our results suggest that high levels of floral trait similarity and pollinator use overlap may help facilitate the integration of alien species into native plant-pollinator networks. As a result, alien species may also play a similar role than that of natives in the structure and stability of native plant and pollinator communities in the studied coastal sand dune ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid31700532, year = {2019}, author = {Cao, LJ and Gao, YF and Gong, YJ and Chen, JC and Chen, M and Hoffmann, A and Wei, SJ}, title = {Population analysis reveals genetic structure of an invasive agricultural thrips pest related to invasion of greenhouses and suitable climatic space.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {1868-1880}, pmid = {31700532}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Biological invasions of pests into climatically unsuitable areas can be facilitated by human-regulated environments, in which case there may be an impact on genetic structure through population processes and/or adaptation. Here, we investigated the population genetic structure of an invasive agricultural pest, Thrips palmi, in China, which has expanded its distribution range through using greenhouses. Early invaded populations showed a relatively higher level of genetic diversity than recently expanded greenhouse populations. Strong population genetic structure corresponded to a pattern of isolation by distance, with no recent gene flow and low historical gene flow among populations, reflecting limited ongoing dispersal. A genetic signature of population expansion was detected in early invaded populations and three northern populations from greenhouses, suggesting that the greenhouse environments facilitated expansion of this species. Redundancy analysis showed that the independent effects of environment and geography could explain 51.68% and 32.06% of the genetic variance, respectively. These findings point to climate- and greenhouse-related spatial expansion, with the potential for adaptation by T. palmi. They emphasize the contribution of human-regulated environments on the successes of this invasive species, a situation likely to apply to other invasive species that use greenhouse environments.}, }
@article {pmid31700073, year = {2019}, author = {Pepper, N and Gerardo-Giorda, L and Montomoli, F}, title = {Meta-modeling on detailed geography for accurate prediction of invasive alien species dispersal.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {16237}, pmid = {31700073}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Invasive species are recognized as a significant threat to biodiversity. The mathematical modeling of their spatio-temporal dynamics can provide significant help to environmental managers in devising suitable control strategies. Several mathematical approaches have been proposed in recent decades to efficiently model the dispersal of invasive species. Relying on the assumption that the dispersal of an individual is random, but the density of individuals at the scale of the population can be considered smooth, reaction-diffusion models are a good trade-off between model complexity and flexibility for use in different situations. In this paper we present a continuous reaction-diffusion model coupled with arbitrary Polynomial Chaos (aPC) to assess the impact of uncertainties in the model parameters. We show how the finite elements framework is well-suited to handle important landscape heterogeneities as elevation and the complex geometries associated with the boundaries of an actual geographical region. We demonstrate the main capabilities of the proposed coupled model by assessing the uncertainties in the invasion of an alien species invading the Basque Country region in Northern Spain.}, }
@article {pmid31700052, year = {2019}, author = {Maeda, T and Nakashita, R and Shionosaki, K and Yamada, F and Watari, Y}, title = {Predation on endangered species by human-subsidized domestic cats on Tokunoshima Island.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {16200}, pmid = {31700052}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; Diet ; *Endangered Species ; Feces/chemistry ; Humans ; *Islands ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {It is important to unravel how invasive species impact native ecosystems in order to control them effectively. The presence of abundant exotic prey promotes population growth of invasive predators, thereby enhancing the predation pressure on native prey (hyper-predation). Not only the exotic prey but also feeding by humans is likely to cause "hyper-predation". However, the contribution of artificial resources to this was underestimated in previous studies. Here, we combined fecal and stable isotope analyses to reveal short- and long-term food habits of free-ranging cats on Tokunoshima Island. Although 20.1% of the feral cat feces contained evidence of forest-living species, stable isotope analysis suggested that the cats were mostly dependent on artificial resources. In addition, a general linear model analysis showed that their diet was strongly correlated with landscape variables. These results indicate that the invasive free-ranging cats are aided by anthropogenic feeding, and they move from the human habituated area to natural areas with high biodiversity. These findings suggest the possibility of human feeding indirectly accelerates the effect of cat predation, and call for a further study on their demography. Cat management mainly involves trapping, but our findings show that educating local residents to stop feeding free-ranging cats and keeping pet cats indoors are also important.}, }
@article {pmid31696558, year = {2020}, author = {Bennett, EM and Hauser, CE and Moore, JL}, title = {Evaluating conservation dogs in the search for rare species.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {314-325}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13431}, pmid = {31696558}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Dogs ; *Endangered Species ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Detecting rare species is important for both threatened species management and invasive species eradication programs. Conservation scent dogs provide an olfactory survey tool that has advantages over traditional visual and auditory survey techniques for some cryptic species. From the literature, we identified 5 measures important in evaluating the use of scent dogs: precision, sensitivity, effort, cost, and comparison with other techniques. We explored the scale at which performance is evaluated and examined when field testing under real working conditions is achievable. We also identified cost differences among studies. We examined 61 studies published in 1976-2018 that reported conservation dog performance, and considered the inconsistencies in the reporting of scent dog performance among these studies. The majority of studies reported some measure of performance; however, only 8 studies reported all 3 aspects necessary for performance evaluation: precision, sensitivity, and effort. Although effort was considered in 43 studies, inconsistent methods and incomplete reporting prevented meaningful evaluation of performance and comparison among studies. Differences in cost between similar studies were influenced by geographical location and how the dog and handler were sourced for the study. To develop consistent reporting for evaluation, we recommend adoption of sensitivity, precision, and effort as standard performance measures. We recommend reporting effort as the total area and total time spent searching and reporting sensitivity and precision as proportions of the sample size. Additionally, reporting of costs, survey objectives, dog training and experience, type of detection task, and human influences will provide better opportunities for comparison within and among studies.}, }
@article {pmid31695893, year = {2019}, author = {Levine, BA and Douglas, MR and Yackel Adams, AA and Lardner, B and Reed, RN and Savidge, JA and Douglas, ME}, title = {Genomic pedigree reconstruction identifies predictors of mating and reproductive success in an invasive vertebrate.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {20}, pages = {11863-11877}, pmid = {31695893}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The persistence of an invasive species is influenced by its reproductive ecology, and a successful control program must operate on this premise. However, the reproductive ecology of invasive species may be enigmatic due to factors that also limit their management, such as cryptic coloration and behavior. We explored the mating and reproductive ecology of the invasive Brown Treesnake (BTS: Boiga irregularis) by reconstructing a multigenerational genomic pedigree based on 654 single nucleotide polymorphisms for a geographically closed population established in 2004 on Guam (N = 426). The pedigree allowed annual estimates of individual mating and reproductive success to be inferred for snakes in the study population over a 14-year period. We then employed generalized linear mixed models to gauge how well phenotypic and genomic data could predict sex-specific annual mating and reproductive success. Average snout-vent length (SVL), average body condition index (BCI), and trappability were significantly related to annual mating success for males, with average SVL also related to annual mating success for females. Male and female annual reproductive success was positively affected by SVL, BCI, and trappability. Surprisingly, the degree to which individuals were inbred had no effect on annual mating or reproductive success. When juxtaposed with current control methods, these results indicate that baited traps, a common interdiction tool, may target fecund BTS in some regards but not others. Our study emphasizes the importance of reproductive ecology as a focus for improving BTS control and promotes genomic pedigree reconstruction for such an endeavor in this invasive species and others.}, }
@article {pmid31695875, year = {2019}, author = {Fan, ZX and Chen, BM and Liao, HX and Zhou, GH and Peng, SL}, title = {The effect of allometric partitioning on herbivory tolerance in four species in South China.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {20}, pages = {11647-11656}, pmid = {31695875}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Herbivory tolerance can offset the negative effects of herbivory on plants and plays an important role in both immigration and population establishment. Biomass reallocation is an important potential mechanism of herbivory tolerance. To understand how biomass allocation affects plant herbivory tolerance, it is necessary to distinguish the biomass allocations resulting from environmental gradients or plant growth. There is generally a tight balance between the amounts of biomass invested in different organs, which must be analyzed by means of an allometric model. The allometric exponent is not affected by individual growth and can reflect the changes in biomass allocation patterns of different parts. Therefore, the allometric exponent was chosen to study the relationship between biomass allocation pattern and herbivory tolerance. We selected four species (Wedelia chinensis, Wedelia trilobata, Merremia hederacea, and Mikania micrantha), two of which are invasive species and two of which are accompanying native species, and established three herbivory levels (0%, 25% and 50%) to compare differences in allometry. The biomass allocation in stems was negatively correlated with herbivory tolerance, while that in leaves was positively correlated with herbivory tolerance. Furthermore, the stability of the allometric exponent was related to tolerance, indicating that plants with the ability to maintain their biomass allocation patterns are more tolerant than those without this ability, and the tendency to allocate biomass to leaves rather than to stems or roots helps increase this tolerance. The allometric exponent was used to remove the effects of individual development on allocation pattern, allowing the relationship between biomass allocation and herbivory tolerance to be more accurately explored. This research used an allometric model to fit the nonlinear process of biomass partitioning during the growth and development of plants and provides a new understanding of the relationship between biomass allocation and herbivory tolerance.}, }
@article {pmid31694685, year = {2019}, author = {Marini, G and Arnoldi, D and Baldacchino, F and Capelli, G and Guzzetta, G and Merler, S and Montarsi, F and Rizzoli, A and Rosà, R}, title = {First report of the influence of temperature on the bionomics and population dynamics of Aedes koreicus, a new invasive alien species in Europe.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {524}, pmid = {31694685}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/*growth &amp; development/*radiation effects ; Animals ; Ecology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Models, Theoretical ; *Population Dynamics ; Survival Analysis ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes koreicus was detected in northern Italy for the first time in 2011, and it is now well established in several areas as a new invasive mosquito species. Data regarding the influence of temperature on mosquito survival and development are not available yet for this species.<br><br>METHODS: We experimentally investigated the influence of different constant rearing temperatures (between 4 and 33&#xa0;&#xb0;C) on the survival rates and developmental times of different life stages of Ae. koreicus under laboratory conditions. The resulting data were subsequently used to inform a mathematical model reproducing the Ae. koreicus life-cycle calibrated to counts of adult females captured in the field in the autonomous province of Trento (northern Italy) between 2016 and 2018.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that temperatures above 28&#xa0;&#xb0;C are not optimal for the survival of pupae and adults, whereas temperate conditions of 23-28&#xa0;&#xb0;C seem to be very favorable, explaining the recent success of Ae. koreicus at establishing into new specific areas. Our results indicate that Ae. koreicus is less adapted to local climatic conditions compared to Ae. albopictus, another invasive species which has been invading the area for the last three decades. Warmer seasons, which are more likely to occur in the future because of climate change, might extend the breeding time and therefore increase the abundance of Ae. koreicus in the study region.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence on how temperature influences the bionomics and dynamics of Ae. koreicus and highlight the need for further studies on the phenology of this species in temperate areas of Europe.}, }
@article {pmid31694253, year = {2019}, author = {Briceño, C and Sandoval-Rodríguez, A and Yévenes, K and Larraechea, M and Morgado, A and Chappuzeau, C and Muñoz, V and Dufflocq, P and Olivares, F}, title = {Interactions between Invasive Monk Parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) and Other Bird Species during Nesting Seasons in Santiago, Chile.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {31694253}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {The monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) is considered to be one of the most invasive bird species because its unique ability among parrots to build their own communal nests. Currently, they are considered an invasive species in 19 countries and a pest-even in their native distribution-because of economic losses derived from their impacts. During the reproductive seasons of 2017 and 2018, we registered interactions between invasive monk parakeets and resident bird species in Santiago, Chile. We observed agonistic and affiliative interactions, and further, we described monk parakeets' nest occupancy by nine bird species, two invasive and seven native. For this reason, we consider that the monk parakeet is an allogenic ecosystem engineer with the potential to shape distribution and richness of sympatric species in urban environments. Our results contribute to an assessment of the implications of the monk parakeet's ecological invasion to other synanthropic species, and raise concern of other potential impacts, such as pathogen transmission derived from these interactions.}, }
@article {pmid31693960, year = {2020}, author = {Koerich, G and Assis, J and Costa, GB and Sissini, MN and Serrão, EA and Rörig, LR and Hall-Spencer, JM and Barufi, JB and Horta, PA}, title = {How experimental physiology and ecological niche modelling can inform the management of marine bioinvasions?.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {700}, number = {}, pages = {134692}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134692}, pmid = {31693960}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {Marine bioinvasions are increasing worldwide by a number of factors related to the anthroposphere, such as higher ship traffic, climate change and biotic communities' alterations. Generating information about species with high invasive potential is necessary to inform management decisions aiming to prevent their arrival and spread. Grateloupia turuturu, one of the most harmful invasive macroalgae, is capable of damaging ecosystem functions and services, and causing biodiversity loss. Here we developed an ecological niche model using occurrence and environmental data to infer the potential global distribution of G. turuturu. In addition, ecophysiological experiments were performed with G. turuturu populations from different climatic regions to test predictions regarding invasion risk. Our model results show high suitability in temperate and warm temperate regions around the world, with special highlight to some areas where this species still doesn't occur. Thalli representing a potential temperate region origin, were held at 10, 13, 16, 20 and 24 °C, and measurements of optimal quantum field (Fv/Fm) demonstrated a decrease of photosynthetic yield in the higher temperature. Thalli from the population already established in warm temperate South Atlantic were held at 18, 24 and 30 °C with high and low nutrient conditions. This material exposed to the higher temperature demonstrated a drop in photosynthetic yield and significant reduction of growth rate. The congregation of modelling and physiological approach corroborate the invasive potential of G. turuturu and indicate higher invasion risk in temperate zones. Further discussions regarding management initiatives must be fostered to mitigate anthropogenic transport and eventually promote eradication initiatives in source areas, with special focus in the South America. We propose that this combined approach can be used to assess the potential distribution and establishment of other marine invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid31690240, year = {2019}, author = {Godwin, J and Serr, M and Barnhill-Dilling, SK and Blondel, DV and Brown, PR and Campbell, K and Delborne, J and Lloyd, AL and Oh, KP and Prowse, TAA and Saah, R and Thomas, P}, title = {Rodent gene drives for conservation: opportunities and data needs.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1914}, pages = {20191606}, pmid = {31690240}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Gene Drive Technology ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Reproduction ; *Rodentia ; }, abstract = {Invasive rodents impact biodiversity, human health and food security worldwide. The biodiversity impacts are particularly significant on islands, which are the primary sites of vertebrate extinctions and where we are reaching the limits of current control technologies. Gene drives may represent an effective approach to this challenge, but knowledge gaps remain in a number of areas. This paper is focused on what is currently known about natural and developing synthetic gene drive systems in mice, some key areas where key knowledge gaps exist, findings in a variety of disciplines relevant to those gaps and a brief consideration of how engagement at the regulatory, stakeholder and community levels can accompany and contribute to this effort. Our primary species focus is the house mouse, Mus musculus, as a genetic model system that is also an important invasive pest. Our primary application focus is the development of gene drive systems intended to reduce reproduction and potentially eliminate invasive rodents from islands. Gene drive technologies in rodents have the potential to produce significant benefits for biodiversity conservation, human health and food security. A broad-based, multidisciplinary approach is necessary to assess this potential in a transparent, effective and responsible manner.}, }
@article {pmid31689331, year = {2019}, author = {Nepal, V and Fabrizio, MC}, title = {High salinity tolerance of invasive blue catfish suggests potential for further range expansion in the Chesapeake Bay region.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, pages = {e0224770}, pmid = {31689331}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bays/chemistry ; Estuaries/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Fisheries/statistics &amp; numerical data/*trends ; Ictaluridae/*physiology ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data/*trends ; Maryland ; Rivers ; Salinity ; Salt Tolerance/*physiology ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {In estuaries, salinity is believed to limit the colonization of brackish water habitats by freshwater species. Blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus, recognized as a freshwater species, is an invasive species in tidal rivers of the Chesapeake Bay. Salinity tolerance of this species, though likely to determine its potential range expansion and dispersal in estuarine habitats, is not well-known. To address this issue, we subjected blue catfish to a short-term salinity tolerance experiment and found that this species tolerates salinities higher than most freshwater fishes and that larger blue catfish tolerate elevated salinities for longer periods compared with smaller individuals. Our results are supported by spatially extensive, long-term fisheries surveys in the Chesapeake Bay region, which revealed a gradual (1975-2017) down-estuary range expansion of blue catfish from tidal freshwater areas to habitats exceeding 10 psu [practical salinity units] and that large blue catfish (> 200 mm fork length) occur in salinities greater than 10 psu in Chesapeake Bay tributaries. Habitat suitability predictions based on our laboratory results indicate that blue catfish can use brackish habitats to colonize new river systems, particularly during wet months when salinity decreases throughout the tidal rivers of the Chesapeake Bay.}, }
@article {pmid31687760, year = {2020}, author = {Spence Beaulieu, MR and Reiskind, MH}, title = {Comparative Vector Efficiency of Two Prevalent Mosquito Species for Dog Heartworm in North Carolina.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {57}, number = {2}, pages = {608-614}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjz190}, pmid = {31687760}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Dirofilaria immitis/*physiology ; Dirofilariasis/*transmission ; Dog Diseases/*transmission ; Dogs ; Female ; Mosquito Vectors/*physiology ; North Carolina ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy) (Spirurida: Onchocercidae), is a devastating parasite of domestic and wild canines vectored by a multitude of mosquito species. Although many species are implicated as vectors, not all contribute equally to disease transmission, with demonstrated variation in vector efficiency between and within species. We investigated the vector efficiency of mosquitoes derived from wild-caught North Carolina populations of two known heartworm vectors: a native species, Aedes triseriatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae), and an invasive species, Aedes albopictus (Skuse). We compared the parasite developmental times within the mosquito, mosquito longevity and fecundity, and the vector efficiency index between the two species. We found that the tested composite North Carolina population of Ae. triseriatus was an efficient vector of D. immitis under laboratory conditions, whereas the local composite population of Ae. albopictus was a competent but relatively poor vector. Compared with Ae. triseriatus, Ae. albopictus showed a longer time for parasite development, lower infection rates, and lower vector efficiency. Additionally, Ae. albopictus was the sole species to exhibit significant parasite-induced mortality. These results are in contrast to prior studies of populations of Ae. albopictus from locations outside of North Carolina, which have implicated the species as a highly competent heartworm vector. The variation seen for different strains of the same species emphasizes the heritable nature of D. immitis vector competence and highlights the need for local infection studies for accurate transmission risk assessment in a particular locale.}, }
@article {pmid31687750, year = {2020}, author = {Shanovich, HN and Burkness, EC and Koch, RL}, title = {Risk of Cold-Hardy Apple Cultivars for Injury From the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {113}, number = {1}, pages = {330-339}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz285}, pmid = {31687750}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Fruit ; *Heteroptera ; *Malus ; Midwestern United States ; Nymph ; }, abstract = {An invasive species, the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), has emerged as a serious pest of orchard crops in the United States with the highest economic losses to date in Mid-Atlantic apple, Malus domestica Borkh. (Rosales: Rosaceae). If populations continue to grow and spread in the Midwest, H. halys has the potential to become a significant apple pest in the region. The purpose of this study was to assess the risk for injury from H. halys to several popular cold-hardy apple cultivars (Haralson, Honeycrisp, and Zestar!) grown in the Midwestern United States utilizing both field no-choice tests and laboratory choice tests at multiple timings. Results from the field no-choice tests revealed a greater risk for Honeycrisp from H. halys injury compared with Zestar! in mid-August. Results from the laboratory choice tests revealed a greater risk for injury by H. halys for Honeycrisp compared with Zestar! at all timings tested and a greater risk for Haralson compared with Honeycrisp at a later timing. These results echo previous findings in that relative maturity of the fruit seems to play a role in determining the risk of an apple cultivar to H. halys injury. These results also serve as the first assessment of the potential impact of H. halys on different cold-hardy apple cultivars, which will help guide growers in cultivar selection and identifying which apple cultivars should be prioritized for scouting and management efforts.}, }
@article {pmid31687600, year = {2019}, author = {Van Arkel, A and Kelman, M and West, P and Ward, MP}, title = {The relationship between reported domestic canine parvovirus cases and wild canid distribution.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {5}, number = {9}, pages = {e02511}, pmid = {31687600}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an important and often fatal pathogen of domestic dogs. It is resistant in the environment and cross-species transmission has been indicated in some canid populations, but never in Australia. The aim of this study was to determine if an association exists between 1. reported CPV cases in domestic dogs, and 2. the wild canid distribution in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Reported CPV cases, and reports of the presence of wild dogs and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), were extracted from a voluntary surveillance database and a voluntary pest reporting system, respectively. A total of 1,984 CPV cases in domestic dogs, and 3,593 fox and 3,075 wild dog sightings were reported between 2011 and 2016. Postcodes in which CPV cases were reported were significantly (P = 0.0002) more likely to report wild dogs (odds ratio 2.07, 95% CI 1.41-3.03). Overall, CPV cases were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with both fox reports (rSP 0.225) and wild dog reports (rSP 0.247). The strength of association varied by geographical region and year; the strongest correlations were found in the mid-North Coast region (rSP 0.607 for wild dogs) and in 2016 (rSP 0.481 for foxes). Further serological and virological testing is required to confirm the apparent and plausible association between domestic CPV cases and wild canid distribution found in this study.}, }
@article {pmid31687554, year = {2019}, author = {Pierucci, A and De La Fuente, G and Cannas, R and Chiantore, M}, title = {A new record of the invasive seaweed Caulerpa cylindracea Sonder in the South Adriatic Sea.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {5}, number = {9}, pages = {e02449}, pmid = {31687554}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The green alga Caulerpa cylindracea Sonder is one of the most infamous and threatening invasive species in the Mediterranean Sea. Since 1985, it started rapidly spreading to all Mediterranean regions causing many ecological changes on natural communities. In the present study, we present an example of this proliferation with the first record in the Marine Protected Area of Tremiti Island (MPATI) in the South Adriatic Sea. Fifteen sites along the coast and 5 different depths have been investigated. Our results provide eveidence of a wide invasion of this pest in three islands, San Domino, San Nicola and Capraia. This study fills a particular data gap in the ongoing biomonitoring of invasive seaweeds in the Mediterranean Sea representing a base line of this invasive species for the MPATI.}, }
@article {pmid31685895, year = {2019}, author = {Rosell, F and Cross, HB and Johnsen, CB and Sundell, J and Zedrosser, A}, title = {Scent-sniffing dogs can discriminate between native Eurasian and invasive North American beavers.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {15952}, pmid = {31685895}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Discrimination, Psychological ; Dogs ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Rodentia ; *Smell ; }, abstract = {The invasion of a species can cause population reduction or extinction of a similar native species due to replacement competition. There is a potential risk that the native Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) may eventually be competitively excluded by the invasive North American beaver (C. canadensis) from areas where they overlap in Eurasia. Yet currently available methods of census and population estimates are costly and time-consuming. In a laboratory environment, we investigated the potential of using dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) as a conservation tool to determine whether the Eurasian or the North American beaver is present in a specific beaver colony. We hypothesized that dogs can discriminate between the two beaver species, via the odorant signal of castoreum from males and females, in two floor platform experiments. We show that dogs detect scent differences between the two species, both from dead beaver samples and from scent marks collected in the field. Our results suggest that dogs can be used as an "animal biosensor" to discriminate olfactory signals of beaver species, however more tests are needed. Next step should be to test if dogs discern between beaver species in the field under a range of weather conditions and habitat types and use beaver samples collected from areas where the two species share the same habitat. So far, our results show that dogs can be used as a promising tool in the future to promote conservation of the native beaver species and eradication of the invasive one. We therefore conclude that dogs may be an efficient non-invasive tool to help conservationist to manage invasive species in Europe, and advocate for European wildlife agencies to invest in this new tool.}, }
@article {pmid31685633, year = {2019}, author = {Fusco, EJ and Finn, JT and Balch, JK and Nagy, RC and Bradley, BA}, title = {Invasive grasses increase fire occurrence and frequency across US ecoregions.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {116}, number = {47}, pages = {23594-23599}, pmid = {31685633}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; *Plant Dispersal ; *Poaceae ; Species Specificity ; United States ; *Wildfires/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {Fire-prone invasive grasses create novel ecosystem threats by increasing fine-fuel loads and continuity, which can alter fire regimes. While the existence of an invasive grass-fire cycle is well known, evidence of altered fire regimes is typically based on local-scale studies or expert knowledge. Here, we quantify the effects of 12 nonnative, invasive grasses on fire occurrence, size, and frequency across 29 US ecoregions encompassing more than one third of the conterminous United States. These 12 grass species promote fire locally and have extensive spatial records of abundant infestations. We combined agency and satellite fire data with records of abundant grass invasion to test for differences in fire regimes between invaded and nearby "uninvaded" habitat. Additionally, we assessed whether invasive grass presence is a significant predictor of altered fire by modeling fire occurrence, size, and frequency as a function of grass invasion, in addition to anthropogenic and ecological covariates relevant to fire. Eight species showed significantly higher fire-occurrence rates, which more than tripled for Schismus barbatus and Pennisetum ciliare. Six species demonstrated significantly higher mean fire frequency, which more than doubled for Neyraudia reynaudiana and Pennisetum ciliare Grass invasion was significant in fire occurrence and frequency models, but not in fire-size models. The significant differences in fire regimes, coupled with the importance of grass invasion in modeling these differences, suggest that invasive grasses alter US fire regimes at regional scales. As concern about US wildfires grows, accounting for fire-promoting invasive grasses will be imperative for effectively managing ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid31685632, year = {2019}, author = {Lepak, RF and Hoffman, JC and Janssen, SE and Krabbenhoft, DP and Ogorek, JM and DeWild, JF and Tate, MT and Babiarz, CL and Yin, R and Murphy, EW and Engstrom, DR and Hurley, JP}, title = {Mercury source changes and food web shifts alter contamination signatures of predatory fish from Lake Michigan.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {116}, number = {47}, pages = {23600-23608}, pmid = {31685632}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Air Pollutants/analysis ; Air Pollution/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Amphipoda/chemistry ; Animals ; Diet ; Dreissena/chemistry ; Environmental Policy ; *Food Chain ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Mercury Isotopes/analysis ; Methylmercury Compounds/*analysis ; Michigan ; Predatory Behavior ; Time Factors ; Trout/*metabolism/physiology ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {To understand the impact reduced mercury (Hg) loading and invasive species have had on methylmercury bioaccumulation in predator fish of Lake Michigan, we reconstructed bioaccumulation trends from a fish archive (1978 to 2012). By measuring fish Hg stable isotope ratios, we related temporal changes in Hg concentrations to varying Hg sources. Additionally, dietary tracers were necessary to identify food web influences. Through combined Hg, C, and N stable isotopic analyses, we were able to differentiate between a shift in Hg sources to fish and periods when energetic transitions (from dreissenid mussels) led to the assimilation of contrasting Hg pools (2000 to present). In the late 1980s, lake trout δ[202]Hg increased (0.4‰) from regulatory reductions in regional Hg emissions. After 2000, C and N isotopes ratios revealed altered food web pathways, resulting in a benthic energetic shift and changes to Hg bioaccumulation. Continued increases in δ[202]Hg indicate fish are responding to several United States mercury emission mitigation strategies that were initiated circa 1990 and continued through the 2011 promulgation of the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards rule. Unlike archives of sediments, this fish archive tracks Hg sources susceptible to bioaccumulation in Great Lakes fisheries. Analysis reveals that trends in fish Hg concentrations can be substantially affected by shifts in trophic structure and dietary preferences initiated by invasive species in the Great Lakes. This does not diminish the benefits of declining emissions over this period, as fish Hg concentrations would have been higher without these actions.}, }
@article {pmid31683955, year = {2019}, author = {Cho, MS and Kim, JH and Kim, CS and Mejías, JA and Kim, SC}, title = {Sow Thistle Chloroplast Genomes: Insights into the Plastome Evolution and Relationship of Two Weedy Species, Sonchus asper and Sonchus oleraceus (Asteraceae).}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {31683955}, issn = {2073-4425}, mesh = {Conserved Sequence ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Speciation ; *Genome, Chloroplast ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Sonchus/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Prickly sow thistle, Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, and common sow thistle, Sonchus oleraceus L., are noxious weeds. Probably originating from the Mediterranean region, they have become widespread species. They share similar morphology and are closely related. However, they differ in their chromosome numbers and the precise relationship between them remains uncertain. Understanding their chloroplast genome structure and evolution is an important initial step toward determining their phylogenetic relationships and analyzing accelerating plant invasion processes on a global scale. We assembled four accessions of chloroplast genomes (two S. asper and two S. oleraceus) by the next generation sequencing approach and conducted comparative genomic analyses. All the chloroplast genomes were highly conserved. Their sizes ranged from 151,808 to 151,849 bp, containing 130 genes including 87 coding genes, 6 rRNA genes, and 37 tRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on the whole chloroplast genome sequences showed that S. asper shares a recent common ancestor with S. oleraceus and suggested its likely involvement in a possible amphidiploid origin of S. oleraceus. In total, 79 simple sequence repeats and highly variable regions were identified as the potential chloroplast markers to determine genetic variation and colonization patterns of Sonchus species.}, }
@article {pmid31683425, year = {2020}, author = {Pechkovskaya, SA and Knyazev, NA and Matantseva, OV and Emelyanov, AK and Telesh, IV and Skarlato, SO and Filatova, NA}, title = {Dur3 and nrt2 genes in the bloom-forming dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum: Transcriptional responses to available nitrogen sources.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {241}, number = {}, pages = {125083}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125083}, pmid = {31683425}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Anion Transport Proteins ; Dinoflagellida/*genetics/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Harmful Algal Bloom/physiology ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; Nitrate Transporters ; Nitrates/metabolism ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Urea/metabolism ; Urea Transporters ; }, abstract = {The increasing inflow of nitrogen (N) substrates into marine nearshore ecosystems induces proliferation of harmful algal blooms (HABs) of dinoflagellates, such as potentially toxic invasive species Prorocentrum minimum. In this study, we estimated the influence of NO3[-], NH4[+] and urea on transcription levels and urea transporter dur3 and nitrate transporter nrt2 genes expression in these dinoflagellates. We identified dur3 and nrt2 genes sequences in unannotated transcriptomes of P. minimum and other dinoflagellates presented in MMETSP database. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these genes of dinoflagellates clustered to the distinct clade demonstrating evolutionary relationship with the other known dur3 and nrt2 genes of microalgae. The evaluation of expression levels of dur3 and nrt2 genes by RT-qPCR revealed their sensitivity to input of the studied N sources. Dur3 expression levels were downregulated after the supplementation of additional N sources and were 1.7-2.6-fold lower than in the nitrate-grown culture. Nrt2 expression levels decreased 1.9-fold in the presence of NH4[+]. We estimated total RNA and DNA synthesis rates by the analysis of incorporation of [3]H-thymidine and [3]H-uridine in batch and continuous cultures. Addition of N compounds did not affect the DNA synthesis rates. Transcription levels increased up to 12.5-fold after the N supplementation in urea-limited treatments. Investigation of various nitrogen sources as biomarkers of dinoflagellate proliferation due to their differentiated impact on expression of dur3 and nrt2 genes and transcription rates in P. minimum cells allowed concluding about high potential of the studied parameters for future modeling of HABs under global N pollution.}, }
@article {pmid31683207, year = {2019}, author = {Zhao, L and Liu, L and Liu, B and Liang, J and Lu, Y and Yang, F}, title = {Antioxidant responses to seawater acidification in an invasive fouling mussel are alleviated by transgenerational acclimation.}, journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {217}, number = {}, pages = {105331}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105331}, pmid = {31683207}, issn = {1879-1514}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Acids/*chemistry ; Animals ; Antioxidants/*pharmacology ; *Biofouling ; Catalase/metabolism ; Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Introduced Species ; Malondialdehyde/metabolism ; Mytilidae/*physiology ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Ocean acidification and marine biofouling, which may interact in the future, pose two major threats to global coastal ecosystems. Yet, the fate of highly invasive fouling species in a rapidly acidifying ocean remains poorly understood, due to lack of information on multigenerational consequences at different levels of biological organization. Here, we investigated antioxidant responses of the mussel, Musculista senhousia, a swiftly spreading invasive fouling species in global coastal waters, following transgenerational exposure to elevated pCO2. In the face of seawater acidification, M. senhousia without a prior history of transgenerational exposure to elevated pCO2 showed resistance to lipid peroxidation, but significantly increased activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), indicated oxidative stress responses. However, enhanced transgenerational immunity occurred, as exemplified by observations that mussels originating from parents exposed to elevated pCO2 exhibited significantly lower activities of SOD, CAT and GPx in comparison to those spawn from parents exposed to ambient pCO2. Rapid transgenerational acclimation of M. senhousia in terms of reduced oxidative stress responses can likely be linked to the enhanced capacity of maintaining acid-base homeostasis previously demonstrated. These findings provide the first evidence of transgenerational plasticity at the biochemical level in highly invasive fouling bivalve species, and represent a step forward in understanding how they respond and acclimate in an acidifying ocean.}, }
@article {pmid31682798, year = {2020}, author = {Pavić, D and Čanković, M and Petrić, I and Makkonen, J and Hudina, S and Maguire, I and Vladušić, T and Šver, L and Hrašćan, R and Orlić, K and Dragičević, P and Bielen, A}, title = {Non-destructive method for detecting Aphanomyces astaci, the causative agent of crayfish plague, on the individual level.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {169}, number = {}, pages = {107274}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2019.107274}, pmid = {31682798}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphanomyces/*isolation &amp; purification ; Astacoidea/*parasitology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; DNA, Protozoan/analysis ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Parasitology/*methods ; }, abstract = {The pathogenic oomycete Aphanomyces astaci, transmitted mainly by invasive North American crayfish, causes the crayfish plague, a disease mostly lethal for native European crayfish. Due to its decimating effects on native crayfish populations in the last century, A. astaci has been listed among the 100 worst invasive species. Importantly, detecting the pathogen in endangered native crayfish populations before a disease outbreak would provide a starting point in the development of effective control measures. However, current A. astaci-detection protocols either rely on degradation-prone eDNA isolated from large volumes of water or, if focused on individual animals, include killing the crayfish. We developed a non-destructive method that detects A. astaci DNA in the microbial biofilm associated with the cuticle of individual crayfish, without the need for destructive sampling. Efficiency of the new method was confirmed by PCR and qPCR and the obtained results were congruent with the traditional destructive sampling method. Additionally, we demonstrated the applicability of the method for A. astaci monitoring in natural populations. We propose that the new method should be used in future monitoring of A. astaci presence in endangered European native crayfish individuals as an alternative to eDNA-based monitoring.}, }
@article {pmid31679039, year = {2019}, author = {Logan, ML and van Berkel, J and Clusella-Trullas, S}, title = {The Bogert Effect and environmental heterogeneity.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {191}, number = {4}, pages = {817-827}, pmid = {31679039}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {DBI-1402497//U.S. National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Body Temperature Regulation ; *Lizards ; South Africa ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {A classic question in evolutionary biology is whether behavioral flexibility hastens or hinders evolutionary change. The latter idea, that behavior reduces the number of environmental states experienced by an organism and buffers that organism against selection, has been dubbed the "Bogert Effect" after Charles Bogert, the biologist who first popularized the phenomenon using data from lizards. The Bogert Effect is pervasive when traits like body temperature, which tend to be invariant across space in species that behaviorally thermoregulate, are considered. Nevertheless, behavioral thermoregulation decreases or stops when spatial variation in operative temperature is low. We compared environmental temperatures, thermoregulatory behavior, and a suite of physiological and morphological traits between two populations of the southern rock agama (Agama atra) in South Africa that experience different climatic regimes. Individuals from both populations thermoregulated efficiently, maintaining body temperatures within their preferred temperature range throughout most of their activity cycle. Nevertheless, they differed in the thermal sensitivity of resting metabolic rate at cooler body temperatures and in morphology. Our results support the common assertion that thermoregulatory behavior may prevent divergence in traits like field-active body temperature, which are measured during periods of high environmental heterogeneity. Nevertheless, we show that other traits may be free to diverge if they are under selection during times when environments are homogenous. We argue that the importance of the Bogert Effect is critically dependent on the nature of environmental heterogeneity and will therefore be relevant to some traits and irrelevant to others in many populations.}, }
@article {pmid31678879, year = {2020}, author = {Lassnig, N and Colomar, V and Picó, G and Perelló, E and Febrer-Serra, M and Truyols-Henares, F and Pinya, S}, title = {Assessment of the invasion process of the common raccoon Procyon lotor (Carnivora: Procyonidae) on a Mediterranean island a decade after its introduction.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {699}, number = {}, pages = {134191}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134191}, pmid = {31678879}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Islands ; *Raccoons ; Spain ; }, abstract = {The common raccoon, Procyon lotor was introduced at the Balearic Islands (Spain) in 2006. Since then, a colonization process has been carried out, with captures of specimens in 24.30% of the surface of the whole Mallorca Island. For the first time, information has been provided on the invasive process of P. lotor in an insular ecosystem. 257 specimens of P. lotor were captured during the period 2007-2018, of them 104 were analysed to estimate population parameters. Demographic data showed that the population had a sex ratio of 1.00:1.21 (males:females), high BMI values and up to 40% of females were lactating when captured. Related to diet data, the composition was mainly the same as previous studies around its natural and introduced distribution area. Plant residues represented the 53.25 ± 38.66% followed by invertebrates with 12.22 ± 22.54%, inorganic remains with 11.9 ± 22.07% and finally the vertebrates with 4.94 ± 18.27%. Thus, it is shown how an opportunistic omnivorous species has adapted to the resources provided by the island. Cultivated plants' remains and plastic content in diet evidence that P. lotor is entering in contact with human settlements and agricultural areas. As occurred in other islands where P. lotor was introduced, it is expected that it could become a future problem for the conservation biodiversity in insular ecosystems, as well as for agriculture and human activity. Due to the potential impact on native biodiversity it is necessary to reinforce the implementation of control actions and prevent its expansion to the rest of the island.}, }
@article {pmid31677222, year = {2020}, author = {Song, JW and Schultz, MT and Casman, EA and Bockrath, KD and Mize, E and Monroe, EM and Tuttle-Lau, M and Small, MJ}, title = {A probabilistic model for designing and assessing the performance of eDNA sampling protocols.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {404-414}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.13113}, pmid = {31677222}, issn = {1755-0998}, support = {DGE-1252522//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/genetics ; DNA Contamination ; DNA, Environmental/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Statistical ; Selection Bias ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling, the detection of species-specific genetic material in water samples, is an emerging tool for monitoring aquatic invasive species. Optimizing eDNA sampling protocols can be challenging because there is imperfect understanding of how each step of the protocol influences its sensitivity. This paper develops a probabilistic model that characterizes each step of an eDNA sampling protocol to evaluate the protocol's overall detection sensitivity for one sample. The model is then applied to analyse how changes over time made to the eDNA sampling protocol to detect bighead (BH) and silver carp (SC) eDNA have influenced its sensitivity, and hence interpretation of the results. The model shows that changes to the protocol have caused the sensitivity of the protocol to fluctuate. A more efficient extraction method in 2013, new species-specific markers with a qPCR assay in 2014, and a more efficient capture method in 2015 have improved the sensitivity, while switching to a larger elution volume in 2013 and a smaller sample volume in 2015 have reduced the sensitivity. Overall, the sensitivity of the current protocol is higher for BH eDNA detection and SC eDNA detection compared to the original protocol used from 2009 to 2012. The paper shows how this model of eDNA sampling can be used to evaluate the effect of proposed changes in an eDNA sampling and analysis protocol on the sensitivity of that protocol to help researchers optimize their design.}, }
@article {pmid31677202, year = {2019}, author = {Gao, J and Santi, F and Zhou, L and Wang, X and Riesch, R and Plath, M}, title = {Geographical and temporal variation of multiple paternity in invasive mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki, Gambusia affinis).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {24}, pages = {5315-5329}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15294}, pmid = {31677202}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyprinodontiformes/*genetics ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Paternity ; Reproduction/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Multiple paternity (MP) increases offspring's genetic variability, which could be linked to invasive species' evolvability in novel distribution ranges. Shifts in MP can be adaptive, with greater MP in harsher/colder environments or towards the end of the reproductive season, but climate could also affect MP indirectly via its effect on reproductive life histories. We tested these hypotheses by genotyping N = 2,903 offspring from N = 306 broods of two closely related livebearing fishes, Gambusia holbrooki and Gambusia affinis. We sampled pregnant females across latitudinal gradients in their invasive ranges in Europe and China, and found more sires per brood and a greater reproductive skew towards northern sampling sites. Moreover, examining monthly sampling from two G. affinis populations, we found MP rates to vary across the reproductive season in a northern Chinese, but not in a southern Chinese population. While our results confirm an increase of MP in harsher/more unpredictable environments, path analysis indicated that, in both cases, the effects of climate are likely to be indirect, mediated by altered life histories. In both species, which rank amongst the 100 most invasive species worldwide, higher MP at the northern edge of their distribution probably increases their invasive potential and favours range expansions, especially in light of the predicted temperature increases due to global climate changes.}, }
@article {pmid31676880, year = {2019}, author = {Magory Cohen, T and Dor, R}, title = {The effect of local species composition on the distribution of an avian invader.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {15861}, pmid = {31676880}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Israel ; Starlings/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Estimating the potential distribution of invasive species has been primarily achieved by employing species distribution models (SDM). Recently introduced joint species distribution models (JSDM) that include species interactions are expected to improve model output. Here we compare the predictive ability of SDM and JSDM by modelling the distribution of one of the most prolific avian invaders in the world, the common myna (Acridotheres tristis), in a recent introduction in Israel. Our results indicate that including information on the local species composition did not improve model accuracy, possibly because of the unique characteristics of this species that include broad environmental tolerance and behavior flexibility. However, the JSDM provided insights into co-occurrence patterns of common mynas and their local heterospecifics, suggesting that at this time point, there is no evidence of species exclusion by common mynas. Our findings suggest that the invasion potential of common mynas depends greatly on urbanization and less so on the local species composition and reflect the major role of anthropogenic impact in increasing the distribution of avian invaders.}, }
@article {pmid31676762, year = {2019}, author = {Sudweeks, J and Hollingsworth, B and Blondel, DV and Campbell, KJ and Dhole, S and Eisemann, JD and Edwards, O and Godwin, J and Howald, GR and Oh, KP and Piaggio, AJ and Prowse, TAA and Ross, JV and Saah, JR and Shiels, AB and Thomas, PQ and Threadgill, DW and Vella, MR and Gould, F and Lloyd, AL}, title = {Locally Fixed Alleles: A method to localize gene drive to island populations.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {15821}, pmid = {31676762}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {R01 AI139085/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Alleles ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Islands ; }, abstract = {Invasive species pose a major threat to biodiversity on islands. While successes have been achieved using traditional removal methods, such as toxicants aimed at rodents, these approaches have limitations and various off-target effects on island ecosystems. Gene drive technologies designed to eliminate a population provide an alternative approach, but the potential for drive-bearing individuals to escape from the target release area and impact populations elsewhere is a major concern. Here we propose the "Locally Fixed Alleles" approach as a novel means for localizing elimination by a drive to an island population that exhibits significant genetic isolation from neighboring populations. Our approach is based on the assumption that in small island populations of rodents, genetic drift will lead to alleles at multiple genomic loci becoming fixed. In contrast, multiple alleles are likely to be maintained in larger populations on mainlands. Utilizing the high degree of genetic specificity achievable using homing drives, for example based on the CRISPR/Cas9 system, our approach aims at employing one or more locally fixed alleles as the target for a gene drive on a particular island. Using mathematical modeling, we explore the feasibility of this approach and the degree of localization that can be achieved. We show that across a wide range of parameter values, escape of the drive to a neighboring population in which the target allele is not fixed will at most lead to modest transient suppression of the non-target population. While the main focus of this paper is on elimination of a rodent pest from an island, we also discuss the utility of the locally fixed allele approach for the goals of population suppression or population replacement. Our analysis also provides a threshold condition for the ability of a gene drive to invade a partially resistant population.}, }
@article {pmid31669293, year = {2020}, author = {Coimbra, DP and Penedo, DM and Silva, MOM and Abreu, APM and Silva, CB and Verona, CE and Heliodoro, GC and Massard, CL and Nogueira, DM}, title = {Molecular and morphometric identification of Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) minasense in blood samples of marmosets (Callithrix: Callithrichidae) from the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {75}, number = {}, pages = {101999}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2019.101999}, pmid = {31669293}, issn = {1873-0329}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Callithrix ; Monkey Diseases/*parasitology ; Trypanosoma/classification/cytology/*isolation &amp; purification ; Trypanosomiasis/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Callithrix jacchus and C. penicillata marmosets are invasive to the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, threatening the native and vulnerable C. aurita. Both invasive species can be hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi, T. minasense, T. rangeli and T. devei. We aim to investigate the occurrence of trypanosomatids in Callithrix sp. from Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, located in a central and populous area of the city. Fifteen marmosets were captured. Blood samples were collected for light microscopy and molecular genetics analysis. Parasites morphometric values were evaluated for species identification. DNA was extracted from blood samples by phenol-chloroform method, for partial amplification of the 18S rRNA gene. PCR products were sequenced and aligned using BLAST®. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed to analyze the proximity between the observed sequences. By light microscopy, trypomastigotes were detected in five of the fifteen marmosets. Morphometric measurements and size polymorphism corresponded to those previously described for T. minasense. The DNA sequences of approximately 600 base pairs of the 18S rRNA gene were obtained for three samples with 99% identity with T. minasense sequence, forming a cluster in the phylogenetic tree and corroborating morphometric analysis. Trypanosoma minasense is a highly specific parasite to non-human primates considered as non-pathogenic. There is no evidence of infection in humans and these parasite findings from invasive marmosets do not support additional risks for the native species.}, }
@article {pmid31667866, year = {2020}, author = {Stevenson, SL and Woolley, SNC and Barnett, J and Dunstan, P}, title = {Testing the presence of marine protected areas against their ability to reduce pressures on biodiversity.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, pages = {622-631}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13429}, pmid = {31667866}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Introduced Species ; *Seawater ; }, abstract = {Marine protected areas (MPAs) are the preferred tool for preventing marine biodiversity loss, as reflected in international protected area targets. Although the area covered by MPAs is expanding, there is a concern that opposition from resource users is driving them into already low-use locations, whereas high-pressure areas remain unprotected, which has serious implications for biodiversity conservation. We tested the spatial relationships between different human-induced pressures on marine biodiversity and global MPAs. We used global, modeled pressure data and the World Database on Protected Areas to calculate the levels of 15 different human-induced pressures inside and outside the world's MPAs. We fitted binomial generalized linear models to the data to determine whether each pressure had a positive or negative effect on the likelihood of an area being protected and whether this effect changed with different categories of protection. Pelagic and artisanal fishing, shipping, and introductions of invasive species by ships had a negative relationship with protection, and this relationship persisted under even the least restrictive categories of protection (e.g., protected areas classified as category VI under the International Union for Conservation of Nature, a category that permits sustainable use). In contrast, pressures from dispersed, diffusive sources (e.g., pollution and ocean acidification) had positive relationships with protection. Our results showed that MPAs are systematically established in areas where there is low political opposition, limiting the capacity of existing MPAs to manage key drivers of biodiversity loss. We suggest that conservation efforts focus on biodiversity outcomes and effective reduction of pressures rather than prescribing area-based targets, and that alternative approaches to conservation are needed in areas where protection is not feasible.}, }
@article {pmid31667783, year = {2019}, author = {Lazarević, M and Kavallieratos, NG and Nika, EP and Boukouvala, MC and Skourti, A and Žikić, V and Papanikolaou, NE}, title = {Does the exposure of parental female adults of the invasive Trogoderma granarium Everts to pirimiphos-methyl on concrete affect the morphology of their adult progeny? A geometric morphometric approach.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {26}, number = {34}, pages = {35061-35070}, pmid = {31667783}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {III43001//Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Edible Grain ; Female ; Insecta ; Insecticides/*toxicity ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Organothiophosphorus Compounds/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Insecticidal applications may result to morphological deformations upon exposed insects or their offspring production. In the present study, we tested whether pirimiphos-methyl can induce deformities to wings of progeny production of the invasive khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) when its parental female adults have been treated with this organophosphorus active ingredient. For that purpose, we analysed both elytra and hindwings of both sexes of T. granarium progeny production by using the geometric morphometrics method. Our results showed that the wings of progeny of the pirimiphos-methyl-treated T. granarium parental female adult individuals suffered certain changes in their usual shape depending on size. Deformations occurred on both pairs of wings, but changes were more noticeable on the hindwings. A longer than 5-h exposure of parental female adults to pirimiphos-methyl, resulted in progeny with more deformed wings than in those individuals emerged after the exposure of their parental female adults in shorter periods on the toxicant. Generally, wings of both sexes were sensitive to pirimiphos-methyl, distinguishing the control group from the insecticidal treatments. The existence of deformed adults could be a useful indicator of earlier insecticidal applications as surface treatments and/or grain protectants in the storage facilities.}, }
@article {pmid31666562, year = {2019}, author = {Casso, M and Tagliapietra, D and Turon, X and Pascual, M}, title = {High fusibility and chimera prevalence in an invasive colonial ascidian.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {15673}, pmid = {31666562}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Chimera/genetics/*parasitology ; *Chimerism ; Fishes/genetics/parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Urochordata/*genetics/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {The formation of chimeric entities through colony fusion has been hypothesized to favour colonisation success and resilience in modular organisms. In particular, it can play an important role in promoting the invasiveness of introduced species. We studied prevalence of chimerism and performed fusion experiments in Mediterranean populations of the worldwide invasive colonial ascidian Didemnum vexillum. We analysed single zooids by whole genome amplification and genotyping-by-sequencing and obtained genotypic information for more than 2,000 loci per individual. In the prevalence study, we analysed nine colonies and identified that 44% of them were chimeric, composed of 2-3 different genotypes. In the fusion experiment 15 intra- and 30 intercolony pairs were assayed but one or both fragments regressed and died in ~45% of the pairs. Among those that survived for the length of the experiment (30 d), 100% isogeneic and 31% allogeneic pairs fused. Fusion was unlinked to global genetic relatedness since the genetic distance between fused or non-fused intercolony pairs did not differ significantly. We could not detect any locus directly involved in allorecognition, but we cannot preclude the existence of a histocompatibility mechanism. We conclude that chimerism occurs frequently in D. vexillum and may be an important factor to enhance genetic diversity and promote its successful expansion.}, }
@article {pmid31665828, year = {2020}, author = {Strive, T and Piper, M and Huang, N and Mourant, R and Kovaliski, J and Capucci, L and Cox, TE and Smith, I}, title = {Retrospective serological analysis reveals presence of the emerging lagovirus RHDV2 in Australia in wild rabbits at least five months prior to its first detection.}, journal = {Transboundary and emerging diseases}, volume = {67}, number = {2}, pages = {822-833}, doi = {10.1111/tbed.13403}, pmid = {31665828}, issn = {1865-1682}, support = {3L1.c; 3L1d//Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/*immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/*blood ; Antigens, Viral/*immunology ; Australia/epidemiology ; Caliciviridae Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/*veterinary/virology ; Cross Reactions ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary ; Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/*immunology/isolation &amp; purification ; Rabbits ; Retrospective Studies ; }, abstract = {The lagovirus rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) has been circulating in Australia since the mid-1990s when it was released to control overabundant rabbit populations. In recent years, the viral diversity of different RHDVs in Australia has increased, and currently four different types of RHDV are known to be circulating. To allow for ongoing epidemiological studies and impact assessments of these viruses on Australian wild rabbit populations, it is essential that serological tools are updated. To this end, reference sera were produced against all four virulent RHDVs (RHDV, RHDV2 and two different strains of RHDVa) known to be present in Australia and tested in a series of available immunological assays originally developed for the prototype RHDV, to assess patterns of cross-reactivity and the usefulness of these assays to detect lagovirus antibodies, either in a generic or specific manner. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) developed to detect antibody isotypes IgM, IgA and IgG were sufficiently cross-reactive to detect antibodies raised against all four virulent lagoviruses. For the more specific detection of antibodies to the antigenically more different RHDV2, a competition ELISA was adapted using RHDV2-specific monoclonal antibodies in combination with Australian viral antigen. Archival serum banks from a long-term rabbit monitoring site where rabbits were sampled quarterly over a period of 6 years were re-screened using this assay and revealed serological evidence for the arrival of RHDV2 in this population at least 5 months prior to its initial detection in Australia in a dead rabbit in May 2015. The serological methods and reference reagents described here will provide valuable tools to study presence, prevalence and impact of RHDV2 on Australian rabbit populations; however, the discrimination of different antigenic variants of RHDVs as well as mixed infections at the serological level remains challenging.}, }
@article {pmid31665327, year = {2020}, author = {Hall, ND and Zhang, H and Mower, JP and McElroy, JS and Goertzen, LR}, title = {The Mitochondrial Genome of Eleusine indica and Characterization of Gene Content within Poaceae.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {3684-3697}, pmid = {31665327}, issn = {1759-6653}, mesh = {Eleusine/classification/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Plant ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; *Genome, Plant ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Phylogeny ; Poaceae/genetics ; }, abstract = {Plant mitochondrial (mt) genome assembly provides baseline data on size, structure, and gene content, but resolving the sequence of these large and complex organelle genomes remains challenging due to fragmentation, frequent recombination, and transfers of DNA from neighboring plastids. The mt genome for Eleusine indica (Poaceae: goosegrass) is comprehensibly analyzed here, providing key reference data for an economically significant invasive species that is also the maternal parent of the allotetraploid crop Finger millet (Eleusine coracana). The assembled E. indica genome contains 33 protein coding genes, 6 rRNA subunits, 24 tRNA, 8 large repetitive regions 15 kb of transposable elements across a total of 520,691 bp. Evidence of RNA editing and loss of rpl2, rpl5, rps14, rps11, sdh4, and sdh3 genes is evaluated in the context of an updated survey of mt genomic gene content across the grasses through an analysis of publicly available data. Hypothesized patterns of Poaceae mt gene loss are examined in a phylogenetic context to clarify timing, showing that rpl2 was transferred to the nucleus from the mitochondrion prior to the origin of the PACMAD clade.}, }
@article {pmid31665278, year = {2019}, author = {Kortsinoglou, AM and Korovesi, AG and Theelen, B and Hagen, F and Boekhout, T and Kouvelis, VN}, title = {The mitochondrial intergenic regions nad1-cob and cob-rps3 as molecular identification tools for pathogenic members of the genus Cryptococcus.}, journal = {FEMS yeast research}, volume = {19}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsyr/foz077}, pmid = {31665278}, issn = {1567-1364}, mesh = {Cryptococcosis/microbiology ; Cryptococcus/*genetics/*pathogenicity ; DNA, Fungal/*genetics ; *DNA, Intergenic ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; *Genes, Mitochondrial ; Humans ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Mycological Typing Techniques ; NADH Dehydrogenase/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Ribosomal Proteins/genetics ; }, abstract = {Cryptococcus spp. are fungal species belonging to Tremellomycetes, Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota, and several members are responsible for cryptococcosis, one of the most ubiquitous human mycoses. Affecting mainly immunosuppressed patients, but also immunocompetent ones, the members of this genus present a high level of genetic diversity. In this study, two mitochondrial intergenic regions, i.e. nad1-cob and cob-rps3, were tested for the intra- or interspecies discrimination and identification of strains and species of the genus Cryptococcus. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on individual and concatenated sequences from representative pathogenic strains of the Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii complex, representing serotypes and AFLP genotypes of all newly introduced species of this complex. Using both intergenic regions, as well as the concatenated dataset, the strains clustered in accordance with the new taxonomy. These results suggest that identification of Cryptococcus strains is possible by employing these mitochondrial intergenic regions using PCR amplification as a quick and effective method to elucidate genotypic and taxonomic differences. Thus, these regions may be applicable to a broad range of clinical studies, leading to a rapid recognition of the clinical profiles of patients.}, }
@article {pmid31664477, year = {2020}, author = {Kolátková, V and Čepička, I and Gargiulo, GM and Vohník, M}, title = {Enigmatic Phytomyxid Parasite of the Alien Seagrass Halophila stipulacea: New Insights into Its Ecology, Phylogeny, and Distribution in the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, pages = {631-643}, pmid = {31664477}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {1308218//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura, Univerzita Karlova (CZ)/ ; }, mesh = {Cercozoa/classification/genetics/*physiology ; Hydrocharitaceae/*parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Mediterranean Sea ; Phylogeny ; Plant Leaves/*parasitology ; RNA, Protozoan/analysis ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/analysis ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Marine phytomyxids represent often overlooked obligate biotrophic parasites colonizing diatoms, brown algae, and seagrasses. An illustrative example of their enigmatic nature is the phytomyxid infecting the seagrass Halophila stipulacea (a well-known Lessepsian migrant from the Indo-Pacific to the Mediterranean Sea). In the Mediterranean, the occurrence of this phytomyxid was first described in 1995 in the Strait of Messina (southern Italy) and the second time in 2017 in the Aegean coast of Turkey. Here we investigated, using scuba diving, stereomicroscopy, light and scanning electron microscopy, and molecular methods, whether the symbiosis is still present in southern Italy, its distribution in this region and its relation to the previous reports. From the total of 16 localities investigated, the symbiosis has only been found at one site. A seasonal pattern was observed with exceptionally high abundance (> 40% of the leaf petioles colonized) in September 2017, absence of the symbiosis in May/June 2018, and then again high infection rates (~ 30%) in September 2018. In terms of anatomy and morphology as well as resting spore dimensions and arrangement, the symbiosis seems to be identical to the preceding observations in the Mediterranean. According to the phylogenetic analyses of the 18S rRNA gene, the phytomyxid represents the first characterized member of the environmental clade "TAGIRI-5". Our results provide new clues about its on-site ecology (incl. possible dispersal mechanisms), hint that it is rare but established in the Mediterranean, and encourage further research into its distribution, ecophysiology, and taxonomy.}, }
@article {pmid31663217, year = {2020}, author = {Sage, RF}, title = {Global change biology: A primer.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {3-30}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14893}, pmid = {31663217}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {RGPIN-2017-06476//Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada/International ; }, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Human Activities ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Because of human action, the Earth has entered an era where profound changes in the global environment are creating novel conditions that will be discernable far into the future. One consequence may be a large reduction of the Earth's biodiversity, potentially representing a sixth mass extinction. With effective stewardship, the global change drivers that threaten the Earth's biota could be alleviated, but this requires clear understanding of the drivers, their interactions, and how they impact ecological communities. This review identifies 10 anthropogenic global change drivers and discusses how six of the drivers (atmospheric CO2 enrichment, climate change, land transformation, species exploitation, exotic species invasions, eutrophication) impact Earth's biodiversity. Driver impacts on a particular species could be positive or negative. In either case, they initiate secondary responses that cascade along ecological lines of connection and in doing so magnify the initial impact. The unique nature of the threat to the Earth's biodiversity is not simply due to the magnitude of each driver, but due to the speed of change, the novelty of the drivers, and their interactions. Emphasizing one driver, notably climate change, is problematic because the other global change drivers also degrade biodiversity and together threaten the stability of the biosphere. As the main academic journal addressing global change effects on living systems, GCB is well positioned to provide leadership in solving the global change challenge. If humanity cannot meet the challenge, then GCB is positioned to serve as a leading chronicle of the sixth mass extinction to occur on planet Earth.}, }
@article {pmid31661508, year = {2019}, author = {Roda, A and Millar, JG and Jacobsen, C and Veasey, R and Fujimoto, L and Hara, A and McDonnell, RJ}, title = {A new synthetic lure for management of the invasive giant African snail, Lissachatina fulica.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {e0224270}, pmid = {31661508}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Carica/*chemistry ; Florida ; Hawaii ; Insect Control/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Odorants ; Pheromones ; Snails/chemistry/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Synthetic chemical lures mimicking pheromones or food attractants are essential tools in eradication programs for invasive species. However, their uses in programs aiming to control or eradicate terrestrial gastropods are largely unexplored. The goal of this study was to find a synthetic attractant that could aid in the eradication or management of the giant African snail (Lissachatina fulica). Field studies in Hawaii showed that a commercial papaya-flavored oil attracted snails. Analysis of the odor profile of the oil identified a total of 22 chemicals, which comprised > 98% of the volatile compounds emitted by the oil. A synthetic blend was reconstructed that mirrored the release rates of the papaya oil odors. In laboratory and field bioassays, the reconstructed blend, applied to cotton wicks as water and canola oil or water and mineral emulsions, attracted more snails than the water and oil emulsion control wicks. Field studies in Hawaii and Florida showed that the reconstructed blend in an oil emulsion was not attractive to non-target species such as butterflies or bees. The snails were attracted from distances > 1 m and entered traps baited with the attractant emulsion. When tested in the South Florida giant African snail eradication program, direct ground application of the reconstructed papaya-flavored oil emulsion increased the number of snails killed by over 87% compared to water emulsion controls. Integrating tactics using the synthetic papaya oil attractant into control measures should increase the effectiveness of eradication and management programs.}, }
@article {pmid31660585, year = {2020}, author = {Yeruham, E and Shpigel, M and Abelson, A and Rilov, G}, title = {Ocean warming and tropical invaders erode the performance of a key herbivore.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {101}, number = {2}, pages = {e02925}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2925}, pmid = {31660585}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {247149//Marie Curie Reintegration Grant under the EU Seventh Framework/International ; 117/10//Israeli Science Foundation/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Herbivory ; Oceans and Seas ; Sea Urchins ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Climate change and bioinvasions are two facets of global change that can act in tandem to impact native species and ecosystems. However, their combined effects on key species have rarely been studied. The Mediterranean Sea is a hot spot of both ocean warming and bioinvasions, where their impact can be tested together. In recent years, the population of a key herbivore, the European purple sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus), has virtually collapsed along the Israeli Mediterranean coast (southeastern Levant). Here, we used field and lab experiments to test two complementary hypotheses that may explain the urchin population collapse: (1) resource competition that may lead to competitive exclusion by invasive grazers (two Red Sea rabbitfishes) and (2) reduced performance due to ocean warming. An inclusion-exclusion in situ caging experiment revealed a strong negative impact of fish grazing on algal cover and on the urchin's gut content and gonado-somatic index (GSI). Laboratory experiments revealed a considerable negative impact of both elevated temperature and food deficiency on sea urchin respiration and GSI, and consequently on its energy budget and reproductive potential and, potentially, fitness. Such reduced reproductive capacity must have greatly lowered the sea urchin's population viability, contributing (and possibly even leading) to its collapse in the southeastern Levant in the past two decades. Urchin population declines are expected to spread to the west and north of the Mediterranean Sea following further warming and rabbitfish expansion. This study is the first to demonstrate the potential additive effects of ocean warming and implied competitive exclusion by an invader on a native species at its warm biogeographic distribution edge.}, }
@article {pmid31660269, year = {2019}, author = {Mokhatla, M and Measey, J and Smit, B}, title = {The role of ambient temperature and body mass on body temperature, standard metabolic rate and evaporative water loss in southern African anurans of different habitat specialisation.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e7885}, pmid = {31660269}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Temperature and water availability are two of the most important variables affecting all aspects of an anuran's key physiological processes such as body temperature (T b), evaporative water loss (EWL) and standard metabolic rate (SMR). Since anurans display pronounced sexual dimorphism, evidence suggests that these processes are further influenced by other factors such as vapour pressure deficit (VPD), sex and body mass (M b). However, a limited number of studies have tested the generality of these results across a wide range of ecologically relevant ambient temperatures (T a), while taking habitat use into account. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of T a on T b, whole-animal EWL and whole-animal SMR in three wild caught African anuran species with different ecological specialisations: the principally aquatic African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), stream-breeding common river frog (Amietia delalandii), and the largely terrestrial raucous toad (Sclerophrys capensis). Experiments were conducted at a range of test temperatures (5-35 °C, at 5 °C increments). We found that VPD better predicted rates of EWL than T a in two of the three species considered. Moreover, we found that T b, whole-animal EWL and whole-animal SMR increased with increasing T a, while T b increased with increasing M b in A. delalandii and S. capensis but not in X. laevis. Whole-animal SMR increased with increasing M b in S. capensis only. We did not find any significant effect of VPD, M b or sex on whole-animal EWL within species. Lastly, M b did not influence T b, whole-animal SMR and EWL in the principally aquatic X. laevis. These results suggest that M b may not have the same effect on key physiological variables, and that the influence of M b may also depend on the species ecological specialisation. Thus, the generality of M b as an important factor should be taken in the context of both physiology and species habitat specialisation.}, }
@article {pmid31659862, year = {2020}, author = {Lu, B and Peng, Z and Lu, H and Yang, F and Lin, P and Chu, X and He, X and Tang, J}, title = {Inter-country trade, genetic diversity and bio-ecological parameters upgrade pest risk maps for the coconut hispid Brontispa longissima.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {76}, number = {4}, pages = {1483-1491}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5663}, pmid = {31659862}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {1630042017011//Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund for Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/ ; 1630042017015//Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund for Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/ ; 1630042017033//Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund for Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/ ; 1630042018012//Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund for Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/ ; ZDYF2017026//Key R&amp;D project in Hainan/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Cocos ; *Coleoptera/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasions of a number of tree-feeding beetles have increased globally and pose a mounting threat to the world's trees, production forests and natural habitats. An in-depth understanding of the determinants of invasion potential of a given species and invasibility of novel environments can help forecast future invasions and avert undesirable socio-economic impacts. Here, we quantitatively assess the (multivariate) drivers of historic invasions of the coconut hispid Brontispa longissima (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) across the Asia-Pacific region and critically assess its invasion potential for other key coconut-growing regions.<br><br>RESULTS: Genetic variation of B. longissima in its invaded range indicated multiple incursions, likely associated with (short-range) natural dispersal and (long-range) trade in ornamental palms and coconut plantlets. Interception records at China's ports of entry accentuate the role of traded planting material. The high fecundity and prolonged, yet adaptable, oviposition period of B. longissima further enhance the invasiveness of this species and aid its successful establishment. Coconut-growing areas are identified with high climatic suitability for B. longissima, and where strengthened biosecurity protocols can prevent future invasions.<br><br>CONCLUSION: A combined assessment of inter-country trade patterns, population genetics and species bio-ecology (e.g. climate-related development) illuminates the dispersal pathways of invasive species, assesses invasibility of particular geographies, guides quarantine interventions and thus can effectively avert future invasions. &#xa9; 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid31659053, year = {2019}, author = {White, ER and Cox, K and Melbourne, BA and Hastings, A}, title = {Success and failure of ecological management is highly variable in an experimental test.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {116}, number = {46}, pages = {23169-23173}, pmid = {31659053}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Tribolium ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {When managing natural systems, the importance of recognizing the role of uncertainty has been formalized as the precautionary approach. However, it is difficult to determine the role of stochasticity in the success or failure of management because there is almost always no replication; typically, only a single observation exists for a particular site or management strategy. Yet, assessing the role of stochasticity is important for providing a strong foundation for the precautionary approach, and learning from past outcomes is critical for implementing adaptive management of species or ecosystems. In addition, adaptive management relies on being able to implement a variety of strategies in order to learn-an often difficult task in natural systems. Here, we show that there is large, stochastically driven variability in success for management treatments to control an invasive species, particularly for moderate, and more feasible, management strategies. This is exactly where the precautionary approach should be important. Even when combining management strategies, we show that moderate effort in management either fails or is highly variable in its success. This variability allows some management treatments to, on average, meet their target, even when failure is probable. Our study is an important quantitative replicated experimental test of the precautionary approach and can serve as a way to understand the variability in management outcomes in natural systems which have the potential to be more variable than our tightly controlled system.}, }
@article {pmid31658373, year = {2019}, author = {Campoy, JG and Roiloa, SR and Santiso, X and Retuerto, R}, title = {Ecophysiological differentiation between two invasive species of Carpobrotus competing under different nutrient conditions.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {106}, number = {11}, pages = {1454-1465}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1382}, pmid = {31658373}, issn = {1537-2197}, support = {CGL2013-48885-C2-2-R//ERDF/International ; }, mesh = {*Aizoaceae ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Nutrients ; Spain ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: Hybridization between the South African invasive species Carpobrotus edulis and C. acinaciformis in Europe has led to the formation of highly aggressive morphotypes referred to in the scientific literature as the new large "hybrid swarm" C. aff. acinaciformis. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether the taxonomic differentiation between taxa coincides with ecophysiological differentiation. With this aim, we tested for differences between both morphotypes in functional traits related to competitive ability and resource-use efficiency. Assuming that the complex hybrid C. aff. acinaciformis is more vigorous, depends more strongly on vegetative reproduction, and invests less in sexual reproduction than C. edulis, we predicted that the hybrid would show higher competitive ability and better physiological performance compared with the species.<br><br>METHODS: We used a comparative ecophysiological approach to assess the extent to which two Carpobrotus morphotypes coexisting in northwestern Spain differ in physiological, reproductive, and growth traits when competing under different soil nutrients in controlled greenhouse conditions.<br><br>RESULTS: C. aff. acinaciformis had a greater relative growth rate and water-use and photochemical efficiencies compared to C. edulis. However, C. edulis appeared to be more responsive to incremental change in soil nutrients than C. aff. acinaciformis. They also differed in the amount of resources invested in reproduction.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The study findings demonstrate that the taxonomic differentiation between taxa corresponds to ecophysiological differentiation, warranting a detailed examination of all existing trades-offs to predict the long-term outcomes of the interaction between these taxa.}, }
@article {pmid31657513, year = {2020}, author = {Westfall, KM and Therriault, TW and Abbott, CL}, title = {A new approach to molecular biosurveillance of invasive species using DNA metabarcoding.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {1012-1022}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14886}, pmid = {31657513}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {PARR-2016-P-03//Fisheries and Oceans Canada/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Biosurveillance ; DNA ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Pacific Ocean ; }, abstract = {Non-indigenous species (NIS) reach every corner of the world, at times wreaking havoc on ecosystems and costing the global economy billions of dollars. A rapid and accurate biosurveillance tool tailored to a particular biogeographic region is needed to detect NIS when they are first introduced into an area as traditional detection methods are expensive and require specialized expertise. Metabarcoding of environmental and community DNA meets those biosurveillance requirements; a novel tool tailored to the Northwest Pacific Ocean is presented here using an approach that could revolutionize early detection of NIS. Eight newly designed genetic markers for multiple gene regions were implemented to meet the stringent taxonomic requirements for the detection of NIS across four major marine phyla. The tool was considered highly successful because it identified 12 known NIS in the study area and a further seven species representing potential new records. Overall community composition detected here was statistically different between substrate types; zooplankton sampling accounted for significantly higher species richness than filtered sea water in most cases, but this was dominated by mollusk and arthropod species. Both substrate types sampled were required to identify the wide taxonomic breadth of known NIS in the study area. Intensive sampling is known to be paramount for the detection of rare species, including new incursions of NIS, thus it is recommended to include diverse DNA sampling protocols based on species' life-history characteristics for broad detection capacity. Application of a metabarcoding-based molecular biosurveillance tool optimized for biogeographic regions enables rapid and accurate early detection across a wide taxonomic range to allow quick implementation of eradication or control efforts and potentially mitigate some of the devastating effects of NIS worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid31653905, year = {2019}, author = {Cuthbert, RN and Callaghan, A and Dick, JTA}, title = {A novel metric reveals biotic resistance potential and informs predictions of invasion success.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {15314}, pmid = {31653905}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {BBS/E/I/00007039/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Aedes/physiology ; Animals ; Copepoda/physiology ; Culex/physiology ; *Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive species continue to proliferate and detrimentally impact ecosystems on a global scale. Whilst impacts are well-documented for many invaders, we lack tools to predict biotic resistance and invasion success. Biotic resistance from communities may be a particularly important determinant of the success of invaders. The present study develops traditional ecological concepts to better understand and quantify biotic resistance. We quantified predation towards the highly invasive Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus and a representative native mosquito Culex pipiens by three native and widespread cyclopoid copepods, using functional response and prey switching experiments. All copepods demonstrated higher magnitude type II functional responses towards the invasive prey over the analogous native prey, aligned with higher attack and maximum feeding rates. All predators exhibited significant, frequency-independent prey preferences for the invader. With these results, we developed a novel metric for biotic resistance which integrates predator numerical response proxies, revealing differential biotic resistance potential among predators. Our results are consistent with field patterns of biotic resistance and invasion success, illustrating the predictive capacity of our methods. We thus propose the further development of traditional ecological concepts, such as functional responses, numerical responses and prey switching, in the evaluation of biotic resistance and invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid31653851, year = {2019}, author = {Péden, R and Poupin, P and Sohm, B and Flayac, J and Giambérini, L and Klopp, C and Louis, F and Pain-Devin, S and Potet, M and Serre, RF and Devin, S}, title = {Environmental transcriptomes of invasive dreissena, a model species in ecotoxicology and invasion biology.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {234}, pmid = {31653851}, issn = {2052-4463}, mesh = {Animals ; Dreissena/classification/*genetics ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fresh Water ; RNA-Seq ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Dreissenids are established model species for ecological and ecotoxicological studies, since they are sessile and filter feeder organisms and reflect in situ freshwater quality. Despite this strong interest for hydrosystem biomonitoring, omics data are still scarce. In the present study, we achieved full de novo assembly transcriptomes of digestive glands to gain insight into Dreissena polymorpha and D. rostriformis bugensis molecular knowledge. Transcriptomes were obtained by Illumina RNA sequencing of seventy-nine organisms issued from fifteen populations inhabiting sites that exhibits multiple freshwater contamination levels and different hydrosystem topographies (open or closed systems). Based on a recent de novo assembly algorithm, we carried out a complete, quality-checked and annotated transcriptomes. The power of the present study lies in the completeness of transcriptomes gathering multipopulational organisms sequencing and its full availability through an open access interface that gives a friendly and ready-to-use access to data. The use of such data for proteogenomic and targeted biological pathway investigations purpose is promising as they are first full transcriptomes for this two Dreissena species.}, }
@article {pmid31648244, year = {2019}, author = {Hayer, S and Bick, A and Brandt, A and Ewers-Saucedo, C and Fiege, D and Füting, S and Krause-Kyora, B and Michalik, P and Reinicke, GB and Brandis, D}, title = {Coming and going - Historical distributions of the European oyster Ostrea edulis Linnaeus, 1758 and the introduced slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata Linnaeus, 1758 in the North Sea.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {e0224249}, pmid = {31648244}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Introduced Species/*history ; North Sea ; Ostrea/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Natural history collections are fundamental for biodiversity research as well as for any applied environment-related research. These collections can be seen as archives of earth´s life providing the basis to address highly relevant scientific questions such as how biodiversity changes in certain environments, either through evolutionary processes in a geological timescale, or by man-made transformation of habitats throughout the last decades and/or centuries. A prominent example is the decline of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis Linneaus, 1758 in the North Sea and the concomitant invasion of the common limpet slipper Crepidula fornicata, which has been implicated to have negative effects on O. edulis. We used collections to analyse population changes in both species in the North Sea. In order to reconstruct the change in distribution and diversity over the past 200 years, we combined the temporal and spatial information recorded with the collected specimens contained in several European natural history collections. Our data recover the decline of O. edulis in the North Sea from the 19th century to the present and the process of invasion of C. fornicata. Importantly, the decline of O. edulis was nearly completed before C. fornicata appeared in the North Sea, suggesting that the latter had nothing to do with the local extinction of O. edulis in the North Sea.}, }
@article {pmid31648229, year = {2019}, author = {Fraixedas, S and Galewski, T and Ribeiro-Lopes, S and Loh, J and Blondel, J and Fontès, H and Grillas, P and Lambret, P and Nicolas, D and Olivier, A and Geijzendorffer, IR}, title = {Estimating biodiversity changes in the Camargue wetlands: An expert knowledge approach.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {e0224235}, pmid = {31648229}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; France ; Mammals ; Plants ; *Population Dynamics ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Mediterranean wetlands are critical strongholds for biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem functions and services; yet, they are being severely degraded by a number of socio-economic drivers and pressures, including climate change. Moreover, we still lack comprehensive understanding of the extent to which biodiversity loss in Mediterranean wetlands will accelerate change in ecosystem processes. Here, we evaluate how changes in biodiversity can alter the ecosystem of the Camargue (southern France). We collected data on species presence/absence, trends and abundance over a 40-year period by combining observations from the scholarly literature with insights derived from expert knowledge. In total, we gathered more than 1500 estimates of presence/absence, over 1400 estimates of species abundance, and about 1400 estimates of species trends for eight taxonomic groups, i.e. amphibians, reptiles, breeding birds, fish, mammals, dragonflies (odonates), orthopterans and vascular plants. Furthermore, we used information on recently arrived species and invasive species to identify compositional changes across multiple taxa. Complementing targeted literature searches with expert knowledge allowed filling important gaps regarding the status and trends of biodiversity in the Camargue. Species trend data revealed sharp population declines in amphibians, odonates and orthopterans, while birds and plants experienced an average increase in abundance between the 1970s and the 2010s. The general increasing trends of novel and invasive species is suggested as an explanation for the changing abundance of birds and plants. While the observed declines in certain taxa reflect the relative failure of the protection measures established in the Camargue, the increasing exposure to novel and invasive species reveal major changes in the community structure of the different taxonomic groups. This study is the first attempt to assess changes in biodiversity in the Camargue using an expert knowledge approach, and can help manage the uncertainties and complexities associated with rapid social-ecological change in other Mediterranean wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid31647694, year = {2020}, author = {Carrillo, JD and Mayorquin, JS and Stajich, JE and Eskalen, A}, title = {Probe-Based Multiplex Real-Time PCR as a Diagnostic Tool to Distinguish Distinct Fungal Symbionts Associated With Euwallacea kuroshio and Euwallacea whitfordiodendrus in California.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {104}, number = {1}, pages = {227-238}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-01-19-0201-RE}, pmid = {31647694}, issn = {0191-2917}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ascomycota/classification/genetics ; California ; Female ; *Fusarium/classification/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Limit of Detection ; *Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Weevils/microbiology ; }, abstract = {California has been invaded by two distinct Euwallacea spp. that vector unique plant pathogenic symbiotic fungi on multiple hosts and cause Fusarium dieback. The objective of this study was to develop multiplex real-time quantitative PCR assays using hydrolysis probes targeting the β-tubulin gene to detect, distinguish, and quantify fungi associated with the polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB; Euwallacea whitfordiodendrus, Fusarium euwallaceae, Graphium euwallaceae, and Paracremonium pembeum) as well as the Kuroshio shot hole borer (KSHB; Euwallacea kuroshio, Fusarium kuroshium, and Graphium kuroshium) from various sample types. Absolute quantification reaction efficiencies ranged from 88.2 to 104.3%, with a coefficient of determination >0.992 and a limit of detection of 100 copies µl[-1] for all targets across both assays. Qualitative detection using the real-time assays on artificially inoculated avocado shoot extracts showed more sensitivity compared with conventional fungal isolation from wood. All symbiotic fungi, except P. pembeum, from PSHB and KSHB female heads were detectable and quantified. Field samples from symptomatic Platanus racemosa, Populus spp., and Salix spp. across 17 of 26 city parks were positively identified as PSHB and KSHB through detection of their symbiotic fungi, and both were found occurring together on five trees from three different park locations. The molecular assays presented here can be utilized to accurately identify fungi associated with these invasive pests in California.}, }
@article {pmid31645713, year = {2019}, author = {Cox, TE and Ramsey, DSL and Sawyers, E and Campbell, S and Matthews, J and Elsworth, P}, title = {The impact of RHDV-K5 on rabbit populations in Australia: an evaluation of citizen science surveys to monitor rabbit abundance.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {15229}, pmid = {31645713}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia/epidemiology ; Biological Control Agents/therapeutic use ; Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control/*veterinary ; *Citizen Science ; Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/*isolation &amp; purification ; Humans ; Rabbits/growth &amp; development/*virology ; }, abstract = {The increasing popularity of citizen science in ecological research has created opportunities for data collection from large teams of observers that are widely dispersed. We established a citizen science program to complement the release of a new variant of the rabbit biological control agent, rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), known colloquially as K5, across Australia. We evaluated the impact of K5 on the national rabbit population and compared citizen science and professionally-collected spotlight count data. Of the citizen science sites (n = 219), 93% indicated a decrease in rabbit abundance following the release of K5. The overall finite monthly growth rate in rabbit abundance was estimated as 0.66 (95%CI, 0.26, 1.03), averaging a monthly reduction of 34% at the citizen science sites one month after the release. No such declines were observed at the professionally monitored sites (n = 22). The citizen science data submissions may have been unconsciously biased or the number of professional sites may have been insufficient to detect a change. Citizen science participation also declined by 56% over the post-release period. Future programs should ensure the use of blinded trials to check for unconscious bias and consider how incentives and/or the good will of the participants can be maintained throughout the program.}, }
@article {pmid31645214, year = {2020}, author = {Schoener, ER and Tompkins, DM and Parker, KA and Howe, L and Castro, I}, title = {Presence and diversity of mixed avian Plasmodium spp. infections in introduced birds whose distribution overlapped with threatened New Zealand endemic birds.}, journal = {New Zealand veterinary journal}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, pages = {101-106}, doi = {10.1080/00480169.2019.1680326}, pmid = {31645214}, issn = {1176-0710}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; *Endangered Species ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Malaria, Avian/epidemiology/*parasitology ; New Zealand/epidemiology ; Plasmodium/*classification ; }, abstract = {Aims: To determine the presence of infection and co-infection of Plasmodium lineages in introduced birds at translocation sites for the North Island saddleback (Philesturnus rufusater), to investigate their role as Plasmodium spp. reservoirs.Methods: Blood samples were collected from introduced bird species, with a special focus on blackbirds (Turdus merula) and song thrushes (Turdus philomelos), at six locations in the North Island of New Zealand that were the origin, or translocation sites, for North Island saddleback. Where available, blood smears were examined, and blood samples were tested using nested PCR with subsequent sequence analysis, for the presence of Plasmodium spp.Results: Of the 55 samples tested using PCR analysis, 39 (71%) were positive for Plasmodium spp., and 28/40 (62%) blood smears were positive for Plasmodium spp. Overall, 31 blood samples were from blackbirds with 28/31 (90%) samples positive for Plasmodium spp. Six distinct avian Plasmodium lineages were identified, including three cosmopolitan lineages; Plasmodium vaughani SYAT05 was detected in 16 samples, Plasmodium matutinum Linn1 in 10 samples and Plasmodium elongatum GRW6 in eight samples. Mixed infections with more than one lineage were detected in 12 samples. Samples from two Australian magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen) were positive for Plasmodium. sp. lineage MYNA02, previously not identified in New Zealand.Conclusions and clinical relevance: This is the first report from New Zealand in which specific Plasmodium spp. mixed infections have been found in introduced birds. Co-infections with several cosmopolitan Plasmodium lineages were identified, as well as the first report in New Zealand of an exotic avian Plasmodium sp. lineage, in Australian magpies. Whilst the role of introduced birds in maintaining and spreading pathogenic avian malaria in New Zealand is unclear, there is a potential infection risk to native birds, especially where distributions overlap.}, }
@article {pmid31641862, year = {2019}, author = {Coggan, NV and Gibb, H}, title = {Digging mammal reintroductions reduce termite biomass and alter assemblage composition along an aridity gradient.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {191}, number = {3}, pages = {645-656}, pmid = {31641862}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {FT130100821//Australian Research Council/ ; APSF0904//Australia and Pacific Science Foundation/ ; not known//Holsworth Wildlife Research Fund/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Biomass ; Cats ; Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; *Isoptera ; Mammals ; }, abstract = {Invasions can trigger cascades in ecological communities by altering species interactions. Following the introduction of cats and foxes into Australia, one tenth of Australia's terrestrial mammal species became extinct, due to predation, while many continue to decline. The broader consequences for Australian ecosystems are poorly understood. Soil-dwelling invertebrates are likely to be affected by the loss of fossorial native mammals, which are predators and disturbance agents. Using reintroductions as a model for ecosystems prior to species loss, we tested the hypothesis that mammal reintroduction leads to reduced vegetation cover and altered termite assemblages, including declines in abundance and biomass and changed species composition. We hypothesised that the magnitude of mammal reintroduction effects would diminish with increasing aridity, which affects resource availability. We compared six paired sites inside and outside three reintroduction sanctuaries across an aridity gradient. We sampled termite assemblages using soil trenches and measured habitat availability. Reintroductions were associated with increased bare ground and reduced vegetation, compared with controls. Aridity also had an underlying influence on vegetation cover by limiting water availability. Termite abundance and biomass were lower where mammals were reintroduced and the magnitude of this effect decreased with increasing aridity. Termite abundance was highest under wood, and soil-nesting wood-feeders were most affected inside sanctuaries. Ecological cascades resulting from exotic predator invasions are thus likely to have increased termite biomass and altered termite assemblages, but impacts may be lower in less-productive habitats. Our findings have implications for reserve carrying capacities and understanding of assemblage reconstruction following ecological cascades.}, }
@article {pmid31641489, year = {2019}, author = {Kalb, DM and Delaney, DA and DeYoung, RW and Bowman, JL}, title = {Genetic diversity and demographic history of introduced sika deer on the Delmarva Peninsula.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {19}, pages = {11504-11517}, pmid = {31641489}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The introduction of non-native species can have long-term effects on native plant and animal communities. Introduced populations are occasionally not well understood and offer opportunities to evaluate changes in genetic structure through time and major population changes such as bottleneck and or founder events. Invasive species can often evolve rapidly in new and novel environments, which could be essential to their long-term success. Sika deer are native to East Asia, and their introduction and establishment to the Delmarva Peninsula, USA, is poorly documented, but probably involved ≥1 founder and/or bottleneck events. We quantified neutral genetic diversity in the introduced population and compared genetic differentiation and diversity to the presumed source population from Yakushima Island, Japan, and a captive population of sika deer in Harrington, Delaware, USA. Based on the data from 10 microsatellite DNA loci, we observed reduced genetic variation attributable to founder events, support for historic hybridization events, and evidence that the population did originate from Yakushima Island stocks. Estimates of population structure through Bayesian clustering and demographic history derived from approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), were consistent with the hypothesized founder history of the introduced population in both timing and effective population size (approximately five effective breeding individuals, an estimated 36 generations ago). Our ABC results further supported a single introduction into the wild happening before sika deer spread throughout the Delmarva. We conclude that free-ranging sika deer on Delmarva are descended from ca. five individuals introduced about 100 years ago from captive stocks of deer maintained in the United Kingdom. Free-ranging sika deer on Delmarva have lost neutral diversity due to founder and bottleneck events, yet populations have expanded in recent decades and show no evidence of abnormalities associated with inbreeding. We suggest management practices including increasing harvest areas and specifically managing sika deer outside of Maryland.}, }
@article {pmid31641454, year = {2019}, author = {Roy-Dufresne, E and Saltré, F and Cooke, BD and Mellin, C and Mutze, G and Cox, T and Fordham, DA}, title = {Modeling the distribution of a wide-ranging invasive species using the sampling efforts of expert and citizen scientists.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {19}, pages = {11053-11063}, pmid = {31641454}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {In its invasive range in Australia, the European rabbit threatens the persistence of native flora and fauna and damages agricultural production. Understanding its distribution and ecological niche is critical for developing management plans to reduce populations and avoid further biodiversity and economic losses.We developed an ensemble of species distribution models (SDMs) to determine the geographic range limits and habitat suitability of the rabbit in Australia. We examined the advantage of incorporating data collected by citizens (separately and jointly with expert data) and explored issues of spatial biases in occurrence data by implementing different approaches to generate pseudo-absences. We evaluated the skill of our model using three approaches: cross-validation, out-of-region validation, and evaluation of the covariate response curves according to expert knowledge of rabbit ecology.Combining citizen and expert occurrence data improved model skill based on cross-validation, spatially reproduced important aspects of rabbit ecology, and reduced the need to extrapolate results beyond the studied areas.Our ensemble model projects that rabbits are distributed across approximately two thirds of Australia. Annual maximum temperatures >25°C and annual minimum temperatures >10°C define, respectively, the southern and northern most range limits of its distribution. In the arid and central regions, close access to permanent water (≤~ 0.4 km) and reduced clay soil composition (~20%-50%) were the major factors influencing the probability of occurrence of rabbits. Synthesis and applications. Our results show that citizen science data can play an important role in managing invasive species by providing missing information on occurrences in regions not surveyed by experts because of logistics or financial constraints. The additional sampling effort provided by citizens can improve the capacity of SDMs to capture important elements of a species ecological niche, improving the capacity of statistical models to accurately predict the geographic range of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid31641442, year = {2019}, author = {Root-Bernstein, M and Ladle, R}, title = {Ecology of a widespread large omnivore, Homo sapiens, and its impacts on ecosystem processes.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {19}, pages = {10874-10894}, pmid = {31641442}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Discussions of defaunation and taxon substitution have concentrated on megafaunal herbivores and carnivores, but mainly overlooked the particular ecological importance of megafaunal omnivores. In particular, the Homo spp. have been almost completely ignored in this context, despite the extinction of all but one hominin species present since the Plio-Pleistocene. Large omnivores have a particular set of ecological functions reflecting their foraging flexibility and the varied disturbances they create, functions that may maintain ecosystem stability and resilience. Here, we put the ecology of Homo sapiens in the context of comparative interspecific ecological roles and impacts, focusing on the large omnivore guild, as well as comparative intraspecific variation, focusing on hunter-gatherers.We provide an overview of the functional traits of H. sapiens, which can be used to spontaneously provide the functions for currently ecologically extinct or endangered ecosystem processes. We consider the negative impacts of variations in H. sapiens phenotypic strategies, its possible status as an invasive species, and the potential to take advantage of its learning capacities to decouple negative and positive impacts.We provide examples of how practices related to foraging, transhumance, and hunting could contribute to rewilding-inspired programs either drawing on hunter-gatherer baselines of H. sapiens, or as proxies for extinct or threatened large omnivores. We propose that a greater focus on intraspecific ecological variation and interspecific comparative ecology of H. sapiens can provide new avenues for conservation and ecological research.}, }
@article {pmid31640938, year = {2020}, author = {Breuner, NE and Ford, SL and Hojgaard, A and Osikowicz, LM and Parise, CM and Rosales Rizzo, MF and Bai, Y and Levin, ML and Eisen, RJ and Eisen, L}, title = {Failure of the Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, to serve as an experimental vector of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto.}, journal = {Ticks and tick-borne diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {101311}, pmid = {31640938}, issn = {1877-9603}, support = {CC999999/ImCDC/Intramural CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Arachnid Vectors/*physiology ; Borrelia burgdorferi/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Ixodes/*microbiology ; Ixodidae ; Larva ; Lyme Disease/microbiology/*transmission ; Mice ; New York ; Nymph ; }, abstract = {The invasive, human-biting Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, was detected in New Jersey in the eastern United States in August of 2017 and by November of 2018 this tick had been recorded from 45 counties across 9 states, primarily along the Eastern Seaboard. The establishment of H. longicornis in the United States has raised the questions of how commonly it will bite humans and which native pathogens may naturally infect this tick. There also is a need for experimental vector competence studies with native pathogens to determine if H. longicornis can acquire a given pathogen while feeding, pass it transstadially, and then transmit the pathogen in the next life stage. In this experimental study, we evaluated the vector competence of a population of H. longicornis originating from the United States (New York) for a native isolate (B31) of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.). In agreement with a previous experimental study on the vector competence of H. longicornis for Borrelia garinii, we found that uninfected H. longicornis larvae could acquire B. burgdorferi s.s. while feeding on infected Mus musculus mice (infection prevalence >50% in freshly fed larvae) but that the infection was lost during the molt to the nymphal stage. None of 520 tested molted nymphs were found to be infected, indicating that transstadial passage of B. burgdorferi s.s. is absent or rare in H. longicornis; and based on the potential error associated with the number of nymphs testing negative in this study, we estimate that the upper 95% limit for infection prevalence was 0.73%. An Ixodes scapularis process control showed both effective acquisition of B. burgdorferi s.s. from infected mice by uninfected larvae and transstadial passage to the nymphal stage (infection prevalence of 80-82% for both freshly fed larvae and molted nymphs). We also observed that although H. longicornis larvae could be compelled to feed on mice by placing the ticks within feeding capsules, attachment and feeding success was minimal (<0.5%) when larvae were placed freely on the fur of the mice. We conclude that H. longicornis is unlikely to contribute more than minimally, if at all, to transmission of Lyme disease spirochetes in the United States.}, }
@article {pmid31640887, year = {2019}, author = {Shiganova, TA and Sommer, U and Javidpour, J and Molinero, JC and Malej, A and Kazmin, AS and Isinibilir, M and Christou, E and Siokou-Frangou, I and Marambio, M and Fuentes, V and Mirsoyan, ZA and Gülsahin, N and Lombard, F and Lilley, MKS and Angel, DL and Galil, BS and Bonnet, D and Delpy, F}, title = {Patterns of invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi distribution and variability in different recipient environments of the Eurasian seas: A review.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {152}, number = {}, pages = {104791}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104791}, pmid = {31640887}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ctenophora ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Salinity ; }, abstract = {Harmful invader ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi's expansions in the Eurasian Seas, its spatio-temporal population dynamics depending on environmental conditions in recipient habitats have been synthesized. M. leidyi found suitable temperature, salinity and productivity conditions in the temperate and subtropical environments of the semi-enclosed seas, in the coastal areas of open basins and in closed water bodies, where it created autonomous populations. M. leidyi changes its phenology depending on seasonal temperature regime in different environments. We assessed ranges of sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity and sea surface chlorophyll values, sufficient for M. leidyi general occurrence and reproduction based on comprehensive long-term datasets, contributed by co-authors. This assessment revealed that there are at least two eco-types (Southern and Northern) in the recipient seas of Eurasia with features specific for their donor areas. The range of thresholds for M. leidyi establishment, occurrence and life cycle in both eco-types depends on variability of environmental parameters in their native habitats.}, }
@article {pmid31640180, year = {2019}, author = {Varga, D and Roigé, M and Pintó, J and Saez, M}, title = {Assessing the Spatial Distribution of Biodiversity in a Changing Temperature Pattern: The Case of Catalonia, Spain.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {16}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {31640180}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; *Biodiversity ; Cities ; *Climate Change ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Spain ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The impacts that climate change and land-use dynamics have on biodiversity are already visible in the distribution and behaviour of a large number of species. By using a Bayesian framework, including land-use, meteorological, topography and other variables as explanatory variables, such as distance to roads and urban centres, we modeled a number of species within each cell of a regular lattice for Catalonia, Spain, in the period of 2004 to 2010. We estimated a slight increase in daily maximum temperature and a more significant increase in minimum temperature (a 5-year increase of 0.159 °C in maximum temperature, and an increase of 0.332 °C in minimum temperature). The estimation shows that the total number of species was greater than expected in the cells where land use was not urban-38.4%, in forests and 55.2% in mixed forests. Finally, we observed that most invasive species are found in areas where the minimum temperature is expected to increase. Our study can help with making important recommendations as to where, when and how future threats could affect specie distribution and the kind of planning processes needed for when protected natural areas will be unable to continue to support all the species they were designed to protect.}, }
@article {pmid31637761, year = {2019}, author = {Padhi, SK and Tolo, I and McEachran, M and Primus, A and Mor, SK and Phelps, NBD}, title = {Koi herpesvirus and carp oedema virus: Infections and coinfections during mortality events of wild common carp in the United States.}, journal = {Journal of fish diseases}, volume = {42}, number = {11}, pages = {1609-1621}, doi = {10.1111/jfd.13082}, pmid = {31637761}, issn = {1365-2761}, support = {//Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center/ ; //Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; Coinfection/mortality/*veterinary/virology ; Fish Diseases/*mortality/virology ; Herpesviridae/physiology ; Herpesviridae Infections/*mortality/virology ; Poxviridae/physiology ; Poxviridae Infections/*mortality/virology ; United States/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Koi herpesvirus (KHV; cyprinid herpesvirus-3) and carp oedema virus (CEV) are important viruses of common and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio); however, the distribution of these viruses in wild common carp in North America is largely unknown. During the summers of 2017 and 2018, 27 mass mortalities of common carp were reported from four states in the USA (Minnesota, Iowa, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin), the majority of which were distributed across eight major watersheds in southern Minnesota. Samples from 22 of these mortality events and from five clinically healthy nearby carp populations were screened for KHV, CEV and SVCV using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). KHV was confirmed in 13 mortality events, CEV in two mortality events and coinfections of KHV/CEV in four mortality events. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the KHV and CEV detected here are closely related to European lineages of these viruses. While molecular detection alone cannot conclusively link either virus with disease, the cases described here expand the known range of two important viruses. This is also the first reported detection of KHV and CEV coinfections in wild carp populations.}, }
@article {pmid31637420, year = {2020}, author = {Gallego-Tévar, B and Grewell, BJ and Futrell, CJ and Drenovsky, RE and Castillo, JM}, title = {Interactive effects of salinity and inundation on native Spartina foliosa, invasive S. densiflora and their hybrid from San Francisco Estuary, California.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {125}, number = {2}, pages = {377-389}, pmid = {31637420}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {*Estuaries ; Poaceae ; *Salinity ; San Francisco ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Sea level rise (SLR) associated with climate change is intensifying permanent submersion and salinity in salt marshes. In this scenario, hybridization between native and invasive species may result in hybrids having greater tolerance of abiotic stress factors than their parents. Thus, understanding the responses of native and invasive halophytes and their hybrids to interacting physiological stresses imposed by SLR is key to native species conservation. We analysed how salinity, inundation depth and their interaction impact the functional traits of native and invasive cordgrass species and their hybrid (genus Spartina; Poaceae).<br><br>METHODS: In a mesocosm experiment, we evaluated interactive stress effects of three inundation depths (4.5, 35.5 and 55 cm) and four aqueous salinities (0.5, 10, 20 and 40 ppt) on 27 functional traits of native Spartina foliosa, invasive S. densiflora and their hybrid S. densiflora &#xd7; S. foliosa from San Francisco Estuary.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: The combined effect of salinity and inundation led to synergistic effects on leaf biochemical stress indicators. Spartina foliosa behaved as a stress-tolerant species, with high leaf sodium exudation rate and glycine betaine concentrations that also increased with stress. Spartina foliosa was less sensitive to salinity than S. densiflora and the hybrid but was highly growth-limited in response to increased inundation and salinity. Spartina densiflora was fast-growing in low-stress conditions and tolerated moderate interactive stresses. The hybrid produced more biomass, rhizome reserves and tillers than its parents, even under the most stressful conditions. Transgressivity improved the hybrid's capacity to deal with flooding stress more so than its response to increasing salinity.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Based on our observations, we predict that established populations of both native and invasive cordgrasses will experience reduced vegetative and sexual fitness in response to SLR. In particular, the combined effects of high salinity and deep inundation may decrease floret production in S. densiflora, a key trait for the spread of its invasive populations. In contrast, the hybrid likely will be able to sustain its invasiveness under SLR based on its ability to maintain growth and biomass production under stressful conditions.}, }
@article {pmid31637143, year = {2019}, author = {Espindola, S and Parra, JL and Vázquez-Domínguez, E}, title = {Fundamental niche unfilling and potential invasion risk of the slider turtle Trachemys scripta.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e7923}, pmid = {31637143}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: How species colonize new environments is still a fundamental question in ecology and evolution, assessable by evaluating range characteristics of invasive species. Here we propose a model approach to evaluate environmental conditions and species features to predict niche changes in non-equilibrium contexts. It incorporates potentially range-limiting processes (fundamental niche), hence allowing for better predictions of range shifts, differentiation of analog and non-analog conditions between the native and non-native (invaded) ranges, and identification of environmental conditions not currently available but likely in the future. We apply our approach with the worldwide invasive slider-turtle Trachemys scripta.<br><br>METHODS: We estimated the native and non-native realized niches of T. scripta and built its fundamental niche based on key features of the turtle's temperature physiological tolerance limits and survival-associated factors. We next estimated response functions adjusted to the physiological predictor variables and estimated habitat suitability values, followed by a comprehensive set of analyses and simulations to compare the environmental conditions occupied by T. scripta (at its native and non-native ranges).<br><br>RESULTS: Climatic space analysis showed that the T. scripta's non-native realized niche is 28.6% greater than the native one. Response curves showed that it does not use its entire range of temperature tolerances (density curves for native: 5.3-23.7 &#xb0;C and non-native: 1.7-28.4 &#xb0;C ranges). Whether considering the mean temperature of the warmest or the coldest quarter, it occupies a wider range of temperatures along its non-native distribution. Results of the response curves for worldwide (global) and across Mexico (regional) comparisons showed it occupies analog and non-analog conditions between its native and invaded ranges, exhibiting also unoccupied suitable climatic conditions.<br><br>DISCUSSION: We demonstrate that T. scripta occupies a wider subset of its fundamental niche along its non-native range (within its physiological tolerances), revealing that the species observed niche shift corresponds to a different subset of its fundamental niche (niche unfilling). We also identified suitable environmental conditions, globally and regionally, where the slider turtle could potentially invade. Our approach allows to accurately predict niche changes in novel or non-equilibrium contexts, which can improve our understanding about ecological aspects and geographic range boundaries in current and potential invasions.}, }
@article {pmid31636882, year = {2019}, author = {Essl, F and Dawson, W and Kreft, H and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and Van Kleunen, M and Weigelt, P and Mang, T and Dullinger, S and Lenzner, B and Moser, D and Maurel, N and Seebens, H and Stein, A and Weber, E and Chatelain, C and Inderjit,  and Genovesi, P and Kartesz, J and Morozova, O and Nishino, M and Nowak, PM and Pagad, S and Shu, WS and Winter, M}, title = {Drivers of the relative richness of naturalized and invasive plant species on Earth.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {plz051}, pmid = {31636882}, issn = {2041-2851}, support = {I 3757/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a defining feature of the Anthropocene, but the factors that determine the spatially uneven distribution of alien plant species are still poorly understood. Here, we present the first global analysis of the effects of biogeographic factors, the physical environment and socio-economy on the richness of naturalized and invasive alien plants. We used generalized linear mixed-effects models and variation partitioning to disentangle the relative importance of individual factors, and, more broadly, of biogeography, physical environment and socio-economy. As measures of the magnitude of permanent anthropogenic additions to the regional species pool and of species with negative environmental impacts, we calculated the relative richness of naturalized (= RRN) and invasive (= RRI) alien plant species numbers adjusted for the number of native species in 838 terrestrial regions. Socio-economic factors (per-capita gross domestic product (GDP), population density, proportion of agricultural land) were more important in explaining RRI (~50 % of the explained variation) than RRN (~40 %). Warm-temperate and (sub)tropical regions have higher RRN than tropical or cooler regions. We found that socio-economic pressures are more relevant for invasive than for naturalized species richness. The expectation that the southern hemisphere is more invaded than the northern hemisphere was confirmed only for RRN on islands, but not for mainland regions nor for RRI. On average, islands have ~6-fold RRN, and >3-fold RRI compared to mainland regions. Eighty-two islands (=26 % of all islands) harbour more naturalized alien than native plants. Our findings challenge the widely held expectation that socio-economic pressures are more relevant for plant naturalization than for invasive plants. To meet international biodiversity targets and halt the detrimental consequences of plant invasions, it is essential to disrupt the connection between socio-economic development and plant invasions by improving pathway management, early detection and rapid response.}, }
@article {pmid31635228, year = {2019}, author = {Rodríguez-Merino, A and Fernández-Zamudio, R and García-Murillo, P and Muñoz, J}, title = {Climatic Niche Shift during Azolla filiculoides Invasion and Its Potential Distribution under Future Scenarios.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {31635228}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {In order to prevent future biological invasions, it is crucial to know non-native species distributions. We evaluated the potential global distribution of Azolla filiculoides, a free-floating macrophyte native to the Americas by using species distribution models and niche equivalency tests to analyze the degree of niche overlap between the native and invaded ranges of the species. The models were projected under two future emission scenarios, three global circulation models and two time periods. Our results indicate a possible niche shift between the distribution ranges of the species, indicating that A. filiculoides can adapt to novel environmental conditions derived from climatic differences during the invasion process. Our models also show that the future potential distribution of A. filiculoides will decrease globally, although the species could colonize new vulnerable regions where it is currently absent. We highlight that species occurrence records in the invaded area are necessary to generate accurate models, which will, in turn, improve our ability to predict potential invasion risk areas.}, }
@article {pmid31634397, year = {2020}, author = {Ogburn, EC and Walgenbach, JF}, title = {Impact of Temperature Storage Conditions of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Eggs on Parasitism by Anastatus reduvii (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {113}, number = {1}, pages = {98-107}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz274}, pmid = {31634397}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Heteroptera ; *Hymenoptera ; Nymph ; Ovum ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys Stål, is an invasive species of Asian origin that is an important agricultural pest in the eastern United States. Sentinel egg masses are tools used to assess the impact of natural enemies on H. halys populations. To determine the effect of host egg age and storage conditions on their susceptibility to parasitism, H. halys eggs were stored at different temperatures for different lengths of time and then exposed to Anastatus reduvii (Howard), a native natural enemy of H. halys occurring in eastern North America. For eggs stored at 15, 20, and 25°C and then exposed to A. reduvii, the number of host eggs from which parasitoid offspring emerged declined with age of eggs. Control eggs (exposed to parasitoids without being stored) and those eggs stored for only 5.5 degree-days (DD) (=0.5 days) at 25°C yielded the highest percentage of parasitoids at 88.2 and 88.3%, respectively. For eggs stored at 20 and 25°C for 7.3 DD to about 36 DD, offspring emerged from about 58 to 73% of eggs, and total parasitism (emerged + unemerged parasitoids) ranged from about 70 to 80%. Parasitoid emergence was significantly lower for host eggs stored at 15°C for comparable times at 20 and 25°C. Stink bugs nymphs hatched from <0.6% of all eggs. Parasitoid-induced host egg abortion was an important component of egg mortality caused by A. reduvii, with underdeveloped stink bug nymphs, undifferentiated cell contents, and parasitoid host feeding occurring across all storage treatments.}, }
@article {pmid31634388, year = {2019}, author = {Guo, Y and Zhang, Y and Liu, Q and Huang, Y and Mao, G and Yue, Z and Abe, EM and Li, J and Wu, Z and Li, S and Zhou, X and Hu, W and Xiao, N}, title = {A chromosomal-level genome assembly for the giant African snail Achatina fulica.}, journal = {GigaScience}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {31634388}, issn = {2047-217X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Chromosomes ; Gene Library ; Genome ; Genomics/methods ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Snails/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Achatina fulica, the giant African snail, is the largest terrestrial mollusk species. Owing to its voracious appetite, wide environmental adaptability, high growth rate, and reproductive capacity, it has become an invasive species across the world, mainly in Southeast Asia, Japan, the western Pacific islands, and China. This pest can damage agricultural crops and is an intermediate host of many parasites that can threaten human health. However, genomic information of A. fulica remains limited, hindering genetic and genomic studies for invasion control and management of the species.<br><br>FINDINGS: Using a k-mer-based method, we estimated the A. fulica genome size to be 2.12 Gb, with a high repeat content up to 71%. Roughly 101.6 Gb genomic long-read data of A. fulica were generated from the Pacific Biosciences sequencing platform and assembled to produce a first A. fulica genome of 1.85 Gb with a contig N50 length of 726 kb. Using contact information from the Hi-C sequencing data, we successfully anchored 99.32% contig sequences into 31 chromosomes, leading to the final contig and scaffold N50 length of 721 kb and 59.6 Mb, respectively. The continuity, completeness, and accuracy were evaluated by genome comparison with other mollusk genomes, BUSCO assessment, and genomic read mapping. A total of 23,726 protein-coding genes were predicted from the assembled genome, among which 96.34% of the genes were functionally annotated. The phylogenetic analysis using whole-genome protein-coding genes revealed that A. fulica separated from a common ancestor with Biomphalaria glabrata &#x223c;182 million years ago.<br><br>CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, the A. fulica genome is the first terrestrial mollusk genome published to date. The chromosome sequence of A. fulica will provide the research community with a valuable resource for population genetics and environmental adaptation studies for the species, as well as investigations of the chromosome-level of evolution within mollusks.}, }
@article {pmid31632645, year = {2019}, author = {Tabak, MA and Pedersen, K and Miller, RS}, title = {Detection error influences both temporal seroprevalence predictions and risk factors associations in wildlife disease models.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {18}, pages = {10404-10414}, pmid = {31632645}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Understanding the prevalence of pathogens in invasive species is essential to guide efforts to prevent transmission to agricultural animals, wildlife, and humans. Pathogen prevalence can be difficult to estimate for wild species due to imperfect sampling and testing (pathogens may not be detected in infected individuals and erroneously detected in individuals that are not infected). The invasive wild pig (Sus scrofa, also referred to as wild boar and feral swine) is one of the most widespread hosts of domestic animal and human pathogens in North America.We developed hierarchical Bayesian models that account for imperfect detection to estimate the seroprevalence of five pathogens (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, pseudorabies virus, Influenza A virus in swine, Hepatitis E virus, and Brucella spp.) in wild pigs in the United States using a dataset of over 50,000 samples across nine years. To assess the effect of incorporating detection error in models, we also evaluated models that ignored detection error. Both sets of models included effects of demographic parameters on seroprevalence. We compared our predictions of seroprevalence to 40 published studies, only one of which accounted for imperfect detection.We found a range of seroprevalence among the pathogens with a high seroprevalence of pseudorabies virus, indicating significant risk to livestock and wildlife. Demographics had mostly weak effects, indicating that other variables may have greater effects in predicting seroprevalence.Models that ignored detection error led to different predictions of seroprevalence as well as different inferences on the effects of demographic parameters.Our results highlight the importance of incorporating detection error in models of seroprevalence and demonstrate that ignoring such error may lead to erroneous conclusions about the risk associated with pathogen transmission. When using opportunistic sampling data to model seroprevalence and evaluate risk factors, detection error should be included.}, }
@article {pmid31632642, year = {2019}, author = {Castillo, G and Calahorra-Oliart, A and Núñez-Farfán, J and Valverde, PL and Arroyo, J and Cruz, LL and Tapia-López, R}, title = {Selection on tropane alkaloids in native and non-native populations of Datura stramonium.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {18}, pages = {10176-10184}, pmid = {31632642}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Theories of plant invasion based on enemy release in a new range assume that selection exerted by specialist herbivores on defence traits should be reduced, absent, or even selected against in the new environment. Here, we measured phenotypic selection on atropine and scopolamine concentration of Datura stramonium in eight native (Mexico) and 14 non-native (Spain) populations. Native populations produced between 20 and 40 times more alkaloid than non-native populations (atropine: 2.0171 vs. 0.0458 mg/g; scopolamine: 1.004 vs. 0.0488 mg/g, respectively). Selection on alkaloids was negative for atropine and positive for scopolamine concentration in both ranges. However, the effect sizes of selection gradients were only significant in the native range. Our results support the assumption that the reduction of plant defence in the absence of the plant's natural enemies in invasive ranges is driven by natural selection.}, }
@article {pmid31632628, year = {2019}, author = {Lachmuth, S and Molofsky, J and Milbrath, L and Suda, J and Keller, SR}, title = {Associations between genomic ancestry, genome size and capitula morphology in the invasive meadow knapweed hybrid complex (Centaurea × moncktonii) in eastern North America.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {plz055}, pmid = {31632628}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Plant invasions are prime opportunities for studying hybridization and the nature of species boundaries, but hybrids also complicate the taxonomic treatment and management of introduced taxa. In this study, we use population genomics to estimate the extent of genomic admixture and test for its association with morphology and genome size in a hybrid complex of knapweeds invasive to North America: meadow knapweed (Centaurea × moncktonii) and its parental species (C. jacea and C. nigra). We sampled 20 populations from New York and Vermont, USA, and used genotyping by sequencing to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms in order to estimate genome-wide ancestry and classify individuals into hybrid genotype classes. We then tested for association between degree of genomic introgression and variation in a subset of traits diagnostic for the parental taxa, namely capitula morphology and monoploid genome size. Genomic clustering revealed two clearly defined lineages, as well as many admixed individuals forming a continuous gradation of introgression. Individual assignments to hybrid genotype classes revealed many advanced generation intercrosses and backcrosses, suggesting introgression has been extensive and unimpeded by strong reproductive barriers between taxa. Variation in capitula traits between the two unadmixed, presumed parental, lineages exhibited continuous, and in some cases transgressive, segregation among introgressed hybrids. Genome size was also divergent between lineages, although advanced generation hybrids had smaller genomes relative to additive expectations. Our study demonstrates deep introgression between the porous genomes of a hybrid invasive species complex. In addition to strong associations among genomic ancestry, genome size and morphology, hybrids expressed more extreme phenotypic values for capitula traits and genome size, indicating transgressive segregation, as well as a bias towards smaller genomes, possibly due to genomic downsizing. Future studies will apply these results to experimentally test how introgression, transgressive segregation and genome size reduction interact to confer invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid31627854, year = {2019}, author = {Jami, F and Marincowitz, S and Slippers, B and Crous, PW and Le Roux, JJ and Richardson, DM and Wingfield, MJ}, title = {Botryosphaeriaceae associated with Acacia heterophylla (La Réunion) and Acacia koa (Hawaii).}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {123}, number = {11}, pages = {783-790}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2019.07.001}, pmid = {31627854}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {Acacia/*microbiology ; Ascomycota/*classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Biodiversity ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry/genetics ; Hawaii ; Peptide Elongation Factor 1/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Reunion ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Tubulin/genetics ; }, abstract = {Acacia koa and A. heterophylla are commonly occurring native trees on the Hawaiian Islands and La Réunion, respectively. A recent phylogenetic study suggested that A. heterophylla renders A. koa paraphyletic, and that the former likely arose from the Hawaiian Islands around 1.4 million years ago. An intriguing question is whether their microbiota is similar, although they occur naturally in two very distant geographical locations. In this study, we compared the fungi in the Botryosphaeriaceae isolated from natural populations of A. koa and A. heterophylla. These fungi were chosen because they commonly occur on woody plants and some are important pathogens. They are also known to have been moved globally on asymptomatic plant materials. Isolates were identified based on comparisons of DNA sequence data for the rDNA-ITS, TEF1-α and β-tubulin loci. Ten Botryosphaeriaceae species were identified, of which four species were specific to A. koa from the Hawaiian Islands and five to A. heterophylla in La Réunion. Only one species, Neofusicoccumparvum, which is known to have a wide global distribution, was common to both hosts. The overall results of this study suggest that although A. koa and A.heterophylla share a recent evolutionary history, they have established independent microbiota, at least in terms of the Botryosphaeriaceae.}, }
@article {pmid31626686, year = {2019}, author = {Causton, CE and Moon, RD and Cimadom, A and Boulton, RA and Cedeño, D and Lincango, MP and Tebbich, S and Ulloa, A}, title = {Population dynamics of an invasive bird parasite, Philornis downsi (Diptera: Muscidae), in the Galapagos Islands.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {e0224125}, pmid = {31626686}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*parasitology/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Larva/physiology ; Male ; Muscidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Weather ; }, abstract = {The invasive parasitic fly, Philornis downsi (Muscidae), is one of the greatest threats to the avifauna of the Galapagos Islands. The larvae of this fly feed on the blood and tissues of developing nestlings of at least 18 endemic and native birds. The aim of the current study was to investigate biotic and abiotic factors that may influence the population dynamics of this invasive parasite. To study the influence of vegetation zone and related climatic factors on fly numbers, a bi-weekly monitoring program using papaya-baited traps was carried out at a dry, lowland site and at a humid, highland site on Santa Cruz Island between 2012-2014. Female flies, a large proportion of which were inseminated and gravid, were collected throughout the year at both sites, indicating females were active during and between the bird breeding seasons. This is the first evidence that female flies are able to persist even when hosts are scarce. On the other hand, catch rates of male flies declined between bird breeding seasons. Overall, catch rates of P. downsi were higher in the drier, lowland habitat, which may be a consequence of host or resource availability. Time was a stronger predictor of adult fly numbers than climate, further suggesting that P. downsi does not appear to be limited by its environment, but rather by host availability. Seasonal catch rates suggested that populations in both habitats were continuous and multivoltine. Numbers of adult female flies appeared to be regulated chiefly by simple direct density dependence, and may be governed by availability of bird nests with nestlings. Nevertheless, confounding factors such as the existence of reservoir hosts that perpetuate fly populations and changes in behavior of P. downsi may increase the vulnerability of bird hosts that are already IUCN red-listed or in decline.}, }
@article {pmid31625508, year = {2019}, author = {Stoett, P and Roy, HE and Pauchard, A}, title = {Invasive alien species and planetary and global health policy.}, journal = {The Lancet. Planetary health}, volume = {3}, number = {10}, pages = {e400-e401}, doi = {10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30194-9}, pmid = {31625508}, issn = {2542-5196}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Global Health/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Health Policy/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid31624584, year = {2019}, author = {Hill, E and Linacre, A and Toop, S and Murphy, N and Strugnell, J}, title = {Widespread hybridization in the introduced hog deer population of Victoria, Australia, and its implications for conservation.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {18}, pages = {10828-10842}, pmid = {31624584}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {In Australia, many species have been introduced that have since undergone drastic declines in their native range. One species of note is the hog deer (Axis porcinus) which was introduced in the 1860s to Victoria, Australia, and has since become endangered in its native range throughout South-East Asia. There is increased interest in using non-native populations as a source for genetic rescue; however, considerations need to be made of the genetic suitability of the non-native population. Three mitochondrial markers and two nuclear markers were sequenced to assess the genetic variation of the Victorian population of hog deer, which identified that the Victorian population has hybrid origins with the closely related chital (Axis axis), a species that is no longer present in the wild in Victoria. In addition, the mitochondrial D-loop region within the Victorian hog deer is monomorphic, demonstrating that mitochondrial genetic diversity is very low within this population. This study is the first to report of long-term persistence of hog deer and chital hybrids in a wild setting, and the continual survival of this population suggests that hybrids of these two species are fertile. Despite the newly discovered hybrid status in Victorian hog deer, this population may still be beneficial for future translocations within the native range. However, more in-depth analysis of genetic diversity within the Victorian hog deer population and investigation of hybridization rates within the native range are necessary before translocations are attempted.}, }
@article {pmid31623404, year = {2019}, author = {Manoharan, B and Qi, SS and Dhandapani, V and Chen, Q and Rutherford, S and Wan, JS and Jegadeesan, S and Yang, HY and Li, Q and Li, J and Dai, ZC and Du, DL}, title = {Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Enhanced Defense Responses in an Invasive Weed Compared to Its Native Congener During Pathogenesis.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {20}, number = {19}, pages = {}, pmid = {31623404}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {2017T100329//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; 31700342, 31600326, 31770446, 31570414//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; BK20150503//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; 2017YFC1200100//State Key Research Development Program of China/ ; -//Part of the funding for this research was supported by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, and Study Abroad S/ ; }, mesh = {Cyclopentanes/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Oxylipins/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Plant Diseases/genetics/microbiology ; Plant Growth Regulators/metabolism ; Plant Weeds/*genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants are a huge burden on the environment, and modify local ecosystems by affecting the indigenous biodiversity. Invasive plants are generally less affected by pathogens, although the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for their enhanced resistance are unknown. We investigated expression profiles of three defense hormones (salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene) and their associated genes in the invasive weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides, and its native congener, A. sessilis, after inoculation with Rhizoctonia solani. Pathogenicity tests showed significantly slower disease progression in A. philoxeroides compared to A. sessilis. Expression analyses revealed jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) expressions were differentially regulated between A. philoxeroides and A. sessilis, with the former having prominent antagonistic cross-talk between salicylic acid (SA) and JA, and the latter showing weak or no cross-talk during disease development. We also found that JA levels decreased and SA levels increased during disease development in A. philoxeroides. Variations in hormonal gene expression between the invasive and native species (including interspecific differences in the strength of antagonistic cross-talk) were identified during R. solani pathogenesis. Thus, plant hormones and their cross-talk signaling may improve the resistance of invasive A. philoxeroides to pathogens, which has implications for other invasive species during the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid31623290, year = {2019}, author = {Novoa, A and Brundu, G and Day, MD and Deltoro, V and Essl, F and Foxcroft, LC and Fried, G and Kaplan, H and Kumschick, S and Lloyd, S and Marchante, E and Marchante, H and Paterson, ID and Pyšek, P and Richardson, DM and Witt, A and Zimmermann, HG and Wilson, JRU}, title = {Global Actions for Managing Cactus Invasions.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {31623290}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {RVO 67985939//The Czech Academy of Sciences/ ; 19-28807X//Czech Science Foundation/ ; I 4011-B32//BiodivERsA-Belmont Forum/ ; }, abstract = {The family Cactaceae Juss. contains some of the most widespread and damaging invasive alien plant species in the world, with Australia (39 species), South Africa (35) and Spain (24) being the main hotspots of invasion. The Global Cactus Working Group (IOBC GCWG) was launched in 2015 to improve international collaboration and identify key actions that can be taken to limit the impacts caused by cactus invasions worldwide. Based on the results of an on-line survey, information collated from a review of the scientific and grey literature, expertise of the authors, and because invasiveness appears to vary predictably across the family, we (the IOBC GCWG): (1) recommend that invasive and potentially invasive cacti are regulated, and to assist with this propose five risk categories; (2) recommend that cactus invasions are treated physically or chemically before they become widespread; (3) advocate the use of biological control to manage widespread invasive species; and (4) encourage the development of public awareness and engagement initiatives to integrate all available knowledge and perspectives in the development and implementation of management actions, and address conflicts of interest, especially with the agricultural and ornamental sectors. Implementing these recommendations will require global co-operation. The IOBC GCWG aims to assist with this process though the dissemination of information and experience.}, }
@article {pmid31623118, year = {2019}, author = {Upshur, IF and Bose, EA and Hart, C and Lahondère, C}, title = {Temperature and Sugar Feeding Effects on the Activity of a Laboratory Strain of Aedes aegypti.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {31623118}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Aedes aegypti is an invasive mosquito species that is expected to expand its global distribution through climate change. As poikilotherms, mosquitoes are greatly affected by the temperature of the environment which can impact host-seeking, blood-feeding, and flight activity as well as survival and ability to transmit pathogens. However, an important aspect of mosquito biology on which the effect of temperature has not been investigated is water and sugar-feeding and how access to a sugar source might affect the insect's activity and survival under different thermal conditions. To close this knowledge gap, we relied on actometer experiments to study the activity of both female and male Ae. aegypti at 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C, providing either water or 10% sucrose to the insects. We then measured the total carbohydrate contents of alive mosquitoes using the anthrone protocol. Survival was assessed and compared between all groups. Results from this study will inform on the thermal biology of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and how access to sugar affects their activity.}, }
@article {pmid31622396, year = {2019}, author = {Wiese, D and Escalante, AA and Murphy, H and Henry, KA and Gutierrez-Velez, VH}, title = {Integrating environmental and neighborhood factors in MaxEnt modeling to predict species distributions: A case study of Aedes albopictus in southeastern Pennsylvania.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {e0223821}, pmid = {31622396}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology/virology ; Animals ; Area Under Curve ; Ecosystem ; *Machine Learning ; Pennsylvania ; Population Density ; ROC Curve ; Seasons ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus is a viable vector for several infectious diseases such as Zika, West Nile, Dengue viruses and others. Originating from Asia, this invasive species is rapidly expanding into North American temperate areas and urbanized places causing major concerns for public health. Previous analyses show that warm temperatures and high humidity during the mosquito season are ideal conditions for A. albopictus development, while its distribution is correlated with population density. To better understand A. albopictus expansion into urban places it is important to consider the role of both environmental and neighborhood factors. The present study aims to assess the relative importance of both environmental variables and neighborhood factors in the prediction of A. albopictus' presence in Southeast Pennsylvania using MaxEnt (version 3.4.1) machine-learning algorithm. Three models are developed that include: (1) exclusively environmental variables, (2) exclusively neighborhood factors, and (3) a combination of environmental variables and neighborhood factors. Outcomes from the three models are compared in terms of variable importance, accuracy, and the spatial distribution of predicted A. albopictus' presence. All three models predicted the presence of A. albopictus in urban centers, however, each to a different spatial extent. The combined model resulted in the highest accuracy (74.7%) compared to the model with only environmental variables (73.5%) and to the model with only neighborhood factors (72.1%) separately. Although the combined model does not essentially increase the accuracy in the prediction, the spatial patterns of mosquito distribution are different when compared to environmental or neighborhood factors alone. Environmental variables help to explain conditions associated with mosquitoes in suburban/rural areas, while neighborhood factors summarize the local conditions that can also impact mosquito habitats in predominantly urban places. Overall, the present study shows that MaxEnt is suitable for integrating neighborhood factors associated with mosquito presence that can complement and improve species distribution modeling.}, }
@article {pmid31621239, year = {2019}, author = {Tong, XY and Sun, ZG and Zeng, AY and Chen, BB and Wang, H}, title = {[Effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion in a seaward direction on variations of inorganic sulfur forms in marsh soils of the Minjiang River estuary, China].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {10}, pages = {3518-3526}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201910.004}, pmid = {31621239}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {China ; Estuaries ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; Rivers ; *Soil ; Sulfur ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {To explore the effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion in a seaward direction on variations of inorganic sulfur forms in marsh soils, the levels of inorganic sulfur forms (H2O-S, Adsorbed-S, HCl-Soluble-S and HCl-Volatile-S) were determined in bare flat (BF, before invasion), S. alterniflora marsh after seaward invasion for one year (SA') and S. alterniflora marsh after seaward invasion for three years (SA) in Shanyutan of the Minjiang River estuary with the method of space-for-time substitution. Results showed that the seaward invasion of S. alterniflora altered the stocks and distribution of inorganic sulfur form in marsh soils. Compared with BF, the contents of H2O-S, Adsorbed-S and HCl-Volatile-S in soils of SA increased by 52.6%, 78.2% and 21.0%, respectively, while that of HCl-Soluble-S decreased by 3.4%. In contrast, the levels of H2O-S, Adsorbed-S and HCl-Soluble-S in soils of SA' increased by 43.9%, 70.6% and 29.6%, respectively, whereas that of HCl-Volatile-S decreased by 11.6%. The contents of total inorganic sulfur (TIS) in soils of SA and SA' increased by 40.7% and 37.8%, while the stocks of TIS increased by 26.8% and 31.4%, respectively. The key factors affecting different forms of inorganic sulfur in marsh soils had changed due to the seaward invasion of S. alterniflora. In particular, the key factors affecting the variations of H2O-S contents changed from soil grain composition and bulk density in BF to soil organic matter in SA' and SA. The seaward invasion of S. alterniflora significantly increased the content of TIS in marsh soils, which was mainly contributed by H2O-S and Adsorbed-S. Thus, it was concluded that the seaward invasion of S. alterniflora significantly increased the supply capacity of available sulfur in marsh soils, which, to some extent, accelerated its seaward invasion.}, }
@article {pmid31618982, year = {2019}, author = {Kim, KH and Kim, JS and Cho, HJ and Lee, JH and Jun, TH and Kang, YJ}, title = {Identification of Key Genes for the Precise Classification between Solenopsis invicta and S. geminata Facilitating the Quarantine Process.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {31618982}, issn = {2073-4425}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*classification/*genetics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods ; Introduced Species ; Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics ; Republic of Korea ; Species Specificity ; Whole Genome Sequencing/methods ; }, abstract = {One of the 100 worst invasive exotic species, Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ant), has the possibility to induce an allergic reaction that may eventually cause death from its aggressive stinging. In 2017, S. invicta was found at a container yard in Gamman Port, Busan, South Korea for the first time. It may result in an infestation of fire ants in the Korean environment. After this incident, sensitive quarantine procedures are required to detect possible contamination of fire ants in imported containers. However, currently, fire ant identification relies on phenotypic characteristics. This requires highly trained experts for identification and there are not enough to cover all imported containers. Here, we develop a key molecular marker to distinguish S. invicta from others using the whole genome sequence (WGS) of collected S. invicta from Gamman Port and NCBI-deposited WGS data of S.invicta and S. geminata. The consolidated genotypes of Solenopsis genus successfully indicate the distinguishable gene. The gel-based experimental validation confirmed expected classification and the developed cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) marker also gave a consistent result. Using the CAPS marker derived from our consolidated genotypes, the samples collected from containers in several ports can be easily tested by PCR in a few hours. The quick and easy test would increase not only the labor efficiency but also the environmental safety from fire ants.}, }
@article {pmid31618728, year = {2020}, author = {Aximoff, I and Zaluar, MT and Pissinatti, A and Bastos, PA and de Assis Morais, T and Alves da Rosa, C and Oliveira, LC and Simonini Teixeira, D and Vale, MM}, title = {Anomalous Pigmentation in Invasive and Native Marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix penicillata (Primates, Callitrichidae), and Their Hybrids in Brazil.}, journal = {Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology}, volume = {91}, number = {2}, pages = {149-158}, doi = {10.1159/000501186}, pmid = {31618728}, issn = {1421-9980}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Callithrix/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Pigmentation ; }, abstract = {Leucism is the lack or reduction in pigmentation in the most or parts of the body, but not in the eyes and body extremities. It is extremely rare in primates and has never been reported for Callithrix, a genus endemic to Brazil. We searched for individuals of Callithrix jacchus and C. penicillata with pigmentation anomalies in a systematic survey of three protected areas in the Atlantic Forest, within museum collections in Brazil, and opportunistically during field studies. Since 2008, we have recorded 8 individuals with leucism in small urban and periurban forest patches. Four were from native populations of C. penicillata in Cerrado savannahs and of C. jacchus in the Caatinga xeric scrubland, and 4 were from populations of hybrids between C. jacchus and C. penicillata in invaded areas in the coastal Atlantic Forest. We found no pigmentation abnormalities in museum specimens. We hypothesize that the observed leucism may be linked to inbreeding within the native range, but to hybridization within the invaded range, and discuss the likely ecological consequences to leucistic individuals.}, }
@article {pmid31618409, year = {2019}, author = {Lucio, LC and Thomaz, SM and Prioli, SMAP and Boni, TA and Oliveira, AV and Prioli, AJ}, title = {Molecular characterization of the invasive aquatic macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae) in Brazil.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, pages = {e20180494}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765201920180494}, pmid = {31618409}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Brazil ; DNA, Chloroplast ; *Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; Hydrocharitaceae/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; *Rivers ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Invasive populations of macrophytes are widely distributed and have been successfully introduced and established in freshwater habitats. Hydrilla verticillata was first recorded in 2005 in the Upper Paraná River floodplain and in 2007 at the Itaipu Reservoir (Brazil-Paraguay border, ca. 300 km downstream from its first record). However, its genetic variability within different sites in South America is unknown. We used nucleotide sequences corresponding to the trnL-trnF fragment cpDNA to genetically characterize populations of H. verticillata in different ecosystems of the Upper Paraná River basin. The results indicated an absence of genetic differentiation within and between populations of the basin, and even individuals collected 600 km apart belonged to the same haplotype. Moreover, H. verticillata populations of the Upper Paraná River basin also matched the dioecious biotype haplotype of the Southern United States and Asia. The identification of this single haplotype suggests that one founder genotype was introduced and established successfully in the Upper Paraná River basin, then, as a consequence of vegetative reproduction and the dispersal of propagules, spread to different habitats. However, firm conclusions about this inference can only be obtained with markers of biparental inheritance.}, }
@article {pmid31616999, year = {2019}, author = {Iida, Y and Abe, S and Tanaka, N and Abe, T}, title = {Associations among species traits, distribution, and demographic performance after typhoon disturbance for 22 co-occurring woody species in a mesic forest on a subtropical oceanic island.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {191}, number = {4}, pages = {897-907}, pmid = {31616999}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Cyclonic Storms ; Demography ; Forests ; Islands ; Trees ; *Wood ; }, abstract = {To support conservation and restoration, it is important to understand how differences in species functional traits relate to the distribution and demographic performance (i.e., changes in rates of growth, survival and recruitment) of co-occurring endemic, indigenous, and alien species on oceanic islands, where species are especially vulnerable to invasion. We examined interspecific differences in leaf and wood traits, and their associations with species origin (endemic, indigenous, and alien), distribution patterns, and demographic performance after typhoon disturbance for 22 co-occurring woody species at Sekimon on Hahajima Island in the Ogasawara Islands. Principal components analysis showed that the first and second principal components were associated with trait variations along spectra of leaf and wood economics (LES and WES). Species origin was not significantly associated with these components. Conservative species with low resource acquisition along the LES were abundant before the typhoon but acquisitive species had higher recruitment after the typhoon. After the typhoon, acquisitive species along the WES showed higher recruitment, relative growth rates but low survival rates on soil substrates. Endemic and indigenous species had lower recruitment and relative growth rates and endemic species had lower survival rates than alien species. Alien, endemic and indigenous species have similar functional space along the LES and WES, but these functional differences do not simply explain high demographic performance of alien species after the typhoon under the conditions of the species composition shifting from endemic species to alien species after repeated typhoon disturbances.}, }
@article {pmid31615355, year = {2019}, author = {McNitt, J and Chungbaek, YY and Mortveit, H and Marathe, M and Campos, MR and Desneux, N and Brévault, T and Muniappan, R and Adiga, A}, title = {Assessing the multi-pathway threat from an invasive agricultural pest: Tuta absoluta in Asia.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1913}, pages = {20191159}, pmid = {31615355}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {R01 GM109718/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Solanum lycopersicum ; *Moths ; }, abstract = {Modern food systems facilitate rapid dispersal of pests and pathogens through multiple pathways. The complexity of spread dynamics and data inadequacy make it challenging to model the phenomenon and also to prepare for emerging invasions. We present a generic framework to study the spatio-temporal spread of invasive species as a multi-scale propagation process over a time-varying network accounting for climate, biology, seasonal production, trade and demographic information. Machine learning techniques are used in a novel manner to capture model variability and analyse parameter sensitivity. We applied the framework to understand the spread of a devastating pest of tomato, Tuta absoluta, in South and Southeast Asia, a region at the frontier of its current range. Analysis with respect to historical invasion records suggests that even with modest self-mediated spread capabilities, the pest can quickly expand its range through domestic city-to-city vegetable trade. Our models forecast that within 5-7 years, Tuta absoluta will invade all major vegetable growing areas of mainland Southeast Asia assuming unmitigated spread. Monitoring high-consumption areas can help in early detection, and targeted interventions at major production areas can effectively reduce the rate of spread.}, }
@article {pmid31612947, year = {2019}, author = {McLaughlin, GM and Dearden, PK}, title = {Invasive Insects: Management Methods Explored.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {31612947}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Insect Control/instrumentation/*methods ; *Insecta ; Insecticides/*administration &amp; dosage ; Pest Control, Biological/instrumentation/*methods ; }, abstract = {Invasive insect species can act as a plague across the globe, capable of vast expansion and rapid, proliferate reproduction. The spread of pathogens of serious diseases such as malaria and Zika virus and damages to agricultural crops number some of the afflictions invasive insects provide to humans alone. Additionally, an escape from predators can fail to keep invasive insects in check, providing potential threats such as extra resource competition to native species when insects invade. A variety of methods are employed to combat these invasive species, each with their own varying levels of success. Here, we explore the more traditional methods of invasive insect pest control, such as pesticides and biological control. In lieu of several unintended consequences resulting from such practices, we suggest some should be abandoned. We evaluate the potential of new techniques, in particular, those with a genetic component, regarding the costs, benefits and possible consequences of implementing them. And finally, we consider which techniques should be the focus of future research, if we truly wish to manage or even eradicate invasive insects in their introduced lands.}, }
@article {pmid31612686, year = {2019}, author = {Chao-Qun, Z and Jian-Rong, D}, title = {[Progress of research on biologically invasive medical molluscs in China].}, journal = {Zhongguo xue xi chong bing fang zhi za zhi = Chinese journal of schistosomiasis control}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {441-445}, doi = {10.16250/j.32.1374.2018242}, pmid = {31612686}, issn = {1005-6661}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention &amp; control ; *Gastropoda ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Research/trends ; }, abstract = {Invasion of alien species has increasingly become a major environmental problem that damages human health, economic development and ecological security in China, which has been paid much attention. Until now, there have been 753 invasive species reported in China, and invasive medical molluscs include Pomacea canaliculata, Achatina fulica, and Biomphalaria straminea. This review summarizes the status of biologically invasive species in China, describes the species and distribution of invasive medical molluscs, analyzes the damages of the invasive medical molluscs-transmitted diseases, and proposes the preventive and control measures.}, }
@article {pmid31610813, year = {2019}, author = {Motoki, MT and Fonseca, DM and Miot, EF and Demari-Silva, B and Thammavong, P and Chonephetsarath, S and Phommavanh, N and Hertz, JC and Kittayapong, P and Brey, PT and Marcombe, S}, title = {Population genetics of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in its native range in Lao People's Democratic Republic.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {477}, pmid = {31610813}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/classification/genetics/*physiology/virology ; Algorithms ; Animals ; Asia, Southeastern ; Bayes Theorem ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Asia, Eastern ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Italy ; Laos ; Mitochondria/enzymology ; Mosquito Control ; Mosquito Vectors/classification/genetics/*physiology/virology ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Tropical Climate ; United States ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) is an important worldwide invasive species and can be a locally important vector of chikungunya, dengue and, potentially, Zika. This species is native to Southeast Asia where populations thrive in both temperate and tropical climates. A better understanding of the population structure of Ae. albopictus in Lao PDR is very important in order to support the implementation of strategies for diseases prevention and vector control. In the present study, we investigated the genetic variability of Ae. albopictus across a north-south transect in Lao PDR.<br><br>METHODS: We used variability in a 1337-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1), to assess the population structure of Ae. albopictus in Lao PDR. For context, we also examined variability at the same genetic locus in samples of Ae. albopictus from Thailand, China, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, Italy and the USA.<br><br>RESULTS: We observed very high levels of genetic polymorphism with 46 novel haplotypes in Ae. albopictus from 9 localities in Lao PDR and Thailand populations. Significant differences were observed between the Luangnamtha population and other locations in Lao PDR. However, we found no evidence of isolation by distance. There was overall little genetic structure indicating ongoing and frequent gene flow among populations or a recent population expansion. Indeed, the neutrality test supported population expansion in Laotian Ae. albopictus and mismatch distribution analyses showed a lack of low frequency alleles, a pattern often seen in bottlenecked populations. When samples from Lao PDR were analyzed together with samples from Thailand, China, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, Italy and the USA, phylogenetic network and Bayesian cluster analysis showed that most populations from tropical/subtropical regions are more genetically related to each other, than populations from temperate regions. Similarly, most populations from temperate regions are more genetically related to each other, than those from tropical/subtropical regions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Aedes albopictus in Lao PDR are genetically related to populations from tropical/subtropical regions (i.e. Thailand, Singapore, and California and Texas in the USA). The extensive gene flow among locations in Lao PDR indicates that local control is undermined by repeated introductions from untreated sites.}, }
@article {pmid31610138, year = {2020}, author = {Wagner, DL}, title = {Insect Declines in the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {65}, number = {}, pages = {457-480}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025151}, pmid = {31610138}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Pollution ; *Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; *Insecta ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Insect declines are being reported worldwide for flying, ground, and aquatic lineages. Most reports come from western and northern Europe, where the insect fauna is well-studied and there are considerable demographic data for many taxonomically disparate lineages. Additional cases of faunal losses have been noted from Asia, North America, the Arctic, the Neotropics, and elsewhere. While this review addresses both species loss and population declines, its emphasis is on the latter. Declines of abundant species can be especially worrisome, given that they anchor trophic interactions and shoulder many of the essential ecosystem services of their respective communities. A review of the factors believed to be responsible for observed collapses and those perceived to be especially threatening to insects form the core of this treatment. In addition to widely recognized threats to insect biodiversity, e.g., habitat destruction, agricultural intensification (including pesticide use), climate change, and invasive species, this assessment highlights a few less commonly considered factors such as atmospheric nitrification from the burning of fossil fuels and the effects of droughts and changing precipitation patterns. Because the geographic extent and magnitude of insect declines are largely unknown, there is an urgent need for monitoring efforts, especially across ecological gradients, which will help to identify important causal factors in declines. This review also considers the status of vertebrate insectivores, reporting bias, challenges inherent in collecting and interpreting insect demographic data, and cases of increasing insect abundance.}, }
@article {pmid31610016, year = {2020}, author = {Ramoejane, M and Gouws, G and Swartz, ER and Sidlauskas, BL and Weyl, OLF}, title = {Molecular and morphological evidence reveals hybridisation between two endemic cyprinid fishes.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {96}, number = {5}, pages = {1234-1250}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14153}, pmid = {31610016}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//NRF-SAIAB/ ; FA2005021600012//National Research Foundation of South Africa/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Cyprinidae/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Humans ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Namibia ; Rivers ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {The geographic occurrence of moggel Labeo umbratus × mud fish Labeo capensis hybrids and the threat of hybridisation to the genetic integrity of L. umbratus were investigated. Genetic evidence from mtDNA cytb and nDNA s7 intron sequence data indicated probable interspecific hybridisation in two impoundments, Hardap Dam (Orange River Basin, Namibia) and Darlington Dam (Sundays River Basin, Eastern Cape, South Africa). Some putative hybrids were morphologically identifiable on account of their meristic and morphometric intermediacy to the parent species. Human activities appear to drive the observed hybridisation, either through dam construction and direct stocking of L. umbratus or via translocation of Labeo capensis and the previously isolated Orange River lineage of L. umbratus into the southern-flowing systems by inter-basin water transfers. It is recommended that further translocation of fish from these areas should be avoided.}, }
@article {pmid31609423, year = {2019}, author = {Kingan, SB and Urban, J and Lambert, CC and Baybayan, P and Childers, AK and Coates, B and Scheffler, B and Hackett, K and Korlach, J and Geib, SM}, title = {A high-quality genome assembly from a single, field-collected spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) using the PacBio Sequel II system.}, journal = {GigaScience}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {31609423}, issn = {2047-217X}, mesh = {Animals ; Diptera/*genetics ; Female ; Gene Library ; *Genome, Insect ; Genomics/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A high-quality reference genome is an essential tool for applied and basic research on arthropods. Long-read sequencing technologies may be used to generate more complete and contiguous genome assemblies than alternate technologies; however, long-read methods have historically had greater input DNA requirements and higher costs than next-generation sequencing, which are barriers to their use on many samples. Here, we present a 2.3 Gb de novo genome assembly of a field-collected adult female spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) using a single Pacific Biosciences SMRT Cell. The spotted lanternfly is an invasive species recently discovered in the northeastern United States that threatens to damage economically important crop plants in the region.<br><br>RESULTS: The DNA from 1 individual was used to make 1 standard, size-selected library with an average DNA fragment size of &#x223c;20 kb. The library was run on 1 Sequel II SMRT Cell 8M, generating a total of 132 Gb of long-read sequences, of which 82 Gb were from unique library molecules, representing &#x223c;36&#xd7; coverage of the genome. The assembly had high contiguity (contig N50 length = 1.5 Mb), completeness, and sequence level accuracy as estimated by conserved gene set analysis (96.8% of conserved genes both complete and without frame shift errors). Furthermore, it was possible to segregate more than half of the diploid genome into the 2 separate haplotypes. The assembly also recovered 2 microbial symbiont genomes known to be associated with L. delicatula, each microbial genome being assembled into a single contig.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that field-collected arthropods can be used for the rapid generation of high-quality genome assemblies, an attractive approach for projects on emerging invasive species, disease vectors, or conservation efforts of endangered species.}, }
@article {pmid31608491, year = {2020}, author = {Andriatsitohaina, B and Ramsay, MS and Kiene, F and Lehman, SM and Rasoloharijaona, S and Rakotondravony, R and Radespiel, U}, title = {Ecological fragmentation effects in mouse lemurs and small mammals in northwestern Madagascar.}, journal = {American journal of primatology}, volume = {82}, number = {4}, pages = {e23059}, doi = {10.1002/ajp.23059}, pmid = {31608491}, issn = {1098-2345}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cheirogaleidae ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Madagascar ; Rats ; *Rodentia ; }, abstract = {Habitat loss and fragmentation are major ecological forces threatening animal communities across the globe. These issues are especially true in Madagascar, where forest loss is ongoing. We examined the effects of forest fragmentation on the distribution and abundance of sympatric, endemic gray, and golden-brown mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus and Microcebus ravelobensis), the endemic western tuft-tailed rat (Eliurus myoxinus), and the invasive black rat (Rattus rattus) in two regions in northwestern Madagascar. We used systematic capture procedures in 40 forest fragments and four continuous forest sites which differed in size, shape, and degree of isolation. With a trapping effort of 11,567 trap nights during two dry seasons (2017-2018), we captured 929 individuals (432 M. ravelobensis, 196 M. murinus, 116 E. myoxinus, and 185 R. rattus). We examined the influence of study region, forest type (fragment vs. continuous), forest size, forest shape, the proportion of 50-m forest edge and distance to continuous forest on the abundance and interaction of the four species. Responses to fragmentation differed strongly between species, but no interaction could be detected between the abundance of the different species. Thus competition within and between native and invasive species may not be regulating abundances in these regions. On the contrary, the abundance of M. ravelobensis and E. myoxinus differed significantly between study regions and was negatively affected by fragmentation. In contrast, there was no evidence of an impact of fragmentation on the abundance of M. murinus. Finally, the invasive R. rattus responded positively to the increasing distance to the continuous forest. In conclusion, the response of small Malagasy mammals to forest fragmentation varies largely between species, and fragmentation effects need to be examined at a species-specific level to fully understand their ecological dynamics and complexity.}, }
@article {pmid31608104, year = {2019}, author = {Tseng, SP and Wetterer, JK and Suarez, AV and Lee, CY and Yoshimura, T and Shoemaker, D and Yang, CS}, title = {Genetic Diversity and Wolbachia Infection Patterns in a Globally Distributed Invasive Ant.}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {838}, pmid = {31608104}, issn = {1664-8021}, abstract = {Understanding the phylogeographic history of an invasive species may facilitate reconstructing the history and routes of its invasion. The longhorn crazy ant, Paratrechina longicornis, is a ubiquitous agricultural and household pest throughout much of the tropics and subtropics, but little is known about the history of its spread. Here, we examine worldwide genetic variation in P. longicornis and its associated Wolbachia bacterial symbionts. Analyses of mtDNA sequences of 248 P. longicornis workers (one per colony) from 13 geographic regions reveal two highly diverged mtDNA clades that co-occur in most of the geographic regions. These two mtDNA clades are associated with different Wolbachia infection patterns, but are not congruent with patterns of nDNA (microsatellite) variation. Multilocus sequence typing reveals two distinct Wolbachia strains in P. longicornis, namely, wLonA and wLonF. The evolutionary histories of these two strains differ; wLonA appears to be primarily transmitted maternally, and patterns of mtDNA and nDNA variation and wLonA infection status are consistent with a relatively recent Wolbachia-induced selective sweep. In contrast, the observed patterns of mtDNA variation and wLonF infections suggest frequent horizontal transfer and losses of wLonF infections. The lack of nDNA structure among sampled geographic regions coupled with the finding that numerous mtDNA haplotypes are shared among regions implies that inadvertent long-distance movement through human commerce is common in P. longicornis and has shaped the genetic structure of this invasive ant worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid31604976, year = {2019}, author = {Wehr, NH and Kinney, KM and Nguyen, NH and Giardina, CP and Litton, CM}, title = {Changes in soil bacterial community diversity following the removal of invasive feral pigs from a Hawaiian tropical montane wet forest.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {14681}, pmid = {31604976}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/classification/*genetics ; Biodiversity ; DNA, Bacterial/*genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; Hawaii ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Microbiota/genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Soil Microbiology ; Swine ; }, abstract = {Nonnative, invasive feral pigs (Sus scrofa) modify habitats by disturbing soils and vegetation, which can alter biogeochemical processes. Soil microbial communities drive nutrient cycling and therefore also play important roles in shaping ecosystem structure and function, but the responses of soil microbes to nonnative ungulate removal remains poorly studied. We examined changes in the soil bacterial community over a ~25 year chronosequence of feral pig removal in tropical montane wet forests on the Island of Hawai'i. We extracted bacterial eDNA from soil samples collected inside and outside of ungulate exclosures along this chronosequence and sequenced the eDNA using the Illumina platform. We found that ungulate removal increased diversity of soil bacteria, with diversity scores positively correlated with time since removal. While functional and phylogenetic diversity were not significantly different between pig present and pig removed soils, soil bulk density, which decreases following the removal of feral pigs, was a useful predictor of dissimilarity among sites and correlated to changes in functional diversity. Additionally, increases in soil porosity, potassium, and calcium were correlated to increases in functional diversity. Finally, sites with greater mean annual temperatures were shown to have higher scores of both functional and phylogenetic diversity. As such, we conclude that feral pigs influence overall bacterial community diversity directly while influencing functional diversity indirectly through alterations to soil structure and nutrients. Comparatively, phylogenetic differences between communities are better explained by mean annual temperature as a climatic predictor of community dissimilarity.}, }
@article {pmid31604479, year = {2019}, author = {Davies, CE and Batista, FM and Malkin, SH and Thomas, JE and Bryan, CC and Crocombe, P and Coates, CJ and Rowley, AF}, title = {Spatial and temporal disease dynamics of the parasite Hematodinium sp. in shore crabs, Carcinus maenas.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {472}, pmid = {31604479}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {BlueFish//Ireland Wales Cooperation Programme/ ; BB/P017215/1//BBSRC/NERC ARCH UK Aquaculture Initiative/ ; }, mesh = {Alveolata/classification/genetics/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Animals ; Binomial Distribution ; Brachyura/*parasitology ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics ; Dinoflagellida/classification/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology ; Disease Reservoirs/*parasitology ; Female ; Gills/parasitology ; Hemolymph/chemistry/parasitology ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/analysis ; Seasons ; Seawater/parasitology ; Wales ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The parasitic dinoflagellates of the genus Hematodinium represent the causative agent of so-called bitter or pink crab disease in a broad range of shellfish taxa. Outbreaks of Hematodinium-associated disease can devastate local fishing and aquaculture efforts. The goal of our study was to examine the potential role of the common shore (green) crab Carcinus maenas as a reservoir for Hematodinium. Carcinus maenas is native to all shores of the UK and Ireland and the North East Atlantic but has been introduced to, and subsequently invaded waters of, the USA, South Africa and Australia. This species is notable for its capacity to harbour a range of micro- and macro-parasites, and therefore may act as a vector for disease transfer.<br><br>METHODS: Over a 12-month period, we interrogated 1191 crabs across two distinct locations (intertidal pier, semi-closed dock) in Swansea Bay (Wales, UK) for the presence and severity of Hematodinium in the haemolymph, gills, hepatopancreas and surrounding waters (eDNA) using PCR-based methods, haemolymph preparations and histopathology.<br><br>RESULTS: Overall, 13.6% were Hematodinium-positive via PCR and confirmed via tissue examination. Only a small difference was observed between locations with 14.4% and 12.8% infected crabs in the Dock and Pier, respectively. Binomial logistic regression models revealed seasonality (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.002) and sex (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001) to be significant factors in Hematodinium detection with peak infection recorded in spring (March to May). Male crabs overall were more likely to be infected. Phylogenetic analyses of the partial ITS and 18S rRNA gene regions of Hematodinium amplified from crabs determined the causative agent to be the host generalist Hematodinium sp., which blights several valuable crustaceans in the UK alone, including edible crabs (Cancer pagurus) and langoustines (Nephrops norvegicus).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Shore crabs were infected with the host generalist parasite Hematodinium sp. in each location tested, thereby enabling the parasite to persist in an environment shared with commercially important shellfish.}, }
@article {pmid31603984, year = {2019}, author = {Knutson, AE and Tracy, JL and Ritzi, C and Moran, PJ and Royer, T and Deloach, CJ}, title = {Establishment, Hybridization, Dispersal, Impact, and Decline of Diorhabda spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Released for Biological Control of Tamarisk in Texas and New Mexico.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {6}, pages = {1297-1316}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz107}, pmid = {31603984}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Greece ; Kansas ; Male ; New Mexico ; Oklahoma ; *Tamaricaceae ; Texas ; Tunisia ; }, abstract = {Three Diorhabda spp. tamarisk beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) were established in Texas from 2003 to 2010 for biological control of tamarisk (Tamarix spp.): Mediterranean tamarisk beetles, D. elongata (Brullé) from Greece, also established in New Mexico; subtropical tamarisk beetles, D. sublineata (Lucas) from Tunisia; and larger tamarisk beetles, D. carinata (Faldermann) from Uzbekistan. More than one million tamarisk beetles were released at 99 sites. Species establishment success ranged from 52 to 83%. All three species now co-occur in New Mexico with the northern tamarisk beetles, D. carinulata (Desbrochers). A phenotypic hybrid scoring system was developed to assess Diorhabda phenotype distributions and character mixing in hybrid zones. Widespread field populations of bispecific hybrid phenotypes for D. carinata/D. elongata and D. sublineata/D. elongata rapidly appeared following contact of parental species. Initial distributions and dispersal of Diorhabda spp. and hybrids are mapped for Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Kansas, where they produced large-scale tamarisk defoliation and localized dieback for 3-4 yr. However, populations subsequently severely declined, now producing only isolated defoliation and allowing tamarisk to recover. Diorhabda sublineata and D. elongata temporarily produced nontarget spillover defoliation of ornamental athel, Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst, along the Rio Grande. Hybrid phenotypes were generally bimodally distributed, indicating some degree of reproductive isolation. Additional diagnostic phenotypic characters in males allowed more precise hybrid scoring. Character mixing in some hybrid populations approached or reached that of a hybrid swarm. The significance of hybridization for tamarisk biocontrol is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid31603981, year = {2019}, author = {Tofangsazi, N and Hogg, BN and Portman, SL and Pratt, PD}, title = {Tritrophic Interactions Between an Invasive Weed (Lepidium latifolium), an Insect Herbivore (Bagrada hilaris), and a Plant Pathogenic Fungus (Albugo lepidii).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {6}, pages = {1317-1322}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz111}, pmid = {31603981}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Fungi ; Herbivory ; *Heteroptera ; *Lepidium ; Plant Weeds ; }, abstract = {Perennial pepperweed, Lepidium latifolium L. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae), is an invasive weed that can form dense stands and displace native species. Bagrada hilaris Burmeister (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a serious economic pest of Brassicaceae vegetable crops. Bagrada bug also feeds on L. latifolium and may interact with the plant fungal pathogen Albugo lepidii S.I. (Peronosporales: Albuginaceae) to affect biological control of L. latifolium. A series of laboratory experiments, including Y-tube olfactometer and host-choice tests, were conducted to investigate B. hilaris host-preference behavior. Adults were attracted to the odor of healthy L. latifolium compared with A. lepidii-infected leaves. Bagrada hilaris consistently preferred to feed on healthy L. latifolium when offered both healthy and A. lepidii-infected plants. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of A. lepidii-infected L. latifolium on B. hilaris survival and development. Survival of all B. hilaris immature stages and adults was markedly reduced for those reared on A. lepidii-infected leaves. Total development time and stage-specific development were faster on healthy L. latifolium leaves compared with A. lepidii-infected leaves. In addition, the ability of B. hilaris adults to passively transmit the rust was studied. Our data demonstrated that B. hilaris could acquire the rust spores while feeding, but it did not passively transmit the pathogen to healthy plants.}, }
@article {pmid31603500, year = {2019}, author = {Smith-Freedman, CJ and Andersen, JC and Griffin, BP and Schick, K and Elkinton, JS}, title = {Rise and Fall of an Oak Gall Wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) Outbreak in Massachusetts.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {6}, pages = {1277-1285}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz115}, pmid = {31603500}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; *Hymenoptera ; Massachusetts ; *Quercus ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {The recently described oak gall wasp Zapatella davisae Buffington &amp; Melika (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) has caused extensive damage and mortality to black oak trees, Quercus velutina L. (Fagales: Fagaceae), in coastal parts of New England, United States. Like many newly described and/or newly introduced species, it is unclear how long populations of Z. davisae have existed in this region. However, as this species forms galls on the woody-tissue of its host, it may be possible to obtain historical information about changes in its population size by examining the presence of galls in relation to annual growth nodes. Here, we explore the utility of this approach to determine population size changes in Z. davisae densities on Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and Cape Cod, Massachusetts, through dissection of black oak branches. In addition, we calculated parasitism rates during the years of study and obtained morphological and molecular identifications for the parasitoids associated with Z. davisae. Our results show significant changes in population sizes, with higher levels of parasitism at sites on Martha's Vineyard and Cape Cod compared to sites on Nantucket. In addition, morphological examinations, in combination with DNA sequencing, identified the associated parasitoids as five species in the genus Sycophila Walker (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae). We comment that considerable morphological variation within several of these recovered species was observed, present the first record of males for a species from which only females have been described, and suggest that future work is required to clarify the species boundaries for this important parasitoid group.}, }
@article {pmid31603497, year = {2019}, author = {Malek, R and Kaser, JM and Broadley, HJ and Gould, J and Ciolli, M and Anfora, G and Hoelmer, KA}, title = {Footprints and Ootheca of Lycorma delicatula Influence Host-Searching and -Acceptance of the Egg-Parasitoid Anastatus orientalis.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {6}, pages = {1270-1276}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz110}, pmid = {31603497}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; *Hemiptera ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; North America ; Pennsylvania ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula White (1845) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), is an invasive insect that was first reported in North America in Berks County, Pennsylvania, in 2014. It is a polyphagous phloem feeder that attacks over 70 plant species, threatening the agricultural, lumber, and ornamental industries of North America. Infestations of the pest have been reported in several U.S. counties, and a lack of endemic predators and parasitoids feeding on L. delicatula suggests a release from natural enemies in the invaded range. An egg-parasitoid Anastatus orientalis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) was reported attacking L. delicatula at high rates in its native range and may play a key role in reducing its populations there. To better understand the foraging behavior of A. orientalis, a series of behavioral experiments were conducted to determine successful parasitism and behavioral responses to traces left by adult L. delicatula and to the oothecae which cover their eggs. Our results suggest that wasps detected chemical traces left by L. delicatula adults while walking on surfaces and exhibited a strong arrestment response. Moreover, wasps preferred to oviposit in egg masses with intact oothecae. The implications of these findings are herein discussed with regard to the exploitation of host kairomones by foraging wasps, as well as to its ability to overcome host structural defenses.}, }
@article {pmid31600871, year = {2019}, author = {Hussain, MI and El-Keblawy, A and Mitterand Tsombou, F}, title = {Leaf Age, Canopy Position, and Habitat Affect the Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Water-Use Efficiency in Three C3 Leguminous Prosopis Species from a Hyper-Arid Climate.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {31600871}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {150404//Research Office of the University of Sharjah/ ; }, abstract = {The present study involved measurements of the stable carbon isotope composition (δ[13]C) and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) of three C3 leguminous Prosopis spp. (P. juliflora, P. cineraria, and P. pallida) foliage at different canopy positions (east and west) from saline (SLH) and non-saline habitats (NSH). Integrated measurements of the stable carbon isotope composition (δ[13]C) of plant tissue were broadly used to study iWUE, taking into consideration the effect of leaf age and canopy position on C isotope discrimination. Mature foliage of P. pallida from an SLH with a west canopy position had significantly higher δ[13]C (less negative) than that from NSH. On the west side, Δ[13]C values ranged from 17.8‱ (P. pallida) to 22.31‱ (P. juliflora) for a west canopy position, while they varied from 18.05‱ (P. pallida) to 22.4‱ (P. cineraria) on the east canopy side. Because the patterns are similar for the three Prosopis species, the difference in carbon isotope discrimination (Δ[13]C) between the canopy position (west and east) is relatively consistent among species and sites, ranging between 17.8 ± 4.43‱ for the young foliage in the west and 18.05 ± 4.35‱ for the east canopy position. The iWUE of P. pallida was twice that of P. cineraria. The iWUE of P. juliflora was higher from NSH than SLH. Mature leaves possessed a higher iWUE than the young leaves. We concluded that exotic P. juliflora and P. pallida have higher iWUE values than the native P. cineraria, which might be due to the rapid below-ground development of plant roots in the Arabian deserts of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This could enable the alien species access to deeper humid soil layers or water resources.}, }
@article {pmid31598960, year = {2020}, author = {Logan, ML and Minnaar, IA and Keegan, KM and Clusella-Trullas, S}, title = {The evolutionary potential of an insect invader under climate change.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {74}, number = {1}, pages = {132-144}, doi = {10.1111/evo.13862}, pmid = {31598960}, issn = {1558-5646}, support = {DBI-1402497//US National Science Foundation/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; Coleoptera/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Although the impacts of climate change and invasive species are typically studied in isolation, they likely interact to reduce the viability of plant and animal populations. Indeed, invasive species, by definition, have succeeded in areas outside of their native range and may therefore have higher adaptive capacity relative to native species. Nevertheless, the genetic architecture of the thermal niche, which sets a limit to the potential for populations to evolve rapidly under climate change, has never been measured in an invasive species in its introduced range. Here, we estimate the genetic architecture of thermal performance in the harlequin beetle (Harmonia axyridis), a Central Asian species that has invaded four continents. We measured thermal performance curves in more than 400 third-generation offspring from a paternal half-sib breeding experiment and analyzed the genetic variance-covariance matrix. We show that while the critical thermal limits in this species have an additive genetic basis, most components of the thermal performance curve have low heritability. Moreover, we found evidence that genetic correlations may constrain the evolution of beetles under climate change. Our results suggest that some invasive species may have limited evolutionary capacity under climate change, despite their initial success in colonizing novel environments.}, }
@article {pmid31598761, year = {2020}, author = {Brunel, C and Beifen, Y and Pouteau, R and Li, J and van Kleunen, M}, title = {Responses of Rhizospheric Microbial Communities of Native and Alien Plant Species to Cuscuta Parasitism.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, pages = {617-630}, pmid = {31598761}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {2016YFC1201100//Chinese National Key Research and Development Program/ ; 15-2//International Science and Technology Cooperation Programme/ ; 30800133//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Bacteria/genetics ; Cuscuta/*physiology ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis ; Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*microbiology/parasitology ; *Microbiota ; *Rhizosphere ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Parasitic plants have major impacts on host fitness. In the case of species of the holoparasitic Cuscuta genus, these impacts were shown to be particularly strong in some invasive alien plants, which has raised interest in the underlying mechanism. We hypothesized that Cuscuta parasitization may exert strong influence in shaping the diversity patterns in the host rhizosphere microbiome and that this may vary between native (coevolved) and alien (non-coevolved) plants. Here, we report on a field study exploring the effect of parasitization by Cuscuta australis on the rhizosphere microbiota (16S and ITS rDNA) of four plant species sharing and three plant species not sharing the parasite's native range. Despite a predominant role of the host species in shaping the rhizosphere microbiota, the role of host origin and of parasitization still appeared important in structuring microbial communities and their associated functions. Bacterial communities were more strongly influenced than fungi by the native range of the host plant, while fungi were slightly more affected than bacteria by parasitization. About 7% of bacterial phylotypes and 11% of fungal phylotypes were sensitive to Cuscuta parasitization. Parasitization also reduced the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by ca. 18% and of several genes related to plant growth promoting functions (e.g., nitrogen metabolism and quorum sensing). Both fungi and bacteria differentially responded to host parasitization depending on host origin, and the extent of these shifts suggests that they may have more dramatic consequences for alien than for native plants.}, }
@article {pmid31597197, year = {2019}, author = {Palm, S and Vinterstare, J and Nathanson, JE and Triantafyllidis, A and Petersson, E}, title = {Reduced genetic diversity and low effective size in peripheral northern European catfish Silurus glanis populations.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {95}, number = {6}, pages = {1407-1421}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14152}, pmid = {31597197}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//S.P. was financed by the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (FORMAS; Grant No. 215-2010-1235). J.E.N. acknowledges previous financial support from the Swedish Board of Fisheries and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency./ ; }, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Catfishes/*genetics ; Ecosystem ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeography ; Population Density ; Rivers ; Sweden ; }, abstract = {Using 10 polymorphic microsatellites and 1251 individual samples (some dating back to the early 1980s), genetic structure and effective population size in all native and introduced Swedish populations of the European wels catfish or Silurus glanis were studied. Levels of genetic variability and phylogeographic relationships were compared with data from a previous study of populations in other parts of Europe. The genetically distinct Swedish populations displayed comparably low levels of genetic variability and according to one-sample estimates based on linkage disequilibrium and sib ship-reconstruction, current local effective population sizes were lower than minimum levels recommended for short-term genetic conservation. In line with a previous suggestion of postglacial colonisation from a single refugium, all Swedish populations were assembled on a common branch in a star-shaped dendrogram together with other European populations. Two distinct subpopulations were detected in upper and lower habitats of River Emån, indicating that even minor dispersal barriers may restrict gene flow for wels in running waters. Genetic assignment of specimens encountered in the brackish Baltic Sea and in lakes where the species does not occur naturally indicated presence of long-distance sea dispersal and confirmed unauthorised translocations, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid31596984, year = {2020}, author = {Wilber, MQ and Chinn, SM and Beasley, JC and Boughton, RK and Brook, RK and Ditchkoff, SS and Fischer, JW and Hartley, SB and Holmstrom, LK and Kilgo, JC and Lewis, JS and Miller, RS and Snow, NP and VerCauteren, KC and Wisely, SM and Webb, CT and Pepin, KM}, title = {Predicting functional responses in agro-ecosystems from animal movement data to improve management of invasive pests.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {e02015}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2015}, pmid = {31596984}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; *Crops, Agricultural ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Male ; Movement ; }, abstract = {Functional responses describe how changing resource availability affects consumer resource use, thus providing a mechanistic approach to prediction of the invasibility and potential damage of invasive alien species (IAS). However, functional responses can be context dependent, varying with resource characteristics and availability, consumer attributes, and environmental variables. Identifying context dependencies can allow invasion and damage risk to be predicted across different ecoregions. Understanding how ecological factors shape the functional response in agro-ecosystems can improve predictions of hotspots of highest impact and inform strategies to mitigate damage across locations with varying crop types and availability. We linked heterogeneous movement data across different agro-ecosystems to predict ecologically driven variability in the functional responses. We applied our approach to wild pigs (Sus scrofa), one of the most successful and detrimental IAS worldwide where agricultural resource depredation is an important driver of spread and establishment. We used continental-scale movement data within agro-ecosystems to quantify the functional response of agricultural resources relative to availability of crops and natural forage. We hypothesized that wild pigs would selectively use crops more often when natural forage resources were low. We also examined how individual attributes such as sex, crop type, and resource stimulus such as distance to crops altered the magnitude of the functional response. There was a strong agricultural functional response where crop use was an accelerating function of crop availability at low density (Type III) and was highly context dependent. As hypothesized, there was a reduced response of crop use with increasing crop availability when non-agricultural resources were more available, emphasizing that crop damage levels are likely to be highly heterogeneous depending on surrounding natural resources and temporal availability of crops. We found significant effects of crop type and sex, with males spending 20% more time and visiting crops 58% more often than females, and both sexes showing different functional responses depending on crop type. Our application demonstrates how commonly collected animal movement data can be used to understand context dependencies in resource use to improve our understanding of pest foraging behavior, with implications for prioritizing spatiotemporal hotspots of potential economic loss in agro-ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid31596981, year = {2020}, author = {Root, HT and Miller, JED and Rosentreter, R}, title = {Grazing disturbance promotes exotic annual grasses by degrading soil biocrust communities.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {e02016}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2016}, pmid = {31596981}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Bryophyta ; Ecosystem ; *Lichens ; Poaceae ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Exotic invasive plants threaten ecosystem integrity, and their success depends on a combination of abiotic factors, disturbances, and interactions with existing communities. In dryland ecosystems, soil biocrusts (communities of lichens, bryophytes, and microorganisms) can limit favorable microsites needed for invasive species establishment, but the relative importance of biocrusts for landscape-scale invasion patterns remains poorly understood. We examine effects of livestock grazing in habitats at high risk for invasion to test the hypothesis that disturbance indirectly favors exotic annual grasses by reducing biocrust cover. We present some of the first evidence that biocrusts increase site resistance to invasion at a landscape scale and mediate the effects of disturbance. Biocrust species richness, which is reduced by livestock grazing, also appears to promote native perennial grasses. Short mosses, as a functional group, appear to be particularly valuable for preventing invasion by exotic annual grasses. Our study suggests that maintaining biocrust communities with high cover, species richness, and cover of short mosses can increase resistance to invasion. These results highlight the potential of soil surface communities to mediate invasion dynamics and suggest promising avenues for restoration in dryland ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid31594512, year = {2019}, author = {Holman, L}, title = {Evolutionary simulations of Z-linked suppression gene drives.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1912}, pages = {20191070}, pmid = {31594512}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Bufo marinus ; Female ; *Gene Drive Technology ; Male ; Sex Chromosomes ; }, abstract = {Synthetic gene drives may soon be used to suppress or eliminate populations of disease vectors, pathogens, invasive species, and agricultural pests. Recent proposals have focused on using Z-linked gene drives to control species with ZW sex determination, which include Lepidopteran pests, parasitic trematodes, and cane toads. These proposals include Z-linked 'W-shredders', which would suppress populations by cleaving the W chromosome and causing females to produce only sons, as well as Z-linked female-sterilizing gene drives. Here, I use eco-evolutionary simulations to evaluate the potential of some proposed Z-linked gene drives, and to produce recommendations regarding their design and use. The simulations show that W-shredders are likely to be highly effective at eradicating populations provided that resistance to W-shredding cannot evolve. However, W-shredder alleles can invade populations from very low frequencies, making it difficult to eliminate specific populations while leaving nearby populations untouched; this issue may restrict their possible uses.}, }
@article {pmid31594415, year = {2020}, author = {Brady, OJ and Hay, SI}, title = {The Global Expansion of Dengue: How Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Enabled the First Pandemic Arbovirus.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {65}, number = {}, pages = {191-208}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-024918}, pmid = {31594415}, issn = {1545-4487}, support = {206471/Z/17/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*virology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Dengue/*transmission ; Dengue Virus/*physiology ; Mosquito Vectors/*virology ; }, abstract = {Dengue is an emerging viral disease principally transmitted by the Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti mosquito. It is one of the fastest-growing global infectious diseases, with 100-400 million new infections a year, and is now entrenched in a growing number of tropical megacities. Behind this rapid rise is the simple adaptation of Ae. aegypti to a new entomological niche carved out by human habitation. This review describes the expansion of dengue and explores how key changes in the ecology of Ae. aegypti allowed it to become a successful invasive species and highly efficient disease vector. We argue that characterizing geographic heterogeneity in mosquito bionomics will be a key research priority that will enable us to better understand future dengue risk and design control strategies to reverse its global spread.}, }
@article {pmid31590835, year = {2019}, author = {Orlando-Bonaca, M and Lipej, L and Bonanno, G}, title = {Non-indigenous macrophytes in Adriatic ports and transitional waters: Trends, taxonomy, introduction vectors, pathways and management.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {145}, number = {}, pages = {656-672}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.065}, pmid = {31590835}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Crustacea ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Pacific Ocean ; *Plants ; *Ships ; Transportation Facilities ; }, abstract = {The Adriatic Sea is considered as a hotspot of marine biodiversity but, due to intense human activities (e.g. maritime transport, mariculture), it is also a recipient area of non-indigenous species (NIS). This study analyzed the scientific literature on non-indigenous macrophytes (NIM) recorded in ports, marinas and transitional waters (TWs) of the Adriatic Sea, in the period 1987-2018. The results show that 51 out of 118 Mediterranean NIM are found in Adriatic ports and TWs. The Venice Lagoon is the main Adriatic recipient area of NIM. Mariculture is the main vector of introduction, whereas the principal pathways of NIM dispersal are shipping and shellfish transfer. The largest group of NIM is of temperate northern Pacific origin. This study corroborated the fact that ports and TWs act as dispersal hubs and invasion hotspots. The importance of early detection of NIM at such sites should be considered in any environmental management strategy.}, }
@article {pmid31590828, year = {2019}, author = {Santos, HS and Silva, FGC and Masi, BP and Fleury, BG and Creed, JC}, title = {Environmental matching used to predict range expansion of two invasive corals (Tubastraea spp.).}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {145}, number = {}, pages = {587-594}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.064}, pmid = {31590828}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Biological Monitoring ; Brazil ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Salinity ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The scleractinian corals Tubastraea coccinea Lesson, 1829 and T. tagusensis Wells, 1982 have invaded reefs along Brazil's coastline. Over the period 2011-2017 a standard, fast, easily repeatable semi-quantitative method was used to produce maps of distribution and a site (n = 77) specific Relative Abundance Index (RAI) to determine range expansion at Cabo Frio, an upwelling region. Invaded sites doubled from six to 12 over the period (one per year) and mean abundance increased tenfold from 0.2 to 2.6 RAI and 0.22 to 1.8 RAI (T. coccinea and T. tagusensis respectively). Site specific oceanographic conditions (temperature, salinity and water transparency) and distance from currently invaded sites (a proxy for propagule pressure) were chosen and used as determinants of invasion success in order to model the expansion. Model results compared favourably with empirical measurements and the simple, regional, and spatially explicit model predicted future range expansion under 10 and 20 year scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid31590807, year = {2019}, author = {Tsiamis, K and Palialexis, A and Stefanova, K and Gladan, &#x17d;N and Skejić, S and Despalatović, M and Cvitković, I and Dragičević, B and Dulčić, J and Vidjak, O and Bojanić, N and Žuljević, A and Aplikioti, M and Argyrou, M and Josephides, M and Michailidis, N and Jakobsen, HH and Staehr, PA and Ojaveer, H and Lehtiniemi, M and Massé, C and Zenetos, A and Castriota, L and Livi, S and Mazziotti, C and Schembri, PJ and Evans, J and Bartolo, AG and Kabuta, SH and Smolders, S and Knegtering, E and Gittenberger, A and Gruszka, P and Kraśniewski, W and Bartilotti, C and Tuaty-Guerra, M and Canning-Clode, J and Costa, AC and Parente, MI and Botelho, AZ and Micael, J and Miodonski, JV and Carreira, GP and Lopes, V and Chainho, P and Barberá, C and Naddafi, R and Florin, AB and Barry, P and Stebbing, PD and Cardoso, AC}, title = {Non-indigenous species refined national baseline inventories: A synthesis in the context of the European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directive.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {145}, number = {}, pages = {429-435}, pmid = {31590807}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/*classification/growth &amp; development ; Environmental Monitoring ; Europe ; European Union ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Marine Biology ; }, abstract = {Refined baseline inventories of non-indigenous species (NIS) are set per European Union Member State (MS), in the context of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). The inventories are based on the initial assessment of the MSFD (2012) and the updated data of the European Alien Species Information Network, in collaboration with NIS experts appointed by the MSs. The analysis revealed that a large number of NIS was not reported from the initial assessments. Moreover, several NIS initially listed are currently considered as native in Europe or were proven to be historical misreportings. The refined baseline inventories constitute a milestone for the MSFD Descriptor 2 implementation, providing an improved basis for reporting new NIS introductions, facilitating the MSFD D2 assessment. In addition, the inventories can help MSs in the establishment of monitoring systems of targeted NIS, and foster cooperation on monitoring of NIS across or within shared marine subregions.}, }
@article {pmid31587257, year = {2020}, author = {Joo, R and Boone, ME and Clay, TA and Patrick, SC and Clusella-Trullas, S and Basille, M}, title = {Navigating through the r packages for movement.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {1}, pages = {248-267}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13116}, pmid = {31587257}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Movement ; *Software ; }, abstract = {The advent of miniaturized biologging devices has provided ecologists with unprecedented opportunities to record animal movement across scales, and led to the collection of ever-increasing quantities of tracking data. In parallel, sophisticated tools have been developed to process, visualize and analyse tracking data; however, many of these tools have proliferated in isolation, making it challenging for users to select the most appropriate method for the question in hand. Indeed, within the r software alone, we listed 58 packages created to deal with tracking data or 'tracking packages'. Here, we reviewed and described each tracking package based on a workflow centred around tracking data (i.e. spatio-temporal locations (x, y, t)), broken down into three stages: pre-processing, post-processing and analysis, the latter consisting of data visualization, track description, path reconstruction, behavioural pattern identification, space use characterization, trajectory simulation and others. Supporting documentation is key to render a package accessible for users. Based on a user survey, we reviewed the quality of packages' documentation and identified 11 packages with good or excellent documentation. Links between packages were assessed through a network graph analysis. Although a large group of packages showed some degree of connectivity (either depending on functions or suggesting the use of another tracking package), one third of the packages worked in isolation, reflecting a fragmentation in the r movement-ecology programming community. Finally, we provide recommendations for users when choosing packages, and for developers to maximize the usefulness of their contribution and strengthen the links within the programming community.}, }
@article {pmid31586573, year = {2019}, author = {Bjørnson, S and Elkabir, E}, title = {Effects of the microsporidian pathogen, Nosema adaliae (Nosematidae) on the seven-spotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {168}, number = {}, pages = {107253}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2019.107253}, pmid = {31586573}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Assay ; Coleoptera/*microbiology ; Fertility ; Introduced Species ; Larva/microbiology ; Longevity ; Mortality ; Nosema/*pathogenicity ; Ovum/microbiology ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; }, abstract = {Lady beetles are important predators in nature. Some species, including the two-spotted lady beetle, Adalia bipunctata L., are native to North America, whereas others, such as the seven-spotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L., have been introduced in North America for pest control on agriculture crops. Microsporidia are obligate pathogens that cause chronic disease, and these pathogens are known to infect several lady beetle species. Lady beetles are cannibalistic and, because many species share a given landscape, there is potential for microsporidia to infect susceptible coccinellids when infected eggs are eaten. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of the microsporidium Nosema adaliae isolated from A. bipunctata on C. septempunctata fitness (larval development and mortality, sex ratio, adult longevity and fecundity). Mortality was higher for C. septempunctata larvae that ate four A. bipunctata eggs (≥96% mortality) than for those that ate only one (<63.8%), suggesting that the mortality observed was influenced by the number of eggs eaten. A. bipunctata eggs contain adaline and adalinine, two species-specific alkaloids that have been shown to be detrimental to C. septempunctata larvae. Development of larvae that consumed one uninfected or one N. adaliae-infected A. bipunctata egg, did not differ significantly (20.5 ± 0.2 d and 21.3 ± 0.4 d, respectively) and, although mortality remained high for these larvae (53.5% and 65.6% mortality, respectively), these values also did not differ significantly (p = 0.05). Over a 60-d period, mean fecundity for C. septempunctata adults that ate one uninfected A. bipunctata egg as first-instar larvae was significantly greater (776.6 ± 122.0 eggs) than those that ate one N. adaliae-infected egg (335.6 ± 86.6 eggs, p = 0.005). Larvae from the former group also lived significantly longer (58.2 ± 1.8 d) than did those from the latter group (38.4 ± 6.4 d, p = 0.010). Sex ratios of adult beetles did not differ significantly. Because A. bipunctata and C. septempunctata share similar habitats, it is reasonable to expect these two coccinellids to encounter one another in nature. Results of this study show that the consumption of only one infected A. bipunctata egg by C. septempunctata larvae can result in high larval mortality and reduced fecundity.}, }
@article {pmid31586393, year = {2020}, author = {Mogi, M and Armbruster, PA and Tuno, N}, title = {Differences in Responses to Urbanization Between Invasive Mosquitoes, Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus, in Their Native Range, Japan.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, pages = {104-112}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjz145}, pmid = {31586393}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Urbanization ; }, abstract = {The Asian mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald), have invaded North America, Europe, and other regions since the late 20th century. In invasive ranges, Ae. albopictus has well been recognized as urban, domestic species, whereas views about the macrohabitats of Ae. j. japonicus are inconsistent. Previous reports in Japan suggest the disappearance of Ae. j. japonicus from metropolises. However, container-mosquito larvae have not been inspected simultaneously for various macro and microhabitats in metropolises in Japan. The current study in Fukuoka City, a metropolis in southwest Japan, confirmed the absence of Ae. j. japonicus irrespective of macrohabitats (temples with graveyards, shrines, public graveyards, cultivated bamboo groves, and urban forests, all within the area densely inhabited by humans) and microhabitats (container types). In contrast, Ae. albopictus was dominant throughout the macro and microhabitats except forest tree holes rich with competitive species. Past records indicate the disappearance of Ae. j. japonicus from metropolitan Fukuoka within the last 70 yr. Based on careful examination of available evidence, we concluded that 1) both species benefit from human-made environments with artificial containers free from competitors, 2) Ae. j. japonicus disappeared due to hot, dry summer conditions facilitated by urban heat-island effects and a decrease in favored mammal hosts, and 3) Ae. albopictus has proliferated with higher tolerance to hot, dry climate and a wider blood-feeding host-range including humans. This difference is important for efficient control of each species as well as predicting and preventing the expansion into new distribution ranges.}, }
@article {pmid31586099, year = {2019}, author = {Herrando-Moraira, S and Nualart, N and Herrando-Moraira, A and Chung, MY and Chung, MG and López-Pujol, J}, title = {Climatic niche characteristics of native and invasive Lilium lancifolium.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {14334}, pmid = {31586099}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Australia ; *Climate ; Europe ; Asia, Eastern ; History, Ancient ; Introduced Species/*history ; Lilium/*physiology ; New Zealand ; North America ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Plant Dispersal/*physiology ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; }, abstract = {One of the topics currently under discussion in biological invasions is whether the species' climatic niche has been conserved or, alternatively, has diverged during invasions. Here, we explore niche dynamic processes using the complex invasion history model of Lilium lancifolium, which is the first tested case of a native species (Korea) with two hypothesized spatial (regional and intercontinental) and temporal arrivals: (1) as an archaeophyte in East Asia (before AD 1500); and (2) as a neophyte in Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand (after AD 1500). Following a niche examination through both environmental and geographical spaces, the species in the archaeophyte range has apparently filled the ancestral native niche and, rather, would have increased it considerably. The species as a neophyte shows a closer climatic match with the archaeophyte range than with the native one. This pattern of niche similarity suggests that the neophyte range was probably colonized by a subset of archaeophyte propagules adapted to local climate that promoted the species' establishment. Overall, niche conservatism is proposed at each colonization step, from native to archaeophyte, and from archaeophyte to neophyte ranges. We detected signals of an advanced invasion stage within the archaeophyte range and traces of an early introduction stage in neophyte ranges.}, }
@article {pmid31585994, year = {2019}, author = {Schaerer, LG and Ghannam, RB and Butler, TM and Techtmann, SM}, title = {Global Comparison of the Bacterial Communities of Bilge Water, Boat Surfaces, and External Port Water.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {85}, number = {24}, pages = {}, pmid = {31585994}, issn = {1098-5336}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Cyanobacteria ; Introduced Species ; *Microbiota/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Ships ; Water/*chemistry ; *Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {In the past, ballast water has been a key vector in the ship-mediated dispersal of invasive species. Here, we evaluate the potential for port microorganisms to enter and colonize the hull and bilge water of ships. Due to the small size and ubiquitous nature of bacteria, they also have the potential to be spread through hull fouling and bilge water discharge. The goal of this study was to identify the extent to which the boat microbial community is shaped by the microbial community in the port water where the boat spends most of its time. Here, we compared the microbial communities of the hull and bilge compartments of 20 boats to those of the port water in 20 different ports in five regions around the world. We found that there was a significant difference in microbial diversity between boat and port microbial communities. Despite these differences, we found that Cyanobacteria were present at high abundances in the bilge water of most vessels. Due to the limited light in the bilge, the presence of Cyanobacteria suggests that port microorganisms can enter the bilge. Using source-tracking software, we found that, on average, 40% of the bilge and 52% of the hull microbial communities were derived from water. These findings suggest that the bilge of a vessel contains a diverse microbial community that is influenced by the port microbial community and has the potential to serve as an underappreciated vector for dispersal of life.IMPORTANCE Invasive species have been a worldwide problem for many years. However, the potential for microorganisms to become invasive is relatively underexplored. As the tools to study bacterial communities become more affordable, we are able to perform large-scale studies and examine bacterial communities in higher resolution than was previously practical. This study looked at the potential for bacteria to colonize both boat surfaces and bilge water. We describe the bacterial communities on boats in 20 shipping ports in five regions around the world, describing how these microorganisms were similar to microorganisms found in port water. This suggests that the water influences the bacterial community of a boat and that microorganisms living on a boat could be moved from place to place when the boat travels.}, }
@article {pmid31583688, year = {2019}, author = {Traveset, A and Escribano-Avila, G and Gómez, JM and Valido, A}, title = {Conflicting selection on Cneorum tricoccon (Rutaceae) seed size caused by native and alien seed dispersers.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {73}, number = {11}, pages = {2204-2215}, doi = {10.1111/evo.13852}, pmid = {31583688}, issn = {1558-5646}, support = {CGL2017-88122-P//Spanish Government/International ; CGL2L013-47429-P//Spanish Government/International ; //Juan de la Cierva Programme/International ; CGL2017-88122-P//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#xf3;n y Universidades/International ; }, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Evolution, Molecular ; Lizards/physiology ; Models, Genetic ; Mustelidae/physiology ; Rutaceae/*genetics/physiology ; *Seed Dispersal ; Seeds/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {The disappearance of native seed dispersers due to anthropogenic activities is often accompanied by the introduction of alien species, which may to some extent replace the ecological service provided by the extinct ones. Yet, little empirical evidence exists demonstrating the evolutionary consequences of such alien "replacement." Here, we document the conflicting selection exerted on seed size by two native lizards (Podarcis lilfordi and P. pityusensis) and an alien mammal species (Martes martes), all acting as legitimate seed dispersers of the Mediterranean relict Cneorum tricoccon. While lizards mostly exerted a negative directional selection on seed diameter, especially P. pityusensis, the much larger pine marten exerted positive selection on seed size. Our findings suggest that this among-disperser variation in the selection regimes, together with the occurrence of spatial variation in the presence of each seed disperser, help to create the geographical variation observed for seed size of C. tricoccon. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical evidence showing opposing selective pressures between native and alien species in the seed dispersal process in an invaded ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid31583422, year = {2019}, author = {Wang, P and Yan, Z and Yang, S and Wang, S and Zheng, X and Fan, J and Zhang, T}, title = {Environmental DNA: An Emerging Tool in Ecological Assessment.}, journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {103}, number = {5}, pages = {651-656}, doi = {10.1007/s00128-019-02720-z}, pmid = {31583422}, issn = {1432-0800}, support = {2019YSKY-007//Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Scientific Research Institutes of China/ ; 2017ZX07301002-01//Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biomass ; DNA, Environmental/*analysis ; Endangered Species ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA), as a recent research hotspot in environmental science, the use of eDNA in biological monitoring has the advantages of sensitivity and time/labor saving. The eDNA technology combined with scientific advancement has been applied in investigations of target species (such as invasive species, endangered species and other rare species), biomass, and biodiversity. In addition, ecotoxicology studies and environmental pollution impact assessments based on the development of eDNA technology have gradually emerged in recent years. In this article, we summarizes the application of eDNA in ecological assessment, include species diversity assessment and chemical contamination impacts assessment, provide guiding questions for study design. We additionally discuss current challenges associated with eDNA. Finally, looking to the future, we discuss the opportunities of eDNA technology in environmental protein, environmental sample processor and ecogenomic sensors.}, }
@article {pmid31583397, year = {2020}, author = {Ripley, BS and Edwardes, A and Rossouw, MW and Smith, VR and Midgley, GF}, title = {Invasive grasses of sub-Antarctic Marion Island respond to increasing temperatures at the expense of chilling tolerance.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {125}, number = {5}, pages = {765-773}, pmid = {31583397}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Antarctic Regions ; *Ecosystem ; Islands ; *Poaceae ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Global warming has large effects on the performance and spatial distribution of plants, and increasingly facilitates the spread of invasive species. Particularly vulnerable is the vegetation of cold environments where indigenous plants selected for cold tolerance can have reduced phenotypic plasticity and associated lower capacity to respond to warming temperatures. In contrast, invasive species can be phenotypically plastic and respond positively to climate change, but at the expense of stress tolerance.<br><br>METHODS: We investigate this trade-off in traits, measuring the photosynthetic response to warming, chilling tolerance and specific leaf area (SLA) of Pooid grasses. We compare this between invasive and non-invasive grasses and correlate this to their range expansions on a cold sub-Antarctic island that has warmed significantly in the past five decades. We determined whether these responses remained consistent after temperature acclimation.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Invasive species responded strongly to warming, increasing photosynthetic rates by up to 2-fold, while non-invasive species did not respond. The response was associated with increased stomatal conductance, but not with modified photosynthetic metabolism. Electrolyte leakage and SLA were higher in invasive than in non-invasive species. Acclimation altered the photosynthetic response and invasive species responded to warm temperatures irrespective of acclimation, while non-invasive species responded only after acclimation to warm temperature.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Traits scaled linearly with rates of range expansion and demonstrate that under sub-Antarctic conditions, anthropogenic warming over the last 50 years may have favoured species with greater capacity to respond photosynthetically to warming to the detriment of species that cannot, and negated the advantage that chilling tolerance would have conferred on endemic species in the past. This suggests that species of cold ecosystems could be particularly vulnerable to warming as selection for stress tolerance has limited their responsiveness to environmental change, while introduced invasive species may have no such limitations. We show mechanistic evidence of the physiology that underpins an apparent trade-off between warming and chilling tolerance traits.}, }
@article {pmid31582771, year = {2019}, author = {Hawes, NA and Amadoru, A and Tremblay, LA and Pochon, X and Dunphy, B and Fidler, AE and Smith, KF}, title = {Epigenetic patterns associated with an ascidian invasion: a comparison of closely related clades in their native and introduced ranges.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {14275}, pmid = {31582771}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Methylation ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; New Zealand ; Phylogeny ; Urochordata/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Environmentally induced epigenetic modifications have been proposed as one mechanism underlying rapid adaptive evolution of invasive species. Didemnum vexillum is an invasive colonial ascidian that has established in many coastal waters worldwide. Phylogenetic analyses have revealed that D. vexillum populations consist of two distinct clades; clade B appears to be restricted to the native range (Japan), whereas clade A is found in many regions throughout the world, including New Zealand. The spread of D. vexillum clade A suggests that it might be intrinsically more invasive than clade B, despite low levels of genetic diversity compared to populations from the native region. This study investigated whether D. vexillum clade A exhibits epigenetic signatures (specifically differences in DNA methylation) associated with invasiveness. Global DNA methylation patterns were significantly different between introduced clade A colonies, and both clades A and B in the native range. Introduced colonies also showed a significant reduction in DNA methylation levels, which could be a mechanism for increasing phenotypic plasticity. High levels of DNA methylation diversity were maintained in the introduced population, despite reduced levels of genetic diversity, which may allow invasive populations to respond quickly to changes in new environments. Epigenetic changes induced during the invasion process could provide a means for rapid adaptation despite low levels of genetic variation in introduced populations.}, }
@article {pmid31582298, year = {2020}, author = {Zwerschke, N and Eagling, L and Roberts, D and O'Connor, N}, title = {Can an invasive species compensate for the loss of a declining native species? Functional similarity of native and introduced oysters.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {153}, number = {}, pages = {104793}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104793}, pmid = {31582298}, issn = {1879-0291}, abstract = {The widespread introduction of the Pacific oyster, Magallana gigas, has raised concerns regarding its potential impact on the functioning of invaded ecosystems. Concurrently, populations of the European oyster, Ostrea edulis, are in decline. We quantified the functional role of the native oyster, O. edulis, in terms of nutrient cycling and associated infaunal biodiversity and compared it directly to that of the invading oyster, M. gigas. The presence and density of both species were manipulated in the field and we tested for differences in concentration of ammonium, phosphate, total oxidised nitrogen and silicate in pore-water; total organic nitrogen and carbon in sediment; microbial activity; chlorophyll concentration; and the assemblage structure and richness of associated benthic taxa. No differences in nutrient cycling rates or associated benthic assemblages were identified between both oyster species. Nutrient concentrations were mostly affected by differences in oyster density and their significance varied among sampling events. Our findings suggest that M. gigas could compensate for the loss of ecosystem functions performed by O. edulis in areas where native oysters have been extirpated.}, }
@article {pmid31581191, year = {2019}, author = {Juarez-Sanchez, D and Blake, JG and Hellgren, EC}, title = {Variation in Neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis) diet: Effects of an invasive prey species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {e0217727}, pmid = {31581191}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Catfishes ; *Food Chain ; Guatemala ; *Introduced Species ; Otters/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Predation is one of the main barriers that exotic species may face in newly colonized areas and may help stop or control the potential negative impacts of invasive species in the environment. We evaluated if the consumption of an invasive prey (armored catfish: Pterygoplichtys sp.) affects the dietary niche breadth and trophic level of a native predator (Neotropical river otter: Lontra longicaudis) in northern Guatemala. We examined otter scats from three rivers: two where the invasive armored catfish occurred and one without the invasive fish. Samples were collected two and seven years after the first report of the catfish in the area. We performed gross scat analysis and stable isotope analyses of nitrogen and carbon of fecal matter. Where the invasive armored catfish occurred, it was the main prey item for L. longicaudis. Particularly in the river outside of protected areas seven years after the first report of the catfish, where it accounted for 49% of the otter diet. Concordance was found between the two techniques to estimate dietary niche breadth and trophic level. The dietary niche breath of otters was narrower seven years after the invasion in comparison to two years after the invasion in both invaded rivers, but the extent of the reduction was lesser inside the protected area. Finally, the trophic level of otters also showed a reduction related to the occurrence of the armored catfish in their diet.}, }
@article {pmid31578613, year = {2019}, author = {Delory, BM and Weidlich, EWA and Kunz, M and Neitzel, J and Temperton, VM}, title = {The exotic species Senecio inaequidens pays the price for arriving late in temperate European grassland communities.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {191}, number = {3}, pages = {657-671}, pmid = {31578613}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Fabaceae ; Grassland ; Introduced Species ; *Senecio ; }, abstract = {The exotic South African ragwort (Senecio inaequidens DC.) rapidly spread across Central Europe after its introduction, but we still do not know to what extent its timing of arrival in a plant community (i.e. before or after natives) and the composition of the native community being invaded affect (1) its capacity to invade a European grassland, (2) the performance of the native species, and (3) the direction and strength of priority effects. In a greenhouse experiment, we manipulated the timing of arrival of the exotic species (Senecio) and the composition of the native community to test the influence of these factors on the productivity and N content of exotic and native species. We also investigated if the plant species origin (native or exotic) and the native community composition affected the benefit of arriving early and the cost of arriving late in the community. The establishment success of Senecio strongly depended on its timing of arrival in a grassland community. Senecio benefited more from arriving early than did the natives. The presence of legumes in the community did not favour invasion by Senecio. When natives arrived later than Senecio, however, priority effects were weaker when legumes were part of the native community. Our results showed that inhibitory priority effects created by natives can lower the risk of invasion by Senecio. An early arrival of this species at a site with low native species abundance is a scenario that could favour invasion.}, }
@article {pmid31576407, year = {2020}, author = {Yee, DA and Nelsen, JA and Deerman, JH and Dean, CL and Price, TL and Rogers, RE and Varnado, WC}, title = {Oviposition Responses and Potential Larval Control Methods of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Downspout Extensions.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, pages = {224-230}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjz159}, pmid = {31576407}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Animals ; Bacillus thuringiensis/chemistry ; Female ; Insecticides/therapeutic use ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Mississippi ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; *Oviposition ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is an important invasive species and vector of several important arboviruses across the globe. This species uses small water-holding cryptic containers as egg laying sites, which pose serious challenges to effective control of adult mosquito populations. Herein, we examined the response of gravid female Ae. albopictus to various features of common downspout extension tubes associated with human dwellings and the effectiveness of control efforts to eliminate larvae. Controlled field trials quantified oviposition in 1) extensions versus rubber bowls meant to mimic other container types, 2) among different shapes and materials of extensions, and 3) among different colors of extensions. We also investigated how flushing and use of Bti larvicides could control larvae. Females were more likely to lay eggs in flat plastic or metal extensions compared to rubber bowls. Eggs were also more plentiful in flat plastic extensions versus either corrugated or metal, and dark brown corrugated extensions had more eggs compared to tan or white. Flushing reduced nearly all larvae when the extensions were properly angled, and applications of Bti pellets or dunks were effective at killing most larvae. We show that dark extensions were preferred over other colors, and that larvae can be effectively removed with minimal effort. However, effective control will likely only come from better education of the public about proper installation of extensions.}, }
@article {pmid31576236, year = {2019}, author = {Jaskuła, R and Sulikowska-Drozd, A and Jabłońska, A and Banaś, K and Rewicz, T}, title = {Undesirable immigrants: hobbyist vivaria as a potential source of alien invertebrate species.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e7617}, pmid = {31576236}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Small size and large diversity of adaptations make invertebrates a group of animals which can be easily transported by different human activities. Many species can travel as "hitchhikers" with plant material (both on plant surfaces and in the soil), including plants used for decoration in vivaria. Vivaria are often tropical in nature environments, with high temperatures and humidity, suitable for invertebrates from tropical regions. Although many of such invertebrates cannot survive in temperate regions where harsh weather conditions are present, it is also known that some can successfully acclimatise. As a result, their negative impact on local flora and fauna cannot be excluded.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: Terrestrial invertebrates were collected in several cities of Poland from tropical vivaria where poison dart frogs (Dendrobatidae) and/or orchids (Orchidaceae) were kept by hobbyists. Collecting of the material was preceded by a simple questionnaire placed on the biggest Polish forum devoted to poison dart frogs. Moreover, we contacted some Polish wholesalers offering tropical invertebrates (Isopoda and Collembola), used as the food source for frogs, hoping to receive information about locations where those invertebrates were delivered, over the period of one year. We obtained mtDNA barcodes using the COI marker (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene) for seven potential morphospecies.<br><br>RESULTS: In total, 12 taxa classified as Turbellaria, Annelida, Gastropoda, Isopoda, Diplopoda, Chilopoda and Collembola were collected and preserved in pure ethanol. We collected material and/or information from 65 locations, including 56 cities to which exotic isopods and springtails were sold by wholesalers over the period of nine months (average number per month = 18 cities). We obtained 18 COI sequences which were assigned to seven BINs and thus confirmed identification of seven species. The results indicate that the number of species transported with exotic plants is not small and can be observed regularly. Species noted as "hitchhikers" on plant structures and/or as inhabitants of soil in plant pots, originally came from South and Central America, Africa, Asia and possibly from North America or Southern Europe. Three taxa were noted for the first time from Poland, including Rhynchodemus sylvaticus (Rhynchodemidae), Trichorhina sp.1 (Platharthridae), and Guppya gundlachi (Euconulidae).<br><br>DISCUSSION: The presented study clearly shows that an exotic hobby such as keeping tropical poison dart frogs and/or orchids may promote fast and uncontrolled dispersion of a high number of invertebrates classified in different taxonomical groups. Plant material (green elements of plants and the soil in which they are planted) used in vivaria can be an important source of such animals.}, }
@article {pmid31575836, year = {2019}, author = {Bunke, M and Dick, JTA and Hatcher, MJ and Dunn, AM}, title = {Parasites influence cannibalistic and predatory interactions within and between native and invasive amphipods.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {136}, number = {1}, pages = {79-86}, doi = {10.3354/dao03415}, pmid = {31575836}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*parasitology/*physiology ; Animals ; *Cannibalism ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Pleistophora/*pathogenicity ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {In Northern Ireland, the amphipods Gammarus duebeni celticus (native) and G. pulex (invasive) coexist in some places, whilst in others the native species has been replaced by the invader. We explored the role of parasites in mediating interactions between these amphipods, which demonstrate mutual intraguild predation (IGP: predation between animals that also compete for prey). IGP and cannibalism can be important factors in structuring populations and communities. We investigated the effects of parasitism on rates of IGP between G. d. celticus and G. pulex and on cannibalism within each species by comparing functional responses (FRs: relationships between the use of a prey resource and its availability). Infection with the microsporidian Pleistophora mulleri caused an increase in IGP and cannibalism by G. d. celticus, which showed increased attack rates and reduced prey handling times. In contrast, infection with the acanthocephalan parasite Echinorhynchus truttae did not alter IGP or cannibalism by G. pulex. A prey preference experiment revealed that both amphipods were more likely to feed on heterospecific rather than conspecific prey, and this was also corroborated by the fact that overall IGP FRs were higher than cannibalism FRs. This may be selectively advantageous, as feeding on heterospecific prey removes possible competitors without the risk of consuming juvenile kin or acquiring parasites from infected conspecifics. Infection of the native G. d. celticus with P. mulleri enhanced IGP on the invasive G. pulex, which is likely to facilitate the coexistence of the 2 species.}, }
@article {pmid31575079, year = {2019}, author = {Legrand, P and Vanderplanck, M and Verheggen, FJ}, title = {Comparison of the Sex Pheromone Composition of Harmonia axyridis Originating from Native and Invaded Areas.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {31575079}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), originates from South-East Asia and is now considered as an invasive species at a worldwide scale, with populations encountered in North and South America, Africa, and Europe. Several previous studies suggested that invasive populations display different behavioral and physiological traits, leading to a better fitness than native individuals. H. axyridis sex pheromone was identified recently, but only from individuals established in Europe. In this study, we compare the composition of the female sex pheromone of H. axyridis from two populations: (i) an invasive population in North America, and (ii) a native population in South-East China. We found the females originating from both populations to release in similar proportions the same five pheromonal compounds, namely β-caryophyllene, β-elemene, methyl-eugenol, α-humulene, and α-bulnesene. However, females from the North American strain release all five compounds in larger amount than the Chinese ones. Whether invasive individuals were selected during the process of invasion through their capacity to better call and find sexual partners remains to be confirmed.}, }
@article {pmid31574129, year = {2019}, author = {Labastida-Estrada, E and Machkour-M'Rabet, S and Carrillo, L and Hénaut, Y and Castelblanco-Martínez, DN}, title = {Genetic structure of Mexican lionfish populations in the southwest Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {e0222997}, pmid = {31574129}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Belize ; Caribbean Region ; Cuba ; Gulf of Mexico ; *Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Perciformes/*genetics ; Phylogeography ; Puerto Rico ; }, abstract = {The recent expansion of the invasive lionfish throughout the Western Hemisphere is one of the most extensively studied aquatic invasions. Molecular studies have improved our understanding of larval dispersal, connectivity, and biogeographical barriers among lionfish populations, but none have included Mexican localities, an important area for the larval dispersal of Pterois volitans through the Western Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Here, we present a genetic analysis of lionfishes collected along Mexican coasts, examining their connectivity with other Caribbean localities (Belize, Cuba, Puerto Rico) and the role of ocean currents on population structure. We collected 213 lionfish samples from seven locations comprising four countries. To evaluate genetic structure, mitochondrial control region and nuclear inter-simple sequence repeat markers were used. We found that lionfish collected along Mexican coasts show a similar haplotype composition (H02 followed by H01 and H04) to other Caribbean locations, and the H03 rare haplotype was not found. Haplotype composition in the southwest Gulf of Mexico suggests a discontinuity between the southern and northern areas of the Gulf of Mexico. The southern area clustered more strongly to the Caribbean region, and this is supported by the complexity of water circulation in the semi-enclosed region of the Gulf of Mexico. Mitochondrial genetic diversity parameters show small values, whereas nuclear markers produce medium to high values. Only nuclear markers highlighted significant genetic differentiation between the southwest Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean region, confirming a phylogeographic break between both regions. Separate analysis of Caribbean locations indicates restricted larval exchange between southern and northern regions of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System, potentially in response to regional oceanographic circulation.}, }
@article {pmid31573395, year = {2020}, author = {Contina, JB and Dandurand, LM and Knudsen, GR}, title = {A Spatiotemporal Analysis and Dispersal Patterns of the Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera pallida in Idaho.}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {110}, number = {2}, pages = {379-392}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-04-19-0113-R}, pmid = {31573395}, issn = {0031-949X}, mesh = {Animals ; Idaho ; Plant Diseases ; *Solanum tuberosum ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; *Tylenchoidea ; }, abstract = {The potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida is a globally regulated potato pest. It was detected for the first time in the United States in the state of Idaho in 2006, and as of February 2019, the infestation is limited to 1,326 hectares. G. pallida is a specialized obligate sedentary endoparasite that can survive in the soil for up to 30 years in the absence of its potato host. In highly infested fields, the nematode can reduce tuber yields up to 80% and is spread mainly through the movement of soil, tubers, or farm equipment. The objectives of this study were to describe the spatiotemporal pattern of G. pallida in infested fields and model its dispersal patterns in southeastern Idaho. We used geostatistical tools and simulation models for precise mapping and to describe the relationships between G. pallida incidence and the spatial configurations. We found that the nematode is spatially clustered and prevalent around edges of fields, and its dispersal pattern followed the direction of cultivation. We found that the absence of potato in an infested field significantly reduced the number of cysts sampled each year subsequent to the initial delimitation sampling in 2007. Phytosanitary measures prohibiting the growth of potato contributed to stopping nematode reproduction, and the use of chemical fumigants and biofumigant cover crops contributed to a significant reduction in egg viability. We observed a process of a nonlinear decline in the prevalence of cysts as the distance separation from the primary infestation focus increased. A power law model was used to fit G. pallida dispersal capabilities. This study contributed to describing G. pallida infestation for Idaho. The goal of this study is to provide information on the spatial pattern and landscape ecology of G. pallida in Idaho for policy makers, industry, and researchers as well as facilitate common understandings on the challenges and opportunities for controlling this pest in Idaho.}, }
@article {pmid31568763, year = {2019}, author = {Cappa, F and Cini, A and Pepiciello, I and Petrocelli, I and Inghilesi, AF and Anfora, G and Dani, FR and Bortolotti, L and Wen, P and Cervo, R}, title = {Female volatiles as sex attractants in the invasive population of Vespa velutina nigrithorax.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {119}, number = {}, pages = {103952}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103952}, pmid = {31568763}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Animals ; Exocrine Glands/chemistry ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Sex Attractants/*chemistry/physiology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Wasp Venoms/chemistry ; Wasps/*chemistry/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Due to its huge invasion potential and specialization in honeybee predation, the invasive hornet Vespa velutina nigrithorax represents a high-concern species under both an ecological and economical perspective. In light of the development of specific odorant attractants to be used in sustainable control strategies, we carried out both behavioural assays and chemical analyses to investigate the possibility that, in the invasive population of V. velutina nigrithorax, reproductive females emit volatile pheromones to attract males, as demonstrated in a Chinese non-invasive population. We focused on the secretions produced by sternal and venom glands; because of the volatility and complexity of their composition, both of them could potentially allow an attraction and a species-specific response, decreasing therefore non-target species by-catches. Results of chemical analyses and behavioural assays showed that venom volatiles, although population-specific, are unlikely candidates as male attractants since they do not differ in composition or in quantity between reproductive females and workers and do not attract males. Conversely, sternal gland secretion differs between female castes for the presence of some ketoacids exclusive of gynes already reported as sex pheromones for the non-invasive subspecies V. velutina auraria. Despite such a difference, males are attracted by the sternal gland secretion of both workers and gynes. These results provide a first step to understand the reproductive biology of V. velutina nigrithorax in its invasive range and to develop effective and sustainable management strategies for the species.}, }
@article {pmid31566765, year = {2020}, author = {Giordano, BV and Gasparotto, A and Liang, P and Nelder, MP and Russell, C and Hunter, FF}, title = {Discovery of an Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus population and first records of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti in Canada.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {10-16}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12408}, pmid = {31566765}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {*Aedes/growth &amp; development ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Anopheles ; Culex ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Ochlerotatus ; Ontario ; }, abstract = {A population of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), a vector of chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, and Zika and West Nile viruses, has been detected in Windsor, Ontario, Canada from 2016 onwards. Here, we describe its seasonal distribution, as well as the various aquatic habitats from which this species was collected and its larval co-habitation. We collected immatures from tires, treeholes, extruded polystyrene foam containers, discarded plastic cups, old recycling bins and oviposition traps. Aedes albopictus larvae were collected with Aedes japonicus (Theobald), Anopheles punctipennis (Say), Culex pipiens Linnaeus, Ochlerotatus hendersoni (Cockerell), Ochlerotatus triseriatus (Say) and Orthopodomyia signifera (Coquillett). Adult female and male specimens were collected from Biogents sentinel traps (Biogents AG, Regensburg, Germany), as well as Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light traps (CDC, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A.), and also as they alighted on the investigators. Peak adult collections occurred in September during epidemiological week 37. We also collected Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus), a new record for Canada, in 2016 and from two new collection sites in 2017. The 2017 collections were 3.5 km north and 19.4 km south of the index site. The present study adds to the increasing number of studies reporting range expansions of these mosquito species.}, }
@article {pmid31566739, year = {2020}, author = {Hiatt, D and Flory, SL}, title = {Populations of a widespread invader and co-occurring native species vary in phenotypic plasticity.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {225}, number = {1}, pages = {584-594}, doi = {10.1111/nph.16225}, pmid = {31566739}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Plant Leaves/anatomy &amp; histology ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Principal Component Analysis ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity can promote plant invasions and enhance impacts on native species, but little is known about variation in plasticity among invader populations compared with native species. Variation in plasticity among invader populations could inform more precise predictions of invader spread and impacts across heterogeneous resource environments. We used a common garden experiment with sun and shade treatments to test for variation in plasticity among 12 populations of an invasive grass (Imperata cylindrica), and to determine whether the invader exhibited greater plasticity than six native species that co-occur in the Southeast USA. Principal component analysis revealed that invader populations from different native ranges consistently varied from each other and native species in traits linked to more favorable phenotypes under resource limitation. Overall, the invader exhibited greater plasticity than native species did, as demonstrated by higher plasticity index values for traits such as plant height, leaf mass ratio, and root : shoot ratio. Variation in phenotypic plasticity among invader populations suggests the potential for evolution of plasticity, and greater plasticity of invader populations than native species may underlie invader dominance. Differences in plasticity among populations appears to play an important role in predictions of the spread and potentially the impacts of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid31564051, year = {2020}, author = {Seymour, CL and Gillson, L and Child, MF and Tolley, KA and Curie, JC and da Silva, JM and Alexander, GJ and Anderson, P and Downs, CT and Egoh, BN and Ehlers Smith, DA and Ehlers Smith, YC and Esler, KJ and O'Farrell, PJ and Skowno, AL and Suleman, E and Veldtman, R}, title = {Horizon scanning for South African biodiversity: A need for social engagement as well as science.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, pages = {1211-1221}, pmid = {31564051}, issn = {1654-7209}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Politics ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {A horizon scan was conducted to identify emerging and intensifying issues for biodiversity conservation in South Africa over the next 5-10 years. South African biodiversity experts submitted 63 issues of which ten were identified as priorities using the Delphi method. These priority issues were then plotted along axes of social agreement and scientific certainty, to ascertain whether issues might be "simple" (amenable to solutions from science alone), "complicated" (socially agreed upon but technically complicated), "complex" (scientifically challenging and significant levels of social disagreement) or "chaotic" (high social disagreement and highly scientifically challenging). Only three of the issues were likely to be resolved by improved science alone, while the remainder require engagement with social, economic and political factors. Fortunately, none of the issues were considered chaotic. Nevertheless, strategic communication, education and engagement with the populace and policy makers were considered vital for addressing emerging issues.}, }
@article {pmid31563993, year = {2020}, author = {Sandvik, H}, title = {Expansion Speed as a Generic Measure of Spread for Alien Species.}, journal = {Acta biotheoretica}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, pages = {227-252}, pmid = {31563993}, issn = {1572-8358}, support = {223257//Norges Forskningsr&#xe5;d/ ; }, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Statistical ; *Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The ecological impact of alien species is a function of the area colonised. Impact assessments of alien species are thus incomplete unless they take the spatial component of invasion processes into account. This paper describes a measure, termed expansion speed, that quantifies the speed with which a species increases its spatial presence in an assessment area. It is based on the area of occupancy (AOO) and can be estimated from grid occupancies. Expansion speed is defined as the yearly increase in the radius of a coherent circle having the same area as the AOO, irrespective of whether the increase is due to natural dispersal or anthropogenic transport. Two methods for estimating expansion speed are presented: one that requires several years of spatio-temporal observation data and explicitly takes detection rates into account; and one that can be used under a situation with sparse data. Using simulations and real-world data from natural history collections, it is shown that the method provides a good fit to observational datasets. Expansion speed has several valuable properties. Being based on AOO, it is an intuitive measure; as it only requires occupancy data, it is comparatively easy to estimate; and because it is a quantitative and generic measure, it increases the testability and comparability of impact assessments of alien species.}, }
@article {pmid31563154, year = {2020}, author = {Dobson, A and Richardson, J and Blossey, B}, title = {Effects of earthworms and white-tailed deer on roots, arbuscular mycorrhizae, and forest seedling performance.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {101}, number = {1}, pages = {e02903}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2903}, pmid = {31563154}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; *Deer ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; *Mycorrhizae ; *Oligochaeta ; Plant Roots ; Seedlings ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Changes in understory plant composition and biodiversity declines in northeastern North American forests are widespread. Preserving species and ecosystem function requires appropriate identification and management of important stressors. Coexistence of stressors, among them earthworm invasions and white-tailed deer, makes correct identification of mechanisms that cause diversity declines challenging. We used an established factorial experiment to assess survival and growth of native seedlings (Actaea pachypoda, Aquilegia canadensis, Cornus racemosa, Quercus rubra, and Prenanthes alba) in response to presence/absence of deer and earthworms. We expected deer and earthworms to reduce seedling survival and biomass, and we evaluated potential pathways to explain this impact (soil N and P concentrations and pools, root architecture, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi [AMF] colonization). We developed structural equation models (SEM) to identify specific pathways through which earthworms and deer were impacting plant species with different life histories. Seedling survival was not affected by our treatments nor the plant and soil variables we tested. Actaea biomass was smaller in earthworm-invaded plots, and with larger total N pools. In contrast, both deer and earthworm treatments were associated with lower soil nutrient concentrations, and earthworm-invaded plots had smaller N and extractable P pools. Actaea, Cornus, Prenanthes, and Quercus seedlings had a lower proportion of fine roots in earthworm-invaded plots, while fine roots in Aquilegia made up a higher proportion of the root system. AMF colonization in Quercus was reduced in sites colonized by earthworms, but AMF in other species were unaffected. Our SEMs showed high correlation among soil variables, but because we do not know which variables are drivers of this change and which are passengers, we can only conclude that they are changing together as deer and earthworms exert their respective influence. Different plant species responded in idiosyncratic ways to earthworm and deer effects on soil fertility, root architecture and limited effects on AMF colonization. While earthworm and deer-mediated changes to fine roots, soil nutrients, and AMF may lead to changes in plant performance over time, these changes rarely translated to lower plant performance in our seedlings.}, }
@article {pmid31562380, year = {2019}, author = {Capel, KCC and Creed, J and Kitahara, MV and Chen, CA and Zilberberg, C}, title = {Multiple introductions and secondary dispersion of Tubastraea spp. in the Southwestern Atlantic.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {13978}, pmid = {31562380}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Atlantic Ocean ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Accidental introduction through ballast water and biofouling are currently the main factors responsible for spreading non-indigenous species in the marine realm. In the Southwestern Atlantic, two scleractinian corals, Tubastraea coccinea and T. tagusensis, have been introduced by opportunistic colonization in 1980 and are now widespread along more than 3,500 km of coastline. To better understand the invasion process and the role of vectors in spreading these species, we sampled 306 and 173 colonies of T. coccinea and T. tagusensis from invaded sites, possible vectors and one native population. Analyses revealed a higher diversity of multi-locus genotypes (MLGs) on vectors, suggesting that they were contaminated prior to their arrival in the Southwestern Atlantic, and a high proportion of clones at invaded sites, with few genotypes spread over ~2,000 km. This broad distribution is most likely a result of secondary introductions through the transport of contaminated vectors. Results also suggest the occurrence of multiple invasions, mainly in the northernmost sites. In summary, clonality, secondary introductions, and multiple invasions are the main reasons for the broad spread and invasive success of Tubastraea spp. in the Southwestern Atlantic. Consequently, the correct control of vectors is the most effective approach for management and prevention of new invasions.}, }
@article {pmid31562362, year = {2019}, author = {Brown, GP and Schwarzkopf, L and Alford, RA and Bower, D and Shine, R}, title = {Spinal arthritis in invasive cane toads is linked to rate of dispersal as well as to latitude.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {13965}, pmid = {31562362}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Australia ; *Bufo marinus ; *Climate ; Introduced Species ; Prevalence ; Spondylarthritis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Initial research on the spread of cane toads (Rhinella marina) through tropical Australia reported a high incidence of spinal arthritis (spondylosis) in toads at the invasion front (where toads disperse rapidly), but not in areas colonized earlier (where toads are more sedentary). The idea that spondylosis was a cost of rapid dispersal was challenged by wider spatial sampling which linked rates of spondylosis to hot (tropical) climates rather than to dispersal rates. Here, the authors of these competing interpretations collaborate to reinterpret the data. Our reanalysis supports both previous hypotheses; rates of spondylosis are higher in populations established by fast-dispersing toads, and are higher in tropical than in temperate environments; they are also higher in larger toads. The functional reason for climatic effects is unclear, but might involve effects on the soil-living bacteria involved in the induction of spondylosis; and/or may reflect higher movement (as opposed to dispersal) or more pronounced dry-season aggregation rates of toads in tropical conditions.}, }
@article {pmid31561074, year = {2019}, author = {Spyra, A and Cieplok, A and Strzelec, M and Babczyńska, A}, title = {Freshwater alien species Physella acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) - A possible model for bioaccumulation of heavy metals.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {185}, number = {}, pages = {109703}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109703}, pmid = {31561074}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {Animals ; Bioaccumulation ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Fresh Water/*chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Metals, Heavy/analysis/*metabolism ; *Models, Theoretical ; Snails/*metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {In this study we focused on Physella acuta, an alien snail species in order to determine their ability of bioaccumulation of heavy metals in their shells, bodies, the difference in accumulation in relation to age classes, and the influence of ecological variables on the community composition and density. On the basis of the results of ecological, toxicological, and experimental analyses we aimed to study the potential invasive features of P. acuta in comparision with the native species Stagnicola palustris. The content of Cu and Zn in the substratum and ammonia in the water was strongly related to the patterns of distribution of P. acuta. The content of Cd, Pb, and Cu in the shell fraction was always significantly lower than in the body fraction. A comparison of accumulation with respect to the size classes of P. acuta indicated that the lowest metal concentration in the body was typical for the largest individuals, except for Zn. Metal content in the bodies of the native species did not differ from the content measured in their analogous group of the largest individuals of P. acuta. The lowest value of bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was found for the large class of specimens of this species for each metal. A distinct decrease in the value of BAF in relation to the size of snails was found for cadmium. A 100% hatching success found in masses collected from pond confirmed the high reproductive potential of P. acuta which can be a factor that promotes its invasive features following its ability to occur in very high densities, but not necessarily the ability of metal accumulation in the body. Physella acuta can be used as a model organism in the studies on the accumulation of heavy metals however, the extend of accumulation can differ among the age classes. Because of the high tolerance of P. acuta to heavy metal pollution, in the future this species can be found in significantly polluted habitats, inhabiting free ecological niches, and occurring in high densities in snail communities.}, }
@article {pmid31559943, year = {2020}, author = {Rose, A and Ross, DW and Havill, NP and Motley, K and Wallin, KF}, title = {Coexistence of three specialist predators of the hemlock woolly adelgid in the Pacific Northwest USA.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {110}, number = {3}, pages = {303-308}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485319000622}, pmid = {31559943}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Diptera/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Hemiptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Life Cycle Stages ; Oregon ; *Pest Control, Biological ; *Predatory Behavior ; Tsuga/parasitology ; Washington ; }, abstract = {The hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae: Adelges tsugae Annand) is an invasive insect, introduced from Japan to eastern North America, where it causes decline and death of hemlock trees. There is a closely related lineage of A. tsugae native to western North America. To inform classical biological control of A. tsugae in the eastern USA, the density and phenology of three native western adelgid specialist predators, Leucopis argenticollis (Zetterstedt), Le. piniperda (Malloch) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), and Laricobius nigrinus Fender (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), were quantified in the Pacific Northwest. Infested branches were collected from western hemlock (Pinaceae: Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) at four sites around the Puget Sound, Washington and three sites in Oregon. Immature Leucopis were identified to species using DNA barcodes. Leucopis argenticollis was roughly twice as abundant as Le. piniperda. Laricobius nigrinus larvae were more abundant than the two species of Leucopis during the egg stage of the first adelgid generation, but Leucopis were present as feeding larvae during the second adelgid generation when La. nigrinus was aestivating in the soil, resulting in Leucopis being more abundant than La. nigrinus across the entire sampling period. Adelges tsugae and La. nigrinus densities were not correlated, while A. tsugae and Leucopis spp. densities were positively correlated. Leucopis spp. and La. nigrinus densities were negatively correlated. These results support the complementary use of La. nigrinus and the two Leucopis species for biological control of A. tsugae in the eastern USA, and point to the need for further investigation of spatial and temporal niche partitioning among the three predator species.}, }
@article {pmid31559937, year = {2020}, author = {Pieterse, W and Manrakhan, A and Terblanche, JS and Addison, P}, title = {Comparative demography of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on deciduous fruit.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {110}, number = {2}, pages = {185-194}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485319000592}, pmid = {31559937}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Ceratitis capitata/*growth &amp; development ; Female ; Fruit/*parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Oviposition ; Ovum/growth &amp; development ; Rosaceae/*parasitology ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) are highly polyphagous fruit fly species and important pests of commercial fruit in regions of the world where they are present. In South Africa, B. dorsalis is now established in the north and northeastern parts of the country. B. dorsalis is currently absent in other parts of the country including the Western Cape Province which is an important area for the production of deciduous fruit. C. capitata is widespread in South Africa and is the dominant pest of deciduous fruit. The demographic parameters of B. dorsalis and C. capitata on four deciduous fruit types Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, Prunus domestica L., Malus domestica Borkh. and Pyrus communis L. were studied to aid in predicting the potential population establishment and growth of B. dorsalis in a deciduous fruit growing environment. All deciduous fruit types tested were suitable for population persistence of both B. dorsalis and C. capitata. Development was fastest and survival highest on nectarine for both species. B. dorsalis adults generally lived longer than those of C. capitata, irrespective of the fruit types that they developed from. B. dorsalis had a higher net reproductive rate (Ro) on all deciduous fruit tested compared to C. capitata. However, the intrinsic rate of population increase was estimated to be higher for C. capitata than for B. dorsalis on all fruit types tested primarily due to C. capitata's faster generation time. Provided abiotic conditions are optimal, B. dorsalis would be able to establish and grow in deciduous fruit growing areas.}, }
@article {pmid31559428, year = {2019}, author = {Huang, X and Hu, L and Wu, X}, title = {Identification of a novel effector BxSapB3 that enhances the virulence of pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.}, journal = {Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica}, volume = {51}, number = {10}, pages = {1071-1078}, doi = {10.1093/abbs/gmz100}, pmid = {31559428}, issn = {1745-7270}, mesh = {Animals ; Gene Expression ; Helminth Proteins/*genetics ; Pinus/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; RNA Interference ; Tylenchida/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; }, abstract = {Pine wilt disease, caused by the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, leads to severe damage to pine forests in China. In our previous study, effectors secreted by this pathogen were shown to play roles in the different infection stages of pine wilt disease, and a series of candidate effectors were predicted by transcriptome sequencing. This study identified and characterized a novel effector, BxSapB3, which was among these candidate effectors. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression was used to identify BxSapB3. BxSapB3 was secreted by B. xylophilus and found to be capable of inducing cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that BxSapB3 was upregulated in a highly virulent strain of B. xylophilus and expressed at lower levels in a weakly virulent strain at the early stages of infection. When BxSapB3 was silenced in B. xylophilus, the process of infection was delayed. These results indicate that BxSapB3 acts as an effector and contributes to virulence at the early stages of B. xylophilus infection.}, }
@article {pmid31557954, year = {2019}, author = {Infante-Izquierdo, MD and Castillo, JM and Grewell, BJ and Nieva, FJJ and Muñoz-Rodríguez, AF}, title = {Differential Effects of Increasing Salinity on Germination and Seedling Growth of Native and Exotic Invasive Cordgrasses.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {31557954}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {FPU14/06556//Ministerio de Educaci&#xf3;n, Cultura y Deporte/ ; }, abstract = {Soil salinity is a key environmental factor influencing germination and seedling establishment in salt marshes. Global warming and sea level rise are changing estuarine salinity, and may modify the colonization ability of halophytes. We evaluated the effects of increasing salinity on germination and seedling growth of native Spartina maritima and invasive S. densiflora from wetlands of the Odiel-Tinto Estuary. Responses were assessed following salinity exposure from fresh water to hypersaline conditions and germination recovery of non-germinated seeds when transferred to fresh water. The germination of both species was inhibited and delayed at high salinities, while pre-exposure to salinity accelerated the speed of germination in recovery assays compared to non-pre-exposed seeds. S. densiflora was more tolerant of salinity at germination than S. maritima. S. densiflora was able to germinate at hypersalinity and its germination percentage decreased at higher salinities compared to S. maritima. In contrast, S. maritima showed higher salinity tolerance in relation to seedling growth. Contrasting results were observed with differences in the tidal elevation of populations. Our results suggest S. maritima is a specialist species with respect to salinity, while S. densiflora is a generalist capable of germination of growth under suboptimal conditions. Invasive S. densiflora has greater capacity than native S. maritima to establish from seed with continued climate change and sea level rise.}, }
@article {pmid31557709, year = {2019}, author = {Giakoumi, S and Pey, A and Thiriet, P and Francour, P and Guidetti, P}, title = {Patterns of predation on native and invasive alien fish in Mediterranean protected and unprotected areas.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {150}, number = {}, pages = {104792}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104792}, pmid = {31557709}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Worldwide, the loss of predatory fish due to overexploitation has altered the structure of native communities and caused ecosystem shifts. Ecosystems deprived of high-level predators may be more vulnerable to invasive alien species as the latter are subject to reduced predation control. Marine protected areas (MPAs), and particularly no-take reserves where fishing is banned, can be effective tools for the restoration of predatory relationships within their boundaries. We explored whether the restoration of high-level predatory fish populations within Mediterranean MPAs can exert top-down control on alien fish. Fish tethering experiments, including native (Sardina pilchardus, Boops boops) and alien (Siganus rivulatus) dead specimens, were conducted to quantify predation within the no-take zones of three MPAs and in unprotected areas, and to assess potential differences in predation rates and prey type preferences. A subsample of experimental units was filmed to document predation events and related fish behaviour. More high-level predators interacted with the tethered fish inside the MPAs than in unprotected areas. Yet we did not find significant differences in the consumption of alien or native fishes between MPAs and unprotected areas. The native S. pilchardus was consumed more in comparison to the other tethered fishes, regardless of protection status and location. Interestingly, the alien S. rivulatus was consumed by native predators in the western Mediterranean locations where this alien fish is not established. Despite its limitations, our study provides evidence on the ability of some native predators to feed on and potentially control certain alien species without requiring 'adaptive' time-lag periods.}, }
@article {pmid31556098, year = {2020}, author = {Fall, PL and Drezner, TD}, title = {Vascular plant species of the Kingdom of Tonga by vegetation type, species origin, growth form, and dispersal mechanism.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {101}, number = {1}, pages = {e02902}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2902}, pmid = {31556098}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Humans ; Islands ; Pacific Ocean ; Tonga ; *Tracheophyta ; }, abstract = {The aim of this research is to compile a database of vascular plants found in the Kingdom of Tonga in western Polynesia, a phyto-geographic subregion of the South Pacific. The Tongan islands are spread over ~600,000 km[2] of the Pacific Ocean between 15-23° S latitude and 173-177° W longitude. The archipelago is comprised of 171 islands with an aggregate land area of about 720 km[2] . Since there is no comprehensive or updated flora for Tonga, we use 143 published sources to compile a database for 1,020 plant species, of which more than 450 are indigenous to these islands. Tonga is noteworthy for its low proportion of endemics, accounting for <5% of the indigenous species and <2% of the total plant species. Our database documents species presence in Tonga as a whole, and more specifically on 11 Tongan islands or island groups. We have assembled ecological information for each plant species according to growth form, vegetation type, origin (endemic, indigenous, and introduced species), and dispersal mechanisms. We include introduced species in our database because they represent over half of the plant species growing in Tonga. Species origins reflect human alteration of Tongan ecosystems in which endemic and indigenous species represent pre-human vegetation and introduced species indicate plants brought by either Polynesian or European settlers. For example, on Tongatapu, the largest and longest occupied island, more than half the plants are introduced, whereas on the sparsely populated, more remote islands, 70-90% of the species are indigenous. Dispersal mechanisms, which may include more than one mechanism per species, are documented in over 100 publications. Our database provides information on the whole suite of plant dispersal mechanisms over entire communities or island groups in Tonga. Plant species dispersal differs across environmental variables, including island geology, topography, vegetation type, and species origin. The older limestone islands have more bird, water, and human-dispersed plants, while the youngest volcanic islands have the most wind-dispersed species. Our database documents plant species endemism, introductions, vegetation types and dispersal mechanisms that reveal key biogeographic dynamics of the Tongan archipelago in the South Pacific. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication, presentation, or teaching activities. There are no copyright restrictions.}, }
@article {pmid31553970, year = {2020}, author = {Cinege, G and Lerner, Z and Magyar, LB and Soós, B and Tóth, R and Kristó, I and Vilmos, P and Juhász, G and Kovács, AL and Hegedűs, Z and Sensen, CW and Kurucz, &#xc9; and Andó, I}, title = {Cellular Immune Response Involving Multinucleated Giant Hemocytes with Two-Step Genome Amplification in the Drosophilid Zaprionus indianus.}, journal = {Journal of innate immunity}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {257-272}, pmid = {31553970}, issn = {1662-8128}, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophilidae/genetics/*immunology ; *Genome, Insect ; Giant Cells/*immunology ; Hemocytes/*immunology ; *Immunity, Cellular ; }, abstract = {Previously, a novel cell type, the multinucleated giant hemocyte (MGH) was identified in the ananassae subgroup of Drosophilidae. These cells share several features with mammalian multinucleated giant cells, a syncytium of macrophages formed during granulomatous inflammation. We were able to show that MGHs also differentiate in Zaprionus indianus, an invasive species belonging to the vittiger subgroup of the family, highly resistant to a large number of parasitoid wasp species. We have classified the MGHs of Z. indianusas giant hemocytes belonging to a class of cells which also include elongated blood cells carrying a single nucleus and anuclear structures. They are involved in encapsulating parasites, originate from the lymph gland, can develop by cell fusion, and generally carry many nuclei, while possessing an elaborated system of canals and sinuses, resulting in a spongiform appearance. Their nuclei are all transcriptionally active and show accretion of genetic material. Multinucleation and accumulation of the genetic material in the giant hemocytes represents a two-stage amplification of the genome, while their spongy ultrastructure substantially increases the contact surface with the extracellular space. These features may furnish the giant hemocytes with a considerable metabolic advantage, hence contributing to the mechanism of the effective immune response.}, }
@article {pmid31553775, year = {2019}, author = {Jarman, R and Mattioni, C and Russell, K and Chambers, FM and Bartlett, D and Martin, MA and Cherubini, M and Villani, F and Webb, J}, title = {DNA analysis of Castanea sativa (sweet chestnut) in Britain and Ireland: Elucidating European origins and genepool diversity.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {e0222936}, pmid = {31553775}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Fagaceae/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Ireland ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; *Plant Dispersal ; Trees/*genetics ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Castanea sativa is classified as non-indigenous in Britain and Ireland. It was long held that it was first introduced into Britain by the Romans, until a recent study found no corroborative evidence of its growing here before c. AD 650. This paper presents new data on the genetic diversity of C. sativa in Britain and Ireland and potential ancestral sources in continental Europe. Microsatellite markers and analytical methods tested in previous European studies were used to genotype over 600 C. sativa trees and coppice stools, sampled from ancient semi-natural woodlands, secondary woodlands and historic cultural sites across Britain and Ireland. A single overall genepool with a diverse admixture of genotypes was found, containing two sub groups differentiating Wales from Ireland, with discrete geographical and typological clusters. C. sativa genotypes in Britain and Ireland were found to relate predominantly to some sites in Portugal, Spain, France, Italy and Romania, but not to Greece, Turkey or eastern parts of Europe. C. sativa has come to Britain and Ireland from these western European areas, which had acted as refugia in the Last Glacial Maximum; we compare its introduction with the colonization/translocation of oak, ash, beech and hazel into Britain and Ireland. Clones of C. sativa were identified in Britain, defining for the first time the antiquity of some ancient trees and coppice stools, evincing both natural regeneration and anthropogenic propagation over many centuries and informing the chronology of the species' arrival in Britain. This new evidence on the origins and antiquity of British and Irish C. sativa trees enhances their conservation and economic significance, important in the context of increasing threats from environmental change, pests and pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid31553505, year = {2019}, author = {Suárez-Mariño, A and Arceo-Gómez, G and Sosenski, P and Parra-Tabla, V}, title = {Patterns and effects of heterospecific pollen transfer between an invasive and two native plant species: the importance of pollen arrival time to the stigma.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {106}, number = {10}, pages = {1308-1315}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1361}, pmid = {31553505}, issn = {1537-2197}, support = {248406//CONACyT/International ; }, mesh = {Flowers ; Introduced Species ; *Pollen ; Pollen Tube ; *Pollination ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: Invasive plant species can integrate into native plant-pollinator communities, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Competitive interactions between invasive and native plants via heterospecific pollen (HP) and differential invasive HP effects depending on HP arrival time to the stigma may mediate invasion success, but these have been little studied.<br><br>METHODS: We evaluated patterns and effects of HP receipt on pollen tube growth in two native and one invasive species in the field. We also used hand-pollination experiments to evaluate the effect of invasive HP pollen and its arrival time on native reproductive success.<br><br>RESULTS: Native species receive smaller and less-diverse HP loads (5-7 species) compared to invasive species (10 species). The load size of HP had a negative effect on the proportion of pollen tubes in both native species but not in the invasive, suggesting higher HP tolerance in the latter. Invasive HP arrival time differentially affected pollen tube success in native species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight the need to study reciprocal HP effects between invasive and native species and the factors that determine differential responses to HP receipt to fully understand the mechanisms facilitating invasive species integration into native plant-pollinator communities.}, }
@article {pmid31553215, year = {2019}, author = {Deforet, M and Carmona-Fontaine, C and Korolev, KS and Xavier, JB}, title = {Evolution at the Edge of Expanding Populations.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {194}, number = {3}, pages = {291-305}, pmid = {31553215}, issn = {1537-5323}, support = {P30 CA008748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R00 CA191021/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Models, Theoretical ; Mutation ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Predicting the evolution of expanding populations is critical to controlling biological threats such as invasive species and cancer metastasis. Expansion is primarily driven by reproduction and dispersal, but nature abounds with examples of evolution where organisms pay a reproductive cost to disperse faster. When does selection favor this "survival of the fastest"? We searched for a simple rule, motivated by evolution experiments where swarming bacteria evolved into a hyperswarmer mutant that disperses ∼100% faster but pays a growth cost of ∼10% to make many copies of its flagellum. We analyzed a two-species model based on the Fisher equation to explain this observation: the population expansion rate (v) results from an interplay of growth (r) and dispersal (D) and is independent of the carrying capacity: v=2(rD)1/2 . A mutant can take over the edge only if its expansion rate (v2) exceeds the expansion rate of the established species (v1); this simple condition (v2>v1) determines the maximum cost in slower growth that a faster mutant can pay and still be able to take over. Numerical simulations and time-course experiments where we tracked evolution by imaging bacteria suggest that our findings are general: less favorable conditions delay but do not entirely prevent the success of the fastest. Thus, the expansion rate defines a traveling wave fitness, which could be combined with trade-offs to predict evolution of expanding populations.}, }
@article {pmid31551483, year = {2019}, author = {Treasure, AM and le Roux, PC and Mashau, MH and Chown, SL}, title = {Species-energy relationships of indigenous and invasive species may arise in different ways - a demonstration using springtails.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {13799}, pmid = {31551483}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Altitude ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Arthropods/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Plants ; Population Density ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Although the relationship between species richness and available energy is well established for a range of spatial scales, exploration of the plausible underlying explanations for this relationship is less common. Speciation, extinction, dispersal and environmental filters all play a role. Here we make use of replicated elevational transects and the insights offered by comparing indigenous and invasive species to test four proximal mechanisms that have been offered to explain relationships between energy availability, abundance and species richness: the sampling mechanism (a null expectation), and the more individuals, dynamic equilibrium and range limitation mechanisms. We also briefly consider the time for speciation mechanism. We do so for springtails on sub-Antarctic Marion Island. Relationships between energy availability and species richness are stronger for invasive than indigenous species, with geometric constraints and area variation playing minor roles. We reject the sampling and more individuals mechanisms, but show that dynamic equilibrium and range limitation are plausible mechanisms underlying these gradients, especially for invasive species. Time for speciation cannot be ruled out as contributing to richness variation in the indigenous species. Differences between the indigenous and invasive species highlight the ways in which deconstruction of richness gradients may usefully inform investigations of the mechanisms underlying them. They also point to the importance of population size-related mechanisms in accounting for such variation. In the context of the sub-Antarctic our findings suggest that warming climates may favour invasive over indigenous species in the context of changes to elevational distributions, a situation found for vascular plants, and predicted for springtails on the basis of smaller-scale manipulative field experiments.}, }
@article {pmid31549439, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, B and Qian, W and Qiao, X and Xi, Y and Wan, F}, title = {Invasion biology, ecology, and management of Frankliniella occidentalis in China.}, journal = {Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {102}, number = {3}, pages = {e21613}, doi = {10.1002/arch.21613}, pmid = {31549439}, issn = {1520-6327}, support = {SCIPM2018-05//Fund Project of Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China/ ; KY20180117//Industrial Development Fund Support Project of Dapeng District/ ; 31501708//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; JCYJ20160530191934833//Basic Research on Science and Technology Project of Shenzhen/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Genetics, Population ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insecticide Resistance ; Insecticides ; Introduced Species ; Thysanoptera/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Frankliniella occidentalis is an economically important invasive pest worldwide, which can damage various horticultural crops and ornamental plants. F. occidentalis was first intercepted in Kunming, Yunnan province in 2000, and first reported to establish a population in Beijing, China in 2003. Since then, this pest is currently distributed across tens of provinces in mainland China and cause increasingly serious damage and loss. To control this pest, invasion biology, monitoring, and integrated pest management have been generally and intensively studied for 15 years in China. Furthermore, western flower thrips (WFT) as an important invasive insect pest, the research achievements on WFT has contributed to the promotion of technological innovation and development for invasive alien species management strategies and techniques in China. This review provides an overview for research on the biology, ecology, prevention, and management of this pest during 15 years in China. Meanwhile, China's "4E action" strategy on F. occidentalis is also discussed in this review.}, }
@article {pmid31548093, year = {2019}, author = {Lauchlan, SS and Burckard, G and Cassey, P and Nagelkerken, I}, title = {Climate change erodes competitive hierarchies among native, alien and range-extending crabs.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {151}, number = {}, pages = {104777}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104777}, pmid = {31548093}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura ; *Climate Change ; Global Warming ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Seawater ; }, abstract = {Global warming and ocean acidification alter a wide range of animal behaviours, yet the effect on resource competition among species is poorly understood. We tested whether the combination of moderate levels of ocean acidification and warming altered the feeding success of co-occurring native, alien, and range-extending crab species, and how these changes affected their hierarchical dominance. Under contemporary conditions the range-extending species spent more time feeding, than the alien and the native species. Under conditions simulating future climate there was no difference in the proportion of time spent feeding among the three species. These behavioural changes translated to alterations in their dominance hierarchy (based on feeding success) with the most dominant species under present day conditions becoming less dominant under future conditions, and vice versa for the least dominant species. While empirical studies have predicted either reversal or strengthening of hierarchical dominance in animal species, we suggest that even moderate increases in ocean temperature and acidification can drive a homogenisation in behavioural competitiveness, eroding dominance differences among species that are linked to fitness-related traits in nature and hence important for their population persistence.}, }
@article {pmid31545886, year = {2019}, author = {Ellstrand, NC}, title = {The evolution of crops that do not need us anymore.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {224}, number = {2}, pages = {550-551}, doi = {10.1111/nph.16145}, pmid = {31545886}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Crops, Agricultural ; *Domestication ; Phenotype ; *Triticum ; }, }
@article {pmid31542812, year = {2019}, author = {Heckman, RW and Halliday, FW and Mitchell, CE}, title = {A growth-defense trade-off is general across native and exotic grasses.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {191}, number = {3}, pages = {609-620}, pmid = {31542812}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {1311289//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Poaceae ; Soil ; }, abstract = {High-resource environments typically favor quick-growing, poorly defended plants, while resource-poor environments typically favor slow-growing, well-defended plants. The prevailing hypothesis explaining this pattern states that, as resource availability increases, well-defended, slow-growing species are replaced by poorly defended, fast-growing species. A second hypothesis states that greater resource availability increases allocation to growth at the expense of defense, within species. Regardless of mechanism, if exotic species are released from enemies relative to natives, shifts in allocation to growth and defense both within and among species could differ by geographic provenance. To test whether resource availability alters growth or defense, within and among species, and whether any such effects differ between natives and exotics, we manipulated soil nutrient supply and access of aboveground insect herbivores and fungal pathogens under field conditions to individuals of six native and six exotic grass species that co-occurred in a North Carolina old field. The prevailing hypothesis' prediction-that species-level enemy impact increases with species' nutrient responsiveness-was confirmed. Moreover, this relationship did not differ between native and exotic species. The second hypothesis' prediction-that individual-level enemy impact increases with nutrient supply, after accounting for species-level variation in performance-was not supported. Together, these results support the idea, across native and exotic species, that plant species turnover is the primary mechanism underlying effects of nutrient enrichment on allocation to growth and defense in plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid31542194, year = {2019}, author = {Laas, M and Adamson, K and Drenkhan, R}, title = {A look into the genetic diversity of Lecanosticta acicola in northern Europe.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {123}, number = {10}, pages = {773-782}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2019.06.012}, pmid = {31542194}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {Ascomycota/classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Estonia ; *Genetic Variation ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeny ; Pinus/*microbiology ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; }, abstract = {For northern Europe Lecanosticta acicola is an emerging pine needle pathogen. This study gives a first look into the population genetics of the pathogen in Estonia, the first population documented in that region. The main aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of the pathogen in this new region for the fungus. For this purpose, 104 isolates from 2010 to 2017 were analysed with 11 microsatellite and mating type markers. The stand where the pathogen's jump from an exotic host to the native Scots pine was recorded was also involved in this analysis. The analysis revealed low genetic diversity and a high number of clones that indicated L. acicola is an invasive species in northern Europe. Results suggest that several separate introductions have taken place and anthropogenic activity has apparently affected the spread of the pathogen. Clonal reproduction is dominating and although sexual reproduction is possible, it probably takes place infrequently.}, }
@article {pmid31540359, year = {2019}, author = {Mittelberger, C and Stellmach, H and Hause, B and Kerschbamer, C and Schlink, K and Letschka, T and Janik, K}, title = {A Novel Effector Protein of Apple Proliferation Phytoplasma Disrupts Cell Integrity of Nicotiana spp. Protoplasts.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {20}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {31540359}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {Framework agreement in the field of Invasive species in fruit growing and major pathologies (PROT. VZL_BZ 09.05.2018 0002552)//Autonomous Province of Bozen/Bolzano, Italy/ ; Framework agreement in the field of Invasive species in fruit growing and major pathologies (PROT. VZL_BZ 09.05.2018 0002552)//South Tyrolean Apple Consortium/ ; }, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Proteins/analysis/*genetics/metabolism ; Cell Survival ; Gene Expression ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Malus/cytology/*microbiology ; Phytoplasma/chemistry/genetics/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Protoplasts/cytology/microbiology ; Sequence Alignment ; Nicotiana/cytology/*microbiology ; Virulence Factors/analysis/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Effector proteins play an important role in the virulence of plant pathogens such as phytoplasma, which are the causative agents of hundreds of different plant diseases. The plant hosts comprise economically relevant crops such as apples (Malus × domestica), which can be infected by 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' (P. mali), a highly genetically dynamic plant pathogen. As the result of the genetic and functional analyses in this study, a new putative P. mali effector protein was revealed. The so-called "Protein in Malus Expressed 2" (PME2), which is expressed in apples during P. mali infection but not in the insect vector, shows regional genetic differences. In a heterologous expression assay using Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana occidentalis mesophyll protoplasts, translocation of both PME2 variants in the cell nucleus was observed. Overexpression of the effector protein affected cell integrity in Nicotiana spp. protoplasts, indicating a potential role of this protein in pathogenic virulence. Interestingly, the two genetic variants of PME2 differ regarding their potential to manipulate cell integrity. However, the exact function of PME2 during disease manifestation and symptom development remains to be further elucidated. Aside from the first description of the function of a novel effector of P. mali, the results of this study underline the necessity for a more comprehensive description and understanding of the genetic diversity of P. mali as an indispensable basis for a functional understanding of apple proliferation disease.}, }
@article {pmid31540095, year = {2019}, author = {Joshi, NK and Leslie, TW and Biddinger, DJ}, title = {Parasitism of the Invasive Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), by the Native Parasitoid, Trichopoda pennipes (Diptera: Tachinidae).}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {31540095}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {2011-01413-30937//USDA NIFA/ ; }, abstract = {The invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), has been an important agricultural pest in the Mid-Atlantic United States since its introduction in 1996. Biological control by native species may play an important role in suppressing H. halys populations and reduce reliance on chemical control. We collected H. halys adults in agricultural areas of five Pennsylvania counties over two years to examine the extent and characteristics of adult stink bug parasitism by Trichopoda pennipes (Diptera: Tachinidae), a native parasitoid of hemipterans. The overall parasitism rate (in terms of T. pennipes egg deposition) was 2.38 percent. Rates differed among counties and seasons, but not between years. Instances of supernumerary oviposition were evident, and eggs were more commonly found on the ventral side of the thorax, although no differences in egg deposition were found between males and female hosts. T. pennipes has begun to target H. halys adults in Pennsylvania and has the potential to play a role in regulating this pest. Adult parasitism of H. halys by T. pennipes should continue to be monitored, and landscape management and ecological pest management practices that conserve T. pennipes populations should be supported in agricultural areas where H. halys is found.}, }
@article {pmid31540033, year = {2019}, author = {Iannella, M and De Simone, W and D'Alessandro, P and Console, G and Biondi, M}, title = {Investigating the Current and Future Co-Occurrence of Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Ophraella communa in Europe through Ecological Modelling and Remote Sensing Data Analysis.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {16}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {31540033}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {*Ambrosia ; Animals ; Climate Change ; *Coleoptera ; Data Analysis ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Models, Theoretical ; Remote Sensing Technology ; }, abstract = {The common ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia has spread throughout Europe since the 1800s, infesting croplands and causing severe allergic reactions. Recently, the ragweed leaf beetle Ophraella communa was found in Italy and Switzerland; considering that it feeds primarily on A. artemisiifolia in its invaded ranges, some projects started biological control of this invasive plant through the adventive beetle. In this context of a 'double' invasion, we assessed the influence of climate change on the spread of these alien species through ecological niche modelling. Considering that A. artemisiifolia mainly lives in agricultural and urbanized areas, we refined the models using satellite remote-sensing data; we also assessed the co-occurrence of the two species in these patches. A. artemisiifolia is predicted to expand more than O. communa in the future, with the medium and high classes of suitability of the former increasing more than the latter, resulting in lower efficacy for O. communa to potentially control A. artemisiifolia in agricultural and urbanized patches. Although a future assessment was performed through the 2018 land-cover data, the predictions we propose are intended to be a starting point for future assessments, considering that the possibility of a shrinkage of target patches is unlikely to occur.}, }
@article {pmid31539381, year = {2019}, author = {Ortíz-Ceballos, AI and Ortiz-Gamino, D and Andrade-Torres, A and Pérez-Rodríguez, P and López-Ortega, M}, title = {Pontoscolex corethrurus: A homeless invasive tropical earthworm?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {e0222337}, pmid = {31539381}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; Oligochaeta/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Reproduction ; Soil ; }, abstract = {The presence of earthworm species in crop fields is as old as agriculture itself. The earthworms Pontoscolex corethrurus (invasive) and Balanteodrilus pearsei (native) are associated with the emergence of agriculture and sedentism in the region Amazon and Maya, respectively. Both species have shifted their preference from their natural habitat to the cropland niche. They contrast in terms of intensification of agricultural land use (anthropic impact to the symbiotic soil microbiome). P. corethrurus inhabits conventional agroecosystems, while B. pearsei thrives in traditional agroecosystems, i.e., P. corethrurus has not yet been recorded in soils where B. pearsei dwells. The demographic behavior of these two earthworm species was assessed in the laboratory over 100 days, according to their origin (OE; P. corethrurus and B. pearsei) food quality (FQ; soil only, maize stubble, Mucuna pruriens), and soil moisture (SM; 25, 33, 42%). The results showed that OE, FQ, SM, and the OE x FQ interaction were highly significant for the survival, growth, and reproduction of earthworms. P. corethrurus showed a lower survival rate (> mortality). P. corethrurus survivors fed a diet of low-to-intermediate nutritional quality (soil and stubble maize, respectively) showed a greater capacity to grow and reproduce; however, it was surpassed by the native earthworm when fed a high-quality diet (M. pruriens). Besides, P. corethrurus displayed a low cocoon hatching (emergence of juveniles). These results suggest that the presence of the invasive species was associated with a negative interaction with the soil microbiota where the native species dwells, and with the absence of natural mutualistic bacteria (gut, nephridia, and cocoons). These results are consistent with the absence of P. corethrurus in milpa and pasture-type agricultural niches managed by peasants (agroecologists) to grow food regularly through biological soil management. Results reported here suggest that P. corethrurus is an invasive species that is neither wild nor domesticated, that is, its eco-evolutionary phylogeny needs to be derived based on its symbionts.}, }
@article {pmid31538637, year = {2019}, author = {Shang, C and Wang, E}, title = {Recent progress in Pt and Pd-based hybrid nanocatalysts for methanol electrooxidation.}, journal = {Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP}, volume = {21}, number = {38}, pages = {21185-21199}, doi = {10.1039/c9cp03600h}, pmid = {31538637}, issn = {1463-9084}, abstract = {Although Pt and Pd nanocrystals are among the most popular candidates for anode catalysts in direct methanol fuel cells, their catalytic properties still need to be further improved in order to reduce the costs. In view of this, fabricating hybrid nanomaterials by integrating noble metal nanocrystals and other species turns out to be a powerful way to produce unprecedented catalysts which could combine the merits of different components and modulate the electronic states of Pt or Pd at the same time. In this review, we list recent studies in the construction of heterostructured hybrid nanocatalysts through introducing external components into the noble metal nanocrystals. The mentioned external components include heteroatom doped carbon nanomaterials, metal oxides and hydroxides, as well as transition metal carbides, nitrides, phosphides, and sulfides. The construction methodologies and functions that these introduced species played in the catalytic processes of methanol electrooxidation are discussed. The attempts to maximize the catalytically active interfaces and utilization efficiencies of noble metals are also presented. Finally, the conclusions and existing problems in relevant nanocatalysts are provided.}, }
@article {pmid31536711, year = {2020}, author = {Reitz, SR and Gao, Y and Kirk, WDJ and Hoddle, MS and Leiss, KA and Funderburk, JE}, title = {Invasion Biology, Ecology, and Management of Western Flower Thrips.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {65}, number = {}, pages = {17-37}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-024947}, pmid = {31536711}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Herbivory ; Insect Control ; Thysanoptera/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, first arose as an important invasive pest of many crops during the 1970s-1980s. The tremendous growth in international agricultural trade that developed then fostered the invasiveness of western flower thrips. We examine current knowledge regarding the biology of western flower thrips, with an emphasis on characteristics that contribute to its invasiveness and pest status. Efforts to control this pest and the tospoviruses that it vectors with intensive insecticide applications have been unsuccessful and have created significant problems because of the development of resistance to numerous insecticides and associated outbreaks of secondary pests. We synthesize information on effective integrated management approaches for western flower thrips that have developed through research on its biology, behavior, and ecology. We further highlight emerging topics regarding the species status of western flower thrips, as well as its genetics, biology, and ecology that facilitate its use as a model study organism and will guide development of appropriate management practices.}, }
@article {pmid31536564, year = {2019}, author = {Zhu, X and Gopurenko, D and Serrano, M and Spencer, MA and Pieterse, PJ and Skoneczny, D and Lepschi, BJ and Reigosa, MJ and Gurr, GM and Callaway, RM and Weston, LA}, title = {Genetic evidence for plural introduction pathways of the invasive weed Paterson's curse (Echium plantagineum L.) to southern Australia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {e0222696}, pmid = {31536564}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Echium/*genetics ; Europe ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Plant Weeds/*genetics ; South Africa ; South Australia ; }, abstract = {Paterson's curse (Echium plantagineum L. (Boraginaceae)), is an herbaceous annual native to Western Europe and northwest Africa. It has been recorded in Australia since the 1800's and is now a major weed in pastures and rangelands, but its introduction history is poorly understood. An understanding of its invasion pathway and subsequent genetic structure is critical to the successful introduction of biological control agents and for provision of informed decisions for plant biosecurity efforts. We sampled E. plantagineum in its native (Iberian Peninsula), non-native (UK) and invaded ranges (Australia and South Africa) and analysed three chloroplast gene regions. Considerable genetic diversity was found among E. plantagineum in Australia, suggesting a complex introduction history. Fourteen haplotypes were identified globally, 10 of which were co-present in Australia and South Africa, indicating South Africa as an important source population, likely through contamination of traded goods or livestock. Haplotype 4 was most abundant in Australia (43%), and in historical and contemporary UK populations (80%), but scarce elsewhere (< 17%), suggesting that ornamental and/or other introductions from genetically impoverished UK sources were also important. Collectively, genetic evidence and historical records indicate E. plantagineum in southern Australia exists as an admixture that is likely derived from introduced source populations in both the UK and South Africa.}, }
@article {pmid31536486, year = {2019}, author = {Measey, J and Visser, V and Dgebuadze, Y and Inderjit,  and Li, B and Dechoum, M and Ziller, SR and Richardson, DM}, title = {The world needs BRICS countries to build capacity in invasion science.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {17}, number = {9}, pages = {e3000404}, pmid = {31536486}, issn = {1545-7885}, mesh = {*Developing Countries ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Developed countries are producing policies to reduce the flow of invasive species and control or eradicate existing invasions, but most developing countries are under-resourced to tackle either aspect without help. Emerging economies, such as Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS), are responsible for donating many of the world's invasive species that have the potential to reach nearly all terrestrial biomes. Implementing a proactive 'facilitated network' model is urgently required to build capacity and stimulate effective appropriate invasion science. We contend that creating a BRICS network of invasion scientists will have the immediate impact required to meet future policy demands.}, }
@article {pmid31534710, year = {2019}, author = {Liu, C and Scursoni, JA and Moreno, R and Zelaya, IA and Muñoz, MS and Kaundun, SS}, title = {An individual-based model of seed- and rhizome-propagated perennial plant species and sustainable management of Sorghum halepense in soybean production systems in Argentina.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {17}, pages = {10017-10028}, pmid = {31534710}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Perennial plants which propagate through both seeds and rhizomes are common in agricultural and nonagricultural systems. Due to their multifaceted life cycle, few population models are available for studying such species. We constructed a novel individual-based model to examine the effects of ecological, evolutionary, and anthropogenic factors on the population dynamics of perennial species. To exemplify the application of the model, we presented a case study of an important weed, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (Johnsongrass), in soybean productions in Argentina. The model encompasses a full perennial weed life cycle with both sexual (seeds) and asexual (rhizomes) propagations. The evolution of herbicide resistance was modeled based on either single genes or quantitative effects. Field experiments were conducted in the species' native environment in Argentina to parameterize the model. Simulation results showed that resistance conferred by single-gene mutations was predominantly affected by the initial frequency of resistance alleles and the associated fitness cost. Population dynamics were influenced by evolved resistance, soil tillage, and rhizome fecundity. Despite the pivotal role of rhizomes in driving the population dynamics of Johnsongrass, most herbicides target the aboveground biomass, and chemical solutions to control rhizomes are still very limited. To maintain effective (short-term) and sustainable (long-term) weed management, it is recommended to combine soil tillage with herbicide applications for suppressing the rhizomes and delaying the evolution of resistance. This novel model of seed- and rhizome-propagated plants will also be a useful tool for studying the evolutionary processes of other perennial weeds, cash crops, and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid31534706, year = {2019}, author = {Du, L and Liu, H and Guan, W and Li, J and Li, J}, title = {Drought affects the coordination of belowground and aboveground resource-related traits in Solidago canadensis in China.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {17}, pages = {9948-9960}, pmid = {31534706}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Quantifying patterns of variation and coordination of plant functional traits can help to understand the mechanisms underlying both invasiveness and adaptation of plants. Little is known about the coordinated variations of performance and functional traits of different organs in invasive plants, especially in response to their adaptation to environmental stressors. To identify the responses of the invasive species Solidago canadensis to drought, 180 individuals were randomly collected from 15 populations and 212 ramets were replanted in a greenhouse to investigate both the response and coordination between root and leaf functional traits. Drought significantly decreased plant growth and most of the root and leaf functional traits, that is, root length, surface area, volume and leaf size, number, and mass fraction, except for the root length ratio and root mass fraction. Phenotypic plasticity was higher in root traits than in leaf traits in response to drought, and populations did not differ significantly. The plasticity of most root functional traits, that is, root length (RL), root surface area (RSA), root volume (RV), and root mass fraction (RMF), were significantly positively correlated with biomass between control and drought. However, the opposite was found for leaf functional traits, that is, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area ratio (LAR), and leaf mass fraction (LMF). Drought enhanced the relationship between root and leaf, that is, 26 pairwise root-leaf traits were significantly correlated under drought, while only 15 pairwise root-leaf traits were significantly correlated under control conditions. Significant correlations were found between biomass and all measured functional traits except for leaf size. RV, root length ratio, RMF, total area of leaves, and LMF responded differently to water availability. These responses enable S. canadensis to cope with drought conditions and may help to explain the reason of the vast ecological amplitude of this species.}, }
@article {pmid31534694, year = {2019}, author = {Paterson, JE and Baxter-Gilbert, J and Beaudry, F and Carstairs, S and Chow-Fraser, P and Edge, CB and Lentini, AM and Litzgus, JD and Markle, CE and McKeown, K and Moore, JA and Refsnider, JM and Riley, JL and Rouse, JD and Seburn, DC and Zimmerling, JR and Davy, CM}, title = {Road avoidance and its energetic consequences for reptiles.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {17}, pages = {9794-9803}, pmid = {31534694}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Roads are one of the most widespread human-caused habitat modifications that can increase wildlife mortality rates and alter behavior. Roads can act as barriers with variable permeability to movement and can increase distances wildlife travel to access habitats. Movement is energetically costly, and avoidance of roads could therefore impact an animal's energy budget. We tested whether reptiles avoid roads or road crossings and explored whether the energetic consequences of road avoidance decreased individual fitness. Using telemetry data from Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii; 11,658 locations of 286 turtles from 15 sites) and eastern massasaugas (Sistrurus catenatus; 1,868 locations of 49 snakes from 3 sites), we compared frequency of observed road crossings and use of road-adjacent habitat by reptiles to expected frequencies based on simulated correlated random walks. Turtles and snakes did not avoid habitats near roads, but both species avoided road crossings. Compared with simulations, turtles made fewer crossings of paved roads with low speed limits and more crossings of paved roads with high speed limits. Snakes made fewer crossings of all road types than expected based on simulated paths. Turtles traveled longer daily distances when their home range contained roads, but the predicted energetic cost was negligible: substantially less than the cost of producing one egg. Snakes with roads in their home range did not travel further per day than snakes without roads in their home range. We found that turtles and snakes avoided crossing roads, but road avoidance is unlikely to impact fitness through energetic expenditures. Therefore, mortality from vehicle strikes remains the most significant impact of roads on reptile populations.}, }
@article {pmid31534665, year = {2019}, author = {Herden, J and Eckert, S and Stift, M and Joshi, J and van Kleunen, M}, title = {No evidence for local adaptation and an epigenetic underpinning in native and non-native ruderal plant species in Germany.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {17}, pages = {9412-9426}, pmid = {31534665}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Many invasive species have rapidly adapted to different environments in their new ranges. This is surprising, as colonization is usually associated with reduced genetic variation. Heritable phenotypic variation with an epigenetic basis may explain this paradox.Here, we assessed the contribution of DNA methylation to local adaptation in native and naturalized non-native ruderal plant species in Germany. We reciprocally transplanted offspring from natural populations of seven native and five non-native plant species between the Konstanz region in the south and the Potsdam region in the north of Germany. Before the transplant, half of the seeds were treated with the demethylation agent zebularine. We recorded survival, flowering probability, and biomass production as fitness estimates.Contrary to our expectations, we found little evidence for local adaptation, both among the native and among the non-native plant species. Zebularine treatment had mostly negative effects on overall plant performance, regardless of whether plants were local or not, and regardless of whether they were native or non-native. Synthesis. We conclude that local adaptation, at least at the scale of our study, plays no major role in the success of non-native and native ruderal plants. Consequently, we found no evidence yet for an epigenetic basis of local adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid31534410, year = {2019}, author = {Walcott, J and Bissada, C and Oxenford, HA}, title = {Initial sightings and derby data from the red lionfish invasion (Pterois volitans) (Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae) in Barbados.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e38219}, pmid = {31534410}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Native to the Indo-Pacific region, the lionfish (Pterois volitans and P. miles) has been classified as an alien invasive species which has rapidly invaded the North-western Atlantic and the Caribbean. The primary concerns regarding lionfish pertain to their broad diet, general habitat use and their potential threat on fisheries resources, native fish communities and human health. Away from natural predators, lionfish populations can easily become established and pose a serious threat to local fish species and ecosystem functioning. The first confirmed sighting of the red lionfish (Pterois volitans) in Barbados was in November 2011. Throughout 2012, fishermen and recreational divers were encouraged to report sightings of lionfish via an established hotline. Where possible, sightings were confirmed by way of the fish being captured and handed over to the Barbados Fisheries Division or the East Coast Conservation Organisation (ECCO) Inc. (an environmental NGO) for confirmation. In addition to confirmation, biological data (such as length, weight, sex and maturity) were also collected. Genetic research conducted on confirmed specimens collected between 2011-2013 identified the presence of only one species, P. volitans. Since the first confirmed sighting of the red lionfish in Barbados, it is believed that population numbers have steadily increased. One of the methods utilised in Barbados to control this alien invasive lionfish species is that of an annual derby. On 5 and 6 December 2015 and 13 November 2016, teams of divers (both free divers and SCUBA divers) took to the local waters to hunt for and kill lionfish. Caught lionfish were landed at scoring stations to be counted and allowed for the collection of basic biological data (such as length, weight, sex and maturity). In addition to biological data, teams (observers) also provided information on dive sites (locations) and associated geographic information (i.e. GPS coordinates), where available.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: These two datasets, initial sightings (2012) and derby data (2015 and 2016), present the first collected data for the red lionfish (P. volitans) in Barbados. The two datasets are occurrence datasets which document the identification of >1500 lionfish removed from the waters of Barbados between 2011 and 2016.}, }
@article {pmid31534381, year = {2019}, author = {Hu, J and Yang, M and Ye, ER and Ye, Y and Niu, Y}, title = {First record of the New Guinea flatworm Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) as an alien species in Hong Kong Island, China.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {873}, number = {}, pages = {1-7}, pmid = {31534381}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The New Guinea flatworm (Platydemus manokwari) caused extinction of the native land snails on several Pacific island in past decades, and therefore it has been listed among the top 100 of the world's worst invasive alien species. Using morphological and molecular methods, New Guinea flatworms were discovered and identified for the first time in Hong Kong Island during a field investigation in July and August 2018. The flatworms were 32-60 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, and 1-2 mm thick. The dorsal side of the flatworm was dark brown with a thin yellow central line, and its ventral side appeared pale grey. To further verify this species, both 18S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COX1) obtained from three specimens of P. manokwari were sequenced and analysed. While comparing these sequences with those previously deposited in GenBank, these 18S rDNA sequences shared 100% identity with the single available 18S rDNA sequence of P. manokwari; and the obtained COX1 sequences were identical to those of P. manokwari world genotype. Two native snails, Criptosoma imperator and Bradybaena similaris, have been found to be the prey of this predator during this investigation. Therefore, the invasive New Guinea flatworm certainly will cause a serious impact on the biodiversity of native snail populations, and an economic and environmental risk assessment for P. manokwari need to be completed in the near future in Hong Kong.}, }
@article {pmid31533320, year = {2019}, author = {Gomez-Zavaglia, A and Prieto Lage, MA and Jimenez-Lopez, C and Mejuto, JC and Simal-Gandara, J}, title = {The Potential of Seaweeds as a Source of Functional Ingredients of Prebiotic and Antioxidant Value.}, journal = {Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {31533320}, issn = {2076-3921}, abstract = {Two thirds of the world is covered by oceans, whose upper layer is inhabited by algae. This means that there is a large extension to obtain these photoautotrophic organisms. Algae have undergone a boom in recent years, with consequent discoveries and advances in this field. Algae are not only of high ecological value but also of great economic importance. Possible applications of algae are very diverse and include anti-biofilm activity, production of biofuels, bioremediation, as fertilizer, as fish feed, as food or food ingredients, in pharmacology (since they show antioxidant or contraceptive activities), in cosmeceutical formulation, and in such other applications as filters or for obtaining minerals. In this context, algae as food can be of help to maintain or even improve human health, and there is a growing interest in new products called functional foods, which can promote such a healthy state. Therefore, in this search, one of the main areas of research is the extraction and characterization of new natural ingredients with biological activity (e.g., prebiotic and antioxidant) that can contribute to consumers' well-being. The present review shows the results of a bibliographic survey on the chemical composition of macroalgae, together with a critical discussion about their potential as natural sources of new functional ingredients.}, }
@article {pmid31530868, year = {2019}, author = {Ribeiro, LP and Carvalho, T and Becker, CG and Jenkinson, TS and Leite, DDS and James, TY and Greenspan, SE and Toledo, LF}, title = {Bullfrog farms release virulent zoospores of the frog-killing fungus into the natural environment.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {13422}, pmid = {31530868}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Batrachochytrium/*genetics/*pathogenicity ; Commerce ; Farms ; Genotype ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Internationality ; Introduced Species ; Larva/microbiology ; Mycoses/*transmission/veterinary ; Rana catesbeiana/*microbiology ; *Spores, Fungal ; }, abstract = {Bullfrog farming and trade practices are well-established, globally distributed, and economically valuable, but pose risks for biodiversity conservation. Besides their negative impacts on native amphibian populations as an invasive species, bullfrogs play a key role in spreading the frog-killing fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) in the natural environment. Bullfrogs are tolerant to Bd, meaning that they can carry high infection loads without developing chytridiomycosis. To test the potential of bullfrog farms as reservoirs for diverse and virulent chytrid genotypes, we quantified Bd presence, prevalence and infection loads across approximately 1,500 farmed bullfrogs and in the water that is released from farms into the environment. We also described Bd genotypic diversity within frog farms by isolating Bd from dozens of infected tadpoles. We observed individuals infected with Bd in all sampled farms, with high prevalence (reaching 100%) and high infection loads (average 71,029 zoospore genomic equivalents). Average outflow water volume from farms was high (60,000 L/day), with Bd zoospore concentration reaching approximately 50 million zoospores/L. Because virulent pathogen strains are often selected when growing in tolerant hosts, we experimentally tested whether Bd genotypes isolated from bullfrogs are more virulent in native anuran hosts compared to genotypes isolated from native host species. We genotyped 36 Bd isolates from two genetic lineages and found that Bd genotypes cultured from bullfrogs showed similar virulence in native toads when compared to genotypes isolated from native hosts. Our results indicate that bullfrog farms can harbor high Bd genotypic diversity and virulence and may be contributing to the spread of virulent genotypes in the natural environment. We highlight the urgent need to implement Bd monitoring and mitigation strategies in bullfrog farms to aid in the conservation of native amphibians.}, }
@article {pmid31529823, year = {2019}, author = {Solórzano-Alava, L and Sánchez-Amador, F and Valverde, T}, title = {Angiostrongylus (Parastrongylus) cantonensis on intermediate and definitive hosts in Ecuador, 2014-2017.}, journal = {Biomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, pages = {370-384}, doi = {10.7705/biomedica.v39i3.4387}, pmid = {31529823}, issn = {2590-7379}, mesh = {Angiostrongylus cantonensis/growth &amp; development/*isolation &amp; purification ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/parasitology ; Disease Reservoirs/*parasitology ; *Disease Vectors ; Ecuador/epidemiology ; Female ; Geography, Medical ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Life Cycle Stages ; Rats/*parasitology ; Rodent Diseases/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Snails/*parasitology ; Species Specificity ; Strongylida Infections/epidemiology/*transmission/veterinary ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {Introduction: Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a serious public health problem and is widely distributed in the country. When the parasite infects the snails, it becomes deeply embedded in their interior and accidentally, it can infect people and other mammals. Objective: To establish the geographical distribution of A. cantonensis intermediate hosts (Achatina fulica) and definitive hosts (Rattus spp.) in Ecuador from 2014 to 2017. Materials and methods: We collected 2,908 A. fulica specimens in 16 provinces using the capture method per unit of effort for 30 minutes. We captured 211 hosts of which 20 were Rattus rattus and 191 R. norvegicus. The specimens were transported to the Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública e Investigación in Guayaquil where the larvae L3 were identified and counted in the tissues of the snail, which were then inoculated in laboratory rats to reproduce the life cycle. In the rodents, the brains, hearts, lung arteries and lungs were dissected, and the parasites were identified by taxonomic morphology. Results: Of the snails harvested, 441 were positive for A. cantonensis (15.2%) and a total of 6,166 L3 larvae were found; 77 (36.5%) specimens of Rattus spp., were infected with A. cantonensis and a total of 220 parasites (L4-L5 larvae and adult worms) were collected. Conclusions: We confirmed the presence of A. cantonensis in several provinces, which ratifies the endemic nature of this zoonosis in the national territory. Rattus spp. specimens constitute the definitive hosts of the parasite, which together with the presence of intermediate hosts, indicates the zoonotic potential of this parasitic infection.}, }
@article {pmid31529747, year = {2020}, author = {Osland, MJ and Feher, LC}, title = {Winter climate change and the poleward range expansion of a tropical invasive tree (Brazilian pepper-Schinus terebinthifolius).}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {607-615}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14842}, pmid = {31529747}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//USGS Invasive Species Program/International ; //USGS Ecosystems Mission Area/International ; //USGS Land Change Science Climate R&amp;D Program/International ; //USGS Greater Everglades Priority Ecosystems Science Program/International ; }, mesh = {*Anacardiaceae ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Florida ; Gulf of Mexico ; Southeastern United States ; Temperature ; Trees ; United States ; }, abstract = {Winter climate change is expected to lead to the tropicalization of temperate ecosystems, where tropical species expand poleward in response to a decrease in the intensity and duration of winter temperature extremes (i.e., freeze events). In the southeastern United States, freezing temperatures control the northern range limits of many invasive nonnative species. Here, we examine the influence of freezing temperatures and winter climate change on the northern range limits of an invasive nonnative tree-Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper). Since introduction in the 1800s, Brazilian pepper has invaded ecosystems throughout south and central Florida to become the state's most widespread nonnative plant species. Although Brazilian pepper is sensitive to freezing temperatures, temperature controls on its northern distribution have not been adequately quantified. We used temperature and plant occurrence data to quantify the sensitivity of Brazilian pepper to freezing temperatures. Then, we examined the potential for range expansion under three alternative future climate scenarios (+2°C, +4°C, and +6°C). Our analyses identify a strong nonlinear sigmoidal relationship between minimum temperature and Brazilian pepper presence, with a discrete threshold temperature occurring near -11°C. Our future scenario analyses indicate that, in response to warming winter temperatures, Brazilian pepper is expected to expand northward and transform ecosystems in north Florida and across much of the Gulf of Mexico and south Atlantic coasts of the United States. These results underscore the importance of early detection and rapid response efforts to identify and manage the northward invasion of Brazilian pepper in response to climate change. Looking more broadly, our work highlights the need to anticipate and prepare for the tropicalization of temperate ecosystems by tropical invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid31527924, year = {2019}, author = {Lenzner, B and Leclère, D and Franklin, O and Seebens, H and Roura-Pascual, N and Obersteiner, M and Dullinger, S and Essl, F}, title = {A Framework for Global Twenty-First Century Scenarios and Models of Biological Invasions.}, journal = {Bioscience}, volume = {69}, number = {9}, pages = {697-710}, pmid = {31527924}, issn = {0006-3568}, support = {I 4011/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions have emerged as an eminent feature of global change, with substantial impacts on the environment and human livelihoods. Current research demonstrates that the numbers and impacts of alien species are rising unabatedly. At the same time, we lack a thorough understanding of potential future trajectories for the decades to come. With the recent establishment of comprehensive global databases, it is, for the first time, feasible to develop and quantify future scenarios of biological invasions. Therefore, we propose a conceptual framework for how to develop alien species scenarios for the twenty-first century and how to identify relevant steps and challenges along the way. The concept will be important to inform research, policy, stakeholders, and the general public. Furthermore, we call for the scientific community to join forces and to operationalize the framework for scenarios and models of biological invasions to develop an important baseline for understanding and managing future biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid31527890, year = {2019}, author = {Li, FF and Gong, L and Li, JS and Liu, XY and Zhao, CY}, title = {Low genetic differentiation yet high phenotypic variation in the invasive populations of Spartina alterniflora in Guangxi, China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {e0222646}, pmid = {31527890}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis/methods ; Biological Variation, Population/*genetics ; China ; Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Poaceae/*genetics ; Salinity ; Soil/chemistry ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Genetic variation and population structure may reflect important information for invasion success of exotic plant species and thus help improve management of invasive plants. Spartina alterniflora is an invasive plant that is a major threat to the economy and environment of the coastal regions in China. We analyzed the genetic structure and diversity of six populations of S. alterniflora differing in invasion histories in Guangxi, China. A total of 176 individuals from the six populations produced 348 AFLP fragments. The average heterozygosity was significantly lower than in the native population. And genetic bottlenecks were also detected in most populations. Standardized FST statistics (Φpt = 0.015) and AMOVA results indicated weak genetic differentiation. Genetic admixture and obviously isolation by distance indicated populations in Guangxi come from a pre-admixed population by a single introduction. High phenotypic variations of S. alterniflora in Guangxi influenced by soil salinity and temperature might be an important reason for the successful invasion.}, }
@article {pmid31527883, year = {2019}, author = {Madden, MJL and Young, RG and Brown, JW and Miller, SE and Frewin, AJ and Hanner, RH}, title = {Using DNA barcoding to improve invasive pest identification at U.S. ports-of-entry.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {e0222291}, pmid = {31527883}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/*genetics ; DNA/genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; Humans ; Microcephaly/diagnosis/parasitology ; Pest Control/*methods ; Retrospective Studies ; }, abstract = {Interception of potential invasive species at ports-of-entry is essential for effective biosecurity and biosurveillance programs. However, taxonomic assessment of the immature stages of most arthropods is challenging; characters for identification are often dependent on adult morphology and reproductive structures. This study aims to strengthen the identification of such specimens through DNA barcoding, with a focus on microlepidoptera. A sample of 241 primarily immature microlepidoptera specimens intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry from 2007 to 2011 were selected for analysis. From this sample, 201 COI-5P sequences were generated and analyzed for concordance between morphology-based and DNA-based identifications. The retrospective analysis of the data over 10 years (2009 to 2019) using the Barcode of Life Data (BOLD) system demonstrates the importance of establishing and growing DNA barcode reference libraries for use in specimen identification. Additionally, analysis of specimen identification using public data (43.3% specimens identified) vs. non-public data (78.6% specimens identified) highlights the need to encourage researchers to make data publicly accessible. DNA barcoding surpassed morphological identification with 42.3% (public) and 66.7% (non-public) of the sampled specimens achieving a species-level identification, compared to 38.3% species-level identification by morphology. Whilst DNA barcoding was not able to identify all specimens in our dataset, its incorporation into border security programs as an adjunct to morphological identification can provide secondary lines of evidence and lower taxonomic resolution in many cases. Furthermore, with increased globalization, database records need to be clearly annotated for suspected specimen origin versus interception location.}, }
@article {pmid31527260, year = {2019}, author = {Dunlop, ES and Goto, D and Jackson, DA}, title = {Fishing down then up the food web of an invaded lake.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {116}, number = {40}, pages = {19995-20001}, pmid = {31527260}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Canada ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Fisheries ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Oceans and Seas ; Seafood ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Analysis of commercial catches reveals a serial depletion of some oceanic fish stocks over time, resulting in fisheries focusing on increasingly smaller species closer to the base of the food chain. This effect, described as fishing down the marine food web, is observed when the trophic level of the catch declines over time, raising concerns about the ecosystem impacts of fishing. Freshwater systems also experience harvest, yet do not appear to commonly show the same fishing down response perhaps because time series are too short to witness early depletions, fishing is often recreational, or other factors like stocking and invasive species influence patterns. Here we make use of extensive catch records from Lake Simcoe dating back to the 1860s, to examine if fishing down effects are observed in this highly exploited Canadian inland lake. We measured 2 commonly used indicators from catch data, mean trophic level (MTL) and fishing-in-balance (FiB), and compared trends between a historical period dominated by commercial fishing and a contemporary period when commercial fishing ceased and recreational fishing effort increased. We found a striking difference between the 2 time periods, with MTL (and to some extent FiB) declining during commercial fishing but increasing during recreational fishing. However, indicators either increased or decreased due to invasive species and increased due to stocking. We show that while declining MTL can occur in a freshwater lake, the trajectory can be altered by a switch to recreational fishing, as well as stocking and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid31527176, year = {2019}, author = {Steell, SC and Van Leeuwen, TE and Brownscombe, JW and Cooke, SJ and Eliason, EJ}, title = {An appetite for invasion: digestive physiology, thermal performance and food intake in lionfish (Pterois spp.).}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {222}, number = {Pt 19}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.209437}, pmid = {31527176}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; Appetite/*physiology ; Basal Metabolism/physiology ; *Digestive System Physiological Phenomena ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Perciformes/*physiology ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Species invasions threaten global biodiversity, and physiological characteristics may determine their impact. Specific dynamic action (SDA; the increase in metabolic rate associated with feeding and digestion) is one such characteristic, strongly influencing an animal's energy budget and feeding ecology. We investigated the relationship between SDA, scope for activity, metabolic phenotype, temperature and feeding frequency in lionfish (Pterois spp.), which are invasive to western Atlantic marine ecosystems. Intermittent-flow respirometry was used to determine SDA, scope for activity and metabolic phenotype at 26°C and 32°C. Maximum metabolic rate occurred during digestion, as opposed to exhaustive exercise, as in more athletic species. SDA and its duration (SDAdur) were 30% and 45% lower at 32°C than at 26°C, respectively, and lionfish ate 42% more at 32°C. Despite a 32% decline in scope for activity from 26°C to 32°C, aerobic scope may have increased by 24%, as there was a higher range between standard metabolic rate (SMR) and peak SDA (SDApeak; the maximum postprandial metabolic rate). Individuals with high SMR and low scope for activity phenotypes had a less costly SDA and shorter SDAdur but a higher SDApeak Feeding frequently had a lower and more consistent cost than consuming a single meal, but increased SDApeak These findings demonstrate that: (1) lionfish are robust physiological performers in terms of SDA and possibly aerobic scope at temperatures approaching their thermal maximum, (2) lionfish may consume more prey as oceans warm with climate change, and (3) metabolic phenotype and feeding frequency may be important mediators of feeding ecology in fish.}, }
@article {pmid31527151, year = {2020}, author = {Noorbakhsh, J and Zhao, ZM and Russell, JC and Chuang, JH}, title = {Treating Cancer as an Invasive Species.}, journal = {Molecular cancer research : MCR}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {20-26}, pmid = {31527151}, issn = {1557-3125}, support = {P30 CA034196/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 CA230031/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R21 CA191848/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; U24 CA224067/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Neoplasms/*drug therapy ; }, abstract = {To cure a patient's cancer is to eradicate invasive cells from the ecosystem of the body. However, the ecologic complexity of this challenge is not well understood. Here we show how results from eradications of invasive mammalian species from islands-one of the few contexts in which invasive species have been regularly cleared-inform new research directions for treating cancer. We first summarize the epidemiologic characteristics of island invader eradications and cancer treatments by analyzing recent datasets from the Database of Invasive Island Species Eradications and The Cancer Genome Atlas, detailing the superior successes of island eradication projects. Next, we compare how genetic and environmental factors impact success in each system. These comparisons illuminate a number of promising cancer research and treatment directions, such as heterogeneity engineering as motivated by gene drives and adaptive therapy; multiscale analyses of how population heterogeneity potentiates treatment resistance; and application of ecological data mining techniques to high-throughput cancer data. We anticipate that interdisciplinary comparisons between tumor progression and invasive species would inspire development of novel paradigms to cure cancer.}, }
@article {pmid31525270, year = {2020}, author = {Urban, JM}, title = {Perspective: shedding light on spotted lanternfly impacts in the USA.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {76}, number = {1}, pages = {10-17}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5619}, pmid = {31525270}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University/ ; //Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture/ ; //USDA APHIS PPQ/ ; PEN04695//USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; 1018894//USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera ; }, abstract = {Spotted lanternfly (SLF), Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) is an invasive phloem-feeding planthopper currently being quarantined in a 24 000 km[2] area in eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and Delaware, with a second population under quarantine in a 46 km[2] area in Virginia. Because this insect feeds on over 70 species of plants, it has the potential to impact a wide range of sectors, and as a result, there has been great public speculation that the economic impact of SLF could be severe. SLF is a large-bodied voracious feeder that reduces plant resources directly by feeding, and indirectly, from sooty mold that grows on its excrement and blocks photosynthesis. SLF is causing severe damage to vineyards from feeding, and is a significant nuisance pest. It has high potential for spread via human-mediated transport, particularly of egg cases, and may therefore significantly impact commerce in the near future. The ultimate impacts of this insect are not yet known, and will depend upon its longer term impacts on plant and tree health, and the extent to which its range expands. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid31525221, year = {2019}, author = {Bezeng, BS and van der Bank, HF}, title = {DNA barcoding of southern African crustaceans reveals a mix of invasive species and potential cryptic diversity.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {e0222047}, pmid = {31525221}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa, Southern ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Crustacea/classification/*genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods/*standards ; *Introduced Species ; *Phylogeny ; Reference Standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; }, abstract = {Globally, crustaceans represent one of the most taxonomically diverse and economically important invertebrate group. Notwithstanding, the diversity within this group is poorly known because most crustaceans are often associated with varied habits, forms, sizes and habitats; making species identification by conventional methods extremely challenging. In addition, progress towards understanding the diversity within this group especially in southern Africa has been severely hampered by the declining number of trained taxonomists, the presence of invasive alien species, over exploitation, etc. However, the advent of molecular techniques such as "DNA barcoding and Metabarcoding" can accelerate species identification and the discovery of new species. To contribute to the growing body of knowledge on crustacean diversity, we collected data from five southern African countries and used a DNA barcoding approach to build the first DNA barcode reference library for southern African crustaceans. We tested the reliability of this DNA barcode reference library to facilitate species identification using two approaches. We recovered high efficacy of specimen identification/discrimination; supported by both barcode gap and tree-base species identification methods. In addition, we identified alien invasive species and specimens with 'no ID" in our DNA barcode reference library. The later; highlighting specimens requiring (i) further investigation and/or (ii) the potential presence of cryptic diversity or (iii) misidentifications. This unique data set although with some sampling gaps presents many opportunities for exploring the effect and extent of invasive alien species, the role of the pet trade as a pathway for crustacean species introduction into novel environments, sea food authentication, phylogenetic relationships within the larger crustacean groupings and the discovery of new species.}, }
@article {pmid31519928, year = {2019}, author = {Viera, C and Garcia, LF and Lacava, M and Fang, J and Wang, X and Kasumovic, MM and Blamires, SJ}, title = {Silk physico-chemical variability and mechanical robustness facilitates intercontinental invasibility of a spider.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {13273}, pmid = {31519928}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; *Introduced Species ; Silk/*chemistry ; Species Specificity ; Spiders/*chemistry ; Surface Properties ; *Tensile Strength ; }, abstract = {There are substantive problems associated with invasive species, including threats to endemic organisms and biodiversity. Understanding the mechanisms driving invasions is thus critical. Variable extended phenotypes may enable animals to invade into novel environments. We explored here the proposition that silk variability is a facilitator of invasive success for the highly invasive Australian house spider, Badumna longinqua. We compared the physico-chemical and mechanical properties and underlying gene expressions of its major ampullate (MA) silk between a native Sydney population and an invasive counterpart from Montevideo, Uruguay. We found that while differential gene expressions might explain the differences in silk amino acid compositions and protein nanostructures, we did not find any significant differences in silk mechanical properties across the populations. Our results accordingly suggest that B. longinqua's silk remains functionally robust despite underlying physico-chemical and genetic variability as the spider expands its range across continents. They also imply that a combination of silk physico-chemical plasticity combined with mechanical robustness might contribute more broadly to spider invasibilities.}, }
@article {pmid31519051, year = {2019}, author = {Reis, LK and Guerra, A and Colado, MLZ and Borges, FLG and Oliveira, MDR and Gondim, EX and Sinani, TRF and Guerin, N and Garcia, LC}, title = {Which spatial arrangement of green manure is able to reduce herbivory and invasion of exotic grasses in native species?.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {29}, number = {8}, pages = {e02000}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2000}, pmid = {31519051}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {//CAPES/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ecology ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Manure ; *Poaceae ; Soil ; }, abstract = {The practice of using green manure for ecological restoration has grown so significantly that there is a shortage of seeds for purchase on the market. Nonetheless, there is very little literature available demonstrating the effects and benefits commonly cited for green manure for addressing important environmental filters, such as herbivory and invasive grasses. Our objective is to determine which spatial sowing arrangement including green manure promotes the lowest rates of herbivory on native species and decreases cover by invasive grasses in ecological restoration. We experimentally tested three sowing configurations of green manure intercropping with native species: T1 the lowest herbivoy rate for both native and green manure, mixture of native and green manure species in the same row, T2, alternating rows of green manure and native species, and T3, rows of native species intercropped with a 2 m wide strip of green manure. We found that (1) green manure species experience greater damage from herbivory than do native species, with average values ranging from 1.8 times higher values in green manure than natives in T1, 2.9 times in T2, and 2.7 times in T3 (when sown in rows and in broader strips, green manure and native species attract more herbivorous insects than if they were sown together [muvuca]); and (2) when green manure and native species are planted mixed in the same row they produce greater soil cover, and thus limit invasion by undesired species. The use of green manure has been identified as an alternative method for overcoming the environmental filters of herbivory and invasive grasses in restoration areas. Considering the demand for information that supports the use of green manure for purposes of ecological restoration, the novel results of the present study fill a void and should prove to be of great interest to researchers and practitioners. In addition, the presented results provide information on efficient and low-cost restoration techniques that are necessary for the activity to gain scale, enabling countries to meet the large restoration targets.}, }
@article {pmid31514459, year = {2019}, author = {Prudic, KL and Wilson, JK and Toshack, MC and Gerst, KL and Rosemartin, A and Crimmins, TM and Oliver, JC}, title = {Creating the Urban Farmer's Almanac with Citizen Science Data.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {31514459}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {G18AC00135//U.S. Geological Survey/ ; NA//University of Arizona/ ; }, abstract = {Agriculture has long been a part of the urban landscape, from gardens to small scale farms. In recent decades, interest in producing food in cities has grown dramatically, with an estimated 30% of the global urban population engaged in some form of food production. Identifying and managing the insect biodiversity found on city farms is a complex task often requiring years of study and specialization, especially in urban landscapes which have a complicated tapestry of fragmentation, diversity, pollution, and introduced species. Supporting urban growers with relevant data informs insect management decision-making for both growers and their neighbors, yet this information can be difficult to come by. In this study, we introduced several web-based citizen science programs that can connect growers with useful data products and people to help with the who, what, where, and when of urban insects. Combining the power of citizen science volunteers with the efforts of urban farmers can result in a clearer picture of the diversity and ecosystem services in play, limited insecticide use, and enhanced non-chemical alternatives. Connecting urban farming practices with citizen science programs also demonstrates the ecosystem value of urban agriculture and engages more citizens with the topics of food production, security, and justice in their communities.}, }
@article {pmid31511247, year = {2019}, author = {Xue, Q and Wu, XQ}, title = {Characteristics and function of a novel cystatin gene in the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.}, journal = {Biology open}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {31511247}, issn = {2046-6390}, abstract = {Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the pathogen that causes pine wilt disease (PWD). The disease has caused significant economic losses and damage to forests. However, the pathogenic mechanism of B. xylophilus remains unclear. Cystatins are involved in various biological processes where they regulate normal proteolysis and also play a role in pathogenicity, but their functions in B. xylophilus are unknown. Therefore, we cloned the full-length cDNA of a cystatin gene of B. xylophilus (Bx-cpi-1) by rapid-amplification of cDNA ends and analyzed its characteristics with bioinformatic methods. In situ mRNA hybridization analyses showed that transcripts of Bx-cpi-1 were abundantly expressed in the reproductive organs of B. xylophilus The expression of Bx-cpi-1 was investigated using qPCR. Bx-cpi-1 was expressed during each of the different developmental stages of B. xylophilus The highest gene expression was at the egg stage. After infection of Pinus massoniana, the expression of Bx-cpi-1 increased. The functions of Bx-cpi-1 were verified by RNA interference. The feeding rate, reproduction and pathogenicity of B. xylophilus all decreased as a result of silencing of the Bx-cpi-1 gene. These results revealed that Bx-cpi-1 may be a variant of a type II cystatin gene which is involved in the development and pathogenic process of B. xylophilus.}, }
@article {pmid31510977, year = {2019}, author = {Osaki, A and Sashika, M and Abe, G and Shinjo, K and Fujimoto, A and Nakai, M and Shimozuru, M and Tsubota, T}, title = {Comparison of feeding habits and habitat use between invasive raccoons and native raccoon dogs in Hokkaido, Japan.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {35}, pmid = {31510977}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Habits ; Humans ; Japan ; *Raccoon Dogs ; *Raccoons ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In Japan, invasive raccoons cause severe ecological and social problems by transmitting pathogens to humans, livestock, and native species, causing substantial crop damage, and competing with native species. Possible competition between invasive raccoons and native raccoon dogs is of concern in Japan because Japanese raccoon dogs have a limited distribution and are native only to Japan and the two species have similar characteristics. We assessed potential competition between raccoons and raccoon dogs by comparing feeding habits and habitat use.<br><br>RESULTS: Both species were captured in Hokkaido, Japan from 2004 to 2017. More raccoons were captured close to agricultural land at the forest periphery (70.1%, 358/511); conversely, more raccoon dogs were captured in the forest core (74.9%, 253/338). Feeding habits were then examined by fecal analysis and stable isotope analyses. Fecal analysis revealed both species to be opportunistic omnivores that consumed easily found food items. However, raccoon feces contained more crops, whereas raccoon dog feces contained more insects, reflecting the different locations in which the species were trapped. Moreover, stable isotope ratios were significantly higher in raccoons than raccoon dogs (Corn has the highest carbon stable isotope (&#x3b4;[13]C) value, and amphibians and reptiles are high in nitrogen stable isotope (&#x3b4;[15]N); forest resources such as insects and wild fruits are low in &#x3b4;[13]C and &#x3b4;[15]N).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that both species ate similar food types, but their food preferences appeared to differ. Raccoon and raccoon dog habitat use also differed, possibly because the two species inhabited areas where they could easily obtain their preferred foods. Therefore, the current feeding habits and habitat use of raccoons do not appear to overlap sufficiently with those of raccoon dogs to impact the latter. The results of this study, particularly the stable isotope data, may provide a useful precedent for future studies of competition in medium-sized mammals, particularly canids.}, }
@article {pmid31506519, year = {2019}, author = {Gaffke, AM and Sing, SE and Dudley, TL and Bean, DW and Russak, JA and Mafra-Neto, A and Peterson, RKD and Weaver, DK}, title = {Field demonstration of a semiochemical treatment that enhances Diorhabda carinulata biological control of Tamarix spp.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {13051}, pmid = {31506519}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Entomology/methods ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Reproduction ; *Tamaricaceae ; }, abstract = {The northern tamarisk beetle Diorhabda carinulata (Desbrochers) was approved for release in the United States for classical biological control of a complex of invasive saltcedar species and their hybrids (Tamarix spp.). An aggregation pheromone used by D. carinulata to locate conspecifics is fundamental to colonization and reproductive success. A specialized matrix formulated for controlled release of this aggregation pheromone was developed as a lure to manipulate adult densities in the field. One application of the lure at onset of adult emergence for each generation provided long term attraction and retention of D. carinulata adults on treated Tamarix spp. plants. Treated plants exhibited greater levels of defoliation, dieback and canopy reduction. Application of a single, well-timed aggregation pheromone treatment per generation increased the efficacy of this classical weed biological control agent.}, }
@article {pmid31506463, year = {2019}, author = {Bojko, J and Subramaniam, K and Waltzek, TB and Stentiford, GD and Behringer, DC}, title = {Genomic and developmental characterisation of a novel bunyavirus infecting the crustacean Carcinus maenas.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {12957}, pmid = {31506463}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Brachyura/genetics/*virology ; Bunyaviridae Infections/genetics/*virology ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; *Genome, Viral ; Orthobunyavirus/genetics/*growth &amp; development/isolation &amp; purification ; *Phylogeny ; Sequence Homology ; }, abstract = {Carcinus maenas is in the top 100 globally invasive species and harbours a wide diversity of pathogens, including viruses. We provide a detailed description for a novel bunyavirus (Carcinus maenas Portunibunyavirus 1) infecting C. maenas from its native range in the Faroe Islands. The virus genome is tripartite, including large (L) (6766 bp), medium (M) (3244 bp) and small (S) (1608 bp) negative sense, single-stranded RNA segments. Individual genomic segments are flanked by 4 bp regions of similarity (CCUG). The segments encode an RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase, glycoprotein, non-structural protein with a Zinc-Finger domain and a nucleoprotein. Most show highest identity to the 'Wenling Crustacean Virus 9' from an unidentified crustacean host. Phylogenomics of crustacean-infecting bunyaviruses place them across multiple bunyavirus families. We discuss the diversity of crustacean bunyaviruses and provide an overview of how these viruses may affect the health and survival of crustacean hosts, including those inhabiting niches outside of their native range.}, }
@article {pmid31506352, year = {2019}, author = {Ryan, SF and Lombaert, E and Espeset, A and Vila, R and Talavera, G and Dincă, V and Doellman, MM and Renshaw, MA and Eng, MW and Hornett, EA and Li, Y and Pfrender, ME and Shoemaker, D}, title = {Global invasion history of the agricultural pest butterfly Pieris rapae revealed with genomics and citizen science.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {116}, number = {40}, pages = {20015-20024}, pmid = {31506352}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Animals ; Butterflies/*classification/*genetics ; *Citizen Science ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Genomics/methods ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The small cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae, is a major agricultural pest of cruciferous crops and has been introduced to every continent except South America and Antarctica as a result of human activities. In an effort to reconstruct the near-global invasion history of P. rapae, we developed a citizen science project, the "Pieris Project," and successfully amassed thousands of specimens from 32 countries worldwide. We then generated and analyzed nuclear (double-digest restriction site-associated DNA fragment procedure [ddRAD]) and mitochondrial DNA sequence data for these samples to reconstruct and compare different global invasion history scenarios. Our results bolster historical accounts of the global spread and timing of P. rapae introductions. We provide molecular evidence supporting the hypothesis that the ongoing divergence of the European and Asian subspecies of P. rapae (∼1,200 y B.P.) coincides with the diversification of brassicaceous crops and the development of human trade routes such as the Silk Route (Silk Road). The further spread of P. rapae over the last ∼160 y was facilitated by human movement and trade, resulting in an almost linear series of at least 4 founding events, with each introduced population going through a severe bottleneck and serving as the source for the next introduction. Management efforts of this agricultural pest may need to consider the current existence of multiple genetically distinct populations. Finally, the international success of the Pieris Project demonstrates the power of the public to aid scientists in collections-based research addressing important questions in invasion biology, and in ecology and evolutionary biology more broadly.}, }
@article {pmid31506048, year = {2019}, author = {Polverino, G and Karakaya, M and Spinello, C and Soman, VR and Porfiri, M}, title = {Behavioural and life-history responses of mosquitofish to biologically inspired and interactive robotic predators.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {16}, number = {158}, pages = {20190359}, pmid = {31506048}, issn = {1742-5662}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cyprinodontiformes ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Robotics ; *Swimming ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species threaten biodiversity worldwide and contribute to biotic homogenization, especially in freshwaters, where the ability of native animals to disperse is limited. Robotics may offer a promising tool to address this compelling problem, but whether and how invasive species can be negatively affected by robotic stimuli is an open question. Here, we explore the possibility of modulating behavioural and life-history responses of mosquitofish by varying the degree of biomimicry of a robotic predator, whose appearance and locomotion are inspired by natural mosquitofish predators. Our results support the prediction that real-time interactions at varying swimming speeds evoke a more robust antipredator response in mosquitofish than simpler movement patterns by the robot, especially in individuals with better body conditions that are less prone to take risks. Through an information-theoretic analysis of animal-robot interactions, we offer evidence in favour of a causal link between the motion of the robotic predator and a fish antipredator response. Remarkably, we observe that even a brief exposure to the robotic predator of 15 min per week is sufficient to erode energy reserves and compromise the body condition of mosquitofish, opening the door for future endeavours to control mosquitofish in the wild.}, }
@article {pmid31505666, year = {2019}, author = {Murillo, AC}, title = {Highlights in the Field of Veterinary Entomology, 2018.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {56}, number = {5}, pages = {1194-1198}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjz111}, pmid = {31505666}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {*Entomology ; *Insect Control ; *Veterinary Medicine ; }, abstract = {The 2018 annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America meeting theme 'Crossing Boarders' guided the veterinary highlight compilation of papers, focusing on the themes: 1) emerging and re-emerging pest threats; 2) alternative control methods; and 3) tools for future research. Here the papers presented are summarized to serve as a presentation archive.}, }
@article {pmid31504695, year = {2019}, author = {Thorne, BL and Vargo, EL and Adams, ES and Johnson, LNL}, title = {Genetic Analysis of Invasive Conehead Termites (Blattodea: Termitidae) Reveals a Single Origin for Two Populations in Florida.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {6}, pages = {2545-2557}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz227}, pmid = {31504695}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cockroaches ; Florida ; *Isoptera ; Microsatellite Repeats ; South America ; }, abstract = {In 2001, Nasutitermes corniger (Motschulsky), common name conehead termite, were discovered near a marina in Dania Beach, FL, where the invasive species was probably transported from its native range in Central and South America or the Caribbean. In January 2016, an infestation was found in Pompano Beach, Florida, approximately 21 km north of the Dania Beach population. This study compares variants in seven microsatellite loci across specimens from 11 nests in Dania Beach and 8 nests in Pompano Beach. Results are consistent with all N. corniger in both locations being descendants of a single introduced colony, spreading within Broward County, FL through human transport of infested materials. No more than four alleles were found at any of the seven microsatellite loci analyzed, inferring that a single Queen and King, or multiple sibling reproductives descended from a monogamous pair, headed the colony that arrived in Florida. The potential economic and environmental impacts of this invasive termite are enormous due to its broad diet, including agricultural crops and orchards, native and ornamental plants, natural landscapes, and structures. Conspicuous tunnels and aboveground nests are the key aspects of N. corniger biology that render colonies vulnerable to discovery and control. The now proven ability of N. corniger to establish breeding populations in the United States, to cause extensive property and landscape destruction, and to spread by human transport underscores the need for continued aggressive efforts toward eradication of known infestations as well as quick operational actions the next time invasive N. corniger are discovered.}, }
@article {pmid31504361, year = {2019}, author = {Clark, RE and Seewagen, CL}, title = {Invasive Japanese Barberry, Berberis thunbergii (Ranunculales: Berberidaceae) Is Associated With Simplified Branch-Dwelling and Leaf-Litter Arthropod Communities in a New York Forest.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {5}, pages = {1071-1078}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz095}, pmid = {31504361}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Arthropods ; *Berberidaceae ; *Berberis ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Japan ; New York ; Ranunculales ; }, abstract = {Arthropod food webs can be indirectly impacted by woody plant invasions, with cascading consequences for higher trophic levels. There are multiple bottom-up pathways by which invasive plants can alter food webs: above-ground interactions based on plant-herbivore associations and below-ground at the interface of leaf-litter and soil food webs. We compared arthropod community composition in these two food web dimensions in a New York forest that has been heavily invaded by nonnative Japanese barberry. Using two sampling protocols, we compared arthropod community composition on Japanese barberry shrubs to multiple species of native host shrubs and then compared leaf-litter arthropod assemblages between forest patches with exceptionally high Japanese barberry densities and those with relatively little to no Japanese barberry present. Fitting with trends in other woody shrub invasions, arthropod species richness was significantly lower in the leaf litter around Japanese barberry and on Japanese barberry plants themselves. Although overall arthropod abundance was also significantly lower on and in the leaf litter around Japanese barberry than on and around native shrubs, total biomass did not differ due to the taxa associated with Japanese barberry tending to be larger-bodied. We observed a dramatic reduction in predatory arthropods in response to both bottom-up pathways, particularly among ants and spiders. Our results show that Japanese barberry-invaded habitats may be experiencing trophic downgrading as result of lower numbers of generalist predators like spiders and ants, which may have rippling effects up the food web to insectivorous animals and their predators.}, }
@article {pmid31504356, year = {2019}, author = {Calcino, AD and de Oliveira, AL and Simakov, O and Schwaha, T and Zieger, E and Wollesen, T and Wanninger, A}, title = {The quagga mussel genome and the evolution of freshwater tolerance.}, journal = {DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes}, volume = {26}, number = {5}, pages = {411-422}, pmid = {31504356}, issn = {1756-1663}, support = {P 29455/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Dreissena/*genetics ; *Fresh Water ; *Genome ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Freshwater dreissenid mussels evolved from marine ancestors during the Miocene ∼30 million years ago and today include some of the most successful and destructive invasive species of freshwater environments. Here, we sequenced the genome of the quagga mussel Dreissena rostriformis to identify adaptations involved in embryonic osmoregulation. We provide evidence that a lophotrochozoan-specific aquaporin water channel, a vacuolar ATPase subunit and a sodium/hydrogen exchanger are involved in osmoregulation throughout early cleavage, during which time large intercellular fluid-filled 'cleavage cavities' repeatedly form, coalesce and collapse, expelling excess water to the exterior. Independent expansions of aquaporins coinciding with at least five freshwater colonization events confirm their role in freshwater adaptation. Repeated aquaporin expansions and the evolution of membrane-bound fluid-filled osmoregulatory structures in diverse freshwater taxa point to a fundamental principle guiding the evolution of freshwater tolerance and provide a framework for future species control efforts.}, }
@article {pmid31504353, year = {2019}, author = {Kirkpatrick, DM and Acebes-Doria, AL and Rice, KB and Short, BD and Adams, CG and Gut, LJ and Leskey, TC}, title = {Estimating Monitoring Trap Plume Reach and Trapping Area for Nymphal and Adult Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Crop and Non-crop Habitats.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {5}, pages = {1104-1112}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz093}, pmid = {31504353}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Heteroptera ; *Insect Control ; Nymph ; Pheromones ; }, abstract = {Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), the brown marmorated stink bug, is an invasive polyphagous insect that can cause serious economic injury to specialty and row crops in the United States and globally. To date, H. halys has been managed with repeated insecticide applications. While progress has been made toward development of trap-based monitoring tools to guide management decisions, little is known regarding the trapping area over which a single pheromone-baited trap captures H. halys. We conducted single trap, multiple distance mark-release-recapture experiments; results were used to estimate trapping area for nymphs and adults in sites without host plants present (open field) and for adults in sites with host plants present (apple orchard). Plume reach for pheromone-baited sticky traps was consistently estimated to be <3 m. Maximum dispersive distance in an open field devoid of host plants was estimated to be 40 m for nymphs and 120-130 m for adults resulting in trapping areas of 0.58 ha and 4.83-5.56 ha, respectively. When traps were deployed in association with host plants within the border row of an apple orchard, adult maximum dispersive distance and trapping area was reduced to 70 m and 1.67 ha, respectively. These results indicate that the behavioral response of H. halys to pheromonal stimuli is influenced by the presence of host plants and that trapping area for pheromone-baited traps will likely change relative to the cropping system in which it is deployed. Caution should be taken when extrapolating these results, because the measured values may differ in other crop systems.}, }
@article {pmid31502635, year = {2020}, author = {Acebes-Doria, AL and Agnello, AM and Alston, DG and Andrews, H and Beers, EH and Bergh, JC and Bessin, R and Blaauw, BR and Buntin, GD and Burkness, EC and Chen, S and Cottrell, TE and Daane, KM and Fann, LE and Fleischer, SJ and Guédot, C and Gut, LJ and Hamilton, GC and Hilton, R and Hoelmer, KA and Hutchison, WD and Jentsch, P and Krawczyk, G and Kuhar, TP and Lee, JC and Milnes, JM and Nielsen, AL and Patel, DK and Short, BD and Sial, AA and Spears, LR and Tatman, K and Toews, MD and Walgenbach, JD and Welty, C and Wiman, NG and Van Zoeren, J and Leskey, TC}, title = {Season-Long Monitoring of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Throughout the United States Using Commercially Available Traps and Lures.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {113}, number = {1}, pages = {159-171}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz240}, pmid = {31502635}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Heteroptera ; Nymph ; Pheromones ; Population Density ; Seasons ; United States ; }, abstract = {Reliable monitoring of the invasive Halyomorpha halys abundance, phenology and geographic distribution is critical for its management. Halyomorpha halys adult and nymphal captures on clear sticky traps and in black pyramid traps were compared in 18 states across the Great Lakes, Mid-Atlantic, Southeast, Pacific Northwest and Western regions of the United States. Traps were baited with commercial lures containing the H. halys pheromone and synergist, and deployed at field sites bordering agricultural or urban locations with H. halys host plants. Nymphal and adult captures in pyramid traps were greater than those on sticky traps, but captures were positively correlated between the two trap types within each region and during the early-, mid- and late season across all sites. Sites were further classified as having a low, moderate or high relative H. halys density and again showed positive correlations between captures for the two trap types for nymphs and adults. Among regions, the greatest adult captures were recorded in the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic on pyramid and sticky traps, respectively, with lowest captures recorded in the West. Nymphal captures, while lower than adult captures, were greatest in the Southeast and lowest in the West. Nymphal and adult captures were, generally, greatest during July-August and September-October, respectively. Trapping data were compared with available phenological models showing comparable population peaks at most locations. Results demonstrated that sticky traps offer a simpler alternative to pyramid traps, but both can be reliable tools to monitor H. halys in different geographical locations with varying population densities throughout the season.}, }
@article {pmid31502634, year = {2019}, author = {Leach, H and Van Timmeren, S and Wetzel, W and Isaacs, R}, title = {Predicting Within- and Between-Year Variation in Activity of the Invasive Spotted Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in a Temperate Region.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {5}, pages = {1223-1233}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz101}, pmid = {31502634}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Blueberry Plants ; *Drosophila ; Insect Control ; Larva ; Michigan ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Invasive insect pests can be challenging to manage because their recent arrival provides limited information on which to build predictive population models. The magnitude and timing of activity by the invasive vinegar fly, Drosophila suzukii, in crop fields has been unpredictable due to its recent arrival in many new regions of the world and changes in methods for its detection. Using 7 yr of consistent trapping of adults at four blueberry farms in Michigan, United States, we modeled the temporal and environmental factors influencing D. suzukii activity. We found that this pest established high levels within 2 yr of being detected, with peak fly activity continuing to increase. Fly activity timing and abundance were predicted by the annual number of days below 0°C, the number of winter and spring days above 10°C, and by the fly activity in the preceding year, providing support for overwintering in our region. We monitored larval infestation for 4 yr at these same sites and found a moderate positive correlation between larvae in fruit and adults in traps. Finally, we developed a generalized additive model to predict D. suzukii fly capture throughout the season based on relevant environmental factors and examined the relative timing and magnitude of activity under varying winter and spring temperature conditions. Our results suggest that D. suzukii activity is predictable and that environmental conditions can be used in temperate regions to provide regional risk warnings as a component of strategies to manage this invasive insect pest.}, }
@article {pmid31501898, year = {2019}, author = {Chow, A and Czokajlo, D and Patt, JM and Sétamou, M}, title = {Development and Field Validation of a Beta-cyfluthrin-Based 'Attract-and-Kill' Device for Suppression of Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae) on Residential Citrus.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {6}, pages = {2824-2832}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz221}, pmid = {31501898}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Citrus ; *Hemiptera ; Nitriles ; *Pyrethrins ; }, abstract = {An 'attract-and-kill' (AK) device was evaluated for suppression of adult Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), on residential citrus. The AK device, made from weather-resistant plasticized PVC, lured D. citri adults by simulating the color of citrus flush and killed them with beta-cyfluthrin. This study evaluated: 1) lethality of AK devices weathered up to 8 wk on residential citrus; 2) survival of psyllids caged with potted plants and AK devices; 3) psyllid suppression achieved by AK devices on individual dooryard trees. AK devices weathered for up to 8 wk remained lethal to psyllids. Greenhouse trials evaluated survival of adult psyllids caged for 4 d with orange jasmine plants that were: 1) treated with an (beta-cyfluthrin-infused) AK device; 2) treated with a blank (no insecticide) AK device; or 3) 'untreated' with no AK device. After 4 d, psyllid survival was on average 95% lower among adults exposed to plants with AK devices than adults exposed to untreated plants or plants with blank AK devices. Less than half of the adults exposed to plants with AK devices were alive after 1 d and nearly all were dead after 4 d. Deployment of 20 AK devices per tree provided significant psyllid suppression on infested lemon trees from winter to summer and reduced mean reproduction (cumulative eggs) by 91% and mean attack intensity (cumulative psyllid-days) of adults by 59% and nymphs by 53%. AK devices could be an effective control option for D. citri in urban areas.}, }
@article {pmid31496882, year = {2019}, author = {Schneider, SA}, title = {A key to the flat grass scale genus Nipponaclerda (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Aclerdidae).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {862}, number = {}, pages = {81-87}, pmid = {31496882}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The flat grass scale genus Nipponaclerda comprises four species, native to Central and East Asia. Nipponaclerdabiwakoensis has been introduced to the United States and is considered a serious pest of Phragmitesaustralis, the common reed. Heavy infestations of N.biwakoensis in coastal marshes of Louisiana have coincided with extensive die-off of reeds. In this article, dichotomous identification keys to the genera of Aclerdidae and to the species of Nipponaclerda are provided, allowing for accurate identification of species found in the native and invasive range.}, }
@article {pmid31496538, year = {2019}, author = {Sarker, SK and Matthiopoulos, J and Mitchell, SN and Ahmed, ZU and Mamun, MBA and Reeve, R}, title = {1980s-2010s: The world's largest mangrove ecosystem is becoming homogeneous.}, journal = {Biological conservation}, volume = {236}, number = {}, pages = {79-91}, pmid = {31496538}, issn = {0006-3207}, abstract = {Knowledge gaps in spatiotemporal changes in mangrove diversity and composition have obstructed mangrove conservation programs across the tropics, but particularly in the Sundarbans (10,017 km[2]), the world's largest remaining natural mangrove ecosystem. Using mangrove tree data collected from Earth's largest permanent sample plot network at four historical time points (1986, 1994, 1999 and 2014), this study establishes spatially explicit baseline biodiversity information for the Sundarbans. We determined the spatial and temporal differences in alpha, beta, and gamma diversity in three ecological zones (hypo-, meso-, and hypersaline) and also uncovered changes in the mangroves' overall geographic range and abundances therein. Spatially, the hyposaline mangrove communities were the most diverse and heterogeneous in species composition while the hypersaline communities were the least diverse and most homogeneous at all historical time points. Since 1986, we detect an increasing trend of compositional homogeneity (between-site similarity in species composition) and a significant spatial contraction of distinct and diverse areas over the entire ecosystem. Temporally, the western and southern hypersaline communities have undergone radical shifts in species composition due to population increase and range expansion of the native invasive species Ceriops decandra and local extinction or range contraction of specialists including the globally endangered Heritiera fomes. The surviving biodiversity hotspots are distributed outside the legislated protected area network. In addition to suggesting the immediate coverage of these hotspots under protected area management, our novel biodiversity insights and spatial maps can form the basis for spatial conservation planning, biodiversity monitoring and protection initiatives for the Sundarbans.}, }
@article {pmid31494947, year = {2020}, author = {Raffa, KF and Bonello, P and Orrock, JL}, title = {Why do entomologists and plant pathologists approach trophic relationships so differently? Identifying biological distinctions to foster synthesis.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {225}, number = {2}, pages = {609-620}, doi = {10.1111/nph.16181}, pmid = {31494947}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Entomology ; Herbivory/physiology ; Insecta/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Life Cycle Stages ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Plant interactions with herbivores and pathogens are among the most widespread ecological relationships, and show many congruent properties. Despite these similarities, general models describing how plant defenses function in ecosystems, and the prioritization of responses to emerging challenges such as climate change, invasive species and habitat alteration, often differ markedly between entomologists and plant pathologists. We posit that some fundamental distinctions between how insects and pathogens interact with plants underlie these differences. We propose a conceptual framework to help incorporate these distinctions into robust models and research priorities. The most salient distinctions include features of host-searching behavior, evasion of plant defenses, plant tolerance to utilization, and sources of insect and microbial population regulation. Collectively, these features lead to relatively more diffuse and environmentally mediated plant-insect interactions, and more intimate and genetically driven plant-pathogen interactions. Specific features of insect vs pathogen life histories can also yield different patterns of spatiotemporal dynamics. These differences can become increasingly pronounced when scaling from controlled laboratory to open ecological systems. Integrating these differences alongside similarities can foster improved models and research approaches to plant defense, trophic interactions, coevolutionary dynamics, food security and resource management, and provide guidance as traditional departments increase collaborations, or merge into larger units.}, }
@article {pmid31494711, year = {2019}, author = {Henn, JJ and Yelenik, S and Damschen, EI}, title = {Environmental gradients influence differences in leaf functional traits between native and non-native plants.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {191}, number = {2}, pages = {397-409}, pmid = {31494711}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {DGE-1747503//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Plant Leaves ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Determining the characteristics of non-native plants that can successfully establish and spread is central to pressing questions in invasion ecology. Evidence suggests that some non-native species establish and spread in new environments because they possess characteristics (functional traits) that allow them to either successfully compete with native residents or fill previously unfilled niches. However, the relative importance of out-competing native species vs. filling empty niche space as potential mechanisms of invasion may depend on environmental characteristics. Here, we measured plant functional traits, proxies indicative of competitive and establishment strategies, to determine if these traits vary among native and invasive species and if their prevalence is dependent on environmental conditions. Using a natural environmental gradient in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, we evaluated how functional traits differ between native and non-native plant communities and if these differences change along an environmental gradient from hot, dry to cool, wet conditions. Functional trait differences suggested that both competition and open niche space may be important for invasion. Non-native communities tended to have traits associated with faster growth strategies such as higher specific leaf area and lower leaf thickness. However, native and non-native community traits became more dissimilar along the gradient, suggesting that non-native species may be occupying previously unfilled niche space at the hot, dry end of the gradient. We also found that most of the variation in functional trait values amongst plots was due to species turnover rather than intraspecific variation. These results highlight the role of environmental context when considering invasion mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid31490995, year = {2019}, author = {Papacostas, KJ and Freestone, AL}, title = {Multi-trophic native and non-native prey naïveté shape marine invasion success.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {e0221969}, pmid = {31490995}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Invasive predators have caused rapid declines in many native prey species across the globe. Predator invasion success may be attributed to prey naïveté, or the absence of anti-predator behavior between native and non-native species. An understanding of the effects of naïveté at different timescales since introduction and across multiple trophic levels is lacking, however, particularly in marine systems. Given the central role of trophic interactions in invasion dynamics, this knowledge gap limits the ability to predict high impact predator invasions. Naïveté was examined across three trophic levels of marine invertebrates: a native basal prey (hard clam), two non-native intermediate predators (the recently-introduced Asian shore crab and the long-established European green crab), a native intermediate predator (juvenile blue crabs), and a native top predator (adult blue crab). We hypothesized that naïveté would be more pronounced in trophic interactions involving the recently-introduced non-native predator in comparison to the long-established non-native and native intermediate predators. We further hypothesized that the recently-introduced intermediate predator would both benefit from naïveté of the native basal prey and be hindered by higher mortality through its own naïveté to the native top predator. To test these hypotheses, three laboratory experiments and a field experiment were used. Consistent with our hypotheses, basal prey naïveté was most pronounced with the recently-introduced intermediate predator, and this increased the predator's foraging success. This recently-introduced intermediate predator, however, exhibited an ineffective anti-predator response to the native top predator, and was also preyed upon more in the field than its long-established and native counterparts. Therefore, despite direct benefits from basal prey naïveté, the recently-introduced intermediate predator's naïveté to its own predators may limit its invasion success. These results highlight the importance of a multi-trophic perspective on predator-prey dynamics to more fully understand the consequences of naïveté in invasion biology.}, }
@article {pmid31490963, year = {2019}, author = {Johnson, JC and Urcuyo, J and Moen, C and Stevens, DR}, title = {Urban heat island conditions experienced by the Western black widow spider (Latrodectus hesperus): Extreme heat slows development but results in behavioral accommodations.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {e0220153}, pmid = {31490963}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Black Widow Spider/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Body Size ; *Thermotolerance ; }, abstract = {While shifts in organismal biology stemming from climate change are receiving increased attention, we know relatively little about how organisms respond to other forms of anthropogenic disturbance. The urban heat island (UHI) effect describes the capture of heat by built structures (e.g. asphalt), resulting in elevated urban temperatures. The UHI is a well-studied phenomenon, but only a handful of studies have investigated trait-based shifts resulting from the UHI, and even fewer have attempted to quantify the magnitude of the UHI experienced at the microclimate scale. Here, using a common urban exploiter, the Western black widow spider (Latrodectus hesperus), we show that the UHI experienced by spiders in July in their urban Phoenix, AZ refuges is 6°C hotter (33°C) than conditions in the refuges of spiders from Sonoran Desert habitat outside of Phoenix's development (27°C). We then use this field microclimate UHI estimate to compare the development speed, mass gain and mortality of replicate siblings from 36 urban lineages reared at 'urban' and 'desert' temperatures. We show that extreme heat is slowing the growth of spiderlings and increasing mortality. In contrast, we show that development of male spiders to their penultimate moult is accelerated by 2 weeks. Lastly, in terms of behavioral shifts, UHI temperatures caused late-stage juvenile male spiders to heighten their foraging voracity and late-stage juvenile female spiders to curtail their web-building behavior. Trait-based approaches like the one presented herein help us better understand the mechanisms that lead to the explosive population growth of urban (sometimes invasive) species, possibly at the expense of urban biodiversity. Studies of organismal responses to the present day UHI can be used as informative surrogates that help us grasp the impact that projected climate change will have on biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid31489838, year = {2019}, author = {Prudhomme, J and Velo, E and Bino, S and Kadriaj, P and Mersini, K and Gunay, F and Alten, B}, title = {Altitudinal variations in wing morphology of Aedes albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae) in Albania, the region where it was first recorded in Europe.}, journal = {Parasite (Paris, France)}, volume = {26}, number = {}, pages = {55}, pmid = {31489838}, issn = {1776-1042}, mesh = {Aedes/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Albania ; *Altitude ; Animals ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Wings, Animal/*anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {The rapid spread and settlement of Aedes albopictus mosquitoes across at least 28 countries in Europe, as well as several countries in Asia Minor, the Middle East and Africa, has made it one of the most invasive species of all time. Even though the biology of Ae. albopictus in its native tropical environment has been documented for a long time, the biology and ecology of this species in newly colonized temperate environments remain poorly known despite its important role as a vector for about twenty arboviruses. In this context, the main goals of this work were to investigate Ae. albopictus phenotypic variations at a local scale in Albania, the country where Ae. albopictus was first recorded in Europe, and to determine if its phenotypes could be affected by altitude. Analysis of Ae. albopictus wing phenotypes was performed using a geometric morphometric approach. We observed shape and size variations among altitudinal populations of Ae. albopictus. Differences of wing phenotypes were highlighted between altitude groups for male and female mosquitoes. The phenotypic variations observed in Ae. albopictus between altitudinal groups indicated these populations are exposed to environmental and ecological pressures. These results suggest the presence of phenotypic plasticity in this species.}, }
@article {pmid31485938, year = {2019}, author = {Engeman, RM and Kaiser, BW and Osorio, KJ}, title = {Evaluating methods to detect and monitor populations of a large invasive lizard: the Argentine giant tegu.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {26}, number = {31}, pages = {31717-31729}, pmid = {31485938}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {Cooperative Agreement No. 40181AJ085//U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Florida ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Lizards/*physiology ; Mexico ; Seasons ; South America ; }, abstract = {The Argentine giant tegu, a large lizard native to South America, was first discovered as established in the USA in scrub habitats of west-central Florida in 2006. Invasive populations potentially could occupy an extensive range of habitats and in much of the southern United States and Mexico and threaten many native species. The Argentine giant tegu was recently deemed as having a "highest impact concern" among the invasive reptile species most threatening to Florida ecology. Among the most rewarding research directions identified for this species was "having a reliable and practical method to detect/monitor" them. We address this need by evaluating five methods for monitoring Argentine giant tegus on how well each method detected the species and whether the observations were sufficient to quantitatively assess population abundance using a widely applicable framework for indexing animal populations. Passive tracking plots were the most efficient and effective means for detecting tegus and calculating abundance indices but were best suited for late winter to spring before summer rains compacted tracking substrates. Gopher tortoise burrows are often used by tegus and camera traps on their entrances proved able to obtain data suitable for indexing populations but required more labor and expense than tracking plots. Trapping either at gopher tortoise burrows or along drift fences was ineffective at capturing tegus. Similarly, visual encounter transects were not effective for observing tegus.}, }
@article {pmid31484951, year = {2019}, author = {Feis, ME and Goedknegt, MA and Arzul, I and Chenuil, A and Boon, OD and Gottschalck, L and Kondo, Y and Ohtsuka, S and Shama, LNS and Thieltges, DW and Wegner, KM and Luttikhuizen, PC}, title = {Global invasion genetics of two parasitic copepods infecting marine bivalves.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {12730}, pmid = {31484951}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*parasitology ; Copepoda/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {Invasive species, and especially invasive parasites, represent excellent models to study ecological and evolutionary mechanisms in the wild. To understand these processes, it is crucial to obtain more knowledge on the native range, invasion routes and invasion history of invasive parasites. We investigated the consecutive invasions of two parasitic copepods (Mytilicola intestinalis and Mytilicola orientalis) by combining an extensive literature survey covering the reported putative native regions and the present-day invaded regions with a global phylogeography of both species. The population genetic analyses based on partial COI sequences revealed significant population differentiation for M. orientalis within the native region in Japan, while introduced populations in North America and Europe could not be distinguished from the native ones. Thus, M. orientalis' invasion history resembles the genetic structure and recent spread of its principal host, the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, while M. intestinalis lacks population genetic structure and has an overall low genetic diversity. Therefore, the native origin of M. intestinalis remains unclear. With this study, we demonstrate that even highly related and biologically similar invasive species can differ in their invasion genetics. From this, we conclude that extrapolating invasion genetics dynamics from related invasive taxa may not always be possible.}, }
@article {pmid31481344, year = {2019}, author = {Pascucci, I and Di Domenico, M and Capobianco Dondona, G and Di Gennaro, A and Polci, A and Capobianco Dondona, A and Mancuso, E and Cammà, C and Savini, G and Cecere, JG and Spina, F and Monaco, F}, title = {Assessing the role of migratory birds in the introduction of ticks and tick-borne pathogens from African countries: An Italian experience.}, journal = {Ticks and tick-borne diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {101272}, doi = {10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101272}, pmid = {31481344}, issn = {1877-9603}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Bacterial Infections/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Birds/microbiology/physiology/virology ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Ixodidae/*physiology ; Virus Diseases/epidemiology/*veterinary/virology ; Virus Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {The continuous flow of billions of birds between Africa and Europe creates an "ecological bridge" between physically remote areas. Migratory birds fly south from their breeding grounds during late summer/fall and fly back in spring. These movements regulate the spread of internal and external parasites, as well as pathogens of potential public health concern. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible introduction of exotic tick species and tick-borne pathogens into Europe via migratory birds. At the bird observatory of Ventotene island (Italy), 443 feeding ticks were collected from 249 birds captured and ringed during their northbound migration in spring 2013. Each tick was identified by morphological and molecular methods and then tested for bacterial and viral pathogens: Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia ruminantium and Coxiella burnetii, Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and Flavivirus. Morphological and molecular identification confirmed Hyalomma rufipes as the most abundant species among the collected arthropods (366/443; 82.6%) followed by Hyalomma marginatum (10/433; 2.3%). Rickettsia aeschlimannii was identified in 158 ticks, while one engorged Amblyomma variegatum nymph was infected with Rickettsia africae. The other bacteria were not detected in any specimen. Among viruses, RNA belonging to West Nile virus and other Flavivirus were detected whereas all ticks were negative for CCHFV RNA. These results confirm how migratory birds play a role in carrying Rickettsia-infected ticks, as well as viruses of zoonotic importance, from Africa into Europe. To what extent tick species are capable of establishing a permanent population once introduced in naïve areas, is far from defined and deserve further investigation.}, }
@article {pmid31480683, year = {2019}, author = {Geschke, J}, title = {Decrease in Bat Diversity Points towards a Potential Threshold Density for Black Cherry Management: A Case Study from Germany.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {31480683}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {-//Zwillenberg-Tietz Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {In times of land use changes towards more close-to-nature forestry, the application of bioindicators becomes an interesting tool for effective land-use management schemes. Forest managers are increasingly confronted by alien tree species. Therefore, this case study aimed to investigate the influence of the invasive black cherry (Prunus serotina) on bats (Chiroptera: Verpertilionidae) in pine (Pinus sylvestris) forest ecosystems, in order to identify the potential of bats as bioindicators for a black cherry invasion. In three pre-classified succession stages of the black cherry, the diversity and relative abundance of bats were bioacoustically monitored for a period of 60 nights. From the bat call recordings made during the study period, eight bat species could be identified to species level. Within the succession stages of pine monoculture and light black cherry forest, a comparable bat diversity of eight bat species and three sonotypes with a similar relative abundance were observed. In dense black cherry forest, only four species and one sonotype were detected. Compared to the pine monoculture and light black cherry forest, the overall abundance of the bat community was significantly lower in the dense black cherry forest. Upon evaluation, those bat species associated with the edge and narrow space forager guilds were found to have a high sensitivity to a dense black cherry understory within naturally monocultural pine stands. Their activity patterns indicate that the transition from light to dense black cherry understory can be considered as a potential threshold value for a close-to-nature black cherry understory density in high canopy pine forest stands.}, }
@article {pmid31479895, year = {2019}, author = {Gippet, JM and Liebhold, AM and Fenn-Moltu, G and Bertelsmeier, C}, title = {Human-mediated dispersal in insects.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {35}, number = {}, pages = {96-102}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2019.07.005}, pmid = {31479895}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; *Insecta ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Central to the problem of biological invasions, human activities introduce species beyond their native ranges and participate in their subsequent spread. Understanding human-mediated dispersal is therefore crucial for both predicting and preventing invasions. Here, we show that decomposing human-mediated dispersal into three temporal phases: departure, transport and arrival, allows to understand how the characteristics of human activities and the biological traits of species influence each phase of the dispersal process, and ultimately govern invasion pathways in insects. Integrating these precise mechanisms into future invasion models should increase their realism and generalization for any potential insect invader. Moreover, understanding these mechanisms can provide insight into why some invasive insects are more widely distributed than others, and to estimate risks posed by species that have not yet been introduced.}, }
@article {pmid31473587, year = {2019}, author = {Decourtye, A and Alaux, C and Le Conte, Y and Henry, M}, title = {Toward the protection of bees and pollination under global change: present and future perspectives in a challenging applied science.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {35}, number = {}, pages = {123-131}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2019.07.008}, pmid = {31473587}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Agriculture/methods ; Animals ; Beekeeping/methods ; Bees/parasitology/*physiology ; *Climate Change ; Introduced Species ; Pesticides/adverse effects ; *Pollination ; Varroidae ; }, abstract = {Over the past 30 years (1987-2016), bibliometric data have shown a drastic change in the scientific investigation of threats to bee populations. Bee research efforts committed to studying bioagressors of honeybees (mainly Varroa sp.) were predominant, but now appear to be shifting from bioagressors to global change in the published literature. This rise of global change science reveals prevailing topics, for current and future years: climate change, landscape alteration, agricultural intensification and invasive species. We argue that with increased investment in applied research and development, the scientific, beekeeping and agricultural communities will be able to find management strategies for productive agrosystems and enhanced resilience of pollination and beekeeping. This implies the need for restoring and improving food resources and shelters of bees by ecological intensification of diversified farming systems, and also reconciling sustainable beekeeping with wild pollinator conservation.}, }
@article {pmid31473551, year = {2019}, author = {He, Y and Guan, W and Xue, D and Liu, L and Peng, C and Liao, B and Hu, J and Zhu, Q and Yang, Y and Wang, X and Zhou, G and Wu, Z and Chen, H}, title = {Comparison of methane emissions among invasive and native mangrove species in Dongzhaigang, Hainan Island.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {697}, number = {}, pages = {133945}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133945}, pmid = {31473551}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Air Pollutants/*analysis ; China ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Methane/*analysis ; Rhizophoraceae ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The strength of methane (CH4) source of mangroves is not well understood, especially when including all CH4 pathways in consideration. This study measured CH4 fluxes by five pathways (sediments, pneumatophores, water surface, leaves, and stems) from four typical mangrove forests, including Kandelia candel without pneumatophores and three species with pneumatophores: Sonneratia apetala, Laguncularia racemosa and Bruguiera gymnorhiza-Bruguiera sexangula. The CH4 fluxes from sediments were 4.82±1.46mgCH4m[-2]h[-1] for K. candel and 1.36±0.17mgCH4m[-2]h[-1] for the other three with pneumatophores. Among the three communities with pneumatophores, S. apetala community had significantly greater emission rate than the other two (P<0.05). Pneumatophores in S. apetala were found to significantly decrease CH4 emission from sediments (P<0.01), while those in B. gymnorhiza-B. sexangula were significantly increase it (P<0.05). CH4 fluxes from waters were 3.48±1.11mgCH4m[-2]h[-1], with the highest emission rate in the K. candel community for the duck farming. Leaves of mangroves except for those of K. candel were a weak CH4 daytime sink, but stems were a weak source. The total 72ha of mangroves in the Changning river basin emitted about 8.10Gg CH4 per year, with a weighted emission rate of about 1.29mgCH4m[-2]h[-1]. Our results suggested that mangroves are only a small methane source to atmosphere with great contribution from sediments and waters, only slight contribution from leaves and stems. Pneumatophores of different mangrove species played different roles in CH4 fluxes from sediments.}, }
@article {pmid31471808, year = {2019}, author = {Asa, C and Moresco, A}, title = {Fertility Control in Wildlife: Review of Current Status, Including Novel and Future Technologies.}, journal = {Advances in experimental medicine and biology}, volume = {1200}, number = {}, pages = {507-543}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_17}, pmid = {31471808}, issn = {0065-2598}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/*physiology ; Breeding ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Contraception/*veterinary ; *Fertility ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Wildlife conservation requires varying degrees of management of endangered species as well as management of their potential predators and competitors. Conservation also depends on ameliorating human-wildlife conflict, especially where there is a threat to the safety of people and of their pets and livestock. In addition, sustainability of wildlife populations can be affected by feral domestic animals or invasive species, that require removal or control. With the increasing concern for animal welfare, non-lethal methods of limiting population size and distribution, such as fertility control, are gaining favor. Breeding programs in zoos depend on highly effective and selective contraception to manage sustainable insurance populations. This review covers fertility control methods currently in use, those that have not lived up to past promises, and others that are under development and present hope for addressing remaining challenges.}, }
@article {pmid31471805, year = {2019}, author = {Clulow, J and Upton, R and Trudeau, VL and Clulow, S}, title = {Amphibian Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Moving from Technology to Application.}, journal = {Advances in experimental medicine and biology}, volume = {1200}, number = {}, pages = {413-463}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_14}, pmid = {31471805}, issn = {0065-2598}, mesh = {*Amphibians ; Animals ; *Biological Specimen Banks ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Endangered Species ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Amphibians have experienced a catastrophic decline since the 1980s driven by disease, habitat loss, and impacts of invasive species and face ongoing threats from climate change. About 40% of extant amphibians are under threat of extinction and about 200 species have disappeared completely. Reproductive technologies and biobanking of cryopreserved materials offer technologies that could increase the efficiency and effectiveness of conservation programs involving management of captive breeding and wild populations through reduced costs, better genetic management and reduced risk of species extinctions. However, there are relatively few examples of applications of these technologies in practice in on-the-ground conservation programs, and no example that we know of where genetic diversity has been restored to a threatened amphibian species in captive breeding or in wild populations using cryopreserved genetic material. This gap in the application of technology to conservation programs needs to be addressed if assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and biobanking are to realise their potential in amphibian conservation. We review successful technologies including non-invasive gamete collection, IVF and sperm cryopreservation that work well enough to be applied to many current conservation programs. We consider new advances in technology (vitrification and laser warming) of cryopreservation of aquatic embryos of fish and some marine invertebrates that may help us to overcome factors limiting amphibian oocyte and embryo cryopreservation. Finally, we address two case studies that illustrate the urgent need and the opportunity to implement immediately ARTs, cryopreservation and biobanking to amphibian conservation. These are (1) managing the biosecurity (disease risk) of the frogs of New Guinea which are currently free of chytridiomycosis, but are at high risk (2) the Sehuencas water frog of Bolivia, which until recently had only one known surviving male.}, }
@article {pmid31471798, year = {2019}, author = {Mayer, I}, title = {The Role of Reproductive Sciences in the Preservation and Breeding of Commercial and Threatened Teleost Fishes.}, journal = {Advances in experimental medicine and biology}, volume = {1200}, number = {}, pages = {187-224}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_7}, pmid = {31471798}, issn = {0065-2598}, mesh = {Animals ; *Breeding ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Cryopreservation ; *Endangered Species ; Female ; *Fishes ; Male ; *Reproduction ; }, abstract = {The teleost fishes are the largest and most diverse vertebrate group, accounting for nearly half of all known vertebrate species. Teleost fish exhibit greater species diversity than any other group of vertebrates and this is reflected in the unique variety of different reproductive strategies displayed by fish. Fish have always been an important resource for humans worldwide, especially as food. While wild capture fisheries have historically been the main source of fish, the farming of fish (aquaculture) is increasingly becoming the more dominant source of food fish, and is predicted to account for 60% of total global fish production by 2030.Fishes are increasingly threatened by a wide range of anthropogenic impacts, including loss of habitat, pollution, invasive species and over-exploitation. In addition, climate change, especially the consequences of global warming, can impact fish at all levels of biological organization from the individual to the population level, influencing both physiological and ecological processes in a variety of direct and indirect ways. As such, there is an urgent need to protect and conserve the huge genetic diversity offered by this diverse vertebrate group, not just as a source of genes for contemporary breeding and for protection against the consequences of climate change and disease, but also as part of our national heritage. While the cryopreservation of reproductive cells is a means of achieving these objectives, currently only fish sperm can be successfully frozen. Due to their large size, large yolk compartment, low membrane permeability and high chilling sensitivity, successful and reproducible protocols for the cryopreservation of fish oocytes and embryos still remains elusive. However, significant advances have been made in the cryopreservation of primordial germ cells as an alternative means of conserving both paternal and maternal genomes. Although more research needs to be carried out on how these cells can be optimally applied to emerging reproductive technologies, including transplantation techniques and surrogate broodstock technologies, the successful cryopreservation of fish germ cells, and the establishment of genetic resource banks, offers the possibility of both conserving and restoring threatened species. Further, current and future conservation efforts need to consider the impact of climate change in both in situ conservation and reintroduction efforts.In conclusion, it is anticipated that the successful cryopreservation of fish germplasm will result in a range of economic, ecological and societal benefits. In partnership with emerging assisted reproductive technologies, the successful cryopreservation of fish germplasm will lead to more efficient reproduction in aquaculture, assist selective breeding programmes, and be of crucial importance to future species conservation actions.}, }
@article {pmid31471783, year = {2019}, author = {César Fassoni, A and Carvalho Braga, D}, title = {Resilience Analysis for Competing Populations.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {81}, number = {10}, pages = {3864-3888}, pmid = {31471783}, issn = {1522-9602}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Competitive Behavior ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Systems Biology ; }, abstract = {Ecological resilience refers to the ability of a system to retain its state when subject to state variables perturbations or parameter changes. While understanding and quantifying resilience is crucial to anticipate the possible regime shifts, characterizing the influence of the system parameters on resilience is the first step toward controlling the system to avoid undesirable critical transitions. In this paper, we apply tools of qualitative theory of differential equations to study the resilience of competing populations as modeled by the classical Lotka-Volterra system. Within the high interspecific competition regime, such model exhibits bistability, and the boundary between the basins of attraction corresponding to exclusive survival of each population is the stable manifold of a saddle point. Studying such manifold and its behavior in terms of the model parameters, we characterized the populations resilience: While increasing competitiveness leads to higher resilience, it is not always the case with respect to reproduction. Within a pioneering context where both populations initiate with few individuals, increasing reproduction of one population leads to an increase in its resilience; however, within an environment previously dominated by one population and then invaded by the other, an increase in the resilience of a population is obtained by decreasing its reproduction rate. Besides providing interesting insights for the dynamics of competing populations, this work brings near to each other the concepts of ecological resilience and the methods of differential equations and stimulates the development and application of new tools for ecological resilience.}, }
@article {pmid31470329, year = {2019}, author = {Xu, C and Ge, Z and Li, C and Wan, F and Xiao, X}, title = {Inhibition of harmful algae Phaeocystis globosa and Prorocentrum donghaiense by extracts of coastal invasive plant Spartina alterniflora.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {696}, number = {}, pages = {133930}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133930}, pmid = {31470329}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {China ; *Dinoflagellida ; Disinfectants/*toxicity ; *Haptophyta ; Harmful Algal Bloom/drug effects ; Introduced Species ; Plant Extracts/*toxicity ; *Poaceae ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and the invasion of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) have become important environmental problems in intertidal zones of China, which caused serious damage on the coastal ecological systems. By using S. alterniflora as algaecide, this helps to utilize this invasive plant, in addition, is expected to help to control the expansion of S. alterniflora. The potential of S. alterniflora in HABs mitigation was investigated on controlling Phaeocystis globosa (haptophyceae) and Prorocentrum donghaiense (dinophyceae). The growth of both HABs species was significantly inhibited at high concentrations, and P. globosa was more sensitive than P. donghaiense. Furthermore, the extracts of S. alterniflora reduced the effective quantum yield, photosynthetic efficiency, and relative maximal electron transport rate of both algal species at high concentrations, which implies a disruption on their photosynthetic system. Flavonoids, which were previously known as antialgal chemicals, were found to be abundant in the extracts of S. alterniflora by UPLC-MS detection. Our results revealed that the potential of S. alterniflora as a novel antialgal agent for controlling HABs, simultaneously, resource utilization possibility for the invasive plant S. alterniflora.}, }
@article {pmid31469046, year = {2019}, author = {Houé, V and Gabiane, G and Dauga, C and Suez, M and Madec, Y and Mousson, L and Marconcini, M and Yen, PS and de Lamballerie, X and Bonizzoni, M and Failloux, AB}, title = {Evolution and biological significance of flaviviral elements in the genome of the arboviral vector Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {Emerging microbes &amp; infections}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {1265-1279}, pmid = {31469046}, issn = {2222-1751}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics/immunology/virology ; Animals ; Chikungunya virus/isolation &amp; purification ; Dengue Virus/isolation &amp; purification ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Flaviviridae/*genetics ; *Genome, Insect ; Mosquito Vectors/*genetics/immunology/virology ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics ; }, abstract = {Since its genome details are publically available, the mosquito Aedes albopictus has become the central stage of attention for deciphering multiple biological and evolutionary aspects at the root of its success as an invasive species. Its genome of 1,967 Mb harbours an unusual high number of non-retroviral integrated RNA virus sequences (NIRVS). NIRVS are enriched in piRNA clusters and produce piRNAs, suggesting an antiviral effect. Here, we investigated the evolutionary history of NIRVS in geographically distant Ae. albopictus populations by comparing genetic variation as derived by neutral microsatellite loci and seven selected NIRVS. We found that the evolution of NIRVS was far to be neutral with variations both in their distribution and sequence polymorphism among Ae. albopictus populations. The Flaviviral elements AlbFlavi2 and AlbFlavi36 were more deeply investigated in their association with dissemination rates of dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in Ae. albopictus at both population and individual levels. Our results show a complex association between NIRVS and DENV/CHIKV opening a new avenue for investigating the functional role of NIRVS as antiviral elements shaping vector competence of mosquitoes to arboviruses.}, }
@article {pmid31468263, year = {2019}, author = {Jensen, MA and Wang, YY and Lai, SK and Forest, MG and McKinley, SA}, title = {Antibody-Mediated Immobilization of Virions in Mucus.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {81}, number = {10}, pages = {4069-4099}, pmid = {31468263}, issn = {1522-9602}, support = {R01 GM122082/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Antibodies, Viral/metabolism ; Cervix Mucus/immunology/virology ; Diffusion ; Female ; Humans ; Immunity, Mucosal ; Immunoglobulin G/metabolism ; In Vitro Techniques ; Kinetics ; Linear Models ; Markov Chains ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Immunological ; Mucus/*immunology/*virology ; Simplexvirus/immunology/pathogenicity ; Virion/*immunology/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {Antibodies have been shown to hinder the movement of herpes simplex virus virions in cervicovaginal mucus, as well as other viruses in other mucus secretions. However, it has not been possible to directly observe the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, so the nature of virion-antibody-mucin interactions remain poorly understood. In this work, we analyzed thousands of virion traces from single particle tracking experiments to explicate how antibodies must cooperate to immobilize virions for relatively long time periods. First, using a clustering analysis, we observed a clear separation between two classes of virion behavior: freely diffusing and immobilized. While the proportion of freely diffusing virions decreased with antibody concentration, the magnitude of their diffusivity did not, implying an all-or-nothing dichotomy in the pathwise effect of the antibodies. Proceeding under the assumption that all binding events are reversible, we used a novel switch-point detection method to conclude that there are very few, if any, state switches on the experimental timescale of 20 s. To understand this slow state switching, we analyzed a recently proposed continuous-time Markov chain model for binding kinetics and virion movement. Model analysis implied that virion immobilization requires cooperation by multiple antibodies that are simultaneously bound to the virion and mucin matrix and that there is an entanglement phenomenon that accelerates antibody-mucin binding when a virion is immobilized. In addition to developing a widely applicable framework for analyzing multistate particle behavior, this work substantially enhances our mechanistic understanding of how antibodies can reinforce a mucus barrier against passive invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid31468198, year = {2019}, author = {Frevola, DM and Hovick, SM}, title = {The independent effects of nutrient enrichment and pulsed nutrient delivery on a common wetland invader and its native conspecific.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {191}, number = {2}, pages = {447-460}, pmid = {31468198}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Biomass ; Introduced Species ; *Nutrients ; Poaceae ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Human activities often lead natural systems to be nutrient enriched, with anthropogenically derived nutrients commonly delivered in discrete pulses. Both nutrient enrichment and nutrient pulses can impact plant performance and phenotypic plasticity, especially in invasive species, but quantifying their independent effects remains challenging. To explore the effects of nutrient enrichment and nutrient pulse magnitude, we established a common garden experiment using the North American wetland invader Phragmites australis and its native conspecific Phragmites australis subsp. americanus (five source populations each). We exposed plants to three levels of nutrient enrichment that were delivered either in small or large-magnitude pulses, examining productivity and plasticity responses over a single growing season. Productivity and biomass allocation differed by lineage, with invasive Phragmites producing 73% more biomass and 66% more culms, but with the native growing 31% taller and allocating more of its biomass belowground. Contrary to expectations, both lineages responded similarly to nutrient enrichment and were similarly plastic in their traits. Nutrient enrichment, rather than nutrient pulses, led to large productivity gains and trait plasticity magnitudes. However, total biomass and leaf-level traits (specific leaf area and chlorophyll concentration) were responsive to variation in nutrient pulse magnitudes. By decoupling the effects of nutrient enrichment from nutrient pulses, our study demonstrates the independent effects of these two key factors for plant performance and, by extension, invasion success. We report trait-based similarities between two lineages of Phragmites that play contrasting ecological roles in North American wetlands, and we highlight the potentially detrimental effects of nutrient pulses.}, }
@article {pmid31467947, year = {2019}, author = {Soti, P and Purcell, MF and Jayachandran, K}, title = {Data on foliar nutrient concentration of invasive plants in the recipient habitat and their native habitat.}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {25}, number = {}, pages = {104201}, doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2019.104201}, pmid = {31467947}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {Higher foliar nitrogen concentration in plants is often attributed to higher biomass assimilation and subsequently higher plant growth rate. To understand the underlying mechanism of extensive growth rate of an invasive plant, Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum), we analyzed the leaf tissue samples from the native and invaded habitats. In each habitat we selected 3 different locations with varying habitat characteristics (soil type, land use history and coexisting vegetation). Plant aboveground tissue collected from each site were analyzed for macro and micro nutrients. Total C and N were measured with a Truspec CN Analyzer. Total Ca, Fe, Mg, K, Mn, and P in plant tissue samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP -MS). Here we present the difference in foliar nutrient concentration of invasive plant species in their native habitats and invaded habitats.}, }
@article {pmid31466221, year = {2019}, author = {Deak, BP and Ostendorf, B and Taggart, DA and Peacock, DE and Bardsley, DK}, title = {The Significance of Social Perceptions in Implementing Successful Feral Cat Management Strategies: A Global Review.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {31466221}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {This review examines the social aspects that influence feral cat management. In particular, it examines definitions and perceptions of feral cats as a species in different countries and across cultures. Using case studies from around the world, we investigate the factors that can influence public perceptions and social acceptance of feral cats and management methods. The review then highlights the importance of social factors in management and suggests the best approach to use in the future to ease the process of gaining a social license for management campaigns. Implications of the influence of education and awareness on public perception and acceptance are further explained, and are suggested to be an essential tool in successfully engaging the community about management in the future.}, }
@article {pmid31463750, year = {2019}, author = {El Haj, Y and Bohn, S and Souza, MM}, title = {Tolerance of native and invasive bivalves under herbicide and metal contamination: an ex vivo approach.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {26}, number = {30}, pages = {31198-31206}, pmid = {31463750}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {001//CAPES/ ; 311806/2017-1//CNPq/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*drug effects/physiology ; Brazil ; Copper/*toxicity ; Ecotoxicology ; Fresh Water ; Gills/chemistry/drug effects ; Glycine/analogs &amp; derivatives/toxicity ; Herbicides/*toxicity ; *Introduced Species ; Lysosomes/drug effects ; Muscles/drug effects ; Mytilidae/drug effects/physiology ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {The literature indicates that exotic species have a greater tolerance to environmental stressors compared with native species. In recent decades, the introduction of contaminants into the environment has increased as a result of industrialization. The objective of this study was to verify the resistance of bivalve mollusks from freshwater native (Anodontites trapesialis) and exotic (Limnoperna fortunei) species to chemical contamination using an ex vivo/in vitro approach. Gill and muscle tissues were exposed to two different types of environmental stressors, copper (metal), and Roundup Transorb® (herbicide). The tissues were submitted to a cytotoxicity test in which the lysosomal integrity was assessed, from the adaptation of a method to isolated cells, and multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) test which evaluated cellular defense. In the exotic species, only copper at 9000 μg/L and Roundup Transorb® at 5000 μg/L were cytotoxic. In the native species, copper cytotoxicity at 900 and 9000 μg/L and Roundup Transorb® at 50 and 5000 μg/L were observed. Results were the same in both tissues. The MXR, responsible for the extrusion of contaminants (cell defense), was inhibited in both species when exposed to the contaminants, this cell defense system seems to be more inhibited in the native species, when exposed to both pollutants, indicating greater sensitivity. Therefore, cytotoxicity may be related to the lack of capacity of cellular defense. In relation to lysosomal integrity, the native species was more sensitive to cytotoxic pollutants, where a greater number of experimental conditions of metals and herbicide showed cytotoxicity, as well as more experimental situations inhibited its ability to defend itself.}, }
@article {pmid31463014, year = {2019}, author = {Yue, M and Yu, H and Li, W and Yin, A and Cui, Y and Tian, X}, title = {Flooding with shallow water promotes the invasiveness of Mikania micrantha.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {16}, pages = {9177-9184}, pmid = {31463014}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The invasive ability of alien plants is not only affected by their biological characteristics but also by environmental factors. Therefore, investigating the relationship between plant growth and environmental factors is helpful for predicting the invasive potential of alien species. Mikania micrantha H.B.K. (a vine of Asteraceae) is one of the top 10 most invasive weeds worldwide and causes serious damage to agroforestry ecosystems. Water is an important environmental factor that affects plant growth; however, the relationship between water conditions and the rapid growth of M. micrantha is not clear. In this study, 162 M. micrantha population sizes were investigated in dry, wet and aquatic habitats in the Pearl River Delta region of Guangdong, China. In addition, the seed germination and seedling growth characteristics of M. micrantha were determined by submerging tests. The results showed that the population size of M. micrantha was the largest in aquatic habitats, and the soil moisture content was positively correlated to the population size in dry and wet habitats. Furthermore, M. micrantha seeds could germinate underwater and grow out of the water surface at a depth of 6 cm with a survival rate of 7.4%. Aquatic habitat promoted vine elongation, whereas dry habitats resulted in the reverse pattern. After 8 weeks of water treatments, the vine stem length was 2 and 3 times longer in the aquatic habitat than the wet and dry habitats, respectively. The total root length, root volume, and root tip number increased significantly in the aquatic habitat when compared to those in the wet habitat; however, these parameters exhibited the opposite pattern in the dry habitat. The results showed that flooding with shallow water is conducive to the invasiveness of M. micrantha, suggesting that water is the key determinant during the intrusion process of M. micrantha populations.<br><br>OPEN RESEARCH BADGES: This article has been awarded Open Data, Open Materials and Preregistered research design Badges. All materials and data are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/ksz2f/?viewonly=30b6fec21f0447edbdfc9cebe2b01065, https://osf.io/a5ymf/ and https://osf.io/ksz2fl?viewonly=cfcbfOfc829c402fb22deb3be801dffc.}, }
@article {pmid31463006, year = {2019}, author = {Couret, J and Huynh-Griffin, L and Antolic-Soban, I and Acevedo-Gonzalez, TS and Gerardo, NM}, title = {Even obligate symbioses show signs of ecological contingency: Impacts of symbiosis for an invasive stinkbug are mediated by host plant context.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {16}, pages = {9087-9099}, pmid = {31463006}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {ABSTRACT: Many species interactions are dependent on environmental context, yet the benefits of obligate, mutualistic microbial symbioses to their hosts are typically assumed to be universal across environments. We directly tested this assumption, focusing on the symbiosis between the sap-feeding insect Megacopta cribraria and its primary bacterial symbiont Candidatus Ishikawaella capsulata. We assessed host development time, survival, and body size in the presence and absence of the symbiont on two alternative host plants and in the insects' new invasive range. We found that association with the symbiont was critical for host survival to adulthood when reared on either host plant, with few individuals surviving in the absence of symbiosis. Developmental differences between hosts with and without microbial symbionts, however, were mediated by the host plants on which the insects were reared. Our results support the hypothesis that benefits associated with this host-microbe interaction are environmentally contingent, though given that few individuals survive to adulthood without their symbionts, this may have minimal impact on ecological dynamics and current evolutionary trajectories of these partners.<br><br>OPEN RESEARCH BADGES: This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.kg4bc56.}, }
@article {pmid31462996, year = {2019}, author = {Lamer, JT and Ruebush, BC and McClelland, MA and Epifanio, JM and Sass, GG}, title = {Body condition (Wr) and reproductive potential of bighead and silver carp hybrids: Postzygotic selection in the Mississippi River Basin.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {16}, pages = {8978-8986}, pmid = {31462996}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive bighead (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and silver carp (H. molitrix) are reproductively isolated in their native range, but form a bimodal, multigenerational hybrid swarm within the Mississippi River Basin (MRB). Despite observed F1 hybrid superiority in experimental settings, effects of postzygotic selection on bighead and silver carp hybrids have not been tested in a natural system. Individual parent and hybrid genotypes were resolved at 57 species-specific loci and used to evaluate postzygotic selection for body condition (Wr) and female reproductive potential (presence of spawning stage gonads and gonadosomatic index [GSI]) in the MRB during 2009-2011. Body condition in the Marseilles Reach, Illinois River declined with a decrease in species-specific allele frequency from 1.0 to 0.4 for each species and early generation hybrids (F1, F2, and first-generation backcross) had lower mean Wr than late generation hybrids (2nd+ generation backcrosses) and parentals. Proportions of stage IV and stage V (spawning stage) female gonads differed between bighead and silver carp, but not among parentals and their early and late generation hybrids within the MRB. Mean GSI values did not differ between parentals and hybrids. Because reproductive potential did not differ between hybrids and parentals, our results suggest that early generation hybrids occur in low frequency either as a factor of poor condition (Wr) and postreproductive survival, infrequent reproductive encounters by parental bighead and silver carp, or selection pressures acting on juvenile or immature life stages. Our results suggest that a combination of genetic and environmental factors may contribute to the postzygotic success of bighead and silver carp hybrids in the Mississippi River Basin.}, }
@article {pmid31462628, year = {2019}, author = {Bollaín Pastor, C and Vicente Agulló, D}, title = {[Presence of microplastics in water and the potential impact on public health].}, journal = {Revista espanola de salud publica}, volume = {93}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {31462628}, issn = {2173-9110}, mesh = {*Drinking Water/adverse effects/chemistry ; Environmental Monitoring/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; European Union ; Global Health ; Health Policy ; Humans ; *Microplastics/analysis/toxicity ; *Public Health ; United Nations ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/toxicity ; *Water Pollution, Chemical/adverse effects/analysis/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {The use of plastics has increased exponentially over recent years. Difficulties in their recycling and their low degradability result in their accumulation in the environment. Despite their great stability, they are subject to physical and chemical erosion resulting in smaller fragments. Although there is no standard definition of microplastics, the maximum limit of 5 mm has been accepted as a criterion. Plastics, in addition to the consequences on the environment, have a direct effect on living beings, either by ingestion or toxicity. They may also act as a vehicle for invasive species and adsorb other contaminants on their surface such as PCBs, PAHs or DDT. This, increases the toxic effect of their own components such as plasticizers, additives, heavy metals, etc. There is disparity in the published results regarding the presence of microplastics in both water supplies and drinking water and bottled water. There are no standard analytical methods, nor a consensus in the definition and description of microplastics that allow an appropriate comparison of results. In the absence of scientific evidence, it is necessary to study in depth the presence of microplastics in water and the potential effects on health, in order to be able to consider microplastics as a monitoring parameter in drinking water.}, }
@article {pmid31461927, year = {2019}, author = {Germinara, GS and Pistillo, M and Griffo, R and Garonna, AP and Di Palma, A}, title = {Electroantennographic Responses of Aromia bungii (Faldermann, 1835) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) to a Range of Volatile Compounds.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {31461927}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {Cooperation Agreement with the University of Foggian. 14, 20.06.2012//Regione Campania/ ; 2017-2019 Plan of Phytosanitary Action, URCOFI project (IV/2017 grant n. B76J17001050003)//Regione Campania/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The red-necked longhorn beetle, Aromia bungii, is one of the most damaging pests of stone fruit trees. Native to the south-eastern Palearctic and Oriental regions, it invaded and is established to some extent in the Campania Region (Southern Italy). In several cerambycid species, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been shown to play a role in mate and host plant location.<br><br>METHODS: The electroantennographic (EAG) technique was employed to explore the antennal chemoreceptivity of male and female A. bungii antennae to 90 VOCs.<br><br>RESULTS: Increasing EAG amplitudes from the basal to the distal antennal segments were recorded in response to six selected plant volatiles. From the distal flagellomeres, the largest EAG responses (>0.8 mV) were elicited by 2-hexanol, octanal, sulcatone, guaiacol, sulcatol, 2,4-dimethyl-3-hexanol, 2,4-dimethyl-2-hexanone, heptanal, nonanal, (Z)-3-hexenol, and 1-heptanol in both sexes, and by linalool, (E)-2-heptenal, 1-octen-3-ol, (E)-2-octenal, 3-octanol, (E)-2-octen-1-ol, &#x3b1;-phellandrene, and &#x3b1;-terpinene in males. The olfactory system of both sexes proved to be sensitive to changes in stimulus concentration and compound structure.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: this study demonstrates the capability of A. bungii males and females to detect and discriminate among a wide range of VOCs and provides a basis for further olfactometer and field trapping experiments aimed at identifying behaviorally-active compounds useful for the implementation of semiochemical-based control strategies for this pest.}, }
@article {pmid31461689, year = {2019}, author = {Stanek, M and Stefanowicz, AM}, title = {Invasive Quercus rubra negatively affected soil microbial communities relative to native Quercus robur in a semi-natural forest.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {696}, number = {}, pages = {133977}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133977}, pmid = {31461689}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Environmental Monitoring ; *Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Microbiota ; Poland ; *Quercus ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive tree species can exert a profound effect on soil properties and ecosystem processes. Quercus rubra is a Northern American species that has an invader status in many European countries. However, the direction and magnitude of its effect on soil physicochemical and microbial properties relative to native tree species in forests are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of invasive Q. rubra on physicochemical and microbial properties of soil organic and mineral horizons in comparison to native Quercus robur in a semi-natural forest. The study was performed on 23 Q. rubra and 10 Q. robur stands in the Niepołomice Forest (southern Poland). A number of soil parameters were assessed, namely moisture, water holding capacity, electrical conductivity, pH, organic C, total N, respiration, bacterial and fungal biomass and community structure (phospholipid fatty acid and ergosterol analyses). As soil properties are influenced by the quality of leaf litter deposited by trees, senesced Q. rubra and Q. robur leaves were characterized in terms of C, Ca, Mg, K, N, P, total phenolics and condensed tannins concentrations. It was found that total microbial and bacterial biomass was significantly lower under Q. rubra than Q. robur in both soil horizons. Microbial community structure of organic horizon also differed between the two Quercus species. In contrast, no differences were found in fungal biomass and soil physicochemical variables. The reduction in microbial and bacterial biomass beneath Q. rubra may be associated with the quantity and quality of its litter. Senesced Q. rubra leaves were characterized by significantly higher C/N and C/P ratios relative to those of Q. robur. Preliminary data indicate that although they had lower concentrations of phenolics and condensed tannins, the pools of these compounds supplied to the soil were higher due to higher litter production by Q. rubra.}, }
@article {pmid31455190, year = {2019}, author = {Brandenburger, CR and Cooke, J and Sherwin, WB and Moles, AT}, title = {Rapid evolution of leaf physiology in an introduced beach daisy.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1909}, pages = {20191103}, pmid = {31455190}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Asteraceae/*physiology ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Introduced Species ; Photosynthesis/physiology ; Plant Leaves/*physiology ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Photosynthesis is a key biological process. However, we know little about whether plants change their photosynthetic strategy when introduced to a new range. We located the most likely source population for the South African beach daisy Arctotheca populifolia introduced to Australia in the 1930s, and ran a common-garden experiment measuring 10 physiological and morphological leaf traits associated with photosynthesis. Based on predictions from theory, and higher rainfall in the introduced range, we hypothesized that introduced plants would have a (i) higher photosynthetic rate, (ii) lower water-use efficiency (WUE) and (iii) higher nitrogen-use efficiency. However, we found that introduced A. populifolia had a lower photosynthetic rate, higher WUE and lower nitrogen-use efficiency than did plants from Arniston, South Africa. Subsequent site visits suggested that plants in Arniston may be able to access moisture on a rocky shelf, while introduced plants grow on sandy beaches where water can quickly dissipate. Our unexpected findings highlight that: (1) it is important to compare introduced species to their source population for an accurate assessment of evolutionary change; (2) rainfall is not always a suitable proxy for water availability and (3) introduced species often undergo evolutionary changes, but without detailed ecological information we may not be able to accurately predict the direction of these changes.}, }
@article {pmid31454639, year = {2019}, author = {Verbrugge, LNH and de Hoop, L and Aukema, R and Beringen, R and Creemers, RCM and van Duinen, GA and Hollander, H and de Hullu, E and Scherpenisse, M and Spikmans, F and van Turnhout, CAM and Wijnhoven, S and Leuven, RSEW}, title = {Lessons learned from rapid environmental risk assessments for prioritization of alien species using expert panels.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {249}, number = {}, pages = {109405}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109405}, pmid = {31454639}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Limiting the spread and impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) on biodiversity and ecosystems has become a goal of global, regional and national biodiversity policies. Evidence based management of IAS requires support by risk assessments, which are often based on expert judgment. We developed a tool to prioritize potentially new IAS based on their ecological risks, socio-economic impact and feasibility of management using multidisciplinary expert panels. Nine expert panels reviewed scientific studies, grey literature and expert knowledge for 152 species. The quality assessment of available knowledge revealed a lack of peer-reviewed data and high dependency on best professional judgments, especially for impacts on ecosystem services and feasibility of management. Expert consultation is crucial for conducting and validating rapid assessments of alien species. There is still a lack of attention for systematic and methodologically sound assessment of impacts on ecosystem services and weighting negative and positive effects of alien species.}, }
@article {pmid31453663, year = {2020}, author = {He, Z and Guo, JF and Reitz, SR and Lei, ZR and Wu, SY}, title = {A global invasion by the thrip, Frankliniella occidentalis: Current virus vector status and its management.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {626-645}, pmid = {31453663}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {2060302//Chinese medicine resources/ ; 31601604//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2016YFD0201002//National key research &amp; developments (R&amp;D) plan/ ; }, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Insect Control ; Insecticides/*therapeutic use ; Introduced Species ; Plant Diseases/*virology ; Plant Viruses/*physiology ; Thysanoptera/*physiology/virology ; }, abstract = {Western flower thrip, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is among the most economically important agricultural pests globally, attacking a wide range of vegetable and horticultural crops. In addition to causing extensive crop damage, the species is notorious for vectoring destructive plant viruses, mainly belonging to the genera Orthotospovirus, Ilarvirus, Alphacarmovirus and Machlomovirus. Once infected by orthotospoviruses, thrips can remain virulent throughout their lifespan and continue transmitting viruses to host plants when and wherever they feed. These irruptive viral outbreaks in crops will permanently disrupt functional integrated pest management systems, and typically require a remedial treatment involving insecticides, contributing to further development of insecticide resistance. To mitigate against this continuing cycle, the most effective management is early and comprehensive surveillance of the pest species and recognition of plant viruses in the field. This review provides information on the pest status of F. occidentalis, discusses the current global status of the viruses vectored by this thrip species, examines the mechanisms involved in transmitting virus-induced diseases by thrips, and reviews different management strategies, highlighting the potential management tactics developed for various cropping systems. The early surveillance and the utilization of potential methods for control of both F. occidentalis and viruses are proposed.}, }
@article {pmid31453086, year = {2019}, author = {Boundenga, L and Ngoubangoye, B and Ntie, S and Moukodoum, ND and Renaud, F and Rougeron, V and Prugnolle, F}, title = {Rodent malaria in Gabon: Diversity and host range.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {117-124}, pmid = {31453086}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {Malaria parasites infect a wide range of vertebrate hosts, such as reptiles, birds and mammals (i.e., primates, ungulates, bats, and rodents). Four Plasmodium species and their subspecies infect African Muridae. Since their discoveries in the 1940s, these rodent Plasmodium species have served as biological models to explore many aspects of the biology of malaria agents and their interactions with their hosts. Despite that, surprisingly, little is known about their ecology, natural history and evolution. Most field studies on these parasites, performed from the 1940s to the early 1980s, showed that all rodent Plasmodium species infect only one main host species, the thicket rat. In the present study, we re-explored the diversity of Plasmodium parasites infecting rodent species living in peridomestic habitats in Gabon, Central Africa. Using molecular approaches, we found that at least two Plasmodium species (Plasmodium vinckei and Plasmodium yoelii) circulated among five rodent species (including the invasive species Mus musculus). This suggests that the host range of these parasites might be larger than previously considered. Our results also showed that the diversity of these parasites could be higher than currently recognized, with the discovery of a new phylogenetic lineage that could represent a new species of rodent Plasmodium.}, }
@article {pmid31452246, year = {2019}, author = {Kim, JH and Park, Y and Kim, WJ and Kim, AY and Nguyen, P and Lyu, DP and Lee, HS and Koh, YH}, title = {Developing molecular diagnostics for detection of red imported fire ants using two genes, Sinv11108 and Sinv11977.}, journal = {Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, pages = {e21610}, doi = {10.1002/arch.21610}, pmid = {31452246}, issn = {1520-6327}, support = {1545018432//Research of Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*classification/*genetics ; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel/methods ; Introduced Species ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Aggressive red imported fire ants (RIFAs) are expanding their habitat due to active international trade and global warming. To prevent infestation and settlement, RIFAs must be removed during the quarantine process. Because RIFAs are social insects and have different morphological characteristics depending on their castes, non-ant taxonomists have difficulty confirming RIFAs based on their morphological characteristics alone. The disadvantages of previously reported RIFA molecular diagnostics are that they require additional steps, such as restriction enzyme digestion followed by agarose gel electrophoresis separation or DNA sequence verification for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified products. To overcome these drawbacks, two RIFA-specific genes were selected and used to develop diverse PCR-based RIFA molecular diagnostic techniques. We found that RIFAs could be confirmed by conventional PCR targeting of two RIFA-specific genes followed by agarose electrophoresis separation. In addition, TaqMan probe real-time PCR methods had the advantage of confirming RIFAs immediately after the reactions were completed by observing fluorescence indexes. Finally, multiplex PCRs enhanced RIFA specificity and sensitivity. The new molecular diagnostic methods developed in this study had the advantages of reducing false positive and negative results together with high specificity and sensitivity for RIFAs.}, }
@article {pmid31447950, year = {2018}, author = {Mangiante, MJ and Davis, AJS and Panlasigui, S and Neilson, ME and Pfingsten, I and Fuller, PL and Darling, JA}, title = {Trends in nonindigenous aquatic species richness in the United States reveal shifting spatial and temporal patterns of species introductions.}, journal = {Aquatic invasions}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {323-338}, pmid = {31447950}, issn = {1818-5487}, support = {EPA999999//Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {Understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics underlying the introduction and spread of nonindigenous aquatic species (NAS) can provide important insights into the historical drivers of biological invasions and aid in forecasting future patterns of nonindigenous species arrival and spread. Increasingly, public databases of species observation records are being used to quantify changes in NAS distributions across space and time, and are becoming an important resource for researchers, managers, and policy-makers. Here we use publicly available data to describe trends in NAS introduction and spread across the conterminous United States over more than two centuries of observation records. Available data on first records of NAS reveal significant shifts in dominance of particular introduction patterns over time, both in terms of recipient regions and likely sources. These spatiotemporal trends at the continental scale may be subject to biases associated with regional variation in sampling effort, reporting, and data curation. We therefore also examined two additional metrics, the number of individual records and the spatial coverage of those records, which are likely to be more closely associated with sampling effort. Our results suggest that broad-scale patterns may mask considerable variation across regions, time periods, and even entities contributing to NAS sampling. In some cases, observed temporal shifts in species discovery may be influenced by dramatic fluctuations in the number and spatial extent of individual observations, reflecting the possibility that shifts in sampling effort may obscure underlying rates of NAS introduction.}, }
@article {pmid31447372, year = {2019}, author = {Le Roux, JJ and Hui, C and Castillo, ML and Iriondo, JM and Keet, JH and Khapugin, AA and Médail, F and Rejmánek, M and Theron, G and Yannelli, FA and Hirsch, H}, title = {Recent Anthropogenic Plant Extinctions Differ in Biodiversity Hotspots and Coldspots.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {29}, number = {17}, pages = {2912-2918.e2}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.063}, pmid = {31447372}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {During the Anthropocene, humans are changing the Earth system in ways that will be detectable for millennia to come [1]. Biologically, these changes include habitat destruction, biotic homogenization, increased species invasions, and accelerated extinctions [2]. Contemporary extinction rates far surpass background rates [3], but they seem remarkably low in plants [4, 5]. However, biodiversity is not evenly distributed, and as a result, extinction rates may vary among regions. Some authors have contentiously argued that novel anthropic habitats and human-induced plant speciation can actually increase regional biodiversity [6, 7]. Here, we report on one of the most comprehensive datasets to date, including regional and global plant extinctions in both biodiversity hotspots (mostly from Mediterranean-type climate regions) and coldspots (mostly from Eurasian countries). Our data come from regions covering 15.3% of the Earth's surface and span over 300 years. With this dataset, we explore the trends, causes, and temporal dynamics of recent plant extinctions. We found more, and faster accrual of, absolute numbers of extinction events in biodiversity hotspots compared to coldspots. Extinction rates were also substantially higher than historical background rates, but recent declines are evident. We found higher levels of taxonomic uniqueness being lost in biodiversity coldspots compared to hotspots. Causes of plant extinctions also showed distinct temporal patterns, with agriculture, invasions, and urbanization being significant drivers in hotspots, while hydrological disturbance was an important driver in coldspots. Overall, plant extinctions over the last three centuries appear to be low, with a recent (post-1990) and steady extinction rate of 1.26 extinctions/year.}, }
@article {pmid31444524, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, G and Bai, J and Zhao, Q and Jia, J and Wang, W and Wang, X}, title = {Bacterial Succession in Salt Marsh Soils Along a Short-term Invasion Chronosequence of Spartina alterniflora in the Yellow River Estuary, China.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, pages = {644-661}, pmid = {31444524}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {2017YFC0505906//National Key R &amp; D Program of China/ ; 310430001//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; }, mesh = {Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; China ; Estuaries ; Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; RNA, Bacterial/analysis ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {As an exotic plant species, Spartina alterniflora seriously threatens native ecosystem function in Chinese coastal regions. Unveiling the dynamics of soil bacteria community during its invasion is essential for a better understanding of related biogeochemical processes, while the shift in soil bacterial community over invasive time remains unclear. A short-term chronosequence was identified to assess the impacts of Spartina alterniflora invasion on soil nutrients and bacterial community composition and structure (using 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing) over the time of invasion (i.e., (1) at least 10 years, (2) nearly 5 years, (3) less than 2 years, and (4) in native salt marshes or 0 years) in the Yellow River Estuary. The results exhibited an orderly change in the soil physicochemical properties and bacterial community composition over the invasion time. Soil pH showed a significant decrease with the accumulation of soil organic matter (SOM), whereas soil nutrients such as soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), nitrate (NO3[-]), ammonium (NH4[+]), K[+], and Mg[2+] were generally increased with the age of the invasion. The number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs, 97% similarity level) exhibited a decreasing trend, which suggested a decline in bacterial diversity with the invasion age. The dominant groups at the phylum level were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes (the sum of relative abundance was > 70% across all samples). The relative abundances of Chloroflexi and Gemmatimonadetes steadily decreased, while the abundance of Bacteroidetes significantly increased with the plant invasion. The distribution pattern of the soil bacteria was clearly separated according to the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) in native and invaded salt marshes. The variation in the soil bacterial community was tightly associated with the soil physicochemical properties (Mantel test, P < 0.05). Variance partitioning analysis (VPA) showed that plant traits explained 4.95% of the bacterial community variation, and soil variables explained approximately 26.96% of the variation. Network analysis also revealed that plant invasion strengthens the interaction among soil bacterial communities. Overall, our findings highlight the bacterial community succession during the Spartina alterniflora invasion in coastal salt marsh soils, which can provide insight regarding the association between soil development and invasive plant.}, }
@article {pmid31443402, year = {2019}, author = {Chen, XL and Li, F and Xie, XJ and Li, Z and Chen, L}, title = {Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron and Chitosan Functionalized Eichhornia crassipes Biochar for Efficient Hexavalent Chromium Removal.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {16}, number = {17}, pages = {}, pmid = {31443402}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {Charcoal/*chemistry ; Chitosan/*chemistry ; Chromium/*analysis ; Eichhornia/*chemistry ; Iron/*chemistry ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; Water Purification/methods ; }, abstract = {Sorption is widely used for the removal of toxic heavy metals such as hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from aqueous solutions. Green sorbents prepared from biomass are attractive, because they leverage the value of waste biomass and reduce the overall cost of water treatment. In this study, we fabricated biochar (BC) adsorbent from the biomass of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), an invasive species in many river channels. Pristine BC was further modified with nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and stabilized with chitosan (C) to form C-nZVI-BC. C-nZVI-BC adsorbent showed high hexavalent chromium sorption capacity (82.2 mg/g) at pH 2 and removed 97.34% of 50 mg/L Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. The sorption capacity of chitosan-nZVI-modified biochar decreased while increasing the solution pH value and ionic strength. The results of a sorption test indicated that multiple mechanisms accounted for Cr(VI) removal by C-nZVI-BC, including complexation, precipitation, electrostatic interactions, and reduction. Our study suggests a way of adding value to biomass waste by considering environmental treatment purposes.}, }
@article {pmid31443370, year = {2019}, author = {M Smith, S and F Gomez, D and A Beaver, R and Hulcr, J and I Cognato, A}, title = {Reassessment of the Species in the Euwallacea Fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Complex after the Rediscovery of the "Lost" Type Specimen.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {31443370}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {16-8130-0666-CA//Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/ ; }, abstract = {Ambrosia beetles of the Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff, 1868) species complex are emerging tree pests, responsible for significant damage to orchards and ecosystems around the world. The species complex comprises seven described species, all of which are nearly identical. Given that the morphology-defined species boundaries have been ambiguous, historically, there has been much disagreement on species validity, which was compounded by the presumed loss of the type series of E. fornicatus. The species complex was recently reviewed using morphometrics to associate the type specimens to the clades delineated with molecular data under the assumption of the lost type series. We rediscovered a syntype of Xyleborus fornicatus, and reevaluated the species in the complex using morphometrics. We propose the following taxonomic changes to the species complex: Euwallacea fornicatus (=E. tapatapaoensis (Schedl, 1951); = E. whitfordiodendrus (Schedl, 1942)) syn. res.); E. fornicatior (Eggers, 1923) (=E. schultzei (Schedl, 1951) syn. nov.); E. kuroshio (Gomez and Hulcr, 2018) and E. perbrevis (Schedl, 1951) stat. res. These taxonomic changes shift the species name associated with the widely used common names for two taxa, namely: Euwallacea fornicatus should be used for the "Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer", and E. perbrevis for the "Tea Shot Hole Borer clade a". A lectotype is designated for X. fornicatus in order to stabilize the use of the name.}, }
@article {pmid31442239, year = {2019}, author = {Yemshanov, D and Haight, RG and Chen, C and Liu, N and MacQuarrie, CJK and Koch, FH and Venette, R and Ryall, K}, title = {Managing biological invasions in urban environments with the acceptance sampling approach.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {e0220687}, pmid = {31442239}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Canada ; Cities ; *Coleoptera/physiology ; Fraxinus/parasitology ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Probability ; Trees/parasitology ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Detections of invasive species outbreaks are often followed by the removal of susceptible host organisms in order to slow the spread of the invading pest population. We propose the acceptance sampling approach for detection and optional removal of susceptible host trees to manage an outbreak of the emerald ash borer (EAB), a highly destructive forest pest, in Winnipeg, Canada. We compare the strategy with two common delimiting survey techniques that do not consider follow-up management actions such as host removal. Our results show that the management objective influences the survey strategy. The survey-only strategies maximized the capacity to detect new infestations and prioritized sites with high likelihood of being invaded. Comparatively, the surveys with subsequent host removal actions allocated most of the budget to sites where complete host removal would minimize the pest's ability to spread to uninvaded locations. Uncertainty about the pest's spread causes the host removal measures to cover a larger area in a uniform spatial pattern and extend to farther distances from already infested sites. If a decision maker is ambiguity-averse and strives to avoid the worst-case damages from the invasion, the optimal strategy is to survey more sites with high host densities and remove trees from sites at farther distances, where EAB arrivals may be uncertain, but could cause significant damage if not detected quickly. Accounting for the uncertainty about spread helps develop a more robust pest management strategy. The approach is generalizable and can support management programs for new pest incursions.}, }
@article {pmid31442232, year = {2019}, author = {Wrońska-Pilarek, D and Wiatrowska, B and Bocianowski, J}, title = {Pollen morphology and variability of invasive Spiraea tomentosa L. (Rosaceae) from populations in Poland.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {e0218276}, pmid = {31442232}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Poland ; Pollen/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Rosaceae/*anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {The aim of this study was to investigate the pollen morphology and the ranges of intraspecific and interindividual variability of the North American steeplebush-Spiraea tomentosa L., an invasive species in Poland. Steeplebush inflorescences were collected randomly from 30 localities of S. tomentosa in Poland. In total, 900 pollen grains were analysed with both a light and a scanning electron microscope. Nine quantitative and three qualitative pollen features were studied. The diagnostic features were: exine ornamentation (size and direction of the muri), operculum and perforation size. For the first time, the intraspecific and interindividual variability of the pollen grains of the highly invasive S. tomentosa were investigated. Pollen grain features were so similar, that they did not allow to differentiate individual samples of S. tomentosa and only groups of samples were recognized.}, }
@article {pmid31442147, year = {2018}, author = {Pless, E and Raman, V}, title = {Origin of Aedes aegypti In Clark County, Nevada.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {302-305}, doi = {10.2987/18-6776.1}, pmid = {31442147}, issn = {1943-6270}, support = {R01 AI101112/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Aedes ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Nevada ; }, abstract = {Aedesaegypti is the primary vector for serious diseases, including those caused by chikungunya, dengue, and Zika viruses. In 2017, the Southern Nevada Health District first detected this invasive species in Clark County, NV, including in the city of Las Vegas. We analyzed Ae. aegypti from the city of North Las Vegas to determine the likely source of the invasion. We genotyped a sample of Ae. aegypti at 12 highly variable microsatellites and analyzed the data in reference to published data from 25 sites in the southern USA. We found that the Ae. aegypti in Las Vegas most likely invaded from southern California. Knowing the source of new invasions may provide information about the invading population (e.g., previous insecticide exposure) and can help prevent future invasions from the region.}, }
@article {pmid31441753, year = {2019}, author = {Weitzman, CL and Kaestli, M and Gibb, K and Brown, GP and Shine, R and Christian, K}, title = {Disease Exposure and Antifungal Bacteria on Skin of Invasive Cane Toads, Australia.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {25}, number = {9}, pages = {1770-1771}, pmid = {31441753}, issn = {1080-6059}, mesh = {Animals ; Antifungal Agents/*pharmacology ; Bacteria/*isolation &amp; purification ; Bufo marinus/*microbiology ; Chytridiomycota/*drug effects ; Introduced Species ; Queensland ; Skin/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Cane toads, an invasive species in Australia, are resistant to fungal pathogens affecting frogs worldwide (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis). From toad skin swabs, we detected higher proportions of bacteria with antifungal properties in Queensland, where toad and pathogen distributions overlap, than in other sites. This finding suggests that site-specific pathogen pressures help shape skin microbial communities.}, }
@article {pmid31437154, year = {2019}, author = {Pichler, V and Kotsakiozi, P and Caputo, B and Serini, P and Caccone, A and Della Torre, A}, title = {Complex interplay of evolutionary forces shaping population genomic structure of invasive Aedes albopictus in southern Europe.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {e0007554}, pmid = {31437154}, issn = {1935-2735}, support = {R01 AI132409/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/classification/*genetics ; Albania ; Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Europe ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; Greece ; Insect Vectors/classification/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; *Metagenomics ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the last four decades, the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, vector of several human arboviruses, has spread from its native range in South-East Asia to all over the world, largely through the transportation of its eggs via the international trade in used tires. Albania was the first country invaded in Europe in 1979, followed by Italy in 1990 and other Mediterranean countries after 2000.<br><br>METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We here inferred the invasion history and migration patterns of Ae. albopictus in Italy (today the most heavily-infested country in Europe), Greece and Albania, by analyzing a panel of >100,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained by sequencing of double-digest Restriction site-Associated DNA (ddRADseq). The obtained dataset was combined with samples previously analyzed from both the native and invasive range worldwide to interpret the results using a broader spatial and historical context. The emerging evolutionary scenario complements the results of other studies in showing that the extraordinary worldwide expansion of Ae. albopictus has occurred thanks to multiple independent invasions by large numbers of colonists from multiple geographic locations in both native and previously invaded areas, consistently with the role of used tires shipments to move large numbers of eggs worldwide. By analyzing mosquitoes from nine sites across ~1,000-km transect in Italy, we were able to detect a complex interplay of drift, isolation by distance mediated divergence, and gene flow in shaping the species very recent invasion and range expansion, suggesting overall high connectivity, likely due to passive transportation of adults via ground transportation, as well as specific adaptations to local conditions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Results contribute to characterize one of the most successful histories of animal invasion, and could be used as a baseline for future studies to track epidemiologically relevant characters (e.g. insecticide resistance).}, }
@article {pmid31435863, year = {2019}, author = {Wu, B and Wang, L and Wei, M and Wang, S and Jiang, K and Wang, C}, title = {Silver nanoparticles reduced the invasiveness of redroot pigweed.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)}, volume = {28}, number = {8}, pages = {983-994}, pmid = {31435863}, issn = {1573-3017}, mesh = {*Amaranthus ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; *Herbicides ; Introduced Species ; *Metal Nanoparticles ; Particle Size ; *Silver ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The differences in the growth performance between invasive species and native species might paly a key role in the effective invasion. The extensive use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has created the concern of their release into environment. Thus, the possible effects of AgNPs on the growth performance of invading agents are critical to better illustrate the underlying mechanisms for effective invasion. This study aimed to assess the impacts of AgNPs with different concentrations [200 and 400 mg kg (soil)[-1]] and particle sizes (30 and 70 nm) on the growth performance and competitive ability of well known invasive Amaranthus retroflexus L. (redroot pigweed) and native A. tricolor L. (red amaranth). It was observed that the growth characteristics and supporting ability of redroot pigweed were significantly lower than those of amaranth. Results of the relative competitive intensity index and the relative dominance index also revealed that redroot pigweed exhibited lower competitive ability compared to red amaranth, especially under AgNPs. It can be assumed that the poor growth performance and competitive ability of redroot pigweed might prevent its invasiveness under AgNPs. The supporting ability, leaf photosynthetic area, leaf growing ability, leaf resource use efficiency and acquisition capability, and growth competitiveness of the two plant species were found to be significantly reduced under AgNPs. AgNPs with 30 nm at 400 mg kg (soil)[-1] triggered more toxicity on the supporting ability and growth competitiveness of the two plant species than AgNPs with 30 nm at 200 mg kg (soil)[-1]. In addition, AgNPs with 30 nm imparted high toxicity on the leaf growing ability of red amaranth than AgNPs with 70 nm. However, the particle size of AgNPs did not address significant effects on the growth performance of redroot pigweed. Ag[+] solution exhibited stronger toxicity on the supporting ability and leaf growing ability of the two plant species than AgNPs.}, }
@article {pmid31435491, year = {2019}, author = {Lambert, MR and McKenzie, JM and Screen, RM and Clause, AG and Johnson, BB and Mount, GG and Shaffer, HB and Pauly, GB}, title = {Experimental removal of introduced slider turtles offers new insight into competition with a native, threatened turtle.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e7444}, pmid = {31435491}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans; RES) is often considered one of the world's most invasive species. Results from laboratory and mesocosm experiments suggest that introduced RES outcompete native turtles for key ecological resources, but such experiments can overestimate the strength of competition. We report on the first field experiment with a wild turtle community, involving introduced RES and a declining native species of conservation concern, the western pond turtle (Emys marmorata; WPT). Using a before/after experimental design, we show that after removing most of an introduced RES population, the remaining RES dramatically shifted their spatial basking distribution in a manner consistent with strong intraspecific competition. WPT also altered their spatial basking distribution after the RES removal, but in ways inconsistent with strong interspecific competition. However, we documented reduced levels of WPT basking post-removal, which may reflect a behavioral shift attributable to the lower density of the turtle community. WPT body condition also increased after we removed RES, consistent with either indirect or direct competition between WPT and RES and providing the first evidence that RES can compete with a native turtle in the wild. We conclude that the negative impacts on WPT basking by RES in natural contexts are more limited than suggested by experiments with captive turtles, although wild WPT do appear to compete for food with introduced RES. Our results highlight the importance of manipulative field experiments when studying biological invasions, and the potential value of RES removal as a management strategy for WPT.}, }
@article {pmid31432307, year = {2019}, author = {Köhnke, MC}, title = {Invasion Dynamics in an Intraguild Predation System with Predator-Induced Defense.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {81}, number = {10}, pages = {3754-3777}, pmid = {31432307}, issn = {1522-9602}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Competitive Behavior ; Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Predatory Behavior ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Intraguild predation systems describe food webs in which an omnivorous predator competes with an intermediate prey for a basal resource. The classical intraguild predation system with Holling type II predation terms has the limitation of not being able to reproduce coexistence between predators in resource-rich environments despite its ubiquity in ecological systems. In this study, adaptive predator-induced and fitness-dependent defense of the intermediate predator is included into the model. In contrast to previous studies, this is done without an artificial bounding term. Numerical bifurcation software is used to show that adaptive defense mechanisms can significantly enhance parameter regimes leading to coexistence. Two different adaptation parameters are distinguished and linked to adaptations under different environmental conditions. The results indicate that the form of the reactivity-accuracy trade-off depends on the state of the environment. Finally, it is shown that an impact of adaptivity on dispersal abilities can considerably change shape and speed of invasion waves on a one-dimensional domain, which is important as those are the main measurable variables when examining data from biological invasions. The results indicate that a locally perfectly adaptive system can be globally (transient) maladaptive.}, }
@article {pmid31431159, year = {2019}, author = {Manser, A and Cornell, SJ and Sutter, A and Blondel, DV and Serr, M and Godwin, J and Price, TAR}, title = {Controlling invasive rodents via synthetic gene drive and the role of polyandry.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1909}, pages = {20190852}, pmid = {31431159}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Female ; *Gene Drive Technology ; *Genes, Synthetic ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Male ; Mice/*physiology ; Pest Control/*methods ; Rodentia/*physiology ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Spermatozoa ; }, abstract = {House mice are a major ecosystem pest, particularly threatening island ecosystems as a non-native invasive species. Rapid advances in synthetic biology offer new avenues to control pest species for biodiversity conservation. Recently, a synthetic sperm-killing gene drive construct called t-Sry has been proposed as a means to eradicate target mouse populations owing to a lack of females. A factor that has received little attention in the discussion surrounding such drive applications is polyandry. Previous research has demonstrated that sperm-killing drivers are extremely damaging to a male's sperm competitive ability. Here, we examine the importance of this effect on the t-Sry system using a theoretical model. We find that polyandry substantially hampers the spread of t-Sry such that release efforts have to be increased three- to sixfold for successful eradication. We discuss the implications of our finding for potential pest control programmes, the risk of drive spread beyond the target population, and the emergence of drive resistance. Our work highlights that a solid understanding of the forces that determine drive dynamics in a natural setting is key for successful drive application, and that exploring the natural diversity of gene drives may inform effective gene drive design.}, }
@article {pmid31428782, year = {2019}, author = {Aigbedion-Atalor, PO and Hill, MP and Zalucki, MP and Obala, F and Idriss, GE and Midingoyi, SK and Chidege, M and Ekesi, S and Mohamed, SA}, title = {The South America Tomato Leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Spreads Its Wings in Eastern Africa: Distribution and Socioeconomic Impacts.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {6}, pages = {2797-2807}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz220}, pmid = {31428782}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Kenya ; Larva ; *Lepidoptera ; *Solanum lycopersicum ; *Moths ; Socioeconomic Factors ; South America ; Tanzania ; }, abstract = {Following the arrival of Tuta absoluta Meyrick in the eastern African subregion in 2012, several studies have shown numerous ecological aspects of its invasion. We investigated the impact of T. absoluta on people's livelihoods across four counties of Kenya. Here, 200 farmers in the country were interviewed in person using semistructured questionnaires. In addition to livelihood surveys, T. absoluta distribution was mapped between 2016 and 2018 to determine its current distribution across four countries (Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda) in the subregion. Albeit a recent invader, T. absoluta is abundant and distributed throughout the subregion and is viewed as the worst invasive alien species of agriculturally sustainable livelihoods by tomato farmers. The arrival of T. absoluta in the subregion has resulted in livelihood losses and increased both the cost of tomato production and frequency of pesticide application. We recommend the implementation of biological control along, with other control measures in an integrated approach, against T. absoluta in the subregion, where its impact on sustainable livelihoods is serious and long-term control strategies are required to curb its detrimental effects.}, }
@article {pmid31427653, year = {2019}, author = {Maggiora, R and Saccani, M and Milanesio, D and Porporato, M}, title = {An Innovative Harmonic Radar to Track Flying Insects: the Case of Vespa velutina.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {11964}, pmid = {31427653}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Flight, Animal ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; *Insecta ; Introduced Species ; *Radar/instrumentation ; *Remote Sensing Technology ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; }, abstract = {Over the last 30 years, harmonic radars have been effective only in tracking insects flying at low altitude and over flat terrain. We developed an innovative harmonic radar, implementing the most advanced radar techniques, which covers a large field of view in elevation (with an angular aperture of about 24°) and can track insects up to a range of 500 m. We show all the components of this new harmonic radar and its first application, the tracking of Vespa velutina (yellow-legged Asian hornet). This is an invasive species which, although indigenous to South-East Asia, is spreading quickly to other regions of the world. Because of its fast diffusion and the serious threat it poses to both honeybee colonies and to humans, control measures are mandatory. When equipped with a small passive transponder, this radar system can track the flight trajectory of insects and locate nests to be destroyed. This tool has potential not only for monitoring V. velutina but also for tracking other larger insects and small size vertebrates.}, }
@article {pmid31426232, year = {2019}, author = {Oricchio, FT and Marques, AC and Hajdu, E and Pitombo, FB and Azevedo, F and Passos, FD and Vieira, LM and Stampar, SN and Rocha, RM and Dias, GM}, title = {Exotic species dominate marinas between the two most populated regions in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {146}, number = {}, pages = {884-892}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.013}, pmid = {31426232}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Atlantic Ocean ; Biota ; Brazil ; Bryozoa/classification/growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Polychaeta/classification/growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; Urochordata/classification/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Human occupation of coastal areas promotes the establishment of non-native species but information on bioinvasions is usually biased toward the Northern Hemisphere. We assessed non-native species' importance in sessile communities at six marinas along the most urbanized area of the Southwestern Atlantic coastline. We found 67 species, of which 19 are exotic. The most frequent species was the exotic polychaete Branchiomma luctuosum, while the most abundant was the exotic bryozoan Schizoporella errata that monopolized the substrata in three marinas. Along with S. errata, the exotic polychaete Hydroides elegans and ascidian Styela plicata dominated space in the three remaining marinas, while native species were in general rare. We show that communities associated with artificial substrata along this Brazilian urbanized area are dominated by exotic species and that using abundance data along with species identity can improve our understanding of the importance of exotic species for the dynamics of biological communities.}, }
@article {pmid31426224, year = {2019}, author = {Miralles, L and Parrondo, M and Hernández de Rojas, A and Garcia-Vazquez, E and Borrell, YJ}, title = {Development and validation of eDNA markers for the detection of Crepidula fornicata in environmental samples.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {146}, number = {}, pages = {827-830}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.050}, pmid = {31426224}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Primers ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; France ; Gastropoda/*genetics ; *Genetic Markers ; Introduced Species ; Netherlands ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Seawater ; Spain ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The invasive Crepidula fornicata caused major problems along the European Atlantic coast, especially in France and Netherlands where high densities leads on changes in the habitat, disturb native marine wildlife as well as it originates competition for space and food. Despite its dangerous invasive nature, regular monitoring to alert about its presence in risk areas, like the south Bay of Biscay (Spain and south France), is not done yet. Here, we developed a species-specific marker to detect the presence of C. fornicata in environmental samples (eDNA) of seawater. The novel C. fornicata specific primers amplified a region of 239 bp within the COI gen. We employed this tool to check its presence in 6 estuaries of the Cantabrian Sea, an area comprised between the Spanish and French limits of the previously reported presence of this limpet in the south Bay of Biscay. The presence of C. fornicata was confirmed in A Coruña (Galicia, Spain), Eo and Villaviciosa estuaries (Asturias, Spain) while it was not detected in Santander, Bilbao (Spain), and Bayonne (France). This new method to detect C. fornicata could be easily implemented in regular monitoring to prevent and manage future invasions of this species.}, }
@article {pmid31426141, year = {2019}, author = {Purba, NP and Handyman, DIW and Pribadi, TD and Syakti, AD and Pranowo, WS and Harvey, A and Ihsan, YN}, title = {Marine debris in Indonesia: A review of research and status.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {146}, number = {}, pages = {134-144}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.057}, pmid = {31426141}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Environment ; Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Plastics/analysis ; *Waste Products/analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Water Pollution/*analysis ; }, abstract = {With the status as the world's top contributor of marine plastic debris, Indonesia has committed to reduce marine plastic debris up to 70% in 2025 by establishing the National Action Plan (NAP) on Marine Debris. The high amount of marine plastic debris as a result of transport and accumulation become a complex issue in Indonesia due to its ocean-atmospheric circulation, high population of coastal communities, and marine activities. Based on our findings, there are gap of publications related to marine debris in Indonesia that had been already published. Marine debris is ubiquitous and transboundary, as they were found in marine environment and transported by currents to various direction including uninhabited islands, thus, we propose more comprehensive future research about the impact of marine debris on ecosystem (e.g. biological impact of organisms in the water column, ecological alteration in distribution pattern, and invasive species), human health, and economic loss.}, }
@article {pmid31424325, year = {2019}, author = {Taggart, PL and Fancourt, BA and Fabijan, J and Peacock, DE and Speight, KN and Caraguel, CGB and McAllister, MM}, title = {No Evidence of Toxoplasma Gondii Exposure in South Australian Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus).}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {105}, number = {4}, pages = {638-641}, pmid = {31424325}, issn = {1937-2345}, mesh = {Agglutination Tests/veterinary ; Animals ; Antibodies, Protozoan/blood ; Female ; Islands/epidemiology ; Male ; Phascolarctidae/*parasitology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; South Australia/epidemiology ; Toxoplasma/immunology/*isolation &amp; purification ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal/*epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Infection with the cat-borne parasite Toxoplasma gondii has been detected in numerous Australian marsupials and can lead to severe disease (toxoplasmosis) in some cases. The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma on Kangaroo Island, South Australia has been reported to be higher than the South Australian mainland in macropods, cats, and sheep, suggesting an increased risk of infection on this island. However, Toxoplasma seroprevalence in small- and medium-sized terrestrial mammals was almost zero on the island and did not differ from that on the mainland. We surveyed Toxoplasma seroprevalence in koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations on the island and on the mainland and assessed their risk of infection and their role in the life cycle of Toxoplasma. All screened koalas from the island (n = 94) and the mainland (n = 63) were seronegative. This represents the largest Toxoplasma seroprevalence survey in this species and provided sufficient evidence to confidently demonstrate freedom from parasite exposure in both island and mainland populations at the time of the survey. Because koalas are extensively arboreal and predominately consume tree foliage, they appear to be at negligible risk of Toxoplasma infection. Furthermore, as koalas are rarely consumed by cats, we suggest that they have a minor role in the parasite's life cycle.}, }
@article {pmid31422435, year = {2019}, author = {Rojas-Hucks, S and Gutleb, AC and González, CM and Contal, S and Mehennaoui, K and Jacobs, A and Witters, HE and Pulgar, J}, title = {Xenopus laevis as a Bioindicator of Endocrine Disruptors in the Region of Central Chile.}, journal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {77}, number = {3}, pages = {390-408}, doi = {10.1007/s00244-019-00661-6}, pmid = {31422435}, issn = {1432-0703}, support = {DI-592-14//Universidad Andres Bello/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Chile ; Ecosystem ; Ecotoxicology/methods ; Endocrine Disruptors/analysis/*toxicity ; *Environmental Biomarkers ; Environmental Exposure/*analysis ; Environmental Pollutants/toxicity ; Environmental Pollution/*adverse effects ; Female ; Geologic Sediments/analysis ; Gonads/pathology ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Reproduction ; Testosterone/metabolism ; Vitellogenins/metabolism ; Xenopus laevis/*physiology ; }, abstract = {One of the direct causes of biodiversity loss is environmental pollution resulting from the use of chemicals. Different kinds of chemicals, such as persistent organic pollutants and some heavy metals, can be endocrine disruptors, which act at low doses over a long period of time and have a negative effect on the reproductive and thyroid system in vertebrates worldwide. Research on the effects of endocrine disruptors and the use of bioindicators in neotropical ecosystems where pressure on biodiversity is high is scarce. In Chile, although endocrine disruptors have been detected at different concentrations in the environments of some ecosystems, few studies have been performed on their biological effects in the field. In this work, Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog), an introduced species, is used as a bioindicator for the presence of endocrine disruptors in aquatic systems with different degrees of contamination in a Mediterranean zone in central Chile. For the first time for Chile, alterations are described that can be linked to exposure to endocrine disruptors, such as vitellogenin induction, decreased testosterone in male frogs, and histological changes in gonads. Dioxin-like and oestrogenic activity was detected in sediments at locations where it seem to be related to alterations found in the frogs. In addition, an analysis of land use/cover use revealed that urban soil was the best model to explain the variations in frog health indicators. This study points to the usefulness of an invasive species as a bioindicator for the presence of endocrine-disruptive chemicals.}, }
@article {pmid31422419, year = {2019}, author = {Viviani, A and Bernardi, R and Cavallini, A and Rossi, E}, title = {Genotypic Characterization of Torymus sinensis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) After Its Introduction in Tuscany (Italy) for the Biological Control of Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae).}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {31422419}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Ribosomal/*analysis ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/*analysis ; *Genotype ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Alignment ; Wasps/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Torymus sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) is an alien parasitoid that is used in many areas of the world for biological control the Asian chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). In Italy, this parasitoid was imported from Japan in 2003 and subsequently multiplied and released throughout the country. In this study, a phylogenetic investigation was carried out on insects from three different sites in northern Tuscany (Italy). Moreover, the possible hybridization between T. sinensis and some native Torymus species was evaluated. The conserved region 18S rRNA gene and the hypervariable ITS2 (Internal Transcribed Spacer 2) region of the ribosomal cistrone were selected as molecular markers. Sequencing the amplified products, after cloning, ruled out any hybridization between T. sinensis and the native Torymus species, and also confirmed the presence of two haplotypes for the Tuscan population of T. sinensis both for the region of the 18S rRNA gene as well as for the ITS2 region. These results confirm that the environmental impact of the alien parasitoid T. sinensis in the study site is acceptable, although an extensive and repeated monitoring would be desirable.}, }
@article {pmid31422300, year = {2019}, author = {Mohd Zaideen, IM}, title = {The paradox in implementing Ballast Water Management Convention 2004 (BWMC) in Malaysian water.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {148}, number = {}, pages = {3-4}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.041}, pmid = {31422300}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Biological Monitoring ; Environmental Policy/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; *Introduced Species ; Malaysia ; *Ships/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Water Pollution/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*prevention &amp; control ; Water Purification/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/standards ; }, abstract = {The strategic location of Malaysia along the world's busiest trade waterways underscores the need to cope ballast water issues for both domestic and international shipping. The adoption of Ballast Water Management Convention 2004 (BWMC) by the International Maritime Organization is suitable for management plans intended to prevent the introduction of invasive species through ballast water discharge. Malaysia has ratified the BWMC in September 2010 and the Convention has come into force in September 2017. However up to now, the BWMC has not been fully implemented by Malaysia for ships operating in its waters. This paper analyse the headway in implementing the provisions of the BWMC in Malaysia as well as the issues and challenges encountered for the implementation. The paper concludes that Malaysian government should promulgate laws and policies to clearly communicate on ballast water issues to the shipping industry communities.}, }
@article {pmid31422296, year = {2019}, author = {Wilman, B and Bełdowska, M and Normant-Saremba, M}, title = {Labile and stable mercury in Harris mud crab (Rhithropanopeus harrisii) from the southern Baltic Sea - Considerations for a role of non-native species in the food web.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {148}, number = {}, pages = {116-122}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.064}, pmid = {31422296}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Baltic States ; Brachyura/*chemistry/metabolism ; Environmental Monitoring ; Food Chain ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Mercury/*chemistry/metabolism ; Shellfish/analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Mercury is a potent neurotoxin. Its main source of entry into the human body is the consumption of fish and seafood. Within the past few decades a new species of crab has appeared in the food web of the southern Baltic: Rhithropanopeus harrisii. The aim of the present study was to estimate the level of total and labile mercury concentrations in this species collected from the southern Baltic Sea. Analyses were performed using the thermodesorption method. The share of organic mercury fraction, as well as the Hgtot, increased with the size class of the crabs. Due to the increasingly common occurrence of R. harrisii and the low HgTOT concentration in its body, and assuming that it is bound to become a more and more common component of the diet of fish, it can be supposed that the load of toxic mercury entering the food web is likely to decrease.}, }
@article {pmid31422294, year = {2019}, author = {Gómez, F}, title = {Comments on the non-indigenous microalgae in the European seas.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {148}, number = {}, pages = {1-2}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.048}, pmid = {31422294}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Microalgae/classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; Oceans and Seas ; }, abstract = {The article entitled "Non-indigenous species refined national baseline inventories: A synthesis in the context of the European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directive" by Tsiamis et al. (2019, Mar. Pollut. Bull. 145, 429-435) reports a list of 52 non-indigenous microalgae in the European Seas. Comments on the validity of categorizing these species as non-indigenous are reported.}, }
@article {pmid31419603, year = {2019}, author = {Jeffrey, JD and Jeffries, KM and Suski, CD}, title = {Physiological status of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) in the Illinois River: An assessment of fish at the leading edge of the invasion front.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part D, Genomics &amp; proteomics}, volume = {32}, number = {}, pages = {100614}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbd.2019.100614}, pmid = {31419603}, issn = {1878-0407}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Liver/metabolism ; Male ; Mutagens/toxicity ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Rivers ; Seasons ; Transcriptome ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity ; Xenobiotics/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) are invasive to North America, and their range has expanded within the Mississippi River Basin, seemingly unchecked, since their introduction in the late 1970s, with the exception of the upper reaches of the Illinois River. With the imminent threat of their movement into the Great Lakes, the goal of the present study was to assess whether differences in the physiological status between silver carp at the leading edge of their invasion front and core population sites could explain their lack of expansion upstream toward Lake Michigan over the past decade. A transcriptomic approach using RNA sequencing and analysis of plasma variables were used to quantify differences among fish at the leading edge and two downstream core population sites. Leading-edge fish exhibited upregulation of genes associated with xenobiotic defense (e.g., ATP-binding cassette C1 [abcc1], abcc2, abcc6), decreased cell integrity (i.e., macroautophagy and apoptosis; autophagy-related protein 9A [atg9a], caspase 3b [casp3b]), and cholesterol metabolism (e.g., abca1, apolipoprotein A1 [apoa1], sterol O-acyltransferase [soat1]) and downregulation of genes associated with DNA repair (e.g., tumor suppressor p53-binding protein 1 [tp53bp1]) compared to core population sites. Transcriptomic profiles of leading-edge fish were consistent with fish inhabiting a polluted environment and suggest that poorer water quality conditions upstream of the leading edge may represent a non-permanent barrier to silver carp range expansion. The present study provides potential molecular targets for monitoring the physiological status of silver carp over time and in response to future improvements in water quality upstream of their leading edge.}, }
@article {pmid31419231, year = {2019}, author = {Lepczyk, CA and Duffy, DJ}, title = {Historical trends in Hawaiian game harvest and hunter participation in Hawai'i from 1946-2008.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {e0219283}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0219283}, pmid = {31419231}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Husbandry/history ; Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Birds ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Firearms/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Hawaii ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Introduced Species/history ; Mammals ; Recreation/history ; }, abstract = {At present, 21 game species have been successfully established in Hawai'i for the purpose of recreational and subsistence hunting. However, it is unknown how these management efforts have affected hunting and recreation trends in Hawai'i and how the patterns may parallel national data. Consequently, managers and biologists in Hawai'i have little reliable harvest and hunting participation information on which to base current and future management goals. This study provides the first ever analysis of public hunting data in the state of Hawai'i, and is one of only a handful nationally to investigate long-term hunting dynamics in the United States. Our goal was to understand historical hunting trends in the state of Hawai'i in order to provide baseline information to assist in current and future management efforts. Based upon this goal, our objectives were to investigate the influence that time, location, and species have had on both game harvest and hunter participation from 1946 to 2008 across the inhabited islands of Hawai'i. We used 62 years of data from Pittman-Robertson reports to evaluate temporal trends in game harvest and hunter participation for all species, individual species, and taxonomic groups (mammals and birds) at both state and island levels. Since 1946, trends in game harvest and hunter participation in Hawai'i have varied widely by island and species, suggesting that game management may be most effective when approached at the island or species level. Across the state the overall harvest has declined, with only a handful of species being harvested in greater numbers over time on several islands. However, our findings do highlight inconsistencies and potential biases in harvest collection data that are critical for science-based management. In particular, because every game species in Hawai'i has been introduced, there is a critical need to improve harvest data collection and couple it with monitoring data in order to provide management and policy recommendations and develop better conservation planning guidelines.}, }
@article {pmid31419086, year = {2019}, author = {Svetlichny, L and Hubareva, E and Khanaychenko, A and Uttieri, M}, title = {Response to salinity and temperature changes in the alien Asian copepod Pseudodiaptomus marinus introduced in the Black Sea.}, journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology}, volume = {331}, number = {8}, pages = {416-426}, doi = {10.1002/jez.2309}, pmid = {31419086}, issn = {2471-5646}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Black Sea ; Copepoda/*physiology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Motor Activity ; *Salinity ; Swimming/physiology ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The salinity tolerance and the effect of temperature were studied on the behavior and motor activity of the nonindigenous Indo-Pacific calanoid copepod Pseudodiaptomus marinus, first found in Sevastopol Bay (Black Sea) in autumn 2016. According to the index of median lethal salinity (LS50), the salinity tolerance range of adult P. marinus collected at 18.0 psu in November 2016 and subsequently reared in the laboratory amounted to 5.0-44.0 psu, independently of the acclimation regime. Females of P. marinus collected in December 2016 at 12.0°C became torpid at 8.0°C, a value typical of winter-spring Black Sea coastal areas. An increase in temperature from 8.0°C to 27.0°C led to an increase in the beat frequency of mouth appendages, swimming speed, and time spent cruising. However, at the same high temperature, the mean cruising speed in the feeding-current feeder P. marinus was 2-fold lower than that of the native, similarly sized cruise feeder Pseudocalanus elongatus. On the contrary, mouthpart beat frequency while cruising was 2-fold higher reaching 80 Hz, due to the creation of feeding currents in P. marinus. The results of our experiments confirm the euryhaline character of P. marinus, and point to an apparent ability to survive cold temperatures in a torpid state. This suggests the possibility of entering an overwintering stage to survive the adverse cold winter-spring environmental conditions of the Black Sea, similarly to the recent thermophilic Indo-Pacific invader Oithona davisae which established a successful population in the same area.}, }
@article {pmid31418981, year = {2021}, author = {Chen, Q and Wu, WW and Qi, SS and Cheng, H and Li, Q and Ran, Q and Dai, ZC and Du, DL and Egan, S and Thomas, T}, title = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve the growth and disease resistance of the invasive plant Wedelia trilobata.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {130}, number = {2}, pages = {582-591}, doi = {10.1111/jam.14415}, pmid = {31418981}, issn = {1365-2672}, support = {//Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)/ ; BK20150503//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu/ ; 1501014B//Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangsu/ ; 2017T100329//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; //Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment/ ; 31600326//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31700342//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31770446//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2017YFC1200100//State Key Research Development Program of China/ ; //Study Abroad Scholarship of Jiangsu Province &amp; Jiangsu University/ ; //Open grant from the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands/ ; 16A142//Research Project for College Graduates of Jiangsu University/ ; //the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)/ ; BK20150503//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; //the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment/ ; //Open grant from the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands./ ; }, mesh = {*Disease Resistance ; Fungi/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Nutrients/deficiency ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Rhizoctonia/pathogenicity/physiology ; Symbiosis ; Wedelia/*growth &amp; development/immunology/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {AIMS: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are symbiotic partners of many invasive plants, however, it is still unclear how AMF contribute to traits that are important for the successful invasion of their host and how environmental factors, such as nutrient conditions, influence this. This study was to explore the effects of Glomus versiforme (GV) and Glomus mosseae (GM) on the growth and disease resistance of the invasive plant Wedelia trilobata under different nutrient conditions.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: We found that GV and GM had higher root colonization rates resulting in faster W. trilobata growth under both low-N and low-P nutrient conditions compared to the normal condition. Also, the colonization of W. trilobata by GV significantly reduced the infection area of the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani under low-N conditions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that AMF can promote the growth and pathogenic defence of W. trilobata in a nutrient-poor environment, which might contribute to their successful invasion into certain type of habitats.<br><br>In this study, we report for the first time that AMF can promote growth and disease resistance of W. trilobata under nutrient-poor environment, which contribute to a better understanding of plant invasion.}, }
@article {pmid31418921, year = {2020}, author = {Niemiec, RM and Asner, GP and Gaertner, JA and Brodrick, PG and Vaughn, N and Heckler, J and Hughes, F and Keith, L and Matsumoto, T}, title = {Using spatially explicit, time-dependent analysis to understand how social factors influence conservation outcomes.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {505-514}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13409}, pmid = {31418921}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Conservation across human-dominated landscapes requires an understanding of the social and ecological factors driving outcomes. Studies that link conservation outcomes to social and ecological factors have examined temporally static patterns. However, there may be different social and ecological processes driving increases and decreases in conservation outcomes that can only be revealed through temporal analyses. Through a case study of the invasion of Falcataria moluccana in Hawaii, we examined the association of social factors with increases and decreases in invader distributions over time and space. Over 7 years, rates of invader decrease varied substantially (66-100%) relative to social factors, such as building value, whether land was privately or publically owned, and primary residence by a homeowner, whereas rates of increase varied only slightly (<0.1-3.6%) relative to such factors. These findings suggest that links between social factors and invasion in the study system may be driven more by landowners controlling existing invasive species, rather than by landowners preventing the spread of invasive species. We suggest that spatially explicit, time-dependent analyses provide a more nuanced understanding of the way social factors influence conservation outcomes. Such an understanding can help managers develop outreach programs and policies targeted at different types of landowners in human-dominated landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid31418236, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, DH and Hu, YM and Liu, M}, title = {[Potential distribution of Spartinal alterniflora in China coastal areas based on Maxent niche model].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {7}, pages = {2329-2337}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201907.014}, pmid = {31418236}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {China ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Poaceae ; Taiwan ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Maxent niche model was used to project the potential distribution of alien plant species Spartina alterniflora in China, with 96 S. alterniflora records and marine and climatic data along China coastal area. The results showed that suitable area for the distribution of S. alterniflora occupied 85% of coastal areas, with the highly suitable area, the medium, and low suitable area accounting for 18%, 34% and 33%, respectively. Only 15% of the coastal areas were regions with distribution possibility of less than 5%. Its distribution suitability was mainly related to annual lowest seawater temperature, annual mean seawater temperature, annual mean air temperature, and annual lowest temperature in January. However, the importance of annual mean precipitation, annual mean daily diurnal range, seawater salinity, annual highest seawater temperature, annual highest tempe-rature in June and current velocity was relatively small. At the highly suitable areas for S. alterni-flora, the annual lowest seawater temperature ranged from 0.62 to 24.81 ℃, the annual mean seawater temperature ranged from 10.46 to 27.29 ℃, the annual mean air temperature was between 9 to 25 ℃, and the annual lowest temperature in January was between -13.5 and 16.7 ℃. The distribution possibility of S. alterniflora in the northern coastal area was over 20%, indicating it has a great potential to invade further north in China, especially in Bohai Bay areas. According to the current distribution records and climatic data in China, the invasion risk of S. alterniflora in central and southern coasts of Hainan and most regions of Taiwan Province was low, but the possibility of future invasion can not be excluded.}, }
@article {pmid31418193, year = {2019}, author = {Li, ZP and Zhao, J and Chen, YB and Chen, H and Lin, N and Qiu, RZ}, title = {[Spatial variation and driving factors of invasive plants in Fujian Province, China].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {8}, pages = {2682-2690}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201908.010}, pmid = {31418193}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Altitude ; China ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Based on the field investigation data and the integration GIS spatial methods and geographical detector model, we analyzed the main and interactive effects of geographical and social environmental factors on the distribution of invasive plants in Fujian Province, China. The results showed that a total of 82 invasive plant species were recorded, with Compositae as the dominant family. Conyza canadensis, Ageratum conyzoides, and Alternanthera philoxeroides had the highest frequencies. There were more invasive species in coastal areas than in inland areas. Fuzhou and Xiamen were the hot areas for plant invaision. The invasive plants widely distributed at different altitudes, and the invasion reduced with the increasing altitude. The geographical detector analysis showed that rainfall as a natural environment factor and road density and people density as socio-economy factors were the major driving factors for the distribution of invasive plant species. The multi-factor interaction had a positive effect on the spatial distribution of invasive plants, implying the complexity of impact factors on the distribution of invasive plant species. In conclusion, the geographical detector could be used in the studies of invasive plants, and environmental factors could be also applied for monitoring the suitable establishment areas of invasive plants in Fujian Province. Our results provide a scientific basis for effective management of invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid31417622, year = {2019}, author = {Geladi, I and De León, LF and Torchin, ME and Hendry, AP and González, R and Sharpe, DMT}, title = {100-year time series reveal little morphological change following impoundment and predator invasion in two Neotropical characids.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {1385-1401}, pmid = {31417622}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Human activities are dramatically altering ecosystems worldwide, often resulting in shifts in selection regimes. In response, natural populations sometimes undergo rapid phenotypic changes, which, if adaptive, can increase their probability of persistence. However, in many instances, populations fail to undergo any phenotypic change, which might indicate a variety of possibilities, including maladaptation. In freshwater ecosystems, the impoundment of rivers and the introduction of exotic species are among the leading threats to native fishes. We examined how the construction of the Panama Canal, which formed Lake Gatun, and the subsequent invasion of the predatory Cichla monoculus influenced the morphology of two native fishes: Astyanax ruberrimus and Roeboides spp. Using a 100-year time series, we studied variation in overall body shape over time (before vs. after impoundment and invasion) as well as across space (between an invaded and an uninvaded reservoir). In addition, we examined variation in linear morphological traits associated with swim performance and predator detection/avoidance. Notwithstanding a few significant changes in particular traits in particular comparisons, we found only limited evidence for morphological change associated with these two stressors. Most observed changes were subtle, and tended to be site- and species-specific. The lack of a strong morphological response to these stressors, coupled with dramatic population declines in both species, suggests they may be maladapted to the anthropogenically perturbed environment of Lake Gatun, but direct measures of fitness would be needed to test this. In general, our results suggest that morphological responses to anthropogenic disturbances can be very limited and, when they do occur, are often complex and context-dependent.}, }
@article {pmid31417614, year = {2019}, author = {Gering, E and Incorvaia, D and Henriksen, R and Wright, D and Getty, T}, title = {Maladaptation in feral and domesticated animals.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {1274-1286}, pmid = {31417614}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Selection regimes and population structures can be powerfully changed by domestication and feralization, and these changes can modulate animal fitness in both captive and natural environments. In this review, we synthesize recent studies of these two processes and consider their impacts on organismal and population fitness. Domestication and feralization offer multiple windows into the forms and mechanisms of maladaptation. Firstly, domestic and feral organisms that exhibit suboptimal traits or fitness allow us to identify their underlying causes within tractable research systems. This has facilitated significant progress in our general understandings of genotype-phenotype relationships, fitness trade-offs, and the roles of population structure and artificial selection in shaping domestic and formerly domestic organisms. Additionally, feralization of artificially selected gene variants and organisms can reveal or produce maladaptation in other inhabitants of an invaded biotic community. In these instances, feral animals often show similar fitness advantages to other invasive species, but they are also unique in their capacities to modify natural ecosystems through introductions of artificially selected traits. We conclude with a brief consideration of how emerging technologies such as genome editing could change the tempos, trajectories, and ecological consequences of both domestication and feralization. In addition to providing basic evolutionary insights, our growing understanding of mechanisms through which artificial selection can modulate fitness has diverse and important applications-from enhancing the welfare, sustainability, and efficiency of agroindustry, to mitigating biotic invasions.}, }
@article {pmid31415642, year = {2019}, author = {Lyons, TJ and Tuckett, QM and Hill, JE}, title = {Characterizing the US trade in lionfishes.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {e0221272}, pmid = {31415642}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Caribbean Region ; Florida ; Gulf of Mexico ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive lionfishes Pterois volitans and Pterois miles have spread throughout the tropical western Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Greater Caribbean. Beyond these two invaders, additional species within the subfamily Pteroinae are regularly imported into the United States. We evaluated the trade of lionfishes as a surrogate measure for propagule pressure, an important component of invasion success. Proactive evaluation of marine ornamental fishes in trade is vital, particularly for those sharing characteristics with known invaders. We utilized one year of import records from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Law Enforcement Management Information System database and two domestic databases to capture the trade of all lionfishes in the US, the invasive complex in its invaded range in Florida, and two Hawaiian endemic lionfishes. Retail surveys were completed to assess lionfish availability across 10 coastal states. Compared to species diversity within the subfamily, the number of traded species was low and just two species were traded at moderate to high volume, including P. volitans and Dendrochirus zebra. At the retail level, fewer species are available to consumers. The trade in lionfishes is consolidated because most lionfishes originate from two Indo-Pacific countries and arrive through the port of Los Angeles. The volume and diversity of traded lionfishes presents some risk of introduction for lionfishes which are not established, and secondary introductions of the invasive P. volitans. In combination with rapid risk screening, this research can be applied to a proactive risk management framework to identify risky species prior to introduction and establishment.}, }
@article {pmid31414400, year = {2020}, author = {Pazmiño-Palomino, A and Mendoza, J and Brito-Vera, GA}, title = {First Record of Invasive Tawny Crazy Ant Nylanderia fulva (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Continental Ecuador and Notes on Its Ecology in Sugarcane Crops.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, pages = {147-150}, pmid = {31414400}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*classification ; Aphids ; Crops, Agricultural ; Ecuador ; *Introduced Species ; *Saccharum ; }, abstract = {We report the first known record of the tawny crazy ant Nylanderia fulva (Mayr) in continental Ecuador. In addition, we describe the mutualistic association between ants and white aphids Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) in a sugarcane crop. Finally, we highlight the necessity to carry out studies of this nature due to an increasing number of invasive ant species in Ecuador and their potential damage to agricultural and natural ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid31412452, year = {2019}, author = {Šibíková, M and Jarolímek, I and Hegedüšová, K and Májeková, J and Mikulová, K and Slabejová, D and Škodová, I and Zaliberová, M and Medvecká, J}, title = {Effect of planting alien Robinia pseudoacacia trees on homogenization of Central European forest vegetation.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {687}, number = {}, pages = {1164-1175}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.043}, pmid = {31412452}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Forestry ; *Forests ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; Robinia/*growth &amp; development ; Soil ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Biological homogenization is a process of biodiversity loss driven by the introduction and invasion of widespread species and the extinction of specialized, endemic species. This process has accelerated in recent years due to intensive human activities. We focused our study on large areas of forest vegetation that have not yet been intensively studied. Forest management, especially the planting of alien trees, could play a key role in the homogenization process because alien trees can act as habitat 'transformers' influencing vegetation through creating different environmental conditions. Several types of native forests (hardwood floodplain forests, oak forests, and oak-hornbeam forests) have in many regions been replaced by Robinia pseudoacacia plantations. The huge diversity of native broadleaved deciduous forests in the Pannonian and Carpathian regions, with many local differences and considerable geographical variability, could be exposed to the homogenization process due to the planting of Robinia pseudoacacia. We used 282 paired plots of Robinia pseudoacacia-dominated forests and native forests with a distance of 50-250 m among them under the same environmental conditions to avoid the influence of the variability of local environmental conditions on the forest undergrowth. We found out that the replacement of native forests by plantations of Robinia pseudoacacia plays a crucial role in the homogenization process in forest vegetation by unifying microenvironmental conditions of stands and removing the geographically specified variability of plant communities from previous four classes to single one. The replacement reduced total species pool from 422 to 372 species and supported the occurrence of widespread, generalist plant species in the undergrowth.}, }
@article {pmid31411547, year = {2019}, author = {Dennert, F and Meyer, JB and Rigling, D and Prospero, S}, title = {Assessing the Phytosanitary Risk Posed by an Intraspecific Invasion of Cryphonectria parasitica in Europe.}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {109}, number = {12}, pages = {2055-2063}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-06-19-0197-R}, pmid = {31411547}, issn = {0031-949X}, mesh = {*Ascomycota/pathogenicity ; Europe ; *Fagaceae/microbiology ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Intraspecific cryptic invasions may occur when new strains of an invasive species are introduced into an area where this species had already been introduced previously. In plant pathogens, such invasions are not well studied, even if, potentially, they can have severe consequences. Here, we investigated the effects of a potential intraspecific invasion in Europe of Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight. Specifically, we tested the hypotheses that (i) non-European strains are more virulent on Castanea sativa than those already present in Europe because they have never encountered this new host, and (ii) the variation in virulence among strains is higher within native than within introduced populations. In a greenhouse, 2-year-old C. sativa seedlings were inoculated with Cryphonectria parasitica strains from South Korea, the United States, and Switzerland, and lesion development and seedling mortality were recorded weekly. Additionally, growth and sporulation of the strains were measured in vitro on agar medium at 15 and 24°C. Although lesion growth was similar for all strains, seedlings inoculated with strains from South Korea and Switzerland died faster than seedlings inoculated with strains from the United States. Moreover, in vitro strains from South Korea grew faster and produced more spores at both temperatures than the strains from the other two countries. In conclusion, our results did not support the two hypotheses. All strains, regardless of their origin, were found to be highly virulent on the inoculated chestnut seedlings. Nevertheless, current phytosanitary measures to avoid the introduction of new genotypes of C. parasitica into Europe should be further implemented.}, }
@article {pmid31411257, year = {2019}, author = {Kun, ME and Masciocchi, M}, title = {First detection of the cosmopolitan invader Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (Heteroptera: Coreidae) in Argentina.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, pages = {e20180493}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765201920180493}, pmid = {31411257}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Argentina ; Forests ; Heteroptera/*anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Tracheophyta ; }, abstract = {Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann is a conifer seed bug, native to North America. This species is considered invasive and has reached several countries in the Northern Hemisphere and most recently Chile in South America. This work reports the first detection of this species in Argentina, with specimens from the Rio Negro province, in 2017. Ecological traits and its potential rapid spread were also discussed.}, }
@article {pmid31410272, year = {2019}, author = {Pimsler, ML and Sze, SH and Saenz, S and Fu, S and Tomberlin, JK and Tarone, AM}, title = {Gene expression correlates of facultative predation in the blow fly Chrysomya rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {15}, pages = {8690-8701}, pmid = {31410272}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Effects of intraguild predation (IGP) on omnivores and detritivores are relatively understudied when compared to work on predator guilds. Functional genetic work in IGP is even more limited, but its application can help answer a range of questions related to ultimate and proximate causes of this behavior. Here, we integrate behavioral assays and transcriptomic analysis of facultative predation in a blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) to evaluate the prevalence, effect, and correlated gene expression of facultative predation by the invasive species Chrysomya rufifacies. Field work observing donated human cadavers indicated facultative predation by C. rufifacies on the native blow fly Cochliomyia macellaria was rare under undisturbed conditions, owing in part to spatial segregation between species. Laboratory assays under conditions of starvation showed predation had a direct fitness benefit (i.e., survival) to the predator. As a genome is not available for C. rufifacies, a de novo transcriptome was developed and annotated using sequence similarity to Drosophila melanogaster. Under a variety of assembly parameters, several genes were identified as being differentially expressed between predators and nonpredators of this species, including genes involved in cell-to-cell signaling, osmotic regulation, starvation responses, and dopamine regulation. Results of this work were integrated to develop a model of the processes and genetic regulation controlling facultative predation.}, }
@article {pmid31410262, year = {2019}, author = {Muha, TP and Skukan, R and Borrell, YJ and Rico, JM and Garcia de Leaniz, C and Garcia-Vazquez, E and Consuegra, S}, title = {Contrasting seasonal and spatial distribution of native and invasive Codium seaweed revealed by targeting species-specific eDNA.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {15}, pages = {8567-8579}, pmid = {31410262}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {AIM: Codium fragile, an invasive seaweed, has spread widely during the last century, impacting on local seaweed communities through competition and disturbance. Early detection of C. fragile can help on its control and management. Environmental DNA (eDNA) has proved successful for early detection of aquatic invasive species but its potential use for seaweed remains understudied. We used a species-specific eDNA qPCR approach to investigate the spatial distribution, abundance, and coexistence of the invasive C. fragile and three native Codium species (Codium vermilara, Codium tomentosum, and Codium decorticatum) in the Cantabrian Sea.<br><br>LOCATION: Bay of Biscay, Northern Atlantic Coast of the Iberian Peninsula; two ports, a beach and a rocky cliff.<br><br>METHODS: We designed species-specific primers in barcoding regions targeting short fragments of the rbcL gene for the invasive Codium species, and the elongation factor Tu (tufA) gene for the native species, to assess their spatial and seasonal distributions using quantitative real-time PCR in samples collected during summer, autumn, and winter.<br><br>RESULTS: We found seasonal differences in the presence of the invasive Codium fragile and two of the native Codium species, but did not detect C.&#xa0;decorticatum at any point. Species distribution patterns produced with qPCR targeting species-specific eDNA coincided with the known distribution based on previous conventional sampling, with a seasonal alternance of C.&#xa0;fragile and C.&#xa0;vermilara, and a marked dominance of invasive C.&#xa0;fragile in ports, which are known hotspots for invasive species.<br><br>MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate the utility of using eDNA for early detection and monitoring of invasive seaweed. Native and invasive Codium spp. displayed significant seasonal and spatial differentiation that needs to be taken into account in risk management. Regular monitoring of ports and adjacent areas using eDNA should help to assess the potential expansion of invasive Codium and the need for management interventions to avoid the displacement of native seaweed.}, }
@article {pmid31409244, year = {2019}, author = {Kelehear, C and Shine, R}, title = {Non-reproductive male cane toads (Rhinella marina) withhold sex-identifying information from their rivals.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {20190462}, pmid = {31409244}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufo marinus ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Sexual Behavior ; }, abstract = {A male cane toad (Rhinella marina) that mistakenly clasps another male (rather than a female) in a sexual embrace (amplexus) can be induced to dismount by a male-specific 'release call'. Although that sex-identifying system can benefit both males in that interaction, our standardized tests showed that one-third of male cane toads did not emit release calls when grasped. Most of those silent males were small, had small testes relative to body mass, and had poorly developed secondary sexual characteristics. If emitting a release call is costly (e.g. by attracting predators), a non-reproductive male may benefit by remaining silent; other cues (such as skin rugosity) will soon induce the amplexing male to dismount, and the 'opportunity cost' to being amplexed (inability to search for and clasp a female) is minimal for non-reproductive males. Hence, male toads may inform other males about their sexual identity only when it is beneficial to do so.}, }
@article {pmid31407465, year = {2020}, author = {Liu, ZD and Mi, GB and Raffa, KF and Sun, JH}, title = {Physical contact, volatiles, and acoustic signals contribute to monogamy in an invasive aggregating bark beetle.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {1285-1297}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12715}, pmid = {31407465}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {2018YFD0600204//Thirteenth Five-Year State Key Research Program of China/ ; 31770690//National Natural Science Foundation/ ; XDB11050000//Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; QYZDJ-SSW-SMC024//CAS Key Project of Frontier Science Program/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Auditory Perception ; China ; Cues ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; *Vocalization, Animal/physiology ; Volatile Organic Compounds/*metabolism ; Weevils/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The behavioral strategies and mechanisms by which some insects maintain monogamous mating systems are not well understood. We investigated the mating system of the bark beetle Dendroctonus valens, and identified several contributing mechanisms. Field and laboratory observations suggest the adults commonly form permanent bonds during host colonization. Moreover, it showed mated females that remained paired with males produced more offspring than mated females that were alone in galleries. In bioassays, a second female commonly entered a gallery constructed by a prior female. Videos show she commonly reached the location of the first female, but they did not engage in actual fighting. Rather, the second female typically departs to form her own gallery. Acoustic signaling likewise does not appear to influence female-female encounters, based on controlled muting experiments. Instead, the intruder appears to perceive the resident's presence by physical contact. Both acoustic signals and volatiles released by females during gallery constructing were shown to attract males. After a male joined a female in a gallery, the male-produced aggressive sounds, which were shown by playback to deter other males from entering the gallery. Unlike female-female interactions, resident males use their head and rear to push intruders out of galleries. Additionally, volatiles released by males during feeding repelled intruding males, discouraging them from entering the gallery. Males also construct plugs that block the entrance, which may prevent subsequent males and predators from entering the gallery. Thus, D. valens has evolved multifaceted mechanisms contributing to single pairings that confer benefits to both sexes.}, }
@article {pmid31405065, year = {2019}, author = {Shang, L and Hu, Z and Deng, Y and Liu, Y and Zhai, X and Chai, Z and Liu, X and Zhan, Z and Dobbs, FC and Tang, YZ}, title = {Metagenomic Sequencing Identifies Highly Diverse Assemblages of Dinoflagellate Cysts in Sediments from Ships' Ballast Tanks.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {31405065}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {U1606404//NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences/ ; 41476142//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 61533011//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 41606126//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 41506143//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2016ASKJ02//Scientific and Technological Innovation Project Financially Supported by Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology/ ; LMEES-CTSP-2018-1//Creative Team Project of the Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology/ ; }, abstract = {Ships' ballast tanks have long been known as vectors for the introduction of organisms. We applied next-generation sequencing to detect dinoflagellates (mainly as cysts) in 32 ballast tank sediments collected during 2001-2003 from ships entering the Great Lakes or Chesapeake Bay and subsequently archived. Seventy-three dinoflagellates were fully identified to species level by this metagenomic approach and single-cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sequencing, including 19 toxic species, 36 harmful algal bloom (HAB) forming species, 22 previously unreported as producing cysts, and 55 reported from ballast tank sediments for the first time (including 13 freshwater species), plus 545 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) not fully identified due to a lack of reference sequences, indicating tank sediments are repositories of many previously undocumented taxa. Analyses indicated great heterogeneity of species composition among samples from different sources. Light and scanning electron microscopy and single-cell PCR sequencing supported and confirmed results of the metagenomic approach. This study increases the number of fully identified dinoflagellate species from ballast tank sediments to 142 (> 50% increase). From the perspective of ballast water management, the high diversity and spatiotemporal heterogeneity of dinoflagellates in ballast tanks argues for continuing research and stringent adherence to procedures intended to prevent unintended introduction of non-indigenous toxic and HAB-forming species.}, }
@article {pmid31400200, year = {2019}, author = {Patel, JS and Chouvenc, T and Su, NY}, title = {Temperature Preference of Two Invasive Subterranean Termite Species and Their Hybrids (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae: Coptotermes).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {6}, pages = {2888-2893}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz210}, pmid = {31400200}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cockroaches ; Introduced Species ; *Isoptera ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Temperature preference of two invasive subterranean termites, Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) and Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae), and their hybrids were determined in a horizontal thermal gradient. The activity of workers of four mating combinations: ♀C. gestroi × ♂C. gestroi (C. gestroi), ♀C. formosanus × ♂C. formosanus (C. formosanus), ♀C. gestroi × ♂C. formosanus (Hybrid G), and ♀C. formosanus × ♂C. gestroi (Hybrid F), when placed on the temperature gradients were videotaped and analyzed to determine the mean temperature preference values (mTPV). The temperature ranges for active termites were 21.9-39.5°C for C. gestroi, 11.1-39.5°C for C. formosanus, 25.3-38.2°C for Hybrid G, and 24.9-39.3°C for Hybrid F. There was no significant difference in the mTPV of C. gestroi and both hybrid mating combinations. The mTPV of both Hybrid G and Hybrid F was significantly higher than the parental species C. formosanus. Our results indicate that hybrid populations of C. formosanus and C. gestroi might be more active in tropical than temperate regions, and if established in temperate regions, they will be more active in summer months when the mean temperature exceeds 25°C.}, }
@article {pmid31400190, year = {2019}, author = {Auffret, AG and Thomas, CD}, title = {Synergistic and antagonistic effects of land use and non-native species on community responses to climate change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {12}, pages = {4303-4314}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14765}, pmid = {31400190}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {2015-1065//Swedish Research Council Formas/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Birds ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Sweden ; }, abstract = {Climate change, land-use change and introductions of non-native species are key determinants of biodiversity change worldwide. However, the extent to which anthropogenic drivers of environmental change interact to affect biological communities is largely unknown, especially over longer time periods. Here, we show that plant community composition in 996 Swedish landscapes has consistently shifted to reflect the warmer and wetter climate that the region has experienced during the second half of the 20th century. Using community climatic indices, which reflect the average climatic associations of the species within each landscape at each time period, we found that species compositions in 74% of landscapes now have a higher representation of warm-associated species than they did previously, while 84% of landscapes now host more species associated with higher levels of precipitation. In addition to a warmer and wetter climate, there have also been large shifts in land use across the region, while the fraction of non-native species has increased in the majority of landscapes. Climatic warming at the landscape level appeared to favour the colonization of warm-associated species, while also potentially driving losses in cool-associated species. However, the resulting increases in community thermal means were apparently buffered by landscape simplification (reduction in habitat heterogeneity within landscapes) in the form of increased forest cover. Increases in non-native species, which generally originate from warmer climates than Sweden, were a strong driver of community-level warming. In terms of precipitation, both landscape simplification and increases in non-natives appeared to favour species associated with drier climatic conditions, to some extent counteracting the climate-driven shift towards wetter communities. Anthropogenic drivers can act both synergistically and antagonistically to determine trajectories of change in biological communities over time. Therefore, it is important to consider multiple drivers of global change when trying to understand, manage and predict biodiversity in the future.}, }
@article {pmid31400182, year = {2019}, author = {Zhao, Z and Hui, C and Plant, RE and Su, M and Papadopoulos, NT and Carpenter, TE and Li, Z and Carey, JR}, title = {The failure of success: cyclic recurrences of a globally invasive pest.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {29}, number = {8}, pages = {e01991}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1991}, pmid = {31400182}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Recurrence ; *Tephritidae ; United States ; }, abstract = {In the six decades since 1960, the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), has been announced successfully eradicated in California by the U.S. Department of Agriculture a total of 564 times. This includes eradication declarations in one city a total of 25 different years, in 12 cities 8-19 different years, and in 101 cities 2-7 different years. We here show that the false negatives in declaring elimination success hinge on the easily achieved regulatory criteria, which have virtually guaranteed the failure of complete extirpation of this pest. Analyses of the time series of fly detection over California placed on a grid of 100-km[2] cells revealed (1) partial success of the eradication program in controlling the invasion of the oriental fruit fly; (2) low prevalence of the initial detection in these cells is often followed by high prevalence of recurrences; (3) progressively shorter intervals between years of consecutive detections; and (4) high likelihood of early-infested cells also experiencing the most frequent outbreaks. Facing the risk of recurrent invasions, such short-term eradication programs have only succeeded annually according to the current regulatory criteria but have failed to achieve the larger goal of complete extirpation of the oriental fruit fly. Based on the components and running costs of the current programs, we further estimated the efficiency of eradication programs with different combinations of eradication radius, duration, and edge impermeability in reducing invasion recurrences and slowing the spread of the oriental fruit fly. We end with policy implications including the need for agricultural agencies worldwide to revisit eradication protocols in which monitoring and treatments are terminated when the regulatory criteria for declaring eradication are met. Our results also have direct implications to invasion biologists and agriculture policy makers regarding long-term risks of short-term expediency.}, }
@article {pmid31400179, year = {2019}, author = {Suckling, DM and Stringer, LD and Baird, DB and Kean, JM}, title = {Will growing invasive arthropod biodiversity outpace our ability for eradication?.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {29}, number = {8}, pages = {e01992}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1992}, pmid = {31400179}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Arthropods ; Biodiversity ; *Insecticides ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The Global Eradication Database documents 811 eradication attempts against invasive arthropods since 1890, in 104 countries. Eradication programs show a greater than exponential increase in the number of programs started in recent decades. In addition, there is a trend of a rapidly diversifying burden of the most severe threats. The species richness showed a three-fold increase in number of species under eradication in the last 50 yr, and all taxonomic levels rose dramatically. The increase in number of eradication programs shows that current management measures for constraining the spread of invasive species are inadequate. A similar surge in the number of governments trying to prevent the establishment of new pests has occurred. Increased biodiversity of arthropod eradication targets includes new pest groups with fewer tools developed for management. We argue that a rapid increase in biodiversity of invasive and economically or environmentally damaging organisms represents a substantial and underestimated challenge for managers wanting to prevent their establishment, requiring a shift in research focus to accelerate delimitation and suppression options with less reliance on insecticides.}, }
@article {pmid31399718, year = {2020}, author = {Puckett, EE and Magnussen, E and Khlyap, LA and Strand, TM and Lundkvist, &#xc5; and Munshi-South, J}, title = {Genomic analyses reveal three independent introductions of the invasive brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) to the Faroe Islands.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {124}, number = {1}, pages = {15-27}, pmid = {31399718}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Denmark ; *Genetics, Population ; Genomics ; History, 18th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Introduced Species/*history ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Population Density ; Rats/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Population genomics offers innovative approaches to test hypotheses related to the source and timing of introduction of invasive species. These approaches are particularly appropriate to study colonization of island ecosystems. The brown rat is a cold-hardy global invasive that has reached most of the world's island ecosystems, including even highly isolated archipelagoes such as the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic Ocean. Historic records tell of rats rafting to the southern island of Suðuroy in 1768 following a shipwreck off the coast of Scotland, then expanding across the archipelago. We investigated the demographic history of brown rats in the Faroes using 50,174 SNPs. We inferred three independent introductions of rats, including to Suðuroy, the islands of Borðoy and Viðoy, and onto Streymoy from which they expanded to Eysturoy and Vágar. All Faroese populations showed signs of strong bottlenecks and declining effective population size. We inferred that these founder events removed low frequency alleles, the exact data needed to estimate recent demographic histories. Therefore, we were unable to accurately estimate the timing of each invasion. The difficulties with demographic inference may be applicable to other invasive species, particularly those with extreme and recent bottlenecks. We identified three invasions of brown rats to the Faroe Islands that resulted in highly differentiated populations that will be useful for future studies of life history variation and genomic adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid31399606, year = {2019}, author = {Holman, LE and de Bruyn, M and Creer, S and Carvalho, G and Robidart, J and Rius, M}, title = {Detection of introduced and resident marine species using environmental DNA metabarcoding of sediment and water.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {11559}, pmid = {31399606}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/genetics ; Biodiversity ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; DNA, Environmental/*analysis/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Geologic Sediments/*analysis ; Metagenomics/methods ; United Kingdom ; Water/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) surveys are increasingly being used for biodiversity monitoring, principally because they are sensitive and can provide high resolution community composition data. Despite considerable progress in recent years, eDNA studies examining how different environmental sample types can affect species detectability remain rare. Comparisons of environmental samples are especially important for providing best practice guidance on early detection and subsequent mitigation of non-indigenous species. Here we used eDNA metabarcoding of COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) and 18S (nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA) genes to compare community composition between sediment and water samples in artificial coastal sites across the United Kingdom. We first detected markedly different communities and a consistently greater number of distinct operational taxonomic units in sediment compared to water. We then compared our eDNA datasets with previously published rapid assessment biodiversity surveys and found excellent concordance among the different survey techniques. Finally, our eDNA surveys detected many non-indigenous species, including several newly introduced species, highlighting the utility of eDNA metabarcoding for both early detection and temporal / spatial monitoring of non-indigenous species. We conclude that careful consideration on environmental sample type is needed when conducting eDNA surveys, especially for studies assessing community change.}, }
@article {pmid31398632, year = {2019}, author = {Petri, B and Chaganti, SR and Chan, PS and Heath, D}, title = {Phytoplankton growth characterization in short term MPN culture assays using 18S metabarcoding and qRT-PCR.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {164}, number = {}, pages = {114941}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2019.114941}, pmid = {31398632}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {Biological Assay ; *Phytoplankton ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Water Purification ; }, abstract = {The most probable number dilution-culture assay (MPN) is used to enumerate viable phytoplankton in regulatory tests of ballast water treatment systems. However the United States Coast Guard has not yet accepted MPN, in part due to concerns of biased results due to cells being viable but not growing. MPN does not assess the fate of every cell, and thus the bias can only be evaluated by a companion method that assesses the ability of the various taxa to grow. This growth ability ("growability") is the complement of the bias, and has been evaluated by microscopic taxonomy of before-culture and after-culture samples. However, microscopic taxonomy is extremely laborious and few data have been produced for phytoplankton growability in MPN assays. To address the need for more and more reliable growability data, a method was developed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) techniques that target the V9 region of the 18S rRNA gene for the taxonomic identification and growth assessment of eukaryotic phytoplankton, respectively. This growability method was applied to MPN samples from a ballast water management system test that were incubated with two different enrichment media at two different temperatures. DNA was extracted from filters of before-culture and after-culture samples, and assessed for taxonomy by NGS and for PCR template DNA concentration by qRT-PCR. Growth ratios based on changes in 18S template concentration over the incubation period were calculated for each taxon, and dead-cell DNA persistence through a 14 day incubation was verified to be <1% and did not influence the growth calculations. In total, 95 of 97 eukaryotic phytoplankton in the before-culture sample demonstrated growth, with definitive growth ratios ranging from 4.0 × 10[1]-2.6 × 10[5]. An additional 13 taxa demonstrated growth from non-detect in before-culture samples. Taxa-based growability values were 87-88% in individual incubation conditions with no statistical differences among conditions, and 98% for all conditions combined. When growability was weighted by the before-culture abundance of each taxa, relevant to regulations based on all organisms regardless of taxa, community-based growability was >99% in each condition and in all conditions combined because the most abundant taxa all exhibited growth. This study verifies that conventional phytoplankton MPN assays produce accurate results with low bias from undetected viable cells, regardless of enrichments and incubation temperatures. This work can provide regulatory confidence for broader acceptance of MPN assays without limitations.}, }
@article {pmid31398280, year = {2019}, author = {Bortolus, A and Adam, P and Adams, JB and Ainouche, ML and Ayres, D and Bertness, MD and Bouma, TJ and Bruno, JF and Caçador, I and Carlton, JT and Castillo, JM and Costa, CSB and Davy, AJ and Deegan, L and Duarte, B and Figueroa, E and Gerwein, J and Gray, AJ and Grosholz, ED and Hacker, SD and Hughes, AR and Mateos-Naranjo, E and Mendelssohn, IA and Morris, JT and Muñoz-Rodríguez, AF and Nieva, FJJ and Levin, LA and Li, B and Liu, W and Pennings, SC and Pickart, A and Redondo-Gómez, S and Richardson, DM and Salmon, A and Schwindt, E and Silliman, BR and Sotka, EE and Stace, C and Sytsma, M and Temmerman, S and Turner, RE and Valiela, I and Weinstein, MP and Weis, JS}, title = {Supporting Spartina: Interdisciplinary perspective shows Spartina as a distinct solid genus.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {100}, number = {11}, pages = {e02863}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2863}, pmid = {31398280}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Phylogeny ; *Poaceae ; }, abstract = {In 2014, a DNA-based phylogenetic study confirming the paraphyly of the grass subtribe Sporobolinae proposed the creation of a large monophyletic genus Sporobolus, including (among others) species previously included in the genera Spartina, Calamovilfa, and Sporobolus. Spartina species have contributed substantially (and continue contributing) to our knowledge in multiple disciplines, including ecology, evolutionary biology, molecular biology, biogeography, experimental ecology, biological invasions, environmental management, restoration ecology, history, economics, and sociology. There is no rationale so compelling to subsume the name Spartina as a subgenus that could rival the striking, global iconic history and use of the name Spartina for over 200 yr. We do not agree with the subjective arguments underlying the proposal to change Spartina to Sporobolus. We understand the importance of both the objective phylogenetic insights and of the subjective formalized nomenclature and hope that by opening this debate we will encourage positive feedback that will strengthen taxonomic decisions with an interdisciplinary perspective. We consider that the strongly distinct, monophyletic clade Spartina should simply and efficiently be treated as the genus Spartina.}, }
@article {pmid31396863, year = {2019}, author = {de Souza, TAF and Santos, D and de Andrade, LA and Freitas, H}, title = {Plant-soil feedback of two legume species in semi-arid Brazil.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]}, volume = {50}, number = {4}, pages = {1011-1020}, pmid = {31396863}, issn = {1678-4405}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Fabaceae/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; Fungi/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Mimosa/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; Mycorrhizae/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Soil/chemistry ; Soil Microbiology ; Spores, Fungal/classification/growth &amp; development/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Positive feedback between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) and vascular plants can contribute to plant species establishment, but how this feedback affects plant invasion by Prosopis juliflora SW. (DC.), or resistance to invasion by Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir in Brazilian semi-arid region is not well known. In this work, we tested how modified and native AMF communities affect the establishment of P. juliflora and M. tenuiflora plants. We examined the effects of inoculation with modified and native AMF communities on number of AMF spores, root colonization, number of N-fixing nodules, plant dry biomass, plant phosphorous concentration, and plant responsiveness to mycorrhizas of P. juliflora and M. tenuiflora. We found that the modified AMF community enhanced the root colonization, plant dry biomass, and plant phosphorous concentration of invasive P. juliflora, whereas native AMF enhanced M. tenuiflora. Our results demonstrate that the invasive P. juliflora alters soil AMF community composition, and this change generates positive feedback to the invasive P. juliflora itself and decreases AMF associations with native M. tenuiflora.}, }
@article {pmid31396444, year = {2019}, author = {Moreno Salas, L and Espinoza-Carniglia, M and Lizama Schmeisser, N and Torres, LG and Silva-de la Fuente, MC and Lareschi, M and González-Acuña, D}, title = {Fleas of black rats (Rattus rattus) as reservoir host of Bartonella spp. in Chile.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e7371}, pmid = {31396444}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rattus rattus is a widely distributed, invasive species that presents an important role in disease transmission, either directly or through vector arthropods such as fleas. These black rats can transmit a wide variety of pathogens, including bacteria of the genus Bartonella, which can cause diseases in humans and animals. In Chile, no data are available identifying fleas from synanthropic rodents as Bartonella vectors. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Bartonella spp. in the fleas of R. rattus in areas with different climate conditions and featuring different human population densities.<br><br>METHODS: In all, 174 fleas collected from 261 R. rattus captured from 30 localities with different human densities (cities, villages, and wild areas) across five hydrographic zones of Chile (hyper-arid, arid, semi-arid, sub-humid, and hyper-humid) were examined. Bartonella spp. presence was determined through polymerase chain reaction, using gltA and rpoB genes, which were concatenated to perform a similarity analysis with BLAST and phylogenetic analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: Overall, 15 fleas species were identified; Bartonella gltA and rpoB fragments were detected in 21.2% (37/174) and 19.5% (34/174) of fleas, respectively. A total of 10 of the 15 fleas species found were positive for Bartonella DNA. Leptopsylla segnis was the most commonly collected flea species (n = 55), and it also presented a high prevalence of Bartonella DNA (P% = 34.5%). The highest numbers of fleas of this species were collected in villages of the arid zone. There were no seasonal differences in the prevalence of Bartonella DNA. The presence of Bartonella DNA in fleas was recorded in all hydrographic areas, and the arid zone presented the highest prevalence of this species. Regarding areas with different human densities, the highest prevalence was noted in the villages (34.8% gltA and 31.8% rpoB), followed by cities (14.8% gltA and 11.1% rpoB) and wild areas (7.4% gltA and 14.8% rpoB). The BLAST analysis showed a high similitude (>96%) with four uncharacterized Bartonella genotypes and with two species with zoonotic potential: B. mastomydis and B. tribocorum. The phylogenetic analysis showed a close relationship with B. elizabethae and B. tribocorum. This is the first study to provide evidence of the presence of Bartonella in fleas of R. rattus in Chile, indicating that the villages and arid zone correspond to areas with higher infection risk.}, }
@article {pmid31394338, year = {2019}, author = {Shabani, F and Nasrolahi, A and Thiel, M}, title = {Assemblage of encrusting organisms on floating anthropogenic debris along the northern coast of the Persian Gulf.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {254}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {112979}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2019.112979}, pmid = {31394338}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*growth &amp; development ; Biodiversity ; Bryozoa/*growth &amp; development ; Environmental Monitoring ; Indian Ocean ; *Introduced Species ; Iran ; Metals ; Plastics/analysis ; Polychaeta/*growth &amp; development ; Thoracica/*growth &amp; development ; Waste Products/analysis ; Wood/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Global concern about floating marine debris and its fundamental role in shaping coastal biodiversity is growing, yet there is very little knowledge about debris-associated rafting communities in many areas of the world's oceans. In the present study, we examined the encrusting assemblage on different types of stranded debris (wood, plastic, glass, and metal cans) along the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf. In total, 21 taxa were identified on 132 items. The average frequency of occurrence (±SE) across all sites and stranded debris showed that the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite (68.9 ± 1.1%), the oyster Saccostrea cucullata (40.9 ± 0.7%), the polychaete Spirobranchus kraussii (27.3 ± 0.5%), green algae (22 ± 0.5%) and the coral Paracyathus stokesii (14.4 ± 0.7%) occurred most frequently. Relative substratum coverage was highest for A. amphitrite (44.3 ± 2.7%), followed by green algae (14.4 ± 1.5%), Spirobranchus kraussii (9.3 ± 1.3%), Saccostrea cucullata (7.6 ± 1.3%) and the barnacle Microeuraphia permitini (5.8 ± 0.9%). Despite the significant difference in coverage of rafting species on plastic items among different sites, there was no clear and consistent trend of species richness and coverage from the eastern (Strait of Hormuz) to the western part of the Persian Gulf. Some rafting species (bryozoans and likely barnacles) were found to be non-indigenous species in the area. As floating marine debris can transport non-indigenous species and increase the risk of bio-invasions to this already naturally- and anthropogenically-stressed water body, comprehensive monitoring efforts should be made to elucidate the vectors and arrival of new invasive species to the region.}, }
@article {pmid31394331, year = {2019}, author = {Hintz, WD and Schuler, MS and Jones, DK and Coldsnow, KD and Stoler, AB and Relyea, RA}, title = {Nutrients influence the multi-trophic impacts of an invasive species unaffected by native competitors or predators.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {694}, number = {}, pages = {133704}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133704}, pmid = {31394331}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Food Chain ; Great Lakes Region ; *Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior ; Snails ; Water Pollution/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {Non-native species often lead to undesirable ecological and environmental impacts. Two hypotheses that predict establishment of non-native species are enemy release and biotic resistance. Support for these hypotheses in freshwater invasions is mixed. Experiments combined with field observations provide a complementary approach to understanding how interactions between native and non-native species lead to enemy release or biotic resistance. We tested experimentally whether these hypotheses provided insights into the invasion of the banded mystery snail (Viviparus georgianus), which has invaded the Great Lakes region and northeastern Unites States (US) from the southeastern US. Because freshwater systems vary widely in their nutrient concentrations due to natural and anthropogenic processes, we tested whether nutrient additions altered competitive and predatory interactions that regulate mechanisms of enemy release or biotic resistance. We evaluated the status of the mystery snail invasion in a 3-year field survey of Lake George (NY, US) to identify if field observations supported any experimental conclusions. The presence of the banded mystery snail led to a 14% and 27% reduction in biomass of a native competitor under low- and high-nutrient concentrations, respectively. The mystery snail also triggered a 29% biomass loss of a native snail predator, but only in low-nutrient concentrations. Field surveys indicated that the mystery snail dominated the snail community; of seven snail species, it comprised 77% of all snails. Results from the field surveys combined with experimental results indicate that neither competitors nor predators have likely suppressed the invasion of the banded mystery snail. This conclusion is consistent with competitive- and predatory-enemy release as we found no indication of biotic resistance via competition or predation from native species. Our results further highlight that the post-establishment impacts of invasive species are altered by the trophic state of freshwater ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid31394018, year = {2019}, author = {Cornelissen, B and Neumann, P and Schweiger, O}, title = {Global warming promotes biological invasion of a honey bee pest.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {11}, pages = {3642-3655}, pmid = {31394018}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Bees ; *Coleoptera ; *Global Warming ; Introduced Species ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Climate change and biological invasions are two major global environmental challenges. Both may interact, e.g. via altered impact and distribution of invasive alien species. Even though invasive species play a key role for compromising the health of honey bees, the impact of climate change on the severity of such species is still unknown. The small hive beetle (SHB, Aethina tumida, Murray) is a parasite of honey bee colonies. It is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and has established populations on all continents except Antarctica. Since SHBs pupate in soil, pupation performance is governed foremost by two abiotic factors, soil temperature and moisture, which will be affected by climate change. Here, we investigated SHB invasion risk globally under current and future climate scenarios. We modelled survival and development time during pupation (=pupal performance) in response to soil temperature and soil moisture using published and novel experimental data. Presence data on SHB distribution were used for model validation. We then linked the model with global soil data in order to classify areas (resolution: 10 arcmin; i.e. 18.6 km at the equator) as unsuitable, marginal and suitable for SHB pupation performance. Under the current climate, the results show that many areas globally yet uninvaded are actually suitable, suggesting considerable SHB invasion risk. Future scenarios of global warming project a vehement increase in climatic suitability for SHB and corresponding potential for invasion, especially in the temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere, thereby creating demand for enhanced and adapted mitigation and management. Our analysis shows, for the first time, effects of global warming on a honey bee pest and will help areas at risk to prepare adequately. In conclusion, this is a clear case for global warming promoting biological invasion of a pest species with severe potential to harm important pollinator species globally.}, }
@article {pmid31393980, year = {2019}, author = {Milnes, JM and Beers, EH}, title = {Trissolcus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) Causes Low Levels of Parasitism in Three North American Pentatomids Under Field Conditions.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {31393980}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Heteroptera/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Nymph/parasitology ; Washington ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead), an Asian parasitoid of Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), was first detected in North America in 2014. Although testing in quarantine facilities as a candidate for classical biological control is ongoing, adventive populations have appeared in multiple sites in the United States, Canada, and Europe. Extensive laboratory testing of T. japonicus against other North American pentatomids and H. halys has revealed a higher rate of parasitism of H. halys, but not complete host specificity. However, laboratory tests are necessarily artificial, in which many host finding and acceptance cues may be circumvented. We offered sentinel egg masses of three native pentatomid (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) pest species (Chinavia hilaris (Say), Euschistus conspersus Uhler, and Chlorochroa ligata (Say)) in a field paired-host assay in an area with a well-established adventive population of T. japonicus near Vancouver, WA. Overall, 67% of the H. halys egg masses were parasitized by T. japonicus during the 2-yr study. Despite the 'worst case' scenario for a field test (close proximity of the paired egg masses), the rate of parasitism (% eggs producing adult wasps) on all three native species was significantly less (0.4-8%) than that on H. halys eggs (77%). The levels of successful parasitism of T. japonicus of the three species are C. hilaris > E. conspersus > C. ligata. The potential impact of T. japonicus on these pentatomids is probably minimal.}, }
@article {pmid31393870, year = {2019}, author = {Martín-Torrijos, L and Kokko, H and Makkonen, J and Jussila, J and Diéguez-Uribeondo, J}, title = {Mapping 15 years of crayfish plague in the Iberian Peninsula: The impact of two invasive species on the endangered native crayfish.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {e0219223}, pmid = {31393870}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphanomyces/metabolism/*pathogenicity ; Astacoidea/*immunology/*microbiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Fresh Water ; Haplotypes/immunology ; Introduced Species/economics ; Portugal ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Crayfish plague, caused by the pathogen Aphanomyces astaci, is one of the main factors responsible for the decimation of the native European crayfish species Austropotamobius pallipes. In Spain, two North American freshwater crayfish species, Procambarus clarkii and Pacifastacus leniusculus, were intentionally introduced during the 1970s for aquaculture and fishery purposes. Since then, incidences of crayfish plague have been continually reported. In this work, we evaluated more than 50 diagnosed cases of crayfish plague that have occurred in the Iberian Peninsula since 2004 by performing a microscopic examination of infected specimens and by molecularly identifying and haplotyping the pathogen. Our results showed that (i) the pathogen A. astaci has been active 45 years since the first introductions of the invasive North American crayfish species in the Iberian Peninsula, and (ii) P. clarkii and P. leniusculus are chronic reservoirs of the crayfish plague pathogen. Moreover, our data confirmed a correspondence between pathogen origin and spread and the specific haplotypes carried by the North American invasive crayfish located in the vicinity of each outbreak. We generated a crayfish plague incidence map of the Iberian Peninsula that shows (i) a northern area, mainly inhabited by alien P. leniusculus, where crayfish plague cases are associated with the b-haplotype specific to P. leniusculus, and (ii) southern, central and eastern areas that are basically inhabited by alien P. clarkii, where crayfish plague cases are associated with the d1- and d2-haplotypes specific to P. clarkii. The results presented here are evidence of the long standing and negative impact of the two invasive crayfish species on the native species, indicating the need for more extensive control measures.}, }
@article {pmid31392089, year = {2019}, author = {DeBellis, T and Kembel, SW and Lessard, JP}, title = {Shared mycorrhizae but distinct communities of other root-associated microbes on co-occurring native and invasive maples.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e7295}, pmid = {31392089}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biological invasions are major drivers of environmental change that can significantly alter ecosystem function and diversity. In plants, soil microbes play an important role in plant establishment and growth; however, relatively little is known about the role they might play in biological invasions. A first step to assess whether root microbes may be playing a role in the invasion process is to find out if invasive plants host different microbes than neighbouring native plant species.<br><br>METHODS: In this study we investigated differences in root associated microbes of native sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and exotic Norway maple (A. platanoides L.) collected from a forested reserve in eastern Canada. We used microscopy to examine root fungi and high-throughput sequencing to characterize the bacterial, fungal and arbuscular mycorrhizal communities of both maple species over one growing season.<br><br>RESULTS: We found differences in root associated bacterial and fungal communities between host species. Norway maple had a higher bacterial and fungal OTU (operational taxonomic units) richness compared to sugar maple, and the indicator species analysis revealed that nine fungal OTUs and three bacterial OTUs had a significant preference for sugar maple. The dominant bacterial phyla found on the roots of both maple species were Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. The most common fungal orders associated with the Norway maple roots (in descending order) were Helotiales, Agaricales, Pleosporales, Hypocreales, Trechisporales while the Agaricales, Pleosporales, Helotiales, Capnodiales and Hypocreales were the dominant orders present in the sugar maple roots. Dark septate fungi colonization levels were higher in the sugar maple, but no differences in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities and colonization rates were detected between maple species.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Our findings show that two congeneric plant species grown in close proximity can harbor distinct root microbial communities. These findings provide further support for the importance of plant species in structuring root associated microbe communities. The high colonization levels observed in Norway maple demonstrates its compatibility with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the introduced range. Plant-associated microbial communities can affect host fitness and function in many ways; therefore, the observed differences suggest a possibility that biotic interactions can influence the dynamics between native and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid31391496, year = {2019}, author = {Heuring, C and Barber, D and Rains, N and Erxleben, D and Martin, C and Williams, D and McElroy, EJ}, title = {Genetics, morphology and diet of introduced populations of the ant-eating Texas Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {11470}, pmid = {31391496}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants ; Body Size ; *Carnivory ; Extremities/anatomy &amp; histology ; Female ; Founder Effect ; Genetic Variation ; Head/anatomy &amp; histology ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; Male ; South Carolina ; }, abstract = {Introduced species can diverge from their source population when they become established in a new ecosystem. The Texas Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum) is native to the western United States (US) and was historically introduced to several locations in the southeastern US. We studied three introduced populations in South Carolina, US to determine if they exhibit dietary, morphological and genetic divergence from the native western US populations. We expected little divergence from western populations because P. cornutum is a specialist whose biology is largely shaped by its diet of Pogonomyrmex harvester ants. We show that the introduced populations have mixed ancestry between south Texas and more northern areas and experienced founder effects and genetic bottlenecks resulting in decreased genetic diversity. South Carolina lizards primarily consume ants (94%), but surprisingly, they did not eat harvester ants. Introduced lizards primarily eat Dorymyrmex ants, but each introduced population complements Dorymyrmex with significantly different amounts of other species of ants, insects and plant matter. Introduced populations have smaller body size and have different limb and head shapes compared to western populations. This study demonstrates successful persistence of an introduced vertebrate that may be attributed to phenotypic change, even in the face of reduced genetic diversity.}, }
@article {pmid31390318, year = {2019}, author = {Ramírez-Pizarro, F and Silva-de la Fuente, C and Hernández-Orellana, C and López, J and Madrid, V and Fernández, &#xcd; and Martín, N and González-Acuña, D and Sandoval, D and Ortega, R and Landaeta-Aqueveque, C}, title = {Zoonotic Pathogens in the American Mink in Its Southernmost Distribution.}, journal = {Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)}, volume = {19}, number = {12}, pages = {908-914}, doi = {10.1089/vbz.2019.2445}, pmid = {31390318}, issn = {1557-7759}, mesh = {Animals ; Chile ; Feces/parasitology ; Gastrointestinal Tract/parasitology ; Helminthiasis, Animal/epidemiology/*parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; *Mink ; Muscle, Skeletal/parasitology ; *Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {The American mink, Neovison vison, is an invasive species in Chile. Its impact on native fauna and public health has not been studied in depth in the country. In this study, we searched for gastrointestinal parasites, including helminths and zoonotic Cryptosporidium sp., the presence of Trichinella sp. in muscle, and the renal carriage of pathogenic Leptospira sp. in minks caught on Navarino Island, "Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena" Region, and Maullín and Ancud, "Los Lagos" Region, Chile. A total of 58, 15, and 21 minks from Navarino Island, Maullín, and Ancud, respectively, were examined for Trichinella sp. (artificial digestion of muscle). A total of 36, 11, and 17 minks from Navarino Island, Maullín, and Ancud, respectively, were examined for pathogenic Leptospira species (molecular detection of LipL32 gen fragment in renal tissue) infection. Finally, 45, 11, and 17 minks from Navarino Island, Maullín, and Ancud, respectively, were analyzed to detect gastrointestinal parasites (by optical inspection of the digestive tract for helminths, and by both Ziehl-Neelsen stain and molecular detection of small subunit-ribosomal DNA for Cryptosporidium species). Trichinella larvae were not observed. Pathogenic Leptospira sp. was detected in 22 samples: 15 from Navarino Island, 3 from Maullín, and 4 from Ancud. Two nematodes, belonging to Ascaridinae (subfamily) and Pterygodermatites (Paucipectines) sp., were found in samples of two minks from Navarino Island. Oocysts and DNA of Cryptosporidium sp. were detected in three fecal samples from Navarino Island. Further studies could determine the zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium sp., as well as the potential impact of the zoonotic Leptospira sp. on the human population of the Navarino Island, Maullín, and Ancud districts. The enemy release theory could explain the low helminth species richness in the minks. In addition, we did not find evidence of parasite transmission from native fauna.}, }
@article {pmid31389203, year = {2019}, author = {Poirier, MV}, title = {A trade-off model for immunocompetence: The potential contribution of immunological regulation in invasive vertebrate success.}, journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology}, volume = {331}, number = {9}, pages = {478-484}, doi = {10.1002/jez.2314}, pmid = {31389203}, issn = {2471-5646}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Immunocompetence ; Inflammation ; *Introduced Species ; Vertebrates/*immunology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species have become a prolific environmental issue, second only to climate change, yet many of the phenomena that facilitate invasive success are not well understood (Phillip &amp; Shine, Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 273, 1545-1550). The combination of several generalist life-history traits, certain physiological mechanisms, and environmental conditions is thought to play a significant role in invasion success. The ability to undergo fitness trade-offs-to reallocate nutritional and energetic resources towards processes that increase reproduction, growth, and dispersal-is also thought to be an adaptive quality of many invasive species. Due to their inherent flexibility, phenotypically plastic traits in particular are often targeted for fitness reallocations. Immune function, for example, is determined by a highly plastic phenotype, which is crucial for combating a diverse array of pathogens. When active, immune function also demands extensive resources from the host. Laboratory and field studies suggest that certain aspects of the immune system are more costly than others, though, and that its components can be regulated independent of one another. In invasive species undergoing fitness trade-offs, costly innate inflammatory responses are often downregulated, while antibody-mediated responses may be enhanced. A combination of fixed physiological responses and environmentally induced trade-offs are thought to regulate the immune system, though the relationship between these facets of regulation is still an area of active research. The field of ecoimmunology, then, has emerged in effort to understand the phenomena by which individual immune regulation can drive (and be driven by) species-level ecology and evolution, and therefore be linked to invasive success (Downs et al., 2014. Integr. Compar. Biol., 54, 340-352).}, }
@article {pmid31389131, year = {2019}, author = {Fletcher, RA and Brooks, RK and Lakoba, VT and Sharma, G and Heminger, AR and Dickinson, CC and Barney, JN}, title = {Invasive plants negatively impact native, but not exotic, animals.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {11}, pages = {3694-3705}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14752}, pmid = {31389131}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Exotic ; *Arthropods ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Despite our growing understanding of the impacts of invasive plants on ecosystem structure and function, important gaps remain, including whether native and exotic species respond differently to plant invasion. This would elucidate basic ecological interactions and inform management. We performed a meta-analytic review of the effects of invasive plants on native and exotic resident animals. We found that invasive plants reduced the abundance of native, but not exotic, animals. This varied by animal phyla, with invasive plants reducing the abundance of native annelids and chordates, but not mollusks or arthropods. We found dissimilar impacts among "wet" and "dry" ecosystems, but not among animal trophic levels. Additionally, the impact of invasive plants increased over time, but this did not vary with animal nativity. Our review found that no studies considered resident nativity differences, and most did not identify animals to species. We call for more rigorous studies of invaded community impacts across taxa, and most importantly, explicit consideration of resident biogeographic origin. We provide an important first insight into how native and exotic species respond differently to invasion, the consequences of which may facilitate cascading trophic disruptions further exacerbating global change consequences to ecosystem structure and function.}, }
@article {pmid31388506, year = {2019}, author = {Sadchatheeswaran, S and Moloney, CL and Branch, GM and Robinson, TB}, title = {Blender interstitial volume: A novel virtual measurement of structural complexity applicable to marine benthic habitats.}, journal = {MethodsX}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {1728-1740}, pmid = {31388506}, issn = {2215-0161}, abstract = {Blender interstitial volume is a novel method that utilizes 3D modeling techniques to accurately and efficiently quantify the volume of interstitial gaps in marine benthic habitats, as well as the space provided by substrate rugosity. This method builds upon the analog methods routinely used on rocky shores and intertidal habitats, including those that measure rugosity, topography, fractals and volume. The method provides a direct Euclidean measurement and uniquely allows retrospective analysis if historical data on species composition are available. Blender interstitial volume allows users to quickly build and measure a large number of samples at no extra cost. •The program for Blender is free and opensource, and requires no extra equipment.•Once 3D models of species are made, the entire method takes less than ten minutes to complete.•Blender interstitial volume is as accurate as Fractal analysis in determining structural complexity on rocky shores, but is more consistent and precise, and better at discerning differences.}, }
@article {pmid31388050, year = {2019}, author = {Ahmad, R and Khuroo, AA and Charles, B and Hamid, M and Rashid, I and Aravind, NA}, title = {Global distribution modelling, invasion risk assessment and niche dynamics of Leucanthemum vulgare (Ox-eye Daisy) under climate change.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {11395}, pmid = {31388050}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Africa ; Asia ; Australia ; *Climate Change ; Computer Simulation ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/*methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Forecasting/methods ; Introduced Species/*trends ; *Leucanthemum ; Models, Statistical ; North America ; Oceania ; *Plant Dispersal ; Risk Assessment/methods ; South America ; }, abstract = {In an era of climate change, biological invasions by alien species represent one of the main anthropogenic drivers of global environmental change. The present study, using an ensemble modelling approach, has mapped current and future global distribution of the invasive Leucanthemum vulgare (Ox-eye Daisy) and predicted the invasion hotspots under climate change. The current potential distribution of Ox-eye Daisy coincides well with the actual distribution records, thereby indicating robustness of our model. The model predicted a global increase in the suitable habitat for the potential invasion of this species under climate change. Oceania was shown to be the high-risk region to the potential invasion of this species under both current and future climate change scenarios. The results revealed niche conservatism for Australia and Northern America, but contrastingly a niche shift for Africa, Asia, Oceania and Southern America. The global distribution modelling and risk assessment of Ox-eye Daisy has immediate implications in mitigating its invasion impacts under climate change, as well as predicting the global invasion hotspots and developing region-specific invasion management strategies. Interestingly, the contrasting patterns of niche dynamics shown by this invasive plant species provide novel insights towards disentangling the different operative mechanisms underlying the process of biological invasions at the global scale.}, }
@article {pmid31387317, year = {2019}, author = {Ibáñez, MD and Blázquez, MA}, title = {Phytotoxic Effects of Commercial Eucalyptus citriodora, Lavandula angustifolia, and Pinus sylvestris Essential Oils on Weeds, Crops, and Invasive Species.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {24}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {31387317}, issn = {1420-3049}, mesh = {Crops, Agricultural/drug effects ; Eucalyptus/*chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Germination/drug effects ; Herbicides/pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Lavandula/*chemistry ; Oils, Volatile/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Pinus sylvestris/*chemistry ; Plant Weeds/drug effects ; Seedlings/drug effects ; Weed Control ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: essential oils are well known for their pharmacological effectiveness as well as their repellent, insecticide, and herbicide activities. The emergence of resistant weeds, due to the overuse of synthetic herbicides, makes it necessary to find natural alternatives for weed control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxic effects of Eucalyptus citriodora, Lavandula angustifolia, and Pinus sylvestris, three common commercial essential oils, on weeds (Portulaca oleracea, Lolium multiflorum, and Echinochloa crus-galli), food crops (tomato and cucumber), and the invasive species Nicotiana glauca. Methods: to determine herbicidal effects, essential oils were tested at different concentrations (0.125-1µL/mL). The index of germination and seedling length data were recorded over 14 days.<br><br>RESULTS: the in vitro assays showed that L. angustifolia with linalool (38.7 &#xb1; 0.1%), 1,8-cineole (26.5 &#xb1; 0.1%), and camphor (14.2 &#xb1; 0.1%) as the main compounds showed the most phytotoxic effects affecting seed germination in weeds and tomato, and the aforementioned invasive species. L. multiflorum was the most sensitive weed, particularly to lavender essential oil, which decreased the growth of its hypocotyl and radicle by 87.8% and 76.7%, respectively, at a dose of 1 &#xb5;L/mL. Cucumber was the most resistant food crop, with no significant reduction observed in seed germination and hypocotyl growth with E. citriodora and L. angustifolia essential oils.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: lavender essential oil represents a promising candidate for the development of effective and safe herbicides in the management of L. multiflorum affecting cucumber crops.}, }
@article {pmid31385368, year = {2020}, author = {Pereyra, PJ}, title = {Rethinking the native range concept.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {373-377}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13406}, pmid = {31385368}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {A species is not native outside its native range, but native range is not precisely defined. The invasion literature contains wide discussion of the core concepts such as naturalization, invasiveness, and ecological impact, but the concept of native range has received so little attention that a formal definition does not exist. I considered, among other impediments to a formal definition of native range, the sometimes arbitrariness of the spatial and temporal limits assigned to native range. Broad questions that remain include whether invasion theory can be used to define the native range for species without non-native ranges.}, }
@article {pmid31383885, year = {2019}, author = {Margus, A and Piiroinen, S and Lehmann, P and Tikka, S and Karvanen, J and Lindström, L}, title = {Sublethal Pyrethroid Insecticide Exposure Carries Positive Fitness Effects Over Generations in a Pest Insect.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {11320}, pmid = {31383885}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*drug effects/physiology ; Female ; Insecticide Resistance ; Insecticides/*toxicity ; Introduced Species ; Larva/drug effects/physiology ; Male ; Pyrethrins/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Stress tolerance and adaptation to stress are known to facilitate species invasions. Many invasive species are also pests and insecticides are used to control them, which could shape their overall tolerance to stress. It is well-known that heavy insecticide usage leads to selection of resistant genotypes but less is known about potential effects of mild sublethal insecticide usage. We studied whether stressful, sublethal pyrethroid insecticide exposure has within-generational and/or maternal transgenerational effects on fitness-related traits in the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) and whether maternal insecticide exposure affects insecticide tolerance of offspring. Sublethal insecticide stress exposure had positive within-and transgenerational effects. Insecticide-stressed larvae had higher adult survival and higher adult body mass than those not exposed to stress. Furthermore, offspring whose mothers were exposed to insecticide stress had higher larval and pupal survival and were heavier as adults (only females) than those descending from control mothers. Maternal insecticide stress did not explain differences in lipid content of the offspring. To conclude, stressful insecticide exposure has positive transgenerational fitness effects in the offspring. Therefore, unsuccessful insecticide control of invasive pest species may lead to undesired side effects since survival and higher body mass are known to facilitate population growth and invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid31382493, year = {2019}, author = {Feás Sánchez, X and Charles, RJ}, title = {Notes on the Nest Architecture and Colony Composition in Winter of the Yellow-Legged Asian Hornet, Vespa velutina Lepeletier 1836 (Hym.: Vespidae), in Its Introduced Habitat in Galicia (NW Spain).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {31382493}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Fifteen years ago, at least one multimated female yellow-legged Asian hornet (Vespa velutina Lepeletier 1836) arrived in France, giving rise to a pan-European invasion, altering the environment, affecting ecosystem processes, and impacting society. During winter, V. velutina nests (n = 3) were collected in Galicia and data on internal and external aspects of the nests and the colony as a whole were collected. The whole colony population (WCPN; adult insects, larvae, and pupae in percentages) was as follows: nest A: n = 176 (49%, 3%, and 48%); nest B: n = 1979 (52%, 36%, and 12%); and nest C: n = 662 (5%, 27%, and 8%). The adult insect population (IAPN; males, workers, and gynes in percentages) was as follows: nest A: n = 87 (11%, 66%, and 23%); nest B: n = 1021 (3%, 62%, and 35%); and nest C: n = 430 (20%, 73%, and 7%). As a small number of queens is sufficient for a population to develop, it is necessary to avoid continued spread by deactivating and removing all nests, even those detected in winter. This practice can be of greatest importance in border areas where V. velutina is expanding into new territory.}, }
@article {pmid31382394, year = {2019}, author = {Peng, Z and Bhattarai, K and Parajuli, S and Cao, Z and Deng, Z}, title = {Transcriptome Analysis of Young Ovaries Reveals Candidate Genes Involved in Gamete Formation in Lantana camara.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {31382394}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {FLA-GCR-005065//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; FLA-GCC-005507//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {Lantana (Lantana camara L., Verbenaceae) is an important ornamental crop, yet can be a highly invasive species. The formation of unreduced female gametes (UFGs) is a major factor contributing to its invasiveness and has severely hindered the development of sterile cultivars. To enrich the genomic resources and gain insight into the genetic mechanisms of UFG formation in lantana, we investigated the transcriptomes of young ovaries of two lantana genotypes, GDGHOP-36 (GGO), producing 100% UFGs, and a cultivar Landmark White Lantana (LWL), not producing UFGs. The de novo transcriptome assembly resulted in a total of 90,641 unique transcript sequences with an N50 of 1692 bp, among which, 29,383 sequences contained full-length coding sequences (CDS). There were 214 transcripts associated with the biological processes of gamete production and 10 gene families orthologous to genes known to control unreduced gamete production in Arabidopsis. We identified 925 transcription factor (TF)-encoding sequences, 91 nucleotide-binding site (NBS)-containing genes, and gene families related to drought/salt tolerance and allelopathy. These genomic resources and candidate genes involved in gamete formation will be valuable for developing new tools to control the invasiveness in L. camara, protect native lantana species, and understand the formation of unreduced gametes in plants.}, }
@article {pmid31380562, year = {2020}, author = {Faúndez, EI and Carvajal, MA and Villablanca, J}, title = {Alien Invasion: The Case of the Western Conifer-Seed Bug (Heteroptera: Coreidae) in Chile, Overreaction, and Misidentifications.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, pages = {297-303}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjz127}, pmid = {31380562}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Animals ; Chagas Disease ; Chile ; Female ; Heteroptera/*classification/physiology ; Insect Vectors/classification ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Triatominae/*classification/physiology ; }, abstract = {Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heidemann) is an invasive species introduced in Europe, Asia, and most recently South America. In the present study, we report the overreaction situation caused by this bug in Chile, as it has been confused with kissing bugs (Reduviidae: Triatominae), Chagas' disease vectors. During 2018 and first months of 2019, we received 74 alleged cases of kissing bugs to confirm identification. From these, a total of 63 were identified as L. occidentalis, representing a 85% of the total denounces. Additionally, the first bite case in a human is described. The situation caused by L. occidentalis in Chile is discussed, and an illustrated table is provided to correctly identify this species and tell it apart from Triatomines. It is concluded that L. occidentalis is well established in Chile, and it is necessary to educate the population on recognition of the bug and to avoid overreaction as the species can inflict painful bites, but not transmit any disease.}, }
@article {pmid31380064, year = {2019}, author = {Queffelec, J and Wooding, AL and Greeff, JM and Garnas, JR and Hurley, BP and Wingfield, MJ and Slippers, B}, title = {Mechanisms that influence sex ratio variation in the invasive hymenopteran Sirex noctilio in South Africa.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {14}, pages = {7966-7973}, pmid = {31380064}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Sirex noctilio is an economically important invasive pest of commercial pine forestry in the Southern Hemisphere. Newly established invasive populations of this woodwasp are characterized by highly male-biased sex ratios that subsequently revert to those seen in the native range. This trend was not observed in the population of S. noctilio from the summer rainfall regions in South Africa, which remained highly male-biased for almost a decade. The aim of this study was to determine the cause of this persistent male bias. As an explanation for this pattern, we test hypotheses related to mating success, female investment in male versus female offspring, and genetic diversity affecting diploid male production due to complementary sex determination. We found that 61% of females in a newly established S. noctilio population were mated. Microsatellite data analysis showed that populations of S. noctilio from the summer rainfall regions in South Africa are far less genetically diverse than those from the winter rainfall region, with mean Nei's unbiased gene diversity indexes of 0.056 and 0.273, respectively. These data also identified diploid males at low frequencies in both the winter (5%) and summer (2%) rainfall regions. The results suggest the presence of a complementary sex determination mechanism in S. noctilio, but imply that reduced genetic diversity is not the main driver of the male bias observed in the summer rainfall region. Among all the factors considered, selective investment in sons appears to have the most significant influence on male bias in S. noctilio populations. Why this investment remains different in frontier or early invasive populations is not clear but could be influenced by females laying unfertilized eggs to avoid diploid male production in populations with a high genetic relatedness.}, }
@article {pmid31380062, year = {2019}, author = {van Boheemen, LA and Bou-Assi, S and Uesugi, A and Hodgins, KA}, title = {Rapid growth and defence evolution following multiple introductions.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {14}, pages = {7942-7956}, pmid = {31380062}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Rapid adaptation can aid invasive populations in their competitive success. Resource allocation trade-off hypotheses predict higher resource availability or the lack of natural enemies in introduced ranges allow for increased growth and reproduction, thus contributing to invasive success. Evidence for such hypotheses is however equivocal and tests among multiple ranges over productivity gradients are required to provide a better understanding of the general applicability of these theories.Using common gardens, we investigated the adaptive divergence of various constitutive and inducible defence-related traits between the native North American and introduced European and Australian ranges, while controlling for divergence due to latitudinal trait clines, individual resource budgets, and population differentiation, using >11,000 SNPs.Rapid, repeated clinal adaptation in defence-related traits was apparent despite distinct demographic histories. We also identified divergence among ranges in some defence-related traits, although differences in energy budgets among ranges may explain some, but not all, defence-related trait divergence. We do not identify a general reduction in defence in concert with an increase in growth among the multiple introduced ranges as predicted trade-off hypotheses. Synthesis: The rapid spread of invasive species is affected by a multitude of factors, likely including adaptation to climate and escape from natural enemies. Unravelling the mechanisms underlying invasives' success enhances understanding of eco-evolutionary theory and is essential to inform management strategies in the face of ongoing climate change.<br><br>OPEN RESEARCH BADGES: This article has been awarded Open Materials, Open Data, Preregistered Research Designs Badges. All materials and data are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.8028875.v1, https://github.com/lotteanna/defence_adaptation,https://doi.org/10.1101/435271.}, }
@article {pmid31380061, year = {2019}, author = {Winkler, DE and Chapin, KJ and François, O and Garmon, JD and Gaut, BS and Huxman, TE}, title = {Multiple introductions and population structure during the rapid expansion of the invasive Sahara mustard (Brassica tournefortii).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {14}, pages = {7928-7941}, pmid = {31380061}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The specific mechanisms that result in the success of any species invasion case are difficult to document. Reproductive strategies are often cited as a primary driver of invasive success, with human activities further facilitating invasions by, for example, acting as seed vectors for dispersal via road, train, air, and marine traffic, and by producing efficient corridors for movement including canals, drainages, and roadways. Sahara mustard (Brassica tournefortii) is a facultative autogamous annual native to Eurasia that has rapidly invaded the southwestern United States within the past century, displacing natives, and altering water-limited landscapes in the southwest. We used a genotyping-by-sequencing approach to study the population structure and spatial geography of Sahara mustard from 744 individuals from 52 sites across the range of the species' invasion. We also used herbaria records to model range expansion since its initial introduction in the 1920s. We found that Sahara mustard occurs as three populations in the United States unstructured by geography, identified three introduction sites, and combined herbaria records with genomic analyses to map the spread of the species. Low genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium are consistent with self-fertilization, which likely promoted rapid invasive spread. Overall, we found that Sahara mustard experienced atypical expansion patterns, with a relatively constant rate of expansion and without the lag phase that is typical of many invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid31380056, year = {2019}, author = {Ladino, G and Ospina-Bautista, F and Estévez Varón, J and Jerabkova, L and Kratina, P}, title = {Ecosystem services provided by bromeliad plants: A systematic review.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, pages = {7360-7372}, pmid = {31380056}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The unprecedented loss of biological diversity has negative impacts on ecosystems and the associated benefits which they provide to humans. Bromeliads have high diversity throughout the Neotropics, but they have been negatively affected by habitat loss and fragmentation, climate change, invasive species, and commercialization for ornamental purpose. These plants provide direct benefits to the human society, and they also form microecosystems in which accumulated water and nutrients support the communities of aquatic and terrestrial species, thus maintaining local diversity. We performed a systematic review of the contribution of bromeliads to ecosystem services across their native geographical distribution. We showed that bromeliads provide a range of ecosystem services such as maintenance of biodiversity, community structure, nutrient cycling, and the provisioning of food and water. Moreover, bromeliads can regulate the spread of diseases, and water and carbon cycling, and they have the potential to become important sources of chemical and pharmaceutical products. The majority of this research was performed in Brazil, but future research from other Neotropical countries with a high diversity of bromeliads would fill the current knowledge gaps and increase the generality of these findings. This systematic review identified that future research should focus on provisioning, regulating, and cultural services that have been currently overlooked. This would enhance our understanding of how bromeliad diversity contributes to human welfare, and the negative consequences that loss of bromeliad plants can have on communities of other species and the healthy functioning of the entire ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid31380037, year = {2019}, author = {Walls, SC and Barichivich, WJ and Chandler, J and Meade, AM and Milinichik, M and O'Donnell, KM and Owens, ME and Peacock, T and Reinman, J and Watling, RC and Wetsch, OE}, title = {Seeking shelter from the storm: Conservation and management of imperiled species in a changing climate.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, pages = {7122-7133}, pmid = {31380037}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Climate change is anticipated to exacerbate the extinction risk of species whose persistence is already compromised by habitat loss, invasive species, disease, or other stressors. In coastal areas of the southeastern United States (USA), many imperiled vertebrates are vulnerable to hurricanes, which climate models predict to become more severe in the 21st century. Despite this escalating threat, explicit adaptation strategies that address hurricane threats, in particular, and climate change more generally, are largely underrepresented in recovery planning and implementation. We provide a basis for stronger emphasis on strategic planning for imperiled species facing the increasing threat of catastrophic hurricanes. Our reasoning comes from observations of short-term environmental and biological impacts of Hurricane Michael, which impacted the Gulf Coast of the southeastern USA in October 2018. During this storm, St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge, located along the northern Gulf of Mexico's coast in the panhandle region of Florida, received storm surge that was 3.0-3.6 m (NAVD88) above sea level. Storm surge pushed sea water into some ephemeral freshwater ponds used for breeding by the federally threatened frosted flatwoods salamander (Ambystoma cingulatum). After the storm, specific conductance across all ponds measured varied from 80 to 23,100 µS/cm, compared to 75 to 445 µS/cm in spring 2018. For 17 overwashed wetlands that were measured in both spring and fall 2018, posthurricane conductance observations were, on average, more than 90 times higher than in the previous spring, setting the stage for varying population responses across this coastal landscape. Importantly, we found live individual flatwoods salamanders at both overwashed and non-overwashed sites, although we cannot yet assess the demographic consequences of this storm. We outline actions that could be incorporated into climate adaptation strategies and recovery planning for imperiled species, like A. cingulatum, that are associated with freshwater coastal wetlands in hurricane-prone regions.}, }
@article {pmid31379419, year = {2019}, author = {Crenna, E and Sinkko, T and Sala, S}, title = {Biodiversity impacts due to food consumption in Europe.}, journal = {Journal of cleaner production}, volume = {227}, number = {}, pages = {378-391}, pmid = {31379419}, issn = {0959-6526}, abstract = {Food security and biodiversity conservation are closely interconnected challenges to be addressed to achieve a sustainable food system on a global scale. Due to the complex nature of food production and consumption system, quantifying the impacts of food supply chains on biodiversity is challenging. Life cycle assessment (LCA) allows for systematically addressing environmental impacts along supply chains, representing a reference methodology that can be applied for assessing food systems. In the present study, 32 representative food products of consumption in the European Union (EU) were selected and their environmental impacts calculated through a process-based LCA. The potential contribution of EU food consumption to the current biodiversity decline has been evaluated adopting both midpoint and endpoint indicators. A comparison of the impact drivers was performed. Meat products, the underpinning land use for agricultural purposes, and climate change represent the main hotspots of impacts on biodiversity. Notwithstanding several drivers of biodiversity loss can be accounted for with LCA, the evidence of the increasing biodiversity decline on both a European and a global scale indicates that the assessment system should be further expanded, especially for what concerns refining impact categories such as ecotoxicity, and including resource overexploitation, and impact due to invasive species. This study illustrates: how far the current LCA based impact assessment framework may help to address the drivers of biodiversity loss; which are the main uncertainties associated to results stemming from the application of different endpoint methods; which aspects need to be elaborated further to ensure a comprehensive assessment of biodiversity impacts due to food production and consumption.}, }
@article {pmid31374896, year = {2019}, author = {Liu, HB and Rui, L and Feng, YQ and Wu, XQ}, title = {Molecular Characterization and Functional Analysis of Three Autophagy Genes, BxATG5, BxATG9, and BxATG16, in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {20}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {31374896}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {No. 2018YFD0600203//the National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; No. CX (16) 1005//Jiangsu Provincial Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund/ ; PAPD//the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions/ ; DFF//the Doctorate Fellowship Foundation of Nanjing Forestry University/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Autophagy ; Autophagy-Related Protein 5/genetics ; Autophagy-Related Proteins/*genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Helminth Proteins/*genetics ; Pinus/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; Tylenchida/*genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the pathogen responsible for pine wilt disease (PWD), a devastating forest disease with a pathogenic mechanism that remains unclear. Autophagy plays a crucial role in physiological and pathological processes in eukaryotes, but its regulatory mechanism and significance in PWN are unknown. Therefore, we cloned and characterized three autophagy genes, BxATG5, BxATG9, and BxATG16, in PWN. BxATG9 and BxATG16 were efficiently silenced through RNA interference, and we found that BxATG16 positively regulated the expression of BxATG5. Silencing BxATG9 and BxATG16 severely inhibited feeding and reproduction in PWN, indicating that autophagy is essential for these processes. We then examined the expression patterns of these three autophagy genes in PWN under the stresses of α-pinene and H2O2, the main defense substances of pine trees, and during the development of PWD using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The expression levels of BxATG5, BxATG9, and BxATG16 all significantly increased after nematodes were stressed with α-pinene and H2O2 and inoculated into pine trees, suggesting that autophagy plays an important role in the defense and pathogenesis of PWN. In this study, the molecular characteristics and functions of the autophagy genes BxATG5, BxATG9, and BxATG16 in PWN were elucidated.}, }
@article {pmid31374109, year = {2019}, author = {Multini, LC and de Souza, ALDS and Marrelli, MT and Wilke, ABB}, title = {Population structuring of the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) on a microgeographic scale.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {e0220773}, pmid = {31374109}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Brazil ; Cities ; *Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus is an invasive mosquito species that has spread globally and can transmit several arboviruses, including dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever. The species was first reported in Brazil in 1986 and since then has been found in 24 of the 27 Brazilian states, often in peri-urban environments close to highly urbanized areas. To date, population genetics of this important mosquito in areas in the city of São Paulo has not been investigated. In this study, we used 12 microsatellite loci to investigate the microgeographic population genetics of Ae. albopictus, which is present throughout the city of São Paulo. All the analyses revealed structuring of the populations studied, divided into two groups with restricted gene flow between them and without evidence of isolation by distance. We propose two hypotheses to explain the results: (i) low dispersal capability-limited gene flow between populations is due to the low dispersal capability inherent to Ae. albopictus; and (ii) multiple introductions-the structure identified here results from multiple introductions, which led to different dispersal patterns within the city and more genetic heterogeneity. The ability of Ae. albopictus to invade new areas and expand may explain why these mosquito populations appear to be well established and thriving in the city of São Paulo.}, }
@article {pmid31373390, year = {2019}, author = {Padilla, P and Courant, J and Herrel, A}, title = {Allocation trade-offs impact organ size and muscle architecture in an invasive population of Xenopus laevis in Western France.}, journal = {Journal of anatomy}, volume = {235}, number = {6}, pages = {1057-1064}, pmid = {31373390}, issn = {1469-7580}, support = {ANR-13-EBID-0008-01//ERA-Net BiodivERsA/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; France ; Locomotion/*physiology ; Muscles/*anatomy &amp; histology ; *Organ Size ; Xenopus laevis/*anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a global scourge and often negatively impact native species. Understanding the expansion and dispersal limits of these species is essential. As previous studies have demonstrated increased locomotor performance for populations at the edge of the range of expanding populations, studies of locomotion including the anatomical and physiological traits underlying dispersal capacity are of interest. We focus here on an invasive population of Xenopus laevis introduced in France nearly forty years ago. Previous studies have demonstrated differences in mobility between populations from the centre and the edge of the invasive range, with individuals from the range edge possessing a higher endurance capacity. We test here whether range-edge frogs show anatomical differences in organs or muscles underlying these observed differences of performance. We dissected 10 males and 10 females from central and range-edge sites (40 animals in total) and measured the mass of their organs and the mass, the length, and the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) of 28 hind limb muscles. Our results show anatomical differences with individuals from the range edge possessing heavier, longer and more forceful muscles. Moreover, females from the range edge had a heavier heart but lighter stomach than those of the centre of the range. Future studies comparing the morphology between native and invasive populations in other regions or for other species will be especially insightful to better understand the possible adaptive changes in invasive populations and the limits on dispersal capacity.}, }
@article {pmid31371774, year = {2019}, author = {Wauters, LA and Mazzamuto, MV and Santicchia, F and Van Dongen, S and Preatoni, DG and Martinoli, A}, title = {Interspecific competition affects the expression of personality-traits in natural populations.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {11189}, pmid = {31371774}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Avoidance Learning/physiology ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Biological Variation, Population/physiology ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; Female ; Genetic Fitness/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Male ; Personality/*physiology ; Sciuridae/*physiology/psychology ; Sex Factors ; }, abstract = {Competition between animal species can cause niche partitioning and shape an individual's phenotype, including its behaviour. However, little is known about effects of interspecific competition on personality, the among-individual variation in behaviour that is consistent across different spatial and temporal contexts. We investigated whether alien grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) influenced the expression of personality traits in native red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris). In Italy, alien grey squirrels replaced native reds through competition for food resources and space, reducing breeding and recruitment in the native species. We compared personality of red squirrels in red-only (no interspecific competition) and red-grey (with interspecific competition) sites, using arena-tests. The trait activity was measured by Open Field Test while sociability and avoidance were quantified by Mirror Image Stimulation test. Red squirrels co-occurring with the alien species had higher sociability scores and higher between-individual variation in sociability than in red-only sites. Differences in activity and avoidance were not significant. Personality - fitness relationships were not affected by presence or absence of grey squirrels, suggesting that the expression of sociability in red squirrels was not due to short-term selection, but was likely the result of context-related advantages when co-occurring with the competing species.}, }
@article {pmid31369894, year = {2019}, author = {Yang, W and Zhang, D and Cai, X and Xia, L and Luo, Y and Cheng, X and An, S}, title = {Significant alterations in soil fungal communities along a chronosequence of Spartina alterniflora invasion in a Chinese Yellow Sea coastal wetland.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {693}, number = {}, pages = {133548}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.354}, pmid = {31369894}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Biomass ; Carbon ; China ; *Introduced Species ; Microbiota ; Mycobiome ; Mycorrhizae ; Nitrogen ; Plants ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Plant invasion typically alters the microbial communities of soils, which affects ecosystem carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles. The responses of the soil fungal communities to plant invasion along its chronosequence remain poorly understood. For this study, we investigated variations in soil fungal communities through Illumina MiSeq sequencing analyses of the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), along a chronosequence (i.e., 9-, 13-, 20- and 23-year-old) of invasive Spartina alterniflora. We compared these variations with those of bare flat in a Chinese Yellow Sea coastal wetland. Our results highlighted that the abundance of soil fungi, the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs), species richness, and Shannon diversity indices for soil fungal communities were highest in 9-year-old S. alterniflora soil, which gradually declined along the invasion chronosequence. The relative abundance of copiotrophic Basidiomycota revealed significant decreasing trend, while the relative abundance of oligotrophic Ascomycota gradually increased along the S. alterniflora invasion chronosequence. The relative abundance of soil saprotrophic fungi (e.g., undefined saprotrophs) was gradually reduced while symbiotic fungi (e.g., ectomycorrhizal fungi) and pathotrophic fungi (e.g., plant and animal pathogens) progressively increased along the S. alterniflora invasion chronosequence. Our results suggested that S. alterniflora invasion significantly altered soil fungal abundance and diversity, community composition, trophic modes, and functional groups along a chronosequence, via substantially reduced soil litter inputs, and gradually decreased soil pH, moisture, and soil nutrient substrates along the invasion chronosequence, from 9 to 23 years. These changes in soil fungal communities, particularly their trophic modes and functional groups along the S. alterniflora invasion chronosequence could well impact the decomposition and accumulation of soil C and N, while potentially altering ecosystem C and N sinks in a Chinese Yellow Sea coastal wetland.}, }
@article {pmid31369893, year = {2019}, author = {Penk, MR and Williams, MA}, title = {Thermal effluents from power plants boost performance of the invasive clam Corbicula fluminea in Ireland's largest river.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {693}, number = {}, pages = {133546}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.352}, pmid = {31369893}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Corbicula/*physiology ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Food Chain ; Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Ireland ; Population Density ; *Power Plants ; Rivers ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Elevated temperatures due to anthropogenic activities can improve the performance of non-native species that are adapted to higher temperatures than resident species. Ecosystems may experience higher temperature due to global stressors, such as climate change, or local stressors, including thermal effluents and urban heat islands. Using field surveys of population density and body size of the highly invasive and hot-adapted clam Corbicula fluminea in and out of two thermal effluents from power plants along the River Shannon, Ireland, we tested the hypothesis that C. fluminea performs better in thermal plumes. Shell length and body mass of C. fluminea in thermal effluents were 1.8 and 4.4 times higher, respectively, compared with adjacent unheated river sections. Density of C. fluminea was 13.7 times higher in heated, compared with unheated river reaches, leading to an increase in combined biomass per unit area of >50-fold. Our temperature data suggest an up to 2.5-fold increase of degree-days for growth and up to 5.2-fold increase of degree-days for larval incubation in the thermal plumes in River Shannon, compared with unheated conditions. Through enlarged body size, the elevated temperatures likely increase fecundity within the plumes. These findings illustrate that, in temperate climates, thermal plumes can form sanctuaries, where C. fluminea likely alters habitat, outpaces competitors and potentially dominates the energy flow through food webs. Furthermore, thermal plumes can act as stepping-stones and propagule banks for further proliferation of C. fluminea and other warm-adapted invaders.}, }
@article {pmid31366125, year = {2019}, author = {Lim, SR and Lee, DH and Park, SY and Lee, S and Kim, HY and Lee, MS and Lee, JR and Han, JE and Kim, HK and Kim, JH}, title = {Wild Nutria (Myocastor coypus) Is a Potential Reservoir of Carbapenem-Resistant and Zoonotic Aeromonas spp. in Korea.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {31366125}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {KGM2111931//Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology/ ; 201800227001//Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute/ ; 20180430//Korea Institute of Marine Science and Technology promotion/ ; }, abstract = {The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant Aeromonas spp. is a serious public and animal health concern. Wild animals serve as reservoirs, vectors, and sentinels of these bacteria and can facilitate their transmission to humans and livestock. The nutria (Myocastor coypus), a semi-aquatic rodent, currently is globally considered an invasive alien species that has harmful impacts on natural ecosystems and carries various zoonotic aquatic pathogens. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant zoonotic Aeromonas spp. in wild invasive nutrias captured in Korea during governmental eradication program. Three potential zoonotic Aeromonas spp. (A. hydrophila, A. caviae, and A. dhakensis) were identified among isolates from nutria. Some strains showed unexpected resistance to fluoroquinolones, third-generation cephalosporins, and carbapenems. In carbapenem-resistant isolates, the cphA gene, which is related to intrinsic resistance of Aeromonas to carbapenems, was identified, and phylogenetic analysis based on this gene revealed the presence of two major groups represented by A. hydrophila (including A. dhakensis) and other Aeromonas spp. These results indicate that wild nutrias in Korea are a potential reservoir of zoonotic and antibiotic-resistant Aeromonas spp. that can cause infection and treatment failure in humans. Thus, measures to prevent contact of wild nutrias with livestock and humans are needed.}, }
@article {pmid31364763, year = {2019}, author = {McDonald, IJ and McKinnon, M}, title = {Communicating biosecurity information to Australian-registered veterinarians.}, journal = {Australian veterinary journal}, volume = {97}, number = {10}, pages = {394-397}, doi = {10.1111/avj.12843}, pmid = {31364763}, issn = {1751-0813}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Communicable Diseases ; Communication ; Humans ; Information Dissemination/*methods ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Veterinarians/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Updating veterinarians (vets) on the latest biosecurity resources, information and alerts is important to ensure protection of domesticated and native animals. This preliminary questionnaire aimed to better understand the communication preferences of Australian-registered vets for biosecurity information, and their trust of these sources.<br><br>METHODS: An online questionnaire asking vets about their current communication preferences for biosecurity information, and their level of trust of these was created and distributed to Australian-registered vets.<br><br>RESULTS: Survey respondents (158) use and highly trust communication from (in order) vet and animal health organisations, vet surgeons' boards, the scientific literature, and government agencies.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study identifies that using vet surgeon's boards, government agencies and vet and animal health organisations may be an effective means for communicating biosecurity information to vets. Future research should consider which sources vets trust and why, to facilitate effective communication to them and the clients they serve.}, }
@article {pmid31363753, year = {2019}, author = {Piper, AM and Batovska, J and Cogan, NOI and Weiss, J and Cunningham, JP and Rodoni, BC and Blacket, MJ}, title = {Prospects and challenges of implementing DNA metabarcoding for high-throughput insect surveillance.}, journal = {GigaScience}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {31363753}, issn = {2047-217X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Computational Biology/methods ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; Databases, Genetic ; Genetic Markers ; *Genome, Insect ; *High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods ; Insecta/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Trap-based surveillance strategies are widely used for monitoring of invasive insect species, aiming to detect newly arrived exotic taxa as well as track the population levels of established or endemic pests. Where these surveillance traps have low specificity and capture non-target endemic species in excess of the target pests, the need for extensive specimen sorting and identification creates a major diagnostic bottleneck. While the recent development of standardized molecular diagnostics has partly alleviated this requirement, the single specimen per reaction nature of these methods does not readily scale to the sheer number of insects trapped in surveillance programmes. Consequently, target lists are often restricted to a few high-priority pests, allowing unanticipated species to avoid detection and potentially establish populations. DNA metabarcoding has recently emerged as a method for conducting simultaneous, multi-species identification of complex mixed communities and may lend itself ideally to rapid diagnostics of bulk insect trap samples. Moreover, the high-throughput nature of recent sequencing platforms could enable the multiplexing of hundreds of diverse trap samples on a single flow cell, thereby providing the means to dramatically scale up insect surveillance in terms of both the quantity of traps that can be processed concurrently and number of pest species that can be targeted. In this review of the metabarcoding literature, we explore how DNA metabarcoding could be tailored to the detection of invasive insects in a surveillance context and highlight the unique technical and regulatory challenges that must be considered when implementing high-throughput sequencing technologies into sensitive diagnostic applications.}, }
@article {pmid31363104, year = {2019}, author = {Nogueira, CB and Menéndez, E and Ramírez-Bahena, MH and Velázquez, E and Peix, &#xc1; and Mateos, PF and Scotti, MR}, title = {The N-fixing legume Periandra mediterranea constrains the invasion of an exotic grass (Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv) by altering soil N cycling.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {11033}, pmid = {31363104}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Archaea/metabolism ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Fabaceae/*metabolism/microbiology/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrification ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Melinis minutiflora is an invasive species that threatens the biodiversity of the endemic vegetation of the campo rupestre biome in Brazil, displacing the native vegetation and favouring fire spread. As M. minutiflora invasion has been associated with a high nitrogen (N) demand, we assessed changes in N cycle under four treatments: two treatments with contrasting invasion levels (above and below 50%) and two un-invaded control treatments with native vegetation, in the presence or absence of the leguminous species Periandra mediterranea. This latter species was considered to be the main N source in this site due to its ability to fix N2 in association with Bradyrhizobia species. Soil proteolytic activity was high in treatments with P. mediterranea and in those severely invaded, but not in the first steps of invasion. While ammonium was the N-chemical species dominant in plots with native species, including P.mediterranea, soil nitrate prevailed only in fully invaded plots due to the stimulation of the nitrifying bacterial (AOB) and archaeal (AOA) populations carrying the amoA gene. However, in the presence of P. mediterranea, either in the beginning of the invasion or in uninvaded plots, we observed an inhibition of the nitrifying microbial populations and nitrate formation, suggesting that this is a biotic resistance strategy elicited by P. mediterranea to compete with M. minutiflora. Therefore, the inhibition of proteolytic activity and the nitrification process were the strategies elicited by P.mediterranea to constrain M.munitiflora invasion.}, }
@article {pmid31361038, year = {2019}, author = {Vaux, AGC and Dallimore, T and Cull, B and Schaffner, F and Strode, C and Pflüger, V and Murchie, AK and Rea, I and Newham, Z and Mcginley, L and Catton, M and Gillingham, EL and Medlock, JM}, title = {The challenge of invasive mosquito vectors in the U.K. during 2016-2018: a summary of the surveillance and control of Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {443-452}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12396}, pmid = {31361038}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {*Aedes ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Chikungunya virus ; Dengue Virus ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control ; *Mosquito Vectors ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Mosquito-borne diseases resulting from the expansion of two key vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), continue to challenge whole regions and continents around the globe. In recent years there have been human cases of disease associated with Chikungunya, dengue and Zika viruses. In Europe, the expansion of Ae. albopictus has resulted in local transmission of Chikungunya and dengue viruses. This paper considers the risk that Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus represent for the U.K. and details the results of mosquito surveillance activities. Surveillance was conducted at 34 points of entry, 12 sites serving vehicular traffic and two sites of used tyre importers. The most common native mosquito recorded was Culex pipiens s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae). The invasive mosquito Ae. albopictus was detected on three occasions in southern England (September 2016, July 2017 and July 2018) and subsequent control strategies were conducted. These latest surveillance results demonstrate ongoing incursions of Ae. albopictus into the U.K. via ground vehicular traffic, which can be expected to continue and increase as populations in nearby countries expand, particularly in France, which is the main source of ex-continental traffic.}, }
@article {pmid31359571, year = {2019}, author = {Briscoe, NJ and Elith, J and Salguero-Gómez, R and Lahoz-Monfort, JJ and Camac, JS and Giljohann, KM and Holden, MH and Hradsky, BA and Kearney, MR and McMahon, SM and Phillips, BL and Regan, TJ and Rhodes, JR and Vesk, PA and Wintle, BA and Yen, JDL and Guillera-Arroita, G}, title = {Forecasting species range dynamics with process-explicit models: matching methods to applications.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {22}, number = {11}, pages = {1940-1956}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13348}, pmid = {31359571}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {DE160100904//Australian Research Council/ ; DP180101852//Australian Research Council/ ; R/142195-11-1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; CE11001000104//Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Australian Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {*Climate ; Climate Change ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Forecasting ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Knowing where species occur is fundamental to many ecological and environmental applications. Species distribution models (SDMs) are typically based on correlations between species occurrence data and environmental predictors, with ecological processes captured only implicitly. However, there is a growing interest in approaches that explicitly model processes such as physiology, dispersal, demography and biotic interactions. These models are believed to offer more robust predictions, particularly when extrapolating to novel conditions. Many process-explicit approaches are now available, but it is not clear how we can best draw on this expanded modelling toolbox to address ecological problems and inform management decisions. Here, we review a range of process-explicit models to determine their strengths and limitations, as well as their current use. Focusing on four common applications of SDMs - regulatory planning, extinction risk, climate refugia and invasive species - we then explore which models best meet management needs. We identify barriers to more widespread and effective use of process-explicit models and outline how these might be overcome. As well as technical and data challenges, there is a pressing need for more thorough evaluation of model predictions to guide investment in method development and ensure the promise of these new approaches is fully realised.}, }
@article {pmid31358951, year = {2019}, author = {Vila, JCC and Jones, ML and Patel, M and Bell, T and Rosindell, J}, title = {Uncovering the rules of microbial community invasions.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {8}, pages = {1162-1171}, pmid = {31358951}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes determining the outcome of biological invasions has been the subject of decades of research with most work focusing on macro-organisms. In the context of microbes, invasions remain poorly understood despite being increasingly recognized as important. To shed light on the factors affecting the success of microbial community invasions, we perform simulations using an individual-based nearly neutral model that combines ecological and evolutionary processes. Our simulations qualitatively recreate many empirical patterns and lead to a description of five general rules of invasion: (1) larger communities evolve better invaders and better defenders; (2) where invader and resident fitness difference is large, invasion success is essentially deterministic; (3) propagule pressure contributes to invasion success, if and only if, invaders and residents are competitively similar; (4) increasing the diversity of invaders has a similar effect to increasing the number of invaders; and (5) more diverse communities more successfully resist invasion.}, }
@article {pmid31358626, year = {2019}, author = {Craven, D and Knight, TM and Barton, KE and Bialic-Murphy, L and Chase, JM}, title = {Dissecting macroecological and macroevolutionary patterns of forest biodiversity across the Hawaiian archipelago.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {116}, number = {33}, pages = {16436-16441}, pmid = {31358626}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Forests ; Hawaii ; Islands ; Oceans and Seas ; Phylogeny ; Plants/genetics ; }, abstract = {Biodiversity patterns emerge as a consequence of evolutionary and ecological processes. Their relative importance is frequently tested on model ecosystems such as oceanic islands that vary in both. However, the coarse-scale data typically used in biogeographic studies have limited inferential power to separate the effects of historical biogeographic factors (e.g., island age) from the effects of ecological ones (e.g., island area and habitat heterogeneity). Here, we describe local-scale biodiversity patterns of woody plants using a database of more than 500 forest plots from across the Hawaiian archipelago, where these volcanic islands differ in age by several million years. We show that, after controlling for factors such as island area and heterogeneity, the oldest islands (Kaua'i and O'ahu) have greater native species diversity per unit area than younger islands (Maui and Hawai'i), indicating an important role for macroevolutionary processes in driving not just whole-island differences in species diversity, but also local community assembly. Further, we find that older islands have a greater number of rare species that are more spatially clumped (i.e., higher within-island β-diversity) than younger islands. When we included alien species in our analyses, we found that the signal of macroevolutionary processes via island age was diluted. Our approach allows a more explicit test of the question of how macroevolutionary factors shape not just regional-scale biodiversity, but also local-scale community assembly patterns and processes in a model archipelago ecosystem, and it can be applied to disentangle biodiversity drivers in other systems.}, }
@article {pmid31358197, year = {2019}, author = {Cremer, S}, title = {Pathogens and disease defense of invasive ants.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {33}, number = {}, pages = {63-68}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2019.03.011}, pmid = {31358197}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/immunology/*microbiology ; Bacteria ; Biological Coevolution ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Fungi ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Ant invasions are often harmful to native species communities. Their pathogens and host disease defense mechanisms may be one component of their devastating success. First, they can introduce harmful diseases to their competitors in the introduced range, to which they themselves are tolerant. Second, their supercolonial social structure of huge multi-queen nest networks means that they will harbor a broad pathogen spectrum and high pathogen load while remaining resilient, unlike the smaller, territorial colonies of the native species. Thus, it is likely that invasive ants act as a disease reservoir, promoting their competitive advantage and invasive success.}, }
@article {pmid31358194, year = {2019}, author = {Vilcinskas, A}, title = {Pathogens associated with invasive or introduced insects threaten the health and diversity of native species.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {33}, number = {}, pages = {43-48}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2019.03.004}, pmid = {31358194}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria ; Beekeeping/methods ; Bees ; Insecta/*microbiology/*parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Parasites ; Pest Control, Biological ; Viruses ; }, abstract = {Insect populations are declining even in protected areas, but the underlying causes are unclear. Here, I consider whether the factors driving the loss of insect diversity include invasive and/or introduced insects transmitting pathogens to less-resistant native species. The introduction of insects into new areas for biocontrol, to promote pollination, or for mass rearing in insect farms, threatens the health and diversity of indigenous insects by the co-introduction of entomopathogens whose spillover is difficult to control. Even less virulent pathogens or covert infections can become lethal if environmental stressors weaken the resistance of indigenous host species in an additive, potentiating or synergistic manner. More research is needed to develop effective strategies that protect the health and diversity of native insects.}, }
@article {pmid31357277, year = {2019}, author = {García-Valcárcel, AI and Martínez-Ferrer, MT and Campos-Rivela, JM and Hernando Guil, MD}, title = {Analysis of pesticide residues in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and in corbicular pollen. Exposure in citrus orchard with an integrated pest management system.}, journal = {Talanta}, volume = {204}, number = {}, pages = {153-162}, doi = {10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.106}, pmid = {31357277}, issn = {1873-3573}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*chemistry ; Chromatography, Liquid/methods ; Citrus/*chemistry ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Pesticide Residues/*analysis ; Pollen/*chemistry ; Solid Phase Extraction/methods ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods ; Ultrasonic Waves ; }, abstract = {In the last years, the honeybee population is facing growing threats such as expansion of pathogens, incorrect use of phytosanitary products and environmental contaminants, loss or fragmentation of habitat, invasive species and climate change. The citrus cropping by Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Spain combines strategies to reduce pest populations preventing environmental problems and reducing levels of damage by using chemicals only when it is strictly necessary. The goal of this study is to develop a simple analytical method to evaluate pesticide residue levels in honeybees and corbicular pollen when honeybees are exposed to plant protection products (PPPs) used in integrated pest management citrus orchards. The proposed method is based in an ultrasound assisted extraction procedure followed by a dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) clean-up with alumina and LC-MS/MS pesticides determination. The method was validated in samples of honeybee and corbicular pollen for 10 pesticides commonly used in citrus orchards under IPM. This procedure was compared with QuEChERS methodologies for these matrices. The developed method was applied to determine pesticides in both matrices in a two -year study in citrus orchards.}, }
@article {pmid31356818, year = {2019}, author = {Barbieri, ES and Medina, CD and Vázquez, N and Fiorito, C and Martelli, A and Wigdorovitz, A and Schwindt, E and Morga, B and Renault, T and Parreño, V and Barón, PJ}, title = {First detection of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 in wild Crassostrea gigas in Argentina.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {166}, number = {}, pages = {107222}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2019.107222}, pmid = {31356818}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Crassostrea/*virology ; DNA Viruses/*genetics ; DNA, Viral/analysis ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Shellfish/*virology ; }, abstract = {Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) is a DNA virus of the genus Ostreavirus (Malacoherpesviridae family, Herpesvirales order). Worldwide, OsHV-1 and its microvariants have been associated with increased mortality of Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas. Adult asymptomatic oysters also have shown a high prevalence of viral infection. As a consequence, surveillance is needed to better describe OsHV-1 diversity, pathogenicity, clinical signs, and geographical distribution. We examined Crassostrea gigas sampled in October 2017 from the inner zone of the Bahía Blanca Estuary, Argentina, and found that 8 of 30 specimens (26.7%) presented macroscopic lesions in mantle tissues. Histological analysis revealed abnormal presentation of mantle epithelial cells and connective tissues. Conventional and real-time PCR conducted on the oyster samples revealed 70% to be positive for presence of OsHV-1 DNA. The nucleotide sequence of the amplicon obtained from one sample using the primer pair IA1/IA2 (targeting ORF 42/43) was 99% identical to OsHV-1 reference as well as µVar strains B and A (KY271630, KY242785.1), sequenced from France and Ireland. This finding represents the first detection of OsHV-1 DNA in a wild population of C. gigas in Argentina in association with gross mantle lesions.}, }
@article {pmid31355448, year = {2019}, author = {Queiroz-Sousa, J and Keith, SA and David, GS and Brandão, H and Nobile, AB and Paes, JVK and Souto, AC and Lima, FP and Silva, RJ and Henry, R and Richardson, K}, title = {Species richness and functional structure of fish assemblages in three freshwater habitats: effects of environmental factors and management.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {95}, number = {4}, pages = {1125-1136}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14109}, pmid = {31355448}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {AUX-PE-PNPD 3005/2010//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior (CAPES)/ ; BEX-PDSE 2574/2014-4//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior (CAPES)/ ; //Fish Biology and Ecology Laboratory/ ; //Department of Morphology and the Wild Animal Parasitology Laboratory/ ; //Department of Parasitology, Biosciences Institute of Botucatu - Sao Paulo State University and Center for Macroecology/ ; //Evolution and Climate, Danish Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen/ ; 10114//VILLUM FONDEN/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Fishes/classification/*physiology ; *Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {In this study, the inverted trophic hypothesis was tested in the freshwater fish communities of a reservoir. The distribution of fish species in three freshwater habitats in the Jurumirim Reservoir, Brazil, was examined using both species richness and the relative proportions of different trophic groups. These groups were used as a proxy for functional structure in an attempt to test the ability of these measures to assess fish diversity. Assemblage structures were first described using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). The influence of environmental conditions for multiple fish assemblage response variables (richness, total abundance and abundance per trophic group) was tested using generalised linear mixed models (GLMM). The metric typically employed to describe diversity; that is, species richness, was not related to environmental conditions. However, absolute species abundance was relatively well explained with up to 54% of the variation in the observed data accounted for. Differences in the dominance of trophic groups were most apparent in response to the presence of introduced fish species: the iliophagous and piscivorous trophic groups were positively associated, while detritivores and herbivores were negatively associated, with the alien species. This suggests that monitoring functional diversity might be more valuable than species diversity for assessing effects of disturbances and managements policies on the fish community.}, }
@article {pmid31353398, year = {2019}, author = {Hernández, F and Presotto, A and Poverene, M and Mandel, JR}, title = {Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Wild Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Argentina: Reconstructing Its Invasion History.}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {110}, number = {6}, pages = {746-759}, doi = {10.1093/jhered/esz047}, pmid = {31353398}, issn = {1465-7333}, mesh = {Argentina ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Helianthus/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phenotype ; United States ; }, abstract = {Studying the levels and patterns of genetic diversity of invasive populations is important to understand the evolutionary and ecological factors promoting invasions and for better designing preventive and control strategies. Wild sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is native to North America and was introduced, and has become invasive, in several countries, including Argentina (ARG). Here, using classical population genetic analyses and approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) modeling, we studied the invasion history of wild sunflower in ARG. We analyzed 115 individuals belonging to 15 populations from ARG (invasive range) and United States (US, native range) at 14 nuclear and 3 chloroplast simple sequence repeat markers along with 23 phenotypic variables. Populations from ARG showed similar levels of nuclear genetic diversity to US populations and higher genetic diversity in the chloroplast genome, indicating no severe genetic bottlenecks during the invasion process. Bayesian clustering analysis, based on nuclear markers, suggests the presence of 3 genetic clusters, all present in both US and ARG. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) detected an overall low population structure between central US and ARG populations but separated 2 invasive populations from the rest. ABC modeling supports multiple introductions but also a southward dispersal within ARG. Genetic and phenotypic data support the central US as a source of introduction while the source of secondary introductions could not be resolved. Finally, using genetic markers from the chloroplast genome, we found lower population structure in ARG when compared with US populations, suggesting a role for seed-mediated gene flow in Argentina.}, }
@article {pmid31352886, year = {2019}, author = {Tamburello, N and Ma, BO and Côté, IM}, title = {From individual movement behaviour to landscape-scale invasion dynamics and management: a case study of lionfish metapopulations.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {374}, number = {1781}, pages = {20180057}, pmid = {31352886}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; Bahamas ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environment ; *Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; *Movement ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Modelling the dynamics of small, interconnected populations, or metapopulations, can help pinpoint habitat patches that are critical for population persistence in patchy habitats. For conservation purposes, these patches are typically earmarked for protection, but for invasive species management, these patches could be targeted to hasten the populations' demise. Here, we show how metapopulation modelling, coupled with an understanding of size-dependent dispersal behaviour, can be used to help optimize the distribution of limited resources for culling specific populations of invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans) in the western Atlantic. Through simulation using fitted model parameters, we derive three insights that can inform management. First, culling lionfish from target patches reduces the probability of lionfish occupancy at surrounding patches. Second, this effect depends on patch size and connectivity, but is strongest at the local scale and decays with distance. Finally, size-dependent dispersal in lionfish means that size-selective culling can change both a population's size distribution and dispersal potential, with cascading effects on network connectivity, population dynamics and management outcomes. By explicitly considering seascape structure and movement behaviour when allocating effort to the management of invasive species, managers can optimize resource use to improve management outcomes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation'.}, }
@article {pmid31351148, year = {2019}, author = {De Araujo, LI and Karsten, M and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Exploring thermal flight responses as predictors of flight ability and geographic range size in Drosophila.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology}, volume = {236}, number = {}, pages = {110532}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110532}, pmid = {31351148}, issn = {1531-4332}, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Female ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; *Geography ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Thermal flight performance curves (TFPCs) may be a useful proxy for determining dispersal on daily timescales in winged insect species. Few studies have assessed TFPCs across a range of species under standard conditions despite that they may be useful in predicting variation in performance, abundance or geographic range shifts with forecast climate variability. Indeed, the factors determining realized dispersal within and among flying insect species are generally poorly understood. To better understand how flight performance may be correlated with geographic range extent and potential latitudinal climate variability, we estimated the thermal performance curves of flight ability in 11 Drosophilidae species (in 4 °C increments across 16-28 °C) after standard laboratory rearing for two generations. We tested if key morphological, evolutionary or ecological factors (e.g. species identity, sex, body mass, wing loading, geographic range size) predicted traits of TFPCs (including optimum temperature, maximum performance, thermal breadth of performance) or flight ability (success/failure to fly). Although several parameters of TFPCs varied among species these were typically not statistically significant probably owing to the relatively small pool of species assessed and the limited trait variation detected. The best explanatory model of these flight responses across species included significant positive effects of test temperature and wing area. However, the rank of geographic distribution breadth and phylogeny failed to explain significant variation in most of the traits, except for thermal performance breadth, of thermal flight performance curves among these 11 species. Future studies that employ a wider range of Drosophilidae species, especially if coupled with fine-scale estimates of species' environmental niches, would be useful.}, }
@article {pmid31350537, year = {2019}, author = {Thakur, MP and van der Putten, WH and Cobben, MMP and van Kleunen, M and Geisen, S}, title = {Microbial invasions in terrestrial ecosystems.}, journal = {Nature reviews. Microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {10}, pages = {621-631}, pmid = {31350537}, issn = {1740-1534}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Host Microbial Interactions ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Microbial Interactions ; *Microbiota ; Plants ; Travel ; }, abstract = {Human travel and global trade have tremendously increased the spread of invasive microorganisms in new regions. Experimental and observational studies in terrestrial ecosystems are beginning to shed light on processes of microbial invasions, their ecological impacts and implications for ecosystem functioning. We provide examples of terrestrial invasive microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, oomycetes and other protists, and viruses, and discuss the impacts of pathogenic and non-pathogenic invasive microorganisms at levels ranging from host species to ecosystems. This Review highlights that despite the recent progress in microbial invasion research, we are only beginning to understand how alien microorganisms interact with native microorganisms, and the implications of those interactions. Finally, we propose three research themes - microbial interactions, impacts and climate change - to make microbial invasion research a truly integrative discipline.}, }
@article {pmid31349161, year = {2019}, author = {Guzzetti, E and Salabery, E and Ferriol, P and Díaz, JA and Tejada, S and Faggio, C and Sureda, A}, title = {Oxidative stress induction by the invasive sponge Paraleucilla magna growing on Peyssonnelia squamaria algae.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {150}, number = {}, pages = {104763}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104763}, pmid = {31349161}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Antioxidants ; Catalase ; Glutathione ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; Glutathione Reductase ; Glutathione Transferase ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Malondialdehyde ; *Oxidative Stress ; *Porifera ; *Rhodophyta/metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase ; }, abstract = {The introduction of invasive species can lead to significant adverse effects on the colonized areas. The aim of the present research was to determine if the invasive behavior of Paraleucilla magna could induce the activation of the antioxidant defences in the native red algae, Peyssonnelia squamaria. Individuals of isolated P. squamaria and individuals epiphytized by P. magna, both growing on rocky bottoms, were collected. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes - catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase - and the levels of the malondialdehyde were significantly higher in the algae of the epiphytic group compared to the control group, while the detoxifying enzyme glutathione S-transferase did not show significant differences. The levels of reduced glutathione and total polyphenols were higher in the algae affected by the sponge. In conclusion, the arrival of the species P. magna induces an adaptative antioxidant response in P. squamaria determined by the use of biomarkers.}, }
@article {pmid31349024, year = {2019}, author = {Thomas, JR and Masefield, S and Hunt, R and Wood, MJ and Hart, AG and Hallam, J and Griffiths, SW and Cable, J}, title = {Terrestrial emigration behaviour of two invasive crayfish species.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {167}, number = {}, pages = {103917}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2019.103917}, pmid = {31349024}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animal Migration/*physiology ; Animals ; Aquaculture ; Astacoidea ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {To disperse between isolated waterbodies, freshwater organisms must often cross terrestrial barriers and many freshwater animals that are incapable of flight must rely on transport via flooding events, other animals or anthropogenic activity. Decapods such as crayfish, on the other hand, can disperse to nearby waterbodies by walking on land, a behaviour that has facilitated the spread of invasive species. Overland movement could play a key role in the management of non-native crayfish, though to what extent terrestrial emigration occurs in different species is poorly understood. Here, we directly compared the terrestrial emigration tendency of two non-native crayfish species in Great Britain; red swamp (Procambarus clarkii) and signal (Pacifastacus leniusculus) crayfish. We found that both species emigrated from the water and that there was no significant difference in terms of their terrestrial emigration tendency, suggesting that there is a risk both of these species will migrate overland and disperse to new habitats. This study shows that terrestrial emigration is an important behavioural trait to consider when preventing the escape of crayfish from aquaculture and further spread of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid31346442, year = {2019}, author = {Liu, M and Liao, H and Peng, S}, title = {Salt-tolerant native plants have greater responses to other environments when compared to salt-tolerant invasive plants.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {13}, pages = {7808-7818}, pmid = {31346442}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The strong expansion potential of invasive plants is often attributed to fast adaptive responses to stress. However, the evolution of tolerance to one stressor may affect the responses to other stressors. Currently, it remains unclear what effect the evolution to one stressor might have on the responses to other single or combined stressors. Moreover, it is unknown how this might differ between invasive and native species.Invasive plants (Mikania micrantha and Bidens pilosa) and native plants (Merremia hederacea and Sida acuta) from low- and high-salinity habitats were grown under control and stressful conditions [salt stress, water stress (drought/waterlogging), and their combinations]. We explored the effects of evolved salt tolerance on the responses to water stress/combined stresses and the underlying trait mechanisms.The high-salinity populations of all species exhibited stronger salt tolerance than the low-salinity populations. As to the tolerance to other stressors, the high-salinity and low-salinity populations of the invasive species were similar, whereas the high-salinity populations of the native species exhibited stronger tolerance than the low-salinity populations under most stress treatments. However, the enhanced salt tolerance in native species was accompanied by reduced total biomass under control condition. The stress tolerance of native species correlated with leaf production rate and allocation to root, while the performance of native species under control condition correlated with leaf morphology and carbon assimilation rate. This suggests a trade-off between salt tolerance and performance in the native but not the invasive species, probably resulting from altered phenotypic/physiological traits.<br><br>SYNTHESIS: Our work suggests that the evolution of tolerance to one stressor may have stronger effects on the tolerance to other stressors of the native compared with the invasive species. This may be a new paradigm to explain the greater advantage of invasive vs. native species in highly stressful habitats.}, }
@article {pmid31346422, year = {2019}, author = {Langdon, B and Pauchard, A and Bustamante, RO}, title = {Acacia dealbata invasion in Chile: Surprises from climatic niche and species distribution models.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {13}, pages = {7562-7573}, pmid = {31346422}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {AIM: Tree invasions are a threat to biodiversity conservation, and although it is hard to predict the future spread of invasive tree species, there are tools available which could allow some estimations. The magnitude of spatial spread (a proxy of invasiveness) can be predicted from species climatic requirement (climatic niche) and can be represented by species distribution models (SDMs). We aimed to assess whether Acacia dealbata conserves its niche in the new environment of south-central Chile, and also, to estimate the invasive stage of the species.<br><br>LOCATION: South-central area of Chile, between the O'Higgins (34&#xb0;0&#x2033;0'S) and Aysen Regions (47&#xb0;0&#x2033;0'S).<br><br>METHODS: We used a combination of global, native, and regional data to improve the estimation of the potential distribution of A.&#xa0;dealbata, which has been considered one of the most invasive species of the genus, being registered in at least 34 countries in all the Continents.<br><br>RESULTS: Our results show that A.&#xa0;dealbata does not conserve its niche in the study area, invading areas with climatic conditions different from those of the native range. It is also not at equilibrium with the environment. According to the global versus regional SDM comparisons, populations present in south-central Chile present different invasion stages. There are some stable populations, but there are other populations colonizing new areas, occupying unsuitable habitats and some of them are adapting to new climatic conditions. Climatic factors, such as precipitation seasonality, could be acting behind the expansion to new environments, and biotic factors or dispersal limitations could be preventing the species to colonize suitable areas.<br><br>MAIN CONCLUSIONS: The invasion process of A.&#xa0;dealbata is far from stabilizing, and management options should focus on prevention, avoiding, for example, the introduction of the species to Patagonia where the species has not spread yet. More research is needed to complement our results and enhance the development of effective management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid31346410, year = {2019}, author = {Gonçalves, RM and Mastrangelo, T and Rodrigues, JCV and Paulo, DF and Omoto, C and Corrêa, AS and de Azeredo-Espin, AML}, title = {Invasion origin, rapid population expansion, and the lack of genetic structure of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) in the Americas.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {13}, pages = {7378-7401}, pmid = {31346410}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {In 2013, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was officially declared as present in Brazil and, after two years, the species was detected in the Caribbean and North America. Information on genetic features and accurate distribution of pests is the basis for agricultural protection policies. Furthermore, such knowledge is imperative to develop control strategies, understand the geographical range, and genetic patterns of this species in the Americas. Here, we carried out the widest sampling of H. armigera in the South American continent and Puerto Rico, after we estimated the diversity, demographic parameters, and genetic structure. The Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) nuclear marker was used to investigate the presence of putative hybrids between H. armigera and H. zea, and they were observed at a frequency of 1.5%. An ABC analysis, based in COI gene fragment, suggested Europe as the origin of South America specimens of H. armigeraand following a movement northward through the Caribbean. Three mtDNA genes and three nDNA markers revealed high genetic diversity distributed without the defined population structure of H. armigera in South America. Most of the genetic variation is within populations with a multidirectional expansion of H. armigera among morphoclimatic regions. High genetic diversity, rapid population expansion, and hybridization have implications for pest management since they suggest that adaptive alleles are spread through wide areas in South America that favor rapid local adaptation of H. armigera to new and disturbed environments (e.g., in agricultural areas).}, }
@article {pmid31344901, year = {2019}, author = {Marcantonio, M and Winokur, OC and Barker, CM}, title = {Revisiting Alkali Metals As a Tool to Characterize Patterns of Mosquito Dispersal and Oviposition.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {31344901}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {1U01CK000516//Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/ ; }, abstract = {Mark-recapture methods constitute a set of classical ecological tools that are used to collect information on species dispersal and population size. These methods have advanced knowledge in disparate scientific fields, from conservation biology to pest control. Gathering information on the dispersal of mosquito species, such as Aedes aegypti, has become critical since the recognition of their role as vectors of pathogens. Here, we evaluate a method to mark mosquitoes that exploits the rare alkali metals rubidium (Rb) and caesium (Cs), which have been used previously to mark adult insects through feeding. We revised this method by adding Rb and Cs directly to water in which the immature stages of Ae. aegypti were allowed to develop. We then assessed the effect of Rb- and Cs-enriched water on fitness, survival and bioaccumulation in both adult females and their eggs. Results indicated that Cs had adverse effects on Ae. aegypti, even at low concentrations, whereas Rb at low concentrations had no measured effects on exposed individuals and accumulated at detectable levels in adult females. The method described here relies on passive uptake of Rb during immature stages, which has the benefit of avoiding handling or manipulation of the dispersive adults, which enables purer measurement of movement. Moreover, we demonstrated that Rb was transferred efficiently from the marked females to their eggs. To our knowledge, Rb is the only marker used for mosquitoes that has been shown to transfer vertically from females to eggs. The application of Rb rather than more traditional markers may therefore increase the quality (no impact on released individuals) and quantity (both adults and eggs are marked) of data collected during MR studies. The method we propose here can be used in combination with other markers, such as stable isotopes, in order to maximize the information collected during MR experiments.}, }
@article {pmid31344489, year = {2019}, author = {Dobigny, G and Gauthier, P and Houéménou, G and Dossou, HJ and Badou, S and Etougbétché, J and Tatard, C and Truc, P}, title = {Spatio-temporal survey of small mammal-borne Trypanosoma lewisi in Cotonou, Benin, and the potential risk of human infection.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {75}, number = {}, pages = {103967}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103967}, pmid = {31344489}, issn = {1567-7257}, mesh = {Animals ; Benin/epidemiology ; Humans ; Mammals/*parasitology ; Prevalence ; Trypanosoma lewisi/*isolation &amp; purification ; Trypanosomiasis/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Zoonoses/*epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Human trypanosomoses are the sleeping sickness in Africa and Chagas disease in Latin America. However, atypical human infections by animal trypanosomes have been described, but poorly investigated. Among them, the supposed rat-specific T. lewisi was shown to be responsible for a few severe cases. In Africa, the scarcity of data and the null awareness about the atypical human trypanosomoses suggest that the number of cases may be higher that currently thought. Furthermore, T. lewisi is resistant to normal human serum and therefore a potential human pathogen. In order to document T. lewisi distribution and ecology, a qPCR- and 16DNA sequencing-based survey was conducted in 369 rodents from three urban districts of Cotonou city, Benin, during three different periods of the same year. Our study demonstrated very high prevalence (57.2%) even when considering only individuals identified as positive through DNA sequencing (39.2%). Black rats represented the most dominant as well as the most T. lewisi-parasitized species. No difference was retrieved neither between seasons nor districts, suggesting a large infestation of rodents by trypanosomes throughout the year and the city. Our results suggest that conditions are gathered for rat to human transmission of T. lewisi in these socio-environmentally degraded urban areas, thus pointing towards the rapidly urbanizing Abidjan-Lagos corridor as a region at particular risk.}, }
@article {pmid31344095, year = {2019}, author = {DeGolia, AH and Hiroyasu, EHT and Anderson, SE}, title = {Economic losses or environmental gains? Framing effects on public support for environmental management.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {e0220320}, pmid = {31344095}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Attitude ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/methods ; Economics ; Environment ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/economics/methods ; Humans ; *Introduced Species/economics ; *Motivation ; *Persuasive Communication ; *Public Opinion ; }, abstract = {Environmental managers face major challenges related to project implementation and communicating the significance of those projects to the public. Effective communication can mitigate public opposition or increase support for specific projects and increase public and political support for environmental management more generally. In this study, we evaluate which types of benefits or losses environmental managers should communicate and how to frame those attributes to achieve greater public support. To do so, we field a survey experiment that presents the benefits of an invasive species management project, utilizing a two (economic, ecological) by two (gain, loss) factorial design as well as a control message. Ecological messages lead to significantly more support for invasive species management than economic messages, and loss frames are more effective than gain frames. We also find that treatment responses differ across several covariates including political ideology and environmentalism. These results indicate that the public is more concerned with managing invasive species for intrinsic environmental worth than economic benefit and that preventing further environmental degradation is more motivating than promoting additional environmental gains.}, }
@article {pmid31341747, year = {2019}, author = {García-Fernández, A and Manzano, P and Seoane, J and Azcárate, FM and Iriondo, JM and Peco, B}, title = {Herbivore corridors sustain genetic footprint in plant populations: a case for Spanish drove roads.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e7311}, pmid = {31341747}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Habitat fragmentation is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity conservation and ecosystem productivity mediated by direct human impact. Its consequences include genetic depauperation, comprising phenomena such as inbreeding depression or reduction in genetic diversity. While the capacity of wild and domestic herbivores to sustain long-distance seed dispersal has been proven, the impact of herbivore corridors in plant population genetics remains to be observed. We conducted this study in the Conquense Drove Road in Spain, where sustained use by livestock over centuries has involved transhumant herds passing twice a year en route to winter and summer pastures. We compared genetic diversity and inbreeding coefficients of Plantago lagopus populations along the drove road with populations in the surrounding agricultural matrix, at varying distances from human settlements. We observed significant differences in coefficients of inbreeding between the drove road and the agricultural matrix, as well as significant trends indicative of higher genetic diversity and population nestedness around human settlements. Trends for higher genetic diversity along drove roads may be present, although they were only marginally significant due to the available sample size. Our results illustrate a functional landscape with human settlements as dispersal hotspots, while the findings along the drove road confirm its role as a pollinator reservoir observed in other studies. Drove roads may possibly also function as linear structures that facilitate long-distance dispersal across the agricultural matrix, while local P. lagopus populations depend rather on short-distance seed dispersal. These results highlight the role of herbivore corridors for conserving the migration capacity of plants, and contribute towards understanding the role of seed dispersal and the spread of invasive species related to human activities.}, }
@article {pmid31341496, year = {2019}, author = {Kong, JY and Yeon, SC and Lee, HJ and Kang, C and Park, JK and Jeong, KS and Hong, IH}, title = {Protective Effects of Nutria Bile against Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Injury in Mice.}, journal = {Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM}, volume = {2019}, number = {}, pages = {6059317}, pmid = {31341496}, issn = {1741-427X}, abstract = {Several eradication programs have been developed and executed to curb alien invasive species that tend to damage the ecological environments they colonize; however, only few studies have evaluated the utilization of carcasses of these species after eradication. Nutria (Myocastor coypus) is an invasive rodent species targeted by eradication programs in many countries. We noted that nutria produce large amounts of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in their bile. UDCA is a unique component responsible for the anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects exerted by bear bile. Therefore, we sought to examine the medicinal utility of nutria carcasses by investigating the hepatoprotective effect of their bile in mice. C57BL/6 mice were injected with thioacetamide (TAA), which induced liver damage by increasing Kupffer cell infiltration. Administration of nutria bile reduced hepatic inflammation, improved hepatic function, and increased the levels of senescence marker protein 30 (an indicator of hepatocyte viability). Our results show that nutria bile exerts protective effects against TAA-induced liver injury in mice, suggesting that nutria carcasses may be used for the treatment of liver injuries.}, }
@article {pmid31339964, year = {2019}, author = {Horricks, RA and Tabin, SK and Edwards, JJ and Lumsden, JS and Marancik, DP}, title = {Organic ultraviolet filters in nearshore waters and in the invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans) in Grenada, West Indies.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {e0220280}, pmid = {31339964}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Benzophenones/analysis/pharmacokinetics ; Caribbean Region ; Environmental Monitoring ; Female ; Grenada ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Perciformes/metabolism ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Sentinel Species/metabolism ; Sunscreening Agents/*analysis/pharmacokinetics ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis/pharmacokinetics ; }, abstract = {Sunscreens and other personal care products use organic ultraviolet (UV) filters such as oxybenzone, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, Padimate-O, and octyl methoxycinnamate to prevent damage to human skin. While these compounds are effective at preventing sunburn, they have a demonstrated negative effect on cells and tissues across taxonomic levels. These compounds have a relatively short half-life in seawater but are continuously re-introduced via recreational activities and wastewater discharge, making them environmentally persistent. Because of this, testing seawater samples for the presence of these compounds may not be reflective of their abundance in the environment. Bioaccumulation of organic ultraviolet filters in a high-trophic level predator may provide greater insight to the presence and persistence of these compounds. To address this, the present study collected seawater samples as well as muscle and stomach content samples from the invasive Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans) in the nearshore waters of Grenada, West Indies to examine the use of lionfish as potential bioindicator species. Seawater and lionfish samples were collected at four sites that are near point sources of wastewater discharge and that receive a high number of visitors each year. Samples were tested for the presence and concentrations of oxybenzone, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), Padimate-O, and octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Oxybenzone residues were detected in 60% of seawater samples and OMC residues were detected in 20% of seawater samples. Seawater samples collected in the surface waters near Grenada's main beach had oxybenzone concentrations more than ten times higher than seawater samples collected in less frequently visited areas and the highest prevalence of UV filters in lionfish. Residues of oxybenzone were detected in 35% of lionfish muscle and 4-MBC residues were detected in 12% of lionfish muscle. Padimate-O was not detected in either seawater or lionfish samples. No organic UV filters were detected in lionfish stomach contents. Histopathologic examination of lionfish demonstrated no significant findings attributed to UV filter toxicity. These findings report UV filter residue levels for the first time in inshore waters in Grenada. Results indicate that lionfish may be bioaccumulating residues and may be a useful sentinel model for monitoring organic ultraviolet filters in the Caribbean Sea.}, }
@article {pmid31339595, year = {2019}, author = {Qiao, H and Liu, W and Zhang, Y and Zhang, YY and Li, QQ}, title = {Genetic admixture accelerates invasion via provisioning rapid adaptive evolution.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {17}, pages = {4012-4027}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15192}, pmid = {31339595}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Chloroplasts/genetics ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Poaceae/*genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Genetic admixture, the intraspecific hybridization among divergent introduced sources, can immediately facilitate colonization via hybrid vigor and profoundly enhance invasion via contributing novel genetic variation to adaption. As hybrid vigor is short-lived, provisioning adaptation is anticipated to be the dominant and long-term profit of genetic admixture, but the evidence for this is rare. We employed the 30 years' geographic-scale invasion of the salt marsh grass, Spartina alterniflora, as an evolutionary experiment and evaluated the consequences of genetic admixture by combining the reciprocal transplant experiment with quantitative and population genetic surveys. Consistent with the documentation, we found that the invasive populations in China had multiple origins from the southern Atlantic coast and the Gulf of Mexico in the US. Interbreeding among these multiple sources generated a "hybrid swarm" that spread throughout the coast of China. In the northern and mid-latitude China, natural selection greatly enhanced fecundity, plant height and shoot regeneration compared to the native populations. Furthermore, genetic admixture appeared to have broken the negative correlation between plant height and shoot regeneration, which was genetically-based in the native range, and have facilitated the evolution of super competitive genotypes in the invasive range. In contrast to the evolved northern and mid-latitude populations, the southern invasive populations showed slight increase of plant height and shoot regeneration compared to the native populations, possibly reflecting the heterotic effect of the intraspecific hybridization. Therefore, our study suggests a critical role of genetic admixture in accelerating the geographic invasion via provisioning rapid adaptive evolution.}, }
@article {pmid31338113, year = {2019}, author = {Jourdan, J and Piro, K and Weigand, A and Plath, M}, title = {Small-scale phenotypic differentiation along complex stream gradients in a non-native amphipod.}, journal = {Frontiers in zoology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {29}, pmid = {31338113}, issn = {1742-9994}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Selective landscapes in rivers are made up by an array of selective forces that vary from source to downstream regions or between seasons, and local/temporal variation in fitness maxima can result in gradual spatio-temporal variation of phenotypic traits. This study aimed at establishing freshwater amphipods as future model organisms to study adaptive phenotypic diversification (evolutionary divergence and/or adaptive plasticity) along stream gradients.<br><br>METHODS: We collected Gammarus roeselii from 16 sampling sites in the Rhine catchment during two consecutive seasons (summer and winter). Altogether, we dissected n&#x2009;=&#x2009;1648 individuals and quantified key parameters related to morphological and life-history diversification, including naturally selected (e.g., gill surface areas) as well as primarily sexually selected traits (e.g., male antennae). Acknowledging the complexity of selective regimes in streams and the interrelated nature of selection factors, we assessed several abiotic (e.g., temperature, flow velocity) and biotic ecological parameters (e.g., conspecific densities, sex ratios) and condensed them into four principal components (PCs).<br><br>RESULTS: Generalized least squares models revealed pronounced phenotypic differentiation in most of the traits investigated herein, and components of the stream gradient (PCs) explained parts of the observed differences. Depending on the trait under investigation, phenotypic differentiation could be ascribed to variation in abiotic conditions, anthropogenic disturbance (influx of thermally polluted water), or population parameters. For example, female fecundity showed altitudinal variation and decreased with increasing conspecific densities, while sexual dimorphism in the length of male antennae-used for mate finding and assessment-increased with increasing population densities and towards female-biased sex ratios.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We provide a comprehensive protocol for comparative analyses of intraspecific variation in life history traits in amphipods. Whether the observed phenotypic differentiation over small geographical distances reflects evolutionary divergence or plasticity (or both) remains to be investigated in future studies. Independent of the mechanisms involved, variation in several traits is likely to have consequences for ecosystem functions. For example, leaf-shredding in G. roeselii strongly depends on body size, which varied in dependence of several ecological parameters.}, }
@article {pmid31337838, year = {2019}, author = {Idrissou, FO and Huang, Q and Yañez, O and Neumann, P}, title = {International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {10665}, pmid = {31337838}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*parasitology ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; Commerce ; Ethiopia ; Insect Control ; Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; South Africa ; Tanzania ; United States ; *Waxes ; }, abstract = {International trade can facilitate biological invasions, but the possible role of beeswax trade for small hive beetles (SHBs), Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) is poorly understood. SHBs are parasites of social bee colonies native to sub-Saharan Africa and have become an invasive species. Since 1996, SHBs have established in all continents except Antarctica. Here, we combine mitochondrial DNA analyses (COI gene, N = 296 SHBs, 98 locations) with previously published beeswax trade data (FAO) for 12 confirmed SHB invasions. Our genetic data confirm previous findings and suggest novel SHB African origins. In nine out of 12 invasion cases, the genetic and beeswax trade data match. When excluding one confirmed pathway (bee imports) and two cases, for which no FAO data were available, the genetics and beeswax trade data consistently predict the same source. This strongly suggests that beeswax imports from Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania and the USA, respectively, have mainly been responsible for the past invasion success of this beetle species. Adequate mitigation measures should be applied to limit this key role of beeswax imports for the further spread of SHBs. Combining genetics with trade data appears to be a powerful tool to better understand and eventually mitigate biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid31337295, year = {2019}, author = {Friesen, CR and Shine, R}, title = {At the invasion front, male cane toads (Rhinella marina) have smaller testes.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {20190339}, pmid = {31337295}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Biological Evolution ; Bufo marinus ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Testis ; }, abstract = {As a colonizing species expands its range, individuals at the invasion front experience different evolutionary pressures than do those at the range-core. For example, low densities at the edge of the range mean that males should rarely experience intense sperm competition from rivals; and investment into reproduction may trade-off with adaptations for more rapid dispersal. Both of these processes are predicted to favour a reduction in testis size at the invasion front. To explore effects of invasion stage in Australian cane toads (Rhinella marina), we collected and dissected 214 adult males from three regions: one in the species' range-core (northeastern Australia), and two from invasion fronts (one in northwestern Australia and one in southeastern Australia). Despite the brief duration of separation between toads in these areas (approx. 85 years), testis masses averaged greater than 30% higher (as a proportion of body mass) in range-core males than in conspecifics sampled from either vanguard of the invasion. Previous work has documented low reproductive frequencies in female cane toads at the invasion front also, consistent with the hypothesis that evolutionary and ecological pressures unleashed by an invasion can favour relatively low resource allocation to reproduction in both sexes.}, }
@article {pmid31334498, year = {2019}, author = {Tarter, KD and Levy, CE and Yaglom, HD and Adams, LE and Plante, L and Casal, MG and Gouge, DH and Rathman, R and Stokka, D and Weiss, J and Venkat, H and Walker, KR}, title = {USING CITIZEN SCIENCE TO ENHANCE SURVEILLANCE OF AEDES AEGYPTI IN ARIZONA, 2015-17.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, pages = {11-18}, pmid = {31334498}, issn = {1943-6270}, support = {CC999999//Intramural CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Aedes ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Arizona ; *Citizen Science ; *Mosquito Vectors ; Ovum ; Population Density ; Population Surveillance ; }, abstract = {Vector surveillance is an essential component of vector-borne disease prevention, but many communities lack resources to support extensive surveillance. The Great Arizona Mosquito Hunt (GAMH) was a collaborative citizen science project conducted during 2015-17 to enhance surveillance for Aedes aegypti in Arizona. Citizen science projects engage the public in scientific research in order to further scientific knowledge while improving community understanding of a specific field of science and the scientific process. Participating schools and youth organizations across the state conducted oviposition trapping for 1-4 wk during peak Ae. aegypti season in Arizona and returned the egg sheets to collaborating entomologists for identification. During the 3-year program, 120 different schools and youth organizations participated. Few participants actually collected Aedes eggs in their traps in 2015 or 2017, but about one-third of participants collected eggs during 2016, including 3 areas that were not previously reported to have Ae. aegypti. While relatively few new areas of Ae. aegypti activity were identified, GAMH was found to be a successful method of engaging citizen scientists. Future citizen science mosquito surveillance projects might be useful to further define the ecology and risk for vector-borne diseases in Arizona.}, }
@article {pmid31333698, year = {2019}, author = {Thiébaut, G and Tarayre, M and Rodríguez-Pérez, H}, title = {Allelopathic Effects of Native Versus Invasive Plants on One Major Invader.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {854}, pmid = {31333698}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Allelopathy is defined as the effects (stimulatory and inhibitory) of a plant on the development of neighboring plants through the release of secondary compounds. Autoallelophaty is the beneficial or harmful effect of a plant species on itself. The allelopathic potential belonging to a native species could induce a biotic resistance against invasive plants, whereas allelochemicals released by exotic species could favor the establishment of invasive species (invasional meltdown). The aim of our study was to examine the potential allelopathic effect of four plant species on the target species Ludwigia hexapetala using two experiments. In the first experiment, we tested the allelopathic effect of root and leaf leachates of the two congeneric exotic species Ludwigia hexapetala and Ludwigia peploides on L. hexapetala, while in the second experiment, we studied the allelopathic effect of root and leaf leachates of a sympatric exotic species Myriophyllum aquaticum and of one native species Mentha aquatica on L. hexapetala. We measured the stem length to calculate the relative growth rate and four physiological traits (nitrogen balance index and flavonol, chorophyll, anthocyanin indices) of the target plants on a weekly basis. At the end of the experiment, we determined the aboveground and belowground biomass. We also counted the number of lateral branches and measured their lengths. We found that the root leachates of L. peploides and of Myriophyllum aquaticum had stimulated the synthesis of flavonols of L. hexapetala. Leaf leachate of L. hexapetala also stimulated its own flavonol synthesis. Also, the root leachate of L. peploides had stimulated the total biomass and length of lateral branches of L. hexapetala, whereas the production of lateral branches had been stimulated by root leachates of both Ludwigia species and by leaf leachate of Myriophyllum aquaticum. The autoallelopathy of L. hexapetala could explain its invasiveness. Both leachates produced by Mentha aquatica had no effect on the physiological and morphological traits of the invasive L. hexapetala and indicated no biotic resistance in the recipient community. The two invasive plant species Myriophyllum aquaticum and L. peploides could favor the establishment of L. hexapetala. These results suggested an "invasional meltdown."}, }
@article {pmid31333475, year = {2019}, author = {Bertoldi, V and Rondoni, G and Brodeur, J and Conti, E}, title = {An Egg Parasitoid Efficiently Exploits Cues From a Coevolved Host But Not Those From a Novel Host.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {746}, pmid = {31333475}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {Egg parasitoids have evolved adaptations to exploit host-associated cues, especially oviposition-induced plant volatiles and odors of gravid females, when foraging for hosts. The entire host selection process is critical for successful parasitism and relevant in defining host specificity of parasitoids. We hypothesized that naïve egg parasitoid females reared on their coevolved host are able to exploit cues related to the coevolved host but not those from a novel host. We used the egg parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus, its coevolved host Halyomorpha halys, and the non-coevolved host Podisus maculiventris to evaluate this hypothesis. H. halys, a polyphagous pest native from Eastern Asia, has invaded North America and Europe, resulting in serious damage to crops. T. japonicus is the most effective egg parasitoid of H. halys in its native area and thus considered a major candidate for biological control. This parasitoid was detected in North America and Europe as a result of accidental introductions. Laboratory host range of T. japonicus includes P. maculiventris, an American predatory stink bug used as a biological control agent of several pests. Using T. japonicus reared on its natural host H. halys, we tested in a Y-tube olfactometer the responses of naïve parasitoid females to volatiles from tomato plants with a deposited egg mass and feeding punctures of either H. halys or P. maculiventris. Additionally, using two different olfactometer set-ups, we tested T. japonicus responses to volatiles emitted by eggs and mature males and females of H. halys or P. maculiventris. Tomato plants subjected to oviposition and feeding by H. halys were preferred by the wasp compared to clean plants, suggesting a possible activation of an indirect defense mechanism. Furthermore, T. japonicus females were attracted by cues from gravid females and mature males of H. halys but not from eggs. By contrast, naïve parasitoid females never responded to cues associated with P. maculiventris, although this non-target host is suitable for complete parasitoid development. Such lack of responses might reduce the probability of T. japonicus locating and parasitizing P. maculiventris under field conditions. Our experimental approach properly simulates the parasitoid host-location process and could be combined with the required host specificity tests for risk assessment in biological control programs.}, }
@article {pmid31332599, year = {2019}, author = {Callahan, J and Eager, E and Rebarber, R and Strawbridge, E and Yuan, S}, title = {Analysis of a Length-Structured Density-Dependent Model for Fish.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {81}, number = {10}, pages = {3732-3753}, pmid = {31332599}, issn = {1522-9602}, mesh = {Animals ; Bass/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Biomass ; Computer Simulation ; Female ; Fertility ; Fishes/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Male ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Population Growth ; }, abstract = {We present a length-structured matrix model for fish populations in which the probability that a fish grows into the next length class is a decreasing nonlinear function of the total biomass of the population. We present mathematical results classifying the dynamics that this density-dependent model predicts. We illustrate these results with numerical simulations for an invasive white perch population and show how the mathematical results can be used to predict the persistence and/or boundedness of the population as well as an equilibrium structure that is dominated by small fish. We illustrate the results with management recommendations for an invasive white perch population.}, }
@article {pmid31332577, year = {2019}, author = {Rivera, B and Cook, K and Andrews, K and Atkinson, MS and Savage, AE}, title = {Pathogen Dynamics in an Invasive Frog Compared to Native Species.}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {222-234}, pmid = {31332577}, issn = {1612-9210}, mesh = {Animals ; Chytridiomycota ; DNA Virus Infections/veterinary ; Ecology ; Georgia ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mycoses/veterinary ; Ranavirus ; Ranidae/*microbiology/virology ; }, abstract = {Emerging infectious diseases threaten the survival of wildlife populations and species around the world. In particular, amphibians are experiencing population declines and species extinctions primarily in response to two pathogens, the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and the iridovirus Ranavirus (Rv). Here, we use field surveys and quantitative (q)PCR to compare infection intensity and prevalence of Bd and Rv across species and seasons on Jekyll Island, a barrier island off the coast of Georgia, USA. We collected oral and skin swabs for 1 year from four anuran species and three families, including two native hylids (Hyla cinerea and Hyla squirella), a native ranid (Rana sphenocephala), and the invasive rain frog Eleutherodactylus planirostris. Bd infection dynamics did not vary significantly over sampling months, but Rv prevalence and intensity were significantly higher in fall 2014 compared to spring 2015. Additionally, Rv prevalence and intensity were significantly higher in E. planirostris than in the other three species. Our study highlights the potential role of invasive amphibians as drivers of disease dynamics and demonstrates the importance of pathogen surveillance across multiple time periods and species to accurately capture the infectious disease landscape.}, }
@article {pmid31332263, year = {2019}, author = {Piñero, JC and Barrett, BA and Bolton, LG and Follett, PA}, title = {β-cyclocitral synergizes the response of adult Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) to fruit juices and isoamyl acetate in a sex-dependent manner.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {10574}, pmid = {31332263}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Aldehydes/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Diterpenes/*pharmacology ; Drosophila/*drug effects/physiology ; Drug Synergism ; Female ; *Fruit and Vegetable Juices ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Pentanols/*pharmacology ; Prunus avium ; Sex Factors ; Smell ; Vitis ; }, abstract = {Semiochemicals play a pivotal role in the location, evaluation, and utilization of hosts by herbivorous insects. Mixtures of host plant-derived compounds are often required to elicit appropriate levels of response to olfactory stimuli. In multiple-choice bioassays, we characterized the response of adult Drosophila suzukii to foliage- and fruit-based synthetic compounds tested alone and in association with grape and tart cherry juices, and assessed whether synergistic interactions among olfactory stimuli are involved in the olfactory-driven behavior of D. suzukii. Our results established (1) significant attraction of females (but not males) to β-cyclocitral and isoamyl acetate when tested singly, (2) the presence of a synergistic interaction between β-cyclocitral and cherry juice only for females, and (3) the presence of a synergistic interaction between β-cyclocitral and isoamyl acetate but only in the case of males. Our findings increase our understanding of male and female D. suzukii olfactory responses to synthetic compounds and fruit juices as sources of attractants. Combinations of foliage- and fruit-based compounds may be needed to increase SWD attraction.}, }
@article {pmid31330144, year = {2019}, author = {Makkonen, J and Kokko, H and Gökmen, G and Ward, J and Umek, J and Kortet, R and Petrusek, A and Jussila, J}, title = {The signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) in Lake Tahoe (USA) hosts multiple Aphanomyces species.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {166}, number = {}, pages = {107218}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2019.107218}, pmid = {31330144}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphanomyces/*genetics ; Astacoidea/*parasitology ; Lakes/parasitology ; United States ; Virulence ; }, abstract = {The genus Aphanomyces (Oomycetes) comprises approximately 50 known species of water molds in three lineages. One of the most notorious is Aphanomyces astaci, the causative agent of crayfish plague. In this study, fresh isolates of Aphanomyces were collected from 20 live specimens of the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana, 1852) from Lake Tahoe, California, providing 35 axenic cultures of A. astaci as well as two apparently undescribed Aphanomyces spp. isolates. Based on the results of ITS-, chitinase-, mitochondrial rnnS- and rnnL-sequences and microsatellite markers combined, the Lake Tahoe A. astaci isolates were identical to isolates of A. astaci B-haplogroup commonly detected in Europe, and infection experiments confirmed their high virulence towards noble crayfish. One of the two undescribed Aphanomyces spp. isolates was highly similar to an Aphanomyces lineage detected previously in crustacean zooplankton (Daphnia) in Central Europe, while the other was distinct and most closely related (ITS sequence similarity of 93%) to either A. astaci or to Aphanomyces fennicus isolated recently from Astacus astacus in Finland. Neither of the two Aphanomyces spp. isolates caused crayfish mortality under experimental conditions. Our results indicate that the populations of North American signal crayfish can act as carriers of both pathogenic and non-pathogenic Aphanomyces at the same time. Furthermore, considering that a limited number of crayfish individuals from a single location yielded multiple distinct Aphanomyces isolates, our results suggest that substantial species diversity within this genus remains undescribed.}, }
@article {pmid31329912, year = {2019}, author = {Kamiyama, MT and Guédot, C}, title = {Varietal and Developmental Susceptibility of Tart Cherry (Rosales: Rosaceae) to Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {4}, pages = {1789-1797}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz102}, pmid = {31329912}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila ; Fruit ; *Prunus avium ; *Rosaceae ; *Rosales ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is an invasive species of vinegar fly that infests soft-skinned and stone fruits. Since its first detection in the United States, D. suzukii has become a prominent economic threat in fruit crop industries, particularly affecting caneberry and sweet cherry growers. This study examined the susceptibility of tart cherries (Prunus cerasus) to D. suzukii and sampled for larvae and adult D. suzukii during the tart cherry growing season. Four tart cherry cultivars (Montmorency, Balaton, Carmine Jewel, and Kántorjánosi) were tested at three different ripeness stages (unripe, ripening, and ripe), in no-choice laboratory bio-assays. Field monitoring and sampling revealed that first adult D. suzukii detection occurred on 16 June, and first field larval D. suzukii detection occurred on 28 July. Adult D. suzukii populations increased through late August, and high numbers of adults overlapped with the tart cherry harvest. Lab assays indicated that tart cherry cultivars generally became more susceptible to D. suzukii as they ripened. As the fruit developed, °Brix (sugar content) increased and firmness generally decreased. Tart cherry °Brix and firmness were not correlated with the number of D. suzukii eggs per gram of fruit, but showed a significant interaction effect with the number of larvae and adults per gram of fruit. This study shows that tart cherries are largely not susceptible to D. suzukii when unripe and become susceptible as soon as the fruits change color, suggesting that fruits should be protected as soon as they begin to ripen and D. suzukii populations begin to rise.}, }
@article {pmid31329897, year = {2019}, author = {Puterka, GJ and Hammon, RW and Franklin, M and Mornhinweg, DW and Springer, T and Armstrong, S and Brown, MJ}, title = {Distribution of a New Invasive Species, Sipha maydis (Heteroptera: Aphididae), on Cereals and Wild Grasses in the Southern Plains and Rocky Mountain States.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {4}, pages = {1713-1721}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz068}, pmid = {31329897}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; *Aphids ; Asia ; California ; Colorado ; Edible Grain ; Europe ; *Heteroptera ; Introduced Species ; New Mexico ; Poaceae ; South America ; United States ; Utah ; }, abstract = {Sipha maydis Passerini (Heteroptera: Aphididae) is a cereal pest with an extensive geographical range that includes countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America. Reports of S. maydis in the United States have been infrequent since it was first detected in California, 2007. Two studies, focused (NW CO) and multistate (OK, TX, NM, CO, UT, WY), were conducted to determine the distribution and host range of S. maydis in the Rocky Mountain and Southern Plains states over a 3-yr period, 2015-2017. In 2015, focused sampling in NW Colorado found S. maydis at 59% of the 37 sites, primarily on wheat. Sipha maydis did not survive extreme winter temperatures from late December 2015 to early January 2016 that ranged from -9.0 to -20.9°C over a 9-d period, which resulted in no aphids detected in 2016. In the multistate study, S. maydis occurred in 14.6% of 96 sites sampled in 2015, 8% of 123 sites in 2016, and 9% of 85 sites in 2017 at wide range of altitudes from 1,359 to 2,645 m. Sipha maydis occurred mainly in NW and SW Colorado and NE New Mexico along with a few sites in NE Colorado, SE Utah, and SE Wyoming. This aphid mainly infested wheat followed by a variety of eight wild grass species. No parasites, predators, sexual morphs, or significant plant damage occurred at the sites. Sipha maydis utilized 14 hosts in the United States including 8 new host records, which expands its host range to 52 plant species worldwide. Sipha maydis may be of concern to wheat, barley, and sorghum production in the United States if its populations continue to increase.}, }
@article {pmid31328854, year = {2019}, author = {Gristwood, A}, title = {Public participation in science: How citizen science initiatives in healthcare and the environment are opening up new directions in research.}, journal = {EMBO reports}, volume = {20}, number = {8}, pages = {e48797}, pmid = {31328854}, issn = {1469-3178}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Biomedical Research/*methods ; Citizen Science/*organization &amp; administration ; Community Participation/*trends ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Europe ; Food Chain ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Patient Participation/methods ; United States ; }, abstract = {Public participation in science is opening up new research avenues. Recognising the potential of citizen science in fields such as health care could help science to better meet societal needs.}, }
@article {pmid31328817, year = {2019}, author = {Wei, DD and He, W and Lang, N and Miao, ZQ and Xiao, LF and Dou, W and Wang, JJ}, title = {Recent research status of Bactrocera dorsalis: Insights from resistance mechanisms and population structure.}, journal = {Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {102}, number = {3}, pages = {e21601}, doi = {10.1002/arch.21601}, pmid = {31328817}, issn = {1520-6327}, support = {XDJK2018B041//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China/ ; cstc2015jcyjA80009//Fundamental and Advanced Research Projects of Chongqing/ ; }, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Female ; Gene Flow ; Insecticide Resistance/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Tephritidae/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is considered to be a highly invasive and destructive agricultural pest due to its strong dispersal and adaptive capacity. Rapid development of insecticide resistance poses a serious threat to the sustainable control of this pest. Here, the resistance mechanisms and invasion pathways of this fly are outlined for a better understanding of the resistance-gene flow pattern and invasion routes. We believe this microreview will provide a glimpse of the native regions, spread and management of resistance, and guide future work on these important topics.}, }
@article {pmid31324974, year = {2019}, author = {Hohenadler, MAA and Nachev, M and Freese, M and Pohlmann, JD and Hanel, R and Sures, B}, title = {How Ponto-Caspian invaders affect local parasite communities of native fish.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {118}, number = {9}, pages = {2543-2555}, pmid = {31324974}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Acanthocephala/*growth &amp; development ; Amphipoda/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Nematoda/*growth &amp; development ; Parasites ; Perciformes/*parasitology ; Rivers/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a major threat to ecosystems worldwide. Their effects are versatile and mostly well studied. However, not much is known about the impact of invasion on native parasite communities, although parasites are usually important response variables for ecosystem health. To improve the knowledge on how native fish parasite communities and their dynamics are affected by invasive species and how these processes change local host-parasite interactions over time, we studied different host-parasite systems in four German rivers. Three of these rivers (Rhine, Ems, and Elbe) are heavily invaded by different Ponto-Caspian species such as the amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus and various gobiids such as Neogobius melanostomus and Ponticola kessleri that serve as potential hosts for different local parasite species, while the fourth river (Schwentine) was free of any Ponto-Caspian invaders. Due to the lack of additional uninvaded river systems, literature data on parasite communities before invasion were compared with the post invasion status for the rivers Rhine and Elbe. The results showed differences among the parasite communities of different host species from the three invaded rivers when compared to the Schwentine River. Among the local internal parasite communities, especially the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis and the nematode Raphidascaris acus have to be considered as key species associated with invasions from the Ponto-Caspian region. As the examined invasive Ponto-Caspian fish species serves as suitable host for both parasite species, the increases in their infection rates in native fish species are examples of parasite spill back (R. acus) and spill over (P. laevis, at least in the river Rhine). These results were further supported by the analysis of literature data on parasite communities of the past 20 years. Consequences for local parasite communities range from decreased prevalence of native parasites towards an extinction of entire parasite species.}, }
@article {pmid31323713, year = {2019}, author = {Liu, G and Tang, H and Fan, J and Xie, Z and He, T and Shi, R and Liao, B}, title = {Removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol from water by Eupatorium adenophorum biochar-loaded nano-iron/nickel.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {289}, number = {}, pages = {121734}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121734}, pmid = {31323713}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Ageratina ; Charcoal ; Chlorophenols ; Iron ; Nickel ; Water ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical ; *Water Purification ; }, abstract = {From the perspective of waste utilization, the invasive species, Eupatorium adenophorum was used to prepare biochar, which was then loaded with iron/nickel bimetals. Compared with pure biochar, the biochar-loaded nano-iron/nickel bimetals have a significant effect on the removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) from water, and their degradation rate can be increased by 39.7%-71.6% under different conditions. Several factors can influence the removal of 2,4,6-TCP, including the load ratio, pH of the solution, concentration of 2,4,6-TCP, and coexisting ions in water (HCO3[-], SO42[-], NO3[-]). Based on the density functional model (DET), Ni can activate H2 (produced in the reaction between nano-Fe and H2O) to convert to H[*], which can then substitute Cl. The activation energy is 109.5 kJ/mol, indicating the reaction is easy to take place.}, }
@article {pmid31323117, year = {2019}, author = {McGeoch, MA and Latombe, G and Andrew, NR and Nakagawa, S and Nipperess, DA and Roigé, M and Marzinelli, EM and Campbell, AH and Vergés, A and Thomas, T and Steinberg, PD and Selwood, KE and Henriksen, MV and Hui, C}, title = {Measuring continuous compositional change using decline and decay in zeta diversity.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {100}, number = {11}, pages = {e02832}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2832}, pmid = {31323117}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Ecology ; Longitudinal Studies ; }, abstract = {Incidence, or compositional, matrices are generated for a broad range of research applications in biology. Zeta diversity provides a common currency and conceptual framework that links incidence-based metrics with multiple patterns of interest in biology, ecology, and biodiversity science. It quantifies the variation in species (or OTU) composition of multiple assemblages (or cases) in space or time, to capture the contribution of the full suite of narrow, intermediate, and wide-ranging species to biotic heterogeneity. Here we provide a conceptual framework for the application and interpretation of patterns of continuous change in compositional diversity using zeta diversity. This includes consideration of the survey design context, and the multiple ways in which zeta diversity decline and decay can be used to examine and test turnover in the identity of elements across space and time. We introduce the zeta ratio-based retention rate curve to quantify rates of compositional change. We illustrate these applications using 11 empirical data sets from a broad range of taxa, scales, and levels of biological organization-from DNA molecules and microbes to communities and interaction networks-including one of the original data sets used to express compositional change and distance decay in ecology. We show (1) how different sample selection schemes used during the calculation of compositional change are appropriate for different data types and questions, (2) how higher orders of zeta may in some cases better detect shifts and transitions, and (3) the relative roles of rare vs. common species in driving patterns of compositional change. By exploring the application of zeta diversity decline and decay, including the retention rate, across this broad range of contexts, we demonstrate its application for understanding continuous turnover in biological systems.}, }
@article {pmid31323076, year = {2019}, author = {Cheng, D and Chen, S and Huang, Y and Pierce, NE and Riegler, M and Yang, F and Zeng, L and Lu, Y and Liang, G and Xu, Y}, title = {Symbiotic microbiota may reflect host adaptation by resident to invasive ant species.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {e1007942}, pmid = {31323076}, issn = {1553-7374}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Ants/*microbiology/*physiology ; Diet ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Host Microbial Interactions/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Microbiota/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Symbiosis/physiology ; Vitamin B Complex/metabolism ; Wolbachia/physiology ; }, abstract = {Exotic invasive species can influence the behavior and ecology of native and resident species, but these changes are often overlooked. Here we hypothesize that the ghost ant, Tapinoma melanocephalum, living in areas that have been invaded by the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, displays behavioral differences to interspecific competition that are reflected in both its trophic position and symbiotic microbiota. We demonstrate that T. melanocephalum workers from S. invicta invaded areas are less aggressive towards workers of S. invicta than those inhabiting non-invaded areas. Nitrogen isotope analyses reveal that colonies of T. melanocephalum have protein-rich diets in S. invicta invaded areas compared with the carbohydrate-rich diets of colonies living in non-invaded areas. Analysis of microbiota isolated from gut tissue shows that T. melanocephalum workers from S. invicta invaded areas also have different bacterial communities, including a higher abundance of Wolbachia that may play a role in vitamin B provisioning. In contrast, the microbiota of workers of T. melanocephalum from S. invicta-free areas are dominated by bacteria from the orders Bacillales, Lactobacillales and Enterobacteriales that may be involved in sugar metabolism. We further demonstrate experimentally that the composition and structure of the bacterial symbiont communities as well as the prevalence of vitamin B in T. melanocephalum workers from S. invicta invaded and non-invaded areas can be altered if T. melanocephalum workers are supplied with either protein-rich or carbohydrate-rich food. Our results support the hypothesis that bacterial symbiont communities can help hosts by buffering behavioral changes caused by interspecies competition as a consequence of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid31321981, year = {2019}, author = {Escobar-Correas, S and Mendoza-Porras, O and Dellagnola, FA and Colgrave, ML and Vega, IA}, title = {Integrative Proteomic Analysis of Digestive Tract Glycosidases from the Invasive Golden Apple Snail, Pomacea canaliculata.}, journal = {Journal of proteome research}, volume = {18}, number = {9}, pages = {3342-3352}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00282}, pmid = {31321981}, issn = {1535-3907}, mesh = {Animals ; Chromatography, Liquid/methods ; Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism ; Glycoside Hydrolases/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; *Proteomics ; Snails/*genetics/metabolism ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods ; Transcriptome/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The freshwater snail Pomacea canaliculata, an invasive species of global significance, possesses a well-developed digestive system and diverse feeding mechanisms enabling the intake of a wide variety of food. The identification of glycosidases in adult snails would increase the understanding of their digestive physiology and potentially generate new opportunities to eradicate and/or control this invasive species. In this study, liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was applied to define the occurrence, diversity, and origin of glycoside hydrolases along the digestive tract of P. canaliculata. A range of cellulases, hemicellulases, amylases, maltases, fucosidases, and galactosidases were identified across the digestive tract. The digestive gland and the contents of the crop and style sac yield a higher diversity of glycosidase-derived peptides. Subsequently, peptides derived from 81 glycosidases (46 proteins from the public database and 35 uniquely from the transcriptome database) that were distributed among 13 glycoside hydrolase families were selected and quantified using multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. This study showed a high glycosidase abundance and diversity in the gut contents of P. canaliculata which participate in extracellular digestion of complex dietary carbohydrates. Salivary and digestive glands were the main tissues involved in their synthesis and secretion.}, }
@article {pmid31321548, year = {2019}, author = {Nędzarek, A and Czerniejewski, P and Tórz, A}, title = {Microelements and macroelements in the body of the invasive Harris mud crab (Rhithropanopeus harrisii, Maitland, 1874) from the central coast of the South Baltic Sea.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {191}, number = {8}, pages = {499}, pmid = {31321548}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura/*metabolism ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; *Introduced Species ; Metals, Heavy/*analysis ; Oceans and Seas ; Poland ; Seawater/chemistry ; Trace Elements/*analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {In this study, we determined the levels of essential and non-essential elements in the Harris mud crab (Rhithropanopeus harrisii, Maitland, 1874) from the southern Baltic Sea. Results revealed high levels of Ca (246,000 ppm), Mg (11,000 ppm), Na (8160 ppm), K (3,780 ppm), and Fe (1830 ppm). The concentrations of essential metals such as Zn (62.5 ppm) and Cu (25 ppm) were similar to those recorded in other crab species. The concentrations of non-essential metals such as Pb (0.140 ppm), Cd (0.0017 ppm), and As (0.288 ppm) were well below the International Standards for Maximum Levels for Food. In view of the above, the Harris mud crab from the southern Baltic is safe to be used as a component of well-balanced feeds for terrestrial and aquatic animals.}, }
@article {pmid31320714, year = {2019}, author = {Abril, S and Gómez, C}, title = {Factors triggering queen executions in the Argentine ant.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {10427}, pmid = {31320714}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/metabolism/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Female ; Fertility/physiology ; Hydrocarbons/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Reproduction/physiology ; Seasons ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Competition among queens in polygynous societies may result in queen executions or conflicts over personal reproduction. Understanding the factors that mediate the executions of ant queens should provide insight into how queen numbers are regulated in polygynous insect societies. The Argentine ant is a widespread invasive species that displays secondary polygyny, and workers execute 90% of their nestmate queens each spring. In this study, we investigated: (1) whether ambient temperature, queen number, and protein deprivation have an effect on queen executions and (2) whether workers select the queens slated for execution based on their cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles. We found that the percentage of queens executed was positively correlated with temperature and queen number but that protein deprivation did not play a role. As for queen fate, the levels of some CHCs were higher in surviving queens. One of these CHCs is associated with queen productivity (i.e egg-laying rate and ovarian index) suggesting that workers execute the least productive queens. Our findings suggest that chemical cues related to fertility signaling may mediate queen executions in Argentine ants.}, }
@article {pmid31318960, year = {2019}, author = {Hiller, T and Haelewaters, D}, title = {A case of silent invasion: Citizen science confirms the presence of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) in Central America.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {e0220082}, pmid = {31318960}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Central America ; Citizen Science ; *Coleoptera ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) is a globally invasive ladybird. It has been intentionally introduced in many countries as a biological control agent, whereas it has been unintentionally released in many others. Climatic factors are important in limiting the spread of H. axyridis. For example, very few records are known from tropical or desert regions. Currently, no published reports are known from Central America. Here, we report H. axyridis from Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, and Puerto Rico. Specimens were either observed by the authors, discovered in dried insect collections, or retrieved from searching through online photographs available from the citizen science project iNaturalist and the photo-sharing website Flickr. These new records and the wide distribution of H. axyridis in Latin America suggest several invasion events, which have gone unnoticed until now. We stress the need for further, large-scale monitoring and show the advantage of citizen science to assess the presence of invasive alien species.}, }
@article {pmid31318017, year = {2019}, author = {Lu, X and He, M and Tang, S and Wu, Y and Shao, X and Wei, H and Siemann, E and Ding, J}, title = {Herbivory may promote a non-native plant invasion at low but not high latitudes.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {124}, number = {5}, pages = {819-827}, pmid = {31318017}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {*Amaranthaceae ; China ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The strengths of biotic interactions such as herbivory are expected to decrease with increasing latitude for native species. To what extent this applies to invasive species and what the consequences of this variation are for competition among native and invasive species remain unexplored. Here, herbivore impacts on the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides and its competition with the native congener A. sessilis were estimated across latitudes in China.<br><br>METHODS: An common garden experiment spanning ten latitudinal degrees was conducted to test how herbivore impacts on A. philoxeroides and A. sessilis, and competition between them change with latitude. In addition, a field survey was conducted from 21&#xb0;N to 36.8&#xb0;N to test whether A. philoxeroides invasiveness changes with latitude in nature as a result of variations in herbivory.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: In the experiment, A. sessilis cover was significantly higher than A. philoxeroides cover when they competed in the absence of herbivores, but otherwise their cover was comparable at low latitude. However, A. philoxeroides cover was always higher on average than A. sessilis cover at middle latitude. At high latitude, only A. sessilis emerged in the second year. Herbivore abundance decreased with latitude and A. philoxeroides emerged earlier than A. sessilis at middle latitude. In the field survey, the ratio of A. philoxeroides to A. sessilis cover was hump shaped with latitude.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These results indicate that herbivory may promote A. philoxeroides invasion only at low latitude by altering the outcome of competition in favour of the invader and point to the importance of other factors, such as earlier emergence, in A. philoxeroides invasion at higher latitudes. These results suggest that the key factors promoting plant invasions might change with latitude, highlighting the importance of teasing apart the roles of multiple factors in plant invasions within a biogeographic framework.}, }
@article {pmid31316530, year = {2019}, author = {Wegner, B and Kronsbein, AL and Gillefalk, M and van de Weyer, K and Köhler, J and Funke, E and Monaghan, MT and Hilt, S}, title = {Mutual Facilitation Among Invading Nuttall's Waterweed and Quagga Mussels.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {789}, pmid = {31316530}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Nuttall's waterweed (Elodea nuttallii) is the most abundant invasive aquatic plant species in several European countries. Elodea populations often follow a boom-bust cycle, but the causes and consequences of this dynamics are yet unknown. We hypothesize that both boom and bust periods can be affected by dreissenid mussel invasions. While mutual facilitations between these invaders could explain their rapid parallel expansion, subsequent competition for space might occur. To test this hypothesis, we use data on temporal changes in the water quality and the abundance of E. nuttallii and the quagga mussel Dreissena rostriformis bugensis in a temperate shallow lake. Lake Müggelsee (Germany) was turbid and devoid of submerged macrophytes for 20 years (1970-1989), but re-colonization with macrophytes started in 1990 upon reductions in nutrient loading. We mapped macrophyte abundance from 1999 and mussel abundance from 2011 onwards. E. nuttallii was first detected in 2011, spread rapidly, and was the most abundant macrophyte species by 2017. Native macrophyte species were not replaced, but spread more slowly, resulting in an overall increase in macrophyte coverage to 25% of the lake surface. The increased abundance of E. nuttallii was paralleled by increasing water clarity and decreasing total phosphorus concentrations in the water. These changes were attributed to a rapid invasion by quagga mussels in 2012. In 2017, they covered about one-third of the lake area, with mean abundances of 3,600 mussels m[-2], filtering up to twice the lake's volume every day. The increasing light availability in deeper littoral areas supported the rapid spread of waterweed, while in turn waterweed provided surface for mussel colonization. Quantities of dreissenid mussels and E. nuttallii measured at 24 locations were significantly correlated in 2016, and yearly means of E. nuttallii quantities increased with increasing mean dreissenid mussel quantities between 2011 and 2018. In 2018, both E. nuttallii and dreissenid abundances declined. These data imply that invasive waterweed and quagga mussels initially facilitated their establishment, supporting the invasional meltdown hypothesis, while subsequently competition for space may have occurred. Such temporal changes in invasive species interaction might contribute to the boom-bust dynamics that have been observed in Elodea populations.}, }
@article {pmid31314052, year = {2019}, author = {Liu, H and Wu, X and Feng, Y and Rui, L}, title = {Autophagy contributes to the feeding, reproduction, and mobility of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus at low temperatures.}, journal = {Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica}, volume = {51}, number = {8}, pages = {864-872}, doi = {10.1093/abbs/gmz068}, pmid = {31314052}, issn = {1745-7270}, mesh = {Adenine/analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology ; Animals ; Antibodies/chemistry ; *Autophagy ; China ; Cold Temperature ; Forests ; Homeostasis ; Movement ; Nematoda/*physiology ; Pinus/parasitology ; Rabbits ; Wood ; }, abstract = {The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the pathogen causing pine wilt disease (PWD), which is a devastating forest disease. At present, little is known about the defense mechanisms of the PWN, which limits PWD control. Although autophagy plays an important role in the physiological and pathological processes of eukaryotes, its significance in the PWN remains unknown. In this study, we prepared an anti-BxATG8 polyclonal antibody and identified two PWN autophagy marker proteins: BxATG8-I and BxATG8-II. By western blot analysis, we found that the ratio of BxATG8-II to BxATG8-I, which represents autophagic activity, was decreased significantly when samples were treated with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. As such, we were able to successfully detect and quantify autophagic activity in the PWN. Thereafter, we investigated the effects of low and high temperatures on PWN growth and reproduction. The results revealed that feeding rate, reproduction rate, and mobility decreased at 15°C and increased at 35°C. By contrast, autophagic activity was high at 15°C and low at 35°C, suggesting that the PWN regulates autophagic activity in response to changes in temperature to maintain physiological homeostasis. When autophagy was inhibited at 15°C, feeding rate, reproductive rate, and mobility declined further, indicating that autophagy is crucial for PWN growth and reproduction at low temperature. These results indicate that autophagy in the PWN is an important response mechanism to temperature changes.}, }
@article {pmid31313825, year = {2019}, author = {Sherpa, S and Blum, MGB and Després, L}, title = {Cold adaptation in the Asian tiger mosquito's native range precedes its invasion success in temperate regions.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {73}, number = {9}, pages = {1793-1808}, doi = {10.1111/evo.13801}, pmid = {31313825}, issn = {1558-5646}, support = {ANR10 LABX56//Labex OSUG@2020/International ; }, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Aedes/*genetics/*physiology ; Animals ; China ; Climate ; *Cold Temperature ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Japan ; Malaysia ; Male ; Ovum/physiology ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Population Density ; Seasons ; Wings, Animal ; }, abstract = {Adaptation to environmental conditions within the native range of exotic species can condition the invasion success of these species outside their range. The striking success of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, to invade temperate regions has been attributed to the winter survival of diapause eggs in cold environments. In this study, we evaluate genetic polymorphisms (SNPs) and wing morphometric variation among three biogeographical regions of the native range of A. albopictus. Reconstructed demographic histories of populations show an initial expansion in Southeast Asia and suggest that marine regression during late Pleistocene and climate warming after the last glacial period favored expansion of populations in southern and northern regions, respectively. Searching for genomic signatures of selection, we identified significantly differentiated SNPs among which several are located in or within 20 kb distance from candidate genes for cold adaptation. These genes involve cellular and metabolic processes and several of them have been shown to be differentially expressed under diapausing conditions. The three biogeographical regions also differ for wing size and shape, and wing size increases with latitude supporting Bergmann's rule. Adaptive genetic and morphometric variation observed along the climatic gradient of A. albopictus native range suggests that colonization of northern latitudes promoted adaptation to cold environments prior to its worldwide invasion.}, }
@article {pmid31313450, year = {2020}, author = {Dalal, A and Cuthbert, RN and Dick, JT and Gupta, S}, title = {Prey preferences of notonectids towards larval mosquitoes across prey ontogeny and search area.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {76}, number = {2}, pages = {609-616}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5556}, pmid = {31313450}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {IF130185//Department of Science and Technology (DST)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Culex ; Larva ; Mosquito Vectors ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Predatory biological control agents can be effective natural means of managing pests, vectors and invasive species. However, the strength of predator-prey interactions can be regulated through context-dependencies that often remain unquantified. In particular, refuge effects can influence the efficacy of biological agents towards target species, and such effects are often driven by prey size and search area differences. In this study, we quantify the prey preferences of two predaceous notonectids, Anisops breddini and Anisops sardeus, towards four different aquatic larval instar stages of the medically important mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus across variations in surface area and water depth.<br><br>RESULTS: Consumption rates differed significantly among the four larval sizes but not between the notonectids. Search area variations also elicited differences in consumption rates. Both predators tended to prefer second-instar mosquito prey among surface area and water depth variations, while generally avoiding the largest (fourth instar) and smallest (first instar) prey instar stages. For both predators, differential selectivity traits were emergent across surface area variations and water depth, with refuge effects for small prey generally greatest at intermediate-large depths with high surface areas. We thus demonstrate that predatory impacts of notonectids towards mosquito larvae differ significantly according to prey size, and likely peak at intermediate size classes.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Different mosquito size classes often coexist and compete, selectivity has important implications for adult mosquito proliferations. Further, in ephemeral aquatic habitats where surface areas and water depths are highly variable spatiotemporally, the efficacy of notonectids in controlling mosquito prey may differ substantially. &#xa9; 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid31311998, year = {2019}, author = {Ke, F and You, S and Huang, S and Chen, W and Liu, T and He, W and Xie, D and Li, Q and Lin, X and Vasseur, L and Gurr, GM and You, M}, title = {Herbivore range expansion triggers adaptation in a subsequently-associated third trophic level species and shared microbial symbionts.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {10314}, pmid = {31311998}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Brassica/*parasitology ; China ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Genetic Variation ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Hymenoptera/*classification/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Moths/*classification/physiology ; Phylogeography ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Invasive species may change the life history strategies, distribution, genetic configuration and trophic interactions of native species. The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., is an invasive herbivore attacking cultivated and wild brassica plants worldwide. Here we present phylogeographic analyses of P. xylostella and one of its major parasitoids, Cotesia vestalis, using mitochondrial markers, revealing the genetic diversity and evolutionary history of these two species. We find evidence that C. vestalis originated in Southwest China, then adapted to P. xylostella as a new host by ecological sorting as P. xylostella expanded its geographic range into this region. Associated with the expansion of P. xylostella, Wolbachia symbionts were introduced into local populations of the parasitoid through horizontal transfer from its newly associated host. Insights into the evolutionary history and phylogeographic system of the herbivore and its parasitoid provide an important basis for better understanding the impacts of biological invasion on genetic configuration of local species.}, }
@article {pmid31311945, year = {2019}, author = {Marini, F and Caputo, B and Pombi, M and Travaglio, M and Montarsi, F and Drago, A and Rosà, R and Manica, M and Della Torre, A}, title = {Estimating Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Aedes Albopictus Dispersal to Guide Control Interventions in Case of Exotic Arboviruses in Temperate Regions.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {10281}, pmid = {31311945}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Aedes/drug effects/*physiology/virology ; Animals ; Arboviruses/*pathogenicity ; Female ; Insecticides/*pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Models, Theoretical ; Mosquito Control ; Mosquito Vectors/drug effects/physiology/virology ; Oviposition ; Population Dynamics ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Urban Population ; }, abstract = {The increasing number of exotic arbovirus cases imported in Europe and the 2017 chikungunya outbreak in central/southern Italy highlight the urgency of evidence-based outbreak management plans to predict, prevent or interrupt spreading of these arboviruses to non-endemic countries in temperate regions. We here present the results of three mark-release-recapture experiments conducted in a peri-urban area of North-East Italy to estimate the spatio-temporal dynamics of the dispersal of Aedes albopictus females looking for oviposition sites. The Flight Range of 90% of the mosquito population (FR90) was found to exceed 200 m, consistently with data obtained from a previous study conducted in a highly urbanised area in Rome (Central Italy). Modelling results showed that dispersal can be so rapid that insecticide spraying within a 200m-radius around a potential infected case leaves >10% probability that a potentially infected mosquito escapes the treatment, even if this is carried out after only 2-3 days since the importation of a viremic case. These data provide evidence in favour of an update of guidelines for the control of exotic autochthonous arbovirus transmission in temperate areas and highlight the need of effective surveillance approaches and rapid response to contain the risks associated to imported viremic cases.}, }
@article {pmid31310645, year = {2019}, author = {Tippelt, L and Werner, D and Kampen, H}, title = {Tolerance of three Aedes albopictus strains (Diptera: Culicidae) from different geographical origins towards winter temperatures under field conditions in northern Germany.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {e0219553}, pmid = {31310645}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aedes/genetics/*physiology ; Animals ; Climate ; *Cold Temperature ; Geography ; Germany ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Mosquito Vectors ; *Seasons ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The continuing spread of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus, a vector of many arboviruses and some dirofilarial worms, in Europe calls for advanced investigations on its ecological ability to establish and overwinter in temperate, more northern geographic regions. To meet this purpose, eggs of Ae. albopictus laboratory strains of tropical, subtropical and temperate origin were exposed to field conditions during one or two winter seasons in northeastern Germany. After 1 to 16 weeks of outdoor exposure, eggs were flooded in the laboratory, and the hatching rates were determined. During the winter season 2015/2016, when temperatures reached -10°C, the subtropical strain showed hatching after all time periods while the tropical strain displayed hatching only until two weeks of cold exposure. In the winter season 2016/2017, with temperatures as low as ‒6°C, all three strains produced hatching larvae after all time periods. Both the hatching rates and the hatching behaviour differed between the strains. Larvae of the subtropical and temperate strains hatched in installments over a period of four weeks while the larvae of the tropical strain hatched within a short time period, often one week. The results of the study demonstrate that Ae. albopictus strains of different, even tropical, origin might be able to survive a central European winter, although this is likely to depend on the specific course of the temperatures. Further studies with different temperature regimes and different mosquito strains are needed to specify these findings.}, }
@article {pmid31308996, year = {2019}, author = {Pinochet, J and Rivera, R and Neill, PE and Brante, A and Hernández, CE}, title = {Spread of the non-native anemone Anemonia alicemartinae Häussermann &amp; Försterra, 2001 along the Humboldt-current large marine ecosystem: an ecological niche model approach.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e7156}, pmid = {31308996}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The geographical expansion of invasive species depends mainly on its dispersal potential, and the abiotic and biotic factors affecting it. Knowing the invasive dynamic of non-native species, as well as its behavior at different natural or anthropogenic scenarios, is fundamental for planning conservation management policies and control plans. The invasive sea anemone Anemonia alicemartinae in habits from the north (18°S) to the south-central (36°S) coast of Chile and its distribution range has expanded by approximately 1,928 km in the last 50 years. Previous works have proposed that human-mediated southward transport associated with regional-scale maritime activities could explain its rapid spread. To evaluate this hypothesis, we used ecological niche models (ENM) to evaluate the potential colonization of the southernmost area of South America. Additionally, we conducted a post hoc analysis to evaluate the relationship between the prediction of the ENM and human activity measured as the number of landings of ships in ports. The models were built based on presence records of A. alicemartinae, and oceanographic variables. Results showed that sea surface salinity and annual sea surface temperature (variance) are the best predictor variables to explain the distribution of A. alicemartinae. There was a positive and significant relationship between the geographical distribution of the sea anemone predicted by the ENM and the number of landings, as a proxy of anthropogenic activity. The most susceptible areas to invasion were those that showed the highest variability in both oceanographic predictors. These areas included the Biobío region, Chiloé´s inland sea, Aysén, and Chacabuco regions, which together comprise two biogeographical provinces. These results sustain the proposed hypothesis and, overall, the results suggest that along with the characteristics of the life history of A. alicemartinae, oceanographic conditions and maritime transport as vector contribute to the southern range expansion of this invasive cryptogenic species in the Humboldt-current large marine ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid31308227, year = {2019}, author = {Godfree, RC and Knerr, N and Godfree, D and Busby, J and Robertson, B and Encinas-Viso, F}, title = {Historical reconstruction unveils the risk of mass mortality and ecosystem collapse during pancontinental megadrought.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {116}, number = {31}, pages = {15580-15589}, pmid = {31308227}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Droughts/*history ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {An important new hypothesis in landscape ecology is that extreme, decade-scale megadroughts can be potent drivers of rapid, macroscale ecosystem degradation and collapse. If true, an increase in such events under climate change could have devastating consequences for global biodiversity. However, because few megadroughts have occurred in the modern ecological era, the taxonomic breadth, trophic depth, and geographic pattern of these impacts remain unknown. Here we use ecohistorical techniques to quantify the impact of a record, pancontinental megadrought period (1891 to 1903 CE) on the Australian biota. We show that during this event mortality and severe stress was recorded in >45 bird, mammal, fish, reptile, and plant families in arid, semiarid, dry temperate, and Mediterranean ecosystems over at least 2.8 million km[2] (36%) of the Australian continent. Trophic analysis reveals a bottom-up pattern of mortality concentrated in primary producer, herbivore, and omnivore guilds. Spatial and temporal reconstruction of premortality rainfall shows that mass mortality and synchronous ecosystem-wide collapse emerged in multiple geographic hotspots after 2 to 4 y of severe (>40%) and intensifying rainfall deficits. However, the presence of hyperabundant herbivores significantly increased the sensitivity of ecosystems to overgrazing-induced meltdown and permanent ecosystem change. The unprecedented taxonomic breadth and spatial scale of these impacts demonstrate that continental-scale megadroughts pose a major future threat to global biodiversity, especially in ecosystems affected by intensive agricultural use, trophic simplification, and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid31305017, year = {2020}, author = {Chen, G and Zhang, Z and Chomicki, G and Sun, W}, title = {The flip side of the coin: ecological function of the bee-hawking Asian hornet.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {156-159}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12412}, pmid = {31305017}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; Beekeeping ; *Bees ; Ecology ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; Seed Dispersal ; *Wasps ; }, }
@article {pmid31303348, year = {2019}, author = {Rossberg, AG and Barabás, G and Possingham, HP and Pascual, M and Marquet, PA and Hui, C and Evans, MR and Meszéna, G}, title = {Let's Train More Theoretical Ecologists - Here Is Why.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {34}, number = {9}, pages = {759-762}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2019.06.004}, pmid = {31303348}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; }, abstract = {A tangled web of vicious circles, driven by cultural issues, has prevented ecology from growing strong theoretical roots. Now this hinders development of effective conservation policies. To overcome these barriers in view of urgent societal needs, we propose a global network of postgraduate theoretical training programs.}, }
@article {pmid31302087, year = {2019}, author = {Tsai, MH and Lin, LC and Hsu, JF and Lai, MY and Huang, HR and Chiang, MC and Lu, JJ}, title = {Rapid identification of invasive fungal species using sensitive universal primers-based PCR and restriction endonuclease digestions coupled with high-resolution melting analysis.}, journal = {Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi}, volume = {52}, number = {5}, pages = {728-735}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmii.2019.06.001}, pmid = {31302087}, issn = {1995-9133}, mesh = {Aspergillosis/diagnosis/microbiology ; Aspergillus/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Candida/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *DNA Primers ; *DNA Restriction Enzymes ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; Fungi/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Mycological Typing Techniques/*methods ; Mycoses/diagnosis/*microbiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGOUND: Conventional diagnosis of invasive fungal disease from blood cultures is often notoriously delayed and inadequately sensitive. We aimed to develop a universal primers-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) for rapid identification of invasive fungal disease (IFD).<br><br>METHODS: We evaluated 16 clinical fungal species using a combination of PCR assays with 3 different restriction endonucleases targeting various internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and high resolution melting analysis (HRMA). Serial samples from 75 patients suspected to have IFD were analyzed for clinical verification.<br><br>RESULTS: We have designed a universal PCR capable of amplifying a portion of the 18S rRNA gene of 16 clinically important fungal species. The restriction patterns of most PCR products generated by EcoRI or double digested by ClaI and AvaI were different, except Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus had a similar pattern, and Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus terreus had a similar pattern. All these species had a unique melting curve shape using the HRMA. Both HRMA and universal PCR had adequate sensitivity, and all sixteen reference fungal species can be clearly distinguished by the universal PCR-RFLP-HRMA assay. With a reference library of 176 clinically relevant fungal strains, and 75 clinical samples from patients with suspicious IFD were tested, our assay identified 100% and 61.1% of isolates from the reference library and clinical samples, respectively.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Universal PCR and RFLP coupled with HRMA could be a highly discriminative and useful molecular diagnostic that could enhance the current diagnostic, treatment, and surveillance methods of invasive fungal disease.}, }
@article {pmid31301595, year = {2019}, author = {Boegehold, AG and Johnson, NS and Kashian, DR}, title = {Dreissenid (quagga and zebra mussel) veligers are adversely affected by bloom forming cyanobacteria.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {182}, number = {}, pages = {109426}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109426}, pmid = {31301595}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia ; Chlorella ; Chlorophyll/analogs &amp; derivatives ; Cyanobacteria/*physiology ; Dreissena/*physiology ; Fresh Water ; *Harmful Algal Bloom ; Marine Toxins ; Microcystins ; Microcystis ; Plankton ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Quagga (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) and zebra (D. polymorpha) mussels are broadcast spawners that produce planktonic, free swimming veligers, a life history strategy dissimilar to native North American freshwater bivalves. Dreissenid veligers require highly nutritious food to grow and survive, and thus may be susceptible to increased mortality rates during harsh environmental conditions like cyanobacteria blooms. However, the impact of cyanobacteria and one of the toxins they can produce (microcystin) has not been evaluated in dreissenid veligers. Therefore, we exposed dreissenid veligers to eleven distinct cultures (isolates) of cyanobacteria representing Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Dolichospermum, Microcystis, and Planktothrix species and the cyanotoxin microcystin to determine the lethality of cyanobacteria on dreissenid veligers. Six-day laboratory bioassays were performed in microplates using dreissenid veligers collected from the Detroit River, Michigan, USA. Veligers were exposed to increasing concentrations of cyanobacteria and microcystin using the green algae Chlorella minutissima as a control. Based on dose response curves formulated from a Probit model, the LC50 values for cyanobacteria used in this study range between 15.06 and 135.06 μg/L chlorophyll-a, with the LC50 for microcystin-LR at 13.03 μg/L. Because LC50 values were within ranges observed in natural waterbodies, it is possible that dreissenid recruitment may be suppressed when veliger abundances overlap with seasonal cyanobacteria blooms. Thus, the toxicity of cyanobacteria to dreissenid veligers may be useful to include in models forecasting dreissenid mussel abundance and spread.}, }
@article {pmid31300700, year = {2019}, author = {Mazzei, M and Cilia, G and Forzan, M and Lavazza, A and Mutinelli, F and Felicioli, A}, title = {Detection of replicative Kashmir Bee Virus and Black Queen Cell Virus in Asian hornet Vespa velutina (Lepelieter 1836) in Italy.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {10091}, pmid = {31300700}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Bees/virology ; Dicistroviridae/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Female ; Genome, Viral/genetics ; Italy ; Male ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Virus Diseases/transmission/veterinary ; Wasps/*virology ; }, abstract = {Information concerning the pathogenic role of honey bee viruses in invasive species are still scarce. The aim of this investigation was to assess the presence of several honey bee viruses, such as Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV), Kashmir Bee Virus (KBV), Slow Paralysis Virus (SPV), Sac Brood Virus (SBV), Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV), Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV), Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV), in Vespa velutina specimens collected in Italy during 2017. Results of this investigation indicate that among pathogens, replicative form of KBV and BQCV were detected, assessing the spillover effect of both these viruses from managed honey bees to hornets.}, }
@article {pmid31300666, year = {2019}, author = {Görres, CM and Chesmore, D}, title = {Active sound production of scarab beetle larvae opens up new possibilities for species-specific pest monitoring in soils.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {10115}, pmid = {31300666}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Automation ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Larva/physiology ; *Soil ; Sound ; Species Specificity ; Tape Recording ; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Root-feeding Scarabaeidae larvae can pose a serious threat to agricultural and forest ecosystems, but many details of larval ecology are still unknown. We developed an acoustic data analysis method based on active sound production by larvae (i.e. stridulations) for gaining new insights into larval ecology. In a laboratory study, third instar larvae of the Common Cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) (n = 38) and the Forest Cockchafer (M. hippocastani) (n = 15) kept in soil-filled containers were acoustically monitored for 5 min each, resulting in the first known stridulation recordings for each species. Subsequent continuous monitoring of three M. hippocastani larvae over several hours showed that a single larva could stridulate more than 70 times per hour, and stridulation rates increased drastically with increasing larval abundance. The new fractal dimension-based data analysis method automatically detected audio sections with stridulations and provided a semi-quantitative estimate of stridulation activity. It is the first data analysis method specifically targeting Scarabaeidae larvae stridulations in soils, enabling for the first time non-invasive species-specific pest monitoring.}, }
@article {pmid31300020, year = {2019}, author = {Cheng, H and Liu, J and Wen, J and Nie, X and Xu, L and Chen, N and Li, Z and Wang, Q and Zheng, Z and Li, M and Cui, L and Liu, Z and Bian, J and Wang, Z and Xu, S and Yang, Q and Appels, R and Han, D and Song, W and Sun, Q and Jiang, Y}, title = {Frequent intra- and inter-species introgression shapes the landscape of genetic variation in bread wheat.}, journal = {Genome biology}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {136}, pmid = {31300020}, issn = {1474-760X}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Chromosomes, Plant ; Domestication ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Plant ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Triticum/*genetics ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bread wheat is one of the most important and broadly studied crops. However, due to the complexity of its genome and incomplete genome collection of wild populations, the bread wheat genome landscape and domestication history remain elusive.<br><br>RESULTS: By investigating the whole-genome resequencing data of 93 accessions from worldwide populations of bread wheat and its diploid and tetraploid progenitors, together with 90 published exome-capture data, we find that the B subgenome has more variations than A and D subgenomes, including SNPs and deletions. Population genetics analyses support a monophyletic origin of domesticated wheat from wild emmer in northern Levant, with substantial introgressed genomic fragments from southern Levant. Southern Levant contributes more than 676&#x2009;Mb in AB subgenomes and enriched in the pericentromeric regions. The AB subgenome introgression happens at the early stage of wheat speciation and partially contributes to their greater genetic diversity. Furthermore, we detect massive alien introgressions that originated from distant species through natural and artificial hybridizations, resulting in the reintroduction of ~&#x2009;709&#x2009;Mb and ~&#x2009;1577&#x2009;Mb sequences into bread wheat landraces and varieties, respectively. A large fraction of these intra- and inter-introgression fragments are associated with quantitative trait loci of important traits, and selection events are also identified.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We reveal the significance of multiple introgressions from distant wild populations and alien species in shaping the genetic components of bread wheat, and provide important resources and new perspectives for future wheat breeding.}, }
@article {pmid31299064, year = {2019}, author = {Anglès d'Auriac, MB and Strand, DA and Mjelde, M and Demars, BOL and Thaulow, J}, title = {Detection of an invasive aquatic plant in natural water bodies using environmental DNA.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {e0219700}, pmid = {31299064}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {DNA, Chloroplast/*analysis ; DNA, Environmental ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Geography ; Hydrocharitaceae/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Norway ; Rivers ; Seasons ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The ability to detect founding populations of invasive species or rare species with low number of individuals is important for aquatic ecosystem management. Traditional approaches use historical data, knowledge of the species' ecology and time-consuming surveys. Within the past decade, environmental DNA (eDNA) has emerged as a powerful additional tracking tool. While much work has been done with animals, comparatively very little has been done with aquatic plants. Here we investigated the transportation and seasonal changes in eDNA concentrations for an invasive aquatic species, Elodea canadensis, in Norway. A specific probe assay was developed using chloroplast DNA to study the fate of the targeted eDNA through space and time. The spatial study used a known source of Elodea canadensis within Lake Nordbytjern 400 m away from the lake outlet flowing into the stream Tveia. The rate of disappearance of E. canadensis eDNA was an order of magnitude loss over about 230 m in the lake and 1550 m in the stream. The time series study was performed monthly from May to October in lake Steinsfjorden harbouring E. canadensis, showing that eDNA concentrations varied by up to three orders of magnitude, peaking during fall. In both studies, the presence of suspended clay or turbidity for some samples did not hamper eDNA analysis. This study shows how efficient eDNA tools may be for tracking aquatic plants in the environment and provides key spatial and temporal information on the fate of eDNA.}, }
@article {pmid31297794, year = {2019}, author = {Mason, CJ and Long, DC and Lindroth, RL and Hoover, K}, title = {Divergent host plant utilization by adults and offspring is related to intra-plant variation in chemical defences.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {88}, number = {11}, pages = {1789-1798}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13063}, pmid = {31297794}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Female ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; *Ovum ; }, abstract = {Adult and juvenile herbivores of the same species can use divergent feeding strategies, and thus may inhabit and consume different parts of the plant. Because the expression of chemical defences often differs between host plant tissues, this variation may result in disparate performance outcomes for adult and juvenile conspecifics that feed on distinct dietary substrates. The goal of this study was to evaluate how host range may differ between adults and juveniles in a generalist herbivore. We addressed the impacts of among- and within-plant defence variation using the wood-feeding Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) and three host plants having a range of putative resistance. Impacts of host plants on adult and offspring performance were assessed using a series of controlled bioassays. We evaluated adult-feeding and egg-laying behaviours in choice and no-choice experiments using the different hosts, and subsequent offspring establishment. We then evaluated host plant chemical composition related to nutrition and defence. Different plants had strong impacts on adult performance, but these patterns did not extend to effects on offspring. Females were capable of developing eggs when provided Acer rubrum, but not Populus deltoides or Populus tomentosa. Females that produced eggs by feeding on A. rubrum, however, deposited eggs into all three plant species. Larvae hatched and consumed tissues in all three hosts. The differences between adult and juvenile utilization of Populus spp. were reflected in markedly higher salicinoid phenolic concentrations in bark (>2% dw), while wood had trace quantities. Our results demonstrate that plant resistance mechanisms can differentially act upon adult and juvenile life stages of a polyphagous herbivore when there is differential expression of chemical defences among plant tissue types. Anoplophora glabripennis has been a globally successful invader due in part to its broad host range, and our results suggest a mechanism that permits the beetle to exploit marginally resistant plants. This study has implications for how host range differs between insect feeding stages, which is particularly important for invasive, polyphagous species encountering novel food sources.}, }
@article {pmid31297612, year = {2019}, author = {Kiehnau, EL and Weider, LJ}, title = {Phototactic behavior of native Daphnia in the presence of chemical cues from a non-native predator Bythotrephes.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {190}, number = {4}, pages = {799-809}, pmid = {31297612}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {Adams Scholarship Fund//Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma (US)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Cladocera ; Cues ; *Daphnia ; Europe ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Chemical cues are used by many taxa to communicate within and among species. Behavioral defenses induced by predator cues are a mechanism by which prey species resist or avoid predator attack. This study examined the egg bank of native Daphnia species in a lake that has been invaded by Bythotrephes longimanus, an invertebrate zooplanktivore native to northern-central Europe and Asia (initial invasion 1994, population boom in 2009). Daphnia resting eggs from both pre- and post-B. longimanus invasion lake sediments were hatched and established as isofemale clonal lines. Phototactic behavior (a proxy for vertical migration behavior) was assessed in the presence and absence of B. longimanus cue. This was done to evaluate the hypothesis that the heavy predation imposed by B. longimanus would have been selected for Daphnia clones that are more negatively phototactic in the presence of B. longimanus cue, because B. longimanus is a visual predator. The behavior of the clones derived from pre-B. longimanus era resting eggs was not significantly different from the behavior of the clones from the post-B. longimanus era and exposure to predator cue did not affect the phototactic response of the clones. There was a significant difference in the phototactic behavior of the three Daphnia species tested (Daphnia ambigua, Daphnia mendotae, and Daphnia pulicaria). These results suggest that predation by B. longimanus is not the main factor that is influencing the phototactic behavior of Daphnia in the lake. Other factors such as fish predation may be playing a more significant role in this system.}, }
@article {pmid31294092, year = {2019}, author = {Salinas, ZA and Babini, MS and Grenat, PR and Biolé, FG and Martino, AL and Salas, NE}, title = {Effect of parasitism of Lernaea cyprinacea on tadpoles of the invasive species Lithobates catesbeianus.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {5}, number = {6}, pages = {e01834}, pmid = {31294092}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The introduction of invasive species is one of the greatest threats currently faced by natural ecosystems, causing ecological imbalances between native populations and transmission of a variety of diseases. We reported the interaction between two exotic species given by the parasitic infestation of the copepod Lernaea cyprinacea in the early stages of the development of the American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus in the central area of Argentina. In this paper we analysed the leukocyte profile of parasitized and non-parasitized tadpoles of L. catesbeianus with L. cyprinacea and their body condition (BC) as biomarkers of the health status of organisms. A total of 27 tadpoles of L. catesbeianus were analysed (12 non-parasitized and 15 parasitized). The lower BC recorded in parasitized organisms show a lower health status in these tadpoles, which could be affecting the metamorphosis and therefore impact at the population level. Leukocyte response of L. catesbeianus tadpoles to the parasitism of L. cyprinacea was found. Mature and immature lymphocyte frequencies and hematocrit were higher in parasitized compared to non-parasitized tadpoles, which is a typical response to the presence of parasites. However, eosinophils and monocytes were recorded at high frequencies in not parasitized tadpoles, which could be due to the important role played by these leucocytes in the metamorphosis of frogs. The results of this study constitute a first antecedent on leukocyte profile in aquatic stages of anurans during an ectoparasitosis and its possible implications for environmental health. The parasitism of L. cyprinacea influences the biology of the American bullfrog at both the individual and population levels. Parasitized individuals are not killed directly by the parasite, but they can create conditions for secondary infections, growth retardation, behavioral changes and, ultimately, reduce populations.}, }
@article {pmid31293628, year = {2019}, author = {Gu, X and Zhao, Y and Su, Y and Wu, J and Wang, Z and Hu, J and Liu, L and Zhao, Z and Hoffmann, AA and Chen, B and Li, Z}, title = {A transcriptional and functional analysis of heat hardening in two invasive fruit fly species, Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera correcta.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {1147-1163}, pmid = {31293628}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Many insects have the capacity to increase their resistance to high temperatures by undergoing heat hardening at nonlethal temperatures. Although this response is well established, its molecular underpinnings have only been investigated in a few species where it seems to relate at least partly to the expression of heat shock protein (Hsp) genes. Here, we studied the mechanism of hardening and associated transcription responses in larvae of two invasive fruit fly species in China, Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera correcta. Both species showed hardening which increased resistance to 45°C, although the more widespread B. dorsalis hardened better at higher temperatures compared to B. correcta which hardened better at lower temperatures. Transcriptional analyses highlighted expression changes in a number of genes representing different biochemical pathways, but these changes and pathways were inconsistent between the two species. Overall B. dorsalis showed expression changes in more genes than B. correcta. Hsp genes tended to be upregulated at a hardening temperature of 38°C in both species, while at 35°C many Hsp genes tended to be upregulated in B. correcta but not B. dorsalis. One candidate gene (the small heat shock protein gene, Hsp23) with a particularly high level of upregulation was investigated functionally using RNA interference (RNAi). We found that RNAi may be more efficient in B. dorsalis, in which suppression of the expression of this gene removed the hardening response, whereas in B. correcta RNAi did not decrease the hardening response. The different patterns of gene expression in these two species at the two hardening temperatures highlight the diverse mechanisms underlying hardening even in closely related species. These results may provide target genes for future control efforts against such pest species.}, }
@article {pmid31292495, year = {2019}, author = {Wieczorek, K and Fulcher, TK and Chłond, D}, title = {The composition of the aphid fauna (Insecta, Hemiptera) of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {10000}, pmid = {31292495}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*classification/*growth &amp; development ; Asia ; Gardens ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Plants/classification/*parasitology ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {At least a dozen species of aphids (Insecta, Hemiptera) of non-native origin have expanded their range in Europe, however the importance of botanic gardens in this phenomenon has not been studied previously in detail. As a case study, investigations on the species composition and host range of Aphidomorpha in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, United Kingdom, were conducted over a period of twelve days, in June 2017. The inventory study was carried out in the collection of living plants, both in the gardens and the glasshouses and nurseries. In total, 94 taxa of Aphidomorpha are identified (one phylloxerid, one adelgid and 92 species of aphids). 20 species are regarded as alien to the European aphid fauna and among them nine are believed to be the first published records for Kew. 20 species are regarded as serious pests, capable of virus transmission. The list of host plants includes 155 taxa from 89 genera and 49 families. Ericolophium holsti (Takahashi), species of Asiatic origin associated with Rhododendron spp., was found for the first time in the field in the UK. Changes in the species composition of the aphid fauna in reference to the Eastop's studies in 1960s were discussed.}, }
@article {pmid31288708, year = {2019}, author = {Jan, PL and Lehnen, L and Besnard, AL and Kerth, G and Biedermann, M and Schorcht, W and Petit, EJ and Le Gouar, P and Puechmaille, SJ}, title = {Range expansion is associated with increased survival and fecundity in a long-lived bat species.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1906}, pages = {20190384}, pmid = {31288708}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Chiroptera/*physiology ; DNA ; Feces ; Female ; *Fertility/physiology ; France ; Germany ; *Longevity ; *Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Reproduction/physiology ; }, abstract = {The speed and dynamics of range expansions shape species distributions and community composition. Despite the critical impact of population growth rates for range expansion, they are neglected in existing empirical studies, which focus on the investigation of selected life-history traits. Here, we present an approach based on non-invasive genetic capture-mark-recapture data for the estimation of adult survival, fecundity and juvenile survival, which determine population growth. We demonstrate the reliability of our method with simulated data, and use it to investigate life-history changes associated with range expansion in 35 colonies of the bat species Rhinolophus hipposideros. Comparing the demographic parameters inferred for 19 of those colonies which belong to an expanding population with those inferred for the remaining 16 colonies from a non-expanding population reveals that range expansion is associated with higher net reproduction. Juvenile survival was the main driver of the observed reproduction increase in this long-lived bat species with low per capita annual reproductive output. The higher average growth rate in the expanding population was not associated with a trade-off between increased reproduction and survival, suggesting that the observed increase in reproduction stems from a higher resource acquisition in the expanding population. Environmental conditions in the novel habitat hence seem to have an important influence on range expansion dynamics, and warrant further investigation for the management of range expansion in both native and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid31288467, year = {2019}, author = {Pascoe, EL and Marcantonio, M and Caminade, C and Foley, JE}, title = {Modeling Potential Habitat for Amblyomma Tick Species in California.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {31288467}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {1U01CK000516//Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/ ; }, abstract = {The Amblyomma genus of ticks comprises species that are aggressive human biters and vectors of pathogens. Numerous species in the genus are undergoing rapid range expansion. Amblyomma ticks have occasionally been introduced into California, but as yet, no established populations have been reported in the state. Because California has high ecological diversity and is a transport hub for potentially parasitized humans and animals, the risk of future Amblyomma establishment may be high. We used ecological niche modeling to predict areas in California suitable for four tick species that pose high risk to humans: Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, Amblyomma cajennense and Amblyomma mixtum. We collected presence data in the Americas for each species from the published literature and online databases. Twenty-three climatic and ecological variables were used in a MaxEnt algorithm to predict the distribution of each species. The minimum temperature of the coldest month was an important predictor for all four species due to high mortality of Amblyomma at low temperatures. Areas in California appear to be ecologically suitable for A. americanum, A. maculatum, and A. cajennense, but not A. mixtum. These findings could inform targeted surveillance prior to an invasion event, to allow mitigation actions to be quickly implemented.}, }
@article {pmid31287815, year = {2019}, author = {Wepprich, T and Adrion, JR and Ries, L and Wiedmann, J and Haddad, NM}, title = {Butterfly abundance declines over 20 years of systematic monitoring in Ohio, USA.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {e0216270}, pmid = {31287815}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Butterflies/genetics/physiology ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Ecosystem ; Ohio ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Severe insect declines make headlines, but they are rarely based on systematic monitoring outside of Europe. We estimate the rate of change in total butterfly abundance and the population trends for 81 species using 21 years of systematic monitoring in Ohio, USA. Total abundance is declining at 2% per year, resulting in a cumulative 33% reduction in butterfly abundance. Three times as many species have negative population trends compared to positive trends. The rate of total decline and the proportion of species in decline mirror those documented in three comparable long-term European monitoring programs. Multiple environmental changes such as climate change, habitat degradation, and agricultural practices may contribute to these declines in Ohio and shift the makeup of the butterfly community by benefiting some species over others. Our analysis of life-history traits associated with population trends shows an impact of climate change, as species with northern distributions and fewer annual generations declined more rapidly. However, even common and invasive species associated with human-dominated landscapes are declining, suggesting widespread environmental causes for these trends. Declines in common species, although they may not be close to extinction, will have an outsized impact on the ecosystem services provided by insects. These results from the most extensive, systematic insect monitoring program in North America demonstrate an ongoing defaunation in butterflies that on an annual scale might be imperceptible, but cumulatively has reduced butterfly numbers by a third over 20 years.}, }
@article {pmid31285243, year = {2019}, author = {Coyle, AE and Voss, ER and Tepolt, CK and Carlon, DB}, title = {Mitochondrial genotype influences the response to cold stress in the European green crab, Carcinus maenas.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {222}, number = {Pt 17}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.203521}, pmid = {31285243}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Brachyura/genetics/*physiology ; Cold-Shock Response/*genetics ; Female ; *Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Maine ; Male ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; New Brunswick ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; }, abstract = {Hybrid zones provide natural experiments in recombination within and between genomes that may have strong effects on organismal fitness. On the East Coast of North America, two distinct lineages of the European green crab (Carcinus maenas) have been introduced in the last two centuries. These two lineages with putatively different adaptive properties have hybridized along the coast of the eastern Gulf of Maine, producing new nuclear and mitochondrial combinations that show clinal variation correlated with water temperature. To test the hypothesis that mitochondrial or nuclear genes have effects on thermal tolerance, we first measured the response to cold stress in crabs collected throughout the hybrid zone, then sequenced the mitochondrial CO1 gene and two nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) representative of nuclear genetic lineage. Mitochondrial haplotype had a strong association with the ability of crabs to right themselves at 4.5°C that was sex specific: haplotypes originally from northern Europe gave male crabs an advantage while there was no haplotype effect on righting in female crabs. By contrast, the two nuclear SNPs that were significant outliers in a comparison between northern and southern C. maenas populations had no effect on righting response at low temperature. These results add C. maenas to the shortlist of ectotherms in which mitochondrial variation has been shown to affect thermal tolerance, and suggest that natural selection is shaping the structure of the hybrid zone across the Gulf of Maine. Our limited genomic sampling does not eliminate the strong possibility that mito-nuclear co-adaptation may play a role in the differences in thermal phenotypes documented here. Linkage between mitochondrial genotype and thermal tolerance suggests a role for local adaptation in promoting the spread of invasive populations of C. maenas around the world.}, }
@article {pmid31284685, year = {2019}, author = {Xue, Q and Xiang, Y and Wu, XQ and Li, MJ}, title = {Bacterial Communities and Virulence Associated with Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus from Different Pinus spp.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {20}, number = {13}, pages = {}, pmid = {31284685}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {2016YFC1202100//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; NO.31270683//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; PAPD//Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/growth &amp; development/*isolation &amp; purification ; Biodiversity ; Carbon/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Pinus/*parasitology ; Species Specificity ; Tylenchida/isolation &amp; purification/*microbiology/*pathogenicity ; Virulence ; Wood/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of pine wilt disease, is a destructive threat to pine forests. The role of bacteria associated with B. xylophilus in pine wilt disease has attracted widespread attention. This study investigated variation in bacterial communities and the virulence of surface-sterilized B. xylophilus from different Pinus spp. The predominant culturable bacteria of nematodes from different pines were Stenotrophomonas and Pseudomonas. Biolog EcoPlate analysis showed that metabolic diversity of bacteria in B. xylophilus from P. massoniana was the highest, followed by P. thunbergii and P. densiflora. High-throughput sequencing analysis indicated that bacterial diversity and community structure in nematodes from the different pine species varied, and the dominant bacteria were Stenotrophomonas and Elizabethkingia. The virulence determination of B. xylophilus showed that the nematodes from P. massoniana had the greatest virulence, followed by the nematodes from P. thunbergii and P. densiflora. After the nematodes were inoculated onto P. thunbergii, the relative abundance of the predominant bacteria changed greatly, and some new bacterial species emerged. Meanwhile, the virulence of all the nematode isolates increased after passage through P. thunbergii. These inferred that some bacteria associated with B. xylophilus isolated from different pine species might be helpful to adjust the PWN's parasitic adaptability.}, }
@article {pmid31284196, year = {2019}, author = {Yang, RM}, title = {Mechanisms of soil organic carbon storage response to Spartina alterniflora invasion and climate change.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {690}, number = {}, pages = {7-15}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.472}, pmid = {31284196}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Carbon Sequestration ; China ; *Climate Change ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Coastal wetlands have been identified as vital global carbon (C) sinks; however, soil C sequestration in these ecosystems is susceptible to impacts of non-native species invasion and climate change worldwide. Although their potential impacts on soil organic C (SOC) storage have been reported in previous literature, the well-established mechanisms that control SOC storage response, especially in relation to soil depths, is still limited. To fill this knowledge gap, we developed a structural equation model (SEM) to identify mechanisms that account for SOC changes in topsoil (0-0.3 m) and subsoil (0.3-0.6 m) on coastal wetland of the East China Sea, where SOC in both depths increased with exotic Spartina alterniflora invasion. In the initial model, we hypothesized that there were a set of direct and indirect effects of the invasion, climate, and soil physicochemical properties on SOC storage. By evaluating the interactions of these factors, we found relatively complex patterns that vary with depth. For topsoil, the invasion had not only direct effects on SOC storage, but also indirect effects through mediating effects of soil water content (SWC) that was linked to fine soil fractions. For subsoil, the invasion was indirectly related to SOC storage through mediating effects of SOC in topsoil, SWC, and salinity. SOC in subsoil was also affected by temperature. Our results highlight that the response of SOC storage to the invasion and climate change results from the interacting effects of climate-plant-soil system.}, }
@article {pmid31280502, year = {2019}, author = {Mihalca, AD and Păstrav, IR and Sándor, AD and Deak, G and Gherman, CM and Sarmaşi, A and Votýpka, J}, title = {First report of the dog louse fly Hippobosca longipennis in Romania.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {530-535}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12395}, pmid = {31280502}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Diptera/*physiology ; Dog Diseases/*parasitology ; Dogs ; Ectoparasitic Infestations/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Hippobosca longipennis (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), the dog fly or dog louse fly, is an obligate blood-feeding ectoparasite of wild and domestic carnivores in Africa and the Middle East. Outside its typically known geographic range, H. longipennis has been reported occasionally on mainly domestic dogs in Asia and southern Europe, and infrequently in other areas (central Europe and the U.S.A.). This paper presents the first report of H. longipennis in Romania and the second record of Lipoptena fortisetosa (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), a potentially invasive species. Hippobosca longipennis was found on domestic dogs in two regions of the country (northern Romania in Maramures and southwestern Romania in Dobrogea) and on two road-killed wildcats in Maramures. Lipoptena fortisetosa was found on domestic dogs in Maramures. In both species identification was based on morphology and confirmed by barcoding of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. It is not clear for how long H. longipennis has been present in central Europe, nor if it was introduced (via the movement of domestic dogs or import of exotic carnivores) or present historically (Holocene remnants). This paper discusses the possible origins of H. longipennis in central Europe as its current distribution in the area is sparse and patchy.}, }
@article {pmid31280369, year = {2019}, author = {Russo, L and Vaudo, AD and Fisher, CJ and Grozinger, CM and Shea, K}, title = {Bee community preference for an invasive thistle associated with higher pollen protein content.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {190}, number = {4}, pages = {901-912}, pmid = {31280369}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {1313115//Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences/ ; 2014-02219//USDA/ ; FOMN 705287/MCCC_/Marie Curie/United Kingdom ; 1556444//Directorate for Biological Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; *Ecosystem ; *Flowers ; Plants ; Pollen ; Pollination ; }, abstract = {Non-native plant species reliant on insect pollination must attract novel pollinators in their introduced habitat to reproduce. Indeed, pollination services provided by resident floral visitors may contribute to the spread of non-native species, which may then affect the pollination services received by native plants. To determine the mechanisms by which an invasive thistle attracts pollinators in its introduced range, and whether its presence changes the pollinator visitation to native plant species, we compared bee visitation to native plants in the presence or absence of the invader. We experimentally tested the effect of a thistle invasion into a native plant community. We found that the non-native thistle was the most attractive of the plant species to visiting bee species. However, there was no effect of experimental treatment (presence of thistle) on bee abundance or visitation rate (bees per unit floral area per sample) to native plant species. Across 68 bee and 6 plant species, we found a significant correlation between pollen protein content and bee abundance and visitation rate. Thistle pollen also had a similar protein:lipid ratio to legumes, which correlated with bumble bee visitation. The high protein content of the thistle pollen, as compared to four native asters, may allow it to attract pollinators in novel ecosystems, and potentially contribute to its success as an invader. At the same time, this high protein pollen may act as a novel resource to pollinators in the thistle's invaded range.}, }
@article {pmid31280152, year = {2019}, author = {Leza, M and Herrera, C and Marques, A and Roca, P and Sastre-Serra, J and Pons, DG}, title = {The impact of the invasive species Vespa velutina on honeybees: A new approach based on oxidative stress.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {689}, number = {}, pages = {709-715}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.511}, pmid = {31280152}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; *Oxidative Stress ; *Predatory Behavior ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Honeybees have an essential role in ecosystems pollinating wild flowers and cultivated crops, representing an important cultural and economic benefit for humans. Honeybee populations are decreasing over the last decade, due to multifactorial causes. The aim of this field study was to investigate the effects of the presence of the invasive species Vespa velutina, a bee predator, in oxidative stress parameters of honeybee workers. To achieve this objective, positive or negative apiaries for the presence of the V. velutina were selected. Five honeybees from six hives of each apiary were sampled in spring, summer and autumn, analysing a total of 233 samples. Analysis of mRNA expression of oxidative stress-related genes, catalase enzymatic activity and lipid peroxidation were performed. An increase in sod2, tpx3, trxR1, gtpx1, gstS1, coxI, cytC and if2mt genes expression, as well as a raise in catalase activity and lipid peroxidation were observed in V. velutina positive samples. Thus, here we present a new methodology to analyze the impact of the predation pressure of the invasive species V. velutina on honeybees under field conditions. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study indicate the negative impact of the presence of the yellow-legged hornet on honeybees' health and the activation of their antioxidant system to protect them against this biotic stressor. Moreover, the redox status they present could increase the susceptibility of honeybees, essential insects that currently receive many inputs of different stresses, to another stressor.}, }
@article {pmid31279211, year = {2019}, author = {Cuthbert, RN and Dalu, T and Mutshekwa, T and Wasserman, RJ}, title = {Leaf inputs from invasive and native plants drive differential mosquito abundances.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {689}, number = {}, pages = {652-654}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.470}, pmid = {31279211}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Culex/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Plant Leaves/*chemistry ; Population Dynamics ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Ecological impacts of invasive alien species can be unpredictable and simultaneously span multiple habitat types and taxonomic groups. Invasive alien plants can have particularly severe impacts, and plant inputs into aquatic environments can profoundly alter community composition of invertebrates, such as mosquitoes. Here, we examine larval mosquito colonisation of aquatic containers treated with leaves from four different terrestrial plants: the invasive tickberry Lantana camara, invasive guava Psidium guajava, native sycamore fig Ficus sycomorus and native silver cluster-leaf Terminalia sericea. Larval mosquito abundances differed significantly accordingly to leaf treatment, whilst no mosquitoes colonised leaf-free controls. Leaf litter from the invasive L. camara, invasive P. guajava and native F. sycomorus drove significant increases in mosquito abundances relative to native T. sericea. We demonstrate the importance of plant identity for larval mosquito proliferations in aquatic habitats, with changes in plant community composition following terrestrial plant invasions potentially resulting in increased mosquito abundances. In turn, this may have implications for the vectoring of mosquito-borne disease.}, }
@article {pmid31278788, year = {2019}, author = {Clarke, GS and Shine, R and Phillips, BL}, title = {May the (selective) force be with you: Spatial sorting and natural selection exert opposing forces on limb length in an invasive amphibian.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {32}, number = {9}, pages = {994-1001}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.13504}, pmid = {31278788}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bufo marinus/*genetics/*physiology ; Extremities/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Selection, Genetic ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {Spatial sorting on invasion fronts drives the evolution of dispersive phenotypes, and in doing so can push phenotypes in the opposite direction to natural selection. The invasion of cane toads (Rhinella marina) through tropical Australia has accelerated over recent decades because of the accumulation of dispersal-enhancing traits at the invasion front, driven by spatial sorting. One such trait is the length of the forelimbs: invasion-front toads have longer arms (relative to body length) in comparison with populations 10-20 years after invasion. Such a shift likely has fitness consequences: an increase of forearm length would decrease the strength with which a male could cling to a female during amplexus and so render such a male less competitive in competition for mates, compared to short-armed conspecifics. Our laboratory trials of attachment strength confirmed that males with relatively longer arms were easier to displace, and competition trials show higher duration of amplexus for males with shorter arms. Together with the sharp cline in limb length observed behind the invasion front, these results imply an opposition of selective forces: spatial sorting optimizes dispersal, but as this force wanes behind the invasion front, we see the primacy of natural selection reassert itself.}, }
@article {pmid31277680, year = {2019}, author = {Ballardini, M and Ferretti, S and Chiaranz, G and Pautasso, A and Riina, MV and Triglia, G and Verna, F and Bellavia, V and Radaelli, MC and Berio, E and Accorsi, A and De Camilli, M and Cardellino, U and Fiorino, N and Acutis, PL and Casalone, C and Mignone, W}, title = {First report of the invasive mosquito Aedes koreicus (Diptera: Culicidae) and of its establishment in Liguria, northwest Italy.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {334}, pmid = {31277680}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {IZS PLV 02/14 RC//Ministero della Salute/ ; IZS PLV 15/16 RC//Ministero della Salute/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/genetics ; Airports ; Animals ; Entomology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors/*classification/genetics ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive mosquito species (IMS) of the genus Aedes are a cause of increasing concern in Europe owing to their ability to vector important human viral diseases. Entomological surveillance to early detect alien mosquito and flavivirus circulation in Liguria, northwest Italy, has been carried out since 2011.<br><br>RESULTS: The invasive species Aedes koreicus was first detected in Genoa in September 2015, when a male specimen was caught near the international airport; species identity was confirmed by genetic analysis. Over the next three years, 86 more adult specimens were trapped at sites throughout the city, accounting for 0.50% of all mosquitoes and 1.04% of Aedes sp. mosquitoes trapped in Genova in the four-year period 2015-2018. So far, no other monitored sites in Liguria have revealed the presence of this species. Ovitraps at two sites became positive for the species in July-August 2017. All female Ae. koreicus pools analysed were negative in biomolecular assays for Flavivirus.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings of Ae. koreicus in Genoa constitute, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of the species in northwest Italy and in a Mediterranean port city. The species appears to be established; trapping and climatic data support survival of Ae. koreicus in the area through three consecutive winters. Monitoring of adult mosquitoes detected the species two years before its discovery with ovitraps; trapping for adult specimens appears to be a more effective tool for the early detection of IMS. The airport (located near the commercial port area) and the flower market are the most probable sites of introduction; however, the exact time and place of arrival of this IMS in Liguria remain unknown. Based on morphological and genetic data, a common origin for most of the Ae. koreicus populations established in Europe is suspected. So far, no control measures have been adopted in Genoa and the species will probably colonize an even wider area in the next few years.}, }
@article {pmid31277503, year = {2019}, author = {Łukowski, A and Janek, W and Baraniak, E and Walczak, U and Karolewski, P}, title = {Changing Host Plants Causes Structural Differences in the Parasitoid Complex of the Monophagous Moth Yponomeuta evonymella, but Does Not Improve Survival Rate.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {31277503}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {N N304 037640//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/ ; }, abstract = {Recently in Poland, cases of host expansion have frequently been observed in the typically monophagous bird-cherry ermine moth (Yponomeuta evonymella), which has moved from its native host plant, bird cherry (Prunus padus), to a new, widely distributed plant that is invasive in Europe, black cherry (P. serotina). We attempted to verify the reasons behind this host change in the context of the enemy-free space hypothesis by focusing on parasitoids attacking larval Y. evonymella on one of three host plant variants: The primary host, P. padus; initially P. padus and later P. serotina (P. padus/P. serotina); or the new host, P. serotina. This experiment investigated if changing the host plant could be beneficial to Y. evonymella in terms of escaping from harmful parasitoids and improving survival rate. We identified nine species of parasitoids that attack larval Y. evonymella, and we found that the number of parasitoid species showed a downward trend from the primary host plant to the P. padus/P. serotina combination to the new host plant alone. We observed a significant difference among variants in relation to the percentage of cocoons killed by specific parasitoids, but no effects of non-specific parasitoids or other factors. Total mortality did not significantly differ (ca. 37%) among larval rearing variants. Changing the host plant caused differences in the structure of the parasitoid complex of Y. evonymella but did not improve its survival rate. This study does not indicate that the host expansion of Y. evonymella is associated with the enemy-free space hypothesis; we therefore discuss alternative scenarios that may be more likely.}, }
@article {pmid31273967, year = {2019}, author = {Sun, W and Zeng, CR and Yue, D and Hu, YC}, title = {Involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatotoxicity induced by Ageratina adenophora in mice.}, journal = {Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B}, volume = {20}, number = {8}, pages = {693-698}, pmid = {31273967}, issn = {1862-1783}, mesh = {Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; Ageratina/*toxicity ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/*pathology ; China ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Liver/*drug effects ; Mice ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Mitochondria, Liver/*drug effects/pathology ; Plant Extracts/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Ageratina adenophora is a noxious plant and it is known to cause acute asthma, diarrhea, depilation, and even death in livestock (Zhu et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2017). A. adenophora grows near roadsides and degraded land worldwide (He et al., 2015b). In the areas where it grows, A. adenophora is an invasive species that inhibits the growth of local plants and causes poisoning in animals that come in contact with it (Nie et al., 2012). In China, these plants can be found in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Chongqing, and other southwestern areas (He et al., 2015a) and they have become a dominant species in these local regions. It threatens the native biodiversity and ecosystem in the invaded areas and causes serious economic losses (Wang et al., 2017). It has been reported that A. adenophora can grow in the northeast direction at a speed of 20 km per year in China (Guo et al., 2009). Because of the damage caused by A. adenophora, it ranks among the earliest alien invasive plant species in China (Wang et al., 2017).}, }
@article {pmid31271509, year = {2020}, author = {Lavagnino, NJ and Imberti, M and Ortiz, VE and Flaibani, N and Fanara, JJ}, title = {Contrasting levels of genotype by environment interaction for life history and morphological traits in invasive populations of Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae).}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, pages = {1090-1100}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12710}, pmid = {31271509}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {PICT 2012-0640//Agencia Nacional de Promoci&#xf3;n Cient&#xed;fica y Tecnol&#xf3;gica/ ; UBACyT 20020100100482//Universidad de Buenos Aires/ ; }, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Argentina ; Drosophilidae/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Gene-Environment Interaction ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Larva/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Life History Traits ; }, abstract = {It has been demonstrated that phenotypic plasticity and genotype by environment interaction are important for coping with new and heterogeneous environments during invasions. Zaprionus indianus Gupta (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an Afrotropical invasive fly species introduced to the South American continent in 1999. This species is generalist and polyphagous, since it develops and feeds in several different fruit species. These characteristics of Z. indianus suggest that phenotypic plasticity and genotype by environment interaction may be important in this species invasion process. In this sense, our aim was to investigate the role of genetic variation for phenotypic plasticity (genotype by environment interaction) in Z. indianus invasion of the South American continent. Specifically, we quantified quantitative genetic variation and genotype by environment interactions of morphological and life history traits in different developmental environments, that is, host fruits. This was done in different populations in the invasive range of Z. indianus in Argentina. Results showed that Z. indianus populations have considerable amounts of quantitative genetic variation. Also, genotype by environment interactions was detected for the different traits analyzed in response to the different developmental environments. Interestingly, the amounts and patterns of these parameters differed between populations. We interpreted these results as the existence of differences in evolutionary potential between populations that have an important role in the short- and long-term success of the Z. indianus invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid31271050, year = {2020}, author = {Newete, SW and Allem, SM and Venter, N and Byrne, MJ}, title = {Tamarix efficiency in salt excretion and physiological tolerance to salt-induced stress in South Africa.}, journal = {International journal of phytoremediation}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {3-9}, doi = {10.1080/15226514.2019.1633997}, pmid = {31271050}, issn = {1549-7879}, mesh = {Biodegradation, Environmental ; Salt Stress ; Sodium Chloride ; South Africa ; Stress, Physiological ; *Tamaricaceae ; }, abstract = {This study, investigated the salt excretion efficiency and the level of the physiological response to salt-induced stresses between the native and exotic Tamarix species as well as their hybrids (Tamarix chinensis × Tamarix ramosissima and Tamarix chinensis × Tamarix usneoides). Ten potted plants from each of the five taxa were exposed to salt at a concentration of 3% (w/w) (180 mM) for 3 weeks. Measurements of electro-conductivity (EC), physiological parameters such as stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, and water pressure and plant growth were taken from salt-treated and control plants. The EC in the exotic T. chinensis significantly increased by >30% compared with all other Tamarix taxa, suggesting that it is the most effective taxon for phytoremediation. Although there was no significant difference in plant growth between T. chinensis and T. usneoides, they both showed a significantly greater plant growth than the other taxa. However, the plant physiological parameters indicated that T. usneoides was less stressed by the salt exposure than the T. chinensis and the others. Thus, considering the T. usneoides greater tolerance to salt-induced and/water stresses and the strict environmental regulations of planting exotic Tamarix, the native Tamarix remains the preferred plant of choice for phytoremediation in South Africa.}, }
@article {pmid31270681, year = {2019}, author = {Janssen, N and Werner, D and Kampen, H}, title = {Population genetics of the invasive Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus (Diptera, Culicidae) in Germany-a re-evaluation in a time period of separate populations merging.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {118}, number = {9}, pages = {2475-2484}, pmid = {31270681}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Germany ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus, endemic to East Asia, is one of the most expansive mosquito species in the world and has as yet established in 15 countries of Europe. Within Germany, the species has been spreading tremendously during the last years, and its four once geographically isolated populations were on the verge of merging in 2017. To reveal relationships and carry-over ways between the various populations, and thus, migration and displacement routes, the genetic make-up of Ae. japonicus from ten different locations throughout its German distribution area was investigated. For this purpose, a part of the mitochondrial DNA (nad4 gene) of collected specimens was sequenced and seven loci of short tandem repeats (microsatellites) were genotyped. When related to similar genetic studies carried out between 2012 and 2015, the results suggest that admixtures had since occurred, but no complete genetic mixture of populations had taken place. At the time of sampling for the present study, the western collection sites were still uniform in their genetic make-up; however, a carry-over of individuals from the southeastern to the northern and southwestern German populations was determined. Further introductions from abroad are possible. In summary, the genetic diversity of Ae. japonicus in Germany had grown considerably, thus increasing ecological variability and adaptability of the species. At this point (10 years after the first detection), it is not possible anymore to draw conclusions on the origins of the populations.}, }
@article {pmid31268545, year = {2019}, author = {Parker, C and Bernaola, L and Lee, BW and Elmquist, D and Cohen, A and Marshall, A and Hepler, J and Pekarcik, A and Justus, E and King, K and Lee, TY and Esquivel, C and Hauri, K and McCullough, C and Hadden, W and Ragozzino, M and Roth, M and Villegas, J and Kraus, E and Becker, M and Mulcahy, M and Chen, R and Mittapelly, P and Clem, CS and Skinner, R and Josek, T and Pearlstein, D and Tetlie, J and Tran, A and Auletta, A and Benkert, E and Tussey, D}, title = {Entomology in the 21st Century: Tackling Insect Invasions, Promoting Advancements in Technology, and Using Effective Science Communication-2018 Student Debates.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {31268545}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Biotechnology ; Entomology/*trends ; *Insecta ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The 2018 student debates of the Entomological Society of America were held at the Joint Annual Meeting for the Entomological Societies of America, Canada, and British Columbia in Vancouver, BC. Three unbiased introductory speakers and six debate teams discussed and debated topics under the theme 'Entomology in the 21st Century: Tackling Insect Invasions, Promoting Advancements in Technology, and Using Effective Science Communication'. This year's debate topics included: 1) What is the most harmful invasive insect species in the world? 2) How can scientists diffuse the stigma or scare factor surrounding issues that become controversial such as genetically modified organisms, agricultural biotechnological developments, or pesticide chemicals? 3) What new/emerging technologies have the potential to revolutionize entomology (other than Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)? Introductory speakers and debate teams spent approximately 9 mo preparing their statements and arguments and had the opportunity to share this at the Joint Annual Meeting with an engaged audience.}, }
@article {pmid31265727, year = {2019}, author = {Beuzelin, JM and VanWeelden, MT and Soto-Adames, FN and Sandhu, HS and Davidson, RW and Baucum, L and Swanson, S}, title = {Effect of Sugarcane Cultivar and Foliar Insecticide Treatment on Infestations of the Invasive Sugarcane Thrips, Fulmekiola serrata (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in Florida.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {6}, pages = {2703-2712}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz188}, pmid = {31265727}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Florida ; *Insecticides ; *Saccharum ; Soil ; *Thysanoptera ; }, abstract = {Fulmekiola serrata (Kobus) was observed infesting sugarcane, Saccharum spp. hybrids, in the United States for the first time in January 2017 in Florida. Field studies were conducted to determine F. serrata infestation levels on popular sugarcane cultivars and to determine the efficacy of foliar insecticide treatments that could be used for management. Cultivar evaluations comparing six and five commercial cultivars representing >46% of the sugarcane production area in Florida were conducted in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Fulmekiola serrata infestation levels did not differ among cultivars in 2017. However, infestation levels on CP 00-1101 were greater than on CP 96-1252 grown on organic soils, and infestation levels on CP 96-1252 were greater than on CPCL 97-2730 grown on mineral soils in 2018. Three insecticide evaluations, two in 2017 and one in 2018, were conducted. The pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin, which is registered for use on sugarcane, was consistently associated with the greatest decreases in F. serrata infestation levels. The neonicotinoids imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, as well as the butenolide flupyradifurone, decreased infestation levels but to a lesser extent than did lambda-cyhalothrin. The spinosyn spinetoram was associated with the lowest decreases in F. serrata infestation levels. Our results supported short-term F. serrata management recommendations: Popular Florida sugarcane cultivars should be considered equally susceptible to F. serrata until additional evaluations are conducted and F. serrata outbreaks can be treated with lambda-cyhalothrin when infestations stress the crop beyond acceptable levels.}, }
@article {pmid31265726, year = {2019}, author = {Villazana, J and Alyokhin, A}, title = {Tolerance of Immature Black Soldier Flies (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) to Cold Temperatures Above and Below Freezing Point.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {6}, pages = {2632-2637}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz186}, pmid = {31265726}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cold Temperature ; *Diptera ; Freezing ; Larva ; Pupa ; *Simuliidae ; }, abstract = {Black soldier flies, Hermetia illucens (L.), consume decaying organic materials at the larval stage and can be used for recycling a variety of biogenic wastes into value-added products. Black soldier flies are normally found in subtropical and warm temperate regions. Cold temperatures may prevent their establishment in colder areas, thus alleviating a concern of their becoming an invasive species. Potentially, cold temperatures can also be used to manipulate the rate of black soldier fly development, which may be needed for timing certain life stages for mass-production needs. In the present study, immature black soldier flies were highly susceptible to freezing. Their survivorship decreased as time spent at -12°C increased from 10 to 60 min. Only ca. 2% of eggs, <1% of larvae, and no pupae survived after 60 min of exposure. Chilling at 4°C also had a significant negative effect that became more pronounced as duration of exposure increased from 24 to 72 h. Only ca. 2% of eggs and second instars and ca. 23% of pupae survived after 72 h. In the same time, >80% of third instars and >90% of fifth instars were still alive following 72 h of exposure. Chilling fifth instars resulted in smaller adults but freezing them for 48 h resulted in bigger adults. Based on these results, black soldier fly is unlikely to establish in areas with long periods of subfreezing winter temperatures. Low temperatures may be used to manipulate development of the late instars, but at a cost of higher mortality.}, }
@article {pmid31265475, year = {2019}, author = {Rose, JP and Wademan, C and Weir, S and Wood, JS and Todd, BD}, title = {Traditional trapping methods outperform eDNA sampling for introduced semi-aquatic snakes.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {e0219244}, pmid = {31265475}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; California ; Colubridae/*genetics ; DNA, Environmental/*analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Geography ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Probability ; }, abstract = {Given limited resources for managing invasive species, traditional survey methods may not be feasible to implement at a regional scale. Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling has proven to be an effective method for detecting some invasive species, but comparisons between the detection probability of eDNA and traditional survey methods using modern occupancy modeling methods are rare. We developed a qPCR assay to detect two species of watersnake (Nerodia fasciata and Nerodia sipedon) introduced to California, USA, and we compared the efficacy of eDNA and aquatic trapping. We tested 3-9 water samples each from 30 sites near the known range of N. fasciata, and 61 sites near the known range of N. sipedon. We also deployed aquatic funnel traps at a subset of sites for each species. We detected N. fasciata eDNA in three of nine water samples from just one site, but captured N. fasciata in traps at three of ten sites. We detected N. sipedon eDNA in five of six water samples from one site, which was also the only site of nine at which this species was captured in traps. Traditional trapping surveys had a higher probability of detecting watersnakes than eDNA surveys, and both survey methods had higher detection probability for N. sipedon than N. fasciata. Occupancy models that integrated both trapping and eDNA surveys estimated that 5 sites (95% Credible Interval: 4-10) of 91 were occupied by watersnakes (both species combined), although snakes were only detected at four sites (three for N. fasciata, one for N. sipedon). Our study shows that despite the many successes of eDNA surveys, traditional sampling methods can have higher detection probability for some species. We recommend those tasked with managing species invasions explicitly compare eDNA and traditional survey methods in an occupancy framework to inform their choice of the best method for detecting nascent populations.}, }
@article {pmid31263272, year = {2019}, author = {Salinitro, M and Alessandrini, A and Zappi, A and Tassoni, A}, title = {Impact of climate change and urban development on the flora of a southern European city: analysis of biodiversity change over a 120-year period.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {9464}, pmid = {31263272}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Cities ; *Climate Change ; Europe ; Plant Development/physiology ; Principal Component Analysis ; *Urban Renewal ; }, abstract = {Ecological studies in cities are not only aimed at investigating floristic diversity, but also represent informative test cases for understanding ecological system dynamics and responses to urban and climate changes since cities represent microcosms of environmental changes happening globally. The city of Bologna was selected as a case study since two specific and complete studies have been carried out in a 120-years timespan, one in 1894 and one in 2018. Since 1894, a large increase occurred in the number of taxa (families from 41 to 101, species from 176 to 477) and alien species (from 22 to 144), with a 65% total species turnover. The comparison of species life forms pointed out a noticeable recent expansion of phanerophytes and geophytes at the expense of therophytes and hemicryptophytes. The correlation between urbanistic features and plant richness indicated that the main factor affecting plant richness is the presence of green spaces (parks, tree lines, flowerbeds, etc.). Analysis of variation in Ellenberg's indicator values over the last 120 years evidenced a shift toward shade-tolerant species, mainly connected to the increased presence of parks and trees within the city. Climate change and the presence of artificially irrigated areas within the city has led to an increase in both hygrophilous and drought-resistant species. In particular, the temperature index showed a significantly higher amount of macrothermal species in accordance with a warmer climate and the urban heat island effect.}, }
@article {pmid31263245, year = {2019}, author = {Barral, A}, title = {Invasive species like it hot.}, journal = {Nature plants}, volume = {5}, number = {7}, pages = {645}, doi = {10.1038/s41477-019-0483-z}, pmid = {31263245}, issn = {2055-0278}, }
@article {pmid31262813, year = {2019}, author = {Beechler, BR and Boersma, KS and Buss, PE and Coon, CAC and Gorsich, EE and Henrichs, BS and Siepielski, AM and Spaan, JM and Spaan, RS and Ezenwa, VO and Jolles, AE}, title = {Bovine tuberculosis disturbs parasite functional trait composition in African buffalo.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {116}, number = {29}, pages = {14645-14650}, pmid = {31262813}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {BB/L011085/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Buffaloes/immunology/microbiology/*parasitology ; Cattle ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/immunology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*genetics/immunology ; Longitudinal Studies ; Mycobacterium bovis/immunology ; Parasites/*genetics/immunology/isolation &amp; purification ; South Africa ; Tuberculosis, Bovine/*immunology/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Novel parasites can have wide-ranging impacts, not only on host populations, but also on the resident parasite community. Historically, impacts of novel parasites have been assessed by examining pairwise interactions between parasite species. However, parasite communities are complex networks of interacting species. Here we used multivariate taxonomic and trait-based approaches to determine how parasite community composition changed when African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) acquired an emerging disease, bovine tuberculosis (BTB). Both taxonomic and functional parasite richness increased significantly in animals that acquired BTB than in those that did not. Thus, the presence of BTB seems to catalyze extraordinary shifts in community composition. There were no differences in overall parasite taxonomic composition between infected and uninfected individuals, however. The trait-based analysis revealed an increase in direct-transmitted, quickly replicating parasites following BTB infection. This study demonstrates that trait-based approaches provide insight into parasite community dynamics in the context of emerging infections.}, }
@article {pmid31262500, year = {2019}, author = {David, M and Magaletti, E and Kraus, R and Marini, M}, title = {Vulnerability to bioinvasions: Current status, risk assessment and management of ballast water through a regional approach - the Adriatic Sea.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {147}, number = {}, pages = {1-7}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.057}, pmid = {31262500}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Risk Assessment ; *Ships ; Water Purification/*methods ; }, abstract = {The United Nations recognised the transfer of invasive species across natural barriers as one of the greatest pressures to the world's oceans and seas. The BWM Convention sets the global standards on ballast water management (BWM) requirements, while recognising that regional and local specifics have to be considered for its effective implementation. In the Adriatic Sea cross-border activities were conducted to provide for essential information/data and tools to support a regionally coordinated implementation of the BWM Convention. This special issue contains 18 publications that include results and recommendations from studying the ballast water and management issues through sampling of ballast water on vessels, risk assessment for exemptions and BWM, biological and chemical port baseline surveys and monitoring conducted in ports along the Adriatic Sea coast, oceanographic conditions, ballast water sediment issues and their management in ports, and the implementation options of the BWM Convention through the Adriatic States' environmental law and institutions cooperation. Essential data and tools to support a regional approach in the implementation of the BWM Convention were provided, and are therefore available to the administrations of the Adriatic countries to enable protection of the Adriatic Sea environment, human health property and resources from negative impacts of ballast water being discharged in the area. Data, approaches and tools provided here may be helpful in any other region to support an effective BWM Convention implementation.}, }
@article {pmid31261896, year = {2019}, author = {Tabanca, N and Masi, M and Epsky, ND and Nocera, P and Cimmino, A and Kendra, PE and Niogret, J and Evidente, A}, title = {Laboratory Evaluation of Natural and Synthetic Aromatic Compounds as Potential Attractants for Male Mediterranean fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {24}, number = {13}, pages = {}, pmid = {31261896}, issn = {1420-3049}, mesh = {Alkaloids/*pharmacology ; Allylbenzene Derivatives ; Animals ; Anisoles/pharmacology ; Arthropod Antennae/drug effects/physiology ; Ceratitis capitata/drug effects/*physiology ; Eugenol/pharmacology ; Insect Control/*methods ; Lactates/pharmacology ; Male ; Phenols/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Ceratitis capitata, the Mediterranean fruit fly, is one of the most serious agricultural pests worldwide responsible for significant reduction in fruit and vegetable yields. Eradication is expensive and often not feasible. Current control methods include the application of conventional insecticides, leading to pesticide resistance and unwanted environmental effects. The aim of this study was to identify potential new attractants for incorporation into more environmentally sound management programs for C. capitata. In initial binary choice bioassays against control, a series of naturally occurring plant and fungal aromatic compounds and their related analogs were screened, identifying phenyllactic acid (7), estragole (24), o-eugenol (21), and 2-allylphenol (23) as promising attractants for male C. capitata. Subsequent binary choice tests evaluated five semisynthetic derivatives prepared from 2-allylphenol, but none of these were as attractive as 2-allylphenol. In binary choice bioassays with the four most attractive compounds, males were more attracted to o-eugenol (21) than to estragole (24), 2-allylphenol (23), or phenyllactic acid (7). In addition, electroantennography (EAG) was used to quantify antennal olfactory responses to the individual compounds (1-29), and the strongest EAG responses were elicited by 1-allyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (11), estragole (24), 4-allyltoluene (14), trans-anethole (9), o-eugenol (21), and 2-allylphenol (23). The compounds evaluated in the current investigation provide insight into chemical structure-function relationships and help direct future efforts in the development of improved attractants for the detection and control of invasive C. capitata.}, }
@article {pmid31261751, year = {2019}, author = {Bian, C and Li, J and Lin, X and Chen, X and Yi, Y and You, X and Zhang, Y and Lv, Y and Shi, Q}, title = {Whole Genome Sequencing of the Blue Tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) Provides a Valuable Genetic Resource for Biomedical Research on Tilapias.}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {17}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {31261751}, issn = {1660-3397}, support = {JSGG20170412153411369//shenzhen Bureau for Economy and Information/ ; KY20190108, KY20180205, and KY20160307//Shenzhen Dapeng Bureau for Promotion of Economy/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/*genetics ; Aquaculture/*methods ; Cichlids/*genetics ; Female ; Fish Proteins/*genetics ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; }, abstract = {Blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) has been an economically important fish in Asian countries. It can grow and reproduce in both freshwater and brackish water conditions, whereas it is also considered as a significant invasive species around the world. This species has been widely used as the hybridization parent(s) for tilapia breeding with a major aim to produce novel strains. However, available genomic resources are still limited for this important tilapia species. Here, we for the first time sequenced and assembled a draft genome for a seawater cultured blue tilapia (0.92 Gb), with 97.8% completeness and a scaffold N50 of 1.1 Mb, which suggests a relatively high quality of this genome assembly. We also predicted 23,117 protein-coding genes in the blue tilapia genome. Comparisons of predicted antimicrobial peptides between the blue tilapia and its close relative Nile tilapia proved that these immunological genes are highly similar with a genome-wide scattering distribution. As a valuable genetic resource, our blue tilapia genome assembly will benefit for biomedical researches and practical molecular breeding for high resistance to various diseases, which have been a critical problem in the aquaculture of tilapias.}, }
@article {pmid31261669, year = {2019}, author = {Kopeć, D and Zakrzewska, A and Halladin-Dąbrowska, A and Wylazłowska, J and Kania, A and Niedzielko, J}, title = {Using Airborne Hyperspectral Imaging Spectroscopy to Accurately Monitor Invasive and Expansive Herb Plants: Limitations and Requirements of the Method.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {19}, number = {13}, pages = {}, pmid = {31261669}, issn = {1424-8220}, support = {DZP/BIOSTRATEG-II/390/2015//Narodowe Centrum Bada&#x144; i Rozwoju/ ; }, abstract = {Remote sensing (RS) is currently regarded as one of the standard tools used for mapping invasive and expansive plants for scientific purposes and it is increasingly widely used in nature conservation management. The applicability of RS methods is determined by its limitations and requirements. One of the most important limitations is the species percentage cover at which the classification result is correct and useful for nature conservation. The primary objective, carried out in 2017 in three areas of Poland, was to determine the minimum percentage cover from which it is possible to identify a target species by RS methods. A secondary objective of this research, related to the requirements of the method, was to optimize the set of training polygons for a target species in terms of the number of polygons and abundance percentage cover of the target species. Our method has to be easy to use, effective, and applicable, therefore the analysis was carried out using the basic set of rasters-the first 30 channels after the Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) transformation (the mosaic of hyperspectral data from HySpex sensors with spectral range 0.4-2.5 µm) and commonly used Random Forest algorithm. The analysis used airborne hyperspectral data with a spatial resolution of 1 m to perform classification of one invasive and three expansive plants-two grasses and two large perennials. On-ground training and validation data sets were collected simultaneously with airborne data collection. When testing different classification scenarios, only the set of training polygons for a target species was changed. Classification results were evaluated based on three methods: accuracy measures (Kappa and F1), true-positive pixels in subclasses with different species cover and compatibility with field mapping. The classification results indicate that to classify the target plant species at the accepted level, the training dataset should contain polygons with a species cover ranging from 80-100%. Training performed only using polygons with a species characterized by a variable, but lower, cover (20-70%) and missing samples in the 80-100% range, led to a map which was not acceptable because of a high overestimation of target species. We achieved effective identification of species in areas where the species cover is above 50%, considering that ecosystems are heterogeneous. The results of these studies developed a methodology of field data acquisition and the necessity of synchronization in the acquisition of airborne data, and training and validation of on-ground sampling.}, }
@article {pmid31260528, year = {2019}, author = {Shogren, CJ and Paine, TD}, title = {Identification of the Klambothrips myopori (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) Predator Complex in California.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {1024-1034}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz076}, pmid = {31260528}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Heteroptera ; Insecta ; Pest Control, Biological ; *Thysanoptera ; }, abstract = {To identify the predator complex of the invasive thrips, Klambothrips myopori, on its ornamental host plant Myoporum laetum, field surveys were conducted at three sites in southern California over the period of 1 y. Five insect orders and five spider families were represented in the survey. Although the most abundant groups differed among collection sites, syrphid larvae, anthocorids, Chrysoperla spp., Franklinothrips orizabensis Johansen (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae), and one spider family (Salticidae) were all collected at each site. Based on the field surveys, Orius spp. and Chrysoperla spp. were identified as possible key natural enemies of K. myopori. Laboratory studies were then conducted to determine the consumption rates of Orius insidiosus Say (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Chrysoperla rufilabris Burmeister (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) at constant densities of K. myopori and to define the functional responses of the predators. Both predators consumed more second-instar larvae than other prey stages. Orius insidious displayed a type II functional response, while C. rufilabris displayed both type II and type III depending on prey stage. Generally speaking, O. insidiosus and C. rufilabris consumed a higher proportion of prey at lower pest densities, implying that in an augmentative control program using these commercially available natural enemies, predators could be released early in the year when host plants begin to flush and thrips populations are low to suppress population growth.}, }
@article {pmid31259746, year = {2019}, author = {Vega, A and Castro, L}, title = {Impact of climate change on insect-human interactions.}, journal = {Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, pages = {475-481}, doi = {10.1097/ACI.0000000000000565}, pmid = {31259746}, issn = {1473-6322}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropod Venoms/*toxicity ; *Climate Change ; Humans ; Hymenoptera/*physiology ; Hypersensitivity/*epidemiology ; Insect Bites and Stings/*epidemiology ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To update the influence of the global climate change on Hymenoptera venom allergy.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: Climate change facilitates biological invasions of hymenopteran species and plays a role in the impact of introduced species relevant for human health. It contributes to a rise in the incidence of sting injuries and allergy reactions across the world.<br><br>SUMMARY: Global climate change has contributed to the expansion and the redistribution of allergenic insect species, increasing the number of allergy cases caused by stinging insects worldwide. Imported insects are trending species in systemic reactions for multiple stings or hymenopteran venom allergy. They represent a threat for humans and a challenge for the allergists.}, }
@article {pmid31259466, year = {2020}, author = {Yang, Q and Umina, PA and Rašić, G and Bell, N and Fang, J and Lord, A and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {Origin of resistance to pyrethroids in the redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor) in Australia: repeated local evolution and migration.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {76}, number = {2}, pages = {509-519}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5538}, pmid = {31259466}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {UM00057//Grains Research and Development Corporation/ ; }, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Australia ; Bayes Theorem ; Biological Evolution ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Insecticide Resistance ; *Mites ; Pyrethrins ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Halotydeus destructor is a major pest of crops and pastures across southern parts of Australia. This invasive mite has been chemically controlled for over 50 years, but resistance to synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates is developing. Understanding processes behind the emerging resistance is important for effective management efforts. We undertook a ddRAD pool-sequencing approach to analyse genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism variation in H. destructor population samples at two scales: local resistance across a set of fields, and regional resistance across their Australian range, along with toxicology bioassays to screen for pyrethroid resistance.<br><br>RESULTS: Spatial patterns of genomic variation and resistance at a local scale indicated that genetic similarity among samples was more closely correlated with distance along roads and fence-lines than with straight-line geographic distance. This pattern was particularly strong in resistant samples, which were also more related than susceptible samples, suggesting local spread of resistance within an area after it emerged. By contrast, regional data suggest resistance has emerged repeatedly within parts of Australia. Our de novo annotation of the H. destructor draft genome sequence and Bayesian analysis identified several candidate loci strongly associated with population-level resistance to pyrethroids, located in genomic regions that code for transmembrane transport and signalling proteins that have previously been linked to insecticide resistance in other arthropods.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight multiple independent evolutionary events leading to resistance in H. destructor, and demonstrate the utility and cost-effectiveness of a cross-population, genome-wide association study to reveal processes underlying adaptive evolution in a non-model invasive species. &#xa9; 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid31257773, year = {2019}, author = {Jiang, C and Shui, W and Jian, XM and Guo, PP and Chen, YP}, title = {[Soil microbial community characteristics in degraded karst tiankeng invaded by Eupatorium adenophorum.].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, pages = {2002-2010}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201906.032}, pmid = {31257773}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {*Ageratina ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; Plants ; Soil ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {After invading the grand negative landform karst degraded tiankeng, Eupatorium adenophorum will affect the plant diversity, community succession and natural ecological restoration of degraded tiankeng by changing soil microbial community. Taking the degraded tiankeng "Bajiaxiantang" as the research area, the soil around E. adenophorum roots in different habitats was selected to explore the microbial community characteristics of E. adenophorum roots using the Biolog-ECO micro-plate method. The results showed that the invasion degree of E. adenophorum was in order of pit slope shrub-grassland > pit bottom grassland > pit slope forest > pit head shrub-grassland. The characteristics of E. adenophorum varied among different habitats due to habitat heterogeneity. The change of microbial community metabolic activity, dominance index, richness index and evenness index of E. adenophorum roots was closely related with the invasion degree, with significant diffe-rence between inside and outside of the tiankeng. Amino acids and polymers were the main carbon sources utilized by soil microorganism. The α diversity of herbaceous plants in different habitats were correlated with that of soil microbial community. The diversity of soil microbial community around E. adenophorum roots increased significantly with the increases of invasion level, which could form a microenvironment conducive to invasion and colonization. In the future, the degraded tiankeng would eventually form the climax community of underground forests with community succession and natural ecological restoration, which might result in the disappearance of E. adenophorum in the degraded tiankeng.}, }
@article {pmid31256202, year = {2019}, author = {Rumbold, DG and Bartoszek, IA}, title = {Mercury Concentrations in Invasive Burmese Pythons (Python bivitattus) of Southwest Florida.}, journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {103}, number = {4}, pages = {533-537}, doi = {10.1007/s00128-019-02670-6}, pmid = {31256202}, issn = {1432-0800}, mesh = {Animals ; Boidae/*metabolism ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Environmental Pollutants/*analysis ; Florida ; *Introduced Species ; Liver/chemistry ; Mercury/*analysis ; }, abstract = {We determined mercury (Hg) concentrations in various tissues of Burmese pythons (Python bivitattus; n = 227) caught in southwest Florida from 2012-2018 as part of a program to control this invasive species. Mercury ranged as high as 4.86 mg/kg in liver tissue from a snake that was 4.7 m long but overall averaged 0.12 ± 0.19 mg/kg in tail tips (n = 123). These levels were relatively low as compared to concentrations reported in pythons from Everglades National Park, a recognized Hg hotspot. These results show that snakes, particularly watersnakes, present another opportunity to biomonitor Hg at the aquatic-terrestrial interface. Although capturing snakes presents obvious challenges, which differ from sampling other taxa typically used in monitoring programs, taking advantage of this program to control an invasive species was cost effective and alleviated concerns about sampling and possibly reducing native snake populations.}, }
@article {pmid31252230, year = {2019}, author = {Mankad, A and Kennedy, U and Carter, L}, title = {Biological control of pests and a social model of animal welfare.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {247}, number = {}, pages = {313-322}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.080}, pmid = {31252230}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Animal Welfare ; Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Attitude ; Cats ; Models, Theoretical ; Pest Control, Biological ; Rabbits ; }, abstract = {This paper considers the sociocultural implications of biological pest control that sit at the cusp of managing an invasive species for conservation or productivity (i.e. a 'natural enemy') and socially driven 'manipulating life' arguments. We consider the role of perceived humaneness or, more accurately, animal welfare as it relates to managing invasive species from a scientific and social perspective. In order to highlight and articulate particular nuances and standards across different pest control contexts, we use three case examples (feral cats, wild rabbits, and invasive cane toads) and explore where biological pest control and animal welfare interests intersect. The paper summarises key scientific welfare concerns and then extends the literature to also examine key social characteristics of each pest management scenario, including lay perceptions of animal welfare, the sociocultural context that pests exist within, and overarching psychological factors contributing to public sentiment, including perceived risks. The subsequent descriptive model presented is useful in articulating core sociocultural beliefs relative to each case and how these antecedent associations and attitudes about an animal influence subsequent beliefs about a pest management strategy and ultimately acceptance of the management approach. The model can inform invasive species management policies and highlight key sociocultural factors likely to influence public responses. The model also informs interdisciplinary science designed to develop acceptable and socially responsible biocontrol strategies that consider public perceptions of animal welfare and cultural appropriateness.}, }
@article {pmid31251341, year = {2019}, author = {Pepin, KM and Pedersen, K and Wan, XF and Cunningham, FL and Webb, CT and Wilber, MQ}, title = {Individual-Level Antibody Dynamics Reveal Potential Drivers of Influenza A Seasonality in Wild Pig Populations.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {59}, number = {5}, pages = {1231-1242}, pmid = {31251341}, issn = {1557-7023}, support = {R01 AI116744/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/*blood ; Influenza A virus/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology/*veterinary/virology ; Seasons ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/*immunology/virology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Swine are important in the ecology of influenza A virus (IAV) globally. Understanding the ecological role of wild pigs in IAV ecology has been limited because surveillance in wild pigs is often for antibodies (serosurveillance) rather than IAVs, as in humans and domestic swine. As IAV antibodies can persist long after an infection, serosurveillance data are not necessarily indicative of current infection risk. However, antibody responses to IAV infections cause a predictable antibody response, thus time of infection can be inferred from antibody levels in serological samples, enabling identification of risk factors of infection at estimated times of infection. Recent work demonstrates that these quantitative antibody methods (QAMs) can accurately recover infection dates, even when individual-level variation in antibody curves is moderately high. Also, the methodology can be implemented in a survival analysis (SA) framework to reduce bias from opportunistic sampling. Here we integrated QAMs and SA and applied this novel QAM-SA framework to understand the dynamics of IAV infection risk in wild pigs seasonally and spatially, and identify risk factors. We used national-scale IAV serosurveillance data from 15 US states. We found that infection risk was highest during January-March (54% of 61 estimated peaks), with 24% of estimated peaks occurring from May to July, and some low-level of infection risk occurring year-round. Time-varying IAV infection risk in wild pigs was positively correlated with humidity and IAV infection trends in domestic swine and humans, and did not show wave-like spatial spread of infection among states, nor more similar levels of infection risk among states with more similar meteorological conditions. Effects of host sex on IAV infection risk in wild pigs were generally not significant. Because most of the variation in infection risk was explained by state-level factors or infection risk at long-distances, our results suggested that predicting IAV infection risk in wild pigs is complicated by local ecological factors and potentially long-distance translocation of infection. In addition to revealing factors of IAV infection risk in wild pigs, our framework is broadly applicable for quantifying risk factors of disease transmission using opportunistic serosurveillance sampling, a common methodology in wildlife disease surveillance. Future research on the factors that determine individual-level antibody kinetics will facilitate the design of serosurveillance systems that can extract more accurate estimates of time-varying disease risk from quantitative antibody data.}, }
@article {pmid31249587, year = {2019}, author = {Wu, H and Ding, J}, title = {Global Change Sharpens the Double-Edged Sword Effect of Aquatic Alien Plants in China and Beyond.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {787}, pmid = {31249587}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Many alien aquatic plants are deliberately introduced because they have economic, ornamental, or environmental values; however, they may also negatively affect aquatic ecosystems, by blocking rivers, restricting aquatic animals and plants by decreasing dissolved oxygen, and reducing native biodiversity. These positive and/or negative ecological effects may be enhanced under global change. Here, we examine the impacts of global change on aquatic alien plant introduction and/or invasions by reviewing their introduction pathways, distributions, and ecological effects. We focus on how climate change, aquatic environmental pollution, and China's rapid economic growth in recent decades affect their uses and invasiveness in China. Among 55 species of alien aquatic plants in China, 10 species are invasive, such as Eichhornia crassipes, Alternanthera philoxeroides, and Pistia stratiotes. Most of these invaders were intentionally introduced and dispersed across the country but are now widely distributed and invasive. Under climate warming, many species have expanded their distributions to areas where it was originally too cold for their survival. Thus, these species are (and will be) considered to be beneficial plants in aquaculture and for the restoration of aquatic ecosystems (for water purification) across larger areas. However, for potential invasive species, climate warming is (and will be) increasing their invasion risk in more areas. In addition, nitrogen deposition and phosphorus inputs may also alter the status of some alien species. Furthermore, climate warming has shifted the interactions between alien aquatic plants and herbivores, thus impacting their future spreads. Under climate change, more precipitation in North China and more frequent flooding in South China will increase the uncertainties of ecological effects of alien aquatic plants in these regions. We also predict that, under the continuing booming economy in China, more and more alien aquatic plants will be used for aquatic landscaping and water purification. In conclusion, our study indicates that both human activities under rapid economic growth and climate change can either increase the potential uses of alien aquatic plants or make the aquatic invaders worse in China and other areas in the world. These findings are critical for future risk assessment of aquatic plant introduction and aquatic ecosystem restoration.}, }
@article {pmid31247076, year = {2019}, author = {Chester, M}, title = {The makings of higher-order polyploids. A commentary on: 'The story of promiscuous crucifers: origin and genome evolution of an invasive species, Cardamine occulta (Brassicaceae), and its relatives'.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {124}, number = {2}, pages = {vi-vii}, pmid = {31247076}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Brassicaceae/*genetics ; Cardamine/*genetics ; Genome, Plant ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Polyploidy ; }, abstract = {This article comments on: Terezie Mandáková, Judita Zozomová-Lihová, Hiroshi Kudoh, Yunpeng Zhao, Martin A. Lysak, and Karol Marhold. 2019. The story of promiscuous crucifers: origin and genome evolution of an invasive species, Cardamine occulta (Brassicaceae), and its relatives. Annals of Botany 124(2): 209–220.}, }
@article {pmid31247003, year = {2019}, author = {Van der Fels-Klerx, HJ and Vermeulen, LC and Gavai, AK and Liu, C}, title = {Climate change impacts on aflatoxin B1 in maize and aflatoxin M1 in milk: A case study of maize grown in Eastern Europe and imported to the Netherlands.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {e0218956}, pmid = {31247003}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aflatoxin B1/*analysis ; Aflatoxin M1/*analysis ; Animal Feed/analysis ; Animals ; Climate Change ; Europe, Eastern ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Introduced Species ; Milk/*chemistry ; Models, Theoretical ; Netherlands ; Zea mays/chemistry/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Various models and datasets related to aflatoxins in the maize and dairy production chain have been developed and used but they have not yet been linked with each other. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of climate change on aflatoxin B1 production in maize and its consequences on aflatoxin M1 contamination in dairy cow's milk, using a full chain modelling approach. To this end, available models and input data were chained together in a modelling framework. As a case study, we focused on maize grown in Eastern Europe and imported to the Netherlands to be fed-as part of dairy cows' compound feed-to dairy cows in the Netherlands. Three different climate models, one aflatoxin B1 prediction model and five different carryover models were used. For this particular case study of East European maize, most of the calculations suggest an increase (up to 50%) of maximum mean aflatoxin M1 in milk by 2030, except for one climate (DMI) model suggesting a decrease. Results from all combinations of carryover and climate models suggest a similar or slight increase (up to 0.6%) of the chance of finding aflatoxin M1 in milk above the EC limit of 0.05 μg/kg by 2030. Results varied mainly with the climate model data and carryover model considered. The model framework infrastructure is flexible so that forecasting models for other mycotoxins or other food safety hazards as well as other production chains, together with necessary input databases, can easily be included as well. This modelling framework for the first time links datasets and models related to aflatoxin B1 in maize and related aflatoxin M1 the dairy production chain to obtain a unique predictive methodology based on Monte Carlo simulation. Such an integrated approach with scenario analysis provides possibilities for policy makers and risk managers to study the effects of changes in the beginning of the chain on the end product.}, }
@article {pmid31245177, year = {2019}, author = {Yang, ML and Rice, E and Leimbach-Maus, H and Partridge, CG}, title = {Identification and characterization of Gypsophila paniculata color morphs in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, MI, USA.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e7100}, pmid = {31245177}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Gypsophila paniculata (baby's breath) is an invasive species found throughout much of the northwest United States and western Canada. Recently, plants exhibiting a different color morphology were identified within the coastal dunes along eastern Lake Michigan. The common baby's breath (G. paniculata) typically produces stems that are purple in color (purple morph), while the atypical morph has stems that are green-yellow (green-yellow morph). The purpose of this study was to characterize these newly identified morphs and determine if they are genetically distinct species from the common baby's breath in order to assess whether alternative management strategies should be employed to control these populations.<br><br>METHODS: We sequenced two chloroplast regions, ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase gene (rbcL), and maturase K (matK), and one nuclear region, internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), from the purple morphs and green-yellow morphs collected from Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, MI, USA (SBDNL). Sequences were aligned to reference sequences from other Gypsophila species obtained from the Barcode of Life Database and GenBank databases. We also collected seeds from wild purple morph and wild green-yellow morph plants in SBDNL. We grew the seeds in a common garden setting and characterized the proportion of green-yellow individuals produced from the two color morphs after 5-months of growth.<br><br>RESULTS: Phylogenetic analyses based upon rbcL, matK, and ITS2 regions suggest that the two color morphs are not distinct species and they both belong to G. paniculata. Seeds collected from wild green-yellow morphs produced a significantly higher proportion of green-yellow individuals compared to the number produced by seeds collected from wild purple morphs. However, seeds collected from both color morphs produced more purple morphs than green-yellow morphs.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Based upon these results, we propose that the two color morphs are variants of G. paniculata. Given the significant difference in the number of green-yellow morphs produced from the seeds of each morph type, we also suggest that this color difference has some genetic basis. We propose that current management continue to treat the two color morphs in a similar manner in terms of removal to prevent the further spread of this species.}, }
@article {pmid31242259, year = {2019}, author = {Li, C and Wang, L and Li, J and Gao, C and Luo, Y and Ren, L}, title = {Thermal survival limits of larvae and adults of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {e0218888}, pmid = {31242259}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Cold Temperature ; Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; *Stress, Physiological ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Temperature can be a major factor for the distribution of insects, especially among invasive insects. Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) has invaded many regions in China, causing enormous ecological and economic losses. We aimed to explore the trend and potential of diffusion by researching the thermal survival limits of S. noctilio. We measured the supercooling point (SCP), critical thermal temperature (CTmax), high lethal temperature (HLT) and low lethal temperature (LLT) for S. noctilio population in China and assessed life stage-related variation in thermal tolerance. Moreover, we determined the temperature tolerance range of S. noctilio and identified the temperature parameters for its potential invasive distribution risk analysis. The SCP of adults was -11.78 ± 0.67 (mean ± SEM), the CTmax was 37.67 ± 0.54, and those of larvae were -20.77 ± 0.44 and 40.53 ± 0.27, respectively. The LLT increased with exposure time, and the HLT was generally near 43°C. S. noctilio adults can tolerate higher temperatures than larvae, and the larvae showed high resistance to cold temperature. We calculated several temperature indexes based on our results, such as the lower temperature threshold (DV0) at -2.7°C, the upper temperature threshold (DV3) at 31°C, the temperature threshold for both heat stress (TTHS) at 35°C and cold stress (TTCS) at -32.5°C. We observed that, S. noctilio was not resistant to high temperatures, its CTmax is slightly lower than the lethal temperature, and the adults were more tolerant than larvae. Our next goal was to combine the temperature tolerance of symbiotic fungi, information on climate change and the current distribution of this species to predict its potential global distribution.}, }
@article {pmid31242242, year = {2019}, author = {Coulter, DP and Wang, P and Coulter, AA and Van Susteren, GE and Eichmiller, JJ and Garvey, JE and Sorensen, PW}, title = {Nonlinear relationship between Silver Carp density and their eDNA concentration in a large river.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {e0218823}, pmid = {31242242}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acoustics ; Animals ; Biomass ; Carps/*genetics ; DNA, Environmental/*analysis/*genetics ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Illinois ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Rivers/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Although environmental DNA (eDNA) is increasingly being used to survey for the presence of rare and/or invasive fishes in aquatic systems, the utility of this technique has been limited by a poor understanding of whether and how eDNA concentrations relate to fish density, especially in rivers. We conducted a field study to systematically test whether the eDNA released by a model invasive fish, Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), was related to the density of this species in a large river. We quantified fish density throughout the 460 km long Illinois River using hydroacoustic surveys at 23 sites while concurrently collecting 192 surface water samples for eDNA analysis. We found that Silver Carp numerical density and biomass density were positively and non-linearly related to eDNA concentration and detection rate. Both eDNA concentration (copy number) and detection rate increased rapidly as Silver Carp density increased but plateaued at moderate densities. These relationships could prove useful for estimating Silver Carp relative abundance in newly invaded locations where population numbers are low to moderate. Future studies should explore the causes of this nonlinear relationship as it would ultimately benefit aquatic species monitoring and management programs.}, }
@article {pmid31240492, year = {2019}, author = {Yang, RM and Guo, WW}, title = {Using time-series Sentinel-1 data for soil prediction on invaded coastal wetlands.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {191}, number = {7}, pages = {462}, pmid = {31240492}, issn = {1573-2959}, support = {41701236//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 17KJB210004//the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China/ ; 16XLR038//the Science Foundation of Jiangsu Normal University/ ; }, mesh = {Carbon/analysis ; China ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Salinity ; Satellite Imagery/*methods ; Seasons ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Coastal soils are particularly sensitive to nonnative species invasion. In this context, spatially explicit soil information is essential for improving the knowledge of the role of soil in changing environments, supporting coastal sustainable management. Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) data provides an attractive opportunity to monitor soil because the acquisition of images is independent of weather and daylight. However, SAR has not been commonly used for soil prediction. In this study, we firstly investigated the temporal variation of vegetation canopy and the soil-vegetation relationship using Sentinel-1 data in an invaded coastal wetland. And then we built 3D models to predict soil properties at multiple depths. A total of 16 Sentinel-1 images were acquired in a growing season. A series of soil physicochemical properties were examined including soil bulk density, texture, organic/inorganic carbon, pH, salinity, total nitrogen, and C/N ratio, relating to three depth layers in the top 1-m depth. Our results showed that time-series Sentinel-1 data can capture temporal characteristics of vegetation, and VH/VV was more sensitive to the vegetation growth than VH and VV. The soil-vegetation relationship captured by time-series SAR data was beneficial to predict soil properties, especially for soil chemical properties. The models provided permissible prediction accuracy, with an average RPD of 0.99. We concluded that the prior understanding of the temporal variation of SAR data is essential for developing practical soil prediction strategy. Our results highlight that SAR has the potential to predict a diverse set of soil properties in coastal wetlands with dense vegetation cover.}, }
@article {pmid31239297, year = {2019}, author = {Plantamp, C and Henri, H and Andrieux, T and Régis, C and Mialdea, G and Dray, S and Gibert, P and Desouhant, E}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity in the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii: activity rhythms and gene expression in response to temperature.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {222}, number = {Pt 14}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.199398}, pmid = {31239297}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; CLOCK Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Drosophila/genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; *Gene Expression ; Locomotion ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity may contribute to the invasive success of an alien species in a new environment. A highly plastic species may survive and reproduce in more diverse environments, thereby supporting establishment and colonization. We focused on plasticity in the circadian rhythm of activity, which can favour species coexistence in invasion, for the invasive species Drosophila suzukii, which is expected to be a weaker direct competitor than other Drosophila species of the resident community. We compared the circadian rhythms of the locomotor activity in adults and the expression of clock genes in response to temperature in the invasive D. suzukii and the resident Drosophila melanogaster. We showed that D. suzukii is active in a narrower range of temperatures than D. melanogaster and that the activities of the two species overlap during the day, regardless of the temperature. Both species are diurnal and exhibit rhythmic activity at dawn and dusk, with a much lower activity at dawn for D. suzukii females. Our results show that the timeless and clock genes are good candidates to explain the plastic response that is observed in relation to temperature. Overall, our results suggest that thermal phenotypic plasticity in D. suzukii activity is not sufficient to explain the invasive success of D. suzukii and call for testing other hypotheses, such as the release of competitors and/or predators.}, }
@article {pmid31238850, year = {2019}, author = {Garcia, RA and Clusella-Trullas, S}, title = {Thermal landscape change as a driver of ectotherm responses to plant invasions.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1905}, pages = {20191020}, pmid = {31238850}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Amphibians ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Hot Temperature ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {A growing body of research demonstrates the impacts of invasive alien plants on native animals, but few studies consider thermal effects as a driver of the responses of native organisms. As invasive alien plants establish and alter the composition and arrangement of plant communities, the thermal landscapes available to ectotherms also change. Our study reviews the research undertaken to date on the thermal effects of alien plant invasions on native reptiles, amphibians, insects and arachnids. The 37 studies published between 1970 and early 2019 portray an overall detrimental effect of invasive plants on thermal landscapes, ectothermic individuals' performance and species abundance, diversity and composition. With a case study of a lizard species, we illustrate the use of thermal ecology tools in plant invasion research and test the generality of alien plant effects: changes in thermoregulation behaviour in invaded landscapes varied depending on the level of invasion and lizard traits. Together, the literature review and case study show that thermal effects of alien plants on ectotherms can be substantial albeit context-dependent. Further research should cover multiple combinations of native/invasive plant growth forms, invasion stages and ectotherm traits. More attention is also needed to test causality along the chain of effects from thermal landscapes to individuals, populations and communities.}, }
@article {pmid31237729, year = {2020}, author = {Li, XJ and Wu, MF and Ma, J and Gao, BY and Wu, QL and Chen, AD and Liu, J and Jiang, YY and Zhai, BP and Early, R and Chapman, JW and Hu, G}, title = {Prediction of migratory routes of the invasive fall armyworm in eastern China using a trajectory analytical approach.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {76}, number = {2}, pages = {454-463}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5530}, pmid = {31237729}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {31822043//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 61661136004//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; BK20170026//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; //Jiangsu Graduate Research and Innovation Projects/ ; //China Scholarship Council/ ; KJYQ201902//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; //Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)/ ; }, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; China ; Myanmar ; North America ; Spodoptera/*physiology ; Zea mays ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The fall armyworm (FAW), an invasive pest from the Americas, is rapidly spreading through the Old World, and has recently invaded the Indochinese Peninsula and southern China. In the Americas, FAW migrates from winter-breeding areas in the south into summer-breeding areas throughout North America where it is a major pest of corn. Asian populations are also likely to evolve migrations into the corn-producing regions of eastern China, where they will pose a serious threat to food security.<br><br>RESULTS: To evaluate the invasion risk in eastern China, the rate of expansion and future migratory range was modelled by a trajectory simulation approach, combined with flight behavior and meteorological data. Our results predict that FAW will migrate from its new year-round breeding regions into the two main corn-producing regions of eastern China (Huang-Huai-Hai Summer Corn and Northeast Spring Corn Regions), via two pathways. The western pathway originates in Myanmar and Yunnan, and FAW will take four migration steps (i.e. four generations) to reach the Huang-Huai-Hai Region by July. Migration along the eastern pathway from Indochina and southern China progresses faster, with FAW reaching the Huang-Huai-Hai Region in three steps by June and reaching the Northeast Spring Region in July.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that there is a high risk that FAW will invade the major corn-producing areas of eastern China via two migration pathways, and cause significant impacts to agricultural productivity. Information on migration pathways and timings can be used to inform integrated pest management strategies for this emerging pest. &#xa9; 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid31237022, year = {2019}, author = {Bebber, DP and Field, E and Gui, H and Mortimer, P and Holmes, T and Gurr, SJ}, title = {Many unreported crop pests and pathogens are probably already present.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {8}, pages = {2703-2713}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14698}, pmid = {31237022}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Brazil ; China ; *Ecosystem ; India ; }, abstract = {Invasive species threaten global biodiversity, food security and ecosystem function. Such incursions present challenges to agriculture where invasive species cause significant crop damage and require major economic investment to control production losses. Pest risk analysis (PRA) is key to prioritize agricultural biosecurity efforts, but is hampered by incomplete knowledge of current crop pest and pathogen distributions. Here, we develop predictive models of current pest distributions and test these models using new observations at subnational resolution. We apply generalized linear models (GLM) to estimate presence probabilities for 1,739 crop pests in the CABI pest distribution database. We test model predictions for 100 unobserved pest occurrences in the People's Republic of China (PRC), against observations of these pests abstracted from the Chinese literature. This resource has hitherto been omitted from databases on global pest distributions. Finally, we predict occurrences of all unobserved pests globally. Presence probability increases with host presence, presence in neighbouring regions, per capita GDP and global prevalence. Presence probability decreases with mean distance from coast and known host number per pest. The models are good predictors of pest presence in provinces of the PRC, with area under the ROC curve (AUC) values of 0.75-0.76. Large numbers of currently unobserved, but probably present pests (defined here as unreported pests with a predicted presence probability >0.75), are predicted in China, India, southern Brazil and some countries of the former USSR. We show that GLMs can predict presences of pseudoabsent pests at subnational resolution. The Chinese literature has been largely inaccessible to Western academia but contains important information that can support PRA. Prior studies have often assumed that unreported pests in a global distribution database represent a true absence. Our analysis provides a method for quantifying pseudoabsences to enable improved PRA and species distribution modelling.}, }
@article {pmid31236254, year = {2019}, author = {Selechnik, D and Richardson, MF and Shine, R and Brown, GP and Rollins, LA}, title = {Immune and environment-driven gene expression during invasion: An eco-immunological application of RNA-Seq.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {6708-6721}, pmid = {31236254}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Host-pathogen associations change rapidly during a biological invasion and are predicted to impose strong selection on immune function. It has been proposed that the invader may experience an abrupt reduction in pathogen-mediated selection ("enemy release"), thereby favoring decreased investment into "costly" immune responses. Across plants and animals, there is mixed support for this prediction. Pathogens are not the only form of selection imposed on invaders; differences in abiotic environmental conditions between native and introduced ranges are also expected to drive rapid evolution. Here, we use RNA-Seq to assess the expression patterns of immune and environmentally associated genes in the cane toad (Rhinella marina) across its invasive Australian range. Transcripts encoding mediators of costly immune responses (inflammation, cytotoxicity) showed a curvilinear relationship with invasion history, with highest expression in toads from oldest and newest colonized areas. This pattern is surprising given theoretical expectations of density dynamics in invasive species and may be because density influences both intraspecific competition and parasite transmission, generating conflicting effects on the strength of immune responses. Alternatively, this expression pattern may be the result of other evolutionary forces, such as spatial sorting and genetic drift, working simultaneously with natural selection. Our findings do not support predictions about immune function based on the enemy release hypothesis and suggest instead that the effects of enemy release are difficult to isolate in wild populations, especially in the absence of information regarding parasite and pathogen infection. Additionally, expression patterns of genes underlying putatively environmentally associated traits are consistent with previous genetic studies, providing further support that Australian cane toads have adapted to novel abiotic challenges.}, }
@article {pmid31236232, year = {2019}, author = {Gonthier, J and Papach, A and Straub, L and Campbell, JW and Williams, GR and Neumann, P}, title = {Bees and flowers: How to feed an invasive beetle species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {6422-6432}, pmid = {31236232}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive species may exploit a wide range of food sources, thereby fostering their success and hampering mitigation, but the actual degree of opportunism is often unknown. The small hive beetle (SHB), Aethina tumida, is a parasite of honeybee colonies endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. SHBs have now spread on all habitable continents and can also infest colonies of other social bees. To date, the possible role of solitary bee nests as alternative hosts is unknown. Similarly, flowers as possible alternative food sources are not well understood. Here, we show that SHBs can complete an entire life cycle in association with nests of solitary bees Megachile rotundata. The data also show that flowers can serve as alternative food sources. These results support the opportunistic nature of this invasive species, thereby generating further obstacles for mitigation efforts in the field. It also suggests that SHB invasions may result in more serious consequences for endemic bee fauna than previously thought. This provides further motivation to slow down the global spread of this pest, and to improve its management in areas, where it is established.}, }
@article {pmid31236217, year = {2019}, author = {Lishawa, SC and Lawrence, BA and Albert, DA and Larkin, DJ and Tuchman, NC}, title = {Invasive species removal increases species and phylogenetic diversity of wetland plant communities.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {6231-6244}, pmid = {31236217}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Plant invasions result in biodiversity losses and altered ecological functions, though quantifying loss of multiple ecosystem functions presents a research challenge. Plant phylogenetic diversity correlates with a range of ecosystem functions and can be used as a proxy for ecosystem multifunctionality. Laurentian Great Lakes coastal wetlands are ideal systems for testing invasive species management effects because they support diverse biological communities, provide numerous ecosystem services, and are increasingly dominated by invasive macrophytes. Invasive cattails are among the most widespread and abundant of these taxa. We conducted a three-year study in two Great Lakes wetlands, testing the effects of a gradient of cattail removal intensities (mowing, harvest, complete biomass removal) within two vegetation zones (emergent marsh and wet meadow) on plant taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity. To evaluate native plant recovery potential, we paired this with a seed bank emergence study that quantified diversity metrics in each zone under experimentally manipulated hydroperiods. Pretreatment, we found that wetland zones had distinct plant community composition. Wet meadow seed banks had greater taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity than emergent marsh seed banks, and high-water treatments tended to inhibit diversity by reducing germination. Aboveground harvesting of cattails and their litter increased phylogenetic diversity and species richness in both zones, more than doubling richness compared to unmanipulated controls. In the wet meadow, harvesting shifted the community toward an early successional state, favoring seed bank germination from early seral species, whereas emergent marsh complete removal treatments shifted the community toward an aquatic condition, favoring floating-leaved plants. Removing cattails and their litter increased taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity across water levels, a key environmental gradient, thereby potentially increasing the multifunctionality of these ecosystems. Killing invasive wetland macrophytes but leaving their biomass in situ does not address their underlying mechanism of dominance and is less effective than more intensive treatments that also remove their litter.}, }
@article {pmid31236214, year = {2019}, author = {Sodhi, DS and Livingstone, SW and Carboni, M and Cadotte, MW}, title = {Plant invasion alters trait composition and diversity across habitats.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {6199-6210}, pmid = {31236214}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Increased globalization has accelerated the movement of species around the world. Many of these nonnative species have the potential to profoundly alter ecosystems. The mechanisms underpinning this impact are often poorly understood, and traits are often overlooked when trying to understand and predict the impacts of species invasions on communities. We conducted an observational field experiment in Canada's first National Urban Park, where we collected trait data for seven different functional traits (height, stem width, specific leaf area, leaf percent nitrogen, and leaf percent carbon) across an abundance gradient of the invasive Vincetoxicum rossicum in open meadow and understory habitats. We assessed invasion impacts on communities, and associated mechanisms, by examining three complementary functional trait measures: community-weighted mean, range of trait values, and species' distances to the invader in trait space. We found that V. rossicum invasion significantly altered the functional structure of herbaceous plant communities. In both habitats V. rossicum changed the community-weighted means, causing invaded communities to become increasingly similar in their functional structure. In addition, V. rossicum also reduced the trait ranges for a majority of traits indicating that species are being deterministically excluded in invaded communities. Further, we observed different trends in the meadow and understory habitats: In the understory, resident species that were more similar to V. rossicum in multivariate trait space were excluded more, however this was not the case in the meadow habitat. This suggests that V. rossicum alters communities uniquely in each habitat, in part by creating a filter in which only certain resident species are able to persist. This filtering process causes a nonrandom reduction in species' abundances, which in turn would be expected to alter how the invaded ecosystems function. Using trait-based frameworks leads to better understanding and prediction of invasion impacts. This novel framework can also be used in restoration practices to understand how invasion impacts communities and to reassemble communities after invasive species management.}, }
@article {pmid31235806, year = {2019}, author = {Louppe, V and Leroy, B and Herrel, A and Veron, G}, title = {Current and future climatic regions favourable for a globally introduced wild carnivore, the raccoon Procyon lotor.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {9174}, pmid = {31235806}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*trends ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; *Raccoons ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are considered as one of the major threats to biodiversity and represent a major challenge in the conservation of natural ecosystems, in preventing damage to agricultural production, and human health risks. Environmental Niche Modelling has emerged as a powerful tool to predict the patterns of range expansion of non-native species and to direct effective strategies for managing biological invasions. The raccoon, Procyon lotor, is a wild mesocarnivore presenting a high adaptability and showing successful introduced populations worldwide. Here, we modelled the current and future climatically favourable areas for the raccoon using two protocols, based on data sets filtrated in geographic and environmental spaces. Projections from these models show extensive current favourable geographical areas covering extensive regions of temperate biomes. Moreover, predictions for 2050 reveals extensive new favourable areas north of the current favourable regions. However, the results of the two modeling approaches differ in the extent of predicted favourable spaces. Protocols using geographically filtered data present more conservative forecasts, while protocol using environmental filtration presents forecasts across greater areas. Given the biological characteristics and the ecological requirements of a generalist carnivore such as the raccoon, the latter forecasts appears more relevant and should be privileged in the development of conservation plans for ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid31235309, year = {2019}, author = {Bonacic, C and Almuna, R and Ibarra, JT}, title = {Biodiversity Conservation Requires Management of Feral Domestic Animals.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {34}, number = {8}, pages = {683-686}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2019.05.002}, pmid = {31235309}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; *Animals, Wild ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; }, abstract = {The proliferation of feral domestic animals (FDAs) has been favored by human-induced landscape changes, a world population becoming increasingly urban, and by inappropriate management of domestic animals. Here, we describe the impact of FDAs and the opposing views in societies that affect the decision-making process and management actions. We provide general recommendations for the participatory management of this emerging threat to biodiversity and rural ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid31234233, year = {2019}, author = {Nunez-Mir, GC and Guo, Q and Rejmánek, M and Iannone, BV and Fei, S}, title = {Predicting invasiveness of exotic woody species using a traits-based framework.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {100}, number = {10}, pages = {e02797}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2797}, pmid = {31234233}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {1241932//NSF Macrosystems Biology Program/International ; 1638702//NSF Macrosystems Biology Program/International ; //USDA Mcintire-Stennis Program/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Seed Dispersal ; Wood ; }, abstract = {Identifying potentially invasive species and preventing their introduction and establishment are of critical importance in invasion ecology and land management. Although an extensive body of research has been dedicated to identifying traits that confer invasiveness, our current knowledge is still often inconclusive due to limitations in geographic extent and/or scope of traits analyzed. Here, using a comprehensive set of 45 traits, we performed a case study of invasive traits displayed by exotic woody plants in the United States (U.S.) by comparing 63 invasive and 794 non-invasive exotic woody plant species naturalized across the country. We found that invasive woody species often bear the following two key traits: vegetative reproduction and long-distance seed dispersal (via water, birds or mammals). Boosted classification tree models based on these traits accurately predicted species invasiveness (86% accuracy on average). Presented findings provide a generalized understanding of the relative importance of functional traits in identifying potentially invasive woody species in the U.S. The knowledge generated in this study can be used to improve current classification systems of non-native woody plants used by various U.S. governmental agencies and land managers.}, }
@article {pmid31233636, year = {2019}, author = {Dobelmann, J and Alexander, A and Baty, JW and Gemmell, NJ and Gruber, MAM and Quinn, O and Wenseleers, T and Lester, PJ}, title = {The association between mitochondrial genetic variation and reduced colony fitness in an invasive wasp.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {14}, pages = {3324-3338}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15159}, pmid = {31233636}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Belgium ; DNA, Circular/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genome, Mitochondrial ; Geography ; Haplotypes/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; New Zealand ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Wasps/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Despite the mitochondrion's long-recognized role in energy production, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation commonly found in natural populations was assumed to be effectively neutral. However, variation in mtDNA has now been increasingly linked to phenotypic variation in life history traits and fitness. We examined whether the relative fitness in native and invasive common wasp (Vespula vulgaris) populations in Belgium and New Zealand (NZ), respectively, can be linked to mtDNA variation. Social wasp colonies in NZ were smaller with comparatively fewer queen cells, indicating a reduced relative fitness in the invaded range. Interestingly, queen cells in this population were significantly larger leading to larger queen offspring. By sequencing 1,872 bp of the mitochondrial genome, we determined mitochondrial haplotypes and detected reduced genetic diversity in NZ. Three common haplotypes in NZ frequently produced many queens, whereas the four rare haplotypes produced significantly fewer or no queens. The entire mitochondrial genome for each of these haplotypes was sequenced to identify polymorphisms associated with fitness reduction. We found 16 variable sites; however, no nonsynonymous mutation that was clearly causing impaired mitochondrial function was detected. We discuss how detected variants may alter secondary structures, gene expression or mito-nuclear interactions, or could be associated with nuclear-encoded variation. Whatever the ultimate mechanism, we show reduced fitness and mtDNA variation in an invasive wasp population as well as specific mtDNA variants associated with fitness variation within this population. Ours is one of only a few studies that confirm fitness impacts of mtDNA variation in wild nonmodel populations.}, }
@article {pmid31233614, year = {2019}, author = {Esch, EH and Lipson, DA and Cleland, EE}, title = {Invasion and drought alter phenological sensitivity and synergistically lower ecosystem production.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {100}, number = {10}, pages = {e02802}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2802}, pmid = {31233614}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Climate Change ; *Droughts ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Climate change and shifting species composition have influenced ecosystem-scale phenology worldwide. For instance, invasive plant species have greater vegetation phenological sensitivity to climate change than native plant species in some regions, and hence invasion could modify how ecosystem carbon gain responds to increased drought frequencies expected with climate change. Results from a 4-yr drought experiment show that invasion reduced ecosystem potential for carbon gain via increased sensitivity to reduced rainfall. Using canopy greenness (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI) as a proxy for potential ecosystem carbon gain, we show that areas invaded by herbaceous species had up to a 70% reduction in maximum NDVI under severe drought conditions as compared to areas dominated by native shrubs. Phenological differences between herbaceous- and shrub-dominated vegetation contributed to this reduction in potential ecosystem carbon gain because invaded areas had delayed green-up, especially under drought conditions, and shrub senescence was accelerated by drought. Hence, invasion by herbaceous species and increased drought frequencies are likely to act synergistically to reduce ecosystem capacity for carbon gain in this system. Our findings suggest that predicting ecosystem responses to future climate change could be improved by projecting of the spread of invasive species and accounting for phenological variation between native and invading species.}, }
@article {pmid31232325, year = {2019}, author = {Joyce, PWS and Cuthbert, RN and Kregting, L and Crane, K and Vong, GYW and Cunningham, EM and Dick, JTA and Coughlan, NE}, title = {Stay clean: direct steam exposure to manage biofouling risks.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {142}, number = {}, pages = {465-469}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.011}, pmid = {31232325}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Biofouling/*prevention &amp; control ; Biomass ; Fucus ; Mytilus edulis ; Ostreidae ; *Steam ; Thoracica ; Time Factors ; Ulva ; }, abstract = {Biofouling by marine organisms can result in a variety of negative environmental and economic consequences, with decontamination procedures remaining problematic, costly and labour-intensive. Here, we examined the efficacy of direct steam exposure to induce mortality of selected biofouling species: Mytilus edulis; Magallana gigas; Semibalanus balanoides; Fucus vesiculosus; and an Ulva sp. Total mortality occurred at 60-sec of steam exposure for M. edulis and juvenile M. gigas, at 30-sec for S. balanoides, while 300-sec was required for adult M. gigas. Application of steam reduced the biomass of F. vesiculosus and significantly reduced Ulva sp. biomass, with complete degradation being observed for Ulva sp. following 120-sec of exposure. Accordingly, it appears that steam exposure can cause mortality of biofouling organisms through thermal shock. Although preliminary, our novel and promising results suggest that steam applications could potentially be used to decontaminate niche areas and equipment.}, }
@article {pmid31232304, year = {2019}, author = {Lattuada, M and Albrecht, C and Wilke, T}, title = {Differential impact of anthropogenic pressures on Caspian Sea ecoregions.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {142}, number = {}, pages = {274-281}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.046}, pmid = {31232304}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Caspian Sea ; Conservation of Water Resources/methods ; Environment ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Water Pollution, Chemical ; }, abstract = {Over the past decades, overall ecological conditions in the Caspian Sea have deteriorated. However, a comprehensive understanding of lake-wide spatial differences in anthropogenic pressures is lacking and the biological consequences of human impacts are poorly understood. This paper therefore aims at assessing the individual and combined effects of critical anthropogenic pressures on the Caspian Sea ecoregions. First, cumulative pressure scores were calculated with a cumulative environmental assessment (CEA) analysis. Then, the individual contribution of anthropogenic pressures was quantified. Finally, ecoregion-specific differences were assessed. The analyses show that both cumulative and individual pressure scores are unevenly distributed across the Caspian Sea. The most important individual pressures are invasive species, chemical pollution and poaching. This uneven distribution of pressure scores across Caspian Sea ecoregions creates new challenges for future conservation strategies, as different ecoregions usually require different conservation measures.}, }
@article {pmid31230224, year = {2019}, author = {Hodgdon, EA and Hallett, RH and Wallin, KF and Stratton, CA and Chen, YH}, title = {Racemic Pheromone Blends Disrupt Mate Location in the Invasive Swede Midge, Contarinia nasturtii.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {45}, number = {7}, pages = {549-558}, pmid = {31230224}, issn = {1573-1561}, support = {2014-70006-22525//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Diptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Reproduction/drug effects ; Sex Attractants/*chemistry/pharmacology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Stereoisomerism ; }, abstract = {Swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer, is an invasive cecidomyiid pest that causes serious losses of Brassica oilseed and vegetable crops in the Northeastern U.S. and Canada. Currently, few alternatives to systemic insecticides exist for its management. Because a single feeding larva can render heading Brassica crops unmarketable, management strategies that prevent oviposition are needed urgently. Pheromone-mediated mating disruption is a promising management approach for swede midge because it prevents mating and subsequent crop damage. While the swede midge pheromone has been identified, one of the major barriers to using it in mating disruption is the high cost of synthesis. Racemic blends, consisting of natural and non-natural stereoisomers, could be useful for mating disruption because they are cheaper to produce. However, it is not clear whether racemic pheromone blends attract males and/or prevent them from locating and mating with females. Here, we studied the behavior of male swede midge in Y-tube and wind tunnel bioassays to pheromone blends. Specifically, we tested whether males: (1) are attracted to different doses of pheromone, (2) discriminate between blends comprising natural stereospecific or racemic components, or a combination thereof, and (3) are able to locate and copulate with females in pheromone-permeated olfactometers. We found that picogram amounts of pheromone attracted males and prevented them from locating females in y-tube olfactometers. While males were more attracted to stereospecific blends, compared to racemic blends, all blends tested prevented nearly all males mating with females. Therefore, low dose racemic blends may be promising for pheromone-mediated mating disruption.}, }
@article {pmid31230219, year = {2019}, author = {Plank, MJ and Stringer, N and Lamoureaux, SL and Bourdôt, GW and James, A}, title = {Limiting Effect of Self-Shading on the Height of Tradescantia fluminensis Mats.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {81}, number = {10}, pages = {3918-3932}, pmid = {31230219}, issn = {1522-9602}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Darkness ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Light ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development/metabolism/radiation effects ; Tradescantia/*growth &amp; development/metabolism/radiation effects ; }, abstract = {Tradescantia fluminensis is an invasive plant species in New Zealand, Australia and parts of the USA. It reproduces vegetatively and can grow to form dense mats up to 60 cm deep. Growth is limited by available light, and shading is one of the few effective methods of control. In this paper, we develop a dynamic model of a vertical cross section of a T. fluminensis mat, capturing vertical variation in its biomass and internal light intensity. We measure both variables at different heights in experimental mats of the species and use these data to parameterize the model. The model produces realistic vertical biomass and light intensity profiles. We show that the mat grows to a steady-state biomass that depends only on: (i) the light absorption coefficient, which we estimate from experimental data and (ii) the ratio of photosynthesis to respiration rate. This steady state undergoes a transcritical bifurcation; when the ambient light intensity falls below a critical level, the biomass shrinks to zero and the mat cannot survive.}, }
@article {pmid31227931, year = {2019}, author = {Wickham, P and Singh, L and Pandey, P and Lesmeister, S and Gilbert, P and Kwong, M and Caudill, J and O'Brien, J and Biswas, S and Teh, S}, title = {Development of extraction and detection method for fluridone in water and sediment by HPLC-UV.}, journal = {AMB Express}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {90}, pmid = {31227931}, issn = {2191-0855}, abstract = {Fluridone is widely used as a herbicide for controlling invasive aquatic plants such as hydrilla in surface water bodies. When applied on surface waters fluridone can attach to bed sediment, requiring rigorous extraction methods prior to analysis. Currently, very limited information exists in terms of fluridone residue detection in delta sediment. In this study, we researched fluridone detection in both water and sediment. To extract fluridone from sediment, here we have tested two extraction methods: (1) a rotavapor method (RM); and (2) a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method (QM). The extraction results of RM were compared with those of QM. To quantify fluridone concentrations in extracts, a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV detector was used. HPLC separation was achieved using an Allure C18 5 µm 150 × 4.6 mm column with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and water (60:40, v/v). The UV detector was operated at 237 nm. The method was tested and validated using a series of water and sediment samples taken from Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in California. The average recovery of fluridone was 73% and 78% using RM and QM respectively. The proposed method can be used for testing fluridone in water and sediment samples.}, }
@article {pmid31227552, year = {2019}, author = {He, J and Dai, Q and Qi, Y and Su, P and Huang, M and Ke, C and Feng, D}, title = {Bacterial Nucleobases Synergistically Induce Larval Settlement and Metamorphosis in the Invasive Mussel Mytilopsis sallei.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {85}, number = {16}, pages = {}, pmid = {31227552}, issn = {1098-5336}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; Guanine/analysis/metabolism ; Larva/*growth &amp; development ; Metamorphosis, Biological ; Seawater/analysis ; Thymine/analysis/metabolism ; Uracil/analysis/metabolism ; Vibrio/isolation &amp; purification/*metabolism ; Xanthine/analysis/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Marine bacterial biofilms have long been recognized as potential inducers of larval settlement and metamorphosis in marine invertebrates, but few chemical cues from bacteria have been identified. Here, we show that larval settlement and metamorphosis of an invasive fouling mussel, Mytilopsis sallei, could be induced by biofilms of bacteria isolated from its adult shells and other substrates from the natural environment. One of the strains isolated, Vibrio owensii MS-9, showed strong inducing activity which was attributed to the release of a mixture of nucleobases including uracil, thymine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, and guanine into seawater. In particular, the synergistic effect of hypoxanthine and guanine was sufficient for the inducing activity of V. owensii MS-9. The presence of two or three other nucleobases could enhance, to some extent, the activity of the mixture of hypoxanthine and guanine. Furthermore, we determined that bacteria producing higher concentrations of nucleobases were more likely to induce larval settlement and metamorphosis of M. sallei than were bacteria producing lower concentrations of nucleobases. The present study demonstrates that bacterial nucleobases play an important role in larval settlement and metamorphosis of marine invertebrates. This provides new insights into our understanding of the role of environmental bacteria in the colonization and aggregation of invasive fouling organisms and of the metabolites used as chemical mediators in cross-kingdom communication within aquatic systems.IMPORTANCE Invasive species are an increasingly serious problem globally. In aquatic ecosystems, invasive dreissenid mussels are well-known ecological and economic pests because they appear to effortlessly invade new environments and foul submerged structures with high-density aggregations. To efficiently control exotic mussel recruitment and colonization, the need to investigate the mechanisms of substrate selection for larval settlement and metamorphosis is apparent. Our work is one of very few to experimentally demonstrate that compounds produced by environmental bacteria play an important role in larval settlement and metamorphosis in marine invertebrates. Additionally, this study demonstrates that bacterial nucleobases can be used as chemical mediators in cross-kingdom communication within aquatic systems, which will enhance our understanding of how microbes induce larval settlement and metamorphosis of dreissenid mussels, and it furthermore may allow the development of new methods for application in antifouling.}, }
@article {pmid31222487, year = {2019}, author = {Magee, TK and Blocksom, KA and Herlihy, AT and Nahlik, AM}, title = {Characterizing nonnative plants in wetlands across the conterminous United States.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {191}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {344}, pmid = {31222487}, issn = {1573-2959}, support = {#RD-83425201//National Center for Environmental Research (NCER) STAR Program of the US EPA/ ; }, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environmental Monitoring/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Humans ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Plant Development ; Plants/*classification ; Risk Assessment ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Nonnative plants are widely recognized as stressors to wetlands and other ecosystems. They may compete with native plant species or communities and alter ecosystem properties, which can affect ecological condition, posing challenges to resource managers. As part of the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Wetland Condition Assessment (NWCA), we characterized the status of nonnative plants in wetlands across the conterminous United States (US). Our primary goals were to (1) document the composition of nonnative taxa at 1138 NWCA sites sampled in 2011 and (2) estimate the areal extent of wetland under stress from nonnative plants within the NWCA 2011 sampled population of ~ 25 million ha of wetland (represented by 967 sampled probability sites and the NWCA survey design). A total of 443 unique nonnative taxa were observed, encompassing a species pool adapted to diverse ecological conditions. For individual sites, the number of nonnative taxa ranged from 0 to 29, and total absolute cover of nonnatives ranged from 0 to 160%. We devised the nonnative plant indicator (NNPI) as a categorical indicator of stress (low to very high) from the collective set of nonnative plant taxa occurring at a particular location, based on a decision matrix of exceedance values for nonnative richness, relative frequency, and relative cover. Wetland area of the sampled population occurring in each NNPI category was estimated at the scale of the conterminous US and within five large ecoregions and four broad wetland types. Potential stress from nonnative plants, as indicated by the NNPI category, was low for approximately 61% (~ 15.3 million ha), moderate for about 20% (~ 5.2 million ha), high for about 10% (~ 2.48 million ha), and very high for about 9% (~ 2.2 million ha) of the wetland area in the entire sampled population. Percent of wetland area with high and very high NNPI varied by ecoregional subpopulations: greater within interior and western ecoregions (~ 29 to 87%) than within ecoregions in the eastern half of the nation (~ 11%). Among wetland type subpopulations, greater percent of wetland area with high and very high NNPI was observed for herbaceous vs. woody types and for inland vs. estuarine types. Estimates of wetland area by NNPI categories are expected to be useful to policy makers or resource managers for prioritizing management actions by identifying situations where stress from nonnative plants is most extensive. We also considered four exploratory analyses aimed at providing ecological information useful in interpreting NNPI extent results. We conducted three population-scale analyses examining ecoregional and wetland type population means for (1) the three NNPI metrics, (2) absolute cover of growth-habit groups of nonnative plants, and (3) metrics describing human-mediated disturbance. Finally, we examined ecological relationships with site-level NNPI status using a random forest (RF) analysis with NNPI as the response variable and predictor variables including ecoregion, wetland type, and a variety of characteristics describing natural vegetation structure, environment, and human-mediated disturbance.}, }
@article {pmid31222417, year = {2019}, author = {Herlihy, AT and Sifneos, JC and Lomnicky, GA and Nahlik, AM and Kentula, ME and Magee, TK and Weber, MH and Trebitz, AS}, title = {The response of wetland quality indicators to human disturbance indicators across the United States.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {191}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {296}, pmid = {31222417}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Plants ; Soil/chemistry ; United States ; Urbanization ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {We analyzed data from 1138 wetland sites across the conterminous United States (US) as part of the 2011 National Wetland Condition Assessment (NWCA) to investigate the response of indicators of wetland quality to indicators of human disturbance at regional and continental scales. The strength and nature of these relationships in wetlands have rarely been examined over large regions, due to the paucity of large-scale datasets. Wetland response indicators were a multimetric index of vegetation condition (VMMI), percent relative cover of alien plant species, soil lead and phosphorus, and water column total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Site-level disturbance indices were generated from field observations of disturbance types within a circular 140-m radius area around the sample point. Summary indices were calculated representing disturbances for ditching, damming, filling/erosion, hardening, vegetation replacement, and vegetation removal. Landscape-level disturbance associated with agricultural and urban land cover, roads, and human population were based on GIS data layers quantified in 200, 500, and 1000-m circular buffers around each sample point. Among these three buffer sizes, the landscape disturbance indicators were highly correlated and had similar relationships with the response indictors. Consequently, only the 1000-m buffer data were used for subsequent analyses. Disturbance-response models built using only landscape- or only site-level disturbance variables generally explained a small portion of the variance in the response variables (R[2] < 0.2), whereas models using both types of disturbance data were better at predicting wetland responses. The VMMI was the response variable with the strongest relationship to the disturbances assessed in the NWCA (national model R[2] = 0.251). National multiple regression models for the soil and water chemistry and percent alien cover responses to disturbance indices were not significant. The generally low percentage of significant models and the wide variation in predictor variables suggests that stressor-response relationships vary considerably across the diversity of wetland types and landscape settings found across the conterminous US. Logistic regression modeling was more informative, resulting in significant national and regional models predicting site presence/absence of alien species and/or the concentration of lead in wetland soils above background.}, }
@article {pmid31220393, year = {2019}, author = {Falaschi, M and Manenti, R and Thuiller, W and Ficetola, GF}, title = {Continental-scale determinants of population trends in European amphibians and reptiles.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {10}, pages = {3504-3515}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14739}, pmid = {31220393}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {*Amphibians ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Reptiles ; }, abstract = {The continuous decline of biodiversity is determined by the complex and joint effects of multiple environmental drivers. Still, a large part of past global change studies reporting and explaining biodiversity trends have focused on a single driver. Therefore, we are often unable to attribute biodiversity changes to different drivers, since a multivariable design is required to disentangle joint effects and interactions. In this work, we used a meta-regression within a Bayesian framework to analyze 843 time series of population abundance from 17 European amphibian and reptile species over the last 45 years. We investigated the relative effects of climate change, alien species, habitat availability, and habitat change in driving trends of population abundance over time, and evaluated how the importance of these factors differs across species. A large number of populations (54%) declined, but differences between species were strong, with some species showing positive trends. Populations declined more often in areas with a high number of alien species, and in areas where climate change has caused loss of suitability. Habitat features showed small variation over the last 25 years, with an average loss of suitable habitat of 0.1%/year per population. Still, a strong interaction between habitat availability and the richness of alien species indicated that the negative impact of alien species was particularly strong for populations living in landscapes with less suitable habitat. Furthermore, when excluding the two commonest species, habitat loss was the main correlate of negative population trends for the remaining species. By analyzing trends for multiple species across a broad spatial scale, we identify alien species, climate change, and habitat changes as the major drivers of European amphibian and reptile decline.}, }
@article {pmid31220167, year = {2019}, author = {Krabbe, BA and Arnan, X and Lannes, P and Bergstedt, CE and Larsen, RS and Pedersen, JS and Shik, JZ}, title = {Using nutritional geometry to define the fundamental macronutrient niche of the widespread invasive ant Monomorium pharaonis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {e0218764}, pmid = {31220167}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Diet ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Food Preferences/*physiology ; Food Supply ; Introduced Species ; Nutrients/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The emerging field of nutritional geometry (NG) provides powerful new approaches to test whether and how organisms prioritize specific nutritional blends when consuming chemically complex foods. NG approaches can thus help move beyond food-level estimates of diet breadth to predict invasive success, for instance by revealing narrow nutritional niches if broad diets are actually composed of nutritionally similar foods. We used two NG paradigms to provide different, but complementary insights into nutrient regulation strategies and test a hypothesis of extreme nutritional generalism in colony propagules of the globally distributed invasive ant Monomorium pharaonis. First, in two dimensions (protein:carbohydrates; P:C), M. pharaonis colonies consistently defended a slightly carbohydrate-biased intake target, while using a generalist equal-distance strategy of collectively overharvesting both protein and carbohydrates to reach this target when confined to imbalanced P:C diets. Second, a recently developed right-angled mixture triangle method enabled us to define the fundamental niche breadth in three dimensions (protein:carbohydrates:lipid, P:C:L). We found that colonies navigated the P:C:L landscape, in part, to mediate a tradeoff between worker survival (maximized on high-carbohydrate diets) and brood production (maximized on high-protein diets). Colonies further appeared unable to avoid this tradeoff by consuming extra lipids when the other nutrients were limiting. Colonies also did not rely on nutrient regulation inside their nests, as they did not hoard or scatter fractions of harvested diets to adjust the nutritional blends they consumed. These complementary NG approaches highlight that even the most successful invasive species with broad fundamental macronutrient niches must navigate complex multidimensional nutritional landscapes to acquire limiting macronutrients and overcome developmental constraints as small propagules.}, }
@article {pmid31219681, year = {2020}, author = {Ryo, M and Jeschke, JM and Rillig, MC and Heger, T}, title = {Machine learning with the hierarchy-of-hypotheses (HoH) approach discovers novel pattern in studies on biological invasions.}, journal = {Research synthesis methods}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {66-73}, pmid = {31219681}, issn = {1759-2887}, support = {01LC1501A//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Bildung und Forschung/ ; the Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Overseas Research Fellow//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; JE 288/9-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; JE 288/9-2//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; 01LC1501A//German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)/ ; Az 92807//Volkswagen Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Artificial Intelligence ; Asia ; Biology/*methods ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; *Decision Trees ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Machine Learning ; Models, Statistical ; Reproducibility of Results ; Research Design ; *Review Literature as Topic ; }, abstract = {Research synthesis on simple yet general hypotheses and ideas is challenging in scientific disciplines studying highly context-dependent systems such as medical, social, and biological sciences. This study shows that machine learning, equation-free statistical modeling of artificial intelligence, is a promising synthesis tool for discovering novel patterns and the source of controversy in a general hypothesis. We apply a decision tree algorithm, assuming that evidence from various contexts can be adequately integrated in a hierarchically nested structure. As a case study, we analyzed 163 articles that studied a prominent hypothesis in invasion biology, the enemy release hypothesis. We explored if any of the nine attributes that classify each study can differentiate conclusions as classification problem. Results corroborated that machine learning can be useful for research synthesis, as the algorithm could detect patterns that had been already focused in previous narrative reviews. Compared with the previous synthesis study that assessed the same evidence collection based on experts' judgement, the algorithm has newly proposed that the studies focusing on Asian regions mostly supported the hypothesis, suggesting that more detailed investigations in these regions can enhance our understanding of the hypothesis. We suggest that machine learning algorithms can be a promising synthesis tool especially where studies (a) reformulate a general hypothesis from different perspectives, (b) use different methods or variables, or (c) report insufficient information for conducting meta-analyses.}, }
@article {pmid31218361, year = {2019}, author = {Tognetti, PM and Mazia, N and Ibáñez, G}, title = {Seed local adaptation and seedling plasticity account for Gleditsia triacanthos tree invasion across biomes.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {124}, number = {2}, pages = {307-318}, pmid = {31218361}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Argentina ; Ecosystem ; Germination ; *Gleditsia ; Seedlings ; Seeds ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Phenotypic plasticity and local adaption can contribute to the success of invasive species. While the former is an environmentally induced trait, the latter involves a selection process to filter the best genotype for a location. We examined the evidence for phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation for seed and seedling traits of the invasive tree Gleditsia triacanthos, with three origins distributed along an approx. 10° latitude gradient across three biomes.<br><br>METHODS: In sub-tropical forests, dry woodlands and secondary temperate grasslands in Argentina, we harvested seeds from clusters of neighbouring trees (i.e. families) distributed within 15-20 km in each origin (biome). We manipulated the environmental conditions relevant to each biome, assuming that propagule availability did not represent an ecological barrier. In growth chambers, we evaluated seed imbibition and seed germination under different light, temperature and water potential. In a 2 year common garden, we evaluated the impact of resident vegetation removal on seedling survival and growth.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Mean time to complete seed imbibition differed among origins; seeds from temperate grasslands reached full imbibition before seeds from dry woodlands and sub-tropical forests. Germination was always >70 %, but was differentially affected by water potential, and light quantity (dark-light) and quality (red-far red) among origins, suggesting local adaptation. In the common garden, vegetation removal rather than origin negatively affected seedling survival and enhanced seedling growth. Vegetation removal increased basal diameter, leaves per plant and spine number, and reduced the height:basal diameter ratio.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that local adaptation in seed germination traits and plastic changes in seedling allometry (e.g. height:diameter) may allow this tree to respond over the short and long term to changes in environmental conditions, and to contribute to shape G. triacanthos as a successful woody invader. Overall, our study revealed how local adaptation and plasticity can explain different aspects of tree invasion capacity across biomes.}, }
@article {pmid31218119, year = {2019}, author = {Srėbalienė, G and Olenin, S and Minchin, D and Narščius, A}, title = {A comparison of impact and risk assessment methods based on the IMO Guidelines and EU invasive alien species risk assessment frameworks.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6965}, pmid = {31218119}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {A comparative analysis of two risk assessment (RA) frameworks developed to support the implementation of the international Ballast Water Management Convention (BWMC) and European Regulation on Invasive Alien Species (IAS) was performed. This analysis revealed both differences and similarities between the IMO Risk Assessment Guidelines (IMO, 2007) and EU Regulation supplement on RA of IAS (EU, 2018) in RA approaches, key principles, RA components and categories of IAS impacts recommended for assessment. The results of this analysis were used to produce a common procedure for the evaluation of the bioinvasion risk and impact assessment methods intended to support international, regional and/or national policy on IAS. The procedure includes a scoring scheme to assess compliance with the key principles, RA components and categories of bioinvasion impacts taken into account by the methods. In these methods the categories of impacts on human health and economy are underrepresented comparing with impacts on environment.}, }
@article {pmid31217580, year = {2019}, author = {Redding, DW and Pigot, AL and Dyer, EE and Şekercioğlu, &#xc7;H and Kark, S and Blackburn, TM}, title = {Location-level processes drive the establishment of alien bird populations worldwide.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {571}, number = {7763}, pages = {103-106}, pmid = {31217580}, issn = {1476-4687}, support = {MR/R02491X/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Birds/classification ; *Geographic Mapping ; Human Activities ; *Internationality ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Phylogeny ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Probability ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Human-mediated translocation of species to areas beyond their natural distribution (which results in 'alien' populations[1]) is a key signature of the Anthropocene[2], and is a primary global driver of biodiversity loss and environmental change[3]. Stemming the tide of invasions requires understanding why some species fail to establish alien populations, and others succeed. To achieve this, we need to integrate the effects of features of the introduction site, the species introduced and the specific introduction event. Determining which, if any, location-level factors affect the success of establishment has proven difficult, owing to the multiple spatial, temporal and phylogenetic axes along which environmental variation may influence population survival. Here we apply Bayesian hierarchical regression analysis to a global spatially and temporally explicit database of introduction events of alien birds[4] to show that environmental conditions at the introduction location, notably climatic suitability and the presence of other groups of alien species, are the primary determinants of successful establishment. Species-level traits and the size of the founding population (propagule pressure) exert secondary, but important, effects on success. Thus, current trajectories of anthropogenic environmental change will most probably facilitate future incursions by alien species, but predicting future invasions will require the integration of multiple location-, species- and event-level characteristics.}, }
@article {pmid31217462, year = {2019}, author = {Epstein, G and Hawkins, SJ and Smale, DA}, title = {Identifying niche and fitness dissimilarities in invaded marine macroalgal canopies within the context of contemporary coexistence theory.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {8816}, pmid = {31217462}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/*physiology ; Biomass ; Coral Reefs ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Seaweed/*physiology ; Symbiosis ; Undaria/physiology ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Contemporary coexistence theory provides a framework for predicting invasiveness and impact of Invasive Non-Native Species (INNS) by incorporating differences in niche and fitness between INNS and co-occurring native species. The widespread invasive kelp Undaria pinnatifida is considered a high-risk INNS, although a robust evidence base regarding its invasiveness and impact is lacking in many regions. Invaded macroalgal canopies at nine coastal sites in the southwest UK were studied over three years to discern whether Undaria is coexisting or competing with native canopy-forming species across different habitat types. Spatial, temporal and depth-related trends in species distributions and abundance were recorded within intertidal and subtidal rocky reef as well as on marina pontoons. A primary succession experiment also examined competitive interactions between species. In rocky reef habitats, Undaria had lower fitness compared to long-lived native perennials, but was able to coexist due to niche dissimilarity between species. In contrast, Undaria was likely to be competing with short-lived native annuals on rocky reef due to large niche overlap and similar fitness. In marina habitats, Undaria dominated over all other canopy formers due to low niche diversification and higher fitness. Generalisations on INNS impact cannot be made across habitats or species, without considering many abiotic factors and biotic interactions.}, }
@article {pmid31213690, year = {2019}, author = {Silver, A}, title = {Caterpillar's devastating march across China spurs hunt for native predator.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {570}, number = {7761}, pages = {286-287}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-019-01867-3}, pmid = {31213690}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Crops, Agricultural/economics/*parasitology ; Food, Genetically Modified ; *Introduced Species/trends ; Larva/*pathogenicity ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods/trends ; *Predatory Behavior ; Spodoptera/*pathogenicity ; Zea mays/*parasitology ; }, }
@article {pmid31213206, year = {2019}, author = {Kroth, N and Cozzer, GD and de Carvalho, G and Cassol, AS and Breaux, J and Lutinski, JA and Busato, MA and Roman Junior, WA and Dos Santos, JJ and Albeny-Simões, D}, title = {Oviposition preferences of the mosquito Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, 1762 (Culicidae): an urban environment bioassay.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {109}, number = {6}, pages = {762-770}, doi = {10.1017/S000748531900021X}, pmid = {31213206}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Brazil ; Choice Behavior ; Cities ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Housing ; Introduced Species ; *Oviposition ; Water/*chemistry ; Water Pollutants ; }, abstract = {The establishment of an invasive species depends on reproductive success and dispersion capability in the new environment. One of the striking examples of invasion in urban environments is the mosquito Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, 1762 (Culicidae). The success of this species is primarily attributed to its ability to colonize urban environments, and some of the important adaptive strategies associated with this ability is the preference for humans as a blood source and intense occupation of residential (indoor) environments. This study evaluated the effects of location (indoor vs. outdoor) and water nutrient level (% organic matter) on the oviposition preference of A. aegypti in an urban environment. We used oviposition choice experiments to evaluate mosquito oviposition in containers holding 1:1 vs 1:0 ratios of water: organic matter placed indoors and outdoors. Eggs were sampled once per week for nine weeks. Our results revealed a strong oviposition preference for outdoor containers, with a significant preference for containers with higher concentrations of organic matter during the fifth to ninth weeks. However, mosquitoes occupying indoor environments did not prefer to lay eggs in containers with lower levels of organic matter. A better understanding of the preferences of A. aegypti regarding the nutrient level and location of oviposition containers can increase our understanding of the behavioral factors allowing mosquitoes to utilize anthropogenic environments.}, }
@article {pmid31212913, year = {2019}, author = {Kapantaidaki, DE and Evangelou, VI and Morrison, WR and Leskey, TC and Brodeur, J and Milonas, P}, title = {Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Genetic Diversity in North America and Europe.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {31212913}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {690952//H2020 Marie Sk&#x142;odowska-Curie Actions/ ; 2016-51181-25409//USDA NIFA SCRI CAP/ ; }, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an invasive species in North America and Europe that damages many different host plants. Substantial work has been conducted on the genetic diversity and invasion pathways of H. halys in some of the countries where it has been found, based on mitochondrial sequences. The main objective of the present study was to further explore the genetic diversity of invasive populations of H. halys exploiting both mitochondrial and nuclear markers. We used two molecular markers: the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene, an ideal standardized molecular marker for distinguishing closely related species, and the ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1), because only a few sequences of H. halys exist to this point in global databases. We used specimens from eight populations from Greece, Italy, Canada, and the US. Among the 14 haplotypes retrieved based on the mtCOI gene, two of them (H162-H163) were detected for the first time. These two haplotypes were found in specimens from Canada, Italy, and the US. Concerning the ITS1 region, 24 haplotypes were identified, with 15 being unique for a sampled population. In Greece and the US, 14 and 12 haplotypes were found, respectively, with 7 and 6 of them being unique for Greece and the US, respectively. Our analysis of the nuclear genes of H. halys indicates high genetic diversity of the invading populations in North America and Europe.}, }
@article {pmid31210722, year = {2019}, author = {Neumann, KM and Pinter-Wollman, N}, title = {Collective responses to heterospecifics emerge from individual differences in aggression.}, journal = {Behavioral ecology : official journal of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {801-808}, pmid = {31210722}, issn = {1045-2249}, support = {R01 GM115509/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Variation in individual behavior among group members impacts collective outcomes. The ability of both individuals and groups to outcompete others can determine access to resources. The invasive Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, dominates resources and displaces native species. To determine how access to resources by groups of L. humile is impacted by their behavioral composition, we first determined that L. humile workers consistently vary in aggressive behavior. We then asked if variation in aggression within a group influences the group's ability to access a resource in the presence of cues of a native species, Tapinoma sessile. We found that the behavioral composition of L. humile groups impacted the groups' collective response to cues of T. sessile. Group behavior was the result of mostly additive, rather than synergistic, combinations of the behaviors of the group members. The behavior of groups that contained 50% highly aggressive and 50% low-aggression individuals was similar to the average of the behaviors of groups of all highly aggressive and groups of all low-aggression individuals. Uncovering the mechanisms that allow social invasive species to dominate the ecological communities they invade can inform the mitigation of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid31209955, year = {2020}, author = {Jing, DP and Guo, JF and Jiang, YY and Zhao, JZ and Sethi, A and He, KL and Wang, ZY}, title = {Initial detections and spread of invasive Spodoptera frugiperda in China and comparisons with other noctuid larvae in cornfields using molecular techniques.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {780-790}, pmid = {31209955}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {2018YFD020062//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; CARS-02//Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System/ ; }, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; China ; Electron Transport Complex IV/analysis ; Insect Proteins/analysis ; Introduced Species ; Larva/anatomy &amp; histology/enzymology/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Species Specificity ; Spodoptera/anatomy &amp; histology/enzymology/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Triose-Phosphate Isomerase/analysis ; Zea mays ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a species native to the Americas and has spread to many countries in Africa and Asia in recent years. Proactive actions for potential invasion of S. frugiperda to China coordinated by government agencies and agricultural extension systems resulted in timely detection in January 2019 in Yunnan province neighboring onto Myanmar. The extensive monitoring in southern provinces of China since February 2019 resulted in dynamic tracking of S. frugiperda spreading to 13 provincial regions in China within 4 months by May 10, 2019, which is crucial for timely management actions in the fields. The first detections of S. frugiperda (corn strain) in China were confirmed using cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and triosephosphate isomerase (Tpi) genes molecular marker method. In addition to S. frugiperda, larvae of three other noctuid species with similar morphological appearance (S. litura, S. exigua and Mythimna separata) can occur simultaneously and cause similar damage in cornfields in southern China. Thus, we can use both morphological and molecular marker methods to compare larval stages of four noctuid species. Further, we discuss the risk of potential spread of invasive S. frugiperda to other regions and impact on corn production in China.}, }
@article {pmid31209600, year = {2021}, author = {Donnelly, A and Yu, R}, title = {Temperate deciduous shrub phenology: the overlooked forest layer.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, pages = {343-355}, pmid = {31209600}, issn = {1432-1254}, support = {101x368//University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Research Growth Initiative/ ; }, mesh = {Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Forests ; Plant Leaves ; Seasons ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Temperate deciduous shrub phenology plays a pivotal role in forest ecology by regulating the timing of suitable habitat and food of a range of organisms as well as influencing the timing and duration of the carbon uptake period especially in early spring and late autumn when trees are leafless. However, given the overwhelming influence of canopy trees on forest ecosystem functioning, shrubs are often ignored in ecosystem modeling. Isolating the shrub contribution to C flux or satellite-derived forest phenology is challenging. In addition, since shrubs are more likely to be invasive than trees, future changes to shrub species composition are likely, with consequent implications for both over- and understory species composition and ecosystem functioning. Surprisingly, given their multifaceted role, our review revealed that studies on temperate deciduous shrub phenology are limited with the majority focusing on managing invasive shrubs in USA forests. In addition, results of some studies using a large number of species from a range of geographical locations suggested that, in general, invasive shrubs leafed out earlier and retained leaves longer than native species. However, this may not be directly applicable to local conditions with a smaller range of locally adapted species. Therefore, in order to fully understand the role of shrub phenology in temperate deciduous forests, in terms of invasive species, response to climate change and subsequent influence on C balance it will be necessary to establish phenological monitoring sites in which both tree and shrub phenology are recorded concurrently across a range of geographical locations.}, }
@article {pmid31209552, year = {2019}, author = {McLeod, LJ and Hine, DW}, title = {Using Audience Segmentation to Understand Nonparticipation in Invasive Mammal Management in Australia.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {64}, number = {2}, pages = {213-229}, pmid = {31209552}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Australia ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Mammals ; }, abstract = {Invasive mammals threaten agriculture, biodiversity, and community health. Yet many landholders fail to engage in control activities recommended by experts. We surveyed a representative sample of 731 Western Australian rural landholders. The survey assessed landholders' participation in a range of activities to control invasive mammals, as well as their capabilities, opportunities, and motivation for engaging in such activities. We found that over half of our respondents had not participated in any individual or group activities to control invasive mammals during the previous 12 months. Using latent profile analysis, we identified six homogeneous subgroups of nonparticipating landholders, each with their distinct psycho-graphic profiles: Unaware, Unskilled, and Unmotivated, Aware but Unskilled and Doubtful, Unskilled and Time Poor, Disinterested, Skilled but Dismissive, and Capable but Unmotivated. Our results indicate that engagement specialists should not treat nonparticipating landholders as a single homogeneous group. Nonparticipators differ considerably in terms of their capabilities, opportunities, and motivations, and require targeted engagement strategies informed by these differences.}, }
@article {pmid31209471, year = {2019}, author = {Martinez, KA and Fridley, JD and Oguchi, R and Aiba, M and Hikosaka, K}, title = {Functional shifts in leaves of woody invaders of deciduous forests between their home and away ranges.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {39}, number = {9}, pages = {1551-1560}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpz065}, pmid = {31209471}, issn = {1758-4469}, mesh = {*Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Temperate forests are widely invaded by shade-tolerant shrubs and trees, including those of Eastern North America (ENA). However, it remains unknown whether these invaders are 'preadapted' for success in their new ranges due to unique aspects of their evolutionary history or whether selection due to enemy release or other postintroduction processes have driven rapid evolution in the invaded range. We sampled leaf traits of populations of woody understory invaders across light gradients in their native range in Japan and in their invaded ENA range to examine potential phenotypic shifts related to carbon gain and nitrogen use between ranges. We also measured leaf traits in three co-occurring ENA native shrub species. In their invaded range, invaders invested significantly less in leaf chlorophyll content (both per unit leaf mass and area) compared with native range populations of the same species, yet maintained similar rates of photosynthesis in low light. In addition, compared with ENA natives, ENA invaders displayed greater trait variation in response to increasing light availability (forest edges, gaps), giving them a potential advantage over ENA natives in a variety of light conditions. We conclude that, for this group of species, newly evolved phenotypes in the invaded range are more important than preadaptation for their success as shade-tolerant forest invaders.}, }
@article {pmid31207933, year = {2019}, author = {Jacobus, LM and Macadam, CR and Sartori, M}, title = {Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and Their Contributions to Ecosystem Services.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {31207933}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {This work is intended as a general and concise overview of Ephemeroptera biology, diversity, and services provided to humans and other parts of our global array of freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. The Ephemeroptera, or mayflies, are a small but diverse order of amphinotic insects associated with liquid freshwater worldwide. They are nearly cosmopolitan, except for Antarctica and some very remote islands. The existence of the subimago stage is unique among extant insects. Though the winged stages do not have functional mouthparts or digestive systems, the larval, or nymphal, stages have a variety of feeding approaches-including, but not limited to, collector-gatherers, filterers, scrapers, and active predators-with each supported by a diversity of morphological and behavioral adaptations. Mayflies provide direct and indirect services to humans and other parts of both freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. In terms of cultural services, they have provided inspiration to musicians, poets, and other writers, as well as being the namesakes of various water- and aircraft. They are commemorated by festivals worldwide. Mayflies are especially important to fishing. Mayflies contribute to the provisioning services of ecosystems in that they are utilized as food by human cultures worldwide (having one of the highest protein contents of any edible insect), as laboratory organisms, and as a potential source of antitumor molecules. They provide regulatory services through their cleaning of freshwater. They provide many essential supporting services for ecosystems such as bioturbation, bioirrigation, decomposition, nutrition for many kinds of non-human animals, nutrient cycling and spiraling in freshwaters, nutrient cycling between aquatic and terrestrial systems, habitat for other organisms, and serving as indicators of ecosystem health. About 20% of mayfly species worldwide might have a threatened conservation status due to influences from pollution, invasive alien species, habitat loss and degradation, and climate change. Even mitigation of negative influences has benefits and tradeoffs, as, in several cases, sustainable energy production negatively impacts mayflies.}, }
@article {pmid31207075, year = {2020}, author = {Rendon, D and Hamby, KA and Arsenault-Benoit, AL and Taylor, CM and Evans, RK and Roubos, CR and Sial, AA and Rogers, M and Petran, A and Van Timmeren, S and Fanning, P and Isaacs, R and Walton, V}, title = {Mulching as a cultural control strategy for Drosophila suzukii in blueberry.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {76}, number = {1}, pages = {55-66}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5512}, pmid = {31207075}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {30379//Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station/ ; 2015-51181-24252//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; //Oregon Blueberry Commission/ ; //Project GREEN/ ; Organic Agriculture Research and Extension Initiat//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; #2014-51300-22238//Extension Initiative (USDA-OREI)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Blueberry Plants ; Drosophila ; Fruit ; Insect Control ; Larva ; Pupa ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Fruit growers largely depend on chemical control to reduce populations of the economically damaging invasive fly, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura). Drosophila suzukii is susceptible to high temperatures and low humidity; therefore, it may be possible to implement cultural control practices that create microclimates unfavorable for its development and survival. In addition to other fruit production benefits, in-row mulches may impede the development of D. suzukii immatures when larvae leave the fruit to pupate in the soil. This study compared the effects of different mulches (black polypropylene fabric weedmats, sawdust, and wood chips) on temperature and relative humidity (RH), and on adult emergence of D. suzukii from larvae in blueberries and pupae, both above and below the ground surface in blueberry plantings (Vaccinium corymbosum L.).<br><br>RESULTS: Across regions, both lower larval survival and longer periods with high suboptimal temperatures occurred above the ground in comparison to buried below the ground, regardless of mulch type. Fewer D. suzukii adults emerged from larvae on weedmat mulch at one site, but there was no effect of mulch type on temperature, RH, or D. suzukii emergence at most sites. The relationships between temperature, RH, and the emergence of adults from larvae and pupae varied by region. Natural infestation by D. suzukii in blueberries was lower over weedmat compared to wood-based mulches at one site. Greenhouse experiments showed that larvae burrowed to pupate underneath sawdust mulch, but were unable to pupate underneath a weedmat mulch.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Although weedmats may not modify temperatures or RH enough to consistently affect D. suzukii emergence, they can reduce field suitability for D. suzukii by providing a barrier that prevents larvae from reaching favorable pupation microhabitats underground. &#xa9; 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid31207021, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, Z and van Kleunen, M}, title = {Common alien plants are more competitive than rare natives but not than common natives.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, pages = {1378-1386}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13320}, pmid = {31207021}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {201606100049//China Scholarship Council/ ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Germany ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Success of alien plants is often attributed to high competitive ability. However, not all aliens become dominant, and not all natives are vulnerable to competitive exclusion. Here, we quantified competitive outcomes and their determinants, using response-surface experiments, in 48 pairs of native and naturalised alien annuals that are common or rare in Germany. Overall, aliens were not more competitive than natives. However, common aliens (invasive) were, despite strong limitation by intraspecific competition, more competitive than rare natives. This is because alien species had higher intrinsic growth rates than natives, and common species had higher intrinsic growth rates than rare ones. Strength of interspecific competition was not related to status or commonness. Our work highlights the importance of including commonness in understanding invasion success. It suggests that variation among species in intrinsic growth rates is more important in competitive outcomes than inter- or intraspecific competition, and thus contributes to invasion success and rarity.}, }
@article {pmid31206825, year = {2019}, author = {Hayward, MW and Callen, A and Allen, BL and Ballard, G and Broekhuis, F and Bugir, C and Clarke, RH and Clulow, J and Clulow, S and Daltry, JC and Davies-Mostert, HT and Fleming, PJS and Griffin, AS and Howell, LG and Kerley, GIH and Klop-Toker, K and Legge, S and Major, T and Meyer, N and Montgomery, RA and Moseby, K and Parker, DM and Périquet, S and Read, J and Scanlon, RJ and Seeto, R and Shuttleworth, C and Somers, MJ and Tamessar, CT and Tuft, K and Upton, R and Valenzuela-Molina, M and Wayne, A and Witt, RR and Wüster, W}, title = {Deconstructing compassionate conservation.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {760-768}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13366}, pmid = {31206825}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animal Welfare ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Empathy ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Compassionate conservation focuses on 4 tenets: first, do no harm; individuals matter; inclusivity of individual animals; and peaceful coexistence between humans and animals. Recently, compassionate conservation has been promoted as an alternative to conventional conservation philosophy. We believe examples presented by compassionate conservationists are deliberately or arbitrarily chosen to focus on mammals; inherently not compassionate; and offer ineffective conservation solutions. Compassionate conservation arbitrarily focuses on charismatic species, notably large predators and megaherbivores. The philosophy is not compassionate when it leaves invasive predators in the environment to cause harm to vastly more individuals of native species or uses the fear of harm by apex predators to terrorize mesopredators. Hindering the control of exotic species (megafauna, predators) in situ will not improve the conservation condition of the majority of biodiversity. The positions taken by so-called compassionate conservationists on particular species and on conservation actions could be extended to hinder other forms of conservation, including translocations, conservation fencing, and fertility control. Animal welfare is incredibly important to conservation, but ironically compassionate conservation does not offer the best welfare outcomes to animals and is often ineffective in achieving conservation goals. Consequently, compassionate conservation may threaten public and governmental support for conservation because of the limited understanding of conservation problems by the general public.}, }
@article {pmid31206531, year = {2019}, author = {Rodríguez-Rey, M and Consuegra, S and Börger, L and Garcia de Leaniz, C}, title = {Improving Species Distribution Modelling of freshwater invasive species for management applications.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {e0217896}, pmid = {31206531}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Fresh Water ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Freshwater ecosystems rank among the most endangered ecosystems in the world and are under increasing threat from aquatic invasive species (AIS). Understanding the range expansion of AIS is key for mitigating their impacts. Most approaches rely on Species Distribution Models (SDMs) to predict the expansion of AIS, using mainly environmental variables, yet ignore the role of human activities in favouring the introduction and range expansion of AIS. In this study, we use five SDM algorithms (independently and in ensemble) and two accuracy measures (TSS, AUC), combined with a null modelling approach, to assess the predictive performance of the models and to quantify which predictors (environmental and anthropogenic from the native and introduced regions) best explain the distribution of nine freshwater invasive species (including fish, arthropods, molluscs, amphibians and reptiles) in a large island (Great Britain), and which species characteristics affect model performance. Our results show that the distribution of invasive species is difficult to predict by SDMs, even in cases when TSS and AUC model accuracy values are high. Our study strongly advocates the use of null models for testing SDMs performance and the inclusion of information from the native area and a variety of both human-related and environmental predictors for a more accurate modelling of the range expansion of AIS. Otherwise, models that only include climatic variables, or rely only on standard accuracy measures or a single algorithm, might result in mismanagement of AIS.}, }
@article {pmid31203755, year = {2019}, author = {Sunday, J and Bennett, JM and Calosi, P and Clusella-Trullas, S and Gravel, S and Hargreaves, AL and Leiva, FP and Verberk, WCEP and Olalla-Tárraga, M&#xc1; and Morales-Castilla, I}, title = {Thermal tolerance patterns across latitude and elevation.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {374}, number = {1778}, pages = {20190036}, pmid = {31203755}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Altitude ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cold Temperature ; Eukaryota/genetics/*physiology ; Hot Temperature ; *Thermotolerance ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Linking variation in species' traits to large-scale environmental gradients can lend insight into the evolutionary processes that have shaped functional diversity and future responses to environmental change. Here, we ask how heat and cold tolerance vary as a function of latitude, elevation and climate extremes, using an extensive global dataset of ectotherm and endotherm thermal tolerance limits, while accounting for methodological variation in acclimation temperature, ramping rate and duration of exposure among studies. We show that previously reported relationships between thermal limits and latitude in ectotherms are robust to variation in methods. Heat tolerance of terrestrial ectotherms declined marginally towards higher latitudes and did not vary with elevation, whereas heat tolerance of freshwater and marine ectotherms declined more steeply with latitude. By contrast, cold tolerance limits declined steeply with latitude in marine, intertidal, freshwater and terrestrial ectotherms, and towards higher elevations on land. In all realms, both upper and lower thermal tolerance limits increased with extreme daily temperature, suggesting that different experienced climate extremes across realms explain the patterns, as predicted under the Climate Extremes Hypothesis. Statistically accounting for methodological variation in acclimation temperature, ramping rate and exposure duration improved model fits, and increased slopes with extreme ambient temperature. Our results suggest that fundamentally different patterns of thermal limits found among the earth's realms may be largely explained by differences in episodic thermal extremes among realms, updating global macrophysiological 'rules'. This article is part of the theme issue 'Physiological diversity, biodiversity patterns and global climate change: testing key hypotheses involving temperature and oxygen'.}, }
@article {pmid31200311, year = {2019}, author = {Kiss, T and Nagy, J and Fehérváry, I and Vaszkó, C}, title = {(Mis) management of floodplain vegetation: The effect of invasive species on vegetation roughness and flood levels.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {686}, number = {}, pages = {931-945}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.006}, pmid = {31200311}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Floods/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Forests ; Hungary ; *Introduced Species ; Kinetics ; Populus ; Rivers ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Floodplains are prone to plant invasions, which increase their roughness and decrease their flood conveyance capacity. In recent decades, extremely high floods have occurred in the Tisza River (Hungary) without an increase in discharge. This could be partly explained by land cover changes, as plough fields and pastures have been replaced by forest plantations and invasive plants have become widespread in the Tisza River floodplain. The aims of the present research were (1) to evaluate long-term land cover changes from the point of view of floodplain roughness, (2) to calculate vegetation density with and without the invasive shrub Amorpha fruticosa, and (3) to model (HEC-RAS) the flood conveyance in the case of unmanaged and managed vegetation (eliminating invasive plants). The study was carried out at three floodplain sections of the Tisza and Maros rivers, Hungary. In the eighteenth century, wetlands (61-93%) covered the studied floodplain areas, but as a result of mid-nineteenth-century channel regulation works, pastures and plough fields (42-72%) became widespread, and riparian forests (8-19%) appeared. In the late twentieth century, poplar plantations (43-86%) replaced pastures and plough fields and provided a perfect habitat for invasive plants. As a result of these land cover changes, the mean vegetation roughness of the floodplains increased from 0.021-0.032 (1783) to 0.066-0.092 (2017). However, at-site measurements indicate considerably higher vegetation roughness values (0.093-0.134) when the invasive Amorpha is also considered. Invasive species clearance could decrease the vegetation roughness by 86%. Based on our modelled data, peak flood stages could be decreased by 13-34 cm after the clearance of invasive plants. However, these values are influenced by the floodplain slope and characteristics of the modelled flood wave. The management of longer floodplain sections would have a considerable effect on flood stages, while the clearance of smaller patches would not have this effect.}, }
@article {pmid31200182, year = {2019}, author = {Osunkoya, OO and Froese, JG and Nicol, S}, title = {Management feasibility of established invasive plant species in Queensland, Australia: A stakeholders' perspective.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {246}, number = {}, pages = {484-495}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.052}, pmid = {31200182}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Australia ; *Ecosystem ; Feasibility Studies ; *Introduced Species ; Queensland ; }, abstract = {Managing and monitoring invasive alien species (IAS) is costly, and because resources are limited, prioritization decisions are required for planning and management. We present findings on plant pest prioritization for 63 established invader species of natural and grazing ecosystems of Queensland, Australia. We used an expert elicitation approach to assess risk (species occurrence, spread, and impact) and feasibility of control for each IAS. We elicit semi-quantitative responses from diverse expert stakeholders to score IAS on three management approaches (biocontrol, chemical and mechanical) in relation to cost, effectiveness and practicality, and incorporate uncertainty in expert inputs and model outputs. In the process, we look for promising management opportunities as well as seek general trends across species' ecological groups and management methods. Stakeholders were cautiously optimistic about the feasibility of managing IAS. Taking into consideration all factors, the overall feasibility of control was uncorrelated with the stakeholders' level of confidence. However, within individual management criterion, positive trend was observed for the same bivariate traits for chemical control, and negative trends for biocontrol and mechanical controls. Utility and confidence in IAS management options were in the order: chemical > biocontrol = mechanical, with practicality and effectiveness being the main driver components. Management feasibility differed significantly between IAS life forms but not between habitats invaded. Lastly, we combined IAS risk assessment and management feasibility scores to create a risk matrix to guide policy goals (i.e. eradication, spread containment, protection of sensitive sites, targeted control, site management, monitoring, and limited action). The matrix identifies promising species to target for each of these policy outcomes. Overall, our general approach illustrates (i) the importance of understanding the feasibility of IAS control actions and the factors that drive it, and (ii) demonstrates how quantifying management feasibility can be used to enhance traditional risk assessment rankings to improve policy outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid31197481, year = {2019}, author = {Verbeek, JD and Kotanen, PM}, title = {Soil-mediated impacts of an invasive thistle inhibit the recruitment of certain native plants.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {190}, number = {3}, pages = {619-628}, pmid = {31197481}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Ontario ; Plants ; *Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants may outcompete and replace native plant species through a variety of mechanisms. Recent evidence indicates that soil microbial pathways such as pathogen accumulation may have a considerable role in facilitating competition between native and invasive plants. To assess microbe-mediated pathways of invasion, we tested the impacts of invaded and non-invaded field soils on plant establishment using naturally occurring populations of the common Eurasian invader Cirsium arvense (Canada thistle) in Southern Ontario, Canada. Linked field and greenhouse experiments were used to quantify differences in the germinability and early growth rates of native plant species, depending on exposure to the microbial community in invaded or non-invaded soils. The invaded microbial community significantly reduced early growth rates for two of the seven native species surveyed, and decreased seed germination for another. In contrast, the germination and growth of invasive Cirsium were not affected by its own soil microbial community. These results demonstrate that the invasion of C. arvense can reduce the performance of some native plant species through changes to the soil microbial community. Different effects on different species suggest that this invader may also change the relative importance of certain natives in the invaded community. If these effects influence plant abundance in the field, microbially mediated interactions in the soil may aid the invasion of C. arvense and facilitate the disruption of invaded communities.}, }
@article {pmid31197316, year = {2020}, author = {Georges-Filteau, J and Hamelin, RC and Blanchette, M}, title = {Mycorrhiza: genotype assignment using phylogenetic networks.}, journal = {Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, pages = {212-220}, doi = {10.1093/bioinformatics/btz476}, pmid = {31197316}, issn = {1367-4811}, mesh = {*Algorithms ; *Computational Biology/methods ; Genotype ; Genotyping Techniques ; Machine Learning ; *Phylogeny ; *Software ; }, abstract = {MOTIVATION: The genotype assignment problem consists of predicting, from the genotype of an individual, which of a known set of populations it originated from. The problem arises in a variety of contexts, including wildlife forensics, invasive species detection and biodiversity monitoring. Existing approaches perform well under ideal conditions but are sensitive to a variety of common violations of the assumptions they rely on.<br><br>RESULTS: In this article, we introduce Mycorrhiza, a machine learning approach for the genotype assignment problem. Our algorithm makes use of phylogenetic networks to engineer features that encode the evolutionary relationships among samples. Those features are then used as input to a Random Forests classifier. The classification accuracy was assessed on multiple published empirical SNP, microsatellite or consensus sequence datasets with wide ranges of size, geographical distribution and population structure and on simulated datasets. It compared favorably against widely used assessment tests or mixture analysis methods such as STRUCTURE and Admixture, and against another machine-learning based approach using principal component analysis for dimensionality reduction. Mycorrhiza yields particularly significant gains on datasets with a large average fixation index (FST) or deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Moreover, the phylogenetic network approach estimates mixture proportions with good accuracy.<br><br>Mycorrhiza is released as an easy to use open-source python package at github.com/jgeofil/mycorrhiza.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.}, }
@article {pmid31195967, year = {2019}, author = {Tian, X and Ohtsuki, H and Urabe, J}, title = {Evolution of asexual Daphnia pulex in Japan: variations and covariations of the digestive, morphological and life history traits.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {122}, pmid = {31195967}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Animals ; Daphnia/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Genotype ; Japan ; *Life History Traits ; North America ; Parthenogenesis ; Phenotype ; Zooplankton ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Several genetic lineages of obligate parthenogenetic Daphnia pulex, a common zooplankton species, have invaded Japan from North America. Among these, a lineage named JPN1 is thought to have started colonization as a single genotype several hundred to thousand years ago and subsequently produced many genotypes in Japan. To examine the phenotypic variations due to ecological drivers diverging the genotypes in new habitats, we measured heritability and variation in 17 traits, including life history, morphology and digestive traits, and the genetic distance among the D. pulex JPN1 genotypes in Japan.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that most of the traits measured varied significantly among the genotypes and that heritability was highest in the morphological traits, followed by the digestive and life history traits. In addition, 93% of the variation in these traits was explained by the first three components in the principal component analysis, implying that variation of these heritable traits is not random but rather converged into a few directions. These relations among traits revealed the potential importance of predation pressures and food conditions as factors for diverging and selecting different genotypes. However, the magnitude of the difference in any single trait group did not correlate with the genetic distance.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that the divergent traits evolved within D. pulex JPN1 lineage without genetic recombination, since their ancestral clone invaded Japan. Large variations and covariations of the phenotypic traits, irrespective of the genetic distance among the genotypes, support the view that the invasive success of D. pulex JPN1 was promoted by a genetic architecture that allowed for large phenotypic variations with a limited number of functionally important mutations without recombination.}, }
@article {pmid31195362, year = {2019}, author = {Njokweni, SG and Weimer, PJ and Warburg, L and Botes, M and van Zyl, WH}, title = {Valorisation of the invasive species, Prosopis juliflora, using the carboxylate platform to produce volatile fatty acids.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {288}, number = {}, pages = {121602}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121602}, pmid = {31195362}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {Animals ; Dietary Fiber ; Digestion ; Fatty Acids, Volatile ; Fermentation ; Introduced Species ; *Prosopis ; Rumen ; }, abstract = {Biomass derived from low-value, high-volume invasive plant species is an attractive, alternative feedstock to produce biofuels and biochemicals. This study aimed to use the carboxylate platform to valorize the invasive leguminous shrub, Prosopis juliflora (Mesquite), by utilizing in vitro rumen fermentations without chemical pretreatment to produce volatile fatty acids. The three fractions of the mesquite: leaves (ProL), stems (ProS) and branches (ProB) were compared regarding chemical composition, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility at 7 time points and VFA production after 72 h with sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as a reference. NDF digestibility was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in ProL (35.8%) than ProS (30.4%) and ProB (20.9%) compared to SCB (21.9%). VFA concentrations from 20 g biomass L[-1] showed significant differences with 8.07, 6.71 and 6.51 g L[-1] for ProL, ProS and ProB respectively, while SCB yielded 4.02 g L[-1]. These concentrations were comparable with other platforms that employ chemically pretreated biomass for VFA production.}, }
@article {pmid31193357, year = {2019}, author = {Muniz, DR and Garcia, JS and Braga, TC and de Fátima, &#xc2; and Modolo, LV}, title = {Pre-emergence application of (thio)urea analogues compromises the development of the weed species Bidens pilosa, Urochloa brizantha, and Urochloa decumbens.}, journal = {Journal of advanced research}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {95-102}, pmid = {31193357}, issn = {2090-1232}, abstract = {Invasive species (weeds) contribute to great losses in crop productivity, and one of the strategies for controlling their distribution in the field involves the use of herbicides. However, the development of new formulations for the control of weeds is challenged by environmental issues, increases in the resistance of weeds to herbicides, and poor selectivity of herbicides towards invasive species. Here, by using pre-emergence experiments, we assessed the phytotoxicity of two (thio)urea analogues (2A10 and 2B2) against the weed species Bidens pilosa (a dicot), Urochloa brizantha and Urochloa decumbens (monocots). Similar to diuron (400 µM), which is a commercial urea analogue herbicide, the urea analogue 2A10 (>200 µM) was lethal to B. pilosa. Although 2A10 failed to disrupt the germination of U. brizantha seeds, this compound (≥600 µM) inhibited the accumulation of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids and resulted in the development of seedlings that presented relatively short roots and small, chlorotic leaves. Moreover, the thiourea analogue 2B2 (≥600 µM) reduced the germination percentage of U. decumbens seeds and delayed their germination, and at a concentration of 800 µM, this analogue impaired root growth and blocked the formation of lateral roots. The presence of an oxygen atom in the urea moiety of the 2A10 structure is critical for its marked activity against B. pilosa seeds, as 2B2 bears a sulphur atom instead and marginally inhibits seed germination. Neither 2A10 nor 2B2 was toxic to the non-weed species Lactuca sativa (lettuce; a dicot), and the latter even exerted beneficial effects by stimulating leaf expansion. Therefore, the evaluated (thio)urea analogues are promising for the design and development of new phytotoxic compounds for the pre-emergent control of the spread of B. pilosa (2A10) or the post-emergence control of U. brizantha (2A10) and U. decumbens (2B2).}, }
@article {pmid31193289, year = {2019}, author = {Cybulska, A and Kornacka, A and Moskwa, B}, title = {The occurrence and muscle distribution of Trichinella britovi in raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in wildlife in the Głęboki Bród Forest District, Poland.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {149-153}, pmid = {31193289}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is an introduced, invasive species in Europe. Literature data show that raccoon dogs act as a reservoir of many dangerous parasites, including nematodes of the genus Trichinella. The aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of Trichinella spp. infection in raccoon dogs collected from the Głęboki Bród Forest District between 2013 and 2016, and to evaluate their distribution in the muscle tissue of the host. The larvae of Trichinella spp. were detected in 45 raccoon dogs (39.82%), and all of them were identified as T. britovi. No mixed infection was observed. The intensity of infection ranged from 0.02 to 622.92 larvae per gram (LPG), and the highest mean was observed in the tongue and lower forelimb in both examined sexes. The raccoon dog may play a significant role as a reservoir of T. britovi in the wildlife in the examined area.}, }
@article {pmid31188494, year = {2019}, author = {Mize, EL and Erickson, RA and Merkes, CM and Berndt, N and Bockrath, K and Credico, J and Grueneis, N and Merry, J and Mosel, K and Tuttle-Lau, M and Von Ruden, K and Woiak, Z and Amberg, JJ and Baerwaldt, K and Finney, S and Monroe, E}, title = {Refinement of eDNA as an early monitoring tool at the landscape-level: study design considerations.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {29}, number = {6}, pages = {e01951}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1951}, pmid = {31188494}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Mississippi ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Natural resource managers use data on the spatial range of species to guide management decisions. These data come from survey or monitoring efforts that use a wide variety of tools. Environmental DNA (eDNA) is a surveillance tool that uses genetic markers for detecting species and holds potential as a tool for large-scale monitoring programs. Two challenges of eDNA-based studies are uncertainties created by imperfect capture of eDNA in collection samples (e.g., water field samples) and imperfect detection of eDNA using molecular methods (e.g., quantitative PCR). Occurrence models can be used to address these challenges, thus we use an occurrence model to address two objectives: first, to determine how many samples were required to detect species using eDNA; second, to examine when and where to take samples. We collected water samples from three different habitat types in the Upper Mississippi River when both Bighead Carp and Silver Carp were known to be present based on telemetry detections. Each habitat type (backwater, tributary, and impoundment) was sampled during April, May, and November. Detections of eDNA for both species varied across sites and months, but were generally low, 0-19.3% of samples were positive for eDNA. Overall, we found that eDNA-based sampling holds promise to be a powerful monitoring tool for resource managers; however, limitations of eDNA-based sampling include different biological and ecological characteristics of target species such as seasonal habitat usage patterns as well as aspects of different physical environments that impact the implementation of these methods such as water temperature.}, }
@article {pmid31185035, year = {2019}, author = {Aslan, CE}, title = {Implications of non-native species for mutualistic network resistance and resilience.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {e0217498}, pmid = {31185035}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Resilience theory aims to understand and predict ecosystem state changes resulting from disturbances. Non-native species are ubiquitous in ecological communities and integrated into many described ecological interaction networks, including mutualisms. By altering the fitness landscape and rewiring species interactions, such network invasion may carry important implications for ecosystem resistance and resilience under continued environmental change. Here, I hypothesize that the tendency of established non-native species to be generalists may make them more likely than natives to occupy central network roles and may link them to the resistance and resilience of the overall network. I use a quantitative research synthesis of 58 empirical pollination and seed dispersal networks, along with extinction simulations, to examine the roles of known non-natives in networks. I show that non-native species in networks enhance network redundancy and may thereby bolster the ecological resistance or functional persistence of ecosystems in the face of disturbance. At the same time, non-natives are unlikely to partner with specialist natives, thus failing to support the resilience of native species assemblages. Non-natives significantly exceed natives in network centrality, normalized degree, and Pollination Service Index. Networks containing non-natives exhibit lower connectance, more links on average, and higher generality and vulnerability than networks lacking non-natives. As environmental change progresses, specialists are particularly likely to be impacted, reducing species diversity in many communities and network types. This work implies that functional diversity may be retained but taxonomic diversity decline as non-native species become established in networks worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid31183689, year = {2019}, author = {Thorn, JPR}, title = {Adaptation "from below" to changes in species distribution, habitat and climate in agro-ecosystems in the Terai Plains of Nepal.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {48}, number = {12}, pages = {1482-1497}, pmid = {31183689}, issn = {1654-7209}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Nepal ; }, abstract = {Recent land-use and climatic shifts are expected to alter species distributions, the provisioning of ecosystem services, and livelihoods of biodiversity-dependent societies living in multifunctional landscapes. However, to date, few studies have integrated social and ecological evidence to understand how humans perceive change, and adapt agro-ecological practices at the landscape scale. Mixed method fieldwork compared observed changes in plant species distribution across a climatic gradient to farmers' perceptions in biodiversity and climate change in rice-cultivated farms. In contrast to the global context, farmers in the Terai Plains of Nepal are acutely aware of high levels of change observed in the last 10 years, and incrementally adapt as new invasive species emerge (93%), the incidence and severity of pest/diseases increase (66%), genetic diversity of indigenous varieties erodes (65%), forest habitats diminish (98%), irrigation water declines (60%), and wildlife ranges shift. Twenty-five changes in climate were reported by 97.5% of farmers to reduce provisioning services and food self-sufficiency, and increase exposure to waterborne pathogens, heat stress, and human or livestock mortality. The study illustrates the need for financial and institutional supports at all levels to strengthen agro-ecological practices, upscale Information Communication Technology for extension services, clarify tenure agreements, and safeguard natural ecosystems to slow biodiversity loss. Existing incentives to conserve, restore, or sustainably manage ecosystems offer lessons for other societies undergoing rapid change.}, }
@article {pmid31180605, year = {2019}, author = {Requena-Mullor, JM and Maguire, KC and Shinneman, DJ and Caughlin, TT}, title = {Integrating anthropogenic factors into regional-scale species distribution models-A novel application in the imperiled sagebrush biome.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {11}, pages = {3844-3858}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14728}, pmid = {31180605}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {*Artemisia ; Bayes Theorem ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Fires ; North America ; }, abstract = {Species distribution models (SDMs) that rely on regional-scale environmental variables will play a key role in forecasting species occurrence in the face of climate change. However, in the Anthropocene, a number of local-scale anthropogenic variables, including wildfire history, land-use change, invasive species, and ecological restoration practices can override regional-scale variables to drive patterns of species distribution. Incorporating these human-induced factors into SDMs remains a major research challenge, in part because spatial variability in these factors occurs at fine scales, rendering prediction over regional extents problematic. Here, we used big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) as a model species to explore whether including human-induced factors improves the fit of the SDM. We applied a Bayesian hurdle spatial approach using 21,753 data points of field-sampled vegetation obtained from the LANDFIRE program to model sagebrush occurrence and cover by incorporating fire history metrics and restoration treatments from 1980 to 2015 throughout the Great Basin of North America. Models including fire attributes and restoration treatments performed better than those including only climate and topographic variables. Number of fires and fire occurrence had the strongest relative effects on big sagebrush occurrence and cover, respectively. The models predicted that the probability of big sagebrush occurrence decreases by 1.2% (95% CI: -6.9%, 0.6%) when one fire occurs and cover decreases by 44.7% (95% CI: -47.9%, -41.3%) if at least one fire occurred over the 36 year period of record. Restoration practices increased the probability of big sagebrush occurrence but had minimal effect on cover. Our results demonstrate the potential value of including disturbance and land management along with climate in models to predict species distributions. As an increasing number of datasets representing land-use history become available, we anticipate that our modeling framework will have broad relevance across a range of biomes and species.}, }
@article {pmid31179179, year = {2019}, author = {Jean Baptiste, A and Macario, PA and Islebe, GA and Vargas-Larreta, B and Pool, L and Valdez-Hernández, M and López-Martínez, JO}, title = {Secondary Succession under invasive species (Pteridium aquilinum) conditions in a seasonal dry tropical forest in southeastern Mexico.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6974}, pmid = {31179179}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The role of invasive species in ecosystem functioning represents one of the main challenges in ecology. Pteridium aquilinum is a successful cosmopolitan invasive species with negative effects on the ecological mechanisms that allow secondary succession. In this study, we evaluated the influence of P. aquilinumon secondary succession under different disturbances in a seasonal dry forest of the Yucatán Peninsula. We determined species richness, composition and the relative importance value in four sampling units. Fabaceae followed by Asteraceae, Meliaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae and Verbenaceae were the most species rich families. A dissimilarity analysis determined significant differences in beta diversity between sampling units. With a generalized linear model we found that species richness was best explained by site conditions, followed by calcium and soil organic matter. Also, the generalized linear model showed that abundance resulted in a strong correlation with site conditions and soil characteristics. Specific soil conditions related to phosphoro and calcium were also detected as beneficiary to the successional processes. Our results suggest that applying fire restriction and periodic cutting of the bracken fern, this can increase a higher diversity of species.}, }
@article {pmid31178882, year = {2019}, author = {Mir, SH and Rashid, I and Hussain, B and Reshi, ZA and Assad, R and Sofi, IA}, title = {Silicon Supplementation of Rescuegrass Reduces Herbivory by a Grasshopper.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {671}, pmid = {31178882}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The theory of coevolution suggests that herbivores play an important role in the diversification and composition of plant communities. A prevalent idea holds that grasses and grazing animals participated in an evolutionary "arms race" as grassland ecosystems started spreading across the continents. In this race, besides other things, silicification in the form of phytoliths occurred in the grasses, and the graminivorous herbivores responded through specialized mandibles to feed on plants rich in phytoliths. It is important to understand whether these mandibles equip the herbivores in different environments or the grasses can augment their defense by channelizing their energy in high resource milieu. Here we used rescuegrass (Bromus catharticus; Family: Poaceae), an alien species of South America, to understand the mechanism of resistance offered by this species against a local insect herbivore (Oxya grandis; Family: Acrididae), graminivorous grasshopper, in different silicon-rich environments. We used different concentrations of silicon and observed the types of phytoliths formed after Si amendments and studied the effect of phytoliths on mandible wear of the grasshopper. Silicon concentrations increased ca. 12 fold in the highest supplementation treatments. The results reveal that higher foliar silica concentration in Si-rich plants did not result in changing the morphology of the phytoliths; still the leaf tissue consumption was lower in higher Si treatments, perhaps due to mandibular wear of the grasshoppers. The study opens a new dimension of investigating the role of Si amendments in reducing herbivory.}, }
@article {pmid31177338, year = {2019}, author = {David, AS and Jones, IM and Lake, EC}, title = {Wind speed predicts population dynamics of the eriophyid mite Floracarus perrepae on invasive Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum) in a shade house colony.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {78}, number = {2}, pages = {263-272}, pmid = {31177338}, issn = {1572-9702}, support = {N/A//Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ferns/*physiology ; Florida ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Mites/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Wind ; }, abstract = {Lygodium microphyllum is one of the most noxious invasive plants in Florida, USA, smothering native vegetation in cypress swamps, pine flatwoods, and Everglades tree islands and altering fire regimes. The eriophyid mite Floracarus perrepae was introduced from Australia to help control L. microphyllum infestations. While F. perrepae exhibits high population growth rates in its native range, its population dynamics in Florida are unknown, particularly the dynamics that occur within the leaf roll galls the mite induces on the margins of leaves. Here, we monitored a shade house colony of F. perrepae in south Florida for 2 years to identify seasonal patterns and potential climate drivers of within-gall mite density. Gall dissections of mite-infested colony plants were performed monthly. Mite density within galls exhibited two cycles per year: a strong cycle that boomed in spring and busted in summer, and a weak cycle that moderately increased mite density in fall and declined in winter. Climate variables, particularly those related to wind speed, were positively associated with higher mite density. Our study sheds light on the within-gall dynamics of F. perrepae and suggests that the highest within-gall mite densities occur in the spring and fall.}, }
@article {pmid31176820, year = {2019}, author = {Skjøth, CA and Sun, Y and Karrer, G and Sikoparija, B and Smith, M and Schaffner, U and Müller-Schärer, H}, title = {Predicting abundances of invasive ragweed across Europe using a "top-down" approach.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {686}, number = {}, pages = {212-222}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.215}, pmid = {31176820}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Ambrosia/*growth &amp; development ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Europe ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is a widely distributed and harmful invasive plant that is an important source of highly allergenic pollen grains and a prominent crop weed. As a result, ragweed causes huge costs to both human health and agriculture in affected areas. Efficient mitigation requires accurate mapping of ragweed densities that, until now, has not been achieved accurately for the whole of Europe. Here we provide two inventories of common ragweed abundances with grid resolutions of 1 km and 10 km. These "top-down" inventories integrate pollen data from 349 stations in Europe with habitat and landscape management information, derived from land cover data and expert knowledge. This allows us to cover areas where surface observations are missing. Model results were validated using "bottom-up" data of common ragweed in Austria and Serbia. Results show high agreement between the two analytical methods. The inventory shows that areas with the lowest ragweed abundances are found in Northern and Southern European countries and the highest abundances are in parts of Russia, parts of Ukraine and the Pannonian Plain. Smaller hotspots are found in Northern Italy, the Rhône Valley in France and in Turkey. The top-down approach is based on a new approach that allows for cross-continental studies and is applicable to other anemophilous species. Due to its simplicity, it can be used to investigate such species that are difficult and costly to identify at larger scales using traditional vegetation surveys or remote sensing. The final inventory is open source and available as a georeferenced tif file, allowing for multiple usages, reducing costs for health services and agriculture through well-targeted management interventions.}, }
@article {pmid31172253, year = {2019}, author = {Gaudard, CA and Robertson, MP and Bishop, TR}, title = {Low levels of intraspecific trait variation in a keystone invertebrate group.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {190}, number = {4}, pages = {725-735}, pmid = {31172253}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *Ecosystem ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Plants ; }, abstract = {The trait-based approach to ecology promises to provide a mechanistic understanding of species distributions and ecosystem functioning. Typically, trait analyses focus on average species trait values and assume that intraspecific variation is small or negligible. Recent work has shown, however, that intraspecific trait variation can often contribute substantially to total trait variation. Whilst many studies have investigated intraspecific variation in plants, very few have done so for invertebrates. There is no research on the level of intraspecific trait variation in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), despite the fact that there is a growing body of literature using ant morphological trait data and demonstrating that these insects play important roles in many ecosystems and food webs. Here, we investigate the intraspecific variability of four commonly used ant morphological traits from 23 species from the Maloti-Drakensberg Mountains of southern Africa. In total, we measured 1145 different individuals and made 6870 trait measurements. Intraspecific variation accounted for only 1-4% of total trait variation for each of the four traits we analysed. We found no links between intraspecific variation, phylogeny and elevation. On average, six individuals generated robust species means but under biased sampling scenarios 20 individuals were needed. The low levels of intraspecific morphological variation that we find suggest that the approach of using mean species traits is valid, in this fauna at least. Regardless, we encourage ant trait ecologists to measure greater numbers of individuals, especially across gradients, to shed further light on intraspecific variation in this functionally important group of insects.}, }
@article {pmid31170618, year = {2019}, author = {Nicholls, S}, title = {Impacts of environmental disturbances on housing prices: A review of the hedonic pricing literature.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {246}, number = {}, pages = {1-10}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.144}, pmid = {31170618}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Climate Change ; *Commerce ; *Housing ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Policy ; }, abstract = {The global environment is susceptible to many types of change, including alterations to the world's climate. Climate change has been linked to a host of modifications to the natural environment, including the increasing frequency and severity of disturbances such as pest outbreaks, invasions by non-native species, and wildfire. These in turn pose substantial risks to human wellbeing and health. Estimates of the direct and indirect costs of these events are important prerequisites to well-rounded cost-benefit analyses of preventative or control measures, themselves essential components of appropriate education, policy and management responses. This review brings together the evidence with respect to the impacts of disturbances such as pests, invasive species and wildfire on residential property values as measured using the hedonic pricing method. It demonstrates that whilst most disturbances have the expected negative or an insignificant house price impact, in some cases disturbances can lead to housing price rise. The possible causes and implications of these unanticipated positive price responses are discussed. Broader consequences of all directions of price impact are also considered, in particular for the development and implementation of polices designed to prevent the occurrence or spread of disturbances, or at a minimum mitigate their negative effects.}, }
@article {pmid31169454, year = {2019}, author = {Sakla, AJ and Detwiler, JT and Caballero, IC and Kelehear, C and Criscione, CD}, title = {Recognizing the Causes of Parasite Morphological Variation to Resolve the Status of a Cryptogenic Pentastome.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {105}, number = {3}, pages = {432-441}, pmid = {31169454}, issn = {1937-2345}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; Cestoda/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*physiology ; Cestode Infections/parasitology/*veterinary ; Female ; Lizards/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*parasitology ; Male ; Sex Factors ; }, abstract = {Exotic species can threaten biodiversity by introducing parasites to native hosts. Thus, it is critical to identify if the same parasite species infects both native and exotic hosts. However, developmental- or environmental-induced morphological variation may render species identification ambiguous. Our study reports a range expansion in the southern United States of the pentastome Raillietiella indica from the Mediterranean gecko, Hemidactylus turcicus, as well as a host expansion into the green anole, Anolis carolinensis, in the anole's native range. Species identification was based on sequence data and male spicule shape. In agreement with a study from Australia, we found that much of the morphological variation in hook measurements, the primary diagnostic traits of raillietiellid pentastomes, was due to development. Here, we explicitly link this developmental variation to instar stage by incorporating experimental infection data obtained from the literature. We also show that the various hook traits are themselves highly correlated and, thus, likely not independent. Taking instar stage and correlated hook variables into account, we directly controlled for development on a composite hook size measurement. Using a large sample size from H. turcicus, we did not find any consistent effects of potential factors (host sex, host snout-vent-length, or parasite intensity) that may result in environmental-induced variation in relative hook size (corrected for body length). However, relative male spicule size tended to be negatively correlated with parasite intensity. In contrast, both pentastome body length and relative hook size significantly varied among host species whereas relative male spicule size was not significantly different among host species. Our study independently supports the conclusions that developmental- and host-induced morphological variations need to be accounted for to accurately identify pentastome species.}, }
@article {pmid31168619, year = {2019}, author = {DuRant, SE and Willson, JD and Carroll, RB}, title = {Parental Effects and Climate Change: Will Avian Incubation Behavior Shield Embryos from Increasing Environmental Temperatures?.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {59}, number = {4}, pages = {1068-1080}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icz083}, pmid = {31168619}, issn = {1557-7023}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Colinus/physiology ; *Global Warming ; Hot Temperature/*adverse effects ; Nesting Behavior/*physiology ; Quail/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {A major driver of wildlife responses to climate change will include non-genomic effects, like those mediated through parental behavior and physiology (i.e., parental effects). Parental effects can influence lifetime reproductive success and survival, and thus population-level processes. However, the extent to which parental effects will contribute to population persistence or declines in response to climate change is not well understood. These effects may be substantial for species that exhibit extensive parental care behaviors, like birds. Environmental temperature is important in shaping avian incubation behavior, and these factors interact to determine the thermal conditions embryos are exposed to during development, and subsequently avian phenotypes and secondary sex ratios. In this article, we argue that incubation behavior may be an important mediator of avian responses to climate change, we compare incubation strategies of two species adapted to different thermal environments nesting in extreme heat, and we present a simple model that estimates changes in egg temperature based on these incubation patterns and predicted increases in maximum daily air temperature. We demonstrate that the predicted increase in air temperature by 2100 in the central USA will increase temperatures that eggs experience during afternoon off-bouts and the proportion of nests exposed to lethal temperatures. To better understand how species and local adaptations and behavioral-plasticity of incubation behavior will contribute to population responses to climate change comparisons are needed across more avian populations, species, and thermal landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid31165760, year = {2019}, author = {Bolius, S and Wiedner, C and Weithoff, G}, title = {Low invasion success of an invasive cyanobacterium in a chlorophyte dominated lake.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {8297}, pmid = {31165760}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Biomass ; Chlorophyta/*growth &amp; development ; Cylindrospermopsis/*growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Germany ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes/*microbiology ; Phytoplankton ; Principal Component Analysis ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Water ; Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a major threat to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Successful invasions depend on the interplay of multiple abiotic and biotic factors, however, the process of the invasion itself is often overlooked. The temporal variation of environmental factors suggests that a 'window of opportunity' for successful invasions exists. Especially aquatic habitats, like temperate lakes, undergo pronounced seasonal fluctuations and show temporally varying environmental conditions in e.g. nutrient availability, temperature and the composition of the resident community including competitors and consumers. We experimentally tested if an invasion window for the globally invasive cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii exists. From May to September, we determined the invasion success of C. raciborskii in laboratory mesocosms with natural lake water. Although the invasion success was generally low, the invasiveness varied among months and differed in total invasive biomass, net development and final share of C. raciborskii in the community. During the first days, C. raciborskii strongly declined and this initial, short-term decline was independent of the ambient consumptive pressure. These results are in contrast to laboratory studies in which C. raciborskii successfully invaded, suggesting that a complex natural system develops a resistance to invasions.}, }
@article {pmid31163025, year = {2019}, author = {Kolimenakis, A and Bithas, K and Latinopoulos, D and Richardson, C}, title = {On lifestyle trends, health and mosquitoes: Formulating welfare levels for control of the Asian tiger mosquito in Greece.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {e0007467}, pmid = {31163025}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aedes/*growth &amp; development ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Animals ; Climate Change ; Female ; Greece ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Life Style ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mosquito Control/*economics/*methods ; Mosquito Vectors/*growth &amp; development ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {The expansion of urban ecosystems and climate change, both outcomes of massive lifestyle changes, contribute to a series of side effects such as environmental deterioration, spread of diseases, increased greenhouse gas emissions and introduction of invasive species. In the case of the Athens metropolitan area, an invasive mosquito species-the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus)-has spread widely in the last decade. This spread is favoured within urban environments and is also affected by changing climatic trends. The Asian tiger mosquito is accompanied by risks of mosquito-borne diseases, greater nuisance levels, and increased expenses incurring for its confrontation. The main aims of this paper are (i) to estimate the various costs associated with the control of this invasive species, as well as its health and nuisance impacts, (ii) to evaluate the level of citizens' well-being from averting these impacts and (iii) to record citizens' and experts' perceptions regarding alternative control measures. Evidence shows that experts tend to place a high value on mosquito control when associated with serious health risks, while citizens are more sensitive and concerned about the environmental impacts of control methods. The synthesis of results produced by the current study could act as a preliminary guide for the estimation of societal welfare from the confrontation of similar problems in the context of a complex ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid31160985, year = {2019}, author = {Matsumoto, Y and Takagi, T and Koda, R and Tanave, A and Yamashiro, A and Tamate, HB}, title = {Evaluation of introgressive hybridization among Cervidae in Japan's Kinki District via two novel genetic markers developed from public NGS data.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {5605-5616}, pmid = {31160985}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Hybridization and backcrossing of native populations with introduced species can lead to introgression and genetic alteration. In this study, we evaluated introgression in 43 deer from a potential hybrid zone around Okinoshima Island, Kinki District, Japan. This region witnessed the migration of a hybrid population (cross between the Formosan sika deer [Cervus nippon taiouanus] and other deer species) that could potentially breed with the native Japanese sika deer (C. n. centralis). We used an existing genetic marker for the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and two novel markers for nuclear DNA, developed using publicly available next-generation sequencing data. We identified one mainland deer with a mitochondrial haplotype identical to that of the Formosan sika deer as well as nuclear heterozygous sequences identical to those of Formosan and Japanese sika deer. This suggests that the mainland deer is a hybrid offspring of the Okinoshima population and native deer. However, only Japanese sika deer sequences were found in the other 42 samples, indicating limited introgression. Nevertheless, hybridization pre- and postintroduction in the Okinoshima population could cause multispecies introgression among Japanese sika deer, negatively affecting genetic integrity. We developed a simple test based on polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism to detect introgression in natural populations. Our method can accelerate genetic monitoring of Japanese sika deer in Kinki District. In conclusion, to prevent further introgression and maintain genetic integrity of Japanese sika deer, we recommend establishing fences around Okinoshima Island to limit migration, besides a continued genetic monitoring of the native deer.}, }
@article {pmid31158305, year = {2019}, author = {Germain, RM and Jones, NT and Grainger, TN}, title = {Cryptic dispersal networks shape biodiversity in an invaded landscape.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {100}, number = {8}, pages = {e02738}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2738}, pmid = {31158305}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Plants ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Species interact with the physical world in complex ways, and life-history strategies could cause species to differ in how they experience the connectedness of the same landscape. As a consequence, dispersal limitation might be present but not captured by distance-based measures of connectivity. To test these ideas, we surveyed plant communities that live on discrete patches of serpentine habitat embedded within an invaded nonserpentine habitat matrix. Species in these communities differ in dispersal mode (gravity, animal, or wind); thus we used satellite imagery to quantify landscape features that might differentially influence connectivity for some dispersal- mode groups over others (surface streams, animal paths). Our data yielded two key insights: first, dispersal limitation appeared to be absent using a conventional distance-based measure of connectivity, but emerged after considering forms of landscape connectivity relevant to each dispersal mode. Second, the landscape variables that emerged as most important to each dispersal mode were generally consistent with our predictions based on species' putative dispersal vectors, but also included unexpected interactive effects. For example, the richness of animal-dispersed species was positively associated with animal connectivity when patches were close in space, but when patches were isolated, animals had a strong negative effect. This finding alludes to the reduced ability of animals to disperse seeds between suitable patches in invaded landscapes because of increased inter-patch distances. Real landscapes include complex spatial flows of energy and matter, which, as our work demonstrates, sets up ecological opportunity for organisms to differ in how they disperse in a common landscape.}, }
@article {pmid31157944, year = {2019}, author = {Benkwitt, CE and Wilson, SK and Graham, NAJ}, title = {Seabird nutrient subsidies alter patterns of algal abundance and fish biomass on coral reefs following a bleaching event.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {8}, pages = {2619-2632}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14643}, pmid = {31157944}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Biomass ; *Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Humans ; Indian Ocean ; Islands ; Nutrients ; Rats ; }, abstract = {Cross-ecosystem nutrient subsidies play a key role in the structure and dynamics of recipient communities, but human activities are disrupting these links. Because nutrient subsidies may also enhance community stability, the effects of losing these inputs may be exacerbated in the face of increasing climate-related disturbances. Nutrients from seabirds nesting on oceanic islands enhance the productivity and functioning of adjacent coral reefs, but it is unknown whether these subsidies affect the response of coral reefs to mass bleaching events or whether the benefits of these nutrients persist following bleaching. To answer these questions, we surveyed benthic organisms and fishes around islands with seabirds and nearby islands without seabirds due to the presence of invasive rats. Surveys were conducted in the Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean, immediately before the 2015-2016 mass bleaching event and, in 2018, two years following the bleaching event. Regardless of the presence of seabirds, relative coral cover declined by 32%. However, there was a post-bleaching shift in benthic community structure around islands with seabirds, which did not occur around islands with invasive rats, characterized by increases in two types of calcareous algae (crustose coralline algae [CCA] and Halimeda spp.). All feeding groups of fishes were positively affected by seabirds, but only herbivores and piscivores were unaffected by the bleaching event and sustained the greatest difference in biomass between islands with seabirds versus those with invasive rats. By contrast, corallivores and planktivores, both of which are coral-dependent, experienced the greatest losses following bleaching. Even though seabird nutrients did not enhance community-wide resistance to bleaching, they may still promote recovery of these reefs through their positive influence on CCA and herbivorous fishes. More broadly, the maintenance of nutrient subsidies, via strategies including eradication of invasive predators, may be important in shaping the response of ecological communities to global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid31156691, year = {2019}, author = {Tóth, VR and Villa, P and Pinardi, M and Bresciani, M}, title = {Aspects of Invasiveness of Ludwigia and Nelumbo in Shallow Temperate Fluvial Lakes.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {647}, pmid = {31156691}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The relationship between invasive plant functional traits and their invasiveness is still the subject of scientific investigation, and the backgrounds of transition from non-native to invasive species in ecosystems are therefore poorly understood. Furthermore, our current knowledge on species invasiveness is heavily biased toward terrestrial species; we know much less about the influence of allochthonous plant traits on their invasiveness in aquatic ecosystems. In this paper, we present the results of a study on physiological and ecological traits of two introduced and three native macrophyte species in the Mantua lakes system (northern Italy). We compared their photophysiology, pigment content, leaf reflectance, and phenology in order to assess how the invasive Nelumbo nucifera and Ludwigia hexapetala perform compared to native species, Nuphar lutea, Nymphaea alba, and Trapa natans. We found L. hexapetala to have higher photosynthetic efficiency and to tolerate higher light intensities than N. nucifera and the native species especially at extreme weather conditions (prolonged exposure to high light and higher temperatures). Chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoids content of both allochthonous species were substantially higher than those of native plants, suggesting adaptive response to the ecosystem of Mantua lakes system. Higher variability of recorded data in invasive species was also observed. These observations suggest advanced photosynthetic efficiency of the invasive species, especially L. hexapetala, resulting in faster growth rates and higher productivity. This was supported by the evaluation of seasonal dynamics mapped from satellite remote sensing data. This study provides empirical evidence for the relationship between specific plant physiological traits and invasiveness of aquatic plant species, highlighting the importance of trait studies in predicting ecosystem-level impacts of invasive plant species.}, }
@article {pmid31155422, year = {2019}, author = {Frost, CM and Allen, WJ and Courchamp, F and Jeschke, JM and Saul, WC and Wardle, DA}, title = {Using Network Theory to Understand and Predict Biological Invasions.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {34}, number = {9}, pages = {831-843}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.012}, pmid = {31155422}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Understanding and predicting biological invasions is challenging because of the complexity of many interacting players. A holistic approach is needed with the potential to simultaneously consider all relevant effects and effectors. Using networks to describe the relevant anthropogenic and ecological factors, from community-level to global scales, promises advances in understanding aspects of invasion from propagule pressure, through establishment, spread, and ecological impact of invaders. These insights could lead to development of new tools for prevention and management of invasions that are based on species' network characteristics and use of networks to predict the ecological effects of invaders. Here, we review the findings from network ecology that show the most promise for invasion biology and identify pressing needs for future research.}, }
@article {pmid31150493, year = {2019}, author = {Nagoshi, RN and Dhanani, I and Asokan, R and Mahadevaswamy, HM and Kalleshwaraswamy, CM and Sharanabasappa,  and Meagher, RL}, title = {Genetic characterization of fall armyworm infesting South Africa and India indicate recent introduction from a common source population.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {e0217755}, pmid = {31150493}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Haplotypes/genetics ; India ; Infections/*genetics/transmission ; *Introduced Species ; Moths/genetics/pathogenicity ; South Africa ; Spodoptera/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Zea mays/parasitology ; }, abstract = {The invasion of the Western Hemisphere native fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda; J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) into the Eastern Hemisphere has been notable for the rapidity and geographical breadth of new detections. In the year following the first discovery in western sub-Saharan Africa in 2016, infestations have been documented in most sub-Saharan maize growing regions and has now expanded beyond Africa with populations recently reported in India. These observations could indicate a remarkable capacity for rapid establishment and long-distance dissemination. However, while fall armyworm does exhibit extended migration in North America where it annually traverses thousands of kilometers, this behavior is known to be dependent on highly favorable wind patterns and so can't be assumed to occur in all locations. An alternative possibility is that the species has long been present in Africa, and perhaps the rest of the hemisphere, but was undetected until the enhanced monitoring that resulted after its initial discovery. Determining whether the fall armyworm in the Eastern Hemisphere is newly arrived or long pre-existing is important for assessing the risks of significant economic impacts, as the former indicates a change in pest composition while the latter does not. This study examined this issue by comparing collections from two geographically distant locations, South Africa and India. Sequence comparisons were used to quantify differences between the South Africa and India collections, assess the likelihood of their sharing a common source population, and their possible relationship with previously characterized fall armyworm from other regions of Africa. The results indicate genetic homogeneity between the South African and Indian fall armyworm populations tested and substantial similarities between these and collections from eastern Africa. The implications of these findings on fall armyworm population behavior and composition are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid31148329, year = {2019}, author = {Fey, SB and Vasseur, DA and Alujević, K and Kroeker, KJ and Logan, ML and O'Connor, MI and Rudolf, VHW and DeLong, JP and Peacor, S and Selden, RL and Sih, A and Clusella-Trullas, S}, title = {Opportunities for behavioral rescue under rapid environmental change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {9}, pages = {3110-3120}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14712}, pmid = {31148329}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Temperature Regulation ; *Climate Change ; *Lizards ; Microclimate ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Laboratory measurements of physiological and demographic tolerances are important in understanding the impact of climate change on species diversity; however, it has been recognized that forecasts based solely on these laboratory estimates overestimate risk by omitting the capacity for species to utilize microclimatic variation via behavioral adjustments in activity patterns or habitat choice. The complex, and often context-dependent nature, of microclimate utilization has been an impediment to the advancement of general predictive models. Here, we overcome this impediment and estimate the potential impact of warming on the fitness of ectotherms using a benefit/cost trade-off derived from the simple and broadly documented thermal performance curve and a generalized cost function. Our framework reveals that, for certain environments, the cost of behavioral thermoregulation can be reduced as warming occurs, enabling behavioral buffering (e.g., the capacity for behavior to ameliorate detrimental impacts) and "behavioral rescue" from extinction in extreme cases. By applying our framework to operative temperature and physiological data collected at an extremely fine spatial scale in an African lizard, we show that new behavioral opportunities may emerge. Finally, we explore large-scale geographic differences in the impact of behavior on climate-impact projections using a global dataset of 38 insect species. These multiple lines of inference indicate that understanding the existing relationship between thermal characteristics (e.g., spatial configuration, spatial heterogeneity, and modal temperature) is essential for improving estimates of extinction risk.}, }
@article {pmid31148310, year = {2019}, author = {Trøjelsgaard, K and Heleno, R and Traveset, A}, title = {Native and alien flower visitors differ in partner fidelity and network integration.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {22}, number = {8}, pages = {1264-1273}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13287}, pmid = {31148310}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {//AAU Talent Management Programme/ ; CGL2017-88122-P//Spanish Government/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ecuador ; *Flowers ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Plants ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {Globalisation persistently fuels the establishment of non-native species outside their natural ranges. While alien plants have been intensively studied, little is known about alien flower visitors, and especially, how they integrate into natural communities. Here, we focus on mutualistic networks from five Galápagos islands to quantify whether alien and native flower visitors differ consistently in their pairwise interactions. We find that (1) alien flower visitors have more interaction partners and larger species strengths (i.e. plants are more connected to alien insects), (2) native insects tend to have higher partner fidelity as they deviate more from random partner utilisation, and iii) the difference between native and alien flower visitors in network integration intensifies with island degradation. Thus, native and alien flower visitors are not interchangeable, and alien establishment might have yet unforeseen consequences for the pairwise dynamics between plants and flower visitors on the Galápagos - especially on the heavily disturbed islands.}, }
@article {pmid31143945, year = {2019}, author = {Ebbenga, DN and Burkness, EC and Hutchison, WD}, title = {Evaluation of Exclusion Netting for Spotted-Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Management in Minnesota Wine Grapes.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {5}, pages = {2287-2294}, pmid = {31143945}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila ; Europe ; Insect Control ; Minnesota ; North America ; *Vitis ; *Wine ; }, abstract = {Spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), an economically damaging invasive species of numerous fruit crops, was first detected in Minnesota in 2012. High fecundity, and short generation times facilitated a rapid rise in the global pest status of D. suzukii, particularly in North America and Europe. To date, the majority of crop injury research has focused on fruit crops such as blueberries, raspberries, and cherries. However, little is known regarding the impact of D. suzukii on the wine grape industry in the upper Midwest region of the United States. Field trials were conducted in Minnesota during the summers of 2017-2018 to examine season-long phenology of D. suzukii in wine grape vineyards and wineries, and to assess the efficacy of exclusion netting for control of D. suzukii. Four treatments were evaluated, 1) open plot check (control), 2) open plot treated with an insecticide, 3) exclusion netting, and 4) exclusion netting, with artificial infestations of D. suzukii adults. Exclusion netting was applied at véraison and removed at harvest. On each sample date, 20 berries (10 intact and 10 injured) were collected from each plot for dissection. The number of larvae and adults were recorded for each berry to determine infestation levels. As shown by mean larval infestations and injured berries across treatments, exclusion netting provided a significant reduction in the level of D. suzukii infested berries when compared with the untreated check. These results indicate that exclusion netting could provide an effective alternative management strategy for D. suzukii in wine grapes.}, }
@article {pmid31143535, year = {2019}, author = {Androsiuk, P and Koc, J and Chwedorzewska, KJ and Górecki, R and Giełwanowska, I}, title = {Retrotransposon-based genetic variation of Poa annua populations from contrasting climate conditions.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6888}, pmid = {31143535}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Poa annua L. is an example of a plant characterized by abundant, worldwide distribution from polar to equatorial regions. Due to its high plasticity and extraordinary expansiveness, P. annua is considered an invasive species capable of occupying and surviving in a wide range of habitats including pioneer zones, areas intensively transformed by human activities, remote subarctic meadows and even the Antarctic Peninsula region.<br><br>METHODS: In the present study, we evaluated the utility of inter-primer binding site (iPBS) markers for assessing the genetic variation of P. annua populations representing contrasting environments from the worldwide range of this species. The electrophoretic patterns of polymerase chain reaction products obtained for each individual were used to estimate the genetic diversity and differentiation between populations.<br><br>RESULTS: iPBS genotyping revealed a pattern of genetic variation differentiating the six studied P. annua populations characterized by their different climatic conditions. According to the analysis of molecular variance, the greatest genetic variation was recorded among populations, whereas 41.75% was observed between individuals within populations. The results of principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and model-based clustering analysis showed a clear subdivision of analyzed populations. According to PCoA, populations from Siberia and the Kola Peninsula were the most different from each other and showed the lowest genetic variability. The application of STRUCTURE software confirmed the unique character of the population from the Kola Peninsula.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The lowest variability of the Siberia population suggested that it was subjected to genetic drift. However, although demographic expansion was indicated by negative values of Fu's FS statistic and analysis of mismatch distribution, it was not followed by significant traces of a bottleneck or a founder effect. For the Antarctic population, the observed level of genetic variation was surprisingly high, despite the observed significant traces of bottleneck/founder effect following demographic expansion, and was similar to that observed in populations from Poland and the Balkans. For the Antarctic population, the multiple introduction events from different sources are considered to be responsible for such an observation. Moreover, the results of STRUCTURE and PCoA showed that the P. annua from Antarctica has the highest genetic similarity to populations from Europe.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The observed polymorphism should be considered as a consequence of the joint influence of external abiotic stress and the selection process. Environmental changes, due to their ability to induce transposon activation, lead to the acceleration of evolutionary processes through the production of genetic variability.}, }
@article {pmid31142287, year = {2019}, author = {Cohen, P and Privman, E}, title = {Speciation and hybridization in invasive fire ants.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {111}, pmid = {31142287}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; *Genetic Speciation ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; North America ; Population Density ; Reproductive Isolation ; South America ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A major focus of evolutionary biology is the formation of reproductive barriers leading to divergence and ultimately, speciation. Often, it is not clear whether the separation of populations is complete or if there still is ongoing gene flow in the form of rare cases of admixture, known as isolation with migration. Here, we studied the speciation of two fire ant species, Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri, both native to South America, both inadvertently introduced to North America in the early twentieth century. While the two species are known to admix in the introduced range, in the native range no hybrids were found.<br><br>RESULTS: We conducted a population genomic survey of native and introduced populations of the two species using reduced representation genomic sequencing of 337 samples. Using maximum likelihood analysis over native range samples, we found no evidence of any gene flow between the species since they diverged. We estimated their time of divergence to 190,000 (100,000-350,000) generations ago. Modelling the demographic history of native and introduced S. invicta populations, we evaluated their divergence times and historic and contemporary population sizes, including the original founder population in North America, which was estimated at 26 (10-93) unrelated singly-mated queens.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence for complete genetic isolation maintained between two invasive species in their nat&#xef;ve range, based, for the first time, on large scale genomic data analysis. The results lay the foundations for further studies into different stages in the formation of genetic barriers in dynamic, invasive populations.}, }
@article {pmid31140148, year = {2019}, author = {Assour, HR and Behm, JE}, title = {First Occurrence of Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on the Caribbean Island of Curaçao.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {5}, pages = {863-865}, pmid = {31140148}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {858.14.040//Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NL)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*classification ; Curacao ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {The predatory ladybird species, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius), is native to Asia and Australia but has established populations outside its native range, most recently on the eastern and northern coast of South America. Here, we report for the first time the identification of the introduced ladybird beetle, C. sexmaculata, to the Caribbean islands, specifically the island of Curaçao. Although C. sexmaculata is typically considered beneficial and used as a means of biological control in continental ecosystems, due to its high predatory and reproductive ability, it has the potential to cause major ecological impacts as an invader to sensitive Caribbean island ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid31139001, year = {2019}, author = {Robertson, DR and Domínguez-Dominguez, O and Aroyo, YML and Mendoza, RM and Simões, N}, title = {Reef-associated fishes from the offshore reefs of western Campeche Bank, Mexico, with a discussion of mangroves and seagrass beds as nursery habitats.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {843}, number = {}, pages = {71-115}, pmid = {31139001}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {A series of small emergent coral reefs and shallow, submerged coralliferous banks are scattered along the western edge of Campeche Bank (southwest Gulf of Mexico), 150-200 km offshore from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Here a reasonably comprehensive, annotated checklist of reef-associated fishes for one reef, Cayo Arcas (expanded from 162 to 209 species) is presented, with preliminary checklists of such fishes from three other emergent reefs (Cayo Arenas, Triángulo Oeste, Triángulo Este) and four submerged bank reefs (Banco Obispo Norte, Banco Obispo Sur, Banco Nuevo and Banco Pera). During 2017-18 a total of 260 species was observed or collected from those reefs, and previous studies and georeferenced museum records in the global aggregator Fishnet2 added another 101 shallow-living species recorded on or adjacent to those reefs. Some coral-reef fishes are thought to be strongly dependent on seagrass and mangrove areas as nursery habitats for maintenance of their local populations on reefs near to those habitats. The abundance of a number of such "nursery" species on these Campeche reefs indicates otherwise, as there are no seagrass- or mangrove habitats for reef fishes within ~ 150 km of the study reefs. Other isolated Caribbean-area reefs that lack mangroves and, in some cases, seagrasses, also support many such nursery species of reef-fishes.}, }
@article {pmid31138868, year = {2019}, author = {Falkenberg, LJ and Styan, CA and Havenhand, JN}, title = {Sperm motility of oysters from distinct populations differs in response to ocean acidification and freshening.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {7970}, pmid = {31138868}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Variation, Individual ; Carbon Dioxide/*pharmacology ; Crassostrea/*drug effects/physiology ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Salinity ; Seawater/analysis ; Selection, Genetic ; Sperm Motility/*drug effects/physiology ; Spermatozoa/*drug effects/physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Species' responses to climate change will reflect variability in the effects of physiological selection that future conditions impose. Here, we considered the effects of ocean acidification (increases in pCO2; 606, 925, 1250 µatm) and freshening (reductions in salinity; 33, 23, 13 PSU) on sperm motility in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) from two populations (one recently invaded, one established for 60+ years). Freshening reduced sperm motility in the established population, but this was offset by a positive effect of acidification. Freshening also reduced sperm motility in the recently invaded population, but acidification had no effect. Response direction, strength, and variance differed among individuals within each population. For the established population, freshening increased variance in sperm motility, and exposure to both acidification and freshening modified the performance rank of males (i.e. rank motility of sperm). In contrast, for the recently invaded population, freshening caused a smaller change in variance, and male performance rank was broadly consistent across treatments. That inter-population differences in response may be related to environmental history (recently invaded, or established), indicates this could influence scope for selection and adaptation. These results highlight the need to consider variation within and among population responses to forecast effects of multiple environmental change drivers.}, }
@article {pmid31137237, year = {2019}, author = {Zheng, ZX and Li, JQ and Sang, HY}, title = {A hybrid invasive weed optimization algorithm for the economic load dispatch problem in power systems.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {2775-2794}, doi = {10.3934/mbe.2019138}, pmid = {31137237}, issn = {1551-0018}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Artificial Intelligence ; Biological Evolution ; Electric Power Supplies ; Engineering/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Economic ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plant Weeds/*growth &amp; development ; *Power Plants ; Problem Solving ; *Seeds ; }, abstract = {In this study, a hybrid invasive weed optimization (HIWO) algorithm that hybridizes the invasive weed optimization (IWO) algorithm and genetic algorithm (GA) has been proposed to solve economic dispatch (ED) problems in power systems. In the proposed algorithm, the IWO algorithm is used as the main optimizer to explore the solution space, whereas the crossover and mutation operations of the GA are developed to significantly improve the optimization ability of IWO. In addition, an effective repair method is embedded in the proposed algorithm to repair infeasible solutions by handing various practical constraints of ED problems. To verify the optimization performance of the proposed algorithm and the effectiveness of the repair method, six ED problems in the different-scale power systems were tested and compared with other algorithms proposed in the literature. The experimental results indicated that the proposed HIWO algorithm can obtain the more economical dispatch solutions, and the proposed repair method can effectively repair each infeasible dispatch solution to a feasible solution. The convergence capability, applicability and effectiveness of HIWO were also demonstrated through the comprehensive comparison results.}, }
@article {pmid31134712, year = {2019}, author = {Zettlemoyer, MA and Schultheis, EH and Lau, JA}, title = {Phenology in a warming world: differences between native and non-native plant species.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {22}, number = {8}, pages = {1253-1263}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13290}, pmid = {31134712}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {//Michigan State University AgBioResearch/ ; 2124//Kellogg Biological Station/ ; DEB 1637653//NSF Long-term Ecological Research Program/ ; }, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Flowers ; *Plant Development ; *Plants ; Seasons ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Phenology is a harbinger of climate change, with many species advancing flowering in response to rising temperatures. However, there is tremendous variation among species in phenological response to warming, and any phenological differences between native and non-native species may influence invasion outcomes under global warming. We simulated global warming in the field and found that non-native species flowered earlier and were more phenologically plastic to temperature than natives, which did not accelerate flowering in response to warming. Non-native species' flowering also became more synchronous with other community members under warming. Earlier flowering was associated with greater geographic spread of non-native species, implicating phenology as a potential trait associated with the successful establishment of non-native species across large geographic regions. Such phenological differences in both timing and plasticity between native and non-natives are hypothesised to promote invasion success and population persistence, potentially benefiting non-native over native species under climate change.}, }
@article {pmid31134115, year = {2019}, author = {Ye, XQ and Yan, YN and Wu, M and Yu, FH}, title = {High Capacity of Nutrient Accumulation by Invasive Solidago canadensis in a Coastal Grassland.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {575}, pmid = {31134115}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Solidago canadensis is a notorious invasive species from North America that is spreading across East China. It is invading some coastal grasslands and replacing native grass species. The effects of the S. canadensis invasion on soil nutrient cycling in the grasslands remain unclear. This study examined the effects of the invasion of S. canadensis on macronutrient accumulation in species aboveground part and soil.<br><br>METHODS: Aboveground biomass, macronutrient (N, P, and K) pools in biomass, litter mass and decomposition rates, soil macronutrient availability and soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity that were related to nutrient transformation were compared between plots invaded by S. canadensis and uninvaded plots dominated by three different native grass species: Phacelurus latifolius, Phragmites australis, and Imperata cylindrica.<br><br>RESULTS: S. canadensis had higher aboveground biomass, higher leaf N, P, and K concentrations, and consequently, a larger macronutrient pool size in the standing biomass. S. canadensis also produced more litter with higher N, P, and K concentrations and faster decomposition rates. The S. canadensis invasion did not change the total N, P, and K concentration in the topsoil (0-10 cm), but the invasion did increase their availability. The S. canadensis invasion did not increase the total soil organic matter (TSOM) content but did increase the soil microbial biomass and the activities of urease, alkaline phosphatase, invertase, amylase, and glucosidase in the topsoil.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The invasion of S. canadensis accelerates the macronutrient cycling rate via increases in aboveground productivity and nutrient accumulation in standing biomass, faster nutrient release from litter and higher soil microbial activity. An enhanced nutrient cycling rate may further enhance its invasiveness through a positive feedback on soil processes.}, }
@article {pmid31134104, year = {2019}, author = {Pulzatto, MM and Cunha, ER and Dainez-Filho, MS and Thomaz, SM}, title = {Association Between the Success of an Invasive Macrophyte, Environmental Variables and Abundance of a Competing Native Macrophyte.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {514}, pmid = {31134104}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The success of invasive species depends on the overcoming of abiotic and biotic filters. Abiotic variables likely have greater relative importance over invasion at broad spatial scales, while biotic interactions are more important at fine spatial scales. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that (i) the abundance of the invasive Hydrilla verticillata is more correlated with abiotic factors than with competing native species at broad spatial grain; and that (ii) H. verticillata abundance is more correlated with competing native species than with abiotic factors at fine spatial grain. Here, we considered spatial scale as the grain size (i.e., the extent of sampling unit) assuming broad spatial scales as a large area encompassing the entire patches of macrophytes, and fine spatial scales as a small area inside one macrophyte patch. We collected the abundance of hydrilla and the competing native species along with environmental variables in a large subtropical reservoir. To evaluate how the relative importance of the abiotic factors and the competing native species vary between spatial grains we used Bayesian Generalized Linear Models. At broad grain, the abundance of the competing native species, maximum fetch (positive correlation), turbidity and conductivity (negative correlation) were the most important factors to explain the hydrilla abundance. At fine grain, alkalinity, total organic matter of the sediment and the abundance of a competitive native species (all negative correlations) were the most important variables. Our results indicate a greater importance of abiotic factors at broader grains while competitive interactions seem to be important only in the finer spatial grains. Environmental heterogeneity may explain the positive correlation between native and invasive abundances at broad grain, while the negative correlation at fine grain suggests the effect of competition. In synthesis, we show that the abiotic factors that explain the invasion success of a submerged invasive macrophyte are the same in two spatial grains, but the importance of biotic interactions changed with grain. Thus, our data suggest that models that attempt to explain the success of invasive plants, should consider spatial scales.}, }
@article {pmid31133883, year = {2019}, author = {Kanakala, S and Kontsedalov, S and Lebedev, G and Ghanim, M}, title = {Plant-Mediated Silencing of the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Cyclophilin B and Heat Shock Protein 70 Impairs Insect Development and Virus Transmission.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {557}, pmid = {31133883}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {The whitefly B. tabaci is a global pest and transmits extremely important plant viruses especially begomoviruses, that cause substantial crop losses. B. tabaci is one of the top invasive species worldwide and have developed resistance to all major pesticide classes. One of the promising alternative ways for controlling this pest is studying its genetic makeup for identifying specific target proteins which are critical for its development and ability to transmit viruses. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is the most economically important and well-studied begomovirus transmitted by B. tabaci, in a persistent-circulative manner. Recently, we reported that B. tabaci Cyclophilin B (CypB) and heat shock protein 70 proteins (hsp70) interact and co-localize with TYLCV in the whitefly midgut, on the virus transmission pathway, and that both proteins have a significant role in virus transmission. Here, we extended the previous work and used the Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) plant-mediated RNA silencing system for knocking down both genes and testing the effect of their silencing on whitefly viability and virus transmission. Portions of these two genes were cloned into TRV constructs and tomato plants were infected and used for whitefly feeding and transmission experiments. Following whitefly feeding on TRV-plants, the expression levels of cypB and hsp70 in adult B. tabaci significantly decreased over 72 h feeding period. The knockdown in the expression of both genes was further shown in the first generation of silenced whiteflies, where phenotypic abnormalities in the adult, wing, nymph and bacteriosomes development and structure were observed. Additionally, high mortality rates that reached more than 80% among nymphs and adults were obtained. Finally, silenced whitefly adults with both genes showed decreased ability to transmit TYLCV under lab conditions. Our results suggest that plant-mediated silencing of both cypB and hsp70 have profound effects on whitefly development and its ability to transmit TYLCV.}, }
@article {pmid31132703, year = {2019}, author = {Jones, NR and Agnew, M and Banic, I and Grossi, CM and Colón-González, FJ and Plavec, D and Goodess, CM and Epstein, MM and Turkalj, M and Lake, IR}, title = {Ragweed pollen and allergic symptoms in children: Results from a three-year longitudinal study.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {683}, number = {}, pages = {240-248}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.284}, pmid = {31132703}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Allergens/*adverse effects/analysis ; Ambrosia/physiology ; Antigens, Plant/*adverse effects/analysis ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Croatia ; Female ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Plant Extracts/*adverse effects/analysis ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/etiology/*immunology ; }, abstract = {Common ragweed is a highly allergenic invasive species in Europe, expected to become widespread under climate change. Allergy to ragweed manifests as eye, nasal and lung symptoms, and children may retain these throughout life. The dose-response relationship between symptoms and pollen concentrations is unclear. We undertook a longitudinal study, assessing the association between ragweed pollen concentration and allergic eye, nasal and lung symptoms in children living under a range of ragweed pollen concentrations in Croatia. Over three years, 85 children completed daily diaries, detailing allergic symptoms alongside daily location, activities and medication, resulting in 10,130 individual daily entries. The daily ragweed pollen concentration for the children's locations was obtained, alongside daily weather and air pollution. Parents completed a home/lifestyle/medical questionnaire. Generalised Additive Mixed Models established the relationship between pollen concentrations and symptoms, alongside other covariates. Eye symptoms were associated with mean daily pollen concentration over four days (day of symptoms plus 3 previous days); 61 grains/m[3]/day (95%CI: 45, 100) was the threshold at which 50% of children reported symptoms. Nasal symptoms were associated with mean daily pollen concentration over 12 days (day of symptoms plus 11 previous days); the threshold for 50% of children reporting symptoms was 40 grains/m[3]/day (95%CI: 24, 87). Lung symptoms showed a relationship with mean daily pollen concentration over 19 days (day of symptoms plus 18 previous days), with a threshold of 71 grains/m[3]/day (95%CI: 59, 88). Taking medication on the day of symptoms showed higher odds, suggesting responsive behaviour. Taking medication on the day prior to symptoms showed lower odds of reporting, indicating preventative behaviour. Different symptoms in children demonstrate varying dose-response relationships with ragweed pollen concentrations. Each symptom type responded to pollen exposure over different time periods. Using medication prior to symptoms can reduce symptom presence. These findings can be used to better manage paediatric ragweed allergy symptoms.}, }
@article {pmid31132698, year = {2019}, author = {Chen, L and Fang, K and Zhou, J and Yang, ZP and Dong, XF and Dai, GH and Zhang, HB}, title = {Enrichment of soil rare bacteria in root by an invasive plant Ageratina adenophora.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {683}, number = {}, pages = {202-209}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.220}, pmid = {31132698}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Ageratina/*physiology ; *Bacteria/classification ; China ; Introduced Species ; Microbiota/*physiology ; *Rhizosphere ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {The assembly of the root-associated microbiome provides mutual benefits for the host plant and bacteria in soils. It is interesting how invasive plants interact with the local soil microbial community and establish the soil bacterial community in the endosphere of these plants in the short term. In this study, we compared the bacterial community in the rhizosphere with that in the root endosphere of an invasive plant, Ageratina adenophora, using high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the roots of A. adenophora selectively accumulated the genera Clostridium and Enterobacter, which are rarely distributed in the rhizosphere. This selective accumulation caused a switch in the bacterial composition at the phylum level from Bacteroidetes predominant in the rhizosphere to Proteobacteria dominant in the root endosphere of A. adenophora. Our data indicated the potential existence of a highly conserved signal recognition in which hosts, either invasive or native, enrich the endosphere bacteria, such as Clostridium, Enterobacter, etc., from the rhizosphere. Moreover, the accumulated bacteria were physiologically and genetically different at the strain level and displayed distinct roles in growth between invasive and native plants. The assembly of the bacterial community in the roots may be an advantageous strategy for A. adenophora in competition with native plants.}, }
@article {pmid31129326, year = {2019}, author = {Ilarri, MI and Souza, AT and Amorim, L and Sousa, R}, title = {Decay and persistence of empty bivalve shells in a temperate riverine system.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {683}, number = {}, pages = {185-192}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.208}, pmid = {31129326}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animal Shells/*chemistry ; Animals ; Corbicula/*chemistry ; Environmental Monitoring ; Portugal ; Rivers ; Unionidae/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Bivalve shells can persist over a geological time, acting as important physical resources to the associated fauna. However, few studies have investigated their relevance as persistent long-term ecological attributes to the ecosystem. As such, it is relevant to investigate the shell decays in riverine systems subjected to different environmental conditions. Towards this end, shells of four bivalve species (Anodonta anatina, Corbicula fluminea, Potomida littoralis and Unio delphinus) were made available individually and in clusters of different sizes. The effects of river flow and seasonality were assessed by recording the decay rates of shells in lentic and lotic habitats throughout the year. Our results evidenced that the decays varied among species and depend on shell size, water flow and season. Thin shelled species (A. anatina and U. delphinus) showed the highest mean percentage of decay per month, 3.17% (lotic) and 2.77% (lotic), respectively, and thick shelled species (C. fluminea and P. littoralis) the lowest, 2.02% (lotic) and 1.83% (lotic), respectively. Size was a relevant variable explaining decays, with the smallest shells presenting the highest values, 1.2-2.0 times higher compared to the other size classes. Also, robustness showed to be the most relevant feature explaining the decays in thick shelled species. River flow was also a relevant descriptor of the decays, with higher decays observed in the lotic compared to the lentic habitats. Furthermore, lower decays were observed mainly during summer (lentic site), and autumn (lotic site) associated to the burial effect of leaves. In summary, shells of the native species A. anatina and U. delphinus are expected to persist and contribute less as habitat engineering species, than shells of the native P. littoralis and invasive C. fluminea species. This is especially valid to lotic habitats where the decays were up to 2.13 times higher than in lentic habitats.}, }
@article {pmid31128639, year = {2019}, author = {Lin, TE and Chen, TY and Wei, HL and Richard, R and Huang, SP}, title = {Low cold tolerance of the invasive lizard Eutropis multifasciata constrains its potential elevation distribution in Taiwan.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {82}, number = {}, pages = {115-122}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.03.015}, pmid = {31128639}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Cold Temperature ; *Cold-Shock Response ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/*physiology ; Male ; Seasons ; Taiwan ; Thermotolerance ; }, abstract = {1. The invasive many-lined sun skink, Eutropis multifasciata, is established in much of southern Taiwan and is spreading northward. We investigated whether winter temperatures constrain further dispersion of this skink by comparing its cold tolerance to the spatial distribution of winter temperatures in Taiwan. 2. We measured the 28-day survival rate of this species at 4 constant temperatures (10-16 °C in 2 °C increments) and its critical thermal minimum (CTmin), i.e., the body temperature at which the righting reflex is lost during the cooling process. For comparison with the spatial distribution of temperatures over Taiwan, we used the biophysical model Niche Mapper™ in order to simulate the soil temperatures, where lizards are inactive in the winter, during the coldest month of the year, January, under three climatic scenarios (average temperature, average-3 °C, average+3 °C). 3. Our results indicate that this species has low tolerance to cold. Combining cold tolerance data with soil temperature data suggests that its upper elevation limit could range from 1000 m to 1500 m, above which the weather is lethal and precludes overwintering. The locations of sightings of E. multifasciata are consistent with this prediction, with no known locations above 500 m elevation. 4. This study highlights that the winter climate is a major factor in determining population establishment and hence in limiting this species' range. Future studies would benefit from accounting for low winter temperatures and their potential influence on range limits of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid31127981, year = {2019}, author = {Hall, RN and Huang, N and Roberts, J and Strive, T}, title = {Carrion flies as sentinels for monitoring lagovirus activity in Australia.}, journal = {Transboundary and emerging diseases}, volume = {66}, number = {5}, pages = {2025-2032}, doi = {10.1111/tbed.13250}, pmid = {31127981}, issn = {1865-1682}, support = {//Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia/epidemiology ; Caliciviridae Infections/*epidemiology/virology ; Diptera/*virology ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Hares/*virology ; Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/genetics ; Lagovirus/*isolation &amp; purification ; Rabbits ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Sentinel Species ; }, abstract = {Lagoviruses are an essential tool for managing wild rabbit populations in Australia. Our understanding of lagovirus epidemiology in Australia currently depends on members of the public submitting liver samples from dead lagomorphs (i.e. rabbits and hares) through a monitoring program called Rabbitscan. However, many wild lagomorphs die in inaccessible locations or are scavenged before sampling can occur, leading to considerable sampling bias. In this study, we screened field-caught carrion flies for the presence of lagoviruses to monitor virus circulation patterns in the landscape, with an aim to establish a less biased epidemiological surveillance tool. Carrion flies were collected from two study sites over a 22-month period and these samples were used to optimize and validate molecular testing methods in this sample type for the currently circulating lagovirus variants. Virus was clearly detectable in field-caught carrion flies using optimized SYBR-green RT-qPCR and RT-PCR assays. However, variant identification was frequently hindered by the low virus loads present in carrion fly samples and spurious RT-PCR amplification. This was overcome by frequent sampling, which effectively acts as replicate sampling to verify inconclusive results. There was generally good correlation between virus detections and variant identification in carrion flies and in samples recovered from wild lagomorphs. The methods reported here provide an additional surveillance tool to monitor lagovirus spread and circulation at a landscape scale, which in turn can help to guide more effective rabbit management programs.}, }
@article {pmid31127519, year = {2019}, author = {Wang, J and Liu, H and Li, Y and Liu, L and Xie, F and Lou, C and Zhang, H}, title = {Effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on quality of the red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) wintering habitat.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {26}, number = {21}, pages = {21546-21555}, pmid = {31127519}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {No. 31570459, 41771199//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; NO. 15KJA170002, BK20171277//Natural science fund in Jiangsu Province/ ; PAPD//Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Seasons ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The core zone of the Yancheng National Natural Reserve (YNNR) in China is the largest wintering habitat of red-crowned cranes (cranes) in the world. However, the invasion of Spartina alterniflora (S. alterniflora) not only changed the original landscape structure of the wetlands but also impacted the cranes' habitats in the YNNR. In this paper, field investigation data and landscape pattern indices were used to analyze the effects of the S. alterniflora invasion on the habitat quality of wintering cranes. The results indicate that the seep weed (Suaeda salsa) in the natural wetland and the common reed (Phragmites australis) in the managed wetland both provide suitable habitats for cranes. However, the cranes prefer the natural wetland more. The explosive growth of S. alterniflora in the natural area has led to a significant reduction of the cranes' habitat. The area of crane habitat decreased from 52.07 km[2] in 2000 to 22.36 km[2] in 2015. As a result of the S. alterniflora invasion, the benthic biomass has declined, which has negatively impacted the quantity and structure of the food utilized by the cranes. This study has both theoretical and practical significance and provides a scientific basis for protecting the wintering habitat of the red-crowned cranes.}, }
@article {pmid31127123, year = {2019}, author = {Collado, GA and Vidal, MA and Aguayo, KP and Méndez, MA and Valladares, MA and Cabrera, FJ and Pastenes, L and Gutiérrez Gregoric, DE and Puillandre, N}, title = {Morphological and molecular analysis of cryptic native and invasive freshwater snails in Chile.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {7846}, pmid = {31127123}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Chile ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/*methods ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Feasibility Studies ; Female ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Reproduction/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Snails/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {Species delimitation in minute freshwater snails is often difficult to perform using solely shell morphology. The problem intensifies when invasive species spread within the distribution range of morphologically similar native species. In Chile, the Truncatelloidean snails are represented by the native genera Heleobia and Potamolithus plus the invasive mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum, which can easily be confused. Using an integrative approach, we performed molecular phylogenetic analysis and studied reproductive and morphological features to identify superficially similar forms inhabiting the central area of the country. Truncatelloidean snails were identified in 40 of 51 localities sampled, 10 containing Potamopyrgus antipodarum, 23 Heleobia and 7 Potamolithus. Based on these results and previously published data, the known distribution of the mudsnail in Chile encompasses 6 hydrological basins, including 18 freshwater ecosystems. The finding of the mudsnails in several type localities of native species/subspecies of "Heleobia" that were not find in situ suggests species replacement or significant extinction of native fauna, a hypothesis supported by the restudy of type material that shows that endemic forms belong to the genus Potamolithus. This study shows the usefulness of integrative taxonomy not only resolving complex taxa with cryptic morphology but also measuring the extent of an ongoing invasion.}, }
@article {pmid31125341, year = {2019}, author = {Gómez, P and Murúa, M and San Martín, J and Goncalves, E and Bustamante, RO}, title = {Maintaining close canopy cover prevents the invasion of Pinus radiata: Basic ecology to manage native forest invasibility.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {e0210849}, pmid = {31125341}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Chile ; *Ecosystem ; *Forests ; Introduced Species ; *Pinus ; Principal Component Analysis ; Seedlings ; }, abstract = {Pine invasion is a global threat that is occurring in native forests of diverse regions of the world. This process is arising in a scenario of rapid forest deforestation and degradation. Therefore, elucidate which forests attributes explain invasibility is a central issue in forest ecology. The Coastal Maulino forest is an endemic forest of central Chile, which has suffered a large history of disturbance, being replaced by large extensions of Pinus radiata plantations. This land transformation conveys high rates of pines invasion into native remnants. In this study we examined to what extent structural features of forest patches explains invasibility of this forest-type. Within eight forest fragments, we sampled 162 plots (10 x 10 m2 each). We quantified seedling pine density and related these estimates with tree cover, litter depth, PAR radiation, and diversity of the resident community. Our results indicate that canopy cover was the most important variable to determine seedling pine density within forest fragments. Our investigation highlights the importance to conserve the forests cover to reduce significantly their invasibility. This action can be effective even if we cannot avoid pine plantations in the region as a source of a massive seed dispersal to forests with well conserved canopy.}, }
@article {pmid31124245, year = {2019}, author = {Byrd, BD and Sither, CB and Goggins, JA and Kunze-Garcia, S and Pesko, KN and Bustamante, DM and Sither, JM and Vonesh, JR and O'Meara, GF}, title = {Aquatic thermal conditions predict the presence of native and invasive rock pool Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the southern Appalachians, U.S.A.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, pages = {30-39}, doi = {10.1111/jvec.12326}, pmid = {31124245}, issn = {1948-7134}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Appalachian Region ; Culicidae/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The native rock pool mosquito, Aedes atropalpus (Coquillett), and the invasive Aedes japonicus (Theobald) have been found in many types of artificial and natural containers throughout North America. Little is known about the ecology of these two species in habitats where they co-occur, although multiple investigators have reported the decline of the native species concurrent with the introduction and spread of the invasive species. Here we report the results of riverine rock pool collections (n=503) in the southern Appalachian Mountains between 2009-2015. Surface water temperatures strongly predicted the presence of each species across a broad range of observed temperatures (11-39.8° C). For every unit of increase in temperature (°C) the odds of collecting Ae. atropalpus larvae increased by 0.34 while the odds of collecting Ae. japonicus larvae decreased by 0.28. No Ae. japonicus larvae or pupae were collected at temperatures greater than 36° C; however, immature Ae. atropalpus were found in rock pools with temperatures up to 39.8° C. In contrast, Ae. japonicus were highly abundant in cooler rock pools (<17° C) where Ae. atropalpus were infrequent or absent. Our findings suggest that in spite of the successful invasion by Ae. japonicus, Ae. atropalpus remains well established in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Given the strong correlation of temperature with the presence of the two species and the contrasting absence of each species at observed temperature extremes, the role of thermal conditions should be carefully explored in the context of other ecological factors likely influencing the range and abundance of these mosquitoes.}, }
@article {pmid31124225, year = {2019}, author = {Peach, DAH and Almond, M and Pol, JC}, title = {Modeled distributions of Aedes japonicus japonicus and Aedes togoi (Diptera: Culicidae) in the United States, Canada, and northern Latin America.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, pages = {119-129}, doi = {10.1111/jvec.12336}, pmid = {31124225}, issn = {1948-7134}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Canada ; Latin America ; Models, Biological ; United States ; }, abstract = {The Asian bush mosquito, Aedes japonicus japonicus, and the coastal rock pool mosquito, Aedes togoi, are potential disease vectors present in both East Asia and North America. While their ranges are fairly well-documented in Asia, this is not the case for North America. We used maximum entropy modeling to estimate the potential distributions of Ae. togoi and Ae. j. japonicus in the United States, Canada, and northern Latin America under contemporary and future climatic conditions. Our results suggest suitable habitat that is not known to be occupied for Ae. j. japonicus in Atlantic and western Canada, Alaska, the western, midwestern, southern, and northeastern United States, and Latin America, and for Ae. togoi along the Pacific coast of North America and the Hawaiian Islands. Such areas are at risk of future invasion or may already contain undetected populations of these species. Our findings further predict that the limits of suitable habitat for each species will expand northward under future climatic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid31122654, year = {2019}, author = {Sadchatheeswaran, S and Moloney, CL and Branch, GM and Robinson, TB}, title = {Using empirical and simulation approaches to quantify merits of rival measures of structural complexity in marine habitats.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {149}, number = {}, pages = {157-169}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.03.014}, pmid = {31122654}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Biota ; Bivalvia ; *Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; Fractals ; Humans ; Marine Biology/*methods ; Retrospective Studies ; }, abstract = {Ecosystem engineers often affect structural complexity of habitats. There are multiple methods of quantifying complexity, variously measuring topography, surface area, volume, fractal dimension, or rugosity. We compared eight methods, four employing the 3D modelling program 'Blender' to estimate total surface area, top surface area, their ratio, and interstitial volume; and four empirically measuring interstitial volume, fractals and two indices of rugosity. We compared these using seven metrics: 1) correlations among comparable measures; 2) consistency; 3) accuracy; 4) precision; 5) discrimination among configurations of objects; 6) discernment of complexities among zones on rocky shores; and 7) practicality. Of the eight methods, the virtual volumetric method, Blender interstitial volume, performed the best. Direct measurements of three-dimensional space related more closely to patterns in biodiversity than did measurements of two-dimensional space or indirect measures of complexity like fractals. Blender interstitial volume is thus the recommended means of measuring structural complexity of benthic environments.}, }
@article {pmid31121168, year = {2019}, author = {Maceda-Veiga, A and Mac Nally, R and Green, AJ and Poulin, R and de Sostoa, A}, title = {Major determinants of the occurrence of a globally invasive parasite in riverine fish over large-scale environmental gradients.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {49}, number = {8}, pages = {625-634}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.03.002}, pmid = {31121168}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Animals ; Copepoda/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Ectoparasitic Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Environment ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Fishes ; Fresh Water ; Prevalence ; Rivers ; Spain/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {The increased rate of outbreaks of infectious diseases in ecosystems is a dramatic consequence of global change, particularly when outbreaks affect important resources such as freshwater fish. However, the links between disease-inducing epizootics and widespread human impacts, including nutrient pollution and high water conductivity, in freshwater organisms are largely unexplored. We used data from extensive surveys in northeastern Spain (99,700 km[2], 15 river catchments, n = 530 sites) to explore the environmental factors that singly, or in combination, are likely to influence the occurrence of the invasive parasite, Lernaea cyprinacea, after accounting for host fish characteristics. Smaller fish, lower altitudes, higher water conductivity and nutrient pollution were associated with higher probabilities of infection in 19 endemic and widely distributed fish species. We found no evidence that interactive effects among riverine stressors related to water and physical habitat quality better explained the probability of occurrence of L. cyprinacea in fish than did additive-stressor combinations. Nutrient pollution and high water conductivity were two of the major factors contributing to the increased occurrence of L. cyprinacea. Therefore, the improvement of wastewater treatment processes and agricultural practices probably would help to reduce the occurrence of this parasite among native fish.}, }
@article {pmid31120997, year = {2019}, author = {Dissanayake, AA and Wagner, CM and Nair, MG}, title = {Nitrogenous compounds characterized in the deterrent skin extract of migratory adult sea lamprey from the Great Lakes region.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {e0217417}, pmid = {31120997}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Female ; Great Lakes Region ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Nitrogen Compounds/*analysis/metabolism ; Petromyzon/*physiology ; Skin/chemistry/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The sea lamprey (Petromzons marinus) is a devastating invasive species that represents a significant impediment to restoration of the Laurentian Great Lakes. There is substantial interest in developing environmentally benign control strategies for sea lamprey, and many other aquatic invasive species, that employ the manipulation of semiochemical information (pheromones and chemical cues) to guide the movements of invaders into control opportunities (e.g. traps, locations for safe pesticide application, etc.). A necessary precursor to the use of semiochemicals in conservation activities is the identification of the chemical constituents that compose the odors. Here, we characterize the major nitrogenous substances from the water-soluble fraction of a skin extract that contains the sea lamprey alarm cue, a powerful repellent that has proven effective in guiding the movements of migrating sea lamprey in rivers. Nitrogenous compounds are suspected components of fish alarm cues as the olfactory sensory neurons that mediate alarm responses transduce amino acids and related compounds. A laboratory assay confirmed the behavioral activity contained in the alarm cue resides in the water-soluble fraction of the skin extract. This water-soluble fraction consisted primarily of creatine (70%), heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds (4.3%) and free amino acids (18.4%), respectively. Among the free amino acids characterized in our study, essential amino acids constituted 13% of the water-soluble fraction. Free amino acids isolated from the water-soluble fraction composed of arginine, phenylalanine, threonine, and asparagine 3.9, 2.7, 2.6 and 2.4% of the water-soluble fraction, respectively. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the nature and use of the sea lamprey alarm cue in conservation activities.}, }
@article {pmid31116447, year = {2019}, author = {Burns, JH and Bennett, JM and Li, J and Xia, J and Arceo-Gómez, G and Burd, M and Burkle, LA and Durka, W and Ellis, AG and Freitas, L and Rodger, JG and Vamosi, JC and Wolowski, M and Ashman, TL and Knight, TM and Steets, JA}, title = {Plant traits moderate pollen limitation of introduced and native plants: a phylogenetic meta-analysis of global scale.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {223}, number = {4}, pages = {2063-2075}, doi = {10.1111/nph.15935}, pmid = {31116447}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Flowers/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Phylogeny ; Plants/*classification/*genetics ; Pollen/*physiology ; Pollination ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The role of pollination in the success of invasive plants needs to be understood because invasives have substantial effects on species interactions and ecosystem functions. Previous research has shown both that reproduction of invasive plants is often pollen limited and that invasive plants can have high seed production, motivating the questions: How do invasive populations maintain reproductive success in spite of pollen limitation? What species traits moderate pollen limitation for invaders? We conducted a phylogenetic meta-analysis with 68 invasive, 50 introduced noninvasive and 1931 native plant populations, across 1249 species. We found that invasive populations with generalist pollination or pollinator dependence were less pollen limited than natives, but invasives and introduced noninvasives did not differ. Invasive species produced 3× fewer ovules/flower and >250× more flowers per plant, compared with their native relatives. While these traits were negatively correlated, consistent with a tradeoff, this did not differ with invasion status. Invasive plants that produce many flowers and have floral generalisation are able to compensate for or avoid pollen limitation, potentially helping to explain the invaders' reproductive successes.}, }
@article {pmid31115439, year = {2019}, author = {Lyttek, E and Lal, P and Nieddu, G and Forgoston, E and Wieczerak, T}, title = {Modeling Agrilus planipennis F. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Spread in New Jersey.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {5}, pages = {2482-2488}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz122}, pmid = {31115439}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Forests ; *Fraxinus ; Larva ; New Jersey ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Pests and disease have become an increasingly common issue as globalized trade brings non-native species into unfamiliar systems. Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), is an Asiatic species of boring beetle currently devastating the native population of ash (Fraxinus) trees in the northern forests of the United States, with 85 million trees having already succumbed across much of the Midwest. We have developed a reaction-diffusion partial differential equation model to predict the spread of emerald ash borer over a heterogeneous 2-D landscape, with the initial ash tree distribution given by data from the Forest Inventory and Analysis. As expected, the model predictions show that emerald ash borer consumes ash which causes the local ash population to decline, while emerald ash borer spreads outward to other areas. Once the local ash population begins to decline emerald ash borer also declines due to the loss of available habitat. Our model's strength lies with its focus on the county scale and its linkage between emerald ash borer population growth and ash density. This enables one to make accurate predictions regarding emerald ash borer spread which allows one to consider various methods of control as well as to accurately study the economic effects of emerald ash borer spread.}, }
@article {pmid31114554, year = {2019}, author = {Boutier, M and Donohoe, O and Kopf, RK and Humphries, P and Becker, JA and Marshall, J and Vanderplasschen, A}, title = {Biocontrol of Carp: The Australian Plan Does Not Stand Up to a Rational Analysis of Safety and Efficacy.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {882}, pmid = {31114554}, issn = {1664-302X}, }
@article {pmid31112014, year = {2019}, author = {Pearse, IS and Sofaer, HR and Zaya, DN and Spyreas, G}, title = {Non-native plants have greater impacts because of differing per-capita effects and nonlinear abundance-impact curves.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {22}, number = {8}, pages = {1214-1220}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13284}, pmid = {31112014}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Invasive, non-native species can have tremendous impacts on biotic communities, where they reduce the abundance and diversity of local species. However, it remains unclear whether impacts of non-native species arise from their high abundance or whether each non-native individual has a disproportionate impact - that is, a higher per-capita effect - on co-occurring species compared to impacts by native species. Using a long-term study of wetlands, we asked how temporal variation in dominant native and non-native plants impacted the abundance and richness of other plants in the recipient community. Non-native plants reached higher abundances than natives and had greater per-capita effects. The abundance-impact relationship between plant abundance and richness was nonlinear. Compared with increasing native abundance, increasing non-native abundance was associated with steeper declines in richness because of greater per-capita effects and nonlinearities in the abundance-impact relationship. Our study supports eco-evolutionary novelty of non-natives as a driver of their outsized impacts on communities.}, }
@article {pmid31112010, year = {2019}, author = {Turgeon, K and Turpin, C and Gregory-Eaves, I}, title = {Dams have varying impacts on fish communities across latitudes: a quantitative synthesis.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, pages = {1501-1516}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13283}, pmid = {31112010}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {//MITACS elevate/ ; //Canada Research Chairs/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Fishes ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; *Rivers ; *Water Movements ; }, abstract = {Dams are recognised to impact aquatic biodiversity, but the effects and conclusions diverge across studies and locations. By using a meta-analytical approach, we quantified the effects of impoundment on fish communities distributed across three large biomes. The impacts of dams on richness and diversity differed across biomes, with significant declines in the tropics, lower amplitude but similar directional changes in temperate regions, and no changes in boreal regions. Our analyses showed that non-native species increased significantly in tropical and temperate regulated rivers, but not in boreal rivers. In contrast, temporal trajectories in fish assemblage metrics were common across regions, with all biomes showing an increase in mean trophic level position and in the proportion of generalist species after impoundment. Such changes in fish assemblages may affect food web stability and merit closer study. Across the literature examined, predominant mechanisms that render fish assemblages susceptible to impacts from dams were: (1) the transformation of the lotic environment into a lentic environment; (2) habitat fragmentation and (3) the introduction of non-native species. Collectively, our results highlight that an understanding of the regional context and a suite of community metrics are needed to make robust predictions about how fish will respond to river impoundments.}, }
@article {pmid31111639, year = {2019}, author = {Azzurro, E and Sbragaglia, V and Cerri, J and Bariche, M and Bolognini, L and Ben Souissi, J and Busoni, G and Coco, S and Chryssanthi, A and Fanelli, E and Ghanem, R and Garrabou, J and Gianni, F and Grati, F and Kolitari, J and Letterio, G and Lipej, L and Mazzoldi, C and Milone, N and Pannacciulli, F and Pešić, A and Samuel-Rhoads, Y and Saponari, L and Tomanic, J and Eda Topçu, N and Vargiu, G and Moschella, P}, title = {Climate change, biological invasions, and the shifting distribution of Mediterranean fishes: A large-scale survey based on local ecological knowledge.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {8}, pages = {2779-2792}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14670}, pmid = {31111639}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Mediterranean Sea ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Climate change and biological invasions are rapidly reshuffling species distribution, restructuring the biological communities of many ecosystems worldwide. Tracking these transformations in the marine environment is crucial, but our understanding of climate change effects and invasive species dynamics is often hampered by the practical challenge of surveying large geographical areas. Here, we focus on the Mediterranean Sea, a hot spot for climate change and biological invasions to investigate recent spatiotemporal changes in fish abundances and distribution. To this end, we accessed the local ecological knowledge (LEK) of small-scale and recreational fishers, reconstructing the dynamics of fish perceived as "new" or increasing in different fishing areas. Over 500 fishers across 95 locations and nine different countries were interviewed, and semiquantitative information on yearly changes in species abundance was collected. Overall, 75 species were mentioned by the respondents, mostly warm-adapted species of both native and exotic origin. Respondents belonging to the same biogeographic sectors described coherent spatial and temporal patterns, and gradients along latitudinal and longitudinal axes were revealed. This information provides a more complete understanding of the shifting distribution of Mediterranean fishes and it also demonstrates that adequately structured LEK methodology might be applied successfully beyond the local scale, across national borders and jurisdictions. Acknowledging this potential through macroregional coordination could pave the way for future large-scale aggregations of individual observations, increasing our potential for integrated monitoring and conservation planning at the regional or even global level. This might help local communities to better understand, manage, and adapt to the ongoing biotic transformations driven by climate change and biological invaders.}, }
@article {pmid31110660, year = {2019}, author = {Egeter, B and Roe, C and Peixoto, S and Puppo, P and Easton, LJ and Pinto, J and Bishop, PJ and Robertson, BC}, title = {Using molecular diet analysis to inform invasive species management: A case study of introduced rats consuming endemic New Zealand frogs.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {5032-5048}, pmid = {31110660}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The decline of amphibians has been of international concern for more than two decades, and the global spread of introduced fauna is a major factor in this decline. Conservation management decisions to implement control of introduced fauna are often based on diet studies. One of the most common metrics to report in diet studies is Frequency of Occurrence (FO), but this can be difficult to interpret, as it does not include a temporal perspective. Here, we examine the potential for FO data derived from molecular diet analysis to inform invasive species management, using invasive ship rats (Rattus rattus) and endemic frogs (Leiopelma spp.) in New Zealand as a case study. Only two endemic frog species persist on the mainland. One of these, Leiopelma archeyi, is Critically Endangered (IUCN 2017) and ranked as the world's most evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered amphibian (EDGE, 2018). Ship rat stomach contents were collected by kill-trapping and subjected to three methods of diet analysis (one morphological and two DNA-based). A new primer pair was developed targeting all anuran species that exhibits good coverage, high taxonomic resolution, and reasonable specificity. Incorporating a temporal parameter allowed us to calculate the minimum number of ingestion events per rat per night, providing a more intuitive metric than the more commonly reported FO. We are not aware of other DNA-based diet studies that have incorporated a temporal parameter into FO data. The usefulness of such a metric will depend on the study system, in particular the feeding ecology of the predator. Ship rats are consuming both species of native frogs present on mainland New Zealand, and this study provides the first detections of remains of these species in mammalian stomach contents.}, }
@article {pmid31110510, year = {2019}, author = {Rohal, CB and Cranney, C and Kettenring, KM}, title = {Abiotic and Landscape Factors Constrain Restoration Outcomes Across Spatial Scales of a Widespread Invasive Plant.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {481}, pmid = {31110510}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The natural recolonization of native plant communities following invasive species management is notoriously challenging to predict, since outcomes can be contingent on a variety of factors including management decisions, abiotic factors, and landscape setting. The spatial scale at which the treatment is applied can also impact management outcomes, potentially influencing plant assembly processes and treatment success. Understanding the relative importance of each of these factors for plant community assembly can help managers prioritize patches where specific treatments are likely to be most successful. Here, using effects size analyses, we evaluate plant community responses following four invasive Phragmites australis management treatments (1: fall glyphosate herbicide spray, 2: summer glyphosate herbicide spray, 3: summer imazapyr herbicide spray, 4: untreated control) applied at two patch scales (12,000 m[2] and 1,000 m[2]) and monitored for 5 years. Using variation partitioning, we then evaluated the independent and shared influence of patch scale, treatment type, abiotic factors, and landscape factors on plant community outcomes following herbicide treatments. We found that Phragmites reinvaded more quickly in large patches, particularly following summer herbicide treatments, while native plant cover and richness increased at a greater magnitude in small patches than large. Patch scale, in combination with abiotic and landscape factors, was the most important driver for most plant responses. Compared with the small plots, large patches commonly had deeper and more prolonged flooding, and were in areas with greater hydrologic disturbance in the landscape, factors associated with reduced native plant recruitment and greater Phragmites cover. Small patches were associated with less flooding and landscape disturbance, and more native plants in the surrounding landscape than large patches, factors which promoted higher native plant conservation values and greater native plant cover and richness. Herbicide type and timing accounted for very little of the variation in native plant recovery, emphasizing the greater importance of patch selection for better management outcomes. To maximize the success of treatment programs, practitioners should first manage Phragmites patches adjacent to native plant species and in areas with minimal hydrologic disturbance.}, }
@article {pmid31110201, year = {2019}, author = {Kesäniemi, J and Koskimäki, JJ and Jurvansuu, J}, title = {Corpse management of the invasive Argentine ant inhibits growth of pathogenic fungi.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {7593}, pmid = {31110201}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Cadaver ; Ecosystem ; Fungi/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {A dead conspecific poses a potential pathogen risk for social animals. We have discovered that Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) prevent spread of pathogenic fungi from corpses by depositing the dead to combined toilet and refuse areas and applying pygidial gland secretion on them. The presence of a corpse in a nest increases this secretion behaviour. We identified three fungi growing on Argentine ant corpses. Growth of the Argentine ant pathogen Aspergillus nomius and the plant pathogen Fusarium solani on corpses was inhibited as long as the ants were constantly attending them as the ant anal secretion only delayed germination of their spores. In contrast, the effect of the ant anal secretion on the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus was much stronger: it prevented spore germination and, accordingly, the fungus no longer grew on the treated corpses. The Argentine ants are one of the world's worst invasive alien species as they cause ecological and economical damage in their new habitats. Our discovery points at a novel method to limit Argentine ant colonies through their natural fungal pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid31109665, year = {2019}, author = {Tay, WT and Gordon, KHJ}, title = {Going global - genomic insights into insect invasions.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {31}, number = {}, pages = {123-130}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2018.12.002}, pmid = {31109665}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; Commerce ; Genome, Insect ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Insecta/*genetics ; Insecticide Resistance/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The spread of invasive insect pests is becoming an increasing problem for agriculture globally. We discuss a number of invasive insects, already of major economic significance that have recently expanded their range to become truly global threats. These include the noctuid moths Helicoverpa and Spodoptera, whose caterpillars have long been among the worst pests in their native Old and New World habitats, respectively, and the whitefly Bemisia, a major vector of plant virus diseases. Importantly, genomic resources for these species have recently become available, allowing research to move beyond the restrictions imposed by earlier approaches limited to a single or few mitochondrial and nuclear markers, to employ genome-wide genotyping and resequencing protocols. These studies have shown hybridisation within the various species complexes, identified regions under selection in agricultural environments, and enable monitoring of genes important as biosecurity risks through introgression into established populations free of the genes. In all cases studied, global trade has emerged as the probable cause of insect spread, making it ever more important that biosecurity protocols and agencies work with researchers to make the most effective use of emerging genomic resources and tools.}, }
@article {pmid31109131, year = {2019}, author = {Mao, D and Liu, M and Wang, Z and Li, L and Man, W and Jia, M and Zhang, Y}, title = {Rapid Invasion of Spartina Alterniflora in the Coastal Zone of Mainland China: Spatiotemporal Patterns and Human Prevention.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {19}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {31109131}, issn = {1424-8220}, support = {2016YFC0500201//the National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 2017FY100706//the Science &amp;Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China/ ; 2017277, 2012178//Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {Biosensing Techniques/*methods ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Given the extensive spread and ecological consequences of exotic Spartina alterniflora (S. alterniflora) over the coast of mainland China, monitoring its spatiotemporal invasion patterns is important for the sake of coastal ecosystem management and ecological security. In this study, Landsat series images from 1990 to 2015 were used to establish multi-temporal datasets for documenting the temporal dynamics of S. alterniflora invasion. Our observations revealed that S. alterniflora had a continuous expansion with the area increasing by 50,204 ha during the considered 25 years. The largest expansion was identified in Jiangsu Province during the period of 1990-2000, and in Zhejiang Province during the periods 2000-2010 and 2010-2015. Three noticeable hotspots for S. alterniflora invasion were Yancheng of Jiangsu, Chongming of Shanghai, and Ningbo of Zhejiang, and each had a net area increase larger than 5000 ha. Moreover, an obvious shrinkage of S. alterniflora was identified in three coastal cities including the city of Cangzhou of Hebei, Dongguan, and Jiangmen of Guangdong. S. alterniflora invaded mostly into mudflats (>93%) and shrank primarily due to aquaculture (55.5%). This study sheds light on the historical spatial patterns in S. alterniflora distribution and thus is helpful for understanding its invasion mechanism and invasive species management.}, }
@article {pmid31106056, year = {2019}, author = {Strydom, M and Veldtman, R and Ngwenya, MZ and Esler, KJ}, title = {Seed survival of Australian Acacia in the Western Cape of South Africa in the presence of biological control agents and given environmental variation.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6816}, pmid = {31106056}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Studies of invasive Australian Acacia have shown that many seeds are still produced and accumulate in soil stored seed banks regardless of the presence of seed-targeting biological control agents. This is despite claims of biological control success, although there is generally a lack of data on the seed production of invasive Australian Acacia before and after the release of the respective agents. We aimed to quantify seed production and seed survival of invasive Australian Acacia currently under biological control. The seed production and survival (proportion of aborted, predated and surviving seeds) of A. longifolia, A. pycnantha and A. saligna were each studied at four to five sites in the Western Cape of South Africa. The relationships between seed production and stand characteristics were determined and the relative effects of seed predation and abortion on seed survival were established. The investigated invasive Australian Acacia produced many seeds that survived the pre-dispersal stage despite long-term presence of released biological control agents. It was shown that seed crop size is the only significant factor influencing seed survival of the studied Australian Acacia species. Furthermore, the seeds surviving per tree and per square meter were related to tree size. No quantitative evidence was found to suggest that seed-reducing biological control agents are having an impact on the population dynamics of their Australian Acacia hosts. This study illustrates the importance of studying the seed ecology of invasive plants before biological control agents are selected and released.}, }
@article {pmid31105441, year = {2019}, author = {Gudžinskas, Z and Petrulaitis, L and Žalneravičius, E}, title = {Asclepiasspeciosa (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae): a rare or unrecognized alien species in Europe?.}, journal = {PhytoKeys}, volume = {121}, number = {}, pages = {29-41}, pmid = {31105441}, issn = {1314-2011}, abstract = {Studies on populations of Asclepiassyriaca L. in Lithuania revealed the occurrence of a new alien plant species, the North American native Asclepiasspeciosa Torr. (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae), in southern parts of Lithuania - the first report of the latter species in Europe. Interestingly, a thorough analysis of herbarium specimens revealed that A.speciosa had first been collected in Lithuania in 1962, but the specimen was misidentified at the time as A.syriaca. The newly discovered population of A.speciosa occupies mesic grasslands, tall-herb fringe communities and arable field habitats. Sexual reproduction of this species was not recorded; it spreads locally by means of vegetative reproduction. We present here an exhaustive analysis of morphological characteristics and differences between A.speciosa and A.syriaca and other species of the genus, as well as a key for identification of alien Asclepias species in Europe. We predict that the effect of A.speciosa on native habitats and communities, and its economic impact, are comparable to those of the highly invasive A.syriaca. Although A.speciosa currently occurs very rarely as an alien species in Europe, its existence in other regions of Europe is highly probable.}, }
@article {pmid31104609, year = {2019}, author = {McRoberts, N and Figuera, SG and Olkowski, S and McGuire, B and Luo, W and Posny, D and Gottwald, T}, title = {Using models to provide rapid programme support for California's efforts to suppress Huanglongbing disease of citrus.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {374}, number = {1776}, pages = {20180281}, pmid = {31104609}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {California ; Citrus/*microbiology ; Computer Simulation ; *Models, Biological ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology/prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {We describe a series of operational questions posed during the state-wide response in California to the arrival of the invasive citrus disease Huanglongbing. The response is coordinated by an elected committee from the citrus industry and operates in collaboration with the California Department of Food and Agriculture, which gives it regulatory authority to enforce the removal of infected trees. The paper reviews how surveillance for disease and resource allocation between detection and delimitation have been addressed, based on epidemiological principles. In addition, we describe how epidemiological analyses have been used to support rule-making to enact costly but beneficial regulations and we highlight two recurring themes in the programme support work: (i) data are often insufficient for quantitative analyses of questions and (ii) modellers and decision-makers alike may be forced to accept the need to make decisions on the basis of simple or incomplete analyses that are subject to considerable uncertainty. This article is part of the theme issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control'. This theme issue is linked with the earlier issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes'.}, }
@article {pmid31104597, year = {2019}, author = {Mastin, AJ and van den Bosch, F and van den Berg, F and Parnell, SR}, title = {Quantifying the hidden costs of imperfect detection for early detection surveillance.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {374}, number = {1776}, pages = {20180261}, pmid = {31104597}, issn = {1471-2970}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Communicable Diseases/*epidemiology ; Humans ; *Models, Biological ; Phytophthora/*physiology ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Population Surveillance/*methods ; Rhododendron/*microbiology ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {The global spread of pathogens poses an increasing threat to health, ecosystems and agriculture worldwide. As early detection of new incursions is key to effective control, new diagnostic tests that can detect pathogen presence shortly after initial infection hold great potential for detection of infection in individual hosts. However, these tests may be too expensive to be implemented at the sampling intensities required for early detection of a new epidemic at the population level. To evaluate the trade-off between earlier and/or more reliable detection and higher deployment costs, we need to consider the impacts of test performance, test cost and pathogen epidemiology. Regarding test performance, the period before new infections can be first detected and the probability of detecting them are of particular importance. We propose a generic framework that can be easily used to evaluate a variety of different detection methods and identify important characteristics of the pathogen and the detection method to consider when planning early detection surveillance. We demonstrate the application of our method using the plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum in the UK, and find that visual inspec-tion for this pathogen is a more cost-effective strategy for early detection surveillance than an early detection diagnostic test. This article is part of the theme issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control'. This theme issue is linked with the earlier issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes'.}, }
@article {pmid31100120, year = {2019}, author = {Gojković, N and Ludoški, J and Krtinić, B and Milankov, V}, title = {The First Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of the Invasive Population of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Central Balkans.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {56}, number = {5}, pages = {1433-1440}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjz064}, pmid = {31100120}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Aedes/*anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; Animals ; Female ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Phenotype ; Serbia ; }, abstract = {Aedes (Stegomya) albopictus (Skuse 1984), the Asian tiger mosquito, represents the most invasive and one of the medically most important mosquito vectors. Although native to South East Asia, the species has recently spread globally, and was registered in the city of Novi Sad (Serbia, Central Balkans) in August 2018. We characterized the invasive population using phenotypic (wing size and shape) and molecular (nuclear, internal transcribed spacer 2- ITS2, and mitochondrial, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I- COI) markers. The results of phenotypic analyses indicated that the Serbian population could be differentiated from the native (Thailand) and invasive (Hawaii and Florida) populations due to restricted gene flow, founder effect, and supposed different strain origin. The Serbian population showed genetic homogeneity, indicative of a small founder number (bottleneck invasion model). Despite the incorporation of ITS2 GenBank sequences into the data set, neither spatial (Geneland) nor nonspatial (BAPS) genetic structuring analyses helped infer the Serbian population origin. However, the comparison of the retrieved COI haplotype with previously characterized mitogenomes indicated a temperate strain origin, capable of overwintering. Such findings suggest that the newly registered Ae. albopictus population could be able to establish itself since previous studies outlined Novi Sad as a suitable area.}, }
@article {pmid31098663, year = {2019}, author = {Abboud, C and Bonnefon, O and Parent, E and Soubeyrand, S}, title = {Dating and localizing an invasion from post-introduction data and a coupled reaction-diffusion-absorption model.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {79}, number = {2}, pages = {765-789}, pmid = {31098663}, issn = {1432-1416}, support = {SFS-09-2016//Horizon 2020 (XF-ACTORS)/International ; 21000679//INRA-DGAL/International ; }, mesh = {Algorithms ; Bayes Theorem ; Diffusion ; France ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Plants/*microbiology ; *Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Xylella/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasion of new territories by alien organisms is of primary concern for environmental and health agencies and has been a core topic in mathematical modeling, in particular in the intents of reconstructing the past dynamics of the alien organisms and predicting their future spatial extents. Partial differential equations offer a rich and flexible modeling framework that has been applied to a large number of invasions. In this article, we are specifically interested in dating and localizing the introduction that led to an invasion using mathematical modeling, post-introduction data and an adequate statistical inference procedure. We adopt a mechanistic-statistical approach grounded on a coupled reaction-diffusion-absorption model representing the dynamics of an organism in an heterogeneous domain with respect to growth. Initial conditions (including the date and site of the introduction) and model parameters related to diffusion, reproduction and mortality are jointly estimated in the Bayesian framework by using an adaptive importance sampling algorithm. This framework is applied to the invasion of Xylella fastidiosa, a phytopathogenic bacterium detected in South Corsica in 2015, France.}, }
@article {pmid31097040, year = {2019}, author = {Červená, B and Modrý, D and Fecková, B and Hrazdilová, K and Foronda, P and Alonso, AM and Lee, R and Walker, J and Niebuhr, CN and Malik, R and Šlapeta, J}, title = {Low diversity of Angiostrongylus cantonensis complete mitochondrial DNA sequences from Australia, Hawaii, French Polynesia and the Canary Islands revealed using whole genome next-generation sequencing.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {241}, pmid = {31097040}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {ID2017010092//"Proyectos I + D de la Consejeria de Econom&#xed;a, Industria, Comercio y Conocimiento de la Comunidad Aut&#xf3;noma de Canarias" and FEDER 2014-2020/ ; RD16/0027/0001//Red de Investigaci&#xf3;n de Centros de Enfermedades Tropicales-RICET, ISCIIISubdirecci&#xf3;n General de Redes y Centros de Investigaci&#xf3;n Cooperativa RETICS, Ministry of Health and Consumption, Spain/ ; CZ02.2.69/0.0/0.0/16_027/0008027//International Collaboration in ecological and evolutionary biology of vertebrates/ ; 123/2018/FVL//Internal Grant agency of UVPS/ ; CEITEC 2020 (LQ1601)//Ministerstvo &#x160;kolstv&#xed;, Ml&#xe1;de&#x17e;e a T&#x11b;lov&#xfd;chovy/ ; }, mesh = {Angiostrongylus cantonensis/*genetics ; Animals ; Australia ; Cyclooxygenase 1/genetics ; *DNA, Mitochondrial ; *Genetic Variation ; Genome, Helminth ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Hawaii ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Phylogeny ; Polynesia ; Rats ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spain ; Strongylida Infections/parasitology ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rats (Rattus spp.) invaded most of the world as stowaways including some that carried the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the cause of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in humans and other warm-blooded animals. A high genetic diversity of A. cantonensis based on short mitochondrial DNA regions is reported from Southeast Asia. However, the identity of invasive A. cantonensis is known for only a minority of countries. The affordability of next-generation sequencing for characterisation of A. cantonensis genomes should enable new insights into rat lung worm invasion and parasite identification in experimental studies.<br><br>METHODS: Genomic DNA from morphologically verified A. cantonensis (two laboratory-maintained strains and two field isolates) was sequenced using low coverage whole genome sequencing. The complete mitochondrial genome was assembled and compared to published A. cantonensis and Angiostrongylus malaysiensis sequences. To determine if the commonly sequenced partial cox1 can unequivocally identify A. cantonensis genetic lineages, the diversity of cox1 was re-evaluated in the context of the publicly available cox1 sequences and the entire mitochondrial genomes. Published experimental studies available in Web of Science were systematically reviewed to reveal published identities of A. cantonensis used in experimental studies.<br><br>RESULTS: New A. cantonensis mitochondrial genomes from Sydney (Australia), Hawaii (USA), Canary Islands (Spain) and Fatu Hiva (French Polynesia), were assembled from next-generation sequencing data. Comparison of A. cantonensis mitochondrial genomes from outside of Southeast Asia showed low genetic diversity (0.02-1.03%) within a single lineage of A. cantonensis. Both cox1 and cox2 were considered the preferred markers for A. cantonensis haplotype identification. Systematic review revealed that unequivocal A. cantonensis identification of strains used in experimental studies is hindered by absence of their genetic and geographical identity.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Low coverage whole genome sequencing provides data enabling standardised identification of A. cantonensis laboratory strains and field isolates. The phenotype of invasive A. cantonensis, such as the capacity to establish in new territories, has a strong genetic component, as the A. cantonensis found outside of the original endemic area are genetically uniform. It is imperative that the genotype of A. cantonensis strains maintained in laboratories and used in experimental studies is unequivocally characterised.}, }
@article {pmid31096370, year = {2019}, author = {Koutsikos, N and Zogaris, S and Vardakas, L and Kalantzi, OI and Dimitriou, E and Economou, AN}, title = {Tracking non-indigenous fishes in lotic ecosystems: Invasive patterns at different spatial scales in Greece.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {659}, number = {}, pages = {384-400}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.324}, pmid = {31096370}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Fishes ; Greece ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Mediterranean lotic waters such as rivers, streams and springs are poorly monitored for non-indigenous fish species (NIFS). Since these systems are stressed by multiple anthropogenic pressures, it is important to build robust procedures to track NIFS distribution and spread. This study applies a multi-faceted assessment of NIFS in the lotic ecosystems of Greece at different spatial scales by providing: a) a historical review of temporal patterns and arrival pathways of fish introductions in river basins of Greece (140 basins) across 100years; b) an analysis of occurrence and abundance data of NIFS assemblages at the lotic site scale (644 electrofished sites); c) the mapping of NIFS distributional patterns at river basin (75 basins) and regional scales (7 freshwater ecoregions); and, d) a vector analysis of fish translocations using an ecoregional framework. In total, 55 NIFS were recorded (25 alien and 30 translocated); however, there is a low incidence of NIFS in lotic waters at the site scale (30 NIFS recorded in the field samples; 10 alien and 20 translocated). NIFS introductions in Greece appear to be influenced by specific socio-historical periods, indicating a gradual increase since late 1970s. Despite this increase, our study provides evidence that only four alien species are currently widespread and common in the rivers and streams of Greece: Gambusia holbrooki, Carassius gibelio, Pseudorasbora parva, and Lepomis gibbosus (in order of recorded abundance). NIFS tend to be absent or distributed in very low numbers in upland streams and in smaller river basins. However, the issue of translocated fish species is shown to be a sorely neglected problem that is difficult to track. This review tests a readily transferable screening procedure, contributes to the application of the European Union Regulation on Invasive Alien Species; it suggests gaps and uncertainties, and proposes conservation and management actions.}, }
@article {pmid31096347, year = {2019}, author = {Mouton, TL and Matheson, FE and Stephenson, F and Champion, PD and Wadhwa, S and Hamer, MP and Catlin, A and Riis, T}, title = {Environmental filtering of native and non-native stream macrophyte assemblages by habitat disturbances in an agricultural landscape.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {659}, number = {}, pages = {1370-1381}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.277}, pmid = {31096347}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Eutrophication ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*classification/growth &amp; development ; New Zealand ; Rivers/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Understanding how inter-specific variation in functional traits affects native and non-native species responses to stream disturbances, is necessary to inform management strategies, providing tools for biomonitoring, conservation and restoration. This study used a functional trait approach to characterise the responses of macrophyte assemblages to reach-scale disturbances (measured by lack of riparian shading, altered hydromorphology and eutrophication), from 97 wadeable stream sites in an agriculturally impacted region of New Zealand. To determine whether macrophyte assemblages differed due to disturbances, we examined multidimensional assemblage functional structure in relation to eleven functional traits and further related two functional diversity indices (entropy and originality) to disturbances. Macrophyte assemblages showed distinct patterns in response to disturbances, with riparian shading and hydromorphological conditions being the strongest variables shaping macrophyte functional structure. In the multidimensional space, most of the non-native species were associated with disturbed conditions. These species had traits allowing faster colonisation rates (higher number of reproductive organs and larger root-rhizome system) and superior competitive abilities for resources (tall and dense canopy, heterophylly and greater preferences for light and nitrogen). In addition, lack of riparian shading increased the abundance of functionally distinct species (i.e. entropy), and eutrophication resulted in the growth of functionally unique species (i.e. originality). We demonstrated that stream reach-scale habitat disturbances were associated to a dominance of more productive species, equating to a greater abundance of non-native species. This, can result in a displacement of native species, habitat alterations, and changes to higher trophic level assemblages. Our results suggests that reach-scale management efforts such as the conservation and restoration of riparian vegetation that provides substantial shading and hydromorphologically diverse in-stream habitat, would have beneficial direct and indirect effects on ecosystem functioning, and contribute to the mitigation of land-use impacts.}, }
@article {pmid31096343, year = {2019}, author = {Chen, W and He, B and Nover, D and Lu, H and Liu, J and Sun, W and Chen, W}, title = {Farm ponds in southern China: Challenges and solutions for conserving a neglected wetland ecosystem.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {659}, number = {}, pages = {1322-1334}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.394}, pmid = {31096343}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Farm ponds, which are sometimes numerous and widely distributed in agricultural regions, have faced widespread degradation in recent decades. Although conservation strategies for these biodiversity hotspots have gradually increased, appropriate approaches for developing country contexts are lacking. Farm ponds provided hydrologic, biogeochemical, and socioeconomic benefits to southern China for thousands of years, but they are facing contemporary threats and management challenges, including (1) inadequate planning in terms of construction and conservation regulations; (2) rural nonpoint source and mini-point source pollution; (3) climate change induced abnormalities in the hydroperiod and disturbance to wildlife; (4) invasive species; and (5) inadequate social and political capacity to consider ecological conservation. Because farm ponds function as wetland complexes that are embedded within or integral to larger ecosystems, their conservation requires collaborative efforts over scales ranging from within-pond to regional. We highlight approaches that build public awareness and involve inventory maps as a basis. Policies that integrate top-down regulation and bottom-up engagement and emphasize sustainable management and utilization are recommended to ensure the effectiveness and continuous improvement of conservation programs. Techniques that involve interconnected smart sensors, volunteering and citizen science, and integrated process-based modeling are preferred when conducting comprehensive descriptions of the pond landscape, numerical assessments on their ecosystem services, and associated conservation cost analyses. Nature-based solutions are increasingly recognized as an important opportunity for coping with water-related crises. This paper presents the first synthetic perspective on the ecological roles of farm ponds in agriculturally dominated developing countries. The analytical framework and conservation suggestions are referential to sustainable rural development and the management of other small, scattered wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid31096340, year = {2019}, author = {Carolus, H and Muzarabani, KC and Hammoud, C and Schols, R and Volckaert, FAM and Barson, M and Huyse, T}, title = {A cascade of biological invasions and parasite spillback in man-made Lake Kariba.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {659}, number = {}, pages = {1283-1292}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.307}, pmid = {31096340}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Vectors ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Fasciola hepatica ; Gastropoda/parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes/*parasitology ; Parasites/classification/growth &amp; development ; Phylogeny ; Ruminants ; Zimbabwe ; }, abstract = {Parasite spillback, the infection of a non-indigenous organism by a native parasite, is a highly important although understudied component of ecological invasion dynamics. Here, through the first analysis of the parasite fauna of lymnaeid gastropods of Lake Kariba (Zimbabwe). We illustrate how the creation of an artificial lake may lead to a cascade of biological invasions in which an invasive aquatic plant promotes the proliferation of invasive gastropods, which in turn alters the epidemiology of trematodiases of potential medical and veterinary importance. Using a new multiplex Rapid Diagnostic PCR assay, we assessed the prevalence of Fasciola sp. infections in the gastropod populations. Both gastropod hosts and trematode parasites were identified using DNA barcoding. We provide the first record of the invasive North-American gastropod Pseudosuccinea columella in Lake Kariba. This species was found at 14 out of 16 sampled sites and its abundance was strongly positively correlated with the abundance of the invasive South-American water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). About 65% of the P. columella specimens analysed were infected with a hitherto unknown Fasciola species. Phylogenetic analyses indicate close affinity to Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, which cause fasciolosis, an important liver disease affecting both ruminants and humans. In addition, another non-native Lymnaeid species was found: a Radix sp. that clustered closely with a Vietnamese Radix species. Radix sp. hosted both amphistome and Fasciola trematodes. By linking an invasion cascade and parasite spillback, this study shows how both processes can act in combination to lead to potentially important epidemiological changes.}, }
@article {pmid31095990, year = {2019}, author = {Rodríguez, M and Álvarez, B and Loy, I}, title = {Hunger and satiety determine foraging decissions in land snails: Evidence from the invasive species Theba pisana.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {164}, number = {}, pages = {230-236}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2019.05.013}, pmid = {31095990}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animals ; *Appetitive Behavior ; *Decision Making ; *Gastropoda ; *Hunger ; Introduced Species ; *Satiation ; }, abstract = {The foraging behaviour of gastropod molluscs usually involves complex decisions that provide a model for the study of high-order cognitive processes. Land snails tested for food-finding in the laboratory, however, have shown an invariable feeding pattern: novel foods are mostly missed (i.e. just found by chance) whilst familiar foods, due to a type of conditioned attraction, are always located and ingested. This effect, known as Food-attraction conditioning, has led to the conclusion that, regardless of their hunger level, land snails are both willing to eat anything at any moment and also blind to the odours of novel foods. An alternative account of these findings emerges from the fact that the snails are usually tested whilst in a moderate state of hunger, so that they benefit from feeding on known foods but not from taking the risk of feeding on those that are unknown. The present experiments suggest that it is the case. Snails of the invasive species Theba pisana were tested for food-finding according to their seasonal cycle in a laboratory located in their native Mediterranean region. Subjects collected at the beginning of their aestivation period succeed in locating novel food items after being deprived for a long period (45 days), but ignored a conditioned food when they were sated with this food at the end of their lethargy. The results allow us to conclude that the feeding behaviour of snails is the product of a complex cost-benefit analysis in which their motivational state and the stimuli they perceive (and the memory of such stimuli), are evaluated. Finally, we anticipate that these results will be of use in increasing the efficiency of current baits employed for the protection of crops.}, }
@article {pmid31095588, year = {2019}, author = {Gleason, JM and Roy, PR and Everman, ER and Gleason, TC and Morgan, TJ}, title = {Phenology of Drosophila species across a temperate growing season and implications for behavior.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {e0216601}, pmid = {31095588}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Drosophila/*classification/*physiology ; *Ecology ; Female ; Male ; Phenotype ; *Seasons ; Species Specificity ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Drosophila community composition is complex in temperate regions with different abundance of flies and species across the growing season. Monitoring Drosophila populations provides insights into the phenology of both native and invasive species. Over a single growing season, we collected Drosophila at regular intervals and determined the number of individuals of the nine species we found in Kansas, USA. Species varied in their presence and abundance through the growing season with peak diversity occurring after the highest seasonal temperatures. We developed models for the abundance of the most common species, Drosophila melanogaster, D. simulans, D. algonquin, and the recent invasive species, D. suzukii. These models revealed that temperature played the largest role in abundance of each species across the season. For the two most commonly studied species, D. melanogaster and D. simulans, the best models indicate shifted thermal optima compared to laboratory studies, implying that fluctuating temperature may play a greater role in the physiology and ecology of these insects than indicated by laboratory studies, and should be considered in global climate change studies.}, }
@article {pmid31094604, year = {2019}, author = {Willi, Y and Van Buskirk, J}, title = {A Practical Guide to the Study of Distribution Limits.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {193}, number = {6}, pages = {773-785}, doi = {10.1086/703172}, pmid = {31094604}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Factors that limit the geographic distribution of species are broadly important in ecology and evolutionary biology, and understanding distribution limits is imperative for predicting how species will respond to environmental change. Good data indicate that factors such as dispersal limitation, small effective population size, and isolation are sometimes important. But empirical research highlights no single factor that explains the ubiquity of distribution limits. In this article, we outline a guide to tackling distribution limits that integrates established causes, such as dispersal limitation and spatial environmental heterogeneity, with understudied causes, such as mutational load and genetic or developmental integration of traits limiting niche expansion. We highlight how modeling and quantitative genetic and genomic analyses can provide insight into sources of distribution limits. Our practical guide provides a framework for considering the many factors likely to determine species distributions and how the different approaches can be integrated to predict distribution limits using eco-evolutionary modeling. The framework should also help predict distribution limits of invasive species and of species under climate change.}, }
@article {pmid31093855, year = {2019}, author = {Jin, PY and Tian, L and Chen, L and Hong, XY}, title = {High genetic diversity in a 'recent outbreak' spider mite, Tetranychus pueraricola, in mainland China.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {78}, number = {1}, pages = {15-27}, pmid = {31093855}, issn = {1572-9702}, support = {31672035//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31871976//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Male ; Species Specificity ; Tetranychidae/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Tetranychus pueraricola is a newly reported spider mite that occurs frequently in mainland China. It is possible that this species was introduced from elsewhere and became a serious pest recently. However, the correct identification of red-pigmented spider mites has repeatedly proven problematic. There is also the possibility that T. pueraricola in China was long misidentified as its sibling species, Tetranychus urticae (red form). To test which of these two scenarios is the more likely, individuals from 14 populations of T. pueraricola and five populations of T. urticae (red form) in China were sampled and genotyped using mitochondrial COI and microsatellite loci. Unlike a recent invasive species, the genetic diversity of T. pueraricola was very high with high mitochondrial genetic diversity (16 haplotypes), high effective alleles (Ne = 2.038 ± 0.081) and expected heterozygosity (He = 0.395 ± 0.016). Surprisingly, we found that all T. urticae (red form) populations shared only one mitochondrial haplotype and showed quite low genetic diversity (Ne = 1.443 ± 0.055; He = 0.234 ± 0.025) which was even lower than that of the green form of T. urticae in mainland China from a previous study. We did not detect significant signals of recent bottlenecks for most populations from both species. These results suggest T. pueraricola is unlikely to be a recent invasive pest but a species that has existed in China for a long time. It is probable that T. pueraricola in China has long been misidentified as T. urticae (red form).}, }
@article {pmid31088282, year = {2019}, author = {Kortz, AR and Magurran, AE}, title = {Increases in local richness (α-diversity) following invasion are offset by biotic homogenization in a biodiversity hotspot.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {20190133}, pmid = {31088282}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Brazil ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The world's ecosystems are experiencing unparalleled rates of biodiversity change, with invasive species implicated as one of the drivers that restructure local assemblages. Here we focus on the processes leading to biodiversity change in a biodiversity hotspot, the Brazilian Cerrado. The null expectation that invasion leads to increase in local species richness is supported by our investigation of the grass layer in two key habitats (campo sujo and campo úmido). Our analysis uncovered a linear relationship between total richness and invasive richness at the plot level. However, because the invasive species-even though few in number-are widespread, their contribution to local richness (α-diversity) is offset by their homogenizing influence on composition (β-diversity). We thus identify a mechanism that can help explain the paradox that species richness is not declining in many local assemblages, yet compositional change is exceeding the predictions of ecological theory. As such, our results emphasize the importance of quantifying both α-diversity and β-diversity in assessments of biodiversity change in the contemporary world.}, }
@article {pmid31086373, year = {2019}, author = {Giovas, CM and Kamenov, GD and Krigbaum, J}, title = {87Sr/86Sr and 14C evidence for peccary (Tayassuidae) introduction challenges accepted historical interpretation of the 1657 Ligon map of Barbados.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {e0216458}, pmid = {31086373}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Artiodactyla ; Barbados ; Carbon Radioisotopes/*analysis ; Fossils/*history ; History, 16th Century ; Introduced Species ; *Radiometric Dating ; Strontium Isotopes/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Contemporary West Indian biodiversity has been shaped by two millennia of non-native species introductions. Understanding the dynamics of this process and its legacy across extended temporal and spatial scales requires accurate knowledge of introduction timing and the species involved. Richard Ligon's 17th century account and celebrated map of early colonial Barbados records the translocation of several Old World species to the island in the post-contact era, including pigs (Sus scrofa) believed to have been released by passing sailors the century prior. Here we challenge this long-accepted historical narrative, presenting evidence that Ligon's "pigs" were in fact peccaries, a New World continental mammal often confused with wild boars. We document the first recorded instance of non-native peccary (Tayassuidae) on Barbados based on a securely identified mandibular specimen from a historic archaeological context. Results of specimen 87Sr/86Sr and AMS radiocarbon assays, along with newly reported data from Sr isotope environmental analyses, indicate a local origin dating to AD 1645-1670/1780-1800. These data support the presence of living peccary on Barbados some time during the first 175 years of English settlement, which, based on review of historical and archaeological data, most likely arises from 16th century peccary introduction from the Guianas/Trinidad by the Spanish or Portuguese. We argue dimorphic representations of "pigs" on Ligon's map reflect the co-occurrence of peccary and European domestic swine on historic Barbados. Our findings overturn conventional history and provide greater taxonomic and chronological resolution for Caribbean bioinvasion studies, helping to refine our understanding of potential ecological impacts. In addition, the new bioavailable 87Sr/86Sr data for Barbados reported here advance current efforts toward mapping the Caribbean Sr isoscape.}, }
@article {pmid31086246, year = {2019}, author = {Nguyen, VC and Villate, L and Gutierrez-Gutierrez, C and Castillo, P and Van Ghelder, C and Plantard, O and Esmenjaud, D}, title = {Phylogeography of the soil-borne vector nematode Xiphinema index highly suggests Eastern origin and dissemination with domesticated grapevine.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {7313}, pmid = {31086246}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Helminth/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *Disease Vectors ; Domestication ; Genes, Helminth/genetics ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Middle East ; Nematoda/*genetics/virology ; Nepovirus/*isolation &amp; purification ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Plant Diseases/*virology ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Soil ; Vitis/parasitology/*virology ; }, abstract = {The soil-borne nematode Xiphinema index is closely linked to its main host, the grapevine, and presents a major threat to vineyards worldwide due to its ability to transmit Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV). The phylogeography of X. index has been studied using mitochondrial and microsatellite markers in samples from most regions of its worldwide distribution to reveal its genetic diversity. We first used the mitochondrial marker CytB and illustrated the low intraspecific divergence of this mainly meiotic parthenogenetic species. To generate a higher polymorphism level, we then concatenated the sequences of CytB and three mitochondrial markers, ATP6, CO1 and ND4, to obtain a 3044-bp fragment. We differentiated two clades, which each contained two well-supported subclades. Samples from the eastern Mediterranean and the Near and Middle East were grouped into three of these subclades, whereas the samples from the western Mediterranean, Europe and the Americas all belonged to the fourth subclade. The highest polymorphism level was found in the samples of one of the Middle and Near East subclades, strongly suggesting that this region contained the native area of the nematode. An east-to-west nematode dissemination hypothesis appeared to match the routes of the domesticated grapevine during Antiquity, presumably mainly dispersed by the Greeks and the Romans. Surprisingly, the samples of the western subclade comprised only two highly similar mitochondrial haplotypes. The first haplotype, from southern Iberian Peninsula, Bordeaux and Provence vineyards, exhibited a high microsatellite polymorphism level that suggests introductions dating from Antiquity. The second haplotype contained a highly predominant microsatellite genotype widespread in distant western countries that may be a consequence of the massive grapevine replanting following the 19[th]-century phylloxera crisis. Finally, our study enabled us to draw a first scaffold of X. index diversity at the global scale.}, }
@article {pmid31084632, year = {2019}, author = {Čerevková, A and Miklisová, D and Bobuľská, L and Renčo, M}, title = {Impact of the invasive plant Solidago gigantea on soil nematodes in a semi-natural grassland and a temperate broadleaved mixed forest.}, journal = {Journal of helminthology}, volume = {94}, number = {}, pages = {e51}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X19000324}, pmid = {31084632}, issn = {1475-2697}, mesh = {Animals ; Biota ; Climate ; *Forests ; *Grassland ; Introduced Species ; Nematoda/*physiology ; Slovakia ; Soil/*parasitology ; Solidago/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Relationships between alien plant species and their aboveground effects have been relatively well studied, but little is known about the effects of invasive plants on belowground faunal communities. Nematodes are abundant, ubiquitous and diverse soil biota, and alterations of their community compositions can illustrate changes in belowground ecosystems. In 2016 and 2017, we determined the response of species diversity, community composition and trophic composition of the soil nematode communities to invasion by the alien plant Solidago gigantea in two ecosystems, forest and grassland, where invasion takes place. Nematode abundance was higher and number of identified nematode species was lower at invaded than uninvaded sites, indicated by lower species diversity, regardless of ecosystem. Herbivorous nematodes were the most affected trophic group. Herbivore abundance was higher at invaded than uninvaded sites and in grassland than forest. The herbivorous species Boleodorus thylactus, Geocenamus sp., Helicotylenchus spp., Paratylenchus bukowinensis, Pratylenchoides crenicauda and Rotylenchus robustus were more abundant at the invaded sites. Abundances of nematodes in the other tropic groups were limited or not affected. The invasion did not significantly affect the ecological and functional indices, except for the Channel Index in 2016. Differences were observed in values of Enrichment Index (indicator of resource availability), Channel Index (indicator of ascendant bacterial/fungal decomposition channel) and Basal Index (indicator of depleted-perturbed soil food webs) between grassland and forests. We can thus conclude that invasion by S. gigantea significantly alters nematode community indicators (abundance, species diversity and specific trophic groups); however, this effect seems to be significantly influenced by the type of ecosystem where invasion takes place.}, }
@article {pmid31084415, year = {2019}, author = {Agamuthu, P and Mehran, SB and Norkhairah, A and Norkhairiyah, A}, title = {Marine debris: A review of impacts and global initiatives.}, journal = {Waste management &amp; research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA}, volume = {37}, number = {10}, pages = {987-1002}, doi = {10.1177/0734242X19845041}, pmid = {31084415}, issn = {1096-3669}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring ; Europe ; Humans ; Oceans and Seas ; *Plastics ; Waste Products ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical ; }, abstract = {Marine debris, defined as any persistent manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed of or abandoned in the marine and coastal environment, has been highlighted as a contaminant of global environmental and economic concern. The five main categories of marine debris comprise of plastic, paper, metal, textile, glass and rubber. Plastics is recognised as the major constituent of marine debris, representing between 50% and 90% of the total marine debris found globally. Between 4.8 and 12.7 million metric tonnes of consumer plastics end up in the world oceans annually, resulting in the presence of more than 100 million particles of macroplastics in only 12 regional seas worldwide, and with 51 trillion particles of microplastic floating on the ocean surface globally. The impacts of marine debris can be branched out into three categories; injury to or death of marine organisms, harm to marine environment and effects on human health and economy. Marine mammals often accidentally ingest marine debris because of its appearance that can easily be mistaken as food. Moreover, floating plastics may act as vehicles for chemicals and/or environmental contaminants, which may be absorbed on to their surface during their use and permanence into the environment. Additionally, floating plastics is a potential vector for the introduction of invasive species that get attached to it, into the marine environment. In addition, human beings are not excluded from the impact of marine debris as they become exposed to microplastics through seafood consumption. Moreover, landscape degradation owing to debris accumulation is an eyesore and aesthetically unpleasant, thus resulting in decreased tourism and subsequent income loss. There are a wide range of initiatives that have been taken to tackle the issue of marine debris. They may involve manual removal of marine debris from coastal and aquatic environment in form of programmes and projects organised, such as beach clean-ups by scientific communities, non-governmental organizations and the removal of marine litter from Europe's four regional seas, respectively. Other initiatives focus on assessment, reduction, prevention and management of marine debris under the umbrella of international (the United Nations Environment Programme/Mediterranean Action Plan, the Oslo/Paris Convention) and regional organisations - that is, the Helsinki Commission. There are also a number of international conventions and national regulations that encourage mitigation and management of marine debris. However, it is argued that these initiatives are short-term unsustainable solutions and the long-term sustainable solution would be adoption of circular economy. Similarly, four of the sustainable developmental goals have targets that promote mitigation of marine debris by efficient waste management and practice of 3R. As evident by the Ad Hoc Expert Group on Marine Litter and Microplastics meeting, tackling the marine debris crisis is not a straightforward, one-size-fits-all solution, but rather an integrated and continuous effort required at local, regional and global level.}, }
@article {pmid31082365, year = {2019}, author = {Ehlers, J and Poppert, S and Ratovonamana, RY and Ganzhorn, JU and Tappe, D and Krüger, A}, title = {Ectoparasites of endemic and domestic animals in southwest Madagascar.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {196}, number = {}, pages = {83-92}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.05.008}, pmid = {31082365}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Domestic ; *Animals, Wild ; Arthropods/*classification ; Ecosystem ; Ectoparasitic Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Introduced Species ; Madagascar/epidemiology ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Human encroachment of natural habitats bears the threat of disease transmission between native and introduced species that had not come into contact before, thus promoting the spread of new diseases in both directions. This is a matter of concern especially in areas where human-wildlife contact has not been intense in the recent past. In southwest Madagascar, we collected ectoparasites from various mammalian hosts and chicken, and examined their host preferences and their prevalence in relation to season and habitat degradation. Field-work took place in the northern portion of Tsimanampetsotsa National Park and the adjacent coastal strip (littoral) in the dry and in the rainy season of 2016/2017. Endemic mammals were trapped with live traps placed in habitats of different degrees of degradation: 1) relatively pristine forest, 2) degraded forest, 3) cultivated and shrub land. Rats and mice were also trapped in 4) villages. We identified 17 species of ectoparasites (296 individuals of ticks [5 species], 535 lice [7 spp.], 389 fleas [4 spp.] and 13 mites [1 sp.]) collected from 15 host species. There was no indication for seasonal or habitat effects on parasite infection. A large portion of the parasites was host-specific. Some ectoparasite species were shared either by several endemic or by several introduced species, but apart from the introduced flea species Echidnophaga gallinacea (collected from six different hosts including the endemic carnivore Galidictis grandidieri) no other ectoparasite species was shared between endemic and introduced host species.}, }
@article {pmid31081894, year = {2019}, author = {Conzemius, SR and Hesler, LS and Varenhorst, AJ and Tilmon, KJ}, title = {Resistance of Soybean Plant Introductions to Three Colonies of Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Biotype 4.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {5}, pages = {2407-2417}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz116}, pmid = {31081894}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aphids ; Iowa ; Midwestern United States ; Minnesota ; North Dakota ; South Dakota ; Glycine max ; }, abstract = {Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), infestations of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabales: Fabaceae), and the associated yield loss have led to a large dependence on insecticidal management in soybean throughout the Midwestern United States. However, several populations of pyrethroid-resistant soybean aphids have recently been found in Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota, which highlights the importance of alternative management approaches. One such alternative method is host-plant resistance, which uses naturally occurring plant defenses in crop cultivars to reduce the potential for yield loss from a pest population. Current soybean aphid-resistant cultivars do not protect against all soybean aphids due to the presence of virulent biotypes. In particular, soybean aphid biotype 4 is virulent to Rag1 and Rag2 resistance genes both individually and in combination. However, we hypothesized that resistance to biotype 4 may exist in previously identified, but uncharacterized resistant soybean plant introductions (PIs). To test this, we evaluated 51 previously identified but uncharacterized soybean aphid-resistant PIs for their resistance to colonies of soybean aphid biotype 4 collected in separate site-years (Lomira, WI 2013; Volga, SD 2015, 2016). Free-choice tests identified 14 PIs with putative resistance to 'Lomira13', two to 'Volga15', and eight to 'Volga16' soybean aphid colonies. Follow-up, no-choice tests corroborated two to three resistant PIs per colony, and PI 437696, which was resistant to each of the three colonies and could aid in breeding efforts and an integrated approach to soybean aphid management.}, }
@article {pmid31080513, year = {2019}, author = {Sard, N and Robinson, J and Kanefsky, J and Herbst, S and Scribner, K}, title = {Coalescent models characterize sources and demographic history of recent round goby colonization of Great Lakes and inland waters.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {1034-1049}, pmid = {31080513}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The establishment and spread of aquatic invasive species are ecologically and economically harmful and a source of conservation concern internationally. Processes of species invasion have traditionally been inferred from observational data of species presence/absence and relative abundance. However, genetic-based approaches can provide valuable sources of inference. Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing was used to identify and genotype single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci for Round Gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) (N = 440) from 18 sampling locations in the Great Lakes and in three Michigan, USA, drainages (Flint, Au Sable, and Cheboygan River basins). Sampled rivers differed in size, accessibility, and physical characteristics including man-made dispersal barriers. Population levels of genetic diversity and interpopulation variance in SNP allele frequency were used in coalescence-based approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) to statistically compare models representing competing hypotheses regarding source population, postcolonization dispersal, and demographic history in the Great Lakes and inland waters. Results indicate different patterns of colonization across the three drainages. In the Flint River, models indicate a strong population bottleneck (<3% of contemporary effective population size) and a single founding event from Saginaw Bay led to the colonization of inland river segments. In the Au Sable River, analyses could not distinguish potential source populations, but supported models indicated multiple introductions from one source population. In the Cheboygan River, supported models indicated that colonization likely proceeded from east (Lake Huron source) to west among inland locales sampled in the system. Despite the recent occupancy of Great Lakes and inland habitats, large numbers of loci analyzed in an ABC framework enable statistically supported identification of source populations and reconstruction of the direction of inland spread and demographic history following establishment. Information from analyses can direct management actions to limit the spread of invasive species from identified sources and most probable vectors into additional inland aquatic habitats.}, }
@article {pmid31076848, year = {2019}, author = {Goedknegt, MA and Nauta, R and Markovic, M and Buschbaum, C and Folmer, EO and Luttikhuizen, PC and van der Meer, J and Waser, AM and Wegner, KM and Thieltges, DW}, title = {How invasive oysters can affect parasite infection patterns in native mussels on a large spatial scale.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {190}, number = {1}, pages = {99-113}, pmid = {31076848}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {839.11.002//NWO-ZKO/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Mytilus edulis ; *Ostreidae ; *Parasitic Diseases ; *Unionidae ; }, abstract = {There are surprisingly few field studies on the role of invasive species on parasite infection patterns in native hosts. We investigated the role of invasive Pacific oysters (Magallana gigas) in determining parasite infection levels in native blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) in relation to other environmental and biotic factors. Using hierarchical field sampling covering three spatial scales along a large intertidal ecosystem (European Wadden Sea), we found strong spatial differences in infection levels of five parasite species associated with mussels and oysters. We applied mixed models to analyse the associations between parasite prevalence and abundance in mussels and oysters, and 12 biological and environmental factors. For each parasite-host relationship, an optimal model (either a null, one-factor or two-factor model) was selected based on AIC scores. We found that the density of invasive oysters contributed to three of the 12 models. Other biological factors such as host size (six models), and the density of target or alternative host species (five models) contributed more frequently to the best models. Furthermore, for parasite species infecting both mussels and oysters, parasite population densities were higher in native mussels, attributed to the higher densities of mussels. Our results indicate that invasive species can affect parasite infection patterns in native species in the field, but that their relative contribution may be further mediated by other biological and environmental parameters. These results stress the usefulness of large-scale field studies for detailed assessments of the mechanisms underlying the impacts of invasive species on native host communities.}, }
@article {pmid31076638, year = {2019}, author = {Aschim, RA and Brook, RK}, title = {Evaluating Cost-Effective Methods for Rapid and Repeatable National Scale Detection and Mapping of Invasive Species Spread.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {7254}, pmid = {31076638}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Africa ; Africa, Northern ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/*physiology ; Australia ; Canada ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Ecosystem ; Farms ; Introduced Species ; Livestock/physiology ; North America ; South America ; Sus scrofa/physiology ; Swine/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can spread rapidly at local and national scales, creating significant environmental and economic impacts. A central problem in mitigation efforts is identifying methods that can rapidly detect invasive species in a cost-effective and repeatable manner. This challenge is particularly acute for species that can spread over large areas (>1 million km[2]). Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are one of the most prolific invasive mammals on Earth and cause extensive damage to agricultural crops, native ecosystems, and livestock, and are reservoirs of disease. They have spread from their native range in Eurasia and North Africa into large areas of Australia, Africa, South America, and North America. We show that the range of invasive wild pigs has increased exponentially in Canada over the last 27 years following initial and ongoing releases and escapes from domestic wild boar farms. The cumulative range of wild pigs across Canada is 777,783 km[2], with the majority of wild pig distribution occurring in the Prairie Provinces. We evaluate eight different data collection and evaluation/validation methods for mapping invasive species over large areas, and assess their benefits and limitations. Our findings effectively map the spread of a highly invasive large mammal and demonstrate that management efforts should ideally rely on a set of complementary independent monitoring methods. Mapping and evaluating resulting species occurrences provide baseline maps against which future changes can be rapidly evaluated.}, }
@article {pmid31076591, year = {2019}, author = {Robinson, CV and de Leaniz, CG and Consuegra, S}, title = {Effect of artificial barriers on the distribution of the invasive signal crayfish and Chinese mitten crab.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {7230}, pmid = {31076591}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/genetics/*physiology ; Brachyura/genetics/*physiology ; DNA/analysis/metabolism ; DNA, Environmental/analysis/isolation &amp; purification ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Limit of Detection ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {The role of river obstacles in preventing or facilitating the dispersal and establishment of aquatic invasive species is controversial. Novel detection tools like environmental DNA (eDNA) can be used for monitoring aquatic invasive species (AIS) such as the American signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) and the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), providing information on the effect of barriers on their distribution. We analysed eDNA from both water and surface sediment in three river catchments (Medway, Dee and Stour; Great Britain), with differing levels of connectivity, to determine spatial distribution of the two species, and assessed the effect of barriers on their eDNA detection. Positive eDNA detections were obtained within confirmed sites for both species in all catchments, with evidence of species overlap in the River Medway. Upstream barriers in the Medway positively influenced detection success of mitten crab lower in the catchment while detection success of signal crayfish was higher in the highly fragmented catchment (River Medway). This information on the role of river barriers on AIS distribution and eDNA detection is important for management strategies and for predicting both future dispersal and likelihood of new colonisations in previously uninvaded fragmented catchments.}, }
@article {pmid31073194, year = {2019}, author = {Santolamazza-Carbone, S and Durán-Otero, M and Calviño-Cancela, M}, title = {Context dependency, co-introductions, novel mutualisms, and host shifts shaped the ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of the alien tree Eucalyptus globulus.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {7121}, pmid = {31073194}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Australia ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/*genetics ; Eucalyptus/*microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/classification/*growth &amp; development/isolation &amp; purification ; Phylogeny ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; Spain ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {The identity and relevance of the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal partners of Eucalyptus globulus was investigated in NW Spain, to detect which symbionts mainly support its invasiveness. Root tips of E. globulus and of three common native plant species (Quercus robur, Pinus pinaster and Halimium lasianthum) were collected in eucalypt plantations, Q. robur forests, P. pinaster plantations and shrublands. Fungal taxonomical identity was ascertained by use of rDNA and direct sequencing. We studied diversity, composition and colonization rate of the ECM fungal communities of E. globulus to determine if fungal assemblages are host specific (i.e. similar in different habitats) or more dependent on the neighbourhood context. We also identified the type of associations formed (i.e. co-introductions, familiar or novel associations). Twenty-six ECM taxa were associated with E. globulus. Most of them engaged in novel associations with eucalypts, whereas only three fungal species were co-introduced Australian aliens. Eucalypt fungal richness, diversity and colonization rate differed between habitats, being higher in native oak forests, whereas in shrublands E. globulus showed the lowest colonization rate and diversity. The Australian fungus Descolea maculata dominated the eucalypt fungal assemblage and also spread to the native host plants, in all the habitats, posing the risk of further co-invasion.}, }
@article {pmid31072605, year = {2019}, author = {Requier, F and Garnery, L and Kohl, PL and Njovu, HK and Pirk, CWW and Crewe, RM and Steffan-Dewenter, I}, title = {The Conservation of Native Honey Bees Is Crucial.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {34}, number = {9}, pages = {789-798}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.008}, pmid = {31072605}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Animals ; Bees ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Pollination ; }, abstract = {Recent studies have emphasized the role of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera, as a managed agricultural species worldwide, but also as a potential threat to endangered wild pollinators. This has resulted in the suggestion that honey bees should be regulated in natural areas to conserve wild pollinators. We argue that this perspective fails to appreciate the multifaceted nature of honey bees as native or introduced species with either managed or wild colonies. Wild populations of A. mellifera are currently imperiled, and natural areas are critical for the conservation of local subspecies and genotypes. We propose that a differentiation between managed and wild populations is required and encourage integrated conservation planning for all endangered wild bees, including A. mellifera.}, }
@article {pmid31069663, year = {2019}, author = {Wollmann, J and Schlesener, DCH and Ferreira, MS and Kruger, AP and Bernardi, D and Garcia, JAB and Nunes, AM and Garcia, MS and Garcia, FRM}, title = {Population Dynamics of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Berry Crops in Southern Brazil.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {699-705}, pmid = {31069663}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Crops, Agricultural ; Drosophila/*growth &amp; development ; Female ; *Fruit ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is an invasive species originating in Southeast Asia and considered a severe pest in berry crops in several countries of the Northern Hemisphere and Europe. In South America, the species was first detected in 2013. The objective of the study was to monitor the seasonal activity of D. suzukii in commercial crops of blackberry, strawberry guava, surinam cherry, blueberry, and strawberry during two consecutive harvests and in three properties in the Southern region of Brazil during the 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 harvests, with the aid of traps baited with apple cider vinegar. The highest population peaks were observed during late spring to mid-fall in all areas and plant species studied. It was verified that temperature is the factor that most influenced the seasonal activity of D. suzukii in the field, promoting low catches of the species during winter. However, even during periods of low temperatures (winter period), the presence of D. suzukii in the crops was verified, demonstrating the species' ability to stay in place from year to year, surviving in alternative hosts such as Eriobotrya japonica, a common species in the region. The information on the time of the highest occurrence of the pest in different hosts presented in this study provides the basis for decision-making in relation to the management of D. suzukii, to avoid further economic damage.}, }
@article {pmid31069505, year = {2020}, author = {Contento, L and Mimura, M}, title = {Complex pattern formation driven by the interaction of stable fronts in a competition-diffusion system.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {80}, number = {1-2}, pages = {303-342}, pmid = {31069505}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {Animals ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Spatial Analysis ; }, abstract = {The ecological invasion problem in which a weaker exotic species invades an ecosystem inhabited by two strongly competing native species is modelled by a three-species competition-diffusion system. It is known that for a certain range of parameter values competitor-mediated coexistence occurs and complex spatio-temporal patterns are observed in two spatial dimensions. In this paper we uncover the mechanism which generates such patterns. Under some assumptions on the parameters the three-species competition-diffusion system admits two planarly stable travelling waves. Their interaction in one spatial dimension may result in either reflection or merging into a single homoclinic wave, depending on the strength of the invading species. This transition can be understood by studying the bifurcation structure of the homoclinic wave. In particular, a time-periodic homoclinic wave (breathing wave) is born from a Hopf bifurcation and its unstable branch acts as a separator between the reflection and merging regimes. The same transition occurs in two spatial dimensions: the stable regular spiral associated to the homoclinic wave destabilizes, giving rise first to an oscillating breathing spiral and then breaking up producing a dynamic pattern characterized by many spiral cores. We find that these complex patterns are generated by the interaction of two planarly stable travelling waves, in contrast with many other well known cases of pattern formation where planar instability plays a central role.}, }
@article {pmid31065232, year = {2019}, author = {Malumbres-Olarte, J and Cardoso, P and Crespo, LCF and Gabriel, R and Pereira, F and Carvalho, R and Rego, C and Nunes, R and Ferreira, MT and Amorim, IR and Rigal, F and Borges, PAV}, title = {Standardised inventories of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of Macaronesia I: The native forests of the Azores (Pico and Terceira islands).}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e32625}, pmid = {31065232}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The data presented here come from samples collected as part of two recent research projects (NETBIOME - ISLANDBIODIV and FCT - MACDIV) which aimed at understanding the drivers of community assembly in Macaronesian islands. We applied the sampling protocol COBRA (Conservation Oriented Biodiversity Rapid Assessment, Cardoso 2009) in sixteen 50 m x 50 m native forest plots in the Azorean Islands of Pico (6 plots) and Terceira (10 plots) to assess spider diversity. Through this publication, we contribute to the knowledge of the arachnofauna of the Azores and, more specifically, to that of the islands of Pico and Terceira.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: The collected samples yielded 8,789 specimens, of which 45% were adults (3,970) belonging to 13 families, 36 species and three morphospecies that have yet to be described. Species of the family Linyphiidae dominated the samples, with 17 species and two morphospecies that have yet to be described (48% of the taxa). Out of the identified (morpho)species, 16 were introduced, 13 Azorean endemic (three of which were undescribed) and seven native (five of them Macaronesian endemics). We report the first record of the introduced species Haplodrassus signifer and Agyneta decora in Pico Island.}, }
@article {pmid31065101, year = {2019}, author = {Tollefson, J}, title = {Humans are driving one million species to extinction.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {569}, number = {7755}, pages = {171}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-019-01448-4}, pmid = {31065101}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Agriculture/economics/*statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods/trends ; Ecosystem ; Endangered Species/economics/*statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; Environmental Policy/economics/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/trends ; *Extinction, Biological ; Global Warming/prevention &amp; control/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Human Activities ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; United Nations ; }, }
@article {pmid31063222, year = {2019}, author = {Westby, KM and Sweetman, BM and Van Horn, TR and Biro, EG and Medley, KA}, title = {Invasive species reduces parasite prevalence and neutralizes negative environmental effects on parasitism in a native mosquito.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {88}, number = {8}, pages = {1215-1225}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13004}, pmid = {31063222}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Culicidae ; Ecosystem ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; *Parasites ; Prevalence ; }, abstract = {Invasive species research often focuses on direct effects of invasion on native ecosystems and less so on complex effects such as those influencing host-parasite interactions. However, invaders could have important effects on native host-parasite dynamics. Where infectious stages are ubiquitous and native host-pathogen specificity is strong, invasive less-competent hosts may reduce the pool of infectious stages, effectively reducing native host-parasite encounter rate. Alternatively, invasive species could alter transmission via changes in native species abundance. Biotic and abiotic environmental factors can also impact disease dynamics by altering host or parasite condition. However, little is known about potential interactive effects of invasion and environmental context on native species disease dynamics. Moreover, experimental examinations of the mechanisms driving dilution effects are limited, but serve to provide tests of predictions leading to diversity-disease relationships. Using field and laboratory experiments, we tested competing hypotheses that an invasive species reduces the prevalence of a native parasite in its host by removing infectious propagules from the environment or by reducing native host abundance. In addition, we evaluated the role of detritus quantity as a resource base in mediating effects of the invasive species. Native parasite prevalence was reduced when the invasive species was present. Prevalence was also higher in high detritus habitats, although this effect was lost when the invasive species was present. The invasive species significantly reduced infectious propagules from the aquatic habitats. Presence of the invasive species had no effect on the native species abundance; thus, the reduction in parasitism was not due to changes in host density but through a reduction in infectious propagule encounters. We conclude that an invasive species can facilitate a native species by reducing parasite prevalence via a dilution effect and that these effects can be modified by resource level. Reductions in parasitism may have ripple effects throughout the community, altering the strength of competitive interactions, predation rates or coinfection with other pathogens. We advocate considering potential positive effects of invasive species on recipient communities, in addition to effects of invasions on host-parasite interactions to gain a broader understanding of the complex consequences of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid31062924, year = {2019}, author = {Giuliani, C and Lastrucci, L and Cresti, L and Santini, G and Foggi, B and Lippi, MM}, title = {The morphology and activity of the extrafloral nectaries in Reynoutria × bohemica (Polygonaceae).}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, pages = {975-985}, doi = {10.1111/plb.13004}, pmid = {31062924}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Plant Nectar/*metabolism ; Polygonaceae/*anatomy &amp; histology/physiology/ultrastructure ; Trichomes/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology/ultrastructure ; }, abstract = {Reynoutria × bohemica is an invasive species causing significant damage to native ecosystems in North America and Europe. In this work, we performed an in-depth micromorphological characterisation of the extrafloral nectaries (EFN), during their secretory and post-secretory phases, in combination with field monitoring of nectary activity over time and the qualitative pool of insect visitors. EFN consist of secretory trichomes and vascularised parenchyma. Polysaccharides, lipids and proteins were histochemically detected in all trichome cells; phenolic substances were detected in parenchyma cells. Our data indicate that all nectary regions are involved in nectar production and release, constituting a functional unit. Moreover, the main compound classes of nectar and their transfer change over time: first, granulocrine secretion for sugars prevails, then eccrine secretion of the lipophilic fraction takes place. Active nectaries are mainly located in the apical portion of the stem during the growth phase (April-May), when we detected the highest number of individuals visited by ants; from mid-August onwards, during flowering, the number of active nectaries declined then ceased production (September), with a concomitant decrease in visits by the ants. The spectrum of nectar-foraging ants mainly included representatives of the genera Formica, Lasius and Camponotus. Reynoutria × bohemica produces an attractive secretion able to recruit local ants that may potentially act as 'bodyguards' for protecting young shoots, reducing secretions during the blooming stage. This defence mechanism against herbivores is the same as that displayed by the parental species in its native areas.}, }
@article {pmid31061419, year = {2019}, author = {Zhao, D and Wang, X and Chen, J and Huang, Z and Huo, H and Jiang, C and Huang, H and Zhang, C and Wei, S}, title = {Selection of reference genes for qPCR normalization in buffalobur (Solanum rostratum Dunal).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {6948}, pmid = {31061419}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Alleles ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genes, Plant ; RNA Stability ; *Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Reference Standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Selection, Genetic ; Solanum/*genetics ; Stress, Physiological ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Buffalobur (Solanum rostratum Dunal), which belongs to the Solanaceae family, is a worldwide noxious invasive weed and is listed as one of the top 10 alien invasive species in China. It is harmful to humans and livestock because the entire plant is covered with spines containing toxins. Many studies have analysed the gene expression in this weed species under different stress conditions using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). However, until now, there has been no report on suitable reference genes in buffalobur. Herein, 14 candidate reference genes were selected and evaluated for their expression stability in buffalobur in different tissues, at different developmental stages, and in response to several stress conditions using the geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder statistical algorithms. The results showed that EF1α, ACT and SAND are suitable reference genes across all samples tested. We recommend the normalization of target gene expression under different experimental conditions using these three genes together. Validation of selected reference genes was achieved by assessing the relative expression levels of P5CS and GI. This work identified the appropriate reference genes for transcript normalization in buffalobur, which will be helpful in future genetic studies of this invasive weed.}, }
@article {pmid31059877, year = {2019}, author = {Stefanowicz, AM and Zubek, S and Stanek, M and Grześ, IM and Rożej-Pabijan, E and Błaszkowski, J and Woch, MW}, title = {Invasion of Rosa rugosa induced changes in soil nutrients and microbial communities of coastal sand dunes.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {677}, number = {}, pages = {340-349}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.408}, pmid = {31059877}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Fungi/physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; Mycorrhizae/physiology ; Nutrients/analysis ; Plant Dispersal ; Poland ; Rosa/*physiology ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of R. rugosa invasion on soil physicochemical and microbial properties of coastal sand dunes. The study was performed at 25 paired invaded-native plots along the Hel Peninsula at the coast of the Baltic Sea. A number of soil physicochemical and microbial parameters were measured, namely organic matter layer thickness, pH, electrical conductivity, organic C, total Ca, N, Na, P, N-NH4, N-NO3 and P-PO4 concentrations, phospholipid and neutral fatty acid (PLFA, NLFA) markers of total microbial, bacterial, fungal biomass and microbial community structure, as well as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spore and species numbers, and the degree of AMF root colonization. Since potential alterations in soil parameters induced by R. rugosa may be related to large amounts of secondary metabolites provided to the soil with litter or root exudates, total phenolic concentration in senescing tissues of R. rugosa and native species was compared. Rosa rugosa invasion was associated with increased organic C, total N and P-PO4 concentrations in mineral soil relative to native vegetation. Organic matter layer under R. rugosa was thicker, had higher pH and Ca concentration. Rosa rugosa invasion was associated with reduced total microbial, bacterial and G+ bacterial biomass and increased AMF biomass markers (16:1ω5 NLFA and 16:1ω5 NLFA/PLFA), and changes in microbial community structure in mineral soil. The reduction in total and bacterial biomass under R. rugosa might have been related to the production of secondary metabolites as total phenolic concentration was approx. 5 times higher in senescing tissues of R. rugosa than in native vegetation. The observed increase in element concentrations and alterations in microbial community structure suggest that invasion of R. rugosa may threaten nutrient-poor habitats of coastal dunes. Changes in the soil environment may hinder restoration of these valuable habitats after invader removal.}, }
@article {pmid31057586, year = {2019}, author = {Gallego-Tévar, B and Infante-Izquierdo, MD and Figueroa, E and Nieva, FJJ and Muñoz-Rodríguez, AF and Grewell, BJ and Castillo, JM}, title = {Some Like It Hot: Maternal-Switching With Climate Change Modifies Formation of Invasive Spartina Hybrids.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {484}, pmid = {31057586}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Climate change can induce temporary, spatial or behavioral changes in species, so that only some species can adapt to the new climatic conditions. In the case of invasive species, it is expected that they will be promoted in a context of global change, given their high tolerance to environmental factors and phenotypic plasticity. Once in the invaded range, these species can hybridize with native species thus introducing their genotype in the native biota. However, the effects that climate change will have on this process of invasion by hybridization remain unclear. We evaluated the historical establishment of the reciprocal hybrids between the native Spartina maritima and the invasive S. densiflora in the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Iberian Peninsula) and we related it to climatic changes during the period 1955-2017. Our results showed that, according to their dating based on their rate of lateral expansion rates, the establishment of S. maritima × densiflora and S. densiflora × maritima in the Gulf of Cadiz has occurred in the last two centuries and has been related to changes in air temperature and rainfall during the flowering periods of their parental species, with antagonist impacts on both hybrids. Thus, the hybrid S. densiflora × maritima has been established in years with mild ends of spring and beginning of summer when the flowering of S. maritima lengthened and its pollen production was higher, and it coincided with the beginning of the flowering period of S. densiflora. Moreover, the establishment of this hybrid was related to higher spring/summer rainfalls, probably due to the reduction in salinity in middle marshes. However, the hybrid S. maritima × densiflora, was established mainly in warmer spring/summers in which the proportion of pollen:ovule of S. maritima was reduced favoring its pollination by S. densiflora. As a consequence of the promotion of S. maritima × densiflora with climate change, the native and endangered species S. maritima would be threatened, as both taxa share the same habitat and the hybrid shows a remarkably higher competitive potential.}, }
@article {pmid31056056, year = {2019}, author = {Bebber, DP}, title = {Climate change effects on Black Sigatoka disease of banana.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {374}, number = {1775}, pages = {20180269}, pmid = {31056056}, issn = {1471-2970}, support = {BB/N020847/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Ascomycota/physiology ; Asia ; *Climate Change ; Models, Statistical ; Musa/*microbiology ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Climate change has significantly altered species distributions in the wild and has the potential to affect the interactions between pests and diseases and their human, animal and plant hosts. While several studies have projected changes in disease distributions in the future, responses to historical climate change are poorly understood. Such analyses are required to dissect the relative contributions of climate change, host availability and dispersal to the emergence of pests and diseases. Here, we model the influence of climate change on the most damaging disease of a major tropical food plant, Black Sigatoka disease of banana. Black Sigatoka emerged from Asia in the late twentieth Century and has recently completed its invasion of Latin American and Caribbean banana-growing areas. We parametrize an infection model with published experimental data and drive the model with hourly microclimate data from a global climate reanalysis dataset. We define infection risk as the sum of the number of modelled hourly spore cohorts that infect a leaf over a time interval. The model shows that infection risk has increased by a median of 44.2% across banana-growing areas of Latin America and the Caribbean since the 1960s, due to increasing canopy wetness and improving temperature conditions for the pathogen. Thus, while increasing banana production and global trade have probably facilitated Black Sigatoka establishment and spread, climate change has made the region increasingly conducive for plant infection. This article is part of the theme issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes'. This issue is linked with the subsequent theme issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control'.}, }
@article {pmid31053849, year = {2019}, author = {McCalla, KA and Keçeci, M and Milosavljević, I and Ratkowsky, DA and Hoddle, MS}, title = {The Influence of Temperature Variation on Life History Parameters and Thermal Performance Curves of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a Parasitoid of the Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {4}, pages = {1560-1574}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz067}, pmid = {31053849}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Citrus ; *Hemiptera ; Pakistan ; Pest Control, Biological ; Temperature ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {This study examined the effects of seven constant and fluctuating temperature profiles with corresponding averages of 12 to 38°C on the life history of the Punjab, Pakistan-sourced Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) released in California for biological control of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. One linear and seven nonlinear regression functions were fit to egg-to-adult development rate data to characterize thermal performance curves. Temperature fluctuations significantly affected both development and longevity of T. radiata. Estimates of degree-days predicted by the linear model were 30% higher for the fluctuating regime than the constant regime. Nonlinear model estimations of theoretical minimum and maximum developmental thresholds were lower for the fluctuating regime when compared to the constant regime. These predictions align with experimental observations. Parasitoids reared under fluctuating profiles at low average temperatures developed faster (15°C) and survived longer (15-20°C) when compared to those reared under constant regimes with corresponding means. In contrast, high average fluctuating temperatures produced parasitoids with an extended developmental period (35°C) and reduced longevity (30-35°C). A meta-analysis of published T. radiata development datasets, together with the results of this study, indicated convergence in degree-days and theoretical minimum developmental thresholds among geographically distinct parasitoid populations. These findings demonstrate the significant effects of temperature on T. radiata life history and have important implications for optimization of mass-rearing and release efforts, improvement of predictions from climate modeling, and comparison of T. radiata population performance across climatic gradients and geographic regions.}, }
@article {pmid31053737, year = {2019}, author = {Arthur, FH and Morrison, WR and Morey, AC}, title = {Modeling the potential range expansion of larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {6862}, pmid = {31053737}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Climate ; *Coleoptera ; Ecosystem ; Internationality ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Statistical ; }, abstract = {Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), is a beetle that is a member of a family that is primarily comprised of wood-boring insects, including forest insect pests. It is native to Mexico and Central America, where it has adapted to become a pest of stored maize. It was accidentally introduced into Africa in late 1970s, where it quickly spread throughout the sub-Saharan region, perhaps aided by adaptation to alternate hosts and the ability to persist in non-agricultural habitats. We used the correlative modelling algorithm, MaxEnt, to identify global areas of potential high suitability based on the climate locations with documented populations. Predictions using a model trained in Mexico + Central America showed potential high climatic suitability extending north into the southern United States and southward into South America, including parts of Argentina, but predictions using a model built from African occurrences did not include those areas as highly suitable. However, there was general agreement in both models that large areas of the tropics in the Western Hemisphere and in Asia have climatic conditions that could support P. truncatus if it were to become established. The models also showed consistency in capturing potential suitability at sites not used to build a given model. Results can be used as an initial guide to establish surveillance programs to monitor for this insect in high risk areas where it is not currently found, and to proactively mitigate the biosecurity risk from P. truncatus.}, }
@article {pmid31053701, year = {2019}, author = {Nawrot-Hadzik, I and Hadzik, J and Fleischer, M and Choromańska, A and Sterczała, B and Kubasiewicz-Ross, P and Saczko, J and Gałczyńska-Rusin, M and Gedrange, T and Matkowski, A}, title = {Chemical Composition of East Asian Invasive Knotweeds, their Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Efficacy Against Cariogenic Pathogens: An In-Vitro Study.}, journal = {Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research}, volume = {25}, number = {}, pages = {3279-3287}, pmid = {31053701}, issn = {1643-3750}, mesh = {Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; Anti-Infective Agents/isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; Dental Caries/*drug therapy/microbiology ; Asia, Eastern ; Fibroblasts/drug effects ; Gingiva/cytology/drug effects ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; Phytochemicals/isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; Plant Extracts/isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Polygonum/*chemistry ; Primary Cell Culture ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND Giant knotweeds originating from East Asia, such as Reynoutria japonica, and Reynoutria sachalinensis, and their hybrid such as Reynoutria x bohemica, are invasive plants in Europe and North America. However, R. japonica is also a traditional East Asian drug (Polygoni cuspidati rhizoma) used in Korean folk medicine to improve oral hygiene. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of acetone extracts of Reynoutria species against dominant caries pathogen such as Streptococcus mutans and alternative pathogens, as well as characterize the phytochemical composition of extracts and examine their cytotoxicity. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ultrasonic extraction was used to obtain polyphenol-rich extracts. The extracts were characterized by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. To test bacterial viability, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) against S. mutans, S. salivarius, S. sanguinis, and S. pyogenes were determined. The cytotoxicity of the extracts to human fibroblasts derived from gingiva was evaluated using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. RESULTS The R. japonica extract had the highest bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against pathogens causing caries, mainly dominant caries pathogen S. mutans (mean MIC 1000 μg/mL and MBC 2000 μg/mL), which was most likely associated with a higher content of stilbene aglycons and anthraquinone aglycons in the extract. Moreover, the R. japonica extract demonstrated the lowest cytotoxic effect on human fibroblasts and exhibited cytotoxic activity only at the concentration causing the death of all S. mutans. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the R. japonica acetone extract can be considered as a natural, antimicrobial agent for caries control.}, }
@article {pmid31051382, year = {2019}, author = {Zhao, M and Lu, X and Zhao, H and Yang, Y and Hale, L and Gao, Q and Liu, W and Guo, J and Li, Q and Zhou, J and Wan, F}, title = {Ageratina adenophora invasions are associated with microbially mediated differences in biogeochemical cycles.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {677}, number = {}, pages = {47-56}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.330}, pmid = {31051382}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Ageratina ; Carbon/*analysis ; China ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genes, Fungal ; *Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; Nitrogen/*analysis ; Population Dynamics ; Rhizosphere ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant species may alter soil nutrient availability to facilitate their growth and competitiveness. However, the roles and functional mechanisms of plant-associated microbes that mediate these soil biogeochemical cycles remain elusive. Here, we studied how soil microorganisms and their functional processes differed between soils invaded by Ageratina adenophora and adjacent non-invaded soils in a region of China with heavy invasion. Our results indicated that soil nitrogen contents were over 4.32 mg/kg higher (p < 0.05) in both rhizosphere soils and bulk soils dominated by A. adenophora as compared with those in soils dominated by non-invaded plants. Concurrently, soil microbial-mediated functional processes, i.e. nitrogen fixation rate, nitrification rate and ammonification rate, were also significantly (p < 0.05) higher in either rhizosphere soils or bulk soils of invasive A. adenophora. Using a functional gene microarray, we found higher relative abundances of soil microbial genes involved in N cycling processes in A. adenophora soils, e.g. nifH, required for nitrogen fixation, which significantly correlated with ammonia contents (r = 0.35 in bulk soils, r = 0.37 in rhizosphere soils, p < 0.05) and the nitrogen fixation rate (r = 0.44, p < 0.05). We also found that the relative abundances of labile carbon decomposition genes were higher in invasive A. adenophora soils, implying a potential higher availability of carbon. These results suggest that the soil surrounding the invasive plant A. adenophora is a self-reinforcing environment. The plant litter and rhizosphere environment of the invasive may influence soil microbial communities, promoting self-supporting soil processes. Alternatively, the regions invaded by A. adenophora may have already had properties that facilitated these beneficial microbial community traits, allowing easier invasion by the exotics. Both scenarios offer important insights for the mitigation of plant invasion and provide an ecosystem-level understanding of the invasive mechanisms utilized by alien plants.}, }
@article {pmid31050107, year = {2019}, author = {Wu, B and Wang, S and Wei, M and Zhou, J and Jiang, K and Du, D and Wang, C}, title = {The invasive tree staghorn sumac affects soil N2 -fixing bacterial communities in north China.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, pages = {951-960}, doi = {10.1111/plb.13003}, pmid = {31050107}, issn = {1438-8677}, support = {2017YFC1200103//National Key Research &amp; Development Program of China/ ; 31300343//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; Y20160023//Open Science Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; //Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment/ ; }, mesh = {China ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria/*metabolism ; Rhizosphere ; *Rhus ; Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Soil N2 -fixing bacterial communities (SNB) can enhance soil N availability and the invasiveness of invaders. Some invaders display different degrees of invasion across different climate regions. Given that bacterial communities may change with different climate regions, it is important to understand soil micro-ecological mechanisms driving the successful invasion of invaders across different climate regions. This study performed cross-site comparisons to comprehensively analyse effects of the invasive tree staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina L.) on the structure of SNB. In north China, we selected three sites within two sampling regions (a warm temperate region and a cold temperate region). Staghorn sumac invasion did not significantly affect soil physicochemical properties and the diversity and richness of SNB. LEfSe analysis showed that numerous SNB taxa changed significantly during staghorn sumac invasion. This may be attributed in part to the selective effects of allelochemicals released by staghorn sumac via leaf litter and/or root exudates. Consequently, staghorn sumac invasion may alter the structure, rather than the diversity and richness, of SNB to facilitate its invasion process by establishing a favourable soil microenvironment in the invaded habitats. The number of species and richness of SNB under staghorn sumac invasion were significantly lower in the warm temperate region than in the cold temperate region. A possible reason for the increased diversity and richness of SNB under staghorn sumac invasion in the cold temperate region may be because staghorn sumac in the cold temperate region can provide more nutrients into the soil sub-ecosystem, presumably to support a higher diversity and richness of SNB via the nutritional requirements of SNB. The changed structure of SNB under staghorn sumac invasion, especially across different climate regions, may play an important role in its successful invasion across most regions of north China.}, }
@article {pmid31050090, year = {2019}, author = {Andersen, JC and Oboyski, P and Davies, N and Charlat, S and Ewing, C and Meyer, C and Krehenwinkel, H and Lim, JY and Noriyuki, S and Ramage, T and Gillespie, RG and Roderick, GK}, title = {Categorization of species as native or nonnative using DNA sequence signatures without a complete reference library.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {29}, number = {5}, pages = {e01914}, pmid = {31050090}, issn = {1939-5582}, support = {//Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; DNA ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Gene Library ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {New genetic diagnostic approaches have greatly aided efforts to document global biodiversity and improve biosecurity. This is especially true for organismal groups in which species diversity has been underestimated historically due to difficulties associated with sampling, the lack of clear morphological characteristics, and/or limited availability of taxonomic expertise. Among these methods, DNA sequence barcoding (also known as "DNA barcoding") and by extension, meta-barcoding for biological communities, has emerged as one of the most frequently utilized methods for DNA-based species identifications. Unfortunately, the use of DNA barcoding is limited by the availability of complete reference libraries (i.e., a collection of DNA sequences from morphologically identified species), and by the fact that the vast majority of species do not have sequences present in reference databases. Such conditions are critical especially in tropical locations that are simultaneously biodiversity rich and suffer from a lack of exploration and DNA characterization by trained taxonomic specialists. To facilitate efforts to document biodiversity in regions lacking complete reference libraries, we developed a novel statistical approach that categorizes unidentified species as being either likely native or likely nonnative based solely on measures of nucleotide diversity. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by categorizing a large sample of specimens of terrestrial insects and spiders (collected as part of the Moorea BioCode project) using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). Using a training data set of known endemic (n = 45) and known introduced species (n = 102), we then estimated the likely native/nonnative status for 4,663 specimens representing an estimated 1,288 species (412 identified species), including both those specimens that were either unidentified or whose endemic/introduced status was uncertain. Using this approach, we were able to increase the number of categorized specimens by a factor of 4.4 (from 794 to 3,497), and the number of categorized species by a factor of 4.8 from (147 to 707) at a rate much greater than chance (77.6% accuracy). The study identifies phylogenetic signatures of both native and nonnative species and suggests several practical applications for this approach including monitoring biodiversity and facilitating biosecurity.}, }
@article {pmid31048040, year = {2019}, author = {Figueras, A and Moreira, R and Sendra, M and Novoa, B}, title = {Genomics and immunity of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in a changing environment.}, journal = {Fish &amp; shellfish immunology}, volume = {90}, number = {}, pages = {440-445}, doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.064}, pmid = {31048040}, issn = {1095-9947}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Genome/*immunology ; Genomics ; Immunity, Innate/*genetics ; Mytilus/*genetics/*immunology ; }, abstract = {The Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) is a marine invasive species cultured all over the world. Mussels are an appreciated resource in local aquaculture enterprises because of their robust production and resilience that translates into a reliable economic value. So far, no massive mortalities have been reported in natural or cultured populations of this species. In the last years, the knowledge about its immune system has greatly improved but there are still many questions to be answered. One of them is why mussels, with their high filtering activity, are able to be exposed to a high number of potential pathogens without getting infected and without developing an elevated inflammatory response. The sequencing of the mussel genome has revealed a very complex organization with high heterozygosity, abundance of repetitive sequences and extreme intraspecific sequence diversity among individuals, mainly in immune related genes. Among those genes, antimicrobial peptides are the most expressed gene families in mussels, highly polymorphic and with antimicrobial effect against molluscs pathogens, but also against pathogens of lower vertebrates and humans. The combination of a complex genome with the adaptation of mussel immune system to a changing environment could explain this high variability, not only in immune-related genes, but also in the functional response among individuals sampled in the same location and date.}, }
@article {pmid31044057, year = {2019}, author = {Latimer, AM and Jacobs, BS and Gianoli, E and Heger, T and Salgado-Luarte, C}, title = {Parallel functional differentiation of an invasive annual plant on two continents.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {plz010}, pmid = {31044057}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Rapid local adaptation frequently occurs during the spread of invading species. It remains unclear, however, how consistent, and therefore potentially predictable, such patterns of local adaptation are. One approach to this question is to measure patterns of local differentiation in functional traits and plasticity levels in invasive species in multiple regions. Finding consistent patterns of local differentiation in replicate regions suggests that these patterns are adaptive. Further, this outcome indicates that the invading species likely responds predictably to selection along environmental gradients, even though standing genetic variation is likely to have been reduced during introduction. We studied local differentiation in the invasive annual plant Erodium cicutarium in two invaded regions, California and Chile. We collected seeds from across strong gradients in precipitation and temperature in Mediterranean-climate parts of the two regions (10 populations per region). We grew seeds from maternal families from these populations through two generations and exposed the second generation to contrasting levels of water and nutrient availability. We measured growth, flowering time and leaf functional traits across these treatments to obtain trait means and plasticity measures. We found strong differentiation among populations in all traits. Plants from drier environments flowered earlier, were less plastic in flowering time and reached greater size in all treatments. Correlations among traits within regions suggested a coordinated evolutionary response along environmental gradients associated with growing season length. There was little divergence in traits and trait intercorrelations between regions, but strongly parallel divergence in traits within regions. Similar, statistically consistent patterns of local trait differentiation across two regions suggest that local adaptation to environmental gradients has aided the spread of this invasive species, and that the formation of ecotypes in newly invaded environments has been relatively consistent and predictable.}, }
@article {pmid31042317, year = {2019}, author = {Miller, JS and Blank, CM and Levin, RA}, title = {Colonization, Baker's law, and the evolution of gynodioecy in Hawaii: implications from a study of Lycium carolinianum.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {106}, number = {5}, pages = {733-743}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1279}, pmid = {31042317}, issn = {1537-2197}, support = {DEB-0843364//National Science Foundation/International ; }, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Hawaii ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Lycium/*physiology ; *Plant Dispersal ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: As Baker's law suggests, the successful colonization of oceanic islands is often associated with uniparental reproduction (self-fertility), but the high incidence of dimorphism (dioecy, gynodioecy) on islands complicates this idea. Lycium carolinianum is widespread, occurring on the North American mainland and the Hawaiian Islands. We examined Baker's ideas for mainland and island populations of L. carolinianum and examined inbreeding depression as a possible contributor to the evolution of gynodioecy on Maui.<br><br>METHODS: Controlled crosses were conducted in two mainland populations and two populations in Hawaii. Treatments included self and cross pollination, unmanipulated controls, and autogamy/agamospermy. Alleles from the self-incompatibility S-RNase gene were isolated and compared between mainland and island populations. Given self-compatibility in Hawaii, we germinated seeds from self- and cross- treatments and estimated inbreeding depression using seven traits and a measure of cumulative fitness.<br><br>RESULTS: Mainland populations of Lycium carolinianum are predominately self-incompatible with some polymorphism for self-fertility, whereas Hawaiian populations are self-compatible. Concordantly, S-RNase allelic diversity is reduced in Hawaii compared to the mainland. Hawaiian populations also exhibit significant inbreeding depression.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Self-compatibility in Hawaii and individual variation in self-fertility in mainland populations suggests that a colonization filter promoting uniparental reproduction may be acting in this system. Comparison of S-RNase variation suggests a collapse of allelic diversity and heterozygosity at the S-RNase locus in Hawaii, which likely contributed to mate limitation upon arrival to the Pacific. Inbreeding depression coupled with autonomous self-fertilization may have led to the evolution of gynodioecy on Maui.}, }
@article {pmid31039720, year = {2019}, author = {Kovacevic, A and Latombe, G and Chown, SL}, title = {Rate dynamics of ectotherm responses to thermal stress.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1902}, pages = {20190174}, pmid = {31039720}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/*physiology ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Heat-Shock Response ; Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Critical thermal limits (CTLs) show much variation associated with the experimental rate of temperature change used in their estimation. Understanding the full range of variation in rate effects on CTLs and their underlying basis is thus essential if methodological noise is not to overwhelm or bias the ecological signal. We consider the effects of rate variation from multiple intraspecific assessments and provide a comprehensive empirical analysis of the rate effects on both the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) and critical thermal minimum (CTmin) for 47 species of ectotherms, exploring which of the available theoretical models best explains this variation. We find substantial interspecific variation in rate effects, which takes four different forms (increase, decline, no change, mixed), with phylogenetic signal in effects on CTmax, but not CTmin. Exponential and zero exponential failure rate models best explain the rate effects on CTmax. The majority of the empirical rate variation in CTmin could not be explained by the failure rate models. Our work demonstrates that rate effects cannot be ignored in comparative analyses, and suggests that incorporation of the failure rate models into such analyses is a useful further avenue for exploration of the fundamental basis and implications of such variation.}, }
@article {pmid31039716, year = {2019}, author = {Dressler, MD and Conde, J and Eldakar, OT and Smith, RP}, title = {Timing between successive introduction events determines establishment success in bacteria with an Allee effect.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1902}, pages = {20190598}, pmid = {31039716}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Escherichia coli/genetics/*physiology ; Genetic Fitness/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Propagule pressure is a leading determinant of population establishment. Yet, an experimental understanding of how propagule size and number (two principal parts of propagule pressure) determine establishment success remains incomplete. Theoretical studies suggest that the timing between introduction events, a component of propagule number, can influence establishment success. However, this dynamic has rarely been explored experimentally. Using Escherichia coli engineered with an Allee effect, we investigated how the timing of two introduction events influences establishment. For populations introduced below the Allee threshold, establishment occurred if the time between two introduction events was sufficiently short, with the length of time between events further reduced by reducing growth rate. Interestingly, we observed that as the density of bacteria introduced in one introduction event increased, the time between introduction events that allowed for establishment increased. Using a mathematical model, we provide support that the mechanism behind these trends is the ability of the first population to modify the environment, which can pave the way for establishment of the second population. Our results provide experimental evidence that the temporal distribution of introduction events regulates establishment, furthering our understanding of propagule pressure and may have implications in invasion biology and infectious disease.}, }
@article {pmid31039183, year = {2019}, author = {Bosch, J and Bielby, J and Martin-Beyer, B and Rincón, P and Correa-Araneda, F and Boyero, L}, title = {Eradication of introduced fish allows successful recovery of a stream-dwelling amphibian.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {e0216204}, pmid = {31039183}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Ranidae/*physiology ; *Rivers ; Spain ; Trout/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Introduction of alien fish is a major problem for the conservation of amphibians inhabiting originally fishless mountain streams. While fish eradication programs in lakes and ponds have proven successful for the recovery of amphibian populations, there is no such information for stream-dwelling amphibians, possibly because fish removal from streams is difficult and costly. Here, we show the first case of successful recovery of a stream-dwelling amphibian (Rana iberica) in a mountain area of central Spain, following eradication of introduced brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and native brown trout (Salmo trutta) translocated from downstream reaches by local anglers. Electrofishing for 12 consecutive years eradicated both fish species in the introduced area, and allowed the recovery of the R. iberica population as a result of natural recolonization from nearby streams and reintroduction of captive-reared individuals. Our results demonstrate how electrofishing can be a costly but effective method for the eradication of introduced fish and the conservation of stream-dwelling amphibians.}, }
@article {pmid31038741, year = {2020}, author = {Decru, E and Vranken, N and Bragança, PHN and Snoeks, J and Van Steenberge, M}, title = {Where ichthyofaunal provinces meet: the fish fauna of the Lake Edward system, East Africa.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {96}, number = {5}, pages = {1186-1201}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13992}, pmid = {31038741}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//This study is performed within the framework of the Brain-project HIPE (Human impacts on ecosystem health and resources of Lake Edward), funded by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO: BR/154/A1/HIPE). Large parts of the fieldwork have been financed through travel grants by the Fund for Scientific Research (FWO, Belgium) and the King Leopold III Fund for Nature Exploration and Conservation. A travel grant for P.B. to the RMCA was funded by CAPES (Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior, grant 99999.003613/2015-01)./ ; }, mesh = {Africa, Eastern ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Fishes/*classification/physiology ; Lakes ; }, abstract = {Based on literature, museum collections and three recent expeditions, an annotated species list of the Lake Edward, East Africa, drainage system is presented, excluding the endemic haplochromines. A total of 34 non-Haplochromis species belonging to 10 families and 21 genera are recorded from the system. Three of these are endemic and two others have been introduced in the region. Six species are new records for the Lake Edward system. A species accumulation curve indicates that we probably covered most of the non-Haplochromis species in the area sampled during the recent expeditions, but undetected species might still be present in the Congolese part of the system, which is poorly sampled. A comparison of the species list with those of neighbouring basins confirmed the placement of the Lake Edward system within the east-coast ichthyofaunal province.}, }
@article {pmid31038738, year = {2019}, author = {Millane, M and Walsh, L and Roche, WK and Gargan, PG}, title = {Unprecedented widespread occurrence of Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in Ireland in 2017.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {95}, number = {2}, pages = {651-654}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13994}, pmid = {31038738}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Female ; Ireland ; *Life Cycle Stages ; Male ; Rivers ; Salmon/*growth &amp; development ; Seasons ; Sex Ratio ; }, abstract = {The occurrence of non-native pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in multiple river systems in Ireland in 2017 was unprecedented and reflected similar concurrent events observed in other countries in the North Atlantic region. Thirty-six fish were captured in a total of 11 river systems located in the south-west, west and north-west of Ireland in the period June to September 2017. The biological characteristics of sampled specimens are described and the potential for establishment in Ireland are considered.}, }
@article {pmid31038174, year = {2019}, author = {Quinn, NF and Talamas, EJ and Leskey, TC and Bergh, JC}, title = {Sampling Methods for Adventive Trissolcus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in a Wild Tree Host of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {4}, pages = {1997-2000}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz107}, pmid = {31038174}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; *Heteroptera ; *Hymenoptera ; Trees ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive pest that has established in much of the United States. Adventive populations of an effective Asian egg parasitoid of H. halys, Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), have been detected in several states, including Virginia, and its geographic range is expanding. Documenting changes in its distribution and abundance have thus become key research priorities. For these specific purposes, surveillance of T. japonicus over large geographic areas using sentinel H. halys egg masses may not be optimally efficient, and examination of alternative sampling tactics is warranted. In 2016, sentinel H. halys egg masses were deployed as vertical transects in the canopy of female Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae) in Virginia. A brief follow-up study in 2016 using yellow sticky traps deployed in the same trees yielded captures of T. japonicus, leading to a comparison of vertical transects of sentinel eggs and yellow sticky traps in 2017. Both methods yielded T. japonicus detections only in the middle and upper tree canopies, whereas other known H. halys parasitoids were detected in the lower, middle, or upper canopies. Based on this information, a method for deploying yellow sticky traps in the middle canopy of H. halys host trees was assessed in 2017, yielding T. japonicus captures. A comparison of estimated time inputs revealed that traps were more efficient than sentinel eggs in this regard. Results are discussed in relation to the utility of each sampling method to address specific questions about the range expansion and ecology of T. japonicus.}, }
@article {pmid31037725, year = {2019}, author = {Rodríguez, H and Bañón, R and Ramilo, A}, title = {The hidden companion of non-native fishes in north-east Atlantic waters.}, journal = {Journal of fish diseases}, volume = {42}, number = {7}, pages = {1013-1021}, doi = {10.1111/jfd.13005}, pmid = {31037725}, issn = {1365-2761}, support = {070401150009//CSIC and Xunta de Galicia agreement/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Anisakis/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Ascaridoidea/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Atlantic Ocean ; Climate Change ; Female ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; Fishes/*parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics ; Male ; Temperature ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {A tropicalization phenomenon of ichthyofauna has been described in the last decades in Galicia (north-eastern Atlantic), with increasing reports of tropical and subtropical fishes appearing northward this distribution range. A search for parasites was carried out in the digestive tract of two specimens first captured in Galician waters: the prickly puffer Ephippion guttifer (Tetraodontidae) and the African stripped grunt Parapristipoma octolineatum (Haemulidae). Examination of E. guttifer showed high intensity of nematodes, from three different genera: Cucullanus (Cucullanidae), Hysterothylacium (Raphidascaridae) and Anisakis (Anisakidae), with demonstrated pathogenicity to humans. Molecular identification allowed the identification of Anisakis pegreffii, already described in the area, and first reports for European waters of Cucullanus dodsworthi, Hysterothylacium reliquens and a new Hysterothylacium sp. P. octolineatum showed a far lower level of parasitization, with two Hysterothylacium larvae, genetically identified as Hysterothylacium deardorffoverstreetorum, also its first report in the eastern Atlantic. Thus, possible ecological impact of the occurrence of two non-native individual fishes in a new area could be remarkably higher if we see this issue through the lens of the parasitological perspective, as far as only two individual fish can harbour more of one hundred nematode parasites belonging to different species, most of them also new species for that area.}, }
@article {pmid31036667, year = {2019}, author = {Bradley, BA and Laginhas, BB and Whitlock, R and Allen, JM and Bates, AE and Bernatchez, G and Diez, JM and Early, R and Lenoir, J and Vilà, M and Sorte, CJB}, title = {Disentangling the abundance-impact relationship for invasive species.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {116}, number = {20}, pages = {9919-9924}, pmid = {31036667}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {To predict the threat of biological invasions to native species, it is critical that we understand how increasing abundance of invasive alien species (IAS) affects native populations and communities. The form of this relationship across taxa and ecosystems is unknown, but is expected to depend strongly on the trophic position of the IAS relative to the native species. Using a global metaanalysis based on 1,258 empirical studies presented in 201 scientific publications, we assessed the shape, direction, and strength of native responses to increasing invader abundance. We also tested how native responses varied with relative trophic position and for responses at the population vs. community levels. As IAS abundance increased, native populations declined nonlinearly by 20%, on average, and community metrics declined linearly by 25%. When at higher trophic levels, invaders tended to cause a strong, nonlinear decline in native populations and communities, with the greatest impacts occurring at low invader abundance. In contrast, invaders at the same trophic level tended to cause a linear decline in native populations and communities, while invaders at lower trophic levels had no consistent impacts. At the community level, increasing invader abundance had significantly larger effects on species evenness and diversity than on species richness. Our results show that native responses to invasion depend critically on invasive species' abundance and trophic position. Further, these general abundance-impact relationships reveal how IAS impacts are likely to develop during the invasion process and when to best manage them.}, }
@article {pmid31034589, year = {2019}, author = {Roy-Dufresne, E and Lurgi, M and Brown, SC and Wells, K and Cooke, B and Mutze, G and Peacock, D and Cassey, P and Berman, D and Brook, BW and Campbell, S and Cox, T and Daly, J and Dunk, I and Elsworth, P and Fletcher, D and Forsyth, DM and Hocking, G and Kovaliski, J and Leane, M and Low, B and Kennedy, M and Matthews, J and McPhee, S and Mellin, C and Mooney, T and Moseby, K and Read, J and Richardson, BJ and Schneider, K and Schwarz, E and Sinclair, R and Strive, T and Triulcio, F and West, P and Saltré, F and Fordham, DA}, title = {The Australian National Rabbit Database: 50 yr of population monitoring of an invasive species.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {100}, number = {7}, pages = {e02750}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2750}, pmid = {31034589}, issn = {1939-9170}, abstract = {With ongoing introductions into Australia since the 1700s, the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has become one of the most widely distributed and abundant vertebrate pests, adversely impacting Australia's biodiversity and agroeconomy. To understand the population and range dynamics of the species and its impacts better, occurrence and abundance data have been collected by researchers and citizens from sites covering a broad spectrum of climatic and environmental conditions in Australia. The lack of a common and accessible repository for these data has, however, limited their use in determining important spatiotemporal drivers of the structure and dynamics of the geographical range of rabbits in Australia. To meet this need, we created the Australian National Rabbit Database, which combines more than 50 yr of historical and contemporary survey data collected from throughout the range of the species in Australia. The survey data, obtained from a suite of complementary monitoring methods, were combined with high-resolution weather, climate, and environmental information, and an assessment of data quality. The database provides records of rabbit occurrence (689,265 records) and abundance (51,241 records, >120 distinct sites) suitable for identifying the spatiotemporal drivers of the rabbit's distribution and for determining spatial patterns of variation in its key life-history traits, including maximum rates of population growth. Because all data are georeferenced and date stamped, they can be coupled with information from other databases and spatial layers to explore the potential effects of rabbit occurrence and abundance on Australia's native wildlife and agricultural production. The Australian National Rabbit Database is an important tool for understanding and managing the European rabbit in its invasive range and its effects on native biodiversity and agricultural production. It also provides a valuable resource for addressing questions related to the biology, success, and impacts of invasive species more generally. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set other than citation of this Data Paper.}, }
@article {pmid31032397, year = {2019}, author = {Eisenhauer, N and Ferlian, O and Craven, D and Hines, J and Jochum, M}, title = {Ecosystem responses to exotic earthworm invasion in northern North American forests.}, journal = {Research ideas and outcomes}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {31032397}, issn = {2367-7163}, support = {677232/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {Earth is experiencing a substantial loss of biodiversity at the global scale, while both species gains and losses are occurring at local and regional scales. The influence of these nonrandom changes in species distributions could profoundly affect the functioning of ecosystems and the essential services that they provide. However, few experimental tests have been conducted examining the influence of species invasions on ecosystem functioning. Even fewer have been conducted using invasive ecosystem engineers, which can have disproportionately strong influence on native ecosystems relative to their own biomass. The invasion of exotic earthworms is a prime example of an ecosystem engineer that is influencing many ecosystems around the world. In particular, European earthworm invasions of northern North American forests cause simultaneous species gains and losses with significant consequences for essential ecosystem processes like nutrient cycling and crucial services to humanity like soil erosion control and carbon sequestration. Exotic earthworms are expected to select for specific traits in communities of soil microorganisms (fast-growing bacteria species), soil fauna (promoting the bacterial energy channel), and plants (graminoids) through direct and indirect effects. This will accelerate some ecosystem processes and decelerate others, fundamentally altering how invaded forests function. This project aims to investigate ecosystem responses of northern North American forests to earthworm invasion. Using a novel, synthetic combination of field observations, field experiments, lab experiments, and meta-analyses, the proposed work will be the first systematic examination of earthworm effects on (1) plant communities and (2) soil food webs and processes. Further, (3) effects of a changing climate (warming and reduced summer precipitation) on earthworm performance will be investigated in a unique field experiment designed to predict the future spread and consequences of earthworm invasion in North America. By assessing the soil chemical and physical properties as well as the taxonomic (e.g., by the latest next-generation sequencing techniques) and functional composition of plant, soil microbial and animal communities and the processes they drive in four forests, work packages I-III take complementary approaches to derive a comprehensive and generalizable picture of how ecosystems change in response to earthworm invasion. Finally, in work package IV meta-analyses will be used to integrate the information from work packages I-III and existing literature to investigate if earthworms cause invasion waves, invasion meltdowns, habitat homogenization, and ecosystem state shifts. Global data will be synthesized to test if the relative magnitude of effects differs from place to place depending on the functional dissimilarity between native soil fauna and exotic earthworms. Moving from local to global scale, the present proposal examines the influence of earthworm invasions on biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships from an aboveground-belowground perspective in natural settings. This approach is highly innovative as it utilizes the invasion by exotic earthworms as an exciting model system that links invasion biology with trait-based community ecology, global change research, and ecosystem ecology, pioneering a new generation of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research.}, }
@article {pmid31032015, year = {2019}, author = {Ogden, NH and Wilson, JRU and Richardson, DM and Hui, C and Davies, SJ and Kumschick, S and Le Roux, JJ and Measey, J and Saul, WC and Pulliam, JRC}, title = {Emerging infectious diseases and biological invasions: a call for a One Health collaboration in science and management.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {181577}, pmid = {31032015}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {The study and management of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and of biological invasions both address the ecology of human-associated biological phenomena in a rapidly changing world. However, the two fields work mostly in parallel rather than in concert. This review explores how the general phenomenon of an organism rapidly increasing in range or abundance is caused, highlights the similarities and differences between research on EIDs and invasions, and discusses shared management insights and approaches. EIDs can arise by: (i) crossing geographical barriers due to human-mediated dispersal, (ii) crossing compatibility barriers due to evolution, and (iii) lifting of environmental barriers due to environmental change. All these processes can be implicated in biological invasions, but only the first defines them. Research on EIDs is embedded within the One Health concept-the notion that human, animal and ecosystem health are interrelated and that holistic approaches encompassing all three components are needed to respond to threats to human well-being. We argue that for sustainable development, biological invasions should be explicitly considered within One Health. Management goals for the fields are the same, and direct collaborations between invasion scientists, disease ecologists and epidemiologists on modelling, risk assessment, monitoring and management would be mutually beneficial.}, }
@article {pmid31031947, year = {2019}, author = {Xu, C and Ge, Y and Wang, J}, title = {Molecular basis underlying the successful invasion of hexaploid cytotypes of Solidago canadensis L.: Insights from integrated gene and miRNA expression profiling.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {4820-4852}, pmid = {31031947}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Dissecting complex connections between cytogenetic traits (ploidy levels) and plant invasiveness has emerged as a popular research subject in the field of invasion biology. Although recent work suggests that polyploids are more likely to be invasive than their corresponding diploids, the molecular basis underlying the successful invasion of polyploids remains largely unexplored. To this end, we adopted an RNA-seq and sRNA-seq approach to describe how polyploids mediate invasiveness differences in two contrasting cytotypes of Solidago canadensis L., a widespread wild hexaploid invader with localized cultivated diploid populations. Our analysis of the leaf transcriptome revealed 116,801 unigenes, of which 12,897 unigenes displayed significant differences in expression levels. A substantial number of these differentially expressed unigenes (DEUs) were significantly associated with the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and environmental adaptation pathways. Gene Ontology term enrichment-based categorization of DEU-functions was consistent with this observation, as terms related to single-organism, cellular, and metabolic processes including catalytic, binding, transporter, and enzyme regulator activity were over-represented. Concomitantly, 186 miRNAs belonging to 44 miRNA families were identified in the same leaf tissues, with 59 miRNAs being differentially expressed. Furthermore, we discovered 83 miRNA-target interacting pairs that were oppositely regulated, and a meticulous study of these targets depicted that several unigenes encoding transcription factors, DNA methyltransferase, and leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases involved in the stress response were greatly influenced. Collectively, these transcriptional and epigenetic data provide new insights into miRNA-mediated gene expression regulatory mechanisms that may operate in hexaploid cytotypes to favor successful invasion.}, }
@article {pmid31030142, year = {2019}, author = {Shiferaw, H and Bewket, W and Alamirew, T and Zeleke, G and Teketay, D and Bekele, K and Schaffner, U and Eckert, S}, title = {Implications of land use/land cover dynamics and Prosopis invasion on ecosystem service values in Afar Region, Ethiopia.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {675}, number = {}, pages = {354-366}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.220}, pmid = {31030142}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Ethiopia ; *Introduced Species ; Prosopis/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Land use/land cover (LULC) dynamics and the resulting changes in ecosystems, as well as the services they provide, are a consequence of human activities and environmental drivers, such as invasive alien plant species. This study assessed the changes in LULC and ecosystem service values (ESVs) in the Afar National Regional State, Ethiopia, which experiences a rapid invasion by the alien tree Prosopis juliflora (Swartz DC). Landsat satellite data of 1986, 2000 and 2017 were used in Random Forest algorithm to assess LULC changes in the last 31 years, to calculate net changes for different LULC types and the associated changes in ESVs. Kappa accuracies of 88% and higher were obtained for the three LULC classifications. Post-classification change analyses for the period between 1986 and 2017 revealed a positive net change for Prosopis invaded areas, cropland, salt flats, settlements and waterbodies. The rate of Prosopis invasion was estimated at 31,127 ha per year. Negative net changes were found for grassland, bareland, bush-shrub-woodland, and natural forests. According to the local community representatives, the four most important drivers of LULC dynamics were climate change, frequent droughts, invasive species and weak traditional law. Based on two different ESVs estimations, the ecosystem changes caused by LULC changes resulted in an average loss of ESVs in the study area of about US$ 602 million (range US$ 112 to 1091 million) over the last 31 years. With an increase in area by 965,000 ha, Prosopis-invaded land was the highest net change during the study period, followed by grassland (-599,000 ha), bareland (-329,000 ha) and bush-shrub-woodland (-327,000 ha). Our study provides evidence that LULC changes in the Afar Region have led to a significant loss in ESVs, with serious consequences for the livelihoods of the rural people.}, }
@article {pmid31027196, year = {2019}, author = {Javal, M and Terblanche, JS and Conlong, DE and Malan, AP}, title = {First Screening of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Fungus as Biocontrol Agents against an Emerging Pest of Sugarcane, Cacosceles newmannii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {31027196}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {///Centre for Invasion Biology/ ; }, abstract = {Cacosceles newmannii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an emerging pest of sugarcane in South Africa. The larvae of this cerambycid beetle live within the sugarcane stalk and drill galleries that considerably reduce sugar production. To provide an alternative to chemical control, entomopathogenic nematodes and fungus were investigated as potential biological control agents to be used in an integrated pest management system. The nematodes Steinernema yirgalemense, S. jeffreyense, Heterorhabditis indica, and different concentrations of the fungus Metarhizium pinghaense were screened for efficacy (i.e., mortality rate) against larvae of C. newmannii. The different biocontrol agents used, revealed a low level of pathogenicity to C. newmannii larvae, when compared to control treatments.}, }
@article {pmid31025434, year = {2019}, author = {Winkler, DE and Belnap, J and Hoover, D and Reed, SC and Duniway, MC}, title = {Shrub persistence and increased grass mortality in response to drought in dryland systems.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {9}, pages = {3121-3135}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14667}, pmid = {31025434}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Colorado ; *Droughts ; Ecosystem ; *Poaceae ; Southwestern United States ; }, abstract = {Droughts in the southwest United States have led to major forest and grassland die-off events in recent decades, suggesting plant community and ecosystem shifts are imminent as native perennial grass populations are replaced by shrub- and invasive plant-dominated systems. These patterns are similar to those observed in arid and semiarid systems around the globe, but our ability to predict which species will experience increased drought-induced mortality in response to climate change remains limited. We investigated meteorological drought-induced mortality of nine dominant plant species in the Colorado Plateau Desert by experimentally imposing a year-round 35% precipitation reduction for eight continuous years. We distributed experimental plots across numerous plant, soil, and parent material types, resulting in 40 distinct sites across a 4,500 km[2] region of the Colorado Plateau Desert. For all 8 years, we tracked c. 400 individual plants and evaluated mortality responses to treatments within and across species, and through time. We also examined the influence of abiotic and biotic site factors in driving mortality responses. Overall, high mortality trends were driven by dominant grass species, including Achnatherum hymenoides, Pleuraphis jamesii, and Sporobolus cryptandrus. Responses varied widely from year to year and dominant shrub species were generally resistant to meteorological drought, likely due to their ability to access deeper soil water. Importantly, mortality increased in the presence of invasive species regardless of treatment, and native plant die-off occurred even under ambient conditions, suggesting that recent climate changes are already negatively impacting dominant species in these systems. Results from this long-term drought experiment suggest major shifts in community composition and, as a result, ecosystem function. Patterns also show that, across multiple soil and plant community types, native perennial grass species may be replaced by shrubs and invasive annuals in the Colorado Plateau Desert.}, }
@article {pmid31024496, year = {2019}, author = {Morrissey, KL and Çavaş, L and Willems, A and De Clerck, O}, title = {Disentangling the Influence of Environment, Host Specificity and Thallus Differentiation on Bacterial Communities in Siphonous Green Seaweeds.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {717}, pmid = {31024496}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Siphonous green seaweeds, such as Caulerpa, are among the most morphologically complex algae with differentiated algal structures (morphological niches). Caulerpa is also host to a rich diversity of bacterial endo- and epibionts. The degree to which these bacterial communities are species-, or even niche-specific remains largely unknown. To address this, we investigated the diversity of bacteria associated to different morphological niches of both native and invasive species of Caulerpa from different geographic locations along the Turkish coastline of the Aegean sea. Associated bacteria were identified using the 16S rDNA marker gene for three morphological niches, such as the endobiome, epibiome, and rhizobiome. Bacterial community structure was explored and deterministic factors behind bacterial variation were investigated. Of the total variation, only 21.5% could be explained. Pronounced differences in bacterial community composition were observed and variation was partly explained by a combination of host species, biogeography and nutrient levels. The majority of the explained bacterial variation within the algal holobiont was attributed to the micro-environments established by distinct morphological niches. This study further supports the hypothesis that the bacterial assembly is largely stochastic in nature and bacterial community structure is most likely linked to functional genes rather than taxonomy.}, }
@article {pmid31022514, year = {2019}, author = {Zahiri, R and Christian Schmidt, B and Schintlmeister, A and Yakovlev, RV and Rindoš, M}, title = {Global phylogeography reveals the origin and the evolutionary history of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera, Erebidae).}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {137}, number = {}, pages = {1-13}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2019.04.021}, pmid = {31022514}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genome, Mitochondrial ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Likelihood Functions ; Moths/*classification/genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {We examined the global phylogeography of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) using molecular data based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Populations from all biogeographic regions of the native and introduced range of L. dispar, were sampled to fully document intraspecific and subspecies variation, identify potential cryptic species, and to clarify the relationships among major phylogeographic lineages. We recovered three major mtDNA lineages of L. dispar: Transcaucasia; East Asia + Japan; and Europe + Central Asia. The circumscription of these lineages is only partially consistent with the current taxonomic concept (i.e., L. dispar dispar; L. dispar asiatica; L. dispar japonica), with the following important discrepancies: (1) north-central Asian populations, including topotypical populations of L. dispar asiatica, may be more closely related to European rather than Asian segregates, which would require the synonymization of the taxon asiatica and establishment of a new name; (2) the Japanese populations (L. d. japonica) are not distinct from east Asian populations; (3) the presence of a distinct, unnamed mitogenomic lineage endemic to the Trancaucasus region. We demonstrated that the population from Transcaucasia contains the highest mitochondrial haplotype diversity among L. dispar, potentially indicative of an ancestral area for the entire dispar-group. Our study corroborates the endemic Hokkaido, Japan taxon Lymantria umbrosa (Butler) as the sister group to all other L. dispar populations, but the applicability of the names umbrosa versus hokkaidoensis Goldschmidt needs to be re-evaluated. The ancestral area analysis suggest that Japan was likely colonized via Sakhalin ∼1 Mya, in contrast to previous studies which have suggested colonization of the Japanese archipelago via the Korean Peninsula. Lastly, mitogenomic variation within L. dispar is incongruent with phylogenies based on nuclear DNA, as nDNA gene phylogenies did not recover the three major mtDNA lineages, and also failed to recover L. dispar and L. umbrosa as reciprocally monophyletic.}, }
@article {pmid31022202, year = {2019}, author = {Howe, K and Kaluna, L and Lozano, A and Torres Fischer, B and Tagami, Y and McHugh, R and Jarvi, S}, title = {Water transmission potential of Angiostrongylus cantonensis: Larval viability and effectiveness of rainwater catchment sediment filters.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {e0209813}, pmid = {31022202}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {P20 GM103466/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Angiostrongylus cantonensis/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Animals ; Disease Vectors ; Filtration/*instrumentation ; Gastropoda/*parasitology ; Hawaii ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Larva/pathogenicity/physiology ; Micropore Filters ; Pilot Projects ; Rain ; Strongylida Infections/parasitology/prevention &amp; control/*transmission ; Time Factors ; Water/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Neuroangiostrongyliasis, caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, has been reported in Hawai'i since the 1950's. An increase in cases is being reported primarily from East Hawai'i Island, correlated with the introduction of the semi-slug Parmarion martensi. Households in areas lacking infrastructure for water must use rainwater catchment as their primary domestic water supply, for which there is no federal, state, or county regulation. Despite evidence that slugs and snails can contaminate water and cause infection, regulatory bodies have not addressed this potential transmission route. This study evaluates: 1) the emergence of live, infective-stage A. cantonensis larvae from drowned, non-native, pestiforous gastropods; 2) larvae location in an undisturbed water column; 3) longevity of free-living larvae in water; and 4) effectiveness of rainwater catchment filters in blocking infective-stage larvae. Larvae were shed from minced and whole gastropods drowned in either municipal water or rainwater with ~94% of larvae recovered from the bottom of the water column 72-96 hours post drowning. Infective-stage larvae were active for 21 days in municipal water. Histological sectioning of P. martensi showed proximity of nematode larvae to the body wall of the gastropod, consistent with the potential for shedding of larvae in slime. Gastropod tissue squashes showed effectivity as a quick screening method. Live, infective-stage larvae were able to traverse rainwater catchment polypropylene sediment filters of 20 μm, 10 μm, 5 μm, and 1 μm filtration ratings, but not a 5 μm carbon block filter. These results demonstrate that live, infective-stage A. cantonensis larvae emerge from drowned snails and slugs, survive for extended periods of time in water, and may be able to enter a catchment user's household water supply. This study illustrates the need to better investigate and understand the potential role of contaminated water as a transmission route for neuroangiostrongyliasis.}, }
@article {pmid31018019, year = {2019}, author = {Zhao, Z and Hui, C and Plant, RE and Su, M and Carpenter, T and Papadopoulos, N and Li, Z and Carey, JR}, title = {Life table invasion models: spatial progression and species-specific partitioning.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {100}, number = {5}, pages = {e02682}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2682}, pmid = {31018019}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {2017YFD0200400//National Key R &amp; D Program of China/International ; 31770453//National Science Foundation of China/International ; 31770470//National Science Foundation of China/International ; 2017BY080//Key R&amp;D Projects of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region/International ; }, mesh = {California ; Cities ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Life Tables ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are increasingly being considered important spatial processes that drive global changes, threatening biodiversity, regional economies, and ecosystem functions. A unifying conceptual model of the invasion dynamics could serve as a useful tool for comparison and classification of invasion processes involving different species across large geographic ranges. By dividing these geographic ranges that are subject to invasions into discrete spatial units, we here conceptualize the invasion process as the transition from pristine to invaded spatial units. We use California cities as the spatial units and a long-term database of invasive tropical tephritids to characterize the invasion patterns. A new life-table method based on insect demography, including the progression model of invasion stage transition and the species-specific partitioning model of multispecies invasions, was developed to analyze the invasion patterns. The progression model allows us to estimate the probability and rate of transition for individual cities from pristine to infested stages and subsequently differentiate the first year of detection from detection recurrences. Importantly, we show that the interval of invasive tephritid recurrence in a city declines with increasing invasion stages of the city. The species-specific partitioning model revealed profound differences in invasion outcome depending on which tephritid species was first detected (and then locally eradicated) in the early stage of invasion. Taken together, we discuss how these two life-table invasion models can cast new light on existing invasion concepts; in particular, on formulating invasion dynamics as the state transition of cities and partitioning species-specific roles during multispecies invasions. These models provide a new set of tools for predicting the spatiotemporal progression of invasion and providing early warnings of recurrent invasions for efficient management.}, }
@article {pmid31017660, year = {2019}, author = {Matern, S and Emmrich, M and Klefoth, T and Wolter, C and Nikolaus, R and Wegener, N and Arlinghaus, R}, title = {Effect of recreational-fisheries management on fish biodiversity in gravel pit lakes, with contrasts to unmanaged lakes.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {94}, number = {6}, pages = {865-881}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13989}, pmid = {31017660}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)/ ; //German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN)/ ; //German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety/ ; 01LC1320A//BMU/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Fisheries ; *Fishes ; Germany ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Recreation ; Seafood ; }, abstract = {Gravel pit lakes are novel ecosystems that can be colonized by fish through natural or anthropogenic pathways. In central Europe, many of them are managed by recreational anglers and thus experience regular fish stocking. However, also unmanaged gravel pits may be affected by stocking, either through illegal fish introductions or, occasionally, by immigration from connected water bodies. We sampled 23 small (< 20 ha) gravel pit lakes (16 managed and 7 unmanaged) in north-western Germany using littoral electrofishing and multimesh gillnets. Our objective was to compare the fish biodiversity in gravel pit lakes in the presence or absence of recreational fisheries. Given the size of the sampled lakes, we expected species poor communities and elevated fish diversity in the managed systems due to regular stocking of game fish species. Our study lakes were primarily mesotrophic and did not differ in key abiotic and biotic environmental characteristics. Lakes of both management types hosted similar fish abundances and biomasses, but were substantially different in terms of fish community structure and species richness. Fish were present in all lakes, with a minimum of three species. Higher α-diversity and lower β-diversity was discovered in managed gravel pit lakes compared to unmanaged lakes. Consequently, recreational-fisheries management fostered homogenization of fish communities, by stocking a similar set of fish species desired by anglers such as piscivorous fish and large bodied cyprinids. However, unmanaged gravel pit lakes were also affected by human-mediated colonization, presumably by illegal fish releases. Hardly any non-native species were detected, suggesting that recreational-fisheries management did not foster the spread of exotic species in our study region.}, }
@article {pmid31016829, year = {2019}, author = {McCarthy, AH and Peck, LS and Hughes, KA and Aldridge, DC}, title = {Antarctica: The final frontier for marine biological invasions.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {7}, pages = {2221-2241}, pmid = {31016829}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Seawater ; }, abstract = {Antarctica is experiencing significant ecological and environmental change, which may facilitate the establishment of non-native marine species. Non-native marine species will interact with other anthropogenic stressors affecting Antarctic ecosystems, such as climate change (warming, ocean acidification) and pollution, with irreversible ramifications for biodiversity and ecosystem services. We review current knowledge of non-native marine species in the Antarctic region, the physical and physiological factors that resist establishment of non-native marine species, changes to resistance under climate change, the role of legislation in limiting marine introductions, and the effect of increasing human activity on vectors and pathways of introduction. Evidence of non-native marine species is limited: just four marine non-native and one cryptogenic species that were likely introduced anthropogenically have been reported freely living in Antarctic or sub-Antarctic waters, but no established populations have been reported; an additional six species have been observed in pathways to Antarctica that are potentially at risk of becoming invasive. We present estimates of the intensity of ship activity across fishing, tourism and research sectors: there may be approximately 180 vessels and 500+ voyages in Antarctic waters annually. However, these estimates are necessarily speculative because relevant data are scarce. To facilitate well-informed policy and management, we make recommendations for future research into the likelihood of marine biological invasions in the Antarctic region.}, }
@article {pmid31015988, year = {2019}, author = {Derbridge, JJ and Koprowski, JL}, title = {Experimental removals reveal dietary niche partitioning facilitates coexistence between native and introduced species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {4065-4077}, pmid = {31015988}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Niche overlap between native species and ecologically similar invaders can lead to competitive exclusion of threatened native species, but if two such species also co-occur naturally elsewhere, interactions between native and introduced populations may mirror coevolved niche partitioning that reduces competition and promotes coexistence.A single, insular population of Fremont's squirrel (Tamiasciurus fremonti) the Mount Graham red squirrel (MGRS; T. f. grahamensis) in the Pinaleño Mountains, Arizona, USA, is critically endangered and resource competition with introduced Abert's squirrels (Sciurus aberti) may threaten its long-term persistence. The species are naturally synoptic in other mountain sites, and both consume diets comprised primarily of conifer seeds and fungi.We conducted experimental removals of introduced Abert's squirrels and used stable isotope analysis of diets before and after removals, and of diets in naturally syntopic populations to test the hypothesis that dietary niche partitioning can facilitate coexistence between native and introduced species. We also developed a novel approach to determine the influence of fluctuating food availability on carbon enrichment in consumers.Mount Graham red squirrels and introduced Abert's squirrels partitioned the dietary niche similarly to naturally syntopic populations. Removals had no apparent effect. Diet of MGRS was more closely linked to availability of resources than to presence of Abert's squirrels.Flexible dietary niche of introduced Abert's squirrels may have allowed them to exploit a resource opportunity in syntopy with MGRS. Variable food production of MGRS habitat may intensify competition in poor years, and territorial defense against non-native Abert's squirrels likely imposes fitness costs on individual MGRS. Similarity in our model species' diets may make MGRS more vulnerable to competition if climate change eliminates the advantages of larder-hoarding. Where introduced populations of ecologically similar species are better adapted to changing conditions, they may ultimately replace southern peripheral populations of native species.}, }
@article {pmid31015977, year = {2019}, author = {Martinez-Cillero, R and Willcock, S and Perez-Diaz, A and Joslin, E and Vergeer, P and Peh, KS}, title = {A practical tool for assessing ecosystem services enhancement and degradation associated with invasive alien species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {3918-3936}, pmid = {31015977}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Current approaches for assessing the effects of invasive alien species (IAS) are biased toward the negative effects of these species, resulting in an incomplete picture of their real effects. This can result in an inefficient IAS management. We address this issue by describing the INvasive Species Effects Assessment Tool (INSEAT) that enables expert elicitation for rapidly assessing the ecological consequences of IAS using the ecosystem services (ES) framework. INSEAT scores the ecosystem service "gains and losses" using a scale that accounted for the magnitude and the reversibility of its effects. We tested INSEAT on 18 IAS in Great Britain. Here, we highlighted four case studies: Harmonia axyridis (Harlequin ladybird), Astacus leptodactylus (Turkish crayfish), Pacifastacus leniusculus (Signal crayfish) and Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam). The results demonstrated that a collation of different experts' opinions using INSEAT could yield valuable information on the invasive aliens' ecological and social effects. The users can identify certain IAS as ES providers and the trade-offs between the ES provision and loss associated with them. This practical tool can be useful for evidence-based policy and management decisions that consider the potential role of invasive species in delivering human well-being.}, }
@article {pmid31015965, year = {2019}, author = {Bonner, C and Sokolov, NA and Westover, SE and Ho, M and Weis, AE}, title = {Estimating the impact of divergent mating phenology between residents and migrants on the potential for gene flow.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {3770-3783}, pmid = {31015965}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Gene flow between populations can allow the spread of beneficial alleles and genetic diversity between populations, with importance to conservation, invasion biology, and agriculture. Levels of gene flow between populations vary not only with distance, but also with divergence in reproductive phenology. Since phenology is often locally adapted, arriving migrants may be reproductively out of synch with residents, which can depress realized gene flow. In flowering plants, the potential impact of phenological divergence on hybridization between populations can be predicted from overlap in flowering schedules-the daily count of flowers capable of pollen exchange-between a resident and migrant population. The accuracy of this prospective hybridization estimate, based on parental phenotypes, rests upon the assumptions of unbiased pollen transfer between resident and migrant active flowers. We tested the impact of phenological divergence on resident-migrant mating frequencies in experiments that mimicked a single large gene flow event. We first prospectively estimated mating frequencies two lines of Brassica rapaselected or early and late flowering. We then estimated realized mating frequencies retrospectively through progeny testing. The two estimates strongly agreed in a greenhouse experiment, where procedures ensured saturating, unbiased pollination. Under natural pollination in the field, the rate of resident-migrant mating, was lower than estimated by phenological divergence alone, although prospective and retrospective estimates were correlated. In both experiments, differences between residents and migrants in flowering schedule shape led to asymmetric hybridization. Results suggest that a prospective estimate of hybridization based on mating schedules can be a useful, although imperfect, tool for evaluating potential gene flow. They also illustrate the impact of mating phenology on the magnitude and symmetry of reproductive isolation.}, }
@article {pmid31015083, year = {2019}, author = {Ulman, A and Ferrario, J and Forcada, A and Arvanitidis, C and Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A and Marchini, A}, title = {A Hitchhiker's guide to Mediterranean marina travel for alien species.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {241}, number = {}, pages = {328-339}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.011}, pmid = {31015083}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Travel ; }, }
@article {pmid31014215, year = {2019}, author = {Seebens, H and Briski, E and Ghabooli, S and Shiganova, T and MacIsaac, HJ and Blasius, B}, title = {Non-native species spread in a complex network: the interaction of global transport and local population dynamics determines invasion success.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1901}, pages = {20190036}, pmid = {31014215}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Ctenophora/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Ships ; Zooplankton/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The number of released individuals, which is a component of propagule pressure, is considered to be a major driver for the establishment success of non-native species. However, propagule pressure is often assumed to result from single or few release events, which does not necessarily apply to the frequent releases of invertebrates or other taxa through global transport. For instance, the high intensity of global shipping may result in frequent releases of large numbers of individuals, and the complexity of shipping dynamics impedes predictions of invasion dynamics. Here, we present a mathematical model for the spread of planktonic organisms by global shipping, using the history of movements by 33 566 ships among 1477 ports to simulate population dynamics for the comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi as a case study. The degree of propagule pressure at one site resulted from the coincident arrival of individuals from other sites with native or non-native populations. Key to sequential spread in European waters was a readily available source of propagules and a suitable recipient environment. These propagules were derived from previously introduced 'bridgehead' populations supplemented with those from native sources. Invasion success is therefore determined by the complex interaction of global shipping and local population dynamics. The general findings probably hold true for the spread of species in other complex systems, such as insects or plant seeds exchanged via commercial trade or transport.}, }
@article {pmid31013809, year = {2019}, author = {Gandhi, KJK and Campbell, F and Abrams, J}, title = {Current Status of Forest Health Policy in the United States.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {31013809}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {ederal policies related to forestry and forest health (specifically, insects and diseases) have the potential to affect management practices, terms of international and interstate trade, and long-term sustainability and conservation. Our objectives were to review existing federal policies, the role of federal agencies in managing forest health, and guidance for future policy efforts. Since the 1940s, various federal policies relevant to forest health have been established, and several US Department of Agriculture (USDA) agencies have been empowered to assist with prevention, quarantine, detection, management, and control of insects and diseases. Overall, our review showed that relatively few national policies directly address forest health as a stand-alone objective, as most of them are embedded within forestry bills. Federal funding for forest health issues and the number of personnel dedicated to such issues have declined dramatically for some agencies. Concomitantly, native species continue to gain pestiferous status while non-native species continue to establish and cause impacts in the US. To enhance our ability and capacity to deal with current and future threats, concerted efforts are needed to advocate for both resources and stand-alone policy tools that take seriously the complexity of emerging sustainability challenges in both private and public forestlands.}, }
@article {pmid31011154, year = {2019}, author = {Buchholz, S and Kowarik, I}, title = {Urbanisation modulates plant-pollinator interactions in invasive vs. native plant species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {6375}, pmid = {31011154}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Cytisus/physiology ; Flowers/physiology ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*metabolism ; Pollination/*physiology ; Robinia/physiology ; *Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Pollination is a key ecological process, and invasive alien plant species have been shown to significantly affect plant-pollinator interactions. Yet, the role of the environmental context in modulating such processes is understudied. As urbanisation is a major component of global change, being associated with a range of stressors (e.g. heat, pollution, habitat isolation), we tested whether the attractiveness of a common invasive alien plant (Robinia pseudoacacia, black locust) vs. a common native plant (Cytisus scoparius, common broom) for pollinators changes with increasing urbanisation. We exposed blossoms of both species along an urbanisation gradient and quantified different types of pollinator interaction with the flowers. Both species attracted a broad range of pollinators, with significantly more visits for R. pseudoacacia, but without significant differences in numbers of insects that immediately accessed the flowers. However, compared to native Cytisus, more pollinators only hovered in front of flowers of invasive Robinia without visiting those subsequently. The decision rate to enter flowers of the invasive species decreased with increasing urbanisation. This suggests that while invasive Robinia still attracts many pollinators in urban settings attractiveness may decrease with increasing urban stressors. Results indicated future directions to deconstruct the role of different stressors in modulating plant-pollinator interactions, and they have implications for urban development since Robinia can be still considered as a "pollinator-friendly" tree for certain urban settings.}, }
@article {pmid31010927, year = {2019}, author = {Clifton, EH and Castrillo, LA and Gryganskyi, A and Hajek, AE}, title = {A pair of native fungal pathogens drives decline of a new invasive herbivore.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {116}, number = {19}, pages = {9178-9180}, pmid = {31010927}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Beauveria/*physiology ; Hemiptera/*microbiology/physiology ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological ; Plant Diseases/parasitology ; Trees/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Two North American fungal pathogens caused a coepizootic leading to localized collapse of an outbreak population of the newly invasive planthopper pest, the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula), in the eastern United States. The pathogens partitioned the habitat, with the majority of L. delicatula on tree trunks killed by Batkoa major, while cadavers of L. delicatula killed by Beauveria bassiana were usually on the ground. The future will show whether these pathogens will be drivers in boom-bust cycles or will result in recurrent low population densities of this new invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid31010187, year = {2019}, author = {Philpott, SM and Albuquerque, S and Bichier, P and Cohen, H and Egerer, MH and Kirk, C and Will, KW}, title = {Local and Landscape Drivers of Carabid Activity, Species Richness, and Traits in Urban Gardens in Coastal California.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {31010187}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {NA//University of California New Faculty Research Grant/ ; }, abstract = {Urban ecosystems, as mosaics of residential, industrial, commercial, and agricultural land, present challenges for species survival due to impervious surface, degradation, fragmentation, and modification of natural habitat, pollution, and introduced species. Some urban habitats, such as community gardens, support biodiversity and promote ecosystem services. In gardens, local factors (e.g., vegetation, groundcover) and landscape surroundings (e.g., agriculture, built or impervious cover) may influence species abundance, richness, and functional traits that are present. We examined which local and landscape factors within 19 community gardens in the California central coast influence ground beetle (Carabidae) activity density, species richness, functional group richness, and functional traits-body size, wing morphology, and dispersal ability. Gardens with higher crop richness and that are surrounded by agricultural land had greater carabid activity density, while species and functional group richness did not respond to any local or landscape factor. Gardens with more leaf litter had lower carabid activity, and gardens with more leaf litter tended to have more larger carabids. Changes in local (floral abundance, ground cover) and landscape (urban land cover) factors also influenced the distribution of individuals with certain wing morphology and body size traits. Thus, both local and landscape factors influence the taxonomic and functional traits of carabid communities, with potential implications for pest control services that are provided by carabids.}, }
@article {pmid31009532, year = {2019}, author = {Hogg, BN and Moran, PJ and Smith, L}, title = {Relative Performance and Impacts of the Psyllid Arytinnis hakani (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on Nontarget Plants and the Target Weed Genista monspessulana (Fabales: Fabaceae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {3}, pages = {524-532}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz041}, pmid = {31009532}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Fabaceae ; Female ; *Genista ; *Hemiptera ; Prospective Studies ; }, abstract = {No-choice tests can help select weed biological control agents with a high degree of host specificity but may exclude potentially effective agents that can develop on nontarget plants under laboratory conditions. The actual amount of damage to nontarget plants often goes unstudied, even though agents may exploit nontarget plants without inflicting significant harm. Furthermore, tests typically assess whether prospective agents can complete one generation on nontarget plants, and rarely examine whether agents are likely to persist on the nontarget plants over the long term. Pre-release assessments that occur over multiple generations of the agent could help determine whether prospective agents pose a threat to nontarget plants under field conditions. This study focused on the psyllid Arytinnis hakani Loginova (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), which is under consideration in California for release against the invasive shrub French broom, Genista monspessulana (L.) LAS Johnson. We examined the host suitability of seven nontarget Lupinus spp. (Fabales: Fabaceae) for the psyllid using no-choice tests, and assessed psyllid impacts on Lupinus arboreus Sims, which consistently supported psyllid oviposition and development. The psyllid oviposited on all of the tested Lupinus spp., and completed two generations on five of the Lupinus spp., although numbers of psyllids were highest on French broom. In an additional experiment, A. hakani did not affect growth or survival of L. arboreus, but reduced growth and dramatically reduced survival of French broom. Taken together, these results indicate that Lupinus spp. are suboptimal hosts for the psyllid and are unlikely to be significantly impacted by its feeding.}, }
@article {pmid31006850, year = {2020}, author = {Kadye, WT and Booth, AJ}, title = {Environmental niche patterns of native and non-native fishes within an invaded African river system.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {96}, number = {5}, pages = {1269-1277}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13988}, pmid = {31006850}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa/ ; //Rufford Small Grants Foundation/ ; //Rhodes University/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Rivers ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {To test ecological niche theory, this study investigated the spatial patterns and the environmental niches of native and non-native fishes within the invaded Great Fish River system, South Africa. For the native fishes, there were contrasting environmental niche breadths that varied from being small to being large and overlapped for most species, except minnows that were restricted to headwater tributaries. In addition, there was high niche overlap in habitat association among fishes with similar distribution. It was therefore inferred that habitat filtering-driven spatial organisation was important in explaining native species distribution patterns. In comparison, most non-native fishes were found to have broad environmental niches and these fishes showed high tolerance to environmental conditions, which generally supported the niche opportunity hypothesis. The proliferation of multiple non-native fishes in the mainstem section suggest that they form a functional assemblage that is probably facilitated by the anthropogenic modification of flow regimes through inter-basin water transfer. Based on the distribution patterns observed in the study, it was inferred that there was a likelihood of negative interactions between native and non-native fishes. Such effects are likely to be exacerbated by altered flow regime that was likely to have negative implications for native ichthyofauna.}, }
@article {pmid31004498, year = {2019}, author = {Valliere, JM and Escobedo, EB and Bucciarelli, GM and Sharifi, MR and Rundel, PW}, title = {Invasive annuals respond more negatively to drought than native species.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {223}, number = {3}, pages = {1647-1656}, doi = {10.1111/nph.15865}, pmid = {31004498}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Droughts ; *Introduced Species ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {In his foundational list of 'ideal weed' characteristics, Baker (1965) proposed that weedy plants maximize reproductive output under high resource availability. Since then, the idea that invasive plant species are more responsive to fluctuating resources compared with native or noninvasive species has gained considerable traction, although few studies extend this hypothesis to include reproductive output. We revisit Baker's hypothesis in the context of invasion and drought in California grasslands, exploring whether invasives show greater growth and reproductive responses to water availability compared with the native wildflowers they displace. In an outdoor potted study, we grew eight native and eight invasive species of annuals commonly found in southern California grasslands to reproductive maturity under both well-watered and drought conditions. While drought negatively impacted plant performance overall, invasives showed more negative responses for growth and reproductive traits. Invasives also grew larger than native species, especially under well-watered conditions, and produced seed with higher rates of germination. Invasives may be more negatively impacted by drought compared with natives, but they are also able to capitalize on high resource conditions and greatly increase reproductive output. Such opportunistic responses exhibited by invasives might explain previously observed fluctuations in their abundance under variable precipitation.}, }
@article {pmid31004089, year = {2019}, author = {Rees, DJ and Hanifi, A and Obille, A and Alexander, R and Sone, ED}, title = {Fingerprinting of Proteins that Mediate Quagga Mussel Adhesion using a De Novo Assembled Foot Transcriptome.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {6305}, pmid = {31004089}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia/genetics/metabolism ; RNA-Seq ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Transcriptome/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The European freshwater mollusk Dreissena bugensis (quagga mussel), an invasive species to North America, adheres to surfaces underwater via the byssus: a non-living protein 'anchor'. In spite of its importance as a biofouling species, the sequence of the majority of byssal proteins responsible for adhesion are not known, and little genomic data is available. To determine protein sequence information, we utilized next-generation RNA sequencing and de novo assembly to construct a cDNA library of the quagga mussel foot transcriptome, which contains over 200,000 transcripts. Quagga mussel byssal proteins were extracted from freshly induced secretions and analyzed using LC-MS/MS; peptide spectra were matched to the transcriptome to fingerprint the entire protein primary sequences. We present the full sequences of fourteen novel quagga mussel byssal proteins, named Dreissena bugensis foot proteins 4 to 17 (Dbfp4-Dbfp17), and new sequence data for two previously observed byssal proteins Dbfp1 and Dbfp2. Theoretical masses of the newly discovered proteins range from 4.3 kDa to 21.6 kDa. These protein sequences are unique but contain features similar to glue proteins from other species, including a high degree of polymorphism, proteins with repeated peptide motifs, disordered protein structure, and block structures.}, }
@article {pmid31003096, year = {2019}, author = {Young, SL and Goldowsky-Dill, NW and Muhammad, J and Epstein, MM}, title = {Connecting experts in the agricultural and meteorological sciences to advance knowledge of pest management in a changing climate.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {673}, number = {}, pages = {694-698}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.126}, pmid = {31003096}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; *Climate Change ; *Meteorology ; *Pest Control ; }, abstract = {There has been considerable progress in elucidating the physical aspects of climate change that directly impact food, feed, and fiber production. However, these impact assessments rarely account for climate induced changes associated with biological pests. The lack of collaboration between the pest management and climate science disciplines could be contributing to the problem. Therefore, we assessed research-based relationships, identifying possible barriers to and gaps in successful collaboration. We developed an algorithm capable of identifying author affiliation and associated disciplines. We found that pest management and climate scientists most often authored papers in their respective disciplines (>90%), but rarely in the opposing disciplines (<1%). Atopica, an international research group, is one of the few examples of how interdisciplinary collaborations have led to the co-production of knowledge to better understand and manage a pest responding to climate change. Researcher-to-researcher relationships, as demonstrated by Atopica, are an often overlooked area of science and key to solving major societal challenges.}, }
@article {pmid31003061, year = {2019}, author = {Kaur, A and Kaur, S and Singh, HP and Batish, DR and Kohli, RK}, title = {Phenotypic variations alter the ecological impact of invasive alien species: Lessons from Parthenium hysterophorus.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {241}, number = {}, pages = {187-197}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.129}, pmid = {31003061}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Asteraceae ; Biological Variation, Population ; Humans ; India ; *Introduced Species ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant species constantly adjust their behavior with ecological shifts by virtue of phenotypic plasticity and/or local adaptations. Changes in the phenotype of an invasive species may also trigger variations in its community level impacts, which is an acceptable, yet unexplored aspect of invasion biology. Our study attempts to fill important knowledge gaps on the basic behavior and ecological interactions of invasive species. Parthenium hysterophorus, a widely distributed invasive alien species of tropical and sub-tropical regions, was evaluated for variations in its morpho-functional traits and ecological performance at a common spatial and temporal scale. Field surveys were conducted in Chandigarh, India, in five sites identified as invaded with P. hysterophorus. Individuals of P. hysterophorus randomly sampled from these sites, showed from trait analyses that the population is differentiated into two morphotypes, PA and PB. Morphotype PB exhibits traits comparable to the shrub life-form in terms of woody stem (with higher stem circumference [+32.26%], stem specific density [+128.57%], twig dry matter content [+25.15%]); profuse branching (+46.38%); larger canopy (+91.16%); and better reproductive output (+190.29%) compared to PA. PA, on the other hand, reflected herbaceous characteristics with greater leaf area (+67.58%) and higher content of chlorophyll (+21.92%) compared to PB. Based on these morphotypes, the plots were divided into three invasion categories: areas invaded by PA [IPA], areas invaded by PB [IPB] and uninvaded areas [UI]. Ecological indices and soil chemical properties were compared across IPA, IPB and UI. Shannon's index (p < 0.001), evenness index (p = 0.008), and richness index (p < 0.001) were significantly lower in IPB compared to IPA. UI areas were found to have higher soil pH, phenolics, organic matter, and concentrations of N, P and K, compared to IPA and IPB, but lower Ca and Mg. Results suggest that phenotypic variations within population of P. hysterophorus regulate its ecological impact on associated vegetation. Conservation managers would benefit from studying its invasion patterns and identifying the morphotype with higher ecological impact to prioritize management efforts. Monitoring these behavioral and ecological patterns in P. hysterophorus over the long-term may also help in anticipating challenges to preventive measures.}, }
@article {pmid30999100, year = {2019}, author = {Cano-Rocabayera, O and de Sostoa, A and Coll, L and Maceda-Veiga, A}, title = {Managing small, highly prolific invasive aquatic species: Exploring an ecosystem approach for the eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki).}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {673}, number = {}, pages = {594-604}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.460}, pmid = {30999100}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Cyprinodontiformes ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Female ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Male ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Invasive exotic species threaten native biodiversity worldwide and their management is on the agenda of an increasing number of countries. We explored the potential of an ecosystem approach for the natural control of Gambusia holbrooki, which is among the most pernicious and widely distributed fish invaders. Individual-based linear mixed models were used to identify the ecosystem factors (conspecific density, environment and piscivorous birds) that most influenced life-history variation in male and female G. holbrooki (N = 654). All traits (body condition, growth, length, gonad weight, offspring size and number, real and potential fertility) were associated with at least one ecosystem factor from the 18 water bodies surveyed in north-eastern Spain. Models for female reproductive traits had the highest fit (R[2] = 0.89) and those for body condition in both sexes the lowest (0.12). The life history of G. holbrooki was mostly affected by its density; increasing offspring number at the expense of offspring size at the sites with the highest fish density. Weaker effects on G. holbrooki life history were observed for the abundance of piscivorous birds and water-quality conditions, including turbidity and nutrient concentrations. Although effects were not consistent between traits, outputs supported that G. holbrooki has a wide tolerance to changes in water quality. Therefore, actions based solely on environmental changes within the range tested probably will fail in reducing the proliferation of G. holbrooki, especially if its body condition improved at the most naturalised sites. Overall, this study suggests that the management of G. holbrooki using ecologically sound treatments is likely to be very difficult in stagnant waters. Preventing new introductions and direct removal once established are the most appropriate actions for the management of this small, highly prolific fish invader.}, }
@article {pmid30998797, year = {2019}, author = {Geraldi, NR and Anton, A and Lovelock, CE and Duarte, CM}, title = {Are the ecological effects of the "worst" marine invasive species linked with scientific and media attention?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {e0215691}, pmid = {30998797}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Aquatic Organisms ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Publications ; }, abstract = {Non-native species are a major driver of environmental change. In this study we assessed the ecological impact of the "worst" non-native species and the associated scientific and media publications through time to understand what influences interest in these species. Ecological effect was based on a qualitative assessment reported in research publications and additional searches of the scientific and media attention were conducted to determine published articles and assess attention. We did not detect a relationship between the number of publications for a non-native species and the magnitude of the ecological effects of that species or the number of citations. Media coverage on non-native species was low, only evident for less than 50% of the non-native species assessed. Media coverage was initially related to the number of scientific publications, but was short-lived. In contrast, the attention to individual non-native species in the scientific literature was sustained through time and often continued to increase over time. Time between detection of the non-native species and the scientific/media attention were reduced with each successive introduction to a new geographic location. Tracking publications on non-native species indicated that media attention does seem to be associated with the production of scientific research while scientific attention was not related to the magnitude of the ecological effects.}, }
@article {pmid30998722, year = {2019}, author = {Grettenberger, IM and Joseph, SV}, title = {Influence of starvation on walking behavior of Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {e0215446}, pmid = {30998722}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Hemiptera ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Nymph ; *Starvation ; *Walking ; }, abstract = {Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive stink bug species that feeds on cruciferous plants and can cause substantial damage to crops. Little is known about the dispersal behavior of B. hilaris, but movement is important because of the way this pest moves from senescing weed hosts into crop fields. Perhaps, B. hilaris residing on declining weed hosts become starved, which alters their normal locomotor activity and initiates dispersal. We examined the influence of starvation on the locomotor behavior of multiple life stages of B. hilaris under laboratory and outdoor conditions. We starved nymph (2nd/3rd and 4th/5th instars) and adult (female and male) stages for 0, 24, and 48 h. We measured distance moved in the laboratory and then distance moved and turning ratio outdoors. In the laboratory, the younger nymphs moved shortest distances when starved for 24 h, whereas late-instar nymphs (4th-5th instars) and adult B. hilaris that were starved moved farther than non-starved individuals. In the outdoor setting, environmental conditions, specifically surface temperature were important in determining how starvation affected distance moved. Starved insects were more responsive (moved farther) for a given change in temperature than non-starved insects. At lower temperatures, B. hilaris tended to move farther when non-starved and at higher temperatures, moved longer distances when starved, at least for certain stages. Increased starvation also led to more directional movement. Our results indicate that starvation influences aspects of movement for B. hilaris and that these effects can be influenced by temperature.}, }
@article {pmid30997155, year = {2019}, author = {Mahar, JE and Hall, RN and Shi, M and Mourant, R and Huang, N and Strive, T and Holmes, EC}, title = {The discovery of three new hare lagoviruses reveals unexplored viral diversity in this genus.}, journal = {Virus evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {vez005}, pmid = {30997155}, issn = {2057-1577}, abstract = {Our knowledge of mammalian viruses has been strongly skewed toward those that cause disease in humans and animals. However, recent metagenomic studies indicate that most apparently healthy organisms carry viruses, and that these seemingly benign viruses may comprise the bulk of virus diversity. The bias toward studying viruses associated with overt disease is apparent in the lagoviruses (family Caliciviridae) that infect rabbits and hares: although most attention has been directed toward the highly pathogenic members of this genus-rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus and European brown hare syndrome virus-a number of benign lagoviruses have also been identified. To determine whether wild European brown hares in Australia might also carry undetected benign viruses, we used a meta-transcriptomics approach to explore the gut and liver RNA viromes of these invasive animals. This led to the discovery of three new lagoviruses. While one was only detected in a single hare, the other two viruses were detected in 20 per cent of all animals tested. All three viruses were most closely related to other hare lagoviruses, but were phylogenetically distinct from both known viruses and from each other, indicating that lagoviruses have circulated for longer than previously assumed. Their evolution was also characterised by complex recombination events. Mapping mutations onto the lagovirus phylogeny revealed no amino acid changes that were consistently associated with virulence phenotype. Overall, our study points to extensive unsampled diversity in this genus, such that additional metagenomic studies are needed to fill gaps in the lagovirus phylogeny and better understand the evolutionary history of this important group of mammalian viruses.}, }
@article {pmid30995765, year = {2019}, author = {Reza, MS and Ahmed, A and Caesarendra, W and Abu Bakar, MS and Shams, S and Saidur, R and Aslfattahi, N and Azad, AK}, title = {Acacia Holosericea: An Invasive Species for Bio-char, Bio-oil, and Biogas Production.}, journal = {Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {30995765}, issn = {2306-5354}, support = {UBD/BRC/11 Project//Brunei Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {To evaluate the possibilities for biofuel and bioenergy production Acacia Holosericea, which is an invasive plant available in Brunei Darussalam, was investigated. Proximate analysis of Acacia Holosericea shows that the moisture content, volatile matters, fixed carbon, and ash contents were 9.56%, 65.12%, 21.21%, and 3.91%, respectively. Ultimate analysis shows carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen as 44.03%, 5.67%, and 0.25%, respectively. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results have shown that maximum weight loss occurred for this biomass at 357 °C for pyrolysis and 287 °C for combustion conditions. Low moisture content (<10%), high hydrogen content, and higher heating value (about 18.13 MJ/kg) makes this species a potential biomass. The production of bio-char, bio-oil, and biogas from Acacia Holosericea was found 34.45%, 32.56%, 33.09% for 500 °C with a heating rate 5 °C/min and 25.81%, 37.61%, 36.58% with a heating rate 10 °C/min, respectively, in this research. From Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy it was shown that a strong C-H, C-O, and C=C bond exists in the bio-char of the sample.}, }
@article {pmid30995584, year = {2019}, author = {Sun, H and Jiang, J and Cui, L and Feng, W and Wang, Y and Zhang, J}, title = {Soil organic carbon stabilization mechanisms in a subtropical mangrove and salt marsh ecosystems.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {673}, number = {}, pages = {502-510}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.122}, pmid = {30995584}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Carbon ; *Carbon Cycle ; Climate Change ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; Microbiota ; Soil/chemistry ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Mangrove and salt marsh ecosystems are one of the most productive ecosystems in terrestrial ecosystems, playing an important role in global carbon (C) cycling. The anaerobic condition in coastal wetland usually impedes the decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, the intrinsic stabilization mechanisms of SOC other than environmental factors are poorly understood in coastal wetland. In this paper, we investigated the relative contribution of mineral association and chemical compounds in maintaining the stabilization of SOC in the mangrove/salt marsh ecotone, and how the microbial community is involved in the stabilization. From NMR spectroscopy, we found that the SOC molecular structure of Spartina. alterniflora soils is simpler than that in mangrove forest, indicating an increased SOC decomposition with invasion of S. alterniflora. On the contrary, the molecular structure of SOC in mangrove forest was dominated by recalcitrant aromatic C. Meanwhile, the larger fractions of silt/clay content in S. alterniflora and the transitional community were corresponding to higher percentage of mineral organic carbon (MOC), which suggest that the SOC in S. alterniflora vegetated soil was mainly protected by the mineral association. The transitional community contained highest MOC content probably due to both physical protection of mineral association and recalcitrant C input from adjacent mangroves. We also found that the fraction of SOC and its chemical structure of functional groups were associated with microbial communities. This study revealed the occurrence of different SOC stabilization mechanisms between mangroves and salt marshes. The knowledge gained may help to make predictions about future SOC dynamics as the different stabilization processes may response to climate change or human activities differently.}, }
@article {pmid30994931, year = {2019}, author = {Gleditsch, JM and Sperry, JH}, title = {Rapid morphological change of nonnative frugivores on the Hawaiian island of O'ahu.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {73}, number = {7}, pages = {1456-1465}, doi = {10.1111/evo.13744}, pmid = {30994931}, issn = {1558-5646}, support = {Strategic Environmental Research&#xa0;and&#xa0;Development P//U.S. Department of Defense/International ; Educational Opportunity Travel Grant//Graduate College, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign/International ; EQI Basic Research Program//Engineer Research and Development Center/International ; Strategic Environmental Research &#xa0;and&#xa0; Development P//U.S. Department of Defense/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Diet ; Feeding Behavior ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Seed Dispersal ; Songbirds/*anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Novel ecosystems have become widespread created, in part, by the global spread of species. The nonnative species in these environments can be under intense evolutionary pressures that cause rapid morphological change, which can then influence species interactions. In Hawaii, much of the native frugivore community is extinct, replaced by nonnative bird species. Here, we determined if the passerine species of the nonnative frugivore community on O'ahu have morphologically diverged from their native ranges. We compared a variety of traits, all important for frugivory, between museum specimens from the species' native ranges to wild individuals from O'ahu. All four species tested exhibited significant divergence ranging in magnitude from 2.3% to 13.0% difference in at least two traits. Using a method developed from quantitative genetics, we found evidence that a mixture of nonadaptive and adaptive processes worked in concert to create the observed patterns of divergence. Our results suggest that rapid morphological change is occurring and, based on the traits measured, that these changes may influence seed dispersal effectiveness. As these species are largely responsible for seed dispersal on the island, the rapid morphological change of these species can influence the stability and maintenance of plant communities on O'ahu.}, }
@article {pmid30993767, year = {2019}, author = {Braasch, J and Barker, BS and Dlugosch, KM}, title = {Expansion history and environmental suitability shape effective population size in a plant invasion.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {10}, pages = {2546-2558}, pmid = {30993767}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {K12 GM000708/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Centaurea/genetics/physiology ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Genetics, Population ; Genome, Plant/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Linkage Disequilibrium/genetics ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {The margins of an expanding range are predicted to be challenging environments for adaptation. Marginal populations should often experience low effective population sizes (Ne) where genetic drift is high due to demographic expansion and/or census population size is low due to unfavourable environmental conditions. Nevertheless, invasive species demonstrate increasing evidence of rapid evolution and potential adaptation to novel environments encountered during colonization, calling into question whether significant reductions in Ne are realized during range expansions in nature. Here we report one of the first empirical tests of the joint effects of expansion dynamics and environment on effective population size variation during invasive range expansion. We estimate contemporary values of Ne using rates of linkage disequilibrium among genome-wide markers within introduced populations of the highly invasive plant Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle) in North America (California, USA), and within native Eurasian populations. As predicted, we find that Ne within the invaded range is positively correlated with both expansion history (time since founding) and habitat quality (abiotic climate). History and climate had independent additive effects with similar effect sizes, indicating an important role for both factors in this invasion. These results support theoretical expectations for the population genetics of range expansion, though whether these processes can ultimately arrest the spread of an invasive species remains an unanswered question.}, }
@article {pmid30991646, year = {2019}, author = {Stahl, JM and Babendreier, D and Marazzi, C and Caruso, S and Costi, E and Maistrello, L and Haye, T}, title = {Can Anastatus bifasciatus Be Used for Augmentative Biological Control of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Fruit Orchards?.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {30991646}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {641456//H2020 Marie Sk&#x142;odowska-Curie Actions/ ; N/A//Phytosanitary Service of the Canton Ticino/ ; N/A//Associazione frutticoltori ticinesi/ ; N/A//Consorzio Fitosanitario Provinciale di Modena/ ; }, abstract = {The generalist egg parasitoid Anastatus bifasciatus (Geoffroy) (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) is the most prevalent egg parasitoid of the invasive Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Europe. To assess its efficacy against the pest H. halys and to validate the potential risks for non-target species in a realistic field setting, inundative releases were conducted over three consecutive years in four fruit orchards in Switzerland and Italy. In total, more than 4300 A. bifasciatus females were released, which was equivalent to 11,000 to 26,000 females per hectare, depending on distances between trees in each orchard. Parasitism of freeze-killed sentinel H. halys eggs achieved with the current release strategy was on average 6% (range: 2%-16%) and considered not high enough to effectively suppress the pest. However, the overall impact of A. bifasciatus on the mortality of H. halys eggs was likely underestimated. If pre-imaginal parasitoid mortality (3.3%) and host feeding (6%) are added to the observed parasitism (6%), the actual induced mortality of H. halys eggs may reach more than 15%. Parasitism of lepidopteran non-target species reached an average of 8% and thus, some degree of non-target parasitism after mass releases may be expected. To quantify the impact of the parasitoids in the orchards more precisely, naturally laid egg masses should be used in future trials to include host-finding cues of the host and host plants, and larger scale releases with potentially higher densities of parasitoids should be considered.}, }
@article {pmid30989338, year = {2019}, author = {Yamasaki, K and Takahashi, R and Harada, R and Matsuo, Y and Nakamura, M and Takahashi, JI}, title = {Reproductive interference by alien hornet Vespa velutina threatens the native populations of Vespa simillima in Japan.}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {106}, number = {5-6}, pages = {15}, pmid = {30989338}, issn = {1432-1904}, support = {17K07575//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Reproduction/physiology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Wasps/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The yellow-legged hornet Vespa velutina has become one of the major alien species in European and East Asian countries. As in its homeland, the invading V. velutina is reported as the major predator of honeybees and is becoming a threat to beekeeping in Europe. However, it remains unknown how V. velutina might affect native hornets when it invades Asia, where a large number of Vespa species are distributed. Thus, by analyzing the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, we investigated whether interspecific mating occurs between V. velutina and Japanese native Vespa spp. Our results showed that the alien V. velutina causes reproductive interference in Japanese native hornet Vespa simillima. Forty-three percent of native V. simillima queens had the sperm of V. velutina males, and among the all V. simillima queens analyzed, 28% only had V. velutina sperm. We did not find evidence of V. velutina queens having the sperm of V. simillima males. These findings suggest that reproductive interference by V. velutina males poses a threat to the native V. simillima populations. A decline of V. simillima may also negatively affect other insects that interact with V. simillima.}, }
@article {pmid30988898, year = {2019}, author = {Marshall, NT and Stepien, CA}, title = {Invasion genetics from eDNA and thousands of larvae: A targeted metabarcoding assay that distinguishes species and population variation of zebra and quagga mussels.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {3515-3538}, pmid = {30988898}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Identifying species and population genetic compositions of biological invasions at early life stages and/or from environmental (e)DNA using targeted high-throughput sequencing (HTS) metabarcode assays offers powerful and cost-effective means for early detection, analysis of spread patterns, and evaluating population changes. The present study develops, tests, and applies this method with a targeted sequence assay designed to simultaneously identify and distinguish between the closely related invasive Eurasian zebra and quagga mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and D. rostriformis) and their relatives and discern their respective population genetic patterns. Invasions of these dreissenid mussel species have markedly changed freshwater ecosystems throughout North America and Europe, exerting severe ecological and economic damage. Their planktonic early life stages (eggs and larvae) are morphologically indistinguishable, yet each species exerts differential ecological effects, with the quagga often outcompeting the zebra mussel as adults. Our targeted assay analyzes genetic variation from a diagnostic sequence region of the mitochondrial (mt)DNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene, to assess temporal and spatial inter- and intra-specific genetic variability. The assay facilitates analysis of environmental (e)DNA from water, early life stages from thousands of individuals, and simultaneous analysis of 50-100 tagged field-collected samples. Experiments evaluated its accuracy and performance using: (a) mock laboratory communities containing known DNA quantities per taxon, (b) aquaria with mixed-species/haplotype compositions of adults, and (c) field-collected water and plankton versus traditional sampling of adult communities. Results delineated species compositions, relative abundances, and population-level diversity differences among ecosystems, habitats, time series, and life stages from two allopatric concurrent invasions in the Great Lakes (Lake Erie) and the Hudson River, which had separate founding histories. Findings demonstrate application of this targeted assay and our approach to accurately and simultaneously discern species- and population-level differences across spatial and temporal scales, facilitating early detection and ecological understanding of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid30986675, year = {2019}, author = {Modesto, V and Castro, P and Lopes-Lima, M and Antunes, C and Ilarri, M and Sousa, R}, title = {Potential impacts of the invasive species Corbicula fluminea on the survival of glochidia.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {673}, number = {}, pages = {157-164}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.043}, pmid = {30986675}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Anodonta/*physiology ; Corbicula/parasitology/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Unionidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia, Unionida) are one of the most imperilled faunal groups globally, being the introduction of invasive species a possible major mechanism of threat. The Asian clam Corbicula fluminea is a problematic invasive species in aquatic ecosystems and can impair the survival of parasitic larvae (glochidia) of native freshwater mussels. However, this possible mechanism of threat remains speculative and to date very few studies addressed quantitatively this issue. In order to cover this gap, we have performed a series of manipulative laboratory studies to assess how distinct densities of C. fluminea can affect the survival of glochidia after 6, 12, 24 and 48 h of exposure, using larvae of the native freshwater mussel Anodonta anatina. Our results suggest an increase in mortality of A. anatina glochidia with an increase in density of C. fluminea. Two main mechanisms may possibly explain our results: 1) the high filtration capacity of C. fluminea that can contribute to the mortality of glochidia due to the mechanical damage of their fragile shells when passing by siphons and/or digestive tract of C. fluminea and 2) the high excretion capacity of C. fluminea that can lead to mortality of glochidia due to increase in ammonia concentration. Mortality of glochidia was also time dependent with higher values registered after 48 h. This work is one of the first showing the influence of C. fluminea density on the survival of glochidia, being filtration (and consequent passage in the digestive tract) and biodeposition the main potential mechanisms explaining overall mortality. These results also suggest that sites with high densities of C. fluminea may be highly detrimental for the conservation of freshwater mussels, potentially impairing the survival of glochidia and negatively affecting the recruitment of juveniles.}, }
@article {pmid30985910, year = {2019}, author = {Stroud, JT and Giery, ST and Outerbridge, M and Feeley, KJ}, title = {Ecological character displacement alters the outcome of priority effects during community assembly.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {100}, number = {8}, pages = {e02727}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2727}, pmid = {30985910}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; Bermuda ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Lizards ; }, abstract = {Character displacement may facilitate species coexistence through niche partitioning. However, the degree to which character displacement influences broader patterns of community assembly is unclear. Here, we capitalize on a natural experiment of community assembly on the oceanic island of Bermuda. Over the past century, three species of ecologically similar but distantly related Anolis lizards have been introduced to Bermuda where no Anolis has ever naturally existed. The Jamaican anole (A. grahami) arrived first in 1905 and dispersed rapidly across the island. Five decades later, the Antiguan anole (A. leachii) and the Barbadian anole (A. extremus) were introduced to independent locations. In 1991, A. leachii and A. extremus were observed to nearly meet at a contact zone, but not yet to coexist. We record that subsequent range expansion at this contact zone has been asymmetrical; A. leachii invaded the range of A. extremus, but reciprocal invasion by A. extremus has not occurred. When in allopatry in Bermuda, both species occupy identical ecological space. However, A. leachii underwent rapid ecological character displacement to use arboreal habitat when invading the range of A. extremus. These findings highlight how character displacement may influence the process of dispersal and drive patterns of coexistence and community assembly.}, }
@article {pmid30984216, year = {2019}, author = {De Boeck, HJ and Hiltbrunner, E and Jentsch, A and Vandvik, V}, title = {Editorial: Responses to Climate Change in the Cold Biomes.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {347}, pmid = {30984216}, issn = {1664-462X}, }
@article {pmid30984215, year = {2019}, author = {Bueno, A and Pritsch, K and Simon, J}, title = {Species-Specific Outcome in the Competition for Nitrogen Between Invasive and Native Tree Seedlings.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {337}, pmid = {30984215}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The outcome of competition for nitrogen (N) between native and invasive tree species is a major concern when considering increasing anthropogenic N deposition. Our study investigated whether three native (i.e., Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, and Pinus sylvestris) and two invasive woody species (i.e., Prunus serotina and Robinia pseudoacacia) showed different responses regarding morphological and physiological parameters (i.e., biomass and growth indices, inorganic vs. organic N acquisition strategies, and N allocation to N pools) depending on the identity of the competing species, and whether these responses were mediated by soil N availability. In a greenhouse experiment, tree seedlings were planted either single or in native-invasive competition at low and high soil N availability. We measured inorganic and organic N acquisition using [15]N labeling, total biomass, growth indices, as well as total soluble amino acid-N and protein-N levels in the leaves and fine roots of the seedlings. Our results indicate that invasive species have a competitive advantage via high growth rates, whereas native species could avoid competition with invasives via their higher organic N acquisition suggesting a better access to organic soil N sources. Moreover, native species responded to competition with distinct species- and parameter-specific strategies that were partly mediated by soil N availability. Native tree seedlings in general showed a stronger response to invasive P. serotina than R. pseudoacacia, and their strategies to cope with competition reflect the different species' life history strategies and physiological traits. Considering the responses of native and invasive species, our results suggest that specifically Q. robur seedlings have a competitive advantage over those of R. pseudoacacia but not P. serotina. Furthermore, native and invasive species show stronger responses to higher soil N availability under competition compared to when growing single. In conclusion, our study provides insights into the potential for niche differentiation between native and invasive species by using different N forms available in the soil, the combined effects of increased soil N availability and competition on tree seedling N nutrition, as well as the species-specific nature of competition between native and invasive tree seedlings which could be relevant for forest management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid30982964, year = {2019}, author = {Britton, JR and Gutmann Roberts, C and Amat Trigo, F and Nolan, ET and De Santis, V}, title = {Predicting the ecological impacts of an alien invader: Experimental approaches reveal the trophic consequences of competition.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {88}, number = {7}, pages = {1066-1078}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12996}, pmid = {30982964}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecology ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Nutritional Status ; Sympatry ; }, abstract = {Ecological theory on the trophic impacts of invasive fauna on native competitors is equivocal. Whilst increased interspecific competition can result in coexisting species having constricted and diverged trophic niches, the competing species might instead increase their niche sizes to maintain energy intakes. Empirical experiments can test invasion theory on competitive interactions and niche sizes across different spatial scales and complexity. The consequences of increased interspecific competition from a model alien fish Leuciscus idus were tested on two taxonomically and trophically similar native fishes, Squalius cephalus and Barbus barbus. Competitive interactions were tested in tank aquaria using comparative functional responses (CFRs) and cohabitation trials. The consequences of these competitive interactions for the trophic niche sizes and positions of the fishes were tested in pond mesocosms. Comparative functional responses revealed that compared to B. barbus, L. idus had significantly higher attack and consumption rates; cohabitation trials revealed B. barbus growth rates were depressed in sympatry with L. idus. For L. idus and S. cephalus, differences in their functional response parameters and growth rates were not significant. Pond mesocosms used stable isotope metrics to quantify shifts in the trophic niche sizes of the fishes between allopatry and sympatry using a substitutive experimental design. Isotopic niches were smaller and more divergent in sympatric paired species than predicted by their allopatric treatments, suggesting trophic impacts from interspecific competition. However, an all-species sympatric treatment revealed similar niche sizes with allopatry. This maintenance of niche sizes in the presence of all species potentially resulted from the buffering of direct competitive effects of the species pairs by indirect effects. Experimental predictions from tank aquaria assisted the interpretation of the constricted and diverged trophic niches detected in the paired-species sympatric treatments of the pond mesocosms. However, the all-species sympatric treatment of this experiment revealed greater complexity in the outcomes of the competitive interactions within and between the species. These results have important implications for understanding how alien species integrate into food webs and influence the trophic relationships between native species.}, }
@article {pmid30982122, year = {2019}, author = {Carter, SK and Fleishman, E and Leinwand, IIF and Flather, CH and Carr, NB and Fogarty, FA and Leu, M and Noon, BR and Wohlfeil, ME and Wood, DJA}, title = {Quantifying Ecological Integrity of Terrestrial Systems to Inform Management of Multiple-Use Public Lands in the United States.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {64}, number = {1}, pages = {1-19}, pmid = {30982122}, issn = {1432-1009}, support = {L16PG00147 and L15PG00136//Bureau of Land Management National Operations Center/ ; L16PG00147 and L15PG00136//Bureau of Land Management National Operations Center/ ; L16PG00147 and L15PG00136//Bureau of Land Management National Operations Center/ ; L15PG00230//Bureau of Land Management Montana/Dakotas State Office/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Livestock ; United States ; }, abstract = {The concept of ecological integrity has been applied widely to management of aquatic systems, but still is considered by many to be too vague and difficult to quantify to be useful for managing terrestrial systems, particularly across broad areas. Extensive public lands in the western United States are managed for diverse uses such as timber harvest, livestock grazing, energy development, and wildlife conservation, some of which may degrade ecological integrity. We propose a method for assessing ecological integrity on multiple-use lands that identifies the components of integrity and levels in the ecological hierarchy where the assessment will focus, and considers existing policies and management objectives. Both natural reference and societally desired environmental conditions are relevant comparison points. We applied the method to evaluate the ecological integrity of shrublands in Nevada, yielding an assessment based on six indicators of ecosystem structure, function, and composition, including resource- and stressor-based indicators measured at multiple scales. Results varied spatially and among indicators. Invasive plant cover and surface development were highest in shrublands in northwest and southeast Nevada. Departure from reference conditions of shrubland area, composition, patch size, and connectivity was highest in central and northern Nevada. Results may inform efforts to control invasive species and restore shrublands on federal lands in Nevada. We suggest that ecological integrity assessments for multiple-use lands be grounded in existing policies and monitoring programs, incorporate resource- and stressor-based metrics, rely on publicly available data collected at multiple spatial scales, and quantify both natural reference and societally desired resource conditions.}, }
@article {pmid30981037, year = {2019}, author = {Olivares-Ferretti, P and Hernandez, K and Peredo-Parada, M and Chavez, V and Carmona, E and Astuya, A and Parodi, J}, title = {Polyphenols obtained from Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) Schmith altered the viability and proliferation of salmonids cells lines SHK-1 and CHSE-214.}, journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {211}, number = {}, pages = {141-147}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.03.022}, pmid = {30981037}, issn = {1879-1514}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation/*drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Chile ; Diatoms/*chemistry ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Polyphenols/isolation &amp; purification/*toxicity ; Rivers/chemistry ; *Salmonidae ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/isolation &amp; purification/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) Schmidt, also referred to as Didymo, is an invasive diatom that forms nuisance mats. Since it was first reported in our country in approximately 2010, Didymo has expanded and colonized different rivers in the Zona Austral region of Chile. Its biology and effects on ecosystems are still being studied because Didymo is an invasive algal mat that forms in a range of systems from oligotrophic austral rivers to more subtropical systems. We aimed to evaluate the viability of two salmonid cell lines, CHSE-214 and SHK-1 (somatic and embryonic cell lines, respectively), in dilutions of river water alone and in river water contaminated with Didymo or polyphenols extracted from Didymo under controlled conditions. We developed an artificial river system (2 aquariums/replicate) from five different rivers from the central area (Bio-Bio) and Patagonia area (Futaleufú) of Chile to maintain Didymo in the benthic phase. The Didymo populations were maintained for six months in the water from the rivers, after which samples were obtained. Following the extraction of polyphenols from the Didymo samples maintained in the artificial rivers, toxicity assays (10 assays) were performed to determine cell viability. Our results indicated that the CHSE-214 cells were highly sensitive to increasing concentrations of Didymo extracts. We observed a 50% reduction in cell viability after 24 h of exposure to a 0.01 V/V dilution, and this treatment further reduced the proliferative capacity by 70% after 120 h. The SHK-1 cells were less responsive, showing only a 20% decrease in viability at 24 h and a lower cell proliferation rate (45%) after 120 h, which remained higher than that of the CHSE-214 cells. We conclude that certain cell types are sensitive to Didymo in rivers, suggesting that there are chronic effects on several aquatic species following exposure to these diatom substances. These effects should be further studied using this laboratory model to understand the full impact of Didymo on river ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid30980778, year = {2019}, author = {Bay, RA and Taylor, EB and Schluter, D}, title = {Parallel introgression and selection on introduced alleles in a native species.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {11}, pages = {2802-2813}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15097}, pmid = {30980778}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Alleles ; Animals ; Canada ; Gene Frequency/genetics ; Gene Ontology ; Geography ; *Inbreeding ; Oncorhynchus/genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; *Selection, Genetic ; Species Specificity ; United States ; }, abstract = {As humans cause the redistribution of species ranges, hybridization between previously allopatric species is on the rise. Such hybridization can have complex effects on overall fitness of native species as new allelic combinations are tested. Widespread species introductions provide a unique opportunity to study selection on introgressed alleles in independent, replicated populations. We examined selection on alleles that repeatedly introgressed from introduced rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) into native westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi) populations in western Canada. We found that the degree of introgression of individual single nucleotide polymorphisms from the invasive species into the native is correlated between independent watersheds. A number of rainbow trout alleles have repeatedly swept to high frequency in native populations, suggesting parallel adaptive advantages. Using simulations, we estimated large selection coefficients up to 0.05 favoring several rainbow trout alleles in the native background. Although previous studies have found reduced hybrid fitness and genome-wide resistance to introgression in westslope cutthroat trout, our results suggest that some introduced genomic regions are strongly favored by selection. Our study demonstrates the utility of replicated introductions as case studies for understanding parallel adaptation and the interactions between selection and introgression across the genome. We suggest that understanding this variation, including consideration of beneficial alleles, can inform management strategies for hybridizing species.}, }
@article {pmid30980073, year = {2019}, author = {Sun, J and Mu, H and Ip, JCH and Li, R and Xu, T and Accorsi, A and Sánchez Alvarado, A and Ross, E and Lan, Y and Sun, Y and Castro-Vazquez, A and Vega, IA and Heras, H and Ituarte, S and Van Bocxlaer, B and Hayes, KA and Cowie, RH and Zhao, Z and Zhang, Y and Qian, PY and Qiu, JW}, title = {Signatures of Divergence, Invasiveness, and Terrestrialization Revealed by Four Apple Snail Genomes.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {36}, number = {7}, pages = {1507-1520}, pmid = {30980073}, issn = {1537-1719}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Genes, Homeobox ; *Genome ; *Introduced Species ; Karyotype ; Multigene Family ; Oviposition ; Phylogeny ; Snails/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The family Ampullariidae includes both aquatic and amphibious apple snails. They are an emerging model for evolutionary studies due to the high diversity, ancient history, and wide geographical distribution. Insight into drivers of ampullariid evolution is hampered, however, by the lack of genomic resources. Here, we report the genomes of four ampullariids spanning the Old World (Lanistes nyassanus) and New World (Pomacea canaliculata, P. maculata, and Marisa cornuarietis) clades. The ampullariid genomes have conserved ancient bilaterial karyotype features and a novel Hox gene cluster rearrangement, making them valuable in comparative genomic studies. They have expanded gene families related to environmental sensing and cellulose digestion, which may have facilitated some ampullarids to become notorious invasive pests. In the amphibious Pomacea, novel acquisition of an egg neurotoxin and a protein for making the calcareous eggshell may have been key adaptations enabling their transition from underwater to terrestrial egg deposition.}, }
@article {pmid30979963, year = {2019}, author = {Singer, GAC and Fahner, NA and Barnes, JG and McCarthy, A and Hajibabaei, M}, title = {Comprehensive biodiversity analysis via ultra-deep patterned flow cell technology: a case study of eDNA metabarcoding seawater.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {5991}, pmid = {30979963}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; DNA, Environmental/*genetics ; *Seawater ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The characterization of biodiversity is a crucial element of ecological investigations as well as environmental assessment and monitoring activities. Increasingly, amplicon-based environmental DNA metabarcoding (alternatively, marker gene metagenomics) is used for such studies given its ability to provide biodiversity data from various groups of organisms simply from analysis of bulk environmental samples such as water, soil or sediments. The Illumina MiSeq is currently the most popular tool for carrying out this work, but we set out to determine whether typical studies were reading enough DNA to detect rare organisms (i.e., those that may be of greatest interest such as endangered or invasive species) present in the environment. We collected sea water samples along two transects in Conception Bay, Newfoundland and analyzed them on the MiSeq with a sequencing depth of 100,000 reads per sample (exceeding the 60,000 per sample that is typical of similar studies). We then analyzed these same samples on Illumina's newest high-capacity platform, the NovaSeq, at a depth of 7 million reads per sample. Not surprisingly, the NovaSeq detected many more taxa than the MiSeq thanks to its much greater sequencing depth. However, contrary to our expectations this pattern was true even in depth-for-depth comparisons. In other words, the NovaSeq can detect more DNA sequence diversity within samples than the MiSeq, even at the exact same sequencing depth. Even when samples were reanalyzed on the MiSeq with a sequencing depth of 1 million reads each, the MiSeq's ability to detect new sequences plateaued while the NovaSeq continued to detect new sequence variants. These results have important biological implications. The NovaSeq found 40% more metazoan families in this environment than the MiSeq, including some of interest such as marine mammals and bony fish so the real-world implications of these findings are significant. These results are most likely associated to the advances incorporated in the NovaSeq, especially a patterned flow cell, which prevents similar sequences that are neighbours on the flow cell (common in metabarcoding studies) from being erroneously merged into single spots by the sequencing instrument. This study sets the stage for incorporating eDNA metabarcoding in comprehensive analysis of oceanic samples in a wide range of ecological and environmental investigations.}, }
@article {pmid30976920, year = {2019}, author = {Nikolic, B and Josic, P and Buric, D and Tkalec, M and Lisicic, D and Blazevic, SA and Hranilovic, D}, title = {Coexisting lacertid lizard species Podarcis siculus and Podarcis melisellensis differ in dopamine brain concentrations.}, journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology}, volume = {205}, number = {4}, pages = {451-456}, pmid = {30976920}, issn = {1432-1351}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; *Brain Chemistry ; Dopamine/*analysis ; Lizards/*physiology ; Norepinephrine/analysis ; Serotonin/analysis ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {In the eastern Adriatic, Podarcis siculus, an invasive species, competitively excludes the native Podarcis melisellensis. Monoamine neurotransmitters-serotonin (5HT), dopamine (DA), and noradrenaline (NA)-are implicated in social behavior, and could lie at the basis of the direct behavioral interference of P. siculus with P. melisellensis. To understand the relationship between social behavior and monoamines, as well as the differences in behavior between P. siculus and P. melisellensis, we developed a high-performance liquid chromatography (UV/VIS detection) method with which we were able to reliably measure concentrations of 5HT, DA, and NA in 32 brains of the two lizard species. We observed no statistically significant influence of species, sex, or their interaction on brain NA and 5HT concentrations. Statistically significant influence of species on dopamine levels were recorded, with P. siculus having twice as much dopamine in their brains. Taking into account that a significant aggressive relationship, with P. siculus dominating over P. melisellensis, has been previously observed, and that dopamine directly influences this behavior, the observed differences in dopamine levels could represent a trait in these species and may contribute to the competitive exclusion of P. melisellensis by P. siculus in the eastern Adriatic.}, }
@article {pmid30976309, year = {2019}, author = {Hopper, JV and McCue, KF and Pratt, PD and Duchesne, P and Grosholz, ED and Hufbauer, RA}, title = {Into the weeds: Matching importation history to genetic consequences and pathways in two widely used biological control agents.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {773-790}, pmid = {30976309}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The intentional introduction of exotic species through classical biological control programs provides unique opportunities to examine the consequences of population movement and ecological processes for the genetic diversity and population structure of introduced species. The weevils Neochetina bruchi and N. eichhorniae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) have been introduced globally to control the invasive floating aquatic weed, Eichhornia crassipes, with variable outcomes. Here, we use the importation history and data from polymorphic microsatellite markers to examine the effects of introduction processes on population genetic diversity and structure. We report the first confirmation of hybridization between these species, which could have important consequences for the biological control program. For both species, there were more rare alleles in weevils from the native range than in weevils from the introduced range. N. eichhorniae also had higher allelic richness in the native range than in the introduced range. Neither the number of individuals initially introduced nor the number of introduction steps appeared to consistently affect genetic diversity. We found evidence of genetic drift, inbreeding, and admixture in several populations as well as significant population structure. Analyses estimated two populations and 11 sub-clusters for N. bruchi and four populations and 23 sub-clusters for N. eichhorniae, indicating divergence of populations during and after introduction. Genetic differentiation and allocation of introduced populations to source populations generally supported the documented importation history and clarified pathways in cases where multiple introductions occurred. In populations with multiple introductions, genetic admixture may have buffered against the negative effects of serial bottlenecks on genetic diversity. The genetic data combined with the introduction history from this biological control study system provide insight on the accuracy of predicting introduction pathways from genetic data and the consequences of these pathways for the genetic variation and structure of introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid30975413, year = {2019}, author = {Lau, ETC and Leung, KMY and Karraker, NE}, title = {Native amphibian larvae exhibit higher upper thermal limits but lower performance than their introduced predator Gambusia affinis.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {81}, number = {}, pages = {154-161}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.02.014}, pmid = {30975413}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/*physiology ; *Body Temperature Regulation ; Cold Temperature ; Cyprinodontiformes/*physiology ; Hot Temperature ; Larva/*physiology ; *Thermotolerance ; }, abstract = {Information on the thermal limits and physiology of ectothermic amphibians is crucial to our understanding of their ecology in the natural environment, particularly with predicted global changes in climate. We documented the thermal limits of larvae of three amphibian species native to Hong Kong, and their introduced, invasive predator, the mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). We then used larvae of the brown tree frog Polypedates megacephalus as a model amphibian to further investigate growth, oxygen consumption rate and heat shock protein expression with changes in thermal regime. We found that G. affinis was the most tolerant of low temperatures but also the least tolerant of high temperatures. Despite the higher thermal tolerance of the amphibian larvae, further investigation on P. megacephalus demonstrated that optimal temperatures for physiological performance fall within a range of 18.0-21.6 °C, which is far lower than its upper thermal limit, implying that thermal stress occurs during part of the larval stage under natural environmental conditions. This could mean a reduction in their capacity to deal with other stressors such as pollution and predators, and that G. affinis may have an advantage over native amphibians.}, }
@article {pmid30974355, year = {2019}, author = {Liu, YY and Sun, Y and Müller-Schärer, H and Yan, R and Zhou, ZX and Wang, YJ and Yu, FH}, title = {Do invasive alien plants differ from non-invasives in dominance and nitrogen uptake in response to variation of abiotic and biotic environments under global anthropogenic change?.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {672}, number = {}, pages = {634-642}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.024}, pmid = {30974355}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology ; Environmental Pollution ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Plants/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Plant invasion is the outcome of complicated interactions of both biotic and abiotic environments (i.e. eutrophication and human-induced propagules) under global anthropogenic change. Here, we want to know why some alien clonal plant species become invasive and others do not in the introduced range with variations of both abiotic and biotic environments under global anthropogenic change. We selected three invasive alien and three co-occurring, non-invasive alien clonal plant species in China, and grew them under the constant or variable soil nutrient environments in a native community with low or high vegetative propagule pressure (i.e. simulating pressure of anthropogenic alien propagules). Invasive alien species produced more biomass than non-invasives. Interestingly, invasive species benefited significantly greater from high propagule pressure than non-invasives. Biomass and evenness of native communities were greater with non-invasive than with invasive target species. Invasive plants showed a greater increase of leaf N and decrease of leaf C: N ratio when subject to variable nutrients in comparison to constant nutrients than non-invasives. The negative effects of variable nutrients on evenness of native communities were significantly greater under invasive than non-invasive target species. Moreover, biomass of native communities was significantly negatively related to biomass of invasive species. Variable nutrients significantly promoted the negative biomass relationship between non-invasive species and native communities under high propagule pressure and the negative biomass-evenness relationship between invasive species and native communities. Our study suggests that soil nutrient variability and vegetative propagule pressure influence the growth and leaf C and N uptake of alien clonal plant species in native experimental communities, especially under the high propagule pressure and nutrient variability. Invasive alien clonal species have higher performance and advantages over non-invasives. Future studies should also test the mechanisms that invasive and non-invasive or native plants differ in native communities of native or introduced ranges in the field.}, }
@article {pmid30974048, year = {2019}, author = {Castro-Díez, P and Vaz, AS and Silva, JS and van Loo, M and Alonso, &#xc1; and Aponte, C and Bayón, &#xc1; and Bellingham, PJ and Chiuffo, MC and DiManno, N and Julian, K and Kandert, S and La Porta, N and Marchante, H and Maule, HG and Mayfield, MM and Metcalfe, D and Monteverdi, MC and Núñez, MA and Ostertag, R and Parker, IM and Peltzer, DA and Potgieter, LJ and Raymundo, M and Rayome, D and Reisman-Berman, O and Richardson, DM and Roos, RE and Saldaña, A and Shackleton, RT and Torres, A and Trudgen, M and Urban, J and Vicente, JR and Vilà, M and Ylioja, T and Zenni, RD and Godoy, O}, title = {Global effects of non-native tree species on multiple ecosystem services.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {94}, number = {4}, pages = {1477-1501}, pmid = {30974048}, issn = {1469-185X}, support = {P 26504/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Trees/*classification/physiology ; }, abstract = {Non-native tree (NNT) species have been transported worldwide to create or enhance services that are fundamental for human well-being, such as timber provision, erosion control or ornamental value; yet NNTs can also produce undesired effects, such as fire proneness or pollen allergenicity. Despite the variety of effects that NNTs have on multiple ecosystem services, a global quantitative assessment of their costs and benefits is still lacking. Such information is critical for decision-making, management and sustainable exploitation of NNTs. We present here a global assessment of NNT effects on the three main categories of ecosystem services, including regulating (RES), provisioning (PES) and cultural services (CES), and on an ecosystem disservice (EDS), i.e. pollen allergenicity. By searching the scientific literature, country forestry reports, and social media, we compiled a global data set of 1683 case studies from over 125 NNT species, covering 44 countries, all continents but Antarctica, and seven biomes. Using different meta-analysis techniques, we found that, while NNTs increase most RES (e.g. climate regulation, soil erosion control, fertility and formation), they decrease PES (e.g. NNTs contribute less than native trees to global timber provision). Also, they have different effects on CES (e.g. increase aesthetic values but decrease scientific interest), and no effect on the EDS considered. NNT effects on each ecosystem (dis)service showed a strong context dependency, varying across NNT types, biomes and socio-economic conditions. For instance, some RES are increased more by NNTs able to fix atmospheric nitrogen, and when the ecosystem is located in low-latitude biomes; some CES are increased more by NNTs in less-wealthy countries or in countries with higher gross domestic products. The effects of NNTs on several ecosystem (dis)services exhibited some synergies (e.g. among soil fertility, soil formation and climate regulation or between aesthetic values and pollen allergenicity), but also trade-offs (e.g. between fire regulation and soil erosion control). Our analyses provide a quantitative understanding of the complex synergies, trade-offs and context dependencies involved for the effects of NNTs that is essential for attaining a sustained provision of ecosystem services.}, }
@article {pmid30972253, year = {2019}, author = {Villaseñor-Derbez, JC and Fitzgerald, S}, title = {Spatial variation in allometric growth of invasive lionfish has management implications.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6667}, pmid = {30972253}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) are an invasive species in the Western Atlantic and the Caribbean. Improving management of invasive lionfish populations requires accurate total biomass estimates, which depend on accurate estimates of allometric growth; sedentary species like lionfish often exhibit high levels of spatial variation in life history characteristics. We reviewed 17 published length-weight relationships for lionfish taken throughout their invasive range and found regional differences that led to significant misestimates when calculating weight from length observations. The spatial pattern we observed is consistent with findings from other studies focused on genetics or length-at-age. Here, the use of ex situ parameter values resulted in total biomass estimates between 76.2% and 140% of true observed biomass, and up to a threefold under- or overestimation of total weight for an individual organism. These findings can have implications for management in terms of predicting effects on local ecosystems, evaluating the effectiveness of removal programs, or estimating biomass available for harvest.}, }
@article {pmid30970028, year = {2019}, author = {Orzechowski, SCM and Frederick, PC and Dorazio, RM and Hunter, ME}, title = {Environmental DNA sampling reveals high occupancy rates of invasive Burmese pythons at wading bird breeding aggregations in the central Everglades.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {e0213943}, pmid = {30970028}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Boidae/*genetics ; DNA, Environmental/*isolation &amp; purification ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/*methods ; Florida ; *Introduced Species ; Nesting Behavior ; Reproduction ; Temperature ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The Burmese python (Python bivittatus) is now established as a breeding population throughout south Florida, USA. However, the extent of the invasion, and the ecological impacts of this novel apex predator on animal communities are incompletely known, in large part because Burmese pythons (hereafter "pythons") are extremely cryptic and there has been no efficient way to detect them. Pythons are recently confirmed nest predators of long-legged wading bird breeding colonies (orders Ciconiiformes and Pelecaniformes). Pythons can consume large quantities of prey and may not be recognized as predators by wading birds, therefore they could be a particular threat to colonies. To quantify python occupancy rates at tree islands where wading birds breed, we utilized environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis-a genetic tool which detects shed DNA in water samples and provides high detection probabilities. We fitted multi-scale Bayesian occupancy models to test the prediction that pythons occupy islands with wading bird colonies at higher rates compared to representative control islands containing no breeding birds. Our results suggest that pythons are widely distributed across the central Everglades in proximity to active wading bird colonies. In support of our prediction that pythons are attracted to colonies, site-level python eDNA occupancy rates were higher at wading bird colonies (ψ = 0.88, 95% credible interval [0.59-1.00]) than at the control islands (ψ = 0.42 [0.16-0.80]) in April through June (n = 15 colony-control pairs). We found our water temperature proxy (time of day) to be informative of detection probability, in accordance with other studies demonstrating an effect of temperature on eDNA degradation in occupied samples. Individual sample concentrations ranged from 0.26 to 38.29 copies/μL and we generally detected higher concentrations of python eDNA in colony sites. Continued monitoring of wading bird colonies is warranted to determine the effect pythons are having on populations and investigate putative management activities.}, }
@article {pmid30967022, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, W and Zhao, L and Zhou, J and Yu, H and Zhang, C and Lv, Y and Lin, Z and Hu, S and Zou, Z and Sun, J}, title = {Enhancement of oxidative stress contributes to increased pathogenicity of the invasive pine wood nematode.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {374}, number = {1767}, pages = {20180323}, pmid = {30967022}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Europe ; *Gene Expression ; Oxidative Stress/*physiology ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; Trees/parasitology ; Tylenchida/genetics/*pathogenicity/*physiology ; United States ; Virulence/physiology ; }, abstract = {Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in defence response of host plants versus pathogens. While generation and detoxification of ROS is well understood, how varied ability of different isolates of pathogens to overcome host ROS, or ROS contribution to a particular isolate's pathogenicity, remains largely unexplored. Here, we report that transcriptional regulation of the ROS pathway, in combination with the insulin pathway, increases the pathogenicity of invasive species Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The results showed a positive correlation between fecundity and pathogenicity of different nematode isolates. The virulent isolates from introduced populations in Japan, China and Europe had significantly higher fecundity than native avirulent isolates from the USA. Increased expression of Mn-SOD and reduced expression of catalase/ GPX-5 and H2O2 accumulation during invasion are associated with virulent strains. Additional H2O2 could improve fecundity of Bu. xylophilus. Furthermore, depletion of Mn-SOD decreased fecundity and virulence of Bu. xylophilus, while the insulin pathway is significantly affected. Thus, we propose that destructive pathogenicity of Bu. xylophilus to pines is partly owing to upregulated fecundity modulated by the insulin pathway in association with the ROS pathway and further enhanced by H2O2 oxidative stress. These findings provide a better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms in plant-pathogen interactions and adaptive evolution of invasive species. This article is part of the theme issue 'Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest management'.}, }
@article {pmid30964932, year = {2019}, author = {Guarino, F and Cicatelli, A and Brundu, G and Improta, G and Triassi, M and Castiglione, S}, title = {The use of MSAP reveals epigenetic diversity of the invasive clonal populations of Arundo donax L.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {e0215096}, pmid = {30964932}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Clone Cells ; *DNA Methylation ; DNA, Plant/*genetics ; Environment ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; *Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/*methods ; Poaceae/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Among the most widespread plant species with clonal reproduction Arundo donax L. represents one of most studied one characterized by very low genetic biodiversity. Although it is a perennial rhizomatous tall grass native to eastern and southern Asia, it spreads only asexually in the invaded range all over the world thriving very well in a large array of pedo-climatic conditions. This ability to morphologically or physiologically adapt to a broad array of conditions could be attributed to epigenetic mechanisms. To shade light on this relevant issue, 96 stems of A. donax from spontaneous populations distributed across the Italian invaded range (island of Sardinia, Northern and Southern Italy) were analysed. Leaf DNAs were extracted and processed through AFLPs and MSAPs for defining either genetic and epigenetic profiles. Both analyses clearly showed that the A. donax populations of Sardinia island are genetically distinct from those of Italian mainland; AFLPs showed an extremely low genetic biodiversity due to vegetative reproduction, whilst, epi-biodiversity, estimated through MSAP marker, increased within the analyzed populations. These results suggest that the capability of A. donax to invade and thrive in diverse environmental conditions can be, at least, partially attributed to a higher epigenetic variability. Therefore, the different DNA methylation status may have significant and important biological meaning, in particular, in the case of invasive clonal plants such as A. donax, also for the biodiversity definition, and MSAP marker can be considered an useful and cost effective marker to reveal it.}, }
@article {pmid30964394, year = {2019}, author = {Brissette, CA}, title = {TICK TOCK-Time Is Running Out, as the United States Is Being Invaded by the Longhorned Tick!.}, journal = {Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, pages = {307-308}, doi = {10.1089/vbz.2019.2473}, pmid = {30964394}, issn = {1557-7759}, mesh = {Animals ; Arachnid Vectors/virology ; Bunyaviridae Infections/epidemiology/transmission/virology ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/virology ; Phlebovirus/*physiology ; RNA, Viral/isolation &amp; purification ; United States/epidemiology ; }, }
@article {pmid30963908, year = {2018}, author = {Yang, T and Han, G and Yang, Q and Friman, VP and Gu, S and Wei, Z and Kowalchuk, GA and Xu, Y and Shen, Q and Jousset, A}, title = {Resource stoichiometry shapes community invasion resistance via productivity-mediated species identity effects.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {285}, number = {1893}, pages = {20182035}, pmid = {30963908}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 105624/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Bacteria/classification ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Introduced Species ; Microbiota/*physiology ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Phosphorus/*metabolism ; Population Dynamics ; Ralstonia solanacearum/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Diversity-invasion resistance relationships are often variable and sensitive to environmental conditions such as resource availability. Resource stoichiometry, the relative concentration of different elements in the environment, has been shown to have strong effects on the physiology and interactions between different species. Yet, its role for diversity-invasion resistance relationships is still poorly understood. Here, we explored how the ratio of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus affects the productivity and invasion resistance of constructed microbial communities by a plant pathogenic bacterium, Ralstonia solanacearum. We found that resource stoichiometry and species identity effects affected the invasion resistance of communities. Both high N concentration and resident community diversity constrained invasions, and two resident species, in particular, had strong negative effects on the relative density of the invader and the resident community productivity. While resource stoichiometry did not affect the mean productivity of the resident community, it favoured the growth of two species that strongly constrained invasions turning the slope of productivity-invasion resistance relationship more negative. Together our findings suggest that alterations in resource stoichiometry can change the community resistance to invasions by having disproportionate effects on species growth, potentially explaining changes in microbial community composition under eutrophication.}, }
@article {pmid30963867, year = {2019}, author = {Goldstein, J and Park, J and Haran, M and Liebhold, A and Bjørnstad, ON}, title = {Quantifying spatio-temporal variation of invasion spread.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1894}, pages = {20182294}, pmid = {30963867}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Moths/*physiology ; North America ; }, abstract = {- The spread of invasive species can have far-reaching environmental and ecological consequences. Understanding invasion spread patterns and the underlying process driving invasions are key to predicting and managing invasions. - We combine a set of statistical methods in a novel way to characterize local spread properties and demonstrate their application using simulated and historical data on invasive insects. Our method uses a Gaussian process fit to the surface of waiting times to invasion in order to characterize the vector field of spread. - Using this method, we estimate with statistical uncertainties the speed and direction of spread at each location. Simulations from a stratified diffusion model verify the accuracy of our method. - We show how we may link local rates of spread to environmental covariates for two case studies: the spread of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), and hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) in North America. We provide an R-package that automates the calculations for any spatially referenced waiting time data.}, }
@article {pmid30963843, year = {2019}, author = {McNew, SM and Knutie, SA and Goodman, GB and Theodosopoulos, A and Saulsberry, A and Yépez R, J and Bush, SE and Clayton, DH}, title = {Annual environmental variation influences host tolerance to parasites.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1897}, pages = {20190049}, pmid = {30963843}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Environment ; Genetic Fitness ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Muscidae/*physiology ; Rain ; Seasons ; Songbirds/genetics/*parasitology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {When confronted with a parasite or pathogen, hosts can defend themselves by resisting or tolerating the attack. While resistance can be diminished when resources are limited, it is unclear how robust tolerance is to changes in environmental conditions. Here, we investigate the sensitivity of tolerance in a single host population living in a highly variable environment. We manipulated the abundance of an invasive parasitic fly, Philornis downsi, in nests of Galápagos mockingbirds (Mimus parvulus) over four field seasons and measured host fitness in response to parasitism. Mockingbird tolerance to P. downsi varied significantly among years and decreased when rainfall was limited. Video observations indicate that parental provisioning of nestlings appears key to tolerance: in drought years, mockingbirds likely do not have sufficient resources to compensate for the effects of P. downsi. These results indicate that host tolerance is a labile trait and suggest that environmental variation plays a major role in mediating the consequences of host-parasite interactions.}, }
@article {pmid30963839, year = {2019}, author = {Vera-Escalona, I and Habit, E and Ruzzante, DE}, title = {Invasive species and postglacial colonization: their effects on the genetic diversity of a Patagonian fish.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1897}, pages = {20182567}, pmid = {30963839}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Argentina ; Chile ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Osmeriformes/*genetics ; *Salmon ; *Trout ; }, abstract = {The present distribution of Patagonian species is the result of a complex history involving Quaternary refugial populations, Holocene range expansions and demographic changes occurring during the Anthropocene. Invasive salmonids were introduced in Patagonia during the last century, occupying most rivers and lakes, preying on and competing with native species, including the fish Galaxias platei. Here, we used G. platei as a case study to understand how long-term (i.e. population differentiation during the Holocene) and short-term historical processes (salmonid introductions) affect genetic diversity. Using a suite of microsatellite markers, we found that the number of alleles is negatively correlated with the presence of salmonids (short-term processes), with G. platei populations from lakes with salmonids exhibiting significantly lower genetic diversity than populations from lakes without salmonids. Simulations (100 years backwards) showed that this difference in genetic diversity can be explained by a 99% reduction in population size. Allelic richness and observed heterozygosities were also negatively correlated with the presence of salmonids, but also positively correlated with long-term processes linked to Quaternary glaciations. Our results show how different genetic parameters can help identify processes taking place at different scales and their importance in terms of conservation.}, }
@article {pmid30963838, year = {2019}, author = {Nunes, AL and Fill, JM and Davies, SJ and Louw, M and Rebelo, AD and Thorp, CJ and Vimercati, G and Measey, J}, title = {A global meta-analysis of the ecological impacts of alien species on native amphibians.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1897}, pages = {20182528}, pmid = {30963838}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Amphibians/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Genetic Fitness ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {The exponential increase in species introductions during the Anthropocene has brought about a major loss of biodiversity. Amphibians have suffered large declines, with more than 16% considered to be threatened by invasive species. We conducted a global meta-analysis of the impacts of alien species on native amphibians to determine which aspects of amphibian ecology are most affected by plant, invertebrate, fish, amphibian, reptile, or mammal introductions. Measures of fitness were most strongly affected; amphibian performance was consistently lower in the presence of alien species. While exposure to alien species caused a significant decrease in amphibian behavioural activity when compared with a no species control, this response was stronger towards a control of native impacting species. This indicates a high degree of prey naiveté towards alien species and highlights the importance of using different types of controls in empirical studies. Alien invertebrates had the greatest overall impact on amphibians. This study sets a new agenda for research on biological invasions, highlighting the lack of studies investigating the impacts of alien species on amphibian terrestrial life-history stages. It also emphasizes the strong ecological impacts that alien species have on amphibian fitness and suggests that future introductions or global spread of alien invertebrates could strongly exacerbate current amphibian declines.}, }
@article {pmid30963835, year = {2019}, author = {Wang, R and Chen, XY and Chen, Y and Wang, G and Dunn, DW and Quinnell, RJ and Compton, SG}, title = {Loss of top-down biotic interactions changes the relative benefits for obligate mutualists.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1897}, pages = {20182501}, pmid = {30963835}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Ficus/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Dispersal ; *Pollination ; *Symbiosis ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The collapse of mutualisms owing to anthropogenic changes is contributing to losses of biodiversity. Top predators can regulate biotic interactions between species at lower trophic levels and may contribute to the stability of such mutualisms, but they are particularly likely to be lost after disturbance of communities. We focused on the mutualism between the fig tree Ficus microcarpa and its host-specific pollinator fig wasp and compared the benefits accrued by the mutualists in natural and translocated areas of distribution. Parasitoids of the pollinator were rare or absent outside the natural range of the mutualists, where the relative benefits the mutualists gained from their interaction were changed significantly away from the plant's natural range owing to reduced seed production rather than increased numbers of pollinator offspring. Furthermore, in the absence of the negative effects of its parasitoids, we detected an oviposition range expansion by the pollinator, with the use of a wider range of ovules that could otherwise have generated seeds. Loss of top-down control has therefore resulted in a change in the balance of reciprocal benefits that underpins this obligate mutualism, emphasizing the value of maintaining food web complexity in the Anthropocene.}, }
@article {pmid30963833, year = {2019}, author = {Gallien, L and Thornhill, AH and Zurell, D and Miller, JT and Richardson, DM}, title = {Global predictors of alien plant establishment success: combining niche and trait proxies.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1897}, pages = {20182477}, pmid = {30963833}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Acacia/physiology ; Australia ; *Ecosystem ; Eucalyptus/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; *Plant Dispersal ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are on the rise globally. To reduce future invasions, it is imperative to determine the naturalization potential of species. Until now, screening approaches have relied largely on species-specific functional feature data. Such information is, however, time-consuming and expensive to collect, thwarting the screening of large numbers of potential invaders. We propose to resolve such data limitations by developing indicators of establishment success of alien species that can be readily derived from open-access databases. These indicators describe key features of successfully established aliens, including estimates of potential range size, niche overlap with human-disturbed environments, and proxies of species traits related to their palaeoinvasions and local dominance capacities. We demonstrate the utility of this new approach by applying it to two large and highly invasive plant groups: Australian acacias and eucalypts. Our results show that these indicators robustly predict establishment successes and failures in each clade independently, and that they can cross-predict establishment in these two clades. Interestingly, the indicator identified as most important was species potential range size on Earth, a variable too rarely considered as a predictor. By successfully identifying key features that predispose Australian plants to naturalize, we provide an objective and cost-effective protocol for flagging high-risk introductions.}, }
@article {pmid30963829, year = {2019}, author = {Hung, KJ and Kingston, JM and Lee, A and Holway, DA and Kohn, JR}, title = {Non-native honey bees disproportionately dominate the most abundant floral resources in a biodiversity hotspot.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1897}, pages = {20182901}, pmid = {30963829}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; California ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Flowers/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {Most plant-pollinator mutualisms are generalized. As such, they are susceptible to perturbation by abundant, generalist, non-native pollinators such as the western honey bee (Apis mellifera), which can reach high abundances and visit flowers of many plant species in their expansive introduced range. Despite the prevalence of non-native honey bees, their effects on pollination mutualisms in natural ecosystems remain incompletely understood. Here, we contrast community-level patterns of floral visitation by honey bees with that of the diverse native pollinator fauna of southern California, USA. We show that the number of honey bees visiting plant species increases much more rapidly with flower abundance than does that of non-honey bee insects, such that the percentage of all visitors represented by honey bees increases with flower abundance. Thus, honey bees could disproportionately impact the most abundantly blooming plant species and the large numbers of both specialized and generalized pollinator species that they sustain. Honey bees may preferentially exploit high-abundance floral resources because of their ability to recruit nest-mates; these foraging patterns may cause native insect species to forage on lower-abundance resources to avoid competition. Our results illustrate the importance of understanding foraging patterns of introduced pollinators in order to reveal their ecological impacts.}, }
@article {pmid30963824, year = {2019}, author = {Brandenburger, CR and Sherwin, WB and Creer, SM and Buitenwerf, R and Poore, AGB and Frankham, R and Finnerty, PB and Moles, AT}, title = {Rapid reshaping: the evolution of morphological changes in an introduced beach daisy.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1897}, pages = {20181713}, pmid = {30963824}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; *Introduced Species ; *Phenotype ; Plant Leaves/anatomy &amp; histology ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Thousands of species have been introduced to new ranges worldwide. These introductions provide opportunities for researchers to study evolutionary changes in form and function in response to new environmental conditions. However, almost all previous studies of morphological change in introduced species have compared introduced populations to populations from across the species' native range, so variation within native ranges probably confounds estimates of evolutionary change. In this study, we used microsatellites to locate the source population for the beach daisy Arctotheca populifolia that had been introduced to eastern Australia. We then compared four introduced populations from Australia with their original South African source population in a common-environment experiment. Despite being separated for less than 100 years, source and introduced populations of A. populifolia display substantial heritable morphological differences. Contrary to the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis, introduced plants were shorter than source plants, and introduced and source plants did not differ in total biomass. Contrary to predictions based on higher rainfall in the introduced range, introduced plants had smaller, thicker leaves than source plants. Finally, while source plants develop lobed adult leaves, introduced plants retain their spathulate juvenile leaf shape into adulthood. These changes indicate that rapid evolution in introduced species happens, but not always in the direction predicted by theory.}, }
@article {pmid30963692, year = {2019}, author = {Erickson, RA and Merkes, CM and Mize, EL}, title = {Sampling Designs for Landscape-level eDNA Monitoring Programs.}, journal = {Integrated environmental assessment and management}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {760-771}, doi = {10.1002/ieam.4155}, pmid = {30963692}, issn = {1551-3793}, mesh = {DNA, Environmental/*analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Models, Theoretical ; Probability ; Sample Size ; }, abstract = {Effective natural resources management requires accurate information about species distributions. Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis is a commonly used method to determine species presence and distribution. However, when understanding eDNA-based distribution data, managers must contend with imperfect detection in collection samples and subsamples (i.e., molecular analyses) impacting their ability to detect species and estimate occurrence. Occurrence models can estimate 3 probabilities: occurrence, capture, and eDNA detection. However, most occurrence models do not. To quantify imperfect detection in rare versus common species, we examined multiple field capture and detection probabilities. We studied this with 3 objectives: Determine sample sizes required to detect eDNA given imperfect detection, determine sample sizes required to estimate eDNA capture parameters, and examine performance of a 3-level occurrence model. We found detecting eDNA in ≥1 sample at a site required ≤15 samples per site for common species, but detecting eDNA when looking for rare species required 45 to 90 samples per site. Our occurrence model recovered known parameters unless capture and detection probabilities were <0.2 where >100 samples per site and ≥8 molecular replicates were required. Our findings illustrate the importance of sample size and molecular replication for eDNA-based work. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:760-771. Published 2019. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.}, }
@article {pmid30962894, year = {2019}, author = {Bors, EK and Herrera, S and Morris, JA and Shank, TM}, title = {Population genomics of rapidly invading lionfish in the Caribbean reveals signals of range expansion in the absence of spatial population structure.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {3306-3320}, pmid = {30962894}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Range expansions driven by global change and species invasions may have significant genomic, evolutionary, and ecological implications. During range expansions, strong genetic drift characterized by repeated founder events can result in decreased genetic diversity with increased distance from the center of the historic range, or the point of invasion. The invasion of the Indo-Pacific lionfish, Pterois volitans, into waters off the US East Coast, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea provides a natural system to study rapid range expansion in an invasive marine fish with high dispersal capabilities. We report results from 12,759 single nucleotide polymorphism loci sequenced by restriction enzyme-associated DNA sequencing for nine P. volitans sampling areas in the invaded range, including Florida and other sites throughout the Caribbean, as well as mitochondrial control region D-loop data. Analyses revealed low to no spatially explicit metapopulation genetic structure, which is partly consistent with previous finding of little structure within ocean basins, but partly divergent from initial reports of between-basin structure. Genetic diversity, however, was not homogeneous across all sampled sites. Patterns of genetic diversity correlate with invasion pathway. Observed heterozygosity, averaged across all loci within a population, decreases with distance from Florida while expected heterozygosity is mostly constant in sampled populations, indicating population genetic disequilibrium correlated with distance from the point of invasion. Using an F ST outlier analysis and a Bayesian environmental correlation analysis, we identified 256 and 616 loci, respectively, that could be experiencing selection or genetic drift. Of these, 24 loci were shared between the two methods.}, }
@article {pmid30962883, year = {2019}, author = {Watts, AM and Hopkins, GA and Goldstien, SJ}, title = {Chimerism and population dieback alter genetic inference related to invasion pathways and connectivity of biofouling populations on artificial substrata.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {3089-3104}, pmid = {30962883}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Disentangling pathways by which nonindigenous species expand and spread regionally remains challenging. Molecular ecology tools are often employed to determine the origins and spread of introduced species, but the complexities of some organisms may be reducing the efficacy of these tools. Some colonial species exhibit complexities by way of chimerism and winter colony regression, which may alter the genetic diversity of populations and mask the connectivity occurring among them. This study uses nuclear microsatellite data and simple GIS-based modeling to investigate the influence of chimerism and winter regression on the genetic diversity and patterns of genetic population connectivity among colonies of Didemnum vexillum on artificial substrates. Colonies sampled in summer were shown to form a metapopulation, with high levels of admixture, extreme outcrossing, and some substructure. These patterns were consistent within the subsampled winter colonies and with the inclusion of chimeric data. However, allelic richness and diversity were significantly different between winter and summer samples, altering interpretations relating to population connectivity and pelagic larval duration. This study demonstrates the importance of including seasonal sampling and imperative life history traits in genetic studies for clear interpretations and the successful management of introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid30962561, year = {2019}, author = {Anton, A and Geraldi, NR and Lovelock, CE and Apostolaki, ET and Bennett, S and Cebrian, J and Krause-Jensen, D and Marbà, N and Martinetto, P and Pandolfi, JM and Santana-Garcon, J and Duarte, CM}, title = {Global ecological impacts of marine exotic species.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {5}, pages = {787-800}, pmid = {30962561}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Ecology ; Extinction, Biological ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Exotic species are a growing global ecological threat; however, their overall effects are insufficiently understood. While some exotic species are implicated in many species extinctions, others can provide benefits to the recipient communities. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to quantify and synthesize the ecological effects of 76 exotic marine species (about 6% of the listed exotics) on ten variables in marine communities. These species caused an overall significant, but modest in magnitude (as indicated by a mean effect size of g < 0.2), decrease in ecological variables. Marine primary producers and predators were the most disruptive trophic groups of the exotic species. Approximately 10% (that is, 2 out of 19) of the exotic species assessed in at least three independent studies had significant impacts on native species. Separating the innocuous from the disruptive exotic species provides a basis for triage efforts to control the marine exotic species that have the most impact, thereby helping to meet Aichi Biodiversity Target 9 of the Convention on Biological Diversity.}, }
@article {pmid30962472, year = {2019}, author = {Elsey-Quirk, T and Mariotti, G and Valentine, K and Raper, K}, title = {Retreating marsh shoreline creates hotspots of high-marsh plant diversity.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {5795}, pmid = {30962472}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Poaceae/physiology ; Trees/physiology ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Marsh edge retreat by wave erosion, an ubiquitous process along estuaries, could affect vegetation dynamics in ways that differ from well-established elevation-driven interactions. Along the marshes of Delaware Bay (USA) we show that species composition from marsh edge to interior is driven by gradients in wave stress, bed elevation, and sediment deposition. At the marsh edge, large wave stress allows only short-statured species. Approximately 17m landward, decreasing wave stress and increasing deposition cause the formation of a ridge. There, high marsh fugitive and shrub species prevails. Both the marsh edge and the ridge retreat synchronously by several meters per year causing wave energy and deposition to change rapidly. Yet, the whole ecogeomorphologic profile translates landward in a dynamic equilibrium, where the low marsh replaces the high marsh ridge community and the high marsh ridge community replaces the mid-marsh grasses on the marsh plain. A plant competition model shows that the disturbances associated with sediment deposition are necessary for the high marsh species to outcompete the mid-marsh grasses during rapid transgression. Marsh retreat creates a moving framework of physical gradients and disturbances that promote the co-existence of over ten different species adjacent to the marsh edge in an otherwise species-poor landscape.}, }
@article {pmid30962470, year = {2019}, author = {Lester, PJ and Buick, KH and Baty, JW and Felden, A and Haywood, J}, title = {Different bacterial and viral pathogens trigger distinct immune responses in a globally invasive ant.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {5780}, pmid = {30962470}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/genetics/*immunology/microbiology/virology ; *Immunity, Innate ; Insect Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Insect Viruses/*pathogenicity ; Introduced Species ; Pseudomonas/*pathogenicity/virology ; Pseudomonas Phages/*pathogenicity ; Toll-Like Receptors/genetics/metabolism ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Invasive species populations periodically collapse from high to low abundance, sometimes even to extinction. Pathogens and the burden they place on invader immune systems have been hypothesised as a mechanism for these collapses. We examined the association of the bacterial pathogen (Pseudomonas spp.) and the viral community with immune gene expression in the globally invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile (Mayr)). RNA-seq analysis found evidence for 17 different viruses in Argentine ants from New Zealand, including three bacteriophages with one (Pseudomonas phage PS-1) likely to be attacking the bacterial host. Pathogen loads and prevalence varied immensely. Transcriptomic data showed that immune gene expression was consistent with respect to the viral classification of negative-sense, positive-sense and double-stranded RNA viruses. Genes that were the most strongly associated with the positive-sense RNA viruses such as the Linepithema humile virus 1 (LHUV-1) and the Deformed wing virus (DWV) were peptide recognition proteins assigned to the Toll and Imd pathways. We then used principal components analysis and regression modelling to determine how RT-qPCR derived immune gene expression levels were associated with viral and bacterial loads. Argentine ants mounted a substantial immune response to both Pseudomonas and LHUV-1 infections, involving almost all immune pathways. Other viruses including DWV and the Kashmir bee virus appeared to have much less immunological influence. Different pathogens were associated with varying immunological responses, which we hypothesize to interact with and influence the invasion dynamics of this species.}, }
@article {pmid30961824, year = {2019}, author = {Dias, GB and do Amaral, RB and Gatto, IRH and Lapera, IM and de Oliveira, LG and Lux Hoppe, EG and Machado, RZ and André, MR}, title = {Molecular detection of Mycoplasma suis in captive white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) and wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Brazil.}, journal = {Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases}, volume = {63}, number = {}, pages = {94-96}, doi = {10.1016/j.cimid.2019.01.013}, pmid = {30961824}, issn = {1878-1667}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteremia/epidemiology/microbiology/veterinary ; Brazil/epidemiology ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Phosphorylating)/genetics ; Molecular Typing ; Mycoplasma/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Mycoplasma Infections/*epidemiology/*veterinary ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sus scrofa ; Swine ; }, abstract = {Mycoplasma suis, the etiological agent of swine hemoplasmosis, is an epicellular bacterium that adheres to the surface of pig erythrocytes leading to deformations of the target cells. Little is known about the occurrence of M. suis in wild swine populations around the world, its economic impact on swine herds, and the risk of human infection. The aim of this study was to investigate, by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) based on the 16S rRNA gene, the occurrence of M. suis in a captive population of white-lipped peccaries (100 Tayassu pecari) and in free-living wild boars (14 Sus scrofa) in Brazil. None of the white-lipped peccaries were positive for M. suis, whereas seven (50%) wild boars were positive in qPCR assays. The quantification of M. suis-16S rRNA copies/μL ranged from 1.42 × 10° to 3.906 × 10[1] in positive animals, indicating a low bacteremia and a chronic carrier status in free-living wild boars. In conclusion, M. suis might be a non-frequent pathogen in wild suids maintained in captivity. Despite the low bacteremia, the prevalence of M. suis in wild boar population in Brazil seems to be high.}, }
@article {pmid30958255, year = {2018}, author = {Adame, MF and Najera, E and Lovelock, CE and Brown, CJ}, title = {Avoided emissions and conservation of scrub mangroves: potential for a Blue Carbon project in the Gulf of California, Mexico.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {20180400}, pmid = {30958255}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {*Carbon ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods ; Mexico ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Mangroves are considered ideal ecosystems for Blue Carbon projects. However, because of their short stature, some mangroves ('scrub' mangroves, less than 2 m) do not fulfil the current definition of 'forests', which makes them ineligible for emission reduction programmes such as REDD+. Short stature mangroves can be the dominant form of mangroves in arid and nutrient-poor landscapes, and emissions from their deforestation and degradation could be substantial. Here, we describe a Blue Carbon project in the Gulf of California, Mexico, to illustrate that projects that avoid emissions from deforestation and degradation could provide financial resources to protect mangroves that cannot be included in other emission reduction programmes. The goal of the project is to protect 16 058 ha of mangroves through conservation concessions from the Mexican Federal Government. The cumulative avoided emissions of the project are 2.84 million Mg CO2 over 100 years, valued at $US 426 000 per year (US$15 per Mg CO2 in the California market). The funds could be used for community-based projects that will improve mangrove management, such as surveillance, eradication of invasive species, rehabilitation after tropical storms and environmental education. The strong institutional support, secure financial status, community engagement and clear project boundaries provide favourable conditions to implement this Blue Carbon project. Financial resources from Blue Carbon projects, even in mangroves of short stature, can provide substantial resources to enhance community resilience and mangrove protection.}, }
@article {pmid30958251, year = {2018}, author = {Silva, GG and Green, AJ and Weber, V and Hoffmann, P and Lovas-Kiss, &#xc1; and Stenert, C and Maltchik, L}, title = {Whole angiosperms Wolffia columbiana disperse by gut passage through wildfowl in South America.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {20180703}, pmid = {30958251}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Araceae/*physiology ; Brazil ; Ducks/*physiology ; Feces ; Introduced Species ; *Plant Dispersal ; Reproduction, Asexual ; }, abstract = {For the first time to our knowledge, we demonstrate that whole angiosperm individuals can survive gut passage through birds, and that this occurs in the field. Floating plants of the genus Wolffia are the smallest of all flowering plants. Fresh droppings of white-faced whistling duck Dendrocygna viduata (n = 49) and coscoroba swan Coscoroba coscoroba (n = 22) were collected from Brazilian wetlands. Intact Wolffia columbiana were recovered from 16% of D. viduata and 32% of Coscoroba samples (total = 164 plantlets). The viability of plants was tested, and asexual reproduction was confirmed. Wolffia columbiana is an expanding alien in Europe. Avian endozoochory of asexual angiosperm propagules may be an important, overlooked dispersal means for aquatic plants, and may contribute to the invasive character of alien species.}, }
@article {pmid30958218, year = {2019}, author = {Lehmann, P and Javal, M and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Oxygen limitation is not the cause of death during lethal heat exposure in an insect.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {20180701}, pmid = {30958218}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cause of Death ; Hot Temperature ; Insecta ; *Oxygen ; *Oxygen Consumption ; }, abstract = {Oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) is a controversial hypothesis claiming to explain variation in, and mechanistically determine, animal thermal limits. The lack of support from Insecta is typically argued to be a consequence of their high-performance respiratory systems. However, no studies have reported internal body oxygen levels during thermal ramping so it is unclear if changes in ambient gas are partially or fully offset by a compensatory respiratory system. Here we provide such an assessment by simultaneously recording haemolymph oxygen (pO2) levels-as an approximation of tissue oxygenation-while experimentally manipulating ambient oxygen and subjecting organisms to thermal extremes in a series of thermolimit respirometry experiments using pupae of the butterfly Pieris napi. The main results are that while P. napi undergo large changes in haemolymph pO2 that are positively correlated with experimental oxygen levels, haemolymph pO2 is similar pre- and post-death during thermal assays. OCLTT predicts that reduction in body oxygen level should lead to a reduction in CTmax. Despite finding the former, there was no change in CTmax across a wide range of body oxygen levels. Thus, we argue that oxygen availability is not a functional determinant of the upper thermal limits in pupae of P. napi.}, }
@article {pmid30955779, year = {2019}, author = {Vega Fernández, T and Badalamenti, F and Bonaviri, C and Di Trapani, F and Gianguzza, P and Noè, S and Musco, L}, title = {Synergistic reduction of a native key herbivore performance by two non-indigenous invasive algae.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {141}, number = {}, pages = {649-654}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.073}, pmid = {30955779}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Caulerpa/*physiology ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Paracentrotus/*physiology ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Native generalist grazers can control the populations of non-indigenous invasive algae (NIIA). Here, it was found that the simultaneous consumption of two co-occurring NIIA, Caulerpa cylindracea and C. taxifolia var. distichophylla, hinders the grazing ability of the main Mediterranean herbivorous, the native sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The ingestion of any of the two NIIA alone did not produce any difference in sea urchin righting time with respect to usual algal diet. In contrast, the simultaneous consumption of both NIIA, which grow intermingled in nature and are consumed by P. lividus, retarded its righting behavior. Such result reveals substantial physiological stress in the sea urchin, which resulted in reduced motility and coordination. The reported findings reveal the potential of NIIA co-occurrence to escape the supposed control exerted by the main native generalist grazer in Mediterranean sublittoral communities, which in turn can be locked in an "invaded" state.}, }
@article {pmid30955773, year = {2019}, author = {Gracia C, A and Rangel-Buitrago, N and Castro-Barros, JD}, title = {Non-native plant species in the Atlantico Department Coastal Dune Systems, Caribbean of Colombia: A new management challenge.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {141}, number = {}, pages = {603-610}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.009}, pmid = {30955773}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Apocynaceae ; *Calotropis ; Colombia ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/methods ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Although coastal dunes exhibit typical vegetation which involves species adapted to extreme environmental conditions, the mobilization and colonization by non-native species represents a challenge in its conservation and management. In this work, eight dune systems located along the Atlantico Department, Caribbean coast of Colombia were surveyed, finding within them the presence of two plant species recognized as invasive: Calotropis procera and Cryptostegia madagascariensis. The impacts of these two invasive plant species can be significant at all ecological levels in the dune systems. The above demands the implementation of urgent management actions. Eradication seems the optimal control alternative, however preventing invasive plant species from infesting new areas is more cost-effective and efficient than trying to restore the system after it is infested. Data presented in this paper is the first step in the future development of an early detection program in the study area.}, }
@article {pmid30955756, year = {2019}, author = {Kocak, F and Kucuksezgin, F and Bakal, I}, title = {Impact of environmental variables on fouling bryozoan species in the Eastern Aegean Sea.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {141}, number = {}, pages = {46-51}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.060}, pmid = {30955756}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Ammonium Compounds/analysis ; Animals ; Bryozoa/*physiology ; Chlorophyll A/analysis ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Nitrates/analysis ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Oxygen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Salinity ; Seawater/analysis/*chemistry ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Bryozoans are the major component of marine macro-fouling communities. In the study, the relations between bryozoan species and environmental variables were investigated at seven stations along the Aegean coast in August and December 2015. Constant bryozoan species in both sampling periods were Bugula neritina, Amathia verticillata, Shizoporella errata, Cryptosula pallasiana and Celleporaria brunnea. Their relationship with physico-chemical variables (Temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonium, nitrite and nitrate nitrogen, orthophosphate phosphorous, total phosphate, chlorophyll-a) were analysed by means of logistic regression analysis. The result showed that temperature with B. neritina; NH4-N, oPO4-P and TPO4-P with A verticillata; dissolved oxygen concentrations with S. errata and C. brunnea were positively related (p < 0.05).}, }
@article {pmid30955754, year = {2019}, author = {Shiganova, TA and Mikaelyan, AS and Moncheva, S and Stefanova, K and Chasovnikov, VK and Mosharov, SA and Mosharova, IN and Slabakova, N and Mavrodieva, R and Stefanova, E and Zasko, DN and Dzhurova, B}, title = {Effect of invasive ctenophores Mnemiopsis leidyi and Beroe ovata on low trophic webs of the Black Sea ecosystem.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {141}, number = {}, pages = {434-447}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.049}, pmid = {30955754}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*growth &amp; development ; Black Sea ; Chlorophyll A/metabolism ; Ctenophora/*growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Phytoplankton/*growth &amp; development ; Seawater ; Zooplankton/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The study focuses on the impact of life excretion and mucus released by the "biological pollutants" invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and its predator Beroe ovata on the marine environment and lower trophic levels of the Black Sea ecosystem (bacteria, pico-phytoplankton, nano-autotrophic/heterotrophic flagellates, micro-phytoplankton, chlorophyll a, primary production (PP), micro-zooplankton). The chemical and biological variables were analysed in two sets of lab experiments with natural communities from mesotrophic (Gelendzhik) and eutrophic (Varna) coastal waters. While both species altered the chemical properties of experimental media, exerting structural and functional changes in the low food-web biological compartments, the results showed a stronger effect of B. ovata, most likely related to the measured higher rate of excretion and amount of released mucus. In addition the alterations in the Gelendzhik experiment were more pronounced, indicating that environmental implications on lower food-web are more conspicuous in mesotrophic than in eutrophic coastal waters.}, }
@article {pmid30955747, year = {2019}, author = {Ramalhosa, P and Gestoso, I and Duarte, B and Caçador, I and Canning-Clode, J}, title = {Metal pollution affects both native and non-indigenous biofouling recruitment in a subtropical island system.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {141}, number = {}, pages = {373-386}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.072}, pmid = {30955747}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Biofouling/*prevention &amp; control ; Bryozoa/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Copper/*pharmacology ; Disinfectants/*pharmacology ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; *Paint ; Portugal ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Hull fouling has been a driving force behind the development of most modern marine antifouling coatings that mainly contain copper based biocides to inhibit growth of fouling organisms. Despite these efforts, several non-indigenous species continue to be transferred via hull-fouling worldwide. In this study we designed a disturbance gradient with three commercial antifouling paints applied to PVC settling plates with different concentrations of copper oxide and allowed colonization of fouling communities in four marinas located at the Madeira Archipelago (NE Atlantic). Overall, the antifouling treatments were effective in decreasing the diversity of fouling communities and spatial variability across marinas was observed. Increasing exposure to metal pollutants decreases both species cover and total diversity, independently of their native or NIS condition. However, evidences found suggest that long-term effects of copper based antifouling coatings can be modulated by metal-resistant species allowing a secondary substrate for the epibiosis of other species to establish.}, }
@article {pmid30955744, year = {2019}, author = {Pereda-Briones, L and Terrados, J and Tomas, F}, title = {Negative effects of warming on seagrass seedlings are not exacerbated by invasive algae.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {141}, number = {}, pages = {36-45}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.049}, pmid = {30955744}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Alismatales/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Caulerpa/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Rhodophyta/*physiology ; Seawater ; Seedlings/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The observed and projected rise in sea surface temperature challenges marine biodiversity worldwide, and particularly in temperate ecosystems dealing with the arrival of novel species of tropical provenance. When the impacted biota are early life stages of ecosystem engineers, the effects of those impacts are of major concern for ecologists and coastal managers. We experimentally examined the individual and potential additive effects of seawater warming and the presence of the invasive algae on the development of seedlings of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica in a three-month mesocosm experiment. Whereas the presence of the invasive algae (Caulerpa cylindracea and Lophocladia lallemandii) did not result in detrimental effects on seedlings, warming negatively affected seedling development. Interestingly, the presence of both invasive algae may ameliorate the negative effects of warming.}, }
@article {pmid30955741, year = {2019}, author = {Outinen, O and Forsström, T and Yli-Rosti, J and Vesakoski, O and Lehtiniemi, M}, title = {Monitoring of sessile and mobile epifauna - Considerations for non-indigenous species.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {141}, number = {}, pages = {332-342}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.055}, pmid = {30955741}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Finland ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; }, abstract = {The present study aimed to develop monitoring methods for shallow water sessile and mobile epifauna with the main focus on enhancing the chance of early detection for new non-indigenous species (NIS) invasions. The field sampling was conducted between June and September in 2012, in the Archipelago Sea (Finland). The tested monitoring methods included baited traps that capture organisms and habitat collectors that provide habitat and refuges for organisms, as well as fouling plates. Catch efficiency of a trap/collector was defined as the number of NIS and all species caught, including their abundances. The American collector with oyster shells (habitat collector) caught the highest number of NIS, and their use is recommended in all places, where oyster shells are easily accessible. Sampling of all habitats of interest between 1 and 2 m depth is recommended with at least three habitat collectors per site.}, }
@article {pmid30950531, year = {2019}, author = {Roux, DJ and Kingsford, RT and Cook, CN and Carruthers, J and Dickson, K and Hockings, M}, title = {The case for embedding researchers in conservation agencies.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {33}, number = {6}, pages = {1266-1274}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13324}, pmid = {30950531}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Decision Making ; Organizations ; }, abstract = {Although protected areas represent a pivotal response to escalating anthropogenic threats, they face many pressures, inside and outside their boundaries. Amid these challenges, effective conservation is guided by evidence-based decision making supported by dynamic processes of learning and knowledge exchange. Although different models promote knowledge exchange, embedding research scientists within conservation agencies is best suited to supporting evidence-based conservation. Based on available literature and our experiences on several continents, we considered the benefits, challenges, and opportunities associated with embedding research scientists within conservation agencies and the research required to better understand the effectiveness of the embedding model for evidence-based conservation. Embedded researchers provide long-term commitment to building social capital among academic and nonacademic stakeholders; act as skilled gatekeepers who increase 2-way flow of knowledge between scientists and managers; attract, coordinate, and support management-relevant external research projects; drive the design and maintenance of long-term monitoring; and align their research with information needs. Notwithstanding the many benefits, research capacity of conservation agencies is declining worldwide. A significant challenge is that the values, structures, functions, and effectiveness of the embedding model of knowledge exchange remain poorly evaluated and documented. Also, embedded researchers have to balance their desire for creativity and flexibility with the standardization and quality control required by their public sector agencies; may be perceived as not credible because they are not truly independent of their agency; and have to couple scientific productivity with skills for transdisciplinary research, social facilitation, and stakeholder engagement. Systematic research on embedding and other models of knowledge exchange, across different world contexts, is required to better understand the benefits, costs, and institutional arrangements associated with different models.}, }
@article {pmid30948550, year = {2019}, author = {Vizentin-Bugoni, J and Tarwater, CE and Foster, JT and Drake, DR and Gleditsch, JM and Hruska, AM and Kelley, JP and Sperry, JH}, title = {Structure, spatial dynamics, and stability of novel seed dispersal mutualistic networks in Hawai'i.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {364}, number = {6435}, pages = {78-82}, doi = {10.1126/science.aau8751}, pmid = {30948550}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Hawaii ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Seed Dispersal ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Increasing rates of human-caused species invasions and extinctions may reshape communities and modify the structure, dynamics, and stability of species interactions. To investigate how such changes affect communities, we performed multiscale analyses of seed dispersal networks on O'ahu, Hawai'i. Networks consisted exclusively of novel interactions, were largely dominated by introduced species, and exhibited specialized and modular structure at local and regional scales, despite high interaction dissimilarity across communities. Furthermore, the structure and stability of the novel networks were similar to native-dominated communities worldwide. Our findings suggest that shared evolutionary history is not a necessary process for the emergence of complex network structure, and interaction patterns may be highly conserved, regardless of species identity and environment. Introduced species can quickly become well integrated into novel networks, making restoration of native ecosystems more challenging than previously thought.}, }
@article {pmid30947249, year = {2019}, author = {Wood, JR and Wilmshurst, JM}, title = {Comparing the effects of asynchronous herbivores on New Zealand montane vegetation communities.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {e0214959}, pmid = {30947249}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Deer/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; *Plant Development ; *Plants ; Rabbits ; }, abstract = {Large herbivores facilitate a range of important ecological processes yet globally have experienced high rates of decline and extinction over the past 50,000 years. To some extent this lost function may be replaced through the introduction of ecological surrogate taxa, either by active management or via historic introductions. However, comparing the ecological effects of herbivores that existed in the same location, but at different times, can be a challenging proposition. Here we provide an example from New Zealand that demonstrates an approach for making such comparisons. In New Zealand it has been suggested that post-19th Century mammal introductions (e.g. deer and hare) may have filled ecological niches left vacant after the 15th Century AD extinction of large avian herbivores (moa). We quantified pollen assemblages from fecal samples deposited by these two asynchronous herbivore communities to see whether they were comparable. The fecal samples were collected at the same location, and in a native-dominated vegetation community that has experience little anthropogenic disturbance and their contents reflect both the local habitat and diet preferences of the depositing herbivore. The results reveal that the current forest understory is relatively sparse and species depauperate compared to the prehistoric state, indicating that deer and moa had quite different impacts on the local vegetation community. The study provides an example of how combining coprolite and fecal analyses of prehistoric and modern herbivores may clarify the degree of ecological overlap between asynchronous herbivore communities and provide insights into the extent of ecological surrogacy provided by introduced taxa.}, }
@article {pmid30943222, year = {2019}, author = {Poole, JR and Bajer, PG}, title = {A small native predator reduces reproductive success of a large invasive fish as revealed by whole-lake experiments.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {e0214009}, pmid = {30943222}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Mississippi ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Reproduction/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The extent to which native fish communities might control the success of invasive fish has been of interest to ecologists, but it has been rarely addressed using experiments. We conducted an experiment in six small lakes in the Upper Mississippi Region to test the effects of a small native predator, bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) on the recruitment of a large, invasive fish, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Bluegills are predominant throughout the region and were previously shown to consume carp eggs and larvae. We stocked both lakes at each of our 3 sites with adult carp (spawners) and one lake at each site with bluegills. We repeated the experiment at two of the three sites for two consecutive years. In each lake we assessed the abundance of post-larval carp one month after spawning (backpack electrofishing surveys) and at the end of the season (mark-recapture). For each site/year combination, catch rate of post-larval carp was typically an order of magnitude higher in control than bluegill lakes, but it often declined quickly over time. The abundance of end-of-seasonal juveniles was significantly higher (no 95% CI overlap) in control lakes than in bluegill lakes, except for one pair of lakes during one year when both the control and bluegill lake had similar, low abundance of end-of-season carp. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that common carp recruitment is substantially reduced in habitats dominated by bluegills. We also suggest our results may be applicable to other species, and that managers should explore how predation on early life stages may control other invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30940053, year = {2019}, author = {Cubas, J and Irl, SDH and Villafuerte, R and Bello-Rodríguez, V and Rodríguez-Luengo, JL and Del Arco, M and Martín-Esquivel, JL and González-Mancebo, JM}, title = {Endemic plant species are more palatable to introduced herbivores than non-endemics.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1900}, pages = {20190136}, pmid = {30940053}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Herbivory ; *Plant Dispersal ; Rabbits/*physiology ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Islands harbour a spectacular diversity and unique species composition. This uniqueness is mainly a result of endemic species that have evolved in situ in the absence of mammal herbivores. However, island endemism is under severe threat by introduced herbivores. We test the assumption that endemic species are particularly vulnerable to generalist introduced herbivores (European rabbit) using an unprecedented dataset covering an entire island with enormous topographic, climatic and biological diversity (Tenerife, Canary Islands). With increasing endemism, plant species are more heavily browsed by rabbits than non-endemic species with up to 67% of endemics being negatively impacted by browsing, indicating a dramatic lack of adaptation to mammal herbivory in endemics. Ecosystems with high per cent endemism are most heavily browsed, suggesting ecosystem-specific vulnerability to introduced herbivores, even within islands. Protection of global biodiversity caused by disproportionally high endemism on oceanic islands via ecosystem-specific herbivore control and eradication measures is of utmost importance.}, }
@article {pmid30937449, year = {2019}, author = {Shogren, CJ and Paine, TD}, title = {Host Plant Recognition and Performance of Klambothrips myopori (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) Across Myoporum Cultivars in Southern California.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {4}, pages = {1645-1650}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz063}, pmid = {30937449}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; California ; *Myoporum ; New Zealand ; *Thysanoptera ; }, abstract = {Myoporum spp. (Lamiales: Scrophulariaceae) native to Australia and New Zealand have been introduced into North America and have been widely planted as shrubs and ground covers in the California urban landscape. The invasive thrips, Klambothrips myopori Mound and Morris, invaded California in 2005 and feed exclusively on Myoporum. However, some commercial cultivars have suffered extensive damage, whereas others have not. In field studies and laboratory feeding tests of six different potential host species or cultivars, Myoporum laetum and Myoporum 'Pacificum' were identified as most suitable host plants of K. myopori. In laboratory trials, K. myopori failed to complete development on M. 'Clean n Green' and M. 'Putah Creek'. Of the six varieties of Myoporum tested, K. myopori damage was only observed on M. laetum and M. 'Pacificum'. Although K. myopori can successfully colonize and reproduce on several varieties of Myoporum, they demonstrated a preference for M. laetum and M. 'Pacificum' in laboratory and field trials.}, }
@article {pmid30937222, year = {2019}, author = {Park, I and Jones, A and Mazer, SJ}, title = {PhenoForecaster: A software package for the prediction of flowering phenology.}, journal = {Applications in plant sciences}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {e01230}, pmid = {30937222}, issn = {2168-0450}, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Predicting the flowering times of angiosperm taxa is a goal of mounting importance in the face of future climate change, with applications not only in plant biology and ecology, but also horticulture, agriculture, and invasive species management. To date, no tool is available to facilitate predictions of flowering phenology using multivariate phenoclimatic models. Such a tool is needed by researchers and other stakeholders who need to predict phenological activity, but are unfamiliar with phenoclimate modeling techniques. PhenoForecaster allows users of any background to conduct species-specific phenological predictions using an intuitive graphical interface and provides an estimate of each prediction's accuracy.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Elastic net regression techniques were used to develop species-specific models capable of predicting the flowering dates of 2320 angiosperm species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: PhenoForecaster is the first stand-alone package to make phenological modeling directly accessible to users without the need for in-depth phenological observations.}, }
@article {pmid30936269, year = {2019}, author = {Treasure, AM and Chown, SL}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity in locomotor performance of a monophyletic group of weevils accords with the 'warmer is better' hypothesis.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {222}, number = {Pt 9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.195255}, pmid = {30936269}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Hot Temperature ; Indian Ocean Islands ; *Locomotion ; Phylogeny ; Weevils/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Ectotherms may respond to variable environmental conditions by altering their phenotypes. Phenotypic plasticity was initially thought to be beneficial to an organism's physiological fitness but several alternative hypotheses have been proposed with growing empirical support. In this study, we tested the full suite of hypotheses by investigating acclimation responses of locomotor performance for nine populations of five species of sub-Antarctic weevils, using static and fluctuating temperatures. Species showed typical locomotion thermal performance curves with temperature of the maximum speed (Topt) ranging between 22.3±1.7°C (mean±s.e.m.) and 31.1±0.7°C. For most species, Topt was not affected by acclimation. For maximum speed (Umax), significant, positive effects of acclimation were found for all species except a supralittoral one. Individuals acclimated to 0°C showed much lower values than the other two acclimation treatments (15°C and fluctuating 0-15°C). Performance breadth (the index of the breadth of the curve, Tbr) typically showed little response to acclimation. None of the traits of the supralittoral species was affected by acclimation treatment. Responses to stable and fluctuating temperature treatments were similar. Our findings also revealed that the mean estimated activation energy 0.40±0.015 eV (mean±s.e.m.) was lower than for other herbivores, the category to which these weevils belong, suggesting that some form of compensation in the rate-temperature relationship may be evident. Thus, we typically found support for the 'warmer is better' hypothesis for acclimation of locomotor performance, although some compensation was evident.}, }
@article {pmid30935004, year = {2019}, author = {Buddenbaum, H and Watt, MS and Scholten, RC and Hill, J}, title = {Preprocessing Ground-Based Visible/Near Infrared Imaging Spectroscopy Data Affected by Smile Effects.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {19}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {30935004}, issn = {1424-8220}, support = {50EE1530//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Wirtschaft und Energie/ ; C09X1611//New Zealand Ministry for Business, Innovation, and Employment/ ; }, mesh = {Herbicides ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Introduced Species ; Photography/*methods ; Pinus/*growth &amp; development ; *Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; }, abstract = {A data set of very high-resolution visible/near infrared hyperspectral images of young Pinus contorta trees was recorded to study the effects of herbicides on this invasive species. The camera was fixed on a frame while the potted trees were moved underneath on a conveyor belt. To account for changing illumination conditions, a white reference bar was included at the edge of each image line. Conventional preprocessing of the images, i.e., dividing measured values by values from the white reference bar in the same image line, failed and resulted in bad quality spectra with oscillation patterns that are most likely due to wavelength shifts across the sensor's field of view (smile effect). An additional hyperspectral data set of a Spectralon white reference panel could be used to characterize and correct the oscillations introduced by the division, resulting in a high quality spectra that document the effects of herbicides on the reflectance characteristics of coniferous trees. While the spectra of untreated trees remained constant over time, there were clear temporal changes in the spectra of trees treated with both herbicides. One herbicide worked within days, the other one within weeks. Ground-based imaging spectroscopy with meaningful preprocessing proved to be an appropriate tool for monitoring the effects of herbicides on potted plants.}, }
@article {pmid31442162, year = {2018}, author = {Ortega-Morales, AI and Bond, G and Méndez-López, R and Garza-Hernández, JA and Hernández-Triana, LM and Casas-Martínez, M}, title = {First Record of Invasive Mosquito Aedes albopictus in Tabasco and Yucatan, Mexico.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {120-123}, doi = {10.2987/18-6736.1}, pmid = {31442162}, issn = {1943-6270}, mesh = {*Aedes ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Mexico ; }, abstract = {The invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus is currently distributed in most of the southern Mexican region. Since the species was first recorded in the state of Tamaulipas, in northeastern Mexico in 1988, it has expanded its distribution throughout the Sierra Madre Oriental and Gulf of Mexico to the Neotropical region of the country. Currently the species occurs in the states of Tamaulipas, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Veracruz, Chiapas, Morelos, Quintana Roo, Sinaloa, San Luis Potosi, and Hidalgo. This is the first report of the mosquito in the states of Tabasco and Yucatan and the confirmation of its presence in Quintana Roo state. Aedes albopictus has been incriminated as a secondary vector of diseases such as those caused by dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses, which have caused epidemic outbreaks in most tropical and subtropical regions of Mexico; therefore, surveillance for the detection of Ae. albopictus is paramount so that targeted control strategies can be implemented for its control throughout Mexico.}, }
@article {pmid31442161, year = {2018}, author = {Ruedas, G and Peña, H and Brisco, A and Fujioka, KK and Wekesa, JW}, title = {Life Histories and Other Biological Characteristics Enabling the Establishment of Aedes albopictus in the San Gabriel Valley, California.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {93-98}, doi = {10.2987/17-6699.1}, pmid = {31442161}, issn = {1943-6270}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Anopheles/*physiology ; California ; Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; Mosquito Vectors/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Since Aedes albopictus was discovered in 2011 in the San Gabriel Valley it has become widespread despite the "harsh" environmental conditions and intense efforts to control or eliminate it. Species introduced into a new area may survive, thrive, or disappear depending on whether its new environment is suitable. The San Gabriel Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District expended considerable resources from 2011 to 2015 to eradicate this invasive species or, at a minimum, control and manage its spread. Despite the intense effort, the distribution of Ae. albopictus steadily expanded. Over those 5 years this increase shifted from a geometric to exponential pattern. What enabled Ae. albopictus to survive initially, become established, and then expand their distribution when ecological conditions in southern California were considered hostile for this invasive species? This study explores several biological characteristics including skip oviposition, installment egg hatching, and variable larval development that may have helped Ae. albopictus flourish in its new environment.}, }
@article {pmid31442160, year = {2018}, author = {Bajwa, WI}, title = {A Taxonomic Checklist and Relative Abundance of the Mosquitoes of New York City.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {138-142}, doi = {10.2987/18-6738.1}, pmid = {31442160}, issn = {1943-6270}, mesh = {Aedes ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Culex ; Culicidae/*classification ; *Introduced Species ; New York City ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {This is the 1st time that a comprehensive checklist of the mosquitoes of New York City has been compiled. This list is based on an arrayed collection of 2.3 million mosquitoes trapped and identified from 1,369 locations in the city between 2000 and 2017. Forty-seven species and 6 subspecies were identified belonging to 9 mosquito genera. Culex pipiens was the most prevalent species, most frequently encountered throughout the city. Over time, species diversity in the genus Aedes has increased from 10 species in the 1930s to 23 species in the recent surveys (2000-17). Invasive species Aedes albopictus and Ae. japonicus japonicus, which were rare in 2000, are now well established in all 5 boroughs of the city.}, }
@article {pmid31442158, year = {2018}, author = {Claborn, DM and Poiry, M and Famutimi, OD and Duitsman, D and Thompson, KR}, title = {A Survey of Mosquitoes in Southern and Western Missouri.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {131-133}, doi = {10.2987/18-6737.1}, pmid = {31442158}, issn = {1943-6270}, mesh = {Aedes ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Culicidae ; *Introduced Species ; Missouri ; *Mosquito Vectors ; }, abstract = {A survey of adult and immature mosquitoes in southern and western Missouri conducted from June 14 to September 23, 2016, yielded 32 species and 7 genera. The invasive species Aedes albopictus and Ae. japonicus were dispersed widely in the state, but the survey failed to collect any Ae. aegypti. This note discusses the impact of changes in the Missouri mosquito fauna on the risk of human disease transmission.}, }
@article {pmid31442116, year = {2018}, author = {Bradt, D and Coburn, L and Bradley, KK and Noden, BH}, title = {First Record of Aedes japonicus japonicus in Oklahoma, 2017.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {38-41}, doi = {10.2987/17-6690.1}, pmid = {31442116}, issn = {1943-6270}, support = {U50 CK000406/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Aedes/growth &amp; development ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Culex ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Oklahoma ; }, abstract = {In spring 2017, mosquito larvae were collected from 25 sites across eastern Oklahoma as part of a Zika virus vector surveillance effort. Aedes japonicus japonicus larvae were collected from horse troughs at 2 sites in Ottawa County, OK. Identification was made using 1 larva stored in 70% ethanol and 3 adult females reared from the larvae. Another invasive mosquito species, Culex coronator, was detected at 2 different sites, adding 2 additional counties to the 9 where the species had been previously reported. The presence of these invasive species in Oklahoma may have an impact on future regional arbovirus concerns.}, }
@article {pmid31442112, year = {2018}, author = {Alemayehu, D and Reyes, T and Haas-Stapleton, EJ}, title = {Field Evaluation of a Redesigned Oviposition Trap to Monitor Gravid Invasive Aedes Mosquitoes in a Suburban Environment.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {67-69}, doi = {10.2987/17-6647.1}, pmid = {31442112}, issn = {1943-6270}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; California ; Cities ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control/economics/*methods ; *Oviposition ; }, abstract = {Oviposition cup traps (OCT) are commonly used to detect gravid invasive Aedes mosquitoes. Employing OCT during hot summer months or over broad geographic areas is labor intensive because the water in these small-volume traps must be frequently replenished to maintain their attractiveness to mosquitoes. We developed low-cost and simple-to-build oviposition bucket traps (OBT) that attract mosquitoes for more than 1 wk. Comparison of adjacently placed OCT and OBT in the city of Madera, CA, showed OBT captured significantly more Ae. aegypti eggs per trap-night relative to the OCT (8.8 ± 2.6 and 4.1 ± 1.1, respectively; paired t-test, P = 0.0076), and a significantly greater proportion of OBT contained Ae. aegypti eggs relative to OCT (83% of OBT and 65% of OCT; Fisher's exact test, P = 0.0214). The results suggest that OBT can collect larger quantities of Ae. aegypti eggs relative to OCT while potentially offering greater flexibility in scheduling trap inspections.}, }
@article {pmid31021184, year = {2018}, author = {Novak, BJ and Maloney, T and Phelan, R}, title = {Advancing a New Toolkit for Conservation: From Science to Policy.}, journal = {The CRISPR journal}, volume = {1}, number = {}, pages = {11-15}, doi = {10.1089/crispr.2017.0019}, pmid = {31021184}, issn = {2573-1602}, abstract = {Climate change and non-native wildlife diseases are exacerbating persistent challenges to biodiversity such as habitat destruction, invasive species and over-harvesting. With these increasing threats there is a pressing need to expand the conservationists' toolbox. CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing (GE) offers a precise and potentially transformative tool to confront these challenges. Researchers, regulators, conservationists and the public are all needed to engage proactively in the thoughtful and responsible development and application of these new tools.}, }
@article {pmid31998596, year = {2018}, author = {Filek, N and Cimadom, A and Schulze, CH and Jäger, H and Tebbich, S}, title = {The impact of invasive plant management on the foraging ecology of the Warbler Finch (Certhidea olivacea) and the Small Tree Finch (Camarhynchus parvulus) on Galápagos.}, journal = {Journal of ornithology}, volume = {159}, number = {1}, pages = {129-140}, pmid = {31998596}, issn = {2193-7192}, support = {P 26556/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, abstract = {In recent decades, arboreal Darwin's Finches have suffered from a dramatic population decline, which has been attributed to parasitism by the invasive botfly Philornis downsi. However, changes to their primary habitat caused by invasive plant species may have additionally contributed to the observed population decline. The humid cloud forest on Santa Cruz Island is a stronghold of arboreal Darwin's Finches but has been invaded by blackberry (Rubus niveus). In some areas, manual control and herbicide application are used to combat this invasion, both causing a temporary removal of the entire understory. We hypothesized that the removal of the understory reduces the availability of arthropods, which are a main food source during chick rearing. We compared the foraging behaviour of Warbler Finches (Certhidea olivacea) and Small Tree Finches (Camarhynchus parvulus) at three study sites that varied in the degree of R. niveus invasion and the length of time since the last herbicide application. We used prey attack rate and foraging success as an index for food availability and predicted a lower attack rate and foraging success in areas that had recently been sprayed with herbicides. We found that both the invasion and the management of R. niveus influenced microhabitat use, foraging substrate and prey choice in both species. Contrary to our hypothesis, we did not find a lower attack rate or foraging success in the area with recent herbicide application. This may be explained by the finding that both species mainly foraged in the canopy but also used dead plant structures of the understory of the recently controlled area that resulted from the invasive plant management.}, }
@article {pmid31258384, year = {2018}, author = {Epstein, G and Smale, DA}, title = {Environmental and ecological factors influencing the spillover of the non-native kelp, Undaria pinnatifida, from marinas into natural rocky reef communities.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {1049-1072}, pmid = {31258384}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {The non-native kelp, Undaria pinnatifida, is considered one of the world's worst invasive species. The northeast Atlantic is a hotspot of Undaria invasion, yet there is limited knowledge on its invasion dynamics. In the UK its distribution is strongly associated with artificial structures, primarily marina and harbour pontoons, with relatively few records of Undaria on natural substrates. Here, the southwest UK is used as a case region, to explicitly link Undaria distribution-abundance patterns in artificial marina habitats with those in natural rocky reef habitats. Using a mixture of in situ recording and video survey techniques, Undaria was found at all thirteen marina sites surveyed; but in only 17 of 35 rocky reef sites, all of which were in 2 of the 5 larger systems surveyed (Plymouth Sound and Torbay). The distribution-abundance patterns of Undaria at reef sites were analysed using zero-inflated models. The probability of finding Undaria on rocky reef increased with increasing proximity to marinas with high abundances of Undaria. Total propagule pressure from marinas also increased the probability of occurrence, and was positively related to Undaria abundance and cover at reef sites. Increases in the cover of native kelps, Laminaria spp., and wave exposure at reef sites were linked to a reduced probability of Undaria occurrence, and lower abundance and cover. Identifying high risk areas, natural boundaries and factors affecting the spread and abundance of non-native species in natural habitats is key to future management prioritisation. Where Undaria is confined to artificial substrates management may be deemed a low priority. However, the results of this study suggest that controlling the abundance and propagule pressure in artificial habitats may limit, to some extent, the spillover of Undaria into natural rocky reef habitats, where it has the potential to interact with and influence native communities.}, }
@article {pmid31019910, year = {2018}, author = {Darling, JA and Carlton, JT}, title = {A Framework for Understanding Marine Cosmopolitanism in the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {293}, pmid = {31019910}, issn = {2296-7745}, support = {EPA999999//Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {Recent years have witnessed growing appreciation for the ways in which human-mediated species introductions have reshaped marine biogeography. Despite this we have yet to grapple fully with the scale and impact of anthropogenic dispersal in both creating and determining contemporary distributions of marine taxa. In particular, the past several decades of research on marine biological invasions have revealed that broad geographic distributions of coastal marine organisms-historically referred to simply as "cosmopolitanism"-may belie complex interplay of both natural and anthropogenic processes. Here we describe a framework for understanding contemporary cosmopolitanism, informed by a synthesis of the marine bioinvasion literature. Our framework defines several novel categories in an attempt to provide a unified terminology for discussing cosmopolitan distributions in the world's oceans. We reserve the term eucosmopolitan to refer to those species for which data exist to support a true, natural, and prehistorically global (or extremely broad) distribution. While in the past this has been the default assumption for species observed to exhibit contemporary cosmopolitan distributions, we argue that given recent advances in marine invasion science this assignment should require positive evidence. In contrast, neocosmopolitan describes those species that have demonstrably achieved extensive geographic ranges only through historical anthropogenic dispersal, often facilitated over centuries of human maritime traffic. We discuss the history and human geography underpinning these neocosmopolitan distributions, and illustrate the extent to which these factors may have altered natural biogeographic patterns. We define the category pseudocosmopolitan to encompass taxa for which a broad distribution is determined (typically after molecular investigation) to reflect multiple, sometimes regionally endemic, lineages with uncertain taxonomic status; such species may remain cosmopolitan only so long as taxonomic uncertainty persists, after which they may splinter into multiple geographically restricted species. We discuss the methods employed to identify such species and to resolve both their taxonomic status and their biogeographic histories. We argue that recognizing these different types of cosmopolitanism, and the important role that invasion science has played in understanding them, is critically important for the future study of both historical and modern marine biogeography, ecology, and biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid31007567, year = {2018}, author = {Doherty-Bone, TM and Dunn, AM and Liddell, C and Brown, LE}, title = {Transformation of detritus by a European native and two invasive alien freshwater decapods.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {20}, number = {7}, pages = {1799-1808}, pmid = {31007567}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {Invasive alien species have the potential to alter biodiversity and ecosystem processes. In freshwaters, detritus decomposition is a major ecosystem service but it remains uncertain whether invasive alien decapods process detritus differently to natives. This study examined leaf litter processing, and cascading effects on biofilms, by the European native white clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) compared to two invasive alien decapod species: the American signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) and the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Invasive alien decapods were responsible for higher leaf litter decomposition than the native. In comparison with native crayfish, invasive alien crab and crayfish showed higher rates of litter consumption, increased production of smaller leaf fragments, fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) and dissolved organic carbon. Nutrients (ammonia and soluble reactive phosphorous) derived from excretion (measured separately in the absence of biofilms) varied among decapod species, being lower for P. leniusculus. However, nutrient concentrations did not vary among species in the detritivory experiments with biofilm, implying nutrients were utilised for biofilm production and respiration as no differences in biomass were evident among decapod treatments. These results show invasive alien decapods have the potential to increase the magnitude of detrital processing to FPOM in rivers, but indirect impacts on primary producers due to nutrient release are uncertain based on this experimental context.}, }
@article {pmid30996520, year = {2018}, author = {Dangerfield, CE and Whalley, AE and Hanley, N and Gilligan, CA}, title = {What a Difference a Stochastic Process Makes: Epidemiological-Based Real Options Models of Optimal Treatment of Disease.}, journal = {Environmental &amp; resource economics}, volume = {70}, number = {3}, pages = {691-711}, pmid = {30996520}, issn = {0924-6460}, abstract = {The real options approach has been used within environmental economics to investigate the impact of uncertainty on the optimal timing of control measures to minimise the impacts of invasive species, including pests and diseases. Previous studies typically model the growth in infected area using geometric Brownian motion (GBM). The advantage of this simple approach is that it allows for closed form solutions. However, such a process does not capture the mechanisms underlying the spread of infection. In particular the GBM assumption does not respect the natural upper boundary of the system, which is determined by the maximum size of the host species, nor the deceleration in the rate of infection as this boundary is approached. We show how the stochastic process describing the growth in infected area can be derived from the characteristics of the spread of infection. If the model used does not appropriately capture uncertainty in infection dynamics, then the excessive delay before treatment implies that the full value of the option to treat is not realised. Indeed, when uncertainty is high or the disease is fast spreading, ignoring the mechanisms of infection spread can lead to control never being deployed. Thus the results presented here have important implications for the way in which the real options approach is applied to determine optimal timing of disease control given uncertainty in future disease progression.}, }
@article {pmid30956539, year = {2018}, author = {Gomes, SIF and Merckx, VSFT and Hynson, NA}, title = {Biological invasions increase the richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from a Hawaiian subtropical ecosystem.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {20}, number = {9}, pages = {2421-2437}, pmid = {30956539}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {Biological invasions can have various impacts on the diversity of important microbial mutualists such as mycorrhizal fungi, but few studies have tested whether the effects of invasions on mycorrhizal diversity are consistent across spatial gradients. Furthermore, few of these studies have taken place in tropical ecosystems that experience an inordinate rate of invasions into native habitats. Here, we examined the effects of plant invasions dominated by non-native tree species on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in Hawaii. To test the hypothesis that invasions result in consistent changes in AM fungal diversity across spatial gradients relative to native forest habitats, we sampled soil in paired native and invaded sites from three watersheds and used amplicon sequencing to characterize AM fungal communities. Whether our analyses considered phylogenetic relatedness or not, we found that invasions consistently increased the richness of AM fungi. However, AM fungal species composition was not related to invasion status of the vegetation nor local environment, but stratified by watershed. Our results suggest that while invasions can lead to an overall increase in the diversity of microbial mutualists, the effects of plant host identity or geographic structuring potentially outweigh those of invasive species in determining the community membership of AM fungi. Thus, host specificity and spatial factors such as dispersal need to be taken into consideration when examining the effects of biological invasions on symbiotic microbes.}, }
@article {pmid30956538, year = {2018}, author = {Shi, J and Macel, M and Tielbörger, K and Verhoeven, KJF}, title = {Effects of admixture in native and invasive populations of Lythrum salicaria.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {20}, number = {9}, pages = {2381-2393}, pmid = {30956538}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {Intraspecific hybridization between diverged populations can enhance fitness via various genetic mechanisms. The benefits of such admixture have been proposed to be particularly relevant in biological invasions, when invasive populations originating from different source populations are found sympatrically. However, it remains poorly understood if admixture is an important contributor to plant invasive success and how admixture effects compare between invasive and native ranges. Here, we used experimental crosses in Lythrum salicaria, a species with well-established history of multiple introductions to Eastern North America, to quantify and compare admixture effects in native European and invasive North American populations. We observed heterosis in between-population crosses both in native and invasive ranges. However, invasive-range heterosis was restricted to crosses between two different Eastern and Western invasion fronts, whereas heterosis was absent in geographically distant crosses within a single large invasion front. Our results suggest that multiple introductions have led to already-admixed invasion fronts, such that experimental crosses do not further increase performance, but that contact between different invasion fronts further enhances fitness after admixture. Thus, intra-continental movement of invasive plants in their introduced range has the potential to boost invasiveness even in well-established and successfully spreading invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30950593, year = {2018}, author = {Bitsindou, P and Bantsimba-Ndziona, MJ and Lenga, A}, title = {[Current Distribution and Bioecological Characterizations of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Brazzaville].}, journal = {Bulletin de la Societe de pathologie exotique (1990)}, volume = {111}, number = {5}, pages = {301-308}, doi = {10.3166/bspe-2019-0056}, pmid = {30950593}, issn = {1961-9049}, mesh = {*Aedes/classification/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Bites and Stings/*epidemiology ; Congo/epidemiology ; Demography ; Disease Reservoirs/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Humans ; Larva ; Population Dynamics ; Rain ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Aedes aegypti is a mosquito that has been known in Congo for decades. It has always been involved in the transmission of some arboviruses. Ae. albopictus is an invasive species native from Asia. Its presence was reported in Congo in 2009. The proliferation of Ae. albopictus, especially in Brazzaville, in association with Ae. aegypti, have increased the risk of arbovirus transmission. The distribution and bio-ecology of these two species remain poorly studied. We undertook entomological investigations to determine the bio-ecological factors that may influence the abundance and distribution of the two species in two districts of Brazzaville. Collection of immature stages was carried out during the survey of breeding sites. In addition, adults were captured twice a day (morning and evening) during 8 collection sessions in dwellings. The results show that both species have the same distribution and share the same ecological sites. Their activity is essentially diurnal with nocturnal intrusion. They are more exophagous than endophagous. Domestic and peri-domestic sites, especially tires and water storage containers, are the most productive breeding sites. The biting activity has two peaks: one at the end of morning and the other at the end of afternoon. Both species have been observed in all areas visited and the larval index values are above WHO standards indicating a high epidemic risk. Aedes albopictus is the predominant species.}, }
@article {pmid30951575, year = {2017}, author = {Perkins, SE and White, TA and Pascoe, EL and Gillingham, EL}, title = {Parasite community dynamics in an invasive vole - From focal introduction to wave front.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {412-419}, pmid = {30951575}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {Multiple parasite species simultaneously infecting a host can interact with one another, which has the potential to influence host-parasite interactions. Invasive species typically lose members of their parasite community during the invasion process. Not only do the founding population escape their parasites, but the rapid range expansion of invaders once in the invaded range can lead to additional stochastic loss of parasites. As such, parasite community dynamics may change along an invasion gradient, with consequences for host invasion success. Here, we use the bank vole, Myodes glareolus, introduced as a small founding population at a point source in the Republic of Ireland in c.1920's and its ecto- and endoparasites to ask: i) how does the parasite community vary across an invasion gradient, and ii) are parasite community associations driven by host traits and/or distance from the point of host introduction? We sampled the parasite community of M. glareolus at the proposed focal site of introduction, at mid-wave and the invasion front, and used a parasite interactivity index and statistical models to determine the potential for the parasite community to interact. Bank voles harboured up to six different parasite taxa, with a significantly higher parasite interactivity index at the foci of introduction (z = 2.33, p = 0.02) than elsewhere, suggesting the most established parasite community has greater opportunities to interact. All but one of four synergistic parasite community associations were driven by host traits; sex and body mass. The remaining parasite-parasite associations occurred at the mid-point of the invasion wave, suggesting that specific parasite-parasite interactions are not mediated by distance from a focal point of host introduction. We propose that host traits rather than location along an invasion gradient are more likely to determine parasite-parasite interactions in the invasive bank vole.}, }
@article {pmid30951569, year = {2017}, author = {Truter, M and Přikrylová, I and Weyl, OLF and Smit, NJ}, title = {Co-introduction of ancyrocephalid monogeneans on their invasive host, the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepéde, 1802) in South Africa.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {420-429}, pmid = {30951569}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {Largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepéde, 1802) were sampled from three provinces (Eastern Cape EC, North West NWP and KwaZulu-Natal KZN) in South Africa to assess for parasite diversity and community composition. Morphological evaluation of the sampled parasite specimens provided evidence for the first record of five monogeneans from the family Ancyrocephalidae: Clavunculus bursatus (Mueller, 1963), Onchocleidus dispar (Mueller, 1936), Onchocleidus furcatus (Mueller, 1937), Onchocleidus principalis (Mizelle, 1936) and Syncleithrium fusiformis (Mueller, 1934) from the African continent. Community composition differed between localities. Clavunculus bursatus were only sampled from the EC and KZN, O. dispar and O. principalis were only sampled from the EC, O. furcatus was only sampled from the NWP and KZN localities and S. fusiformis only from KZN. Prevalence was 100% at all localities. Data from this study support the enemy release hypothesis as many of the parasites reported from the native range of M. salmoides were not collected.}, }
@article {pmid30951573, year = {2017}, author = {Smit, NJ and Malherbe, W and Hadfield, KA}, title = {Alien freshwater fish parasites from South Africa: Diversity, distribution, status and the way forward.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {386-401}, pmid = {30951573}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {The global translocation and introduction of freshwater fish into non-native regions has created the perfect opportunity for the co-introduction of their parasites. In a recent review on non-native freshwater fish introductions in South Africa, 55 fishes were reported as introduced into novel environments in South Africa, with 27 alien and 28 extralimital. However, the parasites potentially co-introduced by these non-native fishes have received much less attention from researchers than the hosts themselves. Thus far, the only attempts at summarising our knowledge on the diversity of introduced freshwater fish parasites in this region dates back to the 1980s when only four parasite species were considered to be alien, with a further eight species as doubtful. Over the last thirty years, more records have been added and this paper aims to provide an up-to-date review of our knowledge on the diversity, distribution, status (co-invasive or co-introduced) and the direction for future studies on introduced freshwater fish parasites in South Africa. Here we consider seven species (four ciliates, and one cestode, copepod and branchiuran respectively) as confirmed co-invaders, and 16 species (one flagelate, four ciliates, one cestode and ten monogeneans) as co-introduced. In addition, six species (three ciliates, two monogeneans and one copepod) previously recorded as invasive are deemed to be of uncertain status, and one ciliate is removed from the list of known invasive parasites from this region. It is further proposed that future research should focus on extralimital co-introductions, especially in the Eastern and Western Cape regions of South Africa where more than half of the fishes present are introduced species. It is also recommended that all new records of introduced parasites and new distribution records of known invasive parasites should include the deposition of voucher specimens in museums and, as far as possible, include molecular confirmation of its identification.}, }
@article {pmid30951566, year = {2017}, author = {Galipaud, M and Bollache, L and Lagrue, C}, title = {Variations in infection levels and parasite-induced mortality among sympatric cryptic lineages of native amphipods and a congeneric invasive species: Are native hosts always losing?.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {439-447}, pmid = {30951566}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {Shared parasites can strongly influence the outcome of competition between congeneric, sympatric hosts, and thus host population dynamics. Parasite-mediated competition is commonly hypothesized as an important factor in biological invasion success; invasive species often experience lower infection levels and/or parasite-induced mortality than native congeneric hosts. However, variation in infection levels among sympatric hosts can be due to contrasting abilities to avoid infection or different parasite-induced mortality rates following infection. Low parasite infection levels in a specific host can be due to either factor but have drastically different implications in interaction outcomes between sympatric hosts. We assessed acanthocephalan infection levels (prevalence and abundance) among cryptic molecular taxonomic units (MOTU) of the native G. pulex/G. fossarum species complex from multiple populations where they occur in sympatry. We concomitantly estimated the same parameters in the invasive Gammarus roeseli commonly found in sympatry with G. pulex/G. fossarum MOTUs. We then tested for potential differences in parasite-induced mortality among these alternative hosts. As expected, the invasive G. roeseli showed relatively low infection level and was not subject to parasite-induced mortality. We also found that both acanthocephalan infection levels and parasite-induced mortality varied greatly among cryptic MOTUs of the native amphipods. Contrary to expectations, some native MOTUs displayed levels of resistance to their local parasites similar to those observed in the invasive G. roeseli. Overall, cryptic diversity in native amphipods coupled with high levels of variability in infection levels and parasite-induced mortality documented here may strongly influence inter-MOTU interactions and native population dynamics as well as invasion success and population dynamics of the congeneric invasive G. roeseli.}, }
@article {pmid30951574, year = {2017}, author = {Lagrue, C}, title = {Impacts of crustacean invasions on parasite dynamics in aquatic ecosystems: A plea for parasite-focused studies.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {364-374}, pmid = {30951574}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {While there is considerable interest in, and good evidence for, the role that parasites play in biological invasions, the potential parallel effects of species introduction on parasite dynamics have clearly received less attention. Indeed, much effort has been focused on how parasites can facilitate or limit invasions, and positively or negatively impact native host species and recipient communities. Contrastingly, the potential consequences of biological invasions for the diversity and dynamics of both native and introduced parasites have been and are still mainly overlooked, although successful invasion by non-native host species may have large, contrasting and unpredictable effects on parasites. This review looks at the links between biological invasions and pathogens, and particularly at crustacean invasions in aquatic ecosystems and their potential effects on native and invasive parasites, and discusses what often remains unknown even from well-documented systems. Aquatic crustaceans are hosts to many parasites and are often invasive. Published studies show that crustacean invasion can have highly contrasting effects on parasite dynamics, even when invasive host and parasite species are phylogenetically close to their native counterparts. These effects seem to be dependent on multiple factors such as host suitability, parasite life-cycle or host-specific resistance to parasitic manipulation. Furthermore, introduced hosts can have drastically contrasting effects on parasite standing crop and transmission, two parameters that should be independently assessed before drawing any conclusion on the potential effects of novel hosts on parasites and the key processes influencing disease dynamics following biological invasions. I conclude by calling for greater recognition of biological invasions' effects on parasite dynamics, more parasite-focused studies and suggest some potential ways to assess these effects.}, }
@article {pmid30951572, year = {2017}, author = {Poulin, R}, title = {Invasion ecology meets parasitology: Advances and challenges.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {361-363}, pmid = {30951572}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {Biological invasions threaten the diversity and functioning of native ecosystems, and the rate at which species are being introduced to new areas shows no sign of slowing down. Parasites play roles in biological invasions, for instance when native parasites interact with exotic hosts, or when parasites themselves are introduced to new areas. However, publication trends show clearly that research on parasitism in the context of biological invasions is lagging far behind research on biological invasions in general. The different articles in this special issue of International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife on 'Invasions' address various aspects of the interface between parasitology and invasion biology, including how invasive free-living species lose or gain parasites on the invasion front as they move away from their site of introduction, how these invasive species affect the dynamics of native parasites, and how exotic parasites become established and impact native hosts. Together, they highlight the challenges facing researchers in this area, and set the agenda for the next few years of research.}, }
@article {pmid32009678, year = {2017}, author = {Noble, A and Palmer, SM and Glaves, DJ and Crowle, A and Holden, J}, title = {Impacts of peat bulk density, ash deposition and rainwater chemistry on establishment of peatland mosses.}, journal = {Plant and soil}, volume = {419}, number = {1}, pages = {41-52}, pmid = {32009678}, issn = {0032-079X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Peatland moss communities play an important role in ecosystem function. Drivers such as fire and atmospheric pollution have the capacity to influence mosses via multiple pathways. Here, we investigate physical and chemical processes which may influence establishment and growth of three key moss species in peatlands.<br><br>METHODS: A controlled factorial experiment investigated the effects of different peat bulk density, ash deposition and rainwater chemistry treatments on the growth of Sphagnum capillifolium, S. fallax and Campylopus introflexus.<br><br>RESULTS: Higher peat bulk density limited growth of both Sphagnum species. S. capillifolium and C. introflexus responded positively to ash deposition. Less polluted rain limited growth of C. introflexus. Biomass was well correlated with percentage cover in all three species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Peat bulk density increases caused by fire or drainage can limit Sphagnum establishment and growth, potentially threatening peatland function. Ash inputs may have direct benefits for some Sphagnum species, but are also likely to increase competition from other bryophytes and vascular plants which may offset positive effects. Rainwater pollution may similarly increase competition to Sphagnum, and could enhance positive effects of ash addition on C. introflexus growth. Finally, cover can provide a useful approximation of biomass where destructive sampling is undesirable.}, }
@article {pmid31966198, year = {2016}, author = {Li, KC and Shieh, BS and Chiu, YW and Huang, DJ and Liang, SH}, title = {Growth, Diet Composition and Reproductive Biology of the Invasive Freshwater Fish Chevron snakehead Channa striata on a Subtropical Island.}, journal = {Zoological studies}, volume = {55}, number = {}, pages = {e53}, pmid = {31966198}, issn = {1810-522X}, abstract = {Kuan-chung Li, Bao-sen Shieh, Yuh-wen Chiu, Da-ji Huang, and Shih-hsiung Liang (2016) The Chevron snakehead (Channa striata) has been invading Taiwan for over 30 years, and it is currently widely distributed across diverse aquatic habitats within the island. Due to its strong environmental adaptability and carnivorous diet, C. striata has caused great negative impacts to the biodiversity of native fishes and aquatic organisms in Taiwan. To effectively restrain its spatial distribution and population, the objective of this study was to investigate the growing conditions, diet composition, and reproductive biology of C. striata in the field. In total, 294 individuals were collected from wetlands, irrigation canals, streams, and reservoirs in southern Taiwan from September 2008 to December 2010. Among 272 sex-identified individuals, more females (164) were collected than males (108). The morphological differences between the sexes could not be distinguished by the 10 body measurements recorded. Diverse food items, including snails, odonates, fishes, amphibians, and reptiles, were identified in the stomachs of 35 individuals. The minimum body length of sexually mature C. striata females exhibited at a standard length of 24.5 cm (total length 28 cm). The appearance of mature oocytes were mainly observed from July to November in 2009 and from April to October in 2010. Greater absolute fecundity (oocyte/individual) was estimated in Taiwan for C. striata than in its original distribution range possibly due to less water level fluctuation in the sampling habitats of Taiwan. The relative fecundity (oocyte/g) for C. striata was considered lower but within the documented range in Taiwan when compared with its original habitat in Malaysia. To effectively manage C. striata in Taiwan, regionally eradiating young and adult individuals, especially during the reproductive season and educating people to stop releasing it in the wild are possible ways to restrain and control the further spread of this exotic fish in Taiwan.}, }
@article {pmid31966196, year = {2016}, author = {Madalozzo, B and Both, C and Cechin, S}, title = {Can Protected Areas with Agricultural Edges Avoid Invasions? The Case of Bullfrogs in the Southern Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil.}, journal = {Zoological studies}, volume = {55}, number = {}, pages = {e51}, pmid = {31966196}, issn = {1810-522X}, abstract = {Bruno Madalozzo, Camila Both, and Sonia Cechin (2016) The American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, is one of the 100 most harmful invasive species of the planet. Climatic and topographic models predict that the Atlantic Forest regions of southern Brazil are favorable for the establishment of invasive bullfrog populations. The predicted increase of temperature and concentration of gases associated with the greenhouse effect will augment the vulnerability of protected areas of the Atlantic forest to bullfrog invasions in the coming years. In this study we investigated to what extent protected areas of the Atlantic Forest surrounded by anthropogenic landscapes are vulnerable to bullfrog invasions. We conducted surveys in 36 waterbodies located either in a protected area or in anthropogenically modified adjacent locations on a forest-edge-agriculture gradient. We collected data on abundance and breeding to identify the main descriptors (local and landscape variables) that explain the distribution of bullfrogs along this gradient. The variance partitioning analysis showed a strongest association of bullfrog abundance with local waterbody descriptors (area-depth-hydroperiod) and secondarily with a forest-edge-agriculture gradient, i.e., the landscape. The observed distribution pattern suggests that protected areas are likely to be invaded by bullfrogs. Therefore, management strategies should focus on both scales: landscape and waterbody. Supervising the construction of large (permanent or deep) waterbodies in edge habitats of the park and adjacent areas can be effective and agriculture and forest management could importantly complement the prevention of invasions.}, }
@article {pmid31018410, year = {2015}, author = {Al-Sabi, MNS and Chriél, M and Hansen, MS and Enemark, HL}, title = {Baylisascaris procyonis in wild raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Denmark.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports}, volume = {1-2}, number = {}, pages = {55-58}, doi = {10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.03.001}, pmid = {31018410}, issn = {2405-9390}, abstract = {The nematode Baylisascaris procyonis, which may cause severe clinical disease in humans and animals, is emerging in Europe after its introduction with raccoons (Procyon lotor) from North America. B. procyonis has a broad spectrum of paratenic hosts, including rodents, birds, wild carnivores and primates, which are severely affected by the migrating larval stages of the parasite. We report here the recovery of B. procyonis from two out of 18 examined wild raccoons in Denmark. The parasites were identified based on morphology and their identity was confirmed by partial sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene. Follow-up telephone interviews of staffs in nine zoos housing captive raccoons and veterinarians supervising these zoos showed that knowledge of B. procyonis and its zoonotic potential were sparse. Eggs of B. procyonis were detected in two raccoons kept in one of three zoos that submitted fecal samples following the telephone interviews. Continuous monitoring and increased awareness are needed to reduce further spread of the parasite and to limit the public health risks associated with baylisascariasis.}, }
@article {pmid31966142, year = {2015}, author = {Kumar, R and Muhid, P and Dahms, HU and Sharma, J and Hwang, JS}, title = {Biological mosquito control is affected by alternative prey.}, journal = {Zoological studies}, volume = {54}, number = {}, pages = {e55}, pmid = {31966142}, issn = {1810-522X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mosquitofish were introduced to several countries of the tropics and subtropics as biological agents for the control of mosquito larvae. Meanwhile, they became a threat to native communities and fish worldwide, similar to other invasive species through resource competition, overexploitation, or habitat alteration. We investigated prey selectivity patterns of Gambusia affinis (mosquitofish) preying on larvae of the two Indian major carps (Catla catla and Labeo rohita) in the presence of varied proportions of alternative prey (rotifers, cladocerans, chironomid and mosquito larvae) under laboratory conditions.<br><br>RESULTS: The patterns of prey selectivity in mosquitofish were influenced by the presence of alternative prey and theirrelative abundance in the environment. Carp larvae, when present in equal proportions, were randomly selected by mosquitofish, however, positively selected when present in higher proportions.Inthe presence of Hexarthramira, Daphnia similoides or the mosquito larval instar-IV as an alternative prey, the mosquitofish preferred fish larvae regardless of prey proportions. In the medium where either mosquito larval instar-I or chironomid larvae were givenas alternative prey, the mosquitofish either rejected or randomly selected the carp larvae. Given a multispecies prey combination, mosquitofish primarily selected the larvae of L.rohita and mosquito larval instar-I. We also found a prey switching ability of mosquitofish in relation to varying abundances of prey species in the environment.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Thepresent results suggest that mosquito immatures are not the preferred food of mosquitofish when fish larvae are present in their natural habitats. Since mosquitofish and carp larvae have overlapping natural habitats and prey preferences are the invasive mosquitofish may have a substantial impact on native communities of invertebrates and fish. This way, they are equally important for extensive fisheries and conservation management.}, }
@article {pmid31275055, year = {2014}, author = {Adebayo, AA and Zhan, A and Bailey, SA and MacIsaac, HJ}, title = {Domestic ships as a potential pathway of nonindigenous species from the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {793-801}, pmid = {31275055}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {Ballast water moved by transoceanic vessels has been recognized globally as a predominant vector for the introduction of aquatic nonindigenous species (NIS). In contrast, domestic ships operating within confined geographic areas have been viewed as low risk for invasions, and are exempt from regulation in consequence. We examined if the St. Lawrence River could serve as a source of NIS for the Laurentian Great Lakes by surveying ballast water carried by domestic vessels and comparing biological composition in predominant St. Lawrence River-Great Lakes port-pairs in order to determine the likelihood that NIS could be transported to, and survive in, the Great Lakes. Thirteen potential invaders were sampled from ballast water, while 26 taxa sampled from St. Lawrence River ports are not reported from the Great Lakes. The majority of NIS recorded in samples are marine species with low potential for survival in the Great Lakes, however two euryhaline species (copepod Oithona similis, and amphipod Gammarus palustris) and two taxa reported from brackish waters (copepod Microsetella norvegica and decapod Cancer irroratus) may pose a risk for invasion. In addition, four marine NIS were collected in freshwater samples indicating that at least a subset of marine species have potential as new invaders to the Great Lakes. Based on results from this study, the ports of Montreal, Sorel, Tracy and Trois Rivières appear to pose the highest risk for new ballast-mediated NIS from the St. Lawrence River to the Great Lakes.}, }
@article {pmid30934941, year = {2019}, author = {Kenis, M and du Plessis, H and Van den Berg, J and Ba, MN and Goergen, G and Kwadjo, KE and Baoua, I and Tefera, T and Buddie, A and Cafà, G and Offord, L and Rwomushana, I and Polaszek, A}, title = {Telenomus Remus, a Candidate Parasitoid for the Biological Control of Spodoptera Frugiperda in Africa, is already Present on the Continent.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {30934941}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {xxx//Department for International Development (DFID), UK and Directorate-General for International Cooperation (DGIS), Netherlands through CABI's Action on Invasives programme; Maize Trust, South Africa/ ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, a moth originating from tropical and subtropical America, has recently become a serious pest of cereals in sub-Saharan Africa. Biological control offers an economically and environmentally safer alternative to synthetic insecticides that are being used for the management of this pest. Consequently, various biological control options are being considered, including the introduction of Telenomus remus, the main egg parasitoid of S. frugiperda in the Americas, where it is already used in augmentative biological control programmes. During surveys in South, West, and East Africa, parasitized egg masses of S. frugiperda were collected, and the emerged parasitoids were identified through morphological observations and molecular analyses as T. remus. The presence of T. remus in Africa in at least five countries provides a great opportunity to develop augmentative biological control methods and register the parasitoid against S. frugiperda. Surveys should be carried out throughout Africa to assess the present distribution of T. remus on the continent, and the parasitoid could be re-distributed in the regions where it is absent, following national and international regulations. Classical biological control should focus on the importation of larval parasitoids from the Americas.}, }
@article {pmid30933715, year = {2019}, author = {Guo, Q and Shu, YN and Liu, C and Chi, Y and Liu, YQ and Wang, XW}, title = {Transovarial transmission of tomato yellow leaf curl virus by seven species of the Bemisia tabaci complex indigenous to China: Not all whiteflies are the same.}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {531}, number = {}, pages = {240-247}, pmid = {30933715}, issn = {1096-0341}, mesh = {Animals ; Begomovirus/*physiology ; China ; Hemiptera/classification/genetics/*physiology/*virology ; Insect Vectors/classification/genetics/*physiology/*virology ; Solanum lycopersicum/*virology ; Plant Diseases/*virology ; }, abstract = {Begomoviruses contain some of the most damaging viral disease agents of crops worldwide, and are transmitted by whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci species complex. During the last 20 years, transovarial transmission of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) has been reported in two invasive species of the B. tabaci complex. To further decipher the importance of this mode of transmission, we analyzed transovarial transmission of TYLCV by seven whitefly species indigenous to China. TYLCV virions were detected in eggs of all species except one, and in nymphs of two species, but in none of the ensuing adults of all seven species. Our results suggest that these indigenous whiteflies are unable to transmit TYLCV, a begomovirus alien to China, via ova to produce future generations of viruliferous adults, although most of the species exhibit varying ability to carry over the virus to the eggs/nymphs of their offspring via transovarial transmission.}, }
@article {pmid30933359, year = {2019}, author = {Stotz, GC and Gianoli, E and Cahill, JF}, title = {Biotic homogenization within and across eight widely distributed grasslands following invasion by Bromus inermis.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {100}, number = {7}, pages = {e02717}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2717}, pmid = {30933359}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {//ACA Eligible Conservation Fund/International ; //Rangeland Research Institute Competitive Research/International ; //NSERC Discovery and Accelerator/International ; //CONICYT Becas-Chile scholarship/International ; }, mesh = {Alberta ; Biodiversity ; *Bromus ; *Grassland ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can alter the structure and function of the communities they invade, as well as lead to biotic homogenization across their invasive range, thus affecting large-scale diversity patterns. The mechanisms by which invasive species can lead to biotic homogenization are poorly understood. We argue that invasive species acting as strong, deterministic, and consistent filters within and across invaded communities are likely to cause biotic homogenization at multiple spatial scales. We studied Bromus inermis Leyss. invasion into eight grasslands covering most of the grassland and parkland natural regions of Alberta (western Canada). Specifically, we tested whether B. inermis (1) has a strong impact on species richness and composition, (2) consistently alters resources (nutrients, light, and soil moisture), imposing the same ecological filter to species establishment and persistence across sites, and hence (3) whether it leads to biotic homogenization within and across sites. We recorded plant cover and resources across native-to-invaded transition areas combining space-for-time substitutions with time-series data analyses. Bromus inermis invasion was associated with rapid biotic homogenization of communities, within and among the eight grasslands. The sharp changes in species relative abundances following invasion was the initial driver of biotic homogenization, and species loss was delayed. Supporting the idea that biotic homogenization can occur when an invasive species presents a broad and consistent filter, resources modified by B. inermis invasion (particularly light and certain nutrients) were altered rather consistently within and across sites. The 50% reduction in light was likely the initial driver of biotic homogenization, and the increase in nutrient availability probably facilitates the displacement of species from the invaded areas and could lead to the establishment of self-reinforcing dynamics. Overall, our results support the idea that invaders acting as strong, deterministic, and consistent ecological filters are likely to cause biotic homogenization of the communities they invade.}, }
@article {pmid30933311, year = {2019}, author = {Portier, E and Silver, WL and Yang, WH}, title = {Invasive perennial forb effects on gross soil nitrogen cycling and nitrous oxide fluxes depend on phenology.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {100}, number = {7}, pages = {e02716}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2716}, pmid = {30933311}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {California ; Carbon ; Ecosystem ; Nitrogen ; *Nitrous Oxide ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants can increase soil nitrogen (N) pools and accelerate soil N cycling rates, but their effect on gross N cycling and nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions has rarely been studied. We hypothesized that perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) invasion would increase rates of N cycling and gaseous N loss, thereby depleting ecosystem N and causing a negative feedback on invasion. We measured a suite of gross N cycling rates and net N2 O fluxes in invaded and uninvaded areas of an annual grassland in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta region of northern California. During the growing season, pepperweed-invaded soils had lower microbial biomass N, gross N mineralization, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), and denitrification-derived net N2 O fluxes (P < 0.02 for all). During pepperweed dormancy, gross N mineralization, DNRA, and denitrification-derived net N2 O fluxes were stimulated in pepperweed-invaded plots, presumably by N-rich litter inputs and decreased competition between microbes and plants for N (P < 0.04 for all). Soil organic carbon and total N concentrations, which reflect pepperweed effects integrated over longer time scales, were lower in pepperweed-invaded soils (P < 0.001 and P = 0.04, respectively). Overall, pepperweed invasion had a net negative effect on ecosystem N status, depleting soil total N to potentially cause a negative feedback to invasion in the long term.}, }
@article {pmid30931976, year = {2019}, author = {Tsurui-Sato, K and Fujimoto, S and Deki, O and Suzuki, T and Tatsuta, H and Tsuji, K}, title = {Reproductive interference in live-bearing fish: the male guppy is a potential biological agent for eradicating invasive mosquitofish.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {5439}, pmid = {30931976}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Competitive Behavior ; Cyprinodontiformes/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Male ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Poecilia/*physiology ; *Reproduction ; }, abstract = {The eradication of invasive exotic species is desirable but often infeasible. Here, we show that male guppies are a potential biological agent for eradicating invasive mosquitofish through the mechanism of reproductive interference, which is defined as any sexual behavior erratically directed at a different species that damages female and/or male fitness. Together with decades of data on species distribution, our field surveys suggest that mosquitofish initially became established on Okinawa Island before being replaced by the more recently introduced guppies. More importantly, our laboratory experiments suggest that reproductive interference was one of the mechanisms underlying this species exclusion, and that in this case, the negative effects were asymmetric, i.e., they only impacted mosquitofish. Reproductive interference may offer a safer and more convenient method of biological control than the traditional sterile male release method because radiation is not necessary.}, }
@article {pmid30930645, year = {2019}, author = {M Hernández-Triana, L and A Brugman, V and I Nikolova, N and Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo,  and Barrero, E and Thorne, L and Fernández de Marco, M and Krüger, A and Lumley, S and Johnson, N and R Fooks, A}, title = {DNA barcoding of British mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) to support species identification, discovery of cryptic genetic diversity and monitoring invasive species.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {832}, number = {}, pages = {57-76}, pmid = {30930645}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Correct mosquito species identification is essential for mosquito and disease control programs. However, this is complicated by the difficulties in morphologically identifying some mosquito species. In this study, variation of a partial sequence of the cytochrome c oxidase unit I (COI) gene was used for the molecular identification of British mosquito species and to facilitate the discovery of cryptic diversity, and monitoring invasive species. Three DNA extraction methods were compared to obtain DNA barcodes from adult specimens. In total, we analyzed 42 species belonging to the genera Aedes Meigen, 1818 (21 species), Anopheles Meigen, 1818 (7 species), Coquillettidia Theobald, 1904 (1 species), Culex Linnaeus, 1758 (6 species), Culiseta Felt, 1904 (7 species), and Orthopodomyia Theobald, 1904 (1 species). Intraspecific genetic divergence ranged from 0% to 5.4%, while higher interspecific divergences were identified between Aedesgeminus Peus, 1971/Culisetalitorea (Shute, 1928) (24.6%) and Ae.geminus/An.plumbeus Stephens, 1828 (22.5%). Taxonomic discrepancy was shown between An.daciae Linton, Nicolescu &amp; Harbach, 2004 and An.messeae Falleroni, 1828 indicating the poor resolution of the COI DNA barcoding region in separating these taxa. Other species such as Ae.cantans (Meigen, 1818)/Ae.annulipes (Meigen, 1830) showed similar discrepancies indicating some limitation of this genetic marker to identify certain mosquito species. The combination of morphology and DNA barcoding is an effective approach for the identification of British mosquitoes, for invasive mosquitoes posing a threat to the UK, and for the detection of hidden diversity within species groups.}, }
@article {pmid30930639, year = {2019}, author = {Tang, KL and Pierce, MP and Guénard, B}, title = {Review of the genus Strumigenys (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae) in Hong Kong with the description of three new species and the addition of five native and four introduced species records.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {831}, number = {}, pages = {1-48}, pmid = {30930639}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The species of the ant genus Strumigenys Smith, 1860 found in Hong Kong are reviewed based on new sampling efforts performed over the past five years (2014-2018). Prior to this, 12 Strumigenys species had been recorded from Hong Kong, all confirmed here. Moreover, we add to this list three newly described species: S.hirsuta sp. n., S.lantaui sp. n., and S.nathistorisoc sp. n., and describe for the first time the worker caste of S.formosa Terayama, Lin &amp; Wu, 1995. We report new records for nine additional species, bringing the total number of species to 24, including four newly recorded species (S.hexamera Brown, 1958, S.membranifera Emery, 1869, S.nepalensis Baroni Urbani and De Andrade, 1994, and S.rogeri Emery, 1890) which are considered to be introduced to Hong Kong. A global review of the introduced Strumigenys species is presented. The taxonomic validity of S.feae and S.formosensis is discussed in light of new specimen measurements. New ecological information on the swarming periods of 11 species is presented on the basis of year-long sampling of aerial insects. Finally, the importance of our results within Southeast Asia and the need for future sampling efforts in the region is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid30927576, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, L and Li, Y and Huang, J and Liu, J and Liu, X}, title = {Evaluation of the short-term and long-term performance of biological invasion management in the China-Myanmar border region.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {240}, number = {}, pages = {1-8}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.061}, pmid = {30927576}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {China ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Mikania ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species pose great threats to ecological and economic health and cause enormous losses to global ecosystems. The Mikania micrantha management program is a source of great theoretical and practical insights for regional agricultural and forestry development. In this paper, the invasion history and distribution patterns of M. micrantha in the China-Myanmar Border Region are summarized, and the short-term and long-term performance of the current post-border management program are evaluated. A literature survey found that M. micrantha was mainly distributed in 85 townships of five municipalities along the border in China with Myanmar, suggesting an explicit border-crossing scenario of M. micrantha. The M. micrantha management program has produced positive but short-term results due to the conduction of general investigations, establishment of an extensive monitoring network, development of integrated measures, and improvements of public awareness and participation. However, the long-term management performance was hampered by overlapping departmental functions, lagging and unreliable public feedback, inadequate funding, and biased and passive strategies. We suggest that invasive species committees, social media tools, public-private partnership, and forest restoration and conservation and biological control could greatly improve the situation. This regional-scale research provides referential insights for the development of biological invasion management systems in developing economies under transboundary contexts.}, }
@article {pmid30926920, year = {2019}, author = {Mamet, SD and Redlick, E and Brabant, M and Lamb, EG and Helgason, BL and Stanley, K and Siciliano, SD}, title = {Structural equation modeling of a winnowed soil microbiome identifies how invasive plants re-structure microbial networks.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {1988-1996}, pmid = {30926920}, issn = {1751-7370}, mesh = {Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Introduced Species ; Latent Class Analysis ; Microbial Consortia ; Phylogeny ; Plants/*microbiology ; Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {The development of microbial networks is central to ecosystem functioning and is the hallmark of complex natural systems. Characterizing network development over time and across environmental gradients is hindered by the millions of potential interactions among community members, limiting interpretations of network evolution. We developed a feature selection approach using data winnowing that identifies the most ecologically influential microorganisms within a network undergoing change. Using a combination of graph theory, leave-one-out analysis, and statistical inference, complex microbial communities are winnowed to identify the core organisms responding to external gradients or functionality, and then network development is evaluated against these externalities. In a plant invasion case study, the winnowed microbial network became more influential as the plant invasion progressed as a result of direct plant-microbe links rather than the expected indirect plant-soil-microbe links. This represents the first use of structural equation modeling to predict microbial network evolution, which requires identification of keystone taxa and quantification of the ecological processes underpinning community structure and function patterns.}, }
@article {pmid30926662, year = {2019}, author = {Fournier, A and Penone, C and Pennino, MG and Courchamp, F}, title = {Predicting future invaders and future invasions.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {116}, number = {16}, pages = {7905-7910}, pmid = {30926662}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Ants/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Computational Biology/*methods ; Humans ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; *Models, Statistical ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species are a great threat to biodiversity and human livelihoods worldwide. The most effective way to limit their impacts and costs is to prevent their introduction into new areas. Identifying invaders and invasions before their occurrence would arguably be the most efficient strategy. Here, we provide a profiling method to predict which species-with which particular ecological characteristics-will invade, and where they could invade. We illustrate our approach with ants, which are among the most detrimental invasive species, as they are responsible for declines of numerous taxa, are involved in local extinctions, disturb ecosystem functioning, and impact multiple human activities. Based on statistical profiling of 1,002 ant species from an extensive trait database, we identify 13 native ant species with an ecological profile that matches that of known invasive ants. Even though they are not currently described as such, these species are likely to become the next global invaders. We couple these predictions with species distribution models to identify the regions most at risk from the invasion of these species: Florida and Central America, Brazil, Central Africa and Madagascar, Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea Northeast Australia, and many islands worldwide. This framework, applicable to any other taxa, represents a remarkable opportunity to implement timely and specifically shaped proactive management strategies against biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid30926267, year = {2019}, author = {Di Poi, E and Kraus, R and Cabrini, M and Finotto, S and Flander-Putrle, V and Grego, M and Kužat, N and Ninčević Gladan, &#x17d; and Pezzolesi, L and Riccardi, E and Bernardi Aubry, F and Bastianini, M}, title = {Dinoflagellate resting cysts from surface sediments of the Adriatic Ports: Distribution and potential spreading patterns.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {147}, number = {}, pages = {185-208}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.014}, pmid = {30926267}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Biological Monitoring/methods ; Croatia ; Dinoflagellida/classification/*physiology ; *Geologic Sediments ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Mediterranean Sea ; Microalgae ; Seasons ; Ships ; Slovenia ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Transportation Facilities ; }, abstract = {The ability of microalgae to preserve viable in coastal sediments as resting forms provides a reservoir of biodiversity and a useful tool to determine species spreadings. This study represents the first port baseline survey on dinoflagellate cysts, investigated in nine Adriatic ports during a cross border project. 40 dinoflagellate taxa were detected. The assemblages resulted in all ports dominated by Lingulodinium polyedra and Alexandrium minutum/affine/tamutum group. General separation to the western and eastern side of the Adriatic regarding cysts assemblage composition, partially abundance, was observed. Six taxa were detected as non-indigenous species for the Adriatic. Two taxa are included in the list of harmful aquatic organisms, indicating the potential threat of ballast waters in the Adriatic. Potential spreading of taxa by general circulation and ballast waters, intra- and extra-Adriatic was investigated. The entering in to force of the ballast waters management regulations should enhance prospects to minimize future harmful impacts.}, }
@article {pmid30923649, year = {2019}, author = {Hong, M and Jiang, A and Li, N and Li, W and Shi, H and Storey, KB and Ding, L}, title = {Comparative analysis of the liver transcriptome in the red-eared slider Trachemys scripta elegans under chronic salinity stress.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6538}, pmid = {30923649}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans), identified as one of the 100 most invasive species in the world, is a freshwater turtle originally from the eastern United States and northeastern Mexico. Field investigations have shown that T. s. elegans can survive and lay eggs in saline habitats. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of salinity adaptation, high-throughput RNA-Seq was utilized to identify the changes in gene expression profiles in the liver of T. s. elegans in response to elevated salinity. We exposed individuals to 0, 5, or 15 psu (practical salinity units) for 30 days. A total of 157.21 million reads were obtained and assembled into 205138 unigenes with an average length of 620 bp and N50 of 964 bp. Of these, 1019 DEGs (differentially expressed genes) were found in the comparison of 0 vs. 5 psu, 1194 DEGs in 0 vs. 15 psu and 1180 DEGs in 5 vs. 15 psu, which are mainly related to macromolecule metabolic process, ion transport, oxidoreductase activity and generation of precursor metabolites and energy by GO (Gene Ontology) enrichment analyses. T. s. elegans can adapt itself into salinity by balancing the entry of sodium and chloride ions via the up-regulation expression genes of ion transport (potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 5, KCNH5; erine/threonine-protein kinase 32, STK32; salt-inducible kinase 1, SIK1; adiponectin, ACDC), and by accumulating plasma urea and free amino acid via the up-regulation expression genes of amino acid metabolism (ornithine decarboxylase antizyme 3, OAZ3; glutamine synthetase, GLUL; asparaginase-like protein 1b, ASRGL; L-amino-acid oxidase-like, LAAO; sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B, SLC6A15s; amino acid permease, SLC7A9) in response to osmotic regulation. An investment of energy to maintain their homeostatic balance is required to salinity adaptation, therefore, the genes related to energy production and conversion (F-ATPase protein 6, ATP6; cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, COX1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit III, COX3; cytochrome b, CYTb; cytochrome P450 17A1, CYP17A1) were up-regulated with the increase of gene expression associated with lipid metabolism (apolipoprotein E precursor, APoE; coenzyme Q-binding protein, CoQ10; high-density lipoprotein particle, SAA) and carbohydrate metabolism (HK, MIP). These findings improve our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in salinity adaptation and provide general guidance to illuminate the invasion potential of T. s. elegans into saline environments.}, }
@article {pmid30922784, year = {2019}, author = {Ünlü, ES and Ünüvar, &#xd6;C and Aydın, M}, title = {Identification of alternative oxidase encoding genes in Caulerpa cylindracea by de novo RNA-Seq assembly analysis.}, journal = {Marine genomics}, volume = {46}, number = {}, pages = {41-48}, doi = {10.1016/j.margen.2019.03.004}, pmid = {30922784}, issn = {1876-7478}, mesh = {Caulerpa/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Mitochondrial Proteins/*genetics ; Oxidoreductases/*genetics ; Plant Proteins/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Alternative oxidases (AOX) are defined in plants, fungi and algae. The main function of AOX proteins has been described for electron flow through electron transport chain and regulation of mitochondrial retrograde signaling pathway. The roles of AOX proteins have been characterized in reproduction and resistance against oxidative stress, cold stress, starvation, and biotic attacks. Caulerpa cylindracea is an invasive marine green alga. Although the natural habitats of the species are Australia coasts, the impact of the invasion has been monitored through the Mediterranean Sea and the Aegean Sea. C. cylindracea species have advantages against others by showing higher resistance to stress conditions such as cold, starvation, pathogen attacks and by their capability of sexual and vegetative reproduction. Comparing the advantages of C. cylindracea over the niche and defined functional roles of mitochondrial AOX proteins, it is evident that AOX proteins are likely involved in developing those advantageous skills in C. cylindracea. However, there is limited data about biochemical and molecular mechanisms that take part in stress resistance and invasion characteristics. We aimed to identify mitochondrial alternative oxidase encoding genes in C. cylindracea while annotating whole transcriptome data for the species. Samples were collected from Seferihisar/İzmir. Transcriptome analysis from pooled RNA samples revealed 47,400 assembled contigs represented by 33,340 unigenes. Using standalone Blast analysis, we were able to identify two alternative oxidase encoding genes.}, }
@article {pmid30922370, year = {2019}, author = {González, MA and Pavan, MG and Fernandes, RS and Busquets, N and David, MR and Lourenço-Oliveira, R and García-Pérez, AL and Maciel-de-Freitas, R}, title = {Limited risk of Zika virus transmission by five Aedes albopictus populations from Spain.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {150}, pmid = {30922370}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {E-26/201.335/2016//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; 23038.007199/2012-17//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; Finance Code 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*virology ; Animals ; Blood ; Chlorocebus aethiops ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors/*virology ; Risk Assessment ; Spain ; Vero Cells ; Viral Load ; *Zika Virus/physiology ; Zika Virus Infection/*transmission ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito, is an exotic invasive species in Europe. It has substantial public health relevance due to its potential role in transmitting several human pathogens. Out of the European countries, Spain has one of the highest risk levels of autochthonous arbovirus transmission due to both the high density of Ae. albopictus and the extensive tourist influx from vector-endemic areas. This study aims to investigate the susceptibility of five Ae. albopictus populations from mainland Spain and the Balearic Islands to a Brazilian Zika virus (ZIKV) strain.<br><br>METHODS: The F1 generation of each Ae. albopictus population was orally challenged with a ZIKV-infected blood meal (1.8&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;10[6]&#xa0;PFU/ml). At 7 and 14 days post-infection (dpi), mosquito bodies (thorax and abdomen) and heads were individually analysed through RT-qPCR to determine the infection rate (IR) and dissemination rate (DR), respectively. The saliva of infected mosquitoes was inoculated in Vero cells and the transmission rate was assessed by plaque assay or RT-qPCR on ~33 individuals per population.<br><br>RESULTS: The IR and DR ranged between 12-88%, and 0-60%, respectively, suggesting that ZIKV is capable of crossing the midgut barrier. Remarkably, no infectious viral particle was found in saliva samples, indicating a low ability of ZIKV to overcome the salivary gland barrier. A subsequent assay revealed that a second non-infective blood meal 48 h after ZIKV exposure did not influence Ae. albopictus vector competence.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The oral experimental ZIKV infections performed here indicate that Ae. albopictus from Spain become infected and disseminate the virus through the body but has a limited ability to transmit the Brazilian ZIKV strain through biting. Therefore, the results suggest a limited risk of autochthonous ZIKV transmission in Spain by Ae. albopictus.}, }
@article {pmid30920165, year = {2019}, author = {Tomasetto, F and Duncan, RP and Hulme, PE}, title = {Resolving the invasion paradox: pervasive scale and study dependence in the native-alien species richness relationship.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {1038-1046}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13261}, pmid = {30920165}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {//New Zealand Tertiary Education Commission/ ; DP150101839//Australian Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Plants ; Research Design ; }, abstract = {The degree to which plant communities are vulnerable to invasion by alien species has often been assessed using the relationship between native and alien plant species richness (NAR). Variation in the direction and strength of the NAR tends to be negative for small plot sizes and study extents, but positive for large plots and extents. This invasion paradox has been attributed to different processes driving species richness at different spatial scales. However, the focus on plot size has drawn attention away from other factors influencing the NAR, in part because the influence of other factors may be obscured by or interact with plot size. Here, we test whether variation in the NAR can be explained by covariates linked to community susceptibility to invasion and whether these interact with plot size using a quantitative meta-analysis drawn from 87 field studies that examined 161 NARs. While plot size explained most variation, the NAR was less positive in grassland habitats and in the Australasian region. Other covariates did not show strong relationships with the NAR even after accounting for interactions with plot size. Instead, much of the unexplained variation is associated with article or author specific differences, suggesting the NAR depends strongly on how different authors choose their study system or study design.}, }
@article {pmid30919952, year = {2019}, author = {Larson, ER and Kreps, TA and Peters, B and Peters, JA and Lodge, DM}, title = {Habitat explains patterns of population decline for an invasive crayfish.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {100}, number = {5}, pages = {e02659}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2659}, pmid = {30919952}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; *Astacoidea ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {Invasive nonindigenous species are defined by their impacts: they substantially change native communities or ecosystems. Accordingly, invasive species might transform their habitats in ways that eventually become unfavorable to them, causing population declines or even extirpations. Here we use over 40 yr of systematically collected data on the abundance of the invasive rusty crayfish Faxonius rusticus from 17 lakes in northern Wisconsin, USA to explore whether population declines of this invader are related to the prevalence of rocky habitat, which shelters crayfish from predators and is unchanged by crayfish. We predicted that lakes with rock-dominated substrates would be resistant to F. rusticus population declines, whereas lakes lacking rock-dominated substrates would experience F. rusticus declines due to crayfish destruction of shelter-providing macrophytes. We found that in nearly one-half (47%) of the study lakes, F. rusticus experienced population declines over the study time period, and these lakes had significantly lower proportions of rock substrate than lakes that did not experience population declines. We recommend that more studies should investigate the potential for invasive species-mediated community or ecosystem feedbacks to eventually contribute to their own population declines.}, }
@article {pmid30918268, year = {2019}, author = {Hunter, ME and Ferrante, JA and Meigs-Friend, G and Ulmer, A}, title = {Improving eDNA yield and inhibitor reduction through increased water volumes and multi-filter isolation techniques.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {5259}, pmid = {30918268}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {DNA, Environmental/*chemistry ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {To inform management and conservation decisions, environmental DNA (eDNA) methods are used to detect genetic material shed into the water by imperiled and invasive species. Methodological enhancements are needed to reduce filter clogging, PCR inhibition, and false-negative detections when eDNA is at low concentrations. In the first of three simple experiments, we sought to ameliorate filter clogging from particulates and organic material through a scaled-up, multi-filter protocol. We combined four filters in a 5 mL Phenol-Chloroform-Isoamyl (PCI) procedure to allow for larger volumes of water (~1 L) to be filtered rapidly. Increasing the filtered water volume by four times resulted in 4.4X the yield of target DNA. Next, inhibition from organic material can reduce or block eDNA detections in PCR-based assays. To remove inhibitory compounds retained during eDNA isolation, we tested three methods to chemically strip inhibitors from eDNA molecules. The use of CTAB as a short-term (5-8 day) storage buffer, followed by a PCI isolation, resulted in the highest eDNA yields. Finally, as opposed to a linear relationship among increasing concentrations of filtered genomic eDNA, we observed a sharp change between the lower (70-280 ng) and higher (420-560 ng) amounts. This may be important for effectively precipitating eDNA during protocol testing.}, }
@article {pmid30917127, year = {2019}, author = {Stepien, CA and Snyder, MR and Elz, AE}, title = {Invasion genetics of the silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix across North America: Differentiation of fronts, introgression, and eDNA metabarcode detection.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {e0203012}, pmid = {30917127}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/classification/*genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Fisheries ; Food Chain ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; North America ; Phylogeny ; Rivers ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {In the 1970s, the introduced silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (which is indigenous to eastern Asia) escaped from southern U.S. aquaculture to spread throughout the Mississippi River basin, and since has steadily moved northward. This large, prolific filter-feeder reduces food availability for other fishes. It now has reached the threshold of the Laurentian Great Lakes, where it likely will significantly impact food chains and fisheries. Our study evaluates population genetic variability and differentiation of the silver carp using 10 nuclear DNA microsatellite loci, and sequences of two mitochondrial genes-cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, along with the nuclear ribosomal protein S7 gene intron 1. We analyze population samples from: two primary Great Lakes' invasion fronts (at the Illinois River outside of Chicago, IL in Lake Michigan and in the Wabash River, which leads into the Maumee River and western Lake Erie), the original establishment "core" in the Lower Mississippi River, and expansion areas in the Upper Mississippi and Missouri rivers. We analyze and compare our results with bighead and other invasive carps, and cyprinid relatives. Results reveal that the silver carp invasion possesses moderate levels of genetic diversity, with more mtDNA haplotypes and unique microsatellite alleles in the "core" Lower Mississippi River population, which also diverges the most. The two invasion fronts also significantly genetically differ. About 3% of individuals (including all populations except the Illinois River) contain a unique and very divergent mtDNA haplotype, which likely stems from historic introgression in Asia with female largescale silver carp H. harmandi. The nuclear microsatellites and S7 sequences of the introgressed individuals do not differ from silver carp and are very distant from bighead carp. These sequence variation data are employed to design and evaluate a targeted high-throughput metabarcoding sequence assay that identifies and distinguishes among species of invasive carps (i.e., silver, bighead, grass, black, and common carps, along with goldfish), as well as native cyprinids, using cytochrome b. Our assay further differentiates among selected silver carp haplotypes (including between H. molitrix and H. harmandi), for use in population genetics and future analyses of spread pathways. We test and evaluate this assay on environmental (e)DNA water samples from 48 bait shops in the Great Lakes' region (along the Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair, and Wabash River watersheds), using positive and negative controls and custom bioinformatic processing. Test results discern silver carp eDNA in four of the shops-three in Lake Erie and one in the Wabash River watershed-and bighead carp from one of the same Lake Erie venues, suggesting that retailers (who often source from established southerly populations) comprise another introduction vector. Our overall findings thus provide key population genetic and phylogenetic data for understanding and tracing introductions, vectors, and spread pathways for silver carp, their variants, and their relatives.}, }
@article {pmid30917126, year = {2019}, author = {Holmes, ND and Spatz, DR and Oppel, S and Tershy, B and Croll, DA and Keitt, B and Genovesi, P and Burfield, IJ and Will, DJ and Bond, AL and Wegmann, A and Aguirre-Muñoz, A and Raine, AF and Knapp, CR and Hung, CH and Wingate, D and Hagen, E and Méndez-Sánchez, F and Rocamora, G and Yuan, HW and Fric, J and Millett, J and Russell, J and Liske-Clark, J and Vidal, E and Jourdan, H and Campbell, K and Springer, K and Swinnerton, K and Gibbons-Decherong, L and Langrand, O and Brooke, ML and McMinn, M and Bunbury, N and Oliveira, N and Sposimo, P and Geraldes, P and McClelland, P and Hodum, P and Ryan, PG and Borroto-Páez, R and Pierce, R and Griffiths, R and Fisher, RN and Wanless, R and Pasachnik, SA and Cranwell, S and Micol, T and Butchart, SHM}, title = {Globally important islands where eradicating invasive mammals will benefit highly threatened vertebrates.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {e0212128}, pmid = {30917126}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Endangered Species ; Extinction, Biological ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Islands ; Mammals ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species are a major threat to native insular species. Eradicating invasive mammals from islands is a feasible and proven approach to prevent biodiversity loss. We developed a conceptual framework to identify globally important islands for invasive mammal eradications to prevent imminent extinctions of highly threatened species using biogeographic and technical factors, plus a novel approach to consider socio-political feasibility. We applied this framework using a comprehensive dataset describing the distribution of 1,184 highly threatened native vertebrate species (i.e. those listed as Critically Endangered or Endangered on the IUCN Red List) and 184 non-native mammals on 1,279 islands worldwide. Based on extinction risk, irreplaceability, severity of impact from invasive species, and technical feasibility of eradication, we identified and ranked 292 of the most important islands where eradicating invasive mammals would benefit highly threatened vertebrates. When socio-political feasibility was considered, we identified 169 of these islands where eradication planning or operation could be initiated by 2020 or 2030 and would improve the survival prospects of 9.4% of the Earth's most highly threatened terrestrial insular vertebrates (111 of 1,184 species). Of these, 107 islands were in 34 countries and territories and could have eradication projects initiated by 2020. Concentrating efforts to eradicate invasive mammals on these 107 islands would benefit 151 populations of 80 highly threatened vertebrates and make a major contribution towards achieving global conservation targets adopted by the world's nations.}, }
@article {pmid30916784, year = {2019}, author = {Dubart, M and Pantel, JH and Pointier, JP and Jarne, P and David, P}, title = {Modeling competition, niche, and coexistence between an invasive and a native species in a two-species metapopulation.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {100}, number = {6}, pages = {e02700}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2700}, pmid = {30916784}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Modeling the dynamics of competition and coexistence between species is crucial to predict long-term impacts of invasive species on their native congeners. However, natural environments are often fragmented and variable in time and space. In such contexts, regional coexistence depends on complex interactions between competition, niche differentiation and stochastic colonization-extinction dynamics. Quantifying all these processes at landscape scale has always been a challenge for ecologists. We propose a new statistical framework to evaluate metapopulation parameters (colonization and extinction) in a two-species system and how they respond to environmental variables and interspecific competition. It requires spatial surveys repeated in time, but does not assume demographic equilibrium. We apply this model to a long-term survey of two snails inhabiting a network of freshwater habitats in the West Indies. We find evidence of reciprocal competition affecting colonization or extinction rates, modulated by species-specific sensitivity to environmental variables. Simulations using model estimates allow us to predict species dynamics and explore the role of various coexistence mechanisms described by metacommunity theory in our system. The two species are predicted to stably coexist, because niche partitioning, source-sink dynamics and interspecific differences in extinction-colonization parameters all contribute to reduce the negative impacts of competition. However, none of these mechanisms is individually essential. Regional coexistence is primarily facilitated by transient co-occurrence of the two species within habitat patches, a possibility generally not considered in theoretical metacommunity models. Our framework is general and could be extended to guilds of several competing species.}, }
@article {pmid30916751, year = {2019}, author = {Aput, LM and Farji-Brener, AG and Pirk, GI}, title = {Effects of Introduced Plants on Diet and Seed Preferences of Pogonomyrmex carbonarius (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Patagonian Steppe.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {3}, pages = {567-572}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz022}, pmid = {30916751}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *Diet ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Invasive species may interact with resident species and disrupt previously established interactions, with effects on the whole community. If introduced seeds are selectively consumed by native granivores, this could limit the establishment or spread of invasive plants (biotic resistance), and reduce the predation pressure upon native seeds. We determined if the presence of introduced plants affects the diet and the seed preferences of the ant Pogonomyrmex carbonarius (Mayr) in a Patagonian steppe. We expected a higher proportion of introduced seeds in the diet of nests located in areas with a high abundance of introduced species (roadsides) than in nests located in low invaded areas. Diet composition was obtained by collecting items retrieved by workers to colonies and compared between areas of contrasting abundance of introduced species. Field-based choice experiments were performed to evaluate whether exotic seeds were preferred to native ones under a paired comparisons design. Native seeds predominated in the diet. A low proportion of introduced species were included only in colonies close to the road. Ants preferred native seeds to introduced ones, and showed a marked preference for seeds of the native grass Pappostipa speciosa (Trin. &amp; Rupr.) Romasch. (Poaceae), typical of the Patagonian steppe. The presence of introduced plants had little influence on interactions of P. carbonarius with seeds in the Patagonian steppe. Therefore, this ant species would not exert a control on the studied introduced plants, illustrating a case of low biotic resistance to invasion by these species.}, }
@article {pmid30916306, year = {2019}, author = {Hanford, JK and Hochuli, DF and Webb, CE}, title = {Oviposition Behavior of Culex annulirostris (Diptera: Culicidae) Is Affected by the Recent Presence of Invasive Gambusia holbrooki (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae).}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {56}, number = {4}, pages = {1165-1169}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjz027}, pmid = {30916306}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Culex ; *Cyprinodontiformes ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; *Oviposition ; }, abstract = {Constructed wetlands are popular tools for managing threatened flora and fauna in urban settings, but there are concerns that these habitats may increase mosquito populations and mosquito-related public health risks. Understanding the interactions occurring between mosquitoes of public health concern and co-occurring organisms is critical to informing management of these habitats to mitigate potential health risks and balance the multiple values of urban wetlands. This study examined how oviposition behavior of Culex annulirostris Skuse, the most important pest mosquito species associated with freshwater wetland habitats in Australia, is influenced by the presence of Gambusia holbrooki Girard, a widespread invasive fish. Water was collected from urban wetlands that are intensively managed to reduce G. holbrooki populations to assist conservation of locally threatened frogs, and adjacent unmanaged wetlands where G. holbrooki was abundant. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the oviposition response by Cx. annulirostris to water samples from these two habitats. Experiments were conducted on two occasions, once in February following draining and refilling of the urban wetlands, and repeated following a substantial rainfall event in March. The results clearly demonstrate that ovipositing mosquitoes were able to detect and avoid water derived from habitats containing fish, even in the absence of the fish themselves. Understanding how invasive species affect the behavior and spatial distribution of pest species such as Cx. annulirostris will enable future wetland design and management to maximize benefits of urban wetlands and minimize potential public health risks.}, }
@article {pmid30914838, year = {2019}, author = {Lee, KH and Chen, TH and Shang, G and Clulow, S and Yang, YJ and Lin, SM}, title = {A check list and population trends of invasive amphibians and reptiles in Taiwan.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {829}, number = {}, pages = {85-130}, pmid = {30914838}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Invasive species have impacted biodiversity all around the world. Among various ecosystems, islands are most vulnerable to these impacts due to their high ratio of endemism, highly specialized adaptation, and isolated and unique fauna. As with other subtropical islands, Taiwan faces constant risk of biological invasions and is currently ranked as one of the countries most affected by invasive amphibians and reptiles. In this paper, a comprehensive checklist of all known exotic amphibians and reptiles is provided, including twelve species which have successfully colonized Taiwan and six species with a controversial status. We provide an update on the knowledge of all these species including their distribution, colonization history, threats to native animals, and population trends based on literature records, fauna surveys, and data collected during invasive species eradication and control programs. A list of species with high invasive potentials is also provided. This study reports, for the first time, a comprehensive survey of invasive herpetofauna in Taiwan, which should provide a valuable reference to other regions which might suffer from similar invasion risk.}, }
@article {pmid30914824, year = {2019}, author = {}, title = {Invasive species to surge as ship traffic soars on the high seas.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {567}, number = {7749}, pages = {437}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-019-00870-y}, pmid = {30914824}, issn = {1476-4687}, }
@article {pmid30913219, year = {2019}, author = {Starko, S and Bailey, LA and Creviston, E and James, KA and Warren, A and Brophy, MK and Danasel, A and Fass, MP and Townsend, JA and Neufeld, CJ}, title = {Environmental heterogeneity mediates scale-dependent declines in kelp diversity on intertidal rocky shores.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {e0213191}, pmid = {30913219}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Canada ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Kelp/*physiology ; Pacific Ocean ; Sargassum/physiology ; Temperature ; Zosteraceae/physiology ; }, abstract = {Biodiversity loss is driven by interacting factors operating at different spatial scales. Yet, there remains uncertainty as to how fine-scale environmental conditions mediate biological responses to broad-scale stressors. We surveyed intertidal rocky shore kelp beds situated across a local gradient of wave action and evaluated changes in kelp diversity and abundance after more than two decades of broad scale stressors, most notably the 2013-2016 heat wave. Across all sites, species were less abundant on average in 2017 and 2018 than during 1993-1995 but changes in kelp diversity were dependent on wave exposure, with wave exposed habitats remaining stable and wave sheltered habitats experiencing near complete losses of kelp diversity. In this way, wave exposed sites have acted as refugia, maintaining regional kelp diversity despite widespread local declines. Fucoids, seagrasses and two stress-tolerant kelp species (Saccharina sessilis, Egregia menziesii) did not decline as observed in other kelps, and the invasive species Sargassum muticum increased significantly at wave sheltered sites. Long-term monitoring data from a centrally-located moderate site suggest that kelp communities were negatively impacted by the recent heatwave which may have driven observed losses throughout the region. Wave-sheltered shores, which saw the largest declines, are a very common habitat type in the Northeast Pacific and may be especially sensitive to losses in kelp diversity and abundance, with potential consequences for coastal productivity. Our findings highlight the importance of fine-scale environmental heterogeneity in mediating biological responses and demonstrate how incorporating differences between habitat patches can be essential to capturing scale-dependent biodiversity loss across the landscape.}, }
@article {pmid30912973, year = {2019}, author = {Ehlman, SM and Trimmer, PC and Sih, A}, title = {Prey Responses to Exotic Predators: Effects of Old Risks and New Cues.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {193}, number = {4}, pages = {575-587}, doi = {10.1086/702252}, pmid = {30912973}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; Cues ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Exotic predators can have major negative impacts on prey. Importantly, prey vary considerably in their behavioral responses to exotic predators. Factors proposed to explain variation in prey response to exotic predators include the similarity of new predators to familiar, native predators, the prevalence and diversity of predators in a prey's past, and variation in a prey's innate ability to discriminate between predators and safety. While these factors have been put forth verbally in the literature, no theory exists that combines these hypotheses in a common conceptual framework using a unified behavioral model. Here, we formalize existing verbal arguments by modeling variation in prey responses to new predators in a state-dependent detection theory framework. We find that while some conventional wisdom is upheld, novel predictions emerge. As expected, prey respond poorly to exotic predators that do not closely resemble familiar predators. Furthermore, a history with more abundant or diverse native predators can lessen effects of some exotic predators on prey; however, under some conditions, the opposite prediction emerges. Also, prey that evolved in situations where they easily discriminate between safe and dangerous situations can be more susceptible to novel predators.}, }
@article {pmid30911809, year = {2019}, author = {Soper, JM and Raynor, EJ and Wienhold, C and Schacht, WH}, title = {Evaluating Composition and Conservation Value of Roadside Plant Communities in a Grassland Biome.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {63}, number = {6}, pages = {789-803}, pmid = {30911809}, issn = {1432-1009}, support = {RHE-07//Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services (US)/International ; }, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Grassland ; Nebraska ; Plants ; }, abstract = {In the context of roadside revegetation activities in rural regions, revegetation objectives commonly are to establish plant communities with a diversity of species that would otherwise be absent on the predominantly agricultural landscape. To determine the efficacy of revegetation in providing plant communities of high biodiversity value, we quantified species richness, floristic quality, and success in seeding efforts. We evaluated the outcome of roadside seedings conducted by Nebraska Department of Transportation (NDOT) for five NDOT landscape regions spanning Nebraska. Our assessment occurred on average 13.2 years (range: 10-17) post-revegetation, thus, providing insight into what established plant communities can be expected after a decade or more. Biomass production declined on an east to west gradient, but the component species responsible for this gradient were unique to each region. We found species richness was greatest in the western regions of Nebraska with the Sandhills supporting the highest richness. This rangeland-dominated region exhibited the highest floristic quality index, a tool commonly used to identify areas of high conservation value. Our findings indicate that the roadside vegetation is landscape-dependent in that neighboring plant communities influence botanical composition of roadside vegetation. Thus, less diverse seeding mixtures could be used on roadsides with a diversity of desirable native plant species in neighboring land (i.e., Sandhills rangeland). Conversely, in roadsides surrounded by cropland or plant communities with many non-native, weedy species, seeding complex mixtures with a diversity of desirable and highly competitive native species is likely necessary. Nebraska roadsides are viewed as a resource where plant communities with a diversity of native grassland species can be established; however, persistence of many seeded, native species is minimal (mostly forbs) because of the competiveness of both seeded and invasive grasses.}, }
@article {pmid30909981, year = {2019}, author = {Montarsi, F and Martini, S and Michelutti, A and Da Rold, G and Mazzucato, M and Qualizza, D and Di Gennaro, D and Di Fant, M and Dal Pont, M and Palei, M and Capelli, G}, title = {The invasive mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus is spreading in northeastern Italy.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {120}, pmid = {30909981}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Italy/epidemiology ; Larva ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The invasive mosquito species, Aedes japonicus japonicus, was detected in northeastern Italy for the first time in 2015, at the border with Austria. After this finding, a more intensive monitoring was carried out to assess its distribution and to collect biological data. Herein, we report the results of four years (2015-2018) of activity.<br><br>METHODS: The presence of Ae. j. japonicus was checked in all possible breeding sites through collections of larvae. The monitoring started from the site of the first detection at the Austrian border and then was extended in all directions. The mosquitoes were identified morphologically and molecularly.<br><br>RESULTS: Aedes j. japonicus was found in 58 out of 73 municipalities monitored (79.5%). In total (2015-2018), 238 sampling sites were monitored and 90 were positive for presence of Ae. j. japonicus larvae (37.8%). The mosquito was collected mainly in artificial containers located in small villages and in rural areas. Cohabitation with other mosquito species was observed in 55.6% of the samplings.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Aedes j. japonicus is well established in Italy and in only four years has colonised two Italian Regions, displaying rapid spreading throughout hilly and mountainous areas. Colonization towards the south seems limited by climatic conditions and the occurrence of a large population of the larval competitor, Ae. albopictus. The further spread of Ae. j. japonicus has the potential to pose new threats of zoonotic agents (i.e. Dirofilaria spp. and West Nile virus) within areas at altitudes previously considered at negligible risk in Italy.}, }
@article {pmid30909930, year = {2019}, author = {Wieser, A and Reuss, F and Niamir, A and Müller, R and O'Hara, RB and Pfenninger, M}, title = {Modelling seasonal dynamics, population stability, and pest control in Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae).}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {142}, pmid = {30909930}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {HA6204/3-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; 01KI17//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Climate Change ; Female ; Germany ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Mosquito Vectors/*physiology ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The invasive temperate mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus is a potential vector for various infectious diseases and therefore a target of vector control measures. Even though established in Germany, it is unclear whether the species has already reached its full distribution potential. The possible range of the species, its annual population dynamics, the success of vector control measures and future expansions due to climate change still remain poorly understood. While numerous studies on occurrence have been conducted, they used mainly presence data from relatively few locations. In contrast, we used experimental life history data to model the dynamics of a continuous stage-structured population to infer potential seasonal densities and ask whether stable populations are likely to establish over a period of more than one year. In addition, we used climate change models to infer future ranges. Finally, we evaluated the effectiveness of various stage-specific vector control measures.<br><br>RESULTS: Aedes j. japonicus has already established stable populations in the southwest and west of Germany. Our models predict a spread of Ae. j. japonicus beyond the currently observed range, but likely not much further eastwards under current climatic conditions. Climate change models, however, will expand this range substantially and higher annual densities can be expected. Applying vector control measures to oviposition, survival of eggs, larvae or adults showed that application of adulticides for 30&#xa0;days between late spring and early autumn, while ambient temperatures are above 9&#xa0;&#xb0;C, can reduce population density by 75%. Continuous application of larvicide showed similar results in population reduction. Most importantly, we showed that with the consequent application of a mixed strategy, it should be possible to significantly reduce or even extinguish existing populations with reasonable effort.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms concerning the establishment of stable populations in invasive species. In order to minimise the hazard to public health, we recommend vector control measures to be applied in 'high risk areas' which are predicted to allow establishment of stable populations to establish.}, }
@article {pmid30908797, year = {2019}, author = {Vetter, VMS and Walter, J and Wilfahrt, PA and Buhk, C and Braun, M and Clemens, S and Dinkel, E and Dubbert, M and Schramm, A and Wegener, F and Werner, C and Jentsch, A}, title = {Invasion windows for a global legume invader are revealed after joint examination of abiotic and biotic filters.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, pages = {832-843}, doi = {10.1111/plb.12987}, pmid = {30908797}, issn = {1438-8677}, support = {01LC1201//ERA-Net BiodivERsA/ ; //Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO)/ ; //German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)/ ; //Bulgarian Science Fund/ ; //Minist&#xe8;re de l'&#xc9;cologie, du D&#xe9;veloppement durable et de l'&#xc9;nergie (France)/ ; }, mesh = {Environment ; *Introduced Species ; Lupinus/metabolism/*physiology ; Stress, Physiological ; Weather ; }, abstract = {Successful alien plant invasion is influenced by both climate change and plant-plant interactions. We estimate the single and interactive effects of competition and extreme weather events on the performance of the global legume invader Lupinus polyphyllus (Lindl.). In three experimental studies we assessed (i) the stress tolerance of seedling and adult L. polyphyllus plants against extreme weather events (drought, fluctuating precipitation, late frost), (ii) the competitive effects of L. polyphyllus on native grassland species and vice versa, and (iii) the interactive effects of extreme weather events and competition on the performance of L. polyphyllus. Drought reduced growth and led to early senescence of L. polyphyllus but did not reduce adult survival. Fluctuating precipitation events and late frost reduced the length of inflorescences. Under control conditions, interspecific competition reduced photosynthetic activity and growth of L. polyphyllus. When subjected to competition during drought, L. polyphyllus conserved water while simultaneously maintaining high assimilation rates, demonstrating increased water use efficiency. Meanwhile, native species had reduced performance under drought. In summary, the invader gained an advantage under drought conditions through a smaller reduction in performance relative to its native competitors but was competitively inferior under control conditions. This provides evidence for a possible invasion window for this species. While regions of high elevation or latitude with regular severe late frost events might remain inaccessible for L. polyphyllus, further spread across Europe seems probable as the predicted increase in drought events may favour this non-native legume over native species.}, }
@article {pmid30906863, year = {2019}, author = {Koel, TM and Tronstad, LM and Arnold, JL and Gunther, KA and Smith, DW and Syslo, JM and White, PJ}, title = {Predatory fish invasion induces within and across ecosystem effects in Yellowstone National Park.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {eaav1139}, pmid = {30906863}, issn = {2375-2548}, mesh = {Animals ; Eagles/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Parks, Recreational ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Rivers ; Trout/*physiology ; United States ; Ursidae/physiology ; }, abstract = {Predatory fish introduction can cause cascading changes within recipient freshwater ecosystems. Linkages to avian and terrestrial food webs may occur, but effects are thought to attenuate across ecosystem boundaries. Using data spanning more than four decades (1972-2017), we demonstrate that lake trout invasion of Yellowstone Lake added a novel, piscivorous trophic level resulting in a precipitous decline of prey fish, including Yellowstone cutthroat trout. Plankton assemblages within the lake were altered, and nutrient transport to tributary streams was reduced. Effects across the aquatic-terrestrial ecosystem boundary remained strong (log response ratio ≤ 1.07) as grizzly bears and black bears necessarily sought alternative foods. Nest density and success of ospreys greatly declined. Bald eagles shifted their diet to compensate for the cutthroat trout loss. These interactions across multiple trophic levels both within and outside of the invaded lake highlight the potential substantial influence of an introduced predatory fish on otherwise pristine ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid30906856, year = {2019}, author = {Árnason, E and Halldórsdóttir, K}, title = {Codweb: Whole-genome sequencing uncovers extensive reticulations fueling adaptation among Atlantic, Arctic, and Pacific gadids.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {eaat8788}, pmid = {30906856}, issn = {2375-2548}, mesh = {Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Ecosystem ; Gadiformes/*genetics ; Gadus morhua/*genetics/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Pacific Ocean ; Phylogeny ; *Whole Genome Sequencing ; }, abstract = {Introgressive hybridization creates networks of genetic relationships across species. Among marine fish of the Gadidae family, Pacific cod and walleye pollock are separate invasions of an Atlantic cod ancestor into the Pacific. Cods are ecological success stories, and their ecologies allow them to support the largest fisheries of the world. The enigmatic walleye pollock differs morphologically, behaviorally, and ecologically from its relatives, representing a niche shift. Here, we apply whole-genome sequencing to Pacific, Arctic, and Atlantic gadids and reveal extensive introgression among them with the ABBA-BABA test and pseudolikelihood phylogenetic network analysis. We propose that walleye pollock resulted from extensive adaptive introgression or homoploid hybrid speciation. The path of evolution of these taxa is more web than a tree. Their ability to invade and expand into new habitats and become ecologically successful may depend on genes acquired through adaptive introgression or hybrid speciation.}, }
@article {pmid30904947, year = {2019}, author = {Jensen, AM and Schamp, BS and Belleau, A}, title = {Evidence of temporal niche separation via low flowering time overlap in an old-field plant community.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {189}, number = {4}, pages = {1071-1082}, pmid = {30904947}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {RGPIN-2015-04397//Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; *Flowers ; Plants ; Pollen ; *Pollination ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Flowering time is a trait that reflects the timing of specific resource requirements by plants. Consequently, several predictions have been made related to how species are assembled within communities according to flowering time. Strong overlap in flowering time among coexisting species may result from clustered abiotic resources, or contribute to improved pollination success. Conversely, low flowering time overlap (asynchrony) among coexisting species may reduce competition for soil, light, or pollinator resources and alleviate interspecific pollen transfer. Here, we present evidence that coexisting species in an old-field community generally overlap less in flowering time than expected under a commonly used and statistically validated null model. Flowering time asynchrony was more pronounced when abundance data were used (compared to presence-absence data), and when analyses focused on species that share bees as pollinators. Control and herbivore-exclusion plots did not differ in flowering time overlap, providing no evidence of the reduction in overlap expected to result from increased competition. Our results varied with the randomization algorithm used, emphasizing that the choice of algorithm can influence the outcome of null models. Our results varied between 2 years, with patterns being less clear in the second year, when both growing season and flowering times were contracted. Finally, we found evidence that further supports a previous finding that higher plot-level flowering time overlap was associated with higher proportions of introduced species. Reduced flowering time overlap among species in our focal community may promote coexistence via temporal niche differentiation and reduced competition for pollinators and other abiotic resources.}, }
@article {pmid30900722, year = {2019}, author = {Kistner-Thomas, EJ}, title = {The Potential Global Distribution and Voltinism of the Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Under Current and Future Climates.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {30900722}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; *Climate Change ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Life Cycle Stages/physiology ; }, abstract = {Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Newman), is a severe invasive insect pest of turf, landscapes, and horticultural crops. It has successfully colonized much of the United States and has recently established in mainland Europe. The distribution and voltinism of P. japonica will undoubtedly change as a consequence of climate change, posing additional challenges to the management of this species. To assess these challenges, a process-oriented bioclimatic niche model for P. japonica was developed to examine its potential global distribution under current (1981-2010) and projected climatic conditions (2040-2059) using one emission scenario (representative concentration pathway [RCP] 8.5) and two global climate models, ACCESS1-0 and CNRM-CM5. Under current climatic conditions, the bioclimatic niche model agreed well with all credible distribution data. Model projections indicate a strong possibility of further range expansion throughout mainland Europe under both current and future climates. In North America, projected increases in temperature would enable northward range expansion across Canada while simultaneously shifting southern range limits in the United States. In Europe, the suitable range for P. japonica would increase by 23% by midcentury, especially across portions of the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Scandinavia. Under the RCP 8.5 scenario, cumulative growing degree-days increased, thereby reducing the probability of biannual life cycles in northern latitudes where they can occur, including Hokkaido, Japan, northeastern portions of the United States, and southern Ontario, Canada. The results of this study highlight several regions of increasing and emerging risk from P. japonica that should be considered routinely in ongoing biosecurity and pest management surveys.}, }
@article {pmid30900532, year = {2019}, author = {Miranda, RJ and Coleman, MA and Tagliafico, A and Rangel, MS and Mamo, LT and Barros, F and Kelaher, BP}, title = {Invasion-mediated effects on marine trophic interactions in a changing climate: positive feedbacks favour kelp persistence.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1899}, pages = {20182866}, pmid = {30900532}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Food Chain ; Global Warming ; Introduced Species ; Kelp/*physiology ; New South Wales ; Sargassum/*physiology ; Seawater ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The interactive effects of ocean warming and invasive species are complex and remain a source of uncertainty for projecting future ecological change. Climate-mediated change to trophic interactions can have pervasive ecological consequences, but the role of invasion in mediating trophic effects is largely unstudied. Using manipulative experiments in replicated outdoor mesocosms, we reveal how near-future ocean warming and macrophyte invasion scenarios interactively impact gastropod grazing intensity and preference for consumption of foundation macroalgae (Ecklonia radiata and Sargassum vestitum). Elevated water temperature increased the consumption of both macroalgae through greater grazing intensity. Given the documented decline of kelp (E. radiata) growth at higher water temperatures, enhanced grazing could contribute to the shift from kelp-dominated to Sargassum-dominated reefs that is occurring at the low-latitude margins of kelp distribution. However, the presence of a native invader (Caulerpa filiformis) was related to low consumption by the herbivores on dominant kelp at warmer temperatures. Thus, antagonistic effects between climate change and a range expanding species can favour kelp persistence in a warmer future. Introduction of species should, therefore, not automatically be considered unfavourable under climate change scenarios. Climatic changes are increasing the need for effective management actions to address the interactive effects of multiple stressors and their ecological consequences, rather than single threats in isolation.}, }
@article {pmid30900053, year = {2019}, author = {Ricks, KD and Koide, RT}, title = {Biotic filtering of endophytic fungal communities in Bromus tectorum.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {189}, number = {4}, pages = {993-1003}, pmid = {30900053}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {2011-67009-20072//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, mesh = {*Bromus ; Fungi ; Introduced Species ; *Mycobiome ; Utah ; }, abstract = {The assembly of horizontally transmitted endophytic fungi within plant tissues may be affected by "biotic filtering". In other words, only particular endophytic fungal taxa from the available inoculum pool may be able to colonize a given plant species. We tested that hypothesis in Bromus tectorum, an important invasive species in the arid, western United States. We collected seed from Bromus tectorum and sources of inoculum for endophytic fungi including soil and various kinds of plant litter at a field site in central Utah. We characterized, using Illumina sequencing, the endophytic fungal communities in the various inoculum sources, inoculated Bromus tectorum seedlings under gnotobiotic conditions with the various sources, and then characterized the communities of endophytic fungi that assembled in their roots and leaves. Different inoculum sources containing significantly different endophytic fungal communities produced complex communities of endophytic fungi in leaves and roots of Bromus tectorum. In leaves, the communities assembling from the various inoculum sources were not significantly different from each other and, in roots, they were only slightly different from each other, mainly due to variation in a single fungal OTU, Coprinopsis brunneofibrillosa. Consequently, there was significantly more variation in the structure of the communities of endophytic fungi among the inoculum sources than in the resultant endophytic fungal communities in the leaves and roots of Bromus tectorum. These results are consistent with biotic filtering playing a significant role in endophytic fungal community assembly.}, }
@article {pmid30898613, year = {2019}, author = {Cleveland, CA and Swanepoel, L and Box, EK and De Nicola, A and Yabsley, MJ}, title = {Rickettsia species in ticks collected from wild pigs (Sus scrofa) and Philippine deer (Rusa marianna) on Guam, Marianna Islands, USA.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {194}, number = {}, pages = {89-92}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.03.010}, pmid = {30898613}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Animals ; Deer/*parasitology ; Guam/epidemiology ; Humans ; Rickettsia/classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Ticks/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {The prevalence and diversity of ticks on wildlife species on Guam is understudied, as to date no work has been conducted on the infection of these ticks with Rickettsia (obligate intracellular pathogens that use a variety of ectoparasites as vectors and can cause disease in humans, domestic animals, and wildlife species). The goal of our study was to investigate the presence of Rickettsia species on the island of Guam by testing ticks found on Philippine deer (Rusa marianna) and wild pigs (Sus scrofa). Increasing numbers of these species have led to increased interactions with humans, including hunting, highlighting the importance of studies on vector prevalence and associated zoonotic pathogens. In this study, ticks were removed from Philippine deer and wild pigs in March and April of 2015 and tested for Rickettsia spp. using nested PCR. Overall, a low prevalence of Rickettsia spp. was detected (5.4% (6/112 ticks)). Ticks removed from wild pigs were identified as Amblyomma breviscutatum, one of which was positive for Rickettsia ambylommatis. Ticks recovered from Philippine deer were identified as Rhipicephalus microplus, and five were positive for Rickettsia; two with R. amblyommatis and one with 'Candidatus Rickettsia senegalensis', a recently proposed species in the R. felis cluster. The remaining two sequences were short and species classification was not possible. Rickettsia felis is a known zoonotic pathogen in the spotted fever group of Rickettsia and there is evidence that 'C. R. senegalensis' can also cause illness in people. This study confirms the occurrence of Rickettsia in ticks on Guam and highlights the presence of potential human pathogenic species in the R. felis cluster.}, }
@article {pmid30897939, year = {2020}, author = {Gowri, S and Thangaraj, R}, title = {Studies on the toxic effects of agrochemical pesticide (Monocrotophos) on physiological and reproductive behavior of indigenous and exotic earthworm species.}, journal = {International journal of environmental health research}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {212-225}, doi = {10.1080/09603123.2019.1590538}, pmid = {30897939}, issn = {1369-1619}, mesh = {Animals ; Insecticides/*adverse effects ; Introduced Species ; Monocrotophos/*adverse effects ; Oligochaeta/*drug effects/physiology ; Reproduction/drug effects ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*drug effects ; Soil Pollutants/*adverse effects ; }, abstract = {Earthworms are an ideal biological model in toxicity assays and environmental monitoring studies. In the present study, the reproductive toxicity and histopathological effects of Monocrotophos pesticide on an exotic epigeic Eudrilus eugeniae and an indigenous epigeic Perionyx barotensis earthworm were studied. Earthworm species were exposed to different concentrations of pesticide like 450 ppm, 500 ppm, and 650 ppm for 45 days and the mortality rate and reproductive activity was recorded every 15 days of exposure. There was an increase in mortality and abnormal sperm (asthenospermia, necrospermia, and oligospermia) and defective cocoons in earthworms with increasing concentrations of the pesticide. Histopathological changes like rupture of chloragogenous tissue, longitudinal muscle, fused and extra-villous growth and necrotic cell rupture in earthworm's body wall (epidermis, circular and longitudinal muscles) were observed. Fluorescent probes have detected cell death in pesticide-treated earthworms when compared to the control group after 45 days. The present findings show that Monocrotophos pesticide on exposure to epigeic earthworm species causes significant reproductive toxicity and histopathological abnormalities and these changes could be used as a tool in environmental risk assessment of pesticides.Abbreviations: DDT: Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; MCP: Monocrotophos; EPA: Environment Protection Act; SL: Soluble Liquid; C: N (Carbon: Nitrogen); C: P (Carbon: Phosphorus); LC: Lethal Concentration; PBS: Phosphate Buffer Solution; WHO: World Health Organization; H&amp;E: Hematoxylin and Eosin; SV: seminal vesicles; O: ovary; GP: genital papillae; Ch: chloragogenous tissue; EL: epithelial layer; CM: circular muscle; LM: longitudinal muscle; CD: cell debris.}, }
@article {pmid30897772, year = {2019}, author = {Willbrand, BN and Pfeiffer, DG}, title = {Brown Rice Vinegar as an Olfactory Field Attractant for Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) and Zaprionus indianus Gupta (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Cherimoya in Maui, Hawaii, with Implications for Attractant Specificity between Species and Estimation of Relative Abundance.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {30897772}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is an agricultural pest that has been observed co-infesting soft-skinned fruits with Zaprionus indianus Gupta. The characterization of olfactory preferences by species is a necessary step towards the development of species-specific attractants. Five olfactory attractants were used to survey the populations of two invasive drosophilids in cherimoya in Maui, Hawaii. The attractants used were apple cider vinegar (ACV), brown rice vinegar (BRV), red wine (RW), apple cider vinegar and red wine (ACV+RW; 60/40), and brown rice vinegar and red wine (BRV+RW; 60/40). For D. suzukii, BRV+RW resulted in more captures than BRV, ACV, and RW, while ACV+RW resulted in more captures than ACV. No differences were observed between BRV+RW and ACV+RW. BRV had greater specificity in attracting D. suzukii compared to ACV, ACV+RW, and RW. For Z. indianus, no significant differences were observed in either the mean captures or specificity for any attractant used. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that (1) BRV and BRV+RW are effective field attractants and (2) D. suzukii has unique olfactory preferences compared to non-target drosophilids, while (3) Z. indianus' preferences do not appear to vary from non-target drosophilids, and (4) the accuracy of relative abundance is impacted by the specificity of the attractants.}, }
@article {pmid30895343, year = {2019}, author = {van Riper, CJ and Browning, MHEM and Becker, D and Stewart, W and Suski, CD and Browning, L and Golebie, E}, title = {Correction to: Human-Nature Relationships and Normative Beliefs Influence Behaviors that Reduce the Spread of Aquatic Invasive Species.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {63}, number = {6}, pages = {835}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-019-01149-8}, pmid = {30895343}, issn = {1432-1009}, support = {1012211//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; NGRREC-IP2016-25//National Great Rivers Research &amp; Education Center/ ; NGRREC-IP2016-2//National Great Rivers Research and Education Center/ ; }, abstract = {The original article was published with few incorrect contexts.}, }
@article {pmid30893345, year = {2019}, author = {Macfarland, L and Mahony, NA and Harrison, M and Green, D}, title = {Habitat-mediated breeding performance of Lewis's Woodpeckers (Melanerpes lewis) in British Columbia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {e0212929}, pmid = {30893345}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; British Columbia ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Endangered Species ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Nesting Behavior/physiology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Tree cavities provide a critical resource for cavity-nesting animals, and high quality cavities can be difficult for animals to acquire in habitats where competition is high. We investigated the breeding performance of Lewis's Woodpeckers in three habitat types in British Columbia, Canada in 2013 and 2014. We also assessed whether the number of nest competitors and cavity availability influenced the habitat specific breeding performance of this threatened cavity nesting species. We found that daily nest survival rate was lower in burned habitat (0.15 ± 0.08 (0.05-0.37)) than in live pine (0.72 ± 0.10 (0.51-0.87)) or cottonwood (0.69 ± 0.09 (0.51-0.83)) habitats. However, hatching success (the proportion of eggs that hatch) was lower in live pine habitat (0.59 ± 0.09 95% CI) than burned (0.77 ± 0.19 95% CI) or cottonwood (0.80 ± 0.07 95% CI) habitat, and the fledging success of successful nests in live pine and burned habitat (1.86 ± 0.31 and 1.88 ± 0.59 95% CI, respectively) was slightly lower than in cottonwood habitat (2.61 ± 0.45 95% CI). Consequently, Lewis's Woodpeckers in cottonwood habitat produced more fledglings per nesting attempt (2.05 ± 0.49 95% CI) than in live pine (1.53 ± 0.35 95% CI) or burned (0.79 ± 0.49 95% CI) habitat. Habitats differed in the number of nesting competitors and the number of suitable cavities surrounding active Lewis's Woodpecker nests. Our results showed that cavity density best explained breeding performance differences although the mechanisms remain unclear. There was no evidence that the number of heterospecific nest competitors, including the invasive European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), explained or influenced Lewis's Woodpecker breeding performance. Cavity density influenced the productivity of successful nests but did not explain habitat differences in hatching success or daily nest survival. Further work is required to understand the mechanistic basis for the habitat specific breeding performance of Lewis's Woodpeckers. Habitat differences in breeding performance in British Columbia are not consistent with those in other regions, highlighting the importance of regionally-specific demographic data for managing species at risk.}, }
@article {pmid30891210, year = {2019}, author = {Furlan-Murari, PJ and Ruas, CF and Ruas, EA and Benício, LM and Urrea-Rojas, AM and Poveda-Parra, AR and Murari, E and de Lima, ECS and de Souza, FP and Lopera-Barrero, NM}, title = {Structure and genetic variability of golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) populations from Brazilian reservoirs.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {2706-2714}, pmid = {30891210}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei a highly invasive species in Brazil, has generated productive, economical, and biological impacts. To evaluate genetic structure and variability of L. fortunei populations present in fish farms in the reservoirs of Canoas I (CANFF), Rosana (ROSFF), and Capivara (CAPFF) (Paranapanema River, Paraná, Brazil), eight microsatellite loci were amplified. Five of those eight loci resulted in 38 alleles. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) was lower than the expected heterozygosity (He) in all populations, with a deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). The average value for the inbreeding coefficient (Fis) was positive and significative for all populations. There was higher genetic variability within populations than among them. The fixation index (Fst) showed a small genetic variability among these populations. The occurrence of gene flow was identified in all populations, along with the lack of a recent bottleneck effect. The clustering analysis yielded K = 2, with genetic similarity between the three populations. The results demonstrate low genetic structure and suggest a founding population with greater genetic variability (ROSFF). Our data point to the possible dispersal of L. fortunei aided by anthropic factors in the upstream direction. It was concluded that the three populations presented a unique genetic pool for Paranapanema River, with occurrence of gene flow.}, }
@article {pmid30887614, year = {2019}, author = {Bishop, TR and Parr, CL and Gibb, H and van Rensburg, BJ and Braschler, B and Chown, SL and Foord, SH and Lamy, K and Munyai, TC and Okey, I and Tshivhandekano, PG and Werenkraut, V and Robertson, MP}, title = {Thermoregulatory traits combine with range shifts to alter the future of montane ant assemblages.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, pages = {2162-2173}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14622}, pmid = {30887614}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Forecasting ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Predicting and understanding the biological response to future climate change is a pressing challenge for humanity. In the 21st century, many species will move into higher latitudes and higher elevations as the climate warms. In addition, the relative abundances of species within local assemblages are likely to change. Both effects have implications for how ecosystems function. Few biodiversity forecasts, however, take account of both shifting ranges and changing abundances. We provide a novel analysis predicting the potential changes to assemblage-level relative abundances in the 21st century. We use an established relationship linking ant abundance and their colour and size traits to temperature and UV-B to predict future abundance changes. We also predict future temperature driven range shifts and use these to alter the available species pool for our trait-mediated abundance predictions. We do this across three continents under a low greenhouse gas emissions scenario (RCP2.6) and a business-as-usual scenario (RCP8.5). Under RCP2.6, predicted changes to ant assemblages by 2100 are moderate. On average, species richness will increase by 26%, while species composition and relative abundance structure will be 26% and 30% different, respectively, compared with modern assemblages. Under RCP8.5, however, highland assemblages face almost a tripling of species richness and compositional and relative abundance changes of 66% and 77%. Critically, we predict that future assemblages could be reorganized in terms of which species are common and which are rare: future highland assemblages will not simply comprise upslope shifts of modern lowland assemblages. These forecasts reveal the potential for radical change to montane ant assemblages by the end of the 21st century if temperature increases continue. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating trait-environment relationships into future biodiversity predictions. Looking forward, the major challenge is to understand how ecosystem processes will respond to compositional and relative abundance changes.}, }
@article {pmid30886030, year = {2019}, author = {Plasman, M and McCue, MD and Reynoso, VH and Terblanche, JS and Clusella-Trullas, S}, title = {Environmental temperature alters the overall digestive energetics and differentially affects dietary protein and lipid use in a lizard.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {222}, number = {Pt 6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.194480}, pmid = {30886030}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Basal Metabolism ; Diet ; Dietary Proteins/*metabolism ; *Digestion ; *Energy Metabolism ; Environment ; Female ; Lipids ; Lizards ; Male ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Processing food (e.g. ingestion, digestion, assimilation) requires energy referred to as specific dynamic action (SDA) and is at least partially fuelled by oxidation of the nutrients (e.g. proteins and lipids) within the recently ingested meal. In ectotherms, environmental temperature can affect the magnitude and/or duration of the SDA, but is likely to also alter the mixture of nutrients that are oxidized to cover these costs. Here, we examined metabolic rate, gut passage time, assimilation efficiency and fuel use in the lizard Agama atra digesting cricket meals at three ecologically relevant temperatures (20, 25 and 32°C). Crickets were isotopically enriched with [13]C-leucine or [13]C-palmitic-acid tracers to distinguish between protein and lipid oxidation, respectively. Our results show that higher temperatures increased the magnitude of the SDA peak (by 318% between 32 and 20°C) and gut passage rate (63%), and decreased the duration of the SDA response (by 20% for males and 48% for females). Peak rate of dietary protein oxidation occurred sooner than peak lipid oxidation at all temperatures (70, 60 and 31 h earlier for 20, 25 and 32°C, respectively). Assimilation efficiency of proteins, but not lipids, was positively related to temperature. Interestingly, the SDA response exhibited a notable circadian rhythm. These results show that temperature has a pronounced effect on digestive energetics in A.atra, and that this effect differs between nutrient classes. Variation in environmental temperatures may thus alter the energy budget and nutrient reserves of these animals.}, }
@article {pmid30883552, year = {2019}, author = {Tedjou, AN and Kamgang, B and Yougang, AP and Njiokou, F and Wondji, CS}, title = {Update on the geographical distribution and prevalence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), two major arbovirus vectors in Cameroon.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {e0007137}, pmid = {30883552}, issn = {1935-2735}, support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 204862/Z/16/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Aedes/classification/*growth &amp; development ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Cameroon ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Larva ; Mosquito Vectors/classification/*growth &amp; development ; *Phylogeography ; Population Density ; Pupa ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Arboviral diseases including dengue are increasingly spreading in the tropical/subtropical world including Africa. Updated knowledge on the distribution and abundance of the major vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus constitutes crucial surveillance action to prepare African countries such as Cameroon for potential arbovirus outbreaks. Here, we present a nationwide survey in Cameroon to assess the current geographical distribution and prevalence of both vectors including a genetic diversity profiling of Ae. albopictus (invasive species) using mitochondrial DNA.<br><br>METHODS: Immature stages of Aedes were collected between March and August 2017 in 29 localities across Cameroon following north-south and east-west transects. Larvae and pupae were collected from several containers in each location, reared to adult and morphologically identified. Genetic diversity of Ae. albopictus from 16 locations were analysed using Cytochrome Oxidase I gene (COI).<br><br>RESULTS: In total, 30,381 immature stages of Aedes with an average of 646.40&#xb1;414.21 per location were identified across the country comprising 69.3% of Ae. albopictus and 30.7% of Ae. aegypti. Analysis revealed that Ae. aegypti is still distributed nation widely whereas Ae. albopictus is limited to the southern part, around 6&#xb0;4'N. However, Ae. albopictus is the most prevalent species in all southern locations where both species are sympatric except in Douala where Ae. aegypti is predominant. This suggests that factors such as climate, vegetation, and building density impact the distribution of both species in Cameroon. Mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed a low genetic diversity in Ae. albopictus populations with a major common haplotype resulting in low haplotype diversity ranging from 0.13 to 0.65 and 0.35 for the total sample. Similarly, low nucleotide diversity was also reported varying from 0.0000 to 0.0017 with an overall index of 0.0008. This low genetic polymorphism is consistent with the recent introduction of Ae. albopictus in Cameroon.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This updated distribution of arbovirus vectors across Cameroon will help in planning vector control programme against possible outbreak of arbovirus related diseases in the country.}, }
@article {pmid30881766, year = {2019}, author = {Ye, XQ and Meng, JL and Wu, M}, title = {The effects of Solidago canadensis water extracts on maize seedling growth in association with the biomass allocation pattern.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6564}, pmid = {30881766}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Solidago canadensis L. is an aggressive exotic plant species in China that has potential allelopathic effects on competing plant species. Effects of hormesis are frequently observed in studies of allelopathy; however, the mechanisms of such effects need to be elucidated. Allelopathic compounds may affect the growth of recipient plants via alteration of biomass allocation patterns or photosynthetic capacity. The aim of this study was to determine how water extracts from S. canadensis affected the shoot and root growth of recipient plants and whether the underlying mechanism was related to the biomass allocation pattern or photosynthetic gas exchange capacity.<br><br>METHODS: The water extracts from S. canadensis shoots at 12 different concentrations in the range of 0-0.25 g/ml were applied thrice in 9 days to maize seedlings cultivated in silica sand. The growth (shoot height, leaf length and area and root length) and biomass accumulation and allocation (specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area ratio (LAR) and leaf mass ratio (LMR)) were compared among maize seedlings exposed to different treatment concentrations. Gas exchange (photosynthetic light response curve) was measured and compared among maize seedlings exposed to three concentrations of water extract (0, 0.0125 and 0.2 g/ml) before and after the first application, and seedling growth was measured after the third and final application.<br><br>RESULTS: The growth of seedlings (shoot height, leaf length and area and root length) was promoted at concentrations below 0.125 g/ml and inhibited at concentrations above this level (P < 0.05). The pattern of change in biomass accumulation and allocation was similar to that of shoot growth, but biomass accumulation and allocation was not significantly affected by the water extract treatments (P > 0.05). The water extract treatments did not significantly affect the photosynthetic capacity (P > 0.05), but the dark respiration rate was higher in the low-dose treatment than that in the high-dose treatment. Shoot height was positively correlated with the biomass allocation indicators SLA and LAR (P < 0.05) but not with LMR (P > 0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that the effects of the water extracts from S. canadensis were highly dependent on the concentration, with the growth of maize seedlings promoted at low concentrations of water extracts. The effects of the water extracts on the growth of maize seedlings were mainly due to the effects on the LAR, the allocation to leaf area growth, whereas the effects of the water extracts on leaf gas exchange capacity cannot explain variation of seedling growth. Thus, the stimulation of plant growth was very likely due to increased biomass allocation towards the shoot.}, }
@article {pmid30880834, year = {2019}, author = {Bradbeer, SJ and Harrington, J and Watson, H and Warraich, A and Shechonge, A and Smith, A and Tamatamah, R and Ngatunga, BP and Turner, GF and Genner, MJ}, title = {Limited hybridization between introduced and Critically Endangered indigenous tilapia fishes in northern Tanzania.}, journal = {Hydrobiologia}, volume = {832}, number = {1}, pages = {257-268}, pmid = {30880834}, issn = {0018-8158}, abstract = {Hybridization between introduced and indigenous species can lead to loss of unique genetic resources and precipitate extinction. In Tanzania, the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and blue-spotted tilapia (Oreochromis leucostictus) have been widely introduced to non-native habitats for aquaculture and development of capture fisheries. Here, we aimed to quantify interspecific hybridization between these introduced species and the indigenous species Oreochromis esculentus, Oreochromis jipe and Oreochromis korogwe. In the Pangani basin, several hybrids were observed (O. niloticus × O. jipe, O. leucostictus × O. jipe, O. niloticus × O. korogwe), although hybrids were relatively uncommon within samples relative to purebreds. Hybrids between the native O. jipe × O. korogwe were also observed. In the Lake Victoria basin, no evidence of hybrids was found. Analysis of body shape using geometric morphometrics suggested that although purebreds could be discriminated from one another, hybrids could not be readily identified on body and head shape alone. These results provide the first evidence of hybridization between the introduced species and the Critically Endangered O. jipe in Tanzania. Given uncertainty regarding benefits of introduced species over large-bodied indigenous species in aquaculture and capture fisheries, we suggest that future introductions of hybridization-prone species should be carefully evaluated.}, }
@article {pmid30880833, year = {2019}, author = {Shechonge, A and Ngatunga, BP and Bradbeer, SJ and Day, JJ and Freer, JJ and Ford, AGP and Kihedu, J and Richmond, T and Mzighani, S and Smith, AM and Sweke, EA and Tamatamah, R and Tyers, AM and Turner, GF and Genner, MJ}, title = {Widespread colonisation of Tanzanian catchments by introduced Oreochromis tilapia fishes: the legacy from decades of deliberate introduction.}, journal = {Hydrobiologia}, volume = {832}, number = {1}, pages = {235-253}, pmid = {30880833}, issn = {0018-8158}, abstract = {From the 1950s onwards, programmes to promote aquaculture and improve capture fisheries in East Africa have relied heavily on the promise held by introduced species. In Tanzania these introductions have been poorly documented. Here we report the findings of surveys of inland water bodies across Tanzania between 2011 and 2017 that clarify distributions of tilapiine cichlids of the genus Oreochromis. We identified Oreochromis from 123 sampling locations, including 14 taxa restricted to their native range and three species that have established populations beyond their native range. Of these three species, the only exotic species found was blue-spotted tilapia (Oreochromis leucostictus), while Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Singida tilapia (Oreochromis esculentus), which are both naturally found within the country of Tanzania, have been translocated beyond their native range. Using our records, we developed models of suitable habitat for the introduced species based on recent (1960-1990) and projected (2050, 2070) East African climate. These models indicated that presence of suitable habitat for these introduced species will persist and potentially expand across the region. The clarification of distributions provided here can help inform the monitoring and management of biodiversity, and inform policy related to the future role of introduced species in fisheries and aquaculture.}, }
@article {pmid30877440, year = {2019}, author = {Schoener, E and Zittra, C and Weiss, S and Walder, G and Barogh, BS and Weiler, S and Fuehrer, HP}, title = {Monitoring of alien mosquitoes of the genus Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Austria.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {118}, number = {5}, pages = {1633-1638}, pmid = {30877440}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Aedes/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/virology ; Animals ; Arbovirus Infections/transmission ; Arboviruses/growth &amp; development ; Austria ; Climate Change ; Environment ; Female ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Oviposition/*physiology ; Seasons ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Systematic, continuous mosquito surveillance is considered the most reliable tool to predict the spread and establishment of alien mosquito species such as the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus), Japanese bush mosquito (Aedes japonicus), and the transmission risk of mosquito-borne arboviruses to humans. Only single individuals of Ae. albopictus have been found in Austria so far. However, it is likely that the species will be able to establish populations in the future due to global trade and traffic as well as increasing temperatures in the course of global climate change. In summer 2017, a project surveilling the oviposition of newly introduced Aedes mosquitoes, using ovitraps, was set up by means of citizen scientists and researchers and was performed in six federal provinces of Austria-Tyrol, Carinthia, Vienna, Lower Austria, Styria, and Burgenland. Eggs of Ae. albopictus were identified in Tyrol during the months August and September, while Ae. japonicus was found in Lower Austria, Styria, and Burgenland. In Vienna and Carinthia, all ovitraps were negative for Aedes eggs; however, Ae. japonicus was found for the first time in Vienna in July 2017 during routine sampling of adult mosquitoes. With this project, we demonstrated the benefits of citizen scientists for ovitrap-based mosquito surveillance. The finding of Ae. albopictus eggs in Northern Tyrol is not yet a proof of the establishment of a self-sustaining population, although it indicates the ongoing introduction of this species along main traffic routes from Italy, where this mosquito is well established. The risk of establishment of the tiger mosquito in the Lower Inn Valley is therefore a given and informing the public about preventive measures to hinder and delay this development is highly recommended.}, }
@article {pmid30872891, year = {2019}, author = {Bartlett, J and Convey, P and Hayward, SAL}, title = {Not so free range? Oviposition microhabitat and egg clustering affects Eretmoptera murphyi (Diptera: Chironomidae) reproductive success.}, journal = {Polar biology}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {271-284}, pmid = {30872891}, issn = {0722-4060}, abstract = {Understanding the physiology of non-native species in Antarctica is key to elucidating their ability to colonise an area, and how they may respond to changes in climate. Eretmoptera murphyi is a chironomid midge introduced to Signy Island (Maritime Antarctic) from South Georgia (Sub-Antarctic) where it is endemic. Here, we explore the tolerance of this species' egg masses to heat and desiccation stress encountered within two different oviposition microhabitats (ground surface vegetation and underlying soil layer). Our data show that, whilst oviposition takes place in both substrates, egg sacs laid individually in soil are at the greatest risk of failing to hatch, whilst those aggregated in the surface vegetation have the lowest risk. The two microhabitats are characterised by significantly different environmental conditions, with greater temperature fluctuations in the surface vegetation, but lower humidity (%RH) and available water content in the soil. Egg sacs were not desiccation resistant and lost water rapidly, with prolonged exposure to 75% RH affecting survival for eggs in singly oviposited egg sacs. In contrast, aggregated egg sacs (n = 10) experienced much lower desiccation rates and survival of eggs remained above 50% in all treatments. Eggs had high heat tolerance in the context of the current microhabitat conditions on Signy. We suggest that the atypical (for this family) use of egg sac aggregation in E. murphyi has developed as a response to environmental stress. Current temperature patterns and extremes on Signy Island are unlikely to affect egg survival, but changes in the frequency and duration of extreme events could be a greater challenge.}, }
@article {pmid30872772, year = {2019}, author = {Ray, AM and Francese, JA and Zou, Y and Watson, K and Crook, DJ and Millar, JG}, title = {Isolation and identification of a male-produced aggregation-sex pheromone for the velvet longhorned beetle, Trichoferus campestris.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {4459}, pmid = {30872772}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Assay ; Coleoptera/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Male ; Sex Attractants/chemical synthesis/*chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Stereoisomerism ; Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis ; }, abstract = {The velvet longhorned beetle, Trichoferus campestris (Faldermann) ("VLB"; Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is native to eastern Asia where it infests and damages a wide range of deciduous and coniferous tree species, including orchard and timber species. Immature stages of VLB are transported to new countries via international commerce, and populations have established outside the native range of the species. Here, we show that identification of pheromones of invasive pest species can be expedited by knowledge of the semiochemistry of related taxa. Histological sectioning revealed subcuticular, male-specific prothoracic glands connected to pits in the cuticle, which, in related species, are diagnostic for production of male-produced aggregation-sex pheromones, usually characterized by 2,3-alkanediol/hydroxyketone structural motifs. However, in preliminary field bioassays, beetles were not attracted by any known cerambycid pheromones. Subsequently, we identified a novel variant of the hydroxyketone motif ("trichoferone") from headspace volatiles of males. In field bioassays, synthetic trichoferone was more attractive to both sexes of VLB than previously developed high-release-rate ethanol lures, and attraction was strongly female biased. This study demonstrated the utility of the prothoracic gland trait for predicting pheromone use in cerambycid species in the subfamily Cerambycinae, and that identification of pheromones of novel species can be expedited by knowledge of pheromones of related species. Trichoferone should prove to be a valuable tool for detection of VLB in regions where the beetle is or may become established.}, }
@article {pmid30872734, year = {2019}, author = {Lenancker, P and Hoffmann, BD and Tay, WT and Lach, L}, title = {Strategies of the invasive tropical fire ant (Solenopsis geminata) to minimize inbreeding costs.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {4566}, pmid = {30872734}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/classification/genetics ; Female ; Genotype ; *Inbreeding ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; }, abstract = {How invasive species overcome challenges associated with low genetic diversity is unclear. Invasive ant populations with low genetic diversity sometimes produce sterile diploid males, which do not contribute to colony labour or reproductive output. We investigated how inbreeding affects colony founding and potential strategies to overcome its effects in the invasive tropical fire ant, Solenopsis geminata. Our genetic analyses of field samples revealed that 13-100% of males per colony (n = 8 males per 10 colonies) were diploid, and that all newly mated queens (n = 40) were single-mated. Our laboratory experiment in which we assigned newly mated queens to nests consisting of 1, 2, 3, or 5 queens (n = 95 ± 9 replicates) revealed that pleometrosis (queens founding their nest together) and diploid male larvae execution can compensate for diploid male load. The proportion of diploid male producing (DMP) colonies was 22.4%, and DMP colonies produced fewer pupae and adult workers than non-DMP colonies. Pleometrosis significantly increased colony size. Queens executed their diploid male larvae in 43.5% of the DMP colonies, and we hypothesize that cannibalism benefits incipient colonies because queens can redirect nutrients to worker brood. Pleometrosis and cannibalism of diploid male larvae represent strategies through which invasive ants can successfully establish despite high inbreeding.}, }
@article {pmid30871595, year = {2019}, author = {Kerkow, A and Wieland, R and Koban, MB and Hölker, F and Jeschke, JM and Werner, D and Kampen, H}, title = {What makes the Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus feel comfortable in Germany? A fuzzy modelling approach.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {106}, pmid = {30871595}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {2819105315//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Ern&#xe4;hrung und Landwirtschaft/ ; JE 288/9-2//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Germany ; Introduced Species ; Logistic Models ; Machine Learning ; Mosquito Vectors/*physiology ; Wind ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus is an invasive species native to East Asia and has become established in North America and Europe. On both continents, the species has spread over wide areas. Since it is a potential vector of human and livestock pathogens, distribution and dissemination maps are urgently needed to implement targeted surveillance and control in case of disease outbreaks. Previous distribution models for Europe and Germany in particular focused on climate data. Until now, effects of other environmental variables such as land use and wind remained unconsidered.<br><br>RESULTS: In order to better explain the distribution pattern of Ae. j. japonicus in Germany at a regional level, we have developed a nested approach that allows for the combination of data derived from (i) a climate model based on a machine-learning approach; (ii) a landscape model developed by means of ecological expert knowledge; and (iii) wind speed data. The approach is based on the fuzzy modelling technique that enables to precisely define the interactions between the three factors and additionally considers uncertainties with regard to the acceptance of certain environmental conditions. The model combines different spatial resolutions of data for Germany and achieves a much higher degree of accuracy than previous published distribution models. Our results reveal that a well-suited landscape structure can even facilitate the occurrence of Ae. j. japonicus in a climatically unsuitable region. Vice versa, unsuitable land use types such as agricultural landscapes and coniferous forests reduce the occurrence probability in climatically suitable regions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The approach has significantly improved existing distribution models of Ae. j. japonicus for the area of Germany. We generated distribution maps with a resolution of 100&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;100 m that can serve as a basis for the design of control measures. All model input data and scripts are open source and freely available, so that the model can easily be applied to other countries or, more generally, to other species.}, }
@article {pmid30871592, year = {2019}, author = {Koban, MB and Kampen, H and Scheuch, DE and Frueh, L and Kuhlisch, C and Janssen, N and Steidle, JLM and Schaub, GA and Werner, D}, title = {The Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Europe, 17 years after its first detection, with a focus on monitoring methods.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {109}, pmid = {30871592}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {1362/1-982//Robert Koch Institute/ ; 2810HS022//German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL)/ ; 2819104115//German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL)/ ; 2819104615//German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL)/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/classification/*physiology ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Europe/epidemiology ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {After the first detection of the Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus in the year 2000 in France, its invasive nature was revealed in 2008 in Switzerland and Germany. In the following years, accumulating reports have shown that Ae. j. japonicus succeeded in establishing in several European countries. Surveillance efforts suggest that there are currently four populations in Europe, with the largest one, formed by the recent fusion of several smaller populations, ranging from West Germany, with extensions to Luxembourg and French Alsace, southwards to Switzerland and continuing westwards through Liechtenstein to western Austria. This paper summarises the present distribution of Ae. j. japonicus in Europe, based on published literature and hitherto unpublished findings by the authors, and critically reviews the monitoring strategies applied. A proposal for a more standardised monitoring approach is provided, aiming at the harmonisation of future data collections for improving the comparability between studies and the suitability of collected data for further research purposes, e.g. predictive modelling approaches.}, }
@article {pmid30868710, year = {2019}, author = {Huang, M and Ge, X and Shi, H and Tong, Y and Shi, J}, title = {Prediction of current and future potential distributions of the Eucalyptus pest Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in China using the CLIMEX model.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {75}, number = {11}, pages = {2958-2968}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5408}, pmid = {30868710}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//National Key R&amp;D Program of China (2016YFC1202102)/ ; 2016YFC1202102//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; China ; *Climate Change ; Eucalyptus/growth &amp; development ; Herbivory ; Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The wasp Leptocybe invasa Fisher &amp; LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) pest native to Australia, has caused economic and ecologic losses in China. It is a serious pest in southern provinces. Because climate is a limiting factor in insect distribution, we used the model CLIMEX to predict the effect of climate change on potential current and future distributions of L. invasa in China. Data were collected on the current locations of this wasp, along with the damage incurred to Eucalyptus. These data were used to create a forecast model to predict potential current and future distribution maps of L. invasa in China.<br><br>RESULTS: The verification results showed that 99.5% of the distribution samples formulated by the model are highly reliable and accurate. The result predicted that the potential current distribution of L. invasa will concentrate south of the Yellow River basin. The future distribution maps predicted a small-scale potential expansion north-northwest of Guangxi and more areas within China will provide increasingly suitable habitats for colonization by L. invasa.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These distribution predications will be useful in determining where preventive and control measures should be implemented against this pest wasp in Eucalyptus throughout China. &#xa9; 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid30868374, year = {2019}, author = {Moyano, J and Chiuffo, MC and Nuñez, MA and Rodriguez-Cabal, MA}, title = {Seed predation does not explain pine invasion success.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {189}, number = {4}, pages = {981-991}, pmid = {30868374}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {23089-1//Rufford Foundation/ ; PICT 2014 No 0662 PRESTAMO BID//Agencia Nacional de Promoci?n Cient?fica y Tecnol?gica/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Why some non-native plant species invade, and others fail remains an elusive question. Plant invasion success has been associated with specific species traits. Yet, we have limited knowledge of the mechanisms relating these traits to invasion potential. General patterns of biotic resistance by seed predation may provide a mechanism that helps separate invasive from non-invasive plants. Seed predation is an important barrier against plant establishment for many plant species. It may, therefore, create a selective filter against non-native plant establishment based on plant traits related to seed predation rate. In two cafeteria-style seed predation experiments in a steppe ecosystem in Patagonia (Argentina) we provided seeds of 16 non-native Pinaceae covering a 300-fold variation in seed mass, a 200-fold variation in seed volume and 75-fold variation in seed toughness. Seed removal decreased with seed mass and seed volume. Seed toughness was not a significant predictor while seed volume was the best predictor of predators' preference. However, for species of this family small seed size is the most important predictor of species invasiveness. Our results show that seed predation does not explain Pinaceae invasive success. In our system, species that have smaller seeds (i.e., more invasive) are preferentially consumed by seed predators. Seed mass was not the best predictor of granivory rates, despite being the seed trait on which most studies have been focused. Our ability to predict future invasion and understand invasion success could benefit from other studies that focus on the mechanisms behind invasive traits.}, }
@article {pmid30868165, year = {2019}, author = {Mandáková, T and Zozomová-Lihová, J and Kudoh, H and Zhao, Y and Lysak, MA and Marhold, K}, title = {The story of promiscuous crucifers: origin and genome evolution of an invasive species, Cardamine occulta (Brassicaceae), and its relatives.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {124}, number = {2}, pages = {209-220}, pmid = {30868165}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {*Brassicaceae ; *Cardamine ; Europe ; Asia, Eastern ; Genome, Plant ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Polyploidy ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cardamine occulta (Brassicaceae) is an octoploid weedy species (2n = 8x = 64) originated in Eastern Asia. It has been introduced to other continents including Europe and considered to be an invasive species. Despite its wide distribution, the polyploid origin of C. occulta remained unexplored. The feasibility of comparative chromosome painting (CCP) in crucifers allowed us to elucidate the origin and genome evolution in Cardamine species. We aimed to investigate the genome structure of C. occulta in comparison with its tetraploid (2n = 4x = 32, C. kokaiensis and C. scutata) and octoploid (2n = 8x = 64, C. dentipetala) relatives.<br><br>METHODS: Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and large-scale CCP were applied to uncover the parental genomes and chromosome composition of the investigated Cardamine species.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: All investigated species descended from a common ancestral Cardamine genome (n = 8), structurally resembling the Ancestral Crucifer Karyotype (n = 8), but differentiated by a translocation between chromosomes AK6 and AK8. Allotetraploid C. scutata originated by hybridization between two diploid species, C. parviflora and C. amara (2n = 2x = 16). By contrast, C. kokaiensis has an autotetraploid origin from a parental genome related to C. parviflora. Interestingly, octoploid C. occulta probably originated through hybridization between the tetraploids C. scutata and C. kokaiensis. The octoploid genome of C. dentipetala probably originated from C. scutata via autopolyploidization. Except for five species-specific centromere repositionings and one pericentric inversion post-dating the polyploidization events, the parental subgenomes remained stable in the tetra- and octoploids.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Comparative genome structure, origin and evolutionary history was reconstructed in C. occulta and related species. For the first time, whole-genome cytogenomic maps were established for octoploid plants. Post-polyploid evolution in Asian Cardamine polyploids has not been associated with descending dysploidy and intergenomic rearrangements. The combination of different parental (sub)genomes adapted to distinct habitats provides an evolutionary advantage to newly formed polyploids by occupying new ecological niches.}, }
@article {pmid30866822, year = {2019}, author = {Lee, Y and Schmidt, H and Collier, TC and Conner, WR and Hanemaaijer, MJ and Slatkin, M and Marshall, JM and Chiu, JC and Smartt, CT and Lanzaro, GC and Mulligan, FS and Cornel, AJ}, title = {Genome-wide divergence among invasive populations of Aedes aegypti in California.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {204}, pmid = {30866822}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {U01CK000516//ACL HHS/United States ; HR0011-17-2-0047//Defense Sciences Office, DARPA/ ; 1U01CK000516//Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/genetics ; Animals ; California ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genome Size ; *Genome, Insect ; Introduced Species ; Metagenomics ; Mosquito Vectors/classification/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Whole Genome Sequencing/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the summer of 2013, Aedes aegypti Linnaeus was first detected in three cities in central California (Clovis, Madera and Menlo Park). It has now been detected in multiple locations in central and southern CA as far south as San Diego and Imperial Counties. A number of published reports suggest that CA populations have been established from multiple independent introductions.<br><br>RESULTS: Here we report the first population genomics analyses of Ae. aegypti based on individual, field collected whole genome sequences. We analyzed 46 Ae. aegypti genomes to establish genetic relationships among populations from sites in California, Florida and South Africa. Based on 4.65 million high quality biallelic SNPs, we identified 3 major genetic clusters within California; one that includes all sample sites in the southern part of the state (South of Tehachapi mountain range) plus the town of Exeter in central California and two additional clusters in central California.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: A lack of concordance between mitochondrial and nuclear genealogies suggests that the three founding populations were polymorphic for two main mitochondrial haplotypes prior to being introduced to California. One of these has been lost in the Clovis populations, possibly by a founder effect. Genome-wide comparisons indicate extensive differentiation between genetic clusters. Our observations support recent introductions of Ae. aegypti into California from multiple, genetically diverged source populations. Our data reveal signs of hybridization among diverged populations within CA. Genetic markers identified in this study will be of great value in pursuing classical population genetic studies which require larger sample sizes.}, }
@article {pmid30865637, year = {2019}, author = {Urquía, D and Gutierrez, B and Pozo, G and Pozo, MJ and Espín, A and Torres, ML}, title = {Psidium guajava in the Galapagos Islands: Population genetics and history of an invasive species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {e0203737}, pmid = {30865637}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; DNA, Plant/analysis/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; *Genome, Plant ; *Introduced Species ; *Population Dynamics ; Psidium/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The threat of invasive plant species in island populations prompts the need to better understand their population genetics and dynamics. In the Galapagos islands, this is exemplified by the introduced guava (Psidium guajava), considered one of the greatest threats to the local biodiversity due to its effective spread in the archipelago and its ability to outcompete endemic species. To better understand its history and genetics, we analyzed individuals from three inhabited islands in the Galapagos archipelago with 11 SSR markers. Our results reveal similar genetic diversity between islands, and the populations appear to be distinct: the islands of San Cristobal and Isabela are genetically different while the population of Santa Cruz is a mixture from both. Additional evidence for genetic bottlenecks and the inference of introduction events suggests an original introduction of the species in San Cristobal, from where it was later introduced to Isabela, and finally into Santa Cruz. Alternatively, a second introduction in Isabela might have occurred. These results are contrasted with the historical record, providing a first overview of the history of P. guajava in the Galapagos islands and its current population dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid30862914, year = {2019}, author = {Titelboim, D and Almogi-Labin, A and Herut, B and Kucera, M and Asckenazi-Polivoda, S and Abramovich, S}, title = {Thermal tolerance and range expansion of invasive foraminifera under climate changes.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {4198}, pmid = {30862914}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Foraminifera/*growth &amp; development ; *Global Warming ; Indian Ocean ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {The Eastern Mediterranean is experiencing a large-scale invasion of alien tropical species from the Red Sea. This "Lessepsian invasion" began with the opening of the Suez Canal and is promoted by the ongoing oceanic warming. The environmental differences between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean act as a buffer allowing the invasion of certain species. This provides an opportunity to study the differences in temperature sensitivity between two sibling species of the cosmopolitian foraminifera Amphistegina. Both species are very common in the Red Sea. Whilest, only one is a successful invader and the other is absent in the Eastern Mediterranean. Here we show that the two species are different in their temperature sensitivity, which explains their selective invasion into the Mediterranean. These differences demonstrate that in respect to climate change resilient marine species can be distinguished by their ability to compensate for temperature changes by adjusting their physiological performance and by having tolerance to a wider temperature range. Moreover, we demonstrate that selective filtering mechanisms during invasion can prefer species that are more resilient to colder rather than expected warmer temperatures.}, }
@article {pmid30862749, year = {2019}, author = {Dale, AL and Feau, N and Everhart, SE and Dhillon, B and Wong, B and Sheppard, J and Bilodeau, GJ and Brar, A and Tabima, JF and Shen, D and Brasier, CM and Tyler, BM and Grünwald, NJ and Hamelin, RC}, title = {Mitotic Recombination and Rapid Genome Evolution in the Invasive Forest Pathogen Phytophthora ramorum.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {30862749}, issn = {2150-7511}, mesh = {Europe ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Forests ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; *Mitosis ; North America ; Phytophthora/*classification/*genetics ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species often have reduced genetic diversity and must adapt to new environments. Given the success of many invasions, this is sometimes called the genetic paradox of invasion. Phytophthora ramorum is invasive, limited to asexual reproduction within four lineages, and presumed clonal. It is responsible for sudden oak death in the United States, sudden larch death in Europe, and ramorum blight in North America and Europe. We sequenced the genomes of 107 isolates to determine how this pathogen can overcome the invasion paradox. Mitotic recombination (MR) associated with transposons and low gene density has generated runs of homozygosity (ROH) affecting 2,698 genes, resulting in novel genotypic diversity within the lineages. One ROH enriched in effectors was fixed in the NA1 lineage. An independent ROH affected the same scaffold in the EU1 lineage, suggesting an MR hot spot and a selection target. Differences in host infection between EU1 isolates with and without the ROH suggest that they may differ in aggressiveness. Non-core regions (not shared by all lineages) had signatures of accelerated evolution and were enriched in putative pathogenicity genes and transposons. There was a striking pattern of gene loss, including all effectors, in the non-core EU2 genome. Positive selection was observed in 8.0% of RxLR and 18.8% of Crinkler effector genes compared with 0.9% of the core eukaryotic gene set. We conclude that the P. ramorum lineages are diverging via a rapidly evolving non-core genome and that the invasive asexual lineages are not clonal, but display genotypic diversity caused by MR.IMPORTANCE Alien species are often successful invaders in new environments, despite the introduction of a few isolates with a reduced genetic pool. This is called the genetic paradox of invasion. We found two mechanisms by which the invasive forest pathogen causing sudden oak and sudden larch death can evolve. Extensive mitotic recombination producing runs of homozygosity generates genotypic diversity even in the absence of sexual reproduction, and rapid turnover of genes in the non-core, or nonessential portion of genome not shared by all isolates, allows pathogenicity genes to evolve rapidly or be eliminated while retaining essential genes. Mitotic recombination events occur in genomic hot spots, resulting in similar ROH patterns in different isolates or groups; one ROH, independently generated in two different groups, was enriched in pathogenicity genes and may be a target for selection. This provides important insights into the evolution of invasive alien pathogens and their potential for adaptation and future persistence.}, }
@article {pmid30861108, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, Y and Pennings, SC and Li, B and Wu, J}, title = {Biotic homogenization of wetland nematode communities by exotic Spartina alterniflora in China.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {100}, number = {4}, pages = {e02596}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2596}, pmid = {30861108}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {2017YFC1200103//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/International ; 41630528//NSFC/International ; 41871035//NSFC/International ; OCE12-37140//U.S. National Science Foundation through the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems Long-Term Ecological Research program/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Introduced Species ; *Nematoda ; Poaceae ; Soil ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Introduced species may homogenize biotic communities. Whether this homogenization can erase latitudinal patterns of species diversity and composition has not been well studied. We examined this by comparing nematode and microbial communities in stands of native Phragmites australis and exotic Spartina alterniflora in coastal wetlands across 18° of latitude in China. We found clear latitudinal clines in nematode diversity and functional composition, and in microbial composition, for soils collected from native P. australis. These latitudinal patterns were weak or absent for soils collected from nearby stands of the exotic S. alterniflora. Climatic and edaphic variables varied across latitude in similar ways in both community types. In P. australis there were strong correlations between community structure and environmental variables, whereas in S. alterniflora these correlations were weak. These results suggest that the invasion of S. alterniflora into the Chinese coastal wetlands has caused profound biotic homogenization of soil communities across latitude. We speculate that the variation in P. australis nematode and microbial communities across latitude is primarily driven by geographic variation in plant traits, but that such variation in plant traits is largely lacking for the recently introduced exotic S. alterniflora. These results indicate that widespread exotic species can homogenize nematode communities at large spatial scales.}, }
@article {pmid30858578, year = {2019}, author = {Wen, B}, title = {Seed germination ecology of Alexandra palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae) and its implication on invasiveness.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {4057}, pmid = {30858578}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {China ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Germination/*genetics ; Hot Temperature/adverse effects ; *Introduced Species ; Seedlings/genetics ; Seeds/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Water ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are occurring worldwide, causing enormous economic and ecological damage. Early detection and prediction of invasiveness are the most effective measures to reduce its damage. The Alexandra palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae) is a prolific seeder and an alien species widely planted in tropical China. To help understand the invasion risks posed by this species, lab and field experiments on seed germination were conducted. Results show that the seeds only germinate within a temperature range of 20-30 °C and are sensitive to desiccation and high temperature, with seedling inhibition at 35 °C and -0.8 MPa. Complete viability loss was observed after desiccation to water content of 0.17-0.21 g/g or heat treatment for 30 minutes at 60 °C and above. However, appropriate habitats such as the rainforest understory, forest gaps, forest edges, and a rubber plantation are present in Xishuangbanna. Seeds are also frequently consumed by animals; therefore, there is a high potential for Alexandra palm to become an invasive species in Xishuangbanna. Currently, the main barrier to invasion in Xishuangbanna is likely to be the need for seed dispersal into suitable moist, partly shaded, habitats. Understanding the requirements for germination of the Alexandra palm can better inform management strategies for the control of this species.}, }
@article {pmid30858442, year = {2019}, author = {O'Loughlin, LS and Gooden, B and Foster, CN and MacGregor, CI and Catford, JA and Lindenmayer, DB}, title = {Invasive shrub re-establishment following management has contrasting effects on biodiversity.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {4083}, pmid = {30858442}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Asteraceae/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Biodiversity ; Birds/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Eucalyptus/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Fires ; Herbicides/adverse effects ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; South Australia ; }, abstract = {Effective control of an invasive species is frequently used to infer positive outcomes for the broader ecosystem. In many situations, whether the removal of an invasive plant is of net benefit to biodiversity is poorly assessed. We undertook a 10-year study on the effects of invasive shrub management (bitou bush, Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata) on native flora and fauna in a eucalypt forest in south-eastern Australia. Bitou bush eradication is a management priority, yet the optimal control regime (combination of herbicide spray and fire) is difficult to implement, meaning managed sites have complex management histories that vary in effectiveness of control. Here we test the long-term response of common biodiversity indicators (species richness, abundance and diversity of native plants, birds, herpetofauna and small mammals) to both the management, and the post-management status of bitou bush (% cover). While average bitou bush cover decreased with management, bitou bush consistently occurred at around half of our managed sites despite control efforts. The relationship between biodiversity and bitou bush cover following management differed from positive, neutral or negative among species groups and indicators. Native plant cover was lower under higher levels of bitou bush cover, but the abundance of birds and small mammals were positively related to bitou bush cover. Evidence suggests that the successful control of an invader may not necessarily result in beneficial outcomes for all components of biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid30854793, year = {2019}, author = {Bajwa, AA and Wang, H and Chauhan, BS and Adkins, SW}, title = {Effect of elevated carbon dioxide concentration on growth, productivity and glyphosate response of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.).}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {75}, number = {11}, pages = {2934-2941}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5403}, pmid = {30854793}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Australian Government/ ; //The University of Queensland, Australia/ ; //Research Training Program/ ; //UQ Centennial Scholarships/ ; }, mesh = {Asteraceae/*drug effects/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Glycine/*analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology ; Herbicides/*pharmacology ; *Weed Control ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The rise in atmospheric CO2 has huge impacts on the biology and management of invasive weed species such as Parthenium hysterophorus. This study evaluated the effect of ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (700 ppm) CO2 concentrations on P. hysterophorus growth, reproductive output and response to glyphosate applied at several doses including the recommended dose (800 g a.e. ha[-1]).<br><br>RESULTS: The plants in control treatment (no herbicide) grew taller (41%), produced a larger number of leaves (13%) and flowers (39%), and higher dry biomass (34%) at elevated CO2 as compared to the ambient CO2 . Glyphosate caused significant reduction in chlorophyll content of P. hysterophorus plants grown at both CO2 concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. The percentage herbicide injury was relatively less at elevated CO2 as compared to the ambient CO2 at 7 and 14&#x2009;days after glyphosate application but it was almost similar at 21&#x2009;days after application. This shows that elevated CO2 might have slowed the translocation of glyphosate initially, but most plants were killed eventually close to 21&#x2009;days after application. The survival rate was higher under elevated as compared to the ambient CO2 at recommended and lower doses of glyphosate. There was a negligible difference between the two CO2 concentrations for the plant dry biomass reduction over the control treatment.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: P. hysterophorus growth and reproductive potential (indicated by number of flowers) improved significantly by CO2 enrichment but there was little effect on the overall efficacy of glyphosate applied to control this species. &#xa9; 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid30854759, year = {2019}, author = {Venegas-Li, R and Levin, N and Morales-Barquero, L and Kaschner, K and Garilao, C and Kark, S}, title = {Global assessment of marine biodiversity potentially threatened by offshore hydrocarbon activities.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, pages = {2009-2020}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14616}, pmid = {30854759}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Estuaries ; Fossil Fuels/adverse effects ; Hydrocarbons ; *Oil and Gas Fields ; }, abstract = {Increasing global energy demands have led to the ongoing intensification of hydrocarbon extraction from marine areas. Hydrocarbon extractive activities pose threats to native marine biodiversity, such as noise, light, and chemical pollution, physical changes to the sea floor, invasive species, and greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we assessed at a global scale the spatial overlap between offshore hydrocarbon activities and marine biodiversity (>25,000 species, nine major ecosystems, and marine protected areas), and quantify the changes over time. We discovered that two-thirds of global offshore hydrocarbon activities occur in areas within the top 10% for species richness, range rarity, and proportional range rarity values globally. Thus, while hydrocarbon activities are undertaken in less than one percent of the ocean's area, they overlap with approximately 85% of all assessed species. Of conservation concern, 4% of species with the largest proportion of their range overlapping hydrocarbon activities are range restricted, potentially increasing their vulnerability to localized threats such as oil spills. While hydrocarbon activities have extended to greater depths since the mid-1990s, we found that the largest overlap is with coastal ecosystems, particularly estuaries, saltmarshes and mangroves. Furthermore, in most countries where offshore hydrocarbon exploration licensing blocks have been delineated, they do not overlap with marine protected areas (MPAs). Although this is positive in principle, many countries have far more licensing block areas than protected areas, and in some instances, MPA coverage is minimal. These findings suggest the need for marine spatial prioritization to help limit future spatial overlap between marine conservation priorities and hydrocarbon activities. Such prioritization can be informed by the spatial and quantitative baseline information provided here. In increasingly shared seascapes, prioritizing management actions that set both conservation and development targets could help minimize further declines of biodiversity and environmental changes at a global scale.}, }
@article {pmid30854636, year = {2019}, author = {Mahon, MB and Crist, TO}, title = {Invasive earthworm and soil litter response to the experimental removal of white-tailed deer and an invasive shrub.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {100}, number = {5}, pages = {e02688}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2688}, pmid = {30854636}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {//Ohio Biological Survey/International ; //Miami University/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Deer ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; *Oligochaeta ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Recent studies have shown that complex species interactions can regulate above- and belowground processes in terrestrial systems. Ungulate herbivory and invasive species are known to have strong effects on plant communities in some systems, but their impacts on soil biota and belowground processes are lesser known. Growing evidence suggests white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and invasive plants facilitate increased abundance of exotic earthworms in temperate forests of the eastern United States. We conducted an experimental study that manipulated deer access and the presence of an invasive understory shrub in an eastern deciduous forest of southwestern Ohio, USA, from 2013 to 2017. Earthworm density and biomass, and standing litter biomass were measured in five paired deer access and exclosure plots, each with a split-plot removal of Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii). Earthworm density declined in response to the experimental exclusion of deer, with earthworm density decreasing over time in the deer exclosure plots relative to deer access plots. Deer exclusion produced greater variation in earthworm species composition relative to access plots. Multivariate analyses indicated that larger earthworms in the genus Lumbricus were associated with deer exclosure plots, while smaller endogeic species were ubiquitous in both treatments. Standing litter biomass decreased over time in the deer-access plots. In contrast, honeysuckle removal had little effect on earthworm density and standing litter biomass. There was an interaction between deer and honeysuckle treatments on earthworm biomass, with honeysuckle removal reducing earthworm biomass when deer were excluded. Our results demonstrate strong effects of herbivores on invasive earthworms and ecosystem processes, but indicate a weaker influence of invasive shrubs. Further, our findings suggest that the effects of deer overabundance in forest ecosystems are potentially reversible with long-term intervention.}, }
@article {pmid30852662, year = {2019}, author = {Magliozzi, L and Maselli, V and Almada, F and Di Cosmo, A and Mollo, E and Polese, G}, title = {Effect of the algal alkaloid caulerpin on neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression in the central nervous system (CNS) of Diplodus sargus.}, journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology}, volume = {205}, number = {2}, pages = {203-210}, pmid = {30852662}, issn = {1432-1351}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Brain/*drug effects/metabolism ; Diet ; Indoles/*pharmacology ; Neuropeptide Y/*biosynthesis ; *Sea Bream ; }, abstract = {Recent studies have suggested that Mediterranean indigenous fish species are affected by bioactive metabolites coming from marine invasive species via food web interactions. In particular, both physiological and behavioural changes in the white sea bream Diplodus sargus were related to caulerpin (CAU), a bisindolic alkaloid particularly abundant in the invasive alga Caulerpa cylindracea, on which the fish actively feed. Dietary administration of CAU decreased aggressiveness in D. sargus, suggesting an anxiolytic-like effect of CAU possibly mediated by endogenous anxiolytic agents. This hypothesis is supported here by the finding of a significant increase of NPY transcriptional expression in the brain of fish fed with CAU enriched food, shedding more light on the neural mechanisms behind the altered behaviour of D. sargus.}, }
@article {pmid30852410, year = {2019}, author = {Pais-Costa, AJ and Varó, I and Martinez-Haro, M and Vinagre, PA and Green, AJ and Hortas, F and Marques, JC and Sánchez, MI}, title = {Life history and physiological responses of native and invasive brine shrimps exposed to zinc.}, journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {210}, number = {}, pages = {148-157}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.02.023}, pmid = {30852410}, issn = {1879-1514}, mesh = {Animals ; Artemia/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction/*drug effects ; Spain ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; Zinc/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Although a substantial amount of research exists on pollution and biological invasions, there is a paucity of understanding of how both factors interact. Most studies show that pollution favours the establishment of invasive species, but pollution may also promote local adaptation of native species and prevent the establishment of new incomers. However, evidence for this is extremely limited because most studies focus on successful invasions and very few on cases where an invasion has been resisted. Here we provide evidence of local adaptation of native species to pollution combining life history and physiological data. We focused on the invasion of the North American brine shrimp Artemia franciscana, which is causing a dramatic biodiversity loss in hypersaline ecosystems worldwide, and one of the last native Artemia populations in SW Europe (A. parthenogenetica from the historically polluted Odiel estuary, SW Spain). Life table response experiments were carried out in the laboratory to compare the demographic responses of A. parthenogenetica and a nearby A. franciscana population to long-term Zn exposure (0.2 mg L[-1]). We also evaluated oxidative stress by measuring antioxidant defences (catalase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase) and lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). A high concentration of Zn induced strong mortality in A. franciscana, which also showed high levels of lipid peroxidation, suggesting relatively poor physiological resistance to pollution compared with A. parthenogenetica. The age at maturity was shorter in A. parthenogenetica, which may be an adaptation to the naturally high mortality rate observed in the Odiel population. Exposure to Zn accelerated age at first reproduction in A. franciscana but not in A. parthenogenetica. In contrast, Zn had a stimulatory effect on offspring production in A. parthenogenetica,which also showed higher reproductive parameters (number of broods, total offspring and offspring per brood) than A. franciscana. Overall, the results of this study strongly suggest that native Artemia from Odiel estuary is locally adapted (at both, reproductive and physiological levels) to Zn contamination and that A. franciscana is highly sensitive. This is a good example of how pollution may play a role in the persistence of the last native Artemia populations in the Mediterranean.}, }
@article {pmid30852404, year = {2019}, author = {Cheney, C and Esler, KJ and Foxcroft, LC and van Wilgen, NJ}, title = {Scenarios for the management of invasive Acacia species in a protected area: Implications of clearing efficacy.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {238}, number = {}, pages = {274-282}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.112}, pmid = {30852404}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Acacia ; Australia ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Seed Bank ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {In many protected areas in South Africa, invasive Australian Acacia species pose on-going management challenges, perpetuating high long-term management costs. Due to limited availability of resources, conservation actions need to be prioritised within and across Protected Areas (PA). We draw on comprehensive datasets spanning over 20 years from the Table Mountain National Park to model long-term outcomes of clearing Acacia species at different levels of management clearing efficacy. We test a 50 year outlook based on current and 38 incremental levels of management efficacy, ranging from 5 to 100%, to assess under which scenarios a management goal of reducing Acacia density to below 1 plant per hectare for the 22,671 ha protected area is achieved. With the current clearing resources and maximum clearing efficacy (100% control), it would take between 32 and 42 years to attain the management goal. The modelling revealed two main drivers of Acacia persistence. Firstly, germination of seeds added to the seedbank from standing plants made a significantly larger contribution to future clearing requirements than fire stimulated seed germination or the existing (pre-management) seedbank. Secondly the relationship between the number of hectares and management units that could be treated and the efficacy of the treatment was non-linear. When clearing efficacy was decreased from 100% to the current project minimum target of 80% efficacy, the goal was not achieved in all areas, but the area that reached a density of <1 plant per hectare was significantly reduced to 53% of the PA for the simulated 50 years. Results emphasize the need to differentiate between increasing financial resources and increasing efficacy. While increasing financial resources allows for increased effort, this is of little value for Acacia management in the absence of an increase in clearing efficacy, as low quality implementation perpetuates the need for large budgets over time. Conversely, improving efficacy allows for decreased budget requirements over time, allowing fund re-direction to additional areas of alien species management such as the early detection and rapid control of newly introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid30851989, year = {2019}, author = {Hui, C and Richardson, DM}, title = {Network Invasion as an Open Dynamical System: Response to Rossberg and Barabás.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {34}, number = {5}, pages = {386-387}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2019.01.016}, pmid = {30851989}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid30850885, year = {2019}, author = {Richardson, KM and Iverson, JB and Kurle, CM}, title = {Marine subsidies likely cause gigantism of iguanas in the Bahamas.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {189}, number = {4}, pages = {1005-1015}, pmid = {30850885}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Bahamas ; Bayes Theorem ; *Body Size ; *Iguanas ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Mice ; }, abstract = {We utilized natural experiment opportunities presented by differential conditions (presence/absence of seabirds and invasive species) on cays in the Bahamas to study whether interisland variations in food resources contributed to gigantism in Allen Cays Rock Iguanas (Cyclura cychlura inornata). We analyzed the stable carbon (δ[13]C) and nitrogen (δ[15]N) isotope values from iguana tissues and resources from each island food web to test the predictions that (1) food webs on islands with seabirds exhibit the influence of marine subsidies from seabird guano, whereas those from non-seabird islands do not, and (2) size differences in iguanas among cays were due to either (a) supplemental food availability from mice and/or seabird carcasses killed by barn owls (Tyto alba) and/or (b) access to more nutrient-rich vegetation fertilized by seabird guano. Food web components from the seabird island (Allen Cay) had 5-9‰ higher δ[15]N values than those on the other cays and Allen Cay plants contained nearly two times more nitrogen. Bayesian stable isotope mixing models indicated that C3 plants dominated iguana diets on all islands and showed no evidence for consumption of mice or shearwaters. The iguanas on Allen Cay were ~ 2 times longer (48.3 ± 11.6 cm) and ~ 6 times heavier (5499 ± 2847 g) than iguanas on other cays and this was likely from marine-derived subsidies from seabird guano which caused an increase in nitrogen concentration in the plants and a resultant increase in the δ[15]N values across the entire food web relative to non-seabird islands.}, }
@article {pmid30850526, year = {2019}, author = {Alexander, JM and Levine, JM}, title = {Earlier phenology of a nonnative plant increases impacts on native competitors.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {116}, number = {13}, pages = {6199-6204}, pmid = {30850526}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; California ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Flowers/growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; *Lactuca/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Adaptation to climate is expected to increase the performance of invasive species and their community-level impacts. However, while the fitness gains from adaptation should, in general, promote invader competitive ability, empirical demonstrations of this prediction are scarce. Furthermore, climate adaptation, in the form of altered timing of life cycle transitions, should affect the phenological overlap between nonnative and native competitors, with potentially large, but poorly tested, impacts on native species persistence. We evaluated these predictions by growing native California grassland plants in competition with nonnative Lactuca serriola, a species that flowers earlier in parts of its nonnative range that are drier than its putative European source region. In common garden experiments in southern California with L. serriola populations differing in phenology, plants originating from arid climates bolted up to 48 d earlier than plants from more mesic climates, and selection favored early flowering, supporting an adaptive basis for the phenology cline. The per capita competitive effects of L. serriola from early flowering populations on five early flowering native species were greater than the effects of L. serriola from later flowering populations. Consequently, the ability of the native species to increase when rare in competition with L. serriola, as inferred from field-parameterized competition models, declined with earlier L. serriola phenology. Indeed, changes to L. serriola phenology affected whether or not one native species was predicted to persist in competition with L. serriola Our results suggest that evolution in response to new climatic conditions can have important consequences for species interactions, and enhance the impacts of biological invasions on natural communities.}, }
@article {pmid30849200, year = {2019}, author = {Sherpa, S and Blum, MGB and Capblancq, T and Cumer, T and Rioux, D and Després, L}, title = {Unravelling the invasion history of the Asian tiger mosquito in Europe.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {9}, pages = {2360-2377}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15071}, pmid = {30849200}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Aedes/genetics/*physiology ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Europe ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Multiple introductions are key features for the establishment and persistence of introduced species. However, little is known about the contribution of genetic admixture to the invasive potential of populations. To address this issue, we studied the recent invasion of the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) in Europe. Combining genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms and historical knowledge using an approximate Bayesian computation framework, we reconstruct the colonization routes and establish the demographic dynamics of invasion. The colonization of Europe involved at least three independent introductions in Albania, North Italy and Central Italy that subsequently acted as dispersal centres throughout Europe. We show that the topology of human transportation networks shaped demographic histories with North Italy and Central Italy being the main dispersal centres in Europe. Introduction modalities conditioned the levels of genetic diversity in invading populations, and genetically diverse and admixed populations promoted more secondary introductions and have spread farther than single-source invasions. This genomic study provides further crucial insights into a general understanding of the role of genetic diversity promoted by modern trade in driving biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid30848502, year = {2019}, author = {Kohl, PA and Brossard, D and Scheufele, DA and Xenos, MA}, title = {Public views about editing genes in wildlife for conservation.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {33}, number = {6}, pages = {1286-1295}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13310}, pmid = {30848502}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Attitude ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Morals ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Developments in CRISPR-based gene-editing technologies have generated a growing number of proposals to edit genes in wildlife to meet conservation goals. As these proposals have attracted greater attention, controversies have emerged among scientists and stakeholder groups over potential consequences and ethical implications of gene editing. Responsible governance cannot occur without consulting broader publics, yet little effort has been made to systematically assess public understandings and beliefs in relation to this new area of applied genetic engineering. We analyzed data from a survey of U.S. adults (n = 1600), collected by YouGov, and that examined respondents' concerns about gene editing in animal and plant wildlife and how those concerns are shaped by cultural dispositions toward science and beliefs about the appropriateness of intervening in nature at the genetic level. On average, respondents perceived more risk than benefit in using these tools. Over 70% agreed that gene editing in wildlife could be "easily used for the wrong purposes." When evaluating the moral acceptability of gene editing in wildlife, respondents evaluated applications to improve survival in endangered wildlife as more morally acceptable than applications to decrease abundance in a population or eliminate a population. Belief in the authority of scientific knowledge was positively related to favorable views of the benefits, risks, and moral acceptability of editing genes in wildlife. The belief that editing genes in wildlife inappropriately intervenes in nature predicted relatively more concern about risks and moral acceptability and skepticism about benefits. Given high levels of concern and skepticism about gene editing in wildlife for conservation among the U.S. public, a take-it-slow approach to making decisions about when or whether to use these tools is advisable. Early opinions, including those uncovered in this study, are likely to be provisional. Thus, consulting the public should be an ongoing process.}, }
@article {pmid30847107, year = {2019}, author = {Mu, X and Xu, M and Ricciardi, A and Dick, JTA and Luo, D and Wei, H and Hu, Y and Wei, Q}, title = {The influence of warming on the biogeographic and phylogenetic dependence of herbivore-plant interactions.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {2231-2241}, pmid = {30847107}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Evolutionary experience and the phylogenetic relationships of plants have both been proposed to influence herbivore-plant interactions and plant invasion success. However, the direction and magnitude of these effects, and how such patterns are altered with increasing temperature, are rarely studied. Through laboratory functional response experiments, we tested whether the per capita feeding efficiency of an invasive generalist herbivore, the golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, is dependent on the biogeographic origin and phylogenetic relatedness of host plants, and how increasing temperature alters these dependencies. The feeding efficiency of the herbivore was highest on plant species with which it had no shared evolutionary history, that is, novel plants. Further, among evolutionarily familiar plants, snail feeding efficiency was higher on those species more closely related to the novel plants. However, these biogeographic dependencies became less pronounced with increasing temperature, whereas the phylogenetic dependence was unaffected. Collectively, our findings indicate that the susceptibility of plants to this invasive herbivore is mediated by both biogeographic origin and phylogenetic relatedness. We hypothesize that warming erodes the influence of evolutionary exposure, thereby altering herbivore-plant interactions and perhaps the invasion success of plants.}, }
@article {pmid30845170, year = {2019}, author = {Anderson, RB}, title = {Human traffic and habitat complexity are strong predictors for the distribution of a declining amphibian.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {e0213426}, pmid = {30845170}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/*growth &amp; development ; Breeding/methods ; California ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Ponds ; }, abstract = {Invasive species and habitat modification threaten California's native pond-breeding amphibians, including the federally threatened California Red-legged Frog (Rana draytonii). The relative contributions of invasive species, including the American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus), and of habitat changes to these declines are disputed. I conducted a field study over several years in central California to examine the presence/absence of these two species at 79 breeding ponds to determine the predictive role for occupancy of factors including vegetation, pond characteristics, and measures of human activity. I used a boosted regression tree approach to determine the relative value of each predictor variable. Increased measures of human activity, especially proximity to trails and roads, were the best predictors for the absence of California Red-legged Frogs and California Newts. Historical factors and habitat conditions were associated with the extent and spread of the American Bullfrog. The extent and complexity of aquatic macrophytes and pond surface area were good predictors for the presence of these and other amphibian species. Surprisingly, invasive species played a relatively small role in predicting pond occupancy by the native species. These findings can inform conservation and restoration efforts for California Red-legged Frogs, which apparently persist best in small vegetated ponds in areas of low human disturbance.}, }
@article {pmid30842897, year = {2019}, author = {Helmer, L and Farrell, P and Hendy, I and Harding, S and Robertson, M and Preston, J}, title = {Active management is required to turn the tide for depleted Ostrea edulis stocks from the effects of overfishing, disease and invasive species.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6431}, pmid = {30842897}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The decline of the European oyster Ostrea edulis across its biogeographic range has been driven largely by over-fishing and anthropogenic habitat destruction, often to the point of functional extinction. However, other negatively interacting factors attributing to this catastrophic decline include disease, invasive species and pollution. In addition, a relatively complex life history characterized by sporadic spawning renders O. edulis biologically vulnerable to overexploitation. As a viviparous species, successful reproduction in O. edulis populations is density dependent to a greater degree than broadcast spawning oviparous species such as the Pacific oyster Crassostrea (Magallana) gigas. Here, we report on the benthic assemblage of O. edulis and the invasive gastropod Crepidula fornicata across three actively managed South coast harbors in one of the few remaining O. edulis fisheries in the UK. Long-term data reveals that numbers of O. edulis sampled within Chichester Harbour have decreased by 96%, in contrast numbers of C. fornicata sampled have increased by 441% over a 19-year period. The recent survey data also recorded extremely low densities of O. edulis, and extremely high densities of C. fornicata, within Portsmouth and Langstone Harbours. The native oyster's failure to recover, despite fishery closures, suggests competitive exclusion by C. fornicata is preventing recovery of O. edulis, which is thought to be due to a lack of habitat heterogeneity or suitable settlement substrate. Large scale population data reveals that mean O. edulis shell length and width has decreased significantly across all years and site groups from 2015 to 2017, with a narrowing demographic structure. An absence of juveniles and lack of multiple cohorts in the remaining population suggests that the limited fishing effort exceeds biological output and recruitment is poor. In the Langstone &amp; Chichester 2017 sample 98% of the population is assigned to a single cohort (modal mean 71.20 ± 8.78 mm, maximum length). There is evidence of small scale (<5 km) geographic population structure between connected harbors; the 2015 Portsmouth and Chichester fishery populations exhibited disparity in the most frequent size class with 36% within 81-90 mm and 33.86% within 61-70 mm, respectively, the data also indicates a narrowing demographic over a short period of time. The prevalence of the disease Bonamiosis was monitored and supports this microgeographic population structure. Infection rates of O. edulis by Bonamia ostreae was 0% in Portsmouth Harbor (n = 48), 4.1% in Langstone (n = 145) and 21.3% in Chichester (n = 48) populations. These data collectively indicate that O. edulis is on the brink of an ecological collapse within the Solent harbors. Without effective intervention to mitigate the benthic dominance by C. fornicata in the form of biologically relevant fishery policy and the management of suitable recruitment substrate these native oyster populations could be lost.}, }
@article {pmid30842448, year = {2019}, author = {Farnworth, B and Meitern, R and Innes, J and Waas, JR}, title = {Increasing predation risk with light reduces speed, exploration and visit duration of invasive ship rats (Rattus rattus).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {3739}, pmid = {30842448}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/psychology ; Behavior, Animal ; Cues ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Light ; Male ; Pest Control ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Rats/*psychology ; }, abstract = {Exploiting predation cues to deter pests remains an untapped management tool for conservationists. We examined foraging and movement patterns of 20 wild ship rats (Rattus rattus) within a large, outdoor 'U maze' that was either illuminated or dark to assess if light (an indirect predation cue) could deter rodents from ecologically vulnerable locations. Light did not alter rats' foraging behaviour (latency to approach seed tray, visits to seed tray, time per visit to seed tray, total foraging duration, foraging rate) within the experimental resource patch but three of seven movement behaviours were significantly impaired (53% fewer visits to the maze, 70% less exploration within the maze, 40% slower movement within the maze). The total time males spent exposed to illumination also declined by 45 minutes per night, unlike females. Individual visits tended to be longer under illumination, but the latency to visit and the latency to cross through the U maze were unaffected by illumination. Elevating predation risk with illumination may be a useful pest management technique for reducing ship rat activity, particularly in island ecosystems where controlling mammalian predators is paramount to preserving biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid30842267, year = {2019}, author = {Lu-Irving, P and Harenčár, JG and Sounart, H and Welles, SR and Swope, SM and Baltrus, DA and Dlugosch, KM}, title = {Native and Invading Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) Microbiomes Differ in Composition and Diversity of Bacteria.}, journal = {mSphere}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {30842267}, issn = {2379-5042}, support = {P30 GM103324/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Bacteria/*classification ; California ; Centaurea/genetics/*microbiology ; Europe ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Rhizosphere ; }, abstract = {Invasive species could benefit from being introduced to locations with more favorable species interactions, including the loss of enemies, the gain of mutualists, or the simplification of complex interaction networks. Microbiomes are an important source of species interactions with strong fitness effects on multicellular organisms, and these interactions are known to vary across regions. The highly invasive plant yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) has been shown to experience more favorable microbial interactions in its invasions of the Americas, but the microbiome that must contribute to this variation in interactions is unknown. We sequenced amplicons of 16S rRNA genes to characterize bacterial community compositions in the phyllosphere, ectorhizosphere, and endorhizosphere of yellow starthistle plants from seven invading populations in California, USA, and eight native populations in Europe. We tested for the differentiation of microbiomes by geography, plant compartment, and plant genotype. Bacterial communities differed significantly between native and invading plants within plant compartments, with consistently lower diversity in the microbiome of invading plants. The diversity of bacteria in roots was positively correlated with plant genotype diversity within both ranges, but this relationship did not explain microbiome differences between ranges. Our results reveal that these invading plants are experiencing either a simplified microbial environment or simplified microbial interactions as a result of the dominance of a few taxa within their microbiome. Our findings highlight several alternative hypotheses for the sources of variation that we observe in invader microbiomes and the potential for altered bacterial interactions to facilitate invasion success.IMPORTANCE Previous studies have found that introduced plants commonly experience more favorable microbial interactions in their non-native range, suggesting that changes to the microbiome could be an important contributor to invasion success. Little is known about microbiome variation across native and invading populations, however, and the potential sources of more favorable interactions are undescribed. Here, we report one of the first microbiome comparisons of plants from multiple native and invading populations, in the noxious weed yellow starthistle. We identify clear differences in composition and diversity of microbiome bacteria. Our findings raise new questions about the sources of these differences, and we outline the next generation of research that will be required to connect microbiome variation to its potential role in plant invasions.}, }
@article {pmid30840071, year = {2019}, author = {Liang, W and Tran, L and Wiggins, GJ and Grant, JF and Stewart, SD and Washington-Allen, R}, title = {Determining Spread Rate of Kudzu Bug (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) and Its Associations With Environmental Factors in a Heterogeneous Landscape.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {309-317}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz014}, pmid = {30840071}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Heteroptera ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Southeastern United States ; }, abstract = {By the end of 2017, kudzu bug was reported in 652 counties in the United States since it was first observed in Georgia in 2009. Modeling its invasion dynamics is valuable to guide management through early detection and prevention of further invasion. Herein, we initially estimated the spread rate of kudzu bug with county-level invasion records and then determined important spatial factors affecting its spread during years 2010-2016. As kudzu bug infests a large heterogeneous area and shows asymmetric spread, we first utilized spatially constrained clustering (SCC), an unsupervised machine learning method, to divide the infested area into eight spatially contiguous and environmentally homogenous neighborhoods. We then used distance regression and boundary displacement methods to estimate the spread rates in all neighborhoods. Finally, we applied multiple regression to determine spatial factors influencing the spread of kudzu bug. The average spread rate reached 76 km/yr by boundary displacement method; however, the rate varied largely among eight neighborhoods (45-144 km/yr). In the southern region of the infested area, host plant density and wind speed were positively associated with the spread rate, whereas mean annual temperature, precipitation in the fall, and elevation had inverse relationships. In the northern region, January minimum temperature, wind speed, and human population density showed positive relationships. This study increases the knowledge on the spread dynamics of kudzu bug. Our research highlights the utility of SCC to determine natural clustering in a large heterogeneous region for better modeling of local spread patterns and determining important factors affecting the invasions.}, }
@article {pmid30839214, year = {2019}, author = {Bridi, R and Atala, E and Pizarro, PN and Montenegro, G}, title = {Honeybee Pollen Load: Phenolic Composition and Antimicrobial Activity and Antioxidant Capacity.}, journal = {Journal of natural products}, volume = {82}, number = {3}, pages = {559-565}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00945}, pmid = {30839214}, issn = {1520-6025}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents/*pharmacology ; Antioxidants/*pharmacology ; *Bees ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Phenols/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Pollen/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Honeybee pollen loads result from the agglutination of pollen grains and salivary secretions of bees. The potential use of honeybee pollen as a food supplement greatly depends on its chemical composition, which varies depending on the botanical and geographical origin of the pollen grains. This study aimed to characterize the botanical origin, chemical composition, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of honeybee pollen from the V Region of Chile. The introduced species Brassica rapa and Eschscholzia californica predominated in the bee pollen analyzed. The honeybee pollen extracts showed antioxidant and antibacterial properties, specifically against the pathogenic microorganism Streptococcus pyogenes. Quercetin and myricetin were found in all samples in large concentrations. The separation of pollen loads from a multifloral sample demonstrated that E. californica pollen loads are responsible for antibacterial activity. This sample also showed a high concentration of quercetin (304.8 mg/100 g of bee pollen). Based on the present results, honeybee pollen from the V Region of Chile has been found to exhibit antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Furthermore, it is proposed to use quercetin as a quality indicator for honeybee pollen from this region of Chile. These results should help establish better quality control criteria for Chilean honeybee pollen and its potential use as a functional ingredient.}, }
@article {pmid30838642, year = {2019}, author = {Levin, SC and Crandall, RM and Knight, TM}, title = {Population projection models for 14 alien plant species in the presence and absence of aboveground competition.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {100}, number = {6}, pages = {e02681}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2681}, pmid = {30838642}, issn = {1939-9170}, abstract = {Plant population ecologists strive to understand how environmental drivers influence demographic vital rates and thus population dynamics. Hundreds of studies have collected demographic data and used matrix and/or integral projection models to quantify lifetime fitness and population dynamics of plants. However, most of these studies have focused on native plant species, and there is a need for more studies on alien plants. Further, few studies on alien plants have experimentally manipulated environmental drivers in order to understand the mechanisms that allow alien plant species to have positive population growth. A synthetic understanding of the population dynamics of alien plant species will only be achieved if ecologists collect demographic data on many plant species and environments and provide the demographic data and model structure in a data archive for future comparisons and meta-analyses. Invasive alien species are a social, economic, and ecological issue that has become increasingly important in an increasingly globalized world. Researchers continue to forecast impacts and prevent new introductions by seeking a robust understanding of drivers of invasive species success and failure. Researchers have hypothesized that competitive differences may play a key role in determining alien species success in novel environments. Studies that experimentally manipulate competitors while quantifying demography provide mechanistic insight into species' responses to competition. To date, nearly all field manipulations of competition that measure plant demography and population dynamics have focused on native plant species. The data we provide here aim to address this gap in our knowledge for alien plant species. We present raw data and population-projection models for 14 alien plant species in eastern Missouri, USA. We sampled under ambient conditions and with all individuals of nonfocal species removed from the community, allowing us to project population dynamics in the presence and absence of competition. We have also included the data quantifying how much biomass we removed at the plot level during each removal procedure and data from our germination experiment. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set other than citation of this Data Paper.}, }
@article {pmid30834645, year = {2019}, author = {Friedline, CJ and Faske, TM and Lind, BM and Hobson, EM and Parry, D and Dyer, RJ and Johnson, DM and Thompson, LM and Grayson, KL and Eckert, AJ}, title = {Evolutionary genomics of gypsy moth populations sampled along a latitudinal gradient.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {9}, pages = {2206-2223}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15069}, pmid = {30834645}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Biological Evolution ; *Genetic Variation ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Heterozygote ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Moths/*genetics ; North America ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Pupa ; }, abstract = {The European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) was first introduced to Massachusetts in 1869 and within 150 years has spread throughout eastern North America. This large-scale invasion across a heterogeneous landscape allows examination of the genetic signatures of adaptation potentially associated with rapid geographical spread. We tested the hypothesis that spatially divergent natural selection has driven observed changes in three developmental traits that were measured in a common garden for 165 adult moths sampled from six populations across a latitudinal gradient covering the entirety of the range. We generated genotype data for 91,468 single nucleotide polymorphisms based on double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing and used these data to discover genome-wide associations for each trait, as well as to test for signatures of selection on the discovered architectures. Genetic structure across the introduced range of gypsy moth was low in magnitude (FST = 0.069), with signatures of bottlenecks and spatial expansion apparent in the rare portion of the allele frequency spectrum. Results from applications of Bayesian sparse linear mixed models were consistent with the presumed polygenic architectures of each trait. Further analyses indicated spatially divergent natural selection acting on larval development time and pupal mass, with the linkage disequilibrium component of this test acting as the main driver of observed patterns. The populations most important for these signals were two range-edge populations established less than 30 generations ago. We discuss the importance of rapid polygenic adaptation to the ability of non-native species to invade novel environments.}, }
@article {pmid30832286, year = {2019}, author = {Adams, CIM and Knapp, M and Gemmell, NJ and Jeunen, GJ and Bunce, M and Lamare, MD and Taylor, HR}, title = {Beyond Biodiversity: Can Environmental DNA (eDNA) Cut It as a Population Genetics Tool?.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {30832286}, issn = {2073-4425}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; DNA, Environmental/*analysis ; Endangered Species ; Environmental Monitoring ; Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Population genetic data underpin many studies of behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary processes in wild populations and contribute to effective conservation management. However, collecting genetic samples can be challenging when working with endangered, invasive, or cryptic species. Environmental DNA (eDNA) offers a way to sample genetic material non-invasively without requiring visual observation. While eDNA has been trialed extensively as a biodiversity and biosecurity monitoring tool with a strong taxonomic focus, it has yet to be fully explored as a means for obtaining population genetic information. Here, we review current research that employs eDNA approaches for the study of populations. We outline challenges facing eDNA-based population genetic methodologies, and suggest avenues of research for future developments. We advocate that with further optimizations, this emergent field holds great potential as part of the population genetics toolkit.}, }
@article {pmid30828830, year = {2019}, author = {Molina, CV and Heinemann, MB and Kierulff, C and Pissinatti, A and da Silva, TF and de Freitas, DG and de Souza, GO and Miotto, BA and Cortez, A and Semensato, BP and Moreno, LZ and Catão-Dias, JL and Bueno, MG}, title = {Leptospira spp., rotavirus, norovirus, and hepatitis E virus surveillance in a wild invasive golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas; Kuhl, 1820) population from an urban park in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.}, journal = {American journal of primatology}, volume = {81}, number = {3}, pages = {e22961}, doi = {10.1002/ajp.22961}, pmid = {30828830}, issn = {1098-2345}, support = {2015/25760-3.//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Endangered Species ; Female ; Hepatitis E virus/isolation &amp; purification ; Introduced Species ; Leontopithecus/*microbiology ; Leptospira/*isolation &amp; purification ; Leptospirosis/epidemiology/veterinary ; Male ; Monkey Diseases/*epidemiology/*microbiology ; Norovirus/isolation &amp; purification ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Rotavirus/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {The world currently faces severe biodiversity losses caused by anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, pollution, the introduction of exotic species, habitat fragmentation, and climate changes. Disease ecology in altered environments is still poorly understood. The golden-headed lion tamarin (GHLT, Leontopithecus chrysomelas) is an endangered species that became invasive in an urban park in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The initially few invasive GHLT individuals became hundreds, adapted to living in proximity to humans and domestic animals. These GHLTs were captured as part of a conservation project; some animals were translocated to Bahia and some were kept in captivity. This study tested 593 GHLT for Leptospira serology; 100 and 95 GHLT for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) toLeptospira and hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV-3), respectively, and 101 familiar groups for PCR to viruses (rotavirus A, norovirus GI and GII, and HEV-3). One animal had antibodies for Leptospira serovar Shermani and another for serovar Hebdomadis. One saprophyticLeptospira was found by the 16S PCR and sequencing. Viruses were not detected in samples tested. Findings suggest that the epidemiological importance of such pathogens in this GHLT population is either low or nonexistent. These data are important to understand the local disease ecology, as well as monitoring a translocation project, and to contribute data for species conservation.}, }
@article {pmid30828379, year = {2019}, author = {DeLong, JP and Belmaker, J}, title = {Ecological pleiotropy and indirect effects alter the potential for evolutionary rescue.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {636-654}, pmid = {30828379}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Invading predators can negatively affect naïve prey populations due to a lack of evolved defenses. Many species therefore may be at risk of extinction due to overexploitation by exotic predators. Yet the strong selective effect of predation might drive evolution of imperiled prey toward more resistant forms, potentially allowing the prey to persist. We evaluated the potential for evolutionary rescue in an imperiled prey using Gillespie eco-evolutionary models (GEMs). We focused on a system parameterized for protists where changes in prey body size may influence intrinsic rate of population growth, space clearance rate (initial slope of the functional response), and the energetic benefit to predators. Our results show that the likelihood of rescue depends on (a) whether multiple parameters connected to the same evolving trait (i.e., ecological pleiotropy) combine to magnify selection, (b) whether the evolving trait causes negative indirect effects on the predator population by altering the energy gain per prey, (c) whether heritable trait variation is sufficient to foster rapid evolution, and (d) whether prey abundances are stable enough to avoid very rapid extinction. We also show that when evolution fosters rescue by increasing the prey equilibrium abundance, invasive predator populations also can be rescued, potentially leading to additional negative effects on other species. Thus, ecological pleiotropy, indirect effects, and system dynamics may be important factors influencing the potential for evolutionary rescue for both imperiled prey and invading predators. These results suggest that bolstering trait variation may be key to fostering evolutionary rescue, but also that the myriad direct and indirect effects of trait change could either make rescue outcomes unpredictable or, if they occur, cause rescue to have side effects such as bolstering the populations of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30828363, year = {2019}, author = {Senn, HV and Ghazali, M and Kaden, J and Barclay, D and Harrower, B and Campbell, RD and Macdonald, DW and Kitchener, AC}, title = {Distinguishing the victim from the threat: SNP-based methods reveal the extent of introgressive hybridization between wildcats and domestic cats in Scotland and inform future in situ and ex situ management options for species restoration.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {399-414}, pmid = {30828363}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The degree of introgressive hybridization between the Scottish wildcat and domestic cat has long been suspected to be advanced. Here, we use a 35-SNP-marker test, designed to assess hybridization between wildcat and domestic cat populations in Scotland, to assess a database of 295 wild-living and captive cat samples, and test the assumptions of the test using 3,097 SNP markers generated independently in a subset of the data using ddRAD. We discovered that despite increased genetic resolution provided by these methods, wild-living cats in Scotland show a complete genetic continuum or hybrid swarm structure when judged against reference data. The historical population of wildcats, although hybridized, clearly groups at one end of this continuum, as does the captive population of wildcats. The interpretation of pelage scores against nuclear genetic data continues to be problematic. This is probably because of a breakdown in linkage equilibrium between wildcat pelage genes as the two populations have become increasingly mixed, meaning that pelage score or SNP score alone is poor diagnostic predictors of hybrid status. Until better tools become available, both should be used jointly, where possible, when making management decisions about individual cats. We recommend that the conservation community in Scotland must now define clearly what measures are to be used to diagnose a wildcat in the wild in Scotland, if future conservation action is to be effective.}, }
@article {pmid30828030, year = {2019}, author = {Scapin, P and Ulbano, M and Ruggiero, C and Balduzzi, A and Marsan, A and Ferrari, N and Bertolino, S}, title = {Surgical sterilization of male and female grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) of an urban population introduced in Italy.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {81}, number = {4}, pages = {641-645}, pmid = {30828030}, issn = {1347-7439}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Male ; *Sciuridae ; Sterilization, Reproductive/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {We report a successful surgical sterilization procedure for population control of 324 male and female free-ranging grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in Genoa (Italy). We describe the clinical procedure from the trapping of the animals to their surgical sterilization and release in another part of the city. Live-trapped squirrels were transported to the veterinary clinic within 1-2 hr of capture and maintained in a hospitalization room reserved for them. The waiting period before surgery was kept below 12 hr. The developed procedure has resulted in a survival of 94% of trapped squirrels from surgery to animal release. Sterilized squirrels started to feed in a very short time (1.0-1.5 hr), and after 2-3 days, it was possible to release them in a new area. Amoxicillin was used as a long-acting postoperative antibiotic to reduce the period of captivity. The successful surgical procedure described here can provide an important additional tool for the management of introduced populations of squirrels. We showed that the surgical sterilization of some hundred squirrels is clinically possible and could be included in management strategies aimed at removing critical populations of these species. Moreover, the data allow dosages and operational times in order to provide economic viability assessment of future population control measures.}, }
@article {pmid30827778, year = {2019}, author = {Joyce, PWS and Dickey, JWE and Cuthbert, RN and Dick, JTA and Kregting, L}, title = {Using functional responses and prey switching to quantify invasion success of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {145}, number = {}, pages = {66-72}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.02.010}, pmid = {30827778}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura ; *Crassostrea ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species continue to proliferate and cause severe ecological impacts. Functional responses (FRs) have shown excellent utility in predicting invasive predator success, however, their use in predicting invasive prey success is limited. Here, we assessed invader success by quantifying FRs and prey switching patterns of two native predators, the common sea star, Asterias rubens, and the green crab, Carcinus maenas, towards native blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, and invasive Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas. Asterias displayed destabilising type II FRs, whereas Carcinus displayed stabilising type III FRs towards both prey species. Both predators exhibited greater search efficiencies and maximum feeding rates towards native compared to invasive prey. Both predators disproportionately consumed native mussels over invasive oysters when presented simultaneously, even when native mussels were rare in the environment, therefore indicating negligible prey switching. We demonstrate that invasion success may be mediated through differential levels of biotic resistance exerted by native predators.}, }
@article {pmid30825781, year = {2019}, author = {Grady, MJ and Harper, EE and Carlisle, KM and Ernst, KH and Shwiff, SA}, title = {Assessing public support for restrictions on transport of invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in the United States.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {237}, number = {}, pages = {488-494}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.107}, pmid = {30825781}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Attitude ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Natural Resources ; *Sus scrofa ; Swine ; United States ; }, abstract = {Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are a non-native invasive species in the United States that cause significant economic loss, transmit disease, and inflict damage upon natural resources, agriculture, livestock, and property. Geographic distribution of wild pigs in the United States has nearly tripled since 1982, with anthropogenic influences playing a significant role in the expansion. In this regard, there is speculation that a driver of the expansion may be human-mediated movement of wild pigs to new areas for the purpose of sport hunting. In response, states have implemented a variety of wild pig control policies, including legal restrictions on their transport. The success of such policies depends, in part, on their level of public support, which in turn may be influenced by individuals' attitudes concerning wild pigs, their interest in maintaining wild pig populations (e.g., for sport hunting), and their knowledge and awareness of the threats wild pigs pose. Multiple regression was used to analyze data collected from a nationwide survey concerning attitudes toward wild pigs and policies that restrict their transport. Results indicate that a majority of individuals in the United States have negative attitudes toward wild pigs and support policies that restrict their transport and penalize transgressors. Consistent with other invasive species research, findings suggest that as knowledge and awareness of wild pigs increase, so too does support for policies restricting and penalizing transport of wild pigs. Contrary to previous studies, this research also finds that hunters are more likely to support restrictions on wild pig transport than are non-hunters. Overall, these findings suggest that legal restrictions on the transport of wild pigs, even in states with large hunter populations, enjoy broad public support and may help to curb the expansion of wild pig populations.}, }
@article {pmid30825372, year = {2019}, author = {Valan, M and Makonyi, K and Maki, A and Vondráček, D and Ronquist, F}, title = {Automated Taxonomic Identification of Insects with Expert-Level Accuracy Using Effective Feature Transfer from Convolutional Networks.}, journal = {Systematic biology}, volume = {68}, number = {6}, pages = {876-895}, pmid = {30825372}, issn = {1076-836X}, mesh = {Animals ; Classification/*methods ; Insecta/*classification ; *Neural Networks, Computer ; Phylogeny ; Reproducibility of Results ; }, abstract = {Rapid and reliable identification of insects is important in many contexts, from the detection of disease vectors and invasive species to the sorting of material from biodiversity inventories. Because of the shortage of adequate expertise, there has long been an interest in developing automated systems for this task. Previous attempts have been based on laborious and complex handcrafted extraction of image features, but in recent years it has been shown that sophisticated convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can learn to extract relevant features automatically, without human intervention. Unfortunately, reaching expert-level accuracy in CNN identifications requires substantial computational power and huge training data sets, which are often not available for taxonomic tasks. This can be addressed using feature transfer: a CNN that has been pretrained on a generic image classification task is exposed to the taxonomic images of interest, and information about its perception of those images is used in training a simpler, dedicated identification system. Here, we develop an effective method of CNN feature transfer, which achieves expert-level accuracy in taxonomic identification of insects with training sets of 100 images or less per category, depending on the nature of data set. Specifically, we extract rich representations of intermediate to high-level image features from the CNN architecture VGG16 pretrained on the ImageNet data set. This information is submitted to a linear support vector machine classifier, which is trained on the target problem. We tested the performance of our approach on two types of challenging taxonomic tasks: 1) identifying insects to higher groups when they are likely to belong to subgroups that have not been seen previously and 2) identifying visually similar species that are difficult to separate even for experts. For the first task, our approach reached $CDATA[$CDATA[$>$$92% accuracy on one data set (884 face images of 11 families of Diptera, all specimens representing unique species), and $CDATA[$CDATA[$>$$96% accuracy on another (2936 dorsal habitus images of 14 families of Coleoptera, over 90% of specimens belonging to unique species). For the second task, our approach outperformed a leading taxonomic expert on one data set (339 images of three species of the Coleoptera genus Oxythyrea; 97% accuracy), and both humans and traditional automated identification systems on another data set (3845 images of nine species of Plecoptera larvae; 98.6 % accuracy). Reanalyzing several biological image identification tasks studied in the recent literature, we show that our approach is broadly applicable and provides significant improvements over previous methods, whether based on dedicated CNNs, CNN feature transfer, or more traditional techniques. Thus, our method, which is easy to apply, can be highly successful in developing automated taxonomic identification systems even when training data sets are small and computational budgets limited. We conclude by briefly discussing some promising CNN-based research directions in morphological systematics opened up by the success of these techniques in providing accurate diagnostic tools.}, }
@article {pmid30824999, year = {2019}, author = {Evangelista, C and Olden, JD and Lecerf, A and Cucherousset, J}, title = {Scale-dependent patterns of intraspecific trait variations in two globally invasive species.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {189}, number = {4}, pages = {1083-1094}, pmid = {30824999}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {Ind_Eco_Evo_Inva//CNRS-INEE PICS/ ; Projet ISOLAC//ONEMA/ ; ERADINVA//ONEMA/ ; Inva_Eco_Evo_Lac//PRES-Toulouse/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; }, abstract = {Animal species often show substantial intraspecific trait variability (ITV), yet evidence for its flexibility across multiple ecological scales remains poorly explored. Gaining this knowledge is essential to better understand the different processes maintaining ITV in nature. Due to their broad geographic ranges, widespread invasive species are expected to display strong phenotypic variations across their distribution. Here, we quantified the scale-dependent patterns of morphological variability among invasive populations of two global freshwater invaders-red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii and pumpkinseed sunfish Lepomis gibbosus-both established in American and European lakes. We quantified patterns in body morphology across different ecological (Individual and Population) and spatial scales (Region). We then analyzed the scale-dependency of morphological variations among lake populations that span a diversity of abiotic and biotic conditions. Next, we used stable isotope analyses to test the existence of ecomorphological patterns linking morphology and trophic niche of individuals. We found that trait variations mainly accounted for at the regional and individual levels. We showed that populations of both species strongly differed between United States and Europe whereas habitat characteristics had a relatively minor influence on morphological variations. Stable isotope analyses also revealed that ecomorphological pattern for the trophic position of L. gibbosus was region-dependent, whereas no ecomorphological patterns were observed for P. clarkii. Overall, our study strongly supports the notion that the patterns of phenotypic variability among invasive populations are likely to modulate the ecological impacts of invasive species on recipient ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid30824762, year = {2019}, author = {Kołodziejek, J}, title = {Growth and competitive interaction between seedlings of an invasive Rumex confertus and of co-occurring two native Rumex species in relation to nutrient availability.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {3298}, pmid = {30824762}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biomass ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Roots/*growth &amp; development ; Plant Shoots/*growth &amp; development ; Rumex/*growth &amp; development ; Seedlings/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Rumex confertus is an alien invasive perennial plant that has increased its range rapidly within central Europe in the last 100 years. This study examined the effects of a commercial fertilizer on the competition between the invasive Rumex confertus and two non-invasive native species R. acetosa or R. conglomeratus in terms of morphological and physiological traits and relative yield. All three Rumex species were grown in the open field with two levels of nutrient availability in field plots. Competition and fertilizer had significant effects on height, relative growth rate (RGR), specific leaf area (SLA) as well as shoot and root biomass of all three species. The fertilized plants had high macronutrient and nitrate contents in leaf tissue. Relative yield of R. confertus was <1, indicating that for this species the effects of interspecific competition were greater than those of intraspecific competition. The results of this experiment indicate that there is interaction between the nutrient status of the soil and the competition between species. Competitive superiority of R. confertus could explain its dominance in grasslands and in disturbed areas, and might explain its great influence on the occurrence of native species because competition intensity was high in fertilized plots.}, }
@article {pmid30824752, year = {2019}, author = {Qin, W and Lin, S and Chen, X and Chen, J and Wang, L and Xiong, H and Xie, Q and Sun, Z and Wen, X and Wang, C}, title = {Food Transport of Red Imported Fire Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on Vertical Surfaces.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {3283}, pmid = {30824752}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Many ants can cooperatively transport large food items (either coordinated or uncoordinated during transportation), which can be rarely observed in other animals besides humans. Although these behaviors have been extensively investigated on horizontal surfaces, few studies dealt with food transport on vertical surfaces. The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, is an invasive ant species that commonly forages on trees. Our studies showed that S. invicta used multiple strategies to transport food items on vertical surfaces (tree trunks). Small food items (1 × 1 × 1 mm sausage) were carried and transported by individual ants, and larger food items were either collectively and directly transported or cut collaboratively first and small particles were then transported individually or collectively. Competition and deadlocks were frequently observed during individual and collective transport respectively. During cutting, groups of ants tightly fixed the food on the tree trunks by holding the edges of the food item, while other ants cut the food into smaller particles. All food items and particles were moved downward. We investigated the effects of food placement (placed on a platform or fixed on tree trunk), food shape (cuboid or flattened), particle sizes (0.45-1, 1-2, 2-3, or 3-4 mm), and placement height (20, 80, or 150 cm) on the food transport on tree trunks. Our studies are the first to show how fire ants transport food on a vertical surface, and may provide insights into the development of novel fire ant baiting systems that can be placed on tree trunks.}, }
@article {pmid30824304, year = {2019}, author = {Travizi, A and Balković, I and Bacci, T and Bertasi, F and Cuicchi, C and Flander-Putrle, V and Grati, F and Grossi, L and Jaklin, A and Lipej, L and Mavrič, B and Mikac, B and Marusso, V and Montagnini, L and Nerlović, V and Penna, M and Salvalaggio, V and Santelli, A and Scirocco, T and Spagnolo, A and Trabucco, B and Vani, D}, title = {Macrozoobenthos in the Adriatic Sea ports: Soft-bottom communities with an overview of non-indigenous species.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {147}, number = {}, pages = {159-170}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.016}, pmid = {30824304}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Biological Monitoring/*methods ; Croatia ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates ; Italy ; Mediterranean Sea ; Ships ; Slovenia ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {The present paper is a contribution to the first initiative of the Port Baseline Survey (PBS) for Non-indigenous species (NIS) in the Mediterranean Sea. It presents a report on the soft-bottom macrobenthos from the five Adriatic ports: Bari, Ancona (Italy), Koper (Slovenia), Pula, Rijeka (Croatia), with a focus on the presence and contribution of NIS to native assemblages. Out of 451 species identified, only four were common to all ports. A total of eight NIS were recorded, five in surveyed ports and three in the lagoon connected to the Port of Koper. The highest number of NIS was recorded in Bari, and the highest abundance in Ancona and Bari. Generally, the number, abundance and contribution of NIS seems too low to cause a substantial impact on native communities in surveyed ports. The suitability of methods adopted for PBS for soft-bottom NIS was discussed and suggestion for methodological improvement is provided.}, }
@article {pmid30823612, year = {2019}, author = {Besnard, G and Thi-Phan, N and Ho-Bich, H and Dereeper, A and Trang Nguyen, H and Quénéhervé, P and Aribi, J and Bellafiore, S}, title = {On the Close Relatedness of Two Rice-Parasitic Root-Knot Nematode Species and the Recent Expansion of Meloidogyne graminicola in Southeast Asia.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {30823612}, issn = {2073-4425}, mesh = {Animals ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Helminth ; Genome, Mitochondrial ; Introduced Species ; Oryza/*parasitology ; *Phylogeny ; Tylenchoidea/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Meloidogyne graminicola is a facultative meiotic parthenogenetic root-knot nematode (RKN) that seriously threatens agriculture worldwide. We have little understanding of its origin, genomic structure, and intraspecific diversity. Such information would offer better knowledge of how this nematode successfully damages rice in many different environments. Previous studies on nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) suggested a close phylogenetic relationship between M. graminicola and Meloidogyne oryzae, despite their different modes of reproduction and geographical distribution. In order to clarify the evolutionary history of these two species and explore their molecular intraspecific diversity, we sequenced the genome of 12 M. graminicola isolates, representing populations of worldwide origins, and two South American isolates of M. oryzae. k-mer analysis of their nuclear genome and the detection of divergent homologous genomic sequences indicate that both species show a high proportion of heterozygous sites (ca. 1[-]2%), which had never been previously reported in facultative meiotic parthenogenetic RKNs. These analyses also point to a distinct ploidy level in each species, compatible with a diploid M. graminicola and a triploid M. oryzae. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial genomes and three nuclear genomic sequences confirm close relationships between these two species, with M. graminicola being a putative parent of M. oryzae. In addition, comparative mitogenomics of those 12 M. graminicola isolates with a Chinese published isolate reveal only 15 polymorphisms that are phylogenetically non-informative. Eight mitotypes are distinguished, the most common one being shared by distant populations from Asia and America. This low intraspecific diversity, coupled with a lack of phylogeographic signal, suggests a recent worldwide expansion of M. graminicola.}, }
@article {pmid30822781, year = {2019}, author = {Gibson, SD and Liczner, AR and Colla, SR}, title = {Conservation Conundrum: At-risk Bumble Bees (Bombus spp.) Show Preference for Invasive Tufted Vetch (Vicia cracca) While Foraging in Protected Areas.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {30822781}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Endangered Species ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Ontario ; Vicia/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {In recent decades, some bumble bee species have declined, including in North America. Declines have been reported in species of bumble bees historically present in Ontario, including: yellow bumble bee (Bombus fervidus) (Fabricus, 1798), American bumble bee (Bombus pensylvanicus) (DeGeer, 1773), and yellow-banded bumble bee (Bombus terricola) (Kirby, 1837). Threats contributing to bumble bee population declines include: land-use changes, habitat loss, climate change, pathogen spillover, and pesticide use. A response to the need for action on pollinator preservation in North America has been to encourage 'bee-friendly' plantings. Previous studies show differences in common and at-risk bumble bee foraging; however, similar data are unavailable for Ontario. Our research question is whether there is a difference in co-occurring at-risk and common bumble bee (Bombus spp.) floral use (including nectar and pollen collection) in protected areas in southern Ontario. We hypothesize that common and at-risk species forage differently, predicting that at-risk species forage on a limited selection of host plants. We conducted a field survey of sites in southern Ontario, using observational methods to determine bumble bee foraging by species. The results of a redundancy analysis show a difference in foraging between common and at-risk bumblebee species. At-risk bumble bee species show a preference for foraging on invasive, naturalized Vicia cracca (tufted vetch). This finding raises the question of how to preserve or provide forage for at-risk bumble bees, when they show an association with an invasive species often subject to control in protected areas.}, }
@article {pmid30822357, year = {2019}, author = {Bytheway, JP and Banks, PB}, title = {Overcoming prey naiveté: Free-living marsupials develop recognition and effective behavioral responses to alien predators in Australia.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, pages = {1685-1695}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14607}, pmid = {30822357}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Australia ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Cues ; Foxes/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Marsupialia/*physiology ; Odorants ; Recognition, Psychology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Naiveté in prey arises from novel ecological mismatches in cue recognition systems and antipredator responses following the arrival of alien predators. The multilevel naiveté framework suggests that animals can progress through levels of naiveté toward predator awareness. Alternatively, native prey may be preadapted to recognize novel predators via common constituents in predator odors or familiar predator archetypes. We tested predictions of these competing hypotheses on the mechanisms driving behavioral responses of native species to alien predators by measuring responses of native free-living northern brown bandicoots (Isoodon macrourus) to alien red fox (Vulpes vulpes) odor. We compared multiple bandicoot populations either sympatric or allopatric with foxes. Bandicoots sympatric with foxes showed recognition and appropriate antipredator behavior toward fox odor via avoidance. On the few occasions bandicoots did visit, their vigilance significantly increased, and their foraging decreased. In contrast, bandicoots allopatric with foxes showed no recognition of this predator cue. Our results suggest that vulnerable Australian mammals were likely naïve to foxes when they first arrived, which explains why so many native mammals declined soon after fox arrival. Our results also suggest such naiveté can be overcome within a relatively short time frame, driven by experience with predators, thus supporting the multilevel naiveté framework.}, }
@article {pmid30818392, year = {2019}, author = {DeNicola, AJ and Miller, DS and DeNicola, VL and Meyer, RE and Gambino, JM}, title = {Assessment of humaneness using gunshot targeting the brain and cervical spine for cervid depopulation under field conditions.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {e0213200}, pmid = {30818392}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Brain Injuries/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Cervical Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging/injuries ; *Deer ; Ecosystem ; Euthanasia, Animal/*methods ; Firearms ; Guam ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Wounds, Gunshot ; }, abstract = {Population reduction or eradication of domestic or non-domestic species may be required to address their impacts on the environment, other species, or human interests. Firearms are often used to accomplish these practical management objectives, and there is increased concern that the methods used may compromise animal welfare. We document the accuracy and humaneness of gunshot placement to the brain and cervical vertebrae of Philippine deer (Rusa marianna) on Guam during depopulation activities as a model for meeting AVMA standards of euthanasia under field conditions (e.g., animal is not in hand). Deer were shot with a .223 caliber rifle from 10-125 m and approached immediately (<20 s) for assessment. A subset of adult deer was further evaluated for physiological responses including cessation of heart rate, respiration, ocular reflexes, and post-mortem spasms. All deer shot in the brain (n = 132) and upper cervical spine (C1-C3; n = 18) died immediately due to the destruction of the brain or spinal tissue. Shot placements were all within 1.9 cm of the point of aim (i.e., the center of the target region). The accuracy and immediate insensibility resulting from targeting of C1-C3 demonstrates that this is an alternative target site when animal positioning is not optimal for targeting the brain, or there is a need to preserve brain tissue (e.g., Chronic Wasting Disease testing). While targeting of C4 -C7 vertebrae (n = 6) was accurate and resulted in immediate incapacitation, the failure to produce immediate insensibility does not support the use of this shot placement when upper cervical or brain shot placement is an option. It is reasonable to achieve sufficient accuracy to target the brain or upper cervical vertebrae of deer under field conditions and meet standards of euthanasia while accomplishing management objectives.}, }
@article {pmid30817855, year = {2019}, author = {Gibson, LM and Mychajliw, AM and Leon, Y and Rupp, E and Hadly, EA}, title = {Using the past to contextualize anthropogenic impacts on the present and future distribution of an endemic Caribbean mammal.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, pages = {500-510}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13290}, pmid = {30817855}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Caribbean Region ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Mammals ; }, abstract = {Island species are difficult to conserve because they face the synergy of climate change, invasive species, deforestation, and increasing human population densities in areas where land mass is shrinking. The Caribbean island of Hispaniola presents particular challenges because of geopolitical complexities that span 2 countries and hinder coordinated management of species across the island. We employed species distribution modeling to evaluate the impacts of climatic change and anthropogenic activities on the distribution of an endemic mammal of conservation concern, the Hispaniolan solenodon (Solenodon paradoxus). We aggregated occurrence points for this poorly known species for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the present (1975-2016) based on museum collections, online biodiversity databases, and new field surveys. We quantified degree of overlap between periods and scenarios with Schoener's D. Through a conservation paleobiology lens, we found that over time humans played an increasing role in shaping the distribution of S. paradoxus, thus, providing a foundation for developing conservation strategies on appropriate spatiotemporal scales. Human population density was the single most important predictor of S. paradoxus occurrence. Densities >166 people/km[2] corresponded to a near-zero probability of occurrence. Models that accounted for climate but not anthropogenic variables falsely identified suitable habitat in Haiti, where on-the-ground surveys confirm habitat is unavailable. Climate-only models also significantly overestimated the potential for habitat connectivity between isolated populations. Our work highlights that alternative fates for S. paradoxus in the Anthropocene exist across the political border between the Dominican Republic and Haiti due to the fundamentally different economic and political realities of each country. Relationships in the fossil record confirm that Hispaniola's sociopolitical boundary is not biologically significant but instead represents one imposed on the island's fauna in the past 500 years by colonial activity. Our approach reveals how a paleontological perspective can contribute to concrete management insights.}, }
@article {pmid30816998, year = {2019}, author = {Hirsch, H and Castillo, ML and Impson, FAC and Kleinjan, C and Richardson, DM and Le Roux, JJ}, title = {Ghosts from the past: even comprehensive sampling of the native range may not be enough to unravel the introduction history of invasive species-the case of Acacia dealbata invasions in South Africa.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {106}, number = {3}, pages = {352-362}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1244}, pmid = {30816998}, issn = {1537-2197}, support = {85417//National Research Foundation of South Africa/International ; }, mesh = {Acacia/*genetics ; Australia ; Bayes Theorem ; *Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Knowledge about the introduction history (source(s), number and size of introduction events) of an invasive species is a crucial prerequisite to understand invasion success and to facilitate effective and sustainable management approaches, especially for effective biological control. We investigated the introduction history of the Australian legume tree Acacia dealbata in South Africa. Results of this study will not only provide critical information for the management of this species in South Africa, but will also broaden our overall knowledge on the invasion ecology of this globally important invasive tree.<br><br>METHODS: We used nuclear microsatellite markers to compare the genetic diversity and structure between 42 native Australian and 18 invasive South African populations and to test different and competing introduction scenarios using Approximate Bayesian Computation analyses.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Australian populations were characterized by two distinct genetic clusters, while South African populations lacked any clear genetic structure and showed significantly lower levels of genetic diversity compared to native range populations. South African populations were also genetically divergent from native populations and the most likely introduction scenario indicated an unknown source population.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Although we cannot definitely prove the cause of the observed genetic novelty/diversification in South African Acacia dealbata populations, it cannot be attributable to insufficient sampling of native populations. Our study highlights the complexity of unravelling the introduction histories of commercially important alien species.}, }
@article {pmid30816146, year = {2019}, author = {Král, J and Forman, M and Kořínková, T and Lerma, ACR and Haddad, CR and Musilová, J and Řezáč, M and Herrera, IM&#xc1; and Thakur, S and Dippenaar-Schoeman, AS and Marec, F and Horová, L and Bureš, P}, title = {Insights into the karyotype and genome evolution of haplogyne spiders indicate a polyploid origin of lineage with holokinetic chromosomes.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {3001}, pmid = {30816146}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genome ; *Karyotype ; Meiosis ; *Polyploidy ; Spiders/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Spiders are an ancient and extremely diverse animal order. They show a considerable diversity of genome sizes, karyotypes and sex chromosomes, which makes them promising models to analyse the evolution of these traits. Our study is focused on the evolution of the genome and chromosomes in haplogyne spiders with holokinetic chromosomes. Although holokinetic chromosomes in spiders were discovered a long time ago, information on their distribution and evolution in these arthropods is very limited. Here we show that holokinetic chromosomes are an autapomorphy of the superfamily Dysderoidea. According to our hypothesis, the karyotype of ancestral Dysderoidea comprised three autosome pairs and a single X chromosome. The subsequent evolution has frequently included inverted meiosis of the sex chromosome and an increase of 2n. We demonstrate that caponiids, a sister clade to Dysderoidea, have enormous genomes and high diploid and sex chromosome numbers. This pattern suggests a polyploid event in the ancestors of caponiids. Holokinetic chromosomes could have arisen by subsequent multiple chromosome fusions and a considerable reduction of the genome size. We propose that spider sex chromosomes probably do not pose a major barrier to polyploidy due to specific mechanisms that promote the integration of sex chromosome copies into the genome.}, }
@article {pmid30815854, year = {2019}, author = {Quilodrán, CS and Nussberger, B and Montoya-Burgos, JI and Currat, M}, title = {Hybridization and introgression during density-dependent range expansion: European wildcats as a case study.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {73}, number = {4}, pages = {750-761}, pmid = {30815854}, issn = {1558-5646}, support = {31003A_141233//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/International ; 31003A_156853//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/International ; 31003A_182577//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/International ; P2GEP3_168973//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/International ; }, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Cats/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genetic Introgression ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Population Density ; Switzerland ; Y Chromosome/genetics ; }, abstract = {Interbreeding between historically allopatric species with incomplete reproductive barriers may result when species expand their range. The genetic consequences of such hybridization depend critically on the dynamics of the range expansion. Hybridization models during range expansion have been developed but assume dispersal to be independent from neighboring population densities. However, organisms may disperse because they are attracted by conspecifics or because they prefer depopulated areas. Here, through spatially explicit simulations, we assess the effect of various density-dependent dispersal modes on the introgression between two species. We find huge introgression from the local species into the invasive one with all dispersal modes investigated, even when the hybridization rate is relatively low. This represents a general expectation for neutral genes even if the dispersal modes differ in colonization times and amount of introgression. Invasive individuals attracted by conspecifics need more time to colonize the whole area and are more introgressed by local genes, whereas the opposite is found for solitary individuals. We applied our approach to a recent expansion of European wildcats in the Jura Mountains and the hybridization with domestic cats. We show that the simulations explained better the observed level of introgression at nuclear, mtDNA, and Y chromosome markers, when using solitary dispersal for wildcats instead of random or gregarious dispersal, in accordance with ecological knowledge. Thus, use of density-dependent dispersal models increases the predictive power of the approach.}, }
@article {pmid30814638, year = {2019}, author = {Dörler, D and Scheucher, A and Zaller, JG}, title = {Efficacy of chemical and biological slug control measures in response to watering and earthworms.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {2954}, pmid = {30814638}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Acetaldehyde/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; Agriculture ; Animals ; Gastropoda/*drug effects ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Iron Compounds/metabolism ; Oligochaeta/drug effects ; Pest Control/*methods ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Rhabditoidea/physiology ; Water ; }, abstract = {The Spanish Slug (Arion vulgaris, formerly known as Arion lusitanicus) is an invasive agricultural and horticultural pest species that causes great damages all over Europe. Numerous options to control this slug are on the market; among the most commonly used are slug pellets containing the active ingredients metaldehyde or iron-III-phosphate and the application of parasitic nematodes (Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita). These control measures potentially also affect non-target organisms like earthworms (Lumbricidae), which themselves can directly and/or indirectly alter a plant's susceptibility against slug herbivory. Also, the efficacy of slug control treatments is expected to be influenced by watering. In a greenhouse experiment we investigated the influence of daily watering vs. every third day watering on slug control efficacy and potential interactions with earthworms. We found significant interactions between watering and slug control efficacy. Slug herbivory and biomass decreased after application of slug pellets; metaldehyde was more effective under less frequent watering while iron-III-phosphate was unaffected by watering. Parasitic nematodes had no effect on slug herbivory and biomass production. Earthworm activity was reduced with less frequent watering but did not interact with slug control. We conclude that watering patterns should be considered when choosing slug control measures.}, }
@article {pmid30814293, year = {2019}, author = {Galloway, KA and Porter, ME}, title = {Mechanical properties of the venomous spines of Pterois volitans and morphology among lionfish species.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {222}, number = {Pt 6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.197905}, pmid = {30814293}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Female ; Fish Venoms/*physiology ; Fishes/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Male ; }, abstract = {The red lionfish, Pterois volitans, an invasive species, has 18 venomous spines: 13 dorsal, three anal and one on each pelvic fin. Fish spines can have several purposes, such as defense, intimidation and anchoring into crevices. Instead of being hollow, lionfish spines have a tri-lobed cross-sectional shape with grooves that deliver the venom, tapering towards the tip. We aimed to quantify the impacts of shape (second moment of area) and tapering on the mechanical properties of the spine. We performed two-point bending at several positions along the spines of P. volitans to determine mechanical properties (Young's modulus, elastic energy storage and flexural stiffness). The short and recurved anal and pelvic spines are stiffer and resist bending more effectively than the long dorsal spines. In addition, mechanical properties differ along the length of the spines, most likely because they are tapered. We hypothesize that the highly bendable dorsal spines are used for intimidation, making the fish look larger. The stiffer and energy-absorbing anal and pelvic spines are smaller and less numerous, but they may be used for protection as they are located near important internal structures such as the swim bladder. Lastly, spine second moment of area varies across the Pterois genus. These data suggest there may be morphological and mechanical trade-offs among defense, protection and intimidation for lionfish spines. Overall, the red lionfish venomous spine shape and mechanics may offer protection and intimidate potential predators, significantly contributing to their invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid30811842, year = {2019}, author = {Xu, L and Liu, Y and Xu, S and Lu, M}, title = {Gut commensal bacteria in biological invasions.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {613-618}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12385}, pmid = {30811842}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*classification ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*physiology ; Insecta/*microbiology/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Symbiosis ; }, }
@article {pmid30811716, year = {2019}, author = {Makino, T and Kawata, M}, title = {Invasive invertebrates associated with highly duplicated gene content.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {7}, pages = {1652-1663}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15019}, pmid = {30811716}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {4-1605//Ministry of the Environment/International ; 17H03728//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/International ; 25291096//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/International ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/genetics ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Gene Duplication ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*genetics ; Multigene Family ; }, abstract = {Invasion of alien species has led to serious problems, including the destruction of native ecosystems. In general, invasive species adapt to new environments rapidly, suggesting that they have high genetic diversity that can directly influence environmental adaptability. However, it is not known how genomic architecture causes genetic diversity that leads to invasiveness. Recent studies have showed that the proportion of duplicated genes (PD) in whole animal genomes correlate with environmental variability within a habitat. Here, we show that PD and propagule size significantly explain the differences in species categories (invasive species, noninvasive species, and parasites). PD correlated negatively with the propagule size. The residual values of regression of PD on propagule size revealed that the invasive species had higher PD values and larger propagule size than those of the noninvasive species, whereas the parasites had lower PD values and smaller propagule size than those of others. There were no correlations between the invasive species and other genomic factors including the genome size, number of genes, and certain gene families. Our results suggest that the PD values of a genome might be a potential genomic source causing genetic variations for adaptation to diverse environments. The results also showed that the invasiveness status of a species would be predicted by the residual values of regression of PD on propagule size. Our innovative approach provides a measure to estimate the environmental adaptability of organisms based on genomic data.}, }
@article {pmid30810751, year = {2019}, author = {Su, T and Thieme, J and Lura, T and Cheng, ML and Brown, MQ}, title = {Susceptibility Profile of Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Montclair, California, to Commonly Used Pesticides, With Note on Resistance to Pyriproxyfen.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {56}, number = {4}, pages = {1047-1054}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjz019}, pmid = {30810751}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; California ; *Insecticides ; Larva ; *Pyridines ; }, abstract = {The peridomestic anthropophilic Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) is originated from the wild zoophilic subspecies Aedes aegypti formosus in sub-Saharan Africa, and currently has a broad distribution in human-modified environments of the tropics and subtropics worldwide. In California, breeding populations were initially detected in 2013 in the cities of Fresno, Madera, and San Mateo, and now can be found in 188 cities of 12 counties in the state. Recent genetic studies suggest that this species invaded California on multiple occasions from several regions of the United States and northern Mexico prior to initial detection. As an invasive species and vector for numerous arboviruses, Ae. aegypti is a primary target of surveillance and control in California. In southern California city of Montclair, a population was identified in September 2015, from which a short-term colony was established in an insectary. The susceptibility of this field population to commonly used pesticides with various modes of action, including 15 formulations against larvae and four against adults, was determined, in reference to a susceptible laboratory colony of the same species. No resistance was shown to most pesticides tested. However, tolerance or reduced susceptibility to spinosad, spinetoram, diflubezuron, and fipronil was detected, and modest levels of resistance to pyriproxyfen (resistance ratio = 38.7-fold at IE50 and 81.5-fold at IE90) was observed. Results are discussed based on the field usage and modes of action of the pesticides tested. Strategic selection and application of pesticides against this population of Ae. aegypti in the urban environments should be taken into consideration.}, }
@article {pmid30809707, year = {2019}, author = {Denoël, M and Drapeau, L and Oromi, N and Winandy, L}, title = {The role of predation risk in metamorphosis versus behavioural avoidance: a sex-specific study in a facultative paedomorphic amphibian.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {189}, number = {3}, pages = {637-645}, pmid = {30809707}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {J.008.13//Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS/ ; J.0112.16//Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Life Cycle Stages ; Male ; *Metamorphosis, Biological ; Predatory Behavior ; *Salamandridae ; Urodela ; }, abstract = {Evolutionary theory predicts the evolution of metamorphosis over paedomorphosis (the retention of larval traits at the adult stage) in response to life in unfavourable habitats and to the benefits of dispersal. Although many organisms are canalised into obligatory complex or simple life cycles, some species of newts and salamanders can express both processes (facultative paedomorphosis). Previous research highlighted the detrimental effect of fish on both metamorphic and paedomorphic phenotypes, but it remains unknown whether predation risk could induce shifts from paedomorphosis to metamorphosis, whether behavioural avoidance could be an alternative strategy to metamorphosis and whether these responses could be sex-biased. Testing these hypotheses is important because metamorphosed paedomorphs are dispersal individuals which could favour the long-term persistence of the process by breeding subsequently in more favourable waters. Therefore, we quantified the spatial behaviour and timing of the metamorphosis of facultative paedomorphic palmate newts Lissotriton helveticus in response to predation risk. We found that fish induced both male and female paedomorphs to hide more often, but behavioural avoidance was not predictive of metamorphosis. Paedomorphs did not metamorphose more in the presence of fish, yet there was an interaction between sex and predation risk in metamorphosis timing. These results improve our understanding of the lower prevalence of paedomorphs in fish environments and of the female-biased sex ratios in natural populations of paedomorphic newts. Integrating sex-dependent payoffs of polyphenisms and dispersal across habitats is therefore essential to understand the evolution of these processes in response to environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid30807884, year = {2019}, author = {Baek, JT and Hong, JH and Tayyab, M and Kim, DW and Jeon, PR and Lee, CH}, title = {Continuous bubble reactor using carbon dioxide and its mixtures for ballast water treatment.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {154}, number = {}, pages = {316-326}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.014}, pmid = {30807884}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Carbon Dioxide ; Disinfection ; Gases ; Water ; *Water Purification ; }, abstract = {The treatment of ballast water is indispensable for preventing ecological and economic damage from the spread of invasive species. In this study, a continuous gas bubble reactor (CBR) system was developed for the efficient disinfection of microorganisms in ballast water. Ballast water treatment (BWT) in the CBR was experimentally performed to disinfect Artemia salina in seawater by using 1) pure CO2 and 2) mixtures with CO2, N2, and/or SO2 as a simulated flue gas (CO2/N2: 20%/80% and CO2/N2/SO2: 19.2%/77.0%/3.8%). The BWT efficiency was improved with an increase in gas flowrate, residence time, gas pressure, and CO2 concentration in the gas. The toxicity of SO2 in the CO2 mixture significantly improved the mortality of microorganisms. Since good dispersion of bubbles and effective contact between bubbles and liquid were important factors in the BWT, a 100% mortality rate of microorganisms could be achieved by controlling the operating conditions in the vertical-type CBR with a counter-current flow between the gas bubbles and seawater. The CO2 gas distribution, CO2 solubility, and gas bubble size distribution in the CBR were determined using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimentally confirmed using a high-speed camera. Since excess gas can be recovered from a gas-liquid separator before a ballast tank, the CBR system can be operated without using any toxic or explosive gases in an eco-friendly and energy saving manner.}, }
@article {pmid30805149, year = {2019}, author = {Bozorov, TA and Luo, Z and Li, X and Zhang, D}, title = {Agrilus mali Matsumara (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), a new invasive pest of wild apple in western China: DNA barcoding and life cycle.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {1160-1172}, pmid = {30805149}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Agrilus mali Matsumara (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is a wood-boring beetle distributed to eastern China that occasionally injures apple species. However, this wood-boring beetle is new to the wild apple forests (Malus sieversii) of the Tianshan Mountains (western China) and has caused extensive tree mortality. The development of a biological control program for these wild apple forests is a high priority that requires exploration of the life cycle, DNA barcoding and taxonomic status of A. mali. In this study, to determine the diversity of invasive beetles, a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene was analyzed. Based on the results, beetles from Gongliu and Xinyuan counties of Xinjiang were identical but differed from those in the apple nursery of Gongliu by a single-nucleotide substitution. We summarize the taxonomic status, relationships, and genetic distances of A. mali among other Agrilus species using the Tajima-Nei model in maximum likelihood phylogeny. Analysis revealed that A. mali was closely related to Agrilus mendax and both belong to the Sinuatiagrulus subgenus. The life cycle of A. mali was investigated based on a monthly regular inspection in the wild apple forests of Tianshan. Similar to congeneric species, hosts are injured by larvae of A. mali feeding on phloem tissue, resulting in serpentine galleries constructed between bark and xylem that prevent nutrient transport and leading to tree mortality. Future studies will focus on plant physiological responses to the invasive beetles and include surveys of natural enemies for a potential classical biological control program.}, }
@article {pmid30805135, year = {2019}, author = {Crowther, LP and Wright, DJ and Richardson, DS and Carvell, C and Bourke, AFG}, title = {Spatial ecology of a range-expanding bumble bee pollinator.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {986-997}, pmid = {30805135}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Molecular methods have greatly increased our understanding of the previously cryptic spatial ecology of bumble bees (Bombus spp.), with knowledge of the spatial ecology of these bees being central to conserving their essential pollination services. Bombus hypnorum, the Tree Bumble Bee, is unusual in that it has recently rapidly expanded its range, having colonized much of the UK mainland since 2001. However, the spatial ecology of B. hypnorum has not previously been investigated. To address this issue, and to investigate whether specific features of the spatial ecology of B. hypnorum are associated with its rapid range expansion, we used 14 microsatellite markers to estimate worker foraging distance, nest density, between-year lineage survival rate and isolation by distance in a representative UK B. hypnorum population. After assigning workers to colonies based on full or half sibship, we estimated the mean colony-specific worker foraging distance as 103.6 m, considerably less than values reported from most other bumble bee populations. Estimated nest density was notably high (2.56 and 0.72 colonies ha[-1] in 2014 and 2015, respectively), estimated between-year lineage survival rate was 0.07, and there was no evidence of fine-scale isolation by distance. In addition, genotyping stored sperm dissected from sampled queens confirmed polyandry in this population (mean minimum mating frequency of 1.7 males per queen). Overall, our findings establish critical spatial ecological parameters and the mating system of this unusual bumble bee population and suggest that short worker foraging distances and high nest densities are associated with its rapid range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid30804966, year = {2019}, author = {Linnakoski, R and Forbes, KM}, title = {Pathogens-The Hidden Face of Forest Invasions by Wood-Boring Insect Pests.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {90}, pmid = {30804966}, issn = {1664-462X}, }
@article {pmid30803690, year = {2019}, author = {O'Brien, AL and Dafforn, KA and Chariton, AA and Johnston, EL and Mayer-Pinto, M}, title = {After decades of stressor research in urban estuarine ecosystems the focus is still on single stressors: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {684}, number = {}, pages = {753-764}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.131}, pmid = {30803690}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Natural systems are threatened by a variety of anthropogenic stressors and so understanding the interactive threats posed by multiple stressors is essential. In this study we focused on urban stressors that are ubiquitous to urban estuarine systems worldwide: elevated nutrients, toxic chemical contaminants, built infrastructure and non-indigenous species (NIS). We investigated structural (abundance, diversity and species richness) and functional endpoints (productivity, primary production (chlorophyll-a) and metabolism) commonly used to determine responses to these selected stressors. Through a systematic review of global literature, we found 579 studies of our selected stressors; 93% measured responses to a single stressor, with few assessing the effects of multiple stressors (7%). Structural endpoints were commonly used to measure the effects of stressors (49% of the total 579 studies). Whereas, functional endpoints were rarely assessed alone (10%) but rather in combination with structural endpoints (41%). Elevated nutrients followed by NIS were the most studied single stressors (43% and 16% of the 541 single stressor studies), while elevated nutrients and toxic contaminants were overwhelmingly the most common stressor combination (79% of the 38 multiple stressor studies); with NIS and built infrastructure representing major gaps in multi-stressor research. In the meta-analysis, structural endpoints tended to decrease, while functional endpoints increased and/or decreased in response to different types of organisms or groups. We predicted an antagonistic effect of elevated nutrients and toxic contaminants based on the opposing enriching versus toxic effects of this stressor combination. Of note, biodiversity was the only endpoint that revealed such an antagonistic response. Our results highlight the continuing paucity of multiple stressor studies and provide evidence for opposing patterns in the responses to single and interacting stressors depending on the measured endpoint. The latter is of significant consequence to understanding relevant impacts of stressors in coastal monitoring and management.}, }
@article {pmid30803661, year = {2019}, author = {Martínez-Laiz, G and Ulman, A and Ros, M and Marchini, A}, title = {Is recreational boating a potential vector for non-indigenous peracarid crustaceans in the Mediterranean Sea? A combined biological and social approach.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {140}, number = {}, pages = {403-415}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.050}, pmid = {30803661}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofouling ; Crustacea/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; Mediterranean Sea ; Recreation ; Travel ; *Water Sports ; }, abstract = {Shipping is understood to be a major vector for the introduction and spread of marine non-indigenous species (NIS). However, recreational boating is still unregulated and its influence as vector has not yet been assessed for the Mediterranean Sea, which is the second most popular recreational boating destination worldwide. This is the first large-scale study to examine this by a combined biological (analyzing hull and marina fouling) and social approach (boaters surveys on maintenance habits, travel patterns and awareness), focused on peracarid crustaceans. A surprisingly high number of NIS were found on vessels cruising Mediterranean waters, and species compositions suggest an exchange between marina and vessel assemblages. This means recreational boating presents a risk for NIS spread which should warrant regulation. Results also implied that regionally coordinated management should be supported by effective local-scale-based management in the Mediterranean, which could improve upon with targeted environmental education to solve lack of awareness.}, }
@article {pmid30800317, year = {2019}, author = {Mittan, CS and Zamudio, KR}, title = {Rapid adaptation to cold in the invasive cane toad Rhinella marina.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {coy075}, pmid = {30800317}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Understanding rapid adaptation to novel environments is essential as we face increasing climatic change. Invasive species are an ideal system for studying adaptation as they are typically introduced to novel environments where they must adapt if they are to persist. We used the invasive cane toad, Rhinella marina, to investigate the contribution of plasticity and evolution to rapid adaptation in a novel environment. Rhinella marina is a neotropical toad that has invaded areas with climates outside of its native environmental niche. The goal of this research was to understand how cane toads persist in northern Florida, the coldest region of their combined natural and invasive range, and originally thought to be beyond their thermal breadth. We measured Critical thermal minima in cane toads from the original, warm introduction location (Miami), and their northern range edge (Tampa) to determine whether northern toads were more cold-tolerant, and to examine the contribution of adaptive plasticity and evolution to any changes in tolerance. Our results show that following acclimation to cold temperatures, southern toads are less tolerant of cold than northern toads. This persistent population difference implies selection for cold-tolerance in northern populations. Differences in individual responses indicate that plasticity is also involved in this response. Our findings have implications for conservation because predatory cane toad invasions threaten local faunas, especially native amphibians. Characterizing specific adaptive mechanisms that allow R. marina to expand its range will identify evolutionary processes that shape a highly successful invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30799852, year = {2019}, author = {Baedke, PE and Rucker, HR and Mason, RT and Parker, MR}, title = {Chemical Isolation, Quantification, and Separation of Skin Lipids from Reptiles.}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {144}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3791/59018}, pmid = {30799852}, issn = {1940-087X}, mesh = {Animals ; Chemical Fractionation ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Lipids/*chemistry ; *Reptiles ; Solvents/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Reptiles signal to conspecifics using lipids in their skin, primarily to enable mate tracking and assessment. The isolation of these lipids has utility in research focused on evolutionary patterns and mechanisms of chemical communication, in addition to understanding the waterproofing role of lipids in the evolution of terrestrial life. In an applied approach, such skin-based cues have potential use for wildlife managers dealing with invasive species. The main steps for quantifying reptile skin lipids in the protocol presented here include extraction, total lipid determination, and fractionation via column chromatography, the latter process resulting in purified eluates of compounds which can then either be analyzed to assign compound identifications (e.g., gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [GC-MS]) and/or used directly in more refined bioassays. Skin lipids can be extracted from living skin, shed skin, or dead whole animals, using nonpolar organic solvents (e.g., hexane, benzene, toluene). Extraction solubilizes the lipids and, then, the solvent can be evaporated to yield a measurable lipid-only extract. Fractionation involves the separation of the total lipid extract into specific eluates via traditional column chromatography. The total lipid extract is first bound to a substrate-based column (e.g., alumina) and, then, individual eluates ("fractions") of solvent at specific volumes are passed sequentially through the column to elute sets of compounds from the lipid mixture based on common polarity. The fractions progress in polarity at a standardized sequence by increasing the relative amount of polar solvent (e.g., diethyl ether) in nonpolar solvent. In this manuscript, we describe several methods for extracting skin lipids of reptiles and, then, provide a standard protocol for isolating different sets of compounds based on polarity, using traditional column chromatography. Whole lipid extracts or specific fractions can, then, be used in bioassays to determine any biological activity elicited by the compounds therein.}, }
@article {pmid30790940, year = {2019}, author = {Lis, JA and Whitehead, PF}, title = {Another alien bug in Europe: the first case of transcontinental introduction of the Asiatic burrower bug Macroscytus subaeneus (Dallas, 1851) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cydnidae) to the U.K. through maritime transport.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4555}, number = {4}, pages = {588-594}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4555.4.10}, pmid = {30790940}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe ; Female ; *Heteroptera ; Indonesia ; Philippines ; Thailand ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {The Oriental burrower bug Macroscytus subaeneus (Dallas, 1851) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cydnidae: Cydninae), presently known only from single localities in Flores (Indonesia), the Philippines and Thailand, is recorded from the United Kingdom (hereafter U.K.). A single female specimen was collected on the semi-rural edge of Bath city by a Starling (Sturnus vulgaris L.) and taken to its nest from which it was retrieved during 2015. The specimen is illustrated and its diagnostic characters are provided. We hypothesize that this specimen could have been imported with a shipping container from Thailand.}, }
@article {pmid30790875, year = {2019}, author = {Huber, BA}, title = {The pholcid spiders of Sri Lanka (Araneae: Pholcidae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4550}, number = {1}, pages = {1-57}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4550.1.1}, pmid = {30790875}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Spiders ; Sri Lanka ; }, abstract = {As part of the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot, Sri Lanka harbors a rich and diverse fauna, especially in the perhumid southwestern part of the island. However, many invertebrate groups such as spiders continue to be poorly studied. The present paper reviews our knowledge about Pholcidae, a family of spiders that is well represented in Sri Lanka, both by numerous (10) introduced species and by a rich native fauna in five genera (described native Sri Lankan species in parentheses): Belisana Thorell, 1898 (6), Leptopholcus Simon, 1893 (1), Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805 (4), Tissahamia Huber, 2018 (4), and Wanniyala Huber Benjamin, 2005 (9). Fourteen species are newly described: Belisana minneriya sp. n., B. badulla sp. n., B. gowindahela sp. n.; Pholcus metta sp. n., P. puranappui sp. n., P. uva sp. n.; Tissahamia karuna sp. n.; Wanniyala mudita sp. n., W. orientalis sp. n., W. upekkha sp. n., W. ohiya sp. n., W. viharekele sp. n., W. mapalena sp. n., and W. labugama sp. n.. All new species are described from males and females. New Sri Lankan records are given for 16 previously described species. Distribution data suggest that most or all of the 24 native species might be endemic to Sri Lanka, but the Indian pholcid fauna remains almost entirely unknown.}, }
@article {pmid30787301, year = {2019}, author = {Briscoe Runquist, RD and Lake, T and Tiffin, P and Moeller, DA}, title = {Species distribution models throughout the invasion history of Palmer amaranth predict regions at risk of future invasion and reveal challenges with modeling rapidly shifting geographic ranges.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {2426}, pmid = {30787301}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Amaranthus/*physiology ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mexico ; *Models, Biological ; Temperature ; United States ; }, abstract = {Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) is an annual plant native to the desert Southwest of the United States and Mexico and has become invasive and caused large economic losses across much of the United States. In order to examine the temporal and spatial dynamics of past invasion, and to predict future invasion, we developed a broad array of species distribution models (SDMs). In particular, we constructed sequential SDMs throughout the invasion history and asked how well those predicted future invasion (1970 to present). We showed that invasion occurred from a restricted set of environments in the native range to a diverse set in the invaded range. Spatial autocorrelation analyses indicated that rapid range expansion was facilitated by stochastic, long-distance dispersal events. Regardless of SDM approach, all SDMs built using datasets from early in the invasion (1970-2010) performed poorly and failed to predict most of the current invaded range. Together, these results suggest that climate is unlikely to have influenced early stages of range expansion. SDMs that incorporated data from the most recent sampling (2011-2017) performed considerably better, predicted high suitability in regions that have recently become invaded, and identified mean annual temperature as a key factor limiting northward range expansion. Under future climates, models predicted both further northward range expansion and significantly increased suitability across large portions of the U.S. Overall, our results indicate significant challenges for SDMs of invasive species far from climate equilibrium. However, our models based on recent data make more robust predictions for northward range expansion of A. palmeri with climate change.}, }
@article {pmid30787138, year = {2019}, author = {Escobar-Camacho, D and Pierotti, MER and Ferenc, V and Sharpe, DMT and Ramos, E and Martins, C and Carleton, KL}, title = {Variable vision in variable environments: the visual system of an invasive cichlid (Cichla monoculus) in Lake Gatun, Panama.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {222}, number = {Pt 6}, pages = {}, pmid = {30787138}, issn = {1477-9145}, support = {R01 EY024639/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cichlids/*physiology ; Environment ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; *Light ; Opsins/metabolism ; Panama ; *Vision, Ocular ; *Visual Perception ; }, abstract = {An adaptive visual system is essential for organisms inhabiting new or changing light environments. The Panama Canal exhibits such variable environments owing to its anthropogenic origin and current human activities. Within the Panama Canal, Lake Gatun harbors several exotic fish species including the invasive peacock bass (Cichla monoculus), a predatory Amazonian cichlid. In this research, through spectral measurements and molecular and physiological experiments, we studied the visual system of C. monoculus and its adaptive capabilities. Our results suggest that (1) Lake Gatun is a highly variable environment, where light transmission changes throughout the canal waterway, and that (2) C. monoculus has several visual adaptations suited for this red-shifted light environment. Cichla monoculus filters short wavelengths (∼400 nm) from the environment through its ocular media and tunes its visual sensitivities to the available light through opsin gene expression. More importantly, based on shifts in spectral sensitivities of photoreceptors alone, and on transcriptome analysis, C. monoculus exhibits extreme intraspecific variation in the use of vitamin A1/A2 chromophore in their photoreceptors. Fish living in turbid water had higher proportions of vitamin A2, shifting sensitivities to longer wavelengths, than fish living in clear water. Furthermore, we also found variation in retinal transcriptomes, where fish from turbid and clear waters exhibited differentially expressed genes that vary greatly in their function. We suggest that this phenotypic plasticity has been key in the invasion success of C. monoculus.}, }
@article {pmid30783149, year = {2019}, author = {Seixas, G and Salgueiro, P and Bronzato-Badial, A and Gonçalves, Y and Reyes-Lugo, M and Gordicho, V and Ribolla, P and Viveiros, B and Silva, AC and Pinto, J and Sousa, CA}, title = {Origin and expansion of the mosquito Aedes aegypti in Madeira Island (Portugal).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {2241}, pmid = {30783149}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Aedes/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Dengue/epidemiology/transmission ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Portugal/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Historically known as the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti invaded Madeira Island in 2005 and was the vector of the island's first dengue outbreak in 2012. We have studied genetic variation at 16 microsatellites and two mitochondrial DNA genes in temporal samples of Madeira Island, in order to assess the origin of the invasion and the population structure of this mosquito vector. Our results indicated at least two independent colonization events occurred on the island, both having a South American source population. In both scenarios, Venezuela was the most probable origin of these introductions, a result that is in accordance with the socioeconomic relations between this country and Madeira Island. Once introduced, Ae. aegypti has rapidly expanded along the southern coast of the island and reached a maximum effective population size (Ne) in 2012, coincident with the dengue epidemic. After the outbreak, there was a 10-fold reduction in Ne estimates, possibly reflecting the impact of community-based vector control measures implemented during the outbreak. These findings have implications for mosquito surveillance not only for Madeira Island, but also for other European regions where Aedes mosquitoes are expanding.}, }
@article {pmid30783123, year = {2019}, author = {Jones, GL and Tomlinson, M and Owen, R and Scullion, J and Winters, A and Jenkins, T and Ratcliffe, J and Gwynn-Jones, D}, title = {Shrub establishment favoured and grass dominance reduced in acid heath grassland systems cleared of invasive Rhododendron ponticum.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {2239}, pmid = {30783123}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Lactuca/*metabolism ; Rhododendron/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Rhododendron ponticum L. is a damaging invasive alien species in Britain, favouring the moist, temperate climate, and the acidic soils of upland areas. It outshades other species and is thought to create a soil environment of low pH that may be higher in phytotoxic phenolic compounds. We investigated native vegetation restoration and R. ponticum regeneration post-clearance using heathland sites within Snowdonia National Park, Wales; one site had existing R. ponticum stands and three were restoring post-clearance. Each site also had an adjacent, uninvaded control for comparison. We assessed whether native vegetation restoration was influenced post-invasion by soil chemical properties, including pH and phytotoxic compounds, using Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce) bioassays supported by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS[n]). Cleared sites had higher shrub and bare ground cover, and lower grass and herbaceous species cover relative to adjacent uninvaded control sites; regenerating R. ponticum was also observed on all cleared sites. No phenolic compounds associated with R. ponticum were identified in any soil water leachates, and soil leachates from cleared sites had no inhibitory effect in L. sativa germination assays. We therefore conclude that reportedly phytotoxic compounds do not influence restoration post R. ponticum clearance. Soil pH however was lower beneath R. ponticum and on cleared sites, relative to adjacent uninvaded sites. The lower soil pH post-clearance may have favoured shrub species, which are typically tolerant of acidic soils. The higher shrub cover on cleared sites may have greater ecological value than unaffected grass dominated sites, particularly given the recent decline in such valuable heathland habitats. The presence of regenerating R. ponticum on all cleared sites however highlights the critical importance of monitoring and re-treating sites post initial clearance.}, }
@article {pmid30782117, year = {2019}, author = {Helsen, K and Hagenblad, J and Acharya, KP and Brunet, J and Cousins, SAO and Decocq, G and De Frenne, P and Kimberley, A and Kolb, A and Michaelis, J and Plue, J and Verheyen, K and Speed, JDM and Graae, BJ}, title = {No genetic erosion after five generations for Impatiens glandulifera populations across the invaded range in Europe.}, journal = {BMC genetics}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {20}, pmid = {30782117}, issn = {1471-2156}, mesh = {Europe ; Genetic Variation ; Impatiens/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The observation that many alien species become invasive despite low genetic diversity has long been considered the 'genetic paradox' in invasion biology. This paradox is often resolved through the temporal buildup genetic diversity through multiple introduction events. These temporal dynamics in genetic diversity are especially important for annual invasive plants that lack a persistent seed bank, for which population persistence is strongly dependent on consecutive seed 're-establishment' in each growing season. Theory predicts that the number of seeds during re-establishment, and the levels of among-population gene flow can strongly affect recolonization dynamics, resulting in either an erosion or build-up of population genetic diversity through time. This study focuses on temporal changes in the population genetic structure of the annual invasive plant Impatiens glandulifera across Europe. We resampled 13 populations in 6 regions along a 1600 km long latitudinal gradient from northern France to central Norway after 5 years, and assessed population genetic diversity with 9 microsatellite markers.<br><br>RESULTS: Our study suggests sufficiently high numbers of genetically diverse founders during population re-establishment, which prevent the erosion of local genetic diversity. We furthermore observe that I. glandulifera experiences significant among-population gene flow, gradually resulting in higher genetic diversity and lower overall genetic differentiation through time. Nonetheless, moderate founder effects concerning population genetic composition (allele frequencies) were evident, especially for smaller populations. Despite the initially low genetic diversity, this species seems to be successful at persisting across its invaded range, and will likely continue to build up higher genetic diversity at the local scale.}, }
@article {pmid30779898, year = {2019}, author = {Seebens, H}, title = {Invasion Ecology: Expanding Trade and the Dispersal of Alien Species.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, pages = {R120-R122}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2018.12.047}, pmid = {30779898}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {China ; *Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {China's ambitious aspirations to build a modern Silk Road will open new avenues for species to spread into regions outside their native range. A new study identifies 14 hot spots of biological invasions falling along the planned economic corridors.}, }
@article {pmid30779414, year = {2019}, author = {Catford, JA and Smith, AL and Wragg, PD and Clark, AT and Kosmala, M and Cavender-Bares, J and Reich, PB and Tilman, D}, title = {Traits linked with species invasiveness and community invasibility vary with time, stage and indicator of invasion in a long-term grassland experiment.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {593-604}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13220}, pmid = {30779414}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {//Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Australian Research Council/ ; DEB-0620652//National Science Foundation/ ; DEB-1234162//National Science Foundation/ ; DE120102221//Australian Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Much uncertainty remains about traits linked with successful invasion - the establishment and spread of non-resident species into existing communities. Using a 20-year experiment, where 50 non-resident (but mostly native) grassland plant species were sown into savannah plots, we ask how traits linked with invasion depend on invasion stage (establishment, spread), indicator of invasion success (occupancy, relative abundance), time, environmental conditions, propagule rain, and traits of invaders and invaded communities. Trait data for 164 taxa showed that invader occupancy was primarily associated with traits of invaders, traits of recipient communities, and invader-community interactions. Invader abundance was more strongly associated with community traits (e.g. proportion legume) and trait differences between invaders and the most similar resident species. Annuals and invaders with high-specific leaf area were only successful early in stand development, whereas invaders with conservative carbon capture strategies persisted long-term. Our results indicate that invasion is context-dependent and long-term experiments are required to comprehensively understand invasions.}, }
@article {pmid30775165, year = {2019}, author = {Morim, T and Bigg, GR and Madeira, PM and Palma, J and Duvernell, DD and Gisbert, E and Cunha, RL and Castilho, R}, title = {Invasion genetics of the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus): recent anthropogenic introduction in Iberia.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6155}, pmid = {30775165}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Human activities such as trade and transport have increased considerably in the last decades, greatly facilitating the introduction and spread of non-native species at a global level. In the Iberian Peninsula, Fundulus heteroclitus, a small euryhaline coastal fish with short dispersal, was found for the first time in the mid-1970s. Since then, F. heteroclitus has undergone range expansions, colonizing the southern region of Portugal, southwestern coast of Spain and the Ebro Delta in the Mediterranean Sea. Cytochrome b sequences were used to elucidate the species invasion pathway in Iberia. Three Iberian locations (Faro, Cádiz and Ebro Delta) and 13 other locations along the native range of F. heteroclitus in North America were sampled. Results revealed a single haplotype, common to all invasive populations, which can be traced to the northern region of the species' native range. We posit that the origin of the founder individuals is between New York and Nova Scotia. Additionally, the lack of genetic structure within Iberia is consistent with a recent invasion scenario and a strong founder effect. We suggest the most probable introduction vector is associated with the aquarium trade. We further discuss the hypothesis of a second human-mediated introduction responsible for the establishment of individuals in the Ebro Delta supported by the absence of adequate muddy habitats linking Cádiz and the Ebro Delta. Although the species has a high tolerance to salinity and temperature, ecological niche modelling indicates that benthic habitat constraints prevent along-shore colonisation suggesting that such expansions would need to be aided by human release.}, }
@article {pmid30772710, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, KM and Shen, Y and Yang, J and Miu, X and Bhowmik, PC and Zhou, X and Fang, YM and Xing, BS}, title = {The defense system for Bidens pilosa root exudate treatments in Pteris multifida gametophyte.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {173}, number = {}, pages = {203-213}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.097}, pmid = {30772710}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {Allelopathy ; Ascorbic Acid/metabolism ; *Bidens ; Biomass ; Catalase/metabolism ; Cell Death ; Germ Cells, Plant ; Glutathione/metabolism ; Glutathione Reductase/metabolism ; Plant Roots/*chemistry ; *Pteris ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; }, abstract = {According to the novel weapons hypothesis, root exudates are the inhibition factors for native species growth and development through invasive plants. It is hypothesized that antioxidant system (AOS) presents an effective role in plant defense system. The allelopathy indexes of P. multifida gametophyte biomass and sporogonium conversions rates turn negative with the dose and time effects, and the synthetical allelopathic effect index was -55.07% at 100% treatments under root exudates treatments. Under transmission electron microscopy, the cell structures turn burry. Next, AOS and programmed cell death (PCD) were tested in this study. In AOS, strong activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were identified in gametophyte cells under the treatments, as well as the contents of glutathione, ascorbic acid and reduced ascorbate, while GPX activity decreased. Based on the input (SOD activity) and the output (GST activity) of antioxidant system, and the decreasing system control would be a reason leading gametophyte death under root exudates. At day 10, PCD would get its peak of 46.93% at 100% root exudates. We found a dynamic balance of PCD and AOS under the exudates treatments. We detected hexadecanoic acid, ethylene glycol and undecane are three major chemicals in root exudates. Our results provide a reference of AOS and PCD working under root exudates treatments in plants and offer novel strategy for the native species protection and invasion plants control in environment science.}, }
@article {pmid30772562, year = {2019}, author = {Sousa, R and Nogueira, JG and Ferreira, A and Carvalho, F and Lopes-Lima, M and Varandas, S and Teixeira, A}, title = {A tale of shells and claws: The signal crayfish as a threat to the pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera in Europe.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {665}, number = {}, pages = {329-337}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.094}, pmid = {30772562}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; *Endangered Species ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Portugal ; }, abstract = {The freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera is a highly threatened species in Europe. Several mechanisms may be responsible for the decline in distribution and abundance of European pearl mussel populations, but almost no quantitative data exists about the possible negative impacts of invasive alien species (IAS). In this study, we clearly demonstrate that the invasive signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus predates pearl mussels, using a laboratorial experiment followed by in situ validation in four rivers in the North of Portugal (Mente, Rabaçal, Tuela and Baceiro Rivers; Douro Basin). In the laboratory, the crayfish had a clear preference for small-sized pearl mussels but no differences in predation were found in mesocosms with and without sediment. In addition, we clearly demonstrated that the signal crayfish predates pearl mussels in natural conditions and detected a significant density dependent effect (i.e., sites with more crayfish presented higher number of pearl mussel shells with marks of predation). Given the recent introduction of the signal crayfish and the potential negative impacts on pearl mussel populations we also investigated its autoecology (distribution, abundance, size structure and sex-ratio) in the four studied rivers. Significant differences in average abundance and size of the crayfish were detected between sites and the sex-ratio was highly skewed to females. In view of the widespread distribution of signal crayfish (and other invasive crayfish species) in Europe, future management actions devoted to the conservation of pearl mussels should take in consideration the possible negative effects of these predators, especially on juveniles.}, }
@article {pmid30770146, year = {2019}, author = {Wilkie, MP and Hubert, TD and Boogaard, MA and Birceanu, O}, title = {Control of invasive sea lampreys using the piscicides TFM and niclosamide: Toxicology, successes &amp; future prospects.}, journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {211}, number = {}, pages = {235-252}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.12.012}, pmid = {30770146}, issn = {1879-1514}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes/chemistry ; Larva/drug effects ; Niclosamide/*toxicity ; Nitrophenols/*toxicity ; North America ; Oxidative Phosphorylation ; Pesticides/*toxicity ; Petromyzon/*growth &amp; development ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {The invasion of the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America by sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) in the early 20th century contributed to the depletion of commercial, recreational and culturally important fish populations, devastating the economies of communities that relied on the fishery. Sea lamprey populations were subsequently controlled using an aggressive integrated pest-management program which employed barriers and traps to prevent sea lamprey from migrating to their spawning grounds and the use of the piscicides (lampricides) 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and niclosamide to eliminate larval sea lampreys from their nursery streams. Although sea lampreys have not been eradicated from the Great Lakes, populations have been suppressed to less than 10% of their peak numbers in the mid-1900s. The ongoing use of lampricides provides the foundation for sea lamprey control in the Great Lakes, one of the most successful invasive species control programs in the world. Yet, significant gaps remain in our understanding of how lampricides are taken-up and handled by sea lampreys, how lampricides exert their toxic effects, and how they adversely affect non-target invertebrate and vertebrates species. In this review we examine what has been learned about the uptake, handling and elimination, and the mode of TFM and niclosamide toxicity in lampreys and in non-target animals, particularly in the last 10 years. It is now clear that the mode of TFM toxicity is the same in non-target fishes and lampreys, in which TFM interferes with oxidative phosphorylation by the mitochondria leading to decreased ATP production. Vulnerability to TFM is related to abiotic factors such as water pH and alkalinity, which we propose changes the relative amounts of the bioavailable un-ionized form of TFM in the gill microenvironment. Niclosamide, which is also a molluscicide used to control snails in areas prone to schistosomiasis infections of humans, also likely works by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation, but less is known about other aspects of its toxicology. The effects of TFM include reductions in energy stores, particularly glycogen and high energy phosphagens. However, non-target fishes readily recover from sub-lethal TFM exposure as demonstrated by the rapid restoration of energy stores and clearance of TFM. Although both TFM and niclosamide are non-persistent in the environment and critical for sea lamprey control, increasing public and institutional concerns about pesticides in the environment makes it imperative to explore other means of sea lamprey control. Accordingly, we also address possible "next-generation" strategies of sea lamprey control including genetic tools such as RNA interference and CRISPR-Cas9 to impair critical physiological processes (e.g. reproduction, digestion, metamorphosis) in lamprey, and the use of green chemistry to develop more environmentally benign chemical methods of sea lamprey control.}, }
@article {pmid30768916, year = {2019}, author = {Goodman, RM and Tyler, JA and Reinartz, DM and Wright, AN}, title = {Survey of Ranavirus and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Introduced Frogs in Hawaii, USA.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {55}, number = {3}, pages = {668-672}, pmid = {30768916}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufo marinus/*microbiology ; Chytridiomycota/*isolation &amp; purification ; DNA Virus Infections/epidemiology/veterinary/virology ; Hawaii/epidemiology ; *Introduced Species ; Mycoses/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Ranavirus/*isolation &amp; purification ; Ranidae/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Ranaviruses and the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis are globally important agents of emerging infectious amphibian diseases. Amphibians on Oahu, the Hawaiian Island with the greatest potential for disease introduction through the movement of goods and people, have never been surveyed for ranaviruses or B. dendrobatidis. We surveyed all five species of frogs on Oahu, Hawaii, US for these pathogens. Of 325 individuals sampled from six sites, none were positive for ranavirus. However, we found B. dendrobatidis in a total of four individuals of three species, the cane toad (Bufo marinus), the American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), and the greenhouse frog (Eleutherodactylus planirostris), but not in the green and black poison dart frog (Dendrobates auratus) or the Japanese wrinkled frog (Rana rugosa). The apparent lack of ranavirus and low prevalence of B. dendrobatidis are noteworthy given how widespread these pathogens are in terms of both global distribution and host range. Surveillance should continue to document any changes in B. dendrobatidis prevalence or the arrival of ranaviruses in Hawaii.}, }
@article {pmid30768870, year = {2019}, author = {Aslan, CE and Shiels, AB and Haines, W and Liang, CT}, title = {Non-native insects dominate daytime pollination in a high-elevation Hawaiian dryland ecosystem.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {106}, number = {2}, pages = {313-324}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1233}, pmid = {30768870}, issn = {1537-2197}, support = {RC-2432//Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Hawaii ; *Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; *Magnoliopsida ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Over one-third of the native flowering plant species in the Hawaiian Islands are listed as federally threatened or endangered. Lack of sufficient pollination could contribute to reductions in populations, reproduction, and genetic diversity among these species but has been little studied.<br><br>METHODS: We used systematic observations and manual flower treatments to quantify flower visitation and outcrossing dependency of eight native (including four endangered) plant species in a dryland ecosystem in Hawaii: Argemone glauca, Bidens menziesii, Dubautia linearis, Haplostachys haplostachya, Sida fallax, Silene lanceolata, Stenogyne angustifolia, and Tetramolopium arenarium.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: During 576.36 h of flower observations, only insects visited the flowers. Out of all recorded flower visits, 85% were performed by non-native species, particularly the honeybee (Apis mellifera) and flies in the family Syrphidae. Some plant species received little visitation (e.g., S. angustifolia received one visit in 120 h of observation), whereas others were visited by a wide diversity of insects. The endangered plant species were visited by fewer visitor taxa than were the common native plant species. For six of the focal plant species, bagging of flowers to exclude pollinators resulted in significant reductions in seed set.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The flower visitor community in this system, although heavily dominated by non-native insects, appears to be facilitating pollination for multiple plant species. Non-native insects may thus be sustaining biotic interactions otherwise threatened with disruption in this island ecosystem. This may be particularly important for the studied endangered plant species, which exhibit fewer partners than the more common plant species.}, }
@article {pmid30767891, year = {2019}, author = {Prowse, TA and Adikusuma, F and Cassey, P and Thomas, P and Ross, JV}, title = {A Y-chromosome shredding gene drive for controlling pest vertebrate populations.}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {30767891}, issn = {2050-084X}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Computer Simulation ; DNA End-Joining Repair ; *Gene Drive Technology ; Genotype ; Mice ; *Pest Control ; Vertebrates/*genetics ; Y Chromosome/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Self-replicating gene drives that modify sex ratios or infer a fitness cost could be used to control populations of invasive alien species. The targeted deletion of Y sex chromosomes using CRISPR technology offers a new approach for sex bias that could be incorporated within gene-drive designs. We introduce a novel gene-drive strategy termed Y-CHromosome deletion using Orthogonal Programmable Endonucleases (Y-CHOPE), incorporating a programmable endonuclease that 'shreds' the Y chromosome, thereby converting XY males into fertile XO females. Firstly, we demonstrate that the CRISPR/Cas12a system can eliminate the Y chromosome in embryonic stem cells with high efficiency (c. 90%). Next, using stochastic, individual-based models of a pest mouse population, we show that a Y-shredding drive that progressively depletes the pool of XY males could effect population eradication through mate limitation. Our molecular and modeling data suggest that a Y-CHOPE gene drive could be a viable tool for vertebrate pest control.}, }
@article {pmid30766418, year = {2019}, author = {Egizi, AM and Robbins, RG and Beati, L and Nava, S and Vans, CR and Occi, JL and Fonseca, DM}, title = {A pictorial key to differentiate the recently detected exotic Haemaphysalislongicornis Neumann, 1901 (Acari, Ixodidae) from native congeners in North America.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {818}, pages = {117-128}, pmid = {30766418}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Until recently, only two haemaphysaline species, Haemaphysalischordeilis (Packard, 1869) and Haemaphysalisleporispalustris (Packard, 1869), were known to occur in the United States, and neither was considered to be of significant medical or veterinary importance. In 2017-2018 established populations of the Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalislongicornis Neumann, 1901, were detected in the eastern US for the first time. Haemaphysalislongicornis has the potential to be a significant threat to human and animal health, and the urgent need to determine the full extent of its distribution and host range requires availability of a straightforward and practical guide to differentiate it from native species. We created a pictorial dichotomous key to all stages of Haemaphysalis spp. known to occur in North America with scanning electron photomicrographs of all H.longicornis life stages, including rarely seen males, to aid researchers in differentiating these species. The largely Neotropical species Haemaphysalisjuxtakochi Cooley, 1946, with established populations in Mexico and sporadic detections in the US on migrating birds is also included.}, }
@article {pmid30765607, year = {2019}, author = {Alves, JM and Carneiro, M and Cheng, JY and Lemos de Matos, A and Rahman, MM and Loog, L and Campos, PF and Wales, N and Eriksson, A and Manica, A and Strive, T and Graham, SC and Afonso, S and Bell, DJ and Belmont, L and Day, JP and Fuller, SJ and Marchandeau, S and Palmer, WJ and Queney, G and Surridge, AK and Vieira, FG and McFadden, G and Nielsen, R and Gilbert, MTP and Esteves, PJ and Ferrand, N and Jiggins, FM}, title = {Parallel adaptation of rabbit populations to myxoma virus.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {363}, number = {6433}, pages = {1319-1326}, pmid = {30765607}, issn = {1095-9203}, support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 281668/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; R01 AI080607/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Alleles ; Animals ; Australia ; Evolution, Molecular ; France ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Variation ; Immunity, Innate/*genetics ; Interferon alpha-2/genetics/immunology ; Myxoma virus/*immunology ; Myxomatosis, Infectious/genetics/*immunology ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Population ; Rabbits/*genetics/immunology/*virology ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {In the 1950s the myxoma virus was released into European rabbit populations in Australia and Europe, decimating populations and resulting in the rapid evolution of resistance. We investigated the genetic basis of resistance by comparing the exomes of rabbits collected before and after the pandemic. We found a strong pattern of parallel evolution, with selection on standing genetic variation favoring the same alleles in Australia, France, and the United Kingdom. Many of these changes occurred in immunity-related genes, supporting a polygenic basis of resistance. We experimentally validated the role of several genes in viral replication and showed that selection acting on an interferon protein has increased the protein's antiviral effect.}, }
@article {pmid30763376, year = {2019}, author = {Hata, H and Uemura, Y and Ouchi, K and Matsuba, H}, title = {Hybridization between an endangered freshwater fish and an introduced congeneric species and consequent genetic introgression.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {e0212452}, pmid = {30763376}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Cyprinidae/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*genetics ; Cytochromes b/genetics ; Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; Extinction, Biological ; Female ; Fish Proteins/genetics ; Fresh Water ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Artificial transplantation of organisms and consequent invasive hybridization can lead to the extinction of native species. In Matsuyama, Japan, a native bitterling fish, Tanakia lanceolata, is known to form hybrids with another bitterling species, T. limbata, which was recently introduced from western Kyushu, Japan. These bitterlings spawn in the gills of two freshwater unionid species, Pronodularia japanensis and Nodularia douglasiae nipponensis, which have rapidly declined on the Matsuyama Plain in the past 30 years. To gauge the effect of invasive hybridization, we determined the genetic introgression between T. lanceolata and T. limbata and analyzed the morphology of these species and their hybrids to infer their niche overlap. We collected adult individuals of Tanakia spp. and genotyped them based on six microsatellite loci and mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences. We analyzed their meristic characters and body shapes by geometric morphometrics. We found that 10.9% of all individuals collected were hybrids. Whereas T. lanceolata were more densely distributed downstream and T. limbata were distributed upstream, their hybrids were widely distributed, covering the entire range of native T. lanceolata. The body height and anal fin length of T. limbata were greater than those of T. lanceolata, but their hybrids were highly morphologically variable, covering both parental morphs, and were widely distributed in the habitats of both parental species. Hybridization has occurred in both directions, but introduced T. limbata females and native T. lanceolata males are more likely to have crossed. This study shows that invasive hybridization with the introduced T. limbata is a potential threat to the native population of T. lanceolata via genetic introgression and replacement of its niche in streams.}, }
@article {pmid30763344, year = {2019}, author = {Papanikolaou, NE and Kavallieratos, NG and Kondakis, M and Boukouvala, MC and Nika, EP and Demiris, N}, title = {Elucidating fitness components of the invasive dermestid beetle Trogoderma granarium combining deterministic and stochastic demography.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {e0212182}, pmid = {30763344}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Longevity ; Reproduction ; Stochastic Processes ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The invasive dermestid khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium, is an important pest of stored products that is subject to strict phytosanitary measures. In this study, we conducted a demographic analysis of this species at 30, 35 and 40°C, combining deterministic and stochastic approaches. The net reproductive rate, the intrinsic rate of increase, the finite rate of increase and the doubling time did not differ significantly between 30 and 35°C, while at 40°C we detected negative values of the intrinsic rate of increase and the doubling time. The Briere model fit the data well with respect to the intrinsic rate of increase. Females of roughly 63, 42 and 21 days old reached their maximum reproductive potential at 30, 35 and 40°C, respectively. The stochastic models of this study allowed for checking model fit and the characterization of the most suitable distribution for each component of the process. We expect these results to have bearing on the management of T. granarium since they could be combined with models related to international trade and climatic change, alerting specialists towards early detection strategies against this species.}, }
@article {pmid30763312, year = {2019}, author = {Amraoui, F and Ben Ayed, W and Madec, Y and Faraj, C and Himmi, O and Btissam, A and Sarih, M and Failloux, AB}, title = {Potential of Aedes albopictus to cause the emergence of arboviruses in Morocco.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {e0006997}, pmid = {30763312}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Aedes/*virology ; Animals ; Arboviruses/*physiology ; Chlorocebus aethiops ; Female ; Morocco ; Mosquito Vectors/*virology ; Vero Cells ; }, abstract = {In 2015, the mosquito Aedes albopictus was detected in Rabat, Morocco. This invasive species can be involved in the transmission of more than 25 arboviruses. It is known that each combination of mosquito population and virus genotype leads to a specific interaction that can shape the outcome of infection. Testing the vector competence of local mosquitoes is therefore a prerequisite to assess the risks of emergence. A field-collected strain of Ae. albopictus from Morocco was experimentally infected with dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV), zika (ZIKV) and yellow fever (YFV) viruses. We found that this species can highly transmit CHIKV and to a lesser extent, DENV, ZIKV and YFV. Viruses can be detected in mosquito saliva at day 3 (CHIKV), day 14 (DENV and YFV), and day 21 (ZIKV) post-infection. These results suggest that the local transmission of these four arboviruses by Ae. albopictus newly introduced in Morocco is a likely scenario. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov APAFIS#6573-201606l412077987v2.}, }
@article {pmid30753676, year = {2019}, author = {Cooperband, MF and Wickham, J and Cleary, K and Spichiger, SE and Zhang, L and Baker, J and Canlas, I and Derstine, N and Carrillo, D}, title = {Discovery of Three Kairomones in Relation to Trap and Lure Development for Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {2}, pages = {671-682}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy412}, pmid = {30753676}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {*Ailanthus ; Animals ; *Hemiptera ; North America ; Nymph ; Pheromones ; }, abstract = {The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White), is an invasive phloem feeder recently introduced into North America that attacks a broad range of woody plants. When feeding in large numbers, they can seriously damage or kill a tree. Their preferred host is the invasive tree-of-heaven, Ailanthus altissima Swingle (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae), but they are serious pests of grape, Vitis vinifera L. (Vitales: Vitaceae) and a number of other commercially important host plants. Volatile collections were conducted on tree-of-heaven and grape, and the most abundant compounds from these plants present in samples and indicated in the literature were tested for attraction in the laboratory and field. Three compounds, methyl salicylate, (Z)-3-hexenol, and (E,E)-α-farnesene, were found to be highly attractive in laboratory behavioral bioassays. Methyl salicylate was attractive to all stages of L. delicatula, whereas the youngest nymphs were not as attracted to (Z)-3-hexenol or (E,E)-α-farnesene in laboratory bioassays. When comparing individual compounds, methyl salicylate attracted the most L. delicatula. Methyl salicylate lures in the field produced a two- to four-fold increase in captures compared with unbaited controls, and field testing also revealed a significant positive dose response. Of the several types of sticky bands tested, Web-Cote Industries sticky bands were found to be most efficient at trapping L. delicatula adults and nymphs.}, }
@article {pmid30753385, year = {2019}, author = {Jennings, DE and Wang, XY and Duan, JJ}, title = {Influence of Density on Interspecific Competition Between Spathius galinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Tetrastichus planipennisi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Larval Parasitoids of the Invasive Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {404-409}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz008}, pmid = {30753385}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*parasitology ; *Competitive Behavior ; Female ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Larva/parasitology ; Population Density ; Reproduction ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The outcomes of interspecific interactions between parasitoids depend on a variety of factors. Understanding the influence of these factors is important for classical biological control, where the success of parasitoid releases partly depends on interactions with native and other introduced species. However, results from laboratory experiments may not always reflect those in the field, as densities may be artificially inflated. To mitigate this problem, we examined the effects of multiple densities on interspecific competition between two larval parasitoids of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire): Spathius galinae Belokobylskij and Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang. Parasitoid species were housed individually or together at two different densities, and we measured the effects on percent parasitism and progeny production, before calculating the interaction strengths. We found no significant effects of parasitoid density on percent parasitism, but the effect of competition on parasitism generally was reduced at lower densities. However, there were significant differences in parasitism by species, with S. galinae parasitizing more larvae than T. planipennisi. There were also no significant effects of parasitoid density on the number of progeny produced by each species, though the effect of competition on progeny production was greater at higher densities. Similarly, though, there were significant differences between species in the number of progeny produced. Specifically, T. planipennisi consistently produced larger broods than S. galinae. Our findings complement existing research suggesting that competition between these two species in the field will likely be negligible.}, }
@article {pmid30746727, year = {2019}, author = {Bilbija, B and Auer, M and Široký, P}, title = {Long term persistence of introduced Amblyomma geoemydae tick population under indoor conditions in Austria.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {317-321}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12361}, pmid = {30746727}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Zoo ; Austria ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/veterinary ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/classification/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Larva/classification/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Nymph/classification/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Seasons ; Tick Infestations/parasitology/prevention &amp; control/*veterinary ; *Turtles ; }, abstract = {An indoor terrarium population of Amblyomma geoemydae was established subsequent to the import of a single yellow-marginated box turtle Cuora flavomarginata. This indoor tick population revealed an unexpected resistance against de-ticking trials, with persistence between 2010 and 2015, when the ticks were successfully eliminated. Ticks were collected from the bodies and shells of turtles, as well as from terraria soil. Species diagnosis of ticks was carried out according to distinguishable morphological characters and supported by molecular analysis using DNA-barcoding. Introduced exotic ticks are potential vectors of pathogens and can have an impact on wildlife, domestic animals and the human population. This case emphasizes the need for sharp surveillance and control measures on imported reptiles.}, }
@article {pmid30746437, year = {2019}, author = {Araújo, MB and Anderson, RP and Márcia Barbosa, A and Beale, CM and Dormann, CF and Early, R and Garcia, RA and Guisan, A and Maiorano, L and Naimi, B and O'Hara, RB and Zimmermann, NE and Rahbek, C}, title = {Standards for distribution models in biodiversity assessments.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {eaat4858}, pmid = {30746437}, issn = {2375-2548}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Environmental Monitoring/standards ; Guidelines as Topic ; *Models, Theoretical ; Peer Review ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; }, abstract = {Demand for models in biodiversity assessments is rising, but which models are adequate for the task? We propose a set of best-practice standards and detailed guidelines enabling scoring of studies based on species distribution models for use in biodiversity assessments. We reviewed and scored 400 modeling studies over the past 20 years using the proposed standards and guidelines. We detected low model adequacy overall, but with a marked tendency of improvement over time in model building and, to a lesser degree, in biological data and model evaluation. We argue that implementation of agreed-upon standards for models in biodiversity assessments would promote transparency and repeatability, eventually leading to higher quality of the models and the inferences used in assessments. We encourage broad community participation toward the expansion and ongoing development of the proposed standards and guidelines.}, }
@article {pmid30744887, year = {2019}, author = {He, C and Liang, J and Liu, S and Wang, S and Wu, Q and Xie, W and Zhang, Y}, title = {Changes in the expression of four ABC transporter genes in response to imidacloprid in Bemisia tabaci Q (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).}, journal = {Pesticide biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {153}, number = {}, pages = {136-143}, doi = {10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.11.014}, pmid = {30744887}, issn = {1095-9939}, mesh = {ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/*genetics ; Abdomen ; Animals ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation/*drug effects ; Head ; Hemiptera/*drug effects/physiology ; Insect Proteins/*genetics ; Insecticides/*pharmacology ; Male ; Neonicotinoids/*pharmacology ; Nitro Compounds/*pharmacology ; Thorax ; }, abstract = {Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), a globally invasive species complex that causes serious damage to field crops, has developed resistance to imidacloprid and many other pesticides. Insect detoxify to pesticides may partially depend on ABC transporters, which contribute to the detoxification of xenobiotics. To determine whether genes in the ABCG subfamily are involved in imidacloprid detoxification in B. tabaci Q, we cloned four ABCG subfamily genes based on the published MED/Q genome and on our previous study of the transcriptional response of ABC transporters in B. tabaci Q adults to imidacloprid. As indicated by the quantification of mRNA levels after a 6-h exposure, the expression level of ABCG3 was 3.3-fold higher in B. tabaci Q adults exposed to 100 μg/mL imidacloprid rather than to the buffer control. The expression level of ABCG3 was higher in females than in males but did not significantly differ among eggs or nymphal stages and did not significantly differ among head, thorax, and abdomen tissues of adults. Knockdown of ABCG3 via RNA interference significantly increased the mortality of imidacloprid-treated laboratory and field-collected adults of B. tabaci Q. These results indicate that the ABCG3 gene may be involved in imidacloprid detoxification by B. tabaci Q.}, }
@article {pmid30744707, year = {2019}, author = {Augustinos, AA and Moraiti, CA and Drosopoulou, E and Kounatidis, I and Mavragani-Tsipidou, P and Bourtzis, K and Papadopoulos, NT}, title = {Old residents and new arrivals of Rhagoletis species in Europe.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {109}, number = {6}, pages = {701-712}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485319000063}, pmid = {30744707}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe ; Insect Control/methods ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Tephritidae/*classification/genetics/microbiology ; Wolbachia/physiology ; }, abstract = {The genus Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) comprises more than 65 species distributed throughout Europe, Asia and America, including many species of high economic importance. Currently, there are three Rhagoletis species that infest fruits and nuts in Europe. The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (may have invaded Europe a long time ago from the Caucasian area of West Asia), and two invasive species (recently introduced from North America): the eastern American cherry fruit fly, R. cingulata, and the walnut husk fly, R. completa. The presence of different Rhagoletis species may enhance population dynamics and establish an unpredictable economic risk for several fruit and nut crops in Europe. Despite their excessive economic importance, little is known on population dynamics, genetics and symbiotic associations for making sound pest control decisions in terms of species-specific, environmental friendly pest control methods. To this end, the current paper (a) summarizes recently accumulated genetic and population data for the European Rhagoletis species and their association with the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis, and (b) explores the possibility of using the current knowledge for implementing the innovative biological control methods of sterile insect technique and incompatible insect technique.}, }
@article {pmid30742814, year = {2019}, author = {Barnes, CL and Blay, NW and Wilder, SM}, title = {Upper thermal tolerances of different life stages, sexes, and species of widow spiders (Araneae, Theridiidae).}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {114}, number = {}, pages = {10-14}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.02.004}, pmid = {30742814}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Animals ; Black Widow Spider/*physiology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Sex Factors ; Species Specificity ; *Thermotolerance ; }, abstract = {Temperature strongly influences the physiology and behavior of ectotherms. Persistence within different environments can be limited by thermal tolerances. These thermal tolerances can also shift through life stages and differ between sexes. The critical thermal maximum (CTMax) defines the temperature at which animals experience unorganized locomotion or spasms. In this study, we tested if CTMax varied between a native and an invasive widow species. We separately tested if CTMax varied by widow life stage and sex. We predicted that the invasive species would have higher CTMax due to originally inhabiting warmer climates. We also predicted that juveniles and male widows would possess higher CTMax because they are more mobile and could experience a greater scope of thermal extremes throughout landscapes. We did not find a difference in CTMax between the species, but we did find differences across development stages. Temperature of spasms and death decreased with developmental stages, which corresponds with previous studies in spiders. Future studies of ontogenic and interspecific comparisons will be crucial for more broadly understanding how upper tolerances shapes species persistence in changing climates or ability to invade new habitats.}, }
@article {pmid30742633, year = {2019}, author = {Mack, KML and Eppinga, MB and Bever, JD}, title = {Plant-soil feedbacks promote coexistence and resilience in multi-species communities.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {e0211572}, pmid = {30742633}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {R01 GM092660/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Feedback, Physiological ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {Both ecological theory and empirical evidence suggest that negative frequency dependent feedbacks structure plant communities, but integration of these findings has been limited. Here we develop a generic model of frequency dependent feedback to analyze coexistence and invasibility in random theoretical and real communities for which frequency dependence through plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) was determined empirically. We investigated community stability and invasibility by means of mechanistic analysis of invasion conditions and numerical simulations. We found that communities fall along a spectrum of coexistence types ranging from strict pair-wise negative feedback to strict intransitive networks. Intermediate community structures characterized by partial intransitivity may feature "keystone competitors" which disproportionately influence community stability. Real communities were characterized by stronger negative feedback and higher robustness to species loss than randomly assembled communities. Partial intransitivity became increasingly likely in more diverse communities. The results presented here theoretically explain why more diverse communities are characterized by stronger negative frequency dependent feedbacks, a pattern previously encountered in observational studies. Natural communities are more likely to be maintained by strict negative plant-soil feedback than expected by chance, but our results also show that community stability often depends on partial intransitivity. These results suggest that plant-soil feedbacks can facilitate coexistence in multi-species communities, but that these feedbacks may also initiate cascading effects on community diversity following from single-species loss.}, }
@article {pmid30740563, year = {2018}, author = {Chen, G and Sun, W}, title = {The role of botanical gardens in scientific research, conservation, and citizen science.}, journal = {Plant diversity}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {181-188}, pmid = {30740563}, issn = {2468-2659}, abstract = {Plant diversity is currently being lost at an unprecedented rate, resulting in an associated decrease in ecosystem services. About a third of the world's vascular plant species face the threat of extinction due to a variety of devastating activities, including, over-harvesting and over exploitation, destructive agricultural and forestry practices, urbanization, environmental pollution, land-use changes, exotic invasive species, global climate change, and more. We therefore need to increase our efforts to develop integrative conservation approaches for plant species conservation. Botanical gardens devote their resources to the study and conservation of plants, as well as making the world's plant species diversity known to the public. These gardens also play a central role in meeting human needs and providing well-being. In this minireview, a framework for the integrated missions of botanical gardens, including scientific research, in/ex situ conservation, plant resource utilization, and citizen science are cataloged. By reviewing the history of the development of Kunming Botanical Garden, we illustrate successful species conservation approaches (among others, projects involving Camellia, Rhododendron, Magnolia, Begonia, Allium, Nepenthes, medicinal plants, ornamental plants, and Plant Species with Extreme Small Populations), as well as citizen science, and scientific research at Kunming Botanical Garden over the past 80 years. We emphasize that Kunming Botanical Garden focuses largely on the ex situ conservation of plants from Southwest China, especially those endangered, endemic, and economically important plant species native to the Yunnan Plateau and the southern Hengduan Mountains. We also discuss the future challenges and responsibilities of botanical gardens in a changing world, including: the negative effects of outbreeding and/or inbreeding depression; promoting awareness, study, and conservation of plant species diversity; accelerating global access to information about plant diversity; increasing capacity building and training activities. We hope this minireview can promote understanding of the role of botanical gardens.}, }
@article {pmid30739983, year = {2019}, author = {Connolly, J and Watkins, JM and Hinchey, EK and Rudstam, LG and Reid, JW}, title = {The Asian cyclopoid copepod Mesocyclops pehpeiensis reported from the western basin of Lake Erie.}, journal = {Journal of Great Lakes research}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {196-201}, pmid = {30739983}, issn = {0380-1330}, support = {EPA999999//Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {The Asian cyclopoid copepod Mesocyclops pehpeiensis Hu, 1943 has been reported as an introduced species at several locations in the western hemisphere. In the United States, reports of this exotic species are restricted to localities in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Washington D.C. This report documents a new record of occurrence for M. pehpeiensis from the western basin of Lake Erie. The detection of M. pehpeiensis in Lake Erie constitutes the first record of this species from the Laurentian Great Lakes, and the northernmost record in the western hemisphere. The species was found in 2016, 2017 and 2018, including females with egg sacks, and can therefore be considered established in the area. The occurrence of M. pehpeiensis in Lake Erie suggests that this Asian copepod may be more widely distributed in North America than is currently understood.}, }
@article {pmid30739151, year = {2019}, author = {Balasubramanyam, V and Wilhelm Stanis, S and Morgan, M and Ojewola, O}, title = {Climate Change Communication in the Midwestern United States: Perceptions of State Park Interpreters.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {63}, number = {5}, pages = {615-628}, pmid = {30739151}, issn = {1432-1009}, support = {IIA-1355406//National Science Foundation/International ; }, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Communication ; Ice Cover ; Midwestern United States ; Missouri ; United States ; }, abstract = {Parks and protected areas can be ideal settings for climate change communication since many visitors have an affinity for natural and cultural settings, and an interest in resource protection. However, climate-based education efforts in the Midwestern United States may need a slightly different approach since this region lacks obvious indicators, such as sea level rise and melting glaciers. Interpretation, an informal communication process designed to transmit scientific information to visitors in leisure-based settings, could be a useful strategy for engaging visitors in climate change discussions. Few studies have assessed perceptions of interpreters on this topic, much less, their willingness to communicate such information. To address this issue, a mixed methods approach (surveys, interviews, photovoice) was used to examine interpreters' perceptions of climate change and its impacts in Missouri State Park and Historic Sites. Although nearly 70% of interpreters were either alarmed or concerned about climate change, many of them were unsure about its causation. Interpreters report observing impacts such as flooding, earlier plant blooming, high temperatures, extreme weather, and invasive species, but were uncertain about attributing these impacts to climate change. Interpreters did not believe that visitors would be responsive to climate-based education per se but thought the topic could be addressed in pre-existing programs and activities. Rather than discussing complex science with visitors, interpreters felt more comfortable with conveying the significance of resources at their sites. Implications from this study include acknowledging multiple viewpoints, framing strategic messages, and developing place-based educational materials.}, }
@article {pmid30738853, year = {2019}, author = {Ding, L and Li, W and Li, N and Liang, L and Zhang, X and Jin, H and Shi, H and Storey, KB and Hong, M}, title = {Antioxidant responses to salinity stress in an invasive species, the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) and involvement of a TOR-Nrf2 signaling pathway.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology &amp; pharmacology : CBP}, volume = {219}, number = {}, pages = {59-67}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.02.004}, pmid = {30738853}, issn = {1532-0456}, mesh = {Animals ; Antioxidants/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Introduced Species ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/genetics/*metabolism ; *Salinity ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Sodium Chloride/toxicity ; Stress, Physiological ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; *Turtles ; }, abstract = {The red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans), a freshwater turtle, is an invasive species in many parts of the world where it survives in both freshwater and coastal saline habitats. High salinity can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lead to oxidative damage. In this study, we investigate the antioxidant defense mechanisms of T. s. elegans in response to salinity stress. The results showed that the mRNA expression levels of superoxide dismutase (SODs), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PXs) were significantly increased in both 5 psu and 15 psu groups at the early stages of salinity exposure (generally 6-48 h), but typically returned to control levels after the longest 30 d exposure. In addition, hepatic and cardiac mRNA levels of the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), showed a similar upregulation as an early response to stress, but decreased at 30 d in the 5 psu and 15 psu groups. The mRNA levels of the negative regulator of Nrf2, kelch-like ECH associating protein 1 (Keap1), exhibited the opposite pattern. Moreover, mRNA expression levels of target of rapamycin (TOR) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) in liver and heart showed roughly similar patterns to those for Nrf2. Furthermore, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly increased in liver, especially in the 15 psu group by ~2.5-fold. Taken together, these results indicate that T. s. elegans may activate the TOR-Nrf2 pathway to modulate antioxidant genes transcription in order to promote enhanced antioxidant defense in response to salinity stress.}, }
@article {pmid30735763, year = {2019}, author = {González-Mas, N and Ortega-García, L and Garrido-Jurado, I and Dembilio, O and Jaques, JA and Quesada-Moraga, E}, title = {Which came first: The disease or the pest? Is there a host mediated spread of Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) by invasive palm pests?.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {162}, number = {}, pages = {26-42}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2019.01.007}, pmid = {30735763}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Arecaceae ; *Beauveria/genetics/pathogenicity ; Genetic Markers ; Hypocreales/genetics/pathogenicity ; Incidence ; Introduced Species ; Metarhizium/genetics/pathogenicity ; Moths/*microbiology ; Mycoses/*diagnosis/transmission ; Pathology, Molecular ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Phylogeny ; Spain ; Virulence ; Weevils/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {The red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is threatening the palm family worldwide, causing important economic losses. Current tactics to manage the weevil are largely based on chemical control, although the use of pesticides is hampered by several environmental constraints. Since the first introduction of RPW in Spain in 1996 and during its progressive spread around the Mediterranean basin, the number of reports of natural infection of RPW populations by entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) has been rising for 15 years, and this rise could support a pest-mediated EPF spread. To challenge this hypothesis, we assessed the usefulness of the region of elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α), Bloc nuclear intergenic region (Bloc) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers, alone or in combination, to infer the relationships among Mediterranean Beauveria and Metarhizium strains isolated from the RPW. Second, the effect of abiotic factors, such as temperature, humidity and UV-B radiation, on the germination and growth of these EPFs strains as a function of their genealogy and geographic origin were determined. Finally, the pathogenicity of strains from different genetic clades was evaluated against larvae and adults of R. ferrugineus. The phylogenetic analysis based on the EF-1α gene identified eight different sequences among 24 fungal isolates of four fungal species. Similar clades were clustered when Bloc and ISSR analyses were performed. The results showed that strains of different origins were clustered in the same clade, and this outcome could be explained by an RPW-mediated EPF spread that was also influenced by time, geographical and other RPW related factors. Neither the response to abiotic factors nor virulence to RPW larvae and adults were related to the sequence type, with all B. bassiana strains well adapted to Mediterraneam climatic conditions. Taken together, these findings may help to select the best strain for RPW management.}, }
@article {pmid30734975, year = {2019}, author = {Schenkel, CD and Kamber, T and Schaffner, F and Mathis, A and Silaghi, C}, title = {Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for the identification of invasive Aedes mosquito species.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, pages = {345-351}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12366}, pmid = {30734975}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/genetics ; Animals ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/analysis ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/*classification/genetics ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/*methods ; }, abstract = {Invasive Aedes mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) are of public health concern in Europe because they are either recognized or potential vectors of pathogens. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a rapid and simple method for amplifying DNA with high specificity and efficiency, with the technique having potential for application in the field, including in high-throughput format. Specific LAMP assays based on rDNA internal transcribed spacers 1 or 2 sequences, considering intraspecies variability at these loci, were developed for Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes japonicus, Aedes koreicus and the indigenous Aedes geniculatus. No such assays could be developed for Aedes atropalpus and Aedes triseriatus because both loci were too short to serve as target. The assays rely on the clearly visible colour change from violet to sky blue after successful amplification. Sensitivity of egg detection was confirmed with ratios of up to one mosquito egg in 99 other eggs. Simple sample preparation of adults or eggs by mechanical homogenization in water required an additional heat treatment or centrifugation step to avoid non-specific colour changes. Thus, further technical improvements are needed to render these assays truly field-applicable, which would greatly facilitate surveillance of these invasive mosquito species and allow for prompt implementation of control measures.}, }
@article {pmid30734861, year = {2019}, author = {Steinbrink, A and Zotzmann, S and Cunze, S and Klimpel, S}, title = {Aedes koreicus-a new member of the genus Aedes establishing in Germany?.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {118}, number = {3}, pages = {1073-1076}, pmid = {30734861}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Aedes/classification/*physiology ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Disease Vectors ; Germany ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Aedes koreicus, a mosquito species originating from Japan, China, Korea, and parts of Russia, has been sporadically found in Europe since 2008. It is suspected to be a vector of a variety of viruses and nematodes. In Germany, one individual was found in 2015 in the city of Augsburg, situated in the federal state of Bavaria. Based on morphological and molecular species identification, this study reports a new finding of Ae. koreicus, about 370 km northwest from Augsburg. The sampling point is located in the city of Wiesbaden, in the federal state of Hesse, where four individuals were found over a period of 2 months in 2017. The re-finding of the species in the same location in May and July 2018 suggests that (a) the species was able to reproduce and overwinter at this site, and (b) spreading of non-native mosquito species is an ongoing process in Germany, which requires close monitoring.}, }
@article {pmid30733452, year = {2019}, author = {Shiferaw, H and Schaffner, U and Bewket, W and Alamirew, T and Zeleke, G and Teketay, D and Eckert, S}, title = {Modelling the current fractional cover of an invasive alien plant and drivers of its invasion in a dryland ecosystem.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {1576}, pmid = {30733452}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Ethiopia ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {The development of spatially differentiated management strategies against invasive alien plant species requires a detailed understanding of their current distribution and of the level of invasion across the invaded range. The objectives of this study were to estimate the current fractional cover gradient of invasive trees of the genus Prosopis in the Afar Region, Ethiopia, and to identify drivers of its invasion. We used seventeen explanatory variables describing Landsat 8 image reflectance, topography, climate and landscape structures to model the current cover of Prosopis across the invaded range using the random forest (RF) algorithm. Validation of the RF algorithm confirmed high model performance with an accuracy of 92% and a Kappa-coefficient of 0.8. We found that, within 35 years after its introduction, Prosopis has invaded approximately 1.17 million ha at different cover levels in the Afar Region (12.3% of the surface). Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and elevation showed the highest explanatory power among the 17 variables, in terms of both the invader's overall distribution as well as areas with high cover. Villages and linear landscape structures (rivers and roads) were found to be more important drivers of future Prosopis invasion than environmental variables, such as climate and topography, suggesting that Prosopis is likely to continue spreading and increasing in abundance in the case study area if left uncontrolled. We discuss how information on the fractional cover and the drivers of invasion can help in developing spatially-explicit management recommendations against a target invasive plant species.}, }
@article {pmid30730941, year = {2019}, author = {Goldsmit, J and McKindsey, C and Archambault, P and Howland, KL}, title = {Ecological risk assessment of predicted marine invasions in the Canadian Arctic.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {e0211815}, pmid = {30730941}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Anomura/*physiology ; Aquatic Organisms/*physiology ; Arctic Regions ; Canada ; Gastropoda/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Mya/*physiology ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Climate change is impacting environmental conditions, especially with respect to temperature and ice cover in high latitude regions. Predictive models and risk assessment are key tools for understanding potential changes associated with such impacts on coastal regions. In this study relative ecological risk assessment was done for future potential introductions of three species in the Canadian Arctic: periwinkle Littorina littorea, soft shell clam Mya arenaria and red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus. These species occur in locations connected to Canadian Arctic ports through shipping and have the potential to be introduced via ballast water discharge. The methodology proposed in this study is unique in the sense that it considers not only ballast water origin, but also the distribution of the species being assessed and the sensitivity of the receiving habitat. It combines detailed information (ballast water source of each tank, transit time, time of the year when the water is released, environmental suitability of receiving habitat, impact, and habitat sensitivity) in order to assess ecological risk. Through the use of this approach it is highlighted that domestic discharge events pose a higher relative overall risk on a vessel-specific and cumulative annual bases than international discharges. The main ports of Deception Bay and Churchill were classified as being at moderate to high relative risk for L. littorea and M. arenaria, especially from domestic vessels, while relative overall risk for P. camtschaticus was low for international vessels and null for domestic vessels due to few ships transiting from its range of distribution to Canadian Arctic ports. This work can serve as an approach to help build a list of potential high risk species-a "grey" watch list-for the Canadian Arctic, and provides useful information for consideration in future decision making actions such as the identification of high risk pathways, species and ports.}, }
@article {pmid30728252, year = {2019}, author = {Kerr, PJ and Eden, JS and Di Giallonardo, F and Peacock, D and Liu, J and Strive, T and Read, AF and Holmes, EC}, title = {Punctuated Evolution of Myxoma Virus: Rapid and Disjunct Evolution of a Recent Viral Lineage in Australia.}, journal = {Journal of virology}, volume = {93}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {30728252}, issn = {1098-5514}, support = {R01 AI093804/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genes, Viral ; Myxoma virus/*genetics ; *Open Reading Frames ; *Phylogeny ; *Poxviridae Infections/genetics/veterinary ; Rabbits ; Time Factors ; Viral Proteins/genetics ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; }, abstract = {Myxoma virus (MYXV) has been evolving in a novel host species-European rabbits-in Australia since 1950. Previous studies of viruses sampled from 1950 to 1999 revealed a remarkably clock-like evolutionary process across all Australian lineages of MYXV. Through an analysis of 49 newly generated MYXV genome sequences isolated in Australia between 2008 and 2017, we show that MYXV evolution in Australia can be characterized by three lineages, one of which exhibited a greatly elevated rate of evolutionary change and a dramatic breakdown of temporal structure. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this apparently punctuated evolutionary event occurred between 1996 and 2012. The branch leading to the rapidly evolving lineage contained a relatively high number of nonsynonymous substitutions, and viruses in this lineage reversed a mutation found in the progenitor standard laboratory strain (SLS) and all previous sequences that disrupts the reading frame of the M005L/R gene. Analysis of genes encoding proteins involved in DNA synthesis or RNA transcription did not reveal any mutations likely to cause rapid evolution. Although there was some evidence for recombination across the MYXV phylogeny, this was not associated with the increase in the evolutionary rate. The period from 1996 to 2012 saw significant declines in wild rabbit numbers, due to the introduction of rabbit hemorrhagic disease and prolonged drought in southeastern Australia, followed by the partial recovery of populations. It is therefore possible that a rapidly changing environment for virus transmission changed the selection pressures faced by MYXV, altering the course and pace of virus evolution.IMPORTANCE The coevolution of myxoma virus (MYXV) and European rabbits in Australia is one of the most important natural experiments in evolutionary biology, providing insights into virus adaptation to new hosts and the evolution of virulence. Previous studies of MYXV evolution have also shown that the virus evolves both relatively rapidly and in a strongly clock-like manner. Using newly acquired MYXV genome sequences from Australia, we show that the virus has experienced a dramatic change in evolutionary behavior over the last 20 years, with a breakdown in clock-like structure, the appearance of a rapidly evolving virus lineage, and the accumulation of multiple nonsynonymous and indel mutations. We suggest that this punctuated evolutionary event may reflect a change in selection pressures as rabbit numbers declined following the introduction of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus and drought in the geographic regions inhabited by rabbits.}, }
@article {pmid30727994, year = {2019}, author = {Andriantsoa, R and Tönges, S and Panteleit, J and Theissinger, K and Carneiro, VC and Rasamy, J and Lyko, F}, title = {Ecological plasticity and commercial impact of invasive marbled crayfish populations in Madagascar.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {8}, pmid = {30727994}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; Madagascar ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis) is a monoclonal, parthenogenetically reproducing freshwater crayfish species that has formed multiple stable populations worldwide. Madagascar hosts a particularly large and rapidly expanding colony of marbled crayfish in a unique environment characterized by a very high degree of ecological diversity.<br><br>RESULTS: Here we provide a detailed characterization of five marbled crayfish populations in Madagascar and their habitats. Our data show that the animals can tolerate a wide range of ecological parameters, consistent with their invasive potential. While we detected marbled crayfish in sympatry with endemic crayfish species, we found no evidence for the transmission of the crayfish plague pathogen, a potentially devastating oomycete. Furthermore, our results also suggest that marbled crayfish are active predators of the freshwater snails that function as intermediate hosts for human schistosomiasis. Finally, we document fishing, farming and market sales of marbled crayfish in Madagascar.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide a paradigm for the complex network of factors that promotes the invasive spread of marbled crayfish. The commercial value of the animals is likely to result in further anthropogenic distribution.}, }
@article {pmid30724141, year = {2019}, author = {Delatte, H and De Meyer, M and Virgilio, M}, title = {Genetic structure and range expansion of Zeugodacus Cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Africa.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {109}, number = {6}, pages = {713-722}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485319000026}, pmid = {30724141}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Africa ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Tephritidae/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Hypotheses about the worldwide colonization routes of the melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae), are mainly based on sparse historical records. Here we aim at reconstructing the colonization history of the African continent based on an improved description of the population structure of Z. cucurbitae and approximate Bayesian analyses. Individuals of Z. cucurbitae were sampled in 17 localities from East, West and Central Africa and genotyped at 19 microsatellite markers. Bayesian analyses showed intracontinental population structuring with populations from Uganda diverging from those of Tanzania and populations from Burundi and Kenya showing traces of admixture with West African samples. Approximate Bayesian Computation provided support to the hypothesis of a single introduction Z. cucurbitae into East Africa and subsequent expansion to West Africa, each colonization event was followed by a bottleneck that promoted population divergence within Africa. Parameter estimates suggested that these events are roughly compatible with the historical records of Z. cucurbitae presence in sub-Saharan Africa (viz. 1936 in East Africa and 1999 in West Africa) and allow excluding alternative hypotheses on older or multiple introductions of Z. cucurbitae.}, }
@article {pmid30720356, year = {2019}, author = {Uricchio, LH and Daws, SC and Spear, ER and Mordecai, EA}, title = {Priority Effects and Nonhierarchical Competition Shape Species Composition in a Complex Grassland Community.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {193}, number = {2}, pages = {213-226}, pmid = {30720356}, issn = {1537-5323}, support = {K12 GM088033/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Niche and fitness differences control the outcome of competition, but determining their relative importance in invaded communities-which may be far from equilibrium-remains a pressing concern. Moreover, it is unclear whether classic approaches for studying competition, which were developed predominantly for pairs of interacting species, will fully capture dynamics in complex species assemblages. We parameterized a population-dynamic model using competition experiments of two native and three exotic species from a grassland community. We found evidence for minimal fitness differences or niche differences between the native species, leading to slow replacement dynamics and priority effects, but large fitness advantages allowed exotics to unconditionally invade natives. Priority effects driven by strong interspecific competition between exotic species drove single-species dominance by one of two exotic species in 80% of model outcomes, while a complex mixture of nonhierarchical competition and coexistence between native and exotic species occurred in the remaining 20%. Fungal infection, a commonly hypothesized coexistence mechanism, had weak fitness effects and is unlikely to substantially affect coexistence. In contrast to previous work on pairwise outcomes in largely native-dominated communities, our work supports a role for nearly neutral dynamics and priority effects as drivers of species composition in invaded communities.}, }
@article {pmid30719754, year = {2019}, author = {Underwood, EB and Walker, MJ and Darden, TL and Kingsley-Smith, PR}, title = {Frequency of Occurrence of the Rat Lungworm Parasite in the Invasive Island Apple Snail in South Carolina, USA.}, journal = {Journal of aquatic animal health}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {168-172}, doi = {10.1002/aah.10063}, pmid = {30719754}, issn = {1548-8667}, mesh = {Angiostrongylus cantonensis/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Introduced Species ; Snails/*parasitology ; South Carolina ; }, abstract = {The rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a nematode parasite that can cause potentially fatal eosinophilic meningitis in humans. The life cycle of A. cantonensis involves multiple hosts, with the most common terminal hosts being rodents and intermediate hosts comprising gastropods. One such gastropod is the invasive island apple snail Pomacea maculata, which is native to South America but is currently established in several states in the USA, including South Carolina. It has been identified as an intermediate host for A. cantonensis in several locations in Louisiana. The ability of the island apple snail to serve as an intermediate host for A. cantonensis poses significant potential threats to human health, yet no studies to date have determined the prevalence of this parasite in island apple snails in South Carolina. The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of occurrence of A. cantonensis in South Carolina island apple snails by using a real-time PCR assay. One-hundred individuals from each of three distinct stormwater retention ponds were tested, and no positive detections were found. Determining the prevalence of A. cantonensis in island apple snails is critical in accurately informing the public as to the risks involved in handling and/or consuming island apple snails.}, }
@article {pmid30716558, year = {2019}, author = {Ibarra Caballero, JR and Jeon, J and Lee, YH and Fraedrich, S and Klopfenstein, NB and Kim, MS and Stewart, JE}, title = {Genomic comparisons of the laurel wilt pathogen, Raffaelea lauricola, and related tree pathogens highlight an arsenal of pathogenicity related genes.}, journal = {Fungal genetics and biology : FG &amp; B}, volume = {125}, number = {}, pages = {84-92}, doi = {10.1016/j.fgb.2019.01.012}, pmid = {30716558}, issn = {1096-0937}, mesh = {Fungal Proteins/classification/*genetics ; Genome, Fungal/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Lauraceae/microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Ophiostomatales/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Plant Diseases/*genetics/microbiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Raffaelea lauricola is an invasive fungal pathogen and symbiont of the redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus) that has caused widespread mortality to redbay (Persea borbonia) and other Lauraceae species in the southeastern USA. We compare two genomes of R. lauricola (C2646 and RL570) to seven other related Ophiostomatales species including R. aguacate (nonpathogenic close relative of R. lauricola), R. quercus-mongolicae (associated with mortality of oaks in Korea), R. quercivora (associated with mortality of oaks in Japan), Grosmannia clavigera (cause of blue stain in conifers), Ophiostoma novo-ulmi (extremely virulent causal agent of Dutch elm disease), O. ulmi (moderately virulent pathogen that cause of Dutch elm disease), and O. piceae (blue-stain saprophyte of conifer logs and lumber). Structural and functional annotations were performed to determine genes that are potentially associated with disease development. Raffaelea lauricola and R. aguacate had the largest genomes, along with the largest number of protein-coding genes, genes encoding secreted proteins, small-secreted proteins, ABC transporters, cytochrome P450 enzymes, CAZYmes, and proteases. Our results indicate that this large genome size was not related to pathogenicity but was likely lineage specific, as the other pathogens in Raffaelea (R. quercus-mongolicae and R. quercivora) had similar genome characteristics to the Ophiostoma species. A diverse repertoire of wood-decaying enzymes were identified in each of the genomes, likely used for toxin neutralization rather than wood degradation. Lastly, a larger number of species-specific, secondary metabolite, synthesis clusters were identified in R. lauricola suggesting that it is well equipped as a pathogen, which could explain its success as a pathogen of a wide range of lauraceous hosts.}, }
@article {pmid30716191, year = {2019}, author = {Liu, Y and Xie, W and Guo, L and Yang, X and Yang, J and Wang, S and Wu, Q and Zhou, X and Zhang, Y}, title = {Genome-wide dissection of sex determination genes in the highly invasive whitefly species Bemisia tabaci Q/MED.}, journal = {Insect molecular biology}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, pages = {509-519}, doi = {10.1111/imb.12568}, pmid = {30716191}, issn = {1365-2583}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Genome, Insect ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Alignment ; Sex Determination Processes/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Sex determination genes are important regulators of reproduction as well as of the development of both behavioural and morphological sex characteristics. The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is an emerging insect pest worldwide. The recent release of the genome sequence of the highly invasive B. tabaciQ/MED allows us to investigate the mechanisms and genes involved in sex determination. The combined genome and transcriptome-wide analyses identified 26 genes putatively associated with sex determination in B. tabaciQ/MED. The temporal profiles of these genes exhibited a consistent expression pattern at all B. tabaci developmental stages: the highest transcript levels were detected in eggs (21 genes, 80.8%) and the lowest in adults (24 genes, 92.3%). The expression pattern was further validated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR analysis. Alternative splicing analysis found that (1) da and mle have sex-specific isoforms in B. tabaci adults, whereas Imp does not, and (2) exon skipping is a common splicing mechanism involved in B. tabaci sex determination. This research provides a comprehensive list of genes involved in B. tabaci sex determination and provides an opportunity to further understand the mechanisms underlying sex determination in a globally invasive insect pest that reproduces both sexually and asexually.}, }
@article {pmid30715316, year = {2019}, author = {Weintraub, PG}, title = {Growth Chamber Data Should Not be Used to Predict Invasive Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Establishment.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {271-273}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz003}, pmid = {30715316}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Diptera/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid30715141, year = {2019}, author = {Fenesi, A and Sándor, D and Pyšek, P and Dawson, W and Ruprecht, E and Essl, F and Kreft, H and Pergl, J and Weigelt, P and Winter, M and Van Kleunen, M}, title = {The role of fruit heteromorphism in the naturalization of Asteraceae.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {123}, number = {6}, pages = {1043-1052}, pmid = {30715141}, issn = {1095-8290}, support = {I 3757/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {*Asteraceae ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Fruit ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Fruit heteromorphism is considered to be a bet-hedging strategy to cope with spatially or temporally heterogeneous environments. The different behaviours of the fruit morphs of the same species might also be beneficial during naturalization, once the species has been introduced to a new range. Yet, no study to date has tested the association between fruit heteromorphism and global-scale naturalization success for a large set of plant species.<br><br>METHODS: We compiled two large datasets on fruit heteromorphism in Asteraceae. One dataset was on native species in Central Europe (n = 321) and the other was on species frequently planted as ornamentals (n = 584). Using phylogenetic linear and logistic regressions, we tested whether heteromorphic species are more likely to naturalize outside their native range, and in more regions of the world than monomorphic species. We also tested whether the effect of heteromorphism is modulated by life history and height of the species.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: We show that heteromorphic species were more likely to naturalize outside their native range. However, among the naturalized species, heteromorphic and monomorphic species did not differ in the number of world regions where they became naturalized. A short life span and tall stature both promoted naturalization success and, when life history and height were included in the models, the effect of fruit heteromorphism on the ability to naturalize became non-significant. Nevertheless, among tall plants, heteromorphic ornamental species were significantly more likely to become naturalized in general and in more regions than monomorphic species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide evidence that in Asteraceae the production of heteromorphic fruits is associated with naturalization success. It appears, however, that not fruit heteromorphism per se, but a successful combination of other biological traits in fruit heteromorphic species, namely short life span and tall stature, contributes to their naturalization success.}, }
@article {pmid30715137, year = {2019}, author = {Takemori, A and Naiki, A and Takakura, KI and Kanaoka, MM and Nishida, S}, title = {Comparison of mechanisms of reproductive interference in Taraxacum.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {123}, number = {6}, pages = {1017-1027}, pmid = {30715137}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Flowers ; Japan ; Pollen ; Pollination ; Reproduction ; *Taraxacum ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Reproductive interference may reduce fitness of either of the involved species, with potentially important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Except for the effect of shared pollinators on reproductive success, however, mechanisms underlying reproductive interference have been little studied, even though the severity of its impact may depend on the specific mechanism. The aim of this study was therefore to explore the mechanisms of reproductive interference between Taraxacum japonicum (native to Japan) and Taraxacum officinale (alien).<br><br>METHODS: In a field survey, the association between alien species density and seed set in T. japonicum, and whether pollinator behaviour indicated a preference for the alien, were examined. Effects of heterospecific pollen deposition were measured in a series of hand pollination experiments, including mixed pollination experiments in which the order of application of conspecific and heterospecific pollen was varied. Finally, to investigate hybridization frequency, the parentage of seedlings produced following natural, mixed or heterospecific pollination was compared.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Alien species density did not negatively affect native seed set, nor did pollinators appear to have a preference for alien flowers. The hand pollination experiments showed that heterospecific pollen deposition adversely affected native seed set, especially when alien pollen was applied before conspecific pollen. No viable hybrids were found following natural pollination, which suggests that hybridization might be a rare event.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Among the examined mechanisms, heterospecific pollen deposition might have the largest deleterious effect on the native species. This effect is frequency dependent; thus, a positive feedback loop may cause the effect on the population dynamics to increase over time, with the result that the alien might eventually displace the native in a population. Effects of the examined mechanisms on population dynamics should be investigated further to improve understanding of the impact of reproductive interference on the structure of plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid30714897, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, S and Zhi, T and Xu, X and Zheng, Y and Bilong Bilong, CF and Pariselle, A and Yang, T}, title = {Monogenean fauna of alien tilapias (Cichlidae) in south China.}, journal = {Parasite (Paris, France)}, volume = {26}, number = {}, pages = {4}, pmid = {30714897}, issn = {1776-1042}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; China/epidemiology ; Fish Diseases/parasitology ; Gills/parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Lakes/parasitology ; Male ; Microscopy ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Tilapia/*parasitology ; Trematoda/*anatomy &amp; histology/isolation &amp; purification/ultrastructure ; }, abstract = {Tilapias are important aquaculture fishes that have been introduced widely all over the world, often carrying their monogenean parasites with them. An extensive investigation on monogeneans of invasive tilapias was conducted in 19 natural water sources in south China between July 2015 and December 2017. We found nine known species of monogeneans, i.e., Enterogyrus coronatus, E. malmbergi, Cichlidogyrus cirratus, C. halli, C. sclerosus, C. thurstonae, C. tilapiae, Scutogyrus longicornis, Gyrodactylus cichlidarum, and one unknown Gyrodactylus species. In addition to reporting ten new hosts and four new geographical records, we observed new morphological characteristics of these species. Observation on living specimens of Enterogyrus spp. demonstrated that these two species have characteristic opisthaptoral retraction capacities, while the opisthaptor glands were not observed in our specimens of E. coronatus and E. malmbergi. The morphological differences of the accessory piece of the male copulatory complex between C. cirratus and C. mbirizei (character for species differentiation) could result from the observation at different perspectives, which indicates that C. mbirizei is likely a synonym of C. cirratus. A more detailed structure of the sclerotized parts of Cichlidogyrus spp. and S. longicornis were revealed by scanning electron microscopy. As was the case for the monogeneans found on alien tilapias from other geographic regions, the present study confirmed the high potential of these monogeneans to establish populations in new habitats.}, }
@article {pmid30713818, year = {2019}, author = {Bergshoeff, JA and McKenzie, CH and Favaro, B}, title = {Improving the efficiency of the Fukui trap as a capture tool for the invasive European green crab (Carcinus maenas) in Newfoundland, Canada.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6308}, pmid = {30713818}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The European green crab (Carcinus maenas) is a crustacean species native to European and North African coastlines that has become one of the world's most successful marine invasive species. Targeted fishing programs aimed at removing green crabs from invaded ecosystems commonly use Fukui multi-species marine traps. Improving the efficiency of these traps would improve the ability to respond to green crab invasions. In this study, we developed four distinct trap modifications that were designed to facilitate the successful capture of green crabs, with the goal of improving the performance of the Fukui trap. We tested these modifications in situ during the summer of 2016 at two locations in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland. We discovered that three of our modified Fukui trap designs caught significantly more green crabs than the standard Fukui trap, increasing catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) by as much as 81%. We conclude that our top-performing modifications have great potential for widespread use with existing Fukui traps that are being used for green crab removal efforts.}, }
@article {pmid30713364, year = {2018}, author = {Karatayev, AY and Burlakova, LE and Mehler, K and Bocaniov, SA and Collingsworth, PD and Warren, G and Kraus, RT and Hinchey, EK}, title = {Biomonitoring Using Invasive Species in a Large Lake: Dreissena Distribution Maps Hypoxic Zones.}, journal = {Journal of Great Lakes research}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, pages = {639-649}, pmid = {30713364}, issn = {0380-1330}, support = {EPA999999//Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {Due to cultural eutrophication and global climate change, an exponential increase in the number and extent of hypoxic zones in marine and freshwater ecosystems has been observed in the last few decades. Hypoxia, or low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations, can produce strong negative ecological impacts and, therefore, is a management concern. We measured biomass and densities of Dreissena in Lake Erie, as well as bottom DO in 2014 using 19 high frequency data loggers distributed throughout the central basin to validate a three-dimensional hydrodynamic-ecological lake model. We found that a deep, offshore hypoxic zone was formed by early August, restricting the Dreissena population to shallow areas of the central basin. Deeper than 20 m, where bottom hypoxia routinely develops, only young of the year mussels were found in small numbers, indicating restricted recruitment and survival of young Dreissena. We suggest that monitoring Dreissena distribution can be an effective tool for mapping the extent and frequency of hypoxia in freshwater. In addition, our results suggest that an anticipated decrease in the spatial extent of hypoxia resulting from nutrient management has the potential to increase the spatial extent of profundal habitat in the central basin available for Dreissena expansion.}, }
@article {pmid30713217, year = {2019}, author = {Kim, DY and Suk, HY and Park, SK and Kang, SY and Seok, SH and Lee, SK and Yeon, SC}, title = {Development of microsatellite markers and the genetic diversity of Myocastor coypus introduced to South Korea.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {81}, number = {3}, pages = {499-503}, pmid = {30713217}, issn = {1347-7439}, mesh = {Animals ; *Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Republic of Korea ; Rodentia/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The nutria (Myocastor coypus) was introduced to South Korea in 1987 for breeding of individuals for fur and meat industry, and was accidentally released into the wild. Here, we report the development of microsatellites for the nutria collected from South Korea using Illumina MiSeq genome sequencing to identify the genetic variability and demographic history of these introduced populations. A total of 626,282 microsatellite sequences were identified, and nine polymorphic loci were characterized. We used four novel loci developed and three previously known loci to investigate the genetic diversity of twelve South Korean populations. A low level of diversity was found, and no signature of genetic structuring was revealed among populations, indicating that Korean nutria individuals originated from a single population or a highly inbred reared herd.}, }
@article {pmid30709638, year = {2019}, author = {Del Pasqua, M and Gambi, MC and Caricato, R and Lionetto, MG and Giangrande, A}, title = {Effects of short-term and long-term exposure to ocean acidification on carbonic anhydrase activity and morphometric characteristics in the invasive polychaete Branchiomma boholense (Annelida: Sabellidae): A case-study from a CO2 vent system.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {144}, number = {}, pages = {203-212}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.01.011}, pmid = {30709638}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Annelida/enzymology/*physiology ; Carbon Dioxide ; Carbonic Anhydrases/*metabolism ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Hydrothermal Vents ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Mediterranean Sea ; Seawater/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {The aim of this study was to test the effects of short- and long-term exposure to high pCO2 on the invasive polychaete Branchiomma boholense (Grube, 1878), (Sabellidae), through the implementation of a transplant experiment at the CO2 vents of the Castello Aragonese at the island of Ischia (Italy). Analysis of carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity, protein tissue content and morphometric characteristics were performed on transplanted individuals (short-term exposure) as well as on specimens resident to both normal and low pH/high pCO2 environments (long-term exposure). Results obtained on transplanted worms showed no significant differences in CA activity between individuals exposed to control and acidified conditions, while a decrease in weight was observed under short-term acclimatization to both control and low pH, although at low pH the decrease was more pronounced (∼20%). As regard individuals living under chronic exposure to high pCO2, the morphometric results revealed a significantly lower (70%) wet weight of specimens from the vents with respect to animals living in high pH/low pCO2 areas. Moreover, individuals living in the Castello vents showed doubled values of enzymatic activity and a significantly higher (50%) protein tissue content compared to specimens native from normal pH/low pCO2. The results of this study demonstrated that B. boholense is inclined to maintain a great homeostatic capacity when exposed to low pH, although likely at the energetic expense of other physiological processes such as growth, especially under chronic exposure to high pCO2.}, }
@article {pmid30709335, year = {2019}, author = {Saarinen, K and Lindström, L and Ketola, T}, title = {Invasion triple trouble: environmental fluctuations, fluctuation-adapted invaders and fluctuation-mal-adapted communities all govern invasion success.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {42}, pmid = {30709335}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; *Environment ; *Introduced Species ; Serratia/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that climate change will lead to increased environmental fluctuations, which will undoubtedly have evolutionary consequences for all biota. For instance, fluctuations can directly increase the risk of invasions of alien species into new areas, as these species have repeatedly been proposed to benefit from disturbances. At the same time increased environmental fluctuations may also select for better invaders. However, selection by fluctuations may also influence the resistance of communities to invasions, which has rarely been tested. We tested eco-evolutionary dynamics of invasion with bacterial clones, evolved either in constant or fluctuating temperatures, and conducted experimental invasions in both conditions.<br><br>RESULTS: We found clear evidence that ecological fluctuations, as well as adaptation to fluctuations by both the invader and community, all affected invasions, but played different roles at different stages of invasion. Ecological fluctuations clearly promoted invasions, especially into fluctuation mal-adapted communities. The evolutionary background of the invader played a smaller role.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that climate change associated disturbances can directly increase the risk of invasions by altering ecological conditions during invasions, as well as via the evolution of both the invader and communities. Our experiment provides novel information on the complex consequences of climate change on invasions in general, and also charts risk factors associated with the spread of environmentally growing opportunistic pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid30709012, year = {2019}, author = {Dang, Z and McLenachan, PA and Lockhart, PJ and Waipara, N and Er, O and Reynolds, C and Blanchon, D}, title = {Metagenome Profiling Identifies Potential Biocontrol Agents for Selaginella kraussiana in New Zealand.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {30709012}, issn = {2073-4425}, mesh = {Introduced Species ; *Metagenome ; Pseudomonas syringae/pathogenicity ; Selaginellaceae/*genetics/microbiology ; Weed Control/methods ; Xanthomonas/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {Metagenomics can be used to identify potential biocontrol agents for invasive species and was used here to identify candidate species for biocontrol of an invasive club moss in New Zealand. Profiles were obtained for Selaginella kraussiana collected from nine geographically disjunct locations in Northern New Zealand. These profiles were distinct from those obtained for the exotic club moss Selaginella moellendorffii and the native club mosses Lycopodium deuterodensum and Lycopodium volubile also collected in Northern New Zealand. Fungi and bacteria implicated elsewhere in causing plant disease were identified on plants of Selaginella that exhibited signs of necrosis. Most notably, high densities of sequence reads from Xanthomonas translucens and Pseudomonas syringae were associated with some populations of Selaginella but not Lycopodium. Since these bacteria are already in use as biocontrol agents elsewhere, further investigation into their potential as biocontrol of Selaginella in New Zealand is suggested.}, }
@article {pmid30707479, year = {2019}, author = {Żelazowska, M and Halajian, A}, title = {Previtellogenic oocytes of South African largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides Lacépède 1802 (Actinopterygii, Perciformes) - the Balbiani body, cortical alveoli and developing eggshell.}, journal = {Journal of morphology}, volume = {280}, number = {3}, pages = {360-369}, doi = {10.1002/jmor.20948}, pmid = {30707479}, issn = {1097-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Bass/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Egg Shell/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Female ; Oocytes/*cytology ; Oogenesis/*physiology ; Ovarian Follicle/cytology ; Ovary/cytology ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {The ovaries of the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, an alien and invasive species in South Africa, contain a germinal epithelium which consists of germline and somatic cells, as well as previtellogenic and late vitellogenic ovarian follicles. The ovarian follicle consists of an oocyte surrounded by follicular cells and a basal lamina; thecal cells adjacent to this lamina are covered by an extracellular matrix. In this article, we describe the Balbiani body and the polarization and ultrastructure of the cytoplasm (ooplasm) in previtellogenic oocytes. The nucleoplasm in all examined oocytes contains lampbrush chromosomes, nuclear bodies and several nucleoli near the nuclear envelope. The ultrastructure of the nucleoli is described. Numerous nuage aggregations are present in the perinuclear cytoplasm in germline cells as well as in the ooplasm. Possible roles of these aggregations are discussed. The ooplasm contains the Balbiani body, which defines the future vegetal region in early previtellogenic oocytes. It is comprised of nuage aggregations, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, complexes of mitochondria with nuage-like material, and lysosome-like organelles. In mid-previtellogenic oocytes, the Balbiani body surrounds the nucleus and later disperses in the ooplasm. The lysosome-like organelles fuse and transform into vesicles containing material which is highly electron dense. As a result of the fusion of the vesicles of Golgi and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the cortical alveoli arise and distribute uniformly throughout the ooplasm of late previtellogenic oocytes. During this stage, the deposition of the eggshell (zona radiata) begins. The eggshell is penetrated by canals containing microvilli and consists of the following: the internal and the external egg envelope. In the external envelope three sublayers can be distinguished.}, }
@article {pmid30706632, year = {2019}, author = {Lach, L and Volp, TM and Wilder, SM}, title = {Previous diet affects the amount but not the type of bait consumed by an invasive ant.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {75}, number = {10}, pages = {2627-2633}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5365}, pmid = {30706632}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//James Cook University/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/physiology ; *Diet ; Food Preferences/physiology ; *Insect Control ; *Insecticides ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent research on multiple invasive ant species has revealed the importance of carbohydrates for achieving high activity levels and outcompeting native ants. However, comparatively little is known about the role of diet and macronutrient preferences for uptake of insecticidal baits used to control invasive ants. We tested whether diet affected yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes Fr Smith) survival and behavior, and whether bait preference would be complementary to past diet.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that colonies fed only crickets for 28 days had fewer live workers and queens, and less brood per live queen than colonies fed crickets + honeydew but did not differ significantly from colonies fed only honeydew. Colonies that had been fed only crickets were more active (as assessed by interaction with a novel object), retrieved 16-17 times more bait per worker overall, and consumed more of the six bait types than cricket + honeydew and honeydew-only fed colonies. However, prior diet did not affect bait choice. The two highest sugar bait formulations combined accounted for most of the bait consumed across all treatments (cricket-only 74.8% &#xb1; 28.1; cricket + honeydew 69.2% &#xb1; 12.4; honeydew-only 62.5% &#xb1; 30.4).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Yellow crazy ant colonies fare better without protein than without carbohydrates. Yellow crazy ants ate the most bait when fed only crickets but did not choose baits complementary to their previous diet. Baits in a sugar-rich carrier may be most effective for the control of yellow crazy ants, regardless of the relative availability of macronutrients. &#xa9; 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid30701707, year = {2019}, author = {Jerde, CL and Wilson, EA and Dressler, TL}, title = {Measuring global fish species richness with eDNA metabarcoding.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {19-22}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12929}, pmid = {30701707}, issn = {1755-0998}, support = {AID-OAA-A-16-00057//United States Agency for International Development/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Computational Biology ; DNA/chemistry/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Fishes/*classification/*genetics ; French Guiana ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Despite mounting threats to global freshwater and marine biodiversity, including climate change, habitat alteration, overharvesting and pollution, we struggle to know which species are present below the water's surface that are suffering from these stressors. However, the idea that a water sample containing environmental DNA (eDNA) can be screened using high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics to reveal the identity of aquatic species is a revolutionary advance for studying the patterns of species extirpation, invasive species establishment and the dynamics of species richness. To date, many of the critical tests of fisheries diversity using this metabarcoding approach have been conducted in lower diversity systems (<40 fish species), but in this issue of Molecular Ecology Resources, Cilleros et al. (2018) described their eDNA application in the species-rich French Guiana fishery (>200 fish species) and showed the greater potential and some limitations of using eDNA in species-rich environments.}, }
@article {pmid30698291, year = {2019}, author = {Niemiec, RM and Willer, R and Ardoin, NM and Brewer, FK}, title = {Motivating landowners to recruit neighbors for private land conservation.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {930-941}, pmid = {30698291}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Hawaii ; *Ownership ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Encouraging motivated landowners to not only engage in conservation action on their own property but also to recruit others may enhance effectiveness of conservation on private lands. Landowners may only engage in such recruitment if they believe their neighbors care about the conservation issue, will positively respond to their conservation efforts, and are likely to take action for the conservation cause. We designed a series of microinterventions that can be added to community meetings to change these beliefs to encourage landowner engagement in recruitment of others. The microinterventions included neighbor discussion, public commitment making, collective goal setting, and increased observability of contributions to the conservation cause. In a field experiment, we tested whether adding microinterventions to traditional knowledge-transfer outreach meetings changed those beliefs so as to encourage landowners in Hawaii to recruit their neighbors for private lands conservation. We delivered a traditional outreach meeting about managing the invasive little fire ant (Wasmannia auropunctata) to 5 communities and a traditional outreach approach with added microinterventions to 5 other communities. Analysis of pre- and post-surveys of residents showed that compared with the traditional conservation outreach approach, the microinterventions altered a subset of beliefs that landowners had about others. These microinterventions motivated reputationally minded landowners to recruit and coordinate with other residents to control the invasive fire ant across property boundaries. Our results suggest integration of these microinterventions into existing outreach approaches will encourage some landowners to facilitate collective conservation action across property boundaries.}, }
@article {pmid30697485, year = {2019}, author = {Stępień, E and Zawal, A and Buczyński, P and Buczyńska, E and Szenejko, M}, title = {Effects of dredging on the vegetation in a small lowland river.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6282}, pmid = {30697485}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Conventional river engineering operations have a substantial influence on the fluvial ecosystem. Regulation and channelization generally reduce the physical heterogeneity of river beds and banks and the heterogeneity of habitats. They determine the character, diversity and species richness of plant communities. The effect of river regulation on vegetation has been repeatedly investigated, but few studies have been conducted within reaches of previously regulated rivers. The aim of this work is to expand and current knowledge about the impact of dredging on the vegetation of a regulated section of a lowland river.<br><br>MATERIALS &amp; METHODS: The study included pre-dredging (1 year before) and post-dredging surveys (results 1 and 2 years after dredging). The vegetation was analysed in terms of species composition, origin of species, life forms, distribution of Grime's life strategies, and selected ecological factors. The Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index (H) and evenness were also analysed in each year of the study. The impact of dredging on the vascular flora was assessed by 'before-after-control-impact' (BACI) analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: The number of species and biodiversity as measured by the Shannon-Wiener index (H) increased in the analysed section of the river valley. However, enrichment of the flora was observed only on the floodplain, on the surface of the deposited dredging material, while the number of species in the river channel decreased, as dredging of the river bed and levelling of the banks had markedly reduced habitat diversity. Although species richness in the second year after the dredging approached the values recorded before the intervention, the absence of particularly species or phytocenoses associated with shallow river banks and sandbars was still observed. The change in habitat conditions and the destruction of the vegetation cover during the dredging enabled penetration by numerous previously unrecorded alien species of plants and apophytes. There was a perceptible increase in the role of therophytes in the flora. It is worth noting that the number of alien species and therophytes declined significantly in the second year after the dredging. Analysis of the proportions of species representing various life strategies showed that previously unrecorded species with the type R (ruderal) life strategy had appeared, representing by pioneer species occurring in frequently disturbed habitats. There was also a marked increase in the share of species representing the mixed C-R (competitive-ruderal) strategy, occurring in habitats with low levels of stress, whose competitive abilities are limited by repeated disturbances. By the second year after the dredging, however, these changes were largely no longer observed.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Through appropriate maintenance of the regulated river, it can be rapidly recolonized by vegetation after the procedure, but it may lead to the loss of some species and phytocoenoses.}, }
@article {pmid30696964, year = {2019}, author = {Marris, E}, title = {Drones unleashed against invasive rats in the Galapagos.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {565}, number = {7741}, pages = {543-544}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-019-00176-z}, pmid = {30696964}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecuador ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Morals ; Pest Control/ethics/*instrumentation/*methods ; Rats ; Rodenticides/*administration &amp; dosage ; }, }
@article {pmid30693622, year = {2019}, author = {da Silva, &#xcd;F and Vieira, EA}, title = {Phytotoxic potential of Senna occidentalis (L.) Link extracts on seed germination and oxidative stress of Ipê seedlings.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {770-779}, doi = {10.1111/plb.12969}, pmid = {30693622}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Germination/*drug effects ; Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Malondialdehyde/metabolism ; Oxidative Stress/*drug effects ; Plant Extracts/*pharmacology ; Plant Leaves/drug effects/metabolism ; Plant Roots/drug effects/metabolism ; Seedlings/*drug effects/metabolism ; Seeds/*drug effects ; Senna Plant/*chemistry ; Tabebuia/*drug effects/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Senna occidentalis is an invasive plant producing a series of allelochemicals that might inhibit the development of other plants. The objective of this study was to assess the phytotoxic effect of S. occidentalis extracts on the germination, development and antioxidant defence of the native species Tabebuia chrysotricha, T. pentaphylla, T. roseoalba and Handroanthus impetiginosus (Ipê species). We evaluated the effects of chemicals extracted from S. occidentalis on the germination rate, germination speed index (GSI) and biometric parameters of the test species under controlled conditions. The effect of the extracts on the pigment content, amount of H2 O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes in roots and leaves were also tested. Alkaloids, coumarins, phenols, saponins, free steroids and condensed tannins were present in all extracts of S. occidentalis, while catechins were present only in leaf and stem extracts. Stem and root extracts caused a growth reduction in all Ipê species and total inhibition of seed germination in T. chrysotricha and T. roseoalba. All target species showed an increase in H2 O2 and MDA in radicles and leaves. Oxidative stress contributed strongly to the morphological changes, such as seed blackening, thinning and darkening of radicle tips and reduction of biomass allocation in all Ipê species. Although there was activation of antioxidant defence mechanisms, such as an increase in activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, the joint action of the allelochemicals caused phytotoxicity, leading to cell dysfunction in all Ipê species.}, }
@article {pmid30692608, year = {2019}, author = {Hunt, CL and Kelly, GR and Windmill, H and Curtis-Quick, J and Conlon, H and Bodmer, MDV and Rogers, AD and Exton, DA}, title = {Aggregating behaviour in invasive Caribbean lionfish is driven by habitat complexity.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {783}, pmid = {30692608}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animal Culling/*methods ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Caribbean lionfish (Pterois spp.) are considered the most heavily impacting invasive marine vertebrate ever recorded. However, current management is largely inadequate, relying on opportunistic culling by recreational SCUBA divers. Culling efficiency could be greatly improved by exploiting natural aggregations, but to date this behaviour has only been recorded anecdotally, and the drivers are unknown. We found aggregations to be common in situ, but detected no conspecific attraction through visual or olfactory cues in laboratory experiments. Aggregating individuals were on average larger, but showed no further differences in morphology or life history. However, using visual assessments and 3D modelling we show lionfish prefer broad-scale, but avoid fine-scale, habitat complexity. We therefore suggest that lionfish aggregations are coincidental based on individuals' mutual attraction to similar reef structure to maximise hunting efficiency. Using this knowledge, artificial aggregation devices might be developed to concentrate lionfish densities and thus improve culling efficiency.}, }
@article {pmid30689916, year = {2019}, author = {Milosavljević, I and McCalla, KA and Ratkowsky, DA and Hoddle, MS}, title = {Effects of Constant and Fluctuating Temperatures on Development Rates and Longevity of Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {3}, pages = {1062-1072}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy429}, pmid = {30689916}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Female ; *Hemiptera ; Male ; Pakistan ; Temperature ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {The effects of fluctuating and constant temperatures on the development and longevity of Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Shafee, Alam, and Argarwal) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid sourced from Pakistan and released in California for the classical biological control of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), were examined. The influence of six fluctuating temperatures that averaged 15, 20, 25, 30, 32, and 35°C, over 24 h on the development times and longevity of male and female D. aligarhensis were quantified and compared to six constant temperatures set at the same average temperatures. The development rates of immature stages of D. aligarhensis as a function of temperature were modeled using one linear and four nonlinear models. Fluctuating temperatures had significant effects on parasitoid development times and longevity which differed across experimental temperatures. Degree-days required for completion of cumulative development of D. aligarhensis were significantly different being 21% lower under fluctuating temperature regimens when compared with constant temperatures. The lower temperature threshold estimates above which development occurred were estimated to be lower under constant than fluctuating temperatures. The estimated values of upper and optimum temperature limits were similar for individuals reared under constant and fluctuating temperatures. Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis lived longer at constant intermediate temperatures and for shorter times at constant lower temperature extremes when compared with their fluctuating temperature counterparts. Daily thermal fluctuations significantly influenced life history parameters of D. aligarhensis and should be considered when assessing likelihoods of establishment and impacts of this parasitoid on D. citri across diverse citrus-growing climates.}, }
@article {pmid30688998, year = {2019}, author = {Snyder, SA and Kilgore, MA and Emery, MR and Schmitz, M}, title = {Maple Syrup Producers of the Lake States, USA: Attitudes Towards and Adaptation to Social, Ecological, and Climate Conditions.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {63}, number = {2}, pages = {185-199}, pmid = {30688998}, issn = {1432-1009}, support = {Research Joint Venture Agreement 14-JV-11242309-047//USDA Forest Service/International ; MIN-42-54 and MIN-42-65//Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station/International ; }, mesh = {*Acer ; Attitude ; Lakes ; Michigan ; Minnesota ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {Maple syrup is an important non-timber forest product derived from the sap of the sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall). However, maple syrup producers are facing a diversity of challenges, including: potential range shifts in the maple resource; increasing variability in the timing, duration and yield of sap flow and syrup operations; invasive species, pests and diseases; and intergenerational land and business transfer challenges. Members of Maple Syrup Producer Associations in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan were surveyed to learn about their operations, adaptation strategies, concerns, and information needs. While many respondents indicated they have undertaken or plan to undertake adaptation activities, only 11% had done so out of specific concern over changing climate conditions. Climate-motivated activities included: being prepared to tap earlier and utilizing newer technology such as vacuum tubing or reverse osmosis to enhance sap collection and processing efficiency. Respondents were generally unlikely to consider planting climate-resilient maple cultivars or tapping trees other than sugar maple. They expressed the greatest concerns over tree health and forest pests, as well as their physical ability and family member interest to continue their operations. Boil season variability and weather issues were viewed with less concern. Respondents were generally optimistic that they can adapt to future conditions, likely in large measure through the adoption of new technologies, and they expect their syrup production levels to slightly increase in the future. If future climate scenarios play out, however, additional planning and adaptation strategies may be called for, particularly as they relate to forest health and productivity issues.}, }
@article {pmid30687373, year = {2018}, author = {Thouvenot, L and Gauzens, B and Haury, J and Thiébaut, G}, title = {Response of Macrophyte Traits to Herbivory and Neighboring Species: Integration of the Functional Trait Framework in the Context of Ecological Invasions.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {1981}, pmid = {30687373}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {With the increase in the number of introduced species each year, biological invasions are considered as one of the most important environmental problems for native biodiversity. In invaded habitats, the establishment of exotic plant species depends on the abiotic and biotic environment. Herbivores and neighboring plants (native or exotic) comprise an important part of the latter. Herbivores cause trophic and non-trophic damage to focal plants, which respond to herbivory by varying their different traits quantitatively (e.g., growth rate and biomass changes) and qualitatively (e.g., variation in morphological and chemical defenses strategies affecting plant palatability). Neighboring plant species also affect functional traits and the fitness of focal plant species, thus herbivore effects on a focal plant could also depend indirectly on the palatability and defensive traits of the neighboring species inside the community. Here, in a first step toward the integration of associational susceptibility/resistance theories in the field of ecological invasion, we performed a microcosm experiment to consider the effects of an exotic crayfish on the growth rate, morphological traits and damage level of three macrophytes (two exotic, one native) growing in pairwise combinations. We found that (i) the response to herbivore presence and to neighboring species identity seemed to be species specific, and (ii) crayfish enhance the fragmentation rate of the two exotic macrophytes Ludwigia grandiflora and Egeria densa in the presence of the native macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum, which could indirectly facilitate their invasion success. Indeed, fragmentation can increase dispersal abilities of the exotic macrophytes considered in this study as they are able to generate new plants from their fragments. However, our results showed that the interaction herbivore-neighbor species was hardly significant. Our paper presents some first results on associational resistance/susceptibility and lays the foundation for developing a general framework that combines plant community ecology and biological invasion ecology to explain invasive species success.}, }
@article {pmid30687294, year = {2018}, author = {Baker, JL and Edlund, A}, title = {Exploiting the Oral Microbiome to Prevent Tooth Decay: Has Evolution Already Provided the Best Tools?.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {3323}, pmid = {30687294}, issn = {1664-302X}, support = {F32 DE026947/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States ; R00 DE024543/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {To compete in the relatively exposed oral cavity, resident microbes must avoid being replaced by newcomers. This selective constraint, coupled with pressure on the host to cultivate a beneficial microbiome, has rendered a commensal oral microbiota that displays colonization resistance, protecting the human host from invasive species, including pathogens. Rapid increases in carbohydrate consumption have disrupted the evolved homeostasis between the oral microbiota and dental health, reflected by the high prevalence of dental caries. Development of novel modalities to prevent caries has been the subject of a breadth of research. This mini review provides highlights of these endeavors and discusses the rationale and pitfalls behind the major avenues of approach. Despite efficacy, fluoride and other broad-spectrum interventions are unlikely to further reduce the incidence of dental caries. The most promising methodologies in development are those that exploit the exclusive nature of the healthy oral microbiome. Probiotics derived from the dental plaque of healthy individuals sharply antagonize cariogenic species, such as Streptococcus mutans. Meanwhile, targeted antimicrobials allow for the killing of specific pathogens, allowing reestablishment of a healthy microbiome, presumably with its protective effects. The oral microbiota manufactures a massive array of small molecules, some of which are correlated with health and are likely to antagonize pathogens. The prohibitive cost associated with sufficiently rigorous clinical trials, and the status of dental caries as a non-life-threatening condition will likely continue to impede the advancement of new therapeutics to market. Nevertheless, there is room for optimism, as it appears evolution may have already provided the best tools.}, }
@article {pmid30686739, year = {2019}, author = {Liu, X and Blackburn, TM and Song, T and Li, X and Huang, C and Li, Y}, title = {Risks of Biological Invasion on the Belt and Road.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, pages = {499-505.e4}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2018.12.036}, pmid = {30686739}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; China ; *Economic Development ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Transportation ; *Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an unprecedented global development program that involves nearly half of the world's countries [1]. It not only will have economic and political influences, but also may generate multiple environmental challenges and is a focus of considerable academic and public concerns [2-6]. The Chinese government expects BRI to be a sustainable development, paying equal attention to economic development and environmental conservation [7]. However, BRI's high expenditure on infrastructure construction, by accelerating trade and transportation, is likely to promote alien species invasions [5], one of the primary anthropogenic threats to global biodiversity [8]. BRI countries may have different susceptibilities to invasive species due to different financial and response capacities [9]. Moreover, these countries overlap 27 of 35 recognized global biodiversity hotspots [10]. Identifying those areas with high-invasion risks, and species with high invasive potentials within BRI countries, is therefore of vital importance for the sustainable implementation of the BRI, and the development of early, economical, and effective biosecurity strategies [11]. In response, we present here a comprehensive study to evaluate invasion risks by alien vertebrates within BRI. We identified a total of 14 invasion hotspots, the majority of which fall along the six proposed BRI economic corridors, with the proportion of grid cells in invasion hotspots 1.6 times higher than other regions. Based on our results, we recommend the initiation of a project targeting early prevention, strict surveillance, rapid response, and effective control of alien species in BRI countries to ensure that this development is sustainable.}, }
@article {pmid30686452, year = {2019}, author = {Goldsmit, J and Nudds, SH and Stewart, DB and Higdon, JW and Hannah, CG and Howland, KL}, title = {Where else? Assessing zones of alternate ballast water exchange in the Canadian eastern Arctic.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {139}, number = {}, pages = {74-90}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.062}, pmid = {30686452}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Arctic Regions ; Canada ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Ships/*standards ; Transportation ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods ; Wastewater/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Mid-ocean ballast water exchange (BWE) is recommended for international vessels to minimize the transfer of nonindigenous species (NIS). When this cannot be accomplished due to safety concerns, alternate ballast water exchange zones (ABWEZ) may be used. A coupled-ice-ocean model with meteorological forcing and particle tracking was used to evaluate the relative risks from BWE along primary shipping routes into Canada's eastern Arctic. Relative risk to receiving habitats from BWE was calculated from the product of likelihood of exposure, likelihood of establishment, and habitat sensitivity to potential NIS. Modelling results indicate that existing ABWEZs in and around Lancaster Sound and Hudson Strait are among the areas of highest relative risk for introductions of NIS via ballast water. The deeper offshore regions of Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay should be considered as alternatives. However, further research is recommended to assess the risks of NIS associated with BWE in the Canadian Arctic.}, }
@article {pmid30686451, year = {2019}, author = {Cahill, P and Tait, L and Floerl, O and Bates, T and Growcott, A and Georgiades, E}, title = {A portable thermal system for reactive treatment of biofouled internal pipework on recreational vessels.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {139}, number = {}, pages = {65-73}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.12.032}, pmid = {30686451}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Biofouling/*prevention &amp; control ; Equipment Design ; *Hot Temperature ; Introduced Species/trends ; New Zealand ; *Recreation ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Ships/instrumentation/*standards ; }, abstract = {Biofouled commercial and recreational vessels are primary vectors for the introduction and spread of marine non-indigenous species (NIS). This study designed and assessed a portable system to reactively treat biofouling in the internal pipework of recreational vessels - a high-risk 'niche area' for NIS that is difficult to access and manage. A novel thermal treatment apparatus was optimised in a series of laboratory experiments performed using scale models of vessel pipework configurations. Treatment effectiveness was validated using the Pacific oyster Magallana gigas, a marine NIS with known resilience to heat. In subsequent field validations on actual recreational vessels, treatment was successfully delivered to high-risk portions of pipework when an effective seal between delivery unit and targeted pipework was achieved and ambient heat loss was minimised. In addition to demonstrating the feasibility of in-water treatment of vessel pipework, the study highlights the importance of robust optimisation and validation of any treatment system intended for biosecurity purposes.}, }
@article {pmid30686434, year = {2019}, author = {Shen, M and Zhu, Y and Zhang, Y and Zeng, G and Wen, X and Yi, H and Ye, S and Ren, X and Song, B}, title = {Micro(nano)plastics: Unignorable vectors for organisms.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {139}, number = {}, pages = {328-331}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.004}, pmid = {30686434}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; Ecotoxicology/*methods ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Introduced Species ; *Nanostructures ; Plankton ; *Plastics ; *Water Microbiology ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; }, abstract = {Micro(nano)plastics, as emerging contaminants, have attracted worldwide attention. Nowadays, the environmental distribution, sources, and analysis methods and technologies of micro(nano)plastics have been well studied and recognized. Nevertheless, the role of micro(nano)plastic particles as vectors for attaching organisms is not fully understood. In this paper, the role of micro(nano)plastics as vectors, and their potential effects on the ecology are introduced. Micro(nano)plastics could 1) accelerate the diffusion of organisms in the environment, which may result in biological invasion; 2) increase the gene exchange between attached biofilm communities, causing the transfer of pathogenic and antibiotic resistance genes; 3) enhance the rate of energy, material and information flow in the environment. Accordingly, the role of microplastics as vectors for organisms should be further evaluated in the future research.}, }
@article {pmid30686419, year = {2019}, author = {Roselli, L and Vadrucci, MR and Fanelli, F and Ungaro, N and Caroppo, C}, title = {First bloom event of the small dinoflagellate Prorocentrum shikokuense in the Mediterranean Sea: cryptogenic or introduced?.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {139}, number = {}, pages = {197-204}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.12.034}, pmid = {30686419}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Dinoflagellida/*isolation &amp; purification ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Eutrophication ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Italy ; Mediterranean Sea ; Phytoplankton/*isolation &amp; purification ; Seawater/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {A bloom of putatively non-indigenous species (NIS) Prorocentrum shikokuense was detected for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea at the Brindisi harbor (Southern Adriatic Sea) on September 2016, in the context of EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive monitoring in the ports. This species is usually observed in the East China Sea and Japanese and Korean waters. In the Brindisi harbor this dinoflagellate reached the concentration 10[5] cell/L and represented from 30 to 50% of the total phytoplankton population. Besides this event, Prorocentrum shikokuense has not been found blooming until today in Mediterranean waters. This study suggests the necessity to improve the monitoring surveys in areas that are known vulnerable systems to alien and invasive species, such as ports.}, }
@article {pmid30682808, year = {2019}, author = {Matoušková, M and Jurová, J and Gruľová, D and Wajs-Bonikowska, A and Renčo, M and Sedlák, V and Poráčová, J and Gogaľová, Z and Kalemba, D}, title = {Phytotoxic Effect of Invasive Heracleum mantegazzianum Essential Oil on Dicot and Monocot Species.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {30682808}, issn = {1420-3049}, mesh = {Acetates/chemistry ; Allelopathy ; Butyric Acid/chemistry ; Germination ; Heracleum/*chemistry ; Lepidium sativum/drug effects ; Lactuca/drug effects ; Oils, Volatile/*chemistry/toxicity ; Plant Extracts/*chemistry ; Raphanus/drug effects ; Seeds/*chemistry ; Triticum/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Spreading of the plant species in new areas is supported by the hypothesis in which chemicals produced by alien species are allopathic to native plants. A novel weapon hypothesis was tested by using essential oil of dangerous alien species Heracleum mantegazzianum in laboratory conditions. Aboveground plant material was collected in south-east part of Slovakia, dried and hydrodistilled for essential oil isolation. Dominant compounds as octyl acetate (62.6%), hexyl 2-metylbutyrate (10.7%), hexyl isobutyrate (7.5%) and hexyl butyrate (6.5%) were identified by GC-MS. Potential phytotoxic activity was tested on three dicot plant species garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and on one monocot plant species wheat Triticum aestivum L. Germination of the seeds of model plant species after influencing by different doses of essential oil of H. mantegazzianum as well as the roots length was evaluated. Lepidium sativum L. and Raphanus sativus L. were generally not sensitive to applied doses of essential oil although a little stimulation effect at some concentrations prevailed over inhibition effect. Similarly, in monocot species Triticum aestivum L., stimulation was visible in both root length and root number at two or one highest doses, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid30682179, year = {2019}, author = {Fill, JM and Pearson, E and Knight, TM and Crandall, RM}, title = {An invasive legume increases perennial grass biomass: An indirect pathway for plant community change.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {e0211295}, pmid = {30682179}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biomass ; Ecosystem ; Fabaceae/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The presence of native grasses in communities can suppress native forbs through competition and indirectly benefit these forbs by suppressing the invasion of highly competitive exotic species. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to examine the potential of direct and indirect interactions to influence the aboveground biomass of four native forb species in the presence of the native perennial grass Schizachyrium scoparium and exotic invasive Lespedeza cuneata. We examined patterns of growth for the invasive legume, the perennial grass, and four native species in four scenarios: 1) native species grown with the grass, 2) native species grown with the legume, 3) native species grown with both the grass and legume together, and 4) native species grown alone. Schizachyrium scoparium significantly decreased biomass of all forb species (p<0.05). In contrast, L. cuneata alone only significantly affected biomass of Asclepias tuberosa; L. cuneata increased the biomass of A. tuberosa only when the grass was present. When S. scoparium and L. cuneata were grown together, L. cuneata had significantly lower biomass (p = 0.007) and S. scoparium had significantly greater biomass (p = 0.002) than when each grew alone. These reciprocal effects suggest a potential pathway by which L. cuneata could alter forb diversity in grassland communities In this scenario, L. cuneata facilitates grass growth and competition with other natives. Our results emphasize the importance of monitoring interactions between exotic invasive plant species and dominant native species in grassland communities to understand pathways of plant community change.}, }
@article {pmid30681187, year = {2019}, author = {Faisal, M and Loch, TP and Shavalier, M and VanDeuren, MG and Standish, I and Winters, A and Glenney, G and Aho, J and Wolgamood, M and VanAmberg, J and Eisch, E and Whelan, GE}, title = {Resurgence of Salmonid Herpesvirus-3 Infection (Epizootic Epitheliotropic Disease) in Hatchery-Propagated Lake Trout in Michigan.}, journal = {Journal of aquatic animal health}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {31-45}, doi = {10.1002/aah.10051}, pmid = {30681187}, issn = {1548-8667}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; Fish Diseases/*mortality/virology ; Herpesviridae/*physiology ; Herpesviridae Infections/mortality/*veterinary/virology ; Michigan/epidemiology ; *Trout ; }, abstract = {Over the past century, populations of Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush have declined throughout the Great Lakes basin due to overfishing, habitat destruction, introduction of invasive species, and associated recruitment issues from high thiaminase, as well as emerging infectious diseases. To combat these declines, state and federal fishery management agencies undertook substantial stock enhancement efforts, including more stringent regulation of sport and commercial catch limits and increasing hatchery propagation of Lake Trout stocked into Great Lakes basin waterways. One state fish hatchery involved in these rehabilitation efforts experienced mass mortality events in 2012 and 2017. In 2012, following a period of abnormally heavy rain, hatchery staff observed abnormal behavior followed by increased mortalities in two strains of Lake Trout fingerlings, reaching upwards of 20% mortality and totaling a loss of approximately 100,000 fish. In 2017, following another heavy-rain season, 6-8% of 2-year-old Lake Trout experienced morbidity and mortality similar to that observed in 2012. During the 2012 event, Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis and splake (Lake Trout × Brook Trout hybrid) reared in flow-through systems receiving water from diseased Lake Trout remained clinically unaffected. Molecular analyses revealed all lots of affected Lake Trout were infected with the salmonid herpesvirus-3 (epizootic epitheliotropic disease virus [EEDV]), a disease that caused complete depopulation of this hatchery in the late 1980s and until 2012 was never again detected in this hatchery or in Michigan. Further sampling detected EEDV in apparently healthy 5-year-old Lake Trout and in wild Mottled Sculpin Cottus bairdii collected in the hatchery source water. The ability of the virus to replicate in tissues of infected fish was verified by exposing naïve Lake Trout to the filtered tissue homogenates of infected fish resulting in similar disease signs. Despite the virus going undetected for many years, these two EEDV episodes clearly demonstrate the continued presence of this deadly herpesvirus in the Great Lakes basin.}, }
@article {pmid30681071, year = {2019}, author = {Tufts, DM and VanAcker, MC and Fernandez, MP and DeNicola, A and Egizi, A and Diuk-Wasser, MA}, title = {Distribution, Host-Seeking Phenology, and Host and Habitat Associations of Haemaphysalis longicornis Ticks, Staten Island, New York, USA.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {792-796}, pmid = {30681071}, issn = {1080-6059}, support = {U01 CK000509/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; *Ixodidae ; New York City ; Tick Infestations/*parasitology/transmission ; *Ticks ; }, abstract = {Haemaphysalis longicornis, an invasive Ixodid tick, was recently reported in the eastern United States. The emergence of these ticks represents a potential threat for livestock, wildlife, and human health. We describe the distribution, host-seeking phenology, and host and habitat associations of these ticks on Staten Island, New York, a borough of New York City.}, }
@article {pmid30680106, year = {2019}, author = {Brossette, L and Meunier, J and Dupont, S and Bagnères, AG and Lucas, C}, title = {Unbalanced biparental care during colony foundation in two subterranean termites.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {192-200}, pmid = {30680106}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Parental care is a major component of reproduction in social organisms, particularly during the foundation steps. Because investment into parental care is often costly, each parent is predicted to maximize its fitness by providing less care than its partner. However, this sexual conflict is expected to be low in species with lifelong monogamy, because the fitness of each parent is typically tied to the other's input. Somewhat surprisingly, the outcomes of this tug-of-war between maternal and paternal investments have received important attention in vertebrate species, but remain less known in invertebrates. In this study, we investigated how queens and kings share their investment into parental care and other social interactions during colony foundation in two termites with lifelong monogamy: the invasive species Reticulitermes flavipes and the native species R. grassei. Behaviors of royal pairs were recorded during six months using a non-invasive approach. Our results showed that queens and kings exhibit unbalanced investment in terms of grooming, antennation, trophallaxis, and vibration behavior. Moreover, both parents show behavioral differences toward their partner or their descendants. Our results also revealed differences among species, with R. flavipes exhibiting shorter periods of grooming and antennation toward eggs or partners. They also did more stomodeal trophallaxis and less vibration behavior. Overall, this study emphasizes that despite lifelong monogamy, the two parents are not equally involved in the measured forms of parental care and suggests that kings might be specialized in other tasks. It also indicates that males could play a central, yet poorly studied role in the evolution and maintenance of the eusocial organization.}, }
@article {pmid30680103, year = {2019}, author = {Dalerum, F and Retief, TA and Havemann, CP and Chimimba, CT and Janse van Rensburg, B}, title = {The influence of distance to perennial surface water on ant communities in Mopane woodlands, northern Botswana.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {154-165}, pmid = {30680103}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Studies of biodiversity along environmental gradients provide information on how ecological communities change in response to biotic and abiotic factors. For instance, distance to water is associated with several factors that shape the structure and the functioning of ecosystems at a range of spatial scales. We investigated the influence of distance to a perennial water source on ant communities in a semi-arid savanna in northern Botswana. Ant abundance, taxonomic richness, and both alpha and beta diversity were generally higher during the wet than the dry season. However, there were strong seasonal influences on the effects of distance to water, with more pronounced effects during the wet season. While both abundance and beta diversity declined with increasing distances to water during the wet season, there was a contrasting increase in alpha diversity. There was no major effect of distance to water on taxonomic richness during either season. Beta diversity was as high across as along gradients, and we found support for modular rather than nested community structures along gradients. Our study demonstrated that small-scale gradients in distance to water can influence several aspects of ant communities in semi-arid savannas. However, our results also point to strong effects of small-scale environmental variation, for instance associated with vegetation characteristics, soil properties, and plant community structure that are not directly linked to water access.}, }
@article {pmid30679711, year = {2019}, author = {Raghavan, RK and Barker, SC and Cobos, ME and Barker, D and Teo, EJM and Foley, DH and Nakao, R and Lawrence, K and Heath, ACG and Peterson, AT}, title = {Potential Spatial Distribution of the Newly Introduced Long-horned Tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis in North America.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {498}, pmid = {30679711}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/*physiology ; North America ; *Tick Infestations ; }, abstract = {The North American distributional potential of the recently invaded tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, was estimated using occurrence data from its geographic range in other parts of the world and relevant climatic data sets. Several hundred candidate models were built using a correlative maximum entropy approach, and best-fitting models were selected based on statistical significance, predictive ability, and complexity. The median of the best-fitting models indicates a broad potential distribution for this species, but restricted to three sectors-the southeastern United States, the Pacific Northwest, and central and southern Mexico.}, }
@article {pmid30679623, year = {2019}, author = {Wang, S and Liu, C and Wu, J and Xu, C and Zhang, J and Bai, C and Gao, X and Liu, X and Li, X and Zhu, W and Li, Y}, title = {Propagule pressure and hunting pressure jointly determine genetic evolution in insular populations of a global frog invader.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {448}, pmid = {30679623}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/classification/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; China ; Ecosystem ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Rana catesbeiana/classification/genetics/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Islands are often considered to be more susceptible to biological invasions and to suffer greater impacts from invaders than mainland areas, and this difference is generally attributed to differences in species introductions, ecological factors or human activities between islands and mainland areas. Genetic variation, as a good estimate of evolutionary potential, can influence the invasion process and impacts of alien species. However, few studies have compared the genetic diversity of alien species between islands and a corresponding mainland. Here, we examined the genetic variation and differentiation in feral populations (30 sampled individuals/population) of a globally invasive species (the American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus) that was extensively farmed on 14 islands in the Zhoushan Archipelago of China and in three nearby regions on the mainland. We quantified the relative importance of propagule pressure and hunting pressures on the genetic variation of bullfrog populations and found that insular populations have greater genetic variation than their mainland counterparts. Although genetic differentiation between the populations was observed, no evidence of recent bottlenecks or population expansion in any of the tested population was found. Our results suggest that the propagule pressures of bullfrogs escaping from farms, multiple releases and hunting pressure influence the genetic variation among bullfrog populations. These results might have important implications for understanding the establishment and evolution of alien species on islands and for the management of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30678004, year = {2019}, author = {Liversage, K and Kotta, J and Aps, R and Fetissov, M and Nurkse, K and Orav-Kotta, H and Rätsep, M and Forsström, T and Fowler, A and Lehtiniemi, M and Normant-Saremba, M and Puntila-Dodd, R and Arula, T and Hubel, K and Ojaveer, H}, title = {Knowledge to decision in dynamic seas: Methods to incorporate non-indigenous species into cumulative impact assessments for maritime spatial planning.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {658}, number = {}, pages = {1452-1464}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.123}, pmid = {30678004}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Brachyura ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Decision Support Techniques ; Estonia ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Perciformes ; Spatial Analysis ; }, abstract = {Incorporating ecosystem changes from non-indigenous species (NIS) is an important task of maritime spatial planning. Maritime spatial planning requires a framework that emphasises ecological functioning in a state of dynamic change, including changes to ecosystem services from functions introduced by new NIS. Adaptable modelling toolsets should be developed that can readily incorporate knowledge of new NIS. In the Baltic Sea, recent NIS examples are the North American mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii and the Ponto-Caspian round goby Neogobius melanostomus. We performed environmental niche modelling that predicted N. melanostomus will spread across large areas of the Baltic Sea coast while R. harrisii will be limited to regions with high temperature and low salinity conditions. We then performed a meta-analysis on literature showing effects in the Baltic Sea from these NIS and calculated the standardised effect-sizes on relevant ecosystem services. Half the impacts identified for N. melanostomus were considered to increase ecosystem service outcomes, while all R. harrisii impacts caused apparent decreases. Effect coefficients were incorporated into an online impact assessment tool developed by the Estonian Marine Institute. Users with or without science training can use the portal to estimate areas impacted and changes to natural assets (km[2]) caused by these NIS and cumulative effects from other pressure-types. Impact estimates are based on best available knowledge from manipulative and correlative experiments and thus form a link between science and management. Dynamic modelling techniques informed from varied ecological and methodological perspectives will effectively advise spatial planners about rapid maritime changes and mitigation actions to reduce NIS impacts especially in the focus areas.}, }
@article {pmid30677922, year = {2019}, author = {Chen, D and Ali, A and Yong, XH and Lin, CG and Niu, XH and Cai, AM and Dong, BC and Zhou, ZX and Wang, YJ and Yu, FH}, title = {A multi-species comparison of selective placement patterns of ramets in invasive alien and native clonal plants to light, soil nutrient and water heterogeneity.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {657}, number = {}, pages = {1568-1577}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.099}, pmid = {30677922}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Amaranthaceae/growth &amp; development/*physiology/radiation effects ; Araliaceae/growth &amp; development/*physiology/radiation effects ; Biomass ; China ; *Cloning, Organism ; *Introduced Species ; Paspalum/growth &amp; development/*physiology/radiation effects ; Plant Development/radiation effects ; Soil/chemistry ; Water ; Wedelia/growth &amp; development/*physiology/radiation effects ; }, abstract = {A worth noticing pattern in current invasive biology is the clonal ability of many of the world's worst invasive plants. Selective placement of ramets (i.e. foraging behavior) can intensify ramet performance and allocation, and place more ramets in the more favorable microhabitats, which can maximum utilize resource and share risk in heterogeneous environments. Still little is known about whether invasive alien and native clonal plants differ in the selective placement patterns of ramets in invasive clonal plants or not. We used five congeneric pairs of naturally co-occurring invasive alien and native clonal plant species in China. In a glasshouse, we grew all species in pots under a homogeneous and three heterogeneous conditions (i.e. light, soil nutrients or water) subjected to resource-high or -low patches. All biomass parameters and number of ramets significantly increased in resource-high patches in all three types of heterogeneous environments. Interestingly, growth of invasive alien plants benefited significantly more from resource-high patches than native plants in all heterogeneous environments. Overall, invasive had higher biomass parameters per ramet than natives. Ramet parameters of invasive plants also benefited more from resource-low patches than natives. Three different selective placement patterns of ramets in resource-low patches were exhibited in invasive plants: ramet increasing shoot investment (above pattern), increasing root investment (below pattern) and increasing both investments (complete pattern) in the light, soil water and nutrient heterogeneity, respectively. Investment on less, larger ramet was the adaptive strategy of invasive plants in resource-poor patches. The results suggest that adaptively selective placement patterns of ramets promote a higher morphology plasticity and performance in invasive clonal plants over natives. When alien clonal plants spread new areas with light, soil nutrients or water heterogeneity, selective placement patterns of ramets might play an important role in plant performance and competitive superior by capitalizing more on additional resources.}, }
@article {pmid30674335, year = {2019}, author = {Eritja, R and Ruiz-Arrondo, I and Delacour-Estrella, S and Schaffner, F and Álvarez-Chachero, J and Bengoa, M and Puig, M&#xc1; and Melero-Alcíbar, R and Oltra, A and Bartumeus, F}, title = {First detection of Aedes japonicus in Spain: an unexpected finding triggered by citizen science.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {53}, pmid = {30674335}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors ; Spain ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes japonicus is an invasive vector mosquito from Southeast Asia which has been spreading across central Europe since the year 2000. Unlike the Asian Tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) present in Spain since 2004, there has been no record of Ae. japonicus in the country until now.<br><br>RESULTS: Here, we report the first detection of Ae. japonicus in Spain, at its southernmost location in Europe. This finding was triggered by the citizen science platform Mosquito Alert. In June 2018, a citizen sent a report via the Mosquito Alert app from the municipality of Siero in the Asturias region (NW Spain) containing pictures of a female mosquito compatible with Ae. japonicus. Further information was requested from the participant, who subsequently provided several larvae and adults that could be classified as Ae. japonicus. In July, a field mission confirmed its presence at the original site and in several locations up to 9 km away, suggesting a long-time establishment. The strong media impact in Asturias derived from the discovery raised local participation in the Mosquito Alert project, resulting in further evidence from surrounding areas.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Whilst in the laboratory Ae. japonicus is a competent vector for several mosquito-borne pathogens, to date only West Nile virus is a concern based on field evidence. Nonetheless, this virus has yet not been detected in Asturias so the vectorial risk is currently considered low. The opportunity and effectiveness of combining citizen-sourced data to traditional surveillance methods are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid30673697, year = {2019}, author = {Xiao, T and Yu, H and Song, YB and Jiang, YP and Zeng, B and Dong, M}, title = {Nutrient enhancement of allelopathic effects of exotic invasive on native plant species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {e0206165}, pmid = {30673697}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Allelopathy/*physiology ; Amaranthaceae/*metabolism ; Charcoal/metabolism ; China ; *Introduced Species ; Nutrients/*metabolism ; Onagraceae/*metabolism ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Many ecosystems may suffer from both nutrient enrichment and exotic plant invasions simultaneously. Much has been known that nutrient inputs can promote growth and expansion of exotic invasive plants in wetlands, and that allelopathic effects of the exotic invasive plants can inhibit the growth of coexisting native plants, contributing to their invasion success. Thus, we hypothesized that allelopathic effects of exotics on natives in invaded ecosystems can be enhanced by nutrient enrichment. To test this hypothesis, we conducted two greenhouse hydroponic experiments. One is the monoculture experiment in which a widespread exotic invasive perennial Alternanthera philoxeroides and a native perennial Ludwigia peploides subsp. stipulacea in monoculture were subjected to five levels of nutrient supply. The other is the mixture experiment in which the two species in mixture were subjected to five levels of nutrient supply, each with and without activated carbon addition. Both A. philoxeroides and L. peploides grew better under higher level of nutrient availability in monoculture experiment. In the mixture experiment, A. philoxeroides formed less total and root biomass while L. peploides formed more in response to activated carbon addition and all of the responses had larger degree at higher level of nutrient availability, indicating A. philoxeroides had significant allelopathic effects on L. peploides and the effects was significantly enhanced by nutrient enrichment. Such results support our hypothesis and reveal a novel mechanism for exotic plant invasion in eutrophicated and invaded wetlands, i.e. nutrient enhancement of allelopathic effects of exotics on natives.}, }
@article {pmid30673581, year = {2018}, author = {Mayorquin, JS and Carrillo, JD and Twizeyimana, M and Peacock, BB and Sugino, KY and Na, F and Wang, DH and Kabashima, JN and Eskalen, A}, title = {Chemical Management of Invasive Shot Hole Borer and Fusarium Dieback in California Sycamore (Platanus racemosa) in Southern California.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {102}, number = {7}, pages = {1307-1315}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-10-17-1569-RE}, pmid = {30673581}, issn = {0191-2917}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Coleoptera/classification/*microbiology ; Fungicides, Industrial/*pharmacology ; Fusarium/classification/*physiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/drug effects ; Insect Vectors/microbiology ; Insecticides/pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Ivermectin/analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology ; Plant Diseases/microbiology/parasitology ; Pyrethrins/pharmacology ; Species Specificity ; Trees/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Triazoles/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Fusarium dieback (FD) is a new vascular disease of hardwood trees caused by Fusarium spp. and other associated fungal species which are vectored by two recently introduced and highly invasive species of ambrosia beetle (Euwallacea spp. nr. fornicatus). One of these ambrosia beetles is known as the polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) and the other as the Kuroshio shot hole borer (KSHB). Together with the fungi that they vector, this pest-disease complex is known as the shot hole borer-Fusarium dieback (SHB-FD) complex. Mitigation of this pest-disease complex currently relies on tree removal; however, this practice is expensive and impractical given the wide host range and rapid advancement of the beetles throughout hardwoods in southern California. This study reports on the assessment of various pesticides for use in the management of SHB-FD. In vitro screening of 13 fungicides revealed that pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, and azoxystrobin generally have lower effective concentration that reduces 50% of mycelial growth (EC50) values across all fungal symbionts of PSHB and KSHB; metconazole was found to have lower EC50 values for Fusarium spp. and Paracremonium pembeum. Triadimefon and fluxapyroxad were not capable of inhibiting any fungal symbiont at the concentrations tested. A 1-year field study showed that two insecticides, emamectin benzoate alone and in combination with propiconazole, and bifenthrin, could significantly reduce SHB attacks. Two injected fungicides (tebuconazole and a combination of carbendazim and debacarb) and one spray fungicide (metconazole) could also significantly reduce SHB attacks. Bioassays designed to assess fungicide retention 1 year postapplication revealed that six of the seven fungicides exhibited some level of inhibition in vitro and all thiabendazole-treated trees sampled exhibiting inhibition. This study has identified several pesticides which can be implemented as part of an integrated pest management strategy to reduce SHB infestation in low to moderately infested landscape California sycamore trees and potentially other landscape trees currently affected by SHB-FD.}, }
@article {pmid30673152, year = {2019}, author = {Katris, NJ and Ke, H and McFadden, GI and van Dooren, GG and Waller, RF}, title = {Calcium negatively regulates secretion from dense granules in Toxoplasma gondii.}, journal = {Cellular microbiology}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, pages = {e13011}, pmid = {30673152}, issn = {1462-5822}, support = {MR/M011690/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Calcium/agonists/*metabolism ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Cytoplasmic Vesicles/*metabolism ; Exocytosis/genetics ; Fibroblasts/parasitology ; Humans ; Organelles/*metabolism ; Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Protozoan Proteins/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; Toxoplasma/genetics/*metabolism/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {Apicomplexan parasites including Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp. manufacture a complex arsenal of secreted proteins used to interact with and manipulate their host environment. These proteins are organised into three principle exocytotic compartment types according to their functions: micronemes for extracellular attachment and motility, rhoptries for host cell penetration, and dense granules for subsequent manipulation of the host intracellular environment. The order and timing of these events during the parasite's invasion cycle dictates when exocytosis from each compartment occurs. Tight control of compartment secretion is, therefore, an integral part of apicomplexan biology. Control of microneme exocytosis is best understood, where cytosolic intermediate molecular messengers cGMP and Ca[2+] act as positive signals. The mechanisms for controlling secretion from rhoptries and dense granules, however, are virtually unknown. Here, we present evidence that dense granule exocytosis is negatively regulated by cytosolic Ca[2+] , and we show that this Ca[2+] -mediated response is contingent on the function of calcium-dependent protein kinases TgCDPK1 and TgCDPK3. Reciprocal control of micronemes and dense granules provides an elegant solution to the mutually exclusive functions of these exocytotic compartments in parasite invasion cycles and further demonstrates the central role that Ca[2+] signalling plays in the invasion biology of apicomplexan parasites.}, }
@article {pmid30672639, year = {2019}, author = {Gloag, RS and Christie, JR and Ding, G and Stephens, RE and Buchmann, G and Oldroyd, BP}, title = {Workers' sons rescue genetic diversity at the sex locus in an invasive honey bee population.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {7}, pages = {1585-1592}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15031}, pmid = {30672639}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {DP150101985//Australian Research Council/International ; 201503250033//Australian Research Council/International ; //University of Sydney/International ; //University of Zurich/International ; //China Scholarship Council/International ; CAAS-ASTIP-2015-IAR//Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bees/*genetics ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Reproduction ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {The hallmark of eusociality is the division of labour between reproductive (queen) and nonreproductive (worker) females. Yet in many eusocial insects, workers retain the ability to produce haploid male offspring from unfertilized eggs. The reproductive potential of workers has well-documented consequences for the structure and function of insect colonies, but its implications at the population level are less often considered. We show that worker reproduction in honey bees can have an important role in maintaining genetic diversity at the sex locus in invasive populations. The honey bee sex locus is homozygous-lethal, and, all else being equal, a higher allele number in the population lead to higher mean brood survival. In an invasive population of the honey bee Apis cerana in Australia, workers contribute significantly to male production: 38% of male-producing colonies are queenless, and these contribute one-third of all males at mating congregations. Using a model, we show that such male production by queenless workers will increase the number of sex alleles retained in nascent invasive populations following founder events, relative to a scenario in which only queens reproduce. We conclude that by rescuing sex locus diversity that would otherwise be lost, workers' sons help honey bee populations to minimize the negative effects of inbreeding after founder events and so contribute to their success as invaders.}, }
@article {pmid30672635, year = {2019}, author = {Javal, M and Lombaert, E and Tsykun, T and Courtin, C and Kerdelhué, C and Prospero, S and Roques, A and Roux, G}, title = {Deciphering the worldwide invasion of the Asian long-horned beetle: A recurrent invasion process from the native area together with a bridgehead effect.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, pages = {951-967}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15030}, pmid = {30672635}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {2014 00095480//Region Centre Val de Loire/International ; E07/2014//French Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry DGAL/International ; //COST Action FP 1401 - Global Warning/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; }, abstract = {Retracing introduction routes is crucial for understanding the evolutionary processes involved in an invasion, as well as for highlighting the invasion history of a species at the global scale. The Asian long-horned beetle (ALB) Anoplophora glabripennis is a xylophagous pest native to Asia and invasive in North America and Europe. It is responsible for severe losses of urban trees, in both its native and invaded ranges. Based on historical and genetic data, several hypotheses have been formulated concerning its invasion history, including the possibility of multiple introductions from the native zone and secondary dispersal within the invaded areas, but none have been formally tested. In this study, we characterized the genetic structure of ALB in both its native and invaded ranges using microsatellites. In order to test different invasion scenarios, we used an approximate Bayesian "random forest" algorithm together with traditional population genetics approaches. The strong population differentiation observed in the native area was not geographically structured, suggesting complex migration events that were probably human-mediated. Both native and invasive populations had low genetic diversity, but this characteristic did not prevent the success of the ALB invasions. Our results highlight the complexity of invasion pathways for insect pests. Specifically, our findings indicate that invasive species might be repeatedly introduced from their native range, and they emphasize the importance of multiple, human-mediated introductions in successful invasions. Finally, our results demonstrate that invasive species can spread across continents following a bridgehead path, in which an invasive population may have acted as a source for another invasion.}, }
@article {pmid30671729, year = {2019}, author = {Seyfarth, M and Khaireh, BA and Abdi, AA and Bouh, SM and Faulde, MK}, title = {Five years following first detection of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) in Djibouti, Horn of Africa: populations established-malaria emerging.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {118}, number = {3}, pages = {725-732}, pmid = {30671729}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Anopheles/*parasitology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Djibouti/epidemiology ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Female ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Malaria/epidemiology/parasitology/*transmission ; Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission ; Malaria, Vivax/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission ; Mosquito Vectors/*parasitology ; Plasmodium falciparum/*physiology ; Plasmodium vivax/*physiology ; Population Density ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The Asian malaria mosquito, Anopheles stephensi, is a well-known and important vector of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. Until 2013, its geographical distribution was confined to central and southern Asia including the Arabian Peninsula. In the Horn of Africa (HoA) Region, An. stephensi was first recorded from Djibouti in 2012, when it was linked geographically and temporally with an unusual outbreak of urban P. falciparum malaria. In 2016, An. stephensi was detected in the neighbouring Somali Region of Ethiopia. In order to determine whether An. stephensi populations have become established in Djibouti and contributed to the unusual rise in local malaria cases there, we carried out continuous vector surveillance from January 2013 to December 2017, investigated seasonal changes in An. stephensi population densities and bionomics, analysed available literature describing malaria in Djibouti since 2013, and investigated whether An. stephensi may have contributed to local malaria transmission by detecting circumsporozoite antigen of P. falciparum and P. vivax in female anophelines. From 2013 to 2016, seasonal activity of An. stephensi in urban Djibouti City primarily occurred during the colder, wetter season between September and May, with either no or rare trap catches from June to August. Unlike past years, this species was detected year-round, including the extremely hot summer months of June to August 2017. This change in seasonal occurrence may indicate that An. stephensi populations are adapting to their new environment in sub-Saharan Africa, facilitating their spread within Djibouti City. Among the 96 female An. stephensi investigated for malaria infectivity, three (3.1%) were positive for P. falciparum circumsporozoite antigen, including one P. falciparum/P. vivax VK 210 double infection. Subsequent to the unusual resurgence of local malaria in 2013, with 1684 confirmed cased reported for that year, malaria case numbers increased continuously, peaking at 14,810 in 2017. Prior to 2016, only P. falciparum malaria cases had been reported, but in 2016, autochthonously acquired P. vivax malaria cases occurred for the first time at a rate of 16.7% among all malaria cases recorded that year. This number increased to 36.7% in 2017. Our data indicate that the dynamics of malaria species in Djibouti is currently changing rapidly, and that An. stephensi can be involved in the transmission of both P. falciparum and P. vivax, simultaneously. Considering the extremely high potential impact of urban malaria on public health, the timely deployment of optimal multinational vector surveillance and control programs against An. stephensi is strongly recommended, not only for the HoA Region, but for the entire African continent.}, }
@article {pmid30668785, year = {2019}, author = {Juliano, SA and Westby, KM and Ower, GD}, title = {Know Your Enemy: Effects of a Predator on Native and Invasive Container Mosquitoes.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, pages = {320-328}, pmid = {30668785}, issn = {1938-2928}, support = {R15 AI094322/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Culicidae ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Oviposition ; Predatory Behavior ; Pupa ; }, abstract = {We tested the effect of the native container-dwelling predator Toxorhynchites rutilus on the codominant container-dwelling mosquitoes: native Aedes triseriatus and invasive Aedes japonicus. We established two predator treatments (predator, no predator) by removing T. rutilus from all containers, and stocking T. rutilus larvae (1/3.5 liters) in the predator treatment. Removal and stocking was repeated every 3 d and established significantly different predator abundances in both large and small containers. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) on standard samples showed larvae+pupae/liter of A. japonicus was greater without versus with predation, and this difference increased across samples. In contrast, repeated-measures ANOVA showed larvae+pupae/liter of A. triseriatus was statistically indistinguishable for predation treatments and was greater in small versus large containers. Thus, predation reduced invasive A. japonicus while having no detectable effect on A. triseriatus larvae and pupae. A final destructive census of pupae showed that predation reduced pupae/liter of both species, but this effect was greater and more consistent across container sizes for A. japonicus. Predator effects on abundances were not products of the nonlethal effect of predator avoidance by ovipositing females, as T. rutilus presence did not lead to reduced egg inputs by either Aedes, nor by Aedes spp. as a group. Effects of predation thus are best explained by differential success of developing larvae due to the greater lethal effect of T. rutilus on A. japonicus than on A. triseriatus. Thus, this system is consistent with the hypothesis that native predators can limit success and potential impacts of invasive mosquitoes.}, }
@article {pmid30668628, year = {2019}, author = {Liu, H and Wu, F and Wu, X and Ye, J}, title = {Differential effects of rapamycin on Bursaphelenchus xylophilus with different virulence and differential expression of autophagy genes under stresses in nematodes.}, journal = {Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica}, volume = {51}, number = {3}, pages = {254-262}, doi = {10.1093/abbs/gmy172}, pmid = {30668628}, issn = {1745-7270}, mesh = {Animals ; Autophagy/*genetics ; Oxidative Stress ; Pinus/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; Sirolimus/*pharmacology ; *Stress, Physiological ; Temperature ; Tylenchida/*drug effects/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology ; Virulence ; }, abstract = {Pine wilt disease (PWD) caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a devastating disease for Pinus spp. The virulence and resilience of PWN are closely linked to the spread and development of PWD. Numerous studies have shown that autophagy has important physiological and pathological functions in eukaryotes. But little is known about the relationships between autophagy and PWNs' virulence and resistance. In this study, through observation under the microscope and recording, we found the induction of autophagy by rapamycin could dramatically improve movement ability of PWNs with different virulence, and the highly virulent AMA3 isolate moved more than the low virulent YW4 isolate when autophagy was over-induced. High concentrations of rapamycin substantially improved the feeding and reproduction of AMA3 but not YW4. Conserved domains of autophagy genes BxATG3, BxATG4, and BxATG7 were first cloned from PWNs by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Expression profiling of these three autophagy genes under biotic and abiotic stresses in PWNs with different virulence was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. The results revealed the expression levels of these three autophagy genes in PWNs with different virulence were increased significantly when nematodes were subject to high and low temperatures, oxidative stress, and defensive responses of pine trees. The expression levels of autophagy genes under biotic and abiotic stresses in AMA3 were higher than those in YW4, and different genes showed different performance. Our study clarified that autophagy was closely related to virulence and resistance of PWN, and the ability of a highly virulent isolate to regulate autophagy activity under stresses was stronger than that of a low virulent isolate.}, }
@article {pmid30665453, year = {2019}, author = {Camp, JV and Kolodziejek, J and Nowotny, N}, title = {Targeted surveillance reveals native and invasive mosquito species infected with Usutu virus.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {46}, pmid = {30665453}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {H-282474/2017//Hochschuljubil&#xe4;umsstiftung der Stadt Wien/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*virology ; Animals ; Culex/*virology ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Female ; Flavivirus/*physiology ; Flavivirus Infections/epidemiology/*transmission/virology ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/*virology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The emergence of Usutu virus (USUV) in Europe was first reported in Austria, 2001, and the virus has since spread to many European countries. Initial outbreaks are marked by a mass die-off of European blackbirds (Turdus merula) and other bird species. During outbreaks, the virus has been detected in pools of Culex pipiens mosquitoes, and these mosquitoes are probably the most important enzootic vectors. Beginning in 2017, a second wave of blackbird deaths associated with USUV was observed in eastern Austria; the affected areas expanded to the Austrian federal states of Styria in the south and to Upper Austria in the west in 2018. We sampled the potential vector population at selected sites of bird deaths in 2018 in order to identify infected mosquitoes.<br><br>RESULTS: We detected USUV RNA in 16 out of 19 pools of Cx. pipiens/Cx. torrentium mosquitoes at sites of USUV-linked blackbird mortality in Linz and Graz, Austria. A disseminated virus infection was detected in individuals from selected pools, suggesting that Cx. pipiens form pipiens was the principal vector. In addition to a high rate of infected Cx. pipiens collected from Graz, a disseminated virus infection was detected in a pool of Aedes japonicus japonicus.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We show herein that naturally-infected mosquitoes at foci of USUV activity are primarily Cx. pipiens form pipiens. In addition, we report the first natural infection of Ae. j. japonicus with USUV, suggesting that it may be involved in the epizootic transmission of USUV in Europe. Ae. j. japonicus is an invasive mosquito whose range is expanding in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid30661790, year = {2019}, author = {Li, S and Huang, X and Chen, Y and Li, X and Zhan, A}, title = {Identification and characterization of proteins involved in stolon adhesion in the highly invasive fouling ascidian Ciona robusta.}, journal = {Biochemical and biophysical research communications}, volume = {510}, number = {1}, pages = {91-96}, doi = {10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.053}, pmid = {30661790}, issn = {1090-2104}, mesh = {Adhesives/chemistry ; Adsorption ; Animals ; *Biofouling ; *Cell Adhesion ; Ciona intestinalis/*chemistry ; *Introduced Species ; Monophenol Monooxygenase/metabolism ; Proteins/*analysis ; Proteomics/methods ; Urochordata/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Adhesive ascidians have caused serious biofouling problems and huge economic losses in marine ecosystems. However, adhesion mechanisms, particularly on functional proteins involved in ascidian adhesion, remain largely unexplored. Here, we identified 26 representative stolon proteins from the highly invasive fouling ascidian Ciona robusta using the proteomics approach. The uncharacterized stolon proteins were rich in adhesion-related conserved domains. Real-time quantitative PCR further revealed specific expressions of these uncharacterized protein genes in stolon tissue, suggesting their potential roles in stolon adhesion.> A recombinant vWFA domain-containing uncharacterized protein, ascidian stolon protein 1 (ASP-1), was successfully expressed in a baculovirus-insect cell system and purified in vitro. Coating experiment showed that tyrosinase-modified ASP-1 could absorb to glass and organic glass stronger than unmodified ASP-1, while only modified ASP-1 could absorb to aluminum foil. Quartz crystal microbalance analysis also showed the increase in absorption ability of ASP-1 after modification. In addition, abundant 3,4-l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) in modified protein was detected by nitroblue tetrazolium staining. These results suggest that ASP-1 be involved in ascidian DOPA-dependent and material-selective adhesion. Overall, this study provides insight into molecular mechanisms of C. robusta stolon adhesion, and findings here are expected to be conductive to develop strategies against biofouling caused by ascidians.}, }
@article {pmid30661709, year = {2019}, author = {Jarić, I and Heger, T and Castro Monzon, F and Jeschke, JM and Kowarik, I and McConkey, KR and Pyšek, P and Sagouis, A and Essl, F}, title = {Crypticity in Biological Invasions.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {291-302}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2018.12.008}, pmid = {30661709}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Ecological effects of alien species can be dramatic, but management and prevention of negative impacts are often hindered by crypticity of the species or their ecological functions. Ecological functions can change dramatically over time, or manifest after long periods of an innocuous presence. Such cryptic processes may lead to an underestimation of long-term impacts and constrain management effectiveness. Here, we present a conceptual framework of crypticity in biological invasions. We identify the underlying mechanisms, provide evidence of their importance, and illustrate this phenomenon with case studies. This framework has potential to improve the recognition of the full risks and impacts of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30660844, year = {2019}, author = {Gerhard, WA and Gunsch, CK}, title = {Metabarcoding and machine learning analysis of environmental DNA in ballast water arriving to hub ports.}, journal = {Environment international}, volume = {124}, number = {}, pages = {312-319}, doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.038}, pmid = {30660844}, issn = {1873-6750}, mesh = {Bacteria/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; China ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Escherichia coli ; Introduced Species ; Los Angeles ; *Machine Learning ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; *Ships ; Singapore ; South Africa ; *Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {While ballast water has long been linked to the global transport of invasive species, little is known about its microbiome. Herein, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabarcoding to perform the most comprehensive microbiological survey of ballast water arriving to hub ports to date. In total, we characterized 41 ballast, 20 harbor, and 6 open ocean water samples from four world ports (Shanghai, China; Singapore; Durban, South Africa; Los Angeles, California). In addition, we cultured Enterococcus and E. coli to evaluate adherence to International Maritime Organization standards for ballast discharge. Five of the 41 vessels - all of which were loaded in China - did not comply with standards for at least one indicator organism. Dominant bacterial taxa of ballast water at the class level were Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Bacteroidia. Ballast water samples were composed of significantly lower proportions of Oxyphotobacteria than either ocean or harbor samples. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) and machine learning were used to identify and test potential biomarkers for classifying sample types (ocean, harbor, ballast). Eight candidate biomarkers were used to achieve 81% (k nearest neighbors) to 88% (random forest) classification accuracy. Further research of these biomarkers could aid the development of techniques to rapidly assess ballast water origin.}, }
@article {pmid30659222, year = {2019}, author = {Doody, JS and McHenry, CR and Rhind, D and Clulow, S}, title = {Novel habitat causes a shift to diurnal activity in a nocturnal species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {230}, pmid = {30659222}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Australia ; *Behavior, Animal ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; *Circadian Rhythm ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Plastic responses may allow individuals to survive and reproduce in novel environments, and can facilitate the establishment of viable populations. But can novel environments reveal plasticity by causing a shift in a behavior as fundamental and conspicuous as daily activity? We studied daily activity times near the invasion front of the cane toad (Rhinella marina), an invasive species that has colonized much of northern Australia. Cane toads in Australia are nocturnal, probably because diurnal activity would subject them to intolerably hot and dry conditions in the tropical savannah during the dry season. Our study can demonstrate, however, that upon reaching novel environments some toad populations became diurnal. Sandstone gorges offered cane toads novel, deeply shaded habitat. Gorges with an east-west axis (day-long northern shadow), narrow gorges and narrow sections of gorges contained toads that were primarily diurnal, while gorges with a north-south axis, wide gorges and wide sections of gorges contained mainly nocturnal toads. For example, remote camera data (1314 observations of toad activity times over 789 trap days) revealed strictly nocturnal activity at four 'exposed' sites (99% of 144 observations over 179 days), compared to mostly diurnal activity at a 'shaded' site (78% of 254 observations). Visual encounter surveys confirmed that diurnal activity occurred exclusively at shaded sites, while most nocturnal activity occurred at exposed sites. The close proximity of diurnal and nocturnal toads (4-7 km) provided compelling evidence for the abovementioned physical factors as the proximate cause of the behavioral dichotomy, and for a novel (deeply shaded gorges) environment causing the shift to diurnal activity.}, }
@article {pmid30659082, year = {2019}, author = {McCormick, GL and Robbins, TR and Cavigelli, SA and Langkilde, T}, title = {Population history with invasive predators predicts innate immune function response to early-life glucocorticoid exposure in lizards.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {222}, number = {Pt 4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.188359}, pmid = {30659082}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Corticosterone/*administration &amp; dosage ; Female ; Glucocorticoids/*administration &amp; dosage ; *Immunity, Innate ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/*immunology ; *Predatory Behavior ; Southeastern United States ; Stress, Physiological ; Tennessee ; }, abstract = {Early-life stress can suppress immune function, but it is unclear whether transgenerational stress exposure modulates the immune consequences of early stress. In populations where, historically, the immune system is frequently activated, e.g. persistent stressors that cause injury, it may be maladaptive to suppress immune function after early-life stress. Thus, the relationship between early-life stress and immune function may vary with population-level historical stressor exposure. We collected gravid fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) from populations that naturally differ in long-term exposure to invasive fire ants (Solenopsis invicta). We manipulated early-life stress in the resulting offspring via weekly exposure to fire ants, application of the stress-relevant hormone corticosterone or control treatment from 2 to 43 weeks of age. We quantified adult immune function in these offspring with baseline and antigen-induced hemagglutination and plasma bacterial killing ability. Early-life corticosterone exposure suppressed baseline hemagglutination in offspring of lizards from populations not exposed to fire ants but enhanced hemagglutination in those from populations that were exposed to fire ants. This enhancement may prepare lizards for high rates of wounding, toxin exposure and infection associated with fire ant attack. Adult bacterial killing ability and hemagglutination were not affected by early-life exposure to fire ants, but the latter was higher in offspring of lizards from invaded sites. A population's history of persistent stress may thus alter individual long-term immunological responses to early-life stressors. Further consideration of historical stressor exposure (type and duration) may be important to better understand how early-life stressors affect adult physiology.}, }
@article {pmid30657879, year = {2019}, author = {Stockton, D and Wallingford, A and Rendon, D and Fanning, P and Green, CK and Diepenbrock, L and Ballman, E and Walton, VM and Isaacs, R and Leach, H and Sial, AA and Drummond, F and Burrack, H and Loeb, GM}, title = {Interactions Between Biotic and Abiotic Factors Affect Survival in Overwintering Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {454-464}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvy192}, pmid = {30657879}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; *Cold Temperature ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; *Seasons ; United States ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii Matsumura is an invasive species affecting berry crops and cherries throughout North America, South America, and Europe. Previous research suggests that in temperate climates, the overwintering success of D. suzukii is likely dependent on access to food, shelter, and adequate cold hardening. We performed a multi-state study under field conditions for two winters to determine whether D. suzukii sex, phenotype (summer-morphotype, winter-morphotype), and life stage (adults, pupae) affected survival over time while recording naturally-occurring spatial and temporal variation in temperature. Access to food was provided and the flies were buried under leaf litter. Baited traps were deployed to determine whether local populations of D. suzukii were active throughout the winter season. The duration of exposure, mean daily temperature, and cumulative time below freezing significantly affected survival. Below freezing, D. suzukii survival was significantly reduced, particularly in northern locations. In contrast, we observed sustained survival up to 10 wk in southern locations among adults and pupae. Biotic factors also significantly affected survival outcomes: female survival was greater than male survival, winter-morphotype survival was greater than summer-morphotype survival, and adult survival was greater than pupal survival. In the north, wild D. suzukii were captured only in early winter, while in the south they were found throughout the winter. These data suggest that although adult D. suzukii may overwinter in sheltered microclimates, this ability may be limited in regions where the ground temperature, or site of overwintering, falls below freezing for extended durations.}, }
@article {pmid30656979, year = {2018}, author = {Lane, SE and Hollings, T and Hayes, KR and McEnnulty, FR and Green, M and Georgiades, E and Robinson, AP}, title = {Risk factors for fouling biomass: evidence from small vessels in Australia.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {34}, number = {9}, pages = {1032-1045}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2018.1536202}, pmid = {30656979}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Australia ; Biodiversity ; Biofouling/*prevention &amp; control ; Biomass ; *Introduced Species ; *Paint ; Risk Factors ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {Invasive non-indigenous species (NIS) are a threat to marine biodiversity and marine reliant industries. Recreational vessels are recognised as an important vector of NIS translocation, particularly domestically. This paper reports on a novel application of multilevel modelling and multiple imputation in order to quantify the relationship between biofouling biomass (wet weight) and the vessel-level characteristics of recreational and fishing vessels. It was found that the number of days since the vessel was last cleaned strongly related to the biofouling biomass, yet differed dependent on vessel type. Similarly, the median number of trips undertaken was related to the biofouling biomass, and varied according to the type of antifouling paint (AF) used. No relationship was found between vessel size and biofouling biomass per sample unit. To reduce the spread of NIS, vessel owners should use an AF paint suitable to their vessel's operational profile, and follow a maintenance schedule according to the paint manufacturer's specifications.}, }
@article {pmid30651649, year = {2019}, author = {Van Patter, L and Flockhart, T and Coe, J and Berke, O and Goller, R and Hovorka, A and Bateman, S}, title = {Perceptions of community cats and preferences for their management in Guelph, Ontario. Part I: A quantitative analysis.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, pages = {41-47}, pmid = {30651649}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; *Animal Welfare ; Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Attitude ; Castration/veterinary ; Cats ; Euthanasia, Animal ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ontario ; *Ownership ; Population Control/*methods ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {In 2014, 116 Guelph residents were surveyed to investigate attitudes about community cats and preferences for population management. There are an estimated 29 579 owned cats in Guelph, an estimated 40% of residents allow outdoor access to their cat(s), and 8054 households (15%) feed community cats. Participants reported more concern with community cat welfare than nuisance behavior. There were high levels of support for responsible pet ownership education (90%), accessible or low-cost spay/neuter (86%), and trap-neuter-return (78%), and low levels of support for inaction (4%) and euthanasia (20%). Respondents who did not own cats or who considered cats as "pests" or a "non-native, invasive species" were more supportive of euthanasia. Results suggest that Guelph residents want to see action taken to address community cat population concerns, and that proactive management tools such as education, accessible or low-cost spay/neuter, and trap-neuter-return would be well supported and less divisive than euthanasia.}, }
@article {pmid30651473, year = {2018}, author = {Marinho, CF and Costa, VA and Zucchi, RA}, title = {Annotated checklist and illustrated key to braconid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of economically important fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) in Brazil.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4527}, number = {1}, pages = {21-36}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4527.1.2}, pmid = {30651473}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Drosophila ; *Hymenoptera ; *Tephritidae ; }, abstract = {The braconid parasitoids of fruit-infesting flies have been more intensively studied from the middle to late 1990s, when taxonomic research was restarted in Brazil. At the same time, efforts toward the biological control of fruit flies intensified, and an exotic species, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, was introduced. In the decade 2010, another exotic species, Fopius arisanus, was introduced, and two new species of Doryctobracon were described. Currently, 12 species of braconids from the subfamilies Alysiinae (two species) and Opiinae (10 species) are associated with fruit flies of economic importance in Brazil, two of which are introduced species. More than half of the species belong to the genus Doryctobracon, with D. areolatus (Szépligeti) the most widely distributed species in Brazil.}, }
@article {pmid30648210, year = {2019}, author = {Heshmati, I and Khorasani, N and Shams-Esfandabad, B and Riazi, B}, title = {Forthcoming risk of Prosopis juliflora global invasion triggered by climate change: implications for environmental monitoring and risk assessment.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {191}, number = {2}, pages = {72}, pmid = {30648210}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Middle East ; Prosopis/*physiology ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Climate is a determinant factor in species distribution and climate change will affect the species abilities to occupy geographic regions. Prosopis juliflora is one of the most problematic invasive species and its biological invasion causes various negative effects in tropical, arid, and semi-arid regions of the world. As eradication efforts subsequent to the establishment of an alien invasive species are costly and time-consuming, assessing patterns of the introduction of an invasive species to new regions is among the most cost-effective means of monitoring and management of natural ecosystems. In this study by using the concept of species distribution modeling (SDM) and maximum entropy (MaxEnt) method, the effect of climate change on the current and future distribution of P. juliflora has been assessed at a global scale. Bioclimatic variables in current condition and 2050 regarding two global circulation models (GCM) and two climate change scenarios were considered as explanatory variables. Our results showed that annual mean temperature (BIO1), annual precipitation (BIO12), and temperature mean diurnal range (BIO2) represented more than 87% of the variations in the model, and with an AUC of 0.854 and TSS of 0.51, the model showed a good predictive performance. Our results indicate that on a global scale, suitable ranges for P. juliflora increase across all the GCM and RCP scenarios. In a global scale, Mediterranean Basin, Middle East, and North America are regions with the highest risk of range expansion in the future. Regarding the negative impacts of P. juliflora on structure and function of natural habitats in the invaded areas, findings of this study could be considered as a warning appliance for the environmental monitoring of the regions highly sensitive to the global invasion of the species. We suggest that assessing impacts of climate change on the global distribution of the invasive species could be used as an efficient tool to implement broad-scale and priority-setting monitoring programs in natural ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid30648203, year = {2019}, author = {Gouws, AJ and Shackleton, CM}, title = {A spatio-temporal, landscape perspective on Acacia dealbata invasions and broader land use and cover changes in the northern Eastern Cape, South Africa.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {191}, number = {2}, pages = {74}, pmid = {30648203}, issn = {1573-2959}, support = {14/5/3/WR60010/1368//Agricultural Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {Acacia/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions and human land use both have the potential to drastically alter the patterns and processes of landscapes, driving habitat fragmentation and altering natural disturbance regimes. The proliferation of an invasive species depends on composition and configuration of the landscape, as well as the invasiveness of the species. To effectively manage a highly invasive species, such as Acacia dealbata, it is crucial to understand the historical progression of the invasion within the landscape. This study sought to examine the landscape dynamics of biological invasions by tracking the historical spread of A. dealbata and broader land use/land cover (LULC) changes at different spatio-temporal scales in the northern Eastern Cape. A time-series of aerial photographs were systematically classified according to designated A. dealbata and LULC categories in ArcGIS to track the changes in the extent and rate of spread of A. dealbata. Markedly dynamic, multi-directional, and spatio-temporally variable LULC transitions were observed across the northern Eastern Cape over the last six decades. A. dealbata frequently retained a high proportion of cover over time, and despite the loss of cover to other LULC classes, a net increase in A. dealbata cover occurred as it spread at an overall annual rate of 0.11-0.21%, occupying approximately 8-18% of land cover across all sampled sites by 2013. Any management interventions to limit or control A. dealbata should therefore consider the spatio-temporal and LULC nuances of landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid30648021, year = {2019}, author = {Purdon, J and Parr, CL and Somers, MJ}, title = {Grazing by large savanna herbivores indirectly alters ant diversity and promotes resource monopolisation.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6226}, pmid = {30648021}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {In savannas, grazing is an important disturbance that modifies the grass layer structure and composition. Habitat structural complexity influences species diversity and assemblage functioning. By using a combination of natural sites and manipulated experiments, we explored how habitat structure (grazing lawns and adjacent bunch grass) affects ant diversity and foraging behaviour, specifically the efficiency of resource acquisition, resource monopolisation and ant body size. We found that in the natural sites there was no difference in the amount of time ants took to locate resources, but in the manipulated experiments, ants were faster at locating resources and were more abundant in the simple treatments than in the more complex treatments. Ant body size was only affected by the manipulated experiments, with smaller ants found in the more complex treatments. In both the grazing lawn and bunch grass habitats there were differences in assemblage patterns of ants discovering resources and those dominating them. Seasonality, which was predicted to affect the speed at which ants discovered resources and the intensity of resource monopolisation, also played a role. We show that ants in winter monopolised more baits and discovered resources at a slower rate, but only at certain times within the experiment. Grazing in conjunction with season thus had a significant effect on ant diversity and foraging behaviour, with dominant ants promoted where habitat complexity was simplified when temperatures were low. Our results indicate that structural complexity plays a major role in determining ant assemblage structure and function in African savannas.}, }
@article {pmid30648019, year = {2019}, author = {Clemmer, JH and Rettig, JE}, title = {Native bluegill influence the foraging and aggressive behavior of invasive mosquitofish.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6203}, pmid = {30648019}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Two fish species that are common invaders of aquatic ecosystems world-wide are Gambusia affinis and G. holbrooki, commonly known as mosquitofish. In North America, introduced G. affinis are thought to have contributed to the population decline of several native fish species. Sunfish (family Centrarchidae) naturally occur across much of North American, thus mosquitofish and sunfish are likely to come into contact and interact more frequently as mosquitofish spread. However, the nature of this interaction is not well known. We used a lab experiment to explore whether and how the aggressive and foraging behaviors of G. affinis might be influenced by a representative and ubiquitous native centrarchid (Lepomis macrochirus; bluegill sunfish), a species with juveniles that inhabit littoral habitats also preferred by mosquitofish. The experiment partnered an individual male or female mosquitofish (focal fish) with a juvenile bluegill, or a same- or opposite-sex conspecific, filmed these one-to-one interactions, and quantified foraging and aggressive actions for the focal mosquitofish. We found that juvenile bluegill affect foraging in male mosquitofish, resulting in lower percent of handling attempts and handling time in which the male consumed a food item. The presence of juvenile bluegill also led to a reduction in the number of aggressive acts by mosquitofish compared to aggression levels when focal mosquitofish were with conspecifics. In nature, when mosquitofish encounter juvenile bluegill in littoral habitats, our results suggest that the foraging and aggressive behaviors of mosquitofish will be modified, especially for males. This mechanism may influence the rate or geographic extent of the spread of mosquitofish into North American waterbodies.}, }
@article {pmid30647243, year = {2019}, author = {Lawrence, JF and Kirejtshuk, AG}, title = {Review of the Australian Cyllodini (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae: Nitidulinae), with descriptions of new taxa, and notes on the genus Macleayania (Nitidulini).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4544}, number = {3}, pages = {301-334}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4544.3.1}, pmid = {30647243}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Coleoptera ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The genera of the nitiduline tribe Cyllodini occurring in Australia are reviewed and a key is provided for their separation. Each genus is discussed, with an emphasis on the Australian fauna, and an hypothesis is given concerning the source of the introduced Camptodes species and its connection with the program for biological control of Opuntia cacti. The specimens identified by Kirejtshuk (2003) as Macleayania amphotiformis (Reitter, 1880b) were found to represent two widely overlapping species later named by Olliff (1886) in the trogossitid genus Ancyrona. The following new genus and species are included: Cyllopallodes, gen. nov., Gymnocychramus bicolor, sp. nov., Pallodes nigroapicalis, sp. nov. The following new combinations and synonymies are also included: Coxollodes loriai (Grouvelle, 1906) (Pallodes) (= Pallodes opacus Grouvelle, 1906, syn. nov.); Cyllodes ruficeps (Reitter, 1880a) (Strongylus) (= Pseudocamptodes blackburni Grouvelle, 1902, syn. nov.; Pseudocamptodes fulviceps Grouvelle, 1906, syn. nov.); Cyllopallodes limbicollis (Reitter, 1880b) (Pallodes), comb. nov.; Pallodes beccarii Grouvelle, 1906 (= Pallodes gestroi Grouvelle, 1906, syn. nov.); Macleayania amphotiformis (Reitter, 1880b) (= Ancyrona amica Olliff, 1886, syn. nov.); Macleayania vesca (Olliff, 1886) (Ancyrona) comb. nov. The lectotypes of Camptodes humeralis (Brullé, 1842), Coxollodes loriai (Grouvelle, 1906), C. opacus (Grouvelle, 1906), Cyllodes fulvipes (Grouvelle, 1906), Pallodes beccarii Grouvelle, 1906, P. gestroi Grouvelle, 1906, and P. misellus Grouvelle, 1906 are designated. Information on and syntype information from Macleayania amica (Olliff, 1886), M. vesca (Olliff, 1886), Cyllodes blackburni (Grouvelle, 1906) and C. rufipes (Reitter, 1880a) are given.}, }
@article {pmid30645636, year = {2019}, author = {Alves, DFR and López Greco, LS and Barros-Alves, SP and Hirose, GL}, title = {Sexual system, reproductive cycle and embryonic development of the red-striped shrimp Lysmata vittata, an invader in the western Atlantic Ocean.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {e0210723}, pmid = {30645636}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Embryonic Development/physiology ; Female ; Male ; Penaeidae/*physiology ; Reproduction/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Several decapod crustaceans are invaders, but little is known about the biological characteristics that potentiate the success of these decapods in invaded ecosystems. Here, we evaluate and describe some aspects of the reproductive biology and development of Lysmata vittata, an invasive shrimp species in the Atlantic Ocean. In addition, we intend to provide important insights into the biology of invasion by comparing the reproductive traits of this shrimp with some of the predictions about aquatic invasive species. We used experimental and laboratory observations to evaluate the functionality of protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism (PSH), the macro and microscopic development of the ovarian portion of the ovotestes, the reproductive cycle, and the embryonic development of L. vittata. We confirm the functionality of PSH in L. vittata. This shrimp has a rapid reproductive cycle; the ovarian portion of the ovotestes develops (mean ± SD) 6.28 ± 1.61 days after spawning. Embryonic development also occurs over a short time, with a mean (± SD) of 8.37 ± 0.85 days. The larvae hatch without macroscopically visible yolk reserves. Our study provides evidence that the invasive shrimp L. vittata has reproductive and embryonic developmental characteristics (i.e., short generation time and high reproductive capacity) that may be favorable to the establishment of populations during invasive processes.}, }
@article {pmid30643699, year = {2019}, author = {Dong, Z and Morandini, AC and Schiariti, A and Wang, L and Sun, T}, title = {First record of Phyllorhiza sp. (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) in a Chinese coastal aquaculture pond.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6191}, pmid = {30643699}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that aquaculture ponds on the Chinese coast could act as breeding grounds for scyphozoans. Here, we present the first record of the scyphomedusa Phyllorhiza sp. in an aquaculture pond on the coast of the southern Yellow Sea, based on a combination of morphological characteristics and mitochondrial 16S DNA sequence data.<br><br>METHODS: A field survey was performed on June 29, 2017 in a pond used for culturing the shrimp Penaeus japonicus, located in the southern Yellow Sea, China. Jellyfish specimens were collected for morphological and genetic analysis. The morphological characters of the jellyfish specimens were compared to taxonomic literature. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial 16S fragments of these specimens were also conducted.<br><br>RESULTS: These specimens had the following morphological characters: hemispherical umbrella without scapulets; J-shaped oral arms; a single larger terminal club on each arm; bluish colored with a slightly expanded white tip; and mouthlets present only in the lower half to one-third of each arm. These morphological features of the medusae indicated that the specimens found in the shrimp culture ponds belong to the genus Phyllorhiza Agassiz, 1862, but did not match with the description of any of the known species of the genus Phyllorhiza. Phylogenetic analyses of the mtDNA 16S regions revealed that these specimens, together with Phyllorhiza sp. from Malaysian coastal waters, belong to a sister group of Phyllorhiza punctata. Juveniles and ephyrae of Phyllorhiza sp. were observed in the aquaculture pond. The mean density of Phyllorhiza sp. medusa in the surface water within the pond was estimated to be 0.05 individuals/m[2].<br><br>DISCUSSION: Based on our observations of the gross morphology and molecular data, we state that the specimens collected in the aquaculture pond can be identified as Phyllorhiza sp. This is the first record of Phyllorhiza sp. in Chinese seas. Large scale dispersal through ballast water or the expansion of jellyfish aquarium exhibitions are possible pathways of invasion, but this needs to be confirmed in further studies.}, }
@article {pmid30643698, year = {2019}, author = {Campbell, CD and Pecon-Slattery, J and Pollak, R and Joseph, L and Holleley, CE}, title = {The origin of exotic pet sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps) kept in the United States of America.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6180}, pmid = {30643698}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The demand for exotic non-domesticated animals kept as pets in the United States of America (USA) is increasing the exportation rates of these species from their native ranges. Often, illegal harvesting of these species is used to boost captive-bred numbers and meet this demand. One such species, the sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps), endemic to Australia and New Guinea is a popular domestic pet due to its small size and "cute" demeanour. Despite a legal avenue for trade existing in Indonesia, concerns have been raised that sugar gliders may be entering the USA from other parts of their native range where exportation is prohibited such as Australia, Papua New Guinea and the surrounding Indonesian islands. We compared previously published DNA sequences from across the native range of sugar gliders with samples collected from domestically kept sugar gliders within the USA to determine provenance and gene flow between source and introduced populations. Here we show that as predicted, the USA sugar glider population originates from West Papua, Indonesia with no illegal harvesting from other native areas such as Papua New Guinea or Australia evident in the samples tested within this study.}, }
@article {pmid30641133, year = {2019}, author = {Dong, F and Zhang, N and Xie, Z and Meng, X and Qian, K and Ji, C and Lu, M and Du, Y and Wang, J}, title = {Characterization and in vitro expression of arginine kinase gene in the invasive western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry &amp; molecular biology}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {51-57}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.01.003}, pmid = {30641133}, issn = {1879-1107}, mesh = {Animals ; *Arginine Kinase/biosynthesis/chemistry/genetics ; *Gene Expression ; *Insect Proteins/biosynthesis/chemistry/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics ; *Thysanoptera/enzymology/genetics ; }, abstract = {Arginine kinase (AK) plays a critical role in insect energy metabolism and has been proposed to be a potential insecticide target for commercial exploitation. In this study, the full length cDNA encoding a typical group 1 insect AK (FoAK) was isolated from the western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Sequence analysis showed that FoAK contains an open reading frame of 1068 nucleotides, which encods a protein of 355 amino acid residues including the signature sequence pattern of ATP-guanidino kinases. Genomic structure analysis showed that the coding region of FoAK contains five exons connected by four introns. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the mRNA expression of FoAK was developmentally regulated with the lowest level in prepupal stage. Enzymatic activity analysis of the recombinant enzymes expressed in Escherichia coli showed that FoAK is highly stereo specific for L-arginine versus D-arginine and the apparent Michaelis constant for L-arginine (Km[Arg]) is comparable to that of AKs from a variety of species. This research should enable further investigation of the function as well as in vitro screening for inhibitors of FoAK.}, }
@article {pmid30640963, year = {2019}, author = {Beasley, I and Cherel, Y and Robinson, S and Betty, E and Hagihara, R and Gales, R}, title = {Stomach contents of long-finned pilot whales, Globicephala melas mass-stranded in Tasmania.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {e0206747}, pmid = {30640963}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Carnivory/physiology ; *Cephalopoda ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Female ; Food Chain ; *Gastrointestinal Contents ; Male ; Stomach ; Tasmania ; Whales, Pilot/*physiology ; }, abstract = {New data are reported from analyses of stomach contents from 114 long-finned pilot whales mass-stranded at four locations around Tasmania, Australia from 1992-2006. Identifiable prey remains were recovered from 84 (74%) individuals, with 30 (26%) individuals (17 females and 13 males) having empty stomachs. Prey remains comprised 966 identifiable lower beaks and 1244 upper beaks, belonging to 17 families (26 species) of cephalopods. Ommastrephidae spp. were the most important cephalopod prey accounting for 16.9% by number and 45.6% by reconstructed mass. Lycoteuthis lorigera was the next most important, followed by Ancistrocheirus lesueurii. Multivariate statistics identified significant differences in diet among the four stranding locations. Long-finned pilot whales foraging off Southern Australia appear to be targeting a diverse assemblage of prey (≥10 species dominated by cephalopods). This is compared to other similar studies from New Zealand and some locations in the Northern Hemisphere, where the diet has been reported to be primarily restricted to ≤3 species dominated by cephalopods. This study emphasises the importance of cephalopods as primary prey for Southern long-finned pilot whales and other marine vertebrates, and has increased our understanding of long-finned pilot whale diet in Southern Ocean waters.}, }
@article {pmid30639717, year = {2019}, author = {Guareschi, S and Wood, PJ}, title = {Taxonomic changes and non-native species: An overview of constraints and new challenges for macroinvertebrate-based indices calculation in river ecosystems.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {660}, number = {}, pages = {40-46}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.008}, pmid = {30639717}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/classification ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates/classification ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Freshwater ecosystems face many threats in the form of reduced water quantity, poor water quality and the loss of biodiversity. As a result, aquatic biomonitoring tools are required to enable the evaluation of these critical changes. Currently, macroinvertebrate-based indices are globally the most widely used biomonitoring tools in fluvial ecosystems. However, very little is known about the potential effects of changes in taxonomic understanding (updating of classification and nomenclature) or the presence of new non-native species for biotic indices calculation. This is especially relevant given that errors, incorrect classification or exclusion of new/updated nomenclature may affect ecological status evaluations and have direct consequences for the management and conservation of freshwater systems. In this discussion paper the main constraints, challenges and implications of these issues are outlined and case studies from a range of European countries are discussed. However, similar challenges affect rivers and managers globally and will potentially be amplified further in the future. Bioassessment science needs to be open to improvements, and current tools and protocols need to be flexible so that they can be updated and revised rapidly to allow new scientific developments to be integrated. This discussion highlights specific examples and new ideas that may contribute to the future development of aquatic biomonitoring using macroinvertebrates and other faunal and floral groups in riverine ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid30637759, year = {2019}, author = {Li, Q and Wang, N and Liu, X and Liu, S and Wang, H and Zhang, W and Wang, R and Du, N}, title = {Growth and physiological responses to successional water deficit and recovery in four warm-temperate woody species.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {167}, number = {4}, pages = {645-660}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.12922}, pmid = {30637759}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {31400173, 31600313//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; ZR2014CQ038, ZR2017BC090//Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China/ ; 2015FY210200-11//Ministry of Science and Technology, China/ ; }, mesh = {China ; *Dehydration ; *Droughts ; Fabaceae/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Quercus/physiology ; Robinia/physiology ; Trees/*physiology ; Vitex/physiology ; *Water ; }, abstract = {Plant responses to drought and their subsequent rehydration can provide evidence for forest dynamics within the context of climate change. In this study, the seedlings of two native species (Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, Quercus acutissima) and two exotic species (Robinia pseudoacacia, Amorpha fruticosa) to China were selected in a greenhouse experiment. The gas exchange, stem hydraulic parameters, plant osmoprotectant contents and antioxidant activities of the seedlings that were subjected to sustained drought and rehydration (test group) as well as those of well-irrigated seedlings (control group) were measured. The two native species exhibited a greater degree of isohydry with drought because they limited the stomatal opening timely from the onset of the drought. However, the two exotic species showed a more 'water spender'-like strategy with R. pseudoacacia showing anisohydric responses and A. fruticosa showing isohydrodynamic responses to drought. Severe drought significantly decreased the leaf gas exchange rates and hydraulic properties, whereas the instantaneous water use efficiency and osmoprotectant contents increased markedly. Most of the physiological parameters recovered rapidly after mild drought rehydration, but the water potential and/or supply of nonstructural carbohydrates did not recover after severe drought rehydration. The results demonstrate that the xylem hydraulic conductivity and shoot water potential jointly play a crucial role in the drought recovery of woody plants. In brief, the native species may play a dominant role in the future in warm-temperate forests because they employ a better balance between carbon gain and water loss than the alien species under extreme drought conditions.}, }
@article {pmid30633812, year = {2019}, author = {Williams, J and Lambert, AM and Long, R and Saltonstall, K}, title = {Does hybrid Phragmites australis differ from native and introduced lineages in reproductive, genetic, and morphological traits?.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {106}, number = {1}, pages = {29-41}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1217}, pmid = {30633812}, issn = {1537-2197}, support = {//UCSB/International ; }, mesh = {Biomass ; Germination ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Plant Dormancy ; Poaceae/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Reproduction ; Rhizome/physiology ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Hybridization between previously isolated species or lineages can stimulate invasiveness because of increased genetic diversity and inherited traits facilitating competitive and reproductive potential. We evaluated differences in stand characteristics and sexual and vegetative reproduction among native, introduced, and hybrid Phragmites australis lineages in the southwestern United States. We also assessed the degree of hybridization among lineages and backcrossing of hybrids with parental lineages.<br><br>METHODS: Growth and morphological characteristics were measured in native, introduced, and hybrid Phragmites stands to evaluate relative cover and dominance in associated plant communities. Panicles were collected from stands to evaluate germination, dormancy, and differences in seed traits. Seedlings from germination trials were genotyped to determine frequency of crossing and backcrossing among lineages.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Introduced and hybrid Phragmites stands had significantly greater stem and panicle densities than native stands and were more likely to be dominant members of their respective plant communities. Hybrid seed outputs were significantly greater, but hybrid seeds had lower germination rates than those from native and introduced lineages. We detected a novel hybridization event between native and introduced lineages, but found no strong evidence of hybrids backcrossing with parental lineages.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Hybrid Phragmites in the Southwest exhibits reproductive, genetic, and morphological characteristics from both parental lineages that facilitate dispersal, establishment, and aggressive growth, including high reproductive output, rhizome viability, and aboveground biomass, with smaller seeds and greater genetic diversity than its progenitors. Our results show hybrids can inherit traits that confer invasiveness and provide insight for managing this species complex and other cryptic species with native and introduced variants with potential for intraspecific hybridization.}, }
@article {pmid30629894, year = {2019}, author = {Rodriguez-Saona, C and Vincent, C and Isaacs, R}, title = {Blueberry IPM: Past Successes and Future Challenges.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {64}, number = {}, pages = {95-114}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-011118-112147}, pmid = {30629894}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; *Blueberry Plants ; *Insect Control ; *Insecta ; Internationality ; }, abstract = {Blueberry is a crop native to North America with expanding production and consumption worldwide. In the historical regions of production, integrated pest management (IPM) programs have been developed and provided effective control of key insect pests. These have integrated monitoring programs with physical, cultural, biological, behavioral, and chemical controls to meet the intense demands of consumers and modern food systems. Globalization of the blueberry industry has resulted in new pest-crop associations and the introduction of invasive pests into existing and new blueberry-growing areas. Invasive pests-in particular spotted wing drosophila-have been highly disruptive to traditional IPM programs, resulting in increased use of insecticides and the potential to disrupt beneficial insects. Moreover, regulatory agencies have reduced the number of broad-spectrum insecticides available to growers while facilitating registration and adoption of reduced-risk insecticides that have a narrower spectrum of activity. Despite these new tools, increasing international trade has constrained insecticide use because of maximum residue limits, which are often not standardized across countries. Great potential remains for biological, behavioral, cultural, and physical methods to contribute to blueberry IPM, and with more regions investing in blueberry research, we expect regionally relevant IPM programs to develop in the new production regions.}, }
@article {pmid30628723, year = {2019}, author = {Carlucci, R and Mentino, D and Semeraro, D and Ricci, P and Sion, L and Scillitani, G}, title = {Comparative histochemical analysis of intestinal glycoconjugates in the blunthead pufferfish Sphoeroides pachygaster and grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus (Teleostei: Tetraodontiformes).}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {94}, number = {1}, pages = {122-131}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13871}, pmid = {30628723}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Glycoconjugates/*metabolism ; Intestinal Mucosa/*metabolism ; Lectins ; Tetraodontiformes/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The localization of intestinal glycoconjugates of the blunthead pufferfish Sphoeroides pachygaster and the grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus from the north-western Ionian Sea was analysed by histochemical methods (PAS, AB pH 2.5, HID) and lectin binding experiments (WGA, LFA, SBA, sialidase-SBA, PNA, sialidase-PNA, ConA, AAA, UEA-I, LTA) to assess how evolutionary loss of a functional stomach in S. pachygaster affects intestinal secretions relative to the B. capriscus, which retains the plesiomorphic gastric condition. Sphoeroides pachygaster had a lower content of acid mucins but more complex sialylation patterns than B. capriscus. GalNAc and GlcNAc residuals were present in both, but GalNAc residuals in S. pachygaster were subterminal to sialic acid. Balistes capriscus lacked galactosylated residuals and its enterocytes had a glycocalyx that differed in composition between the small intestine and the rectum and was missing from S. pachygaster. Functional and ecological implications of these findings are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid30627765, year = {2019}, author = {Junge, X and Hunziker, M and Bauer, N and Arnberger, A and Olschewski, R}, title = {Invasive Alien Species in Switzerland: Awareness and Preferences of Experts and the Public.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {63}, number = {1}, pages = {80-93}, pmid = {30627765}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {*Awareness ; Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) can cause ecological and economic damages. To reduce or prevent these damages different management and prevention strategies aim to impede new establishments or a further spreading of IAS. However, for these measures to be successful, public knowledge of risks and threats of IAS as well as public support for eradication measures are important prerequisites. We conducted a survey to examine (i) public and experts' awareness and knowledge of IAS, (ii) their preferences for six invasive plant species and (iii) their preferences for and trade-offs among management alternatives in Switzerland. In addition, a choice experiment was applied to analyse preferences concerning the intensity, priority and costs of interventions. Both, the Swiss public and the experts have a preference for intervening against invasive alien species. However, the public and the experts differ in their priorities of combatting particular species, resulting in a different ranking of intervention necessities. Further, differences were found in the willingness to pay for interventions between the German-, French- and Italian-speaking parts of Switzerland. The results suggest that a higher problem awareness increases the willingness to pay for countermeasures. We conclude that education programs or information campaigns are promising instruments to raise public awareness and to avoid conflicts concerning the management of invasive alien species.}, }
@article {pmid30626952, year = {2019}, author = {Ivey, PJ and Hill, MP and Coetzee, JA}, title = {South Africa beats back invasive plants.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {565}, number = {7738}, pages = {161}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-019-00037-9}, pmid = {30626952}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Plants, Medicinal ; South Africa ; *Water ; }, }
@article {pmid30626082, year = {2019}, author = {Xue, Q and Wu, XQ and Zhang, WJ and Deng, LN and Wu, MM}, title = {Cathepsin L-like Cysteine Proteinase Genes Are Associated with the Development and Pathogenicity of Pine Wood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {30626082}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {CX (16) 1005//Jiangsu Provincial Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund/ ; PAPD//Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions/ ; KYZZ16_0315//Innovation Plan for Graduate Students of Jiangsu, China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cathepsin L/*genetics/metabolism ; Feeding Behavior ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Phylogeny ; Pinus/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases/parasitology ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Reproduction/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Tylenchida/enzymology/genetics/*growth &amp; development/*pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the pathogen of pine wilt disease (PWD), resulting in huge losses in pine forests. However, its pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. The cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinase (CPL) genes are multifunctional genes related to the parasitic abilities of plant-parasitic nematodes, but their functions in PWN remain unclear. We cloned three cpl genes of PWN (Bx-cpls) by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and analyzed their characteristics using bioinformatic methods. The tissue specificity of cpl gene of PWN (Bx-cpl) was studied using in situ mRNA hybridization (ISH). The functions of Bx-cpls in development and pathogenicity were investigated using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and RNA interference (RNAi). The results showed that the full-length cDNAs of Bx-cpl-1, Bx-cpl-2, and Bx-cpl-3 were 1163 bp, 1305 bp, and 1302 bp, respectively. Bx-cpls could accumulate specifically in the egg, intestine, and genital system of PWN. During different developmental stages of PWN, the expression of Bx-cpls in the egg stage was highest. After infection, the expression levels of Bx-cpls increased and reached their highest at the initial stage of PWD, then declined gradually. The silencing of Bx-cpl could reduce the feeding, reproduction, and pathogenicity of PWN. These results revealed that Bx-cpls play multiple roles in the development and pathogenic processes of PWN.}, }
@article {pmid30175244, year = {2018}, author = {Kamgang, B and Wilson-Bahun, TA and Irving, H and Kusimo, MO and Lenga, A and Wondji, CS}, title = {Geographical distribution of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and genetic diversity of invading population of Ae. albopictus in the Republic of the Congo.}, journal = {Wellcome open research}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {79}, pmid = {30175244}, issn = {2398-502X}, support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 204862/Z/16/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Background: The arbovirus vector, Aedes albopictus, originating from Asia, has recently invaded African countries, including the Republic of the Congo, where it was associated with a chikungunya outbreak. Up until now, little was known about its distribution in relation to the native Aedes aegypti and how the invasion will modify the epidemiology of arboviral diseases. Here, we assessed the current distribution of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti in the Republic of the Congo and explored the genetic diversity of the invading species, Ae. albopictus. Methods: Immature stages of Aedes were collected in nine locations in the Republic of the Congo in 2017 following a north-south transect and reared to adult stage. Adults were morphologically identified, counted and grouped according to species and location. Genetic diversity of Ae. albopictus was assessed by analyzing the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. Results: Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti were found together across the country in all the locations investigated. The invasive species is predominant over the native species in all locations except Brazzaville, suggesting that Ae. albopictus is displacing Ae. aegypti across Congo. When comparing the species distributions across the two largest cities, Brazzaville and Pointe Noire, Ae. albopictus was more prevalent than Ae. aegypti in the suburbs whereas the opposite situation was reported in the city centre. Mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed very low genetic diversity of Ae. albopictus with only three haplotypes recorded across the country supporting the recent introduction of this species in the Republic of the Congo. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that Ae. albopictus from Congo originated from other tropical Asian countries such as China, likely as a result of increasing trade links. Conclusion: These findings are important for the implementation of vector control strategies and can serve as a foundation for further research on these vectors in the country.}, }
@article {pmid30624797, year = {2019}, author = {Munro, D and Steer, J and Linklater, W}, title = {On allegations of invasive species denialism.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {797-802}, pmid = {30624797}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Policy ; }, abstract = {Science denialism retards evidenced-based policy and practice and should be challenged. It has been a particular concern for mitigating global environmental issues, such as anthropogenic climate change. But allegations of science denialism must also be well founded and evidential or they risk eroding public trust in science and scientists. Recently, 77 published works by scholars, scientists, and science writers were identified as containing invasive species denialism (ISD; i.e., rejection of well-supported facts about invasive species, particularly the global scientific consensus about their negative impacts). We reevaluated 75 of these works but could find no examples of refutation of scientific facts and only 5 articles with text perhaps consistent with one of the 5 characteristics of science denialism. We found, therefore, that allegations of ISD were misplaced. These accusations of science denialism may have arisen because invasion biology defines its subjects-invasive species-based on multiple subjective and normative judgments. Thus, more than other applied sciences its consensus is one of shared values as much as agreed knowledge. Criticisms of invasion biology have largely targeted those subjective and normative judgments and their global imposition, not the knowledge on which the discipline is based. Regrettably, a few invasion biologists have misinterpreted the critique of their values-based consensus as a denial of their science when it is not. To make invasion biology a more robust and widely accepted science and to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings and conflicts, invasion biologists could be more accepting of perspectives originating from other disciplines and more open to values-based critique from scholars and scientists outside their field. This recommendation applies to all conservation sciences, especially those addressing global challenges, because these sciences must serve and be relevant to communities with an extraordinary diversity of cultures and values.}, }
@article {pmid30623885, year = {2019}, author = {Vo, NTK and Seymour, CB and Mothersill, CE}, title = {The common field lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol is a potential radiosensitizer in fish cells.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {170}, number = {}, pages = {383-388}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.060}, pmid = {30623885}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Survival ; Fishes ; Nitrophenols/*toxicity ; Petromyzon/physiology ; Radiation-Sensitizing Agents/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate if the common field lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) that is intended to eradicate the invasive species sea lampreys in the Great Lakes has the potential to sensitize radiation responses in cells from non-targeted native fish MATERIALS AND METHODS: The TFM toxicity was assessed acutely and chronically with the clonogenic fish cell line eelB. The acute toxicity (24-h exposure) was determined by the fluorescent cell viability probe Alamar Blue. The chronic toxicity was determined either by Alamar Blue (7-d exposure) or the clonogenic survival assay (14-d exposure). Pre- and post-exposure of fish cells to environmentally relevant TFM concentrations following gamma irradiation were performed. Clonogenic survival was determined to assess the damage level of radiation-induced reproductive cell death.<br><br>RESULTS: The chronic toxicity tests were more sensitive than the acute toxicity tests. The 14-d EC50 using the clonogenic survival endpoint was 2.09&#x202f;&#xb1;&#x202f;0.28&#x202f;&#x3bc;g/mL and was statistically similar to the 7-d EC50 (1.85&#x202f;&#xb1;&#x202f;0.07&#x202f;&#x3bc;g/mL) based on the Alamar Blue-based cytotoxicity endpoint. Post-exposure of cells to environmentally relevant TFM concentrations following irradiation did not have any effect as compared to the irradiation alone group. In contrast, pre-exposure of cells to TFM following irradiation had a negative additive effect when the total radiation dose was 2&#x202f;Gy, but not 0.1 or 0.5&#x202f;Gy.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the common field lampricide TFM is a potential radiation sensitizer in cells from non-targeted native fish. This could be a health problem of concern for non-targeted native fish if a large accidental radioactive release occurs.}, }
@article {pmid30623106, year = {2019}, author = {Wyckhuys, KAG and Hughes, AC and Buamas, C and Johnson, AC and Vasseur, L and Reymondin, L and Deguine, JP and Sheil, D}, title = {Biological control of an agricultural pest protects tropical forests.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {10}, pmid = {30623106}, issn = {2399-3642}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia, Southeastern ; Commerce ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Crop Production ; Crop Protection/*methods ; Crops, Agricultural/economics ; *Hemiptera ; Manihot/economics ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Plant Roots ; *Rainforest ; Satellite Imagery ; Wasps ; }, abstract = {Though often perceived as an environmentally-risky practice, biological control of invasive species can restore crop yields, ease land pressure and thus contribute to forest conservation. Here, we show how biological control against the mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera) slows deforestation across Southeast Asia. In Thailand, this newly-arrived mealybug caused an 18% decline in cassava yields over 2009-2010 and an escalation in prices of cassava products. This spurred an expansion of cassava cropping in neighboring countries from 713,000 ha in 2009 to > 1 million ha by 2011: satellite imagery reveals 388%, 330%, 185% and 608% increases in peak deforestation rates in Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam focused in cassava crop expansion areas. Following release of the host-specific parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi (Hymenoptera) in 2010, mealybug outbreaks were reduced, cropping area contracted and deforestation slowed by 31-95% in individual countries. Hence, when judiciously implemented, insect biological control can deliver substantial environmental benefits.}, }
@article {pmid30621776, year = {2019}, author = {Zhu, GL and Tang, YY and Limpanont, Y and Wu, ZD and Li, J and Lv, ZY}, title = {Zoonotic parasites carried by invasive alien species in China.}, journal = {Infectious diseases of poverty}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {2}, pmid = {30621776}, issn = {2049-9957}, support = {2016YFC1202003//the National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Arthropods/*parasitology ; China ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Mollusca/*parasitology ; Vertebrates/*parasitology ; Zoonoses/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The invasive alien species may lead to great environmental and economic crisis due to its strong capability of occupying the biological niche of native species and altering the ecosystem of the invaded area. However, its potential to serve as the vectors of some specific zoonotic pathogens, especially parasites, has been neglected. Thus, the damage that it may cause has been hugely underestimated in this aspect, which is actually an important public health problem. This paper aims to discuss the current status of zoonotic parasites carried by invasive alien species in China.<br><br>MAIN BODY: This review summarizes the reported zoonotic parasites carried by invasive alien species in China based on the Database of Invasive Alien Species in China. We summarize their prevalence, threat to human health, related reported cases, and the roles of invasive alien species in the life cycle of these parasites, and the invasion history of some invasive alien species. Furthermore, we sum up the current state of prevention and control of invasive alien species in China, and discuss about the urgency and several feasible strategies for the prevention and control of these zoonoses under the background of booming international communications and inevitable globalization.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Information of the zoonotic parasites carried by invasive alien species neither in China or worldwide, especially related case reports, is limited due to a long-time neglection and lack of monitoring. The underestimation of their damage requires more attention to the monitoring and control and compulsory measures should be taken to control the invasive alien species carrying zoonotic parasites.}, }
@article {pmid30620129, year = {2019}, author = {Postigo, JL and Strubbe, D and Mori, E and Ancillotto, L and Carneiro, I and Latsoudis, P and Menchetti, M and Pârâu, LG and Parrott, D and Reino, L and Weiserbs, A and Senar, JC}, title = {Mediterranean versus Atlantic monk parakeets Myiopsitta monachus: towards differentiated management at the European scale.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {75}, number = {4}, pages = {915-922}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5320}, pmid = {30620129}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {PTDC/AAG-GLO/0463/2014-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016583SFRH/BPD/93079/2013//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; CGL-2016-79568-C3-3-P//Spanish Research Council/ ; //Foundation for Science and Technology/ ; //FEDER Funds through the Operational Competitiveness Factors Program 'COMPETE/ ; SFRH/BPD/93079/2013//FCT/ ; CGL-2016-79568-C3-3-P//Spanish Research Council (Ministry of Economics and Competitiveness)/ ; //Danish National Research Foundation/ ; 706318//H2020-MSCA-IF-2015/ ; }, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; European Union ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; Parakeets ; *Parrots ; *Pest Control ; Population Density ; Population Growth ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The monk parakeet Myiopsitta monachus (Boddaert), native to South America, is an invasive species in several European countries, causing crop damage and potential negative impacts on wildlife. Only Spain and Great Britain have regulations to control monk parakeets, thus fast growth and spread of populations are likely to occur on a wide scale. The aims of this research are to update information on the distribution and population size of monk parakeets in Europe, assess whether differences in population growth or spread rate exist between populations, and provide recommendations to decision-makers.<br><br>RESULTS: Our study estimates that there are 23 758 monk parakeets in the wild, across 179 municipalities in eight European Union (EU) countries; 84% of these municipalities hold between 1 and 100 monk parakeets. All countries with a representative historical record are experiencing exponential growth of monk parakeets. Mediterranean countries are experiencing higher exponential growth, spread rate and faster colonization of new municipalities than Atlantic countries.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We recommend that EU Mediterranean countries consider declaration of the monk parakeet as invasive alien species of regional concern, and develop coordinated efforts to monitor and manage the species, taking advantage of the low population sizes in most municipalities. &#xa9; 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid30615858, year = {2019}, author = {Grumiaux, C and Andersen, MK and Colinet, H and Overgaard, J}, title = {Fluctuating thermal regime preserves physiological homeostasis and reproductive capacity in Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {113}, number = {}, pages = {33-41}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.01.001}, pmid = {30615858}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Composition ; Drosophila/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Fertility ; Homeostasis ; Insect Control/*methods ; Ions ; *Longevity ; Temperature ; *Thermotolerance ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii, an invasive species recently introduced in Europe, lays eggs in thin-skinned fruits and causes huge financial losses to fruit growers. One potential way to control this pest is the sterile insect technique (SIT) which demands a large stock of reproductive females to produce millions of sterile males to be released on demand. Unfortunately, Drosophila stocks age quickly, show declining fecundity when maintained at warm temperatures and conversely, they die from chill injury if they are maintained at constant low temperature. Here we investigate the potential of fluctuating thermal regime (FTR) as a storage method that harness the benefits of both warm and cold storage. Using a FTR with a daily warm period (1 h 20 at 25 °C) and cold period (20 h at 3 °C), interspaced by gradual heating and cooling, we compared longevity, fecundity and physiological condition between FTR females and females exposed to constant 25 °C and 3 °C. As hypothesised, FTR flies experienced much slower senescence (>3-fold increase in lifespan) and they preserved fecundity to a much higher age than flies from constant 25 °C. Flies maintained at constant 3 °C quickly died from chill injuries caused by a gradual loss of ion and water balance. In contrast, FTR flies were able to maintain ion and water balance (similar to 25 °C flies) as they were allowed to recover homeostasis during the short warm periods. Together these results demonstrate that FTR represents a useful protocol for storage of Drosophila stocks, and more broadly, this shows that the benefits of FTR are tightly linked with the insect ability to recover physiological homeostasis during the short warm periods.}, }
@article {pmid30613890, year = {2019}, author = {Pérez-Morales, JM and Sánchez-Galván, G and Olguín, EJ}, title = {Continuous dye adsorption and desorption on an invasive macrophyte (Salvinia minima).}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {5955-5970}, pmid = {30613890}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {2003010282//Instituto?de?Ecolog?a?/ ; }, mesh = {Adsorption ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Biomass ; Coloring Agents/analysis/*chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Methylene Blue/analysis/chemistry ; Plants/metabolism ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {The continuous adsorption-desorption of methylene blue (MB) on an invasive macrophyte, Salvinia minima, was investigated in fixed-bed columns. The effects of bed depth (h) (9.30, 18.70, and 28 cm), inlet dye concentration (C0) (51 ± 1.20, 154 ± 2.00, and 250 ± 1.50 mg L[-1]), and flow rate (Q) (7 and 14 mL min[-1]) on dye removal and breakthrough curves were assessed. Thomas, modified dose-response (MDR) and bed depth service time (BDST) models were fitted to the experimental data. Desorption and regeneration studies were also performed. The breakthrough time was affected by h, C0, and Q. The dynamic bed capacity at the breakthrough point (qb) increased with increasing h but decreased with increasing C0 and Q. Dynamic bed capacities (qe) from 318 to 322 mg g[-1] were achieved at h = 28 cm, C0 = 154 ± 2.0, or 250 ± 1.50 mg L[-1], independently of the Q value. High MB removals were also observed (75-78%). FTIR analysis revealed that hydroxyl and carboxyl groups could be involved in dye adsorption. MDR and BDST models were both successfully used to predict the breakthrough curves of MB adsorption onto S. minima. A high regeneration efficiency (> 87%) was obtained after three adsorption-desorption cycles. These results confirm that the use of S. minima biomass could be a very efficient and eco-friendly alternative for MB adsorption in continuous mode.}, }
@article {pmid30604087, year = {2019}, author = {Denley, D and Metaxas, A and Fennel, K}, title = {Community composition influences the population growth and ecological impact of invasive species in response to climate change.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {189}, number = {2}, pages = {537-548}, pmid = {30604087}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {RGPIN-2016-04878//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; }, mesh = {Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Kelp ; Population Growth ; }, abstract = {Predicting long-term impacts of introduced species is challenging, since stressors related to global change can influence species-community interactions by affecting both demographic rates of invasive species and the structure of the invaded ecosystems. Invasive species can alter ecosystem structure over time, further complicating interactions between invasive species and invaded communities in response to additional stressors. Few studies have considered how cumulative impacts of species invasion and global change on the structure of invaded ecosystems may influence persistence and population growth of introduced species. Here, we present an empirically based population model for an invasive epiphytic bryozoan that can dramatically alter the structure of its invaded kelp bed ecosystems. We use this model to predict the response of invasive species to climate change and associated changes in the invaded community. Population growth of the bryozoan increased under near-future projections of increasing ocean temperature; however, the magnitude of population growth depended on the community composition of invaded kelp beds. Our results suggest that, in some cases, indirect effects of climate change mediated through changes to the structure of the invaded habitat can modulate direct effects of climate change on invasive species, with consequences for their long-term ecological impact. Our findings have important implications for management of invasive species, as modifying invaded habitats at local to regional scales may be more logistically feasible than addressing stressors related to global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid30604085, year = {2019}, author = {Evangelista, C and Cucherousset, J and Lecerf, A}, title = {Contrasting ecological impacts of geographically close invasive populations.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {189}, number = {2}, pages = {529-536}, pmid = {30604085}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {Projects ISOLAC//Onema/ ; ERADINVA//Onema/ ; Inva_Eco_Evo_Lac//PRES-Toulouse/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves ; }, abstract = {Intraspecific trait variability is now well recognized as a key component of biodiversity explaining how individuals within a species can differentially interact with their environment. To date, however, this concept has rarely been incorporated in the study of biological invasions, despite its provision of new insights into invasive species management. Here, we used an experimental approach to investigate how invasive red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) derived from geographically close ecosystems can differentially impact prey community structure and relevant ecosystem processes. We also compared the magnitude of the effects induced by invasive species introduction with those induced by intraspecific variability. Our results showed that effects of intraspecific variability can be strong for direct interactions such as resource (e.g., leaf litter, snails) consumption and of similar magnitude to the effects induced by the introduction of the invasive species when considering indirect interactions (e.g., primary production, ecosystem metabolism). Overall, these results highlighted that invasive populations of the same species are not ecologically equivalent, with each population acting differently on their recipient ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid30603992, year = {2019}, author = {Alqawasmeh, Y and Lutscher, F}, title = {Persistence and spread of stage-structured populations in heterogeneous landscapes.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {78}, number = {5}, pages = {1485-1527}, pmid = {30603992}, issn = {1432-1416}, support = {RGPIN-2016-04795//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Population Density ; *Population Dynamics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Population Growth ; }, abstract = {Conditions for population persistence in heterogeneous landscapes and formulas for population spread rates are important tools for conservation ecology and invasion biology. To date, these tools have been developed for unstructured populations, yet many, if not all, species show two or more distinct phases in their life cycle. We formulate and analyze a stage-structured model for a population in a heterogeneous habitat. We divide the population into pre-reproductive and reproductive stages. We consider an environment consisting of two types of patches, one where population growth is positive, one where it is negative. Individuals move randomly within patches but can show preference towards one patch type at the interface between patches. We use linear stability analysis to determine persistence conditions, and we derive a dispersion relation to find spatial spread rates. We illustrate our results by comparing the structured population model with an appropriately scaled unstructured model. We find that a long pre-reproductive state typically increases habitat requirements for persistence and decreases spatial spread rates, but we also identify scenarios in which a population with intermediate maturation rate spreads fastest.}, }
@article {pmid30601869, year = {2019}, author = {Westfall, AK and Miller, MA and Murray, CM and Falk, BG and Guyer, C and Romagosa, CM}, title = {Host-specific phenotypic variation of a parasite co-introduced with invasive Burmese pythons.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {e0209252}, pmid = {30601869}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Variation, Population ; Boidae/*parasitology ; Ecosystem ; Florida ; Host Specificity ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/*parasitology ; Pentastomida/genetics/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Snakes/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Invasive Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus Kuhl, 1820) have introduced a lung parasite, Raillietiella orientalis, (Hett, 1915) from the python's native range in Southeast Asia to its introduced range in Florida, where parasite spillover from pythons to two families and eight genera of native snakes has occurred. Because these novel host species present a diversity of ecological and morphological traits, and because these parasites attach to their hosts with hooks located on their cephalothorax, we predicted that R. orientalis would exhibit substantial, host-associated phenotypic plasticity in cephalothorax shape. Indeed, geometric morphometric analyses of 39 parasites from five host species revealed significant variation among host taxa in R. orientalis cephalothorax shape. We observed differences associated with host ecology, where parasites from semi-aquatic and aquatic snakes exhibited the greatest morphological similarity. Morphological analyses of R. orientalis recovered from invasive pythons, native pit vipers, and terrestrial snakes each revealed distinct shapes. Our results suggest R. orientalis can exhibit significant differences in morphology based upon host species infected, and this plasticity may facilitate infection with this non-native parasite in a wide array of novel squamate host species.}, }
@article {pmid30601574, year = {2019}, author = {Peng, S and Kinlock, NL and Gurevitch, J and Peng, S}, title = {Correlation of native and exotic species richness: a global meta-analysis finds no invasion paradox across scales.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {100}, number = {1}, pages = {e02552}, pmid = {30601574}, issn = {0012-9658}, support = {31030015//National Natural Science Foundation of China/International ; //Chinese Scholarship Council and the Scientific Research Foundation/International ; //Sun Yat-sen University/International ; }, mesh = {Arctic Regions ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; North America ; }, abstract = {Support for the "biotic resistance hypothesis," that species-rich communities are more successful at resisting invasion by exotic species than are species-poor communities, has long been debated. It has been argued that native-exotic richness relationships (NERR) are negative at small spatial scales and positive at large scales, but evidence for the role of spatial scale on NERR has been contradictory. However, no formal quantitative synthesis has previously examined whether NERR is scale-dependent across multiple studies, and previous studies on NERR have not distinguished spatial grain and extent, which may drive very different ecological processes. We used a global systematic review and hierarchical mixed-effects meta-analysis to provide a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the patterns of NERR over a range of spatial grain sizes and spatial extents, based on 204 individual cases of observational (non-experimental) NERRs from 101 publications. We show that NERR was indeed highly scale dependent across studies and increased with the log of grain size. However, mean NERR was not negative at any grain size, although there was high heterogeneity at small grain sizes. We found no clear patterns of NERR across different spatial extents, suggesting that extent plays a less important role in determining NERR than does grain, although there was a complex interaction between extent and grain size. Almost all studies on NERR were conducted in North America, western Europe, and a few other regions, with little information on tropical or Arctic regions. We did find that NERR increased northward in temperate regions and also varied with longitude. We discuss possible explanations for the patterns we found, and caution that our results do not show that invasive species are benign or have no negative consequences for biodiversity preservation. This study represents the first global quantitative analysis of scale-based NERR, and casts doubt on the existence of an "invasion paradox" of negative NERR at small scales and positive correlations at large scales in non-experimental studies.}, }
@article {pmid30598861, year = {2018}, author = {Leimbach-Maus, HB and Parks, SR and Partridge, CG}, title = {Microsatellite primer development for the invasive perennial herb Gypsophila paniculata (Caryophyllaceae).}, journal = {Applications in plant sciences}, volume = {6}, number = {12}, pages = {e01203}, pmid = {30598861}, issn = {2168-0450}, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Gypsophila paniculata (baby's breath; Caryophyllaceae) is a herbaceous perennial that has invaded much of northern and western United States and Canada, outcompeting and crowding out native and endemic species. Microsatellite primers were developed to analyze the genetic structure of invasive populations.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: We identified 16 polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci for G. paniculata out of 73 loci that successfully amplified from a primer library created using Illumina sequencing technology. Microsatellite primers were developed to amplify di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide repeats and tested in three invasive populations in Michigan.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These markers will be useful in characterizing the genetic structure of invasive populations throughout North America to aid targeted management efforts, and in native Eurasian populations to better understand invasion history. Five of these developed primers also amplified in G. elegans.}, }
@article {pmid30598809, year = {2018}, author = {Fukui, S and May-McNally, SL and Taylor, EB and Koizumi, I}, title = {Maladaptive secondary sexual characteristics reduce the reproductive success of hybrids between native and non-native salmonids.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {23}, pages = {12173-12182}, pmid = {30598809}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Human-mediated hybridization between introduced and native species is one of the most serious threats to native taxa. Although field studies have attempted to quantify the relative fitness or reproductive success of parental species and their hybrids, only a few studies have unraveled the factors determining the fitness of hybrids. Here, we hypothesized that maladaptive secondary sexual characteristics may reduce fitness of hybrids between two fish species. To test this, we evaluated the reproductive success of introduced brook trout (BT: Salvelinus fontinalis), native white-spotted charr (WSC: S. leucomaenis) and their hybrids in a natural stream in Hokkaido, Japan, where the two parental species show remarkably different male secondary sexual characteristics, such as elongated jaws and deeper bodies. We predicted that introgression from WSC is maladaptive for BT males because the BT male has more prominent secondary sexual characteristics. Our results suggest that both sexual selection and outbreeding depression in males and females significantly influence an individual's reproductive success. Our results also suggest that asymmetric introgression may increase the risks to persistence in the recipient species.}, }
@article {pmid30598787, year = {2018}, author = {Ng, WT and Cândido de Oliveira Silva, A and Rima, P and Atzberger, C and Immitzer, M}, title = {Ensemble approach for potential habitat mapping of invasive Prosopis spp. in Turkana, Kenya.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {23}, pages = {11921-11931}, pmid = {30598787}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {AIM: Prosopis spp. are an invasive alien plant species native to the Americas and well adapted to thrive in arid environments. In Kenya, several remote-sensing studies conclude that the genus is well established throughout the country and is rapidly invading new areas. This research aims to model the potential habitat of Prosopis spp. by using an ensemble model consisting of four species distribution models. Furthermore, environmental and expert knowledge-based variables are assessed.<br><br>LOCATION: Turkana County, Kenya.<br><br>METHODS: We collected and assessed a large number of environmental and expert knowledge-based variables through variable correlation, collinearity, and bias tests. The variables were used for an ensemble model consisting of four species distribution models: (a) logistic regression, (b) maximum entropy, (c) random forest, and (d) Bayesian networks. The models were evaluated through a block cross-validation providing statistical measures.<br><br>RESULTS: The best predictors for Prosopis spp. habitat are distance from water and built-up areas, soil type, elevation, lithology, and temperature seasonality. All species distribution models achieved high accuracies while the ensemble model achieved the highest scores. Highly and moderately suitable Prosopis spp. habitat covers 6% and 9% of the study area, respectively.<br><br>MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Both ensemble and individual models predict a high risk of continued invasion, confirming local observations and conceptions. Findings are valuable to stakeholders for managing invaded area, protecting areas at risk, and to raise awareness.}, }
@article {pmid30595990, year = {2018}, author = {Holland, EP and Binny, RN and James, A}, title = {Optimal control of irrupting pest populations in a climate-driven ecosystem.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e6146}, pmid = {30595990}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Irruptions of small consumer populations, driven by pulsed resources, can lead to adverse effects including the decline of indigenous species or increased disease spread. Broad-scale pest management to combat such effects benefits from forecasting of irruptions and an assessment of the optimal control conditions for minimising consumer abundance. We use a climate-based consumer-resource model to predict irruptions of a pest species (Mus musculus) population in response to masting (episodic synchronous seed production) and extend this model to account for broad-scale pest control of mice using toxic bait. The extended model is used to forecast the magnitude and frequency of pest irruptions under low, moderate and high control levels, and for different timings of control operations. In particular, we assess the optimal control timing required to minimise the frequency with which pests reach 'plague' levels, whilst avoiding excessive toxin use. Model predictions suggest the optimal timing for mouse control in beech forest, with respect to minimising plague time, is mid-September. Of the control regimes considered, a seedfall driven biannual-biennial regime gave the greatest reduction in plague time and plague years for low and moderate control levels. Although inspired by a model validated using house mouse populations in New Zealand forests, our modelling approach is easily adapted for application to other climate-driven systems where broad-scale control is conducted on irrupting pest populations.}, }
@article {pmid30594137, year = {2018}, author = {Eyer, PA and McDowell, B and Johnson, LNL and Calcaterra, LA and Fernandez, MB and Shoemaker, D and Puckett, RT and Vargo, EL}, title = {Supercolonial structure of invasive populations of the tawny crazy ant Nylanderia fulva in the US.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {209}, pmid = {30594137}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Aggression ; Animals ; Ants/*classification/*genetics/physiology ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Social Behavior ; United States ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Social insects are among the most serious invasive pests in the world, particularly successful at monopolizing environmental resources to outcompete native species and achieve ecological dominance. The invasive success of some social insects is enhanced by their unicolonial structure, under which the presence of numerous queens and the lack of aggression against non-nestmates allow high worker densities, colony growth, and survival while eliminating intra-specific competition. In this study, we investigated the population genetics, colony structure and levels of aggression in the tawny crazy ant, Nylanderia fulva, which was recently introduced into the United States from South America.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that this species experienced a genetic bottleneck during its invasion lowering its genetic diversity by 60%. Our results show that the introduction of N. fulva is associated with a shift in colony structure. This species exhibits a multicolonial organization in its native range, with colonies clearly separated from one another, whereas it displays a unicolonial system with no clear boundaries among nests in its invasive range. We uncovered an absence of genetic differentiation among populations across the entire invasive range, and a lack of aggressive behaviors towards conspecifics from different nests, even ones separated by several hundreds of kilometers.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results suggest that across its entire invasive range in the U.S.A., this species forms a single supercolony spreading more than 2000&#x2009;km. In each invasive nest, we found several, up to hundreds, of reproductive queens, each being mated with a single male. The many reproductive queens per nests, together with the free movement of individuals between nests, leads to a relatedness coefficient among nestmate workers close to zero in introduced populations, calling into question the stability of this unicolonial system in which indirect fitness benefits to workers is apparently absent.}, }
@article {pmid30589878, year = {2018}, author = {Ranjan, R}, title = {Protecting endemic species from African Catfish invasion when community behavioral responses get in the way.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {e0209009}, pmid = {30589878}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Catfishes/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Exotic invasive fish species, when introduced into pristine natural environments, threaten the survival of many endemic species. Management challenges associated with controlling their further spread and protecting endemic species can be exacerbated when the same exotic fish species also provide gastronomical benefits to humans. Local human populations can switch their consumption preferences toward the exotic fish species, leading to an increase in their spread rate and control costs. Using the example of the African Catfish invasion in a freshwater lake, we develop a bioeconomic model of its optimal control, which also incorporates the behavioral challenges arising from a gastronomical preference for the exotic fish species. In particular, the cost of catfish control increases with its consumption demand, which, through altering the inter-species dynamics, threatens the survival of endemic fish species. The manager has at his disposal the market and non-market values of the endemic fish species to invest toward their preservation efforts. The non-market value of the endemic species is further modeled as endogenous to the community's preference switching. Results suggest that a late detection of the exotic fish species in freshwater bodies can increase their control costs enough to make their eradication challenging, especially when the manager faces financial resource constraints. The presence of behavioral effects adds to this challenge - directly, through increasing the control costs, and indirectly, through lowering the non-market value of the endemic fish species.}, }
@article {pmid30587673, year = {2019}, author = {Kuninaga, N and Asano, M and Matsuyama, R and Minemoto, T and Mori, T and Suzuki, M}, title = {Serological and histological evaluation of species-specific immunocontraceptive vaccine antigens based on zona pellucida 3 in the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus).}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {81}, number = {2}, pages = {328-337}, pmid = {30587673}, issn = {1347-7439}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies/immunology ; Antigens/immunology ; Contraception, Immunologic/*veterinary ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary ; Female ; *Herpestidae/blood/immunology ; *Introduced Species ; Vaccines/*immunology ; Zona Pellucida/*immunology/ultrastructure ; }, abstract = {The small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) was introduced to Japanese islands and has impacted on the island's biodiversity. Population control has been attempted through capturing but its efficiency has rapidly declined. Therefore, new additional control methods are required. Our focus has been on the immunocontraceptive vaccines, which act in an especially species-specific manner. The amino-acid sequence of the mongoose ovum zona pellucida protein 3 (ZP3) was decoded and two types of synthetic peptides (A and B) were produced. In this study, these peptides were administered to mongooses (each n=3) and the sera were collected to verify immunogenicity using ELISA and IHC. Treated mongoose sera showed an increasing of antibody titer according to immunizations and the antigen-antibody reactions against the endogenous mongoose ZP. In addition, IHC revealed that immune sera absorbed with each peptide showed a marked reduction in reactivity, which indicated the specificity of induced antibodies. These reactions were marked in peptide A treated mongoose sera, and the antibody titer of one of them lasted for at least 21 weeks. These results indicated that peptide A was a potential antigen, inducing autoantibody generation. Moreover, immunized rabbit antibodies recognized mongoose ZP species-specifically. However, the induction of robust immune memory was not observed. Also, the actual sterility effects of peptides remain unknown, it should be verified as a next step. In any case, this study verified synthetic peptides we developed are useful as the antigen candidates for immunocontraception of mongooses.}, }
@article {pmid30587105, year = {2018}, author = {Kutch, IC and Fedorka, KM}, title = {Y-chromosomes can constrain adaptive evolution via epistatic interactions with other chromosomes.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {204}, pmid = {30587105}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/physiology ; *Epistasis, Genetic ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genetic Variation ; Genome ; Male ; Sex Characteristics ; *Y Chromosome ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Variation in the non-coding regions of Y-chromosomes have been shown to influence gene regulation throughout the genome in some systems; a phenomenon termed Y-linked regulatory variation (YRV). This type of sex-specific genetic variance could have important implications for the evolution of male and female traits. If YRV contributes to the additive genetic variation of an autosomally coded trait shared between the sexes (e.g. body size), then selection could facilitate sexually dimorphic evolution via the Y-chromosome. In contrast, if YRV is entirely non-additive (i.e. interacts epistatically with other chromosomes), then Y-chromosomes could constrain trait evolution in both sexes whenever they are selected for the same trait value. The ability for this phenomenon to influence such fundamental evolutionary dynamics remains unexplored.<br><br>RESULTS: Here we address the evolutionary contribution of Y-linked variance by selecting for improved male geotaxis in populations possessing multiple Y-chromosomes (i.e. possessed Y-linked additive and/or epistatic variation) or a single Y-chromosome variant (i.e. possessed no Y-linked variation). We found that males from populations possessing Y-linked variation did not significantly respond to selection; however, males from populations with no Y-linked variation did respond. These patterns suggest the presence of a large quantity of Y-linked epistatic variance in the multi-Y population that dramatically slowed its response.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results imply that YRV is unlikely to facilitate the evolution of sexually dimorphic traits (at least for the trait examined here), but can interfere with the rate of trait evolution in both males and females. This result could have real biological implications as it suggests that YRV can affect how quickly a population responds to new selective pressures (e.g. invasive species, novel pathogens, or climate change). Considering that YRV influences hundreds of genes and is likely typical of other independently-evolved hemizygous chromosomes, YRV-like phenomena may represent common and significant costs to hemizygous sex determination.}, }
@article {pmid30586169, year = {2019}, author = {Policelli, N and Bruns, TD and Vilgalys, R and Nuñez, MA}, title = {Suilloid fungi as global drivers of pine invasions.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {222}, number = {2}, pages = {714-725}, doi = {10.1111/nph.15660}, pmid = {30586169}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {1554181//NSF/International ; PICT 2014-0662//FONCyT/International ; PICT 2016-1412//FONCyT/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Fungi/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Mammals/physiology ; Mycorrhizae/physiology ; Pinus/*microbiology ; Spores, Fungal/physiology ; }, abstract = {Belowground biota can deeply influence plant invasion. The presence of appropriate soil mutualists can act as a driver to enable plants to colonize new ranges. We reviewed the species of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) that facilitate pine establishment in both native and non-native ranges, and that are associated with their invasion into nonforest settings. We found that one particular group of EMF, suilloid fungi, uniquely drive pine invasion in the absence of other EMF. Although the association with other EMF is variable, suilloid EMF are always associated with invasive pines, particularly at early invasion, when invasive trees are most vulnerable. We identified five main ecological traits of suilloid fungi that may explain their key role at pine invasions: their long-distance dispersal capacity, the establishment of positive biotic interactions with mammals, their capacity to generate a resistant spore bank, their rapid colonization of roots and their long-distance exploration type. These results suggest that the identity of mycorrhizal fungi and their ecological interactions, rather than simply the presence of compatible fungi, are key to the understanding of plant invasion processes and their success or failure. Particularly for pines, their specific association with suilloid fungi determines their invasion success in previously uninvaded ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid30585425, year = {2019}, author = {Richard, SA and Tillman, EA and Humphrey, JS and Avery, ML and Parker, MR}, title = {Male Burmese pythons follow female scent trails and show sex-specific behaviors.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {460-469}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12376}, pmid = {30585425}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; *Appetitive Behavior ; Boidae/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; *Odorants ; *Pheromones ; Sex Factors ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Animals communicate with potential mates using species-specific signals, and pheromones are powerful sexual signals that modify conspecific behavior to facilitate mate location. Among the vertebrates, snakes are especially adept in mate searching via chemical trailing, which is particularly relevant given that many snake species are invasive outside their native ranges. Chemical signals used in mate choice are, thus, potentially valuable tools for management of invasive snake species. The Burmese python (Python bivittatus) is an invasive snake in the Florida Everglades where it is negatively impacting native fauna. In this study, we sought to: (i) determine if males can follow conspecific chemical trails in a Y-maze; and (ii) describe the mate searching behaviors exhibited by males while trailing. All males consistently followed a single female scent trail in the maze, but when only a male scent trail was present they did not discriminate between the male and blank arms. Rate of tongue-flicking, a proxy for chemosensory sampling, was also marginally higher when males were following female versus male scent trails. However, when both female and male scent trails were simultaneously present in the Y-maze, males did not show a preference for the female arm, although the tongue-flick rate was higher in the female-only trial compared to female versus male. Analyses of multiple male behaviors individually and using an ethogram revealed that behaviors were more frequent and complex in the female-only trials compared to male-only trials. Additional behavioral trials are needed to determine if an effective pheromonal approach to Burmese python management is possible.}, }
@article {pmid30584723, year = {2018}, author = {Li, WC and Sheng, HY and Chen, WJ and Liu, YY and Zhang, R and Wen, X}, title = {Variation of soil bacterial diversity after the invasion of Phyllostachys edulis into Pinus massoniana forest.}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {12}, pages = {3969-3976}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201812.002}, pmid = {30584723}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Bacteria ; *Biodiversity ; China ; *Forests ; Introduced Species ; Pinus ; Poaceae/*physiology ; *Soil ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {To identify the variation in soil bacterial community diversity brought by the invasion of Phyllostachys edulis into Pinus massoniana forest, we collected mixed soil samples from three types of forests, including a pure Ph. edulis forest, a mixed Ph. edulis and conifers (P. massoniana) fore-st, and a mixed forest of evergreen broadleaves and conifers. Samples were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing for measuring the soil bacterial community diversity and structure. The results showed that the bacterial communities comprised of 511 genera, 160 families, 134 orders, 88 classes, and 39 phyla. The proportion of Acidobateria in the pure Ph. edulis forest was significantly lower and the proportions of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, TM7, and Chlamydiae were significantly higher than that in other forests. Meanwhile, various genera showed significant differences in proportions in both the mixed forests when compared with their corresponding proportions in the pure Ph. edulis forest. There were 130 non-dominant genera presented alone in each of the two mixed forests, at proportions between 0.005% and 0.1%. The pure Ph. edulis forest had the lowest &amp;Agr; diversity, while that of the mixed Ph. edulis and evergreen broadleaf forest was intermediate, and that of the mixed evergreen broadleaf and coniferous forest was the highest. The index of &amp;Agr; diversity followed evergreen coniferous mixed forest > bamboo needle mixed forest > pure bamboo forest, and the diffe-rence between the mixed Ph. edulis and evergreen broadleaf forest and the mixed evergreen broadleaf and coniferous forest was insignificant. The PCoA results revealed that the invasion of Ph. edulis affected the population diversity and community structure of soil bacteria. There was a significant correlation between the percentage of non-dominant bacterial phyla in the soil (less than 0.1% of the proportion) and the soil environmental gradient such as water-soluble organic nitrogen and nitrate. Water-soluble organic nitrogen and nitrate had strong effects on the non-dominant bacterial population in the soil following the invasion of Ph. edulis into the P. massoniana forest. These findings would serve as important references for further related studies.}, }
@article {pmid30584393, year = {2018}, author = {Karpiński, L and Szczepański, WT and Lewa, R and Walczak, M and Hilszczański, J and Kruszelnicki, L and Łoś, K and Jaworski, T and Marek Bidas,  and Tarwacki, G}, title = {New data on the distribution, biology and ecology of the longhorn beetles from the area of South and East Kazakhstan (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {805}, pages = {59-126}, pmid = {30584393}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {New data on the distribution, biology and ecology of the longhorn beetles occurring in southern and eastern regions of Kazakhstan are presented together with a list of 78 species that were collected during two entomological expeditions conducted in May and June 2017. New localities of some rare taxa endemic to this region of Asia, such as Psilotarsusbrachypterusbrachypterus (Gebler, 1830), Stenocorusminutus (Gebler, 1841) and Dorcadioncrassipescrassipes Ballion, 1878 are given. Exocentrusstierlini Ganglbauer, 1883 is recorded from Kazakhstan for the first time. Moreover, the occurrence of three species: Amarysiusduplicatus Tsherepanov, 1980, Rhopaloscelisunifasciatus Blessig, 1873 and Saperdaalberti Plavilstshikov, 1916, which were recently found in the country, is also confirmed. Furthermore, high-quality photographs of several unique taxa, i.e. Psilotarsusbrachypteruspubiventris (Semenov, 1900), Xylotrechusadspersus (Gebler, 1830), X.alakolensis Karpiński &amp; Szczepański, 2018, Anoplistesgalusoi (Kostin, 1974), A.jacobsoni Baeckmann, 1904 and Obereakostini Danilevsky, 1988 along with images of their habitats and feeding galleries are also presented. New localities of species considered serious pests or invasive, such as Turaniumscabrum (Kraatz, 1882) and Trichoferuscampestris (Faldermann, 1835), respectively, are also given. A new synonymy is proposed: Cerambyxscalaris Linnaeus, 1758 = Cerambyxhieroglyphicus Pallas, 1773, syn. n.}, }
@article {pmid30582222, year = {2019}, author = {Tolley-Jordan, LR and Chadwick, MA}, title = {Effects of Parasite Infection and Host Body Size on Habitat Associations of Invasive Aquatic Snails: Implications for Environmental Monitoring.}, journal = {Journal of aquatic animal health}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {121-128}, doi = {10.1002/aah.10059}, pmid = {30582222}, issn = {1548-8667}, mesh = {Animals ; *Body Size ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Snails/*parasitology/*physiology ; Texas ; }, abstract = {The Comal River, a spring-fed system in central Texas, was invaded in the 1960s by two Asian aquatic snails (Thiaridae: red-rimmed melania Melanoides tuberculata and quilted melania Tarebia granifera) and subsequently by three of their trematode parasites (the avian eye-fluke Philophthalmus gralli in the 1960s; the gill trematode Centrocestus formosanus in the 1990s; and the intestinal fluke Haplorchis pumilio in the 2000s). Previous snail collections (2001-2002) established that habitat conditions significantly affect the distribution of both snail species. However, the effects of snail size (known to influence infection prevalence) and habitat conditions (known to influence snail size) on trematode infection patterns in this system were not evaluated. In a re-evaluation of this data set, logistic regression analyses with individual snails showed that for both M. tuberculata and T. granifera populations, large snails were more likely to be infected than small snails, and habitat conditions were significantly related to infection in T. granifera. However, only snail size was significant in explaining the probability of infection in M. tuberculata. This result was confirmed by linear regression models, which showed that both infected and noninfected M. tuberculata used similar habitats, as large individuals in both infection categories were found in patches dominated by fine substrates and high levels of aquatic vegetation and detritus. For the large size-class of T. granifera, noninfected individuals were found primarily in habitats with silt/sand substrates and high vegetation and detritus cover, while infected individuals occurred among all available habitats. Using these results, we suggest that targeted sampling of large individuals of M. tuberculata in habitats with high detritus and vegetation and large individuals of T. granifera in any habitat can be used to efficiently ascertain parasite "hot spots" and to evaluate changes in parasite prevalence or detect the invasion of new parasites in these thiarid snails.}, }
@article {pmid30580472, year = {2019}, author = {Gutowsky, LFG and Giacomini, HC and de Kerckhove, DT and Mackereth, R and McCormick, D and Chu, C}, title = {Quantifying multiple pressure interactions affecting populations of a recreationally and commercially important freshwater fish.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {1049-1062}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14556}, pmid = {30580472}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Ontario ; Perches/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The expanding human global footprint and growing demand for freshwater have placed tremendous stress on inland aquatic ecosystems. Aichi Target 10 of the Convention on Biological Diversity aims to minimize anthropogenic pressures affecting vulnerable ecosystems, and pressure interactions are increasingly being incorporated into environmental management and climate change adaptation strategies. In this study, we explore how climate change, overfishing, forest disturbance, and invasive species pressures interact to affect inland lake walleye (Sander vitreus) populations. Walleye support subsistence, recreational, and commercial fisheries and are one of most sought-after freshwater fish species in North America. Using data from 444 lakes situated across an area of 475 000 km[2] in Ontario, Canada, we apply a novel statistical tool, R-INLA, to determine how walleye biomass deficit (carrying capacity-observed biomass) is impacted by multiple pressures. Individually, angling activity and the presence of invasive zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) were positively related to biomass deficits. In combination, zebra mussel presence interacted negatively and antagonistically with angling activity and percentage decrease in watershed mature forest cover. Velocity of climate change in growing degree days above 5°C and decrease in mature forest cover interacted to negatively affect walleye populations. Our study demonstrates how multiple pressure evaluations can be conducted for hundreds of populations to identify influential pressures and vulnerable ecosystems. Understanding pressure interactions is necessary to guide management and climate change adaptation strategies, and achieve global biodiversity targets.}, }
@article {pmid30578812, year = {2019}, author = {Galal, L and Schares, G and Stragier, C and Vignoles, P and Brouat, C and Cuny, T and Dubois, C and Rohart, T and Glodas, C and Dardé, ML and Kane, M and Niang, Y and Diallo, M and Sow, A and Aubert, D and Hamidović, A and Ajzenberg, D and Mercier, A}, title = {Diversity of Toxoplasma gondii strains shaped by commensal communities of small mammals.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {49}, number = {3-4}, pages = {267-275}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.11.004}, pmid = {30578812}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biota ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genotype ; Genotyping Techniques ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Prevalence ; Rodent Diseases/*parasitology ; Rodentia ; Senegal ; Toxoplasma/*classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal/epidemiology/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Commensal rodent species are key reservoirs for Toxoplasma gondii in the domestic environment. In rodents, different T. gondii strains show variable patterns of virulence according to host species. Toxoplasma gondii strains causing non-lethal chronic infections in local hosts will be more likely to persist in a given environment, but few studies have addressed the possible role of these interactions in shaping the T. gondii population structure. In addition, the absence of validated techniques for upstream detection of T. gondii chronic infection in wild rodents hinders exploration of this issue under natural conditions. In this study, we took advantage of an extensive survey of commensal small mammals in three coastal localities of Senegal, with a species assemblage constituted of both native African species and invasive species. We tested 828 individuals for T. gondii chronic infection using the modified agglutination test for antibody detection in serum samples and a quantitative PCR assay for detection of T. gondii DNA in brain samples. The infecting T. gondii strains were genotyped whenever possible by the analysis of 15 microsatellite markers. We found (i) a very poor concordance between molecular detection and serology in the invasive house mouse, (ii) significantly different levels of prevalence by species and (iii) the autochthonous T. gondii Africa 1 lineage strains, which are lethal for laboratory mice, only in the native African species of commensal small mammals. Overall, this study highlights the need to reconsider the use of MAT serology in natural populations of house mice and provides the first known data about T. gondii genetic diversity in invasive and native species of small mammals from Africa. In light of these results, we discuss the role of invasive and native species, with their variable adaptations to different T. gondii strains, in shaping the spatial structure of T. gondii genetic diversity in Africa.}, }
@article {pmid30576645, year = {2019}, author = {Calkins, TL and Tamborindeguy, C and Pietrantonio, PV}, title = {GPCR annotation, G proteins, and transcriptomics of fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) queen and worker brain: An improved view of signaling in an invasive superorganism.}, journal = {General and comparative endocrinology}, volume = {278}, number = {}, pages = {89-103}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.12.008}, pmid = {30576645}, issn = {1095-6840}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Ants/*genetics ; Brain/metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; *Hierarchy, Social ; *Introduced Species ; *Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Phylogeny ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Transcriptome/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Knowledge of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signaling modalities is crucial to advancing insect endocrinology, specifically in highly successful invasive social insects, such as the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. In the first published draft genome of S. invicta, emphasis was placed on the annotation of olfactory receptors, and only the number of predicted GPCR genes was reported. Without an organized and curated resource for GPCRs, it will be difficult to test hypotheses on the endocrine role of neuropeptide hormones, or the function of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Therefore, we mined the S. invicta genome for GPCRs and found 324 predicted transcripts encoded by 125 predicted loci and improved the annotation of 55 of these loci. Among them are sixteen GPCRs that are currently annotated as "uncharacterized proteins". Further, the phylogenetic analysis of class A neuropeptide receptors presented here and the comparative listing of GPCRs in the hymenopterans S. invicta, Apis mellifera (both eusocial), Nasonia vitripennis (solitary), and the solitary model dipteran Drosophila melanogaster will facilitate comparative endocrinological studies related to social insect evolution and diversity. We compiled the 24 G protein transcripts predicted (15 α, 7 β, and 2 γ) from 12 G protein genes (5 α, 5 β, and 2 γ). Reproductive division of labor is extreme in this ant species, therefore, we compared GPCR and G protein gene expression among worker, mated queen and alate virgin queen ant brain transcriptomes. Transcripts for ten GPCRs and two G proteins were differentially expressed between queen and worker brains. The differentially expressed GPCRs are candidate receptors to explore hypotheses on division of labor in this species.}, }
@article {pmid30575278, year = {2019}, author = {Cohen, O and Bar Kutiel, P and Gamliel, A and Katan, J and Kurzbaum, E and Weber, G and Schubert, I and Riov, J}, title = {Rain-based soil solarization for reducing the persistent seed banks of invasive plants in natural ecosystems - Acacia saligna as a model.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {75}, number = {7}, pages = {1933-1941}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5306}, pmid = {30575278}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {312526//Israeli Ministry of Science, Technology and Space (Israel)/ ; }, mesh = {Acacia/*physiology ; Australia ; Germination/physiology ; Hot Temperature ; Introduced Species ; Plant Dormancy/physiology ; Plant Weeds/growth &amp; development ; *Rain ; Seeds/*physiology ; Soil ; Weed Control/*methods ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A large persistent seed bank of invasive plants is a significant obstacle to restoration programs. Soil solarization was demonstrated to be an effective method for reducing the seed bank of Australian acacias. However, use of this method in natural habitats might be limited due to the requirement to moisten the soil by irrigation. This study examined the possibility of replacing irrigation by trapping the soil moisture caused by the most recent rainfall, i.e. rain-based soil solarization (RBS).<br><br>RESULTS: Exposure of Acacia saligna seeds to 57 &#xb0;C at 20% soil moisture for 68 h resulted in almost complete loss of seed viability. Similarly, RBS treatment significantly reduced the viability of A. saligna seeds buried at a soil depth of 1-19 cm as well as seed density in the natural seed bank, and almost completely eliminated seedling emergence from natural seed banks of A. saligna and other environmental weeds.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that RBS is an effective method for reducing the seed bank of invasive plants in natural habitats located in various climate regions characterized by different soil types. This is the first demonstration of a successful application of RBS for soil disinfestation. &#xa9; 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid30569438, year = {2019}, author = {Brattland, C and Eythórsson, E and Weines, J and Sunnanå, K}, title = {Social-ecological timelines to explore human adaptation to coastal change.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {48}, number = {12}, pages = {1516-1529}, pmid = {30569438}, issn = {1654-7209}, support = {255767//Norges Forskningsr&#xe5;d/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Humans ; Norway ; }, abstract = {Through the construction of a socio-ecological timeline for the Porsanger fjord ecosystem, this article illustrates the different ways in which environmental and social-ecological changes have influenced the adaptations of rural households in coastal Sami communities in Finnmark, north Norway. The main finding is that, although environmental change in the form of seal invasions and dwindling fish stocks directly impacted the fisheries, the introduction of a new vessel quota system decisively changed adaptive capacity and coastal Sami household adaptation strategies. These changes represented a tipping point for the social-ecological system in the period between 1986 and 1990. It is thus important to discuss the ways in which governance systems may facilitate actions to adapt to climate and biodiversity change and foster sustainable rural livelihood systems in coastal Norway. Based on traditional and local ecological knowledge on the state of the ecosystem prior to the tipping point, two relevant actions to increase the resilience of the system were identified: ensuring the possibility of re-entry into fisheries as part of rural livelihood combinations, and ecological restoration of kelp beds. Flexible diversification of livelihoods allows exploitation of a range of adjacent species without large investments in a fossile fuel-driven fisheries economy. Investing in regrowth of macroalgae to foster cod nursery areas and increase carbon sequestration can be a relevant alternative for communities that are interested in contributing to climate change mitigation on a larger scale.}, }
@article {pmid30568860, year = {2018}, author = {Simões, MVP and Peterson, AT}, title = {Importance of biotic predictors in estimation of potential invasive areas: the example of the tortoise beetle Eurypedus nigrosignatus, in Hispaniola.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e6052}, pmid = {30568860}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Climatic variables have been the main predictors employed in ecological niche modeling and species distribution modeling, although biotic interactions are known to affect species' spatial distributions via mechanisms such as predation, competition, and mutualism. Biotic interactions can affect species' responses to abiotic environmental changes differently along environmental gradients, and abiotic environmental changes can likewise influence the nature of biotic interactions. Understanding whether and how to integrate variables at different scales in ecological niche models is essential to better estimate spatial distributions of species on macroecological scales and their responses to change. We report the leaf beetle Eurypedus nigrosignatus as an alien species in the Dominican Republic and investigate whether biotic factors played a meaningful role in the distributional expansion of the species into the Caribbean. We evaluate ecological niche models built with an additive gradient of unlinked biotic predictors-host plants, using likelihood-based model evaluation criteria (Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion) within a range of regularization multiplier parameter values. Our results support the argument that ecological niche models should be more inclusive, as selected biotic predictors can improve the performance of models, despite the increased model complexity, and show that biotic interactions matter at macroecological scales. Moreover, we provide an alternative approach to select optimal combination of relevant variables, to improve estimation of potential invasive areas using global minimum model likelihood scores.}, }
@article {pmid30568533, year = {2018}, author = {Maddison, DR and Will, K and Crews, S and LaBonte, J}, title = {Bembidion ambiguum (Coleoptera: Carabidae) is established in California.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {}, number = {6}, pages = {e30763}, pmid = {30568533}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The ground beetle Bembidion (Neja) ambiguum Dejean is native to Europe and north Africa, in the Mediterranean region.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: We report it from North America for the first time, from five localities around San Francisco Bay, California. The earliest record is from 2012.}, }
@article {pmid30568529, year = {2018}, author = {Valdez-Mondragón, A and Cortez-Roldán, MR and Juárez-Sánchez, AR and Solís-Catalán, KP}, title = {A new species of Loxosceles Heineken &amp; Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae), with updated distribution records and biogeographical comments for the species from Mexico, including a new record of Loxoscelesrufescens (Dufour).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {802}, pages = {39-66}, pmid = {30568529}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {A new species of the spider genus Loxosceles Heineken &amp; Lowe, 1832, Loxoscelesmalintzi sp. n., is described from the states of Puebla, Morelos and Guerrero, in the central region of Mexico. The description is based on adult males and females with morphological and ultra-morphological images. Updated distribution maps are provided for the 39 species recorded from the Mexican territory (including the new species). The states with the greatest diversity are Baja California Sur, Baja California and Sonora, with five species each. A total of 441 records for the 39 species, based on arachnological collections, data bases and literature, were used to update the distribution maps. Loxoscelesboneti Gertsch, 1958 is the species with the highest number of records in Mexico, with a total of 58 records from different localities. The states with the most records so far are Guerrero, with 55 records, Morelos, with 35 records, and Baja California Sur, with 30 records. Loxoscelesrufescens (Dufour, 1820), an introduced species, is recorded for the second time in Mexico, from the state of Chihuahua, being the first well-documented record for the country. Mexico has the greatest diversity of species of Loxosceles worldwide, with 39 (two introduced species) of the 134 described species. Additionally, biogeographical comments for the species from Mexico are provided.}, }
@article {pmid30568068, year = {2019}, author = {Shi, W and Hu, X and Chen, X and Ou, X and Yang, J and Geng, Y}, title = {Increased population epigenetic diversity of the clonal invasive species Alternanthera philoxeroides in response to salinity stress.}, journal = {Genes &amp; genetic systems}, volume = {93}, number = {6}, pages = {259-269}, doi = {10.1266/ggs.18-00039}, pmid = {30568068}, issn = {1880-5779}, mesh = {Amaranthaceae/*genetics/physiology ; DNA Methylation ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; *Salt Tolerance ; }, abstract = {Epigenetic modification can change the pattern of gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence, which may be adaptive in clonal plant species. In this study, we used MSAP (methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism) to examine epigenetic variation in Alternanthera philoxeroides, a clonal invasive species, in response to salinity stress. We found that salinity stress could significantly increase the level of epigenetic diversity within a population. This effect increased with increasing stress duration and was specific to particular genotypes. In addition, the epigenetic modification of young plants seems less sensitive to salinity than that of mature plants. This elevated epigenetic diversity in response to environmental stress may compensate for genetic impoverishment and contribute to evolutionary potential in clonal species.}, }
@article {pmid30568067, year = {2019}, author = {Zhao, B and Xue, S and Zhu, W and Lv, T and Wei, Q and Shang, S and Zhang, H}, title = {Development of microsatellite markers for the Siberian weasel Mustela sibirica.}, journal = {Genes &amp; genetic systems}, volume = {93}, number = {6}, pages = {255-258}, doi = {10.1266/ggs.18-00018}, pmid = {30568067}, issn = {1880-5779}, mesh = {Animals ; Genome-Wide Association Study/standards ; Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Mustelidae/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; }, abstract = {The Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica) is widely distributed in mainland Asia, but its introduction into Japan and subsequent expansion have affected the Japanese weasel (M. itatsi). To provide a useful tool for population genetic studies and control of M. sibirica, we developed 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Among 40 individuals of M. sibirica collected in Hubei Province, China, the number of alleles per locus varied from 2 to 19, with the observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.050 to 1.000 and the expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.049 to 0.920. None of the loci deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These markers will be useful in further studies investigating the population structure and natural history of M. sibirica, and may thus provide new insights for the efficient management of this species.}, }
@article {pmid30566639, year = {2019}, author = {Lillian, S and Redak, RA and Daugherty, MP}, title = {Assessing the Role of Differential Herbivore Performance Among Plant Species in Associational Effects Involving the Invasive Stink Bug Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, pages = {114-121}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvy181}, pmid = {30566639}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Atriplex ; *Brassica ; *Herbivory ; Heteroptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Co-occurring plant species can influence the extent of damage to each other by altering the activity or abundance of a shared herbivore. One mechanism by which neighboring host plants exacerbate damage to a focal host is if the neighbor amplifies herbivore populations. We studied the performance of a shared herbivore on a native and an invasive plant, to estimate how strongly the presence of the invasive plant increases local herbivore abundance-in a system in which highly asymmetric spillover herbivory may occur. Specifically, we conducted a series of greenhouse experiments that measured reproduction, development, and survival of the invasive stink bug Bagrada hilaris Burmeister on an invasive annual forb, Sahara mustard (Brassica tournefortii), or a native perennial shrub, four-winged saltbush (Atriplex canescens). All measured aspects of stink bug performance revealed consistently greater performance on Br. tournefortii. Indeed, A. canescens appears to be insufficient for Ba. hilaris to complete its development. Nonetheless, preliminary damage assessments found that both plant species were used as feeding hosts, putative feeding lesions were a more reliable indicator of herbivory than was the degree of yellowing, and higher Ba. hilaris abundance was generally associated with greater sublethal damage to A. canescens. Thus, A. canescens appears to be susceptible to Ba. hilaris herbivory, though more research is needed to assess fitness impacts of this novel herbivore. Our results indicate that differential herbivore performance among host plants may be an important contributor to observed patterns of abundance of a shared herbivore and spillover herbivory between plants.}, }
@article {pmid30566612, year = {2019}, author = {Shragai, T and Harrington, LC}, title = {Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) on an Invasive Edge: Abundance, Spatial Distribution, and Habitat Usage of Larvae and Pupae Across Urban and Socioeconomic Environmental Gradients.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, pages = {472-482}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjy209}, pmid = {30566612}, issn = {1938-2928}, support = {U01 CK000509/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Aedes ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Cities ; Ecosystem ; Larva ; New York ; Pupa ; Socioeconomic Factors ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito [Aedes albopictus (Skuse)] is an invasive species of public health importance that is currently expanding its range in the Northeast United States. Effective Ae. albopictus control depends on a thorough understanding of factors influencing their abundance, spatial distribution, and habitat preference. We conducted a series of container surveys for Ae. albopictus larvae/pupae over 2 yr across nine sites in neighborhoods along its invasive range in southern New York. Selected sites represented a gradient of percent impervious surface and median household income. Two hypotheses were tested: 1) Ae. albopictus larval/pupal abundance increases and spatial distribution becomes less clustered as site-level median income decreases and percent impervious surface increases because of increased larval habitat quality and availability; and 2) container-level characteristics are predictive of Ae. albopictus larval/pupal infestation across a range of sites. In 2016, neither median household income nor impervious surface predicted Ae. albopictus abundance. In 2017, sites with greater impervious surface were more heavily infested by some measures. In both years, Ae. albopictus larval/pupal spatial distribution as measured by K-function was more clustered in with greater median household income. Most container characteristics were either not predictive of Ae. albopictus or varied between years. Based on the variability of predictive container characteristics, we conclude that identification of key containers is not useful in this region. However, Ae. albopictus can be nonhomogenously distributed or abundant based on income level and impervious surface. Improved control of immatures should consider these regional predictors of Ae. albopictus populations.}, }
@article {pmid30565370, year = {2019}, author = {Nimmo, DG and Avitabile, S and Banks, SC and Bliege Bird, R and Callister, K and Clarke, MF and Dickman, CR and Doherty, TS and Driscoll, DA and Greenville, AC and Haslem, A and Kelly, LT and Kenny, SA and Lahoz-Monfort, JJ and Lee, C and Leonard, S and Moore, H and Newsome, TM and Parr, CL and Ritchie, EG and Schneider, K and Turner, JM and Watson, S and Westbrooke, M and Wouters, M and White, M and Bennett, AF}, title = {Animal movements in fire-prone landscapes.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {94}, number = {3}, pages = {981-998}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12486}, pmid = {30565370}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; *Motor Activity ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Movement is a trait of fundamental importance in ecosystems subject to frequent disturbances, such as fire-prone ecosystems. Despite this, the role of movement in facilitating responses to fire has received little attention. Herein, we consider how animal movement interacts with fire history to shape species distributions. We consider how fire affects movement between habitat patches of differing fire histories that occur across a range of spatial and temporal scales, from daily foraging bouts to infrequent dispersal events, and annual migrations. We review animal movements in response to the immediate and abrupt impacts of fire, and the longer-term successional changes that fires set in train. We discuss how the novel threats of altered fire regimes, landscape fragmentation, and invasive species result in suboptimal movements that drive populations downwards. We then outline the types of data needed to study animal movements in relation to fire and novel threats, to hasten the integration of movement ecology and fire ecology. We conclude by outlining a research agenda for the integration of movement ecology and fire ecology by identifying key research questions that emerge from our synthesis of animal movements in fire-prone ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid30565194, year = {2019}, author = {Mori, E and Sala, JP and Fattorini, N and Menchetti, M and Montalvo, T and Senar, JC}, title = {Ectoparasite sharing among native and invasive birds in a metropolitan area.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {118}, number = {2}, pages = {399-409}, pmid = {30565194}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Bird Diseases/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Birds/*parasitology ; Cities ; Columbidae/*parasitology ; Ecosystem ; *Host Specificity ; *Introduced Species ; Mite Infestations/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Mites/physiology ; Parakeets/*parasitology ; Parasite Load ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Parasite-mediated competition has been reported to be one of the most harmful, although overlooked, impacts that alien species have on native ecosystems. Monk parakeets Myiopsitta monachus are successful invaders in Europe, where they have been introduced from South America. Colonial nests of these parrots may also host other species, e.g. the rock pigeon Columba livia forma domestica. In this work, we analysed the ectoparasite composition of monk parakeets in Barcelona (Spain) and we evaluated their potential role as parasite-mediated competitors, by comparing their parasitic load with that of coexisting rock pigeons. Only two arthropod species were observed on monk parakeets, whereas four species were detected on pigeons. Parakeets were rarely infested by pigeon parasites (prevalence = 0.66%), whereas parakeet mites were recorded more often on pigeons (prevalence = 10.00%). The number of total parasites per bird increased with increasing densities of monk parakeets, both for pigeons and for parakeets. Therefore, overcrowding of birds due to the increasing population of monk parakeets in Barcelona may affect the health status of native pigeons, suggesting a potential role for parasite mediated competition by introduced parakeets. Furthermore, spill-over of alien mites (Ornithonyssus bursa) by monk parakeets to rock pigeons should be monitoring as it may affect human health.}, }
@article {pmid30564044, year = {2018}, author = {Hornung, E and Kásler, A and Tóth, Z}, title = {The role of urban forest patches in maintaining isopod diversity (Oniscidea).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {801}, pages = {371-388}, pmid = {30564044}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Compositional changes in natural communities associated with anthropogenic influence often lead to localised extinctions and biodiversity loss. Soil invertebrates are also threatened by urbanisation due to habitat fragmentation, vegetation changes and management, soil alteration, degradation, and disappearing shelter sites. The aim was to assess terrestrial isopod (Oniscidea) assemblages in differently degraded urban forest patches of a metropolitan area (Budapest, Hungary). Study sites were compared by their species richness, composition and the relevant background factors (soil properties, dead wood, litter characteristics, and canopy closure). The degree of urban disturbance was expressed using an urbanisation index (UI) based on built-up density and vegetation cover. The isopods were identified to species level, and were qualified by their habitat preference and naturalness index (TINI). Average Rarity Index (ARI), derived from TINIs provided information on the degree of naturalness/disturbance of each habitat. Altogether 14 isopod species were collected from 23 sample sites. Urbanisation indirectly affected on the composition of isopod assemblages through the quantity of dead wood and soil plasticity. ARIs and UIs of sample sites were negatively correlated. Urban patches harboured habitat generalist, synanthropic and established introduced species with low naturalness value of assemblages. Areas with no or low anthropogenic disturbance maintained stable native, autochthonous assemblages that were characteristic of rural sites in the region. Transitional zones between rural and urban habitats usually maintained a mixed isopod fauna consisting of both urban and rural elements.}, }
@article {pmid30563122, year = {2018}, author = {Souza-Gonçalves, I and Orsetti, A and Lopes-Andrade, C}, title = {Synopsis of Cis Latreille (Coleoptera: Ciidae) from southern Africa.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {30563122}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {Edital 01/2016 - Demanda Universal, APQ-02675-16//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais/ ; research grant to C.L.A. n&#xb0; 307116/2015-8//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; Finance Code 001; doctorate degree grant to I.S.G.; PROTAX - Edital n&#xb0; 001/2015//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; }, abstract = {A synopsis of the Cis Latreille, 1796 from southern Africa is provided, with the description of 10 new species: Cis bicaesariatus sp. n., Cis foveocephalus sp. n., Cis grobbelaarae sp. n., Cis lacinipennis sp. n., Cis makrosoma sp. n., Cis mpumalangaensis sp. n., Cis parvisetosus sp. n., Cis tessariplacus sp. n., Cis umlalaziensis sp. n. and Cis westerncapensis sp. n. The introduced species Cis fuscipes Mellié, 1849 is recorded for the first time from the Republic of South Africa. New geographic records are provided for the following species: Cis neserorum Souza-Gonçalves &amp; Lopes-Andrade, 2017; Cis regius Orsetti &amp; Lopes-Andrade, 2016 and Cis stalsi Souza-Gonçalves &amp; Lopes-Andrade, 2017. Most southern African Cis are placed in available or newly proposed species-groups and a provisional identification key is provided.}, }
@article {pmid30562501, year = {2019}, author = {Alharbi, W and Petrovskii, S}, title = {Effect of complex landscape geometry on the invasive species spread: Invasion with stepping stones.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {464}, number = {}, pages = {85-97}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.12.019}, pmid = {30562501}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Spatial proliferation of invasive species often causes serious damage to agriculture, ecology and environment. Evaluation of the extent of the area potentially invadable by an alien species is an important problem. Landscape features that reduces dispersal space to narrow corridors can make some areas inaccessible to the invading species. On the other hand, the existence of stepping stones - small areas or 'patches' with better environmental conditions - is known to assist species spread. How an interplay between these factors can affect the invasion success remains unclear. In this paper, we address this question theoretically using a mechanistic model of population dynamics. Such models have been generally successful in predicting the rate and pattern of invasive spread; however, they usually consider the spread in an unbounded, uniform space hence ignoring the complex geometry of a real landscape. In contrast, here we consider a reaction-diffusion model in a domain of a complex shape combining corridors and stepping stones. We show that the invasion success depends on a subtle interplay between the stepping stone size, location and the strength of the Allee effect inside. In particular, for a stepping stone of a small size, there is only a narrow range of locations where it can unblock the otherwise impassable corridor.}, }
@article {pmid30561506, year = {2019}, author = {Marchini, GL and Maraist, CA and Cruzan, MB}, title = {Trait divergence, not plasticity, determines the success of a newly invasive plant.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {123}, number = {4}, pages = {667-679}, pmid = {30561506}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Brachypodium/*genetics ; *Droughts ; *Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Phenotypic plasticity and genetic differentiation both play important roles in the establishment and spread of species after extra-range dispersal; however, the adaptive potential of plasticity and genetic divergence in successful invasions remains unclear.<br><br>METHODS: We measured six anatomical traits associated with drought tolerance in contrasting water environments for individuals from the invasive and native range of the bunchgrass Brachypodium sylvaticum. To represent sources contributing to admixed genotypes in the invasive range accurately, we used unique alleles to determine probabilities of genetic contribution, and utilized these as weights in our analyses. The adaptive values of plasticity and genetic differentiation were assessed using regression.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: No plasticity was found in response to water availability for any of the measured traits. Bulliform cell area and three traits related to xylem morphology displayed genetic differentiation between invasive and native ranges, indicating a shift in the invasive range towards drought-tolerant phenotypes. Genetic divergence was not consistently in the direction indicated by selection, suggesting that responses are limited by trade-offs with other traits or physical constraints.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that invasive adaptation is the consequence of post-introduction selection leading to genetic differentiation. Selection, rather than plasticity, is driving B. sylvaticum success in its invaded range.}, }
@article {pmid30554361, year = {2019}, author = {Rodriguez-Saona, C and Cloonan, KR and Sanchez-Pedraza, F and Zhou, Y and Giusti, MM and Benrey, B}, title = {Differential Susceptibility of Wild and Cultivated Blueberries to an Invasive Frugivorous Pest.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {286-297}, pmid = {30554361}, issn = {1573-1561}, support = {2015-51181-24252//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Blueberry Plants/*parasitology ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Highbush blueberry is a crop native to the northeast USA that has been domesticated for about 100 years. This study compared the susceptibility of wild and domesticated/cultivated highbush blueberries to an invasive frugivorous pest, the spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii). We hypothesized that: 1) cultivated fruits are preferred by D. suzukii for oviposition and better hosts for its offspring than wild fruits; and, 2) wild and cultivated fruits differ in physico-chemical traits. Fruits from wild and cultivated blueberries were collected from June through August of 2015 and 2016 from 10 to 12 sites in New Jersey (USA); with each site having wild and cultivated blueberries growing in close proximity. The preference and performance of D. suzukii on wild and cultivated blueberries were studied in choice and no-choice bioassays. In addition, we compared size, firmness, acidity (pH), total soluble solids (°Brix), and nutrient, phenolic, and anthocyanin content between wild and cultivated berries. In choice and no-choice bioassays, more eggs were oviposited in, and more flies emerged from, cultivated than wild blueberries. Cultivated fruits were 2x bigger, 47% firmer, 14% less acidic, and had lower °Brix, phenolic, and anthocyanin amounts per mass than wild fruits. Levels of potassium and boron were higher in cultivated fruits, while calcium, magnesium, and copper were higher in wild fruits. These results show that domestication and/or agronomic practices have made blueberries more susceptible to D. suzukii, which was associated with several physico-chemical changes in fruits. Our study documents the positive effects of crop domestication/cultivation on an invasive insect pest.}, }
@article {pmid30548757, year = {2019}, author = {Roy, HE and Bacher, S and Essl, F and Adriaens, T and Aldridge, DC and Bishop, JDD and Blackburn, TM and Branquart, E and Brodie, J and Carboneras, C and Cottier-Cook, EJ and Copp, GH and Dean, HJ and Eilenberg, J and Gallardo, B and Garcia, M and García-Berthou, E and Genovesi, P and Hulme, PE and Kenis, M and Kerckhof, F and Kettunen, M and Minchin, D and Nentwig, W and Nieto, A and Pergl, J and Pescott, OL and M Peyton, J and Preda, C and Roques, A and Rorke, SL and Scalera, R and Schindler, S and Schönrogge, K and Sewell, J and Solarz, W and Stewart, AJA and Tricarico, E and Vanderhoeven, S and van der Velde, G and Vilà, M and Wood, CA and Zenetos, A and Rabitsch, W}, title = {Developing a list of invasive alien species likely to threaten biodiversity and ecosystems in the European Union.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {1032-1048}, pmid = {30548757}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Consensus Development Conferences as Topic ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Policy ; European Union ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data/*trends ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {The European Union (EU) has recently published its first list of invasive alien species (IAS) of EU concern to which current legislation must apply. The list comprises species known to pose great threats to biodiversity and needs to be maintained and updated. Horizon scanning is seen as critical to identify the most threatening potential IAS that do not yet occur in Europe to be subsequently risk assessed for future listing. Accordingly, we present a systematic consensus horizon scanning procedure to derive a ranked list of potential IAS likely to arrive, establish, spread and have an impact on biodiversity in the region over the next decade. The approach is unique in the continental scale examined, the breadth of taxonomic groups and environments considered, and the methods and data sources used. International experts were brought together to address five broad thematic groups of potential IAS. For each thematic group the experts first independently assembled lists of potential IAS not yet established in the EU but potentially threatening biodiversity if introduced. Experts were asked to score the species within their thematic group for their separate likelihoods of i) arrival, ii) establishment, iii) spread, and iv) magnitude of the potential negative impact on biodiversity within the EU. Experts then convened for a 2-day workshop applying consensus methods to compile a ranked list of potential IAS. From an initial working list of 329 species, a list of 66 species not yet established in the EU that were considered to be very high (8 species), high (40 species) or medium (18 species) risk species was derived. Here, we present these species highlighting the potential negative impacts and the most likely biogeographic regions to be affected by these potential IAS.}, }
@article {pmid30548338, year = {2019}, author = {Graham, S and Metcalf, AL and Gill, N and Niemiec, R and Moreno, C and Bach, T and Ikutegbe, V and Hallstrom, L and Ma, Z and Lubeck, A}, title = {Opportunities for better use of collective action theory in research and governance for invasive species management.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {275-287}, pmid = {30548338}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Controlling invasive species presents a public-good dilemma. Although environmental, social, and economic benefits of control accrue to society, costs are borne by only a few individuals and organizations. For decades, policy makers have used incentives and sanctions to encourage or coerce individual actors to contribute to the public good, with limited success. Diverse, subnational efforts to collectively manage invasive plants, insects, and animals provide effective alternatives to traditional command-and-control approaches. Despite this work, there has been little systematic evaluation of collective efforts to determine whether there are consistent principles underpinning success. We reviewed 32 studies to identify the extent to which collective-action theories from related agricultural and environmental fields explain collaborative invasive species management approaches; describe and differentiate emergent invasive species collective-action efforts; and provide guidance on how to enable more collaborative approaches to invasive species management. We identified 4 types of collective action aimed at invasive species-externally led, community led, comanaged, and organizational coalitions-that provide blueprints for future invasive species management. Existing collective-action theories could explain the importance attributed to developing shared knowledge of the social-ecological system and the need for social capital. Yet, collection action on invasive species requires different types of monitoring, sanctions, and boundary definitions. We argue that future government policies can benefit from establishing flexible boundaries that encourage social learning and enable colocated individuals and organizations to identify common goals, pool resources, and coordinate efforts.}, }
@article {pmid30545083, year = {2018}, author = {Guo, P and Yu, F and Ren, Y and Liu, D and Li, J and Ouyang, Z and Wang, X}, title = {Response of Ruderal Species Diversity to an Urban Environment: Implications for Conservation and Management.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {30545083}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {Beijing ; *Biodiversity ; Cities ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Environment ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic activities have weakened the invasion of ruderals and increased the number of non-native species in urban areas. Ruderals are an important component of urban plant diversity and are of great significance to the sustainable development of urban green space. We used the tessellation[-]randomized plot method to examine the composition and biodiversity of ruderal species among urban land use types (LUTs) in the built-up areas of Beijing. Soil samples from the surface to a depth of 10 cm were taken from each site to examine the impact of soil characteristics on ruderal species diversity. Results showed that a total of 120 ruderal species were observed, including 71 native and 49 non-native species. Among them, 90% were identified as Cosmopolitan. Native species accounted for the majority of ruderals across all the eight LUTs. Institutional, residential, and woodlot areas with coarser management had higher ruderal species richness than did commercial areas and roadside lawns. Allergenic species showed the highest proportions in municipal parks, and invasive species accounted for 20% of all ruderal species. Ruderal species diversity was related to distance from the urban center, pruning intensity, and soil characteristics. These results suggest that with ruderals playing an important role in urban grass species diversity, there is tremendous potential for more native species in Beijing lawns, which would contribute substantially to increasing the ecological system's functional benefits. Ruderal species accustomed to the causal processes and environmental conditions of different LUTs should be used and conserved properly to improve the harsh conditions of different LUTs and to sustain ecosystem health.}, }
@article {pmid30543981, year = {2019}, author = {Mathai, PP and Dunn, HM and Magnone, P and Zhang, Q and Ishii, S and Chun, CL and Sadowsky, MJ}, title = {Association between submerged aquatic vegetation and elevated levels of Escherichia coli and potential bacterial pathogens in freshwater lakes.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {657}, number = {}, pages = {319-324}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.484}, pmid = {30543981}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Anseriformes/*microbiology ; Bacteria/*isolation &amp; purification ; Escherichia coli/isolation &amp; purification ; Feces/*microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Lakes/*microbiology ; Minnesota ; Saxifragales/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; Seasons ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Fecal indicator bacteria such as Escherichia coli have been reported to persist and potentially grow in a wide variety of secondary habitats, such as water, beach sand, sediment, periphyton and some algae. However, little is known about their association with submerged macrophytes and how this may influence water quality. In this study, we examined the association of E. coli and potential bacterial pathogens with Eurasian watermilfoil (EWM), an invasive, submerged, macrophyte that has spread across thousands of lakes in North America. EWM samples were collected from 10 lakes in Minnesota, once a month, for six consecutive months from early summer to late fall. Microbiota associated with EWM were examined using membrane filtration, quantitative PCR targeting various bacterial pathogens and host-associated marker genes, and high-throughput DNA sequencing. E. coli densities were generally elevated on EWM samples, and peaked during warmer months. Moreover, our results showed that EWM could serve as a temporal source for transmission of microbiota to the water column. Several potential pathogenic groups, including Aeromonas, Enterobacteriaceae, and Clostridium were present in significantly greater relative abundance on EWM than in water, and waterfowl was predicted to be the major source of fecal contamination. These findings have water quality implications with respect to the potential for submerged macrophytes to harbor and disperse E. coli and other bacterial pathogens in a large number of waterbodies.}, }
@article {pmid30543970, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, G and Bai, J and Jia, J and Wang, W and Wang, X and Zhao, Q and Lu, Q}, title = {Shifts of soil microbial community composition along a short-term invasion chronosequence of Spartina alterniflora in a Chinese estuary.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {657}, number = {}, pages = {222-233}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.061}, pmid = {30543970}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {China ; Estuaries ; Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; *Plant Dispersal ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; Time Factors ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Exotic plant invasion can alter native soil microbial community composition, and further influence the biogeochemical processes. Little information is available about the impacts of the invasion chronosequence of Spartina alterniflora on the dynamics of soil microbial community. Soil microbial community in coastal salt marshes invaded by S. alterniflora and reference wetlands covered by Suaeda salsa were investigated using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) profiling along a short-term chronosequence (i.e., 2-, 5- and 10-year) of S. alterniflora invasion in the Yellow River Estuary. Results exhibited an increase in soil moisture, soil organic matter (SOM), soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN) and the total of PLFAs with increasing invasion ages of S. alterniflora in these coastal salt marshes. Comparatively, soil pH and bulk density exhibited a weak decline along the invasion chronosequence. The elevated values of relative abundance of fungi and the ratios of fungi: bacteria (F/B) in all invaded salt marshes were mainly associated with the accumulation of soil available substrate (e.g., SOM, DOC and TN). S. alterniflora invasion also increased the ratios of gram-positive/gram-negative (G+/G-) bacterial PLFAs, with the highest value occurring in the 2-year invaded salt marshes. The bacterial stress indicated by ratios of cy17:0/16:1ω7c and cy19:0/18:1ω7c consistently decreased along the invasion chronosequence. In conclusion, the shifts of soil microbial community composition were tightly associated with soil variables, such as soil pH and soil nutrient supply. Our findings reflect the short-term chronological effects of S. alterniflora invasion on the soil physicochemical characteristics and microbial communities, which contributes to the linkage between the plant invasion and soil development of coastal salt marshes.}, }
@article {pmid30543700, year = {2018}, author = {Dussault, C and Nelder, MP and Russell, C and Johnson, S and Vrbova, L}, title = {Evaluating the impact of Aedes japonicus invasion on the mosquito community in the Greater Golden Horseshoe region (Ontario, Canada).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {e0208911}, pmid = {30543700}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aedes/*pathogenicity/virology ; Animals ; Culicidae/*physiology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Ontario/epidemiology ; Population Dynamics ; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/transmission/virology ; West Nile virus/isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes japonicus was first documented in Ontario, Canada, in 2001. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Ae. japonicus establishment on the abundance of other mosquitoes in the Greater Golden Horseshoe (GGH) region of Ontario.<br><br>METHODS: Adult mosquito data from the Ontario West Nile virus surveillance program were used. Descriptive analyses, linear trends and distribution maps of average trap count per month for six mosquito species of interest were produced. Multivariable negative binomial regression models were constructed to 1) test whether the invasion of Ae. japonicus affected the abundance of other mosquitoes by comparing the time period before Ae. japonicus was identified in an area (pre-detection), to after it was first identified (detection), and subsequently (establishment), and 2) identify the variables that explain the abundance of the various mosquito species.<br><br>RESULTS: The monthly seasonal average (May-October) of Ae. japonicus per trap night increased from 2002 to 2016, peaking in September, when the average of most other mosquitoes decrease. There were increased numbers of Ae. triseriatus/hendersoni (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.40, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.02-1.94) and decreased numbers of Coquillettidia perturbans (OR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.26-0.73) in the detection period, compared to the pre-detection period. Additionally, there was a decrease in Cx. pipiens/restuans (OR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.76-0.99) and Cq. perturbans (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.49-0.94) in the establishment period, compared to the pre-detection period. None of the most parsimonious explanatory models included the period of the establishment of Ae. japonicus.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence that the introduction of Ae. japonicus significantly reduced populations of Ae. triseriatus/hendersoni, Cx. pipiens/restuans or An. punctipennis in the GGH. While further research is needed to understand the impact of the Ae. japonicus invasion on other mosquito species, our work indicates that, on a regional scale, little impact has been noted.}, }
@article {pmid30542008, year = {2019}, author = {Rizwan, S and Benincasa, C and Mehmood, K and Anjum, S and Mehmood, Z and Alizai, GH and Azam, M and Perri, E and Sajjad, A}, title = {Fatty Acids and Phenolic Profiles of Extravirgin Olive Oils from Selected Italian Cultivars Introduced in Southwestern Province of Pakistan.}, journal = {Journal of oleo science}, volume = {68}, number = {1}, pages = {33-43}, doi = {10.5650/jos.ess18150}, pmid = {30542008}, issn = {1347-3352}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Climate Change ; Fatty Acids/*analysis/isolation &amp; purification ; Flavonoids/analysis/isolation &amp; purification ; Introduced Species ; Iran ; Iridoids/analysis/isolation &amp; purification ; Italy ; Olea/*chemistry ; Olive Oil/*analysis/isolation &amp; purification ; Pakistan ; Phenols/*analysis/isolation &amp; purification ; Principal Component Analysis ; Tocopherols/*analysis/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Mediterranean olive trees have been cultivated in Pakistan for decades to promote olive cultivation and use of olive oil. The qualitative characteristics of seven mono and one multi-varietal extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) extracted from Italian cultivars grown in different areas of Balochistan a southwestern province of Pakistan were evaluated. Present study aims to assess the impact of bioclimatological change on biochemical profile of exotic cultivars. The dominating fatty acids found in analyzed EVOOs were oleic (65-72%), linoleic (10.61-18.33%) and palmitic acids (12-16%). The tocopherols α, (β+γ) and δ contents showed a great diversity which ranged from (60-408) mg/kg while, total phenol concentration ranged from (200-370) mg/kg. The analyses of phenolic compounds revealed the presence of phenolic acids, phenolic alcohols, secoiridoids, flavonoids, oleuropein and verbascosides. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) regarding studied parameters. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify the main components and to classify samples into groups in terms of fatty acids and phenolic profiles. The first group (Frantoio, Moraiolo, Pendolino, Multi-varietal mixture) characterized by high amount of oleic acid and MUFAs/PUFAs ratio. The second group (Maurino and Leccino) correlates with SFAs and third (Ottobrattica, Coratina) with PUFAs. Based on the PCA of phenolic profile the studied cultivars were divided into two main groups. Morialo, Pendolino and Maurino correlated with (phenolic acids, hydroxytyrosol, flavonoids and secoiridoids). Frantoio, Ottobrattica, Coratina, multi-varietal and Leccino were correlated with oleuropein, tyrosol and ligstroside aglycon. The obtained data was compared with those obtained from same cultivars in their original and/or different growing area. Marked differences were observed in the composition of oleic, linoleic, palmitic acids, secoiridoids and total phenolic contents. These differences could be due to change in geographical location and climatical condition of Balochistan. The cultivar Moraiolo has shown best adaptation and preserved its biochemical composition among all studied cultivars.}, }
@article {pmid30525187, year = {2019}, author = {Vetter, BJ and Rogers, LS and Mensinger, AF}, title = {The effect of light stimuli on dark-adapted visual sensitivity in invasive silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and bighead carp H. nobilis.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {95}, number = {1}, pages = {256-262}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13880}, pmid = {30525187}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//University of Minnesota Duluth Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program/ ; }, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Carps/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Light ; *Photic Stimulation ; Sound ; Visual Perception ; }, abstract = {Non-physical barriers, including the use of underwater strobe lights alone or paired with sound or bubbles, are being considered as a means to prevent the upstream migration of invasive silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and bighead carp H. nobilis. To optimize potential optical deterrents, it is necessary to understand the visual sensitivity of the fishes. Dark-adapted H. molitrix and H. nobilis were found to possess broad visual sensitivity between 470 to 620 nm with peak spectral sensitivity at 540 nm for H. molitrix and 560 nm in H. nobilis. To assess the effect of a strobe light on vision, dark-adapted H. molitrix, H. nobilis and common carp Cyprinus carpio, were exposed to three different 5 s trains (100, 200, or 500 ms on-off flashes) of white light and the recovery of visual sensitivity was determined by measuring the b-wave amplitude of the electroretinogram (ERG). For all species, the longest recoveries were observed in response to the 500 ms flash trains (H. molitrix mean ± SE = 702.0 ± 89.8 s; H. nobilis 648.0 ± 116.0 s; C. carpio 480 ± 180.0 s). The results suggest that strobe lights can temporarily depress visual sensitivity, which may render optical barriers less effective.}, }
@article {pmid30535812, year = {2019}, author = {Brusch, GA and Christian, K and Brown, GP and Shine, R and DeNardo, DF}, title = {Cane toads (Rhinella marina) rely on water access, not drought tolerance, to invade xeric Australian environments.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {189}, number = {2}, pages = {307-316}, pmid = {30535812}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {1311230//Directorate for Biological Sciences/ ; 1606367//Directorate for Biological Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bufo marinus ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Water ; }, abstract = {The invasion of habitats with novel environmental challenges may require physiological tolerances not seen in conspecifics from the native range. We used a combination of field and laboratory-based experiments to assess physiological tolerance to limited water access at four sites distributed across the historical invasion path of cane toads (Rhinella marina) in Australia that, from east to west, alternated between mesic and seasonally xeric habitats. Toads from all locations were well hydrated at the time of capture. However, experimental dehydration caused greater mass loss, higher plasma osmolality, and inhibition of lytic ability in toads from xeric compared to mesic locations. These results suggest somewhat surprisingly that toads from xeric environments are physiologically more vulnerable to water loss. In contrast, bactericidal ability was not sensitive to hydric state and was greater in toads from eastern (long-colonized) areas. Similar patterns in lytic ability in hydrated toads and agglutination ability in wild toads suggest that toads along the invasion front face a tradeoff between enhanced dispersal ability and physiological responses to dehydration. The ability of this invasive species to spread into drier environments may be underpinned by a combination of phenotypic plasticity and evolved (heritable) traits.}, }
@article {pmid30535268, year = {2019}, author = {Alvarez Garcia, DM and Pérez-Hérazo, A and Amat, E}, title = {Spatial and Temporal Variation of the Blowflies Community (Diptera: Calliphoridae) From an Urban Area in Northern South America.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, pages = {464-471}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjy211}, pmid = {30535268}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Cities ; Colombia ; *Diptera ; Female ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are necrophagous flies with ecological, medical, veterinary, and forensic importance. These flies carry pathogens that they spread to animals and humans, and produce myiasis. Furthermore, they are useful tools in forensic science as indicators of postmortem intervals, and in biomedicine they are successfully used in larval therapy. This study aimed to assess the spatiotemporal variation of the blowflies community from the urban area of Sincelejo City, located in the Colombian Caribbean region. Samplings were conducted from May 2012 to April 2013, using Van Someren Rydon-traps baited with bovine meat, fish, and chicken that decomposed for 48 h. Six species were registered, Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius, 1775) was the most abundant, followed by Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann, 1819) and Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819), while Chloroprocta idioidea (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794), and Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann, 1830) presented the least individuals. The blowflies community did not change significantly throughout the sampling months or between the periods of low or high rainfall, nor was it influenced by weather variables. Although the species composition was the same in all sampled localities, species abundances presented significant differences. The possible causes of this pattern are discussed herein. Sex ratios were female biased for all the recorded species, except C. idioidea. Our findings provide the first assessment of the blowflies community from the urban area of Sincelejo City.}, }
@article {pmid30532618, year = {2018}, author = {Kovalenko, YN and Akulov, EN and Yunakov, N}, title = {The easternmost discovery of the Mediterranean weevil Pachyrhinuslethierryi (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae): Is a further invasion possible?.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {799}, pages = {89-93}, pmid = {30532618}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Pachyrhinuslethierryi (Desbrochers des Loges, 1875) is a Mediterranean weevil species that has become remarkably well known as a result of a series of recent introductions across Western and Central Europe. This species has recently reached Asia Minor and the Crimean Peninsula, as confirmed by several new records. The vectors of invasion in Crimea and possible further expansion are suggested.}, }
@article {pmid30532047, year = {2019}, author = {Wu, N and Zhang, S and Li, X and Cao, Y and Liu, X and Wang, Q and Liu, Q and Liu, H and Hu, X and Zhou, XJ and James, AA and Zhang, Z and Huang, Y and Zhan, S}, title = {Fall webworm genomes yield insights into rapid adaptation of invasive species.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {105-115}, pmid = {30532047}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Genome ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Male ; Moths/*physiology ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Invasive species cause considerable ecological and economic damage. Despite decades of broad impacts of invasives on diversity and agriculture, the genetic adaptations and near-term evolution of invading populations are poorly understood. The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, a highly successful invasive species that originated in North America, spread throughout the Northern Hemisphere during the past 80 years. Here, we use whole-genome sequencing of invasive populations and transcriptome profiling to probe the underlying genetic bases for the rapid adaptation of this species to new environments and host plants. We find substantial reductions in genomic diversity consistent with founder effects. Genes and pathways associated with carbohydrate metabolism and gustatory receptors are substantially expanded in the webworm genome and show strong signatures of functional polymorphisms in the invasive population. We also find that silk-yielding-associated genes maintained a relatively low level of functional diversity, and identify candidate genes that may regulate the development of silk glands in fall webworms. These data suggest that the fall webworm's ability to colonize novel hosts, mediated by plasticity in their gustatory capabilities along with an increased ability to utilize novel nutrition sources and substrates, has facilitated the rapid and successful adaptation of the species throughout its range.}, }
@article {pmid30529414, year = {2019}, author = {Watkins, C and Caplenor, CA and Poudyal, NC and Muller, LI and Yoest, C}, title = {Comparing landowner support for wild hog management options in Tennessee.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {232}, number = {}, pages = {722-728}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.075}, pmid = {30529414}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Introduced Species ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Swine ; Tennessee ; }, abstract = {Wild hogs (Sus scrofa) are an invasive, non-native species quickly gaining ground on private, as well as public, lands in Tennessee and much of the United States. Wildlife management personnel may benefit from assessing stakeholders' views towards various management options to control and eradicate wild hogs. A statewide mail survey of 5000 randomly selected landowners in Tennessee counties known to have wild hogs yielded 1620 completed responses (33% response rate). Using this dataset, an index of potential for conflict among landowner groups was computed for each of eleven management options, which varied from leaving the wild hogs alone, to both lethal and non-lethal options. Results indicate varying levels of potential for conflict depending on hunter status, wild hog hunter status, presence of wild hogs on land, percent of income derived from land, and amount of land damage caused by wild hogs. Overall, three management options including leaving the wild hogs alone, allowing sale of wild hogs, and capturing and relocating were found unacceptable whereas many other options including capturing and killing, providing technical assistance to landowners and educating people on preventing damage were found to have high level of acceptability and most consensus among landowner subgroups. Findings will be useful in understanding how support for wild hog control options vary across population segments, and which options are likely to see more or less resistance from certain landowners.}, }
@article {pmid30529381, year = {2019}, author = {Fox, EGP and Wu, X and Wang, L and Chen, L and Lu, YY and Xu, Y}, title = {Queen venom isosolenopsin A delivers rapid incapacitation of fire ant competitors.}, journal = {Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology}, volume = {158}, number = {}, pages = {77-83}, doi = {10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.428}, pmid = {30529381}, issn = {1879-3150}, mesh = {Alkaloids/*toxicity ; Animals ; Ant Venoms/chemistry/*toxicity ; Ants/*drug effects ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Fire ant venom contains insecticidal alkaloids named 'solenopsins'. Whilst species-specific differences are reported, little attention has been given to caste-specific venom adaptations. The venom of fire ant queens has remained particularly poorly studied, though studies have shown it to be strikingly similar across different species, in being primarily composed of the alkaloid isosolenopsin A, regardless of the chemical configuration in workers. We predict that this is the evolutionary outcome of stabilising selection, implying that a shared mechanism is responsible for the conserved venom composition among fire ant queens. The present investigation tests whether venom plays a role in nest founding, when queens must succeed in isolation in the field against competitor species. Here, we report that fire ant queen venom and isosolenopsin A are faster to incapacitate alien ants than the venom of fire ant workers. Representative sympatric competitor ant species were selected and exposed on their heads to the venom of workers and queens of the invasive fire ant species Solenopsis invicta and S. geminata. Queen venom was found to incapacitate rival foragers quicker than worker venom. The effects were reproduced using synthetic solenopsins, establishing that solenopsin A analogues are particularly effective contact neurotoxins. Overall, the venom of S. invicta is more lethal than of S. geminata, regardless of the incapacitation speed. We believe these are fundamental aspects of the chemical ecology of the invasive ants which remain overlooked, and emphasise the need for further studies into the venom biology of founding queens.}, }
@article {pmid30528114, year = {2019}, author = {Kraus, R and Grilli, F and Supić, N and Janeković, I and Brailo, M and Cara, M and Cetinić, AB and Campanelli, A and Cozzi, S and D'Adamo, R and Djakovac, T and Dutour-Sikirić, M and Flander-Putrle, V and Francé, J and Joksimović, D and Klun, K and Kolitari, J and Kralj, M and Kušpilić, G and Marini, M and Matić, F and Mikuš, J and Ninčević-Gladan, &#x17d; and Pansera, M and Pećarević, M and Precali, R and Prusina, I and Relitti, F and Santucci, A and Specchiulli, A and Škalic, D}, title = {Oceanographic characteristics of the Adriatic Sea - Support to secondary HAOP spread through natural dispersal.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {147}, number = {}, pages = {59-85}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.062}, pmid = {30528114}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Biological Monitoring/methods ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Oceanography ; Plankton ; Salinity ; Seasons ; Seawater/chemistry ; *Ships ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Water Microbiology ; Wind ; }, abstract = {Vessels, specifically ballast water and hull fouling, are a major vector for the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) in European seas. The Mediterranean is one of the world's marine regions where their invasion is heaviest. The shallow Adriatic basin is a highly sensitive area that is already experiencing its consequences. The secondary spread of NIS over a wider area through natural dispersion is a complex process that depends on a wide range of oceanographic factors. This work analysed the dataset of the BALMAS project, in whose framework twelve ports in the Adriatic Sea were subjected to a Port Baseline Survey (PBS), to estimate the natural spread of NIS organisms from their port of arrival to the wider Adriatic basin. Its findings indicate that the prevailing water circulation patterns facilitate the natural dispersal of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens (HAOP).}, }
@article {pmid30527748, year = {2019}, author = {de Ramos, B and da Costa, GB and Ramlov, F and Maraschin, M and Horta, PA and Figueroa, FL and Korbee, N and Bonomi-Barufi, J}, title = {Ecophysiological implications of UV radiation in the interspecific interaction of Pyropia acanthophora and Grateloupia turuturu (Rhodophyta).}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {144}, number = {}, pages = {36-45}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.11.014}, pmid = {30527748}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Amino Acids/analysis ; Brazil ; Chlorophyll A/analysis ; Introduced Species ; Photosynthesis ; Phycobiliproteins/analysis ; Rhodophyta/*physiology/*radiation effects ; *Ultraviolet Rays ; }, abstract = {Radiation, both photosynthetic active radiation (PAR, l = 400-700 nm) and Ultraviolet (UVR, l = 280-400 nm) is one of the key factors regulating algal distribution in aquatic environments. Pyropia acanthophora and Grateloupia turuturu have been found over upper rocky shore areas in Southern Brazil, occupying the same niche space. The first species is native and the second one is exotic and considered a potential invader of South Atlantic. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of radiation on physiological responses of both species and infer mechanisms that allow their niche competition in the environment. Samples were cultured in the following conditions: associated or separated, and with an addition of PAR, PAR + UVA (PA) and PAR + UVA + UVB (PAB), totalizing six factorial treatments during 5 days of exposure. Photosynthetic responses of Fv/Fm and ETR were daily evaluated. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment, samples were analyzed for pigment content (chlorophyll a and phycobiliproteins), and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), while oxygen evolution was evaluated at the end of the experiment. As the main results, G. turuturu died when cultivated in PAB conditions. P. acanthophora presented higher amounts of chlorophyll a than G. turuturu during the whole experiment. Phycoerythrin and Fv/Fm remained constant in P. acanthophora but diminished for G. turuturu in UV treatments. ETR was higher for samples that were cultivated in associative treatment. The presence of G. turuturu in the same flask enhanced MAA synthesis in P. acanthophora, regardless of radiation condition. In addition, UV radiation can be a factor controlling species distribution and could counteract the spreading of invasive species, like G. turuturu, allowing P. acanthophora survival in upper rocky shore zones of the natural ecological distribution area.}, }
@article {pmid30526682, year = {2018}, author = {Habib, MR and Lv, S and Guo, YH and Gu, WB and Standley, CJ and Caldeira, RL and Zhou, XN}, title = {Morphological and molecular characterization of invasive Biomphalaria straminea in southern China.}, journal = {Infectious diseases of poverty}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {120}, pmid = {30526682}, issn = {2049-9957}, support = {2016YFC1202001//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; CB-1603//Research Fund for the Technical Reserves, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese CDC/ ; 304121/2014-2//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/CNPq/ ; }, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Biomphalaria/*genetics/*physiology ; China ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis is a common parasitic disease designated as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. Schistosomiasis mansoni is a form of the disease that is caused by the digenean trematode Schistosoma mansoni, transmitted through Biomphalaria spp. as an intermediate host. Biomphalaria was introduced to Hong Kong, China in aquatic plants shipments coming from Brazil and the snail rapidly established its habitats in southern China. Earlier studies of Biomphalaria spp. introduced to southern China identified the snails as Biomphalaria straminea, one of the susceptible species implicated in S. mansoni transmission in South America. However, recent molecular investigations also indicated the presence of another South American species, B. kuhniana, which is refractory to infection. As such, it is important to identify accurately the species currently distributed in southern China, especially with emerging reports of active S. mansoni infections in Chinese workers returning from Africa.<br><br>METHODS: We combined morphological and molecular taxonomy tools to precisely identify Biomphalaria spp. distributed in Guangdong Province, southern China. In order to clearly understand the molecular profile of the species, we constructed a phylogeny using mtDNA data (COI and 16S rRNA sequences) from six populations of Biomphalaria spp. from Shenzhen City in Guangdong Province. In addition, we examined the external morphology of the shell and internal anatomy of the reproductive organs.<br><br>RESULTS: Both morphological and molecular evidences indicated a close affinity between Biomphalaria spp. populations from Guangdong and B. straminea from Brazil. The shell morphology was roughly identical in all the populations collected with rounded whorls on one side and subangulated on the other, a smooth periphery, an egg-shaped aperture bowed to one side, and a deep umbilicus. The shape and number of prostate diverticula (ranged from 11.67 to 17.67) in Guangdong populations supports its close affinity to B. straminea rather than B. kuhniana. Molecular analysis did not conflict with morphological analysis. Little genetic differentiation was observed within Biomphalaria populations collected. Phylogenetic analysis of COI and 16S rRNA haplotypes from snails collected and B. straminea sequences from Brazil and China using Bayesian inference revealed that Guangdong populations were clustered in one clade with B. straminea from Hong Kong of China and B. straminea from Brazil indicating their close affinity to each other.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Data obtained in the current study clearly show that the populations of Biomphalaria spp. investigated are B. straminea, and we assume that those snails were either introduced via passive dispersal from Hong Kong of China or as a result of multiple introduction routes from Brazil.}, }
@article {pmid30526493, year = {2018}, author = {Chen, Y and Shenkar, N and Ni, P and Lin, Y and Li, S and Zhan, A}, title = {Rapid microevolution during recent range expansion to harsh environments.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {187}, pmid = {30526493}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; Ciona intestinalis/*genetics/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Gene Frequency/genetics ; Gene Ontology ; Genetic Loci ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genome ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Adaptive evolution is one of the crucial mechanisms for organisms to survive and thrive in new environments. Recent studies suggest that adaptive evolution could rapidly occur in species to respond to novel environments or environmental challenges during range expansion. However, for environmental adaptation, many studies successfully detected phenotypic features associated with local environments, but did not provide ample genetic evidence on microevolutionary dynamics. It is therefore crucial to thoroughly investigate the genetic basis of rapid microevolution in response to environmental changes, in particular on what genes and associated variation are responsible for environmental challenges. Here, we genotyped genome-wide gene-associated microsatellites to detect genetic signatures of rapid microevolution of a marine tunicate invader, Ciona robusta, during recent range expansion to the harsh environment in the Red Sea.<br><br>RESULTS: The Red Sea population was significantly differentiated from the other global populations. The genome-wide scan, as well as multiple analytical methods, successfully identified a set of adaptive genes. Interestingly, the allele frequency largely varied at several adaptive loci in the Red Sea population, and we found significant correlations between allele frequency and local environmental factors at these adaptive loci. Furthermore, a set of genes were annotated to get involved in local temperature and salinity adaptation, and the identified adaptive genes may largely contribute to the invasion success to harsh environments.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: All the evidence obtained in this study clearly showed that environment-driven selection had left detectable signatures in the genome of Ciona robusta within a few generations. Such a rapid microevolutionary process is largely responsible for the harsh environmental adaptation and therefore contributes to invasion success in different aquatic ecosystems with largely varied environmental factors.}, }
@article {pmid30521096, year = {2019}, author = {Pregitzer, CC and Charlop-Powers, S and Bibbo, S and Forgione, HM and Gunther, B and Hallett, RA and Bradford, MA}, title = {A city-scale assessment reveals that native forest types and overstory species dominate New York City forests.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {e01819}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1819}, pmid = {30521096}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Cities ; Ecosystem ; *Forests ; New York City ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Cities are increasingly focused on expanding tree canopy cover as a means to improve the urban environment by, for example, reducing heat island effects, promoting better air quality, and protecting local habitat. The majority of efforts to expand canopy cover focus on planting street trees or on planting native tree species and removing nonnatives in natural areas through reforestation. Yet many urban canopy assessments conducted at the city-scale reveal co-dominance by nonnative trees, fueling debates about the value of urban forests and native-specific management targets. In contrast, assessments within cities at site or park scales find that some urban forest stands harbor predominantly native biodiversity. To resolve this apparent dichotomy in findings, about the extent to which urban forests are native dominated, between the city-scale canopy and site-level assessments, we measure forest structure and composition in 1,124 plots across 53 parks in New York City's 2,497 ha of natural area forest. That is, we assess urban forests at the city-scale and deliberately omit sampling trees existing outside of forest stands but which are enumerated in citywide canopy assessments. We find that on average forest stand canopy is comprised of 82% native species in New York City forests, suggesting that conclusions that the urban canopy is co-dominated by nonnatives likely results from predominantly sampling street trees in prior city-scale assessments. However, native tree species' proportion declines to 75% and 53% in the midstory and understory, respectively, suggesting potential threats to the future native dominance of urban forest canopies. Furthermore, we find that out of 57 unique forest types in New York City, the majority of stands (81%) are a native type. We find that stand structure in urban forest stands is more similar to rural forests in New York State than to stand structure reported for prior assessments of the urban canopy at the city scale. Our results suggest the need to measure urban forest stands apart from the entire urban canopy. Doing so will ensure that city-scale assessments return data that align with conservation policy and management strategies that focus on maintaining and growing native urban forests rather than individual trees.}, }
@article {pmid30519436, year = {2018}, author = {Boltovskoy, D and Sylvester, F and Paolucci, EM}, title = {Invasive species denialism: Sorting out facts, beliefs, and definitions.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {22}, pages = {11190-11198}, pmid = {30519436}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {In the last decades, thousands of investigations confirmed the detrimental effects of species translocated by man outside of their native ranges (nonindigenous species, or NIS). However, results concluding that many NIS have null, neutral, or positive impacts on the biota and on human interests are as common in the scientific literature as those that point at baneful impacts. Recently, several scholars confronted the stand that origin per se is not a reliable indicator of negative effects, suggesting that such conclusions are the expression of scientific denialism, often led by spurious purposes, and that their numbers are increasing. When assessed in the context of the growing interest in introduced species, the proportion of academic publications claiming that NIS pose no threats to the environment and to social and economic interests is extremely low, and has not increased since 1990. The widely prevailing notion that many NIS are effectively or potentially harmful does not conflict with the fact that most have mixed (negative, neutral, and positive) impacts. When based on solid grounds, reports of positive or neutral impacts should not be labeled as manipulative or misleading unless proven otherwise, even if they may hamper interest in- and funding of research and control bioinvasion programs.}, }
@article {pmid30519430, year = {2018}, author = {Cheeseman, AE and Ryan, SJ and Whipps, CM and Cohen, JB}, title = {Competition alters seasonal resource selection and promotes use of invasive shrubs by an imperiled native cottontail.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {22}, pages = {11122-11133}, pmid = {30519430}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Many ecosystems face multiple invaders, and interactions among invasive and native species may complicate conservation efforts for imperiled species. Examination of fine-scale resource selection can be used to detect patterns in habitat selection resulting from species interactions and assess the value of specific resources, including invasive plants, to wildlife. We used animal location data with mixed-effects resource selection models to examine seasonal competitive interactions and species-specific selection for forage and cover resources by an imperiled native lagomorph, the New England cottontail Sylvilagus transitionalis and its nonnative competitor, the eastern cottontail S. floridanus in the eastern Hudson Valley, NY. We found evidence that resource selection by New England cottontails depended on the relative prevalence of eastern cottontails to New England cottontails. Where eastern cottontails were less prevalent New England cottontail selected for resources characteristic of early successional shrublands. Where eastern cottontails were more prevalent, New England cottontails selected for resources characteristic of later successional shrublands. New England cottontail use of certain invasive shrubs depended on the prevalence of eastern cottontails relative to New England cottontails, suggesting response to invasive plants is confounded by interactions with a nonnative competitor. Our results further emphasize the need for conservation efforts to consider invasive management within the ecosystem context. We demonstrate the utility of resource selection studies to assist in this regard by exploring competitive interactions in the absence of removal studies, while simultaneously assessing the impact of habitat components such as invasive vegetation on species of conservation concern. Synthesis and applications Resource selection studies can be directly applied to inform ongoing species conservation where multiple invaders are present or where species interactions influence resource selection. Fine-scale assessments of resource selection, similar to those presented here, can be used to selectively manage habitat to benefit desired species within the ecosystem context.}, }
@article {pmid30519414, year = {2018}, author = {Davis, AJ and Williams, KE and Snow, NP and Pepin, KM and Piaggio, AJ}, title = {Accounting for observation processes across multiple levels of uncertainty improves inference of species distributions and guides adaptive sampling of environmental DNA.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {22}, pages = {10879-10892}, pmid = {30519414}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Understanding factors that influence observation processes is critical for accurate assessment of underlying ecological processes. When indirect methods of detection, such as environmental DNA, are used to determine species presence, additional levels of uncertainty from observation processes need to be accounted for. We conducted a field trial to evaluate observation processes of a terrestrial invasive species (wild pigs- Sus scrofa) from DNA in water bodies. We used a multi-scale occupancy analysis to estimate different levels of observation processes (detection, p): the probability DNA is available per sample (θ), the probability of capturing DNA per extraction (γ), and the probability of amplification per qPCR run (δ). We selected four sites for each of three water body types and collected 10 samples per water body during two months (September and October 2016) in central Texas. Our methodology can be used to guide sampling adaptively to minimize costs while improving inference of species distributions. Using a removal sampling approach was more efficient than pooling samples and was unbiased. Availability of DNA varied by month, was considerably higher when water pH was near neutral, and was higher in ephemeral streams relative to wildlife guzzlers and ponds. To achieve a cumulative detection probability >90% (including availability, capture, and amplification), future studies should collect 20 water samples per site, conduct at least two extractions per sample, and conduct five qPCR replicates per extraction. Accounting for multiple levels of uncertainty of observation processes improved estimation of the ecological processes and provided guidance for future sampling designs.}, }
@article {pmid30506975, year = {2019}, author = {Gutiérrez, Y and Bacca, T and Zambrano, LS and Pineda, M and Guedes, RN}, title = {Trade-off and adaptive cost in a multiple-resistant strain of the invasive potato tuber moth Tecia solanivora.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {75}, number = {6}, pages = {1655-1662}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5283}, pmid = {30506975}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Universidad de Nari&#xf1;o (Vicerector&#xed;a de Investigaciones)/ ; }, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Insecticide Resistance ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Moths/*physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Resistance to pesticides is an evolutionary process that entails, in most cases, substantial consequences to the biology of the resistant populations. In this study we focus on the life history traits of the potato tuber moth Tecia solanivora, an invasive and voracious pest for which resistance to pyrethroid insecticides was recently reported. Marginally resistant and multiple-resistant populations were selected from eight sampled localities in Colombia; the use of a fully susceptible population was not possible since none was recognized in the laboratory or field. The multiple-resistant Siachoque population exhibited a 42-fold resistance to the carbamate insecticide carbofuran, and low levels of resistance to chlorpyrifos, a trend observed in six of the eight tested populations. This population also exhibits 24-fold resistance to permethrin. The marginally resistant population of Gualmatán showed 4-fold resistance to chlorpyrifos.<br><br>RESULTS: The multiple-resistant population exhibited a 3.8-day shorter developmental time than the susceptible population, but with higher larval mortality. The peak of egg-laying was delayed in the resistant population in 9 days and the population growth rate was lower than that of the susceptible population.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We hypothesize that the short developmental time of the multiple-resistant population may be an adaptation to minimize exposure to insecticides, which are applied to the soil. This adaptation is likely to require the surviving adults to compensate for the smaller nutrient amounts accumulated by the larvae in investing part of its adult life in securing the necessary resources for late-life egg production. &#xa9; 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid30506833, year = {2019}, author = {Candia, IF and Bautista, V and Larsson Herrera, S and Walter, A and Ortuño Castro, N and Tasin, M and Dekker, T}, title = {Potential of locally sustainable food baits and traps against the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata in Bolivia.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {75}, number = {6}, pages = {1671-1680}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5286}, pmid = {30506833}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {2012-156//Vetenskapsr&#xe5;det/ ; 2016-05660//Vetenskapsr&#xe5;det/ ; //SIDA-Bolivia bilateral program/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Assay ; *Ceratitis capitata ; Insect Control/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Sustainable Development ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Small-scale farmers often take a double hit from pests such as tephritid fruit-flies. The high price of products against fruit-flies, together with the higher risk of reinfestation from neighboring orchards, limits options for control. Therefore, management requires low-cost local products and concerted action. Peach production in central Bolivia is increasingly affected by invasive Ceratitis capitata. To provide locally sustainable techniques that could incentivize area-wide cooperation of growers, we tested efficiency and specificity of low-cost lures and traps compared with commercial lures and traps (Tephritrap).<br><br>RESULTS: In the laboratory, the local fermented beverage 'chicha' and baker's yeast were equally or more attractive than commercial lures. Both chicha and baker's yeast trapped more flies in field (average FTD 10.31 and 9.49), whereas commercially hydrolyzed protein lure (4.71) or Torula yeast (6.82). However, many non-target species were caught (57.3% and 53.4%). Of the six PET bottles-based traps used, the T-trap caught a similar number of flies (average FTD 5.55), but fewer beneficial insects (0.16) compared to the Tephritrap (0.92).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study provides fruit growers with an economical and effective method to capture large numbers of C. capitata, suitable to be part of integrated pest management programs for fruit fly control. &#xa9; 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid30505000, year = {2018}, author = {Barnes, I and Fourie, A and Wingfield, MJ and Harrington, TC and McNew, DL and Sugiyama, LS and Luiz, BC and Heller, WP and Keith, LM}, title = {New Ceratocystis species associated with rapid death of Metrosideros polymorpha in Hawai'i.}, journal = {Persoonia}, volume = {40}, number = {}, pages = {154-181}, pmid = {30505000}, issn = {0031-5850}, abstract = {The native 'ōhi'a lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) has cultural, biological and ecological significance to Hawai'i, but it is seriously threatened by a disease commonly referred to as rapid 'ōhi'a death (ROD). Preliminary investigations showed that a Ceratocystis species similar to C. fimbriata s.lat. was the cause of the disease. In this study, we used a combination of the phylogenetic, morphological and biological species concepts, as well as pathogenicity tests and microsatellite analyses, to characterise isolates collected from diseased 'ōhi'a trees across Hawai'i Island. Two distinct lineages, representing new species of Ceratocystis, were evident based on multigene phylogenetic analyses. These are described here as C. lukuohia and C. huliohia. Ceratocystis lukuohia forms part of the Latin American clade (LAC) and was most closely associated with isolates from Syngonium and Xanthosoma from the Caribbean and elsewhere, including Hawai'i, and C. platani, which is native to eastern USA. Ceratocystis huliohia resides in the Asian-Australian clade (AAC) and is most closely related to C. uchidae, C. changhui and C. cercfabiensis, which are thought to be native to Asia. Morphology and interfertility tests support the delineation of these two new species and pathogenicity tests show that both species are aggressive pathogens on seedlings of M. polymorpha. Characterisation of isolates using microsatellite markers suggest that both species are clonal and likely represent recently-introduced strains. Intensive research is underway to develop rapid screening protocols for early detection of the pathogens and management strategies in an attempt to prevent the spread of the pathogens to the other islands of Hawai'i, which are currently disease free.}, }
@article {pmid30504923, year = {2018}, author = {Labaude, S and O'Donnell, N and Griffin, CT}, title = {Description of a personality syndrome in a common and invasive ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {17479}, pmid = {30504923}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {612713//EC | Seventh Framework Programme (European Union Seventh Framework Programme)/International ; 612713//EC | Seventh Framework Programme (European Union Seventh Framework Programme)/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Animal personality, defined as consistent differences among individuals in their behaviour, is being increasingly studied as it might lead to a new understanding of the evolution of behaviours. Despite a clear interest in studying personality in a wide range of taxa for comparative analyses, studies on invertebrates are still scarce. Here, we investigated the personality of a ground beetle, Nebria brevicollis, which is widespread in Europe and invasive in North America. We measured seven behavioural traits from an array of three different tests: (i) activity and exploration related traits; (ii) reaction to a threat, and (iii) phototaxis. The repeatability was tested by measuring all behaviours twice, on different days. All behavioural traits were consistent through time, highlighting the presence of personality in the beetle. In addition, we analysed the relationship between the different traits and highlighted two clusters of behaviours (behavioural syndrome), one grouping activity, exploration and boldness traits, and a second one consisting of responses to a threat. This study is the first to our knowledge to provide evidence for personality dimensions within the vast group of the Carabidae. It also constitutes a preliminary step in the experimental investigation of the importance of animal personality in invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30503460, year = {2018}, author = {Epstein, G and Smale, DA}, title = {Between-habitat variability in the population dynamics of a global marine invader may drive management uncertainty.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {137}, number = {}, pages = {488-500}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.055}, pmid = {30503460}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Biomass ; Conservation of Water Resources/methods ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Kelp/*physiology ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Undaria/*physiology ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Understanding population dynamics of established invasive species is important for designing effective management measures and predicting factors such as invasiveness and ecological impact. The kelp Undaria pinnatifida has spread to most temperate regions of the world, however a basic understanding of population dynamics is lacking for many regions. Here, Undaria was monitored for 2 years, at 9 sites, across 3 habitats to investigate habitat-related variation in population structure, reproductive capacity and morphology. Populations on marina pontoons were distinct from those in reef habitats, with extended recruitment periods and higher abundance, biomass, maturation rates and fecundity; potentially driven by lower inter-specific and higher intra-specific competition within marinas. This suggests that artificial habitats are likely to facilitate the spread, proliferation and reproductive fitness of Undaria across its non-native range. More broadly, generalising population dynamics of invasive species across habitat types is problematic, thus adding high complexity to management options.}, }
@article {pmid30503454, year = {2018}, author = {Hwang, J and Park, SY and Lee, S and Lee, TK}, title = {High diversity and potential translocation of DNA viruses in ballast water.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {137}, number = {}, pages = {449-455}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.053}, pmid = {30503454}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Viruses/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Introduced Species ; Metagenomics ; Mexico ; New York ; Panama ; Republic of Korea ; Saudi Arabia ; *Ships ; Water/*analysis/chemistry ; Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Ballast water is a common vector for the transport of invasive species to new marine and aquatic environments. We used a metagenomics approach to examine the composition and diversity of viral communities in ballast water from ships originating in Mexico, Saudi Arabia, New York, and Panama, and in water from the port of their destination in Busan, Korea. Myoviridae was the most abundant virus family in ballast water, followed Podoviridae and Siphoviridae. We also identified viruses that infect invertebrates, amoebas, and algae in ballast water and in the Busan port water. Interestingly, there were several viruses that infect humans or other animals (Swinepox virus, Raccoonpox virus, Suid herpesvirus, and Human endogenous retrovirus) in the samples from New York and Panama. In addition, there were giant viruses in all the ballast water samples, especially, identified Megavirus chilensis in New York and Panama, and Pandoravirus salinus in Mexico and Saudi Arabia. These results provide detailed descriptions of the characteristics of the viruses present in ballast water, document significant viral diversity, and indicate the potential translocation of viruses via ballast water.}, }
@article {pmid30502471, year = {2019}, author = {Karsten, M and Lebenzon, JE and Sinclair, BJ and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Loss of ion homeostasis is not the cause of chill coma or impaired dispersal in false codling moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {40-44}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.11.016}, pmid = {30502471}, issn = {1531-4332}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; *Cold Temperature ; *Homeostasis ; Lepidoptera/*physiology ; Magnesium/*metabolism ; Potassium/*metabolism ; Sodium/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Dispersal is a central requirement of a successful sterile insect release programme, but field-released false codling moth (FCM) typically suffer from poor dispersal ability, especially at low ambient temperatures. Here we test the hypothesis that poor activity and dispersal in FCM is caused by delayed or perturbed recovery of ion and/or water homeostasis after chilling for handling and transport prior to field release. Hemolymph and flight muscle were collected from two treatment groups at three time points that targeted thermal conditions above and below the chill coma induction threshold of ~ 6 °C: 1) control moths kept at 25 °C, 2) moths exposed to 3 °C or 9 °C for 4 h, and 3) moths allowed to recover at 25 °C for 24 h after exposure to either 3 °C or 9 °C. We measured concentrations of Na[+], K[+] and Mg[2+] in the hemolymph and muscle collected at each time point. Exposure to a chill-coma inducing temperature had little effect overall on ion balance in the hemolymph and flight muscle of false codling moth, but hemolymph [Na[+]] decreased from 10.4 ± 0.4 mM to 6.9 ± 0.7 mM as moths were chilled to 3 °C and then increased to 10.4 ± 0.9 mM after the 24 h recovery period. In the 9 °C cooling treatment, [K[+]] increased from 8.2 ± 0.5 mM during chilling to 14.1 ± 1.9 mM after the 24 h recovery period. No changes were seen in equilibrium potentials in either of the ions measured. Thus, we did not find evidence that water and ion homeostasis are lost by the moths in chill coma and conclude that reduced dispersal in field-released moths is not direct a consequence of the costs of re-establishment of homeostasis.}, }
@article {pmid30517647, year = {2019}, author = {Honek, A and Martinkova, Z and Roy, HE and Dixon, AFG and Skuhrovec, J and Pekár, S and Brabec, M}, title = {Differences in the Phenology of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Native Coccinellids in Central Europe.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, pages = {80-87}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvy173}, pmid = {30517647}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Czech Republic ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), an invasive non-native species in central Europe, can outcompete other aphidophagous species. The distribution and abundance of H. axyridis vary depending on different host plants, and its effects on native coccinellid communities may change accordingly. The distribution and abundance of coccinellids in central Europe (50°N, 14°E) were investigated from 2010 to 2016. Coccinellids were counted at regular intervals on cereals (Avena, Hordeum, and Triticum), herbaceous plants (Matricaria and Urtica) and trees (Acer, Betula, and Tilia). Additionally, the occurrence over time of each species on these plants was assessed and used as an index of persistence. Across all years, the adults and larvae of H. axyridis were the dominant species of coccinellid on trees. However, H. axyridis was less abundant on herbaceous plants and cereals than on trees. Populations of native coccinellids and H. axyridis co-occurred on trees and persisted for the same length of time, while native coccinellids persisted longer than H. axyridis on herbaceous plants and cereals. Compared to 1976-1986, in the 2010s, the abundance of native species decreased on all plants by 50-70%. The presence of H. axyridis could be considered as a factor driving changes in the assemblages of native coccinellids.}, }
@article {pmid30517113, year = {2018}, author = {Serebryakova, A and Aires, T and Viard, F and Serrão, EA and Engelen, AH}, title = {Summer shifts of bacterial communities associated with the invasive brown seaweed Sargassum muticum are location and tissue dependent.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {e0206734}, pmid = {30517113}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Bacteria/classification/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Microbial Consortia/*physiology ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sargassum/*microbiology ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {Seaweed-associated microbiota experience spatial and temporal shifts in response to changing environmental conditions and seaweed physiology. These shifts may result in structural, functional and behavioral changes in the host with potential consequences for its fitness. They, thus, may help the host to adapt to changing environmental conditions. The current knowledge of seasonal variation of seaweed-associated microbiota is however still limited. In this study, we explored temporal and spatial variation of microbial communities associated with the invasive brown seaweed S. muticum. We sampled in northern and southern Portugal, in September, March and July-August (summer). In addition, as (pseudo-)perennial seaweeds display seasonal reproductive phenology, we sampled various parts of the individuals to disentangle the effect of temporal changes from those due to structural development variations. The diversity and structure of associated microbial communities were determined using next generation sequencing of the variable regions V5-7 of the 16S rDNA. We expected to find differentiation in associated microbial communities between regions and sampling months, but with differences depending on the seaweed structure examined. As expected, the study revealed substantial temporal shifts in S. muticum microbiome, for instance with large abundance of Rhodobacteraceae and Loktanella in September-March but prevalence of Pirellulales during the summer months. Variations between regions and tissues were also observed: in northern Portugal and on basal structures, bacterial diversity was higher as compared to the South and apical parts. All examined seaweed structures showed temporal differences in associated microbial community structure over time, except for holdfasts between September and March. Bacteria contributing to these changes varied spatially. Conversely to all other structures, the holdfast also did not show differences in associated community structure between southern and northern regions. Our study highlights the importance of structural microscale differentiations within seaweeds hosts with regard to their associated microbial communities and their importance across temporal and spatial dimensions.}, }
@article {pmid30516274, year = {2019}, author = {Smith, NS and Côté, IM}, title = {Multiple drivers of contrasting diversity-invasibility relationships at fine spatial grains.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {100}, number = {2}, pages = {e02573}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2573}, pmid = {30516274}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The diversity-invasibility hypothesis and ecological theory predict that high-diversity communities should be less easily invaded than species-poor communities, but empirical evidence does not consistently support this prediction. While fine-scale experiments tend to yield the predicted negative association between diversity and invasibility, broad-scale observational surveys generally report a positive correlation. This conflicting pattern between experiments and observational studies is referred to as the invasion paradox and is thought to arise because different processes control species composition at different spatial scales. Here, we test empirically the extent to which the strength and direction of published diversity-invasibility relationships depend on spatial scale and on the metrics used to measure invasibility. Using a meta-analytic framework, we explicitly separate the two components of spatial scale: grain and extent, by focusing on fine-grain studies that vary in extent. We find evidence of multiple drivers of the paradox. When we consider only fine-grain studies, we still observe conflicting patterns between experiments and observational studies. In contrast, when we examine studies that are conducted at both a fine grain and fine extent, there is broad overlap in effect sizes between experiments and observation, suggesting that comparing studies with similar extents resolves the paradox at local scales. However, we uncover systematic differences in the metrics used to measure invasibility between experiments, which use predominantly invader performance, and observational studies, which use mainly invader richness. When we consider studies with the same metric (i.e., invader performance), the contrasting associations between study types also disappear. It is not possible, at present, to fully disentangle the effect of spatial extent and metric on the paradox because both variables are systematically associated in different directions with study type. There is therefore an urgent need to conduct experiments and observational studies that incorporate the full range of variability in spatial extent and invasibility metric.}, }
@article {pmid30515687, year = {2019}, author = {Schneider, EV and Hasler, CT and Suski, CD}, title = {Swimming performance of a freshwater fish during exposure to high carbon dioxide.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {3447-3454}, pmid = {30515687}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {G14AC00119//U.S. Geological Survey/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bass/*physiology ; Carbon Dioxide/*toxicity ; Cyprinidae ; Ecosystem ; Ecotoxicology ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; Swimming ; }, abstract = {Deterring the spread of invasive fishes is a challenge for managers, and bigheaded carp (including bighead and silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys spp.) are invasive fish that have spread throughout large portions of the Mississippi River basin and threaten to invade the Great Lakes' ecosystem. Studies have shown that elevated levels of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) have the ability to act as a nonphysical fish barrier, but little work has been done on the efficacy of CO2 to deter fish movement in flowing water. An annular swim flume was used to measure Uburst and sprint duration of the model species largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) across a range of pCO2 levels (< 400 μatm [ambient]; 10,000 μatm; 50,000 μatm; and 100,000 μatm). This species was tested as a proxy because of the likelihood of a similar CO2 response being produced, as well as constraints in obtaining and housing appropriately sized Asian carp. A significant decrease in Uburst swimming occurred when exposed to 100,000 μatm. No effects on sprint duration were detected. In both swimming tests, 15% of fish lost equilibrium when exposed to 50,000 μatm pCO2, while 50% of fish lost equilibrium when exposed to 100,000 μatm. Together, results define target levels for managers to impede the spread of largemouth bass and potentially other invasive freshwater fishes, helping guide policy to conserve aquatic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid30514581, year = {2019}, author = {Hui, C and Richardson, DM}, title = {How to Invade an Ecological Network.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {121-131}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2018.11.003}, pmid = {30514581}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Invasion science is in a state of paradox, having low predictability despite strong, identifiable covariates of invasion performance. We propose shifting the foundation metaphor of biological invasions from a linear filtering scheme to one that invokes complex adaptive networks. We link invasion performance and invasibility directly to the loss of network stability and indirectly to network topology through constraints from the emergence of the stability criterion in complex systems. We propose the wind vane of an invaded network - the major axis of its adjacency matrix - which reveals how species respond dynamically to invasions. We suggest that invasion ecology should steer away from comparative macroecological studies, to rather explore the ecological network centred on the focal species.}, }
@article {pmid30513969, year = {2018}, author = {Nugnes, F and Russo, E and Viggiani, G and Bernardo, U}, title = {First Record of an Invasive Fruit Fly Belonging to Bactrocera dorsalis Complex (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Europe.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {30513969}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {.//Campania Region/ ; Urcofi//Regione Campania/ ; }, abstract = {Emerging pests are increasingly threatening fruit orchard health across the Mediterranean area. Tephritidae, representing serious threats for Europe, are numerous, and the fruit flies Bactrocera zonata and those belonging to Bactrocera dorsalis complex are among the most alarming species. These species are highly polyphagous and B. zonata has already spread to some Mediterranean countries. Due to these ongoing threats, in the Campania Region (southern Italy), a survey with traps and infested fruits analysis was performed with the aim of detecting the presence of species of Bactrocera dorsalis complex. In two mixed fruit-trees fields, some adults belonging to a species of Bactrocera were captured in traps baited with the highly attractive male lure (methyl eugenol). They were distinguished from similar-looking Bactrocera spp. by morphological and molecular comparative analyses. Considering the existing morphological keys, specimens were tentatively identified as B. dorsalis but molecular characterization with COI split them into two clades. Some specimens were grouped with B. dorsalis similar to B. kandiensis and B. kandiensis and others in a clade including B. dorsalis and B. invadens (syn. B. dorsalis). ITS1 sequences instead confirmed morphological identification. The integrative approach allowed identifying all the specimens collected as belonging to the B. dorsalis complex. This finding represents the first field interception in Europe of a member of one of the most dangerous groups of fruit flies.}, }
@article {pmid30511315, year = {2019}, author = {Kalnicky, EA and Brunson, MW and Beard, KH}, title = {Predictors of Participation in Invasive Species Control Activities Depend on Prior Experience with the Species.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {63}, number = {1}, pages = {60-68}, pmid = {30511315}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; *Attitude ; Hawaii ; Intention ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; }, abstract = {The increasing worldwide spread of non-native species is both a component and a consequence of environmental change, and islands are especially vulnerable to negative effects. Efforts to control non-native species often include public education intended to promote behaviors designed to reduce or reverse their spread. To inform the use of information strategies to control the invasive, non-native frog Eleutherodactylus coqui in Hawaii, USA, we surveyed over 700 property owners about their attitudes and behaviors regarding the species. Included were residents of the island of Hawaii, where the species is common and management emphasizes prevention of further spread, and three other islands where the species is largely absent and management emphasizes detection and eradication. Where frogs are present, 61% of respondents reported taking actions to reduce their population, typically clearing vegetation or hand-capturing individual frogs. For these individuals, intentions to engage in future control activities were not significantly related to reports of past behavior. Intentions to participate in future control efforts on the island of Hawaii were best predicted by attitudes toward practices. On the other islands, behavioral intentions were best predicted by subjective norms (i.e., beliefs about others' expectations that they should manage frogs). Thus, intentions to engage in non-native species management behaviors appear to be influenced by prior exposure to, and experience with, that species. Understanding the predictors of behavioral intentions at different stages of invasion have implications for the design of information strategies that can promote participation in control activities.}, }
@article {pmid30509909, year = {2018}, author = {Schulz, CJ and Cañedo-Argüelles, M}, title = {Lost in translation: the German literature on freshwater salinization.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {374}, number = {1764}, pages = {}, pmid = {30509909}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Complex Mixtures ; Fresh Water/*analysis ; Germany ; Mining ; Rivers/chemistry ; *Salinity ; Salts/*analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Human activities have globally increased and altered the ion concentration of freshwater ecosystems. The proliferation of potash mines in Germany (especially intense in the early 1900s) constitutes a good example of it. The effluents and runoff coming from potash mines led to extreme salt concentrations (e.g. 72 g l[-1] of total salt content, approx. 149 mS cm[-1]) in surrounding rivers and streams, causing ecosystem degradation (e.g. massive algal blooms and fish kills). This promoted scientific research that was mostly published in German, thereby being neglected by the wide scientific community. Here, the findings of the German literature on freshwater salinization are discussed in the light of current knowledge. German studies revealed that at similar ion concentrations potassium (K[+]) can be the most toxic ion to freshwater organisms, whereas calcium (Ca[2+]) could have a toxicity ameliorating effect. Also, they showed that salinization could lead to biodiversity loss, major shifts in the composition of aquatic communities (e.g. dominance of salt-tolerant algae, proliferation of invasive species) and alter organic matter processing. The biological degradation caused by freshwater salinization related to potash mining has important management implications, e.g. it could prevent many European rivers and streams from reaching the good ecological status demanded by the Water Framework Directive. Within this context, German publications show several examples of salinity thresholds and biological indices that could be useful to monitor and regulate salinization (i.e. developing legally enforced salinity and ion-specific standards). They also provide potential management techniques (i.e. brine collection and disposal) and some estimates of the economic costs of freshwater salinization. Overall, the German literature on freshwater salinization provides internationally relevant information that has rarely been cited by the English literature. We suggest that the global editorial and scientific community should take action to make important findings published in non-English literature more widely available.This article is part of the theme issue 'Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects'.}, }
@article {pmid30509832, year = {2018}, author = {Hutchings, P}, title = {Marine introduced species in Australia, where to from here? A personal perspective from a practising taxonomist.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {136}, number = {}, pages = {477-480}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.047}, pmid = {30509832}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/*classification ; Australia ; Dinoflagellida ; Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental Policy ; *Introduced Species ; *Ships ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Transportation Facilities ; }, abstract = {While introduced marine species have been arriving in Australia for centuries, it was the advent of container shipping and the discharge of ballast water into Australian ports that highlighted the problem. A summary is provided of how Australia responded to this challenge and continues to. More recently there has been an acceptance that hull fouling is also an important vector of introductions. A major problem in Australia is distinguishing introduced species from as yet undescribed native species. This is a particular problem in northern Australia where the native fauna is poorly documented. Despite the economic and environmental threats posed by introduced species, the impetus to undertake expensive comprehensive surveys has declined and attention is now focusing on targeted surveys especially of known marine pest species and molecular data to identify introductions. Ongoing research is still needed to monitor other species identified as being introduced and their potential to become pests.}, }
@article {pmid30509645, year = {2018}, author = {Liwanag, HEM and Haro, D and Callejas, B and Labib, G and Pauly, GB}, title = {Thermal tolerance varies with age and sex for the nonnative Italian Wall Lizard (Podarcis siculus) in Southern California.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {78}, number = {}, pages = {263-269}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.10.010}, pmid = {30509645}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Variation, Population ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Male ; *Thermotolerance ; }, abstract = {Temperature has a substantial effect on both the physiology and behavior of ectothermic animals such as lizards. Physiology and behavior can also be influenced by ontogenetic and sex differences, but these effects are largely understudied in lizards. We examined ontogenetic and sex-based differences in thermal tolerances, preferred temperature, and temperature-dependent evaporative water loss rates in Italian Wall Lizards, Podarcis siculus, collected from an introduced population near Los Angeles, California, USA that were acclimated to laboratory conditions. Podarcis siculus has been introduced to multiple localities in the USA and the Mediterranean region and has demonstrated remarkable ability to adapt to novel climatic conditions. In the California population, adults of both sexes had a higher critical thermal maximum (CTmax) than juveniles, and adult females had a lower critical thermal minimum (CTmin) than juveniles and adult males. Thus, adult females had a significantly wider thermal breadth (CTmax - CTmin) compared to adult males and juveniles. Mass-specific evaporative water loss was higher in juveniles compared to adult males at intermediate temperatures. There was no significant difference among groups for preferred temperature. This implies that thermal tolerance, a physiological characteristic, varies with age and sex for this population, whereas thermal preference, a behavioral characteristic, does not. Interestingly, CTmin for all age and sex classes was above temperatures likely experienced by some nonnative populations in winter, suggesting individuals need to find urban thermal retreats. These results add to the growing literature demonstrating that thermal tolerances and breadths can vary between sexes and across age classes in squamate species.}, }
@article {pmid30509239, year = {2018}, author = {Dunker, S and Boho, D and Wäldchen, J and Mäder, P}, title = {Combining high-throughput imaging flow cytometry and deep learning for efficient species and life-cycle stage identification of phytoplankton.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {51}, pmid = {30509239}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {*Deep Learning ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Flow Cytometry/*methods ; High-Throughput Screening Assays/methods ; *Life Cycle Stages ; Phytoplankton/*classification/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Phytoplankton species identification and counting is a crucial step of water quality assessment. Especially drinking water reservoirs, bathing and ballast water need to be regularly monitored for harmful species. In times of multiple environmental threats like eutrophication, climate warming and introduction of invasive species more intensive monitoring would be helpful to develop adequate measures. However, traditional methods such as microscopic counting by experts or high throughput flow cytometry based on scattering and fluorescence signals are either too time-consuming or inaccurate for species identification tasks. The combination of high qualitative microscopy with high throughput and latest development in machine learning techniques can overcome this hurdle.<br><br>RESULTS: In this study, image based cytometry was used to collect ~&#x2009;47,000 images for brightfield and Chl a fluorescence at 60&#xd7; magnification for nine common freshwater species of nano- and micro-phytoplankton. A deep neuronal network trained on these images was applied to identify the species and the corresponding life cycle stage during the batch cultivation. The results show the high potential of this approach, where species identity and their respective life cycle stage could be predicted with a high accuracy of 97%.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings could pave the way for reliable and fast phytoplankton species determination of indicator species as a crucial step in water quality assessment.}, }
@article {pmid30496181, year = {2018}, author = {Orlova-Bienkowskaja, MJ and Spiridonov, SE and Butorina, NN and Bieńkowski, AO}, title = {Coinvasion by the ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and its parasites, Hesperomyces virescens (Ascomycota: Laboulbeniales) and Parasitylenchus bifurcatus (Nematoda: Tylenchida, Allantonematidae), in the Caucasus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e0202841}, pmid = {30496181}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Armenia ; *Ascomycota/classification/genetics ; Coleoptera/genetics/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Georgia ; *Phylogeny ; Russia ; *Tylenchida/classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {The study of parasites in recently established populations of invasive species can shed light on the sources of invasion and possible indirect interactions between the alien species and native ones. We studied parasites of the global invader Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the Caucasus. In 2012, the first established population of Ha. axyridis was recorded in the Caucasus in Sochi (south of European Russia, Black Sea coast). By 2018, the ladybird had spread to a vast area: Armenia, Georgia and south Russia (Adygea, the Krasnodar territory, the Stavropol territory, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria and North Ossetia). The examination of 213 adults collected in Sochi in 2018 showed that 53% were infested with Hesperomyces virescens fungi (Ascomycota: Laboulbeniales) and that 8% were infested with Parasitylenchus bifurcatus nematodes (Nematoda: Tylenchida, Allantonematidae). The examined Ha. axyridis specimens were free of the parasitic mite Coccipolipus hippodamiae. An analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of P. bifurcatus based on 18S rDNA confirmed the morphological identification of this species. Hesperomyces virescens and P. bifurcatus were first recorded in the Caucasus and Russia, although they are rather widespread in Europe. This likely indicates that they appeared as a result of coinvasion with their host because the populations of Ha. axyridis, He. virescens and P. bifurcatus in the Caucasus are isolated from the main parts of the ranges of these species in Europe. The nearest localities of Ha. axyridis is on another shore of the Black Sea, and the nearest localities of He. virescens and P. bifurcatus are more than 1000 km from the Caucasus. It is impossible to determine whether the first founders of the Caucasian population were infested with the parasites or whether the parasites were introduced by specimens of Ha. axyridis that arrived later from Europe. Harmonia axyridis was released in the region for pest control, but laboratory cultures are always free of He. virescens and P. bifurcatus. Therefore, the detection of He. virescens and P. bifurcatus indicates that the population of Ha. axyridis in the Caucasus could not have derived exclusively from released specimens. We did not find He. virescens on 400 specimens of 29 other ladybird species collected from the same localities as Ha. axyridis in the Caucasus. No reliable correlation between infestation by He. virescens and that by P. bifurcatus has been found. In addition to these two parasites, an unidentified species of the order Mermithida was recorded. This is the first documented case of Ha. axyridis infestation by a parasitic nematode of this order in nature.}, }
@article {pmid30489559, year = {2018}, author = {Tomlinson, H and Elston, DM}, title = {Aquatic antagonists: lionfish (Pterois volitans).}, journal = {Cutis}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, pages = {232-234}, pmid = {30489559}, issn = {2326-6929}, mesh = {Animals ; Bites and Stings/*diagnosis/therapy ; *Introduced Species ; *Perciformes ; United States ; }, abstract = {Lionfish (Pterois volitans) are an invasive species originally from the Indian and Pacific oceans and the Red Sea that now are found all along the southeastern coast of the United States. Prompt and comprehensive treatment provides benefit to the patient. As lionfish numbers continue to increase, physicians across multiple specialties and regions may see an increase in envenomation injuries. It is important that physicians are aware of how to recognize and treat lionfish stings.}, }
@article {pmid30489182, year = {2019}, author = {Takahashi, J and Okuyama, H and Kiyoshi, T and Takeuchi, T and Martin, SJ}, title = {Origins of Vespa velutina hornets that recently invaded Iki Island, Japan and Jersey Island, UK.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {434-439}, doi = {10.1080/24701394.2018.1538366}, pmid = {30489182}, issn = {2470-1408}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Haplotypes ; *Islands ; Japan ; United Kingdom ; Wasps/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The native distribution of the yellow-legged hornet, Vespa velutina, is throughout East Asia. Around 15 years ago this species was accidentally introduced into South Korea and France, where it became established and then spread into neighbouring countries. Previous mitochondrial DNA studies showed that the South Korean, Japanese, and French populations all originated from Eastern China. Recently, the hornet has invaded Iki Island, Japan and Jersey Island, UK. In this study, we analyze the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of V. velutina to trace the origin of these two populations. The mitochondrial DNA haplotypes (COI, Cytb, and 16S rRNA) of V. velutina in Iki Island matched the unique haplotype present in China, South Korea, and Japan, while the haplotype from Jersey Island matched that of V. velutina found in France and China. These findings were supported by data from the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of V. velutina from Iki Island, which was consistent with the sequence from South Korea and Tsushima, whereas V. velutina in Jersey was most similar to the French population.}, }
@article {pmid30488535, year = {2019}, author = {Tang, J and Li, J and Lu, H and Lu, F and Lu, B}, title = {Potential distribution of an invasive pest, Euplatypus parallelus, in China as predicted by Maxent.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {75}, number = {6}, pages = {1630-1637}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5280}, pmid = {30488535}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {2018YFD0201100//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 1630042017015//Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund for the Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/ ; //Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund for Institute of Environment and Plant Protection/ ; 2017hzs1J003//Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/ ; 2130108//Crop Diseases, Pests and Rats Monitoring and Controlling Funds of China/ ; ZDYF2016031//Key Research and Development Program of Hainan Province/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Environment ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Statistical ; Pest Control ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Euplatypus parallelus is a highly polyphagous invasive pest native to Central and South America. In recent years it has invaded many countries in Africa and Asia and resulted in considerable economic loss. In China it has been reported to have invaded Taiwan, and been also recorded in Hainan Province. Until now there has been no invasion into the mainland. In order to better manage this invasive pest, here we predicted the suitable area of E. parallelus in China by the Maxent model.<br><br>RESULTS: The Maxent model predicted the potential distribution of E. parallelus with a test AUC value of 0.962 and a training AUC value of 0.978. Temperature seasonality (Bio_04), annual temperature range (Bio_07), annual precipitation (Bio_12) and mean temperature of the coldest quarter (Bio_11) were the strongest predictors of E. parallelus distribution with 32.1%, 19.8%, 15% and 10.4% contributions, respectively. The potential suitable area for E. parallelus was mainly distributed in the southeastern coast, the southwestern border, and Taiwan and Hainan provinces in China, and the highly suitable areas were located in the northern coast of Hainan Province and the southwestern coast of Taiwan Province. This pest prefers a stable, warm and rainy climate, which indicates that tropics and subtropics would be its ideal area.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Euplatypus parallelus has invaded Hainan and Taiwan in China. Measures should be taken to prevent it from spreading on these two islands. Moreover, strict quarantine, biological study and control measures are necessary to block its spread, invasion and damage, especially in these climate-suitable areas. &#xa9; 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid30488524, year = {2019}, author = {Thawley, CJ and Goldy-Brown, M and McCormick, GL and Graham, SP and Langkilde, T}, title = {Presence of an invasive species reverses latitudinal clines of multiple traits in a native species.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {620-628}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14510}, pmid = {30488524}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Hindlimb/anatomy &amp; histology ; *Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; Lizards/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Stress, Physiological ; United States ; }, abstract = {Understanding the processes driving formation and maintenance of latitudinal clines has become increasingly important in light of accelerating global change. Many studies have focused on the role of abiotic factors, especially temperature, in generating clines, but biotic factors, including the introduction of non-native species, may also drive clinal variation. We assessed the impact of invasion by predatory fire ants on latitudinal clines in multiple fitness-relevant traits-morphology, physiological stress responsiveness, and antipredator behavior-in a native fence lizard. In areas invaded by fire ants, a latitudinal cline in morphology is opposite both the cline found in museum specimens from historical populations across the species' full latitudinal range and that found in current populations uninvaded by fire ants. Similarly, clines in stress-relevant hormone response to a stressor and in antipredator behavior differ significantly between the portions of the fence lizard range invaded and uninvaded by fire ants. Changes in these traits within fire ant-invaded areas are adaptive and together support increased and more effective antipredator behavior that allows escape from attacks by this invasive predator. However, these changes may mismatch lizards to the environments under which they historically evolved. This research shows that novel biotic pressures can alter latitudinal clines in multiple traits within a single species on ecological timescales. As global change intensifies, a greater understanding of novel abiotic and biotic pressures and how affected organisms adapt to them across space and time will be central to predicting and managing our changing environment.}, }
@article {pmid30487308, year = {2018}, author = {Cunningham, CX and Johnson, CN and Barmuta, LA and Hollings, T and Woehler, EJ and Jones, ME}, title = {Top carnivore decline has cascading effects on scavengers and carrion persistence.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {285}, number = {1892}, pages = {}, pmid = {30487308}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats/*physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Marsupialia/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Tasmania ; }, abstract = {Top carnivores have suffered widespread global declines, with well-documented effects on mesopredators and herbivores. We know less about how carnivores affect ecosystems through scavenging. Tasmania's top carnivore, the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), has suffered severe disease-induced population declines, providing a natural experiment on the role of scavenging in structuring communities. Using remote cameras and experimentally placed carcasses, we show that mesopredators consume more carrion in areas where devils have declined. Carcass consumption by the two native mesopredators was best predicted by competition for carrion, whereas consumption by the invasive mesopredator, the feral cat (Felis catus), was better predicted by the landscape-level abundance of devils, suggesting a relaxed landscape of fear where devils are suppressed. Reduced discovery of carcasses by devils was balanced by the increased discovery by mesopredators. Nonetheless, carcasses persisted approximately 2.6-fold longer where devils have declined, highlighting their importance for rapid carrion removal. The major beneficiary of increased carrion availability was the forest raven (Corvus tasmanicus). Population trends of ravens increased 2.2-fold from 1998 to 2017, the period of devil decline, but this increase occurred Tasmania-wide, making the cause unclear. This case study provides a little-studied potential mechanism for mesopredator release, with broad relevance to the vast areas of the world that have suffered carnivore declines.}, }
@article {pmid30486189, year = {2018}, author = {Johnson, PJ and Yefremova, ZA and Manuel, J and LÓpez, P and Yegorenkova, EN}, title = {Aprostocetus chilophagae new species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from South Dakota, with taxonomic notes on A. bromi (Kostjukov) and A. nebraskensis (Girault).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4514}, number = {4}, pages = {473-486}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4514.4.2}, pmid = {30486189}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Diptera ; Female ; *Hymenoptera ; Male ; North America ; Russia ; South Dakota ; }, abstract = {Aprostocetus chilophagae Yefremova and Yegorenkova, new species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae) is described from eastern South Dakota, U.S.A., and is reported as a parasitoid of the larva of Chilophaga virgati Gagné (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), an ovule predator of Panicum virgatum. This new species is separated from sympatric A. bromi (Kostjukov) and A. nebraskensis (Girault) by structural morphology and host associations. Aprostocetus bromi was recently recognized from North America as an introduced species from Russia that is a primary parasitoid of the introduced ovule feeding gall midge Stenodiplosis bromicola Marikovskij and Agafonova (Cecidomyiidae) on the invasive grass Bromus inermis. Aprostocetus nebraskensis is a native species that is known as a parasitoid only from S. wattsi Gagné, also an ovule predator on the native prairie grasses Andropogon girardii, Schizachyrium scoparium, and Sorghastrum nutans. Trichacis rufipes Ashmead (Platygastridae) co-occurs with A. chilophagae new species on C. virgati, and a Centrodora sp. (Aphelinidae) may be a hyperparasitoid. The females of A. bromi and A. nebraskensis are redescribed and the males for each species are described for the first time.}, }
@article {pmid30486001, year = {2018}, author = {Brito, LC and Santos, SMD and BarÃo, KR}, title = {Immature stages of Murgantia histrionica (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4508}, number = {1}, pages = {131-140}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4508.1.8}, pmid = {30486001}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Hemiptera ; Heteroptera ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Nymph ; *Ovum ; }, abstract = {Immature stages of Murgantia histrionica (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are described using light and scanning electron microscopy. Specimens of all life stages of M. histrionica were collected on Peritoma arborea (Cleomaceae) in Palm Springs, California. Specimens were observed in light and scanning microscopies, imagens taken and described based on specimens and photographs. We provide images of the eggs and immatures in light microscopy, and SEM of the eggs and first and fifth instars. Eggs of M. histrionica are barrel-shaped, white, with brown band and circular spot; the corium surface carinated, forming hexagonal cells; carinae irregular apically. The nymphal color pattern; the reflexed lateral margins of pro- and mesothorax; and the scattered punctuation of the tegument are a combination of characteristics enabling M. histrionica identification in its nymphal stages. The eggs of M. histrionica are similar in shape, color, and size to other Strachiini genera, such as Bagrada, Eurydema and Stenozygum. Among the Strachiini, the correct identification of M. histrionica based on immatures is possible by the shape of the head and pronotum, overall size of immatures, and coloration patterns.}, }
@article {pmid30485967, year = {2018}, author = {Kamitani, S}, title = {First record of the alien bamboo leafhopper, Branchana xanthota, in Japan (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4508}, number = {4}, pages = {579-581}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4508.4.7}, pmid = {30485967}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera ; Japan ; Poaceae ; }, abstract = {An alien bamboo leafhopper, Branchana xanthota Li, is recorded from Japan for the first time. Three species of bamboos are recognized as host plants: Phyllostachys bambusoides, Phyllostachys edulis and Pleioblastus simonii.}, }
@article {pmid30485593, year = {2019}, author = {Barker, BS and Cocio, JE and Anderson, SR and Braasch, JE and Cang, FA and Gillette, HD and Dlugosch, KM}, title = {Potential limits to the benefits of admixture during biological invasion.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {100-113}, pmid = {30485593}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {2015-67013-23000//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/International ; 1750280//Division of Integrative Organismal Systems/International ; 2017-67011-26034//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/International ; K12 GM000708/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; K12GM000708/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Centaurea/*genetics ; Genetic Drift ; Genetic Fitness/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Hybrid Vigor ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Species introductions often bring together genetically divergent source populations, resulting in genetic admixture. This geographic reshuffling of diversity has the potential to generate favourable new genetic combinations, facilitating the establishment and invasive spread of introduced populations. Observational support for the superior performance of admixed introductions has been mixed, however, and the broad importance of admixture to invasion questioned. Under most underlying mechanisms, admixture's benefits should be expected to increase with greater divergence among and lower genetic diversity within source populations, though these effects have not been quantified in invaders. We experimentally crossed source populations differing in divergence in the invasive plant Centaurea solstitialis. Crosses resulted in many positive (heterotic) interactions, but fitness benefits declined and were ultimately negative at high source divergence, with patterns suggesting cytonuclear epistasis. We explored the literature to assess whether such negative epistatic interactions might be impeding admixture at high source population divergence. Admixed introductions reported for plants came from sources with a wide range of genetic variation, but were disproportionately absent where there was high genetic divergence among native populations. We conclude that while admixture is common in species introductions and often happens under conditions expected to be beneficial to invaders, these conditions may be constrained by predictable negative genetic interactions, potentially explaining conflicting evidence for admixture's benefits to invasion.}, }
@article {pmid30485341, year = {2018}, author = {Gill, NS and Yelenik, S and Banko, P and Dixon, CB and Jaenecke, K and Peck, R}, title = {Invasive rat control is an efficient, yet insufficient, method for recovery of the critically endangered Hawaiian plant hau kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus giffardianus).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e0208106}, pmid = {30485341}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Endangered Species ; Fruit ; Germination ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; *Malvaceae/growth &amp; development ; *Pest Control ; Population Density ; *Rats ; Seed Dispersal ; Seedlings ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions of rodents and other species have been especially problematic on tropical islands. Invasive Rattus rattus consumption of Hibiscadelphus giffardianus (Malvaceae; common Hawaiian name hau kuahiwi) fruit and seeds has been hypothesized to be the most-limiting factor inhibiting the critically endangered tree, but this has not been experimentally tested, and little is known about other factors affecting seed dispersal, germination, and seedling establishment. Thus, we do not know if rat removal is sufficient to increase hau kuahiwi recruitment. This study aims to evaluate the effect of rat population control on the ability of hau kuahiwi to retain fruit and establish seedlings. We compared hau kuahiwi fruiting and seedling recruitment in a stand treated to reduce rat abundance and a neighbouring control stand. Fruit retention increased following treatment but seedling establishment did not. Although rat control improves the ability of hau kuahiwi to retain fruit, other, presently unknown inhibitors to seed dispersal, germination, and/or seedling development remain. Seed and seedling predation by other species, competition from numerous invasive plant species, unsuitable climate, and/or other factors may be primary inhibitors in the absence of rats, but we emphasize that progressive isolation of these factors at individual hau kuahiwi life stages may be necessary to identify the remaining threats to the conservation of this critically endangered plant.}, }
@article {pmid30484882, year = {2019}, author = {Raffa, RB and Pergolizzi, JV and Taylor, R and Kitzen, JM and , }, title = {Sunscreen bans: Coral reefs and skin cancer.}, journal = {Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, pages = {134-139}, doi = {10.1111/jcpt.12778}, pmid = {30484882}, issn = {1365-2710}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*drug effects ; Benzophenones/administration &amp; dosage/*toxicity ; Cinnamates/administration &amp; dosage/*toxicity ; Consumer Product Safety/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Coral Reefs ; Hawaii ; Humans ; Skin Neoplasms/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control ; Sunscreening Agents/administration &amp; dosage/chemistry/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Hawaii will ban two major ingredients of sunscreens. This article reviews the reasons and future directions. Hawaii recently enacted legislation that will ban the use of two major ingredients of the majority of commonly used sunscreens. The reason for the ban is the ingredients' putative deleterious impact on marine ecosystems, particularly coral reefs. But sunscreens also save lives by decreasing the risk of UV-induced skin cancers. We review both sides of the issue and potential implications for the healthcare system.<br><br>COMMENT: Coral reefs consist of organisms in delicate equilibria that are susceptible to small changes in their surroundings. Recent natural and man-made disruptions, direct or indirect, such as changes in ocean temperature and chemistry, ingress of invasive species, pathogens, pollution and deleterious fishing practices, have been blamed for the poor health, or even the outright destruction, of some coral reefs. The most popular sunscreen products contain two ingredients-oxybenzone and octinoxate-that have also been implicated in coral toxicity and will be banned. This creates a healthcare dilemma: Will the protection of coral reefs result in an increase in human skin cancers?<br><br>WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: Concentration estimates and mechanism studies support an association-direct or indirect (via promotion of viral infection)-of sunscreens with bleaching of coral reefs. A ban on the two most common sunscreen ingredients goes into effect in Hawaii on January 1, 2021. Proponents suggest that this is a trend, just the first of many such bans worldwide; opponents warn of a dire increase in human skin cancers. As a result, alternative sunscreen compounds are being sought.}, }
@article {pmid30484051, year = {2019}, author = {Aladin, NV and Gontar, VI and Zhakova, LV and Plotnikov, IS and Smurov, AO and Rzymski, P and Klimaszyk, P}, title = {The zoocenosis of the Aral Sea: six decades of fast-paced change.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {2228-2237}, pmid = {30484051}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Environment ; *Fishes ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates ; Lakes ; *Oceans and Seas ; *Rivers ; *Salinity ; Seawater ; }, abstract = {During the last six decades, the water level of the Aral Sea, once one of the largest lakes in the world, has experienced a major human-driven regression followed by significant changes in salinity. These fast-paced alterations were initiated by the diversion of two rivers-the Amu Darya and Syr Darya-key players in the regulation of the water balance of the Aral Sea. Consequently, biological modifications took place leading to severe changes of the zoocenosis. This paper reviews the changes that have affected communities of fish and aquatic invertebrates in the Aral Sea since the 1950s. The reported alterations in biodiversity not only represent a natural response to a decrease in water level and a subsequent increase in salinity but also effects of non-native species introduction. The future prospects for invertebrates and fish in the Aral Sea, assuming that initiated restoration work is continued, are also discussed in this paper.}, }
@article {pmid30482898, year = {2018}, author = {Pereira Dos Santos, T and Roiz, D and Santos de Abreu, FV and Luz, SLB and Santalucia, M and Jiolle, D and Santos Neves, MSA and Simard, F and Lourenço-de-Oliveira, R and Paupy, C}, title = {Potential of Aedes albopictus as a bridge vector for enzootic pathogens at the urban-forest interface in Brazil.}, journal = {Emerging microbes &amp; infections}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {191}, pmid = {30482898}, issn = {2222-1751}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology/virology ; Animals ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Dogs ; Ecosystem ; *Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Forests ; Humans ; Mosquito Vectors/*physiology/virology ; Ovum ; Rats ; Urban Renewal ; Yellow fever virus ; Zoonoses/epidemiology/*transmission/virology ; }, abstract = {The invasive species Aedes albopictus is present in 60% of Brazilian municipalities, including at the interfaces between urban settings and forests that are zoonotic arbovirus hotspots. We investigated Ae. albopictus colonization, adult dispersal and host feeding patterns in the anthropic-natural interface of three forested sites covering three biomes in Brazil in 2016. To evaluate whether an ecological overlap exists between Ae. albopictus and sylvatic yellow fever virus (YFV) in forests, we performed similar investigations in seven additional urban-forest interfaces where YFV circulated in 2017. We found Ae. albopictus in all forested sites. We detected eggs and adults up to 300 and 500 m into the forest, respectively, demonstrating that Ae. albopictus forest colonization and dispersal decrease with distance from the forest edge. Analysis of the host identity in blood-engorged females indicated that they fed mainly on humans and domestic mammals, suggesting rare contact with wildlife at the forest edge. Our results show that Ae. albopictus frequency declines as it penetrates into the forest and highlight its potential role as a bridge vector of zoonotic diseases at the edge of the Brazilian forests studied.}, }
@article {pmid30481226, year = {2018}, author = {Riedl, HL and Stinson, L and Pejchar, L and Clements, WH}, title = {An introduced plant affects aquatic-derived carbon in the diets of riparian birds.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e0207389}, pmid = {30481226}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon/metabolism ; Colorado ; *Food Chain ; Insecta/growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Robinia/*growth &amp; development ; Songbirds/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Non-native plants can impact riparian ecosystem function through diverse terrestrial and aquatic pathways, with cascading effects on food webs. Invasion-mediated vegetation changes can depress terrestrial arthropod communities and alter arthropod flux across the aquatic-terrestrial interface. We investigated the effects of a non-native woody plant, Robinia neomexicana, on insect contributions to riparian songbird diets. This plant was introduced over 100 years ago to the Clear Creek drainage in northwestern Colorado (USA) from its native range, which extends into southern Colorado. We used stable isotope analysis of insects and avian feces to 1) assess whether the relative contributions of aquatic- and terrestrial-derived arthropod prey differed between reference sites and sites invaded by R. neomexicana, and 2) quantify the amount of aquatic- and terrestrial-derived resources consumed by an insectivorous songbird assemblage. Two species of insectivorous songbirds consumed more aquatic insects in invaded sites compared to reference sites. This change in terrestrial- and aquatic-derived prey in bird diets in response to a near-range plant invasion suggests that the introduction of novel species from more distant native ranges could produce similar or stronger effects. Overall, the songbird community consumed approximately 34% aquatic resources, which highlights the importance of these subsidies to riparian consumers. Our investigation of insect subsidies demonstrates how introduced species can indirectly affect food webs and provides insight into the plasticity of riparian consumer responses.}, }
@article {pmid30481181, year = {2018}, author = {Bbole, I and Zhao, JL and Tang, SJ and Katongo, C}, title = {Mitochondrial genome annotation and phylogenetic placement of Oreochromis andersonii and O. macrochir among the cichlids of southern Africa.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e0203095}, pmid = {30481181}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa, Southern ; Animals ; Cichlids/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Fish Proteins/*genetics ; Mitochondrial Proteins/*genetics ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal/*genetics ; RNA, Transfer/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Genetic characterization of southern African cichlids has not received much attention. Here, we describe the mitogenome sequences and phylogenetic positioning of Oreochromis andersonii and O. macrochir among the African cichlids. The complete mitochondrial DNA sequences were determined for O. andersonii and O. macrochir, two important aquaculture and fisheries species endemic to southern Africa. The complete mitogenome sequence lengths were 16642 bp and 16644 bp for O. andersonii and O. macrochir respectively. The general structural organization follows that of other teleost species with 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs and a non-coding control region. Phylogenetic placement of the two species among other African cichlids was performed using Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Markov-Chain-Monte-Carlo (MCMC). The consensus trees confirmed the relative positions of the two cichlid species with O. andersonii being very closely related to O. mossambicus and O. macrochir showing a close relation to both species. Among the 13 mitochondrial DNA protein coding genes ND6 may have evolved more rapidly and COIII was the most conserved. There are signs that ND6 may have been subjected to positive selection in order for these cichlid lineages to diversify and adapt to new environments. More work is needed to characterize the southern Africa cichlids as they are important species for capture fisheries, aquaculture development and understanding biogeographic history of African cichlids. Bio-conservation of some endangered cichlids is also essential due to the threat by invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30481174, year = {2018}, author = {Butikofer, L and Jones, B and Sacchi, R and Mangiacotti, M and Ji, W}, title = {A new method for modelling biological invasions from early spread data accounting for anthropogenic dispersal.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e0205591}, pmid = {30481174}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are one of the major causes of biodiversity loss worldwide. In spite of human aided (anthropogenic) dispersal being the key element in the spread of invasive species, no framework published so far accounts for its peculiar characteristics, such as very rapid dispersal and independence from the existing species distribution. We present a new method for modelling biological invasions using historical spatio-temporal records. This method first discriminates between data points of anthropogenic origin and those originating from natural dispersal, then estimates the natural dispersal kernel. We use the expectation-maximisation algorithm for the first step; we then use Ripley's K-function as a spatial similarity metric to estimate the dispersal kernel. This is done accounting for habitat suitability and providing estimates of the inference precision. Tests on simulated data show good accuracy and precision for this method, even in the presence of challenging, but realistic, limitations of data in the invasion time series, such as gaps in the survey times and low number of records. We also provide a real case application of our method using the case of Litoria frogs in New Zealand. This method is widely applicable across the field of biological invasions, epidemics and climate change induced range shifts and provides a valuable contribution to the management of such issues. Functions to implement this methodology are made available as the R package Biolinv (https://cran.r-project.org/package=Biolinv).}, }
@article {pmid30478871, year = {2019}, author = {Reznick, DN and Losos, J and Travis, J}, title = {From low to high gear: there has been a paradigm shift in our understanding of evolution.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {233-244}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13189}, pmid = {30478871}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {//Guggenheim Foundation/ ; //Wadham College/ ; DEB-1556884//National Science Foundation of the United States/ ; }, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Experimental studies of evolution performed in nature and the associated demonstration of rapid evolution, observable on a time scale of months to years, were an acclaimed novelty in the 1980-1990s. Contemporary evolution is now considered ordinary and is an integrated feature of many areas of research. This shift from extraordinary to ordinary reflects a change in the perception of evolution. It was formerly thought of as a historical process, perceived through the footprints left in the fossil record or living organisms. It is now seen as a contemporary process that acts in real time. Here we review how this shift occurred and its consequences for fields as diverse as wildlife management, conservation biology, and ecosystems ecology. Incorporating contemporary evolution in these fields has caused old questions to be recast, changed the answers, caused new and previously inconceivable questions to be addressed, and inspired the development of new subdisciplines. We argue further that the potential of contemporary evolution has yet to be fulfilled. Incorporating evolutionary dynamics in any research program can provide a better assessment of how and why organisms and communities came to be as they are than is attainable without an explicit treatment of these dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid30478602, year = {2019}, author = {Dang, W and Hu, YC and Geng, J and Wang, J and Lu, HL}, title = {Thermal physiological performance of two freshwater turtles acclimated to different temperatures.}, journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology}, volume = {189}, number = {1}, pages = {121-130}, pmid = {30478602}, issn = {1432-136X}, mesh = {Animals ; Fresh Water ; Swimming/physiology ; *Temperature ; *Thermotolerance ; Turtles/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The thermal physiological performance of invasive species may play a crucial role in determining their invasion success. In this study, we acclimated two cohorts of hatchlings of freshwater turtles (native Mauremys reevesii and invasive Trachemys scripta elegans) from low and high-latitude collection sites, respectively, to different thermal conditions (20 and 30 °C) for 4 weeks, and then compared their thermal tolerance and locomotor performance. T. scripta elegans hatchlings could swim faster (but righted themselves more slowly), and tolerate a higher temperature and wider temperature range than M. reevesii hatchlings. Similarly, T. scripta elegans hatchlings had a greater maximal performance (Pmax) value for swimming speed (but a lower Pmax value for righting time) than M. reevesii hatchlings. Temperature acclimation had a significant impact on the thermal tolerance and locomotor ability of turtles, but the acclimation effect did not differ between the two species. T. scripta elegans hatchlings seemed to have a greater thermal plasticity than M. reevesii hatchlings. High-latitude individuals showed a greater low-temperature tolerance, but lower locomotor ability (longer righting time) than low-latitude ones. However, the thermal plasticity did not differ between latitudinal cohorts. Our results indicated that T. scripta elegans performed better than M. reevesii, which might contribute to its range expansion and invasive success.}, }
@article {pmid30477155, year = {2018}, author = {Ellison, AM and Orwig, DA and Fitzpatrick, MC and Preisser, EL}, title = {The Past, Present, and Future of the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) and Its Ecological Interactions with Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) Forests.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {30477155}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {0236897, 062043, 0715504, 10003938, 1237491, 1224437, 1459519//National Science Foundation/ ; NIFA 2011-67013-30142//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {The nonnative hemlock woolly adelgid is steadily killing eastern hemlock trees in many parts of eastern North America. We summarize impacts of the adelgid on these forest foundation species; review previous models and analyses of adelgid spread dynamics; and examine how previous forecasts of adelgid spread and ecosystem dynamics compare with current conditions. The adelgid has reset successional sequences, homogenized biological diversity at landscape scales, altered hydrological dynamics, and changed forest stands from carbon sinks into carbon sources. A new model better predicts spread of the adelgid in the south and west of the range of hemlock, but still under-predicts its spread in the north and east. Whether these underpredictions result from inadequately modeling accelerating climate change or accounting for people inadvertently moving the adelgid into new locales needs further study. Ecosystem models of adelgid-driven hemlock dynamics have consistently forecast that forest carbon stocks will be little affected by the shift from hemlock to early-successional mixed hardwood stands, but these forecasts have assumed that the intermediate stages will remain carbon sinks. New forecasting models of adelgid-driven hemlock decline should account for observed abrupt changes in carbon flux and ongoing and accelerating human-driven land-use and climatic changes.}, }
@article {pmid30476129, year = {2019}, author = {Kinyanjui, G and Khamis, FM and Ombura, FLO and Kenya, EU and Ekesi, S and Mohamed, SA}, title = {Infestation Levels and Molecular Identification Based on Mitochondrial COI Barcode Region of Five Invasive Gelechiidae Pest Species in Kenya.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {2}, pages = {872-882}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy357}, pmid = {30476129}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Introduced Species ; Kenya ; *Solanum lycopersicum ; *Moths ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Invasive Gelechiidae pest species, namely Tuta absoluta, Phthorimaea operculella, Aproaerema simplixella, Sitotroga cerealella, and Pectinophora gossypiella are among the major constraints hampering agricultural economy in Kenya. Infestation levels were determined on respective host crops sampled from different localities and P. operculella recorded the highest infestation of 68.00 ± 4.92% on stored potato. Aproaerema simplixella and T. absoluta accounted for 61.33 ± 5.35% and 51.56 ± 5.22% maximal infestation on groundnuts and tomato leaves, respectively. Stored maize was significantly infested by S. cerealella (54.33 ± 5.31%) while no infestation was observed on the freshly harvested grains. Infestation on open bolls by P. gossypiella was relatively low (6.11 ± 3.46%) compared to Anatrachyntis simplex (45.67 ± 7.84%) that emerged as the key pest of cotton. The species were discriminated based on sequence similarities, evolutionary divergences, and phylogenetic analyses. A 658-bp fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was obtained from 302 specimens. Generally, genetic variations were low within and between Gelechiid populations, with an average of 0.02% and all intraspecific divergences were less than 2% except for S. cerealella. The Gelechiids data set generated eight Barcode Index Numbers (BINs), five of which were concordant and three belonging to S. cerealella were singleton. All species were separated into distinct clusters on a maximum likelihood tree. Data on infestation levels will be useful in defining the pest status of these Gelechiids in Kenya. DNA barcoding is also presented as a valuable tool to complement traditional taxonomy for rapid and accurate identification of these species of agronomic interest.}, }
@article {pmid30474264, year = {2019}, author = {Nengovhela, A and Braga, J and Denys, C and de Beer, F and Tenailleau, C and Taylor, PJ}, title = {Associated tympanic bullar and cochlear hypertrophy define adaptations to true deserts in African gerbils and laminate-toothed rats (Muridae: Gerbillinae and Murinae).}, journal = {Journal of anatomy}, volume = {234}, number = {2}, pages = {179-192}, pmid = {30474264}, issn = {1469-7580}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Africa ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cochlea/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Desert Climate ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Gerbillinae/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Male ; Murinae/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Skull/*anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Hearing capabilities in desert rodents such as gerbils and heteromyids have been inferred from both anatomical and ecological aspects and tested with experiments and theoretical models. However, very few studies have focused on other desert-adapted species. In this study, a refined three-dimensional morphometric approach was used on three African rodent tribes (Otomyini, Taterillini and Gerbillini) to describe the cochlear and tympanic bullar morphology, and to explore the role of phylogeny, allometry and ecology to better understand the underlying mechanism of any observed trends of hypertrophy in the bulla and associated changes in the cochlea. As a result, desert-adapted species could be distinguished from mesic and semi-arid taxa by the gross cochlear dimensions, particularly the oval window, which is larger in desert species. Bullar and cochlear modifications between species could be explained by environment (bulla and oval window), phylogeny (cochlear curvature gradient) and/or allometry (cochlear relative length, oval window and bulla) with some exceptions. Based on their ear anatomy, we predict that Desmodillus auricularis and Parotomys brantsii should be sensitive to low-frequency sounds, with D. auricularis sensitive to high-frequency sounds, too. This study concludes that in both arid and semi-arid adapted laminate-toothed rats and gerbils there is bulla and associated cochlea hypertrophy, particularly in true desert species. Gerbils also show tightly coiled cochlea but the significance of this is debatable and may have nothing to do with adaptations to any specific acoustics in the desert environment.}, }
@article {pmid30470889, year = {2019}, author = {Zhao, T and Villéger, S and Cucherousset, J}, title = {Accounting for intraspecific diversity when examining relationships between non-native species and functional diversity.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {189}, number = {1}, pages = {171-183}, pmid = {30470889}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {13-V5-28//ONEMA-Projet ISOLAC/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Quantifying changes in functional diversity, the facet of biodiversity accounting for the biological features of organisms, has been advocated as one of the most integrative ways to unravel how communities are affected by human-induced perturbations. The present study assessed how functional diversity patterns varied among communities that differed in the degree to which non-native species dominated the community in temperate lake fish communities and whether accounting for intraspecific functional variability could provide a better understanding of the variation of functional diversity across communities. Four functional diversity indices were computed for 18 temperate lake fish communities along a gradient of non-native fish dominance using morphological functional traits assessed for each life-stage within each species. First, we showed that intraspecific variability in functional traits was high and comparable to interspecific variability. Second, we found that non-native fish were functionally distinct from native fish. Finally, we demonstrated that there was a significant relationship between functional diversity and the degree to which non-native fish currently dominated the community and that this association could be better detected when accounting for intraspecific functional variability. These findings highlighted the importance of incorporating intraspecific variability to better quantify the variation of functional diversity patterns in communities facing human-induced perturbations.}, }
@article {pmid30468960, year = {2019}, author = {Hughes, KA and Convey, P and Pertierra, LR and Vega, GC and Aragón, P and Olalla-Tárraga, M&#xc1;}, title = {Human-mediated dispersal of terrestrial species between Antarctic biogeographic regions: A preliminary risk assessment.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {232}, number = {}, pages = {73-89}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.095}, pmid = {30468960}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; *Biodiversity ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {The distribution of terrestrial biodiversity within Antarctica is complex, with 16 distinct biogeographic regions (Antarctic Conservation Biogeographic Regions) currently recognised within the Antarctic continent, Peninsula and Scotia Arc archipelagos of the Antarctic Treaty area. Much of this diversity is endemic not only to Antarctica as a whole, but to specific regions within it. Further complexity is added by inclusion of the biodiversity found on the islands located in the Southern Ocean north of the Treaty area. Within Antarctica, scientific, logistic and tourism activities may inadvertently move organisms over potentially long distances, far beyond natural dispersal ranges. Such translocation can disrupt natural species distribution patterns and biogeography through: (1) movement of spatially restricted indigenous species to other areas of Antarctica; (2) movement of distinct populations of more generally distributed species from one area of Antarctica to another, leading to genetic homogenisation and loss of assumed local patterns of adaptation; and (3) further dispersal of introduced non-native species from one area of Antarctica to another. Species can be moved between regions in association with people and cargo, by ship, aircraft and overland travel. Movement of cargo and personnel by ship between stations located in different biogeographic regions is likely to present one of the greatest risks, particularly as coastal stations may experience similar climatic conditions, making establishment more likely. Recognising that reducing the risk of inter-regional transfer of species is a priority issue for the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, we make practical recommendations aimed at reducing this risk, including the implementation of appropriate biosecurity procedures.}, }
@article {pmid30467644, year = {2018}, author = {Rouifed, S and Cottet, M and de Battista, M and Le Lay, YF and Piola, F and Rateau, P and Rivière-Honegger, A}, title = {Landscape perceptions and social representations of Fallopia spp. in France.}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {105}, number = {11-12}, pages = {67}, pmid = {30467644}, issn = {1432-1904}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Fallopia/*physiology ; France ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Choices have to be made to manage invasive species because eradication often is not possible. Both ecological and social factors have to be considered to improve the efficiency of management plans. We conducted a social study on Fallopia spp., a major invasive plant taxon in Europe, including (1) a survey on the perception of a landscape containing Fallopia spp. using a photoquestionnaire and (2) an analysis of the social representations of Fallopia spp. of managers and users in one highly invaded area and one less invaded area. The respondents to the photoquestionnaire survey appreciated the esthetics of the landscapes less when tall Fallopia spp. were present. Few people were able to identify and name the plant, and this knowledge negatively affected the appreciation of the photos containing Fallopia spp. The central core of the social representation of Fallopia spp. was composed of the invasive status of the plant, its density, and its ecological impacts. The peripheral elements of the representation depended on the people surveyed. The users highlighted the natural aspect whereas the managers identified the need for control. In the invaded area, the managers qualified the species as "unmanageable," whereas the species was qualified as "foreign" in the less invaded area. Those results provide insights that have to be included when objectives of management plans of these species are selected.}, }
@article {pmid30467400, year = {2018}, author = {Yan, Y and Finnigan, GC}, title = {Development of a multi-locus CRISPR gene drive system in budding yeast.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {17277}, pmid = {30467400}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {P20 GM103418/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; Hatch Project 1013520//USDA | National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)/International ; }, mesh = {CRISPR-Associated Protein 9/*genetics/metabolism ; CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Gene Dosage ; Gene Editing/methods ; Genetic Loci ; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/*genetics ; Saccharomycetales/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Streptococcus pyogenes/enzymology/genetics ; }, abstract = {The discovery of CRISPR/Cas gene editing has allowed for major advances in many biomedical disciplines and basic research. One arrangement of this biotechnology, a nuclease-based gene drive, can rapidly deliver a genetic element through a given population and studies in fungi and metazoans have demonstrated the success of such a system. This methodology has the potential to control biological populations and contribute to eradication of insect-borne diseases, agricultural pests, and invasive species. However, there remain challenges in the design, optimization, and implementation of gene drives including concerns regarding biosafety, containment, and control/inhibition. Given the numerous gene drive arrangements possible, there is a growing need for more advanced designs. In this study, we use budding yeast to develop an artificial multi-locus gene drive system. Our minimal setup requires only a single copy of S. pyogenes Cas9 and three guide RNAs to propagate three gene drives. We demonstrate how this system could be used for targeted allele replacement of native genes and to suppress NHEJ repair systems by modifying DNA Ligase IV. A multi-locus gene drive configuration provides an expanded suite of options for complex attributes including pathway redundancy, combatting evolved resistance, and safeguards for control, inhibition, or reversal of drive action.}, }
@article {pmid30465742, year = {2019}, author = {Shiokawa, K and Llanes, A and Hindoyan, A and Cruz-Martinez, L and Welcome, S and Rajeev, S}, title = {Peridomestic small Indian mongoose: An invasive species posing as potential zoonotic risk for leptospirosis in the Caribbean.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {190}, number = {}, pages = {166-170}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.11.019}, pmid = {30465742}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Agglutination Tests ; Animals ; Antibodies, Bacterial/blood ; *Herpestidae ; Introduced Species ; Kidney Diseases/*microbiology/pathology ; Leptospira interrogans/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Leptospirosis/diagnosis/*epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Serogroup ; West Indies/epidemiology ; Zoonoses/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {In this study, we investigated Leptospira infection and exposure in small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus), an invasive animal species, in two different sites in the Caribbean island of Saint Kitts. Overall a low seroprevalence (12/148; 8.1%: 95%CI: 3.7-12.5) was observed. Agglutinating antibodies to serovars Mankarso (3.4%), Copenhageni (2.7%), Icterohemorrhagiae (1.4%), Bratislava (1.4%), Canicola (1.4%), Autumnalis (0.7%), Alexi (0.7%), Pomona (0.7%) and Grippotyphosa (0.7%) was observed on the microscopic agglutination test. The seroprevalence observed in mongooses trapped from peridomestic sites was significantly higher compared to the arid and less inhabited site (p = 0.0268). The real time PCR targeting lipL32 gene was positive for 9 out of 146 mongooses. Bacterial culture of kidneys resulted in two Leptospira isolates. Whole genome sequencing and analysis suggested that these isolates are closely related to L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni. We observed mild to severe chronic renal lesions in 20.2% of mongooses in the absence of an antibody response or active infection. Our findings emphasize the need to investigate other infectious etiologies or atypical outcomes and potential chronic long-term impact of Leptospira infection in animals and people living in an endemic area. In addition, our data reinforces the need for including locally prevalent Leptospira isolates rather than representative members of a serogroup in the microscopic agglutination test panel in epidemiologic and diagnostic investigations. In conclusion, mongoose inhabiting the island are exposed to and harbor pathogenic Leptospira and hence may play a role in the transmission. The invasive nature of the species highlights their presence as a potential risk factor for this widespread zoonotic disease.}, }
@article {pmid30463257, year = {2018}, author = {Yang, H and Zhang, JE and Xia, J and Yang, J and Guo, J and Deng, Z and Luo, M}, title = {Comparative Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of the Three Apple Snails (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) and the Phylogenetic Analyses.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {19}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {30463257}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {No. U1131006, No. 30770403, No. 30900187, No. 31502144, No. 31870525//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; (No.&#x3014;2018&#x3015;118//Provincial Projects with Special Funds for Promoting Economic Development of Marine and Fisheries Department of Guangdong/ ; No. 2015A030313409//Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; No.2015B090903077, No.2017A090905030//Guangdong Science and Technology Program/ ; No.201604020062//the Science and Technology Project of Guangzhou/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Base Composition/genetics ; Bayes Theorem ; Chromosome Mapping ; Codon/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gastropoda/*classification/*genetics ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Open Reading Frames/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; RNA, Transfer/genetics ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The apple snails Pomacea canaliculata, Pomacea diffusa and Pomacea maculate (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Ampullariidae) are invasive pests causing massive economic losses and ecological damage. We sequenced and characterized the complete mitochondrial genomes of these snails to conduct phylogenetic analyses based on comparisons with the mitochondrial protein coding sequences of 47 Caenogastropoda species. The gene arrangements, distribution and content were canonically identical and consistent with typical Mollusca except for the tRNA-Gln absent in P. diffusa. An identifiable control region (d-loop) was absent. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis indicated that all the Ampullariidae species clustered on the same branch. The genus Pomacea clustered together and then with the genus Marisa. The orders Architaenioglossa and Sorbeoconcha clustered together and then with the order Hypsogastropoda. Furthermore, the intergenic and interspecific taxonomic positions were defined. Unexpectedly, Ceraesignum maximum, Dendropoma gregarium, Eualetes tulipa and Thylacodes squamigerus, traditionally classified in order Hypsogastropoda, were isolated from the order Hypsogastropoda in the most external branch of the Bayesian inference tree. The divergence times of the Caenogastropoda indicated that their evolutionary process covered four geological epochs that included the Quaternary, Neogene, Paleogene and Cretaceous periods. This study will facilitate further investigation of species identification to aid in the implementation of effective management and control strategies of these invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30462663, year = {2018}, author = {Chifflet, L and Guzmán, NV and Rey, O and Confalonieri, VA and Calcaterra, LA}, title = {Southern expansion of the invasive ant Wasmannia auropunctata within its native range and its relation with clonality and human activity.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e0206602}, pmid = {30462663}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Ants/genetics ; Argentina ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Loci ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Reproduction/genetics ; }, abstract = {The little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata, native to the Neotropics, has become a serious pest worldwide over the past 100 years. It was originally distributed from Mexico to northern Argentina and new evidence suggests a recent southern range expansion during the last 60 years reaching central Argentina. This supercolonial ant species has a polymorphic reproductive system. Some populations, mostly found in undisturbed natural environments, are characterised by a classical sexual haplodiploid reproductive system. In other populations, which mainly occur in human-modified habitats, diploid queens and haploid males are produced clonally while workers are produced sexually. Here we studied the association between the recent southern range expansion of W. auropunctata in relation to human activity and clonality. We carried out an extensive survey within the southern limit of the species' native distribution and characterised the type of habitat where populations were found. Moreover, we genetically determined the type of reproductive system in 35 populations by genotyping at 12 microsatellite loci a total of 191 reproductive individuals (i.e. queens and/or males). Clonality was the most common reproductive system, occurring in 31 out of 35 populations analysed. All the populations found in the recently colonised area in central Argentina were clonal and established in human-modified habitats, suggesting that clonality together with human activity might have facilitated the southwards expansion of W. auropunctata.}, }
@article {pmid30460917, year = {2018}, author = {Brannelly, LA and Martin, G and Llewelyn, J and Skerratt, LF and Berger, L}, title = {Age- and size-dependent resistance to chytridiomycosis in the invasive cane toad Rhinella marina.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {131}, number = {2}, pages = {107-120}, doi = {10.3354/dao03278}, pmid = {30460917}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Aging/*physiology ; Animals ; Australia/epidemiology ; *Body Size ; Bufo marinus/*microbiology ; *Chytridiomycota ; *Disease Susceptibility ; Introduced Species ; Mycoses/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {In Australia, the cane toad Rhinella marina and chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) are examples of invasive species that have had dramatic impacts on native fauna. However, little is known about the interaction between Bd and cane toads. We aimed to explore the interaction of these 2 species in 3 parts. First, we collated data from the literature on Bd infection in wild cane toads. Second, we tested the susceptibility of recently metamorphosed cane toads to Bd infection. Finally, we modelled the distribution of the 2 species in Australia to identify where they overlap and, therefore, might interact. Through our data collation, we found that adult cane toads are infrequently infected and do not carry high infection burdens; however, our infection experiment showed that metamorphs are highly susceptible to infection and disease, but resistance appears to increase with increasing toad size. Niche modelling revealed overlapping distributions and the potential for cane toads to be affected by chytridiomycosis in the wild. While Bd can cause mortality in small juveniles in the laboratory, warm microhabitats used by wild toads likely prevent infection, and furthermore, high mortality of juveniles is unlikely to affect the adult populations because they are highly fecund. However, to demonstrate the impact of Bd on wild cane toad populations, targeted field studies are required to assess (1) the overall impact of chytridiomycosis on recruitment especially in cooler areas more favourable for Bd and (2) whether cane toad juveniles can amplify Bd exposure of native amphibian species in these areas.}, }
@article {pmid30460409, year = {2018}, author = {Wan, JZ and Zhang, ZX and Wang, CJ}, title = {Identifying potential distributions of 10 invasive alien trees: implications for conservation management of protected areas.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {190}, number = {12}, pages = {739}, pmid = {30460409}, issn = {1573-2959}, support = {31800464//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31800449//Young Scientists Fund/ ; 3180028//Fondecyt/ ; }, mesh = {Africa ; Asia, Southeastern ; Australia ; Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Latin America ; New Zealand ; Trees/*classification ; Weather ; }, abstract = {Tree invasion has the potential to negatively affect biodiversity and ecosystems, with invasive alien trees (IATs) expanding widely in protected areas (PAs) across different habitats. Thus, the effectiveness of PAs might be reduced. Investigation of the distributions of IAT is urgently required to improve the effective conservation management of PAs. We projected the potential distributions of 10 IATs, which included Acacia mearnsii, Ardisia elliptica, Cecropia peltata, Cinchona pubescens, Leucaena leucocephala, Melaleuca quinquenervia, Miconia calvescens, Morella faya, Prosopis glandulosa, and Spathodea campanulata, that have a serious influence on global biodiversity and assessed the distribution possibilities of these IATs in PAs based on the PA categories of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The overall potential distributions of these 10 IATs included Latin America, central and southern Africa, southeastern Asia, eastern Australia and New Zealand, and western Europe. Annual mean temperature, temperature seasonality, annual precipitation, and soil bulk density were found to be important environmental variables for the potential distributions of these IATs. Overall, A. mearnsii, A. elliptica, C. peltata, L. leucocephala, M. quinquenervia, M. calvescens, and S. campanulata were distributed mainly in the IUCN PA categories of national parks and PAs with sustainable use of natural resources. We proposed the following for conservation management of PAs: (1) completion of species inventories for PAs, (2) better understanding of factors driving invasions in PAs, (3) assessment of the efficiency of management within particular PAs, and (4) evaluation of changes in trends regarding plant invasions in PAs under climate change conditions.}, }
@article {pmid30459842, year = {2018}, author = {Konečný, A and Popa, OP and Bartáková, V and Douda, K and Bryja, J and Smith, C and Popa, LO and Reichard, M}, title = {Modelling the invasion history of Sinanodonta woodiana in Europe: Tracking the routes of a sedentary aquatic invader with mobile parasitic larvae.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {1975-1989}, pmid = {30459842}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Understanding the invasive potential of species outside their native range is one of the most pressing questions in applied evolutionary and ecological research. Admixture of genotypes of invasive species from multiple sources has been implicated in successful invasions, by generating novel genetic combinations that facilitate rapid adaptation to new environments. Alternatively, adaptive evolution on standing genetic variation, exposed by phenotypic plasticity and selected by genetic accommodation, can facilitate invasion success. We investigated the population genetic structure of an Asian freshwater mussel with a parasitic dispersal stage, Sinanodonta woodiana, which has been present in Europe since 1979 but which has expanded rapidly in the last decade. Data from a mitochondrial marker and nuclear microsatellites have suggested that all European populations of S. woodiana originate from the River Yangtze basin in China. Only a single haplotype was detected in Europe, in contrast to substantial mitochondrial diversity in native Asian populations. Analysis of microsatellite markers indicated intensive gene flow and confirmed a lower genetic diversity of European populations compared to those from the Yangtze basin, though that difference was not large. Using an Approximate Bayesian Modelling approach, we identified two areas as the probable source of the spread of S. woodiana in Europe, which matched historical records for its establishment. Their populations originated from a single colonization event. Our data do not support alternative explanations for the rapid recent spread of S. woodiana; recent arrival of a novel (cold-tolerant) genotype or continuous propagule pressure. Instead, in situ adaptation, facilitated by repeated admixture, appears to drive the ongoing expansion of S. woodiana. We discuss management consequences of our results.}, }
@article {pmid30455215, year = {2018}, author = {Beaulieu, C and Lavoie, C and Proulx, R}, title = {Bookkeeping of insect herbivory trends in herbarium specimens of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria).}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {374}, number = {1763}, pages = {}, pmid = {30455215}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; *Food Chain ; *Herbivory ; Insecta/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Lythrum/*physiology ; Museums ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Quebec ; *Specimen Handling ; }, abstract = {The potential use of herbarium specimens to detect herbivory trends is enormous but largely untapped. The objective of this study was to reconstruct the long-term herbivory pressure on the Eurasian invasive plant, purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), by evaluating leaf damage over 1323 specimens from southern Québec (Canada). The hypothesis tested is that that the prevalence of herbivory damage on purple loosestrife is low during the invasion phase and increases throughout the saturation phase. Historical trends suggest a gradual increase in hole feeding and margin feeding damage from 1883 to around 1940, followed by a period of relative stability. The percentage of specimens with window feeding damage did not begin to increase until the end of the twentieth century, from 3% (2-6%) in 1990 to 45% (14-81%) in 2015. Temporal changes in the frequency of window feeding damage support the hypothesis of an increasing herbivory pressure by recently introduced insects. This study shows that leaf damage made by insects introduced for the biocontrol of purple loosestrife, such as coleopterans of the Neogalerucella genus, can be assessed from voucher specimens. Herbaria are a rich source in information that can be used to answer questions related to plant-insect interactions in the context of biological invasions and biodiversity changes.This article is part of the theme issue 'Biological collections for understanding biodiversity in the Anthropocene'.}, }
@article {pmid30455210, year = {2018}, author = {Andrew, C and Diez, J and James, TY and Kauserud, H}, title = {Fungarium specimens: a largely untapped source in global change biology and beyond.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {374}, number = {1763}, pages = {}, pmid = {30455210}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Fungi ; *Museums ; Specimen Handling ; }, abstract = {For several hundred years, millions of fungal sporocarps have been collected and deposited in worldwide collections (fungaria) to support fungal taxonomy. Owing to large-scale digitization programs, metadata associated with the records are now becoming publicly available, including information on taxonomy, sampling location, collection date and habitat/substrate information. This metadata, as well as data extracted from the physical fungarium specimens themselves, such as DNA sequences and biochemical characteristics, provide a rich source of information not only for taxonomy but also for other lines of biological inquiry. Here, we highlight and discuss how this information can be used to investigate emerging topics in fungal global change biology and beyond. Fungarium data are a prime source of knowledge on fungal distributions and richness patterns, and for assessing red-listed and invasive species. Information on collection dates has been used to investigate shifts in fungal distributions as well as phenology of sporocarp emergence in response to climate change. In addition to providing material for taxonomy and systematics, DNA sequences derived from the physical specimens provide information about fungal demography, dispersal patterns, and are emerging as a source of genomic data. As DNA analysis technologies develop further, the importance of fungarium specimens as easily accessible sources of information will likely continue to grow.This article is part of the theme issue 'Biological collections for understanding biodiversity in the Anthropocene'.}, }
@article {pmid30453540, year = {2018}, author = {Turner, AD and Fenwick, D and Powell, A and Dhanji-Rapkova, M and Ford, C and Hatfield, RG and Santos, A and Martinez-Urtaza, J and Bean, TP and Baker-Austin, C and Stebbing, P}, title = {New Invasive Nemertean Species (Cephalothrix Simula) in England with High Levels of Tetrodotoxin and a Microbiome Linked to Toxin Metabolism.}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {30453540}, issn = {1660-3397}, support = {AlertoxNet//Interreg/ ; Seedcorn//Cefas/ ; 2017-21171392//CONICYT-Doctorado Nacional/ ; CD-FRO1204.//Universidad de La Frontera/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/metabolism/*microbiology ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; DNA, Bacterial/isolation &amp; purification ; England ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/metabolism/*microbiology ; Microbiota ; Pseudomonas/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Tetrodotoxin/isolation &amp; purification/*metabolism ; Vibrio alginolyticus/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The marine nemertean Cephalothrix simula originates from the Pacific Ocean but in recent years has been discovered in northern Europe. The species has been associated with high levels of the marine neurotoxin Tetrodotoxin, traditionally associated with Pufferfish Poisoning. This study reports the first discovery of two organisms of C. simula in the UK, showing the geographical extent of this species is wider than originally described. Species identification was initially conducted morphologically, with confirmation by Cox 1 DNA sequencing. 16S gene sequencing enabled the taxonomic assignment of the microbiome, showing the prevalence of a large number of bacterial genera previously associated with TTX production including Alteromonas, Vibrio and Pseudomonas. LC-MS/MS analysis of the nemertean tissue revealed the presence of multiple analogues of TTX, dominated by the parent TTX, with a total toxin concentration quantified at 54 µg TTX per g of tissue. Pseudomonas luteola isolated from C. simula, together with Vibrio alginolyticus from the native nemertean Tubulanus annulatus, were cultured at low temperature and both found to contain TTX. Overall, this paper confirms the high toxicity of a newly discovered invasive nemertean species with links to toxin-producing marine bacteria and the potential risk to human safety. Further work is required to assess the geographical extent and toxicity range of C. simula along the UK coast in order to properly gauge the potential impacts on the environment and human safety.}, }
@article {pmid30452957, year = {2019}, author = {Dragicevic, AZ}, title = {Comparing forest governance models against invasive biological threats.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {462}, number = {}, pages = {270-282}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.11.014}, pmid = {30452957}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Asia ; Australia ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Europe ; Feedback ; *Forests ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {In order to take account of the negative effects of invasive species and pathogens on networked forest areas, we study the dynamics of stochastic closed-loop input-output systems faced with the risk of external random perturbations. The extension of previous works on robustness is carried out by introducing a negative feedback mechanism, such that the output from an element contained in the system behaves as a negative input toward elements to which it is connected. Through the study of an overall network divided into compartments barely connected to one another, we first consider the pathway pertaining to monofunctional zoning. By looking at a single aggregated structure, we then move our focus to the pathway proper to multifunctionality. Our results show that, at significant time scales, the monofunctional-zoning mode of forest governance, generally applied in Australasia, performs robustly against invasive biological threats at all levels of outbreak probability. The multifunctional mode of forest governance, further practiced in Western Europe, is mainly sturdy when the probability of invasion verges into certainty. Should this not be the case, robustness is ensured would disturbers and perturbations be uncorrelated. Accordingly, the monofunctional pathway can afford adopting control strategies for outbreak avoidance, which is only acceptable in case the expected invasion can be halted. For the sake of maintaining low likelihood of invasion, the multifunctional pathway is compelled to applying preventive strategies.}, }
@article {pmid30451481, year = {2018}, author = {Blaser, S and Heusser, C and Diem, H and Von Felten, A and Gueuning, M and Andreou, M and Boonham, N and Tomlinson, J and Müller, P and Utzinger, J and Frey, JE and Frey, B and Bühlmann, A}, title = {Dispersal of harmful fruit fly pests by international trade and a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay to prevent their introduction.}, journal = {Geospatial health}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.4081/gh.2018.726}, pmid = {30451481}, issn = {1970-7096}, mesh = {Animals ; *Commerce ; *Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; *Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Switzerland ; *Tephritidae ; }, abstract = {Global trade of plant products represents one of the major driving forces for the spread of invasive insect pests. This visualization illustrates the problem of unintended dispersal of economically harmful fruit fly pests using geospatial maps based on interception data from the Swiss import control process. Furthermore, it reports the development of a molecular diagnostic assay for rapid identification of these pests at points of entry such as sea- and airports as a prevention measure. The assay reliably differentiates between target and non-target species within one hour and has been successfully evaluated for on-site use at a Swiss point of entry.}, }
@article {pmid30449302, year = {2019}, author = {Bach, TM and Kull, CA and Rangan, H}, title = {From killing lists to healthy country: Aboriginal approaches to weed control in the Kimberley, Western Australia.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {182-192}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.050}, pmid = {30449302}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Australia ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander ; *Weed Control ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {The Australian Government's funding of land management by Aboriginal communities aims to enable them to manage natural and cultural resources according to their values and aspirations. But this approach is countered in the case of weed management, where the emphasis is on killing plants that are identified on invasive alien species lists prepared by government agencies. Based on field research with Bardi-Jawi, Bunuba, Ngurrara, Nyikina Mangala and Wunggurr land managers in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, we observed that 27 of 35 weed control projects followed the government agency weed lists for species-led control. Of these 27 projects, only two were considered successful in meeting Aboriginal cultural aspirations. In most of the other cases, the list-based approach generated frustration among Aboriginal rangers who felt they were engaged in purposeless killing. In contrast, we found that elders and rangers preferred site-based approaches that considered landscape and vegetation management from their culturally specific and highly contextual geographies of 'healthy country'. We outline instances where ranger groups have adopted site-based management that has been informed by geographies of healthy country and argue that such an approach offers a better alternative to current list-based weed control and produces positive outcomes for Aboriginal communities.}, }
@article {pmid30449301, year = {2019}, author = {Cole, E and Keller, RP and Garbach, K}, title = {Risk of invasive species spread by recreational boaters remains high despite widespread adoption of conservation behaviors.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {112-119}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.078}, pmid = {30449301}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Humans ; Illinois ; *Introduced Species ; Recreation ; Ships ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Travel ; }, abstract = {The spread of non-native aquatic species among waterbodies has become a major social, environmental, and economic concern. An important mechanism of this spread is the inadvertent transport of organisms on recreational boats as they are moved among waterbodies. Organisms can survive on the exterior of the boat, the interior, attached to fishing tackle, and can be intentionally moved by boaters. In response, local, state, and federal U.S. agencies have invested in outreach campaigns to educate boaters about the impacts of invasive aquatic species and the ways that boaters can reduce the risk of spread. We surveyed boaters in the U.S. state of Illinois to determine their travel patterns and how frequently they clean different parts of their boats. A majority of boaters reported that they always take recommended actions to clean their boat exterior (72% of respondents), boat interior (78%), and fishing tackle (55%), and only 4% reported that they intentionally move organisms. We used network methods to analyze the movement of recreational boaters and found strong connections among 28 highly visited waterbodies. When we removed the 38% of respondents who Always take recommended actions to reduce risk of species spread by all four mechanisms this network was minimally altered and still contained all 28 waterbodies. This indicates that despite high adoption of conservation behaviors there is a continuing risk of non-native species transport among all waterbodies. This work shows that further action is necessary if the impacts of invasive aquatic species are to be reduced in the future.}, }
@article {pmid30448947, year = {2019}, author = {Engeman, RM and Wilson, BE and Beckerman, SF and Fischer, JW and Dufford, D and Cobban, JB}, title = {Locating and eliminating feral swine from a large area of fragmented mixed forest and agriculture habitats in north-central USA.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {1654-1660}, pmid = {30448947}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Illinois ; Introduced Species ; Pest Control/*methods ; *Swine ; }, abstract = {Illinois is one of the US states where elimination of feral swine (Sus scrofa) was determined practical, as only a few isolated populations were established. A particularly important step towards feral swine elimination from Illinois was to eliminate the population in Fulton County. We describe the approaches applied to systematically detect, locate, and eliminate feral swine in a successful county-wide elimination. Detecting and locating feral swine was facilitated by extensive outreach activities, aerial surveys to locate crop damage, and use of camera traps placed over bait in areas where reports, sign, or crop damage occurred. The population was eliminated after 376 feral swine were removed from 2009 to 2016 by trapping, sharpshooting over bait, and aerial shooting. Aerial surveys efficiently located feral swine activity over wide areas during times of the crop cycle when damage would occur and would be most distinguishable from other damage sources. Two applications of aerial shooting in 2014 were particularly efficient for rapidly eliminating most remaining feral swine after they had become difficult to locate and remove. Persistent efforts thereafter led to the successful elimination of feral swine in Fulton County by 2016. We believe this is the first documentation of a widespread feral swine elimination in mixed agriculture and forest habitats.}, }
@article {pmid30447096, year = {2019}, author = {Marianelli, L and Paoli, F and Sabbatini Peverieri, G and Benvenuti, C and Barzanti, GP and Bosio, G and Venanzio, D and Giacometto, E and Roversi, PF}, title = {Long-lasting insecticide-treated nets: A new integrated pest management approach for Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).}, journal = {Integrated environmental assessment and management}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {259-265}, doi = {10.1002/ieam.4107}, pmid = {30447096}, issn = {1551-3793}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*drug effects ; Female ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insecticides/*toxicity ; Male ; Nitriles/*toxicity ; Pyrethrins/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {The Japanese beetle Popillia japonica Newman is a US and EU quarantine insect pest that has recently invaded northern Italy. Its ability to rapidly spread in new areas makes this insect a threat to agriculture. In the last decades, several trials on biological control of the Japanese beetle by entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi have been carried out with variable efficacy. However, the necessity of an integrated pest management approach to improve control has arisen. Long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) have been used to control other agricultural pests with an attract-and-kill strategy. Here, we present results from laboratory evaluation of 2 LLINs, Storanet® (BASF™) and ZeroFly® (Vestergaard™), against P. japonica adults. Both were effective in killing the beetles; however, some differences emerged if different exposure times were compared: ZeroFly® always gave 100% mortality in tests from 5-s to 30-min exposure; Storanet® showed 100% mortality only with 30-min exposure and going down to 89%-99% mortality for 5-s to 15-min exposure. A description of the paralysis process occurring at 5-s exposure is given. Possible field application of LLINs within programs of integrated pest management is discussed. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:259-265. © 2018 SETAC.}, }
@article {pmid30447068, year = {2019}, author = {Reizenberg, JL and Bloy, LE and Weyl, OLF and Shelton, JM and Dallas, HF}, title = {Variation in thermal tolerances of native freshwater fishes in South Africa's Cape Fold Ecoregion: examining the east-west gradient in species' sensitivity to climate warming.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {94}, number = {1}, pages = {103-112}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13866}, pmid = {30447068}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//Water Research Commission (WRC) of South Africa (Project K5/2337) for funding this research, which was awarded to the Freshwater Research Centre./ ; //The National Research Foundation (NRF) South Africa and the University of Cape Town are acknowledged for student funding./ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate ; *Climate Change ; Fishes/*physiology ; Geography ; Rivers ; South Africa ; Species Specificity ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The Cape Fold Ecoregion (CFE) is a biodiversity hotspot with high levels of endemism in its freshwater fish fauna. This study examined inter and intra-specific variation in critical thermal maxima (TCmax) for eight native species of freshwater fish from the CFE. Cape galaxias Galaxias zebratus, Breede River redfin Pseudobarbus burchelli, Berg River redfin Pseudobarbus burgi, Clanwilliam redfin Pseudobarbus calidus and fiery redfin Pseudobarbus phlegethon were the most thermally sensitive (TCmax = 29.8-32.8°C). Clanwilliam rock-catfish Austroglanis gilli, Eastern Cape redfin Pseudobarbus afer and Cape kurper Sandelia capensis were moderately sensitive (TCmax = 33.0-36.8°C). An increase in intra-specific thermal sensitivity of S. capensis was observed from east to west. The results were related to in situ water temperature, which influenced TCmax for all species, suggesting that thermal history is a major driver of variation in thermal tolerance amongst populations. These thermal tolerance data for freshwater fishes in the CFE demonstrate that resilience to climate warming follows a geographical cline and that the more sensitive western species and regions are conservation priorities.}, }
@article {pmid30443805, year = {2019}, author = {Urcelay, C and Longo, S and Geml, J and Tecco, PA}, title = {Can arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from non-invaded montane ecosystems facilitate the growth of alien trees?.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {39-49}, pmid = {30443805}, issn = {1432-1890}, support = {30720150101048CB//Secretaria de Ciencia y Tecnica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (AR)/ ; -//Naturalis Research Initiative grant/ ; }, mesh = {Anacardiaceae/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Argentina ; *Ecosystem ; Gleditsia/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Ligustrum/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Pyracantha/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Trees/*growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {It is generally assumed that recruitment and expansion of alien species along elevation gradients are constrained by climate. But, if plants are not fully constrained by climate, their expansion could be facilitated or hindered by other factors such as biotic interactions. Here, we assessed the composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soils along an elevation gradient (i.e. 900 m, 1600 m, 2200 m and 2700 m a.s.l.) through a fungal DNA meta-barcoding approach. In addition, we studied in the greenhouse the effects of AMF on growth and phosphorous (P) nutrition of seedlings of the alien trees Gleditsia triacanthos, Ligustrum lucidum and Pyracantha angustifolia cultivated in soils from those elevations, spanning the elevation at which they already form monospecific stands (below 1450 m a.s.l.) and higher elevations, above their current range of distribution in montane ecosystems of Central Argentina. For comparison, we also included in the experiment the dominant native tree Lithraea molleoides that historically occurs below 1300 m a.s.l. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community composition showed strong community turnover with increasing elevation. The effects of these AMF communities on plant growth and nutrition differed among native and alien trees. While P nutrition in alien species' seedlings was generally enhanced by AMF along the whole gradient, the native species benefited only from AMF that occur in soils from the elevation corresponding to its current altitudinal range of distribution. These results suggest that AMF might foster upper range expansion of these invasive trees over non-invaded higher elevations.}, }
@article {pmid30442993, year = {2018}, author = {Casado, MA and Martín-Forés, I and Castro, I and de Miguel, JM and Acosta-Gallo, B}, title = {Asymmetric flows and drivers of herbaceous plant invasion success among Mediterranean-climate regions.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {16834}, pmid = {30442993}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Climate ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; *Plants ; Regression Analysis ; }, abstract = {Understanding the mechanisms that support the arrival, establishment and spread of species over an introduced range is crucial in invasion ecology. We analysed the unintentionally introduced herbaceous species that are naturalised in the five Mediterranean-climate regions. There is an asymmetry in the species flows among regions, being the Iberian Peninsula the main donor to the other regions. At interregional scale, the species' capacity to spread among regions is related to the ecological versatility of the species in the donor area (Iberian Peninsula). At intraregional scale, the species' capacity to successfully occupy a complete region first depends on the time elapsed from its introduction and afterwards on the degree of occurrence in the region of origin, which is commonly related to its chance of coming into contact with humans. Information on exotic species in their origin region provides insights into invasion process and decision-making to reduce the risks of future invasions.}, }
@article {pmid30442898, year = {2018}, author = {Lopes, ML and Rodrigues, JP and Crespo, D and Dolbeth, M and Calado, R and Lillebø, AI}, title = {Functional traits of a native and an invasive clam of the genus Ruditapes occurring in sympatry in a coastal lagoon.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {16901}, pmid = {30442898}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Principal Component Analysis ; Surface Properties ; Sympatry/*physiology ; Temperature ; Water ; }, abstract = {The main objective of this study was to evaluate the functional traits regarding bioturbation activity and its influence in the nutrient cycling of the native clam species Ruditapes decussatus and the invasive species Ruditapes philippinarum in Ria de Aveiro lagoon. Presently, these species live in sympatry and the impact of the invasive species was evaluated under controlled microcosmos setting, through combined/manipulated ratios of both species, including monospecific scenarios and a control without bivalves. Bioturbation intensity was measured by maximum, median and mean mix depth of particle redistribution, as well as by Surface Boundary Roughness (SBR), using time-lapse fluorescent sediment profile imaging (f-SPI) analysis, through the use of luminophores. Water nutrient concentrations (NH4-N, NOx-N and PO4-P) were also evaluated. This study showed that there were no significant differences in the maximum, median and mean mix depth of particle redistribution, SBR and water nutrient concentrations between the different ratios of clam species tested. Significant differences were only recorded between the control treatment (no bivalves) and those with bivalves. Thus, according to the present work, in a scenario of potential replacement of the native species by the invasive species, no significant differences are anticipated in short- and long-term regarding the tested functional traits.}, }
@article {pmid30430600, year = {2019}, author = {Ibañez-Justicia, A and Poortvliet, PM and Koenraadt, CJM}, title = {Evaluating perceptions of risk in mosquito experts and identifying undocumented pathways for the introduction of invasive mosquito species into Europe.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, pages = {78-88}, pmid = {30430600}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Culicidae/*physiology ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control ; Perception ; Risk ; }, abstract = {In several reported cases of the entry of invasive mosquito species (IMSs) into Europe, the introduction was associated with a specific pathway of introduction or dispersal. The identification of potential pathways for the introduction of IMSs and evaluations of the importance of the different pathways are key to designing proper surveillance strategies to promptly detect and control introductions in non-infested areas. The main goals of the present study were to identify other, previously undocumented, pathways of introduction into Europe, and to identify mosquito experts' perceptions regarding control measures against IMS introductions via different documented pathways. At the European Mosquito Control Association (EMCA) conference in Montenegro in March 2017, a questionnaire was distributed among meeting participants to collect expert data. Results showed that ground transportation (by cars, trucks, etc.), passive natural dispersal and the shipping of used tyres are perceived as the most likely pathways. Introduction via aircraft did not appear to be well known and was not perceived as probable. This study shows that there were no pathways unknown to European experts that could lead to cryptic introductions into the experts' countries. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated that the perceived efficacy of surveillance and control is key to overcoming the constraints experienced and to supporting the implementation of actions against introductions.}, }
@article {pmid30430363, year = {2018}, author = {Buellesbach, J and Whyte, BA and Cash, E and Gibson, JD and Scheckel, KJ and Sandidge, R and Tsutsui, ND}, title = {Desiccation Resistance and Micro-Climate Adaptation: Cuticular Hydrocarbon Signatures of Different Argentine Ant Supercolonies Across California.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {44}, number = {12}, pages = {1101-1114}, pmid = {30430363}, issn = {1573-1561}, support = {IOS-1557934/1557961//National Science Foundation/ ; 2016-67013-24749//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; CA-B-INS-0087-H//USDA Hatch Project/ ; }, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Alkanes/analysis/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Argentina ; Biodiversity ; California ; Climate ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Hydrocarbons/analysis/isolation &amp; purification/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Liquid-Liquid Extraction ; }, abstract = {Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), the dominant fraction of the insects' epicuticle and the primary barrier to desiccation, form the basis for a wide range of chemical signaling systems. In eusocial insects, CHCs are key mediators of nestmate recognition, and colony identity appears to be maintained through a uniform CHC profile. In the unicolonial Argentine ant Linepithema humile, an unparalleled invasive expansion has led to vast supercolonies whose nestmates can still recognize each other across thousands of miles. CHC profiles are expected to display considerable variation as they adapt to fundamentally differing environmental conditions across the Argentine ant's expanded range, yet this variation would largely conflict with the vastly extended nestmate recognition based on CHC uniformity. To shed light on these seemingly contradictory selective pressures, we attempt to decipher which CHC classes enable adaptation to such a wide array of environmental conditions and contrast them with the overall CHC profile uniformity postulated to maintain nestmate recognition. n-Alkanes and n-alkenes showed the largest adaptability to environmental conditions most closely associated with desiccation, pointing at their function for water-proofing. Trimethyl alkanes, on the other hand, were reduced in environments associated with higher desiccation stress. However, CHC patterns correlated with environmental conditions were largely overriden when taking overall CHC variation across the expanded range of L. humile into account, resulting in conserved colony-specific CHC signatures. This delivers intriguing insights into the hierarchy of CHC functionality integrating both adaptation to a wide array of different climatic conditions and the maintenance of a universally accepted chemical profile.}, }
@article {pmid30429260, year = {2018}, author = {Landi, P and Vonesh, JR and Hui, C}, title = {Variability in life-history switch points across and within populations explained by Adaptive Dynamics.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {15}, number = {148}, pages = {}, pmid = {30429260}, issn = {1742-5662}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Understanding the factors that shape the timing of life-history switch points (SPs; e.g. hatching, metamorphosis and maturation) is a fundamental question in evolutionary ecology. Previous studies examining this question from a fitness optimization perspective have advanced our understanding of why the timing of life-history transitions may vary across populations and environments. However, in nature we also often observe variability among individuals within populations. Optimization theory, which typically predicts a single optimal SP under physiological and environmental constraints for a given environment, cannot explain this variability. Here, we re-examine the evolution of a single life-history SP between juvenile and adult stages from an Adaptive Dynamics (AD) perspective, which explicitly considers the feedback between the dynamics of population and the evolution of life-history strategy. The AD model, although simple in structure, exhibits a diverse range of evolutionary scenarios depending upon demographic and environmental conditions, including the loss of the juvenile stage, a single optimal SP, alternative optimal SPs depending on the initial phenotype, and sympatric coexistence of two SP phenotypes under disruptive selection. Such predictions are consistent with previous optimization approaches in predicting life-history SP variability across environments and between populations, and in addition they also explain within-population variability by sympatric disruptive selection. Thus, our model can be used as a theoretical tool for understanding life-history variability across environments and, especially, within species in the same environment.}, }
@article {pmid30428556, year = {2018}, author = {Schoebel, CN and Prospero, S and Gross, A and Rigling, D}, title = {Detection of a Conspecific Mycovirus in Two Closely Related Native and Introduced Fungal Hosts and Evidence for Interspecific Virus Transmission.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {30428556}, issn = {1999-4915}, support = {CH-3-SMM-01/12//Lithuanian-Swiss cooperation program to reduce economic and social disparities within the enlarged European Union/International ; }, mesh = {Ascomycota/*virology ; Europe ; Fraxinus/microbiology ; Fungal Viruses/*classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Open Reading Frames ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Sequence Homology ; }, abstract = {Hymenoscyphus albidus is a native fungus in Europe where it behaves as a harmless decomposer of leaves of common ash. Its close relative Hymenoscyphus fraxineus was introduced into Europe from Asia and currently threatens ash (Fraxinus sp.) stands all across the continent causing ash dieback. H. fraxineus isolates from Europe were previously shown to harbor a mycovirus named Hymenoscyphus fraxineus Mitovirus 1 (HfMV1). In the present study, we describe a conspecific mycovirus that we detected in H. albidus. HfMV1 was consistently identified in H. albidus isolates (mean prevalence: 49.3%) which were collected in the sampling areas before the arrival of ash dieback. HfMV1 strains in both fungal hosts contain a single ORF of identical length (717 AA) for which a mean pairwise identity of 94.5% was revealed. The occurrence of a conspecific mitovirus in H. albidus and H. fraxineus is most likely the result of parallel virus evolution in the two fungal hosts. HfMV1 sequences from H. albidus showed a higher nucleotide diversity and a higher number of mutations compared to those from H. fraxineus, probably due to a bottleneck caused by the introduction of H. fraxineus in Europe. Our data also points to multiple interspecific virus transfers from H. albidus to H. fraxineus, which could have contributed to the intraspecific virus diversity found in H. fraxineus.}, }
@article {pmid30428498, year = {2019}, author = {West, AM and Jarnevich, CS and Young, NE and Fuller, PL}, title = {Evaluating Potential Distribution of High-Risk Aquatic Invasive Species in the Water Garden and Aquarium Trade at a Global Scale Based on Current Established Populations.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {39}, number = {5}, pages = {1169-1191}, doi = {10.1111/risa.13230}, pmid = {30428498}, issn = {1539-6924}, support = {//U.S. Geological Survey Invasive Species Program/International ; }, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Anura ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Gardening/*methods ; *Gardens ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Multivariate Analysis ; Risk Assessment/*methods ; Snails ; Water ; Xenopus ; }, abstract = {Aquatic non-native invasive species are commonly traded in the worldwide water garden and aquarium markets, and some of these species pose major threats to the economy, the environment, and human health. Understanding the potential suitable habitat for these species at a global scale and at regional scales can inform risk assessments and predict future potential establishment. Typically, global habitat suitability models are fit for freshwater species with only climate variables, which provides little information about suitable terrestrial conditions for aquatic species. Remotely sensed data including topography and land cover data have the potential to improve our understanding of suitable habitat for aquatic species. In this study, we fit species distribution models using five different model algorithms for three non-native aquatic invasive species with bioclimatic, topographic, and remotely sensed covariates to evaluate potential suitable habitat beyond simple climate matches. The species examined included a frog (Xenopus laevis), toad (Bombina orientalis), and snail (Pomacea spp.). Using a unique modeling approach for each species including background point selection based on known established populations resulted in robust ensemble habitat suitability models. All models for all species had test area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values greater than 0.70 and percent correctly classified values greater than 0.65. Importantly, we employed multivariate environmental similarity surface maps to evaluate potential extrapolation beyond observed conditions when applying models globally. These global models provide necessary forecasts of where these aquatic invasive species have the potential for establishment outside their native range, a key component in risk analyses.}, }
@article {pmid30427840, year = {2018}, author = {Mahmood, AH and Florentine, S and Graz, FP and Turville, C and Palmer, G and Sillitoe, J and McLaren, D}, title = {Comparison of techniques to control the aggressive environmental invasive species Galenia pubescens in a degraded grassland reserve, Victoria, Australia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e0203653}, pmid = {30427840}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aizoaceae/*growth &amp; development ; *Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Victoria ; }, abstract = {Across many southern regions of Australia, native grasslands have become seriously threatened by human activity, with only a fraction of the original areas remaining undisturbed. In particular, the introduction and establishment of exotic invasive weeds has caused significant degradation to the ecosystems in these areas by contributing to a decrease in native plant density and diversity, and this has ultimately led to major changes to the ecosystem structure and function. One such example is Galenia pubescens. Our objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of four different attempts to control G. pubescens: herbicide control with glyphosate; organic herbicide control with pine oil; the application of mulch; and the addition of seeds of native species to the seedbank. Results shows that any one single control strategy is insufficient to control G. pubescens, and, in addition, it has shown that regeneration of native vegetation is limited unless direct seeding is applied. There was a strong indication that a combined strategy employing more than two of the aforementioned techniques is likely to be the most effective approach, at least in the short term. Underscoring the complexity of this task, our analysis on foliage cover of G. pubescens shows that the interaction of pine oil and glyphosate treatments appeared to be very effective after six months, but were not so effective after 18 months. By contrast, seeding with native seeds was not particularly effective at six months, but its longer-term contribution appears to be effective at 18 months. Further, our results obtained from the seedbank abundance study indicate that time alone was not a significant factor in restoration of the grasslands (p = 0.165); however there were interactions with time, shown by time*glyphosate (p = 0.008) and time*seeding (p = 0.016). Both interactions indicated that the applications of glyphosate and seeding were more beneficial after 18 months compared to six months. However, full regeneration of invaded native grasslands may not be possible unless further restoration programs are re-implemented after the first cycle of G. pubescens' treatments have been completed.}, }
@article {pmid30425889, year = {2018}, author = {Carril, OM and Griswold, T and Haefner, J and Wilson, JS}, title = {Wild bees of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument: richness, abundance, and spatio-temporal beta-diversity.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5867}, pmid = {30425889}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Interest in bees has grown dramatically in recent years in light of several studies that have reported widespread declines in bees and other pollinators. Investigating declines in wild bees can be difficult, however, due to the lack of faunal surveys that provide baseline data of bee richness and diversity. Protected lands such as national monuments and national parks can provide unique opportunities to learn about and monitor bee populations dynamics in a natural setting because the opportunity for large-scale changes to the landscape are reduced compared to unprotected lands. Here we report on a 4-year study of bees in Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (GSENM), found in southern Utah, USA. Using opportunistic collecting and a series of standardized plots, we collected bees throughout the six-month flowering season for four consecutive years. In total, 660 bee species are now known from the area, across 55 genera, and including 49 new species. Two genera not previously known to occur in the state of Utah were discovered, as well as 16 new species records for the state. Bees include ground-nesters, cavity- and twig-nesters, cleptoparasites, narrow specialists, generalists, solitary, and social species. The bee fauna reached peak diversity each spring, but also experienced a second peak in diversity in late summer, following monsoonal rains. The majority of GSENM's bees are highly localized, occurring in only a few locations throughout the monument, and often in low abundance, but consistently across the four years. Only a few species are widespread and super-abundant. Certain flowering plants appear to be inordinately attractive to the bees in GSENM, including several invasive species. GSENM protects one of the richest bee faunas in the west; the large elevational gradient, incredible number of flowering plants, and the mosaic of habitats are all likely contributors to this rich assemblage of bees.}, }
@article {pmid30425887, year = {2018}, author = {van Wilgen, NJ and Gillespie, MS and Richardson, DM and Measey, J}, title = {A taxonomically and geographically constrained information base limits non-native reptile and amphibian risk assessment: a systematic review.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5850}, pmid = {30425887}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {For many taxa, new records of non-native introductions globally occur at a near exponential rate. We undertook a systematic review of peer-reviewed publications on non-native herpetofauna, to assess the information base available for assessing risks of future invasions, resulting in 836 relevant papers. The taxonomic and geographic scope of the literature was also compared to a published database of all known invasions globally. We found 1,116 species of herpetofauna, 95% of which were present in fewer than 12 studies. Nearly all literature on the invasion ecology of herpetofauna has appeared since 2000, with a strong focus on frogs (58%), particularly cane toads (Rhinella marina) and their impacts in Australia. While fewer papers have been published on turtles and snakes, proportionately more species from both these groups have been studied than for frogs. Within each herpetofaunal group, there are a handful of well-studied species: R. marina, Lithobates catesbeianus, Xenopus laevis, Trachemys scripta, Boiga irregularis and Anolis sagrei. Most research (416 papers; 50%) has addressed impacts, with far fewer studies on aspects like trade (2%). Besides Australia (213 studies), most countries have little location-specific peer-reviewed literature on non-native herpetofauna (on average 1.1 papers per established species). Other exceptions were Guam, the UK, China, California and France, but even their publication coverage across established species was not even. New methods for assessing and prioritizing invasive species such as the Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa provide useful frameworks for risk assessment, but require robust species-level studies. Global initiatives, similar to the Global Amphibian Assessment, using the species and taxonomic groups identified here, are needed to derive the level of information across broad geographic ranges required to apply these frameworks. Expansive studies on model species can be used to indicate productive research foci for understudied taxa.}, }
@article {pmid30424500, year = {2018}, author = {Schindler, S and Rabitsch, W and Essl, F and Wallner, P and Lemmerer, K and Follak, S and Hutter, HP}, title = {Alien Species and Human Health: Austrian Stakeholder Perspective on Challenges and Solutions.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {15}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {30424500}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {Austria ; *Climate Change ; *Disease Management ; Health Policy/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Public Health/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {No saturation in the introduction, acceleration of spread and the increasing impacts of alien species are a characteristic feature of the Anthropocene. Concomitantly, alien species affecting human health are supposed to increase, mainly due to increasing global trade and climate change. In this study, we assess challenges and solutions posed by such species to the public health sector in Austria over the next few decades. We did so using an online questionnaire circulated to 131 experts and stakeholders working on human health and biological invasions, supplemented by in-depth interviews with eleven selected experts. Results from the online survey and in-depth interviews largely support and complement each other. Experts and stakeholders suggest that (i) the allergenic Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed), the photodermatoxic Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed), and vectors of diseases such as Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito) are considered the alien species posing the most severe challenges; (ii) challenges are expected to increase in the next few decades and awareness in the public health sector is not sufficient; (iii) effective and efficient solutions are mainly related to prevention. Specific solutions include pathway management of introduction and spread by monitoring and controlling established populations of ragweed, hogweed and mosquitos.}, }
@article {pmid30422976, year = {2018}, author = {Pauchard, A and Meyerson, LA and Bacher, S and Blackburn, TM and Brundu, G and Cadotte, MW and Courchamp, F and Essl, F and Genovesi, P and Haider, S and Holmes, ND and Hulme, PE and Jeschke, JM and Lockwood, JL and Novoa, A and Nuñez, MA and Peltzer, DA and Pyšek, P and Richardson, DM and Simberloff, D and Smith, K and van Wilgen, BW and Vilà, M and Wilson, JRU and Winter, M and Zenni, RD}, title = {Biodiversity assessments: Origin matters.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {e2006686}, pmid = {30422976}, issn = {1545-7885}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid30422973, year = {2018}, author = {Schlaepfer, MA}, title = {On the importance of monitoring and valuing all forms of biodiversity.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {e3000039}, pmid = {30422973}, issn = {1545-7885}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Pauchard et al claim that non-native species should not be granted conservation value, as this could hinder effort to curtail novel introductions. In this response, Schlaepfer counters that the positive contributions of non-native species to biodiversity and conservation must be included to provide a complete and objective snapshot to policy makers.}, }
@article {pmid30421153, year = {2019}, author = {Awaydul, A and Zhu, W and Yuan, Y and Xiao, J and Hu, H and Chen, X and Koide, RT and Cheng, L}, title = {Common mycorrhizal networks influence the distribution of mineral nutrients between an invasive plant, Solidago canadensis, and a native plant, Kummerowa striata.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {29-38}, pmid = {30421153}, issn = {1432-1890}, support = {31422010//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31500416//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31670501//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2016YFC0502704//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; }, mesh = {Fabaceae/*metabolism/microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Minerals/*metabolism ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Nutrients/*metabolism ; Solidago/*metabolism/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species often reduce ecosystem services and lead to a serious threat to native biodiversity. Roots of invasive plants are often linked to roots of native plants by common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, but whether and how CMNs mediate interactions between invasive and native plant species remains largely uninvestigated. We conducted two microcosm experiments, one in which we amended the soil with mineral N and another in which we amended the soil with mineral P. In each experiment, we grew a pair of test plants consisting of Kummerowia striata (native to our research site) and Solidago canadensis (an invasive species). CMNs were established between the plants, and these were either left intact or severed. Intact CMNs increased growth and nutrient acquisition by S. canadensis while they decreased nutrient acquisition by K. striata in comparison with severed CMNs. [15]N and P analyses indicated that compared to severed CMNs, intact CMNs preferentially transferred mineral nutrients to S. canadensis. CMNs produced by different species of AM fungi had slightly different effects on the interaction between these two plant species. These results highlight the role of CMNs in the understanding of interactions between the invasive species S. canadensis and its native neighbor.}, }
@article {pmid30417437, year = {2019}, author = {Wasserman, RJ and Dick, JTA and Welch, RJ and Dalu, T and Magellan, K}, title = {Site and species selection for religious release of non-native fauna.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {969-971}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13250}, pmid = {30417437}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid30416712, year = {2018}, author = {Tobin, PC}, title = {Managing invasive species.}, journal = {F1000Research}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {30416712}, issn = {2046-1402}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Crops, Agricultural/economics ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species/economics/trends ; }, abstract = {Invasive species pose considerable harm to native ecosystems and biodiversity and frustrate and at times fascinate the invasive species management and scientific communities. Of the numerous non-native species established around the world, only a minority of them are invasive and noxious, whereas the majority are either benign or in fact beneficial. Agriculture in North America, for example, would look dramatically different if only native plants were grown as food crops and without the services of the European honey bee as a pollinator. Yet the minority of species that are invasive negatively alter ecosystems and reduce the services they provide, costing governments, industries, and private citizens billions of dollars annually. In this review, I briefly review the consequences of invasive species and the importance of remaining vigilant in the battle against them. I then focus on their management in an increasingly connected global community.}, }
@article {pmid30416586, year = {2018}, author = {Zurell, D and Graham, CH and Gallien, L and Thuiller, W and Zimmermann, NE}, title = {Long-distance migratory birds threatened by multiple independent risks from global change.}, journal = {Nature climate change}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, pages = {992-996}, pmid = {30416586}, issn = {1758-678X}, support = {149508/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; 168136/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; 170059/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; 173342/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; }, abstract = {Many species migrate long distances annually between their breeding and wintering areas1. While global change affects both ranges, impact assessments have generally focused on breeding ranges and ignore how environmental changes influence migrants across geographic regions and the annual cycle2,3. Using range maps and species distribution models, we quantified the risk of summer and winter range loss and migration distance increase from future climate and land cover changes on long-distance migratory birds of the Holarctic (n=715). Risk estimates are largely independent of each other and magnitudes vary geographically. If seasonal range losses and increased migration distances are not considered, we strongly underestimate the number of threatened species by 18-49% and the overall magnitude of risk for 17-50% species. Many of the analysed species facing multiple global change risks are not listed by IUCN as threatened or near threatened. Neglecting seasonal migration in impact assessments could thus seriously misguide species' conservation.}, }
@article {pmid30415475, year = {2019}, author = {Norbury, G and van Overmeire, W}, title = {Low structural complexity of nonnative grassland habitat exposes prey to higher predation.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {e01830}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1830}, pmid = {30415475}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Grassland ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {The structural complexity of vegetation can have profound effects on the hunting efficiency of predators, thereby affecting their intake rate of prey. While studies have shown that vegetation complexity can play an important role in managing unwanted impacts of predators, it is less clear how structural complexity of invasive vegetation affects the vulnerability of terrestrial prey. Short nonnative pasture species bred for agricultural production, for example, are highly invasive and pervade grassland ecosystems worldwide. They generally have low structural complexity compared with taller native vegetation they often displace. We conducted controlled experiments to test whether nonnative pastures expose fauna to greater predation risk. Survival of invertebrates (tethered locusts) subject to predation by invasive mammalian insectivores (European hedgehogs) in nonnative pasture (0.10 per 24 h; 95% CI, 0.08-0.13) was less than one-half that in structurally complex native perennial tussock (bunch) grass (0.24; 95% binomial CI, 0.18-0.31). A significant positive relationship was apparent between structural complexity (grass dry stem density) surrounding each locust and their survival. In a second experiment, survival of locusts placed solely in tussock increased with decreasing locust density in tussock, presumably reflecting fewer resource-rich patches on which predators could focus. These results demonstrate that invasion by structurally simple nonnative vegetation exposes prey to greater risk of predation. This is concerning from a global nature conservation perspective given that conversion of nearly one-half of the world's temperate grasslands to agriculture includes a range of invasive, structurally simple, nonnative, plant species. Minimizing invasion and maintaining and restoring complex habitat structure may be a useful conservation option for reducing unwanted predation.}, }
@article {pmid30413748, year = {2018}, author = {Balestri, E and Vallerini, F and Menicagli, V and Barnaba, S and Lardicci, C}, title = {Biotic resistance and vegetative propagule pressure co-regulate the invasion success of a marine clonal macrophyte.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {16621}, pmid = {30413748}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {FA//Universit&#x00E0; di Pisa (University of Pisa)/International ; Pra//Universit&#x00E0; di Pisa (University of Pisa)/International ; FA//Universit&#x00E0; di Pisa (University of Pisa)/International ; Pra//Universit&#x00E0; di Pisa (University of Pisa)/International ; FA//Universit&#x00E0; di Pisa (University of Pisa)/International ; Pra//Universit&#x00E0; di Pisa (University of Pisa)/International ; Fa//Universit&#x00E0; di Pisa (University of Pisa)/International ; Pra//Universit&#x00E0; di Pisa (University of Pisa)/International ; FA//Universit&#x00E0; di Pisa (University of Pisa)/International ; }, mesh = {Caulerpa/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; *Pressure ; *Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Propagule pressure is considered a major driver of plant invasion success. Great propagule pressure would enable invasive species to colonize new areas overcoming the resistance of native species. Many highly invasive aquatic macrophytes regenerate from vegetative propagules, but few studies have experimentally investigated the importance of propagule pressure and biotic resistance, and their interaction, in determining invasion success. By manipulating both recipient habitat and the input of vegetative propagules of the invasive seaweed Caulerpa cylindracea in mesocosm, we examined whether higher propagule pressure would overcome the resistance of a native congeneric (Caulerpa prolifera) and influence its performance. With the native, C. cylindracea population frond number decreased irrespectively of pressure level. High propagule pressure did not increase stolon length and single plant size decreased due to the effects of intra- and interspecific competition. Native biomass decreased with increasing C. cylindracea propagule pressure. These results indicate that higher propagule pressure may fail in enhancing C. cylindracea invasion success in habitats colonized by the native species, and they suggest that biotic resistance and propagule pressure co-regulate the invasion process. These findings emphasize the need to preserve/restore native seaweed populations and may help to design effective management actions to prevent further C. cylindracea spread.}, }
@article {pmid30412868, year = {2019}, author = {Gao, GF and Li, PF and Zhong, JX and Shen, ZJ and Chen, J and Li, YT and Isabwe, A and Zhu, XY and Ding, QS and Zhang, S and Gao, CH and Zheng, HL}, title = {Spartina alterniflora invasion alters soil bacterial communities and enhances soil N2O emissions by stimulating soil denitrification in mangrove wetland.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {653}, number = {}, pages = {231-240}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.277}, pmid = {30412868}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Bacteria/*metabolism ; China ; *Denitrification ; Introduced Species ; Microbiota/*physiology ; Nitrous Oxide/*metabolism ; Plant Dispersal ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Soil/chemistry ; Soil Microbiology ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Chinese mangrove, an important ecosystem in coastal wetlands, is sensitive to the invasive alien species Spartina alterniflora. However, the effects of the S. alterniflora invasion on mangrove soil N2O emissions and the underlying mechanisms by which emissions are affected have not been well studied. In this study, the N2O emitted from soils dominated by two typical native mangroves (i.e. Kandelia obovata: KO; Avicennia marina: AM), one invaded by S. alterniflora (SA), and one bare mudflat (Mud) were monitored at Zhangjiang Mangrove Estuary (where S. alterniflora is exotic). Together with soil biogeochemical properties, the potential denitrification rate and the composition of soil bacterial communities were determined simultaneously by [15]NO3[-] tracer and high-throughput sequencing techniques, respectively. Our results showed that S. alterniflora invasion significantly (p < 0.05) increases soil N2O emissions by 15-28-fold. In addition, isotope results revealed that the soil potential denitrification rate was significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced after S. alterniflora invasion. Moreover, the S. alterniflora invasion significantly (p < 0.05) decreased soil bacterial α-diversity and strongly modified soil bacterial communities. Indicator groups strongly associated with S. alterniflora were Chloroflexia, Alphaproteobacteria, and Bacilli, each of which was abundant and acts as connector in the co-occurrence network. FAPROTAX analysis implied that the S. alterniflora invasion stimulated soil denitrification and nitrification while depressing anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA). Redundancy analysis (RDA) found that soil organic matter (SOM) and pH were the most important environmental factors in altering soil bacterial communities. Taken together, our results imply that the S. alterniflora invasion in mangrove wetlands significantly stimulates soil denitrification and N2O emissions, thereby contributing N2O to the atmosphere and contributing to global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid30411189, year = {2019}, author = {Dror, H and Novak, L and Evans, JS and López-Legentil, S and Shenkar, N}, title = {Core and Dynamic Microbial Communities of Two Invasive Ascidians: Can Host-Symbiont Dynamics Plasticity Affect Invasion Capacity?.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {78}, number = {1}, pages = {170-184}, pmid = {30411189}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {2014025//United States - Israel Binational Science Foundation/ ; 2014025//United States - Israel Binational Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; *Microbiota ; Phylogeny ; Predatory Behavior ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Symbiosis ; Urochordata/microbiology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Ascidians (Chordata, Ascidiacea) are considered to be prominent marine invaders, able to tolerate highly polluted environments and fluctuations in salinity and temperature. Here, we examined the seasonal and spatial dynamics of the microbial communities in the inner-tunic of two invasive ascidians, Styela plicata (Lesueur 1823) and Herdmania momus (Savigny 1816), in order to investigate the changes that occur in the microbiome of non-indigenous ascidians in different environments. Microbial communities were characterized using next-generation sequencing of partial (V4) 16S rRNA gene sequences. A clear differentiation between the ascidian-associated microbiome and bacterioplankton was observed, and two distinct sets of operational taxonomic units (OTUs), one core and the other dynamic, were recovered from both species. The relative abundance of the dynamic OTUs in H. momus was higher than in S. plicata, for which core OTU structure was maintained independently of location. Ten and seventeen core OTUs were identified in S. plicata and H. momus, respectively, including taxa with reported capabilities of carbon fixing, ammonia oxidization, denitrification, and heavy-metal processing. The ascidian-sourced dynamic OTUs clustered in response to site and season but significantly differed from the bacterioplankton community structure. These findings suggest that the associations between invasive ascidians and their symbionts may enhance host functionality while maintaining host adaptability to changing environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid30408300, year = {2018}, author = {Turnipseed, RK and Moran, PJ and Allan, SA}, title = {Behavioral responses of gravid Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles quadrimaculatus mosquitoes to aquatic macrophyte volatiles.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {43}, number = {2}, pages = {252-260}, doi = {10.1111/jvec.12309}, pmid = {30408300}, issn = {1948-7134}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Anopheles/*physiology ; Aquatic Organisms ; Araceae/chemistry ; *Behavior, Animal ; Centella/chemistry ; Culex/*physiology ; Eichhornia/chemistry ; Female ; Florida ; *Oviposition ; Ovum ; Saxifragales/chemistry ; Volatile Organic Compounds/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Mosquitoes use many cues to assess whether a habitat is conducive for reproduction, possibly including the presence of stimuli from aquatic macrophytes. The effect of water infusions of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water lettuce (Pista stratioles), parrotfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum), and water pennywort (Hydrocotyle umbellata) on mosquito oviposition and attraction was investigated. Gravid Culex quinquefasciatus deposited significantly more egg rafts in water hyacinth, water lettuce, or Bermuda hay (positive control) infusions compared to water, while water pennywort and parrotfeather infusions did not differ from water. In-flight attraction responses of Cx. quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles quadrimaculatus were evaluated. The strongest attraction of gravid Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti occurred in the presence of volatiles from infusions of water hyacinth and water lettuce, which were equal in attractiveness to hay infusion. Water pennywort and parrotfeather infusions were not attractive. Gravid An. quadrimaculatus were not attracted to aquatic plant volatiles. The results suggest that water hyacinth and water lettuce emit volatile chemicals that attract two of three mosquito species tested and stimulate oviposition by Cx. quinquefasciatus, demonstrating that the level of attraction of aquatic plant volatiles varies among species in ways that may have relevance to bait-based detection and control methods.}, }
@article {pmid30405311, year = {2018}, author = {Sammet, K and Ivask, M and Kurina, O}, title = {A synopsis of Estonian myriapod fauna (Myriapoda: Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Symphyla and Pauropoda).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {793}, pages = {63-96}, pmid = {30405311}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The data on Estonian Myriapoda are scattered in various publications and there has been no overview of the fauna up to the present. A critical summary of the previous information on Estonian Myriapoda is given, supplemented by new records and distribution maps. Altogether, 5784 specimens from 276 collecting sites were studied. To the hitherto recorded 14 centipede species are added Lithobiusmelanops, L.microps, Geophiluscarpophagus, G.flavus, Strigamiatranssilvanica and Stenotaenialinearis, a probably introduced species. Of the 27 published Estonian millipede species, the data on two species proved erroneous, and two new species were recorded (Craspedosomaraulinsii and Cylindroiulusbritannicus). Two previously recorded millipede species - Brachyiuluspusillus and Mastigophorophyllonsaxonicum - were not found in the recent samples, the latter may have become more rare or extinct. Pauropoda and Symphyla lack previous reliable records. Combined with published data, the number of myriapod species known from Estonia is now set at 52. Some changes in species distribution and frequencies were detected comparing the published data with new records. Some data about habitat preferences of the more common species are also given. The majority of species have a western Palaearctic distribution, while six species are at the northern limit of their ranges.}, }
@article {pmid30403696, year = {2018}, author = {Bieberich, J and Lauerer, M and Drachsler, M and Heinrichs, J and Müller, S and Feldhaar, H}, title = {Species- and developmental stage-specific effects of allelopathy and competition of invasive Impatiens glandulifera on co-occurring plants.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e0205843}, pmid = {30403696}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Allelopathy ; Biomass ; *Impatiens ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Development ; Plant Roots ; Seedlings ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Impacts of invasive species on native communities are often difficult to assess, because they depend on a range of factors, such as species identity and traits. Such context-dependencies are poorly understood yet, but knowledge is required to predict the impact of invasions.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed species- and developmental stage-specificity of competitive and allelopathic effects of the invasive plant Impatiens glandulifera on different developmental stages of four native plant species. While some studies have shown a reduction in plant growth caused by I. glandulifera, the magnitude of its impact is ambiguous. For our study we used seedlings and juveniles of I. glandulifera and the native target species Geum urbanum, Filipendula ulmaria, Urtica dioica, and Salix fragilis (seedlings only of the latter), which often co-occur with I. glandulifera in different habitats. Plants were grown in competition with I. glandulifera or treated with I. glandulifera leaf material, or 2-metoxy-1,4-naphtoquinone (2-MNQ), its supposedly main allelochemical.<br><br>RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Overall I. glandulifera had a negative effect on the growth of all target species depending on the species and on the plant's developmental stage. F. ulmaria was the least affected and U. dioica the most, and seedlings were less affected than juveniles. The species-specific response to I. glandulifera may lead to an altered community composition in the field, while growth reduction of seedlings and juveniles should give I. glandulifera an advantage in cases where plant recruitment is crucial. 2-MNQ led to minor reductions in plant growth, suggesting that it may not be the only allelopathic substance of I. glandulifera. Surprisingly, I. glandulifera was not fully tolerant to 2-MNQ. This autotoxicity could contribute to I. glandulifera population dynamics. We conclude that I. glandulifera reduces the growth of native vegetation and alters early successional stages without fully hindering it.}, }
@article {pmid30403690, year = {2018}, author = {Poché, RM and Poché, D and Franckowiak, G and Somers, DJ and Briley, LN and Tseveenjav, B and Polyakova, L}, title = {Field evaluation of low-dose warfarin baits to control wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in North Texas.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e0206070}, pmid = {30403690}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/*physiology ; Liver/metabolism ; Sus scrofa/*physiology ; Telemetry ; Texas ; Warfarin/*administration &amp; dosage/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are a highly detrimental invasive species that occupy a rapidly expanding range within the United States. In Australia, field trials evaluating baits containing 0.09% warfarin resulted in wild pig population reduction >95%. The objective of this study was to conduct an EPA-approved field trial to evaluate the use of bait containing low-dose warfarin (0.01% and 0.005%) in reducing wild pig numbers in Texas. An 8-week field test was conducted in the panhandle ~100 km southeast of Amarillo. Two ~8 km2 treatment plots were selected and each presented with either 0.01% or 0.005% warfarin baits. One control plot (~8 km2) was presented placebo. The baits were delivered using 30 species-specific feeders per plot (n = 90) that kept wildlife from accessing the toxicant. Pig movements and feed consumption were monitored during pre-treatment, treatment, and post-treatment periods. All pigs with VHF transmitters within the 0.005% warfarin-treated plot (n = 14) succumbed to the warfarin (100% mortality). Overall, 35 wild pigs were found dead from warfarin toxicosis, within both treatment plots. Total feed consumption by wild pigs was reduced by ~97.8% and ~96.2% for the 0.005% and 0.01% warfarin baited plots, respectively, indicating the absence of pigs was a result of toxic bait consumption. Results of 97 systematic searches of the treatment plots indicated no warfarin-induced non-target wildlife fatalities. Warfarin residues in wild pig livers averaged 3.69 mg/kg (n = 13) and 2.89 mg/kg (n = 9) for pigs recovered within the 0.005% plot and 0.01% warfarin plot, respectively. This study is the first efficacy field evaluation of a wild pig toxicant conducted in the US. The results suggest low-dose warfarin bait, presented in species-specific feeders, can effectively reduce wild pig numbers and pose minimal risk to non-target wildlife and domestic animals. A product containing warfarin may provide another management tool in reducing wild pig problems.}, }
@article {pmid30402758, year = {2018}, author = {Monakhov, VG}, title = {The Results of Sable (Martes zibellina) Reintroduction Demonstrate the Founder Effect.}, journal = {Doklady biological sciences : proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Biological sciences sections}, volume = {482}, number = {1}, pages = {194-197}, pmid = {30402758}, issn = {1608-3105}, mesh = {Animals ; *Endangered Species ; *Founder Effect ; *Introduced Species ; Mustelidae/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics/physiology ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {The relative abundance of intrapopulation groups with different parameters of skull size, coat color, and expression of an epigenetic cranial trait was compared in autochthonous, reintroduced, and donor populations of sable. Recovery of the species resources and broad variability of the phenotypic trait complex in the newly fomned populations were observed. A large proportion of the animals had the phenotype that included large size, dark coat color, and pronounced expression of a specific phene trait (foramen in the condylar fossa) and was not characteristic of the neighboring autochthonous populations. It is reasonable to attribute the presence of individuals with an unusual morphology in the newly formed populations of animals to a manifestation of the founder principle, because the effect of this principle was promoted by spatial isolation of the primary foci of translocated animals.}, }
@article {pmid30401848, year = {2018}, author = {Wild, S}, title = {South Africa's invasive species guzzle precious water and cost US$450 million a year.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {563}, number = {7730}, pages = {164-165}, pmid = {30401848}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Ecology/economics ; Groundwater/*analysis ; Introduced Species/*economics/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Rain ; South Africa ; Water Supply/economics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, }
@article {pmid30401825, year = {2018}, author = {Divíšek, J and Chytrý, M and Beckage, B and Gotelli, NJ and Lososová, Z and Pyšek, P and Richardson, DM and Molofsky, J}, title = {Similarity of introduced plant species to native ones facilitates naturalization, but differences enhance invasion success.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {4631}, pmid = {30401825}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Czech Republic ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Plant Development ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*classification ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The search for traits associated with plant invasiveness has yielded contradictory results, in part because most previous studies have failed to recognize that different traits are important at different stages along the introduction-naturalization-invasion continuum. Here we show that across six different habitat types in temperate Central Europe, naturalized non-invasive species are functionally similar to native species occurring in the same habitat type, but invasive species are different as they occupy the edge of the plant functional trait space represented in each habitat. This pattern was driven mainly by the greater average height of invasive species. These results suggest that the primary determinant of successful establishment of alien species in resident plant communities is environmental filtering, which is expressed in similar trait distributions. However, to become invasive, established alien species need to be different enough to occupy novel niche space, i.e. the edge of trait space.}, }
@article {pmid30400299, year = {2018}, author = {Vitale, RM and D'Aniello, E and Gorbi, S and Martella, A and Silvestri, C and Giuliani, ME and Fellous, T and Gentile, A and Carbone, M and Cutignano, A and Grauso, L and Magliozzi, L and Polese, G and D'Aniello, B and Defranoux, F and Felline, S and Terlizzi, A and Calignano, A and Regoli, F and Di Marzo, V and Amodeo, P and Mollo, E}, title = {Fishing for Targets of Alien Metabolites: A Novel Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) Agonist from a Marine Pest.}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {30400299}, issn = {1660-3397}, support = {PRIN 2012, CAULERFISH project//Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universit&#xe0; e della Ricerca/ ; PRIN 2012, CAULERFISH project//Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universit&#xe0; e della Ricerca/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Factors/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Caulerpa/*metabolism ; Computer Simulation ; Ecotoxicology ; Fish Diseases/*etiology/metabolism ; Food Chain ; Indoles/metabolism/*toxicity ; *Introduced Species ; Ligands ; Models, Biological ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors/*agonists/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Although the chemical warfare between invasive and native species has become a central problem in invasion biology, the molecular mechanisms by which bioactive metabolites from invasive pests influence local communities remain poorly characterized. This study demonstrates that the alkaloid caulerpin (CAU)-a bioactive component of the green alga Caulerpa cylindracea that has invaded the entire Mediterranean basin-is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Our interdisciplinary study started with the in silico prediction of the ligand-protein interaction, which was then validated by in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro assays. On the basis of these results, we candidate CAU as a causal factor of the metabolic and behavioural disorders observed in Diplodus sargus, a native edible fish of high ecological and commercial relevance, feeding on C. cylindracea. Moreover, given the considerable interest in PPAR activators for the treatment of relevant human diseases, our findings are also discussed in terms of a possible nutraceutical/pharmacological valorisation of the invasive algal biomasses, supporting an innovative strategy for conserving biodiversity as an alternative to unrealistic campaigns for the eradication of invasive pests.}, }
@article {pmid30399179, year = {2018}, author = {González-Gallina, A and Hidalgo-Mihart, MG and Castelazo-Calva, V}, title = {Conservation implications for jaguars and other neotropical mammals using highway underpasses.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e0206614}, pmid = {30399179}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Animals, Wild ; *Automobiles ; Biodiversity ; Body Weight ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Female ; Male ; Mexico ; *Panthera ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {The Nuevo Xcan-Playa del Carmen highway in Quintana Roo, bisects the vegetation corridor connecting two Jaguar Conservation Units (JCUs): Yum Balaam (north) and Sian Ka´an (south). The project´s main goal was to describe differential use of available crossing structures (wildlife underpasses and culverts) by mammals present along this highway. We set 28 camera traps along the 54km stretch of the highway covering wildlife underpasses (10), and culverts such as box culverts (9) and pipes (9) from September 2016 until March 2017. A total of 24 jaguar crossings have been recorded exclusively using wildlife underpasses, including four males and two females. At least 18 other mammal species including five of the target priority species (protected by Mexican law) were documented, all of which were native except for two invasive species. In terms of species using the crossing structures, we identified 13 species using wildlife underpasses, nine using concrete box culverts and 10 using concrete pipes. Wildlife underpasses show higher diversity values (Shannon´s exponential index = 5.8 and Inverse Simpson´s index = 4.66) compared to culverts because they allow bigger species to cross. We recommend more highways along the jaguar´s distribution should develop mitigation measures to allow for wildlife connectivity. Wildlife underpasses, along with retrofitted culverts, could help secure not only the permanence of this species by facilitating the functional connectivity between populations but have positive impacts on other neotropical mammalian fauna as well.}, }
@article {pmid30398478, year = {2018}, author = {Singh, SP and Inderjit,  and Singh, JS and Majumdar, S and Moyano, J and Nuñez, MA and Richardson, DM}, title = {Insights on the persistence of pines (Pinus species) in the Late Cretaceous and their increasing dominance in the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {20}, pages = {10345-10359}, pmid = {30398478}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Although gymnosperms were nearly swept away by the rise of the angiosperms in the Late Cretaceous, conifers, and pines (Pinus species) in particular, survived and regained their dominance in some habitats. Diversification of pines into fire-avoiding (subgenus Haploxylon) and fire-adapted (subgenus Diploxylon) species occurred in response to abiotic and biotic factors in the Late Cretaceous such as competition with emerging angiosperms and changing fire regimes. Adaptations/traits that evolved in response to angiosperm-fuelled fire regimes and stressful environments in the Late Cretaceous were key to pine success and are also contributing to a new "pine rise" in some areas in the Anthropocene. Human-mediated activities exert both positive and negative impacts of range size and expansion and invasions of pines. Large-scale afforestation with pines, human-mediated changes to fire regimes, and other ecosystem processes are other contributing factors. We discuss traits that evolved in response to angiosperm-mediated fires and stressful environments in the Cretaceous and that continue to contribute to pine persistence and dominance and the numerous ways in which human activities favor pines.}, }
@article {pmid30397538, year = {2018}, author = {Falcón, W and Tremblay, RL}, title = {From the cage to the wild: introductions of Psittaciformes to Puerto Rico.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5669}, pmid = {30397538}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Introduced psittacine birds can become highly invasive. In this study, we assessed invasions of Psittaciformes in Puerto Rico. We reviewed the literature, public databases, citizen science records, and performed in situ population surveys across the island to determine the historical and current status and distribution of psittacine species. We used count data from Ebird to determine population trends. For species whose populations were increasing, we modelled their potential distribution using niche modeling techniques. We found 46 Psittaciformes in Puerto Rico, of which 26% are only present as pets, at least 29 species have been reported in the wild, and of those, there is evidence that at least 12 species are breeding. Our results indicate that most introduced species which have been detected as established still persist, although mostly in localized areas and small populations. Clear evidence of invasiveness was found for Brotogeris versicolurus and Myiopsitta monachus, which have greatly expanded their range in recent years. Psittacara erythrogenys and Eupsittacula canicularis also showed population increases, although to a lesser degree. The niche models predicted suitable areas for the four species, and also indicate the potential for range expansion. We discuss the factors leading to invasion success, assess the potential impacts, and we discuss possible management strategies and research prospects.}, }
@article {pmid30397465, year = {2018}, author = {Ni, P and Li, S and Lin, Y and Xiong, W and Huang, X and Zhan, A}, title = {Methylation divergence of invasive Ciona ascidians: Significant population structure and local environmental influence.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {20}, pages = {10272-10287}, pmid = {30397465}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The geographical expansion of invasive species usually leads to temporary and/or permanent changes at multiple levels (genetics, epigenetics, gene expression, etc.) to acclimatize to abiotic and/or biotic stresses in novel environments. Epigenetic variation such as DNA methylation is often involved in response to diverse local environments, thus representing one crucial mechanism to promote invasion success. However, evidence is scant on the potential role of DNA methylation variation in rapid environmental response and invasion success during biological invasions. In particular, DNA methylation patterns and possible contributions of varied environmental factors to methylation differentiation have been largely unknown in many invaders, especially for invasive species in marine systems where extremely complex interactions exist between species and surrounding environments. Using the methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) technique, here we investigated population methylation structure at the genome level in two highly invasive model ascidians, Ciona robusta and C. intestinalis, collected from habitats with varied environmental factors such as temperature and salinity. We found high intrapopulation methylation diversity and significant population methylation differentiation in both species. Multiple analyses, such as variation partitioning analysis, showed that both genetic variation and environmental factors contributed to the observed DNA methylation variation. Further analyses found that 24 and 20 subepiloci were associated with temperature and/or salinity in C. robusta and C. intestinalis, respectively. All these results clearly showed significant methylation divergence among populations of both invasive ascidians, and varied local environmental factors, as well as genetic variation, were responsible for the observed DNA methylation patterns. The consistent findings in both species here suggest that DNA methylation, coupled with genetic variation, may facilitate local environmental adaptation during biological invasions, and DNA methylation variation molded by local environments may contribute to invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid30397446, year = {2018}, author = {Doherty-Bone, TM and Dunn, AM and Brittain, J and Brown, LE}, title = {Invasive alien shredders clear up invasive alien leaf litter.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {20}, pages = {10049-10056}, pmid = {30397446}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Biological invasions have the potential to alter ecosystem processes profoundly, but invaders are rarely found alone. Interactions between different invasive alien species, and their cumulative impact on ecosystem functioning, have led to hypotheses of invasion meltdown whereby effects become additive leading to further ecosystem stress. Invasive riparian plants (e.g., Rhododendron ponticum) deposit leaf litter in freshwaters, which may be unconsumed by indigenous species, potentially affecting habitat heterogeneity and flow of energy to the food web. However, invasive alien decapod crustaceans are effective consumers of leaf litter, and it was hypothesized that they would also consume inputs of invasive riparian leaf litter. This study shows that invasive alien signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) and Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) effectively break down different types of leaf litter, including invasive alien R. ponticum, at higher rates than indigenous white-clawed crayfish. Secondary products were more varied, with more fine particulate organic matter generated for the less palatable alien leaf litter species. Leaf species caused different changes in body mass of decapods but effects were heterogeneous by leaf and decapod: P. leniusculus showed lower mass loss when consuming R. ponticum while E. sinensis lost mass when consuming A. pseudoplatanus. Impacts of riparian invasions on detritus accumulation in freshwaters are thus potentially buffered by invasive alien decapods, illustrating a need for a more detailed consideration of both positive and negative interspecific feedbacks during biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid30394547, year = {2019}, author = {Burns, JH and Murphy, JE and Zheng, YL}, title = {Tests of alternative evolutionary models are needed to enhance our understanding of biological invasions.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {222}, number = {2}, pages = {701-707}, doi = {10.1111/nph.15584}, pmid = {30394547}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {2017XTBG-F01//CAS 135 program/International ; 3167020269//National Natural Science Foundation of China/International ; 31270582//National Natural Science Foundation of China/International ; }, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Contents Summary 701 I. Introduction 701 II. Why we need an explicitly evolutionary perspective 702 III. A case study invasion experiment 702 IV. The way forward 703 V. Conclusions 705 Acknowledgements 706 References 706 SUMMARY: Comparing models of trait evolution might generate new insights into the role of evolutionary history in biological invasions. Assumptions underlying Darwin's naturalization conundrum suggest that close relatives are functionally similar. However, newer work is suggesting more complex relationships between phylogenetic and functional distance. We present an example in which communities of close relatives are functionally divergent in leaf traits and have greater invader biomass. Such an approach leads to new questions, such as: When might selection lead to divergence between close relatives? For example, a history of sympatry might correspond with divergence. We suggest that moving beyond a simplistic version of Darwin's naturalization conundrum as alternative hypotheses will lead to a more nuanced view on how evolution has shaped biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid30393297, year = {2018}, author = {Maw, MM and Pan, X and Peng, Z and Wang, Y and Zhao, L and Dai, B and Wang, J}, title = {A Changeable Lab-on-a-Chip Detector for Marine Nonindigenous Microorganisms in Ship's Ballast Water.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {30393297}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {2017YFC1404603,2017YFC1404606//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 51779027//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2014025017//Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 3132017076, 3132016325//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; }, abstract = {The spread and invasion of many nonindigenous species in the ship's ballast water around the world has been a hazard and threat to ecology, economy, and human health. The rapid and accurate detection of marine invasive species in ship's ballast water is essential. This article is aimed at analysing ballast water quality by means of a changeable microfluidic chip detector thus comply with the D-2 standard of ship's ballast water management and sediment convention. The detection system was designed through the integration of microfluidic chip technology, the impedance pulse sensing and LED light induced chlorophyll fluorescence (LED-LICF) detection. This system can measure the number, size, shape, and volume of targeted microorganisms, and it can also determine the chlorophyll fluorescence intensity, which is an important factor in analysing the activity of phytoplankton. The targeted samples were Chlorella volutis, Dunaliella salina, Platymonas subcordiformis, Chrysophytes, Escherichia coli, and Enterococci. The whole detection or operation can be accomplished through online detection in a few minutes with using micron volume of the sample solution. The valid data outputs are simultaneously displayed in terms of both impedance pulse amplitudes and fluorescent intensity signals. The detection system is designed for multi-sizes real time detection through changing the microchannel sizes on the microfluidic chip. Because it can successfully detect the label-free microorganisms, the system can be applicable to in-situ detections with some modifications to the system.}, }
@article {pmid30393108, year = {2019}, author = {Köhnke, MC and Malchow, H}, title = {Wave pinning in competition-diffusion models in variable environments.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {461}, number = {}, pages = {204-214}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.10.048}, pmid = {30393108}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {*Competitive Behavior ; Diffusion ; *Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; Environment ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Numerical results on conditions for the emergence of propagation failure of diffusive fronts in two-species competition models for populations with either logistic growth or strong Allee effect are presented. Particularly, the stability against environmental perturbations is investigated. Two different density dependencies of the noise intensities are considered. They mimic a differential functional response of the competitors to the variable environment. Assuming classical linearly density-dependent noise intensities, stochastic wave pinning can occur. This is an ecologically important finding regarding biological invasion as it means that the invasion speed can be reduced by environmental perturbations even yielding a reversal of the invasion wave. However, this depends on the form of the functional per-capita noise response.}, }
@article {pmid30392172, year = {2019}, author = {Bai, X and Acharya, K}, title = {Uptake of endocrine-disrupting chemicals by quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis) in an urban-impacted aquatic ecosystem.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {250-258}, pmid = {30392172}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; Bivalvia/metabolism ; Dreissena/*metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Endocrine Disruptors/*metabolism ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; Phenols ; Seafood ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/*metabolism ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Untreated organic contaminants in municipal wastewater, such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), have become a significant issue in aquatic ecosystems, particularly in freshwater bodies that receive wastewater discharge. This has raised concerns about the accumulation of EDCs in aquatic species via continuous exposure. This study evaluated the uptake of EDCs by quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis), an invasive species in a water supply reservoir. The field sampling results showed that steroid hormones were not detected in the water samples, and only pharmaceuticals and personal care products were present (0.49 to 36 ng/L). Additionally, testosterone was the most abundant steroid in the mussel tissue (6.3 to 20 ng/g dry weight), and other synthetic chemicals (i.e., bisphenol A, triclosan, and salicylic acid) were also detected in the mussel tissue (24 to 47 ng/g dry weight). After being exposed to exogenous EDCs for 7, 21, and 42 days under controlled laboratory conditions, testosterone was not detected in the mussel anymore, but bisphenol A, triclosan, and salicylic acid were found at relatively high levels in the mussel tissue, although the concentrations did not increase over time. Overall, the study demonstrated the uptake of EDCs in quagga mussels, which suggests that this species can be used to reflect water quality deterioration in aquatic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid30389965, year = {2018}, author = {Ammon, UV and Wood, SA and Laroche, O and Zaiko, A and Tait, L and Lavery, S and Inglis, GJ and Pochon, X}, title = {Combining morpho-taxonomy and metabarcoding enhances the detection of non-indigenous marine pests in biofouling communities.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {16290}, pmid = {30389965}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Biodiversity ; *Biofouling ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; Databases, Genetic/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Introduced Species ; Metagenome/genetics ; Metagenomics/methods ; Microbiota/*genetics ; New Zealand ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; }, abstract = {Marine infrastructure can favor the spread of non-indigenous marine biofouling species by providing a suitable habitat for them to proliferate. Cryptic organisms or those in early life stages can be difficult to distinguish by conventional morphological taxonomy. Molecular tools, such as metabarcoding, may improve their detection. In this study, the ability of morpho-taxonomy and metabarcoding (18S rRNA and COI) using three reference databases (PR2, BOLD and NCBI) to characterize biodiversity and detect non-indigenous species (NIS) in biofouling was compared on 60 passive samplers deployed over summer and winter in a New Zealand marina. Highest resolution of metazoan taxa was identified using 18S rRNA assigned to PR2. There were higher assignment rates to NCBI reference sequences, but poorer taxonomic identification. Using all methods, 48 potential NIS were identified. Metabarcoding detected the largest proportion of those NIS: 77% via 18S rRNA/PR2 and NCBI and 35% via COI/BOLD and NCBI. Morpho-taxonomy detected an additional 14% of all identified NIS comprising mainly of bryozoan taxa. The data highlight several on-going challenges, including: differential marker resolution, primer biases, incomplete sequence reference databases, and variations in bioinformatic pipelines. Combining morpho-taxonomy and molecular analysis methods will likely enhance the detection of NIS from complex biofouling.}, }
@article {pmid30388300, year = {2019}, author = {Battles, AC and Kolbe, JJ}, title = {Miami heat: Urban heat islands influence the thermal suitability of habitats for ectotherms.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {562-576}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14509}, pmid = {30388300}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Body Temperature Regulation ; Cities ; *Ecosystem ; Florida ; *Hot Temperature ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {The urban heat island effect, where urban areas exhibit higher temperatures than less-developed suburban and natural habitats, occurs in cities across the globe and is well understood from a physical perspective and at broad spatial scales. However, very little is known about how thermal variation caused by urbanization influences the ability of organisms to live in cities. Ectotherms are sensitive to environmental changes that affect thermal conditions, and therefore, increased urban temperatures may pose significant challenges to thermoregulation and alter temperature-dependent activity. To evaluate whether these changes to the thermal environment affect the persistence and dispersal of ectothermic species in urban areas, we studied two species of Anolis lizards (Anolis cristatellus and Anolis sagrei) introduced to Miami-Dade County, FL, USA, where they occur in both urban and natural habitats. We calculated canopy openness and measured operative temperature (Te), which estimates the distribution of body temperatures in a non-thermoregulating population, in four urban and four natural sites. We also captured lizards throughout the day and recorded their internal body temperature (Tb). We found that urban areas had more open canopies and higher Te compared to natural habitats. Laboratory trials showed that A. cristatellus preferred lower temperatures than A. sagrei. Urban sites currently occupied by each species appear to lower thermoregulatory costs for both species, but only A. sagreihad field Tb that were more often within their preferred temperature range in urban habitats compared to natural areas. Furthermore, based on available Te within each species' preferred temperature range, urban sites with only A. sagrei appear less suitable for A. cristatellus, whereas natural sites with only A. cristatellus are less suitable for A. sagrei. These results highlight how the thermal properties of urban areas contribute to patterns of persistence and dispersal, particularly relevant for studying species invasions worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid30386704, year = {2018}, author = {Thorp, CJ and Alexander, ME and Vonesh, JR and Measey, J}, title = {Size-dependent functional response of Xenopus laevis feeding on mosquito larvae.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5813}, pmid = {30386704}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Predators can play an important role in regulating prey abundance and diversity, determining food web structure and function, and contributing to important ecosystem services, including the regulation of agricultural pests and disease vectors. Thus, the ability to predict predator impact on prey is an important goal in ecology. Often, predators of the same species are assumed to be functionally equivalent, despite considerable individual variation in predator traits known to be important for shaping predator-prey interactions, like body size. This assumption may greatly oversimplify our understanding of within-species functional diversity and undermine our ability to predict predator effects on prey. Here, we examine the degree to which predator-prey interactions are functionally homogenous across a natural range of predator body sizes. Specifically, we quantify the size-dependence of the functional response of African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) preying on mosquito larvae (Culex pipiens). Three size classes of predators, small (15-30 mm snout-vent length), medium (50-60 mm) and large (105-120 mm), were presented with five densities of prey to determine functional response type and to estimate search efficiency and handling time parameters generated from the models. The results of mesocosm experiments showed that type of functional response of X. laevis changed with size: small predators exhibited a Type II response, while medium and large predators exhibited Type III responses. Functional response data showed an inversely proportional relationship between predator attack rate and predator size. Small and medium predators had highest and lowest handling time, respectively. The change in functional response with the size of predator suggests that predators with overlapping cohorts may have a dynamic impact on prey populations. Therefore, predicting the functional response of a single size-matched predator in an experiment may misrepresent the predator's potential impact on a prey population.}, }
@article {pmid30386357, year = {2018}, author = {Ximénez-Embún, MG and González-Guzmán, M and Arbona, V and Gómez-Cadenas, A and Ortego, F and Castañera, P}, title = {Plant-Mediated Effects of Water Deficit on the Performance of Tetranychus evansi on Tomato Drought-Adapted Accessions.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {1490}, pmid = {30386357}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Climate change is expected to increase drought periods and the performance and dispersal of some invasive species such as Tetranychus evansi, which has been reported to take advantage of the nutritional changes induced by water-shortage on the tomato cultivar Moneymaker (MM). We have examined the implications for mite's biology of four accessions of the drought-adapted tomatoes, "Tomàtiga de Ramellet" (TR), under moderate drought stress. Mite performance was enhanced by drought in two accessions (TR61 and TR154), but not in the other two accessions (TR58 and TR126). We selected one accession of each outcome (i.e., TR154 and TR126) to further analyze plant nutritional parameters. We found that free sugars and most essential amino acids for mites were induced by drought and/or mite infestation on MM and TR154 plants, whereas sugars were not altered and a reduced number of essential amino acids were induced by drought in TR126. Remarkably, mite performance was enhanced by leaf infiltration of free sugars, essential amino acids mixture, and L-proline on well-watered MM and by free sugars on drought-stressed TR126 plants. These results indicate a positive link between the induction of soluble carbohydrates and amino acids used by the plant for osmotic adjustment and mite performance. The effects of drought and/or mite infestation on the defense response of plants was analyzed at three levels: phytohormone accumulation, the transcript levels of marker genes linked to jasmonates (JAs), salicylic acid (SA), and abscisic acid (ABA) pathways, and the activity of defense proteins. The ability of T. evansi to downregulate the accumulation of defense-related phytohormones was noted on MM and the two TR accessions analyzed (TR126 and TR154), though differences in the induction of protein defense genes and activities by drought and/or mite infestation were observed among them. These results emphasize the importance of studying plant biotic and abiotic stress factors in combination and provides an experimental framework for screening drought-tolerant tomato accessions that will be also resistant to herbivore mites.}, }
@article {pmid30385812, year = {2018}, author = {Miralles, L and Ardura, A and Clusa, L and Garcia-Vazquez, E}, title = {DNA barcodes of Antipode marine invertebrates in Bay of Biscay and Gulf of Lion ports suggest new biofouling challenges.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {16214}, pmid = {30385812}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*classification/*genetics ; Atlantic Ocean ; Bays ; Biodiversity ; *Biofouling ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*classification/*genetics ; Mediterranean Sea ; Oceanography ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Marine biological invasions threaten global biodiversity nowadays. In this article, we have studied fouling communities from 10 port areas of south Bay of Biscay (Atlantic Ocean) and Gulf of Lion (Mediterranean Sea). A total of 834 individuals were genetically barcoded and corresponded to 95 different species. A total of 76 native species 8 genera and 1 family were identified, 58 from the Bay of Biscay and 23 from the Gulf of Lion. Furthermore, 19 species were identified as non-indigenous or cryptogenic (18 from the Bay of Biscay and 4 from the Gulf of Lion). We found a high proportion of Antipode non-indigenous species (NIS) that represented the 19.3% of all sampled individuals and the 54.21% of NIS specimens of this study. A framework for inference of donor regions based on a phylogenetic screening of genetic sequences was proposed as a proof of concept and tested, as well as models for the relationship between NIS introductions, maritime imports and distance to NIS native range and inferred donor areas. Consistent generalized linear models (GLM) with positive association between NIS genetic diversity and distance, not with maritime growth weight imports, strongly suggest that distant NIS could pose higher invasion risk than closer species. Selection for wider tolerance ranges during the long travel -direct or stepwise, as well as environmental similarity between donor and receiving regions, may explain these results.}, }
@article {pmid30385482, year = {2018}, author = {Page, H and Sweeney, A and Pilko, A and Pinter-Wollman, N}, title = {Underlying mechanisms and ecological context of variation in exploratory behavior of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {221}, number = {Pt 24}, pages = {}, pmid = {30385482}, issn = {1477-9145}, support = {R01 GM115509/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/genetics/*physiology ; *Biological Variation, Individual ; Exploratory Behavior ; *Gene Expression ; Insect Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Uncovering how and why animals explore their environment is fundamental for understanding population dynamics, the spread of invasive species, species interactions, etc. In social animals, individuals within a group can vary in their exploratory behavior, and the behavioral composition of the group can determine its collective success. Workers of the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) exhibit individual variation in exploratory behavior, which affects the colony's collective nest selection behavior. Here, we examine the mechanisms underlying this behavioral variation in exploratory behavior and determine its implications for the ecology of this species. We first establish that individual variation in exploratory behavior is repeatable and consistent across situations. We then show a relationship between exploratory behavior and the expression of genes that have been previously linked with other behaviors in social insects. Specifically, we found a negative relationship between exploratory behavior and the expression of the foraging (Lhfor) gene. Finally, we determine how colonies allocate exploratory individuals in natural conditions. We found that ants from inside the nest are the least exploratory individuals, whereas workers on newly formed foraging trails are the most exploratory individuals. Furthermore, we found temporal differences throughout the year: in early-mid spring, when new resources emerge, workers are more exploratory than at the end of winter, potentially allowing the colony to find and exploit new resources. These findings reveal the importance of individual variation in behavior for the ecology of social animals.}, }
@article {pmid30383854, year = {2018}, author = {Marshak, AR and Heck, KL and Jud, ZR}, title = {Ecological interactions between Gulf of Mexico snappers (Teleostei: Lutjanidae) and invasive red lionfish (Pterois volitans).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e0206749}, pmid = {30383854}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Aggression ; Animals ; Body Size ; Brachyura ; Competitive Behavior ; Environment ; *Fishes, Poisonous ; Gulf of Mexico ; *Introduced Species ; *Perciformes ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Swimming ; }, abstract = {Indo-Pacific red lionfish (Pterois volitans) have invaded the western Atlantic, and most recently the northern Gulf of Mexico (nGOM), at a rapid pace. Given their generalist habitat affinities and diet, and strong ecological overlap with members of the commercially valuable snapper-grouper complex, increased density and abundance of lionfish could result in significant competitive interactions with nGOM commercially important species. We experimentally investigated the intensity of behavioral interactions between lionfish and indigenous, abundant and economically important juvenile nGOM red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), and other increasingly abundant juvenile tropical snapper species (gray snapper-L. griseus and lane snapper-L. synagris) in large outdoor mesocosms to examine snapper vulnerabilities to lionfish competition. When paired with lionfish, red snapper swimming activity (i.e., time swimming and roving around experimental tank or at structure habitat during experiments) was significantly lower than in intraspecific control trials, but gray and lane snapper swimming activities in the presence of lionfish did not significantly differ from their intraspecific controls. Additionally in paired trials, red and lane snapper swimming activities were significantly lower than those of lionfish, while no significant difference in swimming activities was observed between lionfish and gray snapper. We found that red snapper prey consumption rates in the presence of lionfish were significantly lower than in their intraspecific 3-individual control trials, but when paired together no significant differences in prey consumption rates between red snapper and lionfish were observed. When paired with lane or gray snapper, lionfish were observed having comparatively higher prey consumption than snappers, or as observed in lionfish intraspecific 1-individual controls. However, lane and gray snapper consumption rates in the presence of lionfish did not significantly differ from those in intraspecific controls. These findings suggest that competition between juvenile snappers and invasive lionfish may be variable, with lionfish exhibiting differing degrees of competitive dominance and snappers exhibiting partial competitive vulnerability and resistance to lionfish. While the degree of intensity at which these interactions may occur in nGOM reefs may differ from those observed in our findings, this study enables greater understanding of the potential ecological effects of red lionfish on native reef fishes.}, }
@article {pmid30383249, year = {2019}, author = {Ferronato, P and Woch, AL and Soares, PL and Bernardi, D and Botton, M and Andreazza, F and Oliveira, EE and Corrêa, AS}, title = {A Phylogeographic Approach to the Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Invasion in Brazil.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {1}, pages = {425-433}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy321}, pmid = {30383249}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Brazil ; Drosophila/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions have reached large parts of the globe, due to human actions across the planet. Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) is a globally invasive species, always associated with enormous and costly damage to agricultural crops. Native to Southeast Asia, D. suzukii recently (i.e., 2013) invaded and is dispersing through South America. Here, we used a phylogeographic approach based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene fragment to explore the invasion dynamics of D. suzukii populations in Brazil. We identified five haplotypes and moderate genetic diversity in Brazilian populations, which are undergoing demographic and spatial expansion. The analyses of molecular variance indicated a high genetic structure among the populations, which is partially explained by their morphoclimatic origin and invasion history. Drosophila suzukii expanded from southern to southeastern Brazil, aided by human-mediated transport of fruits from region to region. The sharing of haplotypes among Brazilian and other invaded regions of the world suggests a single invasion event of D. suzukii in Brazil, originating from previously invaded areas (e.g., North America and Europe). The rapid geographic dispersal and wide variety of fruits attacked by of D. suzukii require immediate implementation of control strategies (legal and phytosanitary) to manage this pest in Brazil.}, }
@article {pmid30382151, year = {2018}, author = {Rosso, F and Tagliapietra, V and Albanese, D and Pindo, M and Baldacchino, F and Arnoldi, D and Donati, C and Rizzoli, A}, title = {Reduced diversity of gut microbiota in two Aedes mosquitoes species in areas of recent invasion.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {16091}, pmid = {30382151}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Female ; France ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Phylogeny ; Principal Component Analysis ; Vietnam ; }, abstract = {Aedes mosquitoes are considered highly successful global invasive species and vectors of several pathogens of relevance for public health. Their midgut's microbiota can play an important role in affecting not only their vectorial competence but also their fitness, physiology, food digestion, metabolism, immunity and adaptation to new environmental conditions. Using high-throughput sequencing we compared the microbiota of Aedes albopictus collected in Italy with those reported in populations from France and Vietnam. We also analysed Aedes koreicus gut microbiota for the first time. We found remarkable individual difference along with common bacterial taxa in both species. Ae. albopictus collected in Italy had a lower richness and a different composition of microbiota in respect to specimens collected in France and Vietnam. It also showed a core microbiota formed mainly of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. Overall, the two Aedes species (Ae. albopictus and Ae. koreicus) collected in Italy, showed a large core microbiota with 75.98% of the identified Operational Taxonomic Units. Furthermore, Ae. albopictus had 2.5% prevalence of Wolbachia and 0.07% of Asaia spp, while Ae. koreicus had 14.42% of Asaia spp. and no Wolbachia. This study provides new informations on the spatial variation of the midgut bacterial communities in mosquitoes of medical relevance within areas of recent invasion and provide the basis for further studies aimed at assessing the effects of such variation on vectorial capacity for a range of pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid30380769, year = {2018}, author = {Savadova, K and Mazur-Marzec, H and Karosienė, J and Kasperovičienė, J and Vitonytė, I and Toruńska-Sitarz, A and Koreivienė, J}, title = {Effect of Increased Temperature on Native and Alien Nuisance Cyanobacteria from Temperate Lakes: An Experimental Approach.}, journal = {Toxins}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {30380769}, issn = {2072-6651}, mesh = {Cyanobacteria/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Eutrophication ; Lakes/*microbiology ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {In response to global warming, an increase in cyanobacterial blooms is expected. In this work, the response of two native species of Planktothrix agardhii and Aphanizomenon gracile, as well as the response of two species alien to Europe-Chrysosporum bergii and Sphaerospermopsis aphanizomenoides-to gradual temperature increase was tested. The northernmost point of alien species distribution in the European continent was recorded. The tested strains of native species were favoured at 20[-]28 °C. Alien species acted differently along temperature gradient and their growth rate was higher than native species. Temperature range of optimal growth rate for S. aphanizomenoides was similar to native species, while C. bergii was favoured at 26[-]30 °C but sensitive at 18[-]20 °C. Under all tested temperatures, non-toxic strains of the native cyanobacteria species prevailed over the toxic ones. In P. agardhii, the decrease in concentration of microcystins and other oligopeptides with the increasing temperature was related to higher growth rate. However, changes in saxitoxin concentration in A. gracile under different temperatures were not detected. Accommodating climate change perspectives, the current work showed a high necessity of further studies of temperature effect on distribution and toxicity of both native and alien cyanobacterial species.}, }
@article {pmid30377510, year = {2018}, author = {Doenz, CJ and Bittner, D and Vonlanthen, P and Wagner, CE and Seehausen, O}, title = {Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {18}, pages = {9398-9412}, pmid = {30377510}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Adaptive radiations in postglacial fish offer excellent settings to study the evolutionary mechanisms involved in the rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity from a single lineage. Here, we address this by exploring the genetic and ecological structure of the largest Alpine whitefish radiation known, that of Lakes Brienz and Thun, using microsatellite data of more than 2000 whitefish caught during extensive species-targeted and habitat-randomized fishing campaigns. We find six strongly genetically and ecologically differentiated species, four of which occur in both lakes, and one of which was previously unknown. These four exhibit clines of genetic differentiation that are paralleled in clines of eco-morphological and reproductive niche differentiation, consistent with models of sympatric ecological speciation along environmental gradients. In Lake Thun, we find two additional species, a profundal specialist and a species introduced in the 1930s from another Alpine whitefish radiation. Strong genetic differentiation between this introduced species and all native species of Lake Thun suggests that reproductive isolation can evolve among allopatric whitefish species within 15,000 years and persist in secondary sympatry. Consistent with speciation theory, we find stronger correlations between genetic and ecological differentiation for sympatrically than for allopatrically evolved species.}, }
@article {pmid30377498, year = {2018}, author = {Thibault, M and Masse, F and Pujapujane, A and Lannuzel, G and Bordez, L and Potter, MA and Fogliani, B and Vidal, &#xc9; and Brescia, F}, title = {"Liaisons dangereuses": The invasive red-vented bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer), a disperser of exotic plant species in New Caledonia.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {18}, pages = {9259-9269}, pmid = {30377498}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The biodiversity hotspot of New Caledonia hosts high levels of endemism (74% of flora) that is threatened increasingly by climate change, habitat reduction, and invasive species. The fruit-eating red-vented bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer) is currently invading the main island of the archipelago, and its recent dispersal out of urbanized habitats raises questions about its potential to disperse noxious plant seeds along urban corridors and beyond. Indeed, the red-vented bulbul is considered a vector of several introduced plant species in its alien range including Miconia calvescens, Lantana camara, and Schinus terebinthifolius. We conducted a quantitative assessment of the bulbul's fruits consumption by analyzing the gut contents of shot birds. We estimated gut passage times for four species of fruit found in gut contents (S. terebinthifolius, Myrtastrum rufopunctatum, Passiflora suberosa, and Ficus prolixa) and tested the effects of bird digestion on seed germination rates for two species. Finally, we monitored the movements of individual VHF radio-tagged red-vented bulbuls. All of the consumed fruit species we identified here have red fleshy diaspore, including fruit of the shrub M. rufopunctatum that occurred frequently (9.6%) in bulbul gut samples. Median gut passage times were short (15-41 min), corresponding to short-distance seed transportation (77-92 m). The effect of gut passage was positive for the germination of the invasive S. terebinthifolius and negative for the endemic M. rufopunctatum, suggesting a potential bias in the contribution to the dispersal toward alien species. This study provides the first integrated assessment of mechanisms involved in the seed dispersal effectiveness of this high-concern invasive bird species that is expected to face similar plant communities in most of its alien range in tropical islands. More generally, our results enhance knowledge of synergies between non-native frugivores and plant species dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid30377493, year = {2018}, author = {Robinson, CV and Garcia de Leaniz, C and James, J and Cable, J and Orozco-terWengel, P and Consuegra, S}, title = {Genetic diversity and parasite facilitated establishment of the invasive signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) in Great Britain.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {18}, pages = {9181-9191}, pmid = {30377493}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Successful establishment of non-native species is strongly influenced, among other factors, by the genetic variation of founding populations, which can be enhanced by multiple introductions through admixture. Coexisting pathogens can also facilitate the establishment of non-native species by detrimentally impacting on the native fauna acting as novel weapons. The signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) is a highly invasive species, which has caused mass declines of native crayfish in Europe through displacement and transmission of the oomycete Aphanomyces astaci (crayfish plague), which is typically lethal to native European crayfish. However, whether Aphanomyces astaci may have facilitated the invasion of the signal crayfish is not known. We estimated the genetic diversity at microsatellite DNA loci, effective population size, and potential origins of seven infected and noninfected signal crayfish populations in Europe and one founder population in North America. Approximate Bayesian computation analysis and population structuring suggested multiple host introductions from diverse source populations, as well as higher heterozygosity among infected than uninfected populations, which could reflect a fitness advantage. Low effective population size, moderate heterozygosity, and lack of isolation by distance suggest that some invasive signal crayfish populations may not be fully established or that their genetic diversity may have been reduced by eradication attempts.}, }
@article {pmid30377487, year = {2018}, author = {Gallego-Tévar, B and Rubio-Casal, AE and de Cires, A and Figueroa, E and Grewell, BJ and Castillo, JM}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity of polyploid plant species promotes transgressive behaviour in their hybrids.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {ply055}, pmid = {30377487}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Hybridization is a frequent process that leads to relevant evolutionary consequences, but there is a lack of studies regarding the relationships of the variability of the response of parental plant species to environmental gradients and the responses of their hybrids at a phenotypic level. We designed an experiment in which we exposed two reciprocal cordgrass hybrids, Spartina maritima × densiflora and S. densiflora × maritima, and their parental species to four salinity concentrations for 30 days. The main objectives were to compare the performance of the hybrids with that of their parents, to distinguish the phenotypic inheritance operating in the hybrids and to analyse the relationships between the variability in the responses of the parents and the responses of their hybrids to salinity. We characterized the responses and the degree of variability for 37 foliar traits. Both hybrids presented greater salinity tolerance than their parents, showing their highest percentage of transgressive traits at both extremes of the salinity gradient. When the parental plants themselves showed a more plastic response for a given trait, there was a greater chance that their hybrid developed a transgressive behaviour for this trait. This finding supports a new focus to be applied for the artificial development of vigorous hybrid crops.}, }
@article {pmid30376564, year = {2018}, author = {Richter, A and Gándara, AM and Silva, F and Brante, A}, title = {The alien slipper limpet Crepipatella dilatata (Lamarck, 1819) in northern Spain: A multidisciplinary approach to its taxonomic identification and invasive biology.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {e0205739}, pmid = {30376564}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Shells/anatomy &amp; histology ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Female ; Gastropoda/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Phylogeny ; *Sex Characteristics ; *Sex Ratio ; Social Behavior ; Spain ; }, abstract = {The slipper limpet Crepipatella dilatata, native to Chile and Argentina, was introduced in Spain in 2005. The species was thought to inhabit the region of Rias Bajas, yet recently, putative C. dilatata populations have been documented on the coast of north-central Spain and in the Ebro Delta of the Spanish Mediterranean. Here we undertook a multidisciplinary approach to study the invasion biology of this species. Specifically, two geographically distant populations, one being a successfully established population from O Grove and the other a declining population from Gijon, were studied over the course of four years. Analyses of morphological and developmental traits as well as genetic information confirmed the presence of C. dilatata in these sites. The results revealed polymorphism in anatomical traits and shell shape. Shell shape polymorphism was unevenly distributed among sites and among sexes. Males were monomorphic, while females were polymorphic. Of the female morphotypes encountered, one was absent in the declining population from Gijón. Size at first female maturation and female size were greater in the declining population than in the established population. Reproductive success varied seasonally but not spatially among populations. In the established population, gregariousness was significantly greater; the size when sex changes was found to be plastic and socially controlled. The sex ratio of the declining population was female biased while in the established population the sex ratio changed during the study period from being balanced to being female biased. This change in sex ratio was probably due to higher male mortality. Molecular analyses pointed to the localities of Corral Bay in southern Chile and Puerto Madryn in southern Argentina as potential population sources. The intercontinental import of fresh mussels cultivated in Chilean farms is a likely source of this mussel in Spain. Comparison with available data of native populations of C. dilatata strongly indicate that ecophenotypic plasticity, socially controlled sex change, high gregariousness, increased nurse egg supply to viable larvae during the encapsulated developmental period, later maturation and larger female sizes altogether enhance establishment success of this non-indigenous species. Human-mediated factors like the intraregional mussel trade and transplantation are also likely secondary dispersal mechanisms favouring the spread of this organism.}, }
@article {pmid30375415, year = {2018}, author = {Cao, Y and Xiao, Y and Zhang, S and Hu, W}, title = {Simulated warming enhances biological invasion of Solidago canadensis and Bidens frondosa by increasing reproductive investment and altering flowering phenology pattern.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {16073}, pmid = {30375415}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {41561012//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/International ; 31360099//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/International ; 31360138//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/International ; }, mesh = {Bidens/*growth &amp; development ; Climate Change ; Flowers/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction/*physiology ; Seasons ; Solidago/*growth &amp; development ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Phenological and reproductive shifts of plants due to climate change may have important influences on population dynamics. Climate change may also affect invasive species by changing their phenology and reproduction, but few studies have explored this possibility. Here, we investigated the impact of climate change on the phenology, reproduction and invasion potential of two alien Solidago canadensis and Bidens frondosa and one native weed, Pterocypsela laciniata, all of which are in the Asteraceae family. The three species responded to simulated climate change by increasing reproductive investments and root/leaf ratio, prolonging flowering duration, and while the two alien species also displayed a mass-flowering pattern. Moreover, our experimental results indicated that the alien invasive species may have greater phenological plasticity in response to simulated warming than that of the native species (P. laciniata). As such, climate change may enhance the invasion and accelerate the invasive process of these alien plant species.}, }
@article {pmid30375410, year = {2018}, author = {Park, CW and Bhandari, GS and Won, H and Park, JH and Park, DS}, title = {Polyploidy and introgression in invasive giant knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis) during the colonization of remote volcanic islands.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {16021}, pmid = {30375410}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {2011-0012702//National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)/International ; }, mesh = {Asia ; *Ecosystem ; Fallopia/classification/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Karyotyping ; Phylogeny ; *Polyploidy ; Republic of Korea ; }, abstract = {Invasive giant knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis) is native to northeastern Asia. In Korea, F. sachalinensis is confined to two volcanic islands, Ullung and Dok islands, where it occurs as dodecaploids (2n = 132). We investigated the molecular variation in 104 accessions from 94 populations of F. sachalinensis and its relatives throughout their native range to elucidate the origin of these island populations. All F. sachalinensis plants on Ullung and Dok islands were uniquely dodecaploid, whereas other populations were tetraploid (2n = 44). Among the 39 cpDNA haplotypes identified, the accessions from these islands shared two unique haplotypes, and were resolved as a well-supported monophyletic clade. However, this clade was sister to a clade comprising F. japonica accessions from southwestern Japan and separated from the clade comprising F. sachalinensis from other areas; this relationship is inconsistent with morphological evidence. The monophyly of the F. sachalinensis populations on Ullung and Dok islands suggests a single colonization event. The progenitor was likely from Japan, where it possibly captured F. japonica var. japonica cpDNA via introgression. The Ullung Island populations subsequently differentiated through polyploidization and mutations post-introduction. Our results also indicate that giant knotweed in Europe and North America likely originated from northern Japan and/or Sakhalin Island.}, }
@article {pmid30374132, year = {2018}, author = {Cheng, ST and Tsai, WP and Yu, TC and Herricks, EE and Chang, FJ}, title = {Signals of stream fish homogenization revealed by AI-based clusters.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {15960}, pmid = {30374132}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {106-2621-M-002-011-MY2//Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan)/International ; 104-2313-B-002-023-MY3//Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan)/International ; }, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Climate ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Rivers ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {Risks of stream fish homogenization are attributable to multiple variables operating at various spatial and temporal scales. However, understanding the mechanisms of homogenization requires not only watershed-scale, but also exhaustive fish community structure shifts representing detailed local functional relationships essential to homogenization potentials. Here, we demonstrate the idea of applying AI-based clusters to reveal nonlinear responses of homogenization risks among heterogeneous hydro-chemo-bio variables in space and time. Results found that species introduction, dam isolation, and the potential of climate-mediated disruptions in hydrologic cycles producing degradation in water quality triggered shifts of community assembly and resulting structures producing detrimental conditions for endemic fishes. The AI-based clustering approach suggests that endemic species conservation should focus on alleviation of low flows, control of species introduction, limiting generalist expansion, and enhancing the hydrological connectivity fragmented by dams. Likewise, it can be applied in other geographical and environmental settings for finding homogenization mitigation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid30373820, year = {2018}, author = {Hedges, SB and Cohen, WB and Timyan, J and Yang, Z}, title = {Haiti's biodiversity threatened by nearly complete loss of primary forest.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {115}, number = {46}, pages = {11850-11855}, pmid = {30373820}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Amphibians ; Animal Distribution/physiology ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Forests ; Haiti ; Humans ; Reptiles ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Tropical forests hold most of Earth's biodiversity. Their continued loss through deforestation and agriculture is the main threat to species globally, more than disease, invasive species, and climate change. However, not all tropical forests have the same ability to sustain biodiversity. Those that have been disturbed by humans, including forests previously cleared and regrown (secondary growth), have lower levels of species richness compared with undisturbed (primary) forests. The difference is even greater considering extinctions that will later emanate from the disturbance (extinction debt). Here, we find that Haiti has less than 1% of its original primary forest and is therefore among the most deforested countries. Primary forest has declined over three decades inside national parks, and 42 of the 50 highest and largest mountains have lost all primary forest. Our surveys of vertebrate diversity (especially amphibians and reptiles) on mountaintops indicates that endemic species have been lost along with the loss of forest. At the current rate, Haiti will lose essentially all of its primary forest during the next two decades and is already undergoing a mass extinction of its biodiversity because of deforestation. These findings point to the need, in general, for better reporting of forest cover data of relevance to biodiversity, instead of "total forest" as defined by the United Nation's Food and Agricultural Organization. Expanded detection and monitoring of primary forest globally will improve the efficiency of conservation measures, inside and outside of protected areas.}, }
@article {pmid30372159, year = {2019}, author = {Brewer, MJ and Peairs, FB and Elliott, NC}, title = {Invasive Cereal Aphids of North America: Ecology and Pest Management.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {64}, number = {}, pages = {73-93}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-011118-111838}, pmid = {30372159}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aphids ; *Edible Grain ; *Introduced Species ; *Pest Control, Biological ; }, abstract = {Aphid invasions of North American cereal crops generally have started with colonization of a new region or crop, followed by range expansion and outbreaks that vary in frequency and scale owing to geographically variable influences. To improve understanding of this process and management, we compare the invasion ecology of and management response to three cereal aphids: sugarcane aphid, Russian wheat aphid, and greenbug. The region exploited is determined primarily by climate and host plant availability. Once an area is permanently or annually colonized, outbreak intensity is also affected by natural enemies and managed inputs, such as aphid-resistant cultivars and insecticides. Over time, increases in natural enemy abundance and diversity, improved compatibility among management tactics, and limited threshold-based insecticide use have likely increased resilience of aphid regulation. Application of pest management foundational practices followed by a focus on compatible strategies are relevant worldwide. Area-wide pest management is most appropriate to large-scale cereal production systems, as exemplified in the Great Plains of North America.}, }
@article {pmid30371798, year = {2018}, author = {Lo, PL and Walker, JTS and Wearing, CH and Hedderley, DI}, title = {Factors Responsible for Changes in Leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Species Composition on Orchards and Vineyards 1974-2015, in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {111}, number = {6}, pages = {2755-2763}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy281}, pmid = {30371798}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Insecticides ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Moths ; New Zealand ; Population Dynamics ; *Rosaceae ; }, abstract = {Leafrollers are polyphagous pests whose larvae damage fruit and cause market access problems for fruit crops exported from New Zealand. Leafroller larvae and pupae were collected mainly from four fruit crops, but also from hedges, ornamental trees, and understory weeds in orchards and vineyards of Hawke's Bay, a major fruit production region. Samples were collected from 1974 to 1977 and 1993 to 2015. This timespan was divided into periods that broadly coincided with broad-spectrum insecticide management, the transition to selective insecticides, and the full implementation of integrated fruit production (IFP) programs in apples, grapes, and stone fruit. Eight tortricid species were identified, but the accidentally introduced Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and two native species, Ctenopseustis obliquana (Walker) and Planotortrix octo Dugdale, comprised 95% of the samples. The proportions of these three species varied according to interactions between four factors: pest management regime, collection period, property location, and host plant. In the 1970s under broad-spectrum insecticide programs, the native species dominated on all hosts. By the mid-late 1990s when IFP was introduced, all the main leafroller species were in decline. However, E. postvittana declined to a lesser extent than the two native species, and consequently, it became relatively more prominent. This change in species composition was delayed in two districts where localized cases of organophosphate insecticide resistance occurred in C. obliquana and P. octo. From 2000 onwards, E. postvittana was the dominant species in all districts and on all hosts, albeit with a much-reduced pest status, except on hedges and ornamental trees where C. obliquana prevailed.}, }
@article {pmid30369624, year = {2018}, author = {Kujawska, M and Zamudio, F and Montti, L and Piriz Carrillo, V}, title = {Effects of Landscape Structure on Medicinal Plant Richness in Home Gardens: Evidence for the Environmental Scarcity Compensation Hypothesis.}, journal = {Economic botany}, volume = {72}, number = {2}, pages = {150-165}, pmid = {30369624}, issn = {0013-0001}, abstract = {Our research involves of how Paraguayan migrants who are living in Misiones, Argentina, manage medicinal plants in home gardens, and how this practice can be related to the landscape. We examine the relationship between the richness of home garden medicinal plants and landscape variables (e.g., distance to the forest) by applying PLS analysis, which combines principal component analysis with linear regression. We surveyed 60 home gardens localized in a rural area, and we characterized the surrounding landscape with geospatial tools. Paraguayans' home gardens are extremely diverse sites (total of 136 medicinal species), where both native (82) and introduced species (50) are managed. People who live close to the native forest or mixed use areas (e.g., farms, secondary vegetation) tend to possess less native plants in their gardens because they are available nearby. While gardeners, who live in proximity to tree crops (e.g., pine plantations), have reduced access to wild medicinal resources; therefore, their effort is concentrated on maintaining native plants. These results reflect a relationship between accessibility to medicinal plants in the landscape and the management practices in the home gardens, a neglected driver in explaining the richness and composition of the medicinal plants in home gardens so far. Thus, we contributed evidence in support of the environmental scarcity compensation hypothesis. Finally, our study supports the idea that home gardens appear to function as a springboard for plant domestication.}, }
@article {pmid30368959, year = {2018}, author = {Eyer, PA and Matsuura, K and Vargo, EL and Kobayashi, K and Yashiro, T and Suehiro, W and Himuro, C and Yokoi, T and Guénard, B and Dunn, RR and Tsuji, K}, title = {Inbreeding tolerance as a pre-adapted trait for invasion success in the invasive ant Brachyponera chinensis.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {23}, pages = {4711-4724}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14910}, pmid = {30368959}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*genetics ; Female ; Founder Effect ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Heterozygote ; *Inbreeding ; Inbreeding Depression ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Male ; North Carolina ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Identifying traits that facilitate species introductions and successful invasions of ecosystems represents a key issue in ecology. Following their establishment into new environments, many non-native species exhibit phenotypic plasticity with post-introduction changes in behaviour, morphology or life history traits that allow them to overcome the presumed loss of genetic diversity resulting in inbreeding and reduced adaptive potential. Here, we present a unique strategy in the invasive ant Brachyponera chinensis (Emery), in which inbreeding tolerance is a pre-adapted trait for invasion success, allowing this ant to cope with genetic depletion following a genetic bottleneck. We report for the first time that inbreeding is not a consequence of the founder effect following introduction, but it is due to mating between sister queens and their brothers that pre-exists in native populations which may have helped it circumvent the cost of invasion. We show that a genetic bottleneck does not affect the genetic diversity or the level of heterozygosity within colonies and suggest that generations of sib-mating in native populations may have reduced inbreeding depression through purifying selection of deleterious alleles. This work highlights how a unique life history may pre-adapt some species for biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid30368794, year = {2018}, author = {Haram, LE and Kinney, KA and Sotka, EE and Byers, JE}, title = {Mixed effects of an introduced ecosystem engineer on the foraging behavior and habitat selection of predators.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {99}, number = {12}, pages = {2751-2762}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2495}, pmid = {30368794}, issn = {0012-9658}, support = {OCE-1057707//NSF/International ; OCE-1057713//NSF/International ; OCE-1357386//NSF/International ; NA12NOS4200089//NOAA National Estuarine Research Reserve/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; *Charadriiformes ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; }, abstract = {Invasive ecosystem engineers both positively and negatively affect their recipient ecosystems by generating novel habitats. Many studies have focused on alterations to ecosystem properties and to native species diversity and abundance caused by invasive engineers. However, relatively few studies have documented the extent to which behaviors of native species are affected. The red seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Rhodophyta) invaded estuaries of the southeastern United States within the last few decades and now provides abundant aboveground vegetative cover on intertidal mudflats that were historically devoid of seaweeds. We hypothesized that G. vermiculophylla would affect the foraging behavior of native shorebirds positively for birds that target seaweed-associated invertebrates or negatively for birds that target prey on or within the sediment now covered with seaweed. Visual surveys of mudflats >1 ha in size revealed that more shorebirds occurred on mudflats with G. vermiculophylla relative to mudflats without G. vermiculophylla. This increased density was consistent across 7 of 8 species, with the one exception being the semipalmated plover Charadrius semipalmatus. A regression-based analysis indicated that while algal presence predicted shorebird density, densities of some bird species depended on sediment composition and infaunal invertebrate densities. At smaller spatial scales (200 m[2] and <1 m[2]), experimental removals and additions of G. vermiculophylla and focal observations showed strong variation in behavioral response to G. vermiculophylla among bird species. Birds preferentially foraged in bare mud (e.g., C. semipalmatus), in G. vermiculophylla (e.g., Arenaria interpres), or displayed no preference for either habitat (e.g., Tringa semipalmata). Thus, while the presence of the invasive ecosystem engineer on a mudflat appeared to attract greater numbers of these predators, shorebird species differed in their behavioral responses at the smaller spatial scales that affect their foraging. Our research illuminates the need to account for species identity, individual behavior, and scale when predicting the impacts of invasive species on native communities.}, }
@article {pmid30367870, year = {2018}, author = {Rueckert, S and Glasinovich, N and Diez, ME and Cremonte, F and Vázquez, N}, title = {Morphology and molecular systematic of marine gregarines (Apicomplexa) from Southwestern Atlantic spionid polychaetes.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {159}, number = {}, pages = {49-60}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2018.10.010}, pmid = {30367870}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Apicomplexa/classification/*genetics ; Atlantic Ocean ; DNA, Protozoan/genetics ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; Polychaeta/*parasitology ; Prevalence ; }, abstract = {Gregarines are a common group of parasites that infect the intestines of marine invertebrates, and particularly polychaetes. Here, we describe for the first time four gregarine species that inhabit the intestines of three spionid species: Dipolydora cf. flava, Spio quadrisetosa and Boccardia proboscidea from the Patagonian coast, Argentina, using light and scanning electron microscopy and molecular phylogenetic analyses of small subunit (SSU) rDNA sequences. Even though the spionid species thrive in the same environments, our results showed a high host specificity of the gregarine species. Selenidium cf. axiferens and Polyrhabdina aff. polydorae were both identified from the intestine of D. cf. flava. The new species, Polyrhabdina madrynense sp. n. and Selenidium patagonica sp. n., were described from the intestines of S. quadrisetosa and the invasive species B. proboscidea, respectively. All specimens of D. cf. flava and S. quadrisetosa were infected by gregarines (P = 100%), recording the highest mean intensity values of infection (MI = 80; 60 respectively), in contrast to B. proboscidea (P = 60%; MI = 38). We associated this finding with the recent invasion of this host. It is expected that in the future, an increase of its population density might favour a rising intensity of this gregarine infection.}, }
@article {pmid30367580, year = {2018}, author = {Wang, S and Wang, C and Wang, S and Ma, L}, title = {Big data analysis for evaluating bioinvasion risk.}, journal = {BMC bioinformatics}, volume = {19}, number = {Suppl 9}, pages = {287}, pmid = {30367580}, issn = {1471-2105}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Data Mining/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Oceans and Seas ; Ships ; *Transportation ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Global maritime trade plays an important role in the modern transportation industry. It brings significant economic profit along with bioinvasion risk. Species translocate and establish in a non-native area through ballast water and biofouling. Aiming at aquatic bioinvasion issue, people proposed various suggestions for bioinvasion management. Nonetheless, these suggestions only focus on the chance of a port been affected but ignore the port's ability to further spread the invaded species.<br><br>RESULTS: To tackle the issues of the existing work, we propose a biosecurity triggering mechanism, where the bioinvasion risk of a port is estimated according to both the invaded risk of a port and its power of being a stepping-stone. To compute the invaded risk, we utilize the automatic identification system data, the ballast water data and marine environmental data. According to the invaded risk of ports, we construct a species invasion network (SIN). The incoming bioinvasion risk is derived from invaded risk data while the invasion risk spreading capability of each port is evaluated by s-core decomposition of SIN.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We illustrate 100 ports in the world that have the highest bioinvasion risk when the invaded risk and stepping-stone bioinvasion risk are equally treated. There are two bioinvasion risk intensive regions, namely the Western Europe (including the Western European margin and the Mediterranean) and the Asia-Pacific, which are just the region with a high growth rate of non-indigenous species and the area that has been identified as a source for many of non-indigenous species discovered elsewhere (especially the Asian clam, which is assumed to be the most invasive species worldwide).}, }
@article {pmid30367474, year = {2019}, author = {van Boheemen, LA and Atwater, DZ and Hodgins, KA}, title = {Rapid and repeated local adaptation to climate in an invasive plant.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {222}, number = {1}, pages = {614-627}, doi = {10.1111/nph.15564}, pmid = {30367474}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {//Monash University Dean's International Postgraduate Research Scholarship/International ; }, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Biomass ; *Climate ; Flowers/physiology ; Genetic Variation ; Heterozygote ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions provide opportunities to study evolutionary processes occurring over contemporary timescales. To explore the speed and repeatability of adaptation, we examined the divergence of life-history traits to climate, using latitude as a proxy, in the native North American and introduced European and Australian ranges of the annual plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia. We explored niche changes following introductions using climate niche dynamic models. In a common garden, we examined trait divergence by growing seeds collected across three ranges with highly distinct demographic histories. Heterozygosity-fitness associations were used to explore the effect of invasion history on potential success. We accounted for nonadaptive population differentiation using 11 598 single nucleotide polymorphisms. We revealed a centroid shift to warmer, wetter climates in the introduced ranges. We identified repeated latitudinal divergence in life-history traits, with European and Australian populations positioned at either end of the native clines. Our data indicate rapid and repeated adaptation to local climates despite the recent introductions and a bottleneck limiting genetic variation in Australia. Centroid shifts in the introduced ranges suggest adaptation to more productive environments, potentially contributing to trait divergence between the ranges.}, }
@article {pmid30367244, year = {2018}, author = {Freedman, MG and Miller, RH and Rogers, HS}, title = {Landscape-level bird loss increases the prevalence of honeydew-producing insects and non-native ants.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {188}, number = {4}, pages = {1263-1272}, pmid = {30367244}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {DEB-1258148//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Birds ; Insecta ; Islands ; Prevalence ; }, abstract = {Bird exclusion experiments consistently show that birds exhibit strong top-down control of arthropods, including ants and the honeydew-producing insects (HPIs) that they tend. However, it remains unclear whether the results of these small-scale bird exclosure experiments can be extrapolated to larger spatial scales. In this study, we use a natural bird removal experiment to compare the prevalence of ants and HPIs between Guam, an island whose bird community has been extirpated since the 1980s due to the introduction of the brown tree snake, and two nearby islands (Rota and Saipan) that have more intact bird assemblages. Consistent with smaller-scale bird exclosure experiments, we show that (1) forest trees from Guam are significantly more likely to host HPIs than trees from Saipan and (2) ants are nearly four times as abundant on Guam than on both Saipan and Rota. The prevalence of HPIs varied slightly based on tree species identity, although these effects were not as strong as island-level effects associated with bird loss. Ant community composition differed between Guam and the other two islands. These results corroborate past observational studies showing increased spider densities on Guam and suggest that trophic changes associated with landscape-level bird extirpation may also involve alterations in the abundance of ants and HPIs. This study also provides a clear example of the strong indirect effects that invasive species can have on natural food webs.}, }
@article {pmid30366333, year = {2019}, author = {Lago, M and Boteler, B and Rouillard, J and Abhold, K and Jähnig, SC and Iglesias-Campos, A and Delacámara, G and Piet, GJ and Hein, T and Nogueira, AJA and Lillebø, AI and Strosser, P and Robinson, LA and De Wever, A and O'Higgins, T and Schlüter, M and Török, L and Reichert, P and van Ham, C and Villa, F and McDonald, H}, title = {Introducing the H2020 AQUACROSS project: Knowledge, Assessment, and Management for AQUAtic Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services aCROSS EU policies.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {652}, number = {}, pages = {320-329}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.076}, pmid = {30366333}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Environmental Policy ; Europe ; Eutrophication ; Fisheries ; Fresh Water ; }, abstract = {The AQUACROSS project was an unprecedented effort to unify policy concepts, knowledge, and management of freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems to support the cost-effective achievement of the targets set by the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. AQUACROSS aimed to support EU efforts to enhance the resilience and stop the loss of biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems as well as to ensure the ongoing and future provision of aquatic ecosystem services. The project focused on advancing the knowledge base and application of Ecosystem-Based Management. Through elaboration of eight diverse case studies in freshwater and marine and estuarine aquatic ecosystem across Europe covering a range of environmental management problems including, eutrophication, sustainable fisheries as well as invasive alien species AQUACROSS demonstrated the application of a common framework to establish cost-effective measures and integrated Ecosystem-Based Management practices. AQUACROSS analysed the EU policy framework (i.e. goals, concepts, time frames) for aquatic ecosystems and built on knowledge stemming from different sources (i.e. WISE, BISE, Member State reporting within different policy processes, modelling) to develop innovative management tools, concepts, and business models (i.e. indicators, maps, ecosystem assessments, participatory approaches, mechanisms for promoting the delivery of ecosystem services) for aquatic ecosystems at various scales of space and time and relevant to different ecosystem types.}, }
@article {pmid30364550, year = {2018}, author = {Wyckhuys, KAG and Wongtiem, P and Rauf, A and Thancharoen, A and Heimpel, GE and Le, NTT and Fanani, MZ and Gurr, GM and Lundgren, JG and Burra, DD and Palao, LK and Hyman, G and Graziosi, I and Le, VX and Cock, MJW and Tscharntke, T and Wratten, SD and Nguyen, LV and You, M and Lu, Y and Ketelaar, JW and Goergen, G and Neuenschwander, P}, title = {Continental-scale suppression of an invasive pest by a host-specific parasitoid underlines both environmental and economic benefits of arthropod biological control.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5796}, pmid = {30364550}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Biological control, a globally-important ecosystem service, can provide long-term and broad-scale suppression of invasive pests, weeds and pathogens in natural, urban and agricultural environments. Following (few) historic cases that led to sizeable environmental up-sets, the discipline of arthropod biological control has-over the past decades-evolved and matured. Now, by deliberately taking into account the ecological risks associated with the planned introduction of insect natural enemies, immense environmental and societal benefits can be gained. In this study, we document and analyze a successful case of biological control against the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) which invaded Southeast Asia in 2008, where it caused substantial crop losses and triggered two- to three-fold surges in agricultural commodity prices. In 2009, the host-specific parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was released in Thailand and subsequently introduced into neighboring Asian countries. Drawing upon continental-scale insect surveys, multi-year population studies and (field-level) experimental assays, we show how A. lopezi attained intermediate to high parasitism rates across diverse agro-ecological contexts. Driving mealybug populations below non-damaging levels over a broad geographical area, A. lopezi allowed yield recoveries up to 10.0 t/ha and provided biological control services worth several hundred dollars per ha (at local farm-gate prices) in Asia's four-million ha cassava crop. Our work provides lessons to invasion science and crop protection worldwide. Furthermore, it accentuates the importance of scientifically-guided biological control for insect pest management, and highlights its potentially large socio-economic benefits to agricultural sustainability in the face of a debilitating invasive pest. In times of unrelenting insect invasions, surging pesticide use and accelerating biodiversity loss across the globe, this study demonstrates how biological control-as a pure public good endeavor-constitutes a powerful, cost-effective and environmentally-responsible solution for invasive species mitigation.}, }
@article {pmid30364057, year = {2018}, author = {Duffy, L and De Wilde, L and Spellman, K and Dunlap, K and Dainowski, B and McCullough, S and Luick, B and van Muelken, M}, title = {Resilience and Adaptation: Yukon River Watershed Contaminant Risk Indicators.}, journal = {Scientifica}, volume = {2018}, number = {}, pages = {8421513}, pmid = {30364057}, issn = {2090-908X}, abstract = {River watersheds are among the most complex terrestrial features in Alaska, performing valuable ecosystem functions and providing services for human society. Rivers are vital to both estuarine and aquatic biota and play important roles in biogeochemical cycles and physical processes. The functions of watersheds have been used as vulnerability indicators for ecosystem and socioeconomic resilience. Despite a long history of human activity, the Yukon River has not received the holistic and interdisciplinary attention given to the other great American river systems. By using hypothesis-based monitoring of key watershed functions, we can gain insight to regime-shifting stresses such as fire, toxins, and invasive species development. Coupling adaptive risk management practices involving stakeholders with place-based education, especially contaminants and nutrition related, can maintain resilience within communities. The Yukon watershed provides a broadscale opportunity for communities to monitor the environment, manage resources, and contribute to stewardship policy formation. Monitoring keystone species and community activities, such as citizen science, are critical first steps to following changes to resiliency throughout the Yukon watershed. Creating a policy environment that encourages local experimentation and innovation contributes to resilience maintenance during development-imposed stress.}, }
@article {pmid30363773, year = {2018}, author = {Shechonge, A and Ngatunga, BP and Tamatamah, R and Bradbeer, SJ and Harrington, J and Ford, AGP and Turner, GF and Genner, MJ}, title = {Losing cichlid fish biodiversity: genetic and morphological homogenization of tilapia following colonization by introduced species.}, journal = {Conservation genetics (Print)}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, pages = {1199-1209}, pmid = {30363773}, issn = {1566-0621}, abstract = {Among the many negative impacts of invasive species, hybridization with indigenous species has increasingly become recognized as a major issue. However, relatively few studies have characterized the phenotypic outcomes of hybridization following biological invasions. Here we investigate the genetic and morphological consequences of stocking invasive tilapia species in two water bodies in central Tanzania. We sampled individuals from the Mindu Reservoir on the Ruvu river system, and at Kidatu on the Great Ruaha-Rufiji river system. We screened individuals at 16 microsatellite loci, and quantified morphology using geometric morphometrics and linear measurements. In both the Mindu and Kidatu systems, we identified evidence of hybridization between indigenous Wami tilapia (Oreochromis urolepis) and the introduced Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) or blue-spotted tilapia (Oreochromis leucostictus). At both sites, purebred individuals could largely be separated using geometric morphometric variables, with hybrids occupying a broad morphospace among the parental species. Our data demonstrate that the gene pools and phenotypic identity of the indigenous O. urolepis have been severely impacted by the stocking of the invasive species. Given the lack of evidence for clear commercial benefits from stocking invasive tilapia species in waters already populated by indigenous congenerics, we suggest further spread of introduced species should be undertaken with considerable caution.}, }
@article {pmid30362595, year = {2019}, author = {Boegehold, AG and Alame, K and Johnson, NS and Kashian, DR}, title = {Cyanobacteria reduce motility of quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) sperm.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, pages = {368-374}, doi = {10.1002/etc.4305}, pmid = {30362595}, issn = {1552-8618}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyanobacteria/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Dreissena/*physiology ; Eutrophication ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Reproduction/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Sperm Motility/*physiology ; Spermatozoa/physiology ; Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {The temporal expansion of harmful algal blooms, primarily associated with cyanobacteria, may impact aquatic organisms at vulnerable life-history stages. Broadcast spawning species release gametes into the water column for external fertilization, directly exposing sperm to potential aquatic stressors. To determine if cyanobacteria can disrupt reproduction in freshwater broadcast spawners, we evaluated sublethal effects of cyanobacteria exposure on quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) sperm. In laboratory studies, sperm were collected after inducing mussels to spawn using serotonin and exposed to 11 cultures of cyanobacteria including Anabaena flos-aquae, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Dolichospermum lemmermannii, Gloeotrichia echinulata, 5 cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa, M. wesenbergii, and Planktothrix suspensa. Sperm motility, using endpoints of cumulative distance traveled and mean velocity, was calculated for a minimum of 10 individual sperm using a novel optical biotracking assay method. The distance and velocity at which sperm traveled decreased when exposed to Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and 2 M. aeruginosa cultures. Our findings indicate that cyanobacteria impede the motility of quagga mussel sperm, which can potentially result in reproductive impairments to mussels and potentially other broadcast spawning species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:368-374. © 2018 SETAC.}, }
@article {pmid30361763, year = {2018}, author = {Timóteo, S and O'Connor, CJ and López-Núñez, FA and Costa, JM and Gouveia, AC and Heleno, RH}, title = {Pollination networks from natural and anthropogenic-novel communities show high structural similarity.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {188}, number = {4}, pages = {1155-1165}, pmid = {30361763}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {IF/00441/2013//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; SFRH/BD/130942/2017//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; SFRH/BD/96292/2013//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biota ; *Ecosystem ; Insecta ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {The Anthropocene is marked by an unprecedented homogenisation of the world's biota, confronting species that never co-occurred during their evolutionary histories. Interactions established in these novel communities may affect ecosystem functioning; however, most research has focused on the impacts of a minority of aggressive invasive species, while changes inflicted by a less conspicuous majority of non-invasive alien species on community structure are still poorly understood. This information is critical to guide conservation strategies, and instrumental to advance ecological theory, particularly to understand how non-native species integrate in recipient communities and affect the interactions of native species. We evaluated how the structure of 50 published pollination networks changes with the proportion of alien plant species and found that network structure is largely unaffected. Although some communities were heavily invaded, the proportion of alien plant species was relatively low (mean = 10%; max. = 38%). We further characterized the pollination network in a botanic garden with a plant community dominated by non-invasive alien species (85%). We show that the structure of this novel community is also not markedly different from native-dominated communities. Plant-pollinator interactions revealed no obvious differences regarding plant origin (native vs. alien) or the native bioregion of the introduced plants. This overall similarity between native and alien plants is likely driven by the contrasting patterns of invasive plants (promoting generalism), and non-invasive aliens, suggested here to promote specialization.}, }
@article {pmid30360500, year = {2018}, author = {Qazi, SS and Lombardo, DA and Abou-Zaid, MM}, title = {A Metabolomic and HPLC-MS/MS Analysis of the Foliar Phenolics, Flavonoids and Coumarins of the Fraxinus Species Resistant and Susceptible to Emerald Ash Borer.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {23}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {30360500}, issn = {1420-3049}, support = {N.A//Natural Resources Canada/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Coleoptera ; Coumarins/*chemistry ; Flavonoids/*chemistry ; Fraxinus/*chemistry/*parasitology ; Metabolome ; *Metabolomics ; Molecular Structure ; Phenols/*chemistry ; *Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; }, abstract = {The Emerald Ash Borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis, Fairmaire, an Asian invasive alien buprestid has devastated tens of millions of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in North America. Foliar phytochemicals of the genus Fraxinus (Oleaceae): Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Green ash), F. americana (White ash), F. profunda (Bush) Bush. (Pumpkin ash), F. quadrangulata Michx. (Blue ash), F. nigra Marsh. (Black ash) and F. mandshurica (Manchurian ash) were investigated using HPLC-MS/MS and untargeted metabolomics. HPLC-MS/MS help identified 26 compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids and coumarins in varying amounts. Hydroxycoumarins, esculetin, esculin, fraxetin, fraxin, fraxidin and scopoletin were isolated from blue, black and Manchurian ashes. High-throughput metabolomics revealed 35 metabolites, including terpenes, secoiridoids and lignans. Metabolomic profiling indicated several upregulated putative compounds from Manchurian ash, especially fraxinol, ligstroside, oleuropin, matairesinol, pinoresinol glucoside, 8-hydroxypinoresinol-4-glucoside, verbenalin, hydroxytyrosol-1-O-glucoside, totarol and ar-artemisene. Further, dicyclomine, aphidicolin, parthenolide, famciclovir, ar-turmerone and myriocin were identified upregulated in blue ash. Principal component analysis demonstrated a clear separation between Manchurian and blue ashes from black, green, white and pumpkin ashes. The presence of defensive compounds upregulated in Manchurian ash, suggests their potential role in providing constitutive resistance to EAB, and reflects its co-evolutionary history with A. planipennis, where they appear to coexist in their native habitats.}, }
@article {pmid30359392, year = {2018}, author = {Kading, RC and Golnar, AJ and Hamer, SA and Hamer, GL}, title = {Advanced surveillance and preparedness to meet a new era of invasive vectors and emerging vector-borne diseases.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {e0006761}, pmid = {30359392}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Animals ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*epidemiology/*veterinary ; *Epidemiological Monitoring ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid30356269, year = {2018}, author = {Caruso, N and Valenzuela, AEJ and Burdett, CL and Luengos Vidal, EM and Birochio, D and Casanave, EB}, title = {Summer habitat use and activity patterns of wild boar Sus scrofa in rangelands of central Argentina.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {e0206513}, pmid = {30356269}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Biological invasions are one of the main components of human-caused global change and their negative impact on invaded ecosystems have long been recognized. Invasive mammals, in particular, can threaten native biodiversity and cause economic impacts in the region where they are introduced, often through a wide range of conflicts with humans. Although the wild boar, Sus scrofa, is considered by the IUCN as one of the 100 invasive species most damaging to biodiversity in the world, in Argentina there have only been a few studies focused on its ecology with most of them conducted in protected areas. In this study, we evaluated the effect of several factors related with human disturbance, landscape composition, degree of fragmentation and the presence of a potential competitor and a predator on the habitat use of wild boar using data from camera traps and site-occupancy modeling. Additionally, we described the daily activity pattern of the species and we studied the level of overlap with both a potential competitor and a predator. The sampling effort totaled 7,054 camera trap days. Farm density, proportion of shrubland and proportion of grassland with bushes were the detection variables included in the most supported model whereas proportion of grassland and capture rate of the Pampas fox Lycalopex gymnocercus were the occupancy variables included in the most supported model. However, the proportion of grassland was the only variable that showed statistically significant support in the averaged model, indicating that habitat use of wild boar in this area was significantly negatively affected by the level of grass cover. Wild boars were mostly nocturnal, with more activity between 21:00 and 3:00 and a peak around midnight. Wild boars showed a high level of overlap with the activity pattern of the Pampas fox and a low overlap with the activity pattern of the puma Puma concolor. Despite wild boar being introduced in Argentina a few decades ago, this study is the first landscape-scale research carried out in an agricultural landscape in Argentina and the first one based on camera-trapping data. Our study contributes valuable information that could be used to design strategies to reduce wild boar population or to minimize the damage caused by this invasive species in Argentina.}, }
@article {pmid30354802, year = {2018}, author = {Leclerc, JC and Viard, F and González Sepúlveda, E and Díaz, C and Neira Hinojosa, J and Pérez Araneda, K and Silva, F and Brante, A}, title = {Non-indigenous species contribute equally to biofouling communities in international vs local ports in the Biobío region, Chile.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {34}, number = {7}, pages = {784-799}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2018.1502276}, pmid = {30354802}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Animals ; Biofouling/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Chile ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Ships ; }, abstract = {Growing coastal urbanization together with the intensification of maritime traffic are major processes explaining the increasing rate of biological introductions in marine environments. To investigate the link between international maritime traffic and the establishment of non-indigenous species (NIS) in coastal areas, biofouling communities in three international and three nearby local ports along 100 km of coastline in south-central Chile were compared using settlement panels and rapid assessment surveys. A larger number of NIS was observed in international ports, as expected in these 'invasion hubs'. However, despite a few environmental differences between international and local ports, the two port categories did not display significant differences regarding NIS establishment and contribution to community structure over the studied period (1.5 years). In international ports, the free space could be a limiting factor for NIS establishment. The results also suggest that local ports should be considered in NIS surveillance programs in Chile.}, }
@article {pmid30353234, year = {2019}, author = {Ondračková, M and Fojtů, J and Seifertová, M and Kvach, Y and Jurajda, P}, title = {Non-native parasitic copepod Neoergasilus japonicus (Harada, 1930) utilizes non-native fish host Lepomis gibbosus (L.) in the floodplain of the River Dyje (Danube basin).}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {118}, number = {1}, pages = {57-62}, pmid = {30353234}, issn = {1432-1955}, support = {P505/12/G112//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; }, mesh = {Animal Fins/parasitology ; Animals ; Copepoda/*physiology ; Czech Republic/epidemiology ; Ectoparasitic Infestations/parasitology/*veterinary ; Female ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*parasitology ; Rivers/parasitology ; }, abstract = {The parasitic copepod Neoergasilus japonicus (Harada, 1930) (Ergasilidae), native to east Asia, is widely distributed in Asia, Europe, and North and Central America. Recently, this species appeared in lentic water bodies of the River Dyje floodplain (Danube basin, Czech Republic). It was first recorded in 2015 and in 2 years it reached a 100% prevalence in recently expanding non-native fish host, Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Centrarchidae, native to North America) at two borrow pits. Abundance of N. japonicus increased with fish length, with maximum intensity of infection reaching 99 parasites per fish. The parasite was most frequently found attached to the dorsal and anal fins of fish, while preference for the dorsal fin was more evident with lower infection intensities. Utilization of expanding fish hosts in water bodies that are regularly interconnected via natural or managed flooding may support the rapid dispersal of this non-native parasite.}, }
@article {pmid30352227, year = {2019}, author = {Ma, L and Cao, LJ and Gong, YJ and Hoffmann, AA and Zeng, AP and Wei, SJ and Zhou, ZS}, title = {Development of novel microsatellites for population genetic analysis of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemipeta: Pseudoccoccidae) based on genomic analysis.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {121}, number = {}, pages = {1135-1144}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.143}, pmid = {30352227}, issn = {1879-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; Genetics, Population ; *Genomics ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemipeta: Pseudoccoccidae), is an aggressively invasive pest causing huge economic losses of crops around the world. In this study, we developed genome-wide microsatellites for population genetic analysis of P. solenopsis. We obtained a random genome of P. solenopsis with a size of 267.07 Mb and scaffold N50 of 14.12 Kb. In total 115,639 microsatellites were isolated from the genome, of which those with trinucleotide motifs were the most abundant. Forty-two polymorphic loci were selected for primer validation based on three populations. Allele numbers varied from 2 to 5 with an average value of 2.5 per locus, and allelic richness ranged from 1.00 to 4.48. The observed heterozygosity (H0) and expected heterozygosity (HE) ranged from 0.00 to 0.92 and 0.00 to 0.73, respectively. Population genetic structure analysis based on the developed markers revealed strong differentiation between three populations of P. solenopsis collected from its invasive range in China. The microsatellites developed in our study should provide efficient genetic markers for population level studies of P. solenopsis to reveal invasion history and patterns of dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid30351361, year = {2019}, author = {Cui, J and Zhu, SY and Gao, Y and Bi, R and Xu, Z and Shi, SS}, title = {Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in Response to High-Temperature Stress.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {1}, pages = {407-415}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy330}, pmid = {30351361}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism ; Hemiptera/*metabolism ; Hot Temperature ; Insect Proteins/metabolism ; Male ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; *Stress, Physiological ; *Thermotolerance ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (Fabricius), is mainly distributed in southern China and has been considered an invasive species in the southeastern United States. Megacopta cribraria is a soybean pest with high-temperature resistance, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its thermal adaptation are largely unknown. Here, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis to unravel the molecular response of M. cribraria toward high-temperature stress. Following RNA-seq, we identified 93,959 assembled unigenes, 14,073 of which were annotated in M. cribraria transcriptome libraries. In addition, 127 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) were detected, 88 of them were significantly upregulated, whereas the remaining 39 genes were significantly downregulated. Functional classification revealed that the pathways of metabolic process, cellular processes, and single-organism processes were considered to be significantly enriched. In the COG classification, DEGs were mainly localized into O: post-translational modification, protein turnover, chaperone. Moreover, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and linoleic acid metabolism were significantly enriched among the 38 KEGG pathways. Further gene annotation analysis indicated that nine heat shock protein-related genes were significantly upregulated. Finally, five HSP DEGs were selected for real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction validation and demonstrated a similar upregulation trend with RNA-seq expression profiles. Taken altogether, these findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of thermal adaptation in M. cribraria.}, }
@article {pmid30351305, year = {2018}, author = {Brown, PMJ and Roy, DB and Harrower, C and Dean, HJ and Rorke, SL and Roy, HE}, title = {Spread of a model invasive alien species, the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Britain and Ireland.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {180239}, pmid = {30351305}, issn = {2052-4463}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; Ireland ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species are widely recognized as one of the main threats to global biodiversity. Rapid flow of information on the occurrence of invasive alien species is critical to underpin effective action. Citizen science, i.e. the involvement of volunteers in science, provides an opportunity to improve the information available on invasive alien species. Here we describe the dataset created via a citizen science approach to track the spread of a well-studied invasive alien species, the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Britain and Ireland. This dataset comprises 48 510 verified and validated spatio-temporal records of the occurrence of H. axyridis in Britain and Ireland, from first arrival in 2003, to the end of 2016. A clear and rapid spread of the species within Britain and Ireland is evident. A major reuse value of the dataset is in modelling the spread of an invasive species and applying this to other potential invasive alien species in order to predict and prevent their further spread.}, }
@article {pmid30351223, year = {2019}, author = {Hu, LJ and Wu, XQ and Li, HY and Zhao, Q and Wang, YC and Ye, JR}, title = {An Effector, BxSapB1, Induces Cell Death and Contributes to Virulence in the Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.}, journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {452-463}, doi = {10.1094/MPMI-10-18-0275-R}, pmid = {30351223}, issn = {0894-0282}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Death ; China ; *Pinus/parasitology ; *Tylenchida/genetics/pathogenicity ; *Virulence/genetics ; }, abstract = {The pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus has caused serious damage to pine forests in China. Effectors secreted by phytonematodes play a role in host infection. We identified and characterized an effector, BxSapB1, based on the B. xylophilus transcriptome at the early stages of infection and the transient expression of proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana. BxSapB1 triggered cell death in N. benthamiana when secreted into the apoplast, and this effect was independent of N. benthamiana brassinosteroid-insensitive 1-associated kinase 1 (NbBAK1) and suppressor of BIR1-1 (NbSOBIR1). The signal peptide of BxSapB1 was proven to be functional in yeast using the yeast signal sequence trap system and BxSapB1 was strongly expressed in the subventral gland cells of B. xylophilus, as revealed by in-situ hybridization. In addition, based on local BLAST analysis, the BxSapB1 showed 100% identity to BUX.s00139.62, which was identified from the B. xylophilus secretome during Pinus thunbergii infection. BxSapB1 was upregulated in a highly virulent strain and downregulated in a weakly virulent strain of PWN at the early stages of infection. RNA interference assays showed that silencing BxSapB1 resulted in decreased expression of pathogenesis-related genes (PtPR-1b, PtPR-3, and PtPR-5) as well as delayed onset of symptoms in P. thunbergii infected by B. xylophilus. The combined data suggest that BxSapB1 can trigger cell death in N. benthamiana and that it contributes to the virulence in B. xylophilus during parasitic interaction.}, }
@article {pmid30348909, year = {2018}, author = {James Harris, D and Halajian, A and Santos, JL and Swanepoel, LH and Taylor, PJ and Xavier, R}, title = {Diversity of haemoprotozoan parasites infecting the wildlife of South Africa.}, journal = {Folia parasitologica}, volume = {65}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.14411/fp.2018.015}, pmid = {30348909}, issn = {0015-5683}, mesh = {Animals ; Apicomplexa/classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Biodiversity ; DNA, Protozoan/analysis ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Mammals/*parasitology ; Protozoan Infections, Animal/parasitology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/analysis ; Reptiles/*parasitology ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Tissue samples from wildlife from South Africa were opportunistically collected and screened for haemoprotozoan parasites using nonspecific PCR primers. Samples of 127 individuals were tested, comprising over 50 different species. Haemogregarines were the most commonly identified parasites, but sarcocystids and piroplasmids were also detected. Phylogenetic analyses estimated from the 18S rDNA marker highlighted the occurrence of several novel parasite forms and the detection of parasites in novel hosts. Phylogenetic relationships, which have been recently reviewed, appear to be much more complex than previously considered. Our study highlights the high diversity of parasites circulating in wildlife in this biodiverse region, and the need for further studies to resolve taxonomic issues.}, }
@article {pmid30348875, year = {2018}, author = {Derham, TT and Duncan, RP and Johnson, CN and Jones, ME}, title = {Hope and caution: rewilding to mitigate the impacts of biological invasions.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {373}, number = {1761}, pages = {}, pmid = {30348875}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Mammals/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Rewilding is a novel approach to ecological restoration. Trophic rewilding in particular aims to reinstate ecological functions, especially trophic interactions, through the introduction of animals. We consider the potential for trophic rewilding to address biological invasions. In this broad review, we note some of the important conceptual and ethical foundations of rewilding, including a focus on ecosystem function rather than composition, reliance on animal agency, and an appeal to an ethic of coexistence. Second, we use theory from invasion biology to highlight pathways by which rewilding might prevent or mitigate the impacts of an invasion, including increasing biotic resistance. Third, we use a series of case studies to illustrate how reintroductions can mitigate the impacts of invasions. These include reintroductions and positive management of carnivores and herbivores including European pine martens (Martes martes), Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra), dingoes (Canis dingo), Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) and tule elk (Cervus canadensis nannodes). Fourth, we consider the risk that rewilding may enable a biological invasion or aggravate its impacts. Lastly, we highlight lessons that rewilding science might take from invasion biology.This article is part of the theme issue 'Trophic rewilding: consequences for ecosystems under global change'.}, }
@article {pmid30348872, year = {2018}, author = {Tanentzap, AJ and Smith, BR}, title = {Unintentional rewilding: lessons for trophic rewilding from other forms of species introductions.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {373}, number = {1761}, pages = {}, pmid = {30348872}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Trophic rewilding involves adding species into ecosystems to restore extinct, top-down interactions, but limited quantitative data have prevented a systematic attempt to quantify its outcomes. Here, we exploit species introductions that have occurred for purposes other than restoration to inform trophic rewilding. We compiled 51 studies with 158 different responses of lower trophic levels to a species introduction that restored an extinct interaction, whether it intended to do so or not. Unintentional introductions were compared with checklists of extinct animals to identify potential analogues. Using the latest meta-analysis techniques, we found that the few cases of intentional rewilding had similar effects to unintentional rewilding, though there were large taxonomic and geographical biases. We also tested predictions from studies on trophic cascades about the factors that should influence rewilding. Unintentional rewilding was stronger where introduced consumers were non-invasive, but there was no effect of time that compared sites differed in introduction status, latitude or coevolution of responses with a taxonomically related analogue. Our study now shows that rewilding can reinstate extinct trophic interactions and highlights remaining data gaps that need closure to restore ecosystems across larger scales than has been previously possible.This article is part of the theme issue 'Trophic rewilding: consequences for ecosystems under global change'.}, }
@article {pmid30348792, year = {2018}, author = {Narango, DL and Tallamy, DW and Marra, PP}, title = {Nonnative plants reduce population growth of an insectivorous bird.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {115}, number = {45}, pages = {11549-11554}, pmid = {30348792}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/classification/*physiology ; Clutch Size ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; District of Columbia ; Ecosystem ; Eulipotyphla/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Genetic Fitness/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Longevity ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Plants ; Reproduction/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Human-dominated landscapes represent one of the most rapidly expanding and least-understood ecosystems on earth. Yet, we know little about which features in these landscapes promote sustainable wildlife populations. Historically, in urban areas, landowners have converted native plant communities into habitats dominated by nonnative species that are not susceptible to pest damage and require little maintenance. However, nonnative plants are also poor at supporting insects that are critical food resources for higher order consumers. Despite the logical connection, no study has examined the impact of nonnative plants on subsequent population responses of vertebrate consumers. Here, we demonstrate that residential yards dominated by nonnative plants have lower arthropod abundance, forcing resident Carolina chickadees (Poecile carolinensis) to switch diets to less preferred prey and produce fewer young, or forgo reproduction in nonnative sites altogether. This leads to lower reproductive success and unsustainable population growth in these yards compared with those with >70% native plant biomass. Our results reveal that properties landscaped with nonnative plants function as population sinks for insectivorous birds. To promote sustainable food webs, urban planners and private landowners should prioritize native plant species.}, }
@article {pmid30347172, year = {2019}, author = {Yessoufou, K and Bezeng, BS and Gaoue, OG and Bengu, T and van der Bank, M}, title = {Phylogenetically diverse native systems are more resistant to invasive plant species on Robben Island, South Africa [1].}, journal = {Genome}, volume = {62}, number = {3}, pages = {217-228}, doi = {10.1139/gen-2018-0039}, pmid = {30347172}, issn = {1480-3321}, mesh = {DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; DNA, Plant/analysis/*genetics ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; *Phylogeny ; Plants/*classification/*genetics ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Alien invasive species are problematic both economically and ecologically, particularly on islands. As such, understanding how they interact with their environment is necessary to inform invasive species management. Here, we ask the following questions: What are the main functional traits that correlate with invasion success of alien plants on Robben Island? How does phylogenetic structure shape biotic interactions on the island? Using multiple approaches to explore these questions, we found that alien invasive species flower later during the year and for longer period, although flowering phenology was sensitive to alternative starting date. Additionally, we observed that alien invasive species are mostly abiotically pollinated and are generally hermaphroditic whilst their native counterparts rely on biotic pollinators, flower earlier, and are generally dioecious, suggesting that alien invasive and native species use different ecological niches. Furthermore, we found a facilitative interaction between an alien invasive legume and other invasive plants as predicted by the invasional meltdown hypothesis, but this does not influence the phylogenetic structure of plant communities. Finally, phylogenetically diverse set of native species are less receptive to alien invasive species. Collectively, our findings reveal how biotic interactions and phylogenetic relatedness structure alien invasive - native co-existence.}, }
@article {pmid30346545, year = {2019}, author = {Hallman, GJ and Wang, L and Demirbas Uzel, G and Cancio-Martinez, E and Cáceres-Barrios, CE and Myers, SW and Vreysen, MJB}, title = {Comparison of Populations of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Three Continents for Susceptibility to Cold Phytosanitary Treatment and Implications for Generic Cold Treatments.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {1}, pages = {127-133}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy331}, pmid = {30346545}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ceratitis capitata ; Cold Temperature ; Insect Control/*methods ; }, abstract = {The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is arguably the most significant and studied quarantine pest of fresh fruits. There is well over a century of research observations on its response to cold, first as it pertains to shipment of fruits using cold temperatures to preserve fruit quality and how that may aid the survival and distribution of the pest, and then the use of colder temperatures to kill the pest in fruit shipments. Cold tolerance at 1.1°C in three populations of C. capitata generally increased as the insect developed; therefore, the third instar is the most tolerant of the stages that are found in fruit. The three populations did not differ in cold tolerance, indicating that cold phytosanitary treatments against this pest can be harmonized regardless of country of origin of marketed fruit hosts. This study facilitated the approval of some cold treatment schedules for the International Plant Protection Convention treatment manual that were being held up by concerns of possible differences in cold tolerance among C. capitata populations from different countries and points toward the possibility of generic, broadly applicable phytosanitary cold treatments. Most larvae found alive after 9 d of cold treatment did not pupariate and fewer still emerged as adults, indicating that acute larval mortality need not always be the objective of a cold phytosanitary treatment to be efficacious in preventing the establishment of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30346103, year = {2019}, author = {Wang, W and Sardans, J and Wang, C and Zeng, C and Tong, C and Chen, G and Huang, J and Pan, H and Peguero, G and Vallicrosa, H and Peñuelas, J}, title = {The response of stocks of C, N, and P to plant invasion in the coastal wetlands of China.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {733-743}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14491}, pmid = {30346103}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Avicennia/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Carbon/*analysis ; China ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*analysis ; Phosphorus/*analysis ; Plant Dispersal ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Rhizophoraceae/physiology ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The increasing success of invasive plant species in wetland areas can threaten their capacity to store carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (C, N, and P). Here, we have investigated the relationships between the different stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC), and total C, N, and P pools in the plant-soil system from eight different wetland areas across the South-East coast of China, where the invasive tallgrass Spartina alterniflora has replaced the native tall grasses Phragmites australis and the mangrove communities, originally dominated by the native species Kandelia obovata and Avicennia marina. The invasive success of Spartina alterniflora replacing Phragmites australis did not greatly influence soil traits, biomass accumulation or plant-soil C and N storing capacity. However, the resulting higher ability to store P in both soil and standing plant biomass (approximately more than 70 and 15 kg P by ha, respectively) in the invasive than in the native tall grass communities suggesting the possibility of a decrease in the ecosystem N:P ratio with future consequences to below- and aboveground trophic chains. The results also showed that a future advance in the native mangrove replacement by Spartina alterniflora could constitute a serious environmental problem. This includes enrichment of sand in the soil, with the consequent loss of nutrient retention capacity, as well as a sharp decrease in the stocks of C (2.6 and 2.2 t C ha[-1] in soil and stand biomass, respectively), N, and P in the plant-soil system. This should be associated with a worsening of the water quality by aggravating potential eutrophication processes. Moreover, the loss of carbon and nutrient decreases the potential overall fertility of the system, strongly hampering the reestablishment of woody mangrove communities in the future.}, }
@article {pmid30344634, year = {2018}, author = {Lehnert, SJ and DiBacco, C and Jeffery, NW and Blakeslee, AMH and Isaksson, J and Roman, J and Wringe, BF and Stanley, RRE and Matheson, K and McKenzie, CH and Hamilton, LC and Bradbury, IR}, title = {Temporal dynamics of genetic clines of invasive European green crab (Carcinus maenas) in eastern North America.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {1656-1670}, pmid = {30344634}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Two genetically distinct lineages of European green crabs (Carcinus maenas) were independently introduced to eastern North America, the first in the early 19th century and the second in the late 20th century. These lineages first came into secondary contact in southeastern Nova Scotia, Canada (NS), where they hybridized, producing latitudinal genetic clines. Previous studies have documented a persistent southward shift in the clines of different marker types, consistent with existing dispersal and recruitment pathways. We evaluated current clinal structure by quantifying the distribution of lineages and fine-scale hybridization patterns across the eastern North American range (25 locations, ~39 to 49°N) using informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; n = 96). In addition, temporal changes in the genetic clines were evaluated using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite loci (n = 9-11) over a 15-year period (2000-2015). Clinal structure was consistent with prior work demonstrating the existence of both northern and southern lineages with a hybrid zone occurring between southern New Brunswick (NB) and southern NS. Extensive later generation hybrids were detected in this region and in southeastern Newfoundland. Temporal genetic analysis confirmed the southward progression of clines over time; however, the rate of this progression was slower than predicted by forecasting models, and current clines for all marker types deviated significantly from these predictions. Our results suggest that neutral and selective processes contribute to cline dynamics, and ultimately, highlight how selection, hybridization, and dispersal can collectively influence invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid30344631, year = {2018}, author = {Diedericks, G and Henriques, R and von der Heyden, S and Weyl, OLF and Hui, C}, title = {The ghost of introduction past: Spatial and temporal variability in the genetic diversity of invasive smallmouth bass.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {1609-1629}, pmid = {30344631}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Understanding the demographic history of introduced populations is essential for unravelling their invasive potential and adaptability to a novel environment. To this end, levels of genetic diversity within the native and invasive range of a species are often compared. Most studies, however, focus solely on contemporary samples, relying heavily on the premise that the historic population structure within the native range has been maintained over time. Here, we assess this assumption by conducting a three-way comparison of the genetic diversity of native (historic and contemporary) and invasive (contemporary) smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) populations. Analyses of a total of 572 M. dolomieu samples, representing the contemporary invasive South African range, contemporary and historical native USA range (dating back to the 1930s when these fish were first introduced into South Africa), revealed that the historical native range had higher genetic diversity levels when compared to both contemporary native and invasive ranges. These results suggest that both contemporary populations experienced a recent genetic bottleneck. Furthermore, the invasive range displayed significant population structure, whereas both historical and contemporary native US populations revealed higher levels of admixture. Comparison of contemporary and historical samples showed both a historic introduction of M. dolomieu and a more recent introduction, thereby demonstrating that undocumented introductions of this species have occurred. Although multiple introductions might have contributed to the high levels of genetic diversity in the invaded range, we discuss alternative factors that may have been responsible for the elevated levels of genetic diversity and highlight the importance of incorporating historic specimens into demographic analyses.}, }
@article {pmid30344630, year = {2018}, author = {Tang, Q and Low, GW and Lim, JY and Gwee, CY and Rheindt, FE}, title = {Human activities and landscape features interact to closely define the distribution and dispersal of an urban commensal.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {1598-1608}, pmid = {30344630}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The rock pigeon, Columba livia, is a cosmopolitan human commensal, domesticated thousands of years ago. However, the human-mediated factors governing its distribution and dispersal are not well understood. In this study, we performed (a) hierarchical distance sampling on ~400 island-wide point transects, (b) a population genomic inquiry based on ~7,000 SNPs from almost 150 individuals, and (c) landscape genomic analyses on the basis of extensive ecological and socio-economic databases to characterize the distribution and dispersal patterns of rock pigeons across Singapore. Our distance sampling results indicated that the volume of intentional "mercy feeding" and availability of high-rise buildings are the most reliable predictors of high pigeon densities in Singapore. Genomic analyses demonstrated that rock pigeons in Singapore form a single population possibly derived from rapid expansion from a genetically homogenous group of founder individuals. In specific, rock pigeons in Singapore lack sex-biased dispersal and are clustered with a genetic patch size of ~3 km. Landscape genomic analyses of great precision pointed to the presence of dense trees as agents of resistance to dispersal, whereas a high road density reduces this resistance. By pinpointing a range of ecological and socio-economic variables determining the distribution and dispersal of pigeons, our study provides urban planners with the tools for optimal management of this human commensal, such as a curtailment of the practice of mercy feeding and modifications to the urban landscape to reduce pigeon density and to lower the likelihood of repopulation by dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid30344629, year = {2018}, author = {Guzinski, J and Ballenghien, M and Daguin-Thiébaut, C and Lévêque, L and Viard, F}, title = {Population genomics of the introduced and cultivated Pacific kelp Undaria pinnatifida: Marinas-not farms-drive regional connectivity and establishment in natural rocky reefs.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {1582-1597}, pmid = {30344629}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Ports and farms are well-known primary introduction hot spots for marine non-indigenous species (NIS). The extent to which these anthropogenic habitats are sustainable sources of propagules and influence the evolution of NIS in natural habitats was examined in the edible seaweed Undaria pinnatifida, native to Asia and introduced to Europe in the 1970s. Following its deliberate introduction 40 years ago along the French coast of the English Channel, this kelp is now found in three contrasting habitat types: farms, marinas and natural rocky reefs. In the light of the continuous spread of this NIS, it is imperative to better understand the processes behind its sustainable establishment in the wild. In addition, developing effective management plans to curtail the spread of U. pinnatifida requires determining how the three types of populations interact with one another. In addition to an analysis using microsatellite markers, we developed, for the first time in a kelp, a ddRAD-sequencing technique to genotype 738 individuals sampled in 11 rocky reefs, 12 marinas, and two farms located along ca. 1,000 km of coastline. As expected, the RAD-seq panel showed more power than the microsatellite panel for identifying fine-grained patterns. However, both panels demonstrated habitat-specific properties of the study populations. In particular, farms displayed very low genetic diversity and no inbreeding conversely to populations in marinas and natural rocky reefs. In addition, strong, but chaotic regional genetic structure, was revealed, consistent with human-mediated dispersal (e.g., leisure boating). We also uncovered a tight relationship between populations in rocky reefs and those in nearby marinas, but not with nearby farms, suggesting spillover from marinas into the wild. At last, a temporal survey spanning 20 generations showed that wild populations are now self-sustaining, albeit there was no evidence for local adaptation to any of the three habitats. These findings highlight that limiting the spread of U. pinnatifida requires efficient management policies that also target marinas.}, }
@article {pmid30343371, year = {2018}, author = {Li, J and Lai, Y and Xie, R and Ding, X and Wu, C}, title = {Sediment phosphorus speciation and retention process affected by invasion time of Spartina alterniflora in a subtropical coastal wetland of China.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {25}, number = {35}, pages = {35365-35375}, pmid = {30343371}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {2016J05096//Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology/ ; JK2017011//Department of Education, Fujian Province/ ; 2016R1032-1//Special Research Project of Public Institutes of Fujian Province/ ; 201810394065//Provincial College Students' Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program/ ; }, mesh = {Carbon/analysis ; China ; Ecosystem ; Estuaries ; Eutrophication ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorus/*analysis ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {In coastal wetland ecosystems, most phosphorus (P) accumulates in the sediments and becomes a major pollutant causing eutrophication by recycling to the water column in estuary areas, especially exotic plant invasions will change the nutrient cycling. In this study, a large wetland invaded by exotic species Spartina alterniflora for over 15 years was selected to study the sediment P fractionation and its retention for different plant invasion periods. The samples were collected from east to west in September and the sediment P was fractionated into total P (TP), inorganic P (IP), iron/aluminum-bound P (Fe/Al-P), calcium-bound P (Ca-P), and organic P (OP). Additionally, the effect of the invasion period on the wetland P fractionation based on space-time reciprocal principle was investigated. For different S. alterniflora invasion periods, the average TP concentration was 675.37 mg kg[-1] with a range of 160.33-1071 mg kg[-1]. The IP concentration was in the range of 107.33-813.33 mg kg[-1] (accounting for 54.4-79.5% of TP), of which Fe/Al-P and Ca-P represented up to 99.4%. In addition, the P retention (RP) was within 41.67-329.67 mg kg[-1]. We also found that TP, IP, Fe/Al-P, Ca-P, OP, and RP in sediments were negatively correlated with pH (p < 0.05), and were also significantly positively correlated (p < 0.01) with water content and electrical conductivity. There were positive correlations between the various forms of P in the sediments (p < 0.01). However, the most important finding was that invasion time of S. alterniflora had a direct effect on the P speciation and three stages were determined. In the first stage, S. alterniflora mainly consumed the OP of the sediment. In the second stage, S. alterniflora showed great vitality and biological immobilization led to the transforming of IP to OP. In the third stage, all P fractions greatly decreased to values even lower than for the bare beach which indicated that S. alterniflora growth had begun to degenerate. These three stages well explained the P seemingly contradictory increases and decreases apparent in previous studies and provide important information for understanding the effect of S. alterniflora invasion.}, }
@article {pmid30340347, year = {2018}, author = {Del Coco, L and Felline, S and Girelli, CR and Angilè, F and Magliozzi, L and Almada, F and D'Aniello, B and Mollo, E and Terlizzi, A and Fanizzi, FP}, title = {[1]H NMR Spectroscopy and MVA to Evaluate the Effects of Caulerpin-Based Diet on Diplodus sargus Lipid Profiles.}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {30340347}, issn = {1660-3397}, mesh = {Animals ; Caulerpa/*chemistry ; Chlorophyta/*toxicity ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3/analysis/metabolism ; Food Chain ; Indoles/*toxicity ; Introduced Species ; Lipid Metabolism/*drug effects ; Mediterranean Sea ; Metabolomics/methods ; Multivariate Analysis ; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Sea Bream/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The biological invasion of the green algae Caulerpa cylindracea represents a serious scientific and public issue in the Mediterranean Sea, essentially due to strong modifications both to habitat structure and native benthic communities. Although alterations in health status and changes in flesh quality of some marine species (dietary exposed to C. cylindracea) have been observed, no studies on cause-effect relationships have been carried out. Here, for the first time, through a controlled feeding experiment followed by [1]H NMR Spectroscopy and multivariate analysis (PCA, OPLS-DA), we showed that caulerpin taken with diet is directly responsible of changes observed in metabolic profile of fish flesh, including alteration of lipid metabolism, in particular with a reduction of ω3 PUFA content. The potential of caulerpin to directly modulate lipid metabolism opens up new questions about causal mechanism triggered by algal metabolite also in view of a possible exploitation in the nutraceutical/medical field.}, }
@article {pmid30339544, year = {2018}, author = {Rebelo, AJ and Emsens, WJ and Esler, KJ and Meire, P}, title = {Quantification of water purification in South African palmiet wetlands.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {78}, number = {5-6}, pages = {1199-1207}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2018.389}, pmid = {30339544}, issn = {0273-1223}, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; South Africa ; Water ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry ; *Water Purification ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Despite the importance of water purification to society, it is one of the more difficult wetland ecosystem services to quantify. It remains an issue in ecosystem service assessments where rapid estimates are needed, and poor-quality indicators are overused. We attempted to quantify the water purification service of South African palmiet wetlands (valley-bottom peatlands highly threatened by agriculture). First, we used an instantaneous catchment-scale mass balance sampling approach, which compared the fate of various water quality parameters over degraded and pristine sections of palmiet wetlands. We found that pristine palmiet wetlands acted as a sink for water, major cations, anions, dissolved silicon and nutrients, though there was relatively high variation in these trends. There are important limitations to this catchment-scale approach, including the fact that at this large scale there are multiple mechanisms (internal wetland processes as well as external inputs) at work that are impossible to untangle with limited data. Therefore, secondly, we performed a small field-scale field survey of a wetland fragment to corroborate the catchment-scale results. There was a reasonable level of agreement between the results of the two techniques. We conclude that it appears possible to estimate the water purification function of these valley-bottom wetlands using this catchment-scale approach.}, }
@article {pmid30333265, year = {2018}, author = {Damas-Moreira, I and Oliveira, D and Santos, JL and Riley, JL and Harris, DJ and Whiting, MJ}, title = {Learning from others: an invasive lizard uses social information from both conspecifics and heterospecifics.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {30333265}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Appetitive Behavior ; Cues ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/*physiology ; Portugal ; Social Learning ; }, abstract = {Species that are able to solve novel problems through social learning from either a conspecific or a heterospecific may gain a significant advantage in new environments. We tested the ability of a highly successful invasive species, the Italian wall lizard Podarcis sicula, to solve a novel foraging task when social information was available from both a conspecific and an unfamiliar heterospecific (Podarcis bocagei). We found that Italian wall lizards that had access to social information made fewer errors, regardless of whether the demonstrator was a conspecific or a heterospecific, compared to Italian wall lizards that individually learnt the same task. We suggest that social learning could be a previously underappreciated, advantageous mechanism facilitating invasions.}, }
@article {pmid30326641, year = {2018}, author = {Manley, M and Melzer, MJ and Spafford, H}, title = {Oviposition Preferences and Behavior of Wild-Caught and Laboratory-Reared Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), in Relation to Substrate Particle Size.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {30326641}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), has become one of the most important coconut and oil palm pests. This species was detected attacking coconut palms on O'ahu, Hawai'i in December 2013, and an eradication program was initiated. One of the major challenges for eradication has been the identification of new breeding sites. Information on the factors influencing oviposition is needed to aid in finding sites likely to host the immature stages of this insect. In this study, a series of choice tests were conducted to assess the oviposition preferences of both laboratory-reared and wild-caught CRB. Mated females, of both lab-reared and wild-caught beetles, were offered for oviposition a choice between sand and two mulch substrates, one with small and one with large particle sizes. Both types of CRB laid eggs preferentially in substrate of small particle size rather than large and none laid eggs in sand. Lab-reared and wild-caught CRB differed in their oviposition behavior and size. These results can be used to aid in the identification of breeding sites for management programs and eradication efforts.}, }
@article {pmid30326333, year = {2019}, author = {Dommanget, F and Evette, A and Breton, V and Daumergue, N and Forestier, O and Poupart, P and Martin, FM and Navas, ML}, title = {Fast-growing willows significantly reduce invasive knotweed spread.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {231}, number = {}, pages = {1-9}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.004}, pmid = {30326333}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Fallopia japonica ; Plant Leaves ; *Polygonum ; *Salix ; }, abstract = {Competitive interactions seem to play a major role in invasive plant success. However, they have mostly been addressed through the invader impacts on other species of the plant community and rarely through the way plant communities can contain alien species. Understanding such mechanisms would help in designing restoration projects using plant community competitive properties to control invasive populations. In this study, we looked at the role of competitive interactions in the success of Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decraene using a native willow frequently used in bioengineering techniques: Salix viminalis L. S. viminalis has a high growth rate and is, as such, a potential candidate to compete with F. japonica in restoration projects of invaded areas. Both species were grown in semi-controlled conditions in mesocosms (truck dumpsters), alone or in competition. Morphological traits (plant height, specific leaf area) as well as biomass (aboveground and underground) were measured on each species during two growing seasons. We also quantified spatial expansion of F. japonica. Even under a dense canopy of S. viminalis, F. japonica was able to survive and grow. However, its performance was significantly reduced compared to monocultures and its spatial colonization was less extended. Although S. viminalis biomass was affected by F. japonica, F. japonica expressed competitive stress through a modification of ramet density and height. There was no significant effect of F. japonica on S. viminalis height, enabling this species to dominate. Synthesis and applications: We conclude that S. viminalis succeeded in reducing F. japonica growth by developing a competitive canopy. Bioengineering techniques aiming at restoring a competitive neighborhood can control F. japonica. However, F. japonica's broad underground extension should be taken into account in any management strategy in order to successfully limit its development and spatial spread.}, }
@article {pmid30326286, year = {2019}, author = {Silva-Luz, CLD and Pirani, JR and Mitchell, JD and Daly, D and Capelli, NDV and Demarco, D and Pell, SK and Plunkett, GM}, title = {Phylogeny of Schinus L. (Anacardiaceae) with a new infrageneric classification and insights into evolution of spinescence and floral traits.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {133}, number = {}, pages = {302-351}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.013}, pmid = {30326286}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Anacardiaceae/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Base Sequence ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Flowers/*anatomy &amp; histology ; *Phylogeny ; Plastids/genetics ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; }, abstract = {Schinus, best known by its few cultivated and invasive species, is the largest genus of Anacardiaceae in southern South America. It is remarkably diverse compared to closely related genera, with approximately 42 species, most of which occur in several arid vegetation types and extend into Andean and Atlantic moist forests. The most comprehensive taxonomic revision of the genus dates to 1957, recognizing S. subg. Schinus and S. subg. Duvaua, the latter of which were further divided into two sections. Subsequent studies have highlighted morphological inconsistencies in this infrageneric classification, and species delimitation remains a challenge. Schinus has been poorly sampled in previous phylogenetic studies of Anacardiaceae, and thus any assumptions about its monophyly and relationships remain untested. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships of 44 Schinus taxa and sampled 122 specimens, including the outgroup, using nine nuclear and two plastid DNA sequence regions, most of them developed recently for Commiphora (Burseraceae, sister to Anacardiaceae). We used maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference to infer relationships among species. We also constructed a morphological dataset, including vegetative anatomical features, and compared these characters to hypotheses based on molecular evidence in order to achieve a better understanding of the relationships among the species of Schinus and to related genera, aiming also to identify morphological characters and putative synapomorphies for major clades, and to discuss hypotheses regarding the evolution of structural traits in the genus. Our analyses strongly support the monophyly of Schinus, but also indicate that S. subg. Schinus and the sections of S. subg. Duvaua are polyphyletic. The phylogenetic relationships that emerged from our analyses include eight relatively well-supported lineages, but relationships among closely related species remain unclear in some clades. Ancestral state reconstructions demonstrate that several morphological and leaf-anatomical characters are valuable in characterizing some lineages. By contrast, most of the traits that have traditionally been used to circumscribe groups in Schinus show high levels of homoplasy. In light of these results, we present a novel sectional classification of Schinus based on a combination of character states associated with geographic distribution, corresponding to lineages that are mostly allopatric or at least ecologically distinct.}, }
@article {pmid30325569, year = {2018}, author = {Helliwell, EE and Faber-Hammond, J and Lopez, ZC and Garoutte, A and von Wettberg, E and Friesen, ML and Porter, SS}, title = {Rapid establishment of a flowering cline in Medicago polymorpha after invasion of North America.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {23}, pages = {4758-4774}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14898}, pmid = {30325569}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Flowers/*physiology ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Medicago/*genetics/physiology ; North America ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; }, abstract = {To establish and spread in a new location, an invasive species must be able to carry out its life cycle in novel environmental conditions. A key trait underlying fitness is the shift from vegetative to reproductive growth through floral development. In this study, we used a common garden experiment and genotyping-by-sequencing to test whether the latitudinal flowering cline of the North American invasive plant Medicago polymorpha was translocated from its European native range through multiple introductions, or whether the cline rapidly established due to evolution following a genetic bottleneck. Analysis of flowering time in 736 common garden plants showed a latitudinal flowering time cline in both the native and invaded ranges where genotypes from lower latitudes flowered earlier. Genotyping-by-sequencing of 9,658 SNPs in 446 individuals revealed two major subpopulations of M. polymorpha in the native range, only one of which is present in the invaded range. Additionally, native range populations have higher genetic diversity than invaded range populations, suggesting that a genetic bottleneck occurred during invasion. All invaded range individuals are closely related to plants collected from native range populations in Portugal and southern Spain, and population assignment tests assigned invaded range individuals to this same narrow source region. Taken together, our results suggest that latitudinal clinal variation in flowering time has rapidly evolved across the invaded range despite a genetic bottleneck following introduction.}, }
@article {pmid30325174, year = {2018}, author = {Xie, BH and Han, GX}, title = {Control of invasive Spartina alterniflora: A review.}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {10}, pages = {3464-3476}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201810.006}, pmid = {30325174}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Poaceae ; }, abstract = {Spartina alterniflora has important ecological functions in its original place, such as bank protection and land reclamation, but often has negative impacts on the local ecosystem after it is introduced into new areas. This species is often considered as an invasive one. The invasion and control of S. alterniflora have caused a great concern. We reviewed the latest research progresses in the prevention and control of S. alterniflora from six different perspectives, including physical control, chemical control, biological control, biological substitution control, integrated control, and control strategies. The theoretical basis, technical details, control effect and environmental impact of the six kinds of control technologies were analyzed. We pointed out the shortcomings of existing control technologies and proposed some suggestions such as targeted control of different ecological risk zones.}, }
@article {pmid30325075, year = {2019}, author = {Giakoumi, S and Pey, A and Di Franco, A and Francour, P and Kizilkaya, Z and Arda, Y and Raybaud, V and Guidetti, P}, title = {Exploring the relationships between marine protected areas and invasive fish in the world's most invaded sea.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {e01809}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1809}, pmid = {30325075}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are an essential tool for marine biodiversity conservation. Yet, their effectiveness in protecting marine ecosystems from global stressors is debated. Biological invasions are a major driver of global change, causing biodiversity loss and altering ecosystem functioning. Here, we explored the relationships between MPAs and alien/native range-expanding fishes in the Mediterranean Sea, the world's most invaded sea. We surveyed fish and benthic communities in nine MPAs and adjacent unprotected areas across six countries. In the South and Eastern Mediterranean MPAs, the biomass of alien and native range-expanding fishes often exceeded 50% of the total fish biomass. Conversely, in the North and Western Mediterranean, alien fishes were absent. A negative relationship was found between native and alien species richness. Average and minimum sea surface temperature (SST) over six consecutive years were positively correlated with the total biomass of alien species; no alien fishes were recorded below 20.5°C average SST and 13.8°C minimum SST. We also found a negative relationship between alien fishes' biomass and the distance from the Suez Canal, which is the main pathway for the introduction of alien fish in the Mediterranean Sea. The biomass of alien and native range-expanding fishes was found to be higher in the South and Eastern Mediterranean MPAs than in adjacent unprotected areas. The association of barrens (rocky reefs deprived of vegetation) and invasive herbivores was observed at all eastern sites, regardless of protection status. Currently, the level of fishing pressure exerted on alien and native range-expanding fishes seems to be the most influential factor determining the lower biomass of invasive fishes at unprotected sites compared to MPAs. Our findings suggest that complementary management actions, such as species-targeted removals, should be taken in MPAs to effectively control invasive fish populations.}, }
@article {pmid30324708, year = {2019}, author = {Snow, NP and Lavelle, MJ and Halseth, JM and Glow, MP and VanNatta, EH and Davis, AJ and Pepin, KM and Tabor, RT and Leland, BR and Staples, LD and VerCauteren, KC}, title = {Exposure of a population of invasive wild pigs to simulated toxic bait containing biomarker: implications for population reduction.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {75}, number = {4}, pages = {1140-1149}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5235}, pmid = {30324708}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomarkers/analysis ; *Eating ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Pest Control ; Population Dynamics ; Rhodamines/*analysis ; Sus scrofa/*physiology ; Texas ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: An international effort to develop an acute and humane toxic bait for invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) is underway to curtail their expansion. We evaluated the ability to expose a population of wild pigs to a simulated toxic bait (i.e., placebo bait containing a biomarker, rhodamine B, in lieu of the toxic ingredient) to gain insight on potential population reduction. We used 28 GPS-collars and sampled 428 wild pigs to examine their vibrissae for evidence of consuming the bait.<br><br>RESULTS: We estimated that 91% of wild pigs within 0.75&#x2009;km of bait sites (total area&#xa0;=&#xa0;16.8&#xa0;km[2]) consumed the simulated toxic bait, exposing them to possible lethal effects. Bait sites spaced 0.75-1.5&#xa0;km apart achieved optimal delivery of the bait, but wild pigs ranging &#x2265;&#xa0;3&#xa0;km away were susceptible. Use of wild pig-specific bait stations resulted in no non-target species directly accessing the bait.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Results demonstrate the potential for exposing a large proportion of wild pigs to a toxic bait in similar ecosystems. Toxic baits may be an effective tool for reducing wild pig populations especially if used as part of an integrated pest management strategy. Investigation of risks associated with a field-deployment of the toxic bait is needed. &#xa9; 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid30324686, year = {2019}, author = {Yang, Q and Liu, S and He, C and Cowie, RH and Yu, X and Hayes, KA}, title = {Invisible apple snail invasions: importance of continued vigilance and rigorous taxonomic assessments.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {75}, number = {5}, pages = {1277-1286}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5241}, pmid = {30324686}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {2017YFF0210200, 2018YFC0809200//China National Key Research and Development Program/ ; 31800462//The National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; DEB 0949061//US National Science Foundation/ ; OISE-1130694//US National Science Foundation/ ; 2017YCGC006//Yucai Project of the Zhejiang Association for Science and Technology Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; *Introduced Species ; *Malus ; Phylogeny ; Snails/*classification/genetics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Due to the similarities of overall shell morphology among apple snail species and considerable variability within species, substantial taxonomic confusion has plagued the accurate identification of Pomacea species. Many invasive apple snails have been mistakenly identified as P. canaliculata since their introduction to Asia around 1980. In 2008, three other introduced species in addition to P. canaliculata were recognized. In 2013, a fifth, previously unrecognized lineage was reported from China, indicating that despite the taxonomic clarity brought by previous work, continued surveys and taxonomic research are necessary to prevent additional introductions and continued spread, as well as to develop effective management strategies.<br><br>RESULTS: Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial COI sequences confirmed the presence of a widespread unidentified Pomacea lineage in China. All sequences from samples of this newly documented lineage were recovered in a monophyletic clade delineated from closely related species; however, different DNA barcoding methods yielded inconsistent species boundaries. Additionally, nuclear EF1&#x3b1; sequences indicated incomplete lineage sorting or recent hybridization of the unidentified lineage with the other two established species.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Barcoding is a valuable tool for species discovery, and a powerful approach for delineating introduced species. However, determining the identity of the newly discovered invasive lineage in China will require an integrated taxonomic approach incorporating individuals from the native range, and examination of natural history collections at museums around the world. To manage and prevent additional spread of already established species, and to stop the introduction of new taxa, continued monitoring and rigorous taxonomic assessments must be undertaken. &#xa9; 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid30323835, year = {2018}, author = {Weterings, R and Vetter, KC}, title = {Invasive house geckos (hemidactylus spp.): their current, potential and future distribution.}, journal = {Current zoology}, volume = {64}, number = {5}, pages = {559-573}, pmid = {30323835}, issn = {1674-5507}, abstract = {In this study, we identified the current distribution of five globally distributed invasive Hemidactylus species and predicted their potential and future distribution using species distribution models based on climate and elevation data. These species included H. brookii, H. frenatus, H. garnotii, H. mabouia, and H. turcicus. We show that many regions with tropical and Mediterranean climates are suitable for most of these species. However, their current and potential distributions suggest that climate is not the only limiting factor. We hypothesize that climatic conditions may affect competition and other interactions resulting in a segregated distribution of the studied Hemidactylus species. As an effect of global climate change it is likely that H. brookii will expand its range to areas that are currently colonized by H. mabouia and/or H. frenatus, while H. turcicus is likely to expand its range to areas that are not yet invaded by any Hemidactylus species. The role of species interactions in the range expansion of these five Hemidactylus species still remains poorly understood, but could be of major importance in understanding and managing these invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30321722, year = {2019}, author = {Robinson, LA and Blincow, HL and Culhane, FE and O'Higgins, T}, title = {Identifying barriers, conflict and opportunity in managing aquatic ecosystems.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {651}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {1992-2002}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.020}, pmid = {30321722}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Human Activities ; *Lakes ; Northern Ireland ; Socioeconomic Factors ; }, abstract = {Inland aquatic ecosystems play an important part in the delivery and support of ecosystem services. However, these ecosystems are subject to stressors associated with human activities such as invasive species introduction and landscape alteration. There is a delicate balance between maintaining good status of the ecosystem whilst meeting the needs of those stakeholders dependent on the ecosystem services it supplies, and where there are many different stakeholders, each with different aspirations and dependencies on the ecosystem, it can be difficult to strike a balance on suitable management measures to put in place. A better understanding of the interactions between the human and ecological functions of the ecosystem (a socio-ecological systems (SES) approach) can enable an effective dialogue to be opened to secure management solutions of best fit. In this study we took a SES approach to explore the dependencies and interactions in the Lough Erne catchment with a range of stakeholders representing the use of the Lough. In particular, we explored how individual stakeholder goals were perceived to be affected by both the biodiversity and activities found in the catchment. Results suggest there are distinct components deemed integral to the success of stakeholder goals in this system, including 'key habitat components' and 'policy relevant species', as well as activities associated with 'conservation and recreation' and 'scientific research'. Those components which were seen to limit the potential achievement of most goals included invasive species, and in particular, more recently introduced invasives, as well as extractive industries. Consideration of the similarity in goals based on their perceived interactions with the activities and biodiversity of the system indicated that there were shared dependencies between some stakeholders, but also differences that highlight the potential for conflict. Future management scenarios should take consideration of the key limiting and enabling factors identified here.}, }
@article {pmid30318309, year = {2019}, author = {Kraus, R and Ninčević-Gladan, &#x17d; and Auriemma, R and Bastianini, M and Bolognini, L and Cabrini, M and Cara, M and Čalić, M and Campanelli, A and Cvitković, I and Despalatović, M and Dragičević, B and Drakulović, D and Dulčić, J and Flander-Putrle, V and Grati, F and Grego, M and Grilli, F and Jaklin, A and Janeković, I and Kolitari, J and Lipej, L and Magaletti, E and Marini, M and Matić-Skoko, S and Mavrič, B and Mikuš, J and Mozetič, P and Orlando-Bonaca, M and Petović, S and Precali, R and Supić, N and Trabucco, B and Travizi, A and Žuljević, A}, title = {Strategy of port baseline surveys (PBS) in the Adriatic Sea.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {147}, number = {}, pages = {47-58}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.067}, pmid = {30318309}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Biological Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Ships ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Port baseline surveys (PBS) provide species inventories in and around ports, with a focus on non-indigenous species that may have been introduced by vessels, primarily via ballast water. PBS are an essential tool to support effective management strategies for non-indigenous as well as native harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens (HAOP). This paper describes the methodology of PBS that were conducted in 12 Adriatic ports. The PBS employed existing protocols that were adapted to meet the characteristics of the Adriatic sites. Their results are reported in several papers included in this special issue, each of which is devoted to a specific community. An overview of existing surveys protocols - which provide valuable support to decision-making and to design effective monitoring of non-indigenous species - is also supplied.}, }
@article {pmid30317388, year = {2018}, author = {Brzeziński, M and Chibowski, P and Gornia, J and Górecki, G and Zalewski, A}, title = {Spatio-temporal variation in nesting success of colonial waterbirds under the impact of a non-native invasive predator.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {188}, number = {4}, pages = {1037-1047}, pmid = {30317388}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; Breeding ; *Nesting Behavior ; Predatory Behavior ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Colonial breeding in birds provides protection from predators and may be particularly important when birds have to cope with an invasive predator. The probability of nest predation in a colony can vary depending on several factors, such as the nest's location in the colony and the level of aggregation of nests. We studied the nesting success of colonial great crested grebes and monitored the occurrence of the non-native invasive American mink in the colony. From among 92 grebe nests, 54.3% were successful. The daily survival rate (DSR) of grebe nests was positively affected by the increasing distance between the nest and lake shoreline, and negatively affected by the increasing distance between the nest and the five nearest grebe nests. The probability of mink occurrence in the colony increased with consecutive days of the breeding season and decreased with increasing distance from the lake shoreline. The DSR of grebe nests decreased with the increasing probability of mink occurrence along the shoreline distance gradient and the day of the breeding season. The results of the study confirm the impact of the American mink on waterbirds during the breeding season but also indicate that large breeding colonies are partially safe from mink predation, and that nest accessibility and the dilution effect influence the probability of nest survival. Our data suggest that the limited access to safe breeding sites on large lakes that can supply adult grebes and their chicks with food may affect bird productivity and population numbers at the landscape level.}, }
@article {pmid30315584, year = {2019}, author = {Morrissey-McCaffrey, E and Shephard, S and Kelly, FL and Kelly-Quinn, M}, title = {Non-native species and lake warming negatively affect Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus abundance; deep thermal refugia facilitate co-existence.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {94}, number = {1}, pages = {5-16}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13837}, pmid = {30315584}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//Inland Fisheries Ireland and the Irish Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Competitive Behavior ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Ireland ; Lakes ; Perches/*physiology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Refugium ; *Temperature ; Trout/*physiology ; }, abstract = {This study finds that non-native species and warming temperatures have significant negative effects on Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus abundance in Irish lakes. Eutrophication was not important at the range of total phosphorus tested (0.005-0.023 mg l[-1]). Model results predict that S. alpinus occur across the temperature range sampled (8.2-19.7°C) when non-natives are absent, but S. alpinus catch is predicted to be close to zero irrespective of temperature when non-native catch is high. This result indicates that to persist, S. alpinus may require a habitat where non-natives are at low abundance or absent. Salvelinus alpinus segregated from other species along the thermal axis, inhabiting significantly colder water and actively avoided non-native species, which appeared to limit their distribution. The thermal niche realized by S. alpinus in non-native dominated lakes was thus compressed relative to native dominated lakes and S. alpinus population density was significantly lower. These findings were consistent even when the only non-native present was Perca fluviatilis. Temperature appeared to limit the distribution of non-native species, such that the presence of deep thermal refugia is currently facilitating S. alpinus co-existence with non-natives in associated lakes. Diet analysis identified P. fluviatilis as potential predators and competitors. This study provides strong evidence that non-native species are a key driver of low S. alpinus abundance in Irish lakes. Temperature increases associated with climate change are identified as a secondary concern, as they could erode S. alpinus' thermal niche and lead to their extirpation. The lower thermal buffering capacity of shallow lakes identifies these as higher risk systems. Salvelinus alpinus conservation in Ireland should focus on preventing future illegal non-native species introductions because unlike other stressors (e.g., eutrophication etc.), species introductions are rarely reversible.}, }
@article {pmid30315517, year = {2018}, author = {Zhong, L and Wang, M and Li, D and Tang, S and Zhang, T and Bian, W and Chen, X}, title = {Complete mitochondrial genome of freshwater goby Rhinogobius cliffordpopei (Perciformes, Gobiidae): genome characterization and phylogenetic analysis.}, journal = {Genes &amp; genomics}, volume = {40}, number = {11}, pages = {1137-1148}, pmid = {30315517}, issn = {2092-9293}, support = {CARS-46//China Agriculture Research System/International ; 2014-NY-008//Human Resources and Social Security of Jiangsu Province/International ; ZYHB16-3//Major project of hydrobios resources in Jiangsu province/International ; 2015-2016//Inland Water Fishery Resources Monitoring Program of Jiangsu Province/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Fish Proteins/genetics ; Genes, rRNA ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Perciformes/classification/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Transfer/genetics ; }, abstract = {Freshwater gobies Rhinogobius cliffordpopei and R. giurinus are invasive species with particular concern because they have become dominant and were fierce competitors in the invaded areas in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (southwest of China). Information about genetic characteristics of R. giurinus have been published, but there were still no relevant reports about R. cliffordpopei. In present study, the complete mitochondrial genome of R. cliffordpopei was determined, which was 16,511 bp in length with A + T content of 51.1%, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, 2 ribosomal RNAs, and a control region. The gene composition and the structural arrangement of the R. cliffordpopei complete mtDNA were identical to most of other teleosts. Phylogenetic analyses placed R. cliffordpopei in a well-supported monophyletic cluster with other Rhinogobius fish. But the phylogenetic relationship between genus Rhinogobius and Tridentiger remained to be resolved.}, }
@article {pmid30314792, year = {2018}, author = {d'Ovidio, D and Pirrone, F}, title = {A cross-sectional survey to evaluate the pet squirrel population and ownership profiles.}, journal = {Preventive veterinary medicine}, volume = {159}, number = {}, pages = {65-71}, doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.08.018}, pmid = {30314792}, issn = {1873-1716}, mesh = {Animal Welfare/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Animals ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Europe ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Ownership/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Pets ; Sciuridae ; }, abstract = {While the presence of squirrels in households is growing, little data is published on their status in captivity. A web-based questionnaire for owners was devised eliciting information about them, their squirrels and their squirrels' husbandry and health. One hundred owners answered the survey, with most respondents being located in Europe (n = 81). Only data from these respondents were analysed. Twenty-five percents of the owners housed an invasive non-native species of European Union concern (S. carolinensis and T. sibiricus), some of which were younger than three years of age and all but one were sexually intact. This is of particular concern, as the acquisition of these invasive species is illegal since 2015 (European Union Regulation 1143/2014), due to the severe threats they pose to biodiversity. Moreover, escapes derived from improper keeping of intact specimens may augment feral populations or establish new colonies. Among 81 cases, only 5% were neutered, mostly for health reasons. Sixty-three percents of the squirrels had health problems, particularly dermatologic (52%) and intestinal disorders (34%). Most owners reported to visit the veterinarian only if their pet was ill rather than for preventive care. This is the first survey on pet squirrel ownership reported to date. Information that emerges from this study will be useful in implementing rational veterinary strategies for managing pet squirrels properly and, in parallel, meeting the challenges arising from private keeping of alien species.}, }
@article {pmid30314636, year = {2018}, author = {Wright, JT and Holmes, ZC and Byers, JE}, title = {Stronger positive association between an invasive crab and a native intertidal ecosystem engineer with increasing wave exposure.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {142}, number = {}, pages = {124-129}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.09.025}, pmid = {30314636}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Anomura/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Polychaeta/*physiology ; Population Density ; *Tidal Waves ; }, abstract = {Ecosystem engineers are predicted to have stronger facilitative effects when environmental stress is higher. Here we examined whether facilitation of the invasive porcelain crab Petrolisthes elongatus by the ecosystem engineering serpulid tube worm Galeolaria caespitosa increased with wave exposure. Petrolisthes occurs beneath intertidal boulders which often have a high cover of Galeolaria on their underside. Surveys across nine sites demonstrated Petrolisthes abundance beneath boulders increased with wave exposure and Galeolaria cover, although only when the habitat matrix beneath boulders was rock or mixed rock and sand. Moreover, as wave exposure increased, the strength of relationship between Petrolisthes abundance and the surface area of Galeolaria also increased. Experimentally, the presence of Galeolaria on the underside of boulders increased Petrolisthes abundance by 50% compared to boulders lacking Galeolaria. Our findings suggest the facilitative role of Galeolaria is stronger at more wave-exposed sites, which appears to contribute to a higher abundance of invasive Petrolisthes.}, }
@article {pmid30314367, year = {2018}, author = {Powell, JR}, title = {Genetic Variation in Insect Vectors: Death of Typology?.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {30314367}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {U01 AI115595/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; USAID//National Institutes of Health/ ; }, abstract = {The issue of typological versus population thinking in biology is briefly introduced and defined. It is then emphasized how population thinking is most relevant and useful in vector biology. Three points are made: (1) Vectors, as they exist in nature, are genetically very heterogeneous. (2) Four examples of how this is relevant in vector biology research are presented: Understanding variation in vector competence, GWAS, identifying the origin of new introductions of invasive species, and resistance to inbreeding. (3) The existence of high levels of vector genetic heterogeneity can lead to failure of some approaches to vector control, e.g., use of insecticides and release of sterile males (SIT). On the other hand, vector genetic heterogeneity can be harnessed in a vector control program based on selection for refractoriness.}, }
@article {pmid30313792, year = {2018}, author = {Bick, A and Bastrop, R and Kotta, J and Meißner, K and Meyer, M and Syomin, V}, title = {Description of a new species of Sabellidae (Polychaeta, Annelida) from fresh and brackish waters in Europe, with some remarks on the branchial crown of Laonome.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4483}, number = {2}, pages = {349-364}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.7}, pmid = {30313792}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Annelida ; Australia ; Europe ; Netherlands ; *Polychaeta ; Prospective Studies ; Saline Waters ; }, abstract = {In 2009, a hitherto unknown Laonome species was found in the Canal Ghent-Terneuzen in the Netherlands and subsequently in other Dutch rivers, canals and estuaries. A few years later, more unknown Laonome specimens were found in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea and in the Don River estuary, Sea of Azov. Initially, it was assumed that these specimens could represent Laonome calida Capa, 2007, originally described from Australia. In the present study we examine all these unknown European Laonome specimens and compare these specimens with the type material of L. calida from Australia. This lead to two main results: First, all specimens from Europe have the same diagnostic characters and therefore belong to one species. This finding was also supported by the results of a correspondence analysis, and genetic analyses using four different DNA sequences (COI, 16S, 28S). Second, it turned out that the type material of L. calida contains two morphologically distinct groups of specimens. The holotype and 7 paratypes are similar to each other but differ significantly from the other also similar 16 paratypes, and from all European specimens. On the basis of these observations, the Laonome specimens from European waters are described here as L. xeprovala sp. nov. We also provide the characters of the branchial crown of three Laonome species for a prospective revision of this genus.}, }
@article {pmid30313651, year = {2018}, author = {Bronstein, O and Kroh, A}, title = {Needle in a haystack-genetic evidence confirms the expansion of the alien echinoid Diadema setosum (Echinoidea: Diadematidae) to the Mediterranean coast of Israel.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4497}, number = {4}, pages = {593-599}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4497.4.9}, pmid = {30313651}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Israel ; Lebanon ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Sea Urchins ; Turkey ; }, abstract = {Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778), a widespread tropical echinoid and key herbivore in shallow water environments is currently expanding in the Mediterranean Sea. It was introduced by unknown means and first observed in southern Turkey in 2006. From there it spread eastwards to Lebanon (2009) and westwards to the Aegean Sea (2014). Since late 2016 sporadic sightings of black, long-spined sea urchins were reported by recreational divers from rock reefs off the Israeli coast. Numerous attempts to verify these records failed; neither did the BioBlitz Israel task force encounter any D. setosum in their campaigns. Finally, a single adult specimen was observed on June 17, 2017 in a deep rock crevice at 3.5 m depth at Gordon Beach, Tel Aviv. Although the specimen could not be recovered, spine fragments sampled were enough to genetically verify the visual underwater identification based on morphology. Sequences of COI, ATP8-Lysine, and the mitochondrial Control Region of the Israel specimen are identical to those of the specimen collected in 2006 in Turkey, unambiguously assigning the specimen to D. setosum clade b. This lends support to the hypothesis of a single introduction event and fits well with the habitat suitability and distribution model for D. setosum published recently. The more rapid and larger range extension along a south-eastern, counter-current trajectory may reflect a strong habitat preference for D. setosum in this area of the Levantine Basin as predicted by the model.}, }
@article {pmid30313620, year = {2018}, author = {Broadley, A and Kauschke, E and Mohrig, W}, title = {Black fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) found in association with cultivated plants and mushrooms in Australia, with notes on cosmopolitan pest species and biosecurity interceptions.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4415}, number = {2}, pages = {201-242}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4415.2.1}, pmid = {30313620}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {*Agaricales ; Animals ; Australia ; Canada ; China ; Commerce ; *Diptera ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; New South Wales ; Tasmania ; }, abstract = {Male sciarids collected in Australia from inside post-entry quarantine and domestic greenhouses and from vegetable gardens and various plants, were slide mounted and identified. Specimens intercepted during on-arrival biosecurity inspections of imported nursery stock plants were also examined, and the New South Wales Department of Primary Industries collection of slide-mounted Sciaridae was reviewed. Plant and mushroom pest species that are present in Australia are Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen), B. ocellaris (Comstock), Lycoriella agraria (Felt), L. ingenua (Dufour) = Sciara womersleyi Séguy, 1940 syn. n., L. sativae (Johannsen) = Sciara auberti Séguy, 1940 syn. n., Sciara jeanneli Séguy, 1940 syn. n., Sciara solispina Hardy, 1956 syn. n., and Cosmosciara hartii (Johannsen, 1912) comb. n. = Plastosciara perniciosa Edwards, 1922 syn. n. The last species is a new record for Australia. Bradysia tilicola (Loew) and Pnyxia scabiei (Hopkins) are potential pest species, but they have not been reported yet from Australia. An identification key to enable separation of the pest species is provided. Species with uncertain connections to plant and mushroom cultures are B. pallipes (Fabricius), B. strenua (Winnertz, 1867) = B. watsoni Colless, 1962 syn. n., Corynoptera concinna (Winnertz), (all three species are new records for the Australian mainland) and Hyperlasion aliens Mohrig (a new record for Tasmania). Bradysia spatitergum (Hardy) and Scatopsciara atomaria (Zetterstedt) were intercepted during the on-arrival biosecurity inspections of live plants imported from China and Canada respectively. Both species are widespread overseas but are not known to occur in Australia.}, }
@article {pmid30313367, year = {2018}, author = {BieŃkowski, AO}, title = {Key for identification of the ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of European Russia and the Russian Caucasus (native and alien species).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4472}, number = {2}, pages = {233-260}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4472.2.2}, pmid = {30313367}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; Russia ; }, abstract = {Although ladybirds of European Russia and the Caucasus have been the subject of numerous ecological and faunistic investigations, there is an evident lack of appropriate identification keys. New, original keys to subfamilies, tribes, genera, and species of ladybirds (Coccinellidae) of European Russia and the Russian Caucasus are presented here. The keys include all native species recorded in the region and all introduced alien species. Some species from adjacent regions are added. In total, 113 species are treated and illustrated with line drawings. Photographs of rare and endemic species are provided. Information on the distribution of species within the region under consideration is provided. Chilocorus kuwanae Silvestri, 1909 is recognized as a subjective junior synonym (syn. nov.) of Ch. renipustulatus (Scriba, 1791).}, }
@article {pmid30313250, year = {2018}, author = {Serejo, CS and Siqueira, SGL}, title = {Catalogue of the Order Amphipoda from Brazil (Crustacea, Peracarida): Suborders Amphilochidea, Senticaudata and Order Ingolfiellida.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4431}, number = {1}, pages = {1-139}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4431.1.1}, pmid = {30313250}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {*Amphipoda ; Animals ; Brazil ; *Caves ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {This catalog documents 303 species within 142 genera and 56 families distributed in the suborders Amphilochidea, Senticaudata and order Ingolfiellida that have been described or reported for the Brazilian coast and continent. Data for these species such as type material, type locality, geographic and bathymetric distribution, ecological notes and remarks, when pertinent, was given. From these, 268 species (~ 90%) are benthonic, marine and/or estuarine occurring from a diverse type of substrates as sediment, algae, sponges, cnidarians, ascideans, mangrove roots, fouling habitats, coral rubble, rodolith banks, etc. In terms of bathymetry, there are 214 species (~ 80%) reported for the Brazilian continental shelf (0-200 m) and 60 (~20%) for the deep sea zone (> 200 m, 50% from the Campos Basin area). There are 35 non-marine amphipods reported from Brazil. Hyalella is the restricted and dominant epigean group and is represented by 22 species, including some hypogean and cave species. Cave dwellers includes 15 species within 6 genera as: Hyalella (5); Megagidiella (1); Potiberaba (1); Spelaeogammarus (7), and Seborgia (1). Among the Bogidiellidae, Bogidiella neotropica Ruffo, 1952 and Marigidiella brasiliensis (Siewing, 1953) are hypogean, but not from caves. The former is the only amphipod species recorded from the Brazilian Amazon Biome, within the Tapajós River, Pará and the latter are found in marine coastal groundwater of Bahia and São Paulo. Considering the landhoppers (truly terrestrial), only two introduced species, Talitroides alluaudi (Chevreux, 1896) and Talitroides topitotum (Burt, 1934) have been found in the Atlantic forest biome, urban parks and sylviculture plantations from the southeast and south of Brazil. Moreover, several amphipod records for Brazil were noticed to be dubious or misidentifications and are listed in a table with pertinent literature.}, }
@article {pmid30312506, year = {2019}, author = {Latham, MC and Anderson, DP and Norbury, G and Price, CJ and Banks, PB and Latham, ADM}, title = {Modeling habituation of introduced predators to unrewarding bird odors for conservation of ground-nesting shorebirds.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {e01814}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1814}, pmid = {30312506}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {//Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; Humans ; Mammals ; New Zealand ; *Odorants ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Foraging mammalian predators face a myriad of odors from potential prey. To be efficient, they must focus on rewarding odors while ignoring consistently unrewarding ones. This may be exploited as a nonlethal conservation tool if predators can be deceived into ignoring odors of vulnerable secondary prey. To explore critical design components and assess the potential gains to prey survival of this technique, we created an individual-based model that simulated the hunting behavior of three introduced mammalian predators on one of their secondary prey (a migratory shorebird) in the South Island of New Zealand. Within this model, we heuristically assessed the outcome of habituating the predators to human-deployed unrewarding bird odors before the bird's arrival at their breeding grounds, i.e., the predators were "primed." Using known home range sizes and probabilities of predators interacting with food lures, our model suggests that wide-ranging predators should encounter a relatively large number of odor points (between 10 and 115) during 27 d of priming when odor is deployed within high-resolution grids (100-150 m). Using this information, we then modeled the effect of different habituation curves (exponential and sigmoidal) on the probability of predators depredating shorebird nests. Our results show that important gains in nest survival can be achieved regardless of the shape of the habituation curve, but particularly if predators are fast olfactory learners (exponential curve), and even if some level of dishabituation occurs after prey become available. Predictions from our model can inform the amount and pattern in which olfactory stimuli need to be deployed in the field to optimize encounters by predators, and the relative gains that can be expected from reduced predation pressure on secondary prey under different scenarios of predator learning. Habituating predators to odors of threatened secondary prey may have particular efficacy as a conservation tool in areas where lethal predator control is not possible or ethical, or where even low predator densities can be detrimental to prey survival. Our approach is also relevant for determining interaction probabilities for devices other than odor points, such as bait stations and camera traps.}, }
@article {pmid30310745, year = {2018}, author = {Mohanty, NP and Measey, J}, title = {What's for dinner? Diet and potential trophic impact of an invasive anuran Hoplobatrachus tigerinus on the Andaman archipelago.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5698}, pmid = {30310745}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Amphibian invasions have considerable detrimental impacts on recipient ecosystems. However, reliable risk analysis of invasive amphibians still requires research on more non-native amphibian species. An invasive population of the Indian bullfrog, Hoplobatrachus tigerinus, is currently spreading on the Andaman archipelago and may have significant trophic impacts on native anurans through competition and predation. We carried out diet analyses of the invasive H. tigerinus and native anurans, across four habitat types and two seasons; we hypothesized that (i) small vertebrates constitute a majority of the H. tigerinus diet, particularly by volume and (ii) the diet of H. tigerinus significantly overlaps with the diet of native anurans, thereby, leading to potential competition. We assessed the diet of the invasive H. tigerinus (n = 358), and individuals of the genera Limnonectes (n = 375) and Fejervarya (n = 65) and found a significant dietary overlap of H. tigerinus with only Limnonectes. Small vertebrates, including several endemic species, constituted the majority of H. tigerinus, diet by volume, suggesting potential impact by predation. Prey consumption and electivity of the three anurans indicated a positive relationship between predator-prey body sizes. Individuals of H. tigerinus and Fejervarya chose evasive prey, suggesting that these two taxa are mostly ambush predators; individuals of Limnonectes chose a mixture of sedentary and evasive prey indicating that the species employs a combination of 'active search' and 'sit and wait' foraging strategies. All three species of anurans mostly consumed terrestrial prey. This intensive study on a genus of newly invasive amphibian contributes to knowledge of the impact of amphibian invasions, and elucidates the feeding ecology of H. tigerinus, and species of the genera Limnonectes and Fejervarya. We also stress the necessity to evaluate prey availability and volume in future studies for meaningful insights into diet of amphibians.}, }
@article {pmid30310238, year = {2018}, author = {Pliszko, A and Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt, K}, title = {Effect of cold stratification on seed germination in Solidago × niederederi (Asteraceae) and its parental species.}, journal = {Biologia}, volume = {73}, number = {10}, pages = {945-950}, pmid = {30310238}, issn = {0006-3088}, abstract = {In this study, we investigated the influence of cold stratification on seed germination in S. × niederederi, a hybrid between the North American S. canadensis and the European S. virgaurea, using fruit samples collected in 2016 in Poland. We aimed to test the hypothesis that the low temperature exposure decreases the final percentage and speed of seed germination in the hybrid and its parental species. For each species, sets of 100 achenes in three replications were mixed with dry sand and stored in Petri dishes in darkness for 12 weeks, at -18 °C and + 4 °C, and + 25 °C. The seeds were incubated for 21 d at room temperature (+25 °C), under the 12 h photoperiod (630 lx). We showed a lack of significant differences in: (i) the final percentage of germinated seeds of studied species stored at the same conditions, (ii) the final percentage of germinated seeds between the applied stratification conditions in the hybrid and its parental species, and (iii) the mean values of Timson's index, mean germination time, and coefficient of velocity of germination between the stratification conditions in each species. The statistically significant inter-specific differences in the mean germination time parameter after the +25 °C treatment suggest that the seeds of S. × niederederi are able to germinate faster than the seeds of its parental species. However, to improve our knowledge of naturalization and invasion abilities of S. × niederederi by sexual reproduction, the seed germination and seedling survival of the hybrid should be tested in the field.}, }
@article {pmid30310125, year = {2018}, author = {Salinitro, M and Alessandrini, A and Zappi, A and Melucci, D and Tassoni, A}, title = {Floristic diversity in different urban ecological niches of a southern European city.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {15110}, pmid = {30310125}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; *Biodiversity ; Cities ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Geography ; Italy ; *Plants ; Spatial Analysis ; }, abstract = {The present paper aimed at studying the vertical and horizontal spatial distribution, species richness and diversity of vascular plants in different urban ecological niches (urban habitats) by means of the case study of Bologna (Italy), a typical densely populated southern European city. A total of 477 species were found in the study area of the historical city centre, 30% of which were alien species. Alien plant species were mainly present among phanerophytes, while native plants were mainly therophytes and hemicryptophytes. The habitats that mostly contributed to the species total richness were semi-natural soils, followed by paved areas, walls, rooftops and manholes. The number of exclusive species decreased according to the selectiveness of the habitat, with manholes and rooftops being the most selective. The presence of hemicryptophytes constant decreased going from 27% of more humid habitats to 5% of more arid habitats, so that they can be considered a water availability biomarker. Urban habitat quality, measured by the number of native species, was directly proportional to the strength of selective factors and inversely proportional to the rate of disturbance, with roofs and semi-natural soils having, respectively, the highest and lowest quality. Finally, a relation between species richness and street characteristics, like width, orientation and type of flooring, was demonstrated.}, }
@article {pmid30308820, year = {2019}, author = {Budzyńska, A and Rosińska, J and Pełechata, A and Toporowska, M and Napiórkowska-Krzebietke, A and Kozak, A and Messyasz, B and Pęczuła, W and Kokociński, M and Szeląg-Wasielewska, E and Grabowska, M and Mądrecka, B and Niedźwiecki, M and Alcaraz Parraga, P and Pełechaty, M and Karpowicz, M and Pawlik-Skowrońska, B}, title = {Environmental factors driving the occurrence of the invasive cyanobacterium Sphaerospermopsis aphanizomenoides (Nostocales) in temperate lakes.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {650}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {1338-1347}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.144}, pmid = {30308820}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Biomass ; Cyanobacteria/*growth &amp; development ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Eutrophication ; Introduced Species ; Lakes/*microbiology ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Phytoplankton ; Seasons ; Water Pollution/analysis ; }, abstract = {Cyanobacterial blooms are an increasing threat worldwide. Invasions of certain cyanobacterial species, mainly towards higher latitudes, add to this concern as they enrich the pool of potential bloom-formers in the invaded region. Among the numerous causes of this escalating process, climate warming is commonly considered the most crucial factor, but empirical studies of this issue are lacking. The aim of our study was to identify physical, chemical and biological factors related to the occurrence of an invasive cyanobacterium at the northern border of its putative current range, and thus enabling its expansion. This study focuses on the relatively little studied species Sphaerospermopsis aphanizomenoides (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria; synonyms: Aphanizomenon aphanizomenoides, Anabaena aphanizomenoides), which is predicted to become one of the main nuisance species of the future. Forty-nine freshwater lakes located between latitudes 51° and 55°N were examined for the presence of S. aphanizomenoides, and environmental factors that could drive its occurrence were studied simultaneously. To identify factors correlated with the presence of the species, principal component analysis (PCA) and Mann-Whitney U test were performed. Water temperature did not differentiate lakes with or without S. aphanizomenoides, however the study was conducted in a particularly hot summer. Total phosphorus concentration was identified as the primary driving factor of the occurrence of S. aphanizomenoides. The species grew in poor light conditions and high phytoplankton biomass, mainly in shallow lakes. As shown by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), the species accompanied shade tolerant, eutrophic species of native and invasive cyanobacteria as well as eukaryotic algae. Our results indicate that eutrophication may be the primary factor enabling the increasing occurrence of S. aphanizomenoides in temperate environments, and suggest that this process may stimulate expansion of cyanobacterial species towards high latitudes.}, }
@article {pmid30307074, year = {2018}, author = {Andrew, SC and Jensen, H and Hagen, IJ and Lundregan, S and Griffith, SC}, title = {Signatures of genetic adaptation to extremely varied Australian environments in introduced European house sparrows.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {22}, pages = {4542-4555}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14897}, pmid = {30307074}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Animals ; Australia ; Climate ; *Genetics, Population ; Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Models, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sparrows/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Due to its history of multiple introductions to novel environments worldwide, the house sparrow has been used as a model species to study local adaption in invasive avian species. New genomic resources such as a custom 200K SNP array and a house sparrow reference genome provide great prospects for studying rapid local adaptation in this invasive species. Here, we analyse high-density genomewide genetic data collected across an extensive range of temperate, arid and tropical climates, in Australian populations that were introduced from Europe 150 years ago. We used two population differentiation (PD) and two ecological association (EA) methods to identify putative loci subject to selection across these varied climates. A majority of the outlier SNPs were identified through the use of the latent factor mixed models (LFMM) EA method, but the BayeScEnv EA method had the strongest overlap with the outliers from the two PD methods. Out of all the 971 outliers identified across the different methods, 38.3% were physically linked (within 20 kbps) to 575 known protein-coding regions in the house sparrow reference genome. Interestingly, some outlier genes had been previously identified in genome scan studies of broadly distributed species or had strong links to traits that are expected to be important to local adaptation, for example, heat-shock proteins, immune response and HOX genes. However, many outliers still have unknown relevance and some outliers can be false positives. Our results identify an opportunity to use the house sparrow model to further study local adaptation in an invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30307038, year = {2018}, author = {Fahey, C and Angelini, C and Flory, SL}, title = {Grass invasion and drought interact to alter the diversity and structure of native plant communities.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {99}, number = {12}, pages = {2692-2702}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2536}, pmid = {30307038}, issn = {0012-9658}, support = {FLA-AGR- 005180//USDA/NIFA McIntire-Stennis program/International ; Contract#21942//Florida Forest Service, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services/International ; 1546638//National Science Foundation Division of Environmental Biology/International ; //University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS)/International ; }, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Droughts ; Introduced Species ; *Poaceae ; }, abstract = {Understanding the interactive effects of species invasions and climate change is essential for predicting future shifts in biodiversity. Because multiple stressors can interact in synergistic or antagonistic ways, it is notoriously difficult to anticipate their combined effects on species assemblages. However, some hypotheses predict that plant invasions will become increasingly problematic as climate change improves conditions for invaders or lowers the biotic resistance of native communities. In a 4-yr field experiment, we quantified the individual and interactive effects of invasion by a globally problematic C4 grass, Imperata cylindrica, and chronic simulated drought imposed by rainout shelters on the whole plant communities of regenerating longleaf pine forest. Invasion both inhibited plant colonization and enhanced plot-level extinctions, resulting in a severe (60%) loss of plant diversity across all functional groups, including perennial grasses and forbs, annual forbs, and woody species and dramatic shifts in community composition. Experimental drought reduced diversity by 20%, and caused a shift in the dominant functional groups, but had no significant effect on cover of the invader. The invader partially ameliorated water stress in the drought treatment such that invaded plots had higher soil moisture than uninvaded plots. Consequently, the combined effects of invasion and drought were lower than expected from an additive model of multiple stressors. These findings, which may have broader implications for how other C4 grass invaders will interact with drought to shift native community dynamics, challenge the perception that climate change will exacerbate invasions. In revealing that invasive species pose a major threat to the diversity and structure of native communities despite their moderating effects on abiotic stress, this work also highlights that management of aggressive invaders may be critical to preserving biodiversity regardless of future climate.}, }
@article {pmid30305713, year = {2018}, author = {Hohenadler, MAA and Honka, KI and Emde, S and Klimpel, S and Sures, B}, title = {First evidence for a possible invasional meltdown among invasive fish parasites.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {15085}, pmid = {30305713}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Anguilla/*parasitology ; Animals ; Gastrointestinal Tract/parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Nematoda/*physiology ; Parasites/*physiology ; Spores/physiology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are frequently studied topics in ecological research. Unfortunately, within invasion ecology parasite-associated aspects such as parasite impacts on new environments and on local host populations are less well-studied. Round gobies migrating from the Ponto-Caspian region into the Rhine River system are heavily infested with the Ponto-Caspian acanthocephalan parasite Pomphorhynchus laevis. As shown by experimental infestations the acanthocephalans occur as pre-adults in host-encapsulated cysts within the internal organs of the migrating gobies, but remain infective for their definitive host chub. Recently, we described the occurrence of larvae of another parasite, the invasive eel swim bladder nematode Anguillicola crassus, in these Pomphorhynchus cysts. In the present study, we could prove the infectivity of the nematode larvae for European eels for the first time. After experimental inoculation of Pomphorhynchus cysts occasionally infested with A. crassus larvae, the nematodes grow to maturity and reproduce whereas all P. laevis were unviable. We therefore postulate that the nematode larvae behave like immunological hitchhikers that follow a "Trojan horse strategy" in order to avoid the paratenic host's immune response. Accordingly, the interaction between both invasive parasites gives first evidence that the invasional meltdown hypothesis may also apply to parasites.}, }
@article {pmid30304394, year = {2018}, author = {Lee, CC and Wang, J}, title = {Rapid Expansion of a Highly Germline-Expressed Mariner Element Acquired by Horizontal Transfer in the Fire Ant Genome.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {3262-3278}, pmid = {30304394}, issn = {1759-6653}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*genetics/metabolism ; *DNA Transposable Elements ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Female ; *Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; *Genome, Insect ; Germ Cells/*metabolism ; Male ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Selection, Genetic ; Silent Mutation ; Transposases ; }, abstract = {Transposable elements (TEs) are present in almost all organisms and affect the host in various ways. TE activity can increase genomic variation and thereby affect host evolution. Currently active TEs are particularly interesting because they are likely generating new genomic diversity. These active TEs have been poorly studied outside of model organisms. In this study, we aimed to identify currently active TEs of a notorious invasive species, the red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta. Using RNA profiling of male and female germline tissues, we found that the majority of TE-containing transcripts in the fire ant germline belong to the IS630-Tc1-Mariner superfamily. Subsequent genomic characterization of fire ant mariner content, molecular evolution analysis, and population comparisons revealed a highly expressed and highly polymorphic mariner element that is rapidly expanding in the fire ant genome. Additionally, using comparative genomics of multiple insect species we showed that this mariner has undergone several recent horizontal transfer events (<5.1 My). Our results document a rare case of a currently active TE originating from horizontal transfer.}, }
@article {pmid30301240, year = {2018}, author = {Avanesyan, A}, title = {Should I Eat or Should I Go? Acridid Grasshoppers and Their Novel Host Plants: Potential for Biotic Resistance.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {30301240}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Novel, non-coevolved associations between introduced plants and native insect herbivores may lead to changes in trophic interactions in native communities, as well as to substantial economic problems. Although some studies in invasion ecology demonstrated that native herbivores can preferentially feed on introduced plants and therefore contribute to the biotic resistance of native communities to plant invasions, the role of acridid grasshoppers as native generalist insect herbivores is largely overlooked. This systematic review aimed to identify patterns of grasshopper feeding preferences for native versus introduced plants and, consequently, a potential of grasshoppers to provide biotic resistance of native communities. The analysis of 63 records of feeding preference trials for 28 North-American grasshopper species (retrieved from 2146 studies published during 1967[-]2017) has demonstrated a preference of grasshoppers for introduced host plants, and identified 12 preferred introduced plants with high or middle invasive ranks. A significant effect of the life stage (p < 0.001), but not the experimental environment, plant material, and measurements, on grasshopper preferences for introduced plants was also detected. Overall, results suggest a potential of acridid grasshoppers to contribute to the biotic resistance of native communities. The review also provides methodological recommendations for future experimental studies on grasshopper-host plant interactions.}, }
@article {pmid30301069, year = {2018}, author = {Gerhard, WA and Gunsch, CK}, title = {Analyzing trends in ballasting behavior of vessels arriving to the United States from 2004 to 2017.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {135}, number = {}, pages = {525-533}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.001}, pmid = {30301069}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Environmental Health ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Ships ; Time Factors ; United States ; Water ; *Water Purification ; }, abstract = {Maritime shipping transports over 90% of global goods. Ballast water, used to provide vessel stability, has been associated with the introduction of marine invasive species. Thus, understanding ballasting trends is imperative to protecting human and environmental health. This paper examines data from the National Ballast Information Clearinghouse to assess ballasting behavior and shipping trends in the United States. From 2005 to 2017, vessel arrivals have remained relatively constant (annual growth rate of 1.2% per year) while total ballast discharge per vessel has grown at an annual rate of 7.6%. Furthermore, from 2014 to 2016, alternative ballast water management methods have been on the rise, and these treatment options are likely to continue increasing in response to the International Maritime Organization Ballast Water Management Convention that entered into force in September 2017. It is critical that the shipping industry monitors potential cascading impacts on other ballasting behaviors stemming from this shift.}, }
@article {pmid30301006, year = {2018}, author = {Lundgreen, K and Holbech, H and Pedersen, KL and Petersen, GI and Andreasen, RR and George, C and Drillet, G and Andersen, M}, title = {UV fluences required for compliance with ballast water discharge standards using two approved methods for algal viability assessment.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {135}, number = {}, pages = {1090-1100}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.043}, pmid = {30301006}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Dinoflagellida/radiation effects ; Phytoplankton/*radiation effects ; Pressure ; Seawater ; *Ships ; Tropical Climate ; *Ultraviolet Rays ; Water Purification/instrumentation/*methods ; }, abstract = {This study investigates the extra UV fluence needed to meet the International Maritime Organisation's ballast water discharge standards for the 10-50 μm size-class using the approved vital stain (VS) method compared to the Most Probable Number (MPN) method for organism viability assessment. Low- and medium pressure UV collimated beam treatments were applied to natural algae collected in temperate and tropical water environments and analysed using both methods. About 10 times higher UV fluence was required to meet discharge standards when using VS compared to MPN. Implementing a dark-hold period after UV treatments decreased algal viability. Length of dark-hold period to meet discharge standards decreased with increasing UV fluence. No significant differences between temperate and tropical samples were observed. The results showed that UV treated algae assessed using the VS method could meet discharge standards by increasing fluence and/or introducing a dark-hold period.}, }
@article {pmid30301002, year = {2018}, author = {Hoxha, T and Crookes, S and Lejeusne, C and Dick, JTA and Chang, X and Bouchemousse, S and Cuthbert, RN and MacIsaac, HJ}, title = {Comparative feeding rates of native and invasive ascidians.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {135}, number = {}, pages = {1067-1071}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.039}, pmid = {30301002}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Ciona/*physiology ; Ciona intestinalis/physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; France ; *Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Ascidians have a recent history of species introductions globally, often with strong ecological impacts. Comparisons of per capita effects of invaders and comparable natives are useful to assess such impacts. Here, we explore ingestion rates (IR) and clearance rates (CR) of Ciona intestinalis and Ciona robusta, co-occurring native and non-native ascidians, respectively, from Brittany, France. IR was positively related to food concentration, with the invader responding more strongly to increasing food concentration. CR also differed by species, with the invader demonstrating higher values. C. robusta exhibited a higher functional response (Type I) than did C. intestinalis (Type II). Relative impact measured using seasonal abundance and IR revealed that C. robusta has a much greater impact than C. intestinalis at all food concentrations tested, though the former has a constrained distribution which limits its regional impact. Nevertheless, when abundant, we expect C. robusta to exert a greater impact on algal foods.}, }
@article {pmid30300935, year = {2018}, author = {Trotta, LB and Baiser, B and Possley, J and Li, D and Lange, J and Martin, S and Sessa, EB}, title = {Community phylogeny of the globally critically imperiled pine rockland ecosystem.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {105}, number = {10}, pages = {1735-1747}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1168}, pmid = {30300935}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; *Biota ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Embryophyta/classification/*physiology ; Florida ; Phylogeny ; *Plant Dispersal ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Community phylogenetic methods incorporate information on evolutionary relationships into studies of organismal assemblages. We used a community phylogenetic framework to investigate relationships and biogeographic affinities and to calculate phylogenetic signal of endemism and invasiveness for the flora of the pine rocklands-a globally critically imperiled ecosystem with a significant portion of its distribution in South Florida, United States.<br><br>METHODS: We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships of 538 vascular plant taxa, which represent 92.28% of the vascular flora of the pine rocklands. We estimated phylogenetic signal for endemism and invasiveness using phylogenetic generalized linear mixed models. We determined the native range for each species in the data set and calculated the total number of species sourced from each region and all possible combinations of these regions.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: The pine rockland flora includes representatives of all major vascular plant lineages, and most species have native ranges in the New World. There was strong phylogenetic signal for endemism, but not for invasiveness.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Community phylogenetics has high potential value for conservation planning, particularly for fragmented and endangered ecosystems like the pine rockland. Strong phylogenetic signal for endemic species in our data set, which also tend to be threatened or endangered, can help to identify species at risk, as well as fragments where those species occur, highlighting conservation priorities. Our results indicate, at least in the pine rockland ecosystem, no phylogenetic signal for invasive species, and thus other information must be used to predict the potential for invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid30297825, year = {2018}, author = {Lin, T and Klinkhamer, PGL and Vrieling, K}, title = {Evolutionary changes in growth, regrowth and carbohydrate storage in an invasive plant.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {14917}, pmid = {30297825}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*growth &amp; development ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; *Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Climate ; Discriminant Analysis ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Least-Squares Analysis ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {We hypothesized that due to the absence of specialist herbivores in introduced ranges, invasive plants have evolved decreased allocation to carbohydrate storage for regrowth ability and as a consequence allocate more to growth. In this study, we compared plant growth, carbohydrate storage and regrowth ability of invasive and native Jacobaea vulgaris in response to complete shoot defoliation. We used invasive J. vulgaris genotypes from three geographically and climactically distinct regions and compared these with native genotypes from Europe. We found that invasive genotypes initially grew larger while native genotypes regrew larger after defoliation. Before defoliation, the carbohydrate storage in roots of invasive genotypes was 38% lower than native genotypes. Biomass after regrowth increased with root carbohydrate storage while it decreased with structural root mass, showing that it is crucial to study root storage and structural components separately in order to investigate plant regrowth. All studied traits of invasive populations from the three geographically and climatologically distinct regions changed in the same expected direction suggesting that the shifts in herbivore guild were causal to the observed change in growth and regrowth ability rather than environmental factors.}, }
@article {pmid30297403, year = {2018}, author = {García, FC and Bestion, E and Warfield, R and Yvon-Durocher, G}, title = {Changes in temperature alter the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {115}, number = {43}, pages = {10989-10994}, pmid = {30297403}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Global warming and the loss of biodiversity through human activities (e.g., land-use change, pollution, invasive species) are two of the most profound threats to the functional integrity of the Earth's ecosystems. These factors are, however, most frequently investigated separately, ignoring the potential for synergistic effects of biodiversity loss and environmental warming on ecosystem functioning. Here we use high-throughput experiments with microbial communities to investigate how changes in temperature affect the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. We found that changes in temperature systematically altered the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. As temperatures departed from ambient conditions the exponent of the diversity-functioning relationship increased, meaning that more species were required to maintain ecosystem functioning under thermal stress. This key result was driven by two processes linked to variability in the thermal tolerance curves of taxa. First, more diverse communities had a greater chance of including species with thermal traits that enabled them to maintain productivity as temperatures shifted from ambient conditions. Second, we found a pronounced increase in the contribution of complementarity to the net biodiversity effect at high and low temperatures, indicating that changes in species interactions played a critical role in mediating the impacts of temperature change on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Our results highlight that if biodiversity loss occurs independently of species' thermal tolerance traits, then the additional impacts of environmental warming will result in sharp declines in ecosystem function.}, }
@article {pmid30297166, year = {2019}, author = {Rak, G and Zec, D and Markovčić Kostelac, M and Joksimović, D and Gollasch, S and David, M}, title = {The implementation of the ballast water management convention in the Adriatic Sea through States' cooperation: The contribution of environmental law and institutions.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {147}, number = {}, pages = {245-253}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.012}, pmid = {30297166}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms ; Biological Monitoring/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods ; Environmental Policy/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; International Cooperation ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Ships/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Water Purification/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; }, abstract = {The Adriatic Sea, a semi-enclosed and vulnerable environment, deserves special attention regarding the risk of introducing Harmful Aquatic Organisms and Pathogens via ships' ballast water as new species findings occur at an alarming rate. This species introduction vector was addressed with the 2004 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, which entered into force in 2017. The efficient implementation of this convention calls for Adriatic States' cooperation on environmental specifics that have not been dealt with neither by national nor by international measures yet. Based on legal and institutional data gathered, and considering the regional maritime traffic and environmental specifics, this paper reveals that the integration of current environmental law commitments as well as a better dialogue between public institutions from shipping and environmental sectors may foster the implementation of ballast water management obligations through appropriate Adriatic States' cooperation.}, }
@article {pmid30296859, year = {2019}, author = {Jones, CM and Parry, H and Tay, WT and Reynolds, DR and Chapman, JW}, title = {Movement Ecology of Pest Helicoverpa: Implications for Ongoing Spread.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {64}, number = {}, pages = {277-295}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-011118-111959}, pmid = {30296859}, issn = {1545-4487}, support = {BB/N012011/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Insect Control ; *Introduced Species ; *Moths ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {The recent introduction and spread of Helicoverpa armigera throughout South America highlight the invasiveness and adaptability of moths in the Helicoverpa genus. Long-range movement in three key members, H. armigera, H. zea, and H. punctigera, occurs by migration and international trade. These movements facilitate high population admixture and genetic diversity, with important economic, biosecurity, and control implications in today's agricultural landscape. This is particularly true for the spread of resistance alleles to transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins that are planted over vast areas to suppress Helicoverpa spp. The ability to track long-distance movement through radar technology, population genetic markers, and/or long-distance dispersal modeling has advanced in recent years, yet we still know relatively little about the population trajectories or migratory routes in Helicoverpa spp. Here, we consider how experimental and theoretical approaches can be integrated to fill key knowledge gaps and assist management practices.}, }
@article {pmid30295388, year = {2019}, author = {Chan, FT and Stanislawczyk, K and Sneekes, AC and Dvoretsky, A and Gollasch, S and Minchin, D and David, M and Jelmert, A and Albretsen, J and Bailey, SA}, title = {Climate change opens new frontiers for marine species in the Arctic: Current trends and future invasion risks.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {25-38}, pmid = {30295388}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*physiology ; Arctic Regions ; Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data/*trends ; Risk ; }, abstract = {Climate change and increased anthropogenic activities are expected to elevate the potential of introducing nonindigenous species (NIS) into the Arctic. Yet, the knowledge base needed to identify gaps and priorities for NIS research and management is limited. Here, we reviewed primary introduction events to each ecoregion of the marine Arctic realm to identify temporal and spatial patterns, likely source regions of NIS, and the putative introduction pathways. We included 54 introduction events representing 34 unique NIS. The rate of NIS discovery ranged from zero to four species per year between 1960 and 2015. The Iceland Shelf had the greatest number of introduction events (n = 14), followed by the Barents Sea (n = 11), and the Norwegian Sea (n = 11). Sixteen of the 54 introduction records had no known origins. The majority of those with known source regions were attributed to the Northeast Atlantic and the Northwest Pacific, 19 and 14 records, respectively. Some introduction events were attributed to multiple possible pathways. For these introductions, vessels transferred the greatest number of aquatic NIS (39%) to the Arctic, followed by natural spread (30%) and aquaculture activities (25%). Similar trends were found for introductions attributed to a single pathway. The phyla Arthropoda and Ochrophyta had the highest number of recorded introduction events, with 19 and 12 records, respectively. Recommendations including vector management, horizon scanning, early detection, rapid response, and a pan-Arctic biodiversity inventory are considered in this paper. Our study provides a comprehensive record of primary introductions of NIS for marine environments in the circumpolar Arctic and identifies knowledge gaps and opportunities for NIS research and management. Ecosystems worldwide will face dramatic changes in the coming decades due to global change. Our findings contribute to the knowledge base needed to address two aspects of global change-invasive species and climate change.}, }
@article {pmid30294541, year = {2018}, author = {Doi, K and Kato, T and Hayama, SI}, title = {Infestation of introduced raccoons (Procyon lotor) with indigenous ixodid ticks on the Miura Peninsula, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {355-359}, pmid = {30294541}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {Since the raccoon (Procyon lotor) was introduced to Japan, studies have established that they are infested with native Japanese tick species. However, the quantity of ticks infesting raccoons is unknown. We conducted a survey of ticks on invasive raccoons captured on the Miura Peninsula, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, from April 2015 through June 2016 to determine the species of ticks and to quantify the intensity of tick infestation in order to obtain basal information related to the ecology of host-parasite relationships among indigenous tick species and an alien mammalian species. We collected and identified 15,931 ticks of two genera and six species, namely, Haemaphysalis flava, H. megaspinosa, H. longicornis, H. japonica, Ixodes ovatus, and I. tanuki, from 100 out of 115 raccoons. The dominant tick species was H. flava (96.8%) and individuals were mainly adults. Seasonal patterns of infestation intensity of adults and nymphs peaked in the autumn and winter and decreasing in the late spring and summer, May to August, while larvae peaked in August. Our results indicated that host-parasite relationships between invasive raccoons and Japanese tick species, especially H. flava, were established in Kanagawa Prefecture. The ticks infest invasive raccoons for their blood-meal and also for overwintering. The results of this study extend our understanding of the ecology of tick-borne diseases.}, }
@article {pmid30294333, year = {2018}, author = {Gentili, R and Ambrosini, R and Montagnani, C and Caronni, S and Citterio, S}, title = {Effect of Soil pH on the Growth, Reproductive Investment and Pollen Allergenicity of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {1335}, pmid = {30294333}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Despite the importance of soil reaction for alien plant establishment, few and incomplete studies have included this key factor so far. In this study, we investigated the effects of soil pH on the germination, growth (plant height, width, dry weight, etc.) and reproductive investment (inflorescence size and n° of flowers) of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed), an allergenic species that is highly invasive and alien in Europe, through a replicated experiment in controlled conditions. In addition, we determined if soil pH has an effect on the total pollen allergenicity of the species. After preliminary germination tests on agar at different pH (from pH4 to pH8), plants were grown in natural soils with pH values of 5 (acid), 6 (sub-acid) and 7 (neutral) obtained by modifying a natural soil by liming methods (calcium hydroxide solution). Results showed that plants grown at pH7 were shorter and developed leaves at a slower rate than those grown at pH5 and pH6; plants grown at pH7 did not produce flowers and pollen. We also observed that, at pH5 and pH6, larger plants (as assessed by the dry weight of the aerial biomass) had both larger and more numerous inflorescences and emitted pollen earlier. Finally, the IgE-binding signal was higher in pollen samples collected from plants grown at pH5 (Integrated Optical Density, IOD, range: 1.12-1.25) than in those grown at pH6 (IOD range: 0.86 -1.03). Although we acknowledge the limitations of only testing the effects of pH in controlled conditions, this study suggests that soil pH greatly affects the growth and development of A. artemisiifolia and indicates that it may have a role in limiting the distribution and hazardousness of this plant. Future field tests should therefore assess the effectiveness of liming in the management and control of ragweed and other alien species.}, }
@article {pmid30291808, year = {2019}, author = {Erbilgin, N}, title = {Phytochemicals as mediators for host range expansion of a native invasive forest insect herbivore.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {221}, number = {3}, pages = {1268-1278}, doi = {10.1111/nph.15467}, pmid = {30291808}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {//Canada Research Chair Program/International ; //Genome Alberta, Genome British Columbia, and Genome Canada in support of the TRIA projects/International ; //Alberta Innovates-New Faculty Award/International ; //fRI Research-Mountain Pine Beetle Ecology Program/International ; //NSERC-Discovery Award/International ; //NSERC-Strategic Partnership Grant/International ; //Canada Foundation of Innovation/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; *Forests ; Herbivory/*physiology ; *Host Specificity ; *Introduced Species ; Phytochemicals/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Mountain pine beetle (MPB) has recently invaded jack pine forests in western Canada. This invasion signifies a climate change-induced range expansion by a native insect. The mechanism underlying this invasion is unknown, but likely involves phytochemicals that play critical roles in MPB biology. Thus far, studies have investigated the compatibility of jack pine chemistry with beetles and their microbial symbionts. I have identified three phytochemical mechanisms that have likely facilitated the host range expansion of MPB. First, jack pine chemistry is overall similar to that of the historical hosts of MPB. In particular, jack pine chemistry is compatible with beetle pheromone production, aggregation on host trees and larval development. Furthermore, the compatibility of jack pine chemistry maintains beneficial interactions between MPB and its microbial symbionts. Second, compared with historical hosts, the novel host not only has lower concentrations of toxic and repellent defense chemicals, but also contains large concentrations of chemicals promoting host colonization by MPB. These patterns are especially pronounced when comparing novel hosts with well-defended historical hosts. Finally, before MPBs arrived in jack pine forests, they invaded a zone of hybrids of novel and historical hosts that likely improved beetle success on jack pine, as hybrids show chemical characteristics of both hosts. In conclusion, the phytochemistry of jack pine has likely facilitated the biological invasion of this novel host by MPB.}, }
@article {pmid30289888, year = {2018}, author = {Feiner, ZS and Foley, CJ and Bootsma, HA and Czesny, SJ and Janssen, J and Rinchard, J and Höök, TO}, title = {Species identity matters when interpreting trophic markers in aquatic food webs.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {e0204767}, pmid = {30289888}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/physiology ; Carbon Isotopes/chemistry ; Diet ; Dreissena/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Lakes/chemistry ; Michigan ; Nitrogen Isotopes/chemistry ; Nutritional Status/physiology ; }, abstract = {In aquatic systems, food web linkages are often assessed using diet contents, stable isotope ratios, and, increasingly, fatty acid composition of organisms. Some correlations between different trophic metrics are assumed to be well-supported; for example, particular stable isotope ratios and fatty acids seem to reflect reliance on benthic or pelagic energy pathways. However, understanding whether the assumed correlations between different trophic metrics are coherent and consistent across species represents a key step toward their effective use in food web studies. To assess links among trophic markers, we compared relationships between major diet components, fatty acids, and stable isotope ratios in three fishes: yellow perch (Perca flavescens), round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), and spottail shiner (Notropis hudsonius) collected from nearshore Lake Michigan. Yellow perch and spottail shiner are native in this system, while round goby are a relatively recent invader. We found some evidence for agreement between different trophic metrics, especially between diet components, n-3:n-6 fatty acid ratios, and stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N). However, we also observed significant variation in observed relationships among markers and species, potentially due to taxonomic variation in the specific diet items consumed (e.g., chydorid microcrustaceans and Dreissena mussels) and species-specific biochemical processes. In many of these latter cases, the invasive species differed from the native species. Understanding the effects of taxonomic variation on prey and predator signatures could significantly improve the usefulness of fatty acids in food web studies, whereas diet contents and stable isotopes appear to be reliable indicators of trophic niche in aquatic food webs.}, }
@article {pmid30289566, year = {2018}, author = {Latombe, G and Richardson, DM and Pyšek, P and Kučera, T and Hui, C}, title = {Drivers of species turnover vary with species commonness for native and alien plants with different residence times.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {99}, number = {12}, pages = {2763-2775}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2528}, pmid = {30289566}, issn = {0012-9658}, support = {109683//National Research Foundation/International ; 89967//National Research Foundation/International ; 67985939//Stellenbosch University Subcommittee B/International ; DP150103017//Australian Research Council/International ; 85417//DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology/International ; 14-36079G//Centre of Excellence PLADIAS/International ; 67985939//Czech Academy of Sciences/International ; }, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Communities comprising alien species with different residence times are natural experiments allowing the assessment of drivers of community assembly over time. Stochastic processes (such as dispersal and fluctuating environments) should be the dominant factors structuring communities of exotic species with short residence times. In contrast, communities should become more similar, or systematically diverge, if they contain exotics with increasing resident times, due to the increasing importance of deterministic processes (such as environmental filtering). We use zeta diversity (the number of species shared by multiple assemblages) to explore the relationship between the turnover of native species and two categories of alien species with different residence times (archaeophytes [introduced between 4000 BC and 1500 AD] and neophytes [introduced after 1500 AD]) in a network of nature reserves in central Europe. By considering multiple assemblages simultaneously, zeta diversity allows us to determine the contribution of rare and widespread species to turnover. Specifically, we explore the relative effects of assembly processes representing isolation by distance, environmental filtering, and environmental stochasticity (fluctuating environments) on zeta diversity using Multi-Site Generalized Dissimilarity Modelling (MS-GDM). Four clusters of results emerged. First, stochastic processes for structuring plant assemblages decreased in importance with increasing residence time. Environmental stochasticity only affected species composition for neophytes, offering possibilities to predict the spread debt of recent invasions. Second, native species turnover was well explained by environmental filtering and isolation by distance, although these factors did not explain the turnover of archaeophytes and neophytes. Third, native and alien species compositions were only correlated for rare species, whereas turnover in widespread alien species was surprisingly unrelated to the composition of widespread native species. Site-specific approaches would therefore be more appropriate for the monitoring and management of rare alien species, whereas species-specific approaches would suit widespread species. Finally, the size difference of nature reserves influences not only native species richness, but also their richness-independent turnover. A network of reserves must therefore be designed and managed using a variety of approaches to enhance native diversity, while controlling alien species with different residence times and degrees of commonness.}, }
@article {pmid30289505, year = {2019}, author = {Bin, S and Pu, X and Shu, B and Kang, C and Luo, S and Tang, Y and Wu, Z and Lin, J}, title = {Selection of Reference Genes for Optimal Normalization of Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Results for Diaphorina citri Adults.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {1}, pages = {355-363}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy297}, pmid = {30289505}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; *Genes, Insect ; Hemiptera/*genetics/metabolism ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards ; Reference Standards ; }, abstract = {The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), can cause direct damage to citrus trees and is the main vector for the devastating disease, citrus greening disease or huanglongbing. Most molecular studies on this important insect pest use real-time reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to quantify gene expression, including analyzing molecular basis for insecticide resistance in field populations. One critical factor to cause inaccuracy in RT-qPCR results is the lack of appropriate internal reference genes for optimal data normalization. In this study, the expression levels of 10 selected reference genes were evaluated in different tissue samples of psyllid adults and in the insects treated with different temperatures and insecticides. Data were analyzed using different computational algorithms, including Delta Ct, BestKeeper, NormFinder, geNorm, and RefFinder. According to our results, at least two reference genes should be used for the normalization of RT-qPCR data in this insect. The best choices of reference genes for different samples are as follows: ACT1 and Ferritin for different tissue samples, RPS20 and Ferritin for samples treated with different temperatures, TBP and EF1α for samples treated with imidacloprid, and Ferritin and TBP for samples treated with beta-cypermethrin. The reference genes identified in this study should be useful for future studies to analyze the expression patterns of target genes, especially for genes linked with temperature adaptability and insecticide resistance in this insect species in the future.}, }
@article {pmid30288545, year = {2019}, author = {Benucci, GMN and Bonito, V and Bonito, G}, title = {Fungal, Bacterial, and Archaeal Diversity in Soils Beneath Native and Introduced Plants in Fiji, South Pacific.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {78}, number = {1}, pages = {136-146}, pmid = {30288545}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {project MICL02416//Michigan State University AgBioResearch NIFA/ ; DEB1737898//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Archaea/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Fiji ; Fungi/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Plants/microbiology ; Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {The Fiji Islands is an archipelago of more than 330 islands located in the tropics of the South Pacific Ocean. Microbial diversity and biogeography in this region is still not understood. Here, we present the first molecular characterization of fungal, bacterial, and archaeal communities in soils from different habitats within the largest Fijian island, Viti Levu. Soil samples were collected from under native vegetation in maritime-, forest-, stream-, grassland-, and casuarina-dominated habitats, as well as from under the introduced agricultural crops sugarcane, cassava, pine, and mahogany. Soil microbial diversity was analyzed through MiSeq amplicon sequencing of 16S (for prokaryotes), ITS, LSU ribosomal DNA (for fungi). Prokaryotic communities were dominated by Proteobacteria (~ 25%), Acidobacteria (~ 19%), and Actinobacteria (~ 17%), and there were no indicator species associated with particular habitats. ITS and LSU were congruent in β-diversity patterns of fungi, and fungal communities were dominated by Ascomycota (~ 57-64%), followed by Basidiomycota (~ 20-23%) and Mucoromycota (~ 10%) according to ITS, or Chytridiomycota (~ 9%) according to LSU. Indicator species analysis of fungi found statistical associations of Cenococcum, Wilcoxina, and Rhizopogon to Pinus caribaea. We hypothesize these obligate biotrophic fungi were co-introduced with their host plant. Entoloma was statistically associated with grassland soils, and Fusarium and Lecythophora with soils under cassava. Observed richness varied from 65 (casuarina) to 404 OTUs (cassava) for fungi according to ITS region, and from 1268 (pine) to 2931 OTUs (cassava) for bacteria and archaea. A major finding of this research is that nearly 25% of the fungal OTUs are poorly classified, indicative of novel biodiversity in this region. This preliminary survey provides important baseline data on fungal, bacterial, and archaeal diversity and biogeography in the Fiji Islands.}, }
@article {pmid30287274, year = {2018}, author = {Thomas, JR and Fisher, J and Cable, J and Griffiths, SW}, title = {Terrestrial dispersal of invasive signal crayfish during vulnerable life stages.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {157}, number = {}, pages = {204-207}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2018.09.014}, pmid = {30287274}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Astacoidea/*growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {1. Aquatic invertebrates commonly disperse between waterbodies by flight, though some decapods can emigrate from the water and walk overland. 2. The signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus, Dana) is a highly invasive species that can survive for days to weeks out of water, though it is unclear to what extent vulnerable life stages, such as ovigerous females or juvenile crayfish, terrestrially emigrate. Understanding this behaviour is important to consider during the management of crayfish stocks, since a single ovigerous female could potentially introduce hundreds of hatchlings to a new waterbody, which could themselves disperse overland. 3. Here, in a laboratory study, we examined the terrestrial emigration tendency of juvenile crayfish and compared the terrestrial emigration behaviour and overland walking speed of ovigerous and non-ovigerous females. 4. Size had a significant influence on juvenile crayfish terrestrial emigration tendency, where only those larger than 16.6 mm (carapace length) left the water. Ovigerous and non-ovigerous female signal crayfish showed no significant difference in terrestrial emigration tendency nor overland walking speed. 5. This is the first study to directly examine the terrestrial emigration behaviour of crayfish during these different life stages. These findings highlight the importance of considering animal behaviour during management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid30286406, year = {2018}, author = {Zagorchev, L and Albanova, I and Tosheva, A and Li, J and Teofanova, D}, title = {Salinity effect on Cuscuta campestris Yunck. Parasitism on Arabidopsis thaliana L.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {132}, number = {}, pages = {408-414}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.09.037}, pmid = {30286406}, issn = {1873-2690}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Arabidopsis/drug effects/enzymology/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Catalase/metabolism ; Cuscuta/drug effects/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions/physiology ; Peroxidase/metabolism ; Proline/metabolism ; *Salinity ; Sodium Chloride/pharmacology ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Stem holoparasitic flowering plants of the genus Cuscuta are globally distributed invasive species and agricultural pests. The present research represents the combined effect of salt stress (e.g. abiotic stress) and Cuscuta campestris infection (e.g. biotic stress) on the model host plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the response of the parasite to salinity. The response of these parasites to abiotic stress conditions including salinity is poorly studied. Arabidopsis plants were continuously irrigated with 0, 50 and 150 mM NaCl and subjected to C. campestris infection. The influence of both abiotic and biotic stresses on the major osmoprotectant L-proline and three antioxidant enzymes - catalase, superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase, was assessed in both the parasite and the host plant. All four biochemical markers were differentially affected by stress, showing that the influence of C. campestris parasitism and its interaction with salinity is mostly in the site of infection (direct response) and also in roots (indirect vertical response) rather than on non-infected leaves of infected plants (indirect horizontal response). Despite its absence of soil contact, C. campestris was also significantly affected by salinity (indirect response). The mutual adaptation of the parasite-host pair to salinity slightly altered the regular response to abiotic stress of A. thaliana, but no detrimental additive effect of biotic and abiotic stress was observed.}, }
@article {pmid30286358, year = {2019}, author = {Anastácio, PM and Ribeiro, F and Capinha, C and Banha, F and Gama, M and Filipe, AF and Rebelo, R and Sousa, R}, title = {Non-native freshwater fauna in Portugal: A review.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {650}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {1923-1934}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.251}, pmid = {30286358}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates ; Portugal ; *Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {We present the most updated list of non-native freshwater fauna established in Portugal, including the Azores and Madeira archipelagos. This list includes 67 species at national level but corresponds to 84 species records, of which 53 are in the mainland, 23 in the Azores and 8 in Madeira archipelagos. We also discuss the progression of the cumulative number of introductions since 1800 and identify the most probable vectors of introduction, main taxonomic groups and their regions of origin. Furthermore, we review the existing knowledge about ecological and economic impacts, invasion risk and potential distribution of invaders, under present and future climatic conditions, and the applied management actions, including the production of legislation. Along the 20th century the number of successful introductions increased at an approximate rate of two new species per decade until the beginning of 1970s. Since then, this rate increased to about 14 new species per decade. These introductions were mainly a result of fisheries, as contaminants or for ornamental purposes. Fish and mollusks are the taxonomic groups with more established species, representing more than half of the total. Most species (>70%) are native from other regions of Europe and North America. Studies about ecological or socioeconomic impacts are more common for fish, crustaceans and mollusks. Impacts for most amphibians, reptiles and mammals are not thoroughly studied. A few studies on the impacts and management actions of health-threatening mosquitoes are also available. The potential distribution in the Portuguese territory was modelled for 26 species. Only a minority of these models provides projections of distributions under scenarios of future climate change. A comparison of the Portuguese and EU legislation shows large discrepancies in the invasive species lists. Using the EU list and a ranking procedure for the national context, we identify freshwater species of high national concern for which actions are urgently needed.}, }
@article {pmid30286346, year = {2019}, author = {Peters, K and Sink, KJ and Robinson, TB}, title = {Sampling methods and approaches to inform standardized detection of marine alien fouling species on recreational vessels.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {230}, number = {}, pages = {159-167}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.063}, pmid = {30286346}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Biofouling ; Environmental Monitoring ; Marine Biology/*methods/standards ; }, abstract = {Recreational vessels are important contributors to the spread of marine alien species, particularly in relation to secondary spread within novel regions. As such, these vessels should be considered a monitoring priority. The aim of this study was to identify a preferred method for monitoring recreational vessels for alien species, while simultaneously developing a framework that enables managers to objectively choose the most effective sampling approach given their financial constraints. Divers and a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) were considered in relation to four sampling approaches i.e. meanders, transects, inspection of niche areas and the collection of quadrats. Each was applied to the same 53 vessels which represented a spectrum of hull fouling cover. The most effective methods were diver scrape quadrats (Range of alien species numbers per quadrat: 0-9, Total alien species: 20) and inspections of niche areas (Range of alien species numbers: 0-5, Total alien species: 9). All methods employed using an ROV had low efficacy and incurred high costs. While scrape samples were one of the most expensive methods, this was offset by the lowest cost per species detected. Thus, it is recommended that monitoring programmes utilize scrape samples and niche area inspections, but when faced with financial constraints, diver meanders and niche inspections offer sound alternatives for detecting alien species.}, }
@article {pmid30286323, year = {2018}, author = {Fenollosa, E and Gámez, A and Munné-Bosch, S}, title = {Plasticity in the hormonal response to cold stress in the invasive plant Carpobrotus edulis.}, journal = {Journal of plant physiology}, volume = {231}, number = {}, pages = {202-209}, doi = {10.1016/j.jplph.2018.09.009}, pmid = {30286323}, issn = {1618-1328}, mesh = {Aizoaceae/*metabolism/physiology ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Cold Temperature ; Cold-Shock Response ; Introduced Species ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Melatonin/metabolism/physiology ; Plant Growth Regulators/*metabolism/physiology ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Cold stress response is mediated by multiple signaling pathways with complex interactions, among which phytohormones may play a role. We explored changes in the contents of phytohormones, including abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins and melatonin, along with stress tolerance markers in an invasive halophyte, Carpobrotus edulis in response to chilling. In a first experiment, plants were exposed to mean daily temperatures from 10 °C to 5 °C during a cold wave in an experimental garden. In a second experiment, plants were subject to slowly decreasing temperatures, from 20 to 5 °C, in a climatic chamber. Although the cold response in both experiments was associated with a similar extent of leaf desiccation, hormonal variations differed. Cold stress reduced melatonin contents, while it increased salicylic acid contents in the experimental garden. Rather, transient increases in the contents of melatonin occurred in parallel with sustained increases in the contents of abscisic acid and cytokinins in the climatic chamber. In both experiments, plants were able to prevent cold-induced increases in lipid peroxidation and any eventual damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. We conclude that (i) the hormonal response to chilling in C. edulis is strongly dependent on time exposure to low temperatures, severity of stress, as well as other environmental conditions, (ii) the hormonal response of this plant species to low temperatures is very plastic, thus underlining its great capacity for cold acclimation.}, }
@article {pmid30285713, year = {2018}, author = {Omokhua, AG and Abdalla, MA and Van Staden, J and McGaw, LJ}, title = {A comprehensive study of the potential phytomedicinal use and toxicity of invasive Tithonia species in South Africa.}, journal = {BMC complementary and alternative medicine}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {272}, pmid = {30285713}, issn = {1472-6882}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents/*chemistry/*pharmacology/toxicity ; Asteraceae/*chemistry ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Chlorocebus aethiops ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Fungi/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Mass Spectrometry ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Extracts/*chemistry/*pharmacology/toxicity ; South Africa ; Vero Cells ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Tithonia diversifolia and T. rotundifolia belong to the Asteraceae family and are native to Mexico and Central America. These plants have become invasive in parts of tropical Africa and Asia where they have become an ecological, agricultural and economic burden. Tithonia diversifolia is exploited by locals in its native and most parts of its invasive range as a source of medicines; however, T. rotundifolia is only used for medicinal purposes in one country in the native range (Venezuela) and none in the invasive range. Although T. diversifolia has been studied for different biological activities, little or no attention has been given to T. rotundifolia. This study compared the antimicrobial activity, phytochemistry, identification of bioactive compound(s) and toxicity levels of different leaf extracts and fractions of T. diversifolia and T. rotundifolia.<br><br>METHODS: Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against seven pathogenic bacteria, four non-pathogenic Mycobacterium species and three fungal species using serial microdilution assays. Phytochemical contents were determined through standard methods of analysis. UPLC/MS was used to analyse the fractions to identify possible bioactive compounds that may be responsible for bioactivity, while toxicity tests were carried out using the colorimetric MTT assay and the Ames test.<br><br>RESULTS: Both species had a range of antimicrobial activity against bacterial, mycobacterial and fungal species. However, T. rotundifolia displayed better activity against most of the strains tested with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging between 0.01 and 0.07&#xa0;mg/ml. Both species were rich in phenolics, flavonoids and tannins. Tagitinin A was identified as the main compound present in both species, and this compound may be responsible for the antimicrobial activity displayed. Toxicity tests showed that T. diversifolia was cytotoxic at concentrations used in this study, while T. rotundifolia was not. Both species did not show any mutagenic/genotoxic effects.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The above results suggest that both species may be further developed as a source of antimicrobials for the treatment of infections caused by opportunistic pathogens. They may also serve as alternatives to highly exploited plant species with the same medicinal properties. However, T. diversifolia should be used with caution as it may be toxic.}, }
@article {pmid30285491, year = {2019}, author = {Athanassiou, CG and Phillips, TW and Wakil, W}, title = {Biology and Control of the Khapra Beetle, Trogoderma granarium, a Major Quarantine Threat to Global Food Security.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {64}, number = {}, pages = {131-148}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-011118-111804}, pmid = {30285491}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Edible Grain/*parasitology ; Food Supply ; *Insect Control ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium, is a voracious feeder of stored products and is considered one of the most important quarantine pests globally. Its ability to survive for long periods under extreme conditions facilitates its spread through international commerce, which has led to invasions of new geographic regions. The khapra beetle is an important quarantine pest for many countries, including the major wheat-producing countries the United States, Canada, Russia, and Australia, and has been classified as one of the 100 worst invasive species worldwide. This species cannot always be controlled by insecticides and other nonchemical methods that are usually effective against other pests of stored products, particularly owing to its diapausing late larval stage. It can rapidly develop at elevated temperatures and under dry conditions, which are not favorable for many major stored-product insects. We synthesize key published work to draw attention to advances in biology, detection and control of the khapra beetle, and directions to consider for future research.}, }
@article {pmid30285303, year = {2018}, author = {Gobin, J and Lester, NP and Fox, MG and Dunlop, ES}, title = {Ecological change alters the evolutionary response to harvest in a freshwater fish.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {28}, number = {8}, pages = {2175-2186}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1805}, pmid = {30285303}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {//Great Lakes Fishery Commission/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Dreissena/*physiology ; *Fisheries ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; *Life History Traits ; Models, Biological ; Salmonidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Harvesting can induce rapid evolution in animal populations, yet the role of ecological change in buffering or enhancing that response is poorly understood. Here, we developed an eco-genetic model to examine how ecological changes brought about by two notorious invasive species, zebra and quagga mussels, influence harvest-induced evolution and resilience in a freshwater fish. Our study focused on lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in the Laurentian Great Lakes, where the species supports valuable commercial and subsistence fisheries, and where the invasion of dreissenid (zebra and quagga) mussels caused drastic shifts in ecosystem productivity. Using our model system, we predicted faster rates of evolution of maturation reaction norms in lake whitefish under pre-invasion ecosystem conditions when growth and recruitment of young to the population were high. Slower growth rates that occurred under post-invasion conditions delayed when fish became vulnerable to the fishery, thus decreasing selection pressure and lessening the evolutionary response to harvest. Fishing with gill nets and traps nets generally selected for early maturation at small sizes, except when fishing at low levels with small mesh gill nets under pre-invasion conditions; in this latter case, evolution of delayed maturation was predicted. Overall, the invasion of dreissenid mussels lessened the evolutionary response to harvest, while also reducing the productivity and commercial yield potential of the stock. These results demonstrate how ecological conditions shape evolutionary outcomes and how invasive species can have a direct effect on evolutionary responses to harvest and sustainability.}, }
@article {pmid30284151, year = {2019}, author = {Giorgini, M and Guerrieri, E and Cascone, P and Gontijo, L}, title = {Current Strategies and Future Outlook for Managing the Neotropical Tomato Pest Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in the Mediterranean Basin.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, pages = {1-17}, pmid = {30284151}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {PIRSES-GA-2012-318246//FP7 People: Marie-Curie Actions/ ; FAMEPIG//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o&#xa0;de&#xa0;Amparo&#xa0;&#xe0;&#xa0;Pesquisa&#xa0;do&#xa0;Estado&#xa0;de&#xa0;Minas Gerais(BR)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Hemiptera ; Herbivory ; Insecticides ; *Introduced Species ; *Solanum lycopersicum ; Mediterranean Region ; Moths/*pathogenicity ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Plant Breeding ; Population Dynamics ; Sex Attractants ; }, abstract = {The invasion of new regions by exotic pests has been more than ever a critical issue that warrants coordinated international actions to manage established populations and prevent further spreading. Invasive insects can undermine the ecological equilibrium of both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Moreover, increasing temperatures due to climatic change exacerbate this problem by allowing pests to further reach regions previously considered unsuitable. The tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera) is an exotic pest native to Peru that has spread beyond Neotropical America. In Europe, its occurrence was reported in Spain in 2006, and thereafter, it has spread throughout the Mediterranean Basin and further into Africa and part of Asia. While T. absoluta can cause losses to tomato production all over the globe, the differences in each invaded region (e.g., climate, vegetation) may affect its population dynamics and, consequently, management protocols. Therefore, the main intent of this forum paper is to explore how European growers and researchers are dealing with T. absoluta in the Mediterranean area. As for many other invasive pests, the best approach has been the adoption of integrated pest management (IPM). Specifically, the integration of biological control agents (e.g., mirid predators and egg parasitoids), microbial insecticides (i.e., Bacillus thuringiensis), selective chemical insecticides, and sex pheromone-based control has proven adequate, especially in tomato greenhouses. Nonetheless, some of the challenges ahead include the development of resistant tomato cultivars, the management of wild vegetation and companion plants to optimize the conservation of natural enemies and their effectiveness at the crop level, the management of insecticide resistance, and the improvement of sex pheromone-based tactics.}, }
@article {pmid30283654, year = {2017}, author = {Mandeville, EG and Parchman, TL and Thompson, KG and Compton, RI and Gelwicks, KR and Song, SJ and Buerkle, CA}, title = {Inconsistent reproductive isolation revealed by interactions between Catostomus fish species.}, journal = {Evolution letters}, volume = {1}, number = {5}, pages = {255-268}, pmid = {30283654}, issn = {2056-3744}, abstract = {Interactions between species are central to evolution and ecology, but we do not know enough about how outcomes of interactions between species vary across geographic locations, in heterogeneous environments, or over time. Ecological dimensions of interactions between species are known to vary, but evolutionary interactions such as the establishment and maintenance of reproductive isolation are often assumed to be consistent across instances of an interaction between species. Hybridization among Catostomus fish species occurs over a large and heterogeneous geographic area and across taxa with distinct evolutionary histories, which allows us to assess consistency in species interactions. We analyzed hybridization among six Catostomus species across the Upper Colorado River basin (US mountain west) and found extreme variation in hybridization across locations. Different hybrid crosses were present in different locations, despite similar species assemblages. Within hybrid crosses, hybridization varied from only first generation hybrids to extensive hybridization with backcrossing. Variation in hybridization outcomes might result from uneven fitness of hybrids across locations, polymorphism in genetic incompatibilities, chance, unidentified historical contingencies, or some combination thereof. Our results suggest caution in assuming that one or a few instances of hybridization represent all interactions between the focal species, as species interactions vary substantially across locations.}, }
@article {pmid30280038, year = {2018}, author = {Egly, RM and Larson, ER}, title = {Distribution, habitat associations, and conservation status updates for the pilose crayfish Pacifastacus gambelii (Girard, 1852) and Snake River pilose crayfish Pacifastacus connectens (Faxon, 1914) of the western United States.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5668}, pmid = {30280038}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Our study evaluates the distribution, habitat associations, and current conservation status of the Snake River pilose crayfish Pacifastacus connectens (Faxon, 1914) and pilose crayfish Pacifastacus gambelii (Girard, 1852), two little-studied and data-deficient species endemic to the western United States. We first developed a species distribution model (SDM) for the pilose crayfishes based on their historical occurrence records using boosted regression trees and freshwater GIS data layers. We then sampled 163 sites in the summers of 2016 and 2017 within the distribution of these crayfishes, including 50 where these species were observed historically. We next compared our field results to modeled predictions of suitable habitat from the SDM. Our SDM predicted 73 sites (45%) we sampled as suitable for the pilose crayfishes, with a moderate AUC value of 0.824. The pilose crayfishes were generally predicted to occur in larger streams and rivers with less extreme upstream temperature and precipitation seasonality. We found the pilose crayfishes at only 20 (12%) of the 163 total sites we sampled, 14 (20%) of the 73 sites predicted as suitable for them by our SDM, and 12 (24%) of 50 historical sites that we sampled. We found the invasive virile crayfish Faxonius virilis (Hagen, 1870) at 22 sites total and 12 (24%) historical sites for the pilose crayfishes, and we found the "native invader" signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana, 1852) at 29 sites total and 6 (12%) historical sites for the pilose crayfishes. We subsequently used a single classification tree to identify factors associated with our high rate of false positives for contemporary pilose crayfish distributions relative to our SDM. This classification tree identified the presence of invasive crayfishes, impairment of the benthic community, and sampling method as some of the factors differentiating false positives relative to true positives for the pilose crayfishes. Our study identified the historical distribution and habitat associations for P. connectens and P. gambelii using an SDM and contrasted this prediction to results of contemporary field sampling. We found that the pilose crayfishes have seemingly experienced substantial range declines, attributable to apparent displacement by invasive crayfishes and impairment or change to stream communities and habitat. We recommend increased conservation and management attention to P. connectens and P. gambelii in response to these findings.}, }
@article {pmid30280022, year = {2018}, author = {Howard, BR and Barrios-O'Neill, D and Alexander, ME and Dick, JTA and Therriault, TW and Robinson, TB and Côté, IM}, title = {Functional responses of a cosmopolitan invader demonstrate intraspecific variability in consumer-resource dynamics.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5634}, pmid = {30280022}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Variability in the ecological impacts of invasive species across their geographical ranges may decrease the accuracy of risk assessments. Comparative functional response analysis can be used to estimate invasive consumer-resource dynamics, explain impact variability, and thus potentially inform impact predictions. The European green crab (Carcinus maenas) has been introduced on multiple continents beyond its native range, although its ecological impacts appear to vary among populations and regions. Our aim was to test whether consumer-resource dynamics under standardized conditions are similarly variable across the current geographic distribution of green crab, and to identify correlated morphological features.<br><br>METHODS: Crabs were collected from multiple populations within both native (Northern Ireland) and invasive regions (South Africa and Canada). Their functional responses to local mussels (Mytilus spp.) were tested. Attack rates and handling times were compared among green crab populations within each region, and among regions (Pacific Canada, Atlantic Canada, South Africa, and Northern Ireland). The effect of predator and prey morphology on prey consumption was investigated.<br><br>RESULTS: Across regions, green crabs consumed prey according to a Type II (hyperbolic) functional response curve. Attack rates (i.e., the rate at which a predator finds and attacks prey), handling times and maximum feeding rates differed among regions. There was a trend toward higher attack rates in invasive than in native populations. Green crabs from Canada had lower handling times and thus higher maximum feeding rates than those from South Africa and Northern Ireland. Canadian and Northern Ireland crabs had significantly larger claws than South African crabs. Claw size was a more important predictor of the proportion of mussels killed than prey shell strength.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The differences in functional response between regions reflect observed impacts of green crabs in the wild. This suggests that an understanding of consumer-resource dynamics (e.g., the per capita measure of predation), derived from simple, standardized experiments, might yield useful predictions of invader impacts across geographical ranges.}, }
@article {pmid30279632, year = {2018}, author = {van Nieukerken, EJ and Gilrein, DO and Eiseman, CS}, title = {Stigmellamultispicata Rociene. &amp; Stonis, an Asian leafminer on Siberian elm, now widespread in eastern North America (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {784}, pages = {95-125}, pmid = {30279632}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Stigmellamultispicata Rocienė &amp; Stonis, 2014, previously known from the single male holotype from Primorye, Russia, is reported as a new invasive species mining leaves of Siberian elm, Ulmuspumila L., in eastern North America. Both adults and leafmines have been reported from many sites as unidentified Nepticulidae since 2010. Crucial for the identification was a match of the DNA barcode of a single larva collected on Ulmuspumila in Beijing with adults from North America. The single larva constitutes a new record for China. Stigmellamultispicata is closely related to the European S.ulmivora (Fologne, 1860), feeding likewise on Ulmus, but differs in details of external morphology and genitalia, particularly in the female, where S.multispicata has a remarkable elongated narrow ovipositor, suitable for oviposition in underside hairy leaf vein axils, where all mines start. In North America S.multispicata is the only Ulmus-feeding nepticulid with green larvae. Currently the species is known from USA: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Tennessee, Wisconsin, and Canada: Ontario and Québec. In Sagaponack, on Long Island, New York, larvae have been reported to occur en masse on Siberian elms from at least two sites. The current distribution could be reconstructed thanks also to many online photographs from observation websites. The species is redescribed, with the first descriptions of female, larva, and leafmine, and compared with S.ulmivora, which is fully redescribed. The two native North American nepticulid Ulmus leafminers, S.apicialbella (Chambers, 1873) and Ectoedemiaulmella (Braun, 1912), are diagnosed and new provincial and state records are provided. A key to linear mines on Ulmus in North America is provided. We suspect that trade of live plants through nurseries played a role in the sudden spread of this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30279325, year = {2018}, author = {Mills, NJ}, title = {An Alternative Perspective for the Theory of Biological Control.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {30279325}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Importation biological control represents the planned introduction of a specialist natural enemy from the region of origin of an invasive pest or weed. For this study, the author considered why attempts to develop a predictive theory for biological control have been misguided and what future directions might be more promising and effective. Despite considerable interest in the theory of consumer[-]resource population dynamics, such theory has contributed little to improvements in the success of biological control due to a focus on persistence and equilibrium dynamics rather than establishment and impact. A broader consideration of invasion biology in addition to population ecology offers new opportunities for a more inclusive theory of biological control that incorporates the demographic and genetic processes that more specifically address the establishment and impact of introduced natural enemies. The importance of propagule size and genetic variance for successful establishment, and of contributions to host population growth, relative population growth rates, interaction strength, and coevolution for suppression of host abundance are discussed as promising future directions for a theory of biological control.}, }
@article {pmid30278148, year = {2019}, author = {Wood, SA and Pochon, X and Ming, W and von Ammon, U and Woods, C and Carter, M and Smith, M and Inglis, G and Zaiko, A}, title = {Considerations for incorporating real-time PCR assays into routine marine biosecurity surveillance programmes: a case study targeting the Mediterranean fanworm (Sabella spallanzanii) and club tunicate (Styela clava) [1].}, journal = {Genome}, volume = {62}, number = {3}, pages = {137-146}, doi = {10.1139/gen-2018-0021}, pmid = {30278148}, issn = {1480-3321}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/analysis/*genetics ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Polychaeta/*genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Security Measures ; Urochordata/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Molecular techniques may provide effective tools to enhance marine biosecurity surveillance. Prior to routine implementation, evidence-based consideration of their benefits and limitations is needed. In this study, we assessed the efficiency and practicality of visual diver surveys and real-time PCR assays (targeting DNA and RNA) for detecting two marine invasive species whose infestation levels varied between species and location: Sabella spallanzanii and Styela clava. Filtered water samples (n = 171) were collected in parallel with dive surveys at two locations as part of the New Zealand Marine High Risk Site Surveillance programme: Nelson Harbour (27 sites) and Waitemata Harbour (30 sites). Diver surveys resulted in a greater number of detections compared to real-time PCR: S. clava - 21 versus 5 sites in Nelson, 6 versus 1 in Auckland; S. spallanzanii - 18 versus 10 in Auckland, no detections in Nelson. Occupancy modelling derived detection probabilities for the real-time PCR for S. clava were low (14%), compared to S. spallanzanii (66%). This could be related to abundances, or species-specific differences in DNA shedding. Only one RNA sample was positive, suggesting that most detections were from extracellular DNA or non-viable fragments. While molecular methods cannot yet replace visual observations, this study shows they provide useful complementary information.}, }
@article {pmid30275487, year = {2018}, author = {de Moraes, LA and Muller, C and Bueno, RCOF and Santos, A and Bello, VH and De Marchi, BR and Watanabe, LFM and Marubayashi, JM and Santos, BR and Yuki, VA and Takada, HM and de Barros, DR and Neves, CG and da Silva, FN and Gonçalves, MJ and Ghanim, M and Boykin, L and Pavan, MA and Krause-Sakate, R}, title = {Distribution and phylogenetics of whiteflies and their endosymbiont relationships after the Mediterranean species invasion in Brazil.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {14589}, pmid = {30275487}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Alphaproteobacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Animals ; Brazil ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Gammaproteobacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Genetic Variation ; Hemiptera/*classification/genetics/*growth &amp; development/microbiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Phylogeography ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {The Bemisia tabaci is a polyphagous insect and a successful vector of plant viruses. B. tabaci is a species complex and in Brazil native species from the New World (NW) group, as well as the invasive species, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) were reported. For better understanding the distribution of the different species four years after the Mediterranean species invasion in Brazil, whiteflies were collected from 237 locations throughout the country between the years of 2013 and 2017, species were identified and the facultative endosymbionts detected. The survey revealed that MEAM1 was the prevalent species found on major crops across Brazil. It is the only species present in North, Northwestern and Central Brazil and was associated with virus-infected plants. MED was found in five States from Southeast to South regions, infesting mainly ornamental plants and was not associated with virus-infected plants. The prevalent endosymbionts identified in MEAM1 were Hamiltonella and Rickettsia; and the mtCOI analysis revealed low genetic diversity for MEAM1. In contrast, several different endosymbionts were identified in MED including Hamiltonella, Rickettsia, Wolbachia and Arsenophonus; and two distinct genetic groups were found based on the mtCOI analysis. Monitoring the distribution of the whiteflies species in Brazil is essential for proper management of this pest.}, }
@article {pmid30274268, year = {2018}, author = {Medlock, JM and Hansford, KM and Vaux, AGC and Cull, B and Gillingham, E and Leach, S}, title = {Assessment of the Public Health Threats Posed by Vector-Borne Disease in the United Kingdom (UK).}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {30274268}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {Animals ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/*transmission ; Dengue/*transmission ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*virology ; Mosquito Vectors/*virology ; Population Surveillance ; Risk Factors ; Ticks/*virology ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {In recent years, the known distribution of vector-borne diseases in Europe has changed, with much new information also available now on the status of vectors in the United Kingdom (UK). For example, in 2016, the UK reported their first detection of the non-native mosquito Aedes albopictus, which is a known vector for dengue and chikungunya virus. In 2010, Culex modestus, a principal mosquito vector for West Nile virus was detected in large numbers in the Thames estuary. For tick-borne diseases, data on the changing distribution of the Lyme borreliosis tick vector, Ixodes ricinus, has recently been published, at a time when there has been an increase in the numbers of reported human cases of Lyme disease. This paper brings together the latest surveillance data and pertinent research on vector-borne disease in the UK, and its relevance to public health. It highlights the need for continued vector surveillance systems to monitor our native mosquito and tick fauna, as well as the need to expand surveillance for invasive species. It illustrates the importance of maintaining surveillance capacity that is sufficient to ensure accurate and timely disease risk assessment to help mitigate the UK's changing emerging infectious disease risks, especially in a time of climatic and environmental change and increasing global connectivity.}, }
@article {pmid30272116, year = {2018}, author = {Banahene, N and Salem, SK and Faske, TM and Byrne, HM and Glackin, M and Agosta, SJ and Eckert, AJ and Grayson, KL and Thompson, LM}, title = {Thermal Sensitivity of Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) During Larval and Pupal Development.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {6}, pages = {1623-1631}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvy149}, pmid = {30272116}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Hot Temperature ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Mortality ; Moths/*growth &amp; development ; Pupa/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {As global temperatures rise, thermal limits play an increasingly important role in determining the persistence and spread of invasive species. Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L. Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in North America provides an ideal system for studying the effect of high temperatures on invasive species performance. Here, we used fluctuating temperature regimes and exposed gypsy moth at specific points in development (first-fourth instar, pupa) to cycles of favorable (22-28°C) or high-temperature treatments (30-36°C, 32-38°C, 34-40°C) for either 2 or 7 d. We measured survival, growth, and prolonged effects of exposure on development time and pupal mass. Survival generally decreased as the experimental temperature treatment and duration of exposure increased for all instars and pupae, with a narrow threshold for lethal effects. In response to increasing temperature and magnified by longer exposure times, growth abruptly declined for third instars and development time increased for pupae. For those surviving the 2-d exposure treatment, development time to pupation increased for all instars, but we did not find consistent effects on final pupal mass. These negative effects of high temperature provide important data on the susceptibility of gypsy moth to heat at different points in development. This work improves our understanding of thermal limits to growth and development in gypsy moth and can aid in determining invasion potential under current and future climates.}, }
@article {pmid30271564, year = {2018}, author = {Hunter, ME and Johnson, NA and Smith, BJ and Davis, MC and Butterfield, JSS and Snow, RW and Hart, KM}, title = {Cytonuclear discordance in the Florida Everglades invasive Burmese python (Python bivittatus) population reveals possible hybridization with the Indian python (P. molurus).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {17}, pages = {9034-9047}, pmid = {30271564}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The invasive Burmese python (Python bivittatus) has been reproducing in the Florida Everglades since the 1980s. These giant constrictor snakes have caused a precipitous decline in small mammal populations in southern Florida following escapes or releases from the commercial pet trade. To better understand the invasion pathway and genetic composition of the population, two mitochondrial (mtDNA) loci across 1,398 base pairs were sequenced on 426 snakes and 22 microsatellites were assessed on 389 snakes. Concatenated mtDNA sequences produced six haplotypes with an average nucleotide and haplotype diversity of π = 0.002 and h = 0.097, respectively. Samples collected in Florida from morphologically identified P. bivittatus snakes were similar to published cytochrome oxidase 1 and cytochrome b sequences from both P. bivittatus and Python molurus and were highly divergent (genetic distances of 5.4% and 4.3%, respectively). The average number of microsatellite alleles and expected heterozygosity were N A = 5.50 and H E = 0.60, respectively. Nuclear Bayesian assignment tests supported two genetically distinct groups and an admixed group, not geographically differentiated. The effective population size (N E = 315.1) was lower than expected for a population this large, but reflected the low genetic diversity overall. The patterns of genetic diversity between mtDNA and microsatellites were disparate, indicating nuclear introgression of separate mtDNA lineages corresponding to cytonuclear discordance. The introgression likely occurred prior to the invasion, but genetic information on the native range and commercial trade is needed for verification. Our finding that the Florida python population is comprised of distinct lineages suggests greater standing variation for adaptation and the potential for broader areas of suitable habitat in the invaded range.}, }
@article {pmid30270555, year = {2018}, author = {Davidson, IC and Cott, GM and Devaney, JL and Simkanin, C}, title = {Differential effects of biological invasions on coastal blue carbon: A global review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {24}, number = {11}, pages = {5218-5230}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14426}, pmid = {30270555}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Carbon ; *Carbon Cycle ; Carbon Sequestration ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; Poaceae ; Soil ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Human-caused shifts in carbon (C) cycling and biotic exchange are defining characteristics of the Anthropocene. In marine systems, saltmarsh, seagrass, and mangrove habitats-collectively known as "blue carbon" and coastal vegetated habitats (CVHs)-are a leading sequester of global C and increasingly impacted by exotic species invasions. There is growing interest in the effect of invasion by a diverse pool of exotic species on C storage and the implications for ecosystem-based management of these systems. In a global meta-analysis, we synthesized data from 104 papers that provided 345 comparisons of habitat-level response (plant and soil C storage) from paired invaded and uninvaded sites. We found an overall net effect of significantly higher C pools in invaded CVHs amounting to 40% (±16%) higher C storage than uninvaded habitat, but effects differed among types of invaders. Elevated C storage was driven by blue C-forming plant invaders (saltmarsh grasses, seagrasses, and mangrove trees) that intensify biomass per unit area, extend and elevate coastal wetlands, and convert coastal mudflats into C-rich vegetated habitat. Introduced animal and structurally distinct primary producers had significant negative effects on C pools, driven by herbivory, trampling, and native species displacement. The role of invasion manifested differently among habitat types, with significant C storage increases in saltmarshes, decreases in seagrass, and no significant effect in mangroves. There were also counter-directional effects by the same species in different systems or locations, which underscores the importance of combining data mining with analyses of mean effect sizes in meta-analyses. Our study provides a quantitative basis for understanding differential effects of invasion on blue C habitats and will inform conservation strategies that need to balance management decisions involving invasion, C storage, and a range of other marine biodiversity and habitat functions in these coastal systems.}, }
@article {pmid30269692, year = {2019}, author = {Martinez-Sañudo, I and Mazzon, L and Simonato, M and Avtzis, D and Pujade-Villar, J and Faccoli, M}, title = {Tracking the origin and dispersal of the Asian chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) in Europe with molecular markers.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {109}, number = {3}, pages = {300-308}, doi = {10.1017/S000748531800069X}, pmid = {30269692}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer ; Europe ; Fagaceae/parasitology ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Wasps/*classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {The Asian chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, is an invasive pest causing significant damage to chestnut trees (Castanea spp., Fagaceae). Originating from China, it has recently invaded a wide range of regions in Europe and North America. Understanding the population genetic structure of important invasive pests is very useful for improving the knowledge concerning routes of expansion and colonizing capacity. Despite its economic importance, limited attention has been given to D. kuriphilus origin and spread, or to its genetic structure. In this study, D. kuriphilus populations sampled in eight European countries were screened using both mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1; COI) and nuclear (internal transcribed spacer 2; ITS2) sequences, and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The molecular markers COI and ITS2 highlighted the presence of a single haplotype in all the studied populations. The recorded mitochondrial haplotype was identical to one of the most widespread haplotypes occurring in the native area (China). AFLP results indicated that D. kuriphilus individuals belong to two genetically distinct clusters without any further geographic clustering. These results suggest that D. kuriphilus populations in Europe could be the result of a single introduction of a Chinese founder population characterized by two genetically distinct lineages that subsequently spread rapidly across Europe. However, the possibility that populations originated from multiple introductions of the same Chinese mitochondrial haplotype cannot be excluded. The reported results provide useful information concerning this invasive species, potentially facilitating integrated pest management.}, }
@article {pmid30269397, year = {2018}, author = {Card, DC and Perry, BW and Adams, RH and Schield, DR and Young, AS and Andrew, AL and Jezkova, T and Pasquesi, GIM and Hales, NR and Walsh, MR and Rochford, MR and Mazzotti, FJ and Hart, KM and Hunter, ME and Castoe, TA}, title = {Novel ecological and climatic conditions drive rapid adaptation in invasive Florida Burmese pythons.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {23}, pages = {4744-4757}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14885}, pmid = {30269397}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Boidae/*genetics/physiology ; *Climate ; Evolution, Molecular ; Florida ; Genome ; *Introduced Species ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Invasive species provide powerful in situ experimental systems for studying evolution in response to selective pressures in novel habitats. While research has shown that phenotypic evolution can occur rapidly in nature, few examples exist of genomewide adaptation on short "ecological" timescales. Burmese pythons (Python molurus bivittatus) have become a successful and impactful invasive species in Florida over the last 30 years despite major freeze events that caused high python mortality. We sampled Florida Burmese pythons before and after a major freeze event in 2010 and found evidence for directional selection in genomic regions enriched for genes associated with thermosensation, behaviour and physiology. Several of these genes are linked to regenerative organ growth, an adaptive response that modulates organ size and function with feeding and fasting in pythons. Independent histological and functional genomic data sets provide additional layers of support for a contemporary shift in invasive Burmese python physiology. In the Florida population, a shift towards maintaining an active digestive system may be driven by the fitness benefits of maintaining higher metabolic rates and body temperature during freeze events. Our results suggest that a synergistic interaction between ecological and climatic selection pressures has driven adaptation in Florida Burmese pythons, demonstrating the often-overlooked potential of rapid adaptation to influence the success of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30267221, year = {2019}, author = {van Riper, CJ and Browning, MHEM and Becker, D and Stewart, W and Suski, CD and Browning, L and Golebie, E}, title = {Human-Nature Relationships and Normative Beliefs Influence Behaviors that Reduce the Spread of Aquatic Invasive Species.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {63}, number = {1}, pages = {69-79}, pmid = {30267221}, issn = {1432-1009}, support = {1012211//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/International ; NGRREC-IP2016-25//National Great Rivers Research &amp; Education Center/International ; NGRREC-IP2016-2//National Great Rivers Research and Education Center/International ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Humans ; Illinois ; *Introduced Species ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Human behaviors that contribute to the spread of aquatic invasive species are influenced by myriad social psychological factors that vary across contexts and populations. Understanding such behavior is crucial for forming successful management strategies that minimize environmental impacts while generating support and cooperation among stakeholders. We identify several reasons why recreational anglers and boaters make decisions that benefit the environment. Specifically, our study addresses the following objectives: (1) examine reported behaviors that minimize the spread of aquatic invasive species, (2) test the effects of social normative beliefs on reported behaviors, and (3) determine the role of human-nature relationships in explaining behavioral patterns. Drawing on a path model of the decisions made by respondents who completed an on-site survey at two nature-based case study sites in Illinois, we observed that reported behavior was positively influenced by normative beliefs about those behaviors and human-nature relationships. Specifically, the Participant in Nature and Partner with Nature orientations were positively and negatively correlated with norms, respectively. In turn, norms positively predicted reported stewardship behaviors. These findings advance research on the human dimensions of aquatic invasive species by providing insights on the role of stable psychological processes that shape behavior, while informing management decisions aimed at minimizing biological invasions in freshwater ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid30262689, year = {2018}, author = {Song, H and Zhang, YX and Yang, MJ and Sun, JC and Zhang, T and Wang, HY}, title = {Genome survey on invasive veined rapa whelk (Rapana venosa) and development of microsatellite loci on large scale.}, journal = {Journal of genetics}, volume = {97}, number = {4}, pages = {e79-e86}, pmid = {30262689}, issn = {0973-7731}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Computational Biology ; Gastropoda/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genome/*genetics ; *Genomics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The veined rapa whelk (Rapana venosa) is an economically important gastropod in China, but is considered as an invasive species globally. Only a few studies have examined the R. venosa genome, a genomewide survey is necessary for improving our understanding of the genome structure and size of this organism. Microsatellite markers are powerful tools for characterizing germplasms, genetic diversity and kinship among individuals. The resultant data are applicable to breeding efforts in commercial aquaculture or for understanding invasion mechanisms. Here, we investigated the genome structure of R. venosa on an Illumina Hi-seq platform with ∼92× sequencing depth. We performed a K-mer analysis to estimate genome size, repeat sequences and heterozygosity. Clean reads were de novo assembled for the identification of simple-sequence repeat (SSR) loci that are suitable as markers. The estimated genome size of R. venosa was 2200.07 Mb, with a 1.41% heterozygosity rate and 67.04% repeats. We detected 5,477,450 simple-sequence repeats (SSRs), with 3,400,602 loci present as pure tandem repeats and 2,076,848 as compound motifs. We further selected and characterized 28 polymorphic markers in 78 individuals from Dandong, Laizhou, Weihai and Zhoushan in China. The range of alleles was 2-28 and the observed heterozygosity was 0.2857-0.8676. The data obtained from our genomic survey will aid the design of R. venosa whole-genome sequencing projects and advance the identification of SSR markers. Both these developments are valuable for further studies on ecological, evolutionary and genetic breeding in R. venosa.}, }
@article {pmid30260994, year = {2018}, author = {Yackel Adams, AA and Lardner, B and Knox, AJ and Reed, RN}, title = {Inferring the absence of an incipient population during a rapid response for an invasive species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {e0204302}, pmid = {30260994}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Successful eradication of invasives is facilitated by early detection and prompt onset of control. However, realizing or verifying that a colonization has occurred is difficult for cryptic species especially at low population densities. Responding to the capture or unconfirmed sighting of a cryptic invasive species, and the associated effort to determine if it indicates an incipient (small, localized) population or merely a lone colonizer, is costly and cannot continue indefinitely. However, insufficient detection effort risks erroneously concluding the species is not present, allowing the population to increase in size and expand its range. Evidence for an incipient population requires detection of ≥1 individual; its absence, on the other hand, must be inferred probabilistically. We use an actual rapid response incident and species-specific detection estimates tied to a known density to calculate the amount of effort (with non-sequential detections) necessary to assert, with a pre-defined confidence, that invasive brown treesnakes are absent from the search area under a wide range of hypothetical population densities. We illustrate that the amount of effort necessary to declare that a species is absent is substantial and increases with decreased individual detection probability, decreased density, and increased level of desired confidence about its absence. Such survey investment would be justified where the cost savings due to early detection are large. Our Poisson-based model application will allow managers to make informed decisions about how long to continue detection efforts, should no additional detections occur, and suggests that effort to do so is significantly higher than previously thought. While our model application informs how long to search to infer absence of an incipient population of brown treesnakes, the approach is sufficiently general to apply to other invasive species if density-dependent detection estimates are known or reliable surrogate estimates are available.}, }
@article {pmid30259819, year = {2019}, author = {Bachtel, RZ and Rittenhouse, M and Sandland, GJ and Koop, JAH}, title = {Infection patterns of trematodes across size classes of an invasive snail species using field and laboratory studies.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {146}, number = {4}, pages = {438-444}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182018001646}, pmid = {30259819}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Cercaria/growth &amp; development/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Rivers/*parasitology ; Snails/*parasitology ; Trematoda/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {In the Upper Mississippi River Region, invasive faucet snails (Bithynia tentaculata) and their trematode parasites have been implicated in more than 182 000 waterfowl deaths since 1996. Estimating transmission potential depends on accurate assessments of susceptible host population size. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying snail-host susceptibility in this system. Prior field studies suggest that very small, likely young, faucet snails are less suitable secondary intermediate hosts. Here, we test whether the patterns observed in the field are because small snails (1) are refractory to infection by cercariae, (2) die from infection and are removed from sampled populations, and/or (3) are not preferred by cercariae. Our own field collections were consistent with the observation that smaller faucet snails exhibit lower metacercarial infection prevalence and abundance than larger snails. However, laboratory-based experiments show that smaller snails were actually more susceptible to infection than larger snails. Moreover, the smallest snail size class had significantly higher mortality than larger snails following infection, which may explain their reduced infection levels observed in the field. Our study demonstrates the importance of pairing field and laboratory studies to better understand mechanisms underlying patterns of infection.}, }
@article {pmid30257421, year = {2018}, author = {Rijal, J and Gyawaly, S}, title = {Characterizing Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Injury in Almond, a New Host Crop in California.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {30257421}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2016-51181-25409//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; NA//California Cling Peach Board/ ; }, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive species from Asia. This polyphagous, stink bug species has posed a serious production challenge in several crop species in the areas where established. The insect has spread to all the mainland states in the U.S. in about one and half decades after its first detection in Pennsylvania. The types of crops reported to have been infested by this stink bug have increased with its spread to new geographic locations. In this study, we report the first evidence of H. halys infestation in almond fruit in California. In Stanislaus County, an adult brown marmorated stink bug in an almond orchard was first observed in May 2017. The stink bug feeding on almond fruits caused excessive gumming to the developing fruits, and damage to the kernels along with typical necrotic feeding signs on the shell (endocarp) and hull (exocarp and pericarp) of the fruit at harvest. The infestation and damage by H. halys on almond warrants further research to develop Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies for this pest.}, }
@article {pmid30256998, year = {2018}, author = {Sarles, L and Fassotte, B and Boullis, A and Lognay, G and Verhaeghe, A and Markó, I and Verheggen, FJ}, title = {Improving the Monitoring of the Walnut Husk Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Using Male-Produced Lactones.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {111}, number = {5}, pages = {2032-2037}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy169}, pmid = {30256998}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Insect Control/*methods ; Juglans ; Lactones/*analysis ; Male ; Tephritidae/*chemistry ; Volatile Organic Compounds/*analysis ; }, abstract = {It is important to monitor fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) efficiently to implement sustainable means of control. Attractants are often used to increase the efficiency of sticky traps deployed in orchards to monitor Lepidopterans, but remains to be developed to monitor fruit flies. Rhagoletis completa Cresson (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an invasive species in the walnut orchards of Europe, and is commonly monitored with yellow sticky traps. In this study, we collected the volatile compounds released by male and female R. completa, and identified two lactones released exclusively by males. We then formulated both lactones in long-lasting volatile dispensers, and we quantified their release rate over a 26-d period. Finally, during the entire period when female flies are present in the field, we compared the efficiency of the conventional monitoring method using unbaited yellow sticky traps with yellow sticky traps associated with a dispenser releasing both male-produced lactones. These assays were conducted in 54 walnut orchards in France, in 2017. The number of fruit flies caught with sticky traps associated with lactones dispensers was increased by up to 10 times each week. Lactone-baited traps also allowed earlier detection in the season. These field results are promising for R. completa monitoring. A complete chiral identification of these lactones should be performed along with a clarification of their role in the sexual communication of R. completa.}, }
@article {pmid30256668, year = {2019}, author = {Lester, PJ and Beggs, JR}, title = {Invasion Success and Management Strategies for Social Vespula Wasps.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {64}, number = {}, pages = {51-71}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-011118-111812}, pmid = {30256668}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Pest Control, Biological ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Three species of Vespula have become invasive in Australia, Hawai'i, New Zealand, and North and South America and continue to spread. These social wasp species can achieve high nest densities, and their behavioral plasticity has led to substantial impacts on recipient communities. Ecologically, they affect all trophic levels, restructuring communities and altering resource flows. Economically, their main negative effect is associated with pollination and the apicultural industry. Climate change is likely to exacerbate their impacts in many regions. Introduced Vespula spp. likely experience some degree of enemy release from predators or parasites, although they are exposed to a wide range of microbial pathogens in both their native and introduced range. Toxic baits have been significantly improved over the last decade, enabling effective landscape-level control. Although investigated extensively, no effective biological control agents have yet been found. Emerging technologies such as gene drives are under consideration.}, }
@article {pmid30254612, year = {2018}, author = {Schmidt, C and Morard, R and Romero, O and Kucera, M}, title = {Diverse Internal Symbiont Community in the Endosymbiotic Foraminifera Pararotalia calcariformata: Implications for Symbiont Shuffling Under Thermal Stress.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {2018}, pmid = {30254612}, issn = {1664-302X}, support = {EP-C-17-015/EPA/EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {Many shallow-water tropical and subtropical foraminifera engage in photosymbiosis with eukaryotic microalgae. Some of these foraminifera appear to harbor a diverse consortium of endosymbiotic algae within a single host. Such apparent ability to contain different symbionts could facilitate change in symbiont community composition (symbiont shuffling) and mediate the ecological success of the group in a changing environment. However, the discovery of the intra-individual symbiont diversity was thus far based on symbiont culturing, which provides strong constraints on the vitality of the identified algae but provides poor constraints on their initial abundance and thus functional relevance to the host. Here we analyze the algal symbiont diversity in Pararotalia calcariformata, a benthic foraminifera sampled at four stations, inside and outside of a thermal plume in the eastern Mediterranean coast of Israel. This species has recently invaded the Mediterranean, is unusually thermally tolerant and was described previously to host at least one different diatom symbiont than other symbiont-bearing foraminifera. Our results using genotyping and isolation of algae in culture medium, confirm multiple associations with different diatom species within the same individual. Both methods revealed spatially consistent symbiont associations and identified the most common symbiont as a pelagic diatom Minutocellus polymorphus. In one case, an alternative dominant symbiont, the diatom Navicula sp., was detected by genotyping. This diatom was the third most abundant species identified using standard algae culturing method. This method further revealed a spatially consistent pattern in symbiont diversity of a total of seventeen identified diatom species, across the studied localities. Collectively, these results indicate that P. calcariformata hosts a diverse consortium of diatom endosymbionts, where different members can become numerically dominant and thus functionally relevant in a changing environment.}, }
@article {pmid30254322, year = {2019}, author = {Li, SP and Tan, J and Yang, X and Ma, C and Jiang, L}, title = {Niche and fitness differences determine invasion success and impact in laboratory bacterial communities.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {402-412}, pmid = {30254322}, issn = {1751-7370}, mesh = {Bacteria/*classification/*genetics ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Laboratories ; Microbiota ; *Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {There is increasing awareness of invasion in microbial communities worldwide, but the mechanisms behind microbial invasions remain poorly understood. Specifically, we know little about how the evolutionary and ecological differences between invaders and natives regulate invasion success and impact. Darwin's naturalization hypothesis suggests that the phylogenetic distance between invaders and natives could be a useful predictor of invasion, and modern coexistence theory proposes that invader-native niche and fitness differences combine to determine invasion outcome. However, the relative importance of phylogenetic distance, niche difference and fitness difference for microbial invasions has rarely been examined. By using laboratory bacterial microcosms as model systems, we experimentally assessed the roles of these differences for the success of bacterial invaders and their impact on native bacterial community structure. We found that the phylogenetic distance between invaders and natives failed to explain invasion success and impact for two of three invaders at the phylogenetic scale considered. Further, we found that invasion success was better explained by invader-native niche differences than relative fitness differences for all three invaders, whereas invasion impact was better explained by invader-native relative fitness differences than niche differences. These findings highlight the utility of considering modern coexistence theory to gain a more mechanistic understanding of microbial invasions.}, }
@article {pmid30253010, year = {2019}, author = {Szabó, S and Peeters, ETHM and Várbíró, G and Borics, G and Lukács, BA}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity as a clue for invasion success of the submerged aquatic plant Elodea nuttallii.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {54-63}, doi = {10.1111/plb.12918}, pmid = {30253010}, issn = {1438-8677}, support = {GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00019//&#xa0;/ ; PD120775//National Research, Development and Innovation Office - NKFIH, OTKA/ ; KH129520//National Research, Development and Innovation Office - NKFIH, OTKA/ ; FK127939//National Research, Development and Innovation Office - NKFIH, OTKA/ ; //New National Excellence Program of the Ministry of Human Capacities (UNKP Bolyai+)/ ; //Bolyai J&#xe1;nos Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Aquatic Organisms/*growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Hydrocharitaceae/*growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Plant Roots/anatomy &amp; histology ; Plant Shoots/growth &amp; development ; Principal Component Analysis ; }, abstract = {Two closely related alien submerged aquatic plants were introduced into Europe. The new invader (Elodea nuttallii) gradually displaced E. canadensis even at sites where the latter was well established. The aim of the study was to evaluate the combined effects of environmental factors on several phenotypic characteristics of the two Elodea species, and to relate these phenotypic characteristics to the invasion success of E. nuttallii over E. canadensis. In a factorial design, Elodea plants were grown in aquaria containing five different nitrogen concentrations and incubated at five different light intensities. We used six functional traits (apical shoot RGR), total shoot RGR, relative elongation, root length, lateral spread, branching degree) to measure the environmental response of the species. We calculated plasticity indices to express the phenotypic differences between species. Light and nitrogen jointly triggered the development of phenotypic characteristics that make E. nuttallii a more successful invader in eutrophic waters than E. canadensis. The stronger invader showed a wider range of phenotypic plasticity. The apical elongation was the main difference between the two species, with E. nuttallii being more than two times longer than E. canadensis. E. canadensis formed dense side shoots even under high shade and low nitrogen levels, whereas E. nuttallii required higher light and nitrogen levels. We found that under more eutrophic conditions, E. nuttallii reach the water surface sooner than E. canadensis and through intensive branching outcompetes all other plants including E. canadensis. Our findings support the theory that more successful invaders have wider phenotypic plasticity.}, }
@article {pmid30252975, year = {2018}, author = {Reil, JB and Doorenweerd, C and San Jose, M and Sim, SB and Geib, SM and Rubinoff, D}, title = {Transpacific coalescent pathways of coconut rhinoceros beetle biotypes: Resistance to biological control catalyses resurgence of an old pest.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {22}, pages = {4459-4474}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14879}, pmid = {30252975}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents ; *Cocos ; Coleoptera/*genetics/*virology ; Disease Resistance/genetics ; *Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Pacific Islands ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Biological control agents have several advantages over chemical control for pest management, including the capability to restore ecosystem balance with minimal non-target effects and a lower propensity for targets to develop resistance. These factors are particularly important for invasive species control. The coconut rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus) is a major palm pest that invaded many Pacific islands in the early 20th century through human-mediated dispersal. Application of the Oryctes nudivirus in the 1960s successfully halted the beetle's first invasion wave and made it a textbook example of successful biological control. However, a recently discovered O. rhinoceros biotype that is resistant to the nudivirus appears to be correlated with a new invasion wave. We performed a population genomics analysis of 172 O. rhinoceros from seven regions, including native and invasive populations, to reconstruct invasion pathways and explore correlation between recent invasions and biotypes. With ddRAD sequencing, we generated data sets ranging from 4,000 to 209,000 loci using stacks and ipyrad software pipelines and compared genetic signal in downstream clustering and phylogenetic analyses. Analysis suggests that the O. rhinoceros resurgence is mediated by the nudivirus-resistant biotype. Genomic data have been proven essential to understanding the new O. rhinoceros biotype's invasion patterns and interactions with the original biotype. Such information is crucial to optimization of strategies for quarantine and control of resurgent pests. Our results demonstrate that while invasions are relatively rare events, new introductions can have significant ecological consequences, and quarantine vigilance is required even in previously invaded areas.}, }
@article {pmid30251412, year = {2019}, author = {Pereira, L and Vasques, A and Maia, P and Ramos Pereira, MJ and Fonseca, C and Matos, M}, title = {Native and exotic seed dispersal by the stone marten (Martes foina): implications for the regeneration of a relict climactic forest in central Portugal.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {280-292}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12362}, pmid = {30251412}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Forests ; Introduced Species ; Mustelidae/*physiology ; Portugal ; *Seed Dispersal ; }, abstract = {The stone marten (Martes foina) is a carnivorous mammal that often consumes fleshy fruits, thus potentially promoting seed dispersion. The present study was developed in Bussaco National Forest, central Portugal, and aimed to assess the potential role of the stone marten in dispersing native and exotic plants in different forest landscape types. Seeds from stone marten scats and fleshy fruits were collected monthly and were thereafter identified and sowed in a nursery, following a randomized experimental setup. Plant emergence was monitored fortnightly. Generalized linear models were used to test for differences in time and success of emergence between seeds from scats and fruits of 3 native species (Rubus ulmifolius, Arbutus unedo and Celtis australis) and 1 exotic plant species with invasive behavior (Prunus laurocerasus). Fruit consumption by the stone martens significantly increased and accelerated the germination of the native R. ulmifolius but had no effect on the other 2 native species or on the invasive species. This suggested that stone martens contribute to gene flow and forest regeneration by dispersing native plant seeds. However, although the germination was not enhanced in the invasive species, the preference of stone martens for these fruits may potentially contribute to the proliferation of P. laurocerasus. Our study represents a contribution to better understanding the fauna and flora interactions, enabling for a more conscious and effective decision-making in forest management.}, }
@article {pmid30251329, year = {2019}, author = {Buisson, E and Le Stradic, S and Silveira, FAO and Durigan, G and Overbeck, GE and Fidelis, A and Fernandes, GW and Bond, WJ and Hermann, JM and Mahy, G and Alvarado, ST and Zaloumis, NP and Veldman, JW}, title = {Resilience and restoration of tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and grassy woodlands.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {94}, number = {2}, pages = {590-609}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12470}, pmid = {30251329}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Agriculture/methods ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*methods ; Fires ; Herbivory ; Humidity ; Introduced Species ; Mining/methods ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Rain ; *Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Despite growing recognition of the conservation values of grassy biomes, our understanding of how to maintain and restore biodiverse tropical grasslands (including savannas and open-canopy grassy woodlands) remains limited. To incorporate grasslands into large-scale restoration efforts, we synthesised existing ecological knowledge of tropical grassland resilience and approaches to plant community restoration. Tropical grassland plant communities are resilient to, and often dependent on, the endogenous disturbances with which they evolved - frequent fires and native megafaunal herbivory. In stark contrast, tropical grasslands are extremely vulnerable to human-caused exogenous disturbances, particularly those that alter soils and destroy belowground biomass (e.g. tillage agriculture, surface mining); tropical grassland restoration after severe soil disturbances is expensive and rarely achieves management targets. Where grasslands have been degraded by altered disturbance regimes (e.g. fire exclusion), exotic plant invasions, or afforestation, restoration efforts can recreate vegetation structure (i.e. historical tree density and herbaceous ground cover), but species-diverse plant communities, including endemic species, are slow to recover. Complicating plant-community restoration efforts, many tropical grassland species, particularly those that invest in underground storage organs, are difficult to propagate and re-establish. To guide restoration decisions, we draw on the old-growth grassland concept, the novel ecosystem concept, and theory regarding tree cover along resource gradients in savannas to propose a conceptual framework that classifies tropical grasslands into three broad ecosystem states. These states are: (1) old-growth grasslands (i.e. ancient, biodiverse grassy ecosystems), where management should focus on the maintenance of disturbance regimes; (2) hybrid grasslands, where restoration should emphasise a return towards the old-growth state; and (3) novel ecosystems, where the magnitude of environmental change (i.e. a shift to an alternative ecosystem state) or the socioecological context preclude a return to historical conditions.}, }
@article {pmid30251252, year = {2018}, author = {Baird, SE and Steel, AE and Cocherell, DE and Cech, JJ and Fangue, NA}, title = {Native Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and non-native brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis prefer similar water temperatures.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {93}, number = {5}, pages = {1000-1004}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13810}, pmid = {30251252}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {2098-H//UC Davis Agricultural Experiment Station/ ; #2098-H to NAF//UC Davis Agricultural Experiment Station/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; California ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Introduced Species ; Salmon/*physiology ; *Temperature ; Trout/*physiology ; Water ; }, abstract = {Preferred water temperatures and acute temperature tolerance limits of two salmonids in California were assessed: juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, a native anadromous species, and sub-adult brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, an introduced game species. These two species preferred similar temperatures across an 18 h temperature preference experiment and showed similar critical thermal tolerance limits, suggesting a substantial thermal habitat overlap in the wild.}, }
@article {pmid30250702, year = {2018}, author = {Kesner, D and Kumschick, S}, title = {Gastropods alien to South Africa cause severe environmental harm in their global alien ranges across habitats.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {16}, pages = {8273-8285}, pmid = {30250702}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Alien gastropods have caused extensive harm to biodiversity and socioeconomic systems like agriculture and horticulture worldwide. For conservation and management purposes, information on impacts needs to be easily interpretable and comparable, and the factors that determine impacts understood. This study aimed to assess gastropods alien to South Africa to compare impact severity between species and understand how they vary between habitats and mechanisms. Furthermore, we explore the relationship between environmental and socioeconomic impacts, and both impact measures with life-history traits. We used the Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT) and Socio-Economic Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (SEICAT) to assess impacts of 34 gastropods alien to South Africa including evidence of impact from their entire alien range. We tested for correlations between environmental and socioeconomic impacts per species, and with fecundity and native latitude range using Kendall's tau tests. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare impact magnitude among mechanisms and habitats, respectively. This study presents the first application of EICAT and SEICAT for invertebrates. There was no correlation between environmental impacts and socioeconomic impacts. Habitats did not differ regarding the severity of impacts recorded, but impacts via disease transmission were lower than other mechanisms. Neither fecundity nor native range latitude was correlated with impact magnitude. Despite gastropods being agricultural and horticultural pests globally, resilience of socioeconomic systems makes high impacts uncommon. Environmental systems may be vulnerable to gastropod impacts across habitats, having experienced multiple local extinctions of wetland island snail fauna. South Africa stands out as the only continental country that follows this trend. The knowledge gained on severity and nature of gastropod impacts is useful in risk assessment, which can aid conservation management. To make impact assessments more realistic, we suggest alternative ways of reporting impacts classified under EICAT and SEICAT.}, }
@article {pmid30250163, year = {2018}, author = {Cuthbert, RN and Dalu, T and Wasserman, RJ and Dick, JTA and Mofu, L and Callaghan, A and Weyl, OLF}, title = {Intermediate predator naïveté and sex-skewed vulnerability predict the impact of an invasive higher predator.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {14282}, pmid = {30250163}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Copepoda/physiology ; Female ; Fishes/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; *Sex Characteristics ; }, abstract = {The spread of invasive species continues to reduce biodiversity across all regions and habitat types globally. However, invader impact prediction can be nebulous, and approaches often fail to integrate coupled direct and indirect invader effects. Here, we examine the ecological impacts of an invasive higher predator on lower trophic groups, further developing methodologies to more holistically quantify invader impact. We employ functional response (FR, resource use under different densities) and prey switching experiments to examine the trait- and density-mediated impacts of the invasive mosquitofish Gambusia affinis on an endemic intermediate predator Lovenula raynerae (Copepoda). Lovenula raynerae effectively consumed larval mosquitoes, but was naïve to mosquitofish cues, with attack rates and handling times of the intermediate predator unaffected by mosquitofish cue-treated water. Mosquitofish did not switch between male and female prey, consistently displaying a strong preference for female copepods. We thus demonstrate a lack of risk-reduction activity in the presence of invasive fish by L. raynerae and, in turn, high susceptibility of such intermediate trophic groups to invader impact. Further, we show that mosquitofish demonstrate sex-skewed predator selectivity towards intermediate predators of mosquito larvae, which may affect predator population demographics and, perversely, increase disease vector proliferations. We advocate the utility of FRs and prey switching combined to holistically quantify invasive species impact potential on native organisms at multiple trophic levels.}, }
@article {pmid30250047, year = {2018}, author = {Corrales, X and Coll, M and Ofir, E and Heymans, JJ and Steenbeek, J and Goren, M and Edelist, D and Gal, G}, title = {Future scenarios of marine resources and ecosystem conditions in the Eastern Mediterranean under the impacts of fishing, alien species and sea warming.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {14284}, pmid = {30250047}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/*physiology ; Biomass ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Fisheries ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; *Oceans and Seas ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; }, abstract = {Using a temporal-dynamic calibrated Ecosim food web model, we assess the effects of future changes on marine resources and ecosystem conditions of the Israeli Mediterranean continental shelf. This region has been intensely invaded by Indo-Pacific species. The region is exposed to extreme environmental conditions, is subjected to high rates of climate change and has experienced intense fishing pressure. We test the impacts of a new set of fishing regulations currently being implemented, a continued increase in sea temperatures following IPCC projections, and a continued increase in alien species biomass. We first investigate the impacts of the stressors separately, and then we combine them to evaluate their cumulative effects. Our results show overall potential future benefits of fishing effort reductions, and detrimental impacts of increasing sea temperature and increasing biomass of alien species. Cumulative scenarios suggest that the beneficial effects of fisheries reduction may be dampened by the impact of increasing sea temperature and alien species when acting together. These results illustrate the importance of including stressors other than fisheries, such as climate change and biological invasions, in an ecosystem-based management approach. These results support the need for reducing local and regional stressors, such as fishing and biological invasions, in order to promote resilience to sea warming.}, }
@article {pmid30249994, year = {2018}, author = {Briem, F and Dominic, AR and Golla, B and Hoffmann, C and Englert, C and Herz, A and Vogt, H}, title = {Explorative Data Analysis of Drosophila suzukii Trap Catches from a Seven-Year Monitoring Program in Southwest Germany.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {30249994}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {OW 1188//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Ern&#xe4;hrung und Landwirtschaft/ ; }, abstract = {Over the last decade, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, an invasive pest of soft-skinned fruits, gradually established itself in Europe, often resulting in significant economic losses. In 2011, when D. suzukii was first described for Germany, the Julius Kühn Institut (JKI) started a monitoring program in southwest Germany to study the occurrence and activity of the fly. Capture data from late 2011[-]early 2018 from 100 traps were analyzed for the effect of weather and immediate habitat on trap captures at different times of the year. We identified five phases in the annual population development cycle of D. suzukii. We found that the mild winter of 2013/2014 helped the thorough establishment of D. suzukii in Germany. Habitat types in the immediate vicinity of the trap and local weather conditions had a strong influence on trap captures. Forest borders and hedges were found to provide adequate overwintering shelter for the flies. Trap captures in forests and hedges were generally higher than those of vineyards and orchards, even during the fruiting seasons. Summer capture rates were correlated with the number of heat days and precipitation. We also discuss briefly the limitations of using trap captures as representative of fly density in the field.}, }
@article {pmid30248128, year = {2018}, author = {Whitehead, ABR and Butcher, GD and Walden, HS and Duque, V and Cruz, M and Hernandez, JA}, title = {Burden of exposure to infectious bursal disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, Newcastle disease virus, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and intestinal parasites in introduced broiler chickens on the Galapagos.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {e0203658}, pmid = {30248128}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Birds/microbiology/parasitology/virology ; Chickens/*microbiology/parasitology/virology ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/transmission/*veterinary ; Ecuador ; Environmental Monitoring ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary ; Feces/parasitology ; Infectious bronchitis virus/immunology ; *Introduced Species ; Mycoplasma Infections/transmission/*veterinary ; Mycoplasma gallisepticum/immunology ; Newcastle Disease/*transmission ; Newcastle disease virus/immunology ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/epidemiology/*transmission ; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology/microbiology/parasitology/*transmission ; }, abstract = {Diseases in introduced broilers can possibly spill over to wild birds on the Galapagos. Knowledge about the current burden of exposure to pathogens in broilers on the Galapagos is very limited. The objective of the study reported here was to measure the burden of exposure to infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), and intestinal parasites in a sample of broiler chickens on 13 farms on Santa Cruz Island and San Cristobal Island in July 2017. Blood serum samples were tested for detection of antibodies to IBDV, IBV, NDV, and MG by using an IDEXX Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay. In addition, fecal samples and pen bedding environmental samples were processed and analyzed for diagnosis of intestinal parasite eggs under a compound light microscope. The frequency of seropositive broilers to IBDV was 74/130 or 56% (95% CI = 48, 65%), to IBV was 27/130 or 20% (14, 28%), and to NDV was 1/130 or 0.7% (0.1, 4%). All broilers tested negative to MG antibodies. Eimeria spp. infection was common in study broilers. Finally, we observed interaction between broiler chickens and wild birds (finches) inside broiler pens, as well as the presence of backyard chickens inside property limits of study farms. This study produced evidence that exposure to IBDV, IBV, and intestinal parasites in broilers on Santa Cruz Island and San Cristobal Island is important. Study results are relevant because (i) they provide new baseline data on the burden of exposure to avian pathogens in broiler farms, (ii) justify the need to verify standard operating procedures in hatcheries that supply (non-vaccinated) day-old chicks to the Galapagos and (iii) to implement enhanced biosecurity standards on broiler chicken farms to mitigate risk of disease transmission between broilers, backyard poultry, and wild birds on the Galapagos.}, }
@article {pmid30248110, year = {2018}, author = {Wilson Rankin, EE and Knowlton, JL and Gruner, DS and Flaspohler, DJ and Giardina, CP and Leopold, DR and Buckardt, A and Pitt, WC and Fukami, T}, title = {Vertical foraging shifts in Hawaiian forest birds in response to invasive rat removal.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {e0202869}, pmid = {30248110}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/*physiology ; Biomass ; Feeding Behavior ; Forests ; Hawaii ; Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Raptors/*physiology ; Rats ; }, abstract = {Worldwide, native species increasingly contend with the interacting stressors of habitat fragmentation and invasive species, yet their combined effects have rarely been examined. Direct negative effects of invasive omnivores are well documented, but the indirect effects of resource competition or those caused by predator avoidance are unknown. Here we isolated and examined the independent and interactive effects of invasive omnivorous Black rats (Rattus rattus) and forest fragment size on the interactions between avian predators and their arthropod prey. Our study examines whether invasive omnivores and ecosystem fragment size impact: 1) the vertical distribution of arthropod species composition and abundance, and 2) the vertical profile of foraging behaviors of five native and two non-native bird species found in our study system. We predicted that the reduced edge effects and greater structural complexity and canopy height of larger fragments would limit the total and proportional habitat space frequented by rats and thus limit their impact on both arthropod biomass and birds' foraging behavior. We experimentally removed invasive omnivorous Black rats across a 100-fold (0.1 to 12 ha) size gradient of forest fragments on Hawai'i Island, and paired foraging observations of forest passerines with arthropod sampling in the 16 rat-removed and 18 control fragments. Rat removal was associated with shifts in the vertical distribution of arthropod biomass, irrespective of fragment size. Bird foraging behavior mirrored this shift, and the impact of rat removal was greater for birds that primarily eat fruit and insects compared with those that consume nectar. Evidence from this model study system indicates that invasive rats indirectly alter the feeding behavior of native birds, and consequently impact multiple trophic levels. This study suggests that native species can modify their foraging behavior in response to invasive species removal and presumably arrival through behavioral plasticity.}, }
@article {pmid30247661, year = {2018}, author = {San Jose, M and Doorenweerd, C and Leblanc, L and Barr, N and Geib, S and Rubinoff, D}, title = {Tracking the Origins of Fly Invasions; Using Mitochondrial Haplotype Diversity to Identify Potential Source Populations in Two Genetically Intertwined Fruit Fly Species (Bactrocera carambolae and Bactrocera dorsalis [Diptera: Tephritidae]).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {111}, number = {6}, pages = {2914-2926}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy272}, pmid = {30247661}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/analysis ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeography ; Tephritidae/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Bactrocera carambolae Drew and Hancock and Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) are important pests of many fruits. These flies have been spread across the world through global travel and trade, and new areas are at risk of invasion. Whenever new invasive populations are discovered, quick and accurate identification is needed to mitigate the damage they can cause. Determining invasive pathways can prevent further spread of pests as well as subsequent reinvasions through the same pathway. Molecular markers can be used for both species identification and pathway analysis. We analyzed 1,601 individuals from 19 populations using 765 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene to infer the haplotype diversity and population structure within these flies from across their native and invasive ranges. We analyzed these samples by either grouping by species or geographic populations due to the genetic similarity in the mitochondrial genome. We found no genetic structure between B. dorsalis and B. carambolae and our findings suggest recent and most likely ongoing, genetic exchange between these two species in the wild. Hyper-diverse mitochondrial genetic diversity in the native range suggests large population sizes and relatively high mutation rates. Only 52% of the haplotypes found in the trap captures from California are shared with haplotypes from flies found in our global survey, indicating significant genetic diversity in the native range that is missing from our samples. However, these results provide a foundation for the accurate determination of the provenance of invasive populations around the world.}, }
@article {pmid30245526, year = {2018}, author = {Panlasigui, S and Davis, AJS and Mangiante, MJ and Darling, JA}, title = {Assessing threats of non-native species to native freshwater biodiversity: Conservation priorities for the United States.}, journal = {Biological conservation}, volume = {224}, number = {}, pages = {199-208}, pmid = {30245526}, issn = {0006-3207}, support = {EPA999999//Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {Non-native species pose one of the greatest threats to native biodiversity, and can have severe negative impacts in freshwater ecosystems. Identifying regions of spatial overlap between high freshwater biodiversity and high invasion pressure may thus better inform the prioritization of freshwater conservation efforts. We employ geospatial analysis of species distribution data to investigate the potential threat of non-native species to aquatic animal taxa across the continental United States. We mapped non-native aquatic plant and animal species richness and cumulative invasion pressure to estimate overall negative impact associated with species introductions. These distributions were compared to distributions of native aquatic animal taxa derived from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) database. To identify hotspots of native biodiversity we mapped total species richness, number of threatened and endangered species, and a community index of species rarity calculated at the watershed scale. An overall priority index allowed identification of watersheds experiencing high pressure from non-native species and also exhibiting high native biodiversity conservation value. While priority regions are roughly consistent with previously reported prioritization maps for the US, we also recognize novel priority areas characterized by moderate-to-high native diversity but extremely high invasion pressure. We further compared priority areas with existing conservation protections as well as projected future threats associated with land use change. Our findings suggest that many regions of elevated freshwater biodiversity value are compromised by high invasion pressure, and are poorly safeguarded by existing conservation mechanisms and are likely to experience significant additional stresses in the future.}, }
@article {pmid30244302, year = {2018}, author = {Wood, JP and Beer, SD and Campbell, TS and Page, RB}, title = {Insights into the introduction history and population genetic dynamics of the Argentine black-and-white tegu (Salvator merianae) in Florida.}, journal = {Genetica}, volume = {146}, number = {6}, pages = {443-459}, pmid = {30244302}, issn = {1573-6857}, mesh = {Animals ; Florida ; *Founder Effect ; *Gene Flow ; *Introduced Species ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Reptiles/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a major threat to global biodiversity. The US state of Florida is especially susceptible to the spread of exotic reptiles due to its subtropical climate, disturbed habitats, and robust pet trade. The Argentine black-and-white tegu (Salvator merianae) is a large, omnivorous lizard currently established in two different regions of Southern Florida. These two populations pose potential threats to sensitive ground nesting species such as gopher tortoises, American crocodiles, and migratory birds. At present, the introduction histories of these populations and the degree to which they are connected by gene flow are largely unknown. To address these issues, we genotyped S. merianae from Hillsborough and Miami-Dade Counties at ten microsatellite loci to assess intrapopulation genetic diversity, the degree of gene flow between populations, and compare the plausibilities of several potential introduction scenarios. Our results indicate that both populations have low genetic diversity [mean number of effective alleles across loci in both populations = 2.09 and are highly differentiated from each other (GST = 0.170; G″ST = 0.545)]. In addition, our results suggest that these populations underwent a bottleneck event prior to their divergence. We discuss what our results suggest about the histories of Florida's invasive tegu populations, as well as how they inform ongoing management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid30242527, year = {2018}, author = {Mostert, E and Gaertner, M and Holmes, PM and O'Farrell, PJ and Richardson, DM}, title = {A multi-criterion approach for prioritizing areas in urban ecosystems for active restoration following invasive plant control.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {62}, number = {6}, pages = {1150-1167}, pmid = {30242527}, issn = {1432-1009}, support = {85417//National Research Foundation/International ; }, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Cities ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Development ; Soil/chemistry ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Resources for biodiversity conservation and invasive plant management are limited, and restoring invaded vegetation is labour-intensive and expensive. Managers must prioritize their actions to achieve their goals efficiently and effectively. They must distinguish between areas that require only the removal of invasive alien plants ("passive restoration") from those that require additional restoration measures ("active restoration"). This study used a multi-criterion approach (Analytical Hierarchical Process) to develop a framework for identifying areas that require active restoration, and then to prioritize these areas for active restoration. The South African city of Cape Town is used as a test case to illustrate the utility of the framework. Framework criteria selected in determining the need for active restoration included: dominant alien species invading the area, density of invasion, duration of invasion, indigenous vegetation cover, adjacent land use, level of disturbance, size of the area, aspect, soil texture, soil depth and erodibility, slope and vegetation type. In deciding which areas to prioritize for active restoration, factors such as vegetation conservation status, selection in a regional conservation plan and connectivity function were assessed. Importance in ecosystem functioning (by providing a diversity of habitats and soil conservation) and the delivery of ecosystem service benefits were also considered. The resulting framework provides an objective tool for prioritizing sites for active restoration.}, }
@article {pmid30241361, year = {2018}, author = {Bernard, J and Ewing, CP and Messing, RH}, title = {The Structure and Phenology of Non-Native Scolytine Beetle Communities in Coffee Plantations on Kaua'i.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {30241361}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {58-5320-3-017//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {Populations and communities are known to respond to abiotic conditions, but the forces determining the distribution of particular insect pests are sometimes overlooked in the process of developing control methods. Bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are important pests of crops, forestry, and ecosystems worldwide, yet the factors that influence their success are unknown for many species. The Hawaiian archipelago is host to over three dozen invasive scolytines, many of which occur on Kaua'i and are pests of agriculture. We analyzed scolytine community dynamics at two coffee estates: a hand-harvested site in a tropical wet forest and a mechanically harvested site in a tropical dry savanna. Our regression analyses show overall scolytine abundance was negatively correlated with rainfall, as were four species: the tropical nut borer (Hypothenemus obscurus), H. brunneus, Cryphalus longipilus, and Xyleborinus andrewesi. These relationships contributed to the compositions of the communities being markedly dissimilar despite having the same species richness. Multivariate analysis found no influence from temperature or harvest method on community dynamics. This information can be valuable for the timing of pest control methods, for predicting the success of possible new scolytine arrivals on Kaua'i, and for forecasting how these species may spread with climate change.}, }
@article {pmid30239951, year = {2019}, author = {Zhu, Y and Fu, S and Liu, H and Wang, Z and Chen, HYH}, title = {Heat stress tolerance determines the survival and growth of introduced Canadian sugar maple in subtropical China.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {39}, number = {3}, pages = {417-426}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpy098}, pmid = {30239951}, issn = {1758-4469}, mesh = {Acer/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Canada ; China ; Climate Change ; Hot Temperature/*adverse effects ; Introduced Species ; Longevity ; *Photosynthesis ; Seasons ; Stress, Physiological ; *Thermotolerance ; }, abstract = {The introduction of species contributes to both ecological restoration and regional economics, while serving as a potential strategy to conserve species under rapid climate change. Despite an anticipated significant increase in temperature at high latitudes by the end of the 21st century, very few experimental migration trials have been conducted regarding large climate range changes. We employed a provenance trial by introducing a temperate sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) of three provenances with a mean annual temperature of 3.0 °C in Manitoba, 4.2 °C in Quebec and 9.4 °C in Ontario, Canada, to 15.8 °C at an introduced site in subtropical China. We measured survival, growth, summer photosynthesis in the field and stress-resistance responses under a temperature gradient in growth chambers with first-year seedlings. We found that the Ontario provenance had the highest propensity for survival and growth, followed by the Quebec provenance, while the Manitoba provenance had the lowest. The photosynthetic parameters of the seedlings changed over time of the day, with the Ontario provenance having a higher photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance than the Quebec and Manitoba provenances. Furthermore, the growth chamber results revealed that the Ontario provenance had the best physiological adjustment for self-protection from heat stress, followed by the Quebec and Manitoba provenances. Our results suggested that the change in climate range drove the survival and growth of introduced seedlings and that the tolerance to summer heat stress through physiological mechanisms was responsible for the success of species introduction, from a cold to a warm climate.}, }
@article {pmid30238029, year = {2018}, author = {Rebelo, AJ and Somers, B and Esler, KJ and Meire, P}, title = {Plant functional trait data and reflectance spectra for 22 palmiet wetland species.}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {20}, number = {}, pages = {1209-1219}, pmid = {30238029}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {We provide reflectance spectra for 22 South African palmiet wetland species collected in spring 2015 from three wetlands throughout the Cape Floristic Region. In addition, we provide summarized plant functional trait data, as well as supporting and meta-data. Reflectance spectra were collected with a portable ASD Fieldspec Pro using standard methods. The 14 plant functional traits were measured on 10 replicates of each species, following standard protocols. We provide tables detailing these standard methods, as well a table with hypotheses on how these 14 continuous traits, as well as an additional 9 categorical traits, may affect ecosystem service provision. In addition, tables are attached which detail which functional and spectral groups these species belong to, according to the data. Finally, we include a photographic plate of the species data are provide for. We make these data available in an effort to assist in research on the understanding of how traits affect ecosystem service provision in wetlands, and particularly of whether remote sensing can be used to map these traits in wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid30236094, year = {2018}, author = {Polidori, C and Nucifora, M and Sánchez-Fernández, D}, title = {Environmental niche unfilling but limited options for range expansion by active dispersion in an alien cavity-nesting wasp.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {36}, pmid = {30236094}, issn = {1472-6785}, support = {SECTI contract//Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha/International ; CGL2017-83046-P//Ministerio de Econom&#xed;a, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa&#xf1;a/International ; }, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; France ; *Introduced Species ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Predicting the patterns of range expansion of alien species is central to develop effective strategies for managing potential biological invasions. Here, we present a study on the potential distribution of the American cavity-nesting, Orthoptera-hunting and solitary wasp, Isodontia mexicana (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), which was first detected as alien species in France in 1960 and now is present in many European countries. After having updated its current distribution, we estimated the environmental space (based on bioclimatic data and altitude) occupied by the species and subsequently predicted its environmental potential distribution under both present and future climatic conditions at global scale.<br><br>RESULTS: The wasp lives in low-altitude areas of the Northern hemisphere with moderate temperatures and precipitation. The environmental space occupied in the invaded area is practically just a subset (42%) of that occupied in the native area, showing a process of environmental niche unfilling (i.e. the species only partially fills its environmental niche in the invaded range). Besides, I. mexicana could also live in other temperate areas, mainly in the Southern hemisphere, particularly close to the coasts. However, geographic (oceans) and/or climatic (tropical areas, mountain chains) barriers would prevent the species to reach these potential areas unless through human trade activity. The species could thus only reach, by active dispersion, the remaining invadable areas of Europe. Estimations for the future (2050 and 2070) predict an expansion through active dispersion towards North in the native range and towards North and East in the invaded range, but future conditions would not break down the current climatic barriers in the Southern hemisphere.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Isodontia mexicana has not shifted its environmental niche in the invaded area. It could still occupy some new areas by active dispersion, but confined to Europe. The conspicuous niche unfilling shown by this wasp species could reflect the likely single introduction in Europe just a few decades ago. Furthermore, results stay in line with other studies that found niche unfilling rather than niche expansion in insects.}, }
@article {pmid30233613, year = {2018}, author = {Michelan, TS and Thomaz, SM and Bando, FM and Bini, LM}, title = {Competitive Effects Hinder the Recolonization of Native Species in Environments Densely Occupied by One Invasive Exotic Species.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {1261}, pmid = {30233613}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The responses of native plants to competition with invasive plants depend mainly on the density of the invasive plants and on the ability of the native plants to compete for resources. In this study, we tested the influence of the invasive exotic Urochloa arrecta (Poaceae) on the early colonization of two native species (Pontederia cordata and Leersia hexandra) of aquatic macrophytes. Our hypotheses were (i) the competitive effects of U. arrecta on the native species P. cordata and L. hexandra are density-dependent and that (ii) these species respond differently to competitive interactions with the invasive species. We conducted the experiments in a greenhouse and in the field, in a tropical reservoir. The biomass of U. arrecta (ranging from 206.2 to 447.1 g) was manipulated in the greenhouse in trays with different densities. After the establishment of the invasive species, we added P. cordata and L. hexandra propagules to each tray. In the field, a propagule of P. cordata was planted in 36 sites with different densities of U. arrecta. The biomass and length of the natives and the biomass of the invasive species were measured in the greenhouse and in the field experiments. The biomass and length of the native plants decreased with increasing biomass of the exotic species in both experiments, showing that the competition between U. arrecta and native species depends on the density of the exotic species. The root:shoot ratio of L. hexandra decreased with increasing U. arrecta biomass, but the opposite occurred for P. cordata. These results indicate that native species exhibit different strategies of biomass allocation when interacting with U. arrecta. The strong competitive effects of U. arrecta and the different responses of the native species help to explain the reduced diversity of native macrophytes observed in sites colonized by U. arrecta. The results also suggest that in a scenario of dominance of exotic species, recolonization by native macrophytes is unlike to occur naturally and without human interventions that reduce the biomass of the exotic species.}, }
@article {pmid30231951, year = {2019}, author = {Chaisiri, K and Dusitsittipon, S and Panitvong, N and Ketboonlue, T and Nuamtanong, S and Thaenkham, U and Morand, S and Dekumyoy, P}, title = {Distribution of the newly invasive New Guinea flatworm Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) in Thailand and its potential role as a paratenic host carrying Angiostrongylus malaysiensis larvae.}, journal = {Journal of helminthology}, volume = {93}, number = {6}, pages = {711-719}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X18000834}, pmid = {30231951}, issn = {1475-2697}, mesh = {Angiostrongylus/classification/genetics/growth &amp; development/*isolation &amp; purification ; Animals ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Larva/classification/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Male ; New Guinea ; Phylogeny ; Platyhelminths/*parasitology ; Thailand ; }, abstract = {Invasive species constitute one of the most serious threats to biodiversity and ecosystems, and they potentially cause economic problems and impact human health. The globally invasive New Guinea flatworm, Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae), has been identified as a threat to terrestrial biodiversity, particularly soil-dwelling native species (e.g. molluscs, annelids and other land planarians), and is listed among 100 of the world's worst invasive alien species. We report here, for the first time, P. manokwari occurrences in many locations throughout Thailand, using voluntary digital public participation from the social network portals associated with the Thailand Biodiversity Conservation Group and collections of living flatworm specimens. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences confirmed that all collected flatworms were P. manokwari and placed them in the "world haplotype" clade alongside other previously reported specimens from France, Florida (USA), Puerto Rico, Singapore, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, and the Solomon Islands. In addition, infective stage larvae (L3) of the nematode Angiostrongylus malaysiensis were found in the flatworm specimens, with a 12.4% infection rate (15/121 specimens examined). Platydemus manokwari occurrence in Thailand and its capacity to carry L3 of Angiostrongylus should be of concern to biodiversity conservation and human health practitioners, because this invasive flatworm species may be involved in the life cycle of angiostrongylid worms in Thailand.}, }
@article {pmid30231457, year = {2018}, author = {Khim, JS and Hong, S and Yoon, SJ and Nam, J and Ryu, J and Kang, SG}, title = {A comparative review and analysis of tentative ecological quality objectives (EcoQOs) for protection of marine environments in Korea and China.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {242}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {2027-2039}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.094}, pmid = {30231457}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fisheries ; Republic of Korea ; Water Pollution/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Ecological quality objectives (EcoQOs), as tools for implementing ecosystem approach, have long been acknowledged to protect the marine ecosystems and fisheries in regional seas through joint efforts by surrounding countries over the past decade. The present review analyzed the best available meta-data relating to the five ecosystem elements that were recently proposed by the Northwest Pacific Action Plan to evaluate the current status of coastal ecosystem health in marine environment of the Yellow Sea. We suggested the six tentative EcoQOs among five ecological quality elements including: 1) biological and habitat diversity; 2) invasive species; 3) eutrophication; 4) pollutants; and 5) marine litters. Environmental status was assessed, depending on the EcoQOs targets, by comparison to the world average values, existing environmental standards, or reported values of other regional seas. Results of analysis revealed that among the six tentative EcoQOs, two target objectives to marine biodiversity and concentrations of nutrients (viz., DIN and DIP) were met towards good environmental status. Whilst, three EcoQOs relating to hypoxia and red-tide, pollutants (persistent toxic substances and metals), and marine litters (including microplastics) did not meet and one relating to invasive species could not be judged due to insufficient data sets. The biggest weak point for developing suitable EcoQOs and assessing status of ecosystem health could be insufficient meta-data sets available and/or discrepancy in methodological details cross the data-sets or between the two targeted countries. Thus, the cooperation of neighboring countries, viz., Korea and China for the Yellow Sea, is necessary for the ecosystem based management of our regional sea in the future. Overall, this first time review for the assessment of target tentative EcoQOs in the Yellow Sea region encompassing coasts of Korea and China would provide a better understanding of the current status of environmental pollution and ecosystem health.}, }
@article {pmid30228866, year = {2018}, author = {Stevens, CJ}, title = {Recent advances in understanding grasslands.}, journal = {F1000Research}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {30228866}, issn = {2046-1402}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Grassland ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Grasslands are a vitally important ecosystem, supporting a wide range of ecosystem services and high levels of biodiversity. As a consequence, they have long been a focus for ecologists, playing host to some of the world's longest-running ecological experiments and providing the inspiration for many long-standing theories and debates. Because the field of grassland ecology is broad, encompassing many areas of ecology, this article picks some areas of particular debate and development to look at recent advances. The areas include relationships between diversity and productivity, ecosystem stability and ecosystem service provision, global change threats from nutrient addition, invasive species, climate change, and plant soil interactions.}, }
@article {pmid30227300, year = {2018}, author = {Nogueira, AF and Pereira, JL and Antunes, SC and Gonçalves, FJM and Nunes, B}, title = {Effects of zinc pyrithione on biochemical parameters of the freshwater Asian clam Corbicula fluminea.}, journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {204}, number = {}, pages = {100-106}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.08.021}, pmid = {30227300}, issn = {1879-1514}, mesh = {Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism ; Animals ; Biofouling ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Catalase/metabolism ; Corbicula/*drug effects/enzymology ; Disinfectants/*toxicity ; *Fresh Water ; Glutathione Transferase/metabolism ; Glycogen/metabolism ; Organometallic Compounds/*toxicity ; Pyridines/*toxicity ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) is an organometallic biocide with bactericide, algaecide, and fungicide activity. Considering this biological activity, ZnPT has been used in anti-fouling paints, and also in human therapeutics and cosmetics, in shampoos to treat dandruff and seborrhoea. Despite its potential uses and consequent presence in the aquatic environment, the ecotoxicological effects of ZnPT are poorly understood. This work aims to characterise the effects of ZnPT in biochemical parameters of the Asian clam, one of the most invasive bivalves known for its biofouling action in hydro-dependent industries, using a classical (LC50 determination) and a biomarker-based approach (quantification of the activities of catalase, GSTs, and acetylcholinesterase, and also the muscle glycogen content). The here determined LC50-96 h for zinc pyrithione was 2.17 mg/L. ZnPT caused significant increases in the activity of catalase and of cholinesterases. These findings evidence the pro-oxidative effects caused by the metabolism of ZnPT. Despite the absence of clear effects, it is important to stress that the presence of ZnPT in the wild is usually accompanied by other pyrithiones, whose co-existence can contribute to the exertion of considerable toxic effects.}, }
@article {pmid30227284, year = {2019}, author = {Piria, M and Simonović, P and Zanella, D and Ćaleta, M and Šprem, N and Paunović, M and Tomljanović, T and Gavrilović, A and Pecina, M and Špelić, I and Matulić, D and Rezić, A and Aničić, I and Safner, R and Treer, T}, title = {Long-term analysis of fish assemblage structure in the middle section of the Sava River - The impact of pollution, flood protection and dam construction.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {651}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {143-153}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.149}, pmid = {30227284}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Biota ; Croatia ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Fishes ; Floods/*prevention &amp; control ; Introduced Species ; *Rivers ; Water Movements ; Water Pollution, Chemical/*adverse effects ; Water Quality ; *Water Supply ; }, abstract = {At the beginning of the 20th century, the middle section of the Sava River in Croatia was unaffected by major human activities and rich in ichthyofauna. The Sava River was important for commercial and recreational fishing for the local population, which still remains today. However, the 1920s mining industry was established in Slovenia, which emitted carbon dust into the Sava River. At the same time, the construction of embankments to mitigate flooding started in the middle section. Furthermore, in the 1980s, the Krško nuclear power plant (NPP), and in the 2010s, the Krško hydropower plant (HPP) were built in Slovenia. These activities could have an impact on the composition of fish communities downstream from the major sources of disturbances. Therefore, the main aim of this paper were to analyze the changes in fish assemblages of the Sava River from 1978 to 2017, prior to and after the construction of Krško NPP and HPP at the Medsave site on the Sava River, 20 km downstream from the major construction operations. Collected data were divided into four sampling periods (SP): SP1, from 1978 to 1980; SP2, from 1991 to 1994; SP3, from 2001 to 2006, and SP4 from 2011 to 2017. Besides alien fish species, water quality and hydromorphological modifications were identified as significant stressors. In SP1 and SP2 limnophilic and eurytopic fish groups were predominant, and 26 different fish species were identified, but in SP3 and SP4 rheophilic fish groups become dominant, and the diversity has declined to 21 species. Threatened species blageon, Telestes souffia seems to be missing from the main course of the Sava River in last 20 years. It can be concluded that disturbances in the fish assemblage pattern have coincided with the presence of multiple stressors of human origin.}, }
@article {pmid30226800, year = {2019}, author = {Aplasca, AC and Titus, V and Ossiboff, RJ and Murphy, L and Seimon, TA and Ingerman, K and Moser, WE and Calle, PP and Iv, JMS}, title = {HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF FREE-RANGING CHELONIANS IN AN URBAN SECTION OF THE BRONX RIVER, NEW YORK, USA.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {55}, number = {2}, pages = {352-362}, doi = {10.7589/2017-12-304}, pmid = {30226800}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Bacterial Infections/epidemiology/microbiology/veterinary ; Cities ; Female ; Hematologic Tests ; Introduced Species ; Male ; New York ; Rivers ; *Turtles ; Virus Diseases/epidemiology/veterinary/virology ; }, abstract = {The Bronx River in Bronx, New York, US spans an area of significant human development and has been subject to historic and ongoing industrial contamination. We evaluated the health of freeranging native common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) and nonnative invasive red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta) in a segment of the Bronx River between May and July 2012. In 18 snapping turtles and nine sliders, complete physical examinations were performed, ectoparasites collected, and blood was analyzed for contaminants (mercury, thallium, cadmium, arsenic, lead, selenium, oxychlordane, alpha-chlordane, dieldrin, DDD, DDE, polychlorinated biphenyls). Complete blood counts and the presence of hemoparasites were determined in 16 snapping turtles and nine sliders. Swabs of the choana and cloaca were screened for ranavirus, adenovirus, herpesvirus, and Mycoplasma spp. by PCR in 39 snapping turtles and 28 sliders. Both turtle species exhibited bioaccumulation of various environmental contaminants, particularly organochlorines and polychlorinated biphenyls. Molecular screening revealed a unique herpesvirus in each species. A Mycoplasma sp. previously isolated from emydid turtles was detected in red-eared sliders while a unique Mycoplasma sp. was identified in common snapping turtles. Ranaviruses and adenoviruses were not detected. Our study established a baseline health assessment to which future data can be compared. Moreover, it served to expand the knowledge and patterns of health markers, environmental contaminants, and microorganisms of freeranging chelonians.}, }
@article {pmid30225943, year = {2019}, author = {Gariepy, TD and Bruin, A and Konopka, J and Scott-Dupree, C and Fraser, H and Bon, MC and Talamas, E}, title = {A modified DNA barcode approach to define trophic interactions between native and exotic pentatomids and their parasitoids.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, pages = {456-470}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14868}, pmid = {30225943}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {//Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada/International ; //OMAFRA/University of Guelph Partnership-Emergency Management and Production Systems/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*genetics ; Pest Control, Biological ; Species Specificity ; Wasps/genetics/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {The establishment of invasive Halyomorpha halys (Stål) outside of its native range may impact native species assemblages, including other pentatomids and their scelionid parasitoids. This has generated interest in defining species diversity and host-parasitoid associations in this system to better understand the impact of invasive alien species on trophic interactions in invaded regions. Information on scelionid-pentatomid associations in natural habitats is lacking, and species-level identification of these associations can be tenuous using rearing and dissection techniques. Naturally occurring pentatomid eggs were collected in areas where H. halys has established in Canada and were analysed using a modified DNA barcoding approach to define species-level trophic interactions. Identification was possible for >90% of egg masses. Eleven pentatomid and five scelionid species were identified, and trophic links were established. Approximately 70% of egg masses were parasitized; parasitism and parasitoid species composition were described for each species. Telenomus podisi Ashmead was the dominant parasitoid and was detected in all host species. Trissolcus euschisti Ashmead was detected in several host species, but was significantly more prevalent in Chinavia hilaris (Say) and Brochymena quadripustulata (Fabricius). Trissolcus brochymenae Ashmead and Tr. thyantae Ashmead were recorded sporadically. Parasitism of H. halys was 55%, and this species was significantly less likely to be parasitized than native pentatomids. The scelionid species composition of H. halys consisted of Te. podisi, Tr. euschisti and Tr. thyantae. Although these species cannot develop in fresh H. halys eggs, we demonstrate that parasitoids attempt to exploit this host under field conditions.}, }
@article {pmid30225019, year = {2018}, author = {Cuthbert, RN and Dickey, JWE and McMorrow, C and Laverty, C and Dick, JTA}, title = {Resistance is futile: lack of predator switching and a preference for native prey predict the success of an invasive prey species.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {5}, number = {8}, pages = {180339}, pmid = {30225019}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Invasive species continue to severely impact biodiversity, yet predicting the success or failure of introduced species has remained elusive. In particular, the relationship between community invasibility and native species diversity remains obscure. Here, we apply two traditional ecological concepts that inform prey population stability and hence invasibility. We first show that the native predatory crustacean Gammarus duebeni celticus exhibited similar type II (destabilizing) functional responses (FRs) towards native mayfly prey and invasive amphipod prey, when these prey species were presented separately. However, when the two prey species were presented simultaneously, the predator did not exhibit prey switching, instead consuming disproportionately more native prey than expected from the relative abundance of native and invasive species. These consumptive propensities foster reductions of native prey, while simultaneously limiting biotic resistance against the invasive species by the native predator. Since our theoretical considerations and laboratory results match known field invasion patterns, we advocate the increased consideration of FR and prey switching studies to understand and predict the success of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30224205, year = {2018}, author = {Visha, A and Gandhi, N and Bhavsar, SP and Arhonditsis, GB}, title = {Assessing mercury contamination patterns of fish communities in the Laurentian Great Lakes: A Bayesian perspective.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {243}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {777-789}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.070}, pmid = {30224205}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Canada ; Carps ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes ; Food Chain ; Great Lakes Region ; Lakes/chemistry ; Linear Models ; Mercury/*analysis/*pharmacokinetics ; Perches ; Salmon ; Trout ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {We examine the spatio-temporal trends of mercury, a well-known global legacy contaminant, in eleven fish species across all of the Canadian Great Lakes. These particular fish species are selected based on their ecological, commercial, and recreational importance to the biodiversity and fishing industry of the Great Lakes. We present a two-pronged Bayesian methodological framework to rigorously assess mercury temporal trends across multiple fish species and locations. In the first part of our analysis, we develop dynamic linear models to delineate the total mercury levels and rates of change, while explicitly accounting for the covariance between fish length and mercury levels in fish tissues. We then use hierarchical modelling to evaluate the spatial variability of mercury contamination between nearshore and offshore locations, as well as to examine the hypothesis that invasive species have induced distinct shifts on fish mercury contamination trends. Our analysis suggests that the general pattern across the Great Lakes was that the elevated mercury concentrations during the 1970s had been subjected to a declining trend throughout the late 1980s/early 1990s, followed by a gradual stabilization after the late 1990s/early 2000s. The declining trend was more pronounced with top fish predators, whereas benthivorous fish species mainly underwent wax-and-wane cycles with a weaker evidence of a long-term declining trend. Historically contaminated regions, designated as Areas of Concern, and bays receiving riverine inputs are still characterized by mercury concentrations that can lead to consumption restrictions. Lake Erie displayed the lowest mercury levels across all the fish species examined. However, several species of commercial importance showed a reversing (increasing) trend in the 2000s, although their current levels do not pose any major concerns for consumption advisories. These recent trend reversals can be linked with systematic shifts in energy trophodynamics along with the food web alterations induced from the introduction of non-native species, and the potentially significant fluxes from the atmosphere.}, }
@article {pmid30220875, year = {2018}, author = {Lounibos, LP and Juliano, SA}, title = {Where Vectors Collide: The Importance of Mechanisms Shaping the Realized Niche for Modeling Ranges of Invasive Aedes Mosquitoes.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {20}, number = {8}, pages = {1913-1929}, pmid = {30220875}, issn = {1387-3547}, support = {R15 AI094322/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R15 AI124005/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI095780/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {The vector mosquitoes Aedes aegypti (L.), native to Africa, and Aedes albopictus (Skuse), native to Asia, are widespread invasives whose spatial distributions frequently overlap. Predictive models of their distributions are typically correlative rather than mechanistic, and based on only abiotic variables describing putative environmental requirements despite extensive evidence of competitive interactions leading to displacements. Here we review putative roles of competition contributing to distribution changes where the two species meet. The strongest evidence for competitive displacements comes from multiple examples of habitat segregation where the two species co-occur and massive reductions in the range and abundance of A. aegypti attributable to A. albopictus invasions in the southeastern U.S.A. and Bermuda (U.K). We summarize evidence to support the primacy of asymmetric reproductive interference, or satyrization, and larval resource competition, both favoring A. albopictus, as displacement mechanisms. Where evidence of satyrization or interspecific resource competition is weak, differences in local environments or alternative ecologies or behaviors of these Aedes spp. may explain local variation in the outcomes of invasions. Predictive distribution modeling for both these major disease vectors needs to incorporate species interactions between them as an important process that is likely to limit their realized niches and future distributions. Experimental tests of satyrization and resource competition are needed across the broad ranges of these species, as are models that incorporate both reproductive interference and resource competition to evaluate interaction strengths and mechanisms. These vectors exemplify how fundamental principles of community ecology may influence distributions of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30220757, year = {2018}, author = {Guiaşu, RC and Tindale, CW}, title = {Logical fallacies and invasion biology.}, journal = {Biology &amp; philosophy}, volume = {33}, number = {5}, pages = {34}, pmid = {30220757}, issn = {0169-3867}, abstract = {Leading invasion biologists sometimes dismiss critics and criticisms of their field by invoking "the straw man" fallacy. Critics of invasion biology are also labelled as a small group of "naysayers" or "contrarians", who are sometimes engaging in "science denialism". Such unfortunate labels can be seen as a way to possibly suppress legitimate debates and dismiss or minimize reasonable concerns about some aspects of invasion biology, including the uncertainties about the geographic origins and complex environmental impacts of species, and the control programs against species perceived as "invasive". In assessing the quality of the debate in this area, we examine the validity of the use of various strategies, including the "straw man" concept, and explore a range of potential logical fallacies present in some recent prominent discussions about invasion biology and so-called "invasive" species. The goal is to add some clarity to the concepts involved, point out some problematic issues, and improve the quality of the debates as the discussions move forward.}, }
@article {pmid30220052, year = {2018}, author = {Zhang, F and Li, Q and Yerger, EH and Chen, X and Shi, Q and Wan, F}, title = {AM fungi facilitate the competitive growth of two invasive plant species, Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Bidens pilosa.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {28}, number = {8}, pages = {703-715}, pmid = {30220052}, issn = {1432-1890}, support = {31372000//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; C2015201021//Hebei National Natural Science Foundation/ ; C2015201241//Hebei National Natural Science Foundation/ ; ZD2016039//Department of Education Project/ ; 31171906//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Ambrosia/*growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Bidens/*growth &amp; development/microbiology ; China ; Glomeromycota/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Setaria Plant/*growth &amp; development ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species often cause enormous economic and ecological damage, and this is especially true for invasive plants in the Asteraceae family. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in the successful invasion by exotic plant species because of their ability to promote growth and influence interspecific competition. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of invasive Asteraceae species on AMF diversity and how feedback mechanisms during competition with native species subsequently affect the accumulation of nutrient resources. Two exotic Asteraceae, Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Bidens pilosa, were monitored during competition with a native grass species, Setaria viridis, which is being replaced by these exotic species in natural areas around the study site. From these species continuously maintained in a field plot for 5 years, we collected the rhizosphere soil and cloned and identified soil AMF. Furthermore, AM fungal spores were isolated from rhizosphere soil of the two invasive species and used as inoculum in greenhouse experiments, to compare growth and nutrient accumulation during competition. The results indicate that although the AMF diversity in the rhizosphere soil of A. artemisiifolia and B. pilosa differed, the three most abundant species (Septoglomus viscosum, Septoglomus constrictum, Glomus perpusillum) were identical. The addition of AMF inoculum changed the competition between the plants, increasing the competitive ability of the invasives and decreasing that of the native. The results show a similar AMF community composition between A. artemisiifolia and B. pilosa, increased AMF root colonization of the invasive species during competition, AMF-enhanced N accumulation, and AMF-facilitated competitive growth of the invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30219282, year = {2018}, author = {Wilkins, KE and Prowse, TAA and Cassey, P and Thomas, PQ and Ross, JV}, title = {Pest demography critically determines the viability of synthetic gene drives for population control.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences}, volume = {305}, number = {}, pages = {160-169}, doi = {10.1016/j.mbs.2018.09.005}, pmid = {30219282}, issn = {1879-3134}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Computer Simulation ; Female ; *Genes, Synthetic ; Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Mathematical Concepts ; Mice ; *Models, Genetic ; Pest Control, Biological/methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Population Control/methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Population Density ; Pregnancy ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Synthetic gene drives offer a novel solution for the control of invasive alien species. CRISPR-based gene drives can positively bias their own inheritance, and comprise a DNA sequence that is replicated by homologous recombination. Since gene drives can be positioned to silence fertility or developmental genes, they could be used for population suppression. However, the production of resistant alleles following self-replication errors threatens the technology's viability for pest eradication in real-world applications. Further, a robust assessment of how pest demography impacts the expected progression of gene drives through populations is currently lacking. We used a deterministic, two-sex, birth-death model to investigate how demographic assumptions affect the efficiency of suppression drives for controlling invasive rodents on islands, for two different gene-drive strategies. We show that mass-action reproduction results in overly optimistic eradication outcomes when compared to the more realistic assumption of polygynous breeding. When polygyny was assumed, both gene-strategies failed due to the evolution of resistance unless a reproductive Allee effect (reduced reproductive rates at low population density) was also included; although model outcomes were highly sensitive to the strength of this effect. Increasing the size of the initial gene-drive introduction (up to 10% of carrying capacity) had little impact on population outcomes. Understanding the demography of a population targeted for eradication is critical before the viability of gene-drive suppression can be adequately assessed.}, }
@article {pmid30218232, year = {2018}, author = {Abe, T and Tanaka, N and Shimizu, Y}, title = {Plant species diversity, community structure and invasion status in insular primary forests on the Sekimon uplifted limestone (Ogasawara Islands).}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {131}, number = {6}, pages = {1001-1014}, pmid = {30218232}, issn = {1618-0860}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Calcium Carbonate ; Ecosystem ; *Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Micronesia ; Plants ; Polynesia ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Native forests on oceanic islands are among the most threatened ecosystems. The forests formed on Sekimon uplifted limestone in Haha-jima Island (Ogasawara Islands) have not yet been destroyed by human activities and remain as primary forests harboring several narrow endemic endangered plants. In this paper, we described the plant species diversity, community structure, and status of invasion by alien plants in the mesic forests of Sekimon. The Sekimon forest was characterized by low tree diversity (37 species), high stem density (1731 ha[-1]), and high basal area (63.9 m[2] ha[-1]), comparing with natural forests in world islands. The forests were dominated in the number of stems by the sub-tree Ardisia sieboldii followed by the trees Pisonia umbellifera and Elaeocarpus photiniifolius. The invasive tree Bischofia javanica ranked fourth for basal area and third for the number of stems (DBH ≥ 10 cm), and its distribution expanded, especially near a past plantation site. Surveys of forest floor vegetation revealed that species richness of vascular plants was 109 species and that many alien plants had already invaded the forests. Despite the low species richness of alien (16% for vascular flora and 8% for trees), the high frequency of aliens on the forest floor suggests that they have colonized successfully in the Sekimon forest. Extrapolation analysis based on the rarefaction curves predicted that the vascular plants in the Sekimon (25 ha) accounted for 135 species (29.9% of the vascular flora of the Ogasawara Islands) and endemic plants were 85 species (62.0%). The fact that the 39 vascular species recorded in our plots were listed in Japanese Red List suggests that the Sekimon forest should be conserved as a sanctuary of biodiversity. Because alien plants are invading the forests without apparent anthropogenic disturbance, immediate action to eradicate these invaders is highly needed.}, }
@article {pmid30215802, year = {2018}, author = {de Souza, FS and Costa, MAPC and de Oliveira, EJF and Ribeiro, MF and Souza, BA and Araújo, ED and Imperatriz-Fonseca, VL and de Carvalho, CAL}, title = {Genetic Variability of Melipona subnitida (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Introduced and Native Populations.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {30215802}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*genetics ; Brazil ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics/metabolism ; *Genetic Variation ; *Haplotypes ; Insect Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; }, abstract = {Melipona subnitida (Hymenoptera: Apidae) is a stingless bee native to Caatinga biome in Brazil, well adapted to hot and dry climate of that region and has been traditionally explored for honey production. Here, we evaluate the genetic structure of 173 colonies of M. subnitida in northeast Brazil by partially sequenced mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase I (COI) to compare an introduced population isolated for 30 yr into the Island of Fernando de Noronha (IFN) with the continental populations. We identified high haplotype diversity (0.8220) with 14 haplotypes on the continental populations, being three new ones, compared with the database GenBank. The haplotype H4 was present at the center of network, occurring in four localities on mainland and fixed as a single haplotype on IFN. We propose that the island populations originally introduced carried one haplotype (H4), even though IFN population is suffering pressure by island effect through changes on morphology. Studies on island populations could be a model to understand the dynamics of isolated populations and sustainable management of this biome to preserve M. subnitida.}, }
@article {pmid30213967, year = {2018}, author = {Paini, DR and Mwebaze, P and Kuhnert, PM and Kriticos, DJ}, title = {Global establishment threat from a major forest pest via international shipping: Lymantria dispar.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {13723}, pmid = {30213967}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Canada ; Climate ; *Forests ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Moths/*physiology ; Ships ; United States ; }, abstract = {The global shipping network is widely recognised as a pathway for vectoring invasive species. One species of particular concern is Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth). Two subspecies, L. d. asiatica and L. d. japonica (herein referred to as Asian Gypsy Moth - AGM) are of considerable concern as ships arriving to a number of countries have been found carrying AGM egg masses. However, ships carrying AGM eggs can only threaten a country at ports located in a climatically suitable region. We present a CLIMEX model of climate suitability and combine this with international shipping to estimate the global threat from AGM. We find that for the USA more than half of international ships (approximately 18,000 ships) arrive to climatically suitable ports. Other countries with a large number of ships arriving to ports with suitable climates include Canada and Brazil. This is the first global analysis of the invasion threat from AGM, and we recommend countries focus AGM-inspection programs towards ships arriving at ports found within climatically suitable regions.}, }
@article {pmid30212810, year = {2018}, author = {Cardilini, APA and Micallef, S and Bishop, VR and Sherman, CDH and Meddle, SL and Buchanan, KL}, title = {Environmental Influences on Neuromorphology in the Non-Native Starling Sturnus vulgaris.}, journal = {Brain, behavior and evolution}, volume = {92}, number = {1-2}, pages = {63-70}, pmid = {30212810}, issn = {1421-9743}, support = {BB/P013759/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Hippocampus/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Male ; Mesencephalon/anatomy &amp; histology ; *Sex Characteristics ; Starlings/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Telencephalon/anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Cognitive traits are predicted to be under intense selection in animals moving into new environments and may determine the success, or otherwise, of dispersal and invasions. In particular, spatial information related to resource distribution is an important determinant of neural development. Spatial information is predicted to vary for invasive species encountering novel environments. However, few studies have tested how cognition or neural development varies intraspecifically within an invasive species. In Australia, the non-native common starling Sturnus vulgaris inhabits a range of habitats that vary in seasonal resource availability and distribution. We aimed to identify variations in the brain mass and hippocampus volume of starlings in Australia related to environmental variation across two substantially different habitat types. Specifically, we predicted variation in brain mass and hippocampal volume in relation to environmental conditions, latitude, and climatic variables. To test this, brain mass and volumes of the hippocampus and two control brain regions (telencephalon and tractus septomesencephalicus) were quantified from starling brains gathered from across the species' range in south eastern Australia. When comparing across an environmental gradient, there was a significant interaction between sex and environment for overall brain mass, with greater sexual dimorphism in brain mass in inland populations compared to those at the coast. There was no significant difference in hippocampal volume in relation to environmental measures (hippocampus volume, n = 17) for either sex. While these data provide no evidence for intraspecific environmental drivers for changes in hippocampus volume in European starlings in Australia, they do suggest that environmental factors contribute to sex differences in brain mass. This study identifies associations between the brain volume of a non-native species and the environment; further work in this area is required to elucidate the mechanisms driving this relationship.}, }
@article {pmid30209378, year = {2018}, author = {Black, A and Waipara, N and Gerth, M}, title = {Calling time on New Zealand's oldest tree species.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {561}, number = {7722}, pages = {177}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-018-06629-1}, pmid = {30209378}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Endangered Species ; Forestry/*methods ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Phytophthora/*pathogenicity ; Travel/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Trees/*parasitology ; }, }
@article {pmid30208545, year = {2018}, author = {Visha, A and Gandhi, N and Bhavsar, SP and Arhonditsis, GB}, title = {A Bayesian assessment of polychlorinated biphenyl contamination of fish communities in the Laurentian Great Lakes.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {210}, number = {}, pages = {1193-1206}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.070}, pmid = {30208545}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Fishes ; Great Lakes Region ; Humans ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis/*chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination has historically posed constraints on the recreational and commercial fishing industry in the Great Lakes. Empirical evidence suggests that PCB contamination represents a greater health risk from fish consumption than other legacy contaminants. The present study attempts a rigorous assessment of the spatio-temporal PCB trends in multiple species across the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes. We applied a Bayesian modelling framework, whereby we initially used dynamic linear models to delineate PCB levels and rates of change, while accounting for the role of fish length and lipid content as covariates. We then implemented Bayesian hierarchical modelling to evaluate the temporal PCB trends during the dreissenid pre- and post-invasion periods, as well as the variability among and within the water bodies of the Great Lakes system. Our analysis indicates that Lake Ontario is characterized by the highest PCB levels among nearly all of the fish species examined. Historically contaminated local areas, designated as Areas of Concern, and embayments receiving riverine inputs displayed higher concentrations within each of the water bodies examined. The general temporal trend across the Great Lakes was that the high PCB concentrations during the early 1970s followed a declining trajectory throughout the late 1980s/early 1990s, likely as a result of the reductions in industrial emissions and other management actions. Nonetheless, after the late 1990s/early 2000s, our analysis provided evidence of a decline in the rate at which PCB concentrations in fish were dropping, accompanied by a gradual establishment of species-specific, steady-state concentrations, around which there is considerable year-to-year variability. The overall trends indicate that reduced contaminant emissions have brought about distinct beneficial changes in fish PCB concentrations, but past historical contamination along with other external or internal stressors (e.g., invasive species, climate change) continue to modulate the current levels, thereby posing potential risks to humans through fish consumption.}, }
@article {pmid30208525, year = {2018}, author = {Wei, H and Huang, M and Quan, G and Zhang, J and Liu, Z and Ma, R}, title = {Turn bane into a boon: Application of invasive plant species to remedy soil cadmium contamination.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {210}, number = {}, pages = {1013-1020}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.129}, pmid = {30208525}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Asteraceae/drug effects/*metabolism ; *Biodegradation, Environmental ; Cadmium/analysis/*metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Soil/*chemistry ; Soil Pollutants/analysis/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Cadmium (Cd) is one of the mostly hazardous soil pollutants and has threatened human health by accumulating in grains of crops. Phytoremediation is a promising technique to remedy soil Cd contamination, but reported Cd hyperaccumulators remain limited. In this study, we explored potential applicability of three invasive plant species (Chromolaena odorata, Bidens pilosa and Praxelis clematidea) to remove soil Cd using greenhouse experiment. Results showed that the three species grew well with Cd treatments compared to the controlled individuals, suggesting that the species had high Cd tolerance by physiological adjustments such as up-regulating the antioxidant enzyme activities. The only exception was that the height of P. clematidea in the 60 mg kg[-1] Cd treatment was less than that in the control. Within the tested Cd concentration range, the C. odorata exhibited high bioaccumulation characteristics that meet the recommended standards to identify as a hyperaccumulator (shoot Cd concentration > 100 mg kg[-1] with bioconcentration and transfer factors > 1). The other two species had also the shoot bioconcentration factor and transfer factor greater than one, while the shoot Cd concentration was relatively lower. Our results highlight a potential applicability of the invasive species used in this study for remediation of the soil Cd contamination, which turns bane into a boon.}, }
@article {pmid30206349, year = {2018}, author = {Parm, &#xdc; and Štšepetova, J and Eelmäe, I and Merila, M and Ilmoja, ML and Metsvaht, T and Lutsar, I and Soeorg, H}, title = {Genetic relatedness of Gram-negative bacteria colonizing gut and skin of neonates and mother's own milk.}, journal = {Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association}, volume = {38}, number = {11}, pages = {1503-1511}, doi = {10.1038/s41372-018-0220-x}, pmid = {30206349}, issn = {1476-5543}, support = {IUT34-24//Eesti Teadusagentuur (Estonian Research Council)/International ; }, mesh = {Feces/*microbiology ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/transmission ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Milk, Human/*microbiology ; Mothers ; Prospective Studies ; Sepsis/diagnosis ; Skin/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We described colonization of mother's own milk with Gram-negative bacteria and its relationship with neonatal colonization.<br><br>STUDY DESIGN: Gram-negative bacteria isolated from weekly collected stool, skin and mother's own milk of hospitalized preterm (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;49) and healthy term neonates (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;20) were genotyped. Colonization-related factors were determined by logistic regression.<br><br>RESULTS: Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from mother's own milk of 22.4% (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;11) and 15% (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;3) of mothers of preterm and term neonates, respectively. According to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genetically similar strains were present in mother's own milk and gut of 8.2% (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;4) of mother-preterm neonate, but none of mother-term neonate pairs. In three of four late-onset sepsis caused by Gram-negative bacteria, colonization of gut, but not mother's own milk, with invasive species preceded late-onset sepsis.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Colonization of mother's own milk with Gram-negative bacteria is uncommon and transmission to neonatal gut may occur in less than one-tenth of neonate-mother pairs.}, }
@article {pmid30205852, year = {2019}, author = {Rodriguez, R and Sandri, ASS and Porto, SM and Osório, JB and Muller, CA and Cognato, BB and Casagrande, MF and Graeff-Teixeira, C and Gomes, SR and Morassutti, AL}, title = {Invasive slug Meghimatium pictum (Stoliczka, 1873) infected by Angiostrongylus costaricensis Morera &amp; Céspedes, 1971, and the possible risk of human infection associated with grape consumption.}, journal = {Journal of helminthology}, volume = {93}, number = {6}, pages = {775-777}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X18000822}, pmid = {30205852}, issn = {1475-2697}, mesh = {Angiostrongylus/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Animals ; Brazil ; Gastropoda/classification/*parasitology ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Mice ; Strongylida Infections/*parasitology/transmission ; Vitis/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Many molluscs may be infected with angiostrongylid larvae. Following the histopathological diagnosis of abdominal angiostrongyliasis in a grape farmer from southern Brazil, molluscs in the area were investigated. During a nocturnal search, 245 specimens of slugs were collected and identified as the invasive Chinese slug Meghimatium pictum. Angiostrongylus costaricensis worms were recovered from mice that were experimentally infected with larvae obtained from 11 (4.5%) of the molluscs. This study presents the first report of M. pictum being identified as an intermediate host for A. costaricensis. Most of the slugs were collected from grape plants, which suggests that transmission may be associated with grape consumption.}, }
@article {pmid30204066, year = {2018}, author = {Danesi, P and Falcaro, C and Ravagnan, S and Da Rold, G and Porcellato, E and Corrò, M and Iatta, R and Cafarchia, C and Frangipane di Regalbono, A and Meyer, W and Capelli, G}, title = {Real-time PCR assay for screening Pneumocystis in free-living wild squirrels and river rats in Italy.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, pages = {862-867}, pmid = {30204066}, issn = {1943-4936}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Fungal/analysis ; *Introduced Species ; Italy/epidemiology ; Lung/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Pneumocystis/*isolation &amp; purification ; Pneumocystis Infections/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Prevalence ; RNA, Ribosomal/analysis ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rodent Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology ; *Rodentia ; Sciuridae ; Sequence Analysis, RNA/veterinary ; }, abstract = {We used a real-time PCR (rtPCR) targeting a 150-bp amplicon of the mitochondrial small subunit of ribosomal RNA (mtSSU rRNA) to screen for Pneumocystis DNA in lungs of wild squirrels (Callosciurus finlaysonii, n = 85) and river rats (Myocastor coypus, n = 43) in Italy. The rtPCR revealed Pneumocystis DNA in 20 of 85 (24%) squirrels and in 35 of 43 (81%) river rats, and was more sensitive than a nested PCR that targets a portion of the mtSSU rRNA and the mitochondrial large subunit of rRNA (mtLSU rRNA). Phylogenetic analysis based on mtSSU rRNA and mtLSU rRNA sequences showed distinct Pneumocystis sequence types in these rodents. The rtPCR assay should be reliable for screening large populations for this potential pathogen, thereby allowing cost-effective monitoring of the disease in wild animals.}, }
@article {pmid30202651, year = {2018}, author = {Gantchoff, MG and Wilton, CM and Belant, JL}, title = {Factors influencing exotic species richness in Argentina's national parks.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5514}, pmid = {30202651}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Exotic species introductions are a global phenomenon and protected areas are susceptible to them. Understanding the drivers of exotic species richness is vital for prioritizing natural resource management, particularly in developing countries with limited resources. We analyzed the influence of coarse resolution factors on exotic species richness (plants, mammals, and birds) in Argentina's National Parks System. We collected data on native species richness, year of park formation, park area, region, elevation range, number of rivers crossing area boundaries, roads entering area, mean annual rainfall, mean annual temperature, mean annual number of visitors, and Human Influence Index within and surrounding each park. We compiled 1,688 exotic records in 36 protected areas: 83% plants and 17% animals (9.5% mammals, 5.5% birds, 1.5% fishes, 0% amphibians, 0% reptiles). The five parks with the most exotic species (all taxa combined) were in north Patagonia. Exotic grasses were the most common exotic plants, and within animals, lagomorphs and feral ungulates were remarkably widespread. Exotic plant richness was mostly influenced by temperature and native plant richness, while exotic mammal and bird richness was driven mostly by anthropogenic variables, with models explaining 36-45% of data deviance. Most variables that positively influenced exotic taxa were indirectly related to an increase in spatial heterogeneity (natural or anthropogenic), suggesting greater niche space variability as facilitators of exotic richness increase. Additional data are needed to further investigate the patterns and mechanisms of exotic species richness in protected areas, which will help to prioritize the greatest needs of monitoring and management.}, }
@article {pmid30202033, year = {2018}, author = {Hsu, HW and Chiu, MC and Shoemaker, D and Yang, CS}, title = {Viral infections in fire ants lead to reduced foraging activity and dietary changes.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {13498}, pmid = {30202033}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/physiology/*virology ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Dicistroviridae/*pathogenicity ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Taiwan ; Virus Diseases/physiopathology/veterinary/virology ; }, abstract = {Despite the presence of conserved innate immune function, many insects have evolved a variety of mechanical, chemical, and behavioral defensive responses to pathogens. Illness-induced anorexia and dietary changes are two behavioral defensive strategies found in some solitary insects, but little is known regarding the role of such behaviors in social insects, especially in ants. In the present study we examined if such reduced foraging activity exists for a social insect, the invasive fire ant Solenopsis invicta, and its viral pathogen, Solenopsis invicta virus 1 (SINV-1). Virus-free fire ant colonies were split into two colony fragments, one of which subsequently was inoculated with SINV-1. Four food resources with different macronutrient ratios were presented to both colony fragments. SINV-1-inoculated colony fragments consistently displayed reduced foraging performance (e.g., foraging intensity and recruitment efficiency), a decline in lipid intake, and a shift in dietary preference to carbohydrate-rich foods compared with virus-free fragments. These findings provide the first evidence for virus-induced behavioral responses and dietary shifts in shaping the host-pathogen interactions in fire ants. The findings also suggest a possible mechanism for how fire ant colonies respond to viral epidemics. Potential implications of these behavioral differences for current management strategies are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid30200427, year = {2018}, author = {Li, K and Scott, AM and Fissette, SD and Buchinger, TJ and Riedy, JJ and Li, W}, title = {Petromylidenes A[-]C: 2-Alkylidene Bile Salt Derivatives Isolated from Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus).}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {30200427}, issn = {1660-3397}, support = {137639//Great Lakes Fishery Commission/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bile Acids and Salts/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Female ; Limit of Detection ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry ; Molecular Structure ; Olfactory Mucosa/*drug effects ; *Petromyzon ; Sex Attractants/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*drug effects ; }, abstract = {Three novel bile acid derivatives, petromylidenes A[-]C (1[-]3), featuring uncommon alkylidene adductive scaffolds, were isolated from water conditioned with sexually mature male sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus). Their structures were elucidated by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, and by comparison to spectral data of related structures. The identification of compounds 1[-]3, further illustrates the structural diversity of the 5α bile salt family. Compounds 1[-]3 exhibited notable biological properties as well, including high olfactory potencies in adult sea lampreys and strong behavioral attraction of ovulated female sea lampreys. Electro-olfactogram recordings indicated that the limit of detection for 1 was 10[-9] M, 2 was 10[-11] M, and 3 was less than 10[-13] M. These results suggested 1[-]3 were likely male pheromones, which guide reproductive behaviors in the sea lamprey.}, }
@article {pmid30198171, year = {2018}, author = {Soeth, M and Adelir-Alves, J and Loose, R and Daros, FA and Spach, HL}, title = {First record of Pomacanthus maculosus (Perciformes, Pomacanthidae) in the south-western Atlantic Ocean.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {93}, number = {5}, pages = {988-991}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13791}, pmid = {30198171}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//CAPES/ ; }, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Brazil ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {A single Pomacanthus maculosus was filmed during a scuba diving survey on a rocky reef from southern Brazil. The body shape and coloration pattern confirmed the species identification. The biological and ecological characteristics of P. maculosus and the long distance of Brazil from its original distribution strongly suggest of an anthropogenic pathway of dispersion.}, }
@article {pmid30196322, year = {2018}, author = {Kurucz, K and Kiss, V and Zana, B and Jakab, F and Kemenesi, G}, title = {Filarial nematode (order: Spirurida) surveillance in urban habitats, in the city of Pécs (Hungary).}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {117}, number = {10}, pages = {3355-3360}, pmid = {30196322}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Aedes/parasitology ; Animals ; Dirofilaria immitis/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Dirofilaria repens/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Dirofilariasis/epidemiology/*parasitology/transmission ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Humans ; Hungary/epidemiology ; Male ; Mosquito Control ; Mosquito Vectors/classification/*parasitology/physiology ; Setaria Nematode/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Spirurida/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Urban Health ; }, abstract = {As part of the seasonal mosquito control activities in the city of Pécs (Baranya County, Hungary), a total of 1123 adult female mosquitoes belonging to 18 species (including the invasive species Aedes koreicus) were collected from human-inhabited areas, using CO2-baited traps, during two consecutive years. To survey the presence and prevalence of filarial parasites in these mosquitoes, we performed a molecular survey for filarial DNA, attempted by PCR using generic primers (COI), and followed by DNA sequencing. Filaroid nematode DNA was detected in 4% of investigated mosquito pools. Out of 410 pools, 9 pools of mosquitoes were positive for Dirofilaria repens (Aedes vexans, Aedes koreicus, Coquillettidia richiardii), and/or Dirofilaria immitis (Ae. vexans, Cq. richiardii), and further 8 pools were positive for Setaria tundra (Ae. vexans, Cq. richiardii). Our study provides novel insight for prevalence of filaroid nematodes in mosquitoes occurring in close proximity to humans, thereby highlights the possible human and veterinary health importance of these mosquito species, including the recently introduced invasive mosquito Ae. koreicus.}, }
@article {pmid30192838, year = {2018}, author = {Bieńkowski, AO and Orlova-Bienkowskaja, MJ}, title = {Alien leaf beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) of European Russia and some general tendencies of leaf beetle invasions.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {e0203561}, pmid = {30192838}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*classification/physiology ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Introduced Species/*history ; Mediterranean Region ; Phylogeography ; Plants/*parasitology ; Population Dynamics ; Russia ; }, abstract = {Invasions of leaf beetles can cause tremendous economic consequences because some of these insects become major pests in invaded territories. We present the first inventory of alien Chrysomelidae of European Russia that appeared in the region in the 20th and 21st centuries (9 species) with analysis of the history of their invasions and detailed maps of distribution. This case study revealed some general tendencies of invasions of leaf beetles: (1) Recently, a dramatic increase in the rate of Chrysomelidae invasions is observed, which reflects the increase in international trade of living plants; (2) Alien leaf beetles can spread quickly, occupying almost all of Europe within several decades; (3) When the range of some leaf beetle species is quickly expanding, or when the species has been recorded established somewhere outside the native range, this species should be regarded as a potential invader worldwide. and (4) Alien leaf beetles usually occur on alien or cultivated plants, but some become naturalized in native communities. The specific information was the following. Two species native to the Mediterranean region, Chrysolina americana (feeds on Rosmarinus and Lavandula) and Leptomona erythrocephala (feeds on Lotus corniculatus) were recorded in European Russia for the first time. A polyphagous pest of floriculture Luperomorpha xanthodera native to China and Korea and a pest of soybeans Medythia nigrobilineata native to east Asia have been in the region since 2016. A pest of tobacco Epitrix hirtipennis native to North America has occurred since 2011. A pest of corn Diabrotica virgifera was intercepted at the border of Russia in 2011 but has not established. Three alien species have been in the region since the 20th century: Zygogramma suturalis introduced from North America for control of Ambrosia, Phyllotreta reitteri native to Afghanistan and Tajikistan and feeding on Lepidium latifolium, and the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata.}, }
@article {pmid30192806, year = {2018}, author = {Uemura, Y and Yoshimi, S and Hata, H}, title = {Hybridization between two bitterling fish species in their sympatric range and a river where one species is native and the other is introduced.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {e0203423}, pmid = {30192806}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyprinidae/classification/*genetics ; Cytochromes b/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Geography ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Rivers ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Sympatry ; }, abstract = {The distributions of two bitterling fish (subfamily: Acheilognathinae), Tanakia lanceolata and T. limbata, overlap in western Japan. Acheilognathinae fish lay their eggs in the gills of freshwater bivalves, and the early juvenile stage develops in the gills. Populations of freshwater bivalves are declining worldwide, which has limited the number of spawning substrate for bitterlings. T. limbata has been artificially introduced to some rivers in Ehime, Japan, where it coexists with native T. lanceolata, and some hybrids have been observed. We collected both species from several sites in western Japan, and from the Kunichi River system in Ehime, and analyzed genetic population structure based on six microsatellite loci and sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Structure analysis identified three genetically distinct populations: T. lanceolata, T. limbata "West Kyushu", and T. limbata "Setouchi". Two clades of T. limbata were also supported by molecular phylogenetic analyses based on cytochrome b. Hybrids in Ehime originated mostly from interbreeding between male T. lanceolata and female T. limbata "West Kyushu", and made up 10.2% of all collected fish, suggesting that hybrids occurred frequently between females of colonizing species and males of native species. On the other hand, interspecific hybrids were detected at rates of 40.0%, 20.0%, and 17.6% in the Ima River (Fukuoka), Midori River (Kumamoto), and Kase River (Saga), respectively, which are naturally sympatric regions. We found a few T. limbata "Setouchi" in the Midori and Kase Rivers, which were supposed to be introduced from other regions, coexisting with native T. limbata "West Kyushu", and this cryptic invasion may have triggered the interspecific hybridization. These results suggest that artificial introduction of a fish species, a decline in the unionid population, and degradation of habitat have caused broad hybridization of bitterlings in western Japan.}, }
@article {pmid30189539, year = {2018}, author = {Huang, Q and Li, X and Huang, F and Wang, R and Lu, B and Shen, Y and Fan, Z and Lin, P}, title = {Nutrient addition increases the capacity for division of labor and the benefits of clonal integration in an invasive plant.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {643}, number = {}, pages = {1232-1238}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.294}, pmid = {30189539}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Food ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*analysis ; Phosphorus/*analysis ; Soil/chemistry ; Water ; }, abstract = {Many of the most invasive plants are clonal, and clonal integration has been proposed as an important mechanism promoting invasiveness. When the availabilities of two essential resources are negatively correlated in space, clonal integration may benefit clonal plants through division of labor. We hypothesized that environments with reciprocal patchiness of light and soil water may induce division of labor, and nutrient addition may increase both the division of labor and the benefits of clonal integration. To test this, we grew pairs of connected and disconnected ramets of the clonal invader Mikania micrantha under negative spatial covariance of light and soil water such that the proximal ramets were grown under high light and low soil water conditions and the distal ramets were grown under low light and high soil water conditions. In half of the ramet pairs, both ramets of a pair received a nutrient addition treatment. The results showed that connection decreased the root to shoot ratio in proximal ramets and increased it in distal ramets, indicating that division of labor was induced. In addition, connection increased the root to shoot ratio of distal ramets more under high soil nutrient conditions than under low soil nutrient conditions, indicating that nutrient addition increased the division of labor. Connection increased plant biomass at the whole clonal fragment level, and this increase was larger under high soil nutrient conditions than under low soil nutrient conditions. This study showed, for the first time, that in environments with reciprocal patchiness of two essential resources, the capacity for division of labor and its influence on plant performance may depend on the availability of a third essential resource. Because invasive plants often can acquire a larger amount of soil resources than native plants, our study may also contribute to the understanding why clonality is related to invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid30189395, year = {2018}, author = {Mehmet, MI and D'Alessandro, S and Pawsey, N and Nayeem, T}, title = {The national, regional and city divide: Social media analysis of stakeholders views regarding biological controls. The public reaction to the carp control herpes virus in Australia.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {227}, number = {}, pages = {181-188}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.093}, pmid = {30189395}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Biological Control Agents ; Carps/*virology ; Communication ; Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine ; *Introduced Species ; Public Opinion ; *Social Media ; }, abstract = {Recent research and practice in environmental management suggest sentiment analysis of social media communication can be a useful tool in stakeholder analysis of environmental policy. This is certainly the case when it comes to the controversial use of biological controls in dealing with invasive species. Current numerical scored approaches of sentiment may not reveal the reasons for support or opposition to environmental policies in this and other areas. In this study, we examine how the use of more in-depth analysis based on what key stakeholders say about this issue in media at a national, city or regional geographic level. The analysis reveals quite different reasons for support and opposition to the biological control of carp in Australia, and that within each stakeholder group it is possible for individuals to hold conflicting views and attitudes on this issue. We find that there are concerns at the national and city level about the impact of the virus and mistrust of government and science and that the carp species may be viewed as a valuable resource. Those responding to regional media expressed hope that the virus may lead to the elimination of the carp problem, however, they were more interested in the possible impact on the local environment. The multi-scaled social media analysis of stakeholder views about the potential biological control of carp in Australia demonstrated how social media comments can be used to explore the nuanced and multidimensional nature of community attitudes and preferences.}, }
@article {pmid30188945, year = {2018}, author = {Skubel, SA and Dushenkov, V and Graf, BL and Niu, Q and Poulev, A and Kalariya, HM and Foxcroft, LC and Raskin, I}, title = {Rapid, field-deployable method for collecting and preserving plant metabolome for biochemical and functional characterization.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {e0203569}, pmid = {30188945}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {P50 AT002776/AT/NCCIH NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Metabolome/*physiology ; Metabolomics/methods ; Phytochemicals/*metabolism ; Plants, Medicinal/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Study of plant metabolome is a growing field of science that catalogs vast biochemical and functional diversity of phytochemicals. However, collecting and storing samples of plant metabolome, sharing these samples across the scientific community and making them compatible with bioactivity assays presents significant challenges to the advancement of metabolome research. We have developed a RApid Metabolome Extraction and Storage (RAMES) technology that allows efficient, highly compact, field-deployable collection and storage of libraries of plant metabolome. RAMES technology combines rapid extraction with immobilization of extracts on glass microfiber filter discs. Two grams of plant tissue extracted in ethanol, using a specially adapted Dremel® rotary tool, produces 25-35 replicas of 10 mm glass fiber discs impregnated with phytochemicals. These discs can be either eluted with solvents (such as 70% ethanol) to study the metabolomic profiles or used directly in a variety of functional assays. We have developed simple, non-sterile, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and anti-oxidant assays formatted for 24-multiwell plates directly compatible with RAMES discs placed inside the wells. Using these methods we confirmed activity in 30 out of 32 randomly selected anti-microbial medicinal plants and spices. Seven species scored the highest activity (total kill) in the anti-bacterial (bacteria from human saliva) and two anti-fungal screens (Fusarium spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae), providing functional validation of RAMES technology. RAMES libraries showed limited degradation of compounds after 12 months of storage at -20°C, while others remained stable. Fifty-eight percent of structures characterized in the extracts loaded onto RAMES discs could be eluted from the discs without significant losses. Miniaturized RAMES technology, as described and validated in this manuscript offers a labor, cost, and time-effective alternative to conventional collection of phytochemicals. RAMES technology enables creation of comprehensive metabolomic libraries from various ecosystems and geographical regions in a format compatible with further biochemical and functional studies.}, }
@article {pmid30187690, year = {2018}, author = {Toussaint, A and Charpin, N and Beauchard, O and Grenouillet, G and Oberdorff, T and Tedesco, PA and Brosse, S and Villéger, S}, title = {Non-native species led to marked shifts in functional diversity of the world freshwater fish faunas.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {21}, number = {11}, pages = {1649-1659}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13141}, pmid = {30187690}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Global spread of non-native species profoundly changed the world biodiversity patterns, but how it translates into functional changes remains unanswered at the world scale. We here show that while in two centuries the number of fish species per river increased on average by 15% in 1569 basins worldwide, the diversity of their functional attributes (i.e. functional richness) increased on average by 150%. The inflation of functional richness was paired with changes in the functional structure of assemblages, with shifts of species position toward the border of the functional space of assemblages (i.e. increased functional divergence). Non-native species moreover caused shifts in functional identity toward higher body sized and less elongated species for most of assemblages throughout the world. Although varying between rivers and biogeographic realms, such changes in the different facets of functional diversity might still increase in the future through increasing species invasion and may further modify ecosystem functioning.}, }
@article {pmid30186690, year = {2018}, author = {Tang, XT and Cai, L and Shen, Y and Du, YZ}, title = {Diversity and evolution of the endosymbionts of Bemisia tabaci in China.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5516}, pmid = {30186690}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a cryptic species complex, including members that are pests of global importance. This study presents a screening of B. tabaci species in China for infection by the primary endosymbiont, Portiera aleyrodidarum, and two secondary endosymbionts, Arsenophonus and Cardinium. The results showed that P. aleyrodidarum was detected in all B. tabaci individuals, while Arsenophonus was abundant in indigenous species of B. tabaci Asia II 1, Asia II 3, and China 1 but absent in the invasive species, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1); Cardinium presented in the Mediterranean (MED), Asia II 1 and Asia II 3 species but was rarely detected in the MEAM1 and China 1 species. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses revealed that the P. aleyrodidarum and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (mtCO1) phylograms were similar and corresponding with the five distinct cryptic species clades to some extent, probably indicating an ancient infection followed by vertical transmission and subsequent co-evolutionary diversification. In contrast, the phylogenetic trees of Arsenophonus and Cardinium were incongruent with the mtCO1 phylogram, potentially indicating horizontal transmission in B. tabaci cryptic species complex. Taken together, our study showed the distinct infection status of endosymbionts in invasive and indigenous whiteflies; we also most likely indicated the co-evolution of primary endosymbiont and its host as well as the potential horizontal transfer of secondary endosymbionts.}, }
@article {pmid30185798, year = {2018}, author = {Doizy, A and Barter, E and Memmott, J and Varnham, K and Gross, T}, title = {Impact of cyber-invasive species on a large ecological network.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {13245}, pmid = {30185798}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Carnivory ; Cluster Analysis ; Databases, Factual ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Food Chain ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Rats ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {As impacts of introduced species cascade through trophic levels, they can cause indirect and counter-intuitive effects. To investigate the impact of invasive species at the network scale, we use a generalized food web model, capable of propagating changes through networks with a series of ecologically realistic criteria. Using data from a small British offshore island, we quantify the impacts of four virtual invasive species (an insectivore, a herbivore, a carnivore and an omnivore whose diet is based on a rat) and explore which clusters of species react in similar ways. We find that the predictions for the impacts of invasive species are ecologically plausible, even in large networks. Species in the same taxonomic group are similarly impacted by a virtual invasive species. However, interesting differences within a given taxonomic group can occur. The results suggest that some native species may be at risk from a wider range of invasives than previously believed. The implications of these results for ecologists and land managers are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid30185637, year = {2018}, author = {Towers, IR and Dwyer, JM}, title = {Regional climate and local-scale biotic acceptance explain native-exotic richness relationships in Australian annual plant communities.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {285}, number = {1886}, pages = {}, pmid = {30185637}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Biota ; *Climate ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*physiology ; *Plant Dispersal ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {Native and exotic species richness is expected to be negatively related at small spatial scales where individuals interact, and positive at larger spatial scales as a greater variety of habitats are sampled. However, a range of native-exotic richness relationships (NERRs) have been reported, including positive at small scales and negative at larger scales. We present a hierarchical metacommunity framework to explain how contrasting NERRs may emerge across scales and study systems, and then apply this framework to NERRs in an invaded winter annual plant system in southwest Western Australia. We analysed NERRs at increasing spatial scales from neighbourhoods (0.09 m[2]) to communities (225 m[2]) to metacommunities (greater than 10 ha) within a multilevel structural equation model. In contrast to many previous studies, native and exotic richness were positively related at the neighbourhood scale and were not significantly associated at larger scales. Heterogeneity in soil surface properties was weakly, but positively, associated with native and exotic richness at the community scale. Metacommunity exotic richness increased strongly with regional temperature and moisture availability, but relationships for native richness were negative and much weaker. Thus, we show that neutral NERRs can emerge at larger scales owing to differential climatic filtering of native and exotic species pools.}, }
@article {pmid30184444, year = {2019}, author = {Lopez-Vaamonde, C and Sire, L and Rasmussen, B and Rougerie, R and Wieser, C and Allaoui, AA and Minet, J and deWaard, JR and Decaëns, T and Lees, DC}, title = {DNA barcodes reveal deeply neglected diversity and numerous invasions of micromoths in Madagascar [1].}, journal = {Genome}, volume = {62}, number = {3}, pages = {108-121}, doi = {10.1139/gen-2018-0065}, pmid = {30184444}, issn = {1480-3321}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; DNA/analysis/*genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Madagascar ; Moths/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Madagascar is a prime evolutionary hotspot globally, but its unique biodiversity is under threat, essentially from anthropogenic disturbance. There is a race against time to describe and protect the Madagascan endangered biota. Here we present a first molecular characterization of the micromoth fauna of Madagascar. We collected 1572 micromoths mainly using light traps in both natural and anthropogenically disturbed habitats in 24 localities across eastern and northwest Madagascar. We also collected 1384 specimens using a Malaise trap in a primary rain forest at Andasibe, eastern Madagascar. In total, we DNA barcoded 2956 specimens belonging to 1537 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs), 88.4% of which are new to BOLD. Only 1.7% of new BINs were assigned to species. Of 47 different families found, Dryadaulidae, Bucculatricidae, Bedelliidae, Batrachedridae, and Blastobasidae are newly reported for Madagascar and the recently recognized Tonzidae is confirmed. For test faunas of Canada and Australia, 98.9%-99.4% of Macroheterocera BINs exhibited the molecular synapomorphy of a phenylalanine in the 177th complete DNA barcode codon. Non-macroheteroceran BINs could thus be sifted out efficiently in the Malaise sample. The Madagascar micromoth fauna shows highest affinity with the Afrotropics (146 BINs also occur in the African continent). We found 22 recognised pests or invasive species, mostly occurring in disturbed habitats. Malaise trap samples show high temporal turnover and alpha diversity with as many as 507 BINs collected; of these, astonishingly, 499 (98.4%) were novel to BOLD and 292 (57.6%) were singletons. Our results provide a baseline for future surveys across the island.}, }
@article {pmid30184191, year = {2019}, author = {Bueno, A and Greenfield, L and Pritsch, K and Schmidt, S and Simon, J}, title = {Responses to competition for nitrogen between subtropical native tree seedlings and exotic grasses are species-specific and mediated by soil N availability.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {39}, number = {3}, pages = {404-416}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpy096}, pmid = {30184191}, issn = {1758-4469}, mesh = {Acacia/metabolism ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cynodon/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Pennisetum/metabolism ; Poaceae/*metabolism ; Queensland ; Seedlings/metabolism ; Soil/*chemistry ; Species Specificity ; Tracheophyta/metabolism ; Trees/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Competitive interactions between native tree seedlings and exotic grasses frequently hinder forest restoration. We investigated the consequences of competition with exotic grasses on the growth and net nitrogen (N) uptake capacity of native rainforest seedlings used for reforestation depending on soil N availability and N source. Tree seedlings and grasses were grown in the greenhouse in different competition regimes (one tree species vs one grass species) and controls (grass monocultures or single tree seedlings) at low and high soil N. After 8 weeks, we quantified net N uptake capacity using 15N-labelled organic (i.e., glutamine and arginine) and inorganic (i.e., ammonium and nitrate) N sources and biomass indices. Depending on soil N availability, we observed different species-specific responses to growth and N acquisition. Tree seedlings generally increased their net N uptake capacity in response to competition with grasses, although overall seedling growth was unaffected. In contrast, the responses to competition by the grasses were species-specific and varied with soil N availability. The different N acquisition strategies suggest the avoidance of competition for N between trees and grasses. Overall, the results highlight that quantifying underlying mechanisms of N acquisition complements the information on biomass allocation as a measure of responses to competition, particularly with varying environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid30184119, year = {2018}, author = {Mathai, PP and Dunn, HM and Magnone, P and Brown, CM and Chun, CL and Sadowsky, MJ}, title = {Spatial and temporal characterization of epiphytic microbial communities associated with Eurasian watermilfoil: a highly invasive macrophyte in North America.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiy178}, pmid = {30184119}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/microbiology ; Bacteria/*classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Introduced Species ; Lakes/*microbiology ; Microbiota/genetics ; North America ; Plants ; Saxifragales/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Bacterial communities that inhabit the surface of aquatic plants are thought to play a critical role in relation to host fitness and function. However, little is known about their structure and dynamics in comparison with those of bacterioplankton. In this study, we performed a comprehensive spatial and temporal characterization of epibacterial communities associated with Eurasian watermilfoil (EWM; Myriophyllum spicatum), an invasive macrophyte, which has established itself in thousands of lakes across North America. EWM samples were collected from 10 lakes in Minnesota, once a month, for six consecutive months, along with surrounding water and sediment. High-throughput DNA sequencing analyses, performed on all samples (n = 522) using the Illumina platform, indicated that EWM-associated epibacterial communities were distinct from those found in water and sediment. EWM-specific microbiota was comprised of operational taxonomic units classified to the families Rhodobacteraceae, Comamonadaceae, Cyanobacteria Subsection I Family I, Aeromonadaceae, Planctomycetaceae, Sphingomonadaceae and Verrucomicrobiaceae. In addition, several identified taxa were overrepresented in EWM samples when compared to water and sediment. Amongst all the environmental factors examined, water temperature had the greatest influence on epibacterial community structure. Our findings suggest that EWM harbor specific, but temporally adapted, epibacterial communities that are potentially involved in host-microbe interactions.}, }
@article {pmid30184067, year = {2018}, author = {Gagnaire, PA and Lamy, JB and Cornette, F and Heurtebise, S and Dégremont, L and Flahauw, E and Boudry, P and Bierne, N and Lapègue, S}, title = {Analysis of Genome-Wide Differentiation between Native and Introduced Populations of the Cupped Oysters Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea angulata.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {2518-2534}, pmid = {30184067}, issn = {1759-6653}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia ; *Chromosome Mapping ; Crassostrea/*genetics ; Europe ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; Genome ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Recombination, Genetic ; Reproductive Isolation ; }, abstract = {The Pacific cupped oyster is genetically subdivided into two sister taxa, Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea angulata, which are in contact in the north-western Pacific. The nature and origin of their genetic and taxonomic differentiation remains controversial due the lack of known reproductive barriers and the high degree of morphologic similarity. In particular, whether the presence of ecological and/or intrinsic isolating mechanisms contributes to species divergence is unknown. The recent co-introduction of both taxa into Europe offers a unique opportunity to test how genetic differentiation is maintained under new environmental and demographic conditions. We generated a pseudochromosome assembly of the Pacific oyster genome using a combination of BAC-end sequencing and scaffold anchoring to a new high-density linkage map. We characterized genome-wide differentiation between C. angulata and C. gigas in both their native and introduced ranges, and showed that gene flow between species has been facilitated by their recent co-introductions in Europe. Nevertheless, patterns of genomic divergence between species remain highly similar in Asia and Europe, suggesting that the environmental transition caused by the co-introduction of the two species did not affect the genomic architecture of their partial reproductive isolation. Increased genetic differentiation was preferentially found in regions of low recombination. Using historical demographic inference, we show that the heterogeneity of differentiation across the genome is well explained by a scenario whereby recent gene flow has eroded past differentiation at different rates across the genome after a period of geographical isolation. Our results thus support the view that low-recombining regions help in maintaining intrinsic genetic differences between the two species.}, }
@article {pmid30183733, year = {2018}, author = {Obiakara, MC and Fourcade, Y}, title = {Climatic niche and potential distribution of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray in Africa.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {e0202421}, pmid = {30183733}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa ; Asteraceae/*physiology ; Central America ; *Climate ; Introduced Species ; Models, Statistical ; *Plant Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Mexican sunflower, Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae), is an invasive tropical plant species native to Central America. It has spread in more than 70 countries across Asia, Africa and Australia. In Africa, this species is known to disturb native crops and plant communities, but its negative impacts remain underestimated. Moreover, its potential invasion risk has not been investigated so far. A fundamental aspect in the identification and prediction of habitats susceptible to biological invasions lies in the ability of an organism to conserve or change its ecological niche as part of the invasion process. Here, we compared the realised climatic niche of T. diversifolia between its Central American and African ranges. In addition, reciprocal distribution models were calibrated on its native and invaded ranges. Models were combined and projected to current and future climatic conditions in Africa to estimate the potential distribution of this species. Niche overlap given by Schoner's D index was low (0.23), equivalency and similarity tests suggested that the climatic niche of T. diversifolia is not similar in both ranges. However the low expansion (U = 0.09) and very high stability (S = 0.92) indices support climatic niche conservatism for this species in Africa, although it has not filled its entire niche so far. Our combined reciprocal models highlight highly suitable areas for this species in humid regions throughout East, Central and West Africa, then in some parts of South Africa and Madagascar. Future projections indicated that the distribution of climatically suitable habitats will likely remain stable.}, }
@article {pmid30181256, year = {2018}, author = {Beans, C}, title = {Core Concept: Environmental DNA helps researchers track pythons and other stealthy creatures.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {115}, number = {36}, pages = {8843-8845}, pmid = {30181256}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Boidae/*physiology ; DNA/*analysis ; Florida ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid30179822, year = {2019}, author = {Meira, A and Lopes-Lima, M and Varandas, S and Teixeira, A and Arenas, F and Sousa, R}, title = {Invasive crayfishes as a threat to freshwater bivalves: Interspecific differences and conservation implications.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {649}, number = {}, pages = {938-948}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.341}, pmid = {30179822}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Corbicula/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Portugal ; *Rivers ; Unionidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Freshwater bivalves have suffered major global declines, being the introduction of invasive alien species (IAS) an important, but not well studied, mechanism of threat. This study assessed the predator-prey relationship between two non-native crayfish species (Procambarus clarkii and Pacifastacus leniusculus) and three native (Anodonta anatina, Potomida littoralis and Unio delphinus) and one non-native (Corbicula fluminea) freshwater bivalve species through experiments in laboratory and validation under natural conditions (Sabor River basin, Portugal). All native bivalve species were preyed both in laboratory and in the field; however, both crayfish species were unable to prey C. fluminea. Predation was dependent on crayfish and bivalve species but was not affected neither by crayfish nor bivalve sizes. In the laboratory, the most preyed species by both crayfishes was A. anatina. On average, this species was preyed at least 12% more than other species, when crayfishes had a choice. Similar results were found in the field. We also found signs of competition between both crayfishes, being P. clarkii more dominant and aggressive as this species, on average, manipulated the bivalves 63.6% more times and 24:33 min longer than P. leniusculus, and initiated 55.8% more agnostic bouts. Our results support the idea that P. clarkii and P. leniusculus can affect native freshwater bivalves, but clear interspecific differences were detected. Both crayfishes may have direct and indirect impacts on bivalve populations by increasing mortality or by reducing their fitness. In addition, since both crayfishes do not prey C. fluminea, they offer this IAS another advantage over native bivalves. Given the widespread distribution of both P. clarkii and P. leniusculus and the threatened status of many freshwater bivalves, the dynamics and impacts of this relationship should be taken in account in the implementation of management measures devoted to the conservation of native freshwater bivalves.}, }
@article {pmid30179229, year = {2018}, author = {Leihy, RI and Duffy, GA and Nortje, E and Chown, SL}, title = {High resolution temperature data for ecological research and management on the Southern Ocean Islands.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {180177}, pmid = {30179229}, issn = {2052-4463}, abstract = {Southern Ocean Islands are globally significant conservation areas. Predicting how their terrestrial ecosystems will respond to current and forecast climate change is essential for their management and requires high-quality temperature data at fine spatial resolutions. Existing datasets are inadequate for this purpose. Remote-sensed land surface temperature (LST) observations, such as those collected by satellite-mounted spectroradiometers, can provide high-resolution, spatially-continuous data for isolated locations. These methods require a clear sightline to measure surface conditions, however, which can leave large data-gaps in temperature time series. Using a spatio-temporal gap-filling method applied to high-resolution (~1 km) LST observations for 20 Southern Ocean Islands, we compiled a complete monthly temperature dataset for a 15-year period (2001-2015). We validated results using in situ measurements of microclimate temperature. Gap-filled temperature observations described the thermal heterogeneity of the region better than existing climatology datasets, particularly for islands with steep elevational gradients and strong prevailing winds. This dataset will be especially useful for terrestrial ecologists, conservation biologists, and for developing island-specific management and mitigation strategies for environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid30177381, year = {2019}, author = {Gollasch, S and Hewitt, CL and Bailey, S and David, M}, title = {Introductions and transfers of species by ballast water in the Adriatic Sea.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {147}, number = {}, pages = {8-15}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.054}, pmid = {30177381}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Biofouling ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Ships ; Water ; Water Purification/*methods ; }, abstract = {Following the Editorial addressing the BALMAS project, we open the ballast water management special issue for the Adriatic Sea by providing background information on non-indigenous species and the mechanisms (vectors) of transport. Problems allocating introduction mechanisms for various species with certainty are described; in general, key introduction mechanisms are shipping, with ballast water and biofouling as dominant vectors, and aquaculture activities. The dominant mechanisms for introduction may differ through time, between regions and across species. We highlight ballast water as the focus of an international convention to prevent future introductions, reviewing management options and suggesting future research needs. This assessment is not restricted in application to the Adriatic Sea, but is applicable to other coastal waters. Results of such future work may contribute to the experience building phase planned by the International Maritime Organization for a harmonised implementation of the Ballast Water Management Convention.}, }
@article {pmid30172420, year = {2019}, author = {Shackleton, RT and Larson, BMH and Novoa, A and Richardson, DM and Kull, CA}, title = {The human and social dimensions of invasion science and management.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {1-9}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.041}, pmid = {30172420}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Decision Making ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Perception ; *Research Design ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a leading cause of global environmental change given their effects on both humans and biodiversity. Humans introduce invasive alien species and may facilitate their establishment and spread, which can alter ecosystem services, livelihoods, and human well-being. People perceive the benefits and costs of these species through the lens of diverse value systems; these perspectives influence decisions about when and where to manage them. Despite the entanglement of humans with invasive alien species, most research on the topic has focused on their ecological aspects. Only relatively recently have the human and social dimensions of invasions started to receive sustained attention in light of their importance for understanding and governing biological invasions. This editorial draws on contributions to a special issue on the "Human and Social Dimensions of Invasion Science" and other literature to elucidate major trends and current contributions in this research area. We examine the relation between humans and biological invasions in terms of four crosscutting themes: (1) how people cause biological invasions; (2) how people conceptualise and perceive them; (3) how people are affected - both positively and negatively - by them; and (4) how people respond to them. We also highlight several ways in which research on the human and social dimensions of invasion science improves understanding, stakeholder engagement, and management.}, }
@article {pmid30170783, year = {2018}, author = {Gillings, MR and Westoby, M and Ghaly, TM}, title = {Pollutants That Replicate: Xenogenetic DNAs.}, journal = {Trends in microbiology}, volume = {26}, number = {12}, pages = {975-977}, doi = {10.1016/j.tim.2018.08.003}, pmid = {30170783}, issn = {1878-4380}, mesh = {Anti-Infective Agents ; Bacteria/*genetics ; *DNA ; DNA, Bacterial ; Disinfectants ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/*genetics ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Environmental Pollutants/classification ; Environmental Pollution ; Genes, Bacterial ; Humans ; Interspersed Repetitive Sequences/*genetics ; Metals, Heavy ; }, abstract = {Pollution is the dissemination of material that has harmful effects. Mobile DNA elements and antibiotic-resistance genes are being disseminated into the environment via human activity, and are increasingly being viewed as serious pollutants. These pollutants differ from conventional contaminants in important ways: they can replicate, and they can evolve.}, }
@article {pmid30168645, year = {2018}, author = {Rahel, FJ and McLaughlin, RL}, title = {Selective fragmentation and the management of fish movement across anthropogenic barriers.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {28}, number = {8}, pages = {2066-2081}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1795}, pmid = {30168645}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {//Great Lakes Fishery Commission/International ; }, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Disruption of movement patterns due to alterations in habitat connectivity is a pervasive effect of humans on animal populations. In many terrestrial and aquatic systems, there is increasing tension between the need to simultaneously allow passage of some species while blocking the passage of other species. We explore the ecological basis for selective fragmentation of riverine systems where the need to restrict movements of invasive species conflicts with the need to allow passage of species of commercial, recreational, or conservation concern. We develop a trait-based framework for selective fish passage based on understanding the types of movements displayed by fishes and the role of ecological filters in determining the spatial distributions of fishes. We then synthesize information on trait-based mechanisms involved with these filters to create a multidimensional niche space based on attributes such as physical capabilities, body morphology, sensory capabilities, behavior, and movement phenology. Following this, we review how these mechanisms have been applied to achieve selective fish passage across anthropogenic barriers. To date, trap-and-sort or capture-translocation efforts provide the best options for movement filters that are completely species selective, but these methods are hampered by the continual, high cost of manual sorting. Other less effective methods of selective passage risk collateral damage in the form of lower or higher than desired levels of passage. Fruitful areas for future work include using combinations of ecological and behavioral traits to passively segregate species; using taxon-specific chemical or auditory cues to direct unwanted species away from passageways and into physical or ecological traps while attracting desirable species to passageways; and developing automated sorting mechanisms based on fish recognition systems. The trait-based approach proposed for fish could serve as a template for selective fragmentation in other ecological systems.}, }
@article {pmid30168641, year = {2019}, author = {Hill, MP and Binns, M and Umina, PA and Hoffmann, AA and Macfadyen, S}, title = {Climate, human influence and the distribution limits of the invasive European earwig, Forficula auricularia, in Australia.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {75}, number = {1}, pages = {134-143}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5192}, pmid = {30168641}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {CSE00059//Grains Research &amp; Development Corporation/ ; }, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Australia ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: By modelling species-environment relationships of pest species, it is possible to understand potential limits to their distributions when they invade new regions, and their likely continued spread. The European earwig, Forficula auricularia, is a non-native invasive species in Australia that has been in the country for over 170 years. However, in the last few decades it has invaded new areas. Unlike in other countries, F. auricularia is a pest species of grain production in Australia. In this study we detail the Australian distribution of this species, adding new samples focused around grain-growing regions. Using this information, we build global species distribution models for F. auricularia to better understand species-environment relationships.<br><br>RESULTS: Our models indicate that the distribution of F. auricularia is strongly associated with temperate through to semi-arid environments, a high winter rainfall and pronounced temperature seasonality. We identified regions that hold suitable, but as yet vacant, niche space for Australian populations, suggesting further potential for range expansion. Beyond climate, an index describing human influence on the landscape was important to understand the distribution limits of this pest. We identified regions where there was suitable climate space, but which F. auricularia has not occupied, probably due to low levels of human impact.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Modelling the global distribution of a non-native pest species aided understanding of the regional distribution limits within Australia and highlighted the usefulness of human impact measures for modelling globally invasive insect species. &#xa9; 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid30168152, year = {2019}, author = {Eastwood, G and Cunningham, AA and Kramer, LD and Goodman, SJ}, title = {The vector ecology of introduced Culex quinquefasciatus populations, and implications for future risk of West Nile virus emergence in the Galápagos archipelago.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, pages = {44-55}, pmid = {30168152}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Culex/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Ecuador/epidemiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Risk ; Salt Tolerance ; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/virology ; West Nile virus/physiology ; }, abstract = {Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), an important vector of West Nile virus (WNV) in the U.S.A., was first detected on the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador) in the 1980s. However, little is known of its ecology, distribution or capacity for arbovirus transmission in the Galápagos. We characterize details of lifecycle (including gonotrophic period), temporal abundance, spatial distribution, vector competence and host-feeding behaviour. Culex quinquefasciatus was detected on five islands of the Galápagos during 2006-2011. A period of 7-14 days was required for egg-adult emergence; water salinity above 5 ppt was demonstrated to hinder larval development. Blood-meal analysis indicated feeding on reptiles, birds and mammals. Assessment of WNV vector competency of Galápagos C. quinquefasciatus showed a median infectious dose of 7.41 log10 plaque-forming units per millilitre and evidence of vertical transmission (minimal filial infection rate of 3.7 per 1000 progeny). The distribution of C. quinquefasciatus across the archipelago could be limited by salt intolerance, and its abundance constrained by high temperatures. Feeding behaviour indicates potential to act as a bridge vector for transmission of pathogens across multiple taxa. Vertical transmission is a potential persistence mechanism for WNV on Galápagos. Together, our results can be used for epidemiological assessments of WNV and target vector control, should this pathogen reach the Galápagos Islands.}, }
@article {pmid30167793, year = {2018}, author = {Ancillotto, L and Studer, V and Howard, T and Smith, VS and McAlister, E and Beccaloni, J and Manzia, F and Renzopaoli, F and Bosso, L and Russo, D and Mori, E}, title = {Environmental drivers of parasite load and species richness in introduced parakeets in an urban landscape.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {117}, number = {11}, pages = {3591-3599}, pmid = {30167793}, issn = {1432-1955}, support = {ES1304 "Parrotnet"//European Cooperation in Science and Technology/ ; ES1304 "Parrotnet//European Cooperation in Science and Technology/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bird Diseases/*parasitology/*transmission ; Ecosystem ; Host Specificity ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; *Parasite Load ; Parasites/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Population Density ; Psittacula/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Introduced species represent a threat to native wildlife worldwide, due to predation, competition, and disease transmission. Concurrent introduction of parasites may also add a new dimension of competition, i.e. parasite-mediated competition, through spillover and spillback dynamics. Urban areas are major hotspots of introduced species, but little is known about the effects of urban habitat structure on the parasite load and diversity of introduced species. Here, we investigated such environmental effects on the ectoparasite load, richness, and occurrence of spillback in two widespread invasive parakeets, Psittacula krameri and Myiopsitta monachus, in the metropolitan area of Rome, central Italy. We tested 231 parakeets and found that in both species parasite load was positively influenced by host abundance at local scale, while environmental features such as the amount of natural or urban habitats, as well as richness of native birds, influenced parasite occurrence, load, and richness differently in the two host species. Therefore, we highlight the importance of host population density and habitat composition in shaping the role of introduced parakeets in the spread of both native and introduced parasites, recommending the monitoring of urban populations of birds and their parasites to assess and manage the potential occurrence of parasite-mediated competition dynamics as well as potential spread of vector-borne diseases.}, }
@article {pmid30167769, year = {2018}, author = {Potgieter, LJ and Gaertner, M and Irlich, UM and O'Farrell, PJ and Stafford, L and Vogt, H and Richardson, DM}, title = {Correction to: Managing Urban Plant Invasions: a Multi-Criteria Prioritization Approach.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {62}, number = {6}, pages = {1186-1189}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-018-1096-4}, pmid = {30167769}, issn = {1432-1009}, abstract = {The original version of the article unfortunately contained an error with the figure captions. The appropriate captions for Fig. 3-6 are published accordingly. The original article has been corrected.}, }
@article {pmid30167760, year = {2018}, author = {Carmosini, N and Gillis, R and Ismail, A and Sandland, GJ}, title = {A Pilot Evaluation of the Toxicity of EarthTec® QZ on Invasive (Bithynia tentaculata) and Native (Physa gyrina) Snail Species from the Upper Mississippi River.}, journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {101}, number = {4}, pages = {428-433}, doi = {10.1007/s00128-018-2427-0}, pmid = {30167760}, issn = {1432-0800}, mesh = {Animals ; Copper/*toxicity ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/drug effects ; Embryonic Development/drug effects ; Molluscacides/*toxicity ; Pilot Projects ; Rivers ; Snails/*drug effects/embryology/growth &amp; development ; Species Specificity ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {We used a comparative approach to investigate the effects of a copper-based pesticide (EarthTec® QZ) on embryos of an invasive snail (Bithynia tentaculata) and a native snail (Physa gyrina). Embryos were exposed to one of three treatments: control (0 mg/L Cu[2+]), low-dose (0.1 mg/L Cu[2+]), or high-dose (0.6 mg/L Cu[2+]), which reflect manufacturer-recommended low and medium 4-day molluscicide treatment concentrations. Exposure to 0.6 mg/L Cu[2+] over 4 days generated 100% mortality in both invasive and native snail embryos; however, reducing the exposure time from 4 to 1 day resulted in 100% mortality in B. tentaculata but some hatching (7%) in P. gyrina. In contrast, embryos of both species exposed to 0.1 mg/L Cu[2+] treatment for 4 days showed almost 100% survivorship. Further manipulations of Cu[2+] concentrations and exposure times may yield regimes that maximize mortality in B. tentaculata while minimizing negative impacts on native species.}, }
@article {pmid30166625, year = {2018}, author = {Jiang, D and Chen, S and Hao, M and Fu, J and Ding, F}, title = {Mapping the Potential Global Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella L.) Distribution Based on a Machine Learning Method.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {13093}, pmid = {30166625}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Machine Learning ; *Models, Biological ; Moths/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The spread of invasive species may pose great threats to the economy and ecology of a region. The codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) is one of the 100 worst invasive alien species in the world and is the most destructive apple pest. The economic losses caused by codling moths are immeasurable. It is essential to understand the potential distribution of codling moths to reduce the risks of codling moth establishment. In this study, we adopted the Maxent (Maximum Entropy Model), a machine learning method to predict the potential global distribution of codling moths with global accessibility data, apple yield data, elevation data and 19 bioclimatic variables, considering the ecological characteristics and the spread channels that cover the processes from growth and survival to the dispersion of the codling moth. The results show that the areas that are suitable for codling moth are mainly distributed in Europe, Asia and North America, and these results strongly conformed with the currently known occurrence regions. In addition, global accessibility, mean temperature of the coldest quarter, precipitation of the driest month, annual mean temperature and apple yield were the most important environmental predictors associated with the global distribution of codling moths.}, }
@article {pmid30166480, year = {2018}, author = {Gomez-Uchida, D and Sepúlveda, M and Ernst, B and Contador, TA and Neira, S and Harrod, C}, title = {Chile's salmon escape demands action.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {361}, number = {6405}, pages = {857-858}, doi = {10.1126/science.aau7973}, pmid = {30166480}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquaculture ; Chile ; *Introduced Species ; *Salmon ; }, }
@article {pmid30161016, year = {2019}, author = {Urakova, N and Hall, R and Strive, T and Frese, M}, title = {Restricted Host Specificity of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Is Supported by Challenge Experiments in Immune-compromised Mice (Mus musculus).}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, pages = {218-222}, doi = {10.7589/2018-03-067}, pmid = {30161016}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; Caliciviridae Infections/*virology ; Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/*pathogenicity ; *Host Specificity ; *Immunocompromised Host ; Liver/virology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; RNA, Viral/isolation &amp; purification ; Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics ; Spleen/virology ; Viral Load ; }, abstract = {Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is a highly contagious calicivirus that causes peracute hemorrhagic fever and frequently kills rabbits before an effective adaptive immune response can be developed. In Australia and New Zealand, RHDV is employed to manage wild European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) populations. Although there is no evidence that RHDV replicates in animals other than lagomorphs, the detection of RHDV-specific antibodies and RHDV RNA in mice and other species has raised concerns about the host specificity of the virus. To investigate the replication potential of RHDV in mice (Mus musculus), standard laboratory mice and knockout animals that lack a functional interferon type I receptor were challenged with high doses of RHDV. None of the animals developed clinical signs of illness, and temporal quantification of the viral RNA by real-time PCR did not reveal signs of virus amplification. These data suggest that RHDV cannot replicate in mice-not even in animals with a severely compromised innate immune system.}, }
@article {pmid30160996, year = {2018}, author = {Mueck, K and Deaton, LE and Lee, A and Guilbeaux, T}, title = {Physiology of the Apple Snail Pomacea maculata: Aestivation and Overland Dispersal.}, journal = {The Biological bulletin}, volume = {235}, number = {1}, pages = {43-51}, doi = {10.1086/698817}, pmid = {30160996}, issn = {1939-8697}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Body Size ; Desiccation ; *Introduced Species ; Louisiana ; Snails/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Apple snails, in the genus Pomacea, have gained considerable notoriety for their impact on invaded habitats. Louisiana is currently under invasion by Pomacea maculata, which represents a potential threat to the state's valuable plants and cash crops. Insight into the physiology of the invasive snail may assist in developing control measures and enhance our understanding of the processes of adaptation and coevolution that accompany introductions. This paper addresses the capacity, extent, and means by which aquatic apple snails in Louisiana tolerate aerial exposure, as well as the factors that contribute to desiccation tolerance in P. maculata. Invasive P. maculata in Louisiana survived about 10 months of aestivation before 50% mortality was incurred, during which body mass was reduced by only about 30%; mortality and loss of body mass were positively correlated during aestivation. Size affects the loss of body mass in snails under 20 grams. Relative humidity interfered with the induction of aestivation, but it did not significantly affect the loss of body mass. Invasive apple snails in Louisiana also demonstrated the inclination and ability to sustain travel for at least three hours over dry land, at a rate of two meters per hour. The results of this study show that P. maculata is well adapted for survival in the absence of water. The ability to sustain travel over land and to endure long periods of aerial exposure suggests that the dry-down of infested bodies of water would not significantly impact populations of P. maculata in Louisiana.}, }
@article {pmid30160995, year = {2018}, author = {Cadierno, MP and Saveanu, L and Dreon, MS and Martín, PR and Heras, H}, title = {Biosynthesis in the Albumen Gland-Capsule Gland Complex Limits Reproductive Effort in the Invasive Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata.}, journal = {The Biological bulletin}, volume = {235}, number = {1}, pages = {1-11}, doi = {10.1086/699200}, pmid = {30160995}, issn = {1939-8697}, mesh = {Animals ; Exocrine Glands/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Reproduction/physiology ; Snails/*physiology ; }, abstract = {High fecundity often contributes to successful invasives. In molluscs, this may be facilitated by the albumen gland-capsule gland complex, which in gastropods secretes the egg perivitelline fluid that nourishes and protects embryos. The biochemistry of the albumen gland-capsule gland complex and its relationship with fecundity remain largely unknown. We addressed these issues in Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822), a highly invasive gastropod whose fecundity and reproductive effort exceed those of ecologically similar gastropods. We evaluated the dynamics of its major secretion compounds (calcium, polysaccharides, and total proteins) as well as the gene expression and stored levels of perivitellins during key moments of the reproductive cycle, that is, before and after first copulation and at low, medium, and high reproductive output. Copulation and first oviposition do not trigger the onset of albumen gland-capsule gland complex biosynthesis. On the contrary, soon after an intermediate reproductive effort, genes encoding perivitellins overexpressed. A high reproductive effort caused a decrease in all albumen gland-capsule gland complex secretion components. Right after a high reproductive output, the albumen gland-capsule gland complex restored the main secretion components, and calcium recovered baseline reserves; but proteins and polysaccharides did not. These metabolic changes in the albumen gland-capsule gland complex after multiple ovipositions were reflected in a reduction in egg mass but did not compromise egg quality. At the end of the cycle, egg dry weight almost doubled the initial albumen gland-capsule gland complex weight. Results indicate that albumen gland-capsule gland complex biosynthesis limits a constantly high reproductive output. Therefore, lowering fecundity by targeting biosynthesis could effectively reduce the rate of this species' spread.}, }
@article {pmid30160314, year = {2019}, author = {Lang, PLM and Willems, FM and Scheepens, JF and Burbano, HA and Bossdorf, O}, title = {Using herbaria to study global environmental change.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {221}, number = {1}, pages = {110-122}, pmid = {30160314}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {BO 3241/7-1//German Research Foundation/International ; BU 3422/1-1//German Research Foundation/International ; //Presidential Innovation Fund of the Max Planck Society/International ; }, mesh = {Academies and Institutes ; Carbon Dioxide ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Environmental Pollution ; Gardens ; Industry ; *Introduced Species ; Metals, Heavy/analysis ; Museums ; Nitrogen ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {During the last centuries, humans have transformed global ecosystems. With their temporal dimension, herbaria provide the otherwise scarce long-term data crucial for tracking ecological and evolutionary changes over this period of intense global change. The sheer size of herbaria, together with their increasing digitization and the possibility of sequencing DNA from the preserved plant material, makes them invaluable resources for understanding ecological and evolutionary species' responses to global environmental change. Following the chronology of global change, we highlight how herbaria can inform about long-term effects on plants of at least four of the main drivers of global change: pollution, habitat change, climate change and invasive species. We summarize how herbarium specimens so far have been used in global change research, discuss future opportunities and challenges posed by the nature of these data, and advocate for an intensified use of these 'windows into the past' for global change research and beyond.}, }
@article {pmid30159631, year = {2018}, author = {Loureiro, TG and Anastácio, PM and Bueno, SLS and Araujo, PB}, title = {Management of invasive populations of the freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Decapoda, Cambaridae): test of a population-control method and proposal of a standard monitoring approach.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {190}, number = {9}, pages = {559}, pmid = {30159631}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*growth &amp; development ; *Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are one of the main threats to biodiversity. When an alien species is introduced into a new environment, fast identification and definition of management strategies may avoid or minimize impacts. When an invasive species is already established, the most adopted approaches are population control and monitoring. In order to perform such strategies, assessment of characteristics of the invasive population is imperative. This study tested a new method of population size estimation and monitoring in an invasive population of crayfish Procambarus clarkii in a conservation area in the Atlantic Rain Forest (Southeastern Brazil). The population dynamics was studied for 1 year to examine the efficacy of the selected method and to evaluate if the population is stable. Later, the effect of periodical removal of animals on the population size was tested. The method of population estimation used in this study proved to be very effective. We recommend using it to monitor invasive populations of P. clarkii. The population size varied discretely over the year with variable but low growth rate, indicating that the population is already established which introduce a notable threat to native species. The continuous removal of specimens proved to be inefficient since the growth rate was higher after the removal. One intensive removal event might be more effective than a continuous moderate removal as the one applied in this study.}, }
@article {pmid30159528, year = {2017}, author = {Broadhurst, L and Coates, D}, title = {Plant conservation in Australia: Current directions and future challenges.}, journal = {Plant diversity}, volume = {39}, number = {6}, pages = {348-356}, pmid = {30159528}, issn = {2468-2659}, abstract = {Australia is a large, old and flat island continent that became isolated following the breakup of the Gondwanan super continent. After more than 40-50 M years of independent evolution, approx. 600,000-700,000 species now call Australia home. More than 21,000 of these species are plants, with at least 84% of these being endemic. Plant taxa are protected, conserved and managed under a range of legislation at the State- and Territory-level as well as Federally for matters of national significance. This can create issues of misalignment among threatened species lists but generally there is co-operation among conservation agencies to reduce misalignments and to manage species irrespective of jurisdictional borders. Despite significant investment in programs designed to assist the recovery of Australian biodiversity, threatened plants in particular appear to be continuing to decline. This can be attributed to a range of factors including major threatening processes associated with habitat loss and invasive species, lack of public awareness of the cultural and socio-economic value of plant conservation, and our relatively poor understanding of basic species taxonomy and biology, especially for those species that have specific interactions with pollinators, symbionts and herbivores. A recent shift in Federally-based conservation programs has been to identify 30 key plant species for recovery through the setting of measurable targets, improving the support provided to recovery teams and encouraging industry, business and philanthropy to support conservation actions.}, }
@article {pmid30158167, year = {2018}, author = {Moser, D and Lenzner, B and Weigelt, P and Dawson, W and Kreft, H and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and van Kleunen, M and Winter, M and Capinha, C and Cassey, P and Dullinger, S and Economo, EP and García-Díaz, P and Guénard, B and Hofhansl, F and Mang, T and Seebens, H and Essl, F}, title = {Remoteness promotes biological invasions on islands worldwide.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {115}, number = {37}, pages = {9270-9275}, pmid = {30158167}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {I 3757/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Islands ; *Models, Biological ; *Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {One of the best-known general patterns in island biogeography is the species-isolation relationship (SIR), a decrease in the number of native species with increasing island isolation that is linked to lower rates of natural dispersal and colonization on remote oceanic islands. However, during recent centuries, the anthropogenic introduction of alien species has increasingly gained importance and altered the composition and richness of island species pools. We analyzed a large dataset for alien and native plants, ants, reptiles, mammals, and birds on 257 (sub) tropical islands, and showed that, except for birds, the number of naturalized alien species increases with isolation for all taxa, a pattern that is opposite to the negative SIR of native species. We argue that the reversal of the SIR for alien species is driven by an increase in island invasibility due to reduced diversity and increased ecological naiveté of native biota on the more remote islands.}, }
@article {pmid30157658, year = {2018}, author = {Rettich, F and Kulma, M}, title = {The invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae) firstly recorded in Bohemia, Czech Republic.}, journal = {Epidemiologie, mikrobiologie, imunologie : casopis Spolecnosti pro epidemiologii a mikrobiologii Ceske lekarske spolecnosti J.E. Purkyne}, volume = {67}, number = {1}, pages = {32-35}, pmid = {30157658}, issn = {1210-7913}, mesh = {*Aedes/physiology ; Animals ; Czech Republic ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {STUDY OBJECTIVE: In 2016-2017, the monitoring of possible introduction of an invasive mosquito species, the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1894) (Diptera, Culicidae), was conducted in eastern, southern, central and western parts of Bohemia, Czech Republic.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: The focus was placed on local major traffic arteries (motorways D1, D3 and D5 and an expressway E49), which connecting South Europe and some of Balkan countries, infested by Ae. albopictus, with the Czech capital Prague. In total, more than 100 ovitraps were placed on 16 study sites - close surroundings of refuelling gas stations and neighbouring parking lots.<br><br>RESULTS: In August and September 2017, totally eight specimens of Ae. albopictus were collected at the ovitrap site near Mezno/Mitrovice, Central Bohemia on D3 motorway and other two specimens were recovered at the gas station near Rozvadov, West Bohemia on D5 motorway. On the other hand, Ae. albopictus was not recorded on a main Czech motorway D1 connecting Prague and Bratislava capitals during the monitoring.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The introduction of this mosquito into the Czech Republic is known since 2012 from surroundings of Mikulov town (South Moravian Region), our records were then the first in the region of Bohemia. Moreover, the distance between positive localities shows the potential for Ae. albopictus to be introduced by ground transport anywhere within the Czech Republic.}, }
@article {pmid30155365, year = {2018}, author = {Mahon, AR and Horton, DJ and Learman, DR and Nathan, LR and Jerde, CL}, title = {Investigating diversity of pathogenic microbes in commercial bait trade water.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5468}, pmid = {30155365}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The recreational bait trade is a potential pathway for pathogen introduction and spread when anglers dump bait shop sourced water into aquatic systems. Despite this possibility, and previous recognition of the importance of the bait trade in the spread of aquatic invasive species (AIS), to date there has been no region wide survey documenting pathogens in retail bait shops. In this study, we analyzed 96 environmental DNA samples from retail bait shops around the Great Lakes region to identify pathogens, targeting the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. Additionally, we used samples from one site in Lake Michigan as a comparison to pathogen diversity and abundance in natural aquatic systems. Our results identified nine different groups of pathogens in the bait shop samples, including those that pose risks to both humans and fish species. Compared to wild sourced samples, the bait shops had higher relative abundance and greater taxonomic diversity. These findings suggest that the bait trade represents a potentially important pathway that could introduce and spread pathogens throughout the Great Lakes region. Improving pathogen screening and angler outreach should be used in combination to aid in preventing the future spread of high risk pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid30152576, year = {2018}, author = {Fogell, DJ and Martin, RO and Bunbury, N and Lawson, B and Sells, J and McKeand, AM and Tatayah, V and Trung, CT and Groombridge, JJ}, title = {Trade and conservation implications of new beak and feather disease virus detection in native and introduced parrots.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, pages = {1325-1335}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13214}, pmid = {30152576}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Africa ; Africa, Western ; Animals ; Asia ; *Bird Diseases ; *Circoviridae Infections ; *Circovirus ; Commerce ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Europe ; Indian Ocean Islands ; Internationality ; Mauritius ; *Parrots ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD), caused by Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), has spread rapidly around the world, raising concerns for threatened species conservation and biosecurity associated with the global pet bird trade. The virus has been reported in several wild parrot populations, but data are lacking for many taxa and geographical areas with high parrot endemism. We aimed to advance understanding of BFDV distribution in many data-deficient areas and determine phylogenetic and biogeographic associations of the virus in 5 parrot species across Africa, the Indian Ocean islands, Asia, and Europe and focused specifically on the highly traded and invasive Psittacula krameri. Blood, feather, and tissue samples were screened for BFDV through standard polymerase chain reaction. Isolates obtained from positive individuals were then analyzed in a maximum likelihood phylogeny along with all other publically available global BFDV sequences. We detected BFDV in 8 countries where it was not known to occur previously, indicating the virus is more widely distributed than currently recognized. We documented for the first time the presence of BFDV in wild populations of P. krameri within its native range in Asia and Africa. We detected BFDV among introduced P. krameri in Mauritius and the Seychelles, raising concerns for island endemic species in the region. Phylogenetic relationships between viral sequences showed likely pathways of transmission between populations in southern Asia and western Africa. A high degree of phylogenetic relatedness between viral variants from geographically distant populations suggests recent introductions, likely driven by global trade. These findings highlight the need for effective regulation of international trade in live parrots, particularly in regions with high parrot endemism or vulnerable taxa where P. krameri could act as a reservoir host.}, }
@article {pmid30152089, year = {2019}, author = {Heberling, JM and Cassidy, ST and Fridley, JD and Kalisz, S}, title = {Carbon gain phenologies of spring-flowering perennials in a deciduous forest indicate a novel niche for a widespread invader.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {221}, number = {2}, pages = {778-788}, doi = {10.1111/nph.15404}, pmid = {30152089}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {DEB 1457531//US National Science Foundation/International ; DEB 144552//US National Science Foundation/International ; DEB 0958676//US National Science Foundation/International ; DBI 1612079//US National Science Foundation/International ; //University of Tennessee Knoxville/International ; }, mesh = {Brassicaceae/*physiology ; Carbon/*metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Flowers/*physiology ; *Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {Strategies of herbaceous species in deciduous forests are often characterized by the timing of life history phases (e.g. emergence, flowering, leaf senescence) relative to overstory tree canopy closure. Although springtime photosynthesis is assumed to account for the majority of their annual carbon budgets, the 12-month photosynthetic trajectories of forest herbs have not been quantified. We measured the temporal dynamics of carbon assimilation for seven native herbaceous perennials and the biennial Alliaria petiolata, a widespread invader in eastern North American forests. We assessed the relative importance of spring, summer, and autumn to species-level annual carbon budgets. Spring-emerging species showed significant variation in carbon assimilation patterns. High spring irradiance before canopy closure accounted for 39-100% of species-level annual carbon assimilation, but summer and autumn accounted for large proportions of some species' carbon budgets (up to 58% and 19%, respectively). Alliaria was phenologically unique, taking advantage both autumn and spring irradiance. Although spring-emerging understory species are often expected to rely on early-season irradiance, our results highlight interspecific differences and the importance of mid-late season carbon gain. Phenological strategies of forest herbs are a continuum rather than discrete categories, and invasive species may follow strategies that are underrepresented in the native flora.}, }
@article {pmid30151173, year = {2018}, author = {Poidatz, J and Monceau, K and Bonnard, O and Thiéry, D}, title = {Activity rhythm and action range of workers of the invasive hornet predator of honeybees Vespa velutina, measured by radio frequency identification tags.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {15}, pages = {7588-7598}, pmid = {30151173}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {In social insects, the activity rhythm of foragers and their action range determinate the activity of the colony. In vespids, which are mostly predators, the foraging range of workers determines their maximum predation pressure round the nest. One of these species, Vespa velutina, a recently invasive species introduced into Europe, exerts a strong predation on honeybees at the hive. Therefore, the definition of its activity rhythm and spatial range of predation is of primary importance. Using radio frequency identification tags (RFID), two experiments were carried out to (a) determine their return ability (called homing) in releasing 318 individuals at different distance from their colony and (b) monitor their foraging activity rhythm and the duration of their flights based on 71 individuals followed 24 hr/24 during 2 months. The homing ability of V. velutina was evaluated to be up to 5,000 m and was not affected by the cardinal orientation of release point. The lag time to return to the nest increased with the distance of release. Most of the flight activity took place between 07:00 a.m. and 08:00 p.m., hornets doing principally short flights of less than an hour. Foraging range was thus estimated ca. 1,000 m around the nest. This study of V. velutina assisted by RFID tags provides for the first time a baseline for its potential foraging distance that increase our knowledge of this species to (a) refine more accurately models for risk assessment and (b) define security perimeter for early detection of predation on invasion front.}, }
@article {pmid30151157, year = {2018}, author = {Montesinos, D and Callaway, RM}, title = {Traits correlate with invasive success more than plasticity: A comparison of three Centaurea congeners.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {15}, pages = {7378-7385}, pmid = {30151157}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The importance of phenotypic plasticity for successful invasion by exotic plant species has been well studied, but with contradictory and inconclusive results. However, many previous studies focused on comparisons of native and invasive species that co-occur in a single invaded region, and thus on species with potentially very different evolutionary histories. We took a different approach by comparing three closely related Centaurea species: the highly invasive C. solstitialis, and the noninvasive but exotic C. calcitrapa and C. sulphurea. These species have overlapping distributions both in their native range of Spain and in their non-native range of California. We collected seeds from 3 to 10 populations from each region and species and grew them in common garden greenhouse conditions to obtain an F1 generation in order to reduce maternal effects. Then, F1 seeds were grown subjected to simulated herbivory, variation in nutrient availability, and competition, to explore plasticity in the responses to these conditions. We found little variation in phenotypic plasticity among species and regions, but C. solstitialis plants from California produced more biomass in competition than their Spanish conspecifics. This species also had the highest relative growth rates when in competition and when grown under low nutrient availability. Noninvasive congeners produced intermediate or opposite patterns.}, }
@article {pmid30150616, year = {2018}, author = {Stymne, S and Ohlrogge, J}, title = {Tweaking enzymes for exotic plant oils.}, journal = {Nature plants}, volume = {4}, number = {9}, pages = {633-634}, doi = {10.1038/s41477-018-0233-7}, pmid = {30150616}, issn = {2055-0278}, mesh = {Fatty Acids ; *Introduced Species ; Oils ; *Plants ; Seeds ; }, }
@article {pmid30149024, year = {2018}, author = {de Oliveira Santos, F and Teixeira, BR and Passos Cordeiro, JL and de Sousa, RHA and Lucio, CDS and Gonçalves, PR and Lemos, H and de Oliveira, RC and Fernandes, J and Cavalcanti, GR and de Lemos, ERS and D'Andrea, PS}, title = {Expansion of the range of Necromys lasiurus (Lund, 1841) into open areas of the Atlantic Forest biome in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, and the role of the species as a host of the hantavirus.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {188}, number = {}, pages = {195-205}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.026}, pmid = {30149024}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Disease Reservoirs ; Forests ; *Orthohantavirus ; Hantavirus Infections/*veterinary ; Rodentia/*virology ; }, abstract = {Necromys lasiurus is a generalist rodent that is thought to be the main reservoir of the Araraquara hantavirus, which causes Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, in the Brazilian Cerrado savanna. This species occurs naturally in the open habitats of the Cerrado, Pantanal and Caatinga biomes, where it often occurs at high densities, although the distribution of the species has recently been observed expanding into the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. This study aimed to map the occurrence of N. lasiurus within the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro state and discuss the potential role of the species as a reservoir of the Araraquara hantavirus in these areas. The study was based on a comprehensive literature search and four expeditions for the collection of specimens in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The data were used to predict the distribution of N. lasiurus, confirm the distribution of the species in the state, and detect the rates of hantavirus infection in these rodents. Necromys lasiurus has been recorded at 16 localities in 10 municipalities of Rio de Janeiro state. The relative abundance of N. lasiurus was low at all localities, except for the REBIO Poço das Antas and APA-BRSJ, two protected areas. Necromys lasiurus was associated primarily with landscapes dominated by farmland (plantations or pasture) at relatively low altitudes in the vicinity of bodies of water. A total of 204 serum samples were collected, but none were reactive for hantavirus. The distribution of N. lasiurus is expanding into many areas of the anthropogenic matrix, but it is not usually either abundant or dominant in these areas. The relatively reduced abundance of N. lasiurus in Rio de Janeiro and the lack of infection in all the areas investigated indicate that it is unlikely to be a reservoir of hantavirus in this region in the near future.}, }
@article {pmid30145614, year = {2019}, author = {Tyburska-Woś, J and Nowak, K and Kieliszewska-Rokicka, B}, title = {Influence of leaf damage by the horse chestnut leafminer (Cameraria ohridella Deschka &amp; Dimić) on mycorrhiza of Aesculus hippocastanum L.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {61-67}, pmid = {30145614}, issn = {1432-1890}, mesh = {Aesculus/*microbiology/*physiology ; Animals ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Plant Leaves/*physiology ; Poland ; }, abstract = {In many parts of Europe, the white horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) has been attacked by the horse chestnut leafminer (Cameraria ohridella Deschka &amp; Dimić), which causes premature leaf dieback. A. hippocastanum L. establishes mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. This study involved a comparison of mature A. hippocastanum individuals susceptible to C. ohridella and individuals resistant to this insect after a one-time treatment with a chemical preparation injected into the tree trunks 7 years before the investigation began. Concentration of macronutrients in soil and the activity of soil nonspecific dehydrogenase did not differ between soils under canopies of the treated and untreated trees. Concentrations of C and N were significantly higher in leaves of the treated than those of the untreated trees. The infestation by C. ohridella and defoliation of leaves of the untreated trees did not significantly influence the frequency and intensity of AM colonization compared to the chemically treated trees, although a tendency towards higher average AM colonization of roots of the untreated trees, infested by the herbivores, than roots of the non-infested trees was observed. The results also indicated a tendency for higher biomass of fine roots per soil volume under the trees treated against C. ohridella than under the trees invaded by the insect.}, }
@article {pmid30145518, year = {2018}, author = {D'Alessandro, M and Esposito, V and Porporato, EMD and Berto, D and Renzi, M and Giacobbe, S and Scotti, G and Consoli, P and Valastro, G and Andaloro, F and Romeo, T}, title = {Relationships between plastic litter and chemical pollutants on benthic biodiversity.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {242}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {1546-1556}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.002}, pmid = {30145518}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Ecology ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Mollusca/classification ; Plastics/*analysis ; Polychaeta/classification ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Five Descriptors (D) of Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD): marine litter (D10), non-indigenous species (D2) and organic and inorganic pollutants (D8), were estimated in a coastal area of GSA 16 (Augusta harbour, Central Mediterranean Sea) in order to study their effects on the biodiversity (D1) of the benthic community D6) and to improve data for the MSFD. Investigation of plastic debris had led to the identification of 38 fragments divided into four categories, among which microplastics resulted as the most abundant. Six non-indigenous species, belonging to Polychaeta (Kirkegaardia dorsobranchialis, Notomastus aberans, Pista unibranchia, Pseudonereis anomala, Branchiomma bairdi) and Mollusca (Brachidontes pharaonis) were found. Biodiversity and benthic indices suggested a generalised, slightly disturbed ecological status. Anthracene, Zinc and Chrome were the most abundant chemical compounds in analysed sediments. Significant correlations were found between the abundance of trace elements vs biotic indices and between plastic debris vs biodiversity and benthic indices. This study represents the first report about the abundance of plastic debris and its relationship to contaminants and infauna in Augusta harbour. Our results can provide useful information for national and international laws and directives.}, }
@article {pmid30145257, year = {2018}, author = {Kuhlisch, C and Kampen, H and Walther, D}, title = {The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Central Germany: Surveillance in its northernmost distribution area.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {188}, number = {}, pages = {78-85}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.019}, pmid = {30145257}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Germany ; Population Density ; Population Surveillance ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The invasive Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus has recently been observed in southern Germany for the first time to reproduce and even overwinter north of the Alps. After the accidental capture of adult specimens in Jena, German federal state of Thuringia, in mid-2015, regular inspections brought forth developmental stages until autumn 2015, indicating local reproduction. Surveillance activities implemented in 2016 showed larvae already in early May, suggesting overwintering, and throughout the season until late October, although population densities remained low. Further sporadic specimens found in 2017 argue for establishment. Jena is located in Central Germany, north of all known distribution areas of Ae. albopictus, with the area of the municipality affected by the tiger mosquito characterised by a relatively mild climate. To check the suitability of the local climate for Ae. albopictus, winter temperatures, measured in a cemetery of Jena where larvae had regularly been found in 2015 and 2016, were analysed and compared with two sites of establishment in southern Germany. The conditions were similar at all three locations, suggesting that the Jena population might also be able to survive in the long term. While the municipality authorities have been informed and education of the Jena citizens to avoid producing potential breeding places has started, insecticidal control has not yet been implemented.}, }
@article {pmid30144125, year = {2019}, author = {Klobučar, A and Lipovac, I and Žagar, N and Mitrović-Hamzić, S and Tešić, V and Vilibić-Čavlek, T and Merdić, E}, title = {First record and spreading of the invasive mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) in Croatia.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, pages = {171-176}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12337}, pmid = {30144125}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Croatia ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {Aedes (Hulecoeteomyia) japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) has recently established across North America and Central Europe. A 3-year survey was conducted in northwestern Croatian regions from 2013 to 2015 using mosquito ovitraps at possible points of entry and house yards, occasionally complemented by larval collections from cemetery vases. In the first year, the survey investigated the county bordering Slovenia, where the first detection of Ae. j. japonicus had taken place on 28 August 2013. During the next 2 years, Ae. j. japonicus was detected in this area from early May until late October. In 2015, several counties further to the east were included in the survey, leading to the detection of Ae. j. japonicus approximately 100 km eastward from the initially surveyed region. Given a moderate continental climate and homogeneous climatic conditions in this part of Europe, the eastward spread of Ae. j. japonicus can be expected to continue.}, }
@article {pmid30143314, year = {2019}, author = {Villatoro, FJ and Naughton-Treves, L and Sepúlveda, MA and Stowhas, P and Mardones, FO and Silva-Rodríguez, EA}, title = {When free-ranging dogs threaten wildlife: Public attitudes toward management strategies in southern Chile.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {67-75}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.035}, pmid = {30143314}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Chile ; *Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Livestock ; Male ; Ownership ; *Public Opinion ; Sheep ; }, abstract = {Free-ranging dogs (Canis familiaris) significantly threaten wildlife, including endangered species. Although this problem resembles threats from other invasive animals, managing roaming dogs is even more fraught due to their close association with humans. Here we use interviews (n = 166) to document patterns of dog ownership and care and to measure public attitudes toward management strategies to control free-roaming dogs that threaten wildlife in rural areas of southern Chile. We compare attitudes toward lethal control and fines in scenarios where dogs attack livestock, children or wild animals or enter protected areas. We also test for variation in attitudes according to gender, age, education and proximity to urban areas. Most respondents (98.1%) opposed lethal control for at least one scenario and they were more likely to accept killing dogs that attacked sheep than those attacking wildlife. Similarly, support for fines was higher when dogs attacked livestock or people versus wild animals. Respondents consistently favored fining the owner over eliminating the problem dog. When asked about their management preferences, many respondents indicated that the movement of problem dogs-including to a lesser extent those threatening wildlife-should be restricted. However, in practice most dog-owners allowed one or more of their dogs to move freely at least part of the time. Finally, the wildlife species of concern mattered, e.g. 40% thought no action was necessary when dogs attack foxes, but this dropped to 12% for pudu (a small deer). In sum, participants had significantly more concern for livestock and human safety than for wildlife protection. We close by discussing management and policy implications.}, }
@article {pmid30143130, year = {2018}, author = {Martínez-Sanz, M and Erboz, E and Fontes, C and López-Rubio, A}, title = {Valorization of Arundo donax for the production of high performance lignocellulosic films.}, journal = {Carbohydrate polymers}, volume = {199}, number = {}, pages = {276-285}, doi = {10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.029}, pmid = {30143130}, issn = {1879-1344}, abstract = {This work reports on the valorization of the biomass from the aquatic invasive species Arundo donax for the extraction of lignocellulosic fractions and the development of films with interest in food packaging. Stems and leaves were separately evaluated, with the stems producing higher yields and better properties for the extracted fractions. The purification of cellulose by removing hemicelluloses led to more crystalline and thermally stable fractions, which were more homogeneously dispersed in water and produced films with enhanced transparency, mechanical and water barrier properties. The application of a simplified extraction protocol, avoiding the use of organic solvents, led to the presence of minor amounts of lipidic impurities in the fractions, which, surprisingly, had a positive impact in the properties of the films. In particular, the film obtained from the purified cellulose without Soxhlet treatment (F3A) outperforms biopolymeric materials such as starch and PLA in terms of mechanical and water barrier performance.}, }
@article {pmid30141233, year = {2019}, author = {Chen, S and Chen, H and Xu, Y}, title = {Safe chemical repellents to prevent the spread of invasive ants.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, pages = {821-827}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5184}, pmid = {30141233}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {2016YFC1201200//The National Key Research and Development Project/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Biological Assay ; Insect Control/methods ; *Insect Repellents ; Introduced Species ; Nesting Behavior ; Wedelia ; ortho-Aminobenzoates ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, is one of the most dangerous invasive species in the world. Fire ants can spread by hiding among plant material and soil that are transported from infested areas in vehicles and vessels. Therefore, efficient repellents may be used to prevent fire ants from infesting transported goods. Although some fire ant repellants have been identified, novel, cost-effective and environmentally friendly materials for fire ant control are still needed. Recent studies with other model insects have suggested readily available, non-toxic alternatives (e.g., anthranilates) to commercial repellents.<br><br>RESULTS: We measured the repellent effects of the food additives ethyl anthranilate and butyl anthranilate against nesting by fire ant workers, and the results demonstrated that extremely low concentrations of these compounds can prevent fire ant nesting in pots. The tested compounds remained active at concentrations < 100 &#xb5;L/L, which is many times lower than the minimum active concentration of any other proposed compound, including the established insect repellent N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET).<br><br>CONCLUSION: These inexpensive chemicals are safely used by the food and cosmetics industries, and their high efficiency differentiates them as the most promising chemicals for use in preventing the spread of fire ants; thus, these chemicals should be evaluated for further potential applications. &#xa9; 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid30137690, year = {2018}, author = {Díaz-Tapia, P and Maggs, CA and Macaya, EC and Verbruggen, H}, title = {Widely distributed red algae often represent hidden introductions, complexes of cryptic species or species with strong phylogeographic structure.}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {54}, number = {6}, pages = {829-839}, doi = {10.1111/jpy.12778}, pmid = {30137690}, issn = {1529-8817}, support = {NC120030//Chilean Millennium Initiative/International ; //Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment/International ; //British Phycological Society/International ; GPC2015/025//Axudas para a consolidaci&#xf3;n e estruturaci&#xf3;n de unidades de investigaci&#xf3;n competitivas do SUG/International ; //Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS)/International ; TTC216-03//Bush Blitz Strategic Taxonomy Grant/International ; RFL213-08//National Taxonomy Research Grant/International ; //ESMOI/International ; }, mesh = {Algal Proteins/analysis ; Introduced Species ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; *Plant Dispersal ; Rhodophyta/classification/genetics/*physiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Despite studies suggesting that most seaweeds are poor dispersers, many red algal species are reported to have circumglobal distributions. Such distributions have mostly been based on morphological identifications, but molecular data have revealed a range of issues with morphologically defined species boundaries. Consequently, the real distribution of such reportedly circumglobal species must be questioned. In this study, we analyzed molecular data sets (rbcL gene) of nine species in the Rhodomelaceae for which samples were available from widely spaced geographical locations. Three overall patterns were identified: (i) species showing strong phylogeographic structure (i.e., phylogenetic similarity correlates with geographical provenance), often to the point that populations from different locations could be considered as different species (Lophosiphonia obscura, Ophidocladus simpliciusculus, Polysiphonia villum, and Xiphosiphonia pinnulata); (ii) species with a broad distribution that is explained, in part, by putative human-mediated transport (Symphyocladia dendroidea and Polysiphonia devoniensis); and (iii) non-monophyletic complexes of cryptic species, most with a more restricted distribution than previously thought (Herposiphonia tenella, Symphyocladia dendroidea, and the Xiphosiphonia pennata complex that includes the species Xiphosiphonia pinnulata and Symphyocladia spinifera). This study shows that widely distributed species are the exception in marine red algae, unless they have been spread by humans.}, }
@article {pmid30137615, year = {2019}, author = {Pepori, AL and Michelozzi, M and Santini, A and Cencetti, G and Bonello, P and Gonthier, P and Sebastiani, F and Luchi, N}, title = {Comparative transcriptional and metabolic responses of Pinus pinea to a native and a non-native Heterobasidion species.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {31-44}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpy086}, pmid = {30137615}, issn = {1758-4469}, mesh = {*Basidiomycota/pathogenicity ; Disease Resistance/genetics ; Genes, Plant ; Introduced Species ; Lignin/biosynthesis/genetics ; Pinus/*microbiology ; Plant Diseases/genetics/*microbiology ; Terpenes/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Trees/genetics/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Heterobasidion irregulare is a causal agent of root and butt-rot disease in conifers, and is native to North America. In 1944 it was introduced in central Italy in a Pinus pinea stand, where it shares the same niche with the native species Heterobasidion annosum. The introduction of a non-native pathogen may have significant negative effects on a naïve host tree and the ecosystem in which it resides, requiring a better understanding of the system. We compared the spatio-temporal phenotypic, transcriptional and metabolic host responses to inoculation with the two Heterobasidion species in a large experiment with P. pinea seedlings. Differences in length of lesions at the inoculation site (IS), expression of host genes involved in lignin pathway and in cell rescue and defence, and analysis of terpenes at both IS and 12 cm above the IS (distal site, DS), were assessed at 3, 14 and 35 days post inoculation (dpi). Results clearly showed that both species elicit similar physiological and biochemical responses in P. pinea seedlings. The analysis of host transcripts and total terpenes showed differences between inoculation sites and between pathogen and mock inoculated plants. Both pathogen and mock inoculations induced antimicrobial peptide and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase overexpression at IS beginning at 3 dpi; while at DS all the analysed genes, except for peroxidase, were overexpressed at 14 dpi. A significantly higher accumulation of terpenoids was observed at 14 dpi at IS, and at 35 dpi at DS. The terpene blend at IS showed significant variation among treatments and sampling times, while no significant differences were ever observed in DS tissues. Based on our results, H. irregulare does not seem to have competitive advantages over the native species H. annosum in terms of pathogenicity towards P. pinea trees; this may explain why the non-native species has not widely spread over the 73 years since its putative year of introduction into central Italy.}, }
@article {pmid30136427, year = {2019}, author = {Carvajal, MA and Alaniz, AJ and Núñez-Hidalgo, I and González-Césped, C}, title = {Spatial global assessment of the pest Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): current and future scenarios.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, pages = {809-820}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5183}, pmid = {30136427}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; California ; Chile ; *Climate Change ; Crops, Agricultural ; Geography ; *Heteroptera ; Introduced Species/*trends ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The insect Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) an important pest worldwide, mainly due to the serious economic losses incurred and the large number of zones invaded. However, current and future spatial distributions of this pest, and the total area of cropland potentially affected have not been estimated. Here, we aim to: (1) estimate the potential geographic distribution of B. hilaris; (2) quantify the total area of cropland potentially affected worldwide, and in two recently colonized zones (California and Chile); and (3) estimate future changes in distribution under different climate change scenarios.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that B. hilaris shows high environmental suitability in Mediterranean and arid regions, potentially affecting 1 108 184.1 km[2] of cropland worldwide. The most affected continents were Asia and America, with 309 659.8 and 294 638.6 km[2] of cropland at risk. More than 50% of cropland areas are at risk in seven countries. In California and central Chile, 43.7% and 50% of susceptible crops are at a high level of risk, respectively. Climate change scenarios predict an increase in the potential distribution of B. hilaris worldwide; America being the most affected continent.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide a spatially explicit baseline from which to focus efforts on the prevention, management and control of this pest worldwide. &#xa9; 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid30135718, year = {2018}, author = {Kumar, A and Pandeya, A and Malik, G and Sharma, M and P, HK and S, AK and Gahlaut, V and Gajula, MNVP and Singh, KP and Suravajhala, P and Balyan, HS and Gupta, PK}, title = {---A web resource for nutrient use efficiency-related genes, quantitative trait loci and microRNAs in important cereals and model plants.}, journal = {F1000Research}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {30135718}, issn = {2046-1402}, mesh = {Computational Biology/*methods ; Edible Grain/*genetics/*metabolism ; *Internet ; MicroRNAs/*genetics ; Nutrients/*metabolism ; Quantitative Trait Loci/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Cereals are key contributors to global food security. Genes involved in the uptake (transport), assimilation and utilization of macro- and micronutrients are responsible for the presence of these nutrients in grain and straw. Although many genomic databases for cereals are available, there is currently no cohesive web resource of manually curated nutrient use efficiency (NtUE)-related genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs). In this study, we present a web-resource containing information on NtUE-related genes/QTLs and the corresponding available microRNAs for some of these genes in four major cereal crops (wheat (Triticum aestivum), rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), barley (Hordeum vulgare)), two alien species related to wheat (Triticum urartu and Aegilops tauschii), and two model species (Brachypodium distachyon and Arabidopsis thaliana). Gene annotations integrated in the current web resource were manually curated from the existing databases and the available literature. The primary goal of developing this web resource is to provide descriptions of the NtUE-related genes and their functional annotation. MicroRNAs targeting some of the NtUE related genes and the QTLs for NtUE-related traits are also included. The genomic information embedded in the web resource should help users to search for the desired information.}, }
@article {pmid30135153, year = {2018}, author = {Banks, PB and Carthey, AJR and Bytheway, JP}, title = {Australian native mammals recognize and respond to alien predators: a meta-analysis.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {285}, number = {1885}, pages = {}, pmid = {30135153}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Cats/*physiology ; Cues ; *Food Chain ; Foxes/*physiology ; Macropodidae/physiology ; Marsupialia/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Recognition, Psychology ; Trichosurus/physiology ; }, abstract = {Prey naiveté is a failure to recognize novel predators and thought to cause exaggerated impacts of alien predators on native wildlife. Yet there is equivocal evidence in the literature for native prey naiveté towards aliens. To address this, we conducted a meta-analysis of Australian mammal responses to native and alien predators. Australia has the world's worst record of extinction and declines of native mammals, largely owing to two alien predators introduced more than 150 years ago: the feral cat, Felis catus, and European red fox, Vulpes vulpes Analysis of 94 responses to predator cues shows that Australian mammals consistently recognize alien foxes as a predation threat, possibly because of thousands of years of experience with another canid predator, the dingo, Canis lupus dingo We also found recognition responses towards cats; however, in four of the seven studies available, these responses were of risk-taking behaviour rather than antipredator behaviour. Our results suggest that a simple failure to recognize alien predators is not behind the ongoing exaggerated impacts of alien predators in Australia. Instead, our results highlight an urgent need to better understand the appropriateness of antipredator responses in prey towards alien predators in order to understand native prey vulnerability.}, }
@article {pmid30133819, year = {2018}, author = {Wells, K and Fordham, DA and Brook, BW and Cassey, P and Cox, T and O'Hara, RB and Schwensow, NI}, title = {Disentangling synergistic disease dynamics: Implications for the viral biocontrol of rabbits.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {87}, number = {5}, pages = {1418-1428}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12871}, pmid = {30133819}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Caliciviridae Infections ; *Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit ; *Myxoma virus ; Rabbits ; South Australia ; Virulence ; }, abstract = {European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) have been exposed to rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) and myxoma virus (MYXV) in their native and invasive ranges for decades. Yet, the long-term effects of these viruses on rabbit population dynamics remain poorly understood. In this context, we analysed 17 years of detailed capture-mark-recapture data (2000-2016) from Turretfield, South Australia, using a probabilistic state-space hierarchical modelling framework to estimate rabbit survival and epidemiological dynamics. While RHDV infection and disease-induced death were most prominent during annual epidemics in winter and spring, we found evidence for continuous infection of susceptible individuals with RHDV throughout the year. RHDV-susceptible rabbits had, on average, 25% lower monthly survival rates compared to immune individuals, while the average monthly force of infection in winter and spring was ~38%. These combined to result in an average infection-induced mortality rate of 69% in winter and spring. Individuals susceptible to MYXV and immune to RHDV had similar survival probabilities to those having survived infections from both viruses, whereas individuals susceptible to both RHDV and MYXV had higher survival probabilities than those susceptible to RHDV and immune to MYXV. This suggests that MYXV may reduce the future survival rates of individuals that endure initial MYXV infection. There was no evidence for long-term changes in disease-induced mortality and infection rates for either RHDV or MYXV. We conclude that continuous, year-round virus perpetuation (and perhaps heterogeneity in modes of transmission and infectious doses during and after epidemics) acts to reduce the efficiency of RHDV and MYXV as biocontrol agents of rabbits in their invasive range. However, if virulence can be maintained as relatively constant through time, RHDV and MYXV will likely continue realizing strong benefits as biocontrol agents.}, }
@article {pmid30133520, year = {2018}, author = {Hewitt, MJ and Hourston, M and McDonald, JI}, title = {A long way from home: Biosecurity lessons learnt from the impact of La Niña on the transportation and establishment of tropical portunid species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {e0202766}, pmid = {30133520}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura/*classification/*growth &amp; development ; El Nino-Southern Oscillation ; Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Dynamics ; Population Surveillance ; Tropical Climate ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {Marine ecosystems can be modified and shaped by irregular interannual variations in oceanic current patterns and temperatures, such as El Niño and La Niña. These large scale oceanic events have also been shown to influence environmental stressors such as invasive marine species (IMS). Our study indicates that there is a causative link between these climatic events, and atypical detections of native and IMS. Significant La Niña events between 1970 and 2014 were associated with sightings of tropical crab species in temperate waters following a lag period of 18-24 months from the onset of the event. We identified a total of 72 records of six tropical portunid crabs species (from both Charybdis and Scylla) in temperate waters of south-western Australia following these La Niña events, based on reports in published scientific literature, grey literature and museum records, as well as citizen science networks such as FishWatch and PestWatch apps. We suggest that La Niña conditions facilitated transportation and temporary establishment of crab larvae from their native tropical habitat to temperate regions. As the strength of La Niña events is likely to increase into the future due to the escalating effects of climate change, it is likely that there will be a growth in associated atypical establishment events of IMS. Consequently, biosecurity managers will need to reprioritise resources in order to accommodate the potential impacts of these large scale oceanic events as part of their surveillance programmes.}, }
@article {pmid30133512, year = {2018}, author = {Junaedi, DI and McCarthy, MA and Guillera-Arroita, G and Catford, JA and Burgman, MA}, title = {Traits influence detection of exotic plant species in tropical forests.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {e0202254}, pmid = {30133512}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Forestry/methods ; Indonesia ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Plant Leaves/anatomy &amp; histology ; Plants/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; *Rainforest ; }, abstract = {Detecting exotic plant species is essential for invasive species management. By accounting for factors likely to affect species' detection rates (e.g. survey conditions, observer experience), detectability models can help choose search methods and allocate search effort. Integrating information on species' traits can refine detectability models, and might be particularly valuable if these traits can help improve estimates of detectability where data on particular species are rare. Analysing data collected during line transect distance sampling surveys in Indonesia, we used a multi-species hierarchical distance sampling model to evaluate how plant height, leaf size, leaf shape, and survey location influenced plant species detectability in secondary tropical rainforests. Detectability of the exotic plant species increased with plant height and leaf size. Detectability varied among the different survey locations. We failed to detect a clear effect of leaf shape on detectability. This study indicates that information on traits might improve predictions about exotic species detection, which can then be used to optimise the allocation of search effort for efficient species management. The innovation of the study lies in the multi-species distance sampling model, where the distance-detection function depends on leaf traits and height. The method can be applied elsewhere, including for different traits that may be relevant in other contexts. Trait-based multispecies distance sampling can be a practical approach for sampling exotic shrubs, herbs, or grasses species in the understorey of tropical forests.}, }
@article {pmid30131888, year = {2018}, author = {Weickardt, I and Zehnsdorf, A and Durka, W}, title = {Development and characterization of simple sequence repeat markers for the invasive tetraploid waterweed Elodea nuttallii (Hydrocharitaceae).}, journal = {Applications in plant sciences}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {e1146}, pmid = {30131888}, issn = {2168-0450}, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: To enhance the understanding of the recent invasion process of the clonal waterweed Elodea nuttallii (Hydrocharitaceae), analyses of population structure and genotypic diversity need to be undertaken, for which genetic markers are needed.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: High-throughput sequencing of DNA enriched for microsatellites was used to develop 24 loci that were characterized in E. nuttallii, 21 of which were polymorphic, with the number of alleles ranging from two to 10. In two populations, expected heterozygosity ranged among loci between zero and 0.796. In the congener E. canadensis, all markers yielded PCR products, 19 of which were polymorphic, with two to nine alleles and expected heterozygosity ranging from zero to 0.690 in two populations.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The markers described should be useful for future studies of population structure and clonal diversity of E. nuttallii as well as E. canadensis in their native and invasive range.}, }
@article {pmid30130492, year = {2018}, author = {Xu, M and Lu, Z and Lu, YY and Balusu, RR and Ajayi, OS and Fadamiro, HY and Appel, AG and Chen, L}, title = {Cuticular hydrocarbon chemistry, an important factor shaping the current distribution pattern of the imported fire ants in the USA.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {110}, number = {}, pages = {34-43}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.08.006}, pmid = {30130492}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Ants/*chemistry/physiology ; Hot Temperature ; Hydrocarbons/*analysis/chemistry ; *Integumentary System/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; United States ; Water Loss, Insensible ; }, abstract = {Two sibling species, Solenopsis richteri and S. invicta, were both introduced into the southern USA from South America in the early 20th century. Today, S. richteri occupies higher latitudes and colder areas, while S. invicta occupies lower latitudes. Between the distributions of the two species, there is a large area of viable hybrid (S. richteri × S. invicta) populations. This study aimed to characterize the forces driving this distribution pattern and the underlying mechanisms. Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) of freshly killed workers of S. invicta, hybrids, and S. richteri were removed using hexane. Both intact and CHCs-extracted workers were subjected to a constant rate of increasing temperature from 10 to 60 °C to obtain relative water loss and the water loss transition temperature (Tc-ant). Mass loss and Tc-ant were both significantly increased with CHCs removal. We then examined the CHC composition of three species. CHC profiles of S. richteri are characterized by significant amounts of short-chain (C23-C27) saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. In contrast, profiles of S. invicta consist primarily of long-chain (C27-C29) saturated hydrocarbons; unsaturated alkenes are completely lacking. Hybrid fire ants show intermediate profiles of the two parent species. We measured the melting point (Tm) and water-loss transition temperature of CHC blends (Tc-CHC) of different ant species colonies using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and an artificial membrane system, respectively. There were 3-5 Tms of each CHCs sample of different ant colonies due to their complex chemistry. The highest Tms (Tm-maxs) of CHCs samples from S. invicta and the hybrid were significantly higher than that from S. richteri. The correlation between Tc-CHC and Tm-max obtained from the same CHCs sample was highly significant. These results reveal that species having higher Tc and Tm-max retain more water under relatively higher temperature, and consequently are able to occupy warmer environments. We conclude that CHC chemistry plays a role in shaping current distribution patterns of S. richteri, S. invicta and their hybrid in the United States.}, }
@article {pmid30130456, year = {2018}, author = {Grupe, AC and Sulzbacher, MA and Grebenc, T and Healy, R and Bonito, G and Smith, ME}, title = {Tuber brennemanii and Tuber floridanum: Two new Tuber species are among the most commonly detected ectomycorrhizal taxa within commercial pecan (Carya illinoinensis) orchards.}, journal = {Mycologia}, volume = {110}, number = {4}, pages = {780-790}, doi = {10.1080/00275514.2018.1490121}, pmid = {30130456}, issn = {1557-2536}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Carya/*microbiology ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Mycorrhizae/*classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification/ultrastructure ; Phylogeny ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Seedlings/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Truffles are sequestrate hypogeous fungi, and most form ectomycorrhizal (ECM) associations with trees. Truffles belonging to the genus Tuber (Pezizales, Ascomycota), "true truffles," associate with diverse plant hosts, including economically important species such as pecan (Carya illinoinensis). Morphological and phylogenetic studies delimited several major lineages of Tuber, which include many cryptic and undescribed species. One of these, the Maculatum clade, is a speciose group characterized by relatively small, light-colored ascomata that have alveolate-reticulate spores. Here, we describe two new species in the Maculatum clade, Tuber brennemanii and T. floridanum (previously identified as Tuber sp. 36 and Tuber sp. 47). We delineate these two species by phylogenetic analyses of nuc ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (= ITS) and partial 28S rDNA (= LSU), and through morphological analysis. A recent collection of T. floridanum from a pecan orchard in Brazil indicates that this species was introduced there on the roots of pecan seedlings. Systematic studies of ascomata and ECM fungal communities indicate that these species are geographically widespread and common ECM symbionts of pecans and other members of the Fagales, particularly in sites with disturbed soils and nutrient enrichment.}, }
@article {pmid30128204, year = {2018}, author = {Hudson, DM and Sexton, DJ and Wint, D and Capizzano, C and Crivello, JF}, title = {Physiological and behavioral response of the Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, to salinity: implications for estuarine distribution and invasion.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5446}, pmid = {30128204}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The invasive Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, is ubiquitous in the rocky intertidal zone of the western North Atlantic. A likely contributor to this colonization is that H. sanguineus is able to handle a wide range of salinities, and is thus more likely to spread through a greater geographic area of estuaries. This study investigated the salinity effects on this animal by observing survival across a range of salinities, the maintenance of hemolymph osmolality under different salinities, and behavioral preference for and avoidance of salinities. H. sanguineus showed high survival across a broad range of salinities, had little change in hemolymph osmolality over a short-term salinity shock, and behaviorally distinguished between salinities when presented with a choice, under both acclimation salinities of 5 PSU or 35 PSU. Such results suggest H. sanguineus has a hardiness for the rapid changes in salinity that happen in the intertidal zone, yet is capable of physically moving to a more optimal salinity. This enhances their competitiveness as an invader, particularly surviving lower salinities that present challenges during high-precipitation events in rocky intertidal areas, and partially explains this species' dominance in this habitat type.}, }
@article {pmid30128203, year = {2018}, author = {Sánchez-Blanco, J and Vega-Peña, EV and Espinosa-García, FJ}, title = {Darwin's naturalization hypothesis does not explain the spread of nonnative weed species naturalized in México.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5444}, pmid = {30128203}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite numerous tests of Darwin's naturalization hypothesis (DNH) evidence for its support or rejection is still contradictory. We tested a DNH derived prediction stating that nonnative species (NNS) without native congeneric relatives (NCR) will spread to a greater number of localities than species with close relatives in the new range. This test controlled the effect of residence time (Rt) on the spread of NNS and used naturalized species beyond their lag phase to avoid the effect of stochastic events in the establishment and the lag phases that could obscure the NCR effects on NNS.<br><br>METHODS: We compared the number of localities (spread) occupied by NNS with and without NCR using 13,977 herbarium records for 305 NNS of weeds. We regressed the number of localities occupied by NNS versus Rt to determine the effect of time on the spread of NNS. Then, we selected the species with Rt greater than the expected span of the lag phase, whose residuals were above and below the regression confidence limits; these NNS were classified as widespread (those occupying more localities than expected by Rt) and limited-spread (those occupying fewer localities than expected). These sets were again subclassified into two groups: NNS with and without NCR at the genus level. The number of NNS with and without NCR was compared using &#x3c7;[2] tests and Spearman correlations between the residuals and the number of relatives. Then, we grouped the NNS using 34 biological attributes and five usages to identify the groups' possible associations with spread and to test DNH. To identify species groups, we performed a nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis and evaluated the influences of the number of relatives, localities, herbarium specimens, Rt, and residuals of regression. The Spearman correlation and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to determine if the DNH prediction was met. Additionally, we used the clustering objects on subsets of attributes (COSA) method to identify possible syndromes (sets of biological attributes and usages) associated to four groups of NNS useful to test DNH (those with and without NCR and those in more and fewer localities than expected by Rt).<br><br>RESULTS: Residence time explained 33% of the variation in localities occupied by nonnative trees and shrubs and 46% of the variation for herbs and subshrubs. The residuals of the regression for NNS were not associated with the number or presence of NCR. In each of the NMDS groups, the number of localities occupied by NNS with and without NCR did not significantly differ. The COSA analysis detected that only NNS with NCR in more and fewer localities than expected share biological attributes and usages, but they differ in their relative importance.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Our results suggest that DNH does not explain the spread of naturalized species in a highly heterogeneous country. Thus, the presence of NCR is not a useful characteristic in risk analyses for naturalized NNS.}, }
@article {pmid30128194, year = {2018}, author = {Potocka, M and Krzemińska, E}, title = {Trichocera maculipennis (Diptera)-an invasive species in Maritime Antarctica.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5408}, pmid = {30128194}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Antarctica, with its severe conditions, is poor in terrestrial fauna species. However, an increase in human presence together with climate change may cause an influx of non-native species. Here we report a significant increase in colonized area of one of the few known invasive species to date in Antarctica. Non-native flies of Trichocera maculipennis have been recently observed in the Admiralty Bay area on King George Island, South Shetlands Islands, West Antarctica, 10 years after its first record in Maritime Antarctica (Maxwell Bay, King George Island). Its rapid spread across the island, despite geographic barriers such as glaciers, indicates successful adaptation to local environmental conditions and suggests this species is invasive. The mode of life of T. maculipennis, observed in natural and anthropogenous habitat and in laboratory conditions, is reported. The following adaptations enabled its invasion and existence within the sewage system in Antarctic scientific stations: the ability to survive in complete darkness, male ability to mate on the substrate surface without prior swarming in flight, and adaptation of terrestrial larvae to survive in semi-liquid food. Possible routes of introduction to Antarctica and between two bays on King George Island are discussed, as well as further research leading to the containment and eradication of this species.}, }
@article {pmid30127531, year = {2018}, author = {Bower, DS and Yasumiba, K and Trumbo, DR and Alford, RA and Schwarzkopf, L}, title = {Spinal arthritis in cane toads across the Australian landscape.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {12458}, pmid = {30127531}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Spondylarthritis ; }, abstract = {Loss of fitness can be a consequence of selection for rapid dispersal ability in invasive species. Increased prevalence of spinal arthritis may occur in cane toad populations at the invasion front as a cost of increased invasiveness, but our knowledge of the ecological drivers of this condition is lacking. We aimed to determine the factors explaining the prevalence of spinal arthritis in populations across the Australian landscape. We studied populations across a gradient of invasion histories. We collected 2415 toads over five years and determined the presence and size of spondylosis for each individual. We examined the effect of host size, leg length and invasion history on the prevalence of spondylosis. Host size was a significant predictor of spondylosis across populations. Contrary to our expectation, the overall prevalence of spondylosis was not positively related to invasion history and did not correlate with toad relative leg length. Rather than invasion age, the latitude at which populations were sampled provided an alternate explanation for the prevalence of spondylosis in cane toad populations and suggested that the incidence of this condition did not increase as a physiological cost of invasion, but is instead related to physical variables, such as climate.}, }
@article {pmid30124918, year = {2018}, author = {Ali, H and Muhammad, A and Sanda Bala, N and Hou, Y}, title = {The Endosymbiotic Wolbachia and Host COI Gene Enables to Distinguish Between Two Invasive Palm Pests; Coconut Leaf Beetle, Brontispa longissima and Hispid Leaf Beetle, Octodonta nipae.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {111}, number = {6}, pages = {2894-2902}, pmid = {30124918}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Coleoptera/*classification/genetics/microbiology ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Species Specificity ; Wolbachia/genetics ; }, abstract = {To elucidate taxonomic eminence of identical pest species is essential for many ecological and conservation studies. Without proficient skills, accurate molecular identification and characterization are laborious and time-consuming. The coconut leaf beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is biologically and morphologically identical to hispid leaf beetle, Octodonta nipae (Maulik) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and is known as the most harming nuisances of palm cultivation worldwide. The present examination was to establish Wolbachia genotyping analysis along with host cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene for accurate identification between these individuals of the same family (Chrysomelidae). Here, we have cloned and sequenced a gene coding Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) and COI gene regions amplified from both species by polymerase chain reaction. The nucleotide sequences were directly determined (≈600 bp for wsp and ≈804 bp for COI) and aligned using the multiple alignment algorithms in the ESPript3 package and the MEGA5 program. Comparative sequence analysis indicated that the representative of wsp and COI sequences from these two beetles were highly variable. To ensure this bacterial variation, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of bacterial genes was conducted, and the results vindicated the same trend of variations. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis also indicates that B. longissima and O. nipae being the two different species harbors two distinct Wolbachia Hertig and Burt (Rickettsiales: Anaplamataceae) supergroups B and A, respectively. The present outcomes quickly discriminate between these two species. Considering its simplicity and cost-effectiveness, it can be used as a diagnostic tool for discriminating such invasive species particularly B. longissima and O. nipae which has overlapping morphologic characters.}, }
@article {pmid30123697, year = {2018}, author = {Arias, MB and Elfekih, S and Vogler, AP}, title = {Population genetics and migration pathways of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata inferred with coalescent methods.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5340}, pmid = {30123697}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive species are a growing threat to food biosecurity and cause significant economic losses in agricultural systems. Despite their damaging effect, they are attractive models for the study of evolution and adaptation in newly colonised environments. The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, as a member of the family Tephritidae, is one of the most studied invasive species feeding on many fruit crops in the tropics and subtropics worldwide. This study aims to determine the global macrogeographic population structure of Ceratitis capitata and reconstruct its potential migration routes.<br><br>METHOD: A partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene from >400 individual medflies and 14 populations from four continents was sequenced and subjected to Bayesian demographic modelling.<br><br>RESULTS: The Afrotropical populations (Kenya, South Africa and Ghana) harbour the majority of haplotypes detected, which also are highly divergent, in accordance with the presumed ancestral range of medflies in Sub-Saharan Africa. All other populations in the presumed non-native areas were dominated by a single haplotype also present in South Africa, in addition to a few, closely related haplotypes unique to a single local population or regional set, but missing from Africa. Bayesian coalescence methods revealed recent migration pathways from Africa to all continents, in addition to limited bidirectional migration among many local and intercontinental routes.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The detailed investigation of the recent migration history highlights the interconnectedness of affected crop production regions worldwide and pinpoints the routes and potential source areas requiring more specific quarantine measures.}, }
@article {pmid30123695, year = {2018}, author = {Neilson, BJ and Wall, CB and Mancini, FT and Gewecke, CA}, title = {Herbivore biocontrol and manual removal successfully reduce invasive macroalgae on coral reefs.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5332}, pmid = {30123695}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Invasive macroalgae pose a serious threat to coral reef biodiversity by monopolizing reef habitats, competing with native species, and directly overgrowing, and smothering reef corals. Several invasive macroalgae (Eucheuma clade E, Kappaphycus clade A and B, Gracilaria salicornia, and Acanthophora spicifera) are established within Kāne'ohe Bay (O'ahu, Hawai'i, USA), and reducing invasive macroalgae cover is a coral reef conservation and management priority. Invasive macroalgae control techniques, however, are limited and few successful large-scale applications exist. Therefore, a two-tiered invasive macroalgae control approach was designed, where first, divers manually remove invasive macroalgae (Eucheuma and Kappaphycus) aided by an underwater vacuum system ("The Super Sucker"). Second, hatchery-raised juvenile sea urchins (Tripneustes gratilla), were outplanted to graze and control invasive macroalgae regrowth. To test the effectiveness of this approach in a natural reef ecosystem, four discrete patch reefs with high invasive macroalgae cover (15-26%) were selected, and macroalgae removal plus urchin biocontrol (treatment reefs, n = 2), or no treatment (control reefs, n = 2), was applied at the patch reef-scale. In applying the invasive macroalgae treatment, the control effort manually removed ∼19,000 kg of invasive macroalgae and ∼99,000 juvenile sea urchins were outplanted across to two patch reefs, totaling ∼24,000 m[2] of reef area. Changes in benthic cover were monitored over 2 years (five sampling periods) before-and-after the treatment was applied. Over the study period, removal and biocontrol reduced invasive macroalgae cover by 85% at treatment reefs. Our results show manual removal in combination with hatchery raised urchin biocontrol to be an effective management approach in controlling invasive macroalgae at reef-wide spatial scales and temporal scales of months to years.}, }
@article {pmid30121427, year = {2018}, author = {Kang, KB and Kang, SJ and Kim, MS and Lee, DY and Han, SI and Kim, TB and Park, JY and Kim, J and Yang, TJ and Sung, SH}, title = {Chemical and genomic diversity of six Lonicera species occurring in Korea.}, journal = {Phytochemistry}, volume = {155}, number = {}, pages = {126-135}, doi = {10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.07.012}, pmid = {30121427}, issn = {1873-3700}, mesh = {Lonicera/*chemistry/classification/*genetics ; Metabolomics ; Plant Components, Aerial/chemistry ; Plant Roots/chemistry/metabolism ; Plants, Medicinal/*chemistry ; Republic of Korea ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Lonicera spp. (Caprifoliaceae) are important not only as a common medicinal herb in East Asia but also as one of the most problematic invasive species in North America. In the present study, we performed a systemic analysis of genomic and chemical diversity among six Lonicera species occurring in Korea, L. japonica, L. maackii, L. insularis, L. sachalinensis, L. praeflorens, and L. vesicaria, using chloroplast DNA whole genome shotgun (WGS) sequencing and LC-MS analyses. The phylogenetic and phylochemical relationships did not coincide with each other, but partial consistency could be found among them. InDel-based cDNA marker for authentication was developed based on the genome sequences. Flavonoids, iridoids, and organic acids were identified in the LC-MS analyses, and their inter-species distribution and localization were also revealed.}, }
@article {pmid30120791, year = {2018}, author = {Marchini, GL and Arredondo, TM and Cruzan, MB}, title = {Selective differentiation during the colonization and establishment of a newly invasive species.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {31}, number = {11}, pages = {1689-1703}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.13369}, pmid = {30120791}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Brachypodium/genetics/*physiology ; Demography ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The potential for rapid evolution in invasive species makes them useful for studying adaptive responses of populations to novel environments. However, phenotypic divergence during invasion is not necessarily due to selection, but may be a product of neutral processes resulting from population bottlenecks during colonization and range expansion. We investigated phenotypic adaptation during the establishment and range expansion of the invasive bunchgrass, slender false brome (Brachypodium sylvaticum; Poaceae). Utilizing a novel approach, we made robust comparisons of functional traits using genetic similarity based on unique alleles to determine the genetic probability of contribution from native source regions and integrated these probabilities into our QST -FST comparisons for 12 physiological and anatomical traits associated with drought stress in the introduced range. Our results indicate phenotypic divergence greater than neutral expectations in five traits between native and invasive populations, indicating selective divergence occurred during invasive species establishment. The results indicate that the majority of divergence in B. sylvaticum occurred after introduction to the novel environment, but prior to invasive range expansion. This study provides evidence for adaptive genetic differentiation during the establishment of an invasive species, while also describing a robust method for the detection of selective processes after species introduction to a novel environment.}, }
@article {pmid30119919, year = {2018}, author = {Fletcher, LM and Atalah, J and Forrest, BM}, title = {Effect of substrate deployment timing and reproductive strategy on patterns in invasiveness of the colonial ascidian Didemnum vexillum.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {141}, number = {}, pages = {109-118}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.08.006}, pmid = {30119919}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; *Urochordata/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The colonial ascidian Didemnum vexillum is a high-profile marine invader, with a geographically widespread distribution after introductions to several temperate regions. D. vexillum has been the focus of several eradication and control programmes globally and the need for specific biological knowledge that relates to establishment processes, persistence, impacts and potential for spread remains. The present study describes temporal patterns of D. vexillum percent cover on experimental substrates over 1.5-years in relation to seasonality of substratum availability, in conjunction with key physical (i.e. temperature and sedimentation) and biological factors (i.e. interspecific competition) at two sites in New Zealand. Colonies showed large fluctuations in percent cover between the two study sites and with reference to timing of bare substratum availability. Colonies generally exhibited an initial lag phase, with peak levels of D. vexillum cover reached during the second summer or autumn post-deployment. The long-term competitive dominance of colonies founded from the reattachment of fragments, as opposed to ambient larval recruitment alone, was also investigated. Increases in colony size as a result of ambient recruitment alone were initially much slower. However, after 12-months colony cover exceeded that of plates inoculated with fragments, suggesting the benefit of the apparent competitive dominance conferred by fragment inoculation is restricted to the early establishment phase. This information will provide increased understanding of the population dynamics of this species, as well as assist in the implementation of effective management strategies through knowledge of environmental drivers of prolific infestations.}, }
@article {pmid30115135, year = {2019}, author = {Canavan, K and Paterson, ID and Hill, MP and Dudley, TL}, title = {Testing the Enemy Release Hypothesis on tall-statured grasses in South Africa, using Arundo donax, Phragmites australis, and Phragmites mauritianus as models.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {109}, number = {3}, pages = {287-299}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485318000627}, pmid = {30115135}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Acari ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Herbivory ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*physiology ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {The Enemy Release Hypothesis (ERH) predicts that introduced plant species can escape herbivory and therefore have a competitive advantage over native plants, which are exposed to both generalist and specialist natural enemies. In this study, the ERH was explored using the invasive alien species, Arundo donax and two native tall-statured grasses, the cosmopolitan Phragmites australis and African endemic Phragmites mauritianus in South Africa. It was predicted that A. donax would have reduced species richness of herbivores compared with the native Phragmites spp., that it would be devoid of specialist herbivores and would thus be experiencing enemy escape in the adventive range. The herbivore assemblages were determined from both field surveys and a literature review. The assumptions of the ERH were for the most part not met; 13 herbivores were found on A. donax compared with 17 on P. australis and 20 on P. mauritianus. Arundo donax had two specialist herbivores from its native range, and shared native herbivores with Phragmites spp. Although A. donax had reduced species richness and diversity compared with that found in the native distribution, it has partially re-acquired a herbivore assemblage which is similar to that found on analogous native species. This suggests that enemy release may not fully explain the invasive success of A. donax in South Africa.}, }
@article {pmid30114232, year = {2018}, author = {Ojaveer, H and Galil, BS and Carlton, JT and Alleway, H and Goulletquer, P and Lehtiniemi, M and Marchini, A and Miller, W and Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A and Peharda, M and Ruiz, GM and Williams, SL and Zaiko, A}, title = {Historical baselines in marine bioinvasions: Implications for policy and management.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {e0202383}, pmid = {30114232}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; Environmental Monitoring/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods ; Fisheries/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; *Introduced Species/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Marine Biology/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; Oceans and Seas ; Public Health ; Ships/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; }, abstract = {The human-mediated introduction of marine non-indigenous species is a centuries- if not millennia-old phenomenon, but was only recently acknowledged as a potent driver of change in the sea. We provide a synopsis of key historical milestones for marine bioinvasions, including timelines of (a) discovery and understanding of the invasion process, focusing on transfer mechanisms and outcomes, (b) methodologies used for detection and monitoring, (c) approaches to ecological impacts research, and (d) management and policy responses. Early (until the mid-1900s) marine bioinvasions were given little attention, and in a number of cases actively and routinely facilitated. Beginning in the second half of the 20th century, several conspicuous non-indigenous species outbreaks with strong environmental, economic, and public health impacts raised widespread concerns and initiated shifts in public and scientific perceptions. These high-profile invasions led to policy documents and strategies to reduce the introduction and spread of non-indigenous species, although with significant time lags and limited success and focused on only a subset of transfer mechanisms. Integrated, multi-vector management within an ecosystem-based marine management context is urgently needed to address the complex interactions of natural and human pressures that drive invasions in marine ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid30111864, year = {2018}, author = {O'Dea, A and De Gracia, B and Figuerola, B and Jagadeeshan, S}, title = {Young species of cupuladriid bryozoans occupied new Caribbean habitats faster than old species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {12168}, pmid = {30111864}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Bryozoa/*metabolism ; Caribbean Region ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Panama ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The breadth of habitat occupied by a species, and the rate at which a species can expand into new habitats has important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Here we explore when extant species of free-living cupuladriid bryozoans expanded into new benthic Caribbean habitats that emerged during the final stages of formation of the Isthmus of Panama. Habitat breadth was estimated using the abundances of over 90,000 colonies in ten cupuladriid species, along with the ecological and sedimentary characteristics of the samples in which they occurred. Data reveal that all species expanded their habitat breadths during the last 6 Myr, but did so at a different tempo. 'Young' species - those that originated after 5 Ma - expanded relatively quickly, whereas 'old' species - those that originated before 9 Ma - took a further 2 Myr to achieve a comparable level of expansion. We propose that, like invasive species, young species are less restrained when expanding their habitat breadths compared to older well-established species. Understanding the mechanism causing this restraint requires further research.}, }
@article {pmid30110360, year = {2018}, author = {Johnston, CA and Wilson Rankin, EE and Gruner, DS}, title = {Foraging connections: Patterns of prey use linked to invasive predator diel movement.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {e0201883}, pmid = {30110360}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Amphipoda/metabolism ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Ants/metabolism ; Anura/metabolism ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; *Diet ; Feeding Behavior ; Food Chain ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Photoperiod ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Invasive predators can profoundly impact native communities, especially in insular ecosystems where functionally equivalent predators were evolutionarily absent. Beyond direct consumption, predators can affect communities indirectly by creating or altering food web linkages among existing species. Where invasive predators consume prey from multiple distinct resource channels, novel links may couple the dynamics of disjunct modules and create indirect interactions between them. Our study focuses on invasive populations of Eleutherodactylus coqui (Anura: Leptodactylidae) on Hawaii Island. Coqui actively forage in the understory and lower canopy at night but return to the forest floor and belowground retreats by day. Recent dietary studies using gut contents and naturally occurring stable isotopes indicate higher than expected consumption of litter arthropods, which in these Hawaiian forests are primarily non-native species. We used laboratory studies to observe diurnal and nocturnal foraging behavior, and experimental field additions of C4 vegetation as a litter tracer to distinguish epigaeic sources from food web pools in the C3 canopy. Lab trials revealed that prey consumption during diurnal foraging was half that consumed during nocturnal foraging. Analysis of δ13C isotopes showed incorporation of C4 carbon into litter arthropods within one month, and Bayesian mixing models estimated that 15-25% of the carbon in coqui tissue was derived from litter sources. These results support recent findings that E. coqui are not quiescent diurnally but instead actively forage. Such activity by a mobile invasive predator may introduce a novel linkage that integrates detrital and foliar resource pools, potentially distributing influences of invasive litter arthropods through the broader system to amplify impacts on native species.}, }
@article {pmid30110359, year = {2018}, author = {Moir, ML and Renton, M and Hoffmann, BD and Leng, MC and Lach, L}, title = {Development and testing of a standardized method to estimate honeydew production.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {e0201845}, pmid = {30110359}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; North America ; Species Specificity ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Honeydew production by Hemiptera is an ecologically important process that facilitates mutualisms and increases nutrient cycling. Accurate estimates of the amount of honeydew available in a system are essential for quantifying food web dynamics, energy flow, and the potential growth of sooty mould that inhibits plant growth. Despite the importance of honeydew, there is no standardized method to estimate its production when intensive laboratory testing is not feasible. We developed two new models to predict honeydew production, one based on insect body mass and taxonomic family, and one based on body mass and life stage. We tested the accuracy of both models' predictions for a diverse range of honeydew-producing hemipteran families (Aphididae, Pseudococcidae, Coccidae, Psyllidae, Aleyrodidae, Delphacidae, Cicadellidae). The method based on body mass and family provided more accurate estimates of honeydew production, due to large variation in honeydew production among families. We apply our methodology to a case study, the recalculation of honeydew available to invasive red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) in the United States. We find that the amount of honeydew may be an order of magnitude lower than that previously estimated (2.16 versus 21.6 grams of honeydew per day) and discuss possible reasons for the difference. We anticipate that being able to estimate honeydew production based on minimal biological information will have applications to agriculture, invasion biology, forestry, and carbon farming.}, }
@article {pmid30108623, year = {2018}, author = {Lettoof, DC and Lyons, JA and Shine, R and Maniel, G and Mayer, M and Natusch, DJD}, title = {Cane toads beneath bird rookeries: utilization of a natural disturbance by an invasive species.}, journal = {Current zoology}, volume = {64}, number = {4}, pages = {433-439}, pmid = {30108623}, issn = {1674-5507}, abstract = {Many invasive species exploit anthropogenically disturbed habitats, but most of those taxa evolved long before humans. Presumably, then, an ability to use natural (non-anthropogenic) disturbances pre-adapted invaders to a world later degraded by people. Studies on invasive species in naturally disturbed habitats thus can clarify the ancestral niche of invaders. In the Australian tropics, metallic starlings Aplonis metallica nest communally in emergent rainforest trees during the wet-season, and invasive cane toads Rhinella marina join other predators (mammals, birds, reptiles, and other anurans) to exploit the food resources beneath those trees. Compared to conspecifics found along nearby roads through the forest, cane toads beneath bird-nesting trees occur at higher densities, and are smaller in body size. The sex ratio is female-biased, and recapture records suggest that females may be philopatric at these sites (whereas recaptures were rare for both sexes found along the roads). Some toads were found under the same trees in successive wet-seasons. Spooling showed that distances moved per night were similar along the road versus under the trees, but toads under trees showed lower net displacements. Diets also differed (based upon scat analysis), with tree toads feeding more on beetles and less on ants. These nutrient-rich hotspots are exploited primarily by adult females and juvenile toads, whereas adult males congregate at breeding sites. By magnifying pre-existing intraspecific divergences in habitat use, bird rookeries may enhance population viability of cane toads by enabling critical age and sex classes to exploit food-rich patches that are rarely used by adult males.}, }
@article {pmid30108429, year = {2018}, author = {Taylor, PJ and Neef, G and Keith, M and Weier, S and Monadjem, A and Parker, DM}, title = {Tapping into technology and the biodiversity informatics revolution: updated terrestrial mammal list of Angola, with new records from the Okavango Basin.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {779}, pages = {51-88}, pmid = {30108429}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Using various sources, including the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), published literature, recent (2015-2017) collections, as well as bat detector and camera trap surveys with opportunistic sightings and live capture in the upper Okavango catchment in central Angola, we present an updated mammal checklist of 275 species from 15 different orders for Angola (including the Cabinda region). Recent surveys (captures and bat detectors) of small mammals from the upper Okavango catchment yielded 46 species (33 species of bats, ten species of rodents and three species of shrews). One bat (Pipistrellusrusticus, rusty pipistrelle); two rodents (Mussetzeri, Setzer's mouse and Zelotomyswoosnami, Woosnam's broad-faced mouse) and one shrew (Suncusvarilla, lesser dwarf shrew) were captured for the first time, in Angola. While our species lists of bats conformed to predicted totals, terrestrial small mammals were under sampled, with only 13 species recorded by our trapping survey compared to a total of 42 shrew and rodent species expected based on GBIF records for the central Angolan highlands. Seven terrestrial small mammal species (one shrew and six rodents) are endemic to the central and western Angolan highlands but none of these were captured in our survey. The bat detector surveys added three further bat species to the country list: Pipistrellushesperidus, Kerivoulaargentata, and Mopsmidas. Camera trap surveys and opportunistic sightings in the upper Okavango catchment in 2016 yielded a total of 35 species of medium-large mammals, from 17 families, although all of these had been reported previously in Angola. GBIF proved to be an excellent source of biodiversity data for Angolan mammals, most importantly for documenting dramatic historical range changes of larger mammals such as the sable (Hippotragusnigerniger), Kirk's sable (H.nigerkirkii) and the giant sable (H.nigervariani).}, }
@article {pmid30108320, year = {2018}, author = {Baker, AM and Potter, DA}, title = {Japanese beetles' feeding on milkweed flowers may compromise efforts to restore monarch butterfly habitat.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {12139}, pmid = {30108320}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {2016-51181-235399//U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)/International ; 2015-34383-23710//USDA | National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)/International ; }, mesh = {Animal Migration/physiology ; Animals ; Asclepias/*parasitology/physiology ; Butterflies/*physiology ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Endangered Species ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*methods ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Female ; Flowers ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; North America ; Pollination ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The eastern North American migratory population of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) is in serious decline. Habitat restoration, including adding millions of host plants to compensate for loss of milkweed in US cropland, is a key part of the international conservation strategy to return this iconic butterfly to sustainable status. We report here that Popillia japonica, a polyphagous, invasive beetle, aggregates and feeds on flowers of Asclepias syriaca, the monarch's most important larval food plant, reducing fruiting and seed set by >90% and extensively damaging milkweed umbels in the field. The beetle's ongoing incursion into the monarch's key breeding grounds in the US Midwest is likely to limit pollination and outcrossing of wild and planted milkweeds, reducing their capacity to colonize new areas via seeds. Popillia japonica represents a previously undocumented threat to milkweeds that should be considered in models for monarch habitat restoration.}, }
@article {pmid30108295, year = {2018}, author = {Liebhold, AM and Yamanaka, T and Roques, A and Augustin, S and Chown, SL and Brockerhoff, EG and Pyšek, P}, title = {Plant diversity drives global patterns of insect invasions.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {12095}, pmid = {30108295}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Datasets as Topic ; Geography ; Insecta/*physiology ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Biological ; *Plants ; Population Dynamics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {During the last two centuries, thousands of insect species have been transported (largely inadvertently) and established outside of their native ranges worldwide, some with catastrophic ecological and economic impacts. Global variation in numbers of invading species depends on geographic variation in propagule pressure and heterogeneity of environmental resistance to invasions. Elton's diversity-invasibility hypothesis, proposed over sixty years ago, has been widely explored for plants but little is known on how biodiversity affects insect invasions. Here we use species inventories from 44 land areas, ranging from small oceanic islands to entire continents in various world regions, to show that numbers of established insect species are primarily driven by diversity of plants, with both native and non-native plant species richness being the strongest predictor of insect invasions. We find that at large spatial scales, plant diversity directly explains variation in non-native insect species richness among world regions, while geographic factors such as land area, climate and insularity largely affect insect invasions indirectly via their effects on local plant richness.}, }
@article {pmid30108256, year = {2018}, author = {Stefanni, S and Stanković, D and Borme, D and de Olazabal, A and Juretić, T and Pallavicini, A and Tirelli, V}, title = {Multi-marker metabarcoding approach to study mesozooplankton at basin scale.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {12085}, pmid = {30108256}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/*methods ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods ; Introduced Species ; Marine Biology/methods ; Metagenome/genetics ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Oceans and Seas ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; Zooplankton/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Zooplankton plays a pivotal role in marine ecosystems and the characterisation of its biodiversity still represents a challenge for marine ecologists. In this study, mesozooplankton composition from 46 samples collected in summer along the western Adriatic Sea, was retrieved by DNA metabarcoding analysis. For the first time, the highly variable fragments of the mtDNA COI and the V9 region of 18S rRNA genes were used in a combined matrix to compile an inventory of mesozooplankton at basin scale. The number of sequences retrieved after quality filtering were 824,148 and 223,273 for COI and 18S (V9), respectively. The taxonomical assignment against reference sequences, using 95% (for COI) and 97% (for 18S) similarity thresholds, recovered 234 taxa. NMDS plots and cluster analysis divided coastal from offshore samples and the most representative species of these clusters were distributed according to the dominant surface current pattern of the Adriatic for the summer period. For selected sampling sites, mesozooplankton species were also identified under a stereo microscope providing insights on the strength and weakness of the two approaches. In addition, DNA metabarcoding was shown to be helpful for the monitoring of non-indigenous marine metazoans and spawning areas of commercial fish species. We defined pros and cons of applying this approach at basin scale and the benefits of combining the datasets from two genetic markers.}, }
@article {pmid30107859, year = {2018}, author = {Xia, D and Guo, X and Hu, T and Li, L and Teng, PY and Yin, QQ and Luo, L and Xie, T and Wei, YH and Yang, Q and Li, SK and Wang, YJ and Xie, Y and Li, YJ and Wang, CM and Yang, ZC and Chen, XG and Zhou, XH}, title = {Photoperiodic diapause in a subtropical population of Aedes albopictus in Guangzhou, China: optimized field-laboratory-based study and statistical models for comprehensive characterization.}, journal = {Infectious diseases of poverty}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {89}, pmid = {30107859}, issn = {2049-9957}, support = {2016YFC1200500//National Key Reasearch and Development Program of China/ ; 201508020263//the Guangzhou Synergy Innovation Key Program for Health/ ; 2016A020251001//the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province of China/ ; 2012J5100026//the Guangzhou International Science and Technology Cooperation Program/ ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Aedes/*physiology/virology ; Animals ; China/epidemiology ; Dengue/epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Dengue Virus/pathogenicity ; Diapause/physiology ; Female ; Male ; *Models, Statistical ; Mosquito Vectors/*physiology/virology ; Photoperiod ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Zygote/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes albopictus is among the 100 most invasive species worldwide and poses a major risk to public health. Photoperiodic diapause provides a crucial ecological basis for the adaptation of this species to adverse environments. Ae. albopictus is the vital vector transmitting dengue virus in Guangzhou, but its diapause activities herein remain obscure.<br><br>METHODS: In the laboratory, yeast powder and food slurry were compared for a proper diapause determination method, and the critical photoperiod (CPP) was tested at illumination times of 11, 11.5, 12, 12.5, 13, and 13.5&#xa0;h. A 4-parameter logistic (4PL) regression model was selected to estimate the CPP. In the field, the seasonal dynamics of the Ae. albopictus population, egg diapause, and hatching of overwintering eggs were investigated monthly, weekly, and daily, respectively. A distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used to assess the associations of diapause with meteorological factors.<br><br>RESULTS: In the laboratory, both the wild population and the Foshan strain of Ae. albopictus were induced to diapause at an incidence greater than 80%, and no significant difference (P&#x2009;>&#x2009;0.1) was observed between the two methods for identifying diapause. The CPP of this population was estimated to be 12.312&#xa0;h of light. In the field, all of the indexes of the wild population were at the lowest levels from December to February, and the Route Index was the first to increase in March. Diapause incidence displayed pronounced seasonal dynamics. It was estimated that the day lengths of 12.111&#xa0;h at week2016, 43 and 12.373&#xa0;h at week2017, 41 contributed to diapause in 50% of the eggs. Day length was estimated to be the main meteorological factor related to diapause.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Photoperiodic diapause of Ae. albopictus in Guangzhou of China was confirmed and comprehensively elucidated in both the laboratory and the field. Diapause eggs are the main form for overwintering and begin to hatch in large quantities in March in Guangzhou. Furthermore, this study also established an optimized investigation system and statistical models for the study of Ae. albopictus diapause. These findings will contribute to the prevention and control of Ae. albopictus and mosquito-borne diseases.}, }
@article {pmid30107827, year = {2018}, author = {Fernando, GKAW and Jayakody, S and Wijenayake, WMHK and Galappaththy, GNL and Yatawara, M and Harishchandra, J}, title = {A comparison of the larvivorous habits of exotic Poecilia reticulata and native Aplocheilus parvus.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {25}, pmid = {30107827}, issn = {1472-6785}, support = {001/WHO_/World Health Organization/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cyprinodontiformes/*physiology ; Diet ; *Ecosystem ; *Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Poecilia/physiology ; Sri Lanka ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The exotic fish Poecilia reticulata is promoted in the tropics as a biological control agent for aquatic pathogenic carriers, such as mosquitoes. Such control measures are often adopted blindly, ignoring the potential of native species and the adverse effects of introduced species. The present study was conducted to assess the diet composition of two species of fish, the native Aplocheilus parvus and exotic P. reticulata, and to assess the availability of food items in their natural environment in four types of aquatic systems. Diet composition was estimated using 24 h gut contents analysis, in a clay quarry pit and a perennial reservoir for A. parvus, and in a man-made canal and a second-order natural stream for P. reticulata. Food items in these environments were quantified by analyzing water samples collected every 2 h.<br><br>RESULTS: The diet of A. parvus in the clay quarry pit and reservoir consisted of adult or larval stages of Insecta, Maxillopoda and Malacostraca. In both habitats, A. parvus selectively fed on insect parts and insect larvae. The diet of P. reticulata consisted of filamentous algae, diatoms and detritus. The diet of A. parvus showed active selection of insectivore food items against their low availability. In contrast, the diet of P. reticulata showed consumption of food items in accordance with their availability in the environment. The highest mean number of food items in the gut for A. parvus was recorded around mid-day in the clay quarry pit, but no peak feeding time was identified in the perennial reservoir. For P. reticulata, peak feeding was recorded around mid-day in both the habitats.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Irrespective of the type of environment and rate of occurrence, A. parvus preferred insect and insect larvae, whereas P. reticulata consumed the most readily available food items. The active selection of insects by A. parvus suggests they may have value as a biological control agent.}, }
@article {pmid30107526, year = {2018}, author = {Liu, C and Zhang, Y and Ren, Y and Wang, H and Li, S and Jiang, F and Yin, L and Qiao, X and Zhang, G and Qian, W and Liu, B and Fan, W}, title = {The genome of the golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata provides insight into stress tolerance and invasive adaptation.}, journal = {GigaScience}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {30107526}, issn = {2047-217X}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*genetics ; Animals ; *Genome ; *Introduced Species ; Snails/*genetics ; Stress, Physiological/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) is a freshwater snail listed among the top 100 worst invasive species worldwide and a noted agricultural and quarantine pest that causes great economic losses. It is characterized by fast growth, strong stress tolerance, a high reproduction rate, and adaptation to a broad range of environments.<br><br>RESULTS: Here, we used long-read sequencing to produce a 440-Mb high-quality, chromosome-level assembly of the P. canaliculata genome. In total, 50 Mb (11.4%) repeat sequences and 21,533 gene models were identified in the genome. The major findings of this study include the recent explosion of DNA/hAT-Charlie transposable elements, the expansion of the P450 gene family, and the constitution of the cellular homeostasis system, which contributes to ecological plasticity in stress adaptation. In addition, the high transcriptional levels of perivitelline genes in the ovary and albumen gland promote the function of nutrient supply and defense ability in eggs. Furthermore, the gut metagenome also contains diverse genes for food digestion and xenobiotic degradation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings collectively provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of the ecological plasticity and high invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid30105041, year = {2018}, author = {Hietala, AM and Børja, I and Solheim, H and Nagy, NE and Timmermann, V}, title = {Propagule Pressure Build-Up by the Invasive Hymenoscyphus fraxineus Following Its Introduction to an Ash Forest Inhabited by the Native Hymenoscyphus albidus.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {1087}, pmid = {30105041}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Dieback of European ash, caused by the ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus originating from Asia, has rapidly spread across Europe, and is threatening this keystone tree at a continental scale. High propagule pressure is characteristic to invasive species. Consistently, the enormous production of windborne ascospores by H. fraxineus in an ash forest with epidemic level of disease obviously facilitates its invasiveness and long distance spread. To understand the rate of build-up of propagule pressure by this pathogen following its local introduction, during 2011-2017 we monitored its sporulation at a newly infested ash stand in south-western Norway characterized with mild winters and cool summers. We also monitored the propagule pressure by Hymenoscyphus albidus, a non-pathogenic native species that competes for the same sporulation niche with H. fraxineus. During the monitoring period, crown condition of ash trees had impaired, and 20% of the dominant trees were severely damaged in 2017. H. fraxineus showed an exponential increase in spore production between 2012 and 2015, followed by drastic decline in 2016 and 2017. During 2011-2013, the two Hymenoscyphus species showed similar sporulation level, but thereafter spores of H. albidus were no longer detected. The data suggest that following local introduction, the population of H. fraxineus reaches rapidly an exponential growth stage if the local weather conditions are favorable for ascomata maturation across years. In the North Atlantic climate, summer temperatures critically influence the pathogen infection pressure, warm summers allowing the population to grow according to its biotic potential, whereas cold summers can cause a drastic decline in propagule pressure.}, }
@article {pmid30103413, year = {2018}, author = {Lemos, RPM and Matielo, CBD and Beise, DC and da Rosa, VG and Sarzi, DS and Roesch, LFW and Stefenon, VM}, title = {Characterization of Plastidial and Nuclear SSR Markers for Understanding Invasion Histories and Genetic Diversity of Schinus molle L.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {30103413}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {Invasive plant species are expected to display high dispersal capacity but low levels of genetic diversity due to the founder effect occurring at each invasion episode. Understanding the history of invasions and the levels of genetic diversity of such species is an important task for planning management and monitoring strategy for these events. Peruvian Peppertree (Schinus molle L.) is a pioneer tree species native from South America which was introduced in North America, Europe and Africa, becoming a threat to these non-native habitats. In this study, we report the discovery and characterization of 17 plastidial (ptSSR) and seven nuclear (nSSR) markers for S. molle based on low-coverage whole-genome sequencing data acquired through next-generation sequencing. The markers were tested in 56 individuals from two natural populations sampled in the Brazilian Caatinga and Pampa biomes. All loci are moderately to highly polymorphic and revealed to be suitable for genetic monitoring of new invasions, for understanding the history of old invasions, as well as for genetic studies of native populations in their natural occurrence range and of orchards established with commercial purposes.}, }
@article {pmid30102718, year = {2018}, author = {Knuesting, J and Brinkmann, MC and Silva, B and Schorsch, M and Bendix, J and Beck, E and Scheibe, R}, title = {Who will win where and why? An ecophysiological dissection of the competition between a tropical pasture grass and the invasive weed Bracken over an elevation range of 1000 m in the tropical Andes.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {e0202255}, pmid = {30102718}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Altitude ; Biomass ; Coumaric Acids ; Ecuador ; *Introduced Species ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Weeds ; Pteridium/chemistry/*growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; Setaria Plant/chemistry/*growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; Temperature ; Tyramine/analogs &amp; derivatives ; Ultraviolet Rays ; }, abstract = {In tropical agriculture, the vigorously growing Bracken fern causes severe problems by invading pastures and out-competing the common pasture grasses. Due to infestation by that weed, pastures are abandoned after a few years, and as a fatal consequence, the biodiversity-rich tropical forest is progressively cleared for new grazing areas. Here we present a broad physiological comparison of the two plant species that are the main competitors on the pastures in the tropical Ecuadorian Andes, the planted forage grass Setaria sphacelata and the weed Bracken (Pteridium arachnoideum). With increasing elevation, the competitive power of Bracken increases as shown by satellite data of the study region. Using data obtained from field measurements, the annual biomass production of both plant species, as a measure of their competitive strength, was modeled over an elevational gradient from 1800 to 2800 m. The model shows that with increasing elevation, biomass production of the two species shifts in favor of Bracken which, above 1800 m, is capable of outgrowing the grass. In greenhouse experiments, the effects on plant growth of the presumed key variables of the elevational gradient, temperature and UV radiation, were separately analyzed. Low temperature, as well as UV irradiation, inhibited carbon uptake of the C4-grass more than that of the C3-plant Bracken. The less temperature-sensitive photosynthesis of Bracken and its effective protection from UV radiation contribute to the success of the weed on the highland pastures. In field samples of Bracken but not of Setaria, the content of flavonoids as UV-scavengers increased with the elevation. Combining modeling with measurements in greenhouse and field allowed to explain the invasive growth of a common weed in upland pastures. The performance of Setaria decreases with elevation due to suboptimal photosynthesis at lower temperatures and the inability to adapt its cellular UV screen.}, }
@article {pmid30102286, year = {2018}, author = {Cohnstaedt, LW and Disberger, JC and Paulsen, E and Duehl, AJ}, title = {Key Elements of Photo Attraction Bioassay for Insect Studies or Monitoring Programs.}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {137}, pages = {}, pmid = {30102286}, issn = {1940-087X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Assay/*methods ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insecta ; }, abstract = {Optimized visual attractants will increase insect trapping efficiency by using the target insect's innate behaviors (positive photo-taxis) as a means to lure the insect into a population control or monitoring trap. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) have created customizable lighting options with specific wavelengths (colors), intensities, and bandwidths, all of which can be customized to the target insects. Photo-attraction behavioral bioassays can use LEDs to optimize the attractive color(s) for an insect species down to specific life history stages or behaviors (mating, feeding, or seeking shelter). Researchers must then confirm the bioassay results in the field and understand the limited attractive distance of the visual attractants. The cloverleaf bioassay arena is a flexible method to assess photo attraction while also assessing a range of natural insect behaviors such as escape and feeding responses. The arena can be used for terrestrial or aerial insect experiments, as well as diurnal, and nocturnal insects. Data collection techniques with the arena are videotaping, counting contact with the lights, or physically collecting the insects as they are attracted towards the lights. The assay accounts for insects that make no-choice and the arenas can be single (noncompetitive) color or multiple (competitive) colors. The cloverleaf design causes insects with strong thigmotaxis to return to the center of the arena where they can view all the options in a competitive LED tests. The cloverleaf arena presented here has been used with mosquitoes, bed bugs, Hessian fly, house flies, biting midges, red flour beetles, and psocids. Bioassays are used to develop accurate and effective insect traps to guide the development and optimization of insect traps used to monitor pest population fluctuations for disease vector risk assessments, the introduction of invasive species, and/or be used for population suppression.}, }
@article {pmid30101298, year = {2018}, author = {Edwards, RJ and Tuipulotu, DE and Amos, TG and O'Meally, D and Richardson, MF and Russell, TL and Vallinoto, M and Carneiro, M and Ferrand, N and Wilkins, MR and Sequeira, F and Rollins, LA and Holmes, EC and Shine, R and White, PA}, title = {Draft genome assembly of the invasive cane toad, Rhinella marina.}, journal = {GigaScience}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {30101298}, issn = {2047-217X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufonidae/*genetics ; *Genome ; *Introduced Species ; *Molecular Sequence Annotation ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The cane toad (Rhinella marina formerly Bufo marinus) is a species native to Central and South America that has spread across many regions of the globe. Cane toads are known for their rapid adaptation and deleterious impacts on native fauna in invaded regions. However, despite an iconic status, there are major gaps in our understanding of cane toad genetics. The availability of a genome would help to close these gaps and accelerate cane toad research.<br><br>FINDINGS: We report a draft genome assembly for R. marina, the first of its kind for the Bufonidae family. We used a combination of long-read Pacific Biosciences RS II and short-read Illumina HiSeq X sequencing to generate 359.5 Gb of raw sequence data. The final hybrid assembly of 31,392 scaffolds was 2.55 Gb in length with a scaffold N50 of 168 kb. BUSCO analysis revealed that the assembly included full length or partial fragments of 90.6% of tetrapod universal single-copy orthologs (n = 3950), illustrating that the gene-containing regions have been well assembled. Annotation predicted 25,846 protein coding genes with similarity to known proteins in Swiss-Prot. Repeat sequences were estimated to account for 63.9% of the assembly.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The R. marina draft genome assembly will be an invaluable resource that can be used to further probe the biology of this invasive species. Future analysis of the genome will provide insights into cane toad evolution and enrich our understanding of their interplay with the ecosystem at large.}, }
@article {pmid30097317, year = {2018}, author = {Chen, K and Wu, M and Zhang, Y and Zhang, F and Wang, H and Liang, J and Yan, P and Li, E and Yao, L and Xu, J and Wu, X}, title = {Two introduced crocodile species had changed reproductive characteristics in China.}, journal = {Animal reproduction science}, volume = {196}, number = {}, pages = {150-159}, doi = {10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.07.008}, pmid = {30097317}, issn = {1873-2232}, mesh = {Alligators and Crocodiles/*physiology ; Animals ; China ; *Introduced Species ; Ovum ; Reproduction/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to study the reproductive characteristics of the Nile crocodile and Siamese crocodiles after introduction into China since the time this occurred near the end of the last century. The data for the eggs and young crocodiles (recently hatched crocodiles) of two introduced species were collected at a Sanya crocodile breeding farm in Hainan. The characteristic variables of crocodile eggs were statistically analyzed, and the results indicated that: egg mass of the Nile and Siamese crocodile was significantly correlated with the egg length and width. Regression analyses were used to develop the linear equation between the egg length, egg width and egg mass. There was a strong positive correlation between the egg mass and initial weight of young crocodiles. The linear equation for assessing egg mass and initial weight of young crocodile was developed for regression analyses. There was no significant linear relationship between clutch size and egg characteristics. Mating time of the Nile crocodile in Hainan (November-April) and the spawning season (March-May) are significantly earlier than in the Zimbabwe region of origin. The average of clutch size and the mean size of eggs for Nile crocodiles in their native habitat is greater than the introduced region as indicated by analyzing data using a two-sample t-test. The Siamese crocodile spawning time was similar in the Hainan and Zimbabwe regions, but the size of clutches and the mean size of eggs in the introduced region were greater than in their native region as indicated by results using a two-sample t-test.}, }
@article {pmid30097257, year = {2019}, author = {Borah, AJ and Agarwal, M and Goyal, A and Moholkar, VS}, title = {Physical insights of ultrasound-assisted ethanol production from composite feedstock of invasive weeds.}, journal = {Ultrasonics sonochemistry}, volume = {51}, number = {}, pages = {378-385}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.07.046}, pmid = {30097257}, issn = {1873-2828}, mesh = {Biomass ; Ethanol/*metabolism ; Fermentation ; Hexoses/metabolism ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hydrolysis ; *Introduced Species ; Pentoses/metabolism ; *Physical Phenomena ; Plant Weeds/*chemistry ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism ; *Ultrasonic Waves ; }, abstract = {Invasive weeds ubiquitously found in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems form potential feedstock for lignocellulosic ethanol production. The present study has reported a bioprocess for production of ethanol using mixed feedstock of 8 invasive weeds found in India. The feedstock was subjected to pretreatment comprising dilute acid hydrolysis (for hydrolysis of hemicellulosic fraction), alkaline delignification and enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic fraction. Pentose-rich and hexose-rich hydrolyzates obtained from pretreatment were fermented separately using microbial cultures of S. cerevisiae and C. shehatae. Fermentation mixture was sonicated at 35 kHz at 10% duty cycle. The time profiles of total reducing sugars, ethanol and biomass was fitted to a kinetic model using Genetic Algorithm. Sonication boosted the kinetics of fermentation 2-fold. The net bioethanol yield of the process was ∼220 g/kg raw biomass (with contributions of 86.8 and 133 g/kg raw biomass from pentose and hexose fermentations, respectively). Comparative evaluation of parameters of kinetic model under control and test conditions revealed several beneficial influences of sonication on both pentose and hexose fermentation systems such as faster transport of nutrients, substrate and products across cell membrane, rise in Monod saturation constant for substrate with concurrent reduction in substrate inhibition, and reduction of energy requirements for cell maintenance. Flow cytometry analysis of native and ultrasound-treated cells revealed no adverse influence of sonication on cell viability.}, }
@article {pmid30093592, year = {2018}, author = {Hulme, PE}, title = {Protected land: Threat of invasive species.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {361}, number = {6402}, pages = {561-562}, doi = {10.1126/science.aau3784}, pmid = {30093592}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid30093236, year = {2018}, author = {Navarro-Barranco, C and Florido, M and Ros, M and González-Romero, P and Guerra-García, JM}, title = {Impoverished mobile epifaunal assemblages associated with the invasive macroalga Asparagopsis taxiformis in the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {141}, number = {}, pages = {44-52}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.07.016}, pmid = {30093236}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Population Dynamics ; *Rhodophyta ; *Seaweed ; }, abstract = {There is an increasing concern about the ecosystem consequences of altering macroalgal assemblages. Many macrophytes are foundation species in coastal habitats, supporting much of the biodiversity of these ecosystems by providing essential resources such as food and habitat. The addition of invasive species strongly contributes to habitat modification, but the bottom-up impacts of non-native macroalgae on higher trophic levels remains difficult to predict. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the invasive macroalga Asparagopsis taxiformis on biodiversity by comparing the mobile macrofauna inhabiting this species to the dominant native species Halopteris scoparia. This is the first comprehensive study of the possible effects of this widespread invasive species on higher trophic levels. A hierarchical sampling design with two different spatial scales was conducted to explore the consistency of the patterns observed. Fifty-nine species belonging to superorder Peracarida were found, accounting 90% of all organisms. A. taxiformis hosted an impoverished epifaunal assemblage in comparison to that associated with the native seaweed, showing significantly lower values of diversity, abundance and number of epifaunal species across study locations. The structure of the associated macrofauna (both in terms of species composition, variability among samples and relative abundance of the species) was also different. Our results highlighted the strong influence of A. taxiformis in the resident community, with differences among the two macroalgae in all the parameters considered. Finally, our results also reflect a biotic homogenization of the epifaunal assemblages associated to A. taxiformis, a scarcely explored consequence of invasive processes in marine environments. Future studies exploring the cascading effects of the observed changes in the epifaunal assemblages would be necessary in order to estimate system responses to macroalgal invasions.}, }
@article {pmid30092038, year = {2018}, author = {Burford, BP and Lee, G and Friedman, DA and Brachmann, E and Khan, R and MacArthur-Waltz, DJ and McCarty, AD and Gordon, DM}, title = {Foraging behavior and locomotion of the invasive Argentine ant from winter aggregations.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {e0202117}, pmid = {30092038}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Appetitive Behavior ; California ; Ecosystem ; *Feeding Behavior ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; *Locomotion ; Movement ; Population Dynamics ; Rain ; *Seasons ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The collective behavior of ant colonies, and locomotion of individuals within a colony, both respond to changing conditions. The invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) thrives in Mediterranean climates with hot, dry summers and colder, wet winters. However, its foraging behavior and locomotion has rarely been studied in the winter. We examined how the foraging behavior of three distinct L. humile colonies was related to environmental conditions and the locomotion of workers during winter in northern California. We found that colonies foraged most between 10 and 15°C, regardless of the maximum daily temperature. Worker walking speed was positively associated with temperature (range 6-24°C) and negatively associated with humidity (range 25-93%RH). All colonies foraged during all day and night hours in a predictable daily cycle, with a correlation between the rate of incoming and outgoing foragers. Foraging activity was unrelated to the activity of a competing native ant species, Prenolepis imparis, which was present in low abundance, and ceased only during heavy rain when ants left foraging trails and aggregated in small sheltered areas on trees.}, }
@article {pmid30088687, year = {2018}, author = {Horwood, PF and McBryde, ES and Peniyamina, D and Ritchie, SA}, title = {The Indo-Papuan conduit: a biosecurity challenge for Northern Australia.}, journal = {Australian and New Zealand journal of public health}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, pages = {434-436}, doi = {10.1111/1753-6405.12808}, pmid = {30088687}, issn = {1753-6405}, mesh = {Australia ; Humans ; Indonesia ; *Introduced Species ; Pandemics/*prevention &amp; control/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Papua New Guinea ; }, }
@article {pmid30088085, year = {2018}, author = {Searle, CL and Hochstedler, BR and Merrick, AM and Ilmain, JK and Wigren, MA}, title = {High resources and infectious disease facilitate invasion by a freshwater crustacean.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {188}, number = {2}, pages = {571-581}, pmid = {30088085}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Daphnia ; Fresh Water ; *Parasites ; Population Density ; *Zooplankton ; }, abstract = {It is well-established that both resources and infectious disease can influence species invasions, but little is known regarding interactive effects of these two factors. We performed a series of experiments to understand how resources and parasites can jointly affect the ability of a freshwater invasive zooplankton to establish in a population of a native zooplankton. In a life history trial, we found that both species increased offspring production to the same degree as algal resources increased, suggesting that changes in resources would have similar effects on both species. In a microcosm experiment simulating an invasion, we found that the invasive species reached its highest densities when there was a combination of both high resources and the presence of a shared parasite, but not for each of these conditions alone (i.e., a significant resource x parasite interaction). This result can be explained by changes in native host population density; high resource levels initially led to an increase in the density of the native host, which caused larger epidemics when the parasite was present. This high infection prevalence caused a subsequent reduction in native host density, increasing available resources and allowing the invasive species to establish relatively dense populations. Thus, in this system, native communities with a combination of high resource levels and parasitism may be the most vulnerable to invasions. More generally, our results suggest that parasitism and resource availability can have interactive, non-additive effects on the outcome of invasions.}, }
@article {pmid30087693, year = {2018}, author = {Sales, NG and Mariani, S and Salvador, GN and Pessali, TC and Carvalho, DC}, title = {Hidden Diversity Hampers Conservation Efforts in a Highly Impacted Neotropical River System.}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {271}, pmid = {30087693}, issn = {1664-8021}, abstract = {Neotropical Rivers host a highly diverse ichthyofauna, but taxonomic uncertainty prevents appropriate conservation measures. The Doce River Basin (DRB), lying within two Brazilian threatened hotspots (Atlantic Forest and Brazilian Savanna) in south-east Brazil, faced the worst ever environmental accident reported for South American catchments, due to a dam collapse that spread toxic mining tailings along the course of its main river. Its ichthyofauna was known to comprise 71 native freshwater fish species, of which 13 endemic. Here, we build a DNA barcode library for the DRB ichthyofauna, using samples obtained before the 2015 mining disaster, in order to provide a more robust biodiversity record for this basin, as a baseline for future management actions. Throughout the whole DRB, we obtained a total of 306 barcodes, assigned to 69 putative species (with a mean of 4.54 barcodes per species), belonging to 45 genera, 18 families, and 5 orders. Average genetic distances within species, genus, and families were 2.59, 11.4, and 20.5%, respectively. The 69 species identified represent over 76% of the known DRB ichthyofauna, comprising 43 native (five endemic, of which three threatened by extinction), 13 already known introduced species, and 13 unknown species (such as Characidium sp., Neoplecostomus sp., and specimens identified only at the sub-family level Neoplecostominae, according to morphological identification provided by the museum collections). Over one fifth of all analyzed species (N = 16) had a mean intraspecific genetic divergence higher than 2%. An integrative approach, combining NND (nearest neighbor distance), BIN (barcode index number), ABGD (automatic barcode gap discovery), and bPTP (Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes model) analyses, suggested the occurrence of potential cryptic species, species complex, or historical errors in morphological identification. The evidence presented calls for a more robust, DNA-assisted cataloging of biodiversity-rich ecosystems, in order to enable effective monitoring and informed actions to preserve and restore these delicate habitats.}, }
@article {pmid30085189, year = {2018}, author = {McClure, KM and Lawrence, C and Kilpatrick, AM}, title = {Land Use and Larval Habitat Increase Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Abundance in Lowland Hawaii.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {55}, number = {6}, pages = {1509-1516}, pmid = {30085189}, issn = {1938-2928}, support = {R01 AI090159/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; *Culex ; *Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; Larva ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Vector abundance plays a key role in transmission of mosquito-borne disease. In Hawaii, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), the Asian tiger mosquito, has been implicated in locally-transmitted dengue outbreaks, while Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), the southern house mosquito, is the primary vector of avian malaria, a wildlife disease that has contributed to declines and extinctions of native Hawaiian birds. Despite the importance of these introduced species to human and wildlife health, little is known about the local-scale drivers that shape mosquito abundance across lowland Hawaii, where forest, agricultural, and residential land uses are prevalent. We examined landscape, larval habitat, and climate drivers of Ae. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus abundance in eight lowland wet forest fragments on the Big Island of Hawaii. We found that the abundance of both species increased with the proportion of surrounding developed land and the availability of larval habitat, which were themselves correlated. Our findings suggest that conversion of natural habitats to residential and agricultural land increases mosquito larval habitats, increasing the abundance of Ae. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus and increasing disease risk to humans and wildlife in Hawaii. Our results further indicate that while source reduction of artificial larval habitats-particularly moderately-sized human-made habitats including abandoned cars and tires-could reduce mosquito abundance, eliminating larval habitat will be challenging because both species utilize both natural and human-made larval habitats in lowland Hawaii.}, }
@article {pmid30084201, year = {2019}, author = {Johnson, AL and Ashman, TL}, title = {Consequences of invasion for pollen transfer and pollination revealed in a tropical island ecosystem.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {221}, number = {1}, pages = {142-154}, doi = {10.1111/nph.15366}, pmid = {30084201}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {DBI-1523771//National Science Foundation/International ; DEB 1241006//National Science Foundation/International ; DEB 1452386//National Science Foundation/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Ecosystem ; Flowers/physiology ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; *Pollen ; *Pollination ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Pollination is known to be sensitive to environmental change but we lack direct estimates of how quantity and quality of pollen transferred between plant species shifts along disturbance gradients. This limits our understanding of how species compositional change impacts pollen receipt per species and structure of pollen transfer networks. We constructed pollen transfer networks along a plant invasion gradient in the Hawaiian dry tropical forest ecosystem. Flowers and stigmas were collected from both native and introduced plants, pollen was identified and enumerated and floral traits were measured. We also characterized pollen loads carried by individuals of the dominant invasive pollinator, Apis mellifera. Species flowering in native-dominated sites were more tightly connected by pollen transfer than those in heavily invaded sites. Compositional turnover in the pollen loads of A. mellifera was correlated (70%) with turnover in the composition of pollen transfer networks. Floral traits predicted species roles within pollen transfer networks, but many of these differed qualitatively depending on whether plants were native or introduced. Our work indicates that pollen transfer networks change with invasion. Floral morphology and foraging behaviour of the introduced super-generalist pollinator are implicated as key in determining the roles introduced species play within native pollen transfer networks.}, }
@article {pmid30084019, year = {2018}, author = {Potgieter, LJ and Gaertner, M and Irlich, UM and O'Farrell, PJ and Stafford, L and Vogt, H and Richardson, DM}, title = {Managing Urban Plant Invasions: a Multi-Criteria Prioritization Approach.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {62}, number = {6}, pages = {1168-1185}, pmid = {30084019}, issn = {1432-1009}, support = {85417//National Research Foundation/International ; }, mesh = {Agriculture ; Biodiversity ; Cities ; *Decision Support Techniques ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Geographic Information Systems ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Plant Development ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Alien plant invasions in urban areas can have considerable impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES). Managing urban plant invasions is particularly challenging given the complex interactions between ecological, economic and social elements that exist in the urban milieu. Strategic landscape-scale insights are crucial for guiding management, as are tactical site-scale perspectives to plan and coordinate control efforts on the ground. Integrating these requirements to enhance management efficiency is a major challenge. Decision-support models have considerable potential for guiding and informing management strategies when problems are complex. This study uses multi-criteria decision tools to develop a prioritization framework for managing invasive alien plants (IAPs) in urban areas at landscape and local scales. We used the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP; a multi-criteria decision support model) to develop and rank criteria for prioritising IAP management in the City of Cape Town (CoCT), South Africa. Located within a global biodiversity hotspot, Cape Town has a long history of alien plant introductions and a complex socio-political make-up, creating a useful system to explore the challenges associated with managing urban plant invasions. To guide the prioritization of areas for IAP management across the CoCT, a stakeholder workshop was held to identify a goal and criteria for consideration, and to assess the relative importance given to each criterion in IAP management. Workshop attendees were drawn from multiple disciplines involved with different aspects of IAP research and management: government departments, scientists and researchers, and managers with a diverse set of skills and interests. We selected spatial datasets and applied our multi-criteria decision analysis in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to develop a landscape-scale prioritization map. To address issues relevant in an urban setting, we also modified an existing IAP management framework to develop a tactical (site-level) prioritization scheme for guiding on-the-ground control operations. High-priority sites for IAP management were identified at landscape- and local scales across the study area. Factors related to safety and security emerged as pivotal features for setting spatially-explicit priorities for management. The approach applied in this study can be useful for managers in all urban settings to guide the selection and prioritization of areas for IAP management.}, }
@article {pmid30083900, year = {2018}, author = {Luellen, DR and LaGuardia, MJ and Tuckey, TD and Fabrizio, MC and Rice, GW and Hale, RC}, title = {Assessment of legacy and emerging contaminants in an introduced catfish and implications for the fishery.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {25}, number = {28}, pages = {28355-28366}, pmid = {30083900}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {NA11NMF4570220//National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Catfishes/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; District of Columbia ; Environmental Exposure/*analysis ; *Fisheries ; Humans ; Mercury/analysis ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis ; Rivers/*chemistry ; Virginia ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Since introduction into the Chesapeake Bay watershed in the 1970s, blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) populations have increased, impacting native species. One strategy suggested to limit their growing numbers is to expand the existing commercial fishery. However, the promotion of human consumption of this large, omnivorous fish may increase exposure to contaminants of concern (COC). However, there are few published data on contaminants in blue catfish. To evaluate this possibility, we measured COC (PCBs, PBDEs, OCs, Hg) in individual fillets and compared levels to established consumption advisory limits. James River (near Richmond, Virginia) and Upper Potomac River (downstream of Washington DC) fish exhibited higher burdens of most COC than those from the lower James and rural Rappahannock rivers. Fish sex and δ[15]N values (surrogate for trophic position) did not correlate with COC concentrations. Potomac River fish exhibited greatest δ[15]N, perhaps related to local wastewater inputs. Despite differences in human population densities among watersheds, fish mercury (Hg) levels were similar. Most fillets surpassed US EPA advisory limits for unrestricted consumption (> 16 meals/month) for Hg and PCBs. Hg and PCB advisories in the region typically restrict consumption to two 220 g meals/month. Hence, individuals who rely on fish for a large portion of their diet may be exposed to unacceptable Hg and PCB concentrations. COC levels typically increased with fish length; in particular, fish > 550 mm often exceeded unrestricted consumption limits for chlordanes and DDTs. PBDEs, pentachloroanisole, hexachlorobenzene, and mirex levels were generally below established advisories. However, because fish advisories are based on the expected consequences from single contaminants and a single or limited number of toxicological endpoints, consumers face greater risks due to cumulative effects from all coincident COCs, as well as additional exposure pathways, such as other food and air. The additional data on contaminant levels reported here will increase the accuracy of forecasted risks. However, it also illustrates the complexity in communicating the risks from multi-contaminant exposure.}, }
@article {pmid30083455, year = {2018}, author = {Jermacz, &#x141; and Kobak, J}, title = {The Braveheart amphipod: a review of responses of invasive Dikerogammarus villosus to predation signals.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5311}, pmid = {30083455}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Predator pressure is a fundamental force driving changes at all levels of the community structure. It may protect native ecosystems from alien species. Therefore, resistance to diverse predators resulting from a universal anti-predator strategy seems crucial for invasion success. We present a comprehensive review of the responses of an invasive amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus to sympatric and allopatric predator signals. We summarize diverse aspects of the gammarid anti-predator strategy, including predator identification, morphological and behavioural adaptations, effectiveness of shelter use and resistance to indirect predator effects. The response of D. villosus is independent of predator species (including totally allopatric taxa), which assures the high flexibility of its predator recognition system. It has a harder exoskeleton and better capability of utilizing shelters compared to other gammarids, resulting in relatively high resistance to predators. Therefore, it can use predator kairomones as indirect food signals (sharing the diet with the predator) and follow the predator scent. This resistance may allow D. villosus to reduce the costs of its physiological responses to predators and sustain growth in their presence. This might facilitate invasion success by increasing its competitive advantage.}, }
@article {pmid30079610, year = {2019}, author = {Bucciarelli, GM and Suh, D and Lamb, AD and Roberts, D and Sharpton, D and Shaffer, HB and Fisher, RN and Kats, LB}, title = {Assessing effects of non-native crayfish on mosquito survival.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, pages = {122-131}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13198}, pmid = {30079610}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea ; California ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Culicidae ; Ecosystem ; Larva ; Mosquito Vectors ; *Odonata ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Introductions of non-native predators often reduce biodiversity and affect natural predator-prey relationships and may increase the abundance of potential disease vectors (e.g., mosquitoes) indirectly through competition or predation cascades. The Santa Monica Mountains (California, U.S.A.), situated in a global biodiversity hotspot, is an area of conservation concern due to climate change, urbanization, and the introduction of non-native species. We examined the effect of non-native crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) on an existing native predator, dragonfly nymphs (Aeshna sp.), and their mosquito larvae (Anopheles sp.) prey. We used laboratory experiments to compare the predation efficiency of both predators, separately and together, and field data on counts of dragonfly nymphs and mosquito larvae sampled from 13 local streams. We predicted a lower predation efficiency of crayfish compared with native dragonfly nymphs and a reduced predation efficiency of dragonfly nymphs in the presence of crayfish. Dragonfly nymphs were an order of magnitude more efficient predators than crayfish, and dragonfly nymph predation efficiency was reduced in the presence of crayfish. Field count data showed that populations of dragonfly nymphs and mosquito larvae were strongly correlated with crayfish presence in streams, such that sites with crayfish tended to have fewer dragonfly nymphs and more mosquito larvae. Under natural conditions, it is likely that crayfish reduce the abundance of dragonfly nymphs and their predation efficiency and thereby, directly and indirectly, lead to higher mosquito populations and a loss of ecosystem services related to disease vector control.}, }
@article {pmid30079101, year = {2018}, author = {Collins, JP}, title = {Gene drives in our future: challenges of and opportunities for using a self-sustaining technology in pest and vector management.}, journal = {BMC proceedings}, volume = {12}, number = {Suppl 8}, pages = {9}, pmid = {30079101}, issn = {1753-6561}, abstract = {Gene drives are systems of biased inheritance that enhance the likelihood a sequence of DNA passes between generations through sexual reproduction and potentially throughout a local population and ultimately all connected populations of a species. Gaps in our knowledge of gene drive systems prompted the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Foundation for the NIH to ask the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) to convene an expert panel to provide an independent, objective examination of what we know about gene drive systems. The report, "Gene drives on the horizon: Advancing science, navigating uncertainty, and aligning research with public values," outlines our understanding of the science, ethics, public engagement, governance, and risk assessment pertaining to gene drive research. Researchers have studied naturally occurring gene drive systems for more than a century. While CRISPR/Cas9 was not the first molecular tool considered to create an engineered gene drive, the advent of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology for gene editing gave a renewed impetus to developing gene drives in the laboratory for eventual release in the field. Recent experiments demonstrate that a CRISPR/Cas9-based gene drive can spread a targeted gene throughout nearly all of laboratory populations of yeast, fruit flies, or mosquitoes. Applying this basic science, there are proposals to use gene drive modified organisms to address such things as eradication of insect-borne infectious diseases and conservation of threatened and endangered species. Gene drives could potentially support agriculture by reversing pesticide and herbicide resistance in insects and weeds, and by control of damaging, invasive species. A major recommendation of the NASEM report is that there is insufficient evidence at this time to support release of gene-drive modified organisms into the environment. Importantly, the committee also recognized that the potential benefits of gene drives for basic and applied research are significant and justify proceeding with laboratory research and controlled field trials. This review summarizes highlights of the NASEM report with its focus on using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing technology to develop gene drive modified organisms.}, }
@article {pmid30077401, year = {2019}, author = {Shackleton, RT and Adriaens, T and Brundu, G and Dehnen-Schmutz, K and Estévez, RA and Fried, J and Larson, BMH and Liu, S and Marchante, E and Marchante, H and Moshobane, MC and Novoa, A and Reed, M and Richardson, DM}, title = {Stakeholder engagement in the study and management of invasive alien species.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {88-101}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.044}, pmid = {30077401}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Decision Making ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Research Design ; *Stakeholder Participation ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species are a major driver of global environmental change and a range of management interventions are needed to manage their effects on biodiversity, ecosystem services, human well-being and local livelihoods. Stakeholder engagement is widely advocated to integrate diverse knowledge and perspectives in the management of invasive species and to deal with potential conflicts of interest. We reviewed the literature in the ISI Web of Science on stakeholder engagement (the process of involving stakeholders (actors) in decision making, management actions and knowledge creation) in invasion science to assess and understand what has been done (looking at approaches and methodologies used, stakeholders involved, and outcomes from engagement) and to make recommendations for future work. Research on stakeholder engagement in invasion science has increased over the last decade, helping to improve scientific knowledge and contributing towards policy formulation and co-implementation of management. However, many challenges remain and engagement could be made more effective. For example, most studies engage only one stakeholder group passively using questionnaires, primarily for assessing local knowledge and perceptions. Although useful for management and policy planning, these stakeholders are not active participants and there is no two-way flow of knowledge. To make stakeholder involvement more useful, we encourage more integrative and collaborative engagement to (1) improve co-design, co-creation and co-implementation of research and management actions; (2) promote social learning and provide feedback to stakeholders; (3) enhance collaboration and partnerships beyond the natural sciences and academia (interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary collaboration); and (4) discuss some practical and policy suggestions for improving stakeholder engagement in invasion science research and management. This will help facilitate different stakeholders to work better together, allowing problems associated with biological invasions to be tackled more holistically and successfully.}, }
@article {pmid30077400, year = {2019}, author = {Shackleton, RT and Richardson, DM and Shackleton, CM and Bennett, B and Crowley, SL and Dehnen-Schmutz, K and Estévez, RA and Fischer, A and Kueffer, C and Kull, CA and Marchante, E and Novoa, A and Potgieter, LJ and Vaas, J and Vaz, AS and Larson, BMH}, title = {Explaining people's perceptions of invasive alien species: A conceptual framework.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {10-26}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.045}, pmid = {30077400}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Perception ; }, abstract = {Human perceptions of nature and the environment are increasingly being recognised as important for environmental management and conservation. Understanding people's perceptions is crucial for understanding behaviour and developing effective management strategies to maintain, preserve and improve biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being. As an interdisciplinary team, we produced a synthesis of the key factors that influence people's perceptions of invasive alien species, and ordered them in a conceptual framework. In a context of considerable complexity and variation across time and space, we identified six broad-scale dimensions: (1) attributes of the individual perceiving the invasive alien species; (2) characteristics of the invasive alien species itself; (3) effects of the invasion (including negative and positive impacts, i.e. benefits and costs); (4) socio-cultural context; (5) landscape context; and (6) institutional and policy context. A number of underlying and facilitating aspects for each of these six overarching dimensions are also identified and discussed. Synthesising and understanding the main factors that influence people's perceptions is useful to guide future research, to facilitate dialogue and negotiation between actors, and to aid management and policy formulation and governance of invasive alien species. This can help to circumvent and mitigate conflicts, support prioritisation plans, improve stakeholder engagement platforms, and implement control measures.}, }
@article {pmid30075029, year = {2018}, author = {Martínez, JJ and de Aranzamendi, MC and Bucher, EH}, title = {Quantitative genetics in the monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) from central Argentina: Estimation of heritability and maternal effects on external morphological traits.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {e0201823}, pmid = {30075029}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Beak/anatomy &amp; histology ; Biological Evolution ; Body Weight/genetics ; Genetic Association Studies ; *Maternal Inheritance ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; Parakeets/*anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; Phenotype ; Tail/anatomy &amp; histology ; Tarsus, Animal/anatomy &amp; histology ; Wings, Animal/anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {The monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) is a South American species unique among parrots; it builds communal stick nests that allow independence from tree or cliff cavities required by most parrots. As a very successful invasive species, it has expanded into several countries around the world. Questions remain around the factors that allowed this species to be such a successful invader in its native range as in other countries, and particularly the extent that evolutionary processes may be involved in adapting to new areas. Along with this line of analysis, we focused on assessing whether morphological characteristics are sufficiently heritable, and therefore responsive to selection. As the first step in this direction, we have estimated heritability of monk parakeet in six external morphological traits considered of potential adaptability value. Samples were obtained in the province of Córdoba in central Argentina. Data from seven microsatellites were used to determine the familial relationships among individuals. Heritabilities and genetic correlations were estimated by means of animal models. We found evidence for significant heritability in the six traits measured, particularly in weight, tarsus length and bill width. We also found evidence of maternal effects on morphological traits, particularly in the traits with lower heritability: wing length, bill length and tail length. Genetic correlations between traits were significant and associated with phenotypic correlations, suggesting that these traits are constrained in terms of evolutionary potential, whereas the amount of additive genetic variance in weight, tarsus length and bill width indicate that these traits could be responsive to selection.}, }
@article {pmid30073748, year = {2018}, author = {Vieira, A and Silva, DN and Várzea, V and Paulo, OS and Batista, D}, title = {Novel insights on colonization routes and evolutionary potential of Colletotrichum kahawae, a severe pathogen of Coffea arabica.}, journal = {Molecular plant pathology}, volume = {19}, number = {11}, pages = {2488-2501}, pmid = {30073748}, issn = {1364-3703}, mesh = {Alleles ; *Biological Evolution ; Coffea/*microbiology ; Colletotrichum/*growth &amp; development/*pathogenicity ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; Principal Component Analysis ; Recombination, Genetic/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Pathogenic fungi are emerging at an increasing rate on a wide range of host plants, leading to tremendous threats to the global economy and food safety. Several plant pathogens have been considered to be invasive species, rendering large-scale population genomic analyses crucial to better understand their demographic history and evolutionary potential. Colletotrichum kahawae (Ck) is a highly aggressive and specialized pathogen, causing coffee berry disease in Arabica coffee in Africa. This pathogen leads to severe production losses and its dissemination out of Africa is greatly feared. To address this issue, a population genomic approach using thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spaced throughout the genome was used to unveil its demographic history and evolutionary potential. The current study confirms that Ck is a true clonal pathogen, perfectly adapted to green coffee berries, with three completely differentiated populations (Angolan, Cameroonian and East African). Two independent clonal lineages were found within the Angolan population as opposed to the remaining single clonal populations. The most probable colonization scenario suggests that this pathogen emerged in Angola and immediately dispersed to East Africa, where these two populations began to differentiate, followed by the introduction in Cameroon from an Angolan population. However, the differentiation between the two Angolan clonal lineages masks the mechanism for the emergence of the Cameroonian population. Our results suggest that Ck is completely differentiated from the ancestral lineage, has a low evolutionary potential and a low dispersion ability, with human transport the most likely scenario for its potential dispersion, which makes the fulfilment of the quarantine measures and management practices implemented crucial.}, }
@article {pmid30073135, year = {2018}, author = {Shashank, PR and Twinkle, S and Chandrashekar, K and Meshram, NM and Suroshe, SS and Bajracharya, ASR}, title = {Genetic homogeneity in South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta: a new invasive pest to oriental region.}, journal = {3 Biotech}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {350}, pmid = {30073135}, issn = {2190-572X}, abstract = {South American tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important invasive pest of Tomato which invaded India and Nepal in 2014 and 2016, respectively. In the present study, samples from five localities of India and one from Nepal were used for the investigation of genetic diversity of T. absoluta by employing a fragment in the mtDNA gene-encoding cytochrome oxidase I (COI). Based on the partial COI gene, high genetic homogeneity was detected in T. absoluta populations of India and Nepal with rest of the world. Less nucleotide diversity (π 0.00137) was also detected in the populations of T. absoluta from different countries. This is first attempt to analyze molecular data for this new invasive species from India and Nepal.}, }
@article {pmid30072602, year = {2018}, author = {Máximo, P and Ferreira, LM and Branco, P and Lima, P and Lourenço, A}, title = {Secondary Metabolites and Biological Activity of Invasive Macroalgae of Southern Europe.}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {16}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {30072602}, issn = {1660-3397}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; Seaweed/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {In this review a brief description of the invasive phenomena associated with algae and its consequences on the ecosystem are presented. Three examples of invasive algae of Southern Europe, belonging to Rodophyta, Chlorophyta, and Phaeophyta, were selected, and a brief description of each genus is presented. A full description of their secondary metabolites and biological activity is given and a summary of the biological activity of extracts is also included. In Asparagopsis we encounter mainly halogenated compounds. From Caulerpa, several terpenoids and alkaloids were isolated, while in Sargassum, meroterpenoids prevail.}, }
@article {pmid30069966, year = {2018}, author = {Burford Reiskind, MO and Labadie, P and Bargielowski, I and Lounibos, LP and Reiskind, MH}, title = {Rapid evolution and the genomic consequences of selection against interspecific mating.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {18}, pages = {3641-3654}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14821}, pmid = {30069966}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {R21 AI095780/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/classification/*genetics ; Animals ; Female ; Florida ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genome, Insect ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {While few species introduced into a new environment become invasive, those that do provide critical information on ecological mechanisms that determine invasions success and the evolutionary responses that follow invasion. Aedes albopictus (the Asian tiger mosquito) was introduced into the naturalized range of Aedes aegypti (the yellow fever mosquito) in the United States in the mid-1980s, resulting in the displacement of A. aegypti in much of the south-eastern United States. The rapid displacement was likely due to the superior competitive ability of A. albopictus as larvae and asymmetric mating interference competition, in which male A. albopictus mate with and sterilize A. aegypti females, a process called "satyrization." The goal of this study was to examine the genomic responses of a resident species to an invasive species in which the mechanism of character displacement is understood. We used double-digest restriction enzyme DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to analyse outlier loci between selected and control lines of laboratory-reared A. aegypti females from two populations (Tucson, AZ and Key West, Florida, USA), and individual females classified as either "resisted" or "mated with" A. albopictus males via mating trials of wild-derived females from four populations in Florida. We found significant outlier loci in comparing selected and control lines and between mated and nonmated A. aegypti females in the laboratory and wild-derived populations, respectively. We found overlap in specific outlier loci between different source populations that support consistent genomic signatures of selection within A. aegypti. Our results point to regions of the A. aegypti genome and potential candidate genes that may be involved in mating behaviour, and specifically in avoiding interspecific mating choices.}, }
@article {pmid30068678, year = {2018}, author = {Qiu, S and Xu, X and Liu, S and Liu, W and Liu, J and Nie, M and Shi, F and Zhang, Y and Weiner, J and Li, B}, title = {Latitudinal pattern of flowering synchrony in an invasive wind-pollinated plant.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {285}, number = {1884}, pages = {}, pmid = {30068678}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {China ; Climate ; Flowers/*physiology ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Flowering synchrony can play an important role in plants' reproductive success, which is essential for the successful establishment and spread of invasive plants. Although flowering synchrony has been found to be closely related to climatic factors, the effects of variation in such factors along latitudinal gradient on flowering synchrony and the role of flowering synchrony in the reproductive success of invading populations remain largely unexplored. In a 2-year field study, we examined the latitudinal variation of flowering phenology, especially flowering synchrony, in an invasive plant, Spartina alterniflora, along coastal China, and its relationship with population seed set across three climatic zones. We found that first flowering date was delayed, and flowering synchrony increased with increasing latitude. Flowering synchrony was negatively related to temperature during flowering season but not to soil properties or precipitation, suggesting that climate has shaped the latitudinal pattern of flowering synchrony. Moreover, a positive correlation between flowering synchrony and seed set across latitudes indicates the possible role of flowering synchrony in the latitudinal pattern of sexual reproduction in S. alterniflora These results suggest that, in addition to the effects of climate on the growth of invasive species, climatic factors can play an important role in the invasion success of alien plants by regulating the flowering synchrony and thus the reproductive success of invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid30068321, year = {2018}, author = {Dörler, D and Kropf, M and Laaha, G and Zaller, JG}, title = {Occurrence of the invasive Spanish slug in gardens: can a citizen science approach help deciphering underlying factors?.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {23}, pmid = {30068321}, issn = {1472-6785}, support = {100994//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft/International ; }, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Austria ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; *Environment ; Gardens ; Gastropoda/genetics/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Weather ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Spanish slug (Arion vulgaris, also known as A. lusitanicus) is considered one of the most invasive species in agriculture, horticulture and private gardens all over Europe. Although this slug has been problematic for decades, there is still not much known about its occurrence across private gardens and the underlying meteorological and ecological factors. One reason for this knowledge gap is the limited access of researchers to private gardens. Here we used a citizen science approach to overcome this obstacle and examined whether the occurrence of Arionidae in Austrian gardens was associated with meteorological (air temperature, precipitation, global solar radiation, relative humidity) or ecological factors (plant diversity, earthworm activity). Occurrence of the invasive A. vulgaris versus the similar-looking native A. rufus was compared using a DNA-barcoding approach.<br><br>RESULTS: Slugs were collected from 1061 gardens from the dry Pannonian lowland to the wet alpine climate (altitudinal range 742&#xa0;m). Slug abundance in gardens was best explained and negatively associated with the parameters "sum of the mean air temperature in spring", "number of frost days in the previous winter" and "mean daily global solar radiation on the day of data collection". Precipitation, plant diversity and earthworm activity were also related to slug abundance, but positively. Out of our genetic sampling of collected slugs, 92% belonged to A. vulgaris.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that citizen science (i) is a feasible approach to record species occurrence in restricted areas across a wide geographical range and (ii) could be more widely employed in order to identify underlying environmental factors of species occurrence.}, }
@article {pmid30067293, year = {2019}, author = {Sokol, NW and Kuebbing, SE and Karlsen-Ayala, E and Bradford, MA}, title = {Evidence for the primacy of living root inputs, not root or shoot litter, in forming soil organic carbon.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {221}, number = {1}, pages = {233-246}, doi = {10.1111/nph.15361}, pmid = {30067293}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {//National Science &amp; Engineering Research Council of Canada/International ; //Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Carbon ; Carbon Cycle ; Connecticut ; Food Chain ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Minerals ; Plant Roots/chemistry/*metabolism ; Plant Shoots/chemistry/*metabolism ; Poaceae ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Soil organic carbon (SOC) is primarily formed from plant inputs, but the relative carbon (C) contributions from living root inputs (i.e. rhizodeposits) vs litter inputs (i.e. root + shoot litter) are poorly understood. Recent theory suggests that living root inputs exert a disproportionate influence on SOC formation, but few field studies have explicitly tested this by separately tracking living root vs litter inputs as they move through the soil food web and into distinct SOC pools. We used a manipulative field experiment with an annual C4 grass in a forest understory to differentially track its living root vs litter inputs into the soil and to assess net SOC formation over multiple years. We show that living root inputs are 2-13 times more efficient than litter inputs in forming both slow-cycling, mineral-associated SOC as well as fast-cycling, particulate organic C. Furthermore, we demonstrate that living root inputs are more efficiently anabolized by the soil microbial community en route to the mineral-associated SOC pool (dubbed 'the in vivo microbial turnover pathway'). Overall, our findings provide support for the primacy of living root inputs in forming SOC. However, we also highlight the possibility of nonadditive effects of living root and litter inputs, which may deplete SOC pools despite greater SOC formation rates.}, }
@article {pmid30065865, year = {2018}, author = {Fennell, M and Wade, M and Bacon, KL}, title = {Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica): an analysis of capacity to cause structural damage (compared to other plants) and typical rhizome extension.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5246}, pmid = {30065865}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) is a well-known invasive alien species in the UK and elsewhere in Europe and North America. The plant is known to have a negative impact on local biodiversity, flood risk and ecosystem services; but in the UK it is also considered to pose a significant risk to the structural integrity of buildings that are within seven m of the above ground portions of the plant. This has led to the presence of the plant on residential properties regularly being used to refuse mortgage applications. Despite the significant socioeconomic impacts of such automatic mortgage option restriction, little research has been conducted to investigate this issue. The 'seven-m rule' is derived from widely adopted government guidance in the UK. This study considered if there is evidence to support this phenomenon in the literature, reports the findings of a survey of invasive species control contractors and property surveyors to determine if field observations support these assertions, and reports a case study of 68 properties, located on three streets in northern England where F. japonica was recorded. Additionally, given the importance of proximity, the seven-m rule is also tested based on data collected during the excavation based removal of F. japonica from 81 sites. No support was found to suggest that F. japonica causes significant damage to built structures, even when it is growing in close proximity to them and certainly no more damage than other plant species that are not subject to such stringent lending policies. It was found that the seven-m rule is not a statistically robust tool for estimating likely rhizome extension. F. japonica rhizome rarely extends more than four m from above ground plants and is typically found within two m for small stands and 2.5 m for large stands. Based on these findings, the practice of automatically restricting mortgage options for home buyers when F. japonica is present, is not commensurate with the risk.}, }
@article {pmid30065735, year = {2018}, author = {Gendron St-Marseille, AF and Lord, E and Véronneau, PY and Brodeur, J and Mimee, B}, title = {Genome Scans Reveal Homogenization and Local Adaptations in Populations of the Soybean Cyst Nematode.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {987}, pmid = {30065735}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Determining the adaptive potential of alien invasive species in a new environment is a key concern for risk assessment. As climate change is affecting local climatic conditions, widespread modifications in species distribution are expected. Therefore, the genetic mechanisms underlying local adaptations must be understood in order to predict future species distribution. The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, is a major pathogen of soybean that was accidentally introduced in most soybean-producing countries. In this study, we explored patterns of genetic exchange between North American populations of SCN and the effect of isolation by geographical distance. Genotyping-by-sequencing was used to sequence and compare 64 SCN populations from the United States and Canada. At large scale, only a weak correlation was found between genetic distance (Wright's fixation index, FST) and geographic distance, but local effects were strong in recently infested states. Our results also showed a high level of genetic differentiation within some populations, allowing them to adapt to new environments and become established in new soybean-producing areas. Bayesian genome scan methods identified 15 loci under selection for climatic or geographic co-variables. Among these loci, two non-synonymous mutations were detected in SMAD-4 (mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4) and DOP-3 (dopamine receptor 3). High-impact variants linked to these loci by genetic hitchhiking were also highlighted as putatively involved in local adaptation of SCN populations to new environments. Overall, it appears that strong selective pressure by resistant cultivars is causing a large scale homogenization with virulent populations.}, }
@article {pmid30062564, year = {2018}, author = {Marcora, PI and Ferreras, AE and Zeballos, SR and Funes, G and Longo, S and Urcelay, C and Tecco, PA}, title = {Context-dependent effects of fire and browsing on woody alien invasion in mountain ecosystems.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {188}, number = {2}, pages = {479-490}, pmid = {30062564}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {2014-2015//Secretaria de Ciencia y T&#xe9;cnica Universidad Nacional de C&#xf3;rdoba/ ; }, mesh = {Argentina ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fires ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Wood ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic activities have increased disturbances and alien woody invasion in mountain ecosystems worldwide. Whether disturbances promote or counteract upward movement of woody aliens is poorly understood. We assessed if the most successful woody invader of low mountains of central Argentina (Gleditsia triacanthos) might expand its elevational distribution in response to the principal disturbances of these ecosystems (fire and livestock browsing) across increasing climatic severity. We assessed seedling emergence, growth and mycorrhizal colonization on sown plots distributed in burned and unburned sites, with and without browsing at the lower and upper elevation belts (i.e. 1000 and 2400 m a.s.l.). Additionally, several abiotic variables were measured to relate their influence on the seedling establishment. Disturbances reduced seedling emergence at both elevations. Burned conditions increased seedling growth and arbuscular colonization only in the lower belt. Seedling success (total seedling biomass per plot) was not modified by disturbances at the upper elevation, but was reduced by browsing and enhanced by fire in the lower elevation. The overall reduction in seedling emergence and growth in the upper elevation despite the higher soil nutrient content places climate as the strongest regulator of G. triacanthos seedling establishment. Accordingly, climate rather than disturbances would be the main limiting factor of upward expansion of this woody alien. Our findings differ from general patterns described for mountain invasion by herbaceous species, highlighting that mountain invasibility is highly growth-form dependent, and that upper range expansion by woody aliens interacting with multiple disturbances should be assessed worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid30060026, year = {2018}, author = {Wang, YS and Zhou, P and Tian, H and Wan, FH and Zhang, GF}, title = {First Record of the Invasive Pest Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on the Chinese Mainland and Its Rapid Identification Based on Species-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {111}, number = {5}, pages = {2120-2128}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy223}, pmid = {30060026}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Female ; Hemiptera/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; }, abstract = {The Jack Beardsley mealybug, Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel &amp; Miller (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a globally devastating, invasive polyphagous insect, causes great damage to many fruits, ornamentals, vegetables, and food crops worldwide. It is of Neotropical origin and has invaded throughout America and in parts of Asia, Africa and Oceania, and is still expanding its invasion ranges. Therefore, a method for quick and correct identification of this invasive species is crucial for quarantine and spreading interruption of it. In present study, we report the first record of P. jackbeardsleyi on the Chinese mainland, which would cause great damage to many crops. The identification of P. jackbeardsleyi was verified via morphological characters and DNA barcoding. One pair of species-specific polymerase chain reaction (SS-PCR) primers was designed based on variations in the sequences of the mitochondrial cytochromecoxidasesubunitI gene among P. jackbeardsleyi and 28 other mealybug species. No cross-reaction was detected among 21 closely related species using this SS-PCR assay, demonstrating the specificity of this marker. Furthermore, this method was successfully applied to detect individuals from different developmental stages and adult debris across four geographic populations of P. jackbeardsleyi, showing the high stability of the assay. Additionally, the detection limit of the marker was 55.94 ± 5.05 pg/µl of P. jackbeardsleyi DNA, illustrating the high sensitivity of the assay. The SS-PCR assay developed in this study provides a rapid, simple and reliable method for the identification of P. jackbeardsleyi, which should be crucial in the plant quarantine, early detection and sustainable management of this globally invasive pest.}, }
@article {pmid30058030, year = {2018}, author = {Mori, E and Pisanu, B and Zozzoli, R and Solano, E and Olivieri, E and Sassera, D and Montagna, M}, title = {Arthropods and associated pathogens from native and introduced rodents in Northeastern Italy.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {117}, number = {10}, pages = {3237-3243}, pmid = {30058030}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Anaplasma/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Animals ; Borrelia/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Disease Reservoirs/microbiology ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Ixodes/classification/*microbiology ; Lyme Disease/epidemiology/*microbiology/transmission ; Rickettsia/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Rodentia/classification/*microbiology ; Sciuridae/microbiology/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Introduced Siberian chipmunks Eutamias sibiricus have been reported to be important reservoirs for human Lyme disease, as they may host high numbers of hard ticks carrying Borrelia spp. and other pathogens. In the present study, we assessed the prevalence of Borrelia spp. and other pathogenic bacteria in ectoparasite arthropod species infesting Siberian chipmunks and coexisting native small rodents. Small rodents were trapped with Sherman traps in Veneto (NE Italy), where the largest Italian populations of chipmunks occur. A total of 14 individual ticks were found on 223 rodents, with 6 more ticks obtained from stored dead chipmunks from the same study area. Ectoparasites were screened for pathogens by molecular analyses including species-specific PCR amplifications. Rickettsia monacensis, Borrelia lusitaniae, and Anaplasma platys were present in the parasites of both native rodents and introduced chipmunks. The present findings suggest a role for the invasive species E. sibiricus in the maintenance of the Ixodes ricinus life cycle, which may result in the modification of the transmission dynamics of tick-borne pathogens. Moreover, the presence of Rickettsia in urban populations of chipmunks may represent a serious risk for human health and should be investigated further.}, }
@article {pmid30057479, year = {2018}, author = {Pellegrini, MOO}, title = {Erratum: Wandering throughout South America: Taxonomic revision of Tradescantia subg. Austrotradescantia (D.R.Hunt) M.Pell. (Commelinaceae).}, journal = {PhytoKeys}, volume = {}, number = {104}, pages = {1-97}, pmid = {30057479}, issn = {1314-2011}, abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.101.25057.].}, }
@article {pmid30056805, year = {2018}, author = {Seixas, FA and Boursot, P and Melo-Ferreira, J}, title = {The genomic impact of historical hybridization with massive mitochondrial DNA introgression.}, journal = {Genome biology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {91}, pmid = {30056805}, issn = {1474-760X}, support = {FCT-ANR/BIA-EVF/0250/2012//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/International ; IF/00033/2014/CP1256/CT0005//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/International ; SFRH/BD/87126/2012//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/International ; ANR-12-ISV7-0002-01//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/International ; NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000007//NORTE2020, ERDF/International ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/genetics ; *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Europe ; Genetics, Population ; *Genome ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Lagomorpha/classification/*genetics ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Phylogeny ; Recombination, Genetic ; Selection, Genetic ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; X Chromosome/chemistry ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The extent to which selection determines interspecific patterns of genetic exchange enlightens the role of adaptation in evolution and speciation. Often reported extensive interspecific introgression could be selection-driven, but also result from demographic processes, especially in cases of invasive species replacements, which can promote introgression at their invasion front. Because invasion and selective sweeps similarly mold variation, population genetics evidence for selection can only be gathered in an explicit demographic framework. The Iberian hare, Lepus granatensis, displays in its northern range extensive mitochondrial DNA introgression from L. timidus, an arctic/boreal species that it replaced locally after the last glacial maximum. We use whole-genome sequencing to infer geographic and genomic patterns of nuclear introgression and fit a neutral model of species replacement with hybridization, allowing us to evaluate how selection influenced introgression genome-wide, including for mtDNA.<br><br>RESULTS: Although the average nuclear and mtDNA introgression patterns contrast strongly, they fit a single demographic&#xa0;model of post-glacial invasive replacement of timidus by granatensis. Outliers of elevated introgression include several genes related to immunity, spermatogenesis, and mitochondrial metabolism. Introgression is reduced on the X chromosome and in low recombining regions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: General nuclear and mtDNA patterns of introgression can be explained by purely demographic processes. Hybrid incompatibilities and interplay between selection and recombination locally modulate levels of nuclear introgression. Selection promoted introgression of some genes involved in conflicts, either interspecific (parasites) or possibly cytonuclear. In the latter case, nuclear introgression could mitigate the potential negative effects of alien mtDNA on mitochondrial metabolism and male-specific traits.}, }
@article {pmid30055910, year = {2018}, author = {Bailey, NW and Moore, AJ}, title = {Evolutionary Consequences of Social Isolation.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, pages = {595-607}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2018.05.008}, pmid = {30055910}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; *Social Isolation ; }, abstract = {Social isolation has profound impacts. Most animal research focuses on negative phenotypic consequences of social isolation within individual lifetimes. Less is known about how it affects genetics, selection, and evolution over longer timescales, though ample indirect evidence suggests that it might. We advocate that evolutionary consequences of social isolation be tested more directly. We suggest that the 'index of social isolation', the mismatch between actual and optimal social interaction experienced by individuals within a population, may play a key role in releasing cryptic genetic variation, adaptation rates, diversification patterns, and ecosystem-level processes. Evolutionary dynamics arising from social isolation could have significant impacts in applied settings such as conservation, animal breeding, control of biological invasions, and evolutionary resilience to anthropogenic change.}, }
@article {pmid30055848, year = {2019}, author = {Bennett, BM and van Sittert, L}, title = {Historicising perceptions and the national management framework for invasive alien plants in South Africa.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {174-181}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.029}, pmid = {30055848}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Government ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Perception ; Plant Weeds ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {This article offers a historical framework for understanding changes to human perceptions and efforts to manage invasive alien plants and weeds in South Africa from the mid-nineteenth century until the present. The article argues that South African legislation and policy for managing invasive alien plants and weeds has historically been limited because people have held contradictory values about plants, many private land owners have lacked resources and have not been compelled to follow government legislation and because policy has reflected the interests of a small group of farmers or scientific experts who have had limited influence on most private land owners and traditional land users. Successful control efforts often relied on technical expertise that was applied controversially or could be implemented on government land without extensive public consultation or social conflict. The creation of a national framework for invasive alien plants through the Working for Water Programme in 1995 and National Environmental Management of Biodiversity Act (no. 10) of 2004 (NEMBA) has increased public awareness, but the Programme and NEMBA remain limited by many of the same institutional and social constraints that experts and institutions faced in the past. In conclusion, the article draws on history to provide insights to contemporary challenges.}, }
@article {pmid30053802, year = {2018}, author = {Lin, Z and Damaris, RN and Shi, T and Li, J and Yang, P}, title = {Transcriptomic analysis identifies the key genes involved in stamen petaloid in lotus (Nelumbo nucifera).}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {554}, pmid = {30053802}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {No. 31700197//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Flowers/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Genes, Plant ; Nelumbo/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Flower morphology, a phenomenon regulated by a complex network, is one of the vital ornamental features in Nelumbo nucifera. Stamen petaloid is very prevalent in lotus flowers. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is still obscure.<br><br>RESULTS: Here, the comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed among petal, stamen petaloid and stamen through RNA-seq. Using pairwise comparison analysis, a large number of genes involved in hormonal signal transduction pathways and transcription factors, especially the MADS-box genes, were identified as candidate genes for stamen petaloid in lotus.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these results provide an insight into the molecular networks underlying lotus floral organ development and stamen petaloid.}, }
@article {pmid30052904, year = {2018}, author = {Evans, JS and Erwin, PM and Shenkar, N and López-Legentil, S}, title = {A comparison of prokaryotic symbiont communities in nonnative and native ascidians from reef and harbor habitats.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiy139}, pmid = {30052904}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Host Specificity ; Introduced Species ; *Microbiota/genetics ; North Carolina ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Seawater/microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; Urochordata/classification/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Harbor systems represent passive gateways for the introduction of nonnative ascidians that compete with the surrounding benthos and may spread through localized dispersal, even populating adjacent natural reefs. To investigate the potential role of microbial symbionts in the success of ascidian introductions and spread, we evaluated the host-specificity of prokaryotic communities within two ascidian species commonly found off the North Carolina coast. Replicate samples of the native ascidian Eudistoma capsulatum, the nonnative ascidian Distaplia bermudensis and seawater were collected from artificial (harbor) and natural reef substrates. Prokaryotic communities in seawater samples and ascidian tunics were characterized via next-generation sequencing of partial 16S rRNA gene sequences. Ascidian microbiomes clustered strongly in response to host species, with significant differences in community structure between the two species and seawater. Further, symbiont community structure differed significantly between E. capsulatumindividuals collected from artificial and natural habitats, though this was not the case for D. bermudensis. These findings suggested that some ascidian species possess stable microbial symbiont communities that allow them to thrive in a wide range of habitats, while other species rely on the restructuring of their microbial communities with specific symbionts (e.g. Chelativorans) to survive under particular environmental conditions such as increased pollution.}, }
@article {pmid30051843, year = {2018}, author = {Johnson, MTJ and Prashad, CM and Lavoignat, M and Saini, HS}, title = {Contrasting the effects of natural selection, genetic drift and gene flow on urban evolution in white clover (Trifolium repens).}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {285}, number = {1883}, pages = {}, pmid = {30051843}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Cities ; *Gene Flow ; *Genetic Drift ; Ontario ; *Selection, Genetic ; Trifolium/*genetics ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Urbanization is a global phenomenon with profound effects on the ecology and evolution of organisms. We examined the relative roles of natural selection, genetic drift and gene flow in influencing the evolution of white clover (Trifolium repens), which thrives in urban and rural areas. Trifolium repens exhibits a Mendelian polymorphism for the production of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), a potent antiherbivore defence. We quantified the relative frequency of HCN in 490 populations sampled along urban-rural transects in 20 cities. We also characterized genetic variation within 120 populations in eight cities using 16 microsatellite loci. HCN frequency increased by 0.6% for every kilometre from an urban centre, and the strength of this relationship did not significantly vary between cities. Populations did not exhibit changes in genetic diversity with increasing urbanization, indicating that genetic drift is unlikely to explain urban-rural clines in HCN frequency. Populations frequently exhibited isolation-by-distance and extensive gene flow along most urban-rural transects, with the exception of a single city that exhibited genetic differentiation between urban and rural populations. Our results show that urbanization repeatedly drives parallel evolution of an ecologically important trait across many cities that vary in size, and this evolution is best explained by urban-rural gradients in natural selection.}, }
@article {pmid30051826, year = {2018}, author = {Arredondo, TM and Marchini, GL and Cruzan, MB}, title = {Evidence for human-mediated range expansion and gene flow in an invasive grass.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {285}, number = {1882}, pages = {}, pmid = {30051826}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Brachypodium/*genetics/physiology ; *Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Population Dynamics ; Regression Analysis ; Seed Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Cities and adjacent regions represent foci of intense human activity and provide unique opportunities for studying human-mediated dispersal and gene flow. We examined the effect of landscape features on gene flow in the invasive grass Brachypodium sylvaticum across an urban-rural interface at the edge of its expanding range. We used genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism surveys of individuals from 22 locations. Resistance surfaces were created for each landscape feature, using ResistanceGA to optimize resistance parameters. Our Structure analysis identified three distinct clusters, and diversity analyses support the existence of at least three local introductions. Multiple regression on distance matrices showed no evidence that development, roads, canopy cover or agriculture had a significant influence on genetic distance in B. sylvaticum Geographical distance was a mediocre predictor of genetic distance and reflected geographical clustering. The model of rivers acting as a conduit explained a large portion of variation in genetic distance, but the lack of evidence of directional gene flow eliminated hydrochory as a dispersal mechanism. These results and observations of the distribution of populations in disturbed sites indicate that the influence of rivers on patterns of dispersal of B. sylvaticum probably reflects seed dispersal due to human recreational activity.}, }
@article {pmid30051824, year = {2018}, author = {Pantoja, PO and Paine, CET and Vallejo-Marín, M}, title = {Natural selection and outbreeding depression suggest adaptive differentiation in the invasive range of a clonal plant.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {285}, number = {1882}, pages = {}, pmid = {30051824}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Biological Evolution ; Flowers/genetics/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Mimulus/genetics/*physiology ; Phenotype ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Analyses of phenotypic selection and demography in field populations are powerful ways to establishing the potential role of natural selection in shaping evolution during biological invasions. Here we use experimental F2 crosses between native and introduced populations of Mimulus guttatus to estimate the pattern of natural selection in part of its introduced range, and to seek evidence of outbreeding depression of colonists. The F2s combined the genome of an introduced population with the genome of either native or introduced populations. We found that the introduced × introduced cross had the fastest population growth rate owing to increased winter survival, clonality and seed production. Our analysis also revealed that selection through sexual fitness favoured large floral displays, large vegetative and flower size, lateral spread and early flowering. Our results indicate a source-of-origin effect, consistent with outbreeding depression exposed by mating between introduced and native populations. Our findings suggest that well-established non-native populations may pay a high fitness cost during subsequent bouts of admixture with native populations, and reveal that processes such as local adaptation in the invasive range can mediate the fitness consequences of admixture.}, }
@article {pmid30049620, year = {2019}, author = {Shackleton, RT and Shackleton, CM and Kull, CA}, title = {The role of invasive alien species in shaping local livelihoods and human well-being: A review.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {145-157}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.007}, pmid = {30049620}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Acacia ; Agriculture ; Animals ; Australia ; Crops, Agricultural ; Family Characteristics ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Livestock ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species are a well-recognised driver of social-ecological change globally. Much research has focused on ecological impacts, but the role of invasive species for livelihoods and human well-being is less well known. Understanding the effects (benefits and costs) of invasive species on livelihoods and human well-being is important for guiding policy formulation and management. Here we review the literature on the role of invasive species in livelihoods to assess what is known, identify knowledge gaps and provide recommendations for future research. Literature was collected using key word searches and included both journal publications and grey literature. Slightly less than half (48%) of species studied had both substantial positive and negative impacts on local livelihoods (e.g. Australian Acacia spp. species; Camelus dromedaries; Lantana camara; Prosopis spp.), with 37% inducing mainly costs (Chromolaena odorata; Lissachatina fulica; Opuntia stricta) and 16% producing mainly benefits (Opuntia ficus-indica; Acacia spp.). Some species, such as Acacia dealbata, fell into different categories depending on the social-ecological context. Key benefits or services included the provision of fuelwood, fodder, timber and food products for local households communities and to a lesser extent supporting and regulating services such as soil improvement and shade. A number of species also provided cultural services such as recreation and spiritual values and provided many with an opportunity to earn a cash income. However, invasive species also harm livelihoods and increase vulnerability through encroaching on land and reducing mobility or access. They can also decrease the supply of natural resources used by households and reduce agricultural production (livestock and/or crops) which can result in losses of income and increased vulnerability. Furthermore, some invasive species were seen to have negative implications for human health and safety and reduce the cultural value of landscapes. Economic impacts on livelihoods as a result of invasive species were highly variable and very dependent on the social-ecological contexts. These negative implications can reduce resilience and adaptive capacity of households and communities thus increasing their vulnerability to change. Drawing on case studies we highlight that efforts for managing invasive species need to safeguard livelihood benefits while mitigating negative impacts. In concluding we highlight future research and policy needs on the topic of invasive species, livelihoods and human well-being.}, }
@article {pmid30047994, year = {2018}, author = {Felden, A and Paris, CI and Chapple, DG and Haywood, J and Suarez, AV and Tsutsui, ND and Lester, PJ and Gruber, MAM}, title = {Behavioural variation and plasticity along an invasive ant introduction pathway.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {87}, number = {6}, pages = {1653-1666}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12886}, pmid = {30047994}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Argentina ; Australia ; California ; New Zealand ; }, abstract = {Once established in new areas, introduced species may exhibit changes in their biology due to phenotypic plasticity, novel selection pressures and genetic drift. Moreover, the introduction process itself has been hypothesised to act as a selective filter for traits that promote invasiveness. We tested the hypothesis that behaviours thought to promote invasiveness-such as increased foraging activity and aggression-are selected for during invasion by comparing traits among native and introduced populations of the widespread Argentine ant (Linepithema humile). We studied Argentine ant populations in the native range in Argentina and in three invaded regions along an introduction pathway: California, Australia and New Zealand. In each region, we set up 32 experimental colonies to measure foraging activity and interspecific aggression in a subset of the study regions. These colonies were subject to experimental manipulation of carbohydrate availability and octopamine, a biogenic amine known to modulate behaviour in insects, to measure variation in behavioural plasticity. We found variation in foraging activity among populations, but this variation was not consistent with selection on behaviour in relation to the invasion process. We found that colonies with limited access to carbohydrates exhibited unchanged exploratory behaviour, but higher exploitation activity and lower aggression. Colonies given octopamine consistently increased foraging behaviour (both exploration and exploitation), as well as aggression when also sugar-deprived. There was no difference in the degree of behavioural response to our experimental treatments along the introduction pathway. We did not find support for selection of behavioural traits associated with invasiveness along the Argentine ant's introduction pathway or clear evidence for an association between the introduction process and variation in behavioural plasticity. These results indicate that mechanisms promote behavioural variation in a similar fashion both in native and introduced ranges. Our results challenge the assumption that introduced populations always perform better in key behavioural traits hypothesised to be associated with invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid30047186, year = {2019}, author = {Baker, DJ and Garnett, ST and O'Connor, J and Ehmke, G and Clarke, RH and Woinarski, JCZ and McGeoch, MA}, title = {Conserving the abundance of nonthreatened species.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {319-328}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13197}, pmid = {30047186}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Human modification of the environment is driving declines in population size and distributional extent of much of the world's biota. These declines extend to many of the most abundant and widespread species, for which proportionally small declines can result in the loss of vast numbers of individuals, biomass, and interactions. These losses could have major localized effects on ecological and cultural processes and services without elevating a species' global extinction risk. Although most conservation effort is directed at species threatened with extinction in the very near term, the value of retaining abundance regardless of global extinction risk is justifiable based on many biodiversity or ecosystem service metrics, including cultural services, at scales from local to global. The challenges of identifying conservation priorities for widespread and abundant species include quantifying the effects of species' abundance on services and understanding how these effects are realized as populations decline. Negative effects of population declines may be disconnected from the threat processes driving declines because of species movements and environment flows (e.g., hydrology). Conservation prioritization for these species shares greater similarity with invasive species risk assessments than extinction risk assessments because of the importance of local context and per capita effects of abundance on other species. Because conservation priorities usually focus on preventing the extinction of threatened species, the rationale and objectives for incorporating declines of nonthreatened species must be clearly articulated, going beyond extinction risk to encompass the range of likely harmful effects (e.g., secondary extinctions, loss of ecosystem services) if declines persist or are not reversed. Research should focus on characterizing the effects of local declines in species that are not threatened globally across a range of ecosystem services and quantifying the spatial distribution of these effects through the distribution of abundance. The case for conserving abundance in nonthreatened species can be made most powerfully when the costs of losing this abundance are better understood.}, }
@article {pmid30046845, year = {2018}, author = {Floress, K and Connolly, S and Halvorsen, KE and Egan, A and Schuler, T and Hill, A and DeSenze, P and Fenimore, S and Karriker, K}, title = {Implementing Landscape Scale Conservation across Organizational Boundaries: Lessons from the Central Appalachian Region, United States.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {62}, number = {5}, pages = {845-857}, pmid = {30046845}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Appalachian Region ; Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; Cooperative Behavior ; Fires/prevention &amp; control ; Forestry/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*organization &amp; administration ; Government Agencies ; *Natural Resources ; Ownership ; Problem Solving ; United States ; West Virginia ; }, abstract = {Natural resources across the United States are increasingly managed at the landscape scale through cooperation among multiple organizations and landowners. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service (USFS) agency leaders have widely promoted this approach since 2009 when Secretary of Agriculture Vilsack called for "all lands" management. Landscape scale projects have been undertaken to address multiple goals such as single species conservation, resilience to fire, invasive species eradication, and others. The West Virginia Restoration Venture (WVRV)-one of five landscape scale conservation projects funded 2014-2016 across the Northeast and Midwest and known as "Joint Chiefs'" projects-was evaluated by an interdisciplinary team of USFS employees to gain insight into how cross-boundary landscape scale conservation projects are implemented in the region. In this paper, the team used qualitative interview data from project participants to explore processes related to developing a shared vision for the landscape, implementation priorities, and methods to work across institutional and property ownership boundaries. Grounded in the landscape and collaborative resource management literatures, the report shows how established inter-organizational networks, flexible approaches to management, and a "shelf-stock" of ready-to-implement projects led to on-the-ground success. The authors provide insight about factors that constrain and facilitate the implementation of landscape scale conservation projects that have multiple goals, landowners, and organizational partners.}, }
@article {pmid30046208, year = {2018}, author = {Kollars, TM}, title = {Potential for the Invasive Species Aedes Albopictus and Arboviral Transmission through the Chabahar Port in Iran.}, journal = {Iranian journal of medical sciences}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {393-400}, pmid = {30046208}, issn = {0253-0716}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses are emerging infectious disease threats wherever suitable vectors, hosts, and habitat are present. The aim of the present study was to use the bioagent transport and environmental modeling system (BioTEMS) to identify the potential for arbovirus-infected Aedes species to invade the Chabahar area in southeastern Iran.<br><br>METHODS: ArcGIS geospatial analysis software, Statistica software, and BioTEMS were used to analyze geographic information and conduct data analysis. BioTEMS utilizes up to several hundred abiotic and biotic factors to produce risk and vulnerability assessments for biological agents and infectious diseases. The output of BioTEMS was validated using published predictive models, and most importantly published collection data of Aedes species in Iran.<br><br>RESULTS: There appears to have been two separate invasion events by Ae. albopictus into the southern region of Iran, first preceding 2009 and then again in 2013. BioTEMS identified two probable areas of introduction during the 2009 time frame, either through one or both the Chabahar ports or the Iranshahr airport with subsequent spread through vehicular transport. BioTEMS identified the port as an introduction zone for ZIKAV with high-risk zones and identifies gap zones during the 2013 time frame. Recommended surveillance sites are provided.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The air and maritime ports of Iran serve international customers, and are therefore vulnerable to import and invasion of mosquito vectors and arboviruses. Based on comparisons with other published low-resolution models, BioTEMS provides information for medical and public health professionals conducting integrated mosquito management, preventive medicine, and epidemiological surveillance.}, }
@article {pmid30046130, year = {2018}, author = {Kenis, M and Li, H and Fan, JT and Courtial, B and Auger-Rozenberg, MA and Yart, A and Eschen, R and Roques, A}, title = {Sentinel nurseries to assess the phytosanitary risks from insect pests on importations of live plants.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {11217}, pmid = {30046130}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {245268//EC | Seventh Framework Programme (European Union Seventh Framework Programme)/International ; FP1401//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Europe ; Insecta/*pathogenicity ; Introduced Species ; Nurseries, Infant ; *Pest Control ; Plants/*parasitology ; *Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Ornamental plants represent a major pathway of invasion for alien pests worldwide. Commodity risk analyses are carried out to assess the risk posed by a new trade in a commodity, but they are restricted by our limited knowledge of the pests carried by traded plants. We used the sentinel nursery technique to identify insects attacking woody plants imported into Europe. We established two sentinel nurseries in China, with five traded Asian plants. These nurseries were monitored for two years to obtain lists of insects that can be expected on these commodities. These records were compared with those obtained from literature surveys, which are usually the sources of information available to pest risk assessors. At each site, 105 insect species and host associations were found on sentinel plants and 90% of these associations had not been found in a previous literature survey of insect pests of the five plants. Nearly 80% of these associations were not found in an a posteriori literature survey. An assessment classified 9%, 7% and 84% of the insect records as presenting a high, moderate and low likelihood of introduction, respectively. These results show the benefit of sentinel nurseries to identify potential infestation of plant commodity imports.}, }
@article {pmid30045513, year = {2018}, author = {Vaz, AS and Alcaraz-Segura, D and Campos, JC and Vicente, JR and Honrado, JP}, title = {Managing plant invasions through the lens of remote sensing: A review of progress and the way forward.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {642}, number = {}, pages = {1328-1339}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.134}, pmid = {30045513}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; *Remote Sensing Technology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a challenging driver of global environmental change and a fingerprint of the Anthropocene. Remote sensing has gradually become a fundamental tool for understanding invasion patterns, processes and impacts. Nevertheless, a quantitative overview of the progress and extent of remote sensing applications to the management of plant invasions is lacking. This overview is particularly necessary to support the development of more operational frameworks based on remote sensing that can effectively improve the management of invasions. Here, we evaluate and discuss the progress, current state and future opportunities of remote sensing for the research and management of plant invasions. Supported on a systematic literature review, our study shows that, since the 1970s, remote sensing was mainly used to map and identify invasive plants, evolving, around the mid-2000s, towards a tool for assessing invasion impacts. Although remote sensing studies often focus on detecting plant invaders at advanced invasion stages, they can also contribute to the prediction of early invasion stages and to the assessment of their impacts. Despite the growing awareness of technical limitations, remote sensing offers many opportunities to further improve the management of plant invasions. These opportunities relate to the capacity of remote sensing to: (a) detect and evaluate the extent of invasions, assisting on any management option aiming at mitigating plant invasions and their impacts; (b) consider modelling frameworks that anticipate future invasions, supporting the prevention and eradication at early invasion stages and protecting ecosystems and the services they provide; and (c) monitor changes in invasion dominance, as well as the resulting impacts, supporting mitigation, restoration and adaptation actions. Finally, we discuss the way forward to make remote sensing more effective in the scope of invasion management, considering current and future Earth observation missions.}, }
@article {pmid30043494, year = {2018}, author = {Bose, APH and McCallum, ES and Raymond, K and Marentette, JR and Balshine, S}, title = {Growth and otolith morphology vary with alternative reproductive tactics and contaminant exposure in the round goby Neogobius melanostomus.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {93}, number = {4}, pages = {674-684}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13756}, pmid = {30043494}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; Fishes/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Male ; Otolithic Membrane/anatomy &amp; histology/drug effects ; Reproduction ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {Round goby Neogobius melanostomus sagittal (saccular) otolith morphology was compared between males of the two alternative reproductive tactics (termed guarder and sneaker males) and between males captured from sites of high or low contamination. Otolith size increased with fish size and also displayed an ontogenetic shift in shape, becoming relatively taller as otoliths grew in size. Despite a considerable overlap in age between males adopting the two reproductive tactics, size-at-age measurements revealed that guarder males are significantly larger than sneakers at any given age and that they invest more into somatic growth than sneaker males. Controlling for body size, sneaker males possessed heavier sagittal otoliths than guarder males. Subtle otolith shape differences were also found between the two male tactics and between sites of high and low contaminant exposure. Sneaker males had relatively shorter otoliths with more pronounced notching than guarder males. Fish captured at sites of high contamination had otoliths showing slower growth rates in relation to body size and their shapes had more pronounced caudal points and ventral protrusions when compared with fish captured at sites of low contamination. The results are discussed in relation to life-history tradeoffs between the male tactics in terms of reproductive and somatic investment as well as the putative metabolic costs of exposure to contaminants. Overall, this study reveals that male alternative reproductive tactics and environmental contaminants can have small, yet measurable, effects on otolith morphology and these factors should be accounted for in future research when possible.}, }
@article {pmid30042477, year = {2018}, author = {Ouyang, X and Gao, J and Xie, M and Liu, B and Zhou, L and Chen, B and Jourdan, J and Riesch, R and Plath, M}, title = {Natural and sexual selection drive multivariate phenotypic divergence along climatic gradients in an invasive fish.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {11164}, pmid = {30042477}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {Z111021403//Northwest A and F University (Northwest A &amp; F University)/International ; }, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Anatomic Variation/physiology ; Animals ; Body Size ; China ; Climate ; Competitive Behavior ; Cyprinodontiformes/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics/*physiology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Multifactorial Inheritance ; Multivariate Analysis ; *Phenotype ; Phylogeography ; Selection, Genetic/*physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Invasive species that rapidly spread throughout novel distribution ranges are prime models to investigate climate-driven phenotypic diversification on a contemporary scale. Previous studies on adaptive diversification along latitudinal gradients in fish have mainly considered body size and reported either increased or decreased body size towards higher latitudes (i.e. Bergmann's rule). Our study is the first to investigate phenotypic divergence in multiple traits, including sexually selected traits (size and shape of the male copulatory organ, the gonopodium) of invasive Gambusia affinis in China. We studied body size, life history traits and morphological variation across populations spanning 17 degrees of latitude and 16 degrees of longitude. Even though we found phenotypic variation along climatic gradients to be strongest in naturally selected traits, some sexually selected traits also showed systematic gradual divergence. For example, males from southern populations possessed wider gonopodia with increased armament. Generally, males and females diverged in response to different components of climatic gradients (latitudinal or longitudinal variation) and in different trait suites. We discuss that not only temperature regimes, but also indirect effects of increased resource and mate competition (as a function of different extrinsic overwinter mortality rates) alter the selective landscape along climatic gradients.}, }
@article {pmid30042428, year = {2018}, author = {Lin, ZH and Wu, CH and Ho, CK}, title = {Warming neutralizes host-specific competitive advantages between a native and invasive herbivore.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {11130}, pmid = {30042428}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {105-2621-B-002-001//Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan)/International ; 106-2313-B-002-002//Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan)/International ; N/A//National Taiwan University (NTU)/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Lepidoptera/*physiology ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Although native-invasive species interactions have become a common mechanism shaping ecosystems, whether these interactions shift under warming remains unclear. To investigate how warming may affect native and invasive species separately and together (intraspecific and interspecific competition, respectively) and whether any warming impact is resource dependent, we examined the performance of two competing herbivores (native Pieris canidia and invasive P. rapae) on two common host plants under three temperature settings (control, 3 °C, and 6 °C warming using environmental chambers). The results revealed that warming benefited the development and growth of both Pieris under intraspecific competition, but the benefits were host-plant dependent. Notably, the native or invasive Pieris gained an advantage from interspecific competition (host-plant dependent), but warming neutralized the competitive advantages of either Pieris species. These findings raise the possibility that warming-induced shifts in competitive status may become a crucial mechanism shaping ecosystems worldwide, because most ecosystems are challenged by species invasion and warming. Moreover, this study revealed a discrepancy in species thermal performance between intra- and interspecific competition. Therefore, to predict native-invasive species competition under warming, current thermal performance applications should use species performance curves derived from interspecific rather than intraspecific competition studies (although the latter is more readily available).}, }
@article {pmid30041841, year = {2019}, author = {Kull, CA and Harimanana, SL and Radaniela Andrianoro, A and Rajoelison, LG}, title = {Divergent perceptions of the 'neo-Australian' forests of lowland eastern Madagascar: Invasions, transitions, and livelihoods.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {48-56}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.004}, pmid = {30041841}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Australia ; *Forests ; Humans ; Madagascar ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Grevillea banksii (Proteaceae), a non-native shrubby tree, has in the past five decades expanded to cover hundreds of thousands of hectares in lowland eastern Madagascar, accompanied by other Australian and pan-tropical species, including Melaleuca quinquenervia, Acacia mangium, and Eucalyptus spp. We investigate contrasting perceptions of this new landscape with view to facilitate future management. Field research was based on 290 surveys, key informant interviews, and ecological inventories at six sites from Farafangana in the south to Fenerive Est in the north. After documenting the ecology and usage of grevillea, we analyse differing ways in which it can be perceived. Perceptions promoted by scientists and administrators include the contrasting ideas of beneficial landscape greening, rampant biological invasion, novel ecosystems, and forest transition. Perceptions held by local actors are highly determined by practical livelihood concerns. These local views are largely positive due to the major role of grevillea firewood and charcoal sales in livelihoods; however, context plays a major role and a number of disadvantages are perceived as well, including difficulty of removal, competition with crop and pasture land, and the respiratory health impacts of involvement in charcoal production. We conclude that policymakers and managers - in this case and in similar cases around the world - need to be more reflexive on the ways in which environmental problems are framed and to put those frames more in conversation with local people's experiences in order to productively resolve invasive species management dilemmas.}, }
@article {pmid30041398, year = {2018}, author = {Kenworthy, JM and Rolland, G and Samadi, S and Lejeusne, C}, title = {Local variation within marinas: Effects of pollutants and implications for invasive species.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {133}, number = {}, pages = {96-106}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.001}, pmid = {30041398}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Copper/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; *Ships ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Urban structures like marinas are dominant features of our coasts, often hotspots for invasive species. The processes that govern the distribution of invasive species within and between marinas are not well understood. We therefore investigated the impacts of local-scale variability within and between marinas, analysing fouling communities at two zones (inner and outer) within three close marinas in accordance with pollutants recorded in the water and sediment. Communities varied between zones, however no significant differences in abundances of invasive species was recorded. The inner zones contained higher levels of copper and other pollutants and were correlated with lower biodiversity and abundances of many species in comparison to the outer zones. Only the native Ascidiella aspersa was found in greater abundances in the inner zones. This local-scale variability and how it impacts biodiversity is important for consideration for coastal managers in mitigating the build-up of pollutants and spread of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30041369, year = {2018}, author = {Glynn, PW and Feingold, JS and Baker, A and Banks, S and Baums, IB and Cole, J and Colgan, MW and Fong, P and Glynn, PJ and Keith, I and Manzello, D and Riegl, B and Ruttenberg, BI and Smith, TB and Vera-Zambrano, M}, title = {State of corals and coral reefs of the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador): Past, present and future.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {133}, number = {}, pages = {717-733}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.002}, pmid = {30041369}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*physiology ; Carbonates ; Climate ; *Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; El Nino-Southern Oscillation ; Humans ; Pacific Ocean ; Retrospective Studies ; }, abstract = {Coral populations and structural coral reefs have undergone severe reductions and losses respectively over large parts of the Galápagos Islands during and following the 1982-83 El Niño event. Coral tissue loss amounted to 95% across the Archipelago. Also at that time, all coral reefs in the central and southern islands disappeared following severe degradation and eventual collapse due primarily to intense bioerosion and low recruitment. Six sites in the southern islands have demonstrated low to moderate coral community (scattered colonies, but no carbonate framework) recovery. The iconic pocilloporid reef at Devil's Crown (Floreana Island) experienced recovery to 2007, then severe mortality during a La Niña cooling event, and is again (as of 2017) undergoing rapid recovery. Notable recovery has occurred at the central (Marchena) and northern islands (Darwin and Wolf). Of the 17 structural reefs first observed in the mid-1970s, the single surviving reef (Wellington Reef) at Darwin Island remains in a positive growth mode. The remainder either degraded to a coral community or was lost. Retrospective analyses of the age structure of corals killed in 1983, and isotopic signatures of the skeletal growth record of massive corals suggest the occurrence of robust coral populations during at least a 500-year period before 1983. The greatest potential threats to the recovery and persistence of coral reefs include: ocean warming and acidification, bioerosion, coral diseases, human population growth (increasing numbers of residents and tourists), overfishing, invasive species, pollution, and habitat destruction. Such a diverse spectrum of disturbances, acting alone or in combination, are expected to continue to cause local and archipelago-wide mortality and degradation of the coral reef ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid30041321, year = {2018}, author = {Montes, A and Lorenzo-Abalde, S and González-Fernández, &#xc1; and Vázquez, E and Olabarria, C}, title = {Use of a monoclonal antibody-based assay for the early detection of an invasive bivalve in plankton samples.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {133}, number = {}, pages = {320-327}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.004}, pmid = {30041321}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Aquaculture ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/immunology ; Mytilidae/*immunology ; Mytilus ; Plankton/*immunology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Spain ; }, abstract = {The invasive mussel Xenostrobus securis was recorded for the first time in the Galician Rias Baixas (NW Spain) in 2007, within an area characterized by intense commercial culture of Mytilus galloprovincialis. The main aims of this study were to evaluate whether an immunological assay can be used to detect larvae of this species in field samples of plankton and to determine whether the distribution of larvae matched that of adults. The ability of two monoclonal antibodies to recognize the bivalve was tested by immunofluorescence. Only the M22.8 antibody recognized X. securis larvae. The staining pattern distinguished X. securis from M. galloprovincialis larvae in both laboratory cultures and field samples of plankton. The distribution of larvae did not match that of adults. This tool may prove very useful for monitoring the presence of this invasive species in the plankton, allowing rapid and specific recognition.}, }
@article {pmid30041305, year = {2018}, author = {Ziegler, G and Tamburri, MN and Fisher, DJ}, title = {Long-term algal toxicity of oxidant treated ballast water.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {133}, number = {}, pages = {18-29}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.013}, pmid = {30041305}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Chlorine/chemistry/toxicity ; Diatoms/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Disinfection ; *Halogenation ; Haptophyta/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Oxidants/chemistry/toxicity ; *Ships ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry/*toxicity ; Water Purification ; }, abstract = {National and international regulations require that ships' ballast water is treated to minimize the risk of introducing potentially invasive species. A common approach employed by commercial ballast water management systems is chlorination. This study presents the algal toxicity findings for three chlorination-based BWMS and their implications to environmental safety of port waters receiving treated ballast water from ships. Discharged treated ballast water from all three BWMS was toxic to algae with IC25s (25% growth inhibition) ranging from 9.9% to 17.9%, despite having total residual oxidant concentrations below 0.02 mg/l, based on Whole Effluent Toxicity assays. When held at 4 °C, some of the ballast water samples continued to exhibit toxic effects with no observed effect concentrations as low as 18% after a 134 day holding time. Thirteen individual disinfection by-products were measured above the detected limit at the time of discharge. No correlation between DBPs and algal toxicity was observed.}, }
@article {pmid30039841, year = {2018}, author = {Leal-Galicia, P and Betancourt, D and Gonzalez-Gonzalez, A and Romo-Parra, H}, title = {[A brief history of marijuana in the western world].}, journal = {Revista de neurologia}, volume = {67}, number = {4}, pages = {133-140}, pmid = {30039841}, issn = {1576-6578}, mesh = {Americas ; Cannabidiol/therapeutic use ; Cannabinoids/adverse effects/*history/therapeutic use ; *Cannabis/chemistry ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Legislation, Drug/history ; Marijuana Abuse/history ; Medical Marijuana/history/therapeutic use ; Medicine, Traditional/history ; Public Policy/history ; }, abstract = {Marijuana is a substance with a long and controversial history. At different times in its history, which goes back over 5,000 years, this plant has been used for different purposes, ranging from recreational and leisure to its use in the treatment of several diseases or to offer relief in processes that entail a certain type of malaise, and including its consideration as a means of relaxation and meditation. Although it was supposed that the roots of marijuana lay in Central America, it is now known that this is but an urban legend with little credibility and that its origins can be found recorded in Chinese medical references dating back to the year 2737 BC. Although this plant was not originally from Central America, it has aroused interest around the world, and above all in Mexico. It is in this country where the use of cannabis has gone from applications in textiles and medicine to its free sale, the bans on its use due to political and social pressures, its tolerance and, recently, its decriminalisation for recreational and medicinal use. Unfortunately there are few references on the history of this plant in Mexico, and thus we have considered it interesting to present some data about the generalities of marijuana, a brief history in the world, the development of decriminalisation in North America, its medicinal uses and its course through Mexico to the present day.}, }
@article {pmid30038761, year = {2018}, author = {Liu, L and Pei, C and Liu, S and Guo, X and Du, N and Guo, W}, title = {Genetic and epigenetic changes during the invasion of a cosmopolitan species (Phragmites australis).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {13}, pages = {6615-6624}, pmid = {30038761}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {While many introduced invasive species can increase genetic diversity through multiple introductions and/or hybridization to colonize successfully in new environments, others with low genetic diversity have to persist by alternative mechanisms such as epigenetic variation. Given that Phragmites australis is a cosmopolitan reed growing in a wide range of habitats and its invasion history, especially in North America, has been relatively well studied, it provides an ideal system for studying the role and relationship of genetic and epigenetic variation in biological invasions. We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and methylation-sensitive (MS) AFLP methods to evaluate genetic and epigenetic diversity and structure in groups of the common reed across its range in the world. Evidence from analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on AFLP and MS-AFLP data supported the previous conclusion that the invasive introduced populations of P. australis in North America were from European and Mediterranean regions. In the Gulf Coast region, the introduced group harbored a high level of genetic variation relative to originating group from its native location, and it showed epigenetic diversity equal to that of the native group, if not higher, while the introduced group held lower genetic diversity than the native. In the Great Lakes region, the native group displayed very low genetic and epigenetic variation, and the introduced one showed slightly lower genetic and epigenetic diversity than the original one. Unexpectedly, AMOVA and principal component analysis did not demonstrate any epigenetic convergence between native and introduced groups before genetic convergence. Our results suggested that intertwined changes in genetic and epigenetic variation were involved in the invasion success in North America. Although our study did not provide strong evidence proving the importance of epigenetic variation prior to genetic, it implied the similar role of stable epigenetic diversity to genetic diversity in the adaptation of P. australis to local environment.}, }
@article {pmid30038323, year = {2018}, author = {Naeem, M and Yuan, X and Huang, J and An, J}, title = {Habitat suitability for the invasion of Bombus terrestris in East Asian countries: A case study of spatial overlap with local Chinese bumblebees.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {11035}, pmid = {30038323}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Japan ; Mongolia ; Pollination ; Republic of Korea ; }, abstract = {Invasive species such as Bombus terrestris represent a severe threat that can result in the decline of local biodiversity. We examined the habitat suitability for B. terrestris invasion in East Asian countries and the risk of habitat overlap with 24 bumblebee species from different groups in China. All East Asian countries were predicted to be susceptible to invasion by B. terrestris, with the highest habitat suitability occurring in China followed by Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Mongolia. Within China, which is a global biodiversity hotspot for bumblebees, three different regions, north-west, central to south-east and north-east, were predicted as being highly suitable for invasion. In China, the group of species closely related to B. terrestris showed higher sensitivity (89%) to habitat overlap with B. terrestris than did the group of non-closely related species (73%). The risk of overlap for the three major regional bumblebees within China decreased in the order southern region, northern region and Tibetan Plateau region. Due to the sensitivity of habitat suitability and overlap, the use of the introduced European bumblebee B. terrestris for pollination services should be discouraged in regions with overlapping habitats in China, and management strategies should be implemented to conserve the vulnerable bumblebees in all East Asian countries.}, }
@article {pmid30034679, year = {2018}, author = {Nuñez, MA and Paritsis, J}, title = {How are monospecific stands of invasive trees formed? Spatio-temporal evidence from Douglas fir invasions.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {ply041}, pmid = {30034679}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Invasive plant species can produce many impacts on native communities. Impacts can be especially important when the non-natives reach high densities, producing monospecific stands where little grows besides the non-native species. We propose three basic pathways by which monospecific stands of invasive tree species are formed: (i) gradually from the propagule source, (ii) via synchronous establishment and (iii) following several pulses of synchronous establishment. Different patterns can produce different impacts through time and may require different management techniques. This study aims to further our understanding of how monotypic stands of invasive species arise. We documented how monospecific stands are formed during invasion processes by studying patterns of spatio-temporal establishment of several monospecific stands of Douglas fir in Patagonia. We obtained data on tree density, year of establishment, size, distance to the seed source and other related measurements for this tree species along transects from the original seed source (80-year-old plantations) to the edge of the monospecific stand. We found that these monospecific stands arose in a more complex way than expected. While individuals established on average simultaneously over all distances from the seed source, there was substantial variation in time of establishment at all distances. Also, tree density was higher near the source than far from it. Different factors can account for the observed pattern of tree establishment, including seed dispersal, mycorrhizal facilitation and herbivory. Our results elucidate the complexities of spatio-temporal pattern of formation in monospecific stands. This understanding can improve management strategies and techniques for this invasion and other plant invasions in different regions.}, }
@article {pmid30033490, year = {2018}, author = {Zhao, L and Ahmad, F and Lu, M and Zhang, W and Wickham, JD and Sun, J}, title = {Ascarosides Promote the Prevalence of Ophiostomatoid Fungi and an Invasive Pathogenic Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {44}, number = {7-8}, pages = {701-710}, pmid = {30033490}, issn = {1573-1561}, support = {31630013, 31272323//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; XDB11050100, XDB11030600//Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Strategic Priority Research Program/ ; 863 plan: 2014AA020529//High Technology Research and Development Program (HTRDP) of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; China ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Fungi/physiology ; Glycolipids/*metabolism ; Insect Vectors/physiology ; Pinus/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; Symbiosis ; Tylenchida/*microbiology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Understanding the coevolution of pathogens and their associated mycoflora depend upon a proper elucidation of the basis of their chemical communication. In the case of pine wilt disease, the mutual interactions between cerambycid beetles, invasive pathogenic nematodes, (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and their symbiotic ophiostomatoid fungi provide a unique opportunity to understand the role of small molecules in mediating their chemical communication. Nematodes produce ascarosides, a highly conserved family of small molecules that serve essential functions in nematode biology and ecology. Here we demonstrated that the associated fungi, one of the key natural food resources of pine wood nematodes, can detect and respond to these ascarosides. We found that ascarosides significantly increase the growth of L. pini-densiflorae and Sporothrix sp. 1, which are native fungal species in China that form a symbiotic relationship with pinewood nematodes. Hyphal mass of L. pini-densiflorae increased when treated with asc-C5 compared to other ophiostomatoid species. Field results demonstrated that in forests where higher numbers of PWN were isolated from beetle galleries, L. pini-densiflorae had been prevalent; the same results were confirmed in laboratory studies. Furthermore, when treated with asc-C5, L. pini-densiflorae responded by increasing its production of spores, which leads to a higher likelihood of dispersal by insect vectors, hence explaining the dominance of L. pini-densiflorae over S. sp. 1 in the Tianwang and Nanlu Mountains within the Northern Forestry Centre of China. These findings provide an emphatic representation of coevolution of pine wood nematode and its associated fungi. Our results lay a broader foundation for a better understanding of inter-kingdom mutualisms and the chemical signals that mediate their establishment.}, }
@article {pmid30032998, year = {2019}, author = {Shrestha, BB and Shrestha, UB and Sharma, KP and Thapa-Parajuli, RB and Devkota, A and Siwakoti, M}, title = {Community perception and prioritization of invasive alien plants in Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape, Nepal.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {38-47}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.034}, pmid = {30032998}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Forests ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Nepal ; Perception ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants ; }, abstract = {The management of invasive species is a complex, yet an essential component of biodiversity conservation and environmental management for sustainable futures. Despite a well-established linkage between biological invasions and human activities, the social dimension of invasive species management is less explored as compared to the ecological aspects. In recent years, the active participation of local communities, such as assessing levels of awareness and the selection of targeted species prioritized by communities, has been considered as a crucial element for managing invasive species. We conducted 32 focus group discussions (FGDs) including 218 participants in Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape (ChAL) of central Nepal, to assess knowledge and perceptions of agrarian and forest-dependent communities about invasive alien plants (IAPs), document the efforts of the community management of IAPs and prioritize IAPs for management. In the prioritization exercise, participants of each FGD were asked to rank three IAPs using scoring methods and to express their experience about the effects of the selected IAPs on humans and the environment. We found that communities had a living memory of the arrival of some of the IAPs in their locality without knowing the exotic nature of IAPs. Biodiversity loss, livestock poisoning, reduced agricultural production and forage supply, and negative impact on forest regeneration were reported as major negative impacts of IAPs. Communities also reportedly utilized IAPs for medicinal purposes, making compost by using biomass, and controlling floods and landslides. None of the government and non-governmental organizations working in the sectors of biodiversity conservation and environmental management has informed local forest-dependent agrarian communities about the consequences of biological invasions and management of IAPs. However, local communities had already started controlling the spread of some IAPs through manual uprooting. They were able to spot, identify and prioritize IAPs for management and some of the prioritized species were among the world's worst invasive species. Ageratum houstonianum was the top-ranked worst invasive species in agroecosystems while Chromolaena odorata and Ageratina adenophora were the top-ranked worst species in natural ecosystems. Our findings will be useful for guiding community education programs as well as the management of IAPs through formal policy and management plans, such as Nepal's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan.}, }
@article {pmid30031771, year = {2018}, author = {Wade, RM and Sherwood, AR}, title = {Updating Plakobranchus cf. ianthobapsus (Gastropoda, Sacoglossa) host use: Diverse algal-animal interactions revealed by NGS with implications for invasive species management.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {128}, number = {}, pages = {172-181}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2018.07.010}, pmid = {30031771}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Gastropoda/*genetics/*parasitology ; Hawaii ; *High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Likelihood Functions ; Metagenomics ; Phylogeny ; Principal Component Analysis ; }, abstract = {Sacoglossa, the "sap sucking" sea slugs, are highly specialized herbivores and the only metazoans that exhibit kleptoplasty, the sequestration and retention of chloroplasts from algae. Plakobranchus is one of the most generalistic herbivores within this order, with as many as 12 reported "algal host" (i.e. kleptoplast source) species. However, kleptoplast diversity studies conducted on Plakobranchus to date most likely underestimated the full diversity of kleptoplast sources within the studied populations due to limitations of the molecular techniques employed. Here, we apply a high throughput sequencing technique to assess kleptoplast diversity of Plakobranchus cf. ianthobapsus' from 10 sites across the Main Hawaiian Islands during winter and summer seasons. In so doing, we effectively used P. cf. ianthobapsus as a novel sampling tool to explore diminutive algal communities, including the current distribution of the invasive alga "Avrainvillea amadelpha." Our results show that P. cf. ianthobapsus sequesters chloroplasts from 23 algal species from across the siphonous green algal order Bryopsidales. We identified "Avrainvillea amadelpha" and Codium edule as new host species for P. cf. ianthobapusus, but their rarity among the data suggests they were most likely less preferential as hosts and were possibly utilized due to low abundance or unavailability of more preferable species, and therefore a response to starvation risk. Additionally, the identification of the highly invasive siphonous green alga "A. amadelpha" as a kleptoplast source provides new fine-scale range and distribution data for this problematic species. Overall kleptoplast diversity does not differ among sites, except in a coral-dominated, (i.e. not algal dominated) environment, suggesting that siphonous algal assemblages are common in algal-dominated ecosystems in the Hawaiian Islands. Diversity dissimilarity among seasons was recovered from the majority of sites sampled, supporting the need for seasonal data collection in algal diversity assessments. This case study using metabarcoding of sacoglossan kleptoplasts provides deeper insights into these plant-animal interactions with a better understanding of host use than previous studies using traditional molecular methods and illustrates how algal diversity studies on the scale of plastids can have implications for understanding algal community structure and invasive species dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid30030104, year = {2018}, author = {Gardner, S and Assis, VR and Zhao, H and Gomes, FR and Peatman, E and Mendonça, MT}, title = {Differential gene expression to an LPS challenge in relation to exogenous corticosterone in the invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina).}, journal = {Developmental and comparative immunology}, volume = {88}, number = {}, pages = {114-123}, doi = {10.1016/j.dci.2018.07.016}, pmid = {30030104}, issn = {1879-0089}, mesh = {Amphibian Proteins/*immunology ; Animals ; Bufo marinus/genetics/*immunology ; Corticosterone/pharmacology ; Cytokines/immunology ; Down-Regulation/immunology ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Immunity, Cellular/drug effects/genetics ; Immunity, Humoral/drug effects/genetics ; Immunity, Innate/drug effects/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Lipopolysaccharides/*immunology ; Male ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Spleen/immunology ; Stress, Physiological/immunology ; Up-Regulation/immunology ; }, abstract = {The cane toad (Rhinella marina) is an invasive amphibian in several parts of the world. Much of the research performed on assessing the dispersal potential of invasive species has focused immunity. Invaders are predicted to rely less on pro-inflammatory immunity, allowing them to allocate energy to dispersal. Elevated stress may play a role in regulation of immune responses used by invasive species. RNA sequencing of spleen tissue from cane toads subjected to an acute LPS challenge revealed genes coding for cytokines involved in typical innate responses such as phagocytic cell recruitment, extravasation, inflammation, and lymphocyte differentiation were significantly upregulated, while toads receiving transdermal application of corticosterone in addition to an LPS injection showed downregulation of genes involved with cell mediated immunity. These results indicate hormonal changes associated with acute stress may alter investment into mounting cell-mediated or humoral responses while allowing for prolonged phagocytic innate responses in this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30029120, year = {2018}, author = {Ghezzo, M and Pellizzato, M and De Pascalis, F and Silvestri, S and Umgiesser, G}, title = {Natural resources and climate change: A study of the potential impact on Manila clam in the Venice lagoon.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {645}, number = {}, pages = {419-430}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.060}, pmid = {30029120}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture/methods ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Natural Resources ; }, abstract = {A crucial aspect in climate change is to understand how an ecosystem will adapt under different environmental conditions and how it will influence the ecological resources and the connected human activities. In this study, a numerical model reproduces the growth dynamics, dispersion and settlement of clam's larvae in the Venice lagoon. On the basis of the last IPCC scenarios for the years 2050 and 2100, the model simulates the changes in larval settlement, showing how the geographical distribution and, consequently, the nursery area changes over time. Our results indicate that climate change will modify, not only the timing of the settlements (from spring-summer to winter autumn) and the spatial distribution of nursery areas (from central to southern lagoon), but also the absolute quantity of settled larvae in the lagoon. This can strongly affect aquaculture in terms of availability of seed and farming practice. Given that these changes are due to the variations in temperature and circulation, similar processes are likely to happen in other transitional environments all over the world affecting the global aquaculture resources. In this regard, the tool we developed could support local policymakers in the knowledge-based planning and sustainable management of clam aquaculture in vulnerable environments.}, }
@article {pmid30026511, year = {2018}, author = {McClure, ML and Burdett, CL and Farnsworth, ML and Sweeney, SJ and Miller, RS}, title = {Publisher Correction: A globally-distributed alien invasive species poses risks to United States imperiled species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {11153}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-26014-2}, pmid = {30026511}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.}, }
@article {pmid30025641, year = {2018}, author = {Abram, PK and Moffat, CE}, title = {Rethinking biological control programs as planned invasions.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {27}, number = {}, pages = {9-15}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2018.01.011}, pmid = {30025641}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Pest Control, Biological ; }, abstract = {Biological control of pests with their natural enemies essentially consists of planned invasions, with the opportunity to select both the invader and the invaded environment. Recent advances in invasion science link 'intrinsic invasion factors' (life history and behavioral traits) with invader success; connect 'extrinsic invasion factors' (abiotic and biotic aspects of the invaded environment) with environmental invasibility; and demonstrate that their interaction leads not only to ecologically driven variability but also to rapid evolutionary change in biocontrol systems. However, current theory and empirical evidence from invasion science have not yet been extensively adopted into biological control research and practice.}, }
@article {pmid30022298, year = {2018}, author = {El-Sayed, AM and Jósvai, JK and Brown, RL and Twidle, A and Suckling, DM}, title = {Associative Learning of Food Odor by Social Wasps in a Natural Ecosystem.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {44}, number = {10}, pages = {915-921}, pmid = {30022298}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animal Feed/*analysis ; Animals ; DNA/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; *Learning ; Odorants/*analysis ; Social Behavior ; Wasps/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The ability of insects to associate olfactory cues with food from their environment has been well documented with various insect orders. However, these studies were based on prior training of insects to associate odors with food sources in the laboratory or in the field with almost no evidence for the development of this phenomenon in natural ecosystems. In New Zealand's ancient Fuscospora spp. or beech forests, invasive Vespula social wasps were attracted to odor from honeydew (benzaldehyde and n-octanol) but did not respond to a known wasp attractant (isobutanol and acetic acid). On the other hand, wasps in a rural/suburban area in New Zealand did not respond to honeydew odor but responded instead to the known wasp attractant. Similarly, social wasps in Hungary did not respond to honeydew odor, but responded to the known wasp attractant. DNA sequences of Vespula vulgaris from the two locations in New Zealand were 100% identical. Similarly, DNA sequences of V. germanica from the two locations in New Zealand were 100% identical, indicating little or no intra-specific variation. On the other hand, DNA sequences of V. vulgaris and V. germanica from New Zealand were 99.56 and 99.78% matches with V. vulgaris and V. germanica samples from Hungary, respectively. Electroantennogram (EAG) response profiles of wasps from the three locations to benzaldehyde, isobutanol, acetic acid, n-octanol and heptyl butyrate were similar. The high similarity in DNA sequences and EAG profiles, with only a behavioral difference in the response to odor sources, suggests that social wasps in New Zealand's beech forest have naturally developed associative learning for the odor of the carbohydrate-rich honeydew. This is the first study to provide conclusive evidence of the occurrence and the development of associative learning of food odor by social insects in a natural ecosystem free of human interference. The ability of social wasps to naturally develop associative learning of food odor might in part explain why they are extremely successful invaders of new ecosystems, especially those with rich honeydew resources. The finding of our study will have significant implications for the use of attractants in wasp monitoring and control in different habitats.}, }
@article {pmid30022289, year = {2018}, author = {Habibi, F and Shamsi, S}, title = {Preliminary report of occurrence of Corynosoma spp. (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) in Southern Caspian sprat (Clupeonella grimmi).}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {117}, number = {10}, pages = {3327-3331}, pmid = {30022289}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Acanthocephala/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Animals ; Caspian Sea ; Female ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; Fishes/parasitology ; Helminthiasis, Animal/*parasitology ; Male ; }, abstract = {In recent years, there has been a steady decline in the populations of clupeid fish in the Caspian Sea which has been attributed to factors such as overfishing and introduced invasive species of jellyfish. Very little is known about the diseases and possible health impacts of infectious agents such as parasites on the population of these important fish in the Caspian Sea. The aim of this study was to determine if infection with parasites can have adverse impacts on fish health and population. Sixty fish were collected, measured for weight and length, aged, and then examined for presence of Acanthocephala. Ages were recorded, as well as length and weight data for each age category and the number of acanthocephalan parasites. The internal organs, including the liver, ovary, and testis, were subjected to histopathological examination. Ninety percent of fish were found to be infected with acanthocephalan parasites, identified as Corynosoma strumosum. Fish data including the number of parasites, age, length, and weight showed that there was no significant difference in length and weight between different age groups, e.g., between 2 and 6 years old, suggesting that those fish may not grow fully as they age. There were several granuloma of different sizes in the liver and gonads, indicating the occurrence of a chronic inflammation. It is known that large numbers of granuloma may disturb the normal function of the liver and gonads and if associated with long term infection this may cause sterility, affecting the population numbers. Further research, with targeted aims, is needed to understand the impact of infection with acanthocephala on this fish and to determine the causative agents of the histopathological changes observed in the present study.}, }
@article {pmid30019849, year = {2019}, author = {Rojas, TN and Vergara-Tabares, DL and Valdez, DJ and Ponzio, MF and Peluc, SI}, title = {Food supplementation by an invasive fleshy-fruited shrub sustains body condition of a native frugivorous bird during winter.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {259-269}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12353}, pmid = {30019849}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; *Body Weight ; Cortisone/blood ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Fruit ; Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; Seasons ; Songbirds/blood/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Birds tend to adjust their behavior and physiology to changes in food availability in their environment. Seasonal fluctuation of food resources may act as an energetic challenge, augmenting hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) activity, leading to an increase in corticosterone concentrations and promoting the metabolism of energy stores. Plant invasions may alter seasonal food fluctuations by providing a food supply during scarce seasons. This could attenuate the energetic challenge, reducing HPA axis activity and the metabolism of reserves. Using a system with seasonal fluctuation in food availability, we tested if fruit supplementation by the invasive fleshy-fruited Pyracantha angustifolia during the season of native fruit scarcity decreases the consumption of energy stores through activity attenuation of the HPA axis. We measured changes in body condition and circulating corticosterone (CORT) concentration in Turdus chiguanco occurring at sites both invaded and not invaded by P. angustifolia over 3 time periods that correspond to the periods prior to, during and after highest fruit production of the plant. Fruit scarcity in the ecosystem appears as an energetic challenge for T. chiguanco, given that body mass, fat score and residuals of body mass/tarsus length decreased during winter in a site not invaded by the exotic shrub. Conversely, the presence of the invasive plant seemed to attenuate the metabolism of energetic reserves, as we did not record changes in body condition in birds inhabiting the invaded site. Unexpectedly, plasma CORT concentration did not vary between sites or periods. Further evaluation is required to elucidate how enhanced body condition, resulting from the consumption of a fleshy-fruited invasive plant, affects survivorship and reproductive performance in T. chiguanco.}, }
@article {pmid30018391, year = {2018}, author = {Ardura, A and Clusa, L and Zaiko, A and Garcia-Vazquez, E and Miralles, L}, title = {Stress related epigenetic changes may explain opportunistic success in biological invasions in Antipode mussels.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {10793}, pmid = {30018391}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; DNA Methylation ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Mytilidae/genetics/*physiology ; Mytilus/genetics/physiology ; *Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Different environmental factors could induce epigenetic changes, which are likely involved in the biological invasion process. Some of these factors are driven by humans as, for example, the pollution and deliberate or accidental introductions and others are due to natural conditions such as salinity. In this study, we have analysed the relationship between different stress factors: time in the new location, pollution and salinity with the methylation changes that could be involved in the invasive species tolerance to new environments. For this purpose, we have analysed two different mussels' species, reciprocally introduced in antipode areas: the Mediterranean blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the New Zealand pygmy mussel Xenostrobus securis, widely recognized invaders outside their native distribution ranges. The demetylathion was higher in more stressed population, supporting the idea of epigenetic is involved in plasticity process. These results can open a new management protocols, using the epigenetic signals as potential pollution monitoring tool. We could use these epigenetic marks to recognise the invasive status in a population and determine potential biopollutants.}, }
@article {pmid30017857, year = {2018}, author = {Xu, L and Zhang, Y and Zhang, S and Deng, J and Lu, M and Zhang, L and Zhang, J}, title = {Comparative analysis of the immune system of an invasive bark beetle, Dendroctonus valens, infected by an entomopathogenic fungus.}, journal = {Developmental and comparative immunology}, volume = {88}, number = {}, pages = {65-69}, doi = {10.1016/j.dci.2018.07.002}, pmid = {30017857}, issn = {1879-0089}, mesh = {Animals ; Beauveria/*immunology/pathogenicity ; China ; Coleoptera/*immunology/microbiology ; Forests ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/*immunology ; Introduced Species ; Larva/immunology/microbiology ; Ophiostomatales/*immunology/pathogenicity ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Phylogeny ; Pinus ; Symbiosis/immunology ; Transcriptome/immunology ; }, abstract = {Dendroctonus valens LeConte is one of the most economically important forest pest in China. Leptographium procerum, a mutualistic fungus can assist the host beetle in overcoming the pine's chemical defenses, and Beauveria bassiana, an entomopathogenic fungus has shown high beetle killing efficiency. Considering that the D. valens immune system remains unknown at the genomic level, a mutualistic and antagonistic fungus associated with the beetle provides an ideal model for studying immune interactions between the insect and associated fungi. Here, B. bassiana killed most tested larvae more effectively than L. procerum and Tween. The entomopathogenic fungus provoked stronger responses than the symbiotic fungus at the transcriptome level. We identified 185 immunity-related genes, including pattern recognition receptors, signal modulators, members of immune pathways (Toll, IMD, and JAK/STAT), and immune effectors. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis confirmed that several recognition receptors and effector genes were activated at 1 or 2 days post infection, while the effector genes were suppressed at 4 days post infection by B. bassiana, respectively. In contrast, effector genes were upregulated in response to L. procerum. Together, this study provides a comprehensive sequence resource and insight into the D. valens immune system and lays a basis for understanding the molecular aspects of the interaction between the host and associated fungi.}, }
@article {pmid30017110, year = {2019}, author = {Bravo-Vargas, V and García, RA and Pizarro, JC and Pauchard, A}, title = {Do people care about pine invasions? Visitor perceptions and willingness to pay for pine control in a protected area.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {57-66}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.018}, pmid = {30017110}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Forests ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Perception ; *Pinus ; Seasons ; South America ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Tree invasions are increasing globally, causing major problems for biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being. In South America, conifer invasions occur across many ecosystems and while numerous studies address the ecological consequences of these invasions, little is known about social perceptions and people's attitudes toward their control. The social perceptions on the effect of invasive conifers can include recreational, cultural and conservation dimensions. This study, conducted in the Malalcahuello National Reserve, aims to assess visitor's perception about invasive pines (Pinus spp.) and their effects on the endangered Araucaria araucana forests and determine their willingness to pay for pine control. We used a questionnaire to survey visitors to the reserve in both winter and summer (n = 138 for each season). When confronted with six images of araucaria and pine forests with and without snow, visitors consistently preferred landscapes without pines and disliked those completely dominated by pines the most. Almost half, 46.5%, of the visitors expressed their willingness to pay (WTP) for pine control and after given a brief explanation about pine impacts, this number rose to 79%. Visitors who said they were unwilling to pay argue ethical, aesthetic and pragmatic considerations relating closely to a number of social value systems and beliefs. Our study shows that there is a high variation in how people assess the threat of invasive pine species in natural areas, but education even in a very brief format can help to increase awareness of the problem and build social and financial support for its control.}, }
@article {pmid30017053, year = {2018}, author = {Clemente, M and Fusco, G and Tonina, L and Giomi, F}, title = {Temperature-induced phenotypic plasticity in the ovipositor of the invasive species Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {75}, number = {}, pages = {62-68}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.05.001}, pmid = {30017053}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; Drosophila/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; *Oviposition ; Phenotype ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) is a highly successful invasive dipteran which represents a serious threat for global fruit industry. Among other adaptive traits, D. suzukii owes its success to the derived morphological features of its ovipositor, which allows the insect to exploit the exclusive ecological niche of fresh fruit, thus avoiding competition with other closely related species. With the aim of investigating temperature-induced phenotypic plasticity of D. suzukii ovipositor, we reared this insect in four different laboratory conditions, represented by the combination of two developmental temperatures and two diet regimes for the larvae. We recorded the effects of these two factors on ovipositor size and shape and overall body size through a combination of distance-based and geometric morphometric analyses. Results showed that insects attain the largest body sizes at lower temperature, whereas the diet does not determine significant difference in size. However, the effect on size of the two factors is less pronounced in the ovipositor, which shows a negative allometry with respect to body size in all treatments. At higher temperature, ovipositor shape tends also to co-vary with its own size. Neither temperature nor diet have significant effect on ovipositor bilateral fluctuating asymmetry. These results confirm the hypothesis that in D. suzukii the toughened valve of the ovipositor are subjected to effective morpho-functional constraints, while probably being under strong selection by reason of their mechanical role.}, }
@article {pmid30016760, year = {2018}, author = {Vo, NTK and Moore, LC and Spiteri, KW and Hanner, R and Wilkie, MP and DeWitte-Orr, SJ}, title = {Assessing off-target cytotoxicity of the field lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol using novel lake sturgeon cell lines.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {162}, number = {}, pages = {536-545}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.017}, pmid = {30016760}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Line ; *Fishes ; Gills/cytology/drug effects ; Intestines/cytology/drug effects ; Lakes ; Larva/drug effects/metabolism ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Liver/cytology/drug effects ; Nitrophenols/*toxicity ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Petromyzon ; Rivers/chemistry ; Skin/cytology/drug effects ; Toxicity Tests, Acute ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Lampricides are currently being applied to streams and rivers to control the population of sea lamprey, an invasive species, in the Great Lakes. The most commonly used lampricide agent used in the field is 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), which targets larval sea lamprey in lamprey-infested rivers and streams. The specificity of TFM is due to the relative inability of sea lamprey to detoxify the agent relative to non-target fishes. There is increasing concern, however, about non-target effects on fishes, particularly threatened populations of juvenile lake sturgeon (LS; Acipenser fulvescens). There is therefore a need to develop models to better define lake sturgeon's response to TFM. Here we report the establishment of five LS cell lines derived from the liver, gill, skin and intestinal tract of juvenile LS and some of their cellular characteristics. All LS cell lines grew well at 25 °C in Leibovitz's (L)- 15 medium supplemented with 10% FBS. All cell lines demonstrated high senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and varying levels of Periodic acid Schiff-positive polysaccharides, indicating substantial production of glycoproteins and mucosubstances by the cells. Comparative toxicity of TFM in the five LS cell lines was assessed by two fluorescent cell viability dyes, Alamar Blue and CFDA-AM, in conditions with and without serum and at 24 or 72 h exposure. Deduced EC50 values were compared between the cell lines and to the reported in vivo LC50s. Tissues sensitive to the effects of TFM in vivo correlated with cell lines from the same tissues being most sensitive to TFM in vitro. EC50 values for the LSliver-e cells was significantly lower than the EC50 for the rainbow trout (RBT) liver cells RTL-W1, reaffirming the in vivo observation that LS was generally more TFM-sensitive than rainbow trout. Our data suggests that whole-fish sensitivity of LS to TFM is likely attributable to sensitivity at the cellular level. Thus, LS cell lines, as well as those of RBT, can be used to screen and evaluate the toxicity of the next generation of lampricides on non-target fish such as lake sturgeon.}, }
@article {pmid30016347, year = {2018}, author = {Wolf, CA and Young, HS and Zilliacus, KM and Wegmann, AS and McKown, M and Holmes, ND and Tershy, BR and Dirzo, R and Kropidlowski, S and Croll, DA}, title = {Invasive rat eradication strongly impacts plant recruitment on a tropical atoll.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {e0200743}, pmid = {30016347}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Cocos/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Pacific Ocean ; Rats ; Seedlings ; Trees/*physiology ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Rat eradication has become a common conservation intervention in island ecosystems and its effectiveness in protecting native vertebrates is increasingly well documented. Yet, the impacts of rat eradication on plant communities remain poorly understood. Here we compare native and non-native tree and palm seedling abundance before and after eradication of invasive rats (Rattus rattus) from Palmyra Atoll, Line Islands, Central Pacific Ocean. Overall, seedling recruitment increased for five of the six native trees species examined. While pre-eradication monitoring found no seedlings of Pisonia grandis, a dominant tree species that is important throughout the Pacific region, post-eradication monitoring documented a notable recruitment event immediately following eradication, with up to 688 individual P. grandis seedlings per 100m2 recorded one month post-eradication. Two other locally rare native trees with no observed recruitment in pre-eradication surveys had recruitment post-rat eradication. However, we also found, by five years post-eradication, a 13-fold increase in recruitment of the naturalized and range-expanding coconut palm Cocos nucifera. Our results emphasize the strong effects that a rat eradication can have on tree recruitment with expected long-term effects on canopy composition. Rat eradication released non-native C. nucifera, likely with long-term implications for community composition, potentially necessitating future management interventions. Eradication, nevertheless, greatly benefitted recruitment of native tree species. If this pattern persists over time, we expect long-term benefits for flora and fauna dependent on these native species.}, }
@article {pmid30015612, year = {2018}, author = {Shilton, CM and Šlapeta, J and Shine, R and Brown, GP}, title = {Invasive Colonic Entamoebiasis in Wild Cane Toads, Australia.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {24}, number = {8}, pages = {1541-1543}, pmid = {30015612}, issn = {1080-6059}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufo marinus/*parasitology ; Colon/parasitology/pathology ; DNA, Protozoan/*genetics ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Droughts ; Emaciation/parasitology/pathology ; Entamoeba/classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; Entamoebiasis/*epidemiology/parasitology/transmission/*veterinary ; Introduced Species ; Northern Territory/epidemiology ; Phylogeny ; Seasons ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {We detected a disease syndrome in free-ranging Australian cane toads involving atypical behavior and emaciation that is associated with a previously undescribed Entamoeba sp. that infiltrates the colonic lining, causing it to slough. The organism may become seasonally pathogenic when toads are under hydric and nutritional stress.}, }
@article {pmid30015117, year = {2018}, author = {Hesselschwerdt, J and Wantzen, KM}, title = {Global warming may lower thermal barriers against invasive species in freshwater ecosystems - A study from Lake Constance.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {645}, number = {}, pages = {44-50}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.078}, pmid = {30015117}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Global Warming ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes/*chemistry ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {European freshwater ecosystems are increasingly invaded by exotic animal and plant species. Apart from increased connectivity between previously separated watersheds, the increasing temperature of the hydrosystems favors the spread of exotic species. The freshwater fauna of Central Europe is still shaped by the cold-adapted animal assemblages resulting from the last glaciation. It is less diverse, and the species are putatively less performant competitors, compared to the warm-adapted, species-rich fauna of the Ponto-Caspian realm, from which many current aquatic invaders are coming. Our study analyses potential mechanisms explaining the coexistence between one of the most impacting aquatic invaders of the past decades, the 'killer shrimp' Dikerogammarus villosus and the previously dominating amphipod Gammarus roeselii in Lake Constance, using laboratory predation experiments and field surveys. Our results indicate two key drivers for coexistence: low winter temperatures and the substrate structure of the alga Chara sp. At temperatures below 6 °C, the predation pressure on G. roeselii was strongly reduced; G. roeselii can therefore disperse throughout the littoral in winter, avoiding predation by D. villosus. Artificial heating of a section of the lake shore, however, resulted in local extinction of G. roeselii by D. villosus. The macroalga Chara sp. completely inhibited predation by D. villosus on G. roeselii. Climate change scenarios indicate that global warming might destroy this thermal refuge during winter until 2085. For the survival of G. roeselii it will then be crucial, which part of the Chara population will maintain epigeic plant parts during winter. The complex interplay between thermal and physical refuges for native species in the context of climate change and changing trophic status of freshwater systems, as disentangled by our study, shows that ecosystem management and restoration strategies need to better consider multiple stressors (and their rather complex mitigation strategies).}, }
@article {pmid30014781, year = {2018}, author = {Hennessy, E}, title = {The politics of a natural laboratory: Claiming territory and governing life in the Galápagos Islands.}, journal = {Social studies of science}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {483-506}, doi = {10.1177/0306312718788179}, pmid = {30014781}, issn = {0306-3127}, mesh = {Ecuador ; History, 20th Century ; *Politics ; Research/*history ; *Research Design ; }, abstract = {The Galápagos Islands are often called a natural laboratory of evolution. This metaphor provides a powerful way of understanding space that, through scientific research, conservation and tourism, has shaped the archipelago over the past century. Combining environmental histories of field science with political ecologies of conservation biopower, this article foregrounds the territorial production of the archipelago as a living laboratory. In the mid-twentieth century, foreign naturalists used the metaphor to make land claims as they campaigned to create the Galápagos National Park and Charles Darwin Research Station. Unlike earlier 'parks for science', these institutions were not established under colonial rule, but through postwar institutions of transnational environmental governance that nonetheless continued colonial approaches to nature protection. In the following decades, the metaphor became a rationale for territorial management through biopolitical strategies designed to ensure isolation by controlling human access and introduced species. This article's approach extends the scope of what is at stake in histories of field science: not only the production of knowledge and authority of knowledge claims, but also the foundation of global environmental governance and authority over life and death in particular places. Yet while the natural laboratory was a powerful geographical imagination, analysis shows that it was also an unsustainable goal.}, }
@article {pmid30013163, year = {2018}, author = {Lu, X and He, M and Ding, J and Siemann, E}, title = {Latitudinal variation in soil biota: testing the biotic interaction hypothesis with an invasive plant and a native congener.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {2811-2822}, pmid = {30013163}, issn = {1751-7370}, mesh = {Amaranthaceae/growth &amp; development/*microbiology/parasitology ; Animals ; Bacteria ; *Biota ; China ; Climate ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Fungi/physiology ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Nematoda/physiology ; Plant Diseases/microbiology/parasitology ; Rhizosphere ; Seeds/growth &amp; development/microbiology/parasitology ; Soil/*parasitology ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Soil biota community structure can change with latitude, but the effects of changes on native plants, invasive plants, and their herbivores remain unclear. Here, we examined latitudinal variation in the soil biota community associated with the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides and its native congener A. sessilis, and the effects of soil biota community variation on these plants and the beetle Agasicles hygrophila. We characterized the soil bacterial and fungal communities and root-knot nematodes of plant rhizospheres collected from 22 °N to 36.6 °N in China. Soil biota community structure changed with latitude as a function of climate and soil properties. Root-knot nematode abundance and potential soil fungal pathogen diversity (classified with FUNGuild) decreased with latitude, apparently due to higher soil pH and lower temperatures. A greenhouse experiment and lab bioassay showed native plant mass, seed production, and mass of beetles fed native foliage increased with soil collection latitude. However, there were no latitudinal patterns for the invasive plant. These results suggest that invasive and native plants and, consequently, their herbivores have different responses to latitudinal changes in soil-borne enemies, potentially creating spatial variation in enemy release or biotic resistance. This highlights the importance of linking above- and below-ground multitrophic interactions to explore the role of soil biota in non-native plant invasions with a biogeographic approach.}, }
@article {pmid30012277, year = {2018}, author = {Ingrosso, G and Abbiati, M and Badalamenti, F and Bavestrello, G and Belmonte, G and Cannas, R and Benedetti-Cecchi, L and Bertolino, M and Bevilacqua, S and Bianchi, CN and Bo, M and Boscari, E and Cardone, F and Cattaneo-Vietti, R and Cau, A and Cerrano, C and Chemello, R and Chimienti, G and Congiu, L and Corriero, G and Costantini, F and De Leo, F and Donnarumma, L and Falace, A and Fraschetti, S and Giangrande, A and Gravina, MF and Guarnieri, G and Mastrototaro, F and Milazzo, M and Morri, C and Musco, L and Pezzolesi, L and Piraino, S and Prada, F and Ponti, M and Rindi, F and Russo, GF and Sandulli, R and Villamor, A and Zane, L and Boero, F}, title = {Mediterranean Bioconstructions Along the Italian Coast.}, journal = {Advances in marine biology}, volume = {79}, number = {}, pages = {61-136}, doi = {10.1016/bs.amb.2018.05.001}, pmid = {30012277}, issn = {0065-2881}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Coral Reefs ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Italy ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {Marine bioconstructions are biodiversity-rich, three-dimensional biogenic structures, regulating key ecological functions of benthic ecosystems worldwide. Tropical coral reefs are outstanding for their beauty, diversity and complexity, but analogous types of bioconstructions are also present in temperate seas. The main bioconstructions in the Mediterranean Sea are represented by coralligenous formations, vermetid reefs, deep-sea cold-water corals, Lithophyllum byssoides trottoirs, coral banks formed by the shallow-water corals Cladocora caespitosa or Astroides calycularis, and sabellariid or serpulid worm reefs. Bioconstructions change the morphological and chemicophysical features of primary substrates and create new habitats for a large variety of organisms, playing pivotal roles in ecosystem functioning. In spite of their importance, Mediterranean bioconstructions have not received the same attention that tropical coral reefs have, and the knowledge of their biology, ecology and distribution is still fragmentary. All existing data about the spatial distribution of Italian bioconstructions have been collected, together with information about their growth patterns, dynamics and connectivity. The degradation of these habitats as a consequence of anthropogenic pressures (pollution, organic enrichment, fishery, coastal development, direct physical disturbance), climate change and the spread of invasive species was also investigated. The study of bioconstructions requires a holistic approach leading to a better understanding of their ecology and the application of more insightful management and conservation measures at basin scale, within ecologically coherent units based on connectivity: the cells of ecosystem functioning.}, }
@article {pmid30011076, year = {2018}, author = {Winkler, DE and Gremer, JR and Chapin, KJ and Kao, M and Huxman, TE}, title = {Rapid alignment of functional trait variation with locality across the invaded range of Sahara mustard (Brassica tournefortii).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {105}, number = {7}, pages = {1188-1197}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1126}, pmid = {30011076}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Biomass ; Climate ; Germination ; Introduced Species ; Mustard Plant/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Phenotype ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; Seeds/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Southwestern United States ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF STUDY: Mechanisms by which invasive species succeed across multiple novel environmental contexts are poorly understood. Functional traits show promise for identifying such mechanisms, yet we lack knowledge of which functional traits are critical for success and how they vary across invaded ranges and with environmental features. We evaluated the widespread recent invasion of Sahara mustard (Brassica tournefortii) in the southwestern United States to understand the extent of functional trait variation across the invaded range and how such variation is related to spatial and climatic gradients.<br><br>METHODS: We used a common garden approach, growing two generations of plants in controlled conditions sourced from 10 locations across the invaded range. We measured variation within and among populations in phenological, morphological, and physiological traits, as well as performance.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: We found nine key traits that varied among populations. These traits were related to phenology and early growth strategies, such as the timing of germination and flowering, as well as relative allocation of biomass to reproduction and individual seed mass. Trait variation was related most strongly to variation in winter precipitation patterns across localities, though variations in temperature and latitude also had significant contributions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results identify key functional traits of this invasive species that showed significant variation among introduced populations across a broad geographic and climatic range. Further, trait variation among populations was strongly related to key climatic variables, which suggests that population divergence in these traits may explain the successful colonization of Sahara mustard across its invaded US range.}, }
@article {pmid30010927, year = {2018}, author = {May, C and Hillerbrand, N and Thompson, LM and Faske, TM and Martinez, E and Parry, D and Agosta, SJ and Grayson, KL}, title = {Geographic Variation in Larval Metabolic Rate Between Northern and Southern Populations of the Invasive Gypsy Moth.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {30010927}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; *Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Basal Metabolism ; *Climate ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Massachusetts ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Quebec ; Southeastern United States ; }, abstract = {Thermal regimes can diverge considerably across the geographic range of a species, and accordingly, populations can vary in their response to changing environmental conditions. Both local adaptation and acclimatization are important mechanisms for ectotherms to maintain homeostasis as environments become thermally stressful, which organisms often experience at their geographic range limits. The spatial spread of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) after introduction to North America provides an exemplary system for studying population variation in physiological traits given the gradient of climates encompassed by its current invasive range. This study quantifies differences in resting metabolic rate (RMR) across temperature for four populations of gypsy moth, two from the northern and two from southern regions of their introduced range in North America. Gypsy moth larvae were reared at high and low thermal regimes, and then metabolic activity was monitored at four temperatures using stop-flow respirometry to test for an acclimation response. For all populations, there was a significant increase in RMR as respirometry test temperature increased. Contrary to our expectations, we did not find evidence for metabolic adaptation to colder environments based on our comparisons between northern and southern populations. We also found no evidence for an acclimation response of RMR to rearing temperature for three of the four pairwise comparisons examined. Understanding the thermal sensitivity of metabolic rate in gypsy moth, and understanding the potential for changes in physiology at range extremes, is critical for estimating continued spatial spread of this invasive species both under current and potential future climatic constraints.}, }
@article {pmid30010926, year = {2018}, author = {Sibilia, CD and Brosko, KA and Hickling, CH and Thompson, LM and Grayson, KL and Olson, JR}, title = {Thermal Physiology and Developmental Plasticity of Pigmentation in the Harlequin Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {30010926}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cold Temperature ; Heteroptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Hot Temperature ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Photoperiod ; *Pigmentation ; Seasons ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {Traits that promote the maintenance of body temperatures within an optimal range provide advantages to ectothermic species. Pigmentation plasticity is found in many insects and enhances thermoregulatory potential as increased melanization can result in greater heat retention. The thermal melanism hypothesis predicts that species with developmental plasticity will have darker pigmentation in colder environments, which can be an important adaptation for temperate species experiencing seasonal variation in climate. The harlequin bug (Murgantia histrionica, Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Hahn 1834) is a widespread invasive crop pest with variable patterning where developmental plasticity in melanization could affect performance. To investigate the impact of temperature and photoperiod on melanization and size, nymphs were reared under two temperatures and two photoperiods simulating summer and fall seasons. The size and degree of melanization of adults were quantified using digital imagery. To assess the effect of coloration on the amount of heat absorption, we monitored the temperature of adults in a heating experiment. Overall, our results supported the thermal melanism hypothesis and temperature had a comparatively larger effect on coloration and size than photoperiod. When heated, the body temperature of individuals with darker pigmentation increased more relative to the ambient air temperature than individuals with lighter pigmentation. These results suggest that colder temperatures experienced late in the season can induce developmental plasticity for a phenotype that improves thermoregulation in this species. Our work highlights environmental signals and consequences for individual performance due to thermal melanism in a common invasive species, where capacity to respond to changing environments is likely contributing to its spread.}, }
@article {pmid30010861, year = {2018}, author = {Di Vitantonio, C and Depalo, L and Marchetti, E and Dindo, ML and Masetti, A}, title = {Response of the European Ladybird Adalia bipunctata and the Invasive Harmonia axyridis to a Neonicotinoid and a Reduced-Risk Insecticide.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {111}, number = {5}, pages = {2076-2080}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy206}, pmid = {30010861}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; *Insecticides ; *Introduced Species ; *Macrolides ; *Neonicotinoids ; *Nitro Compounds ; Toxicity Tests ; }, abstract = {The spread of the multicolored Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Europe coincided with the decline of the native Adalia bipunctata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Both species are predators of aphids in orchards, and differential susceptibility to insecticides used to control fruit pests may contribute to explain the competitive advantage of the invasive over the native species. In this study, the insecticidal activity of imidacloprid and spinetoram was tested on third instars and adults of both ladybird species under laboratory conditions. Insects were exposed to insecticide residues on potted peach plants that were sprayed with the maximum recommended field doses (100 mg/liter for imidacloprid and 66.67 mg/liter for spinetoram). Mortality was scored after short (2 d for both stages) and long (7 and 10 d for adults and larvae, respectively) exposure periods. The susceptibility to the insecticides was very similar for H. axyridis and A. bipunctata. Imidacloprid caused a significant increase in the mortality of both stages of the two species for every exposure period. On the other hand, when exposed to spinetoram residues, larvae and adults of both ladybirds did not show higher mortality than controls after short and long exposure periods. The pest suppression provided by ladybirds, which could be severely hampered by the applications of nonselective pesticides, might be enhanced by the adoption of reduced-risk insecticides, selective for these beneficial insects.}, }
@article {pmid30008279, year = {2019}, author = {Giovanetti, M}, title = {Foraging choices balanced between resource abundance and handling concerns: how the honeybee, Apis mellifera, select the flowers of Robinia pseudoacacia.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {109}, number = {3}, pages = {316-324}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485318000561}, pmid = {30008279}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; *Appetitive Behavior ; Bees/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Flowers/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Italy ; Plant Nectar ; Robinia/*anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Nectar is a main resource harvested by foraging honeybees: their ability in selecting among flowers is the key to optimize resource collection. This ability is expected to be the result of co-evolutionary traits between the plant and the pollinator visiting it; notwithstanding, novel interactions may occur between native and invasive species. Analysing foraging efforts, flexibility and individual constrains has to be taken into account. The foraging pattern of the ubiquitous honeybee on Robinia pseudoacacia, a North-American species widely naturalized in European countries, grounds a perfect case study. The plant shows papilionate flowers especially reach in nectar, but their tripping mechanism is difficult for the small/light-weight honeybee. Yet Apis mellifera is known to pay frequent and constant visits to them: in fact, one of the most appreciated unifloral honey is produced out of R. pseudoacacia. The aim of this study was to understand when and how the bees overcome physical constraints to succeed in flower visits, and to what extent this flexibility extend from the individual to the species. Data were collected in Italy, through focal observations of foraging individuals, nectar content measurements and experiments with manipulated inflorescences. Results clearly indicate that nectar content changes accordingly to the state of flowers (visited or unvisited), which also show slight changes in appearance. Foraging individuals, able to detect these differences, perform active choices preferentially selecting already-visited flowers: lower in nectar content but easier to manipulate. Even if the choice is primarily driven by handling constraints, individual experience and strength of stimuli are prompting visits also to unvisited flowers, notwithstanding a higher risk of failure in resource collection. Behavioural plasticity matching a satisfactory compromise grounds the decision that maximizes the intake of resource balanced with the effort to gain it.}, }
@article {pmid30007302, year = {2018}, author = {Chase, KD and Stringer, LD and Butler, RC and Liebhold, AM and Miller, DR and Shearer, PW and Brockerhoff, EG}, title = {Multiple-Lure Surveillance Trapping for Ips Bark Beetles, Monochamus Longhorn Beetles, and Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {111}, number = {5}, pages = {2255-2263}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy190}, pmid = {30007302}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Female ; *Heteroptera ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Pheromones ; }, abstract = {Invasions by insects introduced via international trade continue to cause worldwide impacts. Surveillance programs using traps baited with host volatiles and pheromones can detect incursions of nonnative species. We report on two experiments executed to determine if attractants for several insect species can be combined without compromising trap catches and detection ability of target species. In the first experiment, we tested the effect of bark beetle pheromones (plus α-pinene) and trap contact with foliage on trap catches of the brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in traps baited with a mixture of bisabolenes and methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate. Trap capture of H. halys adults was greater in traps not in contact with foliage, and the bark beetle pheromones ipsenol and ipsdienol did not affect trap capture of H. halys. In the second experiment, we tested the effects of multi-lure interactions among the primary host attractants α-pinene and ethanol, and the pheromones monochamol, ipsenol, ipsdienol, lanierone, and the H. halys compounds, on trap captures of various forest and agricultural insect pests. Specifically, we targeted Monochamus spp. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), Ips spp. (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) and H. halys. We found that a combination of all lures did not catch significantly lower numbers of Monochamus carolinensis Olivier, Monochamus scutellatus Say (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), and Ips pini Say (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) than lure combinations missing components although removal of both lanierone and ipsdienol somewhat increased catches of Ips grandicollis Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Our results support the use of traps baited with a full combination of these attractants in surveillance programs. This should reduce costs and increase detection rates of a wider range of conifer forest pests and H. halys.}, }
@article {pmid30006107, year = {2018}, author = {Poidatz, J and Bressac, C and Bonnard, O and Thiéry, D}, title = {Comparison of reproductive traits of foundresses in a native and an invasive hornet in Europe.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {109}, number = {}, pages = {93-99}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.07.004}, pmid = {30006107}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Adipose Tissue ; Animals ; Europe ; Female ; Fertility ; Head/anatomy &amp; histology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Ovary/anatomy &amp; histology/chemistry/growth &amp; development ; Reproduction/physiology ; Spermatozoa ; Wasps/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The population dynamics of annual social hymenoptera such as vespids depend largely on the fertility of the foundresses, which, in turn, is a key factor in the context of biological invasions. The native European hornet Vespa crabro (Vc) and the invasive Asian hornet Vespa velutina (Vv) have generally similar ecological traits, e.g. nesting and feeding habits, although they differ in colony size, which is higher in Vv. Furthermore, in contrast to Vc, Vv is more specialized in its predatory habits, intensively hunting honey bees at the hive. Comparing the morphological and reproductive traits of two closely related species occupying the same ecological niche, one of which is a native species and the other an alien, can help us to gain an understanding of the invasion process. To this end, we here compare reproductive (ovarian size and maturation, fat level, spermatheca size and sperm stock, fecundity) and morphological traits (head size, weight) of the foundresses of these two hornet species. We observed that ovarian maturation began approximately one month earlier in Vv than in Vc, and that the fat level in the former was lower. We found twice the number of sperm in the mated foundresses of Vv than in those of Vc (more than 100 × 10[3] and less than 50 × 10[3] sperm, respectively), in a 16% smaller spermatheca in Vc. Furthermore, the sperm of Vv was found to be 65% shorter than that of Vc. The precocity and higher potential fecundity of Vv queens may have favoured this species over Vc in terms of predatory behaviour, and thereby contributed to its invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid30005837, year = {2018}, author = {Raimundo, RLG and Guimarães, PR and Evans, DM}, title = {Adaptive Networks for Restoration Ecology.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {33}, number = {9}, pages = {664-675}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2018.06.002}, pmid = {30005837}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*methods ; }, abstract = {The urgent need to restore biodiversity and ecosystem functioning challenges ecology as a predictive science. Restoration ecology would benefit from evolutionary principles embedded within a framework that combines adaptive network models and the phylogenetic structure of ecological interactions. Adaptive network models capture feedbacks between trait evolution, species abundances, and interactions to explain resilience and functional diversity within communities. Phylogenetically-structured network data, increasingly available via next-generation sequencing, inform constraints affecting interaction rewiring. Combined, these approaches can predict eco-evolutionary changes triggered by community manipulation practices, such as translocations and eradications of invasive species. We discuss theoretical and methodological opportunities to bridge network models and data from restoration projects and propose how this can be applied to the functional restoration of ecological interactions.}, }
@article {pmid30005416, year = {2018}, author = {Kral, K and Limb, R and Ganguli, A and Hovick, T and Sedivec, K}, title = {Seasonal prescribed fire variation decreases inhibitory ability of Poa pratensis L. and promotes native plant diversity.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {223}, number = {}, pages = {908-916}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.096}, pmid = {30005416}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Plants ; *Poa ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Global biodiversity is threatened by invasive plant species. Without a thorough understanding of effective management strategies, minimizing their impacts while improving native species diversity will be challenging. Burning in fire-prone landscapes has been successful for managing invasive species and increasing native biodiversity, but it is unclear how specific fire regimes improve restoration practices in novel ecosystems where invasive plants have a similar growth phenology to native plants. We investigated fire as a restoration practice in the Northern Great Plains to decrease the cover of Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis (bluegrass), a perennial cool-season invasive grass phenologically similar to dominant native cool-season grasses, by 1) evaluating season of burn (early-growing season, late-growing season, and dormant season) in a field experiment to test differences in plant community composition and 2) manipulating fine fuels (3000-5000 kg ha[-1]) in an experimental approach to determine the effects of fire on plant survivability of selected native grasses and bluegrass. Bluegrass cover decreased 27% on all field burned plots the first year post-fire. Three years post-fire, late-growing season and dormant season treatments had 35% less bluegrass, whereas the early-growing season treatment was not significantly different from the control. Overall, fire altered the native plant community, with native plants more associated with burned plots. However, native plant community changes were only evident three years post-fire in late-growing season and dormant season burn treatments. In the experimental approach, native grasses and bluegrass experienced high rates of mortality (40-50%) at fuel loads above 4000 kg ha[-1] and heat dosages above 30,000 °C·sec, features commonly associated with early-growing season burns. Therefore, early-growing season burns meant to reduce bluegrass may also impact native plants dominant in the region. Invasive species management is complicated in novel ecosystems when invasive plants have similar growth phenologies to native species. Control efforts should consider how different management strategies impact invasive and native plants alike. We found that late-growing season and dormant season burns, along with higher fuel loads, decreased bluegrass cover. Determining mechanisms of control in fire-prone landscapes is a crucial step to improving invasive plant control and increasing native biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid30004584, year = {2018}, author = {Medger, K and Bennett, NC and Chimimba, CT and Oosthuizen, MK and Mikkelsen, JD and Coen, CW}, title = {Analysis of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone-1 and kisspeptin neuronal systems in the nonphotoregulated seasonally breeding eastern rock elephant-shrew (Elephantulus myurus).}, journal = {The Journal of comparative neurology}, volume = {526}, number = {15}, pages = {2388-2405}, doi = {10.1002/cne.24498}, pmid = {30004584}, issn = {1096-9861}, support = {BB/D523186/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BBD5231861/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus/cytology/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/*physiology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kisspeptins/*physiology ; Male ; Midline Thalamic Nuclei/cytology/physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Reproduction/physiology ; *Seasons ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Shrews/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Of the 18 sub-Saharan elephant-shrew species, only eastern rock elephant-shrews reproduce seasonally throughout their distribution, a process seemingly independent of photoperiod. The present study characterizes gonadal status and location/intensity of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH-1) and kisspeptin immunoreactivities in this polyovulating species in the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. GnRH-1-immunoreactive (ir) cell bodies are predominantly in the medial septum, diagonal band, and medial preoptic area; processes are generally sparse except in the external median eminence. Kisspeptin-ir cell bodies are detected only within the arcuate nucleus; the density of processes is generally low, except in the septohypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, arcuate nucleus, and internal and external median eminence. Kisspeptin-ir processes are negligible at locations containing GnRH-1-ir cell bodies. The external median eminence is the only site with conspicuously overlapping distributions of the respective immunoreactivities and, accordingly, a putative site for kisspeptin's regulation of GnRH-1 release in this species. In the nonbreeding season in males, there is an increase in the rostral population of GnRH-1-ir cell bodies and density of GnRH-1-ir processes in the median eminence. In both sexes, the breeding season is associated with increased kisspeptin-ir process density in the rostral periventricular area of the third ventricle and arcuate nucleus; at the latter site, this is positively correlated with gonadal mass. Cross-species comparisons lead us to hypothesize differential mechanisms within these peptidergic systems: that increased GnRH-1 immunoreactivity during the nonbreeding season reflects increased accumulation with reduced release; that increased kisspeptin immunoreactivity during the breeding season reflects increased synthesis with increased release.}, }
@article {pmid30002245, year = {2018}, author = {Brito, MFG and Magalhães, ALB and Lima-Junior, DP and Pelicice, FM and Azevedo-Santos, VM and Garcia, DAZ and Cunico, AM and Vitule, JRS}, title = {Brazil naturalizes non-native species.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {361}, number = {6398}, pages = {139}, doi = {10.1126/science.aau3368}, pmid = {30002245}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Brazil ; *Fishes ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; *Rana catesbeiana ; }, }
@article {pmid30001886, year = {2019}, author = {Pagès, M and Fischer, A and van der Wal, R and Lambin, X}, title = {Empowered communities or "cheap labour"? Engaging volunteers in the rationalised management of invasive alien species in Great Britain.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {102-111}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.053}, pmid = {30001886}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Motivation ; United Kingdom ; Volunteers ; }, abstract = {Volunteers are increasingly involved in the delivery of nature conservation policies, usually supported by a twofold rationale: volunteering can (a) enhance citizen participation in environmental governance and (b) ensure a workforce is in place to support conservation work in times of budget shortages. Here, we ask how these two rationales correspond to volunteers' own motivations to engage in a specific nature conservation activity, namely the control of invasive alien species (IAS). We use qualitative interviews with professional project managers, local group leaders, and volunteers to examine the interactions between policies aiming to rationalise the management of IAS and the motivations for and goals of volunteer engagement. Our findings suggest that although volunteering can lead to positive conservation outcomes, satisfying experiences and empowerment, the different interests do not always align in practice. We investigate the implications of strategies that aim to improve the efficiency of invasive species and volunteer management, and discuss organisational arrangements that reconcile different objectives.}, }
@article {pmid30001394, year = {2018}, author = {Wilson, J and Matejusova, I and McIntosh, RE and Carboni, S and Bekaert, M}, title = {New diagnostic SNP molecular markers for the Mytilus species complex.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {e0200654}, pmid = {30001394}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Genetic Markers ; *Genotyping Techniques ; Mytilus/classification/*genetics ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The development of diagnostic markers has been a long-standing interest of population geneticists as it allows clarification of taxonomic uncertainties. Historically, there has been much debate on the taxonomic status of species belonging to the Mytilus species complex (M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus), and whether they are discrete species. We analysed reference pure specimens of M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus, using Restriction site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing and identified over 6,000 SNP markers separating the three species unambiguously. We developed a panel of diagnostic SNP markers for the genotyping of Mytilus species complex as well as the identification of hybrids and interspecies introgression events in Mytilus species. We validated a panel of twelve diagnostic SNP markers which can be used for species genotyping. Being able to accurately identify species and hybrids within the Mytilus species complex is important for the selective mussel stock management, the exclusion of invasive species, basic physiology and bio-diversity studies.}, }
@article {pmid29998601, year = {2018}, author = {Silacci, P and Biolley, C and Jud, C and Charrière, JD and Dainat, B}, title = {An improved DNA method to unambiguously detect small hive beetle Aethina tumida, an invasive pest of honeybee colonies.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {74}, number = {12}, pages = {2667-2670}, pmid = {29998601}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Swiss Veterinary Office/ ; //German Federal Ministry for Education and Research/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Bees ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; DNA/*genetics ; Insect Control ; *Introduced Species ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; }, abstract = {The scavenger and invasive species Aethina tumida threatening the honey bee has been recently introduced in Europe. We present a new, reliable and rapid multiplex real-time PCR for efficient diagnostics enabling surveillance programs. © 2018 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid29997443, year = {2018}, author = {Pellegrini, MOO}, title = {Wandering throughout South America: Taxonomic revision of Tradescantia subg. Austrotradescantia (D.R.Hunt) M.Pell. (Commelinaceae).}, journal = {PhytoKeys}, volume = {}, number = {101}, pages = {1-97}, pmid = {29997443}, issn = {1314-2011}, abstract = {I present the first taxonomic revision for T. subg. Austrotradescantia, based on extensive field, cultivation and herbaria studies. I accept 13 species, three of them (i.e. T. atlantica, T. hertweckii and T. tucumanensis) being described as new in the present study. I provide an identification key to the species, distribution maps, descriptions, comments, conservation assessments and illustrations for all species. The troublesome weed T. fluminensis has its specific limits clarified and its native range is presented so it can serve as a basis to better understanding its ecological requirements and to help control it throughout its invasive range. Furthermore, I highlight that T. mundula, a commonly neglected species closely related to T. fluminensis, might also represent a troublesome weed. Tradescantia mundula has been widely introduced in cultivation under the name T. albiflora and seems to have also escaped from cultivation. However, due to the hitherto poorly understood specific limits of T. fluminensis, T. mundula has been treated as a mere cultivar of T. fluminensiss.s.}, }
@article {pmid29995864, year = {2018}, author = {Graham, NAJ and Wilson, SK and Carr, P and Hoey, AS and Jennings, S and MacNeil, MA}, title = {Seabirds enhance coral reef productivity and functioning in the absence of invasive rats.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {559}, number = {7713}, pages = {250-253}, doi = {10.1038/s41586-018-0202-3}, pmid = {29995864}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*physiology ; Aquatic Organisms/metabolism ; Biomass ; Birds/*physiology ; Charadriiformes/physiology ; *Coral Reefs ; Data Analysis ; Fishes/metabolism ; *Food Chain ; Herbivory ; Indian Ocean ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Porifera/metabolism ; Rats ; Seaweed/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Biotic connectivity between ecosystems can provide major transport of organic matter and nutrients, influencing ecosystem structure and productivity[1], yet the implications are poorly understood owing to human disruptions of natural flows[2]. When abundant, seabirds feeding in the open ocean transport large quantities of nutrients onto islands, enhancing the productivity of island fauna and flora[3,4]. Whether leaching of these nutrients back into the sea influences the productivity, structure and functioning of adjacent coral reef ecosystems is not known. Here we address this question using a rare natural experiment in the Chagos Archipelago, in which some islands are rat-infested and others are rat-free. We found that seabird densities and nitrogen deposition rates are 760 and 251 times higher, respectively, on islands where humans have not introduced rats. Consequently, rat-free islands had substantially higher nitrogen stable isotope (δ[15]N) values in soils and shrubs, reflecting pelagic nutrient sources. These higher values of δ[15]N were also apparent in macroalgae, filter-feeding sponges, turf algae and fish on adjacent coral reefs. Herbivorous damselfish on reefs adjacent to the rat-free islands grew faster, and fish communities had higher biomass across trophic feeding groups, with 48% greater overall biomass. Rates of two critical ecosystem functions, grazing and bioerosion, were 3.2 and 3.8 times higher, respectively, adjacent to rat-free islands. Collectively, these results reveal how rat introductions disrupt nutrient flows among pelagic, island and coral reef ecosystems. Thus, rat eradication on oceanic islands should be a high conservation priority as it is likely to benefit terrestrial ecosystems and enhance coral reef productivity and functioning by restoring seabird-derived nutrient subsidies from large areas of ocean.}, }
@article {pmid29991786, year = {2018}, author = {Callaway, E}, title = {Controversial CRISPR 'gene drives' tested in mammals for the first time.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {559}, number = {7713}, pages = {164}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-018-05665-1}, pmid = {29991786}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/genetics ; *CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Culicidae/genetics ; Female ; Gene Drive Technology/*methods ; *Gene Editing ; Introduced Species ; Malaria/prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Male ; Mice ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Sex Characteristics ; Uncertainty ; }, }
@article {pmid29988445, year = {2018}, author = {Harper, LR and Lawson Handley, L and Hahn, C and Boonham, N and Rees, HC and Gough, KC and Lewis, E and Adams, IP and Brotherton, P and Phillips, S and Hänfling, B}, title = {Needle in a haystack? A comparison of eDNA metabarcoding and targeted qPCR for detection of the great crested newt (Triturus cristatus).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {6330-6341}, pmid = {29988445}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis is a rapid, cost-effective, non-invasive biodiversity monitoring tool which utilises DNA left behind in the environment by organisms for species detection. The method is used as a species-specific survey tool for rare or invasive species across a broad range of ecosystems. Recently, eDNA and "metabarcoding" have been combined to describe whole communities rather than focusing on single target species. However, whether metabarcoding is as sensitive as targeted approaches for rare species detection remains to be evaluated. The great crested newt Triturus cristatus is a flagship pond species of international conservation concern and the first UK species to be routinely monitored using eDNA. We evaluate whether eDNA metabarcoding has comparable sensitivity to targeted real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for T. cristatus detection. Extracted eDNA samples (N = 532) were screened for T. cristatus by qPCR and analysed for all vertebrate species using high-throughput sequencing technology. With qPCR and a detection threshold of 1 of 12 positive qPCR replicates, newts were detected in 50% of ponds. Detection decreased to 32% when the threshold was increased to 4 of 12 positive qPCR replicates. With metabarcoding, newts were detected in 34% of ponds without a detection threshold, and in 28% of ponds when a threshold (0.028%) was applied. Therefore, qPCR provided greater detection than metabarcoding but metabarcoding detection with no threshold was equivalent to qPCR with a stringent detection threshold. The proportion of T. cristatus sequences in each sample was positively associated with the number of positive qPCR replicates (qPCR score) suggesting eDNA metabarcoding may be indicative of eDNA concentration. eDNA metabarcoding holds enormous potential for holistic biodiversity assessment and routine freshwater monitoring. We advocate this community approach to freshwater monitoring to guide management and conservation, whereby entire communities can be initially surveyed to best inform use of funding and time for species-specific surveys.}, }
@article {pmid29987053, year = {2018}, author = {Fraimout, A and Jacquemart, P and Villarroel, B and Aponte, DJ and Decamps, T and Herrel, A and Cornette, R and Debat, V}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity of Drosophila suzukii wing to developmental temperature: implications for flight.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {221}, number = {Pt 13}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.166868}, pmid = {29987053}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology ; Animals ; Drosophila/*growth &amp; development ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Temperature ; Wings, Animal/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity has been proposed as a mechanism that facilitates the success of biological invasions. In order to test the hypothesis of an adaptive role for plasticity in invasions, particular attention should be paid to the relationship between the focal plastic trait, the environmental stimulus and the functional importance of the trait. The Drosophila wing is particularly amenable to experimental studies of phenotypic plasticity. Wing morphology is known for its plastic variation under different experimental temperatures, but this plasticity has rarely been investigated in a functional context of flight. Here, we investigate the effect of temperature on wing morphology and flight in the invasive pest species Drosophila suzukii Although the rapid invasion of both Europe and North America was most likely facilitated by human activities, D. suzukii is also expected to disperse actively. By quantifying wing morphology and individual flight trajectories of flies raised under different temperatures, we tested whether (1) invasive populations of D. suzukii show higher phenotypic plasticity than their native counterparts, and (2) wing plasticity affects flight parameters. Developmental temperature was found to affect both wing morphology and flight parameters (in particular speed and acceleration), leaving open the possibility of an adaptive value for wing plasticity. Our results show no difference in phenotypic plasticity between invasive and native populations, rejecting a role for wing plasticity in the invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid29986531, year = {2018}, author = {Acebes-Doria, AL and Morrison, WR and Short, BD and Rice, KB and Bush, HG and Kuhar, TP and Duthie, C and Leskey, TC}, title = {Monitoring and Biosurveillance Tools for the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {29986531}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Halyomorpha halys (St&amp;aring;l) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive pest of numerous agricultural crops with an increasing global distribution. Finding simple and reliable monitoring tools for H. halys agricultural and surveillance programs is imperative. In 2016, we compared standard pyramid traps to clear sticky cards attached atop wooden stakes and evaluated two commercially formulated lures (Tr&amp;eacute;c&amp;eacute; and AgBio) with low and high rates of the H. halys aggregation pheromone (PHER) and pheromone synergist (MDT) at 12 sites (low: 5 mg PHER + 50 mg MDT; high: 20 mg PHER + 200 mg MDT). In 2017, we reevaluated lure efficacy using only the clear sticky traps at six locations. Sites were classified as having low, moderate, or high relative population densities of H. halys in 2016, and as very low or low densities of H. halys in 2017. Although clear sticky traps captured fewer adults and nymphs than pyramid traps, their captures were generally correlated at all population levels indicating that clear sticky traps can reliably monitor H. halys presence and relative abundance regardless of relative population density. During both years, adult and nymphal captures were significantly greater in traps baited with Tr&amp;eacute;c&amp;eacute; lures than with AgBio lures. Captures were greater in traps baited with high loading rate lures for each lure type, and with the exception of traps baited with AgBio lures at high relative density sites in 2016, H. halys captures in traps with low and high loading rates of each lure type were correlated for both years. Comparison of yellow and clear sticky cards indicated they performed equally, but yellow cards captured more nontargets. In summary, clear sticky traps attached atop wooden posts and baited with H. halys pheromone and pheromone synergist lures are an effective option for this pest monitoring and detection.}, }
@article {pmid29986336, year = {2018}, author = {Iranah, P and Lal, P and Wolde, BT and Burli, P}, title = {Valuing visitor access to forested areas and exploring willingness to pay for forest conservation and restoration finance: The case of small island developing state of Mauritius.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {223}, number = {}, pages = {868-877}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.008}, pmid = {29986336}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Adult ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; Ecosystem ; *Financing, Personal ; *Forests ; Humans ; Islands ; Mauritius ; Middle Aged ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Small island developing states share as common constraints their small size, geographical dispersion, greater vulnerability to rapid and drastic environmental change, and limited administrative and technical resources. Within these, they have to cater for urban and agricultural areas, as well as enough natural landscape for ecosystem services. Funding for conservation of forest ecosystems on these islands has received relatively less attention and national park systems are chronically underfunded. We used Mauritius as a case study to investigate the willingness to pay for conservation of state and privately owned forests. It is part of a biodiversity hotspot with highly threatened forest ecosystems, but has known some conservation successes. We designed and administered survey based contingent valuation approach to estimate the willingness to pay entry fees to visit forest areas across the island. Study results suggest international and domestic tourists have a mean willingness to pay of USD 7.73 and USD 3.74 respectively, for conservation. These values represent amounts visitors are willing to pay every time they visit a public or private forested site. Results show that mid-level supervisory roles positively influence willingness to pay values. Results also show that people aged 50 and above, not having any supervisory role, married with one child or less, tend to have lower willingness to pay for conservation.}, }
@article {pmid29986238, year = {2018}, author = {Gallardo, B and Aldridge, DC}, title = {Inter-basin water transfers and the expansion of aquatic invasive species.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {143}, number = {}, pages = {282-291}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2018.06.056}, pmid = {29986238}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Biodiversity ; *Bivalvia ; Ecosystem ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Rivers ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Inter-basin Water Transfers (IBWT) are recognized as one of the major pathways of freshwater invasion. They provide a direct link between previously isolated catchments and may modify the habitat conditions of the receiving waters such that they become more favourable for the establishment of invasive species. Combined, IBWT and invasive species will intensify the stress upon native species and ecosystems. Using the Severn and Thames Rivers -two of the largest river systems in Great Britain-as a case study, here we assess the potential influence of IBWT on the expansion of invasive species and thus their impact on biodiversity conservation. The Thames Valley is subject to extensive water abstraction, and an increasing population means that supplemented flow from the River Severn is being considered. Multi-scale Suitability Models, based on climate and water chemistry respectively, provided novel evidence that there is serious risk for further spread of invasive species in the focus area, particularly of the quagga mussel, a recent invader of the Thames River. Native freshwater mussels are particularly vulnerable to changing environmental conditions, and may suffer the decrease in alkalinity and increase in sedimentation associated with an IBWT from the lower Severn to the upper Thames. Regional models suggest considerable overlap between the areas suitable for three vulnerable native freshwater mussels and the expansion of invasive species that negatively impact upon the native mussels. This study illustrates the use of novel spatially-explicit techniques to help managers make informed decisions about the risks associated with introducing aquatic invasive species under different engineering scenarios. Such information may be especially important under new legislation (e.g. EU Invasive Species Regulation No 1143/2014) which increases the responsibility of water managers to contain and not transfer invasive species into new locations.}, }
@article {pmid29985418, year = {2018}, author = {Tabak, MA and Webb, CT and Miller, RS}, title = {Propagule size and structure, life history, and environmental conditions affect establishment success of an invasive species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {10313}, pmid = {29985418}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Fertility ; Germany ; *Introduced Species ; *Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Swine ; }, abstract = {Population dynamics of species that are recently introduced into a new area, e.g., invasive species and species of conservation concern that are translocated to support global populations, are likely to be dominated by short-term, transient effects. Wild pigs (Sus scrofa, or wild boar) are pulsed-resource consumers of mast nuts that are commonly introduced into new areas. We used vital rate data (i.e., survival and fecundity) for wild pigs in Germany under varying forage conditions to simulate transient population dynamics in the 10-years following introduction into a new environment. In a low forage environment (i.e., conditions similar to their native range), simulated wild pig populations maintained a stable population size with low probability of establishment, while in environments with better quality forage (i.e., conditions similar to parts of their invasive range), high juvenile fecundity and survival facilitated rapid population growth and establishment probability was high. We identified a strategy for simulating population dynamics of species whose reproduction and survival depend on environmental conditions that fluctuate and for predicting establishment success of species introduced into a new environment. Our approach can also be useful in projecting near-term transient population dynamics for many conservation and management applications.}, }
@article {pmid29983845, year = {2018}, author = {Laungani, R and Tanner, C and Brooks, TD and Clement, B and Clouse, M and Doyle, E and Dworak, S and Elder, B and Marley, K and Schofield, B}, title = {Finding Some Good in an Invasive Species: Introduction and Assessment of a Novel CURE to Improve Experimental Design in Undergraduate Biology Classrooms.}, journal = {Journal of microbiology &amp; biology education}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {29983845}, issn = {1935-7877}, abstract = {Reports such as Vision and Change in Undergraduate Biology Education call for integration of course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) into biology curricula and less emphasis on "cookbook" laboratories. CUREs, often characterized by a single open-ended research question, allow students to develop hypotheses, design experiments, and collaborate with peers. Conversely, "cookbook" labs incentivize task completion and have pre-determined experimental outcomes. While research comparing CUREs and "cookbook" labs is growing, there are fewer comparisons among CUREs. Here, we present a novel CURE built around an invasive grass, Bromus inermis. We evaluated this CURE's effectiveness in improving students' understanding of the Vision and Change competency relating to the application of the scientific process through development and testing of hypotheses. We did so by comparing changes in pre- and posttest scores on the Experimental Design Ability Test (EDAT) between Brome CURE students and students in a concurrent CURE, SEA-PHAGES. While students in both CUREs showed improvements at the end of the semester, Brome CURE students showed a greater increase in EDAT scores than did SEA-PHAGES CURE students. Additionally, Brome CURE students had significantly higher gains in 6 of the 10 EDAT criteria. We conclude that the Brome CURE is an effective ecological parallel to the SEA-PHAGES CURE and can help students gain a meaningful understanding of Vision and Change competencies. Journal of Microbiology &amp; Biology Education.}, }
@article {pmid29983191, year = {2018}, author = {Epstein, G and Hawkins, SJ and Smale, DA}, title = {Removal treatments alter the recruitment dynamics of a global marine invader - Implications for management feasibility.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {140}, number = {}, pages = {322-331}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.06.022}, pmid = {29983191}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; *Introduced Species ; Kelp ; Seaweed ; *Undaria ; }, abstract = {Frameworks designed to prioritise the management of invasive non-native species (INNS) must consider many factors, including their impacts on native biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human health. Management feasibility should also be foremost in any prioritisation process, but is often overlooked, particularly in the marine environment. The Asian kelp, Undaria pinnatifida, is one of the most cosmopolitan marine INNS worldwide and recognised as a priority species for monitoring in the UK and elsewhere. Here, experimental monthly removals of Undaria (from 0.2 m[2] patches of floating pontoon) were conducted at two marinas to investigate their influence on recruitment dynamics and the potential implications for management feasibility. Over the 18-month experiment there was no consistent reduction in Undaria recruitment following removals. Cleaning of pontoon surfaces (i.e. removal of all biota) led to significant short-term reductions in recruitment but caused a temporal shift in normal recruitment patterns. Non-selective removal (i.e. all macroalgae) generally promoted recruitment, while selective removal (i.e. Undaria only) had some limited success in reducing overall recruitment. The varied results indicate that the feasibility of limiting Undaria is likely to be very low at sites with established populations and high propagule pressure. However, where there are new incursions, a mixture of cleaning of invaded surfaces prior to normal periods of peak recruitment followed by selective removal may have some potential in limiting Undaria populations within these sites. Multi-factorial experimental manipulations such as this are useful tools for gathering quantitative evidence to support the prioritisation of management measures for marine INNS.}, }
@article {pmid29982793, year = {2019}, author = {Petruzzellis, F and Nardini, A and Savi, T and Tonet, V and Castello, M and Bacaro, G}, title = {Less safety for more efficiency: water relations and hydraulics of the invasive tree Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle compared with native Fraxinus ornus L.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {76-87}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpy076}, pmid = {29982793}, issn = {1758-4469}, mesh = {Ailanthus/*physiology ; Droughts ; Fraxinus/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; Plant Transpiration ; Trees/*physiology ; Water ; }, abstract = {Invasion of natural habitats by alien trees is a threat to forest conservation. Our understanding of fundamental ecophysiological mechanisms promoting plant invasions is still limited, and hydraulic and water relation traits have been only seldom included in studies comparing native and invasive trees. We compared several leaf and wood functional and mechanistic traits in co-occurring Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Aa) and Fraxinus ornus L. (Fo). Aa is one of the most invasive woody species in Europe and North America, currently outcompeting several native trees including Fo. We aimed at quantifying inter-specific differences in terms of: (i) performance in resource use and acquisition; (ii) hydraulic efficiency and safety; (iii) carbon costs associated to leaf and wood construction; and (iv) plasticity of functional and mechanistic traits in response to light availability. Traits related to leaf and wood construction and drought resistance significantly differed between the two species. Fo sustained higher structural costs than Aa, but was more resistant to drought. The lower resistance to drought stress of Aa was counterbalanced by higher water transport efficiency, but possibly required mechanisms of resilience to drought-induced hydraulic damage. Larger phenotypic plasticity of Aa in response to light availability could also promote the invasive potential of the species.}, }
@article {pmid29981992, year = {2018}, author = {Maceda-Veiga, A and Mac Nally, R and de Sostoa, A}, title = {Environmental correlates of food-chain length, mean trophic level and trophic level variance in invaded riverine fish assemblages.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {644}, number = {}, pages = {420-429}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.304}, pmid = {29981992}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Humans ; Rivers ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Examining how the trophic structure of biotic assemblages is affected by human impacts, such as habitat degradation and the introduction of alien species, is important for understanding the consequences of such impacts on ecosystem functioning. We used general linear mixed models and hierarchical partitioning analyses of variance to examine for the first time the applicability of three hypotheses (ecosystem-size, productivity and disturbance) for explaining food-chain length (FCL) in invaded fish assemblages. We used Fishbase trophic level (TL) estimates for 16 native and 18 alien fish species in an extensive riverine system in north-eastern Spain (99,700 km[2], 15 catchments, 530 sites). The FCL of assemblages ranged from 2.7 to 4.42. Ecosystem size-related variables (Strahler stream order, physical habitat diversity) and human-disturbance (conductivity) made the largest contribution to the explained variance in the FCL model after accounting for spatial confounding factors and collinearity among predictors. Within-assemblage TL also was positively associated with Strahler stream order, suggesting that large rivers have the highest trophic diversity. High conductivity was negatively associated with FCL, as did with the mean TL of fish assemblages. However, an inverse association was found between mean TL and Strahler stream order, possibly because the presence of fish species of high TL may be offset by larger numbers of alien species of lower TL in large rivers. Given that there may be trophic replacements among native and alien species, this inference needs to be addressed with detailed trophic studies. However, reducing water conductivity by improved wastewater treatment and better agricultural practices probably would help to conserve the fish species on the apices of aquatic food-webs.}, }
@article {pmid29981333, year = {2018}, author = {Du, Z and Liu, H and Li, H and Ishikawa, T and Su, ZH and Cai, W and Kamitani, S and Tadauchi, O}, title = {Invasion of the assassin bug Agriosphodrus dohrni (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) to Japan: Source estimation inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {118}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {1565-1573}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.191}, pmid = {29981333}, issn = {1879-0003}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Animals ; Cell Nucleus/*genetics ; Genes, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Phylogeny ; Reduviidae/*genetics/physiology ; Sequence Analysis ; }, abstract = {A large-sized assassin bug Agriosphodrus dohrni (Signoret), has been recorded from India, Vietnam, China and Japan. It is one of the potential biological control agents against some important agricultural and forest pests. This species is speculated to have invaded Japan from its native range in China about 60 years ago. We used three mitochondrial gene fragments (COI, Cytb, and ND5) and one nuclear gene fragment (EF-1α) to clarify the invasion history of A. dohrni and assess the effects of geographic events and associated ecological adaptation on the distribution pattern. The native populations of A. dohrni in China are divided into three distinct groups, which might be molded by the Early Pleistocene glaciation event and diverged during the Calabrian Stage. However, consistent with the hypothesis of a recent invasion, extremely low level of genetic variation was detected in the Japanese populations, with only two haplotypes for the combined mitochondrial genes. Both the splits network and the ML/BI phylogenetic trees revealed that haplotypes of Japan were more closely-related to those from eastern China. Therefore, we postulate that there has been only one introduction event, probably from somewhere around the Nanjing (NJ) and Lin'an (LA) populations of eastern China.}, }
@article {pmid29980845, year = {2018}, author = {Bingham, EL and Gilby, BL and Olds, AD and Weston, MA and Connolly, RM and Henderson, CJ and Maslo, B and Peterson, CF and Voss, CM and Schlacher, TA}, title = {Functional plasticity in vertebrate scavenger assemblages in the presence of introduced competitors.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {188}, number = {2}, pages = {583-593}, pmid = {29980845}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Foxes ; Introduced Species ; *Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {Introduced species may suppress or enhance ecological functions, or they may have neutral effects in ecosystems where they replace or complement native species. Few studies, however, have explicitly tested for these trajectories, and for the effect these might have for native species. In this study, we experimentally test the trajectory and scale of change in the function of 'carrion removal' at different carrion loads along ocean beaches in Eastern Australia that have different numbers of introduced red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and several species of native raptors. We hypothesized that the 'positive' effect of foxes on carrion removal would be greatest at high carrion loads, because competition for resources between native and introduced species is lower. Scavenger abundance, fox occurrences, and carrion consumption by these species differed widely between locations and times. Despite distinct spatial differences in the structure of vertebrate scavenger assemblages, total carrion consumption was not significantly different between locations at any carrion load. This lack of variation in functional rates indicates potential functional plasticity in the scavenger assemblage and possible functional accommodation of red foxes. Neutral fox effects on ecological functions or the ecosystem more broadly are, however, very unlikely to extend beyond carrion consumption.}, }
@article {pmid29976993, year = {2018}, author = {Lira-Noriega, A and Soberón, J and Equihua, J}, title = {Potential invasion of exotic ambrosia beetles Xyleborus glabratus and Euwallacea sp. in Mexico: A major threat for native and cultivated forest ecosystems.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {10179}, pmid = {29976993}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Climate ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Forests ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Lauraceae/*parasitology ; Mexico ; Models, Biological ; Risk Assessment ; Trees/*parasitology ; United States ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {We analyze the invasive potential of two Asian ambrosia beetles, Xyleborus glabratus and Euwallacea sp., into Mexico and the southern United States. The fungal symbionts of these beetles have been responsible for damage to trees of the family Lauraceae, including Persea americana and other non-cultivated tree species on both coasts of the United States. We estimate their potential threat using ecological niche modeling and spatial multi-criteria evaluation protocols to incorporate plant and beetle suitabilities as well as forest stress factors across Mexico. Mexico contains higher climatic and habitat suitability for X. glabratus than for Euwallacea sp. Within this country, the neotropical region is most vulnerable to invasion by both of these species. We also identify a corridor of potential invasion for X. glabratus along the Gulf of Mexico coast where most Lauraceae and native Xyleborus species are present; dispersal of either X. glabratus or Euwallacea sp. into this region would likely lead to major disease spread. However, the overall potential damage that these beetles can cause may be a function of how many reproductive hosts and how many other ambrosia beetles are present, as well as of their capacity to disperse. This work can also alert relevant managers and authorities regarding this threat.}, }
@article {pmid29976961, year = {2018}, author = {Jarnevich, CS and Hayes, MA and Fitzgerald, LA and Yackel Adams, AA and Falk, BG and Collier, MAM and Bonewell, LR and Klug, PE and Naretto, S and Reed, RN}, title = {Modeling the distributions of tegu lizards in native and potential invasive ranges.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {10193}, pmid = {29976961}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/*methods ; Florida ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/*physiology ; Mexico ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Invasive reptilian predators can have substantial impacts on native species and ecosystems. Tegu lizards are widely distributed in South America east of the Andes, and are popular in the international live animal trade. Two species are established in Florida (U.S.A.) - Salvator merianae (Argentine black and white tegu) and Tupinambis teguixin sensu lato (gold tegu) - and a third has been recorded there- S. rufescens (red tegu). We built species distribution models (SDMs) using 5 approaches (logistic regression, multivariate adaptive regression splines, boosted regression trees, random forest, and maximum entropy) based on data from the native ranges. We then projected these models to North America to develop hypotheses for potential tegu distributions. Our results suggest that much of the southern United States and northern México probably contains suitable habitat for one or more of these tegu species. Salvator rufescens had higher habitat suitability in semi-arid areas, whereas S. merianae and T. teguixin had higher habitat suitability in more mesic areas. We propose that Florida is not the only state where these taxa could become established, and that early detection and rapid response programs targeting tegu lizards in potentially suitable habitat elsewhere in North America could help prevent establishment and abate negative impacts on native ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid29975894, year = {2018}, author = {Scheele, BC and Legge, S and Armstrong, DP and Copley, P and Robinson, N and Southwell, D and Westgate, MJ and Lindenmayer, DB}, title = {How to improve threatened species management: An Australian perspective.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {223}, number = {}, pages = {668-675}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.084}, pmid = {29975894}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Endangered Species ; Extinction, Biological ; Risk ; }, abstract = {Targeted threatened species management is a central component of efforts to prevent species extinction. Despite the development of a range of management frameworks to improve conservation outcomes over the past decade, threatened species management is still commonly characterised as ad hoc. Although there are notable successes, many management programs are ineffective, with relatively few species experiencing improvements in their conservation status. We identify underlying factors that commonly lead to ineffective and inefficient management. Drawing attention to some of the key challenges, and suggesting ways forward, may lead to improved management effectiveness and better conservation outcomes. We highlight six key areas where improvements are needed: 1) stakeholder engagement and communication; 2) fostering strong leadership and the development of achievable long-term goals; 3) knowledge of target species' biology and threats, particularly focusing on filling knowledge gaps that impede management, while noting that in many cases there will be a need for conservation management to proceed initially despite knowledge gaps; 4) setting objectives with measurable outcomes; 5) strategic monitoring to evaluate management effectiveness; and 6) greater accountability for species declines and failure to recover species to ensure timely action and guard against complacency. We demonstrate the importance of these six key areas by providing examples of innovative approaches leading to successful species management. We also discuss overarching factors outside the realm of management influence that can help or impede conservation success. Clear recognition of factors that make species' management more straightforward - or more challenging - is important for setting realistic management objectives, outlining strategic action, and prioritising resources. We also highlight the need to more clearly demonstrate the benefit of current investment, and communicate that the risk of under-investment is species extinctions. Together, improvements in conservation practice, along with increased resource allocation and re-evaluation of the prioritisation of competing interests that threaten species, will help enhance conservation outcomes for threatened species.}, }
@article {pmid29975606, year = {2018}, author = {Carnegie, AJ and Pegg, GS}, title = {Lessons from the Incursion of Myrtle Rust in Australia.}, journal = {Annual review of phytopathology}, volume = {56}, number = {}, pages = {457-478}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035256}, pmid = {29975606}, issn = {1545-2107}, mesh = {Australia ; Basidiomycota/*physiology ; Biota ; Myrtaceae/*microbiology ; Plant Diseases/microbiology/*prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust) is a globally invasive neotropical rust of the Myrtaceae that came into international prominence following extensive damage to exotic Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil in the 1970s and 1980s. In 2005, myrtle rust established in Hawaii (USA), and over the past 12 years has spread from the Americas into Asia, the Pacific, and South Africa. Myrtle rust was detected in Australia in 2010, and the response and ultimately unsuccessful eradication attempt was a lesson to those concerned about the threat of exotic pests and diseases to Australia's environment. Seven years following establishment, we are already observing the decline of many myrtaceous species and severe impacts to native plant communities. However, the recently developed Myrtle rust in Australia draft action plan identified that there is no nationally coordinated response strategy for the environmental dimensions of this threat. Recent reviews have identified a greater need for involvement from environmental agencies in biosecurity preparedness, response, and resourcing, and we believe this approach needs to extend to the management of invasive environmental pathogens once they establish.}, }
@article {pmid29974602, year = {2018}, author = {Guo, WY and van Kleunen, M and Winter, M and Weigelt, P and Stein, A and Pierce, S and Pergl, J and Moser, D and Maurel, N and Lenzner, B and Kreft, H and Essl, F and Dawson, W and Pyšek, P}, title = {The role of adaptive strategies in plant naturalization.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {21}, number = {9}, pages = {1380-1389}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13104}, pmid = {29974602}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {I 3757/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Phylogeny ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Determining the factors associated with the naturalization of alien species is a central theme in ecology. Here, we tested the usefulness of a metric for quantifying Grime's seminal concept of adaptive strategies - competitors, stress-tolerators and ruderals (CSR) - to explain plant naturalizations worldwide. Using a global dataset of 3004 vascular plant species, and accounting for phylogenetic relatedness and species' native biomes, we assessed the associations between calculated C-, S- and R-scores and naturalization success for species exhibiting different life forms. Across different plant life forms, C-scores were positively and S-scores negatively associated with both the probability of naturalization and the number of regions where the species has naturalized. R-scores had positive effects on the probability of naturalization. These effects of the scores were, however, weak to absent for tree species. Our findings demonstrate the utility of CSR-score calculation to broadly represent, and potentially explain, the naturalization success of plant species.}, }
@article {pmid29974472, year = {2018}, author = {MacDougall, AS and McCune, JL and Eriksson, O and Cousins, SAO and Pärtel, M and Firn, J and Hierro, JL}, title = {The Neolithic Plant Invasion Hypothesis: the role of preadaptation and disturbance in grassland invasion.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {220}, number = {1}, pages = {94-103}, doi = {10.1111/nph.15285}, pmid = {29974472}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Plants ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {A long-standing hypothesis is that many European plants invade temperate grasslands globally because they are introduced simultaneously with pastoralism and cultivation, to which they are 'preadapted' after millennia of exposure dating to the Neolithic era ('Neolithic Plant Invasion Hypothesis' (NPIH)). These 'preadaptations' are predicted to maximize their performance relative to native species lacking this adaptive history. Here, we discuss the explanatory relevance of the NPIH, clarifying the importance of evolutionary context vs other mechanisms driving invasion. The NPIH makes intuitive sense given established connections between invasion and agricultural-based perturbation. However, tests are often incomplete given the need for performance contrasts between home and away ranges, while controlling for other mechanisms. We emphasize six NPIH-based predictions, centring on trait similarity of invaders between home vs away populations, and differing perturbation responses by invading and native plants. Although no research has integrated all six predictions, we highlight studies suggesting preadaptation influences on invasion. Given that many European grasslands are creations of human activity from the past, current invasions by these flora may represent the continuation of processes dating to the Neolithic. Ironically, European Neolithic-derived grasslands are becoming rarer, reflecting changes in management and illustrating the importance of human influences on these species.}, }
@article {pmid29974246, year = {2018}, author = {Liu, Y and Liu, M and Xu, X and Tian, Y and Zhang, Z and van Kleunen, M}, title = {The effects of changes in water and nitrogen availability on alien plant invasion into a stand of a native grassland species.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {188}, number = {2}, pages = {441-450}, pmid = {29974246}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {31470560//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31540051//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Biomass ; Grassland ; Introduced Species ; *Nitrogen ; *Water ; }, abstract = {Plant invasions are a major component of global change, but they may be affected by other global change components. Here we used a mesocosm-pot experiment to test whether high water availability, nitrogen (N) enrichment and their interaction promote performance of three invasive alien plants (Lepidium virginicum, Lolium perenne and Medicago sativa) when competing with a native Chinese grassland species (Agropyron cristatum). Single plants of the three invasive and the one native species were grown in the center of pots with a matrix of the native A. cristatum under low, intermediate or high water availability and low or high N availability. The invasive species L. virginicum and M. sativa grew larger, and produced a higher biomass relative to competitors than the native species A. cristatum did. Increasing water availability promoted biomass production of all species, but water availability did not change the biomass of the central plants relative to that of the competitors. Nitrogen addition also increased biomass production of all species, and it increased the biomass of the central plants more so than that of the competitors. The positive effect of N addition on the biomass of the central plants relative to that of the competitors increased with increasing water availability. However, compared to central plants of the native species, the positive effect of N addition on the relative biomass of L. virginicum decreased when water availability increased. These interactions indicate that future changes in water availability and N enrichment may affect the invasion success of different alien species differently.}, }
@article {pmid29969987, year = {2018}, author = {Ebbs, ET and Loker, ES and Brant, SV}, title = {Phylogeography and genetics of the globally invasive snail Physa acuta Draparnaud 1805, and its potential to serve as an intermediate host to larval digenetic trematodes.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {103}, pmid = {29969987}, issn = {1471-2148}, support = {P30 GM110907/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R37 AI101438/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; DEB 1021427//National Science Foundation/International ; R37 AI101438/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Phylogeny ; *Phylogeography ; Snails/*genetics/*parasitology ; Species Specificity ; Trematoda/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Physa acuta is a globally invasive freshwater snail native to North America. Prior studies have led to conflicting views of how P. acuta populations are connected and genetic diversity is partitioned globally. This study aims to characterize phylogeographic and population genetic structure within the native range of P. acuta, elucidate its invasion history and assess global patterns of genetic diversity. Further, using meta-analytic methods, we test the 'Enemy-Release hypothesis' within the P. acuta - digenetic trematode system. The 'Enemy-Release hypothesis' refers to the loss of native parasites following establishment of their host within an invasive range. Population genetic data is combined with surveys of trematode infections to map range-wide trematode species richness associated with P. acuta, and to identify relevant host-population parameters important in modeling host-parasite invasion.<br><br>RESULTS: Phylogenetic analyses using mtDNA uncovered two major clades (A &amp; B). Clade A occurs globally while clade B was only recovered from the Western USA. All invasive populations sampled grouped within Clade A, where multiple independent source populations were identified from across North America. Significant population genetic structure was found within the native range of P. acuta, with some evidence for contemporary geographic barriers between western and eastern populations. Mito-nuclear discordance was found suggesting historical isolation with secondary contact between the two mitochondrial clades. Trematode species richness was found to differ significantly between native and invasive populations, in concordance with the 'Enemy-Release hypothesis'. Further, our data suggests a positive relationship between nucleotide diversity of invasive populations and trematode prevalence and richness.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study includes a wider geographic sampling of P. acuta within its native range that provides insight into phylogeographic and population genetic structure, range-wide genetic diversity and estimation of the invasion history. Meta-analysis of P. acuta - trematode surveys globally is consistent with the 'Enemy-Release hypothesis'. Additionally, results from this study suggest that host demographic parameters, namely genetic diversity as a proxy for population size, may play an essential role in how parasite communities assemble within invasive host populations. This knowledge can be used to begin to construct a framework to model host-parasite invasion dynamics over time.}, }
@article {pmid29969489, year = {2018}, author = {Lee, AL and Dafforn, KA and Hutchings, PA and Johnston, EL}, title = {Reproductive strategy and gamete development of an invasive fanworm, Sabella spallanzanii (Polychaeta: Sabellidae), a field study in Gulf St Vincent, South Australia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {e0200027}, pmid = {29969489}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Ovum/cytology/*physiology ; Polychaeta/*physiology ; Reproduction ; South Australia ; Spermatozoa/cytology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Several reproductive strategies have been identified as key factors that contribute to the establishment and dispersal of invasive species in new environments. These strategies include early maturity, high reproductive capacity and flexibility in timing of reproduction. It is therefore critical to investigate the reproductive biology of target exotic species to understand their potential for population increase and invasive spread, and to inform management control strategies. The European fanworm, Sabella spallanzanii (Gmelin 1791), has established invasive populations along the southern coast of Australia. Gamete development and reproductive periodicity of this worm were investigated in two populations in Gulf St Vincent in South Australia over a 1 year period (July 2012 to June 2013). Samples of worms were collected monthly and dissected for histological analysis. Most individuals reached reproductive maturity at 70 mm body length (thorax and abdomen). Individuals from both populations contained mature and developing gametes year-round and a distinct spawning season was not observed. This may indicate sustained spawning by the population over the year, which provides a constant supply of new recruits to the area. Body length and egg size of worms from these populations were smaller than conspecifics in its native range and other invasive locations. Reproduction and development of S. spallanzanii differs not only between native and invasive locations, but also within invasive locations. This study has shown that S. spallanzanii exhibits a higher phenotypic plasticity and reproductive flexibility than previously known.}, }
@article {pmid29969158, year = {2018}, author = {Sanz-Aguilar, A and Rosselló, R and Bengoa, M and Ruiz-Pérez, M and González-Calleja, M and Barceló, C and Borrás, D and Paredes-Esquivel, C and Miranda, MA and Tavecchia, G}, title = {Water associated with residential areas and tourist resorts is the key predictor of Asian tiger mosquito presence on a Mediterranean island.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {443-450}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12317}, pmid = {29969158}, issn = {1365-2915}, support = {PD/003/2016//Conselleria d'Innovaci&#xf3; Recerca i Turisme/International ; Programa Operatiu del FSE de les Illes Balears 2014-2020//European Social Funds/International ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Human Activities ; Mediterranean Islands ; Models, Biological ; Probability ; Spain ; Travel ; Water ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), is a highly invasive species and a vector of several viruses of serious concern to public health. Investigating the habitat selection of this species at small to medium scales is essential to the planning of effective prevention and control campaigns. The present group considered detailed data for this species' presence/absence collected at 228 sites on Mallorca Island (Spain) in autumn 2015, 3 years after the first detection of the species on the island. Site occupancy models accounting for false negative detections and imperfect monitoring were used to evaluate the relationships between mosquito presence and habitat variables. In the study area, mosquito presence was negatively associated with altitude, probably as a result of greater human presence at low altitudes near the coast. Moreover, the presence of Ae. albopictus was positively associated with swimming pools as a result of associated gardens, plants and sources of fresh water. These two variables were combined to predict the presence of the species across the entire island.}, }
@article {pmid29968094, year = {2018}, author = {Contento, L and Hilhorst, D and Mimura, M}, title = {Ecological invasion in competition-diffusion systems when the exotic species is either very strong or very weak.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {77}, number = {5}, pages = {1383-1405}, pmid = {29968094}, issn = {1432-1416}, support = {16H07254//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/International ; 15K13462//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Exotic ; *Biodiversity ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Population Growth ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Reaction-diffusion systems with a Lotka-Volterra-type reaction term, also known as competition-diffusion systems, have been used to investigate the dynamics of the competition among m ecological species for a limited resource necessary to their survival and growth. Notwithstanding their rather simple mathematical structure, such systems may display quite interesting behaviours. In particular, while for [Formula: see text] no coexistence of the two species is usually possible, if [Formula: see text] we may observe coexistence of all or a subset of the species, sensitively depending on the parameter values. Such coexistence can take the form of very complex spatio-temporal patterns and oscillations. Unfortunately, at the moment there are no known tools for a complete analytical study of such systems for [Formula: see text]. This means that establishing general criteria for the occurrence of coexistence appears to be very hard. In this paper we will instead give some criteria for the non-coexistence of species, motivated by the ecological problem of the invasion of an ecosystem by an exotic species. We will show that when the environment is very favourable to the invading species the invasion will always be successful and the native species will be driven to extinction. On the other hand, if the environment is not favourable enough, the invasion will always fail.}, }
@article {pmid29967721, year = {2018}, author = {Hawes, NA and Tremblay, LA and Pochon, X and Dunphy, B and Fidler, AE and Smith, KF}, title = {Effects of temperature and salinity stress on DNA methylation in a highly invasive marine invertebrate, the colonial ascidian Didemnum vexillum.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5003}, pmid = {29967721}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Environmentally induced epigenetic changes may contribute to phenotypic plasticity, increase adaptive potential in changing environments, and play a key role in the establishment and spread of invasive species in new habitats. In this study, we used methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) to assess environmentally induced DNA methylation changes in a globally invasive clonal ascidian, Didemnum vexillum. We tested the effect of increasing temperature (19, 25 and 27 °C) and decreasing salinity (34, 32, 30, 28 and 26 practical salinity units (PSU)) on global DNA methylation, growth and survival rates. Exposure to 27 °C resulted in significant changes in DNA methylation over time. Growth also decreased in colonies exposed to high temperatures, suggesting they were under thermal stress. In contrast, no differences in growth nor DNA methylation patterns were observed in colonies exposed to a decreasing salinity gradient, potentially due to prior adaptation. The results of this study show that environmental stress can induce significant global DNA methylation changes in an invasive marine invertebrate on very rapid timescales, and that this response varies depending on the type, magnitude, and duration of the stressor. Changes in genomic DNA methylation and the rate of growth may act to 'buy survival time' under stressful conditions, expanding the distribution limits of this globally invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid29967398, year = {2019}, author = {Alvarado-Serrano, DF and Van Etten, ML and Chang, SM and Baucom, RS}, title = {The relative contribution of natural landscapes and human-mediated factors on the connectivity of a noxious invasive weed.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {122}, number = {1}, pages = {29-40}, pmid = {29967398}, issn = {1365-2540}, support = {NIFA 04180//U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)/International ; NIFA 07191//U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)/International ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Agriculture ; Ecosystem ; Gene Flow/genetics ; Genetic Drift ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Genetics, Population ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Ipomoea/*genetics ; Plant Weeds/*genetics ; Population Density ; Selection, Genetic/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Examining how the landscape may influence gene flow is at the forefront of understanding population differentiation and adaptation. Such understanding is crucial in light of ongoing environmental changes and the elevated risk of ecosystems alteration. In particular, knowledge of how humans may influence population structure is imperative to allow for informed decisions in management and conservation as well as to gain a better understanding of anthropogenic impacts on the interplay between gene flow, genetic drift, and selection. Here, we use genome-wide molecular markers to characterize the population genetic structure and connectivity of Ipomoea purpurea (Convolvulaceae), a noxious invasive weed. We, likewise, assess the interaction between natural and human-driven influences on genetic differentiation among populations. Our analyses find that human population density is an important predictor of pairwise population differentiation, suggesting that the agricultural and/or horticultural trade may be involved in maintaining some level of connectivity across distant agricultural fields. Climatic variation appears as an additional predictor of genetic connectivity in this species. We discuss the implications of these results and highlight future research needed to disentangle the mechanistic processes underlying population connectivity of weeds.}, }
@article {pmid29965970, year = {2018}, author = {Chaukulkar, S and Sulaeman, H and Zink, AG and Vredenburg, VT}, title = {Pathogen invasion and non-epizootic dynamics in Pacific newts in California over the last century.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {e0197710}, pmid = {29965970}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; California ; Chytridiomycota/*pathogenicity ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*epidemiology/microbiology/transmission ; Disease Susceptibility ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Salamandridae/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Emerging infectious disease is a growing threat to global biodiversity. The infectious disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has led to the decline and extinction of hundreds of amphibian species. Severe Bd-caused epizootics have been documented in North, Central and South America-with many of the research focused on anurans. California, where Bd-related epizootics and amphibian declines have been reported, has some of the highest diversity of salamanders. After more than a decade since the first known epizootic in California, little is known about Bd disease dynamics in salamanders. Pacific newts (Genus: Taricha) are ideal study species because of their abundance, wide geographic range, occurrence in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, and how little is known about Bd infection dynamics for this group. We conducted a retrospective study to determine the relationship between Pacific newts and the fungal pathogen. We tested 1895 specimens collected between 1889-2009 and found no evidence of Bd-infected Pacific newts until the late 1940's. Although we estimate that Bd emerged in this genus and rapidly spread geographically throughout California, we did not find evidence for epizootic dynamics. Bd infection prevalence and intensity, two measures commonly used to estimate dynamics, remained consistently low over time; suggesting Pacific newts may not be highly susceptible. Also, we found the timing of first Bd emergence in Pacific newts predate Bd emergence in other California salamander species. In addition, we found several environmental and anthropogenic factors correlated with Bd prevalence which may help explain Bd disease dynamics in the genus Taricha. Pacific newts may be a reservoir species that signal pathogen invasion into California salamanders, though further studies are needed.}, }
@article {pmid29965829, year = {2018}, author = {Mouchbahani-Constance, S and Lesperance, LS and Petitjean, H and Davidova, A and Macpherson, A and Prescott, SA and Sharif-Naeini, R}, title = {Lionfish venom elicits pain predominantly through the activation of nonpeptidergic nociceptors.}, journal = {Pain}, volume = {159}, number = {11}, pages = {2255-2266}, doi = {10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001326}, pmid = {29965829}, issn = {1872-6623}, mesh = {Acrylamides/therapeutic use ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/therapeutic use ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Capsaicin/pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Exploratory Behavior/drug effects ; Fish Venoms/*toxicity ; Ganglia, Spinal/cytology ; Gene Expression Regulation/*drug effects/genetics ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Hyperalgesia/physiopathology ; Luminescent Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microfilament Proteins/metabolism ; Neurogenic Inflammation/chemically induced ; Oncogene Proteins v-fos/metabolism ; Pain/*chemically induced/*metabolism ; Pain Measurement/*drug effects ; Sensory Receptor Cells/drug effects/metabolism ; TRPV Cation Channels/genetics/*metabolism ; Time Factors ; Touch ; }, abstract = {The lionfish (Pterois volitans) is a venomous invasive species found in the Caribbean and Northwestern Atlantic. It poses a growing health problem because of the increase in frequency of painful stings, for which no treatment or antidote exists, and the long-term disability caused by the pain. Understanding the venom's algogenic properties can help identify better treatment for these envenomations. In this study, we provide the first characterization of the pain and inflammation caused by lionfish venom and examine the mechanisms through which it causes pain using a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches including behavioral, physiological, calcium imaging, and electrophysiological testing. Intraplantar injections of the venom produce a significant increase in pain behavior, as well as a marked increase in mechanical sensitivity for up to 24 hours after injection. The algogenic substance(s) are heat-labile peptides that cause neurogenic inflammation at the site of injection and induction of Fos and microglia activation in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn. Finally, calcium imaging and electrophysiology experiments show that the venom acts predominantly on nonpeptidergic, TRPV1-negative, nociceptors, a subset of neurons implicated in sensing mechanical pain. These data provide the first characterization of the pain and inflammation caused by lionfish venom, as well as the first insight into its possible cellular mechanism of action.}, }
@article {pmid29963546, year = {2018}, author = {Paolacci, S and Jansen, MAK and Harrison, S}, title = {Competition Between Lemna minuta, Lemna minor, and Azolla filiculoides. Growing Fast or Being Steadfast?.}, journal = {Frontiers in chemistry}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {207}, pmid = {29963546}, issn = {2296-2646}, abstract = {A substantial number of Lemnaceae are invasive outside their natural distribution area. Lemna minuta is considered invasive in several European countries, where it can occur in the same habitat as invasive Azolla filiculoides and native Lemna minor. In this study the presence, abundance and growth rates of all three species were monitored across 24 natural ponds and in a series of mesocosms in order to explore the importance of species invasiveness and habitat invisibility. Field monitoring showed that the distribution of the three species of macrophytes is heterogeneous in space and time. However, the data show no association of nutrient or light levels with plant distribution. Indeed, using reciprocal transplanting experiments it was demonstrated that all species are able to grow in all ponds, even ponds where the species do not naturally occur. It is concluded that distribution of L. minor, L. minuta, and A. filiculoides is not limited by the prevailing physicochemical characteristics of the ponds during the summer period. Remarkably, in these experiments A. filiculoides displayed the highest RGR, and exerted a negative influence on growth rates and surface cover of L. minor and L. minuta. Despite such apparent invasiveness, A. filiculoides was relatively rare in the study area. Rather, the species most abundant was L. minor which has the lowest RGR under field conditions in summer. Therefore, this study shows that the invasiveness of the species during the summer months is not necessarily reflected in the actual distribution pattern in natural ponds. In fact, alien L. minuta and A. filiculoides are under-represented in the monitored area. It is concluded that the interaction of several factors, including growth under winter-conditions and/or dispersal after disturbances, is the major determinant of the abundance and heterogeneous distribution of L. minor, L. minuta, and A. filiculoides in the study area.}, }
@article {pmid29961929, year = {2018}, author = {Oba, T and Kigami, J}, title = {Why does invasion imply substitution? Beyond the paradigm of invasion fitness.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {77}, number = {5}, pages = {1493-1532}, pmid = {29961929}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; Game Theory ; *Genetic Fitness ; Genetics, Population/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Genetic ; Mutation ; Population Dynamics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Selection, Genetic ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {Adaptive dynamics combines deterministic population dynamics of groups having different trait values and random process describing mutation and tries to predict the course of evolution of a species of interest. One of basic interests is to know which group survives, residents or mutants. By using invasion fitness as the primary tool, "invasion implies substitution" principle, IIS principle for short, has been established under the existence of a generating function in the sense of Brown and Vincent (Theor Popul Biol 31(1):140-166, 1987) and Vincent and Brown (Evolutionary game theory, natural selection, and darwinian dynamics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005). This principle essentially says that the local gradient of invasion fitness ultimately determines the outcome of the competition. However, as we will see in this paper, even if a system is within the scope of IIS principle, its neighborhood always contains systems which are beyond this scope. In this paper, in order to overcome such a limitation, we establish a wider class of systems which is still reasonable as a model of evolution of a species. For our wider class, the notion of raw invasion fitness is introduced. In terms of raw invasion fitness, an explicit criterion for the existence of generating function and a counterpart of IIS principle are obtained. This enables us to discuss small perturbations of a system within or without the scope of generating functions/IIS principle. Eventually, we understand why invasion implies substitution, i.e. why the method using invasion fitness works well with the existence of generating function, from our broader point of view.}, }
@article {pmid29960942, year = {2018}, author = {Gattás, F and De Stefano, LG and Vinocur, A and Bordet, F and Espinosa, MS and Pizarro, H and Cataldo, D}, title = {Impact of interaction between Limnoperna fortunei and Roundup Max[®] on freshwater phytoplankton: An in situ approach in Salto Grande reservoir (Argentina).}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {209}, number = {}, pages = {748-757}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.129}, pmid = {29960942}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Bivalvia/*chemistry ; Fresh Water/*microbiology ; Pesticides/*adverse effects ; Phytoplankton/*microbiology ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {The joint impact of the glyphosate-based commercial formulation Roundup Max[®] and the invasive mussel Limnoperna fortunei on phytoplankton and water quality was assessed in Salto Grande reservoir, a scenario were both stressors coexist. We performed an in situ mesocosm approach, through a 7-day experiment using 400-L enclosures. The following treatments were applied by triplicate: addition of 250 mussels (M); addition of 5 mg L[-1] of active ingredient (a.i.) in Roundup Max[®] (R); addition of 250 mussels and 5 mg L[-1] of a.i. in Roundup Max[®] (MR), and controls, without any addition (C). R showed higher total phosphorus (TP) and ammonium nitrogen (NNH4[+]) concentrations due to the herbicide input, and a significant increase in algal abundance, biovolume and chlorophyll a levels (Chl-a). In M mussels grazed on phytoplankton, which resulted in subsequent phosphates (SRP) release. A decrease in species diversity was observed in R and M with respect to C. In MR, there were higher TP and NNH4[+] concentrations, a decrease in biovolume, an antagonistic effect on Chl-a and a synergistic effect on phytoplankton abundance. Species diversity and evenness showed a significant decrease due to the explosive growth of a small and opportunistic Chlorophyta, Spermatozopsis exsultans. The dominance of this species may be due to negative selectivity for S. exsultans and/or release of potential competitors by L. fortunei, and to the input of nutrients by Roundup Max[®] and/or removal of competitors by its toxicity.}, }
@article {pmid29960189, year = {2018}, author = {Song, U and Son, D and Kang, C and Lee, EJ and Lee, K and Park, JS}, title = {Mowing: A cause of invasion, but also a potential solution for management of the invasive, alien plant species Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {223}, number = {}, pages = {530-536}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.057}, pmid = {29960189}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; *Erigeron ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; Republic of Korea ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Erigeron annuus is one of the major invasive, alien plants in Korea, and therefore research to manage (control) this invasive plant is essential. In this research, studies were conducted to determine the mechanisms by which E. annuus became the dominant plant at a landfill site and to develop management strategies for this alien plant. Because the seeds and seedling stage did not have superior adaptations to disturbed soil, demonstrate allelopathy, outcompete other species, or show rapid growth, the disturbance from mowing was likely the primary reason for the dominance of E. annuus. The areas without mowing showed a significant decrease in the coverage of E. annuus, whereas the mowed (managed) areas showed a significant increase. Additionally, mowing once increased the weight of reproductive organs by 50% and suppressed the growth of native species. Thus, the primary factor in the invasion of the alien species E. annuus was mowing, and, to control such an invasion, areas should be protected from mowing. Additionally, with selective mowing that targeted only E. annuus, mowing three times produced only approximately 10% of the reproductive organ biomass compared with that of the control. Because the flower stalk of E. annuus was relatively tall compared with that of native species in early summer, selective mowing might also provide a solution to control invasions of E. annuus. Therefore, with improved ecological understanding of the site and species, mowing of the right target during the optimal season and at an appropriate frequency is an environmental friendly solution to the management of E. annuus.}, }
@article {pmid29959774, year = {2018}, author = {Diedericks, G and Henriques, R and von der Heyden, S and Weyl, OLF and Hui, C}, title = {Sleeping with the enemy: introgressive hybridization in two invasive centrarchids.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {93}, number = {2}, pages = {405-410}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13730}, pmid = {29959774}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {OLFW: 110507, 109015; CH: 89967, 109244//National Research Foundation (NRF)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bass/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; }, abstract = {Introgressive hybridization between Micropterus dolomieu and Micropterus salmoides was assessed in their invaded South African range using nine microsatellite markers and two mtDNA gene regions. Although M. dolomieu and M. salmoides are distantly related, indicated by the large uncorrected pairwise distances observed between the two species, mitochondrial introgression and unidirectional admixture was detected.}, }
@article {pmid29959431, year = {2018}, author = {Weldon, CW and Nyamukondiwa, C and Karsten, M and Chown, SL and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Geographic variation and plasticity in climate stress resistance among southern African populations of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {9849}, pmid = {29959431}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Africa, Southern ; Animals ; Ceratitis capitata/*physiology ; *Climate ; *Geography ; Phenotype ; *Stress, Physiological ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Traits of thermal sensitivity or performance are typically the focus of species distribution modelling. Among-population trait variation, trait plasticity, population connectedness and the possible climatic covariation thereof are seldom accounted for. Here, we examine multiple climate stress resistance traits, and the plasticity thereof, for a globally invasive agricultural pest insect, the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). We also accounted for body size and population genetic connectivity among distinct populations from diverse bioclimatic regions across southern Africa. Desiccation resistance, starvation resistance, and critical thermal minimum (CTmin) and maximum (CTmax) of C. capitata varied between populations. For thermal tolerance traits, patterns of flexibility in response to thermal acclimation were suggestive of beneficial acclimation, but this was not the case for desiccation or starvation resistance. Population differences in measured traits were larger than those associated with acclimation, even though gene flow was high. Desiccation resistance was weakly but positively affected by growing degree-days. There was also a weak positive relationship between CTmin and temperature seasonality, but CTmax was weakly but negatively affected by the same bioclimatic variable. Our results suggest that the invasive potential of C. capitata may be supported by adaptation of tolerance traits to local bioclimatic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid29958273, year = {2018}, author = {Cassan, C and Diagne, CA and Tatard, C and Gauthier, P and Dalecky, A and Bâ, K and Kane, M and Niang, Y and Diallo, M and Sow, A and Brouat, C and Bañuls, AL}, title = {Leishmania major and Trypanosoma lewisi infection in invasive and native rodents in Senegal.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {e0006615}, pmid = {29958273}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Reservoirs/*parasitology ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Leishmania major/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/*epidemiology/parasitology/transmission ; Mice ; Rats ; Rodentia ; Senegal/epidemiology ; Trypanosoma lewisi/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Trypanosomiasis/*epidemiology/parasitology/transmission ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {Bioinvasion is a major public health issue because it can lead to the introduction of pathogens in new areas and favours the emergence of zoonotic diseases. Rodents are prominent invasive species, and act as reservoirs in many zoonotic infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the link between the distribution and spread of two parasite taxa (Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma lewisi) and the progressive invasion of Senegal by two commensal rodent species (the house mouse Mus musculus domesticus and the black rat Rattus rattus). M. m. domesticus and R. rattus have invaded the northern part and the central/southern part of the country, respectively. Native and invasive rodents were caught in villages and cities along the invasion gradients of both invaders, from coastal localities towards the interior of the land. Molecular diagnosis of the two trypanosomatid infections was performed using spleen specimens. In the north, neither M. m. domesticus nor the native species were carriers of these parasites. Conversely, in the south, 17.5% of R. rattus were infected by L. major and 27.8% by T. lewisi, while very few commensal native rodents were carriers. Prevalence pattern along invasion gradients, together with the knowledge on the geographical distribution of the parasites, suggested that the presence of the two parasites in R. rattus in Senegal is of different origins. Indeed, the invader R. rattus could have been locally infected by the native parasite L. major. Conversely, it could have introduced the exotic parasite T. lewisi in Senegal, the latter appearing to be poorly transmitted to native rodents. Altogether, these data show that R. rattus is a carrier of both parasites and could be responsible for the emergence of new foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis, or for the transmission of atypical human trypanosomiasis in Senegal.}, }
@article {pmid29955211, year = {2018}, author = {Gomez, DF and Rabaglia, RJ and Fairbanks, KEO and Hulcr, J}, title = {North American Xyleborini north of Mexico: a review and key to genera and species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {768}, pages = {19-68}, pmid = {29955211}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Bark and ambrosia beetles (Scolytinae) are the most successful group of invasive wood borers worldwide, and the most invasive among them are species in the tribe Xyleborini. This haplodiploid, highly inbred, fungus-farming group is represented by 30 non-native species in North America, of which at least five are serious pests. The few identification resources for Xyleborini that exist are becoming outdated due to new species arrivals and nomenclatural changes. Here we present a new comprehensive key to Xyleborini currently known from the continental United States. Compared to the previous key, the following species have been added to the North American fauna: Ambrosiodmus minor (Stebbing), Ambrosiophilus nodulosus (Eggers), Anisandrus maiche Kurentsov, Coptoborus pseudotenuis (Schedl), Cyclorhipidion fukiense (Eggers), Dryocoetoides reticulatus Atkinson, Dryoxylon onoharaense (Murayama), Euwallacea interjectus (Blandford), Xyleborinus andrewesi (Blandford), Xyleborinus artestriatus (Eichhoff), Xyleborinus octiesdentatus (Murayama), Xyleborus bispinatus Eichhoff, Xyleborus seriatus Blandford, Xyleborus spinulosus Blandford, and Xylosandrus amputatus (Blandford).}, }
@article {pmid29954615, year = {2019}, author = {Wald, DM and Nelson, KA and Gawel, AM and Rogers, HS}, title = {The role of trust in public attitudes toward invasive species management on Guam: A case study.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {133-144}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.047}, pmid = {29954615}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Attitude ; Focus Groups ; Guam ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Perception ; *Public Opinion ; Trust ; }, abstract = {Public attitudes toward invasive alien species management and trust in managers' ability to effectively manage non-native species can determine public support for conservation action. The island of Guam has experienced widespread species loss and ecosystem transformation due to invasive species, most notably, the brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis). Despite Guam's long history with invasives and extensive efforts to eradicate them, we know little about the sociological context of invasive species and drivers of public support or opposition on the island. Using focused group discussions, we explore public attitudes toward invasive species management measures. Respondents were familiar with the common invasive species on Guam and recognized that they were not native. They expressed support for management activities, interest in more effective and frequent management initiatives, and desire to participate directly in conservation actions. Participants also expressed frustration with government institutions and lack of confidence in managers' ability to control invasive species. Perceptions of managers' trustworthiness, communication with managers, and positive personal experiences with managers were related to positive attitudes about management and support for existing initiatives, indicating the important role of trust and engagement for invasive species management.}, }
@article {pmid29951707, year = {2018}, author = {Rentería-Solís, Z and Birka, S and Schmäschke, R and Król, N and Obiegala, A}, title = {First detection of Baylisascaris procyonis in wild raccoons (Procyon lotor) from Leipzig, Saxony, Eastern Germany.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {117}, number = {10}, pages = {3289-3292}, pmid = {29951707}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Ascaridida Infections/parasitology/*veterinary ; Ascaridoidea/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Germany ; Raccoons/*parasitology ; Zoonoses/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Baylisascaris procyonis is a zoonotic nematode mainly harbored by the North American raccoon. It can cause severe neurological problems in paratenic hosts and humans. In Germany, raccoons are spread throughout the country. However, the presence of B. procyonis in the German raccoon population has not been thoroughly studied. For this study, 32 wild raccoons were collected in the urban area Leipzig, Saxony, Eastern Germany. Adult ascaroid nematodes were isolated from the intestines and morphologically identified as B. procyonis. Species confirmation was conducted through PCR. In total, adult B. procyonis worms were found in 24 raccoons. The results of the present study add new information about the presence of the parasite in Saxony, Germany. Similarly, the results highlight the importance of the raccoon as a reservoir of zoonotic parasites.}, }
@article {pmid29949854, year = {2018}, author = {Agnew, M and Banic, I and Lake, IR and Goodess, C and Grossi, CM and Jones, NR and Plavec, D and Epstein, M and Turkalj, M}, title = {Modifiable Risk Factors for Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) Allergy and Disease in Children: A Case-Control Study.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {29949854}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Air Pollution ; Allergens/adverse effects ; Ambrosia/*immunology ; Antigens, Plant/*immunology/toxicity ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Climate Change ; Croatia/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity/*epidemiology/etiology ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Plant Extracts/*immunology/toxicity ; Pollen/immunology ; Risk Factors ; Skin Tests ; Weather ; }, abstract = {Ragweed allergy is a major public health concern. Within Europe, ragweed is an introduced species and research has indicated that the amounts of ragweed pollen are likely to increase over Europe due to climate change, with corresponding increases in ragweed allergy. To address this threat, improving our understanding of predisposing factors for allergic sensitisation to ragweed and disease is necessary, specifically focusing upon factors that are potentially modifiable (i.e., environmental). In this study, a total of 4013 children aged 2[-]13 years were recruited across Croatia to undergo skin prick tests to determine sensitisation to ragweed and other aeroallergens. A parental questionnaire collected home environment, lifestyle, family and personal medical history, and socioeconomic information. Environmental variables were obtained using Geographical Information Systems and data from nearby pollen, weather, and air pollution stations. Logistic regression was performed (clustered on school) focusing on risk factors for allergic sensitisation and disease. Ragweed sensitisation was strongly associated with ragweed pollen at levels over 5000 grains m[[-]3] year[&amp;minus;1] and, above these levels, the risk of sensitisation was 12[-]16 times greater than in low pollen areas with about 400 grains m[[-]3] year[&amp;minus;1]. Genetic factors were strongly associated with sensitisation but nearly all potentially modifiable factors were insignificant. This included measures of local land use and proximity to potential sources of ragweed pollen. Rural residence was protective (odds ratio (OR) 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55[-]0.98), but the factors underlying this association were unclear. Being sensitised to ragweed doubled (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.59[-]2.96) the risk of rhinoconjunctivitis. No other potentially modifiable risk factors were associated with rhinoconjunctivitis. Ragweed sensitisation was strongly associated with ragweed pollen, and sensitisation was significantly associated with rhinoconjunctivitis. Apart from ragweed pollen levels, few other potentially modifiable factors were significantly associated with ragweed sensitisation. Hence, strategies to lower the risk of sensitisation should focus upon ragweed control.}, }
@article {pmid29949436, year = {2018}, author = {Battonyai, I and Voronezhskaya, EE and Obukhova, A and Horváth, R and Nezlin, LP and Elekes, K}, title = {Neuronal Development in the Larvae of the Invasive Biofouler Dreissena polymorpha (Mollusca: Bivalvia), with Special Attention to Sensory Elements and Swimming Behavior.}, journal = {The Biological bulletin}, volume = {234}, number = {3}, pages = {192-206}, doi = {10.1086/698511}, pmid = {29949436}, issn = {1939-8697}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Dreissena/*cytology/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Nervous System/growth &amp; development ; Sensory Receptor Cells/physiology ; *Swimming ; }, abstract = {Although understanding of the neuronal development of Trochozoa has progressed recently, little attention has been paid to freshwater bivalves, including species with a strong ecological impact, such as the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). Therefore, an important question might concern how the developing nervous system is involved in the formation of the rapid and successful invasive behavior of this species. Our aim was to reveal the neuronal development of trochophore and veliger larvae of Dreissena, with special attention to the organization of sensory structures and their possible involvement in detecting environmental cues. After applying serotonin and FMRFamide immunocytochemistry, the first serotonin immunoreactive sensory elements appeared 16-18 hours after fertilization, whereas the first FMRFamide immunoreactive sensory cell was seen only at 32 hours of development (trochophore stage). Later, sensory elements were found in three parts of the larval body, including the apical organ, the posterior region, and the stomach. Although differences in the timing of appearance and the morphology of cells were observed, the two signaling systems showed basic similarity in their organization pattern until the end of the veliger stage. Pharmacological, physiological, and quantitative immunocytochemical investigations were also performed, suggesting the involvement of both the serotoninergic system and the FMRFamidergic system in sensomotor processes. Manipulation of the serotonin synthesis by para-chloroplenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophane, as well as application of increased salinity, influenced larval swimming activity, both accompanied by changes in immunofluorescence intensity. We concluded that these two early sensory systems may play an important role in the development of settlement competency of this biofouling invasive bivalve, Dreissena.}, }
@article {pmid29949123, year = {2019}, author = {Cuello, EM and Andorno, AV and Hernández, CM and López, SN}, title = {Population Development of the Invasive Species Thaumastocoris peregrinus (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae) on four Eucalyptus Species of the Subgenus Symphyomyrtus.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, pages = {152-161}, pmid = {29949123}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; *Eucalyptus ; Heteroptera/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Nymph ; Plant Leaves ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Thaumastocoris peregrinus Carpintero &amp; Dellapé (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae) is a small sap-sucking insect that feeds on Eucalyptus L'Hér. leaves. Although it is native to Australia, it currently has a global distribution and it is considered as one of the big five pests of eucalypts around the world. We described the development of T. peregrinus population on four Eucalyptus species under the environmental conditions in Argentina. We also analyzed the use of yellow sticky traps as a monitoring method for this pest. The four Eucalyptus species were suitable for T. peregrinus. A cyclic pattern was observed in the development of the bronze bug population with an annual seasonal peak followed by a decrease in the abundance, reaching a minimum value during the unfavorable seasons. During the fall and winter seasons, epizootic events were registered in all the Eucalyptus species, caused by an entomopathogenic fungus. None of the meteorological variables had a clear influence neither on the bronze bug population nor with the occurrence of fungal infection. We found a significant relationship between the number of nymphs and adults of T. peregrinus in branches and the number of individuals caught in traps, suggesting that traps give actual information about the bronze bug abundance in the tree canopy.}, }
@article {pmid29948827, year = {2018}, author = {Chen, XP and Sun, J and Wang, Y and Zhang, HY and He, CQ and Liu, XY and Bu, NS and Long, XE}, title = {Temporal and spatial impact of Spartina alterniflora invasion on methanogens community in Chongming Island, China.}, journal = {Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea)}, volume = {56}, number = {7}, pages = {507-515}, pmid = {29948827}, issn = {1976-3794}, mesh = {Biomass ; DNA Restriction Enzymes/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Islands ; Methane/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Methanobacteriaceae/genetics/*metabolism ; Methanococcales/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Microbial Consortia/genetics/*physiology ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; *Plants ; Salinity ; *Soil Microbiology ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Sulfates/metabolism ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Methane production by methanogens in wetland is recognized as a significant contributor to global warming. Spartina alterniflora (S. alterniflora), which is an invasion plant in China's wetland, was reported to have enormous effects on methane production. But studies on shifts in the methanogen community in response to S. alterniflora invasion at temporal and spatial scales in the initial invasion years are rare. Sediments derived from the invasive species S. alterniflora and the native species Phragmites australis (P. australis) in pairwise sites and an invasion chronosequence patch (4 years) were analyzed to investigate the abundance and community structure of methanogens using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) cloning of the methyl-coenzyme M reductase A (mcrA) gene. For the pairwise sites, the abundance of methanogens in S. alterniflora soils was lower than that of P. australis soils. For the chronosequence patch, the abundance and diversity of methanogens was highest in the soil subjected to two years invasion, in which we detected some rare groups including Methanocellales and Methanococcales. These results indicated a priming effect at the initial invasion stages of S. alterniflora for microorganisms in the soil, which was also supported by the diverse root exudates. The shifts of methanogen communities after S. alterniflora invasion were due to changes in pH, salinity and sulfate. The results indicate that root exudates from S. alterniflora have a priming effect on methanogens in the initial years after invasion, and the predominate methylotrophic groups (Methanosarcinales) may adapt to the availability of diverse substrates and reflects the potential for high methane production after invasion by S. alterniflora.}, }
@article {pmid29948435, year = {2018}, author = {Linnakoski, R and Kasanen, R and Lasarov, I and Marttinen, T and Oghenekaro, AO and Sun, H and Asiegbu, FO and Wingfield, MJ and Hantula, J and Heliövaara, K}, title = {Cadophora margaritata sp. nov. and other fungi associated with the longhorn beetles Anoplophora glabripennis and Saperda carcharias in Finland.}, journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {111}, number = {11}, pages = {2195-2211}, doi = {10.1007/s10482-018-1112-y}, pmid = {29948435}, issn = {1572-9699}, support = {University of Helsinki Postdoc Pool//Helsingin Yliopisto/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*microbiology ; Finland ; Fungi/*physiology ; Pest Control, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Symbiosis/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Symbiosis with microbes is crucial for survival and development of wood-inhabiting longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Thus, knowledge of the endemic fungal associates of insects would facilitate risk assessment in cases where a new invasive pest occupies the same ecological niche. However, the diversity of fungi associated with insects remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate fungi associated with the native large poplar longhorn beetle (Saperda carcharias) and the recently introduced Asian longhorn beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) infesting hardwood trees in Finland. We studied the cultivable fungal associates obtained from Populus tremula colonised by S. carcharias, and Betula pendula and Salix caprea infested by A. glabripennis, and compared these to the samples collected from intact wood material. This study detected a number of plant pathogenic and saprotrophic fungi, and species with known potential for enzymatic degradation of wood components. Phylogenetic analyses of the most commonly encountered fungi isolated from the longhorn beetles revealed an association with fungi residing in the Cadophora-Mollisia species complex. A commonly encountered fungus was Cadophora spadicis, a recently described fungus associated with wood-decay. In addition, a novel species of Cadophora, for which the name Cadophora margaritata sp. nov. is provided, was isolated from the colonised wood.}, }
@article {pmid29948315, year = {2018}, author = {Szlavecz, K and Chang, CH and Bernard, MJ and Pitz, SL and Xia, L and Ma, Y and McCormick, MK and Filley, T and Yarwood, SA and Yesilonis, ID and Csuzdi, C}, title = {Litter quality, dispersal and invasion drive earthworm community dynamics and forest soil development.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {188}, number = {1}, pages = {237-250}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-018-4205-4}, pmid = {29948315}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {EAR-0748442//National Science Foundation (US)/ ; EF-1550795//National Science Foundation (US)/ ; CSREES NRI 2007-35320-18375//U.S. Department of Defense (US)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; *Oligochaeta ; Plant Leaves ; Soil ; }, abstract = {In temperate deciduous forests of eastern USA, most earthworm communities are dominated by invasive species. Their structure and functional group composition have critical impacts on ecological properties and processes. However, the factors determining their community structure are still poorly understood, and little is known regarding their dynamics during forest succession and the mechanisms leading to these changes. Earthworm communities are usually assumed to be stable and driven by vegetation. In contrast, the importance of dispersal and ecological drift is seldom acknowledged. By analyzing a 19-year dataset collected from forest stands in eastern USA, we demonstrated that on a decadal timescale, earthworm community dynamics are shaped by the interplay of selection, dispersal, and ecological drift. We highlighted that forests at different successional stages have distinct earthworm species and functional groups as a result of environmental filtering through leaf litter quality. Specifically, young forests are characterized by soil-feeding species that rely on relatively fresh soil organic matter derived from fast-decomposing litter, whereas old forests are characterized by those feeding on highly processed soil organic matter derived from slow-decomposing litter. In addition, year-to-year species gains and losses are primarily driven by dispersal from regional to local species pools, and by local extinction resulted from competition and ecological drift. We concluded that with continued dispersal of European species and the recent "second wave" of earthworm invasion by Asian species from the surrounding landscape, earthworms at the investigated forests are well-established, and will remain as the major drivers of soil development for the foreseeable future.}, }
@article {pmid29948018, year = {2019}, author = {Kamutando, CN and Vikram, S and Kamgan-Nkuekam, G and Makhalanyane, TP and Greve, M and Le Roux, JJ and Richardson, DM and Cowan, DA and Valverde, A}, title = {The Functional Potential of the Rhizospheric Microbiome of an Invasive Tree Species, Acacia dealbata.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, pages = {191-200}, pmid = {29948018}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {CPRR14071676470//National Research Foundation of South Africa (NRF)/ ; }, mesh = {Acacia/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; Bacteria/classification/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Bradyrhizobium/genetics/metabolism ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Genes, Bacterial/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Metagenome ; Microbial Interactions/physiology ; Microbiota/genetics/*physiology ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Plant Development ; Rhizobium/genetics/physiology ; *Rhizosphere ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Soil Microbiology ; South Africa ; Vitamins/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Plant-microbe interactions mediate both the invasiveness of introduced plant species and the impacts that they have in invaded ecosystems. Although the phylogenetic composition of the rhizospheric microbiome of Acacia dealbata (an invasive Australian tree species) has been investigated, little is known about the functional potential of the constituents of these altered microbial communities. We used shotgun DNA sequencing to better understand the link between bacterial community composition and functional capacity in the rhizospheric microbiomes associated with invasive A. dealbata populations in South Africa. Our analysis showed that several genes associated with plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits were significantly overrepresented in the rhizospheric metagenomes compared to neighbouring bulk soils collected away from A. dealbata stands. The majority of these genes are involved in the metabolism of nitrogen, carbohydrates and vitamins, and in various membrane transport systems. Overrepresented genes were linked to a limited number of bacterial taxa, mostly Bradyrhizobium species, the preferred N-fixing rhizobial symbiont of Australian acacias. Overall, these findings suggest that A. dealbata enriches rhizosphere soils with potentially beneficial microbial taxa, and that members of the genus Bradyrhizobium may play an integral role in mediating PGP processes that may influence the success of this invader when colonizing novel environments.}, }
@article {pmid29947947, year = {2018}, author = {Parsons, TL}, title = {Invasion probabilities, hitting times, and some fluctuation theory for the stochastic logistic process.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {77}, number = {4}, pages = {1193-1231}, pmid = {29947947}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Extinction, Biological ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Logistic Models ; Markov Chains ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Population Growth ; Probability ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {We consider excursions for a class of stochastic processes describing a population of discrete individuals experiencing density-limited growth, such that the population has a finite carrying capacity and behaves qualitatively like the classical logistic model Verhulst (Corresp Math Phys 10:113-121, 1838) when the carrying capacity is large. Being discrete and stochastic, however, our population nonetheless goes extinct in finite time. We present results concerning the maximum of the population prior to extinction in the large population limit, from which we obtain establishment probabilities and upper bounds for the process, as well as estimates for the waiting time to establishment and extinction. As a consequence, we show that conditional upon establishment, the stochastic logistic process will with high probability greatly exceed carrying capacity an arbitrary number of times prior to extinction.}, }
@article {pmid29947673, year = {2018}, author = {Souza, GA and Moresca, VO and Teixeira, GM and Jerep, FC and Aguiar, A}, title = {First record of the invasive tapeworm, Schyzocotyle acheilognathi (Pseudophyllidea; Bothriocephalidae) in native freshwater fish, Brazil.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {90}, number = {3}, pages = {2845-2849}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765201820170749}, pmid = {29947673}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Carps/*parasitology ; Cestoda/classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Schyzocotyle acheilognathi is a tapeworm cestode commonly found in native freshwater fishes from Asia. This cestode has low host specificity and for that reason it has been registered parasitizing more than 200 cultured and wild fish species, besides amphibians, reptiles and birds from different regions of the world. With a high pathogenic potential, S. acheilognathi may cause mortalities in highly infected fish. In South America, Schyzocotyle was reported in Cyprinus carpio from a Brazilian fish farm at the municipality of Cornélio Procópio, northern Paraná State and from the natural environment in C. carpio from Neuquen River, Patagonia, Argentina. So far, there has been no report of this parasite in South American native fishes. Herein we report the first occurrence of the invasive tapeworm S. acheilognathi in Rineloricaria pentamaculata (Siluriformes, Loricariidae), a native armored freshwater catfish from southern Brazil.}, }
@article {pmid29944838, year = {2018}, author = {Günthardt, BF and Hollender, J and Hungerbühler, K and Scheringer, M and Bucheli, TD}, title = {Comprehensive Toxic Plants-Phytotoxins Database and Its Application in Assessing Aquatic Micropollution Potential.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {66}, number = {29}, pages = {7577-7588}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01639}, pmid = {29944838}, issn = {1520-5118}, mesh = {Databases, Factual ; Plants, Toxic/*chemistry/classification ; Toxins, Biological/analysis/*toxicity ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {The production of toxic plant secondary metabolites (phytotoxins) for defense is a widespread phenomenon in the plant kingdom and is even present in agricultural crops. These phytotoxins may have similar characteristics to anthropogenic micropollutants in terms of persistence and toxicity. However, they are only rarely included in environmental risk assessments, partly because a systematic overview of phytotoxins is missing. Here, we present a newly developed, freely available database, Toxic Plants-PhytoToxins (TPPT), containing 1586 phytotoxins of potential ecotoxicological relevance in Central Europe linked to 844 plant species. Our database summarizes phytotoxin patterns in plant species and provides detailed biological and chemical information as well as in silico estimated properties. Using the database, we evaluated phytotoxins regarding occurrence, approximated from the frequencies of Swiss plant species; environmental behavior based on aquatic persistence and mobility; and toxicity. The assessment showed that over 34% of all phytotoxins are potential aquatic micropollutants and should be included in environmental investigations.}, }
@article {pmid29943145, year = {2018}, author = {Vergara-Tabares, DL and Toledo, M and García, E and Peluc, SI}, title = {Aliens will provide: avian responses to a new temporal resource offered by ornithocorous exotic shrubs.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {188}, number = {1}, pages = {173-182}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-018-4207-2}, pmid = {29943145}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Birds ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Fruit ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Frugivorous birds are able to track spatiotemporal changes in fruit availability. Food resource fluctuations, characteristic of seasonal environments, can be affected by the naturalization of exotic ornithocorous plants. In the mountain forest of central Argentina, invasive shrubs of the genus Pyracantha provide a new temporal resource that modifies fluctuations of natural resource availability because the invasives fructify in autumn-winter (largely uncoupled with the fruiting of native species). The contrasting patterns of resource fluctuation between non-invaded and invaded areas throughout the year provide a good study system to test predictions of the fruit-tracking hypothesis, and to understand the relationship between food resources offered by fleshy fruited invasives and abundances of avian trophic guilds. By means of point counts conducted during five time periods at invaded and non-invaded sites we found that the presence of Pyracantha, and time periods, significantly affected frugivorous bird abundance, which in autumn-winter was greater in invaded sites and in spring-summer similar between invaded and non-invaded sites. On the other hand, granivores and insectivores did not show a significant relationship with the presence of Pyracantha. Abundances of the most common seed disperser were significantly affected by the interaction between time period and presence of Pyracantha. These results indicate that the abundances of birds that legitimately disperse Pyracantha seeds are temporally and spatially associated with fruit abundance provided by this exotic plant. This underscores fruit availability as an important ecological factor affecting frugivorous bird abundance, and suggests that Pyracantha seed dispersers are capable of detecting changes in the availability of its fruit, likely contributing to the effectiveness of its dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid29943143, year = {2018}, author = {terHorst, CP and Wirth, C and Lau, JA}, title = {Genetic variation in mutualistic and antagonistic interactions in an invasive legume.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {188}, number = {1}, pages = {159-171}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-018-4211-6}, pmid = {29943143}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {1312490//Division of Mathematical Sciences/ ; 1559105//Division of Ocean Sciences/ ; 0918963//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; 1257756//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; }, mesh = {*Fabaceae ; Genetic Variation ; Plant Development ; *Rhizobium ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Mutualists may play an important role in invasion success. The ability to take advantage of novel mutualists or survive and reproduce despite a lack of mutualists may facilitate invasion by those individuals with such traits. Here, we used two greenhouse studies to examine how soil microbial communities in general and mutualistic rhizobia in particular affect the performance of a legume species (Medicago polymorpha) that has invaded five continents. We performed two plant growth experiments with Medicago polymorpha, inoculating them with soil slurries in one experiment or rhizobial cultures in another experiment. For both experiments, we compared the growth of Medicago in competition with conspecific or heterospecific plants and examined variation among plant genotypes collected from the native and introduced ranges. We found that all genotypes experienced similar increases in biomass and formed more nodules that house rhizobia bacteria when inoculated with soil from a previously invaded site, compared to uninoculated plants or plants inoculated with soil from uninvaded and low invasion sites. In a second experiment, plants inoculated with rhizobia generally produced more biomass, had greater tolerance to interspecific competition, and had greater effects on competitor biomass than uninoculated plants. However, plant genotypes collected from the native range benefited more from rhizobia and were less tolerant of competition relative to genotypes collected from the introduced range. In the introduced range, compatible mutualists may not be readily available but competition is intense, causing Medicago to evolve to benefit less from interactions with rhizobia mutualists, while simultaneously becoming more tolerant of competition.}, }
@article {pmid29942716, year = {2018}, author = {Newman, EA and Winkler, CA and Hembry, DH}, title = {Effects of anthropogenic wildfire in low-elevation Pacific island vegetation communities in French Polynesia.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5114}, pmid = {29942716}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Anthropogenic (or human-caused) wildfire is an increasingly important driver of ecological change on Pacific islands including southeastern Polynesia, but fire ecology studies are almost completely absent for this region. Where observations do exist, they mostly represent descriptions of fire effects on plant communities before the introduction of invasive species in the modern era. Understanding the effects of wildfire in southeastern Polynesian island vegetation communities can elucidate which species may become problematic invasives with continued wildfire activity. We investigate the effects of wildfire on vegetation in three low-elevation sites (45-379 m) on the island of Mo'orea in the Society Islands, French Polynesia, which are already heavily impacted by past human land use and invasive exotic plants, but retain some native flora. In six study areas (three burned and three unburned comparisons), we placed 30 transects across sites and collected species and abundance information at 390 points. We analyzed each local community of plants in three categories: natives, those introduced by Polynesians before European contact (1767 C.E.), and those introduced since European contact. Burned areas had the same or lower mean species richness than paired comparison sites. Although wildfire did not affect the proportions of native and introduced species, it may increase the abundance of introduced species on some sites. Non-metric multidimensional scaling indicates that (not recently modified) comparison plant communities are more distinct from one another than are those on burned sites. We discuss conservation concerns for particular native plants absent from burned sites, as well as invasive species (including Lantana camara and Paraserianthes falcataria) that may be promoted by fire in the Pacific.}, }
@article {pmid29942001, year = {2018}, author = {Scully, ED and Geib, SM and Mason, CJ and Carlson, JE and Tien, M and Chen, HY and Harding, S and Tsai, CJ and Hoover, K}, title = {Host-plant induced changes in microbial community structure and midgut gene expression in an invasive polyphage (Anoplophora glabripennis).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {9620}, pmid = {29942001}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Acer ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Coleoptera/*genetics/metabolism/*microbiology/physiology ; Digestion ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; Feeding Behavior ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Insect/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; *Populus ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; }, abstract = {Polyphagous insect herbivores possess diverse mechanisms to overcome challenges of feeding in multiple plant species including, but not limited to, transcriptional plasticity and associations with obligate or facultative symbionts. The Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) is a polyphagous wood-feeder capable of developing on over 100 tree species and, like other polyphages, its genome contains amplifications of digestive and detoxification genes. This insect also possesses a diverse gut microbial community, which has the metabolic potential to augment digestive physiology. While the genomic repertoires of A. glabripennis and its microbial community have been studied previously, comparatively less is known about how the gut transcriptome and community change in response to feeding in different hosts. In this study, we show that feeding in two suitable hosts (Acer spp. and Populus nigra) altered the expression levels of multicopy genes linked to digestion and detoxification. However, feeding in a host with documented resistance (Populus tomentosa) induced changes in the transcriptome and community beyond what was observed in insects reared in P. nigra, including the downregulation of numerous β-glucosidases, odorant binding proteins, and juvenile hormone binding proteins, the upregulation of several cuticular genes, and the loss of one major bacterial family from the gut community.}, }
@article {pmid29940005, year = {2018}, author = {Tomamichel, MM and Hodgins, NC and Venturelli, PA and Phelps, NBD}, title = {The prevalence and potential fisheries consequences of Heterosporis sutherlandae in a Minnesota lake.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {e0199580}, pmid = {29940005}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Fish Diseases/*mortality/*parasitology ; *Fisheries ; Incidence ; Lakes/*parasitology ; Male ; Microsporidiosis/mortality/parasitology/*veterinary ; Minnesota ; Perches/*parasitology ; Prevalence ; }, abstract = {Heterosporis sutherlandae is an emerging microsporidian fish parasite in the Great Lakes region. H. sutherlandae forms lesions in the muscle tissue of fishes important to aquaculture and sport fishing. These lesions render the filet inedible and may have fitness consequences. We evaluated the prevalence and severity of H. sutherlandae among yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in a known-positive Minnesota lake, and used an equilibrium yield model to evaluate impacts on harvest. Twenty-eight percent of the 400 yellow perch sampled were infected with H. sutherlandae. Males were 1.5 times more likely to be infected than females and were more severely infected. The presence of the parasite did not vary with relative weight or age, but infection severity was highest among older individuals that were in better condition. These results suggest that males are more susceptible to infection, and that infection is not associated with maturity or a gape-limiting food source. These results also suggest that heterosporosis increases in severity with time or by increased exposure. Our equilibrium yield model found that a 10% increase in mortality due to H. sutherlandae could result in 30% and 10% reductions in yield and mean catch weight, respectively. The results of this study direct future field sampling and laboratory experiments to further understand and predict the impacts of this parasite.}, }
@article {pmid29939298, year = {2018}, author = {Murray, HL and Pruszynski, CA and Leal, AL and Hribar, LJ}, title = {Establishment of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Florida Keys, 2001-2017.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {55}, number = {6}, pages = {1607-1612}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjy102}, pmid = {29939298}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {*Aedes ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Florida ; Islands ; }, abstract = {The presence of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) was first reported in the Florida Keys in 1993. Despite extensive surveillance, the Florida Keys Mosquito Control District (FKMCD) only collected specimens occasionally on a few islands, some years finding no evidence of the invasive species. In 2013-2017, FKMCD witnessed a sudden increase in population size and geographic extent of Ae. albopictus. Samples of Ae. albopictus have now been identified on 30 different islands in the Florida Keys. Three islands in particular (Key Largo, Big Pine Key, and Stock Island) have produced multiple positive samples during at least 4 of the last 5 yr, suggesting establishment of the invasive species. FKMCD continues to monitor Ae. albopictus throughout the Keys and make extensive efforts to reduce population abundance and geographic extent of this disease vector.}, }
@article {pmid29939128, year = {2018}, author = {Viljakainen, L and Holmberg, I and Abril, S and Jurvansuu, J}, title = {Viruses of invasive Argentine ants from the European Main supercolony: characterization, interactions and evolution.}, journal = {The Journal of general virology}, volume = {99}, number = {8}, pages = {1129-1140}, doi = {10.1099/jgv.0.001104}, pmid = {29939128}, issn = {1465-2099}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*virology ; DNA Viruses/classification/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; RNA Viruses/classification/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {The Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) is a highly invasive pest, yet very little is known about its viruses. We analysed individual RNA-sequencing data from 48 Argentine ant queens to identify and characterisze their viruses. We discovered eight complete RNA virus genomes - all from different virus families - and one putative partial entomopoxvirus genome. Seven of the nine virus sequences were found from ant samples spanning 7 years, suggesting that these viruses may cause long-term infections within the super-colony. Although all nine viruses successfully infect Argentine ants, they have very different characteristics, such as genome organization, prevalence, loads, activation frequencies and rates of evolution. The eight RNA viruses constituted in total 23 different virus combinations which, based on statistical analysis, were non-random, suggesting that virus compatibility is a factor in infections. We also searched for virus sequences from New Zealand and Californian Argentine ant RNA-sequencing data and discovered that many of the viruses are found on different continents, yet some viruses are prevalent only in certain colonies. The viral loads described here most probably present a normal asymptomatic level of infection; nevertheless, detailed knowledge of Argentine ant viruses may enable the design of viral biocontrol methods against this pest.}, }
@article {pmid29938788, year = {2018}, author = {Byers, JA and Sadowsky, A and Levi Zada, A}, title = {Index of host habitat preference explored by movement-based simulations and trap captures.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {87}, number = {5}, pages = {1320-1330}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12877}, pmid = {29938788}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Insect Control ; Insecta ; *Moths ; Pheromones ; }, abstract = {Animal species likely have different strengths of host habitat preference (HHP) that might be characterized by a standardized index ranging from 0 (no preference) to 1 (maximum preference). We hypothesized that in some species, HHP may result from individuals dispersing out of the host habitat having a probability of turning back at the boundary, or after entering host habitat by reducing speed or increasing size of turning angles. Computer simulations of individuals moving between various sized patches of host and nonhost habitat were conducted based on these three behaviours hypothesized to affect HHP. In the rebounding model, simulations resulted in equilibria of animal numbers inside and outside of host habitat that depend on sizes of these areas, initial number and the rebounding probability. Curvilinear regression of simulation results suggested an equation that predicted numbers in the host habitat and was solved for rebounding probability. A modified equation that sampled population densities (e.g., insect pheromone trap catches) inside and outside host habitat areas gave the rebounding probability, an index of HHP, without requiring the sizes of the areas. Simulations with traps and moving animals verified that the modified equation could predict the index correctly. The modified equation also estimates an index of HHP from sampled densities due to speed reductions and a combination of this and rebounding. Changes in angular turning size upon entering host habitat, however, did not affect habitat preference. Using pheromone trap captures, we found that the lesser date moth Batrachedra amydraula has a HHP for date Phoenix dactylifera plantations of 0.96. Host habitat preference indexes also were calculated from sampled insect densities reported in the literature. The new index of HHP is useful to characterize habitat patches of many organisms and aid understanding of animal spatial distributions and speciation processes. In addition, the index can be applied in studies of invasive species, trap crops of pest insects and conservation management.}, }
@article {pmid29938085, year = {2018}, author = {Bellard, C and Jeschke, JM and Leroy, B and Mace, GM}, title = {Insights from modeling studies on how climate change affects invasive alien species geography.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, pages = {5688-5700}, pmid = {29938085}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Climate change and biological invasions are threatening biodiversity and ecosystem services worldwide. It has now been widely acknowledged that climate change will affect biological invasions. A large number of studies have investigated predicted shifts and other changes in the geographic ranges of invasive alien species related to climate change using modeling approaches. Yet these studies have provided contradictory evidence, and no consensus has been reached. We conducted a systematic review of 423 modeling case studies included in 71 publications that have examined the predicted effects of climate change on those species. We differentiate the approaches used in these studies and synthesize their main results. Our results reaffirm the major role of climate change as a driver of invasive alien species distribution in the future. We found biases in the literature both regarding the taxa, toward plants and invertebrates, and the areas of the planet investigated. Despite these biases, we found for the plants and vertebrates studied that climate change will more frequently contribute to a decrease in species range size than an increase in the overall area occupied. This is largely due to oceans preventing terrestrial invaders from spreading poleward. In contrast, we found that the ranges of invertebrates and pathogens studied are more likely to increase following climate change. An important caveat to these findings is that researchers have rarely considered the effects of climate change on transport, introduction success, or the resulting impacts. We recommend closing these research gaps, and propose additional avenues for future investigations, as well as opportunities and challenges for managing invasions under climate change.}, }
@article {pmid29938049, year = {2018}, author = {Duarte, S and Nobre, T and Borges, PAV and Nunes, L}, title = {Symbiotic flagellate protists as cryptic drivers of adaptation and invasiveness of the subterranean termite Reticulitermes grassei Clément.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, pages = {5242-5253}, pmid = {29938049}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Changes in flagellate protist communities of subterranean termite Reticulitermes grassei across different locations were evaluated following four predictions: (i) Rural endemic (Portugal mainland) termite populations will exhibit high diversity of symbionts; (ii) invasive urban populations (Horta city, Faial island, Azores), on the contrary, will exhibit lower diversity of symbionts, showing high similarity of symbiont assemblages through environmental filtering; (iii) recent historical colonization of isolated regions-as the case of islands-will imply a loss of symbiont diversity; and (iv) island isolation will trigger a change in colony breeding structure toward a less aggressive behavior. Symbiont flagellate protist communities were morphologically identified, and species richness and relative abundances, as well as biodiversity indices, were used to compare symbiotic communities in colonies from urban and rural environments and between island invasive and mainland endemic populations. To evaluate prediction on the impact of isolation (iv), aggression tests were performed among termites comprising island invasive and mainland endemic populations. A core group of flagellates and secondary facultative symbionts was identified. Termites from rural environments showed, in the majority of observed colonies, more diverse and abundant protist communities, probably confirming prediction (i). Corroborating prediction (ii), the two least diverse communities belong to termites captured inside urban areas. The Azorean invasive termite colonies had more diverse protist communities than expected and prediction (iii) which was not verified within this study. Termites from mainland populations showed a high level of aggressiveness between neighboring colonies, in contrast to the invasive colonies from Horta city, which were not aggressive to neighbors according to prediction (iv). The symbiotic flagellate community of R. grassei showed the ability to change in a way that might be consistent with adaptation to available conditions, possibly contributing to optimization of the colonization of new habitats and spreading of its distribution area, highlighting R. grassei potential as an invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid29937614, year = {2018}, author = {Verberk, WCEP and Leuven, RSEW and van der Velde, G and Gabel, F}, title = {Thermal limits in native and alien freshwater peracarid Crustacea: The role of habitat use and oxygen limitation.}, journal = {Functional ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {926-936}, pmid = {29937614}, issn = {0269-8463}, abstract = {In order to predict which species can successfully cope with global warming and how other environmental stressors modulate their vulnerability to climate-related environmental factors, an understanding of the ecophysiology underpinning thermal limits is essential for both conservation biology and invasion biology.Heat tolerance and the extent to which heat tolerance differed with oxygen availability were examined for four native and four alien freshwater peracarid crustacean species, with differences in habitat use across species. Three hypotheses were tested: (1) Heat and lack of oxygen synergistically reduce survival of species; (2) patterns in heat tolerance and the modulation thereof by oxygen differ between alien and native species and between species with different habitat use; (3) small animals can better tolerate heat than large animals, and this difference is more pronounced under hypoxia.To assess heat tolerances under different oxygen levels, animal survival was monitored in experimental chambers in which the water temperature was ramped up (0.25°C min[-1]). Heat tolerance (CTmax) was scored as the cessation of all pleopod movement, and heating trials were performed under hypoxia (5 kPa oxygen), normoxia (20 kPa) and hyperoxia (60 kPa).Heat tolerance differed across species as did the extent by which heat tolerance was affected by oxygen conditions. Heat-tolerant species, for example, Asellus aquaticus and Crangonyx pseudogracilis, showed little response to oxygen conditions in their CTmax, whereas the CTmax of heat-sensitive species, for example, Dikerogammarus villosus and Gammarus fossarum, was more plastic, being increased by hyperoxia and reduced by hypoxia.In contrast to other studies on crustaceans, alien species were not more heat-tolerant than native species. Instead, differences in heat tolerance were best explained by habitat use, with species from standing waters being heat tolerant and species from running waters being heat sensitive. In addition, larger animals displayed lower critical maximum temperature, but only under hypoxia. An analysis of data available in the literature on metabolic responses of the study species to temperature and oxygen conditions suggests that oxygen conformers and species whose oxygen demand rapidly increases with temperature (low activation energy) may be more heat sensitive.The alien species D. villosus appeared most susceptible to hypoxia and heat stress. This may explain why this species is very successful in colonizing new areas in littoral zones with rocky substrate which are well aerated due to continuous wave action generated by passing ships or prevailing winds. This species is less capable of spreading to other waters which are poorly oxygenated and where C. pseudogracilis is the more likely dominant alien species. A http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.13050/suppinfo is available for this article.}, }
@article {pmid29935995, year = {2018}, author = {Chalkowski, K and Lepczyk, CA and Zohdy, S}, title = {Parasite Ecology of Invasive Species: Conceptual Framework and New Hypotheses.}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {34}, number = {8}, pages = {655-663}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2018.05.008}, pmid = {29935995}, issn = {1471-5007}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Parasites/physiology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions have the potential to influence parasite dynamics by altering ecological interactions. Similarly, parasitism can influence invasion by aiding or limiting expansion. While many parasite-invasion relationships have been evaluated, many have not been described. Here, we present a conceptual framework of potential interactions, and introduce two new concepts. The first, disease facilitation, nested within the parasite spillback hypothesis, is when invasive species facilitate parasite transmission through habitat alteration or physical transfer. The second, suppressive spillover, is when the deleterious effects of parasitic infection limit the expansion of an introduced species (and hence invasion success). Taken together, the proposed framework may aide in our understanding of ecological drivers of invasion and parasite ecology and can be used to improve mitigation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid29935238, year = {2018}, author = {Yang, QQ and Liu, SW and Song, F and Liu, GF and Yu, XP}, title = {Comparative mitogenome analysis on species of four apple snails (Ampullariidae: Pomacea).}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {118}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {525-533}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.092}, pmid = {29935238}, issn = {1879-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Malus/parasitology ; *Phylogeny ; Snails/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The genus Pomacea contains most of the economically important Ampullariid apple snails. Five Pomacea species were reported introduced out of their native ranges, including three highly invasive species, i.e. P. maculata, P. canaliculata and an unidentified species, Pomacea sp. In this study, the mitogenome of P. maculata was determined, which carried typical gene set of metazoan mitogenomes and shared the same gene rearrangement of Ampullariidae mitogenomes. The control region of the P. maculata has a 13-bp inverted repeat unit. We compared the mitogenome of P. maculata with P. canaliculata, Pomacea sp. and the aquatic pet species, P. diffusa. The three highly invasive species showed high sequence similarity of PCGs and RNAs. atp8 and nad2 showed the lowest similarity and the highest Ka/Ks ratios, indicating that both genes have potential for studying species identification and populations genetics in apple snails. All PCGs have the Ka/Ks ratios <1, indicating the existence of purifying selection in Pomacea species. We reconstructed phylogenetic trees using 14 Caenogastropda species based on sequences of PCGs and rRNAs using Bayesian inference. Pomacea maculata grouped with other Ampullariids and was most closely related to Pomacea sp. The mitogenome of P. maculata provides useful genetic resource for exploring the genetics and evolution of P. maculata and other apple snails.}, }
@article {pmid29934131, year = {2019}, author = {Abrahams, B and Sitas, N and Esler, KJ}, title = {Exploring the dynamics of research collaborations by mapping social networks in invasion science.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {27-37}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.051}, pmid = {29934131}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Peer Review, Research ; Social Behavior ; *Social Networking ; }, abstract = {Moving towards more integrative approaches within the invasion sciences has been recognized as a means of improving linkages between science, policy, and practice. Yet despite the recognition that biological invasions pose complex social-ecological challenges, the invasion literature poorly covers social-ecological or distinctly integrative research. Various initiatives and investments have been made towards building research capacity and conducting more integrative research aimed at improving the management of biological invasions. Using a combination of social network and thematic analysis approaches, and the South African Working for Water (WfW) program as a case study for the management of invasive species, we identify and explore the roles of core authors in shaping collaboration networks and research outputs, based on bibliographic records. We found that research produced under the auspices of WfW is authored by a handful of core authors, conducting primarily ecologically-focused research, with social research significantly underrepresented. Core authors identified in this study play an essential role in mediating relationships between researchers, in addition to potentially controlling access to those seeking to form collaborations, maintaining network cohesion and connectivity across institutional and disciplinary boundaries. Research projects should be designed to span disciplines and institutions if they are to adequately address complex challenges.}, }
@article {pmid29934130, year = {2019}, author = {Udo, N and Darrot, C and Atlan, A}, title = {From useful to invasive, the status of gorse on Reunion Island.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {166-173}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.036}, pmid = {29934130}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Reunion ; *Ulex ; }, abstract = {Species presently considered as invasive were often deliberately introduced. Which factors led them from being desired to being denounced and what trajectory did such a transition follow? Using the case of common gorse (Ulex europaeus) on Reunion Island, the aims of this study were first, to identify and describe the different status that were attributed to this species since its introduction; and second, to discern the factors that influenced their emergence and decline in the public sphere. Five types of status were identified for common gorse in Reunion (useful, nationalistic, indigenized, noxious weed, and invasive), each peaking at a certain time, and then reverting to a low-key presence. The emergence and dissemination of each status in the public sphere depends on how well the various narratives proposed about the plant by networks of legitimate actors match the socio-technical landscape, as well as on how these narratives appear within legal and institutional frameworks. In addition, translating a status into actions of management can bolster its trajectory in the public sphere. Lastly, the decline of a status can be explained by a gradual desynchronization between its cognitive, normative and/or instrumental dimensions and the local socio-technical landscape.}, }
@article {pmid29931758, year = {2018}, author = {Podda, L and Santo, A and Mattana, E and Mayoral, O and Bacchetta, G}, title = {Inter- and intra-variability of seed germination traits of Carpobrotus edulis N.E.Br. and its hybrid C. affine acinaciformis.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, pages = {1059-1067}, doi = {10.1111/plb.12867}, pmid = {29931758}, issn = {1438-8677}, support = {//Parco Naturale Regionale Molentargius - Saline/ ; }, mesh = {Caryophyllales/*physiology ; Germination/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Photoperiod ; Salt Tolerance ; Seeds/*physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Invasions by alien Carpobrotus spp. have been recognised as one of the most severe threats to Mediterranean climate coastal ecosystems, and Carpobrotus is considered one of the most widespread invasive alien genera in the Mediterranean Basin. The aims of this study were to characterise seed germination of both C. edulis and its hybrid C. aff. acinaciformis, in terms of photoperiod, temperature and salinity. Inter- and intra-specific variability in the responses to photoperiod (12/12 h light and total darkness), constant temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 °C) and an alternating temperature regime (25/10 °C), salt stress (0, 125, 250, 500 mm NaCl) and the recovery of seed germination were evaluated for two seed lots of C. edulis and two of its hybrid C. aff. acinaciformis. All the tested seed lots achieved higher germination percentages in the light, with respect to total darkness. In relation to temperature, the two C. edulis seed lots did not show a preference, while the two C. aff. acinaciformis seed lots differed in their germination response, one germinating more at the lowest temperatures (5 and 10 °C) and one at the highest (20 and 25 °C). For all seed lots, highest germination occurred without NaCl (0 mm) and germination decreased with increasing salinity. Different germination requirements in a saline substrate were not detected for C. edulis, while they were observed for C. aff. acinaciformis. Marked differences were detected in recovery responses between the two taxa. C. edulis has the ability to germinate over a wide time window throughout the year. This study identified significant differences in seed production, seed mass, germination requirements (temperature) and salinity tolerance for both C. edulis and C. aff. acinaciformis. Our results indicate the extreme versatility of the hybrid forms to germinate in a wide range of natural conditions and habitats.}, }
@article {pmid29931676, year = {2018}, author = {Žák, J and Jůza, T and Blabolil, P and Baran, R and Bartoň, D and Draštík, V and Frouzová, J and Holubová, M and Ketelaars, HAM and Kočvara, L and Kubečka, J and Mrkvička, T and Muška, M and Říha, M and Sajdlová, Z and Šmejkal, M and Tušer, M and Vašek, M and Vejřík, L and Vejříková, I and Wagenvoort, AJ}, title = {Invasive round goby Neogobius melanostomus has sex-dependent locomotor activity and is under-represented in catches from passive fishing gear compared with seine catches.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {93}, number = {1}, pages = {147-152}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13646}, pmid = {29931676}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecology/methods ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; *Locomotion ; Male ; *Perciformes ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {The higher proportion of males of the invasive round goby Neogobius melanostomus in samples from two activity selective passive fishing gears compared with one activity non-selective fishing gear in three Dutch lakes is related to higher male locomotory activity and is a sex-dependent trait. This difference in activity reflects the different ecology of male and female N. melanostomus.}, }
@article {pmid29929265, year = {2018}, author = {Xu, X and Xie, Y and Qi, K and Luo, Z and Wang, X}, title = {Detecting the response of bird communities and biodiversity to habitat loss and fragmentation due to urbanization.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {624}, number = {}, pages = {1561-1576}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.143}, pmid = {29929265}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Birds ; China ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Urbanization/*trends ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Birds are considered a good model for indicators of biodiversity response to habitat variations, as they are very sensitive to environmental change. However, continuous observations of habitat alterations from undisturbed landscapes to human-dominated ones, as well as the associated effects on bird biodiversity, are lacking. In this study, New Jiangwan Town in Shanghai, China was selected to illustrate the response of bird species, and thus biodiversity, to habitat loss and fragmentation. Land use/land cover (LULC) data and bird records from 2002 to 2013 were collected and analyzed. The results suggested that, due to urban sprawl, the area of wetland and shrub land had dropped by 82.4% and 87.3% by the end of 2013. Four different urbanization stages were identified in terms of the spatio-temporal variations in the landscape. To measure bird biodiversity, species richness and relative abundance were calculated, and they could account for the overall trend in biodiversity but might mask the process of species replacement. As an indicator of biodiversity accounting, the mean species abundance (MSA) of the original species would not include exotic or invasive species in its calculation, and its value decreased from 100% to 76.8% to 52.2% to 24.5% in the four corresponding stages. Finally, suggested by redundant analysis, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on bird biodiversity differed in various bird communities, and the area and connectivity of wetlands were the most significant variables. Our findings could provide important information to inform bird biodiversity protection and habitat restoration.}, }
@article {pmid29929245, year = {2018}, author = {Milardi, M and Aschonitis, V and Gavioli, A and Lanzoni, M and Fano, EA and Castaldelli, G}, title = {Run to the hills: exotic fish invasions and water quality degradation drive native fish to higher altitudes.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {624}, number = {}, pages = {1325-1335}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.237}, pmid = {29929245}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Altitude ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cyprinidae/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {While the significance of anthropogenic pressures in shaping species distributions and abundances is undeniable, some ambiguity still remains on their relative magnitude and interplay with natural environmental factors. In our study, we examined 91 late-invasion-stage river locations in Northern Italy using ordination methods and variance partitioning (partial-CCA), as well as an assessment of environmental thresholds (TITAN), to attempt to disentangle the effects of eutrophication and exotic species on native species. We found that exotic species, jointly with water quality (primarily eutrophication) and geomorphology, are the main drivers of the distribution of native species and that native species suffer more joint effects than exotic species. We also found that water temperature clearly separates species distributions and that some native species, like Italian bleak (Alburnus alborella) and Italian rudd (Scardinius hesperidicus), seem to be the most resilient to exotic fish species. We also analyzed the dataset for nestedness (BINMATNEST) to identify priority targets of conservation. As a result, we confirmed that altitude correlated negatively with eutrophication and nestedness of exotic species and positively with native species. Overall, our analysis was able to detect the effects of species invasions even at a late invasion stage, although reciprocal effects seemed comparable at this stage. Exotic species have pushed most native species on the edge of local extinction in several sites and displaced most of them on the rim of their natural distribution. Any potential site- and species-specific conservation action aimed at improving this situation could benefit from a carefully considered prioritization to yield the highest results-per-effort and success rate. However, we encourage future research to update the information available before singling out specific sites for conservation or outlining conservation actions.}, }
@article {pmid29928302, year = {2018}, author = {Bigelow, PJ and Loescher, W and Hancock, JF and Grumet, R}, title = {Influence of intergenotypic competition on multigenerational persistence of abiotic stress resistance transgenes in populations of Arabidopsis thaliana.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {950-962}, pmid = {29928302}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Reducing crop losses due to abiotic stresses is a major target of agricultural biotechnology that will increase with climate change and global population growth. Concerns, however, have been raised about potential ecological impacts if transgenes become established in wild populations and cause increased competitiveness of weedy or invasive species. Potential risks will be a function of transgene movement, population sizes, and fitness effects on the recipient population. While key components influencing gene flow have been extensively investigated, there have been few studies on factors subsequent to transgene movement that can influence persistence and competitiveness. Here, we performed multiyear, multigenerational, assessment to examine fitness effects and persistence of three mechanistically different abiotic stress tolerance genes: C-repeat binding factor 3/drought responsive element binding factor 1a (CBF3/DREB1a); Salt overly sensitive 1 (SOS1); and Mannose-6-phosphate reductase (M6PR). Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing these genes were grown in pure populations and in competition with wild-type (WT) parents for six generations spanning a range of field environment conditions. Growth, development, biomass, seed production, and transgene frequency were measured at each generation. Seed planted for each generation was obtained from the previous generation as would occur during establishment of a new genotype in the environment. The three transgenes exhibited different fitness effects and followed different establishment trajectories. In comparison with pure populations, CBF3 lines exhibited reduced dry weight, seed yield, and viable seed yield, relative to WT background. In contrast, overexpression of SOS1 and M6PR did not significantly impact productivity measures in pure populations. In competition with WT, negative fitness effects were magnified. Transgene frequencies were significantly reduced for CBF3 and SOS1 while frequencies of M6PR appeared to be subject to genetic drift. These studies demonstrate the importance of fitness effects and intergenotype competition in influencing persistence of transgenes conferring complex traits.}, }
@article {pmid29928298, year = {2018}, author = {Scott, R and Zhan, A and Brown, EA and Chain, FJJ and Cristescu, ME and Gras, R and MacIsaac, HJ}, title = {Optimization and performance testing of a sequence processing pipeline applied to detection of nonindigenous species.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {891-905}, pmid = {29928298}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Genetic taxonomic assignment can be more sensitive than morphological taxonomic assignment, particularly for small, cryptic or rare species. Sequence processing is essential to taxonomic assignment, but can also produce errors because optimal parameters are not known a priori. Here, we explored how sequence processing parameters influence taxonomic assignment of 18S sequences from bulk zooplankton samples produced by 454 pyrosequencing. We optimized a sequence processing pipeline for two common research goals, estimation of species richness and early detection of aquatic invasive species (AIS), and then tested most optimal models' performances through simulations. We tested 1,050 parameter sets on 18S sequences from 20 AIS to determine optimal parameters for each research goal. We tested optimized pipelines' performances (detectability and sensitivity) by computationally inoculating sequences of 20 AIS into ten bulk zooplankton samples from ports across Canada. We found that optimal parameter selection generally depends on the research goal. However, regardless of research goal, we found that metazoan 18S sequences produced by 454 pyrosequencing should be trimmed to 375-400 bp and sequence quality filtering should be relaxed (1.5 ≤ maximum expected error ≤ 3.0, Phred score = 10). Clustering and denoising were only viable for estimating species richness, because these processing steps made some species undetectable at low sequence abundances which would not be useful for early detection of AIS. With parameter sets optimized for early detection of AIS, 90% of AIS were detected with fewer than 11 target sequences, regardless of whether clustering or denoising was used. Despite developments in next-generation sequencing, sequence processing remains an important issue owing to difficulties in balancing false-positive and false-negative errors in metabarcoding data.}, }
@article {pmid29928296, year = {2018}, author = {Jeffery, NW and Bradbury, IR and Stanley, RRE and Wringe, BF and Van Wyngaarden, M and Lowen, JB and McKenzie, CH and Matheson, K and Sargent, PS and DiBacco, C}, title = {Genomewide evidence of environmentally mediated secondary contact of European green crab (Carcinus maenas) lineages in eastern North America.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {869-882}, pmid = {29928296}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Genetic-environment associations are increasingly revealed through population genomic data and can occur through a number of processes, including secondary contact, divergent natural selection, or isolation by distance. Here, we investigate the influence of the environment, including seasonal temperature and salinity, on the population structure of the invasive European green crab (Carcinus maenas) in eastern North America. Green crab populations in eastern North America are associated with two independent invasions, previously shown to consist of distinct northern and southern ecotypes, with a contact zone in southern Nova Scotia, Canada. Using a RAD-seq panel of 9,137 genomewide SNPs, we detected 41 SNPs (0.49%) whose allele frequencies were highly correlated with environmental data. A principal components analysis of 25 environmental variables differentiated populations into northern, southern, and admixed sites in concordance with the observed genomic spatial structure. Furthermore, a spatial principal components analysis conducted on genomic and geographic data revealed a high degree of global structure (p < .0001) partitioning a northern and southern ecotype. Redundancy and partial redundancy analyses revealed that among the environmental variables tested, winter sea surface temperature had the strongest association with spatial structuring, suggesting that it is an important factor defining range and expansion limits of each ecotype. Understanding environmental thresholds associated with intraspecific diversity will facilitate the ability to manage current and predict future distributions of this aquatic invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid29927584, year = {2018}, author = {Blatchley Iii, ER and Cullen, JJ and Petri, B and Bircher, K and Welschmeyer, N}, title = {The Biological Basis for Ballast Water Performance Standards: "Viable/Non-Viable" or "Live/Dead"?.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {52}, number = {15}, pages = {8075-8086}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.8b00341}, pmid = {29927584}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Introduced Species ; Ships ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; *Water ; *Water Purification ; }, abstract = {The shipping industry is critical to international commerce; however, contemporary shipping practices involve uptake and discharge of ballast water, which introduces the potential for transfer of nonindigenous, invasive species among geographically distinct habitats. To counteract this hazard, regulations for ballast water management have been implemented by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and by regulatory agencies such as the United States Coast Guard (USCG). IMO and USCG discharge standards are numerically identical, but involve different definitions of treatment end points, which are based on fundamentally different biological assays for quantification of ballast water treatment effectiveness. Available assays for quantification of the responses of organisms in the 10-50 μm size range include vital stains based on fluorescein diacetate (FDA), sometimes used in combination with 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA), observations of motility, and the most probable number dilution culture method (MPN). The mechanisms and implications of these assays are discussed relative to the Type Approval process, which quantitatively evaluates compliance with ballast water discharge standards (BWDSs) under controlled shipboard and land-based tests. For antimicrobial processes that accomplish treatment by preventing subsequent replication of the target species, the FDA/CMFDA and MPN methods can yield dramatically different results. An important example of a treatment process that is affected by the choice of assay is ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Results of laboratory and field experiments have demonstrated UV-based technologies to be effective for accomplishing the objectives of ballast water treatment (inactivation of cellular reproduction), when the MPN assay is used as the basis for evaluation. The FDA, CMFDA, motility, and MPN methods are subject to well recognized sources of error; however, the MPN method is based on a response that is consistent with the objectives of ballast water management as well as the mechanism of action of UV-based inactivation. Complementary assays are available for use in compliance testing; however, the development of relevant indicative tests remains as a research priority. Historical lessons learned from applications of vital stains (and other indirect methods) for quantification of microbial responses to UV irradiation in other settings also support the use of assays that provide a direct measure of growth and reproduction, such as MPN. Collectively, these observations point to the use of MPN assays as the standard for type testing, especially when UV-based treatment is employed.}, }
@article {pmid29926181, year = {2018}, author = {Bryant, BP and Kraus, F}, title = {Neural basis of trigeminal chemo- and thermonociception in brown treesnakes, Boiga irregularis (Squamata: Colubridae).}, journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology}, volume = {204}, number = {7}, pages = {677-686}, pmid = {29926181}, issn = {1432-1351}, support = {P30 DC011735/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Capsaicin ; Colubridae/*physiology ; Female ; Hot Temperature ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Neurons/*physiology ; Nociception/*physiology ; Pain Threshold ; Sensory System Agents ; Trigeminal Nerve/*physiology ; }, abstract = {To elucidate the nociceptive system of the brown treesnake, Boiga irregularis, we exposed isolated brown treesnake trigeminal neurons to thermal and chemical stimulation. We measured responses as changes in intracellular calcium using ratiometric fluorescent calcium imaging. Responses to aversive thermal and chemical identified several classes of putative nociceptors. Compounds that were aversive excited many trigeminal neurons, putative chemonociceptors. Identification as nociceptors was further supported by lack of activation by compounds that were not aversive. Brown treesnake neurons had thermal thresholds ranging from 32 to 49 °C. The distribution was discontinuous, with a population of thresholds from 32 to 45 °C and a population with thresholds > 48 °C. Thermal stimulation of 48 °C has been shown to be strongly aversive to brown treesnakes, is lethal, and suggests the presence of thermonociceptors. Thermal sensitivity of brown treesnake trigeminal neurons greatly overlaps with chemical sensitivity; only 1.1% of neurons were sensitive to only thermal stimulation. 50% of brown treesnake trigeminal neurons tested with both > 48 °C and cinnamaldehyde responded to both stimuli, identifying putative polymodal nociceptors. Although a previous study found brown treesnakes insensitive to capsicum extract containing capsaicin, brown treesnake trigeminal neurons responded to capsaicin. These findings are of evolutionary interest as well as providing potential insights into managing this significant pest species.}, }
@article {pmid29925459, year = {2019}, author = {Kim, JR and Wong, TM and Curry, PA and Yeung, NW and Hayes, KA and Cowie, RH}, title = {Modelling the distribution in Hawaii of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm) in its gastropod hosts.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {146}, number = {1}, pages = {42-49}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182018001026}, pmid = {29925459}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Angiostrongylus cantonensis/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Animals ; Area Under Curve ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Eosinophilia/epidemiology/parasitology ; Geographic Information Systems ; Global Health ; Hawaii/epidemiology ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Meningitis/epidemiology/parasitology ; Models, Biological ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rain ; Regression Analysis ; Snails/classification/*parasitology ; Strongylida Infections/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm), a parasitic nematode, is expanding its distribution. Human infection, known as angiostrongyliasis, may manifest as eosinophilic meningitis, an emerging infectious disease. The range and incidence of this disease are expanding throughout the tropics and subtropics. Recently, the Hawaiian Islands have experienced an increase in reported cases. This study addresses factors affecting the parasite's distribution and projects its potential future distribution, using Hawaii as a model for its global expansion. Specimens of 37 snail species from the Hawaiian Islands were screened for the parasite using PCR. It was present on five of the six largest islands. The data were used to generate habitat suitability models for A. cantonensis, based on temperature and precipitation, to predict its potential further spread within the archipelago. The best current climate model predicted suitable habitat on all islands, with greater suitability in regions with higher precipitation and temperatures. Projections under climate change (to 2100) indicated increased suitability in regions with estimated increased precipitation and temperatures, suitable habitat occurring increasingly at higher elevations. Analogously, climate change could facilitate the spread of A. cantonensis from its current tropical/subtropical range into more temperate regions of the world, as is beginning to be seen in the continental USA.}, }
@article {pmid29924874, year = {2018}, author = {Yu, H and Shen, N and Yu, S and Yu, D and Liu, C}, title = {Responses of the native species Sparganium angustifolium and the invasive species Egeria densa to warming and interspecific competition.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {e0199478}, pmid = {29924874}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Biomass ; *Global Warming ; Hydrocharitaceae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Microclimate ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Climate change, especially warming temperatures, may increase invasion and modify the ecological impacts of invasive species by enhancing their ability to compete. To test the effects of warming on invasive plants, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study competition between the invasive plant Egeria densa and the native hygrophyte Sparganium angustifolium under simulated warming conditions in a greenhouse. These two species were grown in monoculture (no competitor control) or mixed culture (competitor control) for two months under different temperature conditions (warming treatment or no-warming treatment). In S. angustifolium, the higher temperatures led to a shorter root length and significantly increased the aboveground traits of ramets, the total biomass, and the RGR (relative growth rate) but had no effect on the aboveground traits of genets. Growth in mixed culture significantly decreased the S. angustifolium ramet height under warmer conditions and significantly reduced the ramet root length, ramet number, genet biomass, root-to-shoot ratio and RGR of S. angustifolium under natural temperature conditions. All the morphological, biomass and growth traits of E. densa except for the root-to-shoot ratio were significantly increased by the warmer temperatures and decreased by growth in mixed culture. The RCI and RII of E. densa in both the no-warming and warmer environments were two and three times greater than those of S. angustifolium, whereas the ACI values for the two species were similar. Thus, S. angustifolium was a better competitor than E. densa under both temperature conditions. These results suggest that although the superior competitive ability of native species can inhibit E. densa growth, the performance of this species will be enhanced under future climate warming in cold regions.}, }
@article {pmid29924826, year = {2018}, author = {Hardison, DR and Holland, WC and Darius, HT and Chinain, M and Tester, PA and Shea, D and Bogdanoff, AK and Morris, JA and Flores Quintana, HA and Loeffler, CR and Buddo, D and Litaker, RW}, title = {Investigation of ciguatoxins in invasive lionfish from the greater caribbean region: Implications for fishery development.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {e0198358}, pmid = {29924826}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Caribbean Region/epidemiology ; Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Ciguatera Poisoning/epidemiology ; Ciguatoxins/*analysis/*toxicity ; Fisheries ; Gulf of Mexico/epidemiology ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Perciformes/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {Lionfish, native to reef ecosystems of the tropical and sub-tropical Indo-Pacific, were introduced to Florida waters in the 1980s, and have spread rapidly throughout the northwestern Atlantic, Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. These invasive, carnivorous fish significantly reduce other fish and benthic invertebrate biomass, fish recruitment, and species richness in reef ecosystems. Fisheries resource managers have proposed the establishment of a commercial fishery to reduce lionfish populations and mitigate adverse effects on reef communities. The potential for a commercial fishery for lionfish is the primary reason to identify locations where lionfish accumulate sufficient amounts of ciguatoxin (CTX) to cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), the leading cause of non-bacterial seafood poisoning associated with fish consumption. To address this issue, an initial geographic assessment of CTX toxicity in lionfish from the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico was conducted. Lionfish samples (n = 293) were collected by spearfishing from 13 locations (74 sampling sites) around the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico between 2012 and 2015. The highest frequencies of lionfish containing measurable CTX occurred in areas known to be high-risk regions for CFP in the central to eastern Caribbean (e.g., 53% British Virgin Islands and 5% Florida Keys). Though measurable CTX was found in some locations, the majority of the samples (99.3%) contained CTX concentrations below the United States Food and Drug Administration guidance level of 0.1 ppb Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 (C-CTX-1) equivalents (eq.). Only 0.7% of lionfish tested contained more than 0.1 ppb C-CTX-1 eq. As of 2018, there has been one suspected case of CFP from eating lionfish. Given this finding, current risk reduction techniques used to manage CTX accumulating fish are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid29923801, year = {2018}, author = {Tremblay, &#xc9;D and Duceppe, MO and Bérubé, JA and Kimoto, T and Lemieux, C and Bilodeau, GJ}, title = {Screening for Exotic Forest Pathogens to Increase Survey Capacity Using Metagenomics.}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {108}, number = {12}, pages = {1509-1521}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-02-18-0028-R}, pmid = {29923801}, issn = {0031-949X}, mesh = {Basidiomycota/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; DNA Primers/genetics ; Forests ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; *Metagenomics ; Phytophthora/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic activities have a major impact on the global environment. Canada's natural resources are threatened by the spread of fungal pathogens, which is facilitated by agricultural practices and international trade. Fungi are introduced to new environments and sometimes become established, in which case they can cause disease outbreaks resulting in extensive forest decline. Here, we describe how a nationwide sample collection strategy coupled to next-generation sequencing (NGS) (i.e., metagenomics) can achieve fast and comprehensive screening for exotic invasive species. This methodology can help provide guidance to phytopathology stakeholders such as regulatory agencies. Several regulated invasive species were monitored by processing field samples collected over 3 years (2013 to 2015) near high-risk areas across Canada. Fifteen sequencing runs were required on the Ion Torrent platform to process 398 samples that yielded 45 million reads. High-throughput screening of fungal and oomycete operational taxonomic units using customized fungi-specific ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 barcoded primers was performed. Likewise, Phytophthora-specific barcoded primers were used to amplify the adenosine triphosphate synthase subunit 9-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 9 spacer. Several Phytophthora spp. were detected by NGS and confirmed by species-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays. The target species Heterobasidion annosum sensu stricto could be detected only through metagenomics. We demonstrated that screening target species using a variety of sampling techniques and NGS-the results of which were validated by qPCR-has the potential to increase survey capacity and detection sensitivity, reduce hands-on time and costs, and assist regulatory agencies to identify ports of entry. Considering that early detection and prevention are the keys in mitigating invasive species damage, our method represents a substantial asset in plant pathology management.}, }
@article {pmid29922509, year = {2018}, author = {Dufour, CMS and Herrel, A and Losos, JB}, title = {The effect of recent competition between the native Anolis oculatus and the invasive A. cristatellus on display behavior.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4888}, pmid = {29922509}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Invasive species are a global threat to biodiversity. Cases where the invasion has been tracked since its beginning are rare, however, such that the first interactions between invasive and native species remain poorly understood. Communication behavior is an integral part of species identity and is subject to selection. Consequently, resource use and direct interference competition between native and invasive species may drive its evolution. Here, we tested the role of interactions between the recently introduced invasive lizard Anolis cristatellus and the native Anolis oculatus on variation in behavior and communication in Calibishie (Dominica). From May to June 2016, we filmed 122 adult males of both species displaying in banana farms under two contexts (allopatry and sympatry). We then recorded (i) the proportion of time spent displaying and (ii) the relative frequency of dewlap vs. push-up displays. To control for habitat variation, we measured and compared the habitat characteristics (canopy openness and habitat openness) of 228 males in allopatry and sympatry. While the habitat characteristics and total display-time did not differ between the contexts for the two species, the proportion of display-time spent dewlapping by A. cristatellus decreased in sympatry. The display of A. oculatus did not differ between the contexts, however. Shifts in microhabitat use, predation pressure, or interspecific interference are potential factors which might explain the behavioral changes in display observed in A. cristatellus. This study highlights the role of behavioral traits as a first response of an invasive species to recent competition with a closely related native species.}, }
@article {pmid29922508, year = {2018}, author = {Estrada, A and Garber, PA and Mittermeier, RA and Wich, S and Gouveia, S and Dobrovolski, R and Nekaris, KAI and Nijman, V and Rylands, AB and Maisels, F and Williamson, EA and Bicca-Marques, J and Fuentes, A and Jerusalinsky, L and Johnson, S and Rodrigues de Melo, F and Oliveira, L and Schwitzer, C and Roos, C and Cheyne, SM and Martins Kierulff, MC and Raharivololona, B and Talebi, M and Ratsimbazafy, J and Supriatna, J and Boonratana, R and Wedana, M and Setiawan, A}, title = {Primates in peril: the significance of Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo for global primate conservation.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4869}, pmid = {29922508}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Primates occur in 90 countries, but four-Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)-harbor 65% of the world's primate species (439) and 60% of these primates are Threatened, Endangered, or Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017-3). Considering their importance for global primate conservation, we examine the anthropogenic pressures each country is facing that place their primate populations at risk. Habitat loss and fragmentation are main threats to primates in Brazil, Madagascar, and Indonesia. However, in DRC hunting for the commercial bushmeat trade is the primary threat. Encroachment on primate habitats driven by local and global market demands for food and non-food commodities hunting, illegal trade, the proliferation of invasive species, and human and domestic-animal borne infectious diseases cause habitat loss, population declines, and extirpation. Modeling agricultural expansion in the 21st century for the four countries under a worst-case-scenario, showed a primate range contraction of 78% for Brazil, 72% for Indonesia, 62% for Madagascar, and 32% for DRC. These pressures unfold in the context of expanding human populations with low levels of development. Weak governance across these four countries may limit effective primate conservation planning. We examine landscape and local approaches to effective primate conservation policies and assess the distribution of protected areas and primates in each country. Primates in Brazil and Madagascar have 38% of their range inside protected areas, 17% in Indonesia and 14% in DRC, suggesting that the great majority of primate populations remain vulnerable. We list the key challenges faced by the four countries to avert primate extinctions now and in the future. In the short term, effective law enforcement to stop illegal hunting and illegal forest destruction is absolutely key. Long-term success can only be achieved by focusing local and global public awareness, and actively engaging with international organizations, multinational businesses and consumer nations to reduce unsustainable demands on the environment. Finally, the four primate range countries need to ensure that integrated, sustainable land-use planning for economic development includes the maintenance of biodiversity and intact, functional natural ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid29921814, year = {2018}, author = {Amatuzzi, RF and Poitevin, CG and Poltronieri, AS and Zawadneak, MAC and Pimentel, IC}, title = {Susceptibility of Duponchelia fovealis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to Soil-Borne Entomopathogenic Fungi.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {29921814}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Duponchelia fovealis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is an invasive species that has had a large impact on strawberry crops in Brazil. Pesticides have had limited effectiveness and the use of biological control agents to improve its management is the most appropriate approach. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity and virulence of entomopathogenic fungi&amp;mdash;isolated from soil&amp;mdash;against Duponchelia fovealis larvae under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Pathogenicity screenings were performed for twenty isolates from Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria caledonica, Isaria javanica, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Lecanicillium sp. against third instar larvae of D. fovealis at the concentration of 10[8] conidia&amp;middot;mL[&amp;minus;1]. Lethal concentration (LC50) and lethal time (LT50) were determined for the most pathogenic isolates and for one commercial mycoinsecticide. Mortality rates varied from 10 to 89%. The isolates B. bassiana Bea1, Bea110, Bea111 and I. javanica Isa340 were the most pathogenic. The most virulent isolates were B. bassiana Bea111 and I. javanica Isa340 with LC50 values of 2.33 &amp;times; 10[6] and 9.69 &amp;times; 10[5] conidia&amp;middot;mL[&amp;minus;1], respectively. Under greenhouse conditions, the efficacy of LC50 of the isolates I. javanica Isa340 and B. bassiana Bea111 were 45% and 52%, respectively. Our results indicate that these isolates are strong candidates for application in the control of D. fovealis. This study is the first evaluation of soil-borne entomopathogenic fungi against D. fovealis.}, }
@article {pmid29920818, year = {2018}, author = {Privman, E and Cohen, P and Cohanim, AB and Riba-Grognuz, O and Shoemaker, D and Keller, L}, title = {Positive selection on sociobiological traits in invasive fire ants.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {15}, pages = {3116-3130}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14767}, pmid = {29920818}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/classification/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Selection, Genetic/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The fire ant Solenopsis invicta and its close relatives are highly invasive. Enhanced social cooperation may facilitate invasiveness in these and other invasive ant species. We investigated whether invasiveness in Solenopsis fire ants was accompanied by positive selection on sociobiological traits by applying a phylogenomics approach to infer ancient selection, and a population genomics approach to infer recent and ongoing selection in both native and introduced S. invicta populations. A combination of whole-genome sequencing of 40 haploid males and reduced-representation genomic sequencing of 112 diploid workers identified 1,758,116 and 169,682 polymorphic markers, respectively. The resulting high-resolution maps of genomic polymorphism provide high inference power to test for positive selection. Our analyses provide evidence of positive selection on putative ion channel genes, which are implicated in neurological functions, and on vitellogenin, which is a key regulator of development and caste determination. Furthermore, molecular functions implicated in pheromonal signalling have experienced recent positive selection. Genes with signatures of positive selection were significantly more often those overexpressed in workers compared with queens and males, suggesting that worker traits are under stronger selection than queen and male traits. These results provide insights into selection pressures and ongoing adaptation in an invasive social insect and support the hypothesis that sociobiological traits are under more positive selection than nonsocial traits in such invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid29920682, year = {2018}, author = {Baillie, CJ and Grabowski, JH}, title = {Competitive and agonistic interactions between the invasive Asian shore crab and juvenile American lobster.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {99}, number = {9}, pages = {2067-2079}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2432}, pmid = {29920682}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura ; Ecosystem ; Nephropidae ; North America ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can have profound ecological and evolutionary impacts on native fauna, particularly those from overlapping guilds. Intraguild predation and competition often occur simultaneously, and ontogenetic shifts in competitive strength can dictate the magnitude and direction of species interactions. The recent introduction of the Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus to the Atlantic coast of North America has resulted in the potential for considerable intraguild interactions with juvenile American lobsters Homarus americanus, with which it now co-occupies rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats. We present data from 5 yr of monthly (May-October) field sampling revealing a significant decline in lobster density as H. sanguineus density increased in the low intertidal. To investigate potential mechanisms behind this pattern, we conducted three mesocosm experiments designed to examine whether competitive interactions between H. americanus and H. sanguineus are size- or density-dependent. Larger early benthic phase lobsters (16-34 mm CL) outcompeted H. sanguineus for both food and shelter resources. These lobsters fed faster and more in the presence of H. sanguineus, effectively defended shelter, were responsible for the majority of agonistic interactions, and, in multiple instances, killed and consumed H. sanguineus. Effects on sheltering and agonstic interactions by these lobsters were independent of H. sanguineus density; however, prior shelter residency increased lobster agonistic behavior towards crabs. In contrast, H. sanguineus outcompeted smaller, early benthic phase lobsters (7.2-11.2 mm CL) for shelter, and these interactions were density dependent. Displacement of lobsters from shelter by crabs and cumulative agonistic interactions instigated by crabs towards lobsters scaled positively with H. sanguineus density. Given the similarity of the invasion documented here and others occurring globally, these experiments demonstrate the importance of considering how factors such as ontogeny, density-dependence, and primacy influence the outcomes of interactions between intraguild predators. Disentangling how these factors structure intraguild interactions between invasive and endemic species will both advance our fundamental understanding of community ecology and enhance efforts to conserve and manage natural resources.}, }
@article {pmid29920464, year = {2018}, author = {Zhang, L and Wang, S and Liu, S and Liu, X and Zou, J and Siemann, E}, title = {Perennial forb invasions alter greenhouse gas balance between ecosystem and atmosphere in an annual grassland in China.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {642}, number = {}, pages = {781-788}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.111}, pmid = {29920464}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Air Pollution/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; China ; Ecosystem ; *Grassland ; Greenhouse Effect ; Greenhouse Gases/*analysis ; *Introduced Species ; Methane ; Nitrous Oxide ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Grassland ecosystems are sensitive to invasions by plants from other functional groups which can alter soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. However, the effects of plant invasion on net GHG exchanges between soils and the atmosphere, plant production, and global warming potential (GWP) of annual grasslands is poorly understood. To evaluate the impacts of perennial forb invasions on GHG budgets of an annual grassland in China, we measured soil carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes over two years in replicated invaded (dominated by Alternanthera philoxeroides or Solidago canadensis) and non-invaded (dominated by the annual grass Eragrostis pilosa or the annual forb Sesbania cannabina) field sites. On average, soil CO2 and N2O emissions from invaded sites were 30% and 76% higher, respectively, relative to sites dominated by native species. Emissions of N2O and CO2 were especially high in Solidago and Alternanthera dominated sites, respectively. Soil CH4 emissions did not vary with plant species. On average, total biomass C of invaded sites was higher than that of the native dominated sites but this reflected the high C in Solidago dominated sites. Global warming potential (GWP) was increased by Alternanthera invasions and decreased by Solidago invasions. Plant invasions affected GWP of these annual grasslands through higher emissions of some GHGs but also sometimes higher biomass C. Together, this suggests that perennial forb invasions could change the net source or sink role of annual grasslands for GHG budgets, but the effects on GWP vary among species depending on GHG responses and C storage.}, }
@article {pmid29915705, year = {2018}, author = {Fidler, AE and Bacq-Labreuil, A and Rachmilovitz, E and Rinkevich, B}, title = {Efficient dispersal and substrate acquisition traits in a marine invasive species via transient chimerism and colony mobility.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5006}, pmid = {29915705}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Over the past three decades the colonial ascidian Didemnum vexillum has been expanding its global range, significantly impacting marine habitats and aquaculture facilities. What biological features make D. vexillum so highly invasive? Here, we show that juxtaposed allogeneic D. vexillum colony fragments ('ramets') may, initially, form chimeric entities. Subsequently, zooids of the differing genotypes within such chimeras coordinately retreat away from fusion zones. A few days following such post-fusion retreat movements there is further ramet fission and the formation of zooid-depauperate tunic zones. Using polymorphic microsatellite loci to distinguish between genotypes, we found that they were sectorial at the fusion zones and the subsequent ramet movements resulted in further spatial separation of the paired-genotypes indicating that the fusion events observed did not lead to formation of long-term, stable chimeras. Thus, movements of D. vexillum colony ramets from initial fusion zones lead to progressive segregation of genotypes probably minimizing potential somatic/germ-cell competition/parasitism. We speculate that relatively fast (≤10 mm/day) movement of D. vexillum colonies on substrates along with frequent, and perhaps unrestrained, transient allogeneic fusions play significant roles in this species' striking invasiveness and capacity to colonize new substrates.}, }
@article {pmid29915689, year = {2018}, author = {Gentili, R and Solari, A and Diekmann, M and Duprè, C and Monti, GS and Armiraglio, S and Assini, S and Citterio, S}, title = {Genetic differentiation, local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity in fragmented populations of a rare forest herb.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4929}, pmid = {29915689}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Due to habitat loss and fragmentation, numerous forest species are subject to severe population decline. Investigating variation in genetic diversity, phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation should be a prerequisite for implementing conservation actions. This study aimed to explore these aspects in ten fragmented populations of Physospermum cornubiense in view of translocation measures across its Italian range.<br><br>METHODS: For each population we collected environmental data on landscape (habitat size, quality and fragmentation) and local conditions (slope, presence of alien species, incidence of the herbivorous insect Metcalfa pruinosa and soil parameters). We measured vegetative and reproductive traits in the field and analysed the genetic population structure using ISSR markers (STRUCTURE and AMOVA). We then estimated the neutral (FST) and quantitative (PST) genetic differentiation of populations.<br><br>RESULTS: The populations exhibited moderate phenotypic variation. Population size (range: 16-655 individuals), number of flowering adults (range: 3-420 individuals) and inflorescence size (range: 5.0-8.4 cm) were positively related to Mg soil content. Populations' gene diversity was moderate (Nei-H = 0.071-0.1316); STRUCTURE analysis identified five different clusters and three main geographic groups: upper, lower, and Apennine/Western Po plain. Fragmentation did not have an influence on the local adaptation of populations, which for all measured traits showed PST&#xa0;<&#xa0;FST, indicating convergent selection.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The variation of phenotypic traits across sites was attributed to plastic response rather than local adaptation. Plant translocation from suitable source populations to endangered ones should particularly take into account provenance according to identified genetic clusters and specific soil factors.}, }
@article {pmid29914078, year = {2018}, author = {Haelewaters, D and Hiller, T and Gorczak, M and Pfister, DH}, title = {Influence of Elytral Color Pattern, Size, and Sex of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) on Parasite Prevalence and Intensity of Hesperomyces virescens (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniales).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {29914078}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Harmonia axyridis is an invasive ladybird (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) with the potential to outcompete native ladybird species in its invasive distribution area. It was introduced as a biological control agent in many countries but has also spread unintentionally in many others. Hesperomyces virescens (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniales) is a minute (200[-]400 µm in size) biotrophic fungus that infects over 30 species of ladybirds. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the elytral color pattern, size, and sex of Ha. axyridis affect infection by H. virescens. Coloration in Ha. axyridis has been linked to the presence of an antimicrobial alkaloid (harmonine). In fall 2016, we collected 763 Ha. axyridis individuals in Cambridge, Massaschusetts, of which 119 (16%) bore H. virescens fruiting bodies. We analyzed 160 individuals (80 infected, 80 uninfected) concerning the intensity of infection by H. virescens. Elytral sizes and coloration patterns were quantified using digital photography and analytical methods. Smaller ladybirds had a higher prevalence and higher intensity of parasitism. Additionally, male ladybirds bore more thalli compared to female ladybirds. Elytral color patterns had an effect on neither prevalence nor intensity of infection by Laboulbeniales in our dataset, although we found a slight trend to higher intensity of parasitism in more melanic males. This suggests that the development of Laboulbeniales might be affected by certain insect alkaloids.}, }
@article {pmid29913302, year = {2018}, author = {Gill, N and Graham, S and Cross, R and Taylor, E}, title = {Weed hygiene practices in rural industries and public land management: Variable knowledge, patchy implementation, inconsistent coordination.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {223}, number = {}, pages = {140-149}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.017}, pmid = {29913302}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Crops, Agricultural ; Herbicides ; New South Wales ; *Plant Weeds ; *Weed Control ; }, abstract = {Weed management science and practice largely focuses on eradicating, containing and reducing existing weed populations; the focus is on plants in situ. More recently, the redefinition of biosecurity to include weeds has seen greater attention paid to preventing the introduction of weeds to previously uninfested areas within countries. Thus weed hygiene has come to the fore, with a growing number of publications recommending a diverse range of practices to minimise the spread of weeds across farm, regional and state boundaries. Yet little is known about the uptake of weed hygiene practices. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the extent to which best practice weed hygiene is being implemented on, across and along private and public lands. Telephone interviews were conducted with 54 private and public land managers, weed contractors, and agricultural transport operators in New South Wales, Australia. Vehicle hygiene was commonly undertaken across all stakeholder groups when it was consistent with other goals, requirements or norms. Other practices, such as sequencing harvesting from least to most weedy paddocks or including weed hygiene clauses in contracts were often known, but rarely practiced because of the onerous labour and financial costs or concerns about social etiquette. Individual commitment to weed hygiene efforts were also undermined by intra and inter-organisational coordination challenges. Public debate and assessment are needed on the benefits and costs to society of weed hygiene compared to in situ weed control to determine where best to invest limited time and resources.}, }
@article {pmid29912898, year = {2018}, author = {Cheng, XL and Yuan, LX and Nizamani, MM and Zhu, ZX and Friedman, CR and Wang, HF}, title = {Taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of vascular plants at Ma'anling volcano urban park in tropical Haikou, China: Reponses to soil properties.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {e0198517}, pmid = {29912898}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; China ; Ecosystem ; Parks, Recreational ; Phylogeny ; Plants/*classification ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic processes and socio-economic factors play important roles in shaping plant diversity in urban parks. To investigate how plant diversity of Ma' anling urban volcano park in Hainan Province, China respond to these factors, we carried out a field investigation on the taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of vascular plants and soil properties in this area. We found 284 species of vascular plants belonging to 88 families and 241 genera, which included 194 native species, 23 invasive species, 31 naturalized species, 40 cultivars, and 4 rare / endangered plant species. Tree composition and richness significantly varied between different vegetation formations (plantation, secondary forest, and abandoned land). Plant species richness and community composition were significantly affected by elevation (El), soil water content (WC), total soil nitrogen (TN) and soil organic matter (SOM). There were significant diversity differences between plantations and abandoned lands, but not between the plantations and secondary forests. The flora in the study site was tropical in nature, characterized by pantropic distributions. Compared to adjacent areas, floristic composition in the study site was most similar to that of Guangdong, followed by that of Vietnam. Our study revealed the diversity patterns of volcanic plants and provided the basis for future planning of plant conservation, such as preserving plant species, maintaining plant habitats, and coordinating plant management in this region.}, }
@article {pmid29908143, year = {2018}, author = {Sarabeev, V and Balbuena, JA and Morand, S}, title = {Invasive parasites are detectable by their abundance-occupancy relationships: the case of helminths from Liza haematocheilus (Teleostei: Mugilidae).}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {48}, number = {9-10}, pages = {793-803}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.04.001}, pmid = {29908143}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Animals ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Fishes ; Helminthiasis, Animal/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Helminths/classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; Introduced Species ; Pacific Ocean/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {The biogeographic patterns of abundance and prevalence of helminths from Liza haematocheilus were studied across its native (Sea of Japan) and introduced (Sea of Azov) distribution ranges. Abundance-occupancy relationships (AORs) were tested for the core-satellite and enemy release (ERH) species hypotheses in eight and 14 host samples from the native and introduced host ranges, respectively. The AOR model fitted parasite data extremely well, irrespective of whether the host or the parasite species were native or invasive. Except for co-introduced monogeneans, species were less abundant and prevalent in the introduced host population than in the native one, which agrees well with the ERH. Two occupancy patterns were observed. A unimodal, right-skewed distribution of prevalence frequency was common for the acquired groups of helminth parasites in the introduced range, whereas a bimodal distribution was more common in the native range. Core species in the native range were monogeneans, adult and larval digeneans, whereas host-specific, co-introduced monogeneans were the only core species in the introduced range. Acquired grey-mullet specialists and host generalists infected only a small portion of the introduced host population with low mean abundance. These results indicate that strict host specificity, together with a direct life cycle, are the traits that enabled helminth species to entirely occupy the invasive host population. The AORs showed that parasite individuals tend to accumulate in a relatively small fraction of susceptible introduced hosts, probably as an adaptation to enhance mating opportunities, thereby providing a mechanistic explanation of the ERH. All this evidence suggests that co-introduced and acquired species use the introduced host population in very different ways. Therefore, we posit that the examination of AORs can be instrumental in understanding the role of co-introduced parasites in invasion theory.}, }
@article {pmid29906333, year = {2018}, author = {Falahati-Anbaran, M and Mohammadi Bazargani, M and Rohloff, J}, title = {Large Scale Geographical Mapping of Essential Oil Volatiles in Heracleum (Apiaceae): Identification of Novel Compounds and Unraveling Cryptic Variation.}, journal = {Chemistry &amp; biodiversity}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {e1800230}, doi = {10.1002/cbdv.201800230}, pmid = {29906333}, issn = {1612-1880}, support = {92038838//Iran National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Cluster Analysis ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; *Geography ; Heracleum/*chemistry/classification ; Introduced Species ; Iran ; Norway ; Oils, Volatile/*chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal/chemistry ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Conspecific populations of plants in their native range are expected to show considerable variation due to long-term ecological and evolutionary factors. We investigated the levels of secondary metabolites in Heracleum including H. persicum a valuable medicinal plant to depict the magnitude of cryptic variation and the potential significance of novel chemical traits. The essential oil volatiles from fruits of 34 populations from different species of Heracleum in Iranian distribution range and a native of H. sphondylium and an invasive population of H. persicum from Norway were analyzed with GC/MS. Out of 48 compounds identified, a contrasting pattern in the level of two major compounds, octyl acetate and hexyl butyrate was found among all studied species. Interestingly, a significant geographic pattern was observed; the hexyl butyrate/octyl acetate ratio was high (range 1.8 - 3.2) in the northwestern Iranian populations of H. persicum compared to that in northern and central populations (range 0.3 - 0.9). Four populations from Zagros mountains also exhibited a unique composition. Anethole was found in two populations of H. persicum from central Zagros, which has not been previously reported for essential oil of fruits of Heracleum so far. The results suggest high efficiency of large scale sampling from distribution range of species in identifying novel compounds. The unique pattern of geographic structuring also provides novel information to unravel cryptic variation in Heracleum.}, }
@article {pmid29904563, year = {2018}, author = {Smith, M and Segura-Totten, M and West, K}, title = {QR Code Lecture Activity as a Tool for Increasing Nonmajors Biology Students' Enjoyment of Interaction with Their Local Environment.}, journal = {Journal of microbiology &amp; biology education}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {29904563}, issn = {1935-7877}, abstract = {The impact of the Internet on education has been recognized for decades, and as technology advances, the ways in which students can access Internet content is ever increasing. Most students have some kind of portable smart device with which they access Internet content without the locational constraints of a desktop computer. This mobility has prompted abundant literature suggesting ways that Quick Response Codes (QR codes), a kind of two dimensional barcode, could be used to advance student learning. However, very few studies have tested the usefulness of QR codes in undergraduate science classes. We report on our development of a campus "scavenger hunt" activity using QR codes. We found that this activity develops application skills of the concepts of native and invasive species and enjoyment of coverage of content relative to traditional lecture in a nonmajors Environmental Science class at a four-year teaching institution.}, }
@article {pmid29903944, year = {2018}, author = {Langin, K}, title = {Seaweed masses assault Caribbean islands.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {360}, number = {6394}, pages = {1157-1158}, doi = {10.1126/science.360.6394.1157}, pmid = {29903944}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Fisheries ; Fishes ; *Harmful Algal Bloom ; *Introduced Species ; *Sargassum ; Satellite Imagery ; *Seaweed ; Turtles ; West Indies ; }, }
@article {pmid29902275, year = {2018}, author = {Martín-Forés, I and Acosta-Gallo, B and Castro, I and de Miguel, JM and Del Pozo, A and Casado, MA}, title = {The invasiveness of Hypochaeris glabra (Asteraceae): Responses in morphological and reproductive traits for exotic populations.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {e0198849}, pmid = {29902275}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Asteraceae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Scientists have been interested in many topics driven by biological invasions, such as shifts in the area of distribution of plant species and rapid evolution. Invasiveness of exotic plant species depends on variations on morphological and reproductive traits potentially associated with reproductive fitness and dispersal ability, which are expected to undergo changes during the invasion process. Numerous Asteraceae are invasive and display dimorphic fruits, resulting in a bet-hedging dispersal strategy -wind-dispersed fruits versus animal-dispersed fruits-. We explored phenotypic differentiation in seed morphology and reproductive traits of exotic (Chilean) and native (Spanish) populations of Hypochaeris glabra. We collected flower heads from five Spanish and five Chilean populations along rainfall gradients in both countries. We planted seeds from the ten populations in a common garden trial within the exotic range to explore their performance depending on the country of origin (native or exotic) and the environmental conditions at population origin (precipitation and nutrient availability). We scored plant biomass, reproductive traits and fruit dimorphism patterns. We observed a combination of bet-hedging strategy together with phenotypic differentiation. Native populations relied more on bet-hedging while exotic populations always displayed greater proportion of wind-dispersed fruits than native ones. This pattern may reflect a strategy that might entail a more efficient long distance dispersal of H. glabra seeds in the exotic range, which in turn can enhance the invasiveness of this species.}, }
@article {pmid29901739, year = {2018}, author = {Osbrink, WLA and Thomas, DB and Goolsby, JA and Showler, AT and Leal, B}, title = {Higher Beetle Diversity in Native Vegetation Than in Stands of the Invasive Arundo, Arundo donax L., along the Rio Grande Basin in Texas, USA.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {29901739}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Coleoptera ; *Introduced Species ; *Poaceae ; Texas ; }, abstract = {Within the cattle fever tick quarantine zone along the Rio Grande, a steady displacement of native vegetation by Arundo donax L. has been occurring for over a century. Arundo rapidly grows to a height of 3-6 m creating a dense wall of vegetation impeding surveillance and interception of stray cattle breaching the cattle fever tick quarantine from Mexico. Additionally, arundo monocultures may decrease the number and diversity of predatory beetles feeding on cattle fever ticks. To compare predatory beetle abundance and diversity within and between arundo and native vegetation, beetles were trapped at 10 locations twice a month for 16 mo (=38,400 trap nights) in the cattle fever tick quarantine zone along the Mexico-American border between Brownsville and Del Rio, TX. In total, 766 beetles were trapped, which included 34 genera and 43 species. Native vegetation provided more beetles, greater species richness, and increased biological diversity. Thus, greater beetle diversity was found in the more complex native vegetation compared with arundo stands. However, because predatory beetle sample numbers were modest, it is unlikely these mostly polyphagous, opportunistic arthropod predators would apply much pressure on tick populations, leading us to conclude that beetle predation would have little effect on tick populations in native vegetation or within stands of arundo.}, }
@article {pmid29899978, year = {2018}, author = {Manuel, J and Tennent, WJ and Buden, DW and Moore, A}, title = {First record of Doleschallia tongana (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) for Guam Island.}, journal = {F1000Research}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {366}, pmid = {29899978}, issn = {2046-1402}, abstract = {A single specimen of the butterfly, Doleshallia tongana Hopkins 1927, was collected on Guam Island on October 23, 2017 (13.430478°N, 144.800419°E). This is a new species record for Guam and Micronesia, indicating a geographical range expansion for D. tongana.}, }
@article {pmid29899675, year = {2018}, author = {Peng, LF and Li, JL and Hou, YM and Zhang, X}, title = {Descriptions of immature stages of Octodonta nipae (Maulik) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae, Cryptonychini).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {764}, pages = {91-109}, pmid = {29899675}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Octodonta nipae (Maulik, 1921), a hispid that damages several species of palm trees, was introduced accidently into China in 2001. The egg, larva, prepupa and pupa of O. nipae are illustrated and described in detail and compared with another invasive species, Brontispa longissima (Gestro, 1885); the scanning electron micrographs of the head capsule, antenna, maxilla, labium and lateral scoli are provided, as well as photos of body of all larval instars and pupa. It is the second description of immature stages in the genus Octodonta Chapuis.}, }
@article {pmid29899481, year = {2018}, author = {Rintoul, SR and Chown, SL and DeConto, RM and England, MH and Fricker, HA and Masson-Delmotte, V and Naish, TR and Siegert, MJ and Xavier, JC}, title = {Choosing the future of Antarctica.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {558}, number = {7709}, pages = {233-241}, doi = {10.1038/s41586-018-0173-4}, pmid = {29899481}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Biodiversity ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Fisheries ; Food Chain ; Global Warming/*prevention &amp; control/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Human Activities ; Ice Cover/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Seawater/analysis ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {We present two narratives on the future of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, from the perspective of an observer looking back from 2070. In the first scenario, greenhouse gas emissions remained unchecked, the climate continued to warm, and the policy response was ineffective; this had large ramifications in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, with worldwide impacts. In the second scenario, ambitious action was taken to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to establish policies that reduced anthropogenic pressure on the environment, slowing the rate of change in Antarctica. Choices made in the next decade will determine what trajectory is realized.}, }
@article {pmid29899130, year = {2018}, author = {Medel, R and González-Browne, C and Salazar, D and Ferrer, P and Ehrenfeld, M}, title = {The most effective pollinator principle applies to new invasive pollinators.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {29899130}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Appetitive Behavior ; Bees ; Birds ; Chile ; Flowers/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Moths ; *Pollination ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {G. L. Stebbins' most effective pollinator principle states that when pollinators are not limiting, plants are expected to specialize and adapt to the most abundant and effective pollinator species available. In this study, we quantify the effectiveness of bees, hummingbirds and hawkmoths in a Chilean population of Erythranthe lutea (Phrymaceae), and examine whether flower traits are subject to pollinator-mediated selection by the most effective pollinator species during two consecutive years. Unlike most species in the pollinator community, the visitation rate of the recently arrived Bombus terrestris did not change substantially between years, which together with its high and stable pollen delivery to flower stigmas made this species the most important in the pollinator assemblage, followed by the solitary bee Centris nigerrima Flower traits were under significant selection in the direction expected for short-tongue bees, suggesting that E. lutea is in the initial steps of adaptation to the highly effective exotic bumblebee. Our results illustrate the applicability of Stebbins' principle for new invasive pollinators, and stress their importance in driving flower adaptation of native plant species, a critical issue in the face of biotic exchange and homogenization.}, }
@article {pmid29899109, year = {2018}, author = {Russo, AG and Eden, JS and Enosi Tuipulotu, D and Shi, M and Selechnik, D and Shine, R and Rollins, LA and Holmes, EC and White, PA}, title = {Viral Discovery in the Invasive Australian Cane Toad (Rhinella marina) Using Metatranscriptomic and Genomic Approaches.}, journal = {Journal of virology}, volume = {92}, number = {17}, pages = {}, pmid = {29899109}, issn = {1098-5514}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufo marinus/*virology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Metagenomics ; Proviruses/*classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Viruses/*classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {Cane toads are a notorious invasive species, inhabiting over 1.2 million km[2] of Australia and threatening native biodiversity. The release of pathogenic cane toad viruses is one possible biocontrol strategy yet is currently hindered by the poorly described cane toad virome. Metatranscriptomic analysis of 16 cane toad livers revealed the presence of a novel and full-length picornavirus, Rhimavirus A (RhiV-A), a member of a reptile- and amphibian-specific cluster of the Picornaviridae basal to the Kobuvirus-like group. In the combined liver transcriptome, we also identified a complete genome sequence of a distinct epsilonretrovirus, Rhinella marina endogenous retrovirus (RMERV). The recently sequenced cane toad genome contains 8 complete RMERV proviruses as well as 21 additional truncated insertions. The oldest full-length RMERV provirus was estimated to have inserted 1.9 million years ago (MYA). To screen for these viral sequences in additional toads, we analyzed publicly available transcriptomes from six diverse Australian locations. RhiV-A transcripts were identified in toads sampled from three locations across 1,000 km of Australia, stretching to the current Western Australia (WA) invasion front, while RMERV transcripts were observed at all six sites. Finally, we scanned the cane toad genome for nonretroviral endogenous viral elements, finding three sequences related to small DNA viruses in the family Circoviridae This shows ancestral circoviral infection with subsequent genomic integration. The identification of these current and past viral infections enriches our knowledge of the cane toad virome, an understanding of which will facilitate future work on infection and disease in this important invasive species.IMPORTANCE Cane toads are poisonous amphibians that were introduced to Australia in 1935 for insect control. Since then, their population has increased dramatically, and they now threaten many native Australian species. One potential method to control the population is to release a cane toad virus with high mortality rates, yet few cane toad viruses have been characterized. This study samples cane toads from different Australian locations and uses an RNA sequencing and computational approach to find new viruses. We report novel complete picornavirus and retrovirus sequences that were genetically similar to viruses infecting frogs, reptiles, and fish. Using data generated in other studies, we show that these viral sequences are present in cane toads from distinct Australian locations. Three sequences related to circoviruses were also found in the toad genome. The identification of new viral sequences will aid future studies that investigate their prevalence and potential as agents for biocontrol.}, }
@article {pmid29898544, year = {2018}, author = {Szymura, TH and Szymura, M and Zając, M and Zając, A}, title = {Effect of anthropogenic factors, landscape structure, land relief, soil and climate on risk of alien plant invasion at regional scale.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {626}, number = {}, pages = {1373-1381}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.131}, pmid = {29898544}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Europe ; Geography ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Plants ; Risk ; Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {We compared the effectiveness of explanatory variables representing different environmental spheres on the risk of alien plant invasion. Using boosted regression trees (BRT), we assessed the effect of anthropogenic factors, soil variables, land relief, climate and landscape structure on neophyte richness (NR) (alien plant species introduced after the 15th century). Data on NR were derived from a 2 × 2 km grid covering a total area of 31,200 km[2] of the Carpathian massif and its foreground, Central Europe. Each of the examined environmental spheres explained NR, but their explanatory ability varied more than two-folds. Climatic variables explained the highest fraction of deviation, followed by anthropogenic factors, soil type, land relief and landscape structure. The global model, which incorporated crucial variables from all studied environmental spheres, had the best explanatory ability. However, the explained deviation was far smaller than the sum of the deviations explained by the single-sphere models. The global model showed that the deviation that could be explained by variables representing particular spheres, overlapped. The variables representing landscape structure were not included in the global model as they were found to be redundant. Finally, the climatic variables explained a smaller fraction of the deviation than the anthropogenic factors. The partial dependency plots allowed the assessment of the course of dependencies between NR and particular explanatory variables after eliminating the average effect of all other variables. The relationships were usually curvilinear and revealed some values of environmental variables beyond which NR changed considerably.}, }
@article {pmid29897927, year = {2018}, author = {Wagner, CM and Hanson, JE and Meckley, TD and Johnson, NS and Bals, JD}, title = {A simple, cost-effective emitter for controlled release of fish pheromones: Development, testing, and application to management of the invasive sea lamprey.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {e0197569}, pmid = {29897927}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Migration/physiology ; Animals ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Petromyzon/*physiology ; Sex Attractants/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Semiochemicals that elicit species-specific attraction or repulsion have proven useful in the management of terrestrial pests and hold considerable promise for control of nuisance aquatic species, particularly invasive fishes. Because aquatic ecosystems are typically large and open, use of a semiochemical to control a spatially dispersed invader will require the development of a cost-effective emitter that is easy to produce, environmentally benign, inexpensive, and controls the release of the semiochemical without altering its structure. We examined the release properties of five polymers, and chose polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the best alternative. In a series of laboratory and field experiments, we examined the response of the invasive sea lamprey to PEG, and to a partial sex pheromone emitted from PEG that has proven effective as a trap bait to capture migrating sea lamprey prior to spawning. Our findings confirm that the sea lamprey does not behaviorally respond to PEG, and that the attractant response to the pheromone component was conserved when emitted from PEG. Further, we deployed the pheromone-PEG emitters as trap bait during typical control operations in three Great Lakes tributaries, observing similar improvements in trap performance when compared to a previous study using mechanically pumped liquid pheromone. Finally, the polymer emitters tended to dissolve unevenly in high flow conditions. We demonstrate that housing the emitter stabilizes the dissolution rate at high water velocity. We conclude the performance characteristics of PEG emitters to achieve controlled-release of a semiochemical are sufficient to recommend its use in conservation and management activities related to native and invasive aquatic organisms.}, }
@article {pmid29896894, year = {2019}, author = {Kelly, E and Phillips, BL}, title = {Targeted gene flow and rapid adaptation in an endangered marsupial.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, pages = {112-121}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13149}, pmid = {29896894}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufo marinus ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Gene Flow ; Introduced Species ; *Marsupialia ; }, abstract = {Targeted gene flow is an emerging conservation strategy. It involves translocating individuals with favorable genes to areas where they will have a conservation benefit. The applications for targeted gene flow are wide-ranging but include preadapting native species to the arrival of invasive species. The endangered carnivorous marsupial, the northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus), has declined rapidly since the introduction of the cane toad (Rhinella marina), which fatally poisons quolls that attack them. There are, however, a few remaining toad-invaded quoll populations in which the quolls survive because they know not to eat cane toads. It is this toad-smart behavior we hope to promote through targeted gene flow. For targeted gene flow to be feasible, however, toad-smart behavior must have a genetic basis. To assess this, we used a common garden experiment, comparing offspring from toad-exposed and toad-naïve parents raised in identical environments, to determine whether toad-smart behavior is heritable. Offspring from toad-exposed populations were substantially less likely to eat toads than those with toad-naïve parents. Hybrid offspring showed similar responses to quolls with 2 toad-exposed parents, indicating the trait may be dominant. Together, these results suggest a heritable trait and rapid adaptive response in a small number of toad-exposed populations. Although questions remain about outbreeding depression, our results are encouraging for targeted gene flow. It should be possible to introduce toad-smart behavior into soon to be affected quoll populations.}, }
@article {pmid29896323, year = {2018}, author = {Ouchia-Benissad, S and Ladjali-Mohammedi, K}, title = {Banding cytogenetics of the Barbary partridge Alectoris barbara and the Chukar partridge Alectoris chukar (Phasianidae): a large conservation with Domestic fowl Gallus domesticus revealed by high resolution chromosomes.}, journal = {Comparative cytogenetics}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {171-199}, pmid = {29896323}, issn = {1993-0771}, abstract = {The development of avian cytogenetics is significantly behind that of mammals. In fact, since the advent of cytogenetic techniques, fewer than 1500 karyotypes have been established. The Barbary partridge Alectoris barbara Bonnaterre, 1790 is a bird of economic interest but its genome has not been studied so far. This species is endemic to North Africa and globally declining. The Chukar partridge Alectoris chukar Gray, 1830 is an introduced species which shares the same habitat area as the Barbary partridge and so there could be introgressive hybridisation. A cytogenetic study has been initiated in order to contribute to the Barbary partridge and the Chukar partridge genome analyses. The GTG, RBG and RHG-banded karyotypes of these species have been described. Primary fibroblast cell lines obtained from embryos were harvested after simple and double thymidine synchronisation. The first eight autosomal pairs and Z sex chromosome have been described at high resolution and compared to those of the domestic fowl Gallus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758. The diploid number was established as 2n = 78 for both partridges, as well as for most species belonging to the Galliformes order, underlying the stability of chromosome number in avian karyotypes. Wide homologies were observed for macrochromosomes and gonosome except for chromosome 4, 7, 8 and Z which present differences in morphology and/or banding pattern. Neocentromere occurrence was suggested for both partridges chromosome 4 with an assumed paracentric inversion in the Chukar partridge chromosome 4. Terminal inversion in the long arm of the Barbary partridge chromosome Z was also found. These rearrangements confirm that the avian karyotypes structure is conserved interchromosomally, but not at the intrachromosomal scale.}, }
@article {pmid29894968, year = {2018}, author = {Gomes, JF and Lopes, A and Gonçalves, D and Luxo, C and Gmurek, M and Costa, R and Quinta-Ferreira, RM and Martins, RC and Matos, A}, title = {Biofiltration using C. fluminea for E.coli removal from water: Comparison with ozonation and photocatalytic oxidation.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {208}, number = {}, pages = {674-681}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.045}, pmid = {29894968}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Adsorption ; Animals ; Bacteria/isolation &amp; purification ; Corbicula/*microbiology ; Escherichia coli/*isolation &amp; purification ; Europe ; Filtration ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Ozone/*chemistry ; Wastewater/microbiology ; Water Pollutants/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Corbicula fluminea, an Asian clam, is one of the worst invasive species in Europe that can survive in very adverse environmental conditions. Despite its negative impacts, the species also has the capacity to bioaccumulate heavy metals, contaminants and can be exploited for wastewater treatment purposes. The capacity of the Asian clam to remove Escherichia coli, used as fecal contamination indicator, was analyzed. Conventional wastewater treatment plants are not suitable to remove bacteria, thus resulting in treated municipal wastewater with high bacterial loads. E. coli clearance rate was analyzed as function of the number of clams. The bivalves can remove bacteria until concentrations below the detection limit in about 6 h. The adsorption on the clam shells' and bioaccumulation on the soft tissues were also analyzed. The depuration of clams along 48 h were analyzed revealing that no bacteria was detected in the water. Thus, these results suggest that Asian clam can bioprocess E. coli. On the other hand, results obtained by this methodology were compared with ozonation and photocatalytic oxidation using TiO2, Ag, Au, Pd-TiO2. In all treatments it was possible to achieve concentrations of E. coli below the detection limit. However, photocatalytic oxidation demands about 4700 folds more energy than ozonation, besides the costs associated with catalysts. Comparing complexity of ozonation with biofiltration, this study suggests that application of biofiltration using C. fluminea can be a suitable solution to minimize the presence of bacteria in wastewater, reducing environmental and economic impacts.}, }
@article {pmid29894947, year = {2018}, author = {Diamond, JS and McLaughlin, DL and Slesak, RA and D'Amato, AW and Palik, BJ}, title = {Forested versus herbaceous wetlands: Can management mitigate ecohydrologic regime shifts from invasive emerald ash borer?.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {222}, number = {}, pages = {436-446}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.082}, pmid = {29894947}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Forests ; Fraxinus ; *Introduced Species ; Trees ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Wetlands self-organize through reciprocal controls between vegetation and hydrology, but external disturbance may disrupt these feedbacks with consequent changes to ecosystem state. Imminent and widespread emerald ash borer (EAB) infestation throughout North American forested wetlands has raised concern over possible ecosystem state shifts (i.e., wetter, more herbaceous systems) and loss of forest function, calling for informed landscape-scale management strategies. In response, we employed a large-scale manipulative study to assess the ecohydrologic response of black ash wetlands to three alternative EAB management strategies: 1) a do-nothing approach (i.e., simulated EAB infestation via tree girdling), 2) a preemptive, complete harvesting approach (i.e., clearcut), and 3) an overstory replacement approach via group selection. We analyzed six years of daily water table and evapotranspiration (ET) dynamics in six blocks comprising black ash wetlands (controls) and management strategy treatments to quantify potential for hydrologic change and subsequent recovery. In both the do-nothing approach and complete harvesting approach, we found persistent changes in hydrologic regime defined by shallower water tables and lower ET rates coupled with increased herbaceous vegetation growth, indicating ecosystem state shifts driven by vegetation-water table interactions. The do-nothing approach showed the least hydrologic recovery after five years, which we attribute to reduction in overstory transpiration as well as greater shade (via standing dead trees) that reduces open water evaporation and herbaceous layer transpiration compared to complete harvesting. We found no evidence of ecohydrologic disturbance in the overstory replacement approach, highlighting its potential as a management strategy to preserve forested wetland habitat if periodically executed over time before EAB infestation. Although the scale of potential disturbance is daunting, our findings provide a baseline assessment for forest managers to develop preemptive mitigation strategies to address the threat of EAB to ecological functions in black ash wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid29892978, year = {2018}, author = {Wang, XR and Wang, C and Wang, XW and Qian, LX and Chi, Y and Liu, SS and Liu, YQ and Wang, XW}, title = {The functions of caspase in whitefly Bemisia tabaci apoptosis in response to ultraviolet irradiation.}, journal = {Insect molecular biology}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {739-751}, doi = {10.1111/imb.12515}, pmid = {29892978}, issn = {1365-2583}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Caspases/genetics/*metabolism ; Hemiptera/enzymology/genetics/*radiation effects ; Phylogeny ; Protein Domains ; Ultraviolet Rays ; }, abstract = {Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) are phloem feeders, and some invasive species are composed of cryptic species complexes that cause extensive crop damage, particularly via the direct transmission of plant viruses. Apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death essential for organismal development and tissue homeostasis. The caspases belong to a family of cysteine proteases that play a central role in the initiation of apoptosis in many organisms. Here, we employed a comprehensive genomics approach to identity caspases in B. tabaci Middle East Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), an invasive whitefly that carries a cryptic species complex that is devastating to crops. Four caspase genes were identified, and their motif compositions were predicted. Structures were relatively conserved in both putative effector and initiator caspases. Expression patterns of caspase genes differed across insect developmental stages. Three caspase genes were induced immediately after ultraviolet (UV) treatment. Expression levels of Bt-caspase-1 and Bt-caspase-3b increased in the midgut and salivary glands during apoptosis induced by UV treatments, whereas silencing of both genes reduced UV-triggered apoptosis. Our study demonstrates that Bt-caspase-1 and Bt-caspase-3b, respectively, act as putative initiator and effector apoptotic caspases in the MEAM1 whitefly.}, }
@article {pmid29892437, year = {2018}, author = {Hernández-Brito, D and Carrete, M and Ibáñez, C and Juste, J and Tella, JL}, title = {Nest-site competition and killing by invasive parakeets cause the decline of a threatened bat population.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {5}, number = {5}, pages = {172477}, pmid = {29892437}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {The identification of effects of invasive species is challenging owing to their multifaceted impacts on native biota. Negative impacts are most often reflected in individual fitness rather than in population dynamics of native species and are less expected in low-biodiversity habitats, such as urban environments. We report the long-term effects of invasive rose-ringed parakeets on the largest known population of a threatened bat species, the greater noctule, located in an urban park. Both species share preferences for the same tree cavities for breeding. While the number of parakeet nests increased by a factor of 20 in 14 years, the number of trees occupied by noctules declined by 81%. Parakeets occupied most cavities previously used by noctules, and spatial analyses showed that noctules tried to avoid cavities close to parakeets. Parakeets were highly aggressive towards noctules, trying to occupy their cavities, often resulting in noctule death. This led to a dramatic population decline, but also an unusual aggregation of the occupied trees, probably disrupting the complex social behaviour of this bat species. These results indicate a strong impact through site displacement and killing of competitors, and highlight the need for long-term research to identify unexpected impacts that would otherwise be overlooked.}, }
@article {pmid29891198, year = {2019}, author = {Potgieter, LJ and Gaertner, M and O'Farrell, PJ and Richardson, DM}, title = {Perceptions of impact: Invasive alien plants in the urban environment.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {76-87}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.080}, pmid = {29891198}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Cities ; *Introduced Species ; Perception ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Many alien plant species are introduced to urban areas to create, augment or restore ecosystem services (ES). However, many of these species spread beyond original plantings, sometimes causing negative effects on existing ES or creating novel ecosystem disservices (EDS). An understanding of the perceptions of urban residents regarding invasive alien plants (IAPs) and the ES and EDS they provide is needed for the effective prioritisation of IAP management efforts in cities. Using the city of Cape Town, South Africa as a case study, we conducted questionnaire-based surveys (online and face-to-face) to determine the perceptions of urban residents regarding IAPs and their capacity to provide ES and EDS. Most urban residents perceive IAPs negatively (i.e. agreeing that they create EDS), but many recognise their importance in providing ES. Although most residents are not opposed to the management of IAPs, such actions are not perceived as a high priority relative to other environmental problems. Socio-demographic variables such as age, education, environmental awareness, and ethnicity shape urban residents' perceptions of IAPs. Older, more educated respondents were more likely to perceive IAPs negatively, while respondents with greater environmental awareness were aware of the benefits provided by IAPs. This study highlights the need to integrate public perceptions into the planning and management of IAPs and emphasises the importance of including ES assessments into the decision-making process, particularly in urban areas.}, }
@article {pmid29890582, year = {2018}, author = {Guilhermino, L and Vieira, LR and Ribeiro, D and Tavares, AS and Cardoso, V and Alves, A and Almeida, JM}, title = {Uptake and effects of the antimicrobial florfenicol, microplastics and their mixtures on freshwater exotic invasive bivalve Corbicula fluminea.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {622-623}, number = {}, pages = {1131-1142}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.020}, pmid = {29890582}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*toxicity ; Corbicula ; Introduced Species ; Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects ; Plastics/*toxicity ; Thiamphenicol/*analogs &amp; derivatives/toxicity ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Microplastics and antimicrobials are widely spread environmental contaminants and more research on their toxicity is needed. The uptake and effects of the antimicrobial florfenicol, microplastics, and their mixtures on Corbicula fluminea were investigated. Bivalves were exposed for 96h to florfenicol (1.8 and 7.1mg/l), microplastics (0.2 and 0.7mg/l), or mixtures of the two substances. After 96h, all bivalves exposed to antimicrobial treatments had florfenicol in their body (e.g. 2±1μg/g). Microplastics were found in the gut, lumen of the digestive gland, connective tissue, hemolymphatic sinuses, and gills surface of animals. Florfenicol caused a significant inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) activity (~32%). Animals exposed to 0.2mg/l of microplastics showed ChE activity inhibition (31%), and no other significant alterations. Mixtures caused feeding inhibition (57-83%), significant ChE inhibition (44-57%) and of isocitrate dehydrogenase activity, and increased anti-oxidant enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation levels. Overall, the results indicate that C. fluminea take up florfenicol and microplastics from the water and accumulated or at least retained it in their body for some time; both florfenicol (low ppm range) and microplastics (ppb range) were toxic to C. fluminea, with mixtures containing florfenicol and microplastics being more toxic. Thus, the risk of exposure and toxic effects of florfenicol to C. fluminea and other bivalves, and its predators increase in ecosystems contaminated with the antimicrobial and microplastics, as well as to humans consuming contaminated species from these ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid29889222, year = {2018}, author = {Johansson, ML and Shiganova, TA and Ringvold, H and Stupnikova, AN and Heath, DD and MacIsaac, HJ}, title = {Molecular Insights Into the Ctenophore Genus Beroe in Europe: New Species, Spreading Invaders.}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {109}, number = {5}, pages = {520-529}, doi = {10.1093/jhered/esy026}, pmid = {29889222}, issn = {1465-7333}, mesh = {Animals ; Ctenophora/classification/*genetics ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeography ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The genus Beroe Browne, 1756 (Ctenophora, Beroidae) occurs worldwide, with 25 currently-described species. Because the genus is poorly studied, the definitive number of species is uncertain. Recently, a possible new Beroe species was suggested based on internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequences from samples collected in Svalbard, Norway. Another species, Beroe ovata, was introduced to Europe from North America, initially in the Black Sea and subsequently (and possibly secondarily) into the Mediterranean and Baltic Seas. In areas where ctenophores have been introduced, they have often had significant detrimental ecological effects. The potential for other cryptic and/or undescribed Beroe species and history of spread of some species in the genus give reason for additional study. When alive, morphological hallmarks may be challenging to spot and photograph owing to the animals' transparency and near-constant motion. We sampled and analyzed 109 putative Beroe specimens from Europe, using morphological and molecular approaches. DNA analyses were conducted using cytochrome oxidase 1 and internal transcribed spacer sequences and, together with published sequences from GenBank, phylogenetic relationships of the genus were explored. Our study suggests the presence of at least 5 genetic lineages of Beroe in Europe, of which 3 could be assigned to known species: Beroe gracilis Künne 1939; Beroe cucumis Fabricius, 1780; and Beroe ovata sensu Mayer, 1912. The other 2 lineages (here provisionally named Beroe "norvegica" and Beroe "anatoliensis") did not clearly coincide with any known species and might therefore reflect new species, but confirmation of this requires further study.}, }
@article {pmid29886962, year = {2018}, author = {Ritger, AL and Curtis, AN and Chen, CY}, title = {Bioaccumulation of mercury and other metal contaminants in invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) from Curaçao.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {131}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {38-44}, pmid = {29886962}, issn = {1879-3363}, support = {P42 ES007373/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Body Size ; Curacao ; Ecotoxicology/methods ; Female ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mercury/analysis/*pharmacokinetics ; Oil and Gas Industry ; Perciformes/*metabolism/physiology ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/*pharmacokinetics ; }, abstract = {A wide range of ecological and environmental factors influence metal bioaccumulation in fish. Studies of mercury and other metal contaminants in invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish are limited, yet consumption of the invasive predator is increasingly utilized as a management strategy. In this study, we examined the effects of body size, body condition, sex, trophic level, carbon source, diet, depth and capture location on mercury concentrations in lionfish collected from Curaçao. In addition, we examined whether or not a local petroleum refinery is the source of metal contamination in lionfish. Mercury concentrations ranged from 0.008 to 0.106 mg/kg and we found no effect of the petroleum refinery on metal bioaccumulation in lionfish. Low concentrations of metal contaminants indicate lionfish from Curaçao are safe for human consumption.}, }
@article {pmid29886957, year = {2018}, author = {Soares, MO}, title = {Climate change and regional human pressures as challenges for management in oceanic islands, South Atlantic.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {131}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {347-355}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.04.008}, pmid = {29886957}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Brazil ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; }, abstract = {This study aimed to determine the main anthropogenic pressures and the effectiveness of management practices in marine protected areas (MPAs) (Rocas Atoll and Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, South Atlantic). The MPAs exhibited high management effectiveness over the last 25 years due to the control of local pressures (i.e., fishing and tourism). However, the increase in regional and global pressures, such as invasive species, marine debris, and climate change stressors (sea-level rise, extreme events, range shifts of species, warming, and ocean acidification), are environmental risks that need to be considered during conservation. Strategies for large scale marine spatial planning, as well as proposals for an integrated management of MPAs (including coral reef islands and seamounts) by the articulation of a network, which reduces regional human pressures and improves ocean governance were discussed. This study provided insights into the challenges faced in the management of MPAs in a rapidly changing ocean.}, }
@article {pmid29886952, year = {2018}, author = {Garcia-Vazquez, E and Cani, A and Diem, A and Ferreira, C and Geldhof, R and Marquez, L and Molloy, E and Perché, S}, title = {Leave no traces - Beached marine litter shelters both invasive and native species.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {131}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {314-322}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.04.037}, pmid = {29886952}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms ; Biodiversity ; Biofouling ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plastics ; Sweden ; Waste Products ; *Water Pollution/analysis ; }, abstract = {Marine litter has been considered a potential transport vector of non-indigenous species. In this study developed in Tjärnö (Sweden), at the entry of the Baltic Sea, the communities inhabiting coastal litter and natural substrates (N = 5448 macroorganisms) were monitored from eight sites of different ecological conditions. The results showed that litter can support high densities of marine organisms and represent a new habitat in the studied coast. The taxonomic profile of the communities supported by marine litter and hard natural substrate were significantly different. Moreover, opposite to the expectations of reduced diversity in artificial structures, more diverse communities were found on litter. Non-indigenous species were attached mainly to non-plastic artificial materials. From these results it can be concluded that marine litter can significantly alter the biotic composition of coastal ecosystem, representing a shelter for invasive species and diverse natives.}, }
@article {pmid29886925, year = {2018}, author = {Rech, S and Salmina, S and Borrell Pichs, YJ and García-Vazquez, E}, title = {Dispersal of alien invasive species on anthropogenic litter from European mariculture areas.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {131}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {10-16}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.03.038}, pmid = {29886925}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquaculture/methods ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Plastics ; Thoracica ; Water Pollutants/analysis ; }, abstract = {The importance of mariculture areas for the dispersal of alien invasive species (AIS) on artificial floating items has recently been highlighted as a priority research need. Here we present the results of surveys in two important European shellfish culture areas that release rafting AIS, the Venetian lagoon and the Portuguese Algarve region. We found eight aquaculture-related non-native, invasive species attached to anthropogenic litter items mostly related to aquaculture: Amphibalanus amphitrite, Austrominius modestus, Balanus trigonus, Hesperibalanus fallax, Hydroides elegans, Hydroides sanctaecrucis, and Magallana angulata. These species are well-adapted to rafting on artificial surfaces and have a high potential to disperse via this vector. This is the first record of the notorious nuisance species H. sanctaecrucis both in the Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic, as well as on floating litter. We also present the first records of M. angulata, H. sanctaecrucis, Sabellaria alveolata, Mytilus edulis and Chthamalus montagui on stranded anthropogenic litter.}, }
@article {pmid29886859, year = {2018}, author = {Landaeta-Aqueveque, C and Robles, MDR and Henríquez, A and Yáñez-Meza, A and Correa, JP and González-Acuña, D and Cattan, PE}, title = {Phylogenetic and ecological factors affecting the sharing of helminths between native and introduced rodents in Central Chile.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {145}, number = {12}, pages = {1570-1576}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182018000446}, pmid = {29886859}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Chile/epidemiology ; Ecology ; Helminthiasis, Animal/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Helminths/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Rodent Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Rodentia ; }, abstract = {In order to analyse the effect of hosts' relationships and the helminthic load on the switching of parasites between native and introduced hosts, we sampled rodents belonging to two suborders from Central Chile. We compared the number of helminthic species shared between murids (introduced) and cricetid (native, same suborder) rodents to those shared between murids and hystricomorphs (native, different suborder), and we assessed the association between parasitic presence, abundance and geographical dispersion in source hosts to the presence and abundance in recipient hosts. Introduced rodent species shared more helminth species with cricetid rodents than with non-cricetids. Presence and abundance in recipient hosts was not associated with the prevalence and mean abundance in source hosts' population. The mean abundance of parasites in source hosts throughout the territory and wider dispersion was positively associated with the likelihood of being shared with a recipient host. Closer relationships between native and introduced hosts and high parasitic abundance and dispersion could facilitate host switching of helminths between native and introduced rodents. This work provides the first documentation of the importance of parasitic abundance and dispersion on the switching of parasites between native and introduced hosts.}, }
@article {pmid29884992, year = {2018}, author = {Taucare-Ríos, A and Nentwig, W and Bizama, G and Bustamante, RO}, title = {Matching global and regional distribution models of the recluse spider Loxosceles rufescens: to what extent do these reflect niche conservatism?.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {490-496}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12311}, pmid = {29884992}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia/epidemiology ; Built Environment ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region/epidemiology ; *Models, Biological ; North America/epidemiology ; Spider Bites/epidemiology/pathology ; Spiders/*physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The Mediterranean recluse spider, Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820) (Araneae: Sicariidae) is a cosmopolitan spider that has been introduced in many parts of the world. Its bite can be dangerous to humans. However, the potential distribution of this alien species, which is able to spread fairly quickly with human aid, is completely unknown. Using a combination of global and regional niche models, it is possible to analyse the spread of this species in relation to environmental conditions. This analysis found that the successful spreading of this species varies according to the region invaded. The majority of populations in Asia are stable and show niche conservatism, whereas in North America this spider is expected to be less successful in occupying niches that differ from those in its native region and that do not support its synanthropic way of living.}, }
@article {pmid29883742, year = {2018}, author = {Parvinen, K and Ohtsuki, H and Wakano, JY}, title = {Spatial heterogeneity and evolution of fecundity-affecting traits.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {454}, number = {}, pages = {190-204}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.06.005}, pmid = {29883742}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/physiology ; Animal Distribution/physiology ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cooperative Behavior ; Demography ; Fertility/*genetics ; Genetic Fitness ; Genetic Heterogeneity ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Mutation/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Selection, Genetic/*genetics ; }, abstract = {It is widely recognized that spatial structure in a population has some, and occasionally great, impacts on ecological and evolutionary dynamics. However, it has been observed that in the homogeneous Wright's island model with a certain standard demographic assumption, spatial structure does not affect the fitness gradient of a fecundity-affecting trait. The location and convergence stability of singular strategies thus remain unchanged. Furthermore, evolutionary branching is impossible for small dispersal rates, and for a wide class of fecundity functions, evolutionary branching is impossible for any dispersal rate if branching does not occur in the corresponding well-mixed model. Spatially homogeneous structure thus often inhibits evolutionary branching. Here we study the impact of spatial heterogeneity on evolutionary dynamics. We consider an infinite Wright's island model, where different islands have different capacity and fecundity consequences, and therefore the population is spatially heterogeneous. Through the analysis of metapopulation fitness, we derive its first-order and second-order derivatives with respect to mutant's trait, which are explicitly represented in terms of fecundity derivatives. The selection gradient turns out to be a biased average of local selection pressures in different patch types. We find that evolutionary branching is generally favored in the presence of spatial heterogeneity. We also find a simple condition under which evolutionary branching is particularly favored. Applications to public-goods cooperation and emergent evolutionary branching to cooperators and defectors are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid29883467, year = {2018}, author = {Sauvard, D and Imbault, V and Darrouzet, &#xc9;}, title = {Flight capacities of yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina nigrithorax, Hymenoptera: Vespidae) workers from an invasive population in Europe.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {e0198597}, pmid = {29883467}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe ; Female ; *Flight, Animal ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Pest Control ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The invasive yellow-legged hornet, Vespa velutina nigrithorax Lepeletier, 1836 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), is native to Southeast Asia. It was first detected in France (in the southwest) in 2005. It has since expanded throughout Europe and has caused significant harm to honeybee populations. We must better characterize the hornet's flight capacity to understand the species' success and develop improved control strategies. Here, we carried out a study in which we quantified the flight capacities of V. velutina workers using computerized flight mills. We observed that workers were able to spend around 40% of the daily 7-hour flight tests flying. On average, they flew 10km to 30km during each flight test, although there was a large amount of variation. Workers sampled in early summer had lower flight capacities than workers sampled later in the season. Flight capacity decreased as workers aged. However, in the field, workers probably often die before this decrease becomes significant. During each flight test, workers performed several continuous flight phases of variable length that were separated by rest phases. Based on the length of those continuous flight phases and certain key assumptions, we estimated that V. velutina colony foraging radius is at least 700 m (half that in early summer); however, some workers are able to forage much farther. While these laboratory findings remain to be confirmed by field studies, our results can nonetheless help inform V. velutina biology and control efforts.}, }
@article {pmid29882493, year = {2018}, author = {Yamazaki, Y}, title = {Genetic Population Structure of Sika Deer, Cervus nippon, Derived from Multiple Origins, Around Toyama Prefecture of Japan.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, pages = {215-221}, doi = {10.2108/zs170187}, pmid = {29882493}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Deer/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Japan ; }, abstract = {Recently, expansion of the number and distribution of sika deer, Cervus nippon, in the Japanese Archipelago has resulted in the disturbance of indigenous gene pools and ecosystems. There are also concerns that the artificial introduction of sika deer to certain areas may aggravate this situation. In order to contribute to the conservation of ecosystems, I examined the current state of genetic disturbance and dispersal routes in the sika deer populations around Toyama Prefecture, one of the main areas of expanding sika deer distribution. Of 12 haplotypes detected by mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequence analysis, 10 were found to belong to a previously detected sika deer group in northern Japan, although the remaining two haplotypes corresponded to the southern Japanese sika deer group. The latter two haplotypes were detected at especially high frequencies in the southern area of Toyama Prefecture, suggesting that these haplotypes may derive from artificially introduced individuals. Occurrence patterns of indigenous haplotypes around Toyama Prefecture revealed immigration into Toyama Prefecture through different routes, mainly in the east and south-west. The genetic results presented here may have application in predicting future dispersal routes, as well as aid in the establishment of effective measures for management of sika deer.}, }
@article {pmid29882328, year = {2018}, author = {Marta, A and Kamenshchik, N and Toderas, I}, title = {Change of strategy or always overlooked? Third recent record of the beardless tadpole goby Benthophiloides brauneri from an inland location far from the coast.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {93}, number = {1}, pages = {128-131}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13671}, pmid = {29882328}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Europe ; Female ; Fishes ; Fresh Water ; Male ; Moldova ; Oceans and Seas ; *Perciformes ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {The present study documents three specimens of Benthophiloides brauneri from the River Dniester. It is one of the rarest freshwater fishes in Europe, living along the western coast of the Black and Asov Seas, but these new records are 200 river km from the coast. We discuss whether the species has recently started to establish inland populations or inland specimens have previously been overlooked.}, }
@article {pmid29882168, year = {2018}, author = {Hinman, ED and Fridley, JD}, title = {To spend or to save? Assessing energetic growth-storage tradeoffs in native and invasive woody plants.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {188}, number = {3}, pages = {659-669}, pmid = {29882168}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {04293//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; Grants-In-Aid of Research//Sigma Xi/ ; }, mesh = {*Forests ; Introduced Species ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Many non-native woody plants invade low-light forest understories but differ from native species in leaf phenology and seasonality of photosynthesis. It is unknown whether such differences in assimilation patterns are due to contrasting strategies of energy allocation. In a group of native and invasive species in Eastern North America, we hypothesized that invaders employ a grow-first strategy, prioritizing allocation to new structural biomass over carbon storage compared to native congeners. We also hypothesized that species producing a single spring leaf flush exhibit a more conservative carbon storage strategy than species with continuous leaf production. We measured sugar and starch concentrations (non-structural carbohydrates; NSCs) in spring and fall in the stems and roots of 39 species of native and non-native shrubs in a common garden, and compared these to patterns of leaf production across species. Native species had higher soluble sugar concentrations than invaders, but invaders tended to store more root starch in spring. We found no difference in leaf production between natives and invaders. Determinate species had more soluble sugars than indeterminate species but had lower root starch. We found no relationship between aboveground productivity and carbon storage. Our results suggest that closely related species with contrasting evolutionary histories have different carbon storage strategies, although not necessarily in relation to their growth potential. The higher soluble sugar concentrations of native species may reflect their evolutionary response to historical disturbances, or different interactions with soil microbes, while increased spring root starch in invaders may support fine root or fruit production.}, }
@article {pmid29879957, year = {2018}, author = {Gotesman, M and Menanteau-Ledouble, S and Saleh, M and Bergmann, SM and El-Matbouli, M}, title = {A new age in AquaMedicine: unconventional approach in studying aquatic diseases.}, journal = {BMC veterinary research}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {178}, pmid = {29879957}, issn = {1746-6148}, support = {P28837-B22//Austrian Science Fund/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquaculture ; Communicable Diseases/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Fish Diseases/*diagnosis/microbiology/virology ; *Fishes ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Marine and aquaculture industries are important sectors of the food production and global trade. Unfortunately, the fish food industry is challenged with a plethora of infectious pathogens. The freshwater and marine fish communities are rapidly incorporating novel and most up to date techniques for detection, characterization and treatment strategies. Rapid detection of infectious diseases is important in preventing large disease outbreaks.<br><br>MAIN TEXT: One hundred forty-six articles including reviews papers were analyzed and their conclusions evaluated in the present paper. This allowed us to describe the most recent development research regarding the control of diseases in the aquatic environment as well as promising avenues that may result in beneficial developments. For the characterization of diseases, traditional sequencing and histological based methods have been augmented with transcriptional and proteomic studies. Recent studies have demonstrated that transcriptional based approaches using qPCR are often synergistic to expression based studies that rely on proteomic-based techniques to better understand pathogen-host interactions. Preventative therapies that rely on prophylactics such as vaccination with protein antigens or attenuated viruses are not always feasible and therefore, the development of therapies based on small nucleotide based medicine is on the horizon. Of those, RNAi or CRISPR/Cas- based therapies show great promise in combating various types of diseases caused by viral and parasitic agents that effect aquatic and fish medicine.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In our modern times, when the marine industry has become so vital for feed and economic stability, even the most extreme alternative treatment strategies such as the use of small molecules or even the use of disease to control invasive species populations should be considered.}, }
@article {pmid29878088, year = {2018}, author = {Tan, MK and Goh, FN and Tan, HTW}, title = {Consistent Between-Individual Differences in Foraging Performance in a Floriphilic Katydid in Response to Different Choices.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, pages = {918-926}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvy087}, pmid = {29878088}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bidens ; Choice Behavior ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Flowers ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Orthoptera/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The neural constraint hypothesis is one of the central ideas for the understanding of insect-plant interaction but there are still knowledge gaps in the data for foraging behavior and the performance of herbivores, and particularly florivores. We used a floriphilic katydid, Phaneroptera brevis (Serville, 1838) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) and a naturalized weed, Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) in caged experiments in an insectary to answer these questions: 1) How does the foraging performance of the floriphilic katydid vary when exposed to a choice in the number of capitula and types of florets of B. pilosa? 2) Does the foraging performance of the katydid, when exposed to multiple choices, improve with time, and are between-individual differences in foraging performance consistent? We observed that having more choices in the floret types and number of capitula is generally associated with a reduced foraging performance of the katydids. Floret types and number of capitula, however, did not have an interactive effect on foraging performance. We also found that the differences in foraging performance in response to choice tend to be consistent between katydids but each katydid became more efficient and decisive over time. That learning and experience can improve the foraging performance of the katydid has provided us with some insights as to how a continuum of efficient and inefficient katydids can be maintained in a population.}, }
@article {pmid29876076, year = {2018}, author = {Castillo, JM and Gallego-Tévar, B and Figueroa, E and Grewell, BJ and Vallet, D and Rousseau, H and Keller, J and Lima, O and Dréano, S and Salmon, A and Aïnouche, M}, title = {Low genetic diversity contrasts with high phenotypic variability in heptaploid Spartina densiflora populations invading the Pacific coast of North America.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {4992-5007}, pmid = {29876076}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Species can respond to environmental pressures through genetic and epigenetic changes and through phenotypic plasticity, but few studies have evaluated the relationships between genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity of plant species along changing environmental conditions throughout wide latitudinal ranges. We studied inter- and intrapopulation genetic diversity (using simple sequence repeats and chloroplast DNA sequencing) and inter- and intrapopulation phenotypic variability of 33 plant traits (using field and common-garden measurements) for five populations of the invasive cordgrass Spartina densiflora Brongn. along the Pacific coast of North America from San Francisco Bay to Vancouver Island. Studied populations showed very low genetic diversity, high levels of phenotypic variability when growing in contrasted environments and high intrapopulation phenotypic variability for many plant traits. This intrapopulation phenotypic variability was especially high, irrespective of environmental conditions, for those traits showing also high phenotypic plasticity. Within-population variation represented 84% of the total genetic variation coinciding with certain individual plants keeping consistent responses for three plant traits (chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents, and dead shoot biomass) in the field and in common-garden conditions. These populations have most likely undergone genetic bottleneck since their introduction from South America; multiple introductions are unknown but possible as the population from Vancouver Island was the most recent and one of the most genetically diverse. S. densiflora appears as a species that would not be very affected itself by climate change and sea-level rise as it can disperse, establish, and acclimate to contrasted environments along wide latitudinal ranges.}, }
@article {pmid29874276, year = {2018}, author = {Adame, MF and Jardine, TD and Fry, B and Valdez, D and Lindner, G and Nadji, J and Bunn, SE}, title = {Estuarine crocodiles in a tropical coastal floodplain obtain nutrition from terrestrial prey.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {e0197159}, pmid = {29874276}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Alligators and Crocodiles/*physiology ; Animals ; Australia ; Buffaloes ; *Estuaries ; *Models, Biological ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Sus scrofa ; *Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {The estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is one of the largest and most widespread crocodilians in the world. Although considered an apex species, the role of the estuarine crocodile in aquatic foodwebs is poorly understood; we know what crocodiles ingest, but not what nourishes them. In this study, we used a combination of stable isotope measurements (δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S) and direct feeding observations to identify the source of nutrition of estuarine crocodiles in Kakadu National Park, Northern Australia. Our results show that most crocodiles sampled (size 850 - 4200mm, with 76% of them being > 2.5 m) consume a large variety of prey, however a large proportion of their nutrition is derived from terrestrial prey. Introduced species such as water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and pigs (Sus scrofa) could contribute between 53 and 84% to the nutrition of the sampled crocodiles. The isotopic composition of large crocodiles (total length > 3 m) suggested possible increase in marine prey consumption with size (R2 = 0.30; p = 0.005). Additionally, we found crocodiles sampled in the dry season had on average higher terrestrial contributions compared to crocodiles sampled during the wet season (84.1 ± 2.4% versus 55.4 ± 7.0%). Overall, we found that terrestrial prey are important source of nutrition for many crocodiles in this region where introduced herbivorous mammals are abundant.}, }
@article {pmid29874244, year = {2018}, author = {Nagelkerke, LAJ and van Onselen, E and van Kessel, N and Leuven, RSEW}, title = {Functional feeding traits as predictors of invasive success of alien freshwater fish species using a food-fish model.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {e0197636}, pmid = {29874244}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Food ; Fresh Water ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Netherlands ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Invasions of Ponto-Caspian fish species into north-western European river basins accelerated since the opening of the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal in 1992. Since 2002, at least five Ponto-Caspian alien fish species have arrived in The Netherlands. Four species belong to the Gobiidae family (Neogobius fluviatilis, Neogobius melanostomus, Ponticola kessleri, and Proterorhinus semilunaris) and one to the Cyprinidae family (Romanogobio belingi). These species are expected to be potentially deleterious for the populations of four native benthic fish species: Gobio gobio (Cyprinidae), Barbatula barbatula (Nemacheilidae), Cottus perifretum, and C. rhenanus (Cottidae). Invasion success may be dependent on competitive trophic interactions with native species, which are enabled and/or constrained by feeding-related morphological traits. Twenty-two functional feeding traits were measured in nine species (in total 90 specimens). These traits were quantitatively linked to the mechanical, chemical and behavioral properties of a range of aquatic resource categories, using a previously developed food-fish model (FFM). The FFM was used to predict the trophic profile (TP) of each fish: the combined capacities to feed on each of the resource types. The most extreme TPs belonged to three alien species, indicating that they were most specialized among the studied species. Of these three, only P. kessleri overlapped with the two native Cottus species, indicating potential trophic competition. N. fluviatilis and R. belingi did not show any overlap, indicating that there is low trophic competition. The two remaining alien goby species (N. melanostomus and P. semilunaris) had average TPs and could be considered generalist feeders. They overlapped with each other and with G. gobio and B. barbatula, indicating potential trophic competition. This study suggests that both generalist and specialist species can be successful invaders. Since the FFM predicts potential interactions between species, it provides a tool to support horizon scanning and rapid risk assessments of alien species.}, }
@article {pmid29873574, year = {2019}, author = {Stern, N and Jimenez, C and Huseyinoglu, MF and Andreou, V and Hadjioannou, L and Petrou, A and Öztürk, B and Golani, D and Rothman, SBS}, title = {Constructing the genetic population demography of the invasive lionfish Pterois miles in the Levant Basin, Eastern Mediterranean.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {249-255}, doi = {10.1080/24701394.2018.1482284}, pmid = {29873574}, issn = {2470-1408}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/*genetics/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; }, abstract = {The recent invasion of the lionfish Pterois miles to the Mediterranean draws major concerns to the fate of the indigenous ecosystem, based on previous knowledge of the species' detrimental capabilities as an introduced species in the Western Atlantic Ocean. In order to determine invasive patterns in the Eastern Mediterranean, we compared the genetic divergence of two mtDNA markers, the COI and D-loop, between and within the introduced Levantine and native range Red Sea populations of the lionfish. COI region presented a remarkably shallow genealogy, and both genes have failed to show a definite geographic population structure, with non-significant AMOVA and low pairwise FST values. A shared haplotype across all localities in the D-loop provided probable confirmation for the Red Sea origin of the invasive population, and a number of introduced haplotypes indicated that the Mediterranean populations are a product of multiple invasion events. Finally, we observed large haplotype diversity in the Red Sea samples that were absent from the introduced localities, implying a possible future enforcement to the invasive genetic pool in the Mediterranean Sea.}, }
@article {pmid29871589, year = {2018}, author = {Haynsen, MS and Vatanparast, M and Mahadwar, G and Zhu, D and Moger-Reischer, RZ and Doyle, JJ and Crandall, KA and Egan, AN}, title = {De novo transcriptome assembly of Pueraria montana var. lobata and Neustanthus phaseoloides for the development of eSSR and SNP markers: narrowing the US origin(s) of the invasive kudzu.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {439}, pmid = {29871589}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {T32 AI007172/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; DEB-1352217//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; DEB-0948800//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; }, mesh = {*Gene Expression Profiling ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Pueraria/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Quality Control ; Sequence Analysis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Kudzu, Pueraria montana var. lobata, is a woody vine native to Southeast Asia that has been introduced globally for cattle forage and erosion control. The vine is highly invasive in its introduced areas, including the southeastern US. Modern molecular marker resources are limited for the species, despite its importance. Transcriptomes for P. montana var. lobata and a second phaseoloid legume taxon previously ascribed to genus Pueraria, Neustanthus phaseoloides, were generated and mined for microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms.<br><br>RESULTS: Roche 454 sequencing of P. montana var. lobata and N. phaseoloides transcriptomes produced read numbers ranging from ~&#x2009;280,000 to ~&#x2009;420,000. Trinity assemblies produced an average of 17,491 contigs with mean lengths ranging from 639&#xa0;bp to 994&#xa0;bp. Transcriptome completeness, according to BUSCO, ranged between 64 and 77%. After vetting for primer design, there were 1646 expressed simple sequence repeats (eSSRs) identified in P. montana var. lobata and 1459 in N. phaseoloides. From these eSSRs, 17 identical primer pairs, representing inter-generic phaseoloid eSSRs, were created. Additionally, 13 primer pairs specific to P. montana var. lobata were also created. From these 30 primer pairs, a final set of seven primer pairs were used on 68 individuals of P. montana var. lobata for characterization across the US, China, and Japan. The populations exhibited from 20 to 43 alleles across the seven loci. We also conducted pairwise tests for high-confidence SNP discovery from the kudzu transcriptomes we sequenced and two previously sequenced P. montana var. lobata transcriptomes. Pairwise comparisons between P. montana var. lobata ranged from 358 to 24,475 SNPs, while comparisons between P. montana var. lobata and N. phaseoloides ranged from 5185 to 30,143 SNPs.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The discovered molecular markers for kudzu provide a starting point for comparative genetic studies within phaseoloid legumes. This study both adds to the current genetic resources and presents the first available genomic resources for the invasive kudzu vine. Additionally, this study is the first to provide molecular evidence to support the hypothesis of Japan as a source of US kudzu and begins to narrow the origin of US kudzu to the central Japanese island of Honshu.}, }
@article {pmid29870701, year = {2018}, author = {Marshall, BM and Casewell, NR and Vences, M and Glaw, F and Andreone, F and Rakotoarison, A and Zancolli, G and Woog, F and Wüster, W}, title = {Widespread vulnerability of Malagasy predators to the toxins of an introduced toad.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {28}, number = {11}, pages = {R654-R655}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.024}, pmid = {29870701}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bufonidae ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Toxins, Biological/*toxicity ; Vertebrates/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a key factor contributing to the global decline of biodiversity, and understanding the underlying mechanisms is crucial to mitigate detrimental effects [1]. One such mechanism is the introduction of invasive species with defensive strategies, such as novel toxins, that can disrupt native predator communities [2]. Disruption of such communities can produce trophic cascades, impacting a diverse array of taxa [2]. Madagascar, a globally significant biodiversity hotspot, has recently experienced the introduction of a toxic bufonid amphibian, the Asian common toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) [3]. Since its invasion, the toad population has expanded rapidly, making control efforts problematic and eradication extremely difficult [4]. Previous cases of bufonid introductions, such as the ongoing spread of the cane toad (Rhinella marina) in Australia, have resulted in the decimation of many indigenous species [2], prompting fears that Madagascar may be similarly impacted [4]. Here we show that these fears are warranted: we demonstrate that many Malagasy vertebrates are likely to be susceptible to the toxins of this invasive toad.}, }
@article {pmid29868285, year = {2018}, author = {Canning, AD}, title = {Predicting New Zealand riverine fish reference assemblages.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4890}, pmid = {29868285}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Biomonitoring is a common method to monitor environmental change in river ecosystems, a key advantage of biomonitoring over snap-shot physicochemical monitoring is that it provides a more stable, long-term insight into change that is also effects-based. In New Zealand, the main biomonitoring method is a macroinvertebrate sensitivity scoring index, with little established methods available for biomonitoring of fish. This study models the contemporary distribution of common freshwater fish and then uses those models to predict freshwater fish assemblages for each river reach under reference conditions. Comparison of current fish assemblages with those predicted in reference conditions (as observed/expected (O/E) ratios) may provide a suitable option for freshwater fish biomonitoring. Most of the fish communities throughout the central North Island and lower reaches show substantial deviation from the modelled reference community. Most of this deviation is explained by nutrient enrichment, followed by downstream barriers (i.e. dams) and loss of riparian vegetation. The presence of modelled introduced species had relatively little impact on the presence of the modelled native fish. The maps of O/E fish assemblage may provide a rapid way to identify potential restoration sites.}, }
@article {pmid29868278, year = {2018}, author = {Rachalewski, M and Kobak, J and Szczerkowska-Majchrzak, E and Bącela-Spychalska, K}, title = {Some like it hot: factors impacting thermal preferences of two Ponto-Caspian amphipods Dikerogammarus villosus (Sovinsky, 1894) and Dikerogammarus haemobaphes (Eichwald, 1841).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4871}, pmid = {29868278}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Temperature is a crucial factor determining biology and ecology of poikilothermic animals. It often constitutes an important barrier for invasive species originating from different climate zones but, on the other hand, may facilitate the invasion process of animals with wide thermal preferences and high resistance to extreme temperatures. In our experimental study, we investigated the thermal behaviour of two Ponto-Caspian amphipod crustaceans-Dikerogammarus villosus and Dikerogammarus haemobaphes. Both species are known to live under a wide range of thermal conditions which may promote their invasion. Moreover, both these amphipods are hosts for microsporidian parasites which co-evolved with them within the Ponto-Caspian region and spread in European waters. As the presence of a parasite may influence the thermal preferences of its host, we expected to observe behavioural changes in infected individuals of the studied amphipods leading to (1) behavioural fever (selecting a warmer habitat) or (2) anapyrexia (selecting a colder habitat). The experiment (N = 20) was carried out for 30 min in a 100 cm. 20 cm from boths sides were not avaliable for amphipods long thermal gradient (0-40 °C), using 30 randomly selected adult amphipod individuals of one species. At the end of each trial, we checked the position of amphipods along the gradient and determined their sex and infection status (uninfected or infected by one of microsporidium species). D. villosus was infected with Cucumispora dikerogammari whereas D. haemobaphes was a host for C. dikerogammari, Dictyocoela muelleri or D. berillonum. Thermal preferences of amphipods depended on their species and sex. Females of D. villosus preferred warmer microhabitats (often much above 30 °C) than conspecific males and females of D. haemobaphes, whereas no significant differences were found among males of both species and both sexes of D. haemobaphes. Moreover, infected males of D. villosus stayed in warmer water more often than uninfected males of this species, selecting temperatures higher than 30 °C, which may be explained either as a behavioural fever constituting a defence mechanism of a host against the infection, or as a parasite manipulation of the host behaviour increasing the parasite fitness. On the other hand, none of the parasite species affected the thermal preferences of D. haemobaphes, including also C. dikerogammari, changing the behaviour of D. villosus. Our research presents the complexity of the thermal behaviour of studied amphipods and the evidence that microsporidia may trigger a change in temperature preferendum of their host species and those observations may be the result of different host-parasite coevolution time which may vary for the two host species (Poulin, 2010).}, }
@article {pmid29868106, year = {2018}, author = {Manzoor, SA and Griffiths, G and Iizuka, K and Lukac, M}, title = {Land Cover and Climate Change May Limit Invasiveness of Rhododendron ponticum in Wales.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {664}, pmid = {29868106}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Invasive plant species represent a serious threat to biodiversity precipitating a sustained global effort to eradicate or at least control the spread of this phenomenon. Current distribution ranges of many invasive species are likely to be modified in the future by land cover and climate change. Thus, invasion management can be made more effective by forecasting the potential spread of invasive species. Rhododendron ponticum (L.) is an aggressive invasive species which appears well suited to western areas of the UK. We made use of MAXENT modeling environment to develop a current distribution model and to assess the likely effects of land cover and climatic conditions (LCCs) on the future distribution of this species in the Snowdonia National park in Wales. Six global circulation models (GCMs) and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs), together with a land cover simulation for 2050 were used to investigate species' response to future environmental conditions. Having considered a range of environmental variables as predictors and carried out the AICc-based model selection, we find that under all LCCs considered in this study, the range of R. ponticum in Wales is likely to contract in the future. Land cover and topographic variables were found to be the most important predictors of the distribution of R. ponticum. This information, together with maps indicating future distribution trends will aid the development of mitigation practices to control R. ponticum.}, }
@article {pmid29867489, year = {2018}, author = {Chen, H and Zhou, B and Yang, J and Ma, X and Deng, S and Huang, Y and Wen, Y and Yuan, J and Yang, X}, title = {Essential Oil Derived From Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. Mediates Anticancer Effect by Inhibiting STAT3 and AKT Activation to Induce Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {483}, pmid = {29867489}, issn = {1663-9812}, abstract = {Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. (EA) is a well-known noxious invasive species. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that the essential oil derived from EA (EAEO) is mainly composed of sesquiterpenes. However, the pharmacological value of EAEO in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains largely unexplored. Herein, we investigated the anti-HCC activities of EAEO, and explored the potential mechanisms of EAEO-induced apoptosis. An MTT assay showed that EAEO inhibited HCC cell proliferation with little toxicity on normal liver cells. Wound healing and FACS assays revealed that EAEO suppressed HCC cell migration and arrested cell cycle, respectively. Moreover, EAEO promoted in vitro HCC cell apoptosis, and EAEO treatment inhibited HepG2 xenografts growth and enhanced apoptotic nucleus of xenografts in HepG2-bearing nude mice. Mechanistically, EAEO significantly decreased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and resulted in the activation of caspase-9 and -3. EAEO also reduced the expression of Grp78, which in turn relieved the inhibition of caspase-12 and -7. Meanwhile, EAEO suppressed the phosphorylation of STAT3 and AKT, indicative of its anti-HCC potential. In summary, we determined that EAEO treatment promoted HCC apoptosis via activation of the apoptotic signaling pathway in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, as well as repressed the activity of STAT3 and AKT in HCC cells.}, }
@article {pmid29866575, year = {2018}, author = {Powell-Jennings, C and Callaway, R}, title = {The invasive, non-native slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata is poorly adapted to sediment burial.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {130}, number = {}, pages = {95-104}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.03.006}, pmid = {29866575}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Gastropoda ; *Geologic Sediments ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control/*methods ; }, abstract = {The American slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata is an invasive, non-native species (INNS) abundant along the European coast. Its further distribution may be facilitated by activities such as dredging and spoil disposal, and the aim of this study was to assess whether C. fornicata is able to survive sediment burial. The slipper limpet was found attached to hard substratum in intertidal areas, but it was absent at a nearby subtidal dredge spoil site. In laboratory experiments 22% of C. fornicata emerged when buried under a 2 cm sediment-layer; only half of them survived. When buried under ≥6 cm none re-surfaced or survived. The results provided evidence that C. fornicata is poorly adapted to adjust its vertical position in sediment and is killed by sudden burial underneath 2 to 6 cm of sediment. The combined laboratory experiments and field surveys suggested that C. fornicata has limited scope to survive the dredge spoil disposal process.}, }
@article {pmid29866563, year = {2018}, author = {Santos, MEA and Reimer, JD}, title = {Rafting in Zoantharia: a hitchhiker's guide to dispersal?.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {130}, number = {}, pages = {307-310}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.03.041}, pmid = {29866563}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Cnidaria/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; }, abstract = {The increasing availability of human-made structure in the oceans coupled with climate changes may lead to the range expansion of species able to disperse by rafting. In this study, we report on zoantharian species of genera Isaurus, Palythoa, Umimayanthus and Zoanthus covering artificial substrates in locations in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Moreover, we reviewed observations of additional zoantharians as macrofouling organisms, and discuss the possible role of rafting in the dispersal of this cosmopolitan group. Traits reported to some zoantharian species, such as hermaphroditism and resistance to desiccation, support their dispersal potential by drifting attached to floating objects. Further reports of zoantharian species covering floating artificial structures and natural debris are needed to increase our knowledge of dispersal mechanisms in the oceans. Additionally, this information is essential to monitor and manage possible exotic species invasions, especially for zoantharian species that are common in the aquarium trade.}, }
@article {pmid29866545, year = {2018}, author = {Miranda, AA and Almeida, ACS and Vieira, LM}, title = {Non-native marine bryozoans (Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata) in Brazilian waters: Assessment, dispersal and impacts.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {130}, number = {}, pages = {184-191}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.03.023}, pmid = {29866545}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Brazil ; *Bryozoa ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; Ships ; }, abstract = {Bryozoa is a phylum of aquatic invertebrates widely distributed around the world, including harbor areas. They have association to artificial structures as main mechanism of dispersal, including ships, which facilitates their introduction to new environments. The detection of exotic species is important to prevent new introductions and to propose management strategies of marine areas. Thus, after analyzing and discussing local and global criteria of exotic species, an account of exotic bryozoans from Brazil is presented, including 12 classified as exotic (six established and six detected) and 17 classified as potentially exotic (cryptogenic). Three species have been reported causing economic or environmental impacts worldwide. Of those, Membraniporopsis tubigera is known to cause economic impacts on the Brazilian coast. Hull fouling is the main dispersal mechanism for exotic bryozoans. The lacking of reliable data did not allow inferring on the exotic status on some fouling bryozoan species in Brazil.}, }
@article {pmid29866158, year = {2018}, author = {Rusch, JC and Hansen, H and Strand, DA and Markussen, T and Hytterød, S and Vrålstad, T}, title = {Catching the fish with the worm: a case study on eDNA detection of the monogenean parasite Gyrodactylus salaris and two of its hosts, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {333}, pmid = {29866158}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; Cestode Infections/parasitology/*veterinary ; DNA/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; Fisheries ; Norway ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/*parasitology ; Parasitology/*methods ; Platyhelminths/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Rivers/chemistry/parasitology ; Salmo salar/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring is growing increasingly popular in aquatic systems as a valuable complementary method to conventional monitoring. However, such tools have not yet been extensively applied for metazoan fish parasite monitoring. The fish ectoparasite Gyrodactylus salaris, introduced into Norway in 1975, has caused severe damage to Atlantic salmon populations and fisheries. Successful eradication of the parasite has been carried out in several river systems in Norway, and Atlantic salmon remain infected in only seven rivers, including three in the Drammen region. In this particular infection region, a prerequisite for treatment is to establish whether G. salaris is also present on rainbow trout upstream of the salmon migration barrier. Here, we developed and tested eDNA approaches to complement conventional surveillance methods.<br><br>METHODS: Water samples (2 &#xd7; 5 l) were filtered on-site through glass fibre filters from nine locations in the Drammen watercourse, and DNA was extracted with a CTAB protocol. We developed a qPCR assay for G. salaris targeting the nuclear ribosomal ITS1 region, and we implemented published assays targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome-b and NADH-regions for Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout, respectively. All assays were transferred successfully to droplet digital PCR (ddPCR).<br><br>RESULTS: All qPCR/ddPCR assays performed well both on tissue samples and on field samples, demonstrating the applicability of eDNA detection for G. salaris, rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon in natural water systems. With ddPCR we eliminated a low cross-amplification of Gyrodactylus derjavinoides observed using qPCR, thus increasing specificity and sensitivity substantially. Duplex ddPCR for G. salaris and Atlantic salmon was successfully implemented and can be used as a method in future surveillance programs. The presence of G. salaris eDNA in the infected River Lierelva was documented, while not elsewhere. Rainbow trout eDNA was only detected at localities where the positives could be attributed to eDNA release from upstream land-based rainbow trout farms. Electrofishing supported the absence of rainbow trout in all of the localities.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We provide a reliable field and laboratory protocol for eDNA detection of G. salaris, Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout, that can complement conventional surveillance programs and substantially reduce the sacrifice of live fish. We also show that ddPCR outperforms qPCR with respect to the specific detection of G. salaris.}, }
@article {pmid29863998, year = {2018}, author = {Pfliegler, WP and Báthori, F and Wang, TW and Tartally, A and Haelewaters, D}, title = {Herpomyces ectoparasitic fungi (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniales) are globally distributed by their invasive cockroach hosts and through the pet trade industry.}, journal = {Mycologia}, volume = {110}, number = {1}, pages = {39-46}, doi = {10.1080/00275514.2017.1418567}, pmid = {29863998}, issn = {1557-2536}, mesh = {Animals ; Ascomycota/*isolation &amp; purification ; Cockroaches/*microbiology ; Human Activities ; Pets/microbiology ; Prevalence ; }, abstract = {The introduction of non-native animals occasionally results in the co-introduction of their microbial symbionts or parasites. The trade of exotic pets and zoo animals has inadvertently introduced several parasitic species to countries where they are non-native. Both the presence of suitable native hosts and opportunity for dispersal determine whether these non-native species become naturalized. During our studies dealing with species of Herpomyces (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniomycetes), fungi that are exclusively ectoparasitic on cockroaches (Hexapoda, Blattodea), we make use of artificial colonies. Most of our specimens originate from pet stores and laboratory populations. Although they were originally intended for transmission studies, we discovered that some cockroaches from artificial colonies carried fruiting bodies of Herpomyces. We screened a total 292 cockroaches from 11 populations that we maintained after purchase. Sources were different pet stores, a toxicological laboratory, and a biological supply company. In eight populations, we found at least some Herpomyces-infected cockroaches. Parasite prevalence varied between 8.77% and 86.33%. Host associations were Blatta orientalis with Herpomyces stylopygae, Blattella germanica with H. ectobiae, Periplaneta americana with H. periplanetae, Phoetalia pallida with H. leurolestis, and Shelfordella lateralis with an undescribed species of Herpomyces. Apart from the new reports, host associations, and consequences for taxonomy (a new species based on morphological and molecular characters), we started to think about the geographic distributions of these fungi and how we, humans, shape them through spreading hosts and through international pet trade. We reviewed the currently known records of Herpomyces-associated cockroaches and host-parasite relationships. Based on the available data, on a global scale, at least half of the currently known species of Herpomyces are spread by globally invasive host species and through international pet trade. This indicates that the distribution and host range of these obscure and often unnoticed fungi are affected by human activities.}, }
@article {pmid29861091, year = {2019}, author = {Ngorima, A and Shackleton, CM}, title = {Livelihood benefits and costs from an invasive alien tree (Acacia dealbata) to rural communities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {158-165}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.077}, pmid = {29861091}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Acacia ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Family Characteristics ; Focus Groups ; Humans ; *Introduced Species/economics ; Rural Population ; South Africa ; Trees ; }, abstract = {The negative effects of invasive alien species (IAS) are increasingly invoked to justify widespread and usually top-down approaches for their management or eradication. However, very little of the research or discourse is based on investigating local perceptions, uses and struggles with IAS, and how their presence influences and changes local livelihoods. The objective of this study was to assess the perceptions and livelihood uses of Acacia dealbata by local communities at three localities in the montane grasslands of the Eastern Cape, South Africa, using a combination of random household interviews, focus group discussions and participatory tools. We calculated direct-use values for each product and household (based on quantity used and local prices) and disaggregated these by gender of the household head and wealth quartiles. The results revealed the dualistic role of A. dealbata in local livelihoods. On the one hand, A. dealbata was widely used for firewood (100% of households), tools (77%) and construction timber (73%), with limited use for traditional medicines and forage. The cumulative value of approximately ZAR 2870 (±US$224) per household per year (across all households) represents considerable cash saving to households, most of whom are quite poor by national and international measures. On the other hand, the increasing extent of A. dealbata (93% said it was increasing) exacerbates local household vulnerability though reported reductions in cultivated areas, crop yields and forage production, and allegedly higher risks of crime. This quandary is well encapsulated by the considerable majority of respondents (84%) not wanting higher extents and densities of A. dealbata, but an equally high majority not wanting its total removal from local landscapes. Most respondents disliked A. dealbata in fields, close to homesteads or along primary access routes, and were more tolerant of it away from such sites. Institutional and use dynamics have varied over several decades in response to the changing extent and densities of A. dealbata and the broader political and socio-economic contexts. These results indicate that greater efforts are required to understand perceptions and uses of IAS by the people who live with them, and to direct such understanding into more spatially and temporally contextualised response strategies where required.}, }
@article {pmid29860412, year = {2018}, author = {Weglarz, KM and Havill, NP and Burke, GR and von Dohlen, CD}, title = {Partnering With a Pest: Genomes of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Symbionts Reveal Atypical Nutritional Provisioning Patterns in Dual-Obligate Bacteria.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {1607-1621}, pmid = {29860412}, issn = {1759-6653}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*genetics ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; Insecta/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Tsuga/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Nutritional bacterial symbionts enhance the diets of sap-feeding insects with amino acids and vitamins missing from their diets. In many lineages, an ancestral senior symbiont is joined by a younger junior symbiont. To date, an emergent pattern is that senior symbionts supply a majority of amino acids, and junior symbionts supply a minority. Similar to other hemipterans, adelgids harbor obligate symbionts, but have higher diversity of bacterial associates, suggesting a history of symbiont turnover. The metabolic roles of dual symbionts in adelgids and their contributions to the consortium are largely unexplored. Here, we investigate the symbionts of Adelges tsugae, the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), an invasive species introduced from Japan to the eastern United States, where it kills hemlock trees. The response of hemlocks to HWA feeding has aspects of a defensive reaction against pathogens, and some have speculated that symbionts may be involved. We sequenced the genomes of "Ca. Annandia adelgestsuga" and "Ca. Pseudomonas adelgestsugas" symbionts to detail their metabolic capabilities, infer ages of relationship, and search for effectors of plant defenses. We also tested the relationship of "Ca. Annandia" to symbionts of other insects. We find that both symbionts provide nutrients, but in more balanced proportions than dual symbionts of other hemipterans. The lesser contributions of the senior "Ca. Annandia" support our hypothesis for symbiont replacements in adelgids. Phylogenomic results were ambiguous regarding the position of "Ca. Annandia". We found no obvious effectors of plant defenses related to insect virulence, but hypothetical proteins in symbionts are unknown players.}, }
@article {pmid29859259, year = {2018}, author = {Zozzoli, R and Menchetti, M and Mori, E}, title = {Spatial behaviour of an overlooked alien squirrel: The case of Siberian chipmunks Eutamias sibiricus.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {153}, number = {}, pages = {107-111}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2018.05.014}, pmid = {29859259}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Sciuridae/*physiology ; Siberia ; Spatial Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Alien species of concern within the European Union have been recently listed and their populations need to be monitored, to plan addressed eradication or control programs. Therefore, the assessment of their presence should be rapidly carried out, particularly for elusive species or for those living at low densities. The Siberian chipmunk Eutamias sibiricus is a ground-dwelling squirrel, naturally distributed in northern and eastern Asia. Many introduced populations occur in Europe and Italy too. This species has been listed within the invasive species concern within the European Union and, thus, monitoring is mandatory to manage its potential range expansion. We carried out a hair-tube survey on 31 wood patches in northern and central Italy, where reproductive populations of Siberian chipmunk have been recorded. Hair tubes provided reliable data in assessing the presence of the Siberian chipmunk, with only 1% pseudo-absence and a high detection probability. The occurrence of Siberian chipmunk was positively influenced by study site and by the distance from release site, confirming low dispersal abilities by this species. Dense understorey also affected the presence of chipmunks, preventing them to search for food on the ground and to dig burrows.}, }
@article {pmid29857686, year = {2018}, author = {Park, J}, title = {Biodiversity in the cyclic competition system of three species according to the emergence of mutant species.}, journal = {Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, pages = {053111}, doi = {10.1063/1.5021145}, pmid = {29857686}, issn = {1089-7682}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Competitive Behavior ; Computer Simulation ; Mutation/*genetics ; Mutation Rate ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Understanding mechanisms which promote or hinder existing ecosystems are important issues in ecological sciences. In addition to fundamental interactions such as competition and migration among native species, existing ecosystems can be easily disturbed by external factors, and the emergence of new species may be an example in such cases. The new species which does not exist in a current ecosystem can be regarded as either alien species entered from outside or mutant species born by mutation in existing normal species. Recently, as existing ecosystems are getting influenced by various physical/chemical external factors, mutation due to anthropogenic and environmental factors can occur more frequently and is thus attracting much attention for the maintenance of ecosystems. In this paper, we consider emergences of mutant species among self-competing three species in the cyclic dominance. By defining mutation as the birth of mutant species, we investigate how mutant species can affect biodiversity in the existing ecosystem. Through microscopic and macroscopic approaches, we have found that the society of existing normal species can be disturbed by mutant species either the society is maintained accompanying with the coexistence of all species or jeopardized by occupying of mutant species. Due to the birth of mutant species, the existing society may be more complex by constituting two different groups of normal and mutant species, and our results can be contributed to analyze complex ecosystems of many species. We hope our findings may propose a new insight on mutation in cyclic competition systems of many species.}, }
@article {pmid29856987, year = {2018}, author = {Rudolf, I and Blažejová, H and Straková, P and Šebesta, O and Peško, J and Mendel, J and Šikutová, S and Hubálek, Z and Kampen, H and Schaffner, F}, title = {The invasive Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Czech Republic: Repetitive introduction events highlight the need for extended entomological surveillance.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {185}, number = {}, pages = {239-241}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.05.020}, pmid = {29856987}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Aedes/*virology ; Animals ; Czech Republic ; *Entomology ; Insect Vectors ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {In the framework of a regional collaborative project between authorities and scientists, evidence was found of repeated introduction of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) alongside the main road entrances (E461 and E65) connecting Austria and the Slovak Republic with the Czech Republic. In comparison to data from 2012 (17 specimens collected on three occasions), the seasons 2016 (66 specimens on ten occasions) and 2017 (90 specimens on eight occasions) show an apparent increase of introduction events as well as of mosquito numbers and underline the need for more intense surveillance activities.}, }
@article {pmid29851948, year = {2018}, author = {Sikes, BA and Bufford, JL and Hulme, PE and Cooper, JA and Johnston, PR and Duncan, RP}, title = {Import volumes and biosecurity interventions shape the arrival rate of fungal pathogens.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {e2006025}, pmid = {29851948}, issn = {1545-7885}, mesh = {Commerce/*history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; Crops, Agricultural/microbiology ; *Fungi ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Introduced Species/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*trends ; New Zealand ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Security Measures/*history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Trees/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Global trade and the movement of people accelerate biological invasions by spreading species worldwide. Biosecurity measures seek to allow trade and passenger movements while preventing incursions that could lead to the establishment of unwanted pests, pathogens, and weeds. However, few data exist to evaluate whether changes in trade volumes, passenger arrivals, and biosecurity measures have altered rates of establishment of nonnative species over time. This is particularly true for pathogens, which pose significant risks to animal and plant health and are consequently a major focus of biosecurity efforts but are difficult to detect. Here, we use a database of all known plant pathogen associations recorded in New Zealand to estimate the rate at which new fungal pathogens arrived and established on 131 economically important plant species over the last 133 years. We show that the annual arrival rate of new fungal pathogens increased from 1880 to about 1980 in parallel with increasing import trade volume but subsequently stabilised despite continued rapid growth in import trade and recent rapid increases in international passenger arrivals. Nevertheless, while pathogen arrival rates for crop and pasture species have declined in recent decades, arrival rates have increased for forestry and fruit tree species. These contrasting trends between production sectors reflect differences in biosecurity effort and suggest that targeted biosecurity can slow pathogen arrival and establishment despite increasing trade and international movement of people.}, }
@article {pmid29851235, year = {2018}, author = {Arnan, X and Andersen, AN and Gibb, H and Parr, CL and Sanders, NJ and Dunn, RR and Angulo, E and Baccaro, FB and Bishop, TR and Boulay, R and Castracani, C and Cerdá, X and Toro, ID and Delsinne, T and Donoso, DA and Elten, EK and Fayle, TM and Fitzpatrick, MC and Gómez, C and Grasso, DA and Grossman, BF and Guénard, B and Gunawardene, N and Heterick, B and Hoffmann, BD and Janda, M and Jenkins, CN and Klimes, P and Lach, L and Laeger, T and Leponce, M and Lucky, A and Majer, J and Menke, S and Mezger, D and Mori, A and Moses, J and Munyai, TC and Paknia, O and Pfeiffer, M and Philpott, SM and Souza, JLP and Tista, M and Vasconcelos, HL and Retana, J}, title = {Dominance-diversity relationships in ant communities differ with invasion.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {24}, number = {10}, pages = {4614-4625}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14331}, pmid = {29851235}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {RYC-2015-18448//Ram&#xf3;n y Cajal research contract by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness/International ; PDS-167533/2013-4//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico of Brazil/International ; PDS-165623/2015-2//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico of Brazil/International ; 14-36098G//Czech Science Foundation/International ; 16-09427S//Czech Science Foundation/International ; GA669609//European Research Council/International ; FNRS-17-04//Czech Academy of Sciences/International ; D 10 00351//German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)/International ; FAPEAM FIXAM/AM 062.01325/2014//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisas do Estado do Amazonas/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {The relationship between levels of dominance and species richness is highly contentious, especially in ant communities. The dominance-impoverishment rule states that high levels of dominance only occur in species-poor communities, but there appear to be many cases of high levels of dominance in highly diverse communities. The extent to which dominant species limit local richness through competitive exclusion remains unclear, but such exclusion appears more apparent for non-native rather than native dominant species. Here we perform the first global analysis of the relationship between behavioral dominance and species richness. We used data from 1,293 local assemblages of ground-dwelling ants distributed across five continents to document the generality of the dominance-impoverishment rule, and to identify the biotic and abiotic conditions under which it does and does not apply. We found that the behavioral dominance-diversity relationship varies greatly, and depends on whether dominant species are native or non-native, whether dominance is considered as occurrence or relative abundance, and on variation in mean annual temperature. There were declines in diversity with increasing dominance in invaded communities, but diversity increased with increasing dominance in native communities. These patterns occur along the global temperature gradient. However, positive and negative relationships are strongest in the hottest sites. We also found that climate regulates the degree of behavioral dominance, but differently from how it shapes species richness. Our findings imply that, despite strong competitive interactions among ants, competitive exclusion is not a major driver of local richness in native ant communities. Although the dominance-impoverishment rule applies to invaded communities, we propose an alternative dominance-diversification rule for native communities.}, }
@article {pmid29849056, year = {2018}, author = {Sitzia, T and Campagnaro, T and Kotze, DJ and Nardi, S and Ertani, A}, title = {The invasion of abandoned fields by a major alien tree filters understory plant traits in novel forest ecosystems.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {8410}, pmid = {29849056}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Forests ; *Introduced Species ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {The abandonment of agricultural use is a common driver of spontaneous reforestation by alien trees. The N-fixing black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is a major alien invader of old fields in Europe. Here we show that canopy dominance by this tree may filter the frequency distribution of plant functional traits in the understory of secondary woodlands. Higher soil C/N ratio and available P are associated with black locust stands, while higher soil phenols associate with native tree stands. These environmental effects result in differences in understory flowering periods, reproduction types and life forms. Our findings emphasize the effect of a major alien tree on functional plant trait composition in the early stages of spontaneous reforestation of abandoned lands, implying the development of a novel forest ecosystem on a large geographical scale.}, }
@article {pmid29849023, year = {2018}, author = {Catford, JA and Bode, M and Tilman, D}, title = {Introduced species that overcome life history tradeoffs can cause native extinctions.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {2131}, pmid = {29849023}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Trees/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Introduced species threaten native biodiversity, but whether exotic species can competitively displace native species remains contested. Building on theory that predicts multi-species coexistence based on a competition-colonisation tradeoff, we derive a mechanistic basis by which human-mediated species invasions could cause extinctions through competitive displacement. In contrast to past invasions, humans principally introduce modern invaders, repeatedly and in large quantities, and in ways that can facilitate release from enemies and competitors. Associated increases in exotic species' propagule rain, survival and competitive ability could enable some introduced species to overcome the tradeoffs that constrain all other species. Using evidence from metacommunity models, we show how species introductions could disrupt species coexistence, generating extinction debts, especially when combined with other forms of anthropogenic environmental change. Even though competing species have typically coexisted following past biogeographic migrations, the multiplicity and interactive impacts of today's threats could change some exotic species into agents of extinction.}, }
@article {pmid29848647, year = {2018}, author = {Lenhart, PA and Jackson, KA and White, JA}, title = {Heritable variation in prey defence provides refuge for subdominant predators.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {285}, number = {1879}, pages = {}, pmid = {29848647}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*chemistry/genetics/parasitology ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Female ; *Food Chain ; Heredity ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Predatory Behavior ; Species Specificity ; Wasps/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Generalist predators with broadly overlapping niches commonly coexist on seemingly identical sets of prey. Here, we provide empirical demonstration that predators can differentially exploit fine-grained niches generated by variable, heritable and selective defences within a single prey species. Some, but not all, clones of the aphid Aphis craccivora are toxic towards the dominant invasive predatory ladybeetle, Harmonia axyridis However, other less competitive ladybeetle species are not affected by the aphid's toxic trait. In laboratory and open field experiments, we show: (i) that subdominant ladybeetle species were able to exploit the toxic aphids, benefitting from the suppression of the dominant predator; and (ii) that this narrow-spectrum toxicity can function as an anti-predator defence for the aphid, but depends on enemy community context. Our results demonstrate that niche differentiation among generalist predators may hinge upon previously underappreciated heritable variation in prey defence, which, in turn, may promote diversity and stability of enemy communities invaded by a dominant predator.}, }
@article {pmid29846535, year = {2018}, author = {Everman, ER and Freda, PJ and Brown, M and Schieferecke, AJ and Ragland, GJ and Morgan, TJ}, title = {Ovary Development and Cold Tolerance of the Invasive Pest Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) in the Central Plains of Kansas, United States.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, pages = {1013-1023}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvy074}, pmid = {29846535}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Cold Temperature ; Drosophila/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Kansas ; Male ; Ovary/growth &amp; development ; Photoperiod ; }, abstract = {Environmental challenges presented by temperature variation can be overcome through phenotypic plasticity in small invasive ectotherms. We tested the effect of thermal exposure to 21, 18, and 11°C throughout the whole life cycle of individuals, thermal exposure of adults reared at 25°C to 15 and 11°C for a 21-d period, and long (14:10 hr) and short (10:14 hr) photoperiod on ovary size and development in Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) cultured from a recently established population in Topeka, Kansas (United States). Examination of the response to temperature and photoperiod variation in this central plains population provides insight into the role of phenotypic plasticity in a climate that is warmer than regions in North America where D. suzukii was initially established. We found both low temperature and short photoperiod resulted in reduced ovary size and level of development. In particular, reduced ovary development was observed following exposure to 15°C, indicating that ovary development in females from the central plains population is more sensitive to lower temperature compared with populations examined from the northern United States and southern Canada. We also provide evidence that D. suzukii reared at 25°C are capable of short-term hardening when exposed to -6°C following 4°C acclimation, contrary to previous reports indicating flies reared at warm temperatures do not rapidly-cold harden. Our study highlights the central role of phenotypic plasticity in response to winter-like laboratory conditions and provides an important geographic comparison to previously published assessments of ovary development and short-term hardening survival response for D. suzukii collected in cooler climates.}, }
@article {pmid29846514, year = {2018}, author = {Lee, BW and Ugine, TA and Losey, JE}, title = {An Assessment of the Physiological Costs of Autogenous Defenses in Native and Introduced Lady Beetles.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, pages = {1030-1038}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvy068}, pmid = {29846514}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Diet ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Many lady beetles expel an autogenously produced alkaloid-rich 'reflex blood' as an antipredator defense. We conducted an experiment to determine whether there was a measurable fitness cost associated with the daily induction of this defensive behavior, and whether costs differed between native (Coccinella novemnotata Herbst (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)) and invasive species (Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)). Newly mated females were provided a restricted or unrestricted amount of aphids and were bled for 10 d. We measured the mass of reflex blood produced and the total number and viability of eggs laid per day. The amount of reflex blood released per day increased for C. septempunctata at the restricted level and did not change for any other species-diet level combination. We did not detect a significant cost of reflex bleeding on the quantity or viability of eggs laid by any species, even at the restricted aphid level. Remarkably, bled individuals at the ad libitum level laid significantly more viable eggs compared to controls. All species laid significantly fewer total eggs (49-69% fewer) at the low versus high aphid level. These results demonstrate that while resource scarcity has a negative impact on fecundity, repeated use of the reflex bleeding defense system does not. These results support the findings of other reports and strongly suggest that adult lady beetles incur no measurable physiological costs related to the induction of the reflex-bleeding defense.}, }
@article {pmid29844981, year = {2018}, author = {Wei, J and Zhao, Q and Zhao, W and Zhang, H}, title = {Predicting the potential distributions of the invasive cycad scale Aulacaspis yasumatsui (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) under different climate change scenarios and the implications for management.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4832}, pmid = {29844981}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Cycads are an ancient group of gymnosperms that are popular as landscaping plants, though nearly all of them are threatened or endangered in the wild. The cycad aulacaspis scale (CAS), Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), has become one of the most serious pests of cycads in recent years; however, the potential distribution range and the management approach for this pest are unclear. A potential risk map of cycad aulacaspis scale was created based on occurrence data under different climatic conditions and topology factors in this study. Furthermore, the future potential distributions of CAS were projected for the periods 2050s and 2070s under three different climate change scenarios (GFDL-CM3, HADGEM2-AO and MIROC5) described in the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). The model suggested high environmental suitability for the continents of Asia and North America, where the species has already been recorded. The potential distribution expansions or reductions were also predicted under different climate change conditions. Temperature of Driest Quarter (Bio9) was the most important factor, explaining 48.1% of the distribution of the species. The results also suggested that highly suitable habitat for CAS would exist in the study area if the mean temperature of 15-20 °C in the driest quarter and a mean temperature of 25-28 °C the wettest quarter. This research provides a theoretical reference framework for developing policy to manage and control this invasive pest.}, }
@article {pmid29844976, year = {2018}, author = {Wainger, LA and Harms, NE and Magen, C and Liang, D and Nesslage, GM and McMurray, AM and Cofrancesco, AF}, title = {Evidence-based economic analysis demonstrates that ecosystem service benefits of water hyacinth management greatly exceed research and control costs.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4824}, pmid = {29844976}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Invasive species management can be a victim of its own success when decades of effective control cause memories of past harm to fade and raise questions of whether programs should continue. Economic analysis can be used to assess the efficiency of investing in invasive species control by comparing ecosystem service benefits to program costs, but only if appropriate data exist. We used a case study of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms), a nuisance floating aquatic plant, in Louisiana to demonstrate how comprehensive record-keeping supports economic analysis. Using long-term data sets, we developed empirical and spatio-temporal simulation models of intermediate complexity to project invasive species growth for control and no-control scenarios. For Louisiana, we estimated that peak plant cover would be 76% higher without the substantial growth rate suppression (84% reduction) that appeared due primarily to biological control agents. Our economic analysis revealed that combined biological and herbicide control programs, monitored over an unusually long time period (1975-2013), generated a benefit-cost ratio of about 34:1 derived from the relatively modest costs of $124 million ($2013) compared to the $4.2 billion ($2013) in benefits to anglers, waterfowl hunters, boating-dependent businesses, and water treatment facilities over the 38-year analysis period. This work adds to the literature by: (1) providing evidence of the effectiveness of water hyacinth biological control; (2) demonstrating use of parsimonious spatio-temporal models to estimate benefits of invasive species control; and (3) incorporating activity substitution into economic benefit transfer to avoid overstating benefits. Our study suggests that robust and cost-effective economic analysis is enabled by good record keeping and generalizable models that can demonstrate management effectiveness and promote social efficiency of invasive species control.}, }
@article {pmid29844951, year = {2018}, author = {Justine, JL and Winsor, L and Gey, D and Gros, P and Thévenot, J}, title = {Giant worms chez moi! Hammerhead flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae, Bipalium spp., Diversibipalium spp.) in metropolitan France and overseas French territories.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4672}, pmid = {29844951}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Species of the genera Bipalium and Diversibipalium, or bipaliines, are giants among land planarians (family Geoplanidae), reaching length of 1 m; they are also easily distinguished from other land flatworms by the characteristic hammer shape of their head. Bipaliines, which have their origin in warm parts of Asia, are invasive species, now widespread worldwide. However, the scientific literature is very scarce about the widespread repartition of these species, and their invasion in European countries has not been studied.<br><br>METHODS: In this paper, on the basis of a four year survey based on citizen science, which yielded observations from 1999 to 2017 and a total of 111 records, we provide information about the five species present in Metropolitan France and French overseas territories. We also investigated the molecular variability of cytochrome-oxidase 1 (COI) sequences of specimens.<br><br>RESULTS: Three species are reported from Metropolitan France: Bipalium kewense, Diversibipalium multilineatum, and an unnamed Diversibipalium 'black' species. We also report the presence of B. kewense from overseas territories, such as French Polynesia (Oceania), French Guiana (South America), the Caribbean French islands of Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin and Saint Barth&#xe9;lemy, and Montserrat (Central America), and La R&#xe9;union island (off South-East Africa). For B. vagum, observations include French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barth&#xe9;lemy, Saint Martin, Montserrat, La R&#xe9;union, and Florida (USA). A probable new species, Diversibipalium sp. 'blue,' is reported from Mayotte Island (off South-East Africa). B. kewense, B. vagum and D. multilineatum each showed 0% variability in their COI sequences, whatever their origin, suggesting that the specimens are clonal, and that sexual reproduction is probably absent. COI barcoding was efficient in identifying species, with differences over 10% between species; this suggests that barcoding can be used in the future for identifying these invasive species. In Metropolitan south-west France, a small area located in the Department of Pyr&#xe9;n&#xe9;es-Atlantiques was found to be a hot-spot of bipaliine biodiversity and abundance for more than 20 years, probably because of the local mild weather.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The present findings strongly suggest that the species present in Metropolitan France and overseas territories should be considered invasive alien species. Our numerous records in the open in Metropolitan France raise questions: as scientists, we were amazed that these long and brightly coloured worms could escape the attention of scientists and authorities in a European developed country for such a long time; improved awareness about land planarians is certainly necessary.}, }
@article {pmid29843207, year = {2018}, author = {Morii, Y and Ohkubo, Y and Watanabe, S}, title = {Activity of invasive slug Limax maximus in relation to climate conditions based on citizen's observations and novel regularization based statistical approaches.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {637-638}, number = {}, pages = {1061-1068}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.403}, pmid = {29843207}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Climate ; *Climate Change ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Gastropoda/*physiology ; Humans ; Humidity ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Japan ; Temperature ; Weather ; }, abstract = {Citizen science is a powerful tool that can be used to resolve the problems of introduced species. An amateur naturalist and author of this paper, S. Watanabe, recorded the total number of Limax maximus (Limacidae, Pulmonata) individuals along a fixed census route almost every day for two years on Hokkaido Island, Japan. L. maximus is an invasive slug considered a pest species of horticultural and agricultural crops. We investigated how weather conditions were correlated to the intensity of slug activity using for the first time in ecology the recently developed statistical analyses, Bayesian regularization regression with comparisons among Laplace, Horseshoe and Horseshoe+ priors for the first time in ecology. The slug counts were compared with meteorological data from 5:00 in the morning on the day of observation (OT- and OD-models) and the day before observation (DBOD-models). The OT- and OD-models were more supported than the DBOD-models based on the WAIC scores, and the meteorological predictors selected in the OT-, OD- and DBOD-models were different. The probability of slug appearance was increased on mornings with higher than 20-year-average humidity (%) and lower than average wind velocity (m/s) and precipitation (mm) values in the OT-models. OD-models showed a pattern similar to OT-models in the probability of slug appearance, but also suggested other meteorological predictors for slug activities; positive effect of solar radiation (MJ) for example. Five meteorological predictors, mean and highest temperature (°C), wind velocity (m/s), precipitation amount (mm) and atmospheric pressure (hPa), were selected as the effective factors for the counts in the DBOD-models. Therefore, the DBOD-models will be valuable for the prediction of slug activity in the future, much like a weather forecast.}, }
@article {pmid29813172, year = {2018}, author = {Milt, AW and Diebel, MW and Doran, PJ and Ferris, MC and Herbert, M and Khoury, ML and Moody, AT and Neeson, TM and Ross, J and Treska, T and O'Hanley, JR and Walter, L and Wangen, SR and Yacobson, E and McIntyre, PB}, title = {Minimizing opportunity costs to aquatic connectivity restoration while controlling an invasive species.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {894-904}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13105}, pmid = {29813172}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; *Petromyzon ; }, abstract = {Controlling invasive species is critical for conservation but can have unintended consequences for native species and divert resources away from other efforts. This dilemma occurs on a grand scale in the North American Great Lakes, where dams and culverts block tributary access to habitat of desirable fish species and are a lynchpin of long-standing efforts to limit ecological damage inflicted by the invasive, parasitic sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Habitat restoration and sea-lamprey control create conflicting goals for managing aging infrastructure. We used optimization to minimize opportunity costs of habitat gains for 37 desirable migratory fishes that arose from restricting sea lamprey access (0-25% increase) when selecting barriers for removal under a limited budget (US$1-105 million). Imposing limits on sea lamprey habitat reduced gains in tributary access for desirable species by 15-50% relative to an unconstrained scenario. Additional investment to offset the effect of limiting sea-lamprey access resulted in high opportunity costs for 30 of 37 species (e.g., an additional US$20-80 million for lake sturgeon [Acipenser fulvescens]) and often required ≥5% increase in sea-lamprey access to identify barrier-removal solutions adhering to the budget and limiting access. Narrowly distributed species exhibited the highest opportunity costs but benefited more at less cost when small increases in sea-lamprey access were allowed. Our results illustrate the value of optimization in limiting opportunity costs when balancing invasion control against restoration benefits for diverse desirable species. Such trade-off analyses are essential to the restoration of connectivity within fragmented rivers without unleashing invaders.}, }
@article {pmid29808558, year = {2018}, author = {Zheng, YL and Burns, JH and Liao, ZY and Li, YP and Yang, J and Chen, YJ and Zhang, JL and Zheng, YG}, title = {Species composition, functional and phylogenetic distances correlate with success of invasive Chromolaena odorata in an experimental test.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {21}, number = {8}, pages = {1211-1220}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13090}, pmid = {29808558}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Biomass ; China ; *Chromolaena ; Introduced Species ; *Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Biotic resistance may influence invasion success; however, the relative roles of species richness, functional or phylogenetic distance in predicting invasion success are not fully understood. We used biomass fraction of Chromolaena odorata, an invasive species in tropical and subtropical areas, as a measure of 'invasion success' in a series of artificial communities varying in species richness. Communities were constructed using species from Mexico (native range) or China (non-native range). We found strong evidence of biotic resistance: species richness and community biomass were negatively related with invasion success; invader biomass was greater in plant communities from China than from Mexico. Harvesting time had a greater effect on invasion success in plant communities from China than on those from Mexico. Functional and phylogenetic distances both correlated with invasion success and more functionally distant communities were more easily invaded. The effects of plant-soil fungi and plant allelochemical interactions on invasion success were species-specific.}, }
@article {pmid29804250, year = {2018}, author = {García-Garay, J and Franco-Herrera, A and Machuca-Martinez, F}, title = {Zooplankton sensitivity and phytoplankton regrowth for ballast water treatment with advanced oxidation processes.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {25}, number = {35}, pages = {35008-35014}, pmid = {29804250}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; Copepoda ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Phytoplankton/*physiology ; Seawater ; *Ships ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Water ; Water Purification/*methods ; Zooplankton/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The ballasting and de-ballasting of ships are two necessary operations with ballast water that provide stability for safe navigation. Empty ships must ballast tanks with water, which contains living organisms and subsequently carries them away from their original distribution. De-ballasting represents an input of still viable zooplankton, phytoplankton, and microorganisms in the destination port, leading to the introduction of alien species, and consequently, the introduction of organisms will alter the local biodiversity. Ballast water treatment is necessary to comply with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) for the maximum viable organisms permitted. It is known that UVC eliminates microorganisms, but there are few studies on the other taxonomical groups, such as phytoplankton and zooplankton. The advance oxidation processes (AOPs) with UV-C can be a good alternative to manage the problem of ballast water, primarily for microorganisms. However, for larger organisms, there is more resistance, and, a stage with filtration (by physical filtration or hydrocyclone) is usually required. The filter can fail, or certain zooplankton organisms can escape across the filter and go to the AOPs or UVC reactor. According to the taxonomic group, there can be a different sensitivity to the treatment, and one could survive and generate a risk. The AOPs tested were natural solar radiation (RAD), UV/H2O2, UV/TiO2, UV/TiO2/H2O2, and UV/TiO2/H2O2/RAD. Natural sea water was pumped and treated with the AOPs. The vital zooplankton organisms counted were polychaetes, cladocerans, ostracods, nauplii and calanoid, cyclopoid, and harpacticoid copepods. For the phytoplankton, the abundance was estimated, and the photosystem II efficiency was determined. To evaluate the phytoplankton regrowth after the treatments, the treated water was stored and populations counted for 20 days. The most effective treatment for the zooplankton groups was UVC/H2O2. Regarding the sensitivity, the cyclopoid copepods were the most resistant. The nauplii and polychaetes were more likely to be killed by the AOPs, greatly decreasing the risk from nauplii due to their abundance and ease of passing through the filters with their smaller size. Phytoplankton regrowth was observed in all treatments, and it even reached abundance values higher than in the intake water. For instance, additional dark conditions and retreatment on days 3 or 5 are suggested for any treatment.}, }
@article {pmid29802859, year = {2018}, author = {Jones, C and DiRienzo, N}, title = {Behavioral variation post-invasion: Resemblance in some, but not all, behavioral patterns among invasive and native praying mantids.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {153}, number = {}, pages = {92-99}, pmid = {29802859}, issn = {1872-8308}, support = {K12 GM000708/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; California ; Europe ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Mantodea/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Animal invasions can be devastating for native species. Behavioral variation is known to influence animal invasions, yet comparatively less is known about how behavioral variation influences invasive-native species interactions. Here we examined how the mean and variance surrounding several behavioral traits in two sympatric species of praying mantis differ and how these behavioral types translate to actual prey capture success using the introduced European mantis, Mantis religiosa, and the native bordered mantis, Stagmomantis limbata. We assayed time spent in the open (risk proneness), response towards a novel prey, and voracity within a population of M. religiosa and S. limbata. We found that the native and invasive mantids displayed no differences in their average behavioral tendencies. The native exhibited significant levels of repeatability in voracity while the invasive did not. The lack of repeatability in the invasive appears to be driven by lower levels of among-individual variation in voracity. This may have evolutionary consequences for native S. limbata if it results in strong selection in native levels of mean and among-individual variation. Significant levels of among-individual differences were found in other behaviors (response to a novel prey and risk proneness) across species, suggesting less selection on invasive behavioral variation in these traits. Risk proneness and response towards a novel prey also formed a behavioral syndrome across species, yet neither behavior was correlated with voracity in either species. Our results illustrate the need to examine the ecological effects of behavioral variation of both invasive and native species to determine how that might impact invasive-native interactions.}, }
@article {pmid29802799, year = {2018}, author = {Willoughby, JR and Harder, AM and Tennessen, JA and Scribner, KT and Christie, MR}, title = {Rapid genetic adaptation to a novel environment despite a genome-wide reduction in genetic diversity.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {20}, pages = {4041-4051}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14726}, pmid = {29802799}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; Genetics, Population ; Michigan ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/genetics ; Trout/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Introduced species often colonize regions that have vastly different ecological and environmental conditions than those found in their native range. As such, species introductions can provide a deeper understanding into the process of adaptive evolution. In the 1880s, steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from California were introduced into Lake Michigan (Laurentian Great Lakes, North America) where they established naturally reproducing populations. In their native range, steelhead hatch in rivers, migrate to the ocean and return to freshwater to spawn. Steelhead in Lake Michigan continue to swim up rivers to spawn, but now treat the freshwater environment of the Great Lakes as a surrogate ocean. To examine the effects of this introduction, we sequenced the genomes of 264 fish. By comparing steelhead from Lake Michigan to steelhead from their ancestral range, we determined that the introduction led to consistent reductions in genetic diversity across all 29 chromosomes. Despite this reduction in genetic diversity, three chromosomal regions were associated with rapid genetic adaptation to the novel environment. The first region contained functional changes to ceramide kinase, which likely altered metabolic and wound-healing rates in Lake Michigan steelhead. The second and third regions encoded carbonic anhydrases and a solute carrier protein, both of which are critical for osmoregulation, and demonstrate how steelhead physiologically adapted to freshwater. Furthermore, the contemporary release of diverse hatchery strains into the lake increased genetic diversity but reduced the signature of genetic adaptation. This study illustrates that species can rapidly adapt to novel environments despite genome-wide reductions in genetic diversity.}, }
@article {pmid29802448, year = {2018}, author = {Getman-Pickering, ZL and terHorst, CP and Magnoli, SM and Lau, JA}, title = {Evolution of increased Medicaco polymorpha size during invasion does not result in increased competitive ability.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {188}, number = {1}, pages = {203-212}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-018-4168-5}, pmid = {29802448}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {DEB-0918963//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; DMS-1312490//Division of Mathematical Sciences/ ; OCE-1559105//Division of Ocean Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Species invading new habitats experience novel selection pressures that can lead to rapid evolution, which may contribute to invasion success and/or increased impact on native community members. Many studies have hypothesized that plants in the introduced range will be larger than those in the native range, leading to increases in competitive ability. There is mixed support for evolution of larger sizes in the introduced range, but few studies have explicitly tested whether evolutionary changes result in decreased competitive responses or increased competitive effects on other species in the community. Here, we show that introduced Medicago polymorpha genotypes produced 14% more aboveground and 41% more belowground biomass than genotypes from the native range, suggesting that evolutionary changes in size occurred after introduction. However, these size differences were only observed in the absence of competition. The competitive effects of introduced and native range genotypes on three species that commonly co-occur with Medicago in invaded regions were remarkably similar. These results suggest that evolutionary increases in size during biological invasions do not necessarily alter the competitive effects of the invader on other community members, but may increase invasion success in disturbed or low competition environments.}, }
@article {pmid29801646, year = {2018}, author = {Tamburi, NE and Seuffert, ME and Martín, PR}, title = {Temperature-induced plasticity in morphology and relative shell weight in the invasive apple snail Pomacea canaliculata.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {74}, number = {}, pages = {331-336}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.04.008}, pmid = {29801646}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animal Shells/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Female ; Male ; Phenotype ; *Snails ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Temperature has a great influence on the life-history traits of freshwater snails. In this study we investigated the long term effects of a range of temperatures on shell morphology of the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata, a highly invasive species and an important pest of rice. Analysis of shells using geometric morphometrics showed that the main source of morphological variation was allometry, which was detected in males but not in females. This intersexual divergence in allometric trajectories generates much of the morphological variation evidenced. In females, the monotonic relationship with temperature produced narrower shells in the snails reared at lower temperatures, and more expanded apertures, relatively bigger than the body whorl, at higher temperatures. We also found an inverse relationship between relative shell weight, a proxy for shell thickness, and temperature. The differences in shape and relative shell weight are attributable to the different growth rates associated with different temperatures. Temperature fluctuation around a mean of 23.2 °C seemed to have no influence in shell shape and relative weight when is compared with a constant temperature of 25 °C. Information on the influence of temperature on freshwater snails is important for understanding and predicting changes in the face of global climatic change, especially in traits exhibiting great plasticity, such as shell shape and thickness. This work showed that higher temperatures could result in a relatively thinner shell, implying a greater significance of corrosion in flowing waters and a lower resistance to crushing by predators, especially in low latitude areas.}, }
@article {pmid29801638, year = {2018}, author = {Knapp, M and Vernon, P and Renault, D}, title = {Studies on chill coma recovery in the ladybird, Harmonia axyridis: Ontogenetic profile, effect of repeated cold exposures, and capacity to predict winter survival.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {74}, number = {}, pages = {275-280}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.04.013}, pmid = {29801638}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Cold Temperature ; *Cold-Shock Response ; Coleoptera/*growth &amp; development ; Female ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Male ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {The harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis, is one of the most successful invasive insect species worldwide. We investigated whether (i) chill coma recovery time (CCRt) changes during the ontogenetic development of this species, (ii) CCRt varies in response to repeated cold shocks, and (iii) CCRt could be a good predictor of winter survival ability in adults. CCRt decreased during larval development, the lowest CCRt values were observed in teneral adults (one and four days old), and significantly higher values were observed for older adults (16 and 32 days old). Repeated cold shocks (two hours at -3 °C), interrupted by short (30 min) warm periods (22 °C) resulted in decreased CCRt after the second cold shock, probably depicting an acclimation response, but then CCRt increased with additional cold shocks, likely revealing the accumulation of chill injuries. The CCRt of pre-overwintering individuals was not correlated with their winter survival. This indicates that CCRt is not a reliable measure of cold tolerance in H. axyridis. However, this result could be partially affected by the experimental setup - the use of laboratory-reared individuals who experienced standardized conditions and thus the variability in CCRt of tested animals could be much lower than the variability present in nature. The substantial variation observed over the ontogenetic development of H. axyridis poses important methodological implications for future studies, as animals of the same stage/age should be compared with each other. The observed U-shaped response to repeated cold shocks indicates that the expectation of linearity between cold exposure and insect response is an oversimplification of real situations.}, }
@article {pmid29801615, year = {2018}, author = {Di Santo, V and Jordan, HL and Cooper, B and Currie, RJ and Beitinger, TL and Bennett, WA}, title = {Thermal tolerance of the invasive red-bellied pacu and the risk of establishment in the United States.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {74}, number = {}, pages = {110-115}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.03.015}, pmid = {29801615}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; Characiformes/*physiology ; Global Warming ; *Introduced Species ; Risk ; *Temperature ; *Thermotolerance ; United States ; }, abstract = {Indigenous red-bellied pacu, Piaractus brachypomus, populations are in decline due to overfishing. Once ignored by aquaculturists because of their perceived low economic value, renewed aquaculture efforts in Central and South America aim to relieve fishing pressures on natural pacu populations. In the southern United States pacu aquaculture for the aquarium trade has raised concerns that accidental release could lead to establishment of overwintering populations outside captivity-a threat accentuated by the average 6 °C increase in shallow-water temperatures predicted by the end of the century. In the present study, Critical and Chronic Thermal Methodology was used to quantify red-bellied pacu thermal tolerance niche requirements. The data suggest that red-belllied pacu are a thermophilic species capable of tolerating low and high chronic temperatures of 16.5 °C and 35 °C, respectively. Critical thermal minimum and maximum temperatures of fish acclimated near their chronic limits are 10.3 and 44.4 °C. Red-bellied pacu aquaculture in the United States is concentrated in subtropical Florida regions that encourage rapid growth and reproduction, but carry an increased risk of establishing reproducing populations in local freshwater systems. The thermal niche data show that the risk of bioinvasion can be reduced or eliminated by adopting an approach whereby aquaculture potential is integrated with environmental temperature constraints.}, }
@article {pmid29801230, year = {2018}, author = {Díez-Del-Molino, D and García-Berthou, E and Araguas, RM and Alcaraz, C and Vidal, O and Sanz, N and García-Marín, JL}, title = {Effects of water pollution and river fragmentation on population genetic structure of invasive mosquitofish.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {637-638}, number = {}, pages = {1372-1382}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.003}, pmid = {29801230}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyprinodontiformes/*physiology ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Genetic Variation ; Rivers/chemistry ; Spain ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; Water Pollution/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {We analyzed variation at the GPI-2 locus and eleven microsatellite loci of eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki populations introduced to the Ebro River (Spain), sampling above and below a dam (Flix Reservoir) where severe chronic pollution has been well documented. Allele frequency changes at the GPI-2 locus in the sites nearest to the polluted sediments agree with previous results from studies in mercury-exposed populations of this highly invasive fish. Genetic distinction of the mosquitofish collected close to the polluted sediments was detected at the GPI locus but also at the presumptive neutral microsatellite loci. Recent migration rates estimated from microsatellites indicated that around 30% of fish collected in a specific location were immigrants from upstream and downstream sources. Such high migration rates probably contribute to the mosquitofish's invasive success and suggest that the consequences on the mosquitofish regional genetic structured of high levels of water toxicants could be mediated by immigration from other sites, but the effect of pollutants on local diversity might be higher than observed here.}, }
@article {pmid29800855, year = {2018}, author = {Gheza, G and Assini, S and Marini, L and Nascimbene, J}, title = {Impact of an invasive herbivore and human trampling on lichen-rich dry grasslands: Soil-dependent response of multiple taxa.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {639}, number = {}, pages = {633-639}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.191}, pmid = {29800855}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Europe ; *Grassland ; *Herbivory ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Lichens/*growth &amp; development ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Dry grasslands are listed among the habitats of conservation concern in Europe. Here, based on a multitaxon approach including vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens, we explored the effects of small-scale disturbance on lichen-rich dry grassland vegetation by surveying 60 sites across the Po Plain (Northern Italy). In particular, we evaluated the impact of human trampling and fecal pellet deposition by the alien invasive herbivore Sylvilagus floridanus. We found a soil-dependent response of multiple taxa to the impact of the herbivore. For plants, beside a negative effect of trampling, the interaction between fecal pellet amount and soil pH indicates that the negative effect of the invasive herbivore is stronger on acidic soils. Bryophyte cover increased with increasing soil pH, annual rainfall and fecal pellet, while it was not affected by trampling. Lichen richness and cover decreased with increasing soil pH. The marginal interaction between soil pH and amount of fecal pellet indicates that the more negative effects on lichens may be expected on calcareous soils. Trampling did not affect lichen patterns and the rainfall gradient marginally affected lichen cover with a negative effect. Lichen species richness is also negatively affected by increasing vascular plant cover. The main implications of this study for improving conservation are: (1) conservation practices should be tailored to organism and substrate type; (2) bryophyte and lichen diversity patterns are influenced also by climatic conditions, suggesting that the impact on these organisms may be exacerbated by climate change; and (3) strict conservation, even through active exclusion of wild fauna, of the most species-rich sites should be recommended, even if previous literature and the negative plant cover-lichen richness relationship found in this study indicate that moderate mechanical disturbance could be a practical tool to enhance cryptogams.}, }
@article {pmid29799654, year = {2018}, author = {Závorka, L and Buoro, M and Cucherousset, J}, title = {The negative ecological impacts of a globally introduced species decrease with time since introduction.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {4428-4437}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14323}, pmid = {29799654}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Seasons ; *Trout ; }, abstract = {While there is a long-history of biological invasions and their ecological impacts have been widely demonstrated across taxa and ecosystems, our knowledge on the temporal dynamic of these impacts remains extremely limited. Using a meta-analytic approach, we investigated how the ecological impacts of non-native brown trout (Salmo trutta), a model species with a 170-year-long and well-documented history of intentional introductions across the globe, vary with time since introduction. We first observed significant negative ecological impacts immediately after the species introduction. Second, we found that the negative ecological impacts decrease with time since introduction and that the average ecological impacts become nonsignificant more than one century after introduction. This pattern was consistent across other ecological contexts (i.e., geographical location, levels of biological organization, and methodological approach). However, overall negative ecological impacts were more pronounced at the individual and population levels and in experimental studies. While the mechanisms leading to this decrease remain to be determined, our results indicate that rapid response of native organisms (e.g. adaptation, but also local extinction) may play an important role in this dynamic. Changes in native species traits and local extinction can have important conservation implications. Therefore, we argue that the decline of the negative ecological impacts over time should not be used as an argument to neglect the negative impacts of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid29795298, year = {2018}, author = {Ujiyama, S and Tsuji, K}, title = {Controlling invasive ant species: a theoretical strategy for efficient monitoring in the early stage of invasion.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {8033}, pmid = {29795298}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Aggression/*physiology ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; Insect Control/*methods ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Theoretical ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; }, abstract = {Invasion by the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, has destructive effects on native biodiversity, agriculture and public health. This ant's aggressive foraging behaviour and high reproductive capability have enabled its establishment of wild populations in most regions into which it has been imported. An important aspect of eradication is thorough nest monitoring and destruction during early invasion to prevent range expansion. The question is: How intense must monitoring be on temporal and spatial scales to eradicate the fire ant? Assuming that the ant was introduced into a region and that monitoring was conducted immediately after nest detection in an effort to detect all other potentially established nests, we developed a mathematical model to investigate detection rates. Setting the monitoring limit to three years, the detection rate was maximized when monitoring was conducted shifting bait trap locations and setting them at intervals of 30 m for each monitoring. Monitoring should be conducted in a radius of at least 4 km around the source nest, or wider-depending on how late a nest is found. For ease of application, we also derived equations for finding the minimum bait interval required in an arbitrary ant species for thorough monitoring.}, }
@article {pmid29793731, year = {2018}, author = {Olabarria, C and Arenas, F and Fernández, &#xc1; and Troncoso, JS and Martínez, B}, title = {Physiological responses to variations in grazing and light conditions in native and invasive fucoids.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {139}, number = {}, pages = {151-161}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.05.016}, pmid = {29793731}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Climate Change ; Environmental Monitoring ; Europe ; Fucus/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Phaeophyceae/physiology ; Seaweed/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Poor physiological acclimatization to climate change has led to shifts in the distributional ranges of various species and to biodiversity loss. However, evidence also suggests the relevance of non-climatic physical factors, such as light, and biotic factors, which may act in interactive or additive way. We used a mechanistic approach to evaluate the ecophysiological responses of four seaweed species (three dominant intertidal fucoids, Fucus serratus, Ascophyllum nodosum, Bifurcaria bifurcata, and the invasive Sargassum muticum) to different conditions of grazing, light irradiance and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. We performed a large-scale mesocosm experiment with a total of 800 individual thalli of macroalgae. The factorial experimental design included major algal traits, photoacclimation, nutrient stoichiometry and chemical defence as response variables. Few significant effects of the factors acting alone or in combination were observed, suggesting a good capacity for acclimatization in all four species. The significant effects were generally additive and there were no potentially deleterious synergistic effects between factors. Fucus serratus, a species currently undergoing a drastic contraction of its southern distribution limit in Europe, was the most strongly affected species, showing overall lower photosynthetic efficiency than the other species. The growth rate of F. serratus decreased when UV radiation was filtered out, but only in the presence of grazers. Moreover, more individuals of this species tended to reach maturity in the absence of grazers, and the nitrogen content of tissues decreased under full-spectrum light. Only the phlorotannin content of tissues of B. bifurcata and of exudates of A. nodosum, both slow-growing species, were positively affected by respectively removal of UVB radiation and the presence of grazers. The findings for S. muticum, a well-established invasive seaweed across European coasts, suggested similar physiological response of this fast-growing species to different levels of grazing activity and light quality/intensity. As expected, this species grew faster than the other species. Bifurcaria bifurcata and A. nodosum only showed minor effects of light quality and grazing on phlorotannins content, which suggests good resistance of these two long-lived species to the experimental conditions. Mechanistic approaches that are designed to analyse interactive effects of physical and biotic factors provide an understanding of physiological responses of species and help to improve the confidence of predictive distribution models.}, }
@article {pmid29793434, year = {2018}, author = {Guo, W and Liu, Y and Ng, WL and Liao, PC and Huang, BH and Li, W and Li, C and Shi, X and Huang, Y}, title = {Comparative transcriptome analysis of the invasive weed Mikania micrantha with its native congeners provides insights into genetic basis underlying successful invasion.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {392}, pmid = {29793434}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {41776166//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31700178//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2015A030313136//Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; 2017A030313159//Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; 2017A030303014//Special Fund for Science and Technology Development of Guangdong Province/ ; 201707020035//the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou/ ; 32-2017-A30//the Science Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/ ; }, mesh = {Evolution, Molecular ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; *Introduced Species ; Mikania/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Phylogeny ; Plant Weeds/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mikania micrantha H.B.K. (Asteraceae) is one of the world's most invasive weeds which has been rapidly expanding in tropical Asia, including China, while its close relative M. cordata, the only Mikania species native to China, shows no harm to the local ecosystems. These two species are very similar in morphology but differ remarkably in several ecological and physiological traits, representing an ideal system for comparative analysis to investigate the genetic basis underlying invasion success. In this study, we performed RNA-sequencing on the invader M. micrantha and its native congener M. cordata in China, to unravel the genetic basis underlying the strong invasiveness of M. micrantha. For a more robust comparison, another non-invasive congener M. cordifolia was also sequenced and compared.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 52,179, 55,835, and 52,983 unigenes were obtained for M. micrantha, M. cordata, and M. cordifolia, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses and divergence time dating revealed a relatively recent split between M. micrantha and M. cordata, i.e., approximately 4.81 million years ago (MYA), after their divergence with M. cordifolia (8.70 MYA). Gene ontology classifications, pathway assignments and differential expression analysis revealed higher representation or significant up-regulation of genes associated with photosynthesis, energy metabolism, protein modification and stress response in M. micrantha than in M. cordata or M. cordifolia. Analysis of accelerated evolution and positive selection also suggested the importance of these related genes and processes to the adaptability and invasiveness of M. micrantha. Particularly, most (77 out of 112, i.e. 68.75%) positively selected genes found in M. micrantha could be classified into four groups, i.e., energy acquisition and utilization (10 genes), growth and reproduction (13 genes), protection and repair (34 genes), and signal transduction and expression regulation (20 genes), which may have contributed to the high adaptability of M. micrantha to various new environments and the capability to occupy a wider niche, reflected in its high invasiveness.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We characterized the transcriptomes of the invasive species M. micrantha and its non-invasive congeners, M. cordata and M. cordifolia. A comparison of their transcriptomes provided insights into the genetic basis of the high invasiveness of M. micrantha.}, }
@article {pmid29790583, year = {2018}, author = {Santicchia, F and Dantzer, B and van Kesteren, F and Palme, R and Martinoli, A and Ferrari, N and Wauters, LA}, title = {Stress in biological invasions: Introduced invasive grey squirrels increase physiological stress in native Eurasian red squirrels.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {87}, number = {5}, pages = {1342-1352}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12853}, pmid = {29790583}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Longitudinal Studies ; *Sciuridae ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species can cause extinction of native species through processes including predation, interspecific competition for resources or disease-mediated competition. Increases in stress hormones in vertebrates may be associated with these processes and contribute to the decline in survival or reproduction of the native species. Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) have gone extinct across much of the British Isles and parts of Northern Italy following the introduction of North American invasive grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). We extracted glucocorticoid metabolites from faecal samples to measure whether the presence of the invasive species causes an increase in physiological stress in individuals of the native species. We show that native red squirrels in seven sites where they co-occurred with invasive grey squirrels had glucocorticoid concentrations that were three times higher than those in five sites without the invasive species. Moreover, in a longitudinal study, stress hormones in native red squirrels increased after colonisation by grey squirrels. When we experimentally reduced the abundance of the invasive grey squirrels, the concentration of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites in co-occurring red squirrels decreased significantly between pre- and postremoval periods. Hence, we found that the invasive species acts as a stressor which significantly increases the concentrations of glucocorticoids in the native species. Given that sustained elevations in glucocorticoids could reduce body growth and reproductive rate, our results are consistent with previous studies where the co-occurrence of the invasive grey squirrel was associated with smaller size and lower reproductive output in red squirrels.}, }
@article {pmid29789595, year = {2018}, author = {Li, S and Wang, P and Su, Z and Lozano, E and LaMaster, O and Grogan, JB and Weng, Y and Decker, T and Findeisen, J and McGarrity, M}, title = {Endocide-Induced Abnormal Growth Forms of Invasive Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {8006}, pmid = {29789595}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Biomass ; Ecosystem ; Endotoxins/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Ferns ; *Introduced Species ; Phytochemicals/metabolism/pharmacology ; Plant Development/drug effects ; Plant Leaves/chemistry/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Tracheophyta/classification/*drug effects/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Water ; }, abstract = {Giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta) is one of the most noxious invasive species in the world. The fern is known to have primary, secondary, and tertiary growth forms, which are also commonly hypothesized as growth stages. The identification of these forms is primarily based on the size and folding status of the floating leaves. However, we identified 12 forms in the greenhouse and the field. Our experiments showed that the folding of floating leaves is a reversible trait dependent on water access. The floating leaves quickly fold in response to water shortage, reducing water loss and needs, decreasing growth, and avoiding trichome damage. The leaves re-open to allow trichomes repel water and enhance growth when having adequate water supply. Larger secondary or tertiary forms do not produce small-leaf primary forms without high intensity stress. These results do not support the hypothesis that three growth forms represent sequential growth stages. The abnormal small-leaf forms are the result of endocide-induced autotoxicity and some of them never grow into other forms. The development of abnormal forms and reversible leaf folding strategy in response to high stress along with rapid asexual reproduction are major adaptive traits contributing to the invasiveness of S. molesta.}, }
@article {pmid29787742, year = {2018}, author = {Panteleit, J and Keller, NS and Diéguez-Uribeondo, J and Makkonen, J and Martín-Torrijos, L and Patrulea, V and Pîrvu, M and Preda, C and Schrimpf, A and Pârvulescu, L}, title = {Hidden sites in the distribution of the crayfish plague pathogen Aphanomyces astaci in Eastern Europe: Relicts of genetic groups from older outbreaks?.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {157}, number = {}, pages = {117-124}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2018.05.006}, pmid = {29787742}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphanomyces/*genetics ; Astacoidea/*microbiology ; Europe, Eastern ; Genotype ; Infections/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The crayfish plague agent Aphanomyces astaci is one of the world's most threatening invasive species. Originally from North America, the pathogen is being imported alongside American crayfish species, which are used for various purposes. In this study, we investigated the marginal, currently known distribution area of the pathogen in Eastern Europe by sampling narrow-clawed crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) and spiny-cheek crayfish (Orconectes limosus) populations. In addition, using specific real-time PCR, we tested several marine decapod species, which also occur in brackish waters of the Danube at the West coast of the Black Sea and the Dniester River basin. By sequencing the nuclear chitinase gene, mitochondrial rnnS/rnnL DNA and by genotyping using microsatellite markers, we identified the A. astaci haplogroups of highly infected specimens. The A. astaci DNA was detected in 9% of the investigated A. leptodactylus samples, both in invaded and non-invaded sectors, and in 8% of the studied O. limosus samples. None of the marine decapods tested positive for A. astaci. The results revealed that narrow-clawed crayfish from the Dniester River carried the A. astaci B-haplogroup, while A. astaci from the Danube Delta belonged to the A- and B-haplogroups. In the invaded sector of the Danube, we also identified the A-haplogroup. Microsatellite analysis revealed a genotype identical to the genotype Up. It might be that some of the detected A. astaci haplogroups are relics from older outbreaks in the late 19th century, which may have persisted as a chronic infection for several decades in crayfish populations.}, }
@article {pmid29785629, year = {2018}, author = {Lhomme, P and Hines, HM}, title = {Reproductive Dominance Strategies in Insect Social Parasites.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {44}, number = {9}, pages = {838-850}, pmid = {29785629}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions/drug effects ; Insecta/*physiology ; Parasites/*physiology ; Pheromones/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Reproduction ; }, abstract = {In eusocial insects, the high cost of altruistic cooperation between colony members has favoured the evolution of cheaters that exploit social services of other species. In the most extreme forms of insect social parasitism, which has evolved multiple times across most social lineages, obligately parasitic species invade the nests of social species and manipulate the workforce of their hosts to rear their own reproductive offspring. As alien species that have lost their own sociality, these social parasites still face social challenges to infiltrate and control their hosts, thus providing independent replicates for understanding the mechanisms essential to social dominance. This review compares socially parasitic insect lineages to find general trends and build a hypothetical framework for the means by which social parasites achieve reproductive dominance. It highlights how host social organization and social parasite life history traits may impact the way they achieve reproductive supremacy, including the potential role of chemical cues. The review discusses the coevolutionary dynamics between host and parasite during this process. Altogether, this review emphasizes the value of social parasites for understanding social evolution and the need for future research in this area.}, }
@article {pmid29785353, year = {2018}, author = {Blankenchip, CL and Michels, DE and Braker, HE and Goffredi, SK}, title = {Diet breadth and exploitation of exotic plants shift the core microbiome of Cephaloleia, a group of tropical herbivorous beetles.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4793}, pmid = {29785353}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The beetle genus Cephaloleia has evolved in association with tropical ginger plants and for many species their specific host plant associations are known. Here we show that the core microbiome of six closely related Costa Rican Cephaloleia species comprises only eight bacterial groups, including members of the Acinetobacter, Enterobacteriacea, Pseudomonas, Lactococcus, and Comamonas. The Acinetobacter and Enterobacteriacea together accounted for 35% of the total average 16S rRNA ribotypes recovered from all specimens. Further, microbiome diversity and community structure was significantly linked to beetle diet breadth, between those foraging on less than two plant types (specialists) versus over nine plant types (generalists). Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae were highly prevalent in specialist species, and also present in eggs, while Rickettsiaceae associated exclusively with generalist beetles. Bacteria isolated from Cephaloleia digestive systems had distinct capabilities and suggested a possible beneficial role in both digestion of plant-based compounds, including xylose, mannitol, and pectin, and possible detoxification, via lipases. Cephaloleia species are currently expanding their diets to include exotic invasive plants, yet it is unknown whether their microbial community plays a role in this transition. In this study, colonization of invasive plants was correlated with a dysbiosis of the microbiome, suggesting a possible relationship between gut bacteria and niche adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid29784069, year = {2019}, author = {Kelnarova, I and Jendek, E and Grebennikov, VV and Bocak, L}, title = {First molecular phylogeny of Agrilus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), the largest genus on Earth, with DNA barcode database for forestry pest diagnostics.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {109}, number = {2}, pages = {200-211}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485318000330}, pmid = {29784069}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Forestry ; *Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {All more than 3000 species of Agrilus beetles are phytophagous and some cause economically significant damage to trees and shrubs. Facilitated by international trade, Agrilus species regularly invade new countries and continents. This necessitates a rapid identification of Agrilus species, as the first step for subsequent protective measures. This study provides the first DNA reference library for ~100 Agrilus species from the Northern Hemisphere based on three mitochondrial markers: cox1-5' (DNA barcode fragment), cox1-3', and rrnL. All 329 Agrilus records available in the Barcode of Life Database format, including specimen images and geo data, are released through a public dataset 'Agrilus1 329' available at: dx.doi.org/10.5883/DS-AGRILUS1. All Agrilus species were identified using adult morphology and by using molecular phylogenetic trees, as well as distance- and tree-based algorithms. Most DNA-based species limits agree well with the morphology-based identification. Our results include cases of high intraspecific variability and multiple species para- and polyphyly. DNA barcoding is a powerful species identification tool in Agrilus, although it frequently fails to recover morphologically-delimited Agrilus species-group. Even though the current three-gene database covers only ~3% of the known Agrilus diversity, it contains representatives of all principal lineages from the Northern Hemisphere and represents the most extensive dataset built for DNA-delimited species identification within this genus so far. Molecular data analyses can rapidly and cost-effectively identify an unknown sample, including immature stages and/or non-native taxa, or species not yet formally named.}, }
@article {pmid29783169, year = {2018}, author = {Milojković, JV and Popović-Djordjević, JB and Pezo, LL and Brčeski, ID and Kostić, A&#x17d; and Milošević, VD and Stojanović, MD}, title = {Applying multi-criteria analysis for preliminary assessment of the properties of alginate immobilized Myriophyllum spicatum in lake water samples.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {141}, number = {}, pages = {163-171}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.014}, pmid = {29783169}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {Adsorption ; Alginates/*chemistry ; Glucuronic Acid/chemistry ; Hexuronic Acids/chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Metals/*chemistry ; Tracheophyta/*chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {The preliminary assessment of the properties of alginate immobilized aquatic weed Myriophyllum spicatum beads-MsAlg in a multi-element system of nine Serbian lakes water samples was done. Herein, the results obtained in the biosorption experiment with MsAlg contents of twenty-two elements analysed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, biosorption capacity, element removal efficiency, total hardness (TH) and quality index of water (WQI) are presented. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used for the characterization of M. spicatum and its beads. The study showed that aluminium, magnesium and strontium were adsorbed by MsAlg in the water samples from all examined lakes; barium and iron in the water samples from six lakes. The overall average efficiency of MsAlg in biosorption of elements was in the following order: Al > Ba > Sr > Fe > Mg (58.6, 51.7, 48.2, 23.9 and 17.7%, respectively). The increase of TH and WQI values after the biosorption was noticed in all studied lake water samples. The most significant correlations for pH were regarding the contents of B, Mg and Ca, whereas WQI was highly correlated to the contents of B and Mg, and pH. The complexity of the obtained data was explained by Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis, which showed good discrimination capabilities between the water samples taken from different locations. Considering that the invasive M. spicatum is natural, widespread and that its immobilization is cheap and eco-friendly, presented findings could be helpful in further assessment of MsAlg beads for its potential use as biofilter.}, }
@article {pmid29781411, year = {2019}, author = {Aluja, M and Birke, A and Díaz-Fleischer, F and Rull, J}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity in clutch size regulation among populations of a potential invasive fruit fly from environments that vary in host heterogeneity and isolation.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {109}, number = {2}, pages = {169-177}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485318000329}, pmid = {29781411}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Citrus paradisi ; *Clutch Size ; Female ; Fruit ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Oviposition ; *Selection, Genetic ; Tephritidae/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity is thought to evolve in response to environmental unpredictability and can shield genotypes from selection. However, selection can also act on plastic traits. Egg-laying behaviour, including clutch size regulation, is a plastic behavioural trait among tephritid fruit flies. We compared plasticity in clutch size regulation among females of Anastrepha ludens populations stemming from environments that differed in the degree of predictability in egg-laying opportunities. Clutch size regulation in response to hosts of different sizes was compared among flies from (a) a wild, highly isolated population, (b) a wild population that switches seasonally from a small wild host fruit that varies greatly in abundance to an abundant large-sized commercial host, and (c) a laboratory population. Flies from all three populations adjusted clutch number and size according to host size. However, flies from the heterogeneous wild environment were more plastic in adjusting clutch size than flies from agricultural settings that also laid fewer eggs; yet both populations were more plastic in adjusting clutch size in line with host size when compared with laboratory females. When wild and orchard females encountered the largest host, clutch size was extremely variable and egg regulation did not follow the same trend. Heterogeneity in host availability in space and time appears to be as important as seasonal variation in host size in maintaining plastic clutch size regulation behaviour. In stable environments, there was a clear reduction in the plasticity of these traits.}, }
@article {pmid29780397, year = {2018}, author = {Lin, S and Shao, L and Hui, C and Song, Y and Reddy, GVP and Gielis, J and Li, F and Ding, Y and Wei, Q and Shi, P}, title = {Why Does Not the Leaf Weight-Area Allometry of Bamboos Follow the 3/2-Power Law?.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {583}, pmid = {29780397}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The principle of similarity (Thompson, 1917) states that the weight of an organism follows the 3/2-power law of its surface area and is proportional to its volume on the condition that the density is constant. However, the allometric relationship between leaf weight and leaf area has been reported to greatly deviate from the 3/2-power law, with the irregularity of leaf density largely ignored for explaining this deviation. Here, we choose 11 bamboo species to explore the allometric relationships among leaf area (A), density (ρ), length (L), thickness (T), and weight (W). Because the edge of a bamboo leaf follows a simplified two-parameter Gielis equation, we could show that A ∝ L[2] and that A ∝ T[2]. This then allowed us to derive the density-thickness allometry ρ ∝ T[b] and the weight-area allometry W ∝ A[(b+3)/2] ≈ A[9/8], where b approximates -3/4. Leaf density is strikingly negatively associated with leaf thickness, and it is this inverse relationship that results in the weight-area allometry to deviate from the 3/2-power law. In conclusion, although plants are prone to invest less dry mass and thus produce thinner leaves when the leaf area is sufficient for photosynthesis, such leaf thinning needs to be accompanied with elevated density to ensure structural stability. The findings provide the insights on the evolutionary clue about the biomass investment and output of photosynthetic organs of plants. Because of the importance of leaves, plants could have enhanced the ratio of dry material per unit area of leaf in order to increase the efficiency of photosynthesis, relative the other parts of plants. Although the conclusion is drawn only based on 11 bamboo species, it should also be applicable to the other plants, especially considering previous works on the exponent of the weight-area relationship being less than 3/2 in plants.}, }
@article {pmid29778682, year = {2018}, author = {Bae, MJ and Murphy, CA and García-Berthou, E}, title = {Temperature and hydrologic alteration predict the spread of invasive Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides).}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {639}, number = {}, pages = {58-66}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.001}, pmid = {29778682}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Bass/*physiology ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fresh Water ; Hydrology ; *Introduced Species ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The successful establishment of an aquatic invasive alien species can be mediated by a suite of environmental factors, including climate and anthropogenic disturbance. Dams and reservoirs are thought to promote freshwater fish invasion success through hydrological alterations but the evidence for their role in the global invasion of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) on a landscape scale is limited. Here, we examine the distribution of Largemouth Bass, one of the most widely introduced fish in the world, from the Iberian Peninsula using species distribution models (SDMs), including an ensemble forecast. We used these models to test the role of twelve environmental predictors expected to influence the distribution of Largemouth Bass, including the reservoir storage capacity at local and upstream reaches. We found that the predictive accuracy, based on AUC criteria, of the ensemble model was higher than any of the six individual SDMs for Largemouth Bass. The most influential predictor of bass distribution included in our model of the Iberian Peninsula was temperature, where warmer temperatures were generally associated with bass presence, and cooler temperatures with absence. In addition to warmer temperatures, increasing storage of local and upstream reservoirs increased predicted presence, suggesting an important role of reservoirs in mediating the invasive success of this fish. Our results indicate that although natural climatic factors may be crucial in the successful invasion of Largemouth Bass, hydrological alteration (e.g., regulated flow regimes and lentic habitats associated with dams and reservoirs) may be important. Understanding the drivers promoting the establishment of this global invader will be important in identifying areas at risk and in developing future efforts to control its spread, especially when those drivers are ongoing anthropogenic disturbances such as the construction and operation of dams and reservoirs.}, }
@article {pmid29777337, year = {2018}, author = {Criado-Fornelio, A and Martín-Pérez, T and Verdú-Expósito, C and Reinoso-Ortiz, SA and Pérez-Serrano, J}, title = {Molecular epidemiology of parasitic protozoa and Ehrlichia canis in wildlife in Madrid (central Spain).}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {117}, number = {7}, pages = {2291-2298}, pmid = {29777337}, issn = {1432-1955}, support = {CCGP2017-BIO/014//Universidad de Alcal&#xe1;/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; Animals, Wild/microbiology/parasitology ; Coccidiosis/epidemiology/veterinary ; Ehrlichia canis/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Ehrlichiosis/epidemiology/veterinary ; Eucoccidiida/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Foxes/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Mink/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Raccoons/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Spain/epidemiology ; Spleen/parasitology ; Ticks ; Toxoplasma/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Wildlife species are involved in the transmission of diverse pathogens. This study aimed to monitor raccoons (Procyon lotor), American minks (Neovison vison), and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) as potential reservoirs in central Spain. Specifically, 200 spleen and fecal samples (from 194 raccoons, 3 minks, and 3 foxes) were analyzed molecularly by PCR/qPCR and sequencing for the presence of piroplasmids, Hepatozoon spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Ehrlichia canis infections in the Community of Madrid (Spain). Biological samples were obtained in the years 2014, 2015, and 2016. No pathogen DNA was found in fecal samples. In contrast, analysis of raccoon spleen samples revealed that Toxoplasma was the most prevalent pathogen (prevalence 3.6 ± 2.6%), followed by Hepatozoon canis and E. canis (each with a prevalence of 2.57 ± 2.2%). Hepatozoon canis was also diagnosed in all three of the analyzed foxes. Analysis of yearly prevalence showed that tick-borne pathogens were less frequent in raccoon in 2015, a dry and warm year compared both to 2014 and 2016. These data suggest that fecal PCR assays are unsuitable for detection of DNA of non-erythrocytic pathogens. Furthermore, they demonstrate that the raccoon (an invasive species often living in proximity to domestic areas) and the red fox are putative reservoirs for pathogenic organisms in the Community of Madrid.}, }
@article {pmid29776720, year = {2018}, author = {Huang, CT and Hish, KT and Wang, CN and Liu, CT and Kao, WY}, title = {Phylogenetic analyses of Bradyrhizobium symbionts associated with invasive Crotalaria zanzibarica and its coexisting legumes in Taiwan.}, journal = {Systematic and applied microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, pages = {619-628}, doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2018.05.001}, pmid = {29776720}, issn = {1618-0984}, mesh = {Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Bradyrhizobium/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Crotalaria/*microbiology ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Symbiosis ; Taiwan ; }, abstract = {In this study, the genetic diversity and identification of Bradyrhizobium symbionts of Crotalaria zanzibarica, the most widely-distributed invasive legume in Taiwan, and other sympatric legume species growing along riverbanks of Taiwan were evaluated for the first time. In total, 59 and 54 Bradyrhizobium isolates were obtained from C. zanzibarica and its coexisting legume species, respectively. Based on the multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of concatenated four housekeeping genes (dnaK-glnII-recA-rpoB gene sequences, 1901bp), the 113 isolates displayed 53 unique haplotypes and grouped into 21 clades. Of these clades, 11 were found to be congruent to already defined Bradyrhizobium species, while the other 10 clades were found to not be congruent to any defined species. In particular, the C. zanzibarica isolates belong to 14 MLSA clades, six of which overlapped with the isolates of coexisting legumes. According to the nodA gene sequences (555bp) obtained from the 105 isolates, these isolates were classified into three known nodA clades, III.2, III.3 and VII and were further clustered into 10 groups. Furthermore, the C. zanzibarica isolates were clustered into 8 nodA groups, five of which overlapped with the isolates from coexisting legumes. Additionally, the nodA genes of the isolates from native species were dominated by Asian origin, while those from C. zanzibarica were dominated by American origin. In conclusion, C. zanzibarica is a promiscuous host capable of recruiting diverse Bradyrhizobium symbionts, some of which are phylogenetically similar to the symbionts of coexisting legumes in Taiwan.}, }
@article {pmid29774844, year = {2018}, author = {Moseley, M and Rahelinirina, S and Rajerison, M and Garin, B and Piertney, S and Telfer, S}, title = {Mixed Leptospira Infections in a Diverse Reservoir Host Community, Madagascar, 2013-2015.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, pages = {1138-1140}, pmid = {29774844}, issn = {1080-6059}, support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; BB/M010996/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Coinfection ; Disease Reservoirs/*virology ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; *Leptospira/classification/genetics ; Leptospirosis/*epidemiology/history/*microbiology/transmission ; Madagascar/epidemiology ; Mice ; Prevalence ; Public Health Surveillance ; Rats ; }, abstract = {We identified mixed infections of pathogenic Leptospira in small mammals across a landscape-scale study area in Madagascar by using primers targeting different Leptospira spp. Using targeted primers increased prevalence estimates and evidence for transmission between endemic and invasive hosts. Future studies should assess rodentborne transmission of Leptospira to humans.}, }
@article {pmid29774786, year = {2019}, author = {Panprommin, D and Soontornprasit, K and Pangeson, T}, title = {Comparison of three molecular methods for species identification of the family Cichlidae in Kwan Phayao, Thailand.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {184-190}, doi = {10.1080/24701394.2018.1472248}, pmid = {29774786}, issn = {2470-1408}, mesh = {Animals ; Cichlids/classification/*genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods/standards ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Fish Proteins/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; }, abstract = {The species diversity of cichlids was investigated in Kwan Phayao from August 2016 to May 2017. Four cichlid species were found, including Oreochromis niloticus, Oreochromis mossambicus, Coptodon rendalli and Coptodon zillii. Due to similar characterizations, it is very difficult to identify each species. Three molecular methods were used to distinguish these four species. DNA barcodes or partial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene sequences were amplified by PCR and sequenced. In Oreochromis sp. and Coptodon sp., 707- and 704-bp fragments were amplified, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis showed clear differences between the four cichlid species after digestion with three restriction enzymes, ScaI, HindIII and PdiI. ScaI and HindIII separated Oreochromis sp. from Coptodon sp. due to different fragment sizes. PdiI distinguished each cichlid species in the same genus. Finally, high resolution melting (HRM) analysis showed the sensitivity of the primers for discriminating these species with small amplicons and melting curves. From the comparison, HRM analysis was the most efficient method because the primer was shown to be sensitive for discriminating the four cichlids. In addition, it was inexpensive and required a short time to detect large samples. However, direct sequencing or DNA barcodes were still necessary in the case of the COI sequences of organisms of interest, which have not been reported in any databases. These four cichlids are alien species in Thailand; thus, species identification is very important for fishery management.}, }
@article {pmid29772019, year = {2018}, author = {Swacha, G and Botta-Dukát, Z and Kącki, Z and Pruchniewicz, D and Żołnierz, L}, title = {The effect of abandonment on vegetation composition and soil properties in Molinion meadows (SW Poland).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {e0197363}, pmid = {29772019}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Biodiversity ; *Grassland ; Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Poland ; *Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Intermittently wet meadows of the Molinion alliance, as with many other grasslands of high-nature value, have become increasingly exposed to abandonment due to their low economic value. The potential consequences of land abandonment are the decrease in species diversity and environmental alterations. The issue of land-use induced changes in plant species composition and soil physico-chemical parameters have been rarely studied in species-rich intermittently wet grasslands. In this study we attempt to i) to identify determinants of plant species composition patterns and ii) to investigate the effect of cessation of mowing on vegetation composition and soil properties. The study was conducted in an area of 36 ha covered with Molinion meadows, comprising of mown sites and sites that were left unmown for 10 years. In total, 120 and 80 vegetation plots were sampled from mown and unmown sites, respectively. In these plots we measured plant community composition and soil physico-chemical parameters. The results have shown that the two groups of variables (soil properties and management) differ considerably in their ability to explain variation in plant species data. Soil variables explained four-fold more variation in plant species composition than management did. The content of soil organic matter, moisture, total nitrogen and exchangeable forms of potassium, calcium and magnesium were significantly higher in mown than in unmown grassland systems. The results revealed that soil organic matter was the component of the soil most strongly affected by management, followed by moisture, magnesium, calcium and potassium in that order. Each of these soil parameters was negatively correlated with the abundances of woody plants and invasive species. We concluded that low-intensity, late time of mowing is suitable grassland management practice to ensure high plant species diversity and sustainability of the grassland ecological system while cessation of mowing not only lead to reduced plant species richness and diversity, but also to reduced nutrient levels in grassland soils.}, }
@article {pmid29771923, year = {2018}, author = {Muthukrishnan, R and Davis, AS and Jordan, NR and Forester, JD}, title = {Invasion complexity at large spatial scales is an emergent property of interactions among landscape characteristics and invader traits.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {e0195892}, pmid = {29771923}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Models, Statistical ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; *Spatial Analysis ; }, abstract = {Invasion potential should be part of the evaluation of candidate species for any species introduction. However, estimating invasion risks remains a challenging problem, particularly in complex landscapes. Certain plant traits are generally considered to increase invasive potential and there is an understanding that landscapes influence invasions dynamics, but little research has been done to explore how those drivers of invasions interact. We evaluate the relative roles of, and potential interactions between, plant invasiveness traits and landscape characteristics on invasions with a case study using a model parameterized for the potentially invasive biomass crop, Miscanthus × giganteus. Using that model we simulate invasions on 1000 real landscapes to evaluate how landscape characteristics, including both composition and spatial structure, affect invasion outcomes. We conducted replicate simulations with differing strengths of plant invasiveness traits (dispersal ability, establishment ability, population growth rate, and the ability to utilize dispersal corridors) to evaluate how the importance of landscape characteristics for predicting invasion patterns changes depending on the invader details. Analysis of simulations showed that the presence of highly suitable habitat (e.g., grasslands) is generally the strongest determinant of invasion dynamics but that there are also more subtle interactions between landscapes and invader traits. These effects can also vary between different aspects of invasion dynamics (short vs. long time scales and population size vs. spatial extent). These results illustrate that invasions are complex emergent processes with multiple drivers and effective management needs to reflect the ecology of the species of interest and the particular goals or risks for which efforts need to be optimized.}, }
@article {pmid29771449, year = {2018}, author = {Allen, WJ and Meyerson, LA and Flick, AJ and Cronin, JT}, title = {Intraspecific variation in indirect plant-soil feedbacks influences a wetland plant invasion.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {99}, number = {6}, pages = {1430-1440}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2344}, pmid = {29771449}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {North America ; Plants ; Poaceae ; *Soil ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) influence plant competition via direct interactions with pathogens and mutualists or indirectly via apparent competition/mutualisms (i.e., spillover to co-occurring plants) and soil legacy effects. It is currently unknown how intraspecific variation in PSFs interacts with the environment (e.g., nutrient availability) to influence competition between native and invasive plants. We conducted a fully crossed multi-factor greenhouse experiment to determine the effects of Phragmites australis rhizosphere soil biota, interspecific competition, and nutrient availability on biomass of replicate populations from one native and two invasive lineages of common reed (P. australis) and a single lineage of native smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora). Harmful soil biota consistently dominated PSFs involving all three P. australis lineages, reducing biomass by 10%. Indirect PSFs (i.e., soil biota spillover) from the two invasive P. australis lineages reduced S. alterniflora biomass by 7%, whereas PSFs from the native P. australis lineage increased S. alterniflora biomass by 6%. Interestingly, interspecific competition and PSFs interacted to weaken their respective impacts on S. alterniflora, whereas they exerted synergistic negative effects on P. australis. Phragmites australis soil biota decreased S. alterniflora biomass when grown alone (i.e., a soil legacy), but increased S. alterniflora biomass when grown with P. australis, suggesting that P. australis recruits harmful generalist soil biota or facilitates S. alterniflora via spillover (i.e., apparent mutualism). Soil biota also reduced interspecific competition impacts on S. alterniflora, although it remained competitively inferior to P. australis across all treatments. Competitive interactions and responses to nutrients did not differ among P. australis lineages, indicating that interspecific competition and nutrient deposition may not be key drivers of P. australis invasion in North America. Although soil biota, interspecific competition, and nutrient availability appear to have no direct impact on the success of invasive P. australis lineages in North America, intraspecific lineage variation in indirect spillover and soil legacies from P. australis occur and may have important implications for co-occurring native species and restoration of invaded habitats. Our study integrates multiple factors linked to plant invasions, highlighting that indirect interactions are likely commonplace in influencing plant community dynamics and invasion success and impacts.}, }
@article {pmid29771324, year = {2018}, author = {Gammans, N and Drummond, F and Groden, E}, title = {Impacts of the Invasive European Red Ant (Myrmica rubra (L.): Hymenoptera; Formicidae) on a Myrmecochorous System in the Northeastern United States.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, pages = {908-917}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvy069}, pmid = {29771324}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Birds/physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/physiology ; Magnoliopsida/*physiology ; Maine ; *Predatory Behavior ; Rodentia/physiology ; *Seed Dispersal ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {We investigated the impact of an invasive ant species from Europe, Myrmica rubra (L.), on a myrmecochorous system (seeds dispersed by ants) in its invaded range in North America. We assessed: 1) how M. rubra process the myrmecochorous diapsores (seeds and elaiosome as a single dispersal unit transported by ants) in comparison with native ants; 2) its preference for common native and invasive diaspore species relative to native ants; 3) how far they disperse diaspores in the field; and 4) the diaspore removal rate by invertebrates and vertebrates in infested areas compared to noninvaded sites. Field experiments demonstrated higher diaspore removal rates over a 10-min and 24-h period by M. rubra compared to native ants. M. rubra's diaspore dispersal distance was 40% greater compared to native ants. In two of three laboratory studies and one field study, there was no significant difference between the seed species which M. rubra and native ants selected. Our data suggest no long-term deleterious effects of M. rubra's invasion on diaspore dispersal in the Maine plant community that is comprised of both native and invasive species. This implies that M. rubra benefits from the myrmechorous plant species' diaspores by increasing their dispersal range away from the parent plant and potentially reducing seed predation. However, it is not known whether the fact that the native ant fauna and M. rubra are attracted to the same plant species' diaspores creates a high level of competition between the ants with deleterious effects on the native ant community.}, }
@article {pmid29771321, year = {2018}, author = {Clem, CS and Held, DW}, title = {Associational Interactions Between Urban Trees: Are Native Neighbors Better Than Non-Natives?.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, pages = {881-889}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvy071}, pmid = {29771321}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Acer/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Florida ; *Food Chain ; Forestry ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Lagerstroemia/*growth &amp; development ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Trees/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {This project investigated associational interactions (associational resistance or susceptibility) between native and non-native trees commonly found in urban landscapes in the southeastern United States. Non-native plants offer limited ecological services because few native herbivore species are capable of feeding on them. In a 2-yr field study, abundance and species richness of caterpillars, plant damage, and herbivore natural enemies were evaluated in plots where a native red maple (Acer rubrum L. [Sapindales: Aceraceae]) was planted singly (no neighbors) or interplanted with either non-native non-congeneric crepe myrtles (Lagerstroemia indica L. [Myrtales: Lythraceae]), non-native congeneric Norway maples (Acer platanoides L. [Sapindales: Aceraceae]), or other red maples. Dryocampa rubicunda Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) accounted for most of the damage and caterpillar abundance. There were few significant differences between treatment groups in the establishment year of 2014, but in 2015 there was greater tree defoliation, caterpillar abundance, and caterpillar species richness when red maples were surrounded by crepe myrtles. We describe this as a biological fence effect in which the presence of crepe myrtle causes caterpillars to accumulate on the focal red maples over multiple generations. Red maples interplanted with Norway maple neighbors hosted an intermediate abundance and species richness of caterpillars compared to red maples interplanted with crepe myrtles and those with other red maples, indicating a spillover of herbivores to the related maple. No significant trends in insect natural enemy abundance or diversity between treatment groups were detected. These results highlight the necessity of considering plant associational interactions in context of species origin to alleviate pest outbreaks and develop sustainable landscape designs.}, }
@article {pmid29769691, year = {2018}, author = {Schiermeier, Q}, title = {Europe is demolishing its dams to restore ecosystems.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {557}, number = {7705}, pages = {290-291}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-018-05182-1}, pmid = {29769691}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/*methods/*trends ; *Ecosystem ; *European Union/economics ; Fishes/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Power Plants/*supply &amp; distribution ; Rivers ; Spain ; United States ; Water Supply ; }, }
@article {pmid29769652, year = {2018}, author = {Cunze, S and Kochmann, J and Koch, LK and Klimpel, S}, title = {Niche conservatism of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti - two mosquito species with different invasion histories.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {7733}, pmid = {29769652}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Aedes/classification/*physiology ; Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Mosquito Vectors/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions have been associated with niche changes; however, their occurrence is still debated. We assess whether climatic niches between native and non-native ranges have changed during the invasion process using two globally spread mosquitoes as model species, Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti. Considering the different time spans since their invasions (>300 vs. 30-40 years), niche changes were expected to be more likely for Ae. aegypti than for Ae. albopictus. We used temperature and precipitation variables as descriptors for the realized climatic niches and different niche metrics to detect niche dynamics in the native and non-native ranges. High niche stability, therefore, no niche expansion but niche conservatism was revealed for both species. High niche unfilling for Ae. albopictus indicates a great potential for further expansion. Highest niche occupancies in non-native ranges occurred either under more temperate (North America, Europe) or tropical conditions (South America, Africa). Aedes aegypti has been able to fill its native climatic niche in the non-native ranges, with very low unfilling. Our results challenge the assumption of rapid evolutionary change of climatic niches as a requirement for global invasions but support the use of native range-based niche models to project future invasion risk on a large scale.}, }
@article {pmid29769583, year = {2018}, author = {Kauppi, L and Bernard, G and Bastrop, R and Norkko, A and Norkko, J}, title = {Increasing densities of an invasive polychaete enhance bioturbation with variable effects on solute fluxes.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {7619}, pmid = {29769583}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Ammonium Compounds/metabolism ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/*analysis/*chemistry ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrates/metabolism ; Nitrites/metabolism ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Polychaeta/classification/*metabolism ; Silicates/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Bioturbation is a key process affecting nutrient cycling in soft sediments. The invasive polychaete genus Marenzelleria spp. has established successfully throughout the Baltic Sea increasing species and functional diversity with possible density-dependent effects on bioturbation and associated solute fluxes. We tested the effects of increasing density of M. arctia, M. viridis and M. neglecta on bioturbation and solute fluxes in a laboratory experiment. Benthic communities in intact sediment cores were manipulated by adding increasing numbers of Marenzelleria spp. The results showed that Marenzelleria spp. in general enhanced all bioturbation metrics, but the effects on solute fluxes varied depending on the solute, on the density and species identity of Marenzelleria, and on the species and functional composition of the surrounding community. M. viridis and M. neglecta were more important in predicting variation in phosphate and silicate fluxes, whereas M. arctia had a larger effect on nitrogen cycling. The complex direct and indirect pathways indicate the importance of considering the whole community and not just species in isolation in the experimental studies. Including these interactions provides a way forward regarding our understanding of the complex ecosystem effects of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid29768575, year = {2018}, author = {Beltramino, AA and Vogler, RE and Rumi, A and Guzmán, LB and Martín, SM and Peso, JG}, title = {The exotic jumping snail Ovachlamys fulgens (Gude, 1900) (Gastropoda: Helicarionidae) in urban areas of the Upper-Paraná Atlantic Forest.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {90}, number = {2}, pages = {1591-1603}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765201820170766}, pmid = {29768575}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Cities ; Forests ; Genetic Markers ; *Introduced Species ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Snails/*genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {The exotic land gastropod Ovachlamys fulgens (Gude, 1900), aka the jumping snail, was registered in Eldorado city, Misiones province, constituting the first documented record of that species in Argentina-and for all of South America as well. Identities of the individuals were confirmed through morphological examination, and by a DNA sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene. DNA sequences for the mitochondrial 16S-rRNA and the nuclear 18S-rRNA genes were also obtained from the morphologically-confirmed specimens to gain insights into the genetic background of this species in Argentina, and as additional markers for enhancing the rapidity of identification by governmental authorities who are responsible for managing the presence of exotic species. Different size classes suggested that the species had successfully reproduced and become established in the locality. Ovachlamys fulgens is emphasized in the literature as being a serious pest to orchids. Misiones province harbors a high species richness of orchids, representing about one half of the known species in Argentina. Owing to the use of the orchid as an ornamental plant, the commercial trade could have facilitated the introduction of the species into Argentina. Control measures, preventive education, and surveillance are needed to prevent the further spread of this snail.}, }
@article {pmid29768424, year = {2018}, author = {Astudillo, JC and Bonebrake, TC and Leung, KMY}, title = {Deterred but not preferred: Predation by native whelk Reishia clavigera on invasive bivalves.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {e0196578}, pmid = {29768424}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents ; Bivalvia/*pathogenicity ; Ecosystem ; Gastropoda/*pathogenicity/*physiology ; Hong Kong ; *Introduced Species ; Mytilidae/*pathogenicity ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Salinity ; }, abstract = {This study tested the potential bio-control role of the common native predatory whelk Reishia clavigera on the invasive bivalves Xenostrobus securis and Mytilopsis sallei and the native Brachidontes variabilis in Hong Kong. Predation experiments were conducted in the laboratory under salinity levels of 22‰ and 32‰, as well as under field conditions. The results indicate that the invasive bivalves are more vulnerable to predation than the native bivalve in environments with high salinity, whereas environments with moderately low salinity (22‰) may reduce predation. Because R. clavigera did not show clear prey preference, the low survival of the invasive species might be due to a lack of effective anti-predatory defenses under experimental conditions. These findings could explain the high abundance of the invasive bivalves in disturbed environments in Hong Kong where predation appears to be lower.}, }
@article {pmid29767812, year = {2018}, author = {Coiner, HA and Hayhoe, K and Ziska, LH and Van Dorn, J and Sage, RF}, title = {Tolerance of subzero winter cold in kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata).}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {187}, number = {3}, pages = {839-849}, pmid = {29767812}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {RGPIN-154273-07//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/International ; }, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Cold Temperature ; Ontario ; *Pueraria ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The use of species distribution as a climate proxy for ecological forecasting is thought to be acceptable for invasive species. Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) is an important invasive whose northern distribution appears to be limited by winter survival; however, kudzu's cold tolerance thresholds are uncertain. Here, we used biogeographic evidence to hypothesize that exposure to - 20 °C is lethal for kudzu and thus determines its northern distribution limit. We evaluated this hypothesis using survival tests and electrolyte leakage to determine relative conductivity, a measure of cell damage, on 14 populations from eastern North America. Relative conductivity above 36% was lethal. Temperatures causing this damage averaged - 19.6 °C for northern and - 14.4 °C for southern populations, indicating kudzu acclimates to winter cold. To assess this, we measured relative conductivity of above- and belowground stems, and roots collected throughout the winter at a kudzu population in southern Ontario, Canada. Consistent with acclimation, the cold tolerance threshold of aboveground stems at the coldest time of year was - 26 °C, while stems insulated from cold extremes survived to - 17 °C-colder than the survival limits indicated by kudzu's biogeographic distribution. While these results do not rule out alternative cold limitations, they indicate kudzu can survive winters north of its current distribution. For kudzu, biogeography is not a proxy for climatic tolerance and continued northward migration is possible. Efforts to limit its spread are therefore prudent. These results demonstrate that physiological constraints inform predictions of climate-related changes in species distribution and should be considered where possible.}, }
@article {pmid29766279, year = {2018}, author = {Pietras, M and Litkowiec, M and Gołębiewska, J}, title = {Current and potential distribution of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus lakei ((Murrill) A.H. Sm. &amp; Thiers) in its invasion range.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {28}, number = {5-6}, pages = {467-475}, pmid = {29766279}, issn = {1432-1890}, support = {DEC-2011/03/N/NZ9/04562//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/ ; }, mesh = {*Climate ; *Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/genetics/*physiology ; Phylogeography ; Poland ; Pseudotsuga/microbiology ; Seedlings/microbiology ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Suillus lakei is an ectomycorrhizal fungus native to North America and known in Europe, South America, and New Zealand. This contribution aims to illustrate the worldwide biogeography of S. lakei based on sporocarp records. Species distribution modeling was used to assess the suitable niche distribution of S. lakei, based on the climatic variables as well as distribution of its ectomycorrhizal partner, Douglas fir. In general, distribution of suitable niches of S. lakei greatly overlaps with the distribution of Douglas fir in North America. By spatial distribution modeling, we found that the precipitation of the coldest quarters, isothermality, and annual mean temperature are important factors influencing the potential distribution of S. lakei. Nevertheless, the most crucial factor limiting expansion of S. lakei in its invasion range is Douglas fir occurrence. This factor reached an 86.4% contribution for the S. lakei species distribution model. Additionally, we compare the aboveground and belowground presence of S. lakei based on surveys in the field. Our study shows that even extremely low abundance of ectomycorrhizas can open the possibility of using an ectomycorrhiza survey for their quantification as a good indicator of the presence of S. lakei in field conditions. Both sporocarps and ectomycorrhizas occurred only in gardens, where Douglas fir seedlings were outplanted at the beginning of the 1990s as an ornamental plant. Presumably, international trade of ornamental plants was one possible route of introduction of S. lakei to Poland.}, }
@article {pmid30682972, year = {2017}, author = {Miles, TD and Martin, FN and Robideau, GP and Bilodeau, GJ and Coffey, MD}, title = {Systematic Development of Phytophthora Species-Specific Mitochondrial Diagnostic Markers for Economically Important Members of the Genus.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {101}, number = {7}, pages = {1162-1170}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-09-16-1224-RE}, pmid = {30682972}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {The genus Phytophthora contains many invasive species to the U.S.A. that have the potential to cause significant damage to agriculture and native ecosystems. A genus and species-specific diagnostic assay was previously reported based on mitochondrial gene order differences that allowed for the systematic development of 14 species-specific TaqMan probes for pathogen detection (Bilodeau et al. 2014). In this study, an additional 32 species-specific TaqMan probes for detection of primarily invasive species have been validated against 145 Phytophthora taxa as well as a range of Pythium and plant DNA samples. All validated probes were found to be species-specific and could be multiplexed with a genus-specific probe. The lower limit of linear detection using purified genomic DNA ranged from 1 to 100 fg in all assays. In addition, 124 unique TaqMan probes for Phytophthora spp. developed in silico are presented, which, if testing confirms they are species-specific, will provide diagnostic capabilities for approximately 89% of the genus. To enhance sensitivity of detection for several species that contained a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the reverse primer, a second primer was developed that is added in a small amount to the master mix. Furthermore, a PCR-RFLP system was developed that could be used to identify individual species when multiple species are present in a sample, without requiring cloning or sequencing. Several experiments were also conducted to compare various qPCR thermal cyclers and independent validation experiments with another research laboratory to identify possible limitations when the assays are used on a range of equipment in different labs. This system represents a comprehensive, hierarchal approach to increase the detection capability and provide tools to help prevent the introduction of invasive Phytophthora species.}, }
@article {pmid30460071, year = {2017}, author = {Ko, MH and Kwan, YS and Lee, WK and Won, YJ}, title = {Impact of human activities on changes of ichthyofauna in Dongjin River of Korea in the past 30 years.}, journal = {Animal cells and systems}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {207-216}, pmid = {30460071}, issn = {1976-8354}, abstract = {Ichthyofauna and fish community were investigated at 17 representative stations of the Dongjin River drainage system from spring to fall in 2014. The survey resulted in a list of 53 species belonging to 14 families structured into 4 distinctive parts along the river: uppermost-stream, upper-stream, mid-stream, and lower-stream. Comparison of species lists with 30-year interval exhibited significant decreases in peripheral freshwater fishes, Acheilognathinae, endemic, and indigeneity species, but increases in exotic, epipelagic, and lentic species. Moreover, in the estuary of the Dongjin River drainage system, peripheral freshwater fish species were replaced by pure freshwater fish species due to the Saemangeum sea-wall project. In the upper region of the river, introduced eight alien species from Seomjin River via water diversion tunnels. In the mid-lower region, the construction of floodgates and numerous small weirs caused expansion of lentic water areas, facilitating the spread of problematic exotic species such as Micropterus salmoides, Lepomis macrochirus, and Carassius cuvieri. Also, water deterioration in this region resulted in an increase of tolerant species and a decrease of sensitive and endemic species. Our results suggest that a recovery strategy for a healthy ecosystem in the Dongjin River drainage system should reflect this compartmentalized cause and effect on the changes of icthyofauna.}, }
@article {pmid29952164, year = {2017}, author = {Schmidt-Chanasit, J and Tiedke, J}, title = {Tropical viruses approaching Europe.}, journal = {Medizinische Monatsschrift fur Pharmazeuten}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {151-153}, pmid = {29952164}, issn = {0342-9601}, abstract = {During the last years, headlines about the advance of tropical infectious diseases, which are transmitted by mosquitos, become more frequent. Some of these mosquitos are classified as invasive species in Europe. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) are enhancing the observation of the geographical spread of these species. Especially the Asian tiger mosquito and the Yellow fever mosquito are in focus. In Germany the vector competency of domestic mosquito species is investigated.}, }
@article {pmid29952163, year = {2017}, author = {Schmidt-Chanasit, J and Tiedke, J}, title = {Tropical viruses approaching Europe.}, journal = {Medizinische Monatsschrift fur Pharmazeuten}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {151-153}, pmid = {29952163}, issn = {0342-9601}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe/epidemiology ; Humans ; Insect Vectors ; Mosquito Control ; Mosquito Vectors ; *Tropical Medicine ; Virus Diseases/*epidemiology/*virology ; }, abstract = {During the last years, headlines about the advance of tropical infectious diseases, which are transmitted by mosquitos, become more frequent. Some of these mosquitos are classified as invasive species in Europe. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) are enhancing the observation of the geographical spread of these species. Especially the Asian tiger mosquito and the Yellow fever mosquito are in focus. In Germany the vector competency of domestic mosquito species is investigated.}, }
@article {pmid30283231, year = {2017}, author = {Roleček, J and Vild, O and Sladký, J and Řepka, R}, title = {Habitat requirements of endangered species in a former coppice of high conservation value.}, journal = {Folia geobotanica}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {59-69}, pmid = {30283231}, issn = {1211-9520}, support = {278065/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {Transformation of coppices to high forests has caused fundamental changes in site conditions and a decline of many species across Central Europe. Nevertheless, some formerly coppiced forests still harbour a number of the declining species and have become biodiversity hotspots in the changing landscape. We focused on the best preserved remnant of formerly grazed and coppiced subcontinental oak forest in the Czech Republic - Dúbrava forest near Hodonín. To improve our understanding of the ecology of the declining species, we studied local habitat requirements of vascular plants most endangered at the national level. We recorded vegetation composition and sampled important site variables in plots with the largest populations of endangered species and in additional plots placed randomly across all major forest habitats. We demonstrated that sites with endangered species have a highly uneven distribution in ecological space and their species composition is often similar to open-canopy oak forests. Within this habitat, the endangered species are concentrated in places with a high light availability and high soil pH. Light-demanding species characteristic of subcontinental oak forests are the best indicators of these sites, while broadly distributed shade-tolerant and nutrient-demanding species avoid them. These results support the view that the occurrence of many endangered species in Dúbrava forest is a legacy of the long history of traditional management that kept the canopies open. The light-demanding species are now threatened by ongoing successional changes. Therefore, active conservation measures are recommended, including opening up the canopies, early thinning of young stands, control of expansive and invasive species and understorey grazing or mowing.}, }
@article {pmid30220841, year = {2017}, author = {Hédl, R and Šipoš, J and Chudomelová, M and Utinek, D}, title = {Dynamics of herbaceous vegetation during four years of experimental coppice introduction.}, journal = {Folia geobotanica}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {83-99}, pmid = {30220841}, issn = {1211-9520}, support = {278065/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {Understanding the effects of coppicing on forest ecosystems is important for progress towards sustainable forest management. A newly established coppicing experiment in a secondary temperate deciduous forest in the SE Czech Republic provides a rather unique insight into succession driven by canopy thinning in a forest still lacking species typical for forests established since long time ago. Herbaceous layer vegetation was monitored for four subsequent years in 2012-2015. We focused on the influence of canopy thinning intensity in two different forest types defined by dominant tree species (oak and lime). Our results showed that the opening of the canopy had immediate effects on herbaceous vegetation. Coverage, species richness and compositional patterns followed the coppicing intensity gradient. The dominant tree species had contrasting effects. Under oak, the reaction to coppicing was weak. Under lime, strong reaction both related to coppicing intensity and temporal development was observed. Herbs with short life cycle had the greatest contribution, but perennial grasses also began to increase their coverage after coppicing. Several invasive species, mostly short-lived herbs, emerged but are supposed to retreat as the succession will proceed. We conclude that coppice introduction to a secondary forest led to contrasting patterns related to dominant tree species. The marked difference was probably due to the slow sucession towards a future forest community saturated by species. This process may be now further diversified by coppicing management.}, }
@article {pmid30050340, year = {2017}, author = {Kollars, TM}, title = {Assessing likely invasion sites of Zika virus-infected mosquitoes in civilian and naval maritime ports in Florida.}, journal = {Research and reports in tropical medicine}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {1-6}, pmid = {30050340}, issn = {1179-7282}, abstract = {Several mosquito species are capable of invading new geographic regions and exploiting niches that are similar to their natural home ranges where they may introduce, or reintroduce, pathogens. In addition to initial invasion, introduction of new genotypes into established populations may also occur. Zika virus is spreading throughout the world, posing significant health risks to human populations, particularly pregnant women and their infants. The first locally acquired case of Zika virus in the US occurred in July 2016 in Miami, Florida on the Atlantic coast; the first locally acquired case in another US county occurred in the Tampa, Florida area. Three port cities in Florida were chosen to assess the risk of import and spread of Zika virus: Mayport Naval Station, Miami, and Tampa. The bioagent transport and enviromental modeling system TIGER model and ArcGIS were used to analyze abiotic and biotic factors influencing potentially Zika-infected Aedes species, should they enter through these ports. The model was tested by overlaying documented and suspected concurrent Zika cases and comparing published high-risk areas for Zika virus. In addition to Zika hot zones being identified, output indicates surveillance and integrated mosquito management should expect larger zones. Surveillance sites at ports should be identified and prioritized for pathogen and vector control to reduce the import of mosquitoes infected with Zika virus. Low resolution maps often provide valuable suitability of the geographic expansion of organisms. Providing a higher resolution predictive map, identifying probable routes of invasion, and providing areas at high risk for initial invasion and control zones, will aid in controlling and perhaps eliminating the spread of arboviruses through mosquito vectors.}, }
@article {pmid30270860, year = {2017}, author = {Hardy, MC and Barrington, DJ}, title = {A Transdisciplinary Approach to Managing Emerging and Resurging Mosquito-Borne Diseases in the Western Pacific Region.}, journal = {Tropical medicine and infectious disease}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {30270860}, issn = {2414-6366}, support = {RM2013001889//University of Queensland/ ; 201200898//Australian Development Research Awards Scheme/ ; }, abstract = {Mosquitoes transmit a number of harmful diseases that have an impact on local communities and visitors, and many pose a threat to neighboring countries. As federal monitoring budgets shrink across the world, the increasing importance of citizen scientists in monitoring and identifying invasive species, as well as acting to prevent these diseases, are discussed. Examples of past mosquito management programs are provided, and future directions are discussed with an emphasis on the Western Pacific Region.}, }
@article {pmid30128115, year = {2016}, author = {Coetzee, BWT and Chown, SL}, title = {Land-use change promotes avian diversity at the expense of species with unique traits.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {21}, pages = {7610-7622}, pmid = {30128115}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Land-use change may alter both species diversity and species functional diversity patterns. To test the idea that species diversity and functional diversity changes respond in differing ways to land-use changes, we characterize the form of the change in bird assemblages and species functional traits along an intensifying gradient of land use in the savanna biome in a historically homogeneous vegetation type in Phalaborwa, South Africa. A section of this vegetation type has been untransformed, and the remainder is now mainly characterized by urban and subsistence agricultural areas. Using morphometric, foraging and breeding functional traits of birds, we estimate functional diversity changes. Bird species richness and abundance are generally higher in urban and subsistence agricultural land uses, as well as in the habitat matrix connecting these regions, than in the untransformed area, a pattern mainly driven through species replacement. Functionally unique species, particularly ground nesters of large body size, were, however, less abundant in more utilized land uses. For a previously homogenous vegetation type, declines in the seasonality of energy availability under land-use change have led to an increase in local avian diversity, promoting the turnover of species, but reduced the abundance of functionally unique species. Although there is no simple relationship between land-use and diversity change, land-use change may suit some species, but such change may also involve functional homogenization.}, }
@article {pmid30251797, year = {2016}, author = {Sokolov, SG and Zhukov, AV}, title = {The Diversity of Parasites in the Chinese Sleeper Perccottus glenii Dybowski 1877 (Actinopterygii: Perciformes) under the Conditions of Large-Scale Range Expansion.}, journal = {Izvestiia Akademii nauk. Seriia biologicheskaia}, volume = {}, number = {4}, pages = {439-448}, pmid = {30251797}, issn = {1026-3470}, mesh = {Animals ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {It has been found that the species composition of parasites infesting the Chinese sleeper Perccottus glenii in water bodies from the nonnative part of its range is more depleted. Here, the phylogenetic distances between parasites exceed those in the native part of the range. It has been revealed that parasitological differences between P. glenii populations from the nonnative and native parts of the range, as well as between populations inside the nonnative part, have similar composition and abundance of the host-specific and euryxenous components in the parasitic fauna. It has been shown that these differences are determined by the genesis of sites from which P. glenii is introduced, as well as the local conditions of the recipient water bodies.}, }
@article {pmid30159444, year = {2016}, author = {Turkington, R and Harrower, WL}, title = {An experimental approach to addressing ecological questions related to the conservation of plant biodiversity in China.}, journal = {Plant diversity}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {2-9}, pmid = {30159444}, issn = {2468-2659}, abstract = {We briefly introduce and describe seven questions related to community structure and biodiversity conservation that can be addressed using field experiments, and provide the context for using the vast geographic diversity, biodiversity, and network of Nature Reserves in China to perform these experiments. China is the world's third largest country, has a diverse topography, covers five climatic zones from cold-temperate to tropical, has 18 vegetation biomes ranging from Arctic/alpine tundra and desert to Tropical rain forest, and supports the richest biodiversity in the temperate northern hemisphere (>10% of the world total). But this tremendous natural resource is under relentless assault that threatens to destroy biodiversity and negatively impact the services ecosystems provide. In an attempt to prevent the loss of biodiversity, China has established 2729 nature reserves which cover 14.84% of the nation's area. Unfortunately underfunding, mismanagement, illegal activities, invasive species and global climate change threaten the effectiveness of these protected areas. Attention has focused on protecting species and their habitats before degradation and loss of either species or habitats occur. Here we argue that we must move beyond the simple protection of ecosystems, beyond their description, and by using experiments, try to understand how ecosystems work. This new understanding will allow us to design conservation programs, perform restoration of damaged or degraded areas, and address resource management concerns (e.g., agriculture, logging, mining, hunting) more effectively than with the current approach of ad hoc reactions to ecological and environmental problems. We argue that improving our understanding of nature can best be done using well designed, replicated, and typically manipulative field experiments.}, }
@article {pmid30159445, year = {2016}, author = {Corlett, RT}, title = {Plant diversity in a changing world: Status, trends, and conservation needs.}, journal = {Plant diversity}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {10-16}, pmid = {30159445}, issn = {2468-2659}, abstract = {The conservation of plants has not generated the sense of urgency-or the funding-that drives the conservation of animals, although plants are far more important for us. There are an estimated 500,000 species of land plants (angiosperms, gymnosperms, ferns, lycophytes, and bryophytes), with diversity strongly concentrated in the humid tropics. Many species are still unknown to science. Perhaps a third of all land plants are at risk of extinction, including many that are undescribed, or are described but otherwise data deficient. There have been few known global extinctions so far, but many additional species have not been recorded recently and may be extinct. Although only a minority of plant species have a specific human use, many more play important roles in natural ecosystems and the services they provide, and rare species are more likely to have unusual traits that could be useful in the future. The major threats to plant diversity include habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation, overexploitation, invasive species, pollution, and anthropogenic climate change. Conservation of plant diversity is a massive task if viewed globally, but the combination of a well-designed and well-managed protected area system and ex situ gap-filling and back-up should work anywhere. The most urgent needs are for the completion of the global botanical inventory and an assessment of the conservation status of the 94% of plant species not yet evaluated, so that both in and ex situ conservation can be targeted efficiently. Globally, the biggest conservation gap is in the hyperdiverse lowland tropics and this is where attention needs to be focused.}, }
@article {pmid30688615, year = {2016}, author = {McRoberts, N and Thomas, CS and Brown, JK and Nutter, FW and Stack, JP and Martyn, RD}, title = {The Evolution of a Process for Selecting and Prioritizing Plant Diseases for Recovery Plans.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {100}, number = {4}, pages = {665-671}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-04-15-0457-FE}, pmid = {30688615}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {One element of the cost of dealing with invasive species in the United States is the recovery from the arrival of exotic plant pathogens. We review the development of a process used to prioritize plant diseases for the federally mandated United State Department of Agriculture National Plant Disease Recovery System. A team of university, government, and industry scientists worked together over a 10-year period to develop a science-based objective approach to the challenge of effectively preparing for recovery plans from introduced pathogens, when the timing of the introduction of any single disease is unknown. Over time, the process transitioned from ad hoc, in which recovery plans were written when the relevant experts were able to do so, to a formally organized group-prioritization effort from which emerged the concept of generic recovery plan templates for groups of pathogens and diseases that have similar biological characteristics, and therefore, similar management approaches. Key characteristics for each template were determined through a multivariate analysis for 14 plant diseases for which a recovery plan already existed. The process was validated by a larger group of 15 plant pathologists, for which results were compared with those scored by 14 subject matter experts.}, }
@article {pmid30011673, year = {2014}, author = {Anacleto, P and Maulvault, AL and Bandarra, NM and Repolho, T and Nunes, ML and Rosa, R and Marques, A}, title = {Effect of warming on protein, glycogen and fatty acid content of native and invasive clams.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {64}, number = {}, pages = {439-445}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2014.07.023}, pmid = {30011673}, issn = {1873-7145}, abstract = {Human bivalve consumption in Europe has steadily increased in the last years, particularly during summer months when seawater temperature increases. Since ocean warming is among the current global environmental threats affecting aquatic organisms, it is of paramount importance to investigate its effect on the nutritional quality of seafood products. In this context, the aim of this study was to investigate differences in the nutritional quality (in terms of protein, glycogen and fatty acid, FA, content) and condition of a native (grooved carpet shell, Ruditapes decussatus) and an invasive (Japanese carpet shell, Ruditapes philippinarum) clam species, subjected to warming. Our results clearly reveal that temperature significantly affected the nutritional quality of both clam species, particularly the FA composition. Both clam species responded similarly to warming, by significantly decreasing the content of some fatty acids, but not protein and glycogen levels. A predominance of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) over saturated FA (SFA) and monounsaturated FA (MUFA) was observed throughout the experiment, as well as high n-3/n-6 and PUFA/SFA ratios. The native clam always revealed higher values of these fatty acids, indicating that this species has a better nutritional quality in comparison to the invasive one. Nonetheless, the loss of n-3 PUFA (in native species), eicosapentaenoic (EPA; in both species) and docosahexaenoic (DHA; in invasive species) acids was considered as the major negative outcome derived from warming, since it contributes to the loss of prime quality fatty acids for human health. However, atherogenic, thrombogenic and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic indices (AI, TI and h/H, respectively) remained low in both species, even in warming conditions, suggesting that these food items can be used in a cardio-protective and hypocholesterolemic diet. This study provides new insights to understand and foretell the effects of climate change on nutritional quality of marine organisms.}, }
@article {pmid30708565, year = {2014}, author = {Aghighi, S and Fontanini, L and Yeoh, PB and Hardy, GESJ and Burgess, TI and Scott, JK}, title = {A Conceptual Model to Describe the Decline of European Blackberry (Rubus anglocandicans), A Weed of National Significance in Australia.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {98}, number = {5}, pages = {580-589}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-11-13-1124-FE}, pmid = {30708565}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Human activities have had an adverse impact on ecosystems on a global scale and have caused an unprecedented redispersal of organisms, with both plants and pathogens moving from their regions of origin to other parts of the world. Invasive plants are a potential threat to ecosystems globally, and their management costs tens of billions of dollars per annum. Rubus anglocandicans (European blackberry) is a serious invasive species in Australia. Herbicide and cultural control methods are generally inefficient or require multiple applications. Therefore, a biological control program using stem and leaf rust strains is the main option in Australia. However, biological control using rusts has been patchy, as host factors, climate, and weather can alter the impact of the rust at different locations. In 2007, Yeoh and Fontanini noticed that blackberry plants on the banks of the Donnelly and Warren rivers in the southwest of Western Australia were dying in areas that were being regularly monitored for the impact of rust as a biological control agent. The symptoms on blackberry became known as the disease "blackberry decline". Continuous and intensive investigations are required to discover the different biotic and abiotic components associated with specific declines in plant populations. The only agent so far introduced to Australia for the biological control of blackberry is the rust Phragmidium violaceum.}, }
@article {pmid30708474, year = {2013}, author = {Park, JH and Park, MJ and Lee, SH and Lee, CK and Shin, HD}, title = {First Report of Corynespora Leaf Spot on Beach Vitex Caused by Corynespora cassiicola in Korea.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {97}, number = {11}, pages = {1512}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-05-13-0480-PDN}, pmid = {30708474}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Beach vitex, Vitex rotundifolia L. fil., is a perennial that grows in temperate and tropical areas of the Pacific. In areas where it has been introduced outside of its native range, beach vitex has proven to be an invasive species. This plant dominates dune ecosystems leading to a reduction in the prevalence of native species (1). In October 2010, previously unknown leaf spots were observed on the beach vitex growing on sand dunes in Incheon City of Korea. The same symptoms were repeated in 2011 and 2012. In September 2012, the same leaf spots were found on the beach vitex in Samcheok and Gyeongju in Korea. The symptoms usually started as small, dark brown to purplish leaf spots with more or less concentric rings, eventually causing leaf blights or yellowing with 50% or more defoliation by the end of September. Representative samples (n = 6) were deposited in the Korea University Herbarium (KUS). Conidiophores of the fungus observed microscopically on the leaf spots were erect, brown to dark brown, single or occasionally in clusters, 80 to 500 × 5 to 9 μm, and mostly arose on the abaxial surface of symptomatic leaves. Conidia were borne singly or in short chains of 2 to 4, ranging from cylindrical to broadest at the base and tapering apically, straight to slightly curved, pale olivaceous brown, 1 to 12 pseudoseptate, 50 to 250 × 8 to 18 μm, each with a conspicuous thickened hilum. On potato dextrose agar (PDA), single-spore cultures of two isolates were identified as Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. &amp; M.A. Curtis) C.T. Wei on the basis of morphological and cultural characteristics (3). Two monoconidial isolates were preserved at the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (Accession Nos. KACC45712 and KACC46953). Isolate KACC45712 was used for molecular works and pathogenicity test. Genomic DNA was extracted using the DNeasy Plant Mini DNA Extraction Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA). The complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 520 bp was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KC987359). A BLAST search in GenBank revealed that the sequence showed 100% identity with those of C. cassiicola (e.g., JQ801302). To conduct a pathogenicity test, a conidial suspension (ca. 2 × 10[4] conidia/ml) was prepared by harvesting conidia from 2-week-old cultures, and the suspension was sprayed onto the leaves of three healthy seedlings. Inoculated plants were kept in humid chambers for 48 h in a glasshouse. After 5 days, typical leaf spot symptoms started to develop on the leaves of all three inoculated plants. C. cassiicola was reisolated from the lesions, confirming Koch's postulates. Control plants treated with sterile water remained symptomless. C. cassiicola is cosmopolitan with a very wide host range (2,4). To our knowledge, C. cassiicola has not been reported on Vitex spp. anywhere in the world. According to field observations in Korea, Corynespora leaf spot was most severe in August and September, especially following a prolonged period of moist weather. C. cassiicola may be a potential biocontrol agent for this highly invasive species. References: (1) M. C. Cousins et al. Invasive Plant Sci. Manag. 3:340, 2010. (2) L. J. Dixon et al. Phytopathology 99:1015, 2009. (3) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonw. Mycol. Inst.: Kew, UK, 1971. (4) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab., Online publication, ARS, USDA, Retrieved April 30, 2013.}, }
@article {pmid30722252, year = {2013}, author = {de Macedo, DM and Pereira, OL and Wheeler, GS and Barreto, RW}, title = {Corynespora cassiicola f. sp. schinii, a Potential Biocontrol Agent for the Weed Schinus terebinthifolius in the United States.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {97}, number = {4}, pages = {496-500}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-06-12-0598-RE}, pmid = {30722252}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae), Brazilian peppertree (BP), is a major environmental weed in many tropical and subtropical areas of the globe, including Florida, Hawai'i, and Australia. This plant has been the target of a classical biocontrol project in the United States involving pathogens collected in Brazil for several years. A fungus was found in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo causing leaf spots and severe foliage blight on BP. Examination of the morphology and internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis confirmed that the fungus is a strain of Corynespora cassiicola. Preliminary host-range tests involving 24 species, including 11 species in the family Anacardiaceae, were conducted with the fungus, and specificity toward BP was confirmed. Plants of Brazilian pepper tree from populations in Florida and Hawai'i included in the tests became severely diseased. Therefore, the recognition of a new forma specialis-Corynespora cassiicola f. sp. schinii-is proposed. The specificity of this forma specialis and the severity of the disease it caused in the field and under controlled conditions indicate that it has the potential for use as a biocontrol agent for BP in areas where it is an exotic invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30722248, year = {2013}, author = {Khankhum, S and Bollich, P and Valverde, RA}, title = {First Report of Tobacco ringspot virus Infecting Kudzu (Pueraria montana) in Louisiana.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {97}, number = {4}, pages = {561}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-10-12-0933-PDN}, pmid = {30722248}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Kudzu is an introduced legume commonly found growing as a perennial throughout the southeastern United States. This fast-growing vine was originally planted as an ornamental for forage and to prevent erosion (2), but is now considered an invasive species. During April 2011, a kudzu plant growing near a soybean field in Amite (Tangipahoa Parish, southeastern LA) was observed with foliar ringspot and mottle symptoms. Leaf samples were collected, and sap extracts (diluted 1:5 w/v in 0.02 M phosphate buffer pH 7.2) were mechanically inoculated onto carborundum-dusted leaves of at least five plants of the following species: kudzu, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cv. Black Turtle Soup, globe amaranth (Gomphrena globosa), Nicotiana benthamiana, and soybean (Glycine max) cv. Asgrow AG 4801. Two plants of each species were also mock-inoculated. Eight to fourteen days after inoculation, all virus-inoculated plants showed virus symptoms that included foliar ringspots, mosaic, and mottle. Common bean and soybean also displayed necroses and were stunted. ELISA using antisera for Bean pod mottle virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, Soybean mosaic virus, and Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN) were performed on field-collected kudzu and all inoculated plants species. ELISA tests resulted positive for TRSV but were negative for the other three viruses. All virus-inoculated plant species tested positive by ELISA. To confirm that TRSV was present in the samples, total RNA was extracted from infected and healthy plants and used in RT-PCR tests. The set of primers TRS-F (5'TATCCCTATGTGCTTGAGAG3') and TRS-R (5'CATAGACCACCAGAGTCACA3'), which amplifies a 766-bp fragment of the RdRp of TRSV, were used (3). Expected amplicons were obtained with all of the TRSV-infected plants and were cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis confirmed that TRSV was present in kudzu. Nucleotide sequence comparisons using BLAST resulted in a 95% similarity with the bud blight strain of TRSV which infects soybeans (GenBank Accession No. U50869) (1). TRSV has been reported to infect many wild plants and crops, including soybean. In soybean, this virus can reduce yield and seed quality (4). During summer 2012, three additional kudzu plants located near soybean fields showing ringspot symptoms were also found in Morehouse, Saint Landry, and West Feliciana Parishes. These three parishes correspond to the north, central, and southeast regions, respectively. These plants also tested positive for TRSV by ELISA and RT-PCR. The results of this investigation documents that TRSV was found naturally infecting kudzu near soybean fields in different geographical locations within Louisiana. Furthermore, a TRSV strain closely related to the bud blight strain that infects soybean was identified in one location (Amite). This finding is significant because infected kudzu potentially could serve as the source of TRSV for soybean and other economically important crops. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of TRSV infecting kudzu. References: (1) G. L. Hartman et al. 1999. Compendium of Soybean Diseases. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (2) J. H. Miller and B. Edwards. S. J. Appl. Forestry 7:165, 1983. (3) S. Sabanadzovic et al. Plant Dis. 94:126, 2010. (4) P. A. Zalloua et al. Virology 219:1, 1996.}, }
@article {pmid30722391, year = {2013}, author = {Lee, HB}, title = {First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe heraclei on Curled Dock (Rumex crispus) in South Korea.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {97}, number = {3}, pages = {427}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-10-12-0904-PDN}, pmid = {30722391}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Curled dock (Rumex crispus L.) is a perennial flowering plant in family Polygonaceae, native to Europe and western Asia. Curled dock is a widespread naturalized species throughout the temperate world that has become a serious invasive species as a weed in many areas. In contrast, the plant has been widely used as a folk medicine for treatment of indigestion and dermatoses in Asia countries. The plant roots are known to have an antifungal effect against barley powdery mildew pathogens. In late October 2010 to 2011, plants showing typical symptoms of powdery mildew disease were observed in a river bank area located in Gwangju, South Korea. Symptoms included generally white, superficial mycelia and abundant necrotic black spots showing superficial chasmothecia. Mycelia were ectophytic with lobed appressoria. Conidiophores were cylindrical, straight, or slightly flexuous in foot cells and bore single conidia. The foot cell of the fungus had a greater range of size than Erysiphe polygoni. Conidia and conidiophores were 25.4 to 45.4 (36.5) μm long × 10.5 to 18.6 (15.0) μm wide and 34.7 to 126.0 (91.4) μm long × 8 to 10 (8.7) μm wide, respectively. The teleomorph included spherical to subspherical ascocarps that were (blackish) brown to yellow and formed hyphoid appendages. Appendages were slightly flexuous and 62.0 to 128.1 (71.6) μm wide. Mature chasmothecia were 75.1 to 140.9 (105) μm. The ascocarps contained multiple asci that were saccate, ellipsoidal and papillate in apices, bore 3 to 5 ascospores, and were 59.4 to 66.1 (60.9) μm long × 32.6 to 43.9 (38.3) μm wide. Ascospores were subhyaline, oval to ellipsoid, and 17.9 to 24.8 (21.1) μm long × 10.9 to 15.2 (13.3) μm wide. From extracted genomic DNA, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region inclusive of 5.8S and 28S rDNA were amplified with ITS1F (5'-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3') and LR5F (5'-GCTATCCTGAGGGAAAC-3'), and LROR (5'-ACCCGCTGAACTTAAGC-3') and LR5F primer sets, respectively. rDNA ITS (JX499184) and 28S (JX888470) homologies of the fungal strain (EML-RCPW1) via NCBI BLASTn search represented 99.7% (618/620) and 100% (667/667) identity values with E. heraclei AB104510 and AB103366, respectively. The identification of the fungus as E. heraclei was based on morphological data combined with the results of sequence analysis. Although there were no 28S sequence data from E. polygoni in GenBank, the phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequence data showed that our strain was differentiated from E. polygoni, forming a separate clade consisting of E. heraclei. So far, 26 records with respect to powdery mildews on curled dock represent those caused by only E. polygoni worldwide (1). E. heraclei has been reported to occur on various herbaceous plants including Angelica spp., Daucus spp., and Torilis japonica, and a woody plant such as Quercus myrsinaefolia in China, Japan, and Korea. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf powdery mildew caused by E. heraclei on curled dock in Korea or elsewhere in the world, although the fungus causes powdery mildew on various species of families Polygonaceae and Apiaceae with wide host range (2,3,4). References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab., ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , June 22, 2012. (2) D. A. Glawe et al. Online. Plant Health Progress. PHP-2005-0114-01-HN, 2005. (3) M. J. Park et al. New Dis. Rep. 21:14, 2010. (4) G. Rodríguez-Alvarado et al. Plant Dis. 94:483, 2010.}, }
@article {pmid30727176, year = {2012}, author = {Perilla-Henao, LM and Dickinson, M and Franco-Lara, L}, title = {First Report of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' Affecting Woody Hosts (Fraxinus uhdei, Populus nigra, Pittosporum undulatum, and Croton spp.) in Colombia.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {96}, number = {9}, pages = {1372}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-03-12-0290-PDN}, pmid = {30727176}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Phytoplasmas of the 16SrVII group in ornamental Fraxinus uhdei trees (1) growing in different cities of the Colombian Andes have been reported (2). In surveys made in Bogotá during March and May 2011, symptoms suggestive of phytoplasma infection were observed in ornamental woody species: Croton spp. (Euphorbiaceae), Pittosporum undulatum (Pittosporaceae) and Populus nigra (Salicaceae) trees, growing close to infected F. uhdei (Oleaceae). Symptoms included witches' broom, yellowing, dieback, epicormic sprouts, tufted foliage, abnormal elongation or shortening of internodes, and deliquescent branching leading to dramatic changes in crown architecture. P. undulatum and F. uhdei are introduced species representing the second and third most abundant trees in the city. P. nigra is an introduced species and Croton spp. is an Andean genus. In order to screen for the presence of phytoplasmas in Croton spp., P. undulatum, and P. nigra, four individuals of each species and two F. uhdei trees were sampled. For DNA extraction, 1 g of vascular tissue from young stems was used. Samples were tested by nested PCR with primers P1A/P7A (4) followed by R16F2n/R16R2 (3). The frequency of phytoplasma detection varied among species; P. undulatum and Croton spp. had three positives each, while P. nigra had one positive. Both F. uhdei were positive. Sequences from the amplicons (three reads) were aligned. BLAST analysis of 16S rDNA sequences from the four species tested had 99.2 to 99.7% similarity to 16SrI group sequences. Phylogenetic analysis further confirmed this relationship. Virtual sequence analysis using the iPhyclassifier tool (http://plantpathology.ba.ars.usda.gov/cgi-bin/resource/iphyclassifier.cgi) showed that the sequence derived from P. undulatum (JQ730861) produced an identical RFLP pattern to group 16SrI-B (reference sequence NC_005303). RFLP similarity coefficients of the phytoplasmas from F. uhdei, Croton spp., and P. nigra (JQ730859, JQ730859 and JQ730861) were less than 0.97, suggesting the presence of a new subgroup within group 16SrI. The vectors of phytoplasmas are unknown in the region. Phytoplasma hosts previously reported in Colombia are: Solanum quitoense (16SrIII), Manihot esculenta (16SrIII), Liquidambar styraciflua (16SrI and 16SrVII), Elaeis guineensis (16SrI and 16SrIII), Coffea arabica (16SrIII), Cordia alliodora (16SrIII), Solanum tuberosum (16SrV and 16SrXII), and Zea mays (16SrI). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Croton spp. and P. undulatum as phytoplasma hosts. Phytoplasmas of group 16SrI are known to infect more than 100 species of different families worldwide. Detection of this group in several tree species and the observation of similar symptoms in other trees species raises concerns about a possible epidemic affecting plants in the Andean region. Implications are at several levels: i) epidemiological, with infected trees representing a potential inoculum source for other ornamental plants or crops growing in the agricultural surrounding areas; ii) economic, since eventually it will be necessary to replace diseased plants; and iii) environmental, because of the negative impact on the services provided by trees and green areas. References: (1) J. J. Filgueira et al. Plant Pathology 53:520, 2004. (2) L. Franco-Lara et al. Fitopatología Colombiana 29:32, 2005. (3) D. E Gundersen et al. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 35:144, 1996. (4) I-M. Lee et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54:1037, 2004.}, }
@article {pmid30727075, year = {2012}, author = {Martin, FN and Abad, ZG and Balci, Y and Ivors, K}, title = {Identification and Detection of Phytophthora: Reviewing Our Progress, Identifying Our Needs.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {96}, number = {8}, pages = {1080-1103}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-12-11-1036-FE}, pmid = {30727075}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {With the increased attention given to the genus Phytophthora in the last decade in response to the ecological and economic impact of several invasive species (such as P. ramorum, P. kernoviae, and P. alni), there has been a significant increase in the number of described species. In part, this is due to the extensive surveys in historically underexplored ecosystems (e.g., forest and stream ecosystems) undertaken to determine the spread of invasive species and the involvement of Phytophthora species in forest decline worldwide (e.g., oak decline). The past decade has seen an approximate doubling in the number of described species within the genus Phytophthora, and the number will likely continue to increase as more surveys are completed and greater attention is devoted to clarifying phylogenetic relationships and delineating boundaries in species complexes. The development of molecular resources, the availability of credible sequence databases to simplify identification of new species, and the sequencing of several genomes have provided a solid framework to gain a better understanding of the biology, diversity, and taxonomic relationships within the genus. This information is much needed considering the impact invasive or exotic Phytophthora species have had on natural ecosystems and the regulatory issues associated with their management. While this work is improving our ability to identify species based on phylogenetic grouping, it has also revealed that the genus has a much greater diversity than previously appreciated.}, }
@article {pmid30727113, year = {2012}, author = {Gibson, DM and Castrillo, LA and Giuliano Garisto Donzelli, B and Milbrath, LR}, title = {First Report of Blight Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii on the Invasive Exotic Weed, Vincetoxicum rossicum (Pale Swallow-Wort), in Western New York.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {96}, number = {3}, pages = {456}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-08-11-0692}, pmid = {30727113}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Pale (Vincetoxicum rossicum) and black swallow-wort (V. nigrum) are perennial, twining vines that are increasingly invasive in natural and managed ecosystems in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. Both species, introduced from Europe in the 1800s, are listed as noxious weeds or banned invasive species by the USDA-Natural Resource Conservation Service. Observations by C. Southby, a local naturalist, over several years at a meadow populated by pale swallow-wort in Powder Mill Park, Monroe County, NY, revealed a gradual disappearance of pale swallow-wort with restoration of native grasses and some dicotyledonous plant species, in a 6.7-m-diameter area. Diseased swallow-wort plants had extensive yellowing and wilting of foliage, likely due to splitting of the basal stem, with white mycelium throughout the stem and crown; small, reddish brown sclerotia were evident, but roots were not affected. Stem tissue sections from 20 symptomatic plants were vacuum infiltrated with 2% NaOCl for 20 min, then plated onto malt yeast agar and potato dextrose agar amended with 60 mg/liter of penicillin and 80 mg/liter of streptomycin, resulting in development of fast-growing, white mycelium which then formed numerous, irregularly shaped (2 to 4 mm diameter), reddish brown sclerotia at the plate edges. Two individual cultures were identified as S. rolfsii (1) based on size, shape, and color of the sclerotia and presence of characteristic clamp connections in the mycelium. The isolate was suspected to be S. rolfsii var. delphinii due to the reported inability of S. rolfsii to persist in regions with extremely low winter temperatures (4), but molecular data showed otherwise. Sequences of the 18S gene (GenBank JN543690), internal transcribed spacer region (JN543691), and 28S gene (JN543692) of the ribosomal DNA identified the isolate, VrNY, as S. rolfsii (2,3). Pathogenicity tests were conducted with individual 2-month-old seedlings of V. rossicum and V. nigrum grown in steam-sterilized Metromix 360 in SC10 polypropylene conetainers in a growth chamber with a diurnal cycle of 25/20°C, a photoperiod of 14-h light/10-h dark, and fertilized at 3 week intervals. Two independent replications of 12 plants of each species were each inoculated at the stem base with a 4-mm-diameter mycelial agar plug from the growing edge of a colonized plate. The agar plug was held in place with 5 g of sterile sand. Control plants (12 of each species per replication) were treated with sterile agar plugs. Plants for each treatment were placed within a clear plastic bag to maintain 90% relative humidity for 72 h, and then removed from the bags. Disease symptoms developed over 21 days, with >90% of inoculated plants showing symptoms within 2 weeks. Control plants were symptomless. Incidence of mortality was 66 and 60% for V. rossicum and V. nigrum, respectively, by 3 weeks. The fungus reisolated from diseased stem and crown tissue produced characteristic mycelium with irregular sclerotia, consistent with those of S. rolfsii. Since spread of this fungus is based on movement of soilborne sclerotia, this isolate may offer potential as a bio-herbicide for control of swallow-wort in natural ecosystems if the isolate can be demonstrated to have a host range restricted to this invasive weed. References: (1) B. A. Edmunds and M. L. Gleason. Plant Dis. 87:313, 2003. (2) C. E. Harlton et al. Phytopathology 85:1269, 1995. (3) I. Okabe and N. Matsumoto. Mycol. Res. 107:164, 2003. (4) Z. Xu et al. Plant Dis. 92:719, 2008.}, }
@article {pmid30743515, year = {2011}, author = {Yun, HY and Kim, YH and James, TY}, title = {First Report of False Rust Caused by Synchytrium minutum on Kudzu in Korea.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {95}, number = {3}, pages = {358}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-09-10-0697}, pmid = {30743515}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen &amp; S. Almeida) is a weedy, fabaceous vine that is native to and widely distributed in Asia where it is used for various medicinal purposes such as treating convulsions and fever (2). In the United States, especially the southeastern states, kudzu has become a problematic invasive species that overgrows nearly every substrate on which it occurs. Thus, biological control strategies for controlling this vine are of great interest (4). From October to November 2004, a disease of kudzu was observed in Gwangju and Pyeongtaek in Gyeonggi Province, Korea. The disease appeared on leaves and stems as numerous, discrete, small galls, which enlarged, becoming yellowish orange and eventually erupting into orange, pulverulent sori. Galls were scattered or gregarious, amphigenous, predominately hypophyllous, and sometimes formed along veins as well as on petioles and stems. Sori that formed from galls were solitary but sometimes became confluent, 0.1 to 1 mm in diameter, globose to subglobose, and orange to dark orange; walls were hyaline and thin. Sporangia were copious in sori, typically polyhedral due to compression or globose, 16 to 32 μm in diameter, with smooth, hyaline walls and orange contents. Zoospores were not observed during several failed attempts to germinate sporangia. On the basis of morphological descriptions and keys (3), the fungus was identified as Synchytrium minutum (Pat.) Gäum. (Chytridiomycota), the only species of Synchytrium known to occur on Pueraria (1,3). Comparison with specimens from China and New Guinea (BPI 794733 and BPI 1109528) confirmed this identification. Portions of the nLSU and nSSU rDNA from one of the two Korean specimens deposited as voucher material in the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI 880898 and BPI 880899) were sequenced (GenBank Accession Nos. HQ324138 and HQ324139), and a subsequent BLAST search against GenBank confirmed placement in the genus Synchytrium with 95% similarity to S. decipiens. S. minutum is widespread in Asia and Oceania and also has been reported from California (1,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. minutum in Korea (1) and is noteworthy to those interested in biological control of kudzu because S. minutum may have potential in this regard. References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , September, 2010. (2) H. S. Jung. M.S. thesis. Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, 1997. (3) J. S. Karling. Synchytrium. Academic Press Inc., New York, NY, 1964. (4) M. A. Weaver et al. Biol. Control 50:150, 2009.}, }
@article {pmid30754298, year = {2010}, author = {Minnis, AM and Rossman, AY and Clement, DL and Malinoski, MK and Rane, KK}, title = {First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera leucotricha on Callery Pear in North America.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {94}, number = {2}, pages = {279}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-94-2-0279B}, pmid = {30754298}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Callery pear, often referred to as Bradford pear, is a species native to China that is planted throughout North America as an ornamental tree for its white flowers in spring, bright colored foliage in autumn, and resistance to disease. In some regions it is becoming an invasive species that is replacing native trees. In May 2009, leaves of Pyrus calleryana 'Cleveland Select' showing distortion and signs of powdery mildew were collected in Columbia (Howard County), Maryland. A survey of the surrounding area found numerous similarly diseased trees of this cultivar. Microscopic observation of the leaves revealed a fungus with an Oidium anamorph having nipple-shaped appressoria; conidiophores erect, foot cells cylindric, straight, of terminal origin, 41 to 55 × 9.5 to 12.5 μm, with the following cells present in variable numbers; conidia catenulate, broadly ellipsoid to rarely slightly ovoid, 22 to 27 × 11 to 17 μm, with fibrosin bodies. Chasmothecia were absent. On the basis of morphology and host, the fungus was identified as Podosphaera leucotricha (Ellis &amp; Everh.) E.S. Salmon (Leotiomycetes, Erysiphales) (1). The specimen on P. calleryana was deposited in the U.S. National Fungus Collections as BPI 879141. Additional confirmation resulted from a comparison of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region DNA sequence data (GenBank Accession No. GU122230) obtained with the custom designed primer, Podoprimer Forward (5'-3' ACTCGTTCTGCGCGGCTGAC), and the ITS4 primer. The sequence of the fungus on Callery pear was identical to available GenBank sequences of P. leucotricha. P. leucotricha is the etiological agent of a powdery mildew disease that occurs on rosaceous plants, primarily Malus and Pyrus. This fungus occurs nearly worldwide (1), and the pathology of the disease on Callery pear is similar to that of known hosts (1,4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. leucotricha on Pyrus calleryana in North America. P. leucotricha has been reported previously only once on Callery pear, Pyrus calleryana 'Chanticleer', in Hungary (4). Additionally, the powdery mildew fungus was heavily parasitized by Ampelomyces quisqualis Ces. sensu lato, a cosmopolitan coelomycetous mycoparasite of the Erysiphales that is well known on this species (2,3). ITS region DNA sequence data from the Ampelomyces (GenBank Accession No. GU122231) obtained with the ITS1 and ITS4 primers was identical to that of other isolates parasitic on P. leucotricha (2). References: (1) U. Braun. The Powdery Mildews (Erysiphales) of Europe. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, Germany, 1995. (2) C. Liang et al. Fungal Divers. 24:225, 2007. (3) B. C. Sutton. The Coelomycetes. Fungi Imperfecti with Pycnidia, Acervuli and Stromata. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England, 1980. (4) L. Vajna and L. Kiss. Plant Dis. 92:176, 2008.}, }
@article {pmid30764194, year = {2009}, author = {Wood, AR and den Breeÿen, A and Beed, F}, title = {First Report of Smut on Imperata cylindrica Caused by Sporisorium schweinfurthianum in South Africa.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {93}, number = {3}, pages = {322}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-93-3-0322A}, pmid = {30764194}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. (Poaceae) is indigenous to the old world but is a problem weed in tropical areas throughout the world (1). A smut fungus was observed frequently on this grass at a single site near Pretoria (25°44'19″S, 28°15'39″E), South Africa during April of 2006. On the basis of the following characteristics, it was identified as Sporisorium schweinfurthianum (Thüm.) K. Vánky (2). Panicles were systemically infected and all ovaries in infected inflorescences were replaced by spores. Spores were globose or subglobose, brown, 10 to 14 × 9 to 12 μm (average 11.2 × 9.8 μm; n = 25), wall 1 μm thick, and finely verruculose. Hyaline, thin-walled sterile cells were present. This identification was confirmed by K. Vánky (personal communication to A. R. Wood). To our knowledge, this is the first report of this smut species from southern Africa. A voucher specimen has been deposited in the South African National Collection of Fungi, ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute (PREM 59895). To test pathogenicity, soil in 15 pots with individual 1-month-old seedlings was drenched with an aqueous suspension of 1 × 10[8] spores ml[-1] amended with 0.1% Tween 80. Before treatment, the pots were placed on pot trays and remained immersed in the spore suspension in the trays at 28°C (relative humidity <80%) for 24 h. To maintain the spore concentration in the soil, the pots were not watered until 7 days after inoculation. Distilled water amended with 0.1% Tween 80 was applied as control treatments to a further 15 pots with plants. Five of the treated plants produced panicles within 4 months of inoculation. Of these, all the ovaries of four emerging inflorescences were completely replaced with a brown, powdery mass of teliospores. No smutted panicles developed on the control plants. This smut fungus may have potential as a classical biological control agent for use against I. cylindrica by reducing dispersal by seed. References: (1) L. G. Holm et al. The World's Worst Weeds: Distribution and Biology. University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu, 1977. (2) K. Vánky. Australas. Plant Pathol. 29:155, 2000.}, }
@article {pmid30764311, year = {2008}, author = {Caesar, AJ and Lartey, RT}, title = {First Report of Crown Gall Caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens on Euphorbia esula/virgata in Europe.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {92}, number = {12}, pages = {1710}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-92-12-1710A}, pmid = {30764311}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Hypertrophy and hyperplasia resembling crown galls were found on roots of Euphorbia esula/virgata at a single site in east-central Hungary in 2005. E. esula/virgata, known as leafy spurge in North America, is an invasive species causing substantial economic losses to the value of grazing lands in the Northern Great Plains of the United States and is the target of biological control. E. esula/virgata is widely distributed throughout Eurasia and is found on ditch banks, along roadsides, and in other noncultivated areas in its native range. Large galls on roots resembling crown gall were first noted in 1992 on plants collected for phylogenetic studies from three locations in east-central Hungary. One of these sites was relocated during a 2005 survey and galls were collected from infected plants. Galls were diced and incubated overnight in tubes containing 3 ml of sterile water at room temperature (20 to 25°C). The supernatant was streaked onto plates of potato dextrose agar (PDA), medium 1A, medium 2E, and Roy/Sasser medium. After 7 days, colonies were picked and streaked and subsequently purified on PDA. Of 104 isolates used to inoculate three sunflower plants each (by puncturing roots just below the soil line with a sterile dissecting needle holding a drop of fluid matrix containing bacterial cells), 35 caused galls. Thirty-three isolates were randomly selected from the 104 and used to inoculate three tomato plants each at the soil line. Seventeen caused galls, including two isolates that did not cause galls on sunflower. Finally, none of 20 randomly selected isolates caused galls on kalanchoe plants (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana). Three isolates, which formed the largest galls on sunflower, were used to inoculate five plants of E. esula/virgata growing in a 1:1:1 (peat/sand/Bozeman silt loam) potting mix. The tests were repeated. Galls were visible on inoculated plants within 6 weeks. Diagnostic biochemical tests done prior to and after reisolation indicated that the causal agent was Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which differed from A. rhizogenes in the production of alkali from litmus milk, a positive reaction for the ferric ammonium citrate and 3-ketolactose tests, and negative reactions for tests to detect the production of acid from erythritol and alkali from malonic, l-tartaric, and mucic acid. The three isolates of A. tumefaciens from E. esula/virgata had identical sequences and clustered most closely (99.8 to 99.9% similarity) with five isolates of A. tumefaciens from Tibet and Japan on the basis of cluster analysis using 16S rRNA sequences. Crown gall of E. esula/virgata has also been found in Montana and western North Dakota, and isolates were identified as A. tumefaciens biovars 1 and 2 (1) (the latter is now known as A. rhizogenes). To our knowledge, this the first report of crown gall on E. esula/virgata in Europe. Reference: (1) A. J. Caesar. Plant Dis. 78:796, 1994.}, }
@article {pmid30786381, year = {2008}, author = {Oliver, RE and Cai, X and Wang, RC and Xu, SS and Friesen, TL}, title = {Resistance to Tan Spot and Stagonospora nodorum Blotch in Wheat-Alien Species Derivatives.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {92}, number = {1}, pages = {150-157}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-92-1-0150}, pmid = {30786381}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Tan spot (caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) and Stagonospora nodorum blotch (SNB) (caused by Stagonospora nodorum) are destructive fungal diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum) throughout the world. Host plant resistance is thought to be an efficient and economical method of control. The objective of the present study was to identify novel sources of tan spot and SNB resistance in wheat genotypes derived from the crosses between wheat and alien species. Evaluations were conducted at the seedling stage in a growth chamber with 100% relative humidity. For each genotype, three replications were used for each disease. Among the 199 wheat-alien species derivatives evaluated, 65 exhibited resistance to tan spot and 30 showed resistance to SNB similar to BR34, a Brazilian wheat line used as the resistant control. Eleven derivatives were resistant to both diseases. Reactions of the derivatives and their respective wheat parents to tan spot and SNB suggest that resistance genes in the derivatives are derived from alien species. These derivatives can serve as desirable bridges for introgression of resistance genes from alien species to cultivated wheat, and could contribute novel and effective tan spot and SNB resistance to wheat breeding.}, }
@article {pmid30781164, year = {2006}, author = {Ohnishi, J and Katsuzaki, H and Tsuda, S and Sakurai, T and Akutsu, K and Murai, T}, title = {Frankliniella cephalica, a New Vector for Tomato spotted wilt virus.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {90}, number = {5}, pages = {685}, doi = {10.1094/PD-90-0685B}, pmid = {30781164}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Frankliniella cephalica (Crawford) is an invasive species of thrips found in the islands of Yaeyama in the Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. During the late 1990s to early 2000s, a species of thrips was isolated from wild flowers of Bidens pilosa L. and Ipomoea batatas L. growing close to cultivated fields. They were subsequently identified as F. cephalica using fine morphological characteristics with the help of Steve Nakahara (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD) and Laurence Mound (CSIRO, Australia). Voucher specimens were deposited in the Laboratory of Insect Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture by Shuji Okajima (2). We investigated the ability of F. cephalica to vector Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) by experimentally determining virus transmission efficiency. Newly hatched larvae as much as 12 h old underwent a viral acquisition-access period (AAP) of 24 h, during which they fed on the leaves of Datura stramonium infected with TSWV-O, a Japanese type isolate. Transmission efficiency of adults 4 days after emergence from molt (14 days after the AAP) was determined by a petunia leaf disk assay (3) in which the adults were individually allowed to feed for successive 24-h inoculation access periods (IAP) on two different leaf disks of Petunia × hybrida cv. Polo Blue. Transmission of the virus by the adults was considered positive if at least one of the leaf disks showed viral necrotic spot. We tested 20 randomly selected leaf disks with clear necrotic spots using a simplified rapid immunofilter paper assay. All selected disks were positive for TWSV. The transmission efficiencies were 24.6% for female (n = 57) and 54.4% for male (n = 125) adults. The efficiency was significantly different between sexes (Fisher's exact probability test, P < 0.001). We also examined changes in the virus infection site at different developmental stages in thrips using immunofluorescence microscopy with a polyclonal antibody to N protein of the virus (4). After a 6-h AAP feeding by first instar larvae, the virus was found initially to infect the epithelial cells and then spread throughout the midgut tissue in the second instar larvae 5 days after acquisition of the virus. In viruliferous adults, the virus was present in the salivary glands and on the basement membrane of the midgut tissue. These data indicate that F. cephalica is a new insect vector for TSWV. F. cephalica is a major insect pest of tropical crops in tropical and subtropical coastal belts (1). The presence of a thrips vector in weed hosts surrounding cultivated fields might increase the chance of crops in this habitat becoming infected with viruses. References: (1) M. Lamberts and J. H. Crane. Page 337 in: Advances in New Crops. J. Janick and J. E. Simon, eds. Timber Press, Portland, OR, 1990. (2) M. Masumoto and S. Okajima. Jpn. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 48:225, 2004. (3) T. Sakurai et al. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 39:71, 2004. (4) S. Tsuda et al. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 60:216, 1994.}, }
@article {pmid30812376, year = {2004}, author = {Newcombe, G and Nischwitz, C}, title = {First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe cichoracearum on Creeping Thistle (Cirsium arvense) in North America.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {88}, number = {3}, pages = {312}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.3.312C}, pmid = {30812376}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Creeping or Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) is a perennial weed of Eurasian origin that arrived in North America as early as the 1700s (3). Spreading by seeds and rhizomes, it is now widely distributed in Canada, Alaska, and 40 other states. It is apparently absent from Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina (1). Powdery mildew is common on C. arvense in Europe, but it has never been observed in North America (4). In Europe and Asia, powdery mildew of C. arvense is caused by any one of the following fungi: Leveillula taurica, two species of Sphaerotheca, and varieties of Erysiphe cichoracearum and E. mayorii. Specimens of C. arvense infected with powdery mildew (deposited in the U.S. National Fungus Collections as BPI 843471) were collected in the fall of 2003 near Moscow, ID and in two areas in Oregon (the canyon of the Grande Ronde River and near the base of the Wallowa Mountains). Mycelium and cleistothecia were observed on stems and upper and lower surfaces of leaves. The mean diameter of the cleistothecia was 122 (±11.6) μm. Basally inserted, mycelioid appendages were hyaline or brown and varied considerably in length, but most were in the range of 80 to 120 μm. Asci averaged 58 (±5.5) μm × 35 (±4.1) μm in length and width, respectively. Each ascus bore two ascospores averaging 23 (±1.4) μm × 14 (±1.7) μm. Conidia averaged 30 (±3.0) μm × 14 (±0.8) μm. The specimens fit the description of E. cichoracearum DC. (2). Because the length/breadth ratio of conidia is greater than 2, the specimens could be further diagnosed as E. cichoracearum var. cichoracearum (2). Also noteworthy was the presence of the hyperparasitic Ampelomyces quisqualis Ces. ex Schlechtend. E. cichoracearum is thought to be a cosmopolitan powdery mildew of broad host range, but this concept is difficult to reconcile with the absence of mildew on North American populations of C. arvense for more than 200 years. References: (1) Anonymous. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Profile for Cirsium arvense. On-line publication, 2003. (2) U. Braun. A monograph of the Erysiphales (powdery mildews), J. Cramer, Berlin-Stuttgart, 1987. (3) G. Cox. Alien Species in North America and Hawaii, Island Press, Washington, D.C., 1999. (4) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. On-line publication, 2003.}, }
@article {pmid30812809, year = {2003}, author = {Marshall, D and Work, TT and Cavey, JF}, title = {Invasion Pathways of Karnal Bunt of Wheat into the United States.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {87}, number = {8}, pages = {999-1003}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.8.999}, pmid = {30812809}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Karnal bunt of wheat (caused by Tilletia indica) was first detected in the United States in Arizona in 1996. The seed lots of infected, spring-habit, durum wheat associated with the initial detection were traced to planted fields in California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. However, in the summer of 1997, the disease appeared in unrelated, winter-habit, bread wheat located over 700 km from the nearest potentially contaminated wheat from 1996 (and destroyed prior to reinfection). Here, we examined potential invasion pathways of the fungus associated with the movement of wheat into the United States. We analyzed the USDA/APHIS Port Information Network (PIN) database from 1984 through 2000 to determine likely pathways of introduction based on where, when, and how the disease was intercepted coming into the United States. All interceptions were made on wheat transported from Mexico, with the majority (98.8%) being intercepted at land border crossings. Karnal bunt was not intercepted from any other country over the 17-year period analyzed. Most interceptions were on wheat found in automobiles, trucks, and railway cars. The majority of interceptions were made at Laredo, Brownsville, Eagle Pass, and El Paso, TX, and Nogales, AZ. Karnal bunt was intercepted in all 17 years; however, interceptions peaked in 1986 and 1987. Averaged over all years, more interceptions (19.2%) were made in the month of May than in any other month. Our results indicate that Karnal bunt has probably arrived in the United States on many occasions, at least since 1984. Because of the relatively unaggressive nature of the disease and its reliance on rather exacting weather conditions for infection, we surmised that it is possible this disease has a long period of latent survival between initial arrival and becoming a thriving, established disease.}, }
@article {pmid30823148, year = {2001}, author = {Hill, JH and Alleman, R and Hogg, DB and Grau, CR}, title = {First Report of Transmission of Soybean mosaic virus and Alfalfa mosaic virus by Aphis glycines in the New World.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {85}, number = {5}, pages = {561}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.5.561C}, pmid = {30823148}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {The recent discovery of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsamura, in the North Central region of the United States is significant because it is the first time that a soybean-colonizing aphid has been detected in the New World. Although the aphid has the potential to cause physiological loss of up to 52% on soybeans (4), it can also transmit Soybean mosaic virus (SMV). Transmission of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) has not been reported. SMV, and less commonly AMV, are found in soybeans in the North Central states and are transmitted by numerous aphids in a nonpersistent manner (2; Grau, unpublished). For SMV, potential exists for specificity of transmission between virus strain and aphid species (3). For these reasons, it was important to determine if an endemic isolate of these viruses could be transmitted by this introduced species of aphid in the North Central region. Transmission experiments were conducted as described (3), using 3, 5, and 10 aphids per plant. Ten plants of the soybean cultivar Williams 82 were used for each treatment. To preclude confounding results by possible seed transmission, plants used in all tests were grown from seeds harvested from virus-indexed plants grown in the greenhouse. For experiments involving SMV, the aphid-transmissible field isolate Al5 (GeneBank Accession no. AF242844) and, as a negative control, the non-aphid transmissible isolate N (GeneBank Accession no. D500507) were used. For experiments involving AMV, a field isolate of AMV, confirmed by ELISA and host range, was used. The aphid species Myzus persicae was maintained on broad bean and A. glycines was maintained on virus-free soybean. The protocol for transmission studies of AMV was identical to that used in the SMV study, except only A. glycines was tested. For experiments, plants were periodically observed for symptom development and tested by ELISA 4 to 5 weeks after inoculation access. No transmission of SMV-N occurred in any tests, which together involved 180 aphids each of M. persicae or A. glycines. For the Al5 isolate, transmission efficiencies of 30, 50, and 50% were obtained with 3, 5, and 10 individuals, respectively, of M. persicae per plant. Efficiencies for A. glycines were 30, 40, and 40%. Transmission levels by the two aphid species did not differ significantly (t-test, P = 0.01). For AMV, corresponding transmission efficiencies were 0, 0, and 20%. The data suggest that the introduced A. glycines can be an efficient vector of SMV, but a less efficient vector of AMV, in the North Central region. Transmission of AMV by M. persicae has been documented (1) but was not examined in this study. Transmission of SMV and AMV by A. glycines is of concern because it may increase SMV and AMV incidence. With the recent outbreak of Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) in the region, the potential for synergism of SMV and BPMV is increased (2). References: (1) M. B. Castillo and G. G. Orlob. Phytopathology 56:1028, 1966. (2) G. L. Hartman et al., eds. 1999. Compendium of Soybean Diseases, 4th Ed. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (3) B. S. Lucas and J. H. Hill. Phytopathol. Z. 99:47, 1980. (4) C. L. Wang et al. Plant Prot. 20:12, 1994.}, }
@article {pmid30841180, year = {2000}, author = {Trapero-Casas, A and Rodríguez-Tello, A and Kaiser, WJ}, title = {Lupins, a New Host of Phytophthora erythroseptica.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {84}, number = {4}, pages = {488}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.4.488B}, pmid = {30841180}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Several lupin (Lupinus) species are native to southern Spain (2). The white lupin, Lupinus albus L., is the most important crop, and its seeds are used for human consumption and animal feed. Accessions of three indigenous species, L. albus, L. angustifolius L., and L. luteus L., and an introduced species from South America, L. mutabilis Sweet, were planted during October in replicated yield trials in acidic soils (pH 6.5) in the Sierra Morena Mountains (elevation 350 m) north of Córdoba. Root and crown rot disease was widespread and very serious on the indigenous lupins, particularly in several patches of white lupin cultivars. Infected plants were devoid of feeder rootlets, and the tap roots, crowns, and lower stems were necrotic and turned dark brown to black. Rotted roots were colonized heavily by fungal oospores. Many affected plants wilted and died before flowering. A Phytophthora sp. was isolated consistently from the necrotic roots and crowns of symptomatic white lupins. The same fungus also was isolated from the necrotic root tissues of the other indigenous lupin species. Isolates of the fungus from diseased white lupins were homothallic and produced oospores rapidly and abundantly on corn meal and V8 agars. Antheridia were amphigynous, and aplerotic oospores ranged from 22 to 32 μm (average 27 μm). Nonpapillate, ovoidobpyriform sporangia were produced only in water on simple sympodial sporangiophores. Cultures on V8 agar grew at 5 to 30°C (optimum ≈25°C). The species was identified as Phytophthora erythroseptica Pethybr. based on morphology of oospores, sporangia, and other cultural characteristics (1). Koch's postulates were fulfilled by planting seeds of white lupin cv. Multulupa in sterile potting soil infested with a blended culture on V8 agar from a white lupin isolate of P. erythroseptica and reisolating the fungus after 28 days from lesions that developed on the roots and crowns of inoculated plants incubated in a greenhouse at 16 to 26°C. The fungus was not isolated from white lupins seeded in potting soil inoculated with sterile V8 agar. In pathogenicity tests, two isolates of P. erythroseptica from white lupins caused severe symptoms on the roots and crowns of inoculated white lupin cv. Multulupa similar to those observed on white lupins naturally infected in field trials. These isolates also caused root and crown rots on inoculated L. luteus and L. angustifolius. The fungus did not infect the roots or crowns of tarwi (L. mutabilis cv. SCG 20), alfalfa (Medicago sativa cv. Moapa), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Contender), chickpea (Cicer arietinum cv. Blanco Lechoso), faba bean (Vicia faba cv. Arboleda), lentil (Lens culinaris cv. local), pea (Pisum sativum cv. Lancet), soybean (Glycine max cv. Akashi), or subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Seaton-park). The tests were repeated, and the results were similar. This is the first report of P. erythroseptica infecting Lupinus spp. References: (1) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. 1996. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (2) B. Valdés et al. 1987. Flora Vascular de Andalucía Occidental. Ketres, Barcelona, Spain.}, }
@article {pmid30139130, year = {1992}, author = {Andersen, MC}, title = {AN ANALYSIS OF VARIABILITY IN SEED SETTLING VELOCITIES OF SEVERAL WIND-DISPERSED ASTERACEAE.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {79}, number = {10}, pages = {1087-1091}, doi = {10.1002/j.1537-2197.1992.tb13702.x}, pmid = {30139130}, issn = {1537-2197}, abstract = {Dispersal is an important life history component. Seed settling velocity may be a useful surrogate for the measurement of dispersal ability in wind-dispersed plants, particularly those whose seeds have plumose dispersal structures. I measured settling velocities on seeds of eight species of Asteraceae, including annuals, biennials, and perennials, and including both native and introduced species. The species are Aster exilis, Picris echioides, Chrysopsis villosa, Heterotheca grandiflora, Conyza bonariensis, Sonchus oleraceous, Senecio vulgaris, and Taraxacum officinale. From these data I estimated components of total variation in seed settling velocities due to differences among species, among plants within species, and among inflorescences and seeds within plants. Significant amounts of variability were found at all levels. Contrasts among mean settling velocities showed that the five introduced species have lower settling velocities than the three native species; this result continues to be true when annuals are considered separately from biennials and perennials. Also, over all eight species, annuals have lower settling velocities than biennials and perennials. Variability among species apparently reflects different dispersal "strategies" employed by the species; these different strategies may be correlated with other life-history traits and with ecological characteristics. Variability within species also may have ecological consequences in that such variability may represent an example of risk-spreading.}, }
@article {pmid30139163, year = {1990}, author = {Koske, RE and Gemma, JN}, title = {VA MYCORRHIZAE IN STRAND VEGETATION OF HAWAII: EVIDENCE FOR LONG-DISTANCE CODISPERSAL OF PLANTS AND FUNGI.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {77}, number = {4}, pages = {466-474}, doi = {10.1002/j.1537-2197.1990.tb13577.x}, pmid = {30139163}, issn = {1537-2197}, abstract = {Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) were a nearly constant component of the coastal strand of the Hawaiian Islands, occurring in beach sand, driftline debris, in roots of 23 of 31 species of vascular plants examined, and in association with rhizomes of two native species, Sporobolus virginicus and Jacquemontia sandwicensis. Mycorrhizae were most frequent and intensity of VAM development was greatest in endemic plants, less in indigenous species, and least in alien species. Spores of VAMF were produced in abundance between the rhizome and the leaf sheaths of Sporobolus. Roots of two strand species, including roots of Sporobolus that were immersed in seawater for 7 days, functioned as inocula of VAMF in pot-culture studies. The close association between propagules of VAMF and vegetative fragments of indigenous plants found in the present study suggests a mechanism of codispersal that appears to ensure the maintenance of the symbiosis in nutrient-deficient sites where it is most beneficial. The codispersal of fungus and plant may explain the high frequency of mycotrophy in strand species in the tropical Pacific.}, }
@article {pmid29765696, year = {2018}, author = {Gruber, J and Brown, G and Whiting, MJ and Shine, R}, title = {Behavioural divergence during biological invasions: a study of cane toads (Rhinella marina) from contrasting environments in Hawai'i.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {180197}, pmid = {29765696}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Invasive species must deal with novel challenges, both from the alien environment and from pressures arising from range expansion per se (e.g. spatial sorting). Those conditions can create geographical variation in behaviour across the invaded range, as has been documented across regions of Australia invaded by cane toads; range-edge toads are more exploratory and willing to take risks than are conspecifics from the range-core. That behavioural divergence might be a response to range expansion and invasion per se, or to the different environments encountered. Climate differs across the cane toads' invasion range from the wet tropics of Queensland to the seasonally dry climates of northwestern Western Australia. The different thermal and hydric regimes may affect behavioural traits via phenotypic plasticity or through natural selection. We cannot tease apart the effects of range expansion versus climate in an expanding population but can do so in a site where the colonizing species was simultaneously released in all suitable areas, thus removing any subsequent phase of range expansion. Cane toads were introduced to Hawai'i in 1932; and thence to Australia in 1935. Toads were released in all major sugarcane-growing areas in Hawai'i within a 12-month period. Hence, Hawai'ian cane toads provide an opportunity to examine geographical divergence in behavioural traits in a climatically diverse region (each island has both wet and dry sides) in the absence of range expansion subsequent to release. We conducted laboratory-based behavioural trials testing exploration, risk-taking and response to novelty using field-caught toads from the wet and dry sides of two Hawai'ian islands (Oahu and Hawai'i). Toads from the dry side of Oahu had a higher propensity to take risks than did toads from the dry side of Hawai'i. Toads from Oahu were also more exploratory than were conspecifics from the island of Hawai'i. However, toads from wet versus dry climates were similar in all behaviours that we scored, suggesting that founder effects, genetic drift, or developmentally plastic responses to ecological factors other than climate may have driven behavioural divergence between islands.}, }
@article {pmid29765671, year = {2018}, author = {Sheldon, EL and Schrey, A and Andrew, SC and Ragsdale, A and Griffith, SC}, title = {Epigenetic and genetic variation among three separate introductions of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) into Australia.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {172185}, pmid = {29765671}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Invasive populations are often associated with low levels of genetic diversity owing to population bottlenecks at the initial stages of invasion. Despite this, the ability of invasive species to adapt rapidly in response to novel environments is well documented. Epigenetic mechanisms have recently been proposed to facilitate the success of invasive species by compensating for reduced levels of genetic variation. Here, we use methylation sensitive-amplification fragment length polymorphism and microsatellite analyses to compare levels of epigenetic and genetic diversity and differentiation across 15 sites in the introduced Australian house sparrow population. We find patterns of epigenetic and genetic differentiation that are consistent with historical descriptions of three distinct, introductions events. However unlike genetic differentiation, epigenetic differentiation was higher among sample sites than among invasion clusters, suggesting that patterns of epigenetic variation are more strongly influenced by local environmental stimuli or sequential founder events than the initial diversity in the introduction population. Interestingly, we fail to detect correlations between pairwise site comparisons of epigenetic and genetic differentiation, suggesting that some of the observed epigenetic variation has arisen independently of genetic variation. We also fail to detect the potentially compensatory relationship between epigenetic and genetic diversity that has been detected in a more recent house sparrow invasion in Africa. We discuss the potential for this relationship to be obscured by recovered genetic diversity in more established populations, and highlight the importance of incorporating introduction history into population-wide epigenetic analyses.}, }
@article {pmid29764688, year = {2018}, author = {Bertelsmeier, C and Keller, L}, title = {Bridgehead Effects and Role of Adaptive Evolution in Invasive Populations.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {33}, number = {7}, pages = {527-534}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2018.04.014}, pmid = {29764688}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a major threat to biodiversity, agriculture, and human health. Invasive populations can be the source of additional new introductions, leading to a self-accelerating process whereby invasion begets invasion. This phenomenon, coined bridgehead effect, has been proposed to stem from the evolution of higher invasiveness in a primary introduced population. There is, however, no conclusive evidence that the success of bridgehead populations stems from the evolution of increased invasiveness. Instead, we argue that a high frequency of secondary introductions can be explained by increased abundance in the bridgehead region or the topology of human transport networks. We outline the type of evidence and experiments that are needed to demonstrate adaptive evolution and higher invasion success of introduced populations.}, }
@article {pmid29764663, year = {2018}, author = {Chantawannakul, P and Ramsey, S and vanEngelsdorp, D and Khongphinitbunjong, K and Phokasem, P}, title = {Tropilaelaps mite: an emerging threat to European honey bee.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {26}, number = {}, pages = {69-75}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2018.01.012}, pmid = {29764663}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; Beekeeping ; Bees/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Larva/parasitology ; *Mites ; Varroidae ; }, abstract = {The risk of transmission of honey bee parasites has increased substantially as a result of trade globalization and technical developments in transportation efficacy. Great concern over honey bee decline has accelerated research on newly emerging bee pests and parasites. These organisms are likely to emerge from Asia as it is the only region where all 10 honey bee species co-occur. Varroa destructor, an ectoparasitic mite, is a classic example of a pest that has shifted from A. cerana, a cavity nesting Asian honey bee to A. mellifera, the European honey bee. In this review, we will describe the potential risks to global apiculture of the global expansion of Tropilaelaps mercedesae, originally a parasite of the open-air nesting Asian giant honey bee, compared to the impact of V. destructor.}, }
@article {pmid29764662, year = {2018}, author = {Figueroa, CC and Fuentes-Contreras, E and Molina-Montenegro, MA and Ramírez, CC}, title = {Biological and genetic features of introduced aphid populations in agroecosystems.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {26}, number = {}, pages = {63-68}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2018.01.004}, pmid = {29764662}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Animals ; Aphids/*genetics/physiology ; Crops, Agricultural ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; *Parthenogenesis ; }, abstract = {In agroecosystems, introduced aphids that reproduce by obligate parthenogenesis (OP) show strong biased representation of a few genotypes (superclones), whereas species with cyclical parthenogenesis (CP) exhibit the opposite trend with many unique genotypes. We analyzed the biological and genetic features of 23 different aphid species introduced in different geographic areas and climates, finding putative superclones in about 60% of them. We have examined the proximal causes for aphid establishment and spread after their introduction, and found that OP, host availability, and phenotypic plasticity are among the main variables underpinning the ability of aphids to succeed in new geographic areas, which may explain the high potential for invasion in this group of pest insects.}, }
@article {pmid29764653, year = {2018}, author = {Meeus, I and Pisman, M and Smagghe, G and Piot, N}, title = {Interaction effects of different drivers of wild bee decline and their influence on host-pathogen dynamics.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {26}, number = {}, pages = {136-141}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2018.02.007}, pmid = {29764653}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*microbiology/*parasitology/*virology ; Ecosystem ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Insecticides/adverse effects ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Wild bee decline is a multi-factorial problem, yet it is crucial to understand the impact of a single driver. Hereto the interaction effects of wild bee decline with multiple natural and anthropogenic stressors need to be clear. This is also true for the driver 'pathogens', as stressor induced disturbances of natural host-pathogen dynamics can unbalance settled virulence equilibria. Invasive species, bee domestication, habitat loss, climate changes and insecticides are recognized drivers of wild bee decline, but all influence host-pathogen dynamics as well. Many wild bee pathogens have multiple hosts, which relaxes the host-density limitation of virulence evolution. In conclusion, disturbances of bee-pathogen dynamics can be compared to a game of Russian roulette.}, }
@article {pmid29761058, year = {2018}, author = {Barbar, F and Ignazi, GO and Hiraldo, F and Lambertucci, SA}, title = {Exotic lagomorph may influence eagle abundances and breeding spatial aggregations: a field study and meta-analysis on the nearest neighbor distance.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4746}, pmid = {29761058}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The introduction of alien species could be changing food source composition, ultimately restructuring demography and spatial distribution of native communities. In Argentine Patagonia, the exotic European hare has one of the highest numbers recorded worldwide and is now a widely consumed prey for many predators. We examine the potential relationship between abundance of this relatively new prey and the abundance and breeding spacing of one of its main consumers, the Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle (Geranoaetus melanoleucus). First we analyze the abundance of individuals of a raptor guild in relation to hare abundance through a correspondence analysis. We then estimated the Nearest Neighbor Distance (NND) of the Black-chested Buzzard-eagle abundances in the two areas with high hare abundances. Finally, we performed a meta-regression between the NND and the body masses of Accipitridae raptors, to evaluate if Black-chested Buzzard-eagle NND deviates from the expected according to their mass. We found that eagle abundance was highly associated with hare abundance, more than with any other raptor species in the study area. Their NND deviates from the value expected, which was significantly lower than expected for a raptor species of this size in two areas with high hare abundance. Our results support the hypothesis that high local abundance of prey leads to a reduction of the breeding spacing of its main predator, which could potentially alter other interspecific interactions, and thus the entire community.}, }
@article {pmid29760887, year = {2018}, author = {Gebauer, R and Divíšek, J and Buřič, M and Večeřa, M and Kouba, A and Drozd, B}, title = {Distribution of alien animal species richness in the Czech Republic.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {4455-4464}, pmid = {29760887}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Biogeographical barriers formed by natural forces over billions of years have been substantially disrupted by human activity, particularly in recent centuries. In response to these anthropogenic changes, global homogenization of biota is observed at an ever-increasing rate, causing environmental and economic losses as well as emerging health risks. Identifying factors underlying alien species richness is essential for prevention of future introductions and subsequent spread. In this study, we examined the effects of environmental and human-related factors on distribution of alien animal species richness in the Czech Republic (Central Europe). We compiled a set of maps showing the level of invasion of six categories of alien animal species in each of 628 grid cells (ca. 12.0 × 11.1 km) covering the Czech Republic. Relationships between alien species richness and 12 variables characterizing climatic conditions, topography, land cover, and human population size were calculated using the generalized least squares method. Species richness of all alien species, of invertebrates, and of terrestrial species showed the strongest positive relationship with mean annual temperature, while the number of black and grey (proposed prominent invaders) and aquatic species was most closely related to the presence of large rivers. Alien vertebrates showed a strong negative relationship with annual precipitation. The highest alien animal species richness was found in and near large population centers and in agricultural landscapes in warm and dry lowlands. The gateways for alien aquatic species are rather large rivers over sport fishing and aquaculture import. Compiled maps create a powerful visual communication tool, useful in development of programs to prevent future introductions.}, }
@article {pmid29760883, year = {2018}, author = {Méndez, V and Wood, JR and Butler, SJ}, title = {Resource diversity and provenance underpin spatial patterns in functional diversity across native and exotic species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {4409-4421}, pmid = {29760883}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Functional diversity metrics are increasingly used to augment or replace taxonomic diversity metrics to deliver more mechanistic insights into community structure and function. Metrics used to describe landscape structure and characteristics share many of the same limitations as taxonomy-based metrics, particularly their reliance on anthropogenically defined typologies with little consideration of structure, management, or function. However, the development of alternative metrics to describe landscape characteristics has been limited. Here, we extend the functional diversity framework to characterize landscapes based on the diversity of resources available across habitats present. We then examine the influence of resource diversity and provenance on the functional diversities of native and exotic avian communities in New Zealand. Invasive species are increasingly prevalent and considered a global threat to ecosystem function, but the characteristics of and interactions between sympatric native and exotic communities remain unresolved. Understanding their comparative responses to environmental change and the mechanisms underpinning them is of growing importance in predicting community dynamics and changing ecosystem function. We use (i) matrices of resource use (species) and resource availability (habitats) and (ii) occurrence data for 62 native and 25 exotic species and 19 native and 13 exotic habitats in 2015 10 × 10 km quadrats to examine the relationship between native and exotic avian and landscape functional diversity. The numbers of species in, and functional diversities of, native and exotic communities were positively related. Each community displayed evidence of environmental filtering, but it was significantly stronger for exotic species. Less environmental filtering occurred in landscapes providing a more diverse combination of resources, with resource provenance also an influential factor. Landscape functional diversity explained a greater proportion of variance in native and exotic community characteristics than the number of habitat types present. Resource diversity and provenance should be explicitly accounted for when characterizing landscape structure and change as they offer additional mechanistic understanding of the links between environmental filtering and community structure. Manipulating resource diversity through the design and implementation of management actions could prove a powerful tool for the delivery of conservation objectives, be they to protect native species, control exotic species, or maintain ecosystem service provision.}, }
@article {pmid29760882, year = {2018}, author = {Kosmala, GK and Brown, GP and Christian, KA and Hudson, CM and Shine, R}, title = {The thermal dependency of locomotor performance evolves rapidly within an invasive species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {4403-4408}, pmid = {29760882}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Biological invasions can stimulate rapid shifts in organismal performance, via both plasticity and adaptation. We can distinguish between these two proximate mechanisms by rearing offspring from populations under identical conditions and measuring their locomotor abilities in standardized trials. We collected adult cane toads (Rhinella marina) from invasive populations that inhabit regions of Australia with different climatic conditions. We bred those toads and raised their offspring under common-garden conditions before testing their locomotor performance. At high (but not low) temperatures, offspring of individuals from a hotter location (northwestern Australia) outperformed offspring of conspecifics from a cooler location (northeastern Australia). This disparity indicates that, within less than 100 years, thermal performance in cane toads has adapted to the novel abiotic challenges that cane toads have encountered during their invasion of tropical Australia.}, }
@article {pmid29760490, year = {2018}, author = {}, title = {Bloody battles as birds maul European bats.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {557}, number = {7705}, pages = {282}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-018-05128-7}, pmid = {29760490}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; *Chiroptera ; *Endangered Species ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Spain ; }, }
@article {pmid29758857, year = {2018}, author = {Rodríguez, J and Calbi, M and Roiloa, SR and González, L}, title = {Herbivory induced non-local responses of the clonal invader Carpobrotus edulis are not mediated by clonal integration.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {633}, number = {}, pages = {1041-1050}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.264}, pmid = {29758857}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Aizoaceae/*physiology ; Biomass ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The anthropogenic displacement of species around the world results in new environmental situations where native and exotic species coexist. Exotic plants have to face native herbivores, and interactions between introduced plants and native herbivores seem to play an important role in the invasiveness of some exotic plant species. We studied the role of clonal integration in induce morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses in the clonal invader Carpobrotus edulis against the attack of the native snail Theba pisana. Our results demonstrated the presence of labour division mediated by physiological integration, with a significant increase of photosynthesis potential (both at morphological and physiological) in un-attacked integrated ramets. This response could be especially important under herbivory, as the negative impact of T. pisana on the photosynthetic structures of attacked C. edulis ramets could be buffered by transferring the dependence of photosynthetic activity to the un-attacked ramets. Our results also showed a constitutive resistance in un-attacked apical ramets, showing a similar amount of defence compounds to those exhibited in the basal branches attacked by snails. Results reported a non-local compensatory response, which there was an increase of total biomass in apical ramets when their basal ramets were attacked by the herbivore. We interpret this result as a compensatory response, with these apical ramets increasing shoot biomass to compensate for the biomass loss due to a potential attack from herbivores. However, this non-local response was not mediated by physiological integration but probably due to belowground communication, with the presence of alarm signals released by root exudates. We conclude that the attack of this snail is not enough to be a possible biological control due to the compensatory response to this snail by C. edulis, favouring their expansion. Future studies should focus on unravelling the role of belowground communication in the defensive responses of C. edulis.}, }
@article {pmid29753340, year = {2018}, author = {Trujillo-González, A and Becker, JA and Hutson, KS}, title = {Parasite Dispersal From the Ornamental Goldfish Trade.}, journal = {Advances in parasitology}, volume = {100}, number = {}, pages = {239-281}, doi = {10.1016/bs.apar.2018.03.001}, pmid = {29753340}, issn = {2163-6079}, mesh = {Animals ; Communicable Diseases, Imported/parasitology/*veterinary ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology/*transmission ; Goldfish/*parasitology ; Industry/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Goldfish, Carassius auratus Linnaeus, 1758, are immensely popular ornamental cyprinid fish, traded in more than 100 countries. For more than 500 years, human translocation has facilitated the spread of goldfish globally, which has enabled numerous and repeated introductions of parasite taxa that infect them. The parasite fauna assemblage of goldfish is generally well documented, but few studies provide evidence of parasite coinvasion following the release of goldfish. This review provides a comprehensive synopsis of parasites that infect goldfish in farmed, aquarium-held, native, and invasive populations globally and summarises evidence for the cointroduction and coinvasion of goldfish parasites. More than 113 species infect goldfish in their native range, of which 26 species have probably coinvaded with the international trade of goldfish. Of these, Schyzocotyle acheilognathi (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidae), Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora: Ichthyophthiriidae), Argulus japonicus (Crustacea: Argulidae), Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea: Ergasilidae), Dactylogyrus anchoratus, Dactylogyrus vastator and Dactylogyrus formosus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) are common to invasive goldfish populations in more than four countries and are considered a high risk of continued spread. Coinvasive parasites include species with direct and complex life cycles, which have successfully colonised new environments through utilisation of either new native hosts or suitable invasive hosts. Specifically, I. multifiliis, A. japonicus and L. cyprinacea can cause harm to farmed freshwater fish species and are important parasites to consider for biosecurity. These species may threaten other aquatic animal industries given their low host specificity and adaptable life histories. Future attention to biosecurity, management and border detection methods could limit the continued spread of exotic parasites from the ornamental trade of goldfish.}, }
@article {pmid29752496, year = {2018}, author = {Macfarlane, WW and Gilbert, JT and Gilbert, JD and Saunders, WC and Hough-Snee, N and Hafen, C and Wheaton, JM and Bennett, SN}, title = {What are the Conditions of Riparian Ecosystems? Identifying Impaired Floodplain Ecosystems across the Western U.S. Using the Riparian Condition Assessment (RCA) Tool.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {62}, number = {3}, pages = {548-570}, pmid = {29752496}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Rivers ; United States ; Utah ; Water Supply ; }, abstract = {Environmental stressors associated with human land and water-use activities have degraded many riparian ecosystems across the western United States. These stressors include (i) the widespread expansion of invasive plant species that displace native vegetation and exacerbate streamflow and sediment regime alteration; (ii) agricultural and urban development in valley bottoms that decouple streams and rivers from their floodplains and reduce instream wood recruitment and retention; and (iii) flow modification that reduces water quantity and quality, degrading aquatic habitats. Here we apply a novel drainage network model to assess the impacts of multiple stressors on reach-scale riparian condition across two large U.S. regions. In this application, we performed a riparian condition assessment evaluating three dominant stressors: (1) riparian vegetation departure from historical condition; (2) land-use intensity within valley bottoms; and (3) floodplain fragmentation caused by infrastructure within valley bottoms, combining these stressors in a fuzzy inference system. We used freely available, geospatial data to estimate reach-scale (500 m) riparian condition for 52,800 km of perennial streams and rivers, 25,600 km in Utah, and 27,200 km in 12 watersheds of the interior Columbia River Basin (CRB). Model outputs showed that riparian condition has been at least moderately impaired across ≈70% of the streams and rivers in Utah and ≈49% in the CRB. We found 84% agreement (Cohen's ĸ = 0.79) between modeled reaches and field plots, indicating that modeled riparian condition reasonably approximates on-the-ground conditions. Our approach to assessing riparian condition can be used to prioritize watershed-scale floodplain conservation and restoration by providing network-scale data on the extent and severity of riparian degradation. The approach that we applied here is flexible and can be expanded to run with additional riparian stressor data and/or finer resolution input data.}, }
@article {pmid29750197, year = {2018}, author = {Ficetola, GF and Poulenard, J and Sabatier, P and Messager, E and Gielly, L and Leloup, A and Etienne, D and Bakke, J and Malet, E and Fanget, B and Støren, E and Reyss, JL and Taberlet, P and Arnaud, F}, title = {DNA from lake sediments reveals long-term ecosystem changes after a biological invasion.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, pages = {eaar4292}, pmid = {29750197}, issn = {2375-2548}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *DNA ; *Ecosystem ; *Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Mammals/classification/genetics ; Plants/classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {What are the long-term consequences of invasive species? After invasion, how long do ecosystems require to reach a new equilibrium? Answering these questions requires long-term, high-resolution data that are vanishingly rare. We combined the analysis of environmental DNA extracted from a lake sediment core, coprophilous fungi, and sedimentological analyses to reconstruct 600 years of ecosystem dynamics on a sub-Antarctic island and to identify the impact of invasive rabbits. Plant communities remained stable from AD 1400 until the 1940s, when the DNA of invasive rabbits was detected in sediments. Rabbit detection corresponded to abrupt changes of plant communities, with a continuous decline of a dominant plant species. Furthermore, erosion rate abruptly increased with rabbit abundance. Rabbit impacts were very fast and were stronger than the effects of climate change during the 20th century. Lake sediments can allow an integrated temporal analysis of ecosystems, revealing the impact of invasive species over time and improving our understanding of underlying mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid29747863, year = {2018}, author = {Kim, P and Kim, D and Yoon, TJ and Shin, S}, title = {Early detection of marine invasive species, Bugula neritina (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida), using species-specific primers and environmental DNA analysis in Korea.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {139}, number = {}, pages = {1-10}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.04.015}, pmid = {29747863}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bryozoa ; DNA Primers ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Republic of Korea ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The bryozoan, Bugula neritina, is one of the most widespread sessile marine invasive species. Since its first discovery in Korea in 1978, the gradual increase in the distribution and abundance of this species resulted in a significant damage to growth of aquaculture. Environmental DNA (eDNA) is a potentially useful tool for species detection including rare, invasive and threatened native species. In this study, species-specific primers and probe were designed to amplify a 185-bp region based on mitochondrial COI of B. neritina for monitoring, and tested on environmental samples from 35 harbors of Korea in 2017. Among 35 sites monitored, B. neritina colonies were detected in 27 sites during field survey. However, B. neritina DNA was detected in all examined eDNA isolated from seawater. These results suggested that eDNA-based methods coupled with simple seawater sampling could be suitable for determining the distribution and abundance of B. neritina as complementary traditional monitoring.}, }
@article {pmid29746553, year = {2018}, author = {Del Pasqua, M and Schulze, A and Tovar-Hernández, MA and Keppel, E and Lezzi, M and Gambi, MC and Giangrande, A}, title = {Clarifying the taxonomic status of the alien species Branchiomma bairdi and Branchiomma boholense (Annelida: Sabellidae) using molecular and morphological evidence.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {e0197104}, pmid = {29746553}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Annelida/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; }, abstract = {This study was performed to analyse the genetic and morphological diversity of the sabellid annelid genus Branchiomma, with special emphasis on a taxon so far identified as Branchiomma bairdi. This species, originally described from Bermuda, has frequently been reported as an invader in the Mediterranean, the Atlantic and the Eastern Pacific, but recent observations have raised some taxonomic questions. Samples of this taxon were collected from five sites in the Mediterranean Sea, two sites in the original distribution area of B. bairdi in the Gulf of Mexico and four localities in the east Pacific and Atlantic Oceans where B. bairdi has been reported as invasive. The molecular results revealed a conspicuous genetic divergence (18.5% K2P) between the sampled Mediterranean populations and all the other ones that led to a re-evaluation of their morphological characters. The latter showed that the Mediterranean and extra-Mediterranean populations also differ in some discrete morphological and reproductive features. Consequently, the Mediterranean samples were re-designated as B. boholense, another non-indigenous species originally described from Philippines. Branchiomma bairdi and B. boholense differ in body size, development and shape of micro and macrostylodes, size of radiolar eyes and body pigmentation. Genetic diversity was high in B. boholense from the Mediterranean as well as in B. bairdi from the Gulf of Mexico, but low in B. bairdi populations outside their native range. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of connections between the Mediterranean localities as well as between native and introduced B. bairdi populations that focus the attention on the Panama Canal as important passage for the introduction of the species from the Gulf of Mexico to the north-east Pacific Ocean.}, }
@article {pmid29745190, year = {2017}, author = {Jin, BS and Yan, HY and Wang, WQ and Zeng, CS}, title = {[Changes of soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus and stoichiometry characteristics in marsh invaded by Spartina alterniflora].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, pages = {1541-1549}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201705.014}, pmid = {29745190}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Carbon ; China ; *Introduced Species ; *Nitrogen ; *Phosphorus ; Poaceae ; Soil ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {To clarify the effect of invasive alien plants on ecosystem functions, soil total carbon (TC), total carbon (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) contents were studied in the exotic invasive plant Spartina alterniflora marsh with different durations and the native species Cyperus malaccensis marsh in the Minjiang River estuary. The results showed that there were different variations of TC, TN and TP at 0-50 cm soil layer in the C. malaccensis marsh invaded by S. alterniflora, but the changes of TC and TN were similar and the change of the TP lagged behind them. Soil C/N increased continually with the increase of TC. Soil TP was a key factor affecting soil C/P and N/P during the S. alterniflora invasion, and the change of C/P and N/P followed a similar trend. The changes of TC, TN and TP were influenced by abiotic factors such as soil salinity, bulk density, soil water content and clay composition. C, N and P stoichiometric ratios were influenced mainly by soil salinity and grain composition. C/N and C/P were the good indicators for soil carbon enrichment ability in S. alterniflora marsh. S. alterniflora invasion induced the change of biomass and marsh habitats. Soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus contents, and their ecological stoichiometric ratios changed significantly in the C. malaccensis marsh invaded by S. alterniflora and showed diffe-rent change characteristics with different invasion duration.}, }
@article {pmid29745172, year = {2017}, author = {Yang, XL and Yang, CJ and Hu, CY and Zhang, XM}, title = {[Application of species distribution models in the prediction of marine potential habitat: A review].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {6}, pages = {2063-2072}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201706.006}, pmid = {29745172}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Models, Statistical ; }, abstract = {The relationship between the distribution of halobios and environmental variables has been a focus of present research in marine ecology. Species distribution models (SDMs) have been widely employed to predict the distribution patterns and potential habitat suitability assessments of marine species and provide an efficient approach for marine biodiversity conservation, invasive species prevention, and fishery management. SDMs mainly include habitat suitability index models, mechanism models, and statistical models. In this paper, the theoretical basis of SDMs was firstly concluded and summarized. Next, the exploitation and case-studies of SDMs, especially the statistical models, for predicting potential distribution of marine species were reviewed. Then, comparisons of various methods for variable selection and model validation were made. Conclusions could be drawn that Akaike information criterion showed excellent performance when it came to variable selection, while Kappa coefficient and Area Under receiver operating character Curve (AUC) were widely used in relation to model validation. Finally, problems and prospects of SDMs were discussed. With the development of research on physiological characteristics, using mechanism models to predict potential habitats of halobios would become a trend.}, }
@article {pmid29745146, year = {2017}, author = {Ren, Y and He, P and Xu, J and Jia, J}, title = {[Distribution pattern of riparian invasive plants in Luanhe Basin, North China and its relationship with environment].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {6}, pages = {1843-1850}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201706.020}, pmid = {29745146}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Altitude ; China ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {In this study, the invasive plant species from the riparian vegetation in 56 sampling sites of Luanhe Basin were identified, and the correlations between their composition, spatial distribution and environmental factors were explored. In the basin, a total of 26 invasive species were registered, which belonged to 19 genera and 12 families, and 73.1% of them were annual plants. Asteraceae and Amaranthaceae were the two dominant families with the most invasive species, attributing to 50% of the total invasive species. Amaranthus retroflexus, Bidens frondosa and Chenopodium serotinum appeared with the highest frequencies. The number of invasive species and the invasive intensity at each site were significantly negatively correlated with the altitude. The distribution of invasive plants was significantly influenced by the intensity of human activities. The invasive plants were mainly distributed in the plain area, shallow mountainous area with many reservoirs, and the mountainous area with developed tourism around Chengde City, meanwhile, only few species with broad ecological amplitude existed in the plateau area. In general, species with higher invasive grades were mainly distributed in low and medium altitude areas below 400 m. Except for A. retroflexus, no high-grade invasive plants were discovered in high altitude area so far.}, }
@article {pmid29744580, year = {2018}, author = {Hamilton, SA and Murphy, DD}, title = {Analysis of Limiting Factors Across the Life Cycle of Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus).}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {62}, number = {2}, pages = {365-382}, pmid = {29744580}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Estuaries ; *Life Cycle Stages ; *Models, Theoretical ; Osmeriformes/*growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; San Francisco ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {We developed a mechanistic life-cycle model derived from the elicitation of multiple factors influencing the success of individual life-stages of the imperiled delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus). We discuss the relevance of limiting factors in population ecology and problems with additive models in detecting them. We identify limiting factors and assess their significance using a non-linear optimization routine, combined with traditional metrics to assess the value of covariates and model performance. After reviewing previous conceptual models and multivariate analyses, we identified a set of factors that were consistent with conceptual models and useful in explaining the erratic fluctuations in a common abundance index: food at certain times in certain locations, predation by introduced species primarily in the spring, and entrainment. The analytical approach provides a transparent and intuitive framework in which to consider the contribution of covariates and consequences for population trends, and has the potential to assist with the evaluation of proposed recovery measures.}, }
@article {pmid29743699, year = {2018}, author = {Armstrong, A}, title = {Precarious preferences wipe out a butterfly population.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {557}, number = {7704}, pages = {171}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-018-05068-2}, pmid = {29743699}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Butterflies/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Cattle ; *Extinction, Biological ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Oviposition ; Plantago/*physiology ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; }, }
@article {pmid29743529, year = {2018}, author = {Niwa, R and Koyama, T and Sato, T and Adachi, K and Tawaraya, K and Sato, S and Hirakawa, H and Yoshida, S and Ezawa, T}, title = {Dissection of niche competition between introduced and indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with respect to soybean yield responses.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {7419}, pmid = {29743529}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Databases, Factual ; *Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/classification/*physiology ; Glycine max/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associate with most land plants and deliver phosphorus to the host. Identification of biotic/abiotic factors that determine crop responses to AM fungal inoculation is an essential step for successful application of the fungi in sustainable agriculture. We conducted three field trials on soybean with a commercial inoculum and developed a new molecular tool to dissect interactions between the inoculum and indigenous fungi on the MiSeq sequencing platform. Regression analysis indicated that sequence read abundance of the inoculum fungus was the most significant factor that determined soybean yield responses to the inoculation, suggesting that dominance of the inoculum fungus is a necessary condition for positive yield responses. Agricultural practices (fallow/cropping in the previous year) greatly affected the colonization levels (i.e. read abundances) of the inoculum fungus via altering the propagule density of indigenous AM fungi. Analysis of niche competition revealed that the inoculum fungus competed mainly with the indigenous fungi that are commonly distributed in the trial sites, probably because their life-history strategy is the same as that of the inoculum fungus. In conclusion, we provide a new framework for evaluating the significance of environmental factors towards successful application of AM fungi in agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid29743096, year = {2018}, author = {Wang, W and Mao, Q and Yao, J and Yang, W and Zhang, Q and Lu, W and Deng, Z and Duan, L}, title = {Discovery of the pyridylphenylureas as novel molluscicides against the invasive snail Biomphalaria straminea, intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {291}, pmid = {29743096}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {2017YFC1200600//the National Key R&amp;D Program of China/International ; 2016YFC1200500//the National Key R&amp;D Program of China/International ; }, mesh = {Acid Phosphatase/drug effects ; Alkaline Phosphatase/drug effects ; Animals ; Biomphalaria/*drug effects/enzymology/parasitology ; Disease Vectors ; Drug Discovery ; Fishes/parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Molluscacides/*pharmacology ; Nitric Oxide Synthase/drug effects ; Ovum/drug effects ; Phenylurea Compounds/chemical synthesis/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Schistosoma mansoni/physiology ; Schistosomiasis mansoni/*prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Superoxide Dismutase/drug effects ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The snail Biomphalaria straminea is one of the intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni. Biomphalaria straminea is also an invasive species, known for its strong capability on peripheral expansion, long-distance dispersal and colonization. Using molluscicides to control snail populations is an important strategy to interrupt schistosomiasis transmission and to prevent the spread of the invasive species. In this study, a series of pyridylphenylurea derivatives were synthesized as potential molluscicides. Their impact on adult snails and egg masses was evaluated. Acute toxicity to fish of the derivatives was also examined to assess their effect on non-target organisms. The preliminary mechanisms of action of the derivatives were studied by enzyme activity assays.<br><br>RESULTS: The representative compounds, 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)urea (compound 8) and 1-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)urea (compound 9), exhibited strong molluscicidal activity against adult snails with LD50 values of 0.50 and 0.51 mg/l and potent inhibitory effects on snail egg hatchability with IC50 values of 0.05 and 0.09 mg/l. Notably, both compounds showed good target specificity with potent molluscicidal capability observed in snails, but very low toxicity to local fishes. Furthermore, the exposure of compounds 8 and 9 significantly elevated the enzyme activities of acid phosphatase and nitric oxide synthase of the snails, while no significant change was recorded in the activities of alkaline phosphatase, acetylcholine esterase and superoxide dismutase.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The results suggested that compounds 8 and 9 of pyridylphenylurea derivatives could be developed as promising molluscicide candidates for snail control.}, }
@article {pmid29741609, year = {2018}, author = {Cira, TM and Koch, RL and Burkness, EC and Hutchison, WD and Venette, RC}, title = {Effects of Diapause on Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Cold Tolerance.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, pages = {997-1004}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvy064}, pmid = {29741609}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cold Temperature ; *Diapause, Insect ; Female ; Heteroptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Male ; Nymph ; Random Allocation ; }, abstract = {Diapause and cold tolerance can profoundly affect the distribution and activity of temperate insects. Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), an alien invasive species from Asia, enters a winter dormancy in response to environmental cues. We investigated the nature of this dormancy and its effects on H. halys cold tolerance, as measured by supercooling points, lower lethal temperatures, and overwintering field mortality. Dormancy was induced by rearing individuals in the laboratory or under field conditions. We confirmed H. halys dormancy to be a state of diapause and not quiescence, and the life stage sensitive to diapause-inducing cues is between the second and fifth instar. In the laboratory, supercooling points of diapausing adults reached significantly lower temperatures than nondiapausing adults, but only when given enough time after imaginal ecdysis. Supercooling points of diapausing adults in overwintering microhabitats also decreased over time. Diapause increased adult survival after acute cold exposure in the laboratory and prolonged cold exposure in the field. Following diapause induction in the laboratory, changes to temperature and photoperiod had no significant effect on lower lethal temperatures and changes to photoperiod had no effect on supercooling points. Additionally, induction of diapause in the laboratory did not result in significantly different cold tolerance than natural field induction of diapause. This work demonstrates that H. halys diapause confers greater cold tolerance than a nondiapausing state and likely improves the probability of successful overwintering in some temperate climates. Hence, knowledge of diapause status could be used to refine forecasts of H. halys overwintering field mortality.}, }
@article {pmid29740516, year = {2018}, author = {Mason, LD and Bateman, PW and Wardell-Johnson, GW}, title = {The pitfalls of short-range endemism: high vulnerability to ecological and landscape traps.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4715}, pmid = {29740516}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Ecological traps attract biota to low-quality habitats. Landscape traps are zones caught in a vortex of spiralling degradation. Here, we demonstrate how short-range endemic (SRE) traits may make such taxa vulnerable to ecological and landscape traps. Three SRE species of mygalomorph spider were used in this study: Idiommata blackwalli, Idiosoma sigillatum and an undescribed Aganippe sp. Mygalomorphs can be long-lived (>43 years) and select sites for permanent burrows in their early dispersal phase. Spiderlings from two species, I. blackwalli (n = 20) and Aganippe sp. (n = 50), demonstrated choice for microhabitats under experimental conditions, that correspond to where adults typically occur in situ. An invasive veldt grass microhabitat was selected almost exclusively by spiderlings of I. sigillatum. At present, habitat dominated by veldt grass in Perth, Western Australia, has lower prey diversity and abundance than undisturbed habitats and therefore may act as an ecological trap for this species. Furthermore, as a homogenising force, veldt grass can spread to form a landscape trap in naturally heterogeneous ecosystems. Selection of specialised microhabitats of SREs may explain high extinction rates in old, stable landscapes undergoing (human-induced) rapid change.}, }
@article {pmid29740467, year = {2018}, author = {Incerti, G and Cartenì, F and Cesarano, G and Sarker, TC and Abd El-Gawad, AM and D'Ascoli, R and Bonanomi, G and Giannino, F}, title = {Faster N Release, but Not C Loss, From Leaf Litter of Invasives Compared to Native Species in Mediterranean Ecosystems.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {534}, pmid = {29740467}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Plant invasions can have relevant impacts on biogeochemical cycles, whose extent, in Mediterranean ecosystems, have not yet been systematically assessed comparing litter carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics between invasive plants and native communities. We carried out a 1-year litterbag experiment in 4 different plant communities (grassland, sand dune, riparian and mixed forests) on 8 invasives and 24 autochthonous plant species, used as control. Plant litter was characterized for mass loss, N release, proximate lignin and litter chemistry by [13]C CPMAS NMR. Native and invasive species showed significant differences in litter chemical traits, with invaders generally showing higher N concentration and lower lignin/N ratio. Mass loss data revealed no consistent differences between native and invasive species, although some woody and vine invaders showed exceptionally high decomposition rate. In contrast, N release rate from litter was faster for invasive plants compared to native species. N concentration, lignin content and relative abundance of methoxyl and N-alkyl C region from [13]C CPMAS NMR spectra were the parameters that better explained mass loss and N mineralization rates. Our findings demonstrate that during litter decomposition invasive species litter has no different decomposition rates but greater N release rate compared to natives. Accordingly, invasives are expected to affect N cycle in Mediterranean plant communities, possibly promoting a shift of plant assemblages.}, }
@article {pmid29740225, year = {2018}, author = {Brutto, SL and Iaciofano, D}, title = {A taxonomic revision helps to clarify differences between the Atlantic invasive Ptilohyale littoralis and the Mediterranean endemic Parhyale plumicornis (Crustacea, Amphipoda).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {754}, pages = {47-62}, pmid = {29740225}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Ptilohyale explorator (formerly Parhyale explorator), described by Arresti (1989), can be considered to be a synonym of west-Atlantic Ptilohyale littoralis (Stimpson, 1853), based on morphological observations of paratypes and specimens recently collected in the type locality of Ptilohyale explorator. The first collections of Ptilohyale littoralis, from the eastern Atlantic were from the port of Rotterdam (The Netherlands) in 2009 and later in Wimereux, Opal Coast (France) in 2014; however, the synonymy of Ptilohyale explorator with Ptilohyale littoralis backdates to the first European record of Ptilohyale littoralis in 1985 at La Vigne, Bay of Arcachon (France). This indicates that Ptilohyale littoralis has been established along European Atlantic coast for many years. An assessment of the nominal valid species belonging to the genus Ptilohyale was carried out and a comparison between the Atlantic Ptilohyale littoralis and the very similar Mediterranean hyalid species, Parhyale plumicornis, is presented based on morphological features and distribution. Due to the invasive ability of Ptilohyale littoralis, a comparison between the two species is necessary.}, }
@article {pmid29740002, year = {2018}, author = {Manzoor, SA and Griffiths, G and Lukac, M}, title = {Species distribution model transferability and model grain size - finer may not always be better.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {7168}, pmid = {29740002}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Species distribution models have been used to predict the distribution of invasive species for conservation planning. Understanding spatial transferability of niche predictions is critical to promote species-habitat conservation and forecasting areas vulnerable to invasion. Grain size of predictor variables is an important factor affecting the accuracy and transferability of species distribution models. Choice of grain size is often dependent on the type of predictor variables used and the selection of predictors sometimes rely on data availability. This study employed the MAXENT species distribution model to investigate the effect of the grain size on model transferability for an invasive plant species. We modelled the distribution of Rhododendron ponticum in Wales, U.K. and tested model performance and transferability by varying grain size (50 m, 300 m, and 1 km). MAXENT-based models are sensitive to grain size and selection of variables. We found that over-reliance on the commonly used bioclimatic variables may lead to less accurate models as it often compromises the finer grain size of biophysical variables which may be more important determinants of species distribution at small spatial scales. Model accuracy is likely to increase with decreasing grain size. However, successful model transferability may require optimization of model grain size.}, }
@article {pmid29738989, year = {2018}, author = {Faria, AP and Marabesi, MA and Gaspar, M and França, MGC}, title = {The increase of current atmospheric CO2 and temperature can benefit leaf gas exchanges, carbohydrate content and growth in C4 grass invaders of the Cerrado biome.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {127}, number = {}, pages = {608-616}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.04.042}, pmid = {29738989}, issn = {1873-2690}, mesh = {Atmosphere ; Brazil ; Carbohydrate Metabolism/*physiology ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; Cellulose/biosynthesis ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Photosynthesis/*physiology ; Plant Leaves/*metabolism ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Leaf gas exchanges, carbohydrate metabolism and growth of three Brazilian Cerrado invasive African grasses were evaluated after growing for 75 days under doubled CO2 concentration and temperature elevated by 3 °C. Results showed that although the species presented photosynthetic C4 metabolism, they all had some kind of positive response to increased CO2. Urochloa brizantha and Megathyrsus maximus showed increased height for all induced environmental conditions. Urochloa decumbens showed only improvement in water use efficiency (WUE), while U. brizantha showed increased CO2 assimilation and M. maximus presented higher biomass accumulation under doubled CO2 concentration. The most significant improvement of increased CO2 in all three species appears to be the increase in WUE. This improvement probably explains the positive increase of photosynthesis and biomass accumulation presented by U. brizantha and M. maximus, respectively. The increase in temperature affected leaf carbohydrate content of M. maximus by reducing sucrose, glucose and fructose content. These reductions were not related to thermal stress since photosynthesis and growth were not harmed. Cellulose content was not affected in any of the three species, just the lignin content in U. decumbens and M. maximus. All treatments promoted lignin content reduction in U. brizantha, suggesting a delay in leaf maturation of this species. Together, the results indicate that climate change may differentially promote changes in leaf gas exchanges, carbohydrate content and growth in C4 plant species studied and all of them could benefit in some way from these changes, constituting a threat to the native Cerrado biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid29738931, year = {2018}, author = {Engeman, RM and Shiels, AB and Clark, CS}, title = {Objectives and integrated approaches for the control of brown tree snakes: An updated overview.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {219}, number = {}, pages = {115-124}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.092}, pmid = {29738931}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Child ; Guam ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; *Pest Control ; *Snakes ; Trees ; }, abstract = {After its inadvertent introduction to Guam, the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis, BTS) extirpated most of the island's native terrestrial vertebrates, presented a health hazard to small children, and had considerable economic ramifications. Management of BTS is aimed at a number of objectives, the foremost of which has been to deter its dispersal from Guam to other locations. Further objectives include reclaiming areas on Guam as snake-free for reintroduction of native wildlife, to protect small sensitive sites on Guam from BTS intrusion (e.g, power stations, bird nesting sites), to contain and capture stowaway BTS incoming to vulnerable destinations, and to control incipient populations in other areas beyond their native range. A number of control tools have been developed, and the efficacy of each control method depends on the situation to which it is applied. Integration of control methods provides the most efficacious results for all objectives. Here, we outline the different objectives for managing BTS, and the tools and methods available for BTS management. We complete the picture by describing which tools and methods are best suited to accomplish each management objective.}, }
@article {pmid29738559, year = {2018}, author = {Foord, SH and Swanepoel, LH and Evans, SW and Schoeman, CS and Erasmus, BFN and Schoeman, MC and Keith, M and Smith, A and Mauda, EV and Maree, N and Nembudani, N and Dippenaar-Schoeman, AS and Munyai, TC and Taylor, PJ}, title = {Animal taxa contrast in their scale-dependent responses to land use change in rural Africa.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {e0194336}, pmid = {29738559}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa ; Agriculture ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; Mammals/*physiology ; *Population Dynamics ; *Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Human-dominated landscapes comprise the bulk of the world's terrestrial surface and Africa is predicted to experience the largest relative increase over the next century. A multi-scale approach is required to identify processes that maintain diversity in these landscapes. Here we identify scales at which animal diversity responds by partitioning regional diversity in a rural African agro-ecosystem between one temporal and four spatial scales. Human land use practices are the main driver of diversity in all seven animal assemblages considered, with medium sized mammals and birds most affected. Even the least affected taxa, bats and non-volant small mammals (rodents), responded with increased abundance in settlements and agricultural sites respectively. Regional turnover was important to invertebrate taxa and their response to human land use was intermediate between that of the vertebrate extremes. Local scale (< 300 m) heterogeneity was the next most important level for all taxa, highlighting the importance of fine scale processes for the maintenance of biodiversity. Identifying the triggers of these changes within the context of functional landscapes would provide the context for the long-term sustainability of these rapidly changing landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid29737621, year = {2018}, author = {Qian, L and He, S and Liu, X and Huang, Z and Chen, F and Gui, F}, title = {Effect of elevated CO2 on the interaction between invasive thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and its host kidney bean, Phaseolus vulgaris.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {74}, number = {12}, pages = {2773-2782}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5064}, pmid = {29737621}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {31660546//National Nature Science Foundations of China (NSFC)/ ; 31260450//National Nature Science Foundations of China (NSFC)/ ; 31272051//National Nature Science Foundations of China (NSFC)/ ; 2016YFC1202100//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2017YFD0200400//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2013HB072//Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Personnel Training Program/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Antioxidants/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/*pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; *Introduced Species ; Phaseolus/*drug effects/enzymology/metabolism ; Solubility ; Thysanoptera/*drug effects/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Elevated CO2 can alter the leaf damage caused by insect herbivores. Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is highly destructive invasive pest of crop production worldwide. To investigate how elevated CO2 affects F. occidentalis fed with Phaseolus vulgaris and, in particular, the interaction between plant defense and thrips anti-defense, nutrient content and antioxidant enzyme activity of P. vulgaris were measured, as well as the detoxifying enzyme activity of adult thrips.<br><br>RESULTS: Elevated CO2 increased the soluble sugar, soluble protein and free amino acid content in non thrip-infested plants, and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activity in these plants. Feeding thrips reduced the nutrient content in plants, and increased their SOD, catalase and POD activity. Variations in nutrient content and antioxidant enzyme activity in plants showed an opposite tendency over thrip feeding time. After feeding, acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, and mixed-function oxidase activity in thrips increased to counter the plant defenses. Greater thrip densities induced stronger plant defenses and, in turn, detoxifying enzyme levels in thrips increased over thrip numbers.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that F. occidentalis can induce not only an antioxidant-associated plant defense, but also detoxifying enzymes in thrips. Elevated CO2 might both enhance plant defense against thrip attack, and increase thrip anti-defense against plant defenses. &#xa9; 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid29736865, year = {2018}, author = {Nowrouzi, S and Andersen, AN and Bishop, TR and Robson, SKA}, title = {Is thermal limitation the primary driver of elevational distributions? Not for montane rainforest ants in the Australian Wet Tropics.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {188}, number = {2}, pages = {333-342}, pmid = {29736865}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {NERP Postgraduate Scholarship//James Cook University/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Australia ; Climate Change ; Rainforest ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Terrestrial ectotherms are likely to be especially sensitive to rising temperatures over coming decades. Thermal limits are used to measure climatic tolerances that potentially affect ectotherm distribution. While there is a strong relationship between the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of insects and their latitudinal ranges, the nature of this relationship across elevation is less clear. Here we investigated the combined relationships between CTmax, elevation and ant body mass, given that CTmax can also be influenced by body mass, in the World Heritage-listed rainforests of the Australian Wet Tropics. We measured the CTmax and body mass of 20 ant species across an elevational gradient from 350 to 1000 m a.s.l. Community CTmax did not vary systematically with increasing elevation and there was no correlation between elevation and elevational ranges of species. However, body mass significantly decreased at higher elevations. Despite the negative correlation between CTmax and body mass at the community level, there was no significant difference in CTmax of different-sized ants within a species. These findings are not consistent with either the climatic variability hypothesis, Rapoport's rule or Bergmann's rule. Models indicated that elevation and body mass had limited influences on CTmax. Our results suggest that the distribution of most montane ants in the region is not strongly driven by thermal limitation, and climate change will likely impact ant species differently. This is likely to occur primarily through changes in rainfall via its effects on vegetation structure and therefore thermal microhabitats, rather than through direct temperature changes.}, }
@article {pmid29736861, year = {2018}, author = {Gill, RA and O'Connor, RC and Rhodes, A and Bishop, TBB and Laughlin, DC and St Clair, SB}, title = {Niche opportunities for invasive annual plants in dryland ecosystems are controlled by disturbance, trophic interactions, and rainfall.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {187}, number = {3}, pages = {755-765}, pmid = {29736861}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {2010-38415-21908//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/International ; 2010-38415-21908//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bromus ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Resource availability and biotic interactions control opportunities for the establishment and expansion of invasive species. Studies on biotic resistance to plant invasions have typically focused on competition and occasionally on herbivory, while resource-oriented studies have focused on water or nutrient pulses. Through synthesizing these approaches, we identify conditions that create invasion opportunities. In a nested fully factorial experiment, we examined how chronic alterations in water availability and rodent density influenced the density of invasive species in both the Mojave Desert and the Great Basin Desert after fire. We used structural equation modeling to examine the direct and mediated effects controlling the density of invasives in both deserts. In the first 2 years after our controlled burn in the Great Basin, we observed that fire had a direct effect on increasing the invasive forb Halogeton glomeratus as well as a mediated effect through reducing rodent densities and herbivory. 4 years after the burn, the invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum was suppressing Halogeton glomeratus in mammal exclusion plots. There was a clear transition from years where invasives were controlled by disturbance and trophic interactions to years were resource availability and competition controlled invasive density. Similarly, in the Mojave Desert we observed a strong early influence of trophic processes on invasives, with Schismus arabicus benefitted by rodents and Bromus rubens negatively influenced by rodents. In the Mojave Desert, post-fire conditions became less important in controlling the abundance of invasives over time, while Bromus rubens was consistently benefitted by increases in fall rainfall.}, }
@article {pmid29735988, year = {2018}, author = {Bock, DG and Kantar, MB and Caseys, C and Matthey-Doret, R and Rieseberg, LH}, title = {Evolution of invasiveness by genetic accommodation.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {6}, pages = {991-999}, doi = {10.1038/s41559-018-0553-z}, pmid = {29735988}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Europe ; *Genetic Variation ; Helianthus/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Plant Dispersal/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Invasion success of species introduced to novel environments may be facilitated by adaptive evolution and by phenotypic plasticity. Here we investigate the independent and joint contribution of both mechanisms as drivers of invasiveness in the perennial sunflower Helianthus tuberosus. We show that invasive genotypes have multiple origins, and that invasive spread was facilitated by the repeated evolution of extreme values in a single trait, clonality. In line with genetic accommodation theory, we establish that this evolutionary transition occurred by refining a preexisting plastic response of clonality to water availability. Further, we demonstrate that under the non-drought conditions typically experienced by this plant in its introduced range, invasive spread is mediated by hybrid vigour and/or two major additive-effect loci, and that these mechanisms are complementary. Thus, in H. tuberosus, evolution of invasiveness was facilitated by phenotypic plasticity, and involved the use of multiple genetic solutions to achieve the same invasiveness trait.}, }
@article {pmid29735984, year = {2018}, author = {Donovan, GH and Gatziolis, D and Longley, I and Douwes, J}, title = {Vegetation diversity protects against childhood asthma: results from a large New Zealand birth cohort.}, journal = {Nature plants}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {358-364}, doi = {10.1038/s41477-018-0151-8}, pmid = {29735984}, issn = {2055-0278}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Air Pollution/adverse effects ; Asthma/*epidemiology/etiology ; *Biodiversity ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Environment ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Introduced Species ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; New Zealand/epidemiology ; *Plants ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Tracheophyta ; Ulex ; }, abstract = {We assessed the association between the natural environment and asthma in 49,956 New Zealand children born in 1998 and followed up until 2016 using routinely collected data. Children who lived in greener areas, as measured by the normalized difference vegetation index, were less likely to be asthmatic: a 1 s.d. increase in normalized difference vegetation index was associated with a 6.0% (95% CI 1.9-9.9%) lower risk of asthma. Vegetation diversity was also protective: a 1 s.d. increase in the number of natural land-cover types in a child's residential meshblock was associated with a 6.7% (95% CI 1.5-11.5%) lower risk. However, not all land-cover types were protective. A 1 s.d. increase in the area covered by gorse (Ulex europaeus) or exotic conifers, both non-native, low-biodiversity land-cover types, was associated with a 3.2% (95% CI 0.0-6.0%) and 4.2% (95% CI 0.9-7.5%) increased risk of asthma, respectively. The results suggest that exposure to greenness and vegetation diversity may be protective of asthma.}, }
@article {pmid29735696, year = {2018}, author = {Bertelsmeier, C and Ollier, S and Liebhold, AM and Brockerhoff, EG and Ward, D and Keller, L}, title = {Recurrent bridgehead effects accelerate global alien ant spread.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {115}, number = {21}, pages = {5486-5491}, pmid = {29735696}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; United States ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a major threat to biological diversity, agriculture, and human health. To predict and prevent new invasions, it is crucial to develop a better understanding of the drivers of the invasion process. The analysis of 4,533 border interception events revealed that at least 51 different alien ant species were intercepted at US ports over a period of 70 years (1914-1984), and 45 alien species were intercepted entering New Zealand over a period of 68 years (1955-2013). Most of the interceptions did not originate from species' native ranges but instead came from invaded areas. In the United States, 75.7% of the interceptions came from a country where the intercepted ant species had been previously introduced. In New Zealand, this value was even higher, at 87.8%. There was an overrepresentation of interceptions from nearby locations (Latin America for species intercepted in the United States and Oceania for species intercepted in New Zealand). The probability of a species' successful establishment in both the United States and New Zealand was positively related to the number of interceptions of the species in these countries. Moreover, species that have spread to more continents are also more likely to be intercepted and to make secondary introductions. This creates a positive feedback loop between the introduction and establishment stages of the invasion process, in which initial establishments promote secondary introductions. Overall, these results reveal that secondary introductions act as a critical driver of increasing global rates of invasions.}, }
@article {pmid29734642, year = {2018}, author = {Vieites-Blanco, C and González-Prieto, SJ}, title = {Effects of Carpobrotus edulis invasion on soil gross N fluxes in rocky coastal habitats.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {619-620}, number = {}, pages = {966-976}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.154}, pmid = {29734642}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrates/analysis ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen/analysis ; *Nitrogen Cycle ; Soil ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {The effects of alien plants on whole nutrient cycles have been scarcely studied, despite the increasing evidence on their impact on nutrient pools and fluxes. Carpobrotus edulis, a dangerous invasive plant in coastal areas worldwide, is considered an ecosystems engineer which, by changing many soil properties, benefits its own invasion and hampers the restoration of the invaded habitats. To study, for the first time, the 'true' impact of C. edulis on the soil N cycle, we used a paired [15]N labelling experiment and a Ntrace compartment model to estimate the gross N fluxes in the 0-5cm and 5-10cm soil layers of non-invaded and C. edulis invaded areas of two temperate-humid coastal rocky locations. Carpobrotus edulis invasion generally increased NH4[+] immobilization (INH4, 1.19-4.48×), presumably due to a lower N availability for the microbiota. The invasion also decreased autotrophic nitrification (ONH4, 0.20-0.79×), either by a direct effect over soil microbiota or by the acidification triggered by C. edulis. Unexpectedly, the dissimilatory nitrate reduction (DNRA) was the exclusive NO3[-] consuming process modelled on most of the studied soils, although the incubation was aerobic. Apparently, the high organic C content of these soils induced a higher O2 consumption and the formation of anaerobic microsites where the DNRA could have taken place. The lower NO3[-] availability of invaded soils could explain their lower DNRA rates (0.04-0.70×) compared to native soils. Both DNRA and ONH4 were more affected in the 0-5cm layer, but the invasion also significantly affected N rates in the 5-10cm layer. Overall, net nitrification and mineralization generally decreased in the invaded soils. This study shows that the invasion of C. edulis alters soil gross and net N fluxes in a 0-10cm depth through its effects on soil properties and microbiota.}, }
@article {pmid29734597, year = {2018}, author = {Collas, FPL and Buijse, AD and van den Heuvel, L and van Kessel, N and Schoor, MM and Eerden, H and Leuven, RSEW}, title = {Longitudinal training dams mitigate effects of shipping on environmental conditions and fish density in the littoral zones of the river Rhine.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {619-620}, number = {}, pages = {1183-1193}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.299}, pmid = {29734597}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Fishes ; Netherlands ; Rivers/*chemistry ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {The stability of habitat conditions in littoral zones of navigated rivers is strongly affected by shipping induced waves and water displacements. In particular, the increase of variability in flow conditions diminishes the suitability of these habitats for juvenile fishes. Recently, a novel ecosystem based river management strategy has resulted in the replacement of traditional river training structures (i.e., groynes) by longitudinal training dams (LTDs), and the creation of shore channels in the river Waal, the main, free-flowing and intensively navigated distributary of the river Rhine in the Netherlands. It was hypothesized that these innovative LTDs mitigated the effects of shipping on fishes by maintaining the natural variability of habitat conditions in the littoral zones during ship passages whereby shore channels served as refugia for juvenile fishes. Measurements of abiotic conditions showed a significantly lower water level fluctuation and significantly higher flow stability in shore channels compared to groyne fields. Flow velocity did not differ, nor did the variation in flow velocity fluctuation during ship passage between these habitats. Densities of fish were found to be significantly higher in the littoral zones of shore channels compared to nearby groyne fields. Moreover, electrofishing along the inner side of the newly constructed LTD showed a significant linear relationship between fish density and distance from highly dynamic in- and outflow sections and to lowered inflow sections in the LTD. Results of our field sampling clearly indicate successful ecological rehabilitation of littoral zones that coincides with a facilitation of navigation in the main river channel and increased flood safety.}, }
@article {pmid29734361, year = {2018}, author = {Rama Rao, S and Liew, TS and Yow, YY and Ratnayeke, S}, title = {Cryptic diversity: Two morphologically similar species of invasive apple snail in Peninsular Malaysia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {e0196582}, pmid = {29734361}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Shells/anatomy &amp; histology ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Ecology ; Genes, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Malaysia ; Phylogeny ; Snails/*cytology/*genetics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive snails in the genus Pomacea have spread across Southeast Asia including Peninsular Malaysia. Their effects on natural and agricultural wetlands are appreciable, but species-specific effects are less clear because of morphological similarity among the species. Our objective was to establish diagnostic characteristics of Pomacea species in Malaysia using genetic and morphological criteria. The mitochondrial COI gene of 52 adult snails from eight localities in Peninsular Malaysia was amplified, sequenced, and analysed to verify species and phylogenetic relationships. Shells were compared using geometric morphometric and covariance analyses. Two monophyletic taxa, P. canaliculata and P. maculata, occurred in our samples. The mean ratio of shell height: aperture height (P = 0.042) and shell height: shell width (P = 0.007) was smaller in P. maculata. P. maculata co-occurred with P. canaliculata in five localities, but samples from three localities contained only P. canaliculata. This study is the first to confirm the presence of two of the most invasive species of Pomacea in Peninsular Malaysia using a molecular technique. P. canaliculata appears to be the more widespread species. Despite statistical differences, both quantitative and qualitative morphological characteristics demonstrated much interspecific overlap and intraspecific variability; thus, shell morphology alone cannot reliably verify species identity. Molecular techniques for distinguishing between these two highly invasive Pomacea species are needed to understand their specific ecological niches and to develop effective protocols for their management.}, }
@article {pmid29733028, year = {2018}, author = {Bojko, J and Stebbing, PD and Dunn, AM and Bateman, KS and Clark, F and Kerr, RC and Stewart-Clark, S and Johannesen, &#xc1; and Stentiford, GD}, title = {Green crab Carcinus maenas symbiont profiles along a North Atlantic invasion route.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {128}, number = {2}, pages = {147-168}, doi = {10.3354/dao03216}, pmid = {29733028}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*isolation &amp; purification ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Brachyura/microbiology/*parasitology ; Crustacea/*physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Nova Scotia ; Parasites/classification/*physiology ; *Symbiosis ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {The green crab Carcinus maenas is an invader on the Atlantic coast of Canada and the USA. In these locations, crab populations have facilitated the development of a legal fishery in which C. maenas is caught and sold, mainly for use as bait to capture economically important crustaceans such as American lobster Homarus americanus. The paucity of knowledge on the symbionts of invasive C. maenas in Canada and their potential for transfer to lobsters poses a potential risk of unintended transmission. We carried out a histological survey for symbionts of C. maenas from their native range in Northern Europe (in the UK and Faroe Islands), and invasive range in Atlantic Canada. In total, 19 separate symbiotic associations were identified from C. maenas collected from 27 sites. These included metazoan parasites (nematodes, Profilicollis botulus, Sacculina carcini, Microphallidae, ectoparasitic crustaceans), microbial eukaryotes (ciliates, Hematodinium sp., Haplosporidium littoralis, Ameson pulvis, Parahepatospora carcini, gregarines, amoebae), bacteria (Rickettsia-like organism, milky disease), and viral pathogens (parvo-like virus, herpes-like virus, iridovirus, Carcinus maenas bacilliform virus and a haemocyte-infecting rod-shaped virus). Hematodinium sp. were not observed in the Canadian population; however, parasites such as Trematoda and Acanthocephala were present in all countries despite their complex, multi-species lifecycles. Some pathogens may pose a risk of transmission to other decapods and native fauna via the use of this host in the bait industry, such as the discovery of a virus resembling the previously described white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), B-virus and 'rod-shaped virus' (RV-CM) and amoebae, which have previously been found to cause disease in aquaculture (e.g. Salmo salar) and fisheries species (e.g. H. americanus).}, }
@article {pmid29732259, year = {2018}, author = {Botella, C and Joly, A and Bonnet, P and Monestiez, P and Munoz, F}, title = {Species distribution modeling based on the automated identification of citizen observations.}, journal = {Applications in plant sciences}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {e1029}, pmid = {29732259}, issn = {2168-0450}, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: A species distribution model computed with automatically identified plant observations was developed and evaluated to contribute to future ecological studies.<br><br>METHODS: We used deep learning techniques to automatically identify opportunistic plant observations made by citizens through a popular mobile application. We compared species distribution modeling of invasive alien plants based on these data to inventories made by experts.<br><br>RESULTS: The trained models have a reasonable predictive effectiveness for some species, but they are biased by the massive presence of cultivated specimens.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The method proposed here allows for fine-grained and regular monitoring of some species of interest based on opportunistic observations. More in-depth investigation of the typology of the observations and the sampling bias should help improve the approach in the future.}, }
@article {pmid29732251, year = {2018}, author = {Campbell, LG and Melles, SJ and Vaz, E and Parker, RJ and Burgess, KS}, title = {Pollen sleuthing for terrestrial plant surveys: Locating plant populations by exploiting pollen movement.}, journal = {Applications in plant sciences}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {e1020}, pmid = {29732251}, issn = {2168-0450}, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: We present an innovative technique for sampling, identifying, and locating plant populations that release pollen, without extensive ground surveys. This method (1) samples pollen at random locations within the target species' habitat, (2) detects species' presence using morphological pollen analysis, and (3) uses kriging to predict likely locations of populations to focus future search efforts.<br><br>METHODS: To demonstrate, we applied the pollen sleuthing system to search for artificially constructed populations of Brassica rapa in an old field. Population size varied from 0-100 flowers labeled with artificial pollen (paint pellets). After characterizing the landscape, we pan-trapped 2762 potential insect vectors from random locations across the field and washed particulate matter from their bodies to assess artificial pollen abundance with a microscope.<br><br>RESULTS: Population size greatly influenced artificial pollen detection success; following random pollen trap sampling and interpolation, ground surveys would be best focused on identified areas with high pollen density and low variation in pollen density. Sampling sites most successfully detected artificial pollen when they were located at higher elevations, near showy flowering plants that were not grasses.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Detection of nascent populations using the proposed system is possible but accuracy will depend on local environmental factors (e.g., wind, elevation). Conservation and invasive species control programs may be improved by using this approach.}, }
@article {pmid29732248, year = {2018}, author = {Šurinová, M and Jarošová, A and Münzbergová, Z}, title = {Microsatellite markers for study of the invasive species Rumex alpinus (Polygonaceae).}, journal = {Applications in plant sciences}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {e1017}, pmid = {29732248}, issn = {2168-0450}, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed to study genetic diversity, population structure, and dispersal strategies of the highly invasive species Rumex alpinus (Polygonaceae).<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed using a 454 sequencing approach and used to genotype 72 individuals from six populations in Austria and France. All markers were polymorphic in at least one investigated population, and the number of alleles ranged from one to four alleles per locus. Observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.06 to 1.0 and from 0.18 to 0.72, respectively.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These 15 markers will be useful for characterizing dispersal strategies and gene flow assessment between R. alpinus populations and other, often weedy Rumex species.}, }
@article {pmid29732247, year = {2018}, author = {Wu, CA and Hakkenberg, AD and Beauchamp, VB}, title = {Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci for invasive wavyleaf basketgrass, Oplismenus undulatifolius (Poaceae).}, journal = {Applications in plant sciences}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {e1016}, pmid = {29732247}, issn = {2168-0450}, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Novel nuclear microsatellite markers were developed for the invasive plant Oplismenus undulatifolius (Poaceae) to facilitate studies of invasion dynamics for this recently introduced, high-risk invasive species in North American mid-Atlantic forests.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Sixteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from an Illumina paired-end shotgun library of O. undulatifolius after initial assessment of 48 loci. When screened in three populations, these markers identified two to six alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 to 1.000. All loci were successfully amplified in the North American native congener O. hirtellus.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We provide the first nuclear genetic resources available for population genetic studies within the genus Oplismenus. These markers will serve as a critical tool for exploring patterns of gene flow and mechanisms of invasion of O. undulatifolius across its introduced range. These microsatellites should also be suitable for studies in other Oplismenus species.}, }
@article {pmid29730794, year = {2018}, author = {Sandman, AN and Näslund, J and Gren, IM and Norling, K}, title = {Effects of an invasive polychaete on benthic phosphorus cycling at sea basin scale: An ecosystem disservice.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {47}, number = {8}, pages = {884-892}, pmid = {29730794}, issn = {1654-7209}, support = {13/132//Naturv&#xe5;rdsverket/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Baltic States ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Eutrophication ; Geologic Sediments/analysis ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Osmolar Concentration ; Oxygen/analysis ; Phosphorus/adverse effects/*metabolism ; Polychaeta/*physiology ; Seawater/*analysis/*parasitology ; Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis/economics/*prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {Macrofaunal activities in sediments modify nutrient fluxes in different ways including the expression of species-specific functional traits and density-dependent population processes. The invasive polychaete genus Marenzelleria was first observed in the Baltic Sea in the 1980s. It has caused changes in benthic processes and affected the functioning of ecosystem services such as nutrient regulation. The large-scale effects of these changes are not known. We estimated the current Marenzelleria spp. wet weight biomass in the Baltic Sea to be 60-87 kton (95% confidence interval). We assessed the potential impact of Marenzelleria spp. on phosphorus cycling using a spatially explicit model, comparing estimates of expected sediment to water phosphorus fluxes from a biophysical model to ecologically relevant experimental measurements of benthic phosphorus flux. The estimated yearly net increases (95% CI) in phosphorous flux due to Marenzelleria spp. were 4.2-6.1 kton based on the biophysical model and 6.3-9.1 kton based on experimental data. The current biomass densities of Marenzelleria spp. in the Baltic Sea enhance the phosphorus fluxes from sediment to water on a sea basin scale. Although high densities of Marenzelleria spp. can increase phosphorus retention locally, such biomass densities are uncommon. Thus, the major effect of Marenzelleria seems to be a large-scale net decrease in the self-cleaning capacity of the Baltic Sea that counteracts human efforts to mitigate eutrophication in the region.}, }
@article {pmid29729282, year = {2018}, author = {Ruiling, Z and Tongkai, L and Zhendong, H and Guifen, Z and Dezhen, M and Zhong, Z}, title = {Genetic analysis of Aedes albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae) reveals a deep divergence in the original regions.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {185}, number = {}, pages = {27-33}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.05.001}, pmid = {29729282}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/*genetics ; Animals ; Asia, Southeastern ; Genes, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Genetic Testing ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus has been described as one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world. This mosquito originated from southeastern Asia and currently has a widespread presence in every continent except Antarctica. The rapid global expansion of Ae. albopictus has increased public health concerns about arbovirus-related disease threats. Adaptation, adaption to novel areas is a biological challenge for invasive species, and the underlying processes can be studied at the molecular level. In this study, genetic analysis was performed using mitochondrial gene NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5), based on both native and invasive populations. Altogether, 38 haplotypes were detected with H1 being the dominant and widely distributed in 21 countries. Both phylogenetic and network analyses supported the existence of five clades, with only clade I being involved in the subsequent global spread of Asian tiger mosquito. The other four clades (II, III, IV and V) were restricted to their original regions, which could be ancestral populations that had diverged from clade I in the early stages of evolution. Neutrality tests suggested that most of the populations had experienced recent expansion. Analysis of molecular variance and the population-pair statistic FST revealed that most populations lacked genetic structure, while high variability was detected within populations. Multiple and independent human-mediated introductions may explain the present results.}, }
@article {pmid29729193, year = {2018}, author = {Wilson, CM and Schaeffer, RN and Hickin, ML and Rigsby, CM and Sommi, AF and Thornber, CS and Orians, CM and Preisser, EL}, title = {Chronic impacts of invasive herbivores on a foundational forest species: a whole-tree perspective.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {99}, number = {8}, pages = {1783-1791}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2384}, pmid = {29729193}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; *Hemiptera ; *Herbivory ; New England ; Trees ; Tsuga ; }, abstract = {Forests make up a large portion of terrestrial plant biomass, and the long-lived woody plants that dominate them possess an array of traits that deter consumption by forest pests. Although often extremely effective against native consumers, invasive species that avoid or overcome these defenses can wreak havoc on trees and surrounding ecosystems. This is especially true when multiple invasive species co-occur, since interactions between invasive herbivores may yield non-additive effects on the host. While the threat posed by invasive forest pests is well known, long-term field experiments are necessary to explore these consumer-host interactions at appropriate spatial and temporal scales. Moreover, it is important to measure multiple variables to get a "whole-plant" picture of their combined impact. We report the results of a 4-yr field experiment addressing the individual and combined impacts of two invasive herbivores, the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) and elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa), on native eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) in southern New England. In 2011, we planted 200 hemlock saplings into a temperate forest understory and experimentally manipulated the presence/absence of both herbivore species; in 2015, we harvested the 88 remaining saplings and assessed plant physiology, growth, and resource allocation. Adelgids strongly affected hemlock growth: infested saplings had lower above/belowground biomass ratios, more needle loss, and produced fewer new needles than control saplings. Hemlock scale did not alter plant biomass allocation or growth, and its co-occurrence did not alter the impact of adelgid. While both adelgid and scale impacted the concentrations of primary metabolites, adelgid effects were more pronounced. Adelgid feeding simultaneously increased free amino acids local to feeding sites and a ~30% reduction in starch. The cumulative impact of adelgid-induced needle loss, manipulation of nitrogen pools, and the loss of stored resources likely accelerates host decline through disruption of homeostatic source-sink dynamics occurring at the whole-plant level. Our research stresses the importance of considering long-term impacts to predict how plants will cope with contemporary pressures experienced in disturbed forests.}, }
@article {pmid29728661, year = {2018}, author = {Li, K and Yang, H and Han, X and Xue, L and Lv, Y and Li, J and Fu, Z and Li, C and Shen, W and Guo, H and Zhang, Y}, title = {Fractal features of soil particle size distributions and their potential as an indicator of Robinia pseudoacacia invasion[1].}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {7075}, pmid = {29728661}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; China ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Fractals ; *Introduced Species ; *Particle Size ; *Robinia ; Soil/*chemistry ; Spectrum Analysis ; }, abstract = {To study the fractal dimensions of the soil particle size distributions (PSDs) within different plantations (of Pinus densiflora, Quercus acutissima, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Larix kaempferi) and evaluate PSDs as an indicator of the likelihood of Robinia pseudoacacia invasion, the soil porosity of 0-20 cm soil layers was measured at different plantations in the Yaoxiang Forest Farm, Shandong Province, China. The results showed that the fractal dimension (Dm) values varied from 2.59 to 2.70 among the different plantations and were significantly negatively correlated to sand content and positively correlated to silt content and clay content. Significant negative correlations were observed between Dm and both soil organic matter (SOM) (P < 0.05) and available phosphorus (P < 0.01). The multifractal entropy dimension (D1) and entropy dimension/capacity dimension (D1/D0) parameters were not significantly correlated with SOM, although significant correlations were found between SOM and each of D0, Δα, and Δf(α). Compared with the other plantations, the Robinia pseudoacacia plantation had higher nutrient contents, higher D0 and D1 values and lower Dm values. Based on principal component analysis (PCA) ordination, we concluded that Robinia pseudoacacia and Pinus densiflora shared a similar habitat and that Robinia pseudoacacia is more likely to invade Pinus densiflora plantations for soil.}, }
@article {pmid29728134, year = {2018}, author = {Rodríguez, MA and Angueyra, A and Cleef, AM and Van Andel, T}, title = {Ethnobotany of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy-Güicán: climate change and conservation strategies in the Colombian Andes.}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {34}, pmid = {29728134}, issn = {1746-4269}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Ethnobotany ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Plants, Edible ; Plants, Medicinal ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Sierra Nevada del Cocuy-Güicán in the Colombian Andes is protected as a National Natural Park since 1977 because of its fragile páramo ecosystems, extraordinary biodiversity, high plant endemism, and function as water reservoir. The vegetation on this mountain is threatened by expanding agriculture, deforestation, tourism, and climate change. We present an ethnobotanical inventory among local farmer communities and discuss the effects of vegetation change on the availability of useful plants.<br><br>METHODS: We used 76 semi-structured, 4 in-depth interviews, and 247 botanical collections to record the ethnoflora of the farmers and surveyed from the high Andean forest to the super-p&#xe1;ramo, including native and introduced species. We organized 3 participative workshops with local children, high school students, and campesinos' women to share the data we acquired in the field and empower local plant conservation awareness.<br><br>RESULTS: We encountered 174 useful plants, most of them native to the area (68%) and almost one third introduced (32%). The Compositae was the most species-rich family, followed by Lamiaceae, Poaceae, and Rosaceae. The majority of plant species were used as medicine, followed by food, firewood, and domestic tools. Local farmers reported declining numbers of p&#xe1;ramo species, which were now only found at higher altitudes than before. Although our informants were worried about the preservation of their natural resources and noticed the effects of climate change, for several commercial species, unsustainable land use and overharvesting seemed to be the direct cause of declining medicinal plant resources rather than climate change.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We recommend conservation plans that include vegetation monitoring, people's perceptions on climate change, and participative actions with the communities of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy-G&#xfc;ic&#xe1;n.}, }
@article {pmid29727519, year = {2018}, author = {Hernández-Ruedas, MA and Arroyo-Rodríguez, V and Morante-Filho, JC and Meave, JA and Martínez-Ramos, M}, title = {Fragmentation and matrix contrast favor understory plants through negative cascading effects on a strong competitor palm.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {28}, number = {6}, pages = {1546-1553}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1740}, pmid = {29727519}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {2015-253946//CONACyT/International ; IN-204215//PAPIIT-UNAM/International ; }, mesh = {*Arecaceae ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Mexico ; Models, Theoretical ; *Rainforest ; }, abstract = {Understanding the patterns and processes driving biodiversity maintenance in fragmented tropical forests is urgently needed for conservation planning, especially in species-rich forest reserves. Of particular concern are the effects that habitat modifications at the landscape scale may have on forest regeneration and ecosystem functioning: a topic that has received limited attention. Here, we assessed the effects of landscape structure (i.e., forest cover, open area matrices, forest fragmentation, and mean inter-patch isolation distance) on understory plant assemblages in the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. Previous studies suggest that the demographic burst of the strong competitor palm Astrocaryum mexicanum in the core area of this reserve limits plant recruitment and imperils biodiversity conservation within this protected area. Yet, the local and landscape predictors of this palm, and its impact on tree recruitment at a regional scale are unknown. Thus, we used structural equation modeling to assess the direct and cascading effects of landscape structure on stem and species density in the understory of 20 forest sites distributed across this biodiversity hotspot. Indirect paths included the effect of landscape structure on tree basal area (a proxy of local disturbance), and the effects of these variables on A. mexicanum. Density of A. mexicanum mainly increased with decreasing both fragmentation and open areas in the matrix (matrix contrast, hereafter), and such an increase in palm density negatively affected stem and species density in the understory. The negative direct effect of matrix contrast on stem density was overridden by the indirect positive effects (i.e., through negative cascading effects on A. mexicanum), resulting in a weak effect of matrix contrast on stem density. These findings suggest that dispersal limitation and negative edge effects in more fragmented landscapes dominated by open areas prevent the proliferation of this palm species, enhancing the diversity and abundance of understory trees. This "positive" news adds to an increasing line of evidence suggesting that fragmentation may have some positive effects on biodiversity, in this case by preventing the proliferation of species that can jeopardize biodiversity conservation within tropical reserves.}, }
@article {pmid29727477, year = {2018}, author = {Bosc, C and Roets, F and Hui, C and Pauw, A}, title = {Interactions among predators and plant specificity protect herbivores from top predators.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {99}, number = {7}, pages = {1602-1609}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2377}, pmid = {29727477}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; *Herbivory ; Plants ; Predatory Behavior ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {The worldwide loss of top predators from natural and agricultural systems has heightened the need to understand how important they are in controlling herbivore abundance. The effect of top predators on herbivore species is likely to depend on (1) the importance of the consumption of intermediate predators by top predators (intra-guild predation; IGP), but also on (2) plant specificity by herbivores, because specialists may defend themselves better (enemy-free space; EFS). Insectivorous birds, as top predators, are generally known to effectively control herbivorous insects, despite also consuming intermediate predators such as spiders, but how this effect varies among herbivore species in relation to the cascading effects of IGP and EFS is not known. To explore this, we excluded birds from natural fynbos vegetation in South Africa using large netted cages and recorded changes in abundance relative to control plots for 199 plant-dwelling intermediate predator and 341 herbivore morpho-species that varied in their estimated plant specificity. We found a strong negative effect of birds on the total abundance of all intermediate predators, with especially clear effects on spiders (strong IGP). In contrast with previous studies, which document a negative effect of birds on herbivores, we found an overall neutral effect of birds on herbivore abundance, but the effect varied among species: some species were negatively affected by birds, suggesting that they were mainly consumed by birds, whereas others, likely released from spiders by IGP, were positively affected. Some species were also effectively neutrally affected by birds. These tended to be more specialized to plants compared to the other species, which may imply that some plant specialists benefited from protection provided by EFS from both birds and spiders. These results suggest that the response of herbivore species to top predators may depend on cascading effects of interactions among predators and on their degree of plant specificity.}, }
@article {pmid29724253, year = {2018}, author = {Souza, AO and Chaves, MDPSR and Barbosa, RI and Clement, CR}, title = {Local ecological knowledge concerning the invasion of Amerindian lands in the northern Brazilian Amazon by Acacia mangium (Willd.).}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {33}, pmid = {29724253}, issn = {1746-4269}, mesh = {*Acacia ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Biodiversity ; Brazil ; *Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; Female ; Humans ; *Knowledge ; Leadership ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Invasive plants can impact biodiversity as well as the lives of native human populations. Natural ecosystems represent sources of natural resources essential for the subsistence and socio-cultural continuity of these social groups. Approximately 30,000 ha of Acacia mangium were planted for commercial purposes in savanna areas surrounding indigenous lands in Roraima State, Brazil, at the end of the 1990s. We examined the local ecological knowledge of indigenous Wapichana and Macuxi Amerindians, members of the Arawak and Carib linguistic families, respectively, concerning A. mangium Willdenow (Fabaceae) in a savanna ecosystem ("Lavrado") to attempt to understand its propagation beyond the limits of the commercial plantations and contribute to mitigating its impacts on socio-ecological systems.<br><br>METHODS: The present study was undertaken in the Moskow, S&#xe3;o Domingos, and Malacacheta communities in the Moskow and Malacacheta Indigenous Lands (ILs) in the Serra da Lua region of Roraima State, in the northern Brazilian Amazon region. Interviews were conducted with a total of 94 indigenous individuals of both sexes, with ages between 18 and 76, and low levels of formal schooling, with an average time of permanence in the area of 21&#xa0;years; some still spoke only their native languages. The interviews focused on their ecological knowledge of the invasive, non-native A. mangium and their uses of it.<br><br>RESULTS: The informants affirmed that A. mangium negatively impacted the local fauna and flora, making their subsistence more difficult and altering their daily routines. Among the problems cited were alterations of water quality (71.3%), negative impacts on crops (60.6%), negative impacts on the equilibrium of the local fauna (52.1%), increased farm labor requirements (41.5%), and restriction of access to indigenous lands (23.4%). There were no significant differences between the opinions of men and women, nor between community leaders and nonleaders. Most of the interviewees (89%) felt that A. mangium had no positive importance for the local economy and saw no future prospects of beneficial use.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The Wapichana and Macuxi informants felt that the invasion by A. mangium had caused negative effects on the natural environment and on community subsistence in the indigenous lands due to its rapid and unwanted propagation. The similarity between the opinions of men and women and between community leaders and nonleaders demonstrates the existence of knowledge that is well distributed among these communities and transmitted within their communities through social-cultural interactions.}, }
@article {pmid29724027, year = {2018}, author = {Ellison, JC and Beasy, KM}, title = {Sediment Carbon Accumulation in Southern Latitude Saltmarsh Communities of Tasmania, Australia.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {29724027}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {Carbon sequestration values of wetlands are greatest in their sediments. Northern hemisphere research dominates the earlier saltmarsh carbon sequestration literature, recently augmented by analyses across mainland Australia where species assemblages, catchment histories and environmental settings differ. No previous assessment has been made for Tasmania. Carbon stores and accumulation rates in saltmarsh sediments of the Rubicon estuary, Tasmania, were investigated. Carbon was determined from sediment cores by Elemental Analyser, combined with analysis of organic content and bulk density. Carbon accumulation was determined using short-term and long-term sediment accretion indicators. Results showed carbon densities to be lower than global averages, with variation found between carbon stores of native and introduced species zones. Cores from introduced Spartina anglica indicated a trend of higher sediment carbon percentages relative to cores from native saltmarsh Juncus kraussii and Sarcocornia quinqueflora, and in finer grain sizes. Sediment carbon stock of 30 cm depths was 49.5 Mg C ha[&amp;minus;1] for native saltmarsh and 55.5 Mg C ha[&amp;minus;1] for Spartina. Carbon percentages were low owing to high catchment inorganic sediment yields, however carbon accumulation rates were similar to global averages, particularly under Spartina. Covering 85% of saltmarsh area in the estuary, Spartina contributes the majority to carbon stores, potentially indicating a previously unrecognized value for this invasive species in Australia.}, }
@article {pmid29722138, year = {2018}, author = {Van Berkel, J and Clusella-Trullas, S}, title = {Behavioral thermoregulation is highly repeatable and unaffected by digestive status in Agama atra.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {482-493}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12325}, pmid = {29722138}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Body Temperature Regulation/*physiology ; Digestion/*physiology ; Female ; Gryllidae ; Lizards/*physiology ; Male ; }, abstract = {The precision and the extent of behavioral thermoregulation are likely to provide fitness benefits to ectotherms. Yet the factors driving variation in selected or preferred body temperature (Tset) and its usefulness as a proxy for optimal physiological temperature (Topt) are still debated. Although Tset is often conserved among closely related species, substantial variation at the individual, population and species level has also been reported. However, the repeatability (calculated as the intra-class correlation coefficient) of Tset is generally low. One factor that influences Tset is feeding status, with fed reptiles typically showing higher Tset , a process thought to aid meal digestion. Here, using experiments simulating realistic feeding and fasting regimes in Agama atra, a heliothermic lizard from southern Africa, we test if Tset and its repeatability under these 2 states significantly differ. Daily Tset ranged from 33.7 to 38.4 °C, with a mean (± SE) of 36.7 ± 0.1 °C for fed and 36.6 ± 0.1 °C for unfed individuals. Comparisons of repeatability showed that females tend to be more consistent in the selection of body temperature than males, but not significantly so regardless of feeding status. We report some of the highest repeatability estimates of Tset to date (full range: 0.229-0.642), and that the weak positive effects of feeding status on Tset did not increase its repeatability. In conclusion, one of the major prerequisites for natural selection, consistent among-individual variation, is present, making the adaptive significance of Tset considerably more plausible.}, }
@article {pmid29721293, year = {2018}, author = {Ssali, F and Moe, SR and Sheil, D}, title = {Tree seed rain and seed removal, but not the seed bank, impede forest recovery in bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn)-dominated clearings in the African highlands.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {4224-4236}, pmid = {29721293}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Considerable areas dominated by bracken Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn occur worldwide and are associated with arrested forest recovery. How forest recovery is impeded in these areas remains poorly understood, especially in the African highlands. The component processes that can lead to recruitment limitation-including low seed arrival, availability and persistence-are important determinants of plant communities and offer a potential explanation for bracken persistence. We investigated key processes that can contribute to recruitment limitation in bracken-dominated clearings in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. We examined if differences in seed rain (dispersal limitation), soil seed bank, or seed removal (seed viability and persistence) can, individually or in combination, explain the differences in tree regeneration found between bracken-dominated areas and the neighboring forest. These processes were assessed along ten 50-m transects crossing the forest-bracken boundary. When compared to the neighboring forest, bracken clearings had fewer seedlings (bracken 11,557 ± 5482 vs. forest 34,515 ± 6066 seedlings/ha), lower seed rain (949 ± 582 vs. 1605 ± 335 tree seeds m[-2] year[-1]), comparable but sparse soil seed bank (304 ± 236 vs. 264 ± 99 viable tree seeds/m[2]), higher seed removal (70.1% ± 2.4% vs. 40.6% ± 2.4% over a 3-day interval), and markedly higher rodent densities (25.7 ± 5.4 vs. 5.0 ± 1.6 rodents per 100 trapping sessions). Camera traps revealed that rodents were the dominant animals visiting the seeds in our seed removal study. Synthesis: Recruitment limitation contributes to both the slow recovery of forest in bracken-dominated areas, and to the composition of the tree species that occur. Low seed arrival and low persistence of unburied seeds can both explain the reduced density of seedlings found in bracken versus neighboring forest. Seed removal, likely due to rodents, in particular appears sufficient to constrain forest recovery and impacts some species more severely than others.}, }
@article {pmid29721292, year = {2018}, author = {Lembrechts, JJ and Rossi, E and Milbau, A and Nijs, I}, title = {Habitat properties and plant traits interact as drivers of non-native plant species' seed production at the local scale.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {4209-4223}, pmid = {29721292}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {To answer the long-standing question if we can predict plant invader success based on characteristics of the environment (invasibility) or the invasive species (invasiveness), or the combination of both, there is a need for detailed observational studies in which habitat properties, non-native plant traits, and the resulting invader success are locally measured. In this study, we assess the interaction of gradients in the environmental and trait space on non-native species fitness, expressed as seed production, for a set of 10 invasive and noninvasive non-native species along a wide range of invaded sites in Flanders. In our multidimensional approach, most of the single environmental gradients (temperature, light availability, native plant species diversity, and soil fertility) and sets of non-native plant traits (plant size, photosynthesis, and foliar chemical attributes) related positively with invader seed production. Yet correlation with seed production was much stronger when several environmental gradients were assessed in interaction, and even more so when we combined plant traits and habitat properties. The latter increased explanatory power of the models on average by 25% for invasive and by 7% for noninvasive species. Additionally, we report a 70-fold higher seed production in invasive than in noninvasive species and fundamentally different correlations of seed production with plant traits and habitat properties in noninvasive versus invasive species. We conclude that locally measured traits and properties deserve much more attention than they currently get in invasion literature and thus encourage further studies combining this level of detail with the generality of a multiregion and multispecies approach across different stages of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid29721289, year = {2018}, author = {Xie, JY and Tang, WJ and Yang, YH}, title = {Fish assemblage changes over half a century in the Yellow River, China.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {4173-4182}, pmid = {29721289}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Riverine environments have been threatened by anthropogenic perturbations worldwide, whereby their fish assemblages have been modified by habitat changes and nonendemic species invasions. We assessed changes in fish assemblages by comparing the species presence in historical and contemporary fish data in the Yellow River from 1965 to 2015. The temporal change in species assemblages was found with increased nonendemic species and fewer natives. Fish species richness of the river declined 35.4% over the past fifty years. Moreover, the decreased mean Bray-Curtis dissimilarity among reaches suggested that the fish assemblages of different reaches in the Yellow River were becoming more similar over time. However, temporal patterns of fish assemblages varied among reaches. In the upper Yellow River, higher species richness and more invasive species were found than those in the historical record, while the lower reaches experienced significant species loss. Dam constructions, exotic fish invasions, and flow reductions played the vital role in structuring the temporal fish assemblages in the Yellow River. It is suggested that river basins which experienced different types and levels of stressors by anthropogenic perturbations can produce varied effects on their temporal trends of species assemblages.}, }
@article {pmid29721278, year = {2018}, author = {Cove, MV and Gardner, B and Simons, TR and O'Connell, AF}, title = {Co-occurrence dynamics of endangered Lower Keys marsh rabbits and free-ranging domestic cats: Prey responses to an exotic predator removal program.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {4042-4052}, pmid = {29721278}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The Lower Keys marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris hefneri) is one of many endangered endemic species of the Florida Keys. The main threats are habitat loss and fragmentation from sea-level rise, development, and habitat succession. Exotic predators such as free-ranging domestic cats (Felis catus) pose an additional threat to these endangered small mammals. Management strategies have focused on habitat restoration and exotic predator control. However, the effectiveness of predator removal and the effects of anthropogenic habitat modifications and restoration have not been evaluated. Between 2013 and 2015, we used camera traps to survey marsh rabbits and free-ranging cats at 84 sites in the National Key Deer Refuge, Big Pine Key, Florida, USA. We used dynamic occupancy models to determine factors associated with marsh rabbit occurrence, colonization, extinction, and the co-occurrence of marsh rabbits and cats during a period of predator removal. Rabbit occurrence was positively related to freshwater habitat and patch size, but was negatively related to the number of individual cats detected at each site. Furthermore, marsh rabbit colonization was negatively associated with relative increases in the number of individual cats at each site between survey years. Cat occurrence was negatively associated with increasing distance from human developments. The probability of cat site extinction was positively related to a 2-year trapping effort, indicating that predator removal reduced the cat population. Dynamic co-occurrence models suggested that cats and marsh rabbits co-occur less frequently than expected under random conditions, whereas co-detections were site and survey-specific. Rabbit site extinction and colonization were not strongly conditional on cat presence, but corresponded with a negative association. Our results suggest that while rabbits can colonize and persist at sites where cats occur, it is the number of individual cats at a site that more strongly influences rabbit occupancy and colonization. These findings indicate that continued predator management would likely benefit endangered small mammals as they recolonize restored habitats.}, }
@article {pmid29721267, year = {2018}, author = {Ozawa, S and Hasegawa, K}, title = {Broad infectivity of Leidynema appendiculatum (Nematoda: Oxyurida: Thelastomatidae) parasite of the smokybrown cockroach Periplaneta fuliginosa (Blattodea: Blattidae).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {3908-3918}, pmid = {29721267}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Host specificity of parasites is important for the understanding of evolutionary strategies of parasitism that would be a basis of predictions of the disease expansion when parasitized hosts invade new environments. The nematode order Oxyurida is an interesting parasite group for studying the evolution of parasitism as it includes parasites of both invertebrates and vertebrates. In our survey, we found that the smokybrown cockroach Periplaneta fuliginosa was primarily infected with only one nematode species Leidynema appendiculatum. In two cases, L. appendiculatum was isolated from two additional cockroach species Pycnoscelus surinamensis, sold in Japan as a reptile food, and Blatta lateralis, captured in the field and cultured in the laboratory. Inoculation of L. appendiculatum into three additional cockroach species P. japonica, Blattella nipponica, and P. surinamensis also resulted in parasitism. Infection prevalence was high, and timing of postembryonic development from hatched nematode larva to mature adult in these hosts was identical with that in P. fuliginosa. While ecological interactions strongly determine the host range, such broad infectivity is still possible in this parasitic nematode.}, }
@article {pmid29721031, year = {2018}, author = {Tuliozi, B and Fracasso, G and Hoi, H and Griggio, M}, title = {House sparrows' (Passer domesticus) behaviour in a novel environment is modulated by social context and familiarity in a sex-specific manner.}, journal = {Frontiers in zoology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {16}, pmid = {29721031}, issn = {1742-9994}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Exploratory behaviour is one of the best-investigated behavioural traits. However, little is known about how differences in familiarity, i.e. in the knowledge and previous experience with a companion can influence the exploration of a novel environment. However, to our knowledge, such a critical feature of the social environment has never been the target of a study relating it to exploratory behaviour in birds. Here we examined if familiarity with a conspecific could affect behavioural responses of individuals confronted with a novel environment. We recorded the latency to land on the ground, latency to feed, time spent feeding and number of sectors visited of 48 female and 48 male house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in an indoor aviary in three contexts: alone (individual context), with an unfamiliar and with a familiar same-sex companion.<br><br>RESULTS: House sparrows landed sooner on the ground when in the familiar context than when in the individual context. Birds in unfamiliar pairs followed each other less than familiar birds, but this difference diminished with time spent exploring. Moreover, males and females differed in their behavioural responses in the unfamiliar context. Females with a familiar companion landed sooner than when they were paired with an unfamiliar conspecific, whereas only the presence of a companion but not familiarity reduced males latency to land on the ground. Finally, when considering the unfamiliar context males had shorter latencies to forage and thus spent more time eating than females.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The presence or absence of a companion and its familiarity with the focal individual influenced differently the behavioural responses of male and female house sparrows in a novel environment. As house sparrows are strongly sociable, the influence of the social environment is likely to be of paramount importance to understand the selective pressures acting on them, particularly in recently colonized areas with ephemeral food sources. Our results shed light on the complex influence that the social environment has on the behavioural responses of a cosmopolitan bird.}, }
@article {pmid29718966, year = {2018}, author = {Heberling, JM and Mason, NWH}, title = {Are endemics functionally distinct? Leaf traits of native and exotic woody species in a New Zealand forest.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {e0196746}, pmid = {29718966}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Forests ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Photosynthesis ; Phylogeography ; Plant Leaves/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Trees/*anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Recent studies have concluded that native and invasive species share a common set of trait relationships. However, native species in isolated regions might be functionally constrained by their unique evolutionary histories such that they follow different carbon capture strategies than introduced species. We compared leaf traits relating to resource investment, carbon return, and resource-use efficiency in 16 native (endemic) and three non-native (invasive) species in a temperate forest in Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand. Trait differences were more closely associated with leaf habit than nativity. Deciduous species (including invaders) exhibited greater maximum photosynthetic rates at similar resource costs, which resulted in greater nitrogen- and energy-use efficiencies than evergreen natives. Leaf area was the only trait that differed significantly by nativity (over two-fold larger in invaders). Invaders and deciduous natives both occupied the 'fast return' end of the leaf economics spectrum in contrast to the native evergreens which had comparatively slow return on investment. Dominant woody invaders in this forest are physiologically distinct from many New Zealand endemic species, which are overwhelmingly evergreen. It remains unclear whether these trait differences translate to an ecological divergence in plant strategy, but these results suggest that ecophysiological tradeoffs are likely constrained by biogeography.}, }
@article {pmid29715377, year = {2018}, author = {Tang, L and Wolf, AA and Gao, Y and Wang, CH}, title = {Photosynthetic tolerance to non-resource stress influences competition importance and intensity in an invaded estuary.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {99}, number = {6}, pages = {1327-1337}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2214}, pmid = {29715377}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Estuaries ; Introduced Species ; *Photosynthesis ; Poaceae ; Soil ; }, abstract = {In an attempt to clarify the role of environmental and biotic interactions on plant growth, there has been a long-running ecological debate over whether the intensity and importance of competition stabilizes, increases or decreases across environmental gradients. We conducted an experiment in a Chinese estuary to investigate the effects of a non-resource stress gradient, soil salinity (from 1.4‰ to 19.0‰ salinity), on the competitive interactions between native Phragmites australis and invasive Spartina alterniflora. We linked these effects to measurements of photosynthetic activities to further elucidate the underlying physiological mechanism behind the competitive interactions and the driver of invasion. The experiments revealed that while biomass of both species decreased in the presence of the other, competition did not alter photosynthetic activity of either species over time. P. australis exhibited high photosynthetic activity, including low chlorophyllase activity, high chlorophyll content, high stomatal conductance and high net photosynthetic rate, at low salinity. Under these conditions, P. australis experienced low competitive intensity, leading to high biomass production and competitive exclusion of S. alterniflora. The opposite was observed for S. alterniflora: while competitive intensity experienced by P. australis increased with increasing salinity, and photosynthetic activity, biomass, competitive dominance and the importance of competition for P. australis growth decreased, those of S. alterniflora were stable. These findings demonstrate that S. alterniflora invasion driven by competitive exclusion are likely to occur and expand in high salinity zones. The change in the nature of competition along a non-resource stress gradient differs between competitors likely due to differences in photosynthetic tolerance to salinity. The driver of growth of the less-tolerant species changes from competition to non-resource stress factors with increasing stress levels, whereas competition is constantly important for growth of the more-tolerant species. Incorporating metrics of both competition intensity and importance, as well as linking these competitive outcomes with physiological mechanisms, is crucial to understanding, predicting, and mediating the effects of invasive species in the future.}, }
@article {pmid29710639, year = {2018}, author = {Ilarri, MI and Amorim, L and Souza, AT and Sousa, R}, title = {Physical legacy of freshwater bivalves: Effects of habitat complexity on the taxonomical and functional diversity of invertebrates.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {634}, number = {}, pages = {1398-1405}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.070}, pmid = {29710639}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Corbicula/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; Rivers ; Unionidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Bivalves may play a major role in structuring aquatic communities. This may be especially relevant in aquatic communities dominated by non-native invasive bivalves, which can contribute to the increase of habitat homogenization. In this study, we assess how habitat homogenization, through the reduction of empty bivalve shells identities, influences the macroinvertebrate assemblages. Towards this end, a manipulative experiment with the empty shells of two native (Potomida littoralis and Unio delphinus) and one non-native (Corbicula fluminea) species was performed. Seven treatments were prepared, three of them consisting of homogeneous substrates using shells of one species, and four of them consisting in heterogeneous substrates using more than one species. The associated fauna colonizing different treatments was analyzed through taxonomic and trait-based approaches. Our results showed that the substrate complexity influenced the density of macroinvertebrates, with the heterogeneous treatments significantly yielding more dense assemblages. Also, the trait patterns differed among the levels of habitat heterogeneity, influencing mainly organisms that feed on microphytes of both small and big sizes, that inhabit areas with slow to moderate water flow, and that have short and long live cycles. Further, the functional diversity was not influenced by the substrate heterogeneity. Therefore, the habitat homogenization, through the accumulation of non-native C. fluminea empty shells in the river bottom, did not affect the functional diversity of the macroinvertebrate assemblages.}, }
@article {pmid29708981, year = {2018}, author = {Gama, ADS and de Paula, M and da Silva, RRV and Ferreira, WS and Medeiros, PM}, title = {Exotic species as models to understand biocultural adaptation: Challenges to mainstream views of human-nature relations.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {e0196091}, pmid = {29708981}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; *Acculturation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ethnobotany ; Human Characteristics ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Medicine, Traditional ; Models, Biological ; *Phytotherapy ; Plants, Medicinal/*physiology ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {A central argument in the research on traditional knowledge, which persists in the scientific literature, is that the entrance of exotic plants in local medical systems is directly associated with acculturation. However, this logic has put an end for a long period to efforts to understand why such species have so successfully entered socio-ecological systems or even their real role in such systems. This study provides evidence that (1) in some socio-environmental contexts, exotic medicinal species usually confer greater adaptive advantages to local populations, and (2) despite their general importance, exotic species only excel in medical systems when cost-benefit ratio is favorable to them. Thus, in order to avoid the loss of knowledge about native plants and to ensure biocultural conservation, it is necessary to create strategies to amplify the advantages of these species.}, }
@article {pmid29707884, year = {2018}, author = {Triska, MD and Powell, KS and Collins, C and Pearce, I and Renton, M}, title = {Accounting for spatially heterogeneous conditions in local-scale surveillance strategies: case study of the biosecurity insect pest, grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch)).}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {74}, number = {12}, pages = {2724-2737}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5057}, pmid = {29707884}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (PBCRC)/ ; //School of Plant Biology at The University of Western Australia/ ; }, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; Spatial Analysis ; Vitis/growth &amp; development ; Wind ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Surveillance strategies are often standardized and completed on grid patterns to detect pest incursions quickly; however, it may be possible to improve surveillance through more targeted observation that accounts for landscape heterogeneity, dispersal and the habitat requirements of the invading organism. We simulated pest spread at a local scale, using grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch)) as a case study, and assessed the influence of incorporating spatial heterogeneity into surveillance compared with current, standard surveillance strategies.<br><br>RESULTS: Time to detection and spread within and beyond the vineyard were reduced by conducting surveys that target sampling effort in soil that is highly suitable for the invading pest in comparison with standard surveillance strategies. However, these outcomes were dependent on the virulence level of phylloxera because phylloxera is a complex pest with multiple genotypes that influence spread and detectability.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Targeting surveillance strategies based on local-scale spatial heterogeneity can decrease the time to detection without increasing the survey cost, and surveillance that targets highly suitable soil is the most efficient strategy for detecting new incursions. In addition, combining targeted surveillance strategies with buffer zones and hygiene procedures, and updating surveillance strategies as additional species information becomes available, will further decrease the risk of pest spread. &#xa9; 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid29706789, year = {2018}, author = {Borges, PAV and Pérez Santa-Rita, JV and Nunes, R and Danielczak, A and Hochkirch, A and Amorim, IR and Lamelas-Lopez, L and Karsholt, O and Vieira, V}, title = {Species conservation profile of moths (Insecta, Lepidoptera) from Azores, Portugal.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {}, number = {6}, pages = {e23311}, pmid = {29706789}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The few remnants of Azorean native forests harbour a unique set of endemic moths (Insecta, Lepidoptera), some of them under severe long term threats due to small sized habitats or climatic changes. In this contribution, we present the IUCN Red List profiles of 34 endemic moths to the Azorean archipelago, including species belonging to two diverse families: Noctuidae (11 species) and Crambidae (eight species). The objective of this paper is to assess all endemic Azorean moth species and advise on possible future research and conservation actions critical for the long-trem survival of the most endangered species.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: Most species have a large distribution (i.e. 58% occur in at least four islands), very large extent of occurrence (EOO) and a relatively large area of occupancy (AOO). Only nine species are single-island endemics, three of them from Flores, three from S&#xe3;o Miguel and one from Pico, S&#xe3;o Jorge and Faial. Most of the species also experience continuing decline in habitat quality, number of locations and subpopulations caused by the ongoing threat from pasture intensification, forestry, invasive plant species and future climatic changes. The lack of new records may indicate that one of the species previously named is extinct (Eupithecia ogilviata). Therefore, we suggest as future conservation actions: (1) a long-term species monitoring plan and (2) control of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid29706667, year = {2018}, author = {Zwerschke, N and Hollyman, PR and Wild, R and Strigner, R and Turner, JR and King, JW}, title = {Limited impact of an invasive oyster on intertidal assemblage structure and biodiversity: the importance of environmental context and functional equivalency with native species.}, journal = {Marine biology}, volume = {165}, number = {5}, pages = {89}, pmid = {29706667}, issn = {0025-3162}, abstract = {Impacts of invasive species are context dependent and linked to the ecosystem they occur within. To broaden the understanding of the impact of a globally widespread invasive oyster, Crassostrea (Magallana) gigas, intertidal surveys were carried out at 15 different sites in Europe. The impact of C. gigas on macro- (taxa surrounding oyster > 1 cm) and epifaunal (taxa on oyster < 1 cm) benthic communities and α and β-diversity was assessed and compared to those associated with native ecosystem engineers, including the flat oyster Ostrea edulis. Whilst the effect of C. gigas on benthic community structures was dependent on habitat type, epifaunal communities associated with low densities of O. edulis and C. gigas did not differ and changes in benthic assemblage structure owing to the abundance of C. gigas were therefore attributed to the presence of oyster shells. Macrofaunal α-diversity increased with C. gigas cover in muddy habitats, while epifaunal α-diversity decreased at greater oyster densities. Macrofaunal β-diversity was greatest at low densities of C. gigas; however, it did not differ between samples without and increased densities of oysters. In contrast, epifaunal β-diversity decreased with increasing oyster cover. Different environmental contexts enabled more independent predictions of the effect of C. gigas on native communities. These were found to be low and more importantly not differing from O. edulis. This indicates that, at low densities, C. gigas may be functionally equivalent to the declining native oyster in terms of biodiversity facilitation and aid in re-establishing benthic communities on shores where O. edulis has become extinct.}, }
@article {pmid29705903, year = {2018}, author = {Huang, F and Peng, L and Zhang, J and Lin, W and Chen, S}, title = {Cadmium bioaccumulation and antioxidant enzyme activity in hepatopancreas, kidney, and stomach of invasive apple snail Pomacea canaliculata.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {25}, number = {19}, pages = {18682-18692}, pmid = {29705903}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {U1131006, 30770403 and 41501338//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2015B090903077//Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province/ ; 2017YFD0801000//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2014A030310320//Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cadmium/*metabolism/toxicity ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollutants/*metabolism/toxicity ; Gastric Mucosa/*metabolism ; Hepatopancreas/enzymology/*metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Kidney/*metabolism ; Malus ; Snails/drug effects/*metabolism ; Stomach ; Viscera ; }, abstract = {The acute toxicity of Cd was tested, and metal bioaccumulation in tissue was determined for the alien invasive species Pomacea canaliculata and its native competitor Sinotaia quadrata under experimental conditions. The invasive species was more tolerant to Cd toxicity than native species, for which the LC50 values were 4.26, 2.24, and 1.98 mg/L at exposure times of 48, 72, and 96 h, respectively, approximately three times higher than those of the native snails. The viscera accumulated the highest Cd concentration, followed by the foot and shell in both species. Metal concentrations in the above three tissues of P. canaliculata were much higher than those of S. quadrata, irrespective of Cd dose and exposure time. For P. canaliculata, the highest concentration of metal was further observed in the hepatopancreas (0.64-3.98 mg/g) followed by the kidney (0.067-3.78 mg/g), with lowest levels in the stomach (0.062-1.53 mg/g). Among the five antioxidant enzymes, the most responsive enzymes were CAT, ALP, and GST in the hepatopancreas; CAT, POD, and GST in the kidney; and POD in the stomach of exposed animals. These results, demonstrating a high Cd tolerance, may partly explain the ability of P. canaliculata to displace S. quadrata in Cd-contaminated habitat. The Cd was accumulated mainly in the hepatopancreas and kidney of invasive species, which changed the activity of antioxidant enzymes allowing the animals to cope with the toxicity. Graphical abstract Cadmium bioaccumulation and antioxidant enzyme activity in the invasive Pomacea canaliculata.}, }
@article {pmid29704120, year = {2018}, author = {Costa, APL and Takemoto, RM and Vitule, JRS}, title = {Metazoan parasites of Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède 1802) (Perciformes, Centrarchidae): a review with evidences of spillover and spillback.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {117}, number = {6}, pages = {1671-1681}, pmid = {29704120}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Bass/*parasitology ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Fish Diseases/parasitology ; Helminths/*classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Parasite Load/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Among the topics related to invasion science, the least studied are parasite co-introduction and spillback. This leads to an uncertainty in invasion ecology theories and applications to management. Therefore, the present study brings a systematic review of published information on the metazoan parasite fauna of Micropterus salmoides, a widely introduced fish, with the aim of comparing information about the composition and richness of the associated parasite communities in its native and introduced regions. This review demonstrates that there were twice as many studies of M. salmoides in its native region in comparison with introduced regions, although most of the studies focused on the analysis of a single species or taxon of parasite. This bias impacts the number of parasite species observed and, consequently, the apparent importance of enemy release in introduced regions. The composition of the parasite community in the two regions showed high similarity, which indicates the introduction and acquisition of parasites in introduced regions. Otherwise, there was no pattern related to the geographic distance, highlighting the influence of the propagule pressure and vector strength on the introduction of novel parasites. This illustrates the importance of vector strength on fish-parasite co-introduction and the necessity of new research examining host-parasite interactions with the parasite community of the invaded ecosystems. We still do not know the major influences of the composition of the parasite fauna of M. salmoides or how we can manage to develop a more restrictive vector pathway of introduction. The future of our ecosystems depends on how to account for current and future interactions among novel interactions, habitat, and climate change.}, }
@article {pmid29703783, year = {2018}, author = {Hoffberg, SL and Troendle, NJ and Glenn, TC and Mahmud, O and Louha, S and Chalopin, D and Bennetzen, JL and Mauricio, R}, title = {A High-Quality Reference Genome for the Invasive Mosquitofish Gambusia affinis Using a Chicago Library.}, journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {1855-1861}, pmid = {29703783}, issn = {2160-1836}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyprinodontiformes/*genetics ; DNA Transposable Elements/genetics ; *Gene Library ; *Genome ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; RNA, Transfer/genetics ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics ; Reference Standards ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, is a freshwater poecilid fish native to the southeastern United States but with a global distribution due to widespread human introduction. Gambusia affinis has been used as a model species for a broad range of evolutionary and ecological studies. We sequenced the genome of a male G. affinis to facilitate genetic studies in diverse fields including invasion biology and comparative genetics. We generated Illumina short read data from paired-end libraries and in vitro proximity-ligation libraries. We obtained 54.9× coverage, N50 contig length of 17.6 kb, and N50 scaffold length of 6.65 Mb. Compared to two other species in the Poeciliidae family, G. affinis has slightly fewer genes that have shorter total, exon, and intron length on average. Using a set of universal single-copy orthologs in fish genomes, we found 95.5% of these genes were complete in the G. affinis assembly. The number of transposable elements in the G. affinis assembly is similar to those of closely related species. The high-quality genome sequence and annotations we report will be valuable resources for scientists to map the genetic architecture of traits of interest in this species.}, }
@article {pmid29700860, year = {2018}, author = {Wallach, AD and Bekoff, M and Batavia, C and Nelson, MP and Ramp, D}, title = {Summoning compassion to address the challenges of conservation.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, pages = {1255-1265}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13126}, pmid = {29700860}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Empathy ; Human Activities ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Conservation practice is informed by science, but it also reflects ethical beliefs about how humanity ought to value and interact with Earth's biota. As human activities continue to drive extinctions and diminish critical life-sustaining ecosystem processes, achieving conservation goals becomes increasingly urgent. However, the determination to react decisively can drive conservationists to handle complex challenges without due deliberation, particularly when wildlife individuals are sacrificed for the so-called greater good of wildlife collectives (populations, species, ecosystems). With growing recognition of the widespread sentience and sapience of many nonhuman animals, standard conservation practices that categorically prioritize collectives without due consideration for the well-being of individuals are ethically untenable. Here we highlight 3 overarching ethical orientations characterizing current and historical practices in conservation that suppress compassion: instrumentalism, collectivism, and nativism. We examine how establishing a commitment to compassion could reorient conservation in more ethically expansive directions that incorporate recognition of the intrinsic value of wildlife, the sentience of nonhuman animals, and the values of novel ecosystems, introduced species, and their members. A compassionate conservation approach allays practices that intentionally and unnecessarily harm wildlife individuals, while aligning with critical conservation goals. Although the urgency of achieving effective outcomes for solving major conservation problems may enhance the appeal of quick and harsh measures, the costs are too high. Continuing to justify moral indifference when causing the suffering of wildlife individuals, particularly those who possess sophisticated capacities for emotion, consciousness, and sociality, risks estranging conservation practice from prevailing, and appropriate, social values. As conservationists and compassionate beings, we must demonstrate concern for both the long-term persistence of collectives and the well-being of individuals by prioritizing strategies that do both.}, }
@article {pmid29700374, year = {2018}, author = {Setterfield, SA and Clifton, PJ and Hutley, LB and Rossiter-Rachor, NA and Douglas, MM}, title = {Exotic grass invasion alters microsite conditions limiting woody recruitment potential in an Australian savanna.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {6628}, pmid = {29700374}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Australia ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Poaceae ; Seasons ; Seedlings ; *Trees ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Andropogon gayanus Kunth. is a large African tussock grass invading Australia's tropical savannas. Invasion results in more intense fires which increases the mortality rate of adult woody plants. Invasion may also affect community structure by altering the recruitment potential of woody plants. We investigated the effects of A. gayanus invasion on ground-level microclimate, and the carbon assimilation potential and recruitment potential of two Eucalyptus species. We compared microclimatic variables from the early wet-season and into the mid-dry season to coincide with the period of growth of A. gayanus. We assessed Eucalyptus recruitment by monitoring seedling establishment, growth and survival of experimentally sown seed, and estimating seedling density resulting from natural recruitment. A. gayanus invasion was associated with increased grass canopy height, biomass and cover. Following invasion, the understorey microclimate had significantly reduced levels of photon flux density, increased air temperatures and vapour pressure deficit. The conditions were less favourable for woody seedling with aboveground biomass of seedlings reduced by 26% in invaded plots. We estimated that invasion reduced daily carbon assimilation of woody seedlings by ~30% and reduced survivorship of Eucalyptus seedlings. Therefore, A. gayanus invasion reduces recruitment potential, contributing to the transformation of savanna to a grassland ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid29698123, year = {2018}, author = {Lama, JK and Bachoon, DS}, title = {Detection of Brucella suis, Campylobacter jejuni, and Escherichia coli Strains in Feral Pig (Sus scrofa) Communities of Georgia.}, journal = {Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)}, volume = {18}, number = {7}, pages = {350-355}, doi = {10.1089/vbz.2017.2187}, pmid = {29698123}, issn = {1557-7759}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Brucella suis/*isolation &amp; purification ; Brucellosis/epidemiology/microbiology/veterinary ; Campylobacter Infections/epidemiology/microbiology/veterinary ; Campylobacter jejuni/*isolation &amp; purification ; Escherichia coli/*isolation &amp; purification ; Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology/microbiology/veterinary ; Feces/microbiology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/epidemiology/*microbiology ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) are an environmentally destructive invasive species that act as a reservoir for zoonotic pathogens. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Brucella suis, Campylobacter jejuni, and of Escherichia coli in feces of feral pigs from Georgia. Fecal samples were collected from 87 feral pigs from forested and agricultural regions of Georgia. DNA was extracted from the fecal samples and quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to screen for each of the four pathogens. The qPCR assays indicated that B. suis and eaeA-containing strains of E. coli was present in about 22% and 28% of the samples, respectively. C. jejuni was undetected in any of the feral pig fecal samples. The incidence of B. suis was higher in the pigs from forested region, whereas E. coli strains possessing eaeA gene incidence was higher in the pigs from agricultural regions. In Georgia, feral pigs harbor infectious agents and are a growing threat to the transmission of pathogens to native wildlife, humans, and food crops.}, }
@article {pmid29694563, year = {2019}, author = {Oliveira, JL and Santos, SB}, title = {Distribution of cysts of Strongyluris sp. (Nematoda) in the pallial system of Achatina fulica Bowdich, 1822 from Vila Dois Rios and Vila do Abraão, Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {79}, number = {1}, pages = {38-44}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.173449}, pmid = {29694563}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; Ascaridida/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Brazil ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Snails/*parasitology ; Spirurina/growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {This work aimed to assessing Strongyluris sp. cysts distribution pattern in the several inner organs from pallial system of Achatina fulica Bowdich, 1822. Also we verified if there is a relationship between the mollusk size and the number of specimens from parasites collected from two touristic villages in Ilha Grande (Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro state): Vila Dois Rios (VDR) and Vila do Abraão (ABR). The samples were obtained through a field work conducted bimonthly during 2007, 2008, 2010, and 2011, at both locations. Height and width were measured from shells collected, and the all specimens were classified in different classes: class 1 - <4.0 cm, class 2 - 4.1-9.0 cm and class 3 - < 9.0 cm. After the specimens were dissected in order to find and count the number cysts in the pallial system. In specimens from both locations, the pulmonary and secondary veins showed a high number of cysts. No significance difference was found both in the abundance of cysts among the specimens in ABR (p=0.138) and VDR (p=0.181). Achatina fulica showed different intensities of cyst infection based on the size classes: the class-3 specimens, at both locations, showed the greatest cyst average (ABR Anova F= 3.8; p=0.02); (VDR T of Student T= -2.04; p=0.04). The results suggested that the highest number of cysts in the vascularized area in pallial system of A. fulica was a consequence of a greater hemolymph circulation in that area, delivering more nutrients for larvae development. We think that bigger individuals host a higher number of cysts, as they usually present a larger biomass and a larger area of the pallial system, allowing an efficient parasite colonization. Other possible explanation could be the long exposure of the molluscs of class 3 to the parasites, which allowed a longer time to the larvae to allocate themselves.}, }
@article {pmid29694435, year = {2018}, author = {Nibouche, S and Costet, L and Holt, JR and Jacobson, A and Pekarcik, A and Sadeyen, J and Armstrong, JS and Peterson, GC and McLaren, N and Medina, RF}, title = {Invasion of sorghum in the Americas by a new sugarcane aphid (Melanaphis sacchari) superclone.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {e0196124}, pmid = {29694435}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*genetics/physiology ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; North America ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; Sorghum/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {In the United States (US), the sugarcane aphid (SCA) Melanaphis sacchari (Zehnter) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) was introduced in the 1970s, however at that time it was only considered a pest of sugarcane. In 2013, a massive outbreak of M. sacchari occured on sorghum, resulting in significant economic damage to sorghum grown in North America including the US, Mexico, and Puerto Rico. The aim of the present study was to determine if the SCA pest emergence in American sorghum resulted from the introduction of new genotypes. To this end we used microsatellite markers and COI sequencing to compare the genetic diversity of SCA populations collected in the Americas after the 2013 SCA outbreak on sorghum (during 2013-2017) to older samples collected before the pest outbreak (during 2007-2009). Our results show that the SCA outbreak in the Americas and the Caribbean observed since 2013 belong to populations exhibiting low genetic diversity and consisting of a dominant clonal lineage, MLL-F, which colonizes Sorghum spp. and sugarcane. The comparison of MLL-F specimens collected post-2013 with specimens collected in Louisiana in 2007 revealed that both populations are genetically distinct, according to COI sequencing and microsatellite data analyses. Our result suggest that MLL-F is a new invasive genotype introduced into the Americas that has spread rapidly across sorghum growing regions in the US, Mexico, Honduras and the Caribbean. The origin of this introduction is either Africa or Asia, with Asia being the most probable source.}, }
@article {pmid29694360, year = {2018}, author = {Boieiro, M and Matthews, TJ and Rego, C and Crespo, L and Aguiar, CAS and Cardoso, P and Rigal, F and Silva, I and Pereira, F and Borges, PAV and Serrano, ARM}, title = {A comparative analysis of terrestrial arthropod assemblages from a relict forest unveils historical extinctions and colonization differences between two oceanic islands.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {e0195492}, pmid = {29694360}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Coleoptera ; *Forests ; *Islands ; Lauraceae ; Portugal ; *Spiders ; }, abstract = {During the last few centuries oceanic island biodiversity has been drastically modified by human-mediated activities. These changes have led to the increased homogenization of island biota and to a high number of extinctions lending support to the recognition of oceanic islands as major threatspots worldwide. Here, we investigate the impact of habitat changes on the spider and ground beetle assemblages of the native forests of Madeira (Madeira archipelago) and Terceira (Azores archipelago) and evaluate its effects on the relative contribution of rare endemics and introduced species to island biodiversity patterns. We found that the native laurel forest of Madeira supported higher species richness of spiders and ground beetles compared with Terceira, including a much larger proportion of indigenous species, particularly endemics. In Terceira, introduced species are well-represented in both terrestrial arthropod taxa and seem to thrive in native forests as shown by the analysis of species abundance distributions (SAD) and occupancy frequency distributions (OFD). Low abundance range-restricted species in Terceira are mostly introduced species dispersing from neighbouring man-made habitats while in Madeira a large number of true rare endemic species can still be found in the native laurel forest. Further, our comparative analysis shows striking differences in species richness and composition that are due to the geographical and geological particularities of the two islands, but also seem to reflect the differences in the severity of human-mediated impacts between them. The high proportion of introduced species, the virtual absence of rare native species and the finding that the SADs and OFDs of introduced species match the pattern of native species in Terceira suggest the role of man as an important driver of species diversity in oceanic islands and add evidence for an extensive and severe human-induced species loss in the native forests of Terceira.}, }
@article {pmid29692064, year = {2018}, author = {Wang, LY and Jin, FM and Jin, YJ and Xui, JQ and Wen, W and Chen, JH and Ye, D}, title = {[Responses of underground clonal storage to mowing of the alien clonal weed species Oxalis articulata.].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {501-506}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201802.004}, pmid = {29692064}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Biomass ; China ; Introduced Species ; Oxalidaceae/*physiology ; Plant Roots/*physiology ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Oxalis articulata, an alien clonal plant species, is widely cultivated in China as an ornamental species, and has escaped and became naturalized. Belowground storage in tubers of O. articulata may play a key role for the potential invasion. In this study, we investigated the responses of its clonal resource storage strategy to mowing, aiming to uncover the mechanism underlying their invasion from a perspective of clonal storage. We examined the changes of biomass in different organs, biomass allocation, and several functional traits of roots, tubers and leaves in O. articulata by conducting a greenhouse experiment. The results showed that significant main and interactive effects of mowing intensity and mowing frequency on some functional traits of leaves and roots were found. In contrast, tuber biomass and total biomass did not vary under different mowing treatments. The frequent mowing significantly increased the biomass allocation to tubers. These findings demonstrated that clonal storage, to some extent, could enhance the resistance of O. articulata to environmental disturbance, which might promote its invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid29692059, year = {2018}, author = {Zhu, DJ and Wen, ZM and Zhang, J and Tao, Y and Zeng, HW and Tang, Y}, title = {[Effects of alien species Robinia pseudoacacia on plant community functional structure in hilly-gully region of Loess Plateau, China.].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {459-466}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201802.007}, pmid = {29692059}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {China ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen ; *Robinia ; Soil ; }, abstract = {To investigate the effects of the introduction of Robinia pseudoacacia on the functional structure of plant communities, we selected paired-plots of R. pseudoacacia communities and native plant communities across different vegetation zones, i.e., steppe zone, forest-steppe zone, forest zone in hilly-gully region of Loess Plateau, China. We measured several functional characteristics and then compared the functional structures of R. pseudoacacia and native plant communities in different vegetation zones. The results showed that the variation of the functional traits across different vegetation zones were consistent in R. pseudoacacia community and native plant community, including leaf carbon concentration, leaf nitrogen concentration, leaf phosphorus concentration, specific leaf area, and leaf tissue density. The leaf carbon concentration, leaf nitrogen concentration, and specific leaf area of the R. pseudoacacia community were significantly higher than those of the native plant community. The trend of change that the functional diversity indices, i.e., FRic, FEve, FDiv, FDis, Rao of the R. pseudoacacia community and the native plant community with vegetation zones were different. The introduction of R. pseudoacacia enhanced the plant community functional diversity in the forest zone but reduced community functional diversity in the steppe zone.}, }
@article {pmid29691912, year = {2018}, author = {Quilodrán, CS and Currat, M and Montoya-Burgos, JI}, title = {Effect of hybridization with genome exclusion on extinction risk.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {32}, number = {5}, pages = {1139-1149}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13120}, pmid = {29691912}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Human-induced habitat changes may lead to the breakdown of reproductive barriers between distantly related species. This phenomenon may result in fertile first-generation hybrids (F1) that exclude the genome of one parental species during gametogenesis, thus disabling introgression. The species extinction risk associated with hybridization with genome exclusion is largely underappreciated because the phenomenon produces only F1 hybrid phenotype, leading to the misconception that hybrids are sterile and potentially of minor conservation concern. We used a simulation model that integrates the main genetic, demographic, and ecological processes to examine the dynamics of hybridization with genome exclusion. We showed that this mode of hybridization may lead to extremely rapid extinction when the process of genome exclusion is unbalanced between the interbreeding species and when the hybridization rate is not negligible. The coexistence of parental species was possible in some cases of asymmetrical genome exclusion, but show this equilibrium was highly vulnerable to environmental variation. Expanding the exclusive habitat of the species at risk allowed its persistence. Our results highlight the extent of possible extinction risk due to hybridization with genome exclusion and suggest habitat management as a promising conservation strategy. In anticipation of serious threats to biodiversity due to hybridization with genome exclusion, we recommend a detailed assessment of the reproductive status of hybrids in conservation programs. We suggest such assessments include the inspection of genetic content in hybrid gametes.}, }
@article {pmid29691396, year = {2018}, author = {Seidl, R and Klonner, G and Rammer, W and Essl, F and Moreno, A and Neumann, M and Dullinger, S}, title = {Invasive alien pests threaten the carbon stored in Europe's forests.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {1626}, pmid = {29691396}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {Y 895/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon/*analysis ; Carbon Cycle ; Climate Change ; Coleoptera/physiology ; Europe ; Forests ; Fusarium/physiology ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Phytophthora/physiology ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Rhabditida/physiology ; Trees/growth &amp; development/metabolism/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Forests mitigate climate change by sequestering large amounts of carbon (C). However, forest C storage is not permanent, and large pulses of tree mortality can thwart climate mitigation efforts. Forest pests are increasingly redistributed around the globe. Yet, the potential future impact of invasive alien pests on the forest C cycle remains uncertain. Here we show that large parts of Europe could be invaded by five detrimental alien pests already under current climate. Climate change increases the potential range of alien pests particularly in Northern and Eastern Europe. We estimate the live C at risk from a potential future invasion as 1027 Tg C (10% of the European total), with a C recovery time of 34 years. We show that the impact of introduced pests could be as severe as the current natural disturbance regime in Europe, calling for increased efforts to halt the introduction and spread of invasive alien species.}, }
@article {pmid29690531, year = {2018}, author = {Osório, HC and Zé-Zé, L and Neto, M and Silva, S and Marques, F and Silva, AS and Alves, MJ}, title = {Detection of the Invasive Mosquito Species Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Portugal.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {29690531}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics/physiology/*virology ; Animals ; Arboviruses/*isolation &amp; purification ; Disease Vectors ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mosquito Vectors/*genetics/physiology/*virology ; Phylogeny ; Portugal ; Zika Virus/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is an invasive mosquito originating from the Asia-Pacific region. This species is of major concern to public and veterinary health because of its vector role in the transmission of several pathogens, such as chikungunya, dengue, and Zika viruses. In Portugal, a National Vector Surveillance Network (REde de VIgil&amp;acirc;ncia de VEctores&amp;mdash;REVIVE) is responsible for the surveillance of autochthonous, but also invasive, mosquito species at points of entry, such as airports, ports, storage areas, and specific border regions with Spain. At these locations, networks of mosquito traps are set and maintained under surveillance throughout the year. In September 2017, Ae. albopictus was detected for the first time in a tyre company located in the North of Portugal. Molecular typing was performed, and a preliminary phylogenetic analysis indicated a high similarity with sequences of Ae. albopictus collected in Europe. A prompt surveillance response was locally implemented to determine its dispersal and abundance, and adult mosquitoes were screened for the presence of arboviral RNA. A total of 103 specimens, 52 immatures and 51 adults, were collected. No pathogenic viruses were detected. Despite the obtained results suggest low abundance of the population locally introduced, the risk of dispersal and potential establishment of Ae. albopictus in Portugal has raised concern for autochthonous mosquito-borne disease outbreaks.}, }
@article {pmid29690341, year = {2018}, author = {Amr, ZS and Baker, MAA and Qumsiyeh, M and Eid, E}, title = {Systematics, distribution and ecological analysis of rodents in Jordan.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4397}, number = {1}, pages = {1-94}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4397.1.1}, pmid = {29690341}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Africa, Northern ; Animals ; Arabia ; Ecology ; *Gerbillinae ; India ; Jordan ; }, abstract = {Distributional and ecological data were given to all rodents of Jordan. The rodent fauna of Jordan consists of 28 species with 20 genera in eight families (Cricetidae, Dipodidae, Gliridae, Hystricidae, Muridae, Myocastoridae, Sciuridae,and Spalacidae), including four introduced species.Keys for families and species were provided, along with diagnosis for each species and cranial illustrations for most species. Habitat preference and zoogeographic affinities of rodents in Jordan wereanalyzed, as well as their status and conservation.Threat categories and causes of threats on the rodents of Jordan were also analyzed. The distribution of rodents in Jordan represents a reflection of their global distribution ranges and habitat preferences. Species associated with the temperate forest of northern Jordan includes Sciurus anomalus and two wood mice, Apodemus mystacinus and A. flavicollis, while non-forested areas are represented by Nannospalax ehrenbergi and Microtus guentheri. Strict sand dwellers include Gerbillus cheesmani and G. gerbillus. Petrophiles associated with sandstone or black lava deserts are exemplified by Acomys russatus, A. r. lewsi, H. indica and S. calurus. Others including: Jaculus jaculus, G. nanus, G. henleyi, Meriones crassus, and M. libycus are all desert-adapted species with wider ranges of distribution where scarce vegetation, wadibeds, and marabs with clay, loess, or gravel surfaces provide foraging grounds and shelter. A single species, Gerbillus dasyurus, exhibits a wide range of distribution over diverse habitat types. The rodent fauna of Jordan consists of assemblages of different zoogeographical affinities. Nine, three, and seven were restricted or had most of its range within the Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian, and Saharo Arabian, respectively. Sciurus anomalus, Apodemus sp., Nannospalax ehrenbergi, and Microtus guentheri reached their most southern range of distribution in the Mediterranean regions of Jordan. The distribution of Gerbillus cheesmani extends from Asian deserts in India westwards into the Arabian Peninsula crossing Jordan as its most western range of distribution. Typical rodents of Saharo-Arabian affinities are represented by desert jerboas, gerbils, and jirds. North African species such as G. andersoni, G. gerbillus reached their most eastern distribution in southern Jordan. Both G. henleyi and G. nanus are widely-distributed species across North Africa reaching as far as India to the east, representing most northern outpost for these two species. Sekeetamys calurus is a nearly endemic to the Eastern Mediterranean region within southern Jordan and Sinai. Relicts are represented by Eliomys melanurus and Acomys russatus lewisi. Several threats affecting the rodent biodiversity in Jordan were identified including habitat loss and degradation, human disturbance and related activity, legislative and public awareness. The global conservation status of the rodents of Jordan according to the IUCN Red List include 22 species as least concern, one as near threatened (Allactaga euphratica), and one as data deficient (Nannospalax ehrenbergi). According to the regional assessment, one species is critically endangered, three species are considered endangered, one vulnerable.}, }
@article {pmid29690169, year = {2018}, author = {Beaver, JR and Renicker, TR and Tausz, CE and Vitanye, BT}, title = {Distribution of six taxa in the family Bosminidae Baird (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Anomopoda) in the plankton of lakes and reservoirs within the continental United States, including expanded range of the invasive cladoceran Bosmina (Eubosmina) coregoni Baird.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4407}, number = {4}, pages = {506-520}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4407.4.3}, pmid = {29690169}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cladocera ; Lakes ; Plankton ; United States ; }, abstract = {Updated range distributions in lakes and reservoirs of the continental United States are provided for six taxa in the family Bosminidae (Bosmina (Bosmina) cf. longirostris (Müller), Bosmina (Eubosmina) coregoni Baird, Bosmina cf. longispina Leydig, Bosmina (Liederobosmina) cf. tubicen Brehm, Bosmina (Liederobosmina) cf. hagmanni Stingelin, and Bosminopsis deitersi Richard), an ecologically important and taxonomically confusing group. This paper provides updated range distribution and information on the westward expansion of the invasive species Bosmina (Eubosmina) coregoni, which was first established in the Great Lakes in the late 1960's. Current survey data are compared with previous distribution records and discussed in the context of environmental variables.}, }
@article {pmid29689972, year = {2018}, author = {Sulaiman, Z and Hui, TH and Lim, KKP}, title = {Annotated checklist of freshwater fishes from Brunei Darussalam, Borneo.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4379}, number = {1}, pages = {24-46}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4379.1.2}, pmid = {29689972}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Borneo ; Brunei ; *Fishes ; Fresh Water ; }, abstract = {The freshwater fish diversity of Brunei Darussalam is reviewed. At present, a total of 104 species of freshwater fishes from 59 genera, 24 families and 10 orders is recorded. Eight species including one introduced species and two from brackish waters present new records for Brunei. The family Cyprinidae has the highest diversity with 40 species. Forty-six species are believed to be endemic to Borneo including six species known only from Brunei Darussalam namely Barbodes xouthos, Rasbora tubbi, Gastromyzon cranbrookii, Gastromyzon venustus, Neogastromyzon brunei and Ompok platyrhynchus and three are exotics.}, }
@article {pmid29686360, year = {2018}, author = {Leclerc, C and Courchamp, F and Bellard, C}, title = {Insular threat associations within taxa worldwide.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {6393}, pmid = {29686360}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environmental Policy ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The global loss of biodiversity can be attributed to numerous threats. While pioneer studies have investigated their relative importance, the majority of those studies are restricted to specific geographic regions and/or taxonomic groups and only consider a small subset of threats, generally in isolation despite their frequent interaction. Here, we investigated 11 major threats responsible for species decline on islands worldwide. We applied an innovative method of network analyses to disentangle the associations of multiple threats on vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants in 15 insular regions. Biological invasions, wildlife exploitation, and cultivation, either alone or in association, were found to be the three most important drivers of species extinction and decline on islands. Specifically, wildlife exploitation and cultivation are largely associated with the decline of threatened plants and terrestrial vertebrates, whereas biological invasions mostly threaten invertebrates and freshwater fish. Furthermore, biodiversity in the Indian Ocean and near the Asian coasts is mostly affected by wildlife exploitation and cultivation compared to biological invasions in the Pacific and Atlantic insular regions. We highlighted specific associations of threats at different scales, showing that the analysis of each threat in isolation might be inadequate for developing effective conservation policies and managements.}, }
@article {pmid29686227, year = {2018}, author = {Wood, ZT and Palkovacs, EP and Kinnison, MT}, title = {Eco-evolutionary Feedbacks from Non-target Species Influence Harvest Yield and Sustainability.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {6389}, pmid = {29686227}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecology ; Fisheries ; Fishes/*physiology ; Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Evolution in harvested species has become a major concern for its potential to affect yield, sustainability, and recovery. However, the current singular focus on harvest-mediated evolution in target species overlooks the potential for evolution in non-target members of communities. Here we use an individual-based model to explore the scope and pattern of harvest-mediated evolution at non-target trophic levels and its potential feedbacks on abundance and yield of the harvested species. The model reveals an eco-evolutionary trophic cascade, in which harvest at top trophic levels drives evolution of greater defense or competitiveness at subsequently lower trophic levels, resulting in alternating feedbacks on the abundance and yield of the harvested species. The net abundance and yield effects of these feedbacks depends on the intensity of harvest and attributes of non-target species. Our results provide an impetus and framework to evaluate the role of non-target species evolution in determining fisheries yield and sustainability.}, }
@article {pmid29684597, year = {2018}, author = {Su, Y and Huang, L and Wang, Z and Wang, T}, title = {Comparative chloroplast genomics between the invasive weed Mikania micrantha and its indigenous congener Mikania cordata: Structure variation, identification of highly divergent regions, divergence time estimation, and phylogenetic analysis.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {126}, number = {}, pages = {181-195}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.015}, pmid = {29684597}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Asteraceae/genetics ; China ; Chloroplasts ; Chromosome Mapping ; *Genome, Chloroplast ; *Genomics ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Mikania/*classification/*genetics ; Mutation/genetics ; Open Reading Frames/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; Plant Weeds/*classification/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Mikania micrantha and Mikania cordata are the only two species in genus Mikania (Asteraceae) in China. They share very similar morphological and life-history characteristics but occupy quite different habitats. Most importantly, they generate totally different ecological consequences. While M. micrantha has become an exotic invasive weed, M. cordata exists as an indigenous species with no harmful effects on native plants or habitats. As a continuous study of our previously reported M. micrantha chloroplast (cp) genome, in this study we have further sequenced the M. cordata cp genome to (1) conduct a comparative genome analysis to gain insights into the mechanism of invasiveness; (2) develop cp markers to examine the population genetic adaptation of M. micrantha; and (3) screen variable genome regions of phylogenetic utility. The M. cordata chloroplast genome is 151,984 bp in length and displays a typical quadripartite structure. The number and distribution of protein coding genes, tRNA genes, and rRNA genes of M. cordata are identical to those of M. micrantha. The main difference lays in that the pseudogenization of ndhF and a 118-bp palindromic repeat only arises in M. cordata. Fourteen highly divergent regions, 235 base substitutions, and 58 indels were identified between the two cp genomes. Phylogenetic inferences revealed a sister relationship between M. micrantha and M. cordata whose divergence was estimated to occur around 1.78 million years ago (MYA). Twelve cpSSR loci were detected to be polymorphic and adopted to survey the genetic adaptation of M. micrantha populations. No cpSSR loci were found to undergo selection. Our results build a foundation to examine the invasive mechanism of Mikania weed.}, }
@article {pmid29684354, year = {2018}, author = {Vázquez, AA and Sánchez, J and Alba, A and Martínez, E and Alvarez-Lajonchere, L and Matamoros, M and Coupland, JB}, title = {Updated distribution and experimental life-history traits of the recently invasive snail Lissachatina fulica in Havana, Cuba.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {185}, number = {}, pages = {63-68}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.04.019}, pmid = {29684354}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Angiostrongylus cantonensis/*physiology ; Animals ; Cuba ; Disease Vectors ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; Meningoencephalitis/*parasitology ; Nematode Infections/*parasitology ; Snails/*parasitology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The giant African snail Lissachatina fulica has been reported invading Cuba since 2014 and is now well established in areas of Havana and several nearby regions. This invasive species is of major concern to health authorities given its role as an important vector of parasites such as Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the causative agent of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in humans. Here, we update the distribution within Cuba. We also report on our studies of experimental life-history traits to assess the population dynamics and potential for spread of this species in Cuba. The experimental population had a very low probability of dying at first age intervals (Type I survival curve) with a life expectancy of 71 weeks. During our experiment, sexual maturity was reached after 22 weeks (individuals of 70 mm shell length) and eggs were laid regularly (mean batch size: 188 ± 111.79 SD). We failed to detect any deviations from the mortality curve and individuals reached an average of 77.3 mm (shell length) and weighted 57.7 g after one year. Predicted curve models indicate that snails reaching their average lifespan of five years should attain 10-12 cm (shell length) and weight 160 g. The spreading of this invasive and vector snail has been tracked for four years in Cuba showing a steady increase of invaded localities. How fast and how far this species develops in Cuba is unknown but the life history parameters indicated in this paper show that it has a large potential to invade all areas of Cuba quickly unless a systematic abatement strategy is developed.}, }
@article {pmid29684113, year = {2018}, author = {Goczal, J and Rossa, R and Nawrocka, A and Sweeney, JD and Tofilski, A}, title = {Developmental Costs of Biological Invasion: The Exotic Wood Borer Tetropium fuscum (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is More Asymmetric and Smaller in Invaded Area.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, pages = {982-989}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvy059}, pmid = {29684113}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Nova Scotia ; Poland ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions provide a unique opportunity to gain insight into basic biological processes occurring under new circumstances. During the process of establishment, exotic species are exposed to various stressors which may affect their development. Presence of the stressors is often detected by measurements of left-right body asymmetry, which consists of two main components: fluctuating asymmetry and directional asymmetry. Fluctuating asymmetry constitutes random differences between the two body sides, whereas directional asymmetry occurs when a particular trait is bigger on one of the sides. The relation between these two asymmetry components is still not fully understood. Our goal was to investigate the potential differences in asymmetry patterns between native and invasive populations of Tetropium fuscum (Fabr. 1787) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a harmful forest pest native to Europe and introduced to North America. Wing asymmetry assessment was based on the geometric morphometrics of hind wings. We found that specimens from invaded area were markedly smaller and have more asymmetric wings than individuals from native population, suggesting some unfavorable conditions in the invaded area. Moreover, we found significant directional asymmetry in the native but not in the invasive population. On the other hand, differences between left and right hind wings were similar in the native and invasive populations, in terms of direction. This suggests that a high level of fluctuating asymmetry in the invasive population may blur the intrinsic directional asymmetry and hinder its detection. Our data show that fluctuating asymmetry has a potential as an indicator of developmental stress in invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid29684017, year = {2018}, author = {Cassey, P and Delean, S and Lockwood, JL and Sadowski, JS and Blackburn, TM}, title = {Dissecting the null model for biological invasions: A meta-analysis of the propagule pressure effect.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {e2005987}, pmid = {29684017}, issn = {1545-7885}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data/*trends ; Invertebrates/physiology ; *Models, Statistical ; Plant Dispersal/*physiology ; Plants ; Poaceae/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Sample Size ; Species Specificity ; Trees/physiology ; Vertebrates/physiology ; }, abstract = {A consistent determinant of the establishment success of alien species appears to be the number of individuals that are introduced to found a population (propagule pressure), yet variation in the form of this relationship has been largely unexplored. Here, we present the first quantitative systematic review of this form, using Bayesian meta-analytical methods. The relationship between propagule pressure and establishment success has been evaluated for a broad range of taxa and life histories, including invertebrates, herbaceous plants and long-lived trees, and terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates. We found a positive mean effect of propagule pressure on establishment success to be a feature of every hypothesis we tested. However, establishment success most critically depended on propagule pressures in the range of 10-100 individuals. Heterogeneity in effect size was associated primarily with different analytical approaches, with some evidence of larger effect sizes in animal rather than plant introductions. Conversely, no variation was accounted for in any analysis by the scale of study (field to global) or methodology (observational, experimental, or proxy) used. Our analyses reveal remarkable consistency in the form of the relationship between propagule pressure and alien population establishment success.}, }
@article {pmid29683143, year = {2018}, author = {Angradi, TR}, title = {A field observation of rotational feeding by Neogobius melanostomus.}, journal = {Fishes}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {1-6}, pmid = {29683143}, issn = {2410-3888}, support = {EPA999999//Intramural EPA/United States ; EPA999999//Intramural EPA/ ; }, abstract = {Neogobius melanostomus, the round goby, was recorded by underwater video feeding on crushed dreissenid mussels at a depth of 12 m in Georgian Bay of Lake Huron, a Laurentian Great Lake. In the video, gobies used rotational or twist feeding to tear away particles from crushed mussels. At least 43 examples of this feeding maneuver occur in the video. Up to 120 gobies m[-2] were visible at a time in the video. Mean standard length of gobies appearing in the video was 37 mm. Mean standard length of fish exhibiting twist feeding was larger, 48 mm. Mean size of intact mussels in visible clusters was about 10×20 mm, a size which exceeds the gape width of the largest gobies observed in the video. Neogobius melanostomus is known to use twisting to wrest small attached mussels from the substrates which can be crushed by their pharyngeal teeth. I surmise that the behavior observed in the video is an opportunistic manifestation of this inherent behavioral adaptation to overcome gap limitation and exploit a temporary windfall of food.}, }
@article {pmid29680765, year = {2018}, author = {Gallardo, B and Bogan, AE and Harun, S and Jainih, L and Lopes-Lima, M and Pizarro, M and Rahim, KA and Sousa, R and Virdis, SGP and Zieritz, A}, title = {Current and future effects of global change on a hotspot's freshwater diversity.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {635}, number = {}, pages = {750-760}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.056}, pmid = {29680765}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Fresh Water ; }, abstract = {Deforestation, climate change and invasive species constitute three global threats to biodiversity that act synergistically. However, drivers and rates of loss of freshwater biodiversity now and in the future are poorly understood. Here we focus on the potential impacts of global change on freshwater mussels (Order Unionida) in Sundaland (SE Asia), a vulnerable group facing global declines and recognized indicators of overall freshwater biodiversity. We used an ensemble of distribution models to identify habitats potentially suitable for freshwater mussels and their change under a range of climate, deforestation and invasion scenarios. Our data and models revealed that, at present, Sundaland features 47 and 32 Mha of habitat that can be considered environmentally suitable for native and invasive freshwater mussels, respectively. We anticipate that by 2050, the area suitable for palm oil cultivation may expand between 8 and 44 Mha, representing an annual increase of 2-11%. This is expected to result in a 20% decrease in suitable habitat for native mussels, a drop that reaches 30% by 2050 when considering concomitant climate change. In contrast, the habitat potentially suitable for invasive mussels may increase by 44-56% under 2050 future scenarios. Consequently, native mussels may compete for habitat, food resources and fish hosts with invasive mussels across approximately 60% of their suitable range. Our projections can be used to guide future expeditions to monitor the conservation status of freshwater biodiversity, and potentially reveal populations of endemic species on the brink of extinction. Future conservation measures-most importantly the designation of nature reserves-should take into account trends in freshwater biodiversity generally, and particularly species such as freshwater mussels, vital to safeguard fundamental ecosystem services.}, }
@article {pmid29680572, year = {2018}, author = {Dong, Z and Sun, T and Wang, L}, title = {The biogenic reefs formed by the alien polychaete Hydroides dianthus (Serpulidae, Annelida) favor the polyp stage of Aurelia coerulea (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) in a coastal artificial lake.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {129}, number = {1}, pages = {86-91}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.016}, pmid = {29680572}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; China ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Lakes/*chemistry ; *Life Cycle Stages ; Phylogeny ; Polychaeta/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Scyphozoa/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Blooms of the moon jellyfish Aurelia coerulea frequently occur in coastal waters. The increased availability of substrates for the settlement and proliferation of polyps due to the expansion of artificial structures in coastal areas has been proposed as a possible contributing factor in jellyfish blooms. This paper investigates whether a marine artificial lake (Fenghuang Lake) provides additional substrates for A. coerulea polyps and contributes to jellyfish blooms. High densities of A. coerulea ephyrae were discovered in this lake, with a mean density of 41 individuals/m[3] and a maximum measured density of 128 individuals/m[3]. Meanwhile, A. coerulea ephyrae were also found in the two emptying channels outside the lake, with a mean density of 13 individuals/m[3]. Underwater surveys revealed that dense colonies of A. coerulea polyps occurred mainly on biogenic reefs formed by a polychaete, which was identified as an invasive serpulid species Hydroides dianthus, based on the phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial COI gene sequences. Our study highlights the potential modification of habitats by the alien polychaete H. dianthus, which might provide complex benthic habits suitable for the settlement and proliferation of A. coerulea polyps and may contribute to jellyfish blooms in the marine artificial lake and nearby coastal waters.}, }
@article {pmid29676788, year = {2018}, author = {Lees, LE and Krueger-Hadfield, SA and Clark, AJ and Duermit, EA and Sotka, EE and Murren, CJ}, title = {Nonnative Gracilaria vermiculophylla tetrasporophytes are more difficult to debranch and are less nutritious than gametophytes.}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {54}, number = {4}, pages = {471-482}, doi = {10.1111/jpy.12746}, pmid = {29676788}, issn = {1529-8817}, mesh = {Biomechanical Phenomena ; *Environment ; *Food Chain ; Germ Cells, Plant/physiology ; Gracilaria/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Seaweed/*physiology ; South Carolina ; }, abstract = {Theory predicts that the maintenance of haplodiplontic life cycles requires ecological differences between the haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes, yet evidence of such differences remain scarce. The haplodiplontic red seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla has invaded the temperate estuaries of the Northern Hemisphere, where it commonly modifies detrital and trophic pathways. In native populations, abundant hard substratum enables spore settlement, and gametophyte:tetrasporophyte ratios are ~40:60. In contrast, many non-native populations persist in soft-sediment habitats without abundant hard substratum, and can be 90%-100% tetrasporophytic. To test for ecologically relevant phenotypic differences, we measured thallus morphology, protein content, organic content, "debranching resistance" (i.e., tensile force required to remove a branch from its main axis node), and material properties between male gametophytes, female gametophytes, and tetrasporophytes from a single, nonnative site in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, USA in 2015 and 2016. Thallus length and surface area to volume ratio differed between years, but were not significantly different between ploidies. Tetrasporophytes had lower protein content than gametophytes, suggesting the latter may be more attractive to consumers. More force was required to pull a branch from the main axis of tetrasporophytes relative to gametophytes. A difference in debranching resistance may help to maintain tetrasporophyte thallus durability relative to gametophytes, providing a potential advantage in free-floating populations. These data may shed light on the invasion ecology of an important ecosystem engineer, and may advance our understanding of life cycle evolution and the maintenance of life cycle diversity.}, }
@article {pmid29675652, year = {2018}, author = {Lin, CJ and Wang, L and Wolkowicz, GSK}, title = {An Alternative Formulation for a Distributed Delayed Logistic Equation.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {80}, number = {7}, pages = {1713-1735}, doi = {10.1007/s11538-018-0432-4}, pmid = {29675652}, issn = {1522-9602}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Logistic Models ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Population Dynamics/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Population Growth ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {We study an alternative single species logistic distributed delay differential equation (DDE) with decay-consistent delay in growth. Population oscillation is rarely observed in nature, in contrast to the outcomes of the classical logistic DDE. In the alternative discrete delay model proposed by Arino et al. (J Theor Biol 241(1):109-119, 2006), oscillatory behavior is excluded. This study adapts their idea of the decay-consistent delay and generalizes their model. We establish a threshold for survival and extinction: In the former case, it is confirmed using Lyapunov functionals that the population approaches the delay modified carrying capacity; in the later case the extinction is proved by the fluctuation lemma. We further use adaptive dynamics to conclude that the evolutionary trend is to make the mean delay in growth as short as possible. This confirms Hutchinson's conjecture (Hutchinson in Ann N Y Acad Sci 50(4):221-246, 1948) and fits biological evidence.}, }
@article {pmid29672734, year = {2018}, author = {Lowenstein, DM and Walton, VM}, title = {Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Winter Survival, Feeding Activity, and Reproduction Rates Based on Episodic Cold Shock and Winter Temperature Regimes.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {111}, number = {3}, pages = {1210-1218}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy093}, pmid = {29672734}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cold Temperature ; *Cold-Shock Response ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Fertility ; Heteroptera/*physiology ; Longevity ; Male ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Globally distributed nonnative insects thrive by having a generalist diet and persisting across large latitudinal gradients. Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a cold-tolerant invasive species that enters reproductive diapause in temperate North American and European climates. While it can survive the acute effects of subzero (°C) temperatures, it is poorly understood how exposure to infrequent cold temperatures affects postdiapause survival and behavior. We studied the impacts of episodic cold shock at temperatures of -6 to -2 (°C) at the onset of H. halys diapause, followed by an extended overwintering period. These conditions simulated three distinct climates, with above-freezing, near-freezing, and below-freezing daily low temperatures, to explore a range of possible effects on H. halys. We measured mortality regularly and evaluated postdiapause feeding damage and fecundity in each treatment. Postdiapause survival rates ranged from 40 to 50% in all treatments, except for -6°C. At this temperature, fewer than 25% H. halys survived. Feeding damage was greatest in the warmest simulated climate. The highest number of egg masses was laid under subfreezing episodic cold shock conditions. The controlled diapause simulations suggest that brief exposure to cold temperatures as low as -4°C does not have immediate or long-term effects on H. halys mortality. Exposure to cold temperatures may, however, increase postdiapause fecundity. These data provide insight into the impacts of cold exposure on postdiapause survival, reproduction, and feeding and can help predict H. halys-related crop risk based on preceding winter conditions.}, }
@article {pmid29671221, year = {2018}, author = {Lima, EFB and Miyasato, EA and Fontes, LS}, title = {Species Identification in the Thrips Genus-Group in Brazil.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {6}, pages = {863-870}, pmid = {29671221}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Female ; Male ; Thysanoptera/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; }, abstract = {The Thrips genus-group is a monophyletic taxon composed of 17 genera, whose representatives exhibit three main synapomorphies: absence of ocellar setae I, presence of ctenidia on tergites V-VIII, and ctenidia on tergite VIII positioned posteromesad to the spiracles. The group is native to and more diverse in the Old World, especially in Southeast Asia, but several species are widely distributed, including some pests of cultivated plants. Here, we provide an identification key to the species of the Thrips genus-group currently recorded in Brazil, including three new records of Bolacothrips striatopennatus (Schmutz), Thrips florum Schmutz, and Thrips orientalis (Bagnall), and present notes on their morphology and biology. Stenchaetothrips biformis Bagnall is excluded from the list of thrips recorded in Brazil.}, }
@article {pmid29665868, year = {2019}, author = {Avila, GA and Davidson, M and van Helden, M and Fagan, L}, title = {The potential distribution of the Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia): an updated distribution model including irrigation improves model fit for predicting potential spread.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {109}, number = {1}, pages = {90-101}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485318000226}, pmid = {29665868}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Agricultural Irrigation ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Aphids ; *Climate ; *Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; }, abstract = {Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), Russian wheat aphid, is one of the world's most invasive and economically important agricultural pests of wheat and barley. In May 2016, it was found for the first time in Australia, with further sampling confirming it was widespread throughout south-eastern regions. Russian wheat aphid is not yet present in New Zealand. The impacts of this pest if it establishes in New Zealand, could result in serious control problems in wheat- and barley-growing regions. To evaluate whether D. noxia could establish populations in New Zealand we used the climate modelling software CLIMEX to locate where potential viable populations might occur. We re-parameterised the existing CLIMEX model by Hughes and Maywald (1990) by improving the model fit using currently known distribution records of D. noxia, and we also considered the role of irrigation into the potential spread of this invasive insect. The updated model now fits the current known distribution better than the previous Hughes and Maywald CLIMEX model, particularly in temperate and Mediterranean areas in Australia and Europe; and in more semi-arid areas in north-western China and Middle Eastern countries. Our model also highlights new climatically suitable areas for the establishment of D. noxia, not previously reported, including parts of France, the UK and New Zealand. Our results suggest that, when suitable host plants are present, Russian wheat aphid could establish in these regions. The new CLIMEX projections in the present study are useful tools to inform risk assessments and target surveillance and monitoring efforts for identifying susceptible areas to invasion by Russian wheat aphid.}, }
@article {pmid29664961, year = {2018}, author = {Thapa, S and Chitale, V and Rijal, SJ and Bisht, N and Shrestha, BB}, title = {Understanding the dynamics in distribution of invasive alien plant species under predicted climate change in Western Himalaya.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {e0195752}, pmid = {29664961}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Satellite Imagery ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien plant species (IAPS) can pose severe threats to biodiversity and stability of native ecosystems, therefore, predicting the distribution of the IAPS plays a crucial role in effective planning and management of ecosystems. In the present study, we use Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) modelling approach to predict the potential of distribution of eleven IAPS under future climatic conditions under RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 in part of Kailash sacred landscape region in Western Himalaya. Based on the model predictions, distribution of most of these invasive plants is expected to expand under future climatic scenarios, which might pose a serious threat to the native ecosystems through competition for resources in the study area. Native scrublands and subtropical needle-leaved forests will be the most affected ecosystems by the expansion of these IAPS. The present study is first of its kind in the Kailash Sacred Landscape in the field of invasive plants and the predictions of potential distribution under future climatic conditions from our study could help decision makers in planning and managing these forest ecosystems effectively.}, }
@article {pmid29664943, year = {2018}, author = {Schlaepfer, MA}, title = {Do non-native species contribute to biodiversity?.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {e2005568}, pmid = {29664943}, issn = {1545-7885}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Plants ; Population Dynamics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) emphasises the role of biodiversity in delivering benefits essential for all people and, as a result, seeks to safeguard all life-forms. The indices that are used to measure progress towards international conservation and sustainability goals, however, focus solely on the 'native' component of biodiversity. A subset of non-native species can cause undesirable economic, social, or biological effects. But non-native species also contribute to regional biodiversity (species richness and biotic interactions) and ecosystem services. In some regions and cities, non-native species make up more than half of all species. Currently, the contributions of these species to biodiversity and ecosystem services are overlooked. Here, I argue that biodiversity and sustainability indices should include all species. This is not only consistent with definitions of biodiversity but also will promote the idea that long-term, sustainable, human well-being is intricately tied to benefits derived from nature.}, }
@article {pmid29659772, year = {2018}, author = {Muchemi, SK and Zebitz, CPW and Borgemeister, C and Akutse, KS and Foba, CN and Ekesi, S and Fiaboe, KKM}, title = {Interaction Between Two Leafminer Parasitoids, Halticoptera arduine (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Diglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), in the Management of Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, pages = {692-699}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvy051}, pmid = {29659772}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Diptera/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Kenya ; Larva/growth &amp; development/parasitology/physiology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Pupa/growth &amp; development/parasitology/physiology ; Wasps/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Liriomyza spp., leafminer flies (Mik; Diptera: Agromyzidae), are economically important quarantine pests that puncture and mine leaves and fruits of various horticultural crops worldwide, affecting yield and trade. Halticoptera arduine (Walker; Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a key parasitoid from the pests' areas of origin in South America, was introduced as a potential alternative management strategy. Prior to H. arduine release, its potential interactions with the dominant local ectoparasitoid, Diglyphus isaea (Walker; Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), were assessed. Halticoptera arduine and D. isaea were released in single, sequential and simultaneous combinations on Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard; Diptera: Agromyzidae) to evaluate possible effect on the parasitism rate, reproduction and host mortality. The combination of both parasitoids did not significantly affect the specific parasitism rates of either of them, an indication that H. arduine and D. isaea can coexist. Parasitism rates of the exotic H. arduine were significantly superior to the indigenous D. isaea in all release combinations except when both species were released simultaneously. While 50 individuals of D. isaea resulted only in 21.23 ± 2.1% parasitism, 50 parasitoids composed of 25 H. arduine and 25 D. isaea caused 53.27 ± 4.99%. Both parasitoids further induced significant nonreproductive host mortalities. Both parasitoids' F1 progenies sex ratios were female-biased in all parasitoid release combinations except in single release of D. isaea with a balanced sex ratio. The improvement in D. isaea's sex ratio induced by the presence of H. arduine suggests a synergetic effect on D. isaea's reproductive performance. The introduction of H. arduine in horticulture production systems may therefore improve natural control of Liriomyza leafminers in East Africa.}, }
@article {pmid29659763, year = {2018}, author = {Chen, W and Adams, ES}, title = {The Distribution and Habitat Affinities of the Invasive Ant Myrmica rubra (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Southern New England.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, pages = {527-534}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvy042}, pmid = {29659763}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Connecticut ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Massachusetts ; Rhode Island ; }, abstract = {The Eurasian ant Myrmica rubra (L.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) was first discovered in North America in the early 1900s in Massachusetts. Populations have since appeared in at least seven states within the United States and in seven Canadian provinces. We conducted a systematic search for the ant across southern New England-the states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island-where M. rubra is spreading from multiple loci. The species occurs in two large regions in Massachusetts, each spanning approximately 75 km, and in several smaller populations in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. No populations were discovered anywhere in Connecticut or across large expanses of central Massachusetts and northern Rhode Island, despite the presence of apparently favorable habitat. This pattern of distribution suggests a combination of long-distance dispersal by human transport coupled with slow local spread. Resurveys of sites previously known to support M. rubra showed that populations persist for decades. Within invaded areas, M. rubra was strongly associated with particular habitats. Colonies were most prevalent in freshwater wetlands and in moist forests near wetlands and water; they were uncommon in drier forests and were rare in open habitats outside of wetlands. The slow rate of spread over the last 110 yr suggests that the ants do not easily disperse between patches of suitable habitat.}, }
@article {pmid29659568, year = {2018}, author = {Yap, TA and Koo, MS and Ambrose, RF and Vredenburg, VT}, title = {Introduced bullfrog facilitates pathogen invasion in the western United States.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {e0188384}, pmid = {29659568}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Chytridiomycota/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Rana catesbeiana/*microbiology ; Risk ; United States ; }, abstract = {Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a causal agent of the amphibian fungal skin disease chytridiomycosis, has been implicated in the decline and extinction of over 200 species worldwide since the 1970s. Despite almost two decades of research, the history of Bd and its global spread is not well understood. However, the spread of the Global Panzootic Lineage of Bd (Bd-GPL), the lineage associated with amphibian die-offs, has been linked with the American bullfrog (Rana [Aqurana] catesbeiana) and global trade. Interestingly, R. catesbeiana is native to the eastern U.S., where no Bd-related declines have been observed despite Bd's presence since the late 1800s. In contrast Bd has been found to have emerged in California and Mexico in the 1960s and 1970s, after which epizootics (i.e., epidemics in wildlife) ensued. We hypothesize that Bd-GPL spread from the eastern U.S. with the introduction of R. catesbeiana into the western US, resulting in epizootics and declines of native host species. Using museum records, we investigated the historical relationship between R. catesbeiana and Bd invasion in the western US and found that R. catesbeiana arrived in the same year or prior to Bd in most western watersheds that had data for both species, suggesting that Bd-GPL may have originated in the eastern US and R. catesbeiana may have facilitated Bd invasion in the western US. To predict areas with greatest suitability for Bd, we created a suitability model by integrating habitat suitability and host availability. When we incorporated invasion history with high Bd suitability, we found that watersheds with non-native R. catesbeiana in the mountain ranges of the West Coast have the highest disease risk. These findings shed light on the invasion history and disease dynamics of Bd in North America. Targeted historical surveys using archived specimens in natural history collections and present-day field surveys along with more localized, community-level studies, monitoring, and surveillance are needed to further test this hypothesis and grow our understanding of the disease ecology and host-pathogen dynamics of Bd.}, }
@article {pmid29657782, year = {2018}, author = {Triska, MD and Renton, M}, title = {Do an invasive organism's dispersal characteristics affect how we should search for it?.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {171784}, pmid = {29657782}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {We investigated how an invading organism's dispersal characteristics affect the efficacy of different surveillance strategies aimed at detecting that organism as it spreads following a new incursion. Specifically, we assessed whether, out of the surveillance strategies tested, the best surveillance strategy for an organism varied depending on the way it disperses. We simulated the spread of invasive organisms with different dispersal characteristics including leptokurtic and non-leptokurtic kernels with different median dispersal distances and degrees of kurtosis. We evaluated surveillance strategies with different sampling arrangements, densities and frequencies. Surveillance outcomes compared included the time to detection, the total spread of the invasion and the likelihood of the invasion reaching new areas. Overall, dispersal characteristics affected the surveillance outcomes, but the grid surveillance arrangement consistently performed best in terms of early detection and reduced spread within and between fields. Additionally, the results suggest that dispersal characteristics may influence spread to new areas and surveillance strategies. Therefore, knowledge on an invasive organism's dispersal characteristics may influence how we search for it and how we manage the invasion to prevent spread to new areas.}, }
@article {pmid29655202, year = {2018}, author = {Jayson, S and Harding, L and Michaels, CJ and Tapley, B and Hedley, J and Goetz, M and Barbon, A and Garcia, G and Lopez, J and Flach, E}, title = {Development of a body condition score for the mountain chicken frog (Leptodactylus fallax).}, journal = {Zoo biology}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, pages = {196-205}, doi = {10.1002/zoo.21409}, pmid = {29655202}, issn = {1098-2361}, mesh = {*Animal Husbandry ; Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Animals, Zoo ; Anura/*physiology ; *Body Composition ; Endangered Species ; }, abstract = {The Critically Endangered mountain chicken frog (Leptodactylus fallax) has undergone drastic population decline due to habitat loss, hunting, invasive species, and chytridiomycosis. In response, several partner institutions initiated a conservation breeding program. It is important to maintain the captive population in good health. Therefore the program partners have recommended establishment of protocols for health examination of the species, including body condition assessment. Visual body condition scoring is a useful means to assess body condition in zoo animals for which regular bodyweight measurements are impractical or associated with capture-related stress. In this study, the authors developed a visual body condition score for the mountain chicken frog based on an ordinal categorical scale from 1 to 5 (1 = lowest body condition, 5 = highest body condition) using anatomical features that vary with total body energy reserves. Veterinary staff, animal managers, keepers, researchers, and students subsequently used the body condition score to assign scores to 98 mountain chicken frogs (41 male, 57 female) aged between 8 months and 12 years housed in five zoos in the UK and Jersey between February and March 2016. Body condition scores showed moderate (rho = 0.54; males) to strong (rho = 0.6; females) correlation with the scaled mass index, an objective measure of total energy reserves. The majority of pairwise comparisons between scores showed slight to substantial intra-observer agreement (93.8%) and slight to almost perfect inter-observer agreement (97.2%). Cases of poor agreement were likely due to limited observer experience working with the species.}, }
@article {pmid29653836, year = {2019}, author = {Petrocelli, A and Antolić, B and Bolognini, L and Cecere, E and Cvitković, I and Despalatović, M and Falace, A and Finotto, S and Iveša, L and Mačić, V and Marini, M and Orlando-Bonaca, M and Rubino, F and Trabucco, B and Žuljević, A}, title = {Port Baseline Biological Surveys and seaweed bioinvasions in port areas: What's the matter in the Adriatic Sea?.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {147}, number = {}, pages = {98-116}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.04.004}, pmid = {29653836}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Biological Monitoring/methods ; Caulerpa ; Chlorophyta ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Rhodophyta ; Sargassum ; Seasons ; *Seaweed ; Ships ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {One of the objectives of the BALMAS project was to conduct Port Baseline Biological Surveys of native and non-indigenous benthic flora in 12 Adriatic ports. Samples of macroalgae growing on vertical artificial substrates were collected in spring and autumn 2014 and/or 2015. A total number of 248 taxa, 152 Rhodophyta, 62 Chlorophyta, and 34 Ochrophyta, were identified. Of these, 13 were non-indigenous seaweeds, mainly filamentous macroalgae, that were probably introduced through hull fouling. Some of these taxa had already been described in the study areas, others were recorded for the first time, a few were no longer detected at sites where they had previously been recorded (e.g. Sargassum muticum). Some other NISS reported for the Adriatic Sea, were not collected at any sampling site (i.e. Caulerpa cylindracea, Codium fragile). Possible reasons for the absence of these species are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid29651152, year = {2018}, author = {Kotta, J and Wernberg, T and Jänes, H and Kotta, I and Nurkse, K and Pärnoja, M and Orav-Kotta, H}, title = {Novel crab predator causes marine ecosystem regime shift.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {4956}, pmid = {29651152}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Biomass ; *Brachyura/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; Phytoplankton ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {The escalating spread of invasive species increases the risk of disrupting the pathways of energy flow through native ecosystems, modify the relative importance of resource ('bottom-up') and consumer ('top-down') control in food webs and thereby govern biomass production at different trophic levels. The current lack of understanding of interaction cascades triggered by non-indigenous species underscores the need for more basic exploratory research to assess the degree to which novel species regulate bottom-up and/or top down control. Novel predators are expected to produce the strongest effects by decimating consumers, and leading to the blooms of primary producers. Here we show how the arrival of the invasive crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii into the Baltic Sea - a bottom-up controlled ecosystem where no equivalent predators ever existed - appeared to trigger not only strong top-down control resulting in a decline in richness and biomass of benthic invertebrates, but also an increase in pelagic nutrients and phytoplankton biomass. Thus, the addition of a novel interaction - crab predation - to an ecosystem has a potential to reduce the relative importance of bottom-up regulation, relax benthic-pelagic coupling and reallocate large amounts of nutrients from benthic to pelagic processes, resulting in a regime shift to a degraded ecosystem state.}, }
@article {pmid29644620, year = {2019}, author = {Gastauer, M and Souza Filho, PWM and Ramos, SJ and Caldeira, CF and Silva, JR and Siqueira, JO and Furtini Neto, AE}, title = {Mine land rehabilitation in Brazil: Goals and techniques in the context of legal requirements.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, pages = {74-88}, pmid = {29644620}, issn = {1654-7209}, support = {305831/2016-0//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 303580/2013-5//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 303224/2013-4//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, mesh = {Brazil ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Goals ; Mining ; }, abstract = {Environmental legislation in many countries demands the rehabilitation of degraded areas to minimize environmental impacts. Brazilian laws require the restitution of self-sustaining ecosystems to historical conditions but ignore the emergence of novel ecosystems due to large-scale changes, such as species invasions, extinctions, and land-use or climate changes, although these novel ecosystems might fulfill ecosystem services in similar ways as historic ecosystems. Thorough discussions of rehabilitation goals, target ecosystems, applied methods, and approaches to achieving mine land rehabilitation, as well as dialogues about the advantages and risks of chemical inputs or non-native, non-invasive species that include all political, economic, social, and academic stakeholders are necessary to achieve biological feasibility, sociocultural acceptance, economic viability, and institutional tractability during environmental rehabilitation. Scientific knowledge of natural and rehabilitating ecosystems is indispensable for advancing these discussions and achieving more sustainable mining. Both mining companies and public institutions are responsible for obtaining this knowledge.}, }
@article {pmid29637595, year = {2018}, author = {Cohen, KE and Hernandez, LP}, title = {Making a master filterer: Ontogeny of specialized filtering plates in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix).}, journal = {Journal of morphology}, volume = {279}, number = {7}, pages = {925-935}, doi = {10.1002/jmor.20821}, pmid = {29637595}, issn = {1097-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/*anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; *Feeding Behavior ; Gills/*anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Osteogenesis ; }, abstract = {Filter feeding fishes possess several morphological adaptations necessary to capture and concentrate small particulate matter from the water column. Filter feeding teleosts typically employ elongated and tightly packed gill rakers with secondary bony or epithelial modifications that increase filtering efficiency. The gill rakers of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, silver carp, are anatomically distinct from and more complex than the filtering apparatus of other teleostean fishes. The silver carp filtering apparatus is composed of biserial, fused filtering plates used to capture particles ranging in size from 4 to 80 μm. Early in ontogeny, at 15-25 mm standard length (SL), silver carp gill rakers are reminiscent of other more stereotypical teleostean rakers, characterized by individual lanceolate rakers that are tightly packed along the entirety of the branchial arches. At 30 mm SL, secondary epithelial projections and concomitant dermal ossification begin to stitch together individual gill rakers. During later juvenile stages, dermal bone further modifies the individual gill rakers and creates a bony scaffold that supports the now fully fused and porous epithelium. By adulthood, the stitching of bone and complete fusion of the overlying epithelium creates rigid filtering plates with morphologically distinct faces. The inner face of the plates is organized into a net-like matrix while the outer face has a sponge-like appearance comprised of differently sized pores. Here, we present morphological data from an ontogenetic series of the filtering apparatus within silver carp. These data inform hypotheses regarding both how these gill raker plates may have evolved from a more basal condition, as well as how this novel architecture allows this species to feed on exceedingly small phytoplankton, particles that represent a greater filtering challenge to the typical anatomy of the gill rakers of fishes.}, }
@article {pmid29637024, year = {2018}, author = {Resh, CA and Galaska, MP and Mahon, AR}, title = {Genomic analyses of Northern snakehead (Channa argus) populations in North America.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4581}, pmid = {29637024}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The introduction of northern snakehead (Channa argus; Anabantiformes: Channidae) and their subsequent expansion is one of many problematic biological invasions in the United States. This harmful aquatic invasive species has become established in various parts of the eastern United States, including the Potomac River basin, and has recently become established in the Mississippi River basin in Arkansas. Effective management of C. argus and prevention of its further spread depends upon knowledge of current population structure in the United States.<br><br>METHODS: Novel methods for invasive species using whole genomic scans provide unprecedented levels of data, which are able to investigate fine scale differences between and within populations of organisms. In this study, we utilize 2b-RAD genomic sequencing to recover 1,007 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci from genomic DNA extracted from 165 C. argus individuals: 147 individuals sampled along the East Coast of the United States and 18 individuals sampled throughout Arkansas.<br><br>RESULTS: Analysis of those SNP loci help to resolve existing population structure and recover five genetically distinct populations of C. argus in the United States. Additionally, information from the SNP loci enable us to begin to calculate the long-term effective population size ranges of this harmful aquatic invasive species. We estimate long-term Ne to be 1,840,000-18,400,000 for the Upper Hudson River basin, 4,537,500-45,375,000 for the Lower Hudson River basin, 3,422,500-34,225,000 for the Potomac River basin, 2,715,000-7,150,000 for Philadelphia, and 2,580,000-25,800,000 for Arkansas populations.<br><br>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: This work provides evidence for the presence of more genetic populations than previously estimated and estimates population size, showing the invasive potential of C. argus in the United States. The valuable information gained from this study will allow effective management of the existing populations to avoid expansion and possibly enable future eradication efforts.}, }
@article {pmid29636551, year = {2018}, author = {Zhang, S and Isermann, M and Gan, W and Breed, M}, title = {Invasive Rosa rugosa populations outperform native populations, but some populations have greater invasive potential than others.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {5735}, pmid = {29636551}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {China ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; *Rosa/classification ; }, abstract = {Increased performance of invasive plant species in their introduced range vs. their native range has been previously documented. However, performance differences among invasive populations have rarely been explored, despite this information being central to understanding the evolution of invasiveness as well as being a useful basis to inform management of invasive species. To examine variation in performance among populations of Rosa rugosa in its introduced range, and whether introduced populations perform better than native populations, we quantified growth and reproductive traits in five invasive populations in northwest Europe and two native and declining populations in China. Overall, we found that the introduced R. rugosa populations we sampled performed significantly better than the sampled native populations for growth and reproductive traits (2 to 4 fold increase). However, there was significant variation for most traits among the five invasive populations, demonstrating that some introduced populations we sampled were more successful invaders than others. Our findings provide a useful foundation for management of invasive R. rugosa in Europe, and support the recent call for more intra-species research in invasive species biology.}, }
@article {pmid29631262, year = {2018}, author = {Dore, KM and Eller, AR and Eller, JL}, title = {Identity Construction and Symbolic Association in Farmer-Vervet Monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) Interconnections in St. Kitts.}, journal = {Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology}, volume = {89}, number = {1}, pages = {63-80}, doi = {10.1159/000479064}, pmid = {29631262}, issn = {1421-9980}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthropology, Cultural ; Chlorocebus aethiops/*physiology ; Farmers/*psychology ; *Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Saint Kitts and Nevis ; }, abstract = {Primates occupy a liminal space between humans and animals. On the Caribbean island of St. Kitts, translocated vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) are respected creatures, yet they cause problems. Vervets regularly consume crops on farms and are considered "pests"; still, Kittitians express empathy and understanding for them based largely on the monkeys' display of human-like behaviours. Using data from interviews with 64 Kittitian farmers, we deconstruct the symbolism of the vervet monkey in St. Kitts and analyse how farmers give the monkeys identities that are meaningful only within human social expectations. Our findings reveal that Kittitian farmers consider monkeys to be clever and emotive, displaying complex intentions such as revenge and remorse. Yet, crop-foraging behaviour is a regular and negative experience for the majority of farmers in this study, and the monkeys' presence itself is a constant reminder of the multitude of challenges farmers face in a newly adopted tourism economy that no longer prioritises agriculture. Our results reveal that while vervet crop consumption is a significant problem in St. Kitts, it is the monkeys' boundary-crossing status that drives the growing mentality that "the monkey problem" is completely out of control.}, }
@article {pmid29627113, year = {2018}, author = {Miranda, RJ and Nunes, JACC and Mariano-Neto, E and Sippo, JZ and Barros, F}, title = {Do invasive corals alter coral reef processes? An empirical approach evaluating reef fish trophic interactions.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {138}, number = {}, pages = {19-27}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.03.013}, pmid = {29627113}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/physiology ; *Coral Reefs ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes/physiology ; *Food Chain ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Understanding how invasive species affect key ecological interactions and ecosystem processes is imperative for the management of invasions. We evaluated the effects of invasive corals (Tubastraea spp.) on fish trophic interactions in an Atlantic coral reef. Remote underwater video cameras were used to examine fish foraging activity (bite rates and food preferences) on invasive cover levels. Using a model selection approach, we found that fish feeding rates declined with increased invasive cover. For Roving Herbivores (RH) and Sessile Invertivores (SI), an abrupt reduction of fish feeding rates corresponded with higher invasive cover, while feeding rates of Territorial Herbivores (TH) and Mobile Invertivores (MI) decreased linearly with cover increase. Additionally, some fish trophic groups, such as RH, SI and Omnivores (OM), had lower densities in reef sections with high invasive cover. These findings demonstrate that invasive corals negatively impact fish-benthic interactions, and could potentially alter existing trophic relationships in reef ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid29623788, year = {2018}, author = {Vecchioni, L and Marrone, F and Arculeo, M and Meyer-Rochow, VB}, title = {On the Occurrence of the Invasive Freshwater Limpet Ferrissia californica (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Japan.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {149-152}, doi = {10.2108/zs170149}, pmid = {29623788}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/analysis ; Fresh Water ; Gastropoda/genetics/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis ; }, abstract = {Two members of the genus Ferrissia Walker, 1903, namely Ferrissia nipponica (Kuroda, 1949) and F. japonica Habe and Burch, 1965, have been reported to occur in Japan, but due to a lack of molecular data, doubts have been expressed as to their validity. Furthermore, the possible presence of allochthonous Ferrissia taxa has been stated under a variety of names, so that even now there is no consensus on their presence and identity. Recently, freshwater limpets belonging to the planorbid genus Ferrissia were collected in an irrigation trough on the Izu island of Hachijōjima, Tokyo, Japan. Molecular identification of the collected specimens, based on a fragment of the large ribosomal subunit 16S (mtDNA), unequivocally proved that they belong to the allochthonous, invasive species Ferrissia californica (Rowell, 1863), the protagonist of a relentless cryptic invasion worldwide to which can Japan can now be added. The shells of the collected specimens show some scars, which bear testimony to the fragile nature of the shell and, possibly, to the paucity of calcium in the inland waters of Hachijōjima.}, }
@article {pmid29623437, year = {2018}, author = {Julius, RS and Schwan, EV and Chimimba, CT}, title = {Molecular characterization of cosmopolitan and potentially co-invasive helminths of commensal, murid rodents in Gauteng Province, South Africa.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {117}, number = {6}, pages = {1729-1736}, pmid = {29623437}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; DNA, Protozoan/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Murinae/*parasitology ; Nippostrongylus/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Oxyuroidea/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Phylogeny ; Rats ; Rodent Diseases/*parasitology ; South Africa ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Concurrent studies of helminth parasites of introduced and native rodent species are few and miss the opportunity to identify potential co-invasive parasite species. This study employed molecular tools to infer the phylogeny and elucidate the origin of potentially co-invasive parasites of commensal, murid rodents by assessing introduced Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus, Rattus tanezumi, and native Mastomys coucha in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Genotypes of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis recovered from R. norvegicus are nearly identical to those recovered from elsewhere in the world. The pinworms, Aspiculurus tetraptera, recovered from introduced R. tanezumi and R. rattus, Syphacia muris recovered from R. tanezumi, and Syphacia obvelata recovered from indigenous M. coucha have affiliations to those recovered of laboratory rodents from the USA and China. Syphacia obvelata was previously only known as a commensal endoparasite of laboratory rodents, and the S. muris genotype recovered from R. tanezumi in this study shows an affiliation to a genotype recovered from the same host species in Indonesia which is part of the native range. The study emphasizes the need for surveillance of potential co-invasive species and contributes in documenting genetic diversity of endoparasites of well-known hosts.}, }
@article {pmid29623183, year = {2018}, author = {Gaskin, JF and Schwarzländer, M and Gibson, RD and Gibson, RD and Simpson, H and Marshall, DL and Gerber, E and Hinz, H}, title = {Geographic population structure in an outcrossing plant invasion after centuries of cultivation and recent founding events.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {020}, pmid = {29623183}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Population structure and genetic diversity of invasions are the result of evolutionary processes such as natural selection, drift and founding events. Some invasions are also molded by specific human activities such as selection for cultivars and intentional introduction of desired phenotypes, which can lead to low genetic diversity in the resulting invasion. We investigated the population structure, diversity and origins of a species with both accidental and intentional introduction histories, as well as long-term selection as a cultivar. Dyer's woad (Isatis tinctoria; Brassicaceae) has been used as a dye source for at least eight centuries in Eurasia, was introduced to eastern USA in the 1600s, and is now considered invasive in the western USA. Our analyses of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) from 645 plants from the USA and Eurasia did not find significantly lower gene diversity (Hj) in the invaded compared to the native range. This suggests that even though the species was under cultivation for many centuries, human selection of plants may not have had a strong influence on diversity in the invasion. We did find significantly lower genetic differentiation (Fst) in the invasive range but our results still suggested that there are two distinct invasions in the western USA. Our data suggest that these invasions most likely originated from Switzerland, Ukraine and Germany, which correlates with initial biological control agent survey findings. Genetic information on population structure, diversity and origins assists in efforts to control invasive species, and continued combination of ecological and molecular analyses will help bring us closer to sustainable management of plant invasions.}, }
@article {pmid29622733, year = {2018}, author = {}, title = {Sniffer dogs unleashed.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {182}, number = {14}, pages = {394-395}, pmid = {29622733}, issn = {2042-7670}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Dogs ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Rats ; *Smell ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {A 10-year conservation project to restore the native bird populations of South Georgia has involved eradicating invasive rodent species. As Daniel Gillett explains, specially trained sniffer dogs are an important part of 'team rat'.}, }
@article {pmid29622666, year = {2018}, author = {Moran, CJ and Gerry, SP and O'Neill, MW and Rzucidlo, CL and Gibb, AC}, title = {Behavioral and physiological adaptations to high-flow velocities in chubs (Gila spp.) native to Southwestern USA.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {221}, number = {Pt 10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.158972}, pmid = {29622666}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Basal Metabolism ; Bass/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Cyprinidae/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Rivers ; Swimming/*physiology ; *Water Movements ; }, abstract = {Morphological streamlining is often associated with physiological advantages for steady swimming in fishes. Though most commonly studied in pelagic fishes, streamlining also occurs in fishes that occupy high-flow environments. Before the installation of dams and water diversions, bonytail (Cyprinidae, Gila elegans), a fish endemic to the Colorado River (USA), regularly experienced massive, seasonal flooding events. Individuals of G. elegans display morphological characteristics that may facilitate swimming in high-flow conditions, including a narrow caudal peduncle and a high aspect ratio caudal fin. We tested the hypothesis that these features improve sustained swimming performance in bonytail by comparing locomotor performance in G. elegans with that of the closely related roundtail chub (Gila robusta) and two non-native species, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), using a Brett-style respirometer and locomotor step-tests. Gila elegans had the lowest estimated drag coefficient and the highest sustained swimming speeds relative to the other three species. There were no detectible differences in locomotor energetics during steady swimming among the four species. When challenged by high-velocity water flows, the second native species examined in this study, G. robusta, exploited the boundary effects in the flow tank by pitching forward and bracing the pelvic and pectoral fins against the acrylic tank bottom to 'hold station'. Because G. robusta can station hold to prevent being swept downstream during high flows and G. elegans can maintain swimming speeds greater than those of smallmouth bass and rainbow trout with comparable metabolic costs, we suggest that management agencies could use artificial flooding events to wash non-native competitors downstream and out of the Colorado River habitat.}, }
@article {pmid29621730, year = {2018}, author = {Evariste, L and David, E and Cloutier, PL and Brousseau, P and Auffret, M and Desrosiers, M and Groleau, PE and Fournier, M and Betoulle, S}, title = {Field biomonitoring using the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha and the quagga mussel Dreissena bugensis following immunotoxic reponses. Is there a need to separate the two species?.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {238}, number = {}, pages = {706-716}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.098}, pmid = {29621730}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia ; Dreissena/immunology/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Fresh Water ; Hemocytes ; Immune System/drug effects ; Introduced Species ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis ; Rivers ; Seafood ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha constitutes an extensively used sentinel species for biomonitoring in European and North American freshwater systems. However, this invasive species is gradually replaced in freshwater ecosystem by Dreissena bugensis, a closely related dreissenid species that shares common morphological characteristics but possess some physiological differences. However, few are known about differences on more integrated physiological processes that are generally used as biomarkers in biological monitoring studies. Declining of zebra mussel populations raises the question of the sustainability of using one or both species indifferently to maintain the quality of environmental pollution monitoring data. In our study, we performed a field comparative study measuring immune-related markers and bioaccumulation of PCBs, PAHs and PBDEs in sympatrically occurring mussel populations from three sites of the St. Lawrence River. For tested organisms, species were identified using RFLP analysis. Measurement of bioaccumulated organic compounds indicated a higher accumulation of PCBs and PBDEs in D. bugensis soft tissues compared to D. polymorpha while no differences were noticed for PAHs. Results of hemocytic parameters highlighted that differences of hemocyte distributions were associated to modulations of phagocytic activities. Moreover, marked differences occurred in measurement of hemocytic oxidative activity, indicating divergences between the two species for ROS regulation strategies. This physiological characteristic may deeply influence species responses facing environmental or pollution related stress and induce bias if the two species are not differentiated in further biomarker or bioaccumulation measurement-based studies.}, }
@article {pmid29617418, year = {2018}, author = {Martín-Torrijos, L and Kawai, T and Makkonen, J and Jussila, J and Kokko, H and Diéguez-Uribeondo, J}, title = {Crayfish plague in Japan: A real threat to the endemic Cambaroides japonicus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {e0195353}, pmid = {29617418}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aphanomyces/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Decapoda/immunology/*microbiology ; *Endangered Species ; Haplotypes ; Hyphae ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Rivers ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Global introductions of aquatic species and their associated pathogens are threatening worldwide biodiversity. The introduction of two North American crayfish species, Procambarus clarkii and Pacifastacus leniusculus, into Japan in 1927 seems to have negatively affected native Japanese crayfish populations of Cambaroides japonicus. Several studies have shown the decline of these native populations due to competition, predation and habitat colonization by the two invasive North American crayfish species. Here, we identify an additional factor contributing to this decline. We report the first crayfish plague outbreaks in C. japonicus populations in Japan, which were diagnosed using both histological and molecular approaches (analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region). Subsequent analyses of the mitochondrial ribosomal rnnS and rnnL regions of diseased specimens indicate that these outbreaks originated from a P. clarkii population and identify a novel haplotype of Aphanomyces astaci, d3-haplotype, hosted by P. clarkii. Overall, our findings demonstrate the first two cases of crayfish plague in Japan, and the first case in a non-European native crayfish species, which originated from the red swamp crayfish P. clarkii. This finding is a matter of concern for the conservation of the native freshwater species of Japan and also highlights the risk of introducing crayfish carrier species into biogeographic regions harboring species susceptible to the crayfish plague.}, }
@article {pmid29617400, year = {2018}, author = {Fick, SE and Evett, RR}, title = {Distribution modelling of pre-Columbian California grasslands with soil phytoliths: New insights for prehistoric grassland ecology and restoration.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {e0194315}, pmid = {29617400}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {California ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Grassland ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Historical reconstructions of plant community distributions are useful for biogeographic studies and restoration planning, but the quality of insights gained depends on the depth and reliability of historical information available. For the Central Valley of California, one of the most altered terrestrial ecosystems on the planet, this task is particularly difficult given poor historical documentation and sparse relict assemblages of pre-invasion plant species. Coastal and interior prairies were long assumed to have been dominated by perennial bunchgrasses, but this hypothesis has recently been challenged. We evaluated this hypothesis by creating species distribution models (SDMs) using a novel approach based on the abundance of soil phytoliths (microscopic particles of biogenic silica used as a proxy for long-term grass presence) extracted from soil samples at locations statewide. Modeled historical grass abundance was consistently high along the coast and to a lesser extent in higher elevation foothills surrounding the Central Valley. SDMs found strong associations with mean temperature, temperature variability, and precipitation variability, with higher predicted abundance in regions with cooler, equable temperatures and moderated rainfall, mirroring the pattern for modern perennial grass distribution across the state. The results of this study strongly suggest that the pre-Columbian Central Valley of California was not dominated by grasses. Using soil phytolith data as input for SDMs is a promising new method for predicting the extent of prehistoric grass distributions where alternative historical datasets are lacking.}, }
@article {pmid29617392, year = {2018}, author = {Crego, RD and Jiménez, JE and Rozzi, R}, title = {Potential niche expansion of the American mink invading a remote island free of native-predatory mammals.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {e0194745}, pmid = {29617392}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Mammals/*physiology ; Mink/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The success of an invasive species depends in part on its niche and the new niche opportunities that such species may find in the invaded habitat. Niche opportunities can be understood as the potential provided by a community to an invasive species to expand its niche by changes in habitat use, behavior, or diet, that favors population growth, reflected in the species occupying more habitat. This may occur under a favorable combination of access to resources that can be further favored by a lack of competitors and a release from natural enemies. The American mink (Neovison vison) is a crepuscular/nocturnal and semi-aquatic mustelid native to North America that generally concentrates activities at <100 m from the water. It has recently established an invasive population on Navarino Island in southern Chile. Here, the mink is now the top terrestrial predator free of predators or competitors. We hypothesized that this lack of potential predators and competitors, together with a more diurnal and terrestrial prey, have resulted in the mink expanding its spatial and temporal niche on Navarino Island as compared to that in its native habitats, expressed in occupancy of sites away from water and diurnal activity. We evaluated this by using 93 randomly-chosen camera-trap stations, occupancy models and mink daily activity patterns. Models showed a dynamic occupancy with the area occupied by mink being highest during summers and lowest in spring with seasonal changes in occupancy related to distance to water sources. Mink occupied and were active at sites up to 880 m from water sources during summers. Occupancy decreased at shorter distances from water during spring, but mink were still active at up to 300 m from water. Mink were active daylong during summers, and nocturnal and crepuscular during winter and spring. These results show that compared to the native and other invaded habitats, on Navarino Island mink use more terrestrial habitats and are more diurnal during summers, suggesting a niche expansion under new niche opportunities that may enhance the negative impacts of this predator on a myriad of small native vertebrates.}, }
@article {pmid29616067, year = {2018}, author = {Ochs, K and Rivaes, RP and Ferreira, T and Egger, G}, title = {Flow Management to Control Excessive Growth of Macrophytes - An Assessment Based on Habitat Suitability Modeling.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {356}, pmid = {29616067}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Mediterranean rivers in intensive agricultural watersheds usually display outgrowths of macrophytes - notably alien species - due to a combination of high concentrations of nutrients in the water runoff and low flows resulting from water abstraction for irrigation. Standard mechanical and chemical control is used to mitigate the problems associated with excessive growth of plant biomass: mainly less drainage capacity and higher flood risk. However, such control measures are cost and labor-intensive and do not present long-term efficiency. Although the high sensitivity of aquatic vegetation to instream hydraulic conditions is well known, management approaches based on flow management remain relatively unexplored. The aim of our study was therefore to apply physical habitat simulation techniques promoted by the Instream Flow Incremental Method (IFIM) to aquatic macrophytes - the first time it has been applied in this context - in order to model shifts in habitat suitability under different flow scenarios in the Sorraia river in central Portugal. We used this approach to test whether the risk of invasion and channel encroachment by nuisance species can be controlled by setting minimum annual flows. We used 960 randomly distributed survey points to analyze the habitat suitability for the most important aquatic species (including the invasive Brazilian milfoil Myriophyllum aquaticum, Sparganium erectum, and Potamogeton crispus) in regard to the physical parameters 'flow velocity,' 'water depth,' and 'substrate size'. We chose the lowest discharge period of the year in order to assess the hydraulic conditions while disturbances were at a low-point, thus allowing aquatic vegetation establishment and subsistence. We then used the two-dimensional hydraulic River2D software to model the potential habitat availability for different flow conditions based on the site-specific habitat suitability index for each physical parameter and species. Our results show that the growth and distribution of macrophytes in the hydrologically stable vegetation period is primarily a function of the local physical instream condition. Using site-specific preference curves and a two-dimensional hydraulic model, it was possible to determine minimum annual flows that might prevent the excessive growth and channel encroachment caused by Myriophyllum aquaticum.}, }
@article {pmid29615795, year = {2018}, author = {Yi, S and Li, Y and Shi, L and Zhang, L and Li, Q and Chen, J}, title = {Characterization of Population Genetic Structure of red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, in China.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {5586}, pmid = {29615795}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*genetics ; China ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Loci/genetics ; *Genetics, Population ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; }, abstract = {The red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is one of the most economically important farmed aquatic species in China. However, it is also a famous invasive species in the world. This invasive species was dispersed most via human activities including intentional or unintentional carry in China. Thus, P. clarkii naturally distributed in China provides us a desirable mode to investigate the genetic structure of an invasive species dispersed mainly by human-mediated factors. To reveal the impact of human-mediated dispersal on genetic structure of P. clarkii in China, a total of 22,043 genome-wide SNPs were obtained from approximately 7.4 billion raw reads using 2b-RAD technique in this study. An evident pattern of population genetic structure and the asymmetrical migrational rates between different regions were observed with 22 populations based on these SNPs. This study provide a better understanding of the population genetic structure and demographic history of P. clarkii populations in China, inferring that anthropogenic factors (aquaculture or by accident) and ecological factors (e.g., complicated topography and climatic environment), as well as its special biological traits could account for the current population structure pattern and dispersal history of P. clarkii.}, }
@article {pmid29615531, year = {2018}, author = {Vimercati, G and Davies, SJ and Measey, J}, title = {Rapid adaptive response to a Mediterranean environment reduces phenotypic mismatch in a recent amphibian invader.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {221}, number = {Pt 9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.174797}, pmid = {29615531}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Bufonidae/genetics/*physiology ; Environment ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Phenotype ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Invasive species frequently cope with ecological conditions that are different from those to which they adapted, presenting an opportunity to investigate how phenotypes change across short time scales. In 2000, the guttural toad Sclerophrys gutturalis was first detected in a peri-urban area of Cape Town, where it is now invasive. The ability of the species to invade Cape Town is surprising as the area is characterized by a Mediterranean climate significantly drier and colder than that of the native source area. We measured field hydration state of guttural toads from the invasive Cape Town population and a native source population from Durban. We also obtained from laboratory trials: rates of evaporative water loss and water uptake, sensitivity of locomotor endurance to hydration state, critical thermal minimum (CTmin) and sensitivity of CTmin to hydration state. Field hydration state of invasive toads was significantly lower than that of native toads. Although the two populations had similar rates of water loss and uptake, invasive toads were more efficient in minimizing water loss through postural adjustments. In locomotor trials, invasive individuals noticeably outperformed native individuals when dehydrated but not when fully hydrated. CTmin was lower in invasive individuals than in native individuals, independent of hydration state. Our results indicate that an invasive population that is only 20 years old shows adaptive responses that reduce phenotypic mismatch with the novel environment. The invasion potential of the species in Cape Town is higher than we could infer from its characteristics in the native source population.}, }
@article {pmid29615118, year = {2018}, author = {Pickett, T and David, AA}, title = {Global connectivity patterns of the notoriously invasive mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk using archived CO1 sequence data.}, journal = {BMC research notes}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {231}, pmid = {29615118}, issn = {1756-0500}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Electron Transport Complex IV ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Mytilus/*classification/*genetics ; Spatial Analysis ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The invasive mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis has established invasive populations across the globe and in some regions, have completely displaced native mussels through competitive exclusion. The objective of this study was to elucidate global connectivity patterns of M. galloprovincialis strictly using archived cytochrome c oxidase 1 sequence data obtained from public databases. Through exhaustive mining and the development of a systematic workflow, we compiled the most comprehensive global CO1 dataset for M. galloprovincialis thus far, consisting of 209 sequences representing 14 populations. Haplotype networks were constructed and genetic differentiation was assessed using pairwise analysis of molecular variance.<br><br>RESULTS: There was significant genetic structuring across populations with significant geographic patterning of haplotypes. In particular, South Korea, South China, Turkey and Australasia appear to be the most genetically isolated populations. However, we were unable to recover a northern and southern hemisphere grouping for M. galloprovincialis as was found in previous studies. These results suggest a complex dispersal pattern for M. galloprovincialis driven by several contributors including both natural and anthropogenic dispersal mechanisms along with the possibility of potential hybridization and ancient vicariance events.}, }
@article {pmid29614067, year = {2018}, author = {Otim, MH and Tay, WT and Walsh, TK and Kanyesigye, D and Adumo, S and Abongosi, J and Ochen, S and Sserumaga, J and Alibu, S and Abalo, G and Asea, G and Agona, A}, title = {Detection of sister-species in invasive populations of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Uganda.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {e0194571}, pmid = {29614067}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spodoptera/*classification/*genetics ; Uganda ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) is a species native to the Americas. This polyphagous lepidopteran pest was first reported in Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Principe in 2016, but its presence in eastern Africa has not been confirmed via molecular characterisation. In this study, FAW specimens from western and central Uganda were identified based on the partial mtDNA COI gene sequences, with mtDNA COI haplotypes matching those identified in Nigeria and São Tomé. In this study, we sequence an additional partial mtDNA Cyt b gene and also the partial mtDNA COIII gene in Ugandan FAW samples. We detected identical mitochondrial DNA haplotypes for both the mtDNA Cyt b and COI partial genes, while combining the mtDNA COI/Cyt b haplotypes and mtDNA COIII haplotypes enabled a new maternal lineage in the Ugandan corn-preferred FAW samples to be identified. Our results suggested that the African incursions of S. frugiperda involved at least three maternal lineages. Recent full genome, phylogenetic and microsatellite analyses provided evidence to support S. frugiperda as likely consisted of two sympatric sister species known as the corn-preferred and rice-preferred strains. In our Ugandan FAW populations, we identified the presence of mtDNA haplotypes representative of both sister species. It is not known if both FAW sister species were originally introduced together or separately, and whether they have since spread as a single population. Further analyses of additional specimens originally collected from São Tomé, Nigeria and throughout Africa would be required to clarify this issue. Importantly, our finding showed that the genetic diversity of the African corn-preferred FAW species is higher than previously reported. This potentially contributed to the success of FAW establishment in Africa. Furthermore, with the additional maternal lineages detected, there is likely an increase in paternal lineages, thereby increasing the diversity of the African FAW population. Knowledge of the FAW genetic diversity will be needed to assess the risks of introducing Bt-resistance traits and to understand the FAW incursion pathways into the Old World and its potential onward spread. The agricultural implications of the presence of two evolutionary divergent FAW lineages (the corn and the rice lineage) in the African continent are further considered and discussed.}, }
@article {pmid29611533, year = {2018}, author = {Svitin, R and Schoeman, AL and du Preez, LH}, title = {New information on morphology and molecular data of camallanid nematodes parasitising Xenopus laevis (Anura: Pipidae) in South Africa.}, journal = {Folia parasitologica}, volume = {65}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.14411/fp.2018.003}, pmid = {29611533}, issn = {0015-5683}, mesh = {Animals ; Camallanina/*anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/analysis ; Female ; Helminth Proteins/analysis ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Male ; RNA, Helminth/analysis ; RNA, Ribosomal/analysis ; South Africa ; Spirurida Infections/parasitology/*veterinary ; *Xenopus laevis ; }, abstract = {Three species of nematodes from the Camallanidae that are known to infect Xenopus laevis Daudin (Anura: Pipidae) were collected from several localities across South Africa. New data on morphology, partial 28S and cox1 genes, infection levels and distribution are presented herein. The most common species, Batrachocamallanus slomei Southwell et Kirshner, 1937, from the stomach and less often oesophagus, was found in eight localities. Camallanus kaapstaadi Southwell et Kirshner, 1937, also from the oesophagus, was found in two localities and C. xenopodis Jackson et Tinsley, 1995, from the intestine, at a single locality. New localities for both C. kaapstaadi and C. xenopodis provide a geographical range extension. Males of C. xenopodis are described for the first time herein. The existence of a left spicule in the males of both the species of Camallanus Railliet and Henry, 1915 is confirmed and measurements are provided. Although C. xenopodis is distinguished from C. mazabukae Kung, 1948 in the present study, we suggest greater sampling effort in other African amphibians to confirm the species status of the latter taxon. Finally, the new molecular data showed distant relationships between collected species of Camallanus and species parasitising fish and freshwater turtles.}, }
@article {pmid29608784, year = {2018}, author = {Lany, NK and Zarnetske, PL and Schliep, EM and Schaeffer, RN and Orians, CM and Orwig, DA and Preisser, EL}, title = {Asymmetric biotic interactions and abiotic niche differences revealed by a dynamic joint species distribution model.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {99}, number = {5}, pages = {1018-1023}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2190}, pmid = {29608784}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera ; Insecta ; *Tsuga ; }, abstract = {A species' distribution and abundance are determined by abiotic conditions and biotic interactions with other species in the community. Most species distribution models correlate the occurrence of a single species with environmental variables only, and leave out biotic interactions. To test the importance of biotic interactions on occurrence and abundance, we compared a multivariate spatiotemporal model of the joint abundance of two invasive insects that share a host plant, hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae) and elongate hemlock scale (EHS; Fiorina externa), to independent models that do not account for dependence among co-occurring species. The joint model revealed that HWA responded more strongly to abiotic conditions than EHS. Additionally, HWA appeared to predispose stands to subsequent increase of EHS, but HWA abundance was not strongly dependent on EHS abundance. This study demonstrates how incorporating spatial and temporal dependence into a species distribution model can reveal the dependence of a species' abundance on other species in the community. Accounting for dependence among co-occurring species with a joint distribution model can also improve estimation of the abiotic niche for species affected by interspecific interactions.}, }
@article {pmid29607492, year = {2018}, author = {Zhang, Y and Meng, H and Wang, Y and He, Q}, title = {Herbivory enhances the resistance of mangrove forest to cordgrass invasion.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {99}, number = {6}, pages = {1382-1390}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2233}, pmid = {29607492}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {China ; Ecosystem ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The biotic resistance hypothesis proposes that biotic interactions, such as competition and herbivory, resist the establishment and spread of non-native species. The relative and interactive role of competition and herbivory in resisting plant invasions, however, remains poorly understood. We investigated the interactive role of competition and herbivory (by the native rodent Rattus losea) in resisting Spartina alterniflora (cordgrass) invasions into mangrove forests. In southern China, although exotic cordgrass numerically dominates intertidal mudflats and open gaps in mangrove forests, intact forests appear to be highly resistant to cordgrass invasion. A field transplant and rodent exclusion experiment showed that while the impact of rodent grazing on cordgrass was weak on mangrove forest edges and open mudflats, rodent grazing strongly suppressed cordgrass in mangrove understory habitats. A greenhouse experiment confirmed a synergistic interaction between grazing and light availability (a proxy for mangrove shading and light competition) in suppressing cordgrass establishment, with the strongest impacts of grazing in low light conditions that likely weakened cordgrass to survive and resprout. When both were present, as in mangrove understory habitats, grazing and low light acted in concert to eliminate cordgrass establishment, resulting in resistance of mangrove forests to cordgrass invasion. Our results reveal that grazing by native herbivores can enhance the resistance of mangrove forests to cordgrass invasion in southern China, and suggest that investigating multifactor interactions may be critical to understanding community resistance to exotic invasions.}, }
@article {pmid29606620, year = {2018}, author = {Hildebrand, J and Buńkowska-Gawlik, K and Adamczyk, M and Gajda, E and Merta, D and Popiołek, M and Perec-Matysiak, A}, title = {The occurrence of Anaplasmataceae in European populations of invasive carnivores.}, journal = {Ticks and tick-borne diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {934-937}, doi = {10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.03.018}, pmid = {29606620}, issn = {1877-9603}, mesh = {Anaplasma phagocytophilum/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; Animals ; Disease Reservoirs/microbiology/*veterinary ; Disease Vectors ; Ehrlichiosis/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Europe/epidemiology ; Germany/epidemiology ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Poland/epidemiology ; Raccoon Dogs/*microbiology ; Raccoons/microbiology ; }, abstract = {The raccoon (Procyon lotor) and the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) belong to a group of the invasive species. The introduced species as potential reservoirs for vector-borne pathogens have been the subject of recent research, though there are still no data with reference to the European population of the raccoon, and few studies concern only the raccoon dog. This study shows the occurrence of Anaplasmataceae representatives in raccoons and a sympatric population of the raccoon dogs obtained from the area of Poland and Germany. During the study, the occurrence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum ecotype I in the introduced raccoon in northwestern Poland was revealed. Additionally, Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp. (FU98) was identified for the first time in the raccoon dog in Central Europe and thereby the raccoon dog is a new host for this pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid29605085, year = {2018}, author = {Pearson, DE and Ortega, YK and Eren, &#xd6; and Hierro, JL}, title = {Community Assembly Theory as a Framework for Biological Invasions.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {33}, number = {5}, pages = {313-325}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2018.03.002}, pmid = {29605085}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions present a global problem underlain by an ecological paradox that thwarts explanation: how do some exotic species, evolutionarily naïve to their new environments, outperform locally adapted natives? We propose that community assembly theory provides a framework for addressing this question. Local community assembly rules can be defined by evaluating how native species' traits interact with community filters to affect species abundance. Evaluation of exotic species against this benchmark indicates that exotics that follow assembly rules behave like natives, while those exhibiting novel interactions with community filters can greatly underperform or outperform natives. Additionally, advantages gained by exotics over natives following disturbance can be explained by accounting for extrinsic assembly processes that bias exotic traits toward ruderal strategies.}, }
@article {pmid29603499, year = {2018}, author = {Mariño, YA and Ospina, OE and Verle Rodrigues, JC and Bayman, P}, title = {High diversity and variability in the bacterial microbiota of the coffee berry borer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), with emphasis on Wolbachia.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {125}, number = {2}, pages = {528-543}, doi = {10.1111/jam.13768}, pmid = {29603499}, issn = {1365-2672}, mesh = {Animals ; Coffea/*parasitology ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis/genetics ; Microbiota/*genetics ; Weevils/*microbiology ; Wolbachia/*genetics ; }, abstract = {AIMS: Variation in microbiota of the coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei was studied. Diversity, structure and function of bacterial communities were compared between eggs vs adults, CBBs from shade coffee vs sun coffee, CBBs from the field vs raised in the laboratory, and CBBs with and without the antibiotic tetracycline.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: We sequenced the region V4 of the gene 16 S rRNA. Pseudomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae, particularly Pseudomonas and Pantoea, dominated microbiotas of the CBB. Comparative functional inferences with PICRUSt suggested that samples from the field were enriched for genes involved in carbohydrate and protein digestion and absorption, while laboratory-reared samples were higher in genes for melanization and caffeine metabolism.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Microbiotas of the CBB were diverse and dominated by the genus Pseudomonas, several species of which have been previously associated with caffeine degradation in this insect. Wolbachia was the only endosymbiont detected with known ability to manipulate host reproduction.<br><br>This study demonstrates that stage of development and origin of samples affected the structure and function of the CBB's bacterial communities. This is the first attempt to predict functional significance of the CBB microbiota in nutrition, reproduction and defence.}, }
@article {pmid29602503, year = {2018}, author = {Silva, FAE and Giani, A}, title = {Population dynamic of bloom-forming Microcystis aeruginosa in the presence of the invasive bivalve Limnoperna fortunei.}, journal = {Harmful algae}, volume = {73}, number = {}, pages = {148-156}, doi = {10.1016/j.hal.2018.02.007}, pmid = {29602503}, issn = {1878-1470}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; Microcystis/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Aquatic ecosystems have been severely altered by invasive species and a connection has been observed between bivalve invasions and an increase in frequency of cyanobacteria toxic blooms. In South America, the invasive golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei, has caused serious environmental and economic impacts, because of its high filtration rates, high population densities and rapid dispersion. Changes in the plankton community have been detected at sites invaded by this species. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible effects of this mussel on the growth of the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, in laboratory experiments under controlled light and temperature conditions. The cyanobacterium M. aeruginosa and a chlorophyte (Pseudokirchneriella sp.) were used either together or alone as food for the mussels. Density measurements of M. aeruginosa and Pseudokirchneriella sp. growing in vessels with and without mussels were performed daily, and nutrient concentrations in the water were assessed at the beginning and end of the experiment. The results indicated that Pseudokirchneriella sp. acted as a competitor, contributing to reduce densities and growth rates of M. aeruginosa. These effects, however, did not occur in the presence of the golden mussel, when the densities of Pseudokirchneriella sp. were significantly lower, possibly due to selective grazing. Phosphate and nitrate concentrations were always higher in the presence of the bivalves. As previously observed for other invasive mollusks, our results suggest that the golden mussel may have a positive effect on M. aeruginosa by the exclusion of potential competitors as well as by increasing nutrient supply.}, }
@article {pmid29599786, year = {2018}, author = {Yu, H and Wang, L and Liu, C and Fan, S}, title = {Coverage of Native Plants Is Key Factor Influencing the Invasibility of Freshwater Ecosystems by Exotic Plants in China.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {250}, pmid = {29599786}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Understanding the biotic and abiotic factors that influence the susceptibility of a community to invasion is beneficial for the prediction and management of invasive species and the conservation of native biodiversity. However, the relationships between factors and invasibility of a community have not been fully confirmed, and the factors most associated with the susceptibility of a community to invasion have rarely been identified. In this study, we investigated the species richness patterns in aquatic exotic and native plants and the relationships of exotic species richness with habitat and water environment factors in 262 aquatic plant communities in China. A total of 11 exotic plant species were recorded in our field survey, and we found neither a negative nor a positive relationship between aquatic exotic and native plant species richness. The aquatic exotic plant species richness is negatively correlated with the relative coverage and biomass of native plants but positively correlated with the total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations in the water. The native plant species richness, native species' relative coverage, and native species' biomass were positively related to each other, whereas the TP, TN, and COD were also positively related to each other. The native plant species richness, native species' relative coverage, and native species biomass were each negatively correlated with the TP, TN, and COD. In addition, biotic rather than abiotic predictors accounted for most of the variation in exotic plant richness. Our results suggest that improving the vegetation coverage and the biodiversity of native plants is the most effective approach for preventing alien plant invasions and minimizing their impacts on freshwater ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid29594779, year = {2018}, author = {Raschka, S and Scott, AM and Huertas, M and Li, W and Kuhn, LA}, title = {Automated Inference of Chemical Discriminants of Biological Activity.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, volume = {1762}, number = {}, pages = {307-338}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-7756-7_16}, pmid = {29594779}, issn = {1940-6029}, mesh = {Animals ; Computational Biology/*methods ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; High-Throughput Screening Assays ; Humans ; Ligands ; Machine Learning ; Protein Binding ; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Small Molecule Libraries/*chemistry/pharmacology ; Vertebrates/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Ligand-based virtual screening has become a standard technique for the efficient discovery of bioactive small molecules. Following assays to determine the activity of compounds selected by virtual screening, or other approaches in which dozens to thousands of molecules have been tested, machine learning techniques make it straightforward to discover the patterns of chemical groups that correlate with the desired biological activity. Defining the chemical features that generate activity can be used to guide the selection of molecules for subsequent rounds of screening and assaying, as well as help design new, more active molecules for organic synthesis.The quantitative structure-activity relationship machine learning protocols we describe here, using decision trees, random forests, and sequential feature selection, take as input the chemical structure of a single, known active small molecule (e.g., an inhibitor, agonist, or substrate) for comparison with the structure of each tested molecule. Knowledge of the atomic structure of the protein target and its interactions with the active compound are not required. These protocols can be modified and applied to any data set that consists of a series of measured structural, chemical, or other features for each tested molecule, along with the experimentally measured value of the response variable you would like to predict or optimize for your project, for instance, inhibitory activity in a biological assay or ΔGbinding. To illustrate the use of different machine learning algorithms, we step through the analysis of a dataset of inhibitor candidates from virtual screening that were tested recently for their ability to inhibit GPCR-mediated signaling in a vertebrate.}, }
@article {pmid29593292, year = {2018}, author = {McClure, ML and Burdett, CL and Farnsworth, ML and Sweeney, SJ and Miller, RS}, title = {A globally-distributed alien invasive species poses risks to United States imperiled species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {5331}, pmid = {29593292}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {In the midst of Earth's sixth mass extinction event, non-native species are a driving factor in many imperiled species' declines. One of the most widespread and destructive alien invasive species in the world, wild pigs (Sus scrofa) threaten native species through predation, habitat destruction, competition, and disease transmission. We show that wild pigs co-occur with up to 87.2% of imperiled species in the contiguous U.S. identified as susceptible to their direct impacts, and we project increases in both the number of species at risk and the geographic extent of risks by 2025. Wild pigs may therefore present a severe threat to U.S. imperiled species, with serious implications for management of at-risk species throughout wild pigs' global distribution. We offer guidance for efficient allocation of research effort and conservation resources across species and regions using a simple approach that can be applied to wild pigs and other alien invasive species globally.}, }
@article {pmid29593271, year = {2018}, author = {Comer, S and Speldewinde, P and Tiller, C and Clausen, L and Pinder, J and Cowen, S and Algar, D}, title = {Evaluating the efficacy of a landscape scale feral cat control program using camera traps and occupancy models.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {5335}, pmid = {29593271}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Australia ; Biodiversity ; Cats ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Foxes ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Marsupialia ; *Population Control/methods ; Predatory Behavior ; *Remote Sensing Technology ; }, abstract = {The impact of introduced predators is a major factor limiting survivorship and recruitment of many native Australian species. In particular, the feral cat and red fox have been implicated in range reductions and population declines of many conservation dependent species across Australia, including ground-nesting birds and small to medium-sized mammals. The impact of predation by feral cats since their introduction some 200 years ago has altered the structure of native fauna communities and led to the development of landscape-scale threat abatement via baiting programs with the feral cat bait, Eradicat. Demonstrating the effectiveness of broad-scale programs is essential for managers to fine tune delivery and timing of baiting. Efficacy of feral cat baiting at the Fortescue Marsh in the Pilbara, Western Australia was tested using camera traps and occupancy models. There was a significant decrease in probability of site occupancy in baited sites in each of the five years of this study, demonstrating both the effectiveness of aerial baiting for landscape-scale removal of feral cats, and the validity of camera trap monitoring techniques for detecting changes in feral cat occupancy during a five-year baiting program.}, }
@article {pmid29588379, year = {2018}, author = {Brand, P and Lin, W and Johnson, BR}, title = {The Draft Genome of the Invasive Walking Stick, Medauroidea extradendata, Reveals Extensive Lineage-Specific Gene Family Expansions of Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes in Phasmatodea.}, journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {1403-1408}, pmid = {29588379}, issn = {2160-1836}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Wall/*enzymology ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Genome Size ; *Genome, Insect ; Insecta/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; *Multigene Family ; *Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Plant cell wall components are the most abundant macromolecules on Earth. The study of the breakdown of these molecules is thus a central question in biology. Surprisingly, plant cell wall breakdown by herbivores is relatively poorly understood, as nearly all early work focused on the mechanisms used by symbiotic microbes to breakdown plant cell walls in insects such as termites. Recently, however, it has been shown that many organisms make endogenous cellulases. Insects, and other arthropods, in particular have been shown to express a variety of plant cell wall degrading enzymes in many gene families with the ability to break down all the major components of the plant cell wall. Here we report the genome of a walking stick, Medauroidea extradentata, an obligate herbivore that makes uses of endogenously produced plant cell wall degrading enzymes. We present a draft of the 3.3Gbp genome along with an official gene set that contains a diversity of plant cell wall degrading enzymes. We show that at least one of the major families of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, the pectinases, have undergone a striking lineage-specific gene family expansion in the Phasmatodea. This genome will be a useful resource for comparative evolutionary studies with herbivores in many other clades and will help elucidate the mechanisms by which metazoans breakdown plant cell wall components.}, }
@article {pmid29587282, year = {2018}, author = {Oliveira-Silva, LRB and Campêlo, AC and Lima, IMS and Araújo, ACL and Bezerra, BM and Souza-Alves, JP}, title = {Can a Non-Native Primate Be a Potential Seed Disperser? A Case Study on Saimiri sciureus in Pernambuco State, Brazil.}, journal = {Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, pages = {138-149}, doi = {10.1159/000486413}, pmid = {29587282}, issn = {1421-9980}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Cities ; *Diet ; Feces/chemistry ; *Forests ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Saimiri/*physiology ; *Seed Dispersal ; Seeds/classification ; }, abstract = {The interaction between native fleshy-fruit plants and introduced fruit consumers contributes to the dynamics of highly fragmented environments. Such interactions can occur through pollination and seed dispersal. Here, we investigated the potential of seed dispersing by a non-native primate, the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), in an urban Atlantic forest fragment in north-eastern Brazil. Fleshy fruits from non-native plants were preferentially exploited by the squirrel monkeys. We measured 147 seeds (width and length) from 20 of 106 faecal samples. The dispersed seeds were from five plant species (four families). We found a positive correlation between the size of seeds found in faecal samples with their availability in the habitat. Only one seed was found visually damaged after passage through the squirrel monkeys' guts. The defecated seeds were uniformly distributed (variance to mean ratio index) in the home range of squirrel monkeys, and there was a lack of specific latrines (i.e., habitat preference for defecation). Our data provide evidence that non-native S. sciureus may in be (i) acting as a potential seed disperser of native plants in the Atlantic forest fragment, (ii) contributing to the ecological role of native frugivores, and (iii) potentially contributing to the regeneration process of the highly degraded study site.}, }
@article {pmid29584782, year = {2018}, author = {Hicks, J and Stuber, T and Lantz, K and Erdman, M and Robbe-Austerman, S and Huang, X}, title = {Genomic diversity of Taylorella equigenitalis introduced into the United States from 1978 to 2012.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {e0194253}, pmid = {29584782}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Computational Biology/methods ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Bacterial ; *Genomics/methods ; Horse Diseases/microbiology ; Horses ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Taylorella equigenitalis/*classification/drug effects/*genetics ; United States ; }, abstract = {Contagious equine metritis is a disease of worldwide concern in equids. The United States is considered to be free of the disease although sporadic outbreaks have occurred over the last few decades that were thought to be associated with the importation of horses. The objective of this study was to create finished, reference quality genomes that characterize the diversity of Taylorella equigenitalis isolates introduced into the USA, and identify their differences. Five isolates of T. equigenitalis associated with introductions into the USA from unique sources were sequenced using both short and long read chemistries allowing for complete assembly and annotation. These sequences were compared to previously published genomes as well as the short read sequences of the 200 isolates in the National Veterinary Services Laboratories' diagnostic repository to identify unique regions and genes, potential virulence factors, and characterize diversity. The 5 genomes varied in size by up to 100,000 base pairs, but averaged 1.68 megabases. The majority of that diversity in size can be explained by repeat regions and 4 main regions of difference, which ranged in size from 15,000 to 45,000 base pairs. The first region of difference contained mostly hypothetical proteins, the second contained the CRISPR, the third contained primarily hemagglutinin proteins, and the fourth contained primarily segments of a type IV secretion system. As expected and previously reported, little evidence of recombination was found within these genomes. Several additional areas of interest were also observed including a mechanism for streptomycin resistance and other virulence factors. A SNP distance comparison of the T. equigenitalis isolates and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) showed that relatively, T. equigenitalis was a more diverse species than the entirety of MTBC.}, }
@article {pmid29580663, year = {2018}, author = {Kuchta, R and Choudhury, A and Scholz, T}, title = {Asian Fish Tapeworm: The Most Successful Invasive Parasite in Freshwaters.}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, pages = {511-523}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2018.03.001}, pmid = {29580663}, issn = {1471-5007}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Asia ; Cestoda/classification/*physiology ; Cestode Infections/*parasitology ; Europe ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; Fishes ; Fresh Water ; Host Specificity/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; }, abstract = {The Asian fish tapeworm (AFT), Schyzocotyle acheilognathi, is a notorious and highly successful invasive parasite reported in a wide spectrum of freshwater fishes, and new reports of its spread continue to emerge. To date, no thorough review of its worldwide distribution and host associations is available. In the present work, we collected information from 651 articles up until 2017, from which we updated the number of the hosts to 312 fish species and 11 non-fish species, which is quite unusual among helminths. The AFT has spread to all but one continent (Antarctica). The highest number of records are from North America, followed by Asia and Europe. A key feature of its invasive success is its broad environmental tolerance.}, }
@article {pmid29578298, year = {2018}, author = {De Jong, GL and Fowler, NL}, title = {Duration of propagule pressure affects non-native plant species abundances.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, pages = {197-206}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1026}, pmid = {29578298}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Development ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; *Plants ; Population Dynamics ; *Reproduction, Asexual ; Texas ; Time Factors ; Trees/growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Invasions by non-native species are known to be related to present propagule pressure (e.g., the number of non-native seeds arriving in a site each year). However, previous studies have mostly ignored the potential effects of the length of time that a site has experienced propagule pressure. This study is novel in studying past as well as present propagule pressure and in demonstrating the importance of past propagule pressure.<br><br>METHODS: We tested the importance of past and present propagule pressure in three plant communities in central Texas to quantify relationships between variables representing past and present propagule pressure, other environmental variables, and the abundance of non-native and native woody plant species.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Duration of propagule pressure predicted non-native species richness. Sites had greater non-native species richness if they were nearer to development (houses, roads) and if nearby development was older. While mesic woodlands had the most native species, streamside woodlands had the most non-native species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: First, future studies of non-native invasions would benefit from including past as well as present propagule pressure. If past propagule pressure is not considered, its effects may be wrongly ascribed to present propagule pressure. Second, the non-native species in this study are widely used in landscaping, and development age reflects the years that landscaping has been present nearby. As xeriscaping becomes more common, streamside woodlands may someday not have the highest non-native species richness: the new drought-tolerant landscaping plants may be better invaders of drier sites than their predecessors.}, }
@article {pmid29576673, year = {2018}, author = {Britton, JR and Ruiz-Navarro, A and Verreycken, H and Amat-Trigo, F}, title = {Trophic consequences of introduced species: Comparative impacts of increased interspecific versus intraspecific competitive interactions.}, journal = {Functional ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, pages = {486-495}, pmid = {29576673}, issn = {0269-8463}, abstract = {Invasive species can cause substantial ecological impacts on native biodiversity. While ecological theory attempts to explain the processes involved in the trophic integration of invaders into native food webs and their competitive impacts on resident species, results are equivocal. In addition, quantifying the relative strength of impacts from non-native species (interspecific competition) versus the release of native conspecifics (intraspecific competition) is important but rarely completed.Two model non-native fishes, the globally invasive Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus, and the model native fish Tinca tinca, were used in a pond experiment to test how increased intra- and interspecific competition influenced trophic niches and somatic growth rates. This was complemented by samples collected from three natural fish communities where the model fishes were present. The isotopic niche, calculated using stable isotope data, represented the trophic niche.The pond experiment used additive and substitutive treatments to quantify the trophic niche variation that resulted from intra- and interspecific competitive interactions. Although the trophic niche sizes of the model species were not significantly altered by any competitive treatment, they all resulted in patterns of interspecific niche divergence. Increased interspecific competition caused the trophic niche of T. tinca to shift to a significantly higher trophic position, whereas intraspecific competition caused its position to shift towards elevated δ[13]C. These patterns were independent of impacts on fish growth rates, which were only significantly altered when interspecific competition was elevated.In the natural fish communities, patterns of trophic niche partitioning between the model fishes was evident, with no niche sharing. Comparison of these results with those of the experiment revealed the most similar results between the two approaches were for the niche partitioning between sympatric T. tinca and C. carpio.These results indicate that trophic niche divergence facilitates the integration of introduced species into food webs, but there are differences in how this manifests between introductions that increase inter- and intraspecific competition. In entirety, these results suggest that the initial ecological response to an introduction appears to be a trophic re-organisation of the food web that minimises the trophic interactions between competing species. A plain language summary is available for this article.}, }
@article {pmid29573503, year = {2018}, author = {Lowrey, B and Garrott, RA and McWhirter, DE and White, PJ and DeCesare, NJ and Stewart, ST}, title = {Niche similarities among introduced and native mountain ungulates.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, pages = {1131-1142}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1719}, pmid = {29573503}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Ruminants/*physiology ; Seasons ; Sheep, Bighorn/physiology ; Wyoming ; }, abstract = {The niche concept provides a strong foundation for theoretical and applied research among a broad range of disciplines. When two ecologically similar species are sympatric, theory predicts they will occupy distinct ecological niches to reduce competition. Capitalizing on the increasing availability of spatial data, we built from single species habitat suitability models to a multispecies evaluation of the niche partitioning hypothesis with sympatric mountain ungulates: native bighorn sheep (BHS; Ovis canadensis) and introduced mountain goats (MTG; Oreamnos americanus) in the northeast Greater Yellowstone Area. We characterized seasonal niches using two-stage resource selection functions with a used-available design and descriptive summaries of the niche attributes associated with used GPS locations. We evaluated seasonal similarity in niche space according to confidence interval overlap of model coefficients and similarity in geographic space by comparing model predicted values with Schoener's D metric. Our sample contained 37,962 summer locations from 53 individuals (BHS = 31, MTG = 22), and 79,984 winter locations from 57 individuals (BHS = 35, MTG = 22). Slope was the most influential niche component for both species and seasons, and showed the strongest evidence of niche partitioning. Bighorn sheep occurred on steeper slopes than mountain goats in summer and mountain goats occurred on steeper slopes in winter. The pattern of differential selection among species was less prevalent for the remaining covariates, indicating similarity in niche space. Model predictions in geographic space showed broad seasonal similarity (summer D = 0.88, winter D = 0.87), as did niche characterizations from used GPS locations. The striking similarities in seasonal niches suggest that introduced mountain goats will continue to increase their spatial overlap with native bighorn. Our results suggest that reducing densities of mountain goats in hunted areas where they are sympatric with bighorn sheep and impeding their expansion may reduce the possibility of competition and disease transfer. Additional studies that specifically investigate partitioning at finer scales and along dietary or temporal niche axes will help to inform an adaptive management approach.}, }
@article {pmid29573310, year = {2018}, author = {Wellband, KW and Pettitt-Wade, H and Fisk, AT and Heath, DD}, title = {Standing genetic diversity and selection at functional gene loci are associated with differential invasion success in two non-native fish species.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {7}, pages = {1572-1585}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14557}, pmid = {29573310}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Discriminant Analysis ; Fishes/*genetics ; *Genetic Loci ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Heterozygote ; *Introduced Species ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; Principal Component Analysis ; Probability ; Sample Size ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are expected to experience a unique combination of high genetic drift due to demographic factors while also experiencing strong selective pressures. The paradigm that reduced genetic diversity should limit the evolutionary potential of invasive species, and thus, their potential for range expansion has received little empirical support, possibly due to the choice of genetic markers. Our goal was to test for effects of genetic drift and selection at functional genetic markers as they relate to the invasion success of two paired invasive goby species, one widespread (successful) and one with limited range expansion (less successful). We genotyped fish using two marker types: single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in known-function, protein-coding genes and microsatellites to contrast the effects of neutral genetic processes. We identified reduced allelic variation in the invaded range for the less successful tubenose goby. SNPs putatively under selection were responsible for the observed differences in population structure between marker types for round goby (successful) but not tubenose goby (less successful). A higher proportion of functional loci experienced divergent selection for round goby, suggesting increased evolutionary potential in invaded ranges may be associated with round goby's greater invasion success. Genes involved in thermal tolerance were divergent for round goby populations but not tubenose goby, consistent with the hypothesis that invasion success for fish in temperate regions is influenced by capacity for thermal tolerance. Our results highlight the need to incorporate functional genetic markers in studies to better assess evolutionary potential for the improved conservation and management of species.}, }
@article {pmid29571400, year = {2018}, author = {Johansen, PO and Isaksen, TE and Bye-Ingebrigtsen, E and Haave, M and Dahlgren, TG and Kvalø, SE and Greenacre, M and Durand, D and Rapp, HT}, title = {Temporal changes in benthic macrofauna on the west coast of Norway resulting from human activities.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {128}, number = {}, pages = {483-495}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.063}, pmid = {29571400}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Estuaries ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; Humic Substances/analysis ; Invertebrates/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Norway ; Polychaeta/classification/growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Water Pollution/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Quantitative analyses of soft bottom invertebrate fauna from four Norwegian sill fjords show increased macrofaunal abundance, species richness, and a considerably changed benthic deep water macrofaunal composition in the inner parts of the fjord system. In retrospect, the analyses show significantly altered benthic macrofaunal community structure that was not reflected by the changes in the Shannon-Wiener diversity indices during regular monitoring. The observed changes are mainly due to an increased abundance of opportunistic species, especially of the polychaete Polydora sp. during the last 10-15 years which is correlated significantly to declining dissolved oxygen, rising temperature in the bottom water and increasing total organic matter in the sediment. Possible anthropogenic and climatic impact factors related to the observed macrofaunal changes and environmental consequences of the changes are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid29571391, year = {2018}, author = {Tait, L and Inglis, G and Seaward, K}, title = {Enhancing passive sampling tools for detecting marine bioinvasions.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {128}, number = {}, pages = {41-50}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.015}, pmid = {29571391}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biofouling/*prevention &amp; control ; Copper/*pharmacology ; Disinfectants/*pharmacology ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Marine Biology ; New Zealand ; Seawater/chemistry ; Ships ; }, abstract = {Early detection is important for successful management of invasive species, but optimising monitoring systems to detect multiple species from different taxonomic groups remains a major challenge. Settlement plates are often used to monitor non-indigenous marine species (NIMS) associated with vessel biofouling, but there have been few assessments of their fitness-for-purpose. We deployed arrays of settlement plates ("settlement arrays") containing combinations of treatments that reflected conditions associated with the vessel transport pathway (i.e., copper based antifouling coatings, shaded habitat) to determine the treatment combinations that maximised NIMS diversity. Horizontal (shaded) treatments preferentially sampled higher NIS diversity than vertical plates. Although plates with copper-based biocides had larger proportions of NIS to indigenous species, they sampled only a subset of NIS diversity. Overall diversity was greatly enhanced through use of multiple treatments, demonstrating benefits of multi-faceted sampling arrays for maximising the potential taxonomic and species richness.}, }
@article {pmid29571378, year = {2018}, author = {Piazzi, L and Gennaro, P and Atzori, F and Cadoni, N and Cinti, MF and Frau, F and Ceccherelli, G}, title = {ALEX index enables detection of alien macroalgae invasions across habitats within a marine protected area.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {128}, number = {}, pages = {318-323}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.034}, pmid = {29571378}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Italy ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Seaweed/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Ships ; Transportation Facilities ; }, abstract = {A modified version of the ALien Biotic IndEX (ALEX) has been recently proposed to evaluate biological invasions in macroalgal assemblages. ALEX was applied in a Marine Protected Area where a recreational-fishing port is present testing the following hypotheses: ALEX increases with the distance from the port, it changes between the two directions off the port and it changes among three different habitats: Cystoseira beds, algal turf and dead matte of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. A total of 78 native macroalgal taxa and 4 introduced species were found, the Chlorophyta Caulerpa cylindracea and the Rhodophyta Apoglossum gregarium, Acrothamnion preissii and Womersleyella setacea. All study sites were in high quality status highlighting that the assemblages investigated were at an early stage of NIS invasion. However, ALEX detected different values among conditions and habitats within the MPA, suggesting a local dynamics of NIS spread and different resistance to invasion of the investigated habitats.}, }
@article {pmid29571362, year = {2018}, author = {Gracia C, A and Rangel-Buitrago, N and Flórez, P}, title = {Beach litter and woody-debris colonizers on the Atlantico department Caribbean coastline, Colombia.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {128}, number = {}, pages = {185-196}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.017}, pmid = {29571362}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*growth &amp; development ; Bathing Beaches/*standards ; Caribbean Region ; Colombia ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Introduced Species/trends ; Plastics/*analysis ; Waste Products/*analysis ; Wood/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Some marine invertebrates can inhabit floating substrates, and raft over long distances, becoming a significant environmental problem in terms of alien species and habitat disruption. On the Atlantico Department beaches (Colombia) woody debris and plastic litter dominate (86%) the types of refuse on the beaches with their densities ranging from 0.82-1.72 items m[-1]. Such litter and woody debris generate the optimal conditions for floating colonizers. In this work, 26 beaches were surveyed, and 16 of them (62%) were found to have marine fauna using litter and woody debris as a substrate for potential rafting and dispersal. Serpulidae polychaete tubes, goose barnacles Lepas (Anatifa) anserifera Linnaeus, 1767, and the bryozoans Arbopercula tenella (Hincks, 1880), Arbopercula angulata (Levinsen, 1909), plus three unidentified species were found colonizing woody debris, seeds, plastic and glass bottles. These findings of woody debris and litter facilitating the arrival and dispersal of non-native species on this coast, demonstrate that preventive management of such refuse in coastal habitats goes beyond simply preserving coastal esthetics.}, }
@article {pmid29568733, year = {2018}, author = {Manousis, T and Kontadakis, C and Polyzoulis, G and Mbazios, G and Galinou-Mitsoudi, S}, title = {New marine gastropod records for the Hellenic waters.}, journal = {Journal of biological research (Thessalonike, Greece)}, volume = {25}, number = {}, pages = {6}, pmid = {29568733}, issn = {1790-045X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Hellenic Seas are influenced by on-going environmental changes and the introduction of alien species, which are expected to have an impact on their biodiversity. This study contributes to the knowledge of the Hellenic marine gastropod biodiversity, expanding data over the entire Greek territory, during the period from October 2008 to March 2017.<br><br>RESULTS: This work presents&#xa0;45&#xa0;species of gastropods not previously reported from Greece&#xa0;or reported only once, belonging to 19 families.&#xa0;From those species,&#xa0;one (Horologica&#xa0;sp.) is, most probably, an undescribed species, 17 are new for the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and 40 are new for the Hellenic fauna. Main taxonomic characteristics and ecological information such as habitat, distribution and origin, are given and discussed.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: By this report, the Hellenic gastropod biodiversity is enriched by 40 new records, out of which, 17 are new for the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, 4 are Lessepsian migrants previously reported for the Mediterranean Sea and 1 is probably a new species.}, }
@article {pmid29568305, year = {2018}, author = {de Sá, NC and Castro, P and Carvalho, S and Marchante, E and López-Núñez, FA and Marchante, H}, title = {Mapping the Flowering of an Invasive Plant Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Is There Potential for Biocontrol Monitoring?.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {293}, pmid = {29568305}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Invasion by alien species is a worldwide phenomenon with negative consequences at both natural and production areas. Acacia longifolia is an invasive shrub/small tree well known for its negative ecological impacts in several places around the world. The recent introduction of a biocontrol agent (Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae), an Australian bud-galling wasp which decreases flowering of A. longifolia, in Portugal, demands the development of a cost-efficient method to monitor its establishment. We tested how unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) can be used to map A. longifolia flowering. Our core assumption is as the population of the biocontrol agent increases, its impacts on the reduction of A. longifolia flowering will be increasingly visible. Additionally, we tested if there is a simple linear correlation between the number of flowers of A. longifolia counted in field and the area covered by flowers in the UAV imagery. UAV imagery was acquired over seven coastal areas including frontal dunes, interior sand dunes and pine forests considering two phenological stages: peak and off-peak flowering season. The number of flowers of A. longifolia was counted, in a minimum of 60 1 m[2] quadrats per study area. For each study area, flower presence/absence maps were obtained using supervised Random Forest. The correlation between the number of flowers and the area covered by flowering plants could then be tested. The flowering of A. longifolia was mapped using UAV mounted with RGB and CIR Cannon IXUS/ELPH cameras (Overall Accuracy > 0.96; Cohen's Kappa > 0.85) varying according to habitat type and flowering season. The correlation between the number of flowers counted and the area covered by flowering was weak (r[2] between 0.0134 and 0.156). This is probably explained, at least partially, by the high variability of A. longifolia in what regards flowering morphology and distribution. The very high accuracy of our approach to map A. longifolia flowering proved to be cost efficient and replicable, showing great potential for detecting the future decrease in flowering promoted by the biocontrol agent. The attempt to provide a low-cost method to estimate A. longifolia flower productivity using UAV failed, but it provided valuable insights on the future steps.}, }
@article {pmid29568248, year = {2018}, author = {Nikolouli, K and Colinet, H and Renault, D and Enriquez, T and Mouton, L and Gibert, P and Sassu, F and Cáceres, C and Stauffer, C and Pereira, R and Bourtzis, K}, title = {Sterile insect technique and Wolbachia symbiosis as potential tools for the control of the invasive species Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Journal of pest science}, volume = {91}, number = {2}, pages = {489-503}, pmid = {29568248}, issn = {1612-4758}, support = {I 2604/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; P 26749/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii, a vinegar fly originated from Southeast Asia, has recently invaded western countries, and it has been recognized as an important threat of a wide variety of several commercial soft fruits. This review summarizes the current information about the biology and dispersal of D. suzukii and discusses the current status and prospects of control methods for the management of this pest. We highlight current knowledge and ongoing research on innovative environmental-friendly control methods with emphasis on the sterile insect technique (SIT) and the incompatible insect technique (IIT). SIT has been successfully used for the containment, suppression or even eradication of populations of insect pests. IIT has been proposed as a stand-alone tool or in conjunction with SIT for insect pest control. The principles of SIT and IIT are reviewed, and the potential value of each approach in the management of D. suzukii is analyzed. We thoroughly address the challenges of SIT and IIT, and we propose the use of SIT as a component of an area-wide integrated pest management approach to suppress D. suzukii populations. As a contingency plan, we suggest a promising alternative avenue through the combination of these two techniques, SIT/IIT, which has been developed and is currently being tested in open-field trials against Aedes mosquito populations. All the potential limiting factors that may render these methods ineffective, as well as the requirements that need to be fulfilled before their application, are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid29568083, year = {2018}, author = {Rodrigues, TB and Duan, JJ and Palli, SR and Rieske, LK}, title = {Identification of highly effective target genes for RNAi-mediated control of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {5020}, pmid = {29568083}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; Female ; Fraxinus/*parasitology ; Humans ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics ; Male ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; *RNA Interference ; RNA, Double-Stranded/*administration &amp; dosage ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Recent study has shown that RNA interference (RNAi) is efficient in emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis, and that ingestion of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting specific genes causes gene silencing and mortality in neonates. Here, we report on the identification of highly effective target genes for RNAi-mediated control of EAB. We screened 13 candidate genes in neonate larvae and selected the most effective target genes for further investigation, including their effect on EAB adults and on a non-target organism, Tribolium castaneum. The two most efficient target genes selected, hsp (heat shock 70-kDa protein cognate 3) and shi (shibire), caused up to 90% mortality of larvae and adults. In EAB eggs, larvae, and adults, the hsp is expressed at higher levels when compared to that of shi. Ingestion of dsHSP and dsSHI caused mortality in both neonate larvae and adults. Administration of a mixture of both dsRNAs worked better than either dsRNA by itself. In contrast, injection of EAB.dsHSP and EAB.dsSHI did not cause mortality in T. castaneum. Thus, the two genes identified cause high mortality in the EAB with no apparent phenotype effects in a non-target organism, the red flour beetle, and could be used in RNAi-mediated control of this invasive pest.}, }
@article {pmid29567984, year = {2018}, author = {Pérez-Portela, R and Bumford, A and Coffman, B and Wedelich, S and Davenport, M and Fogg, A and Swenarton, MK and Coleman, F and Johnston, MA and Crawford, DL and Oleksiak, MF}, title = {Genetic homogeneity of the invasive lionfish across the Northwestern Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {5062}, pmid = {29567984}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Florida ; Gene Flow/genetics ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; Gulf of Mexico ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Despite the devastating impact of the lionfish (Pterois volitans) invasion on NW Atlantic ecosystems, little genetic information about the invasion process is available. We applied Genotyping by Sequencing techniques to identify 1,220 single nucleotide polymorphic sites (SNPs) from 162 lionfish samples collected between 2013 and 2015 from two areas chronologically identified as the first and last invaded areas in US waters: the east coast of Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. We used population genomic analyses, including phylogenetic reconstruction, Bayesian clustering, genetic distances, Discriminant Analyses of Principal Components, and coalescence simulations for detection of outlier SNPs, to understand genetic trends relevant to the lionfish's long-term persistence. We found no significant differences in genetic structure or diversity between the two areas (FST p-values > 0.01, and t-test p-values > 0.05). In fact, our genomic analyses showed genetic homogeneity, with enough gene flow between the east coast of Florida and Gulf of Mexico to erase previous signals of genetic divergence detected between these areas, secondary spreading, and bottlenecks in the Gulf of Mexico. These findings suggest rapid genetic changes over space and time during the invasion, resulting in one panmictic population with no signs of divergence between areas due to local adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid29566669, year = {2018}, author = {Adrian-Kalchhauser, I and Walser, JC and Schwaiger, M and Burkhardt-Holm, P}, title = {RNA sequencing of early round goby embryos reveals that maternal experiences can shape the maternal RNA contribution in a wild vertebrate.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {34}, pmid = {29566669}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/*metabolism ; Embryonic Development/genetics ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Perciformes/*embryology/*genetics ; Principal Component Analysis ; RNA/*metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, RNA/*methods ; Signal Transduction/genetics ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that non-genetic inheritance could promote species fitness. Non-genetic inheritance could allow offspring to benefit from the experience of their parents, and could advocate pre-adaptation to prevailing and potentially selective conditions. Indeed, adaptive parental effects have been modeled and observed, but the molecular mechanisms behind them are far from understood.<br><br>RESULTS: In the present study, we investigated whether maternal RNA can carry information about environmental conditions experienced by the mother in a wild vertebrate. Maternal RNA directs the development of the early embryo in many non-mammalian vertebrates and invertebrates. However, it is not known whether vertebrate maternal RNA integrates information about the parental environment. We sequenced the maternal RNA contribution from a model that we expected to rely on parental effects: the invasive benthic fish species Neogobius melanostomus (Round Goby). We found that maternal RNA expression levels correlated with the water temperature experienced by the mother before oviposition, and identified temperature-responsive gene groups such as core nucleosome components or the microtubule cytoskeleton.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the maternal RNA contribution may incorporate environmental information. Maternal RNA should therefore be considered a potentially relevant pathway for non-genetic inheritance. Also, the ability of a species to integrate environmental information in the maternal RNA contribution could potentially contribute to species fitness and may also play a role in extraordinary adaptive success stories of invasive species such as the round goby.}, }
@article {pmid29566039, year = {2018}, author = {Javaid, MM and Florentine, S and Ali, HH and Weller, S}, title = {Effect of environmental factors on the germination and emergence of Salvia verbenaca L. cultivars (verbenaca and vernalis): An invasive species in semi-arid and arid rangeland regions.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {e0194319}, pmid = {29566039}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Agriculture/methods ; Desert Climate/*adverse effects ; Germination/*physiology ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; Plant Weeds/*physiology ; Salinity ; Salvia/*physiology ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; Soil ; South Australia ; Temperature ; Weed Control/methods ; }, abstract = {Salvia verbenaca (wild sage) is a commonly cultivated herbal medicine plant, which is native to the Mediterranean climate regions of Europe, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. However, it has become an invasive species in semi-arid and arid regions of southern Australia. Two varieties are present in this region, var. verbenaca and var. vernalis, each of which can be distinguished by differences in morphology and flowering period. Following trials to determine the optimum temperate regime for germination and response to light and dark, seeds of both varieties were tested for their response to variations in pH, moisture stress, salinity, and burial depth. The temperature and light trial was carried out using three different temperature regimes; 30/20°C, 25/15°C and 20/12°C, and two light regimes; 12 hours light/12 hours dark and 24 hours dark, with var. vernalis responding to relatively higher temperatures than var. verbenaca. The germination rate of neither species was significantly inhibited by complete darkness when compared to rates under periodic light exposure. Both varieties germinated at near optimum rates strongly to very strongly in all pH buffer solutions, from pH 5 to pH 10, but they responded most strongly at neutral pH. Var. vernalis showed slightly more tolerance to reduced moisture availability, moderate to strong salinity, and burial depth, compared to var. verbenaca. However, even a fairly shallow burial depth of 2 cm completely inhibited germination of both varieties. Thus, in circumstances where both varieties are present in a soil seedbank, var. vernalis could be expected to establish in more challenging conditions, where moisture is limited and salinity is 'moderate to high', implying that it is a more serious threat for invasive weed in conditions where crop plants are already challenged.}, }
@article {pmid29565569, year = {2018}, author = {Rodrigues, ACM and Machado, AL and Bordalo, MD and Saro, L and Simão, FCP and Rocha, RJM and Golovko, O and Žlábek, V and Barata, C and Soares, AMVM and Pestana, JLT}, title = {Invasive Species Mediate Insecticide Effects on Community and Ecosystem Functioning.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {52}, number = {8}, pages = {4889-4900}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.8b00193}, pmid = {29565569}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; *Insecticides ; Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic activities increase pesticide contamination and biological invasions in freshwater ecosystems. Understanding their combined effects on community structure and on ecosystem functioning presents challenges for an improved ecological risk assessment. This study focuses on an artificial stream mesocosms experiment testing for direct and indirect effects of insecticide (chlorantraniliprole - CAP) exposure on the structure of a benthic macroinvertebrate freshwater community and on ecosystem functioning (leaf decomposition, primary production). To understand how predator identity and resource quality alter the community responses to chemical stress, the mediating effects of an invasive predator species (crayfish Procambarus clarkii) and detritus quality (tested by using leaves of the invasive Eucalyptus globulus) on insecticide toxicity were also investigated. Low concentrations of CAP reduced the abundance of shredders and grazers, decreasing leaf decomposition and increasing primary production. Replacement of autochthonous predators and leaf litter by invasive species decreased macroinvertebrate survival, reduced leaf decomposition, and enhanced primary production. Structural equation modeling (SEM) highlighted that CAP toxicity to macroinvertebrates was mediated by the presence of crayfish or eucalypt leaf litter which are now common in many Mediterranean freshwaters. In summary, our results demonstrate that the presence of these two invasive species alters the effects of insecticide exposure on benthic freshwater communities. The approach used here also allowed for a mechanistic evaluation of indirect effects of these stressors and of their interaction on ecosystem functional endpoint, emphasizing the value of incorporating biotic stressors in ecotoxicological experiments.}, }
@article {pmid29562120, year = {2017}, author = {Tingley, R and Ward-Fear, G and Schwarzkopf, L and Greenlees, MJ and Phillips, BL and Brown, G and Clulow, S and Webb, J and Capon, R and Sheppard, A and Strive, T and Tizard, M and Shine, R}, title = {New Weapons in the Toad Toolkit: A Review of Methods to Control and Mitigate the Biodiversity Impacts of Invasive Cane Toads (Rhinella Marina).}, journal = {The Quarterly review of biology}, volume = {92}, number = {2}, pages = {123-149}, doi = {10.1086/692167}, pmid = {29562120}, issn = {0033-5770}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Australia ; *Biodiversity ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control/*methods ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Our best hope of developing innovative methods to combat invasive species is likely to come from the study of high-profile invaders that have attracted intensive research not only into control, but also basic biology. Here we illustrate that point by reviewing current thinking about novel ways to control one of the world’s most well-studied invasions: that of the cane toad in Australia. Recently developed methods for population suppression include more effective traps based on the toad’s acoustic and pheromonal biology. New tools for containing spread include surveillance technologies (e.g., eDNA sampling and automated call detectors), as well as landscape-level barriers that exploit the toad’s vulnerability to desiccation—a strategy that could be significantly enhanced through the introduction of sedentary, range-core genotypes ahead of the invasion front. New methods to reduce the ecological impacts of toads include conditioned taste aversion in free-ranging predators, gene banking, and targeted gene flow. Lastly, recent advances in gene editing and gene drive technology hold the promise of modifying toad phenotypes in ways that may facilitate control or buffer impact. Synergies between these approaches hold great promise for novel and more effective means to combat the toad invasion and its consequent impacts on biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid29559576, year = {2018}, author = {Bing, X and Gerlach, J and Loeb, G and Buchon, N}, title = {Nutrient-Dependent Impact of Microbes on Drosophila suzukii Development.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {29559576}, issn = {2150-7511}, mesh = {Animals ; Blueberry Plants ; Drosophila ; Fragaria ; *Fruit ; Insulin/metabolism ; Microbiota/*physiology ; *Nutrients ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii Matsumura is an invasive species of vinegar fly that has become a prominent pest of berries and other soft-skinned fruits. Unlike most other Drosophila species, female D. suzukii flies lay their eggs in ripening and ripe fruits and larvae develop within the fruit. To understand how D. suzukii larvae utilize ripe and ripening fruits, which usually have low levels of protein, we investigated the microbiota of field-captured and laboratory-reared D. suzukii flies and further examined the combined influence of diet and microbes on host fitness. Field-captured flies were associated with diverse microbiota, which varied significantly with sampling location and season. In contrast, laboratory-reared flies possessed strikingly lower bacterial abundance and diversity. A comparison of conventionally reared (CR) and germ-free (GF) flies revealed that the microbiota of D. suzukii does not alter its development significantly but decreases its life span under conditions of a nutrient-sufficient diet. However, the microbiota is essential for D. suzukii development on strawberry-based or blueberry-based fruit diets. This developmental failure could be rescued by reassociation with single bacterial or fungal species or by the addition of a high quantity of heat-killed microbes. In addition, we found that proteins are limiting with respect to fly development on fruit-based diets and that GF flies show signs of protein starvation. Taken together, our study results demonstrate that the microbiota provides key proteins required for the development of D. suzukii reared on fresh fruit. Our work shows that the impact of microbes on fly fitness depends strongly on nutritional conditions.IMPORTANCE Animals are commonly associated with specific microbes, which play important roles in host development and fitness. However, little information about the function of microbes has been available for the important invasive pest Drosophila suzukii, also known as Spotted wing drosophila. Our study results demonstrate that the abundance and structure of microbiota in D. suzukii are strongly affected by the environment, where microbes have variable roles depending on the nutritional situation. For instance, we found that the presence of microbes is deleterious for flies growing on a protein-rich diet and yet is beneficial for flies growing on a diet of protein-poor fruits. Additionally, germ-free flies must feed on microbes to obtain the necessary protein for larval development on strawberries and blueberries. Our report validates the complexity seen in host-microbe interactions and may provide information useful for D. suzukii pest control.}, }
@article {pmid29555925, year = {2018}, author = {Roberts, D and Ciuti, S and Barber, QE and Willier, C and Nielsen, SE}, title = {Accelerated seed dispersal along linear disturbances in the Canadian oil sands region.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {4828}, pmid = {29555925}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Canada ; *Forests ; *Oil and Gas Fields ; *Seed Dispersal ; Time Factors ; Typhaceae/physiology ; }, abstract = {Habitat fragmentation is typically seen as inhibiting movement via erosion in connectivity, although some patterns of early-phase disturbance, such as narrow linear disturbances in otherwise undisturbed forests, may actually facilitate the dispersal of certain species. Such features are common in Alberta's oil sands region as legacies from seismic hydrocarbon exploration used to map oil reserves. Many of the ecological implications of these disturbances are unknown. Here, we investigate the effect of these forest dissections by experimentally testing dispersal patterns along seismic lines compared with adjacent forests using two proxy materials for wind-dispersed seeds, Typha latifolia seed and goose down feathers. We found that wind speeds were up to seven times higher and 95[th] percentile seed dispersal distances nearly four times farther on seismic lines compared with undisturbed forests and the corresponding effect of these features on seed dispersal distances can be substantial, potentially facilitating future changes in composition and ecological processes in boreal forests. This raises important considerations for native and invasive species, particularly in the context of climate change and the associated importance of seed movement and migration.}, }
@article {pmid29554765, year = {2018}, author = {Rodríguez-Caballero, G and Caravaca, F and Roldán, A}, title = {The unspecificity of the relationships between the invasive Pennisetum setaceum and mycorrhizal fungi may provide advantages during its establishment at semiarid Mediterranean sites.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {630}, number = {}, pages = {1464-1471}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.321}, pmid = {29554765}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Pennisetum/microbiology/*physiology ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {The involvement of mutualistic plant-fungal interactions in invasion processes, especially in some climatic regions including semiarid areas, has not been sufficiently investigated. We compared the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities hosted by the invasive plant Pennisetum setaceum with those from the co-occurring native Hyparrhenia hirta at five Mediterranean semiarid locations with different edaphic characteristics. Illumina technology was used to investigate the AMF communities in the roots. The subsequent multivariate analysis showed that native and non-native host plants shared a similar AMF community, whereas the invaded locations differed in AMF communities harbored in the plant roots. The indicator species analysis revealed the absence of indicator virtual taxa for the fungal communities of the roots of native or invasive plants. In contrast, different numbers of indicator species were recorded in different sampling locations. According to the canonical correspondence analysis, the variability in the AMF communities between sampling sites was related to changes in soil total carbon, electrical conductivity, respiration, and protease and urease activities. These findings reveal the unspecificity of P. setaceum in relation to its association with the AMF community encountered in the invaded locations, which could have facilitated its successful establishment and spread.}, }
@article {pmid29554153, year = {2018}, author = {Dzaki, N and Azzam, G}, title = {Assessment of Aedes albopictus reference genes for quantitative PCR at different stages of development.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {e0194664}, pmid = {29554153}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aedes/embryology/*genetics/growth &amp; development/virology ; Animals ; Chikungunya virus/genetics ; Dengue Virus/genetics ; Embryo, Nonmammalian ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Genes, Essential ; *Genes, Insect ; Life Cycle Stages/*genetics ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors/embryology/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods/*standards/veterinary ; Reference Standards ; Zika Virus/genetics ; }, abstract = {Members of the Aedes genus of mosquitoes are widely recognized as vectors of viral diseases. Ae.albopictus is its most invasive species, and are known to carry viruses such as Dengue, Chikugunya and Zika. Its emerging importance puts Ae.albopictus on the forefront of genetic interaction and evolution studies. However, a panel of suitable reference genes specific for this insect is as of now undescribed. Nine reference genes, namely ACT, eEF1-γ, eIF2α, PP2A, RPL32, RPS17, PGK1, ILK and STK were evaluated. Expression patterns of the candidate reference genes were observed in a total of seventeen sample types, separated by stage of development and age. Gene stability was inferred from obtained quantification data through three widely cited evaluation algorithms i.e. BestKeeper, geNorm, and NormFinder. No single gene showed a satisfactory degree of stability throughout all developmental stages. Therefore, we propose combinations of PGK and ILK for early embryos; RPL32 and RPS17 for late embryos, all four larval instars, and pupae samples; eEF1-γ with STK for adult males; eEF1-γ with RPS17 for non-blood fed females; and eEF1-γ with eIF2α for both blood-fed females and cell culture. The results from this study should be able to provide a more informed selection of normalizing genes during qPCR in Ae.albopictus.}, }
@article {pmid29551097, year = {2018}, author = {Lopes, RJ and Correia, J and Batalha, H and Cardoso, GC}, title = {Haemosporidian parasites missed the boat during the introduction of common waxbills (Estrilda astrild) in Iberia.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {145}, number = {11}, pages = {1493-1498}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182018000331}, pmid = {29551097}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Genetic Variation ; Haemosporida/genetics/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Passeriformes/*parasitology ; Portugal ; Prevalence ; Protozoan Infections, Animal/*epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Exotic species can experience fast expansion in new environments, especially if they left their pathogens behind (Enemy Release hypothesis) or brought novel pathogens to the native competitors (Novel Weapon hypothesis). Common waxbills (Estrilda astrild) are native to sub-Saharan Africa and invaded west Iberia since the 1960s. Past haemosporidian parasite surveys at four locations in Portugal showed that waxbills can be infected with parasites, though with very low prevalence. However, it is not known if this pattern generalizes across their distribution range, or if there are geographic differences in parasite prevalence. It is also not discussed if this is a case of Enemy Release, as opposed to waxbills being also little parasitized in their native range. We screened 617 waxbills in 23 sites in Portugal and detected nine parasite lineages, most of them only known to the Palearctic. Only ten individuals were parasitized, and there was no significant geographical pattern on the prevalence. Overall, this population shows very low prevalence of haemosporidians (1.6% prevalence), which contrasts with significantly higher prevalence in native grounds, as compiled from the literature. These data support Enemy Release as the most likely hypothesis, which may have been important for their success as an exotic species.}, }
@article {pmid29550949, year = {2018}, author = {Welshofer, KB and Zarnetske, PL and Lany, NK and Read, QD}, title = {Short-term responses to warming vary between native vs. exotic species and with latitude in an early successional plant community.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {187}, number = {1}, pages = {333-342}, pmid = {29550949}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {1010055//Unites States Department of Agriculture/International ; }, mesh = {Climate Change ; Ecology ; *Herbivory ; Michigan ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Climate change is expected to favor exotic plant species over native species, because exotics tend to have wider climatic tolerances and greater phenological plasticity, and also because climate change may intensify enemy release. Here, we examine direct effects of warming (+ 1.8 °C above ambient) on plant abundance and phenology, as well as indirect effects of warming propagated through herbivores, in two heavily invaded plant communities in Michigan, USA, separated by approximately three degrees latitude. At the northern site, warming increased exotic plant abundance by 19% but decreased native plant abundance by 31%, indicating that exotic species may be favored in a warmer world. Warming also resulted in earlier spring green-up (1.65 ± 0.77 days), earlier flowering (2.18 ± 0.92 days), and greater damage by herbivores (twofold increase), affecting exotic and native species equally. Contrary to expectations, native and exotic plants experienced similar amounts of herbivory. Warming did not have strong ecological effects at the southern site, only resulting in a delay of flowering time by 2.42 ± 0.83 days for both native and exotic species. Consistent with the enemy release hypothesis, exotic plants experienced less herbivory than native plants at the southern site. Herbivory was lower under warming for both exotic and native species at the southern site. Thus, climate warming may favor exotic over native plant species, but the response is likely to depend on additional environmental and individual species' traits.}, }
@article {pmid29549577, year = {2018}, author = {Otto, G and Bewick, S and Li, B and Fagan, WF}, title = {How Phenological Variation Affects Species Spreading Speeds.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {80}, number = {6}, pages = {1476-1513}, doi = {10.1007/s11538-018-0409-3}, pmid = {29549577}, issn = {1522-9602}, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Female ; Insecta/growth &amp; development/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Oviposition/physiology ; Population Dynamics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Pupa/growth &amp; development ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {In this paper, we develop a phenologically explicit reaction-diffusion model to analyze the spatial spread of a univoltine insect species. Our model assumes four explicit life stages: adult, two larval, and pupa, with a fourth, implicit, egg stage modeled as a time delay between oviposition and emergence as a larva. As such, our model is broadly applicable to holometabolous insects. To account for phenology (seasonal biological timing), we introduce four time-dependent phenological functions describing adult emergence, oviposition and larval conversion, respectively. Emergence is defined as the per-capita probability of an adult emerging from the pupal stage at a particular time. Oviposition is defined as the per-capita rate of adult egg deposition at a particular time. Two functions deal with the larva stage 1 to larva stage 2, and larva stage 2 to pupa conversion as per-capita rate of conversion at a particular time. This very general formulation allows us to accommodate a wide variety of alternative insect phenologies and lifestyles. We provide the moment-generating function for the general linearized system in terms of phenological functions and model parameters. We prove that the spreading speed of the linearized system is the same as that for nonlinear system. We then find explicit solutions for the spreading speed of the insect population for the limiting cases where (1) emergence and oviposition are impulsive (i.e., take place over an extremely narrow time window), larval conversion occurs at a constant rate, and larvae are immobile, (2) emergence and oviposition are impulsive (i.e., take place over an extremely narrow time window), larval conversion occurs at a constant rate starting at a delayed time from egg hatch, and larvae are immobile, and (3) emergence, oviposition, and larval conversion are impulsive. To consider other biological scenarios, including cases with emergence and oviposition windows of finite width as well as mobile larvae, we use numerical simulations. Our results provide a framework for understanding how phenology can interact with spatial spread to facilitate (or hinder) species expansion. This is an important area of research within the context of global change, which brings both new invasive species and range shifts for native species, all the while causing perturbations to species phenology that may impact the abilities of native and invasive populations to spread.}, }
@article {pmid29547904, year = {2018}, author = {Kralemann, LEM and Scalone, R and Andersson, L and Hennig, L}, title = {North European invasion by common ragweed is associated with early flowering and dominant changes in FT/TFL1 expression.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {69}, number = {10}, pages = {2647-2658}, pmid = {29547904}, issn = {1460-2431}, mesh = {Ambrosia/genetics/*physiology ; Europe ; Flowers/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Fitness ; Introduced Species ; *Photoperiod ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {During the last two centuries, the North American common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) invaded a large part of the globe. Local adaptation of this species was revealed by a common garden experiment, demonstrating that the distribution of the species in Europe could extend considerably to the North. Our study compares two populations of common ragweed (one from the native range and one from the invaded range) that differ in flowering time in the wild: the invasive population flowers earlier than the native population under non-inductive long-day photoperiods. Experiments conducted in controlled environments established that the two populations differ in their flowering time even under inductive short-day photoperiods, suggesting a change in autonomous flowering control. Genetic analysis revealed that early flowering is dominantly inherited and accompanied by the increased expression of the floral activator AaFTL1 and decreased expression of the floral repressor AaFTL2. Early flowering is also accompanied by reduced reproductive output, which is evolutionarily disadvantageous under long vegetation periods. In contrast, under short vegetation periods, only early-flowering plants can produce any viable seeds, making the higher seed set of late-flowering plants irrelevant. Thus, earlier flowering appears to be a specific adaptation to the higher latitudes of northern Europe.}, }
@article {pmid29544175, year = {2018}, author = {Wang, C and Jiang, K and Zhou, J and Wu, B}, title = {Solidago canadensis invasion affects soil N-fixing bacterial communities in heterogeneous landscapes in urban ecosystems in East China.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {631-632}, number = {}, pages = {702-713}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.061}, pmid = {29544175}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; Solidago/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Soil nitrogen-fixing bacterial communities (SNB) can increase the level of available soil N via biological N-fixation to facilitate successful invasion of several invasive plant species (IPS). Meanwhile, landscape heterogeneity can greatly enhance regional invasibility and increase the chances of successful invasion of IPS. Thus, it is important to understand the soil micro-ecological mechanisms driving the successful invasion of IPS in heterogeneous landscapes. This study performed cross-site comparisons, via metagenomics, to comprehensively analyze the effects of Solidago canadensis invasion on SNB in heterogeneous landscapes in urban ecosystems. Rhizospheric soil samples of S. canadensis were obtained from nine urban ecosystems [Three replicate quadrats (including uninvaded sites and invaded sites) for each type of urban ecosystem]. S. canadensis invasion did not significantly affect soil physicochemical properties, the taxonomic diversity of plant communities, or the diversity and richness of SNB. However, some SNB taxa (i.e., f_Micromonosporaceae, f_Oscillatoriaceae, and f_Bacillaceae) changed significantly with S. canadensis invasion. Thus, S. canadensis invasion may alter the community structure, rather than the diversity and richness of SNB, to facilitate its invasion process. Of the nine urban ecosystems, the diversity and richness of SNB was highest in farmland wasteland. Accordingly, the community invasibility of farmland wasteland may be higher than that of the other types of urban ecosystem. In brief, landscape heterogeneity, rather than S. canadensis invasion, was the strongest controlling factor for the diversity and richness of SNB. One possible reason may be the differences in soil electrical conductivity and the taxonomic diversity of plant communities in the nine urban ecosystems, which can cause notable shifts in the diversity and richness of SNB.}, }
@article {pmid29543919, year = {2018}, author = {Nobis, A and Nowak, A and Rola, K}, title = {Do invasive alien plants really threaten river bank vegetation? A case study based on plant communities typical for Chenopodium ficifolium-An indicator of large river valleys.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {e0194473}, pmid = {29543919}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Chenopodium/*growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Poland ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Rivers ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Riparian zones are very rich in species but subjected to strong anthropogenic changes and extremely prone to alien plant invasions, which are considered to be a serious threat to biodiversity. Our aim was to determine the spatial distribution of Chenopodium ficifolium, a species demonstrating strong confinement to large river valleys in Central Europe and an indicator of annual pioneer nitrophilous vegetation developing on river banks, which are considered to be of importance to the European Community. Additionally, the habitat preferences of the species were analysed. Differences in the richness and abundance of species diagnostic for riverside habitats, as well as the contribution of resident and invasive alien species in vegetation plots along three rivers differing in terms of size and anthropogenic impact were also examined. Finally, the effect of invaders on the phytocoenoses typical for C. ficifolium was assessed. The frequency of C. ficifolium clearly decreased with an increasing distance from the river. Among natural habitats, the species mostly preferred the banks of large rivers. The vegetation plots developing on the banks of the three studied rivers differed in total species richness, the number and cover of resident, diagnostic and invasive alien species, as well as in species composition. Our research indicates that abiotic and anthropogenic factors are the most significant drivers of species richness and plant cover of riverbank vegetation, and invasive alien plants affect this type of vegetation to a small extent.}, }
@article {pmid29542317, year = {2018}, author = {Orjuela-Sanchez, P and Villa, ZH and Moreno, M and Tong-Rios, C and Meister, S and LaMonte, GM and Campo, B and Vinetz, JM and Winzeler, EA}, title = {Developing Plasmodium vivax Resources for Liver Stage Study in the Peruvian Amazon Region.}, journal = {ACS infectious diseases}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {531-540}, doi = {10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00198}, pmid = {29542317}, issn = {2373-8227}, mesh = {Animals ; Anopheles/parasitology ; Cell Culture Techniques/*methods ; Cell Line ; Hepatocytes/*parasitology ; Humans ; Parasitology/*methods ; Peru ; Plasmodium vivax/*growth &amp; development/isolation &amp; purification ; Salivary Glands/parasitology ; }, abstract = {To develop new drugs and vaccines for malaria elimination, it will be necessary to discover biological interventions, including small molecules that act against Plasmodium vivax exoerythrocytic forms. However, a robust in vitro culture system for P. vivax is still lacking. Thus, to study exoerythrocytic forms, researchers must have simultaneous access to fresh, temperature-controlled patient blood samples, as well as an anopheline mosquito colony. In addition, researchers must rely on native mosquito species to avoid introducing a potentially dangerous invasive species into a malaria-endemic region. Here, we report an in vitro culture system carried out on site in a malaria-endemic region for liver stage parasites of P. vivax sporozoites obtained from An. darlingi, the main malaria vector in the Americas. P. vivax sporozoites were obtained by dissection of salivary glands from infected An. darlingi mosquitoes and purified by Accudenz density gradient centrifugation. HC04 liver cells were exposed to P. vivax sporozoites and cultured up to 9 days. To overcome low P. vivax patient parasitemias, potentially lower mosquito vectorial capacity, and humid, nonsterile environmental conditions, a new antibiotic cocktail was included in tissue culture to prevent contamination. Culturing conditions supported exoerythrocytic (EEF) P. vivax liver stage growth up to 9 days and allowed for maturation into intrahepatocyte merosomes. Some of the identified small forms were resistant to atovaquone (1 μM) but sensitive to the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase inhibitor, KDU691 (1 μM). This study reports a field-accessible EEF production process for drug discovery in a malaria-endemic site in which viable P. vivax sporozoites are used for drug studies using hepatocyte infection. Our data demonstrate that the development of meaningful, field-based resources for P. vivax liver stage drug screening and liver stage human malaria experimentation in the Amazon region is feasible.}, }
@article {pmid29538597, year = {2018}, author = {Andrade, GC and Dias, JRO and Maia, A and Kanecadan, LA and Moraes, NSB and Belfort Junior, R and Lasiste, JME and Burnier, MN}, title = {Intravitreal Angiostrongylus cantonensis: first case report in South America.}, journal = {Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia}, volume = {81}, number = {1}, pages = {63-65}, doi = {10.5935/0004-2749.20180014}, pmid = {29538597}, issn = {1678-2925}, mesh = {Angiostrongylus cantonensis/*isolation &amp; purification ; Animals ; Brazil ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Retinal Detachment/diagnostic imaging/parasitology ; Strongylida Infections/diagnostic imaging/*surgery ; Treatment Outcome ; Ultrasonography ; Vitrectomy/*methods ; Vitreous Body/diagnostic imaging/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {This study reports the first case of intravitreal angiostrongyliasis in South America treated with posterior worm removal via pars plana vitrectomy. This was a retrospective, observational case study. Data from medical charts, wide-field digital imaging, ocular ultrasound, and visual evoked potential studies were reviewed. A 20-month-old boy presented with eosinophilic meningitis and right eye exotropia. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid showed a positive result for Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Fundus examination revealed a pale optic disc, subretinal tracks, vitreous opacities, peripheral tractional retinal detachment, and a dead worm in the vitreous cavity. The patient underwent pars plana vitrectomy with worm removal. This case report illustrates the first case of intravitreal angiostrongyliasis in South America, possibly related to the uncontrolled spread of an exotic invasive species of snail.}, }
@article {pmid29538482, year = {2019}, author = {Liu, XA and Peng, Y and Li, JJ and Peng, PH}, title = {Enhanced shoot investment makes invasive plants exhibit growth advantages in high nitrogen conditions.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {79}, number = {1}, pages = {15-21}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.169578}, pmid = {29538482}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {China ; Fertilizers/analysis ; *Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*growth &amp; development ; Nitrogen/*analysis ; Plant Shoots/growth &amp; development ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Resource amendments commonly promote plant invasions, raising concerns over the potential consequences of nitrogen (N) deposition; however, it is unclear whether invaders will benefit from N deposition more than natives. Growth is among the most fundamental inherent traits of plants and thus good invaders may have superior growth advantages in response to resource amendments. We compared the growth and allocation between invasive and native plants in different N regimes including controls (ambient N concentrations). We found that invasive plants always grew much larger than native plants in varying N conditions, regardless of growth- or phylogeny-based analyses, and that the former allocated more biomass to shoots than the latter. Although N addition enhanced the growth of invasive plants, this enhancement did not increase with increasing N addition. Across invasive and native species, changes in shoot biomass allocation were positively correlated with changes in whole-plant biomass; and the slope of this relationship was greater in invasive plants than native plants. These findings suggest that enhanced shoot investment makes invasive plants retain a growth advantage in high N conditions relative to natives, and also highlight that future N deposition may increase the risks of plant invasions.}, }
@article {pmid29538388, year = {2018}, author = {Goedknegt, MA and Thieltges, DW and van der Meer, J and Wegner, KM and Luttikhuizen, PC}, title = {Cryptic invasion of a parasitic copepod: Compromised identification when morphologically similar invaders co-occur in invaded ecosystems.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {e0193354}, pmid = {29538388}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Copepoda/*anatomy &amp; histology/metabolism ; Discriminant Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mytilus edulis/parasitology ; Ostreidae/parasitology ; Principal Component Analysis ; }, abstract = {Despite their frequent occurrence and strong impacts on native biota, biological invasions can long remain undetected. One reason for this is that an invasive species can be morphologically similar to either native species or introduced species previously established in the same region, and thus be subject to mistaken identification. One recent case involves congeneric invasive parasites, copepods that now infect bivalve hosts along European Atlantic coasts, after having been introduced independently first from the Mediterranean Sea (Mytilicola intestinalis Steuer, 1902) and later from Japan (Mytilicola orientalis Mori, 1935). At least one report on M. intestinalis may have actually concerned M. orientalis, and M. orientalis thus qualifies as a "cryptic invader". Because these two parasitic copepods are morphologically similar, knowledge about their distribution, impact and interactions depends crucially on reliable species identification. In this study, we evaluated the reliability of morphological identification of these two species in parts of their invasive range in Europe (Dutch Delta and Wadden Sea) in comparison with molecular methods of well-established accuracy based on COI gene sequences and ITS1 restriction fragment length polymorphism. Based on seven easily measured or scored macro-morphological variables that were recorded for 182 individual copepods isolated from blue mussels (Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758), principal component analysis showed two relatively distinct but overlapping morphological species groups for females, but no clear separation in males. Discriminant function analysis showed that the females can be discriminated reasonably well based on some of the morphological characteristics (identification error rate of 7%) while males cannot (error rate of 25%). The direction of the dorsolateral thoracic protuberances was identified as the most important trait for species discrimination, but among the morphological features checked, none could flawlessly discriminate between both species. We recommend the use of molecular techniques in future studies of invasive Mytilicola to reliably discriminate between the species. The morphological similarity of these two invaders suggests a more general problem of cryptic invasions and compromised identification of parasites in invaded ecosystems. This problem should be borne in mind whenever invasive parasites are investigated.}, }
@article {pmid29537091, year = {2018}, author = {Côté, IM and Smith, NS}, title = {The lionfish Pterois sp. invasion: Has the worst-case scenario come to pass?.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {92}, number = {3}, pages = {660-689}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13544}, pmid = {29537091}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Caribbean Region ; Coral Reefs ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Pest Control ; Population Density ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; }, abstract = {This review revisits the traits thought to have contributed to the success of Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterois sp. as an invader in the western Atlantic Ocean and the worst-case scenario about their potential ecological effects in light of the more than 150 studies conducted in the past 5 years. Fast somatic growth, resistance to parasites, effective anti-predator defences and an ability to circumvent predator recognition mechanisms by prey have probably contributed to rapid population increases of lionfish in the invaded range. However, evidence that lionfish are strong competitors is still ambiguous, in part because demonstrating competition is challenging. Geographic spread has likely been facilitated by the remarkable capacity of lionfish for prolonged fasting in combination with other broad physiological tolerances. Lionfish have had a large detrimental effect on native reef-fish populations in the northern part of the invaded range, but similar effects have yet to be seen in the southern Caribbean. Most other envisaged direct and indirect consequences of lionfish predation and competition, even those that might have been expected to occur rapidly, such as shifts in benthic composition, have yet to be realized. Lionfish populations in some of the first areas invaded have started to decline, perhaps as a result of resource depletion or ongoing fishing and culling, so there is hope that these areas have already experienced the worst of the invasion. In closing, we place lionfish in a broader context and argue that it can serve as a new model to test some fundamental questions in invasion ecology.}, }
@article {pmid29536403, year = {2018}, author = {Vasil'ev, AG and Bol'shakov, VN and Vasil'eva, IA and Evdokimov, NG and Sineva, NV}, title = {Morphogenetic Effects of Resettlement of Mole Voles (Ellobius talpinus Pall., 1770) from the Southern Population to the Northern Boundary of the Species Range.}, journal = {Doklady biological sciences : proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Biological sciences sections}, volume = {478}, number = {1}, pages = {26-28}, pmid = {29536403}, issn = {1608-3105}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Arvicolinae/*anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mandible/anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Geometric morphometry has been used to reveal transformations of mandible morphogenesis in the offspring of mole voles resettled to the northern part of the species range from a southern population. The transformations were new compared to both the original (southern) and the aboriginal (northern) populations. A significant increase in the intragroup morphological disparity estimated by the mean nearest neighbor distance (MNND) in the resettled animals compared to both aboriginal populations is an indirect indication of an increased developmental instability in the resettled animals exposed to new climatic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid29536132, year = {2018}, author = {Kim, S and Kang, J and Megonigal, JP and Kang, H and Seo, J and Ding, W}, title = {Impacts of Phragmites australis Invasion on Soil Enzyme Activities and Microbial Abundance of Tidal Marshes.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, pages = {782-790}, pmid = {29536132}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {86457858//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; }, mesh = {Bacteria/classification/*enzymology/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Bacterial Proteins/*analysis/metabolism ; Fungal Proteins/*analysis/metabolism ; Fungi/classification/*enzymology/isolation &amp; purification ; Introduced Species ; Laccase/analysis/metabolism ; Monophenol Monooxygenase/analysis/metabolism ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; Wetlands ; beta-Glucosidase/analysis/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The rapid expansion of Phragmites australis in brackish marshes of the East Coast of the USA has drawn much attention, because it may change vegetation diversity and ecosystem functions. In particular, higher primary production of Phragmites than that of other native species such as Spartina patens and Schoenoplectus americanus has been noted, suggesting possible changes in carbon storage potential in salt marshes. To better understand the long-term effect of the invasion of Phragmites on carbon storage, however, information on decomposition rates of soil organic matter is essential. To address this issue, we compared microbial enzyme activities and microbial functional gene abundances (fungi, laccase, denitrifier, and methanogens) in three depths of soils with three different plants in a brackish marsh in Maryland, USA. Laccase and phenol oxidase activities were measured to assess the decomposition potential of recalcitrant carbon while β-glucosidase activity was determined as proxy for cellulose decomposition rate. Microbial activities near the surface (0-15 cm) were the highest in Spartina-community sites followed by Phragmites- and Schoenoplectus-community sites. A comparison of stable isotopic signatures (δ13C and δ15N) of soils and plant leaves suggests that deep organic carbon in the soils mainly originated from Spartina, and only the surface soils may have been influenced by Phragmites litter. In contrast, fungal, laccase, and denitrifier abundances determined by real-time qPCR exhibited no discernible patterns among the surface soils of the three vegetation types. However, the abundance of methanogens was higher in the deep Phragmites-community soil. Therefore, Phragmites invasion will accelerate CH4 emission by greater CH4 production in deep soils with abundant methanogens, although enzymatic mechanisms revealed the potential for larger C accumulation by Phragmites invasion in salt marshes in the east coast of the USA.}, }
@article {pmid29534147, year = {2018}, author = {Martinez, MA and Baack, EJ and Hovick, SM and Whitney, KD}, title = {A reassessment of the genome size-invasiveness relationship in reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea).}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {121}, number = {7}, pages = {1309-1318}, pmid = {29534147}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {DNA, Plant/genetics ; Genetic Association Studies ; Genome, Plant/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Phalaris/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Genome size is hypothesized to affect invasiveness in plants. Key evidence comes from a previous study of invasive eastern North American populations of the grass Phalaris arundinacea: invasive genotypes with smaller genomes had higher growth rates, and genome sizes were smaller in the invasive vs. native range. This study aimed to re-investigate those patterns by examining a broader range of North American populations and by employing the modern best-practice protocol for plant genome size estimation in addition to the previously used protocol.<br><br>METHODS: Genome sizes were measured using both internal and pseudo-internal standardization protocols for 20 invasive and nine native range accessions of P. arundinacea. After a round of vegetative propagation to reduce maternal environmental effects, growth (stem elongation) rates of these accessions were measured in the greenhouse.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Using the best-practice protocol, there was no evidence of a correlation between genome size and growth rates (P = 0.704), and no evidence for differences in genome sizes of invasive and native range accessions (P > 0.353). However, using the older genome size estimation protocol, both relationships were significant (reproducing the results of the previous study).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Genome size reduction has not driven increased invasiveness in a broad sample of North American P. arundinacea. Further, inappropriate genome size estimation techniques can create spurious correlations between genome size and plant traits such as growth rate. Valid estimation is vital to progress in understanding the potentially widespread effects of genome size on biological processes and patterns.}, }
@article {pmid29533392, year = {2018}, author = {Bennett, JM and Calosi, P and Clusella-Trullas, S and Martínez, B and Sunday, J and Algar, AC and Araújo, MB and Hawkins, BA and Keith, S and Kühn, I and Rahbek, C and Rodríguez, L and Singer, A and Villalobos, F and Ángel Olalla-Tárraga, M and Morales-Castilla, I}, title = {GlobTherm, a global database on thermal tolerances for aquatic and terrestrial organisms.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {180022}, pmid = {29533392}, issn = {2052-4463}, abstract = {How climate affects species distributions is a longstanding question receiving renewed interest owing to the need to predict the impacts of global warming on biodiversity. Is climate change forcing species to live near their critical thermal limits? Are these limits likely to change through natural selection? These and other important questions can be addressed with models relating geographical distributions of species with climate data, but inferences made with these models are highly contingent on non-climatic factors such as biotic interactions. Improved understanding of climate change effects on species will require extensive analysis of thermal physiological traits, but such data are both scarce and scattered. To overcome current limitations, we created the GlobTherm database. The database contains experimentally derived species' thermal tolerance data currently comprising over 2,000 species of terrestrial, freshwater, intertidal and marine multicellular algae, plants, fungi, and animals. The GlobTherm database will be maintained and curated by iDiv with the aim to keep expanding it, and enable further investigations on the effects of climate on the distribution of life on Earth.}, }
@article {pmid29532925, year = {2018}, author = {Gallinat, AS and Russo, L and Melaas, EK and Willis, CG and Primack, RB}, title = {Herbarium specimens show patterns of fruiting phenology in native and invasive plant species across New England.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {105}, number = {1}, pages = {31-41}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1005}, pmid = {29532925}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Birds/physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Fruit/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*growth &amp; development ; New England ; Seasons ; Seed Dispersal ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Patterns of fruiting phenology in temperate ecosystems are poorly understood, despite the ecological importance of fruiting for animal nutrition and seed dispersal. Herbarium specimens represent an under-utilized resource for investigating geographical and climatic factors affecting fruiting times within species, patterns in fruiting times among species, and differences between native and non-native invasive species.<br><br>METHODS: We examined over 15,000 herbarium specimens, collected and housed across New England, and found 3159 specimens with ripe fruits, collected from 1849-2013. We examined patterns in fruiting phenology among 37 native and 18 invasive woody plant species common to New England. We compared fruiting dates between native and invasive species, and analyzed how fruiting phenology varies with temperature, space, and time.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Spring temperature and year explained a small but significant amount of the variation in fruiting dates. Accounting for the moderate phylogenetic signal in fruiting phenology, invasive species fruited 26 days later on average than native species, with significantly greater standard deviations.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Herbarium specimens can be used to detect patterns in fruiting times among species. However,&#xa0;the amount of intraspecific variation in fruiting times explained by temporal, geographic, and climatic predictors is small, due to a combination of low temporal resolution of fruiting specimens and the protracted nature of fruiting.&#xa0;Later fruiting times in invasive species, combined with delays in autumn bird migrations in New England, may increase the likelihood that migratory birds will consume and disperse invasive seeds in New England later into the year.}, }
@article {pmid29531713, year = {2018}, author = {Elías-Gutiérrez, M and Valdez-Moreno, M and Topan, J and Young, MR and Cohuo-Colli, JA}, title = {Improved protocols to accelerate the assembly of DNA barcode reference libraries for freshwater zooplankton.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {3002-3018}, pmid = {29531713}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Currently, freshwater zooplankton sampling and identification methodologies have remained virtually unchanged since they were first established in the beginning of the XX century. One major contributing factor to this slow progress is the limited success of modern genetic methodologies, such as DNA barcoding, in several of the main groups. This study demonstrates improved protocols which enable the rapid assessment of most animal taxa inhabiting any freshwater system by combining the use of light traps, careful fixation at low temperatures using ethanol, and zooplankton-specific primers. We DNA-barcoded 2,136 specimens from a diverse array of taxonomic assemblages (rotifers, mollusks, mites, crustaceans, insects, and fishes) from several Canadian and Mexican lakes with an average sequence success rate of 85.3%. In total, 325 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) were detected with only three BINs (two cladocerans and one copepod) shared between Canada and Mexico, suggesting a much narrower distribution range of freshwater zooplankton than previously thought. This study is the first to broadly explore the metazoan biodiversity of freshwater systems with DNA barcodes to construct a reference library that represents the first step for future programs which aim to monitor ecosystem health, track invasive species, or improve knowledge of the ecology and distribution of freshwater zooplankton.}, }
@article {pmid29531677, year = {2018}, author = {Billet, K and Genitoni, J and Bozec, M and Renault, D and Barloy, D}, title = {Aquatic and terrestrial morphotypes of the aquatic invasive plant, Ludwigia grandiflora, show distinct morphological and metabolomic responses.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {2568-2579}, pmid = {29531677}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {In the context of expansion of invasive species, survival of invasive plants is conditioned by their ability to adapt. In France, the water primrose Ludwigia grandiflora, an aquatic invasive species, invades yet wet meadows, leading to a depreciation of their fodder value. Understanding its potential adaption is necessary to its management, strong differences between both morphotypes were expected. So morphological and metabolic responses to terrestrial environment were analyzed for aquatic and terrestrial morphotypes. All morphological and biomass variables were greater in the terrestrial morphotype than the aquatic morphotype, independent of conditions. In terrestrial condition, both morphotypes showed a high production of sugars in root tissues, especially in the terrestrial morphotype and both morphotypes produced a low level of amino acids in shoot tissues. All results demonstrate that the terrestrial condition seems a stressful situation for both morphotypes, which activates glycolysis and fermentation pathways to improve their survival under hypoxic stress. But, only the terrestrial morphotype has been able to adjust its metabolism and maintain efficient growth. In the future, a differential transcriptomic analysis will be carried out to confirm this result.}, }
@article {pmid29527721, year = {2018}, author = {Lomate, PR and Bonning, BC}, title = {Proteases and nucleases involved in the biphasic digestion process of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, pages = {e21459}, doi = {10.1002/arch.21459}, pmid = {29527721}, issn = {1520-6327}, mesh = {Animals ; Deoxyribonucleases/*metabolism ; *Digestion ; Hemiptera/*enzymology ; Peptide Hydrolases/*metabolism ; Ribonucleases/*metabolism ; Substrate Specificity ; }, abstract = {Management of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), an invasive, agricultural pest in the United States, has presented significant challenges. This polyphagous insect uses both extra-oral and gut-based digestion thwarting protein- or nucleotide-based control strategies. The objective of this study was to biochemically characterize the digestive enzymes (proteases and nucleases) from the saliva, salivary gland and the gut of H. halys. Enzyme profiles for the two tissues and saliva radically differ: The pH optimum for proteases in the gut was six, with cysteine proteases predominant. In contrast, the alkaline pH optima for protease activity in the salivary gland (8-10) and saliva (7) reflected abundant serine protease and cathepsin activities. RNase enzymes were most abundant in saliva, while dsRNase and DNase activities were higher in the salivary gland and saliva compared to those in the gut. These very different enzyme profiles highlight the biphasic digestive system used by this invasive species for efficient processing of plant nutrients. Knowledge of H. halys digestive physiology will allow for counteractive measures targeting digestive enzymes or for appropriate protection of protein- or nucleotide-based management options targeting this pest.}, }
@article {pmid29527421, year = {2018}, author = {Fernandez, S and Sandin, MM and Beaulieu, PG and Clusa, L and Martinez, JL and Ardura, A and García-Vázquez, E}, title = {Environmental DNA for freshwater fish monitoring: insights for conservation within a protected area.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4486}, pmid = {29527421}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Many fish species have been introduced in wild ecosystems around the world to provide food or leisure, deliberately or from farm escapes. Some of those introductions have had large ecological effects. The north American native rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) is one of the most widely farmed fish species in the world. It was first introduced in Spain in the late 19th century for sport fishing (Elvira 1995) and nowadays is used there for both fishing and aquaculture. On the other hand, the European native brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) is catalogued as vulnerable in Spain. Detecting native and invasive fish populations in ecosystem monitoring is crucial, but it may be difficult from conventional sampling methods such as electrofishing. These techniques encompass some mortality, thus are not adequate for some ecosystems as the case of protected areas. Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis is a sensitive and non-invasive method that can be especially useful for rare and low-density species detection and inventory in water bodies.<br><br>METHODS: In this study we employed two eDNA based methods (qPCR and nested PCR-RFLP) to detect salmonid species from mountain streams within a protected area, The Biosphere Reserve and Natural Park of Redes (Upper Nal&#xf3;n Basin, Asturias, Northern Spain), where brown trout is the only native salmonid. We also measured some habitat variables to see how appropriate for salmonids the area is. The sampling area is located upstream impassable dams and contains one rainbow trout fish farm.<br><br>RESULTS: Employing qPCR methodology, brown trout eDNA was detected in all the nine sampling sites surveyed, while nested PCR-RFLP method failed to detect it in two sampling points. Rainbow trout eDNA was detected with both techniques at all sites in the Nal&#xf3;n River' (n1, n2 and n3). Salmonid habitat units and water quality were high from the area studied.<br><br>DISCUSSION: In this study, a high quantity of rainbow trout eDNA was found upstream and downstream of a fish farm located inside a Biosphere Reserve. Unreported escapes from the fish farm are a likely explanation of these results. Since salmonid habitat is abundant and the water quality high, the establishment of rainbow trout populations would be favored should escapes occur. Environmental DNA has here proved to be a valuable tool for species detection in freshwater environments, and the probe-based qPCR highly sensitive technique for detection of scarce species. We would recommend this method for routine monitoring and early detection of introduced species within natural reserves.}, }
@article {pmid29526588, year = {2018}, author = {Turelli, M and Cooper, BS and Richardson, KM and Ginsberg, PS and Peckenpaugh, B and Antelope, CX and Kim, KJ and May, MR and Abrieux, A and Wilson, DA and Bronski, MJ and Moore, BR and Gao, JJ and Eisen, MB and Chiu, JC and Conner, WR and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {Rapid Global Spread of wRi-like Wolbachia across Multiple Drosophila.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {28}, number = {6}, pages = {963-971.e8}, pmid = {29526588}, issn = {1879-0445}, support = {R01 GM104325/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM124701/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; S10 RR027303/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; S10 RR029668/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; /HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; DNA, Mitochondrial/analysis/genetics ; Disease Transmission, Infectious/veterinary ; Drosophila/*genetics/microbiology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genome/genetics ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/veterinary ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Symbiosis/genetics ; Wolbachia/*genetics/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {Maternally transmitted Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, and Cardinium bacteria are common in insects [1], but their interspecific spread is poorly understood. Endosymbionts can spread rapidly within host species by manipulating host reproduction, as typified by the global spread of wRi Wolbachia observed in Drosophila simulans [2, 3]. However, because Wolbachia cannot survive outside host cells, spread between distantly related host species requires horizontal transfers that are presumably rare [4-7]. Here, we document spread of wRi-like Wolbachia among eight highly diverged Drosophila hosts (10-50 million years) over only about 14,000 years (5,000-27,000). Comparing 110 wRi-like genomes, we find ≤0.02% divergence from the wRi variant that spread rapidly through California populations of D. simulans. The hosts include both globally invasive species (D. simulans, D. suzukii, and D. ananassae) and narrowly distributed Australian endemics (D. anomalata and D. pandora) [8]. Phylogenetic analyses that include mtDNA genomes indicate introgressive transfer of wRi-like Wolbachia between closely related species D. ananassae, D. anomalata, and D. pandora but no horizontal transmission within species. Our analyses suggest D. ananassae as the Wolbachia source for the recent wRi invasion of D. simulans and D. suzukii as the source of Wolbachia in its sister species D. subpulchrella. Although six of these wRi-like variants cause strong cytoplasmic incompatibility, two cause no detectable reproductive effects, indicating that pervasive mutualistic effects [9, 10] complement the reproductive manipulations for which Wolbachia are best known. "Super spreader" variants like wRi may be particularly useful for controlling insect pests and vector-borne diseases with Wolbachia transinfections [11].}, }
@article {pmid29521023, year = {2018}, author = {Rosche, C and Schrieber, K and Lachmuth, S and Durka, W and Hirsch, H and Wagner, V and Schleuning, M and Hensen, I}, title = {Sex ratio rather than population size affects genetic diversity in Antennaria dioica.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {789-796}, doi = {10.1111/plb.12716}, pmid = {29521023}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Asteraceae/*genetics/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Genetic Variation ; Ovule/*genetics ; Pollen/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Habitat fragmentation and small population size can lead to genetic erosion in threatened plant populations. Classical theory implies that dioecy can counteract genetic erosion as it decreases the magnitude of inbreeding and genetic drift due to obligate outcrossing. However, in small populations, sex ratios may be strongly male- or female-biased, leading to substantial reductions in effective population size. This may theoretically result in a unimodal relationship between sex ratios and genetic diversity; yet, empirical studies on this relationship are scarce. Using AFLP markers, we studied genetic diversity, structure and differentiation in 14 highly fragmented Antennaria dioica populations from the Central European lowlands. Our analyses focused on the relationship between sex ratio, population size and genetic diversity. Although most populations were small (mean: 35.5 patches), genetic diversity was moderately high. We found evidence for isolation-by-distance, but overall differentiation of the populations was rather weak. Females dominated 11 populations, which overall resulted in a slightly female-biased sex ratio (61.5%). There was no significant relationship between population size and genetic diversity. The proportion of females was not unimodally but positively linearly related to genetic diversity. The high genetic diversity and low genetic differentiation suggest that A. dioica has been widely distributed in the Central European lowlands in the past, while fragmentation occurred only in the last decades. Sex ratio has more immediate consequences on genetic diversity than population size. An increasing proportion of females can increase genetic diversity in dioecious plants, probably due to a higher amount of sexual reproduction.}, }
@article {pmid29516645, year = {2018}, author = {Leitner, M and Davies, AB and Parr, CL and Eggleton, P and Robertson, MP}, title = {Woody encroachment slows decomposition and termite activity in an African savanna.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, pages = {2597-2606}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14118}, pmid = {29516645}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Fabaceae/*growth &amp; development ; *Grassland ; Invertebrates/physiology ; Isoptera/*physiology ; Soil/*chemistry ; South Africa ; Trees/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Woody encroachment can lead to a complete switch from open habitats to dense thickets, and has the potential to greatly alter the biodiversity and ecological functioning of grassy ecosystems across the globe. Plant litter decomposition is a critical ecosystem process fundamental to nutrient cycling and global carbon dynamics, yet little is known about how woody encroachment might alter this process. We compared grass decay rates of heavily encroached areas with adjacent nonencroached open areas in a semi-arid South African savanna using litterbags that allowed or excluded invertebrates. We also assessed the effect of woody encroachment on the activity of termites- dominant decomposer organisms in savanna systems. We found a significant reduction in decomposition rates within encroached areas, with litter taking twice as long to decay compared with open savanna areas. Moreover, invertebrates were more influential on grass decomposition in open areas and termite activity was substantially lower in encroached areas, particularly during the dry season when activity levels were reduced to almost zero. Our results suggest that woody encroachment created an unfavourable environment for invertebrates, and termites in particular, leading to decreased decomposition rates in these areas. We provide the first quantification of woody encroachment altering the functioning of African savanna ecosystems through the slowing of aboveground plant decomposition. Woody encroachment is intensifying across the globe, and our results suggest that substantial changes to the carbon balance and biodiversity of grassy biomes could occur.}, }
@article {pmid29516604, year = {2018}, author = {Golivets, M and Wallin, KF}, title = {Neighbour tolerance, not suppression, provides competitive advantage to non-native plants.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, pages = {745-759}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12934}, pmid = {29516604}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; *Introduced Species ; *Phylogeny ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {High competitive ability has often been invoked as a key determinant of invasion success and ecological impacts of non-native plants. Yet our understanding of the strategies that non-natives use to gain competitive dominance remains limited. Particularly, it remains unknown whether the two non-mutually exclusive competitive strategies, neighbour suppression and neighbour tolerance, are equally important for the competitive advantage of non-native plants. Here, we analyse data from 192 peer-reviewed studies on pairwise plant competition within a Bayesian multilevel meta-analytic framework and show that non-native plants outperform their native counterparts due to high tolerance of competition, as opposed to strong suppressive ability. Competitive tolerance ability of non-native plants was driven by neighbour's origin and was expressed in response to a heterospecific native but not heterospecific non-native neighbour. In contrast to natives, non-native species were not more suppressed by hetero- vs. conspecific neighbours, which was partially due to higher intensity of intraspecific competition among non-natives. Heterogeneity in the data was primarily associated with methodological differences among studies and not with phylogenetic relatedness among species. Altogether, our synthesis demonstrates that non-native plants are competitively distinct from native plants and challenges the common notion that neighbour suppression is the primary strategy for plant invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid29514972, year = {2018}, author = {Sheehy, E and Sutherland, C and O'Reilly, C and Lambin, X}, title = {The enemy of my enemy is my friend: native pine marten recovery reverses the decline of the red squirrel by suppressing grey squirrel populations.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {285}, number = {1874}, pages = {}, pmid = {29514972}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mustelidae/*physiology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Sciuridae/*physiology ; Scotland ; }, abstract = {Shared enemies may instigate or modify competitive interactions between species. The dis-equilibrium caused by non-native species introductions has revealed that the outcome of such indirect interactions can often be dramatic. However, studies of enemy-mediated competition mostly consider the impact of a single enemy, despite species being embedded in complex networks of interactions. Here, we demonstrate that native red and invasive grey squirrels in Britain, two terrestrial species linked by resource and disease-mediated apparent competition, are also now linked by a second enemy-mediated relationship involving a shared native predator recovering from historical persecution, the European pine marten. Through combining spatial capture-recapture techniques to estimate pine marten density, and squirrel site-occupancy data, we find that the impact of exposure to predation is highly asymmetrical, with non-native grey squirrel occupancy strongly negatively affected by exposure to pine martens. By contrast, exposure to pine marten predation has an indirect positive effect on red squirrel populations. Pine marten predation thus reverses the well-documented outcome of resource and apparent competition between red and grey squirrels.}, }
@article {pmid29513675, year = {2018}, author = {Roberts, CP and Uden, DR and Allen, CR and Twidwell, D}, title = {Doublethink and scale mismatch polarize policies for an invasive tree.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {e0189733}, pmid = {29513675}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; *Environmental Policy ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; *Juniperus ; Models, Theoretical ; Nebraska ; *Trees ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Mismatches between invasive species management policies and ecological knowledge can lead to profound societal consequences. For this reason, natural resource agencies have adopted the scientifically-based density-impact invasive species curve to guide invasive species management. We use the density-impact model to evaluate how well management policies for a native invader (Juniperus virginiana) match scientific guidelines. Juniperus virginiana invasion is causing a sub-continental regime shift from grasslands to woodlands in central North America, and its impacts span collapses in endemic diversity, heightened wildfire risk, and crashes in grazing land profitability. We (1) use land cover data to identify the stage of Juniperus virginiana invasion for three ecoregions within Nebraska, USA, (2) determine the range of invasion stages at individual land parcel extents within each ecoregion based on the density-impact model, and (3) determine policy alignment and mismatches relative to the density-impact model in order to assess their potential to meet sustainability targets and avoid societal impacts as Juniperus virginiana abundance increases. We found that nearly all policies evidenced doublethink and policy-ecology mismatches, for instance, promoting spread of Juniperus virginiana regardless of invasion stage while simultaneously managing it as a native invader in the same ecoregion. Like other invasive species, theory and literature for this native invader indicate that the consequences of invasion are unlikely to be prevented if policies fail to prioritize management at incipient invasion stages. Theory suggests a more realistic approach would be to align policy with the stage of invasion at local and ecoregion management scales. There is a need for scientists, policy makers, and ecosystem managers to move past ideologies governing native versus non-native invader classification and toward a framework that accounts for the uniqueness of native species invasions, their anthropogenic drivers, and their impacts on ecosystem services.}, }
@article {pmid29510760, year = {2018}, author = {Jedličková, L and Dvořáková, H and Dvořák, J and Kašný, M and Ulrychová, L and Vorel, J and Žárský, V and Mikeš, L}, title = {Cysteine peptidases of Eudiplozoon nipponicum: a broad repertoire of structurally assorted cathepsins L in contrast to the scarcity of cathepsins B in an invasive species of haematophagous monogenean of common carp.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {142}, pmid = {29510760}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {P506/12/1258//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/International ; GBP505/12/G112//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/International ; PROGRES Q43//Univerzita Karlova v Praze/International ; UNCE 204017//Univerzita Karlova v Praze/International ; SVV 244-260432/2017//Univerzita Karlova v Praze/International ; MUNI/A/1362/2016//Masarykova Univerzita/International ; InterBioMed LO1302//Ministerstvo &#x160;kolstv&#xed;, Ml&#xe1;de&#x17e;e a T&#x11b;lov&#xfd;chovy/International ; CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000759//Ministerstvo &#x160;kolstv&#xed;, Ml&#xe1;de&#x17e;e a T&#x11b;lov&#xfd;chovy/International ; RVO 61388963//Akademie V&#x11b;d &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/*parasitology ; Cathepsin B/chemistry/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*metabolism ; Cathepsin L/chemistry/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*metabolism ; Gastrointestinal Tract/parasitology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Hydrolysis ; Introduced Species ; Proteolysis ; Recombinant Proteins/analysis/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Trematoda/*enzymology/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cysteine peptidases of clan CA, family C1 account for a major part of proteolytic activity in the haematophagous monogenean Eudiplozoon nipponicum. The full spectrum of cysteine cathepsins is, however, unknown and their particular biochemical properties, tissue localisation, and involvement in parasite-host relationships are yet to be explored.<br><br>METHODS: Sequences of cathepsins L and B (EnCL and EnCB) were mined from E. nipponicum transcriptome and analysed bioinformatically. Genes encoding two EnCLs and one EnCB were cloned and recombinant proteins produced in vitro. The enzymes were purified by chromatography and their activity towards selected substrates was characterised. Antibodies and specific RNA probes were employed for localisation of the enzymes/transcripts in tissues of E. nipponicum adults.<br><br>RESULTS: Transcriptomic analysis revealed a set of ten distinct transcripts that encode EnCLs. The enzymes are significantly variable in their active sites, specifically the S2 subsites responsible for interaction with substrates. Some of them display unusual structural features that resemble cathepsins B and S. Two recombinant EnCLs had different pH activity profiles against both synthetic and macromolecular substrates, and were able to hydrolyse blood proteins and collagen I. They were localised in the haematin cells of the worm's digestive tract and in gut lumen. The EnCB showed similarity with cathepsin B2 of Schistosoma mansoni. It displays molecular features typical of cathepsins B, including an occluding loop responsible for its exopeptidase activity. Although the EnCB hydrolysed haemoglobin in vitro, it was localised in the vitelline cells of the parasite and not the digestive tract.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this study represents the first complex bioinformatic and biochemical characterisation of cysteine peptidases in a monogenean. Eudiplozoon nipponicum adults express a variety of CLs, which are the most abundant peptidases in the worms. The properties and localisation of the two heterologously expressed EnCLs indicate a central role in the (partially extracellular?) digestion of host blood proteins. High variability of substrate-binding sites in the set of EnCLs suggests specific adaptation to a range of biological processes that require proteolysis. Surprisingly, a single cathepsin B is expressed by the parasite and it is not involved in digestion, but probably in vitellogenesis.}, }
@article {pmid29509789, year = {2018}, author = {Barbet-Massin, M and Rome, Q and Villemant, C and Courchamp, F}, title = {Can species distribution models really predict the expansion of invasive species?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {e0193085}, pmid = {29509789}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *Climate ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Predictive studies are of paramount importance for biological invasions, one of the biggest threats for biodiversity. To help and better prioritize management strategies, species distribution models (SDMs) are often used to predict the potential invasive range of introduced species. Yet, SDMs have been regularly criticized, due to several strong limitations, such as violating the equilibrium assumption during the invasion process. Unfortunately, validation studies-with independent data-are too scarce to assess the predictive accuracy of SDMs in invasion biology. Yet, biological invasions allow to test SDMs usefulness, by retrospectively assessing whether they would have accurately predicted the latest ranges of invasion. Here, we assess the predictive accuracy of SDMs in predicting the expansion of invasive species. We used temporal occurrence data for the Asian hornet Vespa velutina nigrithorax, a species native to China that is invading Europe with a very fast rate. Specifically, we compared occurrence data from the last stage of invasion (independent validation points) to the climate suitability distribution predicted from models calibrated with data from the early stage of invasion. Despite the invasive species not being at equilibrium yet, the predicted climate suitability of validation points was high. SDMs can thus adequately predict the spread of V. v. nigrithorax, which appears to be-at least partially-climatically driven. In the case of V. v. nigrithorax, SDMs predictive accuracy was slightly but significantly better when models were calibrated with invasive data only, excluding native data. Although more validation studies for other invasion cases are needed to generalize our results, our findings are an important step towards validating the use of SDMs in invasion biology.}, }
@article {pmid29508902, year = {2018}, author = {Coldsnow, KD and Relyea, RA}, title = {Toxicity of various road-deicing salts to Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea).}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {37}, number = {7}, pages = {1839-1845}, doi = {10.1002/etc.4126}, pmid = {29508902}, issn = {1552-8618}, mesh = {Animals ; Corbicula/*drug effects ; Ecosystem ; *Ice ; Salts/*toxicity ; *Toxicity Tests ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Humans are altering environments by destroying habitats, introducing species, and releasing pollution. One emergent pollutant is the salinization of freshwater habitats from road-deicing salts. Government agencies have set thresholds to protect freshwater ecosystems, yet these values are exceeded in many systems. The present study investigated the tolerance of Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea), a common invasive bivalve, to the common road salt (sodium chloride [NaCl]) and 2 alternatives (magnesium chloride [MgCl2 ] and calcium chloride [CaCl2 ]). Experiments conducted at 4 and 8 d revealed that Asian clams are very salt tolerant. The median lethal concentration after 4 d of exposure (LC504-d) estimate was 2162 mg Cl[-] /L for MgCl2 , 3554 mg Cl[-] /L for CaCl2 , and more than 22 581 mg Cl[-] /L for NaCl, which were all significantly different from each other (p ≤ 0.05). The LC508-d values were significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) from each other and from the LC504-d values, and were estimated to be 1769 mg Cl[-] /L for MgCl2 , 2235 Cl[-] /L for CaCl2 , and 10 069 mg Cl[-] /L for NaCl. Mortality was determined using 2 methods: either no response after exposure or no response after being in freshwater following exposure. For the majority of the LC50s, these methods were not significantly different (p > 0.05). The high salt tolerance of Asian clams is a concern because of their transportation in ballast water between aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, salt-tolerant organisms may outcompete sensitive organisms in salinized ecosystems, which may alter ecosystem services. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1839-1845. © 2018 SETAC.}, }
@article {pmid29508108, year = {2018}, author = {Parker, MR and Patel, SM and Zachry, JE and Kimball, BA}, title = {Feminization of Male Brown Treesnake Methyl Ketone Expression via Steroid Hormone Manipulation.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {189-197}, pmid = {29508108}, issn = {1573-1561}, support = {N61128-14-MP-001AG//U.S. Navy/ ; 14-7483-1088-CA//Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/ ; 16-7442-1225-CA//Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/ ; 52006324//Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Colubridae/*physiology ; Estradiol/administration &amp; dosage/*metabolism ; Female ; *Feminization ; Introduced Species ; Ketones/*metabolism ; Male ; Methylation ; Sex Attractants/*metabolism ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {Pheromones are useful tools for the management of invasive invertebrates, but have proven less successful in field applications for invasive vertebrates. The brown treesnake, Boiga irregularis, is an invasive predator that has fundamentally altered the ecology of Guam. The development of control tools to manage Boiga remains ongoing. Skin-based, lipophilic pheromone components facilitate mating in brown treesnakes, with females producing the same long-chain, saturated and monounsaturated (ketomonoene) methyl ketones known to function as pheromones in garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis. Boiga also express novel, diunsaturated methyl ketones (ketodienes) with a purported function as a sex pheromone. In our study, we implanted 17 β-estradiol in adult male brown treesnakes in order to manipulate methyl ketone expression as sex attractants, an effect that would mirror findings with garter snakes. Specifically, estrogen promoted production of two ketomonoenes, pentatriaconten-2-one and hexatriaconten-2-one, and suppressed production of one ketodiene, heptatriacontadien-2-one. In bioassays, estrogen-implanted males elicited tongue-flicking and chin rubbing behavior from unmanipulated males, though the responses were weaker than those elicited by females. On Guam, wild males exhibited greatest responses to whole female skin lipid extracts and only weak responses to the methyl ketone fractions from females and implanted males. Our results suggest that sex identity in brown treesnakes may be conferred by the ratio of ketomonoenes (female) to ketodienes (male) from skin lipids and may be augmented by a sex-specific endocrine signal (estradiol). However, a blend of long-chain methyl ketones alone is not sufficient to elicit maximal reproductive behaviors in male Boiga.}, }
@article {pmid29506138, year = {2018}, author = {Zink, FA and Tembrock, LR and Timm, AE and Gilligan, TM}, title = {A ddPCR Assay for Identification of Autographa gamma (Noctuidae: Plusiinae) in Bulk Trap Samples.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {111}, number = {3}, pages = {1490-1495}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy052}, pmid = {29506138}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Electron Transport Complex IV/analysis ; Insect Proteins/analysis ; Introduced Species ; Larva/classification/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Moths/*classification/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; }, abstract = {The silver Y moth [Autographa gamma (Linneaus) (Noctuidae: Plusiinae)] is a pervasive crop pest in its native range but has not been found in moth surveys in the United States. Specimens of A. gamma are often intercepted at U.S. ports of entry, so the risk of introduction of this invasive species is high. Currently, identification of Plusiinae adults captured in domestic surveys is done by morphlogical comparison; however, this method is time consuming and misidentifications have occurred in the past. A recent study outlined a real-time PCR assay capable of rapidly identifying individual A. gamma specimens using CO1. This same study provided preliminary data for a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay capable of processing bulk trap samples. Here, we develop and test a ddPCR assay for detecting a single A. gamma in a trap sample of 200 individual moths. This assay will drastically reduce the time and cost needed to screen domestic trap samples for A. gamma.}, }
@article {pmid29506035, year = {2018}, author = {Muchemi, SK and Zebitz, CPW and Borgemeister, C and Akutse, KS and Foba, CN and Ekesi, S and Fiaboe, KKM}, title = {Interaction Between Chrysocharis flacilla and Diglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Two Parasitoids of Liriomyza Leafminers.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {111}, number = {2}, pages = {556-563}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy007}, pmid = {29506035}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Diptera ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Pest Control, Biological ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Agromyzid Liriomyza leafminer flies are a major threat to horticultural production in East Africa with low natural control reported. The endoparasitoid Chrysocharis flacilla (Walker; Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was introduced from Peru into quarantine facilities at ICIPE in Kenya for a leafminer classical biological control program. Interaction assays with one of the dominant local parasitoids, Diglyphus isaea (Walker; Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), using Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard; Diptera: Agromyzidae) was assessed through sole, simultaneous and sequential releases. C. flacilla resulted to superior host parasitism rates over D. isaea. When used separately, specific parasitism rates of D. isaea and C. flacilla were 26.33 ± 2.07% and 60.27 ± 2.53% respectively but, when simultaneously used, the total parasitism rose to 72.96 ± 4.12%. Presence of C. flacilla after D. isaea reduced significantly parasitism rate of D. isaea. Both parasitoids caused separately and simultaneously additionally significant nonreproductive host mortalities of between 48.33 ± 3.75% and 69.33 ± 3.92 for D. isaea and C. flacilla respectively. Sex ratios of C. flacilla and D. isaea F1 progenies were female biased and were not affected by interspecific interactions. Implications of these results for subsequent combined use of C. flacilla and D. isaea against Liriomyza leafminers in East Africa are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid29504667, year = {2018}, author = {Menke, SB and Ward, PS and Holway, DA}, title = {Long-term record of Argentine ant invasions reveals enduring ecological impacts.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {99}, number = {5}, pages = {1194-1202}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2200}, pmid = {29504667}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; California ; Ecology ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The ecological effects of species introductions can change in magnitude over time, but an understanding of how and why they do so remains incompletely understood. Clarifying this issue requires consideration of how temporal variation in invader traits affects invasion impacts (e.g., through differential effects on the diversity and composition of native species assemblages). We examine the temporal dynamics of Argentine ant invasions in northern California by resurveying 202 sites first sampled 30-40 yr ago. To test how invasion impacts change over time, we estimated native ant richness and species composition at 20 riparian woodland sites that span a 30-yr invasion chronosequence. We then use these data to test how variation in two invader traits (aggression and relative abundance) is related to time since invasion and invasion impact. Native ant assemblages along the chronosequence exhibited reduced native ant richness and altered species composition (compared to uninvaded control sites), but the magnitude of these impacts was independent of time since invasion. These results are corroborated by additional temporal comparisons of native ant assemblages at riparian sites sampled 20-30 yr ago. Our findings together illustrate that the impacts of invasions can persist undiminished over at least a 30-yr time frame and remain evident at regional scales. Although neither invader trait varied with time since invasion, native ant richness declined as the relative abundance of the Argentine ant increased. This latter result supports the hypothesis that factors reducing invader abundance at particular sites can decrease invasion impacts, but also that such changes may be due to site-specific factors (e.g., abiotic conditions) that affect invader abundance rather than time since invasion per se. Future studies should attempt to differentiate factors that are intrinsic to the process of invasion (e.g., changes in invader populations) from long-term environmental changes (e.g., climate change) that represent extrinsic influences on the dynamics of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid29504240, year = {2018}, author = {van Kleunen, M and Essl, F and Pergl, J and Brundu, G and Carboni, M and Dullinger, S and Early, R and González-Moreno, P and Groom, QJ and Hulme, PE and Kueffer, C and Kühn, I and Máguas, C and Maurel, N and Novoa, A and Parepa, M and Pyšek, P and Seebens, H and Tanner, R and Touza, J and Verbrugge, L and Weber, E and Dawson, W and Kreft, H and Weigelt, P and Winter, M and Klonner, G and Talluto, MV and Dehnen-Schmutz, K}, title = {The changing role of ornamental horticulture in alien plant invasions.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {93}, number = {3}, pages = {1421-1437}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12402}, pmid = {29504240}, issn = {1469-185X}, support = {I 3757/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Commerce ; *Gardening ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Plant Dispersal ; Plants/*classification ; }, abstract = {The number of alien plants escaping from cultivation into native ecosystems is increasing steadily. We provide an overview of the historical, contemporary and potential future roles of ornamental horticulture in plant invasions. We show that currently at least 75% and 93% of the global naturalised alien flora is grown in domestic and botanical gardens, respectively. Species grown in gardens also have a larger naturalised range than those that are not. After the Middle Ages, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries, a global trade network in plants emerged. Since then, cultivated alien species also started to appear in the wild more frequently than non-cultivated aliens globally, particularly during the 19th century. Horticulture still plays a prominent role in current plant introduction, and the monetary value of live-plant imports in different parts of the world is steadily increasing. Historically, botanical gardens - an important component of horticulture - played a major role in displaying, cultivating and distributing new plant discoveries. While the role of botanical gardens in the horticultural supply chain has declined, they are still a significant link, with one-third of institutions involved in retail-plant sales and horticultural research. However, botanical gardens have also become more dependent on commercial nurseries as plant sources, particularly in North America. Plants selected for ornamental purposes are not a random selection of the global flora, and some of the plant characteristics promoted through horticulture, such as fast growth, also promote invasion. Efforts to breed non-invasive plant cultivars are still rare. Socio-economical, technological, and environmental changes will lead to novel patterns of plant introductions and invasion opportunities for the species that are already cultivated. We describe the role that horticulture could play in mediating these changes. We identify current research challenges, and call for more research efforts on the past and current role of horticulture in plant invasions. This is required to develop science-based regulatory frameworks to prevent further plant invasions.}, }
@article {pmid29501664, year = {2018}, author = {Poidatz, J and López Plantey, R and Thiéry, D}, title = {Indigenous strains of Beauveria and Metharizium as potential biological control agents against the invasive hornet Vespa velutina.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {153}, number = {}, pages = {180-185}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2018.02.021}, pmid = {29501664}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Beauveria/*pathogenicity ; Introduced Species ; Metarhizium/*pathogenicity ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Wasps/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Alien species often miss parasites in their invaded area, and this is the case in Vespa velutina. This invasive hornet predator of bees was accidentally introduced in Europe from East China in 2004. The control of this species is still problematic. Indeed to destroy nests, applicators currently use large spectrum insecticides, which is too costly or dangerous to applicators and also to the environment, affecting non-targeted arthropods (one period). Studying the potential interest of biological control methods may help to propose alternatives in V. velutina control. We present here the bioassays in which we assessed the potential control efficiency of different indigenous French isolates of entomopathogenic fungi. We inoculated adults V. velutina by different ways: being directly, by walking on a contaminated surface, in the food, or by inter-individual transfers. We tested differences between the isolates and the application methods using two parameters mortality and LT50. The direct inoculation method was the most efficient modality, then the contact, transfer and food. Considering all contamination methods, there was no difference on susceptibility or mortality among different isolates. Still the LT50 was quite short in all isolates (average 5.8±0.44d), and their virulence was quite high: we conclude that there is high potential in using such entomopathogens as a biological control agent against V. velutina.}, }
@article {pmid29500488, year = {2018}, author = {Johnson, KM and Germain, RR and Tarwater, CE and Reid, JM and Arcese, P}, title = {Demographic consequences of invasion by a native, controphic competitor to an insular bird population.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {187}, number = {1}, pages = {155-165}, pmid = {29500488}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; Demography ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; *Sparrows ; }, abstract = {Species invasions and range shifts can lead to novel competitive interactions between historically resident and colonizing species, but the demographic consequences of such interactions remain controversial. We present results from field experiments and 45 years of demographic monitoring to test the hypothesis that the colonization of Mandarte Is., BC, Canada, by fox sparrows (Passerella iliaca) caused the long-term decline of the resident population of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). Several lines of evidence indicate that competition with fox sparrows for winter food reduced over-winter survival in juvenile song sparrows by 48% from 1960 to 2015, enforcing population decline despite an increase in annual reproductive rate in song sparrows over the same period. Preference for locally abundant seeds presented at experimental arenas suggested complete overlap in diet in song and fox sparrows, and observations at arenas baited with commercial seed showed that fox sparrows displaced song sparrows in 91-100% of interactions in two periods during winter. In contrast, we found no evidence of interspecific competition for resources during the breeding season. Our results indicate that in the absence of marked shifts in niche dimension, range expansions by dominant competitors have the potential to cause the extirpation of historically resident species when competitive interactions between them are strong and resources not equitably partitioned.}, }
@article {pmid29498043, year = {2018}, author = {Nobile, AB and Lima, FP and Freitas-Souza, D and Queiroz, J and Garcia, DAZ and Orsi, ML and Vidotto-Magnoni, AP}, title = {Distribution of non-native suckermouth armoured catfish Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii in the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {92}, number = {4}, pages = {1198-1206}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13561}, pmid = {29498043}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Catfishes ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {This study describes the invasion of the upper Paraná River basin by Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii based on a literature review and field samples. Pterygoplichthys ambrosettii has been reported in 42 localities throughout the upper Paraná River basin, including the Tietê, Paranapanema, Paraná, Grande and Aguapeí rivers. The ascent of P. ambrosettii after the inundation of the Sete Quedas Falls on the Paraná River and the release of individuals by aquarium hobbyists were the primary drivers of this invasion.}, }
@article {pmid29496339, year = {2018}, author = {Tong, X and Wang, R and Chen, XY}, title = {Expansion or Invasion? A Response to Nackley et al.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {234-235}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2018.02.002}, pmid = {29496339}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid29496205, year = {2018}, author = {Rubal, M and Costa-Garcia, R and Besteiro, C and Sousa-Pinto, I and Veiga, P}, title = {Mollusc diversity associated with the non-indigenous macroalga Asparagopsis armata Harvey, 1855 along the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {136}, number = {}, pages = {1-7}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.02.025}, pmid = {29496205}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Mollusca/*classification/growth &amp; development ; Portugal ; Seaweed ; }, abstract = {The aims of this study were to explore mollusc assemblages associated with the non-indigenous macroalga Asparagopsis armata, to compare them with those on other macroalgae at the study region and to explore potential differences on mollusc assemblages between two regions in the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula, where A. armata is present. To achieve this, at each region, four intertidal shores were sampled. Twenty-nine mollusc species were reported and thus, A. armata harboured similar or higher diversity than other annual macroalgae in this area. When compared with perennial macroalgae, results depend on the species and studied area. Moreover, significant differences in structure of mollusc assemblages between the two studied regions were found. However, these were due to differences in the relative abundance of species rather than the presence of exclusive species at each region.}, }
@article {pmid29494699, year = {2018}, author = {Ladrera, R and Gomà, J and Prat, N}, title = {Effects of Didymosphenia geminata massive growth on stream communities: Smaller organisms and simplified food web structure.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {e0193545}, pmid = {29494699}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Diatoms/*growth &amp; development ; Food Chain ; Hydra/growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Rivers/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {This study aims to contribute to the understanding of the impact of Didymosphenia geminata massive growths upon river ecosystem communities' composition and functioning. This is the first study to jointly consider the taxonomic composition and functional structure of diatom and macroinvertebrate assemblages in order to determine changes in community structure, and the food web alterations associated with this invasive alga. This study was carried out in the Lumbreras River (Ebro Basin, La Rioja, Northern Spain), which has been affected by a considerable massive growth of D. geminata since 2011. The study shows a profound alteration in both the river community composition and in the food web structure at the sites affected by the massive growth, which is primarily due to the alteration of the environmental conditions, thus demonstrating that D. geminata has an important role as an ecosystem engineer in the river. Thick filamentous mats impede the movement of large invertebrates-especially those that move and feed up on it-and favor small, opportunistic, herbivorous organisms, mainly chironomids, that are capable of moving between filaments and are aided by the absence of large trophic competitors and predators -prey release effect-. Only small predators, such as hydra, are capable of surviving in the new environment, as they are favored by the increase in chironomids, a source of food, and by the reduction in both their own predators and other midge predators -mesopredator release-. This change in the top-down control affects the diatom community, since chironomids may feed on large diatoms, increasing the proportion of small diatoms in the substrate. The survival of small and fast-growing pioneer diatoms is also favored by the mesh of filaments, which offers them a new habitat for colonization. Simultaneously, D. geminata causes a significant reduction in the number of diatoms with similar ecological requirements (those attached to the substrate). Overall, D. geminata creates a community dominated by small organisms that is clearly different from the existing communities in the same stream where there is an absence of massive growths.}, }
@article {pmid29494613, year = {2018}, author = {Wedding, LM and Lecky, J and Gove, JM and Walecka, HR and Donovan, MK and Williams, GJ and Jouffray, JB and Crowder, LB and Erickson, A and Falinski, K and Friedlander, AM and Kappel, CV and Kittinger, JN and McCoy, K and Norström, A and Nyström, M and Oleson, KLL and Stamoulis, KA and White, C and Selkoe, KA}, title = {Advancing the integration of spatial data to map human and natural drivers on coral reefs.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {e0189792}, pmid = {29494613}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aquaculture ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; *Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; *Geographic Mapping ; Hawaii ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {A major challenge for coral reef conservation and management is understanding how a wide range of interacting human and natural drivers cumulatively impact and shape these ecosystems. Despite the importance of understanding these interactions, a methodological framework to synthesize spatially explicit data of such drivers is lacking. To fill this gap, we established a transferable data synthesis methodology to integrate spatial data on environmental and anthropogenic drivers of coral reefs, and applied this methodology to a case study location-the Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI). Environmental drivers were derived from time series (2002-2013) of climatological ranges and anomalies of remotely sensed sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a, irradiance, and wave power. Anthropogenic drivers were characterized using empirically derived and modeled datasets of spatial fisheries catch, sedimentation, nutrient input, new development, habitat modification, and invasive species. Within our case study system, resulting driver maps showed high spatial heterogeneity across the MHI, with anthropogenic drivers generally greatest and most widespread on O'ahu, where 70% of the state's population resides, while sedimentation and nutrients were dominant in less populated islands. Together, the spatial integration of environmental and anthropogenic driver data described here provides a first-ever synthetic approach to visualize how the drivers of coral reef state vary in space and demonstrates a methodological framework for implementation of this approach in other regions of the world. By quantifying and synthesizing spatial drivers of change on coral reefs, we provide an avenue for further research to understand how drivers determine reef diversity and resilience, which can ultimately inform policies to protect coral reefs.}, }
@article {pmid29492722, year = {2018}, author = {Hiruta, SF and Shimano, S and Shiba, M}, title = {A preliminary molecular phylogeny shows Japanese and Austrian populations of the red mite Balaustium murorum (Acari: Trombidiformes: Erythraeidae) to be closely related.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {74}, number = {3}, pages = {225-238}, pmid = {29492722}, issn = {1572-9702}, support = {JP15K07201//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropod Proteins/genetics ; Austria ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Haplotypes ; Japan ; Mites/*classification/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; }, abstract = {The red mite Balaustium murorum (Hermann) inhabits the Western Palaearctic realm and is well adapted to man-made structures. In Japan, B. murorum had been reported more frequently after the 1980s. A molecular phylogeny based on the nuclear 18S rRNA and mitochondrial COI genes, and including B. murorum individuals from Japan and Austria and representatives of related species from Japan showed four Balaustium species-level lineages in Japan (B. murorum, Balaustium sp. 1, Balaustium sp. 2, Balaustium sp. 3). The B. murorum lineage shared identical 18S sequence and COI haplotype with the Austrian population. Balaustium sp. 1 was detected from the Tokyo and Misaki area (Honshu Island) and was the sister group to B. murorum; the other two lineages inhabited coastal environments of Erimo, Hokkaido Island (Balaustium sp. 2) and Ainan, Shikoku Island (Balaustium sp. 3). The high genetic distances among these four lineages indicate that each lineage is a distinct species, with three of the lineages representing undescribed species. Our results are compatible with the conclusion that B. murorum was introduced to Japan from Europe, although our study did not resolve the polarity or timing of migration events.}, }
@article {pmid29492693, year = {2018}, author = {Thompson, AH and Knight, TM}, title = {Exotic plant species receive adequate pollinator service despite variable integration into plant-pollinator networks.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {187}, number = {1}, pages = {135-142}, pmid = {29492693}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {DEB 1145274//National Science Foundation Division of Environmental Biology/International ; Alexander von Humboldt Professorship of TM Knight//Alexander von Humboldt Foundation/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Flowers ; Insecta ; North America ; Pollen ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {Both exotic and native plant species rely on insect pollinators for reproductive success, and yet few studies have evaluated whether and how exotic plant species receive services from native pollinators for successful reproduction in their introduced range. Plant species are expected to successfully reproduce in their exotic range if they have low reliance on animal pollinators or if they successfully integrate themselves into resident plant-pollinator networks. Here, we quantify the breeding system, network integration, and pollen limitation for ten focal exotic plant species in North America. Most exotic plant species relied on animal pollinators for reproduction, and these species varied in their network integration. However, plant reproduction was limited by pollen receipt for only one plant species. Our results demonstrate that even poorly integrated exotic plant species can still have high pollination service and high reproductive success. The comprehensive framework considered here provides a method to consider the contribution of plant breeding systems and the pollinator community to pollen limitation, and can be applied to future studies to provide a more synthetic understanding of the factors that determine reproductive success of exotic plant species.}, }
@article {pmid29492046, year = {2018}, author = {Becher, C and Gumm, JM}, title = {The roles of inter- and intra-sexual selection in behavioral isolation between native and invasive pupfishes.}, journal = {Current zoology}, volume = {64}, number = {1}, pages = {135-144}, pmid = {29492046}, issn = {1674-5507}, abstract = {Male-male competition and female mate choice may both play important roles in driving and maintaining reproductive isolation between species. When previously allopatric species come into secondary contact with each other due to introductions, they provide an opportunity to evaluate the identity and strength of reproductive isolating mechanisms. If reproductive isolation is not maintained, hybridization may occur. We examined how reproductive isolating mechanisms mediate hybridization between endemic populations of the Red River pupfish Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis and the recently introduced sheepshead minnow C. variegatus. In lab-based dominance trials, males of both species won the same number of competitions. However, male C. rubrofluviatilis that won competitions were more aggressive than C. variegatus winners, and more aggression was needed to win against competitor C. variagatus than allopatric C. rubrofluviatilis. Duration of fights also differed based on the relatedness of the competitor. In dichotomous mate choice trials, there were no conspecific or heterospecific preferences expressed by females of either species. Our findings that male-male aggression differs between closely and distantly related groups, but female choice does not suggest that male-male competition may be the more likely mechanism to impede gene flow in this system.}, }
@article {pmid29492025, year = {2017}, author = {Loftus, S and Borcherding, J}, title = {Does social context affect boldness in juveniles?.}, journal = {Current zoology}, volume = {63}, number = {6}, pages = {639-645}, pmid = {29492025}, issn = {1674-5507}, abstract = {Differences in boldness are common between populations or between related species and are discussed as part of individual coping style, personality, or behavioral syndrome. Boldness has been found to be dependent on experience, social, and environmental contexts. The major aim of the present study was to establish an experimental environment that would allow analyzing the risk-taking behavior of 2 competing invasive goby species. Neogobius melanostomus was more active in the absence of a predator Sander lucioperca than N. fluviatilis and clearly spent more time "swimming" and "feeding" than N. fluviatilis. In addition, N. melanostomus was always faster than N. fluviatilis both when leaving the shelter and reaching offered food. Based on the different behaviors recorded, species-specific boldness scores were established using a principal component analysis. Although there was no overall difference in boldness scores between the 2 species, both competitive conditions and the effect of the predator played significant roles as factors influencing boldness. Neogobius melanostomus was more affected by the presence/absence of the predator than the social circumstances. Neogobius fluviatilis, on the other hand, was more active and bolder in competitive situations. However, when alone, N. fluviatilis was rather inactive and displayed altogether shy behavior, independent of the presence/absence of the predator. Thus, the study confirms the prediction that there are differences in behavior and behavioral plasticity, and therein predator-avoidance strategies, between ecologically similar species of goby living in sympatry. We argue that these differences may be related to differential habitat use of both invasive species that presently dominate the fish community in the Lower Rhine.}, }
@article {pmid29492022, year = {2017}, author = {Wang, S and Fan, L and Liu, C and Li, J and Gao, X and Zhu, W and Li, Y}, title = {The origin of invasion of an alien frog species in Tibet, China.}, journal = {Current zoology}, volume = {63}, number = {6}, pages = {615-621}, pmid = {29492022}, issn = {1674-5507}, abstract = {Identifying the origins of alien species has important implications for effectively controlling the spread of alien species. The black-spotted frog Pelophylax nigromaculatus, originally from East Asia, has become an alien species on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). In this study, we collected 300 individuals of P. nigromaculatus from 13 native regions and 2 invasive regions (including Nyingchi and Lhasa) on the TP. To identify the source region of the TP introductions, we sequenced portions of the mitochondrial cyt b gene. We sequenced a ∼600-bp portion of the mitochondrial cyt b gene to identify 69 haplotypes (124 polymorphic sites) in all sampled populations. According to the network results, we suggest that the P. nigromaculatus found on the TP was most likely originated from Chongqing by human introduction. Furthermore, we found that the genetic diversity was significantly lower for invasive than for native sites due to founder effects. Our study provides genetic evidence that this alien species invaded the cold environment of high elevations and expanded the distribution of P. nigromaculatus in China.}, }
@article {pmid29491026, year = {2018}, author = {Lafferty, KD and McLaughlin, JP and Gruner, DS and Bogar, TA and Bui, A and Childress, JN and Espinoza, M and Forbes, ES and Johnston, CA and Klope, M and Miller-Ter Kuile, A and Lee, M and Plummer, KA and Weber, DA and Young, RT and Young, HS}, title = {Local extinction of the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) following rat eradication on Palmyra Atoll.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {29491026}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; *Extinction, Biological ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Mosquito Vectors/physiology ; *Rats ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, appears to have been extirpated from Palmyra Atoll following rat eradication. Anecdotal biting reports, collection records, and regular captures in black-light traps showed the species was present before rat eradication. Since then, there have been no biting reports and no captures over 2 years of extensive trapping (black-light and scent traps). By contrast, the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, was abundant before and after rat eradication. We hypothesize that mammals were a substantial and preferred blood meal for Aedes, whereas Culex feeds mostly on seabirds. Therefore, after rat eradication, humans and seabirds alone could not support positive population growth or maintenance of Aedes This seems to be the first documented accidental secondary extinction of a mosquito. Furthermore, it suggests that preferred host abundance can limit mosquito populations, opening new directions for controlling important disease vectors that depend on introduced species like rats.}, }
@article {pmid29490107, year = {2018}, author = {Kindinger, TL}, title = {Invasive predator tips the balance of symmetrical competition between native coral-reef fishes.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {99}, number = {4}, pages = {792-800}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2173}, pmid = {29490107}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Bahamas ; *Coral Reefs ; Fishes ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {The importance of competition and predation in structuring ecological communities is typically examined separately such that interactions between these processes are seldom understood. By causing large reductions in native prey, invasive predators may modify native species interactions. I conducted a manipulative field experiment in The Bahamas to investigate the possibility that the invasive Pacific red lionfish (Pterois volitans) alters competition between planktivorous fairy and blackcap basslets (Gramma loreto and Gramma melacara, respectively). Competition between these coral-reef fishes is known to have symmetrical effects on the juveniles of both species, whereby the feeding positions under reef ledges and growth rates of these individuals are hindered. Following baseline censuses of local populations of competing basslets, I simultaneously manipulated the abundance of lionfish on entire reefs, and the abundance of basslets in local populations under isolated ledges within each reef, resulting in three treatments: unmanipulated control populations of both basslets, reduced abundance of fairy basslet, and reduced abundance of blackcap basslet. For eight weeks, I measured the change in biomass and feeding position of 2-5 cm size classes of each basslet species and calculated the growth rates of ~2 cm individuals using a standard mark-and-recapture method. Experimental populations were filmed at dusk using automated video cameras to quantify the behavior of lionfish overlapping with basslets. Video playback revealed lionfish hunted across all ledge positions, regardless of which basslet species were present, yet lionfish differentially reduced the biomass of only juvenile (2 cm) fairy basslet. Predation reduced the effects of interspecific competition on juvenile blackcap basslet as evidenced by corresponding shifts in feeding position toward coveted front edges of ledges and increases in growth rates that were comparable to the response of these fish in populations where competition was experimentally reduced. Thus, an invasive marine predator altered the outcome of interspecific competition via differential predation, which tipped the balance of competition between native prey species from symmetrical to asymmetrical effects on juveniles. This study reveals a newly demonstrated context in which predation can indirectly facilitate prey, further broadening our understanding of the interactive effects of predation and competition in the context of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid29489855, year = {2018}, author = {Zapata-Ríos, G and Branch, LC}, title = {Mammalian carnivore occupancy is inversely related to presence of domestic dogs in the high Andes of Ecuador.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {e0192346}, pmid = {29489855}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Domestic ; *Carnivora ; *Dogs ; Ecuador ; }, abstract = {Although the Andes have long been occupied by people, habitat loss, fragmentation through deforestation, and other human activities such as introduction of invasive species have increased drastically during the past century. The Ecuadorian Andes are considered a biodiversity hotspot. However, the fauna and threats to the region are poorly studied, and understanding of factors that shape the distribution of species in habitats disturbed by human activities is needed to identify and mitigate region-wide threats to wildlife. We evaluated factors associated with patterns of occurrence of Andean carnivores in landscapes of the northern Ecuadorian Andes, particularly habitat loss, fragmentation, and occupancy of domestic dogs, and determined whether thresholds occurred for these factors beyond which carnivore occurrence declined markedly. Five study areas (each 20 x 20 km) were surveyed with a total effort of 2,800 camera trap nights. Occupancies of four of the eight carnivores known from the region were best predicted by occupancy of domestic dogs rather than measures of habitat loss and fragmentation [Andean fox (Pseudalopex culpaeus), puma (Puma concolor), striped hog-nosed skunk (Conepatus semistriatus), and Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus)]. The two largest carnivores, puma and Andean bear, demonstrated significant threshold responses to the presence of domestic dogs at two sites. Four smaller carnivores were recorded too infrequently to model occupancy, and at least two of these species appear to be in decline. The magnitude of domestic dog impacts on native species in tropical areas like the Ecuadorian Andes currently are not recognized. Results of our study indicate that small and large carnivores are in urgent need of conservation and clearly point to dogs as a significant threat to a broad range of native species.}, }
@article {pmid29489400, year = {2018}, author = {Cadotte, MW and Campbell, SE and Li, SP and Sodhi, DS and Mandrak, NE}, title = {Preadaptation and Naturalization of Nonnative Species: Darwin's Two Fundamental Insights into Species Invasion.}, journal = {Annual review of plant biology}, volume = {69}, number = {}, pages = {661-684}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040339}, pmid = {29489400}, issn = {1545-2123}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Predicting which nonnative species become invasive is critical for their successful management, and Charles Darwin provided predictions based on species' relatedness. However, Darwin provided two opposing predictions about the relatedness of introduced nonnatives to indigenous species. First, environmental fit is the dominant factor determining invader success; thus, we should expect that invasive species are closely related to local native residents. Alternatively, if competition is important, we should expect successful invaders are distantly related to the native residents. These opposing expectations are referred to as Darwin's naturalization conundrum. The results of studies that examine nonnative species relatedness to natives are largely inconsistent. This inconsistency arises from the fact that studies occur at different spatial and temporal scales, and at different stages of invasion, and so implicitly examine different mechanisms. Further, while species have evolved ecological differences, the mode and tempo of evolution can affect species' differences, complicating the predictions from simple hypotheses. We outline unanswered questions and provide guidelines for collecting the data required to test competing hypotheses.}, }
@article {pmid29487609, year = {2018}, author = {van Leeuwen, CHA}, title = {Internal and External Dispersal of Plants by Animals: An Aquatic Perspective on Alien Interference.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {153}, pmid = {29487609}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Many alien plants use animal vectors for dispersal of their diaspores (zoochory). If alien plants interact with native disperser animals, this can interfere with animal-mediated dispersal of native diaspores. Interference by alien species is known for frugivorous animals dispersing fruits of terrestrial plants by ingestion, transport and egestion (endozoochory). However, less attention has been paid to possible interference of alien plants with dispersal of diaspores via external attachment (ectozoochory, epizoochory or exozoochory), interference in aquatic ecosystems, or positive effects of alien plants on dispersal of native plants. This literature study addresses the following hypotheses: (1) alien plants may interfere with both internal and external animal-mediated dispersal of native diaspores; (2) interference also occurs in aquatic ecosystems; (3) interference of alien plants can have both negative and positive effects on native plants. The studied literature revealed that alien species can comprise large proportions of both internally and externally transported diaspores. Because animals have limited space for ingested and adhering diaspores, alien species affect both internal and external transport of native diaspores. Alien plant species also form large proportions of all dispersed diaspores in aquatic systems and interfere with dispersal of native aquatic plants. Alien interference can be either negative (e.g., through competition with native plants) or positive (e.g., increased abundance of native dispersers, changed disperser behavior or attracting additional disperser species). I propose many future research directions, because understanding whether alien plant species disrupt or facilitate animal-mediated dispersal of native plants is crucial for targeted conservation of invaded (aquatic) plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid29486319, year = {2018}, author = {Bazsalovicsová, E and Králová-Hromadová, I and Xi, BW and Štefka, J}, title = {Tour around the globe: The case of invasive tapeworm Atractolytocestus huronensis (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), a parasite of common carp.}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {67}, number = {4}, pages = {366-374}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2018.02.004}, pmid = {29486319}, issn = {1873-0329}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/anatomy &amp; histology/*parasitology ; Cestoda/classification/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Cestode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission/*veterinary ; China/epidemiology ; Croatia/epidemiology ; DNA, Helminth/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Europe/epidemiology ; Fish Diseases/*epidemiology/parasitology/transmission ; Intestines/parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Romania/epidemiology ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {The monozoic tapeworm Atractolytocestus huronensis Anthony, 1958 (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), an intestinal parasite of the common carp, is characterized by its invasive character and potential to colonize new territories. It was initially described from North America and has also been found in several European countries. The most recent findings of A. huronensis originated from China and South Africa; however, no data on genetic relationships of these populations were available. The current study provides the first molecular characterisation of A. huronensis from South Africa and China using a partial sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and a complete ribosomal ITS2 spacer. Ribosomal and mitochondrial data were applied for phylogenetic analyses in order to assess the genetic interrelationships among global A. huronensis populations. Divergent intragenomic copies of ribosomal ITS2 were detected in all analysed specimens; the structure and frequency of the ITS2 variants of tapeworms from China and South Africa corresponded with the data on ITS2 paralogues observed previously in A. huronensis from Slovakia, the United States and the United Kingdom. The phylogenetic analysis of cox1 indicated that A. huronensis exist in two slightly differentiated clusters; one cluster was supported by all phylogenetic approaches (NJ, ML, BI) and was represented by samples from China, the USA and the UK. A second cluster was represented by tapeworms from continental Europe (Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Croatia) and South Africa. Haplotype network analysis revealed that the highest population diversity occurs in China. The results provide useful pilot information about the interrelationships of A. huronensis on four continents and indicate that China, or the eastern Palaearctic, served as the original source population for the global expansion of this invasive tapeworm. Data on the origin and distribution of the common carp, the only specific host of A. huronensis, are also discussed.}, }
@article {pmid29485221, year = {2018}, author = {Kaser, JM and Nielsen, AL and Abram, PK}, title = {Biological control effects of non-reproductive host mortality caused by insect parasitoids.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, pages = {1081-1092}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1712}, pmid = {29485221}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Hemiptera/*parasitology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Models, Biological ; *Oviparity ; *Pest Control, Biological ; }, abstract = {As the rate of spread of invasive species increases, consumer-resource communities are often populated by a combination of exotic and native species at all trophic levels. In parasitoid-host communities, these novel associations may lead to disconnects between parasitoid preference and performance, and parasitoid oviposition may result in death of the parasitoid offspring, death of the host, or death of both. Despite their relevance for biological control risk and efficacy assessments, the direct and indirect population-level consequences of parasitoids attacking and killing their hosts without successfully reproducing (non-reproductive mortality) are poorly understood. Non-reproductive mortality induced by egg parasitoids (parasitoid-induced host egg abortion) may be particularly important for understanding the population dynamics of the invasive agricultural pest Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and endemic stink bugs in North America, which are attacked by a suite of both native and introduced egg parasitoids. It is unclear, however, how various factors controlling parasitoid foraging and developmental success manifest at the population level. We constructed two related versions of a two-host-one-parasitoid model to evaluate the population-level consequences of non-reproductive host mortality. Egg abortion can result in strong negative or positive enemy-mediated indirect effects, taking the form of apparent competition, apparent parasitism, apparent amensalism, or apparent commensalism. For parasitoids limited in their reproductive output by the number of eggs they can produce, higher non-reproductive host mortality can reduce the strength of the positive indirect effect in cases of apparent parasitism, and it can reduce the negative indirect effect on the more suitable host in cases of apparent competition. For time-limited parasitoids, unsuitable hosts with high levels of non-reproductive parasitoid-induced mortality can be strongly suppressed in the presence of a suitable host, while the suitable host is only negligibly impacted (i.e., apparent amensalism). We evaluate these model-derived hypotheses within the context of H. halys and its native and nonnative parasitoids in North America, and discuss their application to risk assessment in biological control programs.}, }
@article {pmid29485216, year = {2019}, author = {Kitson, JJN and Hahn, C and Sands, RJ and Straw, NA and Evans, DM and Lunt, DH}, title = {Detecting host-parasitoid interactions in an invasive Lepidopteran using nested tagging DNA metabarcoding.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, pages = {471-483}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14518}, pmid = {29485216}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Ecosystem ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics/parasitology ; Lepidoptera/genetics/*parasitology ; Moths/genetics ; United Kingdom ; Wasps/genetics/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Determining the host-parasitoid interactions and parasitism rates for invasive species entering novel environments is an important first step in assessing potential routes for biocontrol and integrated pest management. Conventional insect rearing techniques followed by taxonomic identification are widely used to obtain such data, but this can be time-consuming and prone to biases. Here, we present a next-generation sequencing approach for use in ecological studies which allows for individual-level metadata tracking of large numbers of invertebrate samples through the use of hierarchically organised molecular identification tags. We demonstrate its utility using a sample data set examining both species identity and levels of parasitism in late larval stages of the oak processionary moth (Thaumetopoea processionea-Linn. 1758), an invasive species recently established in the United Kingdom. Overall, we find that there are two main species exploiting the late larval stages of oak processionary moth in the United Kingdom with the main parasitoid (Carcelia iliaca-Ratzeburg, 1840) parasitising 45.7% of caterpillars, while a rare secondary parasitoid (Compsilura concinnata-Meigen, 1824) was also detected in 0.4% of caterpillars. Using this approach on all life stages of the oak processionary moth may demonstrate additional parasitoid diversity. We discuss the wider potential of nested tagging DNA metabarcoding for constructing large, highly resolved species interaction networks.}, }
@article {pmid29483515, year = {2018}, author = {Gegner, T and Schmidtberg, H and Vogel, H and Vilcinskas, A}, title = {Population-specific expression of antimicrobial peptides conferring pathogen resistance in the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {3600}, pmid = {29483515}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents/*pharmacology ; Coleoptera/*microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Peptides/*pharmacology ; Pseudomonas/drug effects/pathogenicity ; RNA Interference ; }, abstract = {The harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis has emerged as a model species in the context of invasion biology and possesses an expanded repertoire of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Here we measured the expression of 22 AMP genes in adult beetles from native and introduced populations, and from a biocontrol population, allowing us to compare populations differing in terms of invasive performance. Strikingly, we observed population-specific expression profiles for particular AMPs. Following an immune challenge, the genes for Coleoptericin1 (Col1), Coleoptericin-likeB and Defensin1 were induced up to several thousand times more strongly in the invasive populations compared to the native and biocontrol populations. To determine the role of Col1 in pathogen resistance, the corresponding gene was silenced by RNA interference (RNAi), causing higher mortality in beetles subsequently infected with the entomopathogen Pseudomonas entomophila. The RNAi-triggered susceptibility to this pathogen was reversed by the injection of a synthetic Col1 peptide. We show that a native population is more susceptible to P. entomomophila infection than an invasive population. This is the first study demonstrating population-specific differences in the immune system of an invasive species and suggests that rapid gene expression changes and a highly adaptive immune system could promote pathogen resistance and thereby invasive performance.}, }
@article {pmid29479690, year = {2018}, author = {Ellender, BR and Weyl, OLF and Alexander, ME and Luger, AM and Nagelkerke, LAJ and Woodford, DJ}, title = {Out of the pot and into the fire: Explaining the vulnerability of an endangered small headwater stream fish to black-bass Micropterus spp. invasion.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {92}, number = {4}, pages = {1035-1050}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13562}, pmid = {29479690}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bass ; *Cyprinidae ; *Endangered Species ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; *Rivers ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Introduced predatory fishes have had consistently severe consequences for native fishes in stream environments around the world, although the drivers of these effects are often unclear. In the Swartkops River headwaters in South Africa, native Eastern Cape redfin Pseudobarbus afer were always absent from sites occupied by non-native black basses Micropterus salmoides and Micropterus dolomieu, but generally co-occurred with the native predators Anguilla marmorata and Anguilla mossambica. A natural experiment provided by flood-mediated recolonization of black-bass occupied sites by P. afer demonstrated depletion in black-bass invaded sites. Field behavioural observations of P. afer indicated that they foraged among benthic cover during the day, but suspended in open water at night. As the nocturnal A. marmorata and A. mossambica foraged actively within structural cover at night and M. dolomieu and M. salmoides are diurnal or crepuscular predators, P .afer is thus optimized to avoid predation by native anguillid predators and not the functionally unique predatory black basses. The integration of distributional, temporal population dynamics and behavioural data suggests that the severe effects of Micropterus spp. are probably a consequence of prey naïveté and behaviour evolved to evade native predators.}, }
@article {pmid29478421, year = {2018}, author = {Makkonen, J and Jussila, J and Panteleit, J and Keller, NS and Schrimpf, A and Theissinger, K and Kortet, R and Martín-Torrijos, L and Sandoval-Sierra, JV and Diéguez-Uribeondo, J and Kokko, H}, title = {MtDNA allows the sensitive detection and haplotyping of the crayfish plague disease agent Aphanomyces astaci showing clues about its origin and migration.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {145}, number = {9}, pages = {1210-1218}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182018000227}, pmid = {29478421}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphanomyces/*classification/physiology ; Astacoidea/*parasitology ; DNA Primers ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; *Haplotypes ; Infections/parasitology/*veterinary ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The oomycete Aphanomyces astaci, the causative agent of crayfish plague, is listed as one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world, destroying the native crayfish populations throughout Eurasia. The aim of this study was to examine the potential of selected mitochondrial (mt) genes to track the diversity of the crayfish plague pathogen A. astaci. Two sets of primers were developed to amplify the mtDNA of ribosomal rnnS and rnnL subunits. We confirmed two main lineages, with four different haplogroups and five haplotypes among 27 studied A. astaci strains. The haplogroups detected were (1) the A-haplogroup with the a-haplotype strains originating from Orconectes sp., Pacifastacus leniusculus and Astacus astacus; (2) the B-haplogroup with the b-haplotype strains originating from the P. leniusculus; (3) the D-haplogroup with the d1 and d2-haplotypes strains originating from Procambarus clarkii; and (4) the E-haplogroup with the e-haplotype strains originating from the Orconectes limosus. The described markers are stable and reliable and the results are easily repeatable in different laboratories. The present method has high applicability as it allows the detection and characterization of the A. astaci haplotype in acute disease outbreaks in the wild, directly from the infected crayfish tissue samples.}, }
@article {pmid29476381, year = {2018}, author = {Gao, Y and Li, S and Zhan, A}, title = {Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for a model invasive ascidian Botryllus schlosseri.}, journal = {Genetica}, volume = {146}, number = {2}, pages = {227-234}, doi = {10.1007/s10709-018-0015-1}, pmid = {29476381}, issn = {1573-6857}, support = {31622011//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genome ; Genomics ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Animal ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Urochordata/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Invasive species cause huge damages to ecology, environment and economy globally. The comprehensive understanding of invasion mechanisms, particularly genetic bases of micro-evolutionary processes responsible for invasion success, is essential for reducing potential damages caused by invasive species. The golden star tunicate, Botryllus schlosseri, has become a model species in invasion biology, mainly owing to its high invasiveness nature and small well-sequenced genome. However, the genome-wide genetic markers have not been well developed in this highly invasive species, thus limiting the comprehensive understanding of genetic mechanisms of invasion success. Using restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) tag sequencing, here we developed a high-quality resource of 14,119 out of 158,821 SNPs for B. schlosseri. These SNPs were relatively evenly distributed at each chromosome. SNP annotations showed that the majority of SNPs (63.20%) were located at intergenic regions, and 21.51% and 14.58% were located at introns and exons, respectively. In addition, the potential use of the developed SNPs for population genomics studies was primarily assessed, such as the estimate of observed heterozygosity (H O), expected heterozygosity (H E), nucleotide diversity (π), Wright's inbreeding coefficient (F IS) and effective population size (Ne). Our developed SNP resource would provide future studies the genome-wide genetic markers for genetic and genomic investigations, such as genetic bases of micro-evolutionary processes responsible for invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid29475694, year = {2018}, author = {Wangensteen, OS and Cebrian, E and Palacín, C and Turon, X}, title = {Under the canopy: Community-wide effects of invasive algae in Marine Protected Areas revealed by metabarcoding.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {127}, number = {}, pages = {54-66}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.033}, pmid = {29475694}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Atlantic Ocean ; Biodiversity ; Caulerpa/genetics/*physiology ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Rhodophyta/genetics/*physiology ; Seaweed/genetics/*physiology ; Spain ; }, abstract = {We analysed with multigene (18S and COI) metabarcoding the effects of the proliferation of invasive seaweeds on rocky littoral communities in two Spanish Marine Protected Areas. The invasive algae studied were Caulerpa cylindracea, Lophocladia lallemandii and Asparagopsis armata. They are canopy-forming, landscape-dominant seaweeds, and we were interested in their effects on the underlying communities of meiobenthos and macrobenthos, separated in two size fractions through sieving. A new semiquantitative treatment of metabarcoding data is introduced. The results for both markers showed that the presence of the invasive seaweed had a significant effect on the understory communities for Lophocladia lallemandii and Asparagopsis armata but not for Caulerpa cylindracea. Likewise, changes in MOTU richness and diversity with invasion status varied in magnitude and direction depending on the alga considered. Our results showed that metabarcoding allows monitoring of the less conspicuous, but not least important, effects of the presence of dominant invasive seaweeds.}, }
@article {pmid29475649, year = {2018}, author = {Poirier, LA and Gilbert, STC and St-Hilaire, S and Davidson, J and Cox, R and Quijón, PA}, title = {Refining the tethering of American oysters (Crassostrea virginica) to measure the effects of two environmental stressors.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {127}, number = {}, pages = {160-164}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.007}, pmid = {29475649}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Brachyura/physiology ; Crassostrea/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Restraint, Physical/*physiology ; *Stress, Physiological ; Survival Analysis ; United States ; }, abstract = {Tethering assays, or the physical restraint of test organisms, has been used in the past to measure selected organisms' response to stressors while removing the observer from the experimental setting. Although informative for monitoring and hypothesis testing, these assays often used microfilaments that have been found to be too invasive or prone to biases given their effects on test organisms' behavior. Here, we describe a new variation of tethering using American oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and illustrate its use in the study of their mortality rates as a result of two stressors: siltation and predation by a non-indigenous species. Our protocol identified a resistant (non-toxic) glue that could be used to attach oysters to stone slabs, thus partially mimicking the natural cementation of the shell to natural substrates. This variation of tethering was harmless and maintained oysters' body position and natural ability to filter feed. Using tethered oysters in separate two-week field cage experiments, we also show how siltation and predation by a non-indigenous species (the European green crab, Carcinus maenas), caused a gradual, easily measurable increase in oyster mortality rates. We argue that this variation of tethering is a cost-effective and advantageous way to monitor or test the effects of these and other stressors on oysters and similar species.}, }
@article {pmid29472474, year = {2018}, author = {Everett, RA and Miller, AW and Ruiz, GM}, title = {Shifting sands could bring invasive species.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {359}, number = {6378}, pages = {878}, doi = {10.1126/science.aar7741}, pmid = {29472474}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Silicon Dioxide ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, }
@article {pmid29472472, year = {2018}, author = {Marshall, J and Davison, AJ and Kopf, RK and Boutier, M and Stevenson, P and Vanderplasschen, A}, title = {Biocontrol of invasive carp: Risks abound.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {359}, number = {6378}, pages = {877}, doi = {10.1126/science.aar7827}, pmid = {29472472}, issn = {1095-9203}, support = {MC_UU_12014/12/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; MC_UU_12014/3/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Control Agents ; *Carps ; *Herpesviridae/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; *Introduced Species ; Risk ; }, }
@article {pmid29471805, year = {2018}, author = {Zbawicka, M and Trucco, MI and Wenne, R}, title = {Single nucleotide polymorphisms in native South American Atlantic coast populations of smooth shelled mussels: hybridization with invasive European Mytilus galloprovincialis.}, journal = {Genetics, selection, evolution : GSE}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {5}, pmid = {29471805}, issn = {1297-9686}, support = {2011/01/B/NZ9/04352//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; Genetics, Population ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Mytilus/*classification/genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*veterinary ; South America ; Spain ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Throughout the world, harvesting of mussels Mytilus spp. is based on the exploitation of natural populations and aquaculture. Aquaculture activities include transfers of spat and live adult mussels between various geographic locations, which may result in large-scale changes in the world distribution of Mytilus taxa. Mytilus taxa are morphologically similar and difficult to distinguish. In spite of much research on taxonomy, evolution and geographic distribution, the native Mytilus taxa of the Southern Hemisphere are poorly understood. Recently, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been used to clarify the taxonomic status of populations of smooth shelled mussels from the Pacific coast of South America. In this paper, we used a set of SNPs to characterize, for the first time, populations of smooth shelled mussels Mytilus from the Atlantic coast of South America.<br><br>RESULTS: Mytilus spp. samples were collected from eastern South America. Six reference samples from the Northern Hemisphere were used: Mytilus edulis from USA and Northern Ireland, Mytilus trossulus from Canada, and Mytilus galloprovincialis from Spain and Italy. Two other reference samples from the Southern Hemisphere were included: M. galloprovincialis from New Zealand and Mytilus chilensis from Chile. Fifty-five SNPs were successfully genotyped, of which 51 were polymorphic. Population genetic analyses using the STRUCTURE program revealed the clustering of eight populations from Argentina (Mytilus platensis) and the clustering of the sample from Ushuaia with M. chilensis from Chile. All individuals in the Puerto Madryn (Argentina) sample were identified as M. platensis&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;M. galloprovincialis F2 (88.89%) hybrids, except one that was classified as Mediterranean M. galloprovincialis. No F1 hybrids were observed.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that M. platensis (or Mytilus edulis platensis) and M. chilensis are distinct native taxa in South America, which indicates that the evolutionary histories of Mytilus taxa along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts differ. M. platensis is endangered by hybridization with M. galloprovincialis that was introduced from Europe into the Puerto Madryn area in Argentina, presumably by accidental introduction via ship traffic. We confirm the occurrence of a native M. chilensis population in southern Argentina on the coast of Patagonia.}, }
@article {pmid29471543, year = {2018}, author = {Neven, LG and Kumar, S and Yee, WL and Wakie, T}, title = {Current and Future Potential Risk of Establishment of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Washington State.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, pages = {448-456}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvx203}, pmid = {29471543}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Moths ; Risk Assessment ; Washington ; }, abstract = {The oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a primary pest of stone fruits that cause significant economic damage. Larvae, which enter the host plant through shoot tips, damage shoots, and ripe fruits. Native to Asia, this pest now occurs in many fruit-growing countries, including the United States and Canada. Though the pest was previously reported from many states within the United States, its current distribution and the environmental variables that influence its distribution are not properly identified. The objectives of this study were to 1) identify the environmental factors associated with G. molesta current distribution, 2) predict the current distribution of G. molesta in Washington State (WA) using Maxent and Climex models, 3) identify those areas within WA best suited for establishment of pest free zones, areas of low pest prevalence, and pest free production areas, and 4) identify regions most at risk for further expansion of G. molesta populations as a function of climate change. The current models predicted a small portion of central WA is suitable to support G. molesta, which is consistent with observed distributions. However, climate change models predict that more areas will become suitable for the pest. These results indicate that action should be taken to monitor and reduce current populations of G. molesta to stem its potential expansion into the major commercial tree fruit production areas in the state.}, }
@article {pmid29471482, year = {2018}, author = {Rainey, T and Occi, JL and Robbins, RG and Egizi, A}, title = {Discovery of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodida: Ixodidae) Parasitizing a Sheep in New Jersey, United States.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {55}, number = {3}, pages = {757-759}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjy006}, pmid = {29471482}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/*physiology ; New Jersey/epidemiology ; Sheep ; Sheep Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Sheep, Domestic ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {We report the discovery of large numbers of Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann (Ixodida: Ixodidae) infesting a sheep in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States. All life stages were found on the sheep, which had no history of travel outside the country. H. longicornis is native to East Asia, and there are invasive populations in Australia, New Zealand and several Pacific islands, where this tick is a major livestock pest. It is currently unknown whether the New Jersey collections represent a limited or established population, but because this species could present a significant threat to human and animal health in the United States, vigilance is encouraged.}, }
@article {pmid29470506, year = {2018}, author = {Abril, S and Diaz, M and Lenoir, A and Ivon Paris, C and Boulay, R and Gómez, C}, title = {Cuticular hydrocarbons correlate with queen reproductive status in native and invasive Argentine ants (Linepithema humile, Mayr).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {e0193115}, pmid = {29470506}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Structures/*metabolism ; Animals ; Ants/*metabolism ; Female ; Hydrocarbons/*metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Reproduction/physiology ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {In insect societies, chemical communication plays an important role in colony reproduction and individual social status. Many studies have indicated that cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are the main chemical compounds encoding reproductive status. However, these studies have largely focused on queenless or monogynous species whose workers are capable of egg laying and have mainly explored the mechanisms underlying queen-worker or worker-worker reproductive conflicts. Less is known about what occurs in highly polygynous ant species with permanently sterile workers. Here, we used the Argentine ant as a model to examine the role of CHCs in communicating reproductive information in such insect societies. The Argentine ant is unicolonial, highly polygynous, and polydomous. We identified several CHCs whose presence and levels were correlated with queen age, reproductive status, and fertility. Our results also provide new insights into queen executions in the Argentine ant, a distinctive feature displayed by this species in its introduced range. Each spring, just before new sexuals appear, workers eliminate up to 90% of the mated queens in their colonies. We discovered that queens that survived execution had different CHC profiles from queens present before and during execution. More specifically, levels of some CHCs were higher in the survivors, suggesting that workers could eliminate queens based on their chemical profiles. In addition, queen CHC profiles differed based on season and species range (native vs. introduced). Overall, the results of this study provide new evidence that CHCs serve as queen signals and do more than just regulate worker reproduction.}, }
@article {pmid29468263, year = {2018}, author = {Ancillotto, L and Notomista, T and Mori, E and Bertolino, S and Russo, D}, title = {Assessment of Detection Methods and Vegetation Associations for Introduced Finlayson's Squirrels (Callosciurus finlaysonii) in Italy.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {61}, number = {5}, pages = {875-883}, pmid = {29468263}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Forests ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Italy ; Population Dynamics ; Sciuridae/*growth &amp; development ; Thailand ; }, abstract = {Managing biological invasions requires rapid, cost-effective assessments of introduced species' occurrence, and a good understanding of the species' vegetation associations. This is particularly true for species that are elusive or may spread rapidly. Finlayson's squirrel (Callosciurus finlaysonii) is native to Thailand and southeastern Asia, and two introduced populations occur in peninsular Italy. One of the two introduced populations is rapidly expanding, but neither effective monitoring protocols nor reliable information on vegetation associations are available. To fill this gap, we conducted visual surveys and hair tube sampling in a periurban landscape of southern Italy to compare the effectiveness of these two methods in assessing presence of Finlayson's squirrel. We also determined the species' association with vegetation types at detection locations and nesting sites. Both visual and hair tube sampling effectively assessed the species' presence, but hair tubes resulted in fewer false absences. Moreover, when we controlled for the costs of labor and equipment, hair tubes were 33.1% less expensive than visual sampling. Presence of squirrels and their nests was positively correlated with shrub species richness, indicating that the occurrence of forests with well-developed understory may inhibit the spread of the species.}, }
@article {pmid29468034, year = {2018}, author = {Gallien, L and Zurell, D and Zimmermann, NE}, title = {Frequency and intensity of facilitation reveal opposing patterns along a stress gradient.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {2171-2181}, pmid = {29468034}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Disentangling the different processes structuring ecological communities is a long-standing challenge. In species-rich ecosystems, most emphasis has so far been given to environmental filtering and competition processes, while facilitative interactions between species remain insufficiently studied. Here, we propose an analysis framework that not only allows for identifying pairs of facilitating and facilitated species, but also estimates the strength of facilitation and its variation along environmental gradients. Our framework combines the analysis of both co-occurrence and co-abundance patterns using a moving window approach along environmental gradients to control for potentially confounding effects of environmental filtering in the co-abundance analysis. We first validate our new approach against community assembly simulations, and exemplify its potential on a large 1,134 plant community plots dataset. Our results generally show that facilitation intensity was strongest under cold stress, whereas the proportion of facilitating and facilitated species was higher under drought stress. Moreover, the functional distance between individual facilitated species and their facilitating species significantly changed along the temperature-moisture gradient, and seemed to influence facilitation intensity, although no general positive or general negative trend was discernible among species. The main advantages of our robust framework are as follows: It enables detecting facilitating and facilitated species in species-rich systems, and it allows identifying the directionality and intensity of facilitation in species pairs as well as its variation across long environmental gradients. It thus opens numerous opportunities for incorporating functional (and phylogenetic) information in the analysis of facilitation patterns. Our case study indicated high complexity in facilitative interactions across the stress gradient and revealed new evidence that facilitation, similarly to competition, can operate between functionally similar and dissimilar species. Extending the analyses to other taxa and ecosystems will foster our understanding how complex interspecific interactions promote biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid29468018, year = {2018}, author = {Evans, T and Zu Ermgassen, P and Amano, T and Peh, KS}, title = {Does governance play a role in the distribution of invasive alien species?.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {1984-1994}, pmid = {29468018}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) constitute a major threat to global biological diversity. In order to control their spread, a detailed understanding of the factors influencing their distribution is essential. Although international trade is regarded as a major force structuring spatial patterns of IAS, the role of other social factors remains unclear. Despite studies highlighting the importance of strong governance in slowing drivers of biodiversity loss such as logging, deforestation, and agricultural intensification, no study has yet analyzed its contribution to the issue of IAS. Using estimates of governance quality and comprehensive spatiotemporal IAS data, we performed multiple linear regressions to investigate the effect of governance quality upon the distribution of species listed under "100 of the worst" IAS in 38 Eurasian countries as defined by DASIE. Our model suggested that for countries with higher GDP, stronger governance was associated with a greater number of the worst IAS; in contrast, for the lowest GDP countries under analysis, stronger governance was associated with fewer of these IAS. We elucidate how the quality of governance within a country has implications for trade, tourism, transport, legislation, and economic development, all of which influence the spread of IAS. While our findings support the common assumption that strengthening governance benefits conservation interventions in countries of smaller economy, we find that this effect is not universal. Stronger governance alone cannot adequately address the problem of IAS, and targeted action is required in relatively high-GDP countries in order to stem the influx of IAS associated with high volumes of trade.}, }
@article {pmid29468016, year = {2018}, author = {Lu, J and Li, SP and Wu, Y and Jiang, L}, title = {Are Hong Kong and Taiwan stepping-stones for invasive species to the mainland of China?.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {1966-1973}, pmid = {29468016}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Understanding the origins and introduction pathways of invasive species is a fundamental issue for invasion biology, which is necessary for predicting and preventing future invasion. Once an invasive species is established in a new location, this location could serve as a stepping-stone for further invasions. However, such "stepping-stone" effect has not been widely investigated. Using the published literature and records, we compiled the first found locations of 127 top invasive species in China. Our study showed that the most common landing spots of these invasive species were Hong Kong (22 species) and Taiwan (20 species), which accounted for one-third of the invasive species in China. Our analysis revealed that the invasive species in mainland China were more likely to transport from Hong Kong than Macau, a neighboring region with a similar area and colonial history. Similarly, more invasive species were also first landed on Taiwan than Hainan, a nearby island sharing similar climate conditions. Together, our findings indicate that Hong Kong and Taiwan are the most important stepping-stones for invasive species to the mainland of China and suggesting that the increasing trade exchange of China's coastal ports constitutes a potential risk for the spread of more invasive species. We suppose that they would be the future stepping-stones for invasive species to the mainland of China and these coastal ports regions where improved biosecurity is needed now.}, }
@article {pmid29467290, year = {2018}, author = {Grosholz, ED}, title = {New sources for the emergence of new invaders.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {115}, number = {10}, pages = {2270-2271}, pmid = {29467290}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid29466633, year = {2017}, author = {de la Guardia, E and Cobián Rojas, D and Espinosa, L and Hernández, Z and García, L and Arias González, JE}, title = {[Distribution and abundance of the lionfish Pterois volitans (Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae) and associated native species in Parque Marino Cayos de San Felipe, Cuba].}, journal = {Revista de biologia tropical}, volume = {65}, number = {1}, pages = {117-125}, pmid = {29466633}, issn = {0034-7744}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Coral Reefs ; Cuba ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Time Factors ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The first lionfish sighting at the National Park "Cayos de San Felipe" was in 2009 and could be a threat to its marine ecosystem diversity and their capacity to generate services. To analyze the incidence of the lionfish invasion in the area, an annual sampling was conducted between 2013 and 2015. Lionfish abundance and size was investigated on mangroves through visual census on ten transects of 30x2 m/station, and on coral reefs (15 and 25 m deep) with stereo video on six transects of 50x2 m/station. Additionally, incidence of potential native competitors and predators on coral reefs were also estimated. Over the three years, the average density of lionfish varied between 0.0-1.3 indiv./100 m2 per sample stations and it was not significantly different among habitats (mangroves with 0.6 indiv./100 m2, reefs at 15 m - 0.4 indiv./100 m2 and reef at 25 m with 0.3 indiv./100 m2). Lionfish’s density was equal to or lower than competitors’ density, and was equal to or higher than predator’s density in both depths. While lionfish density on mangroves and on reefs at 25 m remained temporally stable, it decreased on reefs at 15 m. Temporary increase in the competitor’s density was observed and the predator´s density did not change during the monitored time. Lionfish size varied between 5 and 39 cm; the average fish size from mangroves (12.6 cm) was consistently lower than from reefs (25.2 cm) and showed no variations among years. Lionfish size in reefs was higher than competitor’s size and lower than that of predator. Results showed that in the park: 1) mangroves represent lionfish nursery areas; 2) incidence of reef lionfish was not as high as in other areas of Cuba and the Caribbean; and 3) lionfish abundance in reefs tended to decrease over the years, without the intervention of extractive activities or high abundance of large size native groupers. In this sense, recommendations are made to continue monitoring and to investigate lionfish effects and factors that are regulating its incidence in the park.}, }
@article {pmid29466484, year = {2018}, author = {Couri, MS and Sousa, VR and Lima, RM and Dias-Pini, NS}, title = {The predator Coenosia Attenuata Stein (Diptera, Muscidae) on cultivated plants from Brazil.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {90}, number = {1}, pages = {179-183}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765201820170519}, pmid = {29466484}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Brazil ; Crops, Agricultural/*parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Muscidae/*physiology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Coenosia attenuata Stein (1903) is a predatory fly that is commonly found in greenhouses and open fields preying on whiteflies, leafminers, psocopterans and other insects. The species is widespread in the Old World and its distribution has expanded in recent times to Neotropical countries including Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Peru. We report here for the first time the presence of C. attenuata in Brazil, occurring in different sites in the State of Ceará (Northeastern Brazil). Expansion of the distribution range of this muscid to the eastern parts of South America opens up the possibility of applying the beneficial predator as a biological control agent for protected crops of the region.}, }
@article {pmid29465780, year = {2018}, author = {Yackulic, CB and Korman, J and Yard, MD and Dzul, M}, title = {Inferring species interactions through joint mark-recapture analysis.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {99}, number = {4}, pages = {812-821}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2166}, pmid = {29465780}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Demography ; *Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Introduced species are frequently implicated in declines of native species. In many cases, however, evidence linking introduced species to native declines is weak. Failure to make strong inferences regarding the role of introduced species can hamper attempts to predict population viability and delay effective management responses. For many species, mark-recapture analysis is the more rigorous form of demographic analysis. However, to our knowledge, there are no mark-recapture models that allow for joint modeling of interacting species. Here, we introduce a two-species mark-recapture population model in which the vital rates (and capture probabilities) of one species are allowed to vary in response to the abundance of the other species. We use a simulation study to explore bias and choose an approach to model selection. We then use the model to investigate species interactions between endangered humpback chub (Gila cypha) and introduced rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Colorado River between 2009 and 2016. In particular, we test hypotheses about how two environmental factors (turbidity and temperature), intraspecific density dependence, and rainbow trout abundance are related to survival, growth, and capture of juvenile humpback chub. We also project the long-term effects of different rainbow trout abundances on adult humpback chub abundances. Our simulation study suggests this approach has minimal bias under potentially challenging circumstances (i.e., low capture probabilities) that characterized our application and that model selection using indicator variables could reliably identify the true generating model even when process error was high. When the model was applied to rainbow trout and humpback chub, we identified negative relationships between rainbow trout abundance and the survival, growth, and capture probability of juvenile humpback chub. Effects on interspecific interactions on survival and capture probability were strongly supported, whereas support for the growth effect was weaker. Environmental factors were also identified to be important and in many cases stronger than interspecific interactions, and there was still substantial unexplained variation in growth and survival rates. The general approach presented here for combining mark-recapture data for two species is applicable in many other systems and could be modified to model abundance of the invader via other modeling approaches.}, }
@article {pmid29458853, year = {2018}, author = {Srivastava, S and Kadooka, C and Uchida, JY}, title = {Fusarium species as pathogen on orchids.}, journal = {Microbiological research}, volume = {207}, number = {}, pages = {188-195}, doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2017.12.002}, pmid = {29458853}, issn = {1618-0623}, mesh = {Flowers/microbiology ; Fusarium/*classification/*pathogenicity ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Orchidaceae/*microbiology ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; }, abstract = {The recent surge in demand for exotic ornamental crops such as orchids has led to a rise in international production, and a sharp increase in the number of plant and plant products moving between countries. Along with the plants, diseases are also being transported and introduced into new areas. Fusarium is one of the major diseases causing pathogens infecting orchids that is spreading through international trade. Studies have identified several species of Fusarium associated with orchids, some are pathogenic and cause symptoms such as leaf and flower spots, leaf or sheath blights, pseudostem or root rots, and wilts. Infection and damage caused by Fusarium reduces the quality of plants and flowers, and can cause severe economic losses. This review documents the current status of the Fusarium-orchid interaction, and illustrates challenges and future perspectives based on the available literature. This review is the first of Fusarium and orchid interactions, and integrates diverse results that both furthers the understanding and knowledge of this disease complex, and will enable the development of effective disease management practices.}, }
@article {pmid29454492, year = {2019}, author = {Cabrini, M and Cerino, F and de Olazabal, A and Di Poi, E and Fabbro, C and Fornasaro, D and Goruppi, A and Flander-Putrle, V and Francé, J and Gollasch, S and Hure, M and Lipej, L and Lučić, D and Magaletti, E and Mozetič, P and Tinta, T and Tornambè, A and Turk, V and Uhan, J and David, M}, title = {Potential transfer of aquatic organisms via ballast water with a particular focus on harmful and non-indigenous species: A survey from Adriatic ports.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {147}, number = {}, pages = {16-35}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.004}, pmid = {29454492}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Bacteria ; Ecosystem ; Feces/microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Phytoplankton/classification ; Salinity ; *Ships ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Temperature ; Water/chemistry ; Water Microbiology ; *Zooplankton/classification ; }, abstract = {Ballast water discharges may cause negative impacts to aquatic ecosystems, human health and economic activities by the introduction of potentially harmful species. Fifty untreated ballast water tanks, ten in each port, were sampled in four Adriatic Italian ports and one Slovenian port. Salinity, temperature and fluorescence were measured on board. Faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), phyto- and zooplankton were qualitatively and quantitatively determined to identify the species assemblage arriving in ballast water. FIB exceeded the convention standard limits in 12% of the sampled tanks. Vibrio cholerae was not detected. The number of viable organisms in the size groups (minimum dimension) <50 and ≥10 μm and ≥50 μm resulted above the abundances required from the Ballast Water Management Convention in 55 and 86% of the samples, respectively. This is not surprising as unmanaged ballast waters were sampled. Some potentially toxic and non-indigenous species were observed in both phyto- and zooplankton assemblages.}, }
@article {pmid29454491, year = {2019}, author = {David, M and Gollasch, S}, title = {Risk assessment for ballast water management - Learning from the Adriatic Sea case study.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {147}, number = {}, pages = {36-46}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.003}, pmid = {29454491}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Harmful Algal Bloom ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Models, Theoretical ; Phytoplankton ; Risk Assessment ; *Ships ; Water Microbiology ; Water Purification/*methods ; }, abstract = {The ballast water management convention incorporates principles of risk assessment. A new ballast water management risk assessment model was developed to support the implementation of most efficient management measures, which we also present as a flowchart decision support system model. The risk assessment model was tested using data from port baseline surveys where available, and real shipping and ballast water discharges data. The here presented ballast water management risk assessment and possible management options are applicable elsewhere to support and improve complex decision making in the implementation of management requirements according to the ballast water management convention. If needed, the model may easy be adapted to address local specifics in any other region or area.}, }
@article {pmid29453888, year = {2018}, author = {Feis, ME and John, U and Lokmer, A and Luttikhuizen, PC and Wegner, KM}, title = {Dual transcriptomics reveals co-evolutionary mechanisms of intestinal parasite infections in blue mussels Mytilus edulis.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {1505-1519}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14541}, pmid = {29453888}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Animals ; Chitin/chemistry ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Hexosaminidases/chemistry ; Host-Parasite Interactions/genetics ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Mytilus edulis/*genetics/parasitology ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Transcriptome/*genetics ; }, abstract = {On theoretical grounds, antagonistic co-evolution between hosts and their parasites should be a widespread phenomenon but only received little empirical support so far. Consequently, the underlying molecular mechanisms and evolutionary steps remain elusive, especially in nonmodel systems. Here, we utilized the natural history of invasive parasites to document the molecular underpinnings of co-evolutionary trajectories. We applied a dual-species transcriptomics approach to experimental cross-infections of blue mussel Mytilus edulis hosts and their invasive parasitic copepods Mytilicola intestinalis from two invasion fronts in the Wadden Sea. We identified differentially regulated genes from an experimental infection contrast for hosts (infected vs. control) and a sympatry contrast (sympatric vs. allopatric combinations) for both hosts and parasites. The damage incurred by Mytilicola infection and the following immune response of the host were mainly reflected in cell division processes, wound healing, apoptosis and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, the functional coupling of host and parasite sympatry contrasts revealed the concerted regulation of chitin digestion by a Chitotriosidase 1 homolog in hosts with several cuticle proteins in the parasite. Together with the coupled regulation of ROS producers and antagonists, these genes represent candidates that mediate the different evolutionary trajectories within the parasite's invasion. The host-parasite combination-specific coupling of these effector mechanisms suggests that underlying recognition mechanisms create specificity and local adaptation. In this way, our study demonstrates the use of invasive species' natural history to elucidate molecular mechanisms of host-parasite co-evolution in the wild.}, }
@article {pmid29453340, year = {2018}, author = {Liu, G and Yang, YB and Zhu, ZH}, title = {Elevated nitrogen allows the weak invasive plant Galinsoga quadriradiata to become more vigorous with respect to inter-specific competition.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {3136}, pmid = {29453340}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*drug effects/growth &amp; development/*physiology/radiation effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Environment ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; Nitrogen/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Elevated nitrogen associated with global change is believed to promote the invasion of many vigorous exotic plants. However, it is unclear how a weak exotic plant will respond to elevated nitrogen in the future. In this study, the competitive outcome of a weak invasive plant (Galinsoga quadriradiata) and two non-invasive plants was detected. The plants were subjected to 3 types of culture (mixed, monoculture or one-plant), 2 levels of nitrogen (ambient or elevated at a rate of 2 g m[-2] yr[-1]) and 2 levels of light (65% shade or full sunlight). The results showed that elevated nitrogen significantly promoted the growth of both the weak invader and the non-invasive plants in one-plant pots; however, growth promotion was not observed for the non-invasive species in the mixed culture pots. The presence of G. quadriradiata significantly inhibited the growth of the non-invasive plants, and a decreased negative species interaction was detected as a result of elevated nitrogen. Our results suggest that competitive interactions between G. quadriradiata and the non-invasive plants were altered by elevated nitrogen. It provides exceptional evidence that an initially weak invasive plant can become an aggressive invader through elevated nitrogen deposition.}, }
@article {pmid29452383, year = {2018}, author = {Ibañez-Justicia, A and Teekema, S and den Hartog, W and Jacobs, F and Dik, M and Stroo, A}, title = {The Effectiveness of Asian Bush Mosquito (Aedes japonicus japonicus) Control Actions in Colonised Peri-urban Areas in the Netherlands.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {55}, number = {3}, pages = {673-680}, pmid = {29452383}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {*Aedes/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Cities ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; *Mosquito Control ; Netherlands ; }, abstract = {The Asian bush mosquito (Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald)) is an invasive mosquito species in Europe. In 2012, it was for the first time detected in the Netherlands, in the municipality of Lelystad. After further research, thousands of specimens were found in the surrounding peri-urban areas of the city. A targeted mosquito control campaign began in 2015 with the objective of reducing populations in locations with the highest concentrations of Ae. japonicus breeding sites: allotment garden complexes. Mosquito control consisted of source reduction combined with application of the larvicide Vectomax in breeding sites. At eight complexes, mosquito control effectiveness has been systematically measured by sampling larvae from breeding sites. Six measurements were performed between 2015 and 2016. Results show that the effectiveness of mosquito control actions was similar in all treated allotment gardens and resulted in a significant reduction in Ae. japonicus larval abundance. Rain barrels at the allotments represent the most frequent breeding site in Lelystad, but every water filled artificial container is a potential breeding site for the species. Ae. japonicus was not found in the samples taken in other allotment gardens in the province of Flevoland; however, the collection methodology used proven to be effective in detecting this species when it has newly colonized surrounding areas. Targeted mosquito control actions at the breeding sites are crucial for successful reduction of populations of an invasive mosquito species, and systematic measurements of the effectiveness, is in this case, the base to understand the dynamics of Ae. japonicus populations after mosquito control.}, }
@article {pmid29451910, year = {2018}, author = {Lichtenberg, E and Olson, LJ}, title = {The fruit and vegetable import pathway for potential invasive pest arrivals.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {e0192280}, pmid = {29451910}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Commerce ; *Fruit ; *Introduced Species ; Probability ; United States ; *Vegetables ; }, abstract = {The expansion of international trade in commodities increases the risk of alien species invasions. Invaders are difficult to detect on introduction, so prevention remains the preferred strategy for managing the threat of invasions. Propagule pressure has been shown to be a good predictor of invasion risk. Most studies to date, however, link potential invasive species arrivals with indirect measures of propagule pressure such as aggregate trade volumes. This paper estimates propagule pressure using data that measure actual arrivals. Specifically, it uses inspection data that covers almost all U.S. fruit and vegetable imports from 2005-2014 to estimate a logit model of the probability of potential invasive species arrival and expected propagule frequencies for 2,240 commodity/country of origin combinations. Clear patterns in the geographic origin and commodity pathways for potential pests are identified. The average probability of arrival is low, approximately 0.03, but is two to ten times higher for some commodities, most notably herbs. We identify commodities with a high number of expected arrivals due to either a large volume of trade, high interception rates, or a combination of both. Seven of the top ten countries of origin for propagule frequency are from the Western Hemisphere and further trade liberalization within the Western Hemisphere is likely to heighten challenges to enforcement of US phytosanitary standards. Patterns in the data can help identify the commodities and countries of origin in greatest need of technical assistance and guide targeting of surveillance for the pathways of greatest phytosanitary concern.}, }
@article {pmid29450953, year = {2018}, author = {Arfin-Khan, MAS and Vetter, VMS and Reshi, ZA and Dar, PA and Jentsch, A}, title = {Factors influencing seedling emergence of three global invaders in greenhouses representing major eco-regions of the world.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {610-618}, doi = {10.1111/plb.12710}, pmid = {29450953}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Humidity ; *Introduced Species ; Lupinus/*growth &amp; development ; Seedlings/*growth &amp; development ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; Senecio/*growth &amp; development ; Temperature ; Verbascum/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Successful germination and seedling emergence in new environments are crucial first steps in the life history of global plant invaders and thus play a key role in processes of range expansion. We examined the germination and seedling emergence success of three global plant invaders - Lupinus polyphyllus, Senecio inaequidens and Verbascum thapsus - in greenhouses and climate chambers under climate regimes corresponding to seven eco-regions. Seed materials were collected from one non-native population for L. polyphyllus and S. inaequidens, and from 12 populations for V. thapsus (six natives and six non-natives). Experimental climates had significant effects on species responses. No species germinated in the dry (humidity ≤ 50%) and cool (≤ 5 °C) experimental climates. But all species germinated and emerged in two moderately cool (12-19 °C) and in three warm (24-27 °C) experimental climates. In general, V. thapsus showed higher fitness than S. inaequidens and L. polyphyllus. The climate of the seed source region influenced responses of native and non-native populations of V. thapsus. Non-native populations of V. thapsus, originating from the warmer seed source, showed higher performance in warm experimental climates and lower performance in moderately cool experimental climates compared to native populations. Responses of V. thapsus populations were also related to precipitation of the seed source region in moderately dry experimental climates. The warm, semi-arid and humid experimental climates are suitable for the crucial first steps of invasion success for L. polyphyllus, S. inaequidens and V. thapsus. The species adaptation to its source region modified the responses of our studied plants under different experimental climates representing major eco-regions of the world.}, }
@article {pmid29449070, year = {2018}, author = {Nogueira, LS and Bianchini, A and Smith, S and Jorge, MB and Diamond, RL and Wood, CM}, title = {Physiological effects of marine natural organic matter and metals in early life stages of the North Pacific native marine mussel Mytilus trossulus; a comparison with the invasive Mytilus galloprovincialis.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {135}, number = {}, pages = {136-144}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.12.009}, pmid = {29449070}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Humic Substances ; *Introduced Species ; Metals/analysis/*toxicity ; Mytilus/*physiology ; Seawater ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {The role of seawater NOM in reducing metal toxicity for marine organisms is not well understood. We investigated the effects of five different marine NOMs (two autochthonous, one allochthonous, two of mixed origin, at 8 mg C/L), three metals (6 μg Cu/L; 20 μg Pb/L; 25 μg Zn/L), and combinations between them, to early life stages of Mytilus trossulus (a North Pacific native) in 48-h tests. Endpoints were whole body Ca[2+]+Mg[2+]-ATPase activity, carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity and lipid peroxidation. Comparisons were made with previously reported tests (identical conditions) on the invasive M. galloprovincialis. Unexposed M. trossulus had lower Ca[2+]+Mg[2+]-ATPase but similar baseline CA activity and lipid peroxidation to unexposed M. galloprovincialis. NOMs alone induced increased enzyme activities, and increased lipid peroxidation, but the latter did not occur with NOMs of mixed origin in M. trossulus. There was no clear difference in the sensitivity to various NOMs between species. In M. trossulus, all three metals by themselves caused increases in lipid peroxidation, as did many metal-NOM combinations. The origin of the NOMs influenced the nature of the responses to NOM-metal combinations in both species, but no clear relationship to NOM chemistry was apparent. Overall, M. trossulus was more sensitive to metals and NOM-metal combinations, with a greater number of significant responses (27 versus 22 treatment endpoints, out of a total of 72) and a greater proportion of negative effects (81% versus 50%) than in M. galloprovincialis. Therefore, marine NOMs by themselves, as well as metals by themselves and NOM-metal combinations, can induce both positive and negative physiological responses. Lipid peroxidation appears to be a particularly common negative response. In future studies, NOM quality and mussel species should be considered since native M. trossulus and invasive M. galloprovincialis exhibited markedly different responses after exposure to the same environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid29447087, year = {2018}, author = {Gedye, KR and Fremaux, M and Garcia-Ramirez, JC and Gartrell, BD}, title = {A preliminary survey of Chlamydia psittaci genotypes from native and introduced birds in New Zealand.}, journal = {New Zealand veterinary journal}, volume = {66}, number = {3}, pages = {162-165}, doi = {10.1080/00480169.2018.1439779}, pmid = {29447087}, issn = {1176-0710}, mesh = {Animals ; Bird Diseases/*microbiology ; Birds/*classification ; Chlamydophila psittaci/*genetics ; Genotype ; New Zealand ; Species Specificity ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {AIM: To describe the Chlamydia psittaci genotypes in samples from native and introduced birds from New Zealand by analysis of the sequence variation of the ompA gene.<br><br>METHODS: DNA was extracted from samples collected from a non-random sample of birds; either swabs from live asymptomatic birds or birds with clinical signs, or formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from historical post-mortem cases. The presence of C. psittaci in all samples had been confirmed using a quantitative PCR assay. The C. psittaci ompA gene was amplified and sequenced from samples from 26 native and introduced infected birds comprising 12 different species. These sequences were compared to published available C. psittaci genotypes.<br><br>RESULTS: Genotypes A and C of C. psittaci were identified in the samples. Genotype A was identified in samples from nine birds, including various native and introduced species. Genotype C was identified in samples from 16 different waterfowl species, and a mixed infection of both genotypes was found in a kaka (Nestor meridionalis). In native birds, C. psittaci infection was confirmed in seven new host species.<br><br>Two genotypes (A and C) of C. psittaci were found in samples from a wider range of both native and introduced species of birds in New Zealand than previously reported. Both genotypes have been globally associated with significant disease in birds and humans. These initial results suggest the host range of C. psittaci in New Zealand birds is under-reported. However, the prevalence of C. psittaci infection in New Zealand, and the associated impact on avian and public health, remains to be determined. There are biosecurity implications associated with the importation of birds to New Zealand if there is a limited diversity of C. psittaci genotypes present.}, }
@article {pmid29446215, year = {2018}, author = {Rivett, DW and Jones, ML and Ramoneda, J and Mombrikotb, SB and Ransome, E and Bell, T}, title = {Elevated success of multispecies bacterial invasions impacts community composition during ecological succession.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {516-524}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12916}, pmid = {29446215}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {311399/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {*Bacteria ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Successful microbial invasions are determined by a species' ability to occupy a niche in the new habitat whilst resisting competitive exclusion by the resident community. Despite the recognised importance of biotic factors in determining the invasiveness of microbial communities, the success and impact of multiple concurrent invaders on the resident community has not been examined. Simultaneous invasions might have synergistic effects, for example if resident species need to exhibit divergent phenotypes to compete with the invasive populations. We used three phylogenetically diverse bacterial species to invade two compositionally distinct communities in a controlled, naturalised in vitro system. By initiating the invader introductions at different stages of succession, we could disentangle the relative importance of resident community structure, invader diversity and time pre-invasion. Our results indicate that multiple invaders increase overall invasion success, but do not alter the successional trajectory of the whole community.}, }
@article {pmid29445768, year = {2018}, author = {Wang, X and Li, T and Kashio, M and Xu, Y and Tominaga, M and Kadowaki, T}, title = {HsTRPA of the Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta, Functions as a Nocisensor and Uncovers the Evolutionary Plasticity of HsTRPA Channels.}, journal = {eNeuro}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {29445768}, issn = {2373-2822}, mesh = {Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Ants/genetics/*metabolism ; Arthropod Antennae/metabolism ; Bees/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Evolution, Molecular ; Extremities/physiology ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Insect Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Insect Repellents/pharmacology ; Ion Channels ; Nociception/physiology ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; TRPA1 Cation Channel/genetics/metabolism ; Temperature ; Transient Receptor Potential Channels/genetics/*metabolism ; Wasps/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Solenopsis invicta, the red imported fire ant, represents one of the most devastating invasive species. To understand their sensory physiology, we identified and characterized their Hymenoptera-specific (Hs) TRPA channel, SiHsTRPA. Consistent with the sensory functions of SiHsTRPA, it is activated by heat, an electrophile, and an insect repellent. Nevertheless, SiHsTRPA does not respond to most of the honey bee ortholog (AmHsTRPA)-activating compounds. The jewel wasp ortholog (NvHsTRPA) is activated by these compounds even though it outgroups both AmHsTRPA and SiHsTRPA. Characterization of AmHsTRPA/SiHsTRPA chimeric channels revealed that the amino acids in the N terminus, as well as ankyrin repeat 2 (AR2) of AmHsTRPA, are essential for the response to camphor. Furthermore, amino acids in ARs 3 and 5-7 were specifically required for the response to diallyl disulfide. Thus, amino acid substitutions in the corresponding domains of SiHsTRPA during evolution would be responsible for the loss of chemical sensitivity. SiHsTRPA-activating compounds repel red imported fire ants, suggesting that SiHsTRPA functions as a sensor for noxious compounds. SiHsTRPA represents an example of the species-specific modulation of orthologous TRPA channel properties by amino acid substitutions in multiple domains, and SiHsTRPA-activating compounds could be used to develop a method for controlling red imported fire ants.}, }
@article {pmid29444149, year = {2018}, author = {Camacho-Cervantes, M and Ojanguren, AF and Domínguez-Domínguez, O and Magurran, AE}, title = {Sociability between invasive guppies and native topminnows.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {e0192539}, pmid = {29444149}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {250189/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cyprinidae/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Poecilia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The role of interspecific social interactions during species invasions may be more decisive than previously thought. Research has revealed that invasive fish improve their foraging success by shoaling with native Mexican species, and potentially increase the chances of invasion success. However, do native individuals tend to associate with invaders as well? We tested the hypothesis that the twoline skiffia (Neotoca bilineata) and the Lerma livebearer (Poeciliopsis infans), both native endemic Mexican topminnows, will associate with guppies, a notorious invasive species present in Mexico. Our investigation shows that guppies, twoline skiffias and Lerma livebearers have a mutual tendency to associate with each other. Although there is a marked tendency to shoal with heterospecifics in this system, shoaling partners do not necessarily benefit equally from the association. Further research on invasive-native social interactions is needed to promote our understanding of potential facilitation by natives.}, }
@article {pmid29444129, year = {2018}, author = {Markle, CE and Chow-Fraser, G and Chow-Fraser, P}, title = {Long-term habitat changes in a protected area: Implications for herpetofauna habitat management and restoration.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {e0192134}, pmid = {29444129}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Amphibians ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Ontario ; *Reptiles ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Point Pelee National Park, located at the southern-most tip of Canada's mainland, historically supported a large number of herpetofauna species; however, despite nearly a century of protection, six snake and five amphibian species have disappeared, and remaining species-at-risk populations are thought to be in decline. We hypothesized that long-term changes in availability and distribution of critical habitat types may have contributed to the disappearance of herpetofauna. To track habitat changes we used aerial image data spanning 85 years (1931-2015) and manually digitized and classified image data using a standardized framework. Change-detection analyses were used to evaluate the relative importance of proportionate loss and fragmentation of 17 habitat types. Marsh habitat diversity and aquatic connectivity has declined since 1931. The marsh matrix transitioned from a graminoid and forb shallow marsh interspersed with water to a cattail dominated marsh, altering critical breeding, foraging, and overwintering habitat. Reduced diversity of marsh habitats appears to be linked to the expansion of invasive Phragmites australis, which invaded prior to 2000. Loss of open habitats such as savanna and meadow has reduced availability of high quality thermoregulation habitat for reptiles. Restoration of the northwestern region and tip of Point Pelee National Park to a mixed landscape of shallow wetlands (cattail, graminoid, forb, open water) and eradication of dense Phragmites stands should improve habitat diversity. Our results suggest that long-term landscape changes resulting from habitat succession and invasive species can negatively affect habitat suitability for herpetofauna and protection of land alone does not necessarily equate to protection of sensitive herpetofauna.}, }
@article {pmid29444096, year = {2018}, author = {Wilson, EA and Briggs, CJ and Dudley, TL}, title = {Invasive African clawed frogs in California: A reservoir for or predator against the chytrid fungus?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {e0191537}, pmid = {29444096}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {R01 GM109499/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01GM109499/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Chytridiomycota/*isolation &amp; purification ; Daphnia ; *Disease Reservoirs ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Predatory Behavior ; *Xenopus laevis/genetics/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Amphibian species are experiencing population declines due to infection by the fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). The African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), an asymptomatic carrier of Bd, has been implicated in the spread of this pathogen through global trade and established invasive populations on several continents. However, research has not explored the relationships of both life stages of this amphibian with Bd. While the post-metamorphic individuals may act as a reservoir, spreading the infection to susceptible species, the filter-feeding larvae may consume the motile Bd zoospores from the water column, potentially reducing pathogen abundance and thus the likelihood of infection. We explore these contrasting processes by assessing Bd prevalence and infection intensities in field populations of post-metamorphic individuals, and performing laboratory experiments to determine if larval X. laevis preyed upon Bd zoospores. The water flea, Daphnia magna, was included in the Bd consumption trials to compare consumption rates and to explore whether intraguild predation between the larval X. laevis and Daphnia may occur, potentially interfering with control of Bd zoospores by Daphnia. Field surveys of three X. laevis populations in southern California, in which 70 post-metamorphic individuals were tested for Bd, found 10% infection prevalence. All infected individuals had very low infection loads (all Bd loads were below 5 zoospore equivalents). Laboratory experiments found that larval X. laevis consume Bd zoospores and therefore may reduce Bd abundance and transmission between amphibians. However, metamorphic and juvenile X. laevis exhibited intraguild predation by consuming Daphnia, which also prey upon Bd zoospores. The results suggest that X laevis is not a large reservoir for Bd and its larval stage may offer some reduction of Bd transmission through direct predation.}, }
@article {pmid29443937, year = {2018}, author = {Idrissou, FO and Huang, Q and Yañez, O and Akinwande, KL and Neumann, P}, title = {PCR Diagnosis of Small Hive Beetles.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {29443937}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Small hive beetles (SHBs), Aethinatumida, are parasites of social bee colonies native to sub-Saharan Africa and have become an invasive species at a global scale. Reliable Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) diagnosis of this mandatory pest is required to limit its further spread and impact. Here, we have developed SHB primers, which amplify for 10 native African locations and 10 reported introductions, but not for three closely related species (Aethinaconcolor, Aethinaflavicollis, and Aethinainconspicua). We also show that adult honey bee workers can be used as matrices for PCR-based detection of SHBs. The sensitivity of this novel method appears to be 100%, which is identical to conventional visual screenings. Furthermore, the specificity of this novel approach was also high (90.91%). Since both sensitivity and specificity are high, we recommend this novel PCR method and the new primers for routine surveillance of hives in high-risk areas.}, }
@article {pmid29442579, year = {2018}, author = {Ježić, M and Mlinarec, J and Vuković, R and Katanić, Z and Krstin, L and Nuskern, L and Poljak, I and Idžojtić, M and Tkalec, M and Ćurković-Perica, M}, title = {Changes in Cryphonectria parasitica Populations Affect Natural Biological Control of Chestnut Blight.}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {108}, number = {7}, pages = {870-877}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-07-17-0252-R}, pmid = {29442579}, issn = {0031-949X}, mesh = {Ascomycota/genetics/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Climate ; Croatia ; Fagaceae/*microbiology ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Virulence ; }, abstract = {Invasive species, especially plant pathogens, have a potential to completely eradicate native plant species and remodel landscapes. Tripartite interactions among sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), chestnut blight-causing invasive fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, and hyperparasitic virus Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) were studied in two populations. The number of different vegetative compatibility (vc) types of C. parasitica more than doubled over the 10 years, while the hypovirulence incidence dropped in one population and slightly increased in the other one. Over the course of our 3-year monitoring experiment, the prevalence of hypovirulent isolates obtained from monitored cankers increased slowly (i.e., more hypovirulent isolates were being obtained from the same cankers over time). Within studied cankers, considerable changes in vc type and CHV1 presence were observed, indicating a highly dynamic system in which virulent and hypovirulent mycelia, sometimes of discordant vc types, often appeared together. The increase in hypovirulence prevalence did not have any observable curative effect on the cankers and, occasionally, reactivation of healed cankers by new, virulent C. parasitica isolates was observed. Both short- and long-term observations and revalidation of the infected plant populations are necessary to accurately estimate disease progress and formulate an adequate disease management strategy.}, }
@article {pmid29442361, year = {2018}, author = {Nowicki, CJ and Kashian, DR}, title = {Comparison of lipid peroxidation and catalase response in invasive dreissenid mussels exposed to single and multiple stressors.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {37}, number = {6}, pages = {1643-1654}, doi = {10.1002/etc.4111}, pmid = {29442361}, issn = {1552-8618}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomarkers/analysis ; Catalase/*analysis ; Dreissena/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; *Lipid Peroxidation ; Michigan ; Oxidative Stress ; Oxygen/analysis ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/toxicity ; Rivers ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Dreissenid mussels Dreissena bugensis (quagga mussel) and Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussel) are prolific invasive species to the freshwaters of the United States and Western Europe. In the Great Lakes, D. polymorpha has initially dominated the system since its invasion in the mid-1980s; however, recently D. bugensis has displaced D. polymorpha as the dominant species. Dreissena bugensis has several competitive advantages over D. polymorpha, including greater tolerances to deeper and colder waters and lower respiration rates. Nevertheless, physiological differences between the species remain largely unknown. The oxidative stress response is a mechanism used by all organisms to mitigate environmental stress by reducing oxygen radicals in the body, and comparing this mechanism between similar species can be useful for understanding how different species compete in aquatic environments. We compared oxidative stress biomarkers (lipid peroxidation [LPO] and catalase [CAT] activity) in mussels after exposure to 4 stressors (i.e., high densities, temperature, hypoxia, and polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs]) independently and in combinations of 2 stressors. Overall, D. bugensis had lower LPO and CAT activity than D. polymorpha when exposed to single stressors; however, in multiple stressor treatments D. bugensis had increased LPO, especially with high temperatures and PCBs. The lower lipid damage in D. bugensis compared with D. polymorpha under single stressor conditions may come at the cost of the ability to respond to multiple stressors. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1643-1654. © 2018 SETAC.}, }
@article {pmid29441839, year = {2018}, author = {Barnett, LK and Phillips, BL and Heath, ACG and Coates, A and Hoskin, CJ}, title = {The impact of parasites during range expansion of an invasive gecko.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {145}, number = {11}, pages = {1400-1409}, doi = {10.1017/S003118201800015X}, pmid = {29441839}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/*parasitology/*physiology ; Mite Infestations/transmission/*veterinary ; Mites ; }, abstract = {Host-parasite dynamics can play a fundamental role in both the establishment success of invasive species and their impact on native wildlife. The net impact of parasites depends on their capacity to switch effectively between native and invasive hosts. Here we explore host-switching, spatial patterns and simple fitness measures in a slow-expanding invasion: the invasion of Asian house geckos (Hemidactylus frenatus) from urban areas into bushland in Northeast Australia. In bushland close to urban edges, H. frenatus co-occurs with, and at many sites now greatly out-numbers, native geckos. We measured prevalence and intensity of Geckobia mites (introduced with H. frenatus), and Waddycephalus (a native pentastome). We recorded a new invasive mite species, and several new host associations for native mites and geckos, but we found no evidence of mite transmission between native and invasive geckos. In contrast, native Waddycephalus nymphs were commonly present in H. frenatus, demonstrating this parasite's capacity to utilize H. frenatus as a novel host. Prevalence of mites on H. frenatus decreased with distance from the urban edge, suggesting parasite release towards the invasion front; however, we found no evidence that mites affect H. frenatus body condition or lifespan. Waddycephalus was present at low prevalence in bushland sites and, although its presence did not affect host body condition, our data suggest that it may reduce host survival. The high relative density of H. frenatus at our sites, and their capacity to harbour Waddycephalus, suggests that there may be impacts on native geckos and snakes through parasite spillback.}, }
@article {pmid29441692, year = {2018}, author = {Ricca, MA and Coates, PS and Gustafson, KB and Brussee, BE and Chambers, JC and Espinosa, SP and Gardner, SC and Lisius, S and Ziegler, P and Delehanty, DJ and Casazza, ML}, title = {A conservation planning tool for Greater Sage-grouse using indices of species distribution, resilience, and resistance.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, pages = {878-896}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1690}, pmid = {29441692}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; California ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Fires ; *Galliformes ; Models, Theoretical ; Nevada ; }, abstract = {Managers require quantitative yet tractable tools that identify areas for restoration yielding effective benefits for targeted wildlife species and the ecosystems they inhabit. As a contemporary example of high national significance for conservation, the persistence of Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in the Great Basin is compromised by strongly interacting stressors of conifer expansion, annual grass invasion, and more frequent wildfires occurring in sagebrush ecosystems. Associated restoration treatments to a sagebrush-dominated state are often costly and may yield relatively little ecological benefit to sage-grouse if implemented without estimating how Sage-grouse may respond to treatments, or do not consider underlying processes influencing sagebrush ecosystem resilience to disturbance and resistance to invasive species. Here, we describe example applications of a spatially explicit conservation planning tool (CPT) to inform prioritization of: (1) removal of conifers (i.e., pinyon-juniper); and (2) wildfire restoration aimed at improving habitat conditions for the Bi-State Distinct Population Segment of Sage-grouse along the California-Nevada state line. The CPT measures ecological benefits to sage-grouse for a given management action through a composite index comprised of resource selection functions and estimates of abundance and space use. For pinyon-juniper removal, we simulated changes in land-cover composition following the removal of sparse trees with intact understories, and ranked treatments on the basis of changes in ecological benefits per dollar-unit of cost. For wildfire restoration, we formulated a conditional model to simulate scenarios for land cover changes (e.g., sagebrush to annual grass) given estimated fire severity and underlying ecosystem processes influencing resilience to disturbance and resistance to invasion by annual grasses. For both applications, we compared CPT rankings to land cover changes along with sagebrush resistance and resilience metrics. Model results demonstrated how the CPT can be an important step in identifying management projects that yield the highest quantifiable benefit to Sage-grouse while avoiding costly misallocation of resources, and highlight the importance of considering changes in sage-grouse ecological response and factors influencing sagebrush ecosystem resilience to disturbance and resistance to invasion. This unique framework can be adopted to help inform other management questions aimed at improving habitat for other species across sagebrush and other ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid29435255, year = {2018}, author = {Crespo, D and Solan, M and Leston, S and Pardal, MA and Dolbeth, M}, title = {Ecological consequences of invasion across the freshwater-marine transition in a warming world.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {1807-1817}, pmid = {29435255}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The freshwater-marine transition that characterizes an estuarine system can provide multiple entry options for invading species, yet the relative importance of this gradient in determining the functional contribution of invading species has received little attention. The ecological consequences of species invasion are routinely evaluated within a freshwater versus marine context, even though many invasive species can inhabit a wide range of salinities. We investigate the functional consequences of different sizes of Corbicula fluminea-an invasive species able to adapt to a wide range of temperatures and salinity-across the freshwater-marine transition in the presence versus absence of warming. Specifically, we characterize how C. fluminea affect fluid and particle transport, important processes in mediating nutrient cycling (NH 4-N, NO 3-N, PO 4-P). Results showed that sediment particle reworking (bioturbation) tends to be influenced by size and to a lesser extent, temperature and salinity; nutrient concentrations are influenced by different interactions between all variables (salinity, temperature, and size class). Our findings demonstrate the highly context-dependent nature of the ecosystem consequences of invasion and highlight the potential for species to simultaneously occupy multiple components of an ecosystem. Recognizing of this aspect of invasibility is fundamental to management and conservation efforts, particularly as freshwater and marine systems tend to be compartmentalized rather than be treated as a contiguous unit. We conclude that more comprehensive appreciation of the distribution of invasive species across adjacent habitats and different seasons is urgently needed to allow the true extent of biological introductions, and their ecological consequences, to be fully realized.}, }
@article {pmid29435251, year = {2018}, author = {He, X and Houde, ALS and Neff, BD and Heath, DD}, title = {Transcriptome response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to competition with ecologically similar non-native species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {1769-1777}, pmid = {29435251}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Non-native species may be introduced either intentionally or unintentionally, and their impact can range from benign to highly disruptive. Non-native salmonids were introduced into Lake Ontario, Canada, to provide recreational fishing opportunities; however, the establishment of those species has been proposed as a significant barrier to the reintroduction of native Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) due to intense interspecific competition. In this study, we compared population differences of Atlantic salmon in transcriptome response to interspecific competition. We reared Atlantic salmon from two populations (LaHave River and Sebago Lake) with fish of each of three non-native salmonids (Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, rainbow trout O. mykiss, and brown trout S. trutta) in artificial streams. We used RNA-seq to assess transcriptome differences between the Atlantic salmon populations and the responses of these populations to the interspecific competition treatments after 10 months of competition in the stream tanks. We found that population differences in gene expression were generally greater than the effects of interspecific competition. Interestingly, we found that the two Atlantic salmon populations exhibited similar responses to interspecific competition based on functional gene ontologies, but the specific genes within those ontologies were different. Our transcriptome analyses suggest that the most stressful competitor (as measured by the highest number of differentially expressed genes) differs between the two study populations. Our transcriptome characterization highlights the importance of source population selection for conservation applications, as organisms with different evolutionary histories can possess different transcriptional responses to the same biotic stressors. The results also indicate that generalized predictions of the response of native species to interactions with introduced species may not be appropriate without incorporating potential population-specific response to introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid29435230, year = {2018}, author = {Le Féon, V and Aubert, M and Genoud, D and Andrieu-Ponel, V and Westrich, P and Geslin, B}, title = {Range expansion of the Asian native giant resin bee Megachile sculpturalis (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae) in France.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {1534-1542}, pmid = {29435230}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {In 2008, a new species for the French bee fauna was recorded in Allauch near Marseille: the giant resin bee, Megachile sculpturalis (Smith, 1853). This was the first European record of this species that is native to East Asia. To our knowledge, it is the first introduced bee species in Europe. Here, we provide an overview of the current distribution of M. sculpturalis in France and we describe the history of its range expansion. Besides our own observations, information was compiled from literature and Internet websites, and by contacting naturalist networks. We collected a total of 117 records (locality × year combinations) for the 2008-2016 period. The geographical range of M. sculpturalis has extended remarkably, now occupying a third of continental France, with the most northern and western records located 335 and 520 km from Allauch, respectively. Information on its phenology, feeding, and nesting behavior is also provided. We report several events of nest occupation or eviction of Osmia sp. and Xylocopa sp. individuals by M. sculpturalis. Our results show that M. sculpturalis is now well established in France. Given its capacity to adapt and rapidly expand its range, we recommend amplifying the monitoring of this species to better anticipate the changes in its geographical range and its potential impacts on native bees.}, }
@article {pmid29435222, year = {2018}, author = {Nunes, KA and Kotanen, PM}, title = {Comparative impacts of aboveground and belowground enemies on an invasive thistle.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {1430-1440}, pmid = {29435222}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Most research examining how herbivores and pathogens affect performance of invasive plants focuses on aboveground interactions. Although important, the role of belowground communities remains poorly understood, and the relative impact of aboveground and belowground interactions is still debated. As well, most studies of belowground interactions have been carried out in controlled environments, so little is known about the role of these interactions under natural conditions or how these relationships may change across a plant's range. Using the invasive plant Cirsium arvense, we performed a reciprocal transplant experiment to test the relative impacts of above- and belowground interactions at three sites across a 509-km latitudinal gradient in its invaded range in Ontario, Canada. At each site, C. arvense seedlings were protected with above- and/or belowground exclosures in a factorial design. Plant performance (biomass, height, stem thickness, number of leaves, length of longest leaf, maximum rhizome length) was greatest when both above- and belowground exclosures were applied and lowest when no exclosures were applied. When only one type of exclosure was applied, biomass generally improved more with belowground exclosures than with aboveground exclosures. Despite site-to-site differences in foliar damage, root damage, and mesofaunal populations, belowground interactions generally had a greater negative impact on performance than aboveground herbivory alone. These results stress the importance of including both aboveground enemy interactions and plant-soil interactions in studies of plant community dynamics and invader performance.}, }
@article {pmid29432489, year = {2018}, author = {Tisseuil, C and Velo, E and Bino, S and Kadriaj, P and Mersini, K and Shukullari, A and Simaku, A and Rogozi, E and Caputo, B and Ducheyne, E and Della Torre, A and Reiter, P and Gilbert, M}, title = {Forecasting the spatial and seasonal dynamic of Aedes albopictus oviposition activity in Albania and Balkan countries.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {e0006236}, pmid = {29432489}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Albania ; Animals ; Balkan Peninsula ; Forecasting ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; *Oviposition ; Seasons ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The increasing spread of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, in Europe and US raises public health concern due to the species competence to transmit several exotic human arboviruses, among which dengue, chikungunya and Zika, and urges the development of suitable modeling approach to forecast the spatial and temporal distribution of the mosquito. Here we developed a dynamical species distribution modeling approach forecasting Ae. albopictus eggs abundance at high spatial (0.01 degree WGS84) and temporal (weekly) resolution over 10 Balkan countries, using temperature times series of Modis data products and altitude as input predictors. The model was satisfactorily calibrated and validated over Albania based observed eggs abundance data weekly monitored during three years. For a given week of the year, eggs abundance was mainly predicted by the number of eggs and the mean temperature recorded in the preceding weeks. That is, results are in agreement with the biological cycle of the mosquito, reflecting the effect temperature on eggs spawning, maturation and hatching. The model, seeded by initial egg values derived from a second model, was then used to forecast the spatial and temporal distribution of eggs abundance over the selected Balkan countries, weekly in 2011, 2012 and 2013. The present study is a baseline to develop an easy-handling forecasting model able to provide information useful for promoting active surveillance and possibly prevention of Ae. albopictus colonization in presently non-infested areas in the Balkans as well as in other temperate regions.}, }
@article {pmid29432421, year = {2018}, author = {Exposito-Alonso, M and Becker, C and Schuenemann, VJ and Reiter, E and Setzer, C and Slovak, R and Brachi, B and Hagmann, J and Grimm, DG and Chen, J and Busch, W and Bergelson, J and Ness, RW and Krause, J and Burbano, HA and Weigel, D}, title = {The rate and potential relevance of new mutations in a colonizing plant lineage.}, journal = {PLoS genetics}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {e1007155}, pmid = {29432421}, issn = {1553-7404}, mesh = {Arabidopsis/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Crosses, Genetic ; Directed Molecular Evolution ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Flow/physiology ; *Genome, Plant ; Introduced Species ; Mutation/*physiology ; *Mutation Rate ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Plant Development/*genetics ; Plant Weeds/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {By following the evolution of populations that are initially genetically homogeneous, much can be learned about core biological principles. For example, it allows for detailed studies of the rate of emergence of de novo mutations and their change in frequency due to drift and selection. Unfortunately, in multicellular organisms with generation times of months or years, it is difficult to set up and carry out such experiments over many generations. An alternative is provided by "natural evolution experiments" that started from colonizations or invasions of new habitats by selfing lineages. With limited or missing gene flow from other lineages, new mutations and their effects can be easily detected. North America has been colonized in historic times by the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and although multiple intercrossing lineages are found today, many of the individuals belong to a single lineage, HPG1. To determine in this lineage the rate of substitutions-the subset of mutations that survived natural selection and drift-, we have sequenced genomes from plants collected between 1863 and 2006. We identified 73 modern and 27 herbarium specimens that belonged to HPG1. Using the estimated substitution rate, we infer that the last common HPG1 ancestor lived in the early 17th century, when it was most likely introduced by chance from Europe. Mutations in coding regions are depleted in frequency compared to those in other portions of the genome, consistent with purifying selection. Nevertheless, a handful of mutations is found at high frequency in present-day populations. We link these to detectable phenotypic variance in traits of known ecological importance, life history and growth, which could reflect their adaptive value. Our work showcases how, by applying genomics methods to a combination of modern and historic samples from colonizing lineages, we can directly study new mutations and their potential evolutionary relevance.}, }
@article {pmid29432147, year = {2018}, author = {Seebens, H and Blackburn, TM and Dyer, EE and Genovesi, P and Hulme, PE and Jeschke, JM and Pagad, S and Pyšek, P and van Kleunen, M and Winter, M and Ansong, M and Arianoutsou, M and Bacher, S and Blasius, B and Brockerhoff, EG and Brundu, G and Capinha, C and Causton, CE and Celesti-Grapow, L and Dawson, W and Dullinger, S and Economo, EP and Fuentes, N and Guénard, B and Jäger, H and Kartesz, J and Kenis, M and Kühn, I and Lenzner, B and Liebhold, AM and Mosena, A and Moser, D and Nentwig, W and Nishino, M and Pearman, D and Pergl, J and Rabitsch, W and Rojas-Sandoval, J and Roques, A and Rorke, S and Rossinelli, S and Roy, HE and Scalera, R and Schindler, S and Štajerová, K and Tokarska-Guzik, B and Walker, K and Ward, DF and Yamanaka, T and Essl, F}, title = {Global rise in emerging alien species results from increased accessibility of new source pools.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {115}, number = {10}, pages = {E2264-E2273}, pmid = {29432147}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {I 3757/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Introduced Species/history/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics/history ; }, abstract = {Our ability to predict the identity of future invasive alien species is largely based upon knowledge of prior invasion history. Emerging alien species-those never encountered as aliens before-therefore pose a significant challenge to biosecurity interventions worldwide. Understanding their temporal trends, origins, and the drivers of their spread is pivotal to improving prevention and risk assessment tools. Here, we use a database of 45,984 first records of 16,019 established alien species to investigate the temporal dynamics of occurrences of emerging alien species worldwide. Even after many centuries of invasions the rate of emergence of new alien species is still high: One-quarter of first records during 2000-2005 were of species that had not been previously recorded anywhere as alien, though with large variation across taxa. Model results show that the high proportion of emerging alien species cannot be solely explained by increases in well-known drivers such as the amount of imported commodities from historically important source regions. Instead, these dynamics reflect the incorporation of new regions into the pool of potential alien species, likely as a consequence of expanding trade networks and environmental change. This process compensates for the depletion of the historically important source species pool through successive invasions. We estimate that 1-16% of all species on Earth, depending on the taxonomic group, qualify as potential alien species. These results suggest that there remains a high proportion of emerging alien species we have yet to encounter, with future impacts that are difficult to predict.}, }
@article {pmid29426915, year = {2018}, author = {Yang, X and Pan, H and Yuan, L and Zhou, X}, title = {Reference gene selection for RT-qPCR analysis in Harmonia axyridis, a global invasive lady beetle.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {2689}, pmid = {29426915}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling/methods ; Genes, Essential/genetics ; Genes, Insect/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Reference Standards ; Transcriptome/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Harmonia axyridis is a voracious predator, a biological control agent, and one of the world most invasive insect species. The advent of next-generation sequencing platforms has propelled entomological research into the genomics and post-genomics era. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), a primary tool for gene expression analysis, is a core technique governs the genomic research. The selection of internal reference genes, however, can significantly impact the interpretation of RT-qPCR results. The overall goal of this study is to identify the reference genes in the highly invasive H. axyridis. Our central hypothesis is that the suitable reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis can be selected from housekeeping genes. To test this hypothesis, the stability of nine housekeeping genes, including 18S, 28S, ACTB, ATP1A1, GAPDH, HSP70, HSP90, RP49, and ATP6V1A, were investigated under both biotic (developmental time, tissue and sex), and abiotic (temperature, photoperiod, in vivo RNAi) conditions. Gene expression profiles were analyzed by geNorm, Normfinder, BestKeeper, and the ΔCt method. Our combined results recommend a specific set of reference genes for each experimental condition. With the recent influx of genomic information for H. axyridis, this study lays the foundation for an in-depth omics dissection of biological invasion in this emerging model.}, }
@article {pmid29421511, year = {2018}, author = {Zheng, G and Luo, S and Li, S and Hua, J and Li, W and Li, S}, title = {Specialized metabolites from Ageratina adenophora and their inhibitory activities against pathogenic fungi.}, journal = {Phytochemistry}, volume = {148}, number = {}, pages = {57-62}, doi = {10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.01.013}, pmid = {29421511}, issn = {1873-3700}, mesh = {Ageratina/*chemistry ; Alternaria ; Antifungal Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; China ; Fusarium/drug effects ; Plant Roots/chemistry ; Rhizoctonia/drug effects ; }, abstract = {The Asteraceae plant Ageratina adenophora (also called Eupatorium adenophorum) has became the most destructive invasive species in China, especially the southwestern region, and is gravely threatening the native biodiversity. Its high reproductive capacity is partly due to the developed root system. From the roots of A. adenophora, ten compounds including three previously undescribed benzofuran derivatives (7-hydroxy-dehydrotremetone, 7,10,11-trihydroxy dehydrotremetone, 10-oxo-7-hydroxy-nordehydrotremetone), a previously undescribed chromene derivative (5-β-glucosyl-7-demethoxy-encecalin) and a previously undescribed monoterpene glucoside (8-hydroxy-8-β-glucosyl-2-carene) were isolated and identified. The previously undescribed structures were established by spectroscopic studies including 1D and 2D-NMR and HR-MS analyses. Antifungal activity of six compounds against one strain of pathogenic fungus of A. adenophora, Alternaria alternata, and other four strains of agricultural pathogenic fungi, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. musae, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum were investigated. The most abundant compound we isolated from A. adenophora roots was 7-hydroxy-dehydrotremetone, which showed significant broad-spectral inhibitory activity against the growth of all tested fungal strains, with diameter of inhibitory zones ranging from 13.90 ± 1.05 mm to 17.28 ± 0.46 mm at 50 μg/disk (nystatin: 24.76 ± 1.19 mm to 36.64 ± 0.85 mm). Encecalin also showed weak inhibitory activity against F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum, while other compounds were not active. Our results suggested that 7-hydroxy-dehydrotremetone might function as a constitutive defense compound in the roots of A. adenophora against pathogenic fungi.}, }
@article {pmid29420483, year = {2018}, author = {Callaway, E}, title = {Geneticists unravel secrets of super-invasive crayfish.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {554}, number = {7691}, pages = {157-158}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-018-01624-y}, pmid = {29420483}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; *Astacoidea ; *Introduced Species ; Physicians ; Seafood ; }, }
@article {pmid29417997, year = {2018}, author = {Zuk, M and Bailey, NW and Gray, B and Rotenberry, JT}, title = {Sexual signal loss: The link between behaviour and rapid evolutionary dynamics in a field cricket.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {87}, number = {3}, pages = {623-633}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12806}, pmid = {29417997}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {*Animal Communication ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; Gryllidae/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Hawaii ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Phenotype ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Wings, Animal/*anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Sexual signals may be acquired or lost over evolutionary time, and are tempered in their exaggeration by natural selection. In the Pacific field cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus, a mutation ("flatwing") causing loss of the sexual signal, the song, spread in <20 generations in two of three Hawaiian islands where the crickets have been introduced. Flatwing (as well as some normal-wing) males behave as satellites, moving towards and settling near calling males to intercept phonotactic females. From 2005 to 2012, we surveyed crickets and their responses to conspecific song, noting the morph and number of males and females before and after experimental playbacks. The three Hawaiian islands consistently contained different proportions of flatwing crickets, ranging from about 90% of males on Kauai to 50% on Oahu to rare on the Big Island of Hawaii. Flatwing and normal-wing males do not appear to differ in responsiveness to playback, a behaviour that should influence the likelihood of a male encountering a phonotactic female. Instead, male and female crickets from populations in which little to no calling song is perceptible during development tended to seek out callers more readily than crickets that developed in noisier environments. Such increased phonotaxis makes females more likely to find either the caller to which they are responding or to encounter a flatwing (or normal male satellite) that has also been attracted to the song. Our evidence suggests that pre-existing behavioural plasticity (manifest as flexible responses to social-particularly acoustic-information in the environment) is associated with the rapid spread of the flatwing trait. Different social environments select for differential success of flatwing or normal-wing males, which in turn alters the social environment itself.}, }
@article {pmid29417301, year = {2018}, author = {Robakowski, P and Bielinis, E and Sendall, K}, title = {Light energy partitioning, photosynthetic efficiency and biomass allocation in invasive Prunus serotina and native Quercus petraea in relation to light environment, competition and allelopathy.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {131}, number = {3}, pages = {505-523}, pmid = {29417301}, issn = {1618-0860}, support = {N N309 02639//Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy&#x17c;szego/ ; }, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Allelopathy ; Biomass ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; *Energy Metabolism ; Environment ; Introduced Species ; Light ; *Models, Theoretical ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves ; Prunus/growth &amp; development/*physiology/radiation effects ; Quercus/growth &amp; development/*physiology/radiation effects ; Seedlings ; }, abstract = {This study addressed whether competition under different light environments was reflected by changes in leaf absorbed light energy partitioning, photosynthetic efficiency, relative growth rate and biomass allocation in invasive and native competitors. Additionally, a potential allelopathic effect of mulching with invasive Prunus serotina leaves on native Quercus petraea growth and photosynthesis was tested. The effect of light environment on leaf absorbed light energy partitioning and photosynthetic characteristics was more pronounced than the effects of interspecific competition and allelopathy. The quantum yield of PSII of invasive P. serotina increased in the presence of a competitor, indicating a higher plasticity in energy partitioning for the invasive over the native Q. petraea, giving it a competitive advantage. The most striking difference between the two study species was the higher crown-level net CO2 assimilation rates (Acrown) of P. serotina compared with Q. petraea. At the juvenile life stage, higher relative growth rate and higher biomass allocation to foliage allowed P. serotina to absorb and use light energy for photosynthesis more efficiently than Q. petraea. Species-specific strategies of growth, biomass allocation, light energy partitioning and photosynthetic efficiency varied with the light environment and gave an advantage to the invader over its native competitor in competition for light. However, higher biomass allocation to roots in Q. petraea allows for greater belowground competition for water and nutrients as compared to P. serotina. This niche differentiation may compensate for the lower aboveground competitiveness of the native species and explain its ability to co-occur with the invasive competitor in natural forest settings.}, }
@article {pmid29416411, year = {2018}, author = {Sukhorukov, AP and Nilova, MV and Erst, AS and Kushunina, M and Baider, C and Verloove, F and Salas-Pascual, M and Belyaeva, IV and Krinitsina, AA and Bruyns, PV and Klak, C}, title = {Diagnostics, taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution of perennial Sesuvium (Aizoaceae) in Africa.}, journal = {PhytoKeys}, volume = {}, number = {92}, pages = {45-88}, pmid = {29416411}, issn = {1314-2011}, abstract = {The taxonomy of perennial Sesuvium species in Africa has been poorly investigated until now. Previously five perennial species of Sesuvium were recognised in Africa (S. congense, S. crithmoides, S. mesembryanthemoides, S. portulacastrum, and S. sesuvioides). Based on the differing number of stamens, S. ayresii is accepted here as being distinct from S. portulacastrum. Field observations in Angola also led the authors to conclude that S. crystallinum and S. mesembryanthemoides are conspecific with S. crithmoides. A new subspecies, Sesuvium portulacastrum subsp. persoonii, is described from West Africa (Cape Verde, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Senegal). The molecular phylogeny indicates the position of S. portulacastrum subsp. persoonii within the "American lineage" as a part of the Sesuvium portulacastrum complex which needs further studies. A diagnostic key and taxonomic notes are provided for the six perennial species of Sesuvium found in Africa and recognised by the authors (S. ayresii, S. congense, S. crithmoides, S. portulacastrum subsp. portulacastrum, S. portulacastrum subsp. persoonii, S. verrucosum and the facultatively short-lived S. sesuvioides). The distribution of S. crithmoides, previously considered to be endemic to Angola, is now confirmed for the seashores of Republic of Congo and DR Congo. The American species S. verrucosum is reported for the first time for Africa (the Macaronesian islands: Cape Verde and the Canaries). It is locally naturalised in Gran Canaria, being a potentially invasive species. These findings as well as new records of S. verrucosum from Asia and the Pacific Islands confirm its proneness to transcontinental introduction. Lectotypes of S. brevifolium, S. crithmoides, S. crystallinum and S. mesembryanthemoides are selected. The seed micromorphology and anatomy of the perennial African species is studied. Compared to the seeds of some annual African Sesuvium investigated earlier, those of perennial species are smooth or slightly alveolate. The aril is one-layered and parenchymatous in all species and usually tightly covers the seed. The aril detachments from the seed coat that form a white stripe near the cotyledon area easily distinguish S. verrucosum from other species under study.}, }
@article {pmid29412361, year = {2018}, author = {Evans, HC and Elliot, SL and Barreto, RW}, title = {Entomopathogenic fungi and their potential for the management of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Americas.}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {113}, number = {3}, pages = {206-214}, pmid = {29412361}, issn = {1678-8060}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology ; Americas ; Animals ; *Biological Control Agents ; *Fungi ; Insect Vectors/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Classical biological control has been used extensively for the management of exotic weeds and agricultural pests, but never for alien insect vectors of medical importance. This simple but elegant control strategy involves the introduction of coevolved natural enemies from the centre of origin of the target alien species. Aedes aegypti - the primary vector of the dengue, yellow fever and Zika flaviviruses - is just such an invasive alien in the Americas where it arrived accidentally from its West African home during the slave trade. Here, we introduce the concept of exploiting entomopathogenic fungi from Africa for the classical biological control of Ae. aegypti in the Americas. Fungal pathogens attacking arthropods are ubiquitous in tropical forests and are important components in the natural balance of arthropod populations. They can produce a range of specialised spore forms, as well as inducing a variety of bizarre behaviours in their hosts, in order to maximise infection. The fungal groups recorded as specialised pathogens of mosquito hosts worldwide are described and discussed. We opine that similar fungal pathogens will be found attacking and manipulating Ae. aegypti in African forests and that these could be employed for an economic, environmentally-safe and long-term solution to the flavivirus pandemics in the Americas.}, }
@article {pmid29410141, year = {2018}, author = {Brabec, J and Scholz, T and Štefka, J}, title = {Development of polymorphic microsatellites for the invasive Asian fish tapeworm Schyzocotyle acheilognathi.}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {67}, number = {3}, pages = {341-343}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2018.01.007}, pmid = {29410141}, issn = {1873-0329}, mesh = {Animals ; Cestoda/classification/*genetics ; Cestode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; *Genetic Markers ; Genome, Helminth ; Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {We describe the development of ready-to-use set of fifteen polymorphic microsatellite markers to benefit future population biology and phylogeographic studies on the invasive Asian fish tapeworm Schyzocotyle acheilognathi. The microsatellite loci were selected from partial Illumina shotgun genome sequences of three parasite specimens and their universality tested on a set of 12 geographically distant populations of the parasite. Particularly low levels of heterozygosity have been detected in the Chinese population pointing towards possible hidden population structure that deserves further attention in future population genetic studies.}, }
@article {pmid29404211, year = {2018}, author = {Reyns, N and Casaer, J and De Smet, L and Devos, K and Huysentruyt, F and Robertson, PA and Verbeke, T and Adriaens, T}, title = {Cost-benefit analysis for invasive species control: the case of greater Canada goose Branta canadensis in Flanders (northern Belgium).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4283}, pmid = {29404211}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Sound decisions on control actions for established invasive alien species (IAS) require information on ecological as well as socio-economic impact of the species and of its management. Cost-benefit analysis provides part of this information, yet has received relatively little attention in the scientific literature on IAS.<br><br>METHODS: We apply a bio-economic model in a cost-benefit analysis framework to greater Canada goose Branta canadensis, an IAS with documented social, economic and ecological impacts in Flanders (northern Belgium). We compared a business as usual (BAU) scenario which involved non-coordinated hunting and egg destruction with an enhanced scenario based on a continuation of these activities but supplemented with coordinated capture of moulting birds. To assess population growth under the BAU scenario we fitted a logistic growth model to the observed pre-moult capture population. Projected damage costs included water eutrophication and damage to cultivated grasslands and were calculated for all scenarios. Management costs of the moult captures were based on a representative average of the actual cost of planning and executing moult captures.<br><br>RESULTS: Comparing the scenarios with different capture rates, different costs for eutrophication and various discount rates, showed avoided damage costs were in the range of 21.15 M&#x20ac; to 45.82 M&#x20ac; under the moult capture scenario. The lowest value for the avoided costs applied to the scenario where we lowered the capture rate by 10%. The highest value occurred in the scenario where we lowered the real discount rate from 4% to 2.5%.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The reduction in damage costs always outweighed the additional management costs of moult captures. Therefore, additional coordinated moult captures could be applied to limit the negative economic impact of greater Canada goose at a regional scale. We further discuss the strengths and weaknesses of our approach and its potential application to other IAS.}, }
@article {pmid29403072, year = {2018}, author = {Gutekunst, J and Andriantsoa, R and Falckenhayn, C and Hanna, K and Stein, W and Rasamy, J and Lyko, F}, title = {Clonal genome evolution and rapid invasive spread of the marbled crayfish.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, pages = {567-573}, doi = {10.1038/s41559-018-0467-9}, pmid = {29403072}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Astacoidea/*genetics/physiology ; *Clonal Evolution ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Genome ; *Introduced Species ; Madagascar ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; }, abstract = {The marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis is a unique freshwater crayfish characterized by very recent speciation and parthenogenetic reproduction. Marbled crayfish also represent an emerging invasive species and have formed wild populations in diverse freshwater habitats. However, our understanding of marbled crayfish biology, evolution and invasive spread has been hampered by the lack of freshwater crayfish genome sequences. We have now established a de novo draft assembly of the marbled crayfish genome. We determined the genome size at approximately 3.5 gigabase pairs and identified >21,000 genes. Further analysis confirmed the close relationship to the genome of the slough crayfish, Procambarus fallax, and also established a triploid AA'B genotype with a high level of heterozygosity. Systematic fieldwork and genotyping demonstrated the rapid expansion of marbled crayfish on Madagascar and established the marbled crayfish as a potent invader of freshwater ecosystems. Furthermore, comparative whole-genome sequencing demonstrated the clonality of the population and their genetic identity with the oldest known stock from the German aquarium trade. Our study closes an important gap in the phylogenetic analysis of animal genomes and uncovers the unique evolutionary history of an emerging invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid29402926, year = {2018}, author = {Quilodrán, CS and Austerlitz, F and Currat, M and Montoya-Burgos, JI}, title = {Cryptic Biological Invasions: a General Model of Hybridization.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {2414}, pmid = {29402926}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ducks/classification/*genetics ; Ecology ; Female ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Mating Preference, Animal ; *Models, Genetic ; New Zealand ; Phenotype ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {The dispersal of non-native genes due to hybridization is a form of cryptic invasion with growing concern in evolution and conservation. This includes the spread of transgenic genes and antibiotic resistance. To investigate how genes and phenotypes are transmitted, we developed a general model that, for the first time, considers concurrently: multiple loci, quantitative and qualitative gene expression, assortative mating, dominance/recessivity inheritance and density-dependent demographic effects. Selection acting on alleles or genotypes can also be incorporated. Our results reveal that the conclusions about how hybridization threatens a species can be biased if they are based on single-gene models, while considering two or more genes can correct this bias. We also show that demography can amplify or balance the genetic effects, evidencing the need of jointly incorporating both processes. By implementing our model in a real case, we show that mallard ducks introduced in New Zealand benefit from hybridization to replace native grey-ducks. Total displacement can take a few generations and occurs by interspecific competition and by competition between hybrids and natives, demonstrating how hybridization may facilitate biological invasions. We argue that our general model represents a powerful tool for the study of a wide range of biological and societal questions.}, }
@article {pmid29402295, year = {2018}, author = {Reuss, F and Wieser, A and Niamir, A and Bálint, M and Kuch, U and Pfenninger, M and Müller, R}, title = {Thermal experiments with the Asian bush mosquito (Aedes japonicus japonicus) (Diptera: Culicidae) and implications for its distribution in Germany.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {81}, pmid = {29402295}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Animals ; Cold Temperature ; Female ; Germany ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/*physiology ; Mosquito Vectors/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Oocytes/physiology ; Seasons ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: As ectothermic animals, temperature influences insects in almost every aspect. The potential disease spreading Asian bush mosquito (Aedes japonicus japonicus) is native to temperate East Asia but invasive in several parts of the world. We report on the previously poorly understood temperature-dependence of its life history under laboratory conditions to understand invasion processes and to model temperature niches.<br><br>RESULTS: To evaluate winter survival, eggs were exposed between 1&#xa0;day and 14&#xa0;days to low temperatures (5&#xa0;&#xb0;C, 0&#xa0;&#xb0;C, -5&#xa0;&#xb0;C and -9&#xa0;&#xb0;C). Hatching success was drastically decreased after exposure to 0&#xa0;&#xb0;C and -5&#xa0;&#xb0;C, and the minimal hatching success of 0% was reached at -9&#xa0;&#xb0;C after two days. We then exposed larvae to 14 temperatures and assessed their life trait parameters. Larval survival to adulthood was only possible between 10&#xa0;&#xb0;C and 31&#xa0;&#xb0;C. Based on this, we modelled the optimal (25&#xa0;&#xb0;C), minimal (7&#xa0;&#xb0;C) and maximal (31&#xa0;&#xb0;C) temperature for cumulative female survival. The time to adult emergence ranges from 12&#xa0;days to 58&#xa0;days depending on temperature. We used an age-at-emergence-temperature model to calculate the number of potential generations per year for the Asian bush mosquito in Germany with an average of 4.72 potential generations. At lower temperatures, individuals grew larger than at higher temperatures with female R1 length ranging from 3.04&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.1&#xa0;mm at 31&#xa0;&#xb0;C to 4.26&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.2&#xa0;mm at 15&#xa0;&#xb0;C.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Reduced egg hatch after exposure to sub-zero temperatures prohibits the establishment of the Asian bush mosquito in large parts of Germany. Larval overwintering is not possible at temperature&#x2009;&#x2264;&#x2009;5&#xa0;&#xb0;C. The many potential generations displayed per year may contribute to the species' invasion success. This study on the thermal ecology of the Asian bush mosquito adds to our knowledge on the temperature dependence of the species and data could be incorporated in epidemiological and population dynamic modelling.}, }
@article {pmid29399738, year = {2018}, author = {Broadbent, AAD and Stevens, CJ and Ostle, NJ and Orwin, KH}, title = {Biogeographic differences in soil biota promote invasive grass response to nutrient addition relative to co-occurring species despite lack of belowground enemy release.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {186}, number = {3}, pages = {611-620}, pmid = {29399738}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Biota ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Nutrients ; *Poaceae ; *Soil ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Multiple plant species invasions and increases in nutrient availability are pervasive drivers of global environmental change that often co-occur. Many plant invasion studies, however, focus on single-species or single-mechanism invasions, risking an oversimplification of a multifaceted process. Here, we test how biogeographic differences in soil biota, such as belowground enemy release, interact with increases in nutrient availability to influence invasive plant growth. We conducted a greenhouse experiment using three co-occurring invasive grasses and one native grass. We grew species in live and sterilized soil from the invader's native (United Kingdom) and introduced (New Zealand) ranges with a nutrient addition treatment. We found no evidence for belowground enemy release. However, species' responses to nutrients varied, and this depended on soil origin and sterilization. In live soil from the introduced range, the invasive species Lolium perenne L. responded more positively to nutrient addition than co-occurring invasive and native species. In contrast, in live soil from the native range and in sterilized soils, there were no differences in species' responses to nutrients. This suggests that the presence of soil biota from the introduced range allowed L. perenne to capture additional nutrients better than co-occurring species. Considering the globally widespread nature of anthropogenic nutrient additions to ecosystems, this effect could be contributing to a global homogenization of flora and the associated losses in native species diversity.}, }
@article {pmid29399360, year = {2018}, author = {McCann, SM and Kosmala, GK and Greenlees, MJ and Shine, R}, title = {Physiological plasticity in a successful invader: rapid acclimation to cold occurs only in cool-climate populations of cane toads (Rhinella marina).}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {cox072}, pmid = {29399360}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Physiological plasticity may facilitate invasion of novel habitats; but is such plasticity present in all populations of the invader or is it elicited only by specific climatic challenges? In cold-climate areas of Australia, invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) can rapidly acclimate to cool conditions. To investigate whether this physiological plasticity is found in all invasive cane toads or is only seen in cool climates, we measured the acclimation ability of toads from across Australia and the island of Hawai'i. We collected toads from the field and placed them at either 12 or 24°C for 12 h before measuring their righting response as a proxy for critical thermal minimum (CTmin). Toads from the coolest Australian region (New South Wales) demonstrated plasticity (as previously reported), with exposure to 12°C (vs. 24°C) decreasing CTmin by 2°C. In toads from other Australian populations, CTmins were unaffected by our thermal treatments. Hawai'ian toads from a cool, wet site also rapidly acclimated to cool conditions, whereas those from warmer and drier Hawai'ian sites did not. Thermal plasticity has diverged among populations of invasive cane toads, with rapid acclimation manifested only in two cool-climate populations from widely separated sites. Predictions about the potential range of invasive species thus must consider the possibility of geographic (intraspecific) heterogeneity in thermal plasticity; data from other parts of the species' range may fail to predict levels of plasticity elicited by thermal challenges.}, }
@article {pmid29395102, year = {2018}, author = {Therriault, TW and Nelson, JC and Carlton, JT and Liggan, L and Otani, M and Kawai, H and Scriven, D and Ruiz, GM and Clarke Murray, C}, title = {The invasion risk of species associated with Japanese Tsunami Marine Debris in Pacific North America and Hawaii.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {132}, number = {}, pages = {82-89}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.063}, pmid = {29395102}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates ; Japan ; North America ; Pacific Ocean ; *Tsunamis ; Waste Products/*analysis ; Water Pollution/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Marine debris from the Great Tsunami of 2011 represents a unique transport vector for Japanese species to reach Pacific North America and Hawaii. Here we characterize the invasion risk of invertebrate species associated with tsunami debris using a screening-level risk assessment tool - the Canadian Marine Invasive Screening Tool (CMIST). Higher-risk invertebrate invaders were identified for each of five different ecoregions. Some of these are well-known global invaders, such as the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the ascidian Didemnum vexillum which already have invasion histories in some of the assessed ecoregions, while others like the sea star Asterias amurensis and the shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus have yet to invade large portions of the assessed ecoregions but also are recognized global invaders. In general, the probability of invasion was lower for the Gulf of Alaska and Hawaii, in part due to lower climate matches and the availability of other invasion vectors.}, }
@article {pmid29393982, year = {2018}, author = {Uyà, M and Bulleri, F and Gribben, PE}, title = {Propagules are not all equal: traits of vegetative fragments and disturbance regulate invasion success.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {99}, number = {4}, pages = {957-965}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2168}, pmid = {29393982}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Seaweed ; }, abstract = {Invasion success is regulated by multiple factors. While the roles of disturbance and propagule pressure in regulating the establishment of non-native species are widely acknowledged, that of propagule morphology (a proxy for quality) is poorly known. By means of a multi-factorial field experiment, we tested how the number (5 vs. 10) and quality (intact, without fronds or without rhizoids) of fragments of the clonal invasive seaweed, Caulerpa cylindracea, influenced its ability to establish in patches of the native seagrass, Posidonia oceanica, exposed to different intensities of disturbance (0, 50, or 100% reduction in canopy cover). We hypothesized that the ability of fragments to establish would be greater for intact fragments (high quality) and reduced more by frond removal (low quality) than rhizoid removal (intermediate quality). At low propagule pressure or quality, fragment establishment was predicted to increase with increasing disturbance, whereas, at high propagule pressure or quality, it was predicted to be high regardless of disturbance intensity. Disturbance intensity, fragment number and quality had independent effects on C. cylindracea establishment success. Disturbance always facilitated fragment establishment. However, fragments retaining fronds, either intact or deprived of rhizoids, had higher establishment success than fragments deprived of fronds. Increasing propagule number had weak effects on the cover of C. cylindracea. Our results demonstrate that propagule traits enabling the acquisition of resources made available by disturbance can be more important than propagule number in determining the establishment and spread of clonal non-native plants. More generally, our study suggests that propagule quality is a key, yet underexplored, determinant of invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid29392467, year = {2018}, author = {Kwak, ML}, title = {The introduction and subsequent extinction of the camel tick Hyalomma (Euhyalomma) dromedarii (Acari, Ixodidae) in Australia, with a review of the introduction of foreign ticks to Australia.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {74}, number = {3}, pages = {329-333}, pmid = {29392467}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Australia ; Camelus/parasitology ; *Extinction, Biological ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Historically, several tick taxonomists have reported Hyalomma aegyptium within Australia due to misidentifications. This has resulted in confusion relating to the occurrence of the genus Hyalomma within Australia. Based on the recent discovery of museum specimens of Hyalomma dromedarii, misidentified as H. aegyptium, the historical occurrence of H. dromedarii is reported for the first time within Australia, along with its apparent subsequent extinction. The introduction and naturalisation of foreign tick species into Australia is also reviewed.}, }
@article {pmid29391501, year = {2018}, author = {Bialic-Murphy, L and Gaoue, OG and Knight, T}, title = {Using Transfer Function Analysis to develop biologically and economically efficient restoration strategies.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {2094}, pmid = {29391501}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*economics ; Fabaceae/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Mollusca/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Rare species across taxonomic groups and biomes commonly suffer from multiple threats and require intensive restoration, including population reintroduction and threat control. Following reintroduction, it is necessary to identify what level of threat control is needed for species to persist over time. Population reintroduction and threat control are time intensive and costly. Thus, it is pragmatic to develop economically efficient restoration strategies. We combined transfer function analysis and economic cost analysis to evaluate the effects of biologically meaningful increases in demographic processes on the persistence of a reintroduced population of a Hawaii endemic long-lived shrub, Delissea waianaeensis. We show that an increase in fertility by 0.419 following the suppression of non-native rodents or an increase by 0.098 in seedling growth following the suppression of invasive molluscs would stabilize the population (i.e., λ = 1). Though a greater increase in fertility than seedling growth was needed for the reintroduced population to persist over time, increasing fertility by suppressing rodents was the most cost effective restoration strategy. Our study emphasizes the importance of considering the effects of large increases in plant vital rates in population projections and incorporating the economic cost of management actions in demographic models when developing restoration plans for endangered species.}, }
@article {pmid29391041, year = {2018}, author = {Stone, CM and Witt, ABR and Walsh, GC and Foster, WA and Murphy, ST}, title = {Would the control of invasive alien plants reduce malaria transmission? A review.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {76}, pmid = {29391041}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {OPP1135160//Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation/International ; }, mesh = {Disease Transmission, Infectious/*prevention &amp; control ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Malaria/*prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Mosquito Vectors/*growth &amp; development ; *Plant Development ; }, abstract = {Vector control has been the most effective preventive measure against malaria and other vector-borne diseases. However, due to concerns such as insecticide resistance and budget shortfalls, an integrated control approach will be required to ensure sustainable, long-term effectiveness. An integrated management strategy should entail some aspects of environmental management, relying on coordination between various scientific disciplines. Here, we review one such environmental control tactic: invasive alien plant management. This covers salient plant-mosquito interactions for both terrestrial and aquatic invasive plants and how these affect a vector's ability to transmit malaria. Invasive plants tend to have longer flowering durations, more vigorous growth, and their spread can result in an increase in biomass, particularly in areas where previously little vegetation existed. Some invasive alien plants provide shelter or resting sites for adult mosquitoes and are also attractive nectar-producing hosts, enhancing their vectorial capacity. We conclude that these plants may increase malaria transmission rates in certain environments, though many questions still need to be answered, to determine how often this conclusion holds. However, in the case of aquatic invasive plants, available evidence suggests that the management of these plants would contribute to malaria control. We also examine and review the opportunities for large-scale invasive alien plant management, including options for biological control. Finally, we highlight the research priorities that must be addressed in order to ensure that integrated vector and invasive alien plant management operate in a synergistic fashion.}, }
@article {pmid29390027, year = {2018}, author = {Thibault, M and Vidal, E and Potter, MA and Sanchez, T and Brescia, F}, title = {The invasive Red-vented bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer) outcompetes native birds in a tropical biodiversity hotspot.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {e0192249}, pmid = {29390027}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Introduced Species ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; *Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species are a major cause of biodiversity loss globally, but especially on islands where high species richness and levels of endemism accentuate their impacts. The Red vented bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer), a tropical passerine bird that has been introduced widely across locations of high conservation value, is considered an extreme pest. It is currently expanding its range in New Caledonia, one of the world's biodiversity hotspots. Decisive recommendations on management strategies are required urgently to inform local managers and policy makers, but they should be based on quantitative local evidence, not just on expert opinion. The Red-vented bulbul is widely blamed for its impacts on biodiversity, especially through competition. We used data from 2,472 point counts to explore the abundance relationships between the Red-vented bulbul and 14 other species of bird. Our results revealed a negative relationship between the occurrence of the bulbul and the mean abundance of nine species, all native (or endemic, n = 3) to the New Caledonia archipelago. In contrast, the abundance of other introduced species such as Acridotheres tristis (Common myna), Passer domesticus (House sparrow) and Spilopelia chinensis (Spotted dove) were not affected by the Red-vented bulbul. Moreover, temporal trends in the abundance of impacted species suggest that the Red-vented bulbul may cause niche contractions rather than mortality for native species in man-modified habitats. Monitoring and control of the Red-vented bulbul is recommended to prevent on-going impacts on native bird communities throughout New Caledonia, and its impact on native bird communities elsewhere should be quantified.}, }
@article {pmid29388128, year = {2018}, author = {Eagles-Smith, CA and Silbergeld, EK and Basu, N and Bustamante, P and Diaz-Barriga, F and Hopkins, WA and Kidd, KA and Nyland, JF}, title = {Modulators of mercury risk to wildlife and humans in the context of rapid global change.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, pages = {170-197}, pmid = {29388128}, issn = {1654-7209}, support = {P42 ES007373/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; R13 ES028077/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Food Chain ; Humans ; Mercury/pharmacokinetics/*toxicity ; *Risk ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/pharmacokinetics/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Environmental mercury (Hg) contamination is an urgent global health threat. The complexity of Hg in the environment can hinder accurate determination of ecological and human health risks, particularly within the context of the rapid global changes that are altering many ecological processes, socioeconomic patterns, and other factors like infectious disease incidence, which can affect Hg exposures and health outcomes. However, the success of global Hg-reduction efforts depends on accurate assessments of their effectiveness in reducing health risks. In this paper, we examine the role that key extrinsic and intrinsic drivers play on several aspects of Hg risk to humans and organisms in the environment. We do so within three key domains of ecological and human health risk. First, we examine how extrinsic global change drivers influence pathways of Hg bioaccumulation and biomagnification through food webs. Next, we describe how extrinsic socioeconomic drivers at a global scale, and intrinsic individual-level drivers, influence human Hg exposure. Finally, we address how the adverse health effects of Hg in humans and wildlife are modulated by a range of extrinsic and intrinsic drivers within the context of rapid global change. Incorporating components of these three domains into research and monitoring will facilitate a more holistic understanding of how ecological and societal drivers interact to influence Hg health risks.}, }
@article {pmid29385195, year = {2018}, author = {Rech, S and Borrell Pichs, YJ and García-Vazquez, E}, title = {Anthropogenic marine litter composition in coastal areas may be a predictor of potentially invasive rafting fauna.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {e0191859}, pmid = {29385195}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/genetics ; Bathing Beaches ; Biota ; Crassostrea ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental Pollution ; *Introduced Species ; *Plastics ; Spain ; Thoracica ; *Waste Products ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic plastic pollution is a global problem. In the marine environment, one of its less studied effects is the transport of attached biota, which might lead to introductions of non-native species in new areas or aid in habitat expansions of invasive species. The goal of the present work was to assess if the material composition of beached anthropogenic litter is indicative of the rafting fauna in a coastal area and could thus be used as a simple and cost-efficient tool for risk assessment in the future. Beached anthropogenic litter and attached biota along the 200 km coastline of Asturias, central Bay of Biscay, Spain, were analysed. The macrobiotic community attached to fouled litter items was identified using genetic barcoding combined with visual taxonomic analysis, and compared between hard plastics, foams, other plastics and non-plastic items. On the other hand, the material composition of beached litter was analysed in a standardized area on each beach. From these two datasets, the expected frequency of several rafting taxa was calculated for the coastal area and compared to the actually observed frequencies. The results showed that plastics were the most abundant type of beached litter. Litter accumulation was likely driven by coastal sources (industry, ports) and river/sewage inputs and transported by near-shore currents. Rafting vectors were almost exclusively made up of plastics and could mainly be attributed to fishing activity and leisure/ household. We identified a variety of rafting biota, including species of goose barnacles, acorn barnacles, bivalves, gastropods, polychaetes and bryozoan, and hydrozoan colonies attached to stranded litter. Several of these species were non-native and invasive, such as the giant Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and the Australian barnacle (Austrominius modestus). The composition of attached fauna varied strongly between litter items of different materials. Plastics, except for foam, had a much more diverse attached community than non-plastic materials. The predicted frequency of several taxa attached to beached litter significantly correlated with the actually observed frequencies. Therefore we suggest that the composition of stranded litter on a beach or an area could allow for predictions about the corresponding attached biotic community, including invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid29383501, year = {2018}, author = {Cheng, T and Halper, B and Siebert, J and Cruz-Martinez, L and Chapwanya, A and Kelly, P and Ketzis, JK and Vessell, J and Köster, L and Yao, C}, title = {Parasites of small Indian mongoose, Herpestes auropunctatus, on St. Kitts, West Indies.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {117}, number = {4}, pages = {989-994}, pmid = {29383501}, issn = {1432-1955}, support = {Mongoose parasites//Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Anoplura/parasitology ; Cats ; Ctenocephalides/*parasitology ; Feces/parasitology ; Flea Infestations/parasitology ; Herpestidae/*parasitology ; Insect Vectors/*parasitology ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Prevalence ; Ticks/parasitology ; Toxoplasma/*isolation &amp; purification ; West Indies/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Herpestes auropunctatus, the small Indian mongoose, is an invasive omnivore introduced to the Caribbean, including the island of St. Kitts over 150 years ago. It has played a role in changing native fauna and can carry zoonotic pathogens of public health importance. The aim of the current study was to estimate the prevalence of parasites harbored by mongooses. In total, 87 mongooses trapped from April to July 2015 were examined for parasites using (1) hair plucks (N = 79), ear swabs (N = 79), and general coat and skin examination (N = 87) for mites, ticks, lice, and fleas; (2) dissection of the trachea, bronchi, and lungs for lungworms and flukes (N = 76); (3) a double centrifugation fecal flotation method for parasites of the gastrointestinal tract (N = 75); and (4) PCR of heart homogenates for Toxoplasma gondii (N = 60). The only ectoparasite seen was Ctenocephalides felis (79.3%; 69/87), with most mongooses having > 10 fleas (based on a subjective assessment) but insufficient numbers to result in signs of pruritus or anemia. On fecal flotation, coccidial oocysts were found with a prevalence of 69.3% (52/75). Neither T. gondii, lungworm, nor fluke infections were detected with the methods used. The high number of C. felis-infested mongooses and the infestation level of the individual mongooses suggest that they could serve as a reservoir for these potential vectors of pathogens. No evidence was found to support that mongooses are a component of T. gondii cycles on St. Kitts, although this finding needs to be confirmed with a larger sample size from other geographic locations.}, }
@article {pmid29383467, year = {2018}, author = {Raschka, S and Scott, AM and Liu, N and Gunturu, S and Huertas, M and Li, W and Kuhn, LA}, title = {Enabling the hypothesis-driven prioritization of ligand candidates in big databases: Screenlamp and its application to GPCR inhibitor discovery for invasive species control.}, journal = {Journal of computer-aided molecular design}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, pages = {415-433}, pmid = {29383467}, issn = {1573-4951}, mesh = {Animals ; Bile Acids and Salts/chemistry ; *Databases, Chemical ; *Drug Discovery ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods ; Introduced Species ; Ligands ; Petromyzon ; Protein Binding ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/*antagonists &amp; inhibitors ; Small Molecule Libraries/chemistry ; Software ; }, abstract = {While the advantage of screening vast databases of molecules to cover greater molecular diversity is often mentioned, in reality, only a few studies have been published demonstrating inhibitor discovery by screening more than a million compounds for features that mimic a known three-dimensional (3D) ligand. Two factors contribute: the general difficulty of discovering potent inhibitors, and the lack of free, user-friendly software to incorporate project-specific knowledge and user hypotheses into 3D ligand-based screening. The Screenlamp modular toolkit presented here was developed with these needs in mind. We show Screenlamp's ability to screen more than 12 million commercially available molecules and identify potent in vivo inhibitors of a G protein-coupled bile acid receptor within the first year of a discovery project. This pheromone receptor governs sea lamprey reproductive behavior, and to our knowledge, this project is the first to establish the efficacy of computational screening in discovering lead compounds for aquatic invasive species control. Significant enhancement in activity came from selecting compounds based on one of the hypotheses: that matching two distal oxygen groups in the 3D structure of the pheromone is crucial for activity. Six of the 15 most active compounds met these criteria. A second hypothesis-that presence of an alkyl sulfate side chain results in high activity-identified another 6 compounds in the top 10, demonstrating the significant benefits of hypothesis-driven screening.}, }
@article {pmid29382117, year = {2018}, author = {Schulze-Sylvester, M and Corronca, JA and Paris, CI}, title = {Growing Industries, Growing Invasions? The Case of the Argentine Ant in Vineyards of Northern Argentina.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {29382117}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The invasive Argentine ant causes ecological and economic damage worldwide. In 2011, this species was reported in vineyards of Cafayate, a wine-producing town in the Andes, Argentina. While the local xeric climate is unsuitable for Argentine ants, populations could establish in association with vineyards where human activity and irrigation facilitate propagule introduction and survival. In 2013-2014, we combined extensive sampling of the area using ant-baits with monitoring of the change in land use and vineyard cultivated area over the past 15 years. Our results revealed that the species has thus far remained confined to a relatively isolated small area, owing to an effective barrier of dry shrublands surrounding the infested vineyards; yet the recent expansion of vineyard acreage in this region will soon connect this encapsulated area with the rest of the valley. When this happens, vulnerable ecosystems and the main local industry will be put at risk. This case provides a rare opportunity to study early invasion dynamics and reports, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time, the Argentine ant in high altitude agroecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid29381694, year = {2018}, author = {Schultz, MT}, title = {Inference of genetic marker concentrations from field surveys to detect environmental DNA using Bayesian updating.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {e0190603}, pmid = {29381694}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bayes Theorem ; Carps/*genetics ; Chicago ; DNA/*isolation &amp; purification ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; *Genetic Markers ; Introduced Species ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Field studies to detect environmental DNA (eDNA) can be undertaken to infer the presence of a rare or cryptic species in a water body. These studies are implemented by collecting water samples from the water body, processing those samples to isolate genetic material contained in the water sample, and using a laboratory assay to find a species-specific genetic marker within a sample of the genetic material. To date, conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been one of the most widely used assays in field studies to detect eDNA. This assay is strictly a test for the presence of the genetic marker. It provides no estimate of the concentration of the target genetic marker in the sample or in the environment. Understanding the concentration of a target marker in the environment is a critical first step toward using the results of eDNA field surveys to support inferences about the location and strength of eDNA sources. In this study, the results of eDNA field surveys are combined with a model of the sensitivity of the field survey methods to estimate target marker concentrations using Bayesian updating. The method is demonstrated for Asian carp in the Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS) using the results of field surveys for eDNA carried out during the period 2009 through 2012, a four-year period during which more than 5,800 two-liter water samples were collected and analyzed using PCR. Concentrations of bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) eDNA are estimated for twenty hydrologic reaches of the CAWS. This study also assesses the sensitivity of these concentration estimates to evidentiary criteria that limit what evidence is used in Bayesian updating based on requirements for sampling intensity and frequency.}, }
@article {pmid29380363, year = {2018}, author = {Brown, GP and Holden, D and Shine, R and Phillips, BL}, title = {Invasion history alters the behavioural consequences of immune system activation in cane toads.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {87}, number = {3}, pages = {716-726}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12799}, pmid = {29380363}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Australia ; Bufo marinus/immunology/*physiology ; Illness Behavior/*physiology ; *Immunity, Innate ; Introduced Species ; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology ; Motor Activity/*drug effects ; Random Allocation ; }, abstract = {Acute activation of the immune system often initiates a suite of behavioural changes. These "sickness behaviours"-involving lethargy and decreased activity-may be particularly costly on invasion fronts, where evolutionary pressures on dispersal favour individuals that move large distances. We used a combination of field and laboratory studies to compare sickness behaviours of cane toads from populations differing in invasion history. To do this we stimulated immune system activation by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic bacterial infection. We predicted that LPS would result in less severe sickness behaviour in toads from range-edge populations because they had undergone selection for rapid and sustained dispersal (activities in conflict with lethargy and decreased activity). Contrary to our prediction, LPS injection caused a greater reduction in dispersal-relevant traits in invasion-front individuals than in conspecifics from the range-core. Our data suggest that the rapid invasion of cane toads through tropical Australia has seen an evolutionary shift in the magnitude of sickness behaviour elicited by pathogen infection. The increased sickness behaviour among range-edge toads suggests a shift away from pathogen tolerance (seen in range-core populations) towards resistance to pathogen attack. But as a consequence, when pathogens do become successfully established, toads from invasion-front populations may have less capacity to tolerate their ill-effects.}, }
@article {pmid29380028, year = {2018}, author = {Hede, N and Khandeparker, L}, title = {Influence of Darkness and Aging on Marine and Freshwater Biofilm Microbial Communities Using Microcosm Experiments.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {76}, number = {2}, pages = {314-327}, pmid = {29380028}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {GAP 2429//Ballast Water Management Program, India (Ministry of Shipping and DG shipping)/ ; PSC 0105//CSIR funded Ocean Finder Program/ ; }, mesh = {Alphaproteobacteria/genetics/physiology ; Bacteria/genetics ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Biodiversity ; *Biofilms ; Chlorophyll A/analysis ; Colony Count, Microbial ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; *Darkness ; Fresh Water/*microbiology ; Gammaproteobacteria/classification/genetics/physiology ; Gene Dosage ; Genes, Bacterial/genetics ; India ; Microbiota/genetics/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; Proteobacteria/classification/genetics/physiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Salinity ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Ballast tank biofilms pose an additional risk of microbial invasion if sloughed off during ballasting operations, yet their significance and invasion biology is poorly understood. In this study, biofilms developed in marine and freshwater locations were exposed to prolonged darkness and aging by mimicking ballast water conditions in the laboratory. Upon prolonged darkness, the decay of phytoplankton, as indicated by the decrease in chlorophyll a in marine biofilms, led to remineralization and enhanced bacterial and protist populations. However, the same trend was not observed in the case of freshwater biofilms wherein the microbial parameters (i.e., bacteria, protists) and chlorophyll a decreased drastically. The bacterial community structure in such conditions was evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and results showed that the biofilm bacterial communities changed significantly over a period of time. α-Proteobacteria was the most stable taxonomic group in the marine biofilms under dark conditions. However, β-proteobacteria dominated the freshwater biofilms and seemed to play an important role in organic matter remineralization. γ-Proteobacteria, which includes most of the pathogenic genera, were affected significantly and decreased in both the types of biofilms. This study revealed that marine biofilm communities were able to adapt better to the dark conditions while freshwater biofilm communities collapsed. Adaptation of tolerant bacterial communities, regeneration of nutrients via cell lysis, and presence of grazers appeared to be key factors for survival upon prolonged darkness. However, the fate of biofilm communities upon discharge in the new environment and their invasion potential is an important topic for future investigation.}, }
@article {pmid29379682, year = {2018}, author = {Austen, GE and Bindemann, M and Griffiths, RA and Roberts, DL}, title = {Species identification by conservation practitioners using online images: accuracy and agreement between experts.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4157}, pmid = {29379682}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Emerging technologies have led to an increase in species observations being recorded via digital images. Such visual records are easily shared, and are often uploaded to online communities when help is required to identify or validate species. Although this is common practice, little is known about the accuracy of species identification from such images. Using online images of newts that are native and non-native to the UK, this study asked holders of great crested newt (Triturus cristatus) licences (issued by UK authorities to permit surveying for this species) to sort these images into groups, and to assign species names to those groups. All of these experts identified the native species, but agreement among these participants was low, with some being cautious in committing to definitive identifications. Individuals' accuracy was also independent of both their experience and self-assessed ability. Furthermore, mean accuracy was not uniform across species (69-96%). These findings demonstrate the difficulty of accurate identification of newts from a single image, and that expert judgements are variable, even within the same knowledgeable community. We suggest that identification decisions should be made on multiple images and verified by more than one expert, which could improve the reliability of species data.}, }
@article {pmid29378431, year = {2018}, author = {Yorisue, T and Yoshioka, Y and Sakuma, K and Iguchi, A}, title = {Evaluating the occurrence of cryptic invasions of a rocky shore barnacle, Semibalanus cariosus, between the north-eastern Pacific and Japan.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {183-189}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2017.1421636}, pmid = {29378431}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Animals ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Pacific Ocean ; Phylogeny ; Thoracica/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {Many coastal barnacles are introduced to non-native regions. However, data are lacking on cryptic invasion, which is defined as an invasion that remains unrecognised because the invader is mistaken for a native or previously introduced species or clade. In this work, cryptic invasions of an intertidal barnacle, Semibalanus cariosus, between Japan and the north-eastern Pacific were evaluated based on population genetic analyses. A significant genetic differentiation was found between the Japanese and north-eastern Pacific populations, suggesting a limited introduction of non-native genotypes between these regions. Haplotype frequencies did not differ significantly between the past (museum samples collected in 1971 from Hokkaido, Japan) and present Japanese populations, implying the rare occurrence of human-mediated migration from the north-eastern Pacific to Japan. Migrate-n analysis revealed a low level of directional gene flow in S. cariosus from the north-eastern Pacific to Japan, possibly by natural stepping-stone dispersal via directional water currents or human-mediated transport.}, }
@article {pmid29376213, year = {2018}, author = {Molnár, PB and Bognár, C and Erdei, AL and Fujii, T and Vági, P and Jósvai, JK and Kárpáti, Z}, title = {Identification of the Female-Produced Sex Pheromone of an Invasive Greenhouse Pest, the European Pepper Moth (Duponchelia fovealis).}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, pages = {257-267}, doi = {10.1007/s10886-018-0928-2}, pmid = {29376213}, issn = {1573-1561}, support = {PD1041310//Orsz&#xe1;gos Tudom&#xe1;nyos Kutat&#xe1;si Alapprogramok/ ; PCIG12-GA-2012-333980//Marie Curie Career Integration Grant/ ; GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00051//Gazdas&#xe1;gfejleszt&#xe9;si &#xe9;s Innov&#xe1;ci&#xf3;s Operat&#xed;v Program/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Assay ; Electrophysiological Phenomena ; *Environment, Controlled ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Moths/*metabolism/physiology ; Sex Attractants/*analysis/*biosynthesis/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The European pepper moth (Duponchelia fovealis, Lepidoptera, Crambidae, Spilomelinae) is an invasive pest of greenhouses in many countries, causing serious damages to horticultural plants. Coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection analysis of the female gland extract revealed two antennally active peaks. Using coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), one was identified as (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald); however, further analysis on different types of capillary columns indicated that the second active compound has two different isomers, (E)-13-octadecenal (E13-18:Ald) and (Z)-13-octadecenal (Z13-18:Ald). The approximate ratio of E13-18:Ald, Z13-18:Ald and Z11-16:Ald in the crude pheromone gland extract was 10:1:0.1, respectively. Single sensillum recordings showed that there was one sensory neuron that responded with a high amplitude spike to both E13-18:Ald and Z13-18:Ald, while another neuron housed in the same sensillum responded to Z11-16:Ald. Field evaluation of the identified compounds indicated that the E13-18:Ald was necessary to evoke the attraction of males; although the presence of Z13-18:Ald and Z11-16:Ald increased the catches in traps. The highest number of caught males was achieved when E13-18:Ald, Z13-18:Ald and Z11-16:Ald were present in baits in the same ratio as in the female gland extract. This pheromone can be used in a monitoring strategy and could potentially lead to the development of mating disruption.}, }
@article {pmid29375764, year = {2018}, author = {Kilroy, C and Novis, P}, title = {Is Didymosphenia geminata an introduced species in New Zealand? Evidence from trends in water chemistry, and chloroplast DNA.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {904-919}, pmid = {29375764}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Defining the geographic origins of free-living aquatic microorganisms can be problematic because many such organisms have ubiquitous distributions, and proving absence from a region is practically impossible. Geographic origins become important if microorganisms have invasive characteristics. The freshwater diatom Didymosphenia geminata is a potentially ubiquitous microorganism for which the recent global expansion of nuisance proliferations has been attributed to environmental change. The changes may include declines in dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) to low levels (e.g., <2 mg/m[3]) and increases in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) to >10 mg/m[3] because both these nutrient conditions are associated with nuisance proliferations of D. geminata. Proliferations of D. geminata have been observed in South Island, New Zealand, since 2004. We aimed to address the ubiquity hypothesis for D. geminata in New Zealand using historical river water nutrient data and new molecular analyses. We used 15 years of data at 77 river sites to assess whether trends in DRP or DIN prior to the spread of D. geminata were consistent with a transition from a rare, undetected, species to a nuisance species. We used new sequences of chloroplast regions to examine the genetic similarity of D. geminata populations from New Zealand and six overseas locations. We found no evidence for declines in DRP concentrations since 1989 that could explain the spread of proliferations since 2004. At some affected sites, lowest DRP occurred before 2004. Trends in DIN also did not indicate enhanced suitability for D. geminata. Lack of diversity in the chloroplast intergenic regions of New Zealand populations and populations from western North America is consistent with recent dispersal to New Zealand. Our analyses did not support the proposal that D. geminata was historically present in New Zealand rivers. These results provide further evidence countering proposals of general ubiquity in freshwater diatoms and indicate that, as assumed in 2004, D. geminata is a recent arrival in New Zealand.}, }
@article {pmid29373671, year = {2018}, author = {Milosavljevic, I and Amrich, R and Strode, V and Hoddle, MS}, title = {Modeling the Phenology of Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in Urban Southern California: Effects of Environment, Habitat, and Natural Enemies.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, pages = {233-243}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvx206}, pmid = {29373671}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Citrus ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; *Hemiptera ; *Models, Biological ; Pest Control, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Modeling can be used to characterize the effects of environmental drivers and biotic factors on the phenology of arthropod pests. From a biological control perspective, population dynamics models may provide insights as to when the most vulnerable pest life stages are available for natural enemies to attack. Analyses presented here used temperature and habitat dependent, instar-specific, discrete models to investigate the population dynamics of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae). This pest is the target of a classical biological control program with the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). The population trends of D. citri eggs, nymphs, and adults, citrus flush growth patterns, and T. radiata activity were monitored monthly on orange and lemon trees at 10 urban sites in southern California for a 2-yr period. Cumulative D. citri egg, nymph, and adult days recorded at each site, were regressed against accumulated degree-days (DDs) to model the population dynamics of each development stage in relation to temperature. Using a biofix point of 1 January, the model predicted that 10% and 90% of eggs were laid by 198 and 2,255 DD, respectively. Populations of small and large D. citri nymphs increased slowly with 90% of the population recorded by 2,389 and 2,436 DD, respectively. D. citri adults were present year round with 10 and 90% of the population recorded by 95 and 2,687 DD, respectively. The potential implications of using DD models for optimizing inoculative releases of natural enemies, such as T. radiata into citrus habitat infested with D. citri, are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid29372502, year = {2018}, author = {Lamsal, P and Kumar, L and Aryal, A and Atreya, K}, title = {Invasive alien plant species dynamics in the Himalayan region under climate change.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {47}, number = {6}, pages = {697-710}, pmid = {29372502}, issn = {1654-7209}, mesh = {Asia ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Climate change will impact the dynamics of invasive alien plant species (IAPS). However, the ability of IAPS under changing climate to invade mountain ecosystems, particularly the Himalayan region, is less known. This study investigates the current and future habitat of five IAPS of the Himalayan region using MaxEnt and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs). Two invasive species, Ageratum conyzoides and Parthenium hysterophorus, will lose overall suitable area by 2070, while Ageratina adenophora, Chromolaena odorata and Lantana camara will gain suitable areas and all of them will retain most of the current habitat as stable. The southern Himalayan foothills will mostly conserve species ecological niches, while suitability of all the five species will decrease with increasing elevation. Such invasion dynamics in the Himalayan region could have impacts on numerous ecosystems and their biota, ecosystem services and human well-being. Trans-boundary response strategies suitable to the local context of the region could buffer some of the likely invasion impacts.}, }
@article {pmid29369021, year = {2017}, author = {Riles, MT and Smith, JP and Burkett-Cadena, N and Connelly, CR and Morse, GW and Byrd, BD}, title = {First Record of Aedes japonicus In Florida.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {340-344}, doi = {10.2987/17-6696.1}, pmid = {29369021}, issn = {1943-6270}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Female ; Florida ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; }, abstract = {The presence of Aedes j. japonicus in Florida is reported for the first time. Four adult females were collected by a Mosquito Magnet® X trap baited with pressurized CO2 in Okaloosa County, FL, in August 2012 and later identified as Ae. japonicus in 2014. Additional adult and larval specimens were collected during 2014-17 from Bay, Leon, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, or Walton counties, Florida. Notes are provided on the location, general habitats, and mosquito associates that may be found with Ae. japonicus in northwestern Florida. The role of Ae. japonicus in arbovirus transmission within Florida is currently unknown and should be further explored.}, }
@article {pmid29367599, year = {2018}, author = {Malfant, M and Darras, S and Viard, F}, title = {Coupling molecular data and experimental crosses sheds light about species delineation: a case study with the genus Ciona.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {1480}, pmid = {29367599}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Ciona intestinalis/classification/*genetics ; *Crosses, Genetic ; *Genetic Speciation ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; *Genome ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Molecular studies sometimes reveal evolutionary divergence within accepted species. Such findings can initiate taxonomic revision, as exemplified in the formerly recognized species Ciona intestinalis. While an increasing number of studies have examined the ecology, reproductive barriers and genetics of C. intestinalis and C. robusta, there are still much uncertainties regarding other species of this genus. Using experimental crosses and mitochondrial data, we investigated the evolutionary relationships among four native and introduced Ciona spp., found in sympatry in the Mediterranean Sea or English Channel. Outcome of 62 bi-parental reciprocal crosses between C. intestinalis, C. robusta, C. roulei and C. edwardsi showed that C. edwardsi is reproductively isolated from the other taxa, which is in agreement with its distinct location in the phylogenetic tree. Conversely, hybrids are easily obtained in both direction when crossing C. intestinalis and C. roulei, reinforcing the hypothesis of two genetically differentiated lineages but likely being from a same species. Altogether, this study sheds light on the evolutionary relationship in this complex genus. It also calls for further investigation notably based on genome-wide investigation to better describe the evolutionary history within the genus Ciona, a challenging task in a changing world where biological introductions are shuffling species distribution.}, }
@article {pmid29367390, year = {2018}, author = {Northfield, TD and Laurance, SGW and Mayfield, MM and Paini, DR and Snyder, WE and Stouffer, DB and Wright, JT and Lach, L}, title = {Native turncoats and indirect facilitation of species invasions.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {285}, number = {1871}, pages = {}, pmid = {29367390}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Vertebrates/*physiology ; }, abstract = {At local scales, native species can resist invasion by feeding on and competing with would-be invasive species. However, this relationship tends to break down or reverse at larger scales. Here, we consider the role of native species as indirect facilitators of invasion and their potential role in this diversity-driven 'invasion paradox'. We coin the term 'native turncoats' to describe native facilitators of non-native species and identify eight ways they may indirectly facilitate species invasion. Some are commonly documented, while others, such as indirect interactions within competitive communities, are largely undocumented in an invasion context. Therefore, we use models to evaluate the likelihood that these competitive interactions influence invasions. We find that native turncoat effects increase with the number of resources and native species. Furthermore, our findings suggest the existence, abundance and effectiveness of native turncoats in a community could greatly influence invasion success at large scales.}, }
@article {pmid29367142, year = {2018}, author = {Kaiser, BA and Kourantidou, M and Fernandez, L}, title = {A case for the commons: The Snow Crab in the Barents.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {210}, number = {}, pages = {338-348}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.007}, pmid = {29367142}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Human Activities ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Closing of the marine commons increases economic returns and slows depletion of valuable ocean resources. Rights-based management is widely used for fisheries rationalization. Regulators with sound biological and economic information can in theory set overall harvest control rules that protect the fish stocks, and manage for external costs and benefits from harvest. These may include ecosystem damages, overcapitalization in the fishery, and/or equity concerns. Regulatory efforts and related rights-based management instruments may increase the returns to fishery stakeholders but miss important challenges that are increasing under climate change. These include transboundary resource management and tradeoffs between local economic returns and Total Economic Value. The case of the valuable, yet invasive, crab species, Chionoecetes Opilio (Snow Crab) in the Barents Sea illustrates the concerns. The spread of the crab has known and unknown ecosystem and commercial fishery risks, particularly to uncertain ecosystem values. We show how the progression of the biological invasion interacts with human strategic behavior to identify limitations of management options. Open access harvesting of the species in international waters has generated a positive spillover effect by slowing the westward spread of the species to sensitive benthic ecosystems. This benefit is threatened by reclassification of the crab as a "sedentary species" (one which is not capable of leaving the seabed when harvestable (UNCLOS, 1982, article 77, part VI)). This shifts the regulatory environment for the crab in ways that exacerbate the invasion in exchange for protection of local gains. Such problems will increase in magnitude and impact as climate changes increasingly affect species' ranges. Optimal decision-making regarding profitable species in new ecosystems must incorporate how strategic institutional shifts occurring in response to the economic incentives asymmetrically affect local and global stakeholders in addition to standard concerns over ecological and economic damages.}, }
@article {pmid29365175, year = {2018}, author = {Eyre, D and Macarthur, R and Haack, RA and Lu, Y and Krehan, H}, title = {Variation in Inspection Efficacy by Member States of Wood Packaging Material Entering the European Union.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {111}, number = {2}, pages = {707-715}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox357}, pmid = {29365175}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera ; Commerce/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Europe ; Insect Control/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Introduced Species ; Nematoda ; *Product Packaging ; Wood/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {The use of wood packaging materials (WPMs) in international trade is recognized as a pathway for the movement of invasive pests and as the origin of most introductions of Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Europe and North America. Following several pest interceptions on WPM associated with stone imports from China, the European Union (EU) agreed to survey certain categories of imports based on the EU Combined Nomenclature Codes for imports, which are based on the international Harmonized System. Between April 2013 and March 2015, 72,263 relevant consignments were received from China in the EU and 26,008 were inspected. Harmful organisms were detected in 0.9% of the consignments, and 1.1% of the imports did not have markings compliant with the international standard for treating WPM, ISPM 15. There were significant differences between the detection rates of harmful organisms among EU member states. In member states that inspected at least 500 consignments, the rate of detection ranged from 6.9% in Austria and France to 0.0% in Spain and Poland. If this difference in detection rate is the result of differences in the methods and intensity of inspection in different member states then an approximate sevenfold increase in the interception of harmful organisms may be achieved if all states were to achieve detection rates achieved by Austria and France. The EU data from 1999 to 2014 indicated an increasing number of interceptions of Bostrichidae and Cerambycidae since 2010. This study demonstrates that there is an ongoing threat of non-native forest pests being imported on WPM.}, }
@article {pmid29364953, year = {2018}, author = {Counihan, TD and Waite, IR and Casper, AF and Ward, DL and Sauer, JS and Irwin, ER and Chapman, CG and Ickes, BS and Paukert, CP and Kosovich, JJ and Bayer, JM}, title = {Can data from disparate long-term fish monitoring programs be used to increase our understanding of regional and continental trends in large river assemblages?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {e0191472}, pmid = {29364953}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/trends ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; *Fishes ; Humans ; *Rivers ; United States ; }, abstract = {Understanding trends in the diverse resources provided by large rivers will help balance tradeoffs among stakeholders and inform strategies to mitigate the effects of landscape scale stressors such as climate change and invasive species. Absent a cohesive coordinated effort to assess trends in important large river resources, a logical starting point is to assess our ability to draw inferences from existing efforts. In this paper, we use a common analytical framework to analyze data from five disparate fish monitoring programs to better understand the nature of spatial and temporal trends in large river fish assemblages. We evaluated data from programs that monitor fishes in the Colorado, Columbia, Illinois, Mississippi, and Tallapoosa rivers using non-metric dimensional scaling ordinations and associated tests to evaluate trends in fish assemblage structure and native fish biodiversity. Our results indicate that fish assemblages exhibited significant spatial and temporal trends in all five of the rivers. We also document native species diversity trends that were variable within and between rivers and generally more evident in rivers with higher species richness and programs of longer duration. We discuss shared and basin-specific landscape level stressors. Having a basic understanding of the nature and extent of trends in fish assemblages is a necessary first step towards understanding factors affecting biodiversity and fisheries in large rivers.}, }
@article {pmid29364942, year = {2018}, author = {Yuan, X and Wen, B}, title = {Seed germination response to high temperature and water stress in three invasive Asteraceae weeds from Xishuangbanna, SW China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {e0191710}, pmid = {29364942}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Asteraceae/embryology/*physiology ; China ; *Germination ; *Hot Temperature ; Introduced Species ; Plant Weeds/*physiology ; Seeds/*physiology ; *Stress, Physiological ; *Water ; }, abstract = {Crassocephalum crepidioides, Conyza canadensis, and Ageratum conyzoides are alien annuals naturalized in China, which produce a large number of viable seeds every year. They widely grow in Xishuangbanna, becoming troublesome weeds that compete with crops for water and nutrients. As seed germination is among the most important life-stages which contribute to plant distribution and invasiveness, its adaptation to temperature and water stress were investigated in these three species. Results showed that: (1) These three species have wide temperature ranges to allow seed germination, i.e., high germination and seedling percentages were achieved between 15°C and 30°C, but germination was seriously inhibited at 35°C; only A. conyzoides demonstrated relative preference for warmer temperatures with approximately 25% germination and seedling percentage at 35°C; (2) light was a vital germination prerequisite for C. crepidioides and A. conyzoides, whereas most C. canadensis seeds germinated in full darkness; (3) Although all three species have good adaptation to bare ground habitat characterized by high temperatures and water stress, including their tolerance to soil surface temperatures of 70°C in air-dried seeds, A. conyzoides seeds exhibited higher tolerance to both continuous and daily periodic high-temperature treatment at 40°C, and to water restriction (e.g., ca. 65% seeds germinated to -0.8 MPa created by NaCl), which is consistent with their field behavior in Xishuangbanna. This study suggests that seed high-temperature tolerance contributes to the weed attributes of these three species, and that adaptation to local micro-habitats is a critical determinant for invasiveness of an alien plant.}, }
@article {pmid29363271, year = {2018}, author = {Blaser, S and Diem, H and von Felten, A and Gueuning, M and Andreou, M and Boonham, N and Tomlinson, J and Müller, P and Utzinger, J and Frey, JE and Bühlmann, A}, title = {From laboratory to point of entry: development and implementation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based genetic identification system to prevent introduction of quarantine insect species.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {74}, number = {6}, pages = {1504-1512}, pmid = {29363271}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Electron Transport Complex IV/analysis ; Hemiptera/*classification/genetics ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insect Proteins/analysis ; Introduced Species ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/*methods ; Quarantine/*methods ; Switzerland ; Tephritidae/*classification/genetics ; Thysanoptera/*classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rapid genetic on-site identification methods at points of entry, such as seaports and airports, have the potential to become important tools to prevent the introduction and spread of economically harmful pest species that are unintentionally transported by the global trade of plant commodities. This paper reports the development and evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based identification system to prevent introduction of the three most frequently encountered regulated quarantine insect species groups at Swiss borders, Bemisia tabaci, Thrips palmi and several regulated fruit flies of the genera Bactrocera and Zeugodacus.<br><br>RESULTS: The LAMP primers were designed to target a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene and were generated based on publicly available DNA sequences. Laboratory evaluations analysing 282 insect specimens suspected to be quarantine organisms revealed an overall test efficiency of 99%. Additional on-site evaluation at a point of entry using 37 specimens performed by plant health inspectors with minimal laboratory training resulted in an overall test efficiency of 95%. During both evaluation rounds, there were no false-positives and the observed false-negatives were attributable to human-induced manipulation errors. To overcome the possibility of accidental introduction of pests as a result of rare false-negative results, samples yielding negative results in the LAMP method were also subjected to DNA barcoding.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our LAMP assays reliably differentiated between the tested regulated and non-regulated insect species within <1&#x2009;h. Hence, LAMP assays represent suitable tools for rapid on-site identification of harmful pests, which might facilitate an accelerated import control process for plant commodities. &#xa9; 2018 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid29361971, year = {2018}, author = {Adalsteinsson, SA and Shriver, WG and Hojgaard, A and Bowman, JL and Brisson, D and D'Amico, V and Buler, JJ}, title = {Multiflora rose invasion amplifies prevalence of Lyme disease pathogen, but not necessarily Lyme disease risk.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {54}, pmid = {29361971}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {Graduate Research Fellowship//University of Delaware/International ; 1354184//Division of Environmental Biology/International ; }, mesh = {Anaplasma phagocytophilum ; Animals ; Babesia microti/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Borrelia burgdorferi/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; Disease Reservoirs/parasitology ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Ixodes/*parasitology ; Lyme Disease/*epidemiology/parasitology/transmission ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Nymph/genetics/physiology ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; *Rosa ; Tick-Borne Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission ; United States/epidemiology ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Forests in urban landscapes differ from their rural counterparts in ways that may alter vector-borne disease dynamics. In urban forest fragments, tick-borne pathogen prevalence is not well characterized; mitigating disease risk in densely-populated urban landscapes requires understanding ecological factors that affect pathogen prevalence. We trapped blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) nymphs in urban forest fragments on the East Coast of the United States and used multiplex real-time PCR assays to quantify the prevalence of four zoonotic, tick-borne pathogens. We used Bayesian logistic regression and WAIC model selection to understand how vegetation, habitat, and landscape features of urban forests relate to the prevalence of B. burgdorferi (the causative agent of Lyme disease) among blacklegged ticks.<br><br>RESULTS: In the 258 nymphs tested, we detected Borrelia burgdorferi (11.2% of ticks), Borrelia miyamotoi (0.8%) and Anaplasma phagocytophilum (1.9%), but we did not find Babesia microti (0%). Ticks collected from forests invaded by non-native multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) had greater B. burgdorferi infection rates (mean&#x2009;=&#x2009;15.9%) than ticks collected from uninvaded forests (mean&#x2009;=&#x2009;7.9%). Overall, B. burgdorferi prevalence among ticks was positively related to habitat features (e.g. coarse woody debris and total understory cover) favorable for competent reservoir host species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Understory structure provided by non-native, invasive shrubs appears to aggregate ticks and reservoir hosts, increasing opportunities for pathogen transmission. However, when we consider pathogen prevalence among nymphs in context with relative abundance of questing nymphs, invasive plants do not necessarily increase disease risk. Although pathogen prevalence is greater among ticks in invaded forests, the probability of encountering an infected tick remains greater in uninvaded forests characterized by thick litter layers, sparse understories, and relatively greater questing tick abundance in urban landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid29361280, year = {2019}, author = {Romanelli, G and Berto, D and Calace, N and Amici, M and Maltese, S and Formalewicz, M and Campanelli, A and Marini, M and Magaletti, E and Scarpato, A}, title = {Ballast water management system: Assessment of chemical quality status of several ports in Adriatic Sea.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {147}, number = {}, pages = {86-97}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.030}, pmid = {29361280}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia ; Disinfectants/analysis ; Disinfection ; Environmental Monitoring ; Mediterranean Sea ; Organotin Compounds/analysis ; Seawater/chemistry ; *Ships ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Water/analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; Water Purification/*methods ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Oxidant treatment of ballast water (BW) is commonly used in BW systems in order to minimize the transport of alien species. The release of disinfection by-products (DBPs) associated to the treatment of BW and cross-contamination of butyltin (BT) compounds through BW discharge is a topic of environmental concern. A chemical port baseline survey has been conducted in seven ports of the Adriatic Sea. Analysis have been performed on transplanted mussels, surface sediment, seawater, BW. Results showed an evidence of BT contamination, particularly in sediments, probably related to their illegal usage or to intensive shipping activities. Therefore, BW may act as a vector and contribute to re-buildup of BT contamination in the coastal regions. A baseline set of data concerning DBPs is provided, showing the preferential distribution of these compounds in the marine environment that will be useful for future considerations on monitoring and assessment of chemical contamination associated with BW.}, }
@article {pmid29361020, year = {2018}, author = {Hanks, LM and Mongold-Diers, JA and Atkinson, TH and Fierke, MK and Ginzel, MD and Graham, EE and Poland, TM and Richards, AB and Richardson, ML and Millar, JG}, title = {Blends of Pheromones, With and Without Host Plant Volatiles, Can Attract Multiple Species of Cerambycid Beetles Simultaneously.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {111}, number = {2}, pages = {716-724}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox373}, pmid = {29361020}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bicyclic Monoterpenes ; *Coleoptera ; Ethanol ; Insect Control/*instrumentation/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Male ; Monoterpenes ; *Pheromones ; United States ; }, abstract = {Pheromone components of cerambycid beetles are often conserved, with a given compound serving as a pheromone component for multiple related species, including species native to different continents. Consequently, a single synthesized compound may attract multiple species to a trap simultaneously. Furthermore, our previous research in east-central Illinois had demonstrated that pheromones of different species can be combined to attract an even greater diversity of species. Here, we describe the results of field bioassays in the northeastern, midwestern, southeastern, south-central, and southwestern United States that assessed attraction of cerambycids to a 'generic' pheromone blend containing six known cerambycid pheromone components, versus the individual components of the blend, and how attraction was influenced by plant volatiles. Nineteen species were attracted in significant numbers, with the pheromone blend attracting about twice as many species as any of the individual components. The blend attracted species of three subfamilies, whereas individual components attracted species within one subfamily. However, some antagonistic interactions between blend components were identified. The plant volatiles ethanol and α-pinene usually enhanced attraction to the blend. Taken together, these experiments suggest that blends of cerambycid pheromones, if selected carefully to minimize inhibitory effects, can be effective for sampling a diversity of species, and that plant volatiles generally enhance attraction. Such generic pheromone blends may serve as an effective and economical method of detecting incursions of exotic, potentially invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid29360103, year = {2018}, author = {Pagad, S and Genovesi, P and Carnevali, L and Schigel, D and McGeoch, MA}, title = {Introducing the Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {170202}, pmid = {29360103}, issn = {2052-4463}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Harmonised, representative data on the state of biological invasions remain inadequate at country and global scales, particularly for taxa that affect biodiversity and ecosystems. Information is not readily available in a form suitable for policy and reporting. The Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species (GRIIS) provides the first country-wise checklists of introduced (naturalised) and invasive species. GRIIS was conceived to provide a sustainable platform for information delivery to support national governments. We outline the rationale and methods underpinning GRIIS, to facilitate transparent, repeatable analysis and reporting. Twenty country checklists are presented as exemplars; GRIIS Checklists for close to all countries globally will be submitted through the same process shortly. Over 11000 species records are currently in the 20 country exemplars alone, with environmental impact evidence for just over 20% of these. GRIIS provides significant support for countries to identify and prioritise invasive alien species, and establishes national and global baselines. In future this will enable a global system for sustainable monitoring of trends in biological invasions that affect the environment.}, }
@article {pmid29358597, year = {2018}, author = {Eimanifar, A and Kimball, RT and Braun, EL and Ellis, JD}, title = {Mitochondrial genome diversity and population structure of two western honey bee subspecies in the Republic of South Africa.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {1333}, pmid = {29358597}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*classification/cytology/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Apis mellifera capensis Eschscholtz and A.m. scutellata Lepeletier are subspecies of western honey bees that are indigenous to the Republic of South Africa (RSA). Both subspecies have invasive potential and are organisms of concern for areas outside their native range, though they are important bees to beekeepers, agriculture, and the environment where they are native. The aim of the present study was to examine genetic differentiation among these subspecies and estimate their phylogenetic relationships using complete mitochondrial genomes sequences. We used 25 individuals that were either assigned to one of the subspecies or designated hybrids using morphometric analyses. Phylogenetic analyses of mitogenome sequences by maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference identified a monophyletic RSA clade, subdivided into two clades. A haplotype network was consistent with the phylogenetic trees. However, members of both subspecies occurred in both clades, indicating that A.m. capensis and A.m. scutellata are neither reciprocally monophyletic nor do they exhibit paraphyly with one subspecies nested within the other subspecies. Furthermore, no mitogenomic features were diagnostic to either subspecies. All bees analyzed from the RSA expressed a substantial level of haplotype diversity (most samples had unique haplotypes) but limited nucleotide diversity. The number of variable codons across protein-coding genes (PCGs) differed among loci, with CO3 exhibiting the most variation and ATP6 the least.}, }
@article {pmid29357812, year = {2018}, author = {Xie, W and Yang, X and Chen, C and Yang, Z and Guo, L and Wang, D and Huang, J and Zhang, H and Wen, Y and Zhao, J and Wu, Q and Wang, S and Coates, BS and Zhou, X and Zhang, Y}, title = {The invasive MED/Q Bemisia tabaci genome: a tale of gene loss and gene gain.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {68}, pmid = {29357812}, issn = {1471-2164}, mesh = {Animals ; Crops, Agricultural/parasitology ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics ; *Genome, Insect ; Glucuronosyltransferase/genetics ; Hemiptera/*classification/*genetics ; Host Specificity ; Insect Proteins/*genetics ; *Insecticide Resistance ; Multigene Family ; Phylogeny ; Symbiosis ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci MED/Q and MEAM1/B, are two economically important invasive species that cause considerable damages to agriculture crops through direct feeding and indirect vectoring of plant pathogens. Recently, a draft genome of B. tabaci MED/Q has been assembled. In this study, we focus on the genomic comparison between MED/Q and MEAM1/B, with a special interest in MED/Q's genomic signatures that may contribute to the highly invasive nature of this emerging insect pest.<br><br>RESULTS: The genomes of both species share similarity in syntenic blocks, but have significant divergence in the gene coding sequence. Expansion of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and UDP glycosyltransferases in MED/Q and MEAM1/B genome is functionally validated for mediating insecticide resistance in MED/Q using in vivo RNAi. The amino acid biosynthesis pathways in MED/Q genome are partitioned among the host and endosymbiont genomes in a manner distinct from other hemipterans. Evidence of horizontal gene transfer to the host genome may explain their obligate relationship. Putative loss-of-function in the immune deficiency-signaling pathway due to the gene loss is a shared ancestral trait among hemipteran insects.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The expansion of detoxification genes families, such as P450s, may contribute to the development of insecticide resistance traits and a broad host range in MED/Q and MEAM1/B, and facilitate species' invasions into intensively managed cropping systems. Numerical and compositional changes in multiple gene families (gene loss and gene gain) in the MED/Q genome sets a foundation for future hypothesis testing that will advance our understanding of adaptation, viral transmission, symbiosis, and plant-insect-pathogen tritrophic interactions.}, }
@article {pmid29357382, year = {2018}, author = {Nevers, MB and Byappanahalli, MN and Morris, CC and Shively, D and Przybyla-Kelly, K and Spoljaric, AM and Dickey, J and Roseman, EF}, title = {Environmental DNA (eDNA): A tool for quantifying the abundant but elusive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {e0191720}, pmid = {29357382}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; DNA/*analysis/*genetics ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/*genetics ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes/chemistry ; Michigan ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) is revolutionizing biodiversity monitoring, occupancy estimates, and real-time detections of invasive species. In the Great Lakes, the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), an invasive benthic fish from the Black Sea, has spread to encompass all five lakes and many tributaries, outcompeting or consuming native species; however, estimates of round goby abundance are confounded by behavior and habitat preference, which impact reliable methods for estimating their population. By integrating eDNA into round goby monitoring, improved estimates of biomass may be obtainable. We conducted mesocosm experiments to estimate rates of goby DNA shedding and decay. Further, we compared eDNA with several methods of traditional field sampling to compare its use as an alternative/complementary monitoring method. Environmental DNA decay was comparable to other fish species, and first-order decay was lower at 12°C (k = 0.043) than at 19°C (k = 0.058). Round goby eDNA was routinely detected in known invaded sites of Lake Michigan and its tributaries (range log10 4.8-6.2 CN/L), but not upstream of an artificial fish barrier. Traditional techniques (mark-recapture, seining, trapping) in Lakes Michigan and Huron resulted in fewer, more variable detections than eDNA, but trapping and eDNA were correlated (Pearson R = 0.87). Additional field testing will help correlate round goby abundance with eDNA, providing insight on its role as a prey fish and its impact on food webs.}, }
@article {pmid29354638, year = {2017}, author = {Kanankege, KST and Alkhamis, MA and Phelps, NBD and Perez, AM}, title = {A Probability Co-Kriging Model to Account for Reporting Bias and Recognize Areas at High Risk for Zebra Mussels and Eurasian Watermilfoil Invasions in Minnesota.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {231}, pmid = {29354638}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {Zebra mussels (ZMs) (Dreissena polymorpha) and Eurasian watermilfoil (EWM) (Myriophyllum spicatum) are aggressive aquatic invasive species posing a conservation burden on Minnesota. Recognizing areas at high risk for invasion is a prerequisite for the implementation of risk-based prevention and mitigation management strategies. The early detection of invasion has been challenging, due in part to the imperfect observation process of invasions including the absence of a surveillance program, reliance on public reporting, and limited resource availability, which results in reporting bias. To predict the areas at high risk for invasions, while accounting for underreporting, we combined network analysis and probability co-kriging to estimate the risk of ZM and EWM invasions. We used network analysis to generate a waterbody-specific variable representing boater traffic, a known high risk activity for human-mediated transportation of invasive species. In addition, co-kriging was used to estimate the probability of species introduction, using waterbody-specific variables. A co-kriging model containing distance to the nearest ZM infested location, boater traffic, and road access was used to recognize the areas at high risk for ZM invasions (AUC = 0.78). The EWM co-kriging model included distance to the nearest EWM infested location, boater traffic, and connectivity to infested waterbodies (AUC = 0.76). Results suggested that, by 2015, nearly 20% of the waterbodies in Minnesota were at high risk of ZM (12.45%) or EWM (12.43%) invasions, whereas only 125/18,411 (0.67%) and 304/18,411 (1.65%) are currently infested, respectively. Prediction methods presented here can support decisions related to solving the problems of imperfect detection, which subsequently improve the early detection of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid29353921, year = {2017}, author = {Zhang, B and Zhang, W and Lu, M and Ahmad, F and Tian, H and Ning, J and Liu, X and Zhao, L and Sun, J}, title = {Chemical Signals of Vector Beetle Facilitate the Prevalence of a Native Fungus and the Invasive Pinewood Nematode.}, journal = {Journal of nematology}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, pages = {341-347}, pmid = {29353921}, issn = {0022-300X}, abstract = {In China, the invasive Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the vector Monochamus alternatus beetle, and associated fungi exhibit a symbiotic relationship causing serious losses to pine forests. Although this complex system has been intensively investigated, the role of vector beetles on the development of associated fungi and their indirect contribution to the prevalence of pinewood nematode (PWN) is yet unknown. Here, three of the highly prevalent fungal species, viz., Sporothrix sp. 1, Ophiostoma ips, and Sporothrix sp. 2 were isolated from beetle chambers in diseased trees in Guangdong province, southeast China. Pairwise cultivation of isolated fungi demonstrated the dominance of Sporothrix sp. 1 over O. ips and Sporothrix sp. 2. On the other hand, two fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), ethyl palmitate (EP) and ethyl linoleate (EL), isolated from the body surface of the vector beetle enhanced the growth of Sporothrix sp. 1. When PWN were cultured on Sporothrix sp. 1, the fecundity and the body length were increased significantly as compared with when cultured on O. ips and Sporothrix sp. 1. Our results suggest that the vector beetles promote Sporothrix sp. 1 to occupy more niches by rapid growth and spread, which in turn better support PWN population, hence facilitate PWN pathogenicity in the invasive regions.}, }
@article {pmid29353216, year = {2018}, author = {Sheykhizadeh, S and Naseri, A}, title = {An efficient swarm intelligence approach to feature selection based on invasive weed optimization: Application to multivariate calibration and classification using spectroscopic data.}, journal = {Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy}, volume = {194}, number = {}, pages = {202-210}, doi = {10.1016/j.saa.2018.01.028}, pmid = {29353216}, issn = {1873-3557}, mesh = {*Algorithms ; *Artificial Intelligence ; Calibration ; Gasoline/analysis/*classification ; Introduced Species ; Least-Squares Analysis ; Plant Weeds/*growth &amp; development ; Triticum/*classification ; Wine/analysis/*classification ; }, abstract = {Variable selection plays a key role in classification and multivariate calibration. Variable selection methods are aimed at choosing a set of variables, from a large pool of available predictors, relevant to the analyte concentrations estimation, or to achieve better classification results. Many variable selection techniques have now been introduced among which, those which are based on the methodologies of swarm intelligence optimization have been more respected during a few last decades since they are mainly inspired by nature. In this work, a simple and new variable selection algorithm is proposed according to the invasive weed optimization (IWO) concept. IWO is considered a bio-inspired metaheuristic mimicking the weeds ecological behavior in colonizing as well as finding an appropriate place for growth and reproduction; it has been shown to be very adaptive and powerful to environmental changes. In this paper, the first application of IWO, as a very simple and powerful method, to variable selection is reported using different experimental datasets including FTIR and NIR data, so as to undertake classification and multivariate calibration tasks. Accordingly, invasive weed optimization - linear discrimination analysis (IWO-LDA) and invasive weed optimization- partial least squares (IWO-PLS) are introduced for multivariate classification and calibration, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid29352479, year = {2018}, author = {Zhang, Z and Pan, X and Blumenthal, D and van Kleunen, M and Liu, M and Li, B}, title = {Contrasting effects of specialist and generalist herbivores on resistance evolution in invasive plants.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {99}, number = {4}, pages = {866-875}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2155}, pmid = {29352479}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Specialization ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien plants are likely to be released from specialist herbivores and at the same time encounter biotic resistance from resident generalist herbivores in their new ranges. The Shifting Defense hypothesis predicts that this will result in evolution of decreased defense against specialist herbivores and increased defense against generalist herbivores. To test this, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of 61 common garden studies that provide data on resistance and/or tolerance for both introduced and native populations of 32 invasive plant species. We demonstrate that introduced populations, relative to native populations, decreased their resistance against specialists, and increased their resistance against generalists. These differences were significant when resistance was measured in terms of damage caused by the herbivore, but not in terms of performance of the herbivore. Furthermore, we found the first evidence that the magnitude of resistance differences between introduced and native populations depended significantly on herbivore origin (i.e., whether the test herbivore was collected from the native or non-native range of the invasive plant). Finally, tolerance to generalists was found to be higher in introduced populations, while neither tolerance to specialists nor that to simulated herbivory differed between introduced and native plant populations. We conclude that enemy release from specialist herbivores and biotic resistance from generalist herbivores have contrasting effects on resistance evolution in invasive plants. Our results thus provide strong support for the Shifting Defense hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid29352466, year = {2018}, author = {Williams, JL and Levine, JM}, title = {Experimental evidence that density dependence strongly influences plant invasions through fragmented landscapes.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {99}, number = {4}, pages = {876-884}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2156}, pmid = {29352466}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Populations of range expanding species encounter patches of both favorable and unfavorable habitat as they spread across landscapes. Theory shows that increasing patchiness slows the spread of populations modeled with continuously varying population density when dispersal is not influence by the environment or individual behavior. However, as is found in uniformly favorable landscapes, spread remains driven by fecundity and dispersal from low density individuals at the invasion front. In contrast, when modeled populations are composed of discrete individuals, patchiness causes populations to build up to high density before dispersing past unsuitable habitat, introducing an important influence of density dependence on spread velocity. To test the hypothesized interaction between habitat patchiness and density dependence, we simultaneously manipulated these factors in a greenhouse system of annual plants spreading through replicated experimental landscapes. We found that increasing the size of gaps and amplifying the strength of density dependence both slowed spread velocity, but contrary to predictions, the effect of amplified density dependence was similar across all landscape types. Our results demonstrate that the discrete nature of individuals in spreading populations has a strong influence on how both landscape patchiness and density dependence influence spread through demographic and dispersal stochasticity. Both finiteness and landscape structure should be critical components to theoretical predictions of future spread for range expanding native species or invasive species colonizing new habitat.}, }
@article {pmid29350584, year = {2017}, author = {Adelman, ZN and Pledger, D and Myles, KM}, title = {Developing standard operating procedures for gene drive research in disease vector mosquitoes.}, journal = {Pathogens and global health}, volume = {111}, number = {8}, pages = {436-447}, pmid = {29350584}, issn = {2047-7732}, mesh = {Animals ; Entomology/methods/standards ; Gene Drive Technology/*methods/*standards ; Humans ; Mosquito Control/*methods/*standards ; Mosquito Vectors/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Numerous arthropod species represent potential targets for gene-drive-based population suppression or replacement, including those that transmit diseases, damage crops, or act as deleterious invasive species. Containment measures for gene drive research in arthropods have been discussed in the literature, but the importance of developing safe and effective standard operating procedures (SOPs) for these types of experiments has not been adequately addressed. Concisely written SOPs link safe work practices, containment measures, institutional training, and research-specific protocols. Here we discuss information to be considered by principal investigators, biosafety officers, and institutional biosafety committees as they work together to develop SOPs for experiments involving gene drive in arthropods, and describe various courses of action that can be used to maintain the effectiveness of SOPs through evaluation and revision. The information provided herein will be especially useful to investigators and regulatory personnel who may lack extensive experience working with arthropods under containment conditions.}, }
@article {pmid29350146, year = {2018}, author = {Wisely, SM and Sayler, KA and Anderson, CJ and Boyce, CL and Klegarth, AR and Johnson, SA}, title = {Macacine Herpesvirus 1 Antibody Prevalence and DNA Shedding among Invasive Rhesus Macaques, Silver Springs State Park, Florida, USA.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {345-351}, pmid = {29350146}, issn = {1080-6059}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/*blood ; Florida/epidemiology ; Genetic Variation ; Herpesviridae Infections/epidemiology/*veterinary/virology ; *Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine/genetics ; *Macaca mulatta ; Monkey Diseases/epidemiology/*virology ; Phylogeny ; Virus Shedding ; }, abstract = {We compiled records on macacine herpesvirus 1 (McHV-1) seroprevalence and, during 2015-2016, collected saliva and fecal samples from the free-ranging rhesus macaques of Silver Springs State Park, a popular public park in central Florida, USA, to determine viral DNA shedding and perform sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the US5 and US5-US6 intragenic sequence from free-ranging and laboratory McHV-1 variants did not reveal genomic differences. In animals captured during 2000-2012, average annual seroprevalence was 25% ± 9 (mean ± SD). We found 4%-14% (95% CI 2%-29%) of macaques passively sampled during the fall 2015 mating season shed McHV-1 DNA orally. We did not observe viral shedding during the spring or summer or from fecal samples. We conclude that these macaques can shed McHV-1, putting humans at risk for exposure to this potentially fatal pathogen. Management plans should be put in place to limit transmission of McHV-1 from these macaques.}, }
@article {pmid29348468, year = {2018}, author = {Dai, G and Yang, J and Lu, S and Huang, C and Jin, J and Jiang, P and Yan, P}, title = {The potential impact of invasive woody oil plants on protected areas in China under future climate conditions.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {1041}, pmid = {29348468}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Biodiesel produced from woody oil plants is considered a green substitute for fossil fuels. However, a potential negative impact of growing woody oil plants on a large scale is the introduction of highly invasive species into susceptible regions. In this study, we examined the potential invasion risk of woody oil plants in China's protected areas under future climate conditions. We simulated the current and future potential distributions of three invasive woody oil plants, Jatropha curcas, Ricinus communis, and Aleurites moluccana, under two climate change scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) up to 2050 using species distribution models. Protected areas in China that will become susceptible to these species were then identified using a spatial overlay analysis. Our results showed that by 2050, 26 and 41 protected areas would be threatened by these invasive woody oil plants under scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, respectively. A total of 10 unique forest ecosystems and 17 rare plant species could be potentially affected. We recommend that the invasive potential of woody oil plants be fully accounted for when developing forest-based biodiesel, especially around protected areas.}, }
@article {pmid29346588, year = {2018}, author = {Cridland, JM and Ramirez, SR and Dean, CA and Sciligo, A and Tsutsui, ND}, title = {Genome Sequencing of Museum Specimens Reveals Rapid Changes in the Genetic Composition of Honey Bees in California.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {458-472}, pmid = {29346588}, issn = {1759-6653}, support = {S10 RR027303/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; S10 RR029668/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*genetics ; California ; Chromosome Mapping ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetics, Population ; *Genome, Insect ; Introduced Species ; Metagenomics ; Pollination ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The western honey bee, Apis mellifera, is an enormously influential pollinator in both natural and managed ecosystems. In North America, this species has been introduced numerous times from a variety of different source populations in Europe and Africa. Since then, feral populations have expanded into many different environments across their broad introduced range. Here, we used whole genome sequencing of historical museum specimens and newly collected modern populations from California (USA) to analyze the impact of demography and selection on introduced populations during the past 105 years. We find that populations from both northern and southern California exhibit pronounced genetic changes, but have changed in different ways. In northern populations, honey bees underwent a substantial shift from western European to eastern European ancestry since the 1960s, whereas southern populations are dominated by the introgression of Africanized genomes during the past two decades. Additionally, we identify an isolated island population that has experienced comparatively little change over a large time span. Fine-scale comparison of different populations and time points also revealed SNPs that differ in frequency, highlighting a number of genes that may be important for recent adaptations in these introduced populations.}, }
@article {pmid29346533, year = {2018}, author = {Burr, SJ and McCullough, DG and Poland, TM}, title = {Density of Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Adults and Larvae at Three Stages of the Invasion Wave.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, pages = {121-132}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvx200}, pmid = {29346533}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*parasitology/*physiology ; Female ; Food Chain ; Fraxinus/*physiology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Insecta/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Larva/parasitology/physiology ; Longevity ; Male ; Michigan ; Population Density ; Trees/physiology ; }, abstract = {Emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), an invasive phloem-feeding buprestid, has killed hundreds of millions of ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees in the United States and two Canadian provinces. We evaluated EAB persistence in post-invasion sites and compared EAB adult captures and larval densities in 24 forested sites across an east-west gradient in southern Michigan representing the Core (post-invasion), Crest (high EAB populations), and Cusp (recently infested areas) of the EAB invasion wave. Condition of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh) trees were recorded in fixed radius plots and linear transects in each site. Ash mortality was highest in Core sites in the southeast, moderate in Crest sites in central southern Michigan, and low in Cusp sites in the southwest. Traps and trap trees in Crest sites accounted for 75 and 60% of all EAB beetles captured in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Populations of EAB were present in all Core sites and traps in these sites captured 13% of all beetles each year. Beetle captures and larval densities at Cusp sites roughly doubled between 2010 and 2011, reflecting the increasing EAB populations. Sticky bands on girdled trees captured the highest density of EAB beetles per m2 of area, while baited double-decker traps had the highest detection rates and captured the most beetles. Larval densities were higher on girdled ash than on similar ungirdled trees and small planted trees. Woodpecker predation and a native larval parasitoid were present in all three invasion regions but had minor effects on ash survival and EAB densities.}, }
@article {pmid29342183, year = {2018}, author = {Nixon, LJ and Morrison, WR and Rice, KB and Brockerhoff, EG and Leskey, TC and Guzman, F and Khrimian, A and Goldson, S and Rostás, M}, title = {Identification of volatiles released by diapausing brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {e0191223}, pmid = {29342183}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aldehydes/analysis ; Alkanes/analysis ; Alkenes/analysis ; Animals ; Diapause ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Heteroptera/*chemistry/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Odorants/*analysis ; Volatile Organic Compounds/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, is an agricultural and urban pest that has become widely established as an invasive species of major concern in the USA and across Europe. This species forms large aggregations when entering diapause, and it is often these aggregations that are found by officials conducting inspections of internationally shipped freight. Identifying the presence of diapausing aggregations of H. halys using their emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may be a potential means for detecting and intercepting them during international freight inspections. Headspace samples were collected from aggregations of diapausing H. halys using volatile collection traps (VCTs) and solid phase microextraction. The only compound detected in all samples was tridecane, with small amounts of (E)-2-decenal found in most samples. We also monitored the release of defensive odors, following mechanical agitation of diapausing and diapause-disrupted adult H. halys. Diapausing groups were significantly more likely to release defensive odors than diapause-disrupted groups. The predominant compounds consistently found from both groups were tridecane, (E)-2-decenal, and 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal, with a small abundance of dodecane. Our findings show that diapausing H. halys do release defensive compounds, and suggest that volatile sampling may be feasible to detect H. halys in freight.}, }
@article {pmid29342169, year = {2018}, author = {Reeves, LE and Krysko, KL and Avery, ML and Gillett-Kaufman, JL and Kawahara, AY and Connelly, CR and Kaufman, PE}, title = {Interactions between the invasive Burmese python, Python bivittatus Kuhl, and the local mosquito community in Florida, USA.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {e0190633}, pmid = {29342169}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Boidae/*physiology ; *Culex ; Female ; Florida ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The Burmese python, Python bivittatus Kuhl, is a well-established invasive species in the greater Everglades ecosystem of southern Florida, USA. Most research on its ecological impacts focuses on its role as a predator and its trophic interactions with native vertebrate species, particularly mammals. Beyond predation, there is little known about the ecological interactions between P. bivittatus and native faunal communities. It is likely that established populations of P. bivittatus in southern Florida serve as hosts for native mosquito communities. To test this concept, we used mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I DNA barcoding to determine the hosts of blood fed mosquitoes collected at a research facility in northern Florida where captive P. bivittatus and Argentine black and white tegu, Salvator merianae (Duméril and Bibron), are maintained in outdoor enclosures, accessible to local mosquitoes. We recovered python DNA from the blood meals of three species of Culex mosquitoes: Culex erraticus (Dyar and Knab), Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and Culex pilosus (Dyar and Knab). Culex erraticus conclusively (P = 0.001; Fisher's Exact Test) took more blood meals from P. bivittatus than from any other available host. While the majority of mosquito blood meals in our sample were derived from P. bivittatus, only one was derived from S. merianae. These results demonstrate that local mosquitoes will feed on invasive P. bivittatus, a recently introduced host. If these interactions also occur in southern Florida, P. bivittatus may be involved in the transmission networks of mosquito-vectored pathogens. Our results also illustrate the potential of detecting the presence of P. bivittatus in the field through screening mosquito blood meals for their DNA.}, }
@article {pmid29340755, year = {2018}, author = {Li, B}, title = {Multiple invasion speeds in a two-species integro-difference competition model.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {76}, number = {7}, pages = {1975-2009}, pmid = {29340755}, issn = {1432-1416}, support = {DMS-1515875//Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Competitive Behavior ; Computational Biology ; Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Linear Models ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; }, abstract = {We study an integro-difference competition model for the case that two species consecutively invade a habitat. We show that if a species spreads into a traveling wave of its rival, or if two species expand their spatial ranges in both directions, in a direction where open space is available, the species with larger invasion speed can always establish a wave moving into open space with its own speed. We demonstrate that when one species is stronger in competition, under appropriate conditions, the speeds at which the boundaries between two species move can be analytically determined. We find that in general there are multiple invasion speeds in the model. It is possible for a species to develop two separate waves propagating with different invasion speeds. It is also possible for each species to establish a single wave spreading with distinct speeds in both directions. The mathematical analysis relies on linear determinacy and new techniques developed.}, }
@article {pmid29340237, year = {2018}, author = {Bergshoeff, JA and McKenzie, CH and Best, K and Zargarpour, N and Favaro, B}, title = {Using underwater video to evaluate the performance of the Fukui trap as a mitigation tool for the invasive European green crab (Carcinus maenas) in Newfoundland, Canada.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4223}, pmid = {29340237}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The European green crab (Carcinus maenas) is a destructive marine invader that was first discovered in Newfoundland waters in 2007 and has since become established in nearshore ecosystems on the south and west coast of the island. Targeted fishing programs aimed at removing green crabs from invaded Newfoundland ecosystems use Fukui traps, but the capture efficiency of these traps has not been previously assessed. We assessed Fukui traps using in situ observation with underwater video cameras as they actively fished for green crabs. From these videos, we recorded the number of green crabs that approached the trap, the outcome of each entry attempt (success or failure), and the number of exits from the trap. Across eight videos, we observed 1,226 green crab entry attempts, with only a 16% rate of success from these attempts. Based on these observations we believe there is scope to improve the performance of the Fukui trap through modifications in order to achieve a higher catch per unit effort (CPUE), maximizing trap usage for mitigation. Ultimately, a more efficient Fukui trap will help to control green crab populations in order to preserve the function and integrity of ecosystems invaded by the green crab.}, }
@article {pmid29340133, year = {2018}, author = {Averill, KM and Mortensen, DA and Smithwick, EAH and Kalisz, S and McShea, WJ and Bourg, NA and Parker, JD and Royo, AA and Abrams, MD and Apsley, DK and Blossey, B and Boucher, DH and Caraher, KL and DiTommaso, A and Johnson, SE and Masson, R and Nuzzo, VA}, title = {A regional assessment of white-tailed deer effects on plant invasion.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {plx047}, pmid = {29340133}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Herbivores can profoundly influence plant species assembly, including plant invasion, and resulting community composition. Population increases of native herbivores, e.g. white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), combined with burgeoning plant invasions raise concerns for native plant diversity and forest regeneration. While individual researchers typically test for the impact of deer on plant invasion at a few sites, the overarching influence of deer on plant invasion across regional scales is unclear. We tested the effects of deer on the abundance and diversity of introduced and native herbaceous and woody plants across 23 white-tailed deer research sites distributed across the east-central and north-eastern USA and representing a wide range of deer densities and invasive plant abundance and identity. Deer access/exclusion or deer population density did not affect introduced plant richness or community-level abundance. Native and total plant species richness, abundance (cover and stem density) and Shannon diversity were lower in deer-access vs. deer-exclusion plots. Among deer-access plots, native species richness, native and total cover, and Shannon diversity (cover) declined as deer density increased. Deer access increased the proportion of introduced species cover (but not of species richness or stem density). As deer density increased, the proportion of introduced species richness, cover and stem density all increased. Because absolute abundance of introduced plants was unaffected by deer, the increase in proportion of introduced plant abundance is likely an indirect effect of deer reducing native cover. Indicator species analysis revealed that deer access favoured three introduced plant species, including Alliaria petiolata and Microstegium vimineum, as well as four native plant species. In contrast, deer exclusion favoured three introduced plant species, including Lonicera japonica and Rosa multiflora, and 15 native plant species. Overall, native deer reduced community diversity, lowering native plant richness and abundance, and benefited certain invasive plants, suggesting pervasive impacts of this keystone herbivore on plant community composition and ecosystem services in native forests across broad swathes of the eastern USA.}, }
@article {pmid29339802, year = {2018}, author = {Lombaert, E and Guillemaud, T and Deleury, E}, title = {Biases of STRUCTURE software when exploring introduction routes of invasive species.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {120}, number = {6}, pages = {485-499}, pmid = {29339802}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Cluster Analysis ; Computer Simulation ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population/methods ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; *Software ; }, abstract = {Population genetic methods are widely used to retrace the introduction routes of invasive species. The unsupervised Bayesian clustering algorithm implemented in STRUCTURE is amongst the most frequently used of these methods, but its ability to provide reliable information about introduction routes has never been assessed. We simulated microsatellite datasets to evaluate the extent to which the results provided by STRUCTURE were misleading for the inference of introduction routes. We focused on an invasion scenario involving one native and two independently introduced populations, because it is the sole scenario that can be rejected when obtaining a particular clustering with a STRUCTURE analysis at K = 2 (two clusters). Results were classified as "misleading" or "non-misleading". We investigated the influence of effective size, bottleneck severity and number of loci on the type and frequency of misleading results. We showed that misleading STRUCTURE results were obtained for 10% of all simulated datasets. Our results highlighted two categories of misleading output. The first occurs when the native population has a low level of diversity. In this case, the two introduced populations may be very similar, despite their independent introduction histories. The second category results from convergence issues in STRUCTURE for K = 2, with strong bottleneck severity and/or large numbers of loci resulting in high levels of differentiation between the three populations. Overall, the risk of being misled by STRUCTURE in the context of introduction routes inferences is moderate, but it is important to remain cautious when low genetic diversity or genuine multimodality between runs are involved.}, }
@article {pmid29338888, year = {2018}, author = {Rubio-Portillo, E and Gago, JF and Martínez-García, M and Vezzulli, L and Rosselló-Móra, R and Antón, J and Ramos-Esplá, AA}, title = {Vibrio communities in scleractinian corals differ according to health status and geographic location in the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Systematic and applied microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {2}, pages = {131-138}, doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2017.11.007}, pmid = {29338888}, issn = {1618-0984}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*microbiology ; Geography ; Global Warming ; Mediterranean Sea ; Microbial Consortia ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Temperature ; Vibrio/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {The increase in seawater temperature associated with global warming is a significant threat to coral health and is linked to increasing mass mortality events and Vibrio-related coral diseases. In the Mediterranean Sea, the endemic Cladocora caespitosa and the invasive species Oculina patagonica are the main scleractinian corals affected by mass mortalities. In this study, culturable Vibrio spp. assemblages associated with healthy and unhealthy colonies of these two shallow coral species were characterized to assess the presence of Vibrio pathogens in tissue necrosis. Vibrio communities associated with O. patagonica and C. caespitosa showed geographical differences, although these became more homogeneous in unhealthy specimens of both species. Furthermore, the number of recovered Vibrio specimens was more than five times higher in unhealthy than in healthy corals. Within these culturable vibrios, the known pathogens Vibrio mediterranei and Vibrio coralliilyticus were present in unhealthy colonies of both coral species in the two localities, suggesting that they could play a role in the health status of C. caespitosa and thus act as generalist pathogens in Mediterranean corals. Nonetheless, a clonal type of V. coralliilyticus detected in C. caespitosa was not associated with disease signs, suggesting that this species could encompass assemblages with different levels of virulence.}, }
@article {pmid29336825, year = {2019}, author = {Azzurro, E and Bolognini, L and Dragičević, B and Drakulović, D and Dulčić, J and Fanelli, E and Grati, F and Kolitari, J and Lipej, L and Magaletti, E and Marković, O and Matić-Skoko, S and Mavrič, B and Milone, N and Joksimović, A and Tomanić, J and Scarpato, A and Tutman, P and Vrdoljak, D and Zappacosta, F}, title = {Detecting the occurrence of indigenous and non-indigenous megafauna through fishermen knowledge: A complementary tool to coastal and port surveys.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {147}, number = {}, pages = {229-236}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.016}, pmid = {29336825}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biological Monitoring/*methods ; Croatia ; Fisheries ; *Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates ; Italy ; Knowledge ; Slovenia ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Marine bioinvasions and other rapid biodiversity changes require today integrating existing monitoring tools with other complementary detection strategies to provide a more efficient management. Here we explored the efficacy of fishermen observations and traditional port surveys to effectively track the occurrence of both indigenous and non-indigenous megafauna in the Adriatic Sea. This consisted mainly of mobile taxa such as fishes, crustaceans and molluscs. Port surveys using traps and nets within 10 major Adriatic harbours, were compared with the information obtained from 153 interviews with local fishermen. Information gathered by traps and nets varied significantly and generally resulted of limited efficacy in exotic species detection. Interviews allowed tracking the occurrence of new species through time and space, providing complementary knowledge at the low cost. This combined approach improves our capability of being informed on the arrival of species of different origin, providing a more rational, improved basis for environmental management and decision making.}, }
@article {pmid29334950, year = {2018}, author = {Pelletier, F and Coltman, DW}, title = {Will human influences on evolutionary dynamics in the wild pervade the Anthropocene?.}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {7}, pmid = {29334950}, issn = {1741-7007}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods/trends ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Pollution/prevention &amp; control ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*trends ; }, abstract = {The five most pervasive anthropogenic threats to biodiversity are over-exploitation, habitat changes, climate change, invasive species, and pollution. Since all of these threats can affect intraspecific biodiversity-including genetic variation within populations-humans have the potential to induce contemporary microevolution in wild populations. We highlight recent empirical studies that have explored the effects of these anthropogenic threats to intraspecific biodiversity in the wild. We conclude that it is critical that we move towards a predictive framework that integrates a better understanding of contemporary microevolution to multiple threats to forecast the fate of natural populations in a changing world.}, }
@article {pmid29331242, year = {2018}, author = {Apostolaki, ET and Holmer, M and Santinelli, V and Karakassis, I}, title = {Species-specific response to sulfide intrusion in native and exotic Mediterranean seagrasses under stress.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {134}, number = {}, pages = {85-95}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.12.006}, pmid = {29331242}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Alismatales/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Mediterranean Sea ; Plant Leaves ; Species Specificity ; Sulfides ; }, abstract = {We explored the sulfur dynamics and the relationships between sediment sulfur and nutrient pools, seagrass structural and physiological variables and sulfide intrusion in native (Posidonia oceanica, Cymodocea nodosa) and exotic (Halophila stipulacea) Mediterranean seagrasses at six sites affected by cumulative anthropogenic pressures to understand the factors controlling sulfide intrusion in seagrass. Sensitive indicators of seagrass stress (leaf TN, δ[15]N, TS, Fsulfide) were increased at several sites, implying that seagrasses are under pressure. Sulfide intrusion was not related to sediment TOC but it was negatively related to shoot size and below-ground biomass. Sulfide intrusion in seagrass tissue was high in P. oceanica (12-17%) and considerably higher in C. nodosa (27-35%). Intrusion was particularly high in H. stipulacea (30-50%), suggesting that its possible biogeographical expansion due to warming of the Mediterranean may result in accumulation of sulfides in the sediments and hypoxia/anoxia with further implications in ecosystem function.}, }
@article {pmid29330969, year = {2018}, author = {Paiva, F and Barco, A and Chen, Y and Mirzajani, A and Chan, FT and Lauringson, V and Baltazar-Soares, M and Zhan, A and Bailey, SA and Javidpour, J and Briski, E}, title = {Is salinity an obstacle for biological invasions?.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, pages = {2708-2720}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14049}, pmid = {29330969}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*physiology ; Animals ; Arthropod Proteins/genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Canada ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Europe ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Introduced Species ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics ; *Salt Tolerance ; United States ; }, abstract = {Invasions of freshwater habitats by marine and brackish species have become more frequent in recent years with many of those species originating from the Ponto-Caspian region. Populations of Ponto-Caspian species have successfully established in the North and Baltic Seas and their adjoining rivers, as well as in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River region. To determine if Ponto-Caspian taxa more readily acclimatize to and colonize diverse salinity habitats than taxa from other regions, we conducted laboratory experiments on 22 populations of eight gammarid species native to the Ponto-Caspian, Northern European and Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River regions. In addition, we conducted a literature search to survey salinity ranges of these species worldwide. Finally, to explore evolutionary relationships among examined species and their populations, we sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) from individuals used for our experiments. Our study revealed that all tested populations tolerate wide ranges of salinity, however, different patterns arose among species from different regions. Ponto-Caspian taxa showed lower mortality in fresh water, while Northern European taxa showed lower mortality in fully marine conditions. Genetic analyses showed evolutionary divergence among species from different regions. Due to the geological history of the two regions, as well as high tolerance of Ponto-Caspian species to fresh water, whereas Northern European species are more tolerant of fully marine conditions, we suggest that species originating from the Ponto-Caspian and Northern European regions may be adapted to freshwater and marine environments, respectively. Consequently, the perception that Ponto-Caspian species are more successful colonizers might be biased by the fact that areas with highest introduction frequency of NIS (i.e., shipping ports) are environmentally variable habitats which often include freshwater conditions that cannot be tolerated by euryhaline taxa of marine origin.}, }
@article {pmid29330518, year = {2018}, author = {Wang, M and Wang, Q and Sha, C and Chen, J}, title = {Spartina alterniflora invasion affects soil carbon in a C3 plant-dominated tidal marsh.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {628}, pmid = {29330518}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Carbon/*analysis ; Carbon Cycle ; China ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Soil/*chemistry ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The carbon cycle is significantly affected by Spartina alterniflora invasion through its impact on blue carbon in many salt marshes. To determine the impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC), we studied the vertical and horizontal distribution of SOC. And stable carbon isotopes were used to explore the impact of the age of S. alterniflora invasion on SOC in Chongming Dongtan wetland located in the Yangtze River estuary, China. The results showed that the SOC concentration was higher in the S. alterniflora community than that in the native Phragmites australis community. The age of invasion and the SOC concentration increased with increasing elevation, while the SOC concentration decreased with increasing soil depth. The δ[13]C value became less negative at greater depth, which was related to the contribution from [13]C- enriched carbon sources after 3 years of invasion. After 7 and 10 years, the δ[13]C value became more negative at greater depth in both communities. S. alterniflora had a positive effect on the soil carbon pool, and its contribution was related to soil depth. In the low tidal marshes, the contribution of S. alterniflora was negatively correlated with soil depth, while it was positively correlated with soil depth in the high tidal marshes. The results from this study will contribute to improved understanding of future ecological consequences.}, }
@article {pmid29330139, year = {2018}, author = {Kocot, KM and Tassia, MG and Halanych, KM and Swalla, BJ}, title = {Phylogenomics offers resolution of major tunicate relationships.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {121}, number = {}, pages = {166-173}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2018.01.005}, pmid = {29330139}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Genomics ; Likelihood Functions ; *Phylogeny ; Urochordata/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Tunicata, a diverse clade of approximately 3000 described species of marine, filter-feeding chordates, is of great interest to researchers because tunicates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates and they facilitate comparative studies of our own biology. The group also includes numerous invasive species that cause considerable economic damage and some species of tunicates are edible. Despite their diversity and importance, relationships among major lineages of Tunicata are not completely resolved. Here, we supplemented public data with transcriptomes from seven species spanning the diversity of Tunicata and conducted phylogenomic analyses on data sets of up to 798 genes. Sensitivity analyses were employed to examine the influences of reducing compositional heterogeneity and branch-length heterogeneity. All analyses maximally supported a monophyletic Tunicata within Olfactores (Vertebrata + Tunicata). Within Tunicata, all analyses recovered Appendicularia sister to the rest of Tunicata and confirmed (with maximal support) that Thaliacea is nested within Ascidiacea. Stolidobranchia is the sister taxon to all other tunicates except Appendicularia. In most analyses, phlebobranch tunicates were recovered paraphyletic with respect to Aplousobranchia. Support for this topology varied but was strong in some cases. However, when only the 50 best genes based on compositional heterogeneity were analysed, we recovered Phlebobranchia and Aplousobranchia reciprocally monophyletic with strong support, consistent with most traditional morphology-based hypotheses. Examination of internode certainty also cast doubt on results of phlebobranch paraphyly, which may be due to limited taxon sampling. Taken together, these results provide a higher-level phylogenetic framework for our closest living invertebrate relatives.}, }
@article {pmid29330086, year = {2018}, author = {Johnson, TM and Crane, AL}, title = {Learning profitable habitat types by juvenile crayfish.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {148}, number = {}, pages = {31-33}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2018.01.006}, pmid = {29330086}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animals ; Association Learning/*physiology ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Cues ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Risk Factors ; }, abstract = {Habitat selection is fundamentally important to animal ecology, and animals that can learn about habitats can increase the probability of avoiding detection by predators or quickly finding food. Here, we tested whether juveniles of the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, can learn preference for habitat types based on experience with food availability. Crayfish were housed in arenas with two habitat types, half leaf habitat and half rock habitat. Over several days, crayfish were fed consistently in one of the habitat types. Initial tests revealed that crayfish had an innate preference for the leaf habitat, but conditioning over 2-3 weeks was sufficient to shift this preference to the rock habitat based on habitat cues rather than other spatial cues in their environment. The ability to learn the relevance of habitat features may be an important trait for the colonization success, and subsequent impact, of introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid29329403, year = {2018}, author = {Seko, Y and Hayasaka, D and Nishino, A and Uchida, T and Sánchez-Bayo, F and Sawahata, T}, title = {Host-Tree Selection by the Invasive Argentine Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Relation to Honeydew-Producing Insects.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {111}, number = {1}, pages = {319-326}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox351}, pmid = {29329403}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Species Specificity ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {The Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr; Hymenoptera: Formicidae), is one of the world's most hazardous invasive species, and thus its eradication from Japan is important. Physical and chemical controls can be expensive and cause strong adverse effects on local terrestrial ecosystems regardless of their high efficacy. Here, presence/absence of host-tree selection by Argentine ants was investigated to understand the ant-honeydew-producing insects interactions in order to develop new cultural controls compatible with biodiversity conservation. Abundance of Argentine ants and their tree utilization ratio was measured among dominant roadside trees (Cinnamomum camphora, Myrica rubra, Nerium indicum, Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata, Juniperus chinensis var. kaizuka) in two areas around Kobe, Japan. Almost all ants collected were Argentine ants suggesting that native ants would have been competitively excluded. Tree utilization of Argentine ants clearly differed among host trees. Abundance of both Argentine ants and honeydew-producing insects and tree utilization rate of the ants were significantly lower in especially C. camphora and J. chinensis. Few Argentine ants were observed trailing on C. camphora, J. Chinensis, and N. indicum, most probably due to low abundance of honeydew-producing insects on these trees with the toxic and repellent chemical components. On the other hand, high abundance of both Argentine ants and homopterans were found in M. rubra and especially R. indica. We suggest that reductions of R. indica and M. rubra would lead to a decrease in abundance of honeydew-producing insects, and thus effectively control populations of Argentine ants. At the same time, planting of C. camphora, J. Chinensis, and N. indicum may also play a role in restraint efficacy against invasion of the invasive ants.}, }
@article {pmid29328973, year = {2018}, author = {Castro, BB and Silva, C and Macário, IPE and Oliveira, B and Gonçalves, F and Pereira, JL}, title = {Feeding inhibition in Corbicula fluminea (O.F. Muller, 1774) as an effect criterion to pollutant exposure: Perspectives for ecotoxicity screening and refinement of chemical control.}, journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {196}, number = {}, pages = {25-34}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.01.002}, pmid = {29328973}, issn = {1879-1514}, mesh = {Animals ; Copper Sulfate/metabolism/toxicity ; Corbicula/*drug effects/metabolism ; Dichlorvos/metabolism/toxicity ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Feeding Behavior/drug effects ; Fertilizers/toxicity ; Metals/chemistry/metabolism/toxicity ; Pesticides/metabolism/toxicity ; Salts/chemistry/metabolism/toxicity ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Bivalves are commonly used in biomonitoring programs to track pollutants. Several features, including its filter-feeding abilities, cumulatively argue in favour of the use of the Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea) as a biosentinel and an ecotoxicological model. Filtration in bivalves is very sensitive to external stimuli and its control is dictated by regulation of the opening/closure of the valves, which may be used as an avoidance defence against contaminants. Here, we investigate the filter-feeding behaviour of the Asian clam as an endpoint for assessing exposure to pollutants, driven by two complementary goals: (i) to generate relevant and sensitive toxicological information based on the ability of C. fluminea to clear an algal suspension, using the invasive species as a surrogate for native bivalves; (ii) to gain insight on the potential of exploring this integrative response in the refinement of chemical control methods for this pest. Clearance rates and proportion of algae removed were measured using a simple and reproducible protocol. Despite some variation across individuals and size classes, 50-90% of food particles were generally removed within 60-120 min by clams larger than 20 mm. Removal of algae was sensitive to an array of model contaminants with biocide potential, including fertilizers, pesticides, metals and salts: eight out of nine tested substances were detected at the μg l[-1] or mg l[-1] range and triggered valve closure, decreasing filter-feeding in a concentration-dependent manner. For most toxicants, a good agreement between mortality (96 h - LC50 within the range 0.4-5500 mg l[-1]) and feeding (2 h - IC50 within the range 0.005-2317 mg l[-1]) was observed, demonstrating that a 120-min assay can be used as a protective surrogate of acute toxicity. However, copper sulphate was very strongly avoided by the clams (IC50 = 5.3 μg l[-1]); on the contrary, dichlorvos (an organophosphate insecticide) did not cause feeding depression, either by being undetected by the clams' chemosensors and/or by interfering with the valve closure mechanism. Such an assay has a large potential as a simple screening tool for industry, environmental agencies and managers. The ability of dichlorvos to bypass the Asian clam's avoidance strategy puts it in the spotlight as a potential agent to be used alone or combined with others in eradication programs of this biofouler in closed or semi-closed industrial settings.}, }
@article {pmid29327660, year = {2018}, author = {Miyazaki, T and Nakata, K and Nishimura, T and Abe, S and Yamashita, T and Miyazaki, M}, title = {Identification of 2-phenylethanol with a rose-like odor from anal sac secretions of the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus).}, journal = {Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry}, volume = {82}, number = {2}, pages = {232-237}, doi = {10.1080/09168451.2017.1419854}, pmid = {29327660}, issn = {1347-6947}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Herpestidae/*metabolism ; Male ; Odorants/*analysis ; Phenylethyl Alcohol/chemistry/*metabolism ; Rosa/*chemistry ; Sex Characteristics ; }, abstract = {The small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) is an invasive species in Okinawa and Amami-Oshima, Japan. Major strategies for their eradication have been the use of baited traps, which suffer from decreasing efficiency with declining populations and the bycatch of native animals. To address these concerns, mongoose-specific lures are required. In this study, we aimed to identify species- and/or sex-specific compounds from anal sac secretions of small Indian mongooses. Volatile compounds emitted from male and female mongoose anal sac secretions were analyzed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition to several fatty acids, 2-phenylethanol was identified as a minor compound, which is uncommon in mammalian secretions but a dominant odorant in roses. Female samples emitted higher levels of 2-phenylethanol than male samples did. These findings indicate that 2-phenylethanol is a female-specific volatile compound of anal sac secretions in small Indian mongooses, and it may be useful as an ingredient of mongoose-specific scent lures.}, }
@article {pmid29324036, year = {2018}, author = {Daane, KM and Vincent, C and Isaacs, R and Ioriatti, C}, title = {Entomological Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Viticulture in a Global Market.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {63}, number = {}, pages = {193-214}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023547}, pmid = {29324036}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; *Crop Protection ; *Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological ; Sustainable Growth ; *Vitis ; }, abstract = {Viticulture has experienced dramatic global growth in acreage and value. As the international exchange of goods has increased, so too has the market demand for sustainably produced products. Both elements redefine the entomological challenges posed to viticulture and have stimulated significant advances in arthropod pest control programs. Vineyard managers on all continents are increasingly combating invasive species, resulting in the adoption of novel insecticides, semiochemicals, and molecular tools to support sustainable viticulture. At the local level, vineyard management practices consider factors such as the surrounding natural ecosystem, risk to fish populations, and air quality. Coordinated multinational responses to pest invasion have been highly effective and have, for example, resulted in eradication of the moth Lobesia botrana from California vineyards, a pest found in 2009 and eradicated by 2016. At the global level, the shared pests and solutions for their suppression will play an increasing role in delivering internationally sensitive pest management programs that respond to invasive pests, climate change, novel vector and pathogen relationships, and pesticide restrictions.}, }
@article {pmid29322828, year = {2018}, author = {Nimer, A and Meneses, N and Watson, ZD and Shuster, SM and Benford, R}, title = {Population survey and management strategies of free-roaming dogs (Canis familiaris) on Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.}, journal = {Journal of applied animal welfare science : JAAWS}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {170-184}, doi = {10.1080/10888705.2017.1406801}, pmid = {29322828}, issn = {1532-7604}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; *Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Micronesia ; Population Density ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {The island of Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, is populated by free-roaming dogs who were introduced during World War II. The local nonhuman animal control agency manages this population; however, the demographic information and public perception of this population remain unknown. To characterize the free-roaming dog population, an island-wide survey on Saipan was conducted. Photographic, mark-recapture data were used to estimate the population size per land type. Age, sex, sociality, and behavior per land type were documented and associations between these variables were tested using G tests. The effects of land type and urbanization on dog abundance were also analyzed. Lastly, in-person surveys provided data on the public perception of free-roaming dogs. Four main findings are reported: (a) The population size of free-roaming dogs on Saipan is estimated at 21,316. (b) Most dogs encountered were sentry adults. (c) Dog abundance increased with urbanization level and was highest in urban areas. (d) The public perceived free-roaming dogs as a health concern and suggested the implementation of leash laws and sheltering initiatives. This article discusses potential and existing population management strategies for free-roaming dogs on Saipan.}, }
@article {pmid29321911, year = {2018}, author = {Holm, AK and Elameen, A and Oliver, BW and Brandsæter, LO and Fløistad, IS and Brurberg, MB}, title = {Low genetic variation of invasive Fallopia spp. in their northernmost European distribution range.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {755-764}, pmid = {29321911}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Knowledge about the reproduction strategies of invasive species is fundamental for effective control. The invasive Fallopia taxa (Japanese knotweed s.l.) reproduce mainly clonally in Europe, and preventing spread of vegetative fragments is the most important control measure. However, high levels of genetic variation within the hybrid F. × bohemica indicate that hybridization and seed dispersal could be important. In Norway in northern Europe, it is assumed that these taxa do not reproduce sexually due to low temperatures in the autumn when the plants are flowering. The main objective of this study was to examine the genetic variation of invasive Fallopia taxa in selected areas in Norway in order to evaluate whether the taxa may reproduce by seeds in their most northerly distribution range in Europe. Fallopia stands from different localities in Norway were analyzed with respect to prevalence of taxa, and genetic variation within and between taxa was studied using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Taxonomic identification based on morphology corresponded with identification based on simple sequence repeats (SSR) and DNA ploidy levels (8× F. japonica, 6× F. × bohemica and 4× F. sachalinensis). No genetic variation within F. japonica was detected. All F. × bohemica samples belonged to a single AFLP genotype, but one sample had a different SSR genotype. Two SSR genotypes of F. sachalinensis were also detected. Extremely low genetic variation within the invasive Fallopia taxa indicates that these taxa do not reproduce sexually in the region, suggesting that control efforts can be focused on preventing clonal spread. Climate warming may increase sexual reproduction of invasive Fallopia taxa in northern regions. The hermaphrodite F. × bohemica is a potential pollen source for the male-sterile parental species. Targeted eradication of the hybrid can therefore reduce the risk of increased sexual reproduction under future warmer climate.}, }
@article {pmid29321909, year = {2018}, author = {Ramsey, DSL and Barclay, C and Campbell, CD and Dewar, E and MacDonald, AJ and Modave, E and Quasim, S and Sarre, SD}, title = {Detecting rare carnivores using scats: Implications for monitoring a fox incursion into Tasmania.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {732-743}, pmid = {29321909}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The ability to detect the incursion of an invasive species or destroy the last individuals during an eradication program are some of the most difficult aspects of invasive species management. The presence of foxes in Tasmania is a contentious issue with recent structured monitoring efforts, involving collection of carnivore scats and testing for fox DNA, failing to detect any evidence of foxes. Understanding the likelihood that monitoring efforts would detect fox presence, given at least one is present, is therefore critical for understanding the role of scat monitoring for informing the response to an incursion. We undertook trials to estimate the probability of fox scat detection through monitoring by scat-detector dogs and person searches and used this information to critically evaluate the power of scat monitoring efforts for detecting foxes in the Tasmanian landscape. The probability of detecting a single scat present in a 1-km[2] survey unit was highest for scat-detector dogs searches (0.053) compared with person searches (x¯≅0.015) for each 10 km of search effort. Simulation of the power of recent scat monitoring efforts undertaken in Tasmania from 2011 to 2015 suggested that single foxes would have to be present in at least 20 different locations or fox breeding groups present in at least six different locations, in order to be detected with a high level of confidence (>0.80). We have shown that highly structured detection trials can provide managers with the quantitative tools needed to make judgments about the power of large-scale scat monitoring programs. Results suggest that a fox population, if present in Tasmania, could remain undetected by a large-scale, structured scat monitoring program. Therefore, it is likely that other forms of surveillance, in conjunction with scat monitoring, will be necessary to demonstrate that foxes are absent from Tasmania with high confidence.}, }
@article {pmid29321905, year = {2018}, author = {Williams, KE and Huyvaert, KP and Vercauteren, KC and Davis, AJ and Piaggio, AJ}, title = {Detection and persistence of environmental DNA from an invasive, terrestrial mammal.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {688-695}, pmid = {29321905}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive Sus scrofa, a species commonly referred to as wild pig or feral swine, is a destructive invasive species with a rapidly expanding distribution across the United States. We used artificial wallows and small waterers to determine the minimum amount of time needed for pig eDNA to accumulate in the water source to a detectable level. We removed water from the artificial wallows and tested eDNA detection over the course of 2 weeks to understand eDNA persistence. We show that our method is sensitive enough to detect very low quantities of eDNA shed by a terrestrial mammal that has limited interaction with water. Our experiments suggest that the number of individuals shedding into a water system can affect persistence of eDNA. Use of an eDNA detection technique can benefit management efforts by providing a sensitive method for finding even small numbers of individuals that may be elusive using other methods.}, }
@article {pmid29321896, year = {2018}, author = {Wódkiewicz, M and Chwedorzewska, KJ and Bednarek, PT and Znój, A and Androsiuk, P and Galera, H}, title = {How much of the invader's genetic variability can slip between our fingers? A case study of secondary dispersal of Poa annua on King George Island (Antarctica).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {592-600}, pmid = {29321896}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {We studied an invasion of Poa annua on King George Island (Maritime Antarctic). The remoteness of this location, its geographic isolation, and its limited human traffic provided an opportunity to trace the history of an invasion of the species. Poa annua was recorded for the first time at H. Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station in the austral summer of 1985/6. In 2008/9, the species was observed in a new locality at the Ecology Glacier Forefield (1.5 km from "Arctowski"). We used AFLP to analyze the genetic differences among three populations of P. annua: the two mentioned above (Station and Forefield) and the putative origin of the introduction, Warsaw (Poland). There was 38% genetic variance among the populations. Pairwise ФPT was 0.498 between the Forefield and Warsaw populations and 0.283 between Warsaw and Station. There were 15 unique bands in the Warsaw population (frequency from 6% to 100%) and one in the Station/Forefield populations (which appears in all analyzed individuals from both populations). The Δ(K) parameter indicated two groups of samples: Warsaw/Station and Forefield. As indicated by Fu's Fs statistics and an analysis of mismatch distribution, the Forefield population underwent a bottleneck and/or founder effect. The Forefield population was likely introduced by secondary dispersal from the Station population.}, }
@article {pmid29321862, year = {2018}, author = {Robeson, MS and Khanipov, K and Golovko, G and Wisely, SM and White, MD and Bodenchuck, M and Smyser, TJ and Fofanov, Y and Fierer, N and Piaggio, AJ}, title = {Assessing the utility of metabarcoding for diet analyses of the omnivorous wild pig (Sus scrofa).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {185-196}, pmid = {29321862}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are an invasive species descended from both domestic swine and Eurasian wild boar that was introduced to North America during the early 1500s. Wild pigs have since become the most abundant free-ranging exotic ungulate in the United States. Large and ever-increasing populations of wild pigs negatively impact agriculture, sport hunting, and native ecosystems with costs estimated to exceed $1.5 billion/year within the United States. Wild pigs are recognized as generalist feeders, able to exploit a broad array of locally available food resources, yet their feeding behaviors remain poorly understood as partially digested material is often unidentifiable through traditional stomach content analyses. To overcome the limitation of stomach content analyses, we developed a DNA sequencing-based protocol to describe the plant and animal diet composition of wild pigs. Additionally, we developed and evaluated blocking primers to reduce the amplification and sequencing of host DNA, thus providing greater returns of sequences from diet items. We demonstrate that the use of blocking primers produces significantly more sequencing reads per sample from diet items, which increases the robustness of ascertaining animal diet composition with molecular tools. Further, we show that the overall plant and animal diet composition is significantly different between the three areas sampled, demonstrating this approach is suitable for describing differences in diet composition among the locations.}, }
@article {pmid29321851, year = {2018}, author = {Liu, M and Zhou, F and Pan, X and Zhang, Z and Traw, MB and Li, B}, title = {Specificity of herbivore-induced responses in an invasive species, Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {59-70}, pmid = {29321851}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Herbivory-induced responses in plants can both negatively affect subsequently colonizing herbivores and mitigate the effect of herbivory on the host. However, it is still less known whether plants exhibit specific responses to specialist and generalist herbivores in non-secondary metabolite traits and how specificity to specialists and generalists differs between invasive and native plant populations. We exposed an invasive plant, Alternanthera philoxeroides, to Agasicles hygrophila (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae; specialist), Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae; generalist), manual clipping, or application of exogenous jasmonic acid and examined both the specificity of elicitation in traits of fitness (e.g., aboveground biomass), morphology (e.g., root:shoot ratio), and chemistry (e.g., C/N ratio and lignin), and specificity of effect on the subsequent performance of A. hygrophila and S. litura. Then, we assessed variation of the specificity between invasive and native populations (USA and Argentina, respectively). The results showed S. litura induced higher branching intensity and specific leaf area but lower C/N ratio than A. hygrophila, whereas A. hygrophila induced higher trichome density than S. litura. The negative effect of induction on subsequent larval growth was greater for S. litura than for A. hygrophila. Invasive populations had a weaker response to S. litura than to A. hygrophila in triterpenoid saponins and C/N ratio, while native populations responded similarly to these two herbivores. The specific effect on the two herbivores feeding on induced plants did not vary between invasive and native populations. Overall, we demonstrate specificity of elicitation to specialist and generalist herbivores in non-secondary metabolite traits, and that the generalist is more susceptible to induction than the specialist. Furthermore, chemical responses specific to specialist and generalist herbivores only exist in the invasive populations, consistent with an evolutionary change in specificity in the invasive populations.}, }
@article {pmid29321607, year = {2018}, author = {Ye, XQ and Zeng, B and Meng, JL and Wu, M and Zhang, XP}, title = {Responses in shoot elongation, carbohydrate utilization and growth recovery of an invasive species to submergence at different water temperatures.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {306}, pmid = {29321607}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Amaranthaceae/growth &amp; development/*metabolism/physiology ; Biomass ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Floods ; Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Shoots/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Widely distributed amphibious exotic plant species may respond plastically to water temperatures when submerged. Alternanthera philoxeroides, a highly flood-tolerant species, originates from tropical regions and has successfully invaded temperate regions. The wide distribution of this species suggests it can respond to flooding at different water temperatures. In this study, the plastic responses of A. philoxeroides plants to submergence at water temperatures of 10 °C, 20 °C and 30 °C were investigated. The A. philoxeroides plants had large pools of non-structural carbohydrates, which were readily mobilized upon submergence. Submergence hindered biomass accumulation and decreased the carbohydrate content level and respiration rate (P < 0.05). Water temperature had remarkable effects on shoot elongation, carbohydrate utilization and recovery growth. With decreasing water temperature, the respiration rate was lower and carbohydrate content decreased more slowly, but the post-submergence biomass accumulation was faster (P < 0.05), indicating a beneficial effect of low water temperature for recovery. However, high water temperatures accelerated shoot elongation (P < 0.05), which benefitted the submerged plants more if contact with air was restored. These results suggest that the species can respond to different water temperatures plastically, which may provide hints for its invasion success in regions with diverse climates.}, }
@article {pmid29321524, year = {2018}, author = {Ben Cohen, S and Dor, R}, title = {Phenotypic divergence despite low genetic differentiation in house sparrow populations.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {394}, pmid = {29321524}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Body Size ; Female ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Drift ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Phenotype ; Sparrows/*anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Studying patterns of phenotypic variation among populations can shed light on the drivers of evolutionary processes. The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) is one of the world's most ubiquitous bird species, as well as a successful invader. We investigated phenotypic variation in house sparrow populations across a climatic gradient and in relation to a possible scenario of an invasion. We measured variation in morphological, coloration, and behavioral traits (exploratory behavior and neophobia) and compared it to the neutral genetic variation. We found that sparrows were larger and darker in northern latitudes, in accordance with Bergmann's and Gloger's biogeographic rules. Morphology and behavior mostly differed between the southernmost populations and the other regions, supporting the possibility of an invasion. Genetic differentiation was low and diversity levels were similar across populations, indicating high gene flow. Nevertheless, the southernmost and northern populations differed genetically to some extent. Furthermore, genetic differentiation (F ST) was lower in comparison to phenotypic variation (P ST), indicating that the phenotypic variation is shaped by directional selection or by phenotypic plasticity. This study expands our knowledge on evolutionary mechanisms and biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid29317757, year = {2018}, author = {Johansson, ML and Dufour, BA and Wellband, KW and Corkum, LD and MacIsaac, HJ and Heath, DD}, title = {Human-mediated and natural dispersal of an invasive fish in the eastern Great Lakes.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {120}, number = {6}, pages = {533-546}, pmid = {29317757}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/classification/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Great Lakes Region ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Ontario ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {The globally invasive Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus) was introduced to the Great Lakes around 1990, spreading widely and becoming the dominant benthic fish in many areas. The speed and scope of this invasion is remarkable and calls into question conventional secondary spread models and scenarios. We utilized nine microsatellites to identify large-scale genetic structure in Round Goby populations in the eastern Great Lakes, and assessed the role of colonization vs. secondary transport and dispersal in developing this structure. We identified three clusters, corresponding with Lake Huron, eastern Lake Erie, and western Lake Erie plus eastern Lake Ontario, along with three highly divergent populations. Bottleneck analysis identified founder effects in two divergent populations. Regression analyses of isolation by distance and allelic richness vs. distance from the initial invasion site were consistent with limited migration. However, some populations in eastern Lake Erie and Lake Ontario showed anomalously low genetic distance from the original site of colonization, consistent with secondary transport of large numbers of individuals via ballast water. We conclude that genetic structure of Round Goby in the Great Lakes principally resulted from long-distance secondary transport via ballast water with additional movement of individual via bait buckets and natural dispersal. The success of Round Gobies represents an interesting model for colonization characterization; however, those same attributes present significant challenges for conservation and fisheries management. Current management likely prevents many new species from arriving in the Great Lakes, but fails to address the transport of species within the lakes after they arrive; this is an issue of clear and pressing importance.}, }
@article {pmid29316260, year = {2018}, author = {Fang, F and Chen, J and Jiang, L and Qu, Y and Qiao, G}, title = {Genetic origin and dispersal of the invasive soybean aphid inferred from population genetic analysis and approximate Bayesian computation.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {536-552}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12307}, pmid = {29316260}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Aphids/*genetics ; Bayes Theorem ; Computer Simulation ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Glycine max/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasion is considered among the most important global environmental problems. Knowledge of the source and dispersal routes of invasion could facilitate the eradication and control of invasive species. Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines, is among the most destructive soybean pests. For effective management of this pest, we conducted genetic analyses and approximate Bayesian computation analysis to determine the origins and dispersal of the aphid species, as well as the source of its invasion in the USA, using 8 microsatellite loci and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. We were able to identify a significant isolation by distance pattern and 3 genetic lineages in the microsatellite data but not in the mtDNA dataset. The genetic structure showed that the USA population had the closest relationship with those from Korea and Japan, indicating that the 2 latter populations might be the sources of the invasion to the USA. Both population genetic analyses and approximate Bayesian computation showed that the northeastern populations in China were the possible sources of the further spread of A. glycines to Indonesia. The dispersal history of this aphid can provide useful information for pest management strategies and can further help predict areas at risk of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid29314635, year = {2018}, author = {Gaffke, AM and Sing, SE and Dudley, TL and Bean, DW and Russak, JA and Mafra-Neto, A and Grieco, PA and Peterson, RK and Weaver, DK}, title = {Semiochemicals to enhance herbivory by Diorhabda carinulata aggregations in saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) infestations.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {74}, number = {6}, pages = {1494-1503}, pmid = {29314635}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Chemotaxis ; Coleoptera/drug effects/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Female ; Herbivory/*drug effects ; Introduced Species ; Larva/drug effects/physiology ; Male ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Population Density ; *Tamaricaceae/growth &amp; development ; Volatile Organic Compounds/*pharmacology ; Wyoming ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Semiochemicals for monitoring, attracting or repelling pest and beneficial organisms are increasingly deployed in agricultural and forest systems for pest management. However, the use of aggregation pheromones and host-plant attractants for the express purpose of increasing the efficacy of classical biological control agents of weeds has not been widely reported. Therefore, we conducted field-based assays to determine if a specialized wax-based matrix impregnated with an aggregation pheromone of the northern tamarisk beetle Diorhabda carinulata (Desbrochers) or host-plant volatiles could increase the efficacy of D. carinulata.<br><br>RESULTS: The aggregation pheromone and host-plant volatiles were formulated for field application using a wax-based matrix. Reported release rates suggest that this matrix is a viable formulation for enhancing D. carinulata aggregations under field conditions. Pheromone-treated saltcedar plants (Tamarix spp.) not only had higher densities of adult and larval D. carinulata, but also sustained greater levels of foliar damage than control plants. Increased damage from the focused feeding of D. carinulata caused an increase in foliar dieback and decrease in live canopy volume of semiochemical-treated plants.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Field deployment of these semiochemical formulations could be useful in directing populations of D. carinulata for increased impact on Tamarix spp. &#xa9; 2018 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid29313970, year = {2018}, author = {Pyšek, P and Skálová, H and Čuda, J and Guo, WY and Suda, J and Doležal, J and Kauzál, O and Lambertini, C and Lučanová, M and Mandáková, T and Moravcová, L and Pyšková, K and Brix, H and Meyerson, LA}, title = {Small genome separates native and invasive populations in an ecologically important cosmopolitan grass.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {99}, number = {1}, pages = {79-90}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2068}, pmid = {29313970}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aphids ; Introduced Species ; North America ; Phenotype ; Plants ; Poaceae/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The literature suggests that small genomes promote invasion in plants, but little is known about the interaction of genome size with other traits or about the role of genome size during different phases of the invasion process. By intercontinental comparison of native and invasive populations of the common reed Phragmites australis, we revealed a distinct relationship between genome size and invasiveness at the intraspecific level. Monoploid genome size was the only significant variable that clearly separated the North American native plants from those of European origin. The mean Cx value (the amount of DNA in one chromosome set) for source European native populations was 0.490 ± 0.007 (mean ± SD), for North American invasive 0.506 ± 0.020, and for North American native 0.543 ± 0.021. Relative to native populations, the European populations that successfully invaded North America had a smaller genome that was associated with plant traits favoring invasiveness (long rhizomes, early emerging abundant shoots, resistance to aphid attack, and low C:N ratio). The knowledge that invasive populations within species can be identified based on genome size can be applied to screen potentially invasive populations of Phragmites in other parts of the world where they could grow in mixed stands with native plants, as well as to other plant species with intraspecific variation in invasion potential. Moreover, as small genomes are better equipped to respond to extreme environmental conditions such as drought, the mechanism reported here may represent an emerging driver for future invasions and range expansions.}, }
@article {pmid29312813, year = {2018}, author = {Schüttler, E and Saavedra-Aracena, L and Jiménez, JE}, title = {Domestic carnivore interactions with wildlife in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile: husbandry and perceptions of impact from a community perspective.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4124}, pmid = {29312813}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hundreds of millions of domestic carnivores worldwide have diverse positive affiliations with humans, but can provoke serious socio-ecological impacts when free-roaming. Unconfined dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus) interact with wildlife as predators, competitors, and disease-transmitters; their access to wildlife depends on husbandry, perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of pet owners and non-owners.<br><br>METHODS: To better understand husbandry and perceptions of impacts by unconfined, domestic carnivores, we administered questionnaires (n&#xa0;=&#xa0;244) to pet owners and non-owners living in one of the last wilderness areas of the world, the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, located in southern Chile. We used descriptive statistics to provide demographic pet and husbandry information, quantify free-roaming dogs and cats, map their sightings in nature, and report experiences and perceptions of the impact of free-roaming dogs and cats on wildlife. We corroborated our results with an analysis of prey remains in dog feces (n&#xa0;=&#xa0;53). With generalized linear models, we examined which factors (i.e., food provisioning, reproductive state, rural/village households, sex, and size) predicted that owned dogs and cats bring wildlife prey home.<br><br>RESULTS: Thirty-one percent of village dogs (n&#xa0;=&#xa0;121) and 60% of dogs in rural areas (n&#xa0;=&#xa0;47) roamed freely day and/or night. Free-roaming dog packs were frequently observed (64% of participants) in the wild, including a feral dog population on Navarino Island. Dogs (31 of 168) brought home invasive muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) and avian prey, and over half of all cats (27 of 51) brought home mainly avian prey. Birds were also the most harassed wildlife category, affected by one third of all dogs and cats. Nevertheless, dog-wildlife conflicts were hardly recognized (<9% of observed conflicts and suspected problems), and only 34% of the participants thought that cats might impact birds. Diet analysis revealed that dogs consumed livestock (64% of 59 prey occurrences), beavers (Castor canadensis, 14%), and birds (10%). The probability that dogs brought prey to owners' homes was higher in rural locations and with larger dogs. There was also evidence that cats from rural households and with an inadequate food supply brought more prey home than village cats.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Although muskrat, beavers, and birds were brought home, harassed, or found in dog feces, free-roaming dogs and, to a lesser extent, cats are perceived predominantly in an anthropogenic context (i.e., as pets) and not as carnivores interacting with wildlife. Therefore, technical and legal measures should be applied to encourage neutering, increase confinement, particularly in rural areas, and stimulate social change via environmental education that draws attention to the possibility and consequences of unconfined pet interaction with wildlife in the southernmost protected forest ecoregion of the globe.}, }
@article {pmid29312433, year = {2017}, author = {Fonseca, FS and Domingues, RR and Hallerman, EM and Hilsdorf, AWS}, title = {Genetic Diversity of an Imperiled Neotropical Catfish and Recommendations for Its Restoration.}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {196}, pmid = {29312433}, issn = {1664-8021}, abstract = {The long-whiskered catfish Steindachneridion parahybae (Family Pimelodidae) is endemic to the Paraíba do Sul River basin in southeastern Brazil. This species was heavily exploited by artisanal fisheries and faces challenges posed by dams, introduced species, and deterioration of critical habitat. The remaining populations are small and extirpated from some locales, and the species is listed as critically endangered in Brazil. Screening variation at a partial mitochondrial control region sequence (mtCR) and 20 microsatellite loci, we: (i) describe the patterns of genetic diversity along its current distributional range; (ii) test the null hypothesis of panmixia; (iii) investigate the main factors driving its current population structure, and (iv) propose management of broodstock for fostering recovery of wild populations through genetically cognizant restocking. Our microsatellite data for 70 individuals from five collections indicate moderate levels of heterozygosity (HO = 0.45) and low levels of inbreeding (FIS = 0.016). Individual-based cluster analyses showed clear genetic structure, with three clusters of individuals over the collection area with no mis-assigned individuals, suggesting no recent migration among the three clusters. Pairwise DEST values showed moderate and significant genetic differentiation among all populations so identified. The MUR population may have suffered a recent demographic reduction. mtCRs for 70 individuals exhibited 36 haplotypes resulting from 38 polymorphic sites. Overall, mitochondrial haplotype diversity was 0.930 (±0.023) and nucleotide diversity was 0.011 (±0.002). Significant population structure was observed, with ϕST = 0.226. Genetic markers could be used in a hatchery-based restoration program emphasizing breeding of pairs with low kinship values in order to promote retention of genetic diversity and avoid inbreeding. Individual average kinship relationships showed 87.3% advised matings, 11.0% marginal matings, and 1.7% advised against. While these results comprise a contribution toward planning better breeding management and monitoring, parallel actions to be undertaken include surveying healthy riverine habits for reintroduction and continued searching for wild individuals to introduce new variation into the captive broodstock to avoid adaptation to captivity and to minimize inbreeding.}, }
@article {pmid29311031, year = {2018}, author = {}, title = {Stephanie Thomas: Modeling Disease Transmission in a Changing World.}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, pages = {173-174}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2017.12.005}, pmid = {29311031}, issn = {1471-5007}, mesh = {Animals ; Arbovirus Infections/*prevention &amp; control/*transmission ; Environment ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Mosquito Vectors/*virology ; }, }
@article {pmid29309619, year = {2018}, author = {Fischer, A and Ayasse, M and Andrade, MCB}, title = {Natural Compounds as Spider Repellents: Fact or Myth?.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {111}, number = {1}, pages = {314-318}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox339}, pmid = {29309619}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Choice Behavior ; Fagaceae/*chemistry ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Mentha piperita ; Nuts/chemistry ; *Olfactometry ; *Pest Control ; Plant Oils/*pharmacology ; Species Specificity ; Spiders/*drug effects/physiology ; }, abstract = {Although some spiders are globally invasive, found at high densities, and may be considered pests (particularly those that are toxic to humans), there are few pest management methods based on experimental data. 'Common wisdom' and advertisements on internet websites assert that a number of natural substances repel spiders. We tested whether the three substances cited most frequently (lemon oil, peppermint oil, and chestnut-fruits) effectively repelled female spiders or whether these were myths. We presented each of the putative repellents versus a control in a two-choice assay and tested responses of females of three invasive spider species in two different families: theridiids, Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch (Araneae: Theridiidae) and Steatoda grossa C. L. Koch (Araneae: Theridiidae) and the araneid, Araneus diadematus Clerck . Chestnuts (Araneae: Araneidae) and mint oil strongly repelled L. geometricus and A. diadematus. S. grossa was less sensitive to these chemicals but had a slight tendency to avoid chestnuts. However, lemon oil, the substance most likely to be cited as a repellent (over 1,000,000 hits on Google), had no effect on any of these spiders. We conclude that volatiles released by mint oil and chestnuts may be effective in deterring spider settlement in two different families of spiders, but lemon oil as a repellent is a myth.}, }
@article {pmid29309538, year = {2018}, author = {Chen, BM and Su, JQ and Liao, HX and Peng, SL}, title = {A greater foraging scale, not a higher foraging precision, may facilitate invasion by exotic plants in nutrient-heterogeneous conditions.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {121}, number = {3}, pages = {561-569}, pmid = {29309538}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Bidens/*growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mikania/*growth &amp; development ; Nutrients/metabolism ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development ; Rubiaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Soil ; Vernonia/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Soil nutrient heterogeneity has been proposed to influence competitive outcomes among different plant species. Thus, it is crucial to understand the effects of environmental heterogeneity on competition between exotic invasive and native species. However, the effects of soil nutrient heterogeneity on the competition between invasive and native plants have rarely been linked to root foraging behaviour.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, a competition experiment was performed with two invasive-native species pairs (BP-VC, Bidens pilosa vs. Vernonia cinerea; MM-PS, Mikania micrantha vs. Paederia scandens) grown under homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions in a common greenhouse environment. Root activity was assessed by determining the amount of strontium (Sr) taken up by the shoot of each species.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: The invasive species exhibited a greater foraging scale, whereas the native species exhibited a higher foraging precision. A trade-off between foraging scale and precision was observed within each pair of invasive-native species. Compared with soil homogeneity, soil heterogeneity significantly increased the biomass of the two invasive species, B. pilosa and M. micrantha, under competitive conditions. Within each pair, the invasive species exhibited greater relative competitive ability with respect to shoot mass, and considerably more Sr taken up by the invasive species compared with the native species. The Sr acquisition results indicate that nutrient-poor conditions may facilitate the competitive ability of the native species V. cinerea, whereas M. micrantha may possess a stronger competitive ability regardless of soil nutrient conditions.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Soil nutrient heterogeneity has the potential to promote the invasion of these two exotic species due to their larger foraging scale, stronger competitive ability and greater root activity relative to their counterpart native species. The present work highlights the importance of soil heterogeneity in plant invasion, particularly with regards to root foraging traits and competition between invasive and native plants.}, }
@article {pmid29308034, year = {2017}, author = {Capa, M and Murray, A}, title = {Corrigenda: Capa M, Murray A (2017) Combined morphological and molecular data unveils relationships of Pseudobranchiomma (Sabellidae, Annelida) and reveals higher diversity of this intriguing group of fan worms in Australia, including potentially introduced species. ZooKeys 622: 1-36. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.622.9420.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {722}, pages = {153-155}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.722.21609}, pmid = {29308034}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.622.9420.].}, }
@article {pmid29307305, year = {2018}, author = {Clark, NJ and Seddon, JM and Šlapeta, J and Wells, K}, title = {Parasite spread at the domestic animal - wildlife interface: anthropogenic habitat use, phylogeny and body mass drive risk of cat and dog flea (Ctenocephalides spp.) infestation in wild mammals.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {8}, pmid = {29307305}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Domestic ; *Animals, Wild ; Canidae ; Ctenocephalides/*classification/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; *Disease Transmission, Infectious ; Ectoparasitic Infestations/transmission/*veterinary ; Felidae ; Muridae ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Spillover of parasites at the domestic animal - wildlife interface is a pervasive threat to animal health. Cat and dog fleas (Ctenocephalides felis and C. canis) are among the world's most invasive and economically important ectoparasites. Although both species are presumed to infest a diversity of host species across the globe, knowledge on their distributions in wildlife is poor. We built a global dataset of wild mammal host associations for cat and dog fleas, and used Bayesian hierarchical models to identify traits that predict wildlife infestation probability. We complemented this by calculating functional-phylogenetic host specificity to assess whether fleas are restricted to hosts with similar evolutionary histories, diet or habitat niches.<br><br>RESULTS: Over 130 wildlife species have been found to harbour cat fleas, representing nearly 20% of all mammal species sampled for fleas. Phylogenetic models indicate cat fleas are capable of infesting a broad diversity of wild mammal species through ecological fitting. Those that use anthropogenic habitats are at highest risk. Dog fleas, by contrast, have been recorded in 31 mammal species that are primarily restricted to certain phylogenetic clades, including canids, felids and murids. Both flea species are commonly reported infesting mammals that are feral (free-roaming cats and dogs) or introduced (red foxes, black rats and brown rats), suggesting the breakdown of barriers between wildlife and invasive reservoir species will increase spillover at the domestic animal - wildlife interface.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our empirical evidence shows that cat fleas are incredibly host-generalist, likely exhibiting a host range that is among the broadest of all ectoparasites. Reducing wild species' contact rates with domestic animals across natural and anthropogenic habitats, together with mitigating impacts of invasive reservoir hosts, will be crucial for reducing invasive flea infestations in wild mammals.}, }
@article {pmid29306998, year = {2018}, author = {Lima Junior, DP and Magalhães, ALB and Pelicice, FM and Vitule, JRS and Azevedo-Santos, VM and Orsi, ML and Simberloff, D and Agostinho, AA}, title = {Aquaculture expansion in Brazilian freshwaters against the Aichi Biodiversity Targets.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, pages = {427-440}, pmid = {29306998}, issn = {1654-7209}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquaculture ; *Biodiversity ; Brazil ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; }, abstract = {The Convention on Biological Diversity proposed the Aichi Biodiversity Targets to improve conservation policies and to balance economic development, social welfare, and the maintenance of biodiversity/ecosystem services. Brazil is a signatory of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and is the most diverse country in terms of freshwater fish, but its national policies have supported the development of unsustainable commercial and ornamental aquaculture, which has led to serious disturbances to inland ecosystems and natural resources. We analyzed the development of Brazilian aquaculture to show how current aquaculture expansion conflicts with all 20 Aichi Targets. This case suggests that Brazil and many other megadiverse developing countries will not meet international conservation targets, stressing the need for new strategies, such as the environmental management system, to improve biodiversity conservation.}, }
@article {pmid29306829, year = {2018}, author = {Colin, N and Villéger, S and Wilkes, M and de Sostoa, A and Maceda-Veiga, A}, title = {Functional diversity measures revealed impacts of non-native species and habitat degradation on species-poor freshwater fish assemblages.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {625}, number = {}, pages = {861-871}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.316}, pmid = {29306829}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Fishes ; *Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; Rivers ; Spain ; Spatial Analysis ; }, abstract = {Trait-based ecology has been developed for decades to infer ecosystem responses to stressors based on the functional structure of communities, yet its value in species-poor systems is largely unknown. Here, we used an extensive dataset in a Spanish region highly prone to non-native fish invasions (15 catchments, N=389 sites) to assess for the first time how species-poor communities respond to large-scale environmental gradients using a taxonomic and functional trait-based approach in riverine fish. We examined total species richness and three functional trait-based indices available when many sites have ≤3 species (specialization, FSpe; originality, FOri and entropy, FEnt). We assessed the responses of these taxonomic and functional indices along gradients of altitude, water pollution, physical habitat degradation and non-native fish biomass. Whilst species richness was relatively sensitive to spatial effects, functional diversity indices were responsive across natural and anthropogenic gradients. All four diversity measures declined with altitude but this decline was modulated by physical habitat degradation (richness, FSpe and FEnt) and the non-native:total fish biomass ratio (FSpe and FOri) in ways that varied between indices. Furthermore, FSpe and FOri were significantly correlated with Total Nitrogen. Non-native fish were a major component of the taxonomic and functional structure of fish communities, raising concerns about potential misdiagnosis between invaded and environmentally-degraded river reaches. Such misdiagnosis was evident in a regional fish index widely used in official monitoring programs. We recommend the application of FSpe and FOri to extensive datasets from monitoring programs in order to generate valuable cross-system information about the impacts of non-native species and habitat degradation, even in species-poor systems. Scoring non-native species apart from habitat degradation in the indices used to determine ecosystem health is essential to develop better management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid29306391, year = {2018}, author = {Patiño, R and Rashel, RH and Rubio, A and Longing, S}, title = {Growth-suppressing and algicidal properties of an extract from Arundo donax, an invasive riparian plant, against Prymnesium parvum, an invasive harmful alga.}, journal = {Harmful algae}, volume = {71}, number = {}, pages = {1-9}, doi = {10.1016/j.hal.2017.11.005}, pmid = {29306391}, issn = {1878-1470}, mesh = {Haptophyta/*drug effects ; Harmful Algal Bloom/drug effects ; Herbicides/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Indole Alkaloids/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Plant Extracts/chemistry/pharmacology ; Poaceae/*chemistry ; Skatole/chemistry/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {This study examined the ability of acidic and neutral/alkaline fractions of a methanolic extract from giant reed (Arundo donax) and of two of its constituents, gramine and skatole, to inhibit growth of the ichthyotoxic golden alga (Prymnesium parvum) in batch culture. For this study, growth suppression was defined as inhibition of maximum cell density, algicidal activity as early occurrence of negative growth, and algistatic activity as lack of net growth. The acidic fraction did not affect algal growth. The neutral/alkaline fraction showed growth-suppressing and algicidal activities but no signs of algistatic activity - namely, cells in cultures surviving a partial-algicidal exposure concentration (causing transient negative growth) were later able to initiate positive growth but at higher concentrations, algicidal activity was full and irreversible. Gramine suppressed growth more effectively than skatole and at the highest concentration tested, gramine also showed partial-algicidal and algistatic activity. While the partial-algicidal activities of the neutral/alkaline fraction and of gramine were short-lived (≤6days) and thus may share similar mechanisms, algistatic activity was unique to gramine and persisted for >3 weeks. Given gramine's reported concentration in the neutral/alkaline fraction, its corresponding level of algicidal activity is much lower than the fraction's suggesting the latter contains additional potent algicides. Inhibition of maximum cell density by all test compounds was associated with reductions in exponential growth rate, and in the case of the neutral/alkaline fraction and gramine also reductions in early (pre-exponential) growth. These results indicate that giant reed is a potential source of natural products to control golden alga blooms. Giant reed is an invasive species in North America, thus also providing incentive for research into strategies to couple management efforts for both species.}, }
@article {pmid29305043, year = {2019}, author = {Crowley, SL and Hinchliffe, S and McDonald, RA}, title = {The parakeet protectors: Understanding opposition to introduced species management.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {120-132}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.11.036}, pmid = {29305043}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Dissent and Disputes ; England ; *Introduced Species ; Parakeets ; }, abstract = {The surveillance and control of introduced and invasive species has become an increasingly important component of environmental management. However, initiatives targeting 'charismatic' wildlife can be controversial. Opposition to management, and the subsequent emergence of social conflict, present significant challenges for would-be managers. Understanding the substance and development of these disputes is therefore vital for improving the legitimacy and effectiveness of wildlife management. It also provides important insights into human-wildlife relations and the 'social dimensions' of wildlife management. Here, we examine how the attempted eradication of small populations of introduced monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) from England has been challenged and delayed by opposition from interested and affected communities. We consider how and why the UK Government's eradication initiative was opposed, focusing on three key themes: disagreements about justifying management, the development of affective attachments between people and parakeets, and the influence of distrustful and antagonistic relationships between proponents and opponents of management. We draw connections between our UK case and previous management disputes, primarily in the USA, and suggest that the resistance encountered in the UK might readily have been foreseen. We conclude by considering how management of this and other introduced species could be made less conflict-prone, and potentially more effective, by reconfiguring management approaches to be more anticipatory, flexible, sensitive, and inclusive.}, }
@article {pmid29304159, year = {2018}, author = {Brandner, J and Cerwenka, AF and Schliewen, UK and Geist, J}, title = {Invasion strategies in round goby (Neogobius melanostomus): Is bigger really better?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {e0190777}, pmid = {29304159}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Body Size ; Europe ; Exploratory Behavior ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Perciformes/anatomy &amp; histology ; Phenotype ; Population Dynamics ; *Rivers ; Sex Factors ; }, abstract = {Few studies have systematically investigated mid- or long-term temporal changes of biological characteristics in invasive alien species considering the different phases of an invasion. We studied the invasion performance of one of the most invasive species worldwide, the round goby Neogobius melanostomus, from total absence over first occurrence until establishment from 2010 to 2015 in the upper Danube River. After an upstream movement of the invasion front of about 30 river km within four years, the pattern that round goby pioneering populations significantly differ from longer established ones has been confirmed: Pioneering populations at the invasion front comprised more females than males, and adult specimens with a larger body size compared to those at longer inhabited areas. On the population-level, the proportion of juveniles increased with time since invasion. The results of this study provide support for the previously postulated ´bigger is better´ and ´individual trait utility´ hypotheses explaining invasion success in round goby. Pioneering invaders with their greater exploratory behavior, highly adaptive phenotypic plasticity and increased competitive ability seem to act as prime emperors of new habitats, strongly following and benefiting from man-made river-bank structures.}, }
@article {pmid29304104, year = {2018}, author = {Uyi, OO and Zachariades, C and Heshula, LU and Hill, MP}, title = {Developmental and reproductive performance of a specialist herbivore depend on seasonality of, and light conditions experienced by, the host plant.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {e0190700}, pmid = {29304104}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Chromolaena/*physiology/radiation effects ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Male ; Moths/*physiology ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Reproduction/physiology ; *Seasons ; *Sunlight ; }, abstract = {Host plant phenology (as influenced by seasonality) and light-mediated changes in the phenotypic and phytochemical properties of leaves have been hypothesised to equivocally influence insect herbivore performance. Here, we examined the effects of seasonality, through host plant phenology (late growth-season = autumn vs flowering-season = winter) and light environment (shade vs full-sun habitat) on the leaf characteristics of the invasive alien plant, Chromolaena odorata. In addition, the performance of a specialist folivore, Pareuchaetes insulata, feeding on leaves obtained from both shaded and full-sun habitats during autumn and winter, was evaluated over two generations. Foliar nitrogen and magnesium contents were generally higher in shaded plants with much higher levels during winter. Leaf water content was higher in shaded and in autumn plants. Total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) and phosphorus contents did not differ as a function of season, but were higher in shaded foliage compared to full-sun leaves. Leaf toughness was noticeably higher on plants growing in full-sun during winter. With the exception of shaded leaves in autumn that supported the best performance [fastest development, heaviest pupal mass, and highest growth rate and Host Suitability Index (HSI) score], full-sun foliage in autumn surprisingly also supported an improved performance of the moth compared to shaded or full-sun leaves in winter. Our findings suggest that shaded and autumn foliage are nutritionally more suitable for the growth and reproduction of P. insulata. However, the heavier pupal mass, increased number of eggs and higher HSI score in individuals that fed on full-sun foliage in autumn compared to their counterparts that fed on shaded or full-sun foliage in winter suggest that full-sun foliage during autumn is also a suitable food source for larvae of the moth. In sum, our study demonstrates that seasonal and light-modulated changes in leaf characteristics can affect insect folivore performance in ways that are not linear.}, }
@article {pmid29304084, year = {2018}, author = {Tanga, CM and Khamis, FM and Tonnang, HEZ and Rwomushana, I and Mosomtai, G and Mohamed, SA and Ekesi, S}, title = {Risk assessment and spread of the potentially invasive Ceratitis rosa Karsch and Ceratitis quilicii De Meyer, Mwatawala &amp; Virgilio sp. Nov. using life-cycle simulation models: Implications for phytosanitary measures and management.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {e0189138}, pmid = {29304084}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate ; Crops, Agricultural/*parasitology ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Fertility ; Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages ; Longevity ; Male ; *Models, Biological ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Oviposition ; Pest Control ; Risk Assessment ; Software ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; Tephritidae/*growth &amp; development/pathogenicity/physiology ; }, abstract = {Integrative taxonomy has resolved the species status of the potentially invasive Ceratitis rosa Karsch into two separate species with distinct ecological requirements: C. rosa "lowland type" and the newly described species Ceratitis quilicii De Meyer, Mwatawala &amp; Virgilio sp. nov. "highland type". Both species are tephritid pests threatening the production of horticultural crops in Africa and beyond. Studies were carried out by constructing thermal reaction norms for each life stage of both species at constant and fluctuating temperatures. Non-linear functions were fitted to continuously model species development, mortality, longevity and oviposition to establish phenology models that were stochastically simulated to estimate the life table parameters of each species. For spatial analysis of pest risk, three generic risk indices were visualized using the advanced Insect Life Cycle Modeling software. The study revealed that the highest fecundity, intrinsic rate of natural increase and net reproductive rate for C. rosa and C. quilicii was at 25 and 30°C, respectively. The resulting model successfully fits the known distribution of C. rosa and C. quilicii in Africa and the two Indian Ocean islands of La Réunion and Mauritius. Globally, the model highlights the substantial invasion risk posed by C. rosa and C. quilicii to cropping regions in the Americas, Australia, India, China, Southeast Asia, Europe, and West and Central Africa. However, the proportion of the regions predicted to be climatically suitable for both pests is narrower for C. rosa in comparison with C. quilicii, suggesting that C. quilicii will be more tolerant to a wider range of climatic conditions than C. rosa. This implies that these pests are of significant concern to biosecurity agencies in the uninvaded regions. Therefore, these findings provide important information to enhance monitoring/surveillance and designing pest management strategies to limit the spread and reduce their impact in the invaded range.}, }
@article {pmid29303684, year = {2018}, author = {Rasambainarivo, F and Andriamihajarivo, MN and Dubovi, E and Parker, PG}, title = {Patterns of Exposure of Carnivores to Selected Pathogens in the Betampona Natural Reserve Landscape, Madagascar.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {54}, number = {2}, pages = {386-391}, doi = {10.7589/2017-09-225}, pmid = {29303684}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/epidemiology/*microbiology/parasitology ; Cats ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology/*microbiology/parasitology ; Dogs ; *Eupleridae ; Female ; Leptospira interrogans ; Leptospirosis/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Madagascar/epidemiology ; Male ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal/*epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Carnivores of Madagascar are at increased risk of extinction due to anthropogenic loss of habitat, hunting, and interactions with introduced carnivores. Interactions between introduced and native animals also present the potential for introduction of pathogens into new geographic areas or host species. Here, we provide serologic data regarding pathogen exposure of domestic and native carnivores from the Betampona Natural Reserve Landscape, a protected area in eastern Madagascar. For the Eupleridae, we found limited evidence of exposure to viruses from domestic animals but greater prevalence for Toxoplasma gondii (39%) and Leptospira interrogans (40%). We also evaluated the associations between the presence of antibodies to selected pathogens and the demographic and spatial variables. We showed that individual characteristics such as sex and species were associated with exposure to T. gondii but not to L. interrogans or canine parvovirus (CPV). Finally, we investigated the spatial structure of pathogen exposure in Betampona and found no evidence of spatial structuring, indicating the absence of hotspots and agent-free refugia for T. gondii, L. interrogans, and CPV in the protected area. Our results may be useful for assessing and monitoring disease risk and for formulating control strategies to minimize the negative impact of exotic species on the endemic carnivores of Madagascar.}, }
@article {pmid29302383, year = {2017}, author = {Selwyn, JD and Johnson, JE and Downey-Wall, AM and Bynum, AM and Hamner, RM and Hogan, JD and Bird, CE}, title = {Simulations indicate that scores of lionfish (Pterois volitans) colonized the Atlantic Ocean.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3996}, pmid = {29302383}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The invasion of the western Atlantic Ocean by the Indo-Pacific red lionfish (Pterois volitans) has had devastating consequences for marine ecosystems. Estimating the number of colonizing lionfish can be useful in identifying the introduction pathway and can inform policy decisions aimed at preventing similar invasions. It is well-established that at least ten lionfish were initially introduced. However, that estimate has not faced probabilistic scrutiny and is based solely on the number of haplotypes in the maternally-inherited mitochondrial control region. To rigorously estimate the number of lionfish that were introduced, we used a forward-time, Wright-Fisher, population genetic model in concert with a demographic, life-history model to simulate the invasion across a range of source population sizes and colonizing population fecundities. Assuming a balanced sex ratio and no Allee effects, the simulations indicate that the Atlantic population was founded by 118 (54-514, 95% HPD) lionfish from the Indo-Pacific, the Caribbean by 84 (22-328, 95% HPD) lionfish from the Atlantic, and the Gulf of Mexico by at least 114 (no upper bound on 95% HPD) lionfish from the Caribbean. Increasing the size, and therefore diversity, of the Indo-Pacific source population and fecundity of the founding population caused the number of colonists to decrease, but with rapidly diminishing returns. When the simulation was parameterized to minimize the number of colonists (high θ and relative fecundity), 96 (48-216, 95% HPD) colonists were most likely. In a more realistic scenario with Allee effects (e.g., 50% reduction in fecundity) plaguing the colonists, the most likely number of lionfish increased to 272 (106-950, 95% HPD). These results, in combination with other published data, support the hypothesis that lionfish were introduced to the Atlantic via the aquarium trade, rather than shipping. When building the model employed here, we made assumptions that minimize the number of colonists, such as the lionfish being introduced in a single event. While we conservatively modelled the introduction pathway as a single release of lionfish in one location, it is more likely that a combination of smaller and larger releases from a variety of aquarium trade stakeholders occurred near Miami, Florida, which could have led to even larger numbers of colonists than simulated here. Efforts to prevent future invasions via the aquarium trade should focus on the education of stakeholders and the prohibition of release, with adequate rewards for compliance and penalties for violations.}, }
@article {pmid29302303, year = {2017}, author = {Blossey, B and Gorchov, DL}, title = {Introduction to the Special Issue: Ungulates and invasive species: quantifying impacts and understanding interactions.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {plx063}, pmid = {29302303}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {White-tailed deer are emblematic ungulates that, due to anthropogenic modification of landscapes, currently occur at elevated densities. Elevated deer densities often co-occur with non-native plants, but it is not known if plant invasions are a consequence of deer impacts or occur independent of deer impacts on ecosystems, or whether these two stressors are synergistic. A colloquium on 'Interactions of white-tailed deer and invasive plants in forests of eastern North America' explored these topics at the 2016 annual meeting of the Botanical Society of America. Nine of those presentations are published in this special issue of AoB PLANTS.}, }
@article {pmid29302231, year = {2017}, author = {da Costa, NKR and de Paiva, REC and da Silva, MJ and Ramos, TPA and Lima, SMQ}, title = {Ichthyofauna of Ceará-Mirim River basin, Rio Grande do Norte State, northeastern Brazil.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {715}, pages = {39-51}, pmid = {29302231}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Ichthyological studies in coastal basins of the Mid-Northeastern Caatinga ecoregion were first conducted in the early 20[th] century, including collections from the Ceará-Mirim River basin, in northeastern Brazil. Besides a few systematics and ecological studies, the knowledge on fishes from this watershed is still considered partial and restricted to the freshwater portion. Thus, the objective of this paper was to conduct a comprehensive ichthyological survey of the entire Ceará-Mirim River basin, from the headwaters to the estuarine area. Fish surveys were conducted from 2011 to 2016 using varied fishing gear, resulting in the record of 63 native species (24 freshwater, 15 estuarine, and 24 marine species) and two introduced species. Four species are putatively endemic to the ecoregion, and 48 consist of new records for the basin. According to the Brazilian's threatened fish list, three species are currently classified as 'vulnerable' (Megalops atlanticus, Hippocampus reidi and Mycteroperca bonaci), four as 'near threatened' (Kryptolebias hermaphroditus, Dormitator maculatus, Lutjanus sygnagris and L. jocu) and three as 'data deficient' (Cheirodon jaguaribensis, Mugil curema and Sphoeroides testudineus). The Ceará-Mirim River basin does not have any protected areas and has been suffering multiple anthropogenic impacts, however the "Centro Tecnológico de Aquicultura" (Aquaculture Technological Center) of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (CTA/UFRN) at the lower portion of the basin may help in the conservation of the estuarine and estuarine fish species.}, }
@article {pmid29301358, year = {2018}, author = {Elsensohn, JE and Loeb, GM}, title = {Non-Crop Host Sampling Yields Insights into Small-Scale Population Dynamics of Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {29301358}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Invasive, polyphagous crop pests subsist on a number of crop and non-crop resources. While knowing the full range of host species is important, a seasonal investigation into the use of non-crop plants adjacent to cropping systems provide key insights into some of the factors determining local population dynamics. This study investigated the infestation of non-crop plants by the invasive Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), a pest of numerous economically important stone and small fruit crops, by sampling fruit-producing non-crop hosts adjacent to commercial plantings weekly from June through November in central New York over a two-year period. We found D. suzukii infestation rates (number of flies emerged/kg fruit) peaked mid-August through early September, with Rubus allegheniensis Porter and Lonicera morrowii Asa Gray showing the highest average infestation in both years. Interannual infestation patterns were similar despite a lower number of adults caught in monitoring traps the second year, suggesting D. suzukii host use may be density independent.}, }
@article {pmid29300848, year = {2018}, author = {Heustis, A and Moise, ERD and Johns, R and Pureswaran, DS and Heard, SB}, title = {Impact of an Invasive Longhorned Beetle, Tetropium fuscum (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), on Community Structure of Subcortical and Wood-Associated Insects in Eastern Canada.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, pages = {39-47}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvx190}, pmid = {29300848}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biota ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Insecta/physiology ; Introduced Species ; New Brunswick ; Nova Scotia ; Picea/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; *Wood ; }, abstract = {Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a phloem-feeding and wood-boring beetle introduced from Eurasia, attacks spruce in eastern Canada alongside its native congener Tetropium cinnamopterum Kirby. We reared phloem- and wood-feeding insects (and their predators) from bolts of red and Norway spruce (Picea rubens and Picea abies) in Nova Scotia, comparing insect communities between bolts with added eggs of T. fuscum or T. cinnamopterum and bolts without added Tetropium (controls). We tested for impacts of each Tetropium on insect community structure (Simpson's diversity, richness, and evenness). We also asked whether, consistent with Darwin's Naturalization Hypothesis, Tetropium spp. would have greater impacts on emergence of its closer relatives (which might be most likely to compete and/or share natural enemies). Addition of Tetropium eggs (either species) to bolts lowered insect diversity in both host trees. Both richness and evenness components of diversity were always lower in +Tetropium treatments, although different components reached statistical significance in different Tetropium species × host combinations. Addition of Tetropium spp. significantly reduced emergence of some species: Evodinus monticola (Randall) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) was reduced by T. fuscum on both hosts and by T. cinnamopterum on Norway spruce; Hylobius congener Dalla Torre, Schenkling, and Marshall was reduced by T. fuscum on red spruce; and Xylophagus sp. (Diptera: Xylophagidae) was reduced by T. cinnamopterum on Norway spruce. However, there was no relationship between Tetropium's impact on a community member and their phylogenetic relatedness, and the overall impacts of Tetropium presence were not very different between T. fuscum and T. cinnamopterum.}, }
@article {pmid29300760, year = {2018}, author = {Stutz, S and Mráz, P and Hinz, HL and Müller-Schärer, H and Schaffner, U}, title = {Biological invasion of oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) in North America: Pre-adaptation, post-introduction evolution, or both?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {e0190705}, pmid = {29300760}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Asteraceae/*anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; Europe ; Inflorescence/genetics/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Middle East ; North America ; Phenotype ; Plant Leaves/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics ; Principal Component Analysis ; }, abstract = {Species may become invasive after introduction to a new range because phenotypic traits pre-adapt them to spread and become dominant. In addition, adaptation to novel selection pressures in the introduced range may further increase their potential to become invasive. The diploid Leucanthemum vulgare and the tetraploid L. ircutianum are native to Eurasia and have been introduced to North America, but only L. vulgare has become invasive. To investigate whether phenotypic differences between the two species in Eurasia could explain the higher abundance of L. vulgare in North America and whether rapid evolution in the introduced range may have contributed to its invasion success, we grew 20 L. vulgare and 21 L. ircutianum populations from Eurasia and 21 L. vulgare populations from North America under standardized conditions and recorded performance and functional traits. In addition, we recorded morphological traits to investigate whether the two closely related species can be clearly distinguished by morphological means and to what extent morphological traits have changed in L. vulgare post-introduction. We found pronounced phenotypic differences between L. vulgare and L. ircutianum from the native range as well as between L. vulgare from the native and introduced ranges. The two species differed significantly in morphology but only moderately in functional or performance traits that could have explained the higher invasion success of L. vulgare in North America. In contrast, leaf morphology was similar between L. vulgare from the native and introduced range, but plants from North America flowered later, were larger and had more and larger flower heads than those from Eurasia. In summary, we found litte evidence that specific traits of L. vulgare may have pre-adapted this species to become more invasive than L. ircutianum, but our results indicate that rapid evolution in the introduced range likely contributed to the invasion success of L. vulgare.}, }
@article {pmid29299274, year = {2017}, author = {Storer, C and Payton, A and McDaniel, S and Jordal, B and Hulcr, J}, title = {Cryptic genetic variation in an inbreeding and cosmopolitan pest, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, revealed using ddRADseq.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {24}, pages = {10974-10986}, pmid = {29299274}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Each year new exotic species are transported across the world through global commerce, causing considerable economic and ecological damage. An important component of managing invasion pathways is to identify source populations. Some of the most widespread exotic species are haplodiploid ambrosia beetles. The ability to mate with siblings (inbreed) and their transportable food source (symbiotic fungus) have enabled them to colonize most of the world and become pests of plant nurseries, lumber, and forests. One of the fastest spreading ambrosia beetles is Xylosandrus crassiusculus. In order to discover the source populations of this globally invasive species, track its movement around the world, and test biogeographical scenarios, we combined restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) with comprehensive sampling across the species native and introduced range. From 1,365 genotyped SNP loci across 198 individuals, we determined that in its native range, X. crassiusculus is comprised of a population in Southeast Asia that includes mainland China, Thailand, and Taiwan, and a second island population in Japan. North America and Central America were colonized from the island populations, while Africa and Oceania were colonized from the mainland Asia, and Hawaii was colonized by both populations. Populations of X. crassiusculus in North America were genetically diverse and highly structured, suggesting (1) numerous, repeated introductions; (2) introduction of a large founding population; or (3) both scenarios with higher than expected outcrossing. X. crassiusculus, other wood-boring insects, and indeed many other pests with unusual genetic structure continue to spread around the world. We show that contemporary genetic methods offer a powerful tool for understanding and preventing pathways of future biosecurity threats.}, }
@article {pmid29299269, year = {2017}, author = {Sagers, JK and Waldron, BL and Creech, JE and Mott, IW and Bugbee, B}, title = {Salinity tolerance of three competing rangeland plant species: Studies in hydroponic culture.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {24}, pages = {10916-10929}, pmid = {29299269}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus) is an invasive species that displaces Gardner's saltbush (Atriplex gardneri) on saline rangelands, whereas, forage kochia (Bassia prostrata) potentially can rehabilitate these ecosystems. Salinity tolerance has been hypothesized as the predominant factor affecting frequency of these species. This study compared relative salinity tolerance of these species, and tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Plants were evaluated in hydroponics, eliminating the confounding effects of drought, for 28 days at 0, 150, 200, 300, 400, 600, and 800 mmol/L NaCl. Survival, growth, and ion accumulation were determined. Alfalfa and tall wheatgrass shoot mass were reduced to 32% of the control at 150 mmol/L. Forage kochia survived to 600 mmol/L, but mass was reduced at all salinity levels. Halogeton and Gardner's saltbush increased or maintained shoot mass up to 400 mmol/L. Furthermore, both actively accumulated sodium in shoots, indicating that Na[+] was the principle ion in osmotic adjustment, whereas, forage kochia exhibited passive (linear) Na[+] accumulation as salinity increased. This study confirmed the halophytic nature of these three species, but, moreover, discovered that Gardner's saltbush was as saline tolerant as halogeton, whereas, forage kochia was less tolerant. Therefore, factors other than salinity tolerance drive these species' differential persistence in saline-desert ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid29299256, year = {2017}, author = {Wang, G and Hou, Y and Zhang, X and Zhang, J and Li, J and Chen, Z}, title = {Strong population genetic structure of an invasive species, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), in southern China.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {24}, pages = {10770-10781}, pmid = {29299256}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), was initially reported in China in the 1990s and is now considered one of the most successful invasive pests of palm plants in the country. A total of 14 microsatellite loci and one mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit Ι (cox I) gene fragment were used to investigate the genetic characteristics and structure of R. ferrugineus in southern China. High levels of genetic differentiation among populations and significant correlations between genetic and geographical distances indicated an important role of geographical distance in the distribution of the RPW in southern China. High gene flow between Fujian and Taiwan province populations illustrated the increased effects of frequent anthropogenic activities on gene flow between them. Genetic similarity (i.e., haplotype similarity) indicated that RPW individuals from Taiwan and Fujian invaded from a different source than those from Hainan. To some extent, the genetic structure of the RPW in southern China correlated well with the geographic origins of this pest. We propose that geographical distance, anthropogenic activities, and the biological attributes of this pest are responsible for the distribution pattern of the RPW in southern China. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that the most likely native sources of the RPW in southern China are India, the Philippines, and Vietnam.}, }
@article {pmid29295741, year = {2019}, author = {Mozetič, P and Cangini, M and Francé, J and Bastianini, M and Bernardi Aubry, F and Bužančić, M and Cabrini, M and Cerino, F and Čalić, M and D'Adamo, R and Drakulović, D and Finotto, S and Fornasaro, D and Grilli, F and Kraus, R and Kužat, N and Marić Pfannkuchen, D and Ninčević Gladan, &#x17d; and Pompei, M and Rotter, A and Servadei, I and Skejić, S}, title = {Phytoplankton diversity in Adriatic ports: Lessons from the port baseline survey for the management of harmful algal species.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {147}, number = {}, pages = {117-132}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.029}, pmid = {29295741}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Diatoms ; Dinoflagellida ; Ecosystem ; *Harmful Algal Bloom ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Phytoplankton ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {An inventory of phytoplankton diversity in 12 Adriatic ports was performed with the port baseline survey. Particular emphasis was put on the detection of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens (HAOP) because of their negative impact on ecosystem, human health, and the economy. Phytoplanktonic HAOP are identified as species, either native or non-indigenous (NIS), which can trigger harmful algal blooms (HAB). A list of 691 taxa was prepared, and among them 52 were classified as HAB and five as NIS. Records of toxigenic NIS (Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata, Ostreopsis species including O. cf. ovata) indicate that the intrusion of non-native invasive phytoplankton species has already occurred in some Adriatic ports. The seasonal occurrence and abundance of HAOP offers a solid baseline for a monitoring design in ports in order to prevent ballast water uptake and possible expansion of HAOP outside their native region.}, }
@article {pmid29292096, year = {2018}, author = {Pla, D and Petras, D and Saviola, AJ and Modahl, CM and Sanz, L and Pérez, A and Juárez, E and Frietze, S and Dorrestein, PC and Mackessy, SP and Calvete, JJ}, title = {Transcriptomics-guided bottom-up and top-down venomics of neonate and adult specimens of the arboreal rear-fanged Brown Treesnake, Boiga irregularis, from Guam.}, journal = {Journal of proteomics}, volume = {174}, number = {}, pages = {71-84}, doi = {10.1016/j.jprot.2017.12.020}, pmid = {29292096}, issn = {1876-7737}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Antivenins ; Biological Evolution ; Colubridae/*genetics ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Guam ; Introduced Species ; Snake Venoms/*chemistry/genetics ; Toxins, Biological/analysis/genetics ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis) is an arboreal, nocturnal, rear-fanged venomous snake native to northern and eastern regions of Australia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. It was inadvertently introduced onto the island of Guam during the late 1940's to early 1950's, and it has caused massive declines and extirpations of the native bird, lizard, and mammal populations. In the current study, we report the characterization of the venom proteome of an adult and a neonate B. irregularis specimens from Guam by a combination of venom gland transcriptomic and venomic analyses. Venom gland transcriptomic analysis of an adult individual identified toxins belonging to 18 protein families, with three-finger toxin isoforms being the most abundantly expressed transcripts, comprising 94% of all venom protein transcript reads. Transcripts for PIII-metalloproteinases, C-type lectins, cysteine-rich secretory proteins, acetylcholinesterases, natriuretic peptides, ficolins, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors, PLA2s, vascular endothelial growth factors, Kunitz-type protease inhibitors, cystatins, phospholipase Bs, cobra venom factors, waprins, SVMP inhibitors, matrix metalloproteinases, and hyaluronidases were also identified, albeit, at very low abundances ranging from 0.05% to 1.7% of the transcriptome. The venom proteomes of neonate and adult B. irregularis were also both overwhelmingly (78 and 84%, respectively) dominated by monomeric and dimeric 3FTxs, followed by moderately abundant (21% (N) and 13% (A)) CRISPs, low abundance (1% (N), 3% (A)) PIII-SVMPs, and very low abundance (<0.01%) PLA2 and SVMP inhibitors. The differences in relative toxin abundances identified between neonate and adult snakes likely correlates to shifts in prey preference between the two age classes, from nearly-exclusively lizards to lizards, birds and small mammals. Immunoaffinity antivenomics with experimentally designed rabbit anti-Brown Treesnake (anti-BTS) venom IgGs against homologous venom from adult snakes demonstrated that CRISPs, PIII-SVMPs, and 60-70% of 3FTxs were effectively immunocaptured. Western blot analysis showed that all venom proteins were recognized by anti-BTS IgGs, and cross-reactivity with other rear-fanged snake venoms was also observed. Incubation of anti-BTS venom IgGs with crude B. irregularis venom resulted in a significant decrease in proteolytic (SVMP) activity against azocasein. These results provide the first comparative venomic and anti-venomic analysis of neonate and adult B. irregularis from Guam, further highlighting evolutionary trends in venom composition among rear-fanged venomous snakes.<br><br>SIGNIFICANCE PARAGRAPH: The Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis) has caused extensive ecological and economic damage to the island of Guam where it has become a classic example of the negative impacts of invasive species. In the current study, we report the first combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of B. irregularis venom of Guam origin. The transcriptome of an adult snake contained toxin sequences belonging to 18 protein families, with three-finger toxin (3FTx) isoforms being the most abundant and representing 94% of all venom protein transcript reads. Our bottom-up and top-down venomic analyses confirmed that 3FTxs are the major components of B. irregularis venom, and a comparative analysis of neonate and adult venoms demonstrate a clear ontogenetic shift in toxin abundance, likely driven by dietary variation between the two age classes. Second-generation antivenomics and Western blot analysis using purified anti-Brown Treesnake rabbit serum IgGs (anti-BTS IgGs) showed strong immunoreactivity toward B. irregularis venom. Interestingly, our anti-BTS IgGs did not cross-react with 3FTxs found in several other rear-fanged snake venoms, or against 3FTxs in the venom of the elapid Ophiophagus hannah, indicating that epitopes in these 3FTx molecules are quite distinct.}, }
@article {pmid29291110, year = {2017}, author = {Peacock, MM and Hekkala, ER and Kirchoff, VS and Heki, LG}, title = {Return of a giant: DNA from archival museum samples helps to identify a unique cutthroat trout lineage formerly thought to be extinct.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {4}, number = {11}, pages = {171253}, pmid = {29291110}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Currently one small, native population of the culturally and ecologically important Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi, LCT, Federally listed) remains in the Truckee River watershed of northwestern Nevada and northeastern California. The majority of populations in this watershed were extirpated in the 1940s due to invasive species, overharvest, anthropogenic water consumption and changing precipitation regimes. In 1977, a population of cutthroat trout discovered in the Pilot Peak Mountains in the Bonneville basin of Utah, was putatively identified as the extirpated LCT lacustrine lineage native to Pyramid Lake in the Truckee River basin based on morphological and meristic characters. Our phylogenetic and Bayesian genotype clustering analyses of museum specimens collected from the large lakes (1872-1913) and contemporary samples collected from populations throughout the extant range provide evidence in support of a genetically distinct Truckee River basin origin for this population. Analysis of museum samples alone identified three distinct genotype clusters and historical connectivity among water bodies within the Truckee River basin. Baseline data from museum collections indicate that the extant Pilot Peak strain represents a remnant of the extirpated lacustrine lineage. Given the limitations on high-quality data when working with a sparse number of preserved museum samples, we acknowledge that, in the end, this may be a more complicated story. However, the paucity of remnant populations in the Truckee River watershed, in combination with data on the distribution of morphological, meristic and genetic data for Lahontan cutthroat trout, suggests that recovery strategies, particularly in the large lacustrine habitats should consider this lineage as an important part of the genetic legacy of this species.}, }
@article {pmid29290475, year = {2018}, author = {Panda, RM and Behera, MD and Roy, PS}, title = {Assessing distributions of two invasive species of contrasting habits in future climate.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {213}, number = {}, pages = {478-488}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.053}, pmid = {29290475}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Habits ; India ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Understanding the impact of climate change on species invasion is crucial for sustainable biodiversity conservation. Through this study, we try to answer how species differing in phenological cycles, specifically Cassia tora and Lantana camara, differ in the manner in which they invade new regions in India in the future climate. Since both species occupy identical niches, exploring their invasive potential in different climate change scenarios will offer critical insights into invasion and inform ecosystem management. We use three modelling protocols (i.e., maximum entropy, generalised linear model and generalised additive model) to predict the current distribution. Projections are made for both moderate (A1B) and extreme (A2) IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) scenarios for the year 2050 and 2100. The study reveals that the distributions of C. tora (annual) and L. camara (perennial) would depend on the precipitation of the warmest quarter and moisture availability. C. tora may demonstrate physiological tolerance to the mean diurnal temperature range and L. camara to the solar radiation. C. tora may invade central India, while L. camara may invade the Western Himalaya, parts of the Eastern Himalaya and the Western Ghats. The distribution ranges of both species could shift in the northern and north-eastern directions in India, owing to changes in moisture availability. The possible alterations in precipitation regimes could lead to water stress, which might have cascading effects on species invasion. L. camara might adapt to climate change better compared with C. tora. This comparative analysis of the future distributions of two invasive plants with contrasting habits demonstrates that temporal complementarity would prevail over the competition.}, }
@article {pmid29289005, year = {2018}, author = {Moustakas, A and Voutsela, A and Katsanevakis, S}, title = {Sampling alien species inside and outside protected areas: Does it matter?.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {625}, number = {}, pages = {194-198}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.198}, pmid = {29289005}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Greece ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Data of alien species presences are generally more readily available in protected than non-protected areas due to higher sampling efforts inside protected areas. Are the results and conclusions based on analyses of data collected in protected areas representative of wider non-protected regions? We address this question by analysing some recently published data of alien plants in Greece. Mixed effects models were used with alien species presences in 8.25×8.25km cells as dependent variable and the percentage of protected area, as well as the agricultural and artificial land cover types richness (as indicators of human presence) as independent variables. In addition, the spatial cross-correlation between the percentage of protected area and alien species richness was examined across scales. Results indicated that the percentage of protected area per cell is a poor predictor of alien species richness. Spatial analysis indicated that cells with higher percentage of protected areas have slightly less alien species than cells with lower percentage of protected areas. This result is likely to be driven by the overall negative correlation between habitat protection and anthropogenic activities. Thus, the conclusions deduced by data deriving from protected areas are likely to hold true for patterns of alien species in non-protected areas when the human pressures are accounted for.}, }
@article {pmid29282711, year = {2018}, author = {Liu, X and Wang, S and Ke, Z and Cheng, C and Wang, Y and Zhang, F and Xu, F and Li, X and Gao, X and Jin, C and Zhu, W and Yan, S and Li, Y}, title = {More invaders do not result in heavier impacts: The effects of non-native bullfrogs on native anurans are mitigated by high densities of non-native crayfish.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {87}, number = {3}, pages = {850-862}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12793}, pmid = {29282711}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/physiology ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; China ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Population Density ; Rana catesbeiana/*physiology ; }, abstract = {With accelerating species introductions in an era of globalization, co-occurring alien species have become increasingly common. Understanding the combined ecological impacts of multiple invaders is not only crucial for wildlife managers attempting to ameliorate biodiversity loss, but also provides key insights into invasion success and species coexistence mechanisms in natural ecosystems. Compared with much attentions given to single-invader impacts, little is known about the impacts of multiple co-occurring invaders. The American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus = Rana catesbeiana) and the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) are two aquatic invasive species in many different areas of the globe. They coexist with native anurans in a variety of permanent lentic waters, which provide an ideal model system to explore the combined effects of multiple invaders from different trophic levels on native species. Based on a global diet analysis covering 34 native and invasive bullfrog populations, and data from 10-year field surveys across 157 water bodies in the Zhoushan Archipelago, China, we observed a reduced impact of bullfrogs on native anurans at high crayfish densities when the two invaders co-occurred. The global diet analysis showed that crayfish occurrence reduced the number of native anuran prey consumed by bullfrogs in both native and invasive populations. After accounting for pseudoreplication of different observations among water bodies, islands, and survey time, model averaging analyses based on GLMMs showed a negative relationship between bullfrog density and native anuran densities for field observations of invasive bullfrogs alone and co-invaded observations with low crayfish density. However, this negative relationship disappeared when the two invaders co-occurred with high crayfish density. Structural equation modelling (SEM) analyses further validated that the impacts of bullfrogs on native frogs were mitigated by the negative interactions between crayfish and bullfrogs. Our results provide novel evidence of a density-dependent antagonistic effect of two sympatric invaders from different trophic levels on native species. This study highlights the importance of considering complex interactions among co-invaders and native species when prioritizing conservation and management actions and will facilitate the development of a more precise framework to predict invasion impacts.}, }
@article {pmid29282500, year = {2018}, author = {Bussy, U and Chung-Davidson, YW and Buchinger, T and Li, K and Smith, SA and Jones, AD and Li, W}, title = {Metabolism of a sea lamprey pesticide by fish liver enzymes part A: identification and synthesis of TFM metabolites.}, journal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry}, volume = {410}, number = {6}, pages = {1749-1761}, doi = {10.1007/s00216-017-0830-8}, pmid = {29282500}, issn = {1618-2650}, mesh = {Acetylation ; Animals ; Glucuronides/metabolism ; Glutathione/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Liver/*enzymology/*metabolism ; Nitrophenols/*metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Pesticides/*metabolism ; Petromyzon/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is a destructive invasive species in the Great Lakes that contributed to the collapse of native fish populations in the mid-1900s. 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) is a selective pesticide that has been applied to sea lamprey infested tributaries of the Great Lakes to kill larvae since the 1960s and has reduced the populations by as much as 90%. However, the metabolism of TFM by sea lamprey and non-target species is not fully illuminated. Elucidation of TFM metabolism is critical for understanding its mode of action and possible environmental impact. Here, we describe the screening, identification, synthesis and structural characterization of TFM metabolites in livers from sea lamprey and three non-target species that differ in their ability to survive TFM exposure. We identified glucuronidation, sulfation, N-acetylation, glutathione conjugation, and aromatic nitro group reduction as potential detoxification mechanisms. Seven metabolites were synthesized for use as markers of TFM metabolism in fish. Quantitative [1]H NMR was used to assay synthesized metabolite stock solutions that were then used as standard material to develop a quantitative LC-MS/MS method for TFM metabolites.}, }
@article {pmid29281668, year = {2017}, author = {Del-Rio, G and Rêgo, MA and Silveira, LF and Itoh, A}, title = {Plant invasion: Another threat to the São Paulo Marsh Antwren (Formicivora paludicola), a species on the verge of extinction.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {e0189465}, pmid = {29281668}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Endangered Species ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {During the past 100 years in densely populated south-eastern Brazil, wetlands have been severely transformed due to urbanization, agriculture and mining. The recently discovered São Paulo Marsh Antwren (Formicivora paludicola) is endemic to these wetlands, and is listed as "Critically Endangered" by the IUCN. The species is only found in an area of 1.42 km2, it has a sparse and fragmented distribution, low dispersal capacity, and has probably lost around 300 km2 of habitat in the past 100 years. Furthermore, very little is known about F. paludicola natural history, and so it is difficult to construct a robust conservation plan. Using Kernel home range estimations and the Adjusted-SD/Torus Shift test (a novel tool for animal-habitat association studies), we showed that the species avoids patches of the alien invasive ginger lily (Hedychium coronarium). Given the high density of their population (3.6 mature individuals/ha), F. paludicola could thrive in relatively small areas of suitable wetlands protected from human occupation and water contamination, however special attention should be paid to biological invasions, which may represent a serious threat to the remaining populations. Protecting a few small wetlands used by F. paludicola would be an important step towards general conservation and restoration of Atlantic Forest wetlands and its endemic endangered species.}, }
@article {pmid29279987, year = {2018}, author = {Bussy, U and Chung-Davidson, YW and Buchinger, T and Li, K and Smith, SA and Daniel Jones, A and Li, W}, title = {Metabolism of a sea lamprey pesticide by fish liver enzymes part B: method development and application in quantification of TFM metabolites formed in vivo.}, journal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry}, volume = {410}, number = {6}, pages = {1763-1774}, doi = {10.1007/s00216-017-0831-7}, pmid = {29279987}, issn = {1618-2650}, mesh = {Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Glucuronides/metabolism ; Glutathione/metabolism ; Liver/*enzymology/*metabolism ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Nitrophenols/*metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Pesticides/*metabolism ; Petromyzon/*metabolism ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; }, abstract = {The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is a destructive invasive species in the Great Lakes. Since the 1960s, tons of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) has been applied to selected tributaries each year to eliminate or reduce sea lamprey larval populations. Therefore, the environmental impact of TFM needs to be evaluated. However, the metabolism of TFM and its mechanism of selective toxicity in sea lamprey is not yet fully understood. Based upon our previous report on the identification, synthesis, and characterization of TFM metabolites observed in liver incubates from sea lamprey and non-target fishes, we now provide a robust assay for quantifying TFM and its metabolites in fish liver tissue. This method is important for assessing bioaccumulation of TFM in the ecosystems. The compounds purified in our previous report were used to develop and validate a quantitative ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) assay for TFM and TFM metabolites formed in vivo. Several sample preparation techniques were compared, and a protein precipitation method was selected. The unavailability of stable isotopic internal standards was overcome by using a matrix matching method. After a thorough validation, this method was applied to determine the concentrations of TFM and its metabolites in fish liver tissues from animals exposed to TFM, and in the comparison between dead animals and survivors. Seven of eight expected metabolites were observed, some for the first time in vivo. Our results indicate that in vivo nitroreduction, glucuronidation, sulfation, and glutathione conjugation are involved in TFM metabolism in sea lamprey.}, }
@article {pmid29275504, year = {2018}, author = {Badieritakis, &#x395; and Papachristos, D and Latinopoulos, D and Stefopoulou, &#x391; and Kolimenakis, &#x391; and Bithas, K and Patsoula, &#x395; and Beleri, S and Maselou, D and Balatsos, G and Michaelakis, &#x391;}, title = {Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Greece: 13 years of living with the Asian tiger mosquito.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {117}, number = {2}, pages = {453-460}, pmid = {29275504}, issn = {1432-1955}, support = {LIFE12 ENV/GR/000466//European Union (EU Environmental Funding Programme LIFE+ Environment Policy and Governance)/ ; LIFE12 ENV/GR/000466//European Union (EU Environmental Funding Programme LIFE+ Environment Policy and Governance)/ ; LIFE12 ENV/GR/000466//European Union (EU Environmental Funding Programme LIFE+ Environment Policy and Governance)/ ; LIFE12 ENV/GR/000466//European Union (EU Environmental Funding Programme LIFE+ Environment Policy and Governance)/ ; LIFE12 ENV/GR/000466//European Union (EU Environmental Funding Programme LIFE+ Environment Policy and Governance)/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/*virology ; Animals ; Entomology/methods ; Greece ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mosquito Control ; Mosquito Vectors/*virology ; }, abstract = {Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1895) (Diptera: Culicidae), commonly known as the Asian tiger mosquito, is an invasive mosquito species of public health significance, well established in many countries worldwide. In Greece, it was first recorded in Corfu and Thesprotia between 2003 and 2004. In the following years, further distribution and establishment of Ae. albopictus in Greece have been confirmed in many Regional Units of the country. In the current study, we report the invasion history of Ae. albopictus in Greece, until 2016. The results from the entomological investigation following imported virus cases in 2014, 2015, and 2016 are also included. Moreover, its presence in Greece is demonstrated in a thematic map based on (a) information provided by pest control companies and/or citizens, (b) the official samples sent to Benaki Phytopathological Institute (BPI) and the National School of Public Health (NSPH), and}, }
@article {pmid29275191, year = {2018}, author = {Sherpa, S and Rioux, D and Pougnet-Lagarde, C and Després, L}, title = {Genetic diversity and distribution differ between long-established and recently introduced populations in the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {58}, number = {}, pages = {145-156}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2017.12.018}, pmid = {29275191}, issn = {1567-7257}, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/*genetics ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Markers ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus, native to South-eastern Asia, is currently the most invasive mosquito in the world. The spatio-temporal dynamics of its expansion through the genetic characterization of invasive populations has been challenged so far by the limited number of genetic markers variable enough to infer the genetic structure in recently invaded areas. Here we applied the double-digest Restriction-site Associated DNA sequencing method (ddRADseq) to mosquitoes collected in two invaded areas, Reunion Island (12 localities) and Europe (18 localities). Analyses of genetic diversity, Bayesian clustering, Maximum Likelihood inference and isolation-by-distance tests based on 1561 genome-wide distributed Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) revealed that Reunion Island and Europe form two distinct genetic clusters, supporting no contemporary gene flow and suggesting two different and independent invasion histories. Long-established populations (Reunion Island) were more genetically diverse than recently introduced European populations. The largest part of genetic variance was found at the intra-individual level (>85%) and most FIS values were positive, suggesting inbreeding at the local scale. The two invaded areas showed contrasting patterns of genetic structure. Significant isolation-by-distance was found among Reunion Island populations, suggesting that these populations are at the drift-migration equilibrium. In contrast, long-distance human-assisted transport is probably the main dispersal mechanism in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid29274953, year = {2019}, author = {Spagnolo, A and Auriemma, R and Bacci, T and Balković, I and Bertasi, F and Bolognini, L and Cabrini, M and Cilenti, L and Cuicchi, C and Cvitković, I and Despalatović, M and Grati, F and Grossi, L and Jaklin, A and Lipej, L and Marković, O and Mavrič, B and Mikac, B and Nasi, F and Nerlović, V and Pelosi, S and Penna, M and Petović, S and Punzo, E and Santucci, A and Scirocco, T and Strafella, P and Trabucco, B and Travizi, A and Žuljević, A}, title = {Non-indigenous macrozoobenthic species on hard substrata of selected harbours in the Adriatic Sea.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {147}, number = {}, pages = {150-158}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.031}, pmid = {29274953}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Biological Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates ; Mediterranean Sea ; Porifera ; *Ships ; Thoracica ; Transportation Facilities ; Urochordata ; }, abstract = {The intense shipping traffic characterising the Adriatic Sea favours the spread of marine organisms. Yet, a study of 12 Adriatic ports (4 on the western side and 8 on the eastern side of the basin) found that non-indigenous species (NIS) accounted for only 4% of the benthic communities settled on hard substrates. The cirripeds Amphibalanus amphitrite and Balanus trigonus, found in 8 harbours, were the most common invaders followed by Amphibalanus eburneus, the ascidian Styela plicata, and the bivalve Magallana gigas. The highest percentage of NIS was recorded in Venice and Ploče, the harbours with the least rich native communities; the lowest percentage was retrieved in Trieste, Koper, Pula, and Rijeka, the harbours hosting the highest species diversity. In contrast, the ports of Bari and Ancona showed both high NIS percentages and highly diversified communities.}, }
@article {pmid29274176, year = {2018}, author = {Lee, SR and Jo, YS and Park, CH and Friedman, JM and Olson, MS}, title = {Population genomic analysis suggests strong influence of river network on spatial distribution of genetic variation in invasive saltcedar across the southwestern United States.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {636-646}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14468}, pmid = {29274176}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; *Rivers ; Southwestern United States ; Tamaricaceae/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Understanding the complex influences of landscape and anthropogenic elements that shape the population genetic structure of invasive species provides insight into patterns of colonization and spread. The application of landscape genomics techniques to these questions may offer detailed, previously undocumented insights into factors influencing species invasions. We investigated the spatial pattern of genetic variation and the influences of landscape factors on population similarity in an invasive riparian shrub, saltcedar (Tamarix L.) by analysing 1,997 genomewide SNP markers for 259 individuals from 25 populations collected throughout the southwestern United States. Our results revealed a broad-scale spatial genetic differentiation of saltcedar populations between the Colorado and Rio Grande river basins and identified potential barriers to population similarity along both river systems. River pathways most strongly contributed to population similarity. In contrast, low temperature and dams likely served as barriers to population similarity. We hypothesize that large-scale geographic patterns in genetic diversity resulted from a combination of early introductions from distinct populations, the subsequent influence of natural selection, dispersal barriers and founder effects during range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid29273835, year = {2018}, author = {Larson, CD and Lehnhoff, EA and Noffsinger, C and Rew, LJ}, title = {Competition between cheatgrass and bluebunch wheatgrass is altered by temperature, resource availability, and atmospheric CO2 concentration.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {186}, number = {3}, pages = {855-868}, pmid = {29273835}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Bromus ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; North America ; Poaceae ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Global change drivers (elevated atmospheric CO2, rising surface temperatures, and changes in resource availability) have significant consequences for global plant communities. In the northern sagebrush steppe of North America, the invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) is expected to benefit from projected warmer and drier conditions, as well as increased CO2 and nutrient availability. In growth chambers, we addressed this expectation using two replacement series experiments designed to test competition between B. tectorum and the native perennial bunchgrass Pseudoroegneria spicata. In the first experiment, we tested the effects of elevated temperature, decreased water and increased nutrient availability, on competition between the two species. In the second, we tested the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and decreased water availability on the competitive dynamic. In both experiments, under all conditions, P. spicata suppressed B. tectorum, though, in experiment one, warmer and drier conditions and elevated nutrient availability increased B. tectorum's competitiveness. In experiment two, when grown in monoculture, both species responded positively to elevated CO2. However, when grown in competition, elevated CO2 increased P. spicata's suppressive effect, and the combination of dry soil conditions and elevated CO2 enhanced this effect. Our findings demonstrate that B. tectorum competitiveness with P. spicata responds differently to global change drivers; thus, future conditions are unlikely to facilitate B. tectorum invasion into established P. spicata communities of the northern sagebrush steppe. However, disturbance (e.g., fire) to these communities, and the associated increase in soil nutrients, elevates the risk of B. tectorum invasion.}, }
@article {pmid29272430, year = {2018}, author = {Rice, KB and Bedoukian, RH and Hamilton, GC and Jentsch, P and Khrimian, A and MacLean, P and Morrison, WR and Short, BD and Shrewsbury, P and Weber, DC and Wiman, N and Leskey, TC}, title = {Enhanced Response of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) to Its Aggregation Pheromone with Ethyl Decatrienoate.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {111}, number = {1}, pages = {495-499}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox316}, pmid = {29272430}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Chemotaxis ; Heteroptera/drug effects/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Insect Control/*methods ; Nymph/drug effects/physiology ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The invasive stink bug species, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera; Pentatomidae), severely damages multiple agricultural commodities, resulting in the disruption of established IPM programs. Several semiochemicals have been identified to attract H. halys to traps and monitor their presence, abundance, and seasonal activity. In particular, the two-component aggregation pheromone of H. halys, (3S,6S,7R,10S)-10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol and (3R,6S,7R,10S)-10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol (PHER), in combination with the pheromone synergist, methyl (2E,4E,6Z)-decatrienoate (MDT), were found to be attractive. Here, we report that an analogous trienoate, ethyl (2E,4E,6Z)-decatrienoate (EDT), enhances H. halys captures when combined with PHER. In trials conducted in Eastern and Western regions of the United States, we observed that when traps were baited with the H. halys PHER + EDT, captures were significantly greater than when traps were baited with PHER alone. Traps baited with EDT alone were not attractive. Thus, the addition of EDT to lures for attracting H. halys to traps may further improve monitoring efficiency and management strategies for this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid29272427, year = {2018}, author = {Nadel, H and Follett, PA and Perry, CL and Mack, RG}, title = {Postharvest Irradiation Treatment for Quarantine Control of the Invasive Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {111}, number = {1}, pages = {127-134}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox317}, pmid = {29272427}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation ; Female ; *Gamma Rays ; Insect Control/*methods ; Larva/growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; Longevity/radiation effects ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*radiation effects ; Ovum/growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; Pupa/growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; *Quarantine ; *Radiation Dosage ; *Vitis/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Irradiation is a postharvest treatment option for exported berries and berry-like fruits to prevent movement of the quarantine pest European grape vine moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis &amp; Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The effects of irradiation on egg, larval, and pupal development in L. botrana were examined. Eggs, neonates, third and fifth instars, and early- and late-stage pupae were irradiated at target doses of 50, 100, 150, or 200 Gy or left untreated as controls in replicated factorial experiments, and survival to the adult stage was recorded. Tolerance to radiation generally increased with increasing age and developmental stage. A dose of 150 Gy prevented adult emergence in eggs and larvae. Pupae were more radiotolerant than larvae, and late-stage pupae were more tolerant than early-stage pupae. In large-scale validation tests, 150 Gy applied to fifth instars in diet prevented adult emergence, but some survival occurred in fifth instars irradiated in table grapes; however, 250 Gy prevented fifth instar survival in grapes. For most commodities, the fifth instar is the most radiotolerant life stage likely to occur with the commodity; a minimum radiation dose of 250 Gy will prevent adult emergence from this stage. For traded commodities such as table grapes that may contain L. botrana pupae, 325 Gy applied to mature female pupae sterilized emerging adults and may provide quarantine security. Radiotolerance in L. botrana is comparable to other tortricids, and the data reported here support a generic dose of 250 Gy for eggs and larvae of this group.}, }
@article {pmid29269734, year = {2017}, author = {Tamate, S and Iwasaki, WM and Krysko, KL and Camposano, BJ and Mori, H and Funayama, R and Nakayama, K and Makino, T and Kawata, M}, title = {Inferring evolutionary responses of Anolis carolinensis introduced into the Ogasawara archipelago using whole genome sequence data.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {18008}, pmid = {29269734}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Lizards/*genetics ; *Selection, Genetic ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; }, abstract = {Invaded species often can rapidly expand and establish in novel environments through adaptive evolution, resulting in devastating effects on native communities. However, it is unclear if genetic variation at whole-genomic levels is actually reduced in the introduced populations and which genetic changes have occurred responding to adaptation to new environments. In the 1960s, Anolis carolinensis was introduced onto one of the Ogasawara Islands, Japan, and subsequently expanded its range rapidly throughout two of the islands. Morphological comparison showed that lower hindlimb length in the introduced populations tended to be longer than those in its native Florida populations. Using re-sequenced whole genomic data, we estimated that the effective population size at the time of introduction was actually small (less than 50). We also inferred putative genomic regions subject to natural selection after this introduction event using SweeD and a method based on Tajima's D, π and F ST . Five candidate genes that were potentially subject to selection were estimated by both methods. The results suggest that there were standing variations that could potentially contribute to adaptation to nonnative environments despite the founder population being small.}, }
@article {pmid29267872, year = {2018}, author = {Sherpa, S and Rioux, D and Goindin, D and Fouque, F and François, O and Després, L}, title = {At the Origin of a Worldwide Invasion: Unraveling the Genetic Makeup of the Caribbean Bridgehead Populations of the Dengue Vector Aedes aegypti.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {56-71}, pmid = {29267872}, issn = {1759-6653}, support = {001/WHO_/World Health Organization/International ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; Animals ; Caribbean Region/epidemiology ; Dengue/epidemiology/*transmission ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Insecticide Resistance ; Mosquito Vectors/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; }, abstract = {Human-driven global environmental changes have considerably increased the risk of biological invasions, especially the spread of human parasites and their vectors. Among exotic species that have major impacts on public health, the dengue fever mosquito Aedes aegypti originating from Africa has spread worldwide during the last three centuries. Although considerable progress has been recently made in understanding the history of this invasion, the respective roles of human and abiotic factors in shaping patterns of genetic diversity remain largely unexplored. Using a genome-wide sample of genetic variants (3,530 ddRAD SNPs), we analyzed the genetic structure of Ae. aegypti populations in the Caribbean, the first introduced territories in the Americas. Fourteen populations were sampled in Guyane and in four islands of the Antilles that differ in climatic conditions, intensity of urbanization, and vector control history. The genetic diversity in the Caribbean was low (He = 0.14-0.17), as compared with a single African collection from Benin (He = 0.26) and site-frequency spectrum analysis detected an ancient bottleneck dating back ∼300 years ago, supporting a founder event during the introduction of Ae. aegypti. Evidence for a more recent bottleneck may be related to the eradication program undertaken on the American continent in the 1950s. Among 12 loci detected as FST-outliers, two were located in candidate genes for insecticide resistance (cytochrome P450 and voltage-gated sodium channel). Genome-environment association tests identified additional loci associated with human density and/or deltamethrin resistance. Our results highlight the high impact of human pressures on the demographic history and genetic variation of Ae. aegypti Caribbean populations.}, }
@article {pmid29267857, year = {2018}, author = {Uliano-Silva, M and Dondero, F and Dan Otto, T and Costa, I and Lima, NCB and Americo, JA and Mazzoni, CJ and Prosdocimi, F and Rebelo, MF}, title = {A hybrid-hierarchical genome assembly strategy to sequence the invasive golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei.}, journal = {GigaScience}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {29267857}, issn = {2047-217X}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Contig Mapping/*methods ; Gene Ontology ; *Genome ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Mytilidae/classification/*genetics ; Open Reading Frames ; Pest Control ; Phylogeny ; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs ; Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: For more than 25 years, the golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei, has aggressively invaded South American freshwaters, having travelled more than 5000 km upstream across 5 countries. Along the way, the golden mussel has outcompeted native species and economically harmed aquaculture, hydroelectric powers, and ship transit. We have sequenced the complete genome of the golden mussel to understand the molecular basis of its invasiveness and search for ways to control it.<br><br>FINDINGS: We assembled the 1.6-Gb genome into 20 548 scaffolds with an N50 length of 312 Kb using a hybrid and hierarchical assembly strategy from short and long DNA reads and transcriptomes. A total of 60 717 coding genes were inferred from a customized transcriptome-trained AUGUSTUS run. We also compared predicted protein sets with those of complete molluscan genomes, revealing an exacerbation of protein-binding domains in L. fortunei.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We built one of the best bivalve genome assemblies available using a cost-effective approach using Illumina paired-end, mate-paired, and PacBio long reads. We expect that the continuous and careful annotation of L. fortunei's genome will contribute to the investigation of bivalve genetics, evolution, and invasiveness, as well as to the development of biotechnological tools for aquatic pest control.}, }
@article {pmid29267326, year = {2017}, author = {Schwartz, N and Rohde, S and Dobretsov, S and Hiromori, S and Schupp, PJ}, title = {The role of chemical antifouling defence in the invasion success of Sargassum muticum: A comparison of native and invasive brown algae.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {e0189761}, pmid = {29267326}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Fucus/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Quorum Sensing ; Sargassum/chemistry/classification/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Competition and fouling defence are important traits that may facilitate invasions by non-indigenous species. The 'novel weapons hypothesis' (NWH) predicts that the invasive success of exotic species is closely linked to the possession of chemical defence compounds that the recipient community in the new range is not adapted to. In order to assess whether chemical defence traits contribute to invasion success, anti-bacterial, anti-quorum sensing, anti-diatom, anti-larval and anti-algal properties were investigated for the following algae: a) the invasive brown alga Sargassum muticum from both, its native (Japan) and invasive (Germany) range, b) the two non- or weak invasive species Sargassum fusiforme and Sargassum horneri from Japan, and c) Fucus vesiculosus, a native brown alga from Germany. Crude and surface extracts and lipid fractions of active extracts were tested against common fouling organisms and zygotes of a dominant competing brown alga. Extracts of the native brown alga F. vesiculosus inhibited more bacterial strains (75%) than any of the Sargassum spp. (17 to 29%). However, Sargassum spp. from Japan exhibited the strongest settlement inhibition against the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium, larvae of the bryozoan Bugula neritina and zygotes of the brown alga F. vesiculosus. Overall, extracts of S. muticum from the invasive range were less active compared to those of the native range suggesting an adaptation to lower fouling pressure and competition in the new range resulting in a shift of resource allocation from costly chemical defence to reproduction and growth. Non-invasive Sargassum spp. from Japan was equally defended against fouling and competitors like S. muticum from Japan indicating a necessity to include these species in European monitoring programs. The variable antifouling activity of surface and crude extracts highlights the importance to use both for an initial screening for antifouling activity.}, }
@article {pmid29266721, year = {2018}, author = {Shaw, B and Brain, P and Wijnen, H and Fountain, MT}, title = {Reducing Drosophila suzukii emergence through inter-species competition.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {74}, number = {6}, pages = {1466-1471}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4836}, pmid = {29266721}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/physiology ; Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; *Oviposition ; Pest Control, Biological ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Drosophila suzukii has dispersed widely from its native Asian range since 2008. Its arrival in the UK is resulting in economic losses in soft- and stone-fruit crops caused by larvae feeding on the flesh of ripening fruit. Although a large amount of research has been directed at controlling this pest, it is presently unknown how this invasive species interacts with native Drosophila species.<br><br>RESULTS: In the work reported here, D. suzukii or Drosophila melanogaster adults were introduced to substrates pre-inoculated with the eggs of the same or the other species in a laboratory choice assay. Drosophila melanogaster adult emergence was not affected by pre-inoculation with D. suzukii. The rate of emergence of D. suzukii was significantly lower from medium pre-inoculated by D. melanogaster than from blank medium. In a subsequent experiment, significantly more D. suzukii eggs were laid in blank medium than in D. melanogaster pre-inoculated medium.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The presence of D. melanogaster in a substrate significantly reduced D. suzukii emergence and egg laying. This study raises research questions about how this reduction mechanism is driven and how it could be exploited as part of future integrated pest management practices. &#xa9; 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid29261775, year = {2017}, author = {Elia, M and Blancato, G and Picchi, L and Lucas, C and Bagnères, AG and Lorenzi, MC}, title = {Nest signature changes throughout colony cycle and after social parasite invasion in social wasps.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {e0190018}, pmid = {29261775}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Chromatography, Gas ; Hydrocarbons/analysis ; *Introduced Species ; *Nesting Behavior ; Parasites/physiology ; Principal Component Analysis ; Seasons ; *Social Behavior ; Wasps/*parasitology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Social insects recognize their nestmates by means of a cuticular hydrocarbon signature shared by colony members, but how nest signature changes across time has been rarely tested in longitudinal studies and in the field. In social wasps, the chemical signature is also deposited on the nest surface, where it is used by newly emerged wasps as a reference to learn their colony odor. Here, we investigate the temporal variations of the chemical signature that wasps have deposited on their nests. We followed the fate of the colonies of the social paper wasp Polistes biglumis in their natural environment from colony foundation to decline. Because some colonies were invaded by the social parasite Polistes atrimandibularis, we also tested the effects of social parasites on the nest signature. We observed that, as the season progresses, the nest signature changed; the overall abundance of hydrocarbons as well as the proportion of longer-chain and branched hydrocarbons increased. Where present, social parasites altered the host-nest signature qualitatively (adding parasite-specific alkenes) and quantitatively (by interfering with the increase in overall hydrocarbon abundance). Our results show that 1) colony odor is highly dynamic both in colonies controlled by legitimate foundresses and in those controlled by social parasites; 2) emerged offspring contribute little to colony signature, if at all, in comparison to foundresses; and 3) social parasites, that later mimic host signature, initially mark host nests with species-specific hydrocarbons. This study implies that important updating of the neural template used in nestmate recognition should occur in social insects.}, }
@article {pmid29259623, year = {2017}, author = {Lima, SMQ and Berbel-Filho, WM and Araújo, TFP and Lazzarotto, H and Tatarenkov, A and Avise, JC}, title = {Headwater Capture Evidenced by Paleo-Rivers Reconstruction and Population Genetic Structure of the Armored Catfish (Pareiorhaphis garbei) in the Serra do Mar Mountains of Southeastern Brazil.}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {199}, pmid = {29259623}, issn = {1664-8021}, abstract = {Paleo-drainage connections and headwater stream-captures are two main historical processes shaping the distribution of strictly freshwater fishes. Recently, bathymetric-based methods of paleo-drainage reconstruction have opened new possibilities to investigate how these processes have shaped the genetic structure of freshwater organisms. In this context, the present study used paleo-drainage reconstructions and single-locus cluster delimitation analyses to examine genetic structure on the whole distribution of Pareiorhaphis garbei, a 'near threatened' armored catfish from the Fluminense freshwater ecoregion in Southeastern Brazil. Sequences of two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1) were obtained from five sampling sites in four coastal drainages: Macaé (KAE), São João (SJO), Guapi-Macacu [sub-basins Guapiaçu (GAC) and Guapimirim (GMI)], and Santo Aleixo (SAL). Pronounced genetic structure was found, involving 10 haplotypes for cytB and 6 for coi, with no haplotypes shared between localities. Coalescent-based delineation methods as well as distance-based methods revealed genetic clusters corresponding to each sample site. Paleo-drainage reconstructions showed two putative paleo-rivers: an eastern one connecting KAE and SJO; and a western one merging in the Guanabara Bay (GAC, GMI, and SAL). A disagreement was uncovered between the inferred past riverine connections and current population genetic structure. Although KAE and SJO belong to the same paleo-river, the latter is more closely related to specimens from the Guanabara paleo-river. This discordance between paleo-drainage connections and phylogenetic structure may indicate an ancient stream-capture event in headwaters of this region. Furthermore, all analyses showed high divergence between KAE and the other lineages, suggesting at least one cryptic species in the latter, and that the nominal species should be restricted to the Macaé river basin, its type locality. In this drainage, impacts such as the invasive species and habitat loss can be especially threatening for such species with a narrow range. Our results also suggest that freshwater fishes from headwaters in the Serra do Mar mountains might have different biogeographical patterns than those from the lowlands, indicating a complex and dynamic climatic and geomorphological history.}, }
@article {pmid29259304, year = {2017}, author = {Medeiros-Sousa, AR and Fernandes, A and Ceretti-Junior, W and Wilke, ABB and Marrelli, MT}, title = {Mosquitoes in urban green spaces: using an island biogeographic approach to identify drivers of species richness and composition.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {17826}, pmid = {29259304}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Cities ; Culicidae/*classification ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Islands ; Mosquito Vectors/classification ; Parks, Recreational ; }, abstract = {Mosquitoes are well known for their epidemiological importance as vectors of a wide range of human pathogens. Despite the many studies on medically important species, little is known about the diversity patterns of these insects in urban green spaces, which serve as shelter and refuge for many native and invasive species. Here, we investigate drivers of mosquito richness and composition in nine urban parks in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Using the equilibrium theory of island biogeography, we tested predictive models for species richness and composition and performed nestedness analysis. We also investigated whether species loss tends to benefit vector mosquitoes. In the period 2011 to 2013, a total of 37,972 mosquitoes belonging to 73 species and 14 genera were collected. Our results suggest there is a species-area relationship, an increase in species similarity as richness is lost and a nested species composition pattern. Seven of the eight most commonly found species are considered vectors of human pathogens, suggesting a possible link between species loss and increased risk of pathogen transmission. Our data highlight the need for studies that seek to understand how species loss may affect the risk of infectious diseases in urban areas.}, }
@article {pmid29258425, year = {2017}, author = {Soghigian, J and Andreadis, TG and Livdahl, TP}, title = {From ground pools to treeholes: convergent evolution of habitat and phenotype in Aedes mosquitoes.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {262}, pmid = {29258425}, issn = {1471-2148}, support = {1311535//Directorate for Biological Sciences/International ; 1R15AI092577/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Aedes/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/anatomy &amp; histology ; Likelihood Functions ; Product Packaging ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive mosquito species are responsible for millions of vector-borne disease cases annually. The global invasive success of Aedes mosquitoes such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus has relied on the human transport of immature stages in container habitats. However, despite the importance of these mosquitoes and this ecological specialization to their widespread dispersal, evolution of habitat specialization in this group has remained largely unstudied. We use comparative methods to evaluate the evolution of habitat specialization and its potential influence on larval morphology, and evaluate whether container dwelling and invasiveness are monophyletic in Aedes.<br><br>RESULTS: We show that habitat specialization has evolved repeatedly from ancestral ground pool usage to specialization in container habitats. Furthermore, we find that larval morphological scores are significantly associated with larval habitat when accounting for evolutionary relationships. We find that Ornstein-Uhleinbeck models with unique optima for each larval habitat type are preferred over several other models based predominantly on neutral processes, and that OU models can reliably simulate real morphological data.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that multiple lineages of Aedes have convergently evolved a key trait associated with invasive success: the use of container habitats for immature stages. Moreover, our results demonstrate convergence in morphological characteristics as well, and suggest a role of adaptation to habitat specialization in driving phenotypic diversity in this mosquito lineage. Finally, our results highlight that the genus Aedes is not monophyletic.}, }
@article {pmid29257630, year = {2016}, author = {Saylor, &#xd6;}, title = {Toxic effects of permethrin on Pseudorasbora parva.}, journal = {Journal of environmental biology}, volume = {37}, number = {6}, pages = {1247-1253}, pmid = {29257630}, issn = {0254-8704}, mesh = {Animals ; Brain/drug effects/pathology ; *Cyprinidae ; Gills/drug effects/pathology ; Insecticides/*toxicity ; Introduced Species ; Kidney/drug effects/pathology ; Permethrin/*toxicity ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {The present study deals with acute toxicity and hematological, histopathological and genotoxical effects of permethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, on Pseudorasbora parva. Acute toxicity of 96-hrs LC50 value was found to be 88.25 (84.60-92.63) μgl-1. Sublethal dose was taken as 8.82 μgl-1 (the 1/10 of the LC50 value) in bio-experiments. Micronucleus changes in blood erythrocyte and hemotocyte level in P. parva exposed to sub-lethal concentration were investigated. Difference between nucleolus abnormalities in the experimental and control group was found to be statistically significant (t-test). Micronucleus frequency was found to be 8.26. The hematocrit level in control and experimental groups were found to be 24.43% and 14.673%. No pathological symptoms were observed in the muscle of P. parva exposed to sublethal dose for 96 hrs. Pathological symptoms observed after 96 hours from permethrin administration in other organs were: Fusion, Telangiectasis, epithelial lifting and hyperemia in gills; hydropic degeneration, lipid degeneration and passive hyperemia in liver and enlargement of cavum glomeruli and Bowman space in kidneys and hemorrhage, edema and hyperemia in brain, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid29256056, year = {2018}, author = {Chapman, PM}, title = {Negatives and Positives: Contaminants and Other Stressors in Aquatic Ecosystems.}, journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {100}, number = {1}, pages = {3-7}, doi = {10.1007/s00128-017-2229-9}, pmid = {29256056}, issn = {1432-0800}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/physiology ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Eutrophication ; Harmful Algal Bloom ; *Stress, Physiological ; Water Pollutants/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Published research is reviewed to provide examples of both positive and negative interactions of contaminants and: climate change; habitat change; invasive and introduced species; and, eutrophication including harmful algal blooms. None of these stressor interactions results solely in negative effects. Research must shift from examining contaminants or other stressors in isolation to considering potential positive and negative effects of interactions, with the ultimate goal of providing the necessary information for the effective management of ecosystem services.}, }
@article {pmid29255306, year = {2017}, author = {Zhang, L and Yu, L and Lou, A}, title = {No evolutionary change in the mating system of Solanum rostratum (Solanaceae) during its invasion in China.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {17698}, pmid = {29255306}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; China ; Crosses, Genetic ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Genotype ; Introduced Species/trends ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Population Density ; Reproduction/genetics/physiology ; Solanum/*genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The mating system of flowering plants plays a key role during the process of invasion. Evolution from outcrossing to selfing can allow rapid regeneration of a population after long-distance dispersal by providing reproductive assurance. Solanum rostratum is a self-compatible annual herb that exhibits a high level of outcrossing in its native populations. However, the mating system of invasive populations of S. rostratum has never been assessed. Here, we investigated the mating system based on 11 microsatellite loci and explored ecological factors that may influence the outcrossing rate among 10 invasive populations of S. rostratum in China. We found that the mean outcrossing rate was 0.69 ± 0.12 (range 0.49 to 0.83) with multiple paternity within progeny arrays (average effective number of sires = 7.86), which suggests a mixed mating system dominated by outcrossing. Combined with the uniformly high outcrossing rate (0.70 ± 0.03) previously reported in its native range, these results indicate that there has been no evolutionary shift in mating system during the invasion in China by S. rostratum. There were no relationships between outcrossing and population size, population density, altitude, latitude or longitude. Furthermore, high outcrossing of S. rostratum in China may be facilitated by enantiostyly and heteranthery.}, }
@article {pmid29255020, year = {2018}, author = {Janion-Scheepers, C and Phillips, L and Sgrò, CM and Duffy, GA and Hallas, R and Chown, SL}, title = {Basal resistance enhances warming tolerance of alien over indigenous species across latitude.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, pages = {145-150}, pmid = {29255020}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Australia ; *Ecosystem ; *Global Warming ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Soil systems are being increasingly exposed to the interactive effects of biological invasions and climate change, with rising temperatures expected to benefit alien over indigenous species. We assessed this expectation for an important soil-dwelling group, the springtails, by determining whether alien species show broader thermal tolerance limits and greater tolerance to climate warming than their indigenous counterparts. We found that, from the tropics to the sub-Antarctic, alien species have the broadest thermal tolerances and greatest tolerance to environmental warming. Both groups of species show little phenotypic plasticity or potential for evolutionary change in tolerance to high temperature. These trait differences between alien and indigenous species suggest that biological invasions will exacerbate the impacts of climate change on soil systems, with profound implications for terrestrial ecosystem functioning.}, }
@article {pmid29253148, year = {2017}, author = {Aguirre, AA}, title = {Changing Patterns of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife, Domestic Animals, and Humans Linked to Biodiversity Loss and Globalization.}, journal = {ILAR journal}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, pages = {315-318}, doi = {10.1093/ilar/ilx035}, pmid = {29253148}, issn = {1930-6180}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; Animals, Wild ; Biodiversity ; Ecology ; Humans ; Zoonoses/*epidemiology ; }, abstract = {The fundamental human threats to biodiversity including habitat destruction, globalization, and species loss have led to ecosystem disruptions altering infectious disease transmission patterns, the accumulation of toxic pollutants, and the invasion of alien species and pathogens. To top it all, the profound role of climate change on many ecological processes has affected the inability of many species to adapt to these relatively rapid changes. This special issue, "Zoonotic Disease Ecology: Effects on Humans, Domestic Animals and Wildlife," explores the complex interactions of emerging infectious diseases across taxa linked to many of these anthropogenic and environmental drivers. Selected emerging zoonoses including RNA viruses, Rift Valley fever, trypanosomiasis, Hanta virus infection, and other vector-borne diseases are discussed in detail. Also, coprophagous beetles are proposed as important vectors in the transmission and maintenance of infectious pathogens. An overview of the impacts of climate change in emerging disease ecology within the context of Brazil as a case study is provided. Animal Care and Use Committee requirements were investigated, concluding that ecology journals have low rates of explicit statements regarding the welfare and wellbing of wildlife during experimental studies. Most of the solutions to protect biodiversity and predicting and preventing the next epidemic in humans originating from wildlife are oriented towards the developed world and are less useful for biodiverse, low-income economies. We need the development of regional policies to address these issues at the local level.}, }
@article {pmid29250081, year = {2017}, author = {Eller, F and Skálová, H and Caplan, JS and Bhattarai, GP and Burger, MK and Cronin, JT and Guo, WY and Guo, X and Hazelton, ELG and Kettenring, KM and Lambertini, C and McCormick, MK and Meyerson, LA and Mozdzer, TJ and Pyšek, P and Sorrell, BK and Whigham, DF and Brix, H}, title = {Cosmopolitan Species As Models for Ecophysiological Responses to Global Change: The Common Reed Phragmites australis.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {1833}, pmid = {29250081}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Phragmites australis is a cosmopolitan grass and often the dominant species in the ecosystems it inhabits. Due to high intraspecific diversity and phenotypic plasticity, P. australis has an extensive ecological amplitude and a great capacity to acclimate to adverse environmental conditions; it can therefore offer valuable insights into plant responses to global change. Here we review the ecology and ecophysiology of prominent P. australis lineages and their responses to multiple forms of global change. Key findings of our review are that: (1) P. australis lineages are well-adapted to regions of their phylogeographic origin and therefore respond differently to changes in climatic conditions such as temperature or atmospheric CO2; (2) each lineage consists of populations that may occur in geographically different habitats and contain multiple genotypes; (3) the phenotypic plasticity of functional and fitness-related traits of a genotype determine the responses to global change factors; (4) genotypes with high plasticity to environmental drivers may acclimate or even vastly expand their ranges, genotypes of medium plasticity must acclimate or experience range-shifts, and those with low plasticity may face local extinction; (5) responses to ancillary types of global change, like shifting levels of soil salinity, flooding, and drought, are not consistent within lineages and depend on adaptation of individual genotypes. These patterns suggest that the diverse lineages of P. australis will undergo intense selective pressure in the face of global change such that the distributions and interactions of co-occurring lineages, as well as those of genotypes within-lineages, are very likely to be altered. We propose that the strong latitudinal clines within and between P. australis lineages can be a useful tool for predicting plant responses to climate change in general and present a conceptual framework for using P. australis lineages to predict plant responses to global change and its consequences.}, }
@article {pmid29246165, year = {2017}, author = {Sonne, C and Letcher, RJ and Jenssen, BM and Desforges, JP and Eulaers, I and Andersen-Ranberg, E and Gustavson, K and Styrishave, B and Dietz, R}, title = {A veterinary perspective on One Health in the Arctic.}, journal = {Acta veterinaria Scandinavica}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, pages = {84}, pmid = {29246165}, issn = {1751-0147}, mesh = {Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Climate Change ; Endocrine System/drug effects ; Environmental Pollutants/toxicity ; Humans ; *One Health ; Zoonoses/prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {Exposure to long-range transported industrial chemicals, climate change and diseases is posing a risk to the overall health and populations of Arctic wildlife. Since local communities are relying on the same marine food web as marine mammals in the Arctic, it requires a One Health approach to understand the holistic ecosystem health including that of humans. Here we collect and identify gaps in the current knowledge of health in the Arctic and present the veterinary perspective of One Health and ecosystem dynamics. The review shows that exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is having multiple organ-system effects across taxa, including impacts on neuroendocrine disruption, immune suppression and decreased bone density among others. Furthermore, the warming Arctic climate is suspected to influence abiotic and biotic long-range transport and exposure pathways of contaminants to the Arctic resulting in increases in POP exposure of both wildlife and human populations. Exposure to vector-borne diseases and zoonoses may increase as well through range expansion and introduction of invasive species. It will be important in the future to investigate the effects of these multiple stressors on wildlife and local people to better predict the individual-level health risks. It is within this framework that One Health approaches offer promising opportunities to survey and pinpoint environmental changes that have effects on wildlife and human health.}, }
@article {pmid29245107, year = {2018}, author = {Carve, M and Coggan, TL and Myers, JH and Clarke, B and Nugegoda, D and Shimeta, J}, title = {Impacts on the seagrass, Zostera nigricaulis, from the herbicide Fusilade Forte[®] used in the management of Spartina anglica infestations.}, journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {195}, number = {}, pages = {15-23}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.11.021}, pmid = {29245107}, issn = {1879-1514}, mesh = {Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase/metabolism ; Australia ; Environmental Exposure ; Enzyme Assays ; Herbicides/*toxicity ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; Peroxidase/metabolism ; Photosynthesis/drug effects ; Pigments, Biological/metabolism ; Poaceae/*drug effects ; Water/chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity ; Zosteraceae/*drug effects ; }, abstract = {The herbicide Fusilade Forte[®] (FF) is widely applied in agricultural weed management and in the management of the invasive saltmarsh grass, Spartina anglica (ricegrass or cordgrass). FF (active ingredient fluazifop-P acid, FPA) is selective for poaceous grasses. Its primary mode of action is inhibition of the acetyl coenzyme-A carboxylase (ACCase) specific to this taxonomic group, and its secondary mode is by promotion of oxidative stress. FF is applied to S. anglica infestations in the intertidal zone, in proximity to seagrass meadows. Despite the potential for vital seagrass ecosystems to be exposed to FF, there is limited knowledge of any potential impacts. We investigated impacts of FPA on the endemic Australian seagrass, Zostera nigricaulis, measuring ACCase activity and parameters that reflect oxidative stress: photosynthetic performance, lipid peroxidation and photosynthetic pigment content. Seagrass was exposed to FF (0.01-10mgL[-1] FPA and a control) for 7d, followed by a 7-d recovery in uncontaminated seawater. An enzyme assay demonstrated that FPA ≤10mgL[-1] did not inhibit the activity of ACCase isolated from Z. nigricaulis, demonstrating that this seagrass is resistant to FF's primary mode of action. However, physiological impacts occurred following 7 days exposure to ≥0.1mgL[-1] FPA, including up to a 72% reduction in photosynthetic pigment concentration. After 7-d recovery, photosynthetic pigment content improved in treatment plants; however, treated plants exhibited higher levels of lipid peroxidation. This study demonstrates that while Z. nigricaulis is resistant to FF's primary mode of action, significant physiological impacts occur following 7 days exposure to ≥0.1mgL[-1] FPA. This study provides valuable information on the effects of FF on a non-target species that can better inform approaches to Spartina management in coastal seagrass ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid29242585, year = {2018}, author = {Vanbergen, AJ and Espíndola, A and Aizen, MA}, title = {Risks to pollinators and pollination from invasive alien species.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {16-25}, doi = {10.1038/s41559-017-0412-3}, pmid = {29242585}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bees ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; *Diptera ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Pollination ; Risk ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species modify pollinator biodiversity and the services they provide that underpin ecosystem function and human well-being. Building on the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) global assessment of pollinators and pollination, we synthesize current understanding of invasive alien impacts on pollinators and pollination. Invasive alien species create risks and opportunities for pollinator nutrition, re-organize species interactions to affect native pollination and community stability, and spread and select for virulent diseases. Risks are complex but substantial, and depend greatly on the ecological function and evolutionary history of both the invader and the recipient ecosystem. We highlight evolutionary implications for pollination from invasive alien species, and identify future research directions, key messages and options for decision-making.}, }
@article {pmid29242464, year = {2017}, author = {Szita, &#xc9; and Fetykó, KG and Benedicty, ZK and Kozár, F and Partsinevelos, G and Milonas, P and Kaydan, MB}, title = {Data on the scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) fauna of Greece, with description of two new species.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4329}, number = {5}, pages = {463-476}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4329.5.4}, pmid = {29242464}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Greece ; *Hemiptera ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Surveys of the scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) fauna of Greece were carried out in 2013 and 2014. Altogether 93 scale insect species were collected, belonging to 11 families. Thirty-eight species (41%) proved to be new to the Greek fauna, including two species new to science (Anophococcus hellenicus Kaydan &amp; Szita sp. n. (Acanthococcidae) and Iberococcus attikus Szita &amp; Fetykó sp. n. (Pseudococcidae)), and two introduced invasive species (Phenacoccus graminicola Leonardi and Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana), both Pseudococcidae). The rest of the species seem to be native to the Greek fauna. The total number of scale insect species recorded from Greece is increased to 253.}, }
@article {pmid29241067, year = {2018}, author = {Bajwa, AA and Nguyen, T and Navie, S and O'Donnell, C and Adkins, S}, title = {Weed seed spread and its prevention: The role of roadside wash down.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {208}, number = {}, pages = {8-14}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.010}, pmid = {29241067}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Australia ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Weeds ; Population Dynamics ; Queensland ; *Seeds ; }, abstract = {Vehicles are one of the major vectors of long-distance weed seed spread. Viable seed removed from vehicles at roadside wash down facilities was studied at five locations in central Queensland, Australia over a 3-year period. Seed from 145 plant species, belonging to 34 different families, were identified in the sludge samples obtained from the wet particulate matter collection pit of the wash down facilities. Most of the species were annual forbs (50%) with small or very small seed size (<2 mm in diameter). A significant amount of seed from the highly invasive, parthenium weed was observed in these samples. More parthenium weed seed were found in the Rolleston facility and in the spring, but its seed was present in all facilities and in all seasons. The average number of viable seed found within every ton of dry particulate matter removed from vehicles was ca. 68,000. Thus, a typical wash down facility was removing up to ca. 335,000 viable seed from vehicles per week, of which ca. 6700 were parthenium weed seed. Furthermore, 61% of these seed (ca. 200,000) were from introduced species, and about half of these (35% of total) were from species considered to be weeds. Therefore, the roadside wash down facilities found throughout Queensland can remove a substantial amount of viable weed seed from vehicles, including the invasive parthenium weed, and the use of such facilities should be strongly encouraged.}, }
@article {pmid29238549, year = {2017}, author = {Adams, AJ and Pessier, AP and Briggs, CJ}, title = {Rapid extirpation of a North American frog coincides with an increase in fungal pathogen prevalence: Historical analysis and implications for reintroduction.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {23}, pages = {10216-10232}, pmid = {29238549}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {As extinctions continue across the globe, conservation biologists are turning to species reintroduction programs as one optimistic tool for addressing the biodiversity crisis. For repatriation to become a viable strategy, fundamental prerequisites include determining the causes of declines and assessing whether the causes persist in the environment. Invasive species-especially pathogens-are an increasingly significant factor contributing to biodiversity loss. We hypothesized that Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the causative agent of the deadly amphibian disease chytridiomycosis, was important in the rapid (<10 years) localized extirpation of a North American frog (Rana boylii) and that Bd remains widespread among extant amphibians in the region of extirpation. We used an interdisciplinary approach, combining interviews with herpetological experts, analysis of archived field notes and museum specimen collections, and field sampling of the extant amphibian assemblage to examine (1) historical relative abundance of R. boylii; (2) potential causes of R. boylii declines; and (3) historical and contemporary prevalence of Bd. We found that R. boylii were relatively abundant prior to their rapid extirpation, and an increase in Bd prevalence coincided with R. boylii declines during a time of rapid change in the region, wherein backcountry recreation, urban development, and the amphibian pet trade were all on the rise. In addition, extreme flooding during the winter of 1969 coincided with localized extirpations in R. boylii populations observed by interview respondents. We conclude that Bd likely played an important role in the rapid extirpation of R. boylii from southern California and that multiple natural and anthropogenic factors may have worked in concert to make this possible in a relatively short period of time. This study emphasizes the importance of recognizing historical ecological contexts in making future management and reintroduction decisions.}, }
@article {pmid29234116, year = {2017}, author = {Neilly, H and Schwarzkopf, L}, title = {The response of an arboreal mammal to livestock grazing is habitat dependant.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {17382}, pmid = {29234116}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; Grassland ; Introduced Species ; *Livestock ; Poaceae ; *Population Dynamics ; Trees ; *Trichosurus ; }, abstract = {Inappropriate livestock grazing is implicated in the decline of vertebrate fauna species globally. Faunal responses to grazing can interact with the vegetation community in which they occur. We measured the response of an arboreal marsupial, the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula vulpecula) to different cattle grazing strategies and vegetation types, and examined whether micro-habitat selection is driving this response. We hypothesised that where arboreal habitat is intact, brushtail possums would be resistant to the impacts of heavy grazing. We conducted a mark-recapture survey among four grazing treatments and in two vegetation types (Box and Ironbark), at a 20-year grazing trial in northern Australia. We found that brushtail possums were resistant to the impact of heavy grazing in both vegetation types, but preferred the heavy grazing treatment in the Box vegetation type. Complex arboreal habitat and low ground cover was preferred, and high grass cover and low tree species richness avoided. Most individuals exclusively used one vegetation type, with few using both, suggesting a 'matrix' vegetation between the Box and Ironbark may be creating a movement barrier. Vegetation type should provide a context for determining the benefits to arboreal wildlife of adopting a particular grazing management strategy.}, }
@article {pmid29233135, year = {2017}, author = {Helsen, K and Acharya, KP and Brunet, J and Cousins, SAO and Decocq, G and Hermy, M and Kolb, A and Lemke, IH and Lenoir, J and Plue, J and Verheyen, K and De Frenne, P and Graae, BJ}, title = {Biotic and abiotic drivers of intraspecific trait variation within plant populations of three herbaceous plant species along a latitudinal gradient.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {38}, pmid = {29233135}, issn = {1472-6785}, support = {81617824//Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet/ ; Scientific Research network 'FLEUR'//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; }, mesh = {Anemone/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Environment ; Europe ; Impatiens/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Phenotype ; *Plant Dispersal ; Poaceae/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The importance of intraspecific trait variation (ITV) is increasingly acknowledged among plant ecologists. However, our understanding of what drives ITV between individual plants (ITVBI) at the population level is still limited. Contrasting theoretical hypotheses state that ITVBI can be either suppressed (stress-reduced plasticity hypothesis) or enhanced (stress-induced variability hypothesis) under high abiotic stress. Similarly, other hypotheses predict either suppressed (niche packing hypothesis) or enhanced ITVBI (individual variation hypothesis) under high niche packing in species rich communities. In this study we assess the relative effects of both abiotic and biotic niche effects on ITVBI of four functional traits (leaf area, specific leaf area, plant height and seed mass), for three herbaceous plant species across a 2300 km long gradient in Europe. The study species were the slow colonizing Anemone nemorosa, a species with intermediate colonization rates, Milium effusum, and the fast colonizing, non-native Impatiens glandulifera.<br><br>RESULTS: Climatic stress consistently increased ITVBI across species and traits. Soil nutrient stress, on the other hand, reduced ITVBI for A. nemorosa and I. glandulifera, but had a reversed effect for M. effusum. We furthermore observed a reversed effect of high niche packing on ITVBI for the fast colonizing non-native I. glandulifera (increased ITVBI), as compared to the slow colonizing native A. nemorosa and M. effusum (reduced ITVBI). Additionally, ITVBI in the fast colonizing species tended to be highest for the vegetative traits plant height and leaf area, but lowest for the measured generative trait seed mass.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that stress can both reduce and increase ITVBI, seemingly supporting both the stress-reduced plasticity and stress-induced variability hypotheses. Similarly, niche packing effects on ITVBI supported both the niche packing hypothesis and the individual variation hypothesis. These results clearly illustrates the importance of simultaneously evaluating both abiotic and biotic factors on ITVBI. This study adds to the growing realization that within-population trait variation should not be ignored and can provide valuable ecological insights.}, }
@article {pmid29232384, year = {2017}, author = {Milardi, M and Chapman, D and Lanzoni, M and Long, JM and Castaldelli, G}, title = {First evidence of bighead carp wild recruitment in Western Europe, and its relation to hydrology and temperature.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {e0189517}, pmid = {29232384}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/*physiology ; Europe ; *Hydrology ; Introduced Species ; Reproduction ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) have been introduced throughout Europe, mostly unintentionally, and little attention has been given to their potential for natural reproduction. We investigated the presence of young-of-the-year bighead carp in an irrigation canal network of Northern Italy and the environmental conditions associated with spawning in 2011-2015. The adult bighead carp population of the canal network was composed by large, likely mature, individuals with an average density of 45.2 kg/ha (over 10 fold more than in the main river). The 29 juvenile bighead carp found were 7.4-13.1 cm long (TL) and weighed 9.5-12.7 g. Using otolith-derived spawning dates we estimated that these juveniles were 94-100 days old, placing their fertilization and hatch dates in mid-to-end-June. Using this information in combination with thermal and hydraulic data, we examined the validity of existing models predicting the onset of spawning conditions and the viability of egg pathways to elucidate spawning location of the species. While evidence of reproduction was not found every year, we determined that potentially viable spawning conditions (annual degree-days and temperature thresholds) and pathways of egg drift suitable for hatching are present in short, slow-flowing canals.}, }
@article {pmid29230921, year = {2018}, author = {Linder, HP and Lehmann, CER and Archibald, S and Osborne, CP and Richardson, DM}, title = {Global grass (Poaceae) success underpinned by traits facilitating colonization, persistence and habitat transformation.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {93}, number = {2}, pages = {1125-1144}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12388}, pmid = {29230921}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Demography ; *Ecosystem ; *Genetic Speciation ; Introduced Species ; *Phylogeny ; Ploidies ; Poaceae/embryology/genetics/*physiology ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Poaceae (the grasses) is arguably the most successful plant family, in terms of its global occurrence in (almost) all ecosystems with angiosperms, its ecological dominance in many ecosystems, and high species richness. We suggest that the success of grasses is best understood in context of their capacity to colonize, persist, and transform environments (the "Viking syndrome"). This results from combining effective long-distance dispersal, efficacious establishment biology, ecological flexibility, resilience to disturbance and the capacity to modify environments by changing the nature of fire and mammalian herbivory. We identify a diverse set of functional traits linked to dispersal, establishment and competitive abilities. Enhanced long-distance dispersal is determined by anemochory, epizoochory and endozoochory and is facilitated via the spikelet (and especially the awned lemma) which functions as the dispersal unit. Establishment success could be a consequence of the precocious embryo and large starch reserves, which may underpin the extremely short generation times in grasses. Post-establishment genetic bottlenecks may be mitigated by wind pollination and the widespread occurrence of polyploidy, in combination with gametic self-incompatibility. The ecological competitiveness of grasses is corroborated by their dominance across the range of environmental extremes tolerated by angiosperms, facilitated by both C3 and C4 photosynthesis, well-developed frost tolerance in several clades, and a sympodial growth form that enabled the evolution of both annual and long-lived life forms. Finally, absence of investment in wood (except in bamboos), and the presence of persistent buds at or below ground level, provides tolerance of repeated defoliation (whether by fire, frost, drought or herbivores). Biotic modification of environments via feedbacks with herbivory or fire reinforce grass dominance leading to open ecosystems. Grasses can be both palatable and productive, fostering high biomass and diversity of mammalian herbivores. Many grasses have a suite of architectural and functional traits that facilitate frequent fire, including a tufted growth form, and tannin-like substances in leaves which slow decomposition. We mapped these traits over the phylogeny of the Poales, spanning the grasses and their relatives, and demonstrated the accumulation of traits since monocots originated in the mid-Cretaceous. Although the sympodial growth form is a monocot trait, tillering resulting in the tufted growth form most likely evolved within the grasses. Similarly, although an ovary apparently constructed of a single carpel evolved in the most recent grass ancestor, spikelets and the awned lemma dispersal units evolved within the grasses. Frost tolerance and C4 photosynthesis evolved relatively late (late Palaeogene), and the last significant trait to evolve was probably the production of tannins, associated with pyrophytic savannas. This fits palaeobotanical data, suggesting several phases in the grass success story: from a late Cretaceous origin, to occasional tropical grassland patches in the later Palaeogene, to extensive C3 grassy woodlands in the early-middle Miocene, to the dramatic expansion of the tropical C4 grass savannas and grasslands in the Pliocene, and the C3 steppe grasslands during the Pleistocene glacial periods. Modern grasslands depend heavily on strongly seasonal climates, making them sensitive to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid29229008, year = {2018}, author = {David, GM and Staentzel, C and Schlumberger, O and Perrot-Minnot, MJ and Beisel, JN and Hardion, L}, title = {A minimalist macroparasite diversity in the round goby of the Upper Rhine reduced to an exotic acanthocephalan lineage.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {145}, number = {8}, pages = {1020-1026}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182017002177}, pmid = {29229008}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Acanthocephala/*genetics ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Europe, Eastern/epidemiology ; France/epidemiology ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Helminthiasis, Animal/*epidemiology ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*parasitology ; Phylogeny ; Rivers/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {The round goby, Neogobius melanostomus, is a Ponto-Caspian fish considered as an invasive species in a wide range of aquatic ecosystems. To understand the role that parasites may play in its successful invasion across Western Europe, we investigated the parasitic diversity of the round goby along its invasion corridor, from the Danube to the Upper Rhine rivers, using data from literature and a molecular barcoding approach, respectively. Among 1666 parasites extracted from 179 gobies of the Upper Rhine, all of the 248 parasites barcoded on the c oxidase subunit I gene were identified as Pomphorhynchus laevis. This lack of macroparasite diversity was interpreted as a loss of parasites along its invasion corridor without spillback compensation. The genetic diversity of P. laevis was represented by 33 haplotypes corresponding to a haplotype diversity of 0·65 ± 0·032, but a weak nucleotide diversity of 0·0018 ± 0·00015. Eight of these haplotypes were found in 88·4% of the 248 parasites. These haplotypes belong to a single lineage so far restricted to the Danube, Vistula and Volga rivers (Eastern Europe). This result underlines the exotic status of this Ponto-Caspian lineage in the Upper Rhine, putatively disseminated by the round goby along its invasion corridor.}, }
@article {pmid29228938, year = {2017}, author = {Nishijima, S and Nishikawa, C and Miyashita, T}, title = {Habitat modification by invasive crayfish can facilitate its growth through enhanced food accessibility.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {37}, pmid = {29228938}, issn = {1472-6785}, support = {22-4267//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP)/ ; 093117//Sumitomo Foundation (JP)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Chironomidae/growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Odonata/growth &amp; development ; Plant Development ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive ecosystem engineers can facilitate their invasions by modifying the physical environment to improve their own performance, but this positive feedback process has rarely been tested empirically except in sessile organisms. The invasive crayfish Procambarus clarkii is an ecosystem engineer that destroys aquatic macrophytes, which provide a physical refuge for animal prey, and this destruction is likely to enhance vulnerability to predators. Using two series of mesocosm experiments, we tested the hypothesis that the invasive crayfish increases its feeding efficiency on animal prey by reducing submerged macrophytes, thus increasing its individual growth rate in a positive density-dependent manner.<br><br>RESULTS: In the first experiment, increasing crayfish density reduced both macrophytes and animal prey (dragonfly and chironomid larvae) and, importantly, increased the growth rate of individual crayfish, in accordance with our expectation. In the second experiment, we used artificial macrophytes to clarify whether the physical architecture of macrophytes itself protects animal prey and limits crayfish growth rate. Increasing the artificial macrophyte quantity not only increased the survival of animal prey, but also retarded the crayfish growth rate.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that macrophytes strengthen bottom-up control of crayfish, but this effect can be relaxed by increasing the density of crayfish via reduction in macrophytes. This positive feedback process may explain the crayfish outbreaks and regime shifts occasionally observed in invaded freshwater ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid29228264, year = {2018}, author = {Porter, SS and Faber-Hammond, JJ and Friesen, ML}, title = {Co-invading symbiotic mutualists of Medicago polymorpha retain high ancestral diversity and contain diverse accessory genomes.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fix168}, pmid = {29228264}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; California ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Genome, Bacterial/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Medicago/*microbiology ; Rhizobium/genetics ; Root Nodules, Plant/*microbiology ; Sinorhizobium/*classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Symbiosis/genetics ; }, abstract = {Exotic, invasive plants and animals can wreak havoc on ecosystems by displacing natives and altering environmental conditions. However, much less is known about the identities or evolutionary dynamics of the symbiotic microbes that accompany invasive species. Most leguminous plants rely upon symbiotic rhizobium bacteria to fix nitrogen and are incapable of colonizing areas devoid of compatible rhizobia. We compare the genomes of symbiotic rhizobia in a portion of the legume's invaded range with those of the rhizobium symbionts from across the legume's native range. We show that in an area of California the legume Medicago polymorpha has invaded, its Ensifer medicae symbionts: (i) exhibit genome-wide patterns of relatedness that together with historical evidence support host-symbiont co-invasion from Europe into California, (ii) exhibit population genomic patterns consistent with the introduction of the majority of deep diversity from the native range, rather than a genetic bottleneck during colonization of California and (iii) harbor a large set of accessory genes uniquely enriched in binding functions, which could play a role in habitat invasion. Examining microbial symbiont genome dynamics during biological invasions is critical for assessing host-symbiont co-invasions whereby microbial symbiont range expansion underlies plant and animal invasions.}, }
@article {pmid29228245, year = {2018}, author = {Vajda, EA and Webb, CE and Toi, C and Clancy, JC and Perez Cruz, J and Garcia, J and Baradi, C}, title = {New Record of Wyeomyia mitchellii (Diptera: Culicidae) on Guam, United States.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {55}, number = {2}, pages = {477-480}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjx222}, pmid = {29228245}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Culicidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Guam ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {Wyeomyia (Wyeomyia) mitchellii (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae) was recovered for the first time on Guam, United States of America, in 2017. Larval specimens were collected from water-filled axils of bromeliads during a larval survey carried out in a residential neighborhood of the Chalan Pago/Ordot area. Native to the New World, Wy. mitchellii has likely made its way to the Pacific Islands through the possibly illegal import of ornamental bromeliads. While this mosquito does not represent a significant threat to public health, this finding highlights the vulnerability of the Pacific Islands to the introduction of exotic species, including mosquito species that may increase public health risks.}, }
@article {pmid29228236, year = {2018}, author = {Wawer, W and Hajdamowicz, I}, title = {Spatial Niche Separation on the Periphery Range of Argiope bruennichi and Its Effect With Araneus quadratus (Araneae: Araneidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, pages = {26-31}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvx173}, pmid = {29228236}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Poland ; Population Density ; Spiders/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Recent decades have witnessed an intensified expansion of thermophilic organisms from southern into northern Europe. Argiope bruennichi, an orb-weaver spider species, is extending its range relatively fast and gradually becoming a common species in Europe. The aim of this study was to investigate how this relatively newly-come taxon is affecting another orb-weaver spider species and whether it demonstrates features of an invasive species. Interactions were examined between this species and another dominant species with similar body and web size, Araneus quadratus. The study areas were located in two adjacent regions in northeast Poland: the warmer Mazury Lake District and the colder Suwalki Lake District. The areas differed in both population density of the studied species as well as in climatic conditions. Six study sites were selected in each region. In the Mazury Lake District, A. bruennichi was more frequent than A. quadratus; this relationship was reversed in the Suwalki Lake District. We measured the height of the web hub above the ground and the height of the plants to which webs were fixed. Web location height was chosen as an indicator of the interaction. The results indicate that A. quadratus located its webs higher than A. bruennichi, regardless of species abundance and region. A. bruennichi does not exert a significant negative impact on A. quadratus web placement. The two species clearly prefer different heights, which in turn may determine the kind of prey they catch.}, }
@article {pmid29228053, year = {2017}, author = {Klemann-Junior, L and Villegas Vallejos, MA and Scherer-Neto, P and Vitule, JRS}, title = {Traditional scientific data vs. uncoordinated citizen science effort: A review of the current status and comparison of data on avifauna in Southern Brazil.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {e0188819}, pmid = {29228053}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Birds ; Brazil ; *Community Participation ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Data generated by citizen science is particularly valuable in ecological research. If used discerningly with data from traditional scientific references, citizen science can directly contribute to biogeography knowledge and conservation policies by increasing the number of species records in large geographic areas. Considering the current level of knowledge on south Brazilian avifauna, the large volume of data produced by uncoordinated citizen science effort (CS), and the growing need for information on changes in abundance and species composition, we have compiled an updated, general list of bird species occurrence within the state of Paraná. We have listed extinct, invasive and recently-colonizing species as well as indicator species of the state's vegetation types. We further assess the degree of knowledge of different regions within the state based on data from traditional scientific references, and the effect of including CS data in the same analysis. We have compiled data on 766 bird species, based on 70,346 individual records from traditional scientific references, and 79,468 from CS. Extinct and invasive species were identified by comparing their occurrence and abundance over a series of three time periods. Indicator species analysis pointed to the existence of three areas with bird communities typically found within the state: the Semideciduous Tropical Forest, the Tropical Rainforest and the junction of Grassland and Araucaria Moist Forest. We used rarefaction to measure sampling sufficiency, and found that rarefaction curves reached stabilization for all vegetation types except in Savanna. We observed differences in the level of knowledge of bird biodiversity among the microregions of the state, but including CS data, these differences were mitigated. The same effect was observed in other exploratory analyzes conducted here, emphasizing the fundamental importance of including CS data in macroecological studies. Production of easily accessible data and its unrestricted availability makes CS a very important tool, especially in highly diverse regions as the Neotropics, as it can offer a more accurate picture of bird composition in comparison to the exclusive use of traditional scientific references.}, }
@article {pmid29225353, year = {2018}, author = {Low, GW and Chattopadhyay, B and Garg, KM and Irestedt, M and Ericson, P and Yap, G and Tang, Q and Wu, S and Rheindt, FE}, title = {Urban landscape genomics identifies fine-scale gene flow patterns in an avian invasive.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {120}, number = {2}, pages = {138-153}, pmid = {29225353}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Animals ; Cities ; *Gene Flow ; *Genetics, Population ; Genomics ; *Introduced Species ; Passeriformes/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Population Density ; Singapore ; Spatial Analysis ; }, abstract = {Invasive species exert a serious impact on native fauna and flora and have been the target of many eradication and management efforts worldwide. However, a lack of data on population structure and history, exacerbated by the recency of many species introductions, limits the efficiency with which such species can be kept at bay. In this study we generated a novel genome of high assembly quality and genotyped 4735 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers from 78 individuals of an invasive population of the Javan Myna Acridotheres javanicus across the island of Singapore. We inferred limited population subdivision at a micro-geographic level, a genetic patch size (~13-14 km) indicative of a pronounced dispersal ability, and barely an increase in effective population size since introduction despite an increase of four to five orders of magnitude in actual population size, suggesting that low population-genetic diversity following a bottleneck has not impeded establishment success. Landscape genomic analyses identified urban features, such as low-rise neighborhoods, that constitute pronounced barriers to gene flow. Based on our data, we consider an approach targeting the complete eradication of Javan Mynas across Singapore to be unfeasible. Instead, a mixed approach of localized mitigation measures taking into account urban geographic features and planning policy may be the most promising avenue to reducing the adverse impacts of this urban pest. Our study demonstrates how genomic methods can directly inform the management and control of invasive species, even in geographically limited datasets with high gene flow rates.}, }
@article {pmid29223582, year = {2018}, author = {Adamson, K and Mullett, MS and Solheim, H and Barnes, I and Müller, MM and Hantula, J and Vuorinen, M and Kačergius, A and Markovskaja, S and Musolin, DL and Davydenko, K and Keča, N and Ligi, K and Priedite, RD and Millberg, H and Drenkhan, R}, title = {Looking for relationships between the populations of Dothistroma septosporum in northern Europe and Asia.}, journal = {Fungal genetics and biology : FG &amp; B}, volume = {110}, number = {}, pages = {15-25}, doi = {10.1016/j.fgb.2017.12.001}, pmid = {29223582}, issn = {1096-0937}, mesh = {Ascomycota/genetics/*physiology ; Asia ; Europe ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Pinus/microbiology ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Dothistroma septosporum, a notorious pine needle pathogen with an unknown historical geographic origin and poorly known distribution pathways, is nowadays found almost in all areas inhabited by pines (Pinus spp.). The main aim of this study was to determine the relationship between North European and East Asian populations. In total, 238 Eurasian D. septosporum isolates from 11 countries, including 211 isolates from northern Europe, 16 isolates from Russian Far East and 11 isolates from Bhutan were analysed using 11 species-specific microsatellite and mating type markers. The most diverse populations were found in northern Europe, including the Baltic countries, Finland and European Russia. Notably, D. septosporum has not caused heavy damage to P. sylvestris in northern Europe, which may suggest a long co-existence of the host and the pathogen. No indication was obtained that the Russian Far East or Bhutan could be the indigenous area of D. septosporum, as the genetic diversity of the fungus there was low and evidence suggests gene flow from northern Europe to Russian Far East. On the western coast of Norway, a unique genetic pattern was observed, which differed from haplotypes dominating other Fennoscandian populations. As an agent of dothistroma needle blight, only D. septosporum was documented in northern Europe and Asia, while D. pini was found in Ukraine and Serbia.}, }
@article {pmid29223179, year = {2018}, author = {Hu, L and Balusu, RR and Zhang, WQ and Ajayi, OS and Lu, YY and Zeng, RS and Fadamiro, HY and Chen, L}, title = {Intra- and inter-specific variation in alarm pheromone produced by Solenopsis fire ants.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {108}, number = {5}, pages = {667-673}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485317001201}, pmid = {29223179}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*chemistry/metabolism ; Female ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Pheromones/*chemistry/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Some fire ants of the genus Solenopsis have become invasive species in the southern United States displacing native species by competition. Although the displacement pattern seems clear, the mechanisms underlying competitive advantage remain unclear. The ability of ant workers to produce relatively larger amount of alarm pheromone may correspond to relative greater fitness among sympatric fire ant species. Here we report on quantitative intra-specific (i.e. inter-caste) and inter-specific differences of alarm pheromone component, 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine (2E36DMP), for several fire ant species. The alarm pheromone component was extracted by soaking ants in hexane for 48 h and subsequently quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry at single ion monitoring mode. Solenopsis invicta workers had more 2E36DMP than male or female alates by relative weight; individual workers, however, contained significantly less pyrazine. We thus believe that alarm pheromones may serve additional roles in alates. Workers of Solenopsis richteri, S. invicta, and hybrid (S. richteri × S. invicta) had significantly more 2E36DMP than a native fire ant species, Solenopsis geminata. The hybrid fire ant had significantly less 2E36DMP than the two parent species, S. richteri and S. invicta. It seems likely that higher alarm pheromone content may have favored invasion success of exotic fire ants over native species. We discuss the potential role of inter-specific variation in pyrazine content for the relationship between the observed shifts in the spatial distributions of the three exotic fire ant species in southern United States and the displacement of native fire ant species.}, }
@article {pmid29221716, year = {2018}, author = {McFarlane, GR and Whitelaw, CBA and Lillico, SG}, title = {CRISPR-Based Gene Drives for Pest Control.}, journal = {Trends in biotechnology}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {130-133}, doi = {10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.10.001}, pmid = {29221716}, issn = {1879-3096}, support = {BBS/E/D/05251442/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BBS/E/R/00001608/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BB/P013759/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; CRISPR-Associated Protein 9 ; *CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Endonucleases/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Drive Technology/*methods ; Gene Editing/*methods ; Genetic Engineering/methods ; Introduced Species ; Pest Control/*methods ; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics/metabolism ; Rodentia/genetics ; Sex Ratio ; }, abstract = {Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based gene drives (GDs) could be used to spread desirable genetic elements through wild populations. With the imminent development of this technology in vertebrates, we believe that it is timely to highlight two forms of sex-ratio distorting GDs that show potential as pest management tools.}, }
@article {pmid29220519, year = {2017}, author = {Pérez-Rodríguez, J and Martínez-Blay, V and Soto, A and Selfa, J and Monzó, C and Urbaneja, A and Tena, A}, title = {Aggregation Patterns, Sampling Plan, and Economic Injury Levels for the New Citrus Pest Delottococcus aberiae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {6}, pages = {2699-2706}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox258}, pmid = {29220519}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Citrus/growth &amp; development ; Fruit/growth &amp; development ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; *Insect Control ; Population Density ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Delottococcus aberiae De Lotto (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is the latest exotic mealybug species introduced in citrus in the Mediterranean basin. It causes severe distortion and size reduction on developing fruits. Due to its first interaction with citrus, D. aberiae economic thresholds are still unknown for this crop and the current Integrated Pest Management programs have been disrupted. The objectives of this study were to determine the aggregation patterns of D. aberiae in citrus, develop an efficient sampling plan to assess its population density, and calculate its Economic and Economic Environmental Injury Levels (EIL and EEIL, respectively). Twelve and 19 orchards were sampled in 2014 and 2015, respectively. At each orchard, population densities were monitored fortnightly in leaves, twigs, and fruit, and fruit damage was determined at harvest. Our results showed a clumped aggregation of D. aberiae in all organs with no significant differences between generations on fruit. Fruit damage at harvest was strongly correlated with fruit occupation in spring. Based on these results and using chlorpyrifos as the insecticide of reference, the EIL and EEIL were calculated as 7.1 and 12.1% of occupied fruit in spring, respectively. With all this, we recommend sampling 275 fruits using a binomial sampling method or alternatively, 140 fruits with an enumerative method bimonthly between petal fall and July.}, }
@article {pmid29219970, year = {2017}, author = {}, title = {Grows well in sun and warmth - and shade and cold.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {552}, number = {7683}, pages = {5-6}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-017-07841-1}, pmid = {29219970}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; *Ecosystem ; *Global Warming ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Development ; Rain ; Temperature ; }, }
@article {pmid29219091, year = {2017}, author = {Baylis, M}, title = {Potential impact of climate change on emerging vector-borne and other infections in the UK.}, journal = {Environmental health : a global access science source}, volume = {16}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {112}, pmid = {29219091}, issn = {1476-069X}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropod Vectors/*physiology ; *Climate Change ; *Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/etiology/transmission ; Humans ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Climate is one of several causes of disease emergence. Although half or more of infectious diseases are affected by climate it appears to be a relatively infrequent cause of human disease emergence. Climate mostly affects diseases caused by pathogens that spend part of their lifecycle outside of the host, exposed to the environment. The most important routes of transmission of climate sensitive diseases are by arthropod (insect and tick) vectors, in water and in food. Given the sensitivity of many diseases to climate, it is very likely that at least some will respond to future climate change. In the case of vector-borne diseases this response will include spread to new areas. Several vector-borne diseases have emerged in Europe in recent years; these include vivax malaria, West Nile fever, dengue fever, Chikungunya fever, leishmaniasis, Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis. The vectors of these diseases are mosquitoes, sand flies and ticks. The UK has endemic mosquito species capable of transmitting malaria and probably other pathogens, and ticks that transmit Lyme disease. The UK is also threatened by invasive mosquito species known to be able to transmit West Nile, dengue, chikungunya and Zika, and sand flies that spread leishmaniasis. Warmer temperatures in the future will increase the suitability of the UK's climate for these invasive species, and increase the risk that they may spread disease. While much attention is on invasive species, it is important to recognize the threat presented by native species too. Proposed actions to reduce the future impact of emerging vector-borne diseases in the UK include insect control activity at points of entry of vehicles and certain goods, wider surveillance for mosquitoes and sand flies, research into the threat posed by native species, increased awareness of the medical profession of the threat posed by specific diseases, regular risk assessments, and increased preparedness for the occurrence of a disease emergency.}, }
@article {pmid29216245, year = {2017}, author = {Nuwagaba, S and Zhang, F and Hui, C}, title = {Robustness of rigid and adaptive networks to species loss.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {e0189086}, pmid = {29216245}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Models, Biological ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Pollination ; }, abstract = {Controversies in the complexity-stability debate have been attributed to the methodologies used such as topological vs. dynamical approaches or rigid vs. adaptive foraging behaviour of species. Here, we use a bipartite network model that incorporates both topological and population dynamics to investigate the robustness of 60 real ecological networks to the loss of generalist and specialist species. We compare the response in both adaptive and rigid networks. Our results show that the removal of generalists leads to the most secondary extinctions, implying that conservation strategies should aim to protect generalist species in the ecosystem. We also show that adaptive behaviour renders networks vulnerable to species loss at initial stages but enhances long term stability of the system. However, whether adaptive networks are more robust to species loss than rigid ones depends on the structure of the network. Specifically, adaptive networks with modularity < 0.3 are more robust than rigid networks of the same modularity. Interestingly, the more modular a network is, the less robust it is to external perturbations.}, }
@article {pmid29214204, year = {2017}, author = {Loor Solórzano, RG and De Bellis, F and Leroy, T and Plaza, L and Guerrero, H and Subia, C and Calderón, D and Fernández, F and Garzón, I and Lopez, D and Vera, D}, title = {Revealing the Diversity of Introduced Coffea canephora Germplasm in Ecuador: Towards a National Strategy to Improve Robusta.}, journal = {TheScientificWorldJournal}, volume = {2017}, number = {}, pages = {1248954}, pmid = {29214204}, issn = {1537-744X}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Breeding ; Coffea/classification/*genetics ; Ecuador ; Genetic Markers ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Genetic resources of Coffea canephora have been introduced in several tropical countries with potential for crop development. In Ecuador, the species has been cultivated since the mid-20th century. However, little is known about the diversity and genetic structure of introduced germplasm. This paper provides an overview of the genetic and phenotypic diversity of C. canephora in Ecuador and some proposals for implementing a breeding program. Twelve SSR markers were used to analyze 1491 plants of C. canephora grown in different living collections in Ecuador, compared to 29 genotypes representing the main genetic and geographic diversity groups identified within the species. Results indicated that most of the genotypes introduced are of Congolese origin, with accessions from both main subgroups, SG1 and SG2. Some genotypes were classed as hybrids between both subgroups. Substantial phenotypic diversity was also found, and correlations were observed with genetic diversity. Ecuadorian Robusta coffee displays wide genetic diversity and we propose some ways of improving Robusta in Ecuador. A breeding program could be based on three operations: the choice of elite clones, the introduction of new material from other countries (Ivory Coast, Uganda), and the creation of new hybrid material using genotypes from the different diversity groups.}, }
@article {pmid29211336, year = {2018}, author = {Guy-Haim, T and Lyons, DA and Kotta, J and Ojaveer, H and Queirós, AM and Chatzinikolaou, E and Arvanitidis, C and Como, S and Magni, P and Blight, AJ and Orav-Kotta, H and Somerfield, PJ and Crowe, TP and Rilov, G}, title = {Diverse effects of invasive ecosystem engineers on marine biodiversity and ecosystem functions: A global review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {906-924}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14007}, pmid = {29211336}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; *Biodiversity ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Oceans and Seas ; }, abstract = {Invasive ecosystem engineers (IEE) are potentially one of the most influential types of biological invaders. They are expected to have extensive ecological impacts by altering the physical-chemical structure of ecosystems, thereby changing the rules of existence for a broad range of resident biota. To test the generality of this expectation, we used a global systematic review and meta-analysis to examine IEE effects on the abundance of individual species and communities, biodiversity (using several indices) and ecosystem functions, focusing on marine and estuarine environments. We found that IEE had a significant effect (positive and negative) in most studies testing impacts on individual species, but the overall (cumulative) effect size was small and negative. Many individual studies showed strong IEE effects on community abundance and diversity, but the direction of effects was variable, leading to statistically non-significant overall effects in most categories. In contrast, there was a strong overall effect on most ecosystem functions we examined. IEE negatively affected metabolic functions and primary production, but positively affected nutrient flux, sedimentation and decomposition. We use the results to develop a conceptual model by highlighting pathways whereby IEE impact communities and ecosystem functions, and identify several sources of research bias in the IEE-related invasion literature. Only a few of the studies simultaneously quantified IEE effects on community/diversity and ecosystem functions. Therefore, understanding how IEE may alter biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships should be a primary focus of future studies of invasion biology. Moreover, the clear effects of IEE on ecosystem functions detected in our study suggest that scientists and environmental managers ought to examine how the effects of IEE might be manifested in the services that marine ecosystems provide to humans.}, }
@article {pmid29211016, year = {2017}, author = {Wu, F and Deng, LN and Wu, XQ and Liu, HB and Ye, JR}, title = {Expression Profiling of Autophagy Genes BxATG1 and BxATG8 under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {18}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {29211016}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Autophagy ; Autophagy-Related Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Helminth Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Nematoda/genetics/*metabolism/pathogenicity ; Pinus/parasitology ; *Stress, Physiological ; Virulence ; }, abstract = {The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchusxylophilus, is the pathogen of pine wilt disease (PWD) and causes huge economic losses in pine forests and shows a remarkable ability to survive under unfavorable and changing environmental conditions. This ability may be related to autophagy, which is still poorly understood in B.xylophilus. Our previous studies showed that autophagy exists in PWN. Therefore, we tested the effects of autophagy inducer rapamycin on PWN and the results revealed that the feeding rate and reproduction were significantly promoted on fungal mats. The gene expression patterns of BxATG1 and BxATG8 under the different stress were determined by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). We tested the effects of RNA interference on BxATG1 and BxATG8 in PWN during different periods of infection in Pinus thunbergii. The results revealed that BxATG1 and BxATG8 may play roles in allowing PWN to adapt to changing environmental conditions and the virulence of PWN was influenced by the silence of autophagy-related genes BxATG1 and BxATG8. These results provided fundamental information on the relationship between autophagy and PWN, and on better understanding of gene function of BxATG1 and BxATG8 in PWN.}, }
@article {pmid29209596, year = {2017}, author = {Moravcová, V and Moravcová, J and Čurn, V and Balounová, Z and Rajchard, J and Havlíčková, L}, title = {AFLP reveals low genetic diversity of the bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy, 1851) in the Czech Republic.}, journal = {Journal of biological research (Thessalonike, Greece)}, volume = {24}, number = {}, pages = {12}, pmid = {29209596}, issn = {1790-045X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Non-native species have aroused scientific interest because of their ability to successfully colonise areas to which they have been introduced, despite their sometimes limited genetic variation compared to their native range. These species establish themselves with the aid of some pre-existing features favouring them in the new environment. Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy, 1851), the freshwater magnificent bryozoan, is non-native in Europe and Asia. This study was designed to determine the genetic diversity and population structure of P. magnifica colonies collected from the Protected Landscape Area (PLA) and UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Třeboňsko (the Czech Republic) in the 2009 and 2011-2014 periods using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP).<br><br>FINDINGS: The vast majority of the examined non-native colonies, except three colonies sampled in 2012, expressed very low levels of genetic variation, not differentiating from the USA native colony. The Bayesian clustering approach grouped the 28 accessions into two genetically different populations.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest relatively low gene diversity within all colonies, which might reflect the recent expansion of P. magnifica in the Czech Republic.}, }
@article {pmid29208989, year = {2017}, author = {Ozaslan, C and Farooq, S and Onen, H and Ozcan, S and Bukun, B and Gunal, H}, title = {Germination Biology of Two Invasive Physalis Species and Implications for Their Management in Arid and Semi-arid Regions.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {16960}, pmid = {29208989}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Dehydration ; Germination/*physiology ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Introduced Species ; Photoperiod ; Physalis/*physiology ; Plant Dormancy ; Salt Stress ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development ; Soil/chemistry ; Temperature ; Turkey ; Weed Control ; }, abstract = {Two Solanaceae invasive plant species (Physalis angulata L. and P. philadelphica Lam. var. immaculata Waterfall) infest several arable crops and natural habitats in Southeastern Anatolia region, Turkey. However, almost no information is available regarding germination biology of both species. We performed several experiments to infer the effects of environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of different populations of both species collected from various locations with different elevations and habitat characteristics. Seed dormancy level of all populations was decreased with increasing age of the seeds. Seed dormancy of freshly harvested and aged seeds of all populations was effectively released by running tap water. Germination was slightly affected by photoperiods, which suggests that seeds are slightly photoblastic. All seeds germinated under wide range of temperature (15-40 °C), pH (4-10), osmotic potential (0 to -1.2 MPa) and salinity (0-400 mM sodium chloride) levels. The germination ability of both plant species under wide range of environmental conditions suggests further invasion potential towards non-infested areas in the country. Increasing seed burial depth significantly reduced the seedling emergence, and seeds buried below 4 cm of soil surface were unable to emerge. In arable lands, soil inversion to maximum depth of emergence (i.e., 6 cm) followed by conservational tillage could be utilized as a viable management option.}, }
@article {pmid29208930, year = {2017}, author = {Morrison, WR and Milonas, P and Kapantaidaki, DE and Cesari, M and Di Bella, E and Guidetti, R and Haye, T and Maistrello, L and Moraglio, ST and Piemontese, L and Pozzebon, A and Ruocco, G and Short, BD and Tavella, L and Vétek, G and Leskey, TC}, title = {Attraction of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) haplotypes in North America and Europe to baited traps.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {16941}, pmid = {29208930}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Diterpenes/pharmacology ; Europe ; Female ; *Haplotypes ; Heteroptera/genetics/*physiology ; Insect Control/*methods ; Male ; Maryland ; North America ; Nymph/physiology ; Pheromones/pharmacology ; Sesquiterpenes/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Halyomorpha halys is a global invasive species, native to Southeast Asia, that is threatening agriculture in invaded regions. Our objectives were to: 1) establish the attractiveness of semiochemical stimuli paired with field-deployed traps in Europe (Greece, Hungary, Italy, and Switzerland), compared with Maryland, USA, and 2) identify H. halys haplotypes recovered from traps at each location. We found qualitatively identical patterns of capture between sites located across Europe and in Maryland, USA. In both regions, captures of H. halys adults indicated a synergistic response to traps baited with the two component H. halys aggregation pheromone, and pheromone synergist, methyl (2E, 4E, 6Z)-decatrienoate when compared with either individually. Haplotype diversity in Europe based on trapped specimens was much greater than the USA, with five new haplotypes described here, probably indicating ongoing invasion and re-introduction of H. halys. By contrast, a single, previously identified haplotype was trapped in Maryland, USA, representing a single introduction. All H. halys haplotypes responded to each semiochemical in apparent proportion to their frequency in the overall population based on independently derived information from prior work. Taken together, these data suggest that pheromone-based technology will be of global utility for the monitoring of this important invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid29205924, year = {2018}, author = {Valenzuela-Sánchez, A and O'Hanlon, SJ and Alvarado-Rybak, M and Uribe-Rivera, DE and Cunningham, AA and Fisher, MC and Soto-Azat, C}, title = {Genomic epidemiology of the emerging pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis from native and invasive amphibian species in Chile.}, journal = {Transboundary and emerging diseases}, volume = {65}, number = {2}, pages = {309-314}, doi = {10.1111/tbed.12775}, pmid = {29205924}, issn = {1865-1682}, mesh = {Amphibians ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/microbiology ; Chile/epidemiology ; Chytridiomycota/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*veterinary ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; Genome, Fungal/*genetics ; *Genomics ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Mycoses/*epidemiology/*veterinary ; Xenopus laevis/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Emerging fungal diseases represent a threat to food security, animal and human health worldwide. Amphibian chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been associated with catastrophic and well-documented amphibian population declines and extinctions. For the first time, Bd was cultured from native and non-native wild amphibians in Chile. Phylogenomic analyses revealed that Chilean isolates AVS2, AVS4 and AVS7 group within the global panzootic lineage of Bd (BdGPL) in a single highly supported clade that includes a genotype previously isolated from the United Kingdom. Our results extend the known distribution of BdGPL in South America and suggest a single and relatively recent introduction of BdGPL into the country, providing additional support to the role of anthropogenic activity in the global spread of this panzootic lineage.}, }
@article {pmid29205373, year = {2018}, author = {Huang, F and Lankau, R and Peng, S}, title = {Coexistence via coevolution driven by reduced allelochemical effects and increased tolerance to competition between invasive and native plants.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {218}, number = {1}, pages = {357-369}, doi = {10.1111/nph.14937}, pmid = {29205373}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Brassicaceae/physiology ; Glucosinolates/analysis ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Pheromones/*metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; Urticaceae/physiology ; }, abstract = {Coevolution can promote long-term coexistence of two competing species if selection acts to reduce the fitness inequality between competitors and/or strengthen negative frequency dependence within each population. However, clear coevolution between plant competitors has been rarely documented. Plant invasions offer opportunities to capture the process of coevolution. Here we investigated how the developing relationship between an invasive forb, Alliaria petiolata, and a native competitor, Pilea pumila, may affect their long-term coexistence, by testing the competitive effects of populations of varying lengths of co-occurrence on each other across a chronosequence of invasion history. Alliaria petiolata and P. pumila tended to develop greater tolerance to competition over invasion history. Their coexistence was promoted more by increases in stabilizing relative to equalizing processes. These changes likely stem in part from reductions in allelopathic traits in the invader and evolution of tolerance in the native. These results suggested that some native species can evolve tolerance against the competitive effects of strong invaders, which likely promoted their persistence in invaded communities. However, the potential for coevolutionary rescue of competing populations is likely to vary across native species, and evolutionary processes should not be expected to compensate for the ecological consequences of exotic invasions.}, }
@article {pmid29203919, year = {2018}, author = {Atwater, DZ and Ervine, C and Barney, JN}, title = {Climatic niche shifts are common in introduced plants.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {34-43}, doi = {10.1038/s41559-017-0396-z}, pmid = {29203919}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Dispersal ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Our understanding of how climate influences species distributions and our ability to assess the risk of introduced species depend on the assumption that species' climatic niches remain stable across space and time. While niche shifts have been detected in individual invasive species, one assessment of ~50 plants in Europe and North America concluded that niche shifts were rare, while another concluded the opposite. These contradictory findings, limited in species number and geographic scope, leave open a need to understand how often introduced species experience niche shifts and whether niche shifts can be predicted. We found evidence of climatic niche shifts in 65-100% of 815 terrestrial plant species introduced across five continents, depending on how niche shifts were measured. Individual species responses were idiosyncratic, but we generally saw that niche shifts reflected changes in climate availability at the continent scale and were largest in long-lived and cultivated species. Smaller intercontinental niche shifts occurred within species' native ranges. Overall, the climatic niches of terrestrial plant species were not conserved as they crossed continents. These results have major consequences for applying environmental niche models to assess the risk of invasive species and for predicting species responses to climate change. Our findings challenge the tenet that species' niches are conserved aspects of their ecology.}, }
@article {pmid29203679, year = {2017}, author = {Kalusová, V and Chytrý, M and van Kleunen, M and Mucina, L and Dawson, W and Essl, F and Kreft, H and Pergl, J and Weigelt, P and Winter, M and Pyšek, P}, title = {Naturalization of European plants on other continents: The role of donor habitats.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {114}, number = {52}, pages = {13756-13761}, pmid = {29203679}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {The success of European plant species as aliens worldwide is thought to reflect their association with human-disturbed environments. However, an explicit test including all human-made, seminatural and natural habitat types of Europe, and their contributions as donor habitats of naturalized species to the rest of the globe, has been missing. Here we combine two databases, the European Vegetation Checklist and the Global Naturalized Alien Flora, to assess how human influence in European habitats affects the probability of naturalization of their plant species on other continents. A total of 9,875 native European vascular plant species were assigned to 39 European habitat types; of these, 2,550 species have become naturalized somewhere in the world. Species that occur in both human-made habitats and seminatural or natural habitats in Europe have the highest probability of naturalization (64.7% and 64.5% of them have naturalized). Species associated only with human-made or seminatural habitats still have a significantly higher probability of becoming naturalized (41.7% and 28.6%, respectively) than species confined to natural habitats (19.4%). Species associated with arable land and human settlements were recorded as naturalized in the largest number of regions worldwide. Our findings highlight that plant species' association with native-range habitats disturbed by human activities, combined with broad habitat range, play an important role in shaping global patterns of plant invasions.}, }
@article {pmid29202366, year = {2018}, author = {Lu, J and Bunn, SE and Burford, MA}, title = {Nutrient release and uptake by littoral macrophytes during water level fluctuations.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {622-623}, number = {}, pages = {29-40}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.199}, pmid = {29202366}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Chlorophyll/analysis ; Chlorophyll A ; Droughts ; Environmental Monitoring ; Geologic Sediments/analysis ; Hydrocharitaceae/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Phosphorus/*metabolism ; Queensland ; Tracheophyta/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Water level drawdown followed by rewetting in reservoirs/lakes can shift macrophytes from a nutrient sink to a source, thus changing nutrient dynamics and causing water quality problems. However, there is limited understanding of the effect of macrophyte growth versus decomposition on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dynamics during water level fluctuations (WLFs). This study examined nutrient release versus uptake by two submerged macrophytes, the invasive Cabomba caroliniana (Cabomba) and the native Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrilla), compared to bare sediments, after drying then rewetting. Overall, we examined the nutrient dynamics in treatments comparing 1) two macrophyte species, 2) macrophyte nutrient uptake versus release, and 3) the presence of macrophytes versus bare sediments. Our study showed that Cabomba litter had a higher nutrient release rate and resulted in higher water column chlorophyll a concentrations compared with Hydrilla litter. The decomposition impact of both species on water column P concentrations was greater than that for N, and proportionally less P was assimilated than released by macrophytes compared with N. This resulted in P accumulation and a decreased N:P ratio in the water column compared to bare sediments without macrophytes. Phosphorus accumulation in the water column during macrophyte decomposition increased phytoplankton growth in our study, highlighting the potential for phytoplankton blooms, especially in P-deficient lakes. Regrown Hydrilla had a higher potential for assimilating sediment N compared to Cabomba. In contrast, regrown Cabomba was more efficient at reducing water column N compared with Hydrilla, suggesting different pathways of assimilation. Neither regrown Cabomba nor Hydrilla significantly reduced water column P concentrations. This study highlights different nutrient impacts of macrophyte beds compared to bare sediments during WLFs, and the role of regrown macrophytes in assimilating the released nutrients from macrophyte decomposition. However, the scale of their role is dependent on macrophyte species, forms of nutrients and drying-wetting regimes.}, }
@article {pmid29202199, year = {2018}, author = {Ioriatti, C and Guzzon, R and Anfora, G and Ghidoni, F and Mazzoni, V and Villegas, TR and Dalton, DT and Walton, VM}, title = {Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Contributes to the Development of Sour Rot in Grape.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {111}, number = {1}, pages = {283-292}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox292}, pmid = {29202199}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Acetobacter/physiology ; Animals ; Drosophila/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Fermentation ; Gluconobacter/physiology ; Larva/physiology ; *Oviposition ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Vitis/*microbiology ; Yeasts/physiology ; }, abstract = {This research aimed to more clearly describe the interactions of Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura; Diptera: Drosophilidae) with microorganisms that may contribute to spoilage or quality loss of wine grapes during harvest. Experiments were conducted in controlled laboratory experiments and under field conditions to determine these effects. Laboratory trials determined the role of insect contact and oviposition to vector spoilage bacteria onto wine grapes. In the field, the roles of key organoleptic parameters in grape fruit ripening were assessed to determine their relative contribution to oviposition potential as fruit ripened. Finally, field trials determined the relationships of egg and larval infestation to sour rot levels. Non-ovipositional trials indicated elevated levels of microbiota when D. suzukii was present. D. suzukii oviposition exponentially increased the concentration of acetic acid bacteria. Both incised and sound berries showed a significant increase in concentrations of acetic acid bacteria exposed to D. suzukii. Volatile acidity was higher in treatments infested with D. suzukii. Fruit with only eggs did not develop a significant increase of volatile acidity. Larva-infested grape berries in 9.5% of samples developed higher volatile acidity after 14 d. Sound grape berries were less susceptible to the development of microbiota associated with sour rot and spoilage. D. suzukii oviposition and larval development increase risk of spoilage bacteria vectored by D. suzukii adults. Acetic acid bacteria induced fermentation and produced several volatile compounds contributing to spoilage. Spoilage bacteria may create a positive feedback loop that attracts both D. suzukii and other drosophilids, which may contribute to additional spoilage.}, }
@article {pmid29196646, year = {2017}, author = {Koch, MA and Michling, F and Walther, A and Huang, XC and Tewes, L and Müller, C}, title = {Early-Mid Pleistocene genetic differentiation and range expansions as exemplified by invasive Eurasian Bunias orientalis (Brassicaceae) indicates the Caucasus as key region.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {16764}, pmid = {29196646}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Biodiversity ; Brassicaceae/*genetics ; DNA, Plant ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genome, Plastid ; Genomics/methods ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {Turkish Warty cabbage, Bunias orientalis L. (Brassicaceae) is a perennial herb known for its 250 years of invasion history into Europe and worldwide temperate regions. Putative centers of origin were debated to be located in Turkey, the Caucasus or Eastern Europe. Based on the genetic variation from the nuclear and plastid genomes, we identified two major gene pools in the Caucasian-Irano-Turanian region and close to the Northern Caucasus, respectively. These gene pools are old and started to diverge and expand approximately 930 kya in the Caucasus. Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation cycles favoured later expansion of a European gene pool 230 kya, which was effectively separated from the Caucasian-Irano-Turanian gene pool. Although the European gene pool is genetically less diverse, it has largely served as source for colonization of Western and Northern Europe in modern times with rare observations of genetic contributions from the Caucasian-Irano-Turanian gene pool such as in North-East America. This study largely utilized herbarium material to take advantage of a biodiversity treasure trove providing biological material and also giving access to detailed collection information.}, }
@article {pmid29195206, year = {2018}, author = {Jourdan, J and O'Hara, RB and Bottarin, R and Huttunen, KL and Kuemmerlen, M and Monteith, D and Muotka, T and Ozoliņš, D and Paavola, R and Pilotto, F and Springe, G and Skuja, A and Sundermann, A and Tonkin, JD and Haase, P}, title = {Effects of changing climate on European stream invertebrate communities: A long-term data analysis.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {621}, number = {}, pages = {588-599}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.242}, pmid = {29195206}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates ; *Rivers ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Long-term observations on riverine benthic invertebrate communities enable assessments of the potential impacts of global change on stream ecosystems. Besides increasing average temperatures, many studies predict greater temperature extremes and intense precipitation events as a consequence of climate change. In this study we examined long-term observation data (10-32years) of 26 streams and rivers from four ecoregions in the European Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) network, to investigate invertebrate community responses to changing climatic conditions. We used functional trait and multi-taxonomic analyses and combined examinations of general long-term changes in communities with detailed analyses of the impact of different climatic drivers (i.e., various temperature and precipitation variables) by focusing on the response of communities to climatic conditions of the previous year. Taxa and ecoregions differed substantially in their response to climate change conditions. We did not observe any trend of changes in total taxonomic richness or overall abundance over time or with increasing temperatures, which reflects a compensatory turnover in the composition of communities; sensitive Plecoptera decreased in response to warmer years and Ephemeroptera increased in northern regions. Invasive species increased with an increasing number of extreme days which also caused an apparent upstream community movement. The observed changes in functional feeding group diversity indicate that climate change may be associated with changes in trophic interactions within aquatic food webs. These findings highlight the vulnerability of riverine ecosystems to climate change and emphasize the need to further explore the interactive effects of climate change variables with other local stressors to develop appropriate conservation measures.}, }
@article {pmid29194909, year = {2018}, author = {Jo, I and Potter, KM and Domke, GM and Fei, S}, title = {Dominant forest tree mycorrhizal type mediates understory plant invasions.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {217-224}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12884}, pmid = {29194909}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; *Mycorrhizae ; *Plants ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Forest mycorrhizal type mediates nutrient dynamics, which in turn can influence forest community structure and processes. Using forest inventory data, we explored how dominant forest tree mycorrhizal type affects understory plant invasions with consideration of forest structure and soil properties. We found that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) dominant forests, which are characterised by thin forest floors and low soil C : N ratio, were invaded to a greater extent by non-native invasive species than ectomycorrhizal (ECM) dominant forests. Understory native species cover and richness had no strong associations with AM tree dominance. We also found no difference in the mycorrhizal type composition of understory invaders between AM and ECM dominant forests. Our results indicate that dominant forest tree mycorrhizal type is closely linked with understory invasions. The increased invader abundance in AM dominant forests can further facilitate nutrient cycling, leading to the alteration of ecosystem structure and functions.}, }
@article {pmid29194600, year = {2018}, author = {Yabu, MHS and Vidotto-Magnoni, AP and Casimiro, ACR and Garcia, DAZ and Costa, ADA and Prado, FDD and Porto-Foresti, F and Orsi, ML}, title = {First record of non-native hybrid catfish Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum × Leiarius marmoratus in the Upper Paraná River basin, Brazil.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {92}, number = {1}, pages = {261-267}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13505}, pmid = {29194600}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Catfishes/*genetics/physiology ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {The aim of this study is to report the presence of a three non-native hybrid long-whiskered catfishes (family Pimelodidae) in the Upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Genetic analyses demonstrated that the three presumptive hybrids were a result of the crossbreeding of Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum (central Amazonas River basin and Lower Paraná River) and Leiarius marmoratus (Amazonas, Essequibo and Orinoco rivers), producing a hybrid commonly known in Brazil as cachandiá. The potential threat to biodiversity, due to possible genetic contamination, competition and predation of wild stocks, of such artificially produced hybrid fishes is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid29193863, year = {2019}, author = {Morey, AC and Venette, RC and Hutchison, WD}, title = {Sublethal effects of subzero temperatures on the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana: fitness costs in response to partial freezing.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {311-321}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12560}, pmid = {29193863}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {DGE-0653827//National Science Foundation-Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship on Introduced Species and Genotypes program at the University of Minnesota/ ; //US Department of Agriculture-Forest Service/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Fertility ; Freezing/*adverse effects ; Genetic Fitness ; Longevity ; Male ; Moths/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Pupa ; }, abstract = {Population responses to environmental extremes often dictate the bounds to species' distributions. However, population dynamics at, or near, those range limits may also be affected by sublethal effects. We exposed late instars and pupae of an invasive leafroller, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), to cold temperatures and measured the effects of exposure on subsequent survivorship, development, and reproduction. Cold temperature was applied as acute exposure to -10 °C (a low, but not immediately lethal temperature for this species) or the onset of freezing (the peak of the supercooling point exotherm). Survival was defined as the ability to successfully eclose as an adult. We measured immature development times, pupal mass, and adult longevity as proxies of fitness in survivors. Additionally, surviving insects were mated with individuals that had not been exposed to cold to measure fertility. There was no difference between the proportion of larvae or pupae that survived acute exposure to -10 °C and those exposed to the control temperature. Approximately 17% of larvae and 8% of pupae survived brief periods with internal ice formation and continued development to become reproductively viable adults. Importantly, surviving the onset of freezing came with significant fitness costs but not to exposure to -10 °C; most insects that survived partial freezing had lower fertility and shorter adult lifespans than either the -10 °C or control group. These results are discussed within the context of forecasting invasive insect distributions.}, }
@article {pmid29189938, year = {2018}, author = {Owen, DAS and Robbins, TR and Langkilde, T}, title = {Trans-generational but not early life exposure to stressors influences offspring morphology and survival.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {186}, number = {2}, pages = {347-355}, pmid = {29189938}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {DGE1255832//National Science Foundation/International ; DEB0949483//National Science Foundation/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Biological Evolution ; Corticosterone ; *Lizards ; Stress, Psychological ; }, abstract = {Environmental changes, such as the introduction of non-native species, can impose novel selective pressures. This can result in changes in fitness-relevant traits within an individual's lifetime or across multiple generations. We investigated the effects of early life versus trans-generational exposure to a predatory invasive insect stressor, the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), on the morphology and survival of the eastern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus). We captured gravid lizards from high-stress populations with long histories of invasion by fire ants and from uninvaded sites. Resulting hatchlings were exposed weekly to one of the three treatments until they reached maturity (42 weeks): (1) sub-lethal attack by fire ants; (2) topical application of the stress-relevant hormone, corticosterone (CORT), to mimic the stress of fire ant attack; or (3) control handling. Exposure to post-natal early life stress (fire ants or CORT) did not interact with a population's evolutionary history of stress to affect morphology or survival and early life stress did not affect these fitness-relevant traits. However, morphology and survival were associated with the lizards' evolutionary history of exposure to fire ants. Offspring of lizards from fire ant invaded sites had longer and faster growing hind-limbs, gained body length and lost condition more slowly in the first 16 weeks, and had lower in-lab survival to 42 weeks, compared to lizards from uninvaded sites. These results suggest that a population's history of stress/invasion caused by fire ants during ca. 38 generations may be more important in driving survival-relevant traits than are the early life experiences of an organism.}, }
@article {pmid29187997, year = {2017}, author = {Cheng, L and Hui, C and Reddy, GVP and Ding, YL and Shi, PJ}, title = {Internode morphometrics and allometry of Tonkin Cane Pseudosasa amabilis.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {22}, pages = {9651-9660}, pmid = {29187997}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Pseudosasa amabilis (McClure) (Poales: Gramineae) is a typical bamboo species naturally distributed in large area of south China and famous for its culm strength. Although bamboos were found to share the same development rule, the detailed internode morphology of bamboo culm was actually not fully expressed. We explored internode morphology of P. amabilis using 11 different physical parameters in different dimensions (1-4). As Taylor's power law (TPL) is generally applicable to describe relationship between mean and variance of population density, here we used TPL to evaluate the differences between internodes, and further, the relationship between dimension and TPL. Results showed that length (L), hollow radius (HR), hollow area (HA), hollow cylinder volume (HCV), total cylinder volume (TCV), density (De), and weight (W) all presented positive skewed distribution in varying degrees. For the basic one-dimensional parameters, the 9th internode was the longest, the 7th the heaviest, while thickness (T) decreased with internodes. Diameter (D) decreased in general but with an inconspicuous local mode at the 5-6th internodes, potentially due to the rapid height growth. The longest (9th) internode was the "turning point" for T-D and HR-D relationships. Scatter plot changing trends of W to the one-dimensional parameters after the heaviest (7th) internode were reversed, indicating a deceleration of growth speed. TPL was not holding well in one-dimensional parameters (R[2]: 0.5413-0.8125), but keep increasing as the parameter's dimension increasing (R[2 ]> 0.92 for two-dimensional, R[2 ]> 0.97 for three-dimensional, and R[2 ]> 0.99 for four-dimensional parameters.), suggesting an emergence mechanism of TPL related to both the physical dimensions of morphological measures and the allometric growth of bamboo. From the physical fundamental level, all existences are the expression of energy distribution in different dimensions, implying a more general rule that energy distribution holds better TPL in higher dimension level.}, }
@article {pmid29187980, year = {2017}, author = {Song, G and Li, X and Hui, R}, title = {Biological soil crusts determine the germination and growth of two exotic plants.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {22}, pages = {9441-9450}, pmid = {29187980}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {In arid and semiarid ecosystems, the potential threats of exotic invasive species are enhanced due to increasing human activities. Biological soil crusts (BSCs), acting as arid ecosystem engineers, may play an important role in preventing the establishment of exotic invasive plants. Our goal was to examine whether BSCs could inhibit the establishment of probable exotic plant species originating from adjacent grasslands located along the southeast edge of the Tengger Desert. In our study, we investigated the effects of three BSC types (cyanobacteria, lichen, and moss crusts) under two disturbance conditions (intact and disturbed) on the establishment of two exotic plant species (Ceratoides latens and Setaria viridis) using indoor experiments. We found both negative and positive effects of BSCs on the establishment of the two exotic plant species. Compared with the disturbed BSCs, the germination percentages of C. latens and S. viridis were reduced by 54% to 87% and 89% to 93%, respectively, in intact BSCs. In contrast, BSCs significantly promoted the height growth and aboveground biomass of the two exotic plant species (p < .05) by enhancing the soil water and nutrient availability for the exotic plants. Our results confirm that BSCs strongly suppress the rapid expansion of exotic plant populations by inhibiting germination of seed with big size or appendages and have a weak inhibitory effect on exotic plant with small and smooth seeds. This may decrease the threat of propagation of exotic species. In the meantime, BSCs promote the growth of a few successful engraftment seedlings, which increased the beta diversity. Our work suggests that better understanding the two opposing effects of BSCs on the establishment of exotic plant species in different growth stages (germination and growth) is important for maintaining the health and stability of revegetated regions.}, }
@article {pmid29187604, year = {2017}, author = {Wong, L and Grainger, TN and Start, D and Gilbert, B}, title = {An invasive herbivore structures plant competitive dynamics.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {29187604}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*physiology ; Asclepias/*growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; }, abstract = {Species interactions are central to our understanding of ecological communities, but may change rapidly with the introduction of invasive species. Invasive species can alter species interactions and community dynamics directly by having larger detrimental effects on some species than others, or indirectly by changing the ways in which native species compete among themselves. We tested the direct and indirect effects of an invasive aphid herbivore on a native aphid species and two host milkweed species. The invasive aphid caused a 10-fold decrease in native aphid populations, and a 30% increase in plant mortality (direct effects). The invasive aphid also increased the strength of interspecific competition between the two native plant hosts (indirect effects). By investigating the role that indirect effects play in shaping species interactions in native communities, our study highlights an understudied component of species invasions.}, }
@article {pmid29186544, year = {2018}, author = {Yañez-Arenas, C and Rioja-Nieto, R and Martín, GA and Dzul-Manzanilla, F and Chiappa-Carrara, X and Buenfil-Ávila, A and Manrique-Saide, P and Correa-Morales, F and Díaz-Quiñónez, JA and Pérez-Rentería, C and Ordoñez-Álvarez, J and Vazquez-Prokopec, G and Huerta, H}, title = {Characterizing environmental suitability of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mexico based on regional and global niche models.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, pages = {69-77}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjx185}, pmid = {29186544}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Models, Biological ; Mosquito Vectors ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), is an invasive species and a vector of numerous human pathogens, including chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. This mosquito had been reported from 36 geographic locations in Mexico by 2005, increasing to 101 locations by 2010 and 501 locations (spanning 16 states) by 2016. Here we modeled the occupied niche for Ae. albopictus in Mexico to characterize the environmental conditions related to its presence, and to generate updated environmental suitability maps. The predictors with the greatest contribution to characterizing the occupied niche for Ae. albopictus were NDVI and annual mean temperature. We also estimated the environmental suitability for Ae. albopictus in regions of the country where it has not been documented yet, by means of: 1) transferring its occupied niche model to these regions and 2) modeling its fundamental niche using global data. Our models will help vector control and public health institutions to identify areas where Ae. albopictus has not yet been recorded but where it may be present. We emphasize that most of Mexico has environmental conditions that potentially allow the survival of Ae. albopictus, which underscores the need for systematic mosquito monitoring in all states of the country.}, }
@article {pmid29186423, year = {2018}, author = {Richardson, MF and Sequeira, F and Selechnik, D and Carneiro, M and Vallinoto, M and Reid, JG and West, AJ and Crossland, MR and Shine, R and Rollins, LA}, title = {Improving amphibian genomic resources: a multitissue reference transcriptome of an iconic invader.}, journal = {GigaScience}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {1-7}, pmid = {29186423}, issn = {2047-217X}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Benchmarking ; Bufonidae/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Chromosome Mapping ; Female ; Gene Library ; Gene Ontology ; *Genome ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; *Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages/*genetics ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cane toads (Rhinella marina) are an iconic invasive species introduced to 4 continents and well utilized for studies of rapid evolution in introduced environments. Despite the long introduction history of this species, its profound ecological impacts, and its utility for demonstrating evolutionary principles, genetic information is sparse. Here we produce a de novo transcriptome spanning multiple tissues and life stages to enable investigation of the genetic basis of previously identified rapid phenotypic change over the introduced range.<br><br>FINDINGS: Using approximately 1.9 billion reads from developing tadpoles and 6 adult tissue-specific cDNA libraries, as well as a transcriptome assembly pipeline encompassing 100 separate de novo assemblies, we constructed 62 202 transcripts, of which we functionally annotated &#x223c;50%. Our transcriptome assembly exhibits 90% full-length completeness of the Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs data set. Robust assembly metrics and comparisons with several available anuran transcriptomes and genomes indicate that our cane toad assembly is one of the most complete anuran genomic resources available.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive anuran transcriptome will provide a valuable resource for investigation of genes under selection during invasion in cane toads, but will also greatly expand our general knowledge of anuran genomes, which are underrepresented in the literature. The data set is publically available in NCBI and GigaDB to serve as a resource for other researchers.}, }
@article {pmid29186376, year = {2018}, author = {St Onge, A and Cárcamo, HA and Evenden, ML}, title = {Evaluation of Semiochemical-Baited Traps for Monitoring the Pea Leaf Weevil, Sitona lineatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Field Pea Crops.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, pages = {93-106}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvx180}, pmid = {29186376}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Acetates/pharmacology ; Alberta ; Animals ; *Chemotaxis ; Female ; Insect Control/economics/*methods ; Male ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Population Density ; Seasons ; Weevils/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The pea leaf weevil (PLW), Sitona lineatus L., is a pest of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) that recently invaded the Canadian Prairie Provinces. Although most damage is done by larvae that feed on root nodules, adults are easier to monitor than larvae. Both male and female weevils respond to a male-produced aggregation pheromone and to volatiles released by host plants. The current study tests the attractiveness of synthetic aggregation pheromone, 4-methyl-3,5-heptanedione, and host plant volatiles linalool, (Z)-3-hexenol, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate to PLWs in spring when weevils are reproductively active and in fall when weevils seek overwintering sites. Different combinations of semiochemical lures at various doses, released from a variety of devices were tested in pitfall traps. Semiochemical-baited traps captured both male and female weevils in both seasons but the sex ratio varied with season. Weevils did not respond in a dose-dependent manner to pheromone, as all pheromone lures were equally attractive. Pheromone release rate was determined by the release device and not the pheromone dose in the lure. The addition of plant volatiles sometimes increased weevil captures but plant volatiles alone were not attractive to PLW adults. An additional study tested the effect of trap type on weevil capture. Of the 12 different trap types tested, pheromone-baited pitfall traps were most successful in attracting and retaining weevils. Bycatch of other Sitona species was limited to a few specimens of the sweet clover weevil, Sitona cylindricollis Fahraeus.}, }
@article {pmid29185467, year = {2017}, author = {Hyldgaard, B and Lambertini, C and Brix, H}, title = {Phylogeography reveals a potential cryptic invasion in the Southern Hemisphere of Ceratophyllum demersum, New Zealand's worst invasive macrophyte.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {16569}, pmid = {29185467}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Australia ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Genotype ; Haplotypes/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {Ceratophyllum demersum (common hornwort) is presently considered the worst invasive submerged aquatic macrophyte in New Zealand. We explored the global phylogeographic pattern of the species, based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA, in order to identify the origin of the invasive populations in New Zealand and to clarify if there were multiple introductions. The phylogeographic study identified geographically differentiated gene pools in North America, tropical Asia, Australia, and South Africa, likely native to these regions, and a recent dispersal event of a Eurasian-related haplotype to North America, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa. At least two different invasive genotypes of this Eurasian-related haplotype have been found in New Zealand. One genotype is closely related to genotypes in Australia and South Africa, while we could not trace the closest relatives of the other genotype within our C. demersum sample set. Contrasting spectra of genetic distances in New Zealand and in a region within the native range (Denmark), suggest that the invasive population was founded by vegetative reproduction, seen as low genetic distances among genotypes. We also discovered the introduction of the same Eurasian-related haplotype in Australia and South Africa and that a cryptic invasion may be occurring in these continents.}, }
@article {pmid29182931, year = {2018}, author = {Rohal, CB and Kettenring, KM and Sims, K and Hazelton, ELG and Ma, Z}, title = {Surveying managers to inform a regionally relevant invasive Phragmites australis control research program.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {206}, number = {}, pages = {807-816}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.049}, pmid = {29182931}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Livestock ; *Poaceae ; Weed Control ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Managers of invasive species consider the peer-reviewed literature only moderately helpful for guiding their management programs. Though this "knowing-doing gap" has been well-described, there have been few efforts to guide scientists in how to develop useful and usable science. Here we demonstrate how a comprehensive survey of managers (representing 42 wetland management units across the Great Salt Lake watershed) can highlight management practices and challenges (here for the widespread invasive plant, Phragmites australis, a recent and aggressive invader in this region) to ultimately inform a research program. The diversity of surveyed organizations had wide-ranging amounts of Phragmites which led to different goals and approaches including more aggressive control targets and a wider array of control tools for smaller, private organizations compared to larger government-run properties. We found that nearly all managers (97%) used herbicide as their primary Phragmites control tool, while burning (65%), livestock grazing (49%), and mowing (43%) were also frequently used. Managers expressed uncertainties regarding the timing of herbicide application and type of herbicide for effective control. Trade-offs between different Phragmites treatments were driven by budgetary concerns, as well as environmental conditions like water levels and social constraints like permitting issues. Managers had specific ideas about the plant communities they desired following Phragmites control, yet revegetation of native species was rarely attempted. The results of this survey informed the development of large-scale, multi-year Phragmites control and native plant revegetation experiments to address management uncertainties regarding herbicide type and timing. The survey also facilitated initial scientist-manager communication, which led to collaborations and knowledge co-production between managers and researchers. An important outcome of the survey was that experimental results were more pertinent to manager needs and trusted by managers. Such an approach that integrates manager surveys to inform management experiments could be adapted to any developing research program seeking to be relevant to management audiences.}, }
@article {pmid29181443, year = {2017}, author = {Reino, L and Figueira, R and Beja, P and Araújo, MB and Capinha, C and Strubbe, D}, title = {Networks of global bird invasion altered by regional trade ban.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {3}, number = {11}, pages = {e1700783}, pmid = {29181443}, issn = {2375-2548}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; Commerce ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Databases, Factual ; Endangered Species/*economics ; }, abstract = {Wildlife trade is a major pathway for introduction of invasive species worldwide. However, how exactly wildlife trade influences invasion risk, beyond the transportation of individuals to novel areas, remains unknown. We analyze the global trade network of wild-caught birds from 1995 to 2011 as reported by CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). We found that before the European Union ban on imports of wild-caught birds, declared in 2005, invasion risk was closely associated with numbers of imported birds, diversity of import sources, and degree of network centrality of importer countries. After the ban, fluxes of global bird trade declined sharply. However, new trade routes emerged, primarily toward the Nearctic, Afrotropical, and Indo-Malay regions. Although regional bans can curtail invasion risk globally, to be fully effective and prevent rerouting of trade flows, bans should be global.}, }
@article {pmid29180825, year = {2017}, author = {Carthey, AJR and Bucknall, MP and Wierucka, K and Banks, PB}, title = {Novel predators emit novel cues: a mechanism for prey naivety towards alien predators.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {16377}, pmid = {29180825}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Cues ; Mammals ; Odorants ; *Predatory Behavior ; Smell ; }, abstract = {Detecting enemies is crucial for survival and a trait that develops over an evolutionary timeframe. Introduced species disrupt coevolved systems of communication and detection in their new ranges, often leading to devastating impacts. The classic example is prey naivety towards alien predators, whereby prey fail to recognise a new predator. Yet exactly why native prey fail to recognise alien predators remains puzzling. Naivety theory predicts that it is because novel predators emit novel cues. Distantly related animals have distinct evolutionary histories, physiologies and ecologies, predicting they will emit different cues. Yet it also possible that all predators emit similar cues because they are carnivorous. We investigate whether odour cues differ between placental and marsupial carnivores in Australia, where native prey experienced only marsupial mammal predation until ~4000 years ago. We compared volatile chemical profiles of urine, scats and bedding from four placental and three marsupial predators. Chemical profiles showed little overlap between placental and marsupial carnivores across all odour types, suggesting that cue novelty is a plausible mechanism for prey naivety towards alien predators. Our results also suggest a role for olfactory cues to complement visual appearance and vocalisations as biologically meaningful ways to differentiate species.}, }
@article {pmid29180705, year = {2018}, author = {Cattau, CE and Fletcher, RJ and Kimball, RT and Miller, CW and Kitchens, WM}, title = {Rapid morphological change of a top predator with the invasion of a novel prey.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {108-115}, doi = {10.1038/s41559-017-0378-1}, pmid = {29180705}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Falconiformes/*anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Florida ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Phenotype ; Predatory Behavior ; Snails/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive exotic species are spreading rapidly throughout the planet. These species can have widespread impacts on biodiversity, yet the ability for native species, particularly long-lived vertebrates, to respond rapidly to invasions remains mostly unknown. Here we provide evidence of rapid morphological change in the endangered snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) across its North American range with the invasion of a novel prey, the island apple snail (Pomacea maculata), a much larger congener of the kite's native prey. In less than one decade since invasion, snail kite bill size and body mass increased substantially. Larger bills should be better suited to extracting meat from the larger snail shells, and we detected strong selection on increased size through juvenile survival. Using pedigree data, we found evidence of both genetic and environmental influences on trait expression and discovered that additive genetic variation in bill size increased with invasion. However, trends in predicted breeding values emphasize that recent morphological changes have been driven primarily by phenotypic plasticity rather than micro-evolutionary change. Our findings suggest that evolutionary change may be imminent and underscore that even long-lived vertebrates can respond quickly to invasive species. Furthermore, these results highlight that phenotypic plasticity may provide a crucial role for predators experiencing rapid environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid29179038, year = {2018}, author = {Mlinarec, J and Nuskern, L and Ježić, M and Rigling, D and Ćurković-Perica, M}, title = {Molecular evolution and invasion pattern of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 in Europe: Mutation rate, and selection pressure differ between genome domains.}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {514}, number = {}, pages = {156-164}, doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2017.11.011}, pmid = {29179038}, issn = {1096-0341}, mesh = {Europe ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Fungal Viruses/*classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Viral ; Mutation Rate ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/virology ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Understanding virus evolution is a fundamental goal of virology, evolutionary biology, and disease epidemiology. We provide a detailed analysis of evolution and origin of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) populations in Europe, based on the complete genome sequence of all European subtypes. Phylogenetic analyses divided European strains into two closely related clades. Strains of the subtype I belong to the first, while strains of the subtypes F1, D and E belong to the second clade suggesting that the subtypes F1, D and E are more closely related than previously thought. Strains of the subtype F2 appeared to be recombinant; subtypes F1/D/E contributed a larger fraction of sequence while subtype I contributed a smaller fraction. The p29 was the most variable domain, while the replication-associated large ORF B protein was the most conserved domain within the CHV1. Low sequence similarity, predominant negative selection and frequent recombination characterise the evolution of CHV1.}, }
@article {pmid29176720, year = {2017}, author = {Drossart, M and Michez, D and Vanderplanck, M}, title = {Invasive plants as potential food resource for native pollinators: A case study with two invasive species and a generalist bumble bee.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {16242}, pmid = {29176720}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Amino Acids/analysis ; Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; *Diet ; Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/physiology ; Nutrients/analysis ; Pollen/*chemistry ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {It is now well established that invasive plants may induce drifts in the quantity and/or quality of floral resources. They are then often pointed out as a potential driver of bee decline. However, their impact on bee population remains quite unclear and still controversial, as bee responses are highly variable among species. Here, we compared the amino acid composition of pollen from three native and two invasive plant species included in diets of common pollinators in NW Europe. Moreover, the nutritional intake (i.e., pollen and amino acid intakes) of Bombus terrestris colonies and the pollen foraging behaviour of workers (i.e., visiting rate, number of foraging trips, weight of pollen loads) were considered. We found significant differences in pollen nutrients among the studied species according to the plant invasive behaviour. We also found significant differences in pollen foraging behaviour according to the plant species, from few to several foraging trips carrying small or large pollen loads. Such behavioural differences directly impacted the pollen intake but depended more likely on plant morphology rather than on plant invasive behaviour. These results suggest that common generalist bumble bees might not always suffer from plant invasions, depending on their behavioural plasticity and nutritional requirements.}, }
@article {pmid29170099, year = {2017}, author = {Stürchler, D}, title = {Arrivals and "gifts" for Christmas Island.}, journal = {Travel medicine and infectious disease}, volume = {20}, number = {}, pages = {75}, doi = {10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.11.008}, pmid = {29170099}, issn = {1873-0442}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*trends ; *Travel ; }, }
@article {pmid29168615, year = {2018}, author = {Boonstra, R and Boutin, S and Jung, TS and Krebs, CJ and Taylor, S}, title = {Impact of rewilding, species introductions and climate change on the structure and function of the Yukon boreal forest ecosystem.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {123-138}, pmid = {29168615}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Demography ; Environmental Monitoring ; Mammals/*physiology ; *Taiga ; Time Factors ; Yukon Territory ; }, abstract = {Community and ecosystem changes are happening in the pristine boreal forest ecosystem of the Yukon for 2 reasons. First, climate change is affecting the abiotic environment (temperature, rainfall and growing season) and driving changes in plant productivity and predator-prey interactions. Second, simultaneously change is occurring because of mammal species reintroductions and rewilding. The key ecological question is the impact these faunal changes will have on trophic dynamics. Primary productivity in the boreal forest is increasing because of climatic warming, but plant species composition is unlikely to change significantly during the next 50-100 years. The 9-10-year population cycle of snowshoe hares will persist but could be reduced in amplitude if winter weather increases predator hunting efficiency. Small rodents have increased in abundance because of increased vegetation growth. Arctic ground squirrels have disappeared from the forest because of increased predator hunting efficiency associated with shrub growth. Reintroductions have occurred for 2 reasons: human reintroductions of large ungulates and natural recolonization of mammals and birds extending their geographic ranges. The deliberate rewilding of wood bison (Bison bison) and elk (Cervus canadensis) has changed the trophic structure of this boreal ecosystem very little. The natural range expansion of mountain lions (Puma concolor), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and American marten (Martes americana) should have few ecosystem effects. Understanding potential changes will require long-term monitoring studies and experiments on a scale we rarely deem possible. Ecosystems affected by climate change, species reintroductions and human alteration of habitats cannot remain stable and changes will be critically dependent on food web interactions.}, }
@article {pmid29167738, year = {2017}, author = {Boykin, LM and Savill, A and De Barro, P}, title = {Updated mtCOI reference dataset for the Bemisia tabaci species complex.}, journal = {F1000Research}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {1835}, pmid = {29167738}, issn = {2046-1402}, abstract = {Members of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci species complex cause millions of dollars of damage globally and are considered one of the world's most invasive species. They are capable of causing extensive damage to major vegetable, grain legume and fiber crops. All member of the species complex are morphologically identical therefore, data from the partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene sequence has been used to identify the various species. The current reference dataset that is widely used is found on the CSIRO data portal. However, the reference set stored on the CSIRO data does not include newly added sequences (2013-2017), therefore an updated reference dataset is needed. All mtCOI data for the Bemisia tabaci species complex were downloaded on 22 May 2017 from GenBank and after quality checking, a dataset of 1,071 unique sequences and 696 base pairs was generated (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.5437420.v1).}, }
@article {pmid29167530, year = {2017}, author = {Zheng, Y and Liao, Z}, title = {High-density native-range species affects the invasive plant Chromolaena odorata more strongly than species from its invasive range.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {16075}, pmid = {29167530}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Biomass ; China ; Chromolaena/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Host Specificity ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Mexico ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant species often form dense mono-dominant stands in areas they have invaded, while having only sparse distribution in their native ranges, and the reasons behind this phenomenon are a key point of research in invasive species biology. Differences in species composition between native and invasive ranges may contribute to the difference in distribution status. In this study, we found that the high-density condition had a more negative effect on C. odorata than the low-density condition when co-grown with neighbor plants from its native range in Mexico, while this pattern was not in evidence when it was grown with neighbors from its invasive range in China. Different competitive ability and coevolutionary history with C. odorata between native-range neighbors and invasive-range neighbors may lead to the inconsistent patterns.}, }
@article {pmid29167156, year = {2017}, author = {Nguyen, MA and Larson, JE and Blair, MD and Hardwick, DD and Khurana, N and Kim, JS and Rosenfield, MV and Funk, JL}, title = {Rapid root responses of seedlings exposed to a postdrought water pulse.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {104}, number = {12}, pages = {1816-1824}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1700282}, pmid = {29167156}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*physiology ; Plant Roots/*physiology ; Seedlings/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; *Water ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Mediterranean-type climate ecosystems experience significant variability in precipitation within and across years and may be characterized by periods of extreme drought followed by a brief, high-intensity precipitation pulse. Rapid root growth could be a key factor in effective utilization of precipitation pulses, leading to higher rates of seedling establishment. Changes in root growth rate are rarely studied, however, and patterns in seedling root traits are not well explored. We investigated the influence of an extreme postdrought precipitation event on seedlings that occur in southern California coastal sage scrub.<br><br>METHODS: We measured root elongation rate, root tip appearance rate, new leaf appearance rate, and canopy growth rate on 18 mediterranean species from three growth forms.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Root elongation rate responded more strongly to the precipitation pulse than did root tip appearance rate and either metric of aboveground growth. The majority of species exhibited a significant change in root growth rate within 1 week of the pulse. Responses varied in rapidity and magnitude across species, however, and were not generally predictable based on growth form.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: While the majority of species exhibited shifts in belowground growth following the pulse, the direction and magnitude of these morphological responses were highly variable within growth form. Understanding the implications of these different response strategies for plant fitness is a crucial next step to forecasting community dynamics within ecosystems characterized by resource pulses.}, }
@article {pmid29164370, year = {2018}, author = {Tabassum, S and Leishman, MR}, title = {Does enemy damage vary across the range of exotic plant species? Evidence from two coastal dune plant species in eastern Australia.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {186}, number = {2}, pages = {303-309}, pmid = {29164370}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Australia ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves ; *Plants ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Release from natural enemies is often cited as a key factor for understanding the success of invasive plant species in novel environments. However, with time invasive species will accumulate native enemies in their invaded range, with factors such as spread distance from the site of introduction, climate and leaf-level traits potentially affecting enemy acquisition rates. However, the influence of such factors is difficult to assess without examining enemy attack across the entire species' range. We tested the significance of factors associated with range expansion (distance from source population and maximum population density), climatic variables (annual temperature and rainfall) and leaf-level traits [specific leaf area (SLA) and foliar nitrogen concentration] in explaining variation in enemy damage across multiple populations of two coastal invasive plants (Gladiolus gueinzii Kunze and Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam.) along their entire introduced distribution in eastern Australia. We found that for H. bonariensis, amount of foliar damage increased with distance from source population. In contrast, for G. gueinzii, probability and amount of foliar damage decreased with decreasing temperature and increasing rainfall, respectively. Our results show that patterns of enemy attack across species' ranges are complex and cannot be generalised between species or even range edges.}, }
@article {pmid29163574, year = {2017}, author = {Kavallieratos, NG and Athanassiou, CG and Guedes, RNC and Drempela, JD and Boukouvala, MC}, title = {Invader Competition with Local Competitors: Displacement or Coexistence among the Invasive Khapra Beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), and Two Other Major Stored-Grain Beetles?.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {1837}, pmid = {29163574}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Local potential competitor species are important determinants of the invasibility of an environment even when widely recognized invasive species are concerned since it may compromise its establishment. Thus, the outcome of the direct competition among the invasive khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium, and the cosmopolitan species lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica and rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, and thus the likelihood of establishment of T. granarium under their co-occurrence, was here explored in paddy rice and wheat, at temperatures between 25 and 35°C and through 200 days of storage. Insect infestations were higher in wheat rather than in paddy rice. Trogoderma granarium was unable to displace any of the competing species under two and three-species competition experiments retaining lower adult population than both local competitors at the lowest temperature level. Rhyzopertha dominica prevailed in paddy rice, while S. oryzae prevailed in wheat. Paradoxically, T. granarium adults retained low population growth but contributed more for the total frass production and grain loss, much more than that recorded for R. dominica. Nonetheless, T. granarium larvae exhibited high population numbers 130 days after the introduction of the parental individuals. At higher temperature levels (30 and 35°C) the numbers of T. granarium larvae were extremely high even after 65 days, while the numbers of the other two species rapidly declined. Interestingly, the simultaneous presence of R. dominica and S. oryzae was beneficial for the population growth of T. granarium. Consequently, T. granarium has the ability to outperform other primary stored-product insects at high temperatures, while its presence at low temperatures remains for long periods apparently unaffected by other co-occurring species. Hence, T. granarium, in wheat, is able to outcompete other major species of stored-product insects at elevated temperatures, while at 25°C this species can maintain low numbers of individuals for long periods, which can rapidly produce population outbursts when the prevailing conditions are suitable for its development.}, }
@article {pmid29161322, year = {2017}, author = {Olinger, LK and Heidmann, SL and Durdall, AN and Howe, C and Ramseyer, T and Thomas, SG and Lasseigne, DN and Brown, EJ and Cassell, JS and Donihe, MM and Duffing Romero, MD and Duke, MA and Green, D and Hillbrand, P and Wilson Grimes, KR and Nemeth, RS and Smith, TB and Brandt, M}, title = {Altered juvenile fish communities associated with invasive Halophila stipulacea seagrass habitats in the U.S. Virgin Islands.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {e0188386}, pmid = {29161322}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Migration/physiology ; Animals ; Caribbean Region ; Carnivory/physiology ; Coral Reefs ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Herbivory/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Salt-Tolerant Plants/*growth &amp; development ; United States Virgin Islands ; }, abstract = {Caribbean seagrass habitats provide food and protection for reef-associated juvenile fish. The invasive seagrass Halophila stipulacea is rapidly altering these seascapes. Since its arrival in the Caribbean in 2002, H. stipulacea has colonized and displaced native seagrasses, but the function of this invasive seagrass as a juvenile fish habitat remains unknown. To compare diversity, community structure, and abundance of juvenile fish between H. stipulacea and native seagrass beds, fish traps were deployed in four nearshore bays around St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. Traps were deployed in Frenchman, Lindbergh, and Sprat Bays for 24 h intervals in patches of bare sand, patches of H. stipulacea and patches of the native Caribbean seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme. Traps were then deployed in Brewers Bay for 12 h intervals in stands of H. stipulacea and S. filiforme. Relative and total abundances of juvenile fish, identified at least to family, were compared across treatment habitats for each trap deployment period. The catch from H. stipulacea, compared to native seagrasses, comprised a greater abundance of nocturnal carnivores Lutjanus synagris (family Lutjanidae) and Haemulon flavolineatum (family Haemulidae). Additionally, the herbivore species Sparisoma aurofrenatum (family Labridae) and Acanthurus bahianus (family Acanthuridae) and the diurnal carnivore species Pseudopeneus maculatus (family Mullidae) were relatively scarce in H. stipulacea. The catch from sand was much smaller, compared to vegetated habitats, and comprised only L. synagris, H. flavolineatum, and H. aurolineatum. These results provide evidence of reduced family diversity and altered juvenile fish assemblages in H. stipulacea, driven by an abundance of some nocturnal carnivores and scarcity of herbivores and diurnal carnivores. The findings from the present work underpin the need for further investigation and mitigation of this invasion, particularly where H. stipulacea is driving seascape-alterations of key juvenile fish habitats.}, }
@article {pmid29161305, year = {2017}, author = {Pegg, G and Taylor, T and Entwistle, P and Guymer, G and Giblin, F and Carnegie, A}, title = {Impact of Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust) on Myrtaceae-rich wet sclerophyll forests in south east Queensland.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {e0188058}, pmid = {29161305}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Basidiomycota/growth &amp; development/*pathogenicity ; *Ecosystem ; *Forests ; Introduced Species ; Myrtaceae/*microbiology ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Plant Leaves/microbiology ; Queensland ; }, abstract = {In April 2010, Austropuccinia psidii (formerly Puccinia psidii) was detected for the first time in Australia on the central coast of New South Wales. The fungus spread rapidly along the east coast and can now be found infecting vegetation in a range of native forest ecosystems with disease impacts ranging from minor leaf spots to severe shoot and stem blight and tree dieback. Localised extinction of some plant species has been recorded. In 2014, the impact of A. psidii was observed for the first time in a wet sclerophyll site with a rainforest understory, dominated by species of Myrtaceae, in Tallebudgera Valley, south east Queensland, Australia. This study aimed to determine the impact of A. psidii on individual species and species composition. Here we provide quantitative and qualitative evidence on the significant impact A. psidii has in native ecosystems, on a broader range of species than previously reported. Archirhodomyrtus beckleri, Decaspermum humile, Gossia hillii and Rhodamnia maideniana are in serious decline, with significant increases in tree mortality over the period of our study. This research further highlights the potential of this invasive pathogen to negatively impact native ecosystems and biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid29157951, year = {2018}, author = {De Salazar, PM and Jané, M and Maresma, M and Plasencia, A}, title = {[Evaluation of the autochthonous transmission risk of Zika virus and other emerging mosquito-borne viral diseases in Catalonia (Spain)].}, journal = {Gaceta sanitaria}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {101-105}, doi = {10.1016/j.gaceta.2017.09.004}, pmid = {29157951}, issn = {1578-1283}, mesh = {Aedes/*virology ; Animals ; Chikungunya Fever/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*epidemiology/prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Culex/virology ; Dengue/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Infection Control/*organization &amp; administration ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; *Mosquito Vectors ; Public Health ; Risk Assessment ; Spain/epidemiology ; Travel-Related Illness ; West Nile Fever/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Zika Virus Infection/*epidemiology/prevention &amp; control/transmission ; }, abstract = {The recent Zika virus epidemic has highlighted the potential risk of introducing the arbovirosis to Europe, especially within the Mediterranean region where the vector, Aedes albopictus, has become established as an invasive species. In this context, a comprehensive evaluation of the risk of introducing the Zika virus and other mosquito-borne viruses of public health importance in Catalonia (Spain) was carried out. This article summarises the results of the preliminary assessment and the recommendations for the public health preparedness and response plan against the threat posed by these emerging diseases.}, }
@article {pmid29157368, year = {2017}, author = {Anderson, DP and Gormley, AM and Bosson, M and Livingstone, PG and Nugent, G}, title = {Livestock as sentinels for an infectious disease in a sympatric or adjacent-living wildlife reservoir host.}, journal = {Preventive veterinary medicine}, volume = {148}, number = {}, pages = {106-114}, doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.10.015}, pmid = {29157368}, issn = {1873-1716}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; Disease Reservoirs/*veterinary ; Introduced Species ; Mycobacterium bovis/*isolation &amp; purification ; New Zealand/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Sentinel Surveillance/*veterinary ; Trichosurus/*microbiology ; Tuberculosis/epidemiology/microbiology/prevention &amp; control/*veterinary ; Tuberculosis, Bovine/epidemiology/microbiology/prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {A central question to address in managing wildlife diseases is how much effort and resources are required to reduce infection prevalence to below a requisite threshold? This requires surveillance for infection in at least one species involved in the infection cycle, a process that is often expensive and time-consuming but one which could be enhanced using additional sources of readily-obtainable surveillance data. We demonstrate how surveillance data from ruminant livestock monitored for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in New Zealand can be employed in spatially-explicit modelling to help predict the probability of freedom from Mycobacterium bovis infection in a sympatric wildlife reservoir species, the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). We apply the model to a case study and compare resulting probabilities of freedom when utilizing (1) livestock data only, (2) wildlife data only, and (3) combined livestock-plus-wildlife surveillance data. Results indicated that the greatest probability of M. bovis eradication was achieved using wildlife monitoring data supplemented with livestock surveillance data. This combined approach lessened the time required for a confident (95% probability) declaration of regional eradication. However, the combined model was sensitive to the precision of the input parameters, and we describe ways to account for this. In a broad sense, this modelling approach is flexible in that any spatial arrangement of wildlife habitat and farms can be analysed, provided infection is readily detectable in both the wild and domestic animal(s) of interest. It is applicable to monitoring any communicable wildlife disease that affects regularly-tested livestock. The potential benefits to wildlife disease management include reduced surveillance costs and more rapid achievement of targeted reductions in disease prevalence.}, }
@article {pmid29157062, year = {2018}, author = {da Costa-Silva, GJ and Yuldi Ashikaga, F and Kioko Shimabukuro Dias, C and Garcia Pereira, LH and Foresti, F and Oliveira, C}, title = {DNA barcoding techniques used to identify the shared ichthyofauna between the Pantanal floodplain and Upper Parana River.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis}, volume = {29}, number = {7}, pages = {1063-1072}, doi = {10.1080/24701394.2017.1404046}, pmid = {29157062}, issn = {2470-1408}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Fish Proteins/genetics ; Fishes/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Paraguay ; }, abstract = {The biological invasion process is widely debated topic, as the population depletion of some species and the extinction of others are related to this process. To accelerate the identification of species and to detect non-native forms, new tools are being developed, such as those based on genetic markers. This study aimed to use Barcode DNA methodology to identify fish species that had translocated between the Parana and Paraguay River Basins. Based on a database of two studies that were conducted in these regions, 289 sequences of Cytochrome Oxidase C subunit 1 (COI) were used for General Mixed Youle Coalecent (GMYC) analysis, including 29 morphospecies that were sampled in both river basins. As a result, we observed that while some morphospecies have low variation, demonstrating a recent occupation of the basins, other morphospecies probably represent species complexes. A third of the morphospecies had well-defined lineages but not enough to be treated as different Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs). These results demonstrate that human interventions possibly participated in the distribution of some lineages. However, biogeographical historical processes are also important for the morphospecies distribution. The data suggest that the number of species that are present in these two basins is underestimated and that human actions can irreversibly affect the natural history of the species in these regions.}, }
@article {pmid29148613, year = {2018}, author = {Ding, W and Huang, R and Zhou, Z and He, H and Li, Y}, title = {Ambrosia artemisiifolia as a potential resource for management of golden apple snails, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck).}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {74}, number = {4}, pages = {944-949}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4792}, pmid = {29148613}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Ambrosia/*chemistry ; Animals ; Introduced Species ; *Molluscacides ; *Pest Control ; *Plant Extracts ; Powders ; *Snails ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ambrosia artemisiifolia, an invasive weed in Europe and Asia, is highly toxic to the golden apple snail (GAS; Pomacea canaliculata) in laboratory tests. However, little is known about the chemical components of A. artemisiifolia associated with the molluscicidal activity or about its potential application for GAS control in rice fields. This study evaluated the molluscicidal activities of powders, methanol extracts, and individual compounds from A. artemisiifolia against GAS in rice fields and under laboratory conditions.<br><br>RESULTS: Ambrosia artemisiifolia powders did not negatively affect the growth and development of rice but they reduced damage to rice caused by GAS. Extracts had moderate acute toxicity but potent chronic toxicity. The 24-h 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of the extracts against GAS was 194.0 mg L[-1] , while the weights, lengths and widths of GAS were significantly affected by exposure to a sublethal concentration (100 mg/mL). Psilostachyin, psilostachyin B, and axillaxin were identified as the most active molluscicide components in the aerial parts of A. artemisiifolia, and the 24-h LC50 values of these purified compounds were 15.9, 27.0, and 97.0 mg/L, respectively.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The results indicate that chemical compounds produced by A. artemisiifolia may be useful for population management of GAS in rice fields. &#xa9; 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid29148384, year = {2017}, author = {Garigliany, M and Taminiau, B and El Agrebi, N and Cadar, D and Gilliaux, G and Hue, M and Desmecht, D and Daube, G and Linden, A and Farnir, F and De Proft, M and Saegerman, C}, title = {Moku Virus in Invasive Asian Hornets, Belgium, 2016.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {23}, number = {12}, pages = {2109-2112}, pmid = {29148384}, issn = {1080-6059}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia ; Bees/*virology ; Belgium ; Female ; Food Supply/economics ; *Genome, Viral ; Honey ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Picornaviridae/classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Wasps/*virology ; }, abstract = {We report the detection of Moku virus in invasive Asian hornets (Vespa velutina nigrithorax) in Belgium. This constitutes an unexpected report of this iflavirus outside Hawaii, USA, where it was recently described in social wasps. Although virulence of Moku virus is unknown, its potential spread raises concern for European honeybee populations.}, }
@article {pmid29147780, year = {2018}, author = {Nabors, AJ and Cen, HJ and Hung, KJ and Kohn, JR and Holway, DA}, title = {The effect of removing numerically dominant, non-native honey bees on seed set of a native plant.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {186}, number = {1}, pages = {281-289}, pmid = {29147780}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {DEB-1501566//National Science Foundation/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; California ; *Ecosystem ; Flowers ; *Pollination ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Pollination services are compromised by habitat destruction, land-use intensification, pesticides, and introduced species. How pollination services respond to such stressors depends on the capacity of pollinator assemblages to function in the face of environmental disruption. Here, we quantify how pollination services provided to a native plant change upon removal of the non-native, western honey bee (Apis mellifera)-a numerically dominant floral visitor in the native bee-rich ecosystems of southern California. We focus on services provided to clustered tarweed (Deinandra fasciculata), a native, annual forb that benefits from outcross pollination. Across five different study sites in coastal San Diego County, tarweed flowers attracted 70 insect taxa, approximately half of which were native bees, but non-native honey bees were always the most abundant floral visitor at each site. To test the ability of the native insect fauna to provide pollination services, we performed Apis removals within experimental 0.25 m[2] plots containing approximately 20 tarweed plants and compared visitation and seed set between plants in removal and paired control plots (n = 16 pairs). Even though 92% of observed floral visits to control plots were from honey bees, Apis removal reduced seed production by only 14% relative to plants in control plots. These results indicate that native insect assemblages can contribute important pollination services even in ecosystems numerically dominated by introduced pollinators.}, }
@article {pmid29145398, year = {2017}, author = {Esvelt, KM and Gemmell, NJ}, title = {Conservation demands safe gene drive.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {15}, number = {11}, pages = {e2003850}, pmid = {29145398}, issn = {1545-7885}, support = {DP2 AI136597/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R00 DK102669/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Gene Drive Technology/*methods ; Gene Flow ; *Introduced Species ; Mammals ; }, abstract = {Interest in developing gene drive systems to control invasive species is growing, with New Zealand reportedly considering the nascent technology as a way to locally eliminate the mammalian pests that threaten its unique flora and fauna. If gene drives successfully eradicated these invasive populations, many would rejoice, but what are the possible consequences? Here, we explore the risk of accidental spread posed by self-propagating gene drive technologies, highlight new gene drive designs that might achieve better outcomes, and explain why we need open and international discussions concerning a technology that could have global ramifications.}, }
@article {pmid29142254, year = {2017}, author = {Avalos, A and Pan, H and Li, C and Acevedo-Gonzalez, JP and Rendon, G and Fields, CJ and Brown, PJ and Giray, T and Robinson, GE and Hudson, ME and Zhang, G}, title = {A soft selective sweep during rapid evolution of gentle behaviour in an Africanized honeybee.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {1550}, pmid = {29142254}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Bees/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genome, Insect/*genetics ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Puerto Rico ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Highly aggressive Africanized honeybees (AHB) invaded Puerto Rico (PR) in 1994, displacing gentle European honeybees (EHB) in many locations. Gentle AHB (gAHB), unknown anywhere else in the world, subsequently evolved on the island within a few generations. Here we sequence whole genomes from gAHB and EHB populations, as well as a North American AHB population, a likely source of the founder AHB on PR. We show that gAHB retains high levels of genetic diversity after evolution of gentle behaviour, despite selection on standing variation. We observe multiple genomic loci with significant signatures of selection. Rapid evolution during colonization of novel habitats can generate major changes to characteristics such as morphological or colouration traits, usually controlled by one or more major genetic loci. Here we describe a soft selective sweep, acting at multiple loci across the genome, that occurred during, and may have mediated, the rapid evolution of a behavioural trait.}, }
@article {pmid29141037, year = {2017}, author = {Clusa, L and Miralles, L and Basanta, A and Escot, C and García-Vázquez, E}, title = {eDNA for detection of five highly invasive molluscs. A case study in urban rivers from the Iberian Peninsula.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {e0188126}, pmid = {29141037}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Mollusca/classification/*genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rivers ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are an important threat to biodiversity especially in aquatic ecosystems, and their frequency is generally higher near urban areas. Potentially invasive non-indigenous molluscs were deliberately introduced into European waters for food (Corbicula fluminea) and biocontrol (Melanoides tuberculata), and unintentionally introduced by ballast water (Mytilopsis leucophaeata, Corbicula fluminea), stock contamination (Sinanodonta woodiana), accidental escapes from aquaculture (Sinanodonta woodiana), aquarium trade releases (Melanoides tuberculata) and even attached to aquatic birds (Corbicula fluminea). Three rivers from the Iberian Peninsula were monitored near the three most populated inland cities to evaluate the presence of these invasive molluscs through PCR amplification using taxon-specific primers from eDNA. New primers were designed within 16S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I genes, tested in silico from BLAST methodology and experimentally in vitro before application in the field. C. fluminea was found in Ebro River (near Zaragoza); M. leucophaeata in Guadalquivir River (near Sevilla). M. tuberculata and S. woodiana were found from enclosed areas (lake and reservoir respectively) upstream, respectively, Zaragoza and Madrid. The new tools are ready to be used in other regions where these species are also invasive.}, }
@article {pmid29136660, year = {2017}, author = {Guo, J and Martín, PR and Zhang, C and Zhang, JE}, title = {Predation risk affects growth and reproduction of an invasive snail and its lethal effect depends on prey size.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {e0187747}, pmid = {29136660}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Clutch Size ; Female ; Gastropoda/*growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Oviposition ; *Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {The behavior of invasive species under predation risk has been studied extensively, but their growth and reproductive responses have rarely been investigated. We conducted experiments with juveniles and adults of the invasive freshwater snail Pomacea canaliculata, and we observed changes in growth and reproduction in response to predation risk from a caged predator (Trachemys scripta elegans). P. canaliculata produced eggs earlier in the presence of predators and injured conspecifics compared with the control group (no risk), although the total number of egg masses laid by per female was exceeded by that of the controls after 15 days. Egg hatching success noticeably decreased under predation risk, and the incubation period was significantly prolonged; however, the oviposition height of the snails was not affected. A lethal effect of predation risk was detected in juvenile snails but not in adults. The growth of juvenile P. canaliculata was inhibited under predation risk, probably due to a reduction in food intake. Adult females exhibited a greater reduction in growth under predation risk than males, which likely resulted in part from the high reproductive investment of females in egg laying. These results indicate that P. canaliculata snails under predation risk face a trade-off between predator avoidance and growth and reproduction, where the lethal effect of predation risk is linked to the size of the prey.}, }
@article {pmid29135952, year = {2017}, author = {Aristizábal, LF and Johnson, M and Shriner, S and Hollingsworth, R and Manoukis, NC and Myers, R and Bayman, P and Arthurs, SP}, title = {Integrated Pest Management of Coffee Berry Borer in Hawaii and Puerto Rico: Current Status and Prospects.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {29135952}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei, is the most significant insect pest of coffee worldwide. Since CBB was detected in Puerto Rico in 2007 and Hawaii in 2010, coffee growers from these islands are facing increased costs, reduced coffee quality, and increased pest management challenges. Here, we outline the CBB situation, and summarize the findings of growers, researchers, and extension professionals working with CBB in Hawaii. Recommendations for the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program for CBB in Hawaiian Islands and Puerto Rico include: (1) establish a CBB monitoring program, (2) synchronize applications of insecticides with peak flight activity of CBB especially during the early coffee season, (3) conduct efficient strip-picking as soon as possible after harvest and perform pre-harvest sanitation picks in CBB hotspots if needed, (4) establish protocols to prevent the escape of CBB from processing areas and when transporting berries during harvest, and (5) stump prune by blocks. Progress achieved includes the introduction of the mycoinsecticide Beauveria bassiana to coffee plantations, the coordination of area-wide CBB surveys, the establishment and augmentation of native beetle predators, and an observed reduction of CBB populations and increased coffee quality where IPM programs were established. However, CBB remains a challenge for coffee growers due to regional variability in CBB pressures, high costs, and labor issues, including a lack of training and awareness of CBB management practices among growers.}, }
@article {pmid29135067, year = {2018}, author = {Jaspers, C and Marty, L and Kiørboe, T}, title = {Selection for life-history traits to maximize population growth in an invasive marine species.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {1164-1174}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13955}, pmid = {29135067}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Ctenophora/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Growth ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Species establishing outside their natural range, negatively impacting local ecosystems, are of increasing global concern. They often display life-history features characteristic for r-selected populations with fast growth and high reproduction rates to achieve positive population growth rates (r) in invaded habitats. Here, we demonstrate substantially earlier maturation at a 2 orders of magnitude lower body mass at first reproduction in invasive compared to native populations of the comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi. Empirical results are corroborated by a theoretical model for competing life-history traits that predicts maturation at the smallest possible size to optimize r, while individual lifetime reproductive success (R0), optimized in native populations, is near constant over a large range of intermediate maturation sizes. We suggest that high variability in reproductive tactics in native populations is an underappreciated determinant of invasiveness, acting as substrate upon which selection can act during the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid29134157, year = {2017}, author = {De Villiers, FA and Measey, J}, title = {Overland movement in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis): empirical dispersal data from within their native range.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e4039}, pmid = {29134157}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Dispersal forms are an important component of the ecology of many animals, and reach particular importance for predicting ranges of invasive species. African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) move overland between water bodies, but all empirical studies are from invasive populations with none from their native southern Africa. Here we report on incidents of overland movement found through a capture-recapture study carried out over a three year period in Overstrand, South Africa. The maximum distance moved was 2.4 km with most of the 91 animals, representing 5% of the population, moving ∼150 m. We found no differences in distances moved by males and females, despite the former being smaller. Fewer males moved overland, but this was no different from the sex bias found in the population. In laboratory performance trials, we found that males outperformed females, in both distance moved and time to exhaustion, when corrected for size. Overland movement occurred throughout the year, but reached peaks in spring and early summer when temporary water bodies were drying. Despite permanent impoundments being located within the study area, we found no evidence for migrations of animals between temporary and permanent water bodies. Our study provides the first dispersal kernel for X. laevis and suggests that it is similar to many non-pipid anurans with respect to dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid29132920, year = {2017}, author = {Liversage, K and Nurkse, K and Kotta, J and Järv, L}, title = {Environmental heterogeneity associated with European perch (Perca fluviatilis) predation on invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus).}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {132}, number = {}, pages = {132-139}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.10.017}, pmid = {29132920}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Perches/*physiology ; Perciformes ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Spatiotemporal environmental variation affects fish feeding behaviour and capacity for piscivorous control of prey populations, which is important for management when prey include invasive species causing ecosystem impacts. We assessed gut-contents of an important piscivore (European perch Perca fluviatilis) over two years, and analysed variables affecting initiation and amounts of feeding, focusing on an important invasive prey species, round goby (Neogobius melanostomus). We show that predation is primarily controlled by variation of physical and habitat characteristics surrounding perch. Fish prey began being incorporated in diets of perch that were >150 mm, with temperature conditions controlling initiation of their feeding. Total amounts of fish in perch diets, and amounts of round goby individually, were strongly affected by macrophyte cover; seldom were fish present in perch stomachs when macrophyte cover was >40%. Environmental densities of round goby were related to multivariate diet composition in ways that suggest predation of some native species may be relaxed in areas of dense round goby populations. There was evidence that perch predation is unlikely to limit populations of the invader, as there was only a weak relationship between round goby densities and amounts in gut contents. The results have ecosystem management implications, because some variables found to be important could be manipulated to control round goby or other similar invaders e.g. fisheries management of native piscivore stock-density and body-size, or modification of benthic environment structure.}, }
@article {pmid29132032, year = {2018}, author = {Tessier, LR and Long, TAF and Wilkie, MP}, title = {Influence of body size, metabolic rate and life history stage on the uptake and excretion of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) by invasive sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus).}, journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {194}, number = {}, pages = {27-36}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.10.020}, pmid = {29132032}, issn = {1879-1514}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size/*drug effects ; Carbon Radioisotopes/chemistry ; Half-Life ; Larva/drug effects/metabolism ; Life Cycle Stages/*drug effects ; Nitrophenols/metabolism/*toxicity ; Oxygen Consumption/drug effects ; Petromyzon/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) are controlled in the Great Lakes using the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), which is applied to streams infested with larval lamprey. However, lamprey that survive treatments (residuals) remain a challenge because they may subsequently undergo metamorphosis into parasitic juvenile animals that migrate downstream to the Great Lakes, where they feed on important sport and commercial fishes. The goal of this study was to determine if body size and life stage could potentially influence sea lamprey tolerance to TFM by influencing patterns of TFM uptake and elimination. Because mass specific rates of oxygen consumption (M˙O2) are lower in larger compared to smaller lamprey, we predicted that TFM uptake would be negatively correlated to body size, suggesting that large larvae would be more tolerant to TFM exposure. Accordingly, TFM uptake and M˙O2 were measured in larvae ranging in size from 0.2-4.2g using radio-labelled TFM ([14]C-TFM) and static respirometry. Both were inversely proportional to wet mass (M), and could be described usingthe allometric power relationship: Y=aM[b], in which M˙O2=1.86M[0.53] and TFM Uptake=7.24M[0.34]. We also predicted that body size would extend to rates of TFM elimination, which was measured following the administration of [14]C-TFM (via intraperitoneal injection). However, there were no differences in the half-lives of elimination of TFM (T 1/2-TFM). There were also no differences in M˙O2 or TFM uptake amongst size-matched larval, metamorphosing (stages 6-7), or post-metamorphic (juvenile) sea lamprey. However, the T1/2-TFM was significantly lower in larval than post-metamorphic lamprey (juvenile), indicating the larval lamprey cleared TFM more efficiently than juvenile lamprey. We conclude that larger larval sea lamprey are more likely to survive TFM treatments suggesting that body size might be an important variable to consider when treating streams with TFM to control these invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid29130757, year = {2017}, author = {Adamowicz, SJ and Hollingsworth, PM and Ratnasingham, S and van der Bank, M}, title = {International Barcode of Life: Focus on big biodiversity in South Africa.}, journal = {Genome}, volume = {60}, number = {11}, pages = {875-879}, doi = {10.1139/gen-2017-0210}, pmid = {29130757}, issn = {1480-3321}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Computational Biology ; Congresses as Topic ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; *Evolution, Molecular ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Lepidoptera/genetics ; Phylogeography ; Plants, Medicinal/genetics ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Participants in the 7th International Barcode of Life Conference (Kruger National Park, South Africa, 20-24 November 2017) share the latest findings in DNA barcoding research and its increasingly diversified applications. Here, we review prevailing trends synthesized from among 429 invited and contributed abstracts, which are collated in this open-access special issue of Genome. Hosted for the first time on the African continent, the 7th Conference places special emphasis on the evolutionary origins, biogeography, and conservation of African flora and fauna. Within Africa and elsewhere, DNA barcoding and related techniques are being increasingly used for wildlife forensics and for the validation of commercial products, such as medicinal plants and seafood species. A striking trend of the conference is the dramatic rise of studies on environmental DNA (eDNA) and on diverse uses of high-throughput sequencing techniques. Emerging techniques in these areas are opening new avenues for environmental biomonitoring, managing species-at-risk and invasive species, and revealing species interaction networks in unprecedented detail. Contributors call for the development of validated community standards for high-throughput sequence data generation and analysis, to enable the full potential of these methods to be realized for understanding and managing biodiversity on a global scale.}, }
@article {pmid29129757, year = {2018}, author = {Javal, M and Roques, A and Roux, G and Laparie, M}, title = {Respiration-based monitoring of metabolic rate following cold-exposure in two invasive Anoplophora species depending on acclimation regime.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology}, volume = {216}, number = {}, pages = {20-27}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.10.031}, pmid = {29129757}, issn = {1531-4332}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; *Cold Temperature ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/metabolism/*physiology ; *Energy Metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/metabolism/physiology ; Locomotion ; *Respiration ; }, abstract = {The Asian and Citrus longhorned beetles, Anoplophora glabripennis (ALB) and A. chinensis (CLB) respectively, are two closely related invasive species with overlapping native ranges. Although both species have rather similar biological characteristics, they differ in their invasion patterns. ALB shows numerous, but local, outbreaks in urban areas of North-East America, Western and Central Europe, whereas CLB has colonized a large part of Northern Italy. Temperature is pivotal in setting distribution limits of ectotherms. Low temperature may be limiting for larvae since they are the main overwintering stage for both species. To investigate whether differential cold tolerance may contribute to setting the respective limits of the range invaded by each species, we monitored larval metabolic rate before and after exposure to a one-week ecologically relevant moderate cold stress (-2/+2°C, 14/10h). We tested two distinctive fluctuating regimes before the cold exposure to check whether larval acclimation significantly altered their cold tolerance. Survival was high in all conditions for both species. Visual examination showed temporary locomotor inactivity during the stress but respiration rates were not altered after the stress suggesting that larvae could rapidly resume their initial metabolic activity. The respiration rate was globally higher in ALB than in CLB. Together, these results tend to indicate that both species have similar tolerance to the moderate cold stress tested, but also that ALB may be better at maintaining metabolic activity at cold than CLB. These observed differences could affect phenology in both species and in turn their establishment potential.}, }
@article {pmid29129278, year = {2017}, author = {Rafferty, NE}, title = {Effects of global change on insect pollinators: multiple drivers lead to novel communities.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {23}, number = {}, pages = {22-27}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2017.06.009}, pmid = {29129278}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Insecta/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {Global change drivers, in particular climate change, exotic species introduction, and habitat alteration, affect insect pollinators in numerous ways. In response, insect pollinators show shifts in range and phenology, interactions with plants and other taxa are altered, and in some cases pollination services have diminished. Recent studies show some pollinators are tracking climate change by moving latitudinally and elevationally, while others are not. Shifts in insect pollinator phenology generally keep pace with advances in flowering, although there are exceptions. Recent data demonstrate competition between exotic and native bees, along with rapid positive effects of exotic plant removal on pollinator richness. Genetic analyses tie bee fitness to habitat quality. Across drivers, novel communities are a common outcome that deserves more study.}, }
@article {pmid29127927, year = {2018}, author = {Rew, LJ and Brummer, TJ and Pollnac, FW and Larson, CD and Taylor, KT and Taper, ML and Fleming, JD and Balbach, HE}, title = {Hitching a ride: Seed accrual rates on different types of vehicles.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {206}, number = {}, pages = {547-555}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.060}, pmid = {29127927}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Plants ; *Recreation ; *Seeds ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Human activities, from resource extraction to recreation, are increasing global connectivity, especially to less-disturbed and previously inaccessible places. Such activities necessitate road networks and vehicles. Vehicles can transport reproductive plant propagules long distances, thereby increasing the risk of invasive plant species transport and dispersal. Subsequent invasions by less desirable species have significant implications for the future of threatened species and habitats. The goal of this study was to understand vehicle seed accrual by different vehicle types and under different driving conditions, and to evaluate different mitigation strategies. Using studies and experiments at four sites in the western USA we addressed three questions: How many seeds and species accumulate and are transported on vehicles? Does this differ with vehicle type, driving surface, surface conditions, and season? What is our ability to mitigate seed dispersal risk by cleaning vehicles? Our results demonstrated that vehicles accrue plant propagules, and driving surface, surface conditions, and season affect the rate of accrual: on- and off-trail summer seed accrual on all-terrain vehicles was 13 and 3508 seeds km[-1], respectively, and was higher in the fall than in the summer. Early season seed accrual on 4-wheel drive vehicles averaged 7 and 36 seeds km[-1] on paved and unpaved roads respectively, under dry conditions. Furthermore, seed accrual on unpaved roads differed by vehicle type, with tracked vehicles accruing more than small and large 4-wheel drives; and small 4-wheel drives more than large. Rates were dramatically increased under wet surface conditions. Vehicles indiscriminately accrue a wide diversity of seeds (different life histories, forms and seed lengths); total richness, richness of annuals, biennials, forbs and shrubs, and seed length didn't differ among vehicle types, or additional seed bank samples. Our evaluation of portable vehicle wash units showed that approximately 80% of soil and seed was removed from dirty vehicles. This suggests that interception programs to reduce vehicular seed transportation risk are feasible and should be developed for areas of high conservation value, or where the spread of invasive species is of special concern.}, }
@article {pmid29126172, year = {2017}, author = {Gemeda, TK and Shao, Y and Wu, W and Yang, H and Huang, J and Wu, J}, title = {Native Honey Bees Outperform Adventive Honey Bees in Increasing Pyrus bretschneideri (Rosales: Rosaceae) Pollination.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {6}, pages = {2290-2294}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox286}, pmid = {29126172}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Appetitive Behavior ; Bees/*physiology ; China ; Introduced Species ; *Pollen ; *Pollination ; Pyrus/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The foraging behavior of different bee species is a key factor influencing the pollination efficiency of different crops. Most pear species exhibit full self-incompatibility and thus depend entirely on cross-pollination. However, as little is known about the pear visitation preferences of native Apis cerana (Fabricius; Hymenoptera: Apidae) and adventive Apis mellifera (L.; Hymenoptera: Apidae) in China. A comparative analysis was performed to explore the pear-foraging differences of these species under the natural conditions of pear growing areas. The results show significant variability in the pollen-gathering tendency of these honey bees. Compared to A. mellifera, A. cerana begins foraging at an earlier time of day and gathers a larger amount of pollen in the morning. Based on pollen collection data, A. mellifera shows variable preferences: vigorously foraging on pear on the first day of observation but collecting pollen from non-target floral resources on other experimental days. Conversely, A. cerana persists in pear pollen collection, without shifting preference to other competitive flowers. Therefore, A. cerana outperforms adventive A. mellifera with regard to pear pollen collection under natural conditions, which may lead to increased pear pollination. This study supports arguments in favor of further multiplication and maintenance of A. cerana for pear and other native crop pollination. Moreover, it is essential to develop alternative pollination management techniques to utilize A. mellifera for pear pollination.}, }
@article {pmid29125852, year = {2017}, author = {Datta, A and Kühn, I and Ahmad, M and Michalski, S and Auge, H}, title = {Processes affecting altitudinal distribution of invasive Ageratina adenophora in western Himalaya: The role of local adaptation and the importance of different life-cycle stages.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {e0187708}, pmid = {29125852}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Ageratina/*physiology ; *Altitude ; Asia ; *Life Cycle Stages ; }, abstract = {The spread of invasive plants along elevational gradients is considered a threat to fragile mountain ecosystems, but it can also provide the opportunity to better understand some of the basic processes driving the success of invasive species. Ageratina adenophora (Asteraceae) is an invasive plant of global importance and has a broad distribution along elevational gradients in the Western Himalayas. Our study aimed at understanding the role of evolutionary processes (e.g. local adaptation and clinal differentiation) and different life history stages in shaping the distribution pattern of the invasive plant along an elevational gradient in the Western Himalaya. We carried out extensive distributional surveys, established a reciprocal transplant experiment with common gardens at three elevational levels, and measured a suite of traits related to germination, growth, reproduction and phenology. Our results showed a lack of local adaptation, and we did not find any evidence for clinal differentiation in any measured trait except a rather weak signal for plant height. We found that seed germination was the crucial life-cycle transition in determining the lower range limit while winter mortality of plants shaped the upper range limit in our study area, thus explaining the hump shaped distribution pattern. Differences in trait values between gardens for most traits indicated a high degree of phenotypic plasticity. Possible causes such as apomixis, seed dispersal among sites, and pre-adaptation might have confounded evolutionary processes to act upon. Our results suggest that the success and spread of Ageratina adenophora are dependent on different life history stages at different elevations that are controlled by abiotic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid29125256, year = {2017}, author = {Trájer, A and Hammer, T and Kacsala, I and Tánczos, B and Bagi, N and Padisák, J}, title = {Decoupling of active and passive reasons for the invasion dynamics of Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae): Comparisons of dispersal history in the Apennine and Florida peninsulas.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {233-242}, doi = {10.1111/jvec.12263}, pmid = {29125256}, issn = {1948-7134}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology/virology ; Animals ; Female ; Florida ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Mosquito Vectors/*physiology/virology ; Oviposition ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus is an important vector of several diseases including dengue- and Chikungunya fever and is a potential vector of Zika-fever. The invasion dynamics of Aedes albopictus was reconsidered by comparing the temperature-related development of the mosquito with the observed real geographical distribution in Florida and in Italy. The potential number of generations and the annual dispersal distances of the mosquito were calculated for the estimates. The estimated total dispersals are 3.6-4.6 km/year/generation in Italy and 4.6-5.3 km/year/generation in Florida, values that are at least five to six times higher than those derived from release and recapture studies and from the previously measured flying distances of female Asian tiger mosquitoes. Subtracting the calculated dispersal distances with the known active dispersal of female Ae. albopictus, the passive dispersal component of the total dispersal distances was found to be 2.8-4.1 km/year/generation in Italy and 3.8-4.8 km/year/generation in Florida. Our results confirm that the active dispersal of female mosquitoes plays a secondary role in determining the rate of areal expansion and, in contrast, passive factors may play a primary role. It was concluded, based on similar average values of the passive dispersal distances of the mosquito in Florida and Italy, that at large spatial scales the anthropogenic component can be well estimated.}, }
@article {pmid29125247, year = {2017}, author = {Binckley, CA}, title = {Forest canopy, water level, and biopesticide interact to determine oviposition habitat selection in Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {319-324}, doi = {10.1111/jvec.12272}, pmid = {29125247}, issn = {1948-7134}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Bacillus ; *Biological Control Agents ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Oviposition/*physiology ; Pennsylvania ; Spores, Bacterial ; Water ; }, abstract = {Understanding how interacting abiotic and biotic factors influence colonization rates into different habitat types is critical for both conserving and controlling species. For example, the rapid global spread of Asian tiger mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus, has reduced native species abundances and produced disease outbreaks. Fortunately, bacterial endospores of two Bacillus species (biospesticide) are highly lethal to Ae. albopictus larvae and have been commercially developed to reduce populations. Oviposition habitat selection is the first defense Ae. albopictus females possess against any control substance added to breeding sites, and considerable variation exists in their response to biopesticides. In a field experiment, I crossed the presence/absence of biopesticides, with two canopy (open, closed) and water (high, low) levels at 64 breeding sites, to examine if these interacted to influence oviposition site choice. Avoidance of biopesticide was most pronounced in closed canopy sites and those with low water levels, as all main effects and two-way interactions influenced oviposition. Oviposition habitat selection represents a possible mechanism of resistance to biopesticides and other methods used to kill mosquito larvae. Future experiments examining how larval density and mortality modify these results should allow for more effective control of this highly invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid29123053, year = {2017}, author = {Kueffer, C}, title = {Plant invasions in the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {358}, number = {6364}, pages = {724-725}, doi = {10.1126/science.aao6371}, pmid = {29123053}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Selection, Genetic ; }, }
@article {pmid29122728, year = {2018}, author = {Mu, H and Sun, J and Cheung, SG and Fang, L and Zhou, H and Luan, T and Zhang, H and Wong, CKC and Qiu, JW}, title = {Comparative proteomics and codon substitution analysis reveal mechanisms of differential resistance to hypoxia in congeneric snails.}, journal = {Journal of proteomics}, volume = {172}, number = {}, pages = {36-48}, doi = {10.1016/j.jprot.2017.11.002}, pmid = {29122728}, issn = {1876-7737}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Animals ; Climate Change ; Codon/*genetics ; Ecosystem ; *Hypoxia ; Introduced Species/trends ; Proteomics/*methods ; Snails ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Although high-throughput proteomics has been widely applied to study mechanisms of environmental adaptation, the conclusions from studies that are based on one species can be confounded by phylogeny. We compare the freshwater snail Pomacea canaliculata (a notorious invasive species) and its congener Pomacea diffusa (a non-invasive species) to understand the molecular mechanisms of their differential resistance to hypoxia. A 72-h acute exposure experiment showed that P. canaliculata is more tolerant to hypoxia than P. diffusa. The two species were then exposed to three levels of dissolved oxygen (6.7, 2.0 and 1.0mgL[-1]) for 8h, and their gill proteins were analyzed using iTRAQ-coupled LC-MS/MS. The two species showed striking differences in protein expression profiles, with the more hypoxia tolerant P. canaliculata having more up-regulated proteins in signal transduction and down-regulated proteins in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Evolutionary analysis revealed five orthologous genes encoding differentially expressed proteins having clear signal of positive selection, indicating selection has acted on some of the hypoxia responsive genes. Our case study has highlighted the potential of integrated proteomics and comparative evolutionary analysis for understanding the genetic basis of adaptation to global environmental change in non-model species.<br><br>SIGNIFICANCE: Rapid globalization in recent decades has greatly facilitated species introduction around the world. Successfully established introduced species, so-called invasive species, have threatened the invaded ecosystems. There has been substantial interest in studying how invasive species respond to extreme environmental conditions because the results can help not only predict their range of expansion and manage their impact, but also may reveal the adaptive mechanisms underlying their invasiveness. Our study has adopted a comparative approach to study the differential physiological and proteomic responses of two congeneric snails to various hypoxic conditions, as well as codon substitution analysis at transcriptomic level to detect signals of positive selection in hypoxia-responsive genes. The integrated physiological, proteomic and transcriptomic approach can be applied in other non-model species to understand the molecular mechanisms of adaptation to global environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid29121206, year = {2017}, author = {Reed, DA and Ganjisaffar, F and Palumbo, JC and Perring, TM}, title = {Effects of Temperatures on Immature Development and Survival of the Invasive Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {6}, pages = {2497-2503}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox289}, pmid = {29121206}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Arizona ; California ; Heteroptera/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Longevity ; Models, Biological ; Nymph/growth &amp; development ; Ovum/growth &amp; development ; Popular Culture ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a non-native stink bug that feeds primarily on cole crops and wild mustards. Its invasion into desert agriculture in California and Arizona presents a conundrum between rapid pest development at warm temperatures and severe damage to cool season crops. In this study, the development and survival of B. hilaris were determined at nine constant temperatures (ranging from 20-42°C) when reared on organically grown broccoli florets. Egg hatching was greatly delayed at 20°C, and first instar nymphs did not survive at this temperature. No eggs hatched at 42°C. The highest survival rates (70.0-86.7%) of B. hilaris were observed at temperatures ranging from 24 to 35°C. The total developmental rate of B. hilaris from egg to adult increased from 0.027 to 0.066/d from 24 to 35°C, and then slightly dropped to 0.064/d at 39°C. Based on the linear model, B. hilaris requires 285.4 degree-days to complete its development. The Briere 1 model predicted the lower and upper temperature thresholds as 16.7 and 42.7°C, respectively. The optimal temperature for development (TOpt) was estimated as 36°C. According to the results, B. hilaris is well adapted to warm conditions, and temperatures of 33-39°C are well suited for B. hilaris development. Information from this study helps explain the rapid range expansion of B. hilaris across the southern United States and will be instrumental in predicting future expansion across the rest of the country and in other parts of the world. The relationship between thermal thresholds and invasion dynamics of this pest are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid29118617, year = {2017}, author = {Hancock, ZB and Goeke, JA and Wicksten, MK}, title = {A sea anemone of many names: a review of the taxonomy and distribution of the invasive actiniarian Diadumene lineata (Diadumenidae), with records of its reappearance on the Texas coast.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {706}, pages = {1-15}, pmid = {29118617}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Diadumene lineata (Actiniaria: Diadumenidae) is a prolific invader of coastal environments around the world. First described from Asia, this sea anemone has only been reported once from the western Gulf of Mexico at Port Aransas, Texas. No subsequent sampling has located this species at this locality. The first record of the reappearance of D. lineata on the Texas coast from three locations in the Galveston Bay area is provided, and its geographic distribution and taxonomic history reviewed.}, }
@article {pmid29118242, year = {2017}, author = {Gruber, J and Whiting, MJ and Brown, G and Shine, R}, title = {The loneliness of the long-distance toad: invasion history and social attraction in cane toads (Rhinella marina).}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {29118242}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Behavior, Animal ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; Female ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Sex Factors ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Individuals at the leading edge of a biological invasion constantly encounter novel environments. These pioneers may benefit from increased social attraction, because low population densities reduce competition and risks of pathogen transfer, and increase benefits of information transfer. In standardized trials, cane toads (Rhinella marina) from invasion-front populations approached conspecifics more often, and spent more time close to them, than did conspecifics from high-density, long-colonized populations.}, }
@article {pmid29113696, year = {2018}, author = {Nylin, S and Agosta, S and Bensch, S and Boeger, WA and Braga, MP and Brooks, DR and Forister, ML and Hambäck, PA and Hoberg, EP and Nyman, T and Schäpers, A and Stigall, AL and Wheat, CW and Österling, M and Janz, N}, title = {Embracing Colonizations: A New Paradigm for Species Association Dynamics.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, pages = {4-14}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2017.10.005}, pmid = {29113696}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Animals ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Insecta/parasitology/physiology ; Invertebrates/*parasitology/*physiology ; Parasitology ; Plants/parasitology ; Species Specificity ; Vertebrates/*parasitology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Parasite-host and insect-plant research have divergent traditions despite the fact that most phytophagous insects live parasitically on their host plants. In parasitology it is a traditional assumption that parasites are typically highly specialized; cospeciation between parasites and hosts is a frequently expressed default expectation. Insect-plant theory has been more concerned with host shifts than with cospeciation, and more with hierarchies among hosts than with extreme specialization. We suggest that the divergent assumptions in the respective fields have hidden a fundamental similarity with an important role for potential as well as actual hosts, and hence for host colonizations via ecological fitting. A common research program is proposed which better prepares us for the challenges from introduced species and global change.}, }
@article {pmid29110075, year = {2018}, author = {Stotz, GC and Gianoli, E and Cahill, JF}, title = {Maternal experience and soil origin influence interactions between resident species and a dominant invasive species.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {186}, number = {1}, pages = {247-257}, pmid = {29110075}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Bromus ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species dominance in invaded communities may not be long-lasting due to regulatory processes, such as plant-soil feedbacks and neighboring species adaptation. Further, the change in species competitive ability may be contingent upon neighbor identity (i.e., specialized response) or consistent across neighbors (i.e., generalized response). Specialized responses can facilitate overall coexistence, while generalized responses may result in competitive exclusion. We set up a greenhouse experiment to test, in three species, the effect of soil conditions (non-invaded vs. invaded soil) and maternal experience (offspring of maternal plants from invaded vs. non-invaded areas) on species competitive ability against the invader Bromus inermis and conspecifics. If changes in species competitive ability against B. inermis were also evident when interacting with conspecifics, it would suggest a generalized increased/decreased competitive ability. Maternal experience resulted in reduced suppression of B. inermis in the three species and no change in tolerance. On the other hand, tolerance to B. inermis was enhanced when plants grew in soil from invaded areas, compared to non-brome soil. Importantly, both the decreased suppression due to maternal experience with B. inermis and the increased tolerance in invaded soil appear to be invader specific, as no such effects were observed when interacting with conspecifics. Specialized responses should facilitate coexistence, as no individual/species is a weaker or stronger competitor against all other neighbors or under all local soil conditions. Further, the negative plant-soil feedback for B. inermis should facilitate native species recovery in invaded areas and result in lower B. inermis performance and dominance over time.}, }
@article {pmid29109470, year = {2017}, author = {Bellard, C and Rysman, JF and Leroy, B and Claud, C and Mace, GM}, title = {A global picture of biological invasion threat on islands.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {1}, number = {12}, pages = {1862-1869}, doi = {10.1038/s41559-017-0365-6}, pmid = {29109470}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Endangered Species ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Population Dynamics ; Vertebrates/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are among the main drivers of biodiversity losses. As threats from biological invasions increase, one of the most urgent tasks is to identify areas of high vulnerability. However, the lack of comprehensive information on the impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) is a problem especially on islands, where most of the recorded extinctions associated with IAS have occurred. Here we provide a global, network-oriented analysis of IAS on islands. Using network analysis, we structured 27,081 islands and 437 threatened vertebrates into 21 clusters, based on their profiles in term of invasiveness and shared vulnerabilities. These islands are mainly located in the Southern Hemisphere and many are in biodiversity hotspots. Some of the islands share similar characteristics regarding their connectivity that could be useful for understanding their response to invasive species. The major invaders found in these clusters of islands are feral cats, feral dogs, pigs and rats. Our analyses reveal those IAS that systematically act alone or in combination, and the pattern of shared IAS among threatened species, providing new information to implement effective eradication strategies. Combined with further local, contextual information this can contribute to global strategies to deal with IAS.}, }
@article {pmid29109261, year = {2017}, author = {Hui, C and Fox, GA and Gurevitch, J}, title = {Scale-dependent portfolio effects explain growth inflation and volatility reduction in landscape demography.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {114}, number = {47}, pages = {12507-12511}, pmid = {29109261}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Statistical ; Moths/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Population demography is central to fundamental ecology and for predicting range shifts, decline of threatened species, and spread of invasive organisms. There is a mismatch between most demographic work, carried out on few populations and at local scales, and the need to predict dynamics at landscape and regional scales. Inspired by concepts from landscape ecology and Markowitz's portfolio theory, we develop a landscape portfolio platform to quantify and predict the behavior of multiple populations, scaling up the expectation and variance of the dynamics of an ensemble of populations. We illustrate this framework using a 35-y time series on gypsy moth populations. We demonstrate the demography accumulation curve in which the collective growth of the ensemble depends on the number of local populations included, highlighting a minimum but adequate number of populations for both regional-scale persistence and cross-scale inference. The attainable set of landscape portfolios further suggests tools for regional population management for both threatened and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid29106048, year = {2018}, author = {Jiménez-Lobato, V and Martínez-Borda, E and Núñez-Farfán, J and Valverde, PL and Cruz, LL and López-Velázquez, A and Santos-Gally, R and Arroyo, J}, title = {Changes in floral biology and inbreeding depression in native and invaded regions of Datura stramonium.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {20 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {214-223}, doi = {10.1111/plb.12658}, pmid = {29106048}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Datura stramonium/*genetics/physiology ; Flowers/*genetics/physiology ; Inbreeding Depression/*genetics/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Pollination ; Seeds ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Plant populations invading new environments might compromise their fitness contribution to the next generation, because of the lack of native specialist pollinators and/or potential mates. Thus, changes in plant mating system and traits linked to it are expected in populations colonising new environments where selection would favour selfing and floral traits that maximise reproductive output. To test this, we studied native (Mexico) and non-native (Spain) populations of the obligate sexual reproducing annual weed Datura stramonium. Flower size, herkogamy, total number of seeds per plant, number of visits by and type of pollinators, and inbreeding depression were assessed in native and non-native populations. Finally, we measured phenotypic selection on corolla size and herkogamy in each population. Flower size and herkogamy showed wide and similar variation in both ranges. However, the largest average flower size was found in one non-native population whereas the highest average positive herkogamy was detected in one native population. On average, flowers in the native range received more visits by pollinators. Hawkmoths were the main visitors in the native populations while only bees were observed visiting flowers in Spain's populations. Only in the native range was inbreeding depression detected. Selection to reduce herkogamy was found only in one native population. Absence of both inbreeding depression and selection on floral traits suggest a change in mating system of D. stramonium in a new range where generalist pollinators may be promoting high reproductive success. Selection against deleterious alleles might explain the reduction of inbreeding depression, promoting the evolution of selfing.}, }
@article {pmid29105229, year = {2018}, author = {Johnson, SN and Hartley, SE}, title = {Elevated carbon dioxide and warming impact silicon and phenolic-based defences differently in native and exotic grasses.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {3886-3896}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13971}, pmid = {29105229}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Australia ; Carbon Dioxide/*pharmacology ; *Climate Change ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Phenols/metabolism ; Plant Development ; Poaceae/*drug effects/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Silicon/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Global climate change may increase invasions of exotic plant species by directly promoting the success of invasive/exotic species or by reducing the competitive abilities of native species. Changes in plant chemistry, leading to altered susceptibility to stress, could mediate these effects. Grasses are hyper-accumulators of silicon, which play a crucial function in the alleviation of diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. It is unknown how predicted increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and air temperature affect silicon accumulation in grasses, especially in relation to primary and secondary metabolites. We tested how elevated CO2 (eCO2) (+240 ppm) and temperature (eT) (+4°C) affected chemical composition (silicon, phenolics, carbon and nitrogen) and plant growth in eight grass species, either native or exotic to Australia. eCO2 increased phenolic concentrations by 11%, but caused silicon accumulation to decline by 12%. Moreover, declines in silicon occurred mainly in native species (-19%), but remained largely unchanged in exotic species. Conversely, eT increased silicon accumulation in native species (+19%) but decreased silicon accumulation in exotic species (-10%). Silicon and phenolic concentrations were negatively correlated with each other, potentially reflecting a defensive trade-off. Moreover, both defences were negatively correlated with plant mass, compatible with a growth-defence trade-off. Grasses responded in a species-specific manner, suggesting that the relative susceptibility of different species may differ under future climates compared to current species rankings of resource quality. For example, the native Microlaena stipoides was less well defended under eCO2 in terms of both phenolics and silicon, and thus could suffer greater vulnerability to herbivores. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the impacts of eCO2 and eT on silicon accumulation in grasses. We speculate that the greater plasticity in silicon uptake shown by Australian native grasses may be partly a consequence of evolving in a low nutrient and seasonally arid environment.}, }
@article {pmid29104432, year = {2017}, author = {Borges, PAV and Lamelas-López, L and Amorim, IR and Danielczak, A and Nunes, R and Serrano, ARM and Boieiro, M and Rego, C and Hochkirch, A and Vieira, V}, title = {Conservation status of the forest beetles (Insecta, Coleoptera) from Azores, Portugal.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {}, number = {5}, pages = {e14557}, pmid = {29104432}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Island biodiversity is under considerable pressure due to the ongoing threats of invasive alien species, land use change or climate change. The few remnants of Azorean native forests harbour a unique set of endemic beetles, some of them possibly already extinct or under severe long term threat due to the small areas of the remaining habitats or climatic changes. In this contribution we present the IUCN Red List profiles of 54 forest adapted beetle species endemic to the Azorean archipelago, including species belonging to four speciose families: Zopheridae (12 species), Carabidae (11 species), Curculionidae (11 species) and Staphylinidae (10 species).<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: Most species have a restricted distribution (i.e. 66% occur in only one island) and a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). Also common to most of the species is the severe fragmentation of their populations, and a continuing decline in EOO, AOO, habitat quality, number of locations and subpopulations caused by the ongoing threat from pasture intensification, forestry, invasive species and future climatic changes. Therefore, we suggest as future measures of conservation: (1) a long-term monitoring plan for the species; (2) control of invasive species; (3) species-specific conservation action for the most highly threatened species.}, }
@article {pmid29102797, year = {2018}, author = {Billen, J and Al-Khalifa, M}, title = {Morphology and ultrastructure of the mandibular gland in the ant Brachyponera sennaarensis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae).}, journal = {Micron (Oxford, England : 1993)}, volume = {104}, number = {}, pages = {66-71}, doi = {10.1016/j.micron.2017.10.010}, pmid = {29102797}, issn = {1878-4291}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*anatomy &amp; histology/*ultrastructure ; Exocrine Glands/anatomy &amp; histology/ultrastructure ; Female ; Male ; Microscopy ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; }, abstract = {The 'samsum ant' Brachyponera sennaarensis is an invasive species in Saudi Arabia, where it forms a serious threat because of its painful sting. As part of a morphological survey of the exocrine system of this species, we studied the mandibular gland of males, queens and workers of this species. The gland of males is similar to the common anatomical appearance the mandibular gland has in ants in general, but is considerably different in queens and workers. In both female castes, the secretory cells are grouped in one single cluster, that is surrounded by a thick sheath of connective tissue. The duct cells, that transport the secretion towards the wrinkled reservoir, appear considerably folded. Both the sheath of connective tissue and the folded ducts are considered as a mechanical reinforcement of the gland, although the reason for such reinforcement remains unclear as we are not aware of any peculiar movements of the mandibles in queens and workers. At the ultrastructural level, the secretory cells in all castes are characterized by a well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which is indicative for the elaboration of a non-proteinaceous and hence possibly pheromonal secretion. The clear structural differences between males and the two female castes, which so far had not been found in other ant species, show that the mandibular gland in B. sennaarensis most likely has a different caste-dependent function.}, }
@article {pmid29102623, year = {2018}, author = {Osten-Sacken, N and Heddergott, M and Schleimer, A and Anheyer-Behmenburg, HE and Runge, M and Horsburgh, GJ and Camp, L and Nadler, SA and Frantz, AC}, title = {Similar yet different: co-analysis of the genetic diversity and structure of an invasive nematode parasite and its invasive mammalian host.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {48}, number = {3-4}, pages = {233-243}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.08.013}, pmid = {29102623}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Ascaridida Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Ascaridoidea/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Helminth/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; Feces/parasitology ; Genes, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotyping Techniques/veterinary ; Germany/epidemiology ; Haplotypes ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Multigene Family ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Raccoons/genetics/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Animal parasitic nematodes can cause serious diseases and their emergence in new areas can be an issue of major concern for biodiversity conservation and human health. Their ability to adapt to new environments and hosts is likely to be affected by their degree of genetic diversity, with gene flow between distinct populations counteracting genetic drift and increasing effective population size. The raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis), a gastrointestinal parasite of the raccoon (Procyon lotor), has increased its global geographic range after being translocated with its host. The raccoon has been introduced multiple times to Germany, but not all its populations are infected with the parasite. While fewer introduced individuals may have led to reduced diversity in the parasite, admixture between different founder populations may have counteracted genetic drift and bottlenecks. Here, we analyse the population genetic structure of the roundworm and its raccoon host at the intersection of distinct raccoon populations infected with B. procyonis. We found evidence for two parasite clusters resulting from independent introductions. Both clusters exhibited an extremely low genetic diversity, suggesting small founding populations subjected to inbreeding and genetic drift with no, or very limited, genetic influx from population admixture. Comparison of the population genetic structures of both host and parasite suggested that the parasite spread to an uninfected raccoon founder population. On the other hand, an almost perfect match between cluster boundaries also suggested that the population genetic structure of B. procyonis has remained stable since its introduction, mirroring that of its raccoon host.}, }
@article {pmid29101706, year = {2018}, author = {Liu, X and Han, Y and Zhu, J and Deng, J and Hu, W and da Silva, TEV}, title = {Will elevated atmospheric CO2 boost the growth of an invasive submerged macrophyte Cabomba caroliniana under the interference of phytoplankton?.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {1809-1821}, pmid = {29101706}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {41271213//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 41230853//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 51609235//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2014ZX07101-011//the China National Fund for Water Pollution Control and Management project/ ; KZZD-EW-10//the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {Biomass ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis/pharmacology ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Lakes/chemistry ; *Models, Theoretical ; Nymphaea/drug effects/*growth &amp; development ; Photosynthesis/drug effects ; Phytoplankton/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The growth of most submerged macrophytes is likely to be limited by the availability of carbon resource, and this is especially true for the obligatory carbon dioxide (CO2) users. A mesocosm experiment was performed to investigate the physiological, photophysiological, and biochemical responses of Cabomba caroliniana, an invasive macrophyte specie in the Lake Taihu Basin, to elevated atmospheric CO2 (1000 μmol mol[-1]); we also examined the possible impacts of interferences derived from the phytoplankton proliferation and its concomitant disturbances on the growth of C. caroliniana. The results demonstrated that elevated atmospheric CO2 significantly enhanced the biomass, relative growth rate, and photosynthate accumulation of C. caroliniana. C. caroliniana exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 exhibited a higher relative maximum electron transport rate and photosynthetic efficiency, compared to those exposed to ambient atmospheric CO2. However, the positive effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on C. caroliniana were gradually compromised as time went by, and the down-regulations of the relative growth rate (RGR) and photosynthetic activity were coupled with phytoplankton proliferation under elevated atmospheric CO2. This study demonstrated that the growth of C. caroliniana under the phytoplankton interference can be greatly affected, directly and indirectly, by the increasing atmospheric CO2.}, }
@article {pmid29101373, year = {2017}, author = {Diagne, C and Galan, M and Tamisier, L and d'Ambrosio, J and Dalecky, A and Bâ, K and Kane, M and Niang, Y and Diallo, M and Sow, A and Gauthier, P and Tatard, C and Loiseau, A and Piry, S and Sembène, M and Cosson, JF and Charbonnel, N and Brouat, C}, title = {Ecological and sanitary impacts of bacterial communities associated to biological invasions in African commensal rodent communities.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {14995}, pmid = {29101373}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*isolation &amp; purification ; Biodiversity ; Ecology ; Introduced Species ; Mice/*microbiology ; Rats/*microbiology ; Senegal ; }, abstract = {Changes in host-parasite ecological interactions during biological invasion events may affect both the outcome of invasions and the dynamics of exotic and/or endemic infections. We tested these hypotheses, by investigating ongoing house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) and black rat (Rattus rattus) invasions in Senegal (West Africa). We used a 16S gene rRNA amplicon sequencing approach to study potentially zoonotic bacterial communities in invasive and native rodents sampled along two well-defined independent invasion routes. We found that individual host factors (body mass and sex) were important drivers of these bacterial infections in rodents. We observed that the bacterial communities varied along invasion routes and differed between invasive and native rodents, with native rodents displaying higher overall bacterial diversity than invasive rodents. Differences in prevalence levels for some bacterial Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) provided support for ecological processes connecting parasitism and invasion success. Finally, our results indicated that rodent invasions may lead to the introduction of exotic bacterial genera and/or to changes in the prevalence of endemic ones. This study illustrates the difficulty of predicting the relationship between biodiversity and disease risks, and advocate for public health prevention strategies based on global pathogen surveillance followed by accurate characterization of potential zoonotic agents.}, }
@article {pmid29101347, year = {2017}, author = {Suehiro, W and Hyodo, F and Tanaka, HO and Himuro, C and Yokoi, T and Dobata, S and Guénard, B and Dunn, RR and Vargo, EL and Tsuji, K and Matsuura, K}, title = {Radiocarbon analysis reveals expanded diet breadth associates with the invasion of a predatory ant.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {15016}, pmid = {29101347}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *Diet ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Radiometric Dating ; }, abstract = {Invasions are ecologically destructive and can threaten biodiversity. Trophic flexibility has been proposed as a mechanism facilitating invasion, with more flexible species better able to invade. The termite hunting needle ant Brachyponera chinensis was introduced from East Asia to the United States where it disrupts native ecosystems. We show that B. chinensis has expanded dietary breadth without shifting trophic position in its introduced range. Transect sampling of ants and termites revealed a negative correlation between the abundance of B. chinensis and the abundance of other ants in introduced populations, but this pattern was not as strong in the native range. Both termite and B. chinensis abundance were higher in the introduced range than in native range. Radiocarbon ([14]C) analysis revealed that B. chinensis has significantly younger 'diet age', the time lag between carbon fixation by photosynthesis and its use by the consumer, in the introduced range than in the native range, while stable isotope analyses showed no change. These results suggest that in the introduced range B. chinensis remains a termite predator but also feeds on other consumer invertebrates with younger diet ages such as herbivorous insects. Radiocarbon analysis allowed us to elucidate cryptic dietary change associated with invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid29099953, year = {2017}, author = {Nanninga, C and Buyarski, CR and Pretorius, AM and Montgomery, RA}, title = {Increased exposure to chilling advances the time to budburst in North American tree species.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {37}, number = {12}, pages = {1727-1738}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpx136}, pmid = {29099953}, issn = {1758-4469}, mesh = {Climate Change ; Cold Temperature ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Trees/*physiology ; United States ; }, abstract = {The phenology of trees is highly susceptible to changing global temperatures. Leaf budburst advances with increasing spring temperatures, but can also be delayed when warmer winters reduce chilling exposure. Results from long-term observations show that increasing temperatures have triggered advanced budburst in the past decades, but some studies also show that budburst advance has slowed recently. Here, we conducted an experiment with five temperate deciduous tree species (Acer rubrum L., Larix laricina (Du Rois) K. Koch, Populus tremuloides Michx., Quercus ellipsoidalis E. j. Hill, Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and one invasive species (Rhamnus cathartica L.) in Minnesota, USA, to assess the impact of chilling on the timing of leaf budburst. We collected twigs over two winter seasons (2011/2012 and 2012/2013) on a biweekly basis and exposed them to spring-like temperatures of 21 °C/16 °C day and night, long day photoperiod (16 h). We found a significant relationship of advanced budbreak with increased chilling for all species tested (P < 0.001) and significant differences in the timing to budburst among all species (P < 0.001). Acer rubrum responded strongly to chilling, showing a very steep linear decline in days to budburst with increased exposure to chilling. On the other end of the spectrum, L. laricina responded least to increases in chilling. These results suggest that rising global temperatures will likely have diverse impacts on tree species with potential implications for species interactions such as competition.}, }
@article {pmid29099851, year = {2017}, author = {Haramura, T and Crossland, MR and Takeuchi, H and Shine, R}, title = {Methods for invasive species control are transferable across invaded areas.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {e0187265}, pmid = {29099851}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Male ; Pest Control/*methods ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {Cane Toads (Rhinella marina) are invasive pests in many parts of the world, including the Japanese island of Ishigaki. Extensive research in Australia has identified promising new methods for control, but also has shown that toads exhibit geographic variation in many traits (suggesting that methods developed in one location may not work in another). Can the approaches developed in Australia play a useful role for controlling this invasive species in Japan? Our experimental trials on Ishigaki Island suggest that these new methods can be successfully applied to Japan. First, Cane Toad embryos exposed to chemical cues of conspecific tadpoles exhibited a reduction in viability (subsequent growth and development). This response appears to be species-specific, with native frog embryos not being affected by exposure to cues from toad tadpoles, and Cane Toad embryos not being affected by exposure to cues from native frog tadpoles. Second, Cane Toad tadpoles were attracted to traps containing water from conspecific eggs, and toxin from adult conspecifics. Third, adult Cane Toads were attracted to acoustic cues of calling males, with sex differences in rates of attraction to specific versions of a synthetic call (males were attracted to choruses whereas females were attracted to low-frequency calls). Our results suggest that the methods developed by Australian researchers are applicable to controlling invasive Cane Toads in Japan.}, }
@article {pmid29097725, year = {2017}, author = {Zemanova, MA and Knop, E and Heckel, G}, title = {Introgressive replacement of natives by invading Arion pest slugs.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {14908}, pmid = {29097725}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Endangered Species ; Gastropoda/*genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {Hybridization with invasive species is one of the major threats to the phenotypic and genetic persistence of native organisms worldwide. Arion vulgaris (syn. lusitanicus) is a major agricultural pest slug that successfully invaded many European countries in recent decades, but its impact on closely related native species remains unclear. Here, we hypothesized that the regional decline of native A. rufus is connected with the spread of invasive A. vulgaris, and tested whether this can be linked to hybridization between the two species by analyzing 625 Arion sp. along altitudinal transects in three regions in Switzerland. In each region, we observed clear evidence of different degrees of genetic admixture, suggesting recurrent hybridization beyond the first generation. We found spatial differences in admixture patterns that might reflect distinct invasion histories among the regions. Our analyses provide a landscape level perspective for the genetic interactions between invasive and native animals during the invasion. We predict that without specific management action, A. vulgaris will further expand its range, which might lead to local extinction of A. rufus and other native slugs in the near future. Similar processes are likely occurring in other regions currently invaded by A. vulgaris.}, }
@article {pmid29096972, year = {2018}, author = {Miller, JA and Carlton, JT and Chapman, JW and Geller, JB and Ruiz, GM}, title = {Transoceanic dispersal of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis on Japanese tsunami marine debris: An approach for evaluating rafting of a coastal species at sea.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {132}, number = {}, pages = {60-69}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.040}, pmid = {29096972}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animal Shells/chemistry ; Animals ; Barium/analysis ; Calcium/analysis ; Earthquakes ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; *Mytilus/growth &amp; development ; Pacific Ocean ; *Tsunamis ; Waste Products/*analysis ; Water Pollution/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Biofouled debris from the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami has landed in the Northeast Pacific and along the Hawaiian Islands since 2012. As of 2017, >630 biofouled debris items with >320 living species of algae, invertebrates, and fish have been examined. The invasive mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis was present on >50% of those items. Size, reproduction, and growth of this filter-feeding species were examined to better understand long-distance rafting of a coastal species. The majority of mussels (79%) had developing or mature gametes, and growth rates averaged 0.075±0.018 SE mm/day. Structural and elemental (barium/calcium) analysis of mussel shells generated estimates of growth in coastal waters (mean=1.3 to 25mm total length), which provides an indication of residence times in waters along North America and the Hawaiian Islands prior to landing. Detailed studies of individual species contribute to our understanding of debris as a transport vector and aid efforts to evaluate potential risks associated with marine debris.}, }
@article {pmid29096677, year = {2017}, author = {Di Luca, M and Toma, L and Severini, F and Boccolini, D and D'Avola, S and Todaro, D and Stancanelli, A and Antoci, F and La Russa, F and Casano, S and Sotera, SD and Carraffa, E and Versteirt, V and Schaffner, F and Romi, R and Torina, A}, title = {First record of the invasive mosquito species Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) on the southernmost Mediterranean islands of Italy and Europe.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {543}, pmid = {29096677}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Africa ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Chikungunya Fever/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control/transmission/virology ; Dengue/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control/transmission/virology ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Europe ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Mediterranean Islands/epidemiology ; Middle East ; Mosquito Control ; Mosquito Vectors/*physiology ; Seasons ; Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control/transmission/virology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes albopictus, a known worldwide vector of several mosquito-borne disease pathogens including dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses, was introduced into Europe in the late 1970s through global trade. First recorded in northern Italy in 1990, this mosquito species has rapidly spread throughout the country, where it was responsible for an outbreak of chikungunya in 2007 that affected more than 200 people. As part of the VectorNet project, which is aimed at improving preparedness and responsiveness for animal and human vector-borne diseases in Europe, a mosquito targeted study was carried out on the three southernmost Italian islands. The objective was to verify the current European southern distribution limits of Ae. albopictus and the potential occurrence of other invasive mosquito species, in the light of the introduction of high risk for vector-borne disease pathogens into Europe via migration flows.<br><br>RESULTS: In the summer 2015, six surveys for container-breeding mosquitoes were carried out by setting up a network of oviposition traps and BG Sentinel traps in selected areas on the islands of Pantelleria, Lampedusa and Linosa. Aedes albopictus was found on all three islands under investigation. The consequences on public health with regard to the presence of this mosquito vector and the migrant people entering the country from Africa and the Middle East are also discussed here.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The detection of the Asian tiger mosquito on these islands, which represent the last European strip of land facing Africa, has important implications for public health policy and should prompt the national authorities to implement tailored surveillance activities and reinforce plans for preparedness strategies in such contexts.}, }
@article {pmid29096606, year = {2017}, author = {Tait, G and Vezzulli, S and Sassù, F and Antonini, G and Biondi, A and Baser, N and Sollai, G and Cini, A and Tonina, L and Ometto, L and Anfora, G}, title = {Genetic variability in Italian populations of Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {BMC genetics}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {87}, pmid = {29096606}, issn = {1471-2156}, mesh = {Animals ; Computational Biology/*methods ; Drosophila/*genetics ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Male ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Drosophila suzukii is a highly destructive pest species, causing substantial economic losses in soft fruit production. To better understand migration patterns, gene flow and adaptation in invaded regions, we studied the genetic structure of D. suzukii collected across Italy, where it was first observed in 2008. In particular, we analysed 15 previously characterised Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers to estimate genetic differentiation across the genome of 278 flies collected from nine populations.<br><br>RESULTS: The nine populations showed high allelic diversity, mainly due to very high heterozygosity. The high Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) index values (ranging from 0.68 to 0.84) indicated good discrimination power for the markers. Negative fixation index (F IS) values in seven of the populations indicated a low level of inbreeding, as suggested by the high number of alleles. STRUCTURE, Principal Coordinate and Neighbour Joining analysis also revealed that the Sicilian population was fairly divergent compared to other Italian populations. Moreover, migration was present across all populations, with the exception of the Sicilian one, confirming its isolation relative to the mainland.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study characterising the genetic structure of the invasive species D. suzukii in Italy. Our analysis showed extensive genetic homogeneity among D. suzukii collected in Italy. The relatively isolated Sicilian population suggests a largely human-mediated migration pattern, while the warm climate in this region allows the production of soft fruit, and the associated D. suzukii reproductive season occurring much earlier than on the rest of the peninsula.}, }
@article {pmid29096330, year = {2018}, author = {Sneller, B and Roberts, G}, title = {Why some behaviors spread while others don't: A laboratory simulation of dialect contact.}, journal = {Cognition}, volume = {170}, number = {}, pages = {298-311}, doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.014}, pmid = {29096330}, issn = {1873-7838}, mesh = {Adult ; *Cultural Evolution ; Humans ; *Linguistics ; *Social Behavior ; *Speech ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {The question of how behavioral variants compete and propagate is of primary importance to the study of cultural evolution; with respect to language, it is also an important focus of the field of sociolinguistics. Variant propagation can occur by neutral means-akin to drift in biological evolution-or through selection, whereby individuals are biased in what variants they adopt. An important bias concerns social meaning, and sociolinguistic theory distinguishes between variants that are primarily associated with a particular social group (such as working-class people or Texans) and variants primarily associated with a perceived trait of the group (such as toughness). In the former case, variants are hypothesized to propagate neutrally; in the latter case, provided the trait is socially relevant to adopters, variants are hypothesized to be subject to selection and to propagate more readily. To test this hypothesis we conducted an experimental study in which groups of four participants played a game that involved instant messaging in an artificial "alien language" with two dialects. Each player was assigned to one of two alien species, the weaker Wiwos or the tougher Burls. The social meaning of one feature of the Burl dialect was manipulated, and the results strongly supported the hypothesis: Variants from the Burl dialect were used by Wiwos in all conditions, but when associated primarily with "tougher aliens", the rate of adoption was significantly greater than when they were associated primarily with "Burls". When toughness was made irrelevant to the game, the effect of association disappeared, emphasizing the importance of social relevance in the propagation of behavioral variants.}, }
@article {pmid29096144, year = {2018}, author = {Ready, RC and Poe, GL and Lauber, TB and Connelly, NA and Stedman, RC and Rudstam, LG}, title = {The potential impact of aquatic nuisance species on recreational fishing in the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi and Ohio River Basins.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {206}, number = {}, pages = {304-318}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.025}, pmid = {29096144}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Chicago ; *Fisheries ; Fishes ; Lakes ; Mississippi ; Ohio ; *Recreation ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Concern over the potential transfer of aquatic nuisance species (ANS) between the Great Lakes basin and the Upper Mississippi River basin has motivated calls to re-establish hydrologic separation between the two basins. Accomplishing that goal would require significant expenditures to re-engineer waterways in the Chicago, IL area. These costs should be compared to the potential costs resulting from ANS transfer between the basin, a significant portion of which would be costs to recreational fisheries. In this study, a recreational behavior model is developed for sport anglers in an eight-state region. It models how angler behavior would change in response to potential changes in fishing quality resulting from ANS transfer. The model also calculates the potential loss in net economic value that anglers enjoy from the fishery. The model is estimated based on data on trips taken by anglers (travel cost data) and on angler statements about how they would respond to changes in fishing quality (contingent behavior data). The model shows that the benefit to recreational anglers from re-establishing hydrologic separation exceeds the costs only if the anticipated impacts of ANS transfer on sport fish catch rates are large and widespread.}, }
@article {pmid29095561, year = {2018}, author = {Cosme, L and Haro, MM and Guedes, NMP and Della Lucia, TMC and Guedes, RNC}, title = {Tropical wood resistance to the West Indian drywood termite Cryptotermes brevis: If termites can't chew….}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {74}, number = {4}, pages = {914-924}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4785}, pmid = {29095561}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Choice Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Food Preferences ; Isoptera/*physiology ; *Trees ; Tropical Climate ; Wood/*analysis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The importance and impact of invasive species are usually considered based on their economic implications, particularly the direct damage that they cause. The West Indian drywood termite Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) is an example and is a concern in structural lumber, furniture, and other wood products. Despite its importance, its tropical wood preferences and the wood physical characteristics contributing to resistance have not been investigated to date. Here, we developed wood testing units to allow the X-ray recording of termite colonization and then subsequently tested tropical wood resistance to the termite through free-choice and no-choice bioassays using these wood testing units. The relevance of wood density and hardness as determinants of such resistance was also tested, as was termite mandible wear.<br><br>RESULTS: The wood testing units used allowed the assessment of the termite infestation and wood area loss, enabling subsequent choice bioassays to be performed. While pine (Pinus sp.), jequitiba (Cariniana sp.) and angelim (Hymenolobium petraenum) exhibited the heaviest losses and highest infestations; cumaru (Dipteryx odorata), guariuba (Clarisia racemosa), and purpleheart (Peltogyne sp.) showed the lowest losses and infestations; courbaril (Hymenaea courbaril), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.), and tatajuba (Bagassa guianensis) exhibited intermediary results.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Wood hardness and in particular wood density were key determinants of wood resistance to the termites, which exhibited lower infestations associated with greater mandible wear when infesting harder high-density wood. &#xa9; 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid29094467, year = {2018}, author = {Caselle, JE and Davis, K and Marks, LM}, title = {Marine management affects the invasion success of a non-native species in a temperate reef system in California, USA.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {43-53}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12869}, pmid = {29094467}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Coral Reefs ; *Ecosystem ; *Geraniaceae ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Despite promises that 'healthy' marine systems show increased resilience, the effects of ecosystem management strategies on invasion success in marine systems is still unclear. We show that resistance to the invasive alga, Sargassum horneri, in a temperate reef system occurs through alternate mechanisms in different ecosystem states. In an old marine protected area (MPA), invasion of S. horneri was suppressed, likely due to competitive pressure from native algae, resulting from protection of urchin predators. In a nearby fished urchin barren, invasion of S. horneri was also suppressed, due to herbivory by urchins whose predators are fished. Within newer MPAs with intermediate levels of interacting species, S. horneri was abundant. Here, neither competition from native algae nor herbivory was sufficient to prevent invasion. We confirm that invasion in marine systems is complex and show that multiple mechanisms in single systems must be considered when investigating biotic resistance hypotheses.}, }
@article {pmid29093523, year = {2017}, author = {Ju, RT and Gao, L and Wei, SJ and Li, B}, title = {Spring warming increases the abundance of an invasive specialist insect: links to phenology and life history.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {14805}, pmid = {29093523}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *Climate Change ; Heteroptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {Under global warming, shifts in phenological synchrony between insects and host plants (i.e., changes in the relative timing of the interaction) may reduce resource availability to specialist insects. Some specialists, however, can flexibly track the shifts in host-plant phenology, allowing them to obtain sufficient resources and therefore to benefit from rising temperatures. Here, we investigated the effects of experimental warming on the life history of an invasive, specialist lace bug (Corythucha ciliata) and on the leaf expansion of its host plant (Platanus × acerifolia) in two spring seasons under field conditions in Shanghai, China. We found that a 2 °C increase in mean air temperature advanced the timing of the expansion of host leaves and of the activities of overwintering adult insects in both years but did not disrupt their synchrony. Warming also directly increased the reproduction of overwintering adults and enhanced the development and survival of their offspring. These results indicate that C. ciliata can well track the earlier emergence of available resources in response to springtime warming. Such plasticity, combined with the direct effects of rising temperatures, may increase the insect's population size and outbreak potential in eastern China under climate warming.}, }
@article {pmid29090432, year = {2018}, author = {Gosney, K and Florentine, SK}, title = {Environmental factors associated with the foliage cover of invasive fairy grass (Lachnagrostis filiformis) in Victoria, Australia.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {1350-1358}, pmid = {29090432}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Fires ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Salinity ; Soil ; Victoria ; }, abstract = {Fairy grass (Lachnagrostis filiformis) is an Australian native grass that has recently become a major concern for rural communities. Its dried inflorescences are blown by the wind and build up against fences and buildings, becoming a severe fire hazard. Understanding the ecology of fairy grass and its impacts on rural communities is relevant to its management. Four dry lake beds in Western Victoria were selected to determine if environmental factors, such as lake, location, direction, altitude and road type and the covariates of pH, soil salinity, soil moisture and distance to nearest road, are related to the presence of fairy grass. The 'lake' factor was the only environmental parameter that was significantly associated with the presence of this weed.}, }
@article {pmid29089113, year = {2017}, author = {Gavrilović, A and Piria, M and Guo, XZ and Jug-Dujaković, J and Ljubučić, A and Krkić, A and Iveša, N and Marshall, BA and Gardner, JPA}, title = {First evidence of establishment of the rayed pearl oyster, Pinctada imbricata radiata (Leach, 1814), in the eastern Adriatic Sea.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {125}, number = {1-2}, pages = {556-560}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.045}, pmid = {29089113}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Croatia ; Ecosystem ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Environmental Monitoring ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Pinctada/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The Mediterranean Sea is increasingly under threat from invasive species that may negatively affect biodiversity and/or modify ecosystem structure and function. The bivalve mollusc Pinctada imbricata radiata is listed among the 100 most invasive species in the Mediterranean. A first finding of an established population of P. imbricata radiata in the coastal waters of the eastern Adriatic Sea, is presented in this paper. Six and then 30 live specimens were collected in 2015 and in 2017, respectively, at depths of 5 to 15m from the island of Mljet, Croatia. DNA sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene (COI) revealed three different haplotypes. All samples showed greatest similarity (98 to >99%) to P. radiata COI sequence records in GenBank (=P. imbricata radiata as used in this paper). A Neighbour Joining tree placed all Croatian samples within the 100% bootstrap supported clade for P. imbricata radiata.}, }
@article {pmid29087296, year = {2017}, author = {Mukundarajan, H and Hol, FJH and Castillo, EA and Newby, C and Prakash, M}, title = {Using mobile phones as acoustic sensors for high-throughput mosquito surveillance.}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {29087296}, issn = {2050-084X}, support = {/HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; }, mesh = {Acoustics/*instrumentation ; Animals ; *Cell Phone ; Culicidae/*physiology ; Entomology/*instrumentation/*methods ; *Population Surveillance ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Video Recording ; }, abstract = {The direct monitoring of mosquito populations in field settings is a crucial input for shaping appropriate and timely control measures for mosquito-borne diseases. Here, we demonstrate that commercially available mobile phones are a powerful tool for acoustically mapping mosquito species distributions worldwide. We show that even low-cost mobile phones with very basic functionality are capable of sensitively acquiring acoustic data on species-specific mosquito wingbeat sounds, while simultaneously recording the time and location of the human-mosquito encounter. We survey a wide range of medically important mosquito species, to quantitatively demonstrate how acoustic recordings supported by spatio-temporal metadata enable rapid, non-invasive species identification. As proof-of-concept, we carry out field demonstrations where minimally-trained users map local mosquitoes using their personal phones. Thus, we establish a new paradigm for mosquito surveillance that takes advantage of the existing global mobile network infrastructure, to enable continuous and large-scale data acquisition in resource-constrained areas.}, }
@article {pmid29087006, year = {2018}, author = {Balasingham, KD and Walter, RP and Mandrak, NE and Heath, DD}, title = {Environmental DNA detection of rare and invasive fish species in two Great Lakes tributaries.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {112-127}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14395}, pmid = {29087006}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/*analysis ; DNA Primers/metabolism ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Fishes/*genetics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Risk Factors ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The extraction and characterization of DNA from aquatic environmental samples offers an alternative, noninvasive approach for the detection of rare species. Environmental DNA, coupled with PCR and next-generation sequencing ("metabarcoding"), has proven to be very sensitive for the detection of rare aquatic species. Our study used a custom-designed group-specific primer set and next-generation sequencing for the detection of three species at risk (Eastern Sand Darter, Ammocrypta pellucida; Northern Madtom, Noturus stigmosus; and Silver Shiner, Notropis photogenis), one invasive species (Round Goby, Neogobius melanostomus) and an additional 78 native species from two large Great Lakes tributary rivers in southern Ontario, Canada: the Grand River and the Sydenham River. Of 82 fish species detected in both rivers using capture-based and eDNA methods, our eDNA method detected 86.2% and 72.0% of the fish species in the Grand River and the Sydenham River, respectively, which included our four target species. Our analyses also identified significant positive and negative species co-occurrence patterns between our target species and other identified species. Our results demonstrate that eDNA metabarcoding that targets the fish community as well as individual species of interest provides a better understanding of factors affecting the target species spatial distribution in an ecosystem than possible with only target species data. Additionally, eDNA is easily implemented as an initial survey tool, or alongside capture-based methods, for improved mapping of species distribution patterns.}, }
@article {pmid29086121, year = {2017}, author = {Liu, P and Shi, R and Zhang, C and Zeng, Y and Wang, J and Tao, Z and Gao, W}, title = {Integrating multiple vegetation indices via an artificial neural network model for estimating the leaf chlorophyll content of Spartina alterniflora under interspecies competition.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {189}, number = {11}, pages = {596}, pmid = {29086121}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Chlorophyll/analogs &amp; derivatives/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Neural Networks, Computer ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Poaceae/*chemistry ; Soil ; }, abstract = {The invasive species Spartina alterniflora and native species Phragmites australis display a significant co-occurrence zonation pattern and this co-exist region exerts most competitive situations between these two species, competing for the limited space, directly influencing the co-exist distribution in the future. However, these two species have different growth ratios in this area, which increase the difficulty to detect the distribution situation directly by remote sensing. As chlorophyll content is a key indicator of plant growth and physiological status, the objective of this study was to reduce the effect of interspecies competition when estimating Cab content; we evaluated 79 published representative indices to determine the optimal indices for estimating the chlorophyll a and b (Cab) content. After performing a sensitivity analysis for all 79 spectral indices, five spectral indices were selected and integrated using an artificial neural network (ANN) to estimate the Cab content of different competition ratios: the Gitelson ratio green index, the transformed chlorophyll absorption ratio index/optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index, the modified normalized difference vegetation index, the chlorophyll fluorescence index, and the Vogelmann chlorophyll index. The ANN method yielded better results (R [2] = 0.7110 and RMSE = 8.3829 μg cm[-2]) on average than the best single spectral index (R [2] = 0.6319 and RMSE = 9.3535 μg cm[-2]), representing an increase of 10.78% in R [2] and a decrease of 10.38% in RMSE. Our results indicated that integrating multiple vegetation indices with an ANN can alleviate the impact of interspecies competition and achieve higher estimation accuracy than the traditional approach using a single index.}, }
@article {pmid29085761, year = {2017}, author = {Carman, MR and Grunden, DW and Govindarajan, AF}, title = {Species-specific crab predation on the hydrozoan clinging jellyfish Gonionemus sp. (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa), subsequent crab mortality, and possible ecological consequences.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3966}, pmid = {29085761}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Here we report a unique trophic interaction between the cryptogenic and sometimes highly toxic hydrozoan clinging jellyfish Gonionemus sp. and the spider crab Libinia dubia. We assessed species-specific predation on the Gonionemus medusae by crabs found in eelgrass meadows in Massachusetts, USA. The native spider crab species L. dubia consumed Gonionemus medusae, often enthusiastically, but the invasive green crab Carcinus maenus avoided consumption in all trials. One out of two blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) also consumed Gonionemus, but this species was too rare in our study system to evaluate further. Libinia crabs could consume up to 30 jellyfish, which was the maximum jellyfish density treatment in our experiments, over a 24-hour period. Gonionemus consumption was associated with Libinia mortality. Spider crab mortality increased with Gonionemus consumption, and 100% of spider crabs tested died within 24 h of consuming jellyfish in our maximum jellyfish density containers. As the numbers of Gonionemus medusae used in our experiments likely underestimate the number of medusae that could be encountered by spider crabs over a 24-hour period in the field, we expect that Gonionemus may be having a negative effect on natural Libinia populations. Furthermore, given that Libinia overlaps in habitat and resource use with Carcinus, which avoids Gonionemus consumption, Carcinus populations could be indirectly benefiting from this unusual crab-jellyfish trophic relationship.}, }
@article {pmid29085752, year = {2017}, author = {Ulman, A and Ferrario, J and Occhpinti-Ambrogi, A and Arvanitidis, C and Bandi, A and Bertolino, M and Bogi, C and Chatzigeorgiou, G and Çiçek, BA and Deidun, A and Ramos-Esplá, A and Koçak, C and Lorenti, M and Martinez-Laiz, G and Merlo, G and Princisgh, E and Scribano, G and Marchini, A}, title = {A massive update of non-indigenous species records in Mediterranean marinas.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3954}, pmid = {29085752}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The Mediterranean Sea is home to over 2/3 of the world's charter boat traffic and hosts an estimated 1.5 million recreational boats. Studies elsewhere have demonstrated marinas as important hubs for the stepping-stone transfer of non-indigenous species (NIS), but these unique anthropogenic, and typically artificial habitats have largely gone overlooked in the Mediterranean as sources of NIS hot-spots. From April 2015 to November 2016, 34 marinas were sampled across the following Mediterranean countries: Spain, France, Italy, Malta, Greece, Turkey and Cyprus to investigate the NIS presence and richness in the specialized hard substrate material of these marina habitats. All macroinvertebrate taxa were collected and identified. Additionally, fouling samples were collected from approximately 600 boat-hulls from 25 of these marinas to determine if boats host diverse NIS not present in the marina. Here, we present data revealing that Mediterranean marinas indeed act as major hubs for the transfer of marine NIS, and we also provide evidence that recreational boats act as effective vectors of spread. From this wide-ranging geographical study, we report here numerous new NIS records at the basin, subregional, country and locality level. At the basin level, we report three NIS new to the Mediterranean Sea (Achelia sawayai sensu lato, Aorides longimerus, Cymodoce aff. fuscina), and the re-appearance of two NIS previously known but currently considered extinct in the Mediterranean (Bemlos leptocheirus, Saccostrea glomerata). We also compellingly update the distributions of many NIS in the Mediterranean Sea showing some recent spreading; we provide details for 11 new subregional records for NIS (Watersipora arcuata, Hydroides brachyacantha sensu lato and Saccostrea glomerata now present in the Western Mediterranean; Symplegma brakenhielmi, Stenothoe georgiana, Spirobranchus tertaceros sensu lato, Dendostrea folium sensu lato and Parasmittina egyptiaca now present in the Central Mediterranean, and W. arcuata, Bemlos leptocheirus and Dyspanopeus sayi in the Eastern Mediterranean). We also report 51 new NIS country records from recreational marinas: 12 for Malta, 10 for Cyprus, nine for Greece, six for Spain and France, five for Turkey and three for Italy, representing 32 species. Finally, we report 20 new NIS records (representing 17 species) found on recreational boat-hulls (mobile habitats), not yet found in the same marina, or in most cases, even the country. For each new NIS record, their native origin and global and Mediterranean distributions are provided, along with details of the new record. Additionally, taxonomic characters used for identification and photos of the specimens are also provided. These new NIS records should now be added to the relevant NIS databases compiled by several entities. Records of uncertain identity are also discussed, to assess the probability of valid non-indigenous status.}, }
@article {pmid29083229, year = {2017}, author = {McElroy, DJ and Hochuli, DF and Doblin, MA and Murphy, RJ and Blackburn, RJ and Coleman, RA}, title = {Effect of copper on multiple successional stages of a marine fouling assemblage.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {33}, number = {10}, pages = {904-916}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2017.1384468}, pmid = {29083229}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Animals ; Biofilms/*drug effects ; Biofouling/*prevention &amp; control ; Copper/*pharmacology ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/drug effects/physiology ; Paint ; Photosynthesis/*drug effects ; }, abstract = {Copper based paints are used to prevent fouling on the hulls of ships. The widely documented effect of copper on hull assemblages may be primarily due to direct effects on the invertebrates themselves or indirect effects from copper absorbed into the microbial biofilm before settlement has commenced. Artificial units of habitat were exposed to varied regimes of copper to examine (1) the photosynthetic efficiency and pigments of early-colonising biofilms, and (2) subsequent macroinvertebrate assemblage change in response to the different regimes of copper. Macroinvertebrate assemblages were found to be less sensitive to the direct effects of copper than indirect effects as delivered through biofilms that have been historically exposed to copper, with some species more tolerant than others. This raises further concern for the efficacy of copper as a universal antifoulant on the hulls of ships, which may continue to assist the invasion of copper-tolerant invertebrate species.}, }
@article {pmid29080772, year = {2017}, author = {Martínez-Rondán, FJ and Ruiz de Ybáñez, MR and Tizzani, P and López-Beceiro, AM and Fidalgo, LE and Martínez-Carrasco, C}, title = {The American mink (Neovison vison) is a competent host for native European parasites.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {247}, number = {}, pages = {93-99}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.10.004}, pmid = {29080772}, issn = {1873-2550}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Helminths/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Male ; Mink/*parasitology ; Parasites/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Population Dynamics ; Prevalence ; }, abstract = {The American mink (Neovison vison) is a mustelid native to North America that was introduced in Europe and the former USSR for fur farming. Throughout the last century, accidental or deliberate escapes of mink from farms caused the establishment of stable feral populations. In fact, the American mink is considered an invasive alien species in 28 European countries. The present study evaluates the gastrointestinal and cardiopulmonary helminth fauna of the American mink in Galicia (NW Spain) to understand its role as a potential reservoir for parasites affecting other autochthonous mustelids. In the period 2008-2014, fifty American mink (35 males and 15 females) of different ages (22 immature and 28 adults) from the provinces of Lugo, Ourense and Pontevedra were captured and sacrificed. Eight parasite species were found (6 nematodes and 2 trematodes) with the following prevalences: Molineus patens (68%), Aonchotheca putorii (54%), Crenosoma melesi (10%), Aonchotheca annulosa (8%), Angiostrongylus daskalovi (6%), Aelurostrongylus spp. (2%), Troglotrema acutum (2%) and an unidentified trematode (2%). Eighty-two per cent of the mink harboured helminths, including 15 animals (30%) infected by only one parasite species, 19 (38%) by two species, 5 (10%) by three species and 2 mink (4%) by four species. All helminth species identified are native to European mustelids. Statistical models were used to evaluate if animal characteristics (age, sex and weight), date and capture area influenced the prevalence, intensity or parasite richness. Statistical differences were detected only in models for intensity of M. patens, A. putorii and C. melesi. This is the first report of Angiostrongylus daskalovi, a cardiopulmonary nematode, and A. annulosa, a gastrointestinal nematode specific of rodents, in American mink. Moreover, although the fluke T. acutum has already been cited in American mink, to our knowledge, the present study represents the first report of this trematode in the lung.}, }
@article {pmid29080375, year = {2018}, author = {Gotcha, N and Terblanche, JS and Nyamukondiwa, C}, title = {Plasticity and cross-tolerance to heterogeneous environments: divergent stress responses co-evolved in an African fruit fly.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {98-110}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.13201}, pmid = {29080375}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Drosophila/*physiology ; *Environment ; Stress, Physiological/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Plastic adjustments of physiological tolerance to a particular stressor can result in fitness benefits for resistance that might manifest not only in that same environment but also be advantageous when faced with alternative environmental stressors, a phenomenon termed 'cross-tolerance'. The nature and magnitude of cross-tolerance responses can provide important insights into the underlying genetic architecture, potential constraints on or versatility of an organism's stress responses. In this study, we tested for cross-tolerance to a suite of abiotic factors that likely contribute to setting insect population dynamics and geographic range limits: heat, cold, desiccation and starvation resistance in adult Ceratitis rosa following acclimation to all these isolated individual conditions prior to stress assays. Traits of stress resistance scored included critical thermal (activity) limits, chill coma recovery time (CCRT), heat knockdown time (HKDT), desiccation and starvation resistance. In agreement with other studies, we found that acclimation to one stress typically increased resistance for that same stress experienced later in life. A more novel outcome, however, is that here we also found substantial evidence for cross-tolerance. For example, we found an improvement in heat tolerance (critical thermal maxima, CTmax) following starvation or desiccation hardening and improved desiccation resistance following cold acclimation, indicating pronounced cross-tolerance to these environmental stressors for the traits examined. We also found that two different traits of the same stress resistance differed in their responsiveness to the same stress conditions (e.g. HKDT was less cross-resistant than CTmax). The results of this study have two major implications that are of broader importance: (i) that these traits likely co-evolved to cope with diverse or simultaneous stressors, and (ii) that a set of common underlying physiological mechanisms might exist between apparently divergent stress responses in this species. This species may prove to be a valuable model for future work on the evolutionary and mechanistic basis of cross-tolerance.}, }
@article {pmid29079812, year = {2017}, author = {Depetris-Chauvin, A and Galagovsky, D and Chevalier, C and Maniere, G and Grosjean, Y}, title = {Olfactory detection of a bacterial short-chain fatty acid acts as an orexigenic signal in Drosophila melanogaster larvae.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {14230}, pmid = {29079812}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {311403/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Appetite/*drug effects ; Bacteria/*metabolism ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Drosophila Proteins/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*drug effects/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Fatty Acids, Volatile/biosynthesis/*pharmacology ; Feeding Behavior/drug effects ; Larva/*drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Propionates/pharmacology ; Smell/*drug effects ; Survival Analysis ; }, abstract = {Microorganisms inhabiting fermenting fruit produce chemicals that elicit strong behavioral responses in flies. Depending on their ecological niche, individuals confer a positive or a negative valence to a chemical and, accordingly, they trigger either attractive or repulsive behaviors. We studied the case of bacterial short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) that trigger opposite behaviors in adult and larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. We determined that SCFA-attractive responses depend on two larval exclusive chemoreceptors, Or30a and Or94b. Of those SCFA, propionic acid improves larval survival in suboptimal rearing conditions and supports growth. Olfactory detection of propionic acid specifically is sufficient to trigger feeding behaviors, and this effect requires the correct activity of Or30a[+] and Or94b[+] olfactory sensory neurons. Additionally, we studied the case of the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii that lives on undamaged ripe fruit with less SCFA production. Contrary to D. melanogaster, D. suzukii larvae show reduced attraction towards propionic acid, which does not trigger feeding behavior in this invasive species. Our results demonstrate the relevance of propionic acid as an orexigenic signal in D. melanogaster larvae. Moreover, this study underlines that the changes on ecological niche are accompanied with alterations of olfactory preferences and vital olfactory driven behaviors.}, }
@article {pmid29079302, year = {2018}, author = {Noè, S and Badalamenti, F and Bonaviri, C and Musco, L and Fernández, TV and Vizzini, S and Gianguzza, P}, title = {Food selection of a generalist herbivore exposed to native and alien seaweeds.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {129}, number = {2}, pages = {469-473}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.015}, pmid = {29079302}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Caulerpa/growth &amp; development ; Food Preferences/*physiology ; Herbivory/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Paracentrotus/*physiology ; *Seaweed/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Understanding which factors influence the invasion of alien seaweed has become a central concern in ecology. Increasing evidence suggests that the feeding preferences of native herbivores influence the success of alien seaweeds in the new community. We investigated food selection of a generalist native grazer Paracentrotus lividus, in the presence of two alien seaweeds (Caulerpa cylindracea and Caulerpa taxifolia var. distichophylla) and two native seaweeds (Dictyopteris membranacea and Cystoseira compressa). Sea urchins were fed with six experimental food items: C. cylindracea, C. taxifolia var. distichophylla, a mixture of C. cylindracea and C. taxifolia var. distichophylla, D. membranacea, C. compressa and a mixture of D. membranacea and C. compressa. P. lividus ingested all the combinations of food offered, though it preferentially consumed the alien mixture, C. cylindracea and D. membranacea. The alien C. taxifolia var. distichophylla was consumed significantly less than the other food items and, interestingly, it was ingested in a greater amount when mixed with C. cylindracea than when on its own. This finding suggests that C. taxifolia var. distichophylla may become vulnerable to sea urchin grazing when it grows intermingled with C. cylindracea, which does not gain immediate protection from the presence of the very low palatable congeneric seaweed. The present study highlights the potential role of native grazers to indirectly affect the interspecific competition between the two alien seaweeds in the Mediterranean Sea.}, }
@article {pmid29078071, year = {2017}, author = {Xu, Y and Li, AJ and Li, K and Qin, J and Li, H}, title = {Effects of glyphosate-based herbicides on survival, development and growth of invasive snail (Pomacea canaliculata).}, journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {193}, number = {}, pages = {136-143}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.10.011}, pmid = {29078071}, issn = {1879-1514}, mesh = {Animals ; Glycine/*analogs &amp; derivatives/toxicity ; Herbicides/*toxicity ; Introduced Species ; Snails/*drug effects/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {This study tests the hypotheses that whether environmental relevance of glyphosate would help control spread of the invasive snail Pomacea canaliculata, or benefit its population growth worldwide. Our results showed that glyphosate induced acute toxicity to the snail only at high concentrations (96h LC50 at 175mg/L) unlikely to occur in the environment. Long-term exposures to glyphosate at sublethal levels (20 and 120mg/L) caused inhibition of food intake, limitation of growth performance and alterations in metabolic profiles of the snail. It is worth noting that glyphosate at 2mg/L benefited growth performance in P. canaliculata. Chronic exposures of glyphosate significantly enhanced overall metabolic rate and altered catabolism from protein to carbohydrate/lipid mode. Cellular responses in enzyme activities showed that the exposed snails could increase tolerance by their defense system against glyphosate-induced oxidative stress, and adjustment of metabolism to mitigate energy crisis. Our study displayed that sublethal concentrations of glyphosate might be helpful in control of the invasive species by food intake, growth performance and metabolic interruption; whether environmental relevance of glyphosate (≤2mg/L) benefits population growth of P. canaliculata is still inconclusive, which requires further field study.}, }
@article {pmid29078044, year = {2018}, author = {Bogdziewicz, M and Bonal, R and Espelta, JM and Kalemba, EM and Steele, MA and Zwolak, R}, title = {Invasive oaks escape pre-dispersal insect seed predation and trap enemies in their seeds.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {228-237}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12285}, pmid = {29078044}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Feeding Behavior ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Lipids/analysis ; *Moths ; Plant Proteins/analysis ; Poland ; Quercus/*physiology ; Seed Dispersal ; Seeds/chemistry/*physiology ; Tannins/analysis ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {Species introduced to habitats outside their native range often escape control by their natural enemies. Besides competing with native species, an alien species might also affect the native herbivores by introducing a new source of different quality food. Here, we describe the case of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) invasion in Europe. We collected data on insect (moth Cydia spp. and weevil Curculio spp.) seed predation of northern red oak in its native (USA, North America) and invasive (Poland, Europe) range, as well as for sessile oaks (Quercus petrea) in Europe. We also evaluated the quality of acorns as hosts for weevil larvae by collecting infested acorns and measuring weevil developmental success, and quantifying acorn traits such as seed mass, tannins, lipids and protein concentration. We used DNA barcoding to identify insects to the species level. The predation by moths was similar and very low in both species and in both ranges. However, red oaks escape pre-dispersal seed predation by weevils in Europe. Weevil infestation rates of northern red oak acorns in their invasive range were 10 times lower than that of sessile oaks, and also 10 times lower than that of red oaks in North America. Furthermore, even when weevils oviposited into northern red oaks, the larvae failed to develop, suggesting that the exotic host created a trap for the insect. This phenomenon might gradually decrease the local abundance of the seed predator, and further aid the invasion.}, }
@article {pmid29076524, year = {2017}, author = {Quiroga, S and Kacoliris, F and García, I and Povedano, H and Velasco, M and Zalba, S}, title = {Invasive rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss preying on the endangered naked characin Gymnocharacinus bergii at its thermal limits.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {91}, number = {6}, pages = {1745-1749}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13478}, pmid = {29076524}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Characidae/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Feeding Behavior ; Homing Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/*physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The expansion of the invasive rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss into the thermal headwaters of Valcheta Stream (Patagonia, Argentina) and new predation records on the endangered endemic naked characin Gymnocharacinus bergii are presented here. These findings are discussed in relation to the contemporary evolution and thermal refuges hypothesis. This study has immediate implications for the conservation of G. bergii.}, }
@article {pmid29075662, year = {2017}, author = {Spatz, DR and Zilliacus, KM and Holmes, ND and Butchart, SHM and Genovesi, P and Ceballos, G and Tershy, BR and Croll, DA}, title = {Globally threatened vertebrates on islands with invasive species.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {3}, number = {10}, pages = {e1603080}, pmid = {29075662}, issn = {2375-2548}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Breeding ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; Extinction, Biological ; Geography ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; *Vertebrates/classification ; }, abstract = {Global biodiversity loss is disproportionately rapid on islands, where invasive species are a major driver of extinctions. To inform conservation planning aimed at preventing extinctions, we identify the distribution and biogeographic patterns of highly threatened terrestrial vertebrates (classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature) and invasive vertebrates on ~465,000 islands worldwide by conducting a comprehensive literature review and interviews with more than 500 experts. We found that 1189 highly threatened vertebrate species (319 amphibians, 282 reptiles, 296 birds, and 292 mammals) breed on 1288 islands. These taxa represent only 5% of Earth's terrestrial vertebrates and 41% of all highly threatened terrestrial vertebrates, which occur in <1% of islands worldwide. Information about invasive vertebrates was available for 1030 islands (80% of islands with highly threatened vertebrates). Invasive vertebrates were absent from 24% of these islands, where biosecurity to prevent invasions is a critical management tool. On the 76% of islands where invasive vertebrates were present, management could benefit 39% of Earth's highly threatened vertebrates. Invasive mammals occurred in 97% of these islands, with Rattus sp. as the most common invasive vertebrate (78%; 609 islands). Our results provide an important baseline for identifying islands for invasive species eradication and other island conservation actions that reduce biodiversity loss.}, }
@article {pmid29075478, year = {2017}, author = {Gross, CL and Whitehead, JD and Silveira de Souza, C and Mackay, D}, title = {Unsuccessful introduced biocontrol agents can act as pollinators of invasive weeds: Bitou Bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata) as an example.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {20}, pages = {8643-8656}, pmid = {29075478}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The extent of self-compatibility and reliance on pollinators for seed set are critical determinants of reproductive success in invasive plant species. Seed herbivores are commonly used as biocontrol agents but may also act as flower visitors, potentially resulting in pollination. However, such contrasting or potentially counterproductive interaction effects are rarely considered or evaluated for biological control programs. We investigated the breeding system and pollinators of Bitou Bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata), an invasive species in Australia that has been the subject of biocontrol programs since 1987. We found the species to be obligate outcrossing in all six populations tested. From 150 video hours, we found 21 species of potential pollinators, including Mesoclanis polana, the Bitou Seedfly, native to South Africa and released in Australia as a biocontrol agent in 1996. Mesoclanis polana transferred pollen to stigmas and was the most common pollinator (52% of pollinator visits), followed by the syrphid fly Simosyrphus grandicornis (9%) and introduced honeybee, Apis mellifera (6.5%). Fruit-to-flower ratios ranged from 0.12 to 0.45 and were highest in the population with the greatest proportion of Mesoclanis polana visits. In an experimental trial, outside the naturalized range, the native bee Homalictus sphecodoides and the native syrphid Melangyna viridiceps were the primary pollinators, and fruit-to-flower ratios were 0.35, indicating that Bitou Bush would have ready pollinators if its range expanded inland. Synthesis. Invasive Bitou Bush requires pollinators, and this is effected by a range of generalist pollinators in eastern Australia including the Bitou Seedfly, introduced as a biocontrol agent, and the major pollinator detected in this study. Fruit-to-flower ratios were highest when the Bitou Seedfly was in high abundance. This study underscores the importance of evaluating the pollination biology of invasive species in their native ranges and prior to the introduction of biocontrol agents.}, }
@article {pmid29075477, year = {2017}, author = {Epstein, G and Smale, DA}, title = {Undaria pinnatifida: A case study to highlight challenges in marine invasion ecology and management.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {20}, pages = {8624-8642}, pmid = {29075477}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Marine invasion ecology and management have progressed significantly over the last 30 years although many knowledge gaps and challenges remain. The kelp Undaria pinnatifida, or "Wakame," has a global non-native range and is considered one of the world's "worst" invasive species. Since its first recorded introduction in 1971, numerous studies have been conducted on its ecology, invasive characteristics, and impacts, yet a general consensus on the best approach to its management has not yet been reached. Here, we synthesize current understanding of this highly invasive species and adopt Undaria as a case study to highlight challenges in wider marine invasion ecology and management. Invasive species such as Undaria are likely to continue to spread and become conspicuous, prominent components of coastal marine communities. While in many cases, marine invasive species have detectable deleterious impacts on recipient communities, in many others their influence is often limited and location specific. Although not yet conclusive, Undaria may cause some ecological impact, but it does not appear to drive ecosystem change in most invaded regions. Targeted management actions have also had minimal success. Further research is needed before well-considered, evidence-based management decisions can be made. However, if Undaria was to become officially unmanaged in parts of its non-native range, the presence of a highly productive, habitat former with commercial value and a broad ecological niche, could have significant economic and even environmental benefit. How science and policy reacts to the continued invasion of Undaria may influence how similar marine invasive species are handled in the future.}, }
@article {pmid29075475, year = {2017}, author = {La Pierre, KJ and Simms, EL and Tariq, M and Zafar, M and Porter, SS}, title = {Invasive legumes can associate with many mutualists of native legumes, but usually do not.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {20}, pages = {8599-8611}, pmid = {29075475}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Mutualistic interactions can strongly influence species invasions, as the inability to form successful mutualisms in an exotic range could hamper a host's invasion success. This barrier to invasion may be overcome if an invader either forms novel mutualistic associations or finds and associates with familiar mutualists in the exotic range. Here, we ask (1) does the community of rhizobial mutualists associated with invasive legumes in their exotic range overlap with that of local native legumes and (2) can any differences be explained by fundamental incompatibilities with particular rhizobial genotypes? To address these questions, we first characterized the rhizobial communities naturally associating with three invasive and six native legumes growing in the San Francisco Bay Area. We then conducted a greenhouse experiment to test whether the invasive legume could nodulate with any of a broad array of rhizobia found in their exotic range. There was little overlap between the Bradyrhizobium communities associated with wild-grown invasive and native legumes, yet the invasive legumes could nodulate with a broad range of rhizobial strains under greenhouse conditions. These observations suggest that under field conditions in their exotic range, these invasive legumes are not currently associating with the mutualists of local native legumes, despite their potential to form such associations. However, the promiscuity with which these invading legumes can form mutualistic associations could be an important factor early in the invasion process if mutualist scarcity limits range expansion. Overall, the observation that invasive legumes have a community of rhizobia distinct from that of native legumes, despite their ability to associate with many rhizobial strains, challenges existing assumptions about how invading species obtain their mutualists. These results can therefore inform current and future efforts to prevent and remove invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid29075453, year = {2017}, author = {Lustig, A and Worner, SP and Pitt, JPW and Doscher, C and Stouffer, DB and Senay, SD}, title = {A modeling framework for the establishment and spread of invasive species in heterogeneous environments.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {20}, pages = {8338-8348}, pmid = {29075453}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Natural and human-induced events are continuously altering the structure of our landscapes and as a result impacting the spatial relationships between individual landscape elements and the species living in the area. Yet, only recently has the influence of the surrounding landscape on invasive species spread started to be considered. The scientific community increasingly recognizes the need for broader modeling framework that focuses on cross-study comparisons at different spatiotemporal scales. Using two illustrative examples, we introduce a general modeling framework that allows for a systematic investigation of the effect of habitat change on invasive species establishment and spread. The essential parts of the framework are (i) a mechanistic spatially explicit model (a modular dispersal framework-MDIG) that allows population dynamics and dispersal to be modeled in a geographical information system (GIS), (ii) a landscape generator that allows replicated landscape patterns with partially controllable spatial properties to be generated, and (iii) landscape metrics that depict the essential aspects of landscape with which dispersal and demographic processes interact. The modeling framework provides functionality for a wide variety of applications ranging from predictions of the spatiotemporal spread of real species and comparison of potential management strategies, to theoretical investigation of the effect of habitat change on population dynamics. Such a framework allows to quantify how small-grain landscape characteristics, such as habitat size and habitat connectivity, interact with life-history traits to determine the dynamics of invasive species spread in fragmented landscape. As such, it will give deeper insights into species traits and landscape features that lead to establishment and spread success and may be key to preventing new incursions and the development of efficient monitoring, surveillance, control or eradication programs.}, }
@article {pmid29072513, year = {2018}, author = {Palanisamy, SK and Thomas, OP and P McCormack, G}, title = {Bio-invasive ascidians in Ireland: A threat for the shellfish industry but also a source of high added value products.}, journal = {Bioengineered}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {55-60}, pmid = {29072513}, issn = {2165-5987}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture/economics/methods ; Biofouling ; Biological Products/*isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Biomass ; Disinfectants/pharmacology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Ireland ; Larva/drug effects/*physiology ; Shellfish/*parasitology ; Urochordata/drug effects/*physiology ; }, abstract = {In October 2016, a rapid assessment survey of ascidian species was conducted in shellfish farms at Killary Fjord, in the west of Ireland. Two non-indigenous solitary ascidians Ascidiella aspersa and Corella eumoyta were recorded for the first time in shellfish farms at this location. Both invasive ascidians have the potential to greatly reduce mussel production in Killary Fjord by competing with shellfish for food and habitat. Their high abundance also causes an increase in maintenance costs leading to economic losses for aquaculture farmers. Prompted by our finding of two invasive ascidians in Killary Fjord, we provide a brief review of the ecological role of ascidians and the potential of harnessing biomass from such invasive species for the production of high added value marine natural products.}, }
@article {pmid29072335, year = {2017}, author = {Detogne, N and Ferreguetti, &#xc1;C and Mello, JHF and Santana, MC and da Conceição Dias, A and da Mota, NCJ and Esteves da Cruz Gonçalves, A and de Souza, CP and Bergallo, HG}, title = {Spatial distribution of buffy-tufted-ear (Callithrix aurita) and invasive marmosets (Callithrix spp.) in a tropical rainforest reserve in southeastern Brazil.}, journal = {American journal of primatology}, volume = {79}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ajp.22718}, pmid = {29072335}, issn = {1098-2345}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Brazil ; Callithrix/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Rainforest ; }, abstract = {We investigated the spatial distribution of native and invasive marmoset species (Callithrix), as well as their hybrids, in the Serra dos Órgãos National Park (PARNASO) and surrounding area in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. To estimate occupancy and the detection probability, we surveyed 56 sites within the park and 52 sites outside its limits using vocal playbacks, as well as by interviewing local residents in the surrounding area. We estimated the occupancy and detection probability of Callithrix aurita and the observed groups composed of Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. We also recorded the presence or absence of mixed groups of native and exotic species, and their hybrids. We recorded similar occupancy rates and detection probabilities for both native and invasive species within the national park. C. aurita was found more often within the areas of the park located furthest from access roads and with the least human interference, while invasive species were more likely to be found along the edge of the park and in areas with greater human interference. In the area surrounding the park, invasive marmosets were recorded at seven sites, and a mixed group of native and invasive marmosets was observed at one site, but non-hybrid C. aurita groups were not recorded. The occupancy probability of C. aurita in the study area is relatively low, which may indicate a low population density, with groups restricted to a small region within the PARNASO in the proximity of groups of invasive marmosets.}, }
@article {pmid29070818, year = {2017}, author = {Eritja, R and Palmer, JRB and Roiz, D and Sanpera-Calbet, I and Bartumeus, F}, title = {Direct Evidence of Adult Aedes albopictus Dispersal by Car.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {14399}, pmid = {29070818}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Aedes ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Automobiles ; Cities ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Mosquito Vectors ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Whereas the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) has low active dispersal capabilities, its worldwide colonization has been rapid. Indirect evidence and informal reports have long implicated passive transportation in cars, but this has not previously been studied systematically given the difficulties of real-time roadside surveys. Here we report the first sampling study confirming that adult tiger mosquitoes travel with humans in cars and enabling us to estimate the frequency of these events. We combine the results with citizen science data to model the car-facilitated dispersal of Aedes albopictus at a nationwide level. During the summer of 2015, we sampled 770 cars in north-eastern Spain, discovering 4 adult female tiger mosquitoes that had entered cars prior to sampling. Our Bayesian model suggests that of the 6.5 million daily car trips in the Barcelona metropolitan area, between 13,000 and 71,500 facilitate tiger mosquito movement, and that Barcelona is the largest source of inter-province tiger mosquito transfers in Spain. Our results are supported by expert-validated citizen science data, and will contribute to better understanding the tiger mosquito's invasion process and ultimately lead to more effective vector control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid29070787, year = {2017}, author = {Marie, AD and Smith, S and Green, AJ and Rico, C and Lejeusne, C}, title = {Transcriptomic response to thermal and salinity stress in introduced and native sympatric Palaemon caridean shrimps.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {13980}, pmid = {29070787}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Palaemonidae/*genetics ; Salinity ; *Salt Stress ; *Temperature ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Organisms develop local adaptations to cope with spatially and temporally variable environments such as estuarine habitats, where abiotic parameters such as salinity and temperature fluctuate continuously. Studying the regulation of gene expression in a variable environment allows us to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of these adaptations and the relative roles of the genetic and plastic response. The transcriptomes of the European native Palaemon longirostris (PL) and the introduced P. macrodactylus (PM) shrimps are described and compared after an experiment simulating summer conditions in the Guadalquivir Estuary, Spain. Specimens, collected in the Guadalquivir Estuary, were maintained at a temperature and salinity of 20 °C and 5 ppt for the control, and 30 °C and 15 ppt for the stress treatment. A large amount of differential gene expression was observed: 16,013 and 2,594 for PL and PM respectively. Functionally annotated unigenes revealed some differences, with PL seemingly having to face stronger physiological stress than PM. Thus, PM seems to have greater resistance than PL under conditions of high temperature and salinity. These results constitute a step forward in the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of genetic adaptation of native invertebrates, and alien taxa that have successfully invaded estuaries in temperate regions around the world.}, }
@article {pmid29069536, year = {2018}, author = {Dias, ACC and Serra, AC and Sampaio, DS and Borba, EL and Bonetti, AM and Oliveira, PE}, title = {Unexpectedly high genetic diversity and divergence among populations of the apomictic Neotropical tree Miconia albicans.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {244-251}, doi = {10.1111/plb.12654}, pmid = {29069536}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Brazil ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Melastomataceae/*genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Trees/*genetics ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Since tropical trees often have long generation times and relatively small reproductive populations, breeding systems and genetic variation are important for population viability and have consequences for conservation. Miconia albicans is an obligate, diplosporous, apomictic species widespread in the Brazilian Cerrado, the savanna areas in central Brazil and elsewhere in the Neotropics. The genetic variability would be, theoretically, low within these male-sterile and possibly clonal populations, although some variation would be expected due to recombination during restitutional meiosis. We used ISSR markers to assess genetic diversity of M. albicans and to compare with other tropical trees, including invasive species of Melastomataceae. A total of 120 individuals from six populations were analysed using ten ISSR primers, which produced 153 fully reproducible fragments. The populations of M. albicans presented mean Shannon's information index (I) of 0.244 and expected heterozygosity (He) of 0.168. Only two pairs of apparently clonal trees were identified, and genetic diversity was relatively high. A hierarchical amova for all ISSR datasets showed that 74% of the variance was found among populations, while only 26% of the variance was found within populations of this species. Multivariate and Bayesian analyses indicated marked separation between the studied populations. The genetic diversity generated by restitutional meiosis, polyploidy and possibly other genome changes may explain the morpho-physiological plasticity and the ability of these plants to differentiate and occupy such a wide territory and different environmental conditions. Producing enormous amounts of bird-dispersed fruits, M. albicans possess weedy potential that may rival other Melastomataceae alien invaders.}, }
@article {pmid29069361, year = {2017}, author = {Kistner, EJ}, title = {Climate Change Impacts on the Potential Distribution and Abundance of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) With Special Reference to North America and Europe.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {6}, pages = {1212-1224}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvx157}, pmid = {29069361}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Canada ; *Climate Change ; Europe ; Heteroptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Seasons ; Temperature ; United States ; }, abstract = {The invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål; Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), has recently emerged as a harmful pest of horticultural crops in North America and Europe. Native to East Asia, this highly polyphagous insect is spreading rapidly worldwide. Climate change will add further complications to managing this species in terms of both geographic distribution and population growth. This study used CLIMEX to compare potential H. halys distribution under recent and future climate models using one emission scenario (A2) with two different global circulation models, CSIRO Mk3.0 and MIROC-H. Simulated changes in seasonal phenology and voltinism were examined. Under the possible future climate scenarios, suitable range in Europe expands northward. In North America, the suitable H. halys range shifts northward into Canada and contracts from its southern temperature range limits in the United States due to increased heat stress. Prolonged periods of warm temperatures resulted in longer H. halys growing seasons. However, future climate scenarios indicated that rising summer temperatures decrease H. halys growth potential compared to recent climatic conditions, which in turn, may reduce mid-summer crop damage. Climate change may increase the number of H. halys generations produced annually, thereby enabling the invasive insect to become multivoltine in the northern latitudes of North America and Europe where it is currently reported to be univoltine. These results indicate prime horticultural production areas in Europe, the northeastern United States, and southeastern Canada are at greatest risk from H. halys under both current and possible future climates.}, }
@article {pmid29069333, year = {2017}, author = {Li, YH and Ahmed, MZ and Li, SJ and Lv, N and Shi, PQ and Chen, XS and Qiu, BL}, title = {Plant-mediated horizontal transmission of Rickettsia endosymbiont between different whitefly species.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fix138}, pmid = {29069333}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Gossypium/*microbiology ; Hemiptera/*microbiology/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Plant Leaves/microbiology ; Rickettsia/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {A growing number of studies have revealed the presence of closely related endosymbionts in phylogenetically distant arthropods, indicating horizontal transmission of these bacteria. Here we investigated the interspecific horizontal transmission of Rickettsia between two globally invasive whitefly species, Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 and B. tabaci MED, via cotton plants. We found both scattered and confined distribution patterns of Rickettsia in these whiteflies. After entering cotton leaves, Rickettsia was restricted to the leaf phloem vessels and could be taken up by both species of the Rickettsia-free whitefly adults, but only the scattered pattern was observed in the recipient whiteflies. Both the relative quantity of Rickettsia and the efficiency of transmitting Rickettsia into cotton leaves were significantly higher in MEAM1 females than in MED females. The retention time of Rickettsia transmitted from MEAM1 into cotton leaves was at least 5 days longer than that of MED. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA and gltA genes confirmed that the Rickettsia extracted from the donor MEAM1, the cotton leaves, the recipient MEAM1 and the recipient MED were all identical. We conclude that cotton plants can mediate horizontal transmission of Rickettsia between different insect species, and that the transmission dynamics of Rickettsia vary with different host whitefly species.}, }
@article {pmid29068708, year = {2018}, author = {Leskey, TC and Nielsen, AL}, title = {Impact of the Invasive Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in North America and Europe: History, Biology, Ecology, and Management.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {63}, number = {}, pages = {599-618}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043226}, pmid = {29068708}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Europe ; Feeding Behavior ; *Heteroptera ; Insect Control ; *Introduced Species ; Life History Traits ; North America ; }, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive pentatomid introduced from Asia into the United States, Canada, multiple European countries, and Chile. In 2010, BMSB populations in the mid-Atlantic United States reached outbreak levels and subsequent feeding severely damaged tree fruit as well as other crops. Significant nuisance issues from adults overwintering inside homes were common. BMSB is a highly polyphagous species with a strong dispersal capacity and high reproductive output, potentially enabling its spread and success in invaded regions. A greater understanding of BMSB biology and ecology and its natural enemies, the identification of the male-produced aggregation pheromone, and the recognition that BMSB disperses into crops from adjacent wooded habitats have led to the development of behavior-based integrated pest management (IPM) tactics. Much is still unknown about BMSB, and continued long-term collaborative studies are necessary to refine crop-specific IPM programs and enhance biological control across invaded landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid29065185, year = {2017}, author = {Cao, L and Damborenea, C and Penchaszadeh, PE and Darrigran, G}, title = {Gonadal cycle of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in Pampean streams (Southern Neotropical Region).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {e0186850}, pmid = {29065185}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Corbicula/*physiology ; Environmental Monitoring ; Gonads/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Rivers ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Corbicula fluminea is an aggressive invasive species of bivalve that arrived into the Río de la Plata River between the late 60's and early 70's, and dispersed widely throughout the Neotropical region, evidencing a great adaptive flexibility to different environmental conditions. This species is a functional hermaphrodite with larval incubation inside the inner demibranch. Despite its widespread distribution, there are no previous studies of complete gonadal histology and reproductive cycle for this species in the Neotropical region. In this study, the reproductive dynamics of C. fluminea in a temperate region, the Santa Catalina Pampean stream, Argentina, is described. Samples of 20-30 individuals were collected monthly from April 2003-April 2005 and processed using traditional histological techniques. During the two years of this study, seven spawning events were recognized. Three major spawns occurred in spring and summer, and other four minor ones during summer and autumn. Events of oocyte recovery were observed after spawning. A high number of incubating individuals was detected. The results stressed the difficulty of identifying a particular pattern of gamete release and of spawning behaviour in this invasive species, especially when inhabiting an unstable environment.}, }
@article {pmid29063195, year = {2017}, author = {Tavakol, S and Halajian, A and Smit, WJ and Hoffman, A and Luus-Powell, WJ}, title = {Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) introducing an alien parasite, Camallanus cotti (Nematoda: Camallanidae) to Africa, the first report.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {116}, number = {12}, pages = {3441-3445}, pmid = {29063195}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Poecilia/*parasitology ; South Africa ; Spiruroidea/classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Introduced alien fish species and their associated parasites may result in a serious threat to indigenous biodiversity. Furthermore, this may have negative impacts on cultured fish as well as on native parasitic fauna. In the present study, the invasive Asian nematode, Camallanus cotti Fujita, 1927 (Nematoda: Camallanidae), is reported from the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) for the first time in Africa. This parasite is assumed to be introduced into Africa along with the introduction of exotic poeciliid fishes, which are known to be the most common hosts of C. cotti in ornamental fish industry worldwide.The presence of this parasite in both aquarium-cultured fish as well as fish from natural waterbodies is evidence of the introduction of the alien organisms due to insufficient prophylactic veterinary control during transfer of non-native hosts between countries and the spread of them by the anthropogenic introduction to natural systems.}, }
@article {pmid29062114, year = {2017}, author = {Guzzetti, L and Galimberti, A and Bruni, I and Magoni, C and Ferri, M and Tassoni, A and Sangiovanni, E and Dell'Agli, M and Labra, M}, title = {Bioprospecting on invasive plant species to prevent seed dispersal.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {13799}, pmid = {29062114}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Bioprospecting/*methods ; Birds ; *Ecosystem ; Fruit/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; *Seed Dispersal ; }, abstract = {The most anthropized regions of the world are characterized by an impressive abundance of invasive plants, which alter local biodiversity and ecosystem services. An alternative strategy to manage these species could be based on the exploitation of their fruits in a framework of bioprospecting to obtain high-added value compounds or phytocomplexes that are useful for humans. Here we tested this hypothesis on three invasive plants (Lonicera japonica Thunb., Phytolacca americana L., and Prunus serotina Ehrh.) in the Po plain (northern Italy) which bear fruits that are highly consumed by frugivorous birds and therefore dispersed over large distances. Our biochemical analyses revealed that unripe fruit shows high antioxidant properties due to the presence of several classes of polyphenols, which have a high benchmark value on the market. Fruit collection for phytochemical extraction could really prevent seed dispersal mediated by frugivorous animals and produce economic gains to support local management actions.}, }
@article {pmid29058976, year = {2018}, author = {McNew, SM and Clayton, DH}, title = {Alien Invasion: Biology of Philornis Flies Highlighting Philornis downsi, an Introduced Parasite of Galápagos Birds.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {63}, number = {}, pages = {369-387}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043103}, pmid = {29058976}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/genetics/immunology/*parasitology ; Ecuador ; Genetic Fitness ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Insect Control ; *Introduced Species ; Muscidae/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The muscid genus Philornis comprises approximately 50 described species of flies, nearly all of which are obligate parasites of nestling birds. Philornis species are native to the Neotropics and widely distributed from Florida to Argentina. Most research on this group has focused on P. downsi, which was introduced to the Galápagos Islands in the late twentieth century. Although Philornis parasitism kills nestlings in several native host species, nowhere do the effects seem more severe than in P. downsi in the Galápagos. Here, we review studies of native and introduced Philornis in an attempt to identify factors that may influence virulence and consider implications for the conservation of hosts in the Galápagos.}, }
@article {pmid29058026, year = {2018}, author = {Dowdall, J and LeBlanc, V and Lutscher, F}, title = {Invasion pinning in a periodically fragmented habitat.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, pages = {55-78}, pmid = {29058026}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions can cause great damage to existing ecosystems around the world. Most landscapes in which such invasions occur are heterogeneous. To evaluate possible management options, we need to understand the interplay between local growth conditions and individual movement behaviour. In this paper, we present a geometric approach to studying pinning or blocking of a bistable travelling wave, using ideas from the theory of symmetric dynamical systems. These ideas are exploited to make quantitative predictions about how spatial heterogeneities in dispersal and/or reproduction rates contribute to halting biological invasion fronts in reaction-diffusion models with an Allee effect. Our theoretical predictions are confirmed using numerical simulations, and their ecological implications are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid29057612, year = {2017}, author = {Huang, X and Li, S and Ni, P and Gao, Y and Jiang, B and Zhou, Z and Zhan, A}, title = {Rapid response to changing environments during biological invasions: DNA methylation perspectives.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {23}, pages = {6621-6633}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14382}, pmid = {29057612}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Animals ; *DNA Methylation ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Salinity ; Temperature ; Urochordata/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Dissecting complex interactions between species and their environments has long been a research hot spot in the fields of ecology and evolutionary biology. The well-recognized Darwinian evolution has well-explained long-term adaptation scenarios; however, "rapid" processes of biological responses to environmental changes remain largely unexplored, particularly molecular mechanisms such as DNA methylation that have recently been proposed to play crucial roles in rapid environmental adaptation. Invasive species, which have capacities to successfully survive rapidly changing environments during biological invasions, provide great opportunities to study molecular mechanisms of rapid environmental adaptation. Here, we used the methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) technique in an invasive model ascidian, Ciona savignyi, to investigate how species interact with rapidly changing environments at the whole-genome level. We detected quite rapid DNA methylation response: significant changes of DNA methylation frequency and epigenetic differentiation between treatment and control groups occurred only after 1 hr of high-temperature exposure or after 3 hr of low-salinity challenge. In addition, we detected time-dependent hemimethylation changes and increased intragroup epigenetic divergence induced by environmental stresses. Interestingly, we found evidence of DNA methylation resilience, as most stress-induced DNA methylation variation maintained shortly (~48 hr) and quickly returned back to the control levels. Our findings clearly showed that invasive species could rapidly respond to acute environmental changes through DNA methylation modifications, and rapid environmental changes left significant epigenetic signatures at the whole-genome level. All these results provide fundamental background to deeply investigate the contribution of DNA methylation mechanisms to rapid contemporary environmental adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid29055070, year = {2018}, author = {McClelland, GTW and Altwegg, R and van Aarde, RJ and Ferreira, S and Burger, AE and Chown, SL}, title = {Climate change leads to increasing population density and impacts of a key island invader.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {212-224}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1642}, pmid = {29055070}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Diet ; *Ecosystem ; *Invertebrates ; Islands ; *Mice ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {The considerable threats of invasive rodents to island biodiversity are likely to be compounded by climate change. Forecasts for such interactions have been most pronounced for the Southern Ocean islands where ameliorating conditions are expected to decrease thermal and resource restrictions on rodents. Firm evidence for changing rodent populations in response to climate change, and demonstrations of associated impacts on the terrestrial environment, are nonetheless entirely absent for the region. Using data collected over three decades on sub-Antarctic Marion Island, we tested empirically whether mouse populations have changed through time and whether these changes can be associated significantly with changing abiotic conditions. Changes in invertebrate populations, which have previously been attributed to mouse predation, but with little explicit demographic analysis, were also examined to determine whether they can be associated with changing mouse populations. The total number of mice on the island at annual peak density increased by 430.0% between 1979-1980 and 2008-2011. This increase was due to an advanced breeding season, which was robustly related to the number of precipitation-free days during the non-breeding season. Mice directly reduced invertebrate densities, with biomass losses of up to two orders of magnitude in some habitats. Such invertebrate declines are expected to have significant consequences for ecosystem processes over the long term. Our results demonstrate that as climate change continues to create ameliorating conditions for invasive rodents on sub-Antarctic islands, the severity of their impacts will increase. They also emphasize the importance of rodent eradication for the restoration of invaded islands.}, }
@article {pmid29054652, year = {2018}, author = {Larios, AD and Pulicharla, R and Brar, SK and Cledón, M}, title = {Filter feeders increase sedimentation of titanium dioxide: The case of zebra mussels.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {618}, number = {}, pages = {746-752}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.150}, pmid = {29054652}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Chlorella ; Dreissena/*physiology ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Metal Nanoparticles/*analysis ; Quebec ; Titanium/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Titanium dioxide particles (TiO2) are widely used to produce whitens (titanium white) and different class of nanomaterials (semiconductors, photo catalysts and nanotubes). Nanomaterials are excellent adsorbents and catalysts with a wide range of applications. However, these are reported to induce biological and genetic alterations among several invertebrate groups. Invasive species such as zebra mussels can be used as model organisms to study the behavior of particles and nanoparticles (NPs) due to their wide distribution; mussels have been extensively used for monitoring water pollution. In the present study, TiO2 particles were dispersed and added to a Chlorella culture to emulate a natural scenario. To study the reaction of zebra mussels to different TiO2 concentrations, they were fed with 0.35, 0.7 and 3.5 mgTiO2/L of the suspension for 3days and the titanium was measured in the water column, mussels and sediments with ICP-AES. Zebra mussels obtained from the Port of Quebec had up 61.62mgTi/kg wet tissue at the time of capture. After 10days of depuration, they had from 0.23 to 16.28mgTi/kg wet tissue. Mussels accumulated TiO2 after 36h of exposition as a function of TiO2 concentration, but mussels did not present significant mortality due to TiO2 toxicity until concentrations higher than 0.7ppm. A second set of experiments was run to understand the TiO2 pathway attached to microalgae vs free TiO2. Results indicated that mussels accumulated slightly more Ti when it was mixed with microalgae. However, the statistical difference was non- significant. A 100 times higher accumulation of Ti in sediments was identified when mussels are present. Thus, it was concluded that the sedimentation of TiO2 is enhanced by the zebra mussels' filtration activity.}, }
@article {pmid29054645, year = {2018}, author = {Lazzaro, L and Mazza, G and d'Errico, G and Fabiani, A and Giuliani, C and Inghilesi, AF and Lagomarsino, A and Landi, S and Lastrucci, L and Pastorelli, R and Roversi, PF and Torrini, G and Tricarico, E and Foggi, B}, title = {How ecosystems change following invasion by Robinia pseudoacacia: Insights from soil chemical properties and soil microbial, nematode, microarthropod and plant communities.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {622-623}, number = {}, pages = {1509-1518}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.017}, pmid = {29054645}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Nematoda ; Plants ; Robinia/*growth &amp; development ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a global threat to biodiversity. Since the spread of invasive alien plants may have many impacts, an integrated approach, assessing effects across various ecosystem components, is needed for a correct understanding of the invasion process and its consequences. The nitrogen-fixing tree Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust) is a major invasive species worldwide and is used in forestry production. While its effects on plant communities and soils are well known, there have been few studies on soil fauna and microbes. We investigated the impacts of the tree on several ecosystem components, using a multi-trophic approach to combine evidence of soil chemical properties and soil microbial, nematode, microarthropod and plant communities. We sampled soil and vegetation in managed forests, comparing those dominated by black locust with native deciduous oak stands. We found qualitative and quantitative changes in all components analysed, such as the well-known soil nitrification and acidification in stands invaded by black locust. Bacterial richness was the only component favoured by the invasion. On the contrary, abundance and richness of microarthropods, richness of nematodes, and richness and diversity of plant communities decreased significantly in invaded stands. The invasion process caused a compositional shift in all studied biotic communities and in relationships between the different ecosystem components. We obtained clear insights into the effects of invasion of managed native forests by black locust. Our data confirms that the alien species transforms several ecosystem components, modifying the plant-soil community and affecting biodiversity at different levels. Correct management of this aggressive invader in temperate forests is urgently required.}, }
@article {pmid29054117, year = {2018}, author = {Zanolla, M and Altamirano, M and Carmona, R and De la Rosa, J and Souza-Egipsy, V and Sherwood, A and Tsiamis, K and Barbosa, AM and Muñoz, AR and Andreakis, N}, title = {Assessing global range expansion in a cryptic species complex: insights from the red seaweed genus Asparagopsis (Florideophyceae).}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {12-24}, doi = {10.1111/jpy.12598}, pmid = {29054117}, issn = {1529-8817}, mesh = {DNA, Algal/analysis ; DNA, Mitochondrial/analysis ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Phylogeography ; *Plant Dispersal ; Rhodophyta/genetics/*physiology ; Seaweed/genetics/*physiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The mitochondrial genetic diversity, distribution and invasive potential of multiple cryptic operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the red invasive seaweed Asparagopsis were assessed by studying introduced Mediterranean and Hawaiian populations. Invasive behavior of each Asparagopsis OTU was inferred from phylogeographic reconstructions, past historical demographic dynamics, recent range expansion assessments and future distributional predictions obtained from demographic models. Genealogical networks resolved Asparagopsis gametophytes and tetrasporophytes into four A. taxiformis and one A. armata cryptic OTUs. Falkenbergia isolates of A. taxiformis L3 were recovered for the first time in the western Mediterranean Sea and represent a new introduction for this area. Neutrality statistics supported past range expansion for A. taxiformis L1 and L2 in Hawaii. On the other hand, extreme geographic expansion and an increase in effective population size were found only for A. taxiformis L2 in the western Mediterranean Sea. Distribution models predicted shifts of the climatically suitable areas and population expansion for A. armata L1 and A. taxiformis L1 and L2. Our integrated study confirms a high invasive risk for A. taxiformis L1 and L2 in temperate and tropical areas. Despite the differences in predictions among modelling approaches, a number of regions were identified as zones with high invasion risk for A. taxiformis L2. Since range shifts are likely climate-driven phenomena, future invasive behavior cannot be excluded for the rest of the lineages.}, }
@article {pmid29053358, year = {2017}, author = {Chapuis, E and Lamy, T and Pointier, JP and Juillet, N and Ségard, A and Jarne, P and David, P}, title = {Bioinvasion Triggers Rapid Evolution of Life Histories in Freshwater Snails.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {190}, number = {5}, pages = {694-706}, doi = {10.1086/693854}, pmid = {29053358}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Guadeloupe ; *Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; Ponds ; Population Growth ; Snails/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions offer interesting situations for observing how novel interactions between closely related, formerly allopatric species may trigger phenotypic evolution in situ. Assuming that successful invaders are usually filtered to be competitively dominant, invasive and native species may follow different trajectories. Natives may evolve traits that minimize the negative impact of competition, while trait shifts in invasives should mostly reflect expansion dynamics, through selection for colonization ability and transiently enhanced mutation load at the colonization front. These ideas were tested through a large-scale common-garden experiment measuring life-history traits in two closely related snail species, one invasive and one native, co-occurring in a network of freshwater ponds in Guadeloupe. We looked for evidence of recent evolution by comparing uninvaded or recently invaded sites with long-invaded ones. The native species adopted a life history favoring rapid population growth (i.e., increased fecundity, earlier reproduction, and increased juvenile survival) that may increase its prospects of coexistence with the more competitive invader. We discuss why these effects are more likely to result from genetic change than from maternal effects. The invader exhibited slightly decreased overall performances in recently colonized sites, consistent with a moderate expansion load resulting from local founder effects. Our study highlights a rare example of rapid life-history evolution following invasion.}, }
@article {pmid29051999, year = {2018}, author = {Babalola, OO and Van Wyk, JH}, title = {Comparative Early Life Stage Toxicity of the African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis Following Exposure to Selected Herbicide Formulations Applied to Eradicate Alien Plants in South Africa.}, journal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {75}, number = {1}, pages = {8-16}, doi = {10.1007/s00244-017-0463-0}, pmid = {29051999}, issn = {1432-0703}, support = {k5/1932//Water Research Commision/ ; }, mesh = {Aminobutyrates/toxicity ; Animals ; Diquat/toxicity ; Ecotoxicology/methods ; Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects ; Female ; Glycine/analogs &amp; derivatives/toxicity ; Herbicides/*toxicity ; Imidazoles/toxicity ; Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Male ; Niacin/analogs &amp; derivatives/toxicity ; South Africa ; Xenopus laevis/*embryology/*growth &amp; development ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {The rise in pesticides application has increased the need for better understanding of their ecological impacts. The global amphibian declines, for example, have been positively correlated with pesticides use. The differential susceptibility in the developmental stages of amphibians to chemical substances are still largely unknown. We examined the 96-h differential toxicity responses of embryos, premetamorphic and transitional larval stage of Xenopus laevis, to six formulated aquatic herbicide products containing the active ingredients of diquat dibromide (Midstream), glufosinate ammonium (Basta), imazapyr (Arsenal), and three glyphosate formulations (Roundup, Kilo Max, and Environ Glyphosate). The results showed the premetamorphic stage as the most sensitive to the herbicides toxicity. This study confirmed that the developmental stage at which amphibian are exposed to contaminants is critical to their survival and that the chemical contamination hypothesis of the global decline of amphibians should continue to be considered. This establishment of the premetamorphic larval as sensitive toxicity representative for all developmental stages of X. laevis means that this stage could be used more extensively in pesticides toxicity assessments.}, }
@article {pmid29045676, year = {2017}, author = {Huang, Y and Ao, Y and Jiang, M}, title = {Reproductive Plasticity of an Invasive Insect Pest, Rice Water Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {6}, pages = {2381-2387}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox274}, pmid = {29045676}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Female ; Introduced Species ; *Oviposition ; Reproduction ; Weevils/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Reproductive plasticity is a key determinant of species invasiveness. However, there are a limited number of studies addressing this issue in exotic insects. The rice water weevil Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), which is native to North America, is one of the most invasive insect pests in east Asia. In this study, we investigated the reproductive status of first-generation females (progeny of overwintered weevils) from five geographic regions in southern and northern China in the field, and reproductive status and ovipositional features of females provided with suitable host plants in the laboratory after collection. Under field conditions, a proportion of females oviposited, while the rest remained in diapause from all three southern regions investigated, but reproductive development did not take place in females from the two northern regions, where the weevil produces only one generation per year. However, when fed host plants in the laboratory, females from all regions laid eggs. They typically had a very short ovipositional period (3-6 d on average on rice at a temperature of 27°C), laid a low number of eggs, and did not die soon after oviposition; this was different from common reproductive females. We concluded that first-generation L. oryzophilus females, which largely enter diapause after emergence, are highly plastic in their reproductive performance and are ready to reproduce under favorable conditions. Our results indicate the significance of their reproductive plasticity for geographic spread and population development.}, }
@article {pmid29043054, year = {2017}, author = {Prather, CM and Huynh, A and Pennings, SC}, title = {Woody structure facilitates invasion of woody plants by providing perches for birds.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {19}, pages = {8032-8039}, pmid = {29043054}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Woody encroachment threatens prairie ecosystems globally, and thus understanding the mechanisms that facilitate woody encroachment is of critical importance. Coastal tallgrass prairies along the Gulf Coast of the US are currently threatened by the spread of several species of woody plants. We studied a coastal tallgrass prairie in Texas, USA, to determine if existing woody structure increased the supply of seeds from woody plants via dispersal by birds. Specifically, we determined if (i) more seedlings of an invasive tree (Tridacia sebifera) are present surrounding a native woody plant (Myrica cerifera); (ii) wooden perches increase the quantity of seeds dispersed to a grassland; and (iii) perches alter the composition of the seed rain seasonally in prairie habitats with differing amounts of native and invasive woody vegetation, both underneath and away from artificial wooden perches. More T. sebifera seedlings were found within M. cerifera patches than in graminoid-dominated areas. Although perches did not affect the total number of seeds, perches changed the composition of seed rain to be less dominated by grasses and forbs. Specifically, 20-30 times as many seeds of two invasive species of woody plants were found underneath perches independent of background vegetation, especially during months when seed rain was highest. These results suggest that existing woody structure in a grassland can promote further woody encroachment by enhancing seed dispersal by birds. This finding argues for management to reduce woody plant abundance before exotic plants set seeds and argues against the use of artificial perches as a restoration technique in grasslands threatened by woody species.}, }
@article {pmid29043038, year = {2017}, author = {Granot, I and Shenkar, N and Belmaker, J}, title = {Habitat niche breadth predicts invasiveness in solitary ascidians.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {19}, pages = {7838-7847}, pmid = {29043038}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {A major focus of invasion biology is understanding the traits associated with introduction success. Most studies assess these traits in the invaded region, while only few compare nonindigenous species to the pool of potential invaders in their native region. We focused on the niche breadth hypothesis, commonly evoked but seldom tested, which states that generalist species are more likely to become introduced as they are capable of thriving under a wide set of conditions. Based on the massive introduction of tropical species into the Mediterranean via the Suez Canal (Lessepsian migration), we defined ascidians in the Red Sea as the pool of potential invaders. We constructed unique settlement plates, each representing six different niches, to assess ascidian niche breadth, and deployed them in similar habitats in the native and invaded regions. For each species found on plates, we evaluated its abundance, relative abundance across successional stages, and niche breadth, and then compared (1) species in the Red Sea known to have been introduced into the Mediterranean (Lessepsian species) and those not known from the Mediterranean (non-Lessepsian); and (2) nonindigenous and indigenous species in the Mediterranean. Lessepsian species identified on plates in the Red Sea demonstrated wider niche breadth than non-Lessepsian species, supporting the niche breadth hypothesis within the native region. No differences were found between Lessepsian and non-Lessepsian species in species abundance and successional stages. In the Mediterranean, nonindigenous species numerically dominated the settlement plates. This precluded robust comparisons of niche breadth between nonindigenous and indigenous species in the invaded region. In conclusion, using Red Sea ascidians as the pool of potential invaders, we found clear evidence supporting the niche breadth hypothesis in the native region. We suggest that such patterns may often be obscured when conducting trait-based studies in the invaded regions alone. Our findings indicate that quantifying the niche breadth of species in their native regions will improve estimates of invasiveness potential.}, }
@article {pmid29043035, year = {2017}, author = {Arnold, C and Bachmann, O and Schnitzler, A}, title = {Insights into the Vitis complex in the Danube floodplain (Austria).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {19}, pages = {7796-7806}, pmid = {29043035}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {European grapevine populations quickly disappeared from most of their range, massively killed by the spread of North American grapevine pests and diseases. Nowadays taxonomic pollution represents a new threat. A large Vitis complex involves escaped cultivars, rootstocks, and wild grapevines. The study aimed to provide insight into the Vitis complex in the Danube region through field and genetic analyses. Among the five other major rivers in Europe which still host wild grapevine populations, the Danube floodplain is the only one benefiting from an extensive protected forest area (93 km[2]) and an relatively active dynamic flood pulse. The Donau-Auen National Park also regroups the largest wild grapevine population in Europe. Ninety-two percent of the individuals collected in the park were true wild grapevines, and 8% were hybrids and introgressed individuals of rootstocks, wild grapevines, and cultivars. These three groups are interfertile acting either as pollen donor or receiver. Hybrids were established within and outside the dykes, mostly in anthropized forest edges. The best-developed individuals imply rootstock genes. They establish in the most erosive parts of the floodplain. 42% of the true wild grapevines lived at the edges of forest/meadow, 33.3% at the edges forest/channels, and 23.9% in forest gaps. DBH (Diameter Breast Height) varied significantly with the occurrence of flooding. Clones were found in both true wild and hybrids/introgressed grapevines. The process of cloning seemed to be prevented in places where flooding dynamics is reduced. The current global distribution of true wild grapevines shows a strong tendency toward clustering, in sites where forestry practices were the most extensive. However, the reduced flooding activity is a danger for long-term sustainability of the natural wild grapevine population.}, }
@article {pmid29043025, year = {2017}, author = {Baltazar-Soares, M and Paiva, F and Chen, Y and Zhan, A and Briski, E}, title = {Diversity and distribution of genetic variation in gammarids: Comparing patterns between invasive and non-invasive species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {19}, pages = {7687-7698}, pmid = {29043025}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Biological invasions are worldwide phenomena that have reached alarming levels among aquatic species. There are key challenges to understand the factors behind invasion propensity of non-native populations in invasion biology. Interestingly, interpretations cannot be expanded to higher taxonomic levels due to the fact that in the same genus, there are species that are notorious invaders and those that never spread outside their native range. Such variation in invasion propensity offers the possibility to explore, at fine-scale taxonomic level, the existence of specific characteristics that might predict the variability in invasion success. In this work, we explored this possibility from a molecular perspective. The objective was to provide a better understanding of the genetic diversity distribution in the native range of species that exhibit contrasting invasive propensities. For this purpose, we used a total of 784 sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA-COI) collected from seven Gammaroidea, a superfamily of Amphipoda that includes species that are both successful invaders (Gammarus tigrinus, Pontogammarus maeoticus, and Obesogammarus crassus) and strictly restricted to their native regions (Gammarus locusta, Gammarus salinus, Gammarus zaddachi, and Gammarus oceanicus). Despite that genetic diversity did not differ between invasive and non-invasive species, we observed that populations of non-invasive species showed a higher degree of genetic differentiation. Furthermore, we found that both geographic and evolutionary distances might explain genetic differentiation in both non-native and native ranges. This suggests that the lack of population genetic structure may facilitate the distribution of mutations that despite arising in the native range may be beneficial in invasive ranges. The fact that evolutionary distances explained genetic differentiation more often than geographic distances points toward that deep lineage divergence holds an important role in the distribution of neutral genetic diversity.}, }
@article {pmid29043020, year = {2017}, author = {O'Loughlin, LS and Green, PT}, title = {Secondary invasion: When invasion success is contingent on other invaders altering the properties of recipient ecosystems.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {19}, pages = {7628-7637}, pmid = {29043020}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Positive interactions between exotic species may increase ecosystem-level impacts and potentially facilitate the entry and spread of other exotic species. Invader-facilitated invasion success-"secondary invasion"-is a key conceptual aspect of the well-known invasional meltdown hypothesis, but remains poorly defined and empirically underexplored. Drawing from heuristic models and published empirical studies, we explore this form of "secondary invasion" and discuss the phenomenon within the recognized conceptual framework of the determinants of invasion success. The term "secondary invasion" has been used haphazardly in the literature to refer to multiple invasion phenomena, most of which have other more accepted titles. Our usage of the term secondary invasion is akin to "invader-facilitated invasion," which we define as the phenomenon in which the invasion success of one exotic species is contingent on the presence, influence, and impacts of one or more other exotic species. We present case studies of secondary invasion whereby primary invaders facilitate the entry or establishment of exotic species into communities where they were previously excluded from becoming invasive. Our synthesis, discussion, and conceptual framework of this type of secondary invasion provides a useful reference to better explain how invasive species can alter key properties of recipient ecosystems that can ultimately determine the invasion success of other species. This study increases our appreciation for complex interactions following invasion and highlights the impacts of invasive species themselves as possible determinants of invasion success. We anticipate that highlighting "secondary invasion" in this way will enable studies reporting similar phenomena to be identified and linked through consistent terminology.}, }
@article {pmid29043018, year = {2017}, author = {Vidal-García, M and Keogh, JS}, title = {Invasive cane toads are unique in shape but overlap in ecological niche compared to Australian native frogs.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {19}, pages = {7609-7619}, pmid = {29043018}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive species are an important issue worldwide but predicting invasiveness, and the underlying mechanisms that cause it, is difficult. There are several primary hypotheses to explain invasion success. Two main hypothesis based on niche spaces stand out as alternative, although not exclusive. The empty niche hypothesis states that invaders occupy a vacant niche space in the recipient community, and the niche competition hypothesis states that invaders overlap with native species in niche space. Studies on trait similarity/dissimilarity between the invader and native species can provide information on their niche overlap. Here, we use the highly invasive and well-studied cane toad (Rhinella marina) to test these two hypotheses in Australia, and assess its degree of overlap with native species in several niche dimensions. We compare extensive morphological and environmental data of this successful invader to 235 species (97%) of native Australian frogs. Our study is the first to document the significant morphological differences between the invasive cane toad and a continent-wide frog radiation: despite significant environmental overlap, cane toads were distinct in body size and shape from most Australian frog species, suggesting that in addition to their previously documented phenotypic plasticity and wide environmental and trophic niche breadth, their unique shape also may have contributed to their success as an invasive species in Australia. Thus, the invasive success of cane toads in Australia may be explained through them successfully colonizing an empty niche among Australian anurans. Our results support that the cane toad's distinct morphology may have played a unique role in the invasiveness of this species in Australia, which coupled with a broad environmental niche breadth, would have boosted their ability to expand their distribution across Australia. We also propose RLLR (Relative limb length ratio) as a potentially useful measure of identifying morphological niche uniqueness and a potential measure of invasiveness potential in anuran amphibians.}, }
@article {pmid29042261, year = {2018}, author = {Grant-Guillén, Y and Nogueda-Torres, B and Gascón-Sánchez, J and Goicochea-Del Rosal, G and Martínez-Ibarra, JA}, title = {Biology of the introduced species Triatoma lecticularia (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) to northwestern Mexico, under laboratory conditions.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {177}, number = {}, pages = {194-199}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.10.011}, pmid = {29042261}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Animals ; Chagas Disease/*transmission ; Disease Vectors ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages/*physiology ; Mexico ; Nymph/*physiology ; Triatoma/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The first record of Triatoma lecticularia out of its reported distribution area together with the brief description of the said area is provided in this paper. In addition, some biological parameters related to hatching of eggs, life cycle and feeding and defecation behaviors for each instar of one population of T. lecticularia from its previously reported distribution area (PR) and for each instar of that introduced recently found population (IS) of this species were evaluated and compared. Twenty-eight specimens were collected from IS, mostly (64.29%) from peridomestic areas (mainly chicken coops). No significant (p>0.05) differences were recorded between the two studied cohorts in their average time to hatch, which was close to 19days. The median egg-to-adult development time, the number of blood meals at each nymphal, the instar mortality rates and median time-lapse for beginning of feeding were significantly (p<0.05) shorter for the IS cohort. Median feeding time was higher in PR. Defecation delay was shorter than 10min in both studied cohorts. Given these results, the introduced recently found population of T. lecticularia could be considered an important potential vector of Trypanosoma cruzi to human populations and could replace main triatomine species on its new distribution area.}, }
@article {pmid29040730, year = {2018}, author = {Alto, BW and Wiggins, K and Eastmond, B and Ortiz, S and Zirbel, K and Lounibos, LP}, title = {Diurnal Temperature Range and Chikungunya Virus Infection in Invasive Mosquito Vectors.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, pages = {217-224}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjx182}, pmid = {29040730}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Aedes/*virology ; Animals ; Chikungunya virus/*physiology ; Circadian Rhythm ; Extremities/virology ; Female ; Florida ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/virology ; Saliva/virology ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Climate strongly influences the geographic distribution and timing of mosquito-borne disease outbreaks. Environmental temperature affects phenotypic traits of mosquitoes including vector competence for arboviruses mediated by changes in infection, extrinsic incubation period and in rates of transmission. Most experiments, however, are done at constant temperatures. In nature, mosquitoes are more likely to experience daily fluctuations in temperature. Here we compare disseminated infection (leg infection) and saliva infection of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) from Florida following oral exposure to an Asian genotype of chikungunya virus emergent in the Americas. We evaluated experimentally the effect of variable temperature regimens on disseminated infection and saliva infection of these Aedes species. Each of three temperature regimes had approximately the same average temperature (27-28°C), but differed in the magnitude of the diurnal temperature range (DTR). The large DTR was 8.0°C (range 23-31°C) and the small DTR was 4.0°C (range 26-30°C) which approximate ranges in different locations of Florida during July-October when risk of transmission is highest. The constant temperature was set at 27°C. Testing three geographic populations of each mosquito species, significant effects on disseminated infection were detected for an interaction between temperature regime and geographic population for both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. There were no significant treatment effects of temperature, geographic population, or temperature by geographic population interaction on saliva infection for either mosquito species. Constant temperature resulted in a higher viral load in the saliva of Ae. albopictus, but not Ae. aegypti, compared to conditions where the temperature fluctuated.}, }
@article {pmid29038863, year = {2017}, author = {Larson, CD and Lehnhoff, EA and Rew, LJ}, title = {A warmer and drier climate in the northern sagebrush biome does not promote cheatgrass invasion or change its response to fire.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {185}, number = {4}, pages = {763-774}, pmid = {29038863}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Artemisia/*physiology ; Biomass ; Bromus/*physiology ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Montana ; Seasons ; Wildfires ; }, abstract = {Dryland shrub communities have been degraded by a range of disturbances and now face additional stress from global climate change. The spring/summer growing season of the North American sagebrush biome is projected to become warmer and drier, which is expected to facilitate the expansion of the invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) and alter its response to fire in the northern extent of the biome. We tested these predictions with a factorial experiment with two levels of burning (spring burn and none) and three climate treatments (warming, warming + drying, and control) that was repeated over 3 years in a Montana sagebrush steppe. We expected the climate treatments to make B. tectorum more competitive with the native perennial grass community, especially Pseudoroegneria spicata, and alter its response to fire. Experimental warming and warming + drying reduced B. tectorum cover, biomass, and fecundity, but there was no response to fire except for fecundity, which increased; the native grass community was the most significant factor that affected B. tectorum metrics. The experimental climate treatments also negatively affected P. spicata, total native grass cover, and community biodiversity, while fire negatively affected total native grass cover, particularly when climate conditions were warmer and drier. Our short-term results indicate that without sufficient antecedent moisture and a significant disruption to the native perennial grass community, a change in climate to a warmer and drier spring/summer growing season in the northern sagebrush biome will not facilitate B. tectorum invasion or alter its response to fire.}, }
@article {pmid29038013, year = {2018}, author = {Boardman, L and Mitchell, KA and Terblanche, JS and Sørensen, JG}, title = {A transcriptomics assessment of oxygen-temperature interactions reveals novel candidate genes underlying variation in thermal tolerance and survival.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {106}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {179-188}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.10.005}, pmid = {29038013}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster/*metabolism ; Male ; Mortality ; Oxygen/*physiology ; Phenotype ; *Stress, Physiological ; *Thermotolerance ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {While single stress responses are fairly well researched, multiple, interactive stress responses are not-despite the obvious importance thereof. Here, using D. melanogaster, we investigated the effects of simultaneous exposures to low O2 (hypoxia) and varying thermal conditions on mortality rates, estimates of thermal tolerance and the transcriptome. We used combinations of 21 (normoxia), 10 or 5kPa O2 with control (23°C), cold (4°C) or hot (31°C) temperature exposures before assaying chill coma recovery time (CCRT) and heat knock down time (HKDT) as measures of cold and heat tolerance respectively. We found that mortality was significantly affected by temperature, oxygen partial pressure (PO2) and the interaction between the two. Cold treatments resulted in low mortality (<5%), regardless of PO2 treatment; while hot treatments resulted in higher mortality (∼20%), especially at 5kPa O2 which was lethal for most flies (∼80%). Both CCRT and HKDT were significantly affected by temperature, but not PO2, of the treatments, and the interaction of temperature and PO2 was non-significant. Hot treatments led to significantly longer CCRT, and shorter HKDT in comparison to cold treatments. Global gene expression profiling provided the first transcriptome level response to the combined stress of PO2 and temperature, showing that stressful treatments resulted in higher mortality and induced transcripts that were associated with protein kinases, catabolic processes (proteases, hydrolases, peptidases) and membrane function. Several genes and pathways that may be responsible for the protective effects of combined PO2 and cold treatments were identified. We found that urate oxidase was upregulated in all three cold treatments, regardless of the PO2. Small heat shock proteins Hsp22 and Hsp23 were upregulated after both 10 and 21kPa O2-hot treatments. Collectively, the data from PO2-hot treatments suggests that hypoxia does exacerbate heat stress, through an as yet unidentified mechanism. Hsp70B and an unannotated transcript (CG6733) were significantly differentially expressed after 5kPa O2-cold and 10kPa O2-hot treatments relative to their controls. Downregulation of these transcripts was correlated with reduced thermal tolerance (longer CCRT and shorter HKDT), suggesting that these genes may be important candidates for future research.}, }
@article {pmid29036923, year = {2017}, author = {Lepe, A and Kaplan, V and Arreaza, A and Szpanderfer, R and Bristol, D and Sinclair, MS}, title = {Environmental Impact and Relative Invasiveness of Free-Roaming Domestic Carnivores-a North American Survey of Governmental Agencies.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {29036923}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {A survey of the United States and Canadian governmental agencies investigated the environmental impact and relative invasiveness of free-roaming domestic non-native carnivores-dogs, cats, and ferrets. Agencies represented wildlife, fish, game, natural or environmental resources, parks and recreation, veterinary and human health, animal control, and agriculture. Respondents were asked to document the number and frequency of sightings of unconfined animals, evidence for environmental harm, and the resulting "degree of concern" in their respective jurisdictions. Results confirmed the existence of feral (breeding) cats and dogs, documenting high levels of concern regarding the impact of these animals on both continental and surrounding insular habitats. Except for occasional strays, no free-roaming or feral ferrets were reported; nor were there reports of ferrets impacting native wildlife, including ground-nesting birds, or sensitive species. This is the first study to report the relative impact of free-roaming domestic carnivores. Dogs and cats meet the current definition of "invasive" species, whereas ferrets do not. Differences in how each species impacts the North American environment highlights the complex interaction between non-native species and their environment. Public attitudes and perceptions regarding these species may be a factor in their control and agency management priorities.}, }
@article {pmid29036210, year = {2017}, author = {Williams, MR and Stedtfeld, RD and Engle, C and Salach, P and Fakher, U and Stedtfeld, T and Dreelin, E and Stevenson, RJ and Latimore, J and Hashsham, SA}, title = {Isothermal amplification of environmental DNA (eDNA) for direct field-based monitoring and laboratory confirmation of Dreissena sp.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {e0186462}, pmid = {29036210}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/*genetics ; Dreissena/*genetics ; *Environment ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Introduced Species ; *Laboratories ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/*methods ; Pilot Projects ; Time Factors ; Water ; }, abstract = {Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of aquatic invasive species environmental DNA (AIS eDNA) was used for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of Dreissena sp. relevant to the Great Lakes (USA) basin. The method was validated for two uses including i) direct amplification of eDNA using a hand filtration system and ii) confirmation of the results after DNA extraction using a conventional thermal cycler run at isothermal temperatures. Direct amplification eliminated the need for DNA extraction and purification and allowed detection of target invasive species in grab or concentrated surface water samples, containing both free DNA as well as larger cells and particulates, such as veligers, eggs, or seeds. The direct amplification method validation was conducted using Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena bugensis and uses up to 1 L grab water samples for high target abundance (e.g., greater than 10 veligers (larval mussels) per L for Dreissena sp.) or 20 L samples concentrated through 35 μm nylon screens for low target abundance, at less than 10 veligers per liter water. Surface water concentrate samples were collected over a period of three years, mostly from inland lakes in Michigan with the help of a network of volunteers. Field samples collected from 318 surface water locations included i) filtered concentrate for direct amplification validation and ii) 1 L grab water sample for eDNA extraction and confirmation. Though the extraction-based protocol was more sensitive (resulting in more positive detections than direct amplification), direct amplification could be used for rapid screening, allowing for quicker action times. For samples collected between May and August, results of eDNA direct amplification were consistent with known presence/absence of selected invasive species. A cross-platform smartphone application was also developed to disseminate the analyzed results to volunteers. Field tests of the direct amplification protocol using a portable device (Gene-Z) showed the method could be used in the field to obtain results within one hr (from sample to result). Overall, the direct amplification has the potential to simplify the eDNA-based monitoring of multiple aquatic invasive species. Additional studies are warranted to establish quantitative correlation between eDNA copy number, veliger, biomass or organismal abundance in the field.}, }
@article {pmid29033654, year = {2017}, author = {Knapp, S and Sagona, E and Carbonell, AKZ and Chiarini, F}, title = {A revision of the Solanum elaeagnifolium clade (Elaeagnifolium clade; subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae).}, journal = {PhytoKeys}, volume = {}, number = {84}, pages = {1-104}, pmid = {29033654}, issn = {1314-2011}, abstract = {The Solanum elaeagnifolium clade (Elaeagnifolium clade) contains five species of small, often rhizomatous, shrubs from deserts and dry forests in North and South America. Members of the clade were previously classified in sections Leprophora, Nycterium and Lathyrocarpum, and were not thought to be closely related. The group is sister to the species-rich monophyletic Old World clade of spiny solanums. The species of the group have an amphitropical distribution, with three species in Mexico and the southwestern United States and three species in Argentina. Solanum elaeagnifolium occurs in both North and South America, and is a noxious invasive weed in dry areas worldwide. Members of the group are highly variable morphologically, and this variability has led to much synonymy, particularly in the widespread S. elaeagnifolium. We here review the taxonomic history, morphology, relationships and ecology of these species and provide keys for their identification, descriptions, full synonymy (including designations of lectotypes) and nomenclatural notes. Illustrations, distribution maps and preliminary conservation assessments are provided for all species.}, }
@article {pmid29033007, year = {2017}, author = {Gewing, MT and López-Legentil, S and Shenkar, N}, title = {Anthropogenic factors influencing invasive ascidian establishment in natural environments.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {131}, number = {}, pages = {236-242}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.10.001}, pmid = {29033007}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Urochordata/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Marine environments are constantly impacted by bioinvasions. Invasive ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata) are well-known for their ability to rapidly overgrow any available substrate. While the majority of studies have investigated the factors contributing to the successful establishment of ascidians on artificial substrates, the anthropogenic factors that contribute to such establishment on natural substrates have rarely been investigated. Here, we studied non-indigenous ascidians presence on natural substrate for the first time, using underwater field surveys at eight natural sites along the Israeli Mediterranean coast, in order to provide an analysis of factors assisting their establishment. The findings revealed that sites exposed to extended sewage-spill events experimented a reduction in native ascidian species. Understanding which factors alter ascidian population is essential for further monitoring efforts, to protect areas that are more susceptible to invasion, and for developing effective management tools to control further spread of invasive species in natural environments.}, }
@article {pmid29032497, year = {2017}, author = {Kampen, H and Schuhbauer, A and Walther, D}, title = {Emerging mosquito species in Germany-a synopsis after 6 years of mosquito monitoring (2011-2016).}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {116}, number = {12}, pages = {3253-3263}, pmid = {29032497}, issn = {1432-1955}, support = {2810HS022//German Federal Office for Agriculture and Food/ ; 2819104615//German Federal Office for Agriculture and Food/ ; 2819104115//German Federal Office for Agriculture and Food/ ; 1362/1-982//Robert-Koch-Institute/ ; }, mesh = {*Aedes/classification ; Animals ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Germany ; Male ; }, abstract = {Globalisation and climate change are the main drivers of invasion of non-endemic regions by mosquitoes. Mass transportation of people, animals and goods facilitate accidental long-distance displacement while climate warming supports active spread and establishment of thermophilic species. In the framework of a mosquito-monitoring programme, eight non-indigenous culicid species have been registered in Germany since 2011, with four of them being more or less efficient vectors of disease agents and another four now considered established. The eight newly emerged species include Aedes albopictus, Ae. japonicus, Ae. aegypti, Ae. koreicus, Ae. berlandi, Ae. pulcritarsis, Anopheles petragnani and Culiseta longiareolata. We here review recent findings and at the same time present new findings of specimens of non-native mosquito species in Germany.}, }
@article {pmid29031561, year = {2017}, author = {Pestana, LB and Dias, GM and Marques, AC}, title = {A century of introductions by coastal sessile marine invertebrates in Angola, South East Atlantic Ocean.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {125}, number = {1-2}, pages = {426-432}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.041}, pmid = {29031561}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Angola ; Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Atlantic Ocean ; Introduced Species/*trends ; *Invertebrates ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {South Atlantic studies referring to non-native taxa are mostly restricted to Argentinean, Brazilian, and South African coasts. In this study we examined the literature to provide a list of sessile marine invertebrates along the Angolan coast, to infer its introduction status according to their biogeographical distribution and natural history. We reported 29 non-native and 7 cryptogenic species, a small number when compared to other South Atlantic regions of similar extension. Half of the non-native species were reported for Luanda. The majority of the introduced species had a northern hemisphere origin, a consequence of the main introduction route being from the North Atlantic/Mediterranean Sea during the Portuguese colonization. This is the first comprehensive assessment of this kind for the Angolan coast and the diversity of introduced species is certainly underestimated. Regular and rigorous assessments and monitoring of introduced marine species will help to understand the vectors, routes and time of introductions.}, }
@article {pmid29030999, year = {2018}, author = {Dai, TM and Lü, ZC and Wang, YS and Liu, WX and Hong, XY and Wan, FH}, title = {Molecular characterizations of DNA methyltransferase 3 and its roles in temperature tolerance in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean.}, journal = {Insect molecular biology}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {123-132}, doi = {10.1111/imb.12354}, pmid = {29030999}, issn = {1365-2583}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cold Temperature ; DNA Modification Methylases/*genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Heat-Shock Response/*genetics ; Hemiptera/genetics/*physiology ; Hot Temperature ; Insect Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Alignment ; }, abstract = {The Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED) cryptic species is an invasive pest, distributed worldwide, with high ecological adaptability and thermotolerance. DNA methylation (a reversible chromatin modification) is one possible change that may occur within an organism subjected to environmental stress. To assess the effects of temperature stress on DNA methyltransferase 3 (Dnmt3) in MED, we cloned and sequenced BtDnmt3 and identified its functions in response to high and low temperatures. The full-length cDNA of BtDnmt3 was 3913 bp, with an open reading frame of 1962 bp, encoding a 73.89 kDa protein. In situ hybridization showed that BtDnmt3 was expressed mainly in the posterior region. BtDnmt3 messenger RNA expression levels were significantly down-regulated after exposure to heat shock and significantly up-regulated after exposure to cold shock. Furthermore, after feeding on double-stranded RNA specific for BtDnmt3, both heat resistance and cold resistance were significantly decreased, suggesting that BtDnmt3 is associated with thermal stress response and indicating a differential response to high- and low-temperature stress in MED. Together, these results highlight a potential role for DNA methylation in thermal resistance, which is a process important to successful invasion and colonization of an alien species in various environments.}, }
@article {pmid29030899, year = {2018}, author = {Wang, C and Zhou, J and Liu, J and Jiang, K and Xiao, H and Du, D}, title = {Responses of the soil fungal communities to the co-invasion of two invasive species with different cover classes.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {151-159}, doi = {10.1111/plb.12646}, pmid = {29030899}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {*Erigeron ; Fungi/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; *Soil Microbiology ; *Solidago ; }, abstract = {Soil fungal communities play an important role in the successful invasion of non-native species. It is common for two or more invasive plant species to co-occur in invaded ecosystems. This study aimed to determine the effects of co-invasion of two invasive species (Erigeron annuus and Solidago canadensis) with different cover classes on soil fungal communities using high-throughput sequencing. Invasion of E. annuus and/or S. canadensis had positive effects on the sequence number, operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness, Shannon diversity, abundance-based cover estimator (ACE index) and Chao1 index of soil fungal communities, but negative effects on the Simpson index. Thus, invasion of E. annuus and/or S. canadensis could increase diversity and richness of soil fungal communities but decrease dominance of some members of these communities, in part to facilitate plant further invasion, because high soil microbial diversity could increase soil functions and plant nutrient acquisition. Some soil fungal species grow well, whereas others tend to extinction after non-native plant invasion with increasing invasion degree and presumably time. The sequence number, OTU richness, Shannon diversity, ACE index and Chao1 index of soil fungal communities were higher under co-invasion of E. annuus and S. canadensis than under independent invasion of either individual species. The co-invasion of the two invasive species had a positive synergistic effect on diversity and abundance of soil fungal communities, partly to build a soil microenvironment to enhance competitiveness of the invaders. The changed diversity and community under co-invasion could modify resource availability and niche differentiation within the soil fungal communities, mediated by differences in leaf litter quality and quantity, which can support different fungal/microbial species in the soil.}, }
@article {pmid29030724, year = {2018}, author = {Miller, AJ and Page, RA and Bernal, XE}, title = {Exploratory behavior of a native anuran species with high invasive potential.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {55-65}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-017-1138-y}, pmid = {29030724}, issn = {1435-9456}, support = {/HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Appetitive Behavior/*physiology ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; Exploratory Behavior/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Spatial Behavior ; }, abstract = {Exploratory behavior can be a key component of survival in novel or changing environments, ultimately determining population establishment. While many studies have investigated the behavior of wild animals in response to novel food items or objects, our understanding of how they explore novel environments is limited. Here, we examine how experience affects the foraging behavior of a species with high invasive potential. In particular, we investigate the movement and behavior of cane toads as a function of experience in a novel environment, and how the presence of food modulates exploration. Cane toads, from a population in their native range, were repeatedly tested in a large, naturalistic arena with or without food present. Both groups exhibited significant but different changes in exploratory behavior. While toads in an environment without food reduced exploratory behavior over trials, those with food present increased both food intake per trial and the directness of their paths to food, resulting in fewer approaches to food patches over time. Our results suggest that cane toads learn patch location and provide preliminary evidence suggesting toads use spatial memory, not associative learning, to locate food. In sum, we show that with experience, cane toads alter their behavior to increase foraging efficiency. This study emphasizes the role of learning in foraging in cane toads, a characteristic that may have facilitated their success as invaders.}, }
@article {pmid29029761, year = {2017}, author = {Davoult, D and Surget, G and Stiger-Pouvreau, V and Noisette, F and Riera, P and Stagnol, D and Androuin, T and Poupart, N}, title = {Multiple effects of a Gracilaria vermiculophylla invasion on estuarine mudflat functioning and diversity.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {131}, number = {}, pages = {227-235}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.09.020}, pmid = {29029761}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Estuaries ; Europe ; Gracilaria/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The invasive Japanese seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla has become established over the past several years in numerous European estuaries, from Portugal to Norway. In the Faou estuary (48.295°N-4.179°W, Brittany, France), it forms a dense population at the mud's surface. The effects of G. vermiculophylla on metabolism, diversity, and the food web were studied. Community gross primary production (GPP) and respiration (CR) during emersion, chlorophyll-a content, macrofaunal and meiofaunal diversity and abundance, and stable isotopes (δ[13]C and δ[15]N) of representative macrofaunal species and main food sources were measured at low tide in winter, spring, summer 2014, and winter 2015. Results show significant seasonal variation in GPP and CR. Moreover, GPP was significantly higher in areas where G. vermiculophylla was present than in the control area (bare mud). However, this high GPP appeared to be linked to the increase in biomass in primary producers, with their efficiency (primary productivity, i.e. assimilation number) remaining relatively stable compared with the control area. Significant variation in abundance of meiofauna and macrofauna was also detected and new epifaunal species were collected, mainly in Gracilaria-colonized areas. Isotopic food-web Bayesian mixing models strongly suggested that G. vermiculophylla plays a major role in the diet of some dominant species. Mechanisms interacting with the functioning and diversity of the mudflat are discussed. Finally, the invasive seaweed G. vermiculophylla affected the mudflat ecosystem in three ways: as a new primary producer (increase in metabolism), as a habitat-forming species (changes in diversity and abundance of macrofauna and meiofauna), and as a new abundant food source, likely through the detrital pathway.}, }
@article {pmid29029589, year = {2018}, author = {Renault, D and Laparie, M and McCauley, SJ and Bonte, D}, title = {Environmental Adaptations, Ecological Filtering, and Dispersal Central to Insect Invasions.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {63}, number = {}, pages = {345-368}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043315}, pmid = {29029589}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Arachnida ; *Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Insect invasions, the establishment and spread of nonnative insects in new regions, can have extensive economic and environmental consequences. Increased global connectivity accelerates rates of introductions, while climate change may decrease the barriers to invader species' spread. We follow an individual-level insect- and arachnid-centered perspective to assess how the process of invasion is influenced by phenotypic heterogeneity associated with dispersal and stress resistance, and their coupling, across the multiple steps of the invasion process. We also provide an overview and synthesis on the importance of environmental filters during the entire invasion process for the facilitation or inhibition of invasive insect population spread. Finally, we highlight important research gaps and the relevance and applicability of ongoing natural range expansions in the context of climate change to gain essential mechanistic insights into insect invasions.}, }
@article {pmid29029273, year = {2017}, author = {Walther, D and Kampen, H}, title = {The Citizen Science Project 'Mueckenatlas' Helps Monitor the Distribution and Spread of Invasive Mosquito Species in Germany.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {54}, number = {6}, pages = {1790-1794}, pmid = {29029273}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Community Participation ; *Culicidae ; Female ; Germany ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; }, abstract = {The citizen science project 'Mueckenatlas' (mosquito atlas) was implemented in early 2012 to improve mosquito surveillance in Germany. Citizens are asked to support the spatiotemporal mapping of culicids by submitting mosquito specimens collected in their private surroundings. The Mueckenatlas has developed into an efficient tool for data collection with close to 30,000 mosquitoes submitted by the end of 2015. While the vast majority of submissions included native mosquito species, a small percentage represented invasive species. The discovery of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes koreicus (Edwards) (Diptera: Culicidae) specimens via the Mueckenatlas project prompted targeted monitoring activities in the field which produced additional information on the distribution of these species in Germany. Among others, Mueckenatlas submissions led to the detection of three populations of Ae. j. japonicus in West, North and Southeast Germany in 2012, 2013, and 2015, respectively. As demonstrated by on-site monitoring, the origins of Ae. j. japonicus specimens submitted to the Mueckenatlas mirror the distribution areas of the four presently known German populations as found by active field sampling (the fourth population already reported prior to the launch of the Mueckenatlas). The data suggest that a citizen science project such as the Mueckenatlas may aid in detecting changes in the mosquito fauna and can therefore be used to guide the design of more targeted field surveillance activities.}, }
@article {pmid29029209, year = {2017}, author = {Sim, SB and Doellman, MM and Hood, GR and Yee, WL and Powell, THQ and Schwarz, D and Goughnour, RB and Egan, SP and Jean, GS and Smith, JJ and Arcella, TE and Dzurisin, JDK and Feder, JL}, title = {Genetic Evidence for the Introduction of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) into the Northwestern United States.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {6}, pages = {2599-2608}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox248}, pmid = {29029209}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Crataegus/growth &amp; development ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Malus/growth &amp; development ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Tephritidae/*genetics/physiology ; Washington ; }, abstract = {The apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a serious quarantine pest in the apple-growing regions of central Washington and Oregon. The fly is believed to have been introduced into the Pacific Northwest via the transport of larval-infested apples near Portland, Oregon, within the last 40 yr. However, R. pomonella also attacks native black hawthorn, Crataegus douglasii Lindley (Rosales: Rosaceae), and introduced ornamental hawthorn, Crataegus monogyna Jacquin, in the region. It is, therefore, possible that R. pomonella was not introduced but has always been present on black hawthorn. If true, then the fly may have independently shifted from hawthorn onto apple in the Pacific Northwest within the last 40 yr after apples were introduced. Here, we test the introduction hypothesis through a microsatellite genetic survey of 10 R. pomonella sites in Washington and 5 in the eastern United States, as well as a comparison to patterns of genetic variation between populations of Rhagoletis cingulata Loew and Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, two sister species of cherry-infesting flies known to be native to the eastern and western United States, respectively. We report results based on genetic distance networks, patterns of allelic variation, and estimated times of population divergence that are consistent with the introduction hypothesis for R. pomonella. The results have important implications for R. pomonella management, suggesting that black hawthorn-infesting flies near commercial apple-growing regions of central Washington may harbor sufficient variation to utilize apple as an alternate host, urging careful monitoring, and possible removal of hawthorn trees near orchards.}, }
@article {pmid29029173, year = {2018}, author = {Ponce, P and Morales, D and Argoti, A and Cevallos, VE}, title = {First Report of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), the Asian Tiger Mosquito, in Ecuador.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, pages = {248-249}, pmid = {29029173}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {*Aedes ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Ecuador ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors ; }, abstract = {Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse), (Diptera: Culicidae), the Asian tiger mosquito, is one of the most widespread invasive vector-borne disease insect in tropical and temperate zones. This species has invaded the Americas over the past 3 decades and has spread to six countries. We report Ae. albopictus in Guayaquil city, the first time it has been identified in Ecuador. Outdoor BG-Sentinel traps without lures collected a total of 21 Ae. albopictus.}, }
@article {pmid29029146, year = {2017}, author = {Tembrock, LR and Farris, RE and Ledezma, L and Barr, NB and Gilligan, TM}, title = {A Real-Time PCR Assay for the Separation of Autographa gamma (Noctuidae: Plusiinae) From Morphologically Similar Species in North America.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {6}, pages = {2609-2617}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox256}, pmid = {29029146}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Moths/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; North America ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; }, abstract = {The silver Y moth, Autographa gamma L. (Noctuidae: Plusiinae), is a pest of major economic importance in its native range of Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Although not present in North America, larvae of A. gamma are commonly intercepted in commodity shipments at U.S. ports, and adult surveys are conducted each year in more than 20 states. Because of the similarity of A. gamma to several native North American species that are attracted to the same pheromone lure, morphological identification of adults is difficult and requires dissection. In 2010, a specimen of Autographa californica (Speyer, 1875) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Pennsylvania was incorrectly identified as A. gamma, signaling the need for an alternative method of rapid identification. Here we detail a real-time PCR assay capable of identifying A. gamma specimens in approximately 45 min using extracted DNA. The assay uses a hydrolysis probe that targets a species-specific segment of the CO1 DNA barcode region, while a control probe targets a conserved region of 18S rDNA. The assay was tested with two independent runs of 452 specimens of Plusiinae representing 23 different species. The assay provided unambiguous data 99.7% of the time and did not result in any false positives; these data were used to develop a rule set for interpreting the real-time PCR results. In addition, the same diagnostic probe was tested in bulk sample simulations using real-time PCR and droplet digital PCR where A. gamma could be detected in concentrations as low as 1:1,000,000 (gamma:californica). These experiments provide baseline data for developing a bulk sample assay.}, }
@article {pmid29029031, year = {2017}, author = {Wheeler, GS and Hight, SD and Wright, SA}, title = {Impact of Field Densities of the Naturalized Defoliator Caloptilia triadicae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on the Invasive Weed Chinese Tallowtree.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {6}, pages = {1305-1312}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvx148}, pmid = {29029031}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Moths/*physiology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Plant Weeds/growth &amp; development ; Population Density ; Sapium/*growth &amp; development ; Trees/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Chinese tallowtree, Triadica sebifera (L.) Small (Euphoriaceae), is one of the most aggressive weeds of coastal wetlands and forests of the southeastern United States. The lack of specialist herbivores in the invaded range may be one of the factors that contribute to the invasive nature of this weed. Chinese tallowtree has been the target of a classical biological control project since 2006. Several herbivore species are being tested for biological control of Chinese tallowtree. Concurrently, an adventive herbivore, Caloptilia triadicae Davis (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), was found feeding on Chinese tallowtree in the southeastern United States in 2004 and now occurs throughout the invaded range. Field populations of C. triadicae from two sites caused extensive mining damage to the Chinese tallowtree leaves. The greatest damage occurred after 30 d of exposure to C. triadicae in the herbivory treatment and amounted to about 25-30 leaf mines (early instars) and leaf rolls (late instars) per plant. Insecticide-treated plants had atmost 5-10 leaf mines and rolls per plant. Despite this difference, plant growth in height, number of new branches, and leaves did not differ significantly from plants protected from herbivory. Analysis of harvested plant results suggested that, in general, herbivory had little impact on biomass. However, there was a slight reduction in trunk weights in the unrestriced herbivory treatment compared with the insecticide-treated plants. Although this study exposed experimental plants to only 60 d of herbivory, these results suggested that C. triadicae alone will not exert sufficient control of invasive populations of Chinese tallowtree. Furthermore, they indicated that continued development of biological control agents that target Chinese tallowtree are needed.}, }
@article {pmid29028992, year = {2017}, author = {Knight, IA and Roberts, PM and Gardner, WA and Oliver, KM and Reay-Jones, FPF and Reisig, DD and Toews, MD}, title = {Spatial Distribution of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) Adults, Eggs and Parasitism by Paratelenomus saccharalis (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) in Soybean.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {6}, pages = {1292-1298}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvx150}, pmid = {29028992}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Georgia ; Heteroptera/growth &amp; development/*parasitology/*physiology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Hymenoptera/*physiology ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/parasitology/physiology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Seasons ; Glycine max/growth &amp; development ; Spatial Analysis ; }, abstract = {Since 2014, populations of the kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae), have declined in the southeastern United States and seldom require treatment. This decline follows the discovery of Paratelenomus saccharalis (Dodd; Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a non-native egg parasitoid. The objective of this project was to observe the temporal and spatial dynamics of P. saccharalis parasitism of kudzu bug egg masses in commercial soybean fields. Four fields were sampled weekly for kudzu bugs and egg masses at a density of one sample per 0.6 ha. Sampling commenced when soybean reached the R2 maturity stage and continued until no more egg masses were present. Responses including kudzu bugs, egg masses, and parasitism rates were analyzed using ANOVA, Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices (SADIE), and SaTScan spatial analysis software. Egg masses were collected from the field, held in the lab and monitored for emergence of kudzu bug nymphs or P. saccharalis. Kudzu bug populations were generally lower than previously reported in the literature and spatial aggregation was not consistently observed. Egg parasitism was first detected in early July and increased to nearly 40% in mid-August. Significant spatial patterns in parasitism were observed with spatio-temporal clusters being loosely associated with clusters of egg masses. There were no significant differences in parasitism rates between field margins and interiors, suggesting that P. saccharalis is an effective parasitoid of kudzu bug egg masses on a whole-field scale.}, }
@article {pmid29027374, year = {2018}, author = {Props, R and Schmidt, ML and Heyse, J and Vanderploeg, HA and Boon, N and Denef, VJ}, title = {Flow cytometric monitoring of bacterioplankton phenotypic diversity predicts high population-specific feeding rates by invasive dreissenid mussels.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {521-534}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.13953}, pmid = {29027374}, issn = {1462-2920}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics ; *Biodiversity ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Flow Cytometry ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes/microbiology ; Phenotype ; Plankton/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; }, abstract = {Species invasion is an important disturbance to ecosystems worldwide, yet knowledge about the impacts of invasive species on bacterial communities remains sparse. Using a novel approach, we simultaneously detected phenotypic and derived taxonomic change in a natural bacterioplankton community when subjected to feeding pressure by quagga mussels, a widespread aquatic invasive species. We detected a significant decrease in diversity within 1 h of feeding and a total diversity loss of 11.6 ± 4.1% after 3 h. This loss of microbial diversity was caused by the selective removal of high nucleic acid populations (29 ± 5% after 3 h). We were able to track the community diversity at high temporal resolution by calculating phenotypic diversity estimates from flow cytometry (FCM) data of minute amounts of sample. Through parallel FCM and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing analysis of environments spanning a broad diversity range, we showed that the two approaches resulted in highly correlated diversity measures and captured the same seasonal and lake-specific patterns in community composition. Based on our results, we predict that selective feeding by invasive dreissenid mussels directly impacts the microbial component of the carbon cycle, as it may drive bacterioplankton communities toward less diverse and potentially less productive states.}, }
@article {pmid29027089, year = {2018}, author = {Wu, S and Tang, L and Zhang, X and Xing, Z and Lei, Z and Gao, Y}, title = {A decade of a thrips invasion in China: lessons learned.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)}, volume = {27}, number = {7}, pages = {1032-1038}, pmid = {29027089}, issn = {1573-3017}, support = {31371942//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Insecticide Resistance ; Insecticides/*pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Thysanoptera/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is an invasive polyphagous pest with an expanding global range that damages a wide variety of crops. F. occidentalis was first reported in China from Yunnan province during 2000, and has rapidly expanded its range since then. It is currently distributed across at least 10 provinces in China and has become a particularly devastating pest, causing substantial damage and economic losses. At present, the still heavy reliance on frequent use of insecticides for control of F. occidentalis, has lead to a series of ecological problems stemming from insecticide resistance, interspecific displacement and non-target effects. Thus, integrated pest management (IPM) programmes, multiple complementary tactics, including preventive tactics, biological controls, and judicious use of insecticides will likely provide a viable IPM strategy for control of F. occidentalis in the near future. This review provides an overview for information gained during the 10+ years since the invasion of F. occidentalis into China, reviews lessons that have been learned enhancing our overall understanding of the biology and ecology of F. occidentalis and discusses IPM practices relative to this widespread invasive insect pest.}, }
@article {pmid29026996, year = {2017}, author = {Chung, M and Goulet, CT and Michelangeli, M and Melki-Wegner, B and Wong, BBM and Chapple, DG}, title = {Does personality influence learning? A case study in an invasive lizard.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {185}, number = {4}, pages = {641-651}, pmid = {29026996}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Learning/*physiology ; Lizards/*physiology ; *Personality ; }, abstract = {Learning is a change in state resulting from new experiences enabling behavioural responses to be adjusted in alignment with external cues. Individuals differ in the speed and accuracy at which they learn. Personality has been postulated as being a major influence on learning ability in terms of attention and encounter rates of environmental cues. This link forms the basis of the cognitive style hypothesis (CSH), predicting that an individual's cognitive style will occur along a fast-slow behavioural gradient. Fast types are characterised as being active, neophilic, and bold individuals who sample their environment rapidly, yet superficially, enabling learning to occur at a higher speed, but at the cost of accuracy. Slow types have the opposite suite of personality traits resulting in them being more accurate flexible learners. Greater level of learning flexibility is thought to help promote invasions success. Here, we test the predictions of the CSH in an invasive lizard (Lampropholis delicata) to determine if personality dictates learning performance in a two-phase associative task. Results indicated that the delicate skink was capable of learning an associative task but only provided partial support for the CSH. Personality was found to influence learning accuracy, however, the direction of that relationship was opposite to that predicted. Instead, fast lizards made fewer mistakes when learning to associate a colour to a goal. These findings highlight the need to further investigate the CSH across taxa and consider its potential as an underlying mechanism of the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid29026984, year = {2018}, author = {Röhl, O and Graupner, N and Peršoh, D and Kemler, M and Mittelbach, M and Boenigk, J and Begerow, D}, title = {Flooding Duration Affects the Structure of Terrestrial and Aquatic Microbial Eukaryotic Communities.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {75}, number = {4}, pages = {875-887}, pmid = {29026984}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {Pr-2013-0036//Stiftung Mercator Schweiz (CH)/ ; }, mesh = {Ammonium Compounds ; Biodiversity ; Chlorides ; Climate Change ; DNA/analysis ; Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/*classification/genetics ; *Floods ; Genes, rRNA/genetics ; *Microbiota ; Phylogeny ; Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; *Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {The increasing number and duration of inundations is reported to be a consequence of climate change and may severely compromise non-adapted macroorganisms. The effect of flooding events on terrestrial and aquatic microbial communities is, however, less well understood. They may respond to the changed abiotic properties of their native habitat, and the native community may change due to the introduction of alien species. We designed an experiment to investigate the effect of five different flooding durations on the terrestrial and aquatic communities of eukaryotic microorganism, using the AquaFlow mesocosms. With amplicon sequencing of the small subunit (SSU) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA gene regions, we analyzed community compositions directly before and after flooding. Subsequently, they were monitored for another 28 days, to determine the sustainability of community changes. Our results revealed a temporary increase in similarity between terrestrial and aquatic communities according to OTU composition (operational taxonomic unit, serves as a proxy for species). Increased similarity was mainly caused by the transmission of OTUs from water to soil. A minority of these were able to persist in soil until the end of the experiment. By contrast, the vast majority of soil OTUs was not transmitted to water. Flooding duration affected the community structure (abundance) more than composition (occurrence). Terrestrial communities responded immediately to flooding and the flooding duration influenced the community changes. Independent from flooding duration, all terrestrial communities recovered largely after flooding, indicating a remarkable resilience to the applied disturbances. Aquatic communities responded immediately to the applied inundations too. At the end of the experiment, they grouped according to the applied flooding duration and the amount of ammonium and chloride that leached from the soil. This indicates a sustained long-term response of the aquatic communities to flooding events.}, }
@article {pmid29026169, year = {2017}, author = {Sultana, S and Baumgartner, JB and Dominiak, BC and Royer, JE and Beaumont, LJ}, title = {Potential impacts of climate change on habitat suitability for the Queensland fruit fly.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {13025}, pmid = {29026169}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Queensland ; Tephritidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic climate change is a major factor driving shifts in the distributions of pests and invasive species. The Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt (Qfly), is the most economically damaging insect pest of Australia's horticultural industry, and its management is a key priority for plant protection and biosecurity. Identifying the extent to which climate change may alter the distribution of suitable habitat for Qfly is important for the development and continuation of effective monitoring programs, phytosanitary measures, and management strategies. We used Maxent, a species distribution model, to map suitable habitat for Qfly under current climate, and six climate scenarios for 2030, 2050 and 2070. Our results highlight that south-western Australia, northern regions of the Northern Territory, eastern Queensland, and much of south-eastern Australia are currently suitable for Qfly. This includes southern Victoria and eastern Tasmania, which are currently free of breeding populations. There is substantial agreement across future climate scenarios that most areas currently suitable will remain so until at least 2070. Our projections provide an initial estimate of the potential exposure of Australia's horticultural industry to Qfly as climate changes, highlighting the need for long-term vigilance across southern Australia to prevent further range expansion of this species.}, }
@article {pmid29026112, year = {2017}, author = {Maselko, M and Heinsch, SC and Chacón, JM and Harcombe, WR and Smanski, MJ}, title = {Engineering species-like barriers to sexual reproduction.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {883}, pmid = {29026112}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Actins/*genetics ; Genetic Engineering/*methods ; Proof of Concept Study ; *Reproductive Isolation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics/physiology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*genetics ; Transcriptional Activation ; }, abstract = {Controlling the exchange of genetic information between sexually reproducing populations has applications in agriculture, eradication of disease vectors, control of invasive species, and the safe study of emerging biotechnology applications. Here we introduce an approach to engineer a genetic barrier to sexual reproduction between otherwise compatible populations. Programmable transcription factors drive lethal gene expression in hybrid offspring following undesired mating events. As a proof of concept, we target the ACT1 promoter of the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a dCas9-based transcriptional activator. Lethal overexpression of actin results from mating this engineered strain with a strain containing the wild-type ACT1 promoter.Genetic isolation of a genetically modified organism represents a useful strategy for biocontainment. Here the authors use dCas9-VP64-driven gene expression to construct a 'species-like' barrier to reproduction between two otherwise compatible populations.}, }
@article {pmid29025415, year = {2017}, author = {Pipatchartlearnwong, K and Swatdipong, A and Vuttipongchaikij, S and Apisitwanich, S}, title = {Genetic evidence of multiple invasions and a small number of founders of Asian Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) in Thailand.}, journal = {BMC genetics}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {88}, pmid = {29025415}, issn = {1471-2156}, mesh = {Arecaceae/*genetics ; Computational Biology/*methods ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genome, Plant ; *Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; Thailand ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Borassus flabellifer or Asian Palmyra palm is an important crop for local economies in the South and Southeast Asia for its fruit and palm sugar production. Archeological and historical evidence indicated the presence of this species in Southeast Asia dating back at least 1500 years. B. flabellifer is believed to be originated in Africa, spread to South Asia and introduced into Southeast Asia through commercial routes and dissemination of cultures, however, the nature of its invasion and settlement in Thailand is unclear.<br><br>RESULTS: Here, we analyzed genetic data of 230 B. flabellifer accessions across Thailand using 17 EST-SSR and 12 gSSR polymorphic markers. Clustering analysis revealed that the population consisted of two genetic clusters (STRUCTURE K&#xa0;=&#xa0;2). Cluster I is found mainly in southern Thailand, while Cluster II is found mainly in the northeastern. Those found in the central are of an extensive mix between the two. These two clusters are in moderate differentiation (F ST&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.066 and N M&#xa0;=&#xa0;3.532) and have low genetic diversity (HO&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.371 and 0.416; AR&#xa0;=&#xa0;2.99 and 3.19, for the cluster I and II respectively). The minimum numbers of founders for each genetic group varies from 3 to 4 individuals, based on simulation using different allele frequency assumptions. These numbers coincide with that B. flabellifer is dioecious, and a number of seeds had to be simultaneously introduced for obtaining both male and female founders.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: From these data and geographical and historical evidence, we hypothesize that there were at least two different invasive events of B. flabellifer in Thailand. B. flabellifer was likely brought through the Straits of Malacca to be propagated in the southern Thailand as one of the invasive events before spreading to the central Thailand. The second event likely occurred in Khmer Empire, currently Cambodia, before spreading to the northeastern Thailand.}, }
@article {pmid29024897, year = {2018}, author = {Novoa, A and Shackleton, R and Canavan, S and Cybèle, C and Davies, SJ and Dehnen-Schmutz, K and Fried, J and Gaertner, M and Geerts, S and Griffiths, CL and Kaplan, H and Kumschick, S and Le Maitre, DC and Measey, GJ and Nunes, AL and Richardson, DM and Robinson, TB and Touza, J and Wilson, JRU}, title = {A framework for engaging stakeholders on the management of alien species.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {205}, number = {}, pages = {286-297}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.09.059}, pmid = {29024897}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Alien species can have major ecological and socioeconomic impacts in their novel ranges and so effective management actions are needed. However, management can be contentious and create conflicts, especially when stakeholders who benefit from alien species are different from those who incur costs. Such conflicts of interests mean that management strategies can often not be implemented. There is, therefore, increasing interest in engaging stakeholders affected by alien species or by their management. Through a facilitated workshop and consultation process including academics and managers working on a variety of organisms and in different areas (urban and rural) and ecosystems (terrestrial and aquatic), we developed a framework for engaging stakeholders in the management of alien species. The proposed framework for stakeholder engagement consists of 12 steps: (1) identify stakeholders; (2) select key stakeholders for engagement; (3) explore key stakeholders' perceptions and develop initial aims for management; (4) engage key stakeholders in the development of a draft management strategy; (5) re-explore key stakeholders' perceptions and revise the aims of the strategy; (6) co-design general aims, management objectives and time frames with key stakeholders; (7) co-design a management strategy; (8) facilitate stakeholders' ownership of the strategy and adapt as required; and (9) implement the strategy and monitor management actions to evaluate the need for additional or future actions. In case additional management is needed after these actions take place, some extra steps should be taken: (10) identify any new stakeholders, benefits, and costs; (11) monitor engagement; and (12) revise management strategy. Overall, we believe that our framework provides an effective approach to minimize the impact of conflicts created by alien species management.}, }
@article {pmid29021562, year = {2017}, author = {Wen, P and Cheng, YN and Dong, SH and Wang, ZW and Tan, K and Nieh, JC}, title = {The sex pheromone of a globally invasive honey bee predator, the Asian eusocial hornet, Vespa velutina.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {12956}, pmid = {29021562}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animal Structures/drug effects/metabolism ; Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry ; Predatory Behavior/*drug effects ; Sex Attractants/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Wasps/*physiology ; Weather ; }, abstract = {The Asian hornet, Vespa velutina, is an invasive, globally-distributed predator of European honey bees and other insects. To better under its reproductive biology and to find a specific, effective, and low-impact control method for this species, we identified and tested the key compounds in V. velutina sex pheromone. Virgin gynes (reproductive females) produced this sex pheromone in the sixth intersegmental sternal glands of their abdomens. The active compounds were 4-oxo-octanoic acid (4-OOA, 10.4 μg bee[-1]) and 4-oxo-decanoic acid (4-ODA, 13.3 μg bee[-1]) at a 0.78 ratio of 4-OOA/4-ODA. We synthesized these compounds and showed that male antennae were highly sensitive to them. Moreover, males were only strongly attracted to a 4-OOA/4-ODA blend at the natural ratio produced by gynes. These results provide the first demonstration of an effective way to lure V. velutina males, and the first chemical identification of a sex pheromone in the eusocial hornets.}, }
@article {pmid29020917, year = {2017}, author = {Lombardo, F and Salvemini, M and Fiorillo, C and Nolan, T and Zwiebel, LJ and Ribeiro, JM and Arcà, B}, title = {Deciphering the olfactory repertoire of the tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {770}, pmid = {29020917}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {R56 AI127693/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics/*physiology ; Animals ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; *Genomics ; Humidity ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics ; Smell/*genetics ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is a highly invasive species and competent vector of several arboviruses (e.g. dengue, chikungunya, Zika) and parasites (e.g. dirofilaria) of public health importance. Compared to other mosquito species, Ae. albopictus females exhibit a generalist host seeking as well as a very aggressive biting behaviour that are responsible for its high degree of nuisance. Several complex mosquito behaviours such as host seeking, feeding, mating or oviposition rely on olfactory stimuli that target a range of sensory neurons localized mainly on specialized head appendages such as antennae, maxillary palps and the mouthparts.<br><br>RESULTS: With the aim to describe the Ae. albopictus olfactory repertoire we have used RNA-seq to reveal the transcriptome profiles of female antennae and maxillary palps. Male heads and whole female bodies were employed as reference for differential expression analysis. The relative transcript abundance within each tissue (TPM, transcripts per kilobase per million) and the pairwise differential abundance in the different tissues (fold change values and false discovery rates) were evaluated. Contigs upregulated in the antennae (620) and maxillary palps (268) were identified and relative GO and PFAM enrichment profiles analysed. Chemosensory genes were described: overall, 77 odorant binding proteins (OBP), 82 odorant receptors (OR), 60 ionotropic receptors (IR) and 30 gustatory receptors (GR) were identified by comparative genomics and transcriptomics. In addition, orthologs of genes expressed in the female/male maxillary palps and/or antennae and involved in thermosensation (e.g. pyrexia and arrestin1), mechanosensation (e.g. piezo and painless) and neuromodulation were classified.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We provide here the first detailed transcriptome of the main Ae. albopictus sensory appendages, i.e. antennae and maxillary palps. A deeper knowledge of the olfactory repertoire of the tiger mosquito will help to better understand its biology and may pave the way to design new attractants/repellents.}, }
@article {pmid29018611, year = {2017}, author = {Capel, KCC and Toonen, RJ and Rachid, CTCC and Creed, JC and Kitahara, MV and Forsman, Z and Zilberberg, C}, title = {Clone wars: asexual reproduction dominates in the invasive range of Tubastraea spp. (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) in the South-Atlantic Ocean.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3873}, pmid = {29018611}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Although the invasive azooxanthellate corals Tubastraea coccinea and T. tagusensis are spreading quickly and outcompeting native species in the Atlantic Ocean, there is little information regarding the genetic structure and path of introduction for these species. Here we present the first data on genetic diversity and clonal structure from these two species using a new set of microsatellite markers. High proportions of clones were observed, indicating that asexual reproduction has a major role in the local population dynamics and, therefore, represents one of the main reasons for the invasion success. Although no significant population structure was found, results suggest the occurrence of multiple invasions for T. coccinea and also that both species are being transported along the coast by vectors such as oil platforms and monobouys, spreading these invasive species. In addition to the description of novel microsatellite markers, this study sheds new light into the invasive process of Tubastraea.}, }
@article {pmid29018604, year = {2017}, author = {Selechnik, D and West, AJ and Brown, GP and Fanson, KV and Addison, B and Rollins, LA and Shine, R}, title = {Effects of invasion history on physiological responses to immune system activation in invasive Australian cane toads.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3856}, pmid = {29018604}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The cane toad (Rhinella marina) has undergone rapid evolution during its invasion of tropical Australia. Toads from invasion front populations (in Western Australia) have been reported to exhibit a stronger baseline phagocytic immune response than do conspecifics from range core populations (in Queensland). To explore this difference, we injected wild-caught toads from both areas with the experimental antigen lipopolysaccharide (LPS, to mimic bacterial infection) and measured whole-blood phagocytosis. Because the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is stimulated by infection (and may influence immune responses), we measured glucocorticoid response through urinary corticosterone levels. Relative to injection of a control (phosphate-buffered saline), LPS injection increased both phagocytosis and the proportion of neutrophils in the blood. However, responses were similar in toads from both populations. This null result may reflect the ubiquity of bacterial risks across the toad's invaded range; utilization of this immune pathway may not have altered during the process of invasion. LPS injection also induced a reduction in urinary corticosterone levels, perhaps as a result of chronic stress.}, }
@article {pmid29016604, year = {2017}, author = {Malmstrom, CM and Butterfield, HS and Planck, L and Long, CW and Eviner, VT}, title = {Novel fine-scale aerial mapping approach quantifies grassland weed cover dynamics and response to management.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {e0181665}, pmid = {29016604}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Bromus/physiology ; California ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Elymus/physiology ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Weeds/*physiology ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Invasive weeds threaten the biodiversity and forage productivity of grasslands worldwide. However, management of these weeds is constrained by the practical difficulty of detecting small-scale infestations across large landscapes and by limits in understanding of landscape-scale invasion dynamics, including mechanisms that enable patches to expand, contract, or remain stable. While high-end hyperspectral remote sensing systems can effectively map vegetation cover, these systems are currently too costly and limited in availability for most land managers. We demonstrate application of a more accessible and cost-effective remote sensing approach, based on simple aerial imagery, for quantifying weed cover dynamics over time. In California annual grasslands, the target communities of interest include invasive weedy grasses (Aegilops triuncialis and Elymus caput-medusae) and desirable forage grass species (primarily Avena spp. and Bromus spp.). Detecting invasion of annual grasses into an annual-dominated community is particularly challenging, but we were able to consistently characterize these two communities based on their phenological differences in peak growth and senescence using maximum likelihood supervised classification of imagery acquired twice per year (in mid- and end-of season). This approach permitted us to map weed-dominated cover at a 1-m scale (correctly detecting 93% of weed patches across the landscape) and to evaluate weed cover change over time. We found that weed cover was more pervasive and persistent in management units that had no significant grazing for several years than in those that were grazed, whereas forage cover was more abundant and stable in the grazed units. This application demonstrates the power of this method for assessing fine-scale vegetation transitions across heterogeneous landscapes. It thus provides means for small-scale early detection of invasive species and for testing fundamental questions about landscape dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid28993499, year = {2017}, author = {Bloch, G and Bar-Shai, N and Cytter, Y and Green, R}, title = {Time is honey: circadian clocks of bees and flowers and how their interactions may influence ecological communities.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {372}, number = {1734}, pages = {}, pmid = {28993499}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Biota ; *Circadian Clocks ; Feeding Behavior ; Flowers/*physiology ; Life History Traits ; Magnoliopsida/*physiology ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {The interactions between flowering plants and insect pollinators shape ecological communities and provide one of the best examples of coevolution. Although these interactions have received much attention in both ecology and evolution, their temporal aspects are little explored. Here we review studies on the circadian organization of pollination-related traits in bees and flowers. Research, mostly with the honeybee, Apis mellifera, has implicated the circadian clock in key aspects of their foraging for flower rewards. These include anticipation, timing of visits to flowers at specified locations and time-compensated sun-compass orientation. Floral rhythms in traits such as petal opening, scent release and reward availability also show robust daily rhythms. However, in only few studies was it possible to adequately determine whether these oscillations are driven by external time givers such as light and temperature cycles, or endogenous circadian clocks. The interplay between the timing of flower and pollinator rhythms may be ecologically significant. Circadian regulation of pollination-related traits in only few species may influence the entire pollination network and thus affect community structure and local biodiversity. We speculate that these intricate chronobiological interactions may be vulnerable to anthropogenic effects such as the introduction of alien invasive species, pesticides or environmental pollutants.This article is part of the themed issue 'Wild clocks: integrating chronobiology and ecology to understand timekeeping in free-living animals'.}, }
@article {pmid28991410, year = {2018}, author = {Dyderski, MK and Paź, S and Frelich, LE and Jagodziński, AM}, title = {How much does climate change threaten European forest tree species distributions?.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {1150-1163}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13925}, pmid = {28991410}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Forests ; Magnoliopsida/classification/*physiology ; Tracheophyta/classification/*physiology ; Trees/*classification/physiology ; }, abstract = {Although numerous species distribution models have been developed, most were based on insufficient distribution data or used older climate change scenarios. We aimed to quantify changes in projected ranges and threat level by the years 2061-2080, for 12 European forest tree species under three climate change scenarios. We combined tree distribution data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, EUFORGEN, and forest inventories, and we developed species distribution models using MaxEnt and 19 bioclimatic variables. Models were developed for three climate change scenarios-optimistic (RCP2.6), moderate (RCP4.5), and pessimistic (RPC8.5)-using three General Circulation Models, for the period 2061-2080. Our study revealed different responses of tree species to projected climate change. The species may be divided into three groups: "winners"-mostly late-successional species: Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, and Quercus petraea; "losers"-mostly pioneer species: Betula pendula, Larix decidua, Picea abies, and Pinus sylvestris; and alien species-Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus rubra, and Robinia pseudoacacia, which may be also considered as "winners." Assuming limited migration, most of the species studied would face a significant decrease in suitable habitat area. The threat level was highest for species that currently have the northernmost distribution centers. Ecological consequences of the projected range contractions would be serious for both forest management and nature conservation.}, }
@article {pmid28985307, year = {2017}, author = {Saarman, NP and Kober, KM and Simison, WB and Pogson, GH}, title = {Sequence-Based Analysis of Thermal Adaptation and Protein Energy Landscapes in an Invasive Blue Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis).}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {2739-2751}, pmid = {28985307}, issn = {1759-6653}, support = {S10 RR027303/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; S10 RR029668/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Heat-Shock Response ; Hot Temperature ; Introduced Species ; Mytilus/*genetics/physiology ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Stability ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Adaptive responses to thermal stress in poikilotherms plays an important role in determining competitive ability and species distributions. Amino acid substitutions that affect protein stability and modify the thermal optima of orthologous proteins may be particularly important in this context. Here, we examine a set of 2,770 protein-coding genes to determine if proteins in a highly invasive heat tolerant blue mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) contain signals of adaptive increases in protein stability relative to orthologs in a more cold tolerant M. trossulus. Such thermal adaptations might help to explain, mechanistically, the success with which the invasive marine mussel M. galloprovincialis has displaced native species in contact zones in the eastern (California) and western (Japan) Pacific. We tested for stabilizing amino acid substitutions in warm tolerant M. galloprovincialis relative to cold tolerant M. trossulus with a generalized linear model that compares in silico estimates of recent changes in protein stability among closely related congeners. Fixed substitutions in M. galloprovincialis were 3,180.0 calories per mol per substitution more stabilizing at genes with both elevated dN/dS ratios and transcriptional responses to heat stress, and 705.8 calories per mol per substitution more stabilizing across all 2,770 loci investigated. Amino acid substitutions concentrated in a small number of genes were more stabilizing in M. galloprovincialis compared with cold tolerant M. trossulus. We also tested for, but did not find, enrichment of a priori GO terms in genes with elevated dN/dS ratios in M. galloprovincialis. This might indicate that selection for thermodynamic stability is generic across all lineages, and suggests that the high change in estimated protein stability that we observed in M. galloprovincialis is driven by selection for extra stabilizing substitutions, rather than by higher incidence of selection in a greater number of genes in this lineage. Nonetheless, our finding of more stabilizing amino acid changes in the warm adapted lineage is important because it suggests that adaption for thermal stability has contributed to M. galloprovincialis' superior tolerance to heat stress, and that pairing tests for positive selection and tests for transcriptional response to heat stress can identify candidates of protein stability adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid28985301, year = {2017}, author = {Tay, WT and Elfekih, S and Court, LN and Gordon, KHJ and Delatte, H and De Barro, PJ}, title = {The Trouble with MEAM2: Implications of Pseudogenes on Species Delimitation in the Globally Invasive Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Cryptic Species Complex.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {2732-2738}, pmid = {28985301}, issn = {1759-6653}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*standards ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genome, Mitochondrial ; Hemiptera/classification/*genetics ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; *Pseudogenes ; Synteny ; }, abstract = {Molecular species identification using suboptimal PCR primers can over-estimate species diversity due to coamplification of nuclear mitochondrial (NUMT) DNA/pseudogenes. For the agriculturally important whitefly Bemisia tabaci cryptic pest species complex, species identification depends primarily on characterization of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (mtDNA COI) gene. The lack of robust PCR primers for the mtDNA COI gene can undermine correct species identification which in turn compromises management strategies. This problem is identified in the B. tabaci Africa/Middle East/Asia Minor clade which comprises the globally invasive Mediterranean (MED) and Middle East Asia Minor I (MEAM1) species, Middle East Asia Minor 2 (MEAM2), and the Indian Ocean (IO) species. Initially identified from the Indian Ocean island of Réunion, MEAM2 has since been reported from Japan, Peru, Turkey and Iraq. We identified MEAM2 individuals from a Peruvian population via Sanger sequencing of the mtDNA COI gene. In attempting to characterize the MEAM2 mitogenome, we instead characterized mitogenomes of MEAM1. We also report on the mitogenomes of MED, AUS, and IO thereby increasing genomic resources for members of this complex. Gene synteny (i.e., same gene composition and orientation) was observed with published B. tabaci cryptic species mitogenomes. Pseudogene fragments matching MEAM2 partial mtDNA COI gene exhibited low frequency single nucleotide polymorphisms that matched low copy number DNA fragments (<3%) of MEAM1 genomes, whereas presence of internal stop codons, loss of expected stop codons and poor primer annealing sites, all suggested MEAM2 as a pseudogene artifact and so not a real species.}, }
@article {pmid28984006, year = {2018}, author = {Hajek, AE and Solter, LF and Maddox, JV and Huang, WF and Estep, AS and Krawczyk, G and Weber, DC and Hoelmer, KA and Sanscrainte, ND and Becnel, JJ}, title = {Nosema maddoxi sp. nov. (Microsporidia, Nosematidae), a Widespread Pathogen of the Green Stink Bug Chinavia hilaris (Say) and the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Halyomorpha halys (Stål).}, journal = {The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, pages = {315-330}, doi = {10.1111/jeu.12475}, pmid = {28984006}, issn = {1550-7408}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Heteroptera/*microbiology ; Host Specificity ; North America ; Nosema/*classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {We describe a unique microsporidian species that infects the green stink bug, Chinavia hilaris; the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys; the brown stink bug, Euschistus servus; and the dusky stink bug, Euschistus tristigmus. All life stages are unikaryotic, but analysis of the consensus small subunit region of the ribosomal gene places this microsporidium in the genus Nosema, which historically has been characterized by diplokaryotic life stages. It is also characterized by having the reversed arrangement of the ribosomal gene (LSU -ITS- SSU) found in species within the "true Nosema" clade. This microsporidium is apparently Holarctic in distribution. It is present in H. halys both where it is native in Asia and where it is invasive in North America, as well as in samples of North American native C. hilaris collected prior to the introduction of H. halys from Asia. Prevalence in H. halys from mid-Atlantic, North America in 2015-2016 ranged from 0.0% to 28.3%, while prevalence in C. hilaris collected in Illinois in 1970-1972 ranged from 14.3% to 58.8%. Oral infectivity and pathogenicity were confirmed in H. halys and C. hilaris. Morphological, ultrastructural, and ecological features of the microsporidium, together with a molecular phylogeny, establish a new species named Nosema maddoxi sp. nov.}, }
@article {pmid28983517, year = {2017}, author = {Ashby, B and Watkins, E and Lourenço, J and Gupta, S and Foster, KR}, title = {Competing species leave many potential niches unfilled.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {1}, number = {10}, pages = {1495-1501}, pmid = {28983517}, issn = {2397-334X}, support = {242670/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; 268904/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Sympatry ; }, abstract = {A cornerstone of biology is that coexisting species evolve to occupy separate ecological niches. Classical theory predicts that interspecific competition should lead to all potential niches being occupied, yet observational data suggest that many niches are unfilled. Here we show that theory can be reconciled with observational data by reconceptualising competition in the Hutchinsonian niche space to distinguish between substitutable and non-substitutable resources. When resources are substitutable (e.g. seeds of different size), the components of competition along the niche axes combine multiplicatively, leading to a densely packed niche space. However, when resources are non-substitutable (e.g. seeds and nest sites), we show that the components of competition combine additively. Disruptive selection therefore limits niche overlap between non-substitutable niche axes, leaving most potential niches unfilled. A key corollary is that increasing the number of niche axes may greatly increase the number of potential niches but does not necessarily increase diversity. We discuss observational data that are consistent with our model and consider implications for systems with invasive species. Our work reinforces the power of competition to drive major ecological patterns: while niche space informs on species that might exist, only a small and potentially arbitrary subset will coexist in sympatry.}, }
@article {pmid28983105, year = {2017}, author = {Hansson, SV and Sonke, J and Galop, D and Bareille, G and Jean, S and Le Roux, G}, title = {Transfer of marine mercury to mountain lakes.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {12719}, pmid = {28983105}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Fisheries ; France ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes/*chemistry ; Mercury/analysis/*metabolism ; Trout/*metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/*metabolism ; *Water Pollution, Chemical ; }, abstract = {Stocking is a worldwide activity on geographical and historical scales. The rate of non-native fish introductions have more than doubled over the last decades yet the effect on natural ecosystems, in the scope of biologically mediated transport and biomagnification of Hg and Hg-isotopes, is unknown. Using geochemistry (THg) and stable isotopes (N, Sr and Hg), we evaluate natal origin and trophic position of brown trout (Salmo trutta fario), as well as mercury biomagnification trends and potential pollution sources to three high-altitude lakes. Farmed trout show Hg-isotope signatures similar to marine biota whereas wild trout shows Hg-isotope signatures typical of fresh water lakes. Stocked trout initially show Hg-isotope signatures similar to marine biota. As the stocked trout age and shifts diet to a higher trophic level, THg concentrations increase and the marine Hg isotope signatures, induced via farm fish feed, shift to locally produced MeHg with lower δ[202]Hg and higher Δ[199]Hg. We conclude that stocking acts a humanly induced biovector that transfers marine Hg to freshwater ecosystems, which is seen in the Hg-isotopic signature up to five years after stocking events occurred. This points to the need of further investigations of the role of stocking in MeHg exposure to freshwater ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid28982151, year = {2017}, author = {Cros, MJ and Aubertot, JN and Peyrard, N and Sabbadin, R}, title = {GMDPtoolbox: A Matlab library for designing spatial management policies. Application to the long-term collective management of an airborne disease.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {e0186014}, pmid = {28982151}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Communicable Diseases/*transmission ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecology ; *Environmental Policy ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Designing management policies in ecology and agroecology is complex. Several components must be managed together while they strongly interact spatially. Decision choices must be made under uncertainty on the results of the actions and on the system dynamics. Furthermore, the objectives pursued when managing ecological systems or agroecosystems are usually long term objectives, such as biodiversity conservation or sustainable crop production. The framework of Graph-Based Markov Decision Processes (GMDP) is well adapted to the qualitative modeling of such problems of sequential decision under uncertainty. Spatial interactions are easily modeled and integrated control policies (combining several action levers) can be designed through optimization. The provided policies are adaptive, meaning that management actions are decided at each time step (for instance yearly) and the chosen actions depend on the current system state. This framework has already been successfully applied to forest management and invasive species management. However, up to now, no "easy-to-use" implementation of this framework was available. We present GMDPtoolbox, a Matlab toolbox which can be used both for the design of new management policies and for comparing policies by simulation. We provide an illustration of the use of the toolbox on a realistic crop disease management problem: the design of long term management policy of blackleg of canola using an optimal combination of three possible cultural levers. This example shows how GMDPtoolbox can be used as a tool to support expert thinking.}, }
@article {pmid28981849, year = {2017}, author = {Ismail, NA and Adilah-Amrannudin, N and Hamsidi, M and Ismail, R and Dom, NC and Ahmad, AH and Mastuki, MF and Camalxaman, SN}, title = {The Genetic Diversity, Haplotype Analysis, and Phylogenetic Relationship of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Based on the Cytochrome Oxidase 1 Marker: A Malaysian Scenario.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {54}, number = {6}, pages = {1573-1581}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjx126}, pmid = {28981849}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; Animals ; Dengue/transmission ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Malaysia ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {The global expansion of Ae. albopictus from its native range in Southeast Asia has been implicated in the recent emergence of dengue endemicity in Malaysia. Genetic variability studies of Ae. albopictus are currently lacking in the Malaysian setting, yet are crucial to enhancing the existing vector control strategies. The study was conducted to establish the genetic variability of maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA encoding for cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene in Ae. albopictus. Twelve localities were selected in the Subang Jaya district based on temporal indices utilizing 120 mosquito samples. Genetic polymorphism and phylogenetic analysis were conducted to unveil the genetic variability and geographic origins of Ae. albopictus. The haplotype network was mapped to determine the genealogical relationship of sequences among groups of population in the Asian region. Comparison of Malaysian CO1 sequences with sequences derived from five Asian countries revealed genetically distinct Ae. albopictus populations. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all sequences from other Asian countries descended from the same genetic lineage as the Malaysian sequences. Noteworthy, our study highlights the discovery of 20 novel haplotypes within the Malaysian population which to date had not been reported. These findings could help determine the genetic variation of this invasive species, which in turn could possibly improve the current dengue vector surveillance strategies, locally and regionally.}, }
@article {pmid28981676, year = {2017}, author = {Miller, DR and Crowe, CM and Mayo, PD and Reid, LS and Silk, PJ and Sweeney, JD}, title = {Interactions between Ethanol, syn-2,3-Hexanediol, 3-Hydroxyhexan-2-one, and 3-Hydroxyoctan-2-one Lures on Trap Catches of Hardwood Longhorn Beetles in Southeastern United States.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {5}, pages = {2119-2128}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox188}, pmid = {28981676}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects ; Coleoptera/*drug effects ; Glycols/*pharmacology ; Hexanones/*pharmacology ; Insect Control/instrumentation ; Ketones/*pharmacology ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Southeastern United States ; }, abstract = {The effectiveness of a four-component "super lure" consisting of ethanol (E) and the cerambycid pheromones syn-2,3-hexanediol (D6), racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one (K6), and racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one (K8) on trap catches of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) was determined in southeast United States with seven trapping experiments in 2011-2013. We captured 74 species of longhorn beetles in our three-year study. Ethanol significantly increased the mean catches of seven species and increased the number of cerambycid species detected. Traps with the "super lure" were effective for 8 of 13 species of Cerambycidae previously shown to be attracted to binary combinations of ethanol plus one of the three pheromones. However, the "super lure" was less effective for the remaining five species with catch reductions of 40-90% compared with combinations of ethanol and one or two of the pheromones. For example, K6 + K8 lures reduced catches of Anelaphus villosus (F.) in traps with E + D6 by 90%. Similarly, catches of Anelaphus pumilus (Newman) in traps with E + K6 + D6 were reduced by 50% with the addition of K8. Catches of Knulliana cincta (Drury) in traps with K6 + K8 lures were interrupted by D6, an effect negated by the addition of ethanol. Given the interruptive effects on trap catches of some species when lures are combined in a single trap, developing optimal lure blends to maximize detection efficacy will be a challenge for managers of detection programs for non-native invasive species of longhorn beetles.}, }
@article {pmid28980497, year = {2018}, author = {Bentur, Y and Altunin, S and Levdov, I and Golani, D and Spanier, E and Edelist, D and Lurie, Y}, title = {The clinical effects of the venomous Lessepsian migrant fish Plotosus lineatus (Thunberg, 1787) in the Southeastern Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)}, volume = {56}, number = {5}, pages = {327-331}, doi = {10.1080/15563650.2017.1386308}, pmid = {28980497}, issn = {1556-9519}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Animals ; *Catfishes ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Fish Venoms/*adverse effects ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mediterranean Sea ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {CONTEXT: Plotosus lineatus is a venomous fish that has migrated from the Indo-Pacific region to the Mediterranean Sea (Lessepsian migrant). Its presence in the Mediterranean Sea was first recorded in 2002 and was observed in growing schools. Its spines contain toxins with lytic, hemolytic and edematous activities.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: To characterize the injuries caused by Plotosus lineatus in the Southeastern Mediterranean Sea.<br><br>METHODS: A prospective observational case series of consultations provided by a national Poison Center pertaining to Plotosus lineatus from 2007 to 2016. Demographic and clinical data and method of fish identification were retrieved from the medical toxicological records, and described.<br><br>RESULTS: Eighty four cases were included; the main findings are: median age 35 (range 3-80) years, 91.7% males, 51.2% fishermen, 78.6% palm injuries, 94% and 4.8% were mildly and moderately injured, respectively. Main local manifestations included pain, puncture wound, swelling, and erythema (90.5%, 70.2%, 33.3%, and 16.7%, respectively). Systemic signs were minor and infrequent (&#x2264;7.1%), including hypertension, tachycardia, vomiting, chills, and weakness. Management included wound disinfection, immersion in hot water, tetanus prophylaxis, and analgesics. No patient required hospital admission. The fish was identified mostly by the victim with the aid of the Poison Center (mainly by typical description, and a picture), and some by marine biologists.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Plotosus lineatus is a new fish in the Southeastern Mediterranean Sea. It affects fishermen handling fishing nets, and beach hikers stepping on or holding it. Injuries caused by its spines usually result in minor effects; pain may be intense. Treatment includes disinfection, analgesics, and antitetanus and antibiotics as needed. No lethal cases were recorded, unlike exposure of animals to the venom of the Indo-Pacific species; reason is unclear. Our series illustrates the consequences of manmade disruption of ecosystem resulting in invasion of toxic species to a new environment, affecting human health.}, }
@article {pmid28980193, year = {2017}, author = {Noble, S and Saxena, V and Ekker, M and Devlin, R}, title = {Expression of Thiaminase in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is Lethal and Has Implications for Use as a Biocontainment Strategy in Aquaculture and Invasive Species.}, journal = {Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {19}, number = {6}, pages = {563-569}, pmid = {28980193}, issn = {1436-2236}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Aquaculture/methods ; Bacillus thuringiensis/genetics ; Diet/veterinary ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism ; Hydrolases/*genetics/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; RNA, Messenger/administration &amp; dosage ; Thiamine/administration &amp; dosage ; Thiamine Deficiency/mortality/*veterinary ; Zebrafish/embryology/*genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {As the world increasingly relies on aquaculture operations to meet rising seafood demands, reliable biocontainment measures for farmed fish stocks are desired to minimize ecological impacts arising from interactions of cultured fish with wild populations. One possible biocontainment strategy is to induce a dietary dependence on a vitamin, such as thiamine (vitamin B1), required for survival. Fish expressing thiaminase (an enzyme that degrades thiamine) within a confined aquaculture facility could receive supplemental thiamine to allow survival and normal growth, whereas escapees lacking this dietary rescue would die from thiamine deficiency. To test the concept and efficacy of such a dietary dependency system (for potential future use in larger aquaculture species), we expressed thiaminase in zebrafish as a test model. We drove the expression of thiaminase under the strong ubiquitous and constitutive control of the CMV promoter which resulted in non-viable fish, indicating that the thiaminase sequence kills fish. However, the CMV promoter is too strong to allow conditional survival since the lethality could not be rescued by exogenous thiamine provided as a supplement to typical food. In addition, microinjection of 0.5 pg of thiaminase mRNA in zebrafish embryos at the one-cell stage resulted in 50% larval mortality at 5 days post-fertilization (dpf), which was partially rescued by thiamine supplementation. Evaluating the efficacy of biocontainment strategies helps assess which methods can reliably prevent ecological impacts arising from breaches in physical containment systems that release engineered organisms to nature, and consequently provides critical information for use in regulatory risk assessment processes.}, }
@article {pmid28979085, year = {2017}, author = {Prendergast, ME and Quintana Morales, EM and Crowther, A and Horton, MC and Boivin, NL}, title = {Dietary Diversity on the Swahili Coast: The Fauna from Two Zanzibar Trading Locales.}, journal = {International journal of osteoarchaeology}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {621-637}, pmid = {28979085}, issn = {1047-482X}, abstract = {Occupants of coastal and island eastern Africa-now known as the 'Swahili coast'-were involved in long-distance trade with the Indian Ocean world during the later first millennium CE. Such exchanges may be traced via the appearance of non-native animals in the archaeofaunal record; additionally, this record reveals daily culinary practises of the members of trading communities and can thus shed light on subsistence technologies and social organisation. Yet despite the potential contributions of faunal data to Swahili coast archaeology, few detailed zooarchaeological studies have been conducted. Here, we present an analysis of faunal remains from new excavations at two coastal Zanzibar trading locales: the small settlement of Fukuchani in the north-west and the larger town of Unguja Ukuu in the south-west. The occurrences of non-native fauna at these sites-Asian black rat (Rattus rattus) and domestic chicken (Gallus gallus), as well as domestic cat (Felis catus)-are among the earliest in eastern Africa. The sites contrast with one another in their emphases on wild and domestic fauna: Fukuchani's inhabitants were economically and socially engaged with the wild terrestrial realm, evidenced not only through diet but also through the burial of a cache of wild bovid metatarsals. In contrast, the town of Unguja Ukuu had a domestic economy reliant on caprine herding, alongside more limited chicken keeping, although hunting or trapping of wild fauna also played an important role. Occupants of both sites were focused on a diversity of near-shore marine resources, with little or no evidence for the kind of venturing into deeper waters that would have required investment in new technologies. Comparisons with contemporaneous sites suggest that some of the patterns at Fukuchani and Unguja Ukuu are not replicated elsewhere. This diversity in early Swahili coast foodways is essential to discussions of the agents engaged in long-distance maritime trade.}, }
@article {pmid28978755, year = {2017}, author = {Hoyer, IJ and Blosser, EM and Acevedo, C and Thompson, AC and Reeves, LE and Burkett-Cadena, ND}, title = {Mammal decline, linked to invasive Burmese python, shifts host use of vector mosquito towards reservoir hosts of a zoonotic disease.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {28978755}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Alphavirus Infections ; Animals ; *Boidae ; Culex/*physiology ; *Disease Reservoirs ; Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine ; *Feeding Behavior ; Florida/epidemiology ; Insect Vectors/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Mammals/*blood ; Sigmodontinae/blood ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {Invasive apex predators have profound impacts on natural communities, yet the consequences of these impacts on the transmission of zoonotic pathogens are unexplored. Collapse of large- and medium-sized mammal populations in the Florida Everglades has been linked to the invasive Burmese python, Python bivittatus Kuhl. We used historic and current data to investigate potential impacts of these community effects on contact between the reservoir hosts (certain rodents) and vectors of Everglades virus, a zoonotic mosquito-borne pathogen that circulates in southern Florida. The percentage of blood meals taken from the primary reservoir host, the hispid cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus Say and Ord, increased dramatically (422.2%) from 1979 (14.7%) to 2016 (76.8%), while blood meals from deer, raccoons and opossums decreased by 98.2%, reflecting precipitous declines in relative abundance of these larger mammals, attributed to python predation. Overall species diversity of hosts detected in Culex cedecei blood meals from the Everglades declined by 40.2% over the same period (H(1979) = 1.68, H(2016) = 1.01). Predictions based upon the dilution effect theory suggest that increased relative feedings upon reservoir hosts translate into increased abundance of infectious vectors, and a corresponding upsurge of Everglades virus occurrence and risk of human exposure, although this was not tested in the current study. This work constitutes the first indication that an invasive predator can increase contact between vectors and reservoirs of a human pathogen and highlights unrecognized indirect impacts of invasive predators.}, }
@article {pmid28978725, year = {2017}, author = {Holtmann, B and Santos, ESA and Lara, CE and Nakagawa, S}, title = {Personality-matching habitat choice, rather than behavioural plasticity, is a likely driver of a phenotype-environment covariance.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {284}, number = {1864}, pages = {}, pmid = {28978725}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; New Zealand ; *Personality ; *Phenotype ; Songbirds/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {An emerging hypothesis of animal personality posits that animals choose the habitat that best fits their personality, and that the match between habitat and personality can facilitate population differentiation, and eventually speciation. However, behavioural plasticity and the adjustment of behaviours to new environments have been a classical explanation for such matching patterns. Using a population of dunnocks (Prunella modularis), we empirically tested whether personality or behavioural plasticity is responsible for the non-random distribution of shy and bold individuals in a heterogeneous environment. We found evidence for bold individuals settling in areas with high human disturbance, but also that birds became bolder with increasing age. Importantly, personality primarily determines the distribution of individuals, and behavioural adjustment over time contributes very little to the observed patterns. We cannot, however, exclude a possibility of very early behavioural plasticity (a type of developmental plasticity) shaping what we refer to as 'personality'. Nonetheless, our findings highlight the role personality plays in shaping population structure, lending support to the theory of personality-mediated speciation. Moreover, personality-matching habitat choice has important implications for population management and conservation.}, }
@article {pmid28977776, year = {2018}, author = {Malcolm, SB}, title = {Anthropogenic Impacts on Mortality and Population Viability of the Monarch Butterfly.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {63}, number = {}, pages = {277-302}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043241}, pmid = {28977776}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Agrochemicals ; Animal Migration ; Animals ; Asclepias ; *Butterflies ; Climate Change ; *Endangered Species ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Plant Nectar ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; }, abstract = {Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are familiar herbivores of milkweeds of the genus Asclepias, and most monarchs migrate each year to locate these host plants across North American ecosystems now dominated by agriculture. Eastern migrants overwinter in high-elevation forests in Mexico, and western monarchs overwinter in trees on the coast of California. Both populations face three primary threats to their viability: (a) loss of milkweed resources for larvae due to genetically modified crops, pesticides, and fertilizers; (b) loss of nectar resources from flowering plants; and (c) degraded overwintering forest habitats due to commercially motivated deforestation and other economic activities. Secondary threats to population viability include (d) climate change effects on milkweed host plants and the dynamics of breeding, overwintering, and migration; (e) the influence of invasive plants and natural enemies; (f) habitat fragmentation and coalescence that promote homogeneous, species-depleted landscapes; and (g) deliberate culture and release of monarchs and invasive milkweeds.}, }
@article {pmid28977774, year = {2018}, author = {Biondi, A and Guedes, RNC and Wan, FH and Desneux, N}, title = {Ecology, Worldwide Spread, and Management of the Invasive South American Tomato Pinworm, Tuta absoluta: Past, Present, and Future.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {63}, number = {}, pages = {239-258}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-034933}, pmid = {28977774}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; Insect Control/*trends ; *Introduced Species ; Solanum lycopersicum ; *Moths ; }, abstract = {The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), is native to the western Neotropics. After invading Spain in 2006, it spread rapidly throughout Afro-Eurasia and has become a major threat to world tomato production. Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies have been developed, but widespread insecticide use has caused selection for insecticide resistance as well as undesirable effects on key beneficial arthropods. Augmentation and conservation biological control relying on omnivorous mirid predators has proved successful for management of T. absoluta, where implementation is dependent on abiotic, biotic (e.g., alternative prey), and anthropogenic factors (e.g., pesticides). Research has been carried out on larval parasitoids, showing potential for further development of sustainable control. The development of resistant tomato varieties is ongoing, but they are not commercially available yet. Knowledge gaps remain to be filled to optimize IPM packages on tomato crops and to help prevent further spread worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid28976986, year = {2017}, author = {Megias, DA and Anderson, SC and Smith, RJ and Veríssimo, D}, title = {Investigating the impact of media on demand for wildlife: A case study of Harry Potter and the UK trade in owls.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {e0182368}, pmid = {28976986}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Mass Media ; *Strigiformes ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {In recent decades, a substantial number of popular press articles have described an increase in demand for certain species in the pet trade due to films such as "Finding Nemo", "Ninja turtles", and "Harry Potter". Nevertheless, such assertions are largely supported only by anecdotal evidence. Given the role of the wildlife trade in the spread of pathogens and zoonosis, the introduction of invasive species, the overexploitation of biodiversity, and the neglect of animal welfare, it is crucial to understand what factors drive demand for a species. Here, we investigate the effect the movie industry may have on wildlife trade by examining the relationship between the "Harry Potter" cultural phenomenon and the trade in owls within the United Kingdom (UK). We gathered data from the UK box office, book sales, and newspaper mentions, and examined their relationship with data from three independent sources reflecting the legal ownership of owls in the UK, which is likely to involve several thousands of animals. Additionally, we conducted a questionnaire survey with UK animal sanctuaries to study the presumed mass abandonment of pet owls when the film series ended. Counter to common assertions, we find no evidence that the "Harry Potter" phenomenon increased the legal trade in owls within the UK, even when possible time-lag effects were taken into account. Only one indicator, the number of movie tickets sold, showed a weak but contradictory relationship with demand for owls, with a recorded drop of 13% (95% CI: 3-27%) per 1 SD in tickets sold in the original analysis but an increase of 4% (95% CI: 0-8%) with a one-year lag. In addition, our results suggest that the end of the Harry Potter series did not have a noticeable impact on the number of owls abandoned in UK wildlife sanctuaries, as only two of the 46 animal sanctuaries we contacted independently stated they had seen an increase in owls received and believed this was due to the Harry Potter series. We highlight the importance of further research on the drivers of demand for wildlife to better manage this global trade, and discuss the potential to use films to positively influence behaviour.}, }
@article {pmid28973577, year = {2017}, author = {Jiu, M and Hu, J and Wang, LJ and Dong, JF and Song, YQ and Sun, HZ}, title = {Cryptic Species Identification and Composition of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Complex in Henan Province, China.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {28973577}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Female ; Hemiptera/*classification/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a cryptic species complex, causing significant crop losses in China during the last decade. Although knowledge of cryptic species composition and dynamics within B. tabaci complex is critical for developing sustainable pest management strategies, limited information is available on this pest in the Henan province of China. A systematic survey of the cryptic species composition and distribution of B. tabaci complex in different locations of Henan province was conducted in 2012. The results of RAPD-PCR and the gene for the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit-1 (mtCOI) based phylogenetic relationships established using Bayesian method indicated there were four known cryptic species MEAM1, MED, Asia II 3, Asia II 9 and a new cryptic species named China 6 in Henan province. In the survey, the invasive cryptic species MED and MEAM1 were found to be predominant with wide spread distribution across the surveyed regions. On the contrary, the indigenous B. tabaci cryptic species including Asia II 3, Asia II 9 and China 6 remained with low prevalence in some surveyed regions. Cryptic species MEAM1 and MED have not completely displaced the native B. tabaci in Henan province. This current study for the first time unifies our knowledge of the diversity and distribution of B. tabaci across Henan province of China.}, }
@article {pmid28973576, year = {2017}, author = {Zhao, CY and Li, JS and Xu, J and Liu, XY}, title = {Disentangling Environmental and Anthropogenic Impacts on the Distribution of Unintentionally Introduced Invasive Alien Insects in Mainland China.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {28973576}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Globalization increases the opportunities for unintentionally introduced invasive alien species, especially for insects, and most of these species could damage ecosystems and cause economic loss in China. In this study, we analyzed drivers of the distribution of unintentionally introduced invasive alien insects. Based on the number of unintentionally introduced invasive alien insects and their presence/absence records in each province in mainland China, regression trees were built to elucidate the roles of environmental and anthropogenic factors on the number distribution and similarity of species composition of these insects. Classification and regression trees indicated climatic suitability (the mean temperature in January) and human economic activity (sum of total freight) are primary drivers for the number distribution pattern of unintentionally introduced invasive alien insects at provincial scale, while only environmental factors (the mean January temperature, the annual precipitation and the areas of provinces) significantly affect the similarity of them based on the multivariate regression trees.}, }
@article {pmid28973492, year = {2017}, author = {Rodríguez-Castañeda, G and MacVean, C and Cardona, C and Hof, AR}, title = {What Limits the Distribution of Liriomyza huidobrensis and Its Congener Liriomyza sativae in Their Native Niche: When Temperature and Competition Affect Species' Distribution Range in Guatemala.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {28973492}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Altitude ; Animals ; Climate ; Crops, Agricultural ; *Diptera ; *Ecosystem ; Guatemala ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Factors limiting distribution range for most species are generally unknown regardless of whether they are native or invasive. We studied factors that could enable or restrict the distribution of two cosmopolitan invasive leafminer fly species, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) and Liriomyza sativae (Blanchard) in their native niche. In order to test which ecological and environmental factors affect leafminer distribution we conducted thermal tolerance assays, sampled along elevation gradients and modeled species distribution. Findings from the field and rearing chambers showed a physiological restriction due to high temperatures for L. huidobrensis at 28-29 °C, above which adult emergence is compromised. We also found that maximum temperatures below 22 °C, typical of tropical highlands, favored L. huidobrensis. L. sativae was found across a wider temperature range (i.e., from 21 to 36 °C) in Guatemala. Our finding of a physiological threshold in temperature for L. huidobrensis may enable us to predict its invasive risk when combined with the environmental conditions at horticultural ports of entry and the global agricultural landscape. Further, it strengthens our predictions on shifts in distribution of the leafminer fly under future climate. We also found a temperature mediated competitive exclusion interaction between the two herbivore species, where L. sativae occurred at temperatures < 22 °C only in the absence of L. huidobrensis. We show that parasitoids had a negative effect on the leafminer flies, which varied with host plant. Finally, we show the importance of taking a multiaspect approach when investigating what limits distribution and invasiveness of a species.}, }
@article {pmid28973489, year = {2017}, author = {Zhu, H and Kumar, S and Neven, LG}, title = {Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Establishment in China: Stages of Invasion and Potential Future Distribution.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {28973489}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; *Moths ; }, abstract = {Codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) is an internal feeding pest of apples and can cause substantial economic losses to fruit growers due to larval feeding which in turn degrades fruit quality and can result in complete crop loss if left uncontrolled. Although this pest originally developed in central Asia, it was not known to occur in China until 1953. For the first three decades the spread of codling moth within China was slow. Within the last three decades, addition of new commercial apple orchards and improved transportation, this pest has spread to over 131 counties in seven provinces in China. We developed regional (China) and global ecological niche models using MaxEnt to identify areas at highest potential risk of codling moth establishment and spread. Our objectives were to 1) predict the potential distribution of codling moth in China, 2) identify the important environmental factors associated with codling moth distribution in China, and 3) identify the different stages of invasion of codling moth in China. Human footprint, annual temperature range, precipitation of wettest quarter, and degree days ≥10 °C were the most important predictors associated with codling moth distribution. Our analysis identified areas where codling moth has the potential to establish, and mapped the different stages of invasion (i.e., potential for population stabilization, colonization, adaptation, and sink) of codling moth in China. Our results can be used in effective monitoring and management to stem the spread of codling moth in China.}, }
@article {pmid28970347, year = {2017}, author = {Doubell, M and Grant, PBC and Esterhuizen, N and Bazelet, CS and Addison, P and Terblanche, JS}, title = {The metabolic costs of sexual signalling in the chirping katydid Plangia graminea (Serville) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) are context dependent: cumulative costs add up fast.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {220}, number = {Pt 23}, pages = {4440-4449}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.160036}, pmid = {28970347}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {*Animal Communication ; Animals ; *Energy Metabolism ; Orthoptera/*physiology ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Wings, Animal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Katydids produce acoustic signals via stridulation, which they use to attract conspecific females for mating. However, direct estimates of the metabolic costs of calling to date have produced diverse cost estimates and are limited to only a handful of insect species. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the metabolic cost of calling in an unstudied sub-Saharan katydid, Plangia graminea Using wild-caught animals, we measured katydid metabolic rate using standard flow-through respirometry while simultaneously recording the number of calls produced. Overall, the metabolic rate during calling in P. graminea males was 60% higher than the resting metabolic rate (0.443±0.056 versus 0.279±0.028 ml CO2 h[-1] g[-1]), although this was highly variable among individuals. Although individual call costs were relatively inexpensive (ranging from 0.02 to 5.4% increase in metabolic rate per call), the individuals with cheaper calls called more often and for longer than those with expensive calls, resulting in the former group having significantly greater cumulative costs over a standard amount of time (9.5 h). However, the metabolic costs of calling are context dependent because the amount of time spent calling greatly influenced these costs in our trials. A power law function described this relationship between cumulative cost (y) and percentage increase per call (x) (y=130.21x[-1.068], R[2]=0.858). The choice of metric employed for estimating energy costs (i.e. how costs are expressed) also affects the outcome and any interpretation of costs of sexual signalling. For example, the absolute, relative and cumulative metabolic costs of calling yielded strongly divergent estimates, and any fitness implications depend on the organism's energy budget and the potential trade-offs in allocation of resources that are made as a direct consequence of increased calling effort.}, }
@article {pmid28968852, year = {2017}, author = {Kalan, K and Ivovic, V and Glasnovic, P and Buzan, E}, title = {Presence and Potential Distribution of Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Slovenia.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {54}, number = {6}, pages = {1510-1518}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjx150}, pmid = {28968852}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Slovenia ; }, abstract = {In Slovenia, two invasive mosquito species are present, Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895) (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes japonicus (Theobald, 1901) (Diptera: Culicidae). In this study, we examined their actual distribution and suitable habitats for new colonizations. Data from survey of species presence in 2013 and 2015, bioclimatic variables and altitude were used for the construction of predictive maps. We produced various models in Maxent software and tested two bioclimatic variable sets, WorldClim and CHELSA. For the variable selection of A. albopictus modeling we used statistical and expert knowledge-based approach, whereas for A. j. japonicus we used only a statistically based approach. The best performing models for both species were chosen according to AIC score-based evaluation. In 2 yr of sampling, A. albopictus was largely confined to the western half of Slovenia, whereas A. j. japonicus spread significantly and can be considered as an established species in a large part of the country. Comparison of models with WorldClim and CHELSA variables for both species showed models with CHELSA variables as a better tool for prediction. Finally, we validated the models performance in predicting distribution of species according to collected field data. Our study confirms that both species are co-occurring and are sympatric in a large part of the country area. The tested models could be used for future prevention of invasive mosquitoes spreading in other countries with similar bioclimatic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid28965671, year = {2017}, author = {Jänes, H and Herkül, K and Kotta, J}, title = {Environmental niche separation between native and non-native benthic invertebrate species: Case study of the northern Baltic Sea.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {131}, number = {}, pages = {123-133}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.08.001}, pmid = {28965671}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Baltic States ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates ; Oceans and Seas ; }, abstract = {Knowledge and understanding of geographic distributions of species is crucial for many aspects in ecology, conservation, policy making and management. In order to reach such an understanding, it is important to know abiotic variables that impact and drive distributions of native and non-native species. We used an existing long-term macrobenthos database for species presence-absence information and biomass estimates at different environmental gradients in the northern Baltic Sea. Region specific abiotic variables (e.g. salinity, depth) were derived from previously constructed bathymetric and hydrodynamic models. Multidimensional ordination techniques were then applied to investigate potential niche space separation between all native and non-native invertebrates in the northern Baltic Sea. Such an approach allowed to obtain data rich and robust estimates of the current native and non-native species distributions and outline important abiotic parameters influencing the observed pattern. The results showed clear niche space separation between native and non-native species. Non-native species were situated in an environmental space characterized by reduced salinity, high temperatures, high proportion of soft seabed and decreased depth and wave exposure whereas native species displayed an opposite pattern. Different placement of native and non-native species along the studied environmental niche space is likely to be explained by the differences in their evolutionary history, human mediated activities and geological youth of the Baltic Sea. The results of this study can provide early warnings and effectively outline coastal areas in the northern Baltic Sea that are prone to further range expansion of non-native species as climate change is expected to significantly reduce salinity and increase temperature in wide coastal areas, both supporting the disappearance of native and appearance of non-native species.}, }
@article {pmid28964500, year = {2018}, author = {Pereda-Briones, L and Tomas, F and Terrados, J}, title = {Field transplantation of seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) seedlings: Effects of invasive algae and nutrients.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {134}, number = {}, pages = {160-165}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.034}, pmid = {28964500}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Alismatales/*growth &amp; development ; Caulerpa/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Seaweed/physiology ; Seedlings/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Seedlings are a key life stage in seagrasses, providing genetic diversity and being a useful tool for restoration. We examined the influence of increased sediment nutrients and the presence of the invasive macroalga Caulerpa cylindracea on the success of in situ transplanting Posidonia oceanica seedlings in a six-month experiment. Our results indicate that one-year old seedlings successfully survive in the field and their survival and growth are positively affected by the presence of C. cylindracea. Furthermore, nutrient addition in the sediment had positive effects on both C. cylindracea (increasing its cover) and seedlings (increasing leaf development), and the increased C. cylindracea cover did not result in detrimental effects on seedlings. Therefore, biological invasions and nutrient addition do not reinforce each other in the short term to negatively impact transplanted seedlings, which highlights facilitative interactions between invasive algae and native seagrass and provides useful information for successful strategies of seagrass restoration.}, }
@article {pmid28963620, year = {2017}, author = {Nguyen, T and Bajwa, AA and Belgeri, A and Navie, S and O'Donnell, C and Adkins, S}, title = {Impact of an invasive weed, Parthenium hysterophorus, on a pasture community in south east Queensland, Australia.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {24}, number = {35}, pages = {27188-27200}, pmid = {28963620}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {322//Vietnamese Government/ ; }, mesh = {Asteraceae/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; *Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Weeds/*physiology ; Population Density ; Queensland ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Parthenium weed is a highly invasive alien species in more than 40 countries around the world. Along with severe negative effects on human and animal health and crop production, it also causes harm to ecosystem functioning by reducing the native plant species biodiversity. However, its impacts on native plant species, especially in pasture communities, are less known. Given parthenium weed causes substantial losses to Australian pastures' productivity, it is crucial to estimate its impact on pasture communities. This study evaluates the impact of parthenium weed upon species diversity in a pasture community at Kilcoy, south east Queensland, Australia. Sub-sites containing three levels of parthenium weed density (i.e. high, low and zero) were chosen to quantify the above- and below-ground plant community structure. Species richness, diversity and evenness were all found to be significantly reduced as the density of parthenium weed increased; an effect was evident even when parthenium weed was present at relatively low densities (i.e. two plants m[-2]). This trend was observed in the summer season as well as in winter season when this annual weed was absent from the above-ground plant community. This demonstrates the strong impact that parthenium weed has upon the community composition and functioning throughout the year. It also shows the long-term impact of parthenium weed on the soil seed bank where it had displaced several native species. So, management options used for parthenium weed should also consider the reduction of parthenium weed seed bank along with controlling its above-ground populations.}, }
@article {pmid28963543, year = {2017}, author = {Zohner, CM and Renner, SS}, title = {Innately shorter vegetation periods in North American species explain native-non-native phenological asymmetries.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {1}, number = {11}, pages = {1655-1660}, doi = {10.1038/s41559-017-0307-3}, pmid = {28963543}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Europe ; Asia, Eastern ; *Forests ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Plant Leaves/*growth &amp; development ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; Trees/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The length of the vegetation period (LVP), which is the time between leaf-out and leaf senescence, affects numerous ecosystem functions, including biogeochemical cycles and interspecific interactions. The evolutionary mechanisms determining LVP, however, are poorly understood, and thus, it is unknown whether innate LVPs differ between eastern North American (ENA), European and East Asian species. Here we monitored LVP in 2014-2015 in 396 Northern Hemisphere woody species grown in a common garden. We found that ENA species, under the same conditions, have three weeks (11%) shorter vegetation periods than their European and East Asian relatives, because their leaves flushed 9 ± 4 and 13 ± 4 days later and senesced 9 ± 4 and 11 ± 4 days earlier. LVPs of species introduced from Eurasia into ENA are therefore longer than those of native species, suggesting that the spread of non-natives might alter seasonal forest productivity in ENA. LVP between naturalized invasive and non-invasive species, however, did not differ, rejecting the common assumption that longer leaf presentation generally fosters invasive success. A likely explanation for the shorter LVP of ENA species is that region's uniquely high inter-annual temperature variation. These results highlight the footprint of regional climate history, which will affect forest response to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid28963523, year = {2017}, author = {Shinobe, S and Uchida, S and Mori, H and Okochi, I and Chiba, S}, title = {Declining soil Crustacea in a World Heritage Site caused by land nemertean.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {12400}, pmid = {28963523}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; *Crustacea ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Islands ; Japan ; Predatory Behavior ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Invasive non-native species are of great concern throughout the world. Potential severity of the impacts of non-native species is assessed for effective conservation managements. However, such risk assessment is often difficult, and underestimating possible harm can cause substantial issues. Here, we document catastrophic decline of a soil ecosystem in the Ogasawara Islands, a UNESCO World Heritage site, due to predation by non-native land nemertine Geonemertes pelaensis of which harm has been previously unnoticed. This nemertine is widely distributed in tropical regions, and no study has shown that it feeds on arthropods. However, we experimentally confirmed that G. pelaensis predates various arthropod groups. Soil fauna of Ogasawara was originally dominated by isopods and amphipods, but our surveys in the southern parts of Hahajima Island showed that these became extremely scarce in the areas invaded by G. pelaensis. Carnivorous arthropods decreased by indirect effects of its predation. Radical decline of soil arthropods since the 1980s on Chichijima Island was also caused by G. pelaensis and was first recorded in 1981. Thus, the soil ecosystem was already seriously damaged in Ogasawara by the nemertine. The present findings raise an issue and limitation in recognizing threats of non-native species.}, }
@article {pmid28963256, year = {2017}, author = {Carlton, JT and Chapman, JW and Geller, JB and Miller, JA and Carlton, DA and McCuller, MI and Treneman, NC and Steves, BP and Ruiz, GM}, title = {Tsunami-driven rafting: Transoceanic species dispersal and implications for marine biogeography.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {357}, number = {6358}, pages = {1402-1406}, doi = {10.1126/science.aao1498}, pmid = {28963256}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; *Aquatic Organisms/classification ; Earthquakes ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; North America ; Phylogeography ; *Tsunamis ; }, abstract = {The 2011 East Japan earthquake generated a massive tsunami that launched an extraordinary transoceanic biological rafting event with no known historical precedent. We document 289 living Japanese coastal marine species from 16 phyla transported over 6 years on objects that traveled thousands of kilometers across the Pacific Ocean to the shores of North America and Hawai'i. Most of this dispersal occurred on nonbiodegradable objects, resulting in the longest documented transoceanic survival and dispersal of coastal species by rafting. Expanding shoreline infrastructure has increased global sources of plastic materials available for biotic colonization and also interacts with climate change-induced storms of increasing severity to eject debris into the oceans. In turn, increased ocean rafting may intensify species invasions.}, }
@article {pmid28961855, year = {2017}, author = {Marchi-Werle, L and Baldin, ELL and Fischer, HD and Heng-Moss, TM and Hunt, TE}, title = {Economic Injury Levels for Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on the Soybean Aphid Tolerant KS4202 Soybean.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {5}, pages = {2100-2108}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox225}, pmid = {28961855}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Agriculture/*economics ; Animals ; *Aphids ; Population Density ; Glycine max/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is an invasive species from Asia that has been the major economic insect pest of soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, since 2000. While use of soybeans expressing antibiosis and antixenosis is a well-studied strategy to manage this pest, aphid-tolerant soybeans remain underexplored. This study examined the relationship between cumulative aphid-days (CAD) and yield loss in the tolerant soybean KS4202 during two growing seasons to determine the economic injury levels (EILs) for soybean aphids on KS4202. Soybean aphid infestations were initiated during the soybean reproductive stages. A range of CAD treatments (3,000-45,000 CADs) were applied during the growing seasons. Aphid populations reached 45,000 CAD in 2011 and 38,000 CAD in 2013 in plots that were not treated with insecticides. It was estimated that the population doubling time was 9.4 d. In infested plots, soybean yield was reduced by 1.4-13.3%, equivalent to a 3.1% yield loss for every 10,000 CAD. Overall, most CAD treatments did not affect yield parameters, although CAD > 39,000 caused a significant reduction in most yield parameters. The EILs calculated for KS4202 ranged from 526 to 2,050 aphids/plant, which were approximately 2.5-fold higher when compared to EILs previously calculated for susceptible soybean. The adoption of soybean aphid tolerant soybean with higher EILs may help mitigate treatment delay problems by lengthening the treatment lead-time and possibly reduce the number of insecticide applications.}, }
@article {pmid28961266, year = {2017}, author = {Magliozzi, L and Almada, F and Robalo, J and Mollo, E and Polese, G and Gonçalves, EJ and Felline, S and Terlizzi, A and D'Aniello, B}, title = {Cryptic effects of biological invasions: Reduction of the aggressive behaviour of a native fish under the influence of an "invasive" biomolecule.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e0185620}, pmid = {28961266}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Aggression ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Chlorophyta ; *Introduced Species ; Sea Bream/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The invasive green alga Caulerpa cylindracea has become an important component of the diet of the Mediterranean white seabream Diplodus sargus. As a consequence of this "exotic diet", the algal bisindolic alkaloid caulerpin accumulates in the fish tissues. Although the compound shows structural similarity to endogenous indolamines that modulate animal behaviour, the potential impact of caulerpin on fish behaviour still remains unexplored. In this report, behavioural experiments both on groups and on single fish responding towards a mirror were performed under different doses of dietary caulerpin. Differences between treated and control groups for each behaviour and for the overall aggressive pattern during the different experimental phases showed that the aggressiveness of D. sargus decreased with the administration of caulerpin. These results call the attention to a still unexplored potential ability of bioactive metabolites from marine invasive species, to alter the behaviour on native species, with putative negative effects on patterns of fish growth and population dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid28958575, year = {2017}, author = {South, PM and Floerl, O and Forrest, BM and Thomsen, MS}, title = {A review of three decades of research on the invasive kelp Undaria pinnatifida in Australasia: An assessment of its success, impacts and status as one of the world's worst invaders.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {131}, number = {}, pages = {243-257}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.09.015}, pmid = {28958575}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Australasia ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Undaria/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Marine invasive macroalgae can have severe local-scale impacts on ecological communities. The kelp Undaria pinnatifida is one of the most successful marine invasive species worldwide, and is widely regarded as one of the worst. Here, we review research on Undaria in Australasia, where the kelp is established throughout much of New Zealand and south-eastern Australia. The presence of Undaria for at least three decades in these locations makes Australasia one of the longest-invaded bioregions globally, and a valuable case study for considering Undaria's invasion success and associated impacts. In Australasia, Undaria has primarily invaded open spaces, turf communities, and gaps in native canopies within a relatively narrow elevation band on rocky shores. Despite its high biomass, Undaria has relatively few direct impacts on native species, and can increase community-wide attributes such as primary productivity and the provision of biogenic habitat. Therefore, Australasian Undaria research provides an example of a decoupling between the success and impact of an invasive species. Undaria will most likely continue to spread along thousands of kilometres of rocky coastline in temperate Australasia, due to its tolerance to large variations in temperature, ability to exploit disturbances to local communities, and the continued transfer among regions via vessel movements and aquaculture activities. However, the spread of Undaria remains difficult to manage as eradication is challenging and seldom successful. Therefore, understanding potential invasion pathways, maintaining native canopy-forming species that limit Undaria success, and effectively managing anthropogenic vectors of Undaria spread, should be key management priorities.}, }
@article {pmid28957402, year = {2017}, author = {Moran, EV and Reid, A and Levine, JM}, title = {Population genetics and adaptation to climate along elevation gradients in invasive Solidago canadensis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e0185539}, pmid = {28957402}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; *Altitude ; Chloroplasts/genetics ; *Climate ; Flowers/physiology ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Haplotypes/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Pollen/genetics ; Seed Dispersal/genetics ; Solidago/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {Gene flow between populations may either support local adaptation by supplying genetic variation on which selection may act, or counteract it if maladapted alleles arrive faster than can be purged by selection. Although both such effects have been documented within plant species' native ranges, how the balance of these forces influences local adaptation in invasive plant populations is less clear, in part because introduced species often have lower genetic variation initially but also tend to have good dispersal abilities. To evaluate the extent of gene flow and adaptation to local climate in invasive populations of Solidago canadensis, and the implications of this for range expansion, we compared population differentiation at microsatellite and chloroplast loci for populations across Switzerland and assessed the effect of environmental transfer distance using common gardens. We found that while patterns of differentiation at neutral genetic markers suggested that populations are connected through extensive pollen and seed movement, common-garden plants nonetheless exhibited modest adaptation to local climate conditions. Growth rate and flower production declined with climatic distance from a plant's home site, with clones from colder home sites performing better at or above the range limit. Such adaptation in invasive species is likely to promote further spread, particularly under climate change, as the genotypes positioned near the range edge may be best able to take advantage of lengthening growing seasons to expand the range.}, }
@article {pmid28953960, year = {2017}, author = {Medeiros, PM and Ferreira Júnior, WS and Ramos, MA and Silva, TCD and Ladio, AH and Albuquerque, UP}, title = {Why do people use exotic plants in their local medical systems? A systematic review based on Brazilian local communities.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e0185358}, pmid = {28953960}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Brazil ; Ethnobotany ; *Introduced Species ; Plants, Medicinal/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Efforts have been made to understand the processes that lead to the introduction of exotic species into local pharmacopoeias. Among those efforts, the diversification hypothesis predicts that exotic plants are introduced in local medical systems to amplify the repertoire of knowledge related to the treatment of diseases, filling blanks that were not occupied by native species. Based on such hypothesis, this study aimed to contribute to this discussion using the context of local Brazilian populations. We performed a systematic review of Brazilian studies up to 2011 involving medicinal plants, excluding those studies that presented a high risk of bias (because of sampling or plant identification problems). An analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) was conducted in different scales to test for differences in the repertoire of therapeutic indications treated using native and exotic species. We have found that although there is some overlap between native and exotic plants regarding their therapeutic indications and the body systems (BSs) that they treat, there are clear gaps present, that is, there are therapeutic indications and BSs treated that are exclusive to exotic species. This scenario enables the postulation of two alternative unfoldings of the diversification hypothesis, namely, (1) exotic species are initially introduced to fill gaps and undergo subsequent expansion of their use for medical purposes already addressed using native species and (2) exotic species are initially introduced to address problems already addressed using native species to diversify the repertoire of medicinal plants and to increase the resilience of medical systems. The reasons why exotic species may have a competitive advantage over the native ones, the implications of the introduction of exotic species for the resilience of medical systems, and the contexts in which autochthonous plants can gain strength to remain in pharmacopoeias are also discussed.}, }
@article {pmid28953953, year = {2017}, author = {Thomas, LM and Jorgenson, ZG and Brigham, ME and Choy, SJ and Moore, JN and Banda, JA and Gefell, DJ and Minarik, TA and Schoenfuss, HL}, title = {Contaminants of emerging concern in tributaries to the Laurentian Great Lakes: II. Biological consequences of exposure.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e0184725}, pmid = {28953953}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Endpoint Determination ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Estradiol/analysis ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Lakes/*chemistry ; North America ; Water/chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {The Laurentian Great Lakes contain one fifth of the world's surface freshwater and have been impacted by human activity since the Industrial Revolution. In addition to legacy contaminants, nitrification and invasive species, this aquatic ecosystem is also the recipient of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) with poorly understood biological consequences. In the current study, we documented the presence, concentrations, and biological effects of CECs across 27 field sites in six Great Lakes tributaries by examining over 2250 resident and caged sunfish (Lepomis ssp.) for a variety of morphological and physiological endpoints and related these results to CEC occurrence. CEC were ubiquitous across studies sites and their presence and concentrations in water and sediment were highest in effluent dominated rivers and downstream of municipal wastewater treatment plant discharges. However, even putative upstream reference sites were not free of CEC presence and fish at these sites exhibited biological effects consistent with CEC exposure. Only the Fox River exhibited consistent adverse biological effects, including increased relative liver size, greater prominence of hepatocyte vacuoles and increased plasma glucose concentrations. Canonical Redundancy Analysis revealed consistent patterns of biological consequences of CEC exposure across all six tributaries. Increasing plasma glucose concentrations, likely as a result of pollutant-induced metabolic stress, were associated with increased relative liver size and greater prominence of hepatocyte vacuoles. These indicators of pollutant exposure were inversely correlated with indicators of reproductive potential including smaller gonad size and less mature gametes. The current study highlights the need for greater integration of chemical and biological studies and suggests that CECs in the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin may adversely affect the reproductive potential of exposed fish populations.}, }
@article {pmid28953907, year = {2017}, author = {Becerra López, JL and Esparza Estrada, CE and Romero Méndez, U and Sigala Rodríguez, JJ and Mayer Goyenechea, IG and Castillo Cerón, JM}, title = {Evidence of niche shift and invasion potential of Lithobates catesbeianus in the habitat of Mexican endemic frogs.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e0185086}, pmid = {28953907}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Statistical ; *Ranidae ; Risk ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species are one of most severe threats to biodiversity and natural resources. These biological invasions have been studied from the niche conservatism and niche shifts perspective. Niche differentiation may result from changes in fundamental niche or realized niche or both; in biological invasions, niche differences between native and non-native ranges can appear through niche expansion, niche unfilling and niche stability. The American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus is an invasive species that can have negative impacts on native amphibian populations. This research examines the climate niche shifts of this frog, its potential range of expansion in Mexico and the risk of invasion by bullfrog in the habitats of 82 frog species endemic to Mexico, that based on their climatic niche similarity were divided in four ecological groups. The results indicate that species in two ecological groups were the most vulnerable to invasion by bullfrog. However, the climate niche shifts of L. catesbeianus may allow it to adapt to new environmental conditions, so species from the two remaining groups cannot be dismissed as not vulnerable. This information is valuable for decision making in prioritizing areas for conservation of Mexican endemic frogs.}, }
@article {pmid28953904, year = {2017}, author = {Pawson, SM and Marcot, BG and Woodberry, OG}, title = {Predicting forest insect flight activity: A Bayesian network approach.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e0183464}, pmid = {28953904}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bayes Theorem ; *Flight, Animal ; *Forests ; Insecta/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Daily flight activity patterns of forest insects are influenced by temporal and meteorological conditions. Temperature and time of day are frequently cited as key drivers of activity; however, complex interactions between multiple contributing factors have also been proposed. Here, we report individual Bayesian network models to assess the probability of flight activity of three exotic insects, Hylurgus ligniperda, Hylastes ater, and Arhopalus ferus in a managed plantation forest context. Models were built from 7,144 individual hours of insect sampling, temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, photon flux density, and temporal data. Discretized meteorological and temporal variables were used to build naïve Bayes tree augmented networks. Calibration results suggested that the H. ater and A. ferus Bayesian network models had the best fit for low Type I and overall errors, and H. ligniperda had the best fit for low Type II errors. Maximum hourly temperature and time since sunrise had the largest influence on H. ligniperda flight activity predictions, whereas time of day and year had the greatest influence on H. ater and A. ferus activity. Type II model errors for the prediction of no flight activity is improved by increasing the model's predictive threshold. Improvements in model performance can be made by further sampling, increasing the sensitivity of the flight intercept traps, and replicating sampling in other regions. Predicting insect flight informs an assessment of the potential phytosanitary risks of wood exports. Quantifying this risk allows mitigation treatments to be targeted to prevent the spread of invasive species via international trade pathways.}, }
@article {pmid28951994, year = {2018}, author = {Marić Pfannkuchen, D and Godrijan, J and Smodlaka Tanković, M and Baričević, A and Kužat, N and Djakovac, T and Pustijanac, E and Jahn, R and Pfannkuchen, M}, title = {The Ecology of One Cosmopolitan, One Newly Introduced and One Occasionally Advected Species from the Genus Skeletonema in a Highly Structured Ecosystem, the Northern Adriatic.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, pages = {674-687}, pmid = {28951994}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {UIP-2014-09-6563//Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost/ ; DE-TAF-4090//European Union/ ; DE-TAF-4112//European Union/ ; }, mesh = {Biota ; China ; DNA/analysis/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Diatoms/*classification/cytology/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water/microbiology ; Genes, rRNA/genetics ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; Geographic Mapping ; India ; Japan ; *Marine Biology ; Microscopy, Electron ; Nutrients ; Oman ; *Phylogeny ; Phytoplankton/classification ; Salinity ; Seasons ; Seawater/chemistry ; Species Specificity ; Yemen ; }, abstract = {The diatom genus Skeletonema is globally distributed and often an important constituent of the phytoplankton community. In the marine phytoplankton of the northern Adriatic Sea, we found three species of the genus Skeletonema: Skeletonema menzelii, Skeletonema marinoi and Skeletonema grevillei. Making use of the steep ecological gradients that characterise the northern Adriatic, along which we could observe those species, we report here on the ecological circumstances under which those species thrive and how their respective populations are globally connected. This is the first detailed ecological study for the species S. grevillei. This study is also the first report for S. grevillei for the Adriatic Sea and Mediterranean together with additional electron microscopic details on fresh in situ samples for this species. S. marinoi appears to clearly prefer strong freshwater influence and high nutrient concentrations delivered by low salinity waters. It can outcompete other diatom species and dominate microphytoplankton blooms. S. grevillei on the other hand appears to thrive in high nutrient concentrations triggered by water column mixing. It also appears to prefer higher salinity waters and coastal embayments. Genetic analysis of S. grevillei demonstrated a peculiar dissimilarity with isolates from coastal waters off Yemen, India, Oman and China. However, a closely related sequence was isolated from coastal waters off Japan. These results indicate that S. grevillei is an introduced species, possibly transported by ballast waters. S. menzelii is a sporadic visitor in the northern Adriatic, advected from rather oligotrophic middle Adriatic waters and never dominates the phytoplankton community in the northern Adriatic.}, }
@article {pmid28950415, year = {2017}, author = {Ben-Shlomo, R}, title = {Invasiveness, chimerism and genetic diversity.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {23}, pages = {6502-6509}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14364}, pmid = {28950415}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Chimerism ; Founder Effect ; Genetic Fitness ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Genetic ; Urochordata/genetics ; }, abstract = {Adaptation for invasiveness should comprise the capability to exploit and prosper in a wide range of ecological conditions and is therefore expected to be associated with a certain level of genetic diversity. Paradoxically, however, invasive populations are established by only a few founders, resulting in low genetic diversity. As a conceivable way of attaining high genetic diversity and high variance of gene expression even when a small number of founders is involved in invasiveness, I suggest here chimerism, a fusion between different individuals-a common phenomenon found in numerous phyla. The composite entity offers the chimeric organism genetic flexibility and higher inclusive fitness that depends on the joint genomic fitness of the original partners. The ability to form a chimeric entity is also applied to subsequent generations, and consequently, the level of genetic diversity does not decline over generations of population establishment following invasion.}, }
@article {pmid28950004, year = {2017}, author = {Budge, GE and Hodgetts, J and Jones, EP and Ostojá-Starzewski, JC and Hall, J and Tomkies, V and Semmence, N and Brown, M and Wakefield, M and Stainton, K}, title = {The invasion, provenance and diversity of Vespa velutina Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Great Britain.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e0185172}, pmid = {28950004}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; United Kingdom ; Wasps/classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The yellow-legged or Asian hornet (Vespa velutina colour form nigrithorax) was introduced into France from China over a decade ago. Vespa velutina has since spread rapidly across Europe, facilitated by suitable climatic conditions and the ability of a single nest to disperse many mated queens over a large area. Yellow-legged hornets are a major concern because of the potential impact they have on populations of many beneficial pollinators, most notably the western honey bee (Apis mellifera), which shows no effective defensive behaviours against this exotic predator. Here, we present the first report of this species in Great Britain. Actively foraging hornets were detected at two locations, the first around a single nest in Gloucestershire, and the second a single hornet trapped 54 km away in Somerset. The foraging activity observed in Gloucestershire was largely restricted to within 700 m of a single nest, suggesting highly localised movements. Genetic analyses of individuals from the Gloucestershire nest and the single hornet from Somerset suggest that these incursions represent an expansion of the European population, rather than a second incursion from Asia. The founding queen of the Gloucestershire nest mated with a single male, suggesting that sexual reproduction may have occurred in an area of low nest density. Whilst the nest contained diploid adult males, haploid 'true' males were only present at the egg stage, indicating that the nest was detected and removed before the production of queens. Members of the public reported additional dead hornets associated with camping equipment recently returned from France and imported timber products, highlighting possible pathways of incursion. The utility of microsatellites to inform surveillance during an incursion and the challenge of achieving eradication of this damaging pest are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid28950002, year = {2017}, author = {Mitura, A and Niemczuk, K and Zaręba, K and Zając, M and Laroucau, K and Szymańska-Czerwińska, M}, title = {Free-living and captive turtles and tortoises as carriers of new Chlamydia spp.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e0185407}, pmid = {28950002}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Chlamydia/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Genotype ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Species Specificity ; Turtles/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {A variety of Chlamydia species belonging to the Chlamydiaceae family have been reported in reptilian hosts but scarce data about their occurrence in turtles and tortoises are available. In this study, research was conducted to acquire information on invasive alien species (IAS) of turtles and indigenous turtles and tortoises, living both free and in captivity, as possible reservoirs of Chlamydiaceae. Analysis of specimens (pharyngeal and cloacal swabs and tissues) from 204 turtles and tortoises revealed an overall Chlamydiaceae prevalence of 18.3% and 28.6% among free-living and captive animals respectively, with variable levels of shedding. Further testing conducted with a species-specific real-time PCR and microarray test was unsuccessful. Subsequently sequencing was applied to genotype the Chlamydiaceae-positive samples. Almost the full lengths of the 16S rRNA and ompA genes as well as the 16S-23S intergenic spacer (IGS) and 23S rRNA domain I were obtained for 14, 20 and 8 specimens respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA amplicons revealed two distinct branches. Group 1 (10 specimens), specific to freshwater turtles and reported here for the first time, was most closely related to Chlamydia (C.) pneumoniae strains and the newly described Candidatus C. sanzinia. Group 2 (four specimens), detected in Testudo spp. samples, showed highest homology to C. pecorum strains but formed a separate sub-branch. Finally, molecular analysis conducted on positive samples together with their geographical distribution in places distant from each other strongly suggest that Group 1 specimens correspond to a new species in the Chlamydiaceae family. In-depth studies of Chlamydia spp. from turtles and tortoises are needed to further characterise these atypical strains and address arising questions about their pathogenicity and zoonotic potential.}, }
@article {pmid28947832, year = {2017}, author = {Hradsky, BA and Robley, A and Alexander, R and Ritchie, EG and York, A and Di Stefano, J}, title = {Human-modified habitats facilitate forest-dwelling populations of an invasive predator, Vulpes vulpes.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {12291}, pmid = {28947832}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Female ; *Forests ; Foxes ; Geographic Information Systems ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data/*trends ; Male ; Population Dynamics/statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; *Predatory Behavior ; Remote Sensing Technology ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; }, abstract = {Invasive and over-abundant predators pose a major threat to biodiversity and often benefit from human activities. Effective management requires understanding predator use of human-modified habitats (including resource subsidies and disturbed environments), and individual variation within populations. We investigated selection for human-modified habitats by invasive red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, within two predominantly forested Australian landscapes. We predicted that foxes would select for human-modified habitats in their range locations and fine-scale movements, but that selection would vary between individuals. We GPS-tracked 19 foxes for 17-166 days; ranges covered 33 to >2500 ha. Approximately half the foxes selected for human-modified habitats at the range scale, with some 'commuting' more than five kilometres to farmland or townships at night. Two foxes used burnt forest intensively after a prescribed fire. In their fine-scale nocturnal movements, most foxes selected for human-modified habitats such as reservoirs, forest edges and roads, but there was considerable individual variation. Native fauna in fragmented and disturbed habitats are likely to be exposed to high rates of fox predation, and anthropogenic food resources may subsidise fox populations within the forest interior. Coordinating fox control across land-tenures, targeting specific landscape features, and limiting fox access to anthropogenic resources will be important for biodiversity conservation.}, }
@article {pmid28945322, year = {2018}, author = {Traveset, A and Navarro, L}, title = {Plant reproductive ecology and evolution in the Mediterranean islands: state of the art.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {20 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {63-77}, doi = {10.1111/plb.12636}, pmid = {28945322}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecology ; Mediterranean Islands ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants ; Pollination ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {The ca. 12,000 islands and islets that encompass the Mediterranean Basin represent a biodiversity hotspot. They have been disconnected from each other and from the continent for hundreds of thousands to millions of years and encompass a high incidence of endemic plant species, with values that can exceed 20% of the local flora. Despite this, relatively few studies have been carried out to unravel ecological and evolutionary aspects of plant reproduction. We synthesise here the available information on the breeding systems, pollination and seed dispersal mode of the Mediterranean island flora. The main objective is to identify general patterns as well as to detect the main gaps in information on reproductive ecology in these particular and vulnerable systems in the face of global change. We also briefly review the information on impacts of invasive species on plant reproduction and dispersal, as these are some of the main threats to island biodiversity in general and Mediterranean island plant diversity in particular. The review has revealed that most available information is very geographically biased towards the western Mediterranean islands, especially the Balearic Islands, although a good fraction of studies have also been carried out on the eastern islands in the Aegean archipelago. Moreover, the majority of data come from species-focused studies, mainly endemic species of restricted range, whereas only a small fraction of studies have been performed at a community level. Relatively little work has involved genetic analyses, mainly focused on assessing the genetic differentiation and variability on narrow endemics. Contrary to our expectations, most island species do not rely on autonomous selfing, which might be related to the relatively high diversity of pollinators. The small, uninhabited, islands might be the last refuges of peculiar interactions that evolved in them in ancient times; they thus should be considered as sanctuaries of extraordinary biodiversity. Finally, we point out the main gaps of information and formulate a set of hypotheses that we believe are worth testing in future studies if we are to advance knowledge on the reproductive biology of Mediterranean island plants.}, }
@article {pmid28944478, year = {2017}, author = {Wang, YJ and Müller-Schärer, H and van Kleunen, M and Cai, AM and Zhang, P and Yan, R and Dong, BC and Yu, FH}, title = {Invasive alien plants benefit more from clonal integration in heterogeneous environments than natives.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {216}, number = {4}, pages = {1072-1078}, doi = {10.1111/nph.14820}, pmid = {28944478}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*physiology ; Reproduction, Asexual ; }, abstract = {What confers invasive alien plants a competitive advantage over native plants remains open to debate. Many of the world's worst invasive alien plants are clonal and able to share resources within clones (clonal integration), particularly in heterogeneous environments. Here, we tested the hypothesis that clonal integration benefits invasive clonal plants more than natives and thus confers invasives a competitive advantage. We selected five congeneric and naturally co-occurring pairs of invasive alien and native clonal plants in China, and grew pairs of connected and disconnected ramets under heterogeneous light, soil nutrient and water conditions that are commonly encountered by alien plants during their invasion into new areas. Clonal integration increased biomass of all plants in all three heterogeneous resource environments. However, invasive plants benefited more from clonal integration than natives. Consequently, invasive plants produced more biomass than natives. Our results indicate that clonal integration may confer invasive alien clonal plants a competitive advantage over natives. Therefore, differences in the ability of clonal integration could potentially explain, at least partly, the invasion success of alien clonal plants in areas where resources are heterogeneously distributed.}, }
@article {pmid28942299, year = {2017}, author = {Seguel, M and Muñoz, F and Paredes, E and Navarrete, MJ and Gottdenker, NL}, title = {Pathological Findings in Wild Rats (Rattus rattus) Captured at Guafo Island, Northern Chilean Patagonia.}, journal = {Journal of comparative pathology}, volume = {157}, number = {2-3}, pages = {163-173}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.07.006}, pmid = {28942299}, issn = {1532-3129}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Chile ; Disease Reservoirs ; Rats ; Rodent Diseases/*epidemiology/*etiology ; }, abstract = {The black rat (Rattus rattus) is an invasive species and potential reservoir of significant pathogens of man, domestic animals and wildlife. During the 2012-2014 austral summers, 201 black rats were captured and examined on the uninhabited Guafo Island, in Northern Chilean Patagonia (43.593029°S, 74.713481°W). The mite Ornithonyssus bacoti caused lymphoplasmacytic and eosinophilic dermatitis in all infected rats (105/210, 52%), but no skin lesions were observed in rats infected with Nosopsyllus spp. and Plocopsylla spp. fleas. Eighty-eight rats (44%) had mild lymphoplasmacytic and eosinophilic enterocolitis and 61 of these rats were infected with the nematode Heterakis spumosa. In the liver, 63 animals (31%) had areas of necrosis with histiocytic and eosinophilic inflammation associated with multiple Calodium hepaticum eggs, and in 15 cases there was co-infection with several Taenia taeniaeformis strobilocerci. Mild interstitial lymphoplasmacytic sialadenitis with intranuclear inclusion bodies, suggesting cytomegalovirus infection, was observed in 28 rats (15%). In the lung, alveolar histiocytosis (69 rats, 34%) and perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates (46 rats, 23%) were the most common findings. There was mild to moderate lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis in 52 rats (26%) and in 15% of these cases Leptospira spp. antigen was detected in the distal renal tubules. Some of the diseases of black rats on Guafo Island are likely to play a role in rat population dynamics. The endemic Guafo Island long-clawed mole mouse (Geoxus lafkenche), sea lions and fur seals may be at risk for infection by some of these rat pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid28940505, year = {2018}, author = {Januchowski-Hartley, SR and Adams, VM and Hermoso, V}, title = {The need for spatially explicit quantification of benefits in invasive-species management.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, pages = {287-293}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13031}, pmid = {28940505}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Decision Making ; Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Worldwide, invasive species are a leading driver of environmental change across terrestrial, marine, and freshwater environments and cost billions of dollars annually in ecological damages and economic losses. Resources limit invasive-species control, and planning processes are needed to identify cost-effective solutions. Thus, studies are increasingly considering spatially variable natural and socioeconomic assets (e.g., species persistence, recreational fishing) when planning the allocation of actions for invasive-species management. There is a need to improve understanding of how such assets are considered in invasive-species management. We reviewed over 1600 studies focused on management of invasive species, including flora and fauna. Eighty-four of these studies were included in our final analysis because they focused on the prioritization of actions for invasive species management. Forty-five percent (n = 38) of these studies were based on spatial optimization methods, and 35% (n = 13) accounted for spatially variable assets. Across all 84 optimization studies considered, 27% (n = 23) explicitly accounted for spatially variable assets. Based on our findings, we further explored the potential costs and benefits to invasive species management when spatially variable assets are explicitly considered or not. To include spatially variable assets in decision-making processes that guide invasive-species management there is a need to quantify environmental responses to invasive species and to enhance understanding of potential impacts of invasive species on different natural or socioeconomic assets. We suggest these gaps could be filled by systematic reviews, quantifying invasive species impacts on native species at different periods, and broadening sources and enhancing sharing of knowledge.}, }
@article {pmid28940358, year = {2017}, author = {Tarasi, DD and Peet, RK}, title = {The native-exotic species richness relationship varies with spatial grain of measurement and environmental conditions.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {12}, pages = {3086-3095}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2028}, pmid = {28940358}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Fresh Water ; Plants/*classification ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions can have dramatic impacts on communities and biodiversity, and are critical considerations in conservation and management decisions. We present a novel analysis to determine how exotic species success varies with community richness and scale of measurement. Using 5,022 plots representing natural vegetation of the Carolinas, we calculated native and exotic species richness of all vascular plants at five grain sizes. To avoid spatial pseudoreplication, we randomly selected unique subplots from each larger plot, re-selecting 100 times to develop an empirical distribution of the native-exotic richness relationship (NERR). Because observed NERRs vary with spatial scale, we developed separate scale-specific null-model distributions to compare to the empirical data. For each spatial scale, we compared the empirical distribution of 100 slopes to the null distribution containing 99 permutations of species origin per empirical slope. We also analyzed the dataset according to broad assignments corresponding to environmental conditions, using the formation type assigned to each community. The plots followed across most scales the general trend that exotic richness increases with native richness. At the smallest scale, however, the NERR was negative. The slope of the NERR is significantly higher than the null model at the largest observed scale and significantly lower than the null model at the smallest two observed scales. The NERR for most formations follows the general pattern with scale for the entire dataset. Warm temperate forests expressed essentially 0 slope at the largest spatial grain, decreasing to a negative relationship at 1 m[2] and smaller. Temperate freshwater marshes and wet meadows and shrublands expressed a positive relationship at all spatial grains, demonstrating that unique environmental and biogeographic conditions differentially affect exotic species. Further, these results indicate that exotic species are unevenly distributed across natural communities and that community assembly processes vary with scale.}, }
@article {pmid28940318, year = {2017}, author = {Lurie, MH and Barton, KE and Daehler, CC}, title = {Pre-damage biomass allocation and not invasiveness predicts tolerance to damage in seedlings of woody species in Hawaii.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {12}, pages = {3011-3021}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2031}, pmid = {28940318}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Biomass ; Hawaii ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; *Seedlings ; }, abstract = {Plant-herbivore interactions have been predicted to play a fundamental role in plant invasions, although support for this assertion from previous research is mixed. While plants may escape from specialist herbivores in their introduced ranges, herbivory from generalists is common. Tolerance traits may allow non-native plants to mitigate the negative consequences of generalist herbivory that they cannot avoid in their introduced range. Here we address whether tolerance to herbivory, quantified as survival and compensatory growth, is associated with plant invasion success in Hawaii and investigate traits that may enhance tolerance in seedlings, the life stage most susceptible to herbivory. In a greenhouse experiment, we measured seedling tolerance to simulated herbivory through mechanical damage (50% leaf removal) of 16 non-native woody plant species differing in invasion status (invasive vs. non-invasive). Seedlings were grown for 2 weeks following damage and analyzed for biomass to determine whether damaged plants could fully compensate for the lost leaf tissue. Over 99% of all seedlings survived defoliation. Although species varied significantly in their levels of compensation, there was no consistent difference between invasive and non-invasive species. Seedlings of 11 species undercompensated and remained substantially smaller than control seedlings 2 weeks after damage; four species were close to compensating, while one species overcompensated. Across species, compensation was positively associated with an increased investment in potential storage reserves, specifically cotyledons and roots, suggesting that these organs provide resources that help seedlings re-grow following damage. Our results add to a growing consensus that pre-damage growth patterns determine tolerance to damage, even in young seedlings which have relatively low biomass. The lack of higher tolerance in highly invasive species may suggest that invaders overcome herbivory barriers to invasion in other ways, such as resistance traits, or that herbivory does not play an important role in the seedling invasion dynamics of these woody species in Hawaii.}, }
@article {pmid28938082, year = {2018}, author = {Chen, L and Fadamiro, HY}, title = {Pseudacteon Phorid Flies: Host Specificity and Impacts on Solenopsis Fire Ants.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {63}, number = {}, pages = {47-67}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043049}, pmid = {28938082}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*parasitology ; Biodiversity ; Diptera/*physiology ; *Host Specificity ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Pest Control, Biological ; South America ; }, abstract = {Human commerce has resulted in the spread of the imported fire ants, Solenopsis species, worldwide. Six species of parasitic Pseudacteon phorid flies that are highly host specific to the Solenopsis saevissima complex of Solenopsis fire ants have been successfully released in the southern United States. The presence of Pseudacteon phorid flies, in addition to having direct mortality effects on their host ants, modifies foraging behavior and disrupts interspecific competition between host species and other ant species in the community. Fire ant workers have evolved effective methods to cope with parasitism pressure, which may relieve population-level impacts of introduced phorid flies. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying host location, host preference, and host-size selection of Pseudacteon phorid flies and highlights their direct and indirect effects on fire ant populations. Knowledge gained from parasitoid-ant interactions will enhance use of natural enemies as biological control agents for invasive social insects.}, }
@article {pmid28938024, year = {2017}, author = {Forti, LR and Becker, CG and Tacioli, L and Pereira, VR and Santos, ACFA and Oliveira, I and Haddad, CFB and Toledo, LF}, title = {Perspectives on invasive amphibians in Brazil.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e0184703}, pmid = {28938024}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Communication ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Anura/microbiology ; Brazil ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Mycoses/veterinary ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Sound Spectrography ; }, abstract = {Introduced species have the potential to become invasive and jeopardize entire ecosystems. The success of species establishing viable populations outside their original extent depends primarily on favorable climatic conditions in the invasive ranges. Species distribution modeling (SDM) can thus be used to estimate potential habitat suitability for populations of invasive species. Here we review the status of six amphibian species with invasive populations in Brazil (four domestic species and two imported species). We (i) modeled the current habitat suitability and future potential distribution of these six focal species, (ii) reported on the disease status of Eleutherodactylus johnstonei and Phyllodytes luteolus, and (iii) quantified the acoustic overlap of P. luteolus and Leptodactylus labyrinthicus with three co-occurring native species. Our models indicated that all six invasive species could potentially expand their ranges in Brazil within the next few decades. In addition, our SDMs predicted important expansions in available habitat for 2 out of 6 invasive species under future (2100) climatic conditions. We detected high acoustic niche overlap between invasive and native amphibian species, underscoring that acoustic interference might reduce mating success in local frogs. Despite the American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus being recognized as a potential reservoir for the frog-killing fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) in Brazil, we did not detect Bd in the recently introduced population of E. johnstonei and P. luteolus in the State of São Paulo. We emphasize that the number of invasive amphibian species in Brazil is increasing exponentially, highlighting the urgent need to monitor and control these populations and decrease potential impacts on the locally biodiverse wildlife.}, }
@article {pmid28936635, year = {2017}, author = {Shuman-Goodier, ME and Singleton, GR and Propper, CR}, title = {Competition and pesticide exposure affect development of invasive (Rhinella marina) and native (Fejervarya vittigera) rice paddy amphibian larvae.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)}, volume = {26}, number = {10}, pages = {1293-1304}, pmid = {28936635}, issn = {1573-3017}, support = {T37MD008626//National Institutes of Health/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Competitive Behavior ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental Pollutants/*toxicity ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/*physiology ; Oryza ; Pesticides/*toxicity ; Philippines ; }, abstract = {Increased pesticide use in rice agricultural ecosystems may alter competitive interactions between invasive and native amphibian species. We conducted an experiment with two rice paddy amphibians found in Luzon, Philippines, the invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina) and the endemic Luzon wart frog (Fejervarya vittigera), to determine whether exposure to a common herbicide, butachlor, drives competitive interactions in favor of the invasive amphibian. Our results revealed that competition had a strong effect on the development of both species, but in opposing directions; Luzon wart frog tadpoles were smaller and developed slower than when raised alone, whereas cane toad tadpoles were larger and developed faster. Contrary to our predictions, development and survival of endemic wart frog tadpoles was not affected by butachlor, whereas invasive cane toad tadpoles were affected across several endpoints including gene expression, body size, and survival. We also observed an interaction between pesticide exposure and competition for the cane toad, where survival declined but body size and expression of thyroid sensitive genes increased. Taken together, our findings indicate that the success of the cane toad larvae in rice fields may be best explained by increased rates of development and larger body sizes of tadpoles in response to competition with native Luzon wart frog tadpoles rather than lower sensitivity to a common pesticide. Our results for the cane toad also provide evidence that butachlor can disrupt thyroid hormone mediated development in amphibians, and further demonstrate that important species interactions such as competition can be affected by pesticide exposure in aquatic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid28935956, year = {2017}, author = {Rizzo, L and Pusceddu, A and Stabili, L and Alifano, P and Fraschetti, S}, title = {Potential effects of an invasive seaweed (Caulerpa cylindracea, Sonder) on sedimentary organic matter and microbial metabolic activities.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {12113}, pmid = {28935956}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Caulerpa/genetics/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Geologic Sediments/*analysis ; *Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; Seaweed/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Caulerpa cylindracea (Sonder), among the most successful marine bio-invaders on a global scale, poses severe threats to biodiversity. However, the effects of this seaweed on the quantity and the biochemical composition of sedimentary organic matter are still poorly known. Since the whole set of sedimentary features affects the availability of substrates for benthic microbial communities, we: i) investigated the biochemical composition of sediments colonized and not-colonized by C. cylindracea, and ii) compared the metabolic patterns of the microbial communities associated with C. cylindracea and in the sediments colonized and not-colonized by the seaweed. Our results show that C. cylindracea can influence the quantity and biochemical composition of sedimentary organic matter (OM), and that microbial populations associated with colonized sediments do have specific metabolic patterns and degradation capacities. Caulerpa cylindracea can also influence the metabolic patterns of the microbial community specifically adapted to degrade compounds released by the seaweed itself, with possible consequences on C cycling.}, }
@article {pmid28931153, year = {2017}, author = {Mariño, YA and Vega, VJ and García, JM and Verle Rodrigues, JC and García, NM and Bayman, P}, title = {The Coffee Berry Borer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Puerto Rico: Distribution, Infestation, and Population per Fruit.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {28931153}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Coffea ; Female ; *Food Chain ; *Fruit ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; Ovum/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Population Density ; Puerto Rico ; Pupa/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Weevils/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The coffee berry borer (CBB) (Hypothenemus hampei: Ferrar) was first detected in Puerto Rico in 2007. Its distribution since then has been extensive, but not extensively documented. An island-wide survey was carried out from August to November 2014 (the coffee production season) to assess CBB distribution, infestation, and population per fruit. The CBB was well-established throughout the coffee-growing area of Puerto Rico, but was not evenly distributed. Infestation (or percentages of fruits perforated) in sites sampled ranged from 0 to 95%, and CBB number per infested fruit varied from 1 to 34 individuals. CBB infestation and total population per fruit were positively correlated with altitude. Highest infestation and total population were observed in sites located >400 masl; most of the coffee-producing area in Puerto Rico is above this altitude. Coffea arabica (L.) had higher CBB infestation and population per fruit than Coffea canephora (Pierre ex A. Froehner) (robusta coffee). Based on these results, management tools should be implemented to mitigate the severe damage that CBB is causing in Puerto Rico. These management tools should include the removal of all fruits that remain on the plants after harvest and the use of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balls.) Vuill. for biocontrol, especially on coffee farms at higher elevations.}, }
@article {pmid28929014, year = {2017}, author = {ZoBell, VM and Furnas, BJ}, title = {Impacts of land use and invasive species on native avifauna of Mo'orea, French Polynesia.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3761}, pmid = {28929014}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Oceanic islands are among the most endemically biodiverse ecosystems in the world. They have been adversely impacted by human expansion, which affects regional biodiversity by altering the natural habitats of vulnerable, indigenous species. Birds represent a valuable indicator species of environmental change due to their ability to adapt quickly. Investigating the relationship between environmental change, abundance, and behaviors of birds can help us better anticipate potential impacts to island ecosystems. In addition, we can understand the population trends and restricted ranges of native avifauna, identify the regions needing protection, and assess habitat vulnerability linked to anthropogenic activities. In Mo'orea, French Polynesia, we studied nine passerine bird species using automated acoustic recording devices placed in agricultural, forested, and mixed habitats. Based on call counts per unit time and occupancy modeling, we found evidence that three non-native species preferred agricultural areas and low-canopy cover over dense forested areas. Furthermore, native bird detectability and possibly abundance was significantly lower than non-native birds. Using hierarchical cluster analysis to support inferences regarding behavioral differences, we found that native bird calling activity was negatively associated with non-native bird calling activity. Altogether, these results suggest native bird populations are at risk in all of the habitats studied, but forests serve as a potential refuge.}, }
@article {pmid28929010, year = {2017}, author = {Gibson-Reinemer, DK and Solomon, LE and Pendleton, RM and Chick, JH and Casper, AF}, title = {Hydrology controls recruitment of two invasive cyprinids: bigheaded carp reproduction in a navigable large river.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3641}, pmid = {28929010}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {In the Mississippi River Basin of North America, invasive bigheaded carp (silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and bighead carp H. nobilis, also referred to as Asian carp) have spread rapidly over the past several decades. In the Illinois River, an important tributary of the Upper Mississippi River, reproduction appears to be sporadic and frequently unsuccessful, yet bigheaded carp densities in this river are among the highest recorded on the continent. Understanding the causative factors behind erratic recruitment in this commercially-harvested invasive species is important for both limiting their spread and managing their harvest. We analyzed weekly catch records from 15 years of a standardized monitoring program to document the emergence of age-0 bigheaded carp in relation to environmental conditions. The appearance of age-0 fish was generally linked to hydrographic attributes, which probably serve as a cue for spawning. However, we found profound differences in the number of age-0 fish among years, which varied by as much as five orders of magnitude in successive years. The strong link between summer flooding and age-0 fish production we observed emphasizes the importance of understanding the hydrologic context in which sustained invasions occur. Despite evidence of sporadic recruitment, bigheaded carp populations in the Illinois River appear to be consistent or increasing because of particularly strong, episodic year classes.}, }
@article {pmid28926594, year = {2017}, author = {Hobson, EA and Smith-Vidaurre, G and Salinas-Melgoza, A}, title = {History of nonnative Monk Parakeets in Mexico.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e0184771}, pmid = {28926594}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Databases, Factual ; History, 20th Century ; Introduced Species/*history ; Mexico ; Parakeets/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Nonnative Monk Parakeets have been reported in increasing numbers across many cities in Mexico, and were formally classified as an invasive species in Mexico in late 2016. However, there has not been a large-scale attempt to determine how international pet trade and national and international governmental regulations have played a part in colonization, and when the species appeared in different areas. We describe the changes in regulations that led the international pet trade market to shift to Mexico, then used international trade data to determine how many parakeets were commercially imported each year and where those individuals originated. We also quantified the recent increases in Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) sightings in Mexico in both the scientific literature and in citizen science reports. We describe the timeline of increased reports to understand the history of nonnative Monk Parakeets in Mexico. As in other areas where the species has colonized, the main mode of transport is through the international pet trade. Over half a million Monk Parakeets were commercially imported to Mexico during 2000-2015, with the majority of importation (90%) occurring in 2008-2014, and almost all (98%) were imported from Uruguay. The earliest record of a free-flying Monk Parakeet was observed during 1994-1995 in Mexico City, but sightings of the parakeets did not become geographically widespread in either the scientific literature or citizen science databases until 2012-2015. By 2015, parakeets had been reported in 97 cities in Mexico. Mexico City has consistently seen steep increases in reporting since this species was first reported in Mexico. Here we find that both national and international legal regulations and health concerns drove a rise and fall in Monk Parakeet pet trade importations, shortly followed by widespread sightings of feral parakeets across Mexico. Further monitoring of introduced Monk Parakeet populations in Mexico is needed to understand the establishment, growth and spread of introduced populations.}, }
@article {pmid28926580, year = {2017}, author = {Mędrzycki, P and Jarzyna, I and Obidziński, A and Tokarska-Guzik, B and Sotek, Z and Pabjanek, P and Pytlarczyk, A and Sachajdakiewicz, I}, title = {Simple yet effective: Historical proximity variables improve the species distribution models for invasive giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum s.l.) in Poland.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e0184677}, pmid = {28926580}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Demography ; Ecosystem ; Heracleum/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Poland ; }, abstract = {Species distribution models are scarcely applicable to invasive species because of their breaking of the models' assumptions. So far, few mechanistic, semi-mechanistic or statistical solutions like dispersal constraints or propagule limitation have been applied. We evaluated a novel quasi-semi-mechanistic approach for regional scale models, using historical proximity variables (HPV) representing a state of the population in a given moment in the past. Our aim was to test the effects of addition of HPV sets of different minimal recentness, information capacity and the total number of variables on the quality of the species distribution model for Heracleum mantegazzianum on 116000 km2 in Poland. As environmental predictors, we used fragments of 103 1×1 km, world- wide, free-access rasters from WorldGrids.org. Single and ensemble models were computed using BIOMOD2 package 3.1.47 working in R environment 3.1.0. The addition of HPV improved the quality of single and ensemble models from poor to good and excellent. The quality was the highest for the variants with HPVs based on the distance from the most recent past occurrences. It was mostly affected by the algorithm type, but all HPV traits (minimal recentness, information capacity, model type or the number of the time periods) were significantly important determinants. The addition of HPVs improved the quality of current projections, raising the occurrence probability in regions where the species had occurred before. We conclude that HPV addition enables semi-realistic estimation of the rate of spread and can be applied to the short-term forecasting of invasive or declining species, which also break equal-dispersal probability assumptions.}, }
@article {pmid28926158, year = {2017}, author = {Mueller, JC and Edelaar, P and Baños-Villalba, A and Carrete, M and Potti, J and Blas, J and Tella, JL and Kempenaers, B}, title = {Selection on a behaviour-related gene during the first stages of the biological invasion pathway.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {21}, pages = {6110-6121}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14353}, pmid = {28926158}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Gene Frequency ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Passeriformes/*genetics ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Population Dynamics ; Receptors, Dopamine D4/*genetics ; Senegal ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Human-induced biological invasions are common worldwide and often have negative impacts on wildlife and human societies. Several studies have shown evidence for selection on invaders after introduction to the new range. However, selective processes already acting prior to introduction have been largely neglected. Here, we tested whether such early selection acts on known behaviour-related gene variants in the yellow-crowned bishop (Euplectes afer), a pet-traded African songbird. We tested for nonrandom allele frequency changes after trapping, acclimation and survival in captivity. We also compared the native source population with two independent invasive populations. Allele frequencies of two SNPs in the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene-known to be linked to behavioural activity in response to novelty in this species-significantly changed over all early invasion stages. They also differed between the African native population and the two invading European populations. The two-locus genotype associated with reduced activity declined consistently, but strongest at the trapping stage. Overall genetic diversity did not substantially decrease, and there is little evidence for new alleles in the introduced populations, indicating that selection at the DRD4 gene predominantly worked on the standing genetic variation already present in the native population. Our study demonstrates selection on a behaviour-related gene during the first stages of a biological invasion. Thus, pre-establishment stages of a biological invasion do not only determine the number of propagules that are introduced (their quantity), but also their phenotypic and genetic characteristics (their quality).}, }
@article {pmid28925338, year = {2018}, author = {Pietrantuono, AL and Moreyra, S and Lozada, M}, title = {Foraging behaviour of the exotic wasp Vespula germanica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) on a native caterpillar defoliator.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {108}, number = {3}, pages = {406-412}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485317000918}, pmid = {28925338}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; *Introduced Species ; *Moths ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Smell ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Vespula germanica is a social wasp and an opportunistic predator. While foraging, these wasps learn and integrate different kinds of cues. They have successfully invaded many parts of the world, including native Nothofagus and Lophozonia forests located in the Andean-Patagonian region, where they forage on native arthropods. Perzelia arda, a lepidopteron defoliator of Lophozonia obliqua, uses the foliage to hide in and feed on. The purpose of this work is to study whether V. germanica use olfactory cues when foraging on P. arda. To do this, we used a Y-tube olfactometer and established three treatments to compare pairs of all combinations of stimuli (larvae, leaves with larval traces, and leaves without larval traces) and controls. Data were analysed via two developed models that showed decisions made by V. germanica and allowed to establish a scale of preferences between the stimuli. The analysis demonstrates that V. germanica wasps choose P. arda as larval prey and are capable of discriminating between the offered stimuli (deviance information criterion (DIC) null model = 873.97; DIC simple model = 84.5, n = 152). According to the preference scale, V. germanica preferred leaves with traces of larvae, suggesting its ability to associate these traces with the presence of the prey. This may be because, under natural conditions, larvae are never exposed outside their shelters of leaves and therefore V. germanica uses indirect signals. The presence of V. germanica foraging on P. arda highlights the flexible foraging behaviour of this wasp which may also act as a positive biological control, reducing lepidopteran populations.}, }
@article {pmid28921802, year = {2017}, author = {Deiner, K and Bik, HM and Mächler, E and Seymour, M and Lacoursière-Roussel, A and Altermatt, F and Creer, S and Bista, I and Lodge, DM and de Vere, N and Pfrender, ME and Bernatchez, L}, title = {Environmental DNA metabarcoding: Transforming how we survey animal and plant communities.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {21}, pages = {5872-5895}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14350}, pmid = {28921802}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; DNA Primers ; Ecology/*methods ; Environmental Monitoring ; Plants ; }, abstract = {The genomic revolution has fundamentally changed how we survey biodiversity on earth. High-throughput sequencing ("HTS") platforms now enable the rapid sequencing of DNA from diverse kinds of environmental samples (termed "environmental DNA" or "eDNA"). Coupling HTS with our ability to associate sequences from eDNA with a taxonomic name is called "eDNA metabarcoding" and offers a powerful molecular tool capable of noninvasively surveying species richness from many ecosystems. Here, we review the use of eDNA metabarcoding for surveying animal and plant richness, and the challenges in using eDNA approaches to estimate relative abundance. We highlight eDNA applications in freshwater, marine and terrestrial environments, and in this broad context, we distill what is known about the ability of different eDNA sample types to approximate richness in space and across time. We provide guiding questions for study design and discuss the eDNA metabarcoding workflow with a focus on primers and library preparation methods. We additionally discuss important criteria for consideration of bioinformatic filtering of data sets, with recommendations for increasing transparency. Finally, looking to the future, we discuss emerging applications of eDNA metabarcoding in ecology, conservation, invasion biology, biomonitoring, and how eDNA metabarcoding can empower citizen science and biodiversity education.}, }
@article {pmid28921779, year = {2018}, author = {Rosche, C and Hensen, I and Lachmuth, S}, title = {Local pre-adaptation to disturbance and inbreeding-environment interactions affect colonisation abilities of diploid and tetraploid Centaurea stoebe.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {75-84}, doi = {10.1111/plb.12628}, pmid = {28921779}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Centaurea/*genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Diploidy ; Environment ; Inbreeding ; Introduced Species ; *Tetraploidy ; }, abstract = {Primary colonisation in invasive ranges most commonly occurs in disturbed habitats, where anthropogenic disturbance may cause physical damage to plants. The tolerance to such damage may differ between cytotypes and among populations as a result of differing population histories (adaptive differentiation between ruderal verus natural habitats). Moreover, founder populations often experience inbreeding depression, the effects of which may increase through physical damage due to inbreeding-environment interactions. We aimed to understand how such colonisation processes differ between diploid and tetraploid Centaurea stoebe populations, with a view to understanding why only tetraploids are invasive. We conducted a clipping experiment (frequency: zero, once or twice in the growing season) on inbred versus outbred offspring originating from 37 C. stoebe populations of varying cytotype, range and habitat type (natural versus ruderal). Aboveground biomass was harvested at the end of the vegetation period, while re-sprouting success was recorded in the following spring. Clipping reduced re-sprouting success and biomass, which was significantly more pronounced in natural than in ruderal populations. Inbreeding depression was not detected under benign conditions, but became increasingly apparent in biomass when plants were clipped. The effects of clipping and inbreeding did not differ between cytotypes. Adaptive differentiation in disturbance tolerance was higher among populations than between cytotypes, which highlights the potential of pre-adaptation in ruderal populations during early colonisation on anthropogenically disturbed sites. While the consequences of inbreeding increased through clipping-mediated stress, they were comparable between cytotypes, and consequently do not contribute to understanding the cytotype shift in the invasive range.}, }
@article {pmid28920560, year = {2018}, author = {Cooling, MD and Hoffmann, BD and Gruber, MAM and Lester, PJ}, title = {Indirect evidence of pathogen-associated altered oocyte production in queens of the invasive yellow crazy ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes, in Arnhem Land, Australia.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {108}, number = {4}, pages = {451-460}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485317000967}, pmid = {28920560}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/microbiology/*physiology ; Female ; Fertility/physiology ; Northern Territory ; Oocytes/microbiology/*physiology ; Oviposition ; Reproduction/physiology ; }, abstract = {Anoplolepis gracilipes is one of the six most widespread and pestiferous invasive ant species. Populations of this invader in Arnhem Land, Australia have been observed to decline, but the reasons behind these declines are not known. We investigated if there is evidence of a pathogen that could be responsible for killing ant queens or affecting their reproductive output. We measured queen number per nest, fecundity and fat content of queens from A. gracilipes populations in various stages of decline or expansion. We found no significant difference in any of these variables among populations. However, 23% of queens were found to have melanized nodules, a cellular immune response, in their ovaries and fat bodies. The melanized nodules found in dissected queens are highly likely to indicate the presence of pathogens or parasites capable of infecting A. gracilipes. Queens with nodules had significantly fewer oocytes in their ovaries, but nodule presence was not associated with low ant population abundances. Although the microorganism responsible for the nodules is as yet unidentified, this is the first evidence of the presence of a pathogenic microorganism in the invasive ant A. gracilipes that may be affecting reproduction.}, }
@article {pmid28919836, year = {2017}, author = {Lord, JP and Williams, LM}, title = {Increase in density of genetically diverse invasive Asian shore crab (Hemigrapsus sanguineus) populations in the Gulf of Maine.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, pages = {1153-1168}, pmid = {28919836}, issn = {1387-3547}, support = {P20 GM103423/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Hemigrapsus sanguineus, the Asian shore crab, has rapidly replaced Carcinus maenas, the green crab, as the most abundant crab on rocky shores in the northwest Atlantic since its introduction to the United States (USA) in 1988. The northern edge of this progressing invasion is the Gulf of Maine, where Asian shore crabs are only abundant in the south. We compared H. sanguineus population densities to those from published 2005 surveys and quantified genetic variation using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. We found that the range of H. sanguineus had extended northward since 2005, that population density had increased substantially (at least 10-fold at all sites), and that Asian shore crabs had become the dominant intertidal crab species in New Hampshire and southern Maine. Despite the significant increase in population density of H. sanguineus, populations only increased by a factor of 14 in Maine compared to 70 in southern New England, possibly due to cooler temperatures in the Gulf of Maine. Genetically, populations were predominantly composed of a single haplotype of Japanese, Korean, or Taiwanese origin, although an additional seven haplotypes were found. Six of these haplotypes were of Asian origin, while two are newly described. Large increases in population sizes of genetically diverse individuals in Maine will likely have a large ecological impact, causing a reduction in populations of mussels, barnacles, snails, and other crabs, similar to what has occurred at southern sites with large populations of this invasive crab species.}, }
@article {pmid28916828, year = {2017}, author = {Rossiter-Rachor, NA and Setterfield, SA and Hutley, LB and McMaster, D and Schmidt, S and Douglas, MM}, title = {Invasive Andropogon gayanus (Gamba grass) alters litter decomposition and nitrogen fluxes in an Australian tropical savanna.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {11705}, pmid = {28916828}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Andropogon/*metabolism ; Animals ; Australia ; Ecosystem ; Fires ; Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Isoptera ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Poaceae/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The African grass Andropogon gayanus Kunth. is invading Australian savannas, altering their ecological and biogeochemical function. To assess impacts on nitrogen (N) cycling, we quantified litter decomposition and N dynamics of grass litter in native grass and A. gayanus invaded savanna using destructive in situ grass litter harvests and litterbag incubations (soil surface and aerial position). Only 30% of the A. gayanus in situ litter decomposed, compared to 61% of the native grass litter, due to the former being largely comprised of highly resistant A. gayanus stem. In contrast to the stem, A. gayanus leaf decomposition was approximately 3- and 2-times higher than the dominant native grass, Alloteropsis semilata at the surface and aerial position, respectively. Lower initial lignin concentrations, and higher consumption by termites, accounted for the greater surface decomposition rate of A. gayanus. N flux estimates suggest the N release of A. gayanus litter is insufficient to compensate for increased N uptake and N loss via fire in invaded plots. Annually burnt invaded savanna may lose up to 8.2% of the upper soil N pool over a decade. Without additional inputs via biological N fixation, A. gayanus invasion is likely to diminish the N capital of Australia's frequently burnt savannas.}, }
@article {pmid28913573, year = {2018}, author = {Satoh, K and Shutoh, K and Kurosawa, T and Hayasaka, E and Kaneko, S}, title = {Genetic analysis of Japanese and American specimens of Scirpus hattorianus suggests its introduction from North America.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {131}, number = {1}, pages = {91-97}, pmid = {28913573}, issn = {1618-0860}, mesh = {Canada ; Cyperaceae/*genetics ; DNA, Chloroplast/*genetics ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United States ; }, abstract = {Scirpus hattorianus is a possible alien species in Japan, and a clarification of its unclear taxonomy is required to reveal its origin. It is not known whether the plants initially described from Japan represent the same species distributed in North America. To clarify the origin of the species, we attempted to sequence old specimens collected about 80 years ago using newly designed primer pairs specific for short sequences, including the variable sites. Chloroplast sequences of ndhF were compared among Japanese and North American S. hattorianus, and the closely related species, S. atrovirens, S. flaccidifolius, and S. georgianus. We succeeded in sequencing all samples, and two haplotypes were detected in S. hattorianus: one was unique to the species and the other, detected from specimens potentially collected from the same population as the types, was shared by both North American S. hattorianus and two closely related species, S. atrovirens and S. flaccidifolius. Our results suggest that Japanese S. hattorianus is an alien species that was introduced from North America at least twice.}, }
@article {pmid28902860, year = {2017}, author = {Toral-Granda, MV and Causton, CE and Jäger, H and Trueman, M and Izurieta, JC and Araujo, E and Cruz, M and Zander, KK and Izurieta, A and Garnett, ST}, title = {Alien species pathways to the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e0184379}, pmid = {28902860}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aircraft/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Ecuador/epidemiology ; Fruit ; Humans ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; Islands/*epidemiology ; Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Seed Dispersal ; Ships/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Transients and Migrants/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Travel/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {Alien species, one of the biggest threats to natural ecosystems worldwide, are of particular concern for oceanic archipelagos such as Galápagos. To enable more effective management of alien species, we reviewed, collated and analysed all available records of alien species for Galápagos. We also assembled a comprehensive dataset on pathways to and among the Galápagos Islands, including tourist and resident numbers, tourist vessels, their itineraries and visitation sites, aircraft capacity and occupancy, air and sea cargo and biosecurity interceptions. So far, 1,579 alien terrestrial and marine species have been introduced to Galápagos by humans. Of these, 1,476 have become established. Almost half of these were intentional introductions, mostly of plants. Most unintentional introductions arrived on plants and plant associated material, followed by transport vehicles, and commodities (in particular fruit and vegetables). The number, frequency and geographic origin of pathways for the arrival and dispersal of alien species to and within Galápagos have increased over time, tracking closely the increase in human population (residents and tourists) on the islands. Intentional introductions of alien species should decline as biosecurity is strengthened but there is a danger that unintentional introductions will increase further as tourism on Galápagos expands. This unique world heritage site will only retain its biodiversity values if the pathways for invasion are managed effectively.}, }
@article {pmid28902487, year = {2017}, author = {Cowie, RH}, title = {Angiostrongylus cantonensis: Agent of a Sometimes Fatal Globally Emerging Infectious Disease (Rat Lungworm Disease).}, journal = {ACS chemical neuroscience}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {2102-2104}, doi = {10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00335}, pmid = {28902487}, issn = {1948-7193}, mesh = {Angiostrongylus cantonensis/*pathogenicity ; Animals ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*parasitology ; Humans ; Rats ; Snails/*parasitology ; Strongylida Infections/*epidemiology/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm, is a dangerous invasive species that is the agent of a potentially fatal globally emerging infectious disease. Humans are infected most commonly by ingestion, deliberately or inadvertently, of the parasite larvae in their intermediate snail hosts. The larvae make their way to the brain where they can cause severe neurological damage before eventually dying. Symptoms of the disease are diverse, making it difficult to diagnose. Treatment is primarily with corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, while treatment with anthelmintics to kill the worms remains controversial. There have been almost 3000 cases globally, the majority in southern China, but the parasite is spreading and now occurs much more widely. In the USA, almost all cases have been in Hawaii, but the parasite is also present in southeastern states. As the climate warms, this tropical/subtropical parasite is likely to spread further.}, }
@article {pmid28902438, year = {2017}, author = {Bockoven, AA and Coates, CJ and Eubanks, MD}, title = {Colony-level behavioural variation correlates with differences in expression of the foraging gene in red imported fire ants.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {21}, pages = {5953-5960}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14347}, pmid = {28902438}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*genetics/*physiology ; *Appetitive Behavior ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Insect ; Introduced Species ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Social Behavior ; Texas ; }, abstract = {Among social insects, colony-level variation is likely to be widespread and has significant ecological consequences. Very few studies, however, have documented how genetic factors relate to behaviour at the colony level. Differences in expression of the foraging gene have been associated with differences in foraging and activity of a wide variety of organisms. We quantified expression of the red imported fire ant foraging gene (sifor) in workers from 21 colonies collected across the natural range of Texas fire ant populations, but maintained under standardized, environmentally controlled conditions. Colonies varied significantly in their behaviour. The most active colonies had up to 10 times more active foragers than the least active colony and more than 16 times as many workers outside the nest. Expression differences among colonies correlated with this colony-level behavioural variation. Colonies with higher sifor expression in foragers had, on average, significantly higher foraging activity, exploratory activity and recruitment to nectar than colonies with lower expression. Expression of sifor was also strongly correlated with worker task (foraging vs. working in the interior of the nest). These results provide insight into the genetic and physiological processes underlying collective differences in social behaviour. Quantifying variation in expression of the foraging gene may provide an important tool for understanding and predicting the ecological consequences of colony-level behavioural variation.}, }
@article {pmid28901044, year = {2017}, author = {Schultz, EL and Eckberg, JO and Berg, SS and Louda, SM and Miller, TEX}, title = {Native insect herbivory overwhelms context dependence to limit complex invasion dynamics of exotic weeds.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {20}, number = {11}, pages = {1374-1384}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12833}, pmid = {28901044}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Cirsium/*growth &amp; development ; *Herbivory ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; }, abstract = {Understanding the role of consumers in density-dependent plant population dynamics is a long-standing goal in ecology. However, the generality of herbivory effects across heterogeneous landscapes is poorly understood due to the pervasive influence of context-dependence. We tested effects of native insect herbivory on the population dynamics of an exotic thistle, Cirsium vulgare, in a field experiment replicated across eight sites in eastern Nebraska. Using hierarchical Bayesian analysis and density-dependent population models, we found potential for explosive low-density population growth (λ > 5) and complex density fluctuations under herbivore exclusion. However, herbivore access drove population decline (λ < 1), suppressing complex fluctuations. While plant-herbivore interaction outcomes are famously context-dependent, we demonstrated that herbivores suppress potentially invasive populations throughout our study region, and this qualitative outcome is insensitive to environmental context. Our novel use of Bayesian demographic modelling shows that native insect herbivores consistently prevent hard-to-predict fluctuations of weeds in environments otherwise susceptible to invasion.}, }
@article {pmid28901037, year = {2017}, author = {Charlebois, JA and Sargent, RD}, title = {No consistent pollinator-mediated impacts of alien plants on natives.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {20}, number = {11}, pages = {1479-1490}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12831}, pmid = {28901037}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Flowers/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {The introduction of an alien plant is widely assumed to have negative consequences for the pollinator-mediated fitness of nearby natives. Indeed, a number of studies, including a highly cited meta-analysis, have concluded that the trend for such interactions is competitive. Here we provide evidence that publication bias and study design have obscured our ability to assess the pollinator-mediated impacts of alien plants. In a meta-analysis of 76 studies, we demonstrate that alien/native status does not predict the outcome of pollinator-mediated interactions among plants. Moreover, we found no evidence that similarity in floral traits or phylogenetic distance between species pairs influences the outcome of pollinator-mediated interactions. Instead, we report that aspects of study design, such as distance between the control and nearest neighbour, and/or the arrangement of study plants better predict the impact of a neighbour than does alien/native status. Our study sheds new light on the role that publication bias and experimental design play in the evaluation of key patterns in ecology. We conclude that, due to the absence of clear, generalisable pollinator-mediated impacts of alien species, management schemes should base decisions on community-wide assessments of the impacts of individual alien plant species, and not solely on alien/native status itself.}, }
@article {pmid28894232, year = {2017}, author = {Bin, SY and Qu, MQ and Pu, XH and Wu, ZZ and Lin, JT}, title = {Antennal transcriptome and expression analyses of olfactory genes in the sweetpotato weevil Cylas formicarius.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {11073}, pmid = {28894232}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Computational Biology/methods ; Female ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Ontology ; Ipomoea batatas/parasitology ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Phylogeny ; Receptors, Odorant/genetics/metabolism ; Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism ; Smell/*genetics ; Taste Perception/genetics ; *Transcriptome ; Weevils/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Fabricius), is a serious pest of sweetpotato. Olfaction-based approaches, such as use of synthetic sex pheromones to monitor populations and the bait-and-kill method to eliminate males, have been applied successfully for population management of C. formicarius. However, the molecular basis of olfaction in C. formicarius remains unknown. In this study, we produced antennal transcriptomes from males and females of C. formicarius using high-throughput sequencing to identify gene families associated with odorant detection. A total of 54 odorant receptors (ORs), 11 gustatory receptors (GRs), 15 ionotropic receptors (IRs), 3 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), 33 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), and 12 chemosensory proteins (CSPs) were identified. Tissue-specific expression patterns revealed that all 54 ORs and 11 antennal IRs, one SNMP, and three OBPs were primarily expressed in antennae, suggesting their putative roles in olfaction. Sex-specific expression patterns of these antenna-predominant genes suggest that they have potential functions in sexual behaviors. This study provides a framework for understanding olfaction in coleopterans as well as future strategies for controlling the sweetpotato weevil pest.}, }
@article {pmid28894004, year = {2017}, author = {Iacona, GD and Possingham, HP and Bode, M}, title = {Waiting can be an optimal conservation strategy, even in a crisis discipline.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {114}, number = {39}, pages = {10497-10502}, pmid = {28894004}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Biodiversity ; Birds ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics/*methods ; *Decision Making ; Extinction, Biological ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Paraguay ; }, abstract = {Biodiversity conservation projects confront immediate and escalating threats with limited funding. Conservation theory suggests that the best response to the species extinction crisis is to spend money as soon as it becomes available, and this is often an explicit constraint placed on funding. We use a general dynamic model of a conservation landscape to show that this decision to "front-load" project spending can be suboptimal if a delay allows managers to use resources more strategically. Our model demonstrates the existence of temporal efficiencies in conservation management, which parallel the spatial efficiencies identified by systematic conservation planning. The optimal timing of decisions balances the rate of biodiversity decline (e.g., the relaxation of extinction debts, or the progress of climate change) against the rate at which spending appreciates in value (e.g., through interest, learning, or capacity building). We contrast the benefits of acting and waiting in two ecosystems where restoration can mitigate forest bird extinction debts: South Australia's Mount Lofty Ranges and Paraguay's Atlantic Forest. In both cases, conservation outcomes cannot be maximized by front-loading spending, and the optimal solution recommends substantial delays before managers undertake conservation actions. Surprisingly, these delays allow superior conservation benefits to be achieved, in less time than front-loading. Our analyses provide an intuitive and mechanistic rationale for strategic delay, which contrasts with the orthodoxy of front-loaded spending for conservation actions. Our results illustrate the conservation efficiencies that could be achieved if decision makers choose when to spend their limited resources, as opposed to just where to spend them.}, }
@article {pmid28892141, year = {2018}, author = {Grayson, KL and Johnson, DM}, title = {Novel insights on population and range edge dynamics using an unparalleled spatiotemporal record of species invasion.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {87}, number = {3}, pages = {581-593}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12755}, pmid = {28892141}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Moths/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; *Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; United States ; }, abstract = {Quantifying the complex spatial dynamics taking place at range edges is critical for understanding future distributions of species, yet very few systems have sufficient data or the spatial resolution to empirically test these dynamics. This paper reviews how data from a large-scale pest management programme have provided important contributions to the fields of population dynamics and invasion biology. The invasion of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) is well-documented from its introduction near Boston, Massachusetts USA in 1869 to its current extent of over 900,000 km[2] in Eastern North America. Over the past two decades, the USDA Forest Service Slow the Spread (STS) programme for managing the future spread of gypsy moth has produced unrivalled spatiotemporal data across the invasion front. The STS programme annually deploys a grid of 60,000-100,000 pheromone-baited traps, currently extending from Minnesota to North Carolina. The data from this programme have provided the foundation for investigations of complex population dynamics and the ability to examine ecological hypotheses previously untestable outside of theoretical venues, particularly regarding invasive spread and Allee effects. This system provides empirical data on the importance of long-distance dispersal and time-lags on population establishment and spatial spread. Studies showing high rates of spatiotemporal variation of the range edge, from rapid spread to border stasis and even retraction, highlight future opportunities to test mechanisms that influence both invasive and native species ranges. The STS trap data have also created a unique opportunity to study low-density population dynamics and quantify Allee effects with empirical data. Notable contributions include evidence for spatiotemporal variation in Allee effects, demonstrating empirical links between Allee effects and spatial spread, and testing mechanisms of population persistence and growth rates at range edges. There remain several outstanding questions in spatial ecology and population biology that can be tested within this system, such as the scaling of local ecological processes to large-scale dynamics across landscapes. The gypsy moth is an ideal model of how important ecological questions can be answered by thinking more broadly about monitoring data.}, }
@article {pmid28890855, year = {2017}, author = {Villena, OC and Terry, I and Iwata, K and Landa, ER and LaDeau, SL and Leisnham, PT}, title = {Effects of tire leachate on the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus and the native congener Aedes triseriatus.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3756}, pmid = {28890855}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Discarded vehicle tire casings are an important artificial habitat for the developmental stages of numerous vector mosquitoes. Discarded vehicle tires degrade under ultraviolet light and leach numerous soluble metals (e.g., barium, cadmium, zinc) and organic substances (e.g., benzothiazole and its derivatives [BZTs], polyaromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs]) that could affect mosquito larvae that inhabit the tire casing. This study examined the relationship between soluble zinc, a common marker of tire leachate, on mosquito densities in tire habitats in the field, and tested the effects of tire leachate on the survival and development of newly hatched Aedes albopictus and Aedes triseriatus larvae in a controlled laboratory dose-response experiment. In the field, zinc concentrations were as high as 7.26 mg/L in a single tire and averaged as high as 2.39 (SE ± 1.17) mg/L among tires at a single site. Aedes albopictus (37/42 tires, 81.1%) and A. triseriatus (23/42, 54.8%) were the most widespread mosquito species, co-occurred in over half (22/42, 52.4%) of all tires, and A. triseriatus was only collected without A. albopictus in one tire. Aedes triseriatus was more strongly negatively associated with zinc concentration than A. albopictus, and another common mosquito, C. pipiens, which was found in 17 tires. In the laboratory experiment, A. albopictus per capita rate of population change (λ') was over 1.0, indicating positive population growth, from 0-8.9 mg/L zinc concentration (0-10,000 mg/L tire leachate), but steeply declined to zero from 44.50-89.00 mg/L zinc (50,000-100,000 mg/L tire leachate). In contrast, A. triseriatus λ' declined at the lower concentration of 0.05 mg/L zinc (100 mg/L tire leachate), and was zero at 0.45, 8.90, 44.50, and 89.00 mg/L zinc (500, 10,000, 50,000 and 100,000 mg/L tire leachate). These results indicate that tire leachate can have severe negative effects on populations of container-utilizing mosquitoes at concentrations commonly found in the field. Superior tolerance to tire leachate of A. albopictus compared to A. triseriatus, and possibly other native mosquito species, may have facilitated the replacement of these native species as A. albopictus has invaded North America and other regions around the world.}, }
@article {pmid28890126, year = {2017}, author = {Nackley, LL and West, AG and Skowno, AL and Bond, WJ}, title = {The Nebulous Ecology of Native Invasions.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {32}, number = {11}, pages = {814-824}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2017.08.003}, pmid = {28890126}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Dispersal ; Plants ; }, abstract = {In the Anthropocene, alien species are no longer the only category of biological organism establishing and rapidly spreading beyond historical boundaries. We review evidence showing that invasions by native species are a global phenomenon and present case studies from Southern Africa, and elsewhere, that reveal how climate-mediated expansions of native plants into adjacent communities can emulate the functional and structural changes associated with invasions by alien plant species. We conclude that integrating native invasions into ecological practice and theory will improve mechanistic models and better inform policy and adaptive ecological management in the 21st century.}, }
@article {pmid28887657, year = {2017}, author = {Zhang, S and Zhang, Z and Wen, Z and Gu, C and An, YC and Bales, C and DiFonzo, C and Song, Q and Wang, D}, title = {Fine mapping of the soybean aphid-resistance genes Rag6 and Rag3c from Glycine soja 85-32.}, journal = {TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik}, volume = {130}, number = {12}, pages = {2601-2615}, pmid = {28887657}, issn = {1432-2242}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aphids ; *Chromosome Mapping ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; *Genes, Plant ; Genetic Markers ; Herbivory ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Glycine max/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Rag6 and Rag3c were delimited to a 49-kb interval on chromosome 8 and a 150-kb interval on chromosome 16, respectively. Structural variants in the exons of candidate genes were identified. The soybean aphid, an invasive species, has significantly threatened soybean production in North America since 2000. Host-plant resistance is known as an ideal management strategy for aphids. Two novel aphid-resistance loci, Rag6 and Rag3c, from Glycine soja 85-32, were previously detected in a 10.5-cM interval on chromosome 8 and a 7.5-cM interval on chromosome 16, respectively. Defining the exact genomic position of these two genes is critical for improving the effectiveness of marker-assisted selection for aphid resistance and for identification of the functional genes. To pinpoint the locations of Rag6 and Rag3c, four populations segregating for Rag6 and Rag3c were used to fine map these two genes. The availability of the Illumina Infinium SoySNP50K/8K iSelect BeadChip, combined with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers discovered through the whole-genome re-sequencing of E12901, facilitated the fine mapping process. Rag6 was refined to a 49-kb interval on chromosome 8 with four candidate genes, including three clustered nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) genes and an amine oxidase encoding gene. Rag3c was refined to a 150-kb interval on chromosome 16 with 11 candidate genes, two of which are a LRR gene and a lipase gene. Moreover, by sequencing the whole-genome exome-capture of the resistant source (E12901), structural variants were identified in the exons of the candidate genes of Rag6 and Rag3c. The closely linked SNP markers and the candidate gene information presented in this study will be significant resources for integrating Rag6 and Rag3c into elite cultivars and for future functional genetics studies.}, }
@article {pmid28887644, year = {2017}, author = {Hermansen, TD and Minchinton, TE and Ayre, DJ}, title = {Habitat fragmentation leads to reduced pollinator visitation, fruit production and recruitment in urban mangrove forests.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {185}, number = {2}, pages = {221-231}, pmid = {28887644}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {DP0666787//Australian Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bees/growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; Fruit/*growth &amp; development ; Pollination/*physiology ; Reproduction ; Seedlings ; Trees/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Urbanization ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Mangrove forests worldwide undergo anthropogenic fragmentation that may threaten their existence, and yet there have been few tests of the effects of fragmentation on demographic processes critical for mangrove regeneration. Predicting the effects of habitat fragmentation on mangroves is problematic as pollinators may move more freely across water than terrestrial habitat, and propagules can be widely dispersed by water. Here, within each of two estuaries, we compared pollinator diversity and activity, reproductive effort and output, and rates of recruitment for sets of three large (>1500 trees), medium (300-500) and small (<50) stands. As predicted, most measures of reproductive activity and success were inversely related to stand size with large stands typically producing significantly more and larger fruit, and significantly more seedlings. Most strikingly, we found the effect of fragmentation on the abundance of pollinators (honeybees), the production and quality of fruit and the survival rate of seedlings to be similar, showing significant reduction of recruitment in small stands. This study provides the first rigorous evidence that recruitment of mangroves, like for many terrestrial plants, is negatively impacted by habitat fragmentation. From a management perspective, we argue that in the short term our data imply the importance of conserving the largest possible stands. However, additional work is needed to determine (1) the proportion of recruits within small stands that originate within large stands, (2) how seedling performance varies with fruit size and genotype, and (3) how seedling size and performance vary with the abundance and diversity of pollen.}, }
@article {pmid28887506, year = {2017}, author = {Evans, JS and Erwin, PM and Shenkar, N and López-Legentil, S}, title = {Introduced ascidians harbor highly diverse and host-specific symbiotic microbial assemblages.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {11033}, pmid = {28887506}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Archaea/*classification/genetics ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics ; *Biota ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Archaeal/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; North Carolina ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Seawater/microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Urochordata/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Many ascidian species have experienced worldwide introductions, exhibiting remarkable success in crossing geographic borders and adapting to local environmental conditions. To investigate the potential role of microbial symbionts in these introductions, we examined the microbial communities of three ascidian species common in North Carolina harbors. Replicate samples of the globally introduced species Distaplia bermudensis, Polyandrocarpa anguinea, and P. zorritensis (n = 5), and ambient seawater (n = 4), were collected in Wrightsville Beach, NC. Microbial communities were characterized by next-generation (Illumina) sequencing of partial (V4) 16S rRNA gene sequences. Ascidians hosted diverse symbiont communities, consisting of 5,696 unique microbial OTUs (at 97% sequenced identity) from 47 bacterial and three archaeal phyla. Permutational multivariate analyses of variance revealed clear differentiation of ascidian symbionts compared to seawater bacterioplankton, and distinct microbial communities inhabiting each ascidian species. 103 universal core OTUs (present in all ascidian replicates) were identified, including taxa previously described in marine invertebrate microbiomes with possible links to ammonia-oxidization, denitrification, pathogenesis, and heavy-metal processing. These results suggest ascidian microbial symbionts exhibit a high degree of host-specificity, forming intimate associations that may contribute to host adaptation to new environments via expanded tolerance thresholds and enhanced holobiont function.}, }
@article {pmid28887483, year = {2017}, author = {Uddin, MDN and Robinson, RW}, title = {Responses of plant species diversity and soil physical-chemical-microbial properties to Phragmites australis invasion along a density gradient.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {11007}, pmid = {28887483}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Chemical Phenomena ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Population Density ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; Victoria ; }, abstract = {The invasion of ecosystems by strongly colonising plants such as Phragmites australis is viewed as one of the greatest threats to plant diversity and soil properties. This study compared a range of diversity measures including soil properties and mycorrhizal potential under different degrees of Phragmites density among three populations in coastal wetland, Victoria, Australia. Species richness, evenness and Shanon-Wiener index had significantly higher values in low degree of Phragmites density in all populations. Higher densities had the lowest diversity, with Shannon-Wiener index = 0 and Simpson's index = 1 indicating its mono-specificity. Significant alterations in soil properties associated with different degrees of Phragmites density were noticed. These had interactive effects (population × density) on water content, dehydrogenase activity, microbial biomass (C, N and P) but not on pH, electrical conductivity, phenolics, organic carbon, and spore density. Furthermore, the study elucidated decrease of competitive abilities of native plants, by interfering with formation of mycorrhizal associations and biomass. Overall, our results suggest that significant ecological alterations in vegetation and soil variables (including mycorrhizal potential) were strongly dependent on Phragmites density. Such changes may lead to an important role in process of Phragmites invasion through disruption of functional relationships amongst those variables.}, }
@article {pmid28885071, year = {2018}, author = {Shan, B and Hui, M and Zhang, X and Liu, S and Cai, S and Song, N and Tu, Z and Wang, Y and Wang, S and Gao, T}, title = {Genetic effects of released swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) on wild populations inferred from mitochondrial control region sequences.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis}, volume = {29}, number = {6}, pages = {856-861}, doi = {10.1080/24701394.2017.1373108}, pmid = {28885071}, issn = {2470-1408}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; Brachyura/*genetics ; Genetic Speciation ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; *Introduced Species ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Along the coast of Shandong Province in China, an extensive hatchery-release programme has been conducted for more than 10 years. However, no information has been reported concerning the long-term effects on the wild population resulting from the release of large numbers of juveniles in Portunus trituberculatus. In this study, sequence variation of swimming crab P. trituberculatus based on the mitochondrial control region was investigated for 946 swimming crabs at the releasing sites from 2012 to 2014. The result showed that the wild P. trituberculatus was characterized by high genetic diversity indices, and not significantly different from the previous study. Low FST values were estimated among the groups of different years and different sites, which suggested no genetic differentiation found in the wild population after the stock enhancement programme. Hence, the long-term extensive hatchery release programme has not affected the genetic structure of wild P. trituberculatus populations along the coast of Shandong Province.}, }
@article {pmid28881948, year = {2017}, author = {Gall, CA and Rose, RK and Hurd, LE}, title = {Cohabiting With the Enemy: Comparative Population Ecology of Two Mantid Species in a Successional Old Field.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, pages = {766-770}, pmid = {28881948}, issn = {1938-2936}, support = {T32 GM008336/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Grassland ; Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; Mantodea/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {Two praying mantids, Tenodera aridifolia sinensis Saussure and Tenodera angustipennis Saussure, are commonly found in the same old-field habitats in the eastern United States and in much of temperate zone Asia. Naturally established populations of these two species were studied intensively over two consecutive years (2010 and 2011) in an old field in southeastern Virginia, to compare life history features relevant to how they coexist, or whether one or the other of them is likely to be more successful in the same habitat. Populations of both species declined about 50% from 2010 to 2011 (adults from 47 to 21 for T. a. sinensis; 37 to 20 for T. angustipennis), but T. a. sinensis oviposited 10 oothecae and T. angustipennis only one in 2011. Tenodera a. sinensis was more abundant in the study site in both years, hatched earlier, and matured and oviposited earlier than T. angustipennis. Fewer females of both species survived to maturity in 2011 than in 2010, possibly indicating a reduction in prey or habitat suitability in 2011. We suggest that T. angustipennis will always be at a disadvantage as a result of its smaller body size, because of interspecific predation (and potentially competition) from its congener, lower clutch size, and susceptibility to egg parasitism. Further, environmental variability across field habitats and years profoundly affects populations of both species in successional old fields.}, }
@article {pmid28878061, year = {2017}, author = {Ingenloff, K and Hensz, CM and Anamza, T and Barve, V and Campbell, LP and Cooper, JC and Komp, E and Jimenez, L and Olson, KV and Osorio-Olvera, L and Owens, HL and Peterson, AT and Samy, AM and Simões, M and Soberón, J}, title = {Predictable invasion dynamics in North American populations of the Eurasian collared dove Streptopelia decaocto.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {284}, number = {1862}, pages = {}, pmid = {28878061}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Columbidae ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Species invasions represent a significant dimension of global change yet the dynamics of invasions remain poorly understood and are considered rather unpredictable. We explored interannual dynamics of the invasion process in the Eurasian collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto) and tested whether the advance of the invasion front of the species in North America relates to centrality (versus peripherality) within its estimated fundamental ecological niche. We used ecological niche modelling approaches to estimate the dimensions of the fundamental ecological niche on the Old World distribution of the species, and then transferred that model to the New World as measures of centrality versus peripherality within the niche for the species. Although our hypothesis was that the invasion front would advance faster over more favourable (i.e. more central) conditions, the reverse was the case: the invasion expanded faster in areas presenting less favourable (i.e. more peripheral) conditions for the species as it advanced across North America. This result offers a first view of a predictive approach to the dynamics of species' invasions, and thereby has relevant implications for the management of invasive species, as such a predictive understanding would allow better anticipation of coming steps and advances in the progress of invasions, important to designing and guiding effective remediation and mitigation efforts.}, }
@article {pmid28877575, year = {2017}, author = {An, YC and Sung, CC and Wang, CC and Lin, HC and Chen, KY and Ku, FM and Chen, RM and Chen, ML and Huang, KY}, title = {Molecular Identification of Diphyllobothrium latum from a Pediatric Case in Taiwan.}, journal = {The Korean journal of parasitology}, volume = {55}, number = {4}, pages = {425-428}, pmid = {28877575}, issn = {1738-0006}, mesh = {Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Anthelmintics/administration &amp; dosage ; Child ; DNA, Helminth/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Diphyllobothriasis/*diagnostic imaging/drug therapy/*parasitology ; Diphyllobothrium/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ; Parasite Egg Count ; Praziquantel/administration &amp; dosage ; Taiwan ; }, abstract = {Human diphyllobothriasis is a parasitic disease caused by ingestion of larvae (plerocercoids) in raw or undercooked fish and commonly found in temperate areas. Rare cases were reported in tropical or subtropical areas especially in children. The first documented case of pediatric diphyllobothriasis in Taiwan had been reported 11 years ago. Here, we report another 8-year-old girl case who presented with a live noodle-like worm hanging down from her anus, with no other detectable symptoms. We pulled the worm out and found the strobila being 260 cm in length. Examination of gravid proglottids showed that they were wider than their lengths, containing an ovoid cirrus sac in the anterior side and the rosette-shaped uterus. Eggs extracted from the uterus were ovoid and operculated. Diphyllobothrium latum was confirmed by molecular analysis of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene. The girl was treated with a single oral dose of praziquantel, and no eggs or proglottids were observed from her stool in the subsequent 3 months. The reemergence of human diphyllobothriasis in non-endemic countries is probably due to prevalent habit of eating imported raw fish from endemic areas. This pediatric case raised our concern that human diphyllobothriasis is likely underestimated because of unremarkable symptoms.}, }
@article {pmid28877382, year = {2018}, author = {Taylor, AT and Papeş, M and Long, JM}, title = {Incorporating fragmentation and non-native species into distribution models to inform fluvial fish conservation.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {171-182}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13024}, pmid = {28877382}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bass ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Rivers ; Seafood ; }, abstract = {Fluvial fishes face increased imperilment from anthropogenic activities, but the specific factors contributing most to range declines are often poorly understood. For example, the range of the fluvial-specialist shoal bass (Micropterus cataractae) continues to decrease, yet how perceived threats have contributed to range loss is largely unknown. We used species distribution models to determine which factors contributed most to shoal bass range loss. We estimated a potential distribution based on natural abiotic factors and a series of currently occupied distributions that incorporated variables characterizing land cover, non-native species, and river fragmentation intensity (no fragmentation, dams only, and dams and large impoundments). We allowed interspecific relationships between non-native congeners and shoal bass to vary across fragmentation intensities. Results from the potential distribution model estimated shoal bass presence throughout much of their native basin, whereas models of currently occupied distribution showed that range loss increased as fragmentation intensified. Response curves from models of currently occupied distribution indicated a potential interaction between fragmentation intensity and the relationship between shoal bass and non-native congeners, wherein non-natives may be favored at the highest fragmentation intensity. Response curves also suggested that >100 km of interconnected, free-flowing stream fragments were necessary to support shoal bass presence. Model evaluation, including an independent validation, suggested that models had favorable predictive and discriminative abilities. Similar approaches that use readily available, diverse, geospatial data sets may deliver insights into the biology and conservation needs of other fluvial species facing similar threats.}, }
@article {pmid28874666, year = {2017}, author = {Bowen, JL and Kearns, PJ and Byrnes, JEK and Wigginton, S and Allen, WJ and Greenwood, M and Tran, K and Yu, J and Cronin, JT and Meyerson, LA}, title = {Lineage overwhelms environmental conditions in determining rhizosphere bacterial community structure in a cosmopolitan invasive plant.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {433}, pmid = {28874666}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Bacteria/*metabolism ; *Environment ; *Introduced Species ; Microbiota ; Models, Biological ; *Phylogeny ; Poaceae/*microbiology ; *Rhizosphere ; }, abstract = {Plant-microbe interactions play crucial roles in species invasions but are rarely investigated at the intraspecific level. Here, we study these interactions in three lineages of a globally distributed plant, Phragmites australis. We use field surveys and a common garden experiment to analyze bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of P. australis stands from native, introduced, and Gulf lineages to determine lineage-specific controls on rhizosphere bacteria. We show that within-lineage bacterial communities are similar, but are distinct among lineages, which is consistent with our results in a complementary common garden experiment. Introduced P. australis rhizosphere bacterial communities have lower abundances of pathways involved in antimicrobial biosynthesis and degradation, suggesting a lower exposure to enemy attack than native and Gulf lineages. However, lineage and not rhizosphere bacterial communities dictate individual plant growth in the common garden experiment. We conclude that lineage is crucial for determination of both rhizosphere bacterial communities and plant fitness.Environmental factors often outweigh host heritable factors in structuring host-associated microbiomes. Here, Bowen et al. show that host lineage is crucial for determination of rhizosphere bacterial communities in Phragmites australis, a globally distributed invasive plant.}, }
@article {pmid28873472, year = {2017}, author = {Phelps, QE and Tripp, SJ and Bales, KR and James, D and Hrabik, RA and Herzog, DP}, title = {Incorporating basic and applied approaches to evaluate the effects of invasive Asian Carp on native fishes: A necessary first step for integrated pest management.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e0184081}, pmid = {28873472}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Asia ; Carps/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Pest Control/*methods ; Species Specificity ; Survival Analysis ; }, abstract = {Numerous studies throughout North America allege deleterious associations among invasive Asian Carp and native fishes; however, no empirical evidence on a system-wide scale exists. We used Mississippi River Basin fish community data collected by the Long Term Resource Monitoring program and the Missouri Department of Conservation to evaluate possible interaction between Asian Carp and native fishes. Results from two decades of long-term monitoring throughout much of the Mississippi River suggest that Silver Carp relative abundance has increased while relative abundance (Bigmouth Buffalo [F 3, 8240 = 6.44, P<0.01] and Gizzard Shad [F 3, 8240 = 31.04, P<0.01]) and condition (Bigmouth Buffalo [slope = -0.11; t = -1.71; P = 0.1014] and Gizzard Shad [slope = -0.39; t = -3.02; P = 0.0073]) of native planktivores have declined. Floodplain lake qualitative evaluations yielded similar results; floodplain lake fish communities were likely altered (i.e., reductions in native species) by Silver Carp. Furthermore, laboratory experiments corroborated field evidence; Silver Carp negatively influence native planktivores through competition for prey (all comparisons, P > 0.05). To this end, this study provides evidence that Silver Carp are likely adversely influencing native fishes; however, mere presence of Silver Carp in the system does not induce deleterious effects on native fishes. To the best of our knowledge, this evaluation is the first to describe the effects of Asian Carp throughout the Mississippi River Basin and could be used to reduce the effects of Asian Carp on native biota through an integrated pest management program as suggested by congressional policy. Despite the simplicity of the data analyzed and approach used, this study provides a framework for beginning to identify the interactions of invasive fish pests on native fishes (i.e., necessary first step of integrated pest management). However, knowledge gaps remain. We suggest future efforts should conduct more in depth analyses (i.e., multivariate statistical approaches) that investigate the influence on all native species.}, }
@article {pmid28873426, year = {2017}, author = {Borrell, YJ and Miralles, L and Do Huu, H and Mohammed-Geba, K and Garcia-Vazquez, E}, title = {DNA in a bottle-Rapid metabarcoding survey for early alerts of invasive species in ports.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e0183347}, pmid = {28873426}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Bays ; Biodiversity ; DNA/*analysis ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spain ; *Surveys and Questionnaires ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Biota monitoring in ports is increasingly needed for biosecurity reasons and safeguarding marine biodiversity from biological invasion. Present and future international biosecurity directives can be accomplished only if the biota acquired by maritime traffic in ports is controlled. Methodologies for biota inventory are diverse and now rely principally on extensive and labor-intensive sampling along with taxonomic identification by experts. In this study, we employed an extremely simplified environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling methodology from only three 1-L bottles of water per port, followed by metabarcoding (high-throughput sequencing and DNA-based species identification) using 18S rDNA and Cytochrome oxidase I as genetic barcodes. Eight Bay of Biscay ports with available inventory of fouling invertebrates were employed as a case study. Despite minimal sampling efforts, three invasive invertebrates were detected: the barnacle Austrominius modestus, the tubeworm Ficopomatus enigmaticus and the polychaete Polydora triglanda. The same species have been previously found from visual and DNA barcoding (genetic identification of individuals) surveys in the same ports. The current costs of visual surveys, conventional DNA barcoding and this simplified metabarcoding protocol were compared. The results encourage the use of metabarcoding for early biosecurity alerts.}, }
@article {pmid28873401, year = {2017}, author = {Carreira, BM and Segurado, P and Laurila, A and Rebelo, R}, title = {Can heat waves change the trophic role of the world's most invasive crayfish? Diet shifts in Procambarus clarkii.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e0183108}, pmid = {28873401}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Carbon Isotopes ; *Diet ; *Food Chain ; *Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; }, abstract = {In the Mediterranean basin, the globally increasing temperatures are expected to be accompanied by longer heat waves. Commonly assumed to benefit cold-limited invasive alien species, these climatic changes may also change their feeding preferences, especially in the case of omnivorous ectotherms. We investigated heat wave effects on diet choice, growth and energy reserves in the invasive red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. In laboratory experiments, we fed juvenile and adult crayfish on animal, plant or mixed diets and exposed them to a short or a long heat wave. We then measured crayfish survival, growth, body reserves and Fulton's condition index. Diet choices of the crayfish maintained on the mixed diet were estimated using stable isotopes (13C and 15N). The results suggest a decreased efficiency of carnivorous diets at higher temperatures, as juveniles fed on the animal diet were unable to maintain high growth rates in the long heat wave; and a decreased efficiency of herbivorous diets at lower temperatures, as juveniles in the cold accumulated less body reserves when fed on the plant diet. Heat wave treatments increased the assimilation of plant material, especially in juveniles, allowing them to sustain high growth rates in the long heat wave. Contrary to our expectations, crayfish performance decreased in the long heat wave, suggesting that Mediterranean summer heat waves may have negative effects on P. clarkii and that they are unlikely to boost its populations in this region. Although uncertain, it is possible that the greater assimilation of the plant diet resulted from changes in crayfish feeding preferences, raising the hypotheses that i) heat waves may change the predominant impacts of this keystone species and ii) that by altering species' trophic niches, climate change may alter the main impacts of invasive alien species.}, }
@article {pmid28873395, year = {2017}, author = {Peristeraki, P and Tserpes, G and Lampadariou, N and Stergiou, KI}, title = {Comparing demersal megafaunal species diversity along the depth gradient within the South Aegean and Cretan Seas (Eastern Mediterranean).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e0184241}, pmid = {28873395}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Cephalopoda/*physiology ; Crustacea/*physiology ; Fishes/*physiology ; Geography ; Mediterranean Region ; Models, Theoretical ; *Oceans and Seas ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Knowledge on biodiversity patterns of demersal megafaunal species in the Mediterranean and particularly in its eastern basin is still very scarce. In the present study, fine-scale diversity patterns in relation to depth were analyzed for three major megafaunal groups (fish, cephalopods and crustaceans) in three subareas of the eastern Mediterranean (Crete, Cyclades and Dodecanese islands). The analysis was based on data from the Mediterranean International Trawl Survey conducted during 2005-2014 and the relationship between depth and two different diversity measures (species richness and Shannon-Weaver) was examined using Generalized Additive Modeling (GAM) techniques. Species richness of fish decreased with depth in two of the three subareas (Cyclades, Dodecanese), while the opposite was true for crustaceans in all subareas. Cephalopods had higher species richness at intermediate depths, near the shelf break. Significant differences among subareas were found, with Crete showing a distinct species richness-depth pattern, which was more obvious for fish and cephalopods. The differences among subareas were also highlighted based on the occurrence of alien species of Indo-Pacific origin, which were more frequent in Crete. Our results suggested that the importance of depth-related factors in structuring communities was higher for cephalopods and less important for fish, and that Crete showed a distinct diversity-depth relationship, a fact that can be attributed to its specific geographical and oceanographic characteristics. These results support the current GFCM/FAO's characterization of Crete as a unique geographic subarea. The findings of the study contribute to understanding the causes of underlying diversity patterns and would assist various environmental management actions, particularly those related to the establishment of marine-protected areas.}, }
@article {pmid28873278, year = {2017}, author = {Latli, A and Descy, JP and Mondy, CP and Floury, M and Viroux, L and Otjacques, W and Marescaux, J and Depiereux, E and Ovidio, M and Usseglio-Polatera, P and Kestemont, P}, title = {Long-term trends in trait structure of riverine communities facing predation risk increase and trophic resource decline.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {27}, number = {8}, pages = {2458-2474}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1621}, pmid = {28873278}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Belgium ; Biota ; Fishes/*physiology ; Food Chain ; France ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; *Life History Traits ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Many large European rivers have undergone multiple pressures that have strongly impaired ecosystem functioning at different spatial and temporal scales. Global warming and other environmental changes have favored the success of invasive species, deeply modifying the structure of aquatic communities in large rivers. Some exogenous species could alter trophic interactions within assemblages by increasing the predation risk for potential prey species (top-down effect) and limiting the dynamics of others via resource availability limitation (bottom-up effect). Furthermore, large transboundary rivers are complex aquatic ecosystems that have often been poorly investigated so that data for assessing long-term ecological trends are missing. In this study, we propose an original approach for investigating long-term combined effects of global warming, trophic resource decrease, predation risk, and water quality variations on the trait-based structure of macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages over 26 yr (1985-2011) and 427-km stretch of the river Meuse (France and Belgium). The study of temporal variations in biological, physiological, and ecological traits of macroinvertebrate and fish allowed identifying community trends and distinguishing impacts of environmental perturbations from those induced by biological alterations. We provide evidence, for this large European river, of an increase in water temperature (close to 1°C) and a decrease in phytoplankton biomass (-85%), as well as independent effects of these changes on both invertebrate and fish communities. The reduction of trophic resources in the water column by invasive molluscs has dramatically affected the density of omnivorous fish in favor of invertebrate feeders, while scrapers became the major feeding guild among invertebrates. Macroinvertebrate and fish communities have shifted from large-sized organisms with low fecundity to prolific, small-sized organisms, with early maturity, as a response to increased predation pressure.}, }
@article {pmid28871351, year = {2017}, author = {Shawkey, MD and Igic, B and Rogalla, S and Goldenberg, J and Clusella-Trullas, S and D'Alba, L}, title = {Beyond colour: consistent variation in near infrared and solar reflectivity in sunbirds (Nectariniidae).}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {104}, number = {9-10}, pages = {78}, pmid = {28871351}, issn = {1432-1904}, mesh = {Animals ; Carotenoids ; Color ; Feathers ; Female ; Male ; Melanins ; *Passeriformes ; Pigmentation ; }, abstract = {The visible spectrum represents a fraction of the sun's radiation, a large portion of which is within the near infrared (NIR). However, wavelengths outside of the visible spectrum that are reflected by coloured tissues have rarely been considered, despite their potential significance to thermal effects. Here, we report the reflectivity from 300 to 2100 nm of differently coloured feathers. We measured reflectivity across the UV-Vis-NIR spectra of different (a) body parts, (b) colour-producing mechanisms and (c) sexes for 252 individuals of 68 sunbird (family: Nectariniidae) species. Breast plumage was the most reflective and cap plumage the least. Female plumage had greater reflectivity than males. Carotenoid-based colours had the greatest reflectivity, followed by non-iridescent and iridescent melanin-based colours. As ordered arrays of melanin-filled organelles (melanosomes) produce iridescent colours, this suggests that nanostructuring may affect reflectance across the spectrum. Our results indicate that differently coloured feathers consistently vary in their thermal, as well as obvious visual, properties.}, }
@article {pmid28869048, year = {2017}, author = {Saul, WC and Shackleton, RT and Yannelli, FA}, title = {Ecologists Winning Arguments: Ends Don't Justify the Means. A Response to Begon.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {32}, number = {10}, pages = {722-723}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2017.08.005}, pmid = {28869048}, issn = {1872-8383}, }
@article {pmid28867137, year = {2017}, author = {Zenni, RD and Ziller, SR and Pauchard, A and Rodriguez-Cabal, M and Nuñez, MA}, title = {Invasion Science in the Developing World: A Response to Ricciardi et al.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {32}, number = {11}, pages = {807-808}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2017.08.006}, pmid = {28867137}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid28866987, year = {2017}, author = {Julius, RS and Schwan, EV and Chimimba, CT}, title = {Helminth composition and prevalence of indigenous and invasive synanthropic murid rodents in urban areas of Gauteng Province, South Africa.}, journal = {Journal of helminthology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-10}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X17000761}, pmid = {28866987}, issn = {1475-2697}, abstract = {Although synanthropic rodents such as the indigenous species, Mastomys coucha, and the invasive species, Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus and R. tanezumi, are well-known to be hosts to various micro- and macroparasites, their helminth parasite fauna is poorly studied in South Africa. In an attempt to remedy the situation, the aim of the present study was to investigate the helminth fauna of these sympatric rodent species, which were obtained from the informal settlements of Alexandra, Tembisa, Diepsloot and residential suburbs of Pretoria and Hammanskraal, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Helminths were recovered from the urinary bladder, liver and gastrointestinal tract and were identified morphologically and molecularly. The recovered nematodes were all rodent-specific and included Aspiculuris tetraptera, Eucoleus sp., Heterakis spumosa, Mastophorus muris, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Protospirura sp., Strongyloides ratti, Syphacia obvelata, Syphacia muris, Trichuris sp. and Trichosomoides crassicauda. Syphacia obvelata, a commensal nematode of laboratory rodents, was recovered from indigenous M. coucha. Strobilar stages of cestodes recovered included Hymenolepis diminuta, Hymenolepis nana and Inermicapsifer madagascariensis. Recovered metacestodes were strobilocerci of Hydatigera taeniaeformis from all three invasive Rattus species and coenurostrobilocerci of Hydatigera parva from M. coucha. An acanthocephalan, Moniliformis moniliformis, was recovered from R. rattus only. All rodent species examined showed high helminth infection prevalence (≥70%) with equal or higher nematode than cestode prevalence. Mastomys coucha, however, showed significantly lower cestode prevalence than Rattus species where they co-occur. Interspecific transmission of helminths likely occurs between invasive and indigenous rodents, and these rodents harbour several helminths that have zoonotic implications.}, }
@article {pmid28865184, year = {2018}, author = {Xu, SZ and Li, ZY and Jin, XH}, title = {DNA barcoding of invasive plants in China: A resource for identifying invasive plants.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {128-136}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12715}, pmid = {28865184}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {China ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; DNA, Plant/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Plant Proteins/genetics ; Plants/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants have aroused attention globally for causing ecological damage and having a negative impact on the economy and human health. However, it can be extremely challenging to rapidly and accurately identify invasive plants based on morphology because they are an assemblage of many different families and many plant materials lack sufficient diagnostic characteristics during border inspections. It is therefore urgent to evaluate candidate loci and build a reliable genetic library to prevent invasive plants from entering China. In this study, five common single markers (ITS, ITS2, matK, rbcL and trnH-psbA) were evaluated using 634 species (including 469 invasive plant species in China, 10 new records to China, 16 potentially invasive plant species around the world but not introduced into China yet and 139 plant species native to China) based on three different methods. Our results indicated that ITS2 displayed largest intra- and interspecific divergence (1.72% and 91.46%). Based on NJ tree method, ITS2, ITS, matK, rbcL and trnH-psbA provided 76.84%, 76.5%, 63.21%, 52.86% and 50.68% discrimination rates, respectively. The combination of ITS + matK performed best and provided 91.03% discriminatory power, followed by ITS2 + matK (85.78%). For identifying unknown individuals, ITS + matK had 100% correct identification rate based on our database, followed by ITS/ITS2 (both 93.33%) and ITS2 + matK (91.67%). Thus, we propose ITS/ITS2 + matK as the most suitable barcode for invasive plants in China. This study also demonstrated that DNA barcoding is an efficient tool for identifying invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid28863858, year = {2017}, author = {Ricciardi, A and Blackburn, TM and Carlton, JT and Dick, JTA and Hulme, PE and Iacarella, JC and Jeschke, JM and Liebhold, AM and Lockwood, JL and MacIsaac, HJ and Pyšek, P and Richardson, DM and Ruiz, GM and Simberloff, D and Sutherland, WJ and Wardle, DA and Aldridge, DC}, title = {Invasion Science: Looking Forward Rather Than Revisiting Old Ground - A Reply to Zenni et al.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {32}, number = {11}, pages = {809-810}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2017.08.007}, pmid = {28863858}, issn = {1872-8383}, }
@article {pmid28861903, year = {2018}, author = {Trull, N and Böhm, M and Carr, J}, title = {Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {135-147}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13022}, pmid = {28861903}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Bias ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; *Extinction, Biological ; }, abstract = {International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species' biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change-threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change-threatened species identified with the trait-based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change-threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait-based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change-vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population-level threats).}, }
@article {pmid28857202, year = {2017}, author = {Cote, J and Brodin, T and Fogarty, S and Sih, A}, title = {Non-random dispersal mediates invader impacts on the invertebrate community.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {86}, number = {6}, pages = {1298-1307}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12734}, pmid = {28857202}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Biota ; Cyprinodontiformes/*physiology ; Female ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; Male ; Personality ; *Phenotype ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Dispersers are often not a random draw from a population, dispersal propensity being conditional on individual phenotypic traits and local contexts. This non-randomness consequently results in phenotypic differences between dispersers and non-dispersers and, in the context of biological invasions, in an invasion front made of individuals with a biased phenotype. This bias of phenotypes at the front may subsequently modulate the strength of ecological effects of an invasive species on invaded communities. We recently demonstrated that more asocial mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), one of the 100 worst invasive species, disperse further, suggesting a sociability-biased invasion front. As behavioural types are related to the strength of interspecific interactions, an invasion by a biased subset of individuals should have important ecological implications for native communities. Here, we tested the impact of phenotypic biases in dispersing individuals (relative to non-dispersers) on prey communities in experimental mesocosms. We show that dispersers reduce prey abundance more than do non-dispersers during the first 4 weeks after introduction, and that the disperser's social types are likely drivers of these differences. These differences in prey communities disappeared after 8 weeks suggesting prey community resilience against predation in these mesocosm ecosystems. Consequently, we call for the integration of non-random dispersal, dispersal syndromes and more generally intraspecific variation into studies predicting the impacts of invasions.}, }
@article {pmid28857166, year = {2017}, author = {Lima, F and Beca, G and Muylaert, RL and Jenkins, CN and Perilli, MLL and Paschoal, AMO and Massara, RL and Paglia, AP and Chiarello, AG and Graipel, ME and Cherem, JJ and Regolin, AL and Oliveira Santos, LGR and Brocardo, CR and Paviolo, A and Di Bitetti, MS and Scoss, LM and Rocha, FL and Fusco-Costa, R and Rosa, CA and Da Silva, MX and Hufnagell, L and Santos, PM and Duarte, GT and Guimarães, LN and Bailey, LL and Rodrigues, FHG and Cunha, HM and Fantacini, FM and Batista, GO and Bogoni, JA and Tortato, MA and Luiz, MR and Peroni, N and De Castilho, PV and Maccarini, TB and Filho, VP and Angelo, C and Cruz, P and Quiroga, V and Iezzi, ME and Varela, D and Cavalcanti, SMC and Martensen, AC and Maggiorini, EV and Keesen, FF and Nunes, AV and Lessa, GM and Cordeiro-Estrela, P and Beltrão, MG and De Albuquerque, ACF and Ingberman, B and Cassano, CR and Junior, LC and Ribeiro, MC and Galetti, M}, title = {ATLANTIC-CAMTRAPS: a dataset of medium and large terrestrial mammal communities in the Atlantic Forest of South America.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {11}, pages = {2979}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1998}, pmid = {28857166}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; *Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Dogs ; Ecosystem ; *Forests ; Mammals/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Our understanding of mammal ecology has always been hindered by the difficulties of observing species in closed tropical forests. Camera trapping has become a major advance for monitoring terrestrial mammals in biodiversity rich ecosystems. Here we compiled one of the largest datasets of inventories of terrestrial mammal communities for the Neotropical region based on camera trapping studies. The dataset comprises 170 surveys of medium to large terrestrial mammals using camera traps conducted in 144 areas by 74 studies, covering six vegetation types of tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of South America (Brazil and Argentina), and present data on species composition and richness. The complete dataset comprises 53,438 independent records of 83 species of mammals, includes 10 species of marsupials, 15 rodents, 20 carnivores, eight ungulates and six armadillos. Species richness averaged 13 species (±6.07 SD) per site. Only six species occurred in more than 50% of the sites: the domestic dog Canis familiaris, crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous, tayra Eira barbara, south American coati Nasua nasua, crab-eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus and the nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. The information contained in this dataset can be used to understand macroecological patterns of biodiversity, community, and population structure, but also to evaluate the ecological consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and trophic interactions.}, }
@article {pmid28854652, year = {2017}, author = {Eatough Jones, M and Kabashima, J and Eskalen, A and Dimson, M and Mayorquin, JS and Carrillo, JD and Hanlon, CC and Paine, TD}, title = {Evaluations of Insecticides and Fungicides for Reducing Attack Rates of a new invasive ambrosia beetle (Euwallacea Sp., Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Infested Landscape Trees in California.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {4}, pages = {1611-1618}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox163}, pmid = {28854652}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Food Chain ; *Fungicides, Industrial ; Herbivory/drug effects ; *Insecticides ; *Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*growth &amp; development ; Trees/*growth &amp; development ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {A recently discovered ambrosia beetle with the proposed common name of polyphagous shot hole borer (Euwallacea sp., Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is reported to attack >200 host tree species in southern California, including many important native and urban landscape trees. This invasive beetle, along with its associated fungi, causes branch dieback and tree mortality in a large variety of tree species including sycamore (Platanus racemosa Nutt.). Due to the severity of the impact of this Euwallacea sp., short-term management tools must include chemical control options for the arboriculture industry and private landowners to protect trees. We examined the effectiveness of insecticides, fungicides, and insecticide-fungicide combinations for controlling continued Euwallacea sp. attacks on previously infested sycamore trees which were monitored for 6 mo after treatment. Pesticide combinations were generally more effective than single pesticide treatments. The combination of a systemic insecticide (emamectin benzoate), a contact insecticide (bifenthrin), and a fungicide (metconazole) provided some level of control when applied on moderate and heavily infested trees. The biological fungicide Bacillus subtilis provided short-term control. There was no difference in the performance of the three triazole fungicides (propiconazole, tebuconazole, and metconazole) included in this study. Although no pesticide combination provided substantial control over time, pesticide treatments may be more effective when trees are treated during early stages of attack by this ambrosia beetle.}, }
@article {pmid28854649, year = {2017}, author = {Susaeta, A and Soto, JR and Adams, DC and Hulcr, J}, title = {Expected Timber-Based Economic Impacts of a Wood-Boring Beetle (Acanthotomicus Sp.) That Kills American Sweetgum.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {4}, pages = {1942-1945}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox165}, pmid = {28854649}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *Food Chain ; Forestry/*economics ; Introduced Species ; Liquidambar/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Models, Economic ; United States ; Weevils/*physiology ; Wood/*economics ; }, abstract = {American sweetgum trees (Liquidambar styraciflua L. [Altingiaceae]) in China are being killed by a newly discovered wood-boring beetle "sweetgum inscriber" (Acanthotomicus sp.). It has not been detected in the United States yet, but given the extent of trade with Asian countries, eventual arrival of this beetle is a serious concern. The American sweetgum is one of the main hardwood species in the southern United States, and provides several economic and ecological benefits to society. We present the first economic analysis of the potential damage from sweetgum inscriber (SI) to timber-based land values in the southern United States. We modeled economic impacts for a range of feasible SI arrival rates that reflect policy interventions: 1) no efforts to prevent arrival (scenario A, once every 14 and 25 yr), 2) partial prevention by complying with ISPM 15 standards (scenario B, once every 33 and 100 yr), and 3) total prevention of arrival (scenario C, zero transmission of SI). Our results indicated much lower land values for sweetgum plantations without the prevention on SI establishment (scenario A, US$1,843-US$4,383 ha-1) compared with partial prevention (scenario B, US$5,426-US$8,050 ha-1) and total eradication of SI (scenario C, US$9,825). Across the region, upper bound timber-based economic losses to plantation owners is US$151.9 million (US$4.6 million annually)-an estimate that can help inform policy decisions.}, }
@article {pmid28854191, year = {2017}, author = {Miño, CI and de Souza, ED and Moralez-Silva, E and Valdes, TA and Cortiço Corrêa Rodrigues, VL and Del Lama, SN}, title = {Use of noninvasive 'bug-eggs' to enable comparative inferences on genetic mating system with and without parental information: A study in a cattle egret colony.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e0183153}, pmid = {28854191}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Brazil ; Copulation/*physiology ; DNA Fingerprinting/methods ; Female ; *Genotype ; Genotyping Techniques ; *Inheritance Patterns ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mating Preference, Animal/*physiology ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Nesting Behavior/physiology ; Reproduction/*genetics ; Triatominae/chemistry/physiology ; }, abstract = {Colonial waterbirds such as herons, egrets and spoonbills exhibit ecological characteristics that could have promoted the evolution of conspecific brood parasitism and extra-pair copulation. However, an adequate characterization of the genetic mating systems of this avian group has been hindered by the lack of samples of elusive candidate parents which precluded conducting conventional parentage allocation tests. Here, we investigate the genetic mating system of the invasive cattle egret using hematophagous insects contained in fake eggs to collect blood from incubating adults in a wild breeding colony. We tested a protocol with a previously unused Neotropical Triatominae, Panstrongylus megistus, obtained blood samples from males and females in 31 nests built on trees, drew blood from 89 nestlings at those nests, and genotyped all samples at 14 microsatellite loci, including six new species-specific loci. We comparatively addressed the performance of parentage allocation versus kinship classification of nestlings to infer the genetic mating system of cattle egrets. In line with previous behavioral observations, we found evidence in support of a non-monogamous genetic mating system, including extra-pair paternity (EPP) and conspecific brood parasitism (CBP). Parentage allocation tests detected a higher percentage of nests with alternative reproductive tactics (EPP: 61.7%; CBP: 64.5%) than the kinship classification method (EPP: 50.0%; CBP: 43.3%). Overall, these results indicate that rates of alternative reproductive tactics inferred in the absence of parental genetic information could be underestimated and should be interpreted with caution. This study highlights the importance of incorporating samples from candidate parents to adequately determine the genetic mating system of a species. We expand knowledge on the reproductive tactics of colonial waterbirds, contributing novel data on the genetic mating system of the cattle egret, valuable for the design of management strategies for this invasive bird.}, }
@article {pmid28854113, year = {2017}, author = {Goddard, J and Moraru, GM and Mcinnis, SJ and Portugal, JS and Yee, DA and Deerman, JH and Varnado, WC}, title = {A Statewide Survey for Container-Breeding Mosquitoes in Mississippi.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, pages = {229-232}, doi = {10.2987/17-6652R.1}, pmid = {28854113}, issn = {8756-971X}, mesh = {Aedes/physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Culicidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Mississippi ; }, abstract = {Container-breeding mosquitoes are important in public health due to outbreaks of Zika, chikungunya, and dengue viruses. This paper documents the distribution of container-breeding mosquito species in Mississippi, with special emphasis on the genus Aedes. Five sites in each of the 82 Mississippi counties were sampled monthly between May 1 and August 31, 2016, and 50,109 mosquitoes in 14 species were collected. The most prevalent and widely distributed species found was Ae. albopictus, being found in all 82 counties, especially during July. A recent invasive, Ae. japonicus, seems to be spreading rapidly in Mississippi since first being discovered in the state in 2011. The most abundant Culex species collected were Cx. quinquefasciatus (found statewide), Cx. salinarius (almost exclusively in the southern portion of the state), and Cx. restuans (mostly central and southern Mississippi). Another relatively recent invasive species, Cx. coronator, was found in 20 counties, predominantly in the southern one-third of the state during late summer. Co-occurrence data of mosquito species found in the artificial containers were also documented and analyzed. Lastly, even though we sampled extensively in 410 sites across Mississippi, no larval Ae. aegypti were found. These data represent the first modern statewide survey of container species in Mississippi, and as such, allows for better public health readiness for emerging diseases and design of more effective vector control programs.}, }
@article {pmid28852870, year = {2017}, author = {Tumolo, BB and Flinn, MB}, title = {Top-down effects of an invasive omnivore: detection in long-term monitoring of large-river reservoir chlorophyll-a.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {185}, number = {2}, pages = {293-303}, pmid = {28852870}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {F13AP00999//U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/*physiology ; Chlorophyll/*analysis ; Chlorophyll A ; Databases, Factual ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Kentucky ; *Lakes ; Phytoplankton/chemistry/growth &amp; development ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are capable of altering ecosystems through the consumption of basal resources. However, quantifying the effects of invasive species in large ecosystems is challenging. Measuring changes in basal resources (i.e., phytoplankton) at an ecosystem scale is an important and potentially translatable response vital to the understanding of how introduced species influence ecosystems. In this study, we analyzed patterns of early summer chlorophyll-a in a large-river reservoir in response to invasion of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). We used 25 years of ecological data from a 30-km reach of Kentucky Lake collected before and after silver carp establishment. We found significant decreases in chlorophyll-a within certain reservoir habitats since establishment of silver carp. Additionally, environmental and biological drivers of phytoplankton production showed no significant differences before and after invasion. These results suggest seasonal, and habitat-specific consumptive effects of invasive silver carp on an important basal food web resource. Further, our results convey the utility of long-term quantitative biological and physiochemical data in understanding ecosystem responses to elements of global change (i.e., species invasions). Importantly, the observed changes in the basal food web resource of Kentucky Lake may apply to other ecosystems facing invasion by silver carp (e.g., Laurentian Great Lakes). Our study offers insight into the mechanisms by which silver carp may influence ecosystems and furthers our understanding of invasive omnivores.}, }
@article {pmid28852740, year = {2016}, author = {Maema, LP and Potgieter, M and Mahlo, SM}, title = {INVASIVE ALIEN PLANT SPECIES USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF VARIOUS DISEASES IN LIMPOPO PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA.}, journal = {African journal of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines : AJTCAM}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {223-231}, pmid = {28852740}, issn = {2505-0044}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; *Ethnobotany ; Female ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Medicine, African Traditional ; Middle Aged ; Phytotherapy/*methods ; Plant Preparations/*therapeutic use ; Plants, Medicinal/*chemistry/classification ; South Africa ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive alien plant species (IAPs) are plants that have migrated from one geographical region to non-native region either intentional or unintentional. The general view of IAPs in environment is regarded as destructive to the ecosystem and they pose threat to native vegetation and species. However, some of these IAPS are utilized by local inhabitants as a substitute for scarce indigenous plants. The aim of the study is to conduct ethnobotanical survey on medicinal usage of invasive plant species in Waterberg District, Limpopo Province, South Africa.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: An ethnobotanical survey on invasive plant species was conducted to distinguish species used for the treatment of various ailments in the Waterberg, District in the area dominated by Bapedi traditional healers. About thirty Bapedi traditional healers (30) were randomly selected via the snowball method. A guided field work by traditional healers and a semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather information from the traditional healers. The questionnaire was designed to gather information on the local name of plants, plant parts used and methods of preparation which is administered by the traditional healers.<br><br>RESULTS: The study revealed that Schinus molle L., Catharanthus roseus (L.), Datura stramonium L., Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw., Opuntia ficus- indica, Sambucus canadensis L., Ricinus communis L., Melia azedarch L., Argemone ochroleuca and Eriobotrya jap&#xf3;nica are used for treatment of various diseases such as chest complaint, blood purification, asthma, hypertension and infertility. The most plant parts that were used are 57.6% leaves, followed by 33.3% roots, and whole plant, seeds and bark at 3% each. Noticeably, most of these plants are cultivated (38%), followed by 28% that are common to the study area, 20% abundant, 12% wild, and 3% occasionally. Schinus molle is the most frequently used plant species for the treatment of various ailments in the study area. National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act (NEMBA) (10/2004) and Conservation of Agricultural Resource Act (CARA) were consulted to confirm the invaders status. Only eight plants (60%) are regulated by CARA (10/2004). Of 10 IAPs, 80% (8 species) are listed in both NEMBA and CARA legislation. Only 20% (2 species) are listed in NEMBA alone.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Invasive alien plants are utilized by communities to combat various ailments in humans and these plants can help to reduce pressure on heavily harvested indigenous plant.}, }
@article {pmid28852143, year = {2017}, author = {Gribben, PE and Nielsen, S and Seymour, JR and Bradley, DJ and West, MN and Thomas, T}, title = {Microbial communities in marine sediments modify success of an invasive macrophyte.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {9845}, pmid = {28852143}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Australia ; Bacteria ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; *Introduced Species ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics/methods ; *Microbiota ; *Oceans and Seas ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants have extensive impacts on ecosystem function and biodiversity globally. Our inability to manage invasive species stems in part from a lack of understanding of the processes that control their successful establishment and spread. To date, studies have largely considered how above-ground processes control native/invasive plant interactions. Emerging research from terrestrial and wetland ecosystems demonstrates that below-ground processes under microbial control can determine the outcome of interactions between native and invasive plants. Whether sediment microbes modify the success of invasive macrophytes in marine ecosystems is untested, despite marine sediment microbes controlling many ecological processes (e.g. nutrient cycling) comparable to those in terrestrial ecosystems. We first show that sediment bacterial communities differ between the native seagrass Zostera capricorni and the invasive alga Caulerpa taxifolia and that those differences relate to functional changes in sulfur cycling between the macrophytes. Second, by experimentally manipulating the microbial communities we show that intact microbial communities in Z. capricorni sediments provide biotic resistance by reducing C. taxifolia fragment growth 119% compared to when they are inactive, and intact microbial communities in C. taxifolia sediments have positive feedbacks by increasing fragment growth 200%. Thus, similar to terrestrial ecosystems, microorganisms appear to indirectly control the success of invasive macrophytes in marine ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid28851018, year = {2017}, author = {Lekberg, Y and Wagner, V and Rummel, A and McLeod, M and Ramsey, PW}, title = {Strong indirect herbicide effects on mycorrhizal associations through plant community shifts and secondary invasions.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {27}, number = {8}, pages = {2359-2368}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1613}, pmid = {28851018}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Centaurea/*drug effects/microbiology ; Herbicides/*adverse effects ; Montana ; Mycorrhizae/*drug effects ; Picloram/*adverse effects ; Poaceae/*drug effects/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Million of acres of U.S. wildlands are sprayed with herbicides to control invasive species, but relatively little is known about non-target effects of herbicide use. We combined greenhouse, field, and laboratory experiments involving the invasive forb spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) and native bunchgrasses to assess direct and indirect effects of the forb-specific herbicide picloram on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which are beneficial soil fungi that colonize most plants. Picloram had no effect on bunchgrass viability and their associated AMF in the greenhouse, but killed spotted knapweed and reduced AMF colonization of a subsequent host grown. Results were similar in the field where AMF abundance in bunchgrass-dominated plots was unaffected by herbicides one year after spraying based on 16:1ω5 phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and neutral lipid fatty acid (NLFA) concentrations. In spotted-knapweed-dominated plots, however, picloram application shifted dominance from spotted knapweed, a good AMF host, to bulbous bluegrass (Poa bulbosa), a poor AMF host. This coincided with a 63% reduction in soil 16:1ω5 NLFA concentrations but no reduction of 16:1ω5 PLFA. Because 16:1ω5 NLFA quantifies AMF storage lipids and 16:1ω5 PLFA occurs in AMF membrane lipids, we speculate that the herbicide-mediated reduction in host quality reduced fungal carbon storage, but not necessarily fungal abundance after one year in the field. Overall, in greenhouse and field experiments, AMF were only affected when picloram altered host quantity and quality. This apparent lack of direct effect was supported by our in-vitro trial where picloram applied to AMF mycelia did not reduce fungal biomass and viability. We show that the herbicide picloram can have profound, indirect effects on AMF within one year. Depending on herbicide-mediated shifts in host quality, rapid interventions may be necessary post herbicide applications to prevent loss of AMF abundance. Future research should assess consequences of these potential shifts for the restoration of native plants that differ in mycorrhizal dependency.}, }
@article {pmid28848688, year = {2017}, author = {Choi, WI and Jeon, MJ and Park, YS}, title = {Structural dynamics in the host-parasitoid system of the pine needle gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis) during invasion.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3610}, pmid = {28848688}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The structural dynamics of host-parasitoid populations play a key role in the mechanism of natural community development with invasive species. Species invading new habitats experience coevolution with their newly acquired natural enemies, and their population dynamics are driven by a complex interaction between biological and environmental factors. We examined the biological and environmental factors which potentially influence a community of parasitoids throughout the 25-year invasion history of the pine needle gall midge (PNGM), Thecodiplosis japonensis, an important pest of pines in eastern Asia. We found that differences in establishment sequence and competitive ability among the parasitoids attacking this species determined the parasitoid community's structure and dynamics. In particular, the timing for the initial establishment of the host-parasitoid association, incomplete superiority in competition among parasitoids, and indirect competition by a combination of the parasitoids were important factors for determining community's structure and dynamics. Finally, the history of change in the community composition could be explained by the phenology differences in its member species, mediated by environmental factors.}, }
@article {pmid28847744, year = {2017}, author = {Nakano, T and Nakamura, R and Ohtsuka, S and Suzuki, T and Suzuki, D}, title = {Low genetic diversity in Ozobranchus jantseanus (Hirudinida: Ozobranchidae) in Japan: Possibility of introduction with their host turtles.}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {66}, number = {6}, pages = {798-801}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2017.08.006}, pmid = {28847744}, issn = {1873-0329}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Leeches/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Turtles/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Leeches belonging to the genus Ozobranchus are ectoparasitic on sea and freshwater turtles. The freshwater species O. jantseanus has been recorded from China and Japan. Ozobranchus jantseanus inhabiting Japan is considered to be a non-indigenous species, because their primary host, the Reeves' pond turtle, Mauremys reevesii, is thought to have been introduced in the last few centuries from adjacent Asian countries. To assess whether the Japanese populations of O. jantseanus were likely to have been introduced, their genetic diversity was investigated using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences. The very low sequence diversity as well as the historical record of this species from Japan suggest that Japanese populations of O. jantseanus may have been artificially introduced along with their host turtles. Molecular phylogenies of COI showed that two marine Ozobranchus species formed a clade together with the freshwater O. jantseanus.}, }
@article {pmid28839224, year = {2017}, author = {Padmanaba, M and Tomlinson, KW and Hughes, AC and Corlett, RT}, title = {Alien plant invasions of protected areas in Java, Indonesia.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {9334}, pmid = {28839224}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Indonesia ; *Introduced Species ; Parks, Recreational ; *Plant Dispersal ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Alien plants are invading protected areas worldwide, but there is little information from tropical Asia. Java has the longest record of human occupation in Asia and today supports 145 m people. Remnants of natural ecosystems survive in 12 small National Parks surrounded by dense human populations, making them highly vulnerable to invasions. We surveyed eight of these, along a rainfall gradient from lowland rainforest with >3000 mm annual rainfall to savanna with <1500 mm, and a 0-3158 m altitudinal gradient, using 403 10 × 5 m plots along trails. We found 67 invasive alien plant species, of which 33 occurred in only one park and two (Chromolaena odorata and Lantana camara) in all. Historical factors relating to plant introduction appeared to be as important as environmental factors in determining which species occurred in which park, while within parks canopy cover and altitude were generally most influential. Spread away from trails was only evident in open habitats, including natural savannas in Baluran National Park, threatened by invasion of Acacia nilotica. Existing control attempts for invasive aliens are reactive, localized, and intermittent, and insufficient resources are currently available for the early detection, prompt action, and continued monitoring that are needed.}, }
@article {pmid28837610, year = {2017}, author = {Pepin, KM and Davis, AJ and Cunningham, FL and VerCauteren, KC and Eckery, DC}, title = {Potential effects of incorporating fertility control into typical culling regimes in wild pig populations.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e0183441}, pmid = {28837610}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Contraception ; Stochastic Processes ; Swine/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Effective management of widespread invasive species such as wild pigs (Sus scrofa) is limited by resources available to devote to the effort. Better insight of the effectiveness of different management strategies on population dynamics is important for guiding decisions of resource allocation over space and time. Using a dynamic population model, we quantified effects of culling intensities and time between culling events on population dynamics of wild pigs in the USA using empirical culling patterns and data-based demographic parameters. In simulated populations closed to immigration, substantial population declines (50-100%) occurred within 4 years when 20-60% of the population was culled annually, but when immigration from surrounding areas occurred, there was a maximum of 50% reduction, even with the maximum culling intensity of 60%. Incorporating hypothetical levels of fertility control with realistic culling intensities was most effective in reducing populations when they were closed to immigration and when intrinsic population growth rate was too high (> = 1.78) to be controlled by culling alone. However, substantial benefits from fertility control used in conjunction with culling may only occur over a narrow range of net population growth rates (i.e., where net is the result of intrinsic growth rates and culling) that varies depending on intrinsic population growth rate. The management implications are that the decision to use fertility control in conjunction with culling should rely on concurrent consideration of achievable culling intensity, underlying demographic parameters, and costs of culling and fertility control. The addition of fertility control reduced abundance substantially more than culling alone, however the effects of fertility control were weaker than in populations without immigration. Because these populations were not being reduced substantially by culling alone, fertility control could be an especially helpful enhancement to culling for reducing abundance to target levels in areas where immigration can't be prevented.}, }
@article {pmid28834087, year = {2017}, author = {Strayer, DL and D'Antonio, CM and Essl, F and Fowler, MS and Geist, J and Hilt, S and Jarić, I and Jöhnk, K and Jones, CG and Lambin, X and Latzka, AW and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and Robertson, P and von Schmalensee, M and Stefansson, RA and Wright, J and Jeschke, JM}, title = {Boom-bust dynamics in biological invasions: towards an improved application of the concept.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {20}, number = {10}, pages = {1337-1350}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12822}, pmid = {28834087}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Boom-bust dynamics - the rise of a population to outbreak levels, followed by a dramatic decline - have been associated with biological invasions and offered as a reason not to manage troublesome invaders. However, boom-bust dynamics rarely have been critically defined, analyzed, or interpreted. Here, we define boom-bust dynamics and provide specific suggestions for improving the application of the boom-bust concept. Boom-bust dynamics can arise from many causes, some closely associated with invasions, but others occurring across a wide range of ecological settings, especially when environmental conditions are changing rapidly. As a result, it is difficult to infer cause or predict future trajectories merely by observing the dynamic. We use tests with simulated data to show that a common metric for detecting and describing boom-bust dynamics, decline from an observed peak to a subsequent trough, tends to severely overestimate the frequency and severity of busts, and should be used cautiously if at all. We review and test other metrics that are better suited to describe boom-bust dynamics. Understanding the frequency and importance of boom-bust dynamics requires empirical studies of large, representative, long-term data sets that use clear definitions of boom-bust, appropriate analytical methods, and careful interpretations.}, }
@article {pmid28833915, year = {2018}, author = {Carboni, M and Guéguen, M and Barros, C and Georges, D and Boulangeat, I and Douzet, R and Dullinger, S and Klonner, G and van Kleunen, M and Essl, F and Bossdorf, O and Haeuser, E and Talluto, MV and Moser, D and Block, S and Conti, L and Dullinger, I and Münkemüller, T and Thuiller, W}, title = {Simulating plant invasion dynamics in mountain ecosystems under global change scenarios.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {e289-e302}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13879}, pmid = {28833915}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {I 1443/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {*Altitude ; *Climate Change ; Computer Simulation ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Plants/*classification ; Travel ; }, abstract = {Across the globe, invasive alien species cause severe environmental changes, altering species composition and ecosystem functions. So far, mountain areas have mostly been spared from large-scale invasions. However, climate change, land-use abandonment, the development of tourism and the increasing ornamental trade will weaken the barriers to invasions in these systems. Understanding how alien species will react and how native communities will influence their success is thus of prime importance in a management perspective. Here, we used a spatially and temporally explicit simulation model to forecast invasion risks in a protected mountain area in the French Alps under future conditions. We combined scenarios of climate change, land-use abandonment and tourism-linked increases in propagule pressure to test if the spread of alien species in the region will increase in the future. We modelled already naturalized alien species and new ornamental plants, accounting for interactions among global change components, and also competition with the native vegetation. Our results show that propagule pressure and climate change will interact to increase overall species richness of both naturalized aliens and new ornamentals, as well as their upper elevational limits and regional range-sizes. Under climate change, woody aliens are predicted to more than double in range-size and herbaceous species to occupy up to 20% of the park area. In contrast, land-use abandonment will open new invasion opportunities for woody aliens, but decrease invasion probability for naturalized and ornamental alien herbs as a consequence of colonization by native trees. This emphasizes the importance of interactions with the native vegetation either for facilitating or potentially for curbing invasions. Overall, our work highlights an additional and previously underestimated threat for the fragile mountain flora of the Alps already facing climate changes, land-use transformations and overexploitation by tourism.}, }
@article {pmid28833907, year = {2017}, author = {Reilly, SB and Wogan, GOU and Stubbs, AL and Arida, E and Iskandar, DT and McGuire, JA}, title = {Toxic toad invasion of Wallacea: A biodiversity hotspot characterized by extraordinary endemism.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {23}, number = {12}, pages = {5029-5031}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13877}, pmid = {28833907}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Bufonidae/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/physiology ; Pacific Islands ; }, abstract = {(a) A map of Wallacea showing islands invaded by Duttaphrynus melanostictus in red, islands inhabited by Varanus komodoensis in blue, and localities of genetic samples in yellow points. (b) A D. melanostictus from Lombok Island. (c) Environmental niche model for the Sunda Islands clade of D. melanostictus projected into Wallacea. Green color indicates very high suitability, yellow color indicates high suitability, and orange color indicates moderate suitability.}, }
@article {pmid28833091, year = {2018}, author = {Ferlian, O and Eisenhauer, N and Aguirrebengoa, M and Camara, M and Ramirez-Rojas, I and Santos, F and Tanalgo, K and Thakur, MP}, title = {Invasive earthworms erode soil biodiversity: A meta-analysis.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {87}, number = {1}, pages = {162-172}, pmid = {28833091}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/physiology ; Oligochaeta/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions pose a serious threat to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning across ecosystems. Invasions by ecosystem engineers, in particular, have been shown to have dramatic effects in recipient ecosystems. For instance, invasion by earthworms, a below-ground invertebrate ecosystem engineer, in previously earthworm-free ecosystems alters the physico-chemical characteristics of the soil. Studies have shown that such alterations in the soil can have far-reaching impacts on soil organisms, which form a major portion of terrestrial biodiversity. Here, we present the first quantitative synthesis of earthworm invasion effects on soil micro-organisms and soil invertebrates based on 430 observations from 30 independent studies. Our meta-analysis shows a significant decline of the diversity and density of soil invertebrates in response to earthworm invasion with anecic and endogeic earthworms causing the strongest effects. Earthworm invasion effects on soil micro-organisms were context-dependent, such as depending on functional group richness of invasive earthworms and soil depth. Microbial biomass and diversity increased in mineral soil layers, with a weak negative effect in organic soil layers, indicating that the mixing of soil layers by earthworms (bioturbation) may homogenize microbial communities across soil layers. Our meta-analysis provides a compelling evidence for negative effects of a common invasive below-ground ecosystem engineer on below-ground biodiversity of recipient ecosystems, which could potentially alter the ecosystem functions and services linked to soil biota.}, }
@article {pmid28832841, year = {2018}, author = {Rodrigues-Filho, CAS and Gurgel-Lourenço, RC and Sánchez-Botero, JI}, title = {First report of the alien species Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas, 1770) in the state of Ceará, Brazil.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {78}, number = {2}, pages = {394-395}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.170472}, pmid = {28832841}, issn = {1678-4375}, }
@article {pmid28832579, year = {2017}, author = {Ding, G and Xu, H and Oldroyd, BP and Gloag, RS}, title = {Extreme polyandry aids the establishment of invasive populations of a social insect.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {119}, number = {5}, pages = {381-387}, pmid = {28832579}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Founder Effect ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Heterozygote ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Models, Genetic ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {Although monandry is believed to have facilitated the evolution of eusociality, many highly eusocial insects have since evolved extreme polyandry. The transition to extreme polyandry was likely driven by the benefits of within-colony genetic variance to task specialization and/or disease resistance, but the extent to which it confers secondary benefits, once evolved, is unclear. Here we investigate the consequences of extreme polyandry on the invasive potential of the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana. In honey bees and other Hymenoptera, small newly founded invasive populations must overcome the genetic constraint of their sex determination system that requires heterozygosity at a sex-determining locus to produce viable females. We find A. cerana queens in an invasive population mate with an average of 27 males (range 16-42) that would result in the founding queen/s carrying 75% of their source population's sex alleles in stored sperm. This mating frequency is similar to native-range Chinese A. cerana (mean 29 males, range 19-46). Simulations reveal that extreme polyandry reduces the risk, relative to monandry or moderate polyandry, that colonies produce a high incidence of inviable brood in populations that have experienced a founder event, that is, when sex allele diversity is low and/or allele frequencies are unequal. Thus, extreme polyandry aids the invasiveness of A. cerana in two ways: (1) by increasing the sex locus allelic richness carried to new populations with each founder, thereby increasing sex locus heterozygosity; and (2) by reducing the population variance in colony fitness following a founder event.}, }
@article {pmid28831573, year = {2017}, author = {Alvarez-Blanco, P and Caut, S and Cerdá, X and Angulo, E}, title = {Native predators living in invaded areas: responses of terrestrial amphibian species to an Argentine ant invasion.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {185}, number = {1}, pages = {95-106}, pmid = {28831573}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {CGL2012-36181//Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional/ ; CGL2013-43660-P//Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional/ ; CGL2012-36181//Ministerio de Econom&#xed;a y Competitividad (ES)/ ; CGL2013-43660-P//Ministerio de Econom&#xed;a y Competitividad/ ; CSD 2008-00040//Ministerio de Econom&#xed;a y Competitividad/ ; CSD 2008-00040//Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnolog&#xed;a/ ; JCI-2010-08417//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; RYC-2010-06663//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; FPI-CGL2012-36181//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Bufonidae/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Predator-prey interactions play a key role in the success and impacts of invasive species. However, the effects of invasive preys on native predators have been poorly studied. Here, we first reviewed hypotheses describing potential relationships between native predators and invasive preys. Second, we examined how an invasive prey, the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile), affected a native terrestrial amphibian community. In the field, we looked at the structure of the amphibian community in invaded versus uninvaded areas and characterized amphibian trophic ecology. The amphibian community sampled seemed to show a species-dependent response in abundance to invasion: adults of the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita), the species demonstrating the highest degree of ant specialization, were less abundant in invaded areas. Although available ant biomass was significantly greater in invaded than in uninvaded areas (only Argentine ants occurred in the former), amphibians consumed relatively fewer ants in invaded areas. In the lab, we quantified amphibian consumption of Argentine ants versus native ants and assessed whether consumption patterns could have been influenced by prior exposure to the invader. The lab experiments corroborated the field results: amphibians preferred native ants over Argentine ants, and prior exposure did not influence consumption. Differences in preference explained why amphibians consumed fewer Argentine ants in spite of their greater relative availability; they might also explain why the most ant-specialized amphibians seemed to avoid invaded areas. Our results suggest the importance to account for predator feeding capacities and dietary ranges to understand the effects of invasive species at higher trophic levels.}, }
@article {pmid28831526, year = {2018}, author = {Bengyella, L and Yekwa, EL and Nawaz, K and Iftikhar, S and Tambo, E and Alisoltani, A and Feto, NA and Roy, P}, title = {Global invasive Cochliobolus species: cohort of destroyers with implications in food losses and insecurity in the twenty-first century.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {200}, number = {1}, pages = {119-135}, doi = {10.1007/s00203-017-1426-6}, pmid = {28831526}, issn = {1432-072X}, support = {DBT/TWAS PG fellowship No. 3240223450//The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS), Trieste, Italy/ ; }, mesh = {Ascomycota/isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Crop Production ; Crops, Agricultural/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; Food Supply ; Introduced Species ; Oryza/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Triticum/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; Virulence ; Zea mays/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Matching the global food demand by 2050 and to ensure the stability of food security in over than 99 countries, it is necessary to scale up the production of food such as sorghum, wheat, rice, maize and sugarcane which are however natural hosts of Cochliobolus species. Cochliobolus species major epidemics such as the Great Bengal famine, Southern corn leaf blight, and Northern leaf spot blight were associated with substantial economic losses in the past decades. Thus, there is an urgent need to establish a specific coordinated global surveillance program for the migration of invasive Cochliobolus species, planning contextual control programs engaging all agricultural stakeholders and information sharing in real time for prevention of disastrous Cochliobolus disease outbreak effects. We discuss pertinent outcome of interactions of cash crops with Cochliobolus species having devastating impact on the livelihood of farmers and food security. While post-genomic era elucidated prominent differences among Cochliobolus heterostrophus, C. carbonum, C. victoriae, C. lunatus and C. miyabeanus, their destructive potentials and implications in food losses remained unearthed. Intriguingly, the annual colossal losses caused by Cochliobolus species in the production perspective of sorghum, wheat, rice, maize, cassava and soybean is estimated over 10 billion USD worldwide. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the invasive Cochliobolus species distribution and diversity, evolving pathogenicity, persistent diseases, threats and epidemics, consequences on food crops production and increasing global food insecurity issues.}, }
@article {pmid28831194, year = {2017}, author = {Sana, S and Hardouin, EA and Gozlan, RE and Ercan, D and Tarkan, AS and Zhang, T and Andreou, D}, title = {Origin and invasion of the emerging infectious pathogen Sphaerothecum destruens.}, journal = {Emerging microbes &amp; infections}, volume = {6}, number = {8}, pages = {e76}, pmid = {28831194}, issn = {2222-1751}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; China/epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Cyprinidae/*parasitology ; Europe/epidemiology ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Mesomycetozoea/isolation &amp; purification/*pathogenicity ; Mesomycetozoea Infections/epidemiology/*parasitology ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Non-native species are often linked to the introduction of novel pathogens with detrimental effects on native biodiversity. Since Sphaerothecum destruens was first discovered as a fish pathogen in the United Kingdom, it has been identified as a potential threat to European fish biodiversity. Despite this parasite's emergence and associated disease risk, there is still a poor understanding of its origin in Europe. Here, we provide the first evidence to support the hypothesis that S. destruens was accidentally introduced to Europe from China along with its reservoir host Pseudorasbora parva via the aquaculture trade. This is the first study to confirm the presence of S. destruens in China, and it has expanded the confirmed range of S. destruens to additional locations in Europe. The demographic analysis of S. destruens and its host P. parva in their native and invasive range further supported the close association of both species. This research has direct significance and management implications for S. destruens in Europe as a non-native parasite.}, }
@article {pmid28830994, year = {2017}, author = {Lockwood, JL}, title = {Exotic birds provide unique insight into species invasions.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {114}, number = {35}, pages = {9237-9239}, pmid = {28830994}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid28830626, year = {2017}, author = {Campbell, ML and King, S and Heppenstall, LD and van Gool, E and Martin, R and Hewitt, CL}, title = {Aquaculture and urban marine structures facilitate native and non-indigenous species transfer through generation and accumulation of marine debris.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {123}, number = {1-2}, pages = {304-312}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.040}, pmid = {28830626}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture/*instrumentation ; *Biofouling ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Plastics/analysis ; Polychaeta ; Waste Products/*analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; }, abstract = {Both the invasion of non-indigenous marine species (NIMS) and the generation and accumulation of anthropogenic marine debris (AMD) are pervasive problems in coastal urban ecosystems. The biosecurity risks associated with AMD rafting NIMS have been described, but the role of aquaculture derived AMD has not yet been investigated as a biosecurity vector and pathway. This preliminary study targeted 27 beaches along the Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand, collecting debris from belt transects. Plastic (specifically plastic rope) was the dominant AMD present on beaches. The most common biofouling taxa were hydroids, bryozoans, algae and polychaetes, with one NIMS pest species, Sabella spallanzanii, detected fouling plastic rope. Our findings demonstrate that aquaculture is an AMD (plastic rope) generating activity that creates biosecurity risk by enhancing the spread of NIMS. The rafting of S. spallanzanii on AMD generated at aquaculture facilities is currently an unmanaged pathway within New Zealand that needs attention.}, }
@article {pmid28829818, year = {2017}, author = {Benedetti, Y and Morelli, F}, title = {Spatial mismatch analysis among hotspots of alien plant species, road and railway networks in Germany and Austria.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e0183691}, pmid = {28829818}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Austria ; Germany ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; *Railroads ; }, abstract = {Road and railway networks are pervasive elements of all environments, which have expanded intensively over the last century in all European countries. These transportation infrastructures have major impacts on the surrounding landscape, representing a threat to biodiversity. Roadsides and railways may function as corridors for dispersal of alien species in fragmented landscapes. However, only few studies have explored the spread of invasive species in relationship to transport network at large spatial scales. We performed a spatial mismatch analysis, based on a spatially explicit correlation test, to investigate whether alien plant species hotspots in Germany and Austria correspond to areas of high density of roads and railways. We tested this independently of the effects of dominant environments in each spatial unit, in order to focus just on the correlation between occurrence of alien species and density of linear transportation infrastructures. We found a significant spatial association between alien plant species hotspots distribution and roads and railways density in both countries. As expected, anthropogenic landscapes, such as urban areas, harbored more alien plant species, followed by water bodies. However, our findings suggested that the distribution of neobiota is strongest correlated to road/railways density than to land use composition. This study provides new evidence, from a transnational scale, that alien plants can use roadsides and rail networks as colonization corridors. Furthermore, our approach contributes to the understanding on alien plant species distribution at large spatial scale by the combination with spatial modeling procedures.}, }
@article {pmid28828275, year = {2017}, author = {Gress, E and Andradi-Brown, DA and Woodall, L and Schofield, PJ and Stanley, K and Rogers, AD}, title = {Lionfish (Pterois spp.) invade the upper-bathyal zone in the western Atlantic.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3683}, pmid = {28828275}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Non-native lionfish have been recorded throughout the western Atlantic on both shallow and mesophotic reefs, where they have been linked to declines in reef health. In this study we report the first lionfish observations from the deep sea (>200 m) in Bermuda and Roatan, Honduras, with lionfish observed to a maximum depth of 304 m off the Bermuda platform, and 250 m off West End, Roatan. Placed in the context of other deeper lionfish observations and records, our results imply that lionfish may be present in the 200-300 m depth range of the upper-bathyal zone across many locations in the western Atlantic, but currently are under-sampled compared to shallow habitats. We highlight the need for considering deep-sea lionfish populations in future invasive lionfish management.}, }
@article {pmid28828249, year = {2017}, author = {Strong, EE and Galindo, LA and Kantor, YI}, title = {Quid est Clea helena? Evidence for a previously unrecognized radiation of assassin snails (Gastropoda: Buccinoidea: Nassariidae).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3638}, pmid = {28828249}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The genus Clea from SE Asia is from one of only two unrelated families among the megadiverse predatory marine Neogastropoda to have successfully conquered continental waters. While little is known about their anatomy, life history and ecology, interest has grown exponentially in recent years owing to their increasing popularity as aquarium pets. However, the systematic affinities of the genus and the validity of the included species have not been robustly explored. Differences in shell, operculum and radula characters support separation of Clea as presently defined into two distinct genera: Clea, for the type species Clea nigricans and its allies, and Anentome for Clea helena and allies. A five-gene mitochondrial (COI, 16S, 12S) and nuclear (H3, 28S) gene dataset confirms the placement of Anentome as a somewhat isolated offshoot of the family Nassariidae and sister to the estuarine Nassodonta. Anatomical data corroborate this grouping and, in conjunction with their phylogenetic placement, support their recognition as a new subfamily, the Anentominae. The assassin snail Anentome helena, a popular import through the aquarium trade so named for their voracious appetite for other snails, is found to comprise a complex of at least four species. None of these likely represents true Anentome helena described from Java, including a specimen purchased through the aquarium trade under this name in the US and one that was recently found introduced in Singapore, both of which were supported as conspecific with a species from Thailand. The introduction of Anentome "helena" through the aquarium trade constitutes a significant threat to native aquatic snail faunas which are often already highly imperiled. Comprehensive systematic revision of this previously unrecognized species complex is urgently needed to facilitate communication and manage this emerging threat.}, }
@article {pmid28828245, year = {2017}, author = {Dormontt, EE and Prentis, PJ and Gardner, MG and Lowe, AJ}, title = {Occasional hybridization between a native and invasive Senecio species in Australia is unlikely to contribute to invasive success.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3630}, pmid = {28828245}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hybridization between native and invasive species can facilitate introgression of native genes that increase invasive potential by providing exotic species with pre-adapted genes suitable for new environments. In this study we assessed the outcome of hybridization between native Senecio pinnatifolius var. pinnatifolius A.Rich. (dune ecotype) and invasive Senecio madagascariensis Poir. to investigate the potential for introgression of adaptive genes to have facilitated S. madagascariensis spread in Australia.<br><br>METHODS: We used amplified fragment length polymorphisms (141 loci) and nuclear microsatellites (2 loci) to genotype a total of 118 adults and 223 seeds from S.&#xa0;pinnatifolius var.pinnatifolius and S. madagascariensis at one allopatric and two shared sites. We used model based clustering and assignment methods to establish whether hybrid seed set and mature hybrids occur in the field.<br><br>RESULTS: We detected no adult hybrids in any population. Low incidence of hybrid seed set was found at Lennox Head where the contact zone overlapped for 20 m (6% and 22% of total seeds sampled for S. pinnatifolius var. pinnatifolius and S. madagascariensis respectively). One hybrid seed was detected at Ballina where a gap of approximately 150&#xa0;m was present between species (2% of total seeds sampled for S. madagascariensis).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence of adult hybrid plants at two shared sites. Hybrid seed set from both species was identified at low levels. Based on these findings we conclude that introgression of adaptive genes from S. pinnatifolius var. pinnatifolius is unlikely to have facilitated S. madagascariensis invasions in Australia. Revisitation of one site after two years could find no remaining S. pinnatifolius var.&#xa0;pinnatifolius, suggesting that contact zones between these species are dynamic and that S. pinnatifolius var.&#xa0;pinnatifolius may be at risk of displacement by S. madagascariensis in coastal areas.}, }
@article {pmid28828239, year = {2017}, author = {Kraaij, T and Cowling, RM and van Wilgen, BW and Rikhotso, DR and Difford, M}, title = {Vegetation responses to season of fire in an aseasonal, fire-prone fynbos shrubland.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3591}, pmid = {28828239}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Season of fire has marked effects on floristic composition in fire-prone Mediterranean-climate shrublands. In these winter-rainfall systems, summer-autumn fires lead to optimal recruitment of overstorey proteoid shrubs (non-sprouting, slow-maturing, serotinous Proteaceae) which are important to the conservation of floral diversity. We explored whether fire season has similar effects on early establishment of five proteoid species in the eastern coastal part of the Cape Floral Kingdom (South Africa) where rainfall occurs year-round and where weather conducive to fire and the actual incidence of fire are largely aseasonal. We surveyed recruitment success (ratio of post-fire recruits to pre-fire parents) of proteoids after fires in different seasons. We also planted proteoid seeds into exclosures, designed to prevent predation by small mammals and birds, in cleared (intended to simulate fire) fynbos shrublands at different sites in each of four seasons and monitored their germination and survival to one year post-planting (hereafter termed 'recruitment'). Factors (in decreasing order of importance) affecting recruitment success in the post-fire surveys were species, pre-fire parent density, post-fire age of the vegetation at the time of assessment, and fire season, whereas rainfall (for six months post-fire) and fire return interval (>7 years) had little effect. In the seed-planting experiment, germination occurred during the cooler months and mostly within two months of planting, except for summer-plantings, which took 2-3 months longer to germinate. Although recruitment success differed significantly among planting seasons, sites and species, significant interactions occurred among the experimental factors. In both the post-fire surveys and seed planting experiment, recruitment success in relation to fire- or planting season varied greatly within and among species and sites. Results of these two datasets were furthermore inconsistent, suggesting that proteoid recruitment responses are not related to the season of fire. Germination appeared less rainfall-dependent than in winter-rainfall shrublands, suggesting that summer drought-avoiding dormancy is limited and has less influence on variation in recruitment success among fire seasons. The varied response of proteoid recruitment to fire season (or its simulation) implies that burning does not have to be restricted to particular seasons in eastern coastal fynbos, affording more flexibility for fire management than in shrublands associated with winter rainfall.}, }
@article {pmid28824355, year = {2017}, author = {Jones, AL and Jennings, DE and Hooks, CRR and Shrewsbury, PM}, title = {Field surveys of egg mortality and indigenous egg parasitoids of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, in ornamental nurseries in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA.}, journal = {Journal of pest science}, volume = {90}, number = {4}, pages = {1159-1168}, pmid = {28824355}, issn = {1612-4758}, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive species native to regions of China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. In its native and introduced range, H. halys is considered a pest of tree fruits, vegetables, legumes, and ornamental trees. The highly polyphagous nature of this insect as well as its vast dispersal capabilities, require an integrated approach to management. Here we focus on the potential impact of indigenous natural enemies on H. halys in woody ornamental nurseries in Maryland, USA. We sampled naturally field laid H. halys egg masses for mortality and parasitism rates in 2012 and 2013. Overall, egg mortality averaged 54% for both years, and increased within season and between years. The largest source of mortality was from egg parasitoids with mean parasitism rates of 30.73 and 39.63% in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Mortality from predation was much lower and averaged 4.61% by chewing and 2.53% by sucking predators. We found seven species of Hymenopteran egg parasitoids attacking H. halys eggs, with Anastatus reduvii being the dominant species comprising 61.17 and 79.12% of all parasitoids in 2012 and 2013, respectively. The observed increase in parasitism over time and female biased sex ratio of parasitoids suggests that native parasitoids may be responding to the novel host, H. halys. Consequently, the use of these native eupelmid egg parasitoids in augmentative or conservation biological control may be a viable H. halys management strategy in ornamental nurseries.}, }
@article {pmid28823426, year = {2017}, author = {O'Brien, CE and Johnston, MW and Kerstetter, DW}, title = {Ports and pests: Assessing the threat of aquatic invasive species introduced by maritime shipping activity in Cuba.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {125}, number = {1-2}, pages = {92-102}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.07.071}, pmid = {28823426}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Caribbean Region ; Cuba ; Humans ; Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; *Perna ; Risk Assessment ; Salinity ; *Ships ; Temperature ; Transportation Facilities ; }, abstract = {Aquatic invasive species (AIS) are biological pollutants that cause detrimental ecological, economic, and human-health effects in their introduced communities. With increasing globalization through maritime trade, ports are vulnerable to AIS exposure via commercial vessels. The Cuban Port of Mariel is poised to become a competitive transshipment hub in the Caribbean and the intent of this study was to evaluate present and potential impacts AIS pose with the likely future increase in shipping activity. We utilized previous assessment frameworks and publicly accessible information to rank AIS by level of threat. Fifteen AIS were identified in Cuba and one, the Asian green mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758), had repeated harmful economic impacts. Five species associated with trade partners of Port Mariel were considered potentially detrimental to Cuba if introduced through shipping routes. The results presented herein identify species of concern and emphasize the importance of prioritizing AIS prevention and management within Cuba.}, }
@article {pmid28820298, year = {2018}, author = {Khairani, KO and Nydam, D and Felippe, MJ and McDonough, P and Barry, J and Mahmud, R and Haryono, M and Radcliffe, RW}, title = {SURVEILLANCE FOR HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA IN BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS) AS AN AID TO RANGE EXPANSION OF THE JAVAN RHINOCEROS (RHINOCEROS SONDAICUS) IN UJUNG KULON NATIONAL PARK, INDONESIA.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {14-25}, doi = {10.7589/2015-07-183}, pmid = {28820298}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Bacterial/blood ; *Buffaloes ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endangered Species ; Female ; Hemorrhagic Septicemia/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Indonesia ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Parks, Recreational ; Pasteurella multocida/immunology ; *Perissodactyla ; Population Surveillance ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) of Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP) is the crown jewel of Indonesia's rich natural history. The park lies on a peninsula surrounded by coastline and agriculture-dominated landscapes. The invasion of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) into the park carries a substantial health risk to the Javan rhinoceros and threatens plans to establish a new population outside of its only current range in UKNP. Hemorrhagic septicemia (HS), known locally as septicemia epizootica and caused by Pasteurella multocida B:2, could thwart Indonesia's efforts to expand the range of the Javan rhinoceros. Because HS was considered eradicated from Banten Province, few preventative programs have been available to farmers. During June 2012-July 2013, biologic samples were collected from 770 water buffalo in 19 villages. Deep nasal swabs (n=85) were taken for bacterial culture and blood samples (n=770) were collected for serologic testing. No animals were positive on culture. The prevalence of antibody to P. multocida in this population was 1.8% (14 of 770 animals). A structured questionnaire was used to gather information about possible risk factors. Husbandry practices associated with presence of antibody in water buffalo included lack of a permanent area to house buffalo at night, low body condition score (=2), high body temperature (≥40 C), a history of clinical signs or sudden death in the previous year, and a grazing system that utilized significant forage inside the park. Antibody was not associated with sex, age, vaccination status, or season. Understanding HS disease dynamics in the buffalo adjacent to UKNP may improve the livelihoods of people and health of endangered rhinoceroses in this ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid28818660, year = {2018}, author = {Allen, BL and Fawcett, A and Anker, A and Engeman, RM and Lisle, A and Leung, LK}, title = {Environmental effects are stronger than human effects on mammalian predator-prey relationships in arid Australian ecosystems.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {610-611}, number = {}, pages = {451-461}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.051}, pmid = {28818660}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Climate ; Dogs ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; *Food Chain ; Humans ; *Murinae ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Climate (drought, rainfall), geology (habitat availability), land use change (provision of artificial waterpoints, introduction of livestock), invasive species (competition, predation), and direct human intervention (lethal control of top-predators) have each been identified as processes driving the sustainability of threatened fauna populations. We used a systematic combination of empirical observational studies and experimental manipulations to comprehensively evaluate the effects of these process on a model endangered rodent, dusky hopping-mice (Notomys fuscus). We established a large manipulative experiment in arid Australia, and collected information from relative abundance indices, camera traps, GPS-collared dingoes (Canis familiaris) and dingo scats, along with a range of related environmental data (e.g. rainfall, habitat type, distance to artificial water etc.). We show that hopping-mice populations were most strongly influenced by geological and climatic effects of resource availability and rainfall, and not land use, invasive species, or human effects of livestock grazing, waterpoint provision, or the lethal control of dingoes. Hopping-mice distribution declined along a geological gradient of more to less available hopping-mice habitat (sand dunes), and their abundance was driven by rainfall. Hopping-mice populations fluctuated independent of livestock presence, artificial waterpoint availability or repeated lethal dingo control. Hopping-mice populations appear to be limited first by habitat availability, then by food availability, then by predation. Contemporary top-predator control practices (for protection of livestock) have little influence on hopping-mice behaviour or population dynamics. Given our inability to constrain the effects of predation across broad scales, management actions focusing on increasing available food and habitat (e.g. alteration of fire and herbivory) may have a greater chance of improving the conservation status of hopping-mice and other small mammals in arid areas. Our study also reaffirms the importance of using systematic and experimental approaches to detect true drivers of population distribution and dynamics where multiple potential drivers operate simultaneously.}, }
@article {pmid28817630, year = {2017}, author = {Fonseca, &#xc9; and Solé, M and Rödder, D and de Marco, P}, title = {Pet snakes illegally marketed in Brazil: Climatic viability and establishment risk.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e0183143}, pmid = {28817630}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Climate ; Introduced Species ; Risk ; *Snakes ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are one among many threats to biodiversity. Brazil has been spared, generically, of several destructive invasive species. Reports of invasive snakes' populations are nonexistent, but the illegal pet trade might change this scenario. Despite the Brazilian laws forbid to import most animals, illegal trade is frequently observed and propagules are found in the wild. The high species richness within Brazilian biomes and accelerated fragmentation of natural reserves are a critical factors facilitating successful invasion. An efficient way to ease damages caused by invasive species is identifying potential invaders and consequent prevention of introductions. For the identification of potential invaders many factors need to be considered, including estimates of climate matching between areas (native vs. invaded). Ecological niche modelling has been widely used to predict potential areas for invasion and is an important tool for conservation biology. This study evaluates the potential geographical distribution and establishment risk of Lampropeltis getula (Linnaeus, 1766), Lampropeltis triangulum (Lacépède, 1789), Pantherophis guttatus (Linnaeus, 1766), Python bivittatus Kuhl, 1820 and Python regius (Shaw, 1802) through the Maximum Entropy modelling approach to estimate the potential distribution of the species within Brazil and qualitative evaluation of specific biological attributes. Our results suggest that the North and Midwest regions harbor major suitable areas. Furthermore, P. bivittatus and P. guttatus were suggested to have the highest invasive potential among the analyzed species. Potentially suitable areas for these species were predicted within areas which are highly relevant for Brazilian biodiversity, including several conservation units. Therefore, these areas require special attention and preventive measures should be adopted.}, }
@article {pmid28817593, year = {2017}, author = {Warren, RJ and King, JR and Tarsa, C and Haas, B and Henderson, J}, title = {A systematic review of context bias in invasion biology.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e0182502}, pmid = {28817593}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bias ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Ecology/methods/*standards ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {The language that scientists use to frame biological invasions may reveal inherent bias-including how data are interpreted. A frequent critique of invasion biology is the use of value-laden language that may indicate context bias. Here we use a systematic study of language and interpretation in papers drawn from invasion biology to evaluate whether there is a link between the framing of papers and the interpretation of results. We also examine any trends in context bias in biological invasion research. We examined 651 peer-reviewed invasive species competition studies and implemented a rigorous systematic review to examine bias in the presentation and interpretation of native and invasive competition in invasion biology. We predicted that bias in the presentation of invasive species is increasing, as suggested by several authors, and that bias against invasive species would result in misinterpreting their competitive dominance in correlational observational studies compared to causative experimental studies. We indeed found evidence of bias in the presentation and interpretation of invasive species research; authors often introduced research with invasive species in a negative context and study results were interpreted against invasive species more in correlational studies. However, we also found a distinct decrease in those biases since the mid-2000s. Given that there have been several waves of criticism from scientists both inside and outside invasion biology, our evidence suggests that the subdiscipline has somewhat self-corrected apparent biases.}, }
@article {pmid28817590, year = {2017}, author = {Prendergast, ME and Buckley, M and Crowther, A and Frantz, L and Eager, H and Lebrasseur, O and Hutterer, R and Hulme-Beaman, A and Van Neer, W and Douka, K and Veall, MA and Quintana Morales, EM and Schuenemann, VJ and Reiter, E and Allen, R and Dimopoulos, EA and Helm, RM and Shipton, C and Mwebi, O and Denys, C and Horton, M and Wynne-Jones, S and Fleisher, J and Radimilahy, C and Wright, H and Searle, JB and Krause, J and Larson, G and Boivin, NL}, title = {Reconstructing Asian faunal introductions to eastern Africa from multi-proxy biomolecular and archaeological datasets.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e0182565}, pmid = {28817590}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {337574/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic/genetics ; Archaeology ; Asia ; Chickens ; Collagen/analysis/genetics ; DNA Fingerprinting ; History, Ancient ; Introduced Species/*history ; Radiometric Dating ; Rats ; }, abstract = {Human-mediated biological exchange has had global social and ecological impacts. In sub-Saharan Africa, several domestic and commensal animals were introduced from Asia in the pre-modern period; however, the timing and nature of these introductions remain contentious. One model supports introduction to the eastern African coast after the mid-first millennium CE, while another posits introduction dating back to 3000 BCE. These distinct scenarios have implications for understanding the emergence of long-distance maritime connectivity, and the ecological and economic impacts of introduced species. Resolution of this longstanding debate requires new efforts, given the lack of well-dated fauna from high-precision excavations, and ambiguous osteomorphological identifications. We analysed faunal remains from 22 eastern African sites spanning a wide geographic and chronological range, and applied biomolecular techniques to confirm identifications of two Asian taxa: domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) and black rat (Rattus rattus). Our approach included ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis aided by BLAST-based bioinformatics, Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS) collagen fingerprinting, and direct AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry) radiocarbon dating. Our results support a late, mid-first millennium CE introduction of these species. We discuss the implications of our findings for models of biological exchange, and emphasize the applicability of our approach to tropical areas with poor bone preservation.}, }
@article {pmid28815424, year = {2017}, author = {Mazza, G and Paoli, F and Strangi, A and Torrini, G and Marianelli, L and Peverieri, GS and Binazzi, F and Bosio, G and Sacchi, S and Benvenuti, C and Venanzio, D and Giacometto, E and Roversi, PF and Poinar, GO}, title = {Hexamermis popilliae n. sp. (Nematoda: Mermithidae) parasitizing the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Italy.}, journal = {Systematic parasitology}, volume = {94}, number = {8}, pages = {915-926}, pmid = {28815424}, issn = {1573-5192}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*parasitology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Male ; Nematoda/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {A new species of mermithid nematode, Hexamermis popilliae n. sp. (Nematoda: Mermithidae) is described from the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica Newman in Italy, an area of new introduction for this invasive pest. The combination of the following characters separates H. popilliae from other members of the genus Hexamermis Steiner, 1924: adult head obtuse; amphidial pouches slightly posterior to lateral head papillae in female but adjacent to lateral head papillae in males; amphidial openings large, well developed; amphidial pouches elliptical in females and oblong in males; cuticular vulvar cone well developed, vulvar lips greatly reduced or lacking, vagina curved at tip where meeting uteri, without reverse bend (not S-shaped), spicules slightly curved, with a slight bend in the basal portion, approximately equal to body width at cloaca. This is the first record of a species of Hexamermis parasitizing the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica. The only previous mention of mermithid nematodes from P. japonica was an undescribed species of Psammomermis in North America. Hexamermis popilliae will be evaluated as a potential biological control agent in an integrated control program of the Japanese beetle in Italy.}, }
@article {pmid28815386, year = {2017}, author = {Mor, SK and Phelps, NBD and Ng, TFF and Subramaniam, K and Primus, A and Armien, AG and McCann, R and Puzach, C and Waltzek, TB and Goyal, SM}, title = {Genomic characterization of a novel calicivirus, FHMCV-2012, from baitfish in the USA.}, journal = {Archives of virology}, volume = {162}, number = {12}, pages = {3619-3627}, doi = {10.1007/s00705-017-3519-6}, pmid = {28815386}, issn = {1432-8798}, mesh = {Animal Structures/virology ; Animals ; Caliciviridae/*classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Caliciviridae Infections/*veterinary/virology ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyprinidae/*virology ; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral ; *Genome, Viral ; Genomics ; Kidney/virology ; *Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Homology ; Spleen/virology ; United States ; Viral Proteins/genetics ; Virus Cultivation ; }, abstract = {During regulatory sampling of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), a novel calicivirus was isolated from homogenates of kidney and spleen inoculated into bluegill fry (BF-2) cells. Infected cell cultures exhibiting cytopathic effects were screened by PCR-based methods for selected fish viral pathogens. Illumina HiSeq next generation sequencing of the total RNA revealed a novel calicivirus genome that showed limited protein sequence similarity to known homologs in a BLASTp search. The complete genome of this fathead minnow calicivirus (FHMCV) is 6564 nt long, encoding a polyprotein of 2114 aa in length. The complete polyprotein shared only 21% identity with Atlantic salmon calicivirus,followed by 11% to 14% identity with mammalian caliciviruses. A molecular detection assay (RT-PCR) was designed from this sequence for screening of field samples for FHMCV in the future. This virus likely represents a prototype species of a novel genus in the family Caliciviridae, tentatively named "Minovirus".}, }
@article {pmid28813525, year = {2017}, author = {Buxton, AS and Groombridge, JJ and Griffiths, RA}, title = {Is the detection of aquatic environmental DNA influenced by substrate type?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e0183371}, pmid = {28813525}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {DNA/*analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) to assess the presence-absence of rare, cryptic or invasive species is hindered by a poor understanding of the factors that can remove DNA from the system. In aquatic systems, eDNA can be transported out either horizontally in water flows or vertically by incorporation into the sediment. Equally, eDNA may be broken down by various biotic and abiotic processes if the target organism leaves the system. We use occupancy modelling and a replicated mesocosm experiment to examine how detection probability of eDNA changes once the target species is no longer present. We hypothesise that detection probability falls faster with a sediment which has a large number of DNA binding sites such as topsoil or clay, over lower DNA binding capacity substrates such as sand. Water removed from ponds containing the target species (the great crested newt) initially showed high detection probabilities, but these fell to between 40% and 60% over the first 10 days and to between 10% and 22% by day 15: eDNA remained detectable at very low levels until day 22. Very little difference in detection was observed between the control group (no substrate) and the sand substrate. A small reduction in detection probability was observed between the control and clay substrates, but this was not significant. However, a highly significant reduction in detection probability was observed with a topsoil substrate. This result is likely to have stemmed from increased levels of PCR inhibition, suggesting that incorporation of DNA into the sentiment is of only limited importance. Surveys of aquatic species using eDNA clearly need to take account of substrate type as well as other environmental factors when collecting samples, analysing data and interpreting the results.}, }
@article {pmid28813469, year = {2017}, author = {Wyckhuys, KAG and Graziosi, I and Burra, DD and Walter, AJ}, title = {Phytoplasma infection of a tropical root crop triggers bottom-up cascades by favoring generalist over specialist herbivores.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e0182766}, pmid = {28813469}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Cambodia ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/*microbiology/parasitology ; *Herbivory ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Introduced Species ; *Phytoplasma ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology/parasitology ; Plant Roots/*microbiology/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Global interest on plant-microbe-insect interactions is rapidly growing, revealing the multiple ways in which microorganisms mediate plant-herbivore interactions. Phytopathogens regularly alter whole repertoires of plant phenotypic traits, and bring about shifts in key chemical or morphological characteristics of plant hosts. Pathogens can also cause cascading effects on higher trophic levels, and eventually shape entire plant-associated arthropod communities. We tested the hypothesis that a Candidatus Phytoplasma causing cassava witches' broom (CWB) on cassava (Manihot esculenta Grantz) is altering species composition of invasive herbivores and their associated parasitic hymenopterans. We conducted observational studies in cassava fields in eastern Cambodia to assess the effect of CWB infection on abundance of specialist and generalist mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), and associated primary and hyper-parasitoid species. CWB infection positively affects overall mealybug abundance and species richness at a plant- and field-level, and disproportionately favors a generalist mealybug over a specialist feeder. CWB phytoplasma infection led to increased parasitoid richness and diversity, with richness of 'comparative' specialist taxa being the most significantly affected. Parasitism rate did not differ among infected and uninfected plants, and mealybug host suppression was not impacted. CWB phytoplasma modifies host plant quality for sap-feeding homopterans, differentially affects success rates of two invasive species, and generates niche opportunities for higher trophic orders. By doing so, a Candidatus phytoplasma affects broader food web structure and functioning, and assumes the role of an ecosystem engineer. Our work unveils key facets of phytoplasma ecology, and sheds light upon complex multi-trophic interactions mediated by an emerging phytopathogen. These findings have further implications for invasion ecology and management.}, }
@article {pmid28813440, year = {2017}, author = {Strydom, M and Veldtman, R and Ngwenya, MZ and Esler, KJ}, title = {Invasive Australian Acacia seed banks: Size and relationship with stem diameter in the presence of gall-forming biological control agents.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e0181763}, pmid = {28813440}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Acacia ; Biological Control Agents ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Stems ; Population Density ; *Seed Bank ; *Seeds ; Soil ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Australian Acacia are invasive in many parts of the world. Despite significant mechanical and biological efforts to control their invasion and spread, soil-stored seed banks prevent their effective and sustained removal. In response South Africa has had a strong focus on employing seed reducing biological control agents to deal with Australian Acacia invasion, a programme that is considered as being successful. To provide a predictive understanding for their management, seed banks of four invasive Australian acacia species (Acacia longifolia, A. mearnsii, A. pycnantha and A. saligna) were studied in the Western Cape of South Africa. Across six to seven sites for each species, seed bank sizes were estimated from dense, monospecific stands by collecting 30 litter and soil samples. Average estimated seed bank size was large (1017 to 17261 seed m-2) as was annual input into the seed bank, suggesting that these seed banks are not residual but are replenished in size annually. A clear relationship between seed bank size and stem diameter was established indicating that mechanical clearing should be conducted shortly after fire-stimulated recruitment events or within old populations when seed banks are small. In dense, monospecific stands seed-feeding biological control agents are not effective in reducing seed bank size.}, }
@article {pmid28813145, year = {2017}, author = {Arnnok, P and Singh, RR and Burakham, R and Pérez-Fuentetaja, A and Aga, DS}, title = {Selective Uptake and Bioaccumulation of Antidepressants in Fish from Effluent-Impacted Niagara River.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {51}, number = {18}, pages = {10652-10662}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.7b02912}, pmid = {28813145}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; Antidepressive Agents/*pharmacokinetics ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Fishes ; Ontario ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Rivers ; Tissue Distribution ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*pharmacokinetics ; }, abstract = {The continuous release of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) into freshwater systems impacts the health of aquatic organisms. This study evaluates the concentrations and bioaccumulation of PPCPs and the selective uptake of antidepressants in fish from the Niagara River, which connects two of the North American Great lakes (Erie and Ontario). The Niagara River receives PPCPs from different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) situated along the river and Lake Erie. Of the 22 targeted PPCPs, 11 were found at part-per-billion levels in WWTP effluents and at part-per-trillion levels in river water samples. The major pollutants observed were the antidepressants (citalopram, paroxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine, and bupropion, and their metabolites norfluoxetine and norsertraline) and the antihistamine diphenhydramine. These PPCPs accumulate in various fish organs, with norsertraline exhibiting the highest bioaccumulation factor (up to about 3000) in the liver of rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus), which is an invasive species to the Great Lakes. The antidepressants were selectively taken up by various fish species at different trophic levels, and were further metabolized once inside the organism. The highest bioaccumulation was found in the brain, followed by liver, muscle, and gonads, and can be attributed to direct exposure to WWTP effluent.}, }
@article {pmid28812666, year = {2017}, author = {Hart, MM and Antunes, PM and Abbott, LK}, title = {Unknown risks to soil biodiversity from commercial fungal inoculants.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {115}, doi = {10.1038/s41559-017-0115}, pmid = {28812666}, issn = {2397-334X}, }
@article {pmid28812656, year = {2017}, author = {Linklater, WL and Law, PR and Gedir, JV and du Preez, P}, title = {Experimental evidence for homeostatic sex allocation after sex-biased reintroductions.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {88}, doi = {10.1038/s41559-017-0088}, pmid = {28812656}, issn = {2397-334X}, abstract = {First principles predict negative frequency-dependent sex allocation, but it is unproven in field studies and seldom considered, despite far-reaching consequences for theory and practice in population genetics and dynamics as well as animal ecology and behaviour. Twenty-four years of rhinoceros calving after 45 reintroductions across southern Africa provide the first in situ experimental evidence that unbalanced operational sex ratios predicted offspring sex and offspring sex ratios. Our understanding of population dynamics, especially reintroduction and invasion biology, will be significantly impacted by these findings.}, }
@article {pmid28812629, year = {2017}, author = {Kopf, RK and Nimmo, DG and Humphries, P and Baumgartner, LJ and Bode, M and Bond, NR and Byrom, AE and Cucherousset, J and Keller, RP and King, AJ and McGinness, HM and Moyle, PB and Olden, JD}, title = {Confronting the risks of large-scale invasive species control.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {1}, number = {6}, pages = {172}, doi = {10.1038/s41559-017-0172}, pmid = {28812629}, issn = {2397-334X}, }
@article {pmid28811671, year = {2017}, author = {Huang, J and Tang, S and Cai, F and Lin, Y and Wu, Z}, title = {Microsatellite evidence of dispersal mechanism of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in the Pearl River basin and implications for its management.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {8272}, pmid = {28811671}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Astacoidea/classification/*genetics ; China ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Discerning the dispersal patterns of invasive species is critically important for the design of effective management strategies and the development of appropriate theoretical models predicting the spatial expansion of introduced populations. Post-introduction dispersal may occur naturally or via human transport, but for many organisms, assessing the relative contribution of each of these factors is difficult using traditional methods. Here, we explored the genetic patterns associated with the spread of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) among 21 populations in the Pearl River basin and 2 peripheral populations in the Yangtze River basin. We found the genetic diversity of P. clarkii in the Pearl River basin was somewhat lower than in the Yangtze River basin. We also found (1) there was significant genetic differentiation between populations, (2) genetic differentiation was not related to geographic distance (i.e., isolation by distance), and (3) a Bayesian assignment analysis revealed three distinct genetic clusters and genetic admixture. Our results therefore provide evidence that human-mediated multiple introductions occurred in the Pearl River basin. Anthropogenic activities such as commercial transportation were likely responsible for the long-distance dispersal of P. clarkii. This study provides useful information for developing management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid28810700, year = {2017}, author = {Modave, E and MacDonald, AJ and Sarre, SD}, title = {A single mini-barcode test to screen for Australian mammalian predators from environmental samples.}, journal = {GigaScience}, volume = {6}, number = {8}, pages = {1-13}, pmid = {28810700}, issn = {2047-217X}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Computational Biology/methods ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; DNA Primers ; *Genetic Markers ; Mammals/*genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Identification of species from trace samples is now possible through the comparison of diagnostic DNA fragments against reference DNA sequence databases. DNA detection of animals from non-invasive samples, such as predator faeces (scats) that contain traces of DNA from their species of origin, has proved to be a valuable tool for the management of elusive wildlife. However, application of this approach can be limited by the availability of appropriate genetic markers. Scat DNA is often degraded, meaning that longer DNA sequences, including standard DNA barcoding markers, are difficult to recover. Instead, targeted short diagnostic markers are required to serve as diagnostic mini-barcodes. The mitochondrial genome is a useful source of such trace DNA markers because it provides good resolution at the species level and occurs in high copy numbers per cell. We developed a mini-barcode based on a short (178 bp) fragment of the conserved 12S ribosomal ribonucleic acid mitochondrial gene sequence, with the goal of discriminating amongst the scats of large mammalian predators of Australia. We tested the sensitivity and specificity of our primers and can accurately detect and discriminate amongst quolls, cats, dogs, foxes, and devils from trace DNA samples. Our approach provides a cost-effective, time-efficient, and non-invasive tool that enables identification of all 8 medium-large mammal predators in Australia, including native and introduced species, using a single test. With modification, this approach is likely to be of broad applicability elsewhere.}, }
@article {pmid28809930, year = {2017}, author = {Cunard, CE and Lankau, RA}, title = {Declining survival across invasion history for Microstegium vimineum.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e0183107}, pmid = {28809930}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biomass ; Fungi/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae/microbiology/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Many alien species become invasive because they lack coevolutionary history with the native community; for instance, they may lack specialized enemies. These evolutionary advantages may allow the invader to establish and persist when rare within a community and lead to its monodominance through positive frequency dependence, i.e. increasing per capita population growth rate with increasing frequency of conspecifics. However, this advantage could degrade through time due to evolutionary and ecological changes in the invasive and native plant and microbial communities. We investigated survival rates and individual biomass as proxies for per capita population growth rates for the invasive grass, Microstegium vimineum, across a gradient of conspecific frequencies (10-100% relative cover of M. vimineum) within 12 sites that varied in time since invasion. We expected M. vimineum frequency dependence to become more negative and its proxies for population growth at low conspecific frequency to decline across invasion history. We also explored the belowground fungal community associated with M. vimineum, since we hypothesized that changes in M. vimineum population dynamics may result from shifting microbial interactions over time. Microstegium vimineum frequency dependence changed from negative to neutral across invasion history and the shift was driven by a decline in survival at low frequency. Changes in M. vimineum root fungal community were associated with time since invasion. Our results do not support a shift in frequency dependence from positive to negative across invasion history. However, our results suggest M. vimineum populations may be less prone to persist at older invaded sites and thus more vulnerable to management intervention.}, }
@article {pmid28808539, year = {2017}, author = {Crocker, EV and Nelson, EB and Blossey, B}, title = {Soil conditioning effects of Phragmites australis on native wetland plant seedling survival.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {15}, pages = {5571-5579}, pmid = {28808539}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Interactions between introduced plants and soils they colonize are central to invasive species success in many systems. Belowground biotic and abiotic changes can influence the success of introduced species as well as their native competitors. All plants alter soil properties after colonization but, in the case of many invasive plant species, it is unclear whether the strength and direction of these soil conditioning effects are due to plant traits, plant origin, or local population characteristics and site conditions in the invaded range. Phragmites australis in North America exists as a mix of populations of different evolutionary origin. Populations of endemic native Phragmites australis americanus are declining, while introduced European populations are important wetland invaders. We assessed soil conditioning effects of native and non-native P. australis populations on early and late seedling survival of native and introduced wetland plants. We further used a soil biocide treatment to assess the role of soil fungi on seedling survival. Survival of seedlings in soils colonized by P. australis was either unaffected or negatively affected; no species showed improved survival in P. australis-conditioned soils. Population of P. australis was a significant factor explaining the response of seedlings, but origin (native or non-native) was not a significant factor. Synthesis: Our results highlight the importance of phylogenetic control when assessing impacts of invasive species to avoid conflating general plant traits with mechanisms of invasive success. Both native (noninvasive) and non-native (invasive) P. australis populations reduced seedling survival of competing plant species. Because soil legacy effects of native and non-native P. australis are similar, this study suggests that the close phylogenetic relationship between the two populations, and not the invasive status of introduced P. australis, is more relevant to their soil-mediated impact on other plant species.}, }
@article {pmid28808440, year = {2017}, author = {Nielsen, AL and Chen, S and Fleischer, SJ}, title = {Corrigendum: Coupling Developmental Physiology, Photoperiod, and Temperature to Model Phenology and Dynamics of an Invasive Heteropteran, Halyomorpha halys.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {568}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2017.00568}, pmid = {28808440}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {[This corrects the article on p. 165 in vol. 7, PMID: 27242539.].}, }
@article {pmid28806731, year = {2017}, author = {Konowalik, K and Proćków, M and Proćków, J}, title = {Climatic niche of Selinum alatum (Apiaceae, Selineae), a new invasive plant species in Central Europe and its alterations according to the climate change scenarios: Are the European mountains threatened by invasion?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e0182793}, pmid = {28806731}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Apiaceae/*physiology ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Principal Component Analysis ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {In recent years, a few established populations of Selinum alatum have been found in the Eastern Carpathians outside its native range that is the Caucasus and the Armenian Highlands. The species is spreading predominantly in Poland where it can outcompete native plants in certain cases. This study addresses a potential climatic niche of the plant with the special aims to illuminate future spreading and indicate areas suitable for invasion. Our results show that the extent of the favourable habitat of the species is broader than currently known. This suggests that the plant has the ability to become a potential new element in some semi-natural or disturbed ecosystems associated with mountainous areas, especially in Central and Southern Europe. Future (2070) models mostly rendered similar suitability maps, but showed slight differences over particular areas and a contraction of suitable habitats, mainly in the northern part of the non-native range.}, }
@article {pmid28802079, year = {2017}, author = {van Boheemen, LA and Lombaert, E and Nurkowski, KA and Gauffre, B and Rieseberg, LH and Hodgins, KA}, title = {Multiple introductions, admixture and bridgehead invasion characterize the introduction history of Ambrosia artemisiifolia in Europe and Australia.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {20}, pages = {5421-5434}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14293}, pmid = {28802079}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Ambrosia/*genetics ; Australia ; Bayes Theorem ; Biological Evolution ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Europe ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; }, abstract = {Admixture between differentiated populations is considered to be a powerful mechanism stimulating the invasive success of some introduced species. It is generally facilitated through multiple introductions; however, the importance of admixture prior to introduction has rarely been considered. We assess the likelihood that the invasive Ambrosia artemisiifolia populations of Europe and Australia developed through multiple introductions or were sourced from a historical admixture zone within native North America. To do this, we combine large genomic and sampling data sets analysed with approximate Bayesian computation and random forest scenario evaluation to compare single and multiple invasion scenarios with pre- and postintroduction admixture simultaneously. We show the historical admixture zone within native North America originated before global invasion of this weed and could act as a potential source of introduced populations. We provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that the invasive populations established through multiple introductions from the native range into Europe and subsequent bridgehead invasion into Australia. We discuss the evolutionary mechanisms that could promote invasiveness and evolutionary potential of alien species from bridgehead invasions and admixed source populations.}, }
@article {pmid28797610, year = {2017}, author = {Grether, GF and Peiman, KS and Tobias, JA and Robinson, BW}, title = {Causes and Consequences of Behavioral Interference between Species.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {32}, number = {10}, pages = {760-772}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2017.07.004}, pmid = {28797610}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Aggression ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; Competitive Behavior ; Reproduction ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Behavioral interference between species, such as territorial aggression, courtship, and mating, is widespread in animals. While aggressive and reproductive forms of interspecific interference have generally been studied separately, their many parallels and connections warrant a unified conceptual approach. Substantial evidence exists that aggressive and reproductive interference have pervasive effects on species coexistence, range limits, and evolutionary processes, including divergent and convergent forms of character displacement. Alien species invasions and climate change-induced range shifts result in novel interspecific interactions, heightening the importance of predicting the consequences of species interactions, and behavioral interference is a fundamental but neglected part of the equation. Here, we outline priorities for further theoretical and empirical research on the ecological and evolutionary consequences of behavioral interference.}, }
@article {pmid28796789, year = {2017}, author = {Pless, E and Gloria-Soria, A and Evans, BR and Kramer, V and Bolling, BG and Tabachnick, WJ and Powell, JR}, title = {Multiple introductions of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, into California.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {e0005718}, pmid = {28796789}, issn = {1935-2735}, support = {R01 AI101112/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; U01 AI115595/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics/virology ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; California ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Insect Vectors/genetics/virology ; *Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; }, abstract = {The yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti inhabits much of the tropical and subtropical world and is a primary vector of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. Breeding populations of A. aegypti were first reported in California (CA) in 2013. Initial genetic analyses using 12 microsatellites on collections from Northern CA in 2013 indicated the South Central US region as the likely source of the introduction. We expanded genetic analyses of CA A. aegypti by: (a) examining additional Northern CA samples and including samples from Southern CA, (b) including more southern US populations for comparison, and (c) genotyping a subset of samples at 15,698 SNPs. Major results are: (1) Northern and Southern CA populations are distinct. (2) Northern populations are more genetically diverse than Southern CA populations. (3) Northern and Southern CA groups were likely founded by two independent introductions which came from the South Central US and Southwest US/northern Mexico regions respectively. (4) Our genetic data suggest that the founding events giving rise to the Northern CA and Southern CA populations likely occurred before the populations were first recognized in 2013 and 2014, respectively. (5) A Northern CA population analyzed at multiple time-points (two years apart) is genetically stable, consistent with permanent in situ breeding. These results expand previous work on the origin of California A. aegypti with the novel finding that this species entered California on multiple occasions, likely some years before its initial detection. This work has implications for mosquito surveillance and vector control activities not only in California but also in other regions where the distribution of this invasive mosquito is expanding.}, }
@article {pmid28796311, year = {2019}, author = {Cope, RC and Ross, JV and Wittmann, TA and Watts, MJ and Cassey, P}, title = {Predicting the Risk of Biological Invasions Using Environmental Similarity and Transport Network Connectedness.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {35-53}, doi = {10.1111/risa.12870}, pmid = {28796311}, issn = {1539-6924}, support = {DP140102319//Australian Research Council/International ; FT0991420//Australian Research Council/International ; FT130100254//Australian Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {Air Travel ; Animals ; Australia ; Environment ; Geography ; *Insecta ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Reproducibility of Results ; Risk Assessment/*methods ; Ships ; }, abstract = {Understanding the risk of biological invasions associated with particular transport pathways and source regions is critical for implementing effective biosecurity management. This may require both a model for physical connectedness between regions, and a measure of environmental similarity, so as to quantify the potential for a species to be transported from a given region and to survive at a destination region. We present an analysis of integrated biosecurity risk into Australia, based on flights and shipping data from each global geopolitical region, and an adaptation of the "range bagging" method to determine environmental matching between regions. Here, we describe global patterns of environmental matching and highlight those regions with many physical connections. We classify patterns of global invasion risk (high to low) into Australian states and territories. We validate our analysis by comparison with global presence data for 844 phytophagous insect pest species, and produce a list of high-risk species not previously known to be present in Australia. We determined that, of the insect pest species used for validation, the species most likely to be present in Australia were those also present in geopolitical regions with high transport connectivity to Australia, and those regions that were geographically close, and had similar environments.}, }
@article {pmid28794350, year = {2018}, author = {Xu, X and Luo, X and Wang, X and Guo, H and Hu, S}, title = {Microsatellite primers in Plantago virginica (Plantaginaceae), an invasive species with both cleistogamous and chasmogamous flowers.}, journal = {Genes &amp; genetic systems}, volume = {92}, number = {6}, pages = {293-297}, doi = {10.1266/ggs.17-00011}, pmid = {28794350}, issn = {1880-5779}, mesh = {Alleles ; China ; DNA Primers/genetics ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Plantaginaceae/genetics ; Plantago/*genetics/metabolism ; Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics ; }, abstract = {Polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed in Plantago virginica, an invasive species in China with both cleistogamous and chasmogamous flowers, to investigate its genetic structure and mating patterns. Fourteen novel microsatellite primer sets were designed, and the marker loci they amplified were characterized in 96 individuals from four populations. Eleven of these markers showed polymorphism and the number of alleles per locus ranged from two to six. AMOVA and STRUCTURE indicated that there were distinct patterns of genetic differentiation among the one invasive and three native US populations. These markers provide a useful tool for investigating genetic diversity in P. virginica and studying the mechanisms of invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid28794219, year = {2017}, author = {Prowse, TAA and Cassey, P and Ross, JV and Pfitzner, C and Wittmann, TA and Thomas, P}, title = {Dodging silver bullets: good CRISPR gene-drive design is critical for eradicating exotic vertebrates.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {284}, number = {1860}, pages = {}, pmid = {28794219}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Male ; Mice ; Pest Control/*methods ; Rabbits ; Rats ; }, abstract = {Self-replicating gene drives that can spread deleterious alleles through animal populations have been promoted as a much needed but controversial 'silver bullet' for controlling invasive alien species. Homing-based drives comprise an endonuclease and a guide RNA (gRNA) that are replicated during meiosis via homologous recombination. However, their efficacy for controlling wild populations is threatened by inherent polymorphic resistance and the creation of resistance alleles via non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ)-mediated DNA repair. We used stochastic individual-based models to identify realistic gene-drive strategies capable of eradicating vertebrate pest populations (mice, rats and rabbits) on islands. One popular strategy, a sex-reversing drive that converts heterozygous females into sterile males, failed to spread and required the ongoing deployment of gene-drive carriers to achieve eradication. Under alternative strategies, multiplexed gRNAs could overcome inherent polymorphic resistance and were required for eradication success even when the probability of NHEJ was low. Strategies causing homozygotic embryonic non-viability or homozygotic female sterility produced high probabilities of eradication and were robust to NHEJ-mediated deletion of the DNA sequence between multiplexed endonuclease recognition sites. The latter two strategies also purged the gene drive when eradication failed, therefore posing lower long-term risk should animals escape beyond target islands. Multiplexing gRNAs will be necessary if this technology is to be useful for insular extirpation attempts; however, precise knowledge of homing rates will be required to design low-risk gene drives with high probabilities of eradication success.}, }
@article {pmid28794218, year = {2017}, author = {Stavert, JR and Pattemore, DE and Gaskett, AC and Beggs, JR and Bartomeus, I}, title = {Exotic species enhance response diversity to land-use change but modify functional composition.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {284}, number = {1860}, pages = {}, pmid = {28794218}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Pollination ; }, abstract = {Two main mechanisms may buffer ecosystem functions despite biodiversity loss. First, multiple species could share similar ecological roles, thus providing functional redundancy. Second, species may respond differently to environmental change (response diversity). However, ecosystem function would be best protected when functionally redundant species also show response diversity. This linkage has not been studied directly, so we investigated whether native and exotic pollinator species with similar traits (functional redundancy) differed in abundance (response diversity) across an agricultural intensification gradient. Exotic pollinator species contributed most positive responses, which partially stabilized overall abundance of the pollinator community. However, although some functionally redundant species exhibited response diversity, this was not consistent across functional groups and aggregate abundances within each functional group were rarely stabilized. This shows functional redundancy and response diversity do not always operate in concert. Hence, despite exotic species becoming increasingly dominant in human-modified systems, they cannot replace the functional composition of native species.}, }
@article {pmid28792964, year = {2017}, author = {Converse, PE and Kuchta, SR and Hauswaldt, JS and Roosenburg, WM}, title = {Turtle soup, Prohibition, and the population genetic structure of Diamondback Terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e0181898}, pmid = {28792964}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; Genetics, Population ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Turtles/*genetics ; United States ; }, abstract = {Diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) were a popular food item in early twentieth century America, and were consumed in soup with sherry. Intense market demand for terrapin meat resulted in population declines, notably along the Atlantic seaboard. Efforts to supply terrapins to markets resulted in translocation events, as individuals were moved about to stock terrapin farms. However, in 1920 the market for turtle soup buckled with the enactment of the eighteenth amendment to the United States' Constitution-which initiated the prohibition of alcoholic drinks-and many terrapin fisheries dumped their stocks into local waters. We used microsatellite data to show that patterns of genetic diversity along the terrapin's coastal range are consistent with historical accounts of translocation and cultivation activities. We identified possible instances of human-mediated dispersal by estimating gene flow over historical and contemporary timescales, Bayesian model testing, and bottleneck tests. We recovered six genotypic clusters along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts with varying degrees of admixture, including increased contemporary gene flow from Texas to South Carolina, from North Carolina to Maryland, and from North Carolina to New York. In addition, Bayesian models incorporating translocation events outperformed stepping-stone models. Finally, we were unable to detect population bottlenecks, possibly due to translocation reintroducing genetic diversity into bottlenecked populations. Our data suggest that current patterns of genetic diversity in the terrapin were altered by the demand for turtle soup followed by the enactment of alcohol prohibition. In addition, our study shows that population genetic tools can elucidate metapopulation dynamics in taxa with complex genetic histories impacted by anthropogenic activities.}, }
@article {pmid28792516, year = {2017}, author = {Bamford, AJ and Razafindrajao, F and Young, RP and Hilton, GM}, title = {Profound and pervasive degradation of Madagascar's freshwater wetlands and links with biodiversity.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e0182673}, pmid = {28792516}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Forests ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; *Lakes ; Linear Models ; Madagascar ; Population Density ; Principal Component Analysis ; Remote Sensing Technology ; Software ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Reflecting a global trend, freshwater wetlands in Madagascar have received little conservation or research attention. Madagascar is a global conservation priority due to its high level of species endemism but most work has focused on protecting forests. For the first time, we investigated the state of wetlands across the country to determine the effects of human disturbance. We conducted a rapid survey of 37 wetlands, using waterbirds and benthic invertebrates as ecological indicators. We recorded nine variables relating to human disturbance, revealing widespread wetland destruction. Principal Components Analysis reduced the nine variables to a single Principal Component (PC) that explained 50% of the dataset variance, demonstrating that different forms of human disturbance are ubiquitous and inseparable. The disturbance PC provides an index of how pristine a lake is and in Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) was significantly inversely related to the number of waterbird species present and the density of Chironomidae. The disturbance PC was estimated for every wetland in a GIS-derived dataset of wetland locations in Madagascar, giving a country-wide frequency distribution of disturbance. To validate the estimated PC values, we used the GLMs to predict the number of endemic bird species at an independent sample of 22 lakes. The predicted values correlated with the observed number of species, demonstrating that our procedure can identify lakes with high biodiversity value. The disturbance PC provides a convenient method for ranking sites, and a country-wide ranking demonstrates that the only near-pristine lakes in Madagascar are small sites that have been preserved by remoteness from human activity and not conservation management. The strategy of conserving high biodiversity remnants is insufficient because existing remnants suffer some degree of degradation and only support small populations of threatened species. Large-scale restoration of degraded wetlands is required for the long-term conservation of Madagascar's freshwater biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid28791174, year = {2017}, author = {Kosmala, G and Christian, K and Brown, G and Shine, R}, title = {Locomotor performance of cane toads differs between native-range and invasive populations.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {4}, number = {7}, pages = {170517}, pmid = {28791174}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Invasive species provide a robust opportunity to evaluate how animals deal with novel environmental challenges. Shifts in locomotor performance-and thus the ability to disperse-(and especially, the degree to which it is constrained by thermal and hydric extremes) are of special importance, because they might affect the rate that an invader can spread. We studied cane toads (Rhinella marina) across a broad geographical range: two populations within the species' native range in Brazil, two invasive populations on the island of Hawai'i and eight invasive populations encompassing the eastern, western and southern limits of the toad invasion in Australia. A toad's locomotor performance on a circular raceway was strongly affected by both its temperature and its hydration state, but the nature and magnitude of those constraints differed across populations. In their native range, cane toads exhibited relatively low performance (even under optimal test conditions) and a rapid decrease in performance at lower temperatures and hydration levels. At the other extreme, performance was high in toads from southern Australia, and virtually unaffected by desiccation. Hawai'ian toads broadly resembled their Brazilian conspecifics, plausibly reflecting similar climatic conditions. The invasion of Australia has been accompanied by a dramatic enhancement in the toads' locomotor abilities, and (in some populations) by an ability to maintain locomotor performance even when the animal is cold and/or dehydrated. The geographical divergences in performance among cane toad populations graphically attest to the adaptability of invasive species in the face of novel abiotic challenges.}, }
@article {pmid28790322, year = {2017}, author = {Barbato, M and Hailer, F and Orozco-terWengel, P and Kijas, J and Mereu, P and Cabras, P and Mazza, R and Pirastru, M and Bruford, MW}, title = {Genomic signatures of adaptive introgression from European mouflon into domestic sheep.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {7623}, pmid = {28790322}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding/*methods ; Crosses, Genetic ; Europe ; Female ; France ; Genetic Variation ; *Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Male ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sheep/classification/*genetics ; Sheep, Domestic/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Mouflon (Ovis aries musimon) became extinct from mainland Europe after the Neolithic, but remnant populations from the Mediterranean islands of Corsica and Sardinia have been used for reintroductions across Europe since the 19[th]-century. Mouflon x sheep hybrids are larger-bodied than mouflon, potentially showing increased male reproductive success, but little is known about genomic levels of admixture, or about the adaptive significance of introgression between resident mouflon and local sheep breeds. Here we analysed Ovine medium-density SNP array genotypes of 92 mouflon from six geographic regions, along with data from 330 individuals of 16 domestic sheep breeds. We found lower levels of genetic diversity in mouflon than in domestic sheep, consistent with past bottlenecks in mouflon. Introgression signals were bidirectional and affected most mouflon and sheep populations, being strongest in one Sardinian mouflon population. Developing and using a novel approach to identify chromosomal regions with consistent introgression signals, we infer adaptive introgression from mouflon to domestic sheep related to immunity mechanisms, but not in the opposite direction. Further, we infer that Soay and Sarda sheep carry introgressed mouflon alleles involved in bitter taste perception and/or innate immunity. Our results illustrate the potential for adaptive introgression even among recently diverged populations.}, }
@article {pmid28789838, year = {2017}, author = {Sáenz, A and Ortiz, N and Lomonte, B and Rucavado, A and Díaz, C}, title = {Comparison of biochemical and cytotoxic activities of extracts obtained from dorsal spines and caudal fin of adult and juvenile non-native Caribbean lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles).}, journal = {Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology}, volume = {137}, number = {}, pages = {158-167}, doi = {10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.08.004}, pmid = {28789838}, issn = {1879-3150}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animal Fins/chemistry ; Animals ; Bone and Bones/chemistry ; Cattle ; Cell Line ; Cytotoxins/toxicity ; Edema/chemically induced ; Fish Venoms/enzymology/*toxicity ; Hemolysis ; Humans ; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Mice ; Mucus/metabolism ; *Perciformes ; Proteolysis ; Rabbits ; Skin/drug effects/pathology ; Tissue Extracts/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Pterois volitans/miles lionfish (adult and juvenile) dorsal spines and caudal fin extracts were compared in their general composition, enzymatic activities and hemolytic and cytotoxic effects on bovine aortic endothelial cells and murine myoblasts, to distinguish between the activities present in the venom and epidermal mucus. Intradermal and intramuscular injections were also administered in mice to determine in vivo effects. This work shows that crude venom of Caribbean species of lionfish, present in dorsal spines, induces several in vitro effects including hemolysis, weak cytotoxicity, proteolytic and hyaluronidase activities, whereas in vivo, it is not hemorrhagic nor myotoxic, but causes edema, plasma extravasation and a thrombotic-associated lesion on the skin. Some small differences were observed between adult and juvenile venomous secretions. Gelatinolytic activity of the epidermal mucus, the only activity found in caudal fin extracts, could contribute to the in vivo toxicity of the venom.}, }
@article {pmid28787024, year = {2017}, author = {Thinesh, T and Meenatchi, R and Pasiyappazham, R and Jose, PA and Selvan, M and Kiran, GS and Selvin, J}, title = {Short-term in situ shading effectively mitigates linear progression of coral-killing sponge Terpios hoshinota.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e0182365}, pmid = {28787024}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa/growth &amp; development ; Biomass ; Cyanobacteria/physiology ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Linear Models ; Porifera/growth &amp; development/microbiology/*physiology/*radiation effects ; *Sunlight ; Symbiosis ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The coral-killing sponge, Terpios hoshinota is a global invasive species that has conquered coral patches within a short span of time, which has led to a significant decline in living coral cover at various geographical locations. In this study, we surveyed the linear progression and impact of the Terpios invasion on live coral patches along Palk Bay, Indian Ocean, from August 2013 to August 2015. The field inventory revealed an extensive fatality rate of 76% as a result of Terpios outbreak. Experimental findings showed that symbiotic cyanobacteria act as a nutritional factory for the aggressive growth of Terpios. Shading hypothetically impairs the nutritional symbiont of the invasive species: the effect of sunlight on cyanobacterial biomass and its influence on Terpios progression over live coral patches was tested through in situ shading experiments. This study showed that artificial shading with cotton fabric could effectively mitigate sponge growth on live coral without affecting coral homeostasis.}, }
@article {pmid28786374, year = {2018}, author = {Kleynhans, E and Barton, MG and Conlong, DE and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Population dynamics of Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): application of a biophysical model to understand phenological variation in an agricultural pest.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {108}, number = {3}, pages = {283-294}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485317000712}, pmid = {28786374}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate ; Female ; Genetic Fitness ; *Models, Biological ; Moths/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Understanding pest population dynamics and seasonal phenology is a critical component of modern integrated pest-management programs. Accurate forecasting allows timely, cost-effective interventions, including maximum efficacy of, for example, biological control and/or sterile insect technique. Due to the variation in life stage-related sensitivity toward climate, insect pest population abundance models are often not easily interpreted or lack direct relevance to management strategies in the field. Here we apply a process-based (biophysical) model that incorporates climate data with life stage-dependent physiology and life history to attempt to predict Eldana saccharina life stage and generation turnover in sugarcane fields. Fitness traits are modelled at two agricultural locations in South Africa that differ in average temperature (hereafter a cold and a warm site). We test whether the life stage population structures in the field entering winter and local climate during winter directly affect development rates, and therefore interact to determine the population dynamics and phenological responses of E. saccharina in subsequent spring and summer seasons. The model predicts that: (1) E. saccharina can cycle through more generations at the warm site where fewer hours of cold and heat stress are endured, and (2) at the cold site, overwintering as pupae (rather than larvae) confer higher relative fitness and fecundity in the subsequent summer adult moths. The model predictions were compared with a large dataset of field observations from scouting records. Model predictions for larval presence (or absence) generally overlapped well with positive (or negative) scout records. These results are important for integrated pest management strategies by providing a useful foundation for future population dynamics models, and are applicable to a variety of agricultural landscapes, but especially the sugarcane industry of South Africa.}, }
@article {pmid28786372, year = {2018}, author = {Cane, RP and Hartley, S and Gradwell, B and Singe, M}, title = {Spatial and temporal distribution, environmental drivers and community structure of mosquitoes in the Kaipara Harbour, New Zealand.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {108}, number = {3}, pages = {305-313}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485317000736}, pmid = {28786372}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; *Culicidae ; Female ; Geography ; New Zealand ; }, abstract = {Mosquito communities across the globe frequently comprise a mix of native and cosmopolitan species. New Zealand's mosquito communities are no exception. Here we describe the abundance, distribution and phenological patterns for a community of six mosquito taxa resident across the Kaipara Harbour region of northern New Zealand. Adult mosquitoes were sampled using baited light traps, serviced biweekly for 3½ years. Seasonal fluctuations in abundance of adults were examined for correlations with temperature and rainfall over the preceding weeks. Four endemic species comprised over 98% of the total catch, with Coquillettidia iracunda being the most abundant. Two introduced species, Aedes notoscriptus and Culex quinquefasciatus were widely distributed, but each comprised <1% of the total catch. Culiseta tonnoiri was the only species that appeared geographically restricted, occurring at one-third of the sites. Distinct temporal peaks in adult abundance were evident: Aedes antipodeus was most abundant in spring, Ae. notoscriptus and Cq. iracunda were most abundant in summer and Cx. quinquefasciatus was most abundant in autumn. Culiseta tonnoiri and Culex pervigilans were of variable abundance throughout the year. For all species examined, temporal variations in abundance were more strongly associated with temperature in the preceding weeks than with preceding rainfall. A better knowledge of the factors driving patterns of spatial and temporal abundance will allow an improved understanding of how non-native species may integrate themselves into resident mosquito communities.}, }
@article {pmid28786306, year = {2017}, author = {Ferrario, J and Caronni, S and Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A and Marchini, A}, title = {Role of commercial harbours and recreational marinas in the spread of non-indigenous fouling species.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, pages = {651-660}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2017.1351958}, pmid = {28786306}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Biofouling/*prevention &amp; control ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Italy ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Recreation ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {The role of commercial harbours as sink and source habitats for non-indigenous species (NIS) and the role of recreational boating for their secondary spread were investigated by analysing the fouling community of five Italian harbours and five marinas in the western Mediterranean Sea. It was first hypothesised that NIS assemblages in the recreational marinas were subsets of those occurring in commercial harbours. However, the data did not consistently support this hypothesis: the NIS pools of some marinas significantly diverged from harbours even belonging to the same coastal stretches, including NIS occurring only in marinas. This study confirms harbours as hotspots for marine NIS, but also reveals that numbers of NIS in some marinas is higher than expected, suggesting that recreational vessels effectively facilitate NIS spread. It is recommended that this vector of NIS introduction is taken into account in the future planning of sustainable development of maritime tourism in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid28785270, year = {2017}, author = {Balzotti, CS and Asner, GP}, title = {Episodic Canopy Structural Transformations and Biological Invasion in a Hawaiian Forest.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {1256}, pmid = {28785270}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The remaining native forests on the Hawaiian Islands have been recognized as threatened by changing climate, increasing insect outbreak, new deadly pathogens, and growing populations of canopy structure-altering invasive species. The objective of this study was to assess long-term, net changes to upper canopy structure in sub-montane forests on the eastern slope of Mauna Kea volcano, Hawai'i, in the context of continuing climate events, insect outbreaks, and biological invasion. We used high-resolution multi-temporal Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data to quantify near-decadal net changes in forest canopy height and gap distributions at a critical transition between alien invaded lowland and native sub-montane forest at the end of a recent drought and host-specific insect (Scotorythra paludicola) outbreak. We found that sub-montane forests have experienced a net loss in average canopy height, and therefore structure and aboveground carbon stock. Additionally, where invasive alien tree species co-dominate with native trees, the upper canopy structure became more homogeneous. Tracking the loss of forest canopy height and spatial variation with airborne LiDAR is a cost-effective way to monitor forest canopy health, and to track and quantify ecological impacts of invasive species through space and time.}, }
@article {pmid28784783, year = {2017}, author = {Abellán, P and Tella, JL and Carrete, M and Cardador, L and Anadón, JD}, title = {Climate matching drives spread rate but not establishment success in recent unintentional bird introductions.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {114}, number = {35}, pages = {9385-9390}, pmid = {28784783}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Birds/*genetics/*physiology ; *Climate ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Understanding factors driving successful invasions is one of the cornerstones of invasion biology. Bird invasions have been frequently used as study models, and the foundation of current knowledge largely relies on species purposefully introduced during the 19th and early 20th centuries in countries colonized by Europeans. However, the profile of exotic bird species has changed radically in the last decades, as birds are now mostly introduced into the invasion process through unplanned releases from the worldwide pet and avicultural trade. Here we assessed the role of the three main drivers of invasion success (i.e., event-, species-, and location-level factors) on the establishment and spatial spread of exotic birds using an unprecedented dataset recorded throughout the last 100 y in the Iberian Peninsula. Our multimodel inference phylogenetic approach showed that the barriers that need to be overcome by a species to successfully establish or spread are not the same. Whereas establishment is largely related to event-level factors, apparently stochastic features of the introduction (time since first introduction and propagule pressure) and to the origin of introduced species (wild-caught species show higher invasiveness than captive-bred ones), the spread across the invaded region seems to be determined by the extent to which climatic conditions in the new region resemble those of the species' native range. Overall, these results contrast with what we learned from successful deliberate introductions and highlight that different management interventions should apply at different invasion stages, the most efficient strategies being related to event-level factors.}, }
@article {pmid28783730, year = {2017}, author = {Knop, E and Zoller, L and Ryser, R and Gerpe, C and Hörler, M and Fontaine, C}, title = {Artificial light at night as a new threat to pollination.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {548}, number = {7666}, pages = {206-209}, pmid = {28783730}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; *Darkness ; Environmental Pollution/*adverse effects ; Flowers/growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; Fruit/growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; Human Activities ; Insecta/*drug effects/*physiology ; *Lighting ; Plant Development/radiation effects ; Pollination/*radiation effects ; Reproduction/radiation effects ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {Pollinators are declining worldwide and this has raised concerns for a parallel decline in the essential pollination service they provide to both crops and wild plants. Anthropogenic drivers linked to this decline include habitat changes, intensive agriculture, pesticides, invasive alien species, spread of pathogens and climate change. Recently, the rapid global increase in artificial light at night has been proposed to be a new threat to terrestrial ecosystems; the consequences of this increase for ecosystem function are mostly unknown. Here we show that artificial light at night disrupts nocturnal pollination networks and has negative consequences for plant reproductive success. In artificially illuminated plant-pollinator communities, nocturnal visits to plants were reduced by 62% compared to dark areas. Notably, this resulted in an overall 13% reduction in fruit set of a focal plant even though the plant also received numerous visits by diurnal pollinators. Furthermore, by merging diurnal and nocturnal pollination sub-networks, we show that the structure of these combined networks tends to facilitate the spread of the negative consequences of disrupted nocturnal pollination to daytime pollinator communities. Our findings demonstrate that artificial light at night is a threat to pollination and that the negative effects of artificial light at night on nocturnal pollination are predicted to propagate to the diurnal community, thereby aggravating the decline of the diurnal community. We provide perspectives on the functioning of plant-pollinator communities, showing that nocturnal pollinators are not redundant to diurnal communities and increasing our understanding of the human-induced decline in pollinators and their ecosystem service.}, }
@article {pmid28782553, year = {2017}, author = {Bewick, S and Wang, G and Younes, H and Li, B and Fagan, WF}, title = {Invasion dynamics of competing species with stage-structure.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {435}, number = {}, pages = {12-21}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.08.002}, pmid = {28782553}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Animals ; *Competitive Behavior ; Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The spread of an invasive species often results in a decline and subsequent disappearance of native competitors. Several models, primarily based on spatially explicit Lotka-Volterra competition dynamics, have been developed to understand this phenomenon. In general, the goal of these models is to relate fundamental life history traits, for example dispersal ability and competition strength, to the rate of spread of the invasive species, which is also the rate at which the invasive species displaces its native competitor. Stage-structure is often an important determinant of population dynamics, but it has received little attention within the context of Lotka-Volterra invasion models. For many species, behaviors like dispersal and competition depend on life-stage. To describe the processes of invasion in these species, it is important to understand how behaviors that vary as a function of life-stage can impact spread rate. In this paper, we develop a spatially explicit, stage-structured Lotka-Volterra competition model. By comparing spread speed predictions from this model to spread speed predictions from an analogous single-stage model, we are able to determine when stage-structure is important and how stage-dependent behavior can alter the characteristics of an invasion.}, }
@article {pmid28781572, year = {2017}, author = {Klonner, G and Dullinger, I and Wessely, J and Bossdorf, O and Carboni, M and Dawson, W and Essl, F and Gattringer, A and Haeuser, E and van Kleunen, M and Kreft, H and Moser, D and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and Thuiller, W and Weigelt, P and Winter, M and Dullinger, S}, title = {Will climate change increase hybridization risk between potential plant invaders and their congeners in Europe?.}, journal = {Diversity &amp; distributions}, volume = {23}, number = {8}, pages = {934-943}, pmid = {28781572}, issn = {1366-9516}, support = {I 1443/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, abstract = {AIM: Interspecific hybridization can promote invasiveness of alien species. In many regions of the world, public and domestic gardens contain a huge pool of non-native plants. Climate change may relax constraints on their naturalization and hence facilitate hybridization with related species in the resident flora. Here, we evaluate this possible increase in hybridization risk by predicting changes in the overlap of climatically suitable ranges between a set of garden plants and their congeners in the resident flora.<br><br>LOCATION: Europe.<br><br>METHODS: From the pool of alien garden plants, we selected those which (1) are not naturalized in Europe, but established outside their native range elsewhere in the world; (2) belong to a genus where interspecific hybridization has been previously reported; and (3) have congeners in the native and naturalized flora of Europe. For the resulting set of 34 alien ornamentals as well as for 173 of their European congeners, we fitted species distribution models and projected suitable ranges under the current climate and three future climate scenarios. Changes in range overlap between garden plants and congeners were then assessed by means of the true skill statistic.<br><br>RESULTS: Projections suggest that under a warming climate, suitable ranges of garden plants will increase, on average, while those of their congeners will remain constant or shrink, at least under the more severe climate scenarios. The mean overlap in ranges among congeners of the two groups will decrease. Variation among genera is pronounced; however, and for some congeners, range overlap is predicted to increase significantly.<br><br>MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Averaged across all modelled species, our results do not indicate that hybrids between potential future invaders and resident species will emerge more frequently in Europe when climate warms. These average trends do not preclude, however, that hybridization risk may considerably increase in particular genera.}, }
@article {pmid28780719, year = {2017}, author = {Diesel, NM and Zou, Y and Johnson, TD and Diesel, DA and Millar, JG and Mongold-Diers, JA and Hanks, LM}, title = {The Rare North American Cerambycid Beetle Dryobius sexnotatus Shares a Novel Pyrrole Pheromone Component with Species in Asia and South America.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {43}, number = {8}, pages = {739-744}, pmid = {28780719}, issn = {1573-1561}, support = {Hatch Act project CA-R*ENT-5181-H//USDA/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Asia ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Female ; Hexanones/chemistry/pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry ; North America ; Pyrroles/chemistry/pharmacology ; Sex Attractants/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; South America ; }, abstract = {The compound 1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1,2-propanedione ("pyrrole") is an important pheromone component of several Asian and South American species of longhorned beetles in the subfamily Cerambycinae. Here, we report the first confirmed identification of this compound as a pheromone component of a cerambycine species native to North America, the rare beetle Dryobius sexnotatus Linsley. Headspace volatiles from males contained (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and pyrrole (ratio 1:0.13), neither of which were detected in samples from a female. A field bioassay confirmed that adults of both sexes were attracted only to the binary blend of racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one plus pyrrole, and not by either compound alone. Adults of another cerambycine, Xylotrechus colonus (F.), were attracted by 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, consistent with this compound being the primary component of the pheromone of this species; attraction was not influenced by the presence of pyrrole. This study attests to the effectiveness of pheromone-baited traps in capturing rarely encountered species of cerambycids. It also provides further evidence that pyrrole represents another conserved pheromone motif within the Cerambycinae, now having been found in representatives of five cerambycid tribes from three continents.}, }
@article {pmid28779439, year = {2017}, author = {Gardner, AM and Muturi, EJ and Overmier, LD and Allan, BF}, title = {Large-Scale Removal of Invasive Honeysuckle Decreases Mosquito and Avian Host Abundance.}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {750-761}, pmid = {28779439}, issn = {1612-9210}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*growth &amp; development/virology ; Culex/*growth &amp; development ; Disease Reservoirs/virology ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Lonicera/*growth &amp; development ; Mosquito Vectors/*growth &amp; development ; West Nile virus/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Invasive species rank second only to habitat destruction as a threat to native biodiversity. One consequence of biological invasions is altered risk of exposure to infectious diseases in human and animal populations. The distribution and prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases depend on the complex interactions between the vector, the pathogen, and the human or wildlife reservoir host. These interactions are highly susceptible to disturbance by invasive species, including terrestrial plants. We conducted a 2-year field experiment using a Before-After/Control-Impact design to examine how removal of invasive Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) in a forest fragment embedded within a residential neighborhood affects the abundance of mosquitoes, including two of the most important vectors of West Nile virus, Culex pipiens and Cx. restuans. We also assessed any potential changes in avian communities and local microclimate associated with Amur honeysuckle removal. We found that (1) removal of Amur honeysuckle reduces the abundance of both vector and non-vector mosquito species that commonly feed on human hosts, (2) the abundance and composition of avian hosts is altered by honeysuckle removal, and (3) areas invaded with honeysuckle support local microclimates that are favorable to mosquito survival. Collectively, our investigations demonstrate the role of a highly invasive understory shrub in determining the abundance and distribution of mosquitoes and suggest potential mechanisms underlying this pattern. Our results also give rise to additional questions regarding the general impact of invasive plants on vector-borne diseases and the spatial scale at which removal of invasive plants may be utilized to effect disease control.}, }
@article {pmid28779104, year = {2017}, author = {Xu, T and Yasui, H and Teale, SA and Fujiwara-Tsujii, N and Wickham, JD and Fukaya, M and Hansen, L and Kiriyama, S and Hao, D and Nakano, A and Zhang, L and Watanabe, T and Tokoro, M and Millar, JG}, title = {Identification of a male-produced sex-aggregation pheromone for a highly invasive cerambycid beetle, Aromia bungii.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {7330}, pmid = {28779104}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Chromatography, Gas ; Coleoptera/*metabolism ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Male ; Sex Attractants/analysis/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The longhorned beetle Aromia bungii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a major pest of stone fruit trees in the genus Prunus, including cherries, apricots, and peaches. Its native range includes China, Korea, Mongolia, and eastern Russia, but it has recently invaded and become established in several countries in Europe, and Japan, and it has been intercepted in shipments coming into North America and Australia. Here, we report the identification of its male-produced aggregation pheromone as the novel compound (E)-2-cis-6,7-epoxynonenal. In field trials in its native range in China, and in recently invaded areas of Japan, the pheromone attracted both sexes of the beetle. Thus, the pheromone should find immediate use in worldwide quarantine surveillance efforts to detect the beetle in incoming shipments. The pheromone will also be a crucial tool in ongoing efforts to eradicate the beetle from regions of the world that it has already invaded.}, }
@article {pmid28775830, year = {2017}, author = {Chen, BM and Gao, Y and Liao, HX and Peng, SL}, title = {Differential responses of invasive and native plants to warming with simulated changes in diurnal temperature ranges.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {plx028}, pmid = {28775830}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Although many studies have documented the effects of global warming on invasive plants, little is known about whether the effects of warming on plant invasion differ depending on the imposed change in different diurnal temperature ranges (DTR). We tested the impact of warming with DTR change on seed germination and seedling growth of eight species in the family Asteraceae. Four of these are invasive (Eupatorium catarium, Mikania micrantha, Biodens pilosa var. radiate, Ageratum conyzoides) in China, and four are native (Sonchus arvensis, Senecios candens, Pterocypsela indica, Eupatorium fortunei). Four temperature treatments were set in growth chambers (three warming by 3 °C with different DTRs and control), and experiments were run to mimic wintertime and summertime conditions. The control treatment (Tc) was set to the mean temperature for the corresponding time of year, and the three warming treatments were symmetric (i.e. equal night-and-day) (DTRsym), asymmetric warming with increased (DTRinc) and decreased (DTRdec) DTR. The warming treatments did not affect seed germination of invasive species under any of the conditions, but DTRsym and DTRinc increased seed germination of natives relative to the control, suggesting that warming may not increase success of these invasive plant species via effects on seed germination of invasive plants relative to native plants. The invasive plants had higher biomass and greater stem allocation than the native ones under all of the warming treatments. Wintertime warming increased the biomass of the invasive and wintertime DTRsym and DTRinc increased that of the native plants, whereas summertime asymmetric warming decreased the biomass of the invasives but not the natives. Therefore, warming may not facilitate invasion of these invasive species due to the suppressive effects of summertime warming (particularly the asymmetric warming) on growth. Compared with DTRsym, DTRdec decreased the biomass of both the invasive and native plants, while the asymmetric summer warming treatments (DTRinc and DTRdec) decreased the biomass of the invasive but not the native plants. In addition, wintertime DTRinc did not enhance the biomass of all the plants relative to DTRsym. Our results were obtained in an unrealistic setting; the growth conditions in chambers (e.g. low light, low herbivory, no competition) are quite different from natural conditions (high light, normal herbivory and competition), which may influence the effects of warming on the seedling establishment and growth of both invasive and native plants. Nonetheless, our work highlights the importance of asymmetric warming, particularly in regards to the comparison with the effects of symmetric warming on both invasive and native plants. Conclusions regarding the effects of future warming should be made cautiously because warming with different DTRs may suggest different implications for invasion, and effects of warming may be different in different seasons.}, }
@article {pmid28775829, year = {2017}, author = {Nuzzo, V and Dávalos, A and Blossey, B}, title = {Assessing plant community composition fails to capture impacts of white-tailed deer on native and invasive plant species.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {plx026}, pmid = {28775829}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Excessive herbivory can have transformative effects on forest understory vegetation, converting diverse communities into depauperate ones, often with increased abundance of non-native plants. White-tailed deer are a problematic herbivore throughout much of eastern North America and alter forest understory community structure. Reducing (by culling) or eliminating (by fencing) deer herbivory is expected to return understory vegetation to a previously diverse condition. We examined this assumption from 1992 to 2006 at Fermilab (Batavia, IL) where a cull reduced white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) abundance in 1998/1999 by 90 % from 24.6 to 2.5/km[2], and at West Point, NY, where we assessed interactive effects of deer, earthworms, and invasive plants using 30 × 30 m paired fenced and open plots in 12 different forests from 2009 to 2012. We recorded not only plant community responses (species presence and cover) within 1 m[2] quadrats, but also responses of select individual species (growth, reproduction). At Fermilab, introduced Alliaria petiolata abundance initially increased as deer density increased, but then declined after deer reduction. The understory community responded to the deer cull by increased cover, species richness and height, and community composition changed but was dominated by early successional native forbs. At West Point plant community composition was affected by introduced earthworm density but not deer exclusion. Native plant cover increased and non-native plant cover decreased in fenced plots, thus keeping overall plant cover similar. At both sites native forb cover increased in response to deer reduction, but the anticipated response of understory vegetation failed to materialize at the community level. Deer-favoured forbs (Eurybia divaricata, Maianthemum racemosum, Polygonatum pubescens and Trillium recurvatum) grew taller and flowering probability increased in the absence of deer. Plant community monitoring fails to capture initial and subtle effects of reduced or even cessation of deer browse on browse sensitive species. Measuring responses of individual plants (growth, flowering and reproductive success) provides a more sensitive and powerful assessment of forest understory responses to deer management.}, }
@article {pmid28772339, year = {2017}, author = {Howeth, JG}, title = {Native species dispersal reduces community invasibility by increasing species richness and biotic resistance.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {86}, number = {6}, pages = {1380-1393}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12733}, pmid = {28772339}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Recent studies indicate that diversity-invasibility relationships can depend on spatial scale, but the contributing role of native species dispersal among local communities in mediating these relationships remains unaddressed. Metacommunity ecology highlights the effects of species dispersal rates on local diversity, thereby suggesting that native species dispersal may influence local biotic resistance to invasion by non-native species. However, the effects of native species dispersal rates on local native diversity and invasibility could depend on any intraspecific differences of the invader that may alter establishment success. Here, I experimentally tested for the influence of native dispersal-diversity relationships on the invasibility of native communities by a non-native species represented by core, midrange and peripheral regions of the introduced geographic range. In mesocosms, native plankton communities were connected by low or moderate rates of dispersal to yield dispersal rate-driven differences in native species richness prior to invasion by a non-native zooplankter, Daphnia lumholtzi. After invasion, establishment success and effects of the non-native species on native community structure and ecosystem properties were evaluated as a function of dispersal rate and invader source region relative to a control without native species. Native species richness was greater at the moderate dispersal rate than the low dispersal rate and yielded a dispersal rate-dependent diversity-invasibility relationship that was robust to invader source region. There was almost no establishment success of the non-native species at moderate dispersal and reduced success at low dispersal relative to the control. Invader population growth rates were negative only at the moderate dispersal rate. Effects of species dispersal on native community and ecosystem response were more influential than effects of invasion and impacts associated with invader source region. The results demonstrate that dispersal-diversity relationships can influence diversity-invasibility relationships at the local spatial scale. These dispersal-driven responses of invasion were unaffected by any ecological differences associated with invasion history-related intraspecific variation of the non-native species. This study emphasizes that dispersal rates of native species in metacommunities can differentially alter local biotic resistance to invasion. Thus, native species dispersal rates have largely been an underappreciated local diversity maintenance mechanism that can confer insurance against biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid28771819, year = {2017}, author = {Bueno, CG and Marín, C and Silva-Flores, P and Aguilera, P and Godoy, R}, title = {Think globally, research locally: emerging opportunities for mycorrhizal research in South America: First international mycorrhizal meeting in South America, 'Mycorrhizal symbiosis in the southern cone of South America', Valdivia, Chile, 6-9 March 2017.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {215}, number = {4}, pages = {1306-1309}, doi = {10.1111/nph.14709}, pmid = {28771819}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Chile ; Congresses as Topic ; Crops, Agricultural/*microbiology ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Research ; }, }
@article {pmid28771816, year = {2017}, author = {Le Roux, JJ and Hui, C and Keet, JH and Ellis, AG}, title = {Co-introduction vs ecological fitting as pathways to the establishment of effective mutualisms during biological invasions.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {215}, number = {4}, pages = {1354-1360}, doi = {10.1111/nph.14593}, pmid = {28771816}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Fabaceae/*physiology ; Rhizobium/*physiology ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Contents 1354 I. 1354 II. 1355 III. 1357 IV. 1357 V. 1359 1359 References 1359 SUMMARY: Interactions between non-native plants and their mutualists are often disrupted upon introduction to new environments. Using legume-rhizobium mutualistic interactions as an example, we discuss two pathways that can influence symbiotic associations in such situations: co-introduction of coevolved rhizobia; and utilization of, and adaptation to, resident rhizobia, hereafter referred to as 'ecological fitting'. Co-introduction and ecological fitting have distinct implications for successful legume invasions and their impacts. Under ecological fitting, initial impacts may be less severe and will accrue over longer periods as novel symbiotic associations and/or adaptations may require fine-tuning over time. Co-introduction will have more profound impacts that will accrue more rapidly as a result of positive feedbacks between densities of non-native rhizobia and their coevolved host plants, in turn enhancing competition between native and non-native rhizobia. Co-introduction can further impact invasion outcomes by the exchange of genetic material between native and non-native rhizobia, potentially resulting in decreased fitness of native legumes. A better understanding of the roles of these two pathways in the invasion dynamics of non-native legumes is much needed, and we highlight some of the exciting research avenues it presents.}, }
@article {pmid28771814, year = {2017}, author = {}, title = {Ian A. Dickie.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {215}, number = {4}, pages = {1312-1313}, doi = {10.1111/nph.14726}, pmid = {28771814}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Botany ; Career Choice ; Ecology ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Research ; }, }
@article {pmid28771704, year = {2017}, author = {Sakata, Y and Craig, TP and Itami, JK and Yamasaki, M and Ohgushi, T}, title = {Parallel environmental factors drive variation in insect density and plant resistance in the native and invaded ranges.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {11}, pages = {2873-2884}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1978}, pmid = {28771704}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Herbivory ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; *Plants ; Solidago ; }, abstract = {Geographic variation in the traits of a species is shaped by variation in abiotic conditions, biotic interactions, and evolutionary history of its interactions with other species. We studied the geographic variation in the density of the lace bug, Corythucha marmorata, and the resistance of tall goldenrod Solidago altissima to the lace bug herbivory in their native range in the United States and invaded range in Japan. We conducted field surveys and reciprocal transplant experiments to examine what abiotic and biotic factors influence variation in lace bug density, and what ecological and evolutionary factors predict the resistance of the host plant between and within the native and invaded ranges. Lace bug density was higher throughout the invaded range than in the native range, higher in populations with warmer climates, and negatively affected by foliage damage by other insects in both ranges. The higher lace bug density in warmer climates was explained by the shorter developmental time of the lace bugs at higher temperatures. The resistance of S. altissima to lace bugs was higher in populations with lace bugs compared to populations without lace bugs in both native and invaded ranges, indicating that the evolutionary history of the interaction with the lace bugs was responsible for the variation in S. altissima resistance in both ranges. The present study revealed that abiotic and biotic factors, including temperature and other herbivorous insects, can drive the geographic variation in lace bug density, which in turn selects for variation in plant resistance in both in the native and invaded ranges. We conclude that the novel combination of factors such as higher temperature and lower number of other herbivorous insects is responsible for the higher lace bug density in the invaded range than in the native range.}, }
@article {pmid28771578, year = {2017}, author = {Jermacz, &#x141; and Kobak, J}, title = {Keep calm and don't stop growing: Non-consumptive effects of a sympatric predator on two invasive Ponto-Caspian gammarids Dikerogammarus villosus and Pontogammarus robustoides.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e0182481}, pmid = {28771578}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Feeding Behavior ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Larva/*physiology ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; *Sympatry ; }, abstract = {Predators shape prey populations by elimination of individuals (consumptive effects) and by inducing modifications in prey behaviour, physiology or morphology (NCE-non-consumptive effects). Due to the resource allocation to defence, decreased feeding and higher stress, the costs of predator NCEs can be considerable. Therefore, the resistance to NCEs may be crucial for population growth and interspecific competition. We tested the resistance of Ponto-Caspian gammarids Dikerogammarus villosus and Pontogammarus robustoides to NCEs imposed by their predator, the racer goby Babka gymnotrachelus. As D. villosus is often avoided by predators in the presence of alternative food, we hypothesised that it would bear lower behavioural and physiological costs of anti-predator responses. We tested gammarid feeding in short-time experiments (2-4 h) with food (chironomid larvae) located at various distances from the stony shelter (to enforce food searching, Experiment I) or in the direct gammarid proximity (no searching needed, Experiment II). Moreover, we checked the predator effect on gammarid growth in a 2-week Experiment III. Both gammarids exposed to predators reduced feeding efficiency outside the shelter (Experiment I). Contrary to our expectations, the response of D. villosus was stronger. When food was provided in their direct proximity (Experiment II), the feeding of both species was unaffected by predators, indicating that a shelter supplied with food can reduce predator NCEs. The growth of P. robustoides was reduced in the presence of predators (Experiment III), whereas that of D. villosus was unaffected. Although D. villosus has a more effective defence strategy than P. robustoides, it bears similar or even higher behavioural costs of NCEs. However, it exhibits the higher resistance to the long-term predator presence, sustaining its growth rate under such conditions. This may be one of the factors contributing to the great invasion success of D. villosus, currently taking place in European fresh waters.}, }
@article {pmid28770215, year = {2017}, author = {Escobar, LE and Qiao, H and Lee, C and Phelps, NBD}, title = {Novel Methods in Disease Biogeography: A Case Study with Heterosporosis.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {105}, pmid = {28770215}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {Disease biogeography is currently a promising field to complement epidemiology, and ecological niche modeling theory and methods are a key component. Therefore, applying the concepts and tools from ecological niche modeling to disease biogeography and epidemiology will provide biologically sound and analytically robust descriptive and predictive analyses of disease distributions. As a case study, we explored the ecologically important fish disease Heterosporosis, a relatively poorly understood disease caused by the intracellular microsporidian parasite Heterosporis sutherlandae. We explored two novel ecological niche modeling methods, the minimum-volume ellipsoid (MVE) and the Marble algorithm, which were used to reconstruct the fundamental and the realized ecological niche of H. sutherlandae, respectively. Additionally, we assessed how the management of occurrence reports can impact the output of the models. Ecological niche models were able to reconstruct a proxy of the fundamental and realized niche for this aquatic parasite, identifying specific areas suitable for Heterosporosis. We found that the conceptual and methodological advances in ecological niche modeling provide accessible tools to update the current practices of spatial epidemiology. However, careful data curation and a detailed understanding of the algorithm employed are critical for a clear definition of the assumptions implicit in the modeling process and to ensure biologically sound forecasts. In this paper, we show how sensitive MVE is to the input data, while Marble algorithm may provide detailed forecasts with a minimum of parameters. We showed that exploring algorithms of different natures such as environmental clusters, climatic envelopes, and logistic regressions (e.g., Marble, MVE, and Maxent) provide different scenarios of potential distribution. Thus, no single algorithm should be used for disease mapping. Instead, different algorithms should be employed for a more informed and complete understanding of the pathogen or parasite in question.}, }
@article {pmid28770065, year = {2017}, author = {Jackson, KA and McCord, JS and White, JA}, title = {A window of opportunity: Subdominant predators can use suboptimal prey.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {14}, pages = {5269-5275}, pmid = {28770065}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Introduced species have been linked to declines of native species through mechanisms including intraguild predation and exploitative competition. However, coexistence among species may be promoted by niche partitioning if native species can use resources that the invasive species cannot. Previous research has shown that some strains of the aphid Aphis craccivora are toxic to a competitively dominant invasive lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis. Our objective was to investigate whether these aphids might be an exploitable resource for other, subdominant, lady beetle species. We compared larval development rate, survival, and adult weight of five lady beetle species in no-choice experiments with two different strains of A. craccivora, one of which is toxic to H. axyridis and one that is nontoxic. Two lady beetle species, Cycloneda munda and Coleomegilla maculata, were able to complete larval development when feeding on the aphid strain that is toxic to H. axyridis, experiencing only slight developmental delays relative to beetles feeding on the other aphid strain. One species, Coccinella septempunctata, also was able to complete larval development, but experienced a slight reduction in adult weight. The other two lady beetle species, Hippodamia convergens and Anatis labiculata, demonstrated generally low survivorship when consuming A. craccivora, regardless of aphid strain. All five species showed increased survival and/or development relative to H. axyridis on the "toxic" aphid strain. Our results suggest that this toxic trait may act as a narrow-spectrum defense for the aphids, providing protection against only some lady beetle enemies. For other less-susceptible lady beetles, these aphids have the potential to provide competitive release from the otherwise dominant H. axyridis.}, }
@article {pmid28770058, year = {2017}, author = {Charlery de la Masselière, M and Ravigné, V and Facon, B and Lefeuvre, P and Massol, F and Quilici, S and Duyck, PF}, title = {Changes in phytophagous insect host ranges following the invasion of their community: Long-term data for fruit flies.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {14}, pages = {5181-5190}, pmid = {28770058}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The invasion of an established community by new species can trigger changes in community structure. Invasions often occur in phytophagous insect communities, the dynamics of which are driven by the structure of the host assemblage and the presence of competitors. In this study, we investigated how a community established through successive invasions changed over time, taking the last invasion as the reference. The community included four generalist and four specialist species of Tephritidae fruit flies. We analyzed a long-term database recording observed numbers of flies per fruit for each species on 36 host plants, over 18 years, from 1991 to 2009. Community structure before the last invasion by Bactrocera zonata in 2000 was described in relation to host plant phylogeny and resource availability. Changes in the host range of each species after the arrival of B. zonata were then documented by calculating diversity indices. The flies in the community occupied three types of niches defined on the basis of plant phylogeny (generalists, Solanaceae specialist, and Cucurbitaceae specialists). After the arrival of B. zonata, no change in the host range of specialist species was observed. However, the host ranges of two generalist species, Ceratitis quilicii and Ceratitis capitata, tended to shrink, as shown by the decreases in species richness and host plant α-diversity. Our study shows increased host specialization by generalist phytophagous insects in the field following the arrival of an invasive species sharing part of their resources. These findings could be used to improve predictions of new interactions between invaders and recipient communities.}, }
@article {pmid28770052, year = {2017}, author = {Lombardo, JA and Elkinton, JS}, title = {Environmental adaptation in an asexual invasive insect.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {14}, pages = {5123-5130}, pmid = {28770052}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Parthenogenetic reproduction is generally associated with low genetic variance and therefore reduced ability for environmental adaptation, and this could limit the potential invasiveness of introduced species that reproduce asexually. However, the hemlock woolly adelgid is an asexual invasive insect that has spread across a large geographic temperature gradient in its introduced range. Consequently, this insect has shown significant variation in cold hardiness among populations. We hypothesized that the increased cold hardiness of northern populations represents an adaptation to the colder temperatures. To test this, we collected individual adelgid from populations spanning their invaded range and inoculated them into a common thermal environment. We then experimentally sampled the supercooling point of the progeny of these adelgids and compared these results with tests of the supercooling point of adelgid sampled directly from their source populations. The results showed that the same significant differences in supercooling that was found among geographically distinct populations existed even when the adelgid was reared in a common environment, indicating a genetic basis for the variation in cold hardiness. These findings support the hypothesis that the adelgid has adapted to the colder environment as it has expanded its distribution in its invaded range.}, }
@article {pmid28769610, year = {2017}, author = {Mound, LA and Matsunaga, JN}, title = {The species of Haplothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae) and related genera recorded from the Hawaiian Islands.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {662}, pages = {79-92}, pmid = {28769610}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {An illustrated identification key is provided to 17 species of Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae from Hawaii that are members of the Tribe Haplothripini, together with a further species that is similar in general appearance to members of that Tribe. Of these 18 species, 13 are considered introduced from other parts of the world, but five appear to be endemics. Known only from Hawaii, Haplothrips fissussyn. n. is considered to have been based on a teratological specimen and is placed as a synonym of the Hawaiian endemic Haplothrips davisi. Both this species and two further endemics, Haplothrips rosai and Priesneria doliicornis, are possibly mycophagous rather than phytophagous. The Indonesian species Haplothrips sesuviisyn. n. is recognised as a synonym of Haplothrips robustus from Australia, although both names have been used in Hawaii. Two further species that are presumed to be Hawaiian endemics, Apterygothrips remotus and Haplothrips williamsi, remain known only from the original specimens.}, }
@article {pmid28768884, year = {2017}, author = {Nawrot, R and Albano, PG and Chattopadhyay, D and Zuschin, M}, title = {Climate change and body size shift in Mediterranean bivalve assemblages: unexpected role of biological invasions.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {284}, number = {1860}, pages = {}, pmid = {28768884}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {P 28983/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia ; *Body Size ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Indian Ocean ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {Body size is a synthetic functional trait determining many key ecosystem properties. Reduction in average body size has been suggested as one of the universal responses to global warming in aquatic ecosystems. Climate change, however, coincides with human-enhanced dispersal of alien species and can facilitate their establishment. We address effects of species introductions on the size structure of recipient communities using data on Red Sea bivalves entering the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal. We show that the invasion leads to increase in median body size of the Mediterranean assemblage. Alien species are significantly larger than native Mediterranean bivalves, even though they represent a random subset of the Red Sea species with respect to body size. The observed patterns result primarily from the differences in the taxonomic composition and body-size distributions of the source and recipient species pools. In contrast to the expectations based on the general temperature-size relationships in marine ectotherms, continued warming of the Mediterranean Sea indirectly leads to an increase in the proportion of large-bodied species in bivalve assemblages by accelerating the entry and spread of tropical aliens. These results underscore complex interactions between changing climate and species invasions in driving functional shifts in marine ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid28768523, year = {2017}, author = {Ek-Huchim, JP and Aguirre-Macedo, ML and Améndola-Pimenta, M and Vidal-Martínez, VM and Pérez-Vega, JA and Simá-Alvarez, R and Jiménez-García, I and Zamora-Bustillos, R and Rodríguez-Canul, R}, title = {Genetic signature analysis of Perkinsus marinus in Mexico suggests possible translocation from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific coast of Mexico.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {372}, pmid = {28768523}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; Apicomplexa/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Atlantic Ocean ; Crassostrea/*parasitology ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics ; Gulf of Mexico ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Seafood/parasitology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The protozoan Perkinsus marinus (Mackin, Owen &amp; Collier) Levine, 1978 causes perkinsosis in the American oyster Crassostrea virginica Gmelin, 1791. This pathogen is present in cultured C. virginica from the Gulf of Mexico and has been reported recently in Saccostrea palmula (Carpenter, 1857), Crassostrea corteziensis (Hertlein, 1951) and Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) from the Mexican Pacific coast. Transportation of fresh oysters for human consumption and repopulation could be implicated in the transmission and dissemination of this parasite across the Mexican Pacific coast. The aim of this study was two-fold. First, we evaluated the P. marinus infection parameters by PCR and RFTM (Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium) in C. virginica from four major lagoons (Términos Lagoon, Campeche; Carmen-Pajonal-Machona Lagoon complex, Tabasco; Mandinga Lagoon, Veracruz; and La Pesca Lagoon, Tamaulipas) from the Gulf of Mexico. Secondly, we used DNA sequence analyses of the ribosomal non-transcribed spacer (rNTS) region of P. marinus to determine the possible translocation of this species from the Gulf of Mexico to the Mexican Pacific coast.<br><br>RESULTS: Perkinsus marinus prevalence by PCR was 57.7% (338 out of 586 oysters) and 38.2% (224 out of 586 oysters) by RFTM. The highest prevalence was observed in the Carmen-Pajonal-Machona Lagoon complex in the state of Tabasco (73% by PCR and 58% by RFTM) and the estimated weighted prevalence (WP) was less than 1.0 in the four lagoons. Ten unique rDNA-NTS sequences of P. marinus [termed herein the "P. marinus (Pm) haplotype"] were identified in the Gulf of Mexico sample. They shared 96-100% similarity with 18 rDNA-NTS sequences from the GenBank database&#xa0;which were derived from 16 Mexican Pacific coast infections and two sequences from the USA. The phylogenetic tree and the haplotype network showed that the P. marinus rDNA-NTS sequences from Mexico were distant from the rDNA-NTS sequences of P. marinus reported from the USA. The ten rDNA-NTS sequences described herein were restricted to specific locations displaying different geographical connections within the Gulf of Mexico; the Carmen-Pajonal-Machona Pm1 haplotype from the state of Tabasco shared a cluster with P. marinus isolates reported from the Mexican Pacific coast.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The rDNA-NTS sequences of P. marinus from the state of Tabasco shared high similarity with the reference rDNA-NTS sequences from the Mexican Pacific coast. The high similarity suggests a transfer of oysters infected with P. marinus from the Mexican part of the Gulf of Mexico into the Mexican Pacific coast.}, }
@article {pmid28765718, year = {2017}, author = {Kuhlman, M and Burrows, S}, title = {Checklist of bees (Apoidea) from a private conservation property in west-central Montana.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {}, number = {5}, pages = {e11506}, pmid = {28765718}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Here we present preliminary results from the first three years of a long-term bee survey conducted at a 3,840-ha private conservation property in the northern Sapphire Mountains and Bitterroot River Valley, and a pilot study at an associated 80-ha property in the Swan River Valley, Missoula County, Montana, USA. The survey includes hand-net, bowl-trap, and blue-vane trap collections. The resulting checklist comprises 229 bee species and morphospecies within 5 families, 38 genera and 91 subgenera. Of the total species in the list, 34 of them represent first state records Montana. This survey expands the number of bee species recorded in Montana to 366. Included in these species is Megachile (Eutricharaea) apicalis Spinola, showing a range expansion for this introduced bee.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: We present new distributional records for 34 bee species, including Megachile (Eutricharaea) apicalis Spinola, an introduced bee that was discovered to be resident in North America in 1984 in Santa Barbara County, California. This species has since expanded its range in the across the west, but had not been previously recorded in Montana.}, }
@article {pmid28762003, year = {2017}, author = {Gévar, J and Bagnères, AG and Christidès, JP and Darrouzet, E}, title = {Chemical Heterogeneity in Inbred European Population of the Invasive Hornet Vespa velutina nigrithorax.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {43}, number = {8}, pages = {763-777}, pmid = {28762003}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Genetic Variation ; Hydrocarbons/*analysis/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Pheromones/*analysis/chemistry ; Principal Component Analysis ; Wasps/*chemistry/genetics ; }, abstract = {Invasive social insect populations that have been introduced to a new environment through a limited number of introduction events generally exhibit reduced variability in their chemical signatures (cuticular hydrocarbons) compared to native populations of the same species. The reduced variability in these major recognition cues could be caused by a reduction of genetic diversity due to a genetic bottleneck. This hypothesis was tested in an inbred European population of the invasive hornet Vespa velutina nigrithorax. Our results show that, in spite of the limited amount of genetic diversity present in the European population, the chemical signatures of individuals were highly heterogeneous according to their caste, sex, and colony origin. In queens, some specific saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons were identified. These results suggest that epigenetic and/or environmental factors could play a role in modifying cuticular hydrocarbon profiles in this introduced hornet population despite the observed reduction of genetic diversity.}, }
@article {pmid28759584, year = {2017}, author = {Yemshanov, D and Haight, RG and Koch, FH and Venette, R and Studens, K and Fournier, RE and Swystun, T and Turgeon, JJ}, title = {A safety rule approach to surveillance and eradication of biological invasions.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {e0181482}, pmid = {28759584}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Decision Making ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Ontario ; Probability ; Risk ; *Safety ; Trees ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Uncertainty about future spread of invasive organisms hinders planning of effective response measures. We present a two-stage scenario optimization model that accounts for uncertainty about the spread of an invader, and determines survey and eradication strategies that minimize the expected program cost subject to a safety rule for eradication success. The safety rule includes a risk standard for the desired probability of eradication in each invasion scenario. Because the risk standard may not be attainable in every scenario, the safety rule defines a minimum proportion of scenarios with successful eradication. We apply the model to the problem of allocating resources to survey and eradicate the Asian longhorned beetle (ALB, Anoplophora glabripennis) after its discovery in the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario, Canada. We use historical data on ALB spread to generate a set of plausible invasion scenarios that characterizes the uncertainty of the beetle's extent. We use these scenarios in the model to find survey and tree removal strategies that minimize the expected program cost while satisfying the safety rule. We also identify strategies that reduce the risk of very high program costs. Our results reveal two alternative strategies: (i) delimiting surveys and subsequent tree removal based on the surveys' outcomes, or (ii) preventive host tree removal without referring to delimiting surveys. The second strategy is more likely to meet the stated objectives when the capacity to detect an invader is low or the aspirations to eradicate it are high. Our results provide practical guidelines to identify the best management strategy given aspirational targets for eradication and spending.}, }
@article {pmid28758293, year = {2017}, author = {Gallardo, B and Aldridge, DC and González-Moreno, P and Pergl, J and Pizarro, M and Pyšek, P and Thuiller, W and Yesson, C and Vilà, M}, title = {Protected areas offer refuge from invasive species spreading under climate change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {23}, number = {12}, pages = {5331-5343}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13798}, pmid = {28758293}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Protected areas (PAs) are intended to provide native biodiversity and habitats with a refuge against the impacts of global change, particularly acting as natural filters against biological invasions. In practice, however, it is unknown how effective PAs will be in shielding native species from invasions under projected climate change. Here, we investigate the current and future potential distributions of 100 of the most invasive terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species in Europe. We use this information to evaluate the combined threat posed by climate change and invasions to existing PAs and the most susceptible species they shelter. We found that only a quarter of Europe's marine and terrestrial areas protected over the last 100 years have been colonized by any of the invaders investigated, despite offering climatically suitable conditions for invasion. In addition, hotspots of invasive species and the most susceptible native species to their establishment do not match at large continental scales. Furthermore, the predicted richness of invaders is 11%-18% significantly lower inside PAs than outside them. Invasive species are rare in long-established national parks and nature reserves, which are actively protected and often located in remote and pristine regions with very low human density. In contrast, the richness of invasive species is high in the more recently designated Natura 2000 sites, which are subject to high human accessibility. This situation may change in the future, since our models anticipate important shifts in species ranges toward the north and east of Europe at unprecedented rates of 14-55 km/decade, depending on taxonomic group and scenario. This may seriously compromise the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. This study is the first comprehensive assessment of the resistance that PAs provide against biological invasions and climate change on a continental scale and illustrates their strategic value in safeguarding native biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid28758219, year = {2017}, author = {Borgstrøm, R and Trømborg, J and Haugen, TO and Rosseland, BO}, title = {Plerocercoids of the cestode Diphyllobothrium ditremum in brown trout Salmo trutta: substantial increase in infection after establishment of European minnow Phoxinus phoxinus.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, pages = {912-927}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13391}, pmid = {28758219}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Cestoda/*growth &amp; development ; Cestode Infections/epidemiology/transmission/*veterinary ; Cyprinidae/*parasitology/physiology ; Diphyllobothrium ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology/*transmission ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Norway ; Seasons ; Trout/*parasitology/physiology ; }, abstract = {This study focuses on plerocercoids of the cestode Diphyllobothrium ditremum in brown trout Salmo trutta from the subalpine lake Øvre Heimdalsvatn in south-central Norway. Salmo trutta was the only fish species in this lake until European minnow Phoxinus phoxinus was registered in 1969. The P. phoxinus population increased substantially in the following years. In contrast with the 1969-1972 period, when plerocercoids of D. ditremum were practically absent in S. trutta, there was a high prevalence and intensity of infection in the 2013 S. trutta samples. Because the life cycle of D. ditremum involves two larval stages, in copepods and salmonids and mature worms in piscivorous birds, such as mergansers and loons, a change in feeding ecology of S. trutta or changes in population densities of copepods, fish or birds might have influenced the infection pattern. No relationships between D. ditremum infection and muscle-tissue δ[15] N signature or Hg concentration were found, indicating that infection is not a result of piscivory or cannibalism. Furthermore, consumption of copepods by S. trutta during summer and autumn was low. On the other hand, the number of piscivorous birds has increased, probably due to the presence of P. phoxinus as a new and numerous prey. An increased number of final D. ditremum hosts may have produced a higher output of cestode eggs, resulting in more infected copepods that in turn are consumed by S. trutta. Indirectly, P. phoxinus may therefore have caused the observed increased infection in S. trutta and thereby imposed further negative effects on S. trutta in high mountain areas.}, }
@article {pmid28756777, year = {2017}, author = {Pearce, SL and Clarke, DF and East, PD and Elfekih, S and Gordon, KHJ and Jermiin, LS and McGaughran, A and Oakeshott, JG and Papanicolaou, A and Perera, OP and Rane, RV and Richards, S and Tay, WT and Walsh, TK and Anderson, A and Anderson, CJ and Asgari, S and Board, PG and Bretschneider, A and Campbell, PM and Chertemps, T and Christeller, JT and Coppin, CW and Downes, SJ and Duan, G and Farnsworth, CA and Good, RT and Han, LB and Han, YC and Hatje, K and Horne, I and Huang, YP and Hughes, DST and Jacquin-Joly, E and James, W and Jhangiani, S and Kollmar, M and Kuwar, SS and Li, S and Liu, NY and Maibeche, MT and Miller, JR and Montagne, N and Perry, T and Qu, J and Song, SV and Sutton, GG and Vogel, H and Walenz, BP and Xu, W and Zhang, HJ and Zou, Z and Batterham, P and Edwards, OR and Feyereisen, R and Gibbs, RA and Heckel, DG and McGrath, A and Robin, C and Scherer, SE and Worley, KC and Wu, YD}, title = {Genomic innovations, transcriptional plasticity and gene loss underlying the evolution and divergence of two highly polyphagous and invasive Helicoverpa pest species.}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {63}, pmid = {28756777}, issn = {1741-7007}, mesh = {Animals ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Genome, Insect ; Genomics ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Moths/classification/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa zea are major caterpillar pests of Old and New World agriculture, respectively. Both, particularly H. armigera, are extremely polyphagous, and H. armigera has developed resistance to many insecticides. Here we use comparative genomics, transcriptomics and resequencing to elucidate the genetic basis for their properties as pests.<br><br>RESULTS: We find that, prior to their divergence about 1.5 Mya, the H. armigera/H. zea lineage had accumulated up to more than 100 more members of specific detoxification and digestion gene families and more than 100 extra gustatory receptor genes, compared to other lepidopterans with narrower host ranges. The two genomes remain very similar in gene content and order, but H. armigera is more polymorphic overall, and H. zea has lost several detoxification genes, as well as about 50 gustatory receptor genes. It also lacks certain genes and alleles conferring insecticide resistance found in H. armigera. Non-synonymous sites in the expanded gene families above are rapidly diverging, both between paralogues and between orthologues in the two species. Whole genome transcriptomic analyses of H. armigera larvae show widely divergent responses to different host plants, including responses among many of the duplicated detoxification and digestion genes.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The extreme polyphagy of the two heliothines is associated with extensive amplification and neofunctionalisation of genes involved in host finding and use, coupled with versatile transcriptional responses on different hosts. H. armigera's invasion of the Americas in recent years means that hybridisation could generate populations that are both locally adapted and insecticide resistant.}, }
@article {pmid28756571, year = {2017}, author = {Zhang, S and Ning, J and Zhang, W and Salcedo, C and Zhao, L}, title = {Developmental differences between a Chinese and a North American isolate of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Tylenchida: Aphelenchoididae) under laboratory conditions.}, journal = {Science China. Life sciences}, volume = {60}, number = {8}, pages = {921-923}, doi = {10.1007/s11427-017-9103-4}, pmid = {28756571}, issn = {1869-1889}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; China ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; North America ; Pinus/parasitology ; Seedlings/parasitology ; Sex Ratio ; Species Specificity ; Tylenchida/classification/*growth &amp; development/pathogenicity/physiology ; }, }
@article {pmid28754912, year = {2017}, author = {Bariche, M and Kleitou, P and Kalogirou, S and Bernardi, G}, title = {Genetics reveal the identity and origin of the lionfish invasion in the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {6782}, pmid = {28754912}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Fishes/*genetics ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Following aquarium releases, invasive lionfishes have colonized large areas of the Caribbean and western Atlantic, resulting in an immense ecological damage. The early stages of that invasion are poorly known. Indeed, a lag of time between the introduction and detection often preclude genetic characterization of that crucial phase. With elevated awareness, the recent invasion of Pterois miles was quickly detected in the Mediterranean Sea. We hereby show that the very first individuals establishing populations in the Mediterranean Sea display haplotypes that nest within the large genetic diversity of Red Sea individuals, thus indicating an invasion via the Suez Canal. We also show that only two haplotypes are detected in the Mediterranean Sea, suggesting that few individuals may have been involved in the invasion. Thus, we conclude that the Mediterranean invasion is the result of a movement of individuals from the Red Sea, rather than from other means, and that low genetic diversity does not seem to have a negative effect on the success and spread of lionfish into the Mediterranean Sea.}, }
@article {pmid28752407, year = {2017}, author = {Rigsby, CM and McCartney, NB and Herms, DA and Tumlinson, JH and Cipollini, D}, title = {Variation in the Volatile Profiles of Black and Manchurian Ash in Relation to Emerald Ash Borer Oviposition Preferences.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {43}, number = {8}, pages = {831-842}, pmid = {28752407}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Acyclic Monoterpenes ; Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Female ; Fraxinus/*chemistry/metabolism ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Monocyclic Sesquiterpenes ; Monoterpenes/chemistry/pharmacology ; Oviposition/drug effects ; Plant Bark/chemistry/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/chemistry/metabolism ; Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes ; Sesquiterpenes/chemistry/pharmacology ; Volatile Organic Compounds/*chemistry/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Emerald ash borer (EAB; Agrilus planipennis) is a devastating pest of ash (Fraxinus spp.) in its invaded range in North America. Its coevolved Asian hosts are more resistant and less preferred for oviposition than susceptible North American species. We compared EAB oviposition preferences and bark and canopy volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions of resistant Manchurian ash and susceptible black ash, and examined relationships between VOC profiles and oviposition. In the field, black ash was highly preferred for oviposition while no eggs were laid on Manchurian ash, and we found clear differences in the VOC profiles of Manchurian and black ash. We detected 78 compounds emitted from these species, including 16 compounds that elicited EAB antennal activity in prior studies. Four compounds were unique to black and 11 to Manchurian ash. Emission rates of 14 canopy and 19 bark volatiles varied among the two species, including four previously reported as antennally active. Specifically, 7-epi-sesquithujene (bark) emissions were greater from black ash, while β-caryophyllene (canopy), linalool (bark), and α-cubebene (bark) were emitted at higher rates by Manchurian ash. No relationships were found between the emission rate of any single compound or group of compounds (e.g. monoterpenes) suggesting that preference may be based on complex profile combinations. This is the first study to directly compare VOCs of black and Manchurian ash as well as the first to examine bark- and canopy-specific VOCs. The unique bark and canopy VOC profiles of these two species implicates potentially important variation in VOCs between a closely related resistant and susceptible species that provides a foundation for future studies of host preferences of EAB.}, }
@article {pmid28752298, year = {2018}, author = {Oliveira, DL and Vasconcelos, SD}, title = {Diversity, Daily Flight Activity and Temporal Occurrence of Necrophagous Diptera Associated with Decomposing Carcasses in a Semi-Arid Environment.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, pages = {470-477}, pmid = {28752298}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Cadaver ; Diptera/*physiology ; *Flight, Animal ; Muscidae/*physiology ; Rats ; Sarcophagidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The harsh conditions of the Brazilian seasonally dry tropical forest known as Caatinga pose challenges to the insects specialized in the exploitation of ephemeral resources. We investigated the diversity and daily flight activity of dipterans associated with decomposing rat carcasses in a field experiment performed in the semi-arid region of Pernambuco State, Brazil. We also analyzed the temporal arrival of adult insects on the carcasses at three stages of decomposition: early, intermediate, and advanced. We collected 1173 individuals, of which Muscidae had the highest abundance (36.5%), followed by Sarcophagidae (28.1%), Calliphoridae (25.2%), and Fanniidae (10.2%). Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819) (Calliphoridae), Fannia pusio (Wiedemann, 1830) (Fanniidae), Atherigona orientalis (Schiner, 1868), and Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758) (Muscidae) were the most abundant species. The richness reached its maximum value on the second day of decomposition, with 18 species, decreasing to 8 species on the last day of decomposition (7 days). The ecological indices of diversity, dominance, and evenness varied little among the stages. There was an overlap of most species throughout the decomposition, although the overall abundance was higher at the intermediate stage for Calliphoridae, Muscidae, and Sarcophagidae. In accordance to previous studies, nocturnal flight was rare, as approximately 8% of insects were captured at night. Our results expand the knowledge on ecological and behavioral aspects of necrophagous flies under inhospitable environments, such as the dry season in the Caatinga. The dominance of the invasive species C. albiceps reinforced here illustrates its geographical expansion towards the countryside of Northeastern Brazil.}, }
@article {pmid28750176, year = {2017}, author = {Merceron, NR and Leroy, T and Chancerel, E and Romero-Severson, J and Borkowski, DS and Ducousso, A and Monty, A and Porté, AJ and Kremer, A}, title = {Back to America: tracking the origin of European introduced populations of Quercus rubra L.}, journal = {Genome}, volume = {60}, number = {9}, pages = {778-790}, pmid = {28750176}, issn = {1480-3321}, support = {339728/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; DNA, Plant ; Europe ; Genetic Variation ; Genotyping Techniques ; *Introduced Species ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Quercus/*genetics ; United States ; }, abstract = {Quercus rubra has been introduced in Europe since the end of the 17th century. It is widely distributed today across this continent and considered invasive in some countries. Here, we investigated the distribution of genetic diversity of both native and introduced populations with the aim of tracing the origin of introduced populations. A large sampling of 883 individuals from 73 native and 38 European locations were genotyped at 69 SNPs. In the natural range, we found a continuous geographic gradient of variation with a predominant latitudinal component. We explored the existence of ancestral populations by performing Bayesian clustering analysis and found support for two or three ancestral genetic clusters. Approximate Bayesian Computations analyses based on these two or three clusters support recent extensive secondary contacts between them, suggesting that present-day continuous genetic variation resulted from recent admixture. In the introduced range, one main genetic cluster was not recovered in Europe, suggesting that source populations were preferentially located in the northern part of the natural distribution. However, our results cannot refute the introduction of populations from the southern states that did not survive in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid28750011, year = {2017}, author = {Sato, H and Coburn, J}, title = {Leptospira interrogans causes quantitative and morphological disturbances in adherens junctions and other biological groups of proteins in human endothelial cells.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {e0005830}, pmid = {28750011}, issn = {1935-2735}, support = {R01 AI112920/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adherens Junctions/*microbiology ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Cell Line ; Endothelial Cells/*microbiology ; Extracellular Matrix/*microbiology ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/*metabolism ; Humans ; Leptospira interrogans/*pathogenicity ; Leptospirosis/microbiology ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; }, abstract = {Pathogenic Leptospira transmits from animals to humans, causing the zoonotic life-threatening infection called leptospirosis. This infection is reported worldwide with higher risk in tropical regions. Symptoms of leptospirosis range from mild illness to severe illness such as liver damage, kidney failure, respiratory distress, meningitis, and fatal hemorrhagic disease. Invasive species of Leptospira rapidly disseminate to multiple tissues where this bacterium damages host endothelial cells, increasing vascular permeability. Despite the burden in humans and animals, the pathogenic mechanisms of Leptospira infection remain to be elucidated. The pathogenic leptospires adhere to endothelial cells and permeabilize endothelial barriers in vivo and in vitro. In this study, human endothelial cells were infected with the pathogenic L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni or the saprophyte L. biflexa serovar Patoc to investigate morphological changes and other distinctive phenotypes of host cell proteins by fluorescence microscopy. Among those analyzed, 17 proteins from five biological classes demonstrated distinctive phenotypes in morphology and/or signal intensity upon infection with Leptospira. The affected biological groups include: 1) extracellular matrix, 2) intercellular adhesion molecules and cell surface receptors, 3) intracellular proteins, 4) cell-cell junction proteins, and 5) a cytoskeletal protein. Infection with the pathogenic strain most profoundly disturbed the biological structures of adherens junctions (VE-cadherin and catenins) and actin filaments. Our data illuminate morphological disruptions and reduced signals of cell-cell junction proteins and filamentous actin in L. interrogans-infected endothelial cells. In addition, Leptospira infection, regardless of pathogenic status, influenced other host proteins belonging to multiple biological classes. Our data suggest that this zoonotic agent may damage endothelial cells via multiple cascades or pathways including endothelial barrier damage and inflammation, potentially leading to vascular hyperpermeability and severe illness in vivo. This work provides new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of Leptospira infection.}, }
@article {pmid28747705, year = {2017}, author = {Kamutando, CN and Vikram, S and Kamgan-Nkuekam, G and Makhalanyane, TP and Greve, M and Roux, JJL and Richardson, DM and Cowan, D and Valverde, A}, title = {Soil nutritional status and biogeography influence rhizosphere microbial communities associated with the invasive tree Acacia dealbata.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {6472}, pmid = {28747705}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Acacia/*growth &amp; development ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Fungal Proteins/genetics ; Fungi/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Microbiota ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rhizosphere ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; Soil/*chemistry ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invasiveness and the impacts of introduced plants are known to be mediated by plant-microbe interactions. Yet, the microbial communities associated with invasive plants are generally poorly understood. Here we report on the first comprehensive investigation of the bacterial and fungal communities inhabiting the rhizosphere and the surrounding bulk soil of a widespread invasive tree, Acacia dealbata. Amplicon sequencing data indicated that rhizospheric microbial communities differed significantly in structure and composition from those of the bulk soil. Two bacterial (Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria) and two fungal (Pezizomycetes and Agaricomycetes) classes were enriched in the rhizosphere compared with bulk soils. Changes in nutritional status, possibly induced by A. dealbata, primarily shaped rhizosphere soil communities. Despite a high degree of geographic variability in the diversity and composition of microbial communities, invasive A. dealbata populations shared a core of bacterial and fungal taxa, some of which are known to be involved in N and P cycling, while others are regarded as plant pathogens. Shotgun metagenomic analysis also showed that several functional genes related to plant growth promotion were overrepresented in the rhizospheres of A. dealbata. Overall, results suggest that rhizosphere microbes may contribute to the widespread success of this invader in novel environments.}, }
@article {pmid28747630, year = {2017}, author = {Dufresnes, C and Denoël, M and di Santo, L and Dubey, S}, title = {Multiple uprising invasions of Pelophylax water frogs, potentially inducing a new hybridogenetic complex.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {6506}, pmid = {28747630}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Chimera ; France ; *Introduced Species ; Ranidae/*classification/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The genetic era has revolutionized our perception of biological invasions. Yet, it is usually too late to understand their genesis for efficient management. Here, we take the rare opportunity to reconstruct the scenario of an uprising invasion of the famous water frogs (Pelophylax) in southern France, through a fine-scale genetic survey. We identified three different taxa over less than 200 km[2]: the autochthonous P. perezi, along with the alien P. ridibundus and P. kurtmuelleri, which have suddenly become invasive. As a consequence, the latter hybridizes and may now form a novel hybridogenetic complex with P. perezi, which could actively promote its replacement. This exceptional situation makes a textbook application of genetics to early-detect, monitor and understand the onset of biological invasions before they pose a continental-wide threat. It further emphasizes the alarming rate of amphibian translocations, both at global and local scales, as well as the outstanding invasive potential of Pelophylax aliens.}, }
@article {pmid28746452, year = {2017}, author = {Castillo, C and Lobos, G and González-Acuña, D and Moreno, L and González, CE and Landaeta-Aqueveque, C}, title = {First parasitological study of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis, Amphibia) in Chile.}, journal = {Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {243-247}, doi = {10.1590/S1984-29612017029}, pmid = {28746452}, issn = {1984-2961}, mesh = {Animals ; Ascaridoidea/classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; Chile ; Chytridiomycota/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Introduced Species ; Xenopus laevis/*microbiology/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Introduced species can arrive into new territories with parasites; however, these species are expected to face lower parasite richness than in their original regions. Both introduced hosts and parasites can affect native fauna. Since their release into the wild in Chile following laboratory use, Xenopus laevis Daudin, 1802 has widely spread throughout central Chile. The only pathogen described on the host is the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Longcore, Pessier, Nichols, 1999; thus, this is the first parasitological study of this species in Chile. In 10 localities in central Chile, 179 specimens of X. laevis were captured and examined for parasites in the gastrointestinal tube, cavities, lungs, liver, and skin. Only nine specimens of the genus Contracaecum Railliet, Henry, 1912 were found in six specimens of X. laevis from a private dam in La Patagua. It is likely that these parasites originated from species of native birds. This is the first record of Contracaecum sp. in Chilean amphibians.}, }
@article {pmid28746444, year = {2017}, author = {Lapera, IM and Silva, ACD and Canônico, BM and Perezin, GF and Tebaldi, JH and Pala, G and Manrique, WG and Hoppe, EGL}, title = {Metazoan parasites of Plagioscion squamosissimus, an invasive species in the Tietê River, São Paulo, Brazil.}, journal = {Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {143-151}, doi = {10.1590/S1984-29612017035}, pmid = {28746444}, issn = {1984-2961}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*parasitology ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {This study focused on the characterization and analysis of communities and infra-communities of metazoan parasites of Plagioscion squamosissimus caught in Promissão Reservoir in the Tietê River in Borborema (21°39'58"S, 49°8'49"W), state of São Paulo, Brazil. Fifty adult specimens caught by professional fishermen in March 2015 were necropsied. The fish presented an average standard length of 25.2 ± 2.2 cm and average weight of 328.82 ± 89.03 g. A total of 5,227 specimens of metazoan parasites were collected: 2,880 (55.1%) adult Diplectanum piscinarius (Monogenoidea: Diplectanidae) and 2,347 (44.9%) Austrodiplostomum compactum metacercariae (Digenea, Diplostomidae), both with 100% prevalence and mean abundance of 57.6 and 46.9, respectively. Parasite diversity was low (species richness = 2), with a Simpson index (D) equal to 0.505, and low values of Brillouin (HB = 0.687) and Margalef diversity (I = 0.117) indices. Berger-Parker's index of dominance (p = 0.551) indicated a slight dominance of the monogenean parasite D. piscinarius. There was a positive correlation, assessed by Pearson coefficient between parasite abundance of D. piscinarius and standard length (r = 0.43) and weight (r = 0.51) of hosts.}, }
@article {pmid28746442, year = {2017}, author = {Briceño, C and Surot, D and González-Acuña, D and Martínez, FJ and Fredes, F}, title = {Parasitic survey on introduced monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) in Santiago, Chile.}, journal = {Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {129-135}, doi = {10.1590/S1984-29612017023}, pmid = {28746442}, issn = {1984-2961}, mesh = {Animals ; Chile ; Cryptosporidium/isolation &amp; purification ; *Introduced Species ; Mites ; Parakeets/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Central Chile has been identified as a unique ecosystem with high conservation priority because of its high levels of endemism and intensive anthropic pressure. Over a period of almost four decades, the monk parakeet has been successful in establishing and dispersing in urban Santiago, although little is known about its potential impact. Furthermore, nothing is known about its epidemiological risks towards animals or even humans. For this reason, we conducted the first parasitic survey of monk parakeets in Chile through capture, necropsy and thorough external and internal inspection of 92 adult individuals. Among these, 45.7% presented lice that were identified as Paragoniocotes fulvofasciatum, 1.1% had mesostigmatid acari and 8.9% had free-ranging acari. Among 89 parakeets, 19.1% had structures identified as Cryptosporidium sp. This study provides the first description of Cryptosporidium sp. in monk parakeets. Along with the presence of a mesostigmatid acarus in one parakeet, this serves as a public health warning, given that both of these parasites have zoonotic potential.}, }
@article {pmid28746379, year = {2017}, author = {Mantooth, K and Hadziabdic, D and Boggess, S and Windham, M and Miller, S and Cai, G and Spatafora, J and Zhang, N and Staton, M and Ownley, B and Trigiano, R}, title = {Confirmation of independent introductions of an exotic plant pathogen of Cornus species, Discula destructiva, on the east and west coasts of North America.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {e0180345}, pmid = {28746379}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ascomycota/classification/genetics/*physiology ; Cluster Analysis ; Cornus/classification/*microbiology ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genome, Fungal/genetics ; Geography ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; United States ; }, abstract = {Cornus florida (flowering dogwood) and C. nuttallii (Pacific dogwood) are North American native tree species that belong to the big-bracted group of dogwoods. Cornus species are highly valued for their ornamental characteristics, and have fruits that contain high fat content for animals. Also, they are an important understory tree in natural forests. Dogwood anthracnose, caused by Discula destructiva, was observed in the late 1970s on the east and west coasts of the United States and by 1991 had quickly spread throughout most of the native ranges of C. florida and C. nuttalli. We investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of 93 D. destructiva isolates using 47 microsatellite loci developed from the sequenced genome of the type strain of D. destructiva. Clone-corrected data indicated low genetic diversity and the presence of four genetic clusters that corresponded to two major geographic areas, the eastern United States and the Pacific Northwest, and to the two collection time periods when the isolates were collected (pre- and post-1993). Linkage disequilibrium was present in five out of six subpopulations, suggesting that the fungus only reproduced asexually. Evidence of population bottlenecks was indicated across four identified genetic clusters, and was probably the result of the limited number of founding individuals on both coasts. These results support the hypothesis that D. destructiva is an exotic pathogen with independent introductions on the east and west coasts of North America. We also tested the cross-amplification of these microsatellite primers to other Discula species. Genomic DNA from 17 isolates of four other Discula species and two isolates of Juglanconis species (formerly Melanconis species) were amplified by 17 of 47 primer pairs. These primers may be useful for investigating the genetic diversity and population structure of these Discula species.}, }
@article {pmid28743998, year = {2017}, author = {Katoh, M and Tatsuta, H and Tsuji, K}, title = {Rapid evolution of a Batesian mimicry trait in a butterfly responding to arrival of a new model.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {6369}, pmid = {28743998}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Biological Mimicry ; Butterflies/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Maternal Inheritance ; Wings, Animal/*anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Batesian mimicry, a phenomenon in which harmless organisms resemble harmful or unpalatable species, has been extensively studied in evolutionary biology. Model species may differ from population to population of a single mimetic species, so different predation pressures might have driven micro-evolution towards better mimicry among regions. However, there is scant direct evidence of micro-evolutionary change over time in mimicry traits. Papilio polytes shows female-limited Batesian mimicry. On Okinawa, one mimicry model is Pachliopta aristolochiae, which was not present on the island until 1993. In P. polytes, the size of the hind-wing white spot, a mimetic trait, is maternally heritable. Among specimens collected between 1961 and 2016, the average white spot size was unchanged before the model's arrival but has rapidly increased since then. However, white spot size showed greater variance after the model's establishment than before. This suggests that before 1993, white spot size in this population was not selectively neutral but was an adaptive trait for mimicking an unpalatable native, Byasa alcinous, which looks like P. aristolochiae apart from the latter's hind-wing white spot. Thus, some females switched their model to the new one after its arrival.}, }
@article {pmid28743760, year = {2017}, author = {Waring, EF and Holaday, AS}, title = {High growth temperatures and high soil nitrogen do not alter differences in CO2 assimilation between invasive Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass) and Carex stricta (tussock sedge).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {104}, number = {7}, pages = {999-1007}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1600339}, pmid = {28743760}, issn = {1537-2197}, support = {//Texas Tech University/ ; //The Wetland Foundation/ ; //Society of Wetland Scientists/ ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Global change in temperature and soil nitrogen availability could affect plant community composition, potentially giving an advantage to invasive species compared to native species. We addressed how high temperatures affected CO2 assimilation parameters for invasive Phalaris arundinacea and a sedge, Carex stricta, it displaces, in natural and controlled environments.<br><br>METHODS: Photosynthetic parameters were measured in a wetland in Indiana, USA during the abnormally warm year of 2012. In a growth chamber, photosynthetic parameters were measured on the plants grown under three levels of nitrogen and exposed to optimum temperatures followed by 2012-like summer conditions and then hot temperatures with an autumn-like photoperiod.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: In the wetland, C. stricta exhibited signs of midsummer leaf senescence, whereas P. arundinacea maintained CO2 assimilation at ambient pCO2 (Aamb) through mid-October. In the chamber, 2012-like conditions reduced Aamb for both species through reductions in maximum carboxylation (Vcmax) and electron transport (Jmax) without further change during subsequent hot, autumn-like conditions, whereas the quantum efficiency of carbon assimilation (qe) declined throughout the experiment. However, P. arundinacea had higher values of Aamb , Jmax , and qe than C. stricta. A general, the positive effect of increasing nitrogen availability occurred for photosynthetic processes for both species in hot conditions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that C. stricta is more susceptible to excessive light stress than P. arundinacea during hot, sunny periods, leading to leaf senescence. Field confirmation of this idea is needed, but frequent heat waves should favor P. arundinacea over C. stricta with or without eutrophication.}, }
@article {pmid28743321, year = {2018}, author = {Lakatos, KT and László, Z and Tóthmérész, B}, title = {Disturbance induced dynamics of a tritrophic novel ecosystem.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {108}, number = {2}, pages = {158-165}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485317000621}, pmid = {28743321}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; *Food Chain ; *Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; *Robinia ; }, abstract = {Novel ecosystems formed by invasive plants provide a good opportunity to get insight into early dynamics and pattern formation of these ecosystems. The invasive black locust as host plant, Bruchophagus robiniae as host-specific seed predator and its parasitoids were the components of the studied tritrophic system. To investigate disturbance-driven dynamics of this system we created seed-vacated host plant patches in a field experiment. We removed all pods from selected patches of black locust resulting in an induced local extinction of seed predators and their parasitoids. We hypothesized that disturbance enhances top-down control by parasitoids; this enhanced top-down control decreases seed predation, facilitating the host plant's spread. We found that disturbance modified only parasitism after controlling with year effect: in vacated patches median parasitism was higher than in control patches. Seed predation exceeded its initial level in vacated patches in the third year after the disturbance, but in the fourth year it dropped again presumably due to the strong top-down control. Our findings also suggested that the seed predator was also affected by the bottom-up control of its host plant's density. We found that in the studied new ecosystem the top-down control was strengthened by the disturbance. Since the host plant of the tritrophic system is an invasive species, partial habitat disturbance of such species may increase the severity of parasitoid top-down control, which may reduce seed predation by the herbivores.}, }
@article {pmid28742457, year = {2017}, author = {Buddenhagen, CE and Hernandez Nopsa, JF and Andersen, KF and Andrade-Piedra, J and Forbes, GA and Kromann, P and Thomas-Sharma, S and Useche, P and Garrett, KA}, title = {Epidemic Network Analysis for Mitigation of Invasive Pathogens in Seed Systems: Potato in Ecuador.}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {107}, number = {10}, pages = {1209-1218}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-03-17-0108-FI}, pmid = {28742457}, issn = {0031-949X}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; Crops, Agricultural ; Ecuador ; *Epidemics ; Female ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Models, Theoretical ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Plant Tubers/microbiology ; Seeds/*microbiology ; Solanum tuberosum/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Seed systems have an important role in the distribution of high-quality seed and improved varieties. The structure of seed networks also helps to determine the epidemiological risk for seedborne disease. We present a new approach for evaluating the epidemiological role of nodes in seed networks, and apply it to a regional potato farmer consortium (Consorcio de Productores de Papa [CONPAPA]) in Ecuador. We surveyed farmers to estimate the structure of networks of farmer seed tuber and ware potato transactions, and farmer information sources about pest and disease management. Then, we simulated pathogen spread through seed transaction networks to identify priority nodes for disease detection. The likelihood of pathogen establishment was weighted based on the quality or quantity of information sources about disease management. CONPAPA staff and facilities, a market, and certain farms are priorities for disease management interventions such as training, monitoring, and variety dissemination. Advice from agrochemical store staff was common but assessed as significantly less reliable. Farmer access to information (reported number and quality of sources) was similar for both genders. However, women had a smaller amount of the market share for seed tubers and ware potato. Understanding seed system networks provides input for scenario analyses to evaluate potential system improvements. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .}, }
@article {pmid28740240, year = {2017}, author = {Keeling, MJ and Franklin, DN and Datta, S and Brown, MA and Budge, GE}, title = {Predicting the spread of the Asian hornet (Vespa velutina) following its incursion into Great Britain.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {6240}, pmid = {28740240}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {BB/I000801/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; France ; Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; Social Behavior ; United Kingdom ; Wasps/*classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The yellow-legged or Asian hornet (Vespa velutina) is native to South-East Asia, and is a voracious predator of pollinating insects including honey bees. Since its accidental introduction into South-Western France in 2004, V. velutina has spread to much of western Europe. The presence of V. velutina in Great Britain was first confirmed in September 2016. The likely dynamics following an initial incursion are uncertain, especially the risk of continued spread, and the likely success of control measures. Here we extrapolate from the situation in France to quantify the potential invasion of V. velutina in Great Britain. We find that, without control, V. velutina could colonise the British mainland rapidly, depending upon how the Asian hornet responds to the colder climate in Britain compared to France. The announcement that a second hornet had been discovered in Somerset, increases the chance that the invasion first occurred before 2016. We therefore consider the likely site of first invasion and the probabilistic position of additional founding nests in late 2016 and early 2017. Given the potential dispersion of V. velutina, we conclude that vigilance is required over a large area to prevent the establishment of this threat to the pollinator population.}, }
@article {pmid28738203, year = {2017}, author = {Trebitz, AS and Hoffman, JC and Darling, JA and Pilgrim, EM and Kelly, JR and Brown, EA and Chadderton, WL and Egan, SP and Grey, EK and Hashsham, SA and Klymus, KE and Mahon, AR and Ram, JL and Schultz, MT and Stepien, CA and Schardt, JC}, title = {Early detection monitoring for aquatic non-indigenous species: Optimizing surveillance, incorporating advanced technologies, and identifying research needs.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {202}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {299-310}, pmid = {28738203}, issn = {1095-8630}, support = {EPA999999//Intramural EPA/United States ; EPA999999//Intramural EPA/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; DNA ; Environmental Monitoring ; Great Lakes Region ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Following decades of ecologic and economic impacts from a growing list of nonindigenous and invasive species, government and management entities are committing to systematic early- detection monitoring (EDM). This has reinvigorated investment in the science underpinning such monitoring, as well as the need to convey that science in practical terms to those tasked with EDM implementation. Using the context of nonindigenous species in the North American Great Lakes, this article summarizes the current scientific tools and knowledge - including limitations, research needs, and likely future developments - relevant to various aspects of planning and conducting comprehensive EDM. We begin with the scope of the effort, contrasting target-species with broad-spectrum monitoring, reviewing information to support prioritization based on species and locations, and exploring the challenge of moving beyond individual surveys towards a coordinated monitoring network. Next, we discuss survey design, including effort to expend and its allocation over space and time. A section on sample collection and analysis overviews the merits of collecting actual organisms versus shed DNA, reviews the capabilities and limitations of identification by morphology, DNA target markers, or DNA barcoding, and examines best practices for sample handling and data verification. We end with a section addressing the analysis of monitoring data, including methods to evaluate survey performance and characterize and communicate uncertainty. Although the body of science supporting EDM implementation is already substantial, research and information needs (many already actively being addressed) include: better data to support risk assessments that guide choice of taxa and locations to monitor; improved understanding of spatiotemporal scales for sample collection; further development of DNA target markers, reference barcodes, genomic workflows, and synergies between DNA-based and morphology-based taxonomy; and tools and information management systems for better evaluating and communicating survey outcomes and uncertainty.}, }
@article {pmid28735205, year = {2017}, author = {Barlow, KM and Mortensen, DA and Drohan, PJ and Averill, KM}, title = {Unconventional gas development facilitates plant invasions.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {202}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {208-216}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.005}, pmid = {28735205}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Natural Gas ; Pennsylvania ; *Plants ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Vegetation removal and soil disturbance from natural resource development, combined with invasive plant propagule pressure, can increase vulnerability to plant invasions. Unconventional oil and gas development produces surface disturbance by way of well pad, road, and pipeline construction, and increased traffic. Little is known about the resulting impacts on plant community assembly, including the spread of invasive plants. Our work was conducted in Pennsylvania forests that overlay the Marcellus and Utica shale formations to determine if invasive plants have spread to edge habitat created by unconventional gas development and to investigate factors associated with their presence. A piecewise structural equation model was used to determine the direct and indirect factors associated with invasive plant establishment on well pads. The model included the following measured or calculated variables: current propagule pressure on local access roads, the spatial extent of the pre-development road network (potential source of invasive propagules), the number of wells per pad (indicator of traffic density), and pad age. Sixty-one percent of the 127 well pads surveyed had at least one invasive plant species present. Invasive plant presence on well pads was positively correlated with local propagule pressure on access roads and indirectly with road density pre-development, the number of wells, and age of the well pad. The vast reserves of unconventional oil and gas are in the early stages of development in the US. Continued development of this underground resource must be paired with careful monitoring and management of surface ecological impacts, including the spread of invasive plants. Prioritizing invasive plant monitoring in unconventional oil and gas development areas with existing roads and multi-well pads could improve early detection and control of invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid28731514, year = {2018}, author = {Carrasco, D and Desurmont, GA and Laplanche, D and Proffit, M and Gols, R and Becher, PG and Larsson, MC and Turlings, TCJ and Anderson, P}, title = {With or without you: Effects of the concurrent range expansion of an herbivore and its natural enemy on native species interactions.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {631-643}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13836}, pmid = {28731514}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Europe ; Food Chain ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Hymenoptera/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Lepidoptera/*parasitology ; Parasites ; Plants/*classification ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Global climatic changes may lead to the arrival of multiple range-expanding species from different trophic levels into new habitats, either simultaneously or in quick succession, potentially causing the introduction of manifold novel interactions into native food webs. Unraveling the complex biotic interactions between native and range-expanding species is critical to understand the impact of climate change on community ecology, but experimental evidence is lacking. In a series of laboratory experiments that simulated direct and indirect species interactions, we investigated the effects of the concurrent arrival of a range-expanding insect herbivore in Europe, Spodoptera littoralis, and its associated parasitoid Microplitis rufiventris, on the native herbivore Mamestra brassicae, and its associated parasitoid Microplitis mediator, when co-occurring on a native plant, Brassica rapa. Overall, direct interactions between the herbivores were beneficial for the exotic herbivore (higher pupal weight than the native herbivore), and negative for the native herbivore (higher mortality than the exotic herbivore). At the third trophic level, both parasitoids were unable to parasitize the herbivore they did not coexist with, but the presence of the exotic parasitoid still negatively affected the native herbivore (increased mortality) and the native parasitoid (decreased parasitism rate), through failed parasitism attempts and interference effects. Our results suggest different interaction scenarios depending on whether S. littoralis and its parasitoid arrive to the native tritrophic system separately or concurrently, as the negative effects associated with the presence of the parasitoid were dependent on the presence of the exotic herbivore. These findings illustrate the complexity and interconnectedness of multitrophic changes resulting from concurrent species arrival to new environments, and the need for integrating the ecological effects of such arrivals into the general theoretical framework of global invasion patterns driven by climatic change.}, }
@article {pmid28727847, year = {2017}, author = {Caesar, M and Grandcolas, P and Pellens, R}, title = {Outstanding micro-endemism in New Caledonia: More than one out of ten animal species have a very restricted distribution range.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {e0181437}, pmid = {28727847}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Classification ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Datasets as Topic ; New Caledonia ; }, abstract = {New Caledonia is a biodiversity hotspot, with an extremely high number of endemic species with narrow distribution ranges that are at high risk of extinction due to open-cast nickel mining, invasive species and seasonal man-induced fires. Mentions of micro-endemism permeate the literature on the biota of this archipelago. However, so far there has been no research comparing distribution range in different animal groups. The aim of this study is to examine the implication of different sampling effort variables in order to distinguish micro-endemicity from data deficiency, and evaluate the distribution range, frequency, and extent to which micro-endemism is common to several groups of organisms. We compiled a dataset derived from publications in Zoologia Neocaledonica, comprising 1,149 species, of which 86% are endemic to New Caledonia. We found that the sampling effort variables that were best correlated with distribution range were the number of sampling dates and the number of collectors per species. The median value of sampling dates was used to establish a cut-off point for defining adequately sampled species. We showed that, although only 52% of species were sampled adequately enough to determine their distribution range, the number of species with a very narrow distribution range was still high. Among endemics from New Caledonia, 12% (116 species) have ranges ≤5.2km2 and 3.9% (38 species) have ranges between 23 and 100 km2. Surprisingly, a similar trend was observed in non-endemic species: 22% occurred in areas ≤ 5.2 km2, and 8% in areas 23-100 km2, suggesting that environmental dissimilarity may play an important role in the distribution of these species. Micro-endemic species were predominant in 18 out of 20 orders. These results will contribute to a re-assessment of the IUCN red list of species in this archipelago, indicating that at least 116 species are probably critically endangered.}, }
@article {pmid28727772, year = {2017}, author = {Hull-Sanders, H and Pepper, E and Davis, K and Trotter, RT}, title = {Description of an establishment event by the invasive Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) in a suburban landscape in the northeastern United States.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {e0181655}, pmid = {28727772}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acer/parasitology ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Cities ; *Coleoptera ; *Introduced Species ; Massachusetts ; Wind ; }, abstract = {The establishment of non-native species is commonly described as occurring in three phases: arrival, establishment, and dispersal. Both arrival and dispersal by the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky), a xylophagous Cerambycid native to China and the Korean peninsula, has been documented for multiple locations in both North America and Europe, however the transitional phase, establishment, is not well understood for this species due to the need to rapidly remove populations to prevent dispersal and assist eradication, and the evident variation in the behavior of populations. Here we describe the dynamics of an establishment event for the Asian longhorned beetle in a small, isolated population within the regulated quarantine zone near Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. These data were collected during an opportunity afforded by logistical limits on the Cooperative Asian Longhorned Beetle Eradication Program administered by state, federal, and local government partners. Seventy-one infested red maple (Acer rubrum) trees and 456 interspersed un-infested trees were surveyed in an isolated, recently established population within a ~0.29 ha stand in a suburban wetland conservation area in which nearly 90% of the trees were host species, and nearly 80% were Acer rubrum. Tree-ring analyses show that within this establishing population, Asian longhorned beetles initially infested one or two A. rubrum, before moving through the stand to infest additional A. rubrum based not on distance or direction, but on tree size, with infestation biased towards trees with larger trunk diameters. Survey data from the larger landscape suggest this population may have generated long-distance dispersers (~1400 m), and that these dispersal events occurred before the originally infested host trees were fully exploited by the beetle. The distribution and intensity of damage documented in this population suggest dispersal here may have been spatially more rapid and diffuse than in other documented infestations. Dispersal at these larger spatial scales also implies that when beetles move beyond the closed canopy of the stand, the direction of dispersal may be linked to prevailing winds.}, }
@article {pmid28727747, year = {2017}, author = {Ellis-Soto, D and Blake, S and Soultan, A and Guézou, A and Cabrera, F and Lötters, S}, title = {Plant species dispersed by Galapagos tortoises surf the wave of habitat suitability under anthropogenic climate change.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {e0181333}, pmid = {28727747}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; Endangered Species ; Introduced Species ; Passiflora/physiology ; *Plant Dispersal ; Psidium/physiology ; Turtles/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Native biodiversity on the Galapagos Archipelago is severely threatened by invasive alien species. On Santa Cruz Island, the abundance of introduced plant species is low in the arid lowlands of the Galapagos National Park, but increases with elevation into unprotected humid highlands. Two common alien plant species, guava (Psidium guajava) and passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) occur at higher elevations yet their seeds are dispersed into the lowlands by migrating Galapagos tortoises (Chelonoidis spp.). Tortoises transport large quantities of seeds over long distances into environments in which they have little or no chance of germination and survival under current climate conditions. However, climate change is projected to modify environmental conditions on Galapagos with unknown consequences for the distribution of native and introduced biodiversity. We quantified seed dispersal of guava and passion fruit in tortoise dung piles and the distribution of adult plants along two elevation gradients on Santa Cruz to assess current levels of 'wasted' seed dispersal. We computed species distribution models for both taxa under current and predicted future climate conditions. Assuming that tortoise migratory behaviour continues, current levels of "wasted" seed dispersal in lowlands were projected to decline dramatically in the future for guava but not for passion fruit. Tortoises will facilitate rapid range expansion for guava into lowland areas within the Galapagos National Park where this species is currently absent. Coupled with putative reduction in arid habitat for native species caused by climate change, tortoise driven guava invasion will pose a serious threat to local plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid28726175, year = {2017}, author = {Lei, J and Chen, L and Li, H}, title = {Using ensemble forecasting to examine how climate change promotes worldwide invasion of the golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata).}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {189}, number = {8}, pages = {404}, pmid = {28726175}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; Climate ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Forecasting ; *Introduced Species ; Malus ; Models, Theoretical ; Snails/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, is one of the world's 100 most notorious invasive alien species. Knowledge about the critical climate variables that limit the global distribution range of the snail, as well as predictions of future species distributions under climate change, is very helpful for management of snail. In this study, the climatically suitable habitats for this kind of snail under current climate conditions were modeled by biomod2 and projected to eight future climate scenarios (2 time periods [2050s, 2080s] × 2 Representative Concentration Pathways [RCPs; RCP2.6, RCP8.5] × 2 atmospheric General Circulation Models [GCMs; Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCMA), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)]). The results suggest that the lowest temperature of coldest month is the critical climate variable to restrict the global distribution range of P. canaliculata. It is predicted that the climatically suitable habitats for P. canaliculata will increase by an average of 3.3% in 2050s and 3.8% in 2080s for the RCP2.6 scenario, while they increase by an average of 8.7% in 2050s and 10.3% in 2080s for the RCP8.5 scenario. In general, climate change in the future may promote the global invasion of the invasive species. Therefore, it is necessary to take proactive measures to monitor and preclude the invasion of this species.}, }
@article {pmid28725414, year = {2016}, author = {Shultz, AJ and Baker, AJ and Hill, GE and Nolan, PM and Edwards, SV}, title = {SNPs across time and space: population genomic signatures of founder events and epizootics in the House Finch (Haemorhous mexicanus).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {20}, pages = {7475-7489}, pmid = {28725414}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Identifying genomic signatures of natural selection can be challenging against a background of demographic changes such as bottlenecks and population expansions. Here, we disentangle the effects of demography from selection in the House Finch (Haemorhous mexicanus) using samples collected before and after a pathogen-induced selection event. Using ddRADseq, we genotyped over 18,000 SNPs across the genome in native pre-epizootic western US birds, introduced birds from Hawaii and the eastern United States, post-epizootic eastern birds, and western birds sampled across a similar time span. We found 14% and 7% reductions in nucleotide diversity, respectively, in Hawaiian and pre-epizootic eastern birds relative to pre-epizootic western birds, as well as elevated levels of linkage disequilibrium and other signatures of founder events. Despite finding numerous significant frequency shifts (outlier loci) between pre-epizootic native and introduced populations, we found no signal of reduced genetic diversity, elevated linkage disequilibrium, or outlier loci as a result of the epizootic. Simulations demonstrate that the proportion of outliers associated with founder events could be explained by genetic drift. This rare view of genetic evolution across time in an invasive species provides direct evidence that demographic shifts like founder events have genetic consequences more widespread across the genome than natural selection.}, }
@article {pmid28725396, year = {2016}, author = {Camenen, E and Porté, AJ and Benito Garzón, M}, title = {American trees shift their niches when invading Western Europe: evaluating invasion risks in a changing climate.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {20}, pages = {7263-7275}, pmid = {28725396}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Four North American trees are becoming invasive species in Western Europe: Acer negundo, Prunus serotina, Quercus rubra, and Robinia pseudoacacia. However, their present and future potential risks of invasion have not been yet evaluated. Here, we assess niche shifts between the native and invasive ranges and the potential invasion risk of these four trees in Western Europe. We estimated niche conservatism in a multidimensional climate space using niche overlap Schoener's D, niche equivalence, and niche similarity tests. Niche unfilling and expansion were also estimated in analogous and nonanalogous climates. The capacity for predicting the opposite range between the native and invasive areas (transferability) was estimated by calibrating species distribution models (SDMs) on each range separately. Invasion risk was estimated using SDMs calibrated on both ranges and projected for 2050 climatic conditions. Our results showed that native and invasive niches were not equivalent with low niche overlap for all species. However, significant similarity was found between the invasive and native ranges of Q. rubra and R. pseudoacacia. Niche expansion was lower than 15% for all species, whereas unfilling ranged from 7 to 56% when it was measured using the entire climatic space and between 5 and 38% when it was measured using analogous climate only. Transferability was low for all species. SDMs calibrated over both ranges projected high habitat suitability in Western Europe under current and future climates. Thus, the North American and Western European ranges are not interchangeable irrespective of the studied species, suggesting that other environmental and/or biological characteristics are shaping their invasive niches. The current climatic risk of invasion is especially high for R. pseudoacacia and A. negundo. In the future, the highest risks of invasion for all species are located in Central and Northern Europe, whereas the risk is likely to decrease in the Mediterranean basin.}, }
@article {pmid28725376, year = {2016}, author = {Wijethunga, U and Greenlees, M and Shine, R}, title = {Moving south: effects of water temperatures on the larval development of invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) in cool-temperate Australia.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {19}, pages = {6993-7003}, pmid = {28725376}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The distributional limits of many ectothermic species are set by thermal tolerances of early-developmental stages in the life history; embryos and larvae often are less able to buffer environmental variation than are conspecific adults. In pond-breeding amphibians, for example, cold water may constrain viability of eggs and larvae, even if adults can find suitable thermal conditions in terrestrial niches. Invasive species provide robust model systems for exploring these questions, because we can quantify thermal challenges at the expanding range edge (from field surveys) and larval responses to thermal conditions (in the laboratory). Our studies on invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) at the southern (cool-climate) edge of their expanding range in Australia show that available ponds often average around 20°C during the breeding period, 10°C lower than in many areas of the toads' native range, or in the Australian tropics. Our laboratory experiments showed that cane toad eggs and larvae cannot develop successfully at 16°C, but hatching success and larval survival rates were higher at 20°C than in warmer conditions. Lower temperatures slowed growth rates, increasing the duration of tadpole life, but also increased metamorph body mass. Water temperature also influenced metamorph body shape (high temperatures reduced relative limb length, head width, and body mass) and locomotor performance (increased speed from intermediate temperatures, longer hops from high temperatures). In combination with previous studies, our data suggest that lower water temperatures may enhance rather than reduce recruitment of cane toads, at least in areas where pond temperatures reach or exceed 20°C. That condition is fulfilled over a wide area of southern Australia, suggesting that the continuing expansion of this invasive species is unlikely to be curtailed by the impacts of relatively low water temperatures on the viability of early life-history stages.}, }
@article {pmid28725360, year = {2016}, author = {Lin, S and Zhang, L and Reddy, GVP and Hui, C and Gielis, J and Ding, Y and Shi, P}, title = {A geometrical model for testing bilateral symmetry of bamboo leaf with a simplified Gielis equation.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {19}, pages = {6798-6806}, pmid = {28725360}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The size and shape of plant leaves change with growth, and an accurate description of leaf shape is crucial for describing plant morphogenesis and development. Bilateral symmetry, which has been widely observed but poorly examined, occurs in both dicot and monocot leaves, including all nominated bamboo species (approximately 1,300 species), of which at least 500 are found in China. Although there are apparent differences in leaf size among bamboo species due to genetic and environmental profiles, bamboo leaves have bilateral symmetry with parallel venation and appear similar across species. Here, we investigate whether the shape of bamboo leaves can be accurately described by a simplified Gielis equation, which consists of only two parameters (leaf length and shape) and produces a perfect bilateral shape. To test the applicability of this equation and the occurrence of bilateral symmetry, we first measured the leaf length of 42 bamboo species, examining >500 leaves per species. We then scanned 30 leaves per species that had approximately the same length as the median leaf length for that species. The leaf-shape data from scanned profiles were fitted to the simplified Gielis equation. Results confirmed that the equation fits the leaf-shape data extremely well, with the coefficients of determination being 0.995 on average. We further demonstrated the bilateral symmetry of bamboo leaves, with a clearly defined leaf-shape parameter of all 42 bamboo species investigated ranging from 0.02 to 0.1. This results in a simple and reliable tool for precise determination of bamboo species, with applications in forestry, ecology, and taxonomy.}, }
@article {pmid28724732, year = {2017}, author = {Brown, N and van den Bosch, F and Parnell, S and Denman, S}, title = {Integrating regulatory surveys and citizen science to map outbreaks of forest diseases: acute oak decline in England and Wales.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {284}, number = {1859}, pages = {}, pmid = {28724732}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Community-Based Participatory Research ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Data Collection/*methods ; England ; Forestry ; Forests ; *Plant Diseases ; *Quercus ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Wales ; }, abstract = {The number of emerging tree diseases has increased rapidly in recent times, with severe environmental and economic consequences. Systematic regulatory surveys to detect and establish the distribution of pests are crucial for successful management efforts, but resource-intensive and costly. Volunteers who identify potential invasive species can form an important early warning network in tree health; however, what these data can tell us and how they can be best used to inform and direct official survey effort is not clear. Here, we use an extensive dataset on acute oak decline (AOD) as an opportunity to ask how verified data received from the public can be used. Information on the distribution of AOD was available as (i) systematic regulatory surveys conducted throughout England and Wales, and (ii) ad hoc sightings reported by landowners, land managers and members of the public (i.e. 'self-reported' cases). By using the available self-reported cases at the design stage, the systematic survey could focus on defining the boundaries of the affected area. This maximized the use of available resources and highlights the benefits to be gained by developing strategies to enhance volunteer efforts in future programmes.}, }
@article {pmid28721680, year = {2017}, author = {Ayyagari, VS and Sreerama, K}, title = {Evaluation of haplotype diversity of Achatina fulica (Lissachatina) [Bowdich] from Indian sub-continent by means of 16S rDNA sequence and its phylogenetic relationships with other global populations.}, journal = {3 Biotech}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {252}, pmid = {28721680}, issn = {2190-572X}, abstract = {Achatina fulica (Lissachatina fulica) is one of the most invasive species found across the globe causing a significant damage to crops, vegetables, and horticultural plants. This terrestrial snail is native to east Africa and spread to different parts of the world by introductions. India, a hot spot for biodiversity of several endemic gastropods, has witnessed an outburst of this snail population in several parts of the country posing a serious threat to crop loss and also to human health. With an objective to evaluate the genetic diversity of this snail, we have sampled this snail from different parts of India and analyzed its haplotype diversity by means of 16S rDNA sequence information. Apart from this, we have studied the phylogenetic relationships of the isolates sequenced in the present study in relation with other global populations by Bayesian and Maximum-likelihood approaches. Of the isolates sequenced, haplotype 'C' is the predominant one. A new haplotype 'S' from the state of Odisha was observed. The isolates sequenced in the present study clustered with its conspecifics from the Indian sub-continent. Haplotype network analyses were also carried out for studying the evolution of different haplotypes. It was observed that haplotype 'S' was associated with a Mauritius haplotype 'H', indicating the possibility of multiple introductions of A. fulica to India.}, }
@article {pmid28716918, year = {2017}, author = {Ramus, AP and Silliman, BR and Thomsen, MS and Long, ZT}, title = {An invasive foundation species enhances multifunctionality in a coastal ecosystem.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {114}, number = {32}, pages = {8580-8585}, pmid = {28716918}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Gracilaria/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {While invasive species often threaten biodiversity and human well-being, their potential to enhance functioning by offsetting the loss of native habitat has rarely been considered. We manipulated the abundance of the nonnative, habitat-forming seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla in large plots (25 m[2]) on southeastern US intertidal landscapes to assess impacts on multiple ecosystem functions underlying coastal ecosystem services. We document that in the absence of native habitat formers, this invasion has an overall positive, density-dependent impact across a diverse set of ecosystem processes (e.g., abundance and richness of nursery taxa, flow attenuation). Manipulation of invader abundance revealed both thresholds and saturations in the provisioning of ecosystem functions. Taken together, these findings call into question the focus of traditional invasion research and management that assumes negative effects of nonnatives, and emphasize the need to consider context-dependence and integrative measurements when assessing the impact of an invader, including density dependence, multifunctionality, and the status of native habitat formers. This work supports discussion of the idea that where native foundation species have been lost, invasive habitat formers may be considered as sources of valuable ecosystem functions.}, }
@article {pmid28715452, year = {2017}, author = {de Villiers, M and Kriticos, DJ and Veldtman, R}, title = {Including irrigation in niche modelling of the invasive wasp Vespula germanica (Fabricius) improves model fit to predict potential for further spread.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {e0181397}, pmid = {28715452}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Agricultural Irrigation ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Argentina ; Australia ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Seasons ; South Africa ; Stress, Physiological ; Temperature ; *Wasps ; Water ; }, abstract = {The European wasp, Vespula germanica (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), is of Palaearctic origin, being native to Europe, northern Africa and Asia, and introduced into North America, Chile, Argentina, Iceland, Ascension Island, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Due to its polyphagous nature and scavenging behaviour, V. germanica threatens agriculture and silviculture, and negatively affects biodiversity, while its aggressive nature and venomous sting pose a health risk to humans. In areas with warmer winters and longer summers, queens and workers can survive the winter months, leading to the build-up of large nests during the following season; thereby increasing the risk posed by this species. To prevent or prepare for such unwanted impacts it is important to know where the wasp may be able to establish, either through natural spread or through introduction as a result of human transport. Distribution data from Argentina and Australia, and seasonal phenology data from Argentina were used to determine the potential distribution of V. germanica using CLIMEX modelling. In contrast to previous models, the influence of irrigation on its distribution was also investigated. Under a natural rainfall scenario, the model showed similarities to previous models. When irrigation is applied, dry stress is alleviated, leading to larger areas modelled climatically suitable compared with previous models, which provided a better fit with the actual distribution of the species. The main areas at risk of invasion by V. germanica include western USA, Mexico, small areas in Central America and in the north-western region of South America, eastern Brazil, western Russia, north-western China, Japan, the Mediterranean coastal regions of North Africa, and parts of southern and eastern Africa.}, }
@article {pmid28714602, year = {2019}, author = {Wang, XR and Wang, C and Ban, FX and Zhu, DT and Liu, SS and Wang, XW}, title = {Genome-wide identification and characterization of HSP gene superfamily in whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and expression profiling analysis under temperature stress.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {44-57}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12505}, pmid = {28714602}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {31390421//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2014CB138404//National Basic Research Program of China/ ; }, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genome, Insect ; Heat-Shock Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Hemiptera/*genetics/metabolism ; Multigene Family ; Phylogeny ; *Stress, Physiological ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Heat shock proteins (HSP) are essential molecular chaperones that play important roles in the stress stimulation of insects. Bemisia tabaci, a phloem feeder and invasive species, can cause extensive crop damage through direct feeding and transmission of plant viruses. Here we employed comprehensive genomics approaches to identity HSP superfamily members in the Middle East Asia Minor 1 whitefly genome. In total, we identified 26 Hsp genes, including three Hsp90, 17 Hsp70, one Hsp60 and five sHSP (small heat shock protein) genes. The HSP gene superfamily of whitefly is expanded compared with the other five insects surveyed here. The gene structures among the same families are relatively conserved. Meanwhile, the motif compositions and secondary structures of BtHsp proteins were predicted. In addition, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the expression patterns of BtHsp gene superfamily were diverse across different tissues of whiteflies. Most Hsp genes were induced or repressed by thermal stress (40°C) and cold treatment (4°C) in whitefly. Silencing the expression of BtHsp70-6 significantly decreased the survival rate of whitefly under 45°C. All the results showed the Hsps conferred thermo-tolerance or cold-tolerance to whiteflies that protect them from being affected by detrimental temperature conditions. Our observations highlighted the molecular evolutionary properties and the response mechanism to temperature assaults of Hsp genes in whitefly.}, }
@article {pmid28713654, year = {2017}, author = {Céspedes, V and Sánchez, MI and Green, AJ}, title = {Predator-prey interactions between native brine shrimp Artemia parthenogenetica and the alien boatman Trichocorixa verticalis: influence of salinity, predator sex, and size, abundance and parasitic status of prey.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3554}, pmid = {28713654}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Trichocorixa verticalis (T. verticalis), native to North America and the Caribbean islands, is an invasive waterboatman species (Corixidae) in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Previous studies in the native range have suggested that predation by T. verticalis can regulate the abundance of Anostracan and Cladoceran zooplankton in saline ecosystems, causing increases in phytoplankton through a trophic cascade. In this experimental study, we tested the predator-prey relationship between the native brine shrimp Artemia parthenogenetica, and T. verticalis from the Odiel salt ponds in SW Spain. In three experiments, we investigated (1) the effects of Artemia life stage (metanauplii, juveniles, and adults), (2) abundance (three, six, and 12 adult Artemia) and (3) parasitic status (Artemia infected with avian cestodes or uninfected) on predation rates by T. verticalis. We also considered how predation rates in all three experiments were influenced by the sex of T. verticalis and by different salinities (25 and 55 g l[-1]). Experiment 1 showed that predation rates were highest for metanauplii, possibly because their photophilic behavior makes them more prone to predation. In Experiment 2, we found that predation rate was higher for female T. verticalis and the higher salinity, although the strength of the sex effect varied between treatments. Experiment 3 showed that T. verticalis selectively predated adult Artemia infected with cestodes (red in color), as previously reported for predation by avian final hosts. Collectively, these results indicate that T. verticalis are important predators in their introduced range, and are likely to reduce the abundance of Artemia in more salt ponds as they expand their range, thus increasing phytoplankton abundance through trophic cascades.}, }
@article {pmid28710403, year = {2017}, author = {Chiarucci, A and Fattorini, S and Foggi, B and Landi, S and Lazzaro, L and Podani, J and Simberloff, D}, title = {Plant recording across two centuries reveals dramatic changes in species diversity of a Mediterranean archipelago.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {5415}, pmid = {28710403}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Algorithms ; *Biodiversity ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Italy ; Magnoliopsida/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Models, Biological ; Plants/*classification ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Although islands are model systems for investigating assembly of biological communities, long-term changes in archipelago communities are not well understood because of the lack of reliable data. By using a vast amount of floristic data we assembled a dataset of the plant species occurring on 16 islands of the Tuscan Archipelago, Italy, across two periods, 1830-1950 and 1951-2015. We collected 10,892 occurrence records for 1,831 species. We found major changes in the island plant assemblages between the two periods, with native flora significantly decreasing (-10.7%) and alien flora doubling (+132.1%) in richness. The species-area relationships demonstrated the scale-dependence of the observed changes for native and alien species. The observed floristic changes were dependent on island area, with smaller islands displaying high variability in richness and compositional changes and larger islands having more stable species assemblages. The richness of species associated with open landscapes, that had been maintained for centuries by traditional practices, markedly reduced while the number of woody species, associated with afforestation processes and invasion by alien woody plants, significantly incresed. These results demonstrate the great power of floristic studies, often available in grey literature, for understanding long-term biotic changes in insular ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid28709090, year = {2017}, author = {Maceda-Veiga, A and Mac Nally, R and de Sostoa, A}, title = {The presence of non-native species is not associated with native fish sensitivity to water pollution in greatly hydrologically altered rivers.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {607-608}, number = {}, pages = {549-557}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.010}, pmid = {28709090}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; *Rivers ; Spain ; Water Pollution/*adverse effects ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {There is a risk of 'ecological surprises' if multiple potentially interacting stressors are managed individually, which is a question attracting significant current interest. Habitat degradation and species introductions are major threats to global biodiversity, and riverine fish are among the most threatened taxa in the world. Our interest was whether the presence of non-native species can affect native fish sensitivity to water quality deterioration in a large region in northeastern Spain (99,700km[2], 15 catchments, 530 sites). We used a 'base model' with geographical and hydro-morphological variables, which are the major shaping factors in rivers. We tested whether water pollution, non-native species, or their interaction provided an improved understanding of patterns of distributions and health measurements of the twelve most common native species. There was little evidence that variation in native species abundance, where they occurred, the presence of diseases and changes in mean fish length or body condition was affected by water deterioration, the presence of non-native species, or their interaction. The disease rate and occurrence of native species might be affected, to a minor degree, by water quality changes and the presence of non-native species. Environmental conditions between sites with and without non-native fish differed in the condition of riparian areas and in water quality. Based on presence-absence data and changes in abundances through weighted average equations we also derived potential safe levels of salinization, nutrient pollution, and pH for the native fish. Overall, additive effects of stressors prevail over interactions, and the restoration of natural hydro-morphology in rivers is likely to be the most effective management approach to improving the prospects for the native fish fauna.}, }
@article {pmid28704433, year = {2017}, author = {Romero-Alvarez, D and Escobar, LE and Varela, S and Larkin, DJ and Phelps, NBD}, title = {Forecasting distributions of an aquatic invasive species (Nitellopsis obtusa) under future climate scenarios.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {e0180930}, pmid = {28704433}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Characeae/*growth &amp; development ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Minnesota ; Models, Biological ; Population Forecast ; }, abstract = {Starry stonewort (Nitellopsis obtusa) is an alga that has emerged as an aquatic invasive species of concern in the United States. Where established, starry stonewort can interfere with recreational uses of water bodies and potentially have ecological impacts. Incipient invasion of starry stonewort in Minnesota provides an opportunity to predict future expansion in order to target early detection and strategic management. We used ecological niche models to identify suitable areas for starry stonewort in Minnesota based on global occurrence records and present-day and future climate conditions. We assessed sensitivity of forecasts to different parameters, using four emission scenarios (i.e., RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6, and RCP 8.5) from five future climate models (i.e., CCSM, GISS, IPSL, MIROC, and MRI). From our niche model analyses, we found that (i) occurrences from the entire range, instead of occurrences restricted to the invaded range, provide more informed models; (ii) default settings in Maxent did not provide the best model; (iii) the model calibration area and its background samples impact model performance; (iv) model projections to future climate conditions should be restricted to analogous environments; and (v) forecasts in future climate conditions should include different future climate models and model calibration areas to better capture uncertainty in forecasts. Under present climate, the most suitable areas for starry stonewort are predicted to be found in central and southeastern Minnesota. In the future, suitable areas for starry stonewort are predicted to shift in geographic range under some future climate models and to shrink under others, with most permutations indicating a net decrease of the species' suitable range. Our suitability maps can serve to design short-term plans for surveillance and education, while future climate models suggest a plausible reduction of starry stonewort spread in the long-term if the trends in climate warming remain.}, }
@article {pmid28703291, year = {2017}, author = {Anderson, AB and Salas, EM and Rocha, LA and Floeter, SR}, title = {The recent colonization of south Brazil by the Azores chromis Chromis limbata.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {91}, number = {2}, pages = {558-573}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13363}, pmid = {28703291}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Base Sequence ; Brazil ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry ; Fishes/genetics/*physiology ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {The damselfish Chromis limbata is native to the Macaronesian Archipelagos (Azores, Madeira and Canaries) and the western coast of Africa between Senegal and Angola. During the austral summers of 2008 and 2009 the species was recorded for the first time in the south-western Atlantic Ocean around Campeche and Xavier Islands, in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Here, the progression of C. limbata in southern Brazilian waters is described using visual counts and genetic surveys and changes in the density of the native congener Chromis multilineata were also investigated. Underwater visual censuses of both Chromis species were carried out from 2009 to 2014. Chromis limbata tissue samples were collected and the mtDNA control region was sequenced and compared with mtDNA haplotypes from the natural range to confirm species identity, compare genetic diversity and to infer connectivity between newly established Brazilian populations. The Brazilian population of C. limbata increased significantly over the past 5 years and the effect on C. multilineata is still an open question, longer time-series data will be necessary to clarify possible interactions. The molecular analyses confirmed species identity, revealed strong haplotype connectivity among Brazilian study sites and showed a low genetic diversity in Brazil when compared with the native populations, suggesting few individuals started the invasion. Four hypotheses could explain this colonizing event: C. limbata was released by aquarium fish keepers; larvae or juveniles were transported via ship ballast water; the species has rafted alongside oil rigs; they crossed the Atlantic Ocean through normal larval dispersal or naturally rafting alongside drifting objects. The rafting hypotheses are favoured, but all four possibilities are plausible and could have happened in combination.}, }
@article {pmid28703041, year = {2018}, author = {Carroll, CL and Carter, CA and Goodhue, RE and Lawell, CCL and Subbarao, KV}, title = {A Review of Control Options and Externalities for Verticillium Wilts.}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {108}, number = {2}, pages = {160-171}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-03-17-0083-RVW}, pmid = {28703041}, issn = {0031-949X}, mesh = {Agriculture ; California ; Lactuca/*microbiology ; Plant Diseases/microbiology/*prevention &amp; control ; Seeds/microbiology ; Spinacia oleracea/*microbiology ; Verticillium/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Plant pathogens migrate to new regions through human activities such as trade, where they may establish themselves and cause disease on agriculturally important crops. Verticillium wilt of lettuce, caused by Verticillium dahliae, is a soilborne fungus that was introduced to coastal California via infested spinach seeds. It has caused significant losses for lettuce growers. Once introduced, Verticillium wilt could be managed by fumigating with methyl bromide and chloropicrin, but this option is no longer available. Growers can also manage the disease by planting broccoli or not planting spinach. These control options require long-term investments for future gain. Verticillium wilt can also be prevented or controlled by testing and providing spinach seeds with little or no V. dahliae infestation. However, seed companies have been reluctant to test or clean spinach seeds, as spinach crops are not affected by Verticillium wilt. Thus, available control options are affected by externalities. Renters and other producers with short time horizons will not undertake long-term investments and seed companies do not take into account the effect of their decision not to test on lettuce producers. We review the literature on the economics of managing crop disease; discuss the economics of managing Verticillium wilt; and review the recent research on the externalities that arise with short-term growers, and between seed companies and growers due to Verticillium wilt. An externality arises whenever the actions of one individual or firm affects the payoffs to another individual or firm not involved in a specific transaction. These externalities have important implications for the management of Verticillium wilt and, more broadly, for the management of migratory pathogens and the diseases they cause in agriculture in general. This review is of interest to policy-makers, the producers, marketers, seed companies, and researchers.}, }
@article {pmid28702162, year = {2017}, author = {Sweet, DD and Burns, JH}, title = {Plant performance was greater in the soils of more distantly related plants for an herbaceous understory species.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {plx005}, pmid = {28702162}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Growing evidence suggests that plant-soil interactions have important implications for plant community composition. However, the role of phylogenetic relatedness in governing interactions between plants and soil biota is unclear, and more case studies are needed to help build a general picture of whether and how phylogeny might influence plant-soil interactions. We performed a glasshouse experiment to test whether degree of phylogenetic relatedness between Aquilegia canadensis and six co-occurring heterospecifics affects A. canadensis biomass through soil legacy effects. We also compared performance of A. canadensis in soils conditioned by invasive Alliaria petiolata versus native heterospecifics, hypothesizing that conditioning by A. petiolata would suppress the performance of the focal native plant. A. canadensis performed significantly better in distant relatives' soils than in close relatives' soils, and this effect disappeared with soil sterilization, consistent with close relatives sharing similar pathogens. Contrary to our expectations, soils conditioned by the invasive species A. petiolata versus by native species had similar effects on A. canadensis. The greater performance of A. canadensis in soils of more versus less distant relatives is consistent with a hypothesis of phylogenetically constrained pathogen escape, a phenomenon expected to promote coexistence of phylogenetically distant species. However, pairwise plant-soil feedback experiments are needed to create a stronger coexistence prediction.}, }
@article {pmid28702067, year = {2017}, author = {O'Hanlon, A and Feeney, K and Dockery, P and Gormally, MJ}, title = {Quantifying phenotype-environment matching in the protected Kerry spotted slug (Mollusca: Gastropoda) using digital photography: exposure to UV radiation determines cryptic colour morphs.}, journal = {Frontiers in zoology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {35}, pmid = {28702067}, issn = {1742-9994}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Animal colours and patterns commonly play a role in reducing detection by predators, social signalling or increasing survival in response to some other environmental pressure. Different colour morphs can evolve within populations exposed to different levels of predation or environmental stress and in some cases can arise within the lifetime of an individual as the result of phenotypic plasticity. Skin pigmentation is variable for many terrestrial slugs (Mollusca: Gastropoda), both between and within species. The Kerry spotted slug Geomalacus maculosus Allman, an EU protected species, exhibits two distinct phenotypes: brown individuals occur in forested habitats whereas black animals live in open habitats such as blanket bog. Both colour forms are spotted and each type strongly resembles the substrate of their habitat, suggesting that G. maculosus possesses camouflage.<br><br>RESULTS: Analysis of digital images of wild slugs demonstrated that each colour morph is strongly and positively correlated with the colour properties of the background in each habitat but not with the substrate of the alternative habitats, suggesting habitat-specific crypsis. Experiments were undertaken on laboratory-reared juvenile slugs to investigate whether ultraviolet (UV) radiation or diet could induce colour change. Exposure to UV radiation induced the black (bog) phenotype whereas slugs reared in darkness did not change colour. Diet had no effect on juvenile colouration. Examination of skin tissue from specimens exposed to either UV or dark treatments demonstrated that UV-exposed slugs had significantly higher concentrations of black pigment in their epithelium.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that colour dimorphism in G. maculosus is an example of phenotypic plasticity which is explained by differential exposure to UV radiation. Each resulting colour morph provides incidental camouflage against the different coloured substrate of each habitat. This, to our knowledge, is the first documented example of colour change in response to UV radiation in a terrestrial mollusc. Pigmentation appears to be correlated with a number of behavioural traits in G. maculosus, and we suggest that understanding melanisation in other terrestrial molluscs may be useful in the study of pestiferous and invasive species. The implications of colour change for G. maculosus conservation are also discussed.}, }
@article {pmid28701736, year = {2017}, author = {Leonard, K and Hewitt, CL and Campbell, ML and Primo, C and Miller, SD}, title = {Epibiotic pressure contributes to biofouling invader success.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {5173}, pmid = {28701736}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofouling ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Microbial Interactions ; }, abstract = {Reduced competition is a frequent explanation for the success of many introduced species. In benthic marine biofouling communities, space limitation leads to high rates of overgrowth competition. Some species can utilise other living organisms as substrate (epibiosis), proffering a competitive advantage for the epibiont. Additionally, some species can prevent or reduce epibiotic settlement on their surfaces and avoid being basibionts. To test whether epibiotic pressure differs between native and introduced species, we undertook ex situ experiments comparing bryozoan larval settlement to determine if introduced species demonstrate a greater propensity to settle as epibionts, and a reduced propensity to be basibionts, than native species. Here we report that introduced species opportunistically settle on any space (bare, native, or introduced), whereas native species exhibit a strong tendency to settle on and near other natives, but avoid settling on or near introduced basibionts. In addition, larvae of native species experience greater larval wastage (mortality) than introduced species, both in the presence and absence of living substrates. Introduced species' ability to settle on natives as epibionts, and in turn avoid epibiosis as basibionts, combined with significantly enhanced native larval wastage, provides a comprehensive suite of competitive advantages contributing to the invasion success of these biofouling species.}, }
@article {pmid28700721, year = {2017}, author = {Wei, J and Zhang, H and Zhao, W and Zhao, Q}, title = {Niche shifts and the potential distribution of Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) under climate change.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {e0180913}, pmid = {28700721}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; Principal Component Analysis ; Software ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is a serious invasive species that significantly damages plants of approximately 60 families around the world. It is originally from North America and has also been introduced to other continents. Our goals were to create a current and future potential global distribution map for this pest under climate change with MaxEnt software. We tested the hypothesis of niche conservatism for P. solenopsis by comparing its native niche in North America to its invasive niches on other continents using Principal components analyses (PCA) in R. The potentially suitable habitat for P. solenopsis in its native and non-native ranges is presented in the present paper. The results suggested that the mean temperature of the wettest quarter and the mean temperature of the driest quarter are the most important environmental variables determining the potential distribution of P. solenopsis. We found strong evidence for niche shifts in the realized climatic niche of this pest in South America and Australia due to niche unfilling; however, a niche shift in the realized climatic niche of this pest in Eurasian owing to niche expansion.}, }
@article {pmid28694188, year = {2017}, author = {Sarabeev, V and Balbuena, JA and Morand, S}, title = {Testing the enemy release hypothesis: abundance and distribution patterns of helminth communities in grey mullets (Teleostei: Mugilidae) reveal the success of invasive species.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {47}, number = {10-11}, pages = {687-696}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.05.006}, pmid = {28694188}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; Helminthiasis, Animal/*parasitology ; Host Specificity ; Introduced Species ; Smegmamorpha/*parasitology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The abundance and aggregation patterns of helminth communities of two grey mullet hosts, Liza haematocheilus and Mugil cephalus, were studied across 14 localities in Atlantic and Pacific marine areas. The analysis matched parasite communities of (i) L. haematocheilus across its native and introduced populations (Sea of Japan and Sea of Azov, respectively) and (ii) the introduced population of L. haematocheilus with native populations of M. cephalus (Mediterranean, Azov-Black and Japan Seas). The total mean abundance (TMA), as a feature of the infection level in helminth communities, and slope b of the Taylor's power law, as a measure of parasite aggregation at the infra and component-community levels, were estimated and compared between host species and localities using ANOVA. The TMA of the whole helminth community in the introduced population of L. haematocheilus was over 15 times lower than that of the native population, but the difference was less pronounced for carried (monogeneans) than for acquired (adult and larval digeneans) parasite communities. Similar to the abundance pattern, the species distribution in communities from the invasive population of L. haematocheilus was less aggregated than from its native population for endoparasitic helminths, including adult and larval digeneans, while monogeneans showed a similar pattern of distribution in the compared populations of L. haematocheilus. The aggregation level of the whole helminth community, endoparasitic helminths, adult and larval digeneans was lower in the invasive host species in comparison with native ones as shown by differences in the slope b. An important theoretical implication from this study is that the pattern of parasite aggregation may explain the success of invasive species in ecosystems. Because the effects of parasites on host mortality are likely dose-dependent, the proportion of susceptible host individuals in invasive species is expected to be lower, as the helminth distribution in the invasive host was featured by a higher number of uninfected hosts and a shorter distribution tail when compared with native species.}, }
@article {pmid28691813, year = {2017}, author = {Kamalakkannan, V and Salim, AA and Capon, RJ}, title = {Microbiome-Mediated Biotransformation of Cane Toad Bufagenins.}, journal = {Journal of natural products}, volume = {80}, number = {7}, pages = {2012-2017}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00134}, pmid = {28691813}, issn = {1520-6025}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacillus/metabolism ; Biotransformation ; Bufanolides/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Bufo marinus ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Microbiota/*physiology ; Molecular Structure ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Toxins, Biological/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Cane toads are an invasive pest species in which all life stages employ cardiotoxic bufagenins as a chemical defense against predators. Curiously, the bufagenin profiles of eggs and tadpoles are more complex than those of parotoid secretion, the principle mechanism of toxin delivery in adult toads. In an effort to understand this complexity, we determined that selected strains of adult toad parotoid-gland-associated Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus spp., were capable of biotransforming secreted bufagenins, marinobufagenin (1), telocinobufagenin (2), bufalin (3), and resibufagenin (4), to hydroxylated scaffolds commonly encountered in cane toad eggs and tadpoles. Scaled-up cultivation, preparative chromatography, and detailed spectroscopic analysis identified Bacillus sp. CMB-TD29 biotransformation products of 1, as 11α-hydroxymarinobufagenin (6), 12β-hydroxymarinobufagenin (7), and 17α-hydroxymarinobufagenin (8). Comparative bufagenin profiles across the cane toad life cycle suggest that bacterial biotransformation mediates the oxidative adaptation of adult toad bufagenins to hydroxylated bufagenins encountered in eggs and tadpoles. We speculate that knowledge of a relationship between the cane toad microbiome and bufagenin chemical defenses could inspire the development of a natural, nontoxic, environmentally sustainable bacterial biocontrol for this toxic invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid28691648, year = {2017}, author = {Sijbranda, DC and Gartrell, BD and Grange, ZL and Howe, L}, title = {Use of a real-time PCR to explore the intensity of Plasmodium spp. infections in native, endemic and introduced New Zealand birds.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {144}, number = {13}, pages = {1743-1751}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182017000919}, pmid = {28691648}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; *Ducks ; Introduced Species ; Malaria, Avian/*epidemiology/parasitology ; New Zealand/epidemiology ; Parasitemia/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary ; Plasmodium/*isolation &amp; purification ; Prevalence ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*veterinary ; *Songbirds ; }, abstract = {Avian malaria, caused by Plasmodium spp., is an emerging disease in New Zealand (NZ). To detect Plasmodium spp. infection and quantify parasite load in NZ birds, a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (qPCR) protocol was used and compared with a nested PCR (nPCR) assay. A total of 202 blood samples from 14 bird species with known nPCR results were tested. The qPCR prevalences for introduced, native and endemic species groups were 70, 11 and 21%, respectively, with a sensitivity and specificity of 96·7 and 98%, respectively, for the qPCR, while a sensitivity and specificity of 80·9 and 85·4% were determined for the nPCR. The qPCR appeared to be more sensitive in detecting lower levels of parasitaemia. The mean parasite load was significantly higher in introduced bird species (2245 parasites per 10 000 erythrocytes) compared with endemic species (31·5 parasites per 10 000 erythrocytes). In NZ robins (Petroica longipes), a significantly lower packed cell volume was found in birds that were positive for Plasmodium spp. compared with birds that were negative. Our data suggest that introduced bird species, such as blackbirds (Turdus merula), have a higher tolerance for circulating parasite stages of Plasmodium spp., indicating that introduced species are an important reservoir of avian malaria due to a high infection prevalence and parasite load.}, }
@article {pmid28691205, year = {2017}, author = {Cabrera, MB and Bogan, S and Posadas, P and Somoza, GM and Montoya-Burgos, JI and Cardoso, YP}, title = {Risks associated with introduction of poeciliids for control of mosquito larvae: first record of the non-native Gambusia holbrooki in Argentina.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {91}, number = {2}, pages = {704-710}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13370}, pmid = {28691205}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; *Biological Control Agents ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Culicidae ; Cyprinodontiformes/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Sex Characteristics ; }, abstract = {This study confirms the presence of two species of the non-native mosquitofish Gambusia in Argentina. The risks that they represent to native biota, their potential dispersal in the region, and their effectiveness in mosquito larvae control are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid28690827, year = {2017}, author = {Granados, M and Duffy, S and McKindsey, CW and Fussmann, GF}, title = {Stabilizing mechanisms in a food web with an introduced omnivore.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {13}, pages = {5016-5025}, pmid = {28690827}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Intraguild predation (IGP) is an omnivorous food web configuration in which the top predator consumes both a competitor (consumer) and a second prey that it shares with the competitor. This omnivorous configuration occurs frequently in food webs, but theory suggests that it is unstable unless stabilizing mechanisms exist that can decrease the strength of the omnivore and consumer interaction. Although these mechanisms have been documented in native food webs, little is known about whether they operate in the context of an introduced species. Here, we study a marine mussel aquaculture system where the introduction of omnivorous mussels should generate an unstable food web that favors the extinction of the consumer, yet it persists. Using field and laboratory approaches, we searched for stabilizing mechanisms that could reduce interaction strengths in the food web. While field zooplankton counts suggested that mussels influence the composition and abundance of copepods, stable isotope results indicated that life-history omnivory and cannibalism facilitated the availability of prey refugia, and reduced competition and the interaction strength between the mussel omnivore and zooplankton consumers. In laboratory experiments, however, we found no evidence of adaptive feeding which could weaken predator-consumer interactions. Our food web study suggests that the impact of an introduced omnivore may not only depend on its interaction with native species but also on the availability of stabilizing mechanisms that alter the strength of those interactions.}, }
@article {pmid28690824, year = {2017}, author = {Zhu, J and Xu, X and Tao, Q and Yi, P and Yu, D and Xu, X}, title = {High invasion potential of Hydrilla verticillata in the Americas predicted using ecological niche modeling combined with genetic data.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {13}, pages = {4982-4990}, pmid = {28690824}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Ecological niche modeling is an effective tool to characterize the spatial distribution of suitable areas for species, and it is especially useful for predicting the potential distribution of invasive species. The widespread submerged plant Hydrilla verticillata (hydrilla) has an obvious phylogeographical pattern: Four genetic lineages occupy distinct regions in native range, and only one lineage invades the Americas. Here, we aimed to evaluate climatic niche conservatism of hydrilla in North America at the intraspecific level and explore its invasion potential in the Americas by comparing climatic niches in a phylogenetic context. Niche shift was found in the invasion process of hydrilla in North America, which is probably mainly attributed to high levels of somatic mutation. Dramatic changes in range expansion in the Americas were predicted in the situation of all four genetic lineages invading the Americas or future climatic changes, especially in South America; this suggests that there is a high invasion potential of hydrilla in the Americas. Our findings provide useful information for the management of hydrilla in the Americas and give an example of exploring intraspecific climatic niche to better understand species invasion.}, }
@article {pmid28690790, year = {2017}, author = {Milanesio, D and Saccani, M and Maggiora, R and Laurino, D and Porporato, M}, title = {Recent upgrades of the harmonic radar for the tracking of the Asian yellow-legged hornet.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {13}, pages = {4599-4606}, pmid = {28690790}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The yellow-legged Asian hornet is an invasive species of wasps, indigenous of the South-East Asia but quickly spreading in Southern Europe. Because of its exponential diffusion and its serious threat to the local honey bee colonies and to humans as well, restraint measures are under investigation. Among them, the harmonic radar described in (Ecology and Evolution, 6, 2016 and 2170) already proved to be a quite effective way to follow the hornets to their nests; it is in fact capable of tracking the flying trajectory of these insects, once equipped with a small transponder, in their natural environment. The aforementioned harmonic radar was upgraded after a period of intense experimentation; the capture of the hornets was enhanced as well, and other improvements were adopted in the mounting procedure of the transponder. Thanks to these upgrades, the flying capabilities of the hornets were not reduced and a huge collection of data was recorded. The main upgrade to the radar was the adoption of the vertical polarization of the radiated field, with the consequent redesign and manufacturing of the antennas and the different mounting of the transceiver on the insect. The installation of the radar on a telescopic tower drastically improved the maneuverability of the system and the capability to follow the insects' preferential flying directions. Eventually, the system was able to produce much more continuous traces with a clear indication of the most probable position of the nest. The maximum range of detection was also increased to 150 m.}, }
@article {pmid28690783, year = {2017}, author = {Rojas-Sandoval, J and Tremblay, RL and Acevedo-Rodríguez, P and Díaz-Soltero, H}, title = {Invasive plant species in the West Indies: geographical, ecological, and floristic insights.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {13}, pages = {4522-4533}, pmid = {28690783}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The level of invasion (number or proportion of invasive species) in a given area depends on features of the invaded community, propagule pressure, and climate. In this study, we assess the invasive flora of nine islands in the West Indies to identify invasion patterns and evaluate whether invasive species diversity is related to geographical, ecological, and socioeconomic factors. We compiled a database of invasive plant species including information on their taxonomy, origin, pathways of introduction, habitats, and life history. This database was used to evaluate the similarity of invasive floras between islands and to identify invasion patterns at regional (West Indies) and local (island) scales. We found a total of 516 alien plant species that are invasive on at least one of the nine islands studied, with between 24 to 306 invasive species per island. The invasive flora on these islands includes a wide range of taxonomic groups, life forms, and habitats. We detected low similarity in invasive species diversity between islands, with most invasive species (>60%) occurring on a single island and 6% occurring on at least five islands. To assess the importance of different models in predicting patterns of invasive species diversity among islands, we used generalized linear models. Our analyses revealed that invasive species diversity was well predicted by a combination of island area and economic development (gross domestic product per capita and kilometers of paved roadways). Our results provide strong evidence for the roles of geographical, ecological, and socioeconomic factors in determining the distribution and spread of invasive species on these islands. Anthropogenic disturbance and economic development seem to be the major drivers facilitating the spread and predominance of invasive species over native species.}, }
@article {pmid28686694, year = {2017}, author = {Calazans C, SH and Walters, LJ and Fernandes, FC and Ferreira, CEL and Hoffman, EA}, title = {Genetic structure provides insights into the geographic origins and temporal change in the invasive charru mussel (Sururu) in the southeastern United States.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {e0180619}, pmid = {28686694}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/classification/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; *Phylogeography ; South America ; Southeastern United States ; }, abstract = {In 2004, Mytella charruana (d'Orbigny, 1842) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Mytilidae) became established along the coast of the southeastern United States (SE-US). Using mitochondrial DNA sequencing (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I), we compared genetic variation throughout its native range in South America to its invasive range in the SE-US. Samples from the SE-US were collected in 2006 and 2010 enabling a temporal comparison to evaluate possible genetic changes of the invasive population. We addressed two questions. First, what are the potential source populations (or geographic regions) for the SE-US invasion? Second, how has genetic diversity changed between the two sampling periods within the SE-US? We identified a total of 72 haplotypes, 64 of which were isolated to geographic sites and only 8 were shared among sites. The highly structured native range provides insight into the origin of invasive populations where our results suggest that the introduced SE-US population originated from multiple source populations with the Panama region as the primary source. Additionally, our results indicate that genetic composition of the non-native populations was unchanged between the two sampling periods. Mytella charruana exhibit a significant pattern of genetic structure among natural populations, owing to biogeographic barriers that limit natural dispersal, and an ability to persist in novel habitats, owing to a suite of life-history characters that favor survival under variable conditions. Overall, this study explains why M. charruana may become an increasing threat to locations founded by anthropogenic transportation.}, }
@article {pmid28686659, year = {2017}, author = {Williams, KE and Huyvaert, KP and Piaggio, AJ}, title = {Clearing muddied waters: Capture of environmental DNA from turbid waters.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {e0179282}, pmid = {28686659}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/chemistry/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Introduced Species ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Swine/*genetics ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Understanding the differences in efficiencies of various methods to concentrate, extract, and amplify environmental DNA (eDNA) is vital for best performance of eDNA detection. Aquatic systems vary in characteristics such as turbidity, eDNA concentration, and inhibitor load, thus affecting eDNA capture efficiency. Application of eDNA techniques to the detection of terrestrial invasive or endangered species may require sampling at intermittent water sources that are used for drinking and cooling; these water bodies may often be stagnant and turbid. We present our best practices technique for the detection of wild pig eDNA in water samples, a protocol that will have wide applicability to the detection of elusive vertebrate species. We determined the best practice for eDNA capture in a turbid water system was to concentrate DNA from a 15 mL water sample via centrifugation, purify DNA with the DNeasy mericon Food kit, and remove inhibitors with Zymo Inhibitor Removal Technology columns. Further, we compared the sensitivity of conventional PCR to quantitative PCR and found that quantitative PCR was more sensitive in detecting lower concentrations of eDNA. We show significant differences in efficiencies among methods in each step of eDNA capture, emphasizing the importance of optimizing best practices for the system of interest.}, }
@article {pmid28685166, year = {2017}, author = {Bertelsmeier, C and Ollier, S and Liebhold, A and Keller, L}, title = {Recent human history governs global ant invasion dynamics.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {1}, number = {7}, pages = {0184}, pmid = {28685166}, issn = {2397-334X}, support = {249375/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {Human trade and travel are breaking-down biogeographic barriers, resulting in shifts in the geographical distribution of organisms, yet it remains largely unknown whether different alien species generally follow similar spatiotemporal colonization patterns and how such patterns are driven by trends in global trade. Here, we analyse the global distribution of 241 alien ant species and show that these species comprise four distinct groups that inherently differ in their worldwide distribution from that of native species. The global spread of these four distinct species groups has been greatly, but differentially, influenced by major events in recent human history, in particular historical waves of globalization (approximately 1850-1914, and 1960-present), world wars and global recessions. Species in these four groups also differ in six important morphological and life-history traits and their degree of invasiveness. Combining spatiotemporal distribution data with life-history trait information provides valuable insight into the processes driving biological invasions and facilitates identification of species most likely to become invasive in the future.}, }
@article {pmid28680671, year = {2017}, author = {Lukas, JAY and Jourdan, J and Kalinkat, G and Emde, S and Miesen, FW and Jüngling, H and Cocchiararo, B and Bierbach, D}, title = {On the occurrence of three non-native cichlid species including the first record of a feral population of Pelmatolapia (Tilapia) mariae (Boulenger, 1899) in Europe.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {170160}, pmid = {28680671}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Thermally influenced freshwater systems provide suitable conditions for non-native species of tropical and subtropical origin to survive and form proliferating populations beyond their native ranges. In Germany, non-native convict cichlids (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) and tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) have established populations in the Gillbach, a small stream that receives warm water discharge from a local power plant. Here, we report on the discovery of spotted tilapia (Pelmatolapia mariae) in the Gillbach, the first record of a reproducing population of this species in Europe. It has been hypothesized that Oreochromis sp. in the Gillbach are descendants of aquaculture escapees and our mtDNA analysis found both O. mossambicus and O. niloticus maternal lineages, which are commonly used for hybrids in aquaculture. Convict cichlids and spotted tilapia were most probably introduced into the Gillbach by aquarium hobbyists. Despite their high invasiveness worldwide, we argue that all three cichlid species are unlikely to spread and persist permanently beyond the thermally influenced range of the Gillbach river system. However, convict cichlids from the Gillbach are known to host both native and non-native fish parasites and thus, non-native cichlids may constitute threats to the native fish fauna. We therefore strongly recommend continuous monitoring of the Gillbach and similar systems.}, }
@article {pmid28679729, year = {2017}, author = {Gillis, MK and Walsh, MR}, title = {Rapid evolution mitigates the ecological consequences of an invasive species (Bythotrephes longimanus) in lakes in Wisconsin.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {284}, number = {1858}, pages = {}, pmid = {28679729}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cladocera/*genetics ; Daphnia ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Predatory Behavior ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {Invasive species have extensive negative consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem health. Novel species also drive contemporary evolution in many native populations, which could mitigate or amplify their impacts on ecosystems. The predatory zooplankton Bythotrephes longimanus invaded lakes in Wisconsin, USA, in 2009. This invasion caused precipitous declines in zooplankton prey (Daphnia pulicaria), with cascading impacts on ecosystem services (water clarity). Here, we tested the link between Bythotrephes invasion, evolution in Daphnia and post-invasion ecological dynamics using 15 years of long-term data in conjunction with comparative experiments. Invasion by Bythotrephes is associated with rapid increases in the body size of Daphnia Laboratory experiments revealed that such shifts have a genetic component; third-generation laboratory-reared Daphnia from 'invaded' lakes are significantly larger and exhibit greater reproductive effort than individuals from 'uninvaded' lakes. This trajectory of evolution should accelerate Daphnia population growth and enhance population persistence. We tested this prediction by comparing analyses of long-term data with laboratory-based simulations, and show that rapid evolution in Daphnia is associated with increased population growth in invaded lakes.}, }
@article {pmid28676379, year = {2017}, author = {Mitchell, KA and Boardman, L and Clusella-Trullas, S and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Effects of nutrient and water restriction on thermal tolerance: A test of mechanisms and hypotheses.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology}, volume = {212}, number = {}, pages = {15-23}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.06.019}, pmid = {28676379}, issn = {1531-4332}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Body Water ; Ceratitis capitata/*physiology ; *Drinking Behavior ; Female ; Lipid Metabolism ; Male ; }, abstract = {Nutritional deprivation or desiccation can influence thermal tolerance by impacting the insects' ability to evaporatively cool, maintain cell membrane integrity and conduct protective or repair processes. Recovery from chilling is also linked to the re-establishment of iono- and osmo-regulatory homeostasis. Here, using Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata, Diptera: Tephritidae), we manipulated water and nutrient availability to test the mechanistic expectation that changes in whole organism lipid and water content can elicit variation in cold or heat tolerance (scored as chill coma recovery time and heat knockdown time). We measured body condition (body water and lipid content) as well as heat shock protein 70 gene (hsp70) and protein (HSP70) levels. A significant reduction in body water content with water restriction did not translate into differences in chill coma recovery. When nutrient restriction was coupled with water deprivation, this resulted in a significant reduction (-54%) of heat knockdown time in females but male flies were unaffected. There was no evidence for an hsp70 or HSP70 response under any of the stress treatments and therefore no correlation with heat or cold tolerance. Heat hardening decreased all hsp levels. Therefore, although body water and total body lipid content differed between the treatment groups, the contribution of these factors to thermal tolerance was inconsistent with mechanistic expectations in heat knockdown time and insignificant for chill coma recovery. These results therefore highlight that the effects of resource restriction on thermal limits in insects are mechanistically more complex than previous models of stress resistance have suggested.}, }
@article {pmid28676093, year = {2017}, author = {Muller, GC and Junnila, A and Traore, MM and Traore, SF and Doumbia, S and Sissoko, F and Dembele, SM and Schlein, Y and Arheart, KL and Revay, EE and Kravchenko, VD and Witt, A and Beier, JC}, title = {The invasive shrub Prosopis juliflora enhances the malaria parasite transmission capacity of Anopheles mosquitoes: a habitat manipulation experiment.}, journal = {Malaria journal}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {237}, pmid = {28676093}, issn = {1475-2875}, support = {R01 AI100968/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Anopheles/*parasitology/*physiology ; Carbohydrates/physiology ; Diet ; *Droughts ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology/*transmission ; Male ; Mali ; Mosquito Vectors/parasitology/physiology ; Plasmodium falciparum/physiology ; Prosopis/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A neglected aspect of alien invasive plant species is their influence on mosquito vector ecology and malaria transmission. Invasive plants that are highly attractive to Anopheles mosquitoes provide them with sugar that is critical to their survival. The effect on Anopheles mosquito populations was examined through a habitat manipulation experiment that removed the flowering branches of highly attractive Prosopis juliflora from selected villages in Mali, West Africa.<br><br>METHODS: Nine villages in the Bandiagara district of Mali were selected, six with flowering Prosopis juliflora, and three without. CDC-UV light traps were used to monitor their Anopheles spp. vector populations, and recorded their species composition, population size, age structure, and sugar feeding status. After 8&#xa0;days, all of the flowering branches were removed from three villages and trap catches were analysed again.<br><br>RESULTS: Villages where flowering branches of the invasive shrub Prosopis juliflora were removed experienced a threefold drop in the older more dangerous Anopheles females. Population density dropped by 69.4% and the species composition shifted from being a mix of three species of the Anopheles gambiae complex to one dominated by Anopheles coluzzii. The proportion of sugar fed females dropped from 73 to 15% and males from 77 to 10%.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates how an invasive plant shrub promotes the malaria parasite transmission capacity of African malaria vector mosquitoes. Proper management of invasive plants could potentially reduce mosquito populations and malaria transmission.}, }
@article {pmid28675881, year = {2017}, author = {Song, JW and Small, MJ and Casman, EA}, title = {Making sense of the noise: The effect of hydrology on silver carp eDNA detection in the Chicago area waterway system.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {605-606}, number = {}, pages = {713-720}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.255}, pmid = {28675881}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; Chicago ; DNA/*analysis ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Hydrology ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling is an emerging tool for monitoring the spread of aquatic invasive species. One confounding factor when interpreting eDNA sampling evidence is that eDNA can be present in the water in the absence of living target organisms, originating from excreta, dead tissue, boats, or sewage effluent, etc. In the Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS), electric fish dispersal barriers were built to prevent non-native Asian carp species from invading Lake Michigan, and yet Asian carp eDNA has been detected above the barriers sporadically since 2009. In this paper the influence of stream flow characteristics in the CAWS on the probability of invasive Asian carp eDNA detection in the CAWS from 2009 to 2012 was examined. In the CAWS, the direction of stream flow is mostly away from Lake Michigan, though there are infrequent reversals in flow direction towards Lake Michigan during dry spells. We find that the flow reversal volume into the Lake has a statistically significant positive relationship with eDNA detection probability, while other covariates, like gage height, precipitation, season, water temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH and chlorophyll concentration do not. This suggests that stream flow direction is highly influential on eDNA detection in the CAWS and should be considered when interpreting eDNA evidence. We also find that the beta-binomial regression model provides a stronger fit for eDNA detection probability compared to a binomial regression model. This paper provides a statistical modeling framework for interpreting eDNA sampling evidence and for evaluating covariates influencing eDNA detection.}, }
@article {pmid28675652, year = {2017}, author = {Harpur, BA}, title = {Adaptive maintenance of European alleles in the Brazilian Africanized honeybee.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {14}, pages = {3591-3593}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14189}, pmid = {28675652}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; Alleles ; Animals ; Bees ; Brazil ; Ecology ; }, abstract = {The Anthropocene is an epoch hallmarked by intensified human intrusion across ecosystems. One such intrusion is the movement and re-introduction of long-separated populations. By facilitating introgression - intraspecific genetic admixture - secondary contact can facilitate range expansion and the establishment of invasive species. The proximate mechanisms through which introgression facilitates expansion are rarely known (Bock et al., ; Rius &amp; Darling,), but managed species provide a useful avenue for exploration. Bee-keepers have been interbreeding highly diverged honeybee clades for centuries, often to introduce "useful" phenotypic variation to their stocks. Across the Western honeybee's (Apis mellifera) European range, this practice has not resulted in range expansion (Moritz, Härtel, &amp; Neumann,). In the Americas, however, introgression of European with African subspecies resulted in a widely publicized invasive population: The Africanized honeybee (AHB). In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Nelson, Wallberg, Simões, Lawson, and Webster () have made the first step towards understanding how this invasive species successfully spread across the Americas.}, }
@article {pmid28669002, year = {2017}, author = {Garcia, TS and Urbina, JC and Bredeweg, EM and Ferrari, MCO}, title = {Embryonic learning and developmental carry-over effects in an invasive anuran.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {184}, number = {3}, pages = {623-631}, pmid = {28669002}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anura ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; *Learning ; Life Cycle Stages ; *Metamorphosis, Biological ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Carry-over effects influence trait responses in later life stages as a result of early experience with environmental cues. Predation risk is an influential stressor and selection exists for early recognition of threats. In particular, invasive species may benefit from carry-over effects by preemptively recognizing and responding to novel predators via latent developmental changes and embryonic learning. In a factorial experiment, we conditioned invasive American bullfrog embryos (Lithobates catesbeianus) to the odor of a novel fish predator, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) alone or in combination with injured conspecific cues. We quantified developmental carryover in the larval life stage and found that individuals conditioned to the highest risk (fish and injured conspecific cues) grew into longer bodied larvae relative to larvae from lower risk treatments. We also assessed embryonic learning, a behavioral carry-over effect, and found an interaction between embryonic conditioning and larval exposure. Behavioral responses were only found in scenarios when predation risk varied in intensity across life history stages, thus requiring a more flexible antipredator strategy. This indicates a potential trade-off between the two strategies in larval growth and development rates, and time until metamorphosis. Our results suggest that early predator exposure and carry-over effects have significant impacts on life history trajectories for American bullfrogs. This research contributes to our understanding of a potentially important invasion mechanism in an anuran species of conservation concern.}, }
@article {pmid28668503, year = {2017}, author = {Hurd, J and Berke, O and Poljak, Z and Runge, M}, title = {Spatial analysis of Leptospira infection in muskrats in Lower Saxony, Germany, and the association with human leptospirosis.}, journal = {Research in veterinary science}, volume = {114}, number = {}, pages = {351-354}, doi = {10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.06.015}, pmid = {28668503}, issn = {1532-2661}, mesh = {Animals ; *Arvicolinae ; Germany/epidemiology ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Leptospira/*isolation &amp; purification ; Leptospirosis/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Prevalence ; Risk ; Rodent Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology ; Spatial Analysis ; Zoonoses/*epidemiology/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Leptospirosis has been reported as an emerging zoonosis and the most widespread zoonotic disease in the world. Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) have been known to carry Leptospira serovars, which have been linked to Weil's disease - a serious and life threatening disease in humans. In this study, muskrats were sampled across 43 regions of Lower Saxony, Germany, during 2007 to 2009 and were tested for leptospirosis using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Circular and flexibly shaped spatial scan tests were applied and detected two leptospirosis clusters in Lower Saxony, Germany. Several predictor variables were investigated using spatial Poisson rate regression analysis; however, only maximum regional temperature was associated with the incidence rate of leptospirosis in muskrats. For every 5°C increase in temperature, the incidence rate of leptospirosis in muskrats decreased 0.97 times. The association between the smoothed muskrat leptospirosis prevalence and the rate of human leptospirosis was also investigated using a Poisson rate regression model and revealed no relationship. Although no relationship was found at the level investigated in this study, recent human leptospirosis outbreaks have been linked to muskrats, so muskrats as a risk factor for human leptospirosis should not be ruled out. Overall, leptospirosis clusters were found within the muskrat population in Lower Saxony, Germany and temperature was confirmed as a risk factor.}, }
@article {pmid28667769, year = {2017}, author = {Schwensow, NI and Detering, H and Pederson, S and Mazzoni, C and Sinclair, R and Peacock, D and Kovaliski, J and Cooke, B and Fickel, J and Sommer, S}, title = {Resistance to RHD virus in wild Australian rabbits: Comparison of susceptible and resistant individuals using a genomewide approach.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {17}, pages = {4551-4561}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14228}, pmid = {28667769}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/genetics/virology ; Australia ; Biological Control Agents ; Caliciviridae Infections/*genetics/*veterinary ; Disease Resistance/*genetics ; Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit ; Rabbits/*genetics/virology ; }, abstract = {Deciphering the genes involved in disease resistance is essential if we are to understand host-pathogen coevolutionary processes. The rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) was imported into Australia in 1995 as a biocontrol agent to manage one of the most successful and devastating invasive species, the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). During the first outbreaks of the disease, RHDV caused mortality rates of up to 97%. Recently, however, increased genetic resistance to RHDV has been reported. Here, we have aimed to identify genomic differences between rabbits that survived a natural infection with RHDV and those that died in the field using a genomewide next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach. We detected 72 SNPs corresponding to 133 genes associated with survival of a RHD infection. Most of the identified genes have known functions in virus infections and replication, immune responses or apoptosis, or have previously been found to be regulated during RHD. Some of the genes identified in experimental studies, however, did not seem to play a role under natural selection regimes, highlighting the importance of field studies to complement the genomic background of wildlife diseases. Our study provides a set of candidate markers as a tool for the future scanning of wild rabbits for their resistance to RHDV. This is important both for wild rabbit populations in southern Europe where RHD is regarded as a serious problem decimating the prey of endangered predator species and for assessing the success of currently planned RHDV variant biocontrol releases in Australia.}, }
@article {pmid28667473, year = {2017}, author = {Wang, C and Zhou, J and Liu, J and Jiang, K}, title = {Differences in functional traits between invasive and native Amaranthus species under different forms of N deposition.}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {104}, number = {7-8}, pages = {59}, pmid = {28667473}, issn = {1432-1904}, mesh = {*Amaranthus ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Plant Leaves ; }, abstract = {Differences in functional traits between invasive and native plant species are believed to determine the invasion success of the former. Increasing amounts of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) are continually deposited into natural ecosystems, which may change the relative occurrence of the different N deposition forms (such as NH4-N, NO3-N, and CO(NH2)2-N) naturally deposited. Under high N deposition scenarios, some invasive species may grow faster, gaining advantage over native species. In a greenhouse experiment, we grew invasive and native Amaranthus species from seed both alone and in competition under simulated N enriched environments with different forms of N over 3 months. Then, we measured different leaf traits (i.e., plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf shape index, specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf chlorophyll and N concentrations). Results showed that the competition intensity between A. retroflexus and A. tricolor decreased under N deposition. This may be due to the large functional divergence between A. retroflexus and A. tricolor under simulated N deposition. Phenotypic plasticity of SLA and leaf chlorophyll concentration of A. retroflexus were significantly lower than in A. tricolor. The lower range of phenotypic plasticity of SLA and leaf chlorophyll concentration of A. retroflexus may indicate a fitness cost for plastic functional traits under adverse environments. The restricted phenotypic plasticity of SLA and leaf chlorophyll concentration of A. retroflexus may also stabilize leaf construction costs and the growth rate. Meanwhile, the two Amaranthus species possessed greater plasticity in leaf N concentration under NO3-N fertilization, which enhanced their competitiveness.}, }
@article {pmid28667048, year = {2017}, author = {Mandáková, T and Hloušková, P and German, DA and Lysak, MA}, title = {Monophyletic Origin and Evolution of the Largest Crucifer Genomes.}, journal = {Plant physiology}, volume = {174}, number = {4}, pages = {2062-2071}, pmid = {28667048}, issn = {1532-2548}, mesh = {Brassicaceae/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genome, Plant ; Karyotype ; *Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Clade E, or the Hesperis clade, is one of the major Brassicaceae (Crucifereae) clades, comprising some 48 genera and 351 species classified into seven tribes and is distributed predominantly across arid and montane regions of Asia. Several taxa have socioeconomic significance, being important ornamental but also weedy and invasive species. From the comparative genomic perspective, the clade is noteworthy as it harbors species with the largest crucifer genomes but low numbers of chromosomes (n = 5-7). By applying comparative cytogenetic analysis and whole-chloroplast phylogenetics, we constructed, to our knowledge, the first partial and complete cytogenetic maps for selected representatives of clade E tribes and investigated their relationships in a family-wide context. The Hesperis clade is a well-supported monophyletic lineage comprising seven tribes: Anchonieae, Buniadeae, Chorisporeae, Dontostemoneae, Euclidieae, Hesperideae, and Shehbazieae. The clade diverged from other Brassicaceae crown-group clades during the Oligocene, followed by subsequent Miocene tribal diversifications in central/southwestern Asia. The inferred ancestral karyotype of clade E (CEK; n = 7) originated from an older n = 8 genome, which also was the purported progenitor of tribe Arabideae (KAA genome). In most taxa of clade E, the seven linkage groups of CEK either remained conserved (Chorisporeae) or were reshuffled by chromosomal translocations (Euclidieae). In 50% of Anchonieae and Hesperideae species, the CEK genome has undergone descending dysploidy toward n = 6 (-5). These genomic data elucidate early genome evolution in Brassicaceae and pave the way for future whole-genome sequencing and assembly efforts in this as yet genomically neglected group of crucifer plants.}, }
@article {pmid28664982, year = {2017}, author = {Ben-Yosef, M and Zaada, DSY and Dudaniec, RY and Pasternak, Z and Jurkevitch, E and Smith, RJ and Causton, CE and Lincango, MP and Tobe, SS and Mitchell, JG and Kleindorfer, S and Yuval, B}, title = {Host-specific associations affect the microbiome of Philornis downsi, an introduced parasite to the Galápagos Islands.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {18}, pages = {4644-4656}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14219}, pmid = {28664982}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecuador ; Finches/*parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Larva/microbiology ; *Microbiota ; Muscidae/*microbiology ; Parasites/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; }, abstract = {The composition and diversity of bacteria forming the microbiome of parasitic organisms have implications for differential host pathogenicity and host-parasite co-evolutionary interactions. The microbiome of pathogens can therefore have consequences that are relevant for managing disease prevalence and impact on affected hosts. Here, we investigate the microbiome of an invasive parasitic fly Philornis downsi, recently introduced to the Galápagos Islands, where it poses extinction threat to Darwin's finches and other land birds. Larvae infest nests of Darwin's finches and consume blood and tissue of developing nestlings, and have severe mortality impacts. Using 16s rRNA sequencing data, we characterize the bacterial microbiota associated with P. downsi adults and larvae sourced from four finch host species, inhabiting two islands and representing two ecologically distinct groups. We show that larval and adult microbiomes are dominated by the phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, which significantly differ between life stages in their distributions. Additionally, bacterial community structure significantly differed between larvae retrieved from strictly insectivorous warbler finches (Certhidea olivacea) and those parasitizing hosts with broader dietary preferences (ground and tree finches, Geospiza and Camarhynchus spp., respectively). Finally, we found no spatial effects on the larval microbiome, as larvae feeding on the same host (ground finches) harboured similar microbiomes across islands. Our results suggest that the microbiome of P. downsi changes during its development, according to dietary composition or nutritional needs, and is significantly affected by host-related factors during the larval stage. Unravelling the ecological significance of bacteria for this parasite will contribute to the development of novel, effective control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid28664497, year = {2017}, author = {Gentès, S and Taupiac, J and Colin, Y and André, JM and Guyoneaud, R}, title = {Bacterial periphytic communities related to mercury methylation within aquatic plant roots from a temperate freshwater lake (South-Western France).}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {24}, number = {23}, pages = {19223-19233}, pmid = {28664497}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; France ; Introduced Species ; Lakes/*chemistry/microbiology ; Mercury/*analysis ; Methylation ; Methylmercury Compounds/*analysis ; Onagraceae/chemistry/microbiology ; *Periphyton ; Phylogeny ; Plant Roots/chemistry/*microbiology ; Proteobacteria/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Macrophyte floating roots are considered as hotspots for methylmercury (MeHg) production in aquatic ecosystems through microbial activity. Nevertheless, very little is known about periphyton bacterial communities and mercury (Hg) methylators in such ecological niches. The ability to methylate inorganic Hg is broadly distributed among prokaryotes; however, sulfate-reducers have been reported to be the most important MeHg producers in macrophyte floating roots. In the present work, the periphyton bacterial communities colonizing Ludwigia sp. floating roots were investigated through molecular methods. Among the 244 clones investigated, anaerobic microorganisms associated with the sulfur biogeochemical cycle were identified. Notably, members of the sulfur-oxidizing prokaryotes and the anoxygenic, purple non-sulfur bacteria (Rhodobacteraceae, Comamonadaceae, Rhodocyclaceae, Hyphomicrobiaceae) and the sulfate reducers (Desulfobacteraceae, Syntrophobacteraceae, and Desulfobulbaceae) were detected. In addition, 15 sulfate-reducing strains related to the Desulfovibrionaceae family were isolated and their Hg-methylation capacity was tested using a biosensor. The overall results confirmed that Hg methylation is a strain-specific process since the four strains identified as new Hg-methylators were closely related to non-methylating isolates. This study highlights the potential involvement of periphytic bacteria in Hg methylation when favorable environmental conditions are present in such ecological micro-niches.}, }
@article {pmid28664396, year = {2017}, author = {Uddin, MN and Robinson, RW}, title = {Allelopathy and resource competition: the effects of Phragmites australis invasion in plant communities.}, journal = {Botanical studies}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, pages = {29}, pmid = {28664396}, issn = {1817-406X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Phragmites australis, a ubiquitous wetland plant, has been considered one of the most invasive species in the world. Allelopathy appears to be one of the invasion mechanisms, however, the effects could be masked by resource competition among target plants. The difficulty of distinguishing allelopathy from resource competition among plants has hindered investigations of the role of phytotoxic allelochemicals in plant communities. This has been addressed via experiments conducted in both the greenhouse and laboratory by growing associated plants, Melaleuca ericifolia, Rumex conglomeratus, and model plant, Lactuca sativa at varying densities with the allelopathic plant, P. australis, its litter and leachate of P. australis litter. This study investigated the potential interacting influences of allelopathy and resource competition on plant growth-density relationships.<br><br>RESULTS: In greenhouse, the root exudates mediated effects showed the strongest growth inhibition of M. ericifolia at high density whereas litter mediated results revealed increased growth at medium density treatments compared to low and high density. Again, laboratory experiments related to seed germination and seedling growth of L. sativa and R. conglomeratus exhibited phytotoxicity decreased showing positive growth as plant density increased and vice versa. Overall, the differential effects were observed among experiments but maximum individual plant biomass and some other positive effects on plant traits such as root and shoot length, chlorophyll content occurred at an intermediate density. This was attributed to the sharing of the available phytotoxin among plants at high densities which is compatible to density-dependent phytotoxicity model.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated that plant-plant interference is the combined effect of allelopathy and resource competition with many other factors but this experimental design, target-neighbor mixed-culture in combination of plant grown at varying densities with varying level of phytotoxins, mono-culture, can successfully separate allelopathic effects from competition.}, }
@article {pmid28662425, year = {2017}, author = {Dong, BC and Fu, T and Luo, FL and Yu, FH}, title = {Herbivory-induced maternal effects on growth and defense traits in the clonal species Alternanthera philoxeroides.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {605-606}, number = {}, pages = {114-123}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.141}, pmid = {28662425}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Amaranthaceae/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Planococcus Insect ; Secondary Metabolism ; }, abstract = {Plants have evolved a variety of defense traits against foliar herbivory, including the production of primary and secondary metabolites, the allocation of chemical compounds, and morphological plasticity. Using two vegetative generations of the invasive clonal species Alternanthera philoxeroides, we investigated the effects of maternal and offspring herbivory by Planococcus minor on the integrative defense strategy of plants. Herbivory severely inhibited leaf, stolon and root growth, as well as the production of primary metabolites (soluble sugars, starch, and total non-structural carbohydrates in stolons), and decreased average leaf area and specific leaf area of the second-generation A. philoxeroides. The changes in growth measures of the first-generation A. philoxeroides with herbivory were consistent with that of the second generation. By contrast, herbivory basically did not affect the concentration of non-structural carbohydrate compounds in the roots, and even increased the concentrations of N and total phenols in taproots. Furthermore, herbivory-induced maternal effects also reduced the growth of the second-generation plants. The results suggest that A. philoxeroides is capable of adapting to herbivory by P. minor, mainly via the allocation of available resources in belowground organs, and that the herbivory effect can persist across vegetative generations. These features may potentially improve the regeneration and tolerance of A. philoxeroides after a short-term herbivory.}, }
@article {pmid28658387, year = {2017}, author = {Ramos, ASJC and Peronti, ALBG and Kondo, T and Lemos, RNS}, title = {First record of Craspedacusta sowerbii Lankester, 1880 (Hydrozoa, Limnomedusae) in a natural freshwater lagoon of Uruguay, with notes on polyp stage in captivity.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {77}, number = {4}, pages = {87-90}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.05416}, pmid = {28658387}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Hydrozoa/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Life Cycle Stages ; Uruguay ; }, abstract = {The freshwater cnidarian Craspedacusta sowerbii Lankester 1880, has invaded lakes and ponds as well as artificial water bodies throughout the world. The first record in Uruguay corresponding to the jellyfish was made in 1961 in two artificial fountains, with no mention of the polyp form. Although local reports of other related polyp species have been made, information on the benthic form of C. sowerbii is lacking. Here we report the finding of live frustules, solitary individuals, medusae and colonies from a natural lagoon in August 2010, allowing us to observe the morphology and behavior of the polyp stage in captivity. In addition, molecular identification and remarks on the potencial path of introduction are presented. This is the first record in Uruguay of both polyp and medusa stages of C. sowerbii in a natural water body, Del Medio Lagoon (Dpto. de Florida), Uruguay.}, }
@article {pmid28658207, year = {2017}, author = {Lee, JR and Raymond, B and Bracegirdle, TJ and Chadès, I and Fuller, RA and Shaw, JD and Terauds, A}, title = {Climate change drives expansion of Antarctic ice-free habitat.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {547}, number = {7661}, pages = {49-54}, pmid = {28658207}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; *Biodiversity ; Climate Change/history/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods/statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; Ecology/trends ; History, 21st Century ; *Ice Cover ; }, abstract = {Antarctic terrestrial biodiversity occurs almost exclusively in ice-free areas that cover less than 1% of the continent. Climate change will alter the extent and configuration of ice-free areas, yet the distribution and severity of these effects remain unclear. Here we quantify the impact of twenty-first century climate change on ice-free areas under two Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) climate forcing scenarios using temperature-index melt modelling. Under the strongest forcing scenario, ice-free areas could expand by over 17,000 km[2] by the end of the century, close to a 25% increase. Most of this expansion will occur in the Antarctic Peninsula, where a threefold increase in ice-free area could drastically change the availability and connectivity of biodiversity habitat. Isolated ice-free areas will coalesce, and while the effects on biodiversity are uncertain, we hypothesize that they could eventually lead to increasing regional-scale biotic homogenization, the extinction of less-competitive species and the spread of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid28656732, year = {2017}, author = {Sales, LP and Ribeiro, BR and Hayward, MW and Paglia, A and Passamani, M and Loyola, R}, title = {Niche conservatism and the invasive potential of the wild boar.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {86}, number = {5}, pages = {1214-1223}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12721}, pmid = {28656732}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Body Temperature Regulation ; *Climate ; Climate Change ; Diet ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Reproduction ; *Sus scrofa ; Swine ; }, abstract = {Niche conservatism, i.e. the retention of a species' fundamental niche through evolutionary time, is cornerstone for biological invasion assessments. The fact that species tend to maintain their original climate niche allows predictive maps of invasion risk to anticipate potential invadable areas. Unravelling the mechanisms driving niche shifts can shed light on the management of invasive species. Here, we assessed niche shifts in one of the world's worst invasive species: the wild boar Sus scrofa. We also predicted potential invadable areas based on an ensemble of three ecological niche modelling methods, and evaluated the performance of models calibrated with native vs. pooled (native plus invaded) species records. By disentangling the drivers of change on the exotic wild boar population's niches, we found strong evidence for niche conservatism during biological invasion. Ecological niche models calibrated with both native and pooled range records predicted convergent areas. Also, observed niche shifts are mostly explained by niche unfilling, i.e. there are unoccupied areas in the exotic range where climate is analogous to the native range. Niche unfilling is expected as result of recent colonization and ongoing dispersal, and was potentially stronger for the Neotropics, where a recent wave of introductions for pig-farming and game-hunting has led to high wild boar population growth rates. The invasive potential of wild boar in the Neotropics is probably higher than in other regions, which has profound management implications if we are to prevent their invasion into species-rich areas, such as Amazonia, coupled with expansion of African swine fever and possibly great economic losses. Although the originally Eurasian-wide distribution suggests a pre-adaptation to a wide array of climates, the wild boar world-wide invasion does not exhibit evidence of niche evolution. The invasive potential of the wild boar therefore probably lies on the reproductive, dietary and morphological characteristics of this species, coupled with behavioural thermoregulation.}, }
@article {pmid28654663, year = {2017}, author = {Lopes, TM and Bailly, D and Almeida, BA and Santos, NCL and Gimenez, BCG and Landgraf, GO and Sales, PCL and Lima-Ribeiro, MS and Cassemiro, FAS and Rangel, TF and Diniz-Filho, JAF and Agostinho, AA and Gomes, LC}, title = {Two sides of a coin: Effects of climate change on the native and non-native distribution of Colossoma macropomum in South America.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {e0179684}, pmid = {28654663}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Characiformes/*physiology ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Rivers ; South America ; }, abstract = {Climate change and species invasions interact in nature, disrupting biological communities. Based on this knowledge, we simultaneously assessed the effects of climate change on the native distribution of the Amazonian fish Colossoma macropomum as well as on its invasiveness across river basins of South America, using ecological niche modeling. We used six niche models within the ensemble forecast context to predict the geographical distribution of C. macropomum for the present time, 2050 and 2080. Given that this species has been continuously introduced into non-native South American basins by fish farming activities, we added the locations of C. macropomum farms into the modeling process to obtain a more realistic scenario of its invasive potential. Based on modelling outputs we mapped climate refuge areas at different times. Our results showed that a plenty of climatically suitable areas for the occurrence of C. macropomum occurrence are located outside the original basins at the present time and that its invasive potential is greatly amplified by fish farms. Simulations of future geographic ranges revealed drastic range contraction in the native region, implying concerns not only with respect to the species conservation but also from a socio-economic perspective since the species is a cornerstone of artisanal and commercial fisheries in the Amazon. Although the invasive potential is projected to decrease in the face of climate change, climate refugia will concentrate in Paraná River, Southeast Atlantic and East Atlantic basins, putting intense, negative pressures on the native fish fauna these regions. Our findings show that short and long-term management actions are required for: i) the conservation of natural stocks of C. macropomum in the Amazon, and ii) protecting native fish fauna in the climate refuges of the invaded regions.}, }
@article {pmid28654642, year = {2017}, author = {Agersnap, S and Larsen, WB and Knudsen, SW and Strand, D and Thomsen, PF and Hesselsøe, M and Mortensen, PB and Vrålstad, T and Møller, PR}, title = {Monitoring of noble, signal and narrow-clawed crayfish using environmental DNA from freshwater samples.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {e0179261}, pmid = {28654642}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*genetics ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; DNA/*analysis ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Fresh Water/*chemistry ; *Introduced Species ; Scandinavian and Nordic Countries ; }, abstract = {For several hundred years freshwater crayfish (Crustacea-Decapoda-Astacidea) have played an important ecological, cultural and culinary role in Scandinavia. However, many native populations of noble crayfish Astacus astacus have faced major declines during the last century, largely resulting from human assisted expansion of non-indigenous signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus that carry and transmit the crayfish plague pathogen. In Denmark, also the non-indigenous narrow-clawed crayfish Astacus leptodactylus has expanded due to anthropogenic activities. Knowledge about crayfish distribution and early detection of non-indigenous and invasive species are crucial elements in successful conservation of indigenous crayfish. The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) extracted from water samples is a promising new tool for early and non-invasive detection of species in aquatic environments. In the present study, we have developed and tested quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays for species-specific detection and quantification of the three above mentioned crayfish species on the basis of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (mtDNA-CO1), including separate assays for two clades of A. leptodactylus. The limit of detection (LOD) was experimentally established as 5 copies/PCR with two different approaches, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined to 5 and 10 copies/PCR, respectively, depending on chosen approach. The assays detected crayfish in natural freshwater ecosystems with known populations of all three species, and show promising potentials for future monitoring of A. astacus, P. leniusculus and A. leptodactylus. However, the assays need further validation with data 1) comparing traditional and eDNA based estimates of abundance, and 2) representing a broader geographical range for the involved crayfish species.}, }
@article {pmid28653746, year = {2017}, author = {Karol, KG and Sleith, RS}, title = {Discovery of the oldest record of Nitellopsis obtusa (Charophyceae, Charophyta) in North America.}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {53}, number = {5}, pages = {1106-1108}, doi = {10.1111/jpy.12557}, pmid = {28653746}, issn = {1529-8817}, mesh = {Characeae/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Dispersal ; Quebec ; }, abstract = {Studies of the colonization and spread of invasive species improves our understanding of key concepts in population biology as well as informs control and prevention efforts. The characean green alga Nitellopsis obtusa (starry stonewort) is rare in its native Eurasian range but listed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) as an aggressive invasive in North America. First documented in North America in 1978 from New York, United States, it has since been reported from numerous inland lakes from Minnesota to Vermont, and from Lake Ontario and inland lakes in southern Ontario, Canada. While the ecological impacts of N. obtusa are not clearly understood in its invasive range, initial results show negative environmental effects. We have discovered a liquid-preserved herbarium specimen that predates the 1978 records by at least 4 years, and is the first confirmed record of N. obtusa in Québec.}, }
@article {pmid28653589, year = {2017}, author = {Loxton, KC and Lawton, C and Stafford, P and Holland, CV}, title = {Parasite dynamics in an invaded ecosystem: helminth communities of native wood mice are impacted by the invasive bank vole.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {144}, number = {11}, pages = {1476-1489}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182017000981}, pmid = {28653589}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Arvicolinae/*physiology ; Biota ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Helminthiasis, Animal/*parasitology ; Helminths/*physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Ireland/epidemiology ; Male ; Mice ; Murinae/*parasitology ; Rodent Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {It is becoming increasingly evident that biological invasions result in altered disease dynamics in invaded ecosystems, with knock-on effects for native host communities. We investigated disease dynamics in an invaded ecosystem, using the helminth communities of the native wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) in the presence and absence of the invasive bank vole (Myodes glareolus) in Ireland. Native wood mice were collected over 2 years from four sites to assess the impact of the presence of the bank vole on wood mouse helminth community dynamics both at the component and infracommunity level. We found evidence for dilution (Syphacia stroma), spill-back (Aonchotheca murissylvatici) and spill-over (Taenia martis) in native wood mice due to the presence of the bank vole. Site of capture was the most important factor affecting helminth community structure of wood mice, along with year of capture and host-age and the interactions between them.}, }
@article {pmid28652592, year = {2017}, author = {Xing, Z and Zhang, L and Wu, S and Yi, H and Gao, Y and Lei, Z}, title = {Niche comparison among two invasive leafminer species and their parasitoid Opius biroi: implications for competitive displacement.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {4246}, pmid = {28652592}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Pupa/physiology ; Wasps/physiology ; }, abstract = {Fundamental to competitive displacement in biological invasion is that exotic species occupy the ecological niches of native species in novel environments. Contrasting outcomes of competitive displacement have occurred between Liriomyza trifolii and L. sativae in different geographical regions following their introduction. Various factors have been advanced in an attempt to explain these different competitive outcomes, although none of these explanations have addressed the effects of niche differences. We conducted field cage experiments to compare the feeding and habitat niches of the two leafminer species and their primary parasitoid, Opius biroi, when occurring together on kidney bean. A wider spatiotemporal niche breadth was found in L. trifolii (0.3670) than in L. sativae (0.3496). With respect to the parasitoid, the proportional niche similarity between L. sativae and the parasitoid was 0.3936 but only 0.0835 for L. trifolii, while similar results were found for niche overlap, indicating that stronger trailing behaviour and parasitic effects of O. biroi occurred in L. sativae. In conclusion, L. trifolii has outperformed L. sativae in occupying the ecological niche and is superior to L. sativae in avoiding parasitization by the pupal parasitoid, O. biroi.}, }
@article {pmid28651535, year = {2017}, author = {Escalona, HE and Zwick, A and Li, HS and Li, J and Wang, X and Pang, H and Hartley, D and Jermiin, LS and Nedvěd, O and Misof, B and Niehuis, O and Ślipiński, A and Tomaszewska, W}, title = {Molecular phylogeny reveals food plasticity in the evolution of true ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coccinellini).}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {151}, pmid = {28651535}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Coleoptera/*classification/*genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Food Preferences ; Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The tribe Coccinellini is a group of relatively large ladybird beetles that exhibits remarkable morphological and biological diversity. Many species are aphidophagous, feeding as larvae and adults on aphids, but some species also feed on other hemipterous insects (i.e., heteropterans, psyllids, whiteflies), beetle and moth larvae, pollen, fungal spores, and even plant tissue. Several species are biological control agents or widespread invasive species (e.g., Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)). Despite the ecological importance of this tribe, relatively little is known about the phylogenetic relationships within it. The generic concepts within the tribe Coccinellini are unstable and do not reflect a natural classification, being largely based on regional revisions. This impedes the phylogenetic study of important traits of Coccinellidae at a global scale (e.g. the evolution of food preferences and biogeography).<br><br>RESULTS: We present the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Coccinellini to date, based on three nuclear and one mitochondrial gene sequences of 38 taxa, which represent all major Coccinellini lineages. The phylogenetic reconstruction supports the monophyly of Coccinellini and its sister group relationship to Chilocorini. Within Coccinellini, three major clades were recovered that do not correspond to any previously recognised divisions, questioning the traditional differentiation between Halyziini, Discotomini, Tytthaspidini, and Singhikaliini. Ancestral state reconstructions of food preferences and morphological characters support the idea of aphidophagy being the ancestral state in Coccinellini. This indicates a transition from putative obligate scale feeders, as seen in the closely related Chilocorini, to more agile general predators.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the classification of Coccinellini has been misled by convergence in morphological traits. The evolutionary history of Coccinellini has been very dynamic in respect to changes in host preferences, involving multiple independent host switches from different insect orders to fungal spores and plants tissues. General predation on ephemeral aphids might have created an opportunity to easily adapt to mixed or specialised diets (e.g. obligate mycophagy, herbivory, predation on various hemipteroids or larvae of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae)). The generally long-lived adults of Coccinellini can consume pollen and floral nectars, thereby surviving periods of low prey frequency. This capacity might have played a central role in the diversification history of Coccinellini.}, }
@article {pmid28651517, year = {2017}, author = {Cobben, MMP and Mitesser, O and Kubisch, A}, title = {Evolving mutation rate advances the invasion speed of a sexual species.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {150}, pmid = {28651517}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Biological Evolution ; Climate Change ; *Computer Simulation ; Ecology ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Mutation ; *Mutation Rate ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Many species are shifting their ranges in response to global climate change. Range expansions are known to have profound effects on the genetic composition of populations. The evolution of dispersal during range expansion increases invasion speed, provided that a species can adapt sufficiently fast to novel local conditions. Genetic diversity at the expanding range border is however depleted due to iterated founder effects. The surprising ability of colonizing species to adapt to novel conditions while being subjected to genetic bottlenecks is termed 'the genetic paradox of invasive species'. Mutational processes have been argued to provide an explanation for this paradox. Mutation rates can evolve, under conditions that favor an increased rate of adaptation, by hitchhiking on beneficial mutations through induced linkage disequilibrium. Here we argue that spatial sorting, iterated founder events, and population structure benefit the build-up and maintenance of such linkage disequilibrium. We investigate if the evolution of mutation rates could play a role in explaining the 'genetic paradox of invasive species' for a sexually reproducing species colonizing a landscape of gradually changing conditions.<br><br>RESULTS: We use an individual-based model to show the evolutionary increase of mutation rates in sexual populations during range expansion, in coevolution with the dispersal probability. The observed evolution of mutation rate is adaptive and clearly advances invasion speed both through its effect on the evolution of dispersal probability, and the evolution of local adaptation. This also occurs under a variable temperature gradient, and under the assumption of 90% lethal mutations.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In this study we show novel consequences of the particular genetic properties of populations under spatial disequilibrium, i.e. the coevolution of dispersal probability and mutation rate, even in a sexual species and under realistic spatial gradients, resulting in faster invasions. The evolution of mutation rates can therefore be added to the list of possible explanations for the 'genetic paradox of invasive species'. We conclude that range expansions and the evolution of mutation rates are in a positive feedback loop, with possibly far-reaching ecological consequences concerning invasiveness and the adaptability of species to novel environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid28649741, year = {2017}, author = {Dickie, IA and Bufford, JL and Cobb, RC and Desprez-Loustau, ML and Grelet, G and Hulme, PE and Klironomos, J and Makiola, A and Nuñez, MA and Pringle, A and Thrall, PH and Tourtellot, SG and Waller, L and Williams, NM}, title = {The emerging science of linked plant-fungal invasions.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {215}, number = {4}, pages = {1314-1332}, doi = {10.1111/nph.14657}, pmid = {28649741}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Fungi/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Host Specificity ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/physiology ; Plants/*microbiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Contents 1314 I. 1315 II. 1316 III. 1322 IV. 1323 V. 1325 VI. 1326 VII. 1326 VIII. 1327 1328 References 1328 SUMMARY: Invasions of alien plants are typically studied as invasions of individual species, yet interactions between plants and symbiotic fungi (mutualists and potential pathogens) affect plant survival, physiological traits, and reproduction and hence invasion success. Studies show that plant-fungal associations are frequently key drivers of plant invasion success and impact, but clear conceptual frameworks and integration across studies are needed to move beyond a series of case studies towards a more predictive understanding. Here, we consider linked plant-fungal invasions from the perspective of plant and fungal origin, simplified to the least complex representations or 'motifs'. By characterizing these interaction motifs, parallels in invasion processes between pathogen and mutualist fungi become clear, although the outcomes are often opposite in effect. These interaction motifs provide hypotheses for fungal-driven dynamics behind observed plant invasion trajectories. In some situations, the effects of plant-fungal interactions are inconsistent or negligible. Variability in when and where different interaction motifs matter may be driven by specificity in the plant-fungal interaction, the size of the effect of the symbiosis (negative to positive) on plants and the dependence (obligate to facultative) of the plant-fungal interaction. Linked plant-fungal invasions can transform communities and ecosystem function, with potential for persistent legacies preventing ecosystem restoration.}, }
@article {pmid28649353, year = {2017}, author = {Krueger-Hadfield, SA and Kollars, NM and Strand, AE and Byers, JE and Shainker, SJ and Terada, R and Greig, TW and Hammann, M and Murray, DC and Weinberger, F and Sotka, EE}, title = {Genetic identification of source and likely vector of a widespread marine invader.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {4432-4447}, pmid = {28649353}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The identification of native sources and vectors of introduced species informs their ecological and evolutionary history and may guide policies that seek to prevent future introductions. Population genetics provides a powerful set of tools to identify origins and vectors. However, these tools can mislead when the native range is poorly sampled or few molecular markers are used. Here, we traced the introduction of the Asian seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Rhodophyta) into estuaries in coastal western North America, the eastern United States, Europe, and northwestern Africa by genotyping more than 2,500 thalli from 37 native and 53 non-native sites at mitochondrial cox1 and 10 nuclear microsatellite loci. Overall, greater than 90% of introduced thalli had a genetic signature similar to thalli sampled from the coastline of northeastern Japan, strongly indicating this region served as the principal source of the invasion. Notably, northeastern Japan exported the vast majority of the oyster Crassostrea gigas during the 20th century. The preponderance of evidence suggests G. vermiculophylla may have been inadvertently introduced with C. gigas shipments and that northeastern Japan is a common source region for estuarine invaders. Each invaded coastline reflected a complex mix of direct introductions from Japan and secondary introductions from other invaded coastlines. The spread of G. vermiculophylla along each coastline was likely facilitated by aquaculture, fishing, and boating activities. Our ability to document a source region was enabled by a robust sampling of locations and loci that previous studies lacked and strong phylogeographic structure along native coastlines.}, }
@article {pmid28649333, year = {2017}, author = {Archibald, CL and McKinney, M and Mustin, K and Shanahan, DF and Possingham, HP}, title = {Assessing the impact of revegetation and weed control on urban sensitive bird species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {4200-4208}, pmid = {28649333}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Nature in cities is concentrated in urban green spaces, which are key areas for urban biodiversity and also important areas to connect people with nature. To conserve urban biodiversity within these natural refugia, habitat restoration such as weed control and revegetation is often implemented. These actions are expected to benefit biodiversity, although species known to be affected by urbanization may not be interacting with restoration in the ways we anticipate. In this study, we use a case study to explore how urban restoration activities impact different bird species. Birds were grouped into urban sensitivity categories and species abundance, and richness was then calculated using a hierarchical species community model for individual species responses, with "urban class" used as the hierarchical parameter. We highlight variable responses of birds to revegetation and weed control based on their level of urban sensitivity. Revegetation of open grassy areas delivers significant bird conservation outcomes, but the effects of weed control are neutral or in some cases negative. Specifically, the species most reliant on remnant vegetation in cities seem to remain stable or decline in abundance in areas with weed control, which we suspect is the result of a simplification of the understorey. The literature reports mixed benefits of weed control between taxa and between locations. We recommend, in our case study site, that weed control be implemented in concert with replanting of native vegetation to provide the understory structure preferred by urban sensitive birds. Understanding the impacts of revegetation and weed control on different bird species is important information for practitioners to make restoration decisions about the allocation of funds for conservation action. This new knowledge can be used both for threatened species and invasive species management.}, }
@article {pmid28649330, year = {2017}, author = {Yohannes, E and Rothhaupt, KO}, title = {Dual-tracer-based isotope turnover rates in a highly invasive mysid Limnomysis benedeni from Lake Constance.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {4173-4178}, pmid = {28649330}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Understanding the ecological patterns of invasive species and their habitats require an understanding of the species' foraging ecology. Stable carbon (δ[13]C) and nitrogen (δ[15]N) isotope values provide useful information into the study of animal ecology and evolution, since the isotope ratios of consumers reflect consumer's dietary patterns. Nevertheless, the lack of species- and element-specific laboratory-derived turnover rates could limit their application. Using a laboratory-based dual stable isotope tracer approach (Na[15] NO 3 and NaH[13] CO 3), we evaluated the δ[15]N and δ[13]C isotope turnover rates in full-grown adult invasive Limnomysis benedeni from Lake Constance. We provide δ[15]N and δ[13]C turnover rates based on nonlinear least-squares regression and posterior linear regression models. Model precisions and fit were evaluated using Akaike's information criterion. Within a couple of days, the δ[15]N and δ[13]C of mysids began to change. Nevertheless, after about 14 days, L. benedeni did not reach equilibrium with their new isotope values. Since the experiment was conducted on adult subjects, it is evident that turnover was mainly influenced by metabolism (in contrast to growth). Unlike traditional dietary shifts, our laboratory-based dual stable isotope tracer approach does not shift the experimental organisms into a new diet and avoids dietary effects on isotope values. Results confirm the application of isotopic tracers to label mysid subpopulations and could be used to reflect assimilation and turnover from the labeled dietary sources. Field-based stable isotope studies often use isotopic mixing models commonly assuming diet-tissue steady state. Unfortunately, in cases where the isotopic composition of the animal is not in equilibrium with its diet, this can lead to highly misleading conclusions. Thus, our laboratory-based isotopic incorporation rates assist interpretation of the isotopic values from the field and provide a foundation for future research into using isotopic tracers to investigate invasion ecology.}, }
@article {pmid28649324, year = {2017}, author = {Rolls, RJ and Hayden, B and Kahilainen, KK}, title = {Conceptualising the interactive effects of climate change and biological invasions on subarctic freshwater fish.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {4109-4128}, pmid = {28649324}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Climate change and species invasions represent key threats to global biodiversity. Subarctic freshwaters are sentinels for understanding both stressors because the effects of climate change are disproportionately strong at high latitudes and invasion of temperate species is prevalent. Here, we summarize the environmental effects of climate change and illustrate the ecological responses of freshwater fishes to these effects, spanning individual, population, community and ecosystem levels. Climate change is modifying hydrological cycles across atmospheric, terrestrial and aquatic components of subarctic ecosystems, causing increases in ambient water temperature and nutrient availability. These changes affect the individual behavior, habitat use, growth and metabolism, alter population spawning and recruitment dynamics, leading to changes in species abundance and distribution, modify food web structure, trophic interactions and energy flow within communities and change the sources, quantity and quality of energy and nutrients in ecosystems. Increases in temperature and its variability in aquatic environments underpin many ecological responses; however, altered hydrological regimes, increasing nutrient inputs and shortened ice cover are also important drivers of climate change effects and likely contribute to context-dependent responses. Species invasions are a complex aspect of the ecology of climate change because the phenomena of invasion are both an effect and a driver of the ecological consequences of climate change. Using subarctic freshwaters as an example, we illustrate how climate change can alter three distinct aspects of species invasions: (1) the vulnerability of ecosystems to be invaded, (2) the potential for species to spread and invade new habitats, and (3) the subsequent ecological effects of invaders. We identify three fundamental knowledge gaps focused on the need to determine (1) how environmental and landscape characteristics influence the ecological impact of climate change, (2) the separate and combined effects of climate and non-native invading species and (3) the underlying ecological processes or mechanisms responsible for changes in patterns of biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid28649321, year = {2017}, author = {Cerwenka, AF and Pagnotta, A and Böker, C and Brandner, J and Geist, J and Schliewen, UK}, title = {Little association of biological trait values with environmental variables in invasive alien round goby (Neogobius melanostomus).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {4076-4085}, pmid = {28649321}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The relative importance of species-specific biological trait characteristics and environmental factors in invasions of nonindigenous species remains controversial because both have mostly been studied independently. Thus, the main objective of this study was to examine the correlation of biological traits with environmental variation in the globally invasive round goby Neogobius melanostomus from the upper Danube River. Based on a sample of 653 specimens along a continuous 200 km river pathway, links between nine environmental factors (substrate-type, six water measurements, and the communities of fishes and macroinvertebrates) and seven biological traits (nutritional and energetic status, trade-offs of parasite resistance and resource allocation, and three growth proxies) were analyzed. Biological trait values of N. melanostomus hardly correlated with the environment, could not explain invasion progress and imply a general low overall importance for invasion success. Instead, alternative individual life-history trajectories appear to determine invasion success. This is in line with up to 15% of all specimens having outlying biological trait values of potential adaptive value, suggesting a considerable importance of adaptive trait variation among single individuals for the whole invasion progress. This "individual trait utility hypothesis" gives an alternative explanation for success of invasive species by single individuals carrying particular traits, and it should be specifically targeted and analyzed at currently invaded sites.}, }
@article {pmid28649148, year = {2017}, author = {Barker, BS and Rodríguez-Robles, JA}, title = {ORIGINS AND GENETIC DIVERSITY OF INTRODUCED POPULATIONS OF THE PUERTO RICAN RED-EYED COQUÍ, ELEUTHERODACTYLUS ANTILLENSIS, IN SAINT CROIX (U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS) AND PANAMÁ.}, journal = {Copeia}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, pages = {220-228}, pmid = {28649148}, issn = {0045-8511}, support = {K12 GM000708/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {The Red-eyed Coquí, Eleutherodactylus antillensis, is a terrestrial frog endemic to the Puerto Rican Bank (Puerto Rico and numerous islands and cays off its eastern coast), in the eastern Caribbean Sea. The species was likely introduced in Saint Croix, an island c. 100 km southeast of Puerto Rico, in the late 1930s, and in Panamá City, Panamá, in the late 1950s or early 1960s, but the source(s) of these introductions are unknown. We analyzed sequence data from one mtDNA locus and four nuDNA introns to infer the origin(s) of the Saint Croix and Panamá City populations and quantify their genetic diversity. Saint Croix and Panamanian populations do not share any haplotypes, and they cluster with different native populations, suggesting that they are derived from separate sources in the Puerto Rican Bank. Patterns of population structure trace the probable sources of E. antillensis in Saint Croix to islands off Puerto Rico's eastern coast, which include Vieques, Culebra, Saint Thomas, Saint John, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda, and possibly to eastern Puerto Rico as well. In contrast, Panamá City E. antillensis probably originated from either western or eastern Puerto Rico. Genetic diversity in the introduced populations is similar to or lower than in populations in the species' native range, indicating that genetic diversity has not increased in the alien frogs. Our findings may facilitate the development of preventive measures to minimize introductions of non-native amphibians in the Caribbean and Central America.}, }
@article {pmid28648374, year = {2018}, author = {Morais, P and Reichard, M}, title = {Cryptic invasions: A review.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {613-614}, number = {}, pages = {1438-1448}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.133}, pmid = {28648374}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Cryptic invasions are defined as the introduction and spread of non-native lineages within the species' native range (intra-specific cryptic invasion) or the invasion of non-native species that goes unnoticed due to misidentification as a native or another invasive species (inter-specific cryptic invasion). While population-specific attributes are acknowledged to play a critical role in the success and impact of biological invasions in general, our knowledge of the causes and consequences of cryptic invasions is largely neglected. Cryptic invasions are inherently difficult to recognize and, despite being likely widespread, often go undetected. In this review, we analyse the sources, mechanisms, and consequences of cryptic invasions. Using a bibliometric survey, we first quantify the relative proportion of study questions, taxa, and geographic regions. We then highlight the value of comparative information from archived specimens in uncovering the occurrence and timing of cryptic invasions. We examine the mechanisms of cryptic invasions and emphasise the role of anthropogenic environmental changes on the arrival of cryptic invaders. We then discuss the role of interspecific biological interactions in the success of cryptic invasions and the role of hybridization between native and non-native lineages in cryptic invasions. We examine the competitive advantage of some invasive lineages in key physiological, ecological or sexually-selected traits. We argue that cryptic invasions, often undetected, may trigger subsequent rapid range expansions. We suggest that cryptic invasions are much more common than currently acknowledged. We highlight the role of coevolved associations (host-parasite, mutualism, herbivory), inherently population-specific, in the impacts of cryptic invasions on local communities. Finally, we outline a framework to manage intraspecific cryptic invasions.}, }
@article {pmid28648370, year = {2018}, author = {Uddin, MN and Robinson, RW}, title = {Can nutrient enrichment influence the invasion of Phragmites australis?.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {613-614}, number = {}, pages = {1449-1459}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.131}, pmid = {28648370}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Australia ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorous Acids/analysis ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; *Rhizosphere ; Saline Waters/*chemistry ; Soil ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Plant invasion and nutrient enrichment because of anthropogenic landscape modifications seriously threaten native plant community diversity in aquatic and wetland ecosystems. It is poorly understood, however, whether these two disturbances interact with the functional identity of recipient native plants to drive community change. We performed combined studies in the fields and greenhouse to examine whether nutrient enrichment may trigger the invasion of Phragmites australis in wetlands through competitive advantage over native Melaleuca ericifolia. Chemical characterizations of rhizosphere water were distinguished in two different nutrient enriched wetlands associated with and without Phragmites over the seasons. Significant changes in rhizosphere water were observed in invaded area compared to uninvaded area at both sites. High nitrogen (NO3[-]), phosphorous (PO4[3-]), dissolved organic carbon, phenolics contents, with low pH were found in invaded areas compared to uninvaded areas. Total biomass of Phragmites was positively regressed with rhizosphere water nitrogen (NO3[-]) and phosphorous (PO4[3-]) content. Nutrient addition significantly enhanced the growth and competitive ability of Phragmites over Melaleuca. In contrast, Melaleuca was significantly less competitive than Phragmites. There was a significantly positive correlation between the growth of Phragmites grown alone and its competitive ability. The findings in greenhouse studies coupled with characteristics of Phragmites and its' rhizosphere chemistry in the nutrient enriched fields suggest that nutrient enrichment may enhance Phragmites invasion through correspondingly increasing growth and maintaining inherent competitive advantages of Phragmites. Nutrient management could limit the vigorous growth of Phragmites in wetlands and thereby reduce invasion through competitive advantages over natives, which might have important management implications for wetland managers.}, }
@article {pmid28642702, year = {2017}, author = {Kozuharova, E and Matkowski, A and Woźniak, D and Simeonova, R and Naychov, Z and Malainer, C and Mocan, A and Nabavi, SM and Atanasov, AG}, title = {Amorpha fruticosa - A Noxious Invasive Alien Plant in Europe or a Medicinal Plant against Metabolic Disease?.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {333}, pmid = {28642702}, issn = {1663-9812}, abstract = {Amorpha fruticosa L. (Fabaceae) is a shrub native to North America which has been cultivated mainly for its ornamental features, honey plant value and protective properties against soil erosion. It is registered amongst the most noxious invasive species in Europe. However, a growing body of scientific literature also points to the therapeutic potential of its chemical constituents. Due to the fact that A. fruticosa is an aggressive invasive species, it can provide an abundant and cheap resource of plant chemical constituents which can be utilized for therapeutic purposes. Additionally, exploitation of the biomass for medicinal use might contribute to relieving the destructive impact of this species on natural habitats. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary and systematize the state-of-the-art in the knowledge of the phytochemical composition and the potential of A. fruticosa in disease treatment and prevention, with especial emphasis on diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Also reviewed are aspects related to potential toxicity of A. fruticosa which has not yet been systematically evaluated in human subjects.}, }
@article {pmid28642581, year = {2017}, author = {Cock, MJW and Beseh, PK and Buddie, AG and Cafá, G and Crozier, J}, title = {Molecular methods to detect Spodoptera frugiperda in Ghana, and implications for monitoring the spread of invasive species in developing countries.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {4103}, pmid = {28642581}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Developing Countries ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; Ghana ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Spodoptera/classification/*genetics ; Zea mays/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous pest indigenous throughout the Americas, which recently appeared in Africa, first reported from São Tomé, Nigeria, Bénin and Togo in 2016, and which we now report from Ghana. This species is recognised to comprise two morphologically identical but genetically distinct strains or species in the Americas, and we found both to be present in Ghana. We discuss possible routes of entry to Africa, of which the likeliest is adults and/or egg masses transported on direct commercial flights between the Americas and West Africa, followed by dispersal by adult flight within Africa. Identification of Lepidoptera is normally based on the markings and morphology of adults, and not on the larvae which actually cause the damage, and therefore larvae have to be reared through to adult for authoritative identification. We confirmed that the use of DNA barcoding allowed unequivocal identification of this new pest from Ghana based on the larvae alone. As authenticated barcodes for vouchered specimens of more pests become available, this approach has the potential to become a valuable in-country tool to support national capability in rapid and reliable pest diagnosis and identification.}, }
@article {pmid28641229, year = {2017}, author = {Feng, J and Zhou, J and Wang, L and Cui, X and Ning, C and Wu, H and Zhu, X and Lin, G}, title = {Effects of short-term invasion of Spartina alterniflora and the subsequent restoration of native mangroves on the soil organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stock.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {184}, number = {}, pages = {774-783}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.060}, pmid = {28641229}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Carbon/analysis ; China ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; Estuaries ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*analysis ; Phosphorus/*analysis ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The exotic cordgrass Spartina alterniflora has severely invaded the mangrove wetlands in southern China and ecological restoration using native mangroves was conducted in an attempt to control this invasive species. In this study, the contents and pools of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were quantified to investigate the invasive effects of S. alterniflora and then to evaluate whether the ecological restoration of native mangrove could reverse those effects. S. alterniflora only showed significantly higher organic carbon content in the surface 0-10 cm of soil than in the uninvaded mudflat. The high δ[13]C values in the surface soil of the invaded habitat demonstrated that S. alterniflora contributed 42.6-62.2% of the organic carbon. The SOC for invasive S. alterniflora and newly restored mangroves (4 years and 14 years) was not enhanced in comparison to the unvegetated mudflat. S. alterniflora significantly increased the surface soil TN content, but decreased the available phosphorus content and TP density. The TN densities increased gradually with the mangrove restoration, while the TP densities were only slightly influenced. The results suggested that short-term invasion of S. alterniflora and subsequent mangrove restoration did not alter SOC or TN pool sizes, but S. alterniflora was shown to affect the potential carbon storage capacity produced by the mangroves in the Zhangjiang Estuary.}, }
@article {pmid28640353, year = {2017}, author = {Ferreira, AC and Paz, EL and Rumi, A and Ocon, C and Altieri, P and Capítulo, AR}, title = {Ecology of the non-native snail Sinotaia cf quadrata (Caenogastropoda: Viviparidae). A study in a lowland stream of South America with different water qualities.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, pages = {1059-1072}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765201720160624}, pmid = {28640353}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Argentina ; Ecosystem ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Sex Ratio ; Snails/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; *Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Sinotaia quadrata is a snail native from Asia recorded for the first time in South America in 2009 in central Argentina. In 2015, this species was also found in a lowland stream with different water qualities. Our aims were to contribute to the knowledge of its population ecology and to compare the individuals from the two locations anatomically. Snails were searched at 6 sites, where physicochemical and hydraulic parameters were measured. Biological samples were also taken at two sites (S3 and S4) to study the population traits of S. cf quadrata (density, size structure, fecundity and sex ratio) and to assess the water quality through macroinvertebrates' biological indices (richness, diversity and IBPamp). Physicochemical and biological parameters allowed us classifying sites as "moderately polluted" (S3) and "heavily polluted" (S4). At S4, the population showed a lower density, larger individuals, higher fecundity and a scarce representation of young snails. The differences observed in the radula and mantle border of snails from the two geographical regions might be attributed to environmental differences. We conclude that this species is tolerant to a wide range of environmental variables which, along with its high fecundity and morphological plasticity, could allow this species to colonize neighbor streams.}, }
@article {pmid28640350, year = {2017}, author = {Pie, MR and Ströher, PR and Agostinis, AO and Belmonte-Lopes, R and Tadra-Sfeir, MZ and Ostrensky, A}, title = {Development of a real-time PCR assay for the detection of the golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei , Mytilidae) in environmental samples.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, pages = {1041-1045}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765201720160723}, pmid = {28640350}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/isolation &amp; purification ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; *Introduced Species ; Mytilidae/*genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Reference Values ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; }, abstract = {The golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei, is among the most devastating invasive species in freshwater habitats worldwide, leading to severe environmental disturbances and economic losses. Therefore, management efforts would be greatly improved by methods that efficiently detect and quantify the abundance of the golden mussel in freshwater habitats, particularly in early stages of colonization. In this study, we describe a highly-sensitive real-time PCR assay targeting a 100-bp region of the COI mitochondrial gene of the golden mussel. The method was able to detect as little as 0.225 pg of target DNA. This assay represents an important contribution to surveillance methods, as well as to optimize field measures to contain and manage populations of the golden mussel in its introduced range.}, }
@article {pmid28637254, year = {2018}, author = {Wilcox, CL and Motomura, H and Matsunuma, M and Bowen, BW}, title = {Phylogeography of Lionfishes (Pterois) Indicate Taxonomic Over Splitting and Hybrid Origin of the Invasive Pterois volitans.}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {109}, number = {2}, pages = {162-175}, doi = {10.1093/jhered/esx056}, pmid = {28637254}, issn = {1465-7333}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Fishes/classification/*genetics ; Hybrid Vigor ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Introns ; Phylogeography ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The lionfish is an iconic marine fish, and recently renowned for a disastrous introduction into the West Atlantic. Genetic surveys of the putative invaders (Pterois volitans and Pterois miles) in their natural Indo-Pacific range can illuminate both topics. Previous research indicated that P. volitans and P. miles are sister species that hybridize in the invasive range, but hybridization in the native range is unknown. Here, we apply mtDNA COI and 2 nuclear introns (S7 RP1 and Gpd2) from 229 lionfish including the 2 invaders and 2 closely-related taxa (44 P. miles, 91 P. volitans, 31 Pterois lunulata, and 63 Pterois russelii) from 10 locations in their native ranges. Genetic data are supplemented with key morphological characters: dorsal, anal, and pectoral fin ray counts. We observed 2 lineages (d = 4.07%, 0.89%, and 2.75% at COI, S7 RP1, and Gpd2, respectively) among the 4 putative species: an Indian Ocean lineage represented by P. miles, and a Pacific Ocean lineage represented by P. lunulata and P. russelii. All specimens of the invasive P. volitans appear to be hybrids between the Indian Ocean P. miles and a Pacific lineage encompassing P. lunulata/russelii, a conclusion supported by both genetics and morphology. The divergences between Indian and Pacific forms are within the range of species-level partitions in fishes, and we recommend retention of the names P. miles and P. russelii for Indian and Pacific forms. The hybrid origin of the Atlantic invasion invokes the possibility of heterosis as a contributing factor to invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid28636972, year = {2017}, author = {Caplenor, CA and Poudyal, NC and Muller, LI and Yoest, C}, title = {Assessing landowners' attitudes toward wild hogs and support for control options.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {201}, number = {}, pages = {45-51}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.022}, pmid = {28636972}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Attitude ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Public Opinion ; Swine ; Tennessee ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Wild hogs (Sus scrofa) are an invasive species with destructive habits, particularly rooting and wallowing, which can directly impact agricultural crops, pasture land, and water quality. Considering wild hogs are widely dispersed across the landscape, they are extremely difficult to control. Disagreements can arise among different stakeholders over whether and how their populations should be managed. The purpose of this article was to examine Tennessee, United States landowners' attitudes toward wild hogs, to compare acceptability of control methods, and to evaluate factors significantly influencing public support for regulations to control wild hogs. Logistic regression was employed to analyze data collected from a statewide survey of rural landowners in the fall of 2015. Landowners had overwhelmingly negative attitudes towards wild hogs, and were concerned about their impact on the natural environment and rural economy. Although landowners showed support for controlling wild hogs, levels of acceptability for management options varied. Respondents favored active management and supported education and incentive-based control programs to control wild hogs. Cognitive concepts such as social and personal norms and awareness of consequences, as well as demographic characteristics, significantly predicted landowners' support for state regulations to control wild hogs in Tennessee. Findings increase our understanding of the human dimensions of wild hog management and that of other similarly invasive animals, and may guide resource managers in designing effective and socially acceptable management strategies to control wild hog populations in Tennessee and elsewhere.}, }
@article {pmid28634255, year = {2017}, author = {Arnesen, S and Coleman, CE and Meyer, SE}, title = {Population genetic structure of Bromus tectorum in the mountains of western North America.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {104}, number = {6}, pages = {879-890}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1700038}, pmid = {28634255}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Bromus/*genetics ; Ecosystem ; *Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Invasive species are often initially restricted to a narrow range and may then expand through any of multiple mechanisms including phenotypic plasticity, in situ evolution, or selection on traits preadapted for new habitats. Our study used population genetics to explore possible processes by which the highly selfing invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum has expanded into montane environments.<br><br>METHODS: We used 69 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers to genotype ca. 20 individuals from each of 38 montane cheatgrass populations from throughout the Intermountain West and to identify characteristic SNP haplotypes and examine their distribution.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Five invariant SNP haplotypes were dominant in montane cheatgrass populations, making up 59% of genotyped individuals, with each haplotype present in 12 to 21 populations. Four of these were absent or present at low frequency in low elevation populations, while the fifth was also sometimes dominant at low elevation. Sixteen haplotypes made up 78% of all genotyped individuals. These haplotypes were distributed across several haplogroups within the clade that also includes most sagebrush steppe lineages.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The wide geographic distribution of several common haplotypes almost completely restricted to montane habitats suggests that dominant lineages in montane populations may possess adaptive syndromes that are preserved through reduced outcrossing rates or negative selection on outcrossed progeny. However, conclusive evidence of such local adaptation requires reciprocal seeding experiments and further characterization of adaptive traits and breeding system characteristics. Other lineages have likely risen to dominance in montane populations through selectively neutral processes.}, }
@article {pmid28632900, year = {2017}, author = {Castillo, SP and Crego, RD and Jiménez, JE and Rozzi, R}, title = {Native-predator-invasive-prey trophic interactions in Tierra del Fuego: the beginning of biological resistance?.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {9}, pages = {2485-2487}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1873}, pmid = {28632900}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; *Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, }
@article {pmid28631116, year = {2017}, author = {Rothenburger, JL and Himsworth, CH and Nemeth, NM and Pearl, DL and Jardine, CM}, title = {Environmental Factors and Zoonotic Pathogen Ecology in Urban Exploiter Species.}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {630-641}, pmid = {28631116}, issn = {1612-9210}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Cities/*epidemiology ; Columbidae/microbiology/parasitology ; Disease Reservoirs/microbiology/parasitology ; Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Mice/microbiology ; Prevalence ; Rats/microbiology/parasitology ; Rodent Diseases/epidemiology/microbiology/parasitology ; Sparrows/microbiology/parasitology ; Starlings/microbiology/parasitology ; Zoonoses/epidemiology/*microbiology/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Knowledge of pathogen ecology, including the impacts of environmental factors on pathogen and host dynamics, is essential for determining the risk that zoonotic pathogens pose to people. This review synthesizes the scientific literature on environmental factors that influence the ecology and epidemiology of zoonotic microparasites (bacteria, viruses and protozoa) in globally invasive urban exploiter wildlife species (i.e., rock doves [Columba livia domestica], European starlings [Sturnus vulgaris], house sparrows [Passer domesticus], Norway rats [Rattus norvegicus], black rats [R. rattus] and house mice [Mus musculus]). Pathogen ecology, including prevalence and pathogen characteristics, is influenced by geographical location, habitat, season and weather. The prevalence of zoonotic pathogens in mice and rats varies markedly over short geographical distances, but tends to be highest in ports, disadvantaged (e.g., low income) and residential areas. Future research should use epidemiological approaches, including random sampling and robust statistical analyses, to evaluate a range of biotic and abiotic environmental factors at spatial scales suitable for host home range sizes. Moving beyond descriptive studies to uncover the causal factors contributing to uneven pathogen distribution among wildlife hosts in urban environments may lead to targeted surveillance and intervention strategies. Application of this knowledge to urban maintenance and planning may reduce the potential impacts of urban wildlife-associated zoonotic diseases on people.}, }
@article {pmid28623270, year = {2017}, author = {Rondoni, G and Ielo, F and Ricci, C and Conti, E}, title = {Behavioural and physiological responses to prey-related cues reflect higher competitiveness of invasive vs. native ladybirds.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {3716}, pmid = {28623270}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Cues ; Female ; *Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; Sex Factors ; }, abstract = {Understanding the traits that might be linked with biological invasions represents a great challenge for preventing non-target effects on local biodiversity. In predatory insects, the ability to exploit habitats for oviposition and the physiological response to prey availability differs between species. Those species that respond more readily to environmental changes may confer to their offspring a competitive advantage over other species. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the invasive Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) makes better use of information from a plant-prey (Vicia faba - Aphis fabae) system compared to the native Oenopia conglobata. Y-tube olfactometer bioassays revealed that both species used olfactory cues from the system, but H. axyridis exhibited a more complete response. This species was also attracted by plants previously infested by aphids, indicating the capacity to exploit volatile synomones induced in plants by aphid attack. Oocyte resorption was investigated when different olfactory stimuli were provided under prey shortage and the readiness of new oogenesis was measured when prey was available again. H. axyridis exhibited higher plasticity in oogenesis related to the presence/absence of plant-aphid volatiles. Our results support the hypothesis that H. axyridis is more reactive than O. conglobata to olfactory cues from the plant-prey system.}, }
@article {pmid28620400, year = {2017}, author = {Niphadkar, M and Nagendra, H and Tarantino, C and Adamo, M and Blonda, P}, title = {Comparing Pixel and Object-Based Approaches to Map an Understorey Invasive Shrub in Tropical Mixed Forests.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {892}, pmid = {28620400}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The establishment of invasive alien species in varied habitats across the world is now recognized as a genuine threat to the preservation of biodiversity. Specifically, plant invasions in understory tropical forests are detrimental to the persistence of healthy ecosystems. Monitoring such invasions using Very High Resolution (VHR) satellite remote sensing has been shown to be valuable in designing management interventions for conservation of native habitats. Object-based classification methods are very helpful in identifying invasive plants in various habitats, by their inherent nature of imitating the ability of the human brain in pattern recognition. However, these methods have not been tested adequately in dense tropical mixed forests where invasion occurs in the understorey. This study compares a pixel-based and object-based classification method for mapping the understorey invasive shrub Lantana camara (Lantana) in a tropical mixed forest habitat in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot in India. Overall, a hierarchical approach of mapping top canopy at first, and then further processing for the understorey shrub, using measures such as texture and vegetation indices proved effective in separating out Lantana from other cover types. In the first method, we implement a simple parametric supervised classification for mapping cover types, and then process within these types for Lantana delineation. In the second method, we use an object-based segmentation algorithm to map cover types, and then perform further processing for separating Lantana. The improved ability of the object-based approach to delineate structurally distinct objects with characteristic spectral and spatial characteristics of their own, as well as with reference to their surroundings, allows for much flexibility in identifying invasive understorey shrubs among the complex vegetation of the tropical forest than that provided by the parametric classifier. Conservation practices in tropical mixed forests can benefit greatly by adopting methods which use high resolution remotely sensed data and advanced techniques to monitor the patterns and effective functioning of native ecosystems by periodically mapping disturbances such as invasion.}, }
@article {pmid28620399, year = {2017}, author = {Müllerová, J and Brůna, J and Bartaloš, T and Dvořák, P and Vítková, M and Pyšek, P}, title = {Timing Is Important: Unmanned Aircraft vs. Satellite Imagery in Plant Invasion Monitoring.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {887}, pmid = {28620399}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The rapid spread of invasive plants makes their management increasingly difficult. Remote sensing offers a means of fast and efficient monitoring, but still the optimal methodologies remain to be defined. The seasonal dynamics and spectral characteristics of the target invasive species are important factors, since, at certain time of the vegetation season (e.g., at flowering or senescing), plants are often more distinct (or more visible beneath the canopy). Our aim was to establish fast, repeatable and a cost-efficient, computer-assisted method applicable over larger areas, to reduce the costs of extensive field campaigns. To achieve this goal, we examined how the timing of monitoring affects the detection of noxious plant invaders in Central Europe, using two model herbaceous species with markedly different phenological, structural, and spectral characteristics. They are giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum), a species with very distinct flowering phase, and the less distinct knotweeds (Fallopia japonica, F. sachalinensis, and their hybrid F. × bohemica). The variety of data generated, such as imagery from purposely-designed, unmanned aircraft vehicle (UAV), and VHR satellite, and aerial color orthophotos enabled us to assess the effects of spectral, spatial, and temporal resolution (i.e., the target species' phenological state) for successful recognition. The demands for both spatial and spectral resolution depended largely on the target plant species. In the case that a species was sampled at the most distinct phenological phase, high accuracy was achieved even with lower spectral resolution of our low-cost UAV. This demonstrates that proper timing can to some extent compensate for the lower spectral resolution. The results of our study could serve as a basis for identifying priorities for management, targeted at localities with the greatest risk of invasive species' spread and, once eradicated, to monitor over time any return. The best mapping strategy should reflect morphological and structural features of the target plant and choose appropriate spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution. The UAV enables flexible data acquisition for required time periods at low cost and is, therefore, well-suited for targeted monitoring; while satellite imagery provides the best solution for larger areas. Nonetheless, users must be aware of their limits.}, }
@article {pmid28620268, year = {2017}, author = {Harvey-Samuel, T and Ant, T and Alphey, L}, title = {Towards the genetic control of invasive species.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {19}, number = {6}, pages = {1683-1703}, pmid = {28620268}, issn = {1387-3547}, support = {BBS/E/I/00007033/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Invasive species remain one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity. Their control would be enhanced through the development of more effective and sustainable pest management strategies. Recently, a novel form of genetic pest management (GPM) has been developed in which the mating behaviour of insect pests is exploited to introduce genetically engineered DNA sequences into wild conspecific populations. These 'transgenes' work in one or more ways to reduce the damage caused by a particular pest, for example reducing its density, or its ability to vector disease. Although currently being developed for use against economically important insect pests, these technologies would be highly appropriate for application against invasive species that threaten biodiversity. Importantly, these technologies have begun to advance in scope beyond insects to vertebrates, which include some of the world's worst invasives. Here we review the current state of this rapidly progressing field and, using an established set of eradication criteria, discuss the characteristics which make GPM technologies suitable for application against invasive pests.}, }
@article {pmid28619595, year = {2017}, author = {Luigi, P and Giulia, C}, title = {Eutrophication affects the resistance of fucoids to an introduced alga spread.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {129}, number = {}, pages = {189-194}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.06.001}, pmid = {28619595}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Caulerpa/*physiology ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Eutrophication ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {This study investigates whether eutrophication can affect the capacity of the canopy alga Cystoseira brachycarpa to impede or limit the spread of the introduced species Caulerpa cylindracea. By means of a manipulative field study (16 months long), the effects of nutrient enrichment and C. cylindracea removal were tested on the canopy-alga and the associated macroalgal community. Results highlighted deep changes through time due to nutrient enrichment, as C. brachycarpa decreased and Halopteris scoparia increased in cover. Furthermore, C. brachycarpa was also affected by the presence of the introduced species Caulerpa cylindracea which, in turn, was found significantly advantaged by nutrient enrichment. Overall, our findings suggest that eutrophication can drive the substitution of Cystoseira with H. scoparia, leading to the shift from canopy to opportunistic species, which are unable to avoid the spread of C. cylindracea.}, }
@article {pmid28618067, year = {2018}, author = {Mattsson, BJ and Vacik, H}, title = {Prospects for stakeholder coordination by protected-area managers in Europe.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {98-108}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12966}, pmid = {28618067}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Growing resource demands by humans, invasive species, natural hazards, and a changing climate have created broad-scale impacts and the need for broader-extent conservation activities that span ownerships and even political borders. Implementing regional-scale conservation brings great challenges, and learning how to overcome these challenges is essential for maintaining biodiversity (i.e., richness and evenness of biological communities) and ecosystem functions and services across scales and borders in the face of system change. We administered an online survey to examine factors potentially driving perspectives of protected-area (PA) managers regarding coordination with neighboring PAs and other stakeholders (i.e., stakeholder coordination) for conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services during the next decade within diverse regions across Europe. Although >70% (n = 58) of responding PA managers indicated that climate change and invasive species are relevant for their PAs, they gave <50% probability that these threats could be mitigated through stakeholder coordination. They thought there was a >60% probability (n = 85) that stakeholder coordination would take place with the aim to improve conservation outcomes. Consistent with the foundation on which many European PAs were established, managers viewed maintaining or enhancing biodiversity as the most important (>70%; n = 61) expected benefit. Other benefits included maintaining or enhancing human resources and environmental education (range of Bayesian credibility intervals [CIs] 57-93%). They thought the main barriers to stakeholder coordination were the lack of human and economic resources (CI 59-67% chance of hindering; n = 64) followed by communication and interstakeholder differences in political structures and laws (CI 51-64% probability of hindering). European policies and strategies that address these hindering factors could be particularly effective means of enabling implementation of green infrastructure networks in which PAs are the nodes.}, }
@article {pmid28616199, year = {2017}, author = {Rödder, D and Ihlow, F and Courant, J and Secondi, J and Herrel, A and Rebelo, R and Measey, GJ and Lillo, F and De Villiers, FA and De Busschere, C and Backeljau, T}, title = {Global realized niche divergence in the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, pages = {4044-4058}, pmid = {28616199}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Although of crucial importance for invasion biology and impact assessments of climate change, it remains widely unknown how species cope with and adapt to environmental conditions beyond their currently realized climatic niches (i.e., those climatic conditions existing populations are exposed to). The African clawed frog Xenopus laevis, native to southern Africa, has established numerous invasive populations on multiple continents making it a pertinent model organism to study environmental niche dynamics. In this study, we assess whether the realized niches of the invasive populations in Europe, South, and North America represent subsets of the species' realized niche in its native distributional range or if niche shifts are traceable. If shifts are traceable, we ask whether the realized niches of invasive populations still contain signatures of the niche of source populations what could indicate local adaptations. Univariate comparisons among bioclimatic conditions at native and invaded ranges revealed the invasive populations to be nested within the variable range of the native population. However, at the same time, invasive populations are well differentiated in multidimensional niche space as quantified via n-dimensional hypervolumes. The most deviant invasive population are those from Europe. Our results suggest varying degrees of realized niche shifts, which are mainly driven by temperature related variables. The crosswise projection of the hypervolumes that were trained in invaded ranges revealed the south-western Cape region as likely area of origin for all invasive populations, which is largely congruent with DNA sequence data and suggests a gradual exploration of novel climate space in invasive populations.}, }
@article {pmid28612702, year = {2017}, author = {Mar, TB and Xavier, CAD and Lima, ATM and Nogueira, AM and Silva, JCF and Ramos-Sobrinho, R and Lau, D and Zerbini, FM}, title = {Genetic variability and population structure of the New World begomovirus Euphorbia yellow mosaic virus.}, journal = {The Journal of general virology}, volume = {98}, number = {6}, pages = {1537-1551}, doi = {10.1099/jgv.0.000784}, pmid = {28612702}, issn = {1465-2099}, mesh = {Begomovirus/*classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Brazil ; Euphorbia/*virology ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; *Phylogeography ; Plant Diseases/*virology ; }, abstract = {The emergence of begomoviruses (whitefly-transmitted viruses classified in the genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) in Brazil probably occurred by horizontal transfer from non-cultivated plants after the introduction of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1. The centre of diversity of Euphorbia heterophylla (Euphorbiaceae) is located in Brazil and Paraguay, where it is an invasive species in soybean and other crops. Reports of possible begomovirus infection of E. heterophylla in Brazil date back to the 1950s. In 2011, Euphorbia yellow mosaic virus (EuYMV) was described in symptomatic plants collected in the Brazilian state of Goiás. Here we assess the genetic variability and population structure of begomoviruses infecting E. heterophylla in samples collected throughout nine Brazilian states from 2009 to 2014. A total of 158 and 57 haplotypes were compared in DNA-A and DNA-B datasets, respectively. Analysis comparing population structure in a large sampled area enabled us to differentiate two subpopulations. Further, the application of discriminant analysis of principal components allowed the differentiation of six subpopulations according to sampling locations and in agreement with phylogenetic analysis. In general, negative selection was predominant in all six subpopulations. Interestingly, we were able to reconstruct the phylogeny based on the information from the 23 sites that contributed most to the geographical structure proposed, demonstrating that these polymorphisms hold supporting information to discriminate between subpopulations. These sites were mapped in the genome and compared at the level of amino acid changes, providing insights into how genetic drift and selection contribute to maintain the patterns of begomovirus population variability from a geographical structuring point of view.}, }
@article {pmid28612173, year = {2017}, author = {Martín-Casas, N and Reinoso-Pérez, M and García-Díaz, JR and Hansen, HH and Nielsen, MO}, title = {Evaluation of the feeding value of Dichrostachys cinerea pods for fattening pigs in Cuba.}, journal = {Tropical animal health and production}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, pages = {1235-1242}, pmid = {28612173}, issn = {1573-7438}, mesh = {Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Cuba ; Diet/*veterinary ; *Dietary Supplements ; *Digestion ; Fabaceae/*chemistry ; Female ; Male ; Sus scrofa/blood/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Weight Gain ; }, abstract = {Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight &amp; Arn. is a tropical leguminous shrub widely regarded as an invasive species in Cuba, after having invaded a significant proportion of its arable land during the past decades. Concurrently, smallholder pig producers are highly constrained by the scarcity of protein feeds. This study aimed to assess the feeding value of D. cinerea pod meal (DCPM) as an alternative protein supplement for pigs in Cuban smallholder production systems. An on-farm feeding trial was carried out with three groups (N = 10) of growing-fattening pigs over 60 days, where DCPM replaced 0, 15, and 30% in DM of a dietary commercial concentrate. Then, in an in vivo digestibility trial with eight growing pigs, apparent digestibilities of DCPM were determined for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP). Finally, in vitro digestibilities for OM (fecal and ileal) and CP (ileal) were determined. In the feeding trial, pig body weight gains were not affected by increased dietary substitution levels of concentrate for DCPM. Blood parameters, with a few exceptions, did not show significant differences among groups. Values for in vivo OM and CP digestibilities were 40.81 and 50.26%, and substantially higher than in vitro values. In conclusion, our results showed that at least 30% of DM in commercial concentrate could be substituted by DCPM without affecting pig growth performances under Cuban smallholder conditions. The low digestibility of DCPM is, however, not acceptable for intensive pig production systems. In vitro enzyme digestibility methods developed for commercial pig feeds are not suitable for DCPM without further calibration.}, }
@article {pmid28611806, year = {2017}, author = {Dronova, I and Spotswood, EN and Suding, KN}, title = {Opportunities and Constraints in Characterizing Landscape Distribution of an Invasive Grass from Very High Resolution Multi-Spectral Imagery.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {890}, pmid = {28611806}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Understanding spatial distributions of invasive plant species at early infestation stages is critical for assessing the dynamics and underlying factors of invasions. Recent progress in very high resolution remote sensing is facilitating this task by providing high spatial detail over whole-site extents that are prohibitive to comprehensive ground surveys. This study assessed the opportunities and constraints to characterize landscape distribution of the invasive grass medusahead (Elymus caput-medusae) in a ∼36.8 ha grassland in California, United States from 0.15m-resolution visible/near-infrared aerial imagery at the stage of late spring phenological contrast with dominant grasses. We compared several object-based unsupervised, single-run supervised and hierarchical approaches to classify medusahead using spectral, textural, and contextual variables. Fuzzy accuracy assessment indicated that 44-100% of test medusahead samples were matched by its classified extents from different methods, while 63-83% of test samples classified as medusahead had this class as an acceptable candidate. Main sources of error included spectral similarity between medusahead and other green species and mixing of medusahead with other vegetation at variable densities. Adding texture attributes to spectral variables increased the accuracy of most classification methods, corroborating the informative value of local patterns under limited spectral data. The highest accuracy across different metrics was shown by the supervised single-run support vector machine with seven vegetation classes and Bayesian algorithms with three vegetation classes; however, their medusahead allocations showed some "spillover" effects due to misclassifications with other green vegetation. This issue was addressed by more complex hierarchical approaches, though their final accuracy did not exceed the best single-run methods. However, the comparison of classified medusahead extents with field segments of its patches overlapping with survey transects indicated that most methods tended to miss and/or over-estimate the length of the smallest patches and under-estimate the largest ones due to classification errors. Overall, the study outcomes support the potential of cost-effective, very high-resolution sensing for the site-scale detection of infestation hotspots that can be customized to plant phenological schedules. However, more accurate medusahead patch delineation in mixed-cover grasslands would benefit from testing hyperspectral data and using our study's framework to inform and constrain the candidate vegetation classes in heterogeneous locations.}, }
@article {pmid28611502, year = {2017}, author = {Gaikwad, SS and Shouche, YS and Gade, WN}, title = {Deep Sequencing Reveals Highly Variable Gut Microbial Composition of Invasive Fish Mossambicus Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) Collected from Two Different Habitats.}, journal = {Indian journal of microbiology}, volume = {57}, number = {2}, pages = {235-240}, pmid = {28611502}, issn = {0046-8991}, abstract = {Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) is one of the most invasive fish found throughout the World and emerged as a major threat to the indigenous fishes in many countries. Investigating the gut microbial diversity of such fishes is one of the ways to understand its physiology. In the present study, we have explored the gut microbial community structure of tilapia using 16S rRNA gene sequencing on the Illumina Miseq platform. Our study showed significant differences in tilapia gut microbiota collected from different habitats (i.e. river and lakes) suggesting the influence of habitat on the gut microbial diversity of tilapia. This study gives a first insight into the mossambicus tilapia gut microbiota and provides a reference for future studies.}, }
@article {pmid28611440, year = {2017}, author = {Sakamoto, Y and Kumagai, NH and Goka, K}, title = {Declaration of local chemical eradication of the Argentine ant: Bayesian estimation with a multinomial-mixture model.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {3389}, pmid = {28611440}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/drug effects/*growth &amp; development ; *Bayes Theorem ; Entomology/*methods ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insecticides/*toxicity ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Statistical ; }, abstract = {Determining the success of eradication of an invasive species requires a way to decide when its risk of reoccurrence has become acceptably low. In Japan, the area populated by the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), is expanding, and eradication via chemical treatment is ongoing at various locations. One such program in Tokyo was apparently successful, because the ant population decreased to undetectable levels within a short time. However, construction of a population model for management purposes was difficult because the probability of detecting ants decreases rapidly as the population collapses. To predict the time when the ant was eradicated, we developed a multinomial-mixture model for chemical eradication based on monthly trapping data and the history of pesticide applications. We decided when to declare that eradication had been successful by considering both 'eradication' times, which we associated with eradication probabilities of 95% and 99%, and an optimal stopping time based on a 'minimum expected economic cost' that considered the possibility that surveys were stopped too soon. By applying these criteria, we retroactively declared that Argentine ants had been eradicated 38-42 months after the start of treatments (16-17 months after the last sighting).}, }
@article {pmid28611408, year = {2017}, author = {Hiller, A and Lessios, HA}, title = {Phylogeography of Petrolisthes armatus, an invasive species with low dispersal ability.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {3359}, pmid = {28611408}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Crustacea/*classification/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeography ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Theoretically, species with high population structure are likely to expand their range, because marginal populations are free to adapt to local conditions; however, meta-analyses have found a negative relation between structure and invasiveness. The crab Petrolisthes armatus has a wide native range, which has expanded in the last three decades. We sequenced 1718 bp of mitochondrial DNA from native and recently established populations to determine the population structure of the former and the origin of the latter. There was phylogenetic separation between Atlantic and eastern Pacific populations, and between east and west Atlantic ones. Haplotypes on the coast of Florida and newly established populations in Georgia and South Carolina belong to a different clade from those from Yucatán to Brazil, though a few haplotypes are shared. In the Pacific, populations from Colombia and Ecuador are highly divergent from those from Panamá and the Sea of Cortez. In general, populations were separated hundreds to million years ago with little subsequent gene flow. High genetic diversity in the newly established populations shows that they were founded by many individuals. Range expansion appears to have been limited by low dispersal rather than lack of ability of marginal populations to adapt to extreme conditions.}, }
@article {pmid28610594, year = {2017}, author = {Shi, QM and Zhang, HD and Wang, G and Guo, XX and Xing, D and Dong, YD and Xiao, L and Gao, J and Liu, QM and Sun, AJ and Li, CX and Zhao, TY}, title = {The genetic diversity and population structure of domestic Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Yunnan Province, southwestern China.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {292}, pmid = {28610594}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; Animals ; China ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Insect Vectors/genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: There was no record of Aedes aegypti in Yunnan Province, China, until 2002, but this species is now continuously found in nine cities (or counties). Until now, little was known about the genetic diversity and population structure of this invasive species. Thus, a detailed understanding of the invasion strategies, colonisation and dispersal of this mosquito from a population genetics perspective is urgently needed for controlling and eliminating this disease vector.<br><br>METHODS: The genetic diversity and population structure of Ae. aegypti communities were analysed by screening nine microsatellite loci from 833 Ae. aegypti mosquitoes sampled from 28 locations in Yunnan Province.<br><br>RESULTS: In total, 114 alleles were obtained, and the average polymorphic information content (PIC) value was 0.672. The value of the alleles per locus ranged from 2.90 to 5.18, with an average of 4.04. The value of He ranged from 0.353 to 0.681, and the value of Ho within populations ranged from 0.401 to 0.689. Of the 28 locations, two showed significant departures from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) with P-values less than 0.05, and a bottleneck effect was detected among locations from Ruili and the border areas with the degree of 60% and 50%, respectively. Combined with the F-statistics (FIT&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.222; FCT&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.145), the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that there was substantial molecular variation among individuals, accounting for 77.76% of the sample, with a significant P-value (<0.0001). The results suggest that genetic differences in Ae. aegypti originated primarily among individuals rather than among populations. Furthermore, the STRUCTURE and UPGMA cluster analyses showed that Ae. aegypti from the border areas were genetically isolated compared to those from the cities Ruili and Jinghong, consistent with the results of the Mantel test (R [2]&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.245, P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.0001).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Continuous invasion contributes to the maintenance of Ae. aegypti populations' genetic diversity and different invasion accidents result in the genetic difference among Ae. aegypti populations of Yunnan Province.}, }
@article {pmid28610351, year = {2017}, author = {Bieńkowski, AO and Orlova-Bienkowskaja, MJ}, title = {World checklist of flea-beetles of the genus Epitrix (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4268}, number = {4}, pages = {523-540}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4268.4.4}, pmid = {28610351}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Siphonaptera ; Solanum tuberosum ; }, abstract = {The world checklist of the genus Epitrix (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini) is necessary, since many species of this genus are serious pests of potato and other Solanaceae, and since some species have been inadvertedly introduced from one continent to another and established. We have compiled the catalogue of all species described to date. There are 162 species and 11 subspecies in the world. The geographic distribution is indicated for each species.}, }
@article {pmid28610243, year = {2017}, author = {Gallego, D and Lencina, JL and Mas, H and Ceveró, J and Faccoli, M}, title = {First record of the Granulate Ambrosia Beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), in the Iberian Peninsula.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4273}, number = {3}, pages = {431-434}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4273.3.7}, pmid = {28610243}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Europe ; Spain ; Weevils ; }, abstract = {The Granulate Ambrosia Beetle Xylosandrus crassiusculus, an alien species of Asian origin, was recorded for first time in the Iberian Peninsula. Many specimens were collected in October 2016 in the Valencia region (Spain) from infested carob trees. The species is included in the EPPO Alert List as causing serious damage in many Mediterranean regions. A key for the morphological identification of the Xylosandrus species occurring in Europe is also reported.}, }
@article {pmid28610037, year = {2017}, author = {Génier, F and Moretto, P}, title = {Digitonthophagus Balthasar, 1959: taxonomy, systematics, and morphological phylogeny of the genus revealing an African species complex (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4248}, number = {1}, pages = {1-110}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4248.1.1}, pmid = {28610037}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Arabia ; *Coleoptera ; Genitalia, Male ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The taxonomy and systematics of the genus Digitonthophagus Balthasar (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Onthophagini) is revised. A detailed study of the male genitalia combined with external morphology suggests that the variability, previously recognized, for D. gazella is hiding a species complex within the Afrotropical region and the Arabian Peninsula. The current study recognizes 16 species; 13 from the Afrotropical region and Arabian Peninsula and three from the eastern portion of the Saharo-Arabian region and the continental Indomalayan region. Species are organized into six species groups based on the results of the morphology-based phylogenetic analysis. The following 12 species are described as new: D. aksumensis Génier new species; D. biflagellatus Génier new species; D. dilatatus Génier new species; D. eucatta Génier new species; D. falciger Génier new species; D. fimator Génier new species; D. namaquensis Génier new species; D. petilus Génier new species; D. sahelicus Moretto new species; D. uks Génier new species; D. ulcerosus Génier new species; and D. viridicollis Génier new species. In order to stabilize nomenclature, lectotypes are designated for Scarabaeus bonasus Fabricius, 1775; Scarabaeus catta Fabricius, 1787, and Onthophagus gazella lusinganus d'Orbigny. A neotype is designated for Scarabaeus dorcas Olivier, 1789 whose status and synonymy need to be altered in order to clarify the status of Scarabaeus gazella auctorum, the widely introduced species with economic importance. A naming scheme is presented for the sclerites of the internal sac. External and male genitalia are illustrated and distribution maps are provided for each species.}, }
@article {pmid28609965, year = {2017}, author = {Brutto, SL}, title = {The Case of a Rudderfish Highlights the Role of Natural History Museums as Sentinels of Bio-invasions.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4254}, number = {3}, pages = {382-386}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4254.3.8}, pmid = {28609965}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Museums ; Perciformes ; Sicily ; }, abstract = {In September 2013 fishermen captured a rudderfish-Kyphosus vaigiensis-off Favignana Island, one of the islands of the Egadi Islands Marine Protected Area (MPA) in western Sicily (Mannino et al., 2015). This species is rarely sampled in the Mediterranean Sea.}, }
@article {pmid28605983, year = {2017}, author = {Suzuki, M and Iwasaki, A and Suenaga, K and Kato-Noguchi, H}, title = {Phytotoxic property of the invasive plant Tithonia diversifolia and a phytotoxic substance.}, journal = {Acta biologica Hungarica}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, pages = {187-195}, doi = {10.1556/018.68.2017.2.6}, pmid = {28605983}, issn = {0236-5383}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*chemistry ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth &amp; development ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Extracts/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Sesquiterpenes/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Tithonia diversifolia (Hermsl.) A. Gray is a perennial invasive plant and spreads quickly in the invasive areas. The extracts of T. diversifolia were found to be toxic to several crop plant species such as rice, maize, sorghum, lettuce and cowpea, and several putative allelopathic substances were identified. However, there is limited information available for the effects of T. diversifolia on wild plants including weed plant species. We investigated the allelopathic potential of T. diversifolia extracts on weed plants, and searched for phytotoxic substances with allelopathic activity. An aqueous methanol extract of T. diversifolia leaves inhibited the growth of weed plants, Lolium multiflorum Lam., Phleum pretense L., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. The extract was then purified by several chromatographic runs and a phytotoxic substance with allelopathic activity was isolated and identified by spectral analysis as tagitinin C. The substance inhibited the growth of Lolium multiflorum, Phleum pratense and Echinochloa crus-galli at concentrations greater than 0.1 - 0.3 mM. The present results suggest that T. diversifolia may possess allelopathic potential on weed plants and tagitinin C may be responsible for the allelopathic effects of T. diversifolia. The allelopathic potential of T. diversifolia may contribute to its invasive characteristics.}, }
@article {pmid28605835, year = {2017}, author = {Lohr, C and Wenger, A and Woodberry, O and Pressey, RL and Morris, K}, title = {Predicting island biosecurity risk from introduced fauna using Bayesian Belief Networks.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {601-602}, number = {}, pages = {1173-1181}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.281}, pmid = {28605835}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Bayes Theorem ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; *Islands ; Risk ; }, abstract = {Around the globe, islands are the last refuge for many threatened and endemic species. Islands are frequently also important sites for recreation, cultural activities, and industrial development, all of which facilitate the establishment of invasive species. Surveillance is employed on islands to detect the establishment of invasive species after their arrival, leading to decisions about follow-up actions. Unless surveillance is prioritised according to risk of establishment of invasives, it may be infeasible to implement efficiently over large tracts of publicly accessible land, especially in data-deficient areas. The key biosecurity problem for many regions is one of prioritizing sites for surveillance activities and identifying invasive species most likely to disperse to, and establish, and proliferate on those sites. We created a series of Bayesian Belief Networks (BBNs), linked by Java computing code and the freely available GeNIe application to automate the creation and computation of species- and site-specific biosecurity BBNs. The BBNs require data on island attributes, recreational or industrial visitor load, infrastructure, habitat availability, and animal behaviour and dispersal via swimming, flying, human movement, land bridges, or flood plumes. We used this biosecurity BBN to estimate the risk of 11 invasive faunal species arriving and establishing on 600 islands along the Pilbara coastline, Western Australia. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to identify nodes within the BBNs that required refined data inputs. Propagule pressure was the node with the greatest influence over the number of arrivals. Other nodes such as the number of visitors to islands and swimming capabilities of invasive animals greatly influenced the model results. Across the 11 species studied, our models predicted one arrival per 300 visitors. The biosecurity BBN can be used to identify the islands at highest risk from establishment of invasive species within any archipelago/s, and the invasive species most likely to establish on each island.}, }
@article {pmid28602237, year = {2017}, author = {Honek, A and Dixon, AF and Soares, AO and Skuhrovec, J and Martinkova, Z}, title = {Spatial and temporal changes in the abundance and compostion of ladybird (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) communities.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {20}, number = {}, pages = {61-67}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2017.04.001}, pmid = {28602237}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Climate Change ; *Coleoptera ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Because of their services to agriculture most ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) are intensively studied predators of mainly phytophagous pests. The study of the long-term variation in the composition of their communities was stimulated by recent dramatic changes in the abundance of some species. We review and evaluate possible effects of the main causes cited in the literature. Agricultural and habitat changes (particularly urbanization) affect coccinellid abundance, both negatively and positively. In the temperate zone dominant species occur most frequently associated with abundant prey populations on crops, weeds and planted stands of trees resulting from human activity. Invasive non-native species of coccinellids may endanger native species through intraguild predation or competition for resources, but their supposed serious negative effects on native species can differ considerably. Climatic change may influence coccinellid species in several ways, including indirect effects through lower trophic levels and desynchronisation of the phenologies of host plants, prey and coccinellid populations. In the near future we do not expect climate warming to have important effects on ladybird diversity globally, but local changes in the composition of coccinellid communities and abundance of particular species could occur.}, }
@article {pmid28601061, year = {2017}, author = {Osten-Sacken, N and Słodkowicz-Kowalska, A and Pacoń, J and Skrzypczak, &#x141; and Werner, A}, title = {Intestinal and external parasites of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in western Poland.}, journal = {Annals of parasitology}, volume = {63}, number = {1}, pages = {37-44}, doi = {10.17420/ap6301.83}, pmid = {28601061}, issn = {2299-0631}, mesh = {Animals ; Feces/parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Poland/epidemiology ; Raccoon Dogs/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Parasites of an invasive species, the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) from western Poland were investigated to clarify poorly known ecological key aspects of the species. The research was conducted in two study areas: the Ujście Warty National Park and the Bogdaniec Forestry District. Intestinal samples were collected from the intestinal tracks of 39 dead animals and 51 faecal samples were collected in all seasons from latrines of raccoon dogs. Macro-parasites, their eggs and protozoan parasites were investigated to assess the taxonomic composition of parasites, the level of infection and the risk of potential transfer of dangerous parasites from raccoon dogs to people and native species. Among parasites potentially dangerous for human and native mammal species, Toxocara canis was found in the intestines and T. canis eggs, Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts and Entamoeba sp. cysts were identified in faecal samples. Sarcoptic mange was observed in the skin of two animals, whereas Diptera larvae (probably from the family Gasterophilidae) were found in the intestines of two other animals. This latter finding is very interesting, because Gasterophilidae are the typical parasites in horses and ungulates, but so far were never found in raccoon dogs.}, }
@article {pmid28599659, year = {2017}, author = {Duchemin, JB and Mee, PT and Lynch, SE and Vedururu, R and Trinidad, L and Paradkar, P}, title = {Zika vector transmission risk in temperate Australia: a vector competence study.}, journal = {Virology journal}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {108}, pmid = {28599659}, issn = {1743-422X}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Climate ; Disease Transmission, Infectious ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*virology ; Humans ; Mosquito Vectors/*virology ; RNA, Viral/*analysis/genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Risk Assessment ; Saliva/*virology ; Zika Virus/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Zika Virus Infection/transmission ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Zika virus is an emerging pathogen of global importance. It has been responsible for recent outbreaks in the Americas and in the Pacific region. This study assessed five different mosquito species from the temperate climatic zone in Australia and included Aedes albopictus as a potentially invasive species.<br><br>METHODS: Mosquitoes were orally challenged by membrane feeding with Zika virus strain of Cambodia 2010 origin, belonging to the Asian clade. Virus infection and dissemination were assessed by quantitative PCR on midgut and carcass after dissection. Transmission was assessed by determination of cytopathogenic effect of saliva (CPE) on Vero cells, followed by determination of 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) for CPE positive samples. Additionally, the presence of Wolbachia endosymbiont infection was assessed by qPCR and standard PCR.<br><br>RESULTS: Culex mosquitoes were found unable to present Zika virus in saliva, as demonstrated by molecular as well as virological methods. Aedes aegypti, was used as a positive control for Zika infection and showed a high level of virus infection, dissemination and transmission. Local Aedes species, Ae. notoscriptus and, to a lesser degree, Ae. camptorhynchus were found to expel virus in their saliva and contained viral nucleic acid within the midgut. Molecular assessment identified low or no dissemination for these species, possibly due to low virus loads. Ae. albopictus from Torres Strait islands origin was shown as an efficient vector. Cx quinquefasciatus was shown to harbour Wolbachia endosymbionts at high prevalence, whilst no Wolbachia was found in Cx annulirostris. The Australian Ae. albopictus population was shown to harbour Wolbachia at high frequency.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The risk of local Aedes species triggering large Zika epidemics in the southern parts of Australia is low. The potentially invasive Ae. albopictus showed high prevalence of virus in the saliva and constitutes a potential threat if this mosquito species becomes established in mainland Australia. Complete risk analysis of Zika transmission in the temperate zone would require an assessment of the impact of temperature on Zika virus replication within local and invasive mosquito species.}, }
@article {pmid28599207, year = {2017}, author = {Pedro, S and Fisk, AT and Tomy, GT and Ferguson, SH and Hussey, NE and Kessel, ST and McKinney, MA}, title = {Mercury and persistent organic pollutants in native and invading forage species of the Canadian Arctic: Consequences for food web dynamics.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {229-240}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.085}, pmid = {28599207}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Canada ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes ; Flame Retardants/analysis ; *Food Chain ; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated ; Introduced Species ; Mercury/*analysis ; Pesticides ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Contaminant dynamics within Arctic marine food webs may be altered through the climate-driven northward invasions of temperate/boreal species. Here, we compare tissue concentrations of total mercury (THg) and legacy and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in native versus invading forage species sampled from 2012 to 2014 near Arviat, Clyde River, and Resolute Bay, NU, representing, low, mid- and high eastern Canadian Arctic regions, respectively. Concentrations of THg, legacy Σ-polychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCB) and Σ-organochlorine (ΣOC) pesticides were detected in all forage species, whereas emerging halogenated flame retardants were detected in only a few individuals. Concentrations of major contaminant groups among regions did not vary for Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida), while for sculpin (Cottoidea) there was no clear latitudinal trend. Thus, considering interspecific variation, native sculpin and northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) had the highest overall concentrations of THg (0.17 ± 0.02 and 0.21 ± 0.01 μg g[-1] wet weight, respectively), ΣPCB (322 ± 35 and 245 ± 25 ng g[-1] lipid weight (lw), respectively), and ΣOC (413 ± 38 and 734 ± 64 ng g[-1] lw, respectively). Comparing the keystone native species, Arctic cod, to its 'replacement' species, capelin (Mallotus villosus) and sandlance (Ammodytes spp.), THg concentrations were higher in Arctic cod compared to capelin (p < 0.001), which was partly explained by differences in fish length. Conversely, capelin and sandlance had higher concentrations of most POPs than Arctic cod (p < 0.02). Neither feeding habitat (based on δ[13]C), trophic position (based on δ[15]N), nor fish length significantly explained these differences in POPs between Arctic cod, capelin and sandlance. Higher POPs concentrations, as well as variation in congener/compound patterns, in capelin and sandlance relative to Arctic cod seem, therefore, more likely related to a more "temperate"-type contaminant signature in the invaders. Nevertheless, the relatively small (up to two-fold) magnitude of these differences suggested limited effects of these ecological changes on contaminant uptake by Arctic piscivores.}, }
@article {pmid28596615, year = {2017}, author = {Stuart-Smith, RD and Edgar, GJ and Barrett, NS and Bates, AE and Baker, SC and Bax, NJ and Becerro, MA and Berkhout, J and Blanchard, JL and Brock, DJ and Clark, GF and Cooper, AT and Davis, TR and Day, PB and Duffy, JE and Holmes, TH and Howe, SA and Jordan, A and Kininmonth, S and Knott, NA and Lefcheck, JS and Ling, SD and Parr, A and Strain, E and Sweatman, H and Thomson, R}, title = {Assessing National Biodiversity Trends for Rocky and Coral Reefs through the Integration of Citizen Science and Scientific Monitoring Programs.}, journal = {Bioscience}, volume = {67}, number = {2}, pages = {134-146}, pmid = {28596615}, issn = {0006-3568}, abstract = {Reporting progress against targets for international biodiversity agreements is hindered by a shortage of suitable biodiversity data. We describe a cost-effective system involving Reef Life Survey citizen scientists in the systematic collection of quantitative data covering multiple phyla that can underpin numerous marine biodiversity indicators at high spatial and temporal resolution. We then summarize the findings of a continental- and decadal-scale State of the Environment assessment for rocky and coral reefs based on indicators of ecosystem state relating to fishing, ocean warming, and invasive species and describing the distribution of threatened species. Fishing impacts are widespread, whereas substantial warming-related change affected some regions between 2005 and 2015. Invasive species are concentrated near harbors in southeastern Australia, and the threatened-species index is highest for the Great Australian Bight and Tasman Sea. Our approach can be applied globally to improve reporting against biodiversity targets and enhance public and policymakers' understanding of marine biodiversity trends.}, }
@article {pmid28596581, year = {2017}, author = {Dai, TM and Lü, ZC and Liu, WX and Wan, FH and Hong, XY}, title = {The homology gene BtDnmt1 is Essential for Temperature Tolerance in Invasive Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean Cryptic Species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {3040}, pmid = {28596581}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1/*genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Hemiptera/classification/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Stress, Physiological ; Survival Rate ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED) cryptic species has been rapidly invading most parts of the world owing to its strong ecological adaptability, particularly its strong resistance to temperature stress. Epigenetic mechanisms play important roles in mediating ecological plasticity. In particular, DNA methylation has been the focus of attempts to understand the mechanism of phenotypic plasticity. The relationship between temperature and DNA methylation and how it affects the adaptability of invasive insects remain unknown. To investigate the temperature resistance role of DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) in MED, we cloned and sequenced BtDnmt1 homology and identified its functions under various temperature conditions. The full-length cDNA of MED BtDnmt1 homology was 5,958 bp and has a 4,287 bp open reading frame that encodes a 1,428-amino-acid protein. BtDnmt1 mRNA expression levels were significantly down-regulated after feeding with dsRNA. Furthermore, after feeding with dsBtDnmt1, the MED adults exhibited significantly higher mortality under temperature stress conditions than the controls, suggesting that MED BtDnmt1 homology plays an essential role in the temperature tolerance capacity of MED. Our data improve our understanding of the temperature resistance and temperature adaptability mechanisms that have allowed the successful invasion and colonization of various environments by this alien species.}, }
@article {pmid28596537, year = {2017}, author = {Wu, ZZ and Qu, MQ and Pu, XH and Cui, Y and Xiao, WY and Zhao, HX and Bin, SY and Lin, JT}, title = {Transcriptome sequencing of Tessaratoma papillosa antennae to identify and analyze expression patterns of putative olfaction genes.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {3070}, pmid = {28596537}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arthropod Antennae/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Computational Biology/methods ; Data Curation ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Heteroptera/*genetics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Olfactory Perception/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Protein Binding ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Studies on insect olfaction have increased our understanding of insect's chemosensory system and chemical ecology, and have improved pest control strategies based on insect behavior. In this study, we assembled the antennal transcriptomes of the lychee giant stink bug, Tessaratoma papillosa, by using next generation sequencing to identify the major olfaction gene families in this species. In total, 59 odorant receptors, 14 ionotropic receptors (8 antennal IRs), and 33 odorant binding proteins (28 classic OBPs and 5 plus-C OBPs) were identified from the male and female antennal transcriptomes. Analyses of tissue expression profiles revealed that all 59 OR transcripts, 2 of the 8 antennal IRs, and 6 of the 33 OBPs were primarily expressed in the antennae, suggesting their putative role in olfaction. The sex-biased expression patterns of these antenna-predominant genes suggested that they may have important functions in the reproductive behavior of these insects. This is the first report that provides a comprehensive resource to future studies on olfaction in the lychee giant stink bug.}, }
@article {pmid28593195, year = {2017}, author = {Denef, VJ and Carrick, HJ and Cavaletto, J and Chiang, E and Johengen, TH and Vanderploeg, HA}, title = {Lake Bacterial Assemblage Composition Is Sensitive to Biological Disturbance Caused by an Invasive Filter Feeder.}, journal = {mSphere}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {28593195}, issn = {2379-5042}, abstract = {One approach to improve forecasts of how global change will affect ecosystem processes is to better understand how anthropogenic disturbances alter bacterial assemblages that drive biogeochemical cycles. Species invasions are important contributors to global change, but their impacts on bacterial community ecology are rarely investigated. Here, we studied direct impacts of invasive dreissenid mussels (IDMs), one of many invasive filter feeders, on freshwater lake bacterioplankton. We demonstrated that direct effects of IDMs reduced bacterial abundance and altered assemblage composition by preferentially removing larger and particle-associated bacteria. While this increased the relative abundances of many free-living bacterial taxa, some were susceptible to filter feeding, in line with efficient removal of phytoplankton cells of <2 μm. This selective removal of particle-associated and larger bacteria by IDMs altered inferred bacterial functional group representation, defined by carbon and energy source utilization. Specifically, we inferred an increased relative abundance of chemoorganoheterotrophs predicted to be capable of rhodopsin-dependent energy generation. In contrast to the few previous studies that have focused on the longer-term combined direct and indirect effects of IDMs on bacterioplankton, our study showed that IDMs act directly as a biological disturbance to which freshwater bacterial assemblages are sensitive. The negative impacts on particle-associated bacteria, which have been shown to be more active than free-living bacteria, and the inferred shifts in functional group representation raise the possibility that IDMs may directly alter bacterially mediated ecosystem functions. IMPORTANCE Freshwater bacteria play fundamental roles in global elemental cycling and are an intrinsic part of local food webs. Human activities are altering freshwater environments, and much has been learned regarding the sensitivity of bacterial assemblages to a variety of these disturbances. Yet, relatively few studies have focused on how species invasion, which is one of the most important aspects of anthropogenic global change, affects freshwater bacterial assemblages. This study focuses on the impact of invasive dreissenid mussels (IDMs), a globally distributed group of invasive species with large impacts on freshwater phyto- and zooplankton assemblages. We show that IDMs have direct effects on lake bacterioplankton abundance, taxonomic composition, and inferred bacterial functional group representation.}, }
@article {pmid28591859, year = {2017}, author = {Nelson, SL and Durden, LA and Reuter, JD}, title = {Rhipicephalus microplus and Dermacentor nitens (Acari: Ixodidae) Coparasitize White-Tailed Deer on St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {54}, number = {5}, pages = {1440-1443}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjx112}, pmid = {28591859}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Animals ; *Deer ; Dermacentor/*physiology ; Droughts ; Introduced Species ; Prevalence ; Rhipicephalus/*physiology ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; United States Virgin Islands/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Ticks parasitizing introduced white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann), on St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, were recorded during and after drought conditions. Tick infestation prevalences were 22% at the start of the drought (July 2015), 66% at the height of the drought (March 2016), and 35% after the drought had ended (July 2016; n = 67 deer). Samples of ticks from 22 tranquilized deer in July 2016 revealed the presence of two species, the southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini), and the tropical horse tick, Dermacentor (Anocentor) nitens Neumann. Both tick species have considerable veterinary importance, especially for cattle and horses, respectively, as nuisance biters and also as vectors of parasitic piroplasms or of Anaplasma marginale Theiler. All 22 deer examined were infested by R. microplus, whereas 14 (64%) of the samples also included specimens of D. nitens. Because of the large numbers of ticks recorded, wild deer on St. John could develop associated health problems (pruritis, alopecia, anemia, low weight gain, tick-borne pathogens and parasites) and could also serve as a source of these ticks for cattle and horses.}, }
@article {pmid28590214, year = {2017}, author = {Kanani, K and Amr, Z and Katbeh-Bader, A and Arbaji, M}, title = {First Record of Aedes albopictus in Jordan.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {134-135}, doi = {10.2987/17-6641.1}, pmid = {28590214}, issn = {8756-971X}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Environment ; Jordan ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {The presence of Aedes albopictus in Jordan is reported for the 1st time based on collections of larvae and adults from 7 sites representing 3 governorates (Irbid, Ajloun, and Balqa). Adults were recovered from around houses, while larvae were collected from concrete reservoirs, water tanks for irrigation, small containers, and water barrels. Larvae of Ae. albopictus were found along with larvae of Culiseta longiareolata and Culex laticinctus.}, }
@article {pmid28590080, year = {2019}, author = {Vankosky, MA and Hoddle, MS}, title = {An assessment of interspecific competition between two introduced parasitoids of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) on caged citrus plants.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {119-127}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12490}, pmid = {28590080}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {15-8130-0488-CA//USDA APHIS Multi-Agency Coordination/ ; 5500-191//Citrus Research Board/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Citrus ; *Competitive Behavior ; Female ; Hemiptera/*parasitology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Nymph/parasitology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Two parasitoids attacking nymphs of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Shafee, Alam &amp; Agarwal) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) are being released in California, USA in a classical biological control program. To evaluate the effect of multiple parasitoid species on D. citri mortality, we conducted mesocosm experiments under controlled conditions using a complete block design with 6 treatments (D. citri nymphs exposed to: no parasitoids; D. aligarhensis or T. radiata alone; D. aligarhensis or T. radiata released first (by 48 h); and both species released simultaneously). Parasitism of D. citri nymphs by T. radiata exceeded 60% and was unchanged when D. aligarhensis were present. Parasitism by D. aligarhensis was greatest when T. radiata was absent (∼28%) and was reduced in all treatments with T. radiata present (<3%). D. citri mortality and parasitoid-related mortality of D. citri was consistent across parasitoid treatments. Laboratory results suggest that competition between D. aligarhensis and T. radiata is asymmetric and favors T. radiata. It may be difficult for D. aligarhensis to contribute significantly to D. citri biological control where T. radiata is present. However, results reported here suggest that competition between T. radiata and D. aligarhensis is not likely to reduce parasitism by T. radiata or reduce parasitoid-induced mortality of D. citri.}, }
@article {pmid28589699, year = {2017}, author = {Diamante, NA and Prioli, SMAP and Oliveira, AV and Fabrin, TMC and Prioli, LM and Prioli, AJ}, title = {Genetic relationships of Plagioscion squamosissimus (Perciformes, Sciaenidae) from five Neotropical river basins evaluated using mitochondrial atpase6/8 gene sequences.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {91}, number = {1}, pages = {375-384}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13347}, pmid = {28589699}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Brazil ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; Fishes/*classification/*genetics ; Genes, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Likelihood Functions ; Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {The genetic relationships of native or introduced Plagioscion squamosissimus in five Brazilian Neotropical basins were evaluated using the mitochondrial atpase6/8 genes. Results revealed that the population of the Tocantins River basin is more basal than the native populations of the Amazon and Parnaíba River basins. Moreover, the populations of P. squamosissimus that were introduced in the São Francisco and upper Paraná River basins originated from the population of the Parnaíba River.}, }
@article {pmid28589279, year = {2017}, author = {Wood, SA and Zaiko, A and Richter, I and Inglis, GJ and Pochon, X}, title = {Development of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of the invasive Mediterranean fanworm, Sabella spallanzanii, in environmental samples.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {24}, number = {21}, pages = {17373-17382}, pmid = {28589279}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; *Polychaeta ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; South Australia ; }, abstract = {The Mediterranean fanworm, Sabella spallanzanii Gmelin 1791, was first detected in the Southern Hemisphere in the 1990s and is now abundant in many parts of southern Australia and in several locations around northern New Zealand. Once established, it can proliferate rapidly, reaching high densities with potential ecological and economic impacts. Early detection of new S. spallanzanii incursions is important to prevent its spread, guide eradication or control efforts and to increase knowledge on the species' dispersal pathways. In this study, we developed a TaqMan probe real-time polymerase chain reaction assay targeting a region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene. The assay was validated in silico and in vitro using DNA from New Zealand and Australian Sabellidae with no cross-reactivity detected. The assay has a linear range of detection over seven orders of magnitude with a limit of detection reached at 12.4 × 10[-4] ng/μL of DNA. We analysed 145 environmental (water, sediment and biofouling) samples and obtained positive detections only from spiked samples and those collected at a port where S. spallanzanii is known to be established. This assay has the potential to enhance current morphological and molecular-based methods, through its ability to rapidly and accurately identify S. spallanzanii in environmental samples.}, }
@article {pmid28588138, year = {2017}, author = {Sargent, RD and Angert, AL and Williams, JL}, title = {When are species invasions useful for addressing fundamental questions in plant biology?.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {104}, number = {6}, pages = {797-799}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1700087}, pmid = {28588138}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Biology ; Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; *Plants ; }, }
@article {pmid28587910, year = {2017}, author = {Rambla-Alegre, M and Reverté, L and Del Río, V and de la Iglesia, P and Palacios, O and Flores, C and Caixach, J and Campbell, K and Elliott, CT and Izquierdo-Muñoz, A and Campàs, M and Diogène, J}, title = {Evaluation of tetrodotoxins in puffer fish caught along the Mediterranean coast of Spain. Toxin profile of Lagocephalus sceleratus.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {158}, number = {}, pages = {1-6}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.031}, pmid = {28587910}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {Animals ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry ; Mediterranean Sea ; Spain ; Species Specificity ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Tetraodontiformes/*metabolism ; Tetrodotoxin/*analysis ; Tissue Distribution ; }, abstract = {Although consumption of Tetraodontidae species is prohibited in the EU, intoxications are still reported. The evaluation of tetrodotoxins (TTXs) by mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS) and a screening immunoassay (mELISA) in tetraodontid fishes caught along the Western Mediterranean Sea revealed high concentrations of TTXs in Lagocephalus sceleratus while no TTXs were identified in L. lagocephalus and Sphoeroides pachygaster individuals. The high TTXs content found in the L. sceleratus analysed herein demonstrate the occurrence of highly toxic puffer fish in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Being L. sceleratus a recent invasive species in the Mediterranean, surveillance, risk assessment and risk management measures are necessary. The strategy used within this research work could be a valuable tool for future food safety monitoring.}, }
@article {pmid28587838, year = {2017}, author = {Hlina, BL and Tessier, LR and Wilkie, MP}, title = {Effects of water pH on the uptake and elimination of the piscicide, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), by larval sea lamprey.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology &amp; pharmacology : CBP}, volume = {200}, number = {}, pages = {9-16}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.05.005}, pmid = {28587838}, issn = {1532-0456}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon Radioisotopes ; Larva/metabolism ; Molecular Structure ; Nitrophenols/chemistry/*pharmacokinetics/toxicity ; Pesticides/chemistry/*pharmacokinetics/toxicity ; Petromyzon/*metabolism ; Water/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) populations in the Great Lakes are controlled by applying the piscicide, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), to infested streams with larval sea lamprey (ammocoetes). While treatment mortality is >90%, surviving lamprey, called residuals, can undermine control efforts. A key determinant of TFM effectiveness is water pH, which can fluctuate daily and seasonally in surface waters. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the influence of pH on the uptake, elimination, and accumulation of TFM by larval sea lamprey using radio-labeled TFM ([14]C-TFM), when exposed to a nominal concentration of 4.6mgTFML[-1] or 7.6mgTFML[-1], 3h or 1h, respectively. TFM uptake rates were approximately 5.5-fold greater at low pH (6.86) compared to the high pH (8.78), most likely due to the unionized, lipophilic form of TFM existing in greater amounts at a lower pH. In contrast, elimination rates following the injection of 85nmolTFMg[-1] body mass were 1.7-1.8 fold greater at pH8.96 than at pH6.43 during 2-4h of depuration in TFM-free water. Greater initial excretion rates at pH8.96 were presumably due to predicted increases in outward concentration gradients of un-ionized TFM. The present findings suggest that TFM is mainly taken-up in its un-ionized form, more lipophilic form, but there is also significant uptake of the ionized form of TFM via an unknown mechanism. Moreover, we provide an explanation to how small increases in pH can undermine lampricide treatment success increasing residual lamprey populations.}, }
@article {pmid28586542, year = {2017}, author = {Andújar, C and Arribas, P and Vogler, AP}, title = {Terra incognita of soil biodiversity: unseen invasions under our feet.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {12}, pages = {3087-3089}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14112}, pmid = {28586542}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Arthropods ; Biodiversity ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Metagenomics ; Phylogeny ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Whilst cartographers of the 19th century endeavoured to chart the last unknown lands, the great challenge for biologists in the 21st century is to fill the gaps on the biodiversity map of the Earth. And one of the largest gaps concerns the biodiversity of soils, a terra incognita right under our feet. The study of soil biodiversity, and particularly the complex communities of small invertebrates, has suffered from a severe 'taxonomic impediment' (Decaëns) leading to great uncertainties about total species richness, phylogenetic diversity, geographical structure, temporal dynamics of soil organisms, and consequently about their role on ecosystem function (Bardgett &amp; van der Putten). However, the revolution in high-throughput sequencing is now revealing the hidden biodiversity of the soil with unprecedented detail (e.g. Arribas et al.). In a noteworthy from the Cover article in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Cicconardi et al. () apply these new tools to study soil communities of Collembola in three distant oceanic islands of volcanic origin, obtaining a striking result: only 38 of 70 species (54%) are exclusively found in a single island, with the remaining shared among islands or with other distant regions, suggesting a massive recent introduction of soil species, whose impact is entirely unknown.}, }
@article {pmid28585541, year = {2017}, author = {Head, L}, title = {The social dimensions of invasive plants.}, journal = {Nature plants}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {17075}, doi = {10.1038/nplants.2017.75}, pmid = {28585541}, issn = {2055-0278}, mesh = {Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Public Policy ; *Social Environment ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants pose a major environmental management issue. Research into the social dimensions of this issue has flourished over the past decade, as part of the critical examination of relations between human and nonhuman worlds. The social sciences and humanities have made substantial contributions to conceptualizing invasiveness and nativeness; understanding the perceptions, attitudes and values of diverse stakeholders; and analysing the politics and practices of invasive plant management. Cultural analysis allows areas of conflict and commonality to be identified. Social complexity must be added to ecological complexity to understand the causal relationships underlying invasions; and linear understandings of science-policy relationships are too simplistic. Productive connections have been established between recent social and natural science approaches in the context of rapid environmental change and unpredictable futures. Nonetheless, the prevalence of human exceptionalism in the ecological sciences constitutes a major point of divergence between social and natural science perspectives.}, }
@article {pmid28584273, year = {2017}, author = {Bin, SY and Qu, MQ and Li, KM and Peng, ZQ and Wu, ZZ and Lin, JT}, title = {Antennal and abdominal transcriptomes reveal chemosensory gene families in the coconut hispine beetle, Brontispa longissima.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {2809}, pmid = {28584273}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Abdomen ; Animals ; Arthropod Antennae/*metabolism ; Coleoptera/*drug effects/*genetics ; Computational Biology/methods ; Drug Resistance/*genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Multigene Family ; Phylogeny ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Antennal and abdominal transcriptomes of males and females of the coconut hispine beetle Brontispa longissima were sequenced to identify and compare the expression patterns of genes involved in odorant reception and detection. Representative proteins from the chemosensory gene families likely essential for insect olfaction were identified. These include 48 odorant receptors (ORs), 19 ionotropic receptors (IRs), 4 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), 34 odorant binding proteins (OBPs) and 16 chemosensory proteins (CSPs). Phylogenetic analysis revealed the evolutionary relationship of these proteins with homologs from Coleopterans or other insects, and led to the identification of putative aggregation pheromone receptors in B. longissima. Comparative expression analysis performed by calculating FPKM values were also validated using quantitative real time-PCR (qPCR). The results revealed that all ORs and antennal IRs, two IR co-receptors (BlonIR8a and BlonIR25a) and one SNMP (BlonSNMP1a) were predominantly expressed in antennae when compared to abdomens, and approximately half of the OBPs (19) and CSPs (7) were enriched in antennae. These findings for the first time reveal the identification of key molecular components in B. longissima olfaction and provide a valuable resource for future functional analyses of olfaction, and identification of potential targets to control this quarantine pest.}, }
@article {pmid28583693, year = {2017}, author = {Caronni, S and Calabretti, C and Cavagna, G and Ceccherelli, G and Delaria, MA and Macri, G and Navone, A and Panzalis, P}, title = {The invasive microalga Chrysophaeum taylorii: Interactive stressors regulate cell density and mucilage production.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {129}, number = {}, pages = {156-165}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.05.005}, pmid = {28583693}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Microalgae/*physiology ; Phytoplankton ; Population Dynamics ; Seawater ; }, abstract = {The benthic mucilage producing microalga Chrysophaeum taylorii Lewis and Bryan (Pelagophyceae) has recently received attention for its rapid spread in the Mediterranean Sea, where its blooms have remarkable detrimental effects. So far no information on C. taylorii response to multiple stressors, especially in terms of mucilage hyperproduction, is available in the literature yet, and a manipulative field experiment in this topic was designed in Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo Marine Protected Area. The aim of the study was to test the effects of nutrient enrichment (addition of nutrients), mechanical disturbance (partial and total benthic organisms removal) and hydrodynamics (increased water turbulence) on C. taylorii cell density and mucilage abundance. To the purpose, the three above mentioned stressors were simulated and the three treatments were assigned to 20 × 20 cm plots following a full-factorial design (n = 3). Interactive effects of the three stressors affected significantly both benthic C. taylorii cell density and mucilage cover although differently. Mechanical disturbance and high hydrodynamics produced consistent effects on cell density and mucilage production (i.e. the former factor enhancing and the latter decreasing). Nutrient enrichment on the contrary led to contrasting effects, promoting cell abundance and inhibiting mucilage production. Therefore, important mucilage blooms are expected in oligotrophic sheltered coastal locations where barren areas are present.}, }
@article {pmid28583210, year = {2017}, author = {Thompson, PC and Zarlenga, DS and Liu, MY and Rosenthal, BM}, title = {Long-read sequencing improves assembly of Trichinella genomes 10-fold, revealing substantial synteny between lineages diverged over 7 million years.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {144}, number = {10}, pages = {1302-1315}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182017000348}, pmid = {28583210}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genome, Helminth/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Synteny ; Trichinella/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Genome assemblies can form the basis of comparative analyses fostering insight into the evolutionary genetics of a parasite's pathogenicity, host-pathogen interactions, environmental constraints and invasion biology; however, the length and complexity of many parasite genomes has hampered the development of well-resolved assemblies. In order to improve Trichinella genome assemblies, the genome of the sylvatic encapsulated species Trichinella murrelli was sequenced using third-generation, long-read technology and, using syntenic comparisons, scaffolded to a reference genome assembly of Trichinella spiralis, markedly improving both. A high-quality draft assembly for T. murrelli was achieved that totalled 63·2 Mbp, half of which was condensed into 26 contigs each longer than 571 000 bp. When compared with previous assemblies for parasites in the genus, ours required 10-fold fewer contigs, which were five times longer, on average. Better assembly across repetitive regions also enabled resolution of 8 Mbp of previously indeterminate sequence. Furthermore, syntenic comparisons identified widespread scaffold misassemblies in the T. spiralis reference genome. The two new assemblies, organized for the first time into three chromosomal scaffolds, will be valuable resources for future studies linking phenotypic traits within each species to their underlying genetic bases.}, }
@article {pmid28582737, year = {2017}, author = {Sureda, A and Tejada, S and Capó, X and Melià, C and Ferriol, P and Pinya, S and Mateu-Vicens, G}, title = {Oxidative stress response in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica and the seaweed Dasycladus vermicularis associated to the invasive tropical green seaweed Halimeda incrassata.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {601-602}, number = {}, pages = {918-925}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.261}, pmid = {28582737}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Alismatales/*physiology ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Catalase/metabolism ; Chlorophyta ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Glutathione/metabolism ; Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism ; Glutathione Reductase/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects ; Malondialdehyde ; Mediterranean Sea ; Oxidative Stress/*physiology ; Seaweed/*physiology ; Spain ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most affected areas by the presence of invasive species. Halimeda incrassata (J Ellis) JV Lamoroux is newly arrived tropical seaweed in waters of the Mallorca Island (Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean). The aim was to evaluate the effect of a potential competition between the invasive Halimeda incrassata, the native Posidonia oceanica and Dasycladus vermicularis, by means of antioxidant-related biomarkers in waters of Mallorca. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes-catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GRd)-, the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde as indicator of lipid peroxidation were evaluated. The concentration of 3,6,7-trihydroxycoumarin (THC) was measured in D. vermicularis. P. oceanica biomarkers were not altered while D. vermicularis coexisting with the invader showed higher GSH levels (46%) and antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase 74%, SOD 65%, GPx 86% and GRd 98%), although without lipid damage. H. incrassata showed higher malondialdehyde and GSH levels (30% and 31%, respectively), and catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activities (51%, 35% and 84%, respectively) in presence of P. oceanica respect to being alone; and higher superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase in the presence of D. vermicularis (22% and 42%, respectively). THC concentration in D. vermicularis was significantly higher (53%) in samples competing with H. incrassata. Altogether, native P. oceanica meadows seem unaffected by the alien H. incrassata-which suffered oxidative stress competing with the other species-; whereas increased antioxidant capacities were evidenced in D. vermicularis, possibly as an adaptation mechanism to the new stressful situation that reflect differences in the physiological activities of the three species. In conclusion, the presence of the invasive H. incrassata may be a competitor to be considered for D. vermicularis, while it does not seem to be a major problem for P. oceanica.}, }
@article {pmid28580146, year = {2017}, author = {Siefkes, MJ}, title = {Use of physiological knowledge to control the invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Laurentian Great Lakes.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {cox031}, pmid = {28580146}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) control in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America is an example of using physiological knowledge to successfully control an invasive species and rehabilitate an ecosystem and valuable fishery. The parasitic sea lamprey contributed to the devastating collapse of native fish communities after invading the Great Lakes during the 1800s and early 1900s. Economic tragedy ensued with the loss of the fishery and severe impacts to property values and tourism resulting from sea lamprey-induced ecological changes. To control the sea lamprey and rehabilitate the once vibrant Great Lakes ecosystem and economy, the Great Lakes Fishery Commission (Commission) was formed by treaty between Canada and the United States in 1955. The Commission has developed a sea lamprey control programme based on their physiological vulnerabilities, which includes (i) the application of selective pesticides (lampricides), which successfully kill sedentary sea lamprey larvae in their natal streams; (ii) barriers to spawning migrations and associated traps to prevent infestations of upstream habitats and remove adult sea lamprey before they reproduce; and (iii) the release of sterilized males to reduce the reproductive potential of spawning populations in select streams. Since 1958, the application of the sea lamprey control programme has suppressed sea lamprey populations by ~90% from peak abundance. Great Lakes fish populations have rebounded and the economy is now thriving. In hopes of further enhancing the efficacy and selectivity of the sea lamprey control programme, the Commission is exploring the use of (i) sea lamprey chemosensory cues (pheromones and alarm cues) to manipulate behaviours and physiologies, and (ii) genetics to identify and manipulate genes associated with key physiological functions, for control purposes. Overall, the Commission capitalizes on the unique physiology of the sea lamprey and strives to develop a diverse integrated programme to successfully control a once devastating invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid28579673, year = {2017}, author = {Sikoparija, B and Skjøth, CA and Celenk, S and Testoni, C and Abramidze, T and Alm Kübler, K and Belmonte, J and Berger, U and Bonini, M and Charalampopoulos, A and Damialis, A and Clot, B and Dahl, &#xc5; and de Weger, LA and Gehrig, R and Hendrickx, M and Hoebeke, L and Ianovici, N and Kofol Seliger, A and Magyar, D and Mányoki, G and Milkovska, S and Myszkowska, D and Páldy, A and Pashley, CH and Rasmussen, K and Ritenberga, O and Rodinkova, V and Rybníček, O and Shalaboda, V and Šaulienė, I and Ščevková, J and Stjepanović, B and Thibaudon, M and Verstraeten, C and Vokou, D and Yankova, R and Smith, M}, title = {Spatial and temporal variations in airborne Ambrosia pollen in Europe.}, journal = {Aerobiologia}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {181-189}, pmid = {28579673}, issn = {0393-5965}, abstract = {The European Commission Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action FA1203 "SMARTER" aims to make recommendations for the sustainable management of Ambrosia across Europe and for monitoring its efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The goal of the present study is to provide a baseline for spatial and temporal variations in airborne Ambrosia pollen in Europe that can be used for the management and evaluation of this noxious plant. The study covers the full range of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. distribution over Europe (39°N-60°N; 2°W-45°E). Airborne Ambrosia pollen data for the principal flowering period of Ambrosia (August-September) recorded during a 10-year period (2004-2013) were obtained from 242 monitoring sites. The mean sum of daily average airborne Ambrosia pollen and the number of days that Ambrosia pollen was recorded in the air were analysed. The mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated regardless of the number of years included in the study period, while trends are based on those time series with 8 or more years of data. Trends were considered significant at p < 0.05. There were few significant trends in the magnitude and frequency of atmospheric Ambrosia pollen (only 8% for the mean sum of daily average Ambrosia pollen concentrations and 14% for the mean number of days Ambrosia pollen were recorded in the air). The direction of any trends varied locally and reflected changes in sources of the pollen, either in size or in distance from the monitoring station. Pollen monitoring is important for providing an early warning of the expansion of this invasive and noxious plant.}, }
@article {pmid28579642, year = {2017}, author = {Chan, FT and Briski, E}, title = {An overview of recent research in marine biological invasions.}, journal = {Marine biology}, volume = {164}, number = {6}, pages = {121}, pmid = {28579642}, issn = {0025-3162}, abstract = {The Topical Collection on Invasive Species includes 50 articles addressing many tenets of marine invasion ecology. The collection covers important topics relating to propagule pressure associated with transport vectors, species characteristics, attributes of recipient ecosystems, invasion genetics, biotic interactions, testing of invasion hypotheses, invasion dynamics and spread, and impacts of nonindigenous species. This article summarizes some of the collection's highlights.}, }
@article {pmid28578717, year = {2018}, author = {Li, Q and Triapitsyn, SV and Wang, C and Zhong, W and Hu, HY}, title = {Biological traits and the complex of parasitoids of the elm pest Orchestes steppensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Xinjiang, China.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {108}, number = {1}, pages = {48-57}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485317000499}, pmid = {28578717}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Ulmus ; Weevils/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {The flee-weevil Orchestes steppensis Korotyaev (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a steppe eastern Palaearctic species, notable as a serious pest of elms (Ulmus spp., Ulmaceae), by feeding on the leaves (adults) or mining them heavily (larvae), especially of Ulmus pumila L. in Xinjiang, China. We have corrected the previous misidentifications of this weevil in China as O. alni (L.) or O. mutabilis Boheman and demonstrated that it is likely to be an invasive species in Xinjiang. Prior to this study, natural enemies of O. steppensis were unknown in Xinjiang. Resulting from field investigation and rearing in the laboratory during 2013-2016, seven parasitoid species were found to be primary and solitary, attacking larval and pupal stages of the host weevil. Pteromalus sp. 2 is the dominant species and also is the most competitive among the seven parasitoids, which could considered to be a perspective biological control agent of O. steppensis. Yet, the current control of this pest by the local natural enemies in Xinjiang is still currently inefficient, even though in 2016 parasitism was about 36% on U. pumila in Urumqi, so the potential for a classical biological control program against it needs to be further investigated, including an assessment of its parasitoids and other natural enemies in the native range of O. steppensis. The presented information on the natural enemies of this weevil can be also important for a potential classical biological control program against it in North America (Canada and USA), where it is a highly damaging and rapidly spreading invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid28578461, year = {2017}, author = {Heddergott, M and Frantz, AC and Stubbe, M and Stubbe, A and Ansorge, H and Osten-Sacken, N}, title = {Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in invasive raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Central Europe.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {116}, number = {8}, pages = {2335-2340}, pmid = {28578461}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Agglutination Tests ; Animals ; Antibodies, Protozoan/blood ; Europe/epidemiology ; Female ; Male ; Raccoons/*parasitology ; Risk Factors ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; *Toxoplasma/immunology ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal/*epidemiology/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan that causes toxoplasmosis in warm-blooded animals. Most mammals, including humans, can become intermediate host, resulting in subclinical infection or even death. Generally, there is limited information on the epidemiology of T. gondii of game species in Germany. As omnivores, raccoons, which are particularly widespread and abundant in Germany, are particularly exposed to infection the parasite. Here, we report the seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies from 15 study sites located in Luxembourg and Germany. Using the indirect modified agglutination test (MAT), 170 (37.4%; 95% CI: 33.0-41.9) out of 454 raccoons were surveyed to be T. gondii seropositive. While values ranged from 19.0% to 53.3%, there was no significant difference in seroprevalence between study areas. Animal weight had a strong influence on the presence of T. gondii antibodies in raccoon sera, with heavier animals more likely to be seropositive. Our results show that T. gondii infection is widespread in central European raccoons, suggesting a high degree of ecosystem circulation of the parasite.}, }
@article {pmid28575824, year = {2017}, author = {Dimitrakopoulos, PG and Koukoulas, S and Galanidis, A and Delipetrou, P and Gounaridis, D and Touloumi, K and Arianoutsou, M}, title = {Factors shaping alien plant species richness spatial patterns across Natura 2000 Special Areas of Conservation of Greece.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {601-602}, number = {}, pages = {461-468}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.220}, pmid = {28575824}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Greece ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {This paper aims to determine the main factors that shape the spatial patterns of alien plant species occurrence across Natura 2000 Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) in Greece, and quantify their influence. A series of spatial analysis techniques for the development of a spatial database of the factors involved, followed by a boosted negative binomial Generalised Additive Model for location scale and shape, were implemented. Native plant species richness, topography and hydrography, human population density, and a spatial preference to the northern-western sites are the key factors that explain the variation in the occurrence of alien plant species. Native plant species richness and human population density have a positive effect on alien plant species presence, while topography aspects, such as elevation and slope, and the distance from the hydrographical network a negative one. All factors are indirectly linked to propagule pressure emphasizing the importance of human activities for the efforts on managing protected areas.}, }
@article {pmid28575202, year = {2017}, author = {Huang, J and Gut, L and Grieshop, M}, title = {Evaluation of Food-Based Attractants for Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, pages = {878-884}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvx097}, pmid = {28575202}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Acetic Acid/pharmacology ; Animals ; Carbohydrates/pharmacology ; Chemotaxis ; Drosophila/*drug effects/physiology ; Female ; Insect Control/*methods ; Male ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/chemistry ; Wine/analysis ; }, abstract = {The Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a highly invasive species attacking a wide range of ripening soft-skinned fruits. A series of laboratory choice tests were conducted to determine whether different levels of rice vinegar affected attraction of Merlot wine to D. suzukii, as well as to compare attractiveness of two common fermentation food baits: wine-vinegar and yeast-sugar water mixtures. The relative attraction of various combinations was used to develop a bait whose effectiveness was tested in the field. In laboratory choice experiments, wine-vinegar (80:20, v:v, hereafter referred to as wine) was more preferred over a yeast-sugar water mixture (hereafter referred to as yeast) by D. suzukii. Combination baits, either a mixture of wine and yeast or a mixture of wine and a supernatant from the yeast (comboS), were significantly more attractive than each product alone. The two combination baits were equally attractive to D. suzukii, so were the yeast and its supernatant, suggesting that yeast supernatant could be used as a replacement for the yeast-sugar mixture currently used for trapping D. suzukii. The additive effect between wine and yeast supernatant in the field was not as profound as observed in the laboratory. In the field trial, numerically more male and female D. suzukii were captured in traps baited with comboS than those baited with the wine or yeast alone; however, significant differences were only found between the comboS and wine or between the comboS and yeast in some weeks over the period of the experiment.}, }
@article {pmid28572631, year = {2017}, author = {Li, FQ and Fu, NN and Qu, C and Wang, R and Xu, YH and Luo, C}, title = {Understanding the mechanisms of dormancy in an invasive alien Sycamore lace bug, Corythucha ciliata through transcript and metabolite profiling.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {2631}, pmid = {28572631}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Cold-Shock Response ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Heteroptera/*genetics/*physiology ; Insect Proteins/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Metabolome ; Sirtuin 1/metabolism ; Spliceosomes/metabolism ; Transcriptome ; Trees ; }, abstract = {The sycamore lace bug, Corythucha ciliata, is a pest of sycamore trees. In China, it is found in the most northern border where it has been known to become dormant during harsh winters. But the molecular and metabolic basis for dormancy in this insect is still unknown. In this study, we analyzed the transcript and metabolite profiles of this bug to identify key genes and metabolites that are significantly regulated during dormancy in adult females and males. In total, 149 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly up-regulated and 337 DEGs were significantly down-regulated in dormant adults (both females and males). We found major differences in heat shock protein (HSPs), immunity-responsive genes, NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) and genes involved in the spliceosome pathway that is known to regulate stress. Among the 62 metabolites identified by GC-MS, 12 metabolites including glycerol, trehalose, and alanine were significantly increased during C. ciliata dormancy. By integrating the transcriptome and metabolite datasets, we found that the metabolites in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and citrate cycle (TCA) were significantly reduced. This study is the first to report both transcript and metabolite profiles of the overwintering responses of C. ciliata to cold stress at the molecular level.}, }
@article {pmid28570632, year = {2017}, author = {Siers, SR and Savidge, JA and Reed, RN}, title = {Quantile regression of microgeographic variation in population characteristics of an invasive vertebrate predator.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {e0177671}, pmid = {28570632}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Geography ; Guam ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Predatory Behavior ; Seasons ; *Snakes ; Vertebrates/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Localized ecological conditions have the potential to induce variation in population characteristics such as size distributions and body conditions. The ability to generalize the influence of ecological characteristics on such population traits may be particularly meaningful when those traits influence prospects for successful management interventions. To characterize variability in invasive Brown Treesnake population attributes within and among habitat types, we conducted systematic and seasonally-balanced surveys, collecting 100 snakes from each of 18 sites: three replicates within each of six major habitat types comprising 95% of Guam's geographic expanse. Our study constitutes one of the most comprehensive and controlled samplings of any published snake study. Quantile regression on snake size and body condition indicated significant ecological heterogeneity, with a general trend of relative consistency of size classes and body conditions within and among scrub and Leucaena forest habitat types and more heterogeneity among ravine forest, savanna, and urban residential sites. Larger and more robust snakes were found within some savanna and urban habitat replicates, likely due to relative availability of larger prey. Compared to more homogeneous samples in the wet season, variability in size distributions and body conditions was greater during the dry season. Although there is evidence of habitat influencing Brown Treesnake populations at localized scales (e.g., the higher prevalence of larger snakes-particularly males-in savanna and urban sites), the level of variability among sites within habitat types indicates little ability to make meaningful predictions about these traits at unsampled locations. Seasonal variability within sites and habitats indicates that localized population characterization should include sampling in both wet and dry seasons. Extreme values at single replicates occasionally influenced overall habitat patterns, while pooling replicates masked variability among sites. A full understanding of population characteristics should include an assessment of variability both at the site and habitat level.}, }
@article {pmid28568902, year = {2018}, author = {Bonebrake, TC and Brown, CJ and Bell, JD and Blanchard, JL and Chauvenet, A and Champion, C and Chen, IC and Clark, TD and Colwell, RK and Danielsen, F and Dell, AI and Donelson, JM and Evengård, B and Ferrier, S and Frusher, S and Garcia, RA and Griffis, RB and Hobday, AJ and Jarzyna, MA and Lee, E and Lenoir, J and Linnetved, H and Martin, VY and McCormack, PC and McDonald, J and McDonald-Madden, E and Mitchell, N and Mustonen, T and Pandolfi, JM and Pettorelli, N and Possingham, H and Pulsifer, P and Reynolds, M and Scheffers, BR and Sorte, CJB and Strugnell, JM and Tuanmu, MN and Twiname, S and Vergés, A and Villanueva, C and Wapstra, E and Wernberg, T and Pecl, GT}, title = {Managing consequences of climate-driven species redistribution requires integration of ecology, conservation and social science.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {93}, number = {1}, pages = {284-305}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12344}, pmid = {28568902}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecology/*methods ; Humans ; Social Sciences/*methods ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Climate change is driving a pervasive global redistribution of the planet's species. Species redistribution poses new questions for the study of ecosystems, conservation science and human societies that require a coordinated and integrated approach. Here we review recent progress, key gaps and strategic directions in this nascent research area, emphasising emerging themes in species redistribution biology, the importance of understanding underlying drivers and the need to anticipate novel outcomes of changes in species ranges. We highlight that species redistribution has manifest implications across multiple temporal and spatial scales and from genes to ecosystems. Understanding range shifts from ecological, physiological, genetic and biogeographical perspectives is essential for informing changing paradigms in conservation science and for designing conservation strategies that incorporate changing population connectivity and advance adaptation to climate change. Species redistributions present challenges for human well-being, environmental management and sustainable development. By synthesising recent approaches, theories and tools, our review establishes an interdisciplinary foundation for the development of future research on species redistribution. Specifically, we demonstrate how ecological, conservation and social research on species redistribution can best be achieved by working across disciplinary boundaries to develop and implement solutions to climate change challenges. Future studies should therefore integrate existing and complementary scientific frameworks while incorporating social science and human-centred approaches. Finally, we emphasise that the best science will not be useful unless more scientists engage with managers, policy makers and the public to develop responsible and socially acceptable options for the global challenges arising from species redistributions.}, }
@article {pmid28562660, year = {2017}, author = {Zink, FA and Tembrock, LR and Timm, AE and Farris, RE and Perera, OP and Gilligan, TM}, title = {A droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay to detect Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in bulk trap samples.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {e0178704}, pmid = {28562660}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Limit of Detection ; Moths/*genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; }, abstract = {Moths in the genus Helicoverpa are some of the most important agricultural pests in the world. Two species, H. armigera (Hübner) and H. zea (Boddie), cause the majority of damage to crops and millions of dollars are spent annually on control of these pests. The recent introduction of H. armigera into the New World has prompted extensive survey efforts for this species in the United States. Surveys are conducted using bucket traps baited with H. armigera pheromone, and, because the same pheromone compounds attract both species, these traps often capture large numbers of the native H. zea. Adult H. armigera and H. zea are very similar and can only be separated morphologically by minor differences in the genitalia. Thus, a time consuming genitalic dissection by a trained specialist is necessary to reliably identify either species, and every specimen must be dissected. Several molecular methods are available for differentiating and identifying H. armigera and H. zea, including two recently developed rapid protocols using real-time PCR. However, none of the published methods are capable of screening specimens in large batches. Here we detail a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay that is capable of detecting a single H. armigera in a background of up to 999 H. zea. The assay has been tested using bulk extractions of 1,000 legs from actual trap samples and is effective even when using poor quality samples. This study provides an efficient, rapid, reproducible, and scalable method for processing H. armigera survey trap samples in the U.S. and demonstrates the potential for applying ddPCR technology to screen and diagnose invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid28561092, year = {2017}, author = {McConville, MB and Cohen, NM and Nowicki, SM and Lantz, SR and Hixson, JL and Ward, AS and Remucal, CK}, title = {A field analysis of lampricide photodegradation in Great Lakes tributaries.}, journal = {Environmental science. Processes &amp; impacts}, volume = {19}, number = {7}, pages = {891-900}, doi = {10.1039/c7em00173h}, pmid = {28561092}, issn = {2050-7895}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring ; Great Lakes Region ; Introduced Species ; Kinetics ; Niclosamide/*analysis/radiation effects ; Nitrophenols/*analysis/radiation effects ; Petromyzon/*growth &amp; development ; *Photolysis ; Rivers/*chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis/radiation effects ; }, abstract = {The lampricides 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide (niclosamide) are added to Great Lakes tributaries to target the sea lamprey, an invasive parasitic fish. This study examines the photochemical behavior of the lampricides in Carpenter Creek, Sullivan Creek, and the Manistique River. The observed loss of TFM in Carpenter and Sullivan Creeks (i.e., 34 and 19%) was similar to the loss of bromide in parallel time of passage studies (i.e., 30 and 29%), demonstrating that TFM photodegradation was minimal in both tributaries during the lampricide application. Furthermore, the absence of inorganic and organic photoproducts in the Manistique River demonstrates that TFM and niclosamide photodegradation was minimal in this large tributary, despite its long residence time (i.e., 3.3 days). Kinetic modeling was used to identify environmental variables primarily responsible for the limited photodegradation of TFM in the field compared to estimates from laboratory data. This analysis demonstrates that the lack of TFM photodegradation was attributable to the short residence times in Carpenter and Sullivan Creeks, while depth, time of year, time of day, and cloud cover influenced photochemical fate in the Manistique River. The modeling approach was extended to assess how many of the 140 United States tributaries treated with lampricides in 2015 and 2016 were amenable to TFM photolysis. While >50% removal of TFM due to photolysis could occur in 13 long and shallow tributaries, in most systems lampricides will reach the Great Lakes untransformed.}, }
@article {pmid28560606, year = {2018}, author = {de Souza, TAF and de Andrade, LA and Freitas, H and da Silva Sandim, A}, title = {Biological Invasion Influences the Outcome of Plant-Soil Feedback in the Invasive Plant Species from the Brazilian Semi-arid.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {76}, number = {1}, pages = {102-112}, pmid = {28560606}, issn = {1432-184X}, mesh = {Apocynaceae/growth &amp; development ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Brazil ; Fabaceae/growth &amp; development ; Forests ; Glomeromycota/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/classification/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; *Plant Development ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Plants/*microbiology ; Prosopis/growth &amp; development ; Seasons ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Plant-soil feedback is recognized as the mutual interaction between plants and soil microorganisms, but its role on the biological invasion of the Brazilian tropical seasonal dry forest by invasive plants still remains unclear. Here, we analyzed and compared the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities and soil characteristics from the root zone of invasive and native plants, and tested how these AMF communities affect the development of four invasive plant species (Cryptostegia madagascariensis, Parkinsonia aculeata, Prosopis juliflora, and Sesbania virgata). Our field sampling revealed that AMF diversity and frequency of the Order Diversisporales were positively correlated with the root zone of the native plants, whereas AMF dominance and frequency of the Order Glomerales were positively correlated with the root zone of invasive plants. We grew the invasive plants in soil inoculated with AMF species from the root zone of invasive (I changed) and native (I unaltered) plant species. We also performed a third treatment with sterilized soil inoculum (control). We examined the effects of these three AMF inoculums on plant dry biomass, root colonization, plant phosphorous concentration, and plant responsiveness to mycorrhizas. We found that I unaltered and I changed promoted the growth of all invasive plants and led to a higher plant dry biomass, mycorrhizal colonization, and P uptake than control, but I changed showed better results on these variables than I unaltered. For plant responsiveness to mycorrhizas and fungal inoculum effect on plant P concentration, we found positive feedback between changed-AMF community (I changed) and three of the studied invasive plants: C. madagascariensis, P. aculeata, and S. virgata.}, }
@article {pmid28560093, year = {2017}, author = {Hackerott, S and Valdivia, A and Cox, CE and Silbiger, NJ and Bruno, JF}, title = {Invasive lionfish had no measurable effect on prey fish community structure across the Belizean Barrier Reef.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3270}, pmid = {28560093}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Invasive lionfish are assumed to significantly affect Caribbean reef fish communities. However, evidence of lionfish effects on native reef fishes is based on uncontrolled observational studies or small-scale, unrepresentative experiments, with findings ranging from no effect to large effects on prey density and richness. Moreover, whether lionfish affect populations and communities of native reef fishes at larger, management-relevant scales is unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of lionfish on coral reef prey fish communities in a natural complex reef system. We quantified lionfish and the density, richness, and composition of native prey fishes (0-10 cm total length) at sixteen reefs along ∼250 km of the Belize Barrier Reef from 2009 to 2013. Lionfish invaded our study sites during this four-year longitudinal study, thus our sampling included fish community structure before and after our sites were invaded, i.e., we employed a modified BACI design. We found no evidence that lionfish measurably affected the density, richness, or composition of prey fishes. It is possible that higher lionfish densities are necessary to detect an effect of lionfish on prey populations at this relatively large spatial scale. Alternatively, negative effects of lionfish on prey could be small, essentially undetectable, and ecologically insignificant at our study sites. Other factors that influence the dynamics of reef fish populations including reef complexity, resource availability, recruitment, predation, and fishing could swamp any effects of lionfish on prey populations.}, }
@article {pmid28559569, year = {2017}, author = {Xiao, J and Shi, P and Wang, YF and Yu, Y and Yang, L}, title = {A framework for quantifying the extent of impact to plants from linear construction.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {2488}, pmid = {28559569}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; *Plants ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {We present a novel framework that accurately evaluates the extent of a linear project's effect from the variability of the structure of the plant community while avoiding interference caused by pioneer species and invasive species. This framework was based on the change of dominant species in the plant community affected by construction. TWINSPAN classification and variation of the integrated importance value (IIV) of each plant species group were used to characterize the process of change in the structure of the plant community. Indicator species group and its inflection point were defined and used to judge the extent of the effects of pipelines. Our findings revealed that dominant species in the working area of the pipeline construction were different from the original plant communities. With the disturbance decreased, the composition and structure of the plant communities gradually changed. We considered the outer limit of the area affected by the construction to be the first area in which the plant community reached a steady state and was similar to the original community. The framework could be used in the post eco-environment impact assessment of linear construction to estimate the intensity of disturbance and recovery condition.}, }
@article {pmid28559207, year = {2017}, author = {Martin, LB and Kilvitis, HJ and Thiam, M and Ardia, DR}, title = {Corticosterone regulation in house sparrows invading Senegal.}, journal = {General and comparative endocrinology}, volume = {250}, number = {}, pages = {15-20}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.018}, pmid = {28559207}, issn = {1095-6840}, mesh = {Animals ; Corticosterone/*pharmacology ; Female ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Senegal ; Sparrows/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {What traits help organisms expand their ranges? Several behavioral and life history traits have been identified, but physiological and especially endocrinological factors have been minimally considered. Here, we asked whether steroid hormonal responses to stressors might be important. Previously, we found that corticosterone (CORT) responses to a standard restraint stressor were stronger at a range edge than at the core of the recent house sparrow (Passer domesticus) invasion of Kenya. In related work in the same system, we found that various behaviors (exploratory activity, responses to novelty, etc.) that are affected by CORT in other systems varied among sparrow populations in a manner that would suggest that CORT regulation directly influenced colonization success; birds at the range edge were less averse to novelty and more exploratory than birds from the core. Here, we asked whether the pattern in CORT regulation we observed in Kenya was also detectable in the more recent (∼1970) and independent invasion of Senegal. We found, as in Kenya, that Senegalese range-edge birds mounted stronger CORT responses to restraint than core birds. We also found lower baseline CORT in range-edge than core Senegalese birds, but little evidence for effects of individual sex, body mass or body size on CORT. Follow-up work will be necessary to resolve whether CORT regulation in Senegal (and Kenya) actively facilitated colonization success, but our work implicates glucocorticoids as a mediator of range expansion success, making stress responses potentially useful biomarkers of invasion risk.}, }
@article {pmid28557360, year = {2017}, author = {Muller, BJ and Schwarzkopf, L}, title = {Success of capture of toads improved by manipulating acoustic characteristics of lures.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {73}, number = {11}, pages = {2372-2378}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4629}, pmid = {28557360}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Acoustics ; *Animal Communication ; Animals ; Auditory Perception ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control/*methods ; Queensland ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Management of invasive vertebrates is a crucial component of conservation. Trapping reproductive adults is often effective for control, and modification of traps may greatly increase their attractiveness to such individuals. Cane toads (Rhinella marina) are invasive, and males use advertisement vocalisations to attract reproductive females. In amphibians, including toads, specific structural parameters of calls (e.g. dominant frequency and pulse rate) may be attractive to females. Some cane toad traps use an artificial advertisement vocalisation to attract toads. We determined whether variation of the call's parameters (volume, dominant frequency and pulse rate) could increase the capture rate of gravid females.<br><br>RESULTS: Overall, traps equipped with loud calls (80 dB at 1 m) caught significantly more toads, and proportionally more gravid females, than traps with quiet calls (60 dB at 1 m), and traps with low dominant frequency calls caught more gravid females than traps with median frequency calls. Traps with high pulse rate calls attracted more females than traps with low pulse rate calls. Approximately 91% of the females trapped using a low frequency and high pulse rate combination call were gravid, whereas in traps using a call with population median parameters only approximately 75% of captured females were gravid.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Calls that indicated large-bodied males (low frequency) with high energy reserves (high pulse rate) are often attractive to female anurans and were effective lures for female toads in our study. The design of future trapping regimes should account for behavioural preferences of the target sex. &#xa9; 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid28557006, year = {2017}, author = {Rafajlović, M and Kleinhans, D and Gulliksson, C and Fries, J and Johansson, D and Ardehed, A and Sundqvist, L and Pereyra, RT and Mehlig, B and Jonsson, PR and Johannesson, K}, title = {Neutral processes forming large clones during colonization of new areas.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {30}, number = {8}, pages = {1544-1560}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.13124}, pmid = {28557006}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Demography ; *Fucus ; Genotype ; Humans ; Reproduction ; *Reproduction, Asexual ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {In species reproducing both sexually and asexually clones are often more common in recently established populations. Earlier studies have suggested that this pattern arises due to natural selection favouring generally or locally successful genotypes in new environments. Alternatively, as we show here, this pattern may result from neutral processes during species' range expansions. We model a dioecious species expanding into a new area in which all individuals are capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction, and all individuals have equal survival rates and dispersal distances. Even under conditions that favour sexual recruitment in the long run, colonization starts with an asexual wave. After colonization is completed, a sexual wave erodes clonal dominance. If individuals reproduce more than one season, and with only local dispersal, a few large clones typically dominate for thousands of reproductive seasons. Adding occasional long-distance dispersal, more dominant clones emerge, but they persist for a shorter period of time. The general mechanism involved is simple: edge effects at the expansion front favour asexual (uniparental) recruitment where potential mates are rare. Specifically, our model shows that neutral processes (with respect to genotype fitness) during the population expansion, such as random dispersal and demographic stochasticity, produce genotype patterns that differ from the patterns arising in a selection model. The comparison with empirical data from a post-glacially established seaweed species (Fucus radicans) shows that in this case, a neutral mechanism is strongly supported.}, }
@article {pmid28555147, year = {2017}, author = {Truong, TTA and Hardy, GESJ and Andrew, ME}, title = {Contemporary Remotely Sensed Data Products Refine Invasive Plants Risk Mapping in Data Poor Regions.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {770}, pmid = {28555147}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Invasive weeds are a serious problem worldwide, threatening biodiversity and damaging economies. Modeling potential distributions of invasive weeds can prioritize locations for monitoring and control efforts, increasing management efficiency. Forecasts of invasion risk at regional to continental scales are enabled by readily available downscaled climate surfaces together with an increasing number of digitized and georeferenced species occurrence records and species distribution modeling techniques. However, predictions at a finer scale and in landscapes with less topographic variation may require predictors that capture biotic processes and local abiotic conditions. Contemporary remote sensing (RS) data can enhance predictions by providing a range of spatial environmental data products at fine scale beyond climatic variables only. In this study, we used the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and empirical maximum entropy (MaxEnt) models to model the potential distributions of 14 invasive plant species across Southeast Asia (SEA), selected from regional and Vietnam's lists of priority weeds. Spatial environmental variables used to map invasion risk included bioclimatic layers and recent representations of global land cover, vegetation productivity (GPP), and soil properties developed from Earth observation data. Results showed that combining climate and RS data reduced predicted areas of suitable habitat compared with models using climate or RS data only, with no loss in model accuracy. However, contributions of RS variables were relatively limited, in part due to uncertainties in the land cover data. We strongly encourage greater adoption of quantitative remotely sensed estimates of ecosystem structure and function for habitat suitability modeling. Through comprehensive maps of overall predicted area and diversity of invasive species, we found that among lifeforms (herb, shrub, and vine), shrub species have higher potential invasion risk in SEA. Native invasive species, which are often overlooked in weed risk assessment, may be as serious a problem as non-native invasive species. Awareness of invasive weeds and their environmental impacts is still nascent in SEA and information is scarce. Freely available global spatial datasets, not least those provided by Earth observation programs, and the results of studies such as this one provide critical information that enables strategic management of environmental threats such as invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid28553697, year = {2017}, author = {Fernandez, RD and Bulacio, N and Álvarez, A and Pajot, H and Aragón, R}, title = {Fungal decomposers of leaf litter from an invaded and native mountain forest of NW Argentina.}, journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {110}, number = {9}, pages = {1207-1218}, doi = {10.1007/s10482-017-0893-8}, pmid = {28553697}, issn = {1572-9699}, mesh = {Argentina ; *Biodiversity ; Colony Count, Microbial ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; Forests ; Fungi/*classification/genetics/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Lignin/*metabolism ; Ligustrum/microbiology ; Plant Leaves/*microbiology ; Soil/chemistry ; Trees/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {The impact of plant species invasions on the abundance, composition and activity of fungal decomposers of leaf litter is poorly understood. In this study, we isolated and compared the relative abundance of ligninocellulolytic fungi of leaf litter mixtures from a native forest and a forest invaded by Ligustrum lucidum in a lower mountain forest of Tucuman, Argentina. In addition, we evaluated the relationship between the relative abundance of ligninocellulolytic fungi and properties of the soil of both forest types. Finally, we identified lignin degrading fungi and characterized their polyphenol oxidase activities. The relative abundance of ligninocellulolytic fungi was higher in leaf litter mixtures from the native forest. The abundance of cellulolytic fungi was negatively related with soil pH while the abundance of ligninolytic fungi was positively related with soil humidity. We identified fifteen genera of ligninolytic fungi; four strains were isolated from both forest types, six strains only from the invaded forest and five strains were isolated only from the native forest. The results found in this study suggest that L. Lucidum invasion could alter the abundance and composition of fungal decomposers. Long-term studies that include an analysis of the nutritional quality of litter are needed, for a more complete overview of the influence of L. Lucidum invasion on fungal decomposers and on leaf litter decomposition.}, }
@article {pmid28552250, year = {2017}, author = {Gewing, MT and Shenkar, N}, title = {Monitoring the magnitude of marine vessel infestation by non-indigenous ascidians in the Mediterranean.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {121}, number = {1-2}, pages = {52-59}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.05.041}, pmid = {28552250}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Ships ; *Urochordata ; }, abstract = {Invasive ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata) are dominant nuisance organisms. The current study investigated the role of marine vessels in their dispersal and introduction. An examination of 45 dry-docked marine vessels, comprising recreational, commercial, and military craft, in five Israeli shipyards along the Mediterranean coast, revealed non-indigenous ascidians (NIA) on every second vessel investigated. Military vessels featured the highest ascidian abundance and richness, potentially related to their maintenance routine. Niche areas on the vessels such as sea chests and the propeller exhibited the highest occurrence of ascidians. Overall, these findings provide strong evidence that marine vessels play an acute role in NIA introduction and dispersal, with military vessels and niche areas on all the vessels being more susceptible to serving as vectors. A discovery of a new introduced species during the surveys suggests that the monitoring of marine vessels can serve as an effective tool for the early detection of NIA.}, }
@article {pmid28551537, year = {2017}, author = {Turley, MD and Bilotta, GS and Gasparrini, A and Sera, F and Mathers, KL and Humpheryes, I and England, J}, title = {The effects of non-native signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) on fine sediment and sediment-biomonitoring.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {601-602}, number = {}, pages = {186-193}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.106}, pmid = {28551537}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Astacoidea ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {The North American signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) has invaded freshwater ecosystems across Europe. Recent studies suggest that predation of macroinvertebrates by signal crayfish can affect the performance of freshwater biomonitoring tools used to assess causes of ecological degradation. Given the reliance on biomonitoring globally, it is crucial that the potential influence of invasive species is better understood. Crayfish are also biogeomorphic agents, and therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether sediment-biomonitoring tool outputs changed following signal crayfish invasions, and whether these changes reflected post-invasion changes to deposited fine sediment, or changes to macroinvertebrate community compositions unrelated to fine sediment. A quasi-experimental study design was employed, utilising interrupted time series analysis of long-term environmental monitoring data and a hierarchical modelling approach. The analysis of all sites (n=71) displayed a small, but statistically significant increase between pre- and post-invasion index scores for the Proportion of Sediment-sensitive Invertebrates (PSI) index biomonitoring tool (4.1, p<0.001, 95%CI: 2.1, 6.2), which can range from 0 to 100, but no statistically significant difference was observed for the empirically-weighted PSI (0.4, p=0.742, 95%CI: -2.1, 2.9), or fine sediment (-2.3, p=0.227, 95%CI: -6.0, 1.4). Subgroup analyses demonstrated changes in biomonitoring tool scores ranging from four to 10 percentage points. Importantly, these subgroup analyses showed relatively small changes to fine sediment, two of which were statistically significant, but these did not coincide with the expected responses from biomonitoring tools. The results suggest that sediment-biomonitoring may be influenced by signal crayfish invasions, but the effects appear to be context dependent, and perhaps not the result of biogeomorphic activities of crayfish. The low magnitude changes to biomonitoring scores are unlikely to result in an incorrect diagnosis of sediment pressure, particularly as these tools should be used alongside a suite of other pressure-specific indices.}, }
@article {pmid28547799, year = {2017}, author = {Gallien, L and Zimmermann, NE and Levine, JM and Adler, PB}, title = {The effects of intransitive competition on coexistence.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {20}, number = {7}, pages = {791-800}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12775}, pmid = {28547799}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Coexistence theory has been developed with an almost exclusive focus on interactions between two species, often ignoring more complex and indirect interactions, such as intransitive loops, that can emerge in competition networks. In fact, intransitive competition has typically been studied in isolation from other pairwise stabilising processes, and thus little is known about how intransitivity interacts with more traditional drivers of species coexistence such as niche partitioning. To integrate intransitivity into traditional coexistence theory, we developed a metric of growth rate when rare, Δri¯, to identify and quantify the impact of intransitive competition against a backdrop of pairwise stabilising niche differences. Using this index with simulations of community dynamics, we demonstrate that intransitive loops can both stabilise or destabilise species coexistence, but the strength and importance of intransitive interactions are significantly affected by the length and the topology of these loops. We conclude by showing how Δri¯ can be used to evaluate effects of intransitivity in empirical studies. Our results emphasise the need to integrate complex mechanisms emerging from diverse interactions into our understanding of species coexistence.}, }
@article {pmid29749180, year = {2017}, author = {Zhang, YX and Xiang, HY}, title = {[Impacts of cross-habitat resource subsidies on ecosystems: A review.].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, pages = {699-711}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201702.035}, pmid = {29749180}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; China ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Humans ; }, abstract = {The flux of matter, energy and nutrients across ecosystems, i.e., resource subsidy, is a fundamental attribute of ecosystems, as well as one of basic research questions in ecology. Common subsidies include leaf litter and terrestrial insects that fall into waters, the adults of aquatic insects, spawning salmon. The allocthonous input of resource subsidy can influence individual organisms, populations, communities, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, such as enhancing individual growth, increasing species abundance and diversity, affecting community structure, enhancing secondary productivity, influencing food-chain length and food web. Due to increased human impacts on environments, especially at aspects of land use, climate change and invasive species, the influence of anthropogenic disturbance on cross-ecosystem resource subsidies will be intensified at both spacial and temporary scales, so that ecosystems will face severer threats. Accordingly, future ecological researches in this field should emphasize the following aspects: impacts of single and multiple stressors on subsidies and ecosystems, implementation of dynamic resource subsidies on ecosystem restoration and management, the dark sides of subsidy relating with pollutants, and basic ecological research on cross-ecosystem resource subsidy in tropics and sub-tropics, as well in China.}, }
@article {pmid29749175, year = {2017}, author = {Hu, ZY and Shao, WD and He, YJ and Zhang, JD and Xu, ZH}, title = {[Effects of temperature on the growth, development and reproduction of Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, pages = {651-657}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201702.032}, pmid = {29749175}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Female ; *Hemiptera ; Male ; Nymph ; *Reproduction ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {In recent years, Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is found as one of important alien species in China. For the alien pest, temperature always is a crucial factor on constructing stable population. In this study, the development and reproduction of D. neobrevipes population of pumpkin under different temperatures were investigated. The developmental duration, developmental rate, survival rate and fecundity of D. neobrevipes were compared in the laboratory under the conditions of 17, 20, 23, 26, 29 and 32 ℃, photoperiod 14L:10D, RH (75±5)%, and the life table of the laboratory population was constructed. The results showed that in 20-29 ℃, the developmental durations of every stage of D. neobrevipes all decreased with the increasing temperature; under 20 ℃, both female and male nymph D. neobrevipes had the longest duration, being 46.95 and 50.26 d, respectively. The female and male nymph D. neobrevipes grew most fast under 29 ℃ (20.28 d) and 32 ℃ (20.70 d). The relationship between the developmental rate and temperature for each stage could be simulated by the quadratic regression. In addition, we found that the temperature could impact the survival rate of D. neobrevipes. The highest survival rate of D. neobrevipes was recorded at 29 ℃ for both female (70.3%) and male (69.3%) nymphs. The developmental threshold temperature of female and male was 13.80 ℃ and 11.61 ℃, and the accumulated temperature of female and male was 491.50 and 388.85 day-degrees, respectively. Both pre-oviposition duration and adult longevity decreased with increasing temperature, and the highest fecundity per female was 442.2 eggs at 29 ℃, and the lowest 111.8 eggs at 20 ℃. The population trend indexes under 20 ℃ and 29 ℃ were 19.1 and 168.2, respectively. At 17 ℃ and 32 ℃, D. neobrevipes of the 1st instar nymphs and 3rd instar nymphs were found to stop growth, suggesting that excessively high or low temperature was unfavorable to the growth of D. neobrevipes. In conclusion, temperature could significantly affect the growth and development, survivorship, reproduction and population increasing of D. neobrevipes, and the most suitable temperature range for this pest is from 23 ℃ to 29 ℃.}, }
@article {pmid29681680, year = {2017}, author = {Darling, JA and Galil, BS and Carvalho, GR and Rius, M and Viard, F and Piraino, S}, title = {Recommendations for developing and applying genetic tools to assess and manage biological invasions in marine ecosystems.}, journal = {Marine policy}, volume = {85}, number = {}, pages = {56-64}, pmid = {29681680}, issn = {0308-597X}, support = {EPA999999//Intramural EPA/United States ; EPA999999//Intramural EPA/ ; }, abstract = {The European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) aims to adopt integrated ecosystem management approaches to achieve or maintain "Good Environmental Status" for marine waters, habitats and resources, including mitigation of the negative effects of non-indigenous species (NIS). The Directive further seeks to promote broadly standardized monitoring efforts and assessment of temporal trends in marine ecosystem condition, incorporating metrics describing the distribution and impacts of NIS. Accomplishing these goals will require application of advanced tools for NIS surveillance and risk assessment, particularly given known challenges associated with surveying and monitoring with traditional methods. In the past decade, a host of methods based on nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) analysis have been developed or advanced that promise to dramatically enhance capacity in assessing and managing NIS. However, ensuring that these rapidly evolving approaches remain accessible and responsive to the needs of resource managers remains a challenge. This paper provides recommendations for future development of these genetic tools for assessment and management of NIS in marine systems, within the context of the explicit requirements of the MSFD. Issues considered include technological innovation, methodological standardization, data sharing and collaboration, and the critical importance of shared foundational resources, particularly integrated taxonomic expertise. Though the recommendations offered here are not exhaustive, they provide a basis for future intentional (and international) collaborative development of a genetic toolkit for NIS research, capable of fulfilling the immediate and long term goals of marine ecosystem and resource conservation.}, }
@article {pmid29704351, year = {2016}, author = {Zhou, ZM and Yang, YM and Chen, BQ}, title = {[Fractional vegetation cover of invasive Spartina alterniflora in coastal wetland using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)remote sensing].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {12}, pages = {3920-3926}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201612.006}, pmid = {29704351}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Altitude ; Bays ; China ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Remote Sensing Technology ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The effective management and utilization of resources and ecological environment of coastal wetland require investigation and analysis in high precision of the fractional vegetation cover of invasive species Spartina alterniflora. In this study, Sansha Bay was selected as the experimental region, and visible and multi-spectral images obtained by low-altitude UAV in the region were used to monitor the fractional vegetation cover of S. alterniflora. Fractional vegetation cover parameters in the multi-spectral images were then estimated by NDVI index model, and the accuracy was tested against visible images as references. Results showed that vegetation covers of S. alterniflora in the image area were mainly at medium high level (40%-60%) and high level (60%-80%). Root mean square error (RMSE) between the NDVI model estimation values and true values was 0.06, while the determination coefficient R[2] was 0.92, indicating a good consistency between the estimation value and the true value.}, }
@article {pmid29733153, year = {2016}, author = {Song, Z and Ji, QF and Fu, WD and Zhang, RH and Zhang, T and Yan, J and Zhang, GL}, title = {[Effects of Flaveria bidentis invasion on the diversity of functional bacteria in rhizosphere soil.].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {8}, pages = {2636-2644}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201608.013}, pmid = {29733153}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Bacteria/*classification ; China ; Flaveria/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; *Rhizosphere ; Soil ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Flaveria bidentis is an invasive plant found in large areas of northern China. This study conducted a separation and screening of the main functional bacteria in the soil of F. bidentis and investigated the change in the community structure. A variety of functional microbes were isolated using selective media and rep-PCR clustering, and a diversity analysis was carried out. In addition, the dominant populations of various functional bacteria were identified using 16S rRNA sequence alignment. The results showed that F. bidentis increased the contents of the major available nutrients in the soil, and the levels of azotobacteria, organic phosphorus bacteria, inorganic phosphorus bacteria, and silicate bacteria in the soil of F. bidentis were significantly higher than those of the native plant Tagetes erecta and the control. rep-PCR analysis indicated that the structure of the four functional bacterial microfloras in the soil of F. bidentis was significantly different from those of the native plant and control. The diversity analysis demonstrated that the diversity of functional microorganisms in the soil of F. bidentis was richer, the community structure was more complex, the predominant microflora comprised a greater proportion of the total population, and the ecological diversity was higher. This was further evidenced by identification of the main functional isolates from the three soil samples. Our findings indicated a mechanism of invasion by F. bidentis.}, }
@article {pmid29492288, year = {2016}, author = {Schrey, AW and Robbins, TR and Lee, J and Dukes, DW and Ragsdale, AK and Thawley, CJ and Langkilde, T}, title = {Epigenetic response to environmental change: DNA methylation varies with invasion status.}, journal = {Environmental epigenetics}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {dvw008}, pmid = {29492288}, issn = {2058-5888}, abstract = {Epigenetic mechanisms may be important for a native species' response to rapid environmental change. Red Imported Fire Ants (Solenopsis invicta Santschi, 1916) were recently introduced to areas occupied by the Eastern Fence Lizard (Sceloporus undulatus Bosc &amp; Daudin, 1801). Behavioral, morphological and physiological phenotypes of the Eastern Fence Lizard have changed following invasion, creating a natural biological system to investigate environmentally induced epigenetic changes. We tested for variation in DNA methylation patterns in Eastern Fence Lizard populations associated with different histories of invasion by Red Imported Fire Ants. At methylation sensitive amplified fragment length polymorphism loci, we detected a higher diversity of methylation in Eastern Fence Lizard populations from Fire Ant uninvaded versus invaded sites, and uninvaded sites had higher methylation. Our results suggest that invasive species may alter methylation frequencies and the pattern of methylation among native individuals. While our data indicate a high level of intrinsic variability in DNA methylation, DNA methylation at some genomic loci may underlie observed phenotypic changes in Eastern Fence Lizard populations in response to invasion of Red Imported Fire Ants. This process may be important in facilitating adaptation of native species to novel pressures imposed by a rapidly changing environment.}, }
@article {pmid29491908, year = {2016}, author = {Bobadilla, SY and Benitez, VV and Guichón, ML}, title = {Asiatic Callosciurus squirrels as seed dispersers of exotic plants in the Pampas.}, journal = {Current zoology}, volume = {62}, number = {3}, pages = {215-219}, pmid = {29491908}, issn = {1674-5507}, abstract = {Seed dispersal by exotic mammals exemplifies mutualistic interactions that can modify the habitat by facilitating the establishment of certain species. We examined the potential for endozoochoric dispersal of exotic plants by Callosciurus erythraeus introduced in the Pampas Region of Argentina. We identified and characterized entire and damaged seeds found in squirrel faeces and evaluated the germination capacity and viability of entire seeds in laboratory assays. We collected 120 samples of squirrel faeces that contained 883 pellets in seasonal surveys conducted between July 2011 and June 2012 at 3 study sites within the main invasion focus of C. erythraeus in Argentina. We found 226 entire seeds in 21% of the samples belonging to 4 species of exotic trees and shrubs. Germination in laboratory assays was recorded for Morus alba and Casuarina sp.; however, germination percentage and rate was higher for seeds obtained from the fruits than for seeds obtained from the faeces. The largest size of entire seeds found in the faeces was 4.2 × 4.0 mm, whereas the damaged seeds had at least 1 dimension ≥ 4.7 mm. Our results indicated that C. erythraeus can disperse viable seeds of at least 2 species of exotic trees. C. erythraeus predated seeds of other naturalized species in the region. The morphometric description suggested a restriction on the maximum size for the passage of entire seeds through the digestive tract of squirrels, which provides useful information to predict its role as a potential disperser or predator of other species in other invaded communities.}, }
@article {pmid29451752, year = {2016}, author = {Dei Tos, C and Grasiotto, IQ and Mazzoni, TS}, title = {Cellular development of the germinal epithelium during the gametogenic cycle of the golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei (Bivalvia: Mytilidae).}, journal = {Revista de biologia tropical}, volume = {64}, number = {2}, pages = {521-536}, doi = {10.15517/rbt.v64i2.18837}, pmid = {29451752}, issn = {0034-7744}, mesh = {Animals ; Epithelial Cells/*cytology ; Female ; Gonads/cytology ; Male ; Mytilidae/*cytology/physiology ; Oogenesis/*physiology ; Spermatogenesis/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei is an invasive species that has quickly dispersed and colonized several potential different habitats distributed all over the world, causing environmental and economic impacts. Thus, in order to contribute to a better understanding of the reproductive aspects of L. fortunei, we described the cellular dynamic of the male and female germinal epithelium during the annual reproductive life history of this species, with the use of high resolution histology. An approximate of 1 200 specimens of L. fortunei were sampled periodically on the upper Paraná River floodplain (Brazil), from March 2010 to December 2012. Based on the activity of the germinal epithelium and consequent germ cell development, this study has resulted in the recognition of the following reproductive phases: Developing, Spawning Capable, Regressing and Regenerating. In the characterization of these phases, the following germ cells were described for males: spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa. Cell nests, oogonia, early prophase oocytes, previtellogenic oocytes and vitellogenic oocytes (early vitellogenic oocytes, middle vitellogenic oocytes and full-grown oocytes) were described for females. The morphological data and reproductive parameters obtained, showed the value of the cellular dynamics of the germinal epithelium, for the understanding of the cyclic gonadal events during the adult reproductive life of the mollusk in general. These results on the gametogenesis of this invasive species may be a fundamental tool for the development of control strategies and programs implementation, to reduce their proliferation and impacts in natural local environments.}, }
@article {pmid28725355, year = {2016}, author = {Martin, MD and Olsen, MT and Samaniego, JA and Zimmer, EA and Gilbert, MTP}, title = {The population genomic basis of geographic differentiation in North American common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {11}, pages = {3760-3771}, pmid = {28725355}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is an invasive, wind-pollinated plant nearly ubiquitous in disturbed sites in its eastern North American native range and present across growing portions of Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Phenotypic divergence between European and native-range populations has been described as rapid evolution. However, a recent study demonstrated major human-mediated shifts in ragweed genetic structure before introduction to Europe and suggested that native-range genetic structure and local adaptation might fully explain accelerated growth and other invasive characteristics of introduced populations. Genomic differentiation that potentially influenced this structure has not yet been investigated, and it remains unclear whether substantial admixture during historical disturbance of the native range contributed to the development of invasiveness in introduced European ragweed populations. To investigate fine-scale population genetic structure across the species' native range, we characterized diallelic SNP loci via a reduced-representation genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach. We corroborate phylogeographic domains previously discovered using traditional sequencing methods, while demonstrating increased power to resolve weak genetic structure in this highly admixed plant species. By identifying exome polymorphisms underlying genetic differentiation, we suggest that geographic differentiation of this important invasive species has occurred more often within pathways that regulate growth and response to defense and stress, which may be associated with survival in North America's diverse climatic regions.}, }
@article {pmid29732829, year = {2016}, author = {Shen, JS and Zhu, M and Cui, XH and Li, LJ}, title = {[Life table and biological characteristics of an exotic lace bug, Corythucha marmorata (Uhler).].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, pages = {1657-1662}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.027}, pmid = {29732829}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Female ; Fertility ; Heteroptera/*growth &amp; development ; Humidity ; Life Tables ; Longevity ; Male ; Photoperiod ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Solidago ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The lace bug, Corythucha marmorata (Uhler) is a newly introduced species in China. The biological characteristics, such as the life table, fecundity, population dynamics were studied under laboratory conditions, i.e., temperature (25±2) ℃, humidity (80±5) %, photoperiod L:D=14:10. The lace bugs were reared on the host plant Solidago canadensis. The morphological characteristics at different life stages, the longevity and adult fecundity were recorded and used to construct the life table. Results showed that the average length of immature stages was (14.88±1.45) d and the adult average life-span was (59.88±5.85) d, and the progeny per female was (87.2±17.8). The intrinsic rate of increase of C. marmorata (rm) was 0.05 per female per day, the finite rate of increase (d) was 1.06, and the net reproductive rate (R0) was 11.88. The mean generation time (T) was 46.11 d, and the double population time was (t) 12.91 d. The population on reaching a stable age distribution comprised approximately 59.3% of immature stages, and 40.7% of the adult stage. It was suggested that C. marmorata might disperse quickly and pose a potential threat to agricultural production.}, }
@article {pmid29235319, year = {2016}, author = {Toptikov, VA and Totsky, VN and Alieksieieva, TG and Kovtun, OA}, title = {Hydrolytic enzymes expressivity in different parts of the Rapana digestive system.}, journal = {Ukrainian biochemical journal}, volume = {88}, number = {3}, pages = {5-17}, doi = {10.15407/ubj88.03.005}, pmid = {29235319}, issn = {2409-4943}, mesh = {Amylases/classification/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Black Sea ; Enzyme Assays ; Esterases/classification/genetics/metabolism ; Gastric Mucosa/*enzymology ; Gastropoda/*enzymology/genetics ; *Gene Expression ; Hepatopancreas/*enzymology ; *Introduced Species ; Lipase/classification/genetics/metabolism ; Peptide Hydrolases/classification/genetics/metabolism ; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/classification/genetics/metabolism ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Salivary Glands/*enzymology ; }, abstract = {The relevance of comprehensive studies of the Rapana vital functions is determined by its considerab­le negative impact on the ecosystem of the Black Sea. The aim of the work was to find out the polymorphism and activity of the main hydrolases in the different parts of the digestive system of Rapana. Hydrolases (proteases, amylases, esterases, lipases and phosphatases) in glandular structures of the Rapana digestive system were studied by electrophoresis. It was found that different sets of hydrolytic enzymes are functioning in certain parts of the Rapana digestive tract. The gland of Leiblein and hepatopancreas played the most important role in the digestion of food components. The salivary glands had the significant influence on proteolysis.}, }
@article {pmid29732786, year = {2016}, author = {Zhang, HT and Luo, D and Mu, XD and Xu, M and Wei, H and Luo, JR and Zhang, JE and Hu, YC}, title = {[Predicting the potential suitable distribution area of the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata in China based on multiple ecological niche models.].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {1277-1284}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201604.027}, pmid = {29732786}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; China ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Malus ; Models, Theoretical ; *Snails ; }, abstract = {The high-risk invasive apple snail Pomacea canaliculata has greatly threatened the agriculture, ecosystem integrity and public health. In order to provide scientific evidence for effective prevention and control of P. canaliculata, a most suitable ecological niche model was selected to predict the potential suitable distribution areas of P. canaliculata in China. Based on 377 reported occurrence points and 19 bioclimatic variables, four ecological niche models, MaxEnt, GARP, BIOCLIM, and DOMAIN, the potential geographic suitable distribution areas were predicted for the invasive snail. Then, the results of different models were analyzed and compared with two statistical criteria, the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC) and Kappa value. The results showed that all of the four ecological niche models could simulate the snail's distributions very well. More specifically, the MaxEnt model outperformed the others in all aspects of predicting the snail's potential distribution (AUC=0.955±0.004, Kappa=0.845±0.017), followed by GARP and DOMAIN. Although BIOCLIM offered the lowest prediction accuracy, its AUC was 0.898±0.017 and its Kappa value was 0.771±0.025. Based on the MaxEnt model, the prediction results showed that the potential suitable distribution areas of P. canaliculata were mainly located in the south of 30° N in China, but there was some regions spreading over the north of 30° N. The potential areas accounted for 13.2% of the national land in area. Notably, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Chongqing, Zhejiang and the coastal areas of Fujian were potentially high-risk areas. In conclusion, this study would be an important reference for the prevention and control of the invasive apple snail P. canaliculata and it also would be an example of predicting the potential distribution of aquatic alien species on large scale.}, }
@article {pmid29732770, year = {2016}, author = {Pan, XC and Guan, M and Zhang, CB}, title = {[Effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on methane emission in coastal salt marsh.].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {1145-1151}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201604.026}, pmid = {29732770}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Biomass ; China ; *Introduced Species ; Methane/*analysis ; Nitrogen/chemistry ; Plants ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Soil/chemistry ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {To investigate the effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on methane emission from coastal salt marsh, three S. alterniflora invasive levels were established nearby Taizhou City of Zhejiang Province, including native community, mixed community with S. alterniflora and native weeds, and mono-community of S. alterniflora. The results showed that the CH4 flux in the three communities ranged from 0.68 to 5.88 mg·m[-2]·h[-1], and CH4 flux increased significantly with S. alterniflora invasion. CH4 flux in the mono-community of S. alterniflora being 8.7 and 2.3 times as that in the native and mixed communities, respectively. S. alterniflora invasion increased significantly methanogens number, methane production potential, methanotrophs number, methane oxidation potential, plant biomass, soil organic carbon content and soil pH, but decreased significantly soil total nitrogen content. The correlation analysis showed that the CH4 flux was positively related to methanogens number, methane production potential, methanotrophs number, methane oxidation potential, plant biomass and soil pH, but negatively related to soil total nitrogen content. Overall, our results suggested that S. alterniflora invasion improved plant biomass production and soil pH, resulting in the increases in methanogens number and methane production potential to further drive soil CH4 emission.}, }
@article {pmid29732755, year = {2016}, author = {Shi, YF and Zhang, ZS and Huang, L and Hu, YG and Li, J and Yang, YG}, title = {[Species composition and population structure of plant communities on semi-fixed dunes of the Gurbantongut Desert, China.].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {1024-1030}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201604.013}, pmid = {29732755}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Artemisia ; Asteraceae/*classification ; Chenopodiaceae/*classification ; China ; *Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The objective of this study was to investigate species composition, and predict future development of dominant species on semi-fixed sand dunes in the Gurbantongut Desert. Using the plant height, crown area and volume instead of age structure, the growth and development condition of dominant shrub populations were analyzed. The results showed that totally 23 species were observed, of which Chenopodiaceae occurred the most with 6 genera 8 species, followed by Asteraceae with 5 genera 6 species. The vegetation community of Gurbantunggut Desert was characterized by few species, and simple structure. As a dominant species, Haloxylon persicum was distributed mainly on the top of the dunes and was a stable increasing population. However, the number of H. ammodendron was small. Artemisia ordosica, as an exotic species introduced by vegetation restoration after construction, covered mainly in the windward and the top of dunes. The po-pulation of A. ordosica had an increasing age structure with a strongly increasing potential, which has affected local species composition. The populations of Calligonum leucocladum and Ephedra distachya were lack of seedlings and had few saplings, resulting in the declining age structure. Due to the same distribution habitat, C. leucocladum might be replaced by A. ordosica in the future.}, }
@article {pmid29726186, year = {2016}, author = {Huang, XR and Pang, SL and Shen, WH and Hou, YR and He, F}, title = {[Herb diversity and its affecting factors of community invaded by Praxelis clematidea in karst mountainous area of Guangxi Province, China.].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {815-821}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201603.016}, pmid = {29726186}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*growth &amp; development ; *Biodiversity ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Community invaded by Praxelis clematidea in karst mountainous area of Pingguo, Guangxi Province was investigated including 4 land types, i.e. abandoned cropland, young plantation, roadside and shrub. Meta analysis, analysis of covariance, linear mixed effect model and recursive partitioning were used to analyze their herb diversity and richness in relation to environmental variables. The results showed that summary effects were positive and significant, effects of groups were positive, effect of abandoned cropland was negative, and effects of other three land types were positive, and shrub had high weight in the analysis. Analysis of covariance indicated that importance value of P. clematidea, distance to driveway and soil were the main numeric factors influencing herb diversity and herb species richness, and plots invaded had higher herb diversity and richness than those uninvaded. Land types had extremely significant impacts on herb diversity but had nothing on herb species richness. Linear mixed effect model partitioned the explained variances of random effects, factor P. clematidea present or absent and residuals respectively contributed 50.9% and 49.1% in Shannon model, while 39.0% and 61.0% in richness model, groups and land types contributed zero to the random effects. P. clematidea invasion could be classified into 5 levels, and modest invasion caused higher herb diversity and richness. When P. clematidea importance value was more than 23.6%, the critical threshold, both herb diversity and richness declined.}, }
@article {pmid28862824, year = {2016}, author = {Sabido-Itzá, MM and Medina-Quej, A and de Jesús-Navarrete, A and Gómez-Poot, JM and García-Rivas, MC}, title = {[Size structure as evidence of population establishment of Pterois volitans (Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae) in the South Mexican Caribbean].}, journal = {Revista de biologia tropical}, volume = {64}, number = {1}, pages = {353-362}, pmid = {28862824}, issn = {0034-7744}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Perciformes/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The lionfish (P. volitans) has now invaded all the Mexican Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, with the potential to cause negative impacts on the reefs. In the South Mexican Caribbean was firstly reported in July 2009, and six years after this report, some control measures such as fish tournament and local marketing have been implemented. However, information on its biology and invasion is still-lacking, so this study analyzed the population structure of 2 164 organisms collected from 2009 to 2012. An increase was observed in sizes for each year averaging Total length (Tl): 118 ± 34.8, 133 ± 56.3, 187 ± 74.8 and 219 ± 72.4 mm, respectively. Lionfish establishment at the study site is shown for the presence of juveniles’ sizes 20 mm TL up to 375 mm TL. When the back-calculation was obtained, we estimated that the larger fish could have recruited in early 2006, three years before the first report was made. A continuous population monitoring and an ecological study, will allow us to clarify the real impact in the ecosystems of the region and so to propose the most effective control actions.}, }
@article {pmid29537187, year = {2016}, author = {Dziewulska, K and Pilecka-Rapacz, M and Domagała, J}, title = {Spermatozoa Motility Parameters of the Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) in a Standardized Solution and Ambient Water.}, journal = {Folia biologica}, volume = {64}, number = {2}, pages = {67-73}, doi = {10.3409/fb64_2.67}, pmid = {29537187}, issn = {0015-5497}, mesh = {Animals ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Male ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Semen Analysis/methods/*veterinary ; Sodium Chloride/chemistry/pharmacology ; Sperm Motility/*physiology ; Spermatozoa/*physiology ; Water/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {The sunfish are classified as an invasive species after their introduction into a new habitat. Milt quality and spermatozoa movement in several sunfish were described. The aim of this study was to determine the basic milt characteristics and spermatozoa motility parameters in pumpkinseed males after using ambient water and a standardized solution to examine the parameters in mimicked natural conditions and in controlled conditions allowing interspecies data comparisons. Nine spermatozoa motility parameters were traced using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) after activation with 30 mM NaCl and ambient water at 20°C. Spermatozoa motility parameters on activation, except for ALH, differed after using saline solution and ambient water. The CASA parameters were higher in the first medium. On the other hand, spermatozoa motility was high in both media, with an average of 89.6 and 85.2% in saline solution and ambient water, respectively. In the media, initial spermatozoa motility was characterized by a mean curvilinear velocity of 122.4 and 108.5 μm s-1, and a linearity of 79.7 and 67.1%, respectively. The active motility phase in the saline solution was approx. 8 min was longer than that measured in ambient water (mean 3 min). The pumpkinseed spermatozoa reveal good motility parameters, especially the high percentage of motile sperm, linearity, long duration of spermatozoa movement, as well as good velocity. It can be assumed that apart from reproductive strategy, spermatozoa motility parameters are valuable features of the male reproductive biology which may contribute to reproductive success.}, }
@article {pmid29242706, year = {2015}, author = {Vild, O and Kalwij, JM and Hédl, R}, title = {Effects of simulated historical tree litter raking on the understorey vegetation in a central European forest.}, journal = {Applied vegetation science}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {569-578}, pmid = {29242706}, issn = {1402-2001}, support = {278065/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {QUESTION: What is the impact of simulated historical tree litter removal on understorey plants and soil properties in a temperate deciduous forest? What is the role of seasonal timing of tree litter removal on understorey plants?<br><br>LOCATION: Podyj&#xed; National Park, Czech Republic.<br><br>METHODS: We conducted an experiment in a randomized complete block design of 45 plots (5 &#xd7; 5 m). Each block (N = 15) consisted of one plot for each of the three treatments. Treatments consisted of (i) tree litter removal during spring, (ii) tree litter removal during autumn, or (iii) no litter removal as control treatment. These treatments were repeated for a duration of four years. In each plot we recorded the understorey plant species composition and collected soil samples prior to treatment (year 0) and in each subsequent year (years 1-4). Temporal trends in species richness were analysed using repeated measures ANOVAs. The impact of the treatments on vegetation composition over time was analysed using Principal Response Curves.<br><br>RESULTS: Total species richness per plot significantly changed over time, but this was not related to treatment. Annual species richness increased significantly, but only for the autumn treatment. Annual species also showed the highest inter-annual variation. Endangered species were not affected. When compared to the control treatment, the effect of autumn raking on species composition was stronger than the effect of spring raking. Although the amount of removed nutrients substantially exceeded ambient nitrogen input, no changes in soil conditions were detected.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The season in which tree litter removal took place had a small but significant impact on the understorey vegetation, in particular affecting the germination and establishment of annual species. The large inter-annual variation in species richness calls for a long-term field experiment. The removal of nutrients via litter raking greatly exceeds atmospheric nutrient deposition, warranting a further investigation of litter raking as a potential tool for forest conservation.}, }
@article {pmid29210237, year = {2014}, author = {Helmstedt, KJ and Possingham, HP and Brennan, KEC and Rhodes, JR and Bode, M}, title = {Cost-efficient fenced reserves for conservation: single large or two small?.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {24}, number = {7}, pages = {1780-1792}, doi = {10.1890/13-1579.1}, pmid = {29210237}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; Marsupialia/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {Fences that exclude alien invasive species are used to reduce predation pressure on reintroduced threatened wildlife. Planning these continuously managed systems of reserves raises an important extension of the Single Large or Several Small (SLOSS) reserve planning framework: the added complexity of ongoing management. We investigate the long-term cost-efficiency of a single large or two small predator exclusion fences in the arid Australian context of reintroducing bilbies Macrotis lagotis, and we highlight the broader significance of our results with sensitivity analysis. A single fence more frequently results in a much larger net cost than two smaller fences. We find that the cost-efficiency of two fences is robust to strong demographic and environmental uncertainty, which can help managers to mitigate the risk of incurring high costs over the entire life of the project.}, }
@article {pmid29210223, year = {2014}, author = {Uden, DR and Hellman, ML and Angeler, DG and Allen, CR}, title = {The role of reserves and anthropogenic habitats for functional connectivity and resilience of ephemeral wetlands.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {24}, number = {7}, pages = {1569-1582}, doi = {10.1890/13-1755.1}, pmid = {29210223}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Humans ; Nebraska ; Population Dynamics ; Ranidae/classification ; Species Specificity ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Ecological reserves provide important wildlife habitat in many landscapes, and the functional connectivity of reserves and other suitable habitat patches is crucial for the persistence and resilience of spatially structured populations. To maintain or increase connectivity at spatial scales larger than individual patches, conservation actions may focus on creating and maintaining reserves and/or influencing management on non-reserves. Using a graph-theoretic approach, we assessed the functional connectivity and spatial distribution of wetlands in the Rainwater Basin of Nebraska, USA, an intensively cultivated agricultural matrix, at four assumed, but ecologically realistic, anuran dispersal distances. We compared connectivity in the current landscape to the historical landscape and putative future landscapes, and evaluated the importance of individual and aggregated reserve and non-reserve wetlands for maintaining connectivity. Connectivity was greatest in the historical landscape, where wetlands were also the most densely distributed. The construction of irrigation reuse pits for water storage has maintained connectivity in the current landscape by replacing destroyed wetlands, but these pits likely provide suboptimal habitat. Also, because there are fewer total wetlands (i.e., wetlands and irrigation reuse pits) in the current landscape than the historical landscape, and because the distribution of current wetlands is less clustered than that of historical wetlands, larger and longer dispersing, sometimes nonnative species may be favored over smaller, shorter dispersing species of conservation concern. Because of their relatively low number, wetland reserves do not affect connectivity as greatly as non-reserve wetlands or irrigation reuse pits; however, they likely provide the highest quality anuran habitat. To improve future levels of resilience in this wetland habitat network, management could focus on continuing to improve the conservation status of non-reserve wetlands, restoring wetlands at spatial scales that promote movements of shorter dispersing species, and further scrutinizing irrigation reuse pit removal by considering effects on functional connectivity for anurans, an emblematic and threatened group of organisms. However, broader conservation plans will need to give consideration to other wetland-dependent species, incorporate invasive species management, and address additional challenges arising from global change in social-ecological systems like the Rainwater Basin.}, }
@article {pmid29185665, year = {2014}, author = {Dudley, BD and Hughes, RF and Ostertag, R}, title = {Groundwater availability mediates the ecosystem effects of an invasion of Prosopis pallida.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {24}, number = {8}, pages = {1954-1971}, doi = {10.1890/13-1262.1}, pmid = {29185665}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Groundwater ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Prosopis/*physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Groundwater levels in arid environments are dropping worldwide due to human extraction, and precipitation events are predicted to become rarer and more intense in many arid areas with global climate change. These changes will likely alter both primary productivity and plant–soil nutrient cycles. To better understand the nature of such alterations, we examined effects of groundwater availability on plant–soil nitrogen (N) cycling in areas invaded by the N-fixing phreatophyte, Prosopis pallida, on the dry leeward coast of Hawai‘i Island. Our aims were to quantify effects of groundwater availability to P. pallida on rates of litterfall N inputs and accretion in soils and to quantify effects of groundwater availability on N mineralization and leaching rates of inorganic N under natural rainfall conditions and simulated rain events. Stem water δ18O values indicate that P. pallida trees in lowland plots accessed shallow groundwater, while in upland plots they relied solely on rainfall. During drought periods, P. pallida at upland plots experienced water stress, evidenced by lower stem water potentials, higher water-use efficiency, and lower predawn photosynthetic performance than at lowland plots. Prosopis pallida basal area was 5.3 times greater at lowland plots, and these plots exhibited 17 times higher carbon (C), 24 times higher N, and 35 times higher phosphorus (P) additions via litterfall, indicating that productivity of this phreatophyte was decoupled from rainfall where groundwater was present. Total N mass in soils was 4.7 times greater where groundwater was accessible, supporting the case that groundwater access increased N2 fixation at a stand level. In contrast, N mineralization and leaching losses from soils, though substantially greater in lowland relative to upland areas, were strongly controlled by rainfall. Results provide clear examples of how invasive species with particular functional attributes (i.e., N-fixing phreatophytes) exploit otherwise inaccessible resources to dramatically alter the functioning of the systems they invade and how anthropogenic changes to hydrological processes can also alter ecosystem-level impacts of biological invasions. Results also illustrate a mechanism by which regional groundwater drawdown may reduce soil nutrient accretion and availability in arid regions.}, }
@article {pmid29160662, year = {2014}, author = {Kimball, S and Goulden, ML and Suding, KN and Parker, S}, title = {Altered water and nitrogen input shifts succession in a southern California coastal sage community.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, pages = {1390-1404}, doi = {10.1890/13-1313.1}, pmid = {29160662}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; California ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/chemistry/*metabolism ; Poaceae/physiology ; Salvia officinalis/*physiology ; Time Factors ; Water/chemistry/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Vegetation-type conversions between grasslands and shrublands have occurred worldwide in semiarid regions over the last 150 years. Areas once covered by drought-deciduous shrubs in Southern California (coastal sage scrub) are converting to grasslands dominated by nonnative species. Increasing fire frequency, drought, and nitrogen deposition have all been hypothesized as causes of this conversion, though there is little direct evidence. We constructed rain-out shelters in a coastal sage scrub community following a wildfire, manipulated water and nitrogen input in a split-plot design, and collected annual data on community composition for four years. While shrub cover increased through time in all plots during the postfire succession, both drought and nitrogen significantly slowed recovery. Four years after the fire, average native shrub cover ranged from over 80% in water addition, ambient-nitrogen plots to 20% in water reduction, nitrogen addition plots. Nonnative grass cover was high following the fire and remained high in the water reduction plots through the third spring after the fire, before decreasing in the fourth year of the study. Adding nitrogen decreased the cover of native plants and increased the cover of nonnative grasses, but also increased the growth of one crown-sprouting shrub species. Our results suggest that extreme drought during postfire succession may slow or alter succession, possibly facilitating vegetation-type conversion of coastal sage scrub to grassland. Nitrogen addition slowed succession and, when combined with drought, significantly decreased native cover and increased grass cover. Fire, drought, and atmospheric N deposition are widespread aspects of environmental change that occur simultaneously in this system. Our results imply these drivers of change may reinforce each other, leading to a continued decline of native shrubs and conversion to annual grassland.}, }
@article {pmid29160656, year = {2014}, author = {Green, SJ and Dulvy, NK and Brooks, AML and Akins, JL and Cooper, AB and Miller, S and Côté, IM}, title = {Linking removal targets to the ecological effects of invaders: a predictive model and field test.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, pages = {1311-1322}, doi = {10.1890/13-0979.1}, pmid = {29160656}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Coral Reefs ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Fishes/classification/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Pest Control ; }, abstract = {Species invasions have a range of negative effects on recipient ecosystems, and many occur at a scale and magnitude that preclude complete eradication. When complete extirpation is unlikely with available management resources, an effective strategy may be to suppress invasive populations below levels predicted to cause undesirable ecological change. We illustrated this approach by developing and testing targets for the control of invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans and P. miles) on Western Atlantic coral reefs. We first developed a size-structured simulation model of predation by lionfish on native fish communities, which we used to predict threshold densities of lionfish beyond which native fish biomass should decline. We then tested our predictions by experimentally manipulating lionfish densities above or below reef-specific thresholds, and monitoring the consequences for native fish populations on 24 Bahamian patch reefs over 18 months. We found that reducing lionfish below predicted threshold densities effectively protected native fish community biomass from predation-induced declines. Reductions in density of 25–92%, depending on the reef, were required to suppress lionfish below levels predicted to overconsume prey. On reefs where lionfish were kept below threshold densities, native prey fish biomass increased by 50–70%. Gains in small (<6 cm) size classes of native fishes translated into lagged increases in larger size classes over time. The biomass of larger individuals (>15 cm total length), including ecologically important grazers and economically important fisheries species, had increased by 10–65% by the end of the experiment. Crucially, similar gains in prey fish biomass were realized on reefs subjected to partial and full removal of lionfish, but partial removals took 30% less time to implement. By contrast, the biomass of small native fishes declined by >50% on all reefs with lionfish densities exceeding reef-specific thresholds. Large inter-reef variation in the biomass of prey fishes at the outset of the study, which influences the threshold density of lionfish, means that we could not identify a single rule of thumb for guiding control efforts. However, our model provides a method for setting reef-specific targets for population control using local monitoring data. Our work is the first to demonstrate that for ongoing invasions, suppressing invaders below densities that cause environmental harm can have a similar effect, in terms of protecting the native ecosystem on a local scale, to achieving complete eradication.}, }
@article {pmid29160647, year = {2014}, author = {Epanchin-Niell, RS and Brockerhoff, EG and Kean, JM and Turner, JA}, title = {Designing cost-efficient surveillance for early detection and control of multiple biological invaders.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, pages = {1258-1274}, doi = {10.1890/13-1331.1}, pmid = {29160647}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics/methods ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/economics/methods ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insecta/*classification ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Wood borers and bark beetles are among the most serious forest pests worldwide. Many such species have become successful invaders, often causing substantial, costly damages to forests. Here we design and evaluate the cost-efficiency of a trap-based surveillance program for early detection of wood borers and bark beetles at risk of establishing in New Zealand. Although costly, a surveillance program could lead to earlier detection of newly established forest pests, thereby increasing the likelihood of successful eradication and reducing control costs and damages from future invasions. We develop a mechanistic bioeconomic model that relates surveillance intensity (i.e., trap density) and invasion size to probabilities of detection and control. It captures the dynamics of invasive species establishment, spread, and damages to urban and plantation forests. We employ the model to design surveillance programs that provide the greatest net present benefits. Our findings suggest that implementing a surveillance trapping program for invasive wood borers and bark beetles would provide positive net benefits under all scenarios considered. The economically optimal trapping strategy calls for a very high investment in surveillance: about 10 000 traps in each year of the 30-year surveillance program, at a present value cost of US$54 million. This strategy provides a 39% reduction in costs compared with no surveillance, corresponding to an expected net present benefit of approximately US$300 million. Although surveillance may provide the greatest net benefits when implemented at relatively high levels, our findings also show that even low levels of surveillance are worthwhile: the economic benefits from surveillance more than offset the rising costs associated with increasing trapping density. Our results also show that the cost-efficiency of surveillance varies across target regions because of differences in pest introduction and damage accumulation rates across locales, with greater surveillance warranted in areas closer to at-risk, high-value resources and in areas that receive more imported goods that serve as an invasion pathway.}, }
@article {pmid29367802, year = {2013}, author = {Vild, O and Roleček, J and Hédl, R and Kopecký, M and Utinek, D}, title = {Experimental restoration of coppice-with-standards: Response of understorey vegetation from the conservation perspective.}, journal = {Forest ecology and management}, volume = {310}, number = {}, pages = {234-241}, pmid = {29367802}, issn = {0378-1127}, support = {278065/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {A substantial part of European lowland woodlands was managed as coppices or wood pastures for millennia. However, traditional management forms were almost completely abandoned in Central Europe by the middle of the 20th century. Combined with the effects of nitrogen deposition and herbivore pressure, shifts in management resulted in biodiversity loss affecting particularly light-demanding oligotrophic plant species. Experimental thinning was applied in a former oak coppice-with-standards in an attempt to restore vanishing understorey plant communities. Two levels of thinning intensity and zero management as control were used on 90 plots. Ten years after the treatment, significant changes in species composition and diversity were observed in heavily thinned plots, while moderate thinning had mostly insignificant effects. Light-demanding oligotrophic species significantly increased, indicating positive consequences of restoration. However, heavy thinning also brought about the expansion of native ruderal species. Alien species remained unchanged. We conclude that the restoration of coppice-with-standards can be an efficient tool to support vanishing light-demanding woodland species. Combined with biodiversity benefits, the increasing demand for biofuel may contribute to the renaissance of traditional management forms in forestry.}, }
@article {pmid29387168, year = {2013}, author = {Oakley, CG}, title = {Small effective size limits performance in a novel environment.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {823-831}, pmid = {29387168}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Understanding what limits or facilitates species' responses to human-induced habitat change can provide insight for the control of invasive species and the conservation of small populations, as well as an arena for studying adaptation to realistic novel environments. Small effective size of ancestral populations could limit the establishment in, or response to, a novel or altered habitat because of low genetic variation for ecologically important traits, and/or because small populations harbor fixed deleterious mutations. I estimated the fitness of individuals from populations of the endangered plant Hypericum cumulicola, of known census and effective size, transplanted into native scrub habitat and unpaved roadsides, which are a novel habitat for this species. I found a significant positive relationship between estimates of population size and mean fitness, but only in the novel roadside habitat. Fitness was more than 200% greater in the roadside habitat than the scrub, mostly due to increased fecundity. These results combined with previous estimates of heterosis in this species suggest that fixed deleterious mutations could contribute to lower fitness of field transplants from small populations in the novel environment.}, }
@article {pmid28547296, year = {2002}, author = {McDowell, SC and Turner, DP}, title = {Reproductive effort in invasive and non-invasive Rubus.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {133}, number = {2}, pages = {102-111}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-002-1006-5}, pmid = {28547296}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {We quantified the physiological costs and the total amount of resources allocated to reproduction in two closely related species of Rubus, one of which is invasive. These two species share several morphological and life-history characteristics and grow together in the Pacific Northwestern United States. Reproductive effort was manipulated in canes of both species by removing flower buds. The non-invasive species, R. ursinus, exhibited significantly greater water stress in the reproductive canes, as indicated by lower leaf water potential (Ψ) and reduced stomatal conductance (g s). This species also showed a reduction in leaf nitrogen concentration ([N]) associated with reproduction. Combined, these factors led to reduced photosynthesis (A) on a diurnal basis, lower water-use efficiency as inferred from δ[13]C, and reduced photosynthetic capacity. All of these effects were more pronounced during the fruiting stage than in the flowering stage. The invasive species, R. discolor, showed no changes in water stress, [N], δ[13]C, or A associated with reproduction. A model was used to estimate total gross photosynthesis (A gross) for reproductive and non-reproductive canes of both species over cane lifetime. Reproduction was associated with a greater decline in A gross for the non-invasive R. ursinus than for the invasive R. discolor. Although R. discolor allocated more resources directly to flowers and fruit than R. ursinus, the invasive species had significantly lower reproductive effort, or total amount of resources diverted from vegetative activity to reproduction, than the non-invasive species. By minimizing the reduction of photosynthesis associated with reproduction, this invasive species may be able to minimize the trade-offs commonly associated with reproduction.}, }
@article {pmid28547447, year = {2001}, author = {Durand, LZ and Goldstein, G}, title = {Photosynthesis, photoinhibition, and nitrogen use efficiency in native and invasive tree ferns in Hawaii.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {126}, number = {3}, pages = {345-354}, doi = {10.1007/s004420000535}, pmid = {28547447}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {Photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, nitrogen use efficiency, and related leaf traits of native Hawaiian tree ferns in the genus Cibotium were compared with those of the invasive Australian tree fern Sphaeropteris cooperi in an attempt to explain the higher growth rates of S. cooperi in Hawaii. Comparisons were made between mature sporophytes growing in the sun (gap or forest edge) and in shady understories at four sites at three different elevations. The invasive tree fern had 12-13 cm greater height increase per year and approximately 5 times larger total leaf surface area per plant compared to the native tree ferns. The maximum rates of photosynthesis of S. cooperi in the sun and shade were significantly higher than those of the native Cibotium spp (for example, 11.2 and 7.1 µmol m[-2 ]s[-1], and 5.8 and 3.6 µmol m[-2 ]s[-1] respectively for the invasive and natives at low elevation). The instantaneous photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency of the invasive tree fern was significantly higher than that of the native tree ferns, but when integrated over the life span of the frond the differences were not significant. The fronds of the invasive tree fern species had a significantly shorter life span than the native tree ferns (approximately 6 months and 12 months, respectively), and significantly higher nitrogen content per unit leaf mass. The native tree ferns growing in both sun and shade exhibited greater photoinhibition than the invasive tree fern after being experimentally subjected to high light levels. The native tree ferns recovered only 78% of their dark-acclimated quantum yield (Fv/Fm), while the invasive tree fern recovered 90% and 86% of its dark-acclimated Fv/Fm when growing in sun and shade, respectively. Overall, the invasive tree fern appears to be more efficient at capturing and utilizing light than the native Cibotium species, particularly in high-light environments such as those associated with high levels of disturbance.}, }
@article {pmid28547241, year = {2001}, author = {Dukes, JS}, title = {Biodiversity and invasibility in grassland microcosms.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {126}, number = {4}, pages = {563-568}, doi = {10.1007/s004420000549}, pmid = {28547241}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {In the years since Charles Elton proposed that more diverse communities should be less susceptible to invasion by exotic species, empirical studies have both supported and refuted Elton's hypothesis. Here, I use grassland community microcosms to test the effect of functional diversity on the success of an invasive annual weed (Centaurea solstitialis L.). I found that high functional diversity reduced the success of Centaurea by reducing resource availability. An equally important, but unstudied, question is whether diversity can buffer a community against the impacts of invasive species. In this experiment, although species diversity (independent of functional diversity) did not affect the success of the invader, the invader suppressed growth of species-poor communities more strongly. Invasion of Centaurea also increased summer evapotranspiration in species-poor communities. These results suggest that loss of species diversity alone does not affect community invasibility, but that communities with fewer species may be more likely to decline as a consequence of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid29313993, year = {2000}, author = {Schönrogge, K and Crawley, MJ}, title = {Quantitative webs as a means of assessing the impact of alien insects.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, pages = {841-868}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2656.2000.00443.x}, pmid = {29313993}, issn = {1365-2656}, abstract = {1. We use quantitative linkage webs to investigate the impact of alien gall wasps on community structure. Britain has been invaded by four alien species of cynipid gallwasp, Andricus corruptrix, A. lignicola, A. kollari and A. quercuscalicis, over the last 150 years. To date, Britain can be divided into four zones from the north to the south with one, two, three and four invading species established in each zone. 2. The four species are naturalized in their new ranges and are locally the most abundant cynipid species, especially in their spring (sexual) generations. Like the native cynipid species they showed dramatic changes (up to three orders of magnitude) in density between generations, and the dominance structure of alien and native host species changed radically from generation to generation. 3. All four invading cynipid species were attacked by native parasitoid species. Using quantified linkage webs, we assess the contribution made by individual host gall species to each parasitoids population size. Although the parasitoid species have been described as broadly polyphagous, suggesting that the aliens should be richly linked with the native cynipid communities, we found that the galls of the invading species have become the main, and in a few cases the sole, contributors to local parasitoid populations, indicating major host shifts by the parasitoid species. 4. Within generations we found very little overlap among the parasitoid and inquiline communities associated with native and alien galls within generations. Similarly, the quantification of indirect interactions among cynipids between generations suggests that parasitoids and inquilines are not main factors in the dynamics of local cynipid communities. The recruitment of parasitoids and inquilines by the invading cynipid species is therefore unlikely to have a strong affect on native cynipid species.}, }
@article {pmid29578791, year = {1999}, author = {Higgins, SI and Richardson, DM}, title = {Predicting Plant Migration Rates in a Changing World: The Role of Long-Distance Dispersal.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {153}, number = {5}, pages = {464-475}, doi = {10.1086/303193}, pmid = {29578791}, issn = {1537-5323}, abstract = {Models of plant migration based on estimates of biological parameters severely underestimate the rate of spread when compared to empirical estimates of plant migration rates. This is disturbing, since an ability to predict migration and colonization rates is needed for predicting how native species will distribute themselves in response to habitat loss and climate change and how rapidly invasive species will spread. Part of the problem is the difficulty of formally including rare long-distance dispersal events in spread models. In this article, we explore the process of making predictions about plant migration rates. In particular, we examine the links between data, statistical models, and ecological predictions. We fit mixtures of Weibull distributions to several dispersal data sets and show that statistical and biological criteria for selecting the most appropriate statistical model conflict. Fitting a two-component mixture model to the same data increases the spread-rate prediction by an average factor of 4.5. Data limit our ability to fit more components. Using simulations, we show that a small proportion (0.001) of seeds moving long-distances (1-10 km) can lead to an order of magnitude increase in predicted spread rate. The analysis also suggests that most existing data sets on dispersal will not resolve the problem; more effort needs to be devoted to collecting data on long-distance dispersal. Although dispersal had the strongest effect on the predicted spread rate, we showed that dispersal interacts strongly with plant life history, disturbance, and habitat loss in influencing the predicted rate of spread. The importance of these interactions means that an approach that integrates local and long-distance dispersal with plant life history, disturbance, and habitat availability is essential for predicting migration rates.}, }
@article {pmid28565383, year = {1998}, author = {Goodisman, MAD and Ross, KG}, title = {A TEST OF QUEEN RECRUITMENT MODELS USING NUCLEAR AND MITOCHONDRIAL MARKERS IN THE FIRE ANT SOLENOPSIS INVICTA.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {52}, number = {5}, pages = {1416-1422}, doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb02023.x}, pmid = {28565383}, issn = {1558-5646}, abstract = {We assess nestmate queen relatedness and the genetic similarity of neighboring nests in the polygyne (multiple-queen) social form of the introduced fire ant Solenopsis invicta using both nuclear and mitochondrial markers. We find that estimates of queen relatedness calculated with both types of markers do not differ statistically from zero. Furthermore, there is no significant relationship between the genetic similarity and geographic proximity of nests in each of six study sites. In contrast to these findings, sites show strong mitochondrial, but no nuclear, genetic differentiation. Our results suggest that nonnestmate queen recruitment occurs at a high frequency in introduced populations of this species. Moreover, queens within nests seem to represent a random sample of the queens within the site in which they reside. Therefore, kin selection models that rely on the recruitment of only nestmate queens to explain the persistence of polygyny in ants do not apply to polygyne S. invicta in its introduced range.}, }
@article {pmid28563420, year = {1987}, author = {Ross, KG and Vargo, EL and Fletcher, DJC}, title = {COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF THREE FIRE ANT SPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE TWO SOCIAL FORMS OF SOLENOPSIS INVICTA (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE).}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {41}, number = {5}, pages = {979-990}, doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.1987.tb05871.x}, pmid = {28563420}, issn = {1558-5646}, abstract = {An electrophoretic study of the genetics of three fire ant species in North America was undertaken with the primary objective of further clarifying the genetic relationship between two social forms of Solenopsis invicta. Such social forms are common in many groups of ants and may, in some cases, represent significant intermediate stages in the speciation process. The monogyne and polygyne forms of S. invicta, while differing in a number of important biological traits, are genetically indistinguishable, in contrast to the substantial genetic differentiation observed between S. invicta and a second, closely related, introduced species, S. richteri. The native fire ant, S. geminata, is genetically the most distinct of the three species studied, in accord with its taxonomic placement in a different species complex. Hypotheses concerning the derivation of the polygyne form of S. invicta from the monogyne form which invoke their long-term reproductive isolation in South America and separate introductions to North America appear unfounded. Although S. invicta and S. richteri are known to hybridize in North America, our study provided no evidence of gene introgression between S. invicta and the native species, S. geminata, in areas where our samples were collected. Analyses of population structure in S. invicta failed to reveal significant differentiation of populations or local inbreeding. Levels of genetic diversity in the three species studied, although not significantly different, were in the order predicted from knowledge of the population biology and recent history of the taxa, with S. richteri exhibiting the least diversity, S. geminata the greatest, and S. invicta having an intermediate level.}, }
@article {pmid29681119, year = {1984}, author = {Elkington, TT}, title = {CYTOGENETIC VARIATION IN THE BRITISH FLORA: ORIGINS AND SIGNIFICANCE.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {98}, number = {1}, pages = {101-118}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.1984.tb06100.x}, pmid = {29681119}, issn = {1469-8137}, abstract = {Cytogenetic variation in the British flora is discussed in relation to the taxonomy and evolution of species and to their distribution and past history. In polyploids there may be two or more cytotypes in Britain with different distributions and ecology, e.g. Empetrum nigrum and Hippocrepis comosa; alternatively only one cytotype is present in Britain, but it forms part of a wider polyploid pattern, the study of which may clarify past patterns of migration, e.g. Potentilla fruticosa and Sisyrinchium bermudiana. The study of polyploids may also have taxonomic significance, e.g. Cochlearia, Symphytum and Mentha. In some situations gene flow between polyploid levels takes place and may be in both directions. In other polyploid groups sexually sterile cytotypes may be maintained by vegetative reproduction, e.g. Ranunculus ficaria and Holcus mollis or by gametophytic apomixis. In some cases a polyploid and aneuploid series may be maintained in which all the components are fertile; this situation is discussed in relation to the genus Erophila. There has been considerable emphasis in the past in attempting to identify the genomic ancestors of allopolyploids; two British species, Spartina anglica and Senecio cambrensis are among the few examples of recent allopolyploids of known origin; in both cases formation has depended on the establishment of an introduced species as one parent. The significance of B chromosomes is discussed; although a range of British species contain B chromosomes it has only been possible to investigate their adaptive significance in one case. Interchanges exist in British species either in the heterozygous form, e.g. in Alopecurus species, where they can be identified by their meiotic consequences, or in the homozygous form, e.g. Epilobium sect. Epilobium species, where they can be identified by meiotic analysis of hybrids. The use of modern cytogenetic techniques including chromosome banding and in-situ hybridization and the investigation of characteristics such as infra-species variation in DNA amounts are discussed in relation to future cytogenetic investigations of the British flora.}, }
@article {pmid28973817, year = {1971}, author = {Price, PW}, title = {Niche Breadth and Dominance of Parasitic Insects Sharing the Same Host Species.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, pages = {587-596}, doi = {10.2307/1934146}, pmid = {28973817}, issn = {0012-9658}, abstract = {A guild of six parasitic insects (Hymenoptera) which attack cocoons of the same sawfly populations was composed of four indigenous and two introduced species. The indigenous parasitoids included the ichneumonids, Pleolophus indistinctus (Prov.), Mastrus aciculatus (Prov.), Gelis urbanus (Brues) and Endasys subclavatus (Say), and the introduced species were the ichneumonid, Pleolophus basizonus (Grav.), and the eulophid, Dahlbominus fuscipennis (Zett.). Their distributions were sampled on five variable requirements, or resource sets. Litter moisture content and seasonal activity varied within plots, and host density, host species, and plant community varied between lots. Although the distributions of the indigenous species overlapped, in relative terms each species occupied one position in the niche space that was poorly exploited by all other guild members. Such an enclave permitted each of the first three species to develop a zone of dominance over the other parasitoids. The introduced species had no recognizable enclave. The most abundant guild member, P. basizononus, was dominant in the sites most favorable to litter-searching parasitoids. It had the broadest niche over the range of litter moisture content and length of seasonal activity, and it interacted more with all other species than any other guild member. It was a better competitor than the next most broadly adapted species, P. indistinctus. Competitive superiority is proposed as the driving force behind abundance, leading to dominance in favorable sites. The density-dependent interaction between individuals, which results in dispersal, appears to be responsible for the occupation of a broader niche.}, }
@article {pmid28546652, year = {2017}, author = {McCarthy, MS and Lester, JD and Stanford, CB}, title = {Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Flexibly Use Introduced Species for Nesting and Bark Feeding in a Human-Dominated Habitat.}, journal = {International journal of primatology}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, pages = {321-337}, pmid = {28546652}, issn = {0164-0291}, abstract = {As habitat loss and fragmentation place growing pressure on endangered nonhuman primate populations, researchers find increasing evidence for novel responses in behavior. In western Uganda between the Budongo and Bugoma Forests, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) inhabit a mosaic landscape comprising forest fragments, human settlements, and agricultural land. We recorded nests and feeding evidence of unhabituated chimpanzees in this region over a 12-mo period. We found extensive evidence of nesting in introduced tree species, including eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis), guava (Psidium guajava), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), and Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea). In addition, we found instances of ground nesting, nest reuse, and composite nests constructed from branches of multiple trees. This evidence may indicate a lack of suitable nesting trees or attempts by chimpanzees to nest in areas of riparian forest that allow them to avoid human detection. We also found new evidence for eucalyptus bark feeding by chimpanzees. Such evidence suggests chimpanzees respond flexibly to mitigate anthropogenic pressures in human-dominated landscapes. The limits of such flexibility remain unknown. Further research is needed to examine systematically the factors influencing the use of such resources and to understand better the extent to which chimpanzees can persist while relying on them.}, }
@article {pmid28545111, year = {2017}, author = {Armstrong, PM and Andreadis, TG and Shepard, JJ and Thomas, MC}, title = {Northern range expansion of the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus): Analysis of mosquito data from Connecticut, USA.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {e0005623}, pmid = {28545111}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Aedes/*growth &amp; development/virology ; Animals ; Bunyamwera virus/isolation &amp; purification ; Connecticut ; Female ; Mosquito Vectors/*growth &amp; development/virology ; *Phylogeography ; West Nile virus/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) is an invasive species and important arbovirus vector that was introduced into the U.S. in the 1980's where it continues to expand its range. Winter temperature is an important constraint to its northward expansion, with potential range limits located between the 0° and -5°C mean cold month isotherm. Connecticut is located within this climatic zone and therefore, Ae. albopictus was monitored statewide to assess its northern range expansion and to delineate where populations can stably persist.<br><br>Ae. albopictus females were monitored at fixed trapping sites throughout Connecticut from June-October over a 20-year period, 1997-2016. In addition, Ae. albopictus larvae and pupae were collected from tire habitats and tires were retrieved from the field in the spring and flooded to evaluate overwintering success of hatching larvae. Ae. albopictus was first detected during statewide surveillance when a single adult female was collected in 2006. This species was not collected again until 2010 and was subsequently detected each successive year with increasing abundance and distribution except following the unusually cold winters of 2014 and 2015. Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were most abundant in urban and suburban locations along the southwestern shoreline of Connecticut; however, single specimens were occasionally detected in central parts of the state. Field-collected females were also screened for arbovirus infection yielding two isolations of Cache Valley virus and one isolation of West Nile virus, highlighting the threat posed by this mosquito. Ae. albopictus overwintered in Connecticut under mild winter conditions as shown by recovery of hatched larvae from field collected tires in spring and by early season detection of larvae and pupae.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study documents the establishment and expansion of Ae. albopictus at the northern boundary of its range in the northeastern U.S. and provides a baseline for monitoring the future spread of this species anticipated under climate change.}, }
@article {pmid28542432, year = {2017}, author = {Tornabene, L and Baldwin, CC}, title = {A new mesophotic goby, Palatogobius incendius (Teleostei: Gobiidae), and the first record of invasive lionfish preying on undescribed biodiversity.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {e0177179}, pmid = {28542432}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Coral Reefs ; Dominica ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/*classification ; Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*classification ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; }, abstract = {A new species of deep-reef fish in the goby genus Palatogobius is described from recent submersible collections off Curaçao and Dominica. Video footage of schools of this species reveal predation by the invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois spp.), the first record of undescribed fauna potentially being eaten by lionfish outside of its native range. We present molecular phylogenetic data for all valid species of Palatogobius and related genera, as well as a taxonomic key to the species of Palatogobius and a generic key to Palatogobius and related genera in the western Atlantic. Lastly, we discuss ecological and behavioral aspects of some deep-reef fishes in light of potential threats from invasive lionfish.}, }
@article {pmid28542313, year = {2017}, author = {Klymus, KE and Marshall, NT and Stepien, CA}, title = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding assays to detect invasive invertebrate species in the Great Lakes.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {e0177643}, pmid = {28542313}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA Primers/genetics ; *Environment ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*classification/*genetics ; *Lakes ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Describing and monitoring biodiversity comprise integral parts of ecosystem management. Recent research coupling metabarcoding and environmental DNA (eDNA) demonstrate that these methods can serve as important tools for surveying biodiversity, while significantly decreasing the time, expense and resources spent on traditional survey methods. The literature emphasizes the importance of genetic marker development, as the markers dictate the applicability, sensitivity and resolution ability of an eDNA assay. The present study developed two metabarcoding eDNA assays using the mtDNA 16S RNA gene with Illumina MiSeq platform to detect invertebrate fauna in the Laurentian Great Lakes and surrounding waterways, with a focus for use on invasive bivalve and gastropod species monitoring. We employed careful primer design and in vitro testing with mock communities to assess ability of the markers to amplify and sequence targeted species DNA, while retaining rank abundance information. In our mock communities, read abundances reflected the initial input abundance, with regressions having significant slopes (p<0.05) and high coefficients of determination (R2) for all comparisons. Tests on field environmental samples revealed similar ability of our markers to measure relative abundance. Due to the limited reference sequence data available for these invertebrate species, care must be taken when analyzing results and identifying sequence reads to species level. These markers extend eDNA metabarcoding research for molluscs and appear relevant to other invertebrate taxa, such as rotifers and bryozoans. Furthermore, the sphaeriid mussel assay is group-specific, exclusively amplifying bivalves in the Sphaeridae family and providing species-level identification. Our assays provide useful tools for managers and conservation scientists, facilitating early detection of invasive species as well as improving resolution of mollusc diversity.}, }
@article {pmid28541540, year = {2017}, author = {Swoboda-Bhattarai, KA and McPhie, DR and Burrack, HJ}, title = {Reproductive Status of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Females Influences Attraction to Fermentation-Based Baits and Ripe Fruits.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {4}, pages = {1648-1652}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox150}, pmid = {28541540}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Chemotaxis ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Female ; *Fermentation ; Fruit/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; North Carolina ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Reproduction ; Rubus/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is an invasive species that is a devastating pest of soft-skinned fruit crops. Although much effort has been directed toward developing traps and attractants to monitor for D. suzukii, current monitoring tools do not reliably predict fruit infestation. The objective of this study was to determine if D. suzukii females at different developmental stages are differentially attracted to monitoring traps with fermentation-based baits and ripe fruits. Females were collected on the surface of traps, within traps, and on ripe fruits during three experiments at field locations in North Carolina, USA, and were dissected to determine their reproductive status. In general, females collected on ripe fruits were more likely to have mature eggs present in their ovaries and had higher numbers of mature eggs than females collected on the surface of or within monitoring traps. The results of this study have implications for D. suzukii monitoring and the development of effective baits for use in integrated pest management programs.}, }
@article {pmid28540541, year = {2017}, author = {Bajwa, AA and Chauhan, BS and Adkins, S}, title = {Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of two Australian biotypes of Parthenium hysterophorus to different soil moisture regimes.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {24}, number = {19}, pages = {16186-16194}, pmid = {28540541}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*growth &amp; development ; Australia ; *Introduced Species ; Photosynthesis ; Soil/chemistry ; Water ; }, abstract = {Parthenium weed is a problematic invasive species in several countries around the world. Although it is considered to be a highly invasive species within Australia, not all biotypes of parthenium weed exhibit the same ability in regard to aggressive colonization and distribution. Differences among biotypes, particularly in regard to environmental ranges as a possible basis for this variation, have not always been elucidated. To determine whether drought tolerance could be a factor in biotype demographics, we quantified the biological responses of two Australian parthenium weed biotypes known to differ in invasive ability Clermont ("high") and Toogoolawah ("low") to 100, 75 and 50% of soil water holding capacity (WHC). The Clermont biotype had greater vegetative growth, seed production and chlorophyll content than Toogoolawah, across all moisture levels. Net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration, seed production per plant, 1000 seed weight and subsequent germination percentage were also higher for Clermont than for Toogoolawah and were maximum at 75% WHC. Clermont plants also had higher total soluble sugar, phenolics and free proline content than Toogoolawah, and a significant increase in the levels of all of these biochemicals was observed at 50% WHC. In conclusion, Clermont grew and reproduced better than Toogoolawah across all moisture regimes consistent of enhanced invasive ability of this biotype. Overall, the ability of parthenium weed to maintain good growth, physiology and seed production under moisture stress may enable it to colonize a wide range of Australian environments.}, }
@article {pmid28540491, year = {2017}, author = {Gilioli, G and Pasquali, S and Martín, PR and Carlsson, N and Mariani, L}, title = {A temperature-dependent physiologically based model for the invasive apple snail Pomacea canaliculata.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {61}, number = {11}, pages = {1899-1911}, pmid = {28540491}, issn = {1432-1254}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Fertility ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Snails/*physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {In order to set priorities in management of costly and ecosystem-damaging species, policymakers and managers need accurate predictions not only about where a specific invader may establish but also about its potential abundance at different geographical scales. This is because density or biomass per unit area of an invasive species is a key predictor of the magnitude of environmental and economic impact in the invaded habitat. Here, we present a physiologically based demographic model describing and explaining the population dynamics of a widespread freshwater invader, the golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata, which is causing severe environmental and economic impacts in invaded wetlands and rice fields in Southeastern Asia and has also been introduced to North America and Europe. The model is based on bio-demographic functions for mortality, development and fecundity rates that are driven by water temperature for the aquatic stages (juveniles and adults) and by air temperature for the aerial egg masses. Our model has been validated against data on the current distribution in South America and Japan, and produced consistent and realistic patterns of reproduction, growth, maturation and mortality under different scenarios in accordance to what is known from real P. canaliculata populations in different regions and climates. The model further shows that P. canaliculata will use two different reproductive strategies (semelparity and iteroparity) within the potential area of establishment, a plasticity that may explain the high invasiveness of this species across a wide range of habitats with different climates. Our results also suggest that densities, and thus the magnitude of environmental and agricultural damage, will be largely different in locations with distinct climatic regimes within the potential area of establishment. We suggest that physiologically based demographic modelling of invasive species will become a valuable tool for invasive species managers.}, }
@article {pmid28533958, year = {2017}, author = {Camacho-Cervantes, M and Ortega-Iturriaga, A and Del-Val, E}, title = {From effective biocontrol agent to successful invader: the harlequin ladybird (Harmonia axyridis) as an example of good ideas that could go wrong.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3296}, pmid = {28533958}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The use of biological control agents to control pests is an alternative to pesticides and a tool to manage invasive alien species. However, biocontrol agents can themselves become invasive species under certain conditions. The harlequin ladybird (Harmonia axyridis) is a native Asian biocontrol agent that has become a successful invader. We reviewed articles containing "Harmonia axyridis" to gather information on its presence and surveyed entomologists researching Coccinellidae around the world to investigate further insights about the current distribution, vectors of introduction, habitat use and threats this species pose. The harlequin ladybird has established populations in at least 59 countries outside its native range. Twenty six percent of the surveyed scientists considered it a potential threat to native Coccinellidae. Published studies and scientists suggest Adalia bipunctata, native to Europe, is under the highest risk of population declines. Strict policies should be incorporated to prevent its arrival to non-invaded areas and to prevent further expansion range. Managing invasive species is a key priority to prevent biodiversity loss and promote ecosystem services.}, }
@article {pmid28533950, year = {2017}, author = {Courant, J and Vogt, S and Marques, R and Measey, J and Secondi, J and Rebelo, R and De Villiers, A and Ihlow, F and De Busschere, C and Backeljau, T and Rödder, D and Herrel, A}, title = {Are invasive populations characterized by a broader diet than native populations?.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3250}, pmid = {28533950}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive species are among the most significant threats to biodiversity. The diet of invasive animal populations is a crucial factor that must be considered in the context of biological invasions. A broad dietary spectrum is a frequently cited characteristic of invasive species, allowing them to thrive in a wide range of environments. Therefore, empirical studies comparing diet in invasive and native populations are necessary to understand dietary requirements, dietary flexibility, and the associated impacts of invasive species.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, we compared the diet of populations of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis in its native range, with several areas where it has become invasive. Each prey category detected in stomach contents was assigned to an ecological category, allowing a comparison of the diversity of ecological traits among the prey items in the diet of native and introduced populations. The comparison of diets was also performed using evenness as a niche breadth index on all sampled populations, and electivity as a prey selection index for three out of the six sampled populations.<br><br>RESULTS: Our results showed that diet breadth could be either narrow or broad in invasive populations. According to diet and prey availability, zooplankton was strongly preferred in most cases. In lotic environments, zooplankton was replaced by benthic preys, such as ephemeropteran larvae.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The relative proportions of prey with different ecological traits, and dietary variability within and between areas of occurrence, suggest that X. laevis is a generalist predator in both native and invasive populations. Shifts in the realized trophic niche are observed, and appear related to resource availability. Xenopus laevis may strongly impact aquatic ecosystems because of its near complete aquatic lifestyle and its significant consumption of key taxa for the trophic relationships in ponds.}, }
@article {pmid28533949, year = {2017}, author = {Brown, T and Otero, C and Grajales, A and Rodriguez, E and Rodriguez-Lanetty, M}, title = {Worldwide exploration of the microbiome harbored by the cnidarian model, Exaiptasia pallida (Agassiz in Verrill, 1864) indicates a lack of bacterial association specificity at a lower taxonomic rank.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3235}, pmid = {28533949}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Examination of host-microbe interactions in early diverging metazoans, such as cnidarians, is of great interest from an evolutionary perspective to understand how host-microbial consortia have evolved. To address this problem, we analyzed whether the bacterial community associated with the cosmopolitan and model sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida shows specific patterns across worldwide populations ranging from the Caribbean Sea, and the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. By comparing sequences of the V1-V3 hypervariable regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, we revealed that anemones host a complex and diverse microbial community. When examined at the phylum level, bacterial diversity and abundance associated with E. pallida are broadly conserved across geographic space with samples, containing largely Proteobacteria and Bacteroides. However, the species-level makeup within these phyla differs drastically across space suggesting a high-level core microbiome with local adaptation of the constituents. Indeed, no bacterial OTU was ubiquitously found in all anemones samples. We also revealed changes in the microbial community structure after rearing anemone specimens in captivity within a period of four months. Furthermore, the variation in bacterial community assemblages across geographical locations did not correlate with the composition of microalgal Symbiodinium symbionts. Our findings contrast with the postulation that cnidarian hosts might actively select and maintain species-specific microbial communities that could have resulted from an intimate co-evolution process. The fact that E. pallida is likely an introduced species in most sampled localities suggests that this microbial turnover is a relatively rapid process. Our findings suggest that environmental settings, not host specificity, seem to dictate bacterial community structure associated with this sea anemone. More than maintaining a specific composition of bacterial species some cnidarians associate with a wide range of bacterial species as long as they provide the same physiological benefits towards the maintenance of a healthy host. The examination of the previously uncharacterized bacterial community associated with the cnidarian sea anemone model E. pallida is the first global-scale study of its kind.}, }
@article {pmid28533898, year = {2017}, author = {Erickson, DL and Reed, E and Ramachandran, P and Bourg, NA and McShea, WJ and Ottesen, A}, title = {Reconstructing a herbivore's diet using a novel rbcL DNA mini-barcode for plants.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {plx015}, pmid = {28533898}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Next Generation Sequencing and the application of metagenomic analyses can be used to answer questions about animal diet choice and study the consequences of selective foraging by herbivores. The quantification of herbivore diet choice with respect to native versus exotic plant species is particularly relevant given concerns of invasive species establishment and their effects on ecosystems. While increased abundance of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) appears to correlate with increased incidence of invasive plant species, data supporting a causal link is scarce. We used a metabarcoding approach (PCR amplicons of the plant rbcL gene) to survey the diet of white-tailed deer (fecal samples), from a forested site in Warren County, Virginia with a comprehensive plant species inventory and corresponding reference collection of plant barcode and chloroplast sequences. We sampled fecal pellet piles and extracted DNA from 12 individual deer in October 2014. These samples were compared to a reference DNA library of plant species collected within the study area. For 72 % of the amplicons, we were able to assign taxonomy at the species level, which provides for the first time-sufficient taxonomic resolution to quantify the relative frequency at which native and exotic plant species are being consumed by white-tailed deer. For each of the 12 individual deer we collected three subsamples from the same fecal sample, resulting in sequencing 36 total samples. Using Qiime, we quantified the plant DNA found in all 36 samples, and found that variance within samples was less than variance between samples (F = 1.73, P = 0.004), indicating additional subsamples may not be necessary. Species level diversity ranged from 60 to 93 OTUs per individual and nearly 70 % of all plant sequences recovered were from native plant species. The number of species detected did reduce significantly (range 4-12) when we excluded species whose OTU composed <1 % of each sample's total. When compared to the abundance of native and non-natives plants inventoried in the local community, our results support the observation that white-tailed deer have strong foraging preferences, but these preferences were not consistent for species in either class. Deer forage behaviour may favour some exotic species, but not all.}, }
@article {pmid28533897, year = {2017}, author = {Hirsch, H and Richardson, DM and Le Roux, JJ}, title = {Introduction to the special issue: Tree invasions: towards a better understanding of their complex evolutionary dynamics.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {plx014}, pmid = {28533897}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Many invasive plants show evidence of trait-based evolutionary change, but these remain largely unexplored for invasive trees. The increasing number of invasive trees and their tremendous impacts worldwide, however, illustrates the urgent need to bridge this knowledge gap to apply efficient management. Consequently, an interdisciplinary workshop, held in 2015 at Stellenbosch University in Stellenbosch, South Africa, brought together international researchers to discuss our understanding of evolutionary dynamics in invasive trees. The main outcome of this workshop is this Special Issue of AoB PLANTS. The collection of papers in this issue has helped to identify and assess the evolutionary mechanisms that are likely to influence tree invasions. It also facilitated expansion of the unified framework for biological invasions to incorporate key evolutionary processes. The papers cover a wide range of evolutionary mechanisms in tree genomes (adaptation), epigenomes (phenotypic plasticity) and their second genomes (mutualists), and show how such mechanisms can impact tree invasion processes and management. The special issue provides a comprehensive overview of the factors that promote and mitigate the invasive success of tree species in many parts of the world. It also shows that incorporating evolutionary concepts is crucial for understanding the complex drivers of tree invasions and has much potential to improve management. The contributions of the special issue also highlight many priorities for further work in the face of ever-increasing tree invasions; the complexity of this research needs calls for expanded interdisciplinary research collaborations.}, }
@article {pmid28533462, year = {2017}, author = {Stuart-Fox, D and Newton, E and Clusella-Trullas, S}, title = {Thermal consequences of colour and near-infrared reflectance.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {372}, number = {1724}, pages = {}, pmid = {28533462}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animal Communication ; Animals ; *Body Temperature Regulation ; *Color ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; *Light ; Pigmentation ; Vertebrates/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The importance of colour for temperature regulation in animals remains controversial. Colour can affect an animal's temperature because all else being equal, dark surfaces absorb more solar energy than do light surfaces, and that energy is converted into heat. However, in reality, the relationship between colour and thermoregulation is complex and varied because it depends on environmental conditions and the physical properties, behaviour and physiology of the animal. Furthermore, the thermal effects of colour depend as much on absorptance of near-infrared ((NIR), 700-2500 nm) as visible (300-700 nm) wavelengths of direct sunlight; yet the NIR is very rarely considered or measured. The few available data on NIR reflectance in animals indicate that the visible reflectance is often a poor predictor of NIR reflectance. Adaptive variation in animal coloration (visible reflectance) reflects a compromise between multiple competing functions such as camouflage, signalling and thermoregulation. By contrast, adaptive variation in NIR reflectance should primarily reflect thermoregulatory requirements because animal visual systems are generally insensitive to NIR wavelengths. Here, we assess evidence and identify key research questions regarding the thermoregulatory function of animal coloration, and specifically consider evidence for adaptive variation in NIR reflectance.This article is part of the themed issue 'Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application'.}, }
@article {pmid28531326, year = {2017}, author = {Sato, K and Sakamoto, H and Hirata, M and Kidokoro-Kobayashi, M and Ozaki, M and Higashi, S and Murakami, T}, title = {Relationship Among Establishment Durations, Kin Relatedness, Aggressiveness, and Distance Between Populations of Eight Invasive Argentine Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Supercolonies in Japan.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {4}, pages = {1676-1684}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox141}, pmid = {28531326}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*genetics ; *DNA Fingerprinting ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; }, abstract = {We investigated kin relatedness and kin-recognition abilities of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), an invader from North America that has pervaded Japan for 20 yr, using genetic analyses and behavioral bioassays. From these data and interactions among factors, we formulated an eradication and management time-scale pattern diagram. Relatedness within a colony using microsatellite markers was effectively zero, whereas relatedness estimated by multilocus DNA fingerprinting markers was relatively high. Specifically, relatedness of recently invaded populations was estimated at nearly 0.3. From the results of behavioral bioassays on the invading populations of the Argentine ant, all colonies except the Kobe supercolonies did not show clearly aggressive behaviors toward workers belonging to other colonies, even when distantly located. Because they are critical factors for eradicating and managing invasive organisms, we assessed the relationships among kin relatedness using multilocus DNA fingerprinting and microsatellite markers, with aggressiveness, in 2011 and 2012, including the establishment durations, and distances among supercolonies. A generalized linear model (GLM) analysis, with establishment durations as an explanatory variable, strongly contributed to explaining estimated relatedness from the two methods. Specifically, models using kin relatedness for both multilocus DNA fingerprinting and microsatellite markers provided the strongest contribution to explaining the establishment durations. Within 3 yr after establishment in a native area, eradication is possible because of their low genetic diversity and small colony size. After 15 yr, eradication will be more difficult, but it is preferable to just monitor the impact for a nonnative ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid28529652, year = {2017}, author = {Richardson, MF and Sherwin, WB and Rollins, LA}, title = {De Novo Assembly of the Liver Transcriptome of the European Starling, Sturnus vulgaris.}, journal = {Journal of genomics}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {54-57}, pmid = {28529652}, issn = {1839-9940}, abstract = {The European starling, Sturnus vulgaris, is a prolific and worldwide invasive species that also has served as an important model for avian ecological and invasion research. Although the genome sequence recently has become available, no transcriptome data have been published for this species. Here, we have sequenced and assembled the S. vulgaris liver transcriptome, which will provide a foundational resource for further annotation and validation of the draft genome. Moreover, it will be important for ecological and evolutionary studies investigating the genetic factors underlying rapid evolution and invasion success in this global invader.}, }
@article {pmid28528580, year = {2018}, author = {Pérez-Ponce de León, G and Lagunas-Calvo, O and García-Prieto, L and Briosio-Aguilar, R and Aguilar-Aguilar, R}, title = {Update on the distribution of the co-invasive Schyzocotyle acheilognathi (= Bothriocephalus acheilognathi), the Asian fish tapeworm, in freshwater fishes of Mexico.}, journal = {Journal of helminthology}, volume = {92}, number = {3}, pages = {279-290}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X17000438}, pmid = {28528580}, issn = {1475-2697}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia/epidemiology ; Carps/parasitology ; Cestoda/isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; Cestode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Cyprinidae/*parasitology ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Fresh Water/parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Mexico/epidemiology ; Rivers/parasitology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {The Asian fish tapeworm, Schyzocotyle acheilognathi (syn. Bothriocephalus acheilognathi) represents a threat to freshwater fish, mainly cyprinids, across the globe. This tapeworm possesses an extraordinary ability to adapt to different environmental conditions and, because of that, from its natural geographical origin in mainland Asia, it has colonized every continent except Antarctica. It is thought that this pathogenic tapeworm was first co-introduced into Mexico in 1965 from China, with the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, although the first formal record of its presence was published in 1981. Over the past 35 years, the Asian fish tapeworm has invaded about 22% of the freshwater fish in Mexico. Because fish communities in Mexico are characterized by high species richness and levels of endemism, S. acheilognathi is considered as a co-introduced and co-invasive species. In this review, we update the geographic distribution and host spectrum of the Asian fish tapeworm in Mexico. Up until December 2016, the tapeworm had been recorded in 110 freshwater fish species (96 native and 14 introduced), included in 51 genera, 11 families and 4 orders; it was also widely distributed in all types of aquatic environments, and has been found in 214 localities. We present novel data from a survey aimed at establishing the distribution pattern of the tapeworm in native freshwater fishes of two rivers in north-central Mexico, and the genetic variation among individuals of this co-invasive species collected from different host species and localities. We discuss briefly the factors that have determined the remarkable invasive success of this parasite in freshwater systems in Mexico.}, }
@article {pmid28528391, year = {2017}, author = {Rubenson, ES and Olden, JD}, title = {Dynamism in the upstream invasion edge of a freshwater fish exposes range boundary constraints.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {184}, number = {2}, pages = {453-467}, pmid = {28528391}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bass ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Oregon ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Studying the dynamics of species' borders can provide insight into the mechanisms limiting or promoting range expansion in response to environmental change. In the John Day River, Oregon (USA), rising stream temperatures are facilitating the upstream expansion of invasive smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu. Here, where smallmouth bass occupy the upstream limit of its thermal tolerance, we explore population structure and seasonal movement patterns to elucidate the environmental conditions and individual traits that define front edge (where individuals reside year-round) and leading edge (where individuals colonize, but may not establish) limits to its upstream distribution. Reporting on a multi-year, spatially extensive riverscape survey, our results show dramatic ebbs and flows of seasonal occupancies due to individual movement with an overall trend of upstream expansion. We revealed distinct front and leading edge invasion extents, each constrained by different ecological conditions. The front edge is largely constrained by the ability for juveniles to survive an overwinter starvation period, whereas the leading edge is associated with adult growth potential and seasonal hydrological conditions. We also found key morphological traits associated with more mobile individuals. By providing mechanistic insight into the factors that promote or limit range expansion of an invasive riverine species, our study enhances the ability to predict future range shifts and provides critical information to managers tasked with restricting further expansion.}, }
@article {pmid28527836, year = {2017}, author = {Braga, AC and Lage, S and Pacheco, M and Rydberg, S and Costa, PR}, title = {Native (Ruditapes decussatus) and non-indigenous (R. philippinarum) shellfish species living in sympatry: Comparison of regulated and non-regulated biotoxins accumulation.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {129}, number = {}, pages = {147-155}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.05.002}, pmid = {28527836}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Marine Toxins/*metabolism ; Shellfish ; }, abstract = {The native Ruditapes decussatus and the non-indigenous Ruditapes philippinarum are an important target of shellfish industries. The aim of this study was to compare an invader with a native species living in sympatry in the view of marine biotoxins accumulation. Samples were analysed for regulated and non-regulated biotoxins. The consistently occurrence of okadaic acid-group toxins and BMAA, may cause human health problems and economical losses. A strong positive relationship was observed between species, with significantly higher DSP toxicity in R. decussatus. Similar toxin profiles dominated by DTX3 in both species suggests similar metabolic pathways. Lower DSP toxicity in R. philippinarum may favour their cultivation, but a tendency for higher levels of the non-regulated BMAA was observed, indicating risks for consumers that are not monitored. This study highlights the need to better understand the physiological responses and adaptations allowing similar species exposed to the same conditions to present different toxicity levels.}, }
@article {pmid28518217, year = {2017}, author = {Sokol, NW and Kuebbing, SE and Bradford, MA}, title = {Impacts of an invasive plant are fundamentally altered by a co-occurring forest disturbance.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {8}, pages = {2133-2144}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1906}, pmid = {28518217}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Invasive species frequently co-occur with other disturbances, which can impact the same ecosystem functions as the invader. Yet invasion studies rarely control for the presence of these other disturbances, although their overlapping effects may influence the direction and magnitude of impacts attributed to the invader alone. Here, we ask whether controlling for the presence of a co-occurring disturbance, as well as the time since disturbance, yields different values of an invader's ecosystem effects than when these factors remain unaddressed. We used a chronosequence of six forest stands at a single site: five logged stands that each contained paired invaded-uninvaded plots of the forest understory invasive grass Microstegium vimineum, as well as one unlogged and uninvaded control stand. By controlling for the presence of both logging and invasion, we untangled the effects of each through time. We found that the co-occurring disturbance of logging can dramatically alter the measured effects of M. vimineum by amplifying, dampening, negating, or entirely reversing the direction of the invader's impacts. During its period of peak impact, logging amplified the invader's positive effect on the size of the soil microbial biomass pool by 24%, reduced the invader's positive effect on soil water holding capacity by 5%, negated the invader's positive effect on the particulate organic matter carbon pool (from a 9% increase to no significant effect), and reversed the direction of the invader's impact on net nitrogen mineralization rate from a 51% increase to a 52% decrease. Furthermore, the influence of logging on the invader's impacts was not static, but dynamic through time. The results from our site therefore demonstrate that failure to account for the impacts of a co-occurring disturbance, as well as the time since disturbance, can result in flawed inference about the nature of an invader's effects. Future research should determine how widespread such flawed inference might be among other invasive species and across different environmental contexts. To help guide such research, we describe a general framework for disentangling the overlapping effects of invasions and co-occurring disturbances through time.}, }
@article {pmid28517033, year = {2017}, author = {Goubert, C and Henri, H and Minard, G and Valiente Moro, C and Mavingui, P and Vieira, C and Boulesteix, M}, title = {High-throughput sequencing of transposable element insertions suggests adaptive evolution of the invasive Asian tiger mosquito towards temperate environments.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {15}, pages = {3968-3981}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14184}, pmid = {28517033}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Aedes/*genetics ; Animals ; *Climate ; *DNA Transposable Elements ; Europe ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Insect Vectors/*genetics ; Vietnam ; }, abstract = {Invasive species represent unique opportunities to evaluate the role of local adaptation during colonization of new environments. Among these species, the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is a threatening vector of several human viral diseases, including dengue and chikungunya, and raises concerns about the Zika fever. Its broad presence in both temperate and tropical environments has been considered the reflection of great "ecological plasticity." However, no study has been conducted to assess the role of adaptive evolution in the ecological success of Ae. albopictus at the molecular level. In the present study, we performed a genomic scan to search for potential signatures of selection leading to local adaptation in one-hundred-forty field-collected mosquitoes from native populations of Vietnam and temperate invasive populations of Europe. High-throughput genotyping of transposable element insertions led to the discovery of more than 120,000 polymorphic loci, which, in their great majority, revealed a virtual absence of structure between the biogeographic areas. Nevertheless, 92 outlier loci showed a high level of differentiation between temperate and tropical populations. The majority of these loci segregate at high insertion frequencies among European populations, indicating that this pattern could have been caused by recent adaptive evolution events in temperate areas. An analysis of the overlapping and neighbouring genes highlighted several candidates, including diapause, lipid and juvenile hormone pathways.}, }
@article {pmid28516355, year = {2017}, author = {Hasler, CT and Hannan, KD and Jeffrey, JD and Suski, CD}, title = {Valve movement of three species of North American freshwater mussels exposed to elevated carbon dioxide.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {24}, number = {18}, pages = {15567-15575}, pmid = {28516355}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Bivalvia ; Carbon Dioxide/*toxicity ; Fishes ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; United States ; }, abstract = {Freshwater mussels are at-risk taxa and may be exposed to high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) because of the potential use of CO2 to control the movement of invasive aquatic fish species. One potential behavioral response to a change in the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) may be altered valve movement. In this study, three species of mussels were fitted with modified sensors and exposed to two regimes of pCO2 to define thresholds of impaired valve movement. The first experiment demonstrated that Pyganodon grandis were much more tolerant to rising pCO2 relative to Lampsilis siliquoidea (acute closure at ∼200,000 μatm in comparison to ∼80,000 μatm). The second experiment consisted of monitoring mussels for 6 days and exposing them to elevated pCO2 (∼70,000 μatm) over a 2-day period. During exposure to high pCO2, Lampsilis cardium were open for nearly the entire high pCO2 period. Conversely, P. grandis were closed for most of the period following exposure to high pCO2. For L. siliquoidea, the number of closures decreased nearly 40-fold during high pCO2. The valve movement responses observed suggest species differences, and exposure to elevated pCO2 requires a reactive response.}, }
@article {pmid28515881, year = {2017}, author = {Gao, R and Wang, Z and Shi, J and Luo, Y}, title = {Effect of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus infection on leaf photosynthetic characteristics and resource-use efficiency of Pinus massoniana.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {3455-3463}, pmid = {28515881}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Pine wilt disease (PWD) is considered as the most destructive forest-invasive alien species in China. We measured gas exchange parameters and foliar carbon isotope ratios (δ[13]C) of different infection phases of Masson pine in order to investigate the effect of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus infection on photosynthetic responses and resource-use efficiency. The results showed that net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (T), stomatal conductance (gs), and internal CO 2 concentrations (Ci) decreased in the infested trees at photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) levels from 0 to 2,000 μmol m[-2] s[-1] compared with controls. The maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax) was significantly declined in the infected trees than in controls (p < .05). There also exist significant differences in dark respiration rate (Rd) among different infection phases (p < .05), but the value is highest in the middle infection phase, followed by the control and then the terminal infection phase. This indicates that Pinus massoniana plants need to consume more photosynthetic products during the middle infection phase in order to defend against pine sawyer beetle feeding and PWD infection. Isotopic analysis revealed a significant decrease of the foliar δ[13]C (p < .05), as much as 2.5‰ lower in the infected trees. The mean leaf N content was about 12.94% less in the middle infection phase and 27.06% less in the terminal infection phase, causing a significant increase of the foliar C:N ratio in infested trees. Both of the net photosynthetic rates and foliar δ[13]C were linearly correlated with the foliar N content. We also found a significant decrease (p < .05) of resource-use efficiency in PWD-induced P. massoniana plants, which can be attributed to the closure of stomatal pores and the inactivation or loss of both Rubisco and other key Calvin cycle enzymes. This study highlights the impact of photosynthetic characteristics, foliar carbon isotope ratios, and resource-use efficiency of PWD-induced trees, which can help identify PWD infestations at the photosynthetic and physiological levels so as to better facilitate management actions.}, }
@article {pmid28515869, year = {2017}, author = {Warbanski, ML and Marques, P and Frauendorf, TC and Phillip, DAT and El-Sabaawi, RW}, title = {Implications of guppy (Poecilia reticulata) life-history phenotype for mosquito control.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {3324-3334}, pmid = {28515869}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) are frequently introduced to both natural and artificial water bodies as a mosquito control. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that guppies can consume large numbers of larval mosquitoes. Our study investigates how intraspecific variability in guppy phenotype affects their importance as a mosquito biocontrol and how habitat conditions (natural ponds vs. water storage containers) may influence insect biomass and guppy feeding. Using a blocked experimental design, we established stream-side mesocosm ponds with half receiving gravel substrate to simulate pond-bottom habitat. To provide realistic diet choices and insect abundances, we allowed the mesocosms to colonize naturally with aquatic insect larvae for 1 month before introducing guppies. We tested two distinct guppy phenotypes (from high- and low-predation streams) alongside fish-free controls. After 1 month, we measured insect biomass in the mesocosms and examined guppy gut contents to document direct predation. While overall insect biomass was not significantly different across the three fish treatments, we observed a significant reduction in mosquito biomass in fish treatments compared to fish-free controls, as well as intraspecific differences in feeding. Overall insect biomass was significantly higher in mesocosms without gravel, while habitat condition had no effect on mosquito biomass. As guppy phenotype responds to changes in their environments, it is an important consideration for biocontrol policy to anticipate potential ecosystem effects. We close by relating our findings to other studies and by discussing the implications and potential risks of using guppies to control mosquitoes.}, }
@article {pmid28511938, year = {2017}, author = {Tutman, P and Kapiris, K and Kirinčić, M and Pallaoro, A}, title = {Floating marine litter as a raft for drifting voyages for Planes minutus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Grapsidae) and Liocarcinus navigator (Crustacea: Decapoda: Polybiidae).}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {120}, number = {1-2}, pages = {217-221}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.04.063}, pmid = {28511938}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Decapoda ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; *Plastics ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {The Columbus crab Planes minutus and Arch-fronted swimming crab Liocarcinus navigator, within their distribution ranges in the Mediterranean, were found rafted on plastic macro-litter floating on the open south Adriatic. While P. minutus was recorded from inanimate flotsam outside of the Mediterranean, L. navigator is herein reported for the first time on floating marine litter. The role of floating litter as habitat or as a dispersal agent for marine invertebrates has received quite attention however, records of decapod crabs drifting on litter has been relatively sparse. Our results suggests that vast quantities of floating debris, comprised primarily of non-biodegradable plastic polymers, probably will augment natural floating substrates in the marine environment, potentially facilitating the spread of invasive species. The dispersion of rafting crabs through floating debris should be investigated given the high potential ecological risk of invasion by exotic species due to the increase in waste production (ecological risk assessment).}, }
@article {pmid28508710, year = {2017}, author = {Sweat, LH and Swain, GW and Hunsucker, KZ and Johnson, KB}, title = {Transported biofilms and their influence on subsequent macrofouling colonization.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {33}, number = {5}, pages = {433-449}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2017.1320782}, pmid = {28508710}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Biofilms/*growth &amp; development ; Biofouling/*prevention &amp; control ; Diatoms/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Florida ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; Hydrodynamics ; Salinity ; Seawater/chemistry ; *Ships ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Biofilm organisms such as diatoms are potential regulators of global macrofouling dispersal because they ubiquitously colonize submerged surfaces, resist antifouling efforts and frequently alter larval recruitment. Although ships continually deliver biofilms to foreign ports, it is unclear how transport shapes biofilm microbial structure and subsequent macrofouling colonization. This study demonstrates that different ship hull coatings and transport methods change diatom assemblage composition in transported coastal marine biofilms. Assemblages carried on the hull experienced significant cell losses and changes in composition through hydrodynamic stress, whereas those that underwent sheltered transport, even through freshwater, were largely unaltered. Coatings and their associated biofilms shaped distinct macrofouling communities and affected recruitment for one third of all species, while biofilms from different transport treatments had little effect on macrofouling colonization. These results demonstrate that transport conditions can shape diatom assemblages in biofilms carried by ships, but the properties of the underlying coatings are mainly responsible for subsequent macrofouling. The methods by which organisms colonize and are transferred by ships have implications for their distribution, establishment and invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid28508206, year = {2017}, author = {Veselkin, DV and Ivanova, LA and Ivanov, LA and Mikryukova, MA and Bolshakov, VN and Betekhtina, AA}, title = {Rapid use of resources as a basis of the Heracleum sosnowskyi invasive syndrome.}, journal = {Doklady biological sciences : proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Biological sciences sections}, volume = {473}, number = {1}, pages = {53-56}, pmid = {28508206}, issn = {1608-3105}, mesh = {Heracleum/*growth &amp; development/microbiology ; *Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/growth &amp; development ; Plant Leaves/*growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Plant Roots/*growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Soil Microbiology ; Symbiosis/physiology ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The functional properties of the invasive Heracleum sosnowskyi were compared with those of the native Heracleum sibiricum. The leaf and root traits, as well as those of a whole plant and of the mycorrhiza formation, were studied. H. sosnowskyi can fulfill the high-productivity potential only under the optimum availability of resources (especially water), while it is poorly adapted to maintain a high physiological activity under the unfavorable soil conditions. An important component of the H. sosnowskyi invasiveness is an ability to utilize rapidly resources in both the above- and underground areas at the optimum conditions.}, }
@article {pmid28505840, year = {2017}, author = {Wilsenach, J and Landi, P and Hui, C}, title = {Evolutionary fields can explain patterns of high-dimensional complexity in ecology.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {95}, number = {4-1}, pages = {042401}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.95.042401}, pmid = {28505840}, issn = {2470-0053}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; England ; Foxes ; *Models, Biological ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Rabbits ; }, abstract = {One of the properties that make ecological systems so unique is the range of complex behavioral patterns that can be exhibited by even the simplest communities with only a few species. Much of this complexity is commonly attributed to stochastic factors that have very high-degrees of freedom. Orthodox study of the evolution of these simple networks has generally been limited in its ability to explain complexity, since it restricts evolutionary adaptation to an inertia-free process with few degrees of freedom in which only gradual, moderately complex behaviors are possible. We propose a model inspired by particle-mediated field phenomena in classical physics in combination with fundamental concepts in adaptation, which suggests that small but high-dimensional chaotic dynamics near to the adaptive trait optimum could help explain complex properties shared by most ecological datasets, such as aperiodicity and pink, fractal noise spectra. By examining a simple predator-prey model and appealing to real ecological data, we show that this type of complexity could be easily confused for or confounded by stochasticity, especially when spurred on or amplified by stochastic factors that share variational and spectral properties with the underlying dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid28505200, year = {2017}, author = {Cai, W and Ma, Z and Yang, C and Wang, L and Wang, W and Zhao, G and Geng, Y and Yu, DW}, title = {Using eDNA to detect the distribution and density of invasive crayfish in the Honghe-Hani rice terrace World Heritage site.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {e0177724}, pmid = {28505200}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*genetics ; China ; DNA/*analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The Honghe-Hani landscape in China is a UNESCO World Natural Heritage site due to the beauty of its thousands of rice terraces, but these structures are in danger from the invasive crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Crayfish dig nest holes, which collapse terrace walls and destroy rice production. Under the current control strategy, farmers self-report crayfish and are issued pesticide, but this strategy is not expected to eradicate the crayfish nor to prevent their spread since farmers are not able to detect small numbers of crayfish. Thus, we tested whether environmental DNA (eDNA) from paddy-water samples could provide a sensitive detection method. In an aquarium experiment, Real-time Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) successfully detected crayfish, even at a simulated density of one crayfish per average-sized paddy (with one false negative). In a field test, we tested eDNA and bottle traps against direct counts of crayfish. eDNA successfully detected crayfish in all 25 paddies where crayfish were observed and in none of the 7 paddies where crayfish were absent. Bottle-trapping was successful in only 68% of the crayfish-present paddies. eDNA concentrations also correlated positively with crayfish counts. In sum, these results suggest that single samples of eDNA are able to detect small crayfish populations, but not perfectly. Thus, we conclude that a program of repeated eDNA sampling is now feasible and likely reliable for measuring crayfish geographic range and for detecting new invasion fronts in the Honghe Hani landscape, which would inform regional control efforts and help to prevent the further spread of this invasive crayfish.}, }
@article {pmid28504449, year = {2017}, author = {Taber, ED and Hutchinson, ML and Smithwick, EAH and Blanford, JI}, title = {A decade of colonization: the spread of the Asian tiger mosquito in Pennsylvania and implications for disease risk.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, pages = {3-12}, doi = {10.1111/jvec.12234}, pmid = {28504449}, issn = {1948-7134}, mesh = {*Aedes/virology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Chikungunya Fever/transmission ; Dengue/transmission ; Geographic Information Systems ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Mosquito Vectors/virology ; Pennsylvania ; West Nile Fever/transmission ; }, abstract = {In recent decades, the Asian tiger mosquito expanded its geographic range throughout the northeastern United States, including Pennsylvania. The establishment of Aedes albopictus in novel areas raises significant public health concerns, since this species is a highly competent vector of several arboviruses, including chikungunya, West Nile, and dengue. In this study, we used geographic information systems (GIS) to examine a decade of colonization by Ae. albopictus throughout Pennsylvania between 2001 and 2010. We examined the spatial and temporal distribution of Ae. albopictus using spatial statistical analysis and examined the risk of dengue virus transmission using a model that captures the probability of transmission. Our findings show that since 2001, the Ae. albopictus population in Pennsylvania has increased, becoming established and expanding in range throughout much of the state. Since 2010, imported cases of dengue fever have been recorded in Pennsylvania. Imported cases of dengue, in combination with summer temperatures conducive for virus transmission, raise the risk of local disease transmission.}, }
@article {pmid28503842, year = {2018}, author = {Sethuraman, A and Janzen, FJ and Rubio, MA and Vasquez, Y and Obrycki, JJ}, title = {Demographic histories of three predatory lady beetles reveal complex patterns of diversity and population size change in the United States.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, pages = {1065-1079}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12481}, pmid = {28503842}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {2011-67014-30194//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; CNS-09-58854//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera/genetics ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Pest Control ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; United States ; }, abstract = {Predatory lady beetles (Coccinellidae) contribute to biological control of agricultural pests, however, multiple species frequently compete for similar resources in the same environment. Numerous studies have examined ecological interactions among the native North American convergent lady beetle (Hippodamia convergens) and two introduced species, the seven-spotted lady beetle (Coccinella septempunctata) and the Asian lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis), in agricultural fields and described multiyear population dynamics. However, the evolutionary dynamics of these interacting species of predatory beetles are uncharacterized. We utilize publicly available multilocus genotype data from geographically disjunct populations of these three species to estimate demography across North American populations. Coalescent analyses reveal (1) a recent (∼4-5 years) decline (>12 fold) in microsatellite effective population size of H. convergens, while expanding (mutation scaled growth rate in 1/u generations = 2910, SD = 362) over evolutionary time scales, (2) a massive (>150 fold), and very recent, effective population size decline in Ha. axyridis, and (3) population size growth (mutation scaled growth rate = 997, SD = 60) over recent and evolutionary time scales in C. septempunctata. Although these estimates are based on genetic data with different mutation rates and patterns of inheritance (mitochondrial versus nuclear), these dynamic and differing population size histories are striking. Further studies of the interactions of these predatory lady beetles in the field are thus warranted to explore the consequences of population size change and biological control activities for evolutionary trajectories in North America.}, }
@article {pmid28502235, year = {2018}, author = {Ruiling, Z and Peien, L and Xuejun, W and Zhong, Z}, title = {Molecular analysis and genetic diversity of Aedes albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae) from China.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, pages = {594-599}, doi = {10.1080/24701394.2017.1325481}, pmid = {28502235}, issn = {2470-1408}, mesh = {Aedes/classification/*genetics ; Animals ; China ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; Gene Flow ; *Genes, Mitochondrial ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors ; *Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus is one of the most invasive species, which can carry Dengue virus, Yellow fever virus and more than twenty arboviruses. Based on mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and samples collected from 17 populations, we investigated the molecular character and genetic diversity of Ae. albopictus from China. Altogether, 25 haplotypes were detected, including 10 shared haplotypes and 15 private haplotypes. H1 was the dominant haplotype, which is widely distributed in 13 populations. Tajima'D value of most populations was significantly negative, demonstrating that populations experienced rapid range expansion recently. Most haplotypes clustered together both in phylogenetic and median-joining network analysis without clear phylogeographic patterns. However, neutrality tests revealed shallow divergences among Hainan and Guangxi with other populations (0.15599 ≤ FST ≤ 0.75858), which probably due to interrupted gene flow, caused by geographical isolations. In conclusion, Ae. albopictus populations showed low genetic diversity in China.}, }
@article {pmid28498523, year = {2017}, author = {Curtis, AN and Bidart, MG}, title = {Effects of chemical management for invasive plants on the performance of Lithobates pipiens tadpoles.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {36}, number = {11}, pages = {2958-2964}, doi = {10.1002/etc.3859}, pmid = {28498523}, issn = {1552-8618}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Glycolates/*toxicity ; Herbicides/toxicity ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/drug effects ; Rana pipiens/*growth &amp; development ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants impact amphibians by altering habitat, altering species interactions, and releasing potentially toxic secondary chemicals. Despite being costly and having the potential to affect nontarget wildlife, chemical management is commonly used to control invasive plants. Prior research has indicated that individual effects of invasive plants or herbicides can be harmful to aquatic organisms; however, information is lacking on the combined effect of these factors on amphibians. A laboratory experiment was performed to assess the impact of leachates of the invasive plants Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) and European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), the herbicide Renovate[®] 3 (triclopyr [3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid]), and the combined effects of each plant leachate and the herbicide on the growth, morphology, and survival of northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens) tadpoles. No effects of treatment on survival were observed. Tadpole exposure to M. spicatum reduced body mass by 17%, exposure to R. cathartica increased body mass by 36%, and exposure to R. cathartica + low herbicide increased body mass by 38% (although only early in the experiment). Exposure to Renovate 3 induced a 16% and 29% decrease in tadpole size in lower (0.22 mg triclopyr active ingredient [a.i.]/L) and higher (0.92 mg triclopyr a.i./L) concentration treatments, respectively. Results from the present study highlight the importance of considering both individual and combined effects of invasive plants and herbicides because they may have different outcomes for tadpole growth and development. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2958-2964. © 2017 SETAC.}, }
@article {pmid28497885, year = {2018}, author = {Talaga, S and Dejean, A and Mouza, C and Dumont, Y and Leroy, C}, title = {Larval interference competition between the native Neotropical mosquito Limatus durhamii and the invasive Aedes aegypti improves the fitness of both species.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, pages = {1102-1107}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12480}, pmid = {28497885}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {CEBA//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-10-LABX-25-01//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; *Competitive Behavior ; Diptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Interspecific competition with native species during biological invasions can sometimes limit alien expansion. We aimed to determine the potential ecological effects of Limatus durhamii Theobald 1901, a native Neotropical mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) species, on the invasive species Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus 1762) that breeds in the same artificial water containers. Development time and adult dry mass were measured in 3 rearing conditions: control (a single larva), intraspecific competition (2 conspecific larvae), and interspecific competition (2 heterospecific larvae). Food was provided ad libitum to eliminate exploitative competition. For Ae. aegypti, development time was not affected by interspecific interference competition (nonsignificant differences with the control) and the adult dry mass was significantly higher, meaning that individual fitness likely increased. Yet, because previous studies showed longer development time and lighter adults during competition with other invasive mosquitoes, it is likely that Ae. aegypti can express a different phenotype depending on the competing species. The similar pattern found for Li. durhamii females and the nonsignificant difference with the control for males explain in part why this species can compete with Ae. aegypti.}, }
@article {pmid28497303, year = {2017}, author = {Boka, OM and Achi, L and Adakal, H and Azokou, A and Yao, P and Yapi, YG and Kone, M and Dagnogo, K and Kaboret, YY}, title = {Review of cattle ticks (Acari, Ixodida) in Ivory Coast and geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, an emerging tick in West Africa.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {71}, number = {4}, pages = {355-369}, pmid = {28497303}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Cote d'Ivoire/epidemiology ; Introduced Species ; Ixodidae ; Rhipicephalus/*growth &amp; development ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The exotic tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was discovered in Ivory Coast in 2007 and then gradually in other countries in West Africa. It is known to induce significant losses in farming and to replace other species of the same genus. In order to contribute to improve health and productivity of cattle in Ivory Coast regarding the emergence of this dreaded tick, a study was conducted to determine the current geographic distribution of the tick R. (B.) microplus and review cattle ticks in general. To this end, 23,460 ticks were collected from 180 farms located throughout the country. Ten species of ticks belonging to the genus Rhipicephalus (including those of the subgenus Boophilus), Hyalomma and Ambyomma were identified. It was found that the exotic tick R. (B.) microplus has invaded the entire Ivorian territory and is now the main cattle tick (63.6% of ticks collected), followed by Amblyomma variegatum that remains still dominant in the North. The population of indigenous species of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) is in drastic decline.}, }
@article {pmid28495873, year = {2017}, author = {Rott, KH and Caviedes-Vidal, E and Karasov, WH}, title = {Intestinal digestive enzyme modulation in house sparrow nestlings occurs within 24 h of a change in diet composition.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {220}, number = {Pt 15}, pages = {2733-2742}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.157511}, pmid = {28495873}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn/growth &amp; development/physiology ; CD13 Antigens/metabolism ; *Diet ; *Digestion ; Intestines/*enzymology ; Random Allocation ; Sparrows/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Sucrase/metabolism ; Time Factors ; alpha-Glucosidases/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Nestling house sparrows near fledging age (12 days) were previously found to reversibly modulate the activity of their intestinal digestive enzymes in response to changes in diet composition. However, it is not known how quickly nestlings can adjust to new diets with different substrate compositions, nor is it known how early in life nestlings can modulate their enzyme activity in response to changes in diet. In the present study, 3-day-old nestlings were captured from the wild and fed and switched among contrasting diets - one high in protein and low in carbohydrate and another higher in carbohydrate and with lower, but adequate, protein - in order to determine (1) how quickly house sparrow nestlings could adjust to changes in diet composition, (2) how early in life nestlings could modulate their digestive enzyme activity in response to these changes and (3) which digestive enzymes could be modulated in house sparrow nestlings earlier in life. We found that house sparrow nestlings as young as 3 days post-hatch were capable of modulating their intestinal disaccharidase activity within 24 h of a change in diet composition, and nestlings gained the ability to modulate aminopeptidase-N by 6 or 7 days of age. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of digestive enzyme modulation completed within 24 h of a change in diet in an avian species and the first study to show intestinal digestive enzyme modulation in response to changes in diet composition in any animal this early in development.}, }
@article {pmid28495706, year = {2017}, author = {Pennisi, E}, title = {In a first, natural selection defeats a biocontrol insect.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {356}, number = {6338}, pages = {570}, doi = {10.1126/science.356.6338.570}, pmid = {28495706}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; *Pest Control, Biological ; *Selection, Genetic ; *Wasps ; *Weevils ; }, }
@article {pmid28493538, year = {2017}, author = {Nocita, A and Tricarico, E and Bertolino, S}, title = {Fine-scale analysis of heavily invaded Italian freshwater fish assemblages.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {500-511}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12267}, pmid = {28493538}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Fishes/*classification ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Inland waters are highly vulnerable to the introduction and spread of non-native species, due to heavy human use of aquatic ecosystems and the natural linkages among streams and lakes. This is particularly noticeable in freshwater fish communities. To better evaluate how these communities are affected by non-native species introductions, we conducted a fine-scale analysis of the changes in Italian freshwater fish assemblages after species introduction. For this analysis, we collected information on fish species present in 44 basins. The present Italian freshwater fish fauna is composed of 48 native and 41 established introduced species, while a further 15 introduced species have been reported but are not yet considered naturalized. The changes in the fish assemblages mostly took place in the past 2 centuries and have increased recently, with nearly 60% of the species introduced in the past 3 decades. The number of species introduced per basin ranged from 0 to 35 (mean 10.85 ± 7.77 species/basin), and in 10 basins the number of species introduced is now equal to or even higher than the number of native species. In the past, introduced species mainly originated from America, but over the past three decades, an increase of introductions from other parts of Europe and Asia has been recorded. Our results show that basins already rich in native species tend to become even richer as a consequence of the establishment of introduced species. This confirms the trend toward a biotic homogenization of ecosystems even at a local scale, due to an increase in the human-mediated spread of generalist species.}, }
@article {pmid28493016, year = {2017}, author = {Bosso, L and De Conno, C and Russo, D}, title = {Modelling the Risk Posed by the Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha: Italy as a Case Study.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {60}, number = {2}, pages = {304-313}, pmid = {28493016}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Dreissena/*growth &amp; development ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Italy ; Lakes/chemistry ; *Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Risk ; Rivers/chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {We generated a risk map to forecast the potential effects of the spreading of zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha across the Italian territory. We assessed the invader's potential impact on rivers, lakes, watersheds and dams at a fine-grained scale and detected those more at risk that should be targeted with appropriate monitoring. We developed a MaxEnt model and employed weighted overlay analyses to detect the species' potential distribution and generate risk maps for Italy. D. polymorpha has a greater probability of occurring at low to medium altitudes in areas characterised by fluviatile deposits of major streams. Northern and central Italy appear more at risk. Some hydroelectric power dams are at high risk, while most dams for irrigation, drinkable water reservoirs and other dam types are at medium to low risk. The lakes and rivers reaches (representing likely expansion pathways) at medium-high or high risk mostly occur in northern and central Italy. We highlight the importance of modelling potential invasions on a country scale to achieve the sufficient resolution needed to develop appropriate monitoring plans and prevent the invader's harmful effects. Further high-resolution risk maps are needed for other regions partly or not yet colonised by the zebra mussel.}, }
@article {pmid28492989, year = {2017}, author = {Duguma, D and Hall, MW and Smartt, CT and Neufeld, JD}, title = {Temporal Variations of Microbiota Associated with the Immature Stages of Two Florida Culex Mosquito Vectors.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {74}, number = {4}, pages = {979-989}, pmid = {28492989}, issn = {1432-184X}, mesh = {Animals ; Archaea/*classification/genetics ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics ; Culex/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; DNA, Archaeal/genetics ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Florida ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Mosquito Vectors/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Pupa/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Microbiota associated with mosquito vector populations impact several traits of mosquitoes, including survival, reproduction, control, and immunity against pathogens. The influence of seasonal variations and mosquito species on mosquito gut microbiota is poorly understood. We sought to determine whether the mosquito microbiota associated with immature stages of two congeners (Culex coronator and Culex nigripalpus) differ temporally and between the two species. Using high throughput 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, we characterized bacterial and archaeal communities found in the immature stages of the two Culex mosquito species sampled over three seasons to compare the diversity of bacteria between the two species. Beta diversity analyses of the larval microbiota sequences revealed that the two Culex species differed significantly, both temporally within each species and between the two species. Bacteria in Cx. coronator larvae were dominated by Alphaproteobacteria, mainly associated with Roseoccocus and unidentified species of Rhizobiales, and two unidentified species of Cyanobacteria. In contrast, Cx. nigripalpus was dominated by Thorsellia anophelis (Gammaproteobacteria), Clostridium, an unidentified species of Ruminococcacae (Clostridiales), and additional unidentified species associated with Erysipelotrichaceae (Erysipelotrichales), Bacteroidales, and Mollicutes. Results of our study revealed both seasonal and interspecies differences in bacterial community composition associated with the immature stages of Cx. coronator and Cx. nigripalpus vector populations in Florida. These results have important implications for our understanding of the underlying factors of variations in disease transmission among seasons, susceptibility to various pesticides, and other biotic factors, including the role of the microbiota on the spread of invasive species. In addition, our results suggest close associations of certain bacteria species with each of the two Culex species that will be further targeted for their potential in the development of microbial-based control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid28489912, year = {2017}, author = {Doubleday, ZA and Jones, AR and Deveney, MR and Ward, TM and Gillanders, BM}, title = {Eight habitats, 38 threats and 55 experts: Assessing ecological risk in a multi-use marine region.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {e0177393}, pmid = {28489912}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution/analysis ; *Estuaries ; Harmful Algal Bloom ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Risk ; }, abstract = {Identifying the relative risk human activities pose to a habitat, and the ecosystem services they provide, can guide management prioritisation and resource allocation. Using a combination of expert elicitation to assess the probable effect of a threat and existing data to assess the level of threat exposure, we conducted a risk assessment for 38 human-mediated threats to eight marine habitats (totalling 304 threat-habitat combinations) in Spencer Gulf, Australia. We developed a score-based survey to collate expert opinion and assess the relative effect of each threat to each habitat, as well as a novel and independent measure of knowledge-based uncertainty. Fifty-five experts representing multiple sectors and institutions participated in the study, with 6 to 15 survey responses per habitat (n = 81 surveys). We identified key threats specific to each habitat; overall, climate change threats received the highest risk rankings, with nutrient discharge identified as a key local-scale stressor. Invasive species and most fishing-related threats, which are commonly identified as major threats to the marine environment, were ranked as low-tier threats to Spencer Gulf, emphasising the importance of regionally-relevant assessments. Further, we identified critical knowledge gaps and quantified uncertainty scores for each risk. Our approach will facilitate prioritisation of resource allocation in a region of increasing social, economic and environmental importance, and can be applied to marine regions where empirical data are lacking.}, }
@article {pmid28489870, year = {2017}, author = {Meyer, L and Causse, R and Pernin, F and Scalone, R and Bailly, G and Chauvel, B and Délye, C and Le Corre, V}, title = {New gSSR and EST-SSR markers reveal high genetic diversity in the invasive plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and can be transferred to other invasive Ambrosia species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {e0176197}, pmid = {28489870}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ambrosia/*genetics ; Europe ; *Expressed Sequence Tags ; *Genetic Markers ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; }, abstract = {Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., (common ragweed), is an annual invasive and highly troublesome plant species originating from North America that has become widespread across Europe. New sets of genomic and expressed sequence tag (EST) based simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers were developed in this species using three approaches. After validation, 13 genomic SSRs and 13 EST-SSRs were retained and used to characterize the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Ambrosia artemisiifolia populations from the native (North America) and invasive (Europe) ranges of the species. Analysing the mating system based on maternal families did not reveal any departure from complete allogamy and excess homozygosity was mostly due the presence of null alleles. High genetic diversity and patterns of genetic structure in Europe suggest two main introduction events followed by secondary colonization events. Cross-species transferability of the newly developed markers to other invasive species of the Ambrosia genus was assessed. Sixty-five percent and 75% of markers, respectively, were transferable from A. artemisiifolia to Ambrosia psilostachya and Ambrosia tenuifolia. 40% were transferable to Ambrosia trifida, this latter species being seemingly more phylogenetically distantly related to A. artemisiifolia than the former two.}, }
@article {pmid28484207, year = {2017}, author = {Martín-Forés, I and Avilés, M and Acosta-Gallo, B and Breed, MF and Del Pozo, A and de Miguel, JM and Sánchez-Jardón, L and Castro, I and Ovalle, C and Casado, MA}, title = {Ecotypic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity combine to enhance the invasiveness of the most widespread daisy in Chile, Leontodon saxatilis.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {1546}, pmid = {28484207}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Asteraceae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Biomass ; Chile ; *Ecosystem ; Ecotype ; Flowers/anatomy &amp; histology ; Fruit/physiology ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Phenotype ; Reproduction ; Seed Dispersal/physiology ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Dispersal and reproductive traits of successful plant invaders are expected to undergo strong selection during biological invasions. Numerous Asteraceae are invasive and display dimorphic fruits within a single flower head, resulting in differential dispersal pathways - wind-dispersed fruits vs. non-dispersing fruits. We explored ecotypic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity of seed output and fruit dimorphisms in exotic Chilean and native Spanish populations of Leontodon saxatilis subsp. rothii. We collected flower heads from populations in Spain and Chile along a rainfall gradient. Seeds from all populations were planted in reciprocal transplant trials in Spain and Chile to explore their performance in the native and invasive range. We scored plant biomass, reproductive investment and fruit dimorphism. We observed strong plasticity, where plants grown in the invasive range had much greater biomass, flower head size and seed output, with a higher proportion of wind-dispersed fruits, than those grown in the native range. We also observed a significant ecotype effect, where the exotic populations displayed higher proportions of wind-dispersed fruits than native populations. Together, these patterns reflect a combination of phenotypic plasticity and ecotypic differentiation, indicating that Leontodon saxatilis has probably increased propagule pressure and dispersal distances in its invasive range to enhance its invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid28481399, year = {2017}, author = {Lei, DJ and Zhao, G and Xie, P and Li, Y and Yuan, H and Zou, M and Niu, JG and Ma, XF}, title = {Analysis of genetic diversity of Leuciscus leuciscus baicalensis using novel microsatellite markers with cross-species transferability.}, journal = {Genetics and molecular research : GMR}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.4238/gmr16029376}, pmid = {28481399}, issn = {1676-5680}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Cyprinidae/*genetics ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; *Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Heterozygote ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; }, abstract = {We used next-generation sequencing technology to characterize 19 genomic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and 11 expressed sequence tag (EST) SSR markers from Leuciscus leuciscus baicalensis, a small freshwater fish that is widely distributed in Xinjiang, China. Primers were used to test for polymorphisms in three L. leuciscus baicalensis populations in Xinjiang. There were 4-27 (average 11.3) alleles (NA), the expected heterozygosity (HE) was 0.36-0.94 (average 0.75 ± 0.14), the observed heterozygosity (HO) was 0.37-1.00 (average 0.68 ± 0.18), and the polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.31-0.93 (average 0.71). The averages of HE and PIC for the EST-SSR markers were slightly lower than for the genomic SSR markers. Genetic analysis of the three populations showed similar results for PIC, HE, and NA. Amplifications were performed in nine other species; the top three transferability values were for Rutilus lacustris (80%), Leuciscus idus (76.7%), and Phoxinus ujmonensis (63.3%), with the following average values: PIC (0.56, 4.46, and 0.52); NA (0.40, 3.00, and 0.32); and HO (0.44, 2.74, and 0.22), respectively. L. leuciscus baicalensis is one of the most important commercial fish in Xinjiang, but in recent years, fishery resources have decreased sharply owing to water conservation projects, unreasonable utilization, and invasion by alien species. These novel SSR markers are appropriate for studies involving fingerprinting, gene flow, genetic diversity, population structure, and molecular-assisted breeding, and could contribute to the conservation of L. leuciscus baicalensis.}, }
@article {pmid28479988, year = {2017}, author = {Jeffries, DL and Copp, GH and Maes, GE and Lawson Handley, L and Sayer, CD and Hänfling, B}, title = {Genetic evidence challenges the native status of a threatened freshwater fish (Carassius carassius) in England.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, pages = {2871-2882}, pmid = {28479988}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {A fundamental consideration for the conservation of a species is the extent of its native range, that is, regions naturally colonized. However, both natural processes and human-mediated introductions can drive species distribution shifts. Ruling out the human-mediated introduction of a species into a given region is vital for its conservation, but remains a significant challenge in most cases. The crucian carp Carassius carassius (L.) is a threatened freshwater fish thought to be native to much of Europe. However, its native status in England is based only on anecdotal evidence. Here, we devise an approach that can be used to empirically test the native status of English fauna. We use this approach, along with 13 microsatellite loci, population structure analyses, and Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC), to test hypotheses for the origins of C. carassius in England. Contrary to the current consensus, we find strong support for the human-mediated introduction of C. carassius into England during the 15th century. This result stimulates an interesting and timely debate surrounding motivations for the conservation of species. We discuss this topic, and the potential for continued conservation of C. carassius in England, despite its non-native origins.}, }
@article {pmid28479146, year = {2017}, author = {Albert, RJ and Viveiros, E and Falatko, DS and Tamburri, MN}, title = {Feasibility of potable water generators to meet vessel numeric ballast water discharge limits.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {120}, number = {1-2}, pages = {82-89}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.04.055}, pmid = {28479146}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms ; Commerce ; *Drinking Water ; *Introduced Species ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {Ballast water is taken on-board vessels into ballast water tanks to maintain vessel draft, buoyancy, and stability. Unmanaged ballast water contains aquatic organisms that, when transported and discharged to non-native waters, may establish as invasive species. Technologies capable of achieving regulatory limits designed to decrease the likelihood of invasion include onboard ballast water management systems. However, to date, the treatment development and manufacturing marketplace is limited to large vessels with substantial ballast requirements. For smaller vessels or vessels with reduced ballast requirements, we evaluated the feasibility of meeting the discharge limits by generating ballast water using onboard potable water generators. Case studies and parametric analyses demonstrated the architectural feasibility of installing potable water generators onboard actual vessels with minimal impacts for most vessel types evaluated. Furthermore, land-based testing of a potable water generator demonstrated capability to meet current numeric discharge limits for living organisms in all size classes.}, }
@article {pmid28478540, year = {2018}, author = {Sabahi, S and Fekrat, L and Zakiaghl, M and Moravej, GH}, title = {Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Combined with PCR for Rapid Identification of the Ethiopian Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae).}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, pages = {96-105}, pmid = {28478540}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/*methods ; *Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Species Specificity ; Tephritidae/*classification ; }, abstract = {Nowadays, with increasing trend of trans-boundary transportation of agricultural products and higher probability of introduction of many invasive species into new areas, fast and precise species diagnosis is of great significance particularly at the port of entry, where morphological identification often requires adult insect specimens especially with specialist insects. The cucumber fruit fly, Dacus ciliatus Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae), ranks as one of the most destructive agricultural pests attacking mainly fruits of Cucurbitaceae. This pest is also widespread and highly invasive; thus, it is a high priority for pest detection and quarantine programs. Although cucumber fruit fly adults can usually be identified and distinguished from the other species by morphological keys, it is often difficult or impossible to distinguish this species from the other tephritids that share host plants by using material from other stages of development. In such situations, using a quick and robust alternative species diagnostic tool would be valuable. In this study, we assessed a technique combining loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) with PCR (PCR-LAMP) for the rapid detection and discrimination of cucumber fruit fly DNA from some other common tephritid species attacking Cucurbitaceae, using material from different stages of development. The described method was species-specific and sensitive and provided a rapid diagnostic tool to detect D. ciliaus even by non-experts.}, }
@article {pmid28477376, year = {2017}, author = {Doody, JS and Rhind, D and Green, B and Castellano, C and McHenry, C and Clulow, S}, title = {Chronic effects of an invasive species on an animal community.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {8}, pages = {2093-2101}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1889}, pmid = {28477376}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bufo marinus ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior ; Snakes ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can trigger trophic cascades in animal communities, but published cases involving their removal of top predators are extremely rare. An exception is the invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina) in Australia, which has caused severe population declines in monitor lizards, triggering trophic cascades that facilitated dramatic and sometimes unexpected increases in several prey of the predators, including smaller lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and birds. Persistence of isolated populations of these predators with a decades-long sympatry with toads suggests the possibility of recovery, but alternative explanations are possible. Confirming predator recovery requires longer-term study of populations with both baseline and immediate post-invasion densities. Previously, we quantified short-term impacts of invasive cane toads on animal communities over seven years at two sites in tropical Australia. Herein, we test the hypothesis that predators have begun to recover by repeating the study 12 yr after the initial toad invasion. The three predatory lizards that experienced 71-97% declines in the short-term study showed no sign of recovery, and indeed a worse fate: two of the three species were no longer detectable in 630 km of river surveys, suggesting local extirpation. Two mesopredators that had increased markedly in the short term due to these predator losses showed diverse responses in the medium term; a small lizard species increased by ~500%, while populations of a snake species showed little change. Our results indicate a system still in ecological turmoil, having not yet reached a "new equilibrium" more than a decade after the initial invasion; predator losses due to this toxic invasive species, and thus downstream effects, were not transient. Given that cane toads have proven too prolific to eradicate or control, we suggest that recovery of impacted predators must occur unassisted by evolutionary means: dispersal into extinction sites from surviving populations with alleles for toxin resistance or toad avoidance. Evolution and subsequent dispersal may be the only solution for a number of species or communities affected by invasive species for which control is either prohibitively expensive, or not possible.}, }
@article {pmid28474400, year = {2017}, author = {Catelani, PA and Bauer, AB and Di Dario, F and Pelicice, FM and Petry, AC}, title = {First record of pughead deformity in Cichla kelberi (Teleostei: Cichlidae), an invasive species in an estuarine system in south-eastern Brazil.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {90}, number = {6}, pages = {2496-2503}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13323}, pmid = {28474400}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Cichlids/*abnormalities/anatomy &amp; histology ; Estuaries ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Skull/abnormalities/anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {The first record of pughead deformity in a Neotropical freshwater fish not raised in captivity is provided, based on an adult male of Cichla kelberi introduced into an estuary of Rio de Janeiro State, south-eastern Brazil. A general biological characterization of the specimen is provided and aspects of its aberrant anatomy are described. Environmental and biological factors that may cause pughead deformity in fishes are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid28473811, year = {2017}, author = {Dawkins, K and Esiobu, N}, title = {Arbuscular and Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Associated with the Invasive Brazilian Pepper Tree (Schinus terebinthifolius) and Two Native Plants in South Florida.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {665}, pmid = {28473811}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The potential role of soil fungi in the invasion of the Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus terebinthifolius-BP) in Florida is not known; although the low biotic resistance of Florida soils is often invoked to explain the prevalence of many invasive species. To gain an initial insight into BP's mycorrhizal associations, this study examined the rhizobiome of BP and two native plants (Hamelia patens and Bidens alba) across six locations. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with the roots of the target plants and bulk soil was characterized by spore morphotyping. Sequence analysis of metagenomic DNA from lateral roots/rhizosphere of BP (n = 52) and a native shrub H. patens (n = 37) on the same parcel yielded other fungal associates. Overall, the total population of AMF associated with BP was about two folds greater than that of the two native plants (p = 0.0001) growing on the same site. The dominant AMF under Schinus were members of the common Glomus and Rhizophagus spp. By contrast, the most prevalent AMF in the bulk soil and rhizosphere of the two Florida native plants, Acaulospora spp (29%) was sharply diminished (9%) under BP rhizosphere. Analysis of the ITS2 sequences also showed that Schinus rhizosphere had a high relative abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi (76.5%) compared to the native H. patens (2.6%), with the species Lactifluus hygrophoroides (Basidiomycota) being the most prevalent at 61.5% (p < 0.05). Unlike the native plants where pathogenic fungi like Phyllosticta sp., Phoma sp., and Neofusicoccum andium were present (8.1% for H. patens), only one potentially pathogenic fungal taxon was detected (3.9%) under BP. The striking disparity in the relative abundance of AMF and other fungal types between BP and the native species is quite significant. Fungal symbionts could aide plant invasion via resource-use efficiency and other poorly defined mechanisms of protection from pathogens in their invaded range. This report exposes a potentially significant but previously unappreciated fungal dimension of a complex invasion system and underscores the need to characterize these fungal symbionts, their role and mode of action during invasion; with the goal of devising measures for invasion control and ecological restoration.}, }
@article {pmid28472267, year = {2017}, author = {ShuQi, H and Ying, L and Lei, Q and ZhiHua, L and Chao, X and Lu, Y and FuRong, G}, title = {The Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration on the Fitness Traits of Frankliniella occidentalis and Frankliniella intonsa (Thysanoptera: Thripidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {722-728}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvx083}, pmid = {28472267}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; China ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Fertility ; *Genetic Fitness ; Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; Species Specificity ; Thysanoptera/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Development and fecundity were investigated in an invasive alien thrips species, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and a related native species, Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom), under high CO2 concentration. Results show that the two thrips species reacted differently toward elevated CO2 concentration. Developmental duration decreased significantly (11.93%) in F. occidentalis at the CO2 concentration of 800 µl/liter; survival rate of all stages also significantly increased (e.g., survival rate of first instar increased 17.80%), adult longevity of both female and male extended (e.g., female increased 2.02 d on average), and both fecundity and daily eggs laid per female were higher at a CO2 concentration of 800 µl/liter than at 400 µl/liter. Developmental duration of F. intonsa decreased, insignificantly, at a CO2 concentration of 800 µl/liter. Unlike F. occidentalis, survival rate of F. intonsa declined considerably at higher CO2 concentration level (e.g., survival rate of first instar decreased 19.70%), adult longevity of both female and male curtailed (e.g., female reduced 3.82 d on average), and both fecundity and daily eggs laid per female were reduced to 24.86 and 0.83, respectively, indicating that there exist significant differences between the two CO2 levels. Results suggest that the population fitness of invasive thrips species might be enhanced with increase in CO2 concentration, and accordingly change the local thrips population composition with their invasion.}, }
@article {pmid28472131, year = {2017}, author = {Kiss, T and Szabó, A and Oszlánczi, G and Lukács, A and Tímár, Z and Tiszlavicz, L and Csupor, D}, title = {Repeated-dose toxicity of common ragweed on rats.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {e0176818}, pmid = {28472131}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Allergens/*immunology ; *Ambrosia ; Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic ; Male ; Pollen/*immunology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/etiology ; }, abstract = {Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. is an invasive species with highly allergenic pollens. Ragweed originates from North America, but it also occurs and is spreading in Europe, causing seasonal allergic rhinitis for millions of people. Recently, the herb of A. artemisiifolia has gained popularity as medicinal plant and food. The effects of its long-term intake are unknown; there are no toxicological data to support the safe use of this plant. The aim of our study was to assess the repeated dose toxicity of A. artemisiifolia on animals. Ragweed puree was administered in low dose (500 mg/kg b. w.) and high dose (1000 mg/kg b. w.) to male Wistar rats according to 407 OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. Clinical symptoms, various blood chemical parameters, body weight and organ weights of the rats were measured. Reduced liver function enzymes (AST, ALT), reduced triglyceride level in the low dose and increased carbamide level in the high dose group were observed. The weight of the liver relative to body weight was significantly reduced in both groups, while the brain weight relative to body weight was significantly elevated in both groups. According to our results, the repeated use of ragweed resulted in toxic effects in rats and these results question the safety of long-term human consumption of common ragweed.}, }
@article {pmid28472113, year = {2017}, author = {Froese, JG and Smith, CS and Durr, PA and McAlpine, CA and van Klinken, RD}, title = {Modelling seasonal habitat suitability for wide-ranging species: Invasive wild pigs in northern Australia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {e0177018}, pmid = {28472113}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Australia ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; *Seasons ; Swine ; }, abstract = {Invasive wildlife often causes serious damage to the economy and agriculture as well as environmental, human and animal health. Habitat models can fill knowledge gaps about species distributions and assist planning to mitigate impacts. Yet, model accuracy and utility may be compromised by small study areas and limited integration of species ecology or temporal variability. Here we modelled seasonal habitat suitability for wild pigs, a widespread and harmful invader, in northern Australia. We developed a resource-based, spatially-explicit and regional-scale approach using Bayesian networks and spatial pattern suitability analysis. We integrated important ecological factors such as variability in environmental conditions, breeding requirements and home range movements. The habitat model was parameterized during a structured, iterative expert elicitation process and applied to a wet season and a dry season scenario. Model performance and uncertainty was evaluated against independent distributional data sets. Validation results showed that an expert-averaged model accurately predicted empirical wild pig presences in northern Australia for both seasonal scenarios. Model uncertainty was largely associated with different expert assumptions about wild pigs' resource-seeking home range movements. Habitat suitability varied considerably between seasons, retracting to resource-abundant rainforest, wetland and agricultural refuge areas during the dry season and expanding widely into surrounding grassland floodplains, savanna woodlands and coastal shrubs during the wet season. Overall, our model suggested that suitable wild pig habitat is less widely available in northern Australia than previously thought. Mapped results may be used to quantify impacts, assess risks, justify management investments and target control activities. Our methods are applicable to other wide-ranging species, especially in data-poor situations.}, }
@article {pmid28472112, year = {2017}, author = {Christodoulides, N and Van Dam, AR and Peterson, DA and Frandsen, RJN and Mortensen, UH and Petersen, B and Rasmussen, S and Normark, BB and Hardy, NB}, title = {Gene expression plasticity across hosts of an invasive scale insect species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {e0176956}, pmid = {28472112}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {For plant-eating insects, we still have only a nascent understanding of the genetic basis of host-use promiscuity. Here, to improve that situation, we investigated host-induced gene expression plasticity in the invasive lobate lac scale insect, Paratachardina pseudolobata (Hemiptera: Keriidae). We were particularly interested in the differential expression of detoxification and effector genes, which are thought to be critical for overcoming a plant's chemical defenses. We collected RNA samples from P. pseudolobata on three different host plant species, assembled transcriptomes de novo, and identified transcripts with significant host-induced gene expression changes. Gene expression plasticity was pervasive, but the expression of most detoxification and effector genes was insensitive to the host environment. Nevertheless, some types of detoxification genes were more differentially expressed than expected by chance. Moreover, we found evidence of a trade-off between expression of genes involved in primary and secondary metabolism; hosts that induced lower expression of genes for detoxification induced higher expression of genes for growth. Our findings are largely consonant with those of several recently published studies of other plant-eating insect species. Thus, across plant-eating insect species, there may be a common set of gene expression changes that enable host-use promiscuity.}, }
@article {pmid28470766, year = {2017}, author = {Beattie, M and Nowacek, DP and Bogdanoff, AK and Akins, L and Morris, JA}, title = {The roar of the lionfishes Pterois volitans and Pterois miles.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {90}, number = {6}, pages = {2488-2495}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13321}, pmid = {28470766}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Acoustics ; *Animal Communication ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Sound Spectrography ; }, abstract = {Through the analysis of acoustic recordings of captive Pterois spp., this study has confirmed anecdotal evidence that Pterois spp. are soniferous. This report of sound production in Pterois spp. provides the foundation for future research into their specific acoustic capabilities including sound production mechanisms, the role of social behaviour and applied techniques for controlling and monitoring invasive Pterois spp. in the tropical and temperate western Atlantic Ocean.}, }
@article {pmid28470450, year = {2017}, author = {Wang, C and Zhou, J and Jiang, K and Liu, J and Du, D}, title = {Responses of soil N-fixing bacteria communities to invasive plant species under different types of simulated acid deposition.}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {104}, number = {5-6}, pages = {43}, pmid = {28470450}, issn = {1432-1904}, mesh = {Acids/*pharmacology ; Bacteria/*drug effects ; *Biodiversity ; China ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Plants/*microbiology ; Population Density ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions have incurred serious threats to native ecosystems in China, and soil N-fixing bacteria communities (SNB) may play a vital role in the successful plant invasion. Meanwhile, anthropogenic acid deposition is increasing in China, which may modify or upgrade the effects that invasive plant species can cause on SNB. We analyzed the structure and diversity of SNB by means of new generation sequencing technology in soils with different simulated acid deposition (SAD), i.e., different SO4[2-] to NO3[-] ratios, and where the invasive (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and the native species (Amaranthus tricolor L.) grew mixed or isolated for 3 months. A. retroflexus itself did not exert significant effects on the diversity and richness of SNB but did it under certain SO4[2-] to NO3[-] ratios. Compared to soils where the native species grew isolated, the soils where the invasive A. retroflexus grew isolated showed lower relative abundance of some SNB classes under certain SAD treatments. Some types of SAD can alter soil nutrient content which in turn could affect SNB diversity and abundance. Specifically, greater SO4[2-] to NO3[-] ratios tended to have more toxic effects on SNB likely due to the higher exchange capacity of hydroxyl groups (OH[-]) between SO4[2-] and NO3[-]. As a conclusion, it can be expected a change in the structure of SNB after A. retroflexus invasion under acid deposition rich in sulfuric acid. This change may create a plant soil feedback favoring future A. retroflexus invasions.}, }
@article {pmid28467488, year = {2017}, author = {Schwinning, S and Meckel, H and Reichmann, LG and Polley, HW and Fay, PA}, title = {Accelerated development in Johnsongrass seedlings (Sorghum halepense) suppresses the growth of native grasses through size-asymmetric competition.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {e0176042}, pmid = {28467488}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Plant Development ; Sorghum/*growth &amp; development ; Species Specificity ; Water ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant species often dominate native species in competition, augmenting other potential advantages such as release from natural enemies. Resource pre-emption may be a particularly important mechanism for establishing dominance over competitors of the same functional type. We hypothesized that competitive success of an exotic grass against native grasses is mediated by establishing an early size advantage. We tested this prediction among four perennial C4 warm-season grasses: the exotic weed Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparius) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). We predicted that a) the competitive effect of Johnsongrass on target species would be proportional to their initial biomass difference, b) competitive effect and response would be negatively correlated and c) soil fertility would have little effect on competitive relationships. In a greenhouse, plants of the four species were grown from seed either alone or with one Johnsongrass neighbor at two fertilizer levels and periodically harvested. The first two hypotheses were supported: The seedling biomass of single plants at first harvest (50 days after seeding) ranked the same way as the competitive effect of Johnsongrass on target species: Johnsongrass < big bluestem < little bluestem/switchgrass, while Johnsongrass responded more strongly to competition from Johnsongrass than from native species. At final harvest, native plants growing with Johnsongrass attained between 2-5% of their single-plant non-root biomass, while Johnsongrass growing with native species attained 89% of single-plant non-root biomass. Fertilization enhanced Johnsongrass' competitive effects on native species, but added little to the already severe competitive suppression. Accelerated early growth of Johnsongrass seedlings relative to native seedlings appeared to enable subsequent resource pre-emption. Size-asymmetric competition and resource-pre-emption may be a critical mechanism by which exotic invasive species displace functionally similar native species and alter the functional dynamics of native communities.}, }
@article {pmid28467283, year = {2017}, author = {Hughes, KL and Bildfell, RJ and Alcantar, B}, title = {Pigmented tumors in fallow deer (Dama dama): 11 cases.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, pages = {483-488}, doi = {10.1177/1040638717707789}, pmid = {28467283}, issn = {1943-4936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Deer ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Melanoma/diagnosis/pathology/*veterinary ; Neurilemmoma/diagnosis/pathology/*veterinary ; Oregon ; }, abstract = {Pigmented tumors have been reported infrequently in captive deer. We document herein the clinical progression and gross and histopathologic features of pigmented tumors diagnosed as melanoma and pigmented schwannoma in 11 white fallow deer (Dama dama). Affected animals were part of a captive herd maintained at a drive-through park in southern Oregon and were 5-17 y of age during the study period (2004-2013). Primary lesion locations included periocular, perineal, and neck tissues, with cutaneous and internal metastases later identified at autopsy in some cases of malignant melanoma. Diagnoses included 7 malignant melanomas, 2 benign melanomas, and 2 pigmented schwannomas. Diagnosis of melanoma was based on typical histomorphologic features, and final diagnosis of pigmented schwannomas was based on histomorphologic features with negative staining for melan A and positive staining for laminin. Metastasis was found in 3 of 7 cases diagnosed as malignant melanoma; 2 had extensive pulmonary involvement and resulted in euthanasia of the animal; 1 animal developed eyelid and ear lesions that also resulted in euthanasia.}, }
@article {pmid28460074, year = {2017}, author = {Baldacchino, F and Arnoldi, D and Lapère, C and Rosà, R and Montarsi, F and Capelli, G and Rizzoli, A}, title = {Weak Larval Competition Between Two Invasive Mosquitoes Aedes koreicus and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae).}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {54}, number = {5}, pages = {1266-1272}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjx093}, pmid = {28460074}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Aedes/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Competitive Behavior ; Diet ; Female ; Larva ; }, abstract = {Aedes (Hulecoeteomyia) koreicus (Edwards) and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) are two invasive mosquito species well established in northeastern Italy, and these two species may co-occur in artificial larval habitats such as tires, buckets, drums, and catch basins. Because Ae. albopictus has been shown experimentally to be a superior competitor to several mosquito species, we investigated larval competition between Ae. koreicus and Ae. albopictus using two diet levels (low level and high level) and 10 Ae. albopictus: Ae. koreicus density combination levels (30:0, 60:0, 15:15, 30:30, 10:20, 20:10, 20:40, 40:20, 0:60, and 0:30). A multivariate analysis (MANOVA) demonstrated a significant effect of the density combination on Ae. koreicus survivorship, female development time, and female wing length considered simultaneously in low-level diet and high-level diet treatments. Pairwise comparisons across low-level diet treatments showed a significant reduction of Ae. koreicus survivorship in 20:10 combination treatments (i.e. 20 Ae. albopictus and 10 Ae. koreicus larvae) compared to 10:20, 20:40, and 30:30 combination treatments, while no difference was detected for Ae. albopictus between density combination treatments. Furthermore, Ae. albopictus developed faster than Ae. koreicus regardless of diet and density combination treatments. Our results show weak larval competition between Ae. koreicus and Ae. albopictus with a slight advantage of the latter species. On the other hand, the presence of Ae. albopictus seems to favor the emergence of larger Ae. koreicus females. We suggest that factors such as habitats preferences or seasonal distributions may be determinant for the invasion success of Ae. koreicus.}, }
@article {pmid28459955, year = {2017}, author = {Seo, M and Martini, X and Rivera, MJ and Stelinski, LL}, title = {Flight Capacities and Diurnal Flight Patterns of the Ambrosia Beetles, Xyleborus glabratus and Monarthrum mali (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {729-734}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvx085}, pmid = {28459955}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Circadian Rhythm ; Female ; *Flight, Animal ; Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; Weevils/*physiology ; }, abstract = {We compared the flight activity of Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff, vector and symbiont of the causal agent of laurel wilt disease (Raffaelea lauricola), with a native species Monarthrum mali (Fitch) using flight mills. Flight mills were operated either for 24 h or for three 3-h time intervals. During the 3-h interval experiment, the shortest time to flight initiation for X. glabratus occurred at 1600-1900 hours. The average flight time and total flying distance during 1600-2100 hours were also higher than those quantified during the other two recording times investigated. However, total flight duration and proportion of fliers was highest at 1000-1300 hours. We compared several flight parameters. About 64.0% of tested X. glabratus flew <20 m. During 24-h recording periods, M. mali flew longer distances than X. glabratus. Over 50.0% of M. mali flew over 100 m on the flight mill. Xyleborus glabratus flight activity was greatest between 1200 and 1800 hours, while M. mali flew most frequently between 1500 and 2100 hours. Monarthrum mali flew more than five times more frequently than X. glabratus, and their longest single flight distance (37.5 ± 12.5 m) and total flight distance (213.7 ± 85.5 m) were greater than those of X. glabratus. These data will be useful for development of species-specific control and monitoring protocols for these ambrosia beetles based on greater understanding of their flight capacities and associated invasion distance.}, }
@article {pmid28458465, year = {2017}, author = {Kraan, S}, title = {Undaria marching on; late arrival in the Republic of Ireland.}, journal = {Journal of applied phycology}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {1107-1114}, pmid = {28458465}, issn = {0921-8971}, abstract = {The Asian invasive brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida was found for the first time in the Republic of Ireland in Kilmore Quay in Co. Wexford in July 2016. As this brown kelp is of considerable economic importance and is cultivated in Asia as well as in Europe, it opens up the discussion if this invasive species is socially acceptable to be cultivated in the Republic of Ireland for food and other purposes. This paper briefly examines the global economic importance, cultivation aspects compared to the European native equivalents such as Alaria esculenta and Saccharina latissima, cultivation yield, economic considerations and the ecological impact of the spread of Undaria into non-native areas. Based on the information and facts presented, it is concluded that Undaria from a physical, social and economic point of view can be cultivated in Ireland.}, }
@article {pmid28452164, year = {2017}, author = {Ducatez, S and Giraudeau, M and Thébaud, C and Jacquin, L}, title = {Colour polymorphism is associated with lower extinction risk in birds.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {23}, number = {8}, pages = {3030-3039}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13734}, pmid = {28452164}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; *Climate Change ; *Color ; Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Colour polymorphisms have played a major role in enhancing current understanding of how selection and demography can impact phenotypes. Because different morphs often display alternative strategies and exploit alternative ecological niches, colour polymorphism can be expected to promote adaptability to environmental changes. However, whether and how it could influence populations' and species' response to global changes remains debated. To address this question, we built an up-to-date and complete database on avian colour polymorphism based on the examination of available data from all 10,394 extant bird species. We distinguished between true polymorphism (where different genetically determined morphs co-occur in sympatry within the same population) and geographic variation (parapatric or allopatric colour variation), because these two patterns of variation are expected to have different consequences on populations' persistence. Using the IUCN red list, we then showed that polymorphic bird species are at lesser risk of extinction than nonpolymorphic ones, after controlling for a range of factors such as geographic range size, habitat breadth, life history, and phylogeny. This appears consistent with the idea that high genetic diversity and/or the existence of alternative strategies in polymorphic species promotes the ability to adaptively respond to changing environmental conditions. In contrast, polymorphic species were not less vulnerable than nonpolymorphic ones to specific drivers of extinction such as habitat alteration, direct exploitation, climate change, and invasive species. Thus, our results suggest that colour polymorphism acts as a buffer against environmental changes, although further studies are now needed to understand the underlying mechanisms. Developing accurate quantitative indices of sensitivity to specific threats is likely a key step towards a better understanding of species response to environmental changes.}, }
@article {pmid28451768, year = {2017}, author = {Collins, SF and Wahl, DH}, title = {Invasive planktivores as mediators of organic matter exchanges within and across ecosystems.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {184}, number = {2}, pages = {521-530}, pmid = {28451768}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; Chlorophyll ; Chlorophyll A ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Ponds ; Zooplankton ; }, abstract = {Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) are an invasive planktivore that can greatly deplete planktonic resources. Due to the inefficient conversion of food into fish tissue, large portions of consumed materials are egested and shunted to benthic habitats. We explored how bighead carp alter pools of organic matter between planktonic and benthic habitats, and across ecosystem boundaries. Here, we report evidence from a manipulative experiment demonstrating that bighead carp greatly reapportion pools of organic matter from planktonic to benthic habitats to such a degree that additional effects propagated across ecological boundaries into terrestrial ecosystems. Strong direct consumption by bighead carp reduced filamentous algae, biomass and production of zooplankton, and production of a native planktivorous fish within planktonic habitats. Reduced herbivory indirectly increased phytoplankton (chlorophyll a). Direct consumption of organic matter by bighead carp supported high carp production and concomitant losses of materials due to egestion. Perhaps in response to organic matter subsidies provided by fish egestion, ponds having bighead carp had higher standing crop biomass of Chironomidae larvae, as well as cross-boundary fluxes of their adult life stage. In contrast, we detected reduced cross-boundary fluxes of adult Chaoboridae midges in ponds having bighead carp. Consideration of bighead carp as mediators of organic matter exchanges provides a clearer framework for predicting the direct and extended impacts of these invasive planktivores in freshwater ecosystems. The perception of bighead carp must evolve beyond competitors for planktonic resources, to mediators and processors of nutrients and energy within and across ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid28450747, year = {2017}, author = {Qiao, H and Escobar, LE and Peterson, AT}, title = {Accessible areas in ecological niche comparisons of invasive species: Recognized but still overlooked.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {1213}, pmid = {28450747}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; North America ; Sciuridae/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Understanding biological invasions is crucial for their control and prevention. Specially, establishing whether invasive species operate within the constraint of conservative ecological niches, or if niche shifts occur at all commonly as part of the invasion process, is indispensable to identifying and anticipating potential areas of invasion. Ecological niche modeling (ENM) has been used to address such questions, but improvements and debate in study design, model evaluation, and methods are still needed to mature this field. We reanalyze data for Gray Squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), native to North America, but invasive in Europe. Our main finding was that, when the analysis extent is established carefully based on analogous sets of environmental conditions, all evidence of niche shifts disappears, suggesting that previous reports of niche shifts for this species are artifacts of methods and interpretation, rather than biological reality. Niche conservatism should be tested only within appropriate, similar, environmental spaces that are accessible to both species or populations being compared, thus avoiding model extrapolation related to model transfers. Testing for environmental similarity between native and invaded areas is critical to identifying niche shifts during species invasion robustly, but also in applications of ENM to understanding temporal dimensions of niche dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid28450604, year = {2017}, author = {Golubov, J and Aguirre-Muñoz, A and Mendoza, R and Mendez, F}, title = {Mexico's invasive species plan in context.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {356}, number = {6336}, pages = {386}, doi = {10.1126/science.aan2541}, pmid = {28450604}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Developing Countries ; *Introduced Species ; Mexico ; }, }
@article {pmid28448771, year = {2017}, author = {Kolařík, M and Hulcr, J and Tisserat, N and De Beer, W and Kostovčík, M and Kolaříková, Z and Seybold, SJ and Rizzo, DM}, title = {Geosmithia associated with bark beetles and woodborers in the western USA: taxonomic diversity and vector specificity.}, journal = {Mycologia}, volume = {109}, number = {2}, pages = {185-199}, doi = {10.1080/00275514.2017.1303861}, pmid = {28448771}, issn = {0027-5514}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; California ; Coleoptera/classification/*microbiology ; Colorado ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; Hypocreales/*classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Insect Vectors/*microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Species Specificity ; Trees/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Fungi in the genus Geosmithia (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) are frequent associates of bark beetles and woodborers that colonize hardwood and coniferous trees. One species, Geosmithia morbida, is an economically damaging invasive species. The authors surveyed the Geosmithia species of California and Colorado, USA, to (i) provide baseline data on taxonomy of Geosmithia and beetle vector specificity across the western USA; (ii) investigate the subcortical beetle fauna for alternative vectors of the invasive G. morbida; and (iii) interpret the community composition of this region within the emerging global biogeography of Geosmithia. Geosmithia was detected in 87% of 126 beetle samples obtained from 39 plant species. Twenty-nine species of Geosmithia were distinguished, of which 13 may be new species. Bark beetles from hardwoods, Cupressus, and Sequoia appear to be regular vectors, with Geosmithia present in all beetle gallery systems examined. Other subcortical insects appear to vector Geosmithia at lower frequencies. Overall, most Geosmithia have a distinct level of vector specificity (mostly high, sometimes low) enabling their separation to generalists and specialists. Plant pathogenic Geosmithia morbida was not found in association with any other beetle besides Pityophthorus juglandis. However, four additional Geosmithia species were found in P. juglandis galleries. When integrated with recent data from other continents, a global pattern of Geosmithia distribution across continents, latitudes, and vectors is emerging: of the 29 Geosmithia species found in the western USA, 12 have not been reported outside of the USA. The most frequently encountered species with the widest global distribution also had the broadest range of beetle vectors. Several Geosmithia spp. with very narrow vector ranges in Europe exhibited the similar degree of specialization in the USA. Such strong canalization in association could reflect an ancient origin of each individual association, or a recent origin and a subsequent diversification in North America.}, }
@article {pmid28448544, year = {2017}, author = {Gornish, ES and Lennox, MS and Lewis, D and Tate, KW and Jackson, RD}, title = {Comparing herbaceous plant communities in active and passive riparian restoration.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e0176338}, pmid = {28448544}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*methods ; Plant Development ; *Plants ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Understanding the efficacy of passive (reduction or cessation of environmental stress) and active (typically involving planting or seeding) restoration strategies is important for the design of successful revegetation of degraded riparian habitat, but studies explicitly comparing restoration outcomes are uncommon. We sampled the understory herbaceous plant community of 103 riparian sites varying in age since restoration (0 to 39 years) and revegetation technique (active, passive, or none) to compare the utility of different approaches on restoration success across sites. We found that landform type, percent shade, and summer flow helped explain differences in the understory functional community across all sites. In passively restored sites, grass and forb cover and richness were inversely related to site age, but in actively restored sites forb cover and richness were inversely related to site age. Native cover and richness were lower with passive restoration compared to active restoration. Invasive species cover and richness were not significantly different across sites. Although some of our results suggest that active restoration would best enhance native species in degraded riparian areas, this work also highlights some of the context-dependency that has been found to mediate restoration outcomes. For example, since the effects of passive restoration can be quite rapid, this approach might be more useful than active restoration in situations where rapid dominance of pioneer species is required to arrest major soil loss through erosion. As a result, we caution against labeling one restoration technique as better than another. Managers should identify ideal restoration outcomes in the context of historic and current site characteristics (as well as a range of acceptable alternative states) and choose restoration approaches that best facilitate the achievement of revegetation goals.}, }
@article {pmid28446145, year = {2017}, author = {Tian, L and Song, T and He, R and Zeng, Y and Xie, W and Wu, Q and Wang, S and Zhou, X and Zhang, Y}, title = {Genome-wide analysis of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {330}, pmid = {28446145}, issn = {1471-2164}, mesh = {ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/*genetics ; Animals ; *Genomics ; Hemiptera/drug effects/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Neonicotinoids/pharmacology ; Nitro Compounds/pharmacology ; Transcription, Genetic/drug effects ; Transcriptome/drug effects ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: ABC transporter superfamily is one of the largest and ubiquitous groups of proteins. Because of their role in detoxification, insect ABC transporters have gained more attention in recent years. In this study, we annotated ABC transporters from a newly sequenced sweetpotato whitefly genome. Bemisia tabaci Q biotype is an emerging global invasive species that has caused extensive damages to field crops as well as ornamental plants.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 55 ABC transporters containing all eight described subfamilies (A to H) were identified in the B. tabaci Q genome, including 8 ABCAs, 3 ABCBs, 6 ABCCs, 2 ABCDs, 1 ABCE, 3 ABCFs, 23 ABCGs and 9 ABCHs. In comparison to other species, subfamilies G and H in both phloem- and blood-sucking arthropods are expanded. The temporal expression profiles of these 55 ABC transporters throughout B. tabaci developmental stages and their responses to imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, were investigated using RNA-seq analysis. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of 24 ABC transporters (44% of the total) representing all eight subfamilies was confirmed by the quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Furthermore, mRNA expression levels estimated by RT-qPCR and RNA-seq analyses were significantly correlated (r&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.684, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: It is the first genome-wide analysis of the entire repertoire of ABC transporters in B. tabaci. The identification of these ABC transporters, their temporal expression profiles during B. tabaci development, and their response to a neonicotinoid insecticide lay the foundation for functional genomic understanding of their contribution to the invasiveness of B. tabaci.}, }
@article {pmid28445514, year = {2017}, author = {Doudová, J and Douda, J and Mandák, B}, title = {The complexity underlying invasiveness precludes the identification of invasive traits: A comparative study of invasive and non-invasive heterocarpic Atriplex congeners.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e0176455}, pmid = {28445514}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Atriplex/*growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Fruit/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Germination ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Heterocarpy enables species to effectively spread under unfavourable conditions by producing two or more types of fruit differing in ecological characteristics. Although it is frequent in annuals occupying disturbed habitats that are vulnerable to invasion, there is still a lack of congeneric studies addressing the importance of heterocarpy for species invasion success. We compared two pairs of heterocarpic Atriplex species, each of them comprising one invasive and one non-invasive non-native congener. In two common garden experiments, we (i) simulated the influence of different levels of nutrients and population density on plants grown from different types of fruits and examined several traits that are generally positively associated with invasion success, and (ii) grew plants in a replacement series experiment to evaluate resource partitioning between them and to compare their competitive ability. We found that specific functional traits or competitiveness of species cannot explain the invasiveness of Atriplex species, indicating that species invasiveness involves more complex interactions of traits that are important only in certain ecological contexts, i.e. in specific environmental conditions and only some habitats. Interestingly, species trait differences related to invasion success were found between plants growing from the ecologically most contrasting fruit types. We suggest that fruit types differing in ecological behaviour may be essential in the process of invasion or in the general spreading of heterocarpic species, as they either the maximize population growth (type C fruit) or enhance the chance of survival of new populations (type A fruit). Congeners offer the best available methodical framework for comparing traits among phylogenetically closely related invasive and non-invasive species. However, as indicated by our results, this approach is unlikely to reveal invasive traits because of the complexity underlying invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid28445505, year = {2017}, author = {Du, N and Tan, X and Li, Q and Liu, X and Zhang, W and Wang, R and Liu, J and Guo, W}, title = {Dominance of an alien shrub Rhus typhina over a native shrub Vitex negundo var. heterophylla under variable water supply patterns.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e0176491}, pmid = {28445505}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biomass ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Climate Change ; Fluorometry ; Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Plant Shoots/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Rhus/*growth &amp; development ; Soil/chemistry ; Vitex/*growth &amp; development ; Water Supply ; }, abstract = {Temporal heterogeneity of a resource supply can have a profound effect on the interactions between alien and native plant species and their potential invasiveness. Precipitation patterns may be variable and result in a higher heterogeneity of water supply with global climate change. In this study, an alien shrub species, Rhus typhina, introduced to China from North America and a native shrub species, Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, were grown in monoculture and mixed culture under different water supply regimes, with four levels of water supply frequencies but with a constant level of total supplied water. After 60 days of treatments, the alien species was found to be the superior competitor in the mixed culture and was unaffected by changes in the water supply pattern. The dominance of R. typhina was mainly owing to its greater biomass and effective modulation of leaf physiology. However, in the mixed culture, V. negundo var. heterophylla exhibited both leaf- and whole-plant-level acclimations, including higher leaf length to petiole length and root to shoot biomass ratios, and lower specific leaf weight and leaf length to leaf width ratio. Plant height of V. negundo var. heterophylla was comparable to that of R. typhina in the mixed culture, which is a strategy to escape shading. Although water treatments had little effect on most traits in both species, the possible influence of water regimes should not be neglected. Compared with high-frequency water supply treatments, more individuals of V. negundo var. heterophylla died in low-water-frequency treatments when in competition with R. typhina, which may lead to species turnover in the field. The authors recommended that caution should be exercised when introducing R. typhina to non-native areas in the context of global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid28445000, year = {2017}, author = {González, E and Sher, AA and Anderson, RM and Bay, RF and Bean, DW and Bissonnete, GJ and Bourgeois, B and Cooper, DJ and Dohrenwend, K and Eichhorst, KD and El Waer, H and Kennard, DK and Harms-Weissinger, R and Henry, AL and Makarick, LJ and Ostoja, SM and Reynolds, LV and Robinson, WW and Shafroth, PB}, title = {Vegetation response to invasive Tamarix control in southwestern U.S. rivers: a collaborative study including 416 sites.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {1789-1804}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1566}, pmid = {28445000}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biota ; Coleoptera ; Fires ; Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; *Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Rivers ; Southwestern United States ; *Tamaricaceae ; Trees ; Weed Control/*methods ; }, abstract = {Most studies assessing vegetation response following control of invasive Tamarix trees along southwestern U.S. rivers have been small in scale (e.g., river reach), or at a regional scale but with poor spatial-temporal replication, and most have not included testing the effects of a now widely used biological control. We monitored plant composition following Tamarix control along hydrologic, soil, and climatic gradients in 244 treated and 172 reference sites across six U.S. states. This represents the largest comprehensive assessment to date on the vegetation response to the four most common Tamarix control treatments. Biocontrol by a defoliating beetle (treatment 1) reduced the abundance of Tamarix less than active removal by mechanically using hand and chain-saws (2), heavy machinery (3) or burning (4). Tamarix abundance also decreased with lower temperatures, higher precipitation, and follow-up treatments for Tamarix resprouting. Native cover generally increased over time in active Tamarix removal sites, however, the increases observed were small and was not consistently increased by active revegetation. Overall, native cover was correlated to permanent stream flow, lower grazing pressure, lower soil salinity and temperatures, and higher precipitation. Species diversity also increased where Tamarix was removed. However, Tamarix treatments, especially those generating the highest disturbance (burning and heavy machinery), also often promoted secondary invasions of exotic forbs. The abundance of hydrophytic species was much lower in treated than in reference sites, suggesting that management of southwestern U.S. rivers has focused too much on weed control, overlooking restoration of fluvial processes that provide habitat for hydrophytic and floodplain vegetation. These results can help inform future management of Tamarix-infested rivers to restore hydrogeomorphic processes, increase native biodiversity and reduce abundance of noxious species.}, }
@article {pmid28444365, year = {2017}, author = {Frewin, AJ and Renkema, J and Fraser, H and Hallett, RH}, title = {Evaluation of Attractants for Monitoring Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {3}, pages = {1156-1163}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox081}, pmid = {28444365}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Blueberry Plants/growth &amp; development ; *Chemotaxis ; Drosophila/*physiology ; *Insect Control ; Ontario ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Rubus/growth &amp; development ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii Matsumura is an economically important pest of soft and small fruit crops. Unlike other drosophilid flies, D. suzukii is capable of infesting ripe and partially ripe fruit, which poses a significant pest management challenge, as there is no tolerance for infested or damaged fruit in the marketplace. As a result, producers in many regions rely on calendar-scheduled insecticide applications for D. suzukii management. In order to develop an integrated pest management approach, better tools for monitoring adult fly populations are needed. Over two growing seasons in southern Ontario, we evaluated three commercial (Pherocon SWD dual-lure, Suzukii Trap, and Scentry Lure) and two homemade baits (apple cider vinegar and yeast + sugar water) for their ability to capture D. suzukii in raspberry and highbush blueberry fields. In general, commercial attractants captured D. suzukii earlier in the growing season and in greater numbers, with fewer nontarget captures, compared with homemade baits. Scentry Lure tended to perform better than other attractants, capturing D. suzukii earlier and in larger numbers during peak harvest. Pherocon SWD dual-lure was highly specific to D. suzukii. The combination of Scentry Lure with Suzukii Trap had possible synergistic effects, as numbers of D. suzukii captured to the combined treatment were more than additive. Using commercial attractants improves D. suzukii monitoring and will allow growers to improve the timing of insecticide applications with D. suzukii activity in the field.}, }
@article {pmid28442569, year = {2017}, author = {Sullivan, LL and Li, B and Miller, TEX and Neubert, MG and Shaw, AK}, title = {Density dependence in demography and dispersal generates fluctuating invasion speeds.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {114}, number = {19}, pages = {5053-5058}, pmid = {28442569}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Density dependence plays an important role in population regulation and is known to generate temporal fluctuations in population density. However, the ways in which density dependence affects spatial population processes, such as species invasions, are less understood. Although classical ecological theory suggests that invasions should advance at a constant speed, empirical work is illuminating the highly variable nature of biological invasions, which often exhibit nonconstant spreading speeds, even in simple, controlled settings. Here, we explore endogenous density dependence as a mechanism for inducing variability in biological invasions with a set of population models that incorporate density dependence in demographic and dispersal parameters. We show that density dependence in demography at low population densities-i.e., an Allee effect-combined with spatiotemporal variability in population density behind the invasion front can produce fluctuations in spreading speed. The density fluctuations behind the front can arise from either overcompensatory population growth or density-dependent dispersal, both of which are common in nature. Our results show that simple rules can generate complex spread dynamics and highlight a source of variability in biological invasions that may aid in ecological forecasting.}, }
@article {pmid28439454, year = {2017}, author = {Nunes, AL and Zengeya, TA and Hoffman, AC and Measey, GJ and Weyl, OLF}, title = {Distribution and establishment of the alien Australian redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, in South Africa and Swaziland.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3135}, pmid = {28439454}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Australian redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus, von Martens), is native to Australasia, but has been widely translocated around the world due to aquaculture and aquarium trade. Mostly as a result of escape from aquaculture facilities, this species has established extralimital populations in Australia and alien populations in Europe, Asia, Central America and Africa. In South Africa, C. quadricarinatus was first sampled from the wild in 2002 in the Komati River, following its escape from an aquaculture facility in Swaziland, but data on the current status of its populations are not available.<br><br>METHODS: To establish a better understanding of its distribution, rate of spread and population status, we surveyed a total of 46 sites in various river systems in South Africa and Swaziland. Surveys were performed between September 2015 and August 2016 and involved visual observations and the use of collapsible crayfish traps.<br><br>RESULTS: Cherax quadricarinatus is now present in the Komati, Lomati, Mbuluzi, Mlawula and Usutu rivers, and it was also detected in several off-channel irrigation impoundments. Where present, it was generally abundant, with populations having multiple size cohorts and containing ovigerous females. In the Komati River, it has spread more than 112 km downstream of the initial introduction point and 33 km upstream of a tributary, resulting in a mean spread rate of 8 km year[-1] downstream and 4.7 km year[-1] upstream. In Swaziland, estimated downstream spread rate might reach 14.6 km year[-1]. Individuals were generally larger and heavier closer to the introduction site, which might be linked to juvenile dispersal.<br><br>DISCUSSION: These findings demonstrate that C. quadricarinatus is established in South Africa and Swaziland and that the species has spread, not only within the river where it was first introduced, but also between rivers. Considering the strong impacts that alien crayfish usually have on invaded ecosystems, assessments of its potential impacts on native freshwater biota and an evaluation of possible control measures are, therefore, urgent requirements.}, }
@article {pmid28439453, year = {2017}, author = {Vogt, S and de Villiers, FA and Ihlow, F and Rödder, D and Measey, J}, title = {Competition and feeding ecology in two sympatric Xenopus species (Anura: Pipidae).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3130}, pmid = {28439453}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The widespread African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) occurs in sympatry with the IUCN Endangered Cape platanna (Xenopus gilli) throughout its entire range in the south-western Cape, South Africa. In order to investigate aspects of the interspecific competition between populations of X. laevis and X. gilli, an assessment of their niche differentiation was conducted through a comprehensive study on food composition and trophic niche structure at two study sites: the Cape of Good Hope (CoGH) and Kleinmond. A total of 399 stomach contents of X. laevis (n = 183) and X. gilli (n = 216) were obtained together with samples of available prey to determine food preferences using the Electivity index (E*), the Simpson's index of diversity (1 - D), the Shannon index (H'), and the Pianka index (Ojk). Xenopus gilli diet was more diverse than X. laevis, particularly in Kleimond where the Shannon index was nearly double. Both species were found to consume large amounts of tadpoles belonging to different amphibian species, including congeners, with an overall higher incidence of anurophagy than previously recorded. However, X. laevis also feeds on adult X. gilli, thus representing a direct threat for the latter. While trophic niche overlap was 0.5 for the CoGH, it was almost 1 in Kleinmond, suggesting both species utilise highly congruent trophic niches. Further, subdividing the dataset into three size classes revealed overlap to be higher in small frogs in both study sites. Our study underlines the importance of actively controlling X. laevis at sites with X. gilli in order to limit competition and predation, which is vital for conservation of the south-western Cape endemic.}, }
@article {pmid28439068, year = {2017}, author = {Furman, BLS and Cauret, CMS and Colby, GA and Measey, GJ and Evans, BJ}, title = {Limited genomic consequences of hybridization between two African clawed frogs, Xenopus gilli and X. laevis (Anura: Pipidae).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {1091}, pmid = {28439068}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Chimera/*genetics ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; Genomics ; South Africa ; Xenopus/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The Cape platanna, Xenopus gilli, an endangered frog, hybridizes with the African clawed frog, X. laevis, in South Africa. Estimates of the extent of gene flow between these species range from pervasive to rare. Efforts have been made in the last 30 years to minimize hybridization between these two species in the west population of X. gilli, but not the east populations. To further explore the impact of hybridization and the efforts to minimize it, we examined molecular variation in one mitochondrial and 13 nuclear genes in genetic samples collected recently (2013) and also over two decades ago (1994). Despite the presence of F 1 hybrids, none of the genomic regions we surveyed had evidence of gene flow between these species, indicating a lack of extensive introgression. Additionally we found no significant effect of sampling time on genetic diversity of populations of each species. Thus, we speculate that F 1 hybrids have low fitness and are not backcrossing with the parental species to an appreciable degree. Within X. gilli, evidence for gene flow was recovered between eastern and western populations, a finding that has implications for conservation management of this species and its threatened habitat.}, }
@article {pmid28437587, year = {2017}, author = {Melero, Y and Oliver, MK and Lambin, X}, title = {Relationship type affects the reliability of dispersal distance estimated using pedigree inferences in partially sampled populations: A case study involving invasive American mink in Scotland.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {15}, pages = {4059-4071}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14154}, pmid = {28437587}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Female ; Genetic Loci ; *Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Likelihood Functions ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Mink/*genetics ; Pedigree ; Reproducibility of Results ; Scotland ; }, abstract = {Estimating dispersal-a key parameter for population ecology and management-is notoriously difficult. The use of pedigree assignments, aided by likelihood-based software, has become popular to estimate dispersal rate and distance. However, the partial sampling of populations may produce false assignments. Further, it is unknown how the accuracy of assignment is affected by the genealogical relationships of individuals and is reflected by software-derived assignment probabilities. Inspired by a project managing invasive American mink (Neovison vison), we estimated individual dispersal distances using inferred pairwise relationships of culled individuals. Additionally, we simulated scenarios to investigate the accuracy of pairwise inferences. Estimates of dispersal distance varied greatly when derived from different inferred pairwise relationships, with mother-offspring relationship being the shortest (average = 21 km) and the most accurate. Pairs assigned as maternal half-siblings were inaccurate, with 64%-97% falsely assigned, implying that estimates for these relationships in the wild population were unreliable. The false assignment rate was unrelated to the software-derived assignment probabilities at high dispersal rates. Assignments were more accurate when the inferred parents were older and immigrants and when dispersal rates between subpopulations were low (1% and 2%). Using 30 instead of 15 loci increased pairwise reliability, but half-sibling assignments were still inaccurate (>59% falsely assigned). The most reliable approach when using inferred pairwise relationships in polygamous species would be not to use half-sibling relationship types. Our simulation approach provides guidance for the application of pedigree inferences under partial sampling and is applicable to other systems where pedigree assignments are used for ecological inference.}, }
@article {pmid28432445, year = {2017}, author = {Pettit, L and Greenlees, M and Shine, R}, title = {The impact of transportation and translocation on dispersal behaviour in the invasive cane toad.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {184}, number = {2}, pages = {411-422}, pmid = {28432445}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Bufo marinus ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Introduced Species ; New South Wales ; Population Dynamics ; *Transportation ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions transport organisms to novel environments; but how does the translocation process influence movement patterns of the invader? Plausibly, the stress of encountering a novel environment, or of the transport process, might induce rapid dispersal from the release site-potentially enhancing (or reducing) invader success and spread. We investigated the effect of transportation and release to novel environments on dispersal-relevant traits of one of the world's most notorious invaders, the cane toad (Rhinella marina). We collected toads in northern New South Wales from heath and woodland habitats, manipulated the level of transport stress and either returned toads to their exact collection point (residents) or reciprocally translocated them to a novel site. Both translocation and the level of transport stress drastically altered toad dispersal rates for at least 5 days post-release. Translocated toads (depending on their level of transport stress and release habitat) moved on average two to five times further per day (mean range 67-148 m) than did residents (mean range 22-34 m). Translocated toads also moved on more days, and moved further from their release point than did resident toads, but did not move in straighter lines. A higher level of transport stress (simulating long-distance translocation) had no significant effect on movements of resident toads but amplified the dispersal of translocated toads only when released into woodland habitat. These behavioural shifts induced by translocation and transportation may affect an invader's ability to colonise novel sites, and need to be incorporated into plans for invader control.}, }
@article {pmid28430996, year = {2017}, author = {Pieper, SJ and Nicholls, AA and Freeland, JR and Dorken, ME}, title = {Asymmetric Hybridization in Cattails (Typha spp.) and Its Implications for the Evolutionary Maintenance of Native Typha latifolia.}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {108}, number = {5}, pages = {479-487}, doi = {10.1093/jhered/esx036}, pmid = {28430996}, issn = {1465-7333}, mesh = {Alleles ; Biological Evolution ; Germination ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; North America ; Pollen ; Typhaceae/*genetics ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Cattails (Typha spp.) have become an increasingly dominant component of wetlands in eastern North America and this dominance is largely attributable to the high frequency of Typha × glauca, the hybrid of native Typha latifolia and putatively introduced Typha angustifolia. Hybridization in this group is asymmetric, with T. angustifolia nearly always the maternal parent of F1 hybrids. However, the magnitude of hybrid infertility and whether mating asymmetries extend to the formation of advanced-generation hybrids have not been examined. We used hand-crosses to measure seed set and germination success. We found that mating asymmetries extend to the formation of back-crosses, with ~0 seeds set when T. latifolia was pollinated by hybrid cattails. Seed set was unaffected by pollen source for T. × glauca or T. angustifolia. However, seed production by T. angustifolia was consistently high while that of T. × glauca was variable and when pollinated by other T. × glauca more than 75% lower than for any other intraspecific cross indicating reduced hybrid fertility. We used these results to parameterize a model of hybrid zone evolution in which mating patterns and fertility were governed by interactions between alleles at nuclear and cytoplasmic loci. The model revealed that asymmetric mating and reduced hybrid fertility should favor the maintenance of T. latifolia over T. angustifolia compared to null expectations. However, the model also indicated restrictive conditions for the long-term maintenance of T. latifolia within populations, indicating that asymmetric mating might only stall rather than prevent the displacement of native cattails by hybrids.}, }
@article {pmid28430975, year = {2017}, author = {Morrison, WR and Acebes-Doria, A and Ogburn, E and Kuhar, TP and Walgenbach, JF and Bergh, JC and Nottingham, L and Dimeglio, A and Hipkins, P and Leskey, TC}, title = {Behavioral Response of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) to Semiochemicals Deployed Inside and Outside Anthropogenic Structures During the Overwintering Period.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {3}, pages = {1002-1009}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox097}, pmid = {28430975}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Chemotaxis ; Heteroptera/*physiology ; Housing ; *Insect Control ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive species from Asia capable of causing severe agricultural damage. It can also be a nuisance pest when it enters and exits anthropogenic overwintering sites. In recent years, pheromone lures and traps for H. halys have been developed and used to monitor populations in field studies. To date, no study has investigated the applicability of these monitoring tools for use indoors by building residents during the overwintering period. Herein, we 1) assessed when in late winter (diapause) and spring (postdiapause) H. halys begins to respond to its pheromone (10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol), 2) evaluated whether pheromone-based tools can be used reliably for monitoring H. halys adults in unheated and heated buildings, and 3) elucidated the potential for indoor management using pheromone-baited traps. A 2-yr trapping study suggested that H. halys began to respond reliably to pheromone-baited traps after a critical photoperiod of 13.5 h in the spring. Captures before that point were not correlated with visual counts of bugs in buildings despite robust populations, suggesting currently available pheromone-baited traps were ineffective for surveillance of diapausing H. halys. Finally, because baited traps captured only 8-20% of the adult H. halys known to be present per location, they were not an effective indoor management tool for overwintering H. halys. Our study contributes important knowledge about the capacity of H. halys to perceive its pheromone during overwintering, and the ramifications thereof for building residents with nuisance problems.}, }
@article {pmid28430898, year = {2017}, author = {Foote, NE and Davis, TS and Crowder, DW and Bosque-Pérez, NA and Eigenbrode, SD}, title = {Plant Water Stress Affects Interactions Between an Invasive and a Naturalized Aphid Species on Cereal Crops.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {609-616}, pmid = {28430898}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Desiccation ; *Herbivory ; Idaho ; Introduced Species ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Triticum/*physiology ; }, abstract = {In cereal cropping systems of the Pacific Northwestern United States (PNW), climate change is projected to increase the frequency of drought during summer months, which could increase water stress for crop plants. Yet, it remains uncertain how interactions between herbivore species are affected by drought stress. Here, interactions between two cereal aphids present in PNW cereal systems, Metopolophium festucae (Theobald) subsp. cerealium (a newly invasive species) and Rhopalosiphum padi L. (a naturalized species), were tested relative to wheat water stress. When aphids were confined in leaf cages on wheat, asymmetrical facilitation occurred; per capita fecundity of R. padi was increased by 46% when M. festucae cerealium was also present, compared to when only R. padi was present. Imposed water stress did not influence this interaction. When aphids were confined on whole wheat plants, asymmetrical competition occurred; cocolonization inhibited M. festucae cerealium population growth but did not affect R. padi population growth. Under conditions of plant water stress, however, the inhibitory effect of R. padi on M. festucae cerealium was not observed. We conclude that beneficial effects of cocolonization on R. padi are due to a localized plant response to M. festucae cerealium feeding, and that cocolonization of plants is likely to suppress M. festucae cerealium populations under ample water conditions, but not when plants are water stressed. This suggests that plant responses to water stress alter the outcome of competition between herbivore species, with implications for the structure of pest communities on wheat during periods of drought.}, }
@article {pmid28428857, year = {2017}, author = {Kumschick, S and Measey, GJ and Vimercati, G and de Villiers, FA and Mokhatla, MM and Davies, SJ and Thorp, CJ and Rebelo, AD and Blackburn, TM and Kraus, F}, title = {How repeatable is the Environmental Impact Classification of Alien Taxa (EICAT)? Comparing independent global impact assessments of amphibians.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {2661-2670}, pmid = {28428857}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The magnitude of impacts some alien species cause to native environments makes them targets for regulation and management. However, which species to target is not always clear, and comparisons of a wide variety of impacts are necessary. Impact scoring systems can aid management prioritization of alien species. For such tools to be objective, they need to be robust to assessor bias. Here, we assess the newly proposed Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT) used for amphibians and test how outcomes differ between assessors. Two independent assessments were made by Kraus (Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 46, 2015, 75-97) and Kumschick et al. (Neobiota, 33, 2017, 53-66), including independent literature searches for impact records. Most of the differences between these two classifications can be attributed to different literature search strategies used with only one-third of the combined number of references shared between both studies. For the commonly assessed species, the classification of maximum impacts for most species is similar between assessors, but there are differences in the more detailed assessments. We clarify one specific issue resulting from different interpretations of EICAT, namely the practical interpretation and assigning of disease impacts in the absence of direct evidence of transmission from alien to native species. The differences between assessments outlined here cannot be attributed to features of the scheme. Reporting bias should be avoided by assessing all alien species rather than only the seemingly high-impacting ones, which also improves the utility of the data for management and prioritization for future research. Furthermore, assessments of the same taxon by various assessors and a structured review process for assessments, as proposed by Hawkins et al. (Diversity and Distributions, 21, 2015, 1360), can ensure that biases can be avoided and all important literature is included.}, }
@article {pmid28428843, year = {2017}, author = {Jeffery, NW and DiBacco, C and Van Wyngaarden, M and Hamilton, LC and Stanley, RRE and Bernier, R and FitzGerald, J and Matheson, K and McKenzie, CH and Nadukkalam Ravindran, P and Beiko, R and Bradbury, IR}, title = {RAD sequencing reveals genomewide divergence between independent invasions of the European green crab (Carcinus maenas) in the Northwest Atlantic.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {2513-2524}, pmid = {28428843}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Genomic studies of invasive species can reveal both invasive pathways and functional differences underpinning patterns of colonization success. The European green crab (Carcinus maenas) was initially introduced to eastern North America nearly 200 years ago where it expanded northwards to eastern Nova Scotia. A subsequent invasion to Nova Scotia from a northern European source allowed further range expansion, providing a unique opportunity to study the invasion genomics of a species with multiple invasions. Here, we use restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing-derived SNPs to explore fine-scale genomewide differentiation between these two invasions. We identified 9137 loci from green crab sampled from 11 locations along eastern North America and compared spatial variation to mitochondrial COI sequence variation used previously to characterize these invasions. Overall spatial divergence among invasions was high (pairwise FST ~0.001 to 0.15) and spread across many loci, with a mean FST ~0.052 and 52% of loci examined characterized by FST values >0.05. The majority of the most divergent loci (i.e., outliers, ~1.2%) displayed latitudinal clines in allele frequency highlighting extensive genomic divergence among the invasions. Discriminant analysis of principal components (both neutral and outlier loci) clearly resolved the two invasions spatially and was highly correlated with mitochondrial divergence. Our results reveal extensive cryptic intraspecific genomic diversity associated with differing patterns of colonization success and demonstrates clear utility for genomic approaches to delineating the distribution and colonization success of aquatic invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid28428840, year = {2017}, author = {Cid, P and Aguirre, C and Sánchez, M&#xc1; and Zamorano, D and Mihoc, M and Salazar, E and Chacón, G and Navarrete, H and Rosas, M and Prieto, H}, title = {An Internet-based platform for the estimation of outcrossing potential between cultivated and Chilean vascular plants.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {2480-2488}, pmid = {28428840}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {A national-scale study of outcrossing potential within Chilean vascular flora was conducted using an upgraded algorithm, which adds parameters such as pollinator agents, climate, and geographic conditions. Datasets were organized and linked in a Web platform (www.flujogenico.cl), in which the development of a total outcrossing potential (TOP) predictor was formulated. The TOP predictor is the engine in the Web platform, which models the effect of a type of agricultural practice on others (coexistence calculation mode) and on the environment (biodiversity calculation mode). The scale for TOP results uses quintiles in order to define outcrossing potential between species as "very low," "low," "medium," "high," or "very high." In a coexistence analysis considering 256 species (207 genera), the 10 highest TOP values were for genera Citrus, Prunus, Trifolium, Brassica, Allium, Eucalyptus, Cucurbita, Solanum, Lollium, and Lotus. The highest TOP for species in this analysis fell at "high" potential, 4.9% of the determined values. In biodiversity mode, seven out of 256 cultivated species (2.7%) were native, and 249 (97.3%) corresponded to introduced species. The highest TOP was obtained in the genera Senecio, Calceolaria, Viola, Solanum, Poa, Alstroemeria, Valeriana, Vicia, Atriplex, and Campanula, showing "high" potential in 4.9% of the values. On the other hand, 137 genetically modified species, including the commercial and pre-commercial developments, were included and represented 100 genera. Among these, 22 genera had relatives (i.e., members of the same genus) in the native/introduced group. The genera with the highest number of native/introduced relatives ranged from one (Ipomea, Limonium, Carica, Potentilla, Lotus, Castanea, and Daucus) to 66 species (Solanum). The highest TOP was obtained when the same species were coincident in both groups, such as for Carica chilensis, Prosopis tamarugo, and Solanum tuberosum. Results are discussed from the perspective of assessing the possible impact of cultivated species on Chilean flora biodiversity. The TOP predictor (http://epc.agroinformatica.cl/) is useful in the context of environmental risk assessment.}, }
@article {pmid28425998, year = {2017}, author = {Stegen, G and Pasmans, F and Schmidt, BR and Rouffaer, LO and Van Praet, S and Schaub, M and Canessa, S and Laudelout, A and Kinet, T and Adriaensen, C and Haesebrouck, F and Bert, W and Bossuyt, F and Martel, A}, title = {Drivers of salamander extirpation mediated by Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {544}, number = {7650}, pages = {353-356}, doi = {10.1038/nature22059}, pmid = {28425998}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/microbiology ; Belgium ; Chytridiomycota/immunology/isolation &amp; purification/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Disease Reservoirs/microbiology ; Environmental Monitoring ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; Sexual Maturation ; Spores, Fungal/growth &amp; development ; Urodela/immunology/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {The recent arrival of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in Europe was followed by rapid expansion of its geographical distribution and host range, confirming the unprecedented threat that this chytrid fungus poses to western Palaearctic amphibians. Mitigating this hazard requires a thorough understanding of the pathogen's disease ecology that is driving the extinction process. Here, we monitored infection, disease and host population dynamics in a Belgian fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) population for two years immediately after the first signs of infection. We show that arrival of this chytrid is associated with rapid population collapse without any sign of recovery, largely due to lack of increased resistance in the surviving salamanders and a demographic shift that prevents compensation for mortality. The pathogen adopts a dual transmission strategy, with environmentally resistant non-motile spores in addition to the motile spores identified in its sister species B. dendrobatidis. The fungus retains its virulence not only in water and soil, but also in anurans and less susceptible urodelan species that function as infection reservoirs. The combined characteristics of the disease ecology suggest that further expansion of this fungus will behave as a 'perfect storm' that is able to rapidly extirpate highly susceptible salamander populations across Europe.}, }
@article {pmid28425474, year = {2017}, author = {Wu, Y and Wang, H and Hadly, EA}, title = {Invasion of Ancestral Mammals into Dim-light Environments Inferred from Adaptive Evolution of the Phototransduction Genes.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {46542}, pmid = {28425474}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics/physiology/radiation effects ; Animals ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Evolution, Molecular ; Fossils ; Introduced Species ; Light ; Light Signal Transduction/*genetics/physiology/radiation effects ; Mammals/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Time Factors ; Vision, Ocular/*genetics/physiology/radiation effects ; }, abstract = {Nocturnality is a key evolutionary innovation of mammals that enables mammals to occupy relatively empty nocturnal niches. Invasion of ancestral mammals into nocturnality has long been inferred from the phylogenetic relationships of crown Mammalia, which is primarily nocturnal, and crown Reptilia, which is primarily diurnal, although molecular evidence for this is lacking. Here we used phylogenetic analyses of the vision genes involved in the phototransduction pathway to predict the diel activity patterns of ancestral mammals and reptiles. Our results demonstrated that the common ancestor of the extant Mammalia was dominated by positive selection for dim-light vision, supporting the predominate nocturnality of the ancestral mammals. Further analyses showed that the nocturnality of the ancestral mammals was probably derived from the predominate diurnality of the ancestral amniotes, which featured strong positive selection for bright-light vision. Like the ancestral amniotes, the common ancestor of the extant reptiles and various taxa in Squamata, one of the main competitors of the temporal niches of the ancestral mammals, were found to be predominate diurnality as well. Despite this relatively apparent temporal niche partitioning between ancestral mammals and the relevant reptiles, our results suggested partial overlap of their temporal niches during crepuscular periods.}, }
@article {pmid28423426, year = {2017}, author = {Weintraub, PG and Scheffer, SJ and Visser, D and Valladares, G and Soares Correa, A and Shepard, BM and Rauf, A and Murphy, ST and Mujica, N and MacVean, C and Kroschel, J and Kishinevsky, M and Joshi, RC and Johansen, NS and Hallett, RH and Civelek, HS and Chen, B and Metzler, HB}, title = {The Invasive Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae): Understanding Its Pest Status and Management Globally.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {28423426}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Argentina ; Climate ; Diptera/growth &amp; development/*parasitology/*physiology ; *Herbivory ; *Insect Control ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/parasitology/physiology ; }, abstract = {Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) is native to South America but has expanded its range and invaded many regions of the world, primarily on flowers and to a lesser extent on horticultural product shipments. As a result of initial invasion into an area, damage caused is usually significant but not necessarily sustained. Currently, it is an economic pest in selected native and invaded regions of the world. Adults cause damage by puncturing abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces for feeding and egg laying sites. Larvae mine the leaf parenchyma tissues which can lead to leaves drying and wilting. We have recorded 365 host plant species from 49 families and more than 106 parasitoid species. In a subset of the Argentinian data, we found that parasitoid community composition attacking L. huidobrensis differs significantly in cultivated and uncultivated plants. No such effect was found at the world level, probably due to differences in collection methods in the different references. We review the existing knowledge as a means of setting the context for new and unpublished data. The main objective is to provide an update of widely dispersed and until now unpublished data, evaluate dispersion of the leafminer and management strategies in different regions of the world, and highlight the need to consider the possible effects of climate change on further regional invasions or expansions.}, }
@article {pmid28423183, year = {2017}, author = {Valtonen, A and Hirka, A and Szőcs, L and Ayres, MP and Roininen, H and Csóka, G}, title = {Long-term species loss and homogenization of moth communities in Central Europe.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {86}, number = {4}, pages = {730-738}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12687}, pmid = {28423183}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Moths ; Plants ; }, abstract = {As global biodiversity continues to decline steeply, it is becoming increasingly important to understand diversity patterns at local and regional scales. Changes in land use and climate, nitrogen deposition and invasive species are the most important threats to global biodiversity. Because land use changes tend to benefit a few species but impede many, the expected outcome is generally decreasing population sizes, decreasing species richness at local and regional scales, and increasing similarity of species compositions across sites (biotic homogenization). Homogenization can be also driven by invasive species or effects of soil eutrophication propagating to higher trophic levels. In contrast, in the absence of increasing aridity, climate warming is predicted to generally increase abundances and species richness of poikilotherms at local and regional scales. We tested these predictions with data from one of the few existing monitoring programmes on biodiversity in the world dating to the 1960s, where the abundance of 878 species of macro-moths have been measured daily at seven sites across Hungary. Our analyses revealed a dramatic rate of regional species loss and homogenization of community compositions across sites. Species with restricted distribution range, specialized diet or dry grassland habitat were more likely than others to disappear from the community. In global context, the contrasting effects of climate change and land use changes could explain why the predicted enriching effects from climate warming are not always realized.}, }
@article {pmid28423029, year = {2017}, author = {Behrens, JW and van Deurs, M and Christensen, EAF}, title = {Evaluating dispersal potential of an invasive fish by the use of aerobic scope and osmoregulation capacity.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e0176038}, pmid = {28423029}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Osmoregulation/*physiology ; Oxygen Consumption/*physiology ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Saline Waters/chemistry ; Salinity ; Seawater/chemistry ; Water-Electrolyte Balance/physiology ; }, abstract = {Non-indigenous species (NIS) can impact marine biodiversity and ecosystem structure and function. Once introduced into a new region, secondary dispersal is limited by the physiology of the organism in relation to the ambient environment and by complex interactions between a suite of ecological factors such as presence of predators, competitors, and parasites. Early prediction of dispersal potential and future 'area of impact' is challenging, but also a great asset in taking appropriate management actions. Aerobic scope (AS) in fish has been linked to various fitness-related parameters, and may be valuable in determining dispersal potential of aquatic invasive species in novel environments. Round goby, Neogobius melanostomus, one of the most wide-ranging invasive fish species in Europe and North America, currently thrives in brackish and fresh water, but its ability to survive in high salinity waters is unknown to date. We show that AS in round goby is reduced by 30% and blood plasma osmolality increased (indicating reduced capacity for osmoregulation) at salinities approaching oceanic conditions, following slow ramping (5 PSU per week) and subsequent long-term acclimation to salinities ranging between 0 and 30 PSU (8 days at final treatment salinities before blood plasma osmolality measurements, 12-20 additional days before respirometry). Survival was also reduced at the highest salinities yet a significant proportion (61%) of the fish survived at 30 PSU. Reduced physiological performance at the highest salinities may affect growth and competitive ability under oceanic conditions, but to what extent reduced AS and osmoregulatory capacity will slow the current 30 km year-1 rate of advance of the species through the steep salinity gradient from the brackish Baltic Sea and into the oceanic North Sea remains speculative. An unintended natural experiment is in progress to test whether the rate of advance slows down. At the current rate of advance the species will reach the oceanic North Sea by 2018/2019, therefore time for taking preventative action is short.}, }
@article {pmid28422455, year = {2017}, author = {Gao, Y and Reitz, S and Xing, Z and Ferguson, S and Lei, Z}, title = {A decade of leafminer invasion in China: lessons learned.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {73}, number = {9}, pages = {1775-1779}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4591}, pmid = {28422455}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *Diptera ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) is a highly invasive species that has become established in agricultural and ornamental crops throughout the world. L. trifolii was first recorded in China in 2005 in Guangdong Province. Subsequently, its known distribution in China has rapidly expanded to another 11 provinces (Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Fujian, Guangxi, Shandong, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei and Anhui), where it is currently causing considerable damage and economic losses. Experimental research and field surveys have contributed to our understanding of the ecology of L. trifolii and particularly the process of invasion and its interactions with other established, exotic Liriomyza leafminer species. A number of factors have contributed to the successful establishment of L. trifolii and displacement of interspecific competitors. In China, L. trifolii has become a particularly devastating pest in areas with intensive farming with extensive monocultures and a reliance on insecticide use. Integrated pest management incorporating judicious applications of insecticide combined with biological and cultural controls is likely to provide the best long-term management strategy for L. trifolii. We provide information regarding 10 years of L. trifolii invasion in China and discuss areas of future research to enhance our overall understanding of the biology and ecology of L. trifolii and to improve management programmes for this widespread invasive insect pest. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid28422135, year = {2017}, author = {Jeffery, NW and DiBacco, C and Wringe, BF and Stanley, RRE and Hamilton, LC and Ravindran, PN and Bradbury, IR}, title = {Genomic evidence of hybridization between two independent invasions of European green crab (Carcinus maenas) in the Northwest Atlantic.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {119}, number = {3}, pages = {154-165}, pmid = {28422135}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Brachyura/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetics, Population ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; New Jersey ; Newfoundland and Labrador ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Invasive species have been associated with significant negative impacts in their introduced range often outcompeting native species, yet the long-term evolutionary dynamics of biological invasions are not well understood. Hybridization, either among waves of invasion or between native and introduced populations, could alter the ecological and evolutionary impacts of invasions yet has rarely been studied in marine invasive species. The European green crab (Carcinus maenas) invaded eastern North America twice from northern and southern locations in its native range. Here we examine the frequency of hybridization among these two distinct invasions at locations from New Jersey, USA to Newfoundland, Canada using restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq), microsatellite loci and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences. We used Bayesian clustering and hybrid assignment analyses to investigate hybridization between the northern and southern populations. Of the samples analyzed, six locations contained at least one hybrid individual, while two locations were characterized by extensive hybridization, with 95% of individuals collected from Placentia Bay, Newfoundland being hybrids (mostly F2) and 90% of individuals from Kejimkujik, Nova Scotia being classified as hybrids, mostly backcrosses to the northern ecotype. The presence of both F2 hybrids and backcrossed individuals suggests that these hybrids are viable and introgression is occurring between invasions. Our results provide insight into the demographic and evolutionary consequences of hybridization between independent invasions, and will inform the management of green crabs in eastern North America.}, }
@article {pmid28421325, year = {2017}, author = {Craig, ME and Fraterrigo, JM}, title = {Plant-microbial competition for nitrogen increases microbial activities and carbon loss in invaded soils.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {184}, number = {3}, pages = {583-596}, pmid = {28421325}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Carbon ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Nitrogen ; Poaceae ; Soil ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Many invasive plant species show high rates of nutrient acquisition relative to their competitors. Yet the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, and its implications for ecosystem functioning, are poorly understood, particularly in nutrient-limited systems. Here, we test the hypothesis that an invasive plant species (Microstegium vimineum) enhances its rate of nitrogen (N) acquisition by outcompeting soil organic matter-degrading microbes for N, which in turn accelerates soil N and carbon (C) cycling. We estimated plant cover as an indicator of plant N acquisition rate and quantified plant tissue N, soil C and N content and transformations, and extracellular enzyme activities in invaded and uninvaded plots. Under low ambient N availability, invaded plots had 77% higher plant cover and lower tissue C:N ratios, suggesting that invasion increased rates of plant N acquisition. Concurrent with this pattern, we observed significantly higher mass-specific enzyme activities in invaded plots as well as 71% higher long-term N availability, 21% lower short-term N availability, and 16% lower particulate organic matter N. A structural equation model showed that these changes were interrelated and associated with 27% lower particulate organic matter C in invaded areas. Our findings suggest that acquisition of N by this plant species enhances microbial N demand, leading to an increased flux of N from organic to inorganic forms and a loss of soil C. We conclude that high N acquisition rates by invasive plants can drive changes in soil N cycling that are linked to effects on soil C.}, }
@article {pmid28421268, year = {2018}, author = {Koehn, JD and Todd, CR and Zampatti, BP and Stuart, IG and Conallin, A and Thwaites, L and Ye, Q}, title = {Using a Population Model to Inform the Management of River Flows and Invasive Carp (Cyprinus carpio).}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {61}, number = {3}, pages = {432-442}, pmid = {28421268}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Carps ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Population Dynamics ; *Rivers ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {Carp are a highly successful invasive fish species, now widespread, abundant and considered a pest in south-eastern Australia. To date, most management effort has been directed at reducing abundances of adult fish, with little consideration of population growth through reproduction. Environmental water allocations are now an important option for the rehabilitation of aquatic ecosystems, particularly in the Murray-Darling Basin. As carp respond to flows, there is concern that environmental watering may cause floodplain inundation and provide access to spawning habitats subsequently causing unwanted population increase. This is a management conundrum that needs to be carefully considered within the context of contemporary river flow management (natural, environmental, irrigation). This paper uses a population model to investigate flow-related carp population dynamics for three case studies in the Murray-Darling Basin: (1) river and terminal lakes; (2) wetlands and floodplain lakes; and (3) complex river channel and floodplain system. Results highlight distinctive outcomes depending on site characteristics. In particular, the terminal lakes maintain a significant source carp population regardless of river flow; hence any additional within-channel environmental flows are likely to have little impact on carp populations. In contrast, large-scale removal of carp from the lakes may be beneficial, especially in times of extended low river flows. Case studies 2 and 3 show how wetlands, floodplain lakes and the floodplain itself can now often be inundated for several months over the carp spawning season by high volume flows provided for irrigation or water transfers. Such inundations can be a major driver of carp populations, compared to within channel flows that have relatively little effecton recruitment. The use of a population model that incorporates river flows and different habitats for this flow-responsive species, allows for the comparison of likely population outcomes for differing hydrological scenarios to improve the management of risks relating to carp reproduction and flows.}, }
@article {pmid28419433, year = {2017}, author = {Gómez-Aparicio, L and Domínguez-Begines, J and Kardol, P and Ávila, JM and Ibáñez, B and García, LV}, title = {Plant-soil feedbacks in declining forests: implications for species coexistence.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {7}, pages = {1908-1921}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1864}, pmid = {28419433}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Forests ; Mycorrhizae ; *Plants ; *Soil ; Spain ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) play a relevant role as drivers of species abundance, coexistence, and succession in plant communities. However, the potential contribution of PSFs to community dynamics in changing forest ecosystems affected by global change drivers is still largely unexplored. We measured the direction, strength and nature (biological vs. chemical) of PSFs experienced by coexisting tree species in two types of declining Quercus suber forests of southwestern Spain (open woodland vs. closed forest) invaded by the exotic soil pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. To test PSFs in a realistic community context, we focused not only on individual PSFs (i.e., comparing the growth of a tree species on conspecific vs. heterospecific soil) but also calculated net-pairwise PSFs by comparing performance of coexisting tree species on their own and each other's soils. We hypothesized that the decline and death of Q. suber would alter the direction and strength of individual and net-pairwise PSFs due to the associated changes in soil nutrients and microbial communities, with implications for recruitment dynamics and species coexistence. In support of our hypothesis, we found that the decline of Q. suber translated into substantial alterations of individual and net-pairwise PSFs, which shifted from mostly neutral to significantly positive or negative, depending on the forest type. In both cases however the identified PSFs benefited other species more than Q. suber (i.e., heterospecific positive PSF in the open woodland, conspecific negative PSF in the closed forest). Our results supported PSFs driven by changes in chemical soil properties (mainly phosphorus) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, but not in pathogen abundance. Overall, our study suggests that PSFs might reinforce the loss of dominance of Q. suber in declining forests invaded by P. cinnamomi by promoting the relative performance of non-declining coexisting species. More generally, our results indicate an increase in the strength of net PSFs as natural forests become disturbed by global change drivers (e.g., invasive species), suggesting an increasingly important role of PSFs in forest community dynamics in the near future.}, }
@article {pmid28419382, year = {2017}, author = {Lopez, VM and Hoddle, MS and Francese, JA and Lance, DR and Ray, AM}, title = {Assessing Flight Potential of the Invasive Asian Longhorned Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) With Computerized Flight Mills.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {3}, pages = {1070-1077}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox046}, pmid = {28419382}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Female ; *Flight, Animal ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {The Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae), is an invasive woodborer that poses a serious threat to urban and natural landscapes. In North America, this beetle is a quarantine pest, and populations are subject to eradication efforts that consist of the identification, removal, and destruction of infested host material, and removal or prophylactic treatment of high-risk host plant species. To enhance Asian longhorned beetle eradication protocols in landscapes with extensive host availability, we assessed the dispersal potential of male and female adults of varying age, mating, and nutritional status using computerized flight mills. In total, 162 individuals were tethered to computerized flight mills for a 24-h trial period to collect information on total distance flown, flight times and velocities, and number and duration of flight bouts. Adult Asian longhorned beetles (in all treatments) flew an average of 2,272 m within a 24-h period, but are capable of flying up to 13,667 m (8.5 miles). Nutrition and age had the greatest impacts on flight, with Asian longhorned beetle adults >5 d of age that had fed having greater overall flight performance than any other group. However, mating status, sex, and body size (pre-flight weight and elytron length) had a minimal effect on flight performance. This information will be useful for refining quarantine zones surrounding areas of infestation, and for providing greater specificity as to the risk the Asian longhorned beetle poses within invaded regions.}, }
@article {pmid28416700, year = {2017}, author = {Slingsby, JA and Merow, C and Aiello-Lammens, M and Allsopp, N and Hall, S and Kilroy Mollmann, H and Turner, R and Wilson, AM and Silander, JA}, title = {Intensifying postfire weather and biological invasion drive species loss in a Mediterranean-type biodiversity hotspot.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {114}, number = {18}, pages = {4697-4702}, pmid = {28416700}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; South Africa ; *Weather ; *Wildfires ; }, abstract = {Prolonged periods of extreme heat or drought in the first year after fire affect the resilience and diversity of fire-dependent ecosystems by inhibiting seed germination or increasing mortality of seedlings and resprouting individuals. This interaction between weather and fire is of growing concern as climate changes, particularly in systems subject to stand-replacing crown fires, such as most Mediterranean-type ecosystems. We examined the longest running set of permanent vegetation plots in the Fynbos of South Africa (44 y), finding a significant decline in the diversity of plots driven by increasingly severe postfire summer weather events (number of consecutive days with high temperatures and no rain) and legacy effects of historical woody alien plant densities 30 y after clearing. Species that resprout after fire and/or have graminoid or herb growth forms were particularly affected by postfire weather, whereas all species were sensitive to invasive plants. Observed differences in the response of functional types to extreme postfire weather could drive major shifts in ecosystem structure and function such as altered fire behavior, hydrology, and carbon storage. An estimated 0.5 °C increase in maximum temperature tolerance of the species sets unique to each survey further suggests selection for species adapted to hotter conditions. Taken together, our results show climate change impacts on biodiversity in the hyperdiverse Cape Floristic Region and demonstrate an important interaction between extreme weather and disturbance by fire that may make flammable ecosystems particularly sensitive to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid28414952, year = {2017}, author = {Gillings, MR}, title = {Class 1 integrons as invasive species.}, journal = {Current opinion in microbiology}, volume = {38}, number = {}, pages = {10-15}, doi = {10.1016/j.mib.2017.03.002}, pmid = {28414952}, issn = {1879-0364}, mesh = {Bacteria/*drug effects/*genetics ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; *Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; *Integrons ; *Introduced Species ; *Recombination, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Clinical class 1 integrons are a major contributor to the evolution and dissemination of antibiotic resistance. The conserved motifs of these integrons suggest that a single, recent ancestor gave rise to all current variants. They have had a spectacular increase in distribution and abundance over the last 100 years, exhibiting many similarities to invasive species that prosper under human impacts. They have spread into over 70 bacterial species of medical importance, are commonly resident in the gut of humans and domesticated animals, and have invaded every continent, including Antarctica. They have done so via linkage with transposons, metal, disinfectant and antibiotic resistance genes. As a consequence of their invasive nature they have now become significant pollutants of natural environments.}, }
@article {pmid28414779, year = {2017}, author = {Ye, J and Wen, B}, title = {Seed germination in relation to the invasiveness in spiny amaranth and edible amaranth in Xishuangbanna, SW China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e0175948}, pmid = {28414779}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/physiology ; Amaranthus/*growth &amp; development ; Biological Phenomena ; China ; Dehydration/physiopathology ; Germination/*physiology ; Hot Temperature ; Introduced Species ; Physiological Phenomena/physiology ; Plant Weeds/*growth &amp; development ; Seeds/*growth &amp; development ; Water ; }, abstract = {Both spiny and edible amaranths (Amaranthus spinosus and A. tricolor) are exotic annuals in China that produce numerous small seeds every year. Spiny amaranth has become a successful invader and a troublesome weed in Xishuangbanna, but edible amaranth has not, although it is widely grown as a vegetable there. As seed germination is one of the most important life-stages contributing to the ability of a plant to become invasive, we conducted experiments to compare the effects of high temperature and water stress on seed germination in two varieties each of spiny amaranth and edible amaranth. Overall, the seeds of both amaranth species exhibited adaptation to high temperature and water stress, including tolerance to ground temperatures of 70°C for air-dried seeds, which is consistent with their behavior in their native ranges in the tropics. As expected, the invasive spiny amaranth seeds exhibited higher tolerance to both continuous and daily periodic high-temperature treatment at 45°C, and to imbibition-desiccation treatment, compared to edible amaranth seeds. Unexpectedly, edible amaranth seeds exhibited higher germination at extreme temperatures (10°C, 15°C, and 40°C), and at lower water potential (below -0.6 MPa). It is likely that cultivation of edible amaranth has selected seed traits that include rapid germination and germination under stressful conditions, either of which, under natural conditions, may result in the death of most germinating edible amaranth seeds and prevent them from becoming invasive weeds in Xishuangbanna. This study suggests that rapid germination and high germination under stress conditions-excellent seed traits for crops and for many invasive species-might be a disadvantage under natural conditions if these traits are asynchronous with natural local conditions that support successful germination.}, }
@article {pmid28414764, year = {2017}, author = {Václavík, T and Beckmann, M and Cord, AF and Bindewald, AM}, title = {Effects of UV-B radiation on leaf hair traits of invasive plants-Combining historical herbarium records with novel remote sensing data.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e0175671}, pmid = {28414764}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Asteraceae/anatomy &amp; histology/radiation effects ; Climate ; Echium/anatomy &amp; histology/radiation effects ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/anatomy &amp; histology/*radiation effects ; Remote Sensing Technology ; Ultraviolet Rays ; }, abstract = {Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation is a key but under-researched environmental factor that initiates diverse responses in plants, potentially affecting their distribution. To date, only a few macroecological studies have examined adaptations of plant species to different levels of UV-B. Here, we combined herbarium specimens of Hieracium pilosella L. and Echium vulgare L. with a novel UV-B dataset to examine differences in leaf hair traits between the plants' native and alien ranges. We analysed scans of 336 herbarium specimens using standardized measurements of leaf area, hair density (both species) and hair length (H. pilosella only). While accounting for other bioclimatic variables (i.e. temperature, precipitation) and effects of herbivory, we examined whether UV-B exposure explains the variability and geographical distribution of these traits in the native (Northern Hemisphere) vs. the alien (Southern Hemisphere) range. UV-B explained the largest proportion of the variability and geographical distribution of hair length in H. pilosella (relative influence 67.1%), and hair density in E. vulgare (66.2%). Corresponding with higher UV-B, foliar hairs were 25% longer for H. pilosella and 25% denser for E. vulgare in records from the Southern as compared to those from the Northern Hemisphere. However, focusing on each hemisphere separately or controlling for its effect in a regression analysis, we found no apparent influence of UV-B radiation on hair traits. Thus, our findings did not confirm previous experimental studies which suggested that foliar hairs may respond to higher UV-B intensities, presumably offering protection against detrimental levels of radiation. We cannot rule out UV-B radiation as a possible driver because UV-B radiation was the only considered variable that differed substantially between the hemispheres, while bioclimatic conditions (e.g. temperature, precipitation) and other considered variables (herbivory damage, collection date) were at similar levels. However, given that either non-significant or inconclusive relationships were detected within hemispheres, alternative explanations of the differences in foliar hairs are more likely, including the effects of environment, genotypes or herbivory.}, }
@article {pmid28414070, year = {2017}, author = {Malleret, B and Rénia, L and Russell, B}, title = {The unhealthy attraction of Plasmodium vivax to reticulocytes expressing transferrin receptor 1 (CD71).}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {47}, number = {7}, pages = {379-383}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.03.001}, pmid = {28414070}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Antigens, CD/*metabolism ; Humans ; Merozoites ; *Plasmodium vivax ; Receptors, Transferrin/*metabolism ; Reticulocytes/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The majority of malaria parasite species prefer to invade reticulocytes, the most infamous being Plasmodium vivax. While the absence of an in vitro continuous culture method has hampered the study of P. vivax invasion biology, studies utilising primate models and ex vivo assays have provided some important insights. Most importantly, P. vivax merozoites have a strong preference for a subset of immature erythrocytes characterised by the expression of the transferrin receptor (CD71). This current opinion piece on P. vivax merozoite invasion highlights important gaps in our understanding of how this parasite recognises and enters reticulocytes, and discusses some recent conceptual advances in P. vivax invasion biology.}, }
@article {pmid28413836, year = {2017}, author = {Khadka, A}, title = {Assessment of the perceived effects and management challenges of Mikania micrantha invasion in Chitwan National Park buffer zone community forest, Nepal.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {e00289}, pmid = {28413836}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The effects of invasion by Mikania micrantha in the buffer zone of Chitwan National Park (CNP) of Nepal are well documented; however the studies were confined to appraising the perception of household and did not assess the changes in livelihood activities after the invasion. This study presents the effects of invasion of M. micrantha on the livelihood of buffer zone of the Chitwan National Park; hence addressing the gap in information and shows the complex effect of M. micrantha on rural livelihood. The study used a questionnaire survey to 170 households in the CNP of Nepal. The results indicate that the invasion of M. micrantha have negative effects on the community livelihood in the study area. Basic forest products such as fodder and fuel wood have become scarce as a result of reduction in the native plants. Also the spread of M. micrantha is creating impassable copse that destroy wildlife abode and jungle paths resulting into animals to shift their habitat to core area thereby reducing tourism revenues. Therefore, the study concludes that invasion of M. micrantha directly or indirectly is modifying the rural household livelihoods and a quick action is stipulated. Hence, a higher level body like the Ministry of Forestry or Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation needs to take care of issues related to alien species. Correspondingly, it is also very important that people are aware and educated about alien species and their effects.}, }
@article {pmid28413431, year = {2017}, author = {Guo, HL and Teng, HJ and Zhang, JH and Zhang, JX and Zhang, YH}, title = {Asian house rats may facilitate their invasive success through suppressing brown rats in chronic interaction.}, journal = {Frontiers in zoology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {20}, pmid = {28413431}, issn = {1742-9994}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Asian house rat (Rattus tanezumi) and the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) are closely related species and are partially sympatric in southern China. Over the past 20 years, R. tanezumi has significantly expanded northward in China and partially replaced the native brown rat subspecies, R. n. humiliatus. Although invasive species are often more aggressive than native species, we did not observe interspecific physical aggression between R. tanezumi and R. n. humiliatus. Here, we focused on whether or not R. tanezumi was superior to R. n. humiliatus in terms of nonphysical competition, which is primarily mediated by chemical signals.<br><br>RESULTS: We performed two laboratory experiments to test different paradigms in domesticated R. tanezumi and R. n. humiliatus. In Experiment 1, we caged adult male rats of each species for 2&#xa0;months in heterospecific or conspecific pairs, partitioned by perforated galvanized iron sheets, allowing exchange of chemical stimuli and ultrasonic vocalization. The sexual attractiveness of male urine odor showed a tendency (marginal significance) to increase in R. tanezumi caged with R. n. humiliatus, compared with those in conspecific pairs. Hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and brain-derived nutrition factor (BDNF) mRNA were upregulated in R. n. humiliatus and R. tanezumi, respectively, when the rats were caged in heterospecific pairs. In Experiment 2, we kept juvenile male rats in individual cages in rooms with either the same or the different species for 2&#xa0;months, allowing chemical interaction. The sexual attractiveness of male urine was significantly enhanced in R. tanezumi, but reduced in R. n. humiliatus by heterospecific cues and mRNA expression of hippocampal GR and BDNF were upregulated by heterospecific cues in R. n. humiliatus and R. tanezumi, respectively. Although not identical, the results from Experiments 1 and 2 were generally consistent.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results of both experiments indicate that nonphysical/chronic interspecific stimuli, particularly scent signals, between R. n. humiliatus and R. tanezumi may negatively affect R. n. humiliatus and positively affect R. tanezumi. We infer that chronic interspecific interactions may have contributed to the invasion of R. tanezumi into the range of R. n. humiliatus in natural habitats.}, }
@article {pmid28412938, year = {2017}, author = {Dammhahn, M and Randriamoria, TM and Goodman, SM}, title = {Broad and flexible stable isotope niches in invasive non-native Rattus spp. in anthropogenic and natural habitats of central eastern Madagascar.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {16}, pmid = {28412938}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; *Diet ; Ecology/*methods ; Ethology/*methods ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Madagascar ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; Rats/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rodents of the genus Rattus are among the most pervasive and successful invasive species, causing major vicissitudes in native ecological communities. A broad and flexible generalist diet has been suggested as key to the invasion success of Rattus spp. Here, we use an indirect approach to better understand foraging niche width, plasticity, and overlap within and between introduced Rattus spp. in anthropogenic habitats and natural humid forests of Madagascar.<br><br>RESULTS: Based on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values measured in hair samples of 589 individual rodents, we found that Rattus rattus had an extremely wide foraging niche, encompassing the isotopic space covered by a complete endemic forest-dwelling Malagasy small mammal community. Comparisons of Bayesian standard ellipses, as well as (multivariate) mixed-modeling analyses, revealed that the stable isotope niche of R. rattus tended to change seasonally and differed between natural forests and anthropogenic habitats, indicating plasticity in feeding niches. In co-occurrence, R. rattus and Rattus norvegicus partitioned feeding niches. Isotopic mismatch of signatures of individual R. rattus and the habitat in which they were captured, indicate frequent dispersal movements for this species between natural forest and anthropogenic habitats.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Since R. rattus are known to transmit a number of zoonoses, potentially affecting communities of endemic small mammals, as well as humans, these movements presumably increase transmission potential. Our results suggest that due to their generalist diet and potential movement between natural forest and anthropogenic habitats, Rattus spp. might affect native forest-dependent Malagasy rodents as competitors, predators, and disease vectors. The combination of these effects helps explain the invasion success of Rattus spp. and the detrimental effects of this genus on the endemic Malagasy rodent fauna.}, }
@article {pmid28412630, year = {2017}, author = {Singh, S and Mishra, R and Sharma, RS and Mishra, V}, title = {Phenol remediation by peroxidase from an invasive mesquite: Turning an environmental wound into wisdom.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {334}, number = {}, pages = {201-211}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.007}, pmid = {28412630}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {Biodegradation, Environmental ; Horseradish Peroxidase/metabolism ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Inactivation, Metabolic ; *Introduced Species ; Peroxidase/*metabolism ; Phenol/*isolation &amp; purification/metabolism/toxicity ; Plant Development/drug effects ; Plant Roots/enzymology ; Prosopis/*enzymology ; Temperature ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*isolation &amp; purification/metabolism/toxicity ; }, abstract = {The present study examines mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), an invasive species, to yield peroxidase that may reduce hazards of phenolics to living organisms. As low as 0.3U of low-purity mesquite peroxidase (MPx) efficiently remove phenol and chlorophenols (90-92%) compared with Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (40-60%). MPx shows a very high removal efficiency (40-50%) at a wide range of pH (2-9) and temperature (20-80°C), as opposed to HRP (15-20%). At a high-level of the substrate (2.4mM) and without the addition of PEG, MPx maintains a significant phenolic removal (60-≥92%) and residual activity (∼25%). It proves the superiority of MPx over HRP, which showed insignificant removal (10-12%) under similar conditions, and no residual activity even with PEG addition. The root elongation and plant growth bioassays confirm phenolic detoxification by MPx. Readily availability of mesquite across the countries and easy preparation of MPx from leaves make this tree as a sustainable source for a low-technological solution for phenol remediation. This study is the first step towards converting a biological wound of invasive species into wisdom and strength for protecting the environment from phenol pollution.}, }
@article {pmid28410388, year = {2017}, author = {Maynard, AJ and Ambrose, L and Cooper, RD and Chow, WK and Davis, JB and Muzari, MO and van den Hurk, AF and Hall-Mendelin, S and Hasty, JM and Burkot, TR and Bangs, MJ and Reimer, LJ and Butafa, C and Lobo, NF and Syafruddin, D and Maung Maung, YN and Ahmad, R and Beebe, NW}, title = {Tiger on the prowl: Invasion history and spatio-temporal genetic structure of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1894) in the Indo-Pacific.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {e0005546}, pmid = {28410388}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Asia, Southeastern ; Australasia ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Indonesia ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Pacific Islands ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Within the last century, increases in human movement and globalization of trade have facilitated the establishment of several highly invasive mosquito species in new geographic locations with concurrent major environmental, economic and health consequences. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is an extremely invasive and aggressive daytime-biting mosquito that is a major public health threat throughout its expanding range.<br><br>We used 13 nuclear microsatellite loci (on 911 individuals) and mitochondrial COI sequences to gain a better understanding of the historical and contemporary movements of Ae. albopictus in the Indo-Pacific region and to characterize its population structure. Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) was employed to test competing historical routes of invasion of Ae. albopictus within the Southeast (SE) Asian/Australasian region. Our ABC results show that Ae. albopictus was most likely introduced to New Guinea via mainland Southeast Asia, before colonizing the Solomon Islands via either Papua New Guinea or SE Asia. The analysis also supported that the recent incursion into northern Australia's Torres Strait Islands was seeded chiefly from Indonesia. For the first time documented in this invasive species, we provide evidence of a recently colonized population (the Torres Strait Islands) that has undergone rapid temporal changes in its genetic makeup, which could be the result of genetic drift or represent a secondary invasion from an unknown source.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: There appears to be high spatial genetic structure and high gene flow between some geographically distant populations. The species' genetic structure in the region tends to favour a dispersal pattern driven mostly by human movements. Importantly, this study provides a more widespread sampling distribution of the species' native range, revealing more spatial population structure than previously shown. Additionally, we present the most probable invasion history of this species in the Australasian region using ABC analysis.}, }
@article {pmid28408204, year = {2017}, author = {Nentwig, W and Pantini, P and Vetter, RS}, title = {Distribution and medical aspects of Loxosceles rufescens, one of the most invasive spiders of the world (Araneae: Sicariidae).}, journal = {Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology}, volume = {132}, number = {}, pages = {19-28}, doi = {10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.04.007}, pmid = {28408204}, issn = {1879-3150}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Necrosis/chemically induced ; Species Specificity ; Spider Bites/diagnosis/epidemiology/*pathology/therapy ; *Spiders ; }, abstract = {Loxosceles rufescens is a circum-Mediterranean spider species, potentially harmful to humans. Its native area covers the Mediterranean Basin and Near East. Easily spread with transported goods, it is meanwhile an alien and invasive species to nearly all other continents and many islands. This species occurs in semi-arid steppe-like habitats, typically under stones and in cavities, which enables it to settle inside buildings when invading the synanthropic environment. This review analyses the literature of L. rufescens bites to humans (38 publications) of which only 11 publications refer to 12 verified spider bites (11% of the reported bites). Two published allegedly deadly spider bites (Thailand 2014 and Italy 2016) involve non-verified spider bites and are thus not reliable. The symptoms and therapy of these 11 verified bites are described: only five cases showed moderate systemic effects, nine cases developed necrosis, four cases needed surgical debridement, all cases healed without complications within a few weeks. In conclusion, L. rufescens is a spider species globally spread by human activity, it rarely bites humans and the bites are less harmful than often described. There is no known fatal issue.}, }
@article {pmid28407248, year = {2017}, author = {Brandt, AJ and Lee, WG and Tanentzap, AJ and Hayman, E and Fukami, T and Anderson, BJ}, title = {Evolutionary priority effects persist in anthropogenically created habitats, but not through nonnative plant invasion.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {215}, number = {2}, pages = {865-876}, doi = {10.1111/nph.14544}, pmid = {28407248}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Grassland ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; Phylogeny ; *Plants ; Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Evolutionary priority effects, where early-arriving lineages occupy niche space via diversification and preclude dominance of later arrivals, have been observed in alpine and forest communities. However, the potential for evolutionary priority effects to persist in an era of rapid global change remains unclear. Here, we use a natural experiment of historical disturbance in New Zealand to test whether anthropogenic changes in available habitat and nonnative invasion eliminate the role of evolutionary priority effects in community assembly. We also test whether evolutionary priority effects diminish with decreasing resource availability. Older plant clades, as estimated by clade crown age, were relatively more abundant in both primary and secondary grassland. Relative abundance in primary grassland decreased with clade stem age, but only weakly. However, for both clade age estimates, relative abundance decreased with age when nonnative biomass was high and soil moisture was low. Our data show that patterns in community structure consistent with evolutionary priority effects can occur in both primary and secondary grasslands, the latter created by anthropogenic disturbance. However, nonnative invasion may overwhelm the effect of immigration timing on community dominance, possibly as a result of high immigration rates and preadaptation to anthropogenically modified environments.}, }
@article {pmid28406159, year = {2017}, author = {Hatzenbuhler, C and Kelly, JR and Martinson, J and Okum, S and Pilgrim, E}, title = {Sensitivity and accuracy of high-throughput metabarcoding methods for early detection of invasive fish species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {46393}, pmid = {28406159}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; Fish Proteins/genetics ; Fishes/*classification/embryology/genetics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Limit of Detection ; Metagenomics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; }, abstract = {High-throughput DNA metabarcoding has gained recognition as a potentially powerful tool for biomonitoring, including early detection of aquatic invasive species (AIS). DNA based techniques are advancing, but our understanding of the limits to detection for metabarcoding complex samples is inadequate. For detecting AIS at an early stage of invasion when the species is rare, accuracy at low detection limits is key. To evaluate the utility of metabarcoding in future fish community monitoring programs, we conducted several experiments to determine the sensitivity and accuracy of routine metabarcoding methods. Experimental mixes used larval fish tissue from multiple "common" species spiked with varying proportions of tissue from an additional "rare" species. Pyrosequencing of genetic marker, COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) and subsequent sequence data analysis provided experimental evidence of low-level detection of the target "rare" species at biomass percentages as low as 0.02% of total sample biomass. Limits to detection varied interspecifically and were susceptible to amplification bias. Moreover, results showed some data processing methods can skew sequence-based biodiversity measurements from corresponding relative biomass abundances and increase false absences. We suggest caution in interpreting presence/absence and relative abundance in larval fish assemblages until metabarcoding methods are optimized for accuracy and precision.}, }
@article {pmid28405290, year = {2017}, author = {Manzano-Winkler, B and Hish, AJ and Aarons, EK and Noor, MA}, title = {Reproductive interference by male Drosophila subobscura on female D. persimilis: A laboratory experiment.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {2268-2272}, pmid = {28405290}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {While females often reject courtship attempts by heterospecific males, reproductive interference by harassment from such males can nonetheless occur, potentially reducing female fitness. Such effects may be profound following a range expansion, when males from a new species may suddenly encounter (and perhaps even become abundant relative to) females of related native species. Drosophila subobscura recently invaded North America and may impact native species through reproductive interference and other processes. We test for the potential for reproductive interference by D. subobscura males on D. persimilis females in the laboratory. D. subobscura males aggressively copulated with D. persimilis females, including many females that exhibit rejection behaviors. Despite females attempting to dismount the males, the heterospecific copulations are on average longer than conspecific copulations, and females exhibit some reluctance to remate with conspecific males following this harassment. Females confined with both conspecific and heterospecific males produce fewer adult progeny than those with either conspecific males only or with conspecific males and distantly related D. simulans males that do not engage in female harassment. Overall, our results illustrate how reproductive interference by an invasive species can have negative effects on resident natural populations.}, }
@article {pmid28405282, year = {2017}, author = {Byun, C and Lee, EJ}, title = {Ecological application of biotic resistance to control the invasion of an invasive plant, Ageratina altissima.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {2181-2192}, pmid = {28405282}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Biotic resistance is the ability of species in a community to limit the invasion of other species. However, biotic resistance is not widely used to control invasive plants. Experimental, functional, and modeling approaches were combined to investigate the processes of invasion by Ageratina altissima (white snakeroot), a model invasive species in South Korea. We hypothesized that (1) functional group identity would be a good predictor of biotic resistance to A. altissima, whereas a species identity effect would be redundant within a functional group, and (2) mixtures of species would be more resistant to invasion than monocultures. We classified 37 species of native plants into three functional groups based on seven functional traits. The classification of functional groups was based primarily on differences in life longevity and woodiness. A competition experiment was conducted based on an additive competition design with A. altissima and monocultures or mixtures of resident plants. As an indicator of biotic resistance, we calculated a relative competition index (RCI avg) based on the average performance of A. altissima in a competition treatment compared with that of the control where only seeds of A. altissima were sown. To further explain the effect of diversity, we tested several diversity-interaction models. In monoculture treatments, RCI avg of resident plants was significantly different among functional groups but not within each functional group. Fast-growing annuals (FG1) had the highest RCI avg, suggesting priority effects (niche pre-emption). RCI avg of resident plants was significantly greater in a mixture than in a monoculture. According to the diversity-interaction models, species interaction patterns in mixtures were best described by interactions between functional groups, which implied niche partitioning. Functional group identity and diversity of resident plant communities were good indicators of biotic resistance to invasion by introduced A. altissima, with the underlying mechanisms likely niche pre-emption and niche partitioning. This method has most potential in assisted restoration contexts, where there is a desire to reintroduce natives or boost their population size due to some previous level of degradation.}, }
@article {pmid28405025, year = {2017}, author = {Moor, K and Diard, M and Sellin, ME and Felmy, B and Wotzka, SY and Toska, A and Bakkeren, E and Arnoldini, M and Bansept, F and Co, AD and Völler, T and Minola, A and Fernandez-Rodriguez, B and Agatic, G and Barbieri, S and Piccoli, L and Casiraghi, C and Corti, D and Lanzavecchia, A and Regoes, RR and Loverdo, C and Stocker, R and Brumley, DR and Hardt, WD and Slack, E}, title = {High-avidity IgA protects the intestine by enchaining growing bacteria.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {544}, number = {7651}, pages = {498-502}, pmid = {28405025}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; *Antibody Affinity ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Bacterial Vaccines ; Cecum/immunology/microbiology ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Conjugation, Genetic ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A/*immunology ; Intestines/*immunology/*microbiology ; Male ; Mice ; Plasmids/genetics ; Salmonella Infections/immunology/microbiology/prevention &amp; control ; Salmonella typhimurium/genetics/*growth &amp; development/*immunology/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {Vaccine-induced high-avidity IgA can protect against bacterial enteropathogens by directly neutralizing virulence factors or by poorly defined mechanisms that physically impede bacterial interactions with the gut tissues ('immune exclusion'). IgA-mediated cross-linking clumps bacteria in the gut lumen and is critical for protection against infection by non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). However, classical agglutination, which was thought to drive this process, is efficient only at high pathogen densities (≥10[8] non-motile bacteria per gram). In typical infections, much lower densities (10[0]-10[7] colony-forming units per gram) of rapidly dividing bacteria are present in the gut lumen. Here we show that a different physical process drives formation of clumps in vivo: IgA-mediated cross-linking enchains daughter cells, preventing their separation after division, and clumping is therefore dependent on growth. Enchained growth is effective at all realistic pathogen densities, and accelerates pathogen clearance from the gut lumen. Furthermore, IgA enchains plasmid-donor and -recipient clones into separate clumps, impeding conjugative plasmid transfer in vivo. Enchained growth is therefore a mechanism by which IgA can disarm and clear potentially invasive species from the intestinal lumen without requiring high pathogen densities, inflammation or bacterial killing. Furthermore, our results reveal an untapped potential for oral vaccines in combating the spread of antimicrobial resistance.}, }
@article {pmid28404728, year = {2017}, author = {Martin, LB and Kilvitis, HJ and Brace, AJ and Cooper, L and Haussmann, MF and Mutati, A and Fasanello, V and O'Brien, S and Ardia, DR}, title = {Costs of immunity and their role in the range expansion of the house sparrow in Kenya.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {220}, number = {Pt 12}, pages = {2228-2235}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.154716}, pmid = {28404728}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bird Diseases/immunology ; Ecosystem ; *Gene Expression ; *Immunity, Innate ; Inflammation/immunology/veterinary ; Introduced Species ; Kenya ; Sparrows/genetics/immunology/*physiology ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics/immunology ; }, abstract = {There are at least two reasons to study traits that mediate successful range expansions. First, dispersers will found new populations and thus impact the distribution and evolution of species. Second, organisms moving into new areas will influence the fate of resident communities, directly competing with or indirectly affecting residents by spreading non-native or spilling-back native parasites. The success of invaders in new areas is likely mediated by a counterbalancing of costly traits. In new areas where threats are comparatively rare, individuals that grow rapidly and breed prolifically should be at an advantage. High investment in defenses should thus be disfavored. In the present study, we compared the energetic, nutritional and collateral damage costs of an inflammatory response among Kenyan house sparrow (Passer domesticus) populations of different ages, asking whether costs were related to traits of individuals from three different capture sites. Kenya is among the world's most recent range expansions for this species, and we recently found that the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), leukocyte receptors that instigate inflammatory responses when bound to microbial elements, was related to the range expansion across the country. Here, we found (contrary to our expectations) that energetic and nutritional costs of inflammation were higher, but damage costs were lower, in range-edge compared with core birds. Moreover, at the individual level, TLR-4 expression was negatively related to commodity costs (energy and a critical amino acid) of inflammation. Our data thus suggest that costs of inflammation, perhaps mediated by TLR expression, might mitigate successful range expansions.}, }
@article {pmid28403207, year = {2017}, author = {Campbell, ML and Bryant, DE and Hewitt, CL}, title = {Biosecurity messages are lost in translation to citizens: Implications for devolving management to citizens.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e0175439}, pmid = {28403207}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Awareness ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Fisheries ; Humans ; *Information Dissemination ; Introduced Species ; Recreation ; Risk Management ; Ships ; Social Control, Informal ; Tasmania ; Translations ; }, abstract = {The increasing focus of marine biosecurity agencies on transferring management responsibilities to citizens and industry begs the question whether devolved responsibility is a viable option for creating biosecurity outcomes. We examined recreational marine users' self-declared awareness of non-indigenous marine species (NIMS) at six locations in Tasmania, Australia and evaluated the accuracy of their awareness through recognition of four well-known NIMS with active awareness campaigns. We also investigated whether the activities of recreational marine users influence the accuracy of their NIMS recognition skills. We generally found that respondents declare NIMS awareness (70.45%), yet we found their recognition accuracy was variable ranging from low to fair (<10% to 54.95%) and recreational activity did not influence accuracy. Based on our results, we conclude that marine users' awareness does not predict accuracy and therefore devolved management of biosecurity without additional resources may pose a risky biosecurity management strategy.}, }
@article {pmid28402546, year = {2017}, author = {Lega, J and Brown, HE and Barrera, R}, title = {Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Abundance Model Improved With Relative Humidity and Precipitation-Driven Egg Hatching.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {54}, number = {5}, pages = {1375-1384}, pmid = {28402546}, issn = {1938-2928}, support = {K01 AI101224/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Dengue/transmission ; Female ; Humidity ; Insect Vectors/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Population Density ; Puerto Rico ; Rain ; }, abstract = {We propose an improved Aedes aegypti (L.) abundance model that takes into account the effect of relative humidity (RH) on adult survival, as well as rainfall-triggered egg hatching. The model uses temperature-dependent development rates described in the literature as well as documented estimates for mosquito survival in environments with high RH, and for egg desiccation. We show that combining the two additional components leads to better agreement with surveillance trap data and with dengue incidence reports in various municipalities of Puerto Rico than incorporating either alone or neither. Capitalizing on the positive association between disease incidence and vector abundance, this improved model is therefore useful to estimate incidence of Ae. aegypti-borne diseases in locations where the vector is abundant year-round.}, }
@article {pmid28402389, year = {2017}, author = {Hogg, BN and Moran, PJ and Smith, L}, title = {Impacts of the Psyllid Arytinnis hakani (Homoptera: Psyllidae) on Invasive French Broom in Relation to Plant Size and Psyllid Density.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {552-558}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvx074}, pmid = {28402389}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Genista/*growth &amp; development ; Hemiptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Pest Control, Biological ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {The impacts of weed biological control agents may vary with plant ontogeny. As plants grow, structural and chemical changes can alter plant resistance, which may reduce herbivory via chemical or structural defenses, and plant tolerance, which may enable plants to maintain fitness despite attack. Resistance and tolerance generally increase as plants grow. Nonetheless, prerelease tests of agent efficacy often overlook plant ontogeny. Here, we assess the performance and impacts of a candidate biocontrol agent, the psyllid Arytinnis hakani (Loginova), in relation to the age of its host plant, the invasive shrub French broom, Genista monspessulana. We also examined whether the psyllid can consistently kill plants when its densities are sufficiently high. Survival of psyllids to adulthood and the timing of adult emergence did not differ between plant sizes, indicating that performance of nymphs was not influenced by plant size. However, adult psyllid survival was reduced on small plants, suggesting that nymphs and adults responded differently to ontogenetic changes in plant quality. Psyllids affected the growth of small and large plants similarly; all measured plant growth parameters were lower in the presence of psyllids regardless of plant size. In a separate experiment, effects on plant survival depended on psyllid density, as higher realized densities of ∼9 psyllids per cm stem length were necessary to consistently kill plants. Thus, results suggest that the psyllid would be equally effective on a range of plant sizes, particularly at high densities, and show the potential of the psyllid to help control French broom in California.}, }
@article {pmid28401624, year = {2017}, author = {White, JD and Sarnelle, O and Hamilton, SK}, title = {Unexpected population response to increasing temperature in the context of a strong species interaction.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, pages = {1657-1665}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1558}, pmid = {28401624}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Dreissena/*physiology ; Eutrophication ; *Hot Temperature ; Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Michigan ; Microcystis/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Climate change is driving large changes in the spatial and temporal distributions of species, with significant consequences for individual populations. Community- and ecosystem-level implications of altered species distributions may be complex and challenging to anticipate due to the cascading effects of disrupted interactions among species, which may exhibit threshold responses to extreme climatic events. Toxic, bloom-forming cyanobacteria like Microcystis are expected to increase worldwide with climate change, due in part to their high temperature optima for growth. In addition, invasive zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) have caused an increase in Microcystis aeruginosa, a species typically associated with eutrophication, in low-nutrient lakes. We conducted a 13-yr study of a M. aeruginosa population in a low-nutrient lake invaded by zebra mussels. In 10 of the 13 years, there was a significant positive relationship between M. aeruginosa biomass and accumulated degree days, which are projected to increase with climate change. In contrast, Microcystis biomass was up to an order of magnitude lower than predicted by the above relationship during the other three years, including the warmest in the data set, following repeated heat-induced mass mortality of D. polymorpha. Thus, the positive relationship between Microcystis biomass and temperature was negated when its facilitating species was suppressed during a series of exceptionally warm summers. Predicting the net response of a species to climate change may therefore require, at minimum, quantification of responses of both the focal species and species that strongly interact with it over sufficiently long time periods to encompass the full range of climatic variability. Our results could not have been predicted from existing data on the short-term responses of these two interacting species to increased temperature.}, }
@article {pmid28399310, year = {2017}, author = {Baldacchino, F and Montarsi, F and Arnoldi, D and Barategui, C and Ferro Milone, N and Da Rold, G and Capelli, G and Rizzoli, A}, title = {A 2-yr Mosquito Survey Focusing on Aedes koreicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Northern Italy and Implications for Adult Trapping.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, pages = {622-630}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjw216}, pmid = {28399310}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Culex/*physiology ; Female ; Italy ; Male ; Mosquito Control/instrumentation ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Aedes koreicus (Edwards) is an invasive mosquito species, like Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald), that has already colonized a large part of northeastern Italy and other European countries. Despite its rapid expansion, information about adult distribution and trapping is lacking. Here, we conducted a 2-yr longitudinal survey using adult traps to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of Ae. koreicus and evaluated the effectiveness of three trapping devices in Latin square experiments conducted in an urban site and a forested site. The following three different traps were compared: a CO2-baited Biogents (BG) Sentinel trap, a CO2-baited Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light trap (CDC trap), and a grass infusion-baited gravid trap.In northern Italy, Ae. koreicus was collected from late April to early November, with peak of abundance observed in August. Aedes koreicus was more abundant in 2015 than in 2014 because of higher temperatures during summer. Unlike Ae. albopictus, the abundance of Ae. koreicus was not related to the altitude of the sampling locations in the range 241-660 m above sea level. The BG Sentinel and gravid traps collected significantly more Ae. koreicus than the CDC trap in the urban site, whereas there was no significant difference between the three traps in the forested site. In the urban site, the BG Sentinel trap and the gravid trap were the most effective for collecting Ae. albopictus and Culex pipiens L., respectively. In the forested site, Cx. pipiens was primarily collected by the CDC trap.}, }
@article {pmid28399275, year = {2017}, author = {Hornok, S and Kontschán, J}, title = {The Western Conifer Seed Bug (Hemiptera: Coreidae) Has the Potential to Bite Humans.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {54}, number = {4}, pages = {1073-1075}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjx040}, pmid = {28399275}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Animals ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Heteroptera/*physiology ; Humans ; Hungary ; Insect Bites and Stings/*pathology ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Among true bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera), only hematophagous species (families Reduviidae, Cimicidae) have high veterinary and medical significance. In addition, several predatory and plant-feeding bug species, which also have piercing-sucking mouthparts, are known to occasionally bite humans. The majority of such examples are known from the New World. Here, we report the first case concerning the human-biting potential of the western conifer seed bug, Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (Hemiptera: Coreidae). This is a phytophagous bug species, which has become widespread in North America, and has also been introduced into Europe where it shows a rapidly expanding geographical range.}, }
@article {pmid28399270, year = {2017}, author = {Metzger, ME and Hardstone Yoshimizu, M and Padgett, KA and Hu, R and Kramer, VL}, title = {Detection and Establishment of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes in California, 2011-2015.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, pages = {533-543}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjw237}, pmid = {28399270}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; California ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; *Mosquito Control ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {In 2011, a thriving population of Aedes albopictus (Skuse), the Asian tiger mosquito, was discovered within three cities in Los Angeles County over an estimated 52-km2 urban area. Two years later in 2013, Aedes aegypti (L.), the yellow fever mosquito, was detected within several urban areas of Madera, Fresno, and San Mateo counties. State and local vector control agencies responded with an aggressive effort to eradicate or interrupt the spread of these two invasive mosquitoes; however, known populations continued to expand outward and new infestations were identified at an accelerated pace in central and southern California. By the end of 2015, one or both species had been detected within the jurisdictional boundaries of 85 cities and census-designated places in 12 counties. Herein we report on the discovery and widespread establishment of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in urban areas of coastal, central, and southern California between 2011 and 2015 and discuss the subsequent rapid changes to the activities and priorities of vector control agencies in response to this unprecedented invasion.}, }
@article {pmid28399170, year = {2017}, author = {Wang, A and Gopurenko, D and Wu, H and Lepschi, B}, title = {Evaluation of six candidate DNA barcode loci for identification of five important invasive grasses in eastern Australia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e0175338}, pmid = {28399170}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Australia ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA, Plant/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Poaceae/classification/*genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; }, abstract = {Invasive grass weeds reduce farm productivity, threaten biodiversity, and increase weed control costs. Identification of invasive grasses from native grasses has generally relied on the morphological examination of grass floral material. DNA barcoding may provide an alternative means to identify co-occurring native and invasive grasses, particularly during early growth stages when floral characters are unavailable for analysis. However, there are no universal loci available for grass barcoding. We herein evaluated the utility of six candidate loci (atpF intron, matK, ndhK-ndhC, psbE-petL, ETS and ITS) for barcode identification of several economically important invasive grass species frequently found among native grasses in eastern Australia. We evaluated these loci in 66 specimens representing five invasive grass species (Chloris gayana, Eragrostis curvula, Hyparrhenia hirta, Nassella neesiana, Nassella trichotoma) and seven native grass species. Our results indicated that, while no single locus can be universally used as a DNA barcode for distinguishing the grass species examined in this study, two plastid loci (atpF and matK) showed good distinguishing power to separate most of the taxa examined, and could be used as a dual locus to distinguish several of the invasive from the native species. Low PCR success rates were evidenced among two nuclear loci (ETS and ITS), and few species were amplified at these loci, however ETS was able to genetically distinguish the two important invasive Nassella species. Multiple loci analyses also suggested that ETS played a crucial role in allowing identification of the two Nassella species in the multiple loci combinations.}, }
@article {pmid28398528, year = {2017}, author = {deJonge, RB and Bourchier, RS and Smith, SM}, title = {Initial Response by a Native Beetle, Chrysochus auratus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), to a Novel Introduced Host-Plant, Vincetoxicum rossicum (Gentianales: Apocynaceae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {617-625}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvx072}, pmid = {28398528}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Female ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; Ovum/physiology ; Pest Control, Biological ; *Vincetoxicum/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Native insects can form novel associations with introduced invasive plants and use them as a food source. The recent introduction into eastern North America of a nonnative European vine, Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Barbar., allows us to examine the initial response of a native chrysomelid beetle, Chrysochus auratus F., that feeds on native plants in the same family as V. rossicum (Apocynaceae). We tested C. auratus on V. rossicum and closely related or co-occurring native plants (Apocynum spp., Asclepias spp., and Solidago canadensis L.) using all life stages of the beetle in lab, garden, and field experiments. Experiments measured feeding (presence or absence and amount), survival, oviposition, and whether previous exposure to V. rossicum in the lab or field affected adult beetle feeding. Beetles fed significantly less on V. rossicum than on native Apocynum hosts. Adult beetles engaged in exploratory feeding on leaves of V. rossicum and survived up to 10 d. Females oviposited on V. rossicum, eggs hatched, and larvae fed initially on the roots; however, no larvae survived beyond second instar. Beetles collected from Apocynum cannabinum L. field sites intermixed with V. rossicum were less likely to feed on this novel nonnative host than those collected from colonies further from and less likely to be exposed to V. rossicum (>5 km). Our experimental work indicates that V. rossicum may act as an oviposition sink for C. auratus and that this native beetle has not adapted to survive on this recently introduced novel host plant.}, }
@article {pmid28397255, year = {2017}, author = {Jones, ML and Ramoneda, J and Rivett, DW and Bell, T}, title = {Biotic resistance shapes the influence of propagule pressure on invasion success in bacterial communities.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {7}, pages = {1743-1749}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1852}, pmid = {28397255}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Bacteria ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The number of invaders and the timing of invasion are recognized as key determinants of successful invasions. Despite the recognized importance of "propagule pressure," invasion ecology has largely focused on how characteristics of the native community confer invasion resistance. We simultaneously manipulated community composition and invader propagule pressure in microcosm communities of freshwater bacteria. We show that high propagule pressures can be necessary to establish an invader population, but that the influence of propagule pressure depends on the composition of the resident species. In particular, the number of individuals invading was most important to invasion success when one of the species in a resident community is a strong competitor against other species. By contrast, the timing of invasion was most important when communities had lower growth rates. The results suggest that the importance of propagule pressure varies both between communities and within the same community over time, and therefore have implications for the way we understand the relationship between biotic resistance and invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid28396828, year = {2017}, author = {Langille, AB and Arteca, EM and Newman, JA}, title = {The impacts of climate change on the abundance and distribution of the Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) in the United States and Canada.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3192}, pmid = {28396828}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {D. suzukii is a relatively recent and destructive pest species to the North American soft-skinned fruit industry. Understanding this species' potential to shift in abundance and range due to changing climate is an important part of an effective mitigation and management strategy. We parameterized a temperature-driven D. suzukii population dynamics model using temperature data derived from several Global Circulation Models (CMIP5) with a range of relative concentration pathway (RCP) predictions. Mean consensus between the models suggest that without adaptation to both higher prolonged temperatures and higher short-term temperature events D. suzukii population levels are likely to drop in currently higher-risk regions. The potential drop in population is evident both as time progresses and as the severity of the RCP scenario increases. Some regions, particularly in northern latitudes, may experience increased populations due to milder winter and more developmentally-ideal summer conditions, but many of these regions are not currently known for soft-skinned fruit production and so the effects of this population increase may not have a significant impact.}, }
@article {pmid28396211, year = {2017}, author = {Kreß, A and Oppold, AM and Kuch, U and Oehlmann, J and Müller, R}, title = {Cold tolerance of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus and its response to epigenetic alterations.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {99}, number = {}, pages = {113-121}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.04.003}, pmid = {28396211}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Aedes/genetics/*physiology ; Animals ; *Cold Temperature ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Genistein/administration &amp; dosage ; Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics/physiology ; Ovum/physiology ; Oxazoles/administration &amp; dosage ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity is considered as one of the key traits responsible for the establishment of populations of the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus, an important vector of viral and parasitic pathogens. The successful spread of this species to higher altitudes and latitudes may be explained by its ability to rapidly induce a heritable low-temperature phenotype (cold hardiness in eggs). As a result of the low genetic diversity of founder populations, an epigenetic short-term mechanism has been suggested as the driver of this diversification. We investigated if random epigenetic alterations promoted the cold hardiness of Ae. albopictus eggs from a transgenerational study of two epigenetic agents (genistein and vinclozolin). To this end, we evaluated changes in lethal time for 50% of pharate larvae (Lt50) from eggs exposed to -2°C in two subsequent generations that used a new dose-response test design. We detected a significant diversification of the cold hardiness of eggs (up to 64.5%) that was associated with the epigenetic change in the two subsequent offspring generations. An effect size of epigenetically modulated cold hardiness of this magnitude is likely to have an impact on the spatial distribution of this species. Our results provide a framework for further research on epigenetic temperature adaptation of invasive species to better explain and predict their rapid range expansions.}, }
@article {pmid28395941, year = {2017}, author = {Ricciardi, A and Blackburn, TM and Carlton, JT and Dick, JTA and Hulme, PE and Iacarella, JC and Jeschke, JM and Liebhold, AM and Lockwood, JL and MacIsaac, HJ and Pyšek, P and Richardson, DM and Ruiz, GM and Simberloff, D and Sutherland, WJ and Wardle, DA and Aldridge, DC}, title = {Invasion Science: A Horizon Scan of Emerging Challenges and Opportunities.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, pages = {464-474}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2017.03.007}, pmid = {28395941}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {We identified emerging scientific, technological, and sociopolitical issues likely to affect how biological invasions are studied and managed over the next two decades. Issues were ranked according to their probability of emergence, pervasiveness, potential impact, and novelty. Top-ranked issues include the application of genomic modification tools to control invasions, effects of Arctic globalization on invasion risk in the Northern Hemisphere, commercial use of microbes to facilitate crop production, the emergence of invasive microbial pathogens, and the fate of intercontinental trade agreements. These diverse issues suggest an expanding interdisciplinary role for invasion science in biosecurity and ecosystem management, burgeoning applications of biotechnology in alien species detection and control, and new frontiers in the microbial ecology of invasions.}, }
@article {pmid28393365, year = {2017}, author = {Hasegawa, K}, title = {Displacement of native white-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis by non-native brown trout Salmo trutta after resolution of habitat fragmentation by a migration barrier.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {90}, number = {6}, pages = {2475-2479}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13320}, pmid = {28393365}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Reproductive Isolation ; Trout/*physiology ; }, abstract = {After resolution of habitat fragmentation by an erosion-control dam, non-native brown trout Salmo trutta invaded the upstream side of the dam and displaced native white-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis in Monbetsu stream, Hokkaido, northern Japan.}, }
@article {pmid28392984, year = {2017}, author = {Bieler, R and Granados-Cifuentes, C and Rawlings, TA and Sierwald, P and Collins, TM}, title = {Non-native molluscan colonizers on deliberately placed shipwrecks in the Florida Keys, with description of a new species of potentially invasive worm-snail (Gastropoda: Vermetidae).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3158}, pmid = {28392984}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Artificial reefs created by deliberately sinking ships off the coast of the Florida Keys island chain are providing new habitat for marine invertebrates. This newly developing fouling community includes the previously reported invasive orange tube coral Tubastraea coccinea and the non-native giant foam oyster Hyotissa hyotis. New SCUBA-based surveys involving five shipwrecks spanning the upper, middle, and lower Florida Keys, show T. coccinea now also established in the lower Keys and H. hyotis likewise extending to new sites. Two additional mollusks found on the artificial reefs, the amathinid gastropod Cyclothyca pacei and gryphaeid oyster Hyotissa mcgintyi, the latter also common in the natural reef areas, are discussed as potentially non-native. A new species of sessile, suspension-feeding, worm-snail, Thylacodes vandyensis Bieler, Rawlings &amp; Collins n. sp. (Vermetidae), is described from the wreck of the USNS Vandenberg off Key West and discussed as potentially invasive. This new species is compared morphologically and by DNA barcode markers to other known members of the genus, and may be a recent arrival from the Pacific Ocean. Thylacodes vandyensis is polychromatic, with individuals varying in both overall head-foot coloration and mantle margin color pattern. Females brood stalked egg capsules attached to their shell within the confines of their mantle cavity, and give rise to crawl-away juveniles. Such direct-developing species have the demonstrated capacity for colonizing habitats isolated far from their native ranges and establishing rapidly growing founder populations. Vermetid gastropods are common components of the marine fouling community in warm temperate and tropical waters and, as such, have been tagged as potentially invasive or with a high potential to be invasive in the Pacific Ocean. As vermetids can influence coral growth/composition in the Pacific and have been reported serving as intermediate hosts for blood flukes of loggerhead turtles, such new arrivals in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary are of concern. Growing evidence indicates that artificial reefs can act as permanent way-stations for arriving non-natives, providing nurseries within which populations may grow in an environment with reduced competition compared to native habitats. Consequently, artificial reefs can act as sentinels for the appearance of new species. Ongoing monitoring of the developing molluscan fauna on the artificial reefs of the Florida Keys is necessary to recognize new invasions and identify potential eradication targets, thereby assuring the health of the nearby natural barrier reef.}, }
@article {pmid28390096, year = {2017}, author = {Dennenmoser, S and Sedlazeck, FJ and Iwaszkiewicz, E and Li, XY and Altmüller, J and Nolte, AW}, title = {Copy number increases of transposable elements and protein-coding genes in an invasive fish of hybrid origin.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {18}, pages = {4712-4724}, pmid = {28390096}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {R01 HG006677/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *DNA Copy Number Variations ; *DNA Transposable Elements ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Evolutionary dynamics of structural genetic variation in lineages of hybrid origin is not well explored, although structural mutations may increase in controlled hybrid crosses. We therefore tested whether structural variants accumulate in a fish of recent hybrid origin, invasive Cottus, relative to both parental species Cottus rhenanus and Cottus perifretum. Copy-number variation in exons of 10,979 genes was assessed using comparative genome hybridization arrays. Twelve genes showed significantly higher copy numbers in invasive Cottus compared to both parents. This coincided with increased expression for three genes related to vision, detoxification and muscle development, suggesting possible gene dosage effects. Copy number increases of putative transposons were assessed by comparative mapping of genomic DNA reads against a de novo assembly of 1,005 repetitive elements. In contrast to exons, copy number increases of repetitive elements were common (20.7%) in invasive Cottus, whereas decrease was very rare (0.01%). Among the increased repetitive elements, 53.8% occurred at higher numbers in C. perifretum compared to C. rhenanus, while only 1.4% were more abundant in C. rhenanus. This implies a biased mutational process that amplifies genetic material from one ancestor. To assess the frequency of de novo mutations through hybridization, we screened 64 laboratory-bred F2 offspring between the parental species for copy-number changes at five candidate loci. We found no evidence for new structural variants, indicating that they are too rare to be detected given our sampling scheme. Instead, they must have accumulated over more generations than we observed in a controlled cross.}, }
@article {pmid28387880, year = {2017}, author = {Zhuang, YF and Wang, ZF and Wu, LF}, title = {BRIEF-REPORT New set of microsatellites for Chinese tallow tree, Triadica sebifera.}, journal = {Genetics and molecular research : GMR}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.4238/gmr16029624}, pmid = {28387880}, issn = {1676-5680}, mesh = {Alleles ; Biomass ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Sapium/*genetics ; Trees/genetics ; United States ; }, abstract = {Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera) is an important crop and ornamental tree. After it was introduced into the USA, it gradually became a noxious invasive tree in south-eastern America since the middle of the 1900s. Because only six microsatellites were reported previously in T. sebifera, to better understand the genetic diversity and population dynamics of such species, we reported here 28 new microsatellite markers. For these 28 microsatellites, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2-16. The expected heterozygosity and the expected heterozygosity corrected for sample size varied from 0.0796 to 0.9081 and from 0.0805 to 0.9176, respectively. These microsatellites will provide additional choice to investigate the genetic diversity and structure in T. sebifera.}, }
@article {pmid28386745, year = {2017}, author = {Graham, S and Rogers, S}, title = {How Local Landholder Groups Collectively Manage Weeds in South-Eastern Australia.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {60}, number = {3}, pages = {396-408}, pmid = {28386745}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Australia ; Community Participation ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Cooperative Behavior ; Plant Weeds/*growth &amp; development ; Weed Control/*methods ; }, abstract = {For two decades researchers and policy makers have been arguing that community-based collective action is needed to effectively control weeds. Yet there has been little social research into the ways that collective weed control emerges at local scales. The aim of this paper is to investigate the mechanisms through which three local landholder groups in south-eastern Australia collectively manage weeds and the measures they use to evaluate success. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with members of three Landcare groups-Jerrawa Creek/Upper Lachlan, MacLaughlin River and Towamba Valley-as well as government staff external to the groups. The results reveal that for all three groups collective weed control is about supporting individual weed control efforts as well as proactively engaging landholders with the worst infestations. The groups were seen to be successful because they focused on the common challenge that weeds pose to all landholders, thereby removing the shame associated with having weeds, and because they organised community events that were as much about building and maintaining social relationships as improving weed control. Groups were positive about what they had achieved as collectives of landholders, but also saw an important role for government in providing funding, engaging with landholders who were unwilling to engage directly with the group, and controlling weeds on public lands.}, }
@article {pmid28386680, year = {2017}, author = {Flink, H and Behrens, JW and Svensson, PA}, title = {Consequences of eye fluke infection on anti-predator behaviours in invasive round gobies in Kalmar Sound.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {116}, number = {6}, pages = {1653-1663}, pmid = {28386680}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Eye Diseases/parasitology/*veterinary ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; Fishes/*parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Parasites ; *Predatory Behavior ; Snails/parasitology ; Trematoda/physiology ; Trematode Infections/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Larvae of the eye fluke, Diplostomum, emerge from snails and infect fish by penetrating skin or gills, then move to the lens where they may impair the vision of the fish. For the fluke to reproduce, a bird must eat the infected fish, and it has been suggested that they therefore actively manipulate the fish's behaviour to increase the risk of predation. We found that round gobies Neogobius melanostomus, a species that was recently introduced to the Kalmar Sound of the Baltic Sea, had an eye fluke prevalence of 90-100%. We investigated how the infection related to behavioural variation in round gobies. Our results showed that the more intense the parasite-induced cataract, the weaker the host's response was to simulated avian attack. The eye flukes did not impair other potentially important anti-predator behaviours, such as shelter use, boldness and the preference for shade. Our results are in accordance with the suggestion that parasites induce changes in host behaviour that will facilitate transfer to their final host.}, }
@article {pmid28384419, year = {2017}, author = {Graham, SP and Freidenfelds, NA and Thawley, CJ and Robbins, TR and Langkilde, T}, title = {Are Invasive Species Stressful? The Glucocorticoid Profile of Native Lizards Exposed to Invasive Fire Ants Depends on the Context.}, journal = {Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ}, volume = {90}, number = {3}, pages = {328-337}, doi = {10.1086/689983}, pmid = {28384419}, issn = {1537-5293}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Corticosterone ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/*physiology ; Male ; Stress, Physiological/*physiology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Invasive species represent a substantial threat to native species worldwide. Research on the impacts of invasive species on wild living vertebrates has focused primarily on population-level effects. The sublethal, individual-level effects of invaders may be equally important but are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of invasive fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) on the physiological stress response of a native lizard (Sceloporus undulatus) within two experimental contexts: directly exposing lizards to a fire ant attack and housing lizards with fire ants in seminatural field enclosures. Lizards directly exposed to brief attack by fire ants had elevated concentrations of the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT), suggesting that these encounters can be physiologically stressful. However, lizards exposed for longer periods to fire ants in field enclosures had lower concentrations of CORT. This may indicate that the combined effects of confinement and fire ant exposure have pushed lizards into allostatic overload. However, lizards from fire ant enclosures appeared to have intact negative feedback controls of the stress response, evidenced by functioning adrenocorticotropic hormone responsiveness and lack of suppression of innate immunity (plasma bactericidal capacity). We review previous studies examining the stress response of wild vertebrates to various anthropogenic stressors and discuss how these-in combination with our results-underscore the importance of considering context (the length, frequency, magnitude, and types of threat) when assessing these impacts.}, }
@article {pmid28384391, year = {2017}, author = {Marks, CA and Clark, M and Obendorf, D and Hall, GP and Soares, I and Pereira, F}, title = {Trends in anecdotal fox sightings in Tasmania accounted for by psychological factors.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, pages = {1450-1458}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12944}, pmid = {28384391}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Anecdotes as Topic ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Foxes ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Tasmania ; Visual Perception ; }, abstract = {There has been little evaluation of anecdotal sightings as a means to confirm new incursions of invasive species. This paper explores the potential for equivocal information communicated by the media to account for patterns of anecdotal reports. In 2001, it was widely reported that red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) had been deliberately released in the island state of Tasmania (Australia), although this claim was later revealed to be baseless. Regardless, by 2013 a total of 3153 anecdotal fox sightings had been reported by members of the public, which implied their distribution was wide. For each month in 2001-2003, we defined a monthly media index (MMI) of fox-related media coverage, an index of their relative seasonal abundance (abundance), and a factor denoting claims of fox evidence (claimed evidence) regardless of its evidentiary quality. We fitted a generalized linear model with Poisson error for monthly totals of anecdotal sightings with factors of year and claimed evidence and covariates of MMI, abundance, and hours of darkness. The collective effect of psychological factors (MMI, claimed evidence, and year) relative to biophysical factors (photoperiod and abundance) was highly significant (χ[2] = 122.1, df = 6, p < 0.0001), whereas anticipated changes in abundance had no significant influence on reported sightings (p = 0.15). An annual index of fox media from 2001 to 2010 was strongly associated with the yearly tally of anecdotal sightings (p = 0.018). The odds ratio of sightings ranked as reliable by the fox eradication program in any year decreased exponentially at a rate of 0.00643 as the total number of sightings increased (p < 0.0001) and was indicative of an observer-expectancy bias. Our results suggest anecdotal sightings are highly susceptible to cognitive biases and when used to qualify and quantify species presence can contribute to flawed risk assessments.}, }
@article {pmid28384230, year = {2017}, author = {Li, J and Liu, H and Yan, M and Du, L}, title = {No evidence for local adaptation to salt stress in the existing populations of invasive Solidago canadensis in China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e0175252}, pmid = {28384230}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; China ; *Introduced Species ; *Salt Tolerance ; Solidago/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Local adaptation is an important mechanism underlying the adaptation of plants to environmental heterogeneity, and the toxicity of salt results in strong selection pressure on salt tolerance in plants and different ecotypes. Solidago canadensis, which is invasive in China, has spread widely and has recently colonized alkali sandy loams with a significant salt content. A common greenhouse experiment was conducted to test the role of local adaptation in the successful invasion of S. canadensis into salty habitats. Salt treatment significantly decreased the growth of S. canadensis, including rates of increase in the number of leaves and plant height; the root, shoot, and total biomass. Furthermore, salt stress significantly reduced the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and relative chlorophyll content but significantly increased peroxidase activity and the proline content of S. canadensis and the root/shoot ratio. Two-way analysis of variance showed that salt treatment had a significant effect on the physiological traits of S. canadensis, except for the intercellular CO2 concentration, whereas the population and the salt × population interaction had no significant effect on any physiological traits. Most of the variation in plasticity existed within and not among populations, excep for the root/shoot ratio. S. canadensis populations from soil with moderate/high salt levels grew similarly to S. canadensis populations from soils with low salt levels. No significant correlation between salt tolerance indices and soil salinity levels was observed. The plasticity of the proline content, intercellular CO2 concentration and chlorophyll content had significant correlations with the salt tolerance index. These findings indicate a lack of evidence for local adaption in the existing populations of invasive S. canadensis in China; instead, plasticity might be more important than local adaptation in influencing the physiological traits and salt tolerance ability across the S. canadensis distribution.}, }
@article {pmid28380069, year = {2017}, author = {Piñero, JC and Souder, SK and Vargas, RI}, title = {Vision-mediated exploitation of a novel host plant by a tephritid fruit fly.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e0174636}, pmid = {28380069}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carica ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Female ; Hawaii ; Introduced Species ; Tephritidae/*physiology ; Vision, Ocular/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Shortly after its introduction into the Hawaiian Islands around 1895, the polyphagous, invasive fruit fly Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) was provided the opportunity to expand its host range to include a novel host, papaya (Carica papaya). It has been documented that female B. cucurbitae rely strongly on vision to locate host fruit. Given that the papaya fruit is visually conspicuous in the papaya agro-ecosystem, we hypothesized that female B. cucurbitae used vision as the main sensory modality to find and exploit the novel host fruit. Using a comparative approach that involved a series of studies under natural and semi-natural conditions in Hawaii, we assessed the ability of female B. cucurbitae to locate and oviposit in papaya fruit using the sensory modalities of olfaction and vision alone and also in combination. The results of these studies demonstrate that, under a variety of conditions, volatiles emitted by the novel host do not positively stimulate the behavior of the herbivore. Rather, vision seems to be the main mechanism driving the exploitation of the novel host. Volatiles emitted by the novel host papaya fruit did not contribute in any way to the visual response of females. Our findings highlight the remarkable role of vision in the host-location process of B. cucurbitae and provide empirical evidence for this sensory modality as a potential mechanism involved in host range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid28379957, year = {2017}, author = {Faulkner, KT and Robertson, MP and Rouget, M and Wilson, JR}, title = {Prioritising surveillance for alien organisms transported as stowaways on ships travelling to South Africa.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e0173340}, pmid = {28379957}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Seasons ; Ships ; South Africa ; Transportation ; Travel ; }, abstract = {The global shipping network facilitates the transportation and introduction of marine and terrestrial organisms to regions where they are not native, and some of these organisms become invasive. South Africa was used as a case study to evaluate the potential for shipping to contribute to the introduction and establishment of marine and terrestrial alien species (i.e. establishment debt) and to assess how this varies across shipping routes and seasons. As a proxy for the number of species introduced (i.e. 'colonisation pressure') shipping movement data were used to determine, for each season, the number of ships that visited South African ports from foreign ports and the number of days travelled between ports. Seasonal marine and terrestrial environmental similarity between South African and foreign ports was then used to estimate the likelihood that introduced species would establish. These data were used to determine the seasonal relative contribution of shipping routes to South Africa's marine and terrestrial establishment debt. Additionally, distribution data were used to identify marine and terrestrial species that are known to be invasive elsewhere and which might be introduced to each South African port through shipping routes that have a high relative contribution to establishment debt. Shipping routes from Asian ports, especially Singapore, have a particularly high relative contribution to South Africa's establishment debt, while among South African ports, Durban has the highest risk of being invaded. There was seasonal variation in the shipping routes that have a high relative contribution to the establishment debt of the South African ports. The presented method provides a simple way to prioritise surveillance effort and our results indicate that, for South Africa, port-specific prevention strategies should be developed, a large portion of the available resources should be allocated to Durban, and seasonal variations and their consequences for prevention strategies should be explored further.}, }
@article {pmid28379400, year = {2017}, author = {Hogg, BN and Mills, NJ and Daane, KM}, title = {Temporal Patterns in the Abundance and Species Composition of Spiders on Host Plants of the Invasive Moth Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {502-510}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvx065}, pmid = {28379400}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; California ; *Food Chain ; Genista/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Leptospermum/*physiology ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Pest Control, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; Spiders/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Generalist predators such as spiders may help mitigate the spread and impact of exotic herbivores. The lack of prey specificity and long generation times of spiders may allow them to persist when pests are scarce, and to limit the growth of pest populations before they reach damaging levels. We examined whether resident spiders are likely to play a role in maintaining populations of the invasive light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), below outbreak levels in California. We surveyed the spider community on two E. postvittana host plants, the ornamental Australian tea tree, Leptospermum laevigatum, and the weed French broom, Genista monspessulana, to characterize spider and larval E. postvittana abundance and spider species composition throughout the year. Spider densities and species composition showed slight seasonal changes. Spiders were present during periods of high and low E. postvittana abundance. Anyphaenid hunting spiders, Anyphaena aperta Banks in Australian tea tree and Anyphaena pacifica Banks in French broom, dominated spider species composition at four of five sampled sites, and underwent only slight seasonal variation in abundance. Adult A. aperta were rare at all times of the year, suggesting that high mortality among juvenile A. aperta limits the potential of this species as a predator of E. postvittana. Nevertheless, the continued presence of spiders throughout the year indicates that the resident spider community is likely to play a key role in reducing E. postvittana populations in California.}, }
@article {pmid28377573, year = {2017}, author = {Yang, WY and Tang, XT and Ju, RT and Zhang, Y and Du, YZ}, title = {The population genetic structure of Corythucha ciliata (Say) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) provides insights into its distribution and invasiveness.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {635}, pmid = {28377573}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {P20 GM103650/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; China ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Structures ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Heteroptera/classification/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Corythucha ciliata (Say), an invasive pest originating from North America, causes severe damage on sycamore trees. However, little is known about the population genetics and evolutionary forces underlying the invasiveness of this important pest. In the present study, we use three mitochondrial genes (COI, ND1 and ND5) and nine microsatellite markers to investigate the population genetics of C. ciliata and retrace its spread through China. The results suggest a low level of genetic diversity in Chinese and European populations of C. ciliata. Our results indicate that populations of C. ciliata have obvious genetic structure, and genetic differentiation is not caused by geographic isolation. In median-joining networks, we observed a higher frequency of shared haplotypes in groups 1 and 3. Based on gene flow and approximate Bayesian computation analyses, we discovered that C. ciliata first invaded the east coast of China and subsequently moved inland. Demographic analysis suggested that populations of C. ciliata in China may have undergone a recent bottleneck effect. Finally, our results suggest that population structure, high gene flow and environmental conditions have favored the broad invasiveness of this important pest.}, }
@article {pmid28377219, year = {2017}, author = {Reis, S and Cornel, AJ and Melo, M and Pereira, H and Loiseau, C}, title = {First record of Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1894) on São tomé island.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {171}, number = {}, pages = {86-89}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.03.035}, pmid = {28377219}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Aedes/classification/*genetics/physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Cameroon ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Gabon ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Islands ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions have critical impacts on native biodiversity and human societies and especially on oceanic islands that are fragile and threatened ecosystems. The invasive tiger mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1894) native to Southeast Asia has been introduced during the past 30 years almost everywhere in the world, including the Americas, the Pacific, Europe and Africa. It has been reported for the first time in the Gulf of Guinea in 2000, first in Cameroon, then in Bioko Island in 2003 and more recently in Gabon in 2007. Here we report the first record of Ae. albopictus on São Tomé Island. Although we cannot estimate precisely the year of introduction on São Tomé Island, it most likely arrived within the last 10 years. By sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase gene from individual adults, we detected three haplotypes already present in mainland Africa. More studies are needed to explore the dynamics of its expansion and competition with insular native mosquitoes.}, }
@article {pmid28376429, year = {2017}, author = {Selvi, F and Carrari, E and Colzi, I and Coppi, A and Gonnelli, C}, title = {Responses of serpentine plants to pine invasion: Vegetation diversity and nickel accumulation in species with contrasting adaptive strategies.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {595}, number = {}, pages = {72-80}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.249}, pmid = {28376429}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; *Biodiversity ; Brassicaceae/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Biomarkers ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Nickel/*metabolism ; Pinus ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Plant Shoots/metabolism ; Plumbaginaceae/*physiology ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Introduction of non-native trees is one of the major threats to ecosystem integrity and biodiversity. Stands of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) introduced decades ago represent a threat to the specialized plant communities of serpentine outcrops in Italy. This study investigates the effects of such invasions at the community and species level, based on vegetation sampling in three selected sites with comparable environmental conditions. Pine cover caused a decrease of α-diversity by lowering the species evenness of the community, though species richness was not negatively affected. Compositional changes between the two habitats were significant but not clearly associated with a decrease in taxonomic distinctness in the pine stands. As many as nine indicator species were found in the open vegetation, along with the obligate endemics Odontarrhena bertolonii and Armeria denticulata. Both of them declined in the pine stands. Here, an increase in the phytoavailable nickel fraction was associated with a decrease in total nickel concentration in the soil, via mobilization of the metal caused by lowering of pH induced by the conifer litter. The nickel-hyperaccumulator O. bertolonii was able to maintain high metal concentrations in the shoots despite a decrease in root concentration, resulting in a higher shoot/root ratio in the pine stands (~20). Conversely, shoot/root ratio in the non-accumulator Plantago holosteum was <1 and not affected by the conifer, as well as its abundance in this anthropogenic habitat. Contrasting responses of the two species were likely due to their different sensitivity to modified light and soil conditions, whereas stability of shoot nickel-concentration in O. bertolonii did not support increased predation by natural enemies as one of the causes for its decline under the conifer. Progressive thinning of these stands is advocated to limit soil nickel mobilization and to restore a unique ecosystem with its endemic metallophytes.}, }
@article {pmid28374524, year = {2017}, author = {Muhlfeld, CC and Kovach, RP and Al-Chokhachy, R and Amish, SJ and Kershner, JL and Leary, RF and Lowe, WH and Luikart, G and Matson, P and Schmetterling, DA and Shepard, BB and Westley, PAH and Whited, D and Whiteley, A and Allendorf, FW}, title = {Legacy introductions and climatic variation explain spatiotemporal patterns of invasive hybridization in a native trout.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {23}, number = {11}, pages = {4663-4674}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13681}, pmid = {28374524}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Humans ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/*genetics/physiology ; Temperature ; Trout/*genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {Hybridization between invasive and native species, a significant threat to worldwide biodiversity, is predicted to increase due to climate-induced expansions of invasive species. Long-term research and monitoring are crucial for understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes that modulate the effects of invasive species. Using a large, multidecade genetics dataset (N = 582 sites, 12,878 individuals) with high-resolution climate predictions and extensive stocking records, we evaluate the spatiotemporal dynamics of hybridization between native cutthroat trout and invasive rainbow trout, the world's most widely introduced invasive fish, across the Northern Rocky Mountains of the United States. Historical effects of stocking and contemporary patterns of climatic variation were strongly related to the spread of hybridization across space and time. The probability of occurrence, extent of, and temporal changes in hybridization increased at sites in close proximity to historical stocking locations with greater rainbow trout propagule pressure, warmer water temperatures, and lower spring precipitation. Although locations with warmer water temperatures were more prone to hybridization, cold sites were not protected from invasion; 58% of hybridized sites had cold mean summer water temperatures (<11°C). Despite cessation of stocking over 40 years ago, hybridization increased over time at half (50%) of the locations with long-term data, the vast majority of which (74%) were initially nonhybridized, emphasizing the chronic, negative impacts of human-mediated hybridization. These results show that effects of climate change on biodiversity must be analyzed in the context of historical human impacts that set ecological and evolutionary trajectories.}, }
@article {pmid28373745, year = {2017}, author = {Macpherson, MF and Kleczkowski, A and Healey, JR and Hanley, N}, title = {Payment for multiple forest benefits alters the effect of tree disease on optimal forest rotation length.}, journal = {Ecological economics : the journal of the International Society for Ecological Economics}, volume = {134}, number = {}, pages = {82-94}, pmid = {28373745}, issn = {0921-8009}, abstract = {Forests deliver multiple benefits both to their owners and to wider society. However, a wave of forest pests and pathogens is threatening this worldwide. In this paper we examine the effect of disease on the optimal rotation length of a single-aged, single rotation forest when a payment for non-timber benefits, which is offered to private forest owners to partly internalise the social values of forest management, is included. Using a generalisable bioeconomic framework we show how this payment counteracts the negative economic effect of disease by increasing the optimal rotation length, and under some restrictive conditions, even makes it optimal to never harvest the forest. The analysis shows a range of complex interactions between factors including the rate of spread of infection and the impact of disease on the value of harvested timber and non-timber benefits. A key result is that the effect of disease on the optimal rotation length is dependent on whether the disease affects the timber benefit only compared to when it affects both timber and non-timber benefits. Our framework can be extended to incorporate multiple ecosystem services delivered by forests and details of how disease can affect their production, thus facilitating a wide range of applications.}, }
@article {pmid28373037, year = {2017}, author = {Tatard, C and Garba, M and Gauthier, P and Hima, K and Artige, E and Dossou, DKHJ and Gagaré, S and Genson, G and Truc, P and Dobigny, G}, title = {Rodent-borne Trypanosoma from cities and villages of Niger and Nigeria: A special role for the invasive genus Rattus?.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {171}, number = {}, pages = {151-158}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.03.027}, pmid = {28373037}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Animals ; Cities ; Disease Reservoirs/*veterinary ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Niger/epidemiology ; Nigeria/epidemiology ; Rats ; Trypanosoma/*physiology ; Trypanosomiasis/epidemiology/*transmission ; }, abstract = {Although they are known to sometimes infect humans, atypical trypanosomes are very poorly documented, especially in Africa where one lethal case has yet been described. Here we conducted a survey of rodent-borne Trypanosoma in 19 towns and villages of Niger and Nigeria, with a special emphasis on Niamey, the capital city of Niger. The 1298 rodents that were captured yielded 189 qPCR-positive animals from 14 localities, thus corresponding to a 14.6% overall prevalence. Rats, especially black rats, displayed particularly elevated prevalence (27.4%), with some well sampled sites showing 40-50% and up to 68.8% of Trypanosoma-carrying individuals. Rattus were also characterized by significantly lower Ct values than in the other non-Rattus species. DNA sequences could be obtained for 43 rodent-borne Trypanosoma and corresponded to 41 T. lewisi (all from Rattus) and 2 T. microti (from Cricetomys gambianus). These results, together with data compiled from the available literature, suggest that Rattus may play a particular role for the maintaining and circulation of Trypanosoma, especially T. lewisi, in Africa. Taken into account its strong abilities to invade coastal and inland regions of the continent, we believe that this genus deserves a particular attention in regards to potentially under-looked but emerging atypical trypanosome-related diseases.}, }
@article {pmid28371746, year = {2017}, author = {McCann, T and Cooper, A and Rogers, D and McKenzie, P and McErlean, T}, title = {How hedge woody species diversity and habitat change is a function of land use history and recent management in a European agricultural landscape.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {196}, number = {}, pages = {692-701}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.066}, pmid = {28371746}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Plants ; }, abstract = {European hedged agricultural landscapes provide a range of ecosystem services and are an important component of cultural and biodiversity heritage. This paper investigates the extent of hedges, their woody species diversity (including the influence of historical versus recent hedge origin) and dynamics of change. The rationale is to contribute to an ecological basis for hedge habitat management. Sample sites were allocated based on a multivariate classification of landscape attributes. All field boundaries present in each site were mapped and surveyed in 1998 and 2007. To assess diversity, a list of all woody species was recorded in one standard 30 m linear plot within each hedge. There was a net decrease in hedge habitat extent, mainly as a result of removal, and changes between hedges and other field boundary types due to the development and loss of shrub growth-form. Agricultural intensification, increased rural building, and variation in hedge management practices were the main drivers of change. Hedges surveyed at baseline, which were lost at resurvey, were more species rich than new hedges gained. Hedges coinciding with historical land unit boundaries of likely Early Medieval origin were found to be more species rich. The most frequent woody species in hedges were native, including a high proportion with Fraxinus excelsior, a species under threat from current and emerging plant pests and pathogens. Introduced species were present in circa 30% of hedges. We conclude that since hedge habitat distribution and woody species diversity is a function of ecology and anthropogenic factors, the management of hedges in enclosed agricultural landscapes requires an integrated approach.}, }
@article {pmid28371192, year = {2017}, author = {Moon, KL and Chown, SL and Fraser, CI}, title = {Reconsidering connectivity in the sub-Antarctic.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {92}, number = {4}, pages = {2164-2181}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12327}, pmid = {28371192}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Extreme and remote environments provide useful settings to test ideas about the ecological and evolutionary drivers of biological diversity. In the sub-Antarctic, isolation by geographic, geological and glaciological processes has long been thought to underpin patterns in the region's terrestrial and marine diversity. Molecular studies using increasingly high-resolution data are, however, challenging this perspective, demonstrating that many taxa disperse among distant sub-Antarctic landmasses. Here, we reconsider connectivity in the sub-Antarctic region, identifying which taxa are relatively isolated, which are well connected, and the scales across which this connectivity occurs in both terrestrial and marine systems. Although many organisms show evidence of occasional long-distance, trans-oceanic dispersal, these events are often insufficient to maintain gene flow across the region. Species that do show evidence of connectivity across large distances include both active dispersers and more sedentary species. Overall, connectivity patterns in the sub-Antarctic at intra- and inter-island scales are highly complex, influenced by life-history traits and local dynamics such as relative dispersal capacity and propagule pressure, natal philopatry, feeding associations, the extent of human exploitation, past climate cycles, contemporary climate, and physical barriers to movement. An increasing use of molecular data - particularly genomic data sets that can reveal fine-scale patterns - and more effective international collaboration and communication that facilitates integration of data from across the sub-Antarctic, are providing fresh insights into the processes driving patterns of diversity in the region. These insights offer a platform for assessing the ways in which changing dispersal mechanisms, such as through increasing human activity and changes to wind and ocean circulation, may alter sub-Antarctic biodiversity patterns in the future.}, }
@article {pmid28370790, year = {2017}, author = {Yang, M and He, Z and Huang, Y and Lu, L and Yan, Y and Hong, L and Shen, H and Liu, Y and Guo, Q and Jiang, L and Zhang, Y and Greenberg, AJ and Zhou, R and Ge, X and Wu, CI and Shi, S}, title = {The emergence of the hyperinvasive vine, Mikania micrantha (Asteraceae), via admixture and founder events inferred from population transcriptomics.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {13}, pages = {3405-3423}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14124}, pmid = {28370790}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Asia ; *Founder Effect ; Genes, Plant ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Mikania/*genetics ; Plant Weeds/genetics ; South America ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions that involve well-documented rapid adaptations to new environments provide unequalled opportunities for testing evolutionary hypotheses. Mikania micrantha Kunth (Asteraceae), a perennial herbaceous vine native to tropical Central and South America, successfully invaded tropical Asia in the early 20th century. It is regarded as one of the most aggressive weeds in the world. To elucidate the molecular and evolutionary processes underlying this invasion, we extensively sampled this weed throughout its invaded range in South-East and South Asia and surveyed its genetic structure using variants detected from population transcriptomics. Clustering results suggest that more than one source population contributed to this invasion. Computer simulations using genomewide genetic variation support a scenario of admixture and founder events during invasion. The genes differentially expressed between native and invasive populations were found to be involved in oxidative and high light intensity stress responses, pointing to a possible ecological mechanism of adaptation. Our results provide a foundation for further detailed mechanistic and population studies of this ecologically and economically important invasion. This line of research promises to provide new mitigation strategies for invasive species as well as insights into mechanisms of adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid28370749, year = {2017}, author = {Stastny, M and Sargent, RD}, title = {Evidence for rapid evolutionary change in an invasive plant in response to biological control.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {30}, number = {5}, pages = {1042-1052}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.13078}, pmid = {28370749}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; *Lythrum ; Plants ; }, abstract = {We present evidence that populations of an invasive plant species that have become re-associated with a specialist herbivore in the exotic range through biological control have rapidly evolved increased antiherbivore defences compared to populations not exposed to biocontrol. We grew half-sib families of the invasive plant Lythrum salicaria sourced from 17 populations near Ottawa, Canada, that differed in their history of exposure to a biocontrol agent, the specialist beetle Neogalerucella calmariensis. In a glasshouse experiment, we manipulated larval and adult herbivory to examine whether a population's history of biocontrol influenced plant defence and growth. Plants sourced from populations with a history of biocontrol suffered lower defoliation than naïve, previously unexposed populations, strongly suggesting they had evolved higher resistance. Plants from biocontrol-exposed populations were also larger and produced more branches in response to herbivory, regrew faster even in the absence of herbivory and were better at compensating for the impacts of herbivory on growth (i.e. they exhibited increased tolerance). Furthermore, resistance and tolerance were positively correlated among genotypes with a history of biocontrol but not among naïve genotypes. Our findings suggest that biocontrol can rapidly select for increased defences in an invasive plant and may favour a mixed defence strategy of resistance and tolerance without an obvious cost to plant vigour. Although rarely studied, such evolutionary responses in the target species have important implications for the long-term efficacy of biocontrol programmes.}, }
@article {pmid28370632, year = {2017}, author = {Schuster, MJ and Dukes, JS}, title = {Rainfall variability counteracts N addition by promoting invasive Lonicera maackii and extending phenology in prairie.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, pages = {1555-1563}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1547}, pmid = {28370632}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Grassland ; Indiana ; Introduced Species ; Lonicera/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Nitrogen/administration &amp; dosage/*metabolism ; Plant Dispersal ; Quercus/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Rain ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Although encroaching woody plants have reduced the global extent of grasslands, continuing increases in soil nitrogen availability could slow this trend by favoring resident herbaceous species. At the same time, projected increases in rainfall variability could promote woody encroachment by aligning spatiotemporal patterns of soil moisture availability with the needs of woody species. We evaluated the responses of two deciduous woody species to these simulated environmental changes by planting seedlings of Quercus palustris and Lonicera maackii into tallgrass prairie communities grown under a factorial combination of increased rainfall variability and nitrogen addition. Lonicera maackii growth was reduced 20% by nitrogen addition, and increased rainfall variability led to 33% larger seedlings, despite greater competition for light and soil resources. In contrast, Q. palustris growth showed little response to either treatment. Increased rainfall variability allowed both species to retain their leaves for an additional 6.5 d in autumn, potentially in response to wetter end-of-season shallow soils. Our findings suggest increases in rainfall variability will counteract the inhibitory effect of nitrogen deposition on growth of L. maackii, extend autumn phenology, and promote the encroachment of some woody species into grasslands.}, }
@article {pmid28370371, year = {2017}, author = {Freeman, J and Kobziar, L and Rose, EW and Cropper, W}, title = {A critique of the historical-fire-regime concept in conservation.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, pages = {976-985}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12942}, pmid = {28370371}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Humans ; North America ; }, abstract = {Prescribed fire is widely accepted as a conservation tool because fire is essential to the maintenance of native biodiversity in many terrestrial communities. Approaches to this land-management technique vary greatly among continents, and sharing knowledge internationally can inform application of prescribed fire worldwide. In North America, decisions about how and when to apply prescribed fire are typically based on the historical-fire-regime concept (HFRC), which holds that replicating the pattern of fires ignited by lightning or preindustrial humans best promotes native species in fire-prone regions. The HFRC rests on 3 assumptions: it is possible to infer historical fire regimes accurately; fire-suppressed communities are ecologically degraded; and reinstating historical fire regimes is the best course of action despite the global shift toward novel abiotic and biotic conditions. We examined the underpinnings of these assumptions by conducting a literature review on the use of historical fire regimes to inform the application of prescribed fire. We found that the practice of inferring historical fire regimes for entire regions or ecosystems often entails substantial uncertainty and can yield equivocal results; ecological outcomes of fire suppression are complex and may not equate to degradation, depending on the ecosystem and context; and habitat fragmentation, invasive species, and other modern factors can interact with fire to produce novel and in some cases negative ecological outcomes. It is therefore unlikely that all 3 assumptions will be fully upheld for any landscape in which prescribed fire is being applied. Although the HFRC is a valuable starting point, it should not be viewed as the sole basis for developing prescribed fire programs. Rather, fire prescriptions should also account for other specific, measurable ecological parameters on a case-by-case basis. To best achieve conservation goals, researchers should seek to understand contemporary fire-biota interactions across trophic levels, functional groups, spatial and temporal scales, and management contexts.}, }
@article {pmid28370154, year = {2017}, author = {Hyatt-Twynam, SR and Parnell, S and Stutt, RO and Gottwald, TR and Gilligan, CA and Cunniffe, NJ}, title = {Risk-based management of invading plant disease.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {214}, number = {3}, pages = {1317-1329}, pmid = {28370154}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Plant Diseases/*prevention &amp; control/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Effective control of plant disease remains a key challenge. Eradication attempts often involve removal of host plants within a certain radius of detection, targeting asymptomatic infection. Here we develop and test potentially more effective, epidemiologically motivated, control strategies, using a mathematical model previously fitted to the spread of citrus canker in Florida. We test risk-based control, which preferentially removes hosts expected to cause a high number of infections in the remaining host population. Removals then depend on past patterns of pathogen spread and host removal, which might be nontransparent to affected stakeholders. This motivates a variable radius strategy, which approximates risk-based control via removal radii that vary by location, but which are fixed in advance of any epidemic. Risk-based control outperforms variable radius control, which in turn outperforms constant radius removal. This result is robust to changes in disease spread parameters and initial patterns of susceptible host plants. However, efficiency degrades if epidemiological parameters are incorrectly characterised. Risk-based control including additional epidemiology can be used to improve disease management, but it requires good prior knowledge for optimal performance. This focuses attention on gaining maximal information from past epidemics, on understanding model transferability between locations and on adaptive management strategies that change over time.}, }
@article {pmid28369860, year = {2017}, author = {Fera, SA and Rennie, MD and Dunlop, ES}, title = {Broad shifts in the resource use of a commercially harvested fish following the invasion of dreissenid mussels.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {6}, pages = {1681-1692}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1836}, pmid = {28369860}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia ; Dreissena/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Fishes/*physiology ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; }, abstract = {Dreissenid mussels, including the zebra (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga (Dreissena rostiformus bugensis) mussel, are invasive species known for their capacity to act as ecosystem engineers. They have caused significant changes in the many freshwater systems they have invaded by increasing water clarity, reducing primary productivity, and altering zooplankton and benthic invertebrate assemblages. What is less clear is how their ecosystem engineering effects manifest up the food web to impact higher trophic levels, including fish. Here, we use a biological tracer (stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen) to analyze long-term and broad-scale trends in the resource use of benthivorous lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in the Laurentian Great Lakes, where dreissenid mussels have become established in each lake except Lake Superior. We measured stable isotope ratios from archived material (fish scale samples) collected over several decades by multiple agencies and from 14 locations around the Great Lakes. In the majority of locations, the δ[13] C of lake whitefish increased following the establishment of dreissenid mussels. Trends in δ[15] N were less clear, but significant breakpoints in the time series occurred within 5 yr of dreissenid establishment in several locations, followed by declines in δ[15] N. In contrast, isotopic signatures in Lake Superior locations did not show these trends. Our results provide evidence that lake whitefish shifted toward greater reliance on nearshore benthic production, supporting the theory that fundamental energy pathways are changed when dreissenid mussels become established. Importantly, these effects were noted across multiple, large, and complex ecosystems spanning a broad geographic area. Our study underscores the potential for aquatic invasive species to alter key ecosystem services as demonstrated here through their impacts on energy pathways supporting a commercially harvested fish species.}, }
@article {pmid28369815, year = {2017}, author = {Chapman, DS and Scalone, R and Štefanić, E and Bullock, JM}, title = {Mechanistic species distribution modeling reveals a niche shift during invasion.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {6}, pages = {1671-1680}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1835}, pmid = {28369815}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Ambrosia ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Niche shifts of nonnative plants can occur when they colonize novel climatic conditions. However, the mechanistic basis for niche shifts during invasion is poorly understood and has rarely been captured within species distribution models. We quantified the consequence of between-population variation in phenology for invasion of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) across Europe. Ragweed is of serious concern because of its harmful effects as a crop weed and because of its impact on public health as a major aeroallergen. We developed a forward mechanistic species distribution model based on responses of ragweed development rates to temperature and photoperiod. The model was parameterized and validated from the literature and by reanalyzing data from a reciprocal common garden experiment in which native and invasive populations were grown within and beyond the current invaded range. It could therefore accommodate between-population variation in the physiological requirements for flowering, and predict the potentially invaded ranges of individual populations. Northern-origin populations that were established outside the generally accepted climate envelope of the species had lower thermal requirements for bud development, suggesting local adaptation of phenology had occurred during the invasion. The model predicts that this will extend the potentially invaded range northward and increase the average suitability across Europe by 90% in the current climate and 20% in the future climate. Therefore, trait variation observed at the population scale can trigger a climatic niche shift at the biogeographic scale. For ragweed, earlier flowering phenology in established northern populations could allow the species to spread beyond its current invasive range, substantially increasing its risk to agriculture and public health. Mechanistic species distribution models offer the possibility to represent niche shifts by varying the traits and niche responses of individual populations. Ignoring such effects could substantially underestimate the extent and impact of invasions.}, }
@article {pmid28369561, year = {2017}, author = {Théry, T and Brockerhoff, EG and Carnegie, AJ and Chen, R and Elms, SR and Hullé, M and Glatz, R and Ortego, J and Qiao, GX and Turpeau, &#xc9; and Favret, C}, title = {EF-1α DNA Sequences Indicate Multiple Origins of Introduced Populations of Essigella californica (Hemiptera: Aphididae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {3}, pages = {1269-1274}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox026}, pmid = {28369561}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/*genetics ; Buchnera/*genetics ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Insect Proteins/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics ; Peptide Elongation Factor 1/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Aphids in the pine-feeding Nearctic genus Essigella (Sternorrhyncha, Aphididae, Lachninae) have been introduced in Europe, North Africa, Oceania, and South America. Mitochondrial, nuclear, and endosymbiont DNA sequences of 12 introduced populations from three continents confirm they all belong to Essigella californica (Essig, 1909). Intron sequence variation of the nuclear gene EF-1α has revealed the existence of four distinct groups. Group I gathers one population from China, where the species is newly reported, and several from Europe (France and Italy); Group II is represented by one population from Argentina; Group III includes two populations from Southern Australia with one from New Zealand; and Group IV corresponds to five populations from Eastern and South-Eastern Australia. These results indicate that introduced populations of E. californica have at least four source populations. They also show that intron variation of EF-1α can be a method to discriminate populations of asexually reproducing aphids.}, }
@article {pmid28369384, year = {2017}, author = {Grilli, MP and Fachinetti, R}, title = {The Role of Sex and Mating Status in the Expansion Process of Arhopalus rusticus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)-an Exotic Cerambycid in Argentina.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {714-721}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvx066}, pmid = {28369384}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Argentina ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Female ; *Flight, Animal ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {In Córdoba province, central Argentina, there is an area of introduced pine trees, in which an invading Cerambycid, Arhopalus rusticus (L.), was detected in this region for the first time in 2006. The species has since expanded its range until it now occupies the whole area. Arhopalus rusticus is a common species in pine forests of the northern hemisphere. In this paper, we analyze how sex and mating status affects flight performance and the potential distribution of this species. The study was performed with individuals collected from introduced pine forests in the center-west of Córdoba Province (Argentina). The dispersal capability of A. rusticus was determined by measuring flight speed and distance traveled by recently emerged mated and unmated A. rusticus in flight mills. Data of preflight body weight, postflight body weight, body length, and elytron size were obtained from the individuals that were flown in the flight mill. We found that females had a greater body length, weighed more, had longer elytra, and were stronger flyers than males. We also found that mated individuals flew faster and longer distances than unmated individuals, and consumed a smaller fraction of their body weight. A positive ratio was observed between elytra size and flight speed. A map of males' and females' dispersal distances was produced for the study region, using the adjusted dispersal distance distribution of males and females. The flight performance showed that, as females disperse after copulation, they increase the chances of establishing the species in unoccupied areas.}, }
@article {pmid28369231, year = {2017}, author = {Barbosa, TM and Carmo, RFR and Silva, LP and Sales, RG and Vasconcelos, SD}, title = {Diversity of Sarcosaprophagous Calyptratae (Diptera) on Sandy Beaches Exposed to Increasing Levels of Urbanization in Brazil.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {460-469}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvx059}, pmid = {28369231}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Bathing Beaches ; *Biodiversity ; Brazil ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Diptera/*physiology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Muscidae/physiology ; Sarcophagidae/physiology ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Sandy beaches are among the most impacted ecosystems worldwide, and the effects of urbanization on the biodiversity of these habitats are largely unknown, particularly in Brazil. We investigated the composition and structure of assemblages of sarcosaprophagous insects (Diptera: Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, and Muscidae) on six sandy beaches exposed to differential levels of human impact in Pernambuco State, Brazil. In total, 20,672 adults of 40 species were collected, of which 70% were Calliphoridae. Sarcophagidae had the highest diversity with 26 species of nine genera. A strong overlap in the composition of the assemblages across the six beaches was observed, with only a few species being restricted to one type of beach. The flesh flies Dexosarcophaga carvalhoi (Lopes), Peckia intermutans (Walker), and Titanogrypa larvicida (Lopes) occurred exclusively in beaches under low anthropogenic impact. Species with strong medical and veterinary importance such as Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Wulp) occurred even in beaches under low human presence. The invasive species Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) and Chrysomya megacephala (F.) (Calliphoridae) were dominant in all beaches, which exposes the vulnerability of sandy beaches to exotic species. Our data imply that sarcosaprophagous flies can be used as early biological indicators to suggest urbanization in coastal environments.}, }
@article {pmid28369229, year = {2017}, author = {Keet, JH and Ellis, AG and Hui, C and Le Roux, JJ}, title = {Legume-rhizobium symbiotic promiscuity and effectiveness do not affect plant invasiveness.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {119}, number = {8}, pages = {1319-1331}, pmid = {28369229}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Australia ; Fabaceae/*microbiology ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Rhizobium/*physiology ; South Africa ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen is thought to play an important role in the invasion success of legumes. Interactions between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia) span a continuum of specialization, and promiscuous legumes are thought to have higher chances of forming effective symbioses in novel ranges. Using Australian Acacia species in South Africa, it was hypothesized that widespread and highly invasive species will be more generalist in their rhizobial symbiotic requirements and more effective in fixing atmospheric nitrogen compared with localized and less invasive species.<br><br>METHODS: To test these hypotheses, eight localized and 11 widespread acacias were examined using next-generation sequencing data for the nodulation gene, nodC , to compare the identity, species richness, diversity and compositional similarity of rhizobia associated with these acacias. Stable isotope analysis was also used to determine levels of nitrogen obtained from the atmosphere via symbiotic nitrogen fixation.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: No differences were found in richness, diversity and community composition between localized and widespread acacias. Similarly, widespread and localized acacias did not differ in their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. However, for some species by site comparisons, significant differences in &#x3b4;15N isotopic signatures were found, indicating differential symbiotic effectiveness between these species at specific localities.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results support recent findings that root nodule rhizobial diversity and community composition do not differ between acacias that vary in their invasiveness. Differential invasiveness of acacias in South Africa is probably linked to attributes such as differences in propagule pressure, reasons for (e.g. forestry vs. ornamental) and extent of, plantings in the country.}, }
@article {pmid28369128, year = {2017}, author = {Bleeker, K and de Jong, K and van Kessel, N and Hinde, CA and Nagelkerke, LA}, title = {Evidence for ontogenetically and morphologically distinct alternative reproductive tactics in the invasive Round Goby Neogobius melanostomus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e0174828}, pmid = {28369128}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Body Size ; Female ; Gonads/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Netherlands ; Perciformes/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Principal Component Analysis ; Regression Analysis ; *Reproduction ; Rivers ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Skin Pigmentation ; }, abstract = {Alternative reproductive tactics are characterized by the occurrence of discrete alternative morphs that differ in behavioural, morphological and physiological traits within the same sex. Although much effort has been made to describe the behaviour, morphology and physiology of such alternative morphs, less effort has been invested investigating how much overlap there is in the characteristics of such morphs in natural populations. We studied random population samples of the invasive Round Goby Neogobius melanostomus from five different localities in the river Rhine system in the Netherlands. We found two morphologically and physiologically distinct male morphs which likely represent alternative reproductive tactics. Almost all mature males under 9.35 cm total length had a gonadosomatic index > 3%, suggestive of a sneaker tactic, while nearly all males above 9.35 cm has a gonadosomatic index of < 3%, suggestive of a parental tactic. Cheek size and eye diameter alone were sufficient to distinguish the two morphs. Gonads had a different relationship with size in the two morphs, indicating separate growth trajectories. The gonad mass of sneaker morphs would be ca. 7.5 times as high as the gonad mass of parental morphs of the same total length after extrapolation. Few (9%) intermediates were found, suggesting that the expression of alternative reproductive tactics is determined before the first breeding season. This contrasts with studies on other goby species, which show evidence of plastic tactics that can be affected by social circumstances. We conclude that it is possible to distinguish two alternative male morphs in the Dutch Round Goby population using morphological measurements alone. Although behavioural observations are needed to provide conclusive evidence, the difference in GSI between these morphs indicates that these morphs reflect alternative reproductive tactics.}, }
@article {pmid28367369, year = {2017}, author = {Montes, M and Rico, JM and García-Vazquez, E and Borrell Pichs, YJ}, title = {Molecular barcoding confirms the presence of exotic Asian seaweeds (Pachymeniopsis gargiuli and Grateloupia turuturu) in the Cantabrian Sea, Bay of Biscay.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3116}, pmid = {28367369}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The introduction of exotic species can have serious consequences for marine ecosystems. On the shores of the Cantabrian Sea (North of Spain) there are no routine examinations of seaweeds that combine molecular and morphological methods for early detection of exotic species making it difficult to assess in the early stages their establishment and expansion processes as a result of anthropogenic activities (e.g., shipping and/or aquaculture).<br><br>METHODS: In this work we used both morphological identification and molecular barcoding (COI-5P and rbcL genes) of red algae collected in Asturias, Bay of Biscay (Gij&#xf3;n and Cand&#xe1;s harbours) and from the University of Oviedo's herbarium samples.<br><br>RESULTS: The results confirmed the presence of exotic Asian seaweeds Pachymeniopsis gargiuli and Grateloupia turuturu Yamada on Cantabrian Sea shores. Several individuals of these species were fertile and developing cystocarps when collected, underlining the risk of possible expansion or continued establishment. This study constitutes the first report of the Asian P. gargiuli in this area of the Bay of Biscay.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Here the presence of the exotic species of the Halymeniales P.&#xa0;gargiuli is confirmed. We hypothesize that this species may have been established some time ago as a cryptic introduction with G. turuturu in Galician shores. The detection of these species on the shores of the Cantabrian Sea is relevant since introductions of Pachymeniopsis species could have been overlooked on other European coasts, probably mixed with G. turuturu and P. lanceolata. Our results confirm one new alien seaweed species that has been detected using molecular methods (COI-5P region and rbcL genes barcoding) on North Atlantic shores: the Asian native P. gargiuli. This demonstrates that routine screening for early detection of exotic algae in the Cantabrian Sea can be used for risk assessment. Genetic barcoding should be done using both rbcL gene and COI-5P regions since, although COI-databases are still poorer in sequences and this inhibits successful outcomes in Grateloupia-related species identifications, it is nonetheless a useful marker for species-level identifications in seaweeds.}, }
@article {pmid28366396, year = {2017}, author = {Mowe, MA and Porojan, C and Abbas, F and Mitrovic, SM and Lim, RP and Furey, A and Yeo, DC}, title = {Corrigendum to "Rising temperatures may increase growth rates and microcystin production in tropical Microcystis species" [Harmful Algae 50 88-98].}, journal = {Harmful algae}, volume = {63}, number = {}, pages = {205-206}, doi = {10.1016/j.hal.2016.07.007}, pmid = {28366396}, issn = {1878-1470}, }
@article {pmid28361964, year = {2017}, author = {Massa, R and Panariello, G and Pinchera, D and Schettino, F and Caprio, E and Griffo, R and Migliore, MD}, title = {Experimental and numerical evaluations on palm microwave heating for Red Palm Weevil pest control.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {45299}, pmid = {28361964}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Arecaceae/*parasitology ; Electromagnetic Phenomena ; Hot Temperature ; Insect Control/*instrumentation/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Microwaves ; Models, Theoretical ; Software ; Weevils ; }, abstract = {The invasive Red Palm Weevil is the major pest of palms. Several control methods have been applied, however concern is raised regarding the treatments that can cause significant environmental pollution. In this context the use of microwaves is particularly attractive. Microwave heating applications are increasingly proposed in the management of a wide range of agricultural and wood pests, exploiting the thermal death induced in the insects that have a thermal tolerance lower than that of the host matrices. This paper describes research aiming to combat the Red Palm pest using microwave heating systems. An electromagnetic-thermal model was developed to better control the temperature profile inside the palm tissues. In this process both electromagnetic and thermal parameters are involved, the latter being particularly critical depending on plant physiology. Their evaluation was carried out by fitting experimental data and the thermal model with few free parameters. The results obtained by the simplified model well match with both that of a commercial software 3D model and measurements on treated Phoenix canariensis palms with a ring microwave applicator. This work confirms that microwave heating is a promising, eco-compatible solution to fight the spread of weevil.}, }
@article {pmid28360272, year = {2017}, author = {Stokstad, E}, title = {U.N. biodiversity group confronts cash crunch.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {355}, number = {6332}, pages = {1358}, doi = {10.1126/science.355.6332.1358}, pmid = {28360272}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; *Budgets ; *Introduced Species ; Procyonidae ; United Nations ; }, }
@article {pmid28360268, year = {2017}, author = {Pecl, GT and Araújo, MB and Bell, JD and Blanchard, J and Bonebrake, TC and Chen, IC and Clark, TD and Colwell, RK and Danielsen, F and Evengård, B and Falconi, L and Ferrier, S and Frusher, S and Garcia, RA and Griffis, RB and Hobday, AJ and Janion-Scheepers, C and Jarzyna, MA and Jennings, S and Lenoir, J and Linnetved, HI and Martin, VY and McCormack, PC and McDonald, J and Mitchell, NJ and Mustonen, T and Pandolfi, JM and Pettorelli, N and Popova, E and Robinson, SA and Scheffers, BR and Shaw, JD and Sorte, CJ and Strugnell, JM and Sunday, JM and Tuanmu, MN and Vergés, A and Villanueva, C and Wernberg, T and Wapstra, E and Williams, SE}, title = {Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {355}, number = {6332}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1126/science.aai9214}, pmid = {28360268}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Food Supply ; Health ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Distributions of Earth's species are changing at accelerating rates, increasingly driven by human-mediated climate change. Such changes are already altering the composition of ecological communities, but beyond conservation of natural systems, how and why does this matter? We review evidence that climate-driven species redistribution at regional to global scales affects ecosystem functioning, human well-being, and the dynamics of climate change itself. Production of natural resources required for food security, patterns of disease transmission, and processes of carbon sequestration are all altered by changes in species distribution. Consideration of these effects of biodiversity redistribution is critical yet lacking in most mitigation and adaptation strategies, including the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals.}, }
@article {pmid28357798, year = {2017}, author = {Gentle, M and Speed, J and Allen, BL and Harris, S and Haapakoski, H and Bell, K}, title = {The longevity of para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) wild dog baits and the implications for effective and safe baiting campaigns.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {24}, number = {13}, pages = {12338-12346}, pmid = {28357798}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Administration, Oral ; Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Australia ; Dogs ; Longevity ; *Propiophenones ; }, abstract = {Considerable effort goes into mitigating the impacts caused by invasive animals and prohibiting their establishment or expansion. In Australia, management of wild dogs (Canis lupus dingo and their hybrids) and their devastating impacts is reliant upon poison baiting. The recent release of baits containing the humane toxin para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) offers potential improvements for control of wild dogs, but little is known about the environmental persistence of PAPP in manufactured baits that could be used to inform best practice guidelines. We investigated the degradation rate of PAPP wild dog baits (DOGABAIT™) under typical field usage and storage conditions in north-eastern Australia and calculated optimal deployment and withholding periods. The PAPP content of buried baits declines faster than surface-laid baits, but both presentations retained lethal doses to wild and domestic dogs for considerable periods (6-16 weeks). Domestic or working dogs should be suitably restrained or excluded from baited areas for extended periods, particularly under dry conditions, to minimise poisoning risk. The period of persistence of PAPP baits may provide opportunities to improve the duration or longer term efficacy of baiting campaigns, but care is needed to protect domestic and working dogs to ensure responsible and safe use.}, }
@article {pmid28357478, year = {2017}, author = {Davison, PI and Copp, GH and Créach, V and Vilizzi, L and Britton, JR}, title = {Application of environmental DNA analysis to inform invasive fish eradication operations.}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {104}, number = {3-4}, pages = {35}, pmid = {28357478}, issn = {1432-1904}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Cyprinidae/*genetics ; DNA/genetics ; England ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) detection of non-native species has considerable potential to inform management decisions, including identifying the need for population control and/or eradication. An invasive species of European concern is the Asian cyprinid fish, topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva). Here, eDNA analyses were applied at a commercial angling venue in southern England to inform operations aiming to eradicate P. parva, which had only ever been observed in one of the venue's seven unconnected angling ponds. Eradication of P. parva was initially attempted by repeated depletion of the population using fish traps (crayfish traps fitted with 5 mm mesh netting) and the introduction of native predators over a 4-year period. The very low number of P. parva captured following these eradication efforts suggested a possible population crash. Conventional PCR analysis of water samples using species-specific primers was applied to all seven ponds to confirm that P. parva was present in only one pond, that the eradication attempt had indeed failed and that the species' distribution in the pond appeared to be restricted to three bankside locations. The continued presence of P. parva at these locations was confirmed by subsequent trapping. Water samples from an adjacent, unconnected stream were also analysed using the eDNA methodology, but no DNA of P. parva was detected. The results suggest that further management action to eradicate P. parva be focused on the pond shown to contain the isolated P. parva population and thereby eliminate the risk of further dispersal. This study is the first to apply eDNA analysis to assess the efficacy of an eradication attempt and to provide evidence that the species was unlikely to be present in the other ponds, thus reducing the resources needed to control the species.}, }
@article {pmid28355216, year = {2017}, author = {Maslo, B and Valentin, R and Leu, K and Kerwin, K and Hamilton, GC and Bevan, A and Fefferman, NH and Fonseca, DM}, title = {Chirosurveillance: The use of native bats to detect invasive agricultural pests.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {e0173321}, pmid = {28355216}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Chiroptera/*physiology ; Crops, Agricultural/parasitology ; Ecosystem ; Heteroptera/*physiology ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Invasive insect pests cost the agricultural industry billions of dollars annually in crop losses. Timely detection of pests is critical for management efficiency. Innovative pest detection strategies, such as environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques, combined with efficient predators, maximize sampling resolution across space and time and may improve surveillance. We tested the hypothesis that temperate insectivorous bats can be important sentinels of agricultural insect pest surveillance. Specifically, we used a new high-sensitivity molecular assay for invasive brown marmorated stink bugs (Halyomorpha halys) to examine the extent to which big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) detect agricultural pests in the landscape. We documented consistent seasonal predation of stink bugs by big brown bats. Importantly, bats detected brown marmorated stink bugs 3-4 weeks earlier than the current standard monitoring tool, blacklight traps, across all sites. We highlight here the previously unrecognized potential ecosystem service of bats as agents of pest surveillance (or chirosurveillance). Additional studies examining interactions between other bat and insect pest species, coupled with comparisons of detectability among various conventional monitoring methods, are needed to verify the patterns extracted from this study. Ultimately, robust economic analyses will be needed to assess the cost-effectiveness of chirosurveillance as a standard strategy for integrated pest management.}, }
@article {pmid28352299, year = {2017}, author = {Narum, SR and Gallardo, P and Correa, C and Matala, A and Hasselman, D and Sutherland, BJ and Bernatchez, L}, title = {Genomic patterns of diversity and divergence of two introduced salmonid species in Patagonia, South America.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {402-416}, pmid = {28352299}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Invasive species have become widespread in aquatic environments throughout the world, yet there are few studies that have examined genomic variation of multiple introduced species in newly colonized environments. In this study, we contrast genomic variation in two salmonid species (anadromous Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, 11,579 SNPs and resident Brook Charr Salvelinus fontinalis, 13,522 SNPs) with differing invasion success after introduction to new environments in South America relative to populations from their native range in North America. Estimates of genetic diversity were not significantly different between introduced and source populations for either species, indicative of propagule pressure that has been shown to maintain diversity in founding populations relative to their native range. Introduced populations also demonstrated higher connectivity and gene flow than those in their native range. Evidence for candidate loci under divergent selection was observed, but was limited to specific introduced populations and was not widely evident. Patterns of genomic variation were consistent with general dispersal potential of each species and therefore also the notion that life history variation may contribute to both invasion success and subsequent genetic structure of these two salmonids in Patagonia.}, }
@article {pmid28352298, year = {2017}, author = {Cao, LJ and Wang, ZH and Gong, YJ and Zhu, L and Hoffmann, AA and Wei, SJ}, title = {Low genetic diversity but strong population structure reflects multiple introductions of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) into China followed by human-mediated spread.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {391-401}, pmid = {28352298}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Historical invasion scenarios based on observational records are usually incomplete and biased, but these can be supplemented by population genetic data. The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis, invaded China in the last 13 years and has rapidly become one of the most serious pests in the country. To assess whether this invasion involved a single event or multiple events, we examined patterns of genetic diversity and population structure of WFT across 12 Chinese populations and a native US population based on mitochondrial DNA and/or 18 microsatellite loci. The average allelic richness and haplotype diversity in Chinese populations were significantly lower than in a population from its native range. The distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes suggested multiple independent invasions of WFT into China, including two invasions into the Beijing region. Based on microsatellite data, two distinct clusters were identified, with both of them splitting further into two clusters; in the Beijing region, the microsatellite data also provided evidence for two introductions. Both the absence of isolation by distance and the fact that distant populations were similar genetically suggest patterns of WFT movement linked to human activities. Our study therefore suggests multiple introductions of WFT into China and human-assisted spread.}, }
@article {pmid28351824, year = {2017}, author = {Buchadas, A and Vaz, AS and Honrado, JP and Alagador, D and Bastos, R and Cabral, JA and Santos, M and Vicente, JR}, title = {Dynamic models in research and management of biological invasions.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {196}, number = {}, pages = {594-606}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.060}, pmid = {28351824}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Research ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are increasing in number, extent and impact worldwide. Effective invasion management has thus become a core socio-ecological challenge. To tackle this challenge, integrating spatial-temporal dynamics of invasion processes with modelling approaches is a promising approach. The inclusion of dynamic processes in such modelling frameworks (i.e. dynamic or hybrid models, here defined as models that integrate both dynamic and static approaches) adds an explicit temporal dimension to the study and management of invasions, enabling the prediction of invasions and optimisation of multi-scale management and governance. However, the extent to which dynamic approaches have been used for that purpose is under-investigated. Based on a literature review, we examined the extent to which dynamic modelling has been used to address invasions worldwide. We then evaluated how the use of dynamic modelling has evolved through time in the scope of invasive species management. The results suggest that modelling, in particular dynamic modelling, has been increasingly applied to biological invasions, especially to support management decisions at local scales. Also, the combination of dynamic and static modelling approaches (hybrid models with a spatially explicit output) can be especially effective, not only to support management at early invasion stages (from prevention to early detection), but also to improve the monitoring of invasion processes and impact assessment. Further development and testing of such hybrid models may well be regarded as a priority for future research aiming to improve the management of invasions across scales.}, }
@article {pmid28350387, year = {2017}, author = {Dyer, EE and Redding, DW and Blackburn, TM}, title = {The global avian invasions atlas, a database of alien bird distributions worldwide.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {170041}, pmid = {28350387}, issn = {2052-4463}, support = {MR/R02491X/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The introduction of species to locations where they do not naturally occur (termed aliens) can have far-reaching and unpredictable environmental and economic consequences. Therefore there is a strong incentive to stem the tide of alien species introduction and spread. In order to identify broad patterns and processes of alien invasions, a spatially referenced, global dataset on the historical introductions and alien distributions of a complete taxonomic group is required. Here we present the Global Avian Invasions Atlas (GAVIA)-a new spatial and temporal dataset comprising 27,723 distribution records for 971 alien bird species introduced to 230 countries and administrative areas spanning the period 6000BCE-AD2014. GAVIA was initiated to provide a unified database of records on alien bird introductions, incorporating records from all stages of invasion, including introductions that have failed as well as those that have succeeded. GAVIA represents the most comprehensive resource on the global distribution of alien species in any major taxon, allowing the spatial and temporal dynamics of alien bird distributions to be examined.}, }
@article {pmid28348921, year = {2017}, author = {Yuan, Y and Zhang, C and Li, D}, title = {The Effect of Artificial Mowing on the Competition of Phragmites australis and Spartina alterniflora in the Yangtze Estuary.}, journal = {Scientifica}, volume = {2017}, number = {}, pages = {7853491}, pmid = {28348921}, issn = {2090-908X}, abstract = {Spartina alterniflora Loisel. is one of the most invasive species in the world. However, little is known about the role of artificial mowing in its invasiveness and competiveness. In this work, we studied the effect of mowing on its interspecific interactions with native species Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud of the Yangtze Estuary, China. We calculated their relative neighbor effect (RNE) index, effect of relative crowding (Dr) index, and interaction strength (I) index. The results showed that the RNE of Phragmites australis and Spartina alterniflora was 0.354 and 0.619, respectively, and they have competitive interactions. The mowing treatments can significantly influence the RNE of Phragmites australis and Spartina alterniflora on each other. Concretely, the RNE of Spartina alterniflora in the removal treatments was significantly higher than the value in the controls. But the RNE of Phragmites australis in the removal treatments was significantly lower than the value in the controls. Meanwhile, Dr of the two species on the targets was higher in the removal treatments than that in the controls, and the opposite was for I. We concluded that artificial mowing could promote the invasion of Spartina alterniflora by increasing its competitive performance compared with native species.}, }
@article {pmid28348212, year = {2017}, author = {Merow, C and Bois, ST and Allen, JM and Xie, Y and Silander, JA}, title = {Climate change both facilitates and inhibits invasive plant ranges in New England.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {114}, number = {16}, pages = {E3276-E3284}, pmid = {28348212}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Berberis/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Brassicaceae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Climate Change ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; New England ; }, abstract = {Forecasting ecological responses to climate change, invasion, and their interaction must rely on understanding underlying mechanisms. However, such forecasts require extrapolation into new locations and environments. We linked demography and environment using experimental biogeography to forecast invasive and native species' potential ranges under present and future climate in New England, United States to overcome issues of extrapolation in novel environments. We studied two potentially nonequilibrium invasive plants' distributions, Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) and Berberis thunbergii (Japanese barberry), each paired with their native ecological analogs to better understand demographic drivers of invasions. Our models predict that climate change will considerably reduce establishment of a currently prolific invader (A. petiolata) throughout New England driven by poor demographic performance in warmer climates. In contrast, invasion of B. thunbergii will be facilitated because of higher growth and germination in warmer climates, with higher likelihood to establish farther north and in closed canopy habitats in the south. Invasion success is in high fecundity for both invasive species and demographic compensation for Apetiolata relative to native analogs. For A. petiolata, simulations suggest that eradication efforts would require unrealistic efficiency; hence, management should focus on inhibiting spread into colder, currently unoccupied areas, understanding source-sink dynamics, and understanding community dynamics should A. petiolata (which is allelopathic) decline. Our results-based on considerable differences with correlative occurrence models typically used for such biogeographic forecasts-suggest the urgency of incorporating mechanism into range forecasting and invasion management to understand how climate change may alter current invasion patterns.}, }
@article {pmid28348171, year = {2017}, author = {Zarif, JC and Yang, W and Hernandez, JR and Zhang, H and Pienta, KJ}, title = {The Identification of Macrophage-enriched Glycoproteins Using Glycoproteomics.}, journal = {Molecular &amp; cellular proteomics : MCP}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {1029-1037}, pmid = {28348171}, issn = {1535-9484}, support = {U01 CA143055/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; U01 CA152813/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; U24 CA210985/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; U54 CA143803/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI122382/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; U54 CA163124/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; P01 CA093900/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Cells, Cultured ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Glycoproteins/*metabolism ; Humans ; Macrophages/*metabolism ; Male ; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/*metabolism ; Proteomics ; }, abstract = {Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths of men in the United States. Whereas the localized disease is highly treatable by surgical resection and radiation, cancer that has metastasized remains incurable. Immune cells that primarily scavenge debris and promote prostate cancer angiogenesis and wound repair are M2 macrophages. They are phenotypically similar to M2 tumor-associated macrophages (M2-TAMs) and have been reported to associate with solid tumors and aide in proliferation, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. As an invasive species within the tumor microenvironment, this makes M2-TAMs an ideal therapeutic target in prostate cancer. To identify novel surface glycoproteins expressed on M2 macrophages, we developed a novel method of creating homogeneous populations of human macrophages from human CD14[+] monocytes in vitro These homogeneous M1 macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, and our M2 macrophages secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). To identify enriched surface glycoproteins, we then performed solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycopeptides followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on our homogeneous macrophage populations. We discovered five novel peptides that are enriched exclusively on human M2 macrophages relative to human M1 macrophages and human CD14[+] monocytes. Finally, we determined whether these surface glycoproteins, found enriched on M2 macrophages, were also expressed in human metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) tissues. Using mCRPC tissues from rapid autopsies, we were able to determine M2 macrophage infiltration by using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. These findings highlight the presence of macrophage infiltration in human mCRPC but also surface glycoproteins that could be used for prognosis of localized disease and for targeting strategies.}, }
@article {pmid28345193, year = {2017}, author = {Vandepitte, K and Helsen, K and Van Acker, K and Mergeay, J and Honnay, O}, title = {Retention of gene diversity during the spread of a non-native plant species.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {12}, pages = {3141-3150}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14119}, pmid = {28345193}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; Brassicaceae/*genetics ; Gene Frequency ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Spatial expansion, which is a crucial stage in the process to successful biological invasion, is anticipated to profoundly affect the magnitude and spatial distribution of genetic diversity in novel colonized areas. Here, we show that, contrasting common expectations, Pyrenean rocket (Sisymbrium austriacum), retained SNP diversity as this introduced plant species descended in the Meuse River Basin. Allele frequencies did not mirror between-population distances along the predominant expansion axis. Reconstruction of invasion history based on the genotypes of historical herbarium specimens indicated no influence of additional introductions or multiple points of entry on this nongradual pattern. Assignment analysis suggested the admixture of distant upstream sources in recently founded downstream populations. River dynamics seem to have facilitated occasional long-distance dispersal which brought diversity to the expansion front and so maintained evolutionary potential. Our findings highlight the merit of a historical framework in interpreting extant patterns of genetic diversity in introduced species and underscore the need to integrate long-distance dispersal events in theoretical work on the genetic consequences of range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid28343579, year = {2017}, author = {Frizzi, F and Bartalesi, V and Santini, G}, title = {Combined effects of temperature and interspecific competition on the mortality of the invasive garden ant, Lasius neglectus: A laboratory study.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {65}, number = {}, pages = {76-81}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.02.007}, pmid = {28343579}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Climate Change ; Competitive Behavior ; Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The invasive garden ant, Lasius neglectus, is a dominant species due to its capacity to form large supercolonies. This species was assumed to possess a wide thermal niche since it is able to adapt to cold climates, which is a factor that boosted its rapid expansion from south to many central-northern European Countries. However, the effect of variations in environmental temperatures on its competitive ability against other species has still not been investigated. In this paper, we analyzed the change in survival ability of Lasius neglectus during encounters with two Mediterranean dominant ants (Crematogaster scutellaris and Tapinoma nigerrimum) at four different temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30°C). Firstly, control tests were performed to provide the baseline survival ability of the three species at different temperatures. Secondly, competition tests were carried out at the same temperatures. Lasius neglectus survival was negatively affected by high temperature (30°C) in control tests, and this impairment was much more pronounced in competition tests. On the contrary, the two opponent species were only marginally affected by temperatures in control tests. Crematogaster scutellaris was a better competitor than L. neglectus, particularly at high temperatures. Tapinoma nigerrimum was a weaker competitor and was always outcompeted by L. neglectus, particularly at low temperatures. This result could suggest that L. neglectus is at a disadvantage during interspecific encounters when temperatures are high and that the predicted future increase in environmental temperatures may potentially enhance this handicap.}, }
@article {pmid28343564, year = {2017}, author = {Tiatragul, S and Kurniawan, A and Kolbe, JJ and Warner, DA}, title = {Embryos of non-native anoles are robust to urban thermal environments.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {65}, number = {}, pages = {119-124}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.02.021}, pmid = {28343564}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Ecosystem ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/*embryology/physiology ; Male ; Ovum/physiology ; Temperature ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {The transformation of natural habitats into urban landscapes dramatically alters thermal environments, which in turn, can impact local biota. Ectothermic organisms that are oviparous are particularly sensitive to these altered environments because their embryos cannot behaviorally thermoregulate and the surrounding environment determines the temperature experienced during development. We studied the effects of urban and forested thermal environments on embryo development and hatchling phenotypes in two non-native lizards (Anolis sagrei and A. cristatellus) in metropolitan Miami, Florida. To determine if embryos from urban and forested sites are adapted to their respective thermal environments, we incubated eggs from each site using temperatures that simulate likely nest conditions in both urban and forested environments. For both species, urban thermal environments accelerated embryonic development, but had no impact on egg survival or any of the phenotypic traits that were measured (e.g., body size, running performance, and locomotor behavior). Our results provide no evidence that embryos from urban and forested sites are adapted to their respective thermal environments. Instead, the lack of any major effects suggest that embryos of both species are physiologically robust with respect to novel environments, which could have facilitated their success in establishing in non-native ranges and in human-modified landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid28340301, year = {2017}, author = {Bezeng, BS and Davies, TJ and Daru, BH and Kabongo, RM and Maurin, O and Yessoufou, K and van der Bank, H and van der Bank, M}, title = {Ten years of barcoding at the African Centre for DNA Barcoding.}, journal = {Genome}, volume = {60}, number = {7}, pages = {629-638}, doi = {10.1139/gen-2016-0198}, pmid = {28340301}, issn = {1480-3321}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Chloroplast Proteins/genetics ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods/*trends ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Plants/*classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {The African Centre for DNA Barcoding (ACDB) was established in 2005 as part of a global initiative to accurately and rapidly survey biodiversity using short DNA sequences. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene (CO1) was rapidly adopted as the de facto barcode for animals. Following the evaluation of several candidate loci for plants, the Plant Working Group of the Consortium for the Barcoding of Life in 2009 recommended that two plastid genes, rbcLa and matK, be adopted as core DNA barcodes for terrestrial plants. To date, numerous studies continue to test the discriminatory power of these markers across various plant lineages. Over the past decade, we at the ACDB have used these core DNA barcodes to generate a barcode library for southern Africa. To date, the ACDB has contributed more than 21 000 plant barcodes and over 3000 CO1 barcodes for animals to the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD). Building upon this effort, we at the ACDB have addressed questions related to community assembly, biogeography, phylogenetic diversification, and invasion biology. Collectively, our work demonstrates the diverse applications of DNA barcoding in ecology, systematics, evolutionary biology, and conservation.}, }
@article {pmid28336053, year = {2017}, author = {Pickering, TR and Poirier, LA and Barrett, TJ and McKenna, S and Davidson, J and Quijón, PA}, title = {Non-indigenous predators threaten ecosystem engineers: Interactive effects of green crab and oyster size on American oyster mortality.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {127}, number = {}, pages = {24-31}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.03.002}, pmid = {28336053}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura/*physiology ; Crassostrea/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; United States ; }, abstract = {Non-indigenous green crabs (Carcinus maenas) are emerging as important predators of autogenic engineers like American oysters (Crassostrea virginica) throughout the eastern seaboard of Canada and the United States. To document the spreading distribution of green crabs, we carried out surveys in seven sites of Prince Edward Island during three fall seasons. To assess the potential impact of green crabs on oyster mortality in relation to predator and prey size, we conducted multiple predator-prey manipulations in the field and laboratory. The surveys confirmed an ongoing green crab spread into new productive oyster habitats while rapidly increasing in numbers in areas where crabs had established already. The experiments measured mortality rates on four sizes of oysters exposed to three sizes of crab, and lasted 3-5 days. The outcomes of experiments conducted in Vexar[®] bags, laboratory tanks and field cages were consistent and were heavily dependent on both crab size and oyster size: while little predation occurred on large oysters, large and medium green crabs preyed heavily on small sizes. Oysters reached a refuge within the 35-55 mm shell length range; below that range, oysters suffered high mortality due to green crab predation and thus require management measures to enhance their survival. These results are most directly applicable to aquaculture operations and restoration initiatives but have implications for oyster sustainability.}, }
@article {pmid28334362, year = {2017}, author = {Rice, KB and Short, BD and Leskey, TC}, title = {Development of an Attract-and-Kill Strategy for Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae): Evaluation of Attracticidal Spheres Under Laboratory and Field Conditions.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {2}, pages = {535-542}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow319}, pmid = {28334362}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Crop Protection/instrumentation/*methods ; Drosophila/*drug effects ; Drug Combinations ; Guanidines/pharmacology ; Insect Control/methods ; Insecticides/*pharmacology ; Macrolides/pharmacology ; Neonicotinoids ; Nitro Compounds/pharmacology ; Rubus ; West Virginia ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an invasive, polyphagous fruit fly that attacks soft-skinned fruits. Originally from Asia, D. suzukii has successfully invaded the United States and the European and South American countries. At present, calendar-based insecticide applications are used to combat D. suzukii. Here, we evaluate a behaviorally based attract-and-kill management technique using attracticidal spheres to reduce D. suzukii infestations in raspberries. In laboratory bioassays aimed at identifying effective toxicants, attracticidal spheres containing dinotefuran at 1.0% a.i. killed 100% of D. suzukii within 5 min. Spinetoram, spinosad, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin (CS) and lambda-cyhalothrin (WG), all at 1.0% a.i., killed 100% of D. suzukii within 24 h. In field trials, statistically equivalent infestation rates were recorded in raspberry plots protected by attracticidal spheres containing 1.0% a.i. spinetoram compared with standard weekly insecticide applications. In field trials using 1.0% a.i. dinotefuran, attracticidal spheres decreased D. suzukii infestations compared with control plots, but insecticide applications were more effective at reducing D. suzukii infestations, although differences in harvesting practices likely affected fly population densities and infestation rates in both years. Attracticidal spheres effectively attract and kill D. suzukii and reduce infestations rates under field conditions, indicating that this behavioral strategy holds promise in D. suzukii management.}, }
@article {pmid28334271, year = {2017}, author = {Mujica, N and Sporleder, M and Carhuapoma, P and Kroschel, J}, title = {A Temperature-Dependent Phenology Model for Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {3}, pages = {1333-1344}, pmid = {28334271}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Diptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Female ; Life Tables ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Peru ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) is an economically important and highly polyphagous worldwide pest. To establish a temperature-dependent phenology model, essential for understanding the development and growth of the pest population under a variety of climates and as part of a pest risk analysis, L. huidobrensis life-table data were collected under laboratory conditions at seven constant temperatures on its host faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Several nonlinear equations were fitted to each life stage to model the temperature-dependent population growth and species life history and finally compile an overall temperature-dependent pest phenology model using the Insect Life Cycle Modeling (ILCYM) software. Liriomyza huidobrensis completed development from egg to adult in all temperatures evaluated, except at 32 °C, which was lethal to pupae. Eggs did not develop at 35 °C. Mean development time of all immature stages decreased with increasing temperature. Nonlinear models predicted optimal temperature for immature survival between 20-25 °C (32-38% mortality of all immature stages). Life-table parameters simulated at constant temperatures indicated that L. huidobrensis develops within the range of 12-28 °C. Simulated life-table for predicting the population dynamics of L. huidobrensis under two contrasting environments showed that lowland temperatures at the coast of Peru (250 m.a.s.l.) presented better conditions for a potential population increase than highland (3,400 m.a.s.l.) conditions. The presented model linked with Geographic Information Systems will allow pest risk assessments in different environmental regions to support the regulation of pest movement to prevent pest entry into not-yet invaded regions as well as to implement effective management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid28334259, year = {2017}, author = {Wilson, BE and Beuzelin, JM and Reagan, TE}, title = {Population Distribution and Range Expansion of the Invasive Mexican Rice Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Louisiana.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, pages = {175-182}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvx036}, pmid = {28334259}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Louisiana ; Male ; Moths/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is an invasive pest that was first introduced into southern Texas in 1980 and has been expanding its range eastward along the United States Gulf Coast. The pest attacks rice (Oryza sativa L.), sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), corn (Zea mays L.), and other graminaceous crops, and its establishment in Louisiana is expected to have severe economic impacts on crop production. Range expansion and population distribution of E. loftini were monitored with a network of 77 pheromone traps throughout southwestern Louisiana from 2013 to 2015. Eoreuma loftini was ubiquitous throughout the study region, with male moths captured in every habitat sampled. Spatial analysis revealed the population is characterized by high and low density clusters, with the greatest trap captures occurring in southeastern Calcasieu Parish and southern Jefferson Davis Parish. Trap captures in more northern regions of the study were lower than in southern parishes. Trap captures in areas where the pest has been established for >3 yr were greatest in rice habitats. The weighted mean population center moved eastward at a rate of ∼11 km per year. Human-aided movement of E. loftini was probably not involved in the eastward expansion documented during this study. Seasonal population peaks were detected in March-April, July-August, and October-November. This study indicates this species is continuing its spread eastward along the United States Gulf Coast and will likely become established throughout Louisiana within the next 20 yr.}, }
@article {pmid28334256, year = {2017}, author = {Kokocinski, M and Gagala, I and Jasser, I and Karosiene, J and Kasperoviciene, J and Kobos, J and Koreiviene, J and Soininen, J and Szczurowska, A and Woszczyk, M and Mankiewicz-Boczek, J}, title = {Distribution of invasive Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in the East-Central Europe is driven by climatic and local environmental variables.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fix035}, pmid = {28334256}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {Cyanobacteria/physiology ; Cylindrospermopsis/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Environmental Monitoring ; Europe ; Global Warming ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes/microbiology ; Lithuania ; Phytoplankton ; Poland ; Seasons ; Temperature ; *Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Mechanisms behind expansion of an invasive cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii have not been fully resolved, and different hypotheses, such as global warming, are suggested. In the East-Central Europe, it is widely occurring in western part of Poland but only in single locations in the East due to some limiting factors. Therefore, broad-scale phytoplankton survey including 117 randomly selected lakes in Poland and Lithuania was conducted. The results showed that C. raciborskii occurred widely in western part of Poland but was absent from other regions and Lithuania except one lake. The regions in which C. raciborskii was present had higher annual mean air temperature, higher maximum air temperature of the warmest month and higher minimum temperature of the coldest month, demonstrating that average air temperature, and indirectly, the duration of growing season might be more important factor driving C. raciborskii distribution than measured in situ water temperature. In turn, the presence of C. raciborskii in single localities may be more related to physiological adaptations of separated ecotype. Collectively, these results provide novel evidence on the influence of temperature on C. raciborskii distribution in East-European regions but also indicate high ecological plasticity of this species.}, }
@article {pmid28334235, year = {2017}, author = {Tewksbury, L and Casagrande, RA and Cappuccino, N and Kenis, M}, title = {Establishment of Parasitoids of the Lily Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in North America.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, pages = {226-236}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvx049}, pmid = {28334235}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Europe ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/parasitology/physiology ; Male ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Rhode Island ; Wasps/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Three larval parasitoids were imported from Europe to control the lily leaf beetle, Lilioceris lilii Scopoli (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), an accidentally introduced herbivore of native and cultivated lilies in North America. Tetrastichus setifer Thomson (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was introduced in Massachusetts in 1999, and was found to be established there in 2002. Subsequent releases of T. setifer were made and two additional parasitoids, Lemophagus errabundus Szepligeti (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Diaparsis jucunda (Holmgren) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), were introduced. The establishment and distribution of the three parasitoids was evaluated through 2016. Tetrastichus setifer is now established in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Maine, Connecticut, and Ontario, Canada. Lemophagus errabundus is established in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and D. jucunda is established in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Maine. All three parasitoids have spread at least 10 km from release sites. The establishment of T. setifer is associated with a substantial reduction of L. lilii. In time it is likely that the parasitoids will spread throughout the North American range of L. lilii. This process can be accelerated to protect ornamental and native lilies by collecting and redistributing parasitoids to new infestations of L. lilii.}, }
@article {pmid28334221, year = {2017}, author = {Vander Meer, RK and Milne, DE}, title = {Enhanced Pest Ant Control With Hydrophobic Bait.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {2}, pages = {567-574}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow300}, pmid = {28334221}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/drug effects ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insecticides/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Olfactometry/methods ; Pyridines/chemistry/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Buren), left most of its natural enemies behind in South America when it arrived in Mobile, AL, in the 1930s and spread rapidly throughout the southeastern United States, reaching population levels up to 10 times those found in South America. The large population densities and propensity for disturbed habitats led to direct conflict with human activities. Bait control methods were first developed for fire ants in the early 1960s and little has changed in the subsequent decades, despite the drawback that the bait carrier rapidly breaks down when wet. The southeast United States is wet; thus, bait labels have various guidance-restricting applications based on potential wet conditions. Here we compare a hydrophobic fire ant bait to the equivalent standard bait formulation and demonstrate in a paired-mound field experiment under natural wet conditions in Florida (heavy dew on ground), a significant advantage for the hydrophobic bait. An effective hydrophobic ant bait would extend the utility of current bait insecticides to wet conditions and also fill an important gap in our ability to control invasive pest ant species that thrive in wet tropical and subtropical habitats, e.g., Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger), the little fire ant.}, }
@article {pmid28334195, year = {2017}, author = {Woodley, SE and Zamora, BA and Coffey, T}, title = {Environmental Variables Influence the Association of Eustenopus villosus and Larinus curtus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Adults With Different Growth Stages of the Invasive Thistle Centaurea solstitialis (Asteraceae: Cardueae) in Washington State.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, pages = {383-392}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvx033}, pmid = {28334195}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Centaurea/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Soil/chemistry ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; Washington ; Weevils/*physiology ; }, abstract = {A 2-yr (2014-2015) field study in eastern Washington State quantified the effect of environmental factors on the overwintered Eustenopus villosus (Boheman) and Larinus curtus (Hochhut) adults in relation to phenology of Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae: Cardueae), the feeding and breeding host for these two weevil biocontrol agents. We recorded in the study area: ambient and soil temperatures, soil moisture, percent cover and developmental stage of C. solstitialis, and presence of adults of each weevil species. Sampling took place from early May to mid-August. Weevil activity for both species in both years was segregated into three phases: 1 - a pre-appearance phase in which neither species was detected, 2 - appearance and increase in frequency, and 3 - decrease in frequency. Eustenopus villosus increase in frequency was most strongly associated with warming temperatures both years. Larinus curtus increase in frequency in 2014 was most associated with increasing C. solstitialis cover and in 2015 with warming temperatures and drying soils. In both years, both weevil species' decline in frequency was likely due to the advancing C. solstitialis phenology. This pattern indicates that the appearance and increase in frequency of the overwintered E. villosus and L. curtus adults was likely a function of warming temperatures. Both species' decline in frequency was likely a function of the weevils completing their life cycle in synchrony with the phenological advancement of C. solstitialis and decline of abundant breeding and foraging sites (buds and flowers).}, }
@article {pmid28334171, year = {2017}, author = {Aigner, BL and Kuhar, TP and Herbert, DA and Brewster, CC and Hogue, JW and Aigner, JD}, title = {Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Infestations in Tree Borders and Subsequent Patterns of Abundance in Soybean Fields.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {2}, pages = {487-490}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tox047}, pmid = {28334171}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Ailanthus ; Animals ; Crop Protection/methods ; Heteroptera/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; *Glycine max ; *Trees ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {The invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an important pest of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) in the Mid-Atlantic United States. In order to assess the influence of nonmanaged wooded borders on H. halys infestation patterns in soybean, 12 soybean fields in Orange and Madison Counties, VA, were sampled each week from July to October in 2013 or 2014 for H. halys. At each location, five 2-min visual counts of H. halys life stages were made on tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima Mill.) and other favorable host trees along a wooded border, on the adjacent soybean edge, 15 m into the soybean field, and 30 m into the field. Seasonal data showed a clear trend at all locations of H. halys densities building up on A. altissima-dominated wooded borders in July, then, gradually moving into adjacent soybean field edges later in the summer. Halyomorpha halys did not move far from the invading field edge, with approximately half as many bugs being present at 15 m into the field and very few being detected 30 m into the field. These results have implications for continued monitoring and management using field border sprays, particularly on edges adjacent to woods.}, }
@article {pmid28334163, year = {2017}, author = {Kuhar, TP and Short, BD and Krawczyk, G and Leskey, TC}, title = {Deltamethrin-Incorporated Nets as an Integrated Pest Management Tool for the Invasive Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {2}, pages = {543-545}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow321}, pmid = {28334163}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Crop Production/instrumentation/*methods ; Dichlorvos/pharmacology ; Heteroptera/*drug effects ; Insect Control/methods ; Insecticides/*pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Nitriles/*pharmacology ; Nymph ; Pheromones ; Pyrethrins/*pharmacology ; West Virginia ; }, abstract = {Long-lasting insecticide nets (LLINs), which have insecticide incorporated within the fibers, have been widely used for control of malaria and other insect-vectored diseases. Only recently have researchers begun exploring their use for control of agricultural pests. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of a deltamethrin-incorporated LLIN, ZeroFly (Vestergaard-Frandsen, Washington, DC) for control of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål). In the lab, exposure to the ZeroFly net for 10 s resulted in >90% mortality of H. halys nymphs and >40% mortality of H. halys adults. Longer exposure to the net resulted in higher mortality. In another experiment, a 15-cm2 sheet of ZeroFly net placed inside of the stink bug trap provided long-lasting kill of H. halys adults equal to or better than standard dichlorvos kill strip. Potential for the use of ZeroFly nets for H. halys IPM is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid28331590, year = {2017}, author = {Ceradini, JP and Chalfoun, AD}, title = {When perception reflects reality: Non-native grass invasion alters small mammal risk landscapes and survival.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, pages = {1823-1835}, pmid = {28331590}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Modification of habitat structure due to invasive plants can alter the risk landscape for wildlife by, for example, changing the quality or availability of refuge habitat. Whether perceived risk corresponds with actual fitness outcomes, however, remains an important open question. We simultaneously measured how habitat changes due to a common invasive grass (cheatgrass, Bromus tectorum) affected the perceived risk, habitat selection, and apparent survival of a small mammal, enabling us to assess how well perceived risk influenced important behaviors and reflected actual risk. We measured perceived risk by nocturnal rodents using a giving-up density foraging experiment with paired shrub (safe) and open (risky) foraging trays in cheatgrass and native habitats. We also evaluated microhabitat selection across a cheatgrass gradient as an additional assay of perceived risk and behavioral responses for deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) at two spatial scales of habitat availability. Finally, we used mark-recapture analysis to quantify deer mouse apparent survival across a cheatgrass gradient while accounting for detection probability and other habitat features. In the foraging experiment, shrubs were more important as protective cover in cheatgrass-dominated habitats, suggesting that cheatgrass increased perceived predation risk. Additionally, deer mice avoided cheatgrass and selected shrubs, and marginally avoided native grass, at two spatial scales. Deer mouse apparent survival varied with a cheatgrass-shrub interaction, corresponding with our foraging experiment results, and providing a rare example of a native plant mediating the effects of an invasive plant on wildlife. By synthesizing the results of three individual lines of evidence (foraging behavior, habitat selection, and apparent survival), we provide a rare example of linkage between behavioral responses of animals indicative of perceived predation risk and actual fitness outcomes. Moreover, our results suggest that exotic grass invasions can influence wildlife populations by altering risk landscapes and survival.}, }
@article {pmid28331047, year = {2017}, author = {Bullivant, G and Martinou, AF}, title = {Ascension Island: a survey to assess the presence of Zika virus vectors.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps}, volume = {163}, number = {5}, pages = {347-354}, doi = {10.1136/jramc-2016-000730}, pmid = {28331047}, issn = {0035-8665}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Islands ; Culex/*virology ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*virology ; Larva ; Water/parasitology ; Zika Virus/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Zika Virus Infection/prevention &amp; control/transmission/virology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIM: Following concerns regarding the spread of Zika virus, Joint Services Health Unit (Cyprus) were tasked to carry out a mosquito survey on the Ascension Island, South Atlantic. This was to determine if vectors of the virus such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus were introduced and established on the Island.<br><br>METHODS: An extensive survey of residential areas and natural habitats was initiated in order to collect mosquito larvae and adults by methods such as larval sampling, adult trapping and human landing catches.<br><br>RESULTS: A. aegypti or A. albopictus were not collected by any of the three methods employed. Culex quinquefasciatus was the only species collected by all three methods. C. quinquefasciatus is a vector of lymphatic filariasis that can easily be transported by human means by air or sea. It is a container breeding species that lives in close proximity to human settlements and can cause significant amount of nuisance.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Ascension Island is connected by air and sea with areas of the world where container breeding species such as A. albopictus and A. aegypti are established, therefore, it is not unlikely that these species become introduced to Ascension in the future. Sound surveillance on Ascension is imperative in order to act as an early warning and rapid response system for invasive mosquito species as well as a guide for the implementation of control measures against C. quinquefasciatus.}, }
@article {pmid28327946, year = {2017}, author = {Xu, J and Bian, C and Chen, K and Liu, G and Jiang, Y and Luo, Q and You, X and Peng, W and Li, J and Huang, Y and Yi, Y and Dong, C and Deng, H and Zhang, S and Zhang, H and Shi, Q and Xu, P}, title = {Draft genome of the Northern snakehead, Channa argus.}, journal = {GigaScience}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {1-5}, pmid = {28327946}, issn = {2047-217X}, mesh = {Animals ; Computational Biology/methods ; *Genome ; Genome Size ; *Genomics/methods ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Multigene Family ; Perciformes/classification/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; }, abstract = {The Northern snakehead (Channa argus), a member of the Channidae family of the Perciformes, is an economically important freshwater fish native to East Asia. In North America, it has become notorious as an intentionally released invasive species. Its ability to breathe air with gills and migrate short distances over land makes it a good model for bimodal breath research. Therefore, recent research has focused on the identification of relevant candidate genes. Here, we performed whole genome sequencing of C. argus to construct its draft genome, aiming to offer useful information for further functional studies and identification of target genes related to its unusual facultative air breathing. Findings: We assembled the C. argus genome with a total of 140.3 Gb of raw reads, which were sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq2000 platform. The final draft genome assembly was approximately 615.3 Mb, with a contig N50 of 81.4 kb and scaffold N50 of 4.5 Mb. The identified repeat sequences account for 18.9% of the whole genome. The 19 877 protein-coding genes were predicted from the genome assembly, with an average of 10.5 exons per gene. Conclusion: We generated a high-quality draft genome of C. argus, which will provide a valuable genetic resource for further biomedical investigations of this economically important teleost fish.}, }
@article {pmid28323903, year = {2017}, author = {Dos Santos, LA and Mendes, MF and Krüger, AP and Blauth, ML and Gottschalk, MS and Garcia, FR}, title = {Global potential distribution of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {e0174318}, pmid = {28323903}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; *Climate ; Crops, Agricultural/*parasitology ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Environment ; Geography ; Introduced Species/*trends ; *Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is a species native to Western Asia that is able to pierce intact fruit during egg laying, causing it to be considered a fruit crop pest in many countries. Drosophila suzukii have a rapid expansion worldwide; occurrences were recorded in North America and Europe in 2008, and South America in 2013. Due to this rapid expansion, we modeled the potential distribution of this species using the Maximum Entropy Modeling (MaxEnt) algorithm and the Genetic Algorithm for Ruleset Production (GARP) using 407 sites with known occurrences worldwide and 11 predictor variables. After 1000 replicates, the value of the average area under the curve (AUC) of the model predictions with 1000 replicates was 0.97 for MaxEnt and 0.87 for GARP, indicating that both models had optimal performances. The environmental variables that most influenced the prediction of the MaxEnt model were the annual mean temperature, the maximum temperature of the warmest month, the mean temperature of the coldest quarter and the annual precipitation. The models indicated high environmental suitability, mainly in temperate and subtropical areas in the continents of Asia, Europe and North and South America, where the species has already been recorded. The potential for further invasions of the African and Australian continents is predicted due to the environmental suitability of these areas for this species.}, }
@article {pmid28323834, year = {2017}, author = {Dai, TM and Lü, ZC and Liu, WX and Wan, FH}, title = {Selection and validation of reference genes for qRT-PCR analysis during biological invasions: The thermal adaptability of Bemisia tabaci MED.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {e0173821}, pmid = {28323834}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acclimatization/genetics/physiology ; Algorithms ; Animals ; Gene Expression Profiling/*methods/standards/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Genes, Insect ; Genomic Instability ; Global Warming ; Hemiptera/*genetics/*physiology ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Stress, Physiological ; Temperature ; Transient Receptor Potential Channels/genetics ; }, abstract = {The Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED) cryptic species has been rapidly invading to most parts of the world owing to its strong ecological adaptability, which is considered as a model insect for stress tolerance studies under rapidly changing environments. Selection of a suitable reference gene for quantitative stress-responsive gene expression analysis based on qRT-PCR is critical for elaborating the molecular mechanisms of thermotolerance. To obtain accurate and reliable normalization data in MED, eight candidate reference genes (β-act, GAPDH, β-tub, EF1-α, GST, 18S, RPL13A and α-tub) were examined under various thermal stresses for varied time periods by using geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper algorithms, respectively. Our results revealed that β-tub and EF1-α were the best reference genes across all sample sets. On the other hand, 18S and GADPH showed the least stability for all the samples studied. β-act was proved to be highly stable only in case of short-term thermal stresses. To our knowledge this was the first comprehensive report on validation of reference genes under varying temperature stresses in MED. The study could expedite particular discovery of thermotolerance genes in MED. Further, the present results can form the basis of further research on suitable reference genes in this invasive insect and will facilitate transcript profiling in other invasive insects.}, }
@article {pmid28323391, year = {2018}, author = {Martinez-Sañudo, I and Simonato, M and Squartini, A and Mori, N and Marri, L and Mazzon, L}, title = {Metagenomic analysis reveals changes of the Drosophila suzukii microbiota in the newly colonized regions.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, pages = {833-846}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12458}, pmid = {28323391}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {613678//European Union's Seventh Framework Programme/ ; }, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bacteria/*classification ; China ; Drosophila/*microbiology ; Europe ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; *Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; United States ; }, abstract = {The spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a highly polyphagous pest of a wide variety of wild or cultivated berry and stone fruit. Originating from Southeast Asia, it has recently invaded a wide range of regions in Europe and North America. It is well known that insect microbiotas may significantly influence several aspects of the host biology and play an important role in invasive species introduction into new areas. However, in spite of the great economic importance of D. suzukii, a limited attention has been given so far to its microbiota. In this study, we present the first in-depth characterization of gut bacterial diversity from field (native and invasive range) and lab-reared populations of this insect. The gut bacterial communities of field insects were dominated, regardless of their origin, by 2 families of the phylum Proteobacteria: Acetobacteraceae and Enterobacteriaceae, while Firmicutes, mainly represented by the family Staphylococcaceae, prevailed in lab-reared population. Locality was the most significant factor in shaping the microbiota of wild flies. Moreover, a negative correlation between diversity and abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and the time elapsed since the establishment of D. suzukii in a new region was observed. Altogether our results indicate that habitat, food resources as well as the colonization phase of a new region contribute to shape the bacterial communities of the invasive species which, in turn, by evolving more quickly, could influence host adaptation in a new environment.}, }
@article {pmid28321883, year = {2017}, author = {Liu, MC and Kong, DL and Lu, XR and Huang, K and Wang, S and Wang, WB and Qu, B and Feng, YL}, title = {Higher photosynthesis, nutrient- and energy-use efficiencies contribute to invasiveness of exotic plants in a nutrient poor habitat in northeast China.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {160}, number = {4}, pages = {373-382}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.12566}, pmid = {28321883}, issn = {1399-3054}, mesh = {Carbon/*metabolism ; China ; Ecosystem ; *Energy Metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Phenotype ; Phosphorus/*metabolism ; *Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Plant Stomata/physiology ; Plants/*metabolism ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The roles of photosynthesis-related traits in invasiveness of introduced plant species are still not well elucidated, especially in nutrient-poor habitats. In addition, little effort has been made to determine the physiological causes and consequences of the difference in these traits between invasive and native plants. To address these problems, we compared the differences in 16 leaf functional traits related to light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Pmax) between 22 invasive and native plants in a nutrient-poor habitat in northeast China. The invasive plants had significantly higher Pmax , photosynthetic nitrogen- (PNUE), phosphorus- (PPUE), potassium- (PKUE) and energy-use efficiencies (PEUE) than the co-occurring natives, while leaf nutrient concentrations, construction cost (CC) and specific leaf area were not significantly different between the invasive and native plants. The higher PNUE contributed to higher Pmax for the invasive plants, which in turn contributed to higher PPUE, PKUE and PEUE. CC changed independently with other traits such as Pmax , PNUE, PPUE, PKUE and PEUE, showing two trait dimensions, which may facilitate acclimation to multifarious niche dimensions. Our results indicate that the invasive plants have a superior resource-use strategy, i.e. higher photosynthesis under similar resource investments, contributing to invasion success in the barren habitat.}, }
@article {pmid28321366, year = {2017}, author = {Rasmussen, K and Thyrring, J and Muscarella, R and Borchsenius, F}, title = {Climate-change-induced range shifts of three allergenic ragweeds (Ambrosia L.) in Europe and their potential impact on human health.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3104}, pmid = {28321366}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Invasive allergenic plant species may have severe health-related impacts. In this study we aim to predict the effects of climate change on the distribution of three allergenic ragweed species (Ambrosia spp.) in Europe and discuss the potential associated health impact. We built species distribution models based on presence-only data for three ragweed species, using MAXENT software. Future climatic habitat suitability was modeled under two IPCC climate change scenarios (RCP 6.0 and RCP 8.5). We quantify the extent of the increase in 'high allergy risk' (HAR) areas, i.e., parts of Europe with climatic conditions corresponding to the highest quartile (25%) of present day habitat suitability for each of the three species. We estimate that by year 2100, the distribution range of all three ragweed species increases towards Northern and Eastern Europe under all climate scenarios. HAR areas will expand in Europe by 27-100%, depending on species and climate scenario. Novel HAR areas will occur mostly in Denmark, France, Germany, Russia and the Baltic countries, and overlap with densely populated cities such as Paris and St. Petersburg. We conclude that areas in Europe affected by severe ragweed associated allergy problems are likely to increase substantially by year 2100, affecting millions of people. To avoid this, management strategies must be developed that restrict ragweed dispersal and establishment of new populations. Precautionary efforts should limit the spread of ragweed seeds and reduce existing populations. Only by applying cross-countries management plans can managers mitigate future health risks and economical consequences of a ragweed expansion in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid28319292, year = {2017}, author = {Valliere, JM and Irvine, IC and Santiago, L and Allen, EB}, title = {High N, dry: Experimental nitrogen deposition exacerbates native shrub loss and nonnative plant invasion during extreme drought.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {23}, number = {10}, pages = {4333-4345}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13694}, pmid = {28319292}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {California ; *Droughts ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Nitrogen ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Hotter, longer, and more frequent global change-type drought events may profoundly impact terrestrial ecosystems by triggering widespread vegetation mortality. However, severe drought is only one component of global change, and ecological effects of drought may be compounded by other drivers, such as anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition and nonnative plant invasion. Elevated N deposition, for example, may reduce drought tolerance through increased plant productivity, thereby contributing to drought-induced mortality. High N availability also often favors invasive, nonnative plant species, and the loss of woody vegetation due to drought may create a window of opportunity for these invaders. We investigated the effects of multiple levels of simulated N deposition on a Mediterranean-type shrubland plant community in southern California from 2011 to 2016, a period coinciding with an extreme, multiyear drought in the region. We hypothesized that N addition would increase native shrub productivity, but that this would increase susceptibility to drought and result in increased shrub loss over time. We also predicted that N addition would favor nonnatives, especially annual grasses, leading to higher biomass and cover of these species. Consistent with these hypotheses, we found that high N availability increased native shrub canopy loss and mortality, likely due to the higher productivity and leaf area and reduced water-use efficiency we observed in shrubs subject to N addition. As native shrub cover declined, we also observed a concomitant increase in cover and biomass of nonnative annuals, particularly under high levels of experimental N deposition. Together, these results suggest that the impacts of extended drought on shrubland ecosystems may be more severe under elevated N deposition, potentially contributing to the widespread loss of native woody species and vegetation-type conversion.}, }
@article {pmid28319283, year = {2017}, author = {Spencer, RJ and Van Dyke, JU and Thompson, MB}, title = {Critically evaluating best management practices for preventing freshwater turtle extinctions.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, pages = {1340-1349}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12930}, pmid = {28319283}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Food Chain ; Foxes/*physiology ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; Longevity ; New South Wales ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Risk ; Turtles/*physiology ; Victoria ; }, abstract = {Ex situ conservation tools, such as captive breeding for reintroduction, are considered a last resort to recover threatened or endangered species, but they may also help reduce anthropogenic threats where it is difficult or impossible to address them directly. Headstarting, or captive rearing of eggs or neonate animals for subsequent release into the wild, is controversial because it treats only a symptom of a larger conservation problem; however, it may provide a mechanism to address multiple threats, particularly near population centers. We conducted a population viability analysis of Australia's most widespread freshwater turtle, Chelodina longicollis, to determine the effect of adult roadkill (death by collision with motor vehicles), which is increasing, and reduced recruitment through nest predation from introduced European red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). We also modeled management scenarios to test the effectiveness of headstarting, fox management, and measures to reduce mortality on roads. Only scenarios with headstarting from source populations eliminated all risks of extinction and allowed population growth. Small increases in adult mortality (2%) had the greatest effect on population growth and extinction risk. Where threats simultaneously affected other life-history stages (e.g., recruitment), eliminating harvest pressures on adult females alone did not eliminate the risk of population extinction. In our models, one source population could supply enough hatchlings annually to supplement 25 other similar-sized populations such that extinction was avoided. Based on our results, we believe headstarting should be a primary tool for managing freshwater turtles for which threats affect multiple life-history stages. We advocate the creation of source populations for managing freshwater turtles that are greatly threatened at multiple life-history stages, such as depredation of eggs by invasive species and adult mortality via roadkill.}, }
@article {pmid28319119, year = {2017}, author = {Carney, KJ and Minton, MS and Holzer, KK and Miller, AW and McCann, LD and Ruiz, GM}, title = {Evaluating the combined effects of ballast water management and trade dynamics on transfers of marine organisms by ships.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {e0172468}, pmid = {28319119}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Atlantic Ocean ; Coal ; *Commerce ; *Introduced Species ; *Ships ; United States ; Water/analysis ; }, abstract = {Global trade by merchant ships is a leading mechanism for the unintentional transfer of marine organisms, including non-indigenous species, to bays and estuaries worldwide. To reduce the likelihood of new invasions, ships are increasingly being required to manage their ballast water (BW) prior to discharge in coastal waters. In the United States, most overseas arrivals have been required to manage BW discharge since 2004, primarily through ballast water exchange (BWE), which flushes out ballast tanks in the open ocean (>200 miles from shore). Studies have found BWE to generally reduce the abundance of organisms, and the amount of water exchanged has been estimated at 96-100%. Despite its widespread use, the overall effect of this management strategy on net propagule supply through time has not been explored. Here, temporal changes in zooplankton concentrations and the volume of BW discharged in Chesapeake Bay, U.S. were evaluated, comparing pre-management era and post-management era time periods. Chesapeake Bay is a large port system that receives extensive BW discharge, especially from bulk cargo vessels (bulkers) that export coal overseas. For bulkers arriving from overseas, mean zooplankton concentrations of total and coastal indicator taxa in BW did not decline between pre- (1993-2000) and post management (2012-2013) eras, when controlling for season and sampling method. Moreover, bulkers discharged 21 million tonnes (82% of total for Chesapeake Bay) of overseas BW in 2013, representing a 374% increase in volume when compared to 2005. The combination of BW discharge volume and zooplankton concentration data indicates that (a) net propagule supply by bulkers has increased since BWE began in Chesapeake Bay; and (b) changes in vessel behaviour and trade have contributed strongly to this outcome. Specifically, the coal-driven increase in BW discharge volume from 2005-2013, concurrent with the onset of BWE regulations, worked to counteract intended results from BW management. A long-term analysis of bulker arrivals (1994-2013) reveals a 20-year minimum in arrival numbers in 2000, just when the implementation of BWE began. This study underscores the need to consider shifts in trade patterns, in order to advance and evaluate effective management strategies for biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid28318560, year = {2017}, author = {Cohen, AN and Dobbs, FC and Chapman, PM}, title = {Revisiting the basis for US ballast water regulations.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {118}, number = {1-2}, pages = {348-353}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.020}, pmid = {28318560}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Phytoplankton ; Ships/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods ; Water/*standards ; Water Pollutants ; Zooplankton ; }, abstract = {The transport and release of invasive organisms in ballast water has harmed ecosystems, economic activities and human health. Current US ballast water regulations intended to minimize the discharge of such organisms are based on results reported by a scientific advisory committee in 2011. Using the same methods, we re-analyzed the data evaluated by the committee as well as new data. We find that the committee's analysis was flawed, and that some treatment systems can meet limits that are 10 times (for zooplankton) or 1000 times (for phytoplankton) more stringent than the committee reported. These findings suggest that US ballast water standards, and similar standards in a recently ratified international agreement, should be re-evaluated.}, }
@article {pmid28317278, year = {2017}, author = {Ceradini, JP and Chalfoun, AD}, title = {Species' traits help predict small mammal responses to habitat homogenization by an invasive grass.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, pages = {1451-1465}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1535}, pmid = {28317278}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Bromus/*physiology ; *Grassland ; Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; Rodentia/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Wyoming ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants can negatively affect native species, however, the strength, direction, and shape of responses may vary depending on the type of habitat alteration and the natural history of native species. To prioritize conservation of vulnerable species, it is therefore critical to effectively predict species' responses to invasive plants, which may be facilitated by a framework based on species' traits. We studied the population and community responses of small mammals and changes in habitat heterogeneity across a gradient of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) cover, a widespread invasive plant in North America. We live-trapped small mammals over two summers and assessed the effect of cheatgrass on native small mammal abundance, richness, and species-specific and trait-based occupancy, while accounting for detection probability and other key habitat elements. Abundance was only estimated for the most common species, deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). All species were pooled for the trait-based occupancy analysis to quantify the ability of small mammal traits (habitat association, mode of locomotion, and diet) to predict responses to cheatgrass invasion. Habitat heterogeneity decreased with cheatgrass cover. Deer mouse abundance increased marginally with cheatgrass. Species richness did not vary with cheatgrass, however, pocket mouse (Perognathus spp.) and harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys spp.) occupancy tended to decrease and increase, respectively, with cheatgrass cover, suggesting a shift in community composition. Cheatgrass had little effect on occupancy for deer mice, 13-lined ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus), and Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii). Species' responses to cheatgrass primarily corresponded with our a priori predictions based on species' traits. The probability of occupancy varied significantly with a species' habitat association but not with diet or mode of locomotion. When considered within the context of a rapid habitat change, such as caused by invasive plants, relevant species' traits may provide a useful framework for predicting species' responses to a variety of habitat disturbances. Understanding which species are likely to be most affected by exotic plant invasion will help facilitate more efficient, targeted management and conservation of native species and habitats.}, }
@article {pmid28316893, year = {2017}, author = {Liang, SH and Walther, BA and Shieh, BS}, title = {Contrasting determinants for the introduction and establishment success of exotic birds in Taiwan using decision trees models.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3092}, pmid = {28316893}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biological invasions have become a major threat to biodiversity, and identifying determinants underlying success at different stages of the invasion process is essential for both prevention management and testing ecological theories. To investigate variables associated with different stages of the invasion process in a local region such as Taiwan, potential problems using traditional parametric analyses include too many variables of different data types (nominal, ordinal, and interval) and a relatively small data set with too many missing values.<br><br>METHODS: We therefore used five decision tree models instead and compared their performance. Our dataset contains 283 exotic bird species which were transported to Taiwan; of these 283 species, 95 species escaped to the field successfully (introduction success); of these 95 introduced species, 36 species reproduced in the field of Taiwan successfully (establishment success). For each species, we collected 22 variables associated with human selectivity and species traits which may determine success during the introduction stage and establishment stage. For each decision tree model, we performed three variable treatments: (I) including all 22 variables, (II) excluding nominal variables, and (III) excluding nominal variables and replacing ordinal values with binary ones. Five performance measures were used to compare models, namely, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), specificity, precision, recall, and accuracy.<br><br>RESULTS: The gradient boosting models performed best overall among the five decision tree models for both introduction and establishment success and across variable treatments. The most important variables for predicting introduction success were the bird family, the number of invaded countries, and variables associated with environmental adaptation, whereas the most important variables for predicting establishment success were the number of invaded countries and variables associated with reproduction.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Our final optimal models achieved relatively high performance values, and we discuss differences in performance with regard to sample size and variable treatments. Our results showed that, for both the establishment model and introduction model, the number of invaded countries was the most important or second most important determinant, respectively. Therefore, we suggest that future success for introduction and establishment of exotic birds may be gauged by simply looking at previous success in invading other countries. Finally, we found that species traits related to reproduction were more important in establishment models than in introduction models; importantly, these determinants were not averaged but either minimum or maximum values of species traits. Therefore, we suggest that in addition to averaged values, reproductive potential represented by minimum and maximum values of species traits should be considered in invasion studies.}, }
@article {pmid28316346, year = {2017}, author = {Reise, K and Buschbaum, C and Büttger, H and Rick, J and Wegner, KM}, title = {Invasion trajectory of Pacific oysters in the northern Wadden Sea.}, journal = {Marine biology}, volume = {164}, number = {4}, pages = {68}, pmid = {28316346}, issn = {0025-3162}, abstract = {Invasion trajectories of introduced alien species usually begin with a long establishment phase of low abundance, often followed by exponential expansion and subsequent adjustment phases. We review the first 26 years of feral Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas around the island of Sylt in the Wadden Sea (North Sea, NE Atlantic), and reveal causal conditions for the invasion phases. Sea-based oyster farming with repeated introductions made establishment of feral oysters almost inevitable. Beds of mussels Mytilus edulis on mud flats offered firm substrate for attachment and ideal growth conditions around low tide level. C. gigas mapped on to the spatial pattern of mussel beds. During the 1990s, cold summers often hampered recruitment and abundances remained low but oyster longevity secured persistence. Since the 2000s, summers were often warmer and recruitment more regular. Young oysters attached to adult oysters and abundances of >1000 m[-2] were achieved. However, peak abundance was followed by recruitment failure. The population declined and then was also struck by ice winters causing high mortality. Recovery was fast (>2000 m[-2]) but then recruitment failed again. We expect adjustment phase will proceed with mean abundance of about 1000 m[-2] but density-dependent (e.g., diseases) and density-independent (e.g., weather anomalies) events causing strong fluctuations. With continued global warming, feral C. gigas at the current invasion fronts in British estuaries and Scandinavian fjords may show similar adjustment trajectories as observed in the northern Wadden Sea, and also other marine introductions may follow the invasion trajectory of Pacific oysters.}, }
@article {pmid28303178, year = {2017}, author = {Lidman, J and Jonsson, M and Burrows, RM and Bundschuh, M and Sponseller, RA}, title = {Composition of riparian litter input regulates organic matter decomposition: Implications for headwater stream functioning in a managed forest landscape.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {1068-1077}, pmid = {28303178}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Although the importance of stream condition for leaf litter decomposition has been extensively studied, little is known about how processing rates change in response to altered riparian vegetation community composition. We investigated patterns of plant litter input and decomposition across 20 boreal headwater streams that varied in proportions of riparian deciduous and coniferous trees. We measured a suite of in-stream physical and chemical characteristics, as well as the amount and type of litter inputs from riparian vegetation, and related these to decomposition rates of native (alder, birch, and spruce) and introduced (lodgepole pine) litter species incubated in coarse- and fine-mesh bags. Total litter inputs ranged more than fivefold among sites and increased with the proportion of deciduous vegetation in the riparian zone. In line with differences in initial litter quality, mean decomposition rate was highest for alder, followed by birch, spruce, and lodgepole pine (12, 55, and 68% lower rates, respectively). Further, these rates were greater in coarse-mesh bags that allow colonization by macroinvertebrates. Variance in decomposition rate among sites for different species was best explained by different sets of environmental conditions, but litter-input composition (i.e., quality) was overall highly important. On average, native litter decomposed faster in sites with higher-quality litter input and (with the exception of spruce) higher concentrations of dissolved nutrients and open canopies. By contrast, lodgepole pine decomposed more rapidly in sites receiving lower-quality litter inputs. Birch litter decomposition rate in coarse-mesh bags was best predicted by the same environmental variables as in fine-mesh bags, with additional positive influences of macroinvertebrate species richness. Hence, to facilitate energy turnover in boreal headwaters, forest management with focus on conifer production should aim at increasing the presence of native deciduous trees along streams, as they promote conditions that favor higher decomposition rates of terrestrial plant litter.}, }
@article {pmid28301475, year = {2017}, author = {Eastburn, DJ and O'Geen, AT and Tate, KW and Roche, LM}, title = {Multiple ecosystem services in a working landscape.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {e0166595}, pmid = {28301475}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Policy makers and practitioners are in need of useful tools and models for assessing ecosystem service outcomes and the potential risks and opportunities of ecosystem management options. We utilize a state-and-transition model framework integrating dynamic soil and vegetation properties to examine multiple ecosystem services-specifically agricultural production, biodiversity and habitat, and soil health-across human created vegetation states in a managed oak woodland landscape in a Mediterranean climate. We found clear tradeoffs and synergies in management outcomes. Grassland states maximized agricultural productivity at a loss of soil health, biodiversity, and other ecosystem services. Synergies existed among multiple ecosystem services in savanna and woodland states with significantly larger nutrient pools, more diversity and native plant richness, and less invasive species. This integrative approach can be adapted to a diversity of working landscapes to provide useful information for science-based ecosystem service valuations, conservation decision making, and management effectiveness assessments.}, }
@article {pmid28300942, year = {2017}, author = {Medeiros, EL and Henry-Silva, GG}, title = {Evaluation of the feeding preference between the aquatic macrophytes Egeria densa and Chara indica by the invasive mollusk Melanoides tuberculata.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {77}, number = {2}, pages = {234-239}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.08415}, pmid = {28300942}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Chara/growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; *Hydrocharitaceae/growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Snails/*physiology ; }, abstract = {This study evaluated the feeding preference of the invasive mollusk Melaniudes tuberculata between the aquatic macrophytes Egeria densa and Chara indica. The experiment consisted of twelve experimental units (glass aquariums) each of which contained three liters of water and three compartments. Fragments of E. densa and C. indica were placed in separate compartments within each unit; the third compartment, which did not contain macrophytes, was used as the control. Twenty Melanoides tuberculata individuals were placed in each unit and monitored hourly over the course of 24 hours for preferential movements. Physical and chemical water variables were measured at the beginning and end of the experiment. Habitat complexity was determined through collected macrophyte fragments and determined using the Fractop program. After 24 hours, the highest average number of individuals was observed in the treatment with Chara indica (ten individuals), which differed significantly from the treatment with E. densa (four individuals) and the control treatment (two individuals). The number of individuals between the E. densa and control treatment were similar. M. tuberculata showed a clear feeding preference for C. indica.}, }
@article {pmid28299894, year = {2017}, author = {Naselli, M and Biondi, A and Tropea Garzia, G and Desneux, N and Russo, A and Siscaro, G and Zappalà, L}, title = {Insights into food webs associated with the South American tomato pinworm.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {73}, number = {7}, pages = {1352-1357}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4562}, pmid = {28299894}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; *Food Chain ; Heteroptera/*physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Larva/parasitology ; Solanum lycopersicum/parasitology ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Predatory Behavior ; Wasps/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The complexity of both natural and managed ecosystems involves various forms of interaction among organisms. Two or more species that exploit the same resource can engage in competitive behaviours, usually referred to as intraguild interactions. These can be direct, i.e. one species feeds directly upon the competitor (intraguild predation) or indirect, e.g. when the dominant organism competes for a food source that another organism is feeding upon (kleptoparasitism). We investigated the potential for such interactions in a biological model composed by the South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta, and three of its newly associated natural enemies: the zoophytophagous predator Nesidiocoris tenuis and the two idiobiont ectoparasitoids Bracon nigricans and Necremnus tutae.<br><br>RESULTS: N. tenuis was shown (i) to scavenge on parasitised T. absoluta larvae and (ii) directly to attack and feed upon larvae of both parasitoid species, although at a higher percentage in the case of N. tutae. In the presence of the host plant, the predator reduced the emergence of both B. nigricans and N. tutae adults significantly.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study stresses the ecological success of a generalist predator over indigenous parasitoids attacking an invasive pest. Moreover, these findings provide potential elements for better design of biological control programmes against T. absoluta. &#xa9; 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid28299588, year = {2017}, author = {Claus, AW and Sorensen, PW}, title = {Chemical Cues which Include Amino Acids Mediate Species-Specific Feeding Behavior in Invasive Filter-Feeding Bigheaded Carps.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {374-384}, pmid = {28299588}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Amino Acids/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Animals ; Bacteria ; Carps/*growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Cues ; *Feeding Behavior ; Food ; Introduced Species ; Smell/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {This study tested whether and how dissolved chemicals might assist food recognition in two filter-feeding fishes, the silver (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and the bighead carp (H. nobilis). These species evolved in Asia, are now invasive in the Mississippi River, and feed voraciously on microparticles including plankton. The food habits and biology of these carps are broadly similar to many filter-feeding fish, none of whose chemical ecology has been examined. We conducted five experiments. First, we demonstrated that buccal-pharngeal pumping (BPP), a behavior in which fish pump water into their buccal cavities, is responsible for sampling food: BPP activity in both silver and bighead carps was low and increased nearly 25-fold after exposure to a filtrate of a planktonic food mixture (P < 0.01) and over 35-fold when planktonic food was added (P < 0.001). Next, we showed that of nine food filtrates, the one containing chemicals released by spirulina, a type of cyanobacterium, was the most potent planktonic component for both species. The potency of filtrates varied between species in ways that reflected their different chemical compositions. While L-amino acids could explain about half of the activity of food filtrate, other unknown chemical stimuli were also implicated. Finally, occlusion experiments showed the olfactory sense has a very important, but not exclusive, role in bigheaded carp feeding behaviors and this might be exploited in both their control and culture.}, }
@article {pmid28289202, year = {2017}, author = {Tomasetto, F and Tylianakis, JM and Reale, M and Wratten, S and Goldson, SL}, title = {Intensified agriculture favors evolved resistance to biological control.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {114}, number = {15}, pages = {3885-3890}, pmid = {28289202}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Agriculture/*methods ; Animals ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Hymenoptera ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Weevils ; }, abstract = {Increased regulation of chemical pesticides and rapid evolution of pesticide resistance have increased calls for sustainable pest management. Biological control offers sustainable pest suppression, partly because evolution of resistance to predators and parasitoids is prevented by several factors (e.g., spatial or temporal refuges from attacks, reciprocal evolution by control agents, and contrasting selection pressures from other enemy species). However, evolution of resistance may become more probable as agricultural intensification reduces the availability of refuges and diversity of enemy species, or if control agents have genetic barriers to evolution. Here we use 21 y of field data from 196 sites across New Zealand to show that parasitism of a key pasture pest (Listronotus bonariensis; Argentine stem weevil) by an introduced parasitoid (Microctonus hyperodae) was initially nationally successful but then declined by 44% (leading to pasture damage of c. 160 million New Zealand dollars per annum). This decline was not attributable to parasitoid numbers released, elevation, or local climatic variables at sample locations. Rather, in all locations the decline began 7 y (14 host generations) following parasitoid introduction, despite releases being staggered across locations in different years. Finally, we demonstrate experimentally that declining parasitism rates occurred in ryegrass Lolium perenne, which is grown nationwide in high-intensity was significantly less than in adjacent plots of a less-common pasture grass (Lolium multiflorum), indicating that resistance to parasitism is host plant-dependent. We conclude that low plant and enemy biodiversity in intensive large-scale agriculture may facilitate the evolution of host resistance by pests and threaten the long-term viability of biological control.}, }
@article {pmid28287438, year = {2017}, author = {Avanesyan, A and Jaffe, BD and Guédot, C}, title = {Isolating Spermathecae and Determining Mating Status of Drosophila suzukii: A Protocol for Tissue Dissection and Its Applications.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {28287438}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is an emerging invasive pest, which attacks a wide variety of fruits and berries. Although previous studies have focused on different aspects of D. suzukii reproductive biology, there are no protocols available for determining the mating status of D. suzukii females and drosophilids in general. In this study, a step-by-step protocol for tissue dissection, isolating spermathecae, and determining the mating status of females was developed specifically for D. suzukii. This protocol is an effective and relatively quick method for determining female mating status. It has important applications from exploring reproductive output of D. suzukii females to understanding the biology of D. suzukii winter morph, which presumably plays the main role in the overwintering of this invasive species. We demonstrated applicability of this protocol for both field collected flies and flies reared in the lab, including fly specimens stored on a long-term basis.}, }
@article {pmid28287118, year = {2017}, author = {Poyet, M and Eslin, P and Chabrerie, O and Prud'homme, SM and Desouhant, E and Gibert, P}, title = {The invasive pest Drosophila suzukii uses trans-generational medication to resist parasitoid attack.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {43696}, pmid = {28287118}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Antibiosis ; Atropine/metabolism ; Behavior, Animal ; Drosophila/*parasitology/*physiology ; Female ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Oviposition ; }, abstract = {Animal medication is a behavioral strategy to resist enemies based on the use of substances from the environment. While it has been observed in several animals, whether invasive species can use medication to resist new enemies during its expansion is unknown. Here, we show that the worldwide invasive pest Drosophila suzukii performs trans-generational prophylactic medication by adapting its oviposition behavior in the presence of enemies. We find that flies preferentially lay their eggs on media containing atropine - an entomotoxic alkaloid - in the presence of parasitoids. We further show that flies developing on atropine more efficiently resist parasitization by parasitoids. Finally, we find that developing in hosts reared on atropine strongly impacts the life-history traits of parasitoids. This protective behavior is reported for the first time in a pest and invasive species, and suggests that animal medication may be an important driver of population dynamics during invasions.}, }
@article {pmid28285999, year = {2017}, author = {Karageorgi, M and Bräcker, LB and Lebreton, S and Minervino, C and Cavey, M and Siju, KP and Grunwald Kadow, IC and Gompel, N and Prud'homme, B}, title = {Evolution of Multiple Sensory Systems Drives Novel Egg-Laying Behavior in the Fruit Pest Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {847-853}, pmid = {28285999}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Female ; Fruit/growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; *Mechanotransduction, Cellular ; *Olfactory Perception ; *Oviposition ; Species Specificity ; *Taste Perception ; }, abstract = {The rise of a pest species represents a unique opportunity to address how species evolve new behaviors and adapt to novel ecological niches [1]. We address this question by studying the egg-laying behavior of Drosophila suzukii, an invasive agricultural pest species that has spread from Southeast Asia to Europe and North America in the last decade [2]. While most closely related Drosophila species lay their eggs on decaying plant substrates, D. suzukii oviposits on ripening fruit, thereby causing substantial economic losses to the fruit industry [3-8]. D. suzukii has evolved an enlarged, serrated ovipositor that presumably plays a key role by enabling females to pierce the skin of ripe fruit [9]. Here, we explore how D. suzukii selects oviposition sites, and how this behavior differs from that of closely related species. We have combined behavioral experiments in multiple species with neurogenetics and mutant analysis in D. suzukii to show that this species has evolved a specific preference for oviposition on ripe fruit. Our results also establish that changes in mechanosensation, olfaction, and presumably gustation have contributed to this ecological shift. Our observations support a model in which the emergence of D. suzukii as an agricultural pest is the consequence of the progressive modification of several sensory systems, which collectively underlie a radical change in oviposition behavior.}, }
@article {pmid28285920, year = {2017}, author = {Iovinella, I and Caputo, B and Della Torre, A and Dani, FR}, title = {Wide-scale analysis of protein expression in head and thorax of Aedes albopictus females.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {99}, number = {}, pages = {33-38}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.03.005}, pmid = {28285920}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Aedes/*metabolism ; Animals ; Blood ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Female ; Head ; Humans ; Insect Proteins/*metabolism ; Oviposition ; Proteome/metabolism ; Reproduction/physiology ; Thorax/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The recently available genome of Aedes albopictus - the most worldwide-spread human arbovirus vector - has revealed a large genome repertory and a great plasticity which are believed to have contributed to the species success as an invasive species and opened the way to genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic studies. We carried out the first wide-scale quantitative proteomic analysis of Ae. albopictus female head and thorax by means of a 'shotgun' approach based on nano liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry associated to protein Label Free Quantification (LFQ) which allows to assess differences in protein expression between tissues and different physiological stages. We identified 886 and 721 proteins in heads and thoraxes respectively, 5 of which were exclusively expressed in thoraxes and 170 in heads, consistently with the more complex head physiology. Head-protein expression was found to be highly divergent between virgin and mated females and limited before and after blood-feeding and oviposition. The large repertoire of proteins identified represents an instrumental source of data for genome annotation and gene-expression studies, and may contribute to studies aimed at investigating the molecular bases of physiological processes of this successful invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid28284794, year = {2017}, author = {Hollis, KL and McNew, K and Sosa, T and Harrsch, FA and Nowbahari, E}, title = {Natural aversive learning in Tetramorium ants reveals ability to form a generalizable memory of predators' pit traps.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {139}, number = {}, pages = {19-25}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2017.03.003}, pmid = {28284794}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/physiology ; Avoidance Learning/*physiology ; Larva/physiology ; Memory/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Many species of ants fall prey to pit-digging larval antlions (Myrmeleon spp.), extremely sedentary predators that wait, nearly motionless at the bottom of their pit traps, for prey to stumble inside. Previous research, both in the field and laboratory, has demonstrated a remarkable ability of these ants to rescue trapped nestmates, thus sabotaging antlions' attempts to capture them. Here we show that pavement ants, Tetramorium sp. E, an invasive species and a major threat to biodiversity, possess yet another, more effective, antipredator strategy, namely the ability to learn to avoid antlion traps following a single successful escape from a pit. More importantly, we show that this learned antipredator behavior, an example of natural aversive learning in insects, is more complicated than a single cue-to-consequence form of associative learning. That is, pavement ants were able to generalize, after one experience, from the learned characteristics of the pit and its specific location, to other pits and other contexts that differed in many features. Such generalization, often described as a lack of precise stimulus control, nonetheless would be especially adaptive in nature, enabling ants to negotiate antlions' pit fields, which contain a hundred or more pits within a few centimetres of one another. Indeed, the ability to generalize in exactly this way almost certainly is responsible for the sudden, and heretofore inexplicable, behavioural modifications of ants in response to an invasion of antlions in the vicinity of an ant colony.}, }
@article {pmid28280177, year = {2017}, author = {Ochoa-Ochoa, LM and Flores-Villela, OA and Ríos-Muñoz, CA and Arroyo-Cabrales, J and Martínez-Gordillo, M}, title = {Mexico's ambiguous invasive species plan.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {355}, number = {6329}, pages = {1033}, doi = {10.1126/science.aam9400}, pmid = {28280177}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Boidae ; Federal Government ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Mexico ; }, }
@article {pmid28279532, year = {2017}, author = {Rortais, A and Arnold, G and Dorne, JL and More, SJ and Sperandio, G and Streissl, F and Szentes, C and Verdonck, F}, title = {Risk assessment of pesticides and other stressors in bees: Principles, data gaps and perspectives from the European Food Safety Authority.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {587-588}, number = {}, pages = {524-537}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.127}, pmid = {28279532}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Environmental Pollutants/*analysis ; European Union ; Pesticides/*analysis ; Risk Assessment ; *Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Current approaches to risk assessment in bees do not take into account co-exposures from multiple stressors. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is deploying resources and efforts to move towards a holistic risk assessment approach of multiple stressors in bees. This paper describes the general principles of pesticide risk assessment in bees, including recent developments at EFSA dealing with risk assessment of single and multiple pesticide residues and biological hazards. The EFSA Guidance Document on the risk assessment of plant protection products in bees highlights the need for the inclusion of an uncertainty analysis, other routes of exposures and multiple stressors such as chemical mixtures and biological agents. The EFSA risk assessment on the survival, spread and establishment of the small hive beetle, Aethina tumida, an invasive alien species, is provided with potential insights for other bee pests such as the Asian hornet, Vespa velutina. Furthermore, data gaps are identified at each step of the risk assessment, and recommendations are made for future research that could be supported under the framework of Horizon 2020. Finally, the recent work conducted at EFSA is presented, under the overarching MUST-B project ("EU efforts towards the development of a holistic approach for the risk assessment on MUltiple STressors in Bees") comprising a toolbox for harmonised data collection under field conditions and a mechanistic model to assess effects from pesticides and other stressors such as biological agents and beekeeping management practices, at the colony level and in a spatially complex landscape. Future perspectives at EFSA include the development of a data model to collate high quality data to calibrate and validate the model to be used as a regulatory tool. Finally, the evidence collected within the framework of MUST-B will support EFSA's activities on the development of a holistic approach to the risk assessment of multiple stressors in bees. In conclusion, EFSA calls for collaborative action at the EU level to establish a common and open access database to serve multiple purposes and different stakeholders.}, }
@article {pmid28279487, year = {2017}, author = {Briggs, JC}, title = {Rise of Invasive Species Denialism? A Response to Russell and Blackburn.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {231-232}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2017.02.003}, pmid = {28279487}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; *Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; }, }
@article {pmid28279017, year = {2017}, author = {Qi, Y and Yan, B and Fu, G and Guan, X and Du, L and Li, J}, title = {Germination of Seeds and Seedling Growth of Amaranthus retroflexus L. Following Sublethal Exposure of Parent Plants to Herbicides.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {157}, pmid = {28279017}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Amaranthus/drug effects/*physiology ; Arylsulfonates/adverse effects ; Atrazine/adverse effects ; Germination/*drug effects ; Herbicides/*adverse effects ; Introduced Species ; Seedlings/drug effects/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Herbicides have long-term effects on the vegetative parts and reproduction of plants; however, the carry-over effects of herbicides on the F1 generation of invasive plants remain unclear. The objectives of this work were to investigate the germination and growth of the F1 generation of A. retroflexus, an invasion plant, treated by sublethal herbicides. The results demonstrated that atrazine or tribenuron-methyl had carry-over effects on the F1 generation of A. retroflexus. Atrazine or tribenuron-methyl exposure during the vegetative and reproductive periods significantly inhibited the germination and growth of the F1 generation; a lower sublethal dose of atrazine or tribenuron-methyl did not weaken the inhibition of germination or growth of the F1 generation. Our results suggest that although herbicides have a carry-over inhibition effect on the F1 generation of invasive plants, they may have a more serious carry-over effect on native plants and cause changes in weed species composition and weed diversity.}, }
@article {pmid28276519, year = {2017}, author = {Lewis, JS and Farnsworth, ML and Burdett, CL and Theobald, DM and Gray, M and Miller, RS}, title = {Biotic and abiotic factors predicting the global distribution and population density of an invasive large mammal.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {44152}, pmid = {28276519}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Sus scrofa/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Biotic and abiotic factors are increasingly acknowledged to synergistically shape broad-scale species distributions. However, the relative importance of biotic and abiotic factors in predicting species distributions is unclear. In particular, biotic factors, such as predation and vegetation, including those resulting from anthropogenic land-use change, are underrepresented in species distribution modeling, but could improve model predictions. Using generalized linear models and model selection techniques, we used 129 estimates of population density of wild pigs (Sus scrofa) from 5 continents to evaluate the relative importance, magnitude, and direction of biotic and abiotic factors in predicting population density of an invasive large mammal with a global distribution. Incorporating diverse biotic factors, including agriculture, vegetation cover, and large carnivore richness, into species distribution modeling substantially improved model fit and predictions. Abiotic factors, including precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, were also important predictors. The predictive map of population density revealed wide-ranging potential for an invasive large mammal to expand its distribution globally. This information can be used to proactively create conservation/management plans to control future invasions. Our study demonstrates that the ongoing paradigm shift, which recognizes that both biotic and abiotic factors shape species distributions across broad scales, can be advanced by incorporating diverse biotic factors.}, }
@article {pmid28276458, year = {2017}, author = {Stamoulis, KA and Friedlander, AM and Meyer, CG and Fernandez-Silva, I and Toonen, RJ}, title = {Coral reef grazer-benthos dynamics complicated by invasive algae in a small marine reserve.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {43819}, pmid = {28276458}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*growth &amp; development ; Bays ; Biomass ; *Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/*growth &amp; development ; Geography ; Hawaii ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Seaweed/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Blooms of alien invasive marine algae have become common, greatly altering the health and stability of nearshore marine ecosystems. Concurrently, herbivorous fishes have been severely overfished in many locations worldwide, contributing to increases in macroalgal cover. We used a multi-pronged, interdisciplinary approach to test if higher biomass of herbivorous fishes inside a no-take marine reserve makes this area more resistant to invasive algal overgrowth. Over a two year time period, we (1) compared fish biomass and algal cover between two fished and one unfished patch reef in Hawai'i, (2) used acoustic telemetry to determine fidelity of herbivorous fishes to the unfished reef, and (3) used metabarcoding and next-generation sequencing to determine diet composition of herbivorous fishes. Herbivore fish biomass was significantly higher in the marine reserve compared to adjacent fished reefs, whereas invasive algal cover differed by species. Herbivorous fish movements were largely confined to the unfished patch reef where they were captured. Diet analysis indicated that the consumption of invasive algae varied among fish species, with a high prevalence of comparatively rare native algal species. Together these findings demonstrate that the contribution of herbivores to coral reef resilience, via resistance to invasive algae invasion, is complex and species-specific.}, }
@article {pmid28275851, year = {2017}, author = {Meyer, E and Seale, LD and Permar, B and McClary, A}, title = {The Effect of Chemical Treatments on Lampenflora and a Collembola Indicator Species at a Popular Tour Cave in California, USA.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {59}, number = {6}, pages = {1034-1042}, pmid = {28275851}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/*drug effects ; California ; *Caves ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Parks, Recreational ; Plants/*drug effects ; Recreation ; Sodium Hypochlorite/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Growth of invasive, opportunistic plants (i.e. lampenflora) in popular tour caves is a significant concern for land managers worldwide. Numerous chemicals at various concentrations have been utilized to remove phototrophic lampenflora colonizing artificially lit surfaces within these caves; however formulations, effectiveness, and impacts appear anecdotal and temporally limited. At Crystal Cave, Sequoia National Park, California, we study lampenflora and cave springtail (Tomocerus celsus) response to a single 0.05 ml/cm[2] dose of 1.0% sodium hypochlorite, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, and 15.0% hydrogen peroxide compared to no treatment over the course of one year. Additionally, we explore potential food web impacts resulting from invasive lampenflora in naturally oligotrophic caves by utilizing stable isotope analysis of T. celsus found on and off lampenflora. Time-effect decay models indicate 1.0 and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite effectively eliminate lampenflora in 11 and 21 days, respectively, while lampenflora decay projections exceed 600 days with 15.0% hydrogen peroxide treatment. Repeat surveys of T. celsus indicate a negative response to 1.0% sodium hypochlorite (P = 0.02), and the probability of observing T. celsus was inversely related to the effectiveness of each treatment. Further, T. celsus had similar diets regardless of their lampenflora association (P = 0.92). We conclude that treatments of sodium hypochlorite at or below 0.5% achieve management goals with limited impacts to the presence or diet of a common cave-adapted indicator species.}, }
@article {pmid28273331, year = {2017}, author = {Heckman, RW and Halliday, FW and Wilfahrt, PA and Mitchell, CE}, title = {Effects of native diversity, soil nutrients, and natural enemies on exotic invasion in experimental plant communities.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {5}, pages = {1409-1418}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1796}, pmid = {28273331}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; *Plants ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Many factors can promote exotic plant success. Three of these factors-greater pressure from natural enemies on natives, increased soil nutrient supply, and low native species richness-may interact during invasions. To test for independent and interactive effects of these drivers, we planted herbaceous perennial communities at two levels of native richness (monocultures and five-species polycultures). We then factorially manipulated soil nutrient supply and access to these communities by aboveground foliar enemies (fungal pathogens and insect herbivores), and allowed natural colonization to proceed for four years. We predicted that nutrient addition would increase exotic success, while enemy exclusion and increasing native richness would reduce exotic success. Additionally, we expected that enemy exclusion would reduce the benefits of nutrient addition to exotic species most in species-poor communities, and that this effect would be weaker in species-rich communities. In total, we found no evidence that nutrient supply, enemy access, and native richness interacted to influence exotic success. Furthermore, native richness had no effect on exotic success. Instead, nutrient addition increased, and enemy exclusion decreased, exotic success independently. As predicted, enemy exclusion reduced exotic success, primarily by slowing the decline in abundance of planted native species. Together, these results demonstrate that multiple drivers of exotic success can act independently within a single system.}, }
@article {pmid28270682, year = {2017}, author = {Rogers, HS and Buhle, ER and HilleRisLambers, J and Fricke, EC and Miller, RH and Tewksbury, JJ}, title = {Effects of an invasive predator cascade to plants via mutualism disruption.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {14557}, pmid = {28270682}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/physiology ; Colubridae/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Fruit ; Germination ; Guam ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Seed Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Invasive vertebrate predators are directly responsible for the extinction or decline of many vertebrate species, but their indirect impacts often go unmeasured, potentially leading to an underestimation of their full impact. When invasives extirpate functionally important mutualists, dependent species are likely to be affected as well. Here, we show that the invasive brown treesnake, directly responsible for the extirpation of forest birds from the island of Guam, is also indirectly responsible for a severe decline in plant recruitment as a result of disrupting the fruit-frugivore mutualism. To assess the impact of frugivore loss on plants, we compare seed dispersal and recruitment of two fleshy-fruited tree species on Guam and three nearby islands with intact disperser communities. We conservatively estimate that the loss of frugivorous birds caused by the brown treesnake may have caused a 61-92% decline in seedling recruitment. This case study highlights the potential for predator invasions to cause indirect, pervasive and easily overlooked interaction cascades.}, }
@article {pmid28270254, year = {2017}, author = {Pegg, J and Andreou, D and Williams, CF and Britton, JR}, title = {Consistent patterns of trophic niche specialization in host populations infected with a non-native copepod parasite.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {144}, number = {7}, pages = {945-953}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182017000075}, pmid = {28270254}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Copepoda/*physiology ; *Cyprinidae/physiology ; Ecosystem ; England/epidemiology ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Prevalence ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Populations of generalist species often comprise of smaller sub-sets of relatively specialized individuals whose niches comprise small sub-sets of the overall population niche. Here, the role of parasite infections in trophic niche specialization was tested using five wild fish populations infected with the non-native parasite Ergasilus briani, a copepod parasite with a direct lifecycle that infects the gill tissues of fish hosts. Infected and uninfected fishes were sampled from the same habitats during sampling events. Prevalence in the host populations ranged between 16 and 67%, with parasite abundances of up to 66 parasites per fish. Although pathological impacts included hyperplasia and localized haemorrhaging of gill tissues, there were no significant differences in the length, weight and condition of infected and uninfected fishes. Stable isotope analyses (δ 13C, δ 15N) revealed that the trophic niche of infected fishes, measured as standard ellipse area (i.e. the isotopic niche), was consistently and significantly smaller compared with uninfected conspecifics. These niches of infected fishes always sat within that of uninfected fish, suggesting trophic specialization in hosts. These results suggested trophic specialization is a potentially important non-lethal consequence of parasite infection that results from impaired functional traits of the host.}, }
@article {pmid28266616, year = {2017}, author = {Lin, Y and Chen, Y and Yi, C and Fong, JJ and Kim, W and Rius, M and Zhan, A}, title = {Genetic signatures of natural selection in a model invasive ascidian.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {44080}, pmid = {28266616}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; New Zealand ; Republic of Korea ; *Selection, Genetic ; South Africa ; Spain ; Urochordata/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Invasive species represent promising models to study species' responses to rapidly changing environments. Although local adaptation frequently occurs during contemporary range expansion, the associated genetic signatures at both population and genomic levels remain largely unknown. Here, we use genome-wide gene-associated microsatellites to investigate genetic signatures of natural selection in a model invasive ascidian, Ciona robusta. Population genetic analyses of 150 individuals sampled in Korea, New Zealand, South Africa and Spain showed significant genetic differentiation among populations. Based on outlier tests, we found high incidence of signatures of directional selection at 19 loci. Hitchhiking mapping analyses identified 12 directional selective sweep regions, and all selective sweep windows on chromosomes were narrow (~8.9 kb). Further analyses indentified 132 candidate genes under selection. When we compared our genetic data and six crucial environmental variables, 16 putatively selected loci showed significant correlation with these environmental variables. This suggests that the local environmental conditions have left significant signatures of selection at both population and genomic levels. Finally, we identified "plastic" genomic regions and genes that are promising regions to investigate evolutionary responses to rapid environmental change in C. robusta.}, }
@article {pmid28266017, year = {2017}, author = {Jakubčinová, K and Simonović, P and Števove, B and Čanak Atlagić, J and Kováč, V}, title = {What can morphology tell us about ecology of four invasive goby species?.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {90}, number = {5}, pages = {1999-2019}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13283}, pmid = {28266017}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {This study presents a detailed comparative analysis of external morphology of four of the most invasive goby species in Europe (round goby Neogobius melanostomus, bighead goby Ponticola kessleri, monkey goby Neogobius fluviatilis and racer goby Ponticola gymnotrachelus) and interprets some ecological requirements of these species based on their morphological attributes. The results are evaluated within an ontogenetic context, and the morphological differences between the species are discussed in terms of the question: can special external shape adaptations help to assess the invasive potential of each species? The morphometric analyses demonstrate important differences between the four invasive gobies. Neogobius melanostomus appears to have the least specialized external morphology that may favour its invasive success: little specialization to habitat or diet means reduced restraints on overall ecological requirements. The other three species were found to possess some morphological specializations (P. kessleri to large prey, N. fluviatilis to sandy habitats and P. gymnotrachelus to macrophytes), but none of these gobies have managed to colonize such large areas or to reach such overall abundances as N. melanostomus.}, }
@article {pmid28265514, year = {2017}, author = {Clusa, L and Ardura, A and Fernández, S and Roca, AA and García-Vázquez, E}, title = {An extremely sensitive nested PCR-RFLP mitochondrial marker for detection and identification of salmonids in eDNA from water samples.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3045}, pmid = {28265514}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Salmonids are native from the North Hemisphere but have been introduced for aquaculture and sport fishing in the South Hemisphere and inhabit most rivers and lakes in temperate and cold regions worldwide. Five species are included in the Global Invasive Species Database: rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, brown trout Salmo trutta, brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, and lake trout Salvelinus namaycush. In contrast, other salmonids are endangered in their native settings.<br><br>METHODS: Here we have developed a method to identify salmonid species directly from water samples, focusing on the Iberian Peninsula as a case study. We have designed nested Salmonidae-specific primers within the 16S rDNA region. From these primers and a PCR-RFLP procedure the target species can be unequivocally identified from DNA extracted from water samples.<br><br>RESULTS: The method was validated in aquarium experiments and in the field with water from watersheds with known salmonid populations. Finally, the method was applied to obtain a global view of the Salmonidae community in Nal&#xf3;n River (north coast of Spain).<br><br>DISCUSSION: This new powerful, very sensitive (identifying the species down to 10 pg DNA/ml water) and economical tool can be applied for monitoring the presence of salmonids in a variety of situations, from checking upstream colonization after removal of river barriers to monitoring potential escapes from fish farms.}, }
@article {pmid28264317, year = {2017}, author = {Joshi, S}, title = {First record of Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell (Hemiptera: Coccidae) from India, with a key to the Indian species of Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4236}, number = {3}, pages = {zootaxa.4236.3.7}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4236.3.7}, pmid = {28264317}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera ; India ; Plants ; }, abstract = {The notoriously destructive and invasive soft scale, Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell (Hemiptera: Coccidae), is recorded for the first time from India. This scale, with variable morphological appearance and similarities with other known scales of the same genus established in India, is redescribed to facilitate its identification and separation from other similar species. Information on its host range, natural enemies and distribution is provided. Management options in the event of an outbreak are discussed briefly. A key to the species of Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti in India is also provided. This new arrival warrants special attention in India as it is a potentially damaging plant pest and has a broad host range across many plant families.}, }
@article {pmid28264306, year = {2017}, author = {Pitombo, FB and Gobin, J and Abreu, NM and Jute, A}, title = {A Cryptic Invasion in the Western Atlantic: Presence of the Fouling Barnacle Megabalanus zebra (Darwin, 1854) (Crustacea, Cirripedia) in the Caribbean Sea.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4237}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4237.1.7}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4237.1.7}, pmid = {28264306}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Caribbean Region ; Introduced Species ; *Thoracica ; }, abstract = {The barnacle Megabalanus zebra is largely known from ship hulls, with little information on its biology, ecology, and natural range. We identify M. zebra here from the southern Caribbean, based upon specimens collected as early as 2002. Challenges associated with identifying megabalinine species have delayed recognition of this species as distinct from other Caribbean Megabalanus. Sequenced material of M. zebra from Curaçao did not match M. zebra GenBank sequences that could be verified by descriptions or vouchered material. The presence of young M. zebra on vessels that have not left the Caribbean, as well as on pier pilings and resident buoys, indicate that this species is established in the tropical Western Atlantic Ocean, but the timing of its invasion remains unknown.}, }
@article {pmid28261238, year = {2017}, author = {Aerts, R and Ewald, M and Nicolas, M and Piat, J and Skowronek, S and Lenoir, J and Hattab, T and Garzón-López, CX and Feilhauer, H and Schmidtlein, S and Rocchini, D and Decocq, G and Somers, B and Van De Kerchove, R and Denef, K and Honnay, O}, title = {Invasion by the Alien Tree Prunus serotina Alters Ecosystem Functions in a Temperate Deciduous Forest.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {179}, pmid = {28261238}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Alien invasive species can affect large areas, often with wide-ranging impacts on ecosystem structure, function, and services. Prunus serotina is a widespread invader of European temperate forests, where it tends to form homogeneous stands and limits recruitment of indigenous trees. We hypotesized that invasion by P. serotina would be reflected in the nutrient contents of the native species' leaves and in the respiration of invaded plots as efficient resource uptake and changes in nutrient cycling by P. serotina probably underly its aggressive invasiveness. We combined data from 48 field plots in the forest of Compiègne, France, and data from an experiment using 96 microcosms derived from those field plots. We used general linear models to separate effects of invasion by P. serotina on heterotrophic soil and litter respiration rates and on canopy foliar nutrient content from effects of soil chemical properties, litter quantity, litter species composition, and tree species composition. In invaded stands, average respiration rates were 5.6% higher for soil (without litter) and 32% higher for soil and litter combined. Compared to indigenous tree species, P. serotina exhibited higher foliar N (+24.0%), foliar P (+50.7%), and lower foliar C:N (-22.4%) and N:P (-10.1%) ratios. P. serotina affected foliar nutrient contents of co-occuring indigenous tree species leading to decreased foliar N (-8.7 %) and increased C:N ratio (+9.5%) in Fagus sylvatica, decreased foliar N:P ratio in Carpinus betulus (-13.5%) and F. sylvatica (-11.8%), and increased foliar P in Pinus sylvestris (+12.3%) in invaded vs. uninvaded stands. Our results suggest that P. serotina is changing nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon cycles to its own advantage, hereby increasing carbon turnover via labile litter, affecting the relative nutrient contents in the overstory leaves, and potentially altering the photosynthetic capacity of the long-lived indigenous broadleaved species. Uncontrolled invasion of European temperate forests by P. serotina may affect the climate change mitigation potential of these forests in the long term, through additive effects on local nutrient cycles.}, }
@article {pmid28259420, year = {2017}, author = {Astudillo, JC and Bonebrake, TC and Leung, KMY}, title = {The recently introduced bivalve Xenostrobus securis has higher thermal and salinity tolerance than the native Brachidontes variabilis and established Mytilopsis sallei.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {118}, number = {1-2}, pages = {229-236}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.046}, pmid = {28259420}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Hong Kong ; *Introduced Species ; Mytilidae/*physiology ; *Salinity ; *Salt Tolerance ; Seawater ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The recently introduced bivalve Xenostrobus securis and the previously introduced Mytilopsis sallei (~30years) are dominant over the native Brachidontes variabilis in estuarine fouling communities in Hong Kong. This study tested whether these introduced species have higher thermal and salinity tolerance than the native species under local subtropical seawater conditions. Survival, attachment, clearance rate and byssal thread production of these three species were examined through 96-h acute temperature and salinity tests. The results indicated that X. securis responded normally over a wide range of temperature and salinity conditions. Though M. sallei exhibited a wide salinity tolerance, its sub-lethal responses decreased in cold-seawater conditions. Brachidontes variabilis had the narrowest tolerance to temperature and salinity. These findings may explain the dominance of the non-native bivalves over B. variabilis. The high tolerance of X. securis enables them to become highly invasive in subtropical regions across Southeast Asia, impacting natural communities and shellfish farming.}, }
@article {pmid28252069, year = {2017}, author = {}, title = {Ecology: Alien species on the rise.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {543}, number = {7643}, pages = {9}, doi = {10.1038/543009e}, pmid = {28252069}, issn = {1476-4687}, }
@article {pmid28249695, year = {2017}, author = {Tassin, J and Thompson, K and Carroll, SP and Thomas, CD}, title = {Determining Whether the Impacts of Introduced Species Are Negative Cannot Be Based Solely on Science: A Response to Russell and Blackburn.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {230-231}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2017.02.001}, pmid = {28249695}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid28248429, year = {2017}, author = {Ringma, JL and Wintle, B and Fuller, RA and Fisher, D and Bode, M}, title = {Minimizing species extinctions through strategic planning for conservation fencing.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, pages = {1029-1038}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12922}, pmid = {28248429}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Extinction, Biological ; New South Wales ; Strategic Planning ; }, abstract = {Conservation fences are an increasingly common management action, particularly for species threatened by invasive predators. However, unlike many conservation actions, fence networks are expanding in an unsystematic manner, generally as a reaction to local funding opportunities or threats. We conducted a gap analysis of Australia's large predator-exclusion fence network by examining translocation of Australian mammals relative to their extinction risk. To address gaps identified in species representation, we devised a systematic prioritization method for expanding the conservation fence network that explicitly incorporated population viability analysis and minimized expected species' extinctions. The approach was applied to New South Wales, Australia, where the state government intends to expand the existing conservation fence network. Existing protection of species in fenced areas was highly uneven; 67% of predator-sensitive species were unrepresented in the fence network. Our systematic prioritization yielded substantial efficiencies in that it reduced expected number of species extinctions up to 17 times more effectively than ad hoc approaches. The outcome illustrates the importance of governance in coordinating management action when multiple projects have similar objectives and rely on systematic methods rather than expanding networks opportunistically.}, }
@article {pmid28248003, year = {2018}, author = {Poidatz, J and Bressac, C and Bonnard, O and Thiéry, D}, title = {Delayed sexual maturity in males of Vespa velutina.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {679-689}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12452}, pmid = {28248003}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Fertility ; France ; Head/anatomy &amp; histology ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Reproduction/physiology ; Seasons ; *Sexual Maturation ; Spermatogenesis ; Testis/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Wasps/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Vespa velutina var nigrithorax (Lepelletier, 1835) is an invasive predator of bees accidentally introduced in France in 2004, and it is having a serious impact on apiculture and ecosystems. Studying the reproduction of an invasive species is key to assess its population dynamic. This study explores the sexual maturation of V. velutina males and the evolution of their fertility. The main studied parameters were physiologic (spermiogenesis, spermatogenesis) and anatomic (testes size and structure, head width). Two populations of males were described based on their emergence period: early males in early summer or classic males in autumn. Each testis has an average of 108 testicular follicles. Spermatogenesis is synchronous, with only 1 sperm production wave, and completed, on average, at 10.3 d after emergence with the degeneration of the testes. The sperm counts in seminal vesicles of mature males are 3 × 10[6] in October/November and 0.8 × 10[6] in June. In comparison, females store 0.1 × 10[6] sperm in their spermathecae. The early males emerged from colonies made by fertilized queens. The reproductive potential of these early males seemed limited, and their function in the colony is discussed. The sperm stock evolution in autumn males suggests the occurrence of a reproductive pattern of male competition for the access to females and a single copulation per male. The synchronicity of male and foundress emergences and sexual maturation is of primary importance for the mating success and the future colony development.}, }
@article {pmid28247071, year = {2017}, author = {Mukwevho, L and Simelane, D and Olckers, T}, title = {Host-plant variety and not climate determines the establishment and performance of Aceria lantanae (Eriophyidae), a biological control agent of Lantana camara in South Africa.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, pages = {103-113}, pmid = {28247071}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Climate ; Food Chain ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Lantana/*physiology ; Mites/*physiology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Plants/classification ; Population Dynamics ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {The flower-galling mite Aceria lantanae (Cook) (Trombidiformes: Eriophyidae) was released for the biological control of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) in South Africa in 2007, but has displayed variable and patchy establishment throughout the weed's range. Surveys were undertaken in 2013-2014, both seasonally and during the mite's peak infestation periods, to determine the influence of climatic factors on its performance. Although there were seasonal differences in the percentages of mite-infested inflorescences, these did not differ significantly between altitudinal zones. There were also no significant relationships between the percentages of mite-infested inflorescences and either of annual rainfall, temperature or relative humidity. A field inoculation trial revealed significant differences between 10 common South African L. camara varieties in their susceptibility to A. lantanae. Only three varieties displayed appreciable susceptibility (50-61% of inflorescences infested), whereas six displayed only slight to moderate susceptibility (8-21%) and one displayed a lack of susceptibility (no infestation). These data support the contention that differential varietal susceptibility and not climate is responsible for the variable performance of A. lantanae on L. camara in South Africa. Complementing the current biotype of A. lantanae, originally sourced from Florida (USA), with other biotypes from different L. camara genotypes in Central and South America could increase the mite's impact on the weed.}, }
@article {pmid28245937, year = {2017}, author = {Li, FL and Yang, L and Zan, QJ and Shin, PS and Cheung, SG and Wong, YS and Tam, NF and Lei, AP}, title = {Does energetic cost for leaf construction in Sonneratia change after introduce to another mangrove wetland and differ from native mangrove plants in South China?.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {124}, number = {2}, pages = {1071-1077}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.056}, pmid = {28245937}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Avicennia/metabolism ; China ; Ecosystem ; Energy Metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Lythraceae/*metabolism ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Primulaceae/*metabolism ; Rhizophoraceae/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Exotic species invasions are serious ecological problems. Leaf construction cost (CC) and growth traits of two Sonneratia (Sonneratia caseolaris and S. apetala) and four native species (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Kandelia obovata, Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina) in Hainan and Shenzhen mangrove wetlands were compared to evaluate invasive potentials of Sonneratia after introduced to Shenzhen, their new habitat. There were no significant differences in CC and growth traits between two wetlands, suggesting Sonneratia did not lose any advantage in the new habitat and were competitive in both wetlands. CC per unit mass (CCM), CC per unit area (CCA) and caloric values of Sonneratia were significantly lower than those of native mangrove species while specific leaf area (SLA) was just the opposite. CCM of S. caseolaris and S. apetala were 6.1% and 11.9% lower than those of natives, respectively. These findings indicated the invasive potential of Sonneratia in Shenzhen after their introduction.}, }
@article {pmid28243727, year = {2017}, author = {Celenk, S and Malyer, H}, title = {The occurrence of Ambrosia pollen in the atmosphere of Northwest Turkey: investigation of possible source regions.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {61}, number = {8}, pages = {1499-1510}, pmid = {28243727}, issn = {1432-1254}, support = {114Z698//THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF TURKEY/ ; 109S032//THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF TURKEY/ ; UAP(F)-2011/76//Scientific Research Unit of Uludag University/ ; }, mesh = {Air Pollutants/*analysis ; Allergens/*analysis ; *Ambrosia ; *Antigens, Plant ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Plant Extracts ; Seasons ; Turkey ; Wind ; }, abstract = {Ambrosia pollen was first reported as an important allergen in North America at the end of the nineteenth century, and many European countries have recently reported its increasing significance for pollen allergy. The aims of this study were to determine whether the highly allergenic Ambrosia pollen recorded during the studied period could be the result of long-distance transport (LDT) and to identify the potential sources of Ambrosia pollen grains. The study investigates Ambrosia pollen episodes during the peak term of six yearly periods between 2010 and 2015 by examining source regions in Ambrosia pollen in Bursa, Turkey. A volumetric trap was used for collecting the pollen samples, and the back-trajectory model was used to identify a potential source of atmospheric Ambrosia pollen. The days when pollen levels exceeded 30 P m[-3] were computed, and clusters were shown on the figures. The study indicates that the Ambrosia pollen grains recorded during the episode in Bursa were not produced by local sources but transported long distances from potential source regions around the Azov Sea in Russia and Ukraine, Black Sea region of Turkey, Romania, and Bulgaria. Note that atmospheric concentrations of Ambrosia pollen exceeded the clinical threshold during 28 days during the investigation period. Taking into consideration the high allergenicity of Ambrosia pollen, the present findings suggest that the number of ragweed-sensitized individuals might increase in the near future in the region.}, }
@article {pmid28243542, year = {2017}, author = {Usseglio, P and Selwyn, JD and Downey-Wall, AM and Hogan, JD}, title = {Effectiveness of removals of the invasive lionfish: how many dives are needed to deplete a reef?.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e3043}, pmid = {28243542}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Introduced Indo-Pacific red lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) have spread throughout the greater Caribbean and are associated with a number of negative impacts on reef ecosystems. Human interventions, in the form of culling activities, are becoming common to reduce their numbers and mitigate the negative effects associated with the invasion. However, marine managers must often decide how to best allocate limited resources. Previous work has identified the population size thresholds needed to limit the negative impacts of lionfish. Here we develop a framework that allows managers to predict the removal effort required to achieve specific targets (represented as the percent of lionfish remaining on the reef). We found an important trade-off between time spent removing and achieving an increasingly smaller lionfish density. The model used in our suggested framework requires relatively little data to parameterize, allowing its use with already existing data, permitting managers to tailor their culling strategy to maximize efficiency and rate of success.}, }
@article {pmid28243523, year = {2017}, author = {Altieri, AH and Irving, AD}, title = {Species coexistence and the superior ability of an invasive species to exploit a facilitation cascade habitat.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e2848}, pmid = {28243523}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Facilitation cascades generated by co-occurring foundation species can enhance the abundance and diversity of associated organisms. However, it remains poorly understood how differences among native and invasive species in their ability to exploit these positive interactions contribute to emergent patterns of community structure and biotic acceptance. On intertidal shorelines in New England, we examined the patterns of coexistence between the native mud crabs and the invasive Asian shore crab in and out of a facilitation cascade habitat generated by mid intertidal cordgrass and ribbed mussels. These crab species co-occurred in low intertidal cobbles adjacent to the cordgrass-mussel beds, despite experimental findings that the dominant mud crabs can kill and displace Asian shore crabs and thereby limit their successful recruitment to their shared habitat. A difference between the native and invasive species in their utilization of the facilitation cascade likely contributes to this pattern. Only the Asian shore crabs inhabit the cordgrass-mussel beds, despite experimental evidence that both species can similarly benefit from stress amelioration in the beds. Moreover, only Asian shore crabs settle in the beds, which function as a nursery habitat free of lethal mud crabs, and where their recruitment rates are particularly high (nearly an order of magnitude higher than outside beds). Persistence of invasive adult Asian shore crabs among the dominant native mud crabs in the low cobble zone is likely enhanced by a spillover effect of the facilitation cascade in which recruitment-limited Asian shore crabs settle in the mid intertidal cordgrass-mussel beds and subsidize their vulnerable populations in the adjacent low cobble zone. This would explain why the abundances of Asian shore crabs in cobbles are doubled when adjacent to facilitation cascade habitats. The propensity for this exotic species to utilize habitats created by facilitation cascades, despite the lack of a shared evolutionary history, contributes to species coexistence and the acceptance of invasives into a diverse community.}, }
@article {pmid28242280, year = {2017}, author = {Mancinelli, G and Chainho, P and Cilenti, L and Falco, S and Kapiris, K and Katselis, G and Ribeiro, F}, title = {The Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus in southern European coastal waters: Distribution, impact and prospective invasion management strategies.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {119}, number = {1}, pages = {5-11}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.050}, pmid = {28242280}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Black Sea ; *Brachyura ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Nova Scotia ; Prospective Studies ; }, abstract = {The native distribution of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus in the western Atlantic extends from Nova Scotia to Argentina. Introduced to Europe at the beginning of the 20th century, it is currently recorded almost ubiquitously in the Mediterranean and in the Black Sea. An overview of the occurrence, abundance, and ecological impact of the species in southern European waters is provided; additionally, we present a pragmatic assessment of its management scenarios, explicitly considering the dual nature of C. sapidus as both an invasive species and a fishery resource. We emphasise that the ongoing expansion of C. sapidus in the region may represent a stimulating challenge for the identification and implementation of future strategies in the management of invasive crustaceans. The impact of the invader could be converted into an enhancement of the services delivered by southern European coastal ecosystems, while mitigation costs could be transformed into profits for local populations.}, }
@article {pmid28242056, year = {2017}, author = {Crowley, SL and Hinchliffe, S and Redpath, SM and McDonald, RA}, title = {Disagreement About Invasive Species Does Not Equate to Denialism: A Response to Russell and Blackburn.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {228-229}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2017.02.004}, pmid = {28242056}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid28242055, year = {2017}, author = {Russell, JC and Blackburn, TM}, title = {Invasive Alien Species: Denialism, Disagreement, Definitions, and Dialogue.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {32}, number = {5}, pages = {312-314}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2017.02.005}, pmid = {28242055}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid28238285, year = {2017}, author = {Campbell, SJ and Stothard, JR and O'Halloran, F and Sankey, D and Durant, T and Ombede, DE and Chuinteu, GD and Webster, BL and Cunningham, L and LaCourse, EJ and Tchuem-Tchuenté, LA}, title = {Urogenital schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) in Cameroon: An epidemiological update at Barombi Mbo and Barombi Kotto crater lakes assessing prospects for intensified control interventions.}, journal = {Infectious diseases of poverty}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {49}, pmid = {28238285}, issn = {2049-9957}, mesh = {Animals ; Bulinus/parasitology ; Cameroon/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Schistosomiasis haematobia/*epidemiology/parasitology/*prevention &amp; control ; Soil/parasitology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The crater lakes of Barombi Mbo and Barombi Kotto are well-known transmission foci of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis having had several important control initiatives previously. To collect contemporary epidemiological information, a cross-sectional survey was undertaken inclusive of: signs and symptoms of disease, individual treatment histories, local water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)-related factors and malacological surveillance, with molecular characterisation of specimens.<br><br>METHODS: At each lake, a community cross-sectional survey was undertaken using a combination of stool and urine parasitological sampling, and interview with pro-forma questionnaires. A total of 338 children and adults participated. Material from snail and parasite species were characterised by DNA methods.<br><br>RESULTS: Egg-patent prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis was 8.7% at Barombi Mbo (all light-intensity infections) and 40.1% at Barombi Kotto (21.2% heavy-intensity infections). Intestinal schistosomiasis was absent. At Barombi Kotto, significantly more women reported signs and symptoms associated with female genital schistosomiasis. While there had been extensive recent improvement in WASH-related infrastructure at Barombi Mbo, water contact risk scores were higher among schistosomiasis-infected participants (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001) and at Barombi Kotto in general (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Across both lakes, mean prevalence of STH was very low (6.3%) evidencing an impressive decrease of 79.0% over the last decade; neither Strongyloides stercoralis nor Ascaris lumbricoides were found. A total of 29 freshwater sampling sites were inspected for snails, 13 in Barombi Mbo and 16 in Barombi Kotto; water chemistry differed significantly (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.0001) between lakes for both mean pH (7.9 v. 9.6) and mean conductivity (64.3 &#x3bc;S v. 202.1 &#x3bc;S) respectively. Only two Bulinus camerunensis found on the central island of Barombi Kotto were observed to shed schistosome cercariae, but schistosome DNA was later detected in Bulinus sampled from both lakes as well as in Indoplanorbis exustus, an invasive species from Asia.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: STH is currently at very low levels while urogenital schistosomiasis is of greatest concern at Barombi Kotto. This assessment highlights a unique opportunity for further study of the epidemiological dynamics at these crater lakes, to evaluate future intensified interventions both in terms of gaining and sustaining control at Barombi Kotto or in moving towards local interruption of transmission of both diseases at Barombi Mbo.}, }
@article {pmid28238147, year = {2017}, author = {Bowman, DM and Sylvester, DJ and Marino, AD}, title = {Returning to the Patent Landscapes for Nanotechnology: Assessing the Garden that It Has Grown Into.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, volume = {1570}, number = {}, pages = {315-338}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-6840-4_22}, pmid = {28238147}, issn = {1940-6029}, mesh = {Humans ; *Intellectual Property ; Inventions/economics/ethics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; *Nanotechnology/economics/ethics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; *Patents as Topic/ethics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; }, abstract = {The patent landscape, like a garden, can tell you much about its designers and users; their motivations, biases, and general interests. While both patent landscapes and gardens may appear to the casual observer as refined and ordered, an in-depth exploration of the terrain is likely to reveal unforeseen challenges including, for example, alien species, thickets, and trolls. As this Chapter illustrates, patent landscapes are dynamic and have been forced to continually evolve in response to technological innovation. While emerging technologies, such as biotechnology and information communication technology have challenged the traditional patent landscape, resulting in the pruning of certain elements here and there, the overarching framework and design has largely remained intact. But will this always be the case? As the field of nanotechnology continues to evolve and mature, the aim of this Chapter is to map how the technology has evolved and grown within the confines of existing structures and underlying foundation of the patent landscape and the implications thereof for the technology, industry, and the public more generally. The Chapter concludes by asking the question whether the current patent landscape will be able to withstand the ubiquitous nature of the technology, or whether nanotechnology, in combination with other emerging technologies, will be a catalyst for governments and policy makers to completely redesign the patent landscape.}, }
@article {pmid28237887, year = {2017}, author = {Uyà, M and Maggi, E and Mori, G and Nuccio, C and Gribben, PE and Bulleri, F}, title = {Carry over effects of nutrient addition on the recovery of an invasive seaweed from the winter die-back.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {126}, number = {}, pages = {37-44}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.02.006}, pmid = {28237887}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Caulerpa/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Seasons ; Seaweed/*physiology ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Nutrient enrichment of coastal waters can enhance the invasibility and regrowth of non-native species. The invasive alga Caulerpa cylindracea has two distinct phases: a well-studied fast-growing summer phase, and a winter latent phase. To investigate the effects of nutrient enrichment on the regrowth of the seaweed after the winter resting-phase, a manipulative experiment was carried out in intertidal rockpools in the North-western Mediterranean. Nutrients were supplied under different temporal regimes: press (constant release from January to May), winter pulse (January to March) and spring pulse (March to May). Independently from the temporal characteristics of their addition, nutrients accelerated the re-growth of C. cylindracea after the winter die-back, resulting in increased percentage covers at the peak of the growing season. Nutrient addition did not influence the number and length of fronds and the biomass. Native components of the algal community did not respond to nutrient additions. Our results show that nutrient supply can favour the spread of C. cylindracea even when occurring at a time of the year at which the seaweed is not actively growing.}, }
@article {pmid28236710, year = {2017}, author = {McCallum, ES and Bose, APH and Warriner, TR and Balshine, S}, title = {An evaluation of behavioural endpoints: The pharmaceutical pollutant fluoxetine decreases aggression across multiple contexts in round goby (Neogobius melanostomus).}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {175}, number = {}, pages = {401-410}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.059}, pmid = {28236710}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Aggression/*drug effects ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects ; Ecotoxicology ; Fluoxetine/*toxicity ; Models, Theoretical ; *Perciformes/physiology ; *Social Behavior ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Fluoxetine (Prozac™) is designed to alter human behaviour; however, because many physiological pathways are conserved across vertebrates, this drug may affect the behaviour of fish living in fluoxetine-polluted environments. Although a number of studies have used behaviour to document the sub-lethal effects of fluoxetine, the repeatability of these effects across experiments, across behavioural contexts, and over different exposure durations are rarely considered. Here, we conducted two experiments and assessed how fluoxetine exposure affected a range of fitness-related behaviours in wild round goby (Neogobius melanostomus). We found that fluoxetine impacts round goby behaviour at high (40 μg/l) doses, but not at environmentally relevant low doses (1 μg/l). In both experiments, an acute 3-day exposure to fluoxetine reduced round goby aggression in multiple behavioural contexts, but had no detectable effect on overall activity or social affiliative behaviour. While a chronic 28-day exposure to fluoxetine exposure still reduced aggression, this reduction was only detectable in one behavioural context. Our findings demonstrate the importance of repeated behavioural testing (both between and within experiments) and contribute to a growing body of literature evaluating the effects of fluoxetine and other pharmaceuticals on animal behaviour.}, }
@article {pmid28235024, year = {2017}, author = {Theuerkauf, SJ and Puckett, BJ and Theuerkauf, KW and Theuerkauf, EJ and Eggleston, DB}, title = {Density-dependent role of an invasive marsh grass, Phragmites australis, on ecosystem service provision.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {e0173007}, pmid = {28235024}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; Estuaries ; *Introduced Species ; North Carolina ; *Poaceae ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can positively, neutrally, or negatively affect the provision of ecosystem services. The direction and magnitude of this effect can be a function of the invaders' density and the service(s) of interest. We assessed the density-dependent effect of an invasive marsh grass, Phragmites australis, on three ecosystem services (plant diversity and community structure, shoreline stabilization, and carbon storage) in two oligohaline marshes within the North Carolina Coastal Reserve and National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NCNERR), USA. Plant species richness was equivalent among low, medium and high Phragmites density plots, and overall plant community composition did not vary significantly by Phragmites density. Shoreline change was most negative (landward retreat) where Phragmites density was highest (-0.40 ± 0.19 m yr-1 vs. -0.31 ± 0.10 for low density Phragmites) in the high energy marsh of Kitty Hawk Woods Reserve and most positive (soundward advance) where Phragmites density was highest (0.19 ± 0.05 m yr-1 vs. 0.12 ± 0.07 for low density Phragmites) in the lower energy marsh of Currituck Banks Reserve, although there was no significant effect of Phragmites density on shoreline change. In Currituck Banks, mean soil carbon content was approximately equivalent in cores extracted from low and high Phragmites density plots (23.23 ± 2.0 kg C m-3 vs. 22.81 ± 3.8). In Kitty Hawk Woods, mean soil carbon content was greater in low Phragmites density plots (36.63 ± 10.22 kg C m-3) than those with medium (13.99 ± 1.23 kg C m-3) or high density (21.61 ± 4.53 kg C m-3), but differences were not significant. These findings suggest an overall neutral density-dependent effect of Phragmites on three ecosystem services within two oligohaline marshes in different environmental settings within a protected reserve system. Moreover, the conceptual framework of this study can broadly inform an ecosystem services-based approach to invasive species management.}, }
@article {pmid28235000, year = {2017}, author = {Vall-Llosera, M and Cassey, P}, title = {Leaky doors: Private captivity as a prominent source of bird introductions in Australia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {e0172851}, pmid = {28235000}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Animal Migration ; Animals, Wild ; Australia ; *Birds ; Cities ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Internet ; Introduced Species ; Parrots ; *Pets ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The international pet trade is a major source of emerging invasive vertebrate species. We used online resources as a novel source of information for accidental bird escapes, and we investigated the factors that influence the frequency and distribution of bird escapes at a continental scale. We collected information on over 5,000 pet birds reported to be missing on animal websites during the last 15 years in Australia. We investigated whether variables linked to pet ownership successfully predicted bird escapes, and we assessed the potential distribution of these escapes. Most of the reported birds were parrots (> 90%), thus, we analysed factors associated with the frequency of parrot escapes. We found that bird escapes in Australia are much more frequent than previously acknowledged. Bird escapes were reported more frequently within, or around, large Australian capital cities. Socio-economic factors, such as the average personal income level of the community, and the level of human modification to the environment were the best predictors of bird escapes. Cheaper parrot species, Australian natives, and parrot species regarded as peaceful or playful were the most frequently reported escapees. Accidental introductions have been overlooked as an important source of animal incursions. Information on bird escapes is available online in many higher income countries and, in Australia, this is particularly apparent for parrot species. We believe that online resources may provide useful tools for passive surveillance for non-native pet species. Online surveillance will be particularly relevant for species that are highly reported, such as parrots, and species that are either valuable or highly commensal.}, }
@article {pmid28232766, year = {2016}, author = {Crous, PW and Wingfield, MJ and Burgess, TI and Hardy, GE and Crane, C and Barrett, S and Cano-Lira, JF and Le Roux, JJ and Thangavel, R and Guarro, J and Stchigel, AM and Martín, MP and Alfredo, DS and Barber, PA and Barreto, RW and Baseia, IG and Cano-Canals, J and Cheewangkoon, R and Ferreira, RJ and Gené, J and Lechat, C and Moreno, G and Roets, F and Shivas, RG and Sousa, JO and Tan, YP and Wiederhold, NP and Abell, SE and Accioly, T and Albizu, JL and Alves, JL and Antoniolli, ZI and Aplin, N and Araújo, J and Arzanlou, M and Bezerra, JD and Bouchara, JP and Carlavilla, JR and Castillo, A and Castroagudín, VL and Ceresini, PC and Claridge, GF and Coelho, G and Coimbra, VR and Costa, LA and da Cunha, KC and da Silva, SS and Daniel, R and de Beer, ZW and Dueñas, M and Edwards, J and Enwistle, P and Fiuza, PO and Fournier, J and García, D and Gibertoni, TB and Giraud, S and Guevara-Suarez, M and Gusmão, LF and Haituk, S and Heykoop, M and Hirooka, Y and Hofmann, TA and Houbraken, J and Hughes, DP and Kautmanová, I and Koppel, O and Koukol, O and Larsson, E and Latha, KP and Lee, DH and Lisboa, DO and Lisboa, WS and López-Villalba, &#xc1; and Maciel, JL and Manimohan, P and Manjón, JL and Marincowitz, S and Marney, TS and Meijer, M and Miller, AN and Olariaga, I and Paiva, LM and Piepenbring, M and Poveda-Molero, JC and Raj, KN and Raja, HA and Rougeron, A and Salcedo, I and Samadi, R and Santos, TA and Scarlett, K and Seifert, KA and Shuttleworth, LA and Silva, GA and Silva, M and Siqueira, JP and Souza-Motta, CM and Stephenson, SL and Sutton, DA and Tamakeaw, N and Telleria, MT and Valenzuela-Lopez, N and Viljoen, A and Visagie, CM and Vizzini, A and Wartchow, F and Wingfield, BD and Yurchenko, E and Zamora, JC and Groenewald, JZ}, title = {Fungal Planet description sheets: 469-557.}, journal = {Persoonia}, volume = {37}, number = {}, pages = {218-403}, pmid = {28232766}, issn = {0031-5850}, abstract = {Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia: Apiognomonia lasiopetali on Lasiopetalum sp., Blastacervulus eucalyptorum on Eucalyptus adesmophloia, Bullanockia australis (incl. Bullanockia gen. nov.) on Kingia australis, Caliciopsis eucalypti on Eucalyptus marginata, Celerioriella petrophiles on Petrophile teretifolia, Coleophoma xanthosiae on Xanthosia rotundifolia, Coniothyrium hakeae on Hakea sp., Diatrypella banksiae on Banksia formosa, Disculoides corymbiae on Corymbia calophylla, Elsinoë eelemani on Melaleuca alternifolia, Elsinoë eucalyptigena on Eucalyptus kingsmillii, Elsinoë preissianae on Eucalyptus preissiana, Eucasphaeria rustici on Eucalyptus creta, Hyweljonesia queenslandica (incl. Hyweljonesia gen. nov.) on the cocoon of an unidentified microlepidoptera, Mycodiella eucalypti (incl. Mycodiella gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus diversicolor, Myrtapenidiella sporadicae on Eucalyptus sporadica, Neocrinula xanthorrhoeae (incl. Neocrinula gen. nov.) on Xanthorrhoea sp., Ophiocordyceps nooreniae on dead ant, Phaeosphaeriopsis agavacearum on Agave sp., Phlogicylindrium mokarei on Eucalyptus sp., Phyllosticta acaciigena on Acacia suaveolens, Pleurophoma acaciae on Acacia glaucoptera, Pyrenochaeta hakeae on Hakea sp., Readeriella lehmannii on Eucalyptus lehmannii, Saccharata banksiae on Banksia grandis, Saccharata daviesiae on Daviesia pachyphylla, Saccharata eucalyptorum on Eucalyptus bigalerita, Saccharata hakeae on Hakea baxteri, Saccharata hakeicola on Hakea victoria, Saccharata lambertiae on Lambertia ericifolia, Saccharata petrophiles on Petrophile sp., Saccharata petrophilicola on Petrophile fastigiata, Sphaerellopsis hakeae on Hakea sp., and Teichospora kingiae on Kingia australis.Brazil: Adautomilanezia caesalpiniae (incl. Adautomilanezia gen. nov.) on Caesalpina echinata, Arthrophiala arthrospora (incl. Arthrophiala gen. nov.) on Sagittaria montevidensis, Diaporthe caatingaensis (endophyte from Tacinga inamoena), Geastrum ishikawae on sandy soil, Geastrum pusillipilosum on soil, Gymnopus pygmaeus on dead leaves and sticks, Inonotus hymenonitens on decayed angiosperm trunk, Pyricularia urashimae on Urochloa brizantha, and Synnemellisia aurantia on Passiflora edulis. Chile: Tubulicrinis australis on Lophosoria quadripinnata.France: Cercophora squamulosa from submerged wood, and Scedosporium cereisporum from fluids of a wastewater treatment plant. Hawaii: Beltraniella acaciae, Dactylaria acaciae, Rhexodenticula acaciae, Rubikia evansii and Torula acaciae (all on Acacia koa).India: Lepidoderma echinosporum on dead semi-woody stems, and Rhodocybe rubrobrunnea from soil. Iran: Talaromyces kabodanensis from hypersaline soil. La Réunion: Neocordana musarum from leaves of Musa sp. Malaysia: Anungitea eucalyptigena on Eucalyptus grandis × pellita, Camptomeriphila leucaenae (incl. Camptomeriphila gen. nov.) on Leucaena leucocephala, Castanediella communis on Eucalyptus pellita, Eucalyptostroma eucalypti (incl. Eucalyptostroma gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus pellita, Melanconiella syzygii on Syzygium sp., Mycophilomyces periconiae (incl. Mycophilomyces gen. nov.) as hyperparasite on Periconia on leaves of Albizia falcataria, Synnemadiella eucalypti (incl. Synnemadiella gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus pellita, and Teichospora nephelii on Nephelium lappaceum.Mexico: Aspergillus bicephalus from soil. New Zealand: Aplosporella sophorae on Sophora microphylla, Libertasomyces platani on Platanus sp., Neothyronectria sophorae (incl. Neothyronectria gen. nov.) on Sophora microphylla, Parastagonospora phoenicicola on Phoenix canariensis, Phaeoacremonium pseudopanacis on Pseudopanax crassifolius, Phlyctema phoenicis on Phoenix canariensis, and Pseudoascochyta novae-zelandiae on Cordyline australis.Panama: Chalara panamensis from needle litter of Pinus cf. caribaea. South Africa: Exophiala eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., Fantasmomyces hyalinus (incl. Fantasmomyces gen. nov.) on Acacia exuvialis, Paracladophialophora carceris (incl. Paracladophialophora gen. nov.) on Aloe sp., and Umthunziomyces hagahagensis (incl. Umthunziomyces gen. nov.) on Mimusops caffra.Spain: Clavaria griseobrunnea on bare ground in Pteridium aquilinum field, Cyathus ibericus on small fallen branches of Pinus halepensis, Gyroporus pseudolacteus in humus of Pinus pinaster, and Pseudoascochyta pratensis (incl. Pseudoascochyta gen. nov.) from soil. Thailand: Neoascochyta adenii on Adenium obesum, and Ochroconis capsici on Capsicum annuum. UK: Fusicolla melogrammae from dead stromata of Melogramma campylosporum on bark of Carpinus betulus. Uruguay: Myrmecridium pulvericola from house dust. USA: Neoscolecobasidium agapanthi (incl. Neoscolecobasidium gen. nov.) on Agapanthus sp., Polyscytalum purgamentum on leaf litter, Pseudopithomyces diversisporus from human toenail, Saksenaea trapezispora from knee wound of a soldier, and Sirococcus quercus from Quercus sp. Morphological and culture characteristics along with DNA barcodes are provided.}, }
@article {pmid28231634, year = {2017}, author = {Li, K and He, Y and Campbell, SK and Colborn, AS and Jackson, EL and Martin, A and Monagan, IV and Ong, TWY and Perfecto, I}, title = {From endogenous to exogenous pattern formation: Invasive plant species changes the spatial distribution of a native ant.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {23}, number = {6}, pages = {2250-2261}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13671}, pmid = {28231634}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Michigan ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a significant threat to global biodiversity, but our understanding of how invasive species impact native communities across space and time remains limited. Based on observations in an old field in Southeast Michigan spanning 35 years, our study documents significant impacts of habitat change, likely driven by the invasion of the shrub, Elaeagnus umbellata, on the nest distribution patterns and population demographics of a native ant species, Formica obscuripes. Landcover change in aerial photographs indicates that E. umbellata expanded aggressively, transforming a large proportion of the original open field into dense shrubland. By comparing the ant's landcover preferences before and after the invasion, we demonstrate that this species experienced a significant unfavorable change in its foraging areas. We also find that shrub landcover significantly moderates aggression between nests, suggesting nests are more related where there is more E. umbellata. This may represent a shift in reproductive strategy from queen flights, reported in the past, to asexual nest budding. Our results suggest that E. umbellata may affect the spatial distribution of F. obscuripes by shifting the drivers of nest pattern formation from an endogenous process (queen flights), which led to a uniform pattern, to a process that is both endogenous (nest budding) and exogenous (loss of preferred habitat), resulting in a significantly different clustered pattern. The number and sizes of F. obscuripes nests in our study site are projected to decrease in the next 40 years, although further study of this population's colony structures is needed to understand the extent of this decrease. Elaeagnus umbellata is a common invasive shrub, and similar impacts on native species might occur in its invasive range, or in areas with similar shrub invasions.}, }
@article {pmid28231339, year = {2017}, author = {Welvaert, M and Al-Ghattas, O and Cameron, M and Caley, P}, title = {Limits of use of social media for monitoring biosecurity events.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {e0172457}, pmid = {28231339}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Birds/physiology ; Humans ; Internet ; *Introduced Species ; *Moths/physiology ; *Social Media ; }, abstract = {Compared to applications that trigger massive information streams, like earthquakes and human disease epidemics, the data input for agricultural and environmental biosecurity events (ie. the introduction of unwanted exotic pests and pathogens), is expected to be sparse and less frequent. To investigate if Twitter data can be useful for the detection and monitoring of biosecurity events, we adopted a three-step process. First, we confirmed that sightings of two migratory species, the Bogong moth (Agrotis infusa) and the Common Koel (Eudynamys scolopaceus) are reported on Twitter. Second, we developed search queries to extract the relevant tweets for these species. The queries were based on either the taxonomic name, common name or keywords that are frequently used to describe the species (symptomatic or syndromic). Third, we validated the results using ground truth data. Our results indicate that the common name queries provided a reasonable number of tweets that were related to the ground truth data. The taxonomic query resulted in too small datasets, while the symptomatic queries resulted in large datasets, but with highly variable signal-to-noise ratios. No clear relationship was observed between the tweets from the symptomatic queries and the ground truth data. Comparing the results for the two species showed that the level of familiarity with the species plays a major role. The more familiar the species, the more stable and reliable the Twitter data. This clearly presents a problem for using social media to detect the arrival of an exotic organism of biosecurity concern for which public is unfamiliar.}, }
@article {pmid28229529, year = {2017}, author = {Yang, T and Wei, Z and Friman, VP and Xu, Y and Shen, Q and Kowalchuk, GA and Jousset, A}, title = {Resource availability modulates biodiversity-invasion relationships by altering competitive interactions.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {19}, number = {8}, pages = {2984-2991}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.13708}, pmid = {28229529}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {105624//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Microbial Consortia/*physiology ; Ralstonia solanacearum/*growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Community diversity affects the survival of newly introduced species via resource competition. Competitive interactions can be modulated by resource availability and we hypothesized that this may alter biodiversity-invasion relationships. To study this, we assessed the growth of a bacterial invader, Ralstonia solanacearum, when introduced into communities comprised of one to five closely related resident species under different resource concentrations. The invader growth was then examined as a function of resident community richness, species composition and resource availability. We found that the relative density of the invader was reduced by increasing resident community richness and resource availability. Mechanistically, this could be explained by changes in the competitive interactions between the resident species and the invader along the resource availability gradient. At low resource availability, resident species with a high catabolic similarity with the invader efficiently reduced the invader relative density, while at high resource availability, fast-growing resident species became more important for the invader suppression. These results indicate that the relative importance of different resident community species can change dynamically along to resource availability gradient. Diverse communities could be thus more robust to invasions by providing a set of significant species that can take suppressive roles across different environments.}, }
@article {pmid28228093, year = {2017}, author = {Yang, L and Cheng, TY and Zhao, FY}, title = {Comparative profiling of hepatopancreas transcriptomes in satiated and starving Pomacea canaliculata.}, journal = {BMC genetics}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {18}, pmid = {28228093}, issn = {1471-2156}, mesh = {Animals ; Digestion ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Hepatopancreas/enzymology/*metabolism/physiology ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Open Reading Frames/genetics ; Plants ; *Satiation ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Snails/enzymology/*genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although Pomacea canaliculata is native to South and Central America, it has become one of the most abundant invasive species worldwide and causes extensive damage to agriculture and horticulture. Conventional physical and chemical techniques have been used to eliminate P. canaliculata, but the effects are not ideal. Therefore, it is important to devise a new method based on a greater understanding of the biology of P. canaliculata. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying digestion and absorption in P. canaliculata are not well understood due to the lack of available genomic information for this species, particularly for digestive enzyme genes.<br><br>RESULTS: In the present study, hepatopancreas transcriptome sequencing produced over 223 million high-quality reads, and a global de novo assembly generated a total of 87,766 unique transcripts (unigenes), of which 19,942 (22.7%) had significant similarities to proteins in the UniProt database. In addition, 296,675 annotated sequences were associated with Gene Ontology (GO) terms. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment was performed for the unique unigenes, and 262 pathways (p-value&#x2009;<&#x2009;10[-5]) in P. canaliculata were found to be predominantly related to plant consumption and coarse fiber digestion and absorption. These transcripts were classified into four large categories: hydrolase, transferase, isomerase and cytochrome P450. The Reads Per Kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads (RPKM) analysis showed that there were 523 down-regulated unigenes and 406 up-regulated unigenes in the starving apple snails compared with the satiated apple snails. Several important genes are associated with digestion and absorption in plants: endo-beta-1, 4-glucanase, xylanase, cellulase, cellulase EGX1, cellulase EGX3 and G-type lysozyme genes were identified. The qRT-PCR results confirmed that the expression patterns of these genes (except for the longipain gene) were consistent with the RNA-Seq results.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular genes associated with hepatopancreas functioning. Differentially expressed genes corresponding to critical metabolic pathways were detected in the transcriptome of starving apple snails compared with satiated apple snails. In addition to the cellulase gene, other genes were identified that may be important factors in plant matter metabolism in P. canaliculata, and this information has the potential to expedite the study of digestive physiology in apple snails.}, }
@article {pmid28226258, year = {2017}, author = {Yemshanov, D and Koch, FH and Lu, B and Fournier, R and Cook, G and Turgeon, JJ}, title = {A new hypervolume approach for assessing environmental risks.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {193}, number = {}, pages = {188-200}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.021}, pmid = {28226258}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Environment ; Geography ; Humans ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Risk Assessment ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Assessing risks of uncertain but potentially damaging events, such as environmental disturbances, disease outbreaks and pest invasions, is a key analytical step that informs subsequent decisions about how to respond to these events. We present a continuous risk measure that can be used to assess and prioritize environmental risks from uncertain data in a geographical domain. The metric is influenced by both the expected magnitude of risk and its uncertainty. We demonstrate the approach by assessing risks of human-mediated spread of Asian longhorned beetle (ALB, Anoplophora glabripennis) in Greater Toronto (Ontario, Canada). Information about the human-mediated spread of ALB through this urban environment to individual geographical locations is uncertain, so each location was characterized by a set of probabilistic rates of spread, derived in this case using a network model. We represented the sets of spread rates for the locations by their cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) and then, using the first-order stochastic dominance rule, found ordered non-dominant subsets of these CDFs, which we then used to define different classes of risk across the geographical domain, from high to low. Because each non-dominant subset was estimated with respect to all elements of the distribution, the uncertainty in the underlying data was factored into the delineation of the risk classes; essentially, fewer non-dominant subsets can be defined in portions of the full set where information is sparse. We then depicted each non-dominant subset as a point cloud, where points represented the CDF values of each subset element at specific sampling intervals. For each subset, we then defined a hypervolume bounded by the outermost convex frontier of that point cloud. This resulted in a collection of hypervolumes for every non-dominant subset that together serve as a continuous measure of risk, which may be more practically useful than averaging metrics or ordinal rank measures. Overall, the approach offers a rigorous depiction of risk in a geographical domain when the underlying estimates of risk for individual locations are represented by sets or distributions of uncertain estimates. Our hypervolume-based approach can be used to compare assessments made with different datasets and assumptions.}, }
@article {pmid28221828, year = {2017}, author = {Grason, EW}, title = {Does Cohistory Constrain Information Use? Evidence for Generalized Risk Assessment in Nonnative Prey.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {189}, number = {3}, pages = {213-226}, doi = {10.1086/690217}, pmid = {28221828}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cues ; Ecosystem ; *Predatory Behavior ; Risk Assessment ; *Snails ; }, abstract = {Though prey use a variety of information sources to assess predation risk, evolutionary cohistory with a predator could constrain information use, and nonnative prey might fail to recognize risk from a novel predator. Nonnative prey might instead use generalized risk assessment, relying on general alarm signals from injured conspecifics rather than cues from predators. I tested the influence of shared predator-prey history on information use, comparing responses among three native and four nonnative prey species to chemical cues from a native predator and cues from injured conspecific prey. Nonnative prey demonstrated information generalism: (1) responding stronger to alarm cues released by injured conspecific prey than to cues from predators and (2) responding similarly to alarm cues as to cues from predators consuming injured conspecific prey. By contrast, for native prey, multiple information sources were required to elicit the greatest defense. The influence of other sources of chemical information was not predicted by cohistory with the predator: only one nonnative snail responded to the predator; digestion was important for only two native species; the identity of injured prey was important for all prey; and predator and prey cues contributed additively to prey response. Information generalism, hypothesized to be costly in coevolved interactions, could facilitate invasions as a driver of or response to introduction to novel habitats.}, }
@article {pmid28218290, year = {2017}, author = {Greff, S and Aires, T and Serrão, EA and Engelen, AH and Thomas, OP and Pérez, T}, title = {The interaction between the proliferating macroalga Asparagopsis taxiformis and the coral Astroides calycularis induces changes in microbiome and metabolomic fingerprints.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {42625}, pmid = {28218290}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*microbiology/*physiology ; *Metabolome ; *Metabolomics/methods ; *Microbial Interactions ; *Microbiota ; Seawater/chemistry ; Seaweed/*physiology ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Mediterranean Sea ecosystems are considered as hotspots of biological introductions, exposed to possible negative effects of non-indigenous species. In such temperate marine ecosystems, macroalgae may be dominant, with a great percentage of their diversity represented by introduced species. Their interaction with temperate indigenous benthic organisms have been poorly investigated. To provide new insights, we performed an experimental study on the interaction between the introduced proliferative red alga Asparagopsis taxiformis and the indigenous Mediterranean coral Astroides calycularis. The biological response measurements included meta-barcoding of the associated microbial communities and metabolomic fingerprinting of both species. Significant changes were detected among both associated microbial communities, the interspecific differences decreasing with stronger host interaction. No short term effects of the macroalga on the coral health, neither on its polyp activity or its metabolism, were detected. In contrast, the contact interaction with the coral induced a change in the macroalgal metabolomic fingerprint with a significant increase of its bioactivity against the marine bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri. This induction was related to the expression of bioactive metabolites located on the macroalgal surface, a phenomenon which might represent an immediate defensive response of the macroalga or an allelopathic offense against coral.}, }
@article {pmid28215865, year = {2017}, author = {García-Vásquez, A and Razo-Mendivil, U and Rubio-Godoy, M}, title = {Triple trouble? Invasive poeciliid fishes carry the introduced tilapia pathogen Gyrodactylus cichlidarum in the Mexican highlands.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {235}, number = {}, pages = {37-40}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.01.014}, pmid = {28215865}, issn = {1873-2550}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; Cyprinodontiformes/*parasitology ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Poecilia/parasitology ; Rivers ; Tilapia/*parasitology ; Trematoda/*isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; Trematode Infections/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {As part of ongoing surveys of the gyrodactylid parasite fauna of freshwater fishes in Mexico, we recorded the infection of three species of poeciliids (Poecilia mexicana, Poeciliopsis gracilis, and Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus [syn.=Heterandria bimaculata]) with Gyrodactylus cichlidarum, a monogenean parasite of cichlid fishes, which has been co-introduced globally with its translocated, African "tilapia" hosts. This tilapia pathogen was found on poeciliid fishes both within their native distribution range in the Gulf of Mexico slope, as well as on invasive species artificially introduced to the Mexican highlands, to rivers draining into the Pacific Ocean. Identity of G. cichlidarum was confirmed by morphological and molecular analyses. Prevalence and abundance of infection were low, but this is the first record of G. cichlidarum infecting poeciliids (Cyprinodontiformes), which are distantly related to this parasite's primary cichlid fish hosts (Perciformes). This study provides evidence that G. cichlidarum, a recognized pathogen which has been co-introduced globally with its cichlid fish hosts for aquacultural purposes, is able to infect non-related poeciliid fishes inhabiting water bodies adjacent to tilapia farms, thereby potentially increasing its ability to disperse between farms and different river basins. It is of particular concern that G. cichlidarum was found on poeciliids, as these invasive fishes have been introduced worldwide and could act as carriers for this parasite known to induce significant mortality of farmed tilapias - globally, the second most important freshwater aquaculture fish group, after the carps.}, }
@article {pmid28215862, year = {2017}, author = {Valente, R and Diaz, JI and Salomón, OD and Navone, GT}, title = {Natural infection of the feline lungworm Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in the invasive snail Achatina fulica from Argentina.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {235}, number = {}, pages = {17-19}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.01.006}, pmid = {28215862}, issn = {1873-2550}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina/epidemiology ; Cat Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Cats ; Disease Reservoirs ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Metastrongyloidea/*isolation &amp; purification ; Public Health ; Snails/*parasitology ; Strongylida Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The giant African snail Achatina fulica is an invasive mollusk native to Africa, the first record in Argentina was in Puerto Iguazú, in northeastern Argentina in 2010. Recently it was reported in Corrientes Province. This snail can act as an intermediate host of Metastrongyloidea nematodes of importance in public health as: Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Angiostrongylus costaricensis and Angiostrongylus vasorum. Taking into account the presence of A. fulica in Argentina, the objectives of this study is to assess the presence of Metastrongyloidea nematodes in this mollusk species in Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, close to the international border with Brazil and Paraguay. A total of 451 samples were collected from February 2014 to November 2015. The snails were processed using a digestion technique to recover the parasites. A total of 206 nematodes larvae were founded in the digestion solution of 10 hosts (P=2%; MA=0.5; MI=21). Third larval stage (L3) nematodes identified as Aelurostrongylus abstrusus were founded parasitizing the snails. No other larval stage was observed. This species has veterinary importance because it causes 'aelurostrongilosis', also known as feline strongyloidosis. This study constitutes the first record of a Metastrongyloidea nematode in A. fulica in Argentina and also highlights the susceptibility of this mollusk as intermediate host of other helminthes of health importance. The present study suggests that there is a need to establish an epidemiological monitoring system in order to prevent the possible installation of an infected mollusks focus.}, }
@article {pmid28214510, year = {2017}, author = {Laverty, C and Brenner, D and McIlwaine, C and Lennon, JJ and Dick, JTA and Lucy, FE and Christian, KA}, title = {Temperature rise and parasitic infection interact to increase the impact of an invasive species.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {47}, number = {5}, pages = {291-296}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.12.004}, pmid = {28214510}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Acanthocephala/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Amphipoda/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Animals ; Climate Change ; Fresh Water/parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Northern Ireland ; Predatory Behavior ; Rivers/parasitology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Invasive species often detrimentally impact native biota, e.g. through predation, but predicting such impacts is difficult due to multiple and perhaps interacting abiotic and biotic context dependencies. Higher mean and peak temperatures, together with parasites, might influence the impact of predatory invasive host species additively, synergistically or antagonistically. Here, we apply the comparative functional response methodology (relationship between resource consumption rate and resource supply) in one experiment and conduct a second scaled-up mesocosm experiment to assess any differential predatory impacts of the freshwater invasive amphipod Gammarus pulex, when uninfected and infected with the acanthocephalan Echinorhynchus truttae, at three temperatures representative of current and future climate. Individual G. pulex showed Type II predatory functional responses. In both experiments, infection was associated with higher maximum feeding rates, which also increased with increasing temperatures. Additionally, infection interacted with higher temperatures to synergistically elevate functional responses and feeding rates. Parasitic infection also generally increased Q10 values. We thus suggest that the differential metabolic responses of the host and parasite to increasing temperatures drives the synergy between infection and temperature, elevating feeding rates and thus enhancing the ecological impact of the invader.}, }
@article {pmid28214124, year = {2017}, author = {Lee, F and Simon, KS and Perry, GLW}, title = {Increasing agricultural land use is associated with the spread of an invasive fish (Gambusia affinis).}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {586}, number = {}, pages = {1113-1123}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.101}, pmid = {28214124}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Animals ; *Cyprinodontiformes ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Land-use change and invasive species pose major threats to ecosystems globally. These stressors can act together, with disturbance due to changes in land-use facilitating invasion. We examined the potential for agricultural land use to facilitate the establishment and population growth (abundance) of a globally invasive fish (Gambusia affinis). To achieve this we examined Gambusia presence, abundance, and life history traits in 31 streams spanning an agricultural land use gradient in the North Island of New Zealand. We used regression models to quantify the relationship between agricultural land use and in-stream physiochemical and habitat variables, and zero-inflated models to explore the relationship among physiochemical, habitat and catchment-scale variables and Gambusia's distribution and abundance. The percentage of the catchment in agricultural land use was associated with changes to physiochemical and habitat conditions. Increasing agricultural land use was associated with increasing macrophyte cover and water temperature and decreasing velocity in streams. Catchment-scale variables (land use and site position in the network) and water temperature were the most important determinants of whether Gambusia occurred at a site. Local in-stream habitat (macrophyte cover and water velocity) and nutrient conditions were the most influential predictors of Gambusia abundance given Gambusia were present. Gambusia life-history traits, sex ratio and body length varied among sites but were not predicted by physiochemical gradients. The distribution of Gambusia in streams in New Zealand is partially controlled by catchment-scale conditions via a combination of dispersal limitation and environmental filtering, both of which are affected by agricultural land use. Agricultural land use alters local in-stream conditions, resulting in systems that are similar to those in Gambusia's natural range; these altered systems have the potential to support an increased abundance of Gambusia. This study provides preliminary quantitative evidence that agricultural land use is related to the spread of a globally invasive freshwater fish.}, }
@article {pmid28214116, year = {2017}, author = {Poikane, S and Ritterbusch, D and Argillier, C and Białokoz, W and Blabolil, P and Breine, J and Jaarsma, NG and Krause, T and Kubečka, J and Lauridsen, TL and Nõges, P and Peirson, G and Virbickas, T}, title = {Response of fish communities to multiple pressures: Development of a total anthropogenic pressure intensity index.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {586}, number = {}, pages = {502-511}, pmid = {28214116}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Europe ; Eutrophication ; *Fishes ; Humans ; Lakes ; }, abstract = {Lakes in Europe are subject to multiple anthropogenic pressures, such as eutrophication, habitat degradation and introduction of alien species, which are frequently inter-related. Therefore, effective assessment methods addressing multiple pressures are needed. In addition, these systems have to be harmonised (i.e. intercalibrated) to achieve common management objectives across Europe. Assessments of fish communities inform environmental policies on ecological conditions integrating the impacts of multiple pressures. However, the challenge is to ensure consistency in ecological assessments through time, across ecosystem types and across jurisdictional boundaries. To overcome the serious comparability issues between national assessment systems in Europe, a total anthropogenic pressure intensity (TAPI) index was developed as a weighted combination of the most common pressures in European lakes that is validated against 10 national fish-based water quality assessment systems using data from 556 lakes. Multi-pressure indices showed significantly higher correlations with fish indices than single-pressure indices. The best-performing index combines eutrophication, hydromorphological alterations and human use intensity of lakes. For specific lake types also biological pressures may constitute an important additional pressure. The best-performing index showed a strong correlation with eight national fish-based assessment systems. This index can be used in lake management for assessing total anthropogenic pressure on lake ecosystems and creates a benchmark for comparison of fish assessments independent of fish community composition, size structure and fishing-gear. We argue that fish-based multiple-pressure assessment tools should be seen as complementary to single-pressure tools offering the major advantage of integrating direct and indirect effects of multiple pressures over large scales of space and time.}, }
@article {pmid28212460, year = {2017}, author = {Lagos, ME and Barneche, DR and White, CR and Marshall, DJ}, title = {Do low oxygen environments facilitate marine invasions? Relative tolerance of native and invasive species to low oxygen conditions.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {23}, number = {6}, pages = {2321-2330}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13668}, pmid = {28212460}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; *Oxygen ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are one of the biggest threats to global biodiversity. Marine artificial structures are proliferating worldwide and provide a haven for marine invasive species. Such structures disrupt local hydrodynamics, which can lead to the formation of oxygen-depleted microsites. The extent to which native fauna can cope with such low oxygen conditions, and whether invasive species, long associated with artificial structures in flow-restricted habitats, have adapted to these conditions remains unclear. We measured water flow and oxygen availability in marinas and piers at the scales relevant to sessile marine invertebrates (mm). We then measured the capacity of invasive and native marine invertebrates to maintain metabolic rates under decreasing levels of oxygen using standard laboratory assays. We found that marinas reduce water flow relative to piers, and that local oxygen levels can be zero in low flow conditions. We also found that for species with erect growth forms, invasive species can tolerate much lower levels of oxygen relative to native species. Integrating the field and laboratory data showed that up to 30% of available microhabitats within low flow environments are physiologically stressful for native species, while only 18% of the same habitat is physiologically stressful for invasive species. These results suggest that invasive species have adapted to low oxygen habitats associated with manmade habitats, and artificial structures may be creating niche opportunities for invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid28211478, year = {2017}, author = {Zhu, X and Weston, PA and Skoneczny, D and Gopurenko, D and Meyer, L and Lepschi, BJ and Callaway, RM and Gurr, GM and Weston, LA}, title = {Ecology and genetics affect relative invasion success of two Echium species in southern Australia.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {42792}, pmid = {28211478}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Australia ; Echium/*classification/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; *Genetic Variation ; Genome Size ; Genome, Plant ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Echium plantagineum and E. vulgare are congeneric exotics first introduced to Australia in the early 1800 s. There, E. plantagineum is now highly invasive, whereas E. vulgare has a limited distribution. Studies were conducted to evaluate distribution, ecology, genetics and secondary chemistry to shed light on factors associated with their respective invasive success. When sampled across geographically diverse locales, E. plantagineum was widespread and exhibited a small genome size (1 C = 0.34 pg), an annual life cycle, and greater genetic diversity as assessed by DNA sequence analysis. It was found frequently in areas with temperature extremes and low rainfall. In contrast, E. vulgare exhibited a larger genome size (1 C = 0.43 pg), a perennial lifecycle, less chloroplast genetic diversity, and occurred in areas with lower temperatures and higher rainfall. Twelve chloroplast haplotypes of E. plantagineum were evident and incidence aligned well with reported historical introduction events. In contrast, E. vulgare exhibited two haplotypes and was found only sporadically at higher elevations. Echium plantagineum possessed significantly higher levels of numerous pyrrolizidine alkaloids involved in plant defence. We conclude that elevated genetic diversity, tolerance to environmental stress and capacity for producing defensive secondary metabolites have contributed to the successful invasion of E. plantagineum in Australia.}, }
@article {pmid28209125, year = {2017}, author = {Adrian-Kalchhauser, I and Svensson, O and Kutschera, VE and Alm Rosenblad, M and Pippel, M and Winkler, S and Schloissnig, S and Blomberg, A and Burkhardt-Holm, P}, title = {The mitochondrial genome sequences of the round goby and the sand goby reveal patterns of recent evolution in gobiid fish.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {177}, pmid = {28209125}, issn = {1471-2164}, mesh = {Animals ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Rearrangement ; Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Perciformes/*genetics ; *Phylogeny ; *Whole Genome Sequencing ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Vertebrate mitochondrial genomes are optimized for fast replication and low cost of RNA expression. Accordingly, they are devoid of introns, are transcribed as polycistrons and contain very little intergenic sequences. Usually, vertebrate mitochondrial genomes measure between 16.5 and 17 kilobases (kb).<br><br>RESULTS: During genome sequencing projects for two novel vertebrate models, the invasive round goby and the sand goby, we found that the sand goby genome is exceptionally small (16.4&#xa0;kb), while the mitochondrial genome of the round goby is much larger than expected for a vertebrate. It is 19&#xa0;kb in size and is thus one of the largest fish and even vertebrate mitochondrial genomes known to date. The expansion is attributable to a sequence insertion downstream of the putative transcriptional start site. This insertion carries traces of repeats from the control region, but is mostly novel. To get more information about this phenomenon, we gathered all available mitochondrial genomes of Gobiidae and of nine gobioid species, performed phylogenetic analyses, analysed gene arrangements, and compared gobiid mitochondrial genome sizes, ecological information and other species characteristics with respect to the mitochondrial phylogeny. This allowed us amongst others to identify a unique arrangement of tRNAs among Ponto-Caspian gobies.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the round goby mitochondrial genome may contain novel features. Since mitochondrial genome organisation is tightly linked to energy metabolism, these features may be linked to its invasion success. Also, the unique tRNA arrangement among Ponto-Caspian gobies may be helpful in studying the evolution of this highly adaptive and invasive species group. Finally, we find that the phylogeny of gobiids can be further refined by the use of longer stretches of linked DNA sequence.}, }
@article {pmid28208761, year = {2017}, author = {Retschnig, G and Williams, GR and Schneeberger, A and Neumann, P}, title = {Cold Ambient Temperature Promotes Nosema spp. Intensity in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {28208761}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Interactions between parasites and environmental factors have been implicated in the loss of managed Western honey bee (=HB, Apis mellifera) colonies. Although laboratory data suggest that cold temperature may limit the spread of Nosema ceranae, an invasive species and now ubiquitous endoparasite of Western HBs, the impact of weather conditions on the distribution of this microsporidian in the field is poorly understood. Here, we conducted a survey for Nosema spp. using 18 Swiss apiaries (four colonies per apiary) over a period of up to 18 months. Samples consisting of 60 workers were collected monthly from each colony to estimate Nosema spp. intensity, i.e., the number of spores in positive samples using microscopy. Ambient apiary temperature was measured daily to estimate the proportion of days enabling HB flight (>10 °C at midday). The results show that Nosema spp. intensities were negatively correlated with the proportion of days enabling HB flight, thereby suggesting a significant and unexpected positive impact of cold ambient temperature on intensities, probably via regulation of defecation opportunities for infected hosts.}, }
@article {pmid28208107, year = {2017}, author = {Scott, PD and Coleman, HM and Colville, A and Lim, R and Matthews, B and McDonald, JA and Miranda, A and Neale, PA and Nugegoda, D and Tremblay, LA and Leusch, FD}, title = {Assessing the potential for trace organic contaminants commonly found in Australian rivers to induce vitellogenin in the native rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis) and the introduced mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki).}, journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {185}, number = {}, pages = {105-120}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.02.008}, pmid = {28208107}, issn = {1879-1514}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Cyprinodontiformes/*metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Organic Chemicals/*analysis ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Rivers/*chemistry ; Smegmamorpha/*metabolism ; Vitellogenins/genetics/*metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {In Australia, trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) and endocrine active compounds (EACs) have been detected in rivers impacted by sewage effluent, urban stormwater, agricultural and industrial inputs. It is unclear whether these chemicals are at concentrations that can elicit endocrine disruption in Australian fish species. In this study, native rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis) and introduced invasive (but prevalent) mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) were exposed to the individual compounds atrazine, estrone, bisphenol A, propylparaben and pyrimethanil, and mixtures of compounds including hormones and personal care products, industrial compounds, and pesticides at environmentally relevant concentrations. Vitellogenin (Vtg) protein and liver Vtg mRNA induction were used to assess the estrogenic potential of these compounds. Vtg expression was significantly affected in both species exposed to estrone at concentrations that leave little margin for safety (p<0.001). Propylparaben caused a small but statistically significant 3× increase in Vtg protein levels (p=0.035) in rainbowfish but at a concentration 40× higher than that measured in the environment, therefore propylparaben poses a low risk of inducing endocrine disruption in fish. Mixtures of pesticides and a mixture of hormones, pharmaceuticals, industrial compounds and pesticides induced a small but statistically significant increase in plasma Vtg in rainbowfish, but did not affect mosquitofish Vtg protein or mRNA expression. These results suggest that estrogenic activity represents a low risk to fish in most Australian rivers monitored to-date except for some species of fish at the most polluted sites.}, }
@article {pmid28207904, year = {2017}, author = {Klonner, G and Fischer, S and Essl, F and Dullinger, S}, title = {Correction: A Source Area Approach Demonstrates Moderate Predictive Ability but Pronounced Variability of Invasive Species Traits.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {e0172656}, pmid = {28207904}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {I 1443/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155547.].}, }
@article {pmid28207174, year = {2017}, author = {Boiffin, J and Badeau, V and Bréda, N}, title = {Species distribution models may misdirect assisted migration: insights from the introduction of Douglas-fir to Europe.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {446-457}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1448}, pmid = {28207174}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; North America ; *Plant Dispersal ; Pseudotsuga/*physiology ; Reproducibility of Results ; }, abstract = {Species distribution models (SDMs), which statistically relate species occurrence to climatic variables, are widely used to identify areas suitable for species growth under future climates and to plan for assisted migration. When SDMs are projected across times or spaces, it is assumed that species climatic requirements remain constant. However, empirical evidence supporting this assumption is rare, and SDM predictions could be biased. Historical human-aided movements of tree species can shed light on the reliability of SDM predictions in planning for assisted migration. We used Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), a North American conifer introduced into Europe during the mid-19th century, as a case-study to test niche conservatism. We combined transcontinental data sets of Douglas-fir occurrence and climatic predictors to compare the realized niches between native and introduced ranges. We calibrated a SDM in the native range and compared areas predicted to be climatically suitable with observed presences. The realized niches in the native and introduced ranges showed very limited overlap. The SDM calibrated in North America had very high predictive power in the native range, but failed to predict climatic suitability in Europe where Douglas-fir grows in climates that have no analogue in the native range. We review the ecological mechanisms and silvicultural practices that can trigger such shifts in realized niches. Retrospective analysis of tree species introduction revealed that the assumption of niche conservatism is erroneous. As a result, distributions predicted by SDM are importantly biased. There is a high risk that assisted migration programs may be misdirected and target inadequate species or introduction zones.}, }
@article {pmid28205577, year = {2017}, author = {Ardura, A and Zaiko, A and Morán, P and Planes, S and Garcia-Vazquez, E}, title = {Epigenetic signatures of invasive status in populations of marine invertebrates.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {42193}, pmid = {28205577}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Bivalvia/classification/*genetics/metabolism ; DNA/genetics/metabolism ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA Methylation ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Europe ; Founder Effect ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Neoplasms/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/metabolism/pathology ; New Zealand ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Polychaeta/classification/*genetics/metabolism ; Principal Component Analysis ; }, abstract = {Epigenetics, as a DNA signature that affects gene expression and enables rapid reaction of an organism to environmental changes, is likely involved in the process of biological invasions. DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism common to plants and animals for regulating gene expression. In this study we show, for the first time in any marine species, significant reduction of global methylation levels during the expansive phase of a pygmy mussel (Xenostrobus securis) recent invasion in Europe (two-year old), while in older introductions such epigenetic signature of invasion was progressively reduced. Decreased methylation was interpreted as a rapid way of increasing phenotypic plasticity that would help invasive populations to thrive. This epigenetic signature of early invasion was stronger than the expected environmental signature of environmental stress in younger populations sampled from ports, otherwise detected in a much older population (>90 year old) of the also invasive tubeworm Ficopomatus enigmaticus established in similar locations. Higher epigenetic than genetic diversity found in X. securis was confirmed from F. enigmaticus samples. As reported for introduced plants and vertebrates, epigenetic variation could compensate for relatively lower genetic variation caused by founder effects. These phenomena were compared with epigenetic mechanisms involved in metastasis, as parallel processes of community (biological invasion) and organism (cancer) invasions.}, }
@article {pmid28202362, year = {2017}, author = {Lopes, KC and Ferrão-Filho, AD and Dos Santos, EG and Cunha, RA and Santos, CP}, title = {Effects of crude extracts of a saxitoxin-producer strain of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii on the swimming behavior of wild and laboratory reared guppy Poecilia vivipara.}, journal = {Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology}, volume = {129}, number = {}, pages = {44-51}, doi = {10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.02.002}, pmid = {28202362}, issn = {1879-3150}, mesh = {Alkaloids ; Animals ; Bacterial Toxins/toxicity ; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects ; Cyanobacteria Toxins ; Cylindrospermopsis/*chemistry ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; *Poecilia ; Saxitoxin/*toxicity ; *Swimming ; Uracil/analogs &amp; derivatives/toxicity ; }, abstract = {The cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is an invasive species in water supply reservoirs worldwide, which can produces cylindrospermopsins and saxitoxins. In the wild, guppy (Poecilia vivipara) can be exposed to cyanotoxins, but those born and reared in laboratory are free of this contact. The aim of this paper was to comparatively measure the locomotor activity of 'wild' and 'lab' P. vivipara before and after exposure to crude extracts of two different cultures of C. raciborskii (CYRF-01), a saxitoxin-procucer strain. The movement of each fish was recorded using an image monitoring system (Videomex V[®]) before and after 48 h exposure to cyanobacterial extracts. Each experiment was performed during 4 h, with 1 h acclimation and 3 h recording period of the parameters Distance performed (DP), Swimming time (SwT), Stereotypic time (StT), Resting time (RT) and Average speed (AS). The quantification of saxitoxin in the solutions was performed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The weight or the total length did not influence the locomotor activity of fish in any of the experiments. The saxitoxin value was similar for both cultures (Culture 1: 7.3 μg L[-1] and Culture 2: 8.6 μg L[-1]). However, in experiments with Culture 1 an increased activity in most parameters was observed, while in Culture 2, a decreased activity was observed only in 'lab' fish. Wild fish was less affected, showing higher resistance to both cyanobacterial crude extracts. This study showed that different cultures of the same strain of C. raciborskii and with similar contents of saxitoxin are able to change the locomotor activity of P. vivipara, contributing to the validation of the use of behavioral parameters to the evaluation of sublethal effects of toxic cyanobacteria on fish.}, }
@article {pmid28199941, year = {2017}, author = {Marić, P and Ahel, M and Senta, I and Terzić, S and Mikac, I and Žuljević, A and Smital, T}, title = {Effect-directed analysis reveals inhibition of zebrafish uptake transporter Oatp1d1 by caulerpenyne, a major secondary metabolite from the invasive marine alga Caulerpa taxifolia.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {174}, number = {}, pages = {643-654}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.007}, pmid = {28199941}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Animals ; Caulerpa/*metabolism ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Sesquiterpenes/metabolism/*toxicity ; Zebrafish ; Zebrafish Proteins/*antagonists &amp; inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Caulerpa taxifolia is a marine alga of tropical and subtropical distribution and a well-known invasive species in several temperate regions. Its invasiveness mainly stems from the production of secondary metabolites, some of which are toxic or repellent substances. In this study we investigated the possible inhibitory effects of C. taxifolia secondary metabolites on the activity of two zebrafish (Danio rerio) uptake transporters that transport organic anions (Oatp1d1) and cations (Oct1). Both transporters were transiently transfected and overexpressed in human embryonic kidney HEK293T cells. Transport activity assays using lucifer yellow (LY) and 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide (ASP+) as model substrates were applied for the determination of Oatp1d1 and Oct1 interactors. A two-step Effect-Directed Analysis (EDA) procedure was applied for the separation and identification of compounds. We identified caulerpenyne (CYN) as the major metabolite in C. taxifolia and reveal its potent inhibitory effect towards zebrafish Oatp1d1 as well as weak effect on zebrafish Oct1 transport. The observed effect was confirmed by testing CYN purified from C. taxifolia, resulting in an IC50 of 17.97 μM, and a weak CYN interaction was also determined for the zebrafish Oct1 transporter. Finally, using Michaelis-Menten kinetics experiments, we identified CYN as a non-competitive inhibitor of the zebrafish Oatp1d1. In conclusion, this study describes a novel mechanism of biological activity in C. taxifolia, shows that CYN was a potent non-competitive inhibitor of zebrafish Oatp1d1, and demonstrates that EDA can be reliably used for characterization of environmentally relevant complex biological samples.}, }
@article {pmid28199674, year = {2017}, author = {Puterka, GJ}, title = {More Virulent Offspring Result From Hybridization of Invasive Aphid Species, Diuraphis noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae), With Diuraphis tritici Endemic to the United States.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {2}, pages = {731-738}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow301}, pmid = {28199674}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Antibiosis ; Aphids/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Genetic Fitness ; Genotype ; *Herbivory ; Hordeum/genetics/*physiology ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; Population Growth ; Triticum/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), invaded the United States in 1986 and soon became a significant pest of wheat. Diuraphis tritici (Gillette) is native to the United States and was firmly established on wild grasses before the arrival of Russian wheat aphid. Both species are known to coinfest the same grass hosts, during the time they enter the sexual phase in the fall, mate, and produce overwintering eggs. Therefore, we induced males and females under greenhouse conditions in the fall and conducted studies in the laboratory to determine if these two species interbred and produced viable offspring. Fitness and virulence to Russian wheat aphid-resistant wheat and barley entries were also compared among the hybrid progeny and both parents. Diuraphis tritici produced males and females in October. Diuraphis noxia biotype RWA8 produced enough oviparae to conduct crossing experiments. No males occurred in the D. noxia colony making it only possible to crossbreed D. tritici males with RWA8 oviparae and to inbreed D. tritici. No difference in egg production per female (2.0-2.5) or percent egg hatch (23.1-27.0%) was found between crosses. However, progeny survival after hatch for D. tritici inbreds (33.3%) was much higher than the D. tritici × D. noxia crosses (0.25%). Only one hybrid survived to reproductive adult. Intrinsic rate of increase (rm) indicated the hybrid (0.18) was less fit than both parents (0.24-0.29). The hybrid line produced damage ratings to the 16 cereal entries similar to D. tritici but was more virulent to wheat and barley entries than both parents.}, }
@article {pmid28198420, year = {2017}, author = {Seebens, H and Blackburn, TM and Dyer, EE and Genovesi, P and Hulme, PE and Jeschke, JM and Pagad, S and Pyšek, P and Winter, M and Arianoutsou, M and Bacher, S and Blasius, B and Brundu, G and Capinha, C and Celesti-Grapow, L and Dawson, W and Dullinger, S and Fuentes, N and Jäger, H and Kartesz, J and Kenis, M and Kreft, H and Kühn, I and Lenzner, B and Liebhold, A and Mosena, A and Moser, D and Nishino, M and Pearman, D and Pergl, J and Rabitsch, W and Rojas-Sandoval, J and Roques, A and Rorke, S and Rossinelli, S and Roy, HE and Scalera, R and Schindler, S and Štajerová, K and Tokarska-Guzik, B and van Kleunen, M and Walker, K and Weigelt, P and Yamanaka, T and Essl, F}, title = {No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {14435}, pmid = {28198420}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; Geography ; Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Although research on human-mediated exchanges of species has substantially intensified during the last centuries, we know surprisingly little about temporal dynamics of alien species accumulations across regions and taxa. Using a novel database of 45,813 first records of 16,926 established alien species, we show that the annual rate of first records worldwide has increased during the last 200 years, with 37% of all first records reported most recently (1970-2014). Inter-continental and inter-taxonomic variation can be largely attributed to the diaspora of European settlers in the nineteenth century and to the acceleration in trade in the twentieth century. For all taxonomic groups, the increase in numbers of alien species does not show any sign of saturation and most taxa even show increases in the rate of first records over time. This highlights that past efforts to mitigate invasions have not been effective enough to keep up with increasing globalization.}, }
@article {pmid28194758, year = {2017}, author = {Lutscher, F and Musgrave, JA}, title = {Behavioral responses to resource heterogeneity can accelerate biological invasions.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {5}, pages = {1229-1238}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1773}, pmid = {28194758}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Trees ; }, abstract = {The abundance and spatial distribution of resources in a landscape and the behavioral response of individuals determines whether and how fast an invasive species spreads in an environment. Whether and how landscape manipulations can be used to slow invasive species is of great interest, in particular in forest ecosystems, where tree removal, thinning, and increasing tree diversity are discussed as management options. Classically, the focus is on availability and accessibility of resources; more recent considerations include individual-level behavioral movement responses to a spatially heterogeneous resource distribution. We derive a novel model for insect-host dynamics that includes three common behavioral aspects of foraging: higher movement rate in resource-poor areas, lower ovipositioning rate in resource-poor areas, and movement preference for resource-rich areas. We show that each of these basic mechanisms can increase the speed of invasion in a source-sink landscape above that in a homogeneous landscape with larger overall resource availability. We parameterize our model and illustrate our results with data for emerald ash borer, a recent highly destructive forest pest in North America. Our results highlight the importance of empirical work on movement behavior in different landscape types and near the interface between types.}, }
@article {pmid28193585, year = {2017}, author = {Schaller, J and Planer-Friedrich, B}, title = {The filter feeder Dreissena polymorpha affects nutrient, silicon, and metal(loid) mobilization from freshwater sediments.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {174}, number = {}, pages = {531-537}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.037}, pmid = {28193585}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Animals ; Arsenic/*metabolism ; Dreissena/*metabolism ; Fresh Water ; Geologic Sediments ; Metals, Heavy/*metabolism ; Phosphorus/*metabolism ; Silicon/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Organic sediments in aquatic ecosystems are well known sinks for nutrients, silicon, and metal(loid)s. Organic matter-consuming organisms like invertebrate shredders, grazers, and bioturbators significantly affect element fixation or remobilization by changing redox conditions or binding properties of organic sediments. Little is known about the effect of filter feeders, like the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha, an invasive organism in North American and European freshwater ecosystems. A laboratory batch experiment exposing D. polymorpha (∼1200 organisms per m[2]) to organic sediment from a site contaminated with arsenic, copper, lead, and uranium revealed a significant uptake and accumulation of arsenic, copper, iron, and especially uranium both into the soft body tissues and the seashell. This is in line with previous observations of metal(loid) accumulation from biomonitoring studies. Regarding its environmental impact, D. polymorpha significantly contributed to mobilization of silicon, iron, phosphorus, arsenic, and copper and to immobilization of uranium (p < 0.001), probably driven by redox conditions, microbial activity within the gut system, or active control of element homeostasis. No net mobilization or immobilization was observed for zinc and lead, because of their low mobility at the prevailing pH of 7.5-8.5. The present results suggest that D. polymorpha can both ameliorate (nutrient mobilization, immobilization of toxicants mobile under oxic conditions) or aggravate negative effects (mobilization of toxicants mobile under reducing conditions) in ecosystems. Relating the results of the present study to observed population densities in natural freshwater ecosystems suggests a significant influence of D. polymorpha on element cycling and needs to be considered in future studies.}, }
@article {pmid28188733, year = {2017}, author = {Rajakaruna, H and Lewis, M}, title = {Temperature cycles affect colonization potential of calanoid copepods.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {419}, number = {}, pages = {77-89}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.01.044}, pmid = {28188733}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {*Algorithms ; Animals ; Copepoda/*growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Theoretical ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; Seawater ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Marine calanoid copepods colonize new habitats, and some become invasive. Their fitness, measured by intrinsic growth rate and net reproductive rate, is partially driven by biochemical processes. Thus, it is a function of ambient temperature. Biochemical processes may not be approximated well by yearly mean temperature alone when temperature cycles yearly, largely. Higher order moments may also be important. The amplitude of yearly fluctuations of monthly and seasonal sea temperatures varies dramatically across the northern temperate regions. Thus, they can impact the fitness, thereby the colonization potential of copepods migrating across such region. To investigate this, we derive approximate metrics of periodic (yearly) fitness: the yearly intrinsic growth rate, and a weighted net reproductive rate. We use them to measure the persistence and the growth of an Allee-effect free, stage-structured, fast-maturing, small population of invasive copepods that reproduces year-round in habitats with yearly temperature cycles. We show that the yearly fitness increases substantially when a population is introduced from a habitat with large amplitude to that with small amplitude yearly fluctuating temperatures, given that their mean temperatures and other environmental and ecological factors are constant. The detected range-expansion of the modeled species matches the potential fitness gradient predicted by the metrics. The study leads to the question whether the gradient of the amplitudes of temperature between habitats with similar yearly mean temperatures impacts a class of fast-maturating calanoid copepods, colonizing new habitats, and becoming invasive.}, }
@article {pmid28187937, year = {2017}, author = {Rocchini, D and Garzon-Lopez, CX and Marcantonio, M and Amici, V and Bacaro, G and Bastin, L and Brummitt, N and Chiarucci, A and Foody, GM and Hauffe, HC and He, KS and Ricotta, C and Rizzoli, A and Rosà, R}, title = {Anticipating species distributions: Handling sampling effort bias under a Bayesian framework.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {584-585}, number = {}, pages = {282-290}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.038}, pmid = {28187937}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Anticipating species distributions in space and time is necessary for effective biodiversity conservation and for prioritising management interventions. This is especially true when considering invasive species. In such a case, anticipating their spread is important to effectively plan management actions. However, considering uncertainty in the output of species distribution models is critical for correctly interpreting results and avoiding inappropriate decision-making. In particular, when dealing with species inventories, the bias resulting from sampling effort may lead to an over- or under-estimation of the local density of occurrences of a species. In this paper we propose an innovative method to i) map sampling effort bias using cartogram models and ii) explicitly consider such uncertainty in the modeling procedure under a Bayesian framework, which allows the integration of multilevel input data with prior information to improve the anticipation species distributions.}, }
@article {pmid28187655, year = {2017}, author = {Génier, F and Davis, AL}, title = {Digitonthophagus gazella auctorum: an unfortunate case of mistaken identity for a widely introduced species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Onthophagini).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4221}, number = {4}, pages = {zootaxa.4221.4.8}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4221.4.8}, pmid = {28187655}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Caribbean Region ; *Coleoptera ; North America ; South America ; }, abstract = {At risk of committing entomological heresy, we question the identity of a dung-burying beetle species that originates from Africa and has been introduced first into Hawaii and subsequently to Australasia, North America, and South America (Fincher 1986; Edwards 2007; Noriega et al. 2010) for pasture improvement and biological control of dung-breeding flies (Waterhouse 1974; Bornemissza 1979). Under the name Onthophagus gazella (Fabricius 1787), it was the first species selected for introduction into Australia by the CSIRO Dung Beetle Project (Bornemissza 1976; Edwards 2007). Firstly, in 1968, a "tropical strain" was introduced from Hawaii where it had become established after introduction from Zimbabwe in 1957 (Markin &amp; Yoshioka 1998). Later, after establishment of the CSIRO Dung Beetle Research Unit in Pretoria in 1970, a "cold" or "even rainfall strain" was introduced into Australia directly from South Africa (Bornemissza 1976) (even rainfall region = south coast of Eastern Cape). The species was subsequently introduced into the southern continental United States of America (Victoria County, Texas) from Hawaii (Montes de Oca &amp; Halffter 1998) then elsewhere into southeastern and southwestern states from Hawaii and breeding colonies from Australia (Anderson &amp; Loomis 1978). It has since expanded its range through Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean to coastal Colombia (Kohlmann 1994; Noriega 2002; Noriega et al. 2006, 2011). Expansion of its range within central southern South America (Noriega et al. 2010) has been assisted by introductions into Brazil from the United States of America since the 1980s (Bianchin et al. 1998), and others into Venezuela and Chile (Vidaurre et al. 2008). More recently, it has been introduced into quarantine and field trials in New Zealand (Forgie et al. 2013) using individuals originating from the south coast of the Eastern Cape and Northwest Province of South Africa (S. Forgie, personal communication).}, }
@article {pmid28187126, year = {2017}, author = {Kirichenko, N and Triberti, P and Ohshima, I and Haran, J and Byun, BK and Li, H and Augustin, S and Roques, A and Lopez-Vaamonde, C}, title = {From east to west across the Palearctic: Phylogeography of the invasive lime leaf miner Phyllonorycter issikii (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and discovery of a putative new cryptic species in East Asia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {e0171104}, pmid = {28187126}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Genes, Insect ; Genitalia, Male/anatomy &amp; histology ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Lepidoptera/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics ; Male ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {Knowing the phylogeographic structure of invasive species is important for understanding the underlying processes of invasion. The micromoth Phyllonorycter issikii, whose larvae damage leaves of lime trees Tilia spp., was only known from East Asia. In the last three decades, it has been recorded in most of Europe, Western Russia and Siberia. We used the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene region to compare the genetic variability of P. issikii populations between these different regions. Additionally, we sequenced two nuclear genes (28S rRNA and Histone 3) and run morphometric analysis of male genitalia to probe for the existence of cryptic species. The analysis of COI data of 377 insect specimens collected in 16 countries across the Palearctic revealed the presence of two different lineages: P. issikii and a putative new cryptic Phyllonorycter species distributed in the Russian Far East and Japan. In P. issikii, we identified 31 haplotypes among which 23 were detected in the invaded area (Europe) and 10 were found in its putative native range in East Asia (Russian Far East, Japan, South Korea and China), with only two common haplotypes. The high number of haplotypes found in the invaded area suggest a possible scenario of multiple introductions. One haplotype H1 was dominant (119 individuals, 67.2%), not only throughout its expanding range in Europe and Siberia but, intriguingly, also in 96% of individuals originating from Japan. We detected eight unique haplotypes of P. issikii in East Asia. Five of them were exclusively found in the Russian Far East representing 95% of individuals from that area. The putative new cryptic Phyllonorycter species showed differences from P. issikii for the three studied genes. However, both species are morphologically undistinguishable. They occur in sympatry on the same host plants in Japan (Sendai) and the Russian Far East (Primorsky krai) without evidence of admixture.}, }
@article {pmid28185652, year = {2017}, author = {Montefalcone, M and Morri, C and Bianchi, CN and Bavestrello, G and Piazzi, L}, title = {The two facets of species sensitivity: Stress and disturbance on coralligenous assemblages in space and time.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {117}, number = {1-2}, pages = {229-238}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.072}, pmid = {28185652}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; *Biota ; *Coral Reefs ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; Mediterranean Sea ; Seaweed ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Marine coastal ecosystems are affected by a vast array of human-induced disturbances and stresses, which are often capable of overwhelming the effects of natural changes. Despite the conceptual and practical difficulty in differentiating between disturbance and stress, which are often used interchangeably, the two terms bear different ecological meanings. Both are external agents, but the former causes mortality or physical damage (subtraction of biomass), whereas the latter causes physiological alteration (reduction in productivity). Sensitivity of marine organisms may thus have a dual connotation, being influenced in different ways by disturbance and by stress following major environmental change. Coralligenous assemblages, which shape unique biogenic formations in the Mediterranean Sea, are considered highly sensitive to change. In this paper, we propose a method to differentiate between disturbance and stress to assess the ecological status of the coralligenous assemblages. Disturbance sensitivity level (DSL) and stress sensitivity level (SSL) of the sessile organisms thriving in the coralligenous assemblages were combined into the integrated sensitivity level of coralligenous assemblages (ISLA) index. Changes in the coralligenous status were assessed in space, along a gradient of stress (human-induced pressures) at several sites of the western Mediterranean, and in time, from a long-term series (1961-2008) at Mesco Reef (Ligurian Sea) that encompasses a mass mortality event in the 1990s. The quality of the coralligenous assemblages was lower in highly urbanised sites than that in sites in both marine protected areas and areas with low levels of urbanisation; moreover, the quality of the assemblages at Mesco Reef decreased during the last 50years. Reduction in quality was mainly due to the increase in stress-tolerant and/or opportunist species (e.g. algal turfs, hydroids and encrusting sponges), the disappearance of the most sensitive macroalgae (e.g. Udoteaceae and erect Rhodophyta) and macro-invertebrates (e.g. Savalia savaglia, Alcyonium coralloides and Smittina cervicornis), and the appearance of invasive alien algal species. Although the specific indices of SSL or DSL well illustrated the changes in the spatial or temporal datasets, respectively, their integration in the ISLA index was more effective in measuring the change experienced by the coralligenous assemblages in both space and time.}, }
@article {pmid28183912, year = {2017}, author = {Barnosky, AD and Hadly, EA and Gonzalez, P and Head, J and Polly, PD and Lawing, AM and Eronen, JT and Ackerly, DD and Alex, K and Biber, E and Blois, J and Brashares, J and Ceballos, G and Davis, E and Dietl, GP and Dirzo, R and Doremus, H and Fortelius, M and Greene, HW and Hellmann, J and Hickler, T and Jackson, ST and Kemp, M and Koch, PL and Kremen, C and Lindsey, EL and Looy, C and Marshall, CR and Mendenhall, C and Mulch, A and Mychajliw, AM and Nowak, C and Ramakrishnan, U and Schnitzler, J and Das Shrestha, K and Solari, K and Stegner, L and Stegner, MA and Stenseth, NC and Wake, MH and Zhang, Z}, title = {Merging paleobiology with conservation biology to guide the future of terrestrial ecosystems.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {355}, number = {6325}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1126/science.aah4787}, pmid = {28183912}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/*trends ; Endangered Species ; Environmental Pollution ; *Extinction, Biological ; Gorilla gorilla ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Policy ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Conservation of species and ecosystems is increasingly difficult because anthropogenic impacts are pervasive and accelerating. Under this rapid global change, maximizing conservation success requires a paradigm shift from maintaining ecosystems in idealized past states toward facilitating their adaptive and functional capacities, even as species ebb and flow individually. Developing effective strategies under this new paradigm will require deeper understanding of the long-term dynamics that govern ecosystem persistence and reconciliation of conflicts among approaches to conserving historical versus novel ecosystems. Integrating emerging information from conservation biology, paleobiology, and the Earth sciences is an important step forward on the path to success. Maintaining nature in all its aspects will also entail immediately addressing the overarching threats of growing human population, overconsumption, pollution, and climate change.}, }
@article {pmid28183328, year = {2017}, author = {Ciocchetta, S and Darbro, JM and Frentiu, FD and Montarsi, F and Capelli, G and Aaskov, JG and Devine, GJ}, title = {Laboratory colonization of the European invasive mosquito Aedes (Finlaya) koreicus.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {74}, pmid = {28183328}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Animals ; Entomology/*methods ; Europe ; Female ; Insect Vectors/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Laboratories ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Reproduction ; Sheep ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes (Finlaya) koreicus (Edwards) is a mosquito that has recently entered Europe from Asia. This species is considered a potential threat to newly colonized territories, but little is known about its capacity to transmit pathogens or ability to compete with native mosquito species. The establishment of a laboratory colony is a necessary first step for further laboratory studies on the biology, ecology and vector competence of Ae. koreicus.<br><br>RESULTS: A self-mating colony was established at QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (Brisbane, Australia) from eggs of the F1 progeny of individuals collected as free-living larvae in northeastern Italy (Belluno province). Mosquitoes are currently maintained on both defibrinated sheep blood provided via an artificial membrane system and human blood from volunteers. Larvae are maintained in rain water and fed with Tetramin[&#xae;] fish food (&#xa9;2015 Spectrum Brands - Pet, Home and Garden Division, Tetra-Fish). Morphometric measurements related to body size were taken and a fecundity index, based on wing length, was calculated. An in vivo technique for differentiating male and female pupae has been optimized. Our findings provide the basis for further studies on the ecology and physiology of Ae. koreicus.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We describe the establishment of an Ae. koreicus colony in the laboratory and identify critical requirements for the maintenance of this mosquito species under artificial conditions. The laboratory colony will facilitate studies investigating the vector potential of this species for human pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid28182314, year = {2017}, author = {Wallace, KJ and Laughlin, DC and Clarkson, BD}, title = {Exotic weeds and fluctuating microclimate can constrain native plant regeneration in urban forest restoration.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {1268-1279}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1520}, pmid = {28182314}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Cities ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Forests ; Introduced Species ; *Microclimate ; New Zealand ; Plant Weeds/*growth &amp; development ; Trees/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Restoring forest structure and composition is an important component of urban land management, but we lack clear understanding of the mechanisms driving restoration success. Here we studied two indicators of restoration success in temperate rainforests: native tree regeneration and epiphyte colonization. We hypothesized that ecosystem properties such as forest canopy openness, abundance of exotic herbaceous weeds, and the microclimate directly affect the density and diversity of native tree seedlings and epiphytes. Relationships between environmental conditions and the plant community were investigated in 27 restored urban forests spanning 3-70 years in age and in unrestored and remnant urban forests. We used structural equation modelling to determine the direct and indirect drivers of native tree regeneration and epiphyte colonization in the restored forests. Compared to remnant forest, unrestored forest had fewer native canopy tree species, significantly more light reaching the forest floor annually, and higher exotic weed cover. Additionally, epiphyte density was lower and native tree regeneration density was marginally lower in the unrestored forests. In restored forests, light availability was reduced to levels found in remnant forests within 20 years of restoration planting, followed shortly thereafter by declines in herbaceous exotic weeds and reduced fluctuation of relative humidity and soil temperatures. Contrary to expectations, canopy openness was only an indirect driver of tree regeneration and epiphyte colonization, but it directly regulated weed cover and microclimatic fluctuations, both of which directly drove the density and richness of regeneration and epiphyte colonization. Epiphyte density and diversity were also positively related to forest basal area, as large trees provide physical habitat for colonization. These results imply that ecosystem properties change predictably after initial restoration plantings, and that reaching critical thresholds in some ecosystem properties makes conditions suitable for the regeneration of late successional species, which is vital for restoration success and long-term ecosystem sustainability. Abiotic and biotic conditions that promote tree regeneration and epiphyte colonization will likely be present in forests with a basal area ≥27 m[2] /ha. We recommend that urban forest restoration plantings be designed to promote rapid canopy closure to reduce light availability, suppress herbaceous weeds, and stabilize the microclimate.}, }
@article {pmid28177078, year = {2017}, author = {Tanaka, K and Murata, K}, title = {Genetic Basis Underlying Rapid Evolution of an Introduced Insect Ophraella communa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Heritability of Photoperiodic Response.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, pages = {167-173}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw142}, pmid = {28177078}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; Diapause, Insect/*genetics ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Photoperiod ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, }
@article {pmid28177069, year = {2017}, author = {Elkinton, JS and Lombardo, JA and Roehrig, AD and McAvoy, TJ and Mayfield, A and Whitmore, M}, title = {Induction of Cold Hardiness in an Invasive Herbivore: The Case of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, pages = {118-124}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw143}, pmid = {28177069}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; *Freezing ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; *Tsuga ; }, }
@article {pmid28176497, year = {2017}, author = {Hudgins, EJ and Liebhold, AM and Leung, B}, title = {Predicting the spread of all invasive forest pests in the United States.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {426-435}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12741}, pmid = {28176497}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Computer Simulation ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Forests ; Fungi/*physiology ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Mites/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; United States ; }, abstract = {We tested whether a general spread model could capture macroecological patterns across all damaging invasive forest pests in the United States. We showed that a common constant dispersal kernel model, simulated from the discovery date, explained 67.94% of the variation in range size across all pests, and had 68.00% locational accuracy between predicted and observed locational distributions. Further, by making dispersal a function of forest area and human population density, variation explained increased to 75.60%, with 74.30% accuracy. These results indicated that a single general dispersal kernel model was sufficient to predict the majority of variation in extent and locational distribution across pest species and that proxies of propagule pressure and habitat invasibility - well-studied predictors of establishment - should also be applied to the dispersal stage. This model provides a key element to forecast novel invaders and to extend pathway-level risk analyses to include spread.}, }
@article {pmid28176452, year = {2017}, author = {Faillace, CA and Lorusso, NS and Duffy, S}, title = {Overlooking the smallest matter: viruses impact biological invasions.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {524-538}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12742}, pmid = {28176452}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; *Virus Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {Parasites and pathogens have recently received considerable attention for their ability to affect biological invasions, however, researchers have largely overlooked the distinct role of viruses afforded by their unique ability to rapidly mutate and adapt to new hosts. With high mutation and genomic substitution rates, RNA and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses may be important constituents of invaded ecosystems, and could potentially behave quite differently from other pathogens. We review evidence suggesting that rapidly evolving viruses impact invasion dynamics in three key ways: (1) Rapidly evolving viruses may prevent exotic species from establishing self-sustaining populations. (2) Viruses can cause population collapses of exotic species in the introduced range. (3) Viruses can alter the consequences of biological invasions by causing population collapses and extinctions of native species. The ubiquity and frequent host shifting of viruses make their ability to influence invasion events likely. Eludicating the viral ecology of biological invasions will lead to an improved understanding of the causes and consequences of invasions, particularly as regards establishment success and changes to community structure that cannot be explained by direct interspecific interactions among native and exotic species.}, }
@article {pmid28168527, year = {2017}, author = {Counihan, TD and Bollens, SM}, title = {Early detection monitoring for larval dreissenid mussels: how much plankton sampling is enough?.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {189}, number = {3}, pages = {98}, pmid = {28168527}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; Dreissena ; Ecology ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Geography ; Idaho ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Montana ; Oregon ; Plankton/*physiology ; Rivers ; Washington ; }, abstract = {The development of quagga and zebra mussel (dreissenids) monitoring programs in the Pacific Northwest provides a unique opportunity to evaluate a regional invasive species detection effort early in its development. Recent studies suggest that the ecological and economic costs of a dreissenid infestation in the Pacific Northwest of the USA would be significant. Consequently, efforts are underway to monitor for the presence of dreissenids. However, assessments of whether these efforts provide for early detection are lacking. We use information collected from 2012 to 2014 to characterize the development of larval dreissenid monitoring programs in the states of Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington in the context of introduction and establishment risk. We also estimate the effort needed for high-probability detection of rare planktonic taxa in four Columbia and Snake River reservoirs and assess whether the current level of effort provides for early detection. We found that the effort expended to monitor for dreissenid mussels increased substantially from 2012 to 2014, that efforts were distributed across risk categories ranging from high to very low, and that substantial gaps in our knowledge of both introduction and establishment risk exist. The estimated volume of filtered water required to fully census planktonic taxa or to provide high-probability detection of rare taxa was high for the four reservoirs examined. We conclude that the current level of effort expended does not provide for high-probability detection of larval dreissenids or other planktonic taxa when they are rare in these reservoirs. We discuss options to improve early detection capabilities.}, }
@article {pmid28168031, year = {2017}, author = {Lukács, BA and Vojtkó, AE and Mesterházy, A and Molnár V, A and Süveges, K and Végvári, Z and Brusa, G and Cerabolini, BE}, title = {Growth-form and spatiality driving the functional difference of native and alien aquatic plants in Europe.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {950-963}, pmid = {28168031}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Trait-based approaches are widely used in community ecology and invasion biology to unravel underlying mechanisms of vegetation dynamics. Although fundamental trade-offs between specific traits and invasibility are well described among terrestrial plants, little is known about their role and function in aquatic plant species. In this study, we examine the functional differences of aquatic alien and native plants stating that alien and native species differ in selected leaf traits. Our investigation is based on 60 taxa (21 alien and 39 native) collected from 22 freshwater units of Hungarian and Italian lowlands and highlands. Linear mixed models were used to investigate the effects of nativeness on four fundamental traits (leaf area, leaf dry matter content, specific leaf area, and leaf nitrogen content), while the influence of growth-form, altitude, and site were employed simultaneously. We found significantly higher values of leaf areas and significantly lower values of specific leaf areas for alien species if growth-form was included in the model as an additional predictor.We showed that the trait-based approach of autochthony can apply to aquatic environments similar to terrestrial ones, and leaf traits have relevance in explaining aquatic plant ecology whether traits are combined with growth-forms as a fixed factor. Our results confirm the importance of traits related to competitive ability in the process of aquatic plant invasions. Alien aquatic plants can be characterized as species producing soft leaves faster. We argue that the functional traits of alien aquatic plants are strongly growth-form dependent. Using the trait-based approach, we found reliable characteristics of aquatic plants related to species invasions, which might be used, for example, in conservation management.}, }
@article {pmid28167444, year = {2017}, author = {Landry, C and Houde, M and Brodeur, P and Spear, P and Boily, M}, title = {Lipophilic antioxidants and lipid peroxidation in yellow perch subjected to various anthropogenic influences along the St. Lawrence River (QC, Canada).}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {139}, number = {}, pages = {316-325}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.051}, pmid = {28167444}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {Animals ; Antioxidants/*metabolism ; Body Size ; Carotenoids/metabolism ; Humans ; Lakes ; Larva/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; *Lipid Peroxidation ; Lycopene ; Perches/*growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Quebec ; Retinoids/*metabolism ; Rivers ; Stress, Physiological ; Vitamin A/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; Water Pollutants ; alpha-Tocopherol/metabolism ; }, abstract = {In Lake Saint-Pierre (LSP), the last great widening of the St. Lawrence River (province of Québec, Canada), the yellow perch has been experiencing a significant decline since the mid-1990s. The combined effect of several stressors (deterioration of habitats appropriate for reproduction and growth, invasive species and poor water quality) seems to exert considerable influence on the yellow perch population in LSP, characterized by low recruitment. To better understand possible stressor effects at the biochemical level, LSP yellow perch were compared with other sites along a gradient of increasing human influences from upstream to downstream along the St. Lawrence River. Morphometry (size, weight, circumference and Fulton's condition factor) and biomarkers associated to the peroxidation of lipids, lipophilic antioxidants (α-tocopherol and carotenoids), along with retinoids (vitamins A1and A2) and proteins were compared between sites at the larval, juvenile and adult stages. Fulton's condition factor was similar between sites for juveniles but was significantly lower in LSP adults, suggesting a weakened physiological condition. In most contaminated sites as LSP, lipid peroxidation tended to be higher in juveniles and adults whereas the lipophilic antioxidant lycopene and proteins content were lower. Retinyl esters were significantly lower for LSP fish compared to other sites, not only in larvae but also in the livers of juveniles and adults. These results are consistent with possible altered metabolism in the retinoid system of LSP yellow perch. The overall results reflect the "pressure" gradient tested, where the yellow perch from the most affected sites located downstream had impaired physiological and biochemical conditions compared to the upstream sectors.}, }
@article {pmid28166945, year = {2017}, author = {Rooke, AC and Burness, G and Fox, MG}, title = {Thermal physiology of native cool-climate, and non-native warm-climate Pumpkinseed sunfish raised in a common environment.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {64}, number = {}, pages = {48-57}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.12.010}, pmid = {28166945}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Body Size ; *Body Temperature ; *Cold Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Contemporary evolution of thermal physiology has the potential to help limit the physiological stress associated with rapidly changing thermal environments; however it is unclear if wild populations can respond quickly enough for such changes to be effective. We used native Canadian Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) sunfish, and non-native Pumpkinseed introduced into the milder climate of Spain ~100 years ago, to assess genetic differences in thermal physiology in response to the warmer non-native climate. We compared temperature performance reaction norms of two Canadian and two Spanish Pumpkinseed populations born and raised within a common environment. We found that Canadian Pumpkinseed had higher routine metabolic rates when measured at seasonally high temperatures (15°C in winter, 30°C in summer), and that Spanish Pumpkinseed had higher critical thermal maxima when acclimated to 30°C in the summer. Growth rates were not significantly different among populations, however Canadian Pumpkinseed tended to have faster growth at the warmest temperatures measured (32°C). The observed differences in physiology among Canadian and Spanish populations at the warmest acclimation temperatures are consistent with the introduced populations being better suited to the warmer non-native climate than native populations. The observed differences could be the result of either founder effects, genetic drift, and/or contemporary adaptive evolution in the warmer non-native climate.}, }
@article {pmid28163896, year = {2016}, author = {Shen, J and Cong, Q and Kinch, LN and Borek, D and Otwinowski, Z and Grishin, NV}, title = {Complete genome of Pieris rapae, a resilient alien, a cabbage pest, and a source of anti-cancer proteins.}, journal = {F1000Research}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {2631}, pmid = {28163896}, issn = {2046-1402}, support = {R01 GM094575/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {The Small Cabbage White (Pieris rapae) is originally a Eurasian butterfly. Being accidentally introduced into North America, Australia, and New Zealand a century or more ago, it spread throughout the continents and rapidly established as one of the most abundant butterfly species. Although it is a serious pest of cabbage and other mustard family plants with its caterpillars reducing crops to stems, it is also a source of pierisin, a protein unique to the Whites that shows cytotoxicity to cancer cells. To better understand the unusual biology of this omnipresent agriculturally and medically important butterfly, we sequenced and annotated the complete genome from USA specimens. At 246 Mbp, it is among the smallest Lepidoptera genomes reported to date. While 1.5% positions in the genome are heterozygous, they are distributed highly non-randomly along the scaffolds, and nearly 20% of longer than 1000 base-pair segments are SNP-free (median length: 38000 bp). Computational simulations of population evolutionary history suggest that American populations started from a very small number of introduced individuals, possibly a single fertilized female, which is in agreement with historical literature. Comparison to other Lepidoptera genomes reveals several unique families of proteins that may contribute to the unusual resilience of Pieris. The nitrile-specifier proteins divert the plant defense chemicals to non-toxic products. The apoptosis-inducing pierisins could offer a defense mechanism against parasitic wasps. While only two pierisins from Pieris rapae were characterized before, the genome sequence revealed eight, offering additional candidates as anti-cancer drugs. The reference genome we obtained lays the foundation for future studies of the Cabbage White and other Pieridae species.}, }
@article {pmid28160501, year = {2017}, author = {Schoebel, CN and Botella, L and Lygis, V and Rigling, D}, title = {Population genetic analysis of a parasitic mycovirus to infer the invasion history of its fungal host.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {9}, pages = {2482-2497}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14048}, pmid = {28160501}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Ascomycota/*virology ; Europe ; Fraxinus/microbiology ; Fungal Viruses/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Japan ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Hymenoscyphus fraxineus mitovirus 1 (HfMV1) occurs in the fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, an introduced plant pathogen responsible for the devastating ash dieback epidemic in Europe. Here, we explored the prevalence and genetic structure of HfMV1 to elucidate the invasion history of both the virus and the fungal host. A total of 1298 H. fraxineus isolates (181 from Japan and 1117 from Europe) were screened for the presence of this RNA virus and 301 virus-positive isolates subjected to partial sequence analysis of the viral RNA polymerase gene. Our results indicate a high mean prevalence (78.7%) of HfMV1 across European H. fraxineus isolates, which is supported by the observed high transmission rate (average 83.8%) of the mitovirus into sexual spores of its host. In accordance with an expected founder effect in the introduced population in Europe, only 1.1% of the Japanese isolates were tested virus positive. In Europe, HfMV1 shows low nucleotide diversity but a high number of haplotypes, which seem to be subject to strong purifying selection. Phylogenetic and clustering analysis detected two genetically distinct HfMV1 groups, both present throughout Europe. This pattern supports the hypothesis that only two (mitovirus-carrying) H. fraxineus individuals were introduced into Europe as previously suggested from the bi-allelic nature of the fungus. Moreover, our data points to reciprocal mating events between the two introduced individuals, which presumably initiated the ash dieback epidemic in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid28155187, year = {2017}, author = {Amarillo-Suárez, A and Repizo, A and Robles, J and Diaz, J and Bustamante, S}, title = {Ability of a Generalist Seed Beetle to Colonize an Exotic Host: Effects of Host Plant Origin and Oviposition Host.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, pages = {368-379}, pmid = {28155187}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Fabaceae ; Female ; Herbivory ; *Oviposition ; *Seeds ; }, abstract = {The colonization of an exotic species by native herbivores is more likely to occur if that herbivore is a generalist. There is little information on the life-history mechanisms used by native generalist insects to colonize exotic hosts and how these mechanisms are affected by host properties. We examined the ability of the generalist seed beetle Stator limbatus Horn to colonize an exotic species. We compared its host preference, acceptability, performance, and egg size when ovipositing and developing on two native (Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth and Senegalia riparia (Kunth)) and one exotic legume species (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.)). We also analyzed the seed chemistry. We found that females recognize the exotic species as an unfavorable host for larval development and that they delayed oviposition and laid fewer and larger eggs on the exotic species than on the native species. Survivorship on the exotic host was 0%. Additionally, seeds of the native species contain five chemical compounds that are absent in the exotic species, and the exotic species contains three sterols, which are absent in the native legumes. Genetically based differences between beetles adapted to different hosts, plastic responses toward new hosts, and chemical differences among seeds are important in host colonization and recognition of the exotic host. In conclusion, the generalist nature of S. limbatus does not influence its ability to colonize L. leucocephala. Explanations for the colonization of exotic hosts by generalist native species and for the success of invasive species must be complemented with studies measuring local adaptation and plasticity.}, }
@article {pmid28150137, year = {2017}, author = {Vaz, AS and Kueffer, C and Kull, CA and Richardson, DM and Schindler, S and Muñoz-Pajares, AJ and Vicente, JR and Martins, J and Hui, C and Kühn, I and Honrado, JP}, title = {The progress of interdisciplinarity in invasion science.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, pages = {428-442}, pmid = {28150137}, issn = {1654-7209}, mesh = {*Ecology ; *Interdisciplinary Communication ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Interdisciplinarity is needed to gain knowledge of the ecology of invasive species and invaded ecosystems, and of the human dimensions of biological invasions. We combine a quantitative literature review with a qualitative historical narrative to document the progress of interdisciplinarity in invasion science since 1950. Our review shows that 92.4% of interdisciplinary publications (out of 9192) focus on ecological questions, 4.4% on social ones, and 3.2% on social-ecological ones. The emergence of invasion science out of ecology might explain why interdisciplinarity has remained mostly within the natural sciences. Nevertheless, invasion science is attracting social-ecological collaborations to understand ecological challenges, and to develop novel approaches to address new ideas, concepts, and invasion-related questions between scholars and stakeholders. We discuss ways to reframe invasion science as a field centred on interlinked social-ecological dynamics to bring science, governance and society together in a common effort to deal with invasions.}, }
@article {pmid28144180, year = {2017}, author = {Doherty-Bone, TM and Gvoždík, V}, title = {The Amphibians of Mount Oku, Cameroon: an updated species inventory and conservation review.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {643}, pages = {109-139}, pmid = {28144180}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Amphibians are a disproportionately threatened group of vertebrates, the status of which in Sub-Saharan Africa is still uncertain, with heterogeneous fauna punctuated by mountains. Mount Oku, Cameroon is one such mountain, which holds many endemic and restricted-range species. The history of amphibian research on Mt Oku, current knowledge on biogeography and conservation biology is reviewed, including recent findings. This updated inventory adds 25 further species, with 50 species of amphibian so far recorded to the Oku Massif (c. 900 to 3,011 m). This includes 5 endemic to Mt Oku, 7 endemic to the Bamenda Highlands, 18 restricted to the highlands of Cameroon and Nigeria, and 20 with broader ranges across Africa. This includes a new mountain locality for the Critically Endangered Leptodactylodon axillaris. Among others, the first record of Phrynobatrachus schioetzi and Ptychadena taenioscelis from Cameroon are presented. The uncertainty of habitat affinities and elevational ranges are discussed. The proportion of threatened species on Mt Oku is 44.2%, but projected to increase to 47.9% due to new species descriptions and recent dramatic declines. The natural habitats of Mt Oku are irreplaceable refuges for its endemic and restricted-range amphibian populations under severe pressure elsewhere in their range. Threats to this important amphibian fauna are increasing, including agricultural encroachment, expanding aquaculture, livestock grazing, pollution, invasive species, forest loss and degradation. Past, present and desired conservation interventions to address these threats are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid28141891, year = {2017}, author = {Santos, PSC and Michler, FU and Sommer, S}, title = {Can MHC-assortative partner choice promote offspring diversity? A new combination of MHC-dependent behaviours among sexes in a highly successful invasive mammal.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {8}, pages = {2392-2404}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14035}, pmid = {28141891}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Germany ; Introduced Species ; Major Histocompatibility Complex/*genetics ; Male ; *Mating Preference, Animal ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; Phylogeny ; Raccoons/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sex Factors ; }, abstract = {Sexual selection involving genetically disassortative mate choice is one of several evolutionary processes that can maintain or enhance population genetic variability. Examples of reproductive systems in which choosers (generally females) select mates depending on their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes have been reported for several vertebrate species. Notably, the role of MHC-dependent choice not in mating contexts, but in other kinds of social interactions such as in the establishment of complex social systems, has not yet drawn significant scientific interest and is virtually absent from the literature. We have investigated male and female MHC-dependent choice in an invasive population of North American raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Germany. Both male and female raccoons rely on olfaction for individual recognition. Males have an unusually complex social system in which older individuals choose unrelated younger ones to form stable male coalitions that defend territories and a monopoly over females. We have confirmed that females perform MHC-disassortative mate choice and that this behaviour fosters genetic diversity of offspring. We have also observed that males build coalitions by choosing male partners depending on their MHC, but in an assortative manner. This is the first observation of antagonistic MHC-dependent behaviours among sexes. We show that this is the only combination of MHC-dependent partner choice that leads to outbreeding. In the case of introduced raccoons, such behaviours can act together to promote the invasive potential of the species by increasing its adaptive genetic divergence.}, }
@article {pmid28140497, year = {2017}, author = {Thoresen, JJ and Towns, D and Leuzinger, S and Durrett, M and Mulder, CPH and Wardle, DA}, title = {Invasive rodents have multiple indirect effects on seabird island invertebrate food web structure.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {1190-1198}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1513}, pmid = {28140497}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates ; Islands ; Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; Predatory Behavior ; *Rats ; }, abstract = {Burrowing seabirds that nest on islands transfer nutrients from the sea, disturb the soil through burrowing, damage tree foliage when landing, and thereby modify the surface litter. However, seabirds are in decline worldwide, as are their community- and ecosystem-level impacts, primarily due to invasive predatory mammals. The direct and indirect effects of seabird decline on communities and ecosystems are inherently complex. Here we employed network analysis, as a means of simplifying ecological complexity, to better understand the effects seabird loss may have on island invertebrate communities. Using data on leaf litter communities, we constructed invertebrate food webs for each of 18 offshore oceanic islands in northeastern New Zealand, nine of which have high seabird densities and nine of were invaded by rats. Ten network topological metrics (including entropy, generality, and vulnerability) were compared between rat-invaded and uninvaded (seabird-dominant) islands. We found that, on rat-invaded islands, the invertebrate food webs were smaller and less complex than on their seabird-dominated counterparts, which may be due to the suppression of seabird-derived nutrients and consequent effects on trophic cascades. This decreased complexity of food webs due to the presence of rats is indicative of lower ecosystem resistance via lower trophic redundancy. Our results show that rat effects on island ecosystems are manifested throughout entire food webs, and demonstrate how network analysis may be useful to assess ecosystem recovery status as these invaded islands are restored.}, }
@article {pmid28140393, year = {2017}, author = {Mamet, SD and Lamb, EG and Piper, CL and Winsley, T and Siciliano, SD}, title = {Archaea and bacteria mediate the effects of native species root loss on fungi during plant invasion.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {1261-1275}, pmid = {28140393}, issn = {1751-7370}, mesh = {Archaea/classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; Bacteria/classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; Biodiversity ; Bromus/microbiology ; Fungi/classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; Introduced Species ; Microbial Interactions ; Plant Roots/*microbiology ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Although invasive plants can drive ecosystem change, little is known about the directional nature of belowground interactions between invasive plants, native roots, bacteria, archaea and fungi. We used detailed bioinformatics and a recently developed root assay on soils collected in fescue grassland along a gradient of smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss) invasion to examine the links between smooth brome shoot litter and root, archaea, bacteria and fungal communities. We examined (1) aboveground versus belowground influences of smooth brome on soil microbial communities, (2) the importance of direct versus microbe-mediated impacts of plants on soil fungal communities, and (3) the web of roots, shoots, archaea, bacteria and fungi interactions across the A and B soil horizons in invaded and non-invaded sites. Archaea and bacteria influenced fungal composition, but not vice versa, as indicated by redundancy analyses. Co-inertia analyses suggested that bacterial-fungal variance was driven primarily by 12 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Brome increased bacterial diversity via smooth brome litter in the A horizon and roots in the B horizon, which then reduced fungal diversity. Archaea increased abundance of several bacterial OTUs, and the key bacterial OTUs mediated changes in the fungi's response to invasion. Overall, native root diversity loss and bacterial mediation were more important drivers of fungal composition than were the direct effects of increases in smooth brome. Critically, native plant species displacement and root loss appeared to be the most important driver of fungal composition during invasion. This causal web likely gives rise to the plant-fungi feedbacks, which are an essential factor determining plant diversity in invaded grassland ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid28139037, year = {2017}, author = {Cicconardi, F and Borges, PAV and Strasberg, D and Oromí, P and López, H and Pérez-Delgado, AJ and Casquet, J and Caujapé-Castells, J and Fernández-Palacios, JM and Thébaud, C and Emerson, BC}, title = {MtDNA metagenomics reveals large-scale invasion of belowground arthropod communities by introduced species.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {12}, pages = {3104-3115}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14037}, pmid = {28139037}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/*classification ; *Biodiversity ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; *Metagenomics ; }, abstract = {Using a series of standardized sampling plots within forest ecosystems in remote oceanic islands, we reveal fundamental differences between the structuring of aboveground and belowground arthropod biodiversity that are likely due to large-scale species introductions by humans. Species of beetle and spider were sampled almost exclusively from single islands, while soil-dwelling Collembola exhibited more than tenfold higher species sharing among islands. Comparison of Collembola mitochondrial metagenomic data to a database of more than 80 000 Collembola barcode sequences revealed almost 30% of sampled island species are genetically identical, or near identical, to individuals sampled from often very distant geographic regions of the world. Patterns of mtDNA relatedness among Collembola implicate human-mediated species introductions, with minimum estimates for the proportion of introduced species on the sampled islands ranging from 45% to 88%. Our results call for more attention to soil mesofauna to understand the global extent and ecological consequences of species introductions.}, }
@article {pmid28138052, year = {2017}, author = {de Wit, LA and Croll, DA and Tershy, B and Newton, KM and Spatz, DR and Holmes, ND and Kilpatrick, AM}, title = {Estimating Burdens of Neglected Tropical Zoonotic Diseases on Islands with Introduced Mammals.}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {96}, number = {3}, pages = {749-757}, pmid = {28138052}, issn = {1476-1645}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/parasitology/virology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Islands ; Leptospirosis/*epidemiology/veterinary ; Mammals/parasitology/virology ; Public Health ; Rabies/*epidemiology/veterinary ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Strongylida Infections/*epidemiology/veterinary ; Toxocariasis/*epidemiology ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal/*epidemiology ; Zoonoses/*epidemiology/parasitology/virology ; }, abstract = {Many neglected tropical zoonotic pathogens are maintained by introduced mammals, and on islands the most common introduced species are rodents, cats, and dogs. Management of introduced mammals, including control or eradication of feral populations, which is frequently done for ecological restoration, could also reduce or eliminate the pathogens these animals carry. Understanding the burden of these zoonotic diseases is crucial for quantifying the potential public health benefits of introduced mammal management. However, epidemiological data are only available from a small subset of islands where these introduced mammals co-occur with people. We examined socioeconomic and climatic variables as predictors for disease burdens of angiostrongyliasis, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, toxocariasis, and rabies from 57 islands or island countries. We found strong correlates of disease burden for leptospirosis, Toxoplasma gondii infection, angiostrongyliasis, and toxocariasis with more than 50% of the variance explained, and an average of 57% (range = 32-95%) predictive accuracy on out-of-sample data. We used these relationships to provide estimates of leptospirosis incidence and T. gondii seroprevalence infection on islands where nonnative rodents and cats are present. These predicted estimates of disease burden could be used in an initial assessment of whether the costs of managing introduced mammal reservoirs might be less than the costs of perpetual treatment of these diseases on islands.}, }
@article {pmid28135760, year = {2017}, author = {Barbosa, JM and Asner, GP and Hughes, RF and Johnson, MT}, title = {Landscape-scale GPP and carbon density inform patterns and impacts of an invasive tree across wet forests of Hawaii.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {403-415}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1445}, pmid = {28135760}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Carbon/*analysis ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; *Photosynthesis ; Psidium/*physiology ; Remote Sensing Technology ; Spectrum Analysis ; Trees/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Plant invasion typically occurs within a landscape-scale framework of abiotic and biotic conditions, often resulting in emergent feedbacks among environment, ecosystem functions, and the dominance of invasive species. Understanding the mechanisms underlying successful invasions is an important component of conservation and management efforts, but this has been poorly investigated in a spatially explicit manner. Knowing where and why invasion patterns change throughout the landscape enables managers to use context-specific controls on the spread of invasive species. Using high-resolution airborne imaging spectroscopy, we studied plant performance in growth within and across landscapes to examine the dominance and spatial distribution of an invasive tree, Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), in heterogeneous environmental conditions of a submontane Hawaiian tropical forest. We assessed invader performance using the GPP ratio index, which is the relative difference in remotely sensed estimates of gross primary productivity between canopies of guava and canopies of the invaded plant community. In addition, we used airborne LiDAR data to evaluate the impacts of guava invasion on the forest aboveground carbon density in different environments. Structural equation modeling revealed that substrate type and elevation above sea level interact and amplify landscape-scale differences in productivity between the invasive species and the host plant community (GPP ratio); differences that ultimately control levels of dominance of guava. We found shifts in patterns of forest carbon storage based on both gradual increase of invader dominance and changes in environmental conditions. Overall, our results demonstrate that the remotely sensed index defined as the GPP ratio provided an innovative spatially explicit approach to track and predict the success of invasive plants based in their canopy productivity, particularly within a landscape-scale framework of varying environmental factors such as soils and elevation. This approach may help managers accurately predict where invaders of forests, scrublands, or grasslands are likely to exhibit high levels of dominance before the environment is fully invaded.}, }
@article {pmid28135718, year = {2017}, author = {Kaiser-Bunbury, CN and Mougal, J and Whittington, AE and Valentin, T and Gabriel, R and Olesen, JM and Blüthgen, N}, title = {Ecosystem restoration strengthens pollination network resilience and function.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {542}, number = {7640}, pages = {223-227}, pmid = {28135718}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Altitude ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Flowers/physiology ; Fruit/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Pollination/*physiology ; Seychelles ; }, abstract = {Land degradation results in declining biodiversity and the disruption of ecosystem functioning worldwide, particularly in the tropics. Vegetation restoration is a common tool used to mitigate these impacts and increasingly aims to restore ecosystem functions rather than species diversity. However, evidence from community experiments on the effect of restoration practices on ecosystem functions is scarce. Pollination is an important ecosystem function and the global decline in pollinators attenuates the resistance of natural areas and agro-environments to disturbances. Thus, the ability of pollination functions to resist or recover from disturbance (that is, the functional resilience) may be critical for ensuring a successful restoration process. Here we report the use of a community field experiment to investigate the effects of vegetation restoration, specifically the removal of exotic shrubs, on pollination. We analyse 64 plant-pollinator networks and the reproductive performance of the ten most abundant plant species across four restored and four unrestored, disturbed mountaintop communities. Ecosystem restoration resulted in a marked increase in pollinator species, visits to flowers and interaction diversity. Interactions in restored networks were more generalized than in unrestored networks, indicating a higher functional redundancy in restored communities. Shifts in interaction patterns had direct and positive effects on pollination, especially on the relative and total fruit production of native plants. Pollinator limitation was prevalent at unrestored sites only, where the proportion of flowers producing fruit increased with pollinator visitation, approaching the higher levels seen in restored plant communities. Our results show that vegetation restoration can improve pollination, suggesting that the degradation of ecosystem functions is at least partially reversible. The degree of recovery may depend on the state of degradation before restoration intervention and the proximity to pollinator source populations in the surrounding landscape. We demonstrate that network structure is a suitable indicator for pollination quality, highlighting the usefulness of interaction networks in environmental management.}, }
@article {pmid28135610, year = {2017}, author = {Pakalniete, K and Aigars, J and Czajkowski, M and Strake, S and Zawojska, E and Hanley, N}, title = {Understanding the distribution of economic benefits from improving coastal and marine ecosystems.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {584-585}, number = {}, pages = {29-40}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.097}, pmid = {28135610}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Latvia ; Oceans and Seas ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {The ecological status of coastal and marine waterbodies world-wide is threatened by multiple stressors, including nutrient inputs from various sources and increasing occurrences of invasive alien species. These stressors impact the environmental quality of the Baltic Sea. Each Baltic Sea country contributes to the stressors and, at the same time, is affected by their negative impacts on water quality. Knowledge about benefits from improvements in coastal and marine waters is key to assessing public support for policies aimed at achieving such changes. We propose a new approach to account for variability in benefits related to differences in socio-demographics of respondents, by using a structural model of discrete choice. Our method allows to incorporate a wide range of socio-demographics as explanatory variables in conditional multinomial logit models without the risk of collinearity; the model is estimated jointly and hence more statistically efficient than the alternative, typically used approaches. We apply this new technique to a study of the preferences of Latvian citizens towards improvements of the coastal and marine environment quality. We find that overall, Latvians are willing to pay for reducing losses of biodiversity, for improving water quality for recreation by reduced eutrophication, and for reducing new occurrences of invasive alien species. However a significant group within the sample seems not to value environmental improvements in the Baltic Sea, and, thus, is unwilling to support costly measures for achieving such improvements. The structural model of discrete choice reveals substantial heterogeneity among Latvians towards changes in the quality of coastal and marine waters of Latvia.}, }
@article {pmid28135274, year = {2017}, author = {Manni, M and Guglielmino, CR and Scolari, F and Vega-Rúa, A and Failloux, AB and Somboon, P and Lisa, A and Savini, G and Bonizzoni, M and Gomulski, LM and Malacrida, AR and Gasperi, G}, title = {Genetic evidence for a worldwide chaotic dispersion pattern of the arbovirus vector, Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {e0005332}, pmid = {28135274}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics/*virology ; Animals ; Arboviruses/*classification ; Asia, Southeastern ; Bayes Theorem ; Demography ; Disease Outbreaks ; Europe ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Mosquito Vectors/*genetics/virology ; Population Surveillance ; Saliva/virology ; United States ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive species represent a global concern for their rapid spread and the possibility of infectious disease transmission. This is the case of the global invader Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito. This species is a vector of medically important arboviruses, notably chikungunya (CHIKV), dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV). The reconstruction of the complex colonization pattern of this mosquito has great potential for mitigating its spread and, consequently, disease risks.<br><br>Classical population genetics analyses and Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) approaches were combined to disentangle the demographic history of Aedes albopictus populations from representative countries in the Southeast Asian native range and in the recent and more recently colonized areas. In Southeast Asia, the low differentiation and the high co-ancestry values identified among China, Thailand and Japan indicate that, in the native range, these populations maintain high genetic connectivity, revealing their ancestral common origin. China appears to be the oldest population. Outside Southeast Asia, the invasion process in La R&#xe9;union, America and the Mediterranean Basin is primarily supported by a chaotic propagule distribution, which cooperates in maintaining a relatively high genetic diversity within the adventive populations.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: From our data, it appears that independent and also trans-continental introductions of Ae. albopictus may have facilitated the rapid establishment of adventive populations through admixture of unrelated genomes. As a consequence, a great amount of intra-population variability has been detected, and it is likely that this variability may extend to the genetic mechanisms controlling vector competence. Thus, in the context of the invasion process of this mosquito, it is possible that both population ancestry and admixture contribute to create the conditions for the efficient transmission of arboviruses and for outbreak establishment.}, }
@article {pmid28133884, year = {2017}, author = {Arnaud-Haond, S and Aires, T and Candeias, R and Teixeira, SJL and Duarte, CM and Valero, M and Serrão, EA}, title = {Entangled fates of holobiont genomes during invasion: nested bacterial and host diversities in Caulerpa taxifolia.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {8}, pages = {2379-2391}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14030}, pmid = {28133884}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Bacteria/classification ; Caulerpa/*genetics/*microbiology ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Microbiota ; Microsatellite Repeats ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; South Australia ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Successful prevention and mitigation of biological invasions requires retracing the initial steps of introduction, as well as understanding key elements enhancing the adaptability of invasive species. We studied the genetic diversity of the green alga Caulerpa taxifolia and its associated bacterial communities in several areas around the world. The striking congruence of α and β diversity of the algal genome and endophytic communities reveals a tight association, supporting the holobiont concept as best describing the unit of spreading and invasion. Both genomic compartments support the hypotheses of a unique accidental introduction in the Mediterranean and of multiple invasion events in southern Australia. In addition to helping with tracing the origin of invasion, bacterial communities exhibit metabolic functions that can potentially enhance adaptability and competitiveness of the consortium they form with their host. We thus hypothesize that low genetic diversities of both host and symbiont communities may contribute to the recent regression in the Mediterranean, in contrast with the persistence of highly diverse assemblages in southern Australia. This study supports the importance of scaling up from the host to the holobiont for a comprehensive understanding of invasions.}, }
@article {pmid28132104, year = {2017}, author = {Bayliss, SL and terHorst, CP and Lau, JA}, title = {Testing genotypic variation of an invasive plant species in response to soil disturbance and herbivory.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {183}, number = {4}, pages = {1135-1141}, pmid = {28132104}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Herbivores, competitors, and predators can inhibit biological invasions ("biotic resistance" sensu Elton 1959), while disturbance typically promotes biological invasions. Although biotic resistance and disturbance are often considered separately in the invasion literature, these two forces may be linked. One mechanism by which disturbance may facilitate biological invasions is by decreasing the effectiveness of biotic resistance. The effects of both disturbance and biotic resistance may vary across invading genotypes, and genetic variation in the invasive propagule pool may increase the likelihood that some genotypes can overcome biotic resistance or take greater advantage of disturbance. We conducted an experimental field trial in which we manipulated soil disturbance (thatch removal and loosening soil) and the presence of insect herbivores and examined their effects on the invasion success of 44 Medicago polymorpha genotypes. As expected, insecticide reduced leaf damage and increased Medicago fecundity, suggesting that insect herbivores in this system provide some biotic resistance. Soil disturbance increased Medicago fecundity, but did not alter the effectiveness of biotic resistance by insect herbivores. We found significant genetic variation in Medicago in response to disturbance, but not in response to insect herbivores. These results suggest that the ability of Medicago to invade particular habitats depends on the amount of insect herbivory, the history of disturbance in the habitat, and how the specific genotypes in the invader pool respond to these factors.}, }
@article {pmid28130453, year = {2017}, author = {Tucker, EM and Rehan, SM}, title = {High Elevation Refugia for Bombus terricola (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Conservation and Wild Bees of the White Mountain National Forest.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {28130453}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Altitude ; Animals ; Bees/classification/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Forests ; New Hampshire ; }, abstract = {Many wild bee species are in global decline, yet much is still unknown about their diversity and contemporary distributions. National parks and forests offer unique areas of refuge important for the conservation of rare and declining species populations. Here we present the results of the first biodiversity survey of the bee fauna in the White Mountain National Forest (WMNF). More than a thousand specimens were collected from pan and sweep samples representing 137 species. Three species were recorded for the first time in New England and an additional seven species were documented for the first time in the state of New Hampshire. Four introduced species were also observed in the specimens collected. A checklist of the species found in the WMNF, as well as those found previously in Strafford County, NH, is included with new state records and introduced species noted as well as a map of collecting locations. Of particular interest was the relatively high abundance of Bombus terricola Kirby 1837 found in many of the higher elevation collection sites and the single specimen documented of Bombus fervidus (Fabricius 1798). Both of these bumble bee species are known to have declining populations in the northeast and are categorized as vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List.}, }
@article {pmid28130146, year = {2017}, author = {Chuche, J and Backus, EA and Thiéry, D and Sauvion, N}, title = {First finding of a dual-meaning X wave for phloem and xylem fluid ingestion: Characterization of Scaphoideus titanus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) EPG waveforms.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {102}, number = {}, pages = {50-61}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.013}, pmid = {28130146}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Animals ; Electrophysiological Phenomena ; Female ; *Food Chain ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Phloem ; *Xylem ; }, abstract = {The leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadellidae), an invasive deltocephaline species introduced into Europe from North America, is the vector of the most important phytoplasma disease in European viticulture, flavescence dorée. In this first electropenetrography (EPG) study of S. titanus, we characterized its feeding waveforms and defined their biological meanings. Four typical waveform phases (pathway, X wave, sustained ingestion, and interruption) and four families within those phases (A, B, C, and N) were characterized using DC EPG technology. We proposed biological meanings for these waveforms based on excreta pH-ingestion correlations, presence of X waves, and comparison with previous AC, DC, and AC-DC EPG waveforms conducted on Cicadomorpha. We observed that sustained (i.e., >10min) ingestion by a deltocephaline leafhopper can occur from both xylem and phloem vascular cells. Waveform C2x represented ingestion of xylem fluid, and two waveforms represented behaviors when stylets were inserted into phloem sieve elements: C2p variant 1 (C2p-1), which may represent salivation (perhaps simultaneous with ingestion), and C2p variant 2 (C2p-2), which represented active ingestion. Furthermore, we found that the EPG-recorded X wave has a dual meaning by occurring prior to sustained ingestion from either phloem or xylem. This X wave was very similar in appearance to the model X wave of sharpshooters, an entirely different leafhopper subfamily, Cicadellinae. All cicadellines are obligate xylem-ingesters. Such a "dual-meaning X wave" will provide insights into how the feeding tactics of S. titanus relate to other sheath-feeding hemipterans, and will provide support for future research to clarify the role of this leafhopper as a vector of plant pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid28129731, year = {2018}, author = {Choi, DS and Park, JS and Kim, MJ and Kim, JS and Jeong, SY and Jeong, JS and Park, J and Kim, I}, title = {Geographic variation in the spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), based on mitochondrial DNA sequences.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {312-322}, doi = {10.1080/24701394.2016.1278534}, pmid = {28129731}, issn = {2470-1408}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; Drosophila/classification/*genetics ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; NADH Dehydrogenase/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Republic of Korea ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; }, abstract = {The spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is an economically damaging pest that feeds on most thin-skinned fruits. It was originally native to a few Asian countries, including Korea, but is now found in North America and Europe. In this study, we sequenced portions of the mitochondrial (mt) COI and ND4 genes from a total of 195 individuals collected mainly from Korea. We then combined GenBank-registered COI sequences from all ancestral-range and introduced-range populations with our own COI data to assess the worldwide diversity, divergence, and relatedness of SWD haplotypes. A total of 139 haplotypes were obtained from the concatenated COI and ND4 sequences. Most haplotypes were confined to single localities, but 12 of them were found in more than two localities, and one haplotype (SWDCN61) was found from Korea to Canada. A dataset combining GenBank sequences with our own data identified a total of 94 worldwide COI haplotypes with a maximum sequence divergence (MSD) of 5.433% (32 bp). Although most haplotypes were found in only a single country, a few haplotypes were found commonly in China, Korea, and Japan; these occurred at a higher frequency and were often involved in introductions. A rough estimate of genetic diversity in each country showed higher diversity in ancestral distributional ranges, but the invasion over Asian countries seems to have been substantial because haplotype diversity was only 2.35 to 3.97-fold lower in the U.S.A, Canada, and Italy than that in the populations' ancestral ranges.}, }
@article {pmid28128215, year = {2017}, author = {Ochocki, BM and Miller, TE}, title = {Rapid evolution of dispersal ability makes biological invasions faster and more variable.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {14315}, pmid = {28128215}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate Change ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Genetic variation in dispersal ability may result in the spatial sorting of alleles during range expansion. Recent theory suggests that spatial sorting can favour the rapid evolution of life history traits at expanding fronts, and therefore modify the ecological dynamics of range expansion. Here we test this prediction by disrupting spatial sorting in replicated invasions of the bean beetle Callosobruchus maculatus across homogeneous experimental landscapes. We show that spatial sorting promotes rapid evolution of dispersal distance, which increases the speed and variability of replicated invasions: after 10 generations of range expansion, invasions subject to spatial sorting spread 8.9% farther and exhibit 41-fold more variable spread dynamics relative to invasions in which spatial sorting is suppressed. Correspondingly, descendants from spatially evolving invasions exhibit greater mean and variance in dispersal distance. Our results reveal an important role for rapid evolution during invasion, even in the absence of environmental filters, and argue for evolutionarily informed forecasts of invasive spread by exotic species or climate change migration by native species.}, }
@article {pmid28126398, year = {2017}, author = {Castro, MC and Fileman, TW and Hall-Spencer, JM}, title = {Invasive species in the Northeastern and Southwestern Atlantic Ocean: A review.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {116}, number = {1-2}, pages = {41-47}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.048}, pmid = {28126398}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Introduced Species ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {The spread of non-native species has been a subject of increasing concern since the 1980s when human-mediated transportation, mainly related to ships' ballast water, was recognized as a major vector for species transportation and spread, although records of non-native species go back as far as 16th Century. Ever increasing world trade and the resulting rise in shipping have highlighted the issue, demanding a response from the international community to the threat of non-native marine species. In the present study, we searched for available literature and databases on shipping and invasive species in the North-eastern (NE) and South-western (SW) Atlantic Ocean and assess the risk represented by the shipping trade between these two regions. There are reports of 44 species associated with high impacts for the NE Atlantic and 15 for the SW Atlantic, although this may be an underestimate. Vectors most cited are ballast water and biofouling for both regions while aquaculture has also been a very significant pathway of introduction and spread of invasive species in the NE Atlantic. Although the two regions have significant shipping traffic, no exchange of invasive species could be directly associated to the shipping between the two regions. However, it seems prudent to bring the exchange of ballast water between the two regions under control as soon as possible.}, }
@article {pmid28126373, year = {2017}, author = {Chuche, J and Sauvion, N and Thiéry, D}, title = {Mixed xylem and phloem sap ingestion in sheath-feeders as normal dietary behavior: Evidence from the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {102}, number = {}, pages = {62-72}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.014}, pmid = {28126373}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Animals ; Electrophysiological Phenomena ; Female ; *Food Chain ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Phloem ; Sex Factors ; *Xylem ; }, abstract = {In phytophagous piercing-sucking insects, salivary sheath-feeding species are often described as xylem- or phloem-sap feeding specialists. Because these two food sources have very different characteristics, two feeding tactics are often associated with this supposed specialization. Studying the feeding behavior of insects provides substantial information on their biology, ecology, and evolution. Furthermore, study of feeding behavior is of primary importance to elucidate the transmission ability of insects that act as vectors of plant pathogens. In this study, we compared the durations of ingestion performed in xylem versus phloem by a leafhopper species, Scaphoideus titanus Ball, 1932. This was done by characterizing and statistically analyzing electrical signals recorded using the electropenetrography technique, derived from the feeding behaviors of males and females. We identified three groups of S. titanus based on their feeding behavior: 1) a group that reached the phloem quickly and probed for a longer time in phloem tissue than the other groups, 2) a group that reached the xylem quickly and probed for a longer time in xylem tissue than the other groups, and 3) a group where individuals did not ingest much sap. In addition, the numbers and durations of waveforms representing ingestion of xylem and phloem saps differed significantly depending on the sex of the leafhopper, indicating that the two sexes exhibit different feeding behaviors. Males had longer phloem ingestion events than did females, which indicates that males are greater phloem feeders than females. These differences are discussed, specifically in relation to hypotheses about evolution of sap feeding and phytoplasma transmission from plant to plant.}, }
@article {pmid28125286, year = {2017}, author = {Vellend, M and Baeten, L and Becker-Scarpitta, A and Boucher-Lalonde, V and McCune, JL and Messier, J and Myers-Smith, IH and Sax, DF}, title = {Plant Biodiversity Change Across Scales During the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Annual review of plant biology}, volume = {68}, number = {}, pages = {563-586}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-040949}, pmid = {28125286}, issn = {1545-2123}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Genetic Speciation ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/metabolism/physiology ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Plant communities have undergone dramatic changes in recent centuries, although not all such changes fit with the dominant biodiversity-crisis narrative used to describe them. At the global scale, future declines in plant species diversity are highly likely given habitat conversion in the tropics, although few extinctions have been documented for the Anthropocene to date (<0.1%). Nonnative species introductions have greatly increased plant species richness in many regions of the world at the same time that they have led to the creation of new hybrid polyploid species by bringing previously isolated congeners into close contact. At the local scale, conversion of primary vegetation to agriculture has decreased plant diversity, whereas other drivers of change-e.g., climate warming, habitat fragmentation, and nitrogen deposition-have highly context-dependent effects, resulting in a distribution of temporal trends with a mean close to zero. These results prompt a reassessment of how conservation goals are defined and justified.}, }
@article {pmid28122970, year = {2017}, author = {Fraimout, A and Debat, V and Fellous, S and Hufbauer, RA and Foucaud, J and Pudlo, P and Marin, JM and Price, DK and Cattel, J and Chen, X and Deprá, M and François Duyck, P and Guedot, C and Kenis, M and Kimura, MT and Loeb, G and Loiseau, A and Martinez-Sañudo, I and Pascual, M and Polihronakis Richmond, M and Shearer, P and Singh, N and Tamura, K and Xuéreb, A and Zhang, J and Estoup, A}, title = {Deciphering the Routes of invasion of Drosophila suzukii by Means of ABC Random Forest.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {980-996}, pmid = {28122970}, issn = {1537-1719}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bayes Theorem ; China ; Computer Simulation ; Drosophila/*genetics ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Genetics, Population/*methods ; Genotype ; Hawaii ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Models, Genetic ; North America ; Phylogeography/*methods ; }, abstract = {Deciphering invasion routes from molecular data is crucial to understanding biological invasions, including identifying bottlenecks in population size and admixture among distinct populations. Here, we unravel the invasion routes of the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii using a multi-locus microsatellite dataset (25 loci on 23 worldwide sampling locations). To do this, we use approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), which has improved the reconstruction of invasion routes, but can be computationally expensive. We use our study to illustrate the use of a new, more efficient, ABC method, ABC random forest (ABC-RF) and compare it to a standard ABC method (ABC-LDA). We find that Japan emerges as the most probable source of the earliest recorded invasion into Hawaii. Southeast China and Hawaii together are the most probable sources of populations in western North America, which then in turn served as sources for those in eastern North America. European populations are genetically more homogeneous than North American populations, and their most probable source is northeast China, with evidence of limited gene flow from the eastern US as well. All introduced populations passed through bottlenecks, and analyses reveal five distinct admixture events. These findings can inform hypotheses concerning how this species evolved between different and independent source and invasive populations. Methodological comparisons indicate that ABC-RF and ABC-LDA show concordant results if ABC-LDA is based on a large number of simulated datasets but that ABC-RF out-performs ABC-LDA when using a comparable and more manageable number of simulated datasets, especially when analyzing complex introduction scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid28122737, year = {2017}, author = {Gaya Shivega, W and Aldrich-Wolfe, L}, title = {Native plants fare better against an introduced competitor with native microbes and lower nitrogen availability.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {28122737}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {While the soil environment is generally acknowledged as playing a role in plant competition, the relative importance of soil resources and soil microbes in determining outcomes of competition between native and exotic plants has rarely been tested. Resilience of plant communities to invasion by exotic species may depend on the extent to which native and exotic plant performance are mediated by abiotic and biotic components of the soil. We used a greenhouse experiment to compare performance of two native prairie plant species and one exotic species, when grown in intraspecific competition and when each native was grown in interspecific competition with the exotic species, in the presence and absence of a native prairie soil community, and when nitrogen availability was elevated or was maintained at native prairie levels. We found that elevated nitrogen availability was beneficial to the exotic species and had no effect on or was detrimental to the native plant species, that the native microbial community was beneficial to the native plant species and either had no effect or was detrimental to the exotic species, and that intraspecific competition was stronger than interspecific competition for the exotic plant species and vice-versa for the natives. Our results demonstrate that soil nitrogen availability and the soil microbial community can mediate the strength of competition between native and exotic plant species. We found no evidence for native microbes enhancing the performance of the exotic plant species. Instead, loss of the native soil microbial community appears to reinforce the negative effects of elevated N on native plant communities and its benefits to exotic invasive species. Resilience of plant communities to invasion by exotic plant species is facilitated by the presence of an intact native soil microbial community and weakened by anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen.}, }
@article {pmid28120806, year = {2016}, author = {El-Sabaawi, RW and Frauendorf, TC and Marques, PS and Mackenzie, RA and Manna, LR and Mazzoni, R and Phillip, DA and Warbanski, ML and Zandonà, E}, title = {Biodiversity and ecosystem risks arising from using guppies to control mosquitoes.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {28120806}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; *Poecilia ; }, abstract = {Deploying mosquito predators such as the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) into bodies of water where mosquitoes breed is a common strategy for limiting the spread of disease-carrying mosquitoes. Here, we draw on studies from epidemiology, conservation, ecology and evolution to show that the evidence for the effectiveness of guppies in controlling mosquitoes is weak, that the chances of accidental guppy introduction into local ecosystems are large, and that guppies can easily establish populations and damage these aquatic ecosystems. We highlight several knowledge and implementation gaps, and urge that this approach is either abandoned in favour of more effective strategies or that it is used much more rigorously. Controlling mosquitoes does not need to come at the expense of freshwater biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid28119293, year = {2017}, author = {Caplan, JS and Stone, BWG and Faillace, CA and Lafond, JJ and Baumgarten, JM and Mozdzer, TJ and Dighton, J and Meiners, SJ and Grabosky, JC and Ehrenfeld, JG}, title = {Nutrient foraging strategies are associated with productivity and population growth in forest shrubs.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {119}, number = {6}, pages = {977-988}, pmid = {28119293}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {*Forests ; Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; New Jersey ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Population Growth ; Trees/growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Temperate deciduous forest understoreys are experiencing widespread changes in community composition, concurrent with increases in rates of nitrogen supply. These shifts in plant abundance may be driven by interspecific differences in nutrient foraging (i.e. conservative vs. acquisitive strategies) and, thus, adaptation to contemporary nutrient loading conditions. This study sought to determine if interspecific differences in nutrient foraging could help explain patterns of shrub success and decline in eastern North American forests.<br><br>METHODS: Using plants grown in a common garden, fine root traits associated with nutrient foraging were measured for six shrub species. Traits included the mean and skewness of the root diameter distribution, specific root length (SRL), C:N ratio, root tissue density, arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and foraging precision. Above- and below-ground productivity were also determined for the same plants, and population growth rates were estimated using data from a long-term study of community dynamics. Root traits were compared among species and associations among root traits, measures of productivity and rates of population growth were evaluated.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Species fell into groups having thick or thin root forms, which correspond to conservative vs. acquisitive nutrient foraging strategies. Interspecific variation in root morphology and tissue construction correlated with measures of productivity and rates of cover expansion. Of the four species with acquisitive traits, three were introduced species that have become invasive in recent decades, and the fourth was a weedy native. In contrast, the two species with conservative traits were historically dominant shrubs that have declined in abundance in eastern North American forests.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In forest understoreys of eastern North America, elevated nutrient availability may impose a filter on species success in addition to above-ground processes such as herbivory and overstorey canopy conditions. Shrubs that have root traits associated with rapid uptake of soil nutrients may be more likely to increase in abundance, while species without such traits may be less likely to keep pace with more productive species.}, }
@article {pmid28118393, year = {2017}, author = {Mahardja, B and Farruggia, MJ and Schreier, B and Sommer, T}, title = {Evidence of a Shift in the Littoral Fish Community of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {e0170683}, pmid = {28118393}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Biota ; California ; Datasets as Topic ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring ; *Ecosystem ; *Estuaries ; *Fishes ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; Zooplankton ; }, abstract = {Many estuarine and freshwater ecosystems worldwide have undergone substantial changes due to multiple anthropogenic stressors. Over the past two decades, the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Delta) in California, USA, saw a severe decline in pelagic fishes, a shift in zooplankton community composition, and a rapid expansion of invasive aquatic vegetation. To evaluate whether major changes have also occurred in the littoral fish community, we analyzed a beach seine survey dataset collected from 1995 to 2015 from 26 sites within the Delta. We examined changes in the Delta fish community at three different ecological scales (species, community, and biomass), using clustering analyses, trend tests, and change-point analyses. We found that the annual catch per effort for many introduced species and some native species have increased since 1995, while few experienced a decline. We also observed a steady pattern of change over time in annual fish community composition, driven primarily by a steady increase in non-native Centrarchid species. Lastly, we found that littoral fish biomass has essentially doubled over the 21-year study period, with Mississippi Silverside Menidia audens and fishes in the Centrarchidae family driving most of this increase. The changes in the catch per effort, fish community composition, and biomass per volume indicate that a shift has occurred in the Delta littoral fish community and that the same factors affecting the Delta's pelagic food web may have been a key driver of change.}, }
@article {pmid28117297, year = {2017}, author = {Ziehl-Quirós, EC and García-Aguilar, MC and Mellink, E}, title = {Colony-level assessment of Brucella and Leptospira in the Guadalupe fur seal, Isla Guadalupe, Mexico.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {122}, number = {3}, pages = {185-193}, doi = {10.3354/dao03073}, pmid = {28117297}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Animals ; Brucella/*isolation &amp; purification ; Brucellosis/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; *Fur Seals ; Leptospira/*isolation &amp; purification ; Leptospirosis/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Mexico/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; }, abstract = {The relatively small population size and restricted distribution of the Guadalupe fur seal Arctocephalus townsendi could make it highly vulnerable to infectious diseases. We performed a colony-level assessment in this species of the prevalence and presence of Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp., pathogenic bacteria that have been reported in several pinniped species worldwide. Forty-six serum samples were collected in 2014 from pups at Isla Guadalupe, the only place where the species effectively reproduces. Samples were tested for Brucella using 3 consecutive serological tests, and for Leptospira using the microscopic agglutination test. For each bacterium, a Bayesian approach was used to estimate prevalence to exposure, and an epidemiological model was used to test the null hypothesis that the bacterium was present in the colony. No serum sample tested positive for Brucella, and the statistical analyses concluded that the colony was bacterium-free with a 96.3% confidence level. However, a Brucella surveillance program would be highly recommendable. Twelve samples were positive (titers 1:50) to 1 or more serovars of Leptospira. The prevalence was calculated at 27.1% (95% credible interval: 15.6-40.3%), and the posterior analyses indicated that the colony was not Leptospira-free with a 100% confidence level. Serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, and Bratislava were detected, but only further research can unveil whether they affect the fur seal population.}, }
@article {pmid28116071, year = {2017}, author = {Steinbauer, MJ and Irl, SD and González-Mancebo, JM and Breiner, FT and Hernández-Hernández, R and Hopfenmüller, S and Kidane, Y and Jentsch, A and Beierkuhnlein, C}, title = {Plant invasion and speciation along elevational gradients on the oceanic island La Palma, Canary Islands.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {771-779}, pmid = {28116071}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Ecosystems that provide environmental opportunities but are poor in species and functional richness generally support speciation as well as invasion processes. These processes are expected not to be equally effective along elevational gradients due to specific ecological, spatial, and anthropogenic filters, thus controlling the dispersal and establishment of species. Here, we investigate speciation and invasion processes along elevational gradients. We assess the vascular plant species richness as well as the number and percentage of endemic species and non-native species systematically along three elevational gradients covering large parts of the climatic range of La Palma, Canary Islands. Species richness was negatively correlated with elevation, while the percentage of Canary endemic species showed a positive relationship. However, the percentage of Canary-Madeira endemics did not show a relationship with elevation. Non-native species richness (indicating invasion) peaked at 500 m elevation and showed a consistent decline until about 1,200 m elevation. Above that limit, no non-native species were present in the studied elevational gradients. Ecological, anthropogenic, and spatial filters control richness, diversification, and invasion with elevation. With increase in elevation, richness decreases due to species-area relationships. Ecological limitations of native ruderal species related to anthropogenic pressure are in line with the absence of non-native species from high elevations indicating directional ecological filtering. Increase in ecological isolation with elevation drives diversification and thus increased percentages of Canary endemics. The best preserved eastern transect, including mature laurel forests, is an exception. The high percentage of Canary-Madeira endemics indicates the cloud forest's environmental uniqueness-and thus ecological isolation-beyond the Macaronesian islands.}, }
@article {pmid28116066, year = {2017}, author = {Hirsch, PE and Thorlacius, M and Brodin, T and Burkhardt-Holm, P}, title = {An approach to incorporate individual personality in modeling fish dispersal across in-stream barriers.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {720-732}, pmid = {28116066}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Animal personalities are an important factor that affects the dispersal of animals. In the context of aquatic species, dispersal modeling needs to consider that most freshwater ecosystems are highly fragmented by barriers reducing longitudinal connectivity. Previous research has incorporated such barriers into dispersal models under the neutral assumption that all migrating animals attempt to ascend at all times. Modeling dispersal of animals that do not perform trophic or reproductive migrations will be more realistic if it includes assumptions of which individuals attempt to overcome a barrier. We aimed to introduce personality into predictive modeling of whether a nonmigratory invasive freshwater fish (the round goby, Neogobius melanostomus) will disperse across an in-stream barrier. To that end, we experimentally assayed the personalities of 259 individuals from invasion fronts and established round goby populations. Based on the population differences in boldness, asociability, and activity, we defined a priori thresholds with bolder, more asocial, and more active individuals having a higher likelihood of ascent. We then combined the personality thresholds with swimming speed data from the literature and in situ measurements of flow velocities in the barrier. The resulting binary logistic regression model revealed probabilities of crossing a barrier which depended not only on water flow and fish swimming speed but also on animal personalities. We conclude that risk assessment through predictive dispersal modeling across fragmented landscapes can be advanced by including personality traits as parameters. The inclusion of behavior into modeling the spread of invasive species can help to improve the accuracy of risk assessments.}, }
@article {pmid28115988, year = {2017}, author = {Wang, JK and Seibert, M}, title = {Prospects for commercial production of diatoms.}, journal = {Biotechnology for biofuels}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {16}, pmid = {28115988}, issn = {1754-6834}, abstract = {In this review, a simple procedure that portends the open-pond growth of commercially viable diatoms is discussed. We examined a number of topics relevant to the production and harvesting of diatoms as well as topics concerning the production of bioproducts from diatoms. Among the former topics, we show that it is currently possible to continuously grow diatoms and control the presence of invasive species without chemical toxins at an average annual yield of 132 MT dry diatoms ha[-1] over a period of almost 5 years, while maintaining the dominancy of the optimal diatom species on a seasonal basis. The dominant species varies during the year. The production of microalgae is essentially agriculture, but without the ability to control invasive species in the absence of herbicides and insecticides, pollution and production costs would be prohibitive. Among the latter topics are the discussions of whether it is better to produce lipids and then convert them to biofuels or maximize the production of diatom biomass and then convert it to biocrude products using, for example, hydrothermal processes. It is becoming increasingly evident that without massive public support, the commercial production of microalgal biofuels alone will remain elusive. While economically competitive production of biofuels from diatoms will be difficult, when priority is given to multiple high-value products, including wastewater treatment, and when biofuels are considered co-products in a systems approach to commercial production of diatoms, an economically competitive process will become more likely.}, }
@article {pmid28112224, year = {2017}, author = {Guo, J and Yue, D and Li, K and Hui, C}, title = {Biocapacity optimization in regional planning.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {41150}, pmid = {28112224}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {China ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Rivers ; *Water Resources ; }, abstract = {Ecological overshoot has been accelerating across the globe. Optimizing biocapacity has become a key to resolve the overshoot of ecological demand in regional sustainable development. However, most literature has focused on reducing ecological footprint but ignores the potential of spatial optimization of biocapacity through regional planning of land use. Here we develop a spatial probability model and present four scenarios for optimizing biocapacity of a river basin in Northwest China. The potential of enhanced biocapacity and its effects on ecological overshoot and water consumption in the region were explored. Two scenarios with no restrictions on croplands and water use reduced the overshoot by 29 to 53%, and another two scenarios which do not allow croplands and water use to increase worsened the overshoot by 11 to 15%. More spatially flexible transition rules of land use led to higher magnitude of change after optimization. However, biocapacity optimization required a large amount of additional water resources, casting considerable pressure on the already water-scarce socio-ecological system. Our results highlight the potential for policy makers to manage/optimize regional land use which addresses ecological overshoot. Investigation on the feasibility of such spatial optimization complies with the forward-looking policies for sustainable development and deserves further attention.}, }
@article {pmid28111525, year = {2017}, author = {Dullinger, I and Wessely, J and Bossdorf, O and Dawson, W and Essl, F and Gattringer, A and Klonner, G and Kreft, H and Kuttner, M and Moser, D and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and Thuiller, W and van Kleunen, M and Weigelt, P and Winter, M and Dullinger, S and Beaumont, L}, title = {Climate change will increase the naturalization risk from garden plants in Europe.}, journal = {Global ecology and biogeography : a journal of macroecology}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {43-53}, pmid = {28111525}, issn = {1466-822X}, abstract = {AIM: Plant invasions often follow initial introduction with a considerable delay. The current non-native flora of a region may hence contain species that are not yet naturalized but may become so in the future, especially if climate change lifts limitations on species spread. In Europe, non-native garden plants represent a huge pool of potential future invaders. Here, we evaluate the naturalization risk from this species pool and how it may change under a warmer climate.<br><br>LOCATION: Europe.<br><br>METHODS: We selected all species naturalized anywhere in the world but not yet in Europe from the set of non-native European garden plants. For this subset of 783 species, we used species distribution models to assess their potential European ranges under different scenarios of climate change. Moreover, we defined geographical hotspots of naturalization risk from those species by combining projections of climatic suitability with maps of the area available for ornamental plant cultivation.<br><br>RESULTS: Under current climate, 165 species would already find suitable conditions in&#x2009;>&#x2009;5% of Europe. Although climate change substantially increases the potential range of many species, there are also some that are predicted to lose climatically suitable area under a changing climate, particularly species native to boreal and Mediterranean biomes. Overall, hotspots of naturalization risk defined by climatic suitability alone, or by a combination of climatic suitability and appropriate land cover, are projected to increase by up to 102% or 64%, respectively.<br><br>MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the risk of naturalization of European garden plants will increase with warming climate, and thus it is very likely that the risk of negative impacts from invasion by these plants will also grow. It is therefore crucial to increase awareness of the possibility of biological invasions among horticulturalists, particularly in the face of a warming climate.}, }
@article {pmid28110278, year = {2017}, author = {Sage, RF}, title = {A portrait of the C4 photosynthetic family on the 50th anniversary of its discovery: species number, evolutionary lineages, and Hall of Fame.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, pages = {4039-4056}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/erx005}, pmid = {28110278}, issn = {1460-2431}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; *Magnoliopsida ; *Photosynthesis ; }, abstract = {Fifty years ago, the C4 photosynthetic pathway was first characterized. In the subsequent five decades, much has been learned about C4 plants, such that it is now possible to place nearly all C4 species into their respective evolutionary lineages. Sixty-one independent lineages of C4 photosynthesis are identified, with additional, ancillary C4 origins possible in 12 of these principal lineages. The lineages produced ~8100 C4 species (5044 grasses, 1322 sedges, and 1777 eudicots). Using midpoints of stem and crown node dates in their respective phylogenies, the oldest and most speciose C4 lineage is the grass lineage Chloridoideae, estimated to be near 30 million years old. Most C4 lineages are estimated to be younger than 15 million years. Older C4 lineages tend to be more speciose, while those younger than 7 million years have <43 species each. To further highlight C4 photosynthesis for a 50th anniversary snapshot, a Hall of Fame comprised of the 40 most significant C4 species is presented. Over the next 50 years, preservation of the Earth's C4 diversity is a concern, largely because of habitat loss due to elevated CO2 effects, invasive species, and expanded agricultural activities. Ironically, some members of the C4 Hall of Fame are leading threats to the natural C4 flora due to their association with human activities on landscapes where most C4 plants occur.}, }
@article {pmid28109656, year = {2017}, author = {Quijón, PA and Tummon Flynn, P and Duarte, C}, title = {Beyond negative perceptions: The role of some marine invasive species as trophic subsidies.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {116}, number = {1-2}, pages = {538-539}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.020}, pmid = {28109656}, issn = {1879-3363}, }
@article {pmid28108135, year = {2017}, author = {Cantrell, B and Martin, LJ and Ellis, EC}, title = {Designing Autonomy: Opportunities for New Wildness in the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, pages = {156-166}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2016.12.004}, pmid = {28108135}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Ethics ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Maintaining wild places increasingly involves intensive human interventions. Several recent projects use semi-automated mediating technologies to enact conservation and restoration actions, including re-seeding and invasive species eradication. Could a deep-learning system sustain the autonomy of nonhuman ecological processes at designated sites without direct human interventions? We explore here the prospects for automated curation of wild places, as well as the technical and ethical questions that such co-creation poses for ecologists, conservationists, and designers. Our goal is to foster innovative approaches to creating and maintaining the autonomy of evolving ecological systems.}, }
@article {pmid28106260, year = {2017}, author = {Kuri-Morales, P and Correa-Morales, F and González-Acosta, C and Sánchez-Tejeda, G and Dávalos-Becerril, E and Fernanda Juárez-Franco, M and Díaz-Quiñonez, A and Huerta-Jimenéz, H and Mejía-Guevara, MD and Moreno-García, M and González-Roldán, JF}, title = {First report of Stegomyia aegypti (= Aedes aegypti) in Mexico City, Mexico.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {240-242}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12225}, pmid = {28106260}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Insect Vectors/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Mexico ; }, abstract = {Stegomyia aegypti (= Aedes aegypti) (Diptera: Culicidae) is a species of mosquito that is currently widespread in Mexico. Historically, the mosquito has been distributed across most tropical and subtropical areas lower than 1700 m a.s.l. Currently, populations that are found at higher altitudes in regions with cold and dry climates suggest that these conditions do not limit the colonization and population growth of S. aegypti. During a survey of mosquitoes in September 2015, larvae of S. aegypti mosquitoes were found in two different localities in Mexico City, which is located at about 2250 m a.s.l. Mexico City is the most populous city in Mexico and has inefficient drainage and water supply systems. These factors may result in the provision of numerous larval breeding sites. Mosquito monitoring and surveillance are now priorities for the city.}, }
@article {pmid28100814, year = {2017}, author = {Trimmer, PC and Ehlman, SM and Sih, A}, title = {Predicting behavioural responses to novel organisms: state-dependent detection theory.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {284}, number = {1847}, pages = {}, pmid = {28100814}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Human activity alters natural habitats for many species. Understanding variation in animals' behavioural responses to these changing environments is critical. We show how signal detection theory can be used within a wider framework of state-dependent modelling to predict behavioural responses to a major environmental change: novel, exotic species. We allow thresholds for action to be a function of reserves, and demonstrate how optimal thresholds can be calculated. We term this framework 'state-dependent detection theory' (SDDT). We focus on behavioural and fitness outcomes when animals continue to use formerly adaptive thresholds following environmental change. In a simple example, we show that exposure to novel animals which appear dangerous-but are actually safe-(e.g. ecotourists) can have catastrophic consequences for 'prey' (organisms that respond as if the new organisms are predators), significantly increasing mortality even when the novel species is not predatory. SDDT also reveals that the effect on reproduction can be greater than the effect on lifespan. We investigate factors that influence the effect of novel organisms, and address the potential for behavioural adjustments (via evolution or learning) to recover otherwise reduced fitness. Although effects of environmental change are often difficult to predict, we suggest that SDDT provides a useful route ahead.}, }
@article {pmid28100805, year = {2017}, author = {Louppe, V and Courant, J and Herrel, A}, title = {Differences in mobility at the range edge of an expanding invasive population of Xenopus laevis in the west of France.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {220}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {278-283}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.146589}, pmid = {28100805}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Female ; Forelimb/anatomy &amp; histology ; France ; Hindlimb/anatomy &amp; histology ; *Introduced Species ; *Locomotion ; Male ; Xenopus laevis/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Theoretical models predict that spatial sorting at the range edge of expanding populations should favor individuals with increased mobility relative to individuals at the center of the range. Despite the fact that empirical evidence for the evolution of locomotor performance at the range edge is rare, data on cane toads support this model. However, whether this can be generalized to other species remains largely unknown. Here, we provide data on locomotor stamina and limb morphology in individuals from two sites: one from the center and one from the periphery of an expanding population of the clawed frog Xenopus laevis in France where it was introduced about 30 years ago. Additionally, we provide data on the morphology of frogs from two additional sites to test whether the observed differences can be generalized across the range of this species in France. Given the known sexual size dimorphism in this species, we also test for differences between the sexes in locomotor performance and morphology. Our results show significant sexual dimorphism in stamina and morphology, with males having longer legs and greater stamina than females. Moreover, in accordance with the predictions from theoretical models, individuals from the range edge had a greater stamina. This difference in locomotor performance is likely to be driven by the significantly longer limb segments observed in animals in both sites sampled in different areas along the range edge. Our data have implications for conservation because spatial sorting on the range edge may lead to an accelerated increase in the spread of this invasive species in France.}, }
@article {pmid28100027, year = {2017}, author = {Ashcroft, MB and King, DH and Raymond, B and Turnbull, JD and Wasley, J and Robinson, SA}, title = {Moving beyond presence and absence when examining changes in species distributions.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {23}, number = {8}, pages = {2929-2940}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13628}, pmid = {28100027}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Bryophyta ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; Humans ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Species distributions are often simplified to binary representations of the ranges where they are present and absent. It is then common to look for changes in these ranges as indicators of the effects of climate change, the expansion or control of invasive species or the impact of human land-use changes. We argue that there are inherent problems with this approach, and more emphasis should be placed on species relative abundance rather than just presence. The sampling effort required to be confident of absence is often impractical to achieve, and estimates of species range changes based on survey data are therefore inherently sensitive to sampling intensity. Species niches estimated using presence-absence or presence-only models are broader than those for abundance and may exaggerate the viability of small marginal sink populations. We demonstrate that it is possible to transform models of predicted probability of presence to expected abundance if the sampling intensity is known. Using case studies of Antarctic mosses and temperate rain forest trees, we demonstrate additional insights into biotic change that can be gained using this method. While species becoming locally extinct or colonising new areas are extreme and obviously important impacts of global environmental change, changes in abundance could still signal important changes in biological systems and be an early warning indicator of larger future changes.}, }
@article {pmid28097417, year = {2017}, author = {Madec, S and Casas, J and Barles, G and Suppo, C}, title = {Bistability induced by generalist natural enemies can reverse pest invasions.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, pages = {543-575}, pmid = {28097417}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Pest Control ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Analytical modeling of predator-prey systems has shown that specialist natural enemies can slow, stop and even reverse pest invasions, assuming that the prey population displays a strong Allee effect in its growth. We aimed to formalize the conditions in which spatial biological control can be achieved by generalists, through an analytical approach based on reaction-diffusion equations. Using comparison principles, we obtain sufficient conditions for control and for invasion, based on scalar bistable partial differential equations. The ability of generalist predators to control prey populations with logistic growth lies in the bistable dynamics of the coupled system, rather than in the bistability of prey-only dynamics as observed for specialist predators attacking prey populations displaying Allee effects. As a consequence, prey control is predicted to be possible when space is considered in additional situations other than those identified without considering space. The reverse situation is also possible. None of these considerations apply to spatial predator-prey systems with specialist natural enemies.}, }
@article {pmid28095615, year = {2017}, author = {Lester, PJ and Haywood, J and Archer, ME and Shortall, CR}, title = {The long-term population dynamics of common wasps in their native and invaded range.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {86}, number = {2}, pages = {337-347}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12622}, pmid = {28095615}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; England ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Populations of introduced species are often thought to perform differently, or experience different population dynamics, in their introduced range compared to their native habitat. Differences between habitats in climate, competition or natural enemies may result in populations with varying density dependence and population dynamics. We examined the long-term population dynamics of the invasive common wasp, Vespula vulgaris, in its native range in England and its invaded range in New Zealand. We used 39 years of wasp density data from four sites in England, and 23 years of data from six sites in New Zealand. Wasp population time series was examined using partial rate correlation functions. Gompertz population models and multivariate autoregressive state-space (MARSS) models were fitted, incorporating climatic variation. Gompertz models successfully explained 59-66% of the variation in wasp abundance between years. Density dependence in wasp populations appeared to act similarly in both the native and invaded range, with wasp abundance in the previous year as the most important variable in predicting intrinsic rate of increase (r). No evidence of cyclic population dynamics was observed. Both the Gompertz and MARSS models highlighted the role of weather conditions in each country as significant predictors of annual wasp abundance. The temporal evolution of wasp populations at all sites was best modelled jointly using a single latent dynamic factor for local trends, with the inclusion of a latent spring weather covariate. That same parsimonious multivariate model structure was optimal in both the native and invaded range. Density dependence is overwhelmingly important in predicting wasp densities and 'wasp years' in both the native and invaded range. Spring weather conditions in both countries have a major influence, probably through their impact on wasp colony initiation and early development. The population dynamics in the native range and invaded range show no evidence of cyclic boom-and-bust dynamics. Invasive species may not exhibit different population dynamics despite considerable variation in abundances throughout their distribution.}, }
@article {pmid28095503, year = {2017}, author = {Laroche, M and Berenger, JM and Mediannikov, O and Raoult, D and Parola, P}, title = {Detection of a Potential New Bartonella Species "Candidatus Bartonella rondoniensis" in Human Biting Kissing Bugs (Reduviidae; Triatominae).}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {e0005297}, pmid = {28095503}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Animals ; Bartonella/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Bartonella Infections/*microbiology/transmission ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*microbiology/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Triatominae/*microbiology/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Among the Reduviidae family, triatomines are giant blood-sucking bugs. They are well known in Central and South America where they transmit Trypanosoma cruzi to mammals, including humans, through their feces. This parasitic protozoan is the causative agent of Chagas disease, a major public health issue in endemic areas. Because of the medical and economic impact of Chagas disease, the presence of other arthropod-borne pathogens in triatomines was rarely investigated.<br><br>In this study, seven triatomines species involved in the transmission of T. cruzi were molecularly screened for the presence of known pathogens generally associated with arthropods, such as Rickettsia, Bartonella, Anaplasmataceae, Borrelia species and Coxiella burnetii. Of all included triatomine species, only Eratyrus mucronatus specimens tested positive for Bartonella species for 56% of tested samples. A new genotype of Bartonella spp. was detected in 13/23 Eratyrus mucronatus specimens, an important vector of T. cruzi to humans. This bacterium was further characterized by sequencing fragments of the ftsZ, gltA and rpoB genes. Depending on the targeted gene, this agent shares 84% to 91% of identity with B. bacilliformis, the agent of Carrion's disease, a deadly sandfly-borne infectious disease endemic in South America. It is also closely related to animal pathogens such as B. bovis and B. chomelii.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: As E. mucronatus is an invasive species that occasionally feeds on humans, the presence of potentially pathogenic Bartonella-infected bugs could present another risk for human health, along with the T. cruzi issue.}, }
@article {pmid28092131, year = {2018}, author = {Soufbaf, M and Fathipour, Y and Harvey, JA and Hui, C}, title = {Finish line plant-insect interactions mediated by insect feeding mode and plant interference: a case study of Brassica interactions with diamondback moth and turnip aphid.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {690-702}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12439}, pmid = {28092131}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {//Tarbiat Modares University/ ; 91058913//Iran National Science Foundation (INSF)/ ; 81825//National Research Foundation of South Africa/ ; 76912//National Research Foundation of South Africa/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*physiology ; Brassica/chemistry/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Herbivory/physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Larva/physiology ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Phloem ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; }, abstract = {There are gaps in our understanding of plant responses under different insect phytophagy modes and their subsequent effects on the insect herbivores' performance at late season. Here we compared different types of insect feeding by an aphid, Lipaphis erysimi, and a lepidopteran, Plutella xylostella, and how this affected defensive metabolites in leaves of 2 Brassica species when plants gain maturity. Thiocyanate concentrations after P. xylostella and L. erysimi feeding activities were the same. Total phenolics was higher after the phloem feeder feeding than the folivore activity. The plants compensatory responses (i.e., tolerance) to L. erysimi feeding was significantly higher than the responses to P. xylostella. This study showed that L. erysimi had higher carbon than P. xylostella whereas nitrogen in P. xylostella was 1.42 times that in L. erysimi. Population size of the phloem feeder was not affected by plant species or insect coexistence. However, there was no correlation between plant defensive metabolites and both insects' population size and biomass. This suggests that plant root biomass and tolerance index after different insect herbivory modes are not necessarily unidirectional. Importantly, the interaction between the folivore and the phloem feeder insects is asymmetric and the phloem feeder might be a trickier problem for plants than the folivore. Moreover, as both plants' common and special defenses decreased under interspecific interference, we suggest that specialist insect herbivores can be more challenged in ecosystems in which plants are not involved in interspecific interference.}, }
@article {pmid28087661, year = {2017}, author = {Escobedo, VM and Rios, RS and Salgado-Luarte, C and Stotz, GC and Gianoli, E}, title = {Disturbance by an endemic rodent in an arid shrubland is a habitat filter: effects on plant invasion and taxonomical, functional and phylogenetic community structure.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {119}, number = {4}, pages = {659-670}, pmid = {28087661}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; *Plants ; Population Dynamics ; *Rodentia ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Disturbance often drives plant invasion and may modify community assembly. However, little is known about how these modifications of community patterns occur in terms of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic structure. This study evaluated in an arid shrubland the influence of disturbance by an endemic rodent on community functional divergence and phylogenetic structure as well as on plant invasion. It was expected that disturbance would operate as a habitat filter favouring exotic species with short life cycles.<br><br>METHODS: Sixteen plots were sampled along a disturbance gradient caused by the endemic fossorial rodent Spalacopus cyanus , measuring community parameters and estimating functional divergence for life history traits (functional dispersion index) and the relative contribution to functional divergence of exotic and native species. The phylogenetic signal (Pagel's lambda) and phylogenetic community structure (mean phylogenetic distance and mean nearest taxon phylogenetic distance) were also estimated. The use of a continuous approach to the disturbance gradient allowed the identification of non-linear relationships between disturbance and community parameters.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: The relationship between disturbance and both species richness and abundance was positive for exotic species and negative for native species. Disturbance modified community composition, and exotic species were associated with more disturbed sites. Disturbance increased trait convergence, which resulted in phylogenetic clustering because traits showed a significant phylogenetic signal. The relative contribution of exotic species to functional divergence increased, while that of natives decreased, with disturbance. Exotic and native species were not phylogenetically distinct.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Disturbance by rodents in this arid shrubland constitutes a habitat filter over phylogeny-dependent life history traits, leading to phylogenetic clustering, and drives invasion by favouring species with short life cycles. Results can be explained by high phenotypic and phylogenetic resemblance between exotic and native species. The use of continuous gradients when studying the effects of disturbance on community assembly is advocated.}, }
@article {pmid28085959, year = {2017}, author = {Araniti, F and Lupini, A and Sunseri, F and Abenavoli, MR}, title = {Allelopatic Potential of Dittrichia viscosa (L.) W. Greuter Mediated by VOCs: A Physiological and Metabolomic Approach.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {e0170161}, pmid = {28085959}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Allelopathy ; Asteraceae/*chemistry/metabolism ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Introduced Species ; Lactuca/*drug effects/growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Metabolomics/methods ; Oxidative Stress ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Principal Component Analysis ; Seedlings/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Seeds/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Volatile Organic Compounds/chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Water/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Dittrichia viscosa (L.) W. Greuter is a pioneer species belonging to the Compositae family. It is widespread in the Mediterranean basin, where it is considered invasive. It is a source of secondary metabolites, playing an important ecological role. D. viscosa plant extracts showed a phytotoxic activity on several physiological processes of different species. In the current study, the allelopathic potential of D. viscosa VOCs, released by its foliage, was evaluated on seed germination and root growth of lettuce. The VOCs effect was also studied on lettuce adult plants in microcosm systems, which better mimicked the open field conditions. D. viscosa VOCs inhibited both seed germination and root growth of lettuce. The VOCs composition revealed a large presence of terpenoids, responsible of the effects observed. Moreover, D. viscosa VOCs caused an alteration on plant water status accompanied by oxidative damages and photoinhibition on lettuce adult plants.}, }
@article {pmid28085049, year = {2017}, author = {Mariño, YA and Verle Rodrigues, JC and Bayman, P}, title = {Wolbachia Affects Reproduction and Population Dynamics of the Coffee Berry Borer (Hypothenemus hampei): Implications for Biological Control.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {28085049}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {P20 GM103475/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; P20 RR016470/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia are widely distributed endosymbiotic bacteria that influence the reproduction and fitness of their hosts. In recent years the manipulation of Wolbachia infection has been considered as a potential tool for biological control. The coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei, is the most devastating coffee pest worldwide. Wolbachia infection in the CBB has been reported, but until now the role of Wolbachia in CBB reproduction and fitness has not been tested. To address this issue we reared the CBB in artificial diets with and without tetracycline (0.1% w/v) for ten generations. Tetracycline reduced significantly the relative proportion of Wolbachia in the CBB microbiota from 0.49% to 0.04%. This reduction affected CBB reproduction: females fed with tetracycline had significantly fewer progeny, lower fecundity, and fewer eggs per female. Tetracycline also reduced the population growth rate (λ), net reproductive rate (R0), and mean generation time (T) in CBB; the reduction in population growth was mostly due to variation in fertility, according to life time response experiments (LTREs) analysis. Our results suggest that Wolbachia contribute to the reproductive success of the CBB and their manipulation represents a possible approach to CBB biocontrol mediated by microbiome management.}, }
@article {pmid28084623, year = {2017}, author = {Barry, J and Newton, M and Dodd, JA and Evans, D and Newton, J and Adams, CE}, title = {The effect of foraging and ontogeny on the prevalence and intensity of the invasive parasite Anguillicola crassus in the European eel Anguilla anguilla.}, journal = {Journal of fish diseases}, volume = {40}, number = {9}, pages = {1213-1222}, doi = {10.1111/jfd.12596}, pmid = {28084623}, issn = {1365-2761}, mesh = {Air Sacs/parasitology ; *Anguilla/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Animals ; Body Size ; Disease Susceptibility/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Dracunculoidea/*physiology ; *Feeding Behavior ; Fish Diseases/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Prevalence ; Scotland/epidemiology ; Spirurida Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Infection patterns of the invasive Anguillicola crassus nematode were investigated in a population of the European eel Anguilla anguilla where parasite invasion is very recent, Loch Lomond, Scotland. Intensity levels of the parasite were associated with differences in fish ontogeny and trophic ecology. Although eels foraged on both fish and invertebrates, individuals which were smaller and fed on invertebrates (>70% contribution to diet) were found to contain a greater number of swim bladder parasites compared to larger eel with a predominance of fish (>60% contribution) in their diet. Within affected fish, a significant negative relationship was found between fish length and parasite intensity, with smaller individuals having higher parasite intensity than larger individuals. This study indicates that food intake and infection risk are linked in this recently infected host-parasite system. From a management perspective increasing our understanding of how infection intensity and repeated exposure is linked to resource use in an ecosystem is important for the future management of this endangered species in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid28084404, year = {2017}, author = {Zhao, X and Reitz, SR and Yuan, H and Lei, Z and Paini, DR and Gao, Y}, title = {Pesticide-mediated interspecific competition between local and invasive thrips pests.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {40512}, pmid = {28084404}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Assay ; Competitive Behavior/*drug effects ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Ivermectin/analogs &amp; derivatives/toxicity ; Pesticides/*toxicity ; Plant Leaves/drug effects ; Pyrethrins/toxicity ; Species Specificity ; Thysanoptera/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Competitive interactions between species can be mitigated or even reversed in the presence of anthropogenic influences. The thrips species Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci are highly invasive and damaging agricultural pests throughout the world. Where the species co-occur, one species tends to eventually predominate over the other. Avermectin and beta-cypermethrin are commonly used insecticides to manage thrips in China, and laboratory bioassays demonstrated that F. occidentalis is significantly less susceptible than T. tabaci to these insecticides. In laboratory cage trials in which both species were exposed to insecticide treated cabbage plants, F. occidentalis became the predominant species. In contrast, T. tabaci completely displaced F. occidentalis on plants that were not treated with insecticides. In field trials, the species co-existed on cabbage before insecticide treatments began, but with T. tabaci being the predominant species. Following application of avermectin or beta-cypermethrin, F. occidentalis became the predominant species, while in plots not treated with insecticides, T. tabaci remained the predominant species. These results indicate that T. tabaci is an intrinsically superior competitor to F. occidentalis, but its competitive advantage can be counteracted through differential susceptibilities of the species to insecticides. These results further demonstrate the importance of external factors, such as insecticide applications, in mediating the outcome of interspecific interactions and produce rapid unanticipated shifts in the demographics of pest complexes.}, }
@article {pmid28083108, year = {2016}, author = {Hudson, CM and Brown, GP and Shine, R}, title = {It is lonely at the front: contrasting evolutionary trajectories in male and female invaders.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {3}, number = {12}, pages = {160687}, pmid = {28083108}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Invasive species often exhibit rapid evolutionary changes, and can provide powerful insights into the selective forces shaping phenotypic traits that influence dispersal rates and/or sexual interactions. Invasions also may modify sexual dimorphism. We measured relative lengths of forelimbs and hindlimbs of more than 3000 field-caught adult cane toads (Rhinella marina) from 67 sites in Hawai'i and Australia (1-80 years post-colonization), along with 489 captive-bred individuals from multiple Australian sites raised in a 'common garden' (to examine heritability and reduce environmental influences on morphology). As cane toads spread from east to west across Australia, the ancestral condition (long limbs, especially in males) was modified. Limb length relative to body size was first reduced (perhaps owing to natural selection on locomotor ability), but then increased again (perhaps owing to spatial sorting) in the invasion vanguard. In contrast, the sex disparity in relative limb length has progressively decreased during the toads' Australian invasion. Offspring reared in a common environment exhibited similar geographical divergences in morphology as did wild-caught animals, suggesting a genetic basis to the changes. Limb dimensions showed significant heritability (2-17%), consistent with the possibility of an evolved response. Cane toad populations thus have undergone a major shift in sexual dimorphism in relative limb lengths during their brief (81 years) spread through tropical Australia.}, }
@article {pmid28081272, year = {2017}, author = {Du, L and Liu, H and Yan, M and Li, J and Li, J}, title = {Individual Plasticity of the Shade Response of the Invasive Solidago canadensis in China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {e0170049}, pmid = {28081272}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {China ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Flavonoids/analysis ; Introduced Species ; Light ; Malondialdehyde/analysis ; Phenotype ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/chemistry/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Plant Roots/chemistry/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Solidago/chemistry/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {To evaluate the population variation, individual plasticity, and local adaptability of Solidago canadensis in response to shade treatment, we conducted a common pots experiment with a total of 150 ramets (5 genets, 15 populations, and 2 treatments) subjected to both control (natural light) and shady treatment (10% of natural light). Shade treatment significantly reduced growth and content of defense metabolites in S. canadensis. Compared to control, shading led to increased height, decreased basal diameter, increased leaf width, increased leaf length, increased chlorophyll content, stronger photosynthetic rate (Pn), stronger stomatal conductance (gs), and lower root to shoot ratio. Three-way analysis of variance revealed geographical origin to significantly affect the basal diameter of S. canadensis, while genotype significantly affected plant height, intercelluar CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr), and proline content. Significant interactive effects between shade and geographic origin were prevalent for most traits. The phenotypic differentiation coefficient of the plasticity of all traits was below 0.4, indicating that most of all variations can be found among individuals within populations. Phenotypic selection analysis revealed that fitness was significantly positively related to plant height, basal diameter, Ci, total flavonoid content, as well as the plasticity of plant height, leaf length, leaf width, gs, Ci, total flavonoid content, and malondialdehyde content under the control condition. However, subjected to shade, fitness was only significantly positively related to plant height, basal diameter, and the plasticity of basal diameter. Rather than local adaption, these results suggest that individual plasticity played a more prominent role in the shade response of the invasive S. canadensis.}, }
@article {pmid28081142, year = {2017}, author = {Dyer, EE and Cassey, P and Redding, DW and Collen, B and Franks, V and Gaston, KJ and Jones, KE and Kark, S and Orme, CD and Blackburn, TM}, title = {The Global Distribution and Drivers of Alien Bird Species Richness.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {e2000942}, pmid = {28081142}, issn = {1545-7885}, support = {MR/R02491X/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds/*physiology ; Gross Domestic Product ; *Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Alien species are a major component of human-induced environmental change. Variation in the numbers of alien species found in different areas is likely to depend on a combination of anthropogenic and environmental factors, with anthropogenic factors affecting the number of species introduced to new locations, and when, and environmental factors influencing how many species are able to persist there. However, global spatial and temporal variation in the drivers of alien introduction and species richness remain poorly understood. Here, we analyse an extensive new database of alien birds to explore what determines the global distribution of alien species richness for an entire taxonomic class. We demonstrate that the locations of origin and introduction of alien birds, and their identities, were initially driven largely by European (mainly British) colonialism. However, recent introductions are a wider phenomenon, involving more species and countries, and driven in part by increasing economic activity. We find that, globally, alien bird species richness is currently highest at midlatitudes and is strongly determined by anthropogenic effects, most notably the number of species introduced (i.e., "colonisation pressure"). Nevertheless, environmental drivers are also important, with native and alien species richness being strongly and consistently positively associated. Our results demonstrate that colonisation pressure is key to understanding alien species richness, show that areas of high native species richness are not resistant to colonisation by alien species at the global scale, and emphasise the likely ongoing threats to global environments from introductions of species.}, }
@article {pmid28079089, year = {2017}, author = {Owens, B}, title = {Behind New Zealand's wild plan to purge all pests.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {541}, number = {7636}, pages = {148-150}, pmid = {28079089}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecology/economics ; *Introduced Species/economics/trends ; Mice ; New Zealand ; Pest Control/economics/instrumentation/*methods ; Pesticides/toxicity ; Poisons/toxicity ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Rats ; *Research/economics ; Sperm Motility/genetics ; Trichosurus/genetics ; }, }
@article {pmid28078716, year = {2017}, author = {Bellmore, JR and Benjamin, JR and Newsom, M and Bountry, JA and Dombroski, D}, title = {Incorporating food web dynamics into ecological restoration: a modeling approach for river ecosystems.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {814-832}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1486}, pmid = {28078716}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Conservation of Water Resources ; Fishes ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Rivers ; Snails ; Washington ; }, abstract = {Restoration is frequently aimed at the recovery of target species, but also influences the larger food web in which these species participate. Effects of restoration on this broader network of organisms can influence target species both directly and indirectly via changes in energy flow through food webs. To help incorporate these complexities into river restoration planning, we constructed a model that links river food web dynamics to in-stream physical habitat and riparian vegetation conditions. We present an application of the model to the Methow River, Washington, USA, a location of on-going restoration aimed at recovering salmon. Three restoration strategies were simulated: riparian vegetation restoration, nutrient augmentation via salmon carcass addition, and side channel reconnection. We also added populations of nonnative aquatic snails and fish to the modeled food web to explore how changes in food web structure mediate responses to restoration. Simulations suggest that side channel reconnection may be a better strategy than carcass addition and vegetation planting for improving conditions for salmon in this river segment. However, modeled responses were strongly sensitive to changes in the structure of the food web. The addition of nonnative snails and fish modified pathways of energy through the food web, which negated restoration improvements. This finding illustrates that forecasting responses to restoration may require accounting for the structure of food webs, and that changes in this structure, as might be expected with the spread of invasive species, could compromise restoration outcomes. Unlike habitat-based approaches to restoration assessment that focus on the direct effects of physical habitat conditions on single species of interest, our approach dynamically links the success of target organisms to the success of competitors, predators, and prey. By elucidating the direct and indirect pathways by which restoration affects target species, dynamic food web models can improve restoration planning by fostering a deeper understanding of system connectedness and dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid28078387, year = {2017}, author = {Niemiec, RM and Pech, RP and Norbury, GL and Byrom, AE}, title = {Landowners' Perspectives on Coordinated, Landscape-Level Invasive Species Control: The Role of Social and Ecological Context.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, pages = {477-489}, pmid = {28078387}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/methods ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Policy ; *Introduced Species/economics/trends ; Motivation ; New Zealand ; Ownership ; Pest Control/economics/*methods/organization &amp; administration ; Private Sector ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {To achieve biodiversity gains, landowner engagement in coordinated invasive species control programs across private lands is needed. Understanding landowners' perspectives toward such coordinated control efforts is crucial to facilitating engagement. We conducted in person and mail surveys of 68 landowners in and adjacent to the area of a proposed invasive predator control program in New Zealand. We find that, similar to previous studies, landowners consider the potential socioeconomic and ecological benefits of invasive species control and express a strong desire to enhance native biodiversity. However, we also find that landowners take into account the complexity of the local social and ecological context in which a program will unfold in three ways: they consider (1) the level of contribution by other landowners and urban residents who are benefiting from collective control efforts; (2) the potential for the program to upset the local "ecological balance", leading to increases in other pests; and (3) the probability that the program will be successful given the likelihood of others participating and control tactics being effective. We suggest that managers of coordinated invasive species control efforts may benefit from devoting time and resources toward addressing beliefs about social and ecological context, rather than solely providing financial subsidies and information about control tactics or the impacts of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid28077183, year = {2017}, author = {James, J and Nutbeam-Tuffs, S and Cable, J and Mrugała, A and Viñuela-Rodriguez, N and Petrusek, A and Oidtmann, B}, title = {The prevalence of Aphanomyces astaci in invasive signal crayfish from the UK and implications for native crayfish conservation.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {144}, number = {4}, pages = {411-418}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182016002419}, pmid = {28077183}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphanomyces/*isolation &amp; purification ; Astacoidea/*parasitology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Prevalence ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {The crayfish plague agent, Aphanomyces astaci, has spread throughout Europe, causing a significant decline in native European crayfish. The introduction and dissemination of this pathogen is attributed to the spread of invasive North American crayfish, which can act as carriers for A. astaci. As native European crayfish often succumb to infection with A. astaci, determining the prevalence of this pathogen in non-native crayfish is vital to prioritize native crayfish populations for managed translocation. In the current study, 23 populations of invasive signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) from the UK were tested for A. astaci presence using quantitative PCR. Altogether, 13 out of 23 (56·5%) populations were found to be infected, and pathogen prevalence within infected sites varied from 3 to 80%. Microsatellite pathogen genotyping revealed that at least one UK signal crayfish population was infected with the A. astaci genotype group B, known to include virulent strains. Based on recent crayfish distribution records and the average rate of signal crayfish population dispersal, we identified one native white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) population predicted to come into contact with infected signal crayfish within 5 years. This population should be considered as a priority for translocation.}, }
@article {pmid28074500, year = {2017}, author = {Novoa, A and Le Roux, JJ and Richardson, DM and Wilson, JRU}, title = {Level of environmental threat posed by horticultural trade in Cactaceae.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, pages = {1066-1075}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12892}, pmid = {28074500}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cactaceae ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Endangered Species ; *Introduced Species ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Ornamental horticulture has been identified as an important threat to plant biodiversity and is a major pathway for plant invasions worldwide. In this context, the family Cactaceae is particularly challenging because it is considered the fifth most threatened large taxonomic group in the world; several species are among the most widespread and damaging invasive species; and Cactaceae is one of the most popular horticultural plant groups. Based on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna and the 11 largest online auction sites selling cacti, we documented the international cactus trade. To provide an in-depth look at the dynamics of the industry, we surveyed the businesses involved in the cactus trade in South Africa (a hotspot of cactus trade and invasions). We purchased seeds of every available species and used DNA barcoding to identify species to the genus level. Although <20% of this trade involved threatened species and <3% involved known invasive species, many species were identified by a common name. However, only 0.02% of the globally traded cacti were collected from wild populations. Despite a large commercial network, all South African imports (of which 15% and 1.5% were of species listed as threatened and invasive, respectively) came from the same source. With DNA barcoding, we identified 24% of the species to genus level. Based on our results, we believe that if trade restrictions are placed on the small proportion of cacti that are invasive and there is no major increase in harvesting of native populations, then the commercial trade in cactus poses a negligible environmental threat. However, there are currently no effective methods for easily identifying which cacti are traded, and both the illicit harvesting of cacti from the wild and the informal trade in invasive taxa pose on-going conservation challenges.}, }
@article {pmid28073975, year = {2017}, author = {Margiotta, M and Bella, S and Buffa, F and Caleca, V and Floris, I and Giorno, V and Lo Verde, G and Rapisarda, C and Sasso, R and Suma, P and Tortorici, F and Laudonia, S}, title = {Modeling Environmental Influences in the Psyllaephagus bliteus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)-Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) Parasitoid-Host System.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {2}, pages = {491-501}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow253}, pmid = {28073975}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Eucalyptus ; Hemiptera/*parasitology/physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Hymenoptera/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Rain ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) is an invasive psyllid introduced into the Mediterranean area, where it affects several species of Eucalyptus. Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a specialized parasitoid of this psyllid that was accidentally introduced into Italy in 2011. We developed a model of this host-parasitoid system that accounts for the influence of environmental conditions on the G. brimblecombei population dynamics and P. bliteus parasitism rates in the natural ecosystem. The Lotka-Volterra-based model predicts non-constant host growth and parasitoid mortality rates in association with variation in environmental conditions. The model was tested by analyzing sampling data collected in Naples in 2011 (before the parasitoid was present) and defining several environmental patterns, termed Temperature-Rain or T-R patterns, which correspond to the host growth rate. A mean value of the host growth rate was assigned to each T-R pattern, as well as a variation of the parasitoid mortality rate based on temperature thresholds. The proposed model was applied in simulation tests related to T-R patterns carried out with a data series sampled between June 2014 and July 2015 in five Italian sites located in Campania, Lazio, Sicily, and Sardinia regions. The simulation results showed that the proposed model provides an accurate approximation of population trends, although oscillation details may not be apparent. Results predict a 64% reduction in G. brimblecombei population density owing to P. bliteus parasitoid activity. Our results are discussed with respect to features of the host-parasitoid interaction that could be exploited in future biological control programs.}, }
@article {pmid28073905, year = {2017}, author = {Michaud, JP and Zhang, Y and Bain, C}, title = {Feeding by Melanaphis sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Facilitates Use of Sorghum by Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae), but Reciprocal Effects Are Negative.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, pages = {268-273}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw167}, pmid = {28073905}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Antibiosis ; Aphids/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Food Chain ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Sorghum/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {In the process of feeding, aphids modify the physiology of their host plants in species-specific ways, and plant responses to these aggressions are often genotype- or cultivar-specific. Thus, different aphid species sharing a host can influence each other's fitness via plant-mediated interactions, usually with negative and asymmetric impacts. Here, we show that feeding by the sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner, can improve the suitability of sorghum as a host plant for the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L. Whereas the reciprocal effects were generally negative for sugarcane aphid, the specific life history impacts varied with sorghum cultivar. Line 'PI 550610' was a more suitable host plant for both aphid species than the hybrid 'P8500', contrary to expectations based on the former representing a source of resistance to Schizaphis graminum (Rondani). Whereas coinfestation with sugarcane aphid had positive effects on bird cherry-oat aphid survival, development, and reproduction on both cultivars, the presence of bird cherry-oat aphid reduced the sugarcane aphid fecundity on both cultivars, although other negative effects (lower survival and delayed development) were evident only on the less suitable P8500. A second experiment using previously infested plants yielded similar results, although a gradual decay of aphid-induced effects postinfestation was apparent. Bird cherry-oat aphid is the second aphid species, after S. graminum, shown to benefit from sugarcane aphid facilitation on sorghum. We conclude that facilitation by sugarcane aphid at least partly accounts for the various aphid species forming mixed infestations with this invasive species in fields of susceptible sorghum cultivars.}, }
@article {pmid28073501, year = {2016}, author = {Telesh, IV and Schubert, H and Skarlato, SO}, title = {Ecological niche partitioning of the invasive dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum and its native congeners in the Baltic Sea.}, journal = {Harmful algae}, volume = {59}, number = {}, pages = {100-111}, doi = {10.1016/j.hal.2016.09.006}, pmid = {28073501}, issn = {1878-1470}, mesh = {Baltic States ; Biodiversity ; Dinoflagellida/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Salinity ; Seawater/chemistry ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {This study analyses three decades of the peculiar bloom-formation history of the potentially toxic invasive planktonic dinoflagellates Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller in the SW Baltic Sea. We tested a research hypothesis that the unexpectedly long delay (nearly two decades) in population development of P. minimum prior to its first bloom was caused by competition with one or several closely related native dinoflagellate species due to ecological niche partitioning which hampered the spread and bloom-forming potential of the invader. We applied the ecological niche concept to a large, long-term phytoplankton database and analysed the invasion history and population dynamics of P. minimum in the SW Baltic Sea coastal waters using the data on phytoplankton composition, abundance and biomass. The ecological niche dimensions of P. minimum and its congener P. balticum were identified as the optimum environmental conditions for the species during the bloom events based on water temperature, salinity, pH, concentration of nutrients (PO4[3-]; total phosphorus, TP; total nitrogen, TN; SiO4[4-]), TN/TP-ratio and habitat type. The data on spatial distribution and ecological niche dimensions of P. minimum have contributed to the development of the "protistan species maximum concept". High microplankton diversity at critical salinities in the Baltic Sea may be considered as a possible reason for the significant niche overlap and strong competitive interactions among congeners leading to prolonged delay in population growth of P. minimum preceding its first bloom in the highly variable brackishwater environment.}, }
@article {pmid28073012, year = {2017}, author = {Bellwood, DR and Robert Goatley, CH}, title = {Can biological invasions save Caribbean coral reefs?.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {R13-R14}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2016.11.018}, pmid = {28073012}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; Caribbean Region ; Climate Change ; *Coral Reefs ; Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*physiology ; *Predatory Behavior ; Seaweed/*growth &amp; development ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {It is widely accepted that coral reefs are in decline globally, due to climate change as well as more direct human impacts such as poor water quality and overharvesting [1-3]. Biological invasions are also seen as a major threat [4-6]; however, they may not all be negative. An invasion of Red Sea rabbitfishes is disrupting Mediterranean ecosystems by removing macro-algae - meanwhile, in contrast, the Caribbean is suffering from excess macro-algal growth. We suggest that an invasion of the Caribbean by rabbitfishes may prove beneficial, and that the future of Caribbean coral reefs may depend upon a rabbitfish invasion.}, }
@article {pmid28072854, year = {2017}, author = {Mason, TJ and French, K and Jolley, DF}, title = {Functional Richness and Identity Do Not Strongly Affect Invasibility of Constructed Dune Communities.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {e0169243}, pmid = {28072854}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; *Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Biotic effects are often used to explain community structure and invasion resistance. We evaluated the contribution of functional richness and identity to invasion resistance and abiotic resource availability using a mesocosm experiment. We predicted that higher functional richness would confer greater invasion resistance through greater resource sequestration. We also predicted that niche pre-emption and invasion resistance would be higher in communities which included functional groups similar to the invader than communities where all functional groups were distinct from the invader. We constructed communities of different functional richness and identity but maintained constant species richness and numbers of individuals in the resident community. The constructed communities represented potential fore dune conditions following invader control activities along the Australian east coast. We then simulated an invasion event by bitou (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata DC. Norl.), a South African shrub invader. We used the same bitou propagule pressure across all treatments and monitored invasion success and resource availability for 13 months. Contrary to our predictions, we found that functional richness did not mediate the number of bitou individuals or bitou cover and functional identity had little effect on invasion success: there was a trend for the grass single functional group treatment to supress bitou individuals, but this trend was obscured when grasses were in multi functional group treatments. We found that all constructed communities facilitated bitou establishment and suppressed bitou cover relative to unplanted mesocosms. Abiotic resource use was either similar among planted communities, or differences did not relate to invasion success (with the exception of light availability). We attribute invasion resistance to bulk plant biomass across planted treatments rather than their functional group arrangement.}, }
@article {pmid28072420, year = {2017}, author = {Jousset, A and Bienhold, C and Chatzinotas, A and Gallien, L and Gobet, A and Kurm, V and Küsel, K and Rillig, MC and Rivett, DW and Salles, JF and van der Heijden, MG and Youssef, NH and Zhang, X and Wei, Z and Hol, WH}, title = {Where less may be more: how the rare biosphere pulls ecosystems strings.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {853-862}, pmid = {28072420}, issn = {1751-7370}, mesh = {Bacteria/*classification ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Microbiology ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Rare species are increasingly recognized as crucial, yet vulnerable components of Earth's ecosystems. This is also true for microbial communities, which are typically composed of a high number of relatively rare species. Recent studies have demonstrated that rare species can have an over-proportional role in biogeochemical cycles and may be a hidden driver of microbiome function. In this review, we provide an ecological overview of the rare microbial biosphere, including causes of rarity and the impacts of rare species on ecosystem functioning. We discuss how rare species can have a preponderant role for local biodiversity and species turnover with rarity potentially bound to phylogenetically conserved features. Rare microbes may therefore be overlooked keystone species regulating the functioning of host-associated, terrestrial and aquatic environments. We conclude this review with recommendations to guide scientists interested in investigating this rapidly emerging research area.}, }
@article {pmid28070282, year = {2017}, author = {Hudson, LN and Newbold, T and Contu, S and Hill, SL and Lysenko, I and De Palma, A and Phillips, HR and Alhusseini, TI and Bedford, FE and Bennett, DJ and Booth, H and Burton, VJ and Chng, CW and Choimes, A and Correia, DL and Day, J and Echeverría-Londoño, S and Emerson, SR and Gao, D and Garon, M and Harrison, ML and Ingram, DJ and Jung, M and Kemp, V and Kirkpatrick, L and Martin, CD and Pan, Y and Pask-Hale, GD and Pynegar, EL and Robinson, AN and Sanchez-Ortiz, K and Senior, RA and Simmons, BI and White, HJ and Zhang, H and Aben, J and Abrahamczyk, S and Adum, GB and Aguilar-Barquero, V and Aizen, MA and Albertos, B and Alcala, EL and Del Mar Alguacil, M and Alignier, A and Ancrenaz, M and Andersen, AN and Arbeláez-Cortés, E and Armbrecht, I and Arroyo-Rodríguez, V and Aumann, T and Axmacher, JC and Azhar, B and Azpiroz, AB and Baeten, L and Bakayoko, A and Báldi, A and Banks, JE and Baral, SK and Barlow, J and Barratt, BI and Barrico, L and Bartolommei, P and Barton, DM and Basset, Y and Batáry, P and Bates, AJ and Baur, B and Bayne, EM and Beja, P and Benedick, S and Berg, &#xc5; and Bernard, H and Berry, NJ and Bhatt, D and Bicknell, JE and Bihn, JH and Blake, RJ and Bobo, KS and Bóçon, R and Boekhout, T and Böhning-Gaese, K and Bonham, KJ and Borges, PA and Borges, SH and Boutin, C and Bouyer, J and Bragagnolo, C and Brandt, JS and Brearley, FQ and Brito, I and Bros, V and Brunet, J and Buczkowski, G and Buddle, CM and Bugter, R and Buscardo, E and Buse, J and Cabra-García, J and Cáceres, NC and Cagle, NL and Calviño-Cancela, M and Cameron, SA and Cancello, EM and Caparrós, R and Cardoso, P and Carpenter, D and Carrijo, TF and Carvalho, AL and Cassano, CR and Castro, H and Castro-Luna, AA and Rolando, CB and Cerezo, A and Chapman, KA and Chauvat, M and Christensen, M and Clarke, FM and Cleary, DF and Colombo, G and Connop, SP and Craig, MD and Cruz-López, L and Cunningham, SA and D'Aniello, B and D'Cruze, N and da Silva, PG and Dallimer, M and Danquah, E and Darvill, B and Dauber, J and Davis, AL and Dawson, J and de Sassi, C and de Thoisy, B and Deheuvels, O and Dejean, A and Devineau, JL and Diekötter, T and Dolia, JV and Domínguez, E and Dominguez-Haydar, Y and Dorn, S and Draper, I and Dreber, N and Dumont, B and Dures, SG and Dynesius, M and Edenius, L and Eggleton, P and Eigenbrod, F and Elek, Z and Entling, MH and Esler, KJ and de Lima, RF and Faruk, A and Farwig, N and Fayle, TM and Felicioli, A and Felton, AM and Fensham, RJ and Fernandez, IC and Ferreira, CC and Ficetola, GF and Fiera, C and Filgueiras, BK and Fırıncıoğlu, HK and Flaspohler, D and Floren, A and Fonte, SJ and Fournier, A and Fowler, RE and Franzén, M and Fraser, LH and Fredriksson, GM and Freire, GB and Frizzo, TL and Fukuda, D and Furlani, D and Gaigher, R and Ganzhorn, JU and García, KP and Garcia-R, JC and Garden, JG and Garilleti, R and Ge, BM and Gendreau-Berthiaume, B and Gerard, PJ and Gheler-Costa, C and Gilbert, B and Giordani, P and Giordano, S and Golodets, C and Gomes, LG and Gould, RK and Goulson, D and Gove, AD and Granjon, L and Grass, I and Gray, CL and Grogan, J and Gu, W and Guardiola, M and Gunawardene, NR and Gutierrez, AG and Gutiérrez-Lamus, DL and Haarmeyer, DH and Hanley, ME and Hanson, T and Hashim, NR and Hassan, SN and Hatfield, RG and Hawes, JE and Hayward, MW and Hébert, C and Helden, AJ and Henden, JA and Henschel, P and Hernández, L and Herrera, JP and Herrmann, F and Herzog, F and Higuera-Diaz, D and Hilje, B and Höfer, H and Hoffmann, A and Horgan, FG and Hornung, E and Horváth, R and Hylander, K and Isaacs-Cubides, P and Ishida, H and Ishitani, M and Jacobs, CT and Jaramillo, VJ and Jauker, B and Hernández, FJ and Johnson, MF and Jolli, V and Jonsell, M and Juliani, SN and Jung, TS and Kapoor, V and Kappes, H and Kati, V and Katovai, E and Kellner, K and Kessler, M and Kirby, KR and Kittle, AM and Knight, ME and Knop, E and Kohler, F and Koivula, M and Kolb, A and Kone, M and Kőrösi, &#xc1; and Krauss, J and Kumar, A and Kumar, R and Kurz, DJ and Kutt, AS and Lachat, T and Lantschner, V and Lara, F and Lasky, JR and Latta, SC and Laurance, WF and Lavelle, P and Le Féon, V and LeBuhn, G and Légaré, JP and Lehouck, V and Lencinas, MV and Lentini, PE and Letcher, SG and Li, Q and Litchwark, SA and Littlewood, NA and Liu, Y and Lo-Man-Hung, N and López-Quintero, CA and Louhaichi, M and Lövei, GL and Lucas-Borja, ME and Luja, VH and Luskin, MS and MacSwiney G, MC and Maeto, K and Magura, T and Mallari, NA and Malone, LA and Malonza, PK and Malumbres-Olarte, J and Mandujano, S and Måren, IE and Marin-Spiotta, E and Marsh, CJ and Marshall, EJ and Martínez, E and Martínez Pastur, G and Moreno Mateos, D and Mayfield, MM and Mazimpaka, V and McCarthy, JL and McCarthy, KP and McFrederick, QS and McNamara, S and Medina, NG and Medina, R and Mena, JL and Mico, E and Mikusinski, G and Milder, JC and Miller, JR and Miranda-Esquivel, DR and Moir, ML and Morales, CL and Muchane, MN and Muchane, M and Mudri-Stojnic, S and Munira, AN and Muoñz-Alonso, A and Munyekenye, BF and Naidoo, R and Naithani, A and Nakagawa, M and Nakamura, A and Nakashima, Y and Naoe, S and Nates-Parra, G and Navarrete Gutierrez, DA and Navarro-Iriarte, L and Ndang'ang'a, PK and Neuschulz, EL and Ngai, JT and Nicolas, V and Nilsson, SG and Noreika, N and Norfolk, O and Noriega, JA and Norton, DA and Nöske, NM and Nowakowski, AJ and Numa, C and O'Dea, N and O'Farrell, PJ and Oduro, W and Oertli, S and Ofori-Boateng, C and Oke, CO and Oostra, V and Osgathorpe, LM and Otavo, SE and Page, NV and Paritsis, J and Parra-H, A and Parry, L and Pe'er, G and Pearman, PB and Pelegrin, N and Pélissier, R and Peres, CA and Peri, PL and Persson, AS and Petanidou, T and Peters, MK and Pethiyagoda, RS and Phalan, B and Philips, TK and Pillsbury, FC and Pincheira-Ulbrich, J and Pineda, E and Pino, J and Pizarro-Araya, J and Plumptre, AJ and Poggio, SL and Politi, N and Pons, P and Poveda, K and Power, EF and Presley, SJ and Proença, V and Quaranta, M and Quintero, C and Rader, R and Ramesh, BR and Ramirez-Pinilla, MP and Ranganathan, J and Rasmussen, C and Redpath-Downing, NA and Reid, JL and Reis, YT and Rey Benayas, JM and Rey-Velasco, JC and Reynolds, C and Ribeiro, DB and Richards, MH and Richardson, BA and Richardson, MJ and Ríos, RM and Robinson, R and Robles, CA and Römbke, J and Romero-Duque, LP and Rös, M and Rosselli, L and Rossiter, SJ and Roth, DS and Roulston, TH and Rousseau, L and Rubio, AV and Ruel, JC and Sadler, JP and Sáfián, S and Saldaña-Vázquez, RA and Sam, K and Samnegård, U and Santana, J and Santos, X and Savage, J and Schellhorn, NA and Schilthuizen, M and Schmiedel, U and Schmitt, CB and Schon, NL and Schüepp, C and Schumann, K and Schweiger, O and Scott, DM and Scott, KA and Sedlock, JL and Seefeldt, SS and Shahabuddin, G and Shannon, G and Sheil, D and Sheldon, FH and Shochat, E and Siebert, SJ and Silva, FA and Simonetti, JA and Slade, EM and Smith, J and Smith-Pardo, AH and Sodhi, NS and Somarriba, EJ and Sosa, RA and Soto Quiroga, G and St-Laurent, MH and Starzomski, BM and Stefanescu, C and Steffan-Dewenter, I and Stouffer, PC and Stout, JC and Strauch, AM and Struebig, MJ and Su, Z and Suarez-Rubio, M and Sugiura, S and Summerville, KS and Sung, YH and Sutrisno, H and Svenning, JC and Teder, T and Threlfall, CG and Tiitsaar, A and Todd, JH and Tonietto, RK and Torre, I and Tóthmérész, B and Tscharntke, T and Turner, EC and Tylianakis, JM and Uehara-Prado, M and Urbina-Cardona, N and Vallan, D and Vanbergen, AJ and Vasconcelos, HL and Vassilev, K and Verboven, HA and Verdasca, MJ and Verdú, JR and Vergara, CH and Vergara, PM and Verhulst, J and Virgilio, M and Vu, LV and Waite, EM and Walker, TR and Wang, HF and Wang, Y and Watling, JI and Weller, B and Wells, K and Westphal, C and Wiafe, ED and Williams, CD and Willig, MR and Woinarski, JC and Wolf, JH and Wolters, V and Woodcock, BA and Wu, J and Wunderle, JM and Yamaura, Y and Yoshikura, S and Yu, DW and Zaitsev, AS and Zeidler, J and Zou, F and Collen, B and Ewers, RM and Mace, GM and Purves, DW and Scharlemann, JP and Purvis, A}, title = {The database of the PREDICTS (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems) project.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {145-188}, pmid = {28070282}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The PREDICTS project-Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems (www.predicts.org.uk)-has collated from published studies a large, reasonably representative database of comparable samples of biodiversity from multiple sites that differ in the nature or intensity of human impacts relating to land use. We have used this evidence base to develop global and regional statistical models of how local biodiversity responds to these measures. We describe and make freely available this 2016 release of the database, containing more than 3.2 million records sampled at over 26,000 locations and representing over 47,000 species. We outline how the database can help in answering a range of questions in ecology and conservation biology. To our knowledge, this is the largest and most geographically and taxonomically representative database of spatial comparisons of biodiversity that has been collated to date; it will be useful to researchers and international efforts wishing to model and understand the global status of biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid28069633, year = {2017}, author = {Schierenbeck, KA}, title = {Population-level genetic variation and climate change in a biodiversity hotspot.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {119}, number = {2}, pages = {215-228}, pmid = {28069633}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; Genetics, Population ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Estimated future climate scenarios can be used to predict where hotspots of endemism may occur over the next century, but life history, ecological and genetic traits will be important in informing the varying responses within myriad taxa. Essential to predicting the consequences of climate change to individual species will be an understanding of the factors that drive genetic structure within and among populations. Here, I review the factors that influence the genetic structure of plant species in California, but are applicable elsewhere; existing levels of genetic variation, life history and ecological characteristics will affect the ability of an individual taxon to persist in the presence of anthropogenic change.<br><br>Persistence in the face of climate change is likely determined by life history characteristics: dispersal ability, generation time, reproductive ability, degree of habitat specialization, plant-insect interactions, existing genetic diversity and availability of habitat or migration corridors. Existing levels of genetic diversity in plant populations vary based on a number of evolutionary scenarios that include endemism, expansion since the last glacial maximum, breeding system and current range sizes.<br><br>A number of well-documented examples are provided from the California Floristic Province. Some predictions can be made for the responses of plant taxa to rapid environmental changes based on geographic position, evolutionary history, existing genetic variation, and ecological amplitude.<br><br>The prediction of how species will respond to climate change will require a synthesis drawing from population genetics, geography, palaeontology and ecology. The important integration of the historical factors that have shaped the distribution and existing genetic structure of California's plant taxa will enable us to predict and prioritize the conservation of species and areas most likely to be impacted by rapid climate change, human disturbance and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid28069304, year = {2017}, author = {Wu, H and Carrillo, J and Ding, J}, title = {Species diversity and environmental determinants of aquatic and terrestrial communities invaded by Alternanthera philoxeroides.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {581-582}, number = {}, pages = {666-675}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.177}, pmid = {28069304}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Amaranthaceae/*growth &amp; development ; *Biodiversity ; China ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The impact of invasive species on native biodiversity varies across environments, with invasion effects of amphibious plant species across terrestrial and aquatic systems especially poorly understood. In this study, we established 29 terrestrial plots and 23 aquatic plots which were invaded by the alien plant alligator weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides in Southern China. We measured α-species diversity (Shannon-Wiener and Simpson index), species richness and evenness, species cover and the importance value (a comprehensive index of cover, height and abundance) of A. philoxeroides in invaded communities in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. We recorded seven environmental factors (longitude, latitude, elevation above sea level, temperature, precipitation, ammonia and nitrate) across habitats. We then used Redundancy Analysis (RDA) to determine which factors best explain A. philoxeroides invasion in either environment type. We found that terrestrial habitats had greater species diversity (Shannon index) than aquatic habitats, and the biotic resistance of aquatic plant communities to the A. philoxeroides invasion was weaker than terrestrial plant communities. Accumulated ammonia improved some indices of species diversity (Shannon-Weiner, Simpson) and evenness, but decreased species cover of A. philoxeroides in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Precipitation increased species richness in terrestrial habitats but decreased richness in aquatic habitats. Precipitation increased A. philoxeroides cover in both environment types, while elevated nitrate increased A. philoxeroides cover in terrestrial habitats only. In aquatic habitats, species richness increased but A. philoxeroides cover decreased with increasing longitude. Our study indicates that increased precipitation may accelerate A. philoxeroides spread across aquatic and terrestrial habitats, while reducing nitrate inputs could inhibit terrestrial A. philoxeroides invasion. Aquatic communities appear to be more vulnerable to invasion by A. philoxeroides than terrestrial communities, likely due to low native species diversity. We need to intensify invasion assessment of water ecosystems in lower longitudinal regions of China and elsewhere where diversity is low.}, }
@article {pmid28067941, year = {2017}, author = {Dutto, M and Mosca, A}, title = {Preliminary considerations about the presence of Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1897) (Diptera: Culicidae) during winter in the Northwestern Italy.}, journal = {Annali di igiene : medicina preventiva e di comunita}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {86-90}, doi = {10.7416/ai.2017.2135}, pmid = {28067941}, issn = {1120-9135}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Alphavirus Infections/epidemiology/*transmission/virology ; Animals ; Cities/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Disease Outbreaks/*prevention &amp; control ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*growth &amp; development/virology ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Italy/epidemiology ; Larva ; Population Dynamics ; Rural Population/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Seasons ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito, was unintentionally introduced in Italy at the beginning of the 1990s. In few decades it spread almost in the whole Country. In Piedmont, the first report dates back to 1994. Usually, temperate populations are affected by seasonal temperature and photoperiodicity and can overwinter by producing eggs that undergo a winter diapause. In Rome females of the species extended their trophic activity to the coldest months of the year, but there is no notice about a similar behaviour for northern areas of the Country. In our routine work, we often inspect residential and public buildings according to people requests due to the presence of annoying mosquitoes. During these inspections, we try to identify and solve the problem looking for adults and breeding sites of annoying species. Samples are conveniently collected and identified in the field or returning in the labs. We report seven cases of Ae. albopictus female trophic activity in both residential and public buildings, from November to March, in urban and rural areas in Piedmont, ranging between 44°33'11" N and 45°05'09" N. In one case, some larval breeding sites with a large number of larvae and pupae of this species were identified. Ae. albopictus can show trophic and reproductive activity during the winter in the northwestern Italy under favourable conditions. This evidence is of particular concern because of seasonality of Aedes mosquito-borne disease in returned travellers. Dengue, for example, has its higher morbidity in returned travellers from Caribbean and Central America typically during the winter period.}, }
@article {pmid28067014, year = {2017}, author = {Figuerola, J and Beltrán, JF and Jacob, J}, title = {Vertebrate pest management: research for science-based solutions.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, pages = {271-272}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4483}, pmid = {28067014}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; Pest Control/*methods ; *Vertebrates ; }, }
@article {pmid28062726, year = {2017}, author = {Oliveira, MT and Souza, GM and Pereira, S and Oliveira, DAS and Figueiredo-Lima, KV and Arruda, E and Santos, MG}, title = {Seasonal variability in physiological and anatomical traits contributes to invasion success of Prosopis juliflora in tropical dry forest.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, pages = {326-337}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpw123}, pmid = {28062726}, issn = {1758-4469}, mesh = {Brazil ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Photosynthesis ; Prosopis/*physiology ; *Seasons ; Trees/physiology ; *Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {We investigated whether there were consistent differences in the physiological and anatomical traits and phenotypic variability of an invasive (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.) and native species (Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan) in response to seasonality in a tropical dry forest. The water potential, organic solutes, gas exchange, enzymes of the antioxidant system, products of oxidative stress and anatomical parameters were evaluated in both species in response to seasonality. An analysis of physiological responses indicated that the invasive P. juliflora exhibited higher response in net photosynthetic rate to that of the native species between seasons. Higher values of water potential of the invasive species than those of the native species in the dry season indicate a more efficient mechanism for water regulation in the invasive species. The invasive species exhibits a thicker cuticle and trichomes, which can reduce transpiration. In combination, the increased epidermal thickness and the decreased thickness of the parenchyma in the dry season may contribute to water saving. Our data suggest a higher variability in anatomical traits in the invasive species as a response to seasonality, whereas physiological traits did not present a clear pattern of response.}, }
@article {pmid28062536, year = {2017}, author = {Smart, MD and Cornman, RS and Iwanowicz, DD and McDermott-Kubeczko, M and Pettis, JS and Spivak, MS and Otto, CR}, title = {A Comparison of Honey Bee-Collected Pollen From Working Agricultural Lands Using Light Microscopy and ITS Metabarcoding.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, pages = {38-49}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw159}, pmid = {28062536}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Farms ; Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*classification ; *Microscopy ; North Dakota ; Pollen/*classification ; }, abstract = {Taxonomic identification of pollen has historically been accomplished via light microscopy but requires specialized knowledge and reference collections, particularly when identification to lower taxonomic levels is necessary. Recently, next-generation sequencing technology has been used as a cost-effective alternative for identifying bee-collected pollen; however, this novel approach has not been tested on a spatially or temporally robust number of pollen samples. Here, we compare pollen identification results derived from light microscopy and DNA sequencing techniques with samples collected from honey bee colonies embedded within a gradient of intensive agricultural landscapes in the Northern Great Plains throughout the 2010-2011 growing seasons. We demonstrate that at all taxonomic levels, DNA sequencing was able to discern a greater number of taxa, and was particularly useful for the identification of infrequently detected species. Importantly, substantial phenological overlap did occur for commonly detected taxa using either technique, suggesting that DNA sequencing is an appropriate, and enhancing, substitutive technique for accurately capturing the breadth of bee-collected species of pollen present across agricultural landscapes. We also show that honey bees located in high and low intensity agricultural settings forage on dissimilar plants, though with overlap of the most abundantly collected pollen taxa. We highlight practical applications of utilizing sequencing technology, including addressing ecological issues surrounding land use, climate change, importance of taxa relative to abundance, and evaluating the impact of conservation program habitat enhancement efforts.}, }
@article {pmid28061408, year = {2017}, author = {Haak, DM and Fath, BD and Forbes, VE and Martin, DR and Pope, KL}, title = {Coupling ecological and social network models to assess "transmission" and "contagion" of an aquatic invasive species.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {190}, number = {}, pages = {243-251}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.012}, pmid = {28061408}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Network Meta-Analysis ; Snails/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Network analysis is used to address diverse ecological, social, economic, and epidemiological questions, but few efforts have been made to combine these field-specific analyses into interdisciplinary approaches that effectively address how complex systems are interdependent and connected to one another. Identifying and understanding these cross-boundary connections improves natural resource management and promotes proactive, rather than reactive, decisions. This research had two main objectives; first, adapt the framework and approach of infectious disease network modeling so that it may be applied to the socio-ecological problem of spreading aquatic invasive species, and second, use this new coupled model to simulate the spread of the invasive Chinese mystery snail (Bellamya chinensis) in a reservoir network in Southeastern Nebraska, USA. The coupled model integrates an existing social network model of how anglers move on the landscape with new reservoir-specific ecological network models. This approach allowed us to identify 1) how angler movement among reservoirs aids in the spread of B. chinensis, 2) how B. chinensis alters energy flows within individual-reservoir food webs, and 3) a new method for assessing the spread of any number of non-native or invasive species within complex, social-ecological systems.}, }
@article {pmid28060805, year = {2017}, author = {Zhang, ZS and Li, LL and Chen, WL}, title = {Ptilagrostis contracta (Stipeae, Poaceae), a New Species Endemic to Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {e0166603}, pmid = {28060805}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {China ; Chromosomes, Plant ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA, Plant ; Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Poaceae/*classification/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {A new species, Ptilagrostis contracta, endemic to Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is described and illustrated. It is distinguished from other species in Ptilagrostis by having contracted panicles, 1-geniculate awns with hairy columns and scabrous bristles and evenly pubescent lemmas. Evidence from lemma epidermal pattern, cytology and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the nuclear ITS sequence data confirm its systematic position in Ptilagrostis.}, }
@article {pmid28060498, year = {2017}, author = {Poitou, X and Thibon, C and Darriet, P}, title = {1,8-Cineole in French Red Wines: Evidence for a Contribution Related to Its Various Origins.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {65}, number = {2}, pages = {383-393}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03042}, pmid = {28060498}, issn = {1520-5118}, mesh = {Artemisia ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cyclohexanols/*analysis ; Eucalyptol ; Food Analysis/methods ; France ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Mass Spectrometry/methods ; Monoterpenes/*analysis ; Odorants/*analysis ; Olfactometry/methods ; Pyrazines/analysis ; Vitis/*chemistry ; Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis ; Wine/*analysis ; }, abstract = {The aromatic descriptor "green", reflecting grape unripeness in French red wines, is frequently associated with the levels of 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines, particularly 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP), which has bell pepper nuances. Nevertheless, not all green aromatic expressions in red wines correlate with 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazine concentrations. This study considered sensory and chemical approaches using Cabernet Sauvignon wines obtained from grapes harvested at one-month intervals during the 2014 and 2015 vintages to investigate other volatile odoriferous compounds. Semipreparative HPLC fractionation of wine extracts revealed a fraction with specific green aromas in the early harvest wines. Its sensory impact was confirmed by omission and reconstitution tests. Then, multidimensional gas chromatography coupled with olfactometry and mass spectrometry (MDGC-O-MS/TOF) was used for molecular characterization of the aroma compounds associated with the green aromas. Surprisingly, eucalyptol (1,8-cineole), with menthol odor was highlighted and assayed at concentrations sometimes above its olfactory detection threshold in Cabernet Sauvignon and Fer Servadou wines. Sensory tests confirmed its impact at several concentrations detected in French red wines (up to 2.61 ± 0.03 μg/L) on the menthol nuance and overall green perception, particularly via an additive effect with IBMP. Quantitation of 1,8-cineole in Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot grapes during berry development in 2015 revealed its varietal origin with abundant concentrations in unripe berries and decrease during grape maturation. Moreover, the implication of an invasive plant (Artemisia verlotiorum) growing in certain vineyards was shown to be responsible for increased 1,8-cineole concentrations in some wines.}, }
@article {pmid28058723, year = {2017}, author = {Fenollosa, E and Munné-Bosch, S and Pintó-Marijuan, M}, title = {Contrasting phenotypic plasticity in the photoprotective strategies of the invasive species Carpobrotus edulis and the coexisting native species Crithmum maritimum.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {160}, number = {2}, pages = {185-200}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.12542}, pmid = {28058723}, issn = {1399-3054}, mesh = {Aizoaceae/*physiology ; Apiaceae/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Photosynthesis/physiology ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Photoprotective strategies vary greatly within the plant kingdom and reflect a plant's physiological status and capacity to cope with environment variations. The plasticity and intensity of these responses may determine plant success. Invasive species are reported to show increased vigor to displace native species. Describing the mechanisms that confer such vigor is essential to understanding the success of invasive species. We performed an experiment whereby two species were monitored: Carpobrotus edulis, an aggressive invasive species in the Mediterranean basin, and Crithmum maritimum, a coexisting native species in the Cap de Creus Natural Park (NE Spain). We analyzed their photoprotective responses to seasonal environmental dynamics by comparing the capacity of the invader to respond to the local environmental stresses throughout the year. Our study analyses ecophysiological markers and photoprotective strategies to gain an insight into the success of invaders. We found that both species showed completely different but effective photoprotective strategies: in summer, C. edulis took special advantage of the xanthophyll cycle, whereas the success of C. maritimum in summer stemmed from morphological changes and alterations on β-carotene content. Winter also presented differences between the species, as the native showed reduced Fv /Fm ratios. Our experimental design allowed us to introduce a new approach to compare phenotypic plasticity: the integrated phenotypic plasticity index (PPint), defined as the maximum Euclidian distance between phenotypes, using a combination of different variables to describe them. This index revealed significantly greater phenotypic plasticity in the invasive species compared to the native species.}, }
@article {pmid28058657, year = {2017}, author = {Keiner, C}, title = {A Two-Ocean Bouillabaisse: Science, Politics, and the Central American Sea-Level Canal Controversy.}, journal = {Journal of the history of biology}, volume = {50}, number = {4}, pages = {835-887}, pmid = {28058657}, issn = {1573-0387}, abstract = {As the Panama Canal approached its fiftieth anniversary in the mid-1960s, U.S. officials concerned about the costs of modernization welcomed the technology of peaceful nuclear excavation to create a new waterway at sea level. Biologists seeking a share of the funds slated for radiological-safety studies called attention to another potential effect which they deemed of far greater ecological and evolutionary magnitude - marine species exchange, an obscure environmental issue that required the expertise of underresourced life scientists. An enterprising endeavor to support Smithsonian naturalists, especially marine biologists at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama, wound up sparking heated debates - between biologists and engineers about the oceans' biological integrity and among scientists about whether the megaproject represented a research opportunity or environmental threat. A National Academy of Sciences panel chaired by Ernst Mayr failed to attract congressional funding for its 10-year baseline research program, but did create a stir in the scientific and mainstream press about the ecological threats that the sea-level canal might unleash upon the Atlantic and Pacific. This paper examines how the proposed megaproject sparked a scientific and political conversation about the risks of mixing the oceans at a time when many members of the scientific and engineering communities still viewed the seas as impervious to human-facilitated change.}, }
@article {pmid28057623, year = {2017}, author = {Seguí, J and López-Darias, M and Pérez, AJ and Nogales, M and Traveset, A}, title = {Species-environment interactions changed by introduced herbivores in an oceanic high-mountain ecosystem.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {28057623}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Summit areas of oceanic islands constitute some of the most isolated ecosystems on earth, highly vulnerable to climate change and introduced species. Within the unique high-elevation communities of Tenerife (Canary Islands), reproductive success and thus long-term survival of species may depend on environmental suitability as well as threat by introduced herbivores. By experimentally modifying the endemic and vulnerable species Viola cheiranthifolia along its entire altitudinal occurrence range, we studied plant performance, autofertility, pollen limitation and visitation rate and the interactive effect of grazing by non-native rabbits on them. We assessed the grazing effects by recording (1) the proportion of consumed plants and flowers along the gradient, (2) comparing fitness traits of herbivore-excluded plants along the gradient, and (3) comparing fitness traits, autofertility and pollen limitation between plants excluded from herbivores with unexcluded plants at the same locality. Our results showed that V. cheiranthifolia performance is mainly affected by inter-annual and microhabitat variability along the gradient, especially in the lowest edge. Despite the increasingly adverse environmental conditions, the plant showed no pollen limitation with elevation, which is attributed to the increase in autofertility levels (≥ 50% of reproductive output) and decrease in competition for pollinators at higher elevations. Plant fitness is, however, extremely reduced owing to the presence of non-native rabbits in the area (consuming more than 75% of the individuals in some localities), which in turn change plant trait-environment interactions along the gradient. Taken together, these findings indicate that the elevational variation found on plant performance results from the combined action of non-native rabbits with the microhabitat variability, exerting intricate ecological influences that threaten the survival of this violet species.}, }
@article {pmid28054408, year = {2017}, author = {Alexiades, AV and Flecker, AS and Kraft, CE}, title = {Nonnative fish stocking alters stream ecosystem nutrient dynamics.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {956-965}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1498}, pmid = {28054408}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; *Fisheries ; Introduced Species ; New York ; Nitrogen/*analysis ; Nutrients/analysis ; Phosphorus/*analysis ; Rivers/*chemistry ; Trout/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Each year, millions of hatchery-raised fish are stocked into streams and rivers worldwide, yet the effects of hatchery-raised fish on stream nutrient cycles have seldom been examined. We quantified the influence of supplemental nonnative fish stocking, a widespread recreational fishery management practice, on in-stream nutrient storage and cycling. We predicted that supplemental, hatchery-raised brown trout (Salmo trutta) stocking would result in increased N and P supply relative to in-stream biotic demand for those nutrients and that stocked fishes would remineralize and store a significantly greater amount of N and P than the native fish community, due to higher areal biomass. To test these predictions, we measured the biomass, nutrient (NH4[+] -N and soluble reactive phosphorus [SRP]) remineralization rates, and body carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content of the native fish community and trout stocked into four study streams. We then estimated fish growth rates to determine species-specific nutrient sequestration rates in body tissues for both stocked and native fish and measured ammonium and phosphorus uptake rates to determine the relative influence of net fish nutrient remineralization on stream nutrient cycles. When brown trout were stocked in these systems at density levels that were orders of magnitude higher than ambient native fish density, they provided a sizeable source of NH4[+] -N that could account for up to 85% of demand for that nutrient. Stocked trout had minimal effects on in-stream SRP cycles even at high release densities, likely due to low per capita SRP excretion rates. A unique feature of our study was that we evaluated the temporal component of the stocked trout nutrient subsidy by estimating the number of fish removed from the system through natural mortality and angler harvest, which indicated that the stocked trout subsidy lasted approximately 6-8 weeks after stocking. By combining population models with areal nutrient excretion rates and estimates of biotic nutrient uptake, we showed that trout stocking provided a strong pulsed nutrient subsidy.}, }
@article {pmid28052938, year = {2017}, author = {Cui, X and Song, W and Feng, J and Jia, D and Guo, J and Wang, Z and Wu, H and Qi, F and Liang, J and Lin, G}, title = {Increased nitrogen input enhances Kandelia obovata seedling growth in the presence of invasive Spartina alterniflora in subtropical regions of China.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {28052938}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {China ; Introduced Species ; *Nitrogen/pharmacology ; Poaceae/drug effects/*growth &amp; development ; Rhizophoraceae/drug effects/*growth &amp; development ; Seawater/chemistry ; Seedlings/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Mangroves in China are severely affected by the rapid invasion of the non-native species Spartina alterniflora Although many studies have addressed the possible impacts of S. alterniflora on the performance of mangrove seedlings, how excessive nitrogen (N) input due to eutrophication affects the interactions between mangrove species and S. alterniflora remains unknown. Here, we report the results from a mesocosm experiment using seedlings of the native mangrove species Kandelia obovata and the exotic S. alterniflora grown in monoculture and mixed culture under no nitrogen addition and nitrogen (N) addition treatments for 18 months. Without N addition, the presence of S. alterniflora inhibited the growth of K. obovata seedlings. Excessive N addition significantly increased the growth rate of K. obovata in both cultures. However, the positive and significantly increasing relative interaction intensity index under excessive N input suggested that the invasion of S. alterniflora could favour the growth of K. obovata under eutrophication conditions. Our results imply that excessive N input in southeastern China can increase the competitive ability of mangrove seedlings against invasive S. alterniflora.}, }
@article {pmid28052550, year = {2017}, author = {Allen, WL and Street, SE and Capellini, I}, title = {Fast life history traits promote invasion success in amphibians and reptiles.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {222-230}, pmid = {28052550}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Amphibians/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Reptiles/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Competing theoretical models make different predictions on which life history strategies facilitate growth of small populations. While 'fast' strategies allow for rapid increase in population size and limit vulnerability to stochastic events, 'slow' strategies and bet-hedging may reduce variance in vital rates in response to stochasticity. We test these predictions using biological invasions since founder alien populations start small, compiling the largest dataset yet of global herpetological introductions and life history traits. Using state-of-the-art phylogenetic comparative methods, we show that successful invaders have fast traits, such as large and frequent clutches, at both establishment and spread stages. These results, together with recent findings in mammals and plants, support 'fast advantage' models and the importance of high potential population growth rate. Conversely, successful alien birds are bet-hedgers. We propose that transient population dynamics and differences in longevity and behavioural flexibility can help reconcile apparently contrasting results across terrestrial vertebrate classes.}, }
@article {pmid28052506, year = {2017}, author = {Lantschner, MV and Atkinson, TH and Corley, JC and Liebhold, AM}, title = {Predicting North American Scolytinae invasions in the Southern Hemisphere.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {66-77}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1451}, pmid = {28052506}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Australia ; *Biodiversity ; *Forestry ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Pinus ; South America ; United States ; Weevils/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Scolytinae species are recognized as one of the most important tree mortality agents in coniferous forests worldwide, and many are known invaders because they are easily transported in wood products. Nonnative trees planted in novel habitats often exhibit exceptional growth, in part because they escape herbivore (such as Scolytinae) pressure from their native range. Increasing accidental introductions of forest pest species as a consequence of international trade, however, is expected to diminish enemy release of nonnative forest trees. In this context, there is need to characterize patterns of forest herbivore species invasion risks at global scales. In this study, we analyze the establishment potential of 64 North American Scolytinae species in the Southern Hemisphere. We use climate-based ecological niche models (MaxEnt) to spatially define the potential distribution of these Scolytinae species in regions of the Southern Hemisphere were pines are planted. Our model predicts that all of the pine-growing regions of the Southern Hemisphere are capable of supporting some species of North American Scolytinae, but there are certain "hotspot" regions, southeastern Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru and southwestern Australia, that appear to be suitable for a particularly large number of species. The species with the highest predicted risk of establishment were Dendroctonus valens, Xyleborus intrusus, Hylastes tenuis, Ips grandicollis, Gnathotrichus sulcatus, and Ips calligraphus. Given that global commerce is anticipated to continue to increase, we can expect that more Scolytinae species will continue to establish outside their range. Our results provide information useful for identifying a global list of potential invasive species in pine plantations, and may assist in the design of comprehensive strategies aimed at reducing pest establishment in Southern Hemisphere forest plantations.}, }
@article {pmid28052387, year = {2017}, author = {Goodell, K and Parker, IM}, title = {Invasion of a dominant floral resource: effects on the floral community and pollination of native plants.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {1}, pages = {57-69}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1639}, pmid = {28052387}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Flowers ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Pollen ; Pollination ; Reproduction ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Through competition for pollinators, invasive plants may suppress native flora. Community-level studies provide an integrative assessment of invasion impacts and insights into factors that influence the vulnerability of different native species. We investigated effects of the nonnative herb Lythrum salicaria on pollination of native species in 14 fens of the eastern United States. We compared visitors per flower for 122 native plant species in invaded and uninvaded fens and incorporated a landscape-scale experiment, removing L. salicaria flowers from three of the invaded fens. Total flower densities were more than three times higher in invaded than uninvaded or removal sites when L. salicaria was blooming. Despite an increase in number of visitors with number of flowers per area, visitors per native flower declined with increasing numbers of flowers. Therefore, L. salicaria invasion depressed visitation to native flowers. In removal sites, visitation to native flowers was similar to uninvaded sites, confirming the observational results and also suggesting that invasion had not generated a persistent build-up of visitor populations. To study species-level impacts, we examined effects of invasion on visitors per flower for the 36 plant species flowering in both invaded and uninvaded fens. On average, the effect of invasion represented about a 20% reduction in visits per flower. We measured the influence of plant traits on vulnerability to L. salicaria invasion using meta-analysis. Bilaterally symmetrical flowers experienced stronger impacts on visitation, and similarity in flower color to L. salicaria weakly intensified competition with the invader for visitors. Finally, we assessed the reproductive consequences of competition with the invader in a dominant flowering shrub, Dasiphora fruticosa. Despite the negative effect of invasion on pollinator visitation in this species, pollen limitation of seed production was not stronger in invaded than in uninvaded sites, suggesting little impact of competition for pollinators on its population demography. Negative effects on pollination of native plants by this copiously flowering invader appeared to be mediated by increases in total flower density that were not matched by increases in pollinator density. The strength of impact was modulated across native species by their floral traits and reproductive ecology.}, }
@article {pmid28052342, year = {2017}, author = {Roeder, KA and Kaspari, M}, title = {From cryptic herbivore to predator: stable isotopes reveal consistent variability in trophic levels in an ant population.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {2}, pages = {297-303}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1641}, pmid = {28052342}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Diet ; *Food Chain ; *Herbivory ; Isotopes ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Populations may collectively exhibit a broad diet because individuals have large diet breadths and/or because subpopulations of specialists co-occur. In social insect populations, the diet of the genetic individual, the colony, may similarly arise because workers are diet generalists or castes of specialists. We used elemental and isotopic methods to explore how the invasive red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, achieves its status as a trophic generalist. In one 0.5-ha old field, 31 S. invicta colonies ranged from 1°-consumer to 2°-predator (δ[15] N's 0.35-7.38‰), a range comparable to that shown in sampled ant communities. Moreover, a colony's trophic rank was stable despite δ[15] N fluctuating 2.98‰ over the year. Colonies that fed at higher trophic levels were not larger, but consumed more C3 -based resources. Individual worker mass, however, did increase with δ[15] N (r[2] = 0.29, P < 0.001). The ninefold variation in worker mass within a colony generated trophic variance approximately 15% of the population of colonies. Combined, we show how intraspecific trait variation contributes to the trophic breadth of S. invicta, and suggest mechanisms that further explain how their trophic signature varies across space, but remains stable over time.}, }
@article {pmid28052309, year = {2017}, author = {Natusch, DJ and Lyons, JA and Brown, GP and Shine, R}, title = {Biotic interactions mediate the influence of bird colonies on vegetation and soil chemistry at aggregation sites.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {2}, pages = {382-392}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1642}, pmid = {28052309}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Birds ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; Plants ; Soil/chemistry ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Colonial-nesting organisms can strongly alter the chemical and biotic conditions around their aggregation sites, with cascading impacts on other components of the ecosystem. In tropical Australia, Metallic Starlings (Aplonis metallica) nest in large colonies far above the forest canopy, in emergent trees. The ground beneath those trees is open, in stark contrast to the dense foliage all around. We surveyed the areas beneath 27 colony trees (and nearby randomly chosen trees lacking bird colonies) to quantify the birds' impacts on soil and vegetation characteristics, and to test alternative hypotheses about the proximate mechanisms responsible for the lack of live vegetation beneath colony trees. Nutrient levels were greatly elevated beneath colony trees (especially, those with larger colonies), potentially reaching levels toxic to older trees. However, seedlings thrived in the soil from beneath colony trees. The primary mechanism generating open areas beneath colony trees is disturbance by scavengers (feral pigs and native Turkeys) that are attracted in vast numbers to these nutrient hotspots. Seedlings flourished within exclosures inaccessible to vertebrate herbivores, but were rapidly consumed if unprotected. Our results contrast with previous studies of colonies of seabirds on remote islands, where a lack of large terrestrial herbivores results in bird colonies encouraging rather than eliminating vegetation in areas close to the nesting site. In our continental study system, scavengers may rapidly dilute the spatial heterogeneity generated by the massive nutrient subsidy from bird colonies.}, }
@article {pmid28049630, year = {2017}, author = {Ducatti, RD and Ugine, TA and Losey, J}, title = {Interactions of the Asian Lady Beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and the North American Native Lady Beetle, Coccinella novemnotata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Prospects for Recovery Post-Decline.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, pages = {21-29}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw153}, pmid = {28049630}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Competitive Behavior ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; New York ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {The decline of the North American native lady beetle, Coccinella novemnotata Herbst, is strongly correlated with the introduction of Coccinella septempunctata L., and C. novemnotata are locally extirpated across much of the United States. Since C. novemnotata's decline, the invasive Harmonia axyridis Pallas has become dominant in North America. This study investigated whether H. axyridis has the potential to impede the recovery of C. novemnotata populations. To determine how H. axyridis interacts with C. novemnotata via intraguild predation and competition for prey, we paired first-instar C. novemnotata with first-instar H. axyridis at low and high densities of pea aphid. Coccinella novemnotata survival when paired interspecifically was significantly lower than H. axyridis survival at both aphid densities. Both species had similar weights at eclosion across aphid densities; however, H. axyridis developed faster than C. novemnotata. To examine the effect of larval size on intraguild interactions, we conducted a second experiment where we varied the C. novemnotata and H. axyridis instar in our pairings. Coccinella novemnotata survival and final weight increased when paired with younger H. axyridis larvae. The percentage survival of C. novemnotata in interspecific treatments, at the low aphid density, was lower than for same-aged C. novemnotata reared conspecifically, except for pairs initiated with C. novemnotata larvae that were two instars more advanced than H. axyridis larvae. These results suggest that intraguild predation and competition for prey by H. axyridis have the potential to affect the recovery of C. novemnotata populations negatively.}, }
@article {pmid28046090, year = {2017}, author = {Skaer Thomason, MJ and Rice, KJ}, title = {Spatial Pattern and Scale Influence Invader Demographic Response to Simulated Precipitation Change in an Annual Grassland Community.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {e0169328}, pmid = {28046090}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; California ; *Computer Simulation ; *Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; *Rain ; Reproduction ; Seedlings/physiology ; Water ; }, abstract = {It is important to predict which invasive species will benefit from future changes in climate, and thereby identify those invaders that need particular attention and prioritization of management efforts. Because establishment, persistence, and spread determine invasion success, this prediction requires detailed demographic information. Explicit study of the impact of pattern on demographic response is particularly important for species that are naturally patchy, such as the invasive grass, Aegilops triuncialis. In the northern California Coast Range, where climate change may increase or decrease mean annual rainfall, we conducted a field experiment to understand the interaction of climate change and local-scale patterning on the demography of A. triuncialis. We manipulated precipitation (reduced, ambient, or augmented), seed density, and seeding pattern. Demographic and environmental data were collected for three years following initial seeding. Pattern and scale figure prominently in the demographic response of A. triuncialis to precipitation manipulation. Pattern interacts with precipitation and seeding density in its influence on per-plant seed output. Although per-plot seed production was highest when seeds were not aggregated, per-plant seed output was higher in aggregated patches. Results suggest aggregation of invasive A. triuncialis reduces the detrimental impact of interspecific competition in its invaded community, and that interspecific competition per se has a stronger impact than intraspecific competition.}, }
@article {pmid28044459, year = {2017}, author = {Qiu, D and Cook, CE and Yue, Q and Hu, J and Wei, X and Chen, J and Liu, D and Wu, K}, title = {Species-level identification of the blowfly Chrysomya megacephala and other Diptera in China by DNA barcoding.}, journal = {Genome}, volume = {60}, number = {2}, pages = {158-168}, doi = {10.1139/gen-2015-0174}, pmid = {28044459}, issn = {1480-3321}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; China ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Diptera/*classification/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The blowfly Chrysomya megacephala, or oriental latrine fly, is the most common human-associated fly of the oriental and Australasian regions. Chrysomya megacephala is of particular interest for its use in forensic entomology and because it is a disease vector. The larvae are economically important as feed for livestock and in traditional Chinese medicine. Identification of adults is straightforward, but larvae and fragments of adults are difficult to identify. We collected C. megacephala, its allies Chrysomya pinguis and Protophormia terraenovae, as well as flies from 11 other species from 52 locations around China, then sequenced 658 base pairs of the COI barcode region from 645 flies of all 14 species, including 208 C. megacephala, as the basis of a COI barcode library for flies in China. While C. megacephala and its closest relative C. pinguis are closely related (mean K2P divergence of 0.022), these species are completely non-overlapping in their barcode divergences, thus demonstrating the utility of the COI barcode region for the identification of C. megacephala. We combined the 208 C. megacephala sequences from China with 98 others from public databases and show that worldwide COI barcode diversity is low, with 70% of all individuals belonging to one of three haplotypes that differ by one or two substitutions from each other, reflecting recent anthropogenic dispersal from its native range in Eurasia.}, }
@article {pmid28044207, year = {2017}, author = {Yannelli, FA and Koch, C and Jeschke, JM and Kollmann, J}, title = {Limiting similarity and Darwin's naturalization hypothesis: understanding the drivers of biotic resistance against invasive plant species.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {183}, number = {3}, pages = {775-784}, pmid = {28044207}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Phylogeny ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain biotic resistance of a recipient plant community based on reduced niche opportunities for invasive alien plant species. The limiting similarity hypothesis predicts that invasive species are less likely to establish in communities of species holding similar functional traits. Likewise, Darwin's naturalization hypothesis states that invasive species closely related to the native community would be less successful. We tested both using the invasive alien Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Solidago gigantea Aiton, and grassland species used for ecological restoration in central Europe. We classified all plant species into groups based on functional traits obtained from trait databases and calculated the phylogenetic distance among them. In a greenhouse experiment, we submitted the two invasive species at two propagule pressures to competition with communities of ten native species from the same functional group. In another experiment, they were submitted to pairwise competition with native species selected from each functional group. At the community level, highest suppression for both invasive species was observed at low propagule pressure and not explained by similarity in functional traits. Moreover, suppression decreased asymptotically with increasing phylogenetic distance to species of the native community. When submitted to pairwise competition, suppression for both invasive species was also better explained by phylogenetic distance. Overall, our results support Darwin's naturalization hypothesis but not the limiting similarity hypothesis based on the selected traits. Biotic resistance of native communities against invasive species at an early stage of establishment is enhanced by competitive traits and phylogenetic relatedness.}, }
@article {pmid28043008, year = {2017}, author = {Seward, EA and Votýpka, J and Kment, P and Lukeš, J and Kelly, S}, title = {Description of Phytomonas oxycareni n. sp. from the Salivary Glands of Oxycarenus lavaterae.}, journal = {Protist}, volume = {168}, number = {1}, pages = {71-79}, doi = {10.1016/j.protis.2016.11.002}, pmid = {28043008}, issn = {1618-0941}, support = {BB/J014427/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Heteroptera/*parasitology ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Protozoan/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Salivary Glands/parasitology ; Trypanosomatina/*classification/genetics/ultrastructure ; }, abstract = {Phytomonas spp. (phytomonads) are a diverse and globally distributed group of unicellular eukaryotes that parasitize a wide range of plants and are transmitted by insect hosts. Here we report the discovery and characterisation of a new species of Phytomonas, named Phytomonas oxycareni n. sp., which was obtained from the salivary glands of the invasive species of true bug Oxycarenus lavaterae (Heteroptera). The new Phytomonas species exhibits a long slender promastigote morphology and can be found both within the lumen of the insect host's salivary glands as well as within the cells of the salivary gland itself. Sampling multiple individuals from the same population post-winter hibernation on two consecutive years revealed that infection was persistent over time. Finally, phylogenetic analyses of small subunit ribosomal RNA genes revealed that this species is sister to other species within the genus Phytomonas, providing new insight into the evolutionary history of the clade.}, }
@article {pmid28039867, year = {2017}, author = {Lester, PJ and Sébastien, A and Suarez, AV and Barbieri, RF and Gruber, MA}, title = {Symbiotic bacterial communities in ants are modified by invasion pathway bottlenecks and alter host behavior.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, pages = {861-874}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1714}, pmid = {28039867}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Argentina ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a threat to global biodiversity and provide unique opportunities to study ecological processes. Population bottlenecks are a common feature of biological invasions and the severity of these bottlenecks is likely to be compounded as an invasive species spreads from initial invasion sites to additional locations. Despite extensive work on the genetic consequences of bottlenecks, we know little about how they influence microbial communities of the invaders themselves. Due to serial bottlenecks, invasive species may lose microbial symbionts including pathogenic taxa (the enemy release hypothesis) and/or may accumulate natural enemies with increasing time after invasion (the pathogen accumulation and invasive decline hypothesis). We tested these alternate hypotheses by surveying bacterial communities of Argentine ants (Linepithema humile). We found evidence for serial symbiont bottlenecks: the bacterial community richness declined over the invasion pathway from Argentina to New Zealand. The abundance of some genera, such as Lactobacillus, also significantly declined over the invasion pathway. Argentine ants from populations in the United States shared the most genera with ants from their native range in Argentina, while New Zealand shared the least (120 vs. 57, respectively). Nine genera were present in all sites around the globe possibly indicating a core group of obligate microbes. In accordance with the pathogen accumulation and invasive decline hypothesis, Argentine ants acquired genera unique to each specific invaded country. The United States had the most unique genera, though even within New Zealand these ants acquired symbionts. In addition to our biogeographic sampling, we administered antibiotics to Argentine ants to determine if changes in the micro-symbiont community could influence behavior and survival in interspecific interactions. Treatment with the antibiotics spectinomycin and kanamycin only slightly increased Argentine ant interspecific aggression, but this increase significantly decreased survival in interspecific interactions. The survival of the native ant species also decreased when the symbiotic microbial community within Argentine ants was modified by antibiotics. Our work offers support for both the enemy release hypothesis and that invasive species accumulate novel microbial taxa within their invaded range. These changes appear likely to influence invader behavior and survival.}, }
@article {pmid28039528, year = {2017}, author = {McCaffrey, K and Johnson, PT}, title = {Drivers of symbiont diversity in freshwater snails: a comparative analysis of resource availability, community heterogeneity, and colonization opportunities.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {183}, number = {4}, pages = {927-938}, pmid = {28039528}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {R01 GM109499/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Fresh Water ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Parasites ; Snails/*parasitology ; *Trematoda ; }, abstract = {Decades of community ecology research have highlighted the importance of resource availability, habitat heterogeneity, and colonization opportunities in driving biodiversity. Less clear, however, is whether a similar suite of factors explains the diversity of symbionts. Here, we used a hierarchical dataset involving 12,712 freshwater snail hosts representing five species to test the relative importance of potential factors in driving symbiont richness. Specifically, we used model selection to assess the explanatory power of variables related to host species identity, resource availability (average body size, host density), ecological heterogeneity (richness of hosts and other taxa), and colonization opportunities (wetland size and amount of neighboring wetland area) on symbiont richness in 146 snail host populations in California, USA. We encountered a total of 23 taxa of symbionts, including both obligatory parasites such as digenetic trematodes as well as more commensal, mutualistic, or opportunistic groups such as aquatic insect larvae, annelids, and leeches. After validating richness estimates per host population using species accumulative curves, we detected positive effects on symbiont richness from host body size, total richness of the aquatic community, and colonization opportunities. Neither snail density nor the richness of snail species accounted for significant variation in symbiont diversity. Host species identity also affected symbiont richness, with higher gamma and average alpha diversity among more common host species with higher local abundances. These findings highlight the importance of multiple, concurrent factors in driving symbiont richness that extend beyond epidemiological measures of host abundance or host diversity alone.}, }
@article {pmid28039424, year = {2017}, author = {Blount, JL and Roberts, PM and Toews, MD and Gardner, WA and Buntin, GD and Davis, JW and All, JN}, title = {Seasonal Population Dynamics of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in Kudzu and Soybean, and Implication for Insecticidal Management in Soybean.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {1}, pages = {157-167}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow281}, pmid = {28039424}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Georgia ; Herbivory/drug effects ; *Heteroptera/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Insect Control ; *Insecticides ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Ovum ; Population Dynamics ; Pueraria/growth &amp; development ; Seasons ; *Glycine max/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Megacopta cribraria (F.), an invasive species introduced from Asia in 2009, is now prolific in the southeastern United States. Megacopta cribraria develops primarily on kudzu and soybean completing two generations. It is not well understood how this economic pest is affected by changes in geographic distribution in the United States or how population levels have changed since its establishment. The effect of insecticide application timing on field populations of M. cribraria is not well documented. These studies seek to understand how population dynamics of M. cribraria vary with geographic regions in Georgia. Effect of application timing on populations throughout the growing season was also examined. Weekly from 2012 to 2013, all life stages were enumerated from kudzu and soybean environments at several locations throughout Georgia from sweeps samples and flight intercept captures. Coordinates were recorded for locations, and classified as belonging to the Piedmont or Coastal Plain region of the state. Single spray trials were conducted from 2011-2014, and applications were made to soybean at intervals throughout the season. From 2012 to 2015, two kudzu patches near Griffin, GA, were monitored to detect population changes. Differences in population dynamics from locations around the state were found, but no clear effect of latitude, longitude, or region was observed. Insecticide applications applied in July suppressed nymph populations significantly better than treatments made earlier or later. Megacopta cribraria populations declined in 2014 and 2015 compared with 2012 and 2013. These studies provide the critical information for M. cribraria management in soybean in the southeastern United States.}, }
@article {pmid28039118, year = {2016}, author = {Zenni, RD and Dickie, IA and Wingfield, MJ and Hirsch, H and Crous, CJ and Meyerson, LA and Burgess, TI and Zimmermann, TG and Klock, MM and Siemann, E and Erfmeier, A and Aragon, R and Montti, L and Le Roux, JJ}, title = {Evolutionary dynamics of tree invasions: complementing the unified framework for biological invasions.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {28039118}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Evolutionary processes greatly impact the outcomes of biological invasions. An extensive body of research suggests that invasive populations often undergo phenotypic and ecological divergence from their native sources. Evolution also operates at different and distinct stages during the invasion process. Thus, it is important to incorporate evolutionary change into frameworks of biological invasions because it allows us to conceptualize how these processes may facilitate or hinder invasion success. Here, we review such processes, with an emphasis on tree invasions, and place them in the context of the unified framework for biological invasions. The processes and mechanisms described are pre-introduction evolutionary history, sampling effect, founder effect, genotype-by-environment interactions, admixture, hybridization, polyploidization, rapid evolution, epigenetics, and second-genomes. For the last, we propose that co-evolved symbionts, both beneficial and harmful, which are closely physiologically associated with invasive species, contain critical genetic traits that affect the evolutionary dynamics of biological invasions. By understanding the mechanisms underlying invasion success, researchers will be better equipped to predict, understand, and manage biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid28039115, year = {2016}, author = {Miller, JT and Hui, C and Thornhill, A and Gallien, L and Le Roux, JJ and Richardson, DM}, title = {Is invasion success of Australian trees mediated by their native biogeography, phylogenetic history, or both?.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {28039115}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {For a plant species to become invasive it has to progress along the introduction-naturalization-invasion (INI) continuum which reflects the joint direction of niche breadth. Identification of traits that correlate with and drive species invasiveness along the continuum is a major focus of invasion biology. If invasiveness is underlain by heritable traits, and if such traits are phylogenetically conserved, then we would expect non-native species with different introduction status (i.e. position along the INI continuum) to show phylogenetic signal. This study uses two clades that contain a large number of invasive tree species from the genera Acacia and Eucalyptus to test whether geographic distribution and a novel phylogenetic conservation method can predict which species have been introduced, became naturalized, and invasive. Our results suggest that no underlying phylogenetic signal underlie the introduction status for both groups of trees, except for introduced acacias. The more invasive acacia clade contains invasive species that have smoother geographic distributions and are more marginal in the phylogenetic network. The less invasive eucalyptus group contains invasive species that are more clustered geographically, more centrally located in the phylogenetic network and have phylogenetic distances between invasive and non-invasive species that are trending toward the mean pairwise distance. This suggests that highly invasive groups may be identified because they have invasive species with smoother and faster expanding native distributions and are located more to the edges of phylogenetic networks than less invasive groups.}, }
@article {pmid28038872, year = {2017}, author = {Holzer, KK and Muirhead, JR and Minton, MS and Carney, KJ and Miller, AW and Ruiz, GM}, title = {Potential effects of LNG trade shift on transfer of ballast water and biota by ships.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {580}, number = {}, pages = {1470-1474}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.125}, pmid = {28038872}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Biota ; *Commerce ; Introduced Species ; *Natural Gas ; *Ships ; *Water ; }, abstract = {As the US natural gas surplus grows, so does the prospect of establishing new trade partnerships with buyers abroad, a process that has major consequences for global ship movement and ballast water delivery. Since US annual imports of liquefied natural gas (LNG) peaked in 2004-2007, the country is rapidly transitioning from net importer to net exporter of LNG. Combining multiple datasets, we estimated changes in the associated flux of ships' ballast water to the US during 2015-2040, using existing scenarios for projected exports of domestic LNG by ships. Our analysis of the current market (2015) scenario predicts an approximate 90-fold annual increase in LNG-related ballast water discharge to the US by 2040 (42millionm[3]), with the potential to be even greater under high oil prices. We also described changes in geographic connectivity related to trade direction. These findings highlight how 21[st] century global energy markets could dramatically alter opportunities for seaborne introductions and invasions by nonnative species.}, }
@article {pmid28036358, year = {2016}, author = {Wang, D and Huang, W and Liang, R and Li, F}, title = {Effects of Spartina alterniflora Invasion on Soil Quality in Coastal Wetland of Beibu Gulf of South China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {e0168951}, pmid = {28036358}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biomass ; Carbon/metabolism ; China ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Soil ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Since Spartina alterniflora (simplified as Spartina) has strong ecological competitiveness and rapid growth, it has been introduced and living in the coastal wetland regions of China for more than 30 years. Taking coastal wetland in the Beibu Gulf of south China as an example, the effects of Spartina invasion on soil quality were investigated to provide scientific basis for soil management.<br><br>METHODOLOGY: The soil quality of six different coastal wetlands, i.e. mangrove (vegetation coverage is above 95%), mangrove- Spartina ecotones (vegetation coverage is above 95%), sparse mangrove (vegetation coverage is 10%-20%), sparse mangrove- Spartina ecotones (vegetation coverage is about 80%), Spartina (vegetation coverage is about 80%) and bare beach (no plants), were analyzed using the following indicators: pH, cation exchange capacity, contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, microbial carbon / organic carbon, and activities of urease, acid phosphatase, invertase, polyphenol oxidase and catalase.<br><br>PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The results showed that compared to mangrove wetland, most indicators in the mangrove-Spartina wetland showed a decline tendency except pH value, and the contents of total phosphorus and organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon and soil microbial biomass nitrogen, and the activities of acid phosphatase and invertase were significantly reduced (P<0.05). Compared to sparse mangrove wetland and bare beach, the Spartina invasion wetland (sparse mangrove-Spartina wetland and Spartina wetland) had higher contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, cation exchange capacity and the activities of urease and acid phosphatase, so soil quality in the sparse mangrove wetland and bare beach was significantly improved. Factor Analysis and PCA also showed that: the quality of mangrove wetland soil is better than that of mangrove-Spartina ecotones wetland soil; the quality of sparse mangrove-Spartina ecotones wetland soil is better than that of sparse mangrove wetland soil; the quality of Spartina wetland soil is better than that of bare beach wetland soil.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Therefore, in the invaded Beibu Gulf wetland ecosystems of south China, for the mangrove wetlands where the productivity of native plant was higher than that of Spartina, the Spartina invasion can cause soil degradation significantly and it must be strictly controlled, while for sparse mangrove wetland and bare beach where the productivity of native plant was lower than that of Spartina, Spartina invasion can improve the soil quality. Thus our study may help to better understand the effect of plant invasion.}, }
@article {pmid28036096, year = {2017}, author = {Martin, PA and Newton, AC and Bullock, JM}, title = {Impacts of invasive plants on carbon pools depend on both species' traits and local climate.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {4}, pages = {1026-1035}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1711}, pmid = {28036096}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Carbon ; *Carbon Cycle ; Carbon Sequestration ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants can alter ecosystem properties, leading to changes in the ecosystem services on which humans depend. However, generalizing about these effects is difficult because invasive plants represent a wide range of life forms, and invaded ecosystems differ in their plant communities and abiotic conditions. We hypothesize that differences in traits between the invader and native species can be used to predict impacts and so aid generalization. We further hypothesize that environmental conditions at invaded sites modify the effect of trait differences and so combine with traits to predict invasion impacts. To test these hypotheses, we used systematic review to compile data on changes in aboveground and soil carbon pools following non-native plant invasion from studies across the World. Maximum potential height (Hmax) of each species was drawn from trait databases and other sources. We used meta-regression to assess which of invasive species' Hmax , differences in this height trait between native and invasive plants, and climatic water deficit, a measure of water stress, were good predictors of changes in carbon pools following invasion. We found that aboveground biomass in invaded ecosystems relative to uninvaded ones increased as the value of Hmax of invasive relative to native species increased, but that this effect was reduced in more water stressed ecosystems. Changes in soil carbon pools were also positively correlated with the relative Hmax of invasive species, but were not altered by water stress. This study is one of the first to show quantitatively that the impact of invasive species on an ecosystem may depend on differences in invasive and native species' traits, rather than solely the traits of invasive species. Our study is also the first to show that the influence of trait differences can be altered by climate. Further developing our understanding of the impacts of invasive species using this framework could help researchers to identify not only potentially dangerous invasive species, but also the ecosystems where impacts are likely to be greatest.}, }
@article {pmid28035682, year = {2017}, author = {Smith-Ramesh, LM}, title = {Invasive plant alters community and ecosystem dynamics by promoting native predators.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, pages = {751-761}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1688}, pmid = {28035682}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Brassicaceae ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves ; Spiders ; }, abstract = {Placing invasion in a more complete food web context expands our understanding of species invasions to reflect the inherent complexity of ecological networks. Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) has traditionally been predicted to dominate native communities through mechanisms embodied in popular hypotheses such as direct plant-plant interactions (allelopathy) and plant-herbivore interactions (enemy escape). However, garlic mustard also interacts directly with native predators by providing habitat for web-building spiders, which colonize the dry fruit structures (siliques) that garlic mustard leaves behind after it senesces. This interaction may lead to altered food web structure, resulting previously unexamined invasion consequences. This idea was tested in a field experiment including three treatments in which garlic mustard siliques were left intact (S+), removed (S-), or native species dominated and garlic mustard was absent (N). When siliques were intact, estimated insect abundance was locally reduced in invaded plots compared to native plots, but this relationship disappeared when siliques were removed. Phosphorus availability and the growth of one native plant species were both elevated in invaded plots where siliques were intact compared to plots where siliques were removed. Results indicate that garlic mustard's close association with web-building spiders initiates cascading invader impacts on the native community and ecosystem properties. This work supports recent theory suggesting that taking a broader food web perspective may help predict invasion impacts in different environmental contexts.}, }
@article {pmid28035272, year = {2016}, author = {Delgado, DL and Figueroa, J and Restrepo, C}, title = {Using multiple traits to assess the potential of introduced and native vines to proliferate in a tropical region.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {24}, pages = {8832-8845}, pmid = {28035272}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Predicting the invasive potential of introduced species remains an ongoing challenge due to the multiple interacting regional and global processes that facilitate the introduction and proliferation of alien species. This may be particularly true in regions where native species are increasingly reported as expanding and impacting ecosystems in ways indistinguishable from alien ones. Current approaches to assess the invasive potential of plants may be limited by the choice of traits used and the exclusion of native species. To overcome these limitations, we develop a novel approach that focuses on all species-native and alien-within a functional group of plants to predict their proliferation status. Our approach relied on the development of an extensive database of extrinsic and intrinsic traits for Puerto Rican vines with the goal of generating a predictive model of vine proliferation status. We test three hypotheses linking origin, extrinsic and intrinsic traits, and proliferation status. We found that the origin of proliferating vines was associated with only one out of seven traits, namely plant use. We also found that proliferation status was associated with all but two traits, namely life span and climbing mechanism. Finally, a classification tree analysis identified five variables as good predictors of proliferation status and used them to split the species into six groups characterized by a unique suite of traits, three of them included proliferating species. The development of tools to identify potential proliferating species is critical for management and conservation purposes. Tools that can minimize biases and make predictions based on trait data easily obtainable are particularly needed in regions with a high taxonomic and functional diversity, and with limited ecological knowledge of individual species. In addition, these tools should be capable of incorporating native species since an increasing number of native species are behaving like invasive aliens.}, }
@article {pmid28035268, year = {2016}, author = {Xu, M and Dick, JT and Ricciardi, A and Fang, M and Zhang, C and Gu, D and Mu, X and Luo, D and Wei, H and Hu, Y}, title = {Warming mediates the relationship between plant nutritional properties and herbivore functional responses.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {24}, pages = {8777-8784}, pmid = {28035268}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Quantifying the per capita effects of invasive alien species is crucial for assessing their ecological impact. A major challenge to risk assessment of invasive species was to understand the factors that cause per capita effects to vary in different ecological contexts, particularly in a warming world. By conducting functional response experiments, we estimated the per capita effects (attack rate and maximum feeding rate) of an invasive herbivorous snail, Pomacea canaliculata, toward ten host plant species. We tested whether variation in these effects is related to plant nutritional and physical properties (total N and dry matter content (DMC)) and examined how increasing temperature can shift these relationships. We observed stronger per capita effects (i.e., higher attack rate and maximum feeding rate) by the snail on plants with higher total N, but no direct relationship was found with DMC. A significant interaction effect of total N and DMC on the attack rate indicated that DMC probably adjusted the feeding indirectly. Warmer temperatures reduced correlations between snail functional responses and host plant nutritional properties (total N) by increasing maximum feeding rate for plants of low nutrition, but there was no such effect on attack rates. However, given the nonreplacement design used in our study, the nonsignificant effect of temperature on the attack rate should be caveated. Our result suggests that characterizing the per capita effects of herbivores using functional responses can reveal the mechanisms by which climate change may alter herbivore-plant interactions and, thus, the ecological impacts of introduced herbivores.}, }
@article {pmid28034677, year = {2017}, author = {Haupt, TM and Sinclair, BJ and Chown, SL}, title = {Thermal preference and performance in a sub-Antarctic caterpillar: A test of the coadaptation hypothesis and its alternatives.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {98}, number = {}, pages = {108-116}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.12.006}, pmid = {28034677}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Cold Temperature/adverse effects ; Islands ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Locomotion ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Thermotolerance ; }, abstract = {Physiological ecologists have long assumed that thermoregulatory behaviour will evolve to optimise physiological performance. The coadaptation hypothesis predicts that an animal's preferred body temperature will correspond to the temperature at which its performance is optimal. Here we use a strong inference approach to examine the relationship between thermal preference and locomotor performance in the caterpillars of a wingless sub-Antarctic moth, Pringleophaga marioni Viette (Tineidae). The coadaptation hypothesis and its alternatives (suboptimal is optimal, thermodynamic effect, trait variation) are tested. Compared to the optimal movement temperature (22.5°C for field-fresh caterpillars and 25, 20, 22.5, 25 and 20°C following seven day acclimations to 0, 5, 10, 15 and 5-15°C respectively), caterpillar thermal preference was significantly lower (9.2°C for field-fresh individuals and 9.4, 8.8, 8.1, 5.2 and 4.6°C following acclimation to 0, 5, 10, 15 and 5-15°C, respectively). Together with the low degree of asymmetry observed in the performance curves, and the finding that acclimation to high temperatures did not result in maximal performance, all, but one of the above hypotheses (i.e. 'trait variation') was rejected. The thermal preference of P. marioni caterpillars more closely resembles temperatures at which survival is high (5-10°C), or where feeding is optimal (10°C), than where locomotion speed is maximal, suggesting that thermal preference may be optimised for overall fitness rather than for a given trait.}, }
@article {pmid28031797, year = {2016}, author = {Wang, J and Lamer, JT and Gaughan, S and Wachholtz, M and Wang, C and Lu, G}, title = {Transcriptomic comparison of invasive bigheaded carps (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and their hybrids.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {23}, pages = {8452-8459}, pmid = {28031797}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), collectively called bigheaded carps, are invasive species in the Mississippi River Basin (MRB). Interspecific hybridization between bigheaded carps has been considered rare within their native rivers in China; however, it is prevalent in the MRB. We conducted de novo transcriptome analysis of pure and hybrid bigheaded carps and obtained 40,759 to 51,706 transcripts for pure, F1 hybrid, and backcross bigheaded carps. The search against protein databases resulted in 20,336-28,133 annotated transcripts (over 50% of the transcriptome) with over 13,000 transcripts mapped to 23 Gene Ontology biological processes and 127 KEGG metabolic pathways. More transcripts were detected in silver carp than in bighead carp; however, comparable numbers of transcripts were annotated. Transcriptomic variation detected between two F1 hybrids may indicate a potential loss of fitness in hybrids. The neighbor-joining distance tree constructed using over 2,500 one-to-one orthologous sequences suggests transcriptomes could be used to infer the history of introgression and hybridization. Moreover, we detected 24,792 candidate SNPs that can be used to identify different species. The transcriptomes, orthologous sequences, and candidate SNPs obtained in this study should provide further knowledge of interspecific hybridization and introgression.}, }
@article {pmid28031796, year = {2016}, author = {Palamara, GM and Carrara, F and Smith, MJ and Petchey, OL}, title = {The effects of demographic stochasticity and parameter uncertainty on predicting the establishment of introduced species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {23}, pages = {8440-8451}, pmid = {28031796}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive species are a serious threat to biodiversity worldwide and predicting whether an introduced species will first establish and then become invasive can be useful to preserve ecosystem services. Establishment is influenced by multiple factors, such as the interactions between the introduced individuals and the resident community, and demographic and environmental stochasticity. Field observations are often incomplete or biased. This, together with an imperfect knowledge of the ecological traits of the introduced species, makes the prediction of establishment challenging. Methods that consider the combined effects of these factors on our ability to predict the establishment of an introduced species are currently lacking. We develop an inference framework to assess the combined effects of demographic stochasticity and parameter uncertainty on our ability to predict the probability of establishment following the introduction of a small number of individuals. We find that even moderate levels of demographic stochasticity influence both the probability of establishment, and, crucially, our ability to correctly predict that probability. We also find that estimation of the demographic parameters of an introduced species is fundamental to obtain precise estimates of the interaction parameters. For typical values of demographic stochasticity, the drop in our ability to predict an establishment can be 30% when having priors on the demographic parameters compared to having their accurate values. The results from our study illustrate how demographic stochasticity may bias the prediction of the probability of establishment. Our method can be applied to estimate probability of establishment of introduced species in field scenarios, where time series data and prior information on the demographic traits of the introduced species are available.}, }
@article {pmid28031790, year = {2016}, author = {Wilk, RJ and Horth, L}, title = {A genetically distinct hybrid zone occurs for two globally invasive mosquito fish species with striking phenotypic resemblance.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {23}, pages = {8375-8388}, pmid = {28031790}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Hybrid zones allow for the investigation of incipient speciation and related evolutionary processes of selection, gene flow, and migration. Interspecific dynamics, like competition, can impact the size, shape, and directional movement of species in hybrid zones. Hybrid zones contribute to a paradox for the biological species concept because interbreeding between species occurs while parental forms remain distinct. A long-standing zone of intergradation or introgression exists for eastern and western mosquito fish (Gambusia holbrooki and G. affinis) around Mobile Bay, AL. The region has been studied episodically, over decades, making it perfect for addressing temporal dynamics and for providing a deeper understanding of the genetics of these periodically reclassified fishes (as species or subspecies). We used six microsatellite markers to assess the current population structure and gene flow patterns across 19 populations of mosquito fish and then compared our results with historical data. Genetic evidence demonstrates that the current hybrid zone is located in a similar geographic region as the historical one, even after three decades. Hybrid fish, however, demonstrate relatively low heterozygosity and are genetically distinct from western and eastern mosquito fish populations. Fin ray counts, sometimes used to distinguish the two species from one another, demonstrate more eastern (G. holbrooki) phenotype fish within the molecular genetic hybrid zone today. Mosquito fish are globally invasive, often found on the leading edge of flooded waters that they colonize, so the impact of hurricanes in the wake of climate change was also evaluated. An increase in the frequency and intensity of hurricanes in the hybrid region has occurred, and this point warrants further attention since hurricanes are known to move these aggressive, invasive species into novel territory. This work contributes to our classical understanding of hybrid zone temporal dynamics, refines our understanding of mosquito fish genetics in their native range, evaluates important genotype-phenotype relationships, and identifies a potential new impact of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid28031469, year = {2017}, author = {Condon, CH and White, S and Meagher, RL and Jeffers, LA and Bailey, WD and Hahn, DA}, title = {Effects of Low-Oxygen Environments on the Radiation Tolerance of the Cabbage Looper Moth (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {1}, pages = {80-86}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow273}, pmid = {28031469}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation ; Female ; Humans ; Larva/growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*radiation effects ; Oxygen/*metabolism ; *Radiation Tolerance ; *Radiation, Ionizing ; }, abstract = {Ionizing radiation is used as a phytosanitary treatment to mitigate risks from invasive species associated with trade of fresh fruits and vegetables. Commodity producers prefer to irradiate fresh product stored in modified atmosphere packaging that increases shelf life and delays ripening. However, irradiating insects in low oxygen may increase radiation tolerance, and regulatory agencies are concerned modified atmosphere packaging will decrease efficacy of radiation doses. Here, we examined how irradiation in a series of oxygen conditions (0.1-20.9 kPa O2) alters radiotolerance of larvae and pupae of a model lepidopteran Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Diptera: Noctuidae). Irradiating in severe hypoxia (0.1 kPa O2) increased radiation tolerance of insects compared with irradiating in atmospheric oxygen (20.9 kPa O2). Our data show irradiating pharate adult pupae at 600 Gy in moderately severe hypoxia (5 kPa O2) increased adult emergence compared with irradiation in atmospheric oxygen (20.9 kPa O2). Our data also show that in one of the three temporal replicates, irradiating T. ni larvae in moderately severe hypoxia (5 kPa O2) can also increase radiotolerance at an intermediate radiation dose of 100 Gy compared with irradiating in atmospheric oxygen conditions, but not at higher or lower doses. We discuss implications of our results in this model insect for the current generic doses for phytosanitary irradiation, including the recently proposed 250 Gy generic dose for lepidioptera larvae, and temporary restriction on irradiating commodities in modified atmosphere packaging that reduces the atmosphere to < 18 kPa O2.}, }
@article {pmid28031427, year = {2017}, author = {Peterson, DL and Cipollini, D}, title = {Distribution, Predictors, and Impacts of Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Infestation of White Fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, pages = {50-57}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw148}, pmid = {28031427}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Midwestern United States ; Oleaceae/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Pennsylvania ; }, abstract = {Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire), is an invasive pest of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in North America that was recently found infesting white fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus L.). Initial reports of the infestation of white fringetree by emerald ash borer occurred in southwestern Ohio and Chicago, IL. We examined white fringetrees at additional sites in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania in Summer and Fall 2015 and Winter 2016 for emerald ash borer infestation. Our aim was to examine white fringetrees at a limited number of sites with emerald ash borer infestation and to relate tree size, crown dieback, epicormic sprouting, tree sex, and adjacency to ash or white fringetrees with the likelihood of beetle infestation. A higher proportion of infested trees exhibited epicormic sprouting and the likelihood that a tree was infested increased with increasing crown dieback, variables that may be both predictors and responses to attack. The proportion of trees infested with emerald ash borer increased with increasing tree size. Signs consistent with emerald ash borer infestation were found in 26% of 178 white fringetrees, with at least one host infested at each site in all states. Infestation rates of white fringetrees increased with the density of white fringetrees at each site. The Chicago Botanic Garden site had a significantly lower infestation (3.7%) than other sites, which may be due to proactive management of ash. Overall, these data indicate white fringetree has been utilized by emerald ash borer throughout their overlapping ranges in the United States in ornamental settings likely due to ecological fitting.}, }
@article {pmid28031347, year = {2017}, author = {Barrera, R and Acevedo, V and Felix, GE and Hemme, RR and Vazquez, J and Munoz, JL and Amador, M}, title = {Impact of Autocidal Gravid Ovitraps on Chikungunya Virus Incidence in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Areas With and Without Traps.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {54}, number = {2}, pages = {387-395}, pmid = {28031347}, issn = {1938-2928}, support = {CC999999//Intramural CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/physiology/*virology ; Animals ; Chikungunya virus/*physiology ; Female ; Insect Vectors/physiology/*virology ; Male ; Mosquito Control/instrumentation/*methods ; Puerto Rico ; }, abstract = {Puerto Rico detected the first confirmed case of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in May 2014 and the virus rapidly spread throughout the island. The invasion of CHIKV allowed us to observe Aedes aegypti (L.) densities, infection rates, and impact of vector control in urban areas using CDC autocidal gravid ovitraps (AGO traps) for mosquito control over several years. Because local mosquitoes can only get the virus from infectious residents, detecting the presence of virus in mosquitoes functions as a proxy for the presence of virus in people. We monitored the incidence of CHIKV in gravid females of Ae. aegypti in four neighborhoods-two with three AGO traps per home in most homes and two nearby neighborhoods without AGO mosquito control traps. Monitoring of mosquito density took place weekly using sentinel AGO traps from June to December 2014. In all, 1,334 pools of female Ae. aegypti (23,329 individuals) were processed by real-time reverse transcription PCR to identify CHIKV and DENV RNA. Density of Ae. aegypti females was 10.5 times lower (91%) in the two areas with AGO control traps during the study. Ten times (90.9%) more CHIKV-positive pools were identified in the nonintervention areas (50/55 pools) than in intervention areas (5/55). We found a significant linear relationship between the number of positive pools and both density of Ae. aegypti and vector index (average number of expected infected mosquitoes per trap per week). Temporal and spatial patterns of positive CHIKV pools suggested limited virus circulation in areas with AGO traps.}, }
@article {pmid28029720, year = {2017}, author = {Snyder, MR and Stepien, CA}, title = {Genetic patterns across an invasion's history: a test of change versus stasis for the Eurasian round goby in North America.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {1075-1090}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13997}, pmid = {28029720}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Black Sea ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; North America ; Perciformes/*genetics ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions comprise accidental evolutionary experiments, whose genetic compositions underlie relative success, spread and persistence in new habitats. However, little is known about whether, or how, their population genetic patterns change temporally and/or spatially across the invasion's history. Theory predicts that most would undergo founder effect, exhibit low genetic divergence across the new range and gain variation over time via new arriving propagules. To test these predictions, we analyse population genetic diversity and divergence patterns of the Eurasian round goby Neogobius melanostomus across the two decades of its North American invasion in the Laurentian Great Lakes, comparing results from 13 nuclear DNA microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequences. We test whether 'genetic stasis', 'genetic replacement' and/or 'genetic supplement' scenarios have occurred at the invasion's core and expansion sites, in comparison with its primary native source population in the Dnieper River, Black Sea. Results reveal pronounced genetic divergence across the exotic range, with population areas remaining genetically distinct and statistically consistent across two decades, supporting 'genetic stasis' and 'founder takes most'. The original genotypes continue to predominate, whose high population growth likely outpaced the relative success of later arrivals. The original invasion core has stayed the most similar to the native source. Secondary expansion sites indicate slight allelic composition convergence towards the core population over time, attributable to some early 'genetic supplementation'. The geographic and temporal coverage of this investigation offers a rare opportunity to discern population dynamics over time and space in context of invasion genetic theory vs. reality.}, }
@article {pmid28029713, year = {2017}, author = {Barker, BS and Andonian, K and Swope, SM and Luster, DG and Dlugosch, KM}, title = {Population genomic analyses reveal a history of range expansion and trait evolution across the native and invaded range of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {1131-1147}, pmid = {28029713}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {K12 GM000708/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Asia ; Balkan Peninsula ; California ; Centaurea/*genetics ; Europe ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Northwestern United States ; }, abstract = {Identifying sources of genetic variation and reconstructing invasion routes for non-native introduced species is central to understanding the circumstances under which they may evolve increased invasiveness. In this study, we used genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms to study the colonization history of Centaurea solstitialis in its native range in Eurasia and invasions into the Americas. We leveraged this information to pinpoint key evolutionary shifts in plant size, a focal trait associated with invasiveness in this species. Our analyses revealed clear population genomic structure of potential source populations in Eurasia, including deep differentiation of a lineage found in the southern Apennine and Balkan Peninsulas and divergence among populations in Asia, eastern Europe and western Europe. We found strongest support for an evolutionary scenario in which western European populations were derived from an ancient admixture event between populations from eastern Europe and Asia, and subsequently served as the main genetic 'bridgehead' for introductions to the Americas. Introductions to California appear to be from a single source region, and multiple, independent introductions of divergent genotypes likely occurred into the Pacific Northwest. Plant size has evolved significantly at three points during range expansion, including a large size increase in the lineage responsible for the aggressive invasion of the California interior. These results reveal a long history of colonization, admixture and trait evolution in C. solstitialis, and suggest routes for improving evidence-based management decisions for one of the most ecologically and economically damaging invasive species in the western United States.}, }
@article {pmid28029377, year = {2017}, author = {Young, HS and Parker, IM and Gilbert, GS and Sofia Guerra, A and Nunn, CL}, title = {Introduced Species, Disease Ecology, and Biodiversity-Disease Relationships.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {41-54}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2016.09.008}, pmid = {28029377}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; Parasites ; *Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Species introductions are a dominant component of biodiversity change but are not explicitly included in most discussions of biodiversity-disease relationships. This is a major oversight given the multitude of effects that introduced species have on both parasitism and native hosts. Drawing on both animal and plant systems, we review the competing mechanistic pathways by which biological introductions influence parasite diversity and prevalence. While some mechanisms - such as local changes in phylogenetic composition and global homogenization - have strong explanatory potential, the net effects of introduced species, especially at local scales, remain poorly understood. Integrative, community-scale studies that explicitly incorporate introduced species are needed to make effective predictions about the effects of realistic biodiversity change and conservation action on disease.}, }
@article {pmid28028454, year = {2016}, author = {Winterbach, CW and Ferreira, SM and Funston, PJ and Somers, MJ}, title = {Simplified large African carnivore density estimators from track indices.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e2662}, pmid = {28028454}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The range, population size and trend of large carnivores are important parameters to assess their status globally and to plan conservation strategies. One can use linear models to assess population size and trends of large carnivores from track-based surveys on suitable substrates. The conventional approach of a linear model with intercept may not intercept at zero, but may fit the data better than linear model through the origin. We assess whether a linear regression through the origin is more appropriate than a linear regression with intercept to model large African carnivore densities and track indices.<br><br>METHODS: We did simple linear regression with intercept analysis and simple linear regression through the origin and used the confidence interval for &#xdf;&#xa0;in the linear model y&#xa0;=&#xa0;&#x3b1;x&#xa0;+ &#xdf;, Standard Error of Estimate, Mean Squares Residual and Akaike Information Criteria to evaluate the models.<br><br>RESULTS: The Lion on Clay and Low Density on Sand models with intercept were not significant (P&#xa0;>&#xa0;0.05). The other four models with intercept and the six models thorough origin were all significant (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05). The models using linear regression with intercept all included zero in the confidence interval for &#xdf;&#xa0;and the null hypothesis that &#xdf;&#xa0;= 0 could not be rejected. All models showed that the linear model through the origin provided a better fit than the linear model with intercept, as indicated by the Standard Error of Estimate and Mean Square Residuals. Akaike Information Criteria showed that linear models through the origin were better and that none of the linear models with intercept had substantial support.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Our results showed that linear regression through the origin is justified over the more typical linear regression with intercept for all models we tested. A general model can be used to estimate large carnivore densities from track densities across species and study areas. The formula observed track density = 3.26&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;carnivore density can be used to estimate densities of large African carnivores using track counts on sandy substrates in areas where carnivore densities are 0.27 carnivores/100 km[2] or higher. To improve the current models, we need independent data to validate the models and data to test for non-linear relationship between track indices and true density at low densities.}, }
@article {pmid28028099, year = {2016}, author = {Hartshorn, JA and Chase, KD and Galligan, LD and Riggins, JJ and Stephen, FM}, title = {Interactions Among Latitude, Nematode Parasitization, and Female Sirex nigricornis (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) Fitness.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {6}, pages = {1515-1520}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw109}, pmid = {28028099}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Arkansas ; Body Size ; Female ; Genetic Fitness ; Geography ; Hymenoptera/genetics/*parasitology ; Reproduction ; Tylenchida/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Sirex nigricornis F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) is an innocuous pine-inhabiting woodwasp native to eastern North America, utilizing dead or dying pine trees as hosts. Although S. nigricornis F. does not cause economic damage, a closely related species, Sirex noctilio, was discovered in New York in 2004 and has continually spread throughout the northeastern United States and southern Canada, threatening the multi-billion-dollar pine timber industry of the southeastern United States and raising interest about potential interactions with native woodwasps and associated mortality agents. A non-sterilizing strain of the biological control agent, Deladenus siricidicola Bedding (Tylenchida: Neotylenchidae), was introduced along with S. noctilio but is not inhibiting the spread or establishment of S. noctilio A North American congener, Deladenus proximus Bedding, has been recently isolated from S. noctilio and shows promise as a biological control agent. To better understand the potential of D. proximus as a control agent for S. noctilio, we measured and dissected nearly 1,200 S. nigricornis females from Arkansas and Mississippi and evaluated differences among collection location with regard to nematode virulence, woodwasp body size, and egg load. Body size and egg load were related to collection location, and nematode infestation resulted in significantly smaller females who produced significantly fewer eggs. Female woodwasps, especially those collected in Arkansas, were often fully sterilized by nematodes, and a higher percent sterilization was inversely related to body size and fewer eggs. We propose field studies to test the nematode's ability to sterilize S. noctilio in the northeastern United States.}, }
@article {pmid28028089, year = {2016}, author = {Schuler, H and Kern, P and Arthofer, W and Vogt, H and Fischer, M and Stauffer, C and Riegler, M}, title = {Wolbachia in Parasitoids Attacking Native European and Introduced Eastern Cherry Fruit Flies in Europe.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {6}, pages = {1424-1431}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw137}, pmid = {28028089}, issn = {1938-2936}, support = {I 2604/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; J 3527/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; P 26749/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Austria ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Germany ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Tephritidae/microbiology/*parasitology ; Wasps/*microbiology/*physiology ; Wolbachia/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The eastern cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cingulata Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an economically important pest of cherries in North America. In 1983 it was first reported in Europe where it shares its ecological niche with the native European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera: Tephritidae). Their coexistence in Europe led to the recent horizontal transmission of the Wolbachia strain wCer1 from R. cerasi to R. cingulata Horizontal Wolbachia transmission is mediated by either sharing of ecological niches or by interacting species such as parasitoids. Here we describe for the first time that two braconid wasps, Psyttalia rhagoleticola Sachtleben (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Utetes magnus Fischer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), naturally parasitizing R. cerasi, use the invasive R. cingulata in Europe as a new host. In contrast, no parasitoids that parasitize R. cingulata in its native American range were detected in the introduced European range. Diagnostic Wolbachia PCR screening and sequence analyses demonstrated that all P. rhagoleticola individuals were infected with the newly described Wolbachia strain wRha while all U. magnus individuals were uninfected. wRha is different from wCer1 but had an Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) gene sequence that was identical to wCer2 of R. cerasi and wCin2 of R. cingulata. However, multi locus sequence typing revealed differences in all loci between wRha and the tephritid's strains. The horizontal transmission of wCer1 between the two tephritid species did not result in fixed heritable infections in the parasitoids. However, the parasitoids may have acted as a transient wCer1 vector.}, }
@article {pmid28028084, year = {2016}, author = {Taucare-Ríos, A and Bizama, G and Bustamante, RO}, title = {Using Global and Regional Species Distribution Models (SDM) to Infer the Invasive Stage of Latrodectus geometricus (Araneae: Theridiidae) in the Americas.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {6}, pages = {1379-1385}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw118}, pmid = {28028084}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Animals, Poisonous/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; North America ; South America ; Spiders/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The brown widow spider, Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841, is a large spider of the family Theridiidae that belongs to a genus of medical interest owing to its potent neurotoxic venom, which causes severe pain in humans. In America, this alien spider has been found in virtually all countries in the region, mainly associated with human dwellings, but also in agricultural sectors. However, the invasive process and potential distribution of this invasive species across the American continent are completely unknown. In this context, using a combination of both global and regional niche models, it is possible to hypothesize the invasive phase of the species as well as the geographic space where these different phases occur. By comparing the global and regional niches of L. geometricus, we examined its invasive process and potential distribution across the American continent. This work is an innovative approach to understanding the invasion of the brown widow spider in this area and the ecological processes that underlie this invasion. In this context, the global and regional niche comparison constitutes an appropriate tool to account for the complexities of the invasive process, generating different hypotheses amenable to being tested in future studies.}, }
@article {pmid28028082, year = {2016}, author = {Trotter, RT and Keena, MA}, title = {A Variable-Instar Climate-Driven Individual Beetle-Based Phenology Model for the Invasive Asian Longhorned Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {6}, pages = {1360-1370}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw108}, pmid = {28028082}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Life Cycle Stages/*physiology ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Efforts to manage and eradicate invasive species can benefit from an improved understanding of the physiology, biology, and behavior of the target species, and ongoing efforts to eradicate the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky) highlight the roles this information may play. Here, we present a climate-driven phenology model for A. glabripennis that provides simulated life-tables for populations of individual beetles under variable climatic conditions that takes into account the variable number of instars beetles may undergo as larvae. Phenology parameters in the model are based on a synthesis of published data and studies of A. glabripennis, and the model output was evaluated using a laboratory-reared population maintained under varying temperatures mimicking those typical of Central Park in New York City. The model was stable under variations in population size, simulation length, and the Julian dates used to initiate individual beetles within the population. Comparison of model results with previously published field-based phenology studies in native and invasive populations indicates both this new phenology model, and the previously published heating-degree-day model show good agreement in the prediction of the beginning of the flight season for adults. However, the phenology model described here avoids underpredicting the cumulative emergence of adults through the season, in addition to providing tables of life stages and estimations of voltinism for local populations. This information can play a key role in evaluating risk by predicting the potential for population growth, and may facilitate the optimization of management and eradication efforts.}, }
@article {pmid28028017, year = {2017}, author = {Geng, SL and Chen, Q and Cai, WL and Cao, AC and Ou-Yang, CB}, title = {Genetic variation in the invasive weed Mikania micrantha (Asteraceae) suggests highways as corridors for its dispersal in southern China.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {119}, number = {3}, pages = {457-464}, pmid = {28028017}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {China ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Mikania/*genetics ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Roads as corridors of seed or fruit spatial dispersal have major impacts on the establishment and spread of invasive species, but their precise role in population genetic variation remains poorly understood. The South American weed Mikania micrantha has spread rapidly across southern China since its introduction to the Shenzhen area in 1984. This study investigated how its genetic diversity is distributed along highways, and whether highways have acted as corridors for the rapid expansion of M. micrantha METHODS: Twenty-seven roadside populations were sampled along four highways in southern China, and 787 samples were examined using 12 microsatellite markers. Variation in genetic diversity among populations was quantified and patterns of genetic differentiation were analysed.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: A high level of genetic diversity was found at both the species and the population levels in this self-incompatible plant (expected heterozygosity = 0&#xb7;497 and 0&#xb7;477, respectively; allelic richness = 2&#xb7;580 and 2&#xb7;521, respectively). The Wright F-statistic value among populations (0&#xb7;044, P < 0&#xb7;01) and the analysis of molecular variance (91&#xa0;% of genetic variation residing within populations, 9&#xa0;% among populations within highways and 0&#xa0;% among the four highways) showed a relatively low level of genetic differentiation among populations, while the principal coordinate and cluster analyses also indicated a lack of clear geographical genetic structure among populations. The calculated Nm value of 5&#xb7;5 signifies strong gene flow.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of genetic variation is consistent with facilitated dispersal along highways. The genetic admixtures among the roadside populations imply the occurrence of multiple population introductions during colonization. The long-distance dispersal of seeds associated with vehicular transportation on highways may have played important roles in shaping the genetic variation. This finding highlights the importance of highways as corridors for the spread of M. micrantha in southern China.}, }
@article {pmid28026998, year = {2017}, author = {Marçais, B and Piou, D and Dezette, D and Desprez-Loustau, ML}, title = {Can Oak Powdery Mildew Severity be Explained by Indirect Effects of Climate on the Composition of the Erysiphe Pathogenic Complex?.}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {107}, number = {5}, pages = {570-579}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-07-16-0268-R}, pmid = {28026998}, issn = {0031-949X}, mesh = {Ascomycota/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Climate ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Logistic Models ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Plant Shoots/microbiology ; Quercus/*microbiology ; Seasons ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Coinfection by several pathogens is increasingly recognized as an important feature in the epidemiology and evolution of plant fungal pathogens. Oak mildew is induced by two closely related Erysiphe invasive species (Erysiphe alphitoides and E. quercicola) which differ in their mode of overwintering. We investigated how climate influences the co-occurrence of the two species in oak young stands and whether this is important for the disease epidemiology. We studied the frequency of flag-shoots (i.e., shoots developing from infected buds, usually associated with E. quercicola) in 95 oak regenerations over a 6-year period. Additionally, in 2012 and 2013, the oak mildew severity and the two Erysiphe spp. relative frequencies were determined in both spring and autumn in 51 regenerations and 43 1-year-old plantations of oaks. Both the frequency of flag-shoots and the proportion of Erysiphe lesions with E. quercicola presence were related to climate. We showed that survival of E. quercicola was improved after mild winters, with increase of both the flag-shoot frequency and the proportion of Erysiphe lesions with E. quercicola presence in spring. However, disease severity was not related to any complementarity effect between the two Erysiphe spp. causing oak powdery mildew. By contrast, increased E. alphitoides prevalence in spring was associated with higher oak mildew severity in autumn. Our results point out the critical role of between-season transmission and primary inoculum to explain disease dynamics which could be significant in a climate-warming context.}, }
@article {pmid28026895, year = {2017}, author = {Lounnas, M and Correa, AC and Vázquez, AA and Dia, A and Escobar, JS and Nicot, A and Arenas, J and Ayaqui, R and Dubois, MP and Gimenez, T and Gutiérrez, A and González-Ramírez, C and Noya, O and Prepelitchi, L and Uribe, N and Wisnivesky-Colli, C and Yong, M and David, P and Loker, ES and Jarne, P and Pointier, JP and Hurtrez-Boussès, S}, title = {Self-fertilization, long-distance flash invasion and biogeography shape the population structure of Pseudosuccinea columella at the worldwide scale.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {887-903}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13984}, pmid = {28026895}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; North America ; *Self-Fertilization ; Snails/*genetics ; South America ; }, abstract = {Population genetic studies are efficient for inferring the invasion history based on a comparison of native and invasive populations, especially when conducted at species scale. An expected outcome in invasive populations is variability loss, and this is especially true in self-fertilizing species. We here focus on the self-fertilizing Pseudosuccinea columella, an invasive hermaphroditic freshwater snail that has greatly expanded its geographic distribution and that acts as intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica, the causative agent of human and veterinary fasciolosis. We evaluated the distribution of genetic diversity at the largest geographic scale analysed to date in this species by surveying 80 populations collected during 16 years from 14 countries, using eight nuclear microsatellites and two mitochondrial genes. As expected, populations from North America, the putative origin area, were strongly structured by selfing and history and harboured much more genetic variability than invasive populations. We found high selfing rates (when it was possible to infer it), none-to-low genetic variability and strong population structure in most invasive populations. Strikingly, we found a unique genotype/haplotype in populations from eight invaded regions sampled all over the world. Moreover, snail populations resistant to infection by the parasite are genetically distinct from susceptible populations. Our results are compatible with repeated introductions in South America and flash worldwide invasion by this unique genotype/haplotype. Our study illustrates the population genetic consequences of biological invasion in a highly selfing species at very large geographic scale. We discuss how such a large-scale flash invasion may affect the spread of fasciolosis.}, }
@article {pmid28026894, year = {2017}, author = {Hu, Y and Holway, DA and Łukasik, P and Chau, L and Kay, AD and LeBrun, EG and Miller, KA and Sanders, JG and Suarez, AV and Russell, JA}, title = {By their own devices: invasive Argentine ants have shifted diet without clear aid from symbiotic microbes.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {1608-1630}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13991}, pmid = {28026894}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*microbiology/physiology ; Argentina ; Bacteria/*classification ; *Diet ; Feeding Behavior ; Introduced Species ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {The functions and compositions of symbiotic bacterial communities often correlate with host ecology. Yet cause-effect relationships and the order of symbiont vs. host change remain unclear in the face of ancient symbioses and conserved host ecology. Several groups of ants exemplify this challenge, as their low-nitrogen diets and specialized symbioses appear conserved and ancient. To address whether nitrogen-provisioning symbionts might be important in the early stages of ant trophic shifts, we studied bacteria from the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile - an invasive species that has transitioned towards greater consumption of sugar-rich, nitrogen-poor foods in parts of its introduced range. Bacteria were present at low densities in most L. humile workers, and among those yielding quality 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing data, we found just three symbionts to be common and dominant. Two, a Lactobacillus and an Acetobacteraceae species, were shared between native and introduced populations. The other, a Rickettsia, was found only in two introduced supercolonies. Across an eight-year period of trophic reduction in one introduced population, we found no change in symbionts, arguing against a relationship between natural dietary change and microbiome composition. Overall, our findings thus argue against major changes in symbiotic bacteria in association with the invasion and trophic shift of L. humile. In addition, genome content from close relatives of the identified symbionts suggests that just one can synthesize most essential amino acids; this bacterium was only modestly abundant in introduced populations, providing little support for a major role of nitrogen-provisioning symbioses in Argentine ant's dietary shift.}, }
@article {pmid28026008, year = {2017}, author = {McColl, KA and Sunarto, A and Slater, J and Bell, K and Asmus, M and Fulton, W and Hall, K and Brown, P and Gilligan, D and Hoad, J and Williams, LM and Crane, MSJ}, title = {Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 as a potential biological control agent for carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Australia: susceptibility of non-target species.}, journal = {Journal of fish diseases}, volume = {40}, number = {9}, pages = {1141-1153}, doi = {10.1111/jfd.12591}, pmid = {28026008}, issn = {1365-2761}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Biological Control Agents/*toxicity ; *Carps ; Crustacea/virology ; Disease Susceptibility/veterinary ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Fish Diseases/*virology ; Fishes/virology ; Herpesviridae/physiology ; Herpesviridae Infections/*veterinary/virology ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Vertebrates/virology ; }, abstract = {Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is a pest species in Australian waterways, and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is being considered as a potential biological control (biocontrol) agent. An important consideration for any such agent is its target specificity. In this study, the susceptibility to CyHV-3 of a range of non-target species (NTS) was tested. The NTS were as follows: 13 native Australian, and one introduced, fish species; a lamprey species; a crustacean; two native amphibian species (tadpole and mature stages); two native reptilian species; chickens; and laboratory mice. Animals were exposed to 100-1000 times the approximate minimum amount of CyHV-3 required to cause disease in carp by intraperitoneal and/or bath challenge, and then examined clinically each day over the course of 28 days post-challenge. There were no clinical signs, mortalities or histological evidence consistent with a viral infection in a wide taxonomic range of NTS. Furthermore, there was no molecular evidence of infection with CyHV-3, and, in particular, all RT-PCRs for viral mRNA were negative. As a consequence, the results encourage further investigation of CyHV-3 as a potential biocontrol agent that is specific for carp.}, }
@article {pmid28025274, year = {2017}, author = {Bourguignon, T and Lo, N and Šobotník, J and Ho, SY and Iqbal, N and Coissac, E and Lee, M and Jendryka, MM and Sillam-Dussès, D and Krížková, B and Roisin, Y and Evans, TA}, title = {Mitochondrial Phylogenomics Resolves the Global Spread of Higher Termites, Ecosystem Engineers of the Tropics.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, pages = {589-597}, doi = {10.1093/molbev/msw253}, pmid = {28025274}, issn = {1537-1719}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Genome, Mitochondrial ; Introduced Species ; Isoptera/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography/methods ; Rainforest ; }, abstract = {The higher termites (Termitidae) are keystone species and ecosystem engineers. They have exceptional biomass and play important roles in decomposition of dead plant matter, in soil manipulation, and as the primary food for many animals, especially in the tropics. Higher termites are most diverse in rainforests, with estimated origins in the late Eocene (∼54 Ma), postdating the breakup of Pangaea and Gondwana when most continents became separated. Since termites are poor fliers, their origin and spread across the globe requires alternative explanation. Here, we show that higher termites originated 42-54 Ma in Africa and subsequently underwent at least 24 dispersal events between the continents in two main periods. Using phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial genomes from 415 species, including all higher termite taxonomic and feeding groups, we inferred 10 dispersal events to South America and Asia 35-23 Ma, coinciding with the sharp decrease in global temperature, sea level, and rainforest cover in the Oligocene. After global temperatures increased, 23-5 Ma, there was only one more dispersal to South America but 11 to Asia and Australia, and one dispersal back to Africa. Most of these dispersal events were transoceanic and might have occurred via floating logs. The spread of higher termites across oceans was helped by the novel ecological opportunities brought about by environmental and ecosystem change, and led termites to become one of the few insect groups with specialized mammal predators. This has parallels with modern invasive species that have been able to thrive in human-impacted ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid28025220, year = {2017}, author = {Yang, F and Wang, Q and Wang, D and Xu, B and Xu, J and Lu, Y and Harwood, JD}, title = {Intraguild Predation Among Three Common Coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in China: Detection Using DNA-Based Gut-Content Analysis.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, pages = {1-10}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw154}, pmid = {28025220}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Food Chain ; Gastrointestinal Contents ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Ovum/physiology ; *Predatory Behavior ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The ubiquity of intraguild predation (IGP) has been widely recognized for predatory coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). In Chinese agroecosystems, three species (Coccinella septempunctata L., Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), and Propylea japonica (Thunberg)) are particularly common, but there is little information of interactions occurring between them. In no-choice laboratory feeding trials, differential directional predation was observed between species: C. septempunctata preyed on eggs of P. japonica more than H. axyridis and H. axyridis consumed eggs of C. septempunctata and P. japonica equally, whereas P. japonica had a very low predation rate on eggs of the other two species. In choice trials, C. septempunctata and P. japonica larvae preyed less on H. axyridis eggs than those of P. japonica and C. septempunctata, respectively, contrasting with H. axyridis larvae, which showed similar preference for both species. Species-specific primers were developed for each coccinellid and used to determine the relative frequency of prey consumption in the field. Prior to field-based analysis, primer specificity was confirmed and consumption of prey elicited a positive reaction success, and detection time varied between different predator-prey combinations. Predators were then collected from cotton agroecosystems and, interestingly, no DNA of C. septempunctata was found in P. japonica, but all other predator-prey combinations yielded positive documentation of IGP in the field, with the greatest rate of 9% of C. septempunctata testing positive for H. axyridis DNA. This study confirmed the frequency of IGP among three common coccinellids in Chinese agroecosystems and the likelihood for interference to the biological control services provided by these important natural enemies.}, }
@article {pmid28017622, year = {2017}, author = {Kelehear, C and Hudson, CM and Mertins, JW and Shine, R}, title = {First report of exotic ticks (Amblyomma rotundatum) parasitizing invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) on the Island of Hawai'i.}, journal = {Ticks and tick-borne diseases}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {330-333}, doi = {10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.12.010}, pmid = {28017622}, issn = {1877-9603}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufo marinus/*parasitology ; Hawaii/epidemiology ; *Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/*classification ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Our surveys of 1401 invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) from the Hawaiian islands of Hawai'i, O'ahu, and Maui revealed the presence of an exotic tick, Amblyomma rotundatum. Immature and adult female ticks infested three wild adult toads at a single site in the vicinity of a zoo south of Hilo, Island of Hawai'i, Hawai'i, USA. We found no tick-infested toads on O'ahu or Maui. This tick infests cane toads in their native Neotropical range, but it was excluded from Hawai'i when the original founder toads were introduced over 80 years ago. The circumstances of our discovery suggest that A. rotundatum was independently and belatedly introduced to Hawai'i with imported zoo animals, and Hawai'i now joins Florida as the second U.S. state where this tick is established.}, }
@article {pmid28013390, year = {2017}, author = {Kenna, D and Fincham, WN and Dunn, AM and Brown, LE and Hassall, C}, title = {Antagonistic effects of biological invasion and environmental warming on detritus processing in freshwater ecosystems.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {183}, number = {3}, pages = {875-886}, pmid = {28013390}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Global biodiversity is threatened by multiple anthropogenic stressors but little is known about the combined effects of environmental warming and invasive species on ecosystem functioning. We quantified thermal preferences and then compared leaf-litter processing rates at eight different temperatures (5.0-22.5 °C) by the invasive freshwater crustacean Dikerogammarus villosus and the Great Britain native Gammarus pulex at a range of body sizes. D. villosus preferred warmer temperatures but there was considerable overlap in the range of temperatures that the two species occupied during preference trials. When matched for size, G. pulex had a greater leaf shredding efficiency than D. villosus, suggesting that invasion and subsequent displacement of the native amphipod will result in reduced ecosystem functioning. However, D. villosus is an inherently larger species and interspecific variation in shredding was reduced when animals of a representative size range were compared. D. villosus shredding rates increased at a faster rate than G. pulex with increasing temperature suggesting that climate change may offset some of the reduction in function. D. villosus, but not G. pulex, showed evidence of an ability to select those temperatures at which its shredding rate was maximised, and the activation energy for shredding in D. villosus was more similar to predictions from metabolic theory. While per capita and mass-corrected shredding rates were lower in the invasive D. villosus than the native G. pulex, our study provides novel insights in to how the interactive effects of metabolic function, body size, behavioural thermoregulation, and density produce antagonistic effects between anthropogenic stressors.}, }
@article {pmid28013250, year = {2016}, author = {Crous, CJ and Burgess, TI and Le Roux, JJ and Richardson, DM and Slippers, B and Wingfield, MJ}, title = {Ecological disequilibrium drives insect pest and pathogen accumulation in non-native trees.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {28013250}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Non-native trees have become dominant components of many landscapes, including urban ecosystems, commercial forestry plantations, fruit orchards, and as invasives in natural ecosystems. Often, these trees have been separated from their natural enemies (i.e. insects and pathogens) leading to ecological disequilibrium, that is, the immediate breakdown of historically co-evolved interactions once introduced into novel environments. Long-established, non-native tree plantations provide useful experiments to explore the dimensions of such ecological disequilibria. We quantify the status quo of non-native insect pests and pathogens catching up with their tree hosts (planted Acacia, Eucalyptus and Pinus species) in South Africa, and examine which native South African enemy species utilise these trees as hosts. Interestingly, pines, with no confamilial relatives in South Africa and the longest residence time (almost two centuries), have acquired only one highly polyphagous native pathogen. This is in contrast to acacias and eucalypts, both with many native and confamilial relatives in South Africa that have acquired more native pathogens. These patterns support the known role of phylogenetic relatedness of non-native and native floras in influencing the likelihood of pathogen shifts between them. This relationship, however, does not seem to hold for native insects. Native insects appear far more likely to expand their feeding habits onto non-native tree hosts than are native pathogens, although they are generally less damaging. The ecological disequilibrium conditions of non-native trees are deeply rooted in the eco-evolutionary experience of the host plant, co-evolved natural enemies, and native organisms from the introduced range. We should expect considerable spatial and temporal variation in ecological disequilibrium conditions among non-native taxa, which can be significantly influenced by biosecurity and management practices.}, }
@article {pmid28013249, year = {2016}, author = {Canavan, S and Richardson, DM and Visser, V and Roux, JJ and Vorontsova, MS and Wilson, JR}, title = {The global distribution of bamboos: assessing correlates of introduction and invasion.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {28013249}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {There is a long history of species being moved around the world by humans. These introduced species can provide substantial benefits, but they can also have undesirable consequences. We explore the importance of human activities on the processes of species dissemination and potential invasions using the grass subfamily Bambusoideae ("bamboos"), a group that contains taxa that are widely utilised and that are often perceived as weedy. We (1) compiled an inventory of bamboo species and their current distributions; (2) determined which species have been introduced and become invasive outside their native ranges; and (3) explored correlates of introduction and invasion. Distribution data were collated from Kew's GrassBase, the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and other online herbarium information sources. Our list comprised 1662 species in 121 genera, of which 232 (14%) have been introduced beyond their native ranges. Twelve species were found to be invasive. A non-random selection of bamboos have been introduced and become invasive. Asiatic species in particular have been widely introduced. There was a clear over-representation of introduced species in the genera Bambusa and Phyllostachys which also contain most of the listed invasive species. The introduction of species also correlated with certain traits: taxa with larger culm dimensions were significantly more likely to have been moved to new areas; and those with many cultivars had a higher rate of dissemination and invasion. It is difficult to determine whether the patterns of introduction and invasion are due simply to differences in propagule pressure, or whether humans have deliberately selected inherently invasive taxa. In general, we suggest that human usage is a stronger driver of introductions and invasions in bamboos than in other taxa that have been well studied. It is likely that as bamboos are used more widely, the number and impact of invasions will increase unless environmental risks are carefully managed.}, }
@article {pmid28012739, year = {2017}, author = {Lim, CS and Leong, YL and Tan, KS}, title = {Managing the risk of non-indigenous marine species transfer in Singapore using a study of vessel movement.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {115}, number = {1-2}, pages = {332-344}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.009}, pmid = {28012739}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Risk Assessment ; *Ships ; Singapore ; }, abstract = {Shipping is recognized as a major vector for the global transfer of non-indigenous marine species (NIMS). As a major transshipment port, Singapore can minimize the risk of NIMS transfer by implementing pragmatic management strategies, such as using vessel movement information to assess the risk of NIMS transfer. Findings from vessel movement information in a major port terminal in Singapore showed that vessel residence time is short, with >92% of vessels spending seven days or less. There was little variation in vessel residence time to vessel arrival numbers, while the top three last ports of call were found to be from regional ports. Using two key features obtained from vessel movement records, 1) vessel residence time and 2) biogeographic origin of the vessels' last port of call, a simple risk assessment matrix was constructed and applied to assess the level of risk of NIMS transfer by transiting vessels.}, }
@article {pmid28012654, year = {2017}, author = {Ferreira-Rodríguez, N and Fernández, I and Varandas, S and Cortes, R and Cancela, ML and Pardo, I}, title = {The role of calcium concentration in the invasive capacity of Corbicula fluminea in crystalline basins.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {580}, number = {}, pages = {1363-1370}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.100}, pmid = {28012654}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium/*analysis ; Corbicula/*growth &amp; development ; Fresh Water/*chemistry ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The natural variation of environmental factors in freshwater basins determines their biodiversity. Among them, calcium is a key physiological compound for freshwater invertebrates. It is required for shell formation, muscle contraction, it mediates gene expression and allows counteracting acidosis during stress periods, among other functions. Although the distribution of different freshwater species has been suggested to be linked with the environmental calcium concentration, as yet, no research studies have confirmed this. Identifying whether environmental calcium concentrations might determine the invasion success of alien species would be critical in developing and implementing effective management strategies to control them. Here, a multidisciplinary approach integrating field surveys, analytical chemistry techniques, molecular biology analyses and a lab-scale experiment was taken to decipher whether the environmental calcium concentration might hamper the establishment of Corbicula fluminea in northwestern Iberian rivers. A Principal Component Analysis on water chemistry variables from 13 water bodies identified environmental calcium concentration, among others, as one key factor that best characterized the distribution area of C. fluminea. The calcium content in animals' bodies from two representative rivers was dependent on the environmental calcium concentration of freshwater basins; the lower the concentration, the lower the body's content. The expression of stress- and calcium homeostasis-related genes was higher in C. fluminea from low calcium concentration environments than in those from calcium-rich freshwater basins. Finally, under experimental conditions, lower water calcium concentrations decreased C. fluminea growth rates. The present data suggest, for the first time, that environmental calcium concentration may act as a determinant factor on the invasion success of C. fluminea in freshwater environments. Our results provide new clues for the identification of basins with increased risk of potential invasion by C. fluminea based on environmental calcium levels.}, }
@article {pmid28011685, year = {2017}, author = {Vivan, LM and Torres, JB and Fernandes, PL}, title = {Activity of Selected Formulated Biorational and Synthetic Insecticides Against Larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {110}, number = {1}, pages = {118-126}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow244}, pmid = {28011685}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacillus thuringiensis/*physiology ; Insect Control ; Insecticides/*pharmacology ; Juvenile Hormones/*pharmacology ; Larva/drug effects/growth &amp; development/microbiology/virology ; Moths/*drug effects/growth &amp; development/*microbiology/virology ; Nucleopolyhedroviruses/*physiology ; Pest Control, Biological ; }, abstract = {This work studied 17 insecticides belonging to nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV), Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt kurstaki and Bt aizawai), benzoylureas (insect growth regulators [IGRs]), carbamates, organophosphates, spinosyns, and diamides against larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), invasive species in the South American continent. Larvae of different instars were fed for 7 d with untreated or insecticide-treated diets. Mortality was recorded daily for 7 d, and surviving larvae were individually weighed on the seventh day. The NPV and Bt insecticides caused 100% mortality of first-instar larvae and first-instar and second-instar larvae, respectively. However, both NPV and Bt-based products caused low mortality of third-instar larvae and did not kill older larvae. The IGR lufenuron was highly effective against all three ages of larvae tested, whereas teflubenzuron and triflumuron produced maximum 60% mortality of second-instar larvae and lower than 50% to older larvae. Thiodicarb, chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb, chlorpyrifos, and chlorfenapyr, irrespective of tested age, caused 100% mortality of larvae, with the last two insecticides reaching 100% mortality within 2 d of feeding on the treated diet. Flubendiamide caused lower mortality but significantly affected the weight of surviving larvae, whereas neither spinosad nor methomyl produced significant mortality or affected the weight of larvae. Based on the results, the age of H. armigera larvae plays an important role in the recommendation of NPV and Bt insecticides. Furthermore, there are potential options between biological and synthetic insecticides tested against H. armigera, and recording larval size during monitoring, in addition to the infestation level, should be considered when recommending biological-based insecticides to control this pest.}, }
@article {pmid28011021, year = {2017}, author = {Moreno-Andrés, J and Romero-Martínez, L and Acevedo-Merino, A and Nebot, E}, title = {UV-based technologies for marine water disinfection and the application to ballast water: Does salinity interfere with disinfection processes?.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {581-582}, number = {}, pages = {144-152}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.077}, pmid = {28011021}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Disinfection ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; *Salinity ; Seawater/*chemistry ; *Ships ; Titanium ; *Ultraviolet Rays ; *Water Purification ; }, abstract = {Water contained on ships is employed in the majority of activities on a vessel; therefore, it is necessary to correctly manage through marine water treatments. Among the main water streams generated on vessels, ballast water appears to be an emerging global challenge (especially on cargo ships) due to the transport of invasive species and the significant impact that the ballast water discharge could have on ecosystems and human activities. To avoid this problem, ballast water treatment must be implemented prior to water discharge in accordance with the upcoming Ballast Water Management Convention. Different UV-based treatments (photolytic: UV-C and UV/H2O2, photocatalytic: UV/TiO2), have been compared for seawater disinfection. E. faecalis is proposed as a biodosimeter organism for UV-based treatments and demonstrates good properties for being considered as a Standard Test Organism for seawater. Inactivation rates by means of the UV-based treatments were obtained using a flow-through UV-reactor. Based on the two variables responses that were studied (kinetic rate constant and UV-Dose reductions), both advanced oxidation processes (UV/H2O2 and photocatalysis) were more effective than UV-C treatment. Evaluation of salinity on the processes suggests different responses according to the treatments: major interference on photocatalysis treatment and minimal impact on UV/H2O2.}, }
@article {pmid28008961, year = {2016}, author = {Moss, WE and Alldredge, MW and Logan, KA and Pauli, JN}, title = {Human expansion precipitates niche expansion for an opportunistic apex predator (Puma concolor).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {39639}, pmid = {28008961}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Camelids, New World ; Carnivora ; Cities ; Colorado ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Coyotes ; Deer ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Foxes ; Goats ; Introduced Species ; Mephitidae ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Puma/*physiology ; Rabbits ; Raccoons ; Sciuridae ; }, abstract = {There is growing recognition that developed landscapes are important systems in which to promote ecological complexity and conservation. Yet, little is known about processes regulating these novel ecosystems, or behaviours employed by species adapting to them. We evaluated the isotopic niche of an apex carnivore, the cougar (Puma concolor), over broad spatiotemporal scales and in a region characterized by rapid landscape change. We detected a shift in resource use, from near complete specialization on native herbivores in wildlands to greater use of exotic and invasive species by cougars in contemporary urban interfaces. We show that 25 years ago, cougars inhabiting these same urban interfaces possessed diets that were intermediate. Thus, niche expansion followed human expansion over both time and space, indicating that an important top predator is interacting with prey in novel ways. Thus, though human-dominated landscapes can provide sufficient resources for apex carnivores, they do not necessarily preserve their ecological relationships.}, }
@article {pmid28007219, year = {2017}, author = {Taerum, SJ and Hoareau, TB and Duong, TA and de Beer, ZW and Jankowiak, R and Wingfield, MJ}, title = {Putative origins of the fungus Leptographium procerum.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {121}, number = {1}, pages = {82-94}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2016.09.007}, pmid = {28007219}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Cluster Analysis ; Europe ; Genes, Mating Type, Fungal ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genotype ; Insecta/*microbiology ; Microsatellite Repeats ; North America ; Ophiostomatales/*classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Appropriate management of invasive fungi requires adequate understanding of their global diversities and movement histories. The fungus Leptographium procerum is associated with root-colonizing forest insects in pine forests throughout the world, and may have contributed to the aggressive behaviour of the red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens) in the beetle's invasive range in China. We used microsatellites and mating type loci to investigate the global diversity of L. procerum and the source population of L. procerum associated with D. valens in China. Clustering analyses supported the separation of the fungal data set into three genetically and geographically-distinct clusters: Europe, North America, and China. The fungus had the highest genetic diversity in Europe, followed by North America and China. Analyses using Approximate Bayesian Computation supported Europe as the most likely source of the North American and Chinese populations. Overall, the results suggested that Europe is the global centre of diversity of L. procerum. Furthermore, they suggested that L. procerum most likely arrived in China independently of D. valens and adopted this beetle as a vector after its introduction.}, }
@article {pmid28003517, year = {2016}, author = {Staats, EG and Agosta, SJ and Vonesh, JR}, title = {Predator diversity reduces habitat colonization by mosquitoes and midges.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {28003517}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea ; Behavior, Animal ; Biodiversity ; Chironomidae/*physiology ; Culicidae/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Odonata ; Oviposition ; Predatory Behavior ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {Changes in predator diversity via extinction and invasion are increasingly widespread and can have important ecological and socio-economic consequences. Anticipating and managing these consequences requires understanding how predators shape ecological communities. Previous predator biodiversity research has focused on post-colonization processes. However, predators can also shape communities by altering patterns of prey habitat selection during colonization. The sensitivity of this non-consumptive top down mechanism to changes in predator diversity is largely unexamined. To address this gap, we examined patterns of dipteran oviposition habitat selection in experimental aquatic habitats in response to varied predator species richness while holding predator abundance constant. Caged predators were used in order to disentangle behavioural oviposition responses to predator cues from potential post-oviposition consumption of eggs and larvae. We hypothesized that because increases in predator richness often result in greater prey mortality than would be predicted from independent effects of predators, prey should avoid predator-rich habitats during colonization. Consistent with this hypothesis, predator-rich habitats received 48% fewer dipteran eggs than predicted, including 60% fewer mosquito eggs and 38% fewer midge eggs. Our findings highlight the potentially important links between predator biodiversity, prey habitat selection and the ecosystem service of pest regulation.}, }
@article {pmid28001211, year = {2016}, author = {Figueiredo, LT}, title = {How are so many foreign arboviruses introduced in Brazil?.}, journal = {Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, pages = {665-667}, doi = {10.1590/0037-8682-0499-2016}, pmid = {28001211}, issn = {1678-9849}, mesh = {Animals ; Arbovirus Infections/classification/history/*transmission ; Arboviruses/*classification ; Brazil ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Insect Vectors ; Introduced Species/history ; }, }
@article {pmid28000953, year = {2017}, author = {Ljungvall, K and Magnusson, U and Korvela, M and Norrby, M and Bergquist, J and Persson, S}, title = {Heavy metal concentrations in female wild mink (Neovison vison) in Sweden: Sources of variation and associations with internal organ weights.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {36}, number = {8}, pages = {2030-2035}, doi = {10.1002/etc.3717}, pmid = {28000953}, issn = {1552-8618}, mesh = {Animals ; Cadmium/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Female ; Kidney/chemistry ; Lead/analysis ; Liver/chemistry ; Mercury/*analysis ; Metals, Heavy/*analysis ; Mink/*metabolism ; Organ Size ; Seasons ; Sweden ; }, abstract = {The American mink is an invasive species in Sweden, and it is legally hunted all year. Therefore, the mink is well suited as a sentinel species for environmental monitoring. In the present study female mink (n = 91) from 6 different areas in Sweden were analyzed for the concentrations of silver, cadmium, mercury and lead in liver tissue using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The wet concentrations in liver tissue were 42.6 ± 52.7 ng/g for silver, 99.5 ± 100 ng/g for cadmium, 652 ± 537 ng/g for mercury, and 196 ± 401 ng/g for lead (expressed as mean ± standard deviation). There were associations between the sample area and the concentrations of silver, lead, and mercury. The concentrations of lead and cadmium varied with season of capture and lead, cadmium, and mercury were positively associated with increasing age. Relative liver weight was positively associated with concentrations of mercury and negatively associated with lead and cadmium. Relative kidney weight was negatively associated with lead concentrations. In summary, it is of importance to take age and season of capture into account when assessing levels of heavy metals in wild mink. Also, liver and kidneys seem to be potential targets for heavy metal toxicity in wild female mink in Sweden. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2030-2035. © 2016 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.}, }
@article {pmid28000378, year = {2017}, author = {Seebens, H and Essl, F and Blasius, B}, title = {The intermediate distance hypothesis of biological invasions.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {158-165}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12715}, pmid = {28000378}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; *Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; *Plant Dispersal ; Population Dynamics ; Vertebrates/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a worldwide phenomenon, but the global flows between native and alien regions have rarely been investigated in a cross-taxonomic study. We therefore lack a thorough understanding of the global patterns of alien species spread. Using native and alien ranges of 1380 alien species, we show that the number of alien species follows a hump-shaped function of geographic distance. We observe distinct variations in the relationship between alien species exchanges and distance among taxonomic groups, which relate to the taxa-specific dispersal modes and their pathways of introduction. We formulate a simple statistical model, combining trade volume and biogeographic dissimilarity, which reproduces the observed pattern in good agreement with reported data and even captures variations among taxonomic groups. This study demonstrates the universality of the intermediate distance hypothesis of alien species spread across taxonomic groups, which will help to improve the predictability of new alien species arrivals.}, }
@article {pmid27999386, year = {2016}, author = {Ospina, OE and Massey, SE and Verle Rodrigues, JC}, title = {Reduced Diversity in the Bacteriome of the Phytophagous Mite Brevipalpus yothersi (Acari: Tenuipalpidae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {27999386}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Tenuipalpidae comprises mites that transmit viruses to agriculturally important plants. Several tenuipalpid species present parthenogenesis, and in Brevipalpus yothersi, the endosymbiont Cardinium has been associated with female-only colonies. It is unclear what the bacterial composition of B. yothersi is, and how common Cardinium is in those microbiomes. We performed a comparative analysis of the bacteriomes in three populations of B. yothersi and three additional Tetranychoidea species using sequences from V4-fragment of 16S DNA. The bacteriomes were dominated by Bacteroidetes (especially Cardinium) and Proteobacteria, showing a remarkably low alpha diversity. Cardinium was present in about 22% of all sequences; however, it was not present in R. indica and T. evansi. In B. yothersi, the proportion of Cardinium was higher in adults than eggs, suggesting that proliferation of the bacteria could be the result of selective pressures from the host. This hypothesis was further supported because colonies of B. yothersi from different populations showed different bacterial assemblages, and bacteriomes from different mite species showed similar abundances of Cardinium. A phylogenetic analysis of Cardinium revealed that not only specialization but horizontal transmission has been important for this symbiosis. Together, these results represent a glimpse into the evolution of the Tetranychoidea and Cardinium.}, }
@article {pmid27996017, year = {2016}, author = {Lin, P and Guo, L}, title = {Do invasive quagga mussels alter CO2 dynamics in the Laurentian Great Lakes?.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {39078}, pmid = {27996017}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; Great Lakes Region ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Michigan ; Ontario ; }, abstract = {The Laurentian Great Lakes have experienced unprecedented ecological and environmental changes, especially after the introduction of invasive quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis). While impacts on ecological functions have been widely recognized, the response of carbon dynamics to invasive species remains largely unknown. We report new CO2 data showing significant increases in pCO2 (up to 800 μatm in Lake Michigan) and CO2 emission fluxes in most of the Great Lakes compared to those prior to or during the early stage of the colonization of invasive quagga mussels. The increased CO2 supersaturation is most prominent in Lakes Huron and Michigan, followed by Lakes Ontario and Erie, but no evident change was observed in Lake Superior. This trend mirrors the infestation extent of invasive quagga mussels in the Great Lakes and is consistent with the decline in primary production and increase in water clarity observed pre- and post-Dreissena introduction, revealing a close linkage between invasive species and carbon dynamics. The Great Lakes have become a significant CO2 source to the atmosphere, emitting >7.7 ± 1.0 Tg-C annually, which is higher than the organic carbon burial rate in global inland-seas and attesting to the significant role of the Laurentian Great Lakes in regional/global CO2 budget and cycling.}, }
@article {pmid27995984, year = {2016}, author = {Liu, L and Quan, H and Dong, BC and Bu, XQ and Li, L and Liu, FD and Lei, GC and Li, HL}, title = {Nutrient enrichment alters impacts of Hydrocotyle vulgaris invasion on native plant communities.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {39468}, pmid = {27995984}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Analysis of Variance ; Biodiversity ; *Biomass ; Centella/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fabaceae ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Nutrients may affect the invasiveness of alien plants and the invasibility of native plant communities. We performed a greenhouse experiment to investigate the interactive effect of invasion by a clonal herb Hydrocotyle vulgaris and nutrient enrichment on biomass and evenness of native plant communities. We established three types of plant communities (H. vulgaris alone, native plant communities without or with H. vulgaris) under low and high levels of nutrients. Native communities consisted of eight native, terrestrial species of three functional groups, i.e. four grasses, two legumes, and two forbs. Invasion of H. vulgaris had no effect on biomass of the native community, the functional groups, or the individual species. High nutrients increased biomass of grasses, but reduced evenness of the community. High nutrients also decreased the competitive effect, and the relative dominance index of H. vulgaris. Therefore, high nutrients reduced the competitive ability of H. vulgaris and enhanced the resistance of the native community to invasion. The results provide a basis for management strategies to control the invasion and spread of H. vulgaris by manipulating resource availability to support native communities.}, }
@article {pmid27992970, year = {2017}, author = {Frick, WF and Cheng, TL and Langwig, KE and Hoyt, JR and Janicki, AF and Parise, KL and Foster, JT and Kilpatrick, AM}, title = {Pathogen dynamics during invasion and establishment of white-nose syndrome explain mechanisms of host persistence.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, pages = {624-631}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1706}, pmid = {27992970}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Ascomycota/*physiology ; Chiroptera/*microbiology ; Mycoses/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Nose/*microbiology ; Prevalence ; }, abstract = {Disease dynamics during pathogen invasion and establishment determine the impacts of disease on host populations and determine the mechanisms of host persistence. Temporal progression of prevalence and infection intensity illustrate whether tolerance, resistance, reduced transmission, or demographic compensation allow initially declining populations to persist. We measured infection dynamics of the fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans that causes white-nose syndrome in bats by estimating pathogen prevalence and load in seven bat species at 167 hibernacula over a decade as the pathogen invaded, became established, and some host populations stabilized. Fungal loads increased rapidly and prevalence rose to nearly 100% at most sites within 2 yr of invasion in six of seven species. Prevalence and loads did not decline over time despite huge reductions in colony sizes, likely due to an extensive environmental reservoir. However, there was substantial variation in fungal load among sites with persisting colonies, suggesting that both tolerance and resistance developed at different sites in the same species. In contrast, one species disappeared from hibernacula within 3 yr of pathogen invasion. Variable host responses to pathogen invasion require different management strategies to prevent disease-induced extinction and to facilitate evolution of tolerance or resistance in persisting populations.}, }
@article {pmid27992570, year = {2016}, author = {Dissanayake, AA and Wagner, CM and Nair, MG}, title = {Chemical Characterization of Lipophilic Constituents in the Skin of Migratory Adult Sea Lamprey from the Great Lakes Region.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {e0168609}, pmid = {27992570}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Fatty Acids/chemistry/*metabolism ; Great Lakes Region ; *Introduced Species ; Lampreys/*metabolism ; Male ; Skin/chemistry/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The sea lamprey (Petromzons marinus) is an invasive ectoparasite of large-bodied fishes that adversely affects the fishing industry and ecology of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Lipid content in the whole sea lamprey and muscles, liver and kidney of metamorphosing larval stages has been reported. Similarly, the fatty acid profile of the rope tissues of sexually-mature male sea lampreys has also been reported. The average body weight of a sub-adult migratory sea lamprey is 250 g, which includes 14.4% skin (36 g). Our preliminary extraction data of an adult sea lamprey skin revealed that it contained approximately 8.5% of lipophilic compounds. Lamprey skin is home to a naturally aversive compound (an alarm cue) that is being developed into a repellent for use in pest management. As part of an ongoing investigation to identify the chemical structure of the sea lamprey alarm cue, we extracted the skin with water and methanol, respectively. The methanolic extract (1.55%) contained exclusively lipophilic compounds and did not include the alarm cue. We chemically characterized all compounds present in the methanolic extract as cholesterol esters (CE), tri- and di-glycerides (TG and DG), cholesterol, free fatty acids (FFA) and minor amounts of plasticizers. The free fatty acids fraction was composed of saturated (41.8%), monounsaturated (40.7%) and polyunsaturated (17.4%) fatty acids, respectively. The plasticizers characterized were phthalate and benzoate and found to be 0.95 mg and 2.54 mg, respectively, per adult sea lamprey skin. This is the first report of the chemical characterization of all the lipophilic constituents in the skin of sub-adult migratory sea lamprey. The CEs isolated and characterized from sea lamprey skin are also for the first time.}, }
@article {pmid27992516, year = {2016}, author = {Obidziński, A and Mędrzycki, P and Kołaczkowska, E and Ciurzycki, W and Marciszewska, K}, title = {Do David and Goliath Play the Same Game? Explanation of the Abundance of Rare and Frequent Invasive Alien Plants in Urban Woodlands in Warsaw, Poland.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {e0168365}, pmid = {27992516}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Forests ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Models, Theoretical ; Plants/*classification ; Poland ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Invasive Alien Plants occur in numbers differing by orders of magnitude at subsequent invasion stages. Effective sampling and quantifying niches of rare invasive plants are quite problematic. The aim of this paper is an estimation of the influence of invasive plants frequency on the explanation of their local abundance. We attempted to achieve it through: (1) assessment of occurrence of self-regenerating invasive plants in urban woodlands, (2) comparison of Random Forest modelling results for frequent and rare species. We hypothesized that the abundance of frequent species would be explained better than that of rare ones and that both rare and frequent species share a common hierarchy of the most important determinants. We found 15 taxa in almost two thirds of 1040 plots with a total number of 1068 occurrences. There were recorded 6 taxa of high frequency-Prunus serotina, Quercus rubra, Acer negundo, Robinia pseudoacacia, Impatiens parviflora and Solidago spp.-and 9 taxa of low frequency: Acer saccharinum, Amelanchier spicata, Cornus spp., Fraxinus spp., Parthenocissus spp., Syringa vulgaris, Echinocystis lobata, Helianthus tuberosus, Reynoutria spp. Random Forest's models' quality grows with the number of occurrences of frequent taxa but not of the rare ones. Both frequent and rare taxa share a similar hierarchy of predictors' importance: Land use > Tree stand > Seed source and, for frequent taxa, Forest properties as well. We conclude that there is an 'explanation jump' at higher species frequencies, but rare species are surprisingly similar to frequent ones in their determinant's hierarchy, with differences conforming with their respective stages of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid27992496, year = {2016}, author = {Zhang, Z and Tian, X and Bai, Y and Liu, H and Niu, X and Wang, Z and Wang, Q}, title = {Field Sandbur (Cenchrus pauciflorus) Seeds in the Same Bur Respond Differently to Temperature and Water Potential in Relation to Germination in a Semi-Arid Environment, China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {e0168394}, pmid = {27992496}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Cenchrus/*physiology ; China ; Droughts ; *Germination ; Seeds/*physiology ; Temperature ; Water ; }, abstract = {The success of a biological invasion relies on the environment and is closely linked to factors such as water and temperature. Invasive plant species display different seed characteristics, including shape. Field sandbur (Cenchrus pauciflorus) is a globally widespread invasive species capable of adapting to broad environmental conditions. However, its germination response to water and temperature still remains unclear. C. pauciflorus contains two seeds in the same bur that differ in size: big seeds (M) and small seeds (P). Separate greenhouse experiments were conducted under different temperature regimes (0/10°C, 5/15°C, 10/20°C, 15/25°C, 18/28°C, 20/30°C and 25/35°C) and water potentials (-1.50Mpa, -1.00Mpa, -0.75Mpa, -0.50Mpa, -0.25Mpa and 0Mpa) for M and P seeds. The results support the hypothesis that germination of C. pauciflorus is significantly influenced by seed type, temperature and water potential. M and P seeds responded differently to varied alternative temperatures and water potentials. However, M and P seeds were more sensitive to water potential than to temperature. Optimal conditions for M and P seed germination were measured at 25/35°C (night temperature/day temperature) and 20/30°C, respectively. In contrast, the highest germination rate was observed for the 0Mpa of the water potential treatment. Additionally, base temperature (Tbase) and base water potential (Wbase) were lower for M (7.7°C, -1.11Mpa at 10/20°C, and -1.07Mpa at 20/30°C) than for P (9.4°C, -0.92Mpa at 10/20°C, and -0.52Mpa at 20/30°C). These different germination strategies of M and P seeds with respect to temperature and water potential increased overall plant propagation. These results indicate that tropical and subtropical regions water potentials beyond -0.50Mpa (10/20°C) or -1.00Mpa (20/30°C) face a potential risk of C. pauciflorus invasion.}, }
@article {pmid27988772, year = {2016}, author = {Bastida-Zavala, JR and Buelna, AS and DE León-González, JA and Camacho-Cruz, KA and Carmona, I}, title = {New records of sabellids and serpulids (Polychaeta: Sabellidae, Serpulidae) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4184}, number = {3}, pages = {zootaxa.4184.3.1}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4184.3.1}, pmid = {27988772}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; California ; Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; Geography ; Hawaii ; Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Pacific Ocean ; Panama ; Peru ; Polychaeta/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; }, abstract = {Sabellids and serpulids are two well represented families in the polychaete fauna of the Tropical Eastern Pacific, with 31 and 34 species respectively; however, most records come from the Gulf of California or the western coast of Baja California Peninsula. Only a few records are from localities in the large expanse of the central and southern Mexican Pacific. Thus, sabellids and serpulids were collected from several shallow water habitats along the coast of Mexican Pacific, such as coastal lagoons, coral reefs, rocky shores and from man-made structures as marinas, piers and ships of several harbors; additionally, specimens from national collections were revised. More than 8,400 specimens of sabellids and serpulids from the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Sinaloa, Michoacán, Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas, and some specimens from Panamá and Perú were examined. In the present work we record new localities of four sabellids and 24 serpulids. One sabellid, Branchiomma bairdi, is an exotic/invasive species in Oaxaca, Sinaloa and Baja California Sur, while four species of serpulids are exotic and/or cryptogenic species: Ficopomatus uschakovi, Hydroides dirampha, H. elegans and H. sanctaecrucis. Additionally, the geographical range has been extended for five species: the sabellids Pseudobranchiomma punctata from Oahu, Hawaii to La Paz Bay, and Parasabella pallida from California to Puerto Escondido, Baja California Sur; and for three serpulids, Hydroides inermis from the Galápagos Islands to Agua Blanca, Oaxaca, H. gairacensis from Panamá to Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca, and H. panamensis from Panamá to Huatulco, Oaxaca and Faro de Bucerías, Michoacán. Hydroides cf. amri, previously recorded as H. brachyacantha from Oahu, Hawaii, is more similar to H. amri from Australia. The number of sabellids recorded for the Tropical Eastern Pacific increased to 33, the serpulid species to 35.}, }
@article {pmid27988649, year = {2016}, author = {Lawrence, JF}, title = {The Australian Ciidae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea): A Preliminary Revision.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4198}, number = {1}, pages = {zootaxa.4198.1.1}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4198.1.1}, pmid = {27988649}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Coleoptera/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Male ; }, abstract = {The Australian ciid fauna is revised based on 75 described species (56 of them new) and three undescribed species, placed in 22 genera (nine of them new and nine newly recorded from Australia). The revision is considered preliminary, since about 50 other undescribed Australian species have been seen (usually as uniques or in short series), and it is likely that more will be found with increased intensive collecting. One additional New Caledonian species is also described, and one Cis species is considered to be based on a mislabelled Hawaiian specimen. The subfamily Ciinae, to which all species belong, is described based on adults and larvae, and keys are included to all known Australian genera and described species. Where material has been available, male and female genitalia have been described and many of those illustrated. The following new genera are described: Amphibolocis Lawrence gen. nov., Australocis Lawrence gen. nov., Ctenocis Lawrence gen. nov., Echinocis Lawrence gen. nov., Ditrichocis Lawrence gen. nov., Glyphidope Lawrence gen. nov., Malleecis Lawrence gen. nov., Notapterocis Lawrence gen. nov., Pseudeuxestocis Lawrence gen. nov. The following genera are recorded for the first time from Australia: Acanthocis Miyatake, Ceracis Mellié, Dichodontocis Kawanabe, Ennearthron Mellié, Hadreule Thomson, Neoennearthron Miyatake, Paratrichapus Scott, Scolytocis Blair and Xylographella Miyatake (the last three without described Australian species). The following new species are described (all native to Australia or its territories, unless otherwise indicated): Amphibolocis glabratus Lawrence, sp. nov., Australocis ruber Lawrence, sp. nov., Ceracis christmasensis Lawrence, sp. nov., Cer. communis Lawrence, sp. nov., Cer. divergens Lawrence sp. nov., Cer. fictus Lawrence sp. nov., Cis biconcavus Lawrence &amp; Paviour-Smith, sp. nov., C. bisericeus Lawrence sp. nov., C. blackburni Lawrence &amp; Paviour-Smith sp. nov., C. canberrae Lawrence sp. nov., C. capillatus Lawrence sp. nov., C. clypeodentes Lawrence &amp; Paviour-Smith sp. nov., C. convexiformis Lawrence sp. nov., C. crassus Lawrence sp. nov., C. deficiens Lawrence sp. nov., C. denticulatus Lawrence sp. nov., C. deserticolus Lawrence sp. nov., C. dissidens Lawrence sp. nov., C. echidnoides Lawrence &amp; Paviour-Smith sp. nov., C. eremicus Lawrence sp. nov., C. guangxiensis Lawrence sp. nov. (introduced from China), C. inflatus Lawrence, sp. nov., C. microcerus Lawrence sp. nov., C. minutipunctatus Lawrence sp. nov., C. nitidonotum Lawrence sp. nov., C. obscuronotum Lawrence sp. nov., C. parviniger Lawrence sp. nov., C. planomarginatus Lawrence &amp; Paviour-Smith sp. nov., C. simillimus Lawrence sp. nov., C. sordidus Lawrence &amp; Paviour-Smith, sp. nov., C. subglaber Lawrence &amp; Paviour-Smith sp. nov., C. subparallelus Lawrence sp. nov., C. tasmanorae Lawrence sp. nov., C. tricolor Lawrence sp. nov., C. victoriae Lawrence sp. nov., C. yorkensis Lawrence sp. nov., Ctenocis caledonicus Lawrence sp. nov. (New Caledonia), Ctenocis pectinipes Lawrence &amp; Paviour-Smith sp. nov., Dichodontocis queenslandicus Lawrence sp. nov., Echinocis phellinophilus Lawrence sp. nov., Ennearthron alienindicus Lawrence sp. nov. (introduced from India), Glyphidope simplex Lawrence sp. nov., G. variabilis Lawrence sp. nov., Hadreule australiense Lawrence sp. nov., Malleecis flavus Lawrence sp. nov., Neoennearthron meridionale sp. nov., Notapterocis ellipticus Lawrence sp. nov., Notapterocis globulus Lawrence sp. nov., Notapterocis grossulus Lawrence sp. nov., Notapterocis hirsutulus Lawrence sp. nov., Notapterocis sannio Lawrence sp. nov., Octotemnus ambiguus Lawrence sp. nov., Octotemnus exilis Lawrence sp. nov., Orthocis latemarginatus Lawrence sp. nov., Orthocis quadrimaculatus Lawrence sp. nov., Pseudeuxestocis burwelli Lawrence sp. nov. The following new combinations are proposed: Acanthocis armiger (Blair, 1940) (Cis), comb. nov., Ctenocis zeelandicus (Reitter, 1880) (Cis), comb. nov., Ditrichocis pulchellus (Scott, 1926) (Ennearthron), comb. nov., Ditrichocis bifasciatus (Reitter, 1877) (Cis), comb. nov. and Paratrichapus lobipes (Broun, 1895) (Cis), comb. nov. The following synonymies are proposed: Cis recurvatus Broun, 1883 (= Cis victoriensis Blackburn, 1891 syn. nov., = Cis tasmanicus Blair, 1940 syn. n.). The following 13 genera are redescribed: Acanthocis Miyatake, 1955; Ceracis Mellié, 1849; Cis Latreille, 1796; Dichodontocis Kawanabe, 1994; Ennearthron Mellié, 1847; Hadreule Thomson, 1859; Neoennearthron Miyatake, 1954; Octotemnus Mellié, 1847; Orthocis Casey, 1898; Paratrichapus Scott, 1926; Scolytocis Blair, 1928; Xylographella Miyatake, 1985; Xylographus Mellié, 1847. The following 20 species are redescribed: Acanthocis armiger (Blair, 1940); Cis australis Blackburn, 1888; Cis bilamellatus Wood, 1884; Cis cavifrons Blair, 1940; Cis cervus Blair, 1940; Cis chinensis Lawrence, 1991; Cis clarki Blair, 1940; Cis fuscipes Mellié, 1849; Cis laminicollis Blair, 1940; Cis recurvatus Broun, 1883; Cis sellatus Blair, 1940; Cis setiferus Blackburn, 1888; Cis walkeri Blair, 1940; Ditrichocis pulchellus (Scott, 1926); Octotemnus dilutipes (Blackburn, 1891); Octotemnus walkeri Blair, 1940; Orthocis aequalis (Blackburn, 1888); Orthocis auriculariae Lawrence, 1991; Orthocis leanus (Blackburn, 1907); Xylographus bynoei Blair, 1940. The introduced species Cis chinensis Lawrence, 1991, and Orthocis auriculariae Lawrence, 1991, are recorded for the first time from Australia. The species Cis adelaidae Blackburn, 1888, is considered to be based on a mislabelled Hawaiian species near Cis setarius Sharp in Blackburn &amp; Sharp, 1885. The name Cis sharpi Lawrence nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for another species in this Hawaiian group: Cis bimaculatus Sharp in Blackburn &amp; Sharp, 1885, not Germain, 1855. Lectotypes are designated for Acanthocis armiger (Blair, 1940), Cis cavifrons Blair, 1940, Cis clarki Blair, 1940, Cis laminicollis Blair, 1940, Cis recurvatus Broun, 1883, Octotemnus walkeri Blair, 1940 and Orthocis leanus (Blackburn, 1907).}, }
@article {pmid27987302, year = {2017}, author = {López-Núñez, FA and Heleno, RH and Ribeiro, S and Marchante, H and Marchante, E}, title = {Four-trophic level food webs reveal the cascading impacts of an invasive plant targeted for biocontrol.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, pages = {782-793}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1701}, pmid = {27987302}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Food Chain ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological ; *Plants ; Portugal ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a major threat to biodiversity and as such understanding their impacts is a research priority. Ecological networks provide a valuable tool to explore such impacts at the community level, and can be particularly insightful for planning and monitoring biocontrol programmes, including the potential for their seldom evaluated indirect non-target effects. Acacia longifolia is among the worst invasive species in Portugal, and has been recently targeted for biocontrol by a highly specific gall-wasp. Here we use an ambitious replicated network approach to: (1) identify the mechanisms by which direct and indirect impacts of A. longifolia can cascade from plants to higher trophic levels, including gallers, their parasitoids and inquilines; (2) reveal the structure of the interaction networks between plants, gallers, parasitoids and inquilines before the biocontrol; and (3) explore the potential for indirect interactions among gallers, including those established with the biocontrol agent, via apparent competition. Over a 15-month period, we collected 31,737 galls from native plants and identified all emerging insects, quantifying the interactions between 219 plant-, 49 galler-, 65 parasitoid- and 87 inquiline-species-one of the largest ecological networks to date. No galls were found on any of the 16 alien plant species. Invasion by A. longifolia caused an alarming simplification of plant communities, with cascading effects to higher trophic levels, namely: a decline of overall gall biomass, and on the richness, abundance and biomass of galler insects, their parasitoids, and inquilines. Correspondingly, we detected a significant decline in the richness of interactions between plants and galls. The invasion tended to increase overall interaction evenness by promoting the local extinction of the native plants that sustained more gall species. However, highly idiosyncratic responses hindered the detection of further consistent changes in network topology. Predictions of indirect effects of the biocontrol on native gallers via apparent competition ranged from negligible to highly significant. Such scenarios are incredibly hard to predict, but even if there are risks of indirect effects it is critical to weigh them carefully against the consequences of inaction and invasive species spread.}, }
@article {pmid27986940, year = {2016}, author = {Coleman, TW and Smith, SL and Jones, MI and Graves, AD and Strom, BL}, title = {Effect of Contact Insecticides Against the Invasive Goldspotted Oak Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in California.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {109}, number = {6}, pages = {2436-2445}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow217}, pmid = {27986940}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Carbaryl ; *Coleoptera ; Feeding Behavior/drug effects ; Female ; *Insecticides ; *Introduced Species ; Longevity/drug effects ; Male ; Nitriles ; Permethrin ; Pyrethrins ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus auroguttatus Schaeffer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), was linked in 2008 to ongoing tree mortality in oak woodlands of southern California. Mortality of coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia Née, and California black oak, Q. kelloggii Newb., continues as this exotic phloem borer spreads in southern California. Management options are needed to preserve high-value oaks and maintain management objectives. From 2009 to 2012, we tested four contact insecticide formulations in four experiments against A auroguttatus in California. The impact of contact insecticides was evaluated ∼<1, 8, and 12 mo postapplication against A auroguttatus adults in no-choice leaf-feeding or walking bioassays. At <1 mo postapplication, bifenthrin, carbaryl, lambda-cyhalothrin, and permethrin all reduced adult survival and feeding in leaf-feeding and walking bioassays. At 8 mo postapplication, only bifenthrin reduced adult feeding, but had no effect on survivorship. At 12 mo postapplication, adult A auroguttatus survived fewer days and fed less in leaf-feeding bioassays with bifenthrin, carbaryl, and permerthin. These results support the annual application of contact insecticides prior to A auroguttatus' flight period to reduce adult leaf maturation feeding and activity on the bark surface (e.g., oviposition), but additional studies are needed to show these contact treatments can prevent tree mortality from this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid27984661, year = {2017}, author = {Gibb, H and Dunn, RR and Sanders, NJ and Grossman, BF and Photakis, M and Abril, S and Agosti, D and Andersen, AN and Angulo, E and Armbrecht, I and Arnan, X and Baccaro, FB and Bishop, TR and Boulay, R and Brühl, C and Castracani, C and Cerda, X and Del Toro, I and Delsinne, T and Diaz, M and Donoso, DA and Ellison, AM and Enriquez, ML and Fayle, TM and Feener, DH and Fisher, BL and Fisher, RN and Fitzpatrick, MC and Gómez, C and Gotelli, NJ and Gove, A and Grasso, DA and Groc, S and Guenard, B and Gunawardene, N and Heterick, B and Hoffmann, B and Janda, M and Jenkins, C and Kaspari, M and Klimes, P and Lach, L and Laeger, T and Lattke, J and Leponce, M and Lessard, JP and Longino, J and Lucky, A and Luke, SH and Majer, J and McGlynn, TP and Menke, S and Mezger, D and Mori, A and Moses, J and Munyai, TC and Pacheco, R and Paknia, O and Pearce-Duvet, J and Pfeiffer, M and Philpott, SM and Resasco, J and Retana, J and Silva, RR and Sorger, MD and Souza, J and Suarez, A and Tista, M and Vasconcelos, HL and Vonshak, M and Weiser, MD and Yates, M and Parr, CL}, title = {A global database of ant species abundances.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, pages = {883-884}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1682}, pmid = {27984661}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/classification/*physiology ; *Databases, Factual ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {What forces structure ecological assemblages? A key limitation to general insights about assemblage structure is the availability of data that are collected at a small spatial grain (local assemblages) and a large spatial extent (global coverage). Here, we present published and unpublished data from 51 ,388 ant abundance and occurrence records of more than 2,693 species and 7,953 morphospecies from local assemblages collected at 4,212 locations around the world. Ants were selected because they are diverse and abundant globally, comprise a large fraction of animal biomass in most terrestrial communities, and are key contributors to a range of ecosystem functions. Data were collected between 1949 and 2014, and include, for each geo-referenced sampling site, both the identity of the ants collected and details of sampling design, habitat type, and degree of disturbance. The aim of compiling this data set was to provide comprehensive species abundance data in order to test relationships between assemblage structure and environmental and biogeographic factors. Data were collected using a variety of standardized methods, such as pitfall and Winkler traps, and will be valuable for studies investigating large-scale forces structuring local assemblages. Understanding such relationships is particularly critical under current rates of global change. We encourage authors holding additional data on systematically collected ant assemblages, especially those in dry and cold, and remote areas, to contact us and contribute their data to this growing data set.}, }
@article {pmid27983773, year = {2017}, author = {Garvey, PM and Glen, AS and Clout, MN and Wyse, SV and Nichols, M and Pech, RP}, title = {Exploiting interspecific olfactory communication to monitor predators.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {389-402}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1483}, pmid = {27983773}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Female ; Ferrets/physiology ; Food Chain ; Hedgehogs/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mustelidae/*physiology ; New Zealand ; *Odorants ; *Olfactory Perception ; Pest Control/*methods ; Predatory Behavior ; Rats/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Olfaction is the primary sense of many mammals and subordinate predators use this sense to detect dominant species, thereby reducing the risk of an encounter and facilitating coexistence. Chemical signals can act as repellents or attractants and may therefore have applications for wildlife management. We devised a field experiment to investigate whether dominant predator (ferret Mustela furo) body odor would alter the behavior of three common mesopredators: stoats (Mustela erminea), hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus), and ship rats (Rattus rattus). We predicted that apex predator odor would lead to increased detections, and our results support this hypothesis as predator kairomones (interspecific olfactory messages that benefit the receiver) provoked "eavesdropping" behavior by mesopredators. Stoats exhibited the most pronounced responses, with kairomones significantly increasing the number of observations and the time spent at a site, so that their occupancy estimates changed from rare to widespread. Behavioral responses to predator odors can therefore be exploited for conservation and this avenue of research has not yet been extensively explored. A long-life lure derived from apex predator kairomones could have practical value, especially when there are plentiful resources that reduce the efficiency of food-based lures. Our results have application for pest management in New Zealand and the technique of using kairomones to monitor predators could have applications for conservation efforts worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid27983690, year = {2016}, author = {Wang, Z and Moshman, L and Kraus, EC and Wilson, BE and Acharya, N and Diaz, R}, title = {A Review of the Tawny Crazy Ant, Nylanderia fulva, an Emergent Ant Invader in the Southern United States: Is Biological Control a Feasible Management Option?.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {27983690}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {The tawny crazy ant, Nylanderia fulva (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), has invaded states of the U.S. including Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia. Native to South America, N. fulva is considered a pest in the U.S. capable of annoying homeowners and farmers, as well as displacing native ant species. As it continues to expand its range, there is a growing need to develop novel management techniques to control the pest and prevent further spread. Current management efforts rely heavily on chemical control, but these methods have not been successful. A review of the biology, taxonomy, ecology, and distribution of N. fulva, including discussion of ecological and economic consequences of this invasive species, is presented. Options for future management are suggested focusing on biological control, including parasitoid flies in the genus Pseudacteon, the microsporidian parasite Myrmecomorba nylanderiae, and a novel polynucleotide virus as potential biological control agents. We suggest further investigation of natural enemies present in the adventive range, as well as foreign exploration undertaken in the native range including Paraguay, Brazil, and Argentina. We conclude that N. fulva may be a suitable candidate for biological control.}, }
@article {pmid27982493, year = {2017}, author = {Duron, Q and Shiels, AB and Vidal, E}, title = {Control of invasive rats on islands and priorities for future action.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {761-771}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12885}, pmid = {27982493}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Australasia ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Islands ; *Rats ; }, abstract = {Invasive rats are one of the world's most successful animal groups that cause native species extinctions and ecosystem change, particularly on islands. On large islands, rat eradication is often impossible and population control, defined as the local limitation of rat abundance, is now routinely performed on many of the world's islands as an alternative management tool. However, a synthesis of the motivations, techniques, costs, and outcomes of such rat-control projects is lacking. We reviewed the literature, searched relevant websites, and conducted a survey via a questionnaire to synthesize the available information on rat-control projects in island natural areas worldwide to improve rat management and native species conservation. Data were collected from 136 projects conducted over the last 40 years; most were located in Australasia (46%) and the tropical Pacific (25%) in forest ecosystems (65%) and coastal strands (22%). Most of the projects targeted Rattus rattus and most (82%) were aimed at protecting birds and endangered ecosystems. Poisoning (35%) and a combination of trapping and poisoning (42%) were the most common methods. Poisoning allows for treatment of larger areas, and poison projects generally last longer than trapping projects. Second-generation anticoagulants (mainly brodifacoum and bromadiolone) were used most often. The median annual cost for rat-control projects was US$17,262 or US$227/ha. Median project duration was 4 years. For 58% of the projects, rat population reduction was reported, and 51% of projects showed evidence of positive effects on biodiversity. Our data were from few countries, revealing the need to expand rat-control distribution especially in some biodiversity hotspots. Improvement in control methods is needed as is regular monitoring to assess short- and long-term effectiveness of rat-control.}, }
@article {pmid27981354, year = {2017}, author = {Van den Bosch, K and Matthews, JW}, title = {An Assessment of Long-Term Compliance with Performance Standards in Compensatory Mitigation Wetlands.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {59}, number = {4}, pages = {546-556}, pmid = {27981354}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Environmental Monitoring/methods/standards ; Forests ; Illinois ; Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment ; Time Factors ; Trees/*growth &amp; development ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Under the US Clean Water Act, wetland restoration is used to compensate for adverse impacts to wetlands. Following construction, compensation wetlands are monitored for approximately 5 years to determine if they comply with project-specific performance standards. Once a compensation site complies with performance standards, it is assumed that the site will continue to meet standards indefinitely. However, there have been few assessments of long-term compliance. We surveyed, in 2012, 30 compensation sites 8-20 years after restoration to determine whether projects continued to meet performance standards. Additionally, we compared floristic quality of compensation sites to the quality of adjacent natural wetlands to determine whether wetland condition in compensation sites could be predicted based on the condition of nearby wetlands. Compensation sites met, on average, 65% of standards during the final year of monitoring and 53% of standards in 2012, a significant decrease in compliance. Although forested wetlands often failed to meet standards for planted tree survival, the temporal decrease in compliance was driven by increasing dominance by invasive plants in emergent wetlands. The presumption of continued compliance with performance standards after a 5-year monitoring period was not supported. Wetlands restored near better quality natural wetlands achieved and maintained greater floristic quality, suggesting that landscape context was an important determinant of long-term restoration outcomes. Based on our findings, we recommend that compensation wetlands should be monitored for longer time periods, and we suggest that nearby or adjacent natural wetlands provide good examples of reasonably achievable restoration outcomes in a particular landscape.}, }
@article {pmid27976462, year = {2017}, author = {Pertierra, LR and Aragón, P and Shaw, JD and Bergstrom, DM and Terauds, A and Olalla-Tárraga, M&#xc1;}, title = {Global thermal niche models of two European grasses show high invasion risks in Antarctica.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {23}, number = {7}, pages = {2863-2873}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13596}, pmid = {27976462}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; Ecology ; Forecasting ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Seasons ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The two non-native grasses that have established long-term populations in Antarctica (Poa pratensis and Poa annua) were studied from a global multidimensional thermal niche perspective to address the biological invasion risk to Antarctica. These two species exhibit contrasting introduction histories and reproductive strategies and represent two referential case studies of biological invasion processes. We used a multistep process with a range of species distribution modelling techniques (ecological niche factor analysis, multidimensional envelopes, distance/entropy algorithms) together with a suite of thermoclimatic variables, to characterize the potential ranges of these species. Their native bioclimatic thermal envelopes in Eurasia, together with the different naturalized populations across continents, were compared next. The potential niche of P. pratensis was wider at the cold extremes; however, P. annua life history attributes enable it to be a more successful colonizer. We observe that particularly cold summers are a key aspect of the unique Antarctic environment. In consequence, ruderals such as P. annua can quickly expand under such harsh conditions, whereas the more stress-tolerant P. pratensis endures and persist through steady growth. Compiled data on human pressure at the Antarctic Peninsula allowed us to provide site-specific biosecurity risk indicators. We conclude that several areas across the region are vulnerable to invasions from these and other similar species. This can only be visualized in species distribution models (SDMs) when accounting for founder populations that reveal nonanalogous conditions. Results reinforce the need for strict management practices to minimize introductions. Furthermore, our novel set of temperature-based bioclimatic GIS layers for ice-free terrestrial Antarctica provide a mechanism for regional and global species distribution models to be built for other potentially invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid27974070, year = {2017}, author = {Uyi, OO and Zachariades, C and Marais, E and Hill, MP}, title = {Reduced mobility but high survival: thermal tolerance and locomotor response of the specialist herbivore, Pareuchaetes insulata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), to low temperatures.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {107}, number = {4}, pages = {448-457}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485316001103}, pmid = {27974070}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate ; Female ; Florida ; Introduced Species ; Locomotion ; Male ; Microclimate ; Moths/*physiology ; Pest Control, Biological ; South Africa ; *Thermotolerance ; }, abstract = {Disentangling the responses of insects to variations in their thermal environment is central to our understanding of the evolution of temperature-dependent performance in these species. Here, we report results of experiments examining the effects of high (upper lethal temperature = ULT) and low (lower lethal temperature = LLT) temperature and exposure time on the survival of larvae and adults of a multivoltine, nocturnal moth species, Pareuchaetes insulata, a biological control agent whose impact on an invasive weed, Chromolaena odorata has been variable in South Africa. The influence of temperature and acclimation on locomotion performance of the moth was also investigated. Temperature and duration of exposure significantly affected survival of both adults and larvae of P. insulata with more extreme temperatures and/or longer durations proving to be more lethal. Third instar larvae and adults are both freeze intolerant and had LT50 of -5.9 and -4.7°C, respectively, after a 2 h exposure. Although cold acclimation was beneficial to the nocturnal larvae, temperatures below 10°C significantly reduce their locomotion activities. The average daily minimum temperatures in the coldest months at three locations in South Africa are over 5°C lower than those of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA, where P. insulata was originally collected. Our results suggest that lethal high or low temperatures at short timescales are trivial in explaining the variable performance of P. insulata, but reduced locomotion at sub-lethal temperatures may be an important driver of the population dynamics of the biocontrol agent (especially in winter months) and may consequently explain the low population levels of the moth because of possible reduced feeding by larvae during night-time low temperatures.}, }
@article {pmid27974049, year = {2016}, author = {Chen, W and Hasegawa, DK and Kaur, N and Kliot, A and Pinheiro, PV and Luan, J and Stensmyr, MC and Zheng, Y and Liu, W and Sun, H and Xu, Y and Luo, Y and Kruse, A and Yang, X and Kontsedalov, S and Lebedev, G and Fisher, TW and Nelson, DR and Hunter, WB and Brown, JK and Jander, G and Cilia, M and Douglas, AE and Ghanim, M and Simmons, AM and Wintermantel, WM and Ling, KS and Fei, Z}, title = {The draft genome of whitefly Bemisia tabaci MEAM1, a global crop pest, provides novel insights into virus transmission, host adaptation, and insecticide resistance.}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {110}, pmid = {27974049}, issn = {1741-7007}, mesh = {Animals ; Genome, Insect/*genetics ; Hemiptera/drug effects/*genetics ; Insect Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Insecticide Resistance/genetics/physiology ; Plant Viruses/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is among the 100 worst invasive species in the world. As one of the most important crop pests and virus vectors, B. tabaci causes substantial crop losses and poses a serious threat to global food security.<br><br>RESULTS: We report the 615-Mb high-quality genome sequence of B. tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), the first genome sequence in the Aleyrodidae family, which contains 15,664 protein-coding genes. The B. tabaci genome is highly divergent from other sequenced hemipteran genomes, sharing no detectable synteny. A number of known detoxification gene families, including cytochrome P450s and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, are significantly expanded in B. tabaci. Other expanded gene families, including cathepsins, large clusters of tandemly duplicated B. tabaci-specific genes, and phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins (PEBPs), were found to be associated with virus acquisition and transmission and/or insecticide resistance, likely contributing to the global invasiveness and efficient virus transmission capacity of B. tabaci. The presence of 142 horizontally transferred genes from bacteria or fungi in the B. tabaci genome, including genes encoding hopanoid/sterol synthesis and xenobiotic detoxification enzymes that are not present in other insects, offers novel insights into the unique biological adaptations of this insect such as polyphagy and insecticide resistance. Interestingly, two adjacent bacterial pantothenate biosynthesis genes, panB and panC, have been co-transferred into B. tabaci and fused into a single gene that has acquired introns during its evolution.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The B. tabaci genome contains numerous genetic novelties, including expansions in gene families associated with insecticide resistance, detoxification and virus transmission, as well as numerous horizontally transferred genes from bacteria and fungi. We believe these novelties likely have shaped B. tabaci as a highly invasive polyphagous crop pest and efficient vector of plant viruses. The genome serves as a reference for resolving the B. tabaci cryptic species complex, understanding fundamental biological novelties, and providing valuable genetic information to assist the development of novel strategies for controlling whiteflies and the viruses they transmit.}, }
@article {pmid27966602, year = {2016}, author = {Peñarrubia, L and Alcaraz, C and Vaate, AB and Sanz, N and Pla, C and Vidal, O and Viñas, J}, title = {Validated methodology for quantifying infestation levels of dreissenid mussels in environmental DNA (eDNA) samples.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {39067}, pmid = {27966602}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/genetics ; Dreissena/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Fresh Water/chemistry/*parasitology ; Histones/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Water Purification ; }, abstract = {The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha Pallas, 1771) and the quagga mussel (D. rostriformis Deshayes, 1838) are successful invasive bivalves with substantial ecological and economic impacts in freshwater systems once they become established. Since their eradication is extremely difficult, their detection at an early stage is crucial to prevent spread. In this study, we optimized and validated a qPCR detection method based on the histone H2B gene to quantify combined infestation levels of zebra and quagga mussels in environmental DNA samples. Our results show specific dreissenid DNA present in filtered water samples for which microscopic diagnostic identification for larvae failed. Monitoring a large number of locations for invasive dreissenid species based on a highly specific environmental DNA qPCR assay may prove to be an essential tool for management and control plans focused on prevention of establishment of dreissenid mussels in new locations.}, }
@article {pmid27965703, year = {2016}, author = {Mansfield, S}, title = {New Communities on Eucalypts Grown Outside Australia.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {1812}, pmid = {27965703}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The expansion of eucalypt forestry worldwide has been accompanied by accidental and deliberate introductions of Australian insects associated with eucalypts. Local insect species have also colonized introduced eucalypts in many regions. This situation provides a unique opportunity to observe the development of new insect communities across trophic levels. Here the history of Australian invaders and native colonizers on eucalypts outside Australia is reviewed from the perspective of herbivore guilds: leaf chewers, sap suckers, wood borers, gall formers, termites. Historical patterns of invasion are identified across these guilds. Very few species of Australian leaf chewers, wood borers or termites have become widespread but these guilds are proportionately high in native colonizers. In contrast, sap suckers have multiple invasive species globally with relatively fewer native colonizers. The gall former guild also has several invasive species but so far includes no native colonizers, perhaps due to their tendency to have highly specific host plant associations. Natural enemies of Australian invaders are also members of new eucalypt insect communities, partly through planned biological control programs, but the rate of accidental introductions at higher trophic levels is increasing steadily. At the same time, local natural enemies enter eucalypt communities either to form new associations with Australian invaders or to follow native colonizers into this new habitat. Australian sap suckers have attracted far more new associations than other guilds so far. Native leaf chewers have often been followed by their local natural enemies into eucalypt communities, particularly in Brazil. Generally there are fewer records relating to local natural enemies and their role in new eucalypt communities. The complexity of new eucalypt communities outside Australia is expected to increase in future.}, }
@article {pmid27965240, year = {2016}, author = {Murphy, JE and Burns, JH and Fougère-Danezan, M and Drenovsky, RE}, title = {Functional trait values, not trait plasticity, drive the invasiveness of Rosa sp. in response to light availability.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {103}, number = {12}, pages = {2058-2069}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1600235}, pmid = {27965240}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; Phenotype ; Photosynthesis ; Phylogeny ; Plant Leaves/genetics/physiology/radiation effects ; Plant Stomata/genetics/physiology/radiation effects ; Rosa/genetics/*physiology/radiation effects ; Seeds/genetics/physiology/radiation effects ; Water/metabolism ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Functional trait plasticity in resource capture traits has been suggested as an underlying mechanism promoting invasive species establishment and spread. Earlier studies on this mechanism treat invasiveness as a discrete characteristic (i.e., invasive vs. noninvasive) and do not consider the potential impacts of evolutionary history. In the present study, we used a continuous measure of invasiveness and a phylogenetic framework to quantify the relationship between functional trait expression, plasticity, and invasiveness in Rosa.<br><br>METHODS: In a manipulative greenhouse experiment, we evaluated how light availability affects functional traits and their plasticity in Rosa sp. and the out-group species, Potentilla recta, which vary in their invasiveness.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Across functional traits, we found no significant relationship between plasticity and invasiveness. However, more invasive roses demonstrated an ability to produce a more branched plant architecture, promoting optimal light capture. Invasiveness also was linked with lower photosynthetic and stomatal conductance rates, leading to increased water-use efficiency (WUE) in more invasive roses.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that functional trait values, rather than plasticity, promote invasive rose success, counter to earlier predictions about the role of plasticity in invasiveness. Furthermore, our study indicates that invasive roses demonstrate key functional traits, such as increased WUE, to promote their success in the high-light, edge habitats they commonly invade.}, }
@article {pmid27965239, year = {2016}, author = {Wang, P and Alpert, P and Yu, FH}, title = {Clonal integration increases relative competitive ability in an invasive aquatic plant.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {103}, number = {12}, pages = {2079-2086}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1600160}, pmid = {27965239}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms ; Araceae/*physiology ; Clone Cells ; Ecosystem ; Eichhornia/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Physiological integration between connected ramets is well known to increase performance of clonal plant species. However, no direct evidence appears to exist that integration can increase the ability of clonal species to compete with other species within mixed communities. We tested this hypothesis using two floating, invasive, aquatic species in which fragmentation-and thus extent of integration-is likely to vary between habitats and times.<br><br>METHODS: Individual ramets of Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes were grown in monoculture or in mixture, and new stolons bearing new offspring were severed or left intact. After 6 wk, the numbers of offspring and second-generation (2&#xb0;) offspring produced by each original ramet, or parent, were counted; and the final dry mass of each parent, its stolons, its offspring, and its 2&#xb0; offspring were measured.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Fragmentation decreased the relative competitive ability of Pistia, but not that of Eichhornia. This was mainly because Pistia accumulated &#x223c;30% less dry mass of offspring when fragmented and grown with Eichhornia than in other treatments. Offspring of Pistia were smaller than those of Eichhornia in all treatments.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that clonal integration can increase competitive ability in some clonal species. In this case, integration appeared to enable the small offspring of Pistia to compete more effectively with the large offspring of Eichhornia. Lower rates of fragmentation may select for production of more numerous, smaller vegetative offspring in clonal species.}, }
@article {pmid27955953, year = {2017}, author = {Sutherland, WJ and Barnard, P and Broad, S and Clout, M and Connor, B and Côté, IM and Dicks, LV and Doran, H and Entwistle, AC and Fleishman, E and Fox, M and Gaston, KJ and Gibbons, DW and Jiang, Z and Keim, B and Lickorish, FA and Markillie, P and Monk, KA and Pearce-Higgins, JW and Peck, LS and Pretty, J and Spalding, MD and Tonneijck, FH and Wintle, BC and Ockendon, N}, title = {A 2017 Horizon Scan of Emerging Issues for Global Conservation and Biological Diversity.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {31-40}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2016.11.005}, pmid = {27955953}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Forecasting ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {We present the results of our eighth annual horizon scan of emerging issues likely to affect global biological diversity, the environment, and conservation efforts in the future. The potential effects of these novel issues might not yet be fully recognized or understood by the global conservation community, and the issues can be regarded as both opportunities and risks. A diverse international team with collective expertise in horizon scanning, science communication, and conservation research, practice, and policy reviewed 100 potential issues and identified 15 that qualified as emerging, with potential substantial global effects. These issues include new developments in energy storage and fuel production, sand extraction, potential solutions to combat coral bleaching and invasive marine species, and blockchain technology.}, }
@article {pmid27951468, year = {2017}, author = {Velez, C and Figueira, E and Soares, AM and Freitas, R}, title = {Effects of seawater temperature increase on economically relevant native and introduced clam species.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {123}, number = {}, pages = {62-70}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.11.010}, pmid = {27951468}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; Climate Change ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fisheries/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Introduced Species ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Shellfish/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Stress, Physiological ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {As a consequence of climate change, global warming is expected to increase during the 21[st] century. Taking this into account, the impact of rising temperatures on the native Ruditapes decussatus and introduced R. philippinarum bivalve species was assessed, through biochemical and mRNA transcription analyses. Our findings showed that at 21 °C the electron transport system and antioxidant enzyme activity, as well as the expression of Hsp70 gene were induced in R. decussatus when compared with 17 °C. On the other hand, at 25 °C results suggested that R. decussatus closed their valves during short periods, as a behavioral strategy, down-regulating the expression of genes associated with mitochondrial metabolism (Cox-1 and 16S) and chaperone function (Hsp70) compared with organisms at 17 °C. In addition, the introduced species (R. philippinarum) increased the electron transport system and antioxidant activities, as well as gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and molecular chaperone (Hsp70) at 21 °C. However, antioxidant mechanisms were not enough to prevent lipid membrane damages at 21 °C. At 25 °C R. philippinarum presented increased electron transport system and antioxidant activity, as well as the expression of genes associated with apoptosis regulation and molecular chaperone. Overall, the present findings indicate that in a global warming scenario both species are able to induce different mechanisms to mitigate the impacts of temperature increase.}, }
@article {pmid27943618, year = {2017}, author = {Farnsworth, D and Hamby, KA and Bolda, M and Goodhue, RE and Williams, JC and Zalom, FG}, title = {Economic analysis of revenue losses and control costs associated with the spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), in the California raspberry industry.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {73}, number = {6}, pages = {1083-1090}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4497}, pmid = {27943618}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Crops, Agricultural/*economics ; *Drosophila ; Insect Control/*economics/methods ; Insecticides/economics ; Organic Agriculture/economics/methods ; Rubus/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), is an invasive vinegar fly with a preference for infesting commercially viable berries and stone fruits. SWD infestations can reduce yields significantly, necessitating additional management activities. This analysis estimates economic losses in the California raspberry industry that have resulted from the SWD invasion.<br><br>RESULTS: California raspberry producers experienced considerable revenue losses and management costs in the first years following SWD's invasion of North America. Conventional producers have since developed effective chemical management programs, virtually eliminating revenue losses due to SWD and reducing the cost of management to that of purchasing and applying insecticides more often. Organic raspberry producers, who do not have access to the same chemical controls, continue to confront substantial SWD-related revenue losses. These losses can be mitigated only by applying expensive insecticides registered for organic use and by performing labor-intensive field sanitation.<br><br>CONCLUSION: SWD's invasion into North America has caused extensive crop losses to berry and cherry crops in California and elsewhere. Agricultural producers and researchers have responded quickly to this pest by developing management programs that significantly reduce revenue losses. Economic losses are expected to continue to fall as producers learn to manage SWD more efficiently and as new control tactics become available. &#xa9; 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid27942863, year = {2017}, author = {Gehman, AM and Byers, JE}, title = {Non-native parasite enhances susceptibility of host to native predators.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {183}, number = {4}, pages = {919-926}, pmid = {27942863}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura ; *Parasites ; *Predatory Behavior ; Thoracica ; }, abstract = {Parasites often alter host physiology and behavior, which can enhance predation risk for infected hosts. Higher consumption of parasitized prey can in turn lead to a less parasitized prey population (the healthy herd hypothesis). Loxothylacus panopaei is a non-native castrating barnacle parasite on the mud crab Eurypanopeus depressus along the Atlantic coast. Through prey choice mesocosm experiments and a field tethering experiment, we investigated whether the predatory crab Callinectes sapidus and other predators preferentially feed on E. depressus infected with L. panopaei. We found that C. sapidus preferentially consumed infected E. depressus 3 to 1 over visibly uninfected E. depressus in the mesocosm experiments. Similarly, infected E. depressus were consumed 1.2 to 1 over uninfected conspecifics in field tethering trials. We evaluated a mechanism behind this skewed prey choice, specifically whether L. panopaei affects E. depressus movement, making infected prey more vulnerable to predator attack. Counter to our expectations, infected E. depressus ran faster during laboratory trials than uninfected E. depressus, suggesting that quick movement may not decrease predation risk and seems instead to make the prey more vulnerable. Ultimately, the preferential consumption of L. panopaei-infected prey by C. sapidus highlights how interactions between organisms could affect where novel parasites are able to thrive.}, }
@article {pmid27936498, year = {2017}, author = {Guiden, PW and Orrock, JL}, title = {Invasive exotic shrub modifies a classic animal-habitat relationship and alters patterns of vertebrate seed predation.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {2}, pages = {321-327}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1678}, pmid = {27936498}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Peromyscus/physiology ; Plants ; *Seeds ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {Recent evidence suggests that invasive exotic plants can provide novel habitats that alter animal behavior. However, it remains unclear whether classic animal-habitat associations that influence the spatial distribution of plant-animal interactions, such as small mammal use of downed woody debris, persist in invaded habitats. We removed an invasive exotic shrub (buckthorn, Rhamnus cathartica) from 7 of 15 plots in Wisconsin. In each plot, we deployed 200 tagged Quercus rubra seeds in November 2014. After five months, tags were recovered to track spatial patterns of small mammal seed predation. Most recovered tags were associated with consumed seeds (95%); live-trapping, ancillary camera-trapping, and previous behavioral studies suggest that white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) were responsible for most seed predation. In habitats without R. cathartica, most seed predation occurred near woody debris. In habitats with R. cathartica, small mammals rarely consumed seeds near woody debris, and seed predation occurred farther from the plot center and was less spatially clustered. Our results illustrate that invasive exotic shrubs can disrupt an otherwise common animal-habitat relationship. Failing to account for changes in habitat use may diminish our ability to predict animal distributions and outcomes of species interactions in novel habitats created by invasive exotic plants.}, }
@article {pmid27936209, year = {2016}, author = {Kampen, H and Kuhlisch, C and Fröhlich, A and Scheuch, DE and Walther, D}, title = {Occurrence and Spread of the Invasive Asian Bush Mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in West and North Germany since Detection in 2012 and 2013, Respectively.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {e0167948}, pmid = {27936209}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Germany ; History, 21st Century ; *Introduced Species ; Population Growth ; }, abstract = {The invasive Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus was first recognised as established in Germany in 2008. In addition to the first known and quickly expanding population in the southwestern part of the country, three separate populations were discovered in West, North and southeastern Germany in 2012, 2013 and 2015, respectively, by means of the 'Mueckenatlas', a German instrument of passive mosquito surveillance. Since the first findings of mosquito specimens in West and North Germany, these regions were checked annually for continuing colonisation and spread of the species. Both affected areas were covered by a virtual 10x10km2 grid pattern in the cells of which cemeteries were screened for immature stages of the mosquito. The cells were considered populated as soon as larvae or pupae were detected, whereas they were classified as negative when no mosquito stages were found in the cemeteries of at least three different towns or villages. Presence was also recorded when Ae. j. japonicus adults were submitted to the 'Mueckenatlas' from the respective cell or when there was evidence of local occurrence in localities other than cemeteries. Based on this approach, a significant expansion of the populated area was documented in West Germany since the first detection of Ae. j. japonicus in 2012 (increase in positive grid cells by more than 400%), while the North German population appears not to be expanding so far (reduction of positive grid cells by ca. 30% since 2013). As Ae. j. japonicus finds suitable climatic and ecological conditions in Germany, the differential expansion of the two populations might be attributed to the West German population being older and thus more firmly established than the closely related but younger North German population that might still be in its founder phase. However, geographic spread of all German populations in the future is anticipated. Continuous surveillance is recommended, as Ae. j. japonicus is a competent vector of several pathogens in the laboratory.}, }
@article {pmid27935961, year = {2016}, author = {Nally, JE and Arent, Z and Bayles, DO and Hornsby, RL and Gilmore, C and Regan, S and McDevitt, AD and Yearsley, J and Fanning, S and McMahon, BJ}, title = {Emerging Infectious Disease Implications of Invasive Mammalian Species: The Greater White-Toothed Shrew (Crocidura russula) Is Associated With a Novel Serovar of Pathogenic Leptospira in Ireland.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {e0005174}, pmid = {27935961}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Animals ; Azaguanine/pharmacology ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; China/epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/*microbiology/transmission ; Cricetinae ; Disease Vectors ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Ireland/epidemiology ; Japan/epidemiology ; Leptospira/classification/drug effects/*isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; Leptospirosis/epidemiology/*microbiology/transmission ; Lipoproteins/genetics ; Malaysia/epidemiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prohibitins ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Serogroup ; Shrews/*microbiology ; Zoonoses/epidemiology/microbiology/transmission ; }, abstract = {The greater white-toothed shrew (Crocidura russula) is an invasive mammalian species that was first recorded in Ireland in 2007. It currently occupies an area of approximately 7,600 km2 on the island. C. russula is normally distributed in Northern Africa and Western Europe, and was previously absent from the British Isles. Whilst invasive species can have dramatic and rapid impacts on faunal and floral communities, they may also be carriers of pathogens facilitating disease transmission in potentially naive populations. Pathogenic leptospires are endemic in Ireland and a significant cause of human and animal disease. From 18 trapped C. russula, 3 isolates of Leptospira were cultured. However, typing of these isolates by standard serological reference methods was negative, and suggested an, as yet, unidentified serovar. Sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA and secY indicated that these novel isolates belong to Leptospira alstonii, a unique pathogenic species of which only 7 isolates have been described to date. Earlier isolations were limited geographically to China, Japan and Malaysia, and this leptospiral species had not previously been cultured from mammals. Restriction enzyme analysis (REA) further confirms the novelty of these strains since no similar patterns were observed with a reference database of leptospires. As with other pathogenic Leptospira species, these isolates contain lipL32 and do not grow in the presence of 8-azagunaine; however no evidence of disease was apparent after experimental infection of hamsters. These isolates are genetically related to L. alstonii but have a novel REA pattern; they represent a new serovar which we designate as serovar Room22. This study demonstrates that invasive mammalian species act as bridge vectors of novel zoonotic pathogens such as Leptospira.}, }
@article {pmid27935839, year = {2016}, author = {Skov Sørensen, UB and Yao, K and Yang, Y and Tettelin, H and Kilian, M}, title = {Capsular Polysaccharide Expression in Commensal Streptococcus Species: Genetic and Antigenic Similarities to Streptococcus pneumoniae.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {27935839}, issn = {2150-7511}, mesh = {Antigens, Bacterial/*genetics ; Bacterial Capsules/*chemistry/immunology/*metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Genome, Bacterial ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/*biosynthesis/genetics ; Streptococcus/*genetics/metabolism ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/*genetics/metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Expression of a capsular polysaccharide is considered a hallmark of most invasive species of bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, in which the capsule is among the principal virulence factors and is the basis for successful vaccines. Consequently, it was previously assumed that capsule production distinguishes S. pneumoniae from closely related commensals of the mitis group streptococci. Based on antigenic and genetic analyses of 187 mitis group streptococci, including 90 recognized serotypes of S. pneumoniae, we demonstrated capsule production by the Wzy/Wzx pathway in 74% of 66 S. mitis strains and in virtually all tested strains of S. oralis (subspecies oralis, dentisani, and tigurinus) and S. infantis Additional analyses of genomes of S. cristatus, S. parasanguinis, S. australis, S. sanguinis, S. gordonii, S. anginosus, S. intermedius, and S. constellatus revealed complete capsular biosynthesis (cps) loci in all strains tested. Truncated cps loci were detected in three strains of S. pseudopneumoniae, in 26% of S. mitis strains, and in a single S. oralis strain. The level of sequence identities of cps locus genes confirmed that the structural polymorphism of capsular polysaccharides in S. pneumoniae evolved by import of cps fragments from commensal Streptococcus species, resulting in a mosaic of genes of different origins. The demonstrated antigenic identity of at least eight of the numerous capsular polysaccharide structures expressed by commensal streptococci with recognized serotypes of S. pneumoniae raises concerns about potential misidentifications in addition to important questions concerning the consequences for vaccination and host-parasite relationships both for the commensals and for the pathogen.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Expression of a capsular polysaccharide is among the principal virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae and is the basis for successful vaccines against infections caused by this important pathogen. Contrasting with previous assumptions, this study showed that expression of capsular polysaccharides by the same genetic mechanisms is a general property of closely related species of streptococci that form a significant part of our commensal microbiota. The demonstrated antigenic identity of many capsular polysaccharides expressed by commensal streptococci and S.&#xa0;pneumoniae raises important questions concerning the consequences for vaccination and host-parasite relationships both for the commensals and the pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid27935670, year = {2017}, author = {Douma, JC and van der Werf, W and Hemerik, L and Magnusson, C and Robinet, C}, title = {Development of a pathway model to assess the exposure of European pine trees to pine wood nematode via the trade of wood.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {769-785}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1480}, pmid = {27935670}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Commerce ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Pinus/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; Population Dynamics ; Tylenchida/*physiology ; Wood/economics/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a threat for pine species (Pinus spp.) throughout the world. The nematode is native to North America, and invaded Japan, China, Korea, and Taiwan, and more recently Portugal and Spain. PWN enters new areas through trade in wood products. Once established, eradication is not practically feasible. Therefore, preventing entry of PWN into new areas is crucial. Entry risk analysis can assist in targeting management to reduce the probability of entry. Assessing the entry of PWN is challenging due to the complexity of the wood trade and the wood processing chain. In this paper, we develop a pathway model that describes the wood trade and wood processing chain to determine the structure of the entry process. We consider entry of PWN through imported coniferous wood from China, a possible origin of Portuguese populations, to Europe. We show that exposure increased over years due to an increase in imports of sawn wood. From 2000 to 2012, Europe received an estimated 84 PWN propagules from China, 88% of which arose from imported sawn wood and 12% from round wood. The region in Portugal where the PWN was first reported is among those with the highest PWN transfer per unit of imported wood due to a high host cover and vector activity. An estimated 62% of PWN is expected to enter in countries where PWN is not expected to cause the wilt of pine trees because of low summer temperatures (e.g., Belgium, Sweden, Norway). In these countries, PWN is not easily detected, and such countries can thus serve as potential reservoirs of PWN. The model identifies ports and regions with high exposure, which helps targeting monitoring and surveillance, even in areas where wilt disease is not expected to occur. In addition, we show that exposure is most efficiently reduced by additional treatments in the country of origin, and/or import wood from PWN-free zones. Pathway modelling assists plant health managers in analyzing risks along the pathway and planning measures for enhancing biosecurity.}, }
@article {pmid27935663, year = {2017}, author = {Mitchell, RM and Bakker, JD and Vincent, JB and Davies, GM}, title = {Relative importance of abiotic, biotic, and disturbance drivers of plant community structure in the sagebrush steppe.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {756-768}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1479}, pmid = {27935663}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Artemisia ; *Biodiversity ; *Grassland ; Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Poaceae ; Washington ; }, abstract = {Abiotic conditions, biotic factors, and disturbances can act as filters that control community structure and composition. Understanding the relative importance of these drivers would allow us to understand and predict the causes and consequences of changes in community structure. We used long-term data (1989-2002) from the sagebrush steppe in the state of Washington, USA, to ask three questions: (1) What are the key drivers of community-level metrics of community structure? (2) Do community-level metrics and functional groups differ in magnitude or direction of response to drivers of community structure? (3) What is the relative importance of drivers of community structure? The vegetation in 2002 was expressed as seven response variables: three community-level metrics (species richness, total cover, compositional change from 1989 to 2002) and the relative abundances of four functional groups. We used a multi-model inference framework to identify a set of top models for each response metric beginning from a global model that included two abiotic drivers, six disturbances, a biotic driver (initial plant community), and interactions between the disturbance and biotic drivers. We also used a permutational relative variable importance metric to rank the influence of drivers. Moisture availability was the most important driver of species richness and of native forb cover. Fire was the most important driver of shrub cover and training area usage was important for compositional change, but disturbances, including grazing, were of secondary importance for most other variables. Biotic drivers, as represented by the initial plant communities, were the most important driver for total cover and for the relative covers of exotics and native grasses. Our results indicate that the relative importance of drivers is dependent on the choice of metric, and that drivers such as disturbance and initial plant community can interact.}, }
@article {pmid27935641, year = {2017}, author = {Taylor, KT and Maxwell, BD and McWethy, DB and Pauchard, A and Nuñez, MA and Whitlock, C}, title = {Pinus contorta invasions increase wildfire fuel loads and may create a positive feedback with fire.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, pages = {678-687}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1673}, pmid = {27935641}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Fires ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Pinus/*physiology ; *Wildfires ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant species that have the potential to alter fire regimes have significant impacts on native ecosystems. Concern that pine invasions in the Southern Hemisphere will increase fire activity and severity and subsequently promote further pine invasion prompted us to examine the potential for feedbacks between Pinus contorta invasions and fire in Patagonia and New Zealand. We determined how fuel loads and fire effects were altered by P. contorta invasion. We also examined post-fire plant communities across invasion gradients at a subset of sites to assess how invasion alters the post-fire vegetation trajectory. We found that fuel loads and soil heating during simulated fire increase with increasing P. contorta invasion age or density at all sites. However, P. contorta density did not always increase post-fire. In the largest fire, P. contorta density only increased significantly post-fire where the pre-fire P. contorta density was above an invasion threshold. Below this threshold, P. contorta did not dominate after fire and plant communities responded to fire in a similar manner as uninvaded communities. The positive feedback observed at high densities is caused by the accumulation of fuel that in turn results in greater soil heating during fires and high P. contorta density post-fire. Therefore, a positive feedback may form between P. contorta invasions and fire, but only above an invasion density threshold. These results suggest that management of pine invasions before they reach the invasion density threshold is important for reducing fire risk and preventing a transition to an alternate ecosystem state dominated by pines and novel understory plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid27935020, year = {2017}, author = {Menzel, A and Hempel, S and Klotz, S and Moora, M and Pyšek, P and Rillig, MC and Zobel, M and Kühn, I}, title = {Mycorrhizal status helps explain invasion success of alien plant species.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {1}, pages = {92-102}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1621}, pmid = {27935020}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Ecology ; Germany ; *Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Plants/*microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {It is still debated whether alien plants benefit from being mycorrhizal, or if engaging in the symbiosis constrains their establishment and spread in new regions. We analyzed the association between mycorrhizal status of alien plant species in Germany and their invasion success. We compared whether the representation of species with different mycorrhizal status (obligate, facultative, or non-mycorrhizal) differed at several stages of the invasion process. We used generalized linear models to explain the occupied geographical range of alien plants, incorporating interactions of mycorrhizal status with plant traits related to morphology, reproduction, and life-history. Non-naturalized aliens did not differ from naturalized aliens in the relative frequency of different mycorrhizal status categories. Mycorrhizal status significantly explained the occupied range of alien plants; with facultative mycorrhizal species inhabiting a larger range than non-mycorrhizal aliens and obligate mycorrhizal plant species taking an intermediate position. Aliens with storage organs, shoot metamorphoses, or specialized structures promoting vegetative dispersal occupied a larger range when being facultative mycorrhizal. We conclude that being mycorrhizal is important for the persistence of aliens in Germany and constitutes an advantage compared to being non-mycorrhizal. Being facultative mycorrhizal seems to be especially advantageous for successful spread, as the flexibility of this mycorrhizal status may enable plants to use a broader set of ecological strategies.}, }
@article {pmid27933168, year = {2016}, author = {Cortes, PA and Puschel, H and Acuña, P and Bartheld, JL and Bozinovic, F}, title = {Thermal ecological physiology of native and invasive frog species: do invaders perform better?.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {cow056}, pmid = {27933168}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Biological invasions are recognized as an important biotic component of global change that threatens the composition, structure and functioning of ecosystems, resulting in loss of biodiversity and displacement of native species. Although ecological characteristics facilitating the establishment and spread of non-native species are widely recognized, little is known about organismal attributes underlying invasion success. In this study, we tested the effect of thermal acclimation on thermal tolerance and locomotor performance in the invasive Xenopus laevis and the Chilean native Calyptocephalella gayi. In particular, the maximal righting performance (μMAX), optimal temperature (TO), lower (CTmin) and upper critical thermal limits (CTmax), thermal breadth (Tbr) and the area under the performance curve (AUC) were studied after 6 weeks acclimation to 10 and 20°C. We observed higher values of μmax and AUC in X. laevis in comparison to C. gayi. On the contrary, the invasive species showed lower values of CTmin in comparison to the native one. In contrast, CTmax, TO and Tbr showed no inter-specific differences. Moreover, we found that both species have the ability to acclimate their locomotor performance and lower thermal tolerance limit at low temperatures. Our results demonstrate that X. laevis is a better performer than C. gayi. Although there were differences in CTmin, the invasive and native frogs did not differ in their thermal tolerance. Interestingly, in both species the lower and upper critical thermal limits are beyond the minimal and maximal temperatures encountered in nature during the coldest and hottest month, respectively. Overall, our findings suggest that both X. laevis and C. gayi would be resilient to climate warming expectations in Chile.}, }
@article {pmid27933165, year = {2016}, author = {Allen, JL and Chown, SL and Janion-Scheepers, C and Clusella-Trullas, S}, title = {Interactions between rates of temperature change and acclimation affect latitudinal patterns of warming tolerance.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {cow053}, pmid = {27933165}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Critical thermal limits form an increasing component of the estimation of impacts of global change on ectotherms. Whether any consistent patterns exist in the interactive effects of rates of temperature change (or experimental ramping rates) and acclimation on critical thermal limits and warming tolerance (one way of assessing sensitivity to climate change) is, however, far from clear. Here, we examine the interacting effects of ramping rate and acclimation on the critical thermal maxima (CTmax) and minima (CTmin) and warming tolerance of six species of springtails from sub-tropical, temperate and polar regions. We also provide microhabitat temperatures from 26 sites spanning 5 years in order to benchmark environmentally relevant rates of temperature change. Ramping rate has larger effects than acclimation on CTmax, but the converse is true for CTmin. Responses to rate and acclimation effects are more consistent among species for CTmax than for CTmin. In the latter case, interactions among ramping rate and acclimation are typical of polar species, less marked for temperate ones, and reduced in species from the sub-tropics. Ramping rate and acclimation have substantial effects on estimates of warming tolerance, with the former being more marked. At the fastest ramping rates (>1.0°C/min), tropical species have estimated warming tolerances similar to their temperate counterparts, whereas at slow ramping rates (<0.4°C/min) the warming tolerance is much reduced in tropical species. Rates of temperate change in microhabitats relevant to the springtails are typically <0.05°C/min, with rare maxima of 0.3-0.5°C/min depending on the site. These findings emphasize the need to consider the environmental setting and experimental conditions when assessing species' vulnerability to climate change using a warming tolerance approach.}, }
@article {pmid27931224, year = {2016}, author = {McColl, KA and Sunarto, A and Holmes, EC}, title = {Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 and its evolutionary future as a biological control agent for carp in Australia.}, journal = {Virology journal}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {206}, pmid = {27931224}, issn = {1743-422X}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Control Agents ; Carps/*growth &amp; development/*virology ; Herpesviridae/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Host Specificity ; *Introduced Species ; Virulence ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a major threat to global biodiversity. Australia has experienced many invasive species, with the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) a prominent example. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) has been proposed as a biological control (biocontrol) agent for invasive carp in Australia. Safety and efficacy are critical factors in assessing the suitability of biocontrol agents, and extensive host-specificity testing suggests that CyHV-3 is safe. Efficacy depends on the relationship between virus transmissibility and virulence. Based on observations from natural outbreaks, as well as the biology of virus-host interactions, we hypothesize that (i) close contact between carp provides the most efficient transmission of virus, (ii) transmission occurs at regular aggregations of carp that favour recrudescence of latent virus, and (iii) the initially high virulence of CyHV-3 will decline following its release in Australia. We also suggest that the evolution of carp resistance to CyHV-3 will likely necessitate the future release of progressively more virulent strains of CyHV-3, and/or an additional broad-scale measure(s) to complement the effect of the virus. If the release of CyHV-3 does go ahead, longitudinal studies are required to track the evolution of a virus-host relationship from its inception, and particularly the complex interplay between transmission, virulence and host resistance.}, }
@article {pmid27930713, year = {2016}, author = {Patton, TG and Blamer, SL and Horak, KE}, title = {Detecting Methemoglobinemia in Animals with a Drop of Blood.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {e0167942}, pmid = {27930713}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/*blood ; Arvicolinae/blood ; Bird Diseases/blood/diagnosis ; Colorimetry/veterinary ; Coyotes/blood ; Ducks/blood ; Methemoglobin/analysis/drug effects ; Methemoglobinemia/blood/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Sodium Nitrite/pharmacology ; Spectrophotometry/veterinary ; Starlings/blood ; Swine/blood ; Swine Diseases/blood/diagnosis ; }, abstract = {A major concern during pesticide development and use is the impact on non-target species, such as raptors or domestic cats and dogs. Sodium nitrite and para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) are two toxicants currently being studied for the control of invasive species, such as starlings and feral swine. When given to an animal these compounds oxidize hemoglobin, which renders it unable to carry oxygen resulting in methemoglobinemia. This study developed a method to estimate methemoglobin levels in mammals and birds by examining the efficacy of sodium nitrite to induce the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin. Varying concentrations of sodium nitrite were added to aliquots of coyote, vole, feral swine, starling, and duck blood, collected from captive animals. The blood samples were analyzed spectrophotometrically to determine percent methemoglobin and digitally to determine red color values (RCV) associated with different methemoglobin levels. The avian and mammalian blood reached 100% methemoglobin levels at 200 mM and 15 mM sodium nitrite, respectively. All animals had similar RCV for a given percent methemoglobin. In conclusion, this study developed a procedure to quickly determine methemoglobin levels in mammals and birds. Furthermore, percent methemoglobin can be estimated with one standard curve from any animal species and an image of a blood spot. The technique will be useful during field studies, in agricultural areas, or in a veterinarian's office for the rapid diagnosis of methemoglobinemia in non-target animals that have eaten toxicants/baits or baited animals.}, }
@article {pmid27927243, year = {2016}, author = {Aigo, J and Ladio, A}, title = {Traditional Mapuche ecological knowledge in Patagonia, Argentina: fishes and other living beings inhabiting continental waters, as a reflection of processes of change.}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {56}, pmid = {27927243}, issn = {1746-4269}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; *Knowledge ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Understanding how people interpret environmental change and develop practices in response to such change is essential to comprehend human resource use. In the cosmology of the American indigenous peoples, as among the Mapuche people, freshwater systems are considered a living entity, where animals have an enormous role to play in the universe of meaning. However, human adaptive responses to freshwater system dynamics are scarcely examined. In this work a survey is carried out in three Mapuche communities of Argentine Patagonia to assess their traditional knowledge of the fishes and other non-human living beings that inhabit lakes and rivers. Both material and symbolic aspects are included, as are the differences in knowledge and use of the fishes between past and present times.<br><br>METHODS: Our methods were based on a quali-quantitative fieldwork approach. In-depth interviews were carried out with 36 individuals from three rural Mapuche populations in Neuqu&#xe9;n province (Patagonia, Argentina). Free listing was used for inquiring about fish knowledge and use. Fishes were identified scientifically and ethnotaxonomically. In-depth analysis of the discourses was conducted, documenting the recognition, perception, and cultural significance of fluvial environments and their inhabitants. Quantitative survey results were analyzed with categorical statistical methods.<br><br>RESULTS: The body of knowledge of the communities studied reflects the socio-environmental changes experienced by Patagonian freshwater bodies. According to local perception, non-human beings live in these water bodies, guarding the environment, and they should not be disturbed. At present, five different fish species are identified, three of which are exotic, having been introduced at the beginning of the 20th century by the white man. These exotic trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss and Salvelinus fontinalis) are considered ill omens, indicators of the white man's presence, and therefore their appearance presages negative events for the families. In addition, we found that Mapuche people differentiate fish species mainly by morphological, organoleptic and ecological attributes. Current consumption of fish by Mapuche communities is sporadic, in accordance with bibliography and ancient tales. Several fishing tools are used, including modern elements.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our data enable us to characterise dynamic traditional knowledge in these communities, which is flexible in nature and adaptable to new situations, demonstrated by the incorporation not only of new species but also new fishing tools. It also seems that new significances become absorbed in synchrony with the advance or arrival of exotic and invasive species. For the Mapuche, the presence of the white man heralded by exotic trouts speaks of how a recent event, such as the introduction of the salmonids, is already incorporated into Mapuche symbolism. Mapuche traditional knowledge and cosmovision on the use of fish and waters, a vision which promotes respect and the avoidance of actions that could disturb the beings (animals and sacred or mythological characters) that inhabit and take care of them should be fostered as part of management plans of regional natural resources. This paper contributes to the broader literature on freshwater resource management by providing empirical evidence of the critical role of local perceptions in promoting the sustainable management of natural resources.}, }
@article {pmid27923506, year = {2017}, author = {Putnam, JG and Nelson, JE and Leis, EM and Erickson, RA and Hubert, TD and Amberg, JJ}, title = {Using silver and bighead carp cell lines for the identification of a unique metabolite fingerprint from thiram-specific chemical exposure.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {168}, number = {}, pages = {1477-1485}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.046}, pmid = {27923506}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Assay ; Carps ; Cell Line ; Cyprinidae/metabolism ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Fungicides, Industrial/*toxicity ; Species Specificity ; Thiram/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Conservation biology often requires the control of invasive species. One method is the development and use of biocides. Identifying new chemicals as part of the biocide registration approval process can require screening millions of compounds. Traditionally, screening new chemicals has been done in vivo using test organisms. Using in vitro (e.g., cell lines) and in silico (e.g., computer models) methods decrease test organism requirements and increase screening speed and efficiency. These methods, however, would be greatly improved by better understanding how individual fish species metabolize selected compounds. We combined cell assays and metabolomics to create a powerful tool to facilitate the identification of new control chemicals. Specifically, we exposed cell lines established from bighead carp and silver carp larvae to thiram (7 concentrations) then completed metabolite profiling to assess the dose-response of the bighead carp and silver carp metabolome to thiram. Forty one of the 700 metabolomic markers identified in bighead carp exhibited a dose-response to thiram exposure compared to silver carp in which 205 of 1590 metabolomic markers exhibited a dose-response. Additionally, we identified 11 statistically significant metabolomic markers based upon volcano plot analysis common between both species. This smaller subset of metabolites formed a thiram-specific metabolomic fingerprint which allowed for the creation of a toxicant specific, rather than a species-specific, metabolomic fingerprint. Metabolomic fingerprints may be used in biocide development and improve our understanding of ecologically significant events, such as mass fish kills.}, }
@article {pmid27920953, year = {2016}, author = {Johnson, EG and Swenarton, MK}, title = {Age, growth and population structure of invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) in northeast Florida using a length-based, age-structured population model.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e2730}, pmid = {27920953}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The effective management of invasive species requires detailed understanding of the invader's life history. This information is essential for modeling population growth and predicting rates of expansion, quantifying ecological impacts and assessing the efficacy of removal and control strategies. Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) have rapidly invaded the western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea with documented negative impacts on native ecosystems. To better understand the life history of this species, we developed and validated a length-based, age-structured model to investigate age, growth and population structure in northeast Florida. The main findings of this study were: (1) lionfish exhibited rapid growth with seasonal variation in growth rates; (2) distinct cohorts were clearly identifiable in the length-frequency data, suggesting that lionfish are recruiting during a relatively short period in summer; and (3) the majority of lionfish were less than two years old with no lionfish older than three years of age, which may be the result of culling efforts as well as ontogenetic habitat shifts to deeper water.}, }
@article {pmid27920377, year = {2017}, author = {Colautti, RI and Ågren, J and Anderson, JT}, title = {Phenological shifts of native and invasive species under climate change: insights from the Boechera-Lythrum model.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {372}, number = {1712}, pages = {}, pmid = {27920377}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; Brassicaceae/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; *Climate Change ; Flowers/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Lythrum/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Models, Biological ; Models, Genetic ; North America ; *Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Warmer and drier climates have shifted phenologies of many species. However, the magnitude and direction of phenological shifts vary widely among taxa, and it is often unclear when shifts are adaptive or how they affect long-term viability. Here, we model evolution of flowering phenology based on our long-term research of two species exhibiting opposite shifts in floral phenology: Lythrum salicaria, which is invasive in North America, and the sparse Rocky Mountain native Boechera stricta Genetic constraints are similar in both species, but differences in the timing of environmental conditions that favour growth lead to opposite phenological shifts under climate change. As temperatures increase, selection is predicted to favour earlier flowering in native B. stricta while reducing population viability, even if populations adapt rapidly to changing environmental conditions. By contrast, warming is predicted to favour delayed flowering in both native and introduced L. salicaria populations while increasing long-term viability. Relaxed selection from natural enemies in invasive L. salicaria is predicted to have little effect on flowering time but a large effect on reproductive fitness. Our approach highlights the importance of understanding ecological and genetic constraints to predict the ecological consequences of evolutionary responses to climate change on contemporary timescales.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'.}, }
@article {pmid27920376, year = {2017}, author = {Colautti, RI and Alexander, JM and Dlugosch, KM and Keller, SR and Sultan, SE}, title = {Invasions and extinctions through the looking glass of evolutionary ecology.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {372}, number = {1712}, pages = {}, pmid = {27920376}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; *Extinction, Biological ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Invasive and endangered species reflect opposite ends of a spectrum of ecological success, yet they experience many similar eco-evolutionary challenges including demographic bottlenecks, hybridization and novel environments. Despite these similarities, important differences exist. Demographic bottlenecks are more transient in invasive species, which (i) maintains ecologically relevant genetic variation, (ii) reduces mutation load, and (iii) increases the efficiency of natural selection relative to genetic drift. Endangered species are less likely to benefit from admixture, which offsets mutation load but also reduces fitness when populations are locally adapted. Invading species generally experience more benign environments with fewer natural enemies, which increases fitness directly and also indirectly by masking inbreeding depression. Adaptive phenotypic plasticity can maintain fitness in novel environments but is more likely to evolve in invasive species encountering variable habitats and to be compromised by demographic factors in endangered species. Placed in an eco-evolutionary context, these differences affect the breadth of the ecological niche, which arises as an emergent property of antagonistic selection and genetic constraints. Comparative studies of invasions and extinctions that apply an eco-evolutionary perspective could provide new insights into the environmental and genetic basis of ecological success in novel environments and improve efforts to preserve global biodiversity.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'.}, }
@article {pmid27919535, year = {2017}, author = {Su, PH and Lv, BY and Tomy, GT and Xu, JX and Tian, W and Hou, CY and Yin, F and Li, YF and Feng, DL}, title = {Occurrences, composition profiles and source identifications of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in ship ballast sediments.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {168}, number = {}, pages = {1422-1429}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.094}, pmid = {27919535}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {China ; Cities ; Environmental Monitoring ; Geologic Sediments/*analysis ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/*analysis ; Oils ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/*analysis ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/*analysis ; Risk Assessment ; *Ships ; Vehicle Emissions ; Wastewater ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in ship ballast sediments. The ballast sediment samples were collected from six merchant ships docked in 2015 in Jiangyin City, China. Ballast sediments represent a potential vector for the transport of POPs and invasive species between marine environments. An attempt was also made to determine the sources of these compounds in the ballast sediment. The results indicated ballast sediments generally contain greater amounts of BDE-209 and comparable amounts of PAHs, PBDEs (exclusive of BDE-209) and PCBs compared to those in marine surface sediments. Based on the sediment quality guidelines, PAHs and PCBs in ballast sediments were estimated to have median or high potential of posing ecological risks, respectively, to marine life if ballast sediments were disposed without specific treatment. POPs in ballast sediments were derived from multiple sources with atmospheric deposition being an important origin. Ship activities including diesel exhaust and illegal oil sewage discharge were considerable contributors of certain individual POPs to ballast sediments. Our study is important because it represents the first report on levels, health risk assessment and source apportionments of POPs in ballast sediments and is a first step in the implementation of specific ballast sediment management measures.}, }
@article {pmid27918148, year = {2017}, author = {Gholipour, H and Busquets, N and Fernández-Aguilar, X and Sánchez, A and Ribas, MP and De Pedro, G and Lizarraga, P and Alarcia-Alejos, O and Temiño, C and Cabezón, O}, title = {Influenza A Virus Surveillance in the Invasive American Mink (Neovison vison) from Freshwater Ecosystems, Northern Spain.}, journal = {Zoonoses and public health}, volume = {64}, number = {5}, pages = {363-369}, doi = {10.1111/zph.12316}, pmid = {27918148}, issn = {1863-2378}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Influenza A virus/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Mink/*virology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology/*veterinary/virology ; Spain/epidemiology ; Time Factors ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are negative-sense, single-stranded and segmented RNA viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family that may cause acute respiratory disease in a wide range of birds and mammals. Susceptibility of several species within the family Mustelidae to IAVs has been reported as a result of natural or experimental infections. The objectives of this study were to assess whether free-ranging American mink populations from Northern Spain were infected with IAV and try to define the role of this species in the epidemiology of IAV. Sera from 689 American mink from Northern Spain captured between 2011 and 2014 were tested for the presence of antibodies against IAVs using a commercial competition cELISA. Positive sera were further analysed with haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Fifteen of the 689 (2.2%, 1.3-3.6 CI95%) of the American minks analysed were ELISA positive. No significant differences were observed between years of capture, provinces, river basins, sexes or ages of the animals. All seropositive sera resulted negative to the panel strains used in the HI assay, showing that the most relevant strains circulating in swine, the most relevant avian subtypes (H5 and H7) and the H10N4 subtype isolated in minks have not been circulating in this free-ranging exotic carnivore from Spain. In the light of these results, the free-range American mink from Northern Spain do not seem to have an important role in the epidemiology of IAVs.}, }
@article {pmid27916802, year = {2016}, author = {Russo, L}, title = {Positive and Negative Impacts of Non-Native Bee Species around the World.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {27916802}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Though they are relatively understudied, non-native bees are ubiquitous and have enormous potential economic and environmental impacts. These impacts may be positive or negative, and are often unquantified. In this manuscript, I review literature on the known distribution and environmental and economic impacts of 80 species of introduced bees. The potential negative impacts of non-native bees include competition with native bees for nesting sites or floral resources, pollination of invasive weeds, co-invasion with pathogens and parasites, genetic introgression, damage to buildings, affecting the pollination of native plant species, and changing the structure of native pollination networks. The potential positive impacts of non-native bees include agricultural pollination, availability for scientific research, rescue of native species, and resilience to human-mediated disturbance and climate change. Most non-native bee species are accidentally introduced and nest in stems, twigs, and cavities in wood. In terms of number of species, the best represented families are Megachilidae and Apidae, and the best represented genus is Megachile. The best studied genera are Apis and Bombus, and most of the species in these genera were deliberately introduced for agricultural pollination. Thus, we know little about the majority of non-native bees, accidentally introduced or spreading beyond their native ranges.}, }
@article {pmid27913864, year = {2017}, author = {Brown, LM and Breed, GA and Severns, PM and Crone, EE}, title = {Losing a battle but winning the war: moving past preference-performance to understand native herbivore-novel host plant interactions.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {183}, number = {2}, pages = {441-453}, pmid = {27913864}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Butterflies ; *Herbivory ; Larva ; Oviposition ; }, abstract = {Introduced plants can positively affect population viability by augmenting the diet of native herbivores, but can negatively affect populations if they are subpar or toxic resources. In organisms with complex life histories, such as insects specializing on host plants, the impacts of a novel host may differ across life stages, with divergent effects on population persistence. Most research on effects of novel hosts has focused on adult oviposition preference and larval performance, but adult preference may not optimize offspring performance, nor be indicative of host quality from a demographic perspective. We compared population growth rates of the Baltimore checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas phaeton, on an introduced host, Plantago lanceolata (English plantain), and the native host Chelone glabra (white turtlehead). Contrary to the previous findings suggesting that P. lanceolata could be a population sink, we found higher population growth rates (λ) on the introduced than the native host, even though some component parameters of λ were higher on the native host. Our findings illustrate the importance of moving beyond preference-performance studies to integrate vital rates across all life stages for evaluating herbivore-host plant relationships. Single measures of preference or performance are not sufficient proxies for overall host quality nor do they provide insights into longer term consequences of novel host plant use. In our system, in particular, P. lanceolata may buffer checkerspot populations when the native host is limiting, but high growth rates could lead to crashes over longer time scales.}, }
@article {pmid27911999, year = {2016}, author = {Heckman, RW and Wright, JP and Mitchell, CE}, title = {Joint effects of nutrient addition and enemy exclusion on exotic plant success.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {12}, pages = {3337-3345}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1585}, pmid = {27911999}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; Herbivory ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Development ; Plants/*classification ; *Soil ; Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {Worldwide, ecosystems are increasingly dominated by exotic plant species, a shift hypothesized to result from numerous ecological factors. Two of these, increased resource availability and enemy release, may act in concert to increase exotic success in plant communities (Resource-Enemy Release Hypothesis, R-ERH). To test this, we manipulated the availability of soil nutrients and access of vertebrate herbivores, insect herbivores, and fungal pathogens to intact grassland communities containing both native and exotic species. Our results supported both conditions necessary for R-ERH. First, exotics were less damaged than natives, experiencing less foliar damage (insect herbivory and fungal disease) than native species, particularly in communities where soil nutrients were added. Second, fertilization increased foliar damage on native species, but not exotic species. As well as fulfilling both conditions for R-ERH, these results demonstrate the importance of considering the effects of resource availability when testing for enemy release. When both conditions are fulfilled, R-ERH predicts that increasing resource availability will increase exotic abundance only in the presence of enemies. Our results fully supported this prediction for vertebrate herbivores: fertilization increased exotic cover only in communities exposed to vertebrate herbivores. Additionally, the prediction was partially supported for insect herbivores and fungal pathogens, excluding these enemies reduced exotic cover as predicted, but inconsistent with R-ERH, this effect occurred only in unfertilized communities. These results highlight the need to consider the influence of multiple enemy guilds on community processes like exotic plant invasions. Moreover, this study experimentally demonstrates that resource availability and natural enemies can jointly influence exotic success in plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid27911954, year = {2016}, author = {MacIvor, JS and Packer, L}, title = {The Bees among Us: Modelling Occupancy of Solitary Bees.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {e0164764}, pmid = {27911954}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Urban Renewal ; }, abstract = {Occupancy modelling has received increasing attention as a tool for differentiating between true absence and non-detection in biodiversity data. This is thought to be particularly useful when a species of interest is spread out over a large area and sampling is constrained. We used occupancy modelling to estimate the probability of three phylogenetically independent pairs of native-introduced species [Megachile campanulae (Robertson)-Megachile rotundata (Fab.), Megachile pugnata Say-Megachile centuncularis (L.), Osmia pumila Cresson-Osmia caerulescens (L.)] (Apoidea: Megachilidae) being present when repeated sampling did not always find them. Our study occurred along a gradient of urbanization and used nest boxes (bee hotels) set up over three consecutive years. Occupancy modelling discovered different patterns to those obtained by species detection and abundance-based data alone. For example, it predicted that the species that was ranked 4th in terms of detection actually had the greatest occupancy among all six species. The native M. pugnata had decreased occupancy with increasing building footprint and a similar but not significant pattern was found for the native O. pumila. Two introduced bees (M. rotundata and M. centuncularis), and one native (M. campanulae) had modelled occupancy values that increased with increasing urbanization. Occupancy probability differed among urban green space types for three of six bee species, with values for two native species (M. campanulae and O. pumila) being highest in home gardens and that for the exotic O. caerulescens being highest in community gardens. The combination of occupancy modelling with analysis of habitat variables as an augmentation to detection and abundance-based sampling is suggested to be the best way to ensure that urban habitat management results in the desired outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid27908575, year = {2017}, author = {Akiyama, YB and Iseri, E and Kataoka, T and Tanaka, M and Katsukoshi, K and Moki, H and Naito, R and Hem, R and Okada, T}, title = {Discrimination of Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) feces in deposited materials by fecal morphology.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {115}, number = {1-2}, pages = {67-74}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.040}, pmid = {27908575}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Feces ; *Mytilus/genetics ; }, abstract = {In the present study, we determined the common morphological characteristics of the feces of Mytilus galloprovincialis to develop a method for visually discriminating the feces of this mussel in deposited materials. This method can be used to assess the effect of mussel feces on benthic environments. The accuracy of visual morphology-based discrimination of mussel feces in deposited materials was confirmed by DNA analysis. Eighty-nine percent of mussel feces shared five common morphological characteristics. Of the 372 animal species investigated, only four species shared all five of these characteristics. More than 96% of the samples were visually identified as M. galloprovincialis feces on the basis of morphology of the particles containing the appropriate mitochondrial DNA. These results suggest that mussel feces can be discriminated with high accuracy on the basis of their morphological characteristics. Thus, our method can be used to quantitatively assess the effect of mussel feces on local benthic environments.}, }
@article {pmid27907051, year = {2016}, author = {Bentivenha, JP and Paula-Moraes, SV and Baldin, EL and Specht, A and da Silva, IF and Hunt, TE}, title = {Battle in the New World: Helicoverpa armigera versus Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {e0167182}, pmid = {27907051}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Crops, Agricultural/parasitology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Lepidoptera ; Zea mays/parasitology ; }, abstract = {The corn earworm Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and the old world bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are allopatric species and occur in important agricultural crops. In maize, both species tend to infest the ear. The introduction of H. armigera in Brazil has created a new scenario, where these Helicoverpa species might cohabit and interact with one another, affecting the prevalence of each species in the agroecosystem, integrated pest management, and insect resistance management. In this study, larval occurrence and proportion of these species in maize was assessed in three regions of Brazil during three crop seasons. Interaction between the species was evaluated in interspecific and intraspecific scenarios under laboratory and field conditions. Helicoverpa zea was predominant in Rio Grande do Sul and the Planaltina, DF (central Brazil). In western Bahia, H. zea was predominant in the first collection, but approximately equal in number to H armigera in the second crop season. Both species exhibit high cannibalism/predation rates, and larval size was the primary factor for larval survival in the interaction studies. Larva of H. zea had higher survival when interacting with H. armigera, indicating that H. zea has an advantage in intraguild interactions with H. armigera in maize. Overall, the results from this study indicate that maize might play a role as a source of infestation or a sink of insecticide or Bt protein unselected H. armigera populations, depending on the H. zea:H. armigera intraguild competition and adult movement in the landscape.}, }
@article {pmid27905465, year = {2016}, author = {Wan, Z and Chen, J and Makhloufi, AE and Sperling, D and Chen, Y}, title = {Four routes to better maritime governance.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {540}, number = {7631}, pages = {27-29}, doi = {10.1038/540027a}, pmid = {27905465}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/microbiology ; Biodiversity ; Ecology/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; Global Health/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/standards ; Humans ; *International Cooperation ; Introduced Species/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Ships/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/standards ; *Water Microbiology/standards ; Water Pollution/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*prevention &amp; control ; }, }
@article {pmid27903780, year = {2016}, author = {Morel-Journel, T and Piponiot, C and Vercken, E and Mailleret, L}, title = {Evidence for an optimal level of connectivity for establishment and colonization.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {27903780}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Dispersal is usually associated with the spread of invasive species, but it also has two opposing effects, one decreasing and the other increasing the probability of establishment. Indeed, dispersal both slows population growth at the site of introduction and increases the likelihood of surrounding habitat being colonized. The connectivity of the introduction site is likely to affect dispersal, and, thus, establishment, according to the dispersal behaviour of individuals. Using individual-based models and microcosm experiments on minute wasps, we demonstrated the existence of a hump-shaped relationship between connectivity and establishment in situations in which individual dispersal resembled a diffusion process. These results suggest that there is an optimal level of connectivity for the establishment of introduced populations locally at the site of introduction, and regionally over the whole landscape.}, }
@article {pmid27903067, year = {2016}, author = {Habib, MR and Guo, YH and Lv, S and Gu, WB and Li, XH and Zhou, XN}, title = {Predicting the spatial distribution of Biomphalaria straminea, a potential intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni, in China.}, journal = {Geospatial health}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {453}, doi = {10.4081/gh.2016.453}, pmid = {27903067}, issn = {1970-7096}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Biomphalaria/*growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Caribbean Region ; China ; Disease Vectors ; Hong Kong ; Humans ; Middle East ; Population Surveillance ; Schistosoma mansoni/isolation &amp; purification ; Schistosomiasis mansoni/*epidemiology/transmission ; Snails ; }, abstract = {Schistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases impacting human health in the tropics and sub-tropics. The geographic distribution of Schistosoma mansoni, the most widespread species, includes areas in Africa, the Middle East, South America and the Caribbean. Snails of the genus Biomphalaria act as intermediate host for S. mansoni. Biomphalaria straminea is not indigenous in China but was accidentally introduced to Hong Kong from South America and has spread to other habitats in the southern parts of the country. This species is known for its great dispersal capacity that highlights the importance of the snail as a potential host for S. mansoni in China. In this connection, although no such infection has been recorded in the field so far, the continuous expansion of China's projects in endemic areas of Africa and import of the infection via returning workers or visitors deserve attention. The purpose of this study was to map and predict the spatial distribution of B. straminea in China. Snail occurrence data were assembled and investigated using MaxEnt software, along with climatic and environmental variables to produce a predictive risk map. Of the environmental variables tested, the precipitation of warmest quarter was the most contribution factor for snail's spatial distribution. Risk areas were found in southeastern China and it is expected that they will guide policies and control programmes to potential areas area of snail abundance and used for spatial targeting of control interventions for this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid27901196, year = {2016}, author = {Wang, C and Liu, J and Xiao, H and Zhou, J and DU, D}, title = {Floristic characteristics of alien invasive seed plant species in China.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {88}, number = {3 Suppl}, pages = {1791-1797}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765201620150687}, pmid = {27901196}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; China ; *Climate ; Flowers/*classification ; Geography ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Plants/*classification ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {This study aims to determine the floristic characteristics of alien invasive seed plant species (AISPS) in China. There are a total of five hundred and thirteen AISPS, belonging to seventy families and two hundred and eighty-three genera. Seventy families were classified into nine areal types at the family level, and "Cosmopolitan" and "Pantropic" are the two main types. Two hundred and eighty-three genera were classified into twelve areal types at the genus level, and "Pantropic", "Trop. Asia &amp; Amer. disjuncted", and "Cosmopolitan" are the three main types. These results reveal a certain degree of diversity among AISPS in China. The floristic characteristics at the family level exhibit strong pantropic characteristics. Two possible reasons for this are as follows. Firstly, southeastern China is heavily invaded by alien invasive plant species and this region has a mild climate. Secondly, southeastern China is more disturbed by human activities than other regions in China. The floristic characteristics at the genus level display strong pantropic but with abundant temperate characteristics. This may be due to that China across five climatic zones and the ecosystems in which the most alien invasive plant species occur have the same or similar climate with their natural habitat.}, }
@article {pmid27899137, year = {2016}, author = {Jost, X and Ansel, JL and Lecellier, G and Raharivelomanana, P and Butaud, JF}, title = {Ethnobotanical survey of cosmetic plants used in Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia).}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {55}, pmid = {27899137}, issn = {1746-4269}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; *Cosmetics ; *Ethnobotany ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Plants ; Polynesia ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cosmetic plants and their uses have often been neglected in ethnobotanical surveys which focus mainly on plants with medicinal or food uses. Thus, this survey was carried out to specifically investigate cosmetics in a small community and to establish a cosmetopoeia, based on the model of pharmacopoeia for medicinal plants. The geographic spread of the survey covered the Marquesas Islands, one of the five archipelagos of French Polynesia (Pacific Ocean). This archipelago was also recently investigated for its pharmacopoeia.<br><br>METHODS: This survey is based on individual interviews of Marquesan informants on the islands of Tahiti (Society archipelago) and Nuku Hiva (Marquesas archipelago). The methodological approach was semi-directive with open-ended questions based on cosmetic criteria (application area, cosmetic use, plant). Before each interview, researchers and the informant signed a Prior Informed Consent (PIC). Quantitative analyses were performed using basic statistics and the indice of Fidelity Level (FL).<br><br>RESULTS: Twenty-eight informants from five of the six inhabited Marquesan islands were interviewed and yielded more than 500 cosmetic recipes. Marquesan cosmetopoeia included 79 plant taxa, of which 5% are Marquesan endemics, 23% are indigenous, 28% are Polynesian introductions and 44% are modern introductions. Among the introduced species, half were cultivated whereas the other half were weedy species. Most of the plants were abundant and only eight species were considered rare, of which four were Marquesan endemics. Main cosmetic plants were identified through informant citations and fidelity levels, and included Calophyllum inophyllum, Cananga odorata, Citrus aurantiifolia, Cocos nucifera, Curcuma longa, Gardenia taitensis, Mentha spp., Ocimum basilicum, Rauvolfia nukuhivensis and Santalum insulare var. marchionense. The most referred application areas were skin, hair and private parts whereas the main cosmetic uses were perfume, hydration, medicinal care and healing.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Through this survey, Marquesan cosmetopoeia was investigated in detail and uncovered a majority of introduced and abundant plants, and a minority of endemic and rare plants which required proper management to avoid future shortage. The well known perfumed coconut oil or monoi appeared as the main Marquesan cosmetic preparation either for the skin and the hair. Several plants and preparations warrant scientific investigations for their originality.}, }
@article {pmid27897997, year = {2016}, author = {Turingan, R and Sloan, T}, title = {Thermal Resilience of Feeding Kinematics May Contribute to the Spread of Invasive Fishes in Light of Climate Change.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {27897997}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {As a consequence of global warming, tropical invasive species are expected to expand their range pole-ward, extending their negative impacts to previously undisturbed, high-latitude ecosystems. Investigating the physiological responses of invasive species to environmental temperature is important because the coupled effects of climate change and species invasion on ecosystems could be more alarming than the effects of each phenomenon independently. Especially in poikilotherms, the rate of motion in muscle-driven biomechanical systems is expected to double for every 10 °C increase in temperature. In this study, we address the question, "How does temperature affect the speed of jaw-movement during prey-capture in invasive fishes?" Kinematic analysis of invasive-fish prey-capture behavior revealed that (1) movement velocities of key components of the feeding mechanism did not double as water temperature increased from 20 °C to 30 °C; and (2) thermal sensitivity (Q10 values) for gape, hyoid, lower-jaw rotation, and cranial rotation velocities at 20 °C and 30 °C ranged from 0.56 to 1.44 in all three species. With the exception of lower-jaw rotation, Q10 values were significantly less than the expected Q10 = 2.0, indicating that feeding kinematics remains consistent despite the change in environmental temperature. It is conceivable that the ability to maintain peak performance at different temperatures helps facilitate the spread of invasive fishes globally.}, }
@article {pmid27897247, year = {2016}, author = {Wang, T and Hu, J and Miao, L and Yu, D and Liu, C}, title = {The invasive stoloniferous clonal plant Alternanthera philoxeroides outperforms its co-occurring non-invasive functional counterparts in heterogeneous soil environments - invasion implications.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {38036}, pmid = {27897247}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Amaranthaceae/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Environmental heterogeneity is considered to play a defining role in promoting invasion success, and it favours clonal plants. Although clonality has been demonstrated to be correlated with the invasion success of several species of clonal invasive plants in heterogeneous environments, little is known about how the spatial scale of heterogeneity affects their performance. In addition, the factors that distinguish invasive from non-invasive clonal species and that enhance the invasive potential of clonal exotic invaders in heterogeneous environments remain unclear. In this study, we compared several traits of a noxious clonal invasive species, Alternanthera philoxeroides, with its co-occurring non-invasive functional counterparts, the native congener Alternanthera sessilis, the exotic Myriophyllum aquaticum and the native Jussiaea repens, in three manipulative substrates with different soil distribution patterns. We found that the invasive performance of A. philoxeroides was not enhanced by heterogeneity and that it was generally scale independent. However, A. philoxeroides showed some advantages over the three non-invasives with respect to trait values and phenotypic variation. These advantages may enhance the competitive capacity of A. philoxeroides and thus promote its invasion success in heterogeneous environments.}, }
@article {pmid27896463, year = {2017}, author = {Li, H and Wei, Z and Huangfu, C and Chen, X and Yang, D}, title = {Litter mixture dominated by leaf litter of the invasive species, Flaveria bidentis, accelerates decomposition and favors nitrogen release.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {130}, number = {1}, pages = {167-180}, pmid = {27896463}, issn = {1618-0860}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Cycle ; Ecosystem ; Flaveria/*chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Nitrogen Cycle ; Plant Leaves/*chemistry ; Setaria Plant/chemistry ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {In natural ecosystems, invasive plant litter is often mixed with that of native species, yet few studies have examined the decomposition dynamics of such mixtures, especially across different degrees of invasion. We conducted a 1-year litterbag experiment using leaf litters from the invasive species Flaveria bidentis (L.) and the dominant co-occurring native species, Setaria viridis (L.). Litters were allowed to decompose either separately or together at different ratios in a mothproof screen house. The mass loss of all litter mixtures was non-additive, and the direction and strength of effects varied with species ratio and decomposition stage. During the initial stages of decomposition, all mixtures had a neutral effect on the mass loss; however, at later stages of decomposition, mixtures containing more invasive litter had synergistic effects on mass loss. Importantly, an increase in F. bidentis litter with a lower C:N ratio in mixtures led to greater net release of N over time. These results highlight the importance of trait dissimilarity in determining the decomposition rates of litter mixtures and suggest that F. bidentis could further synchronize N release from litter as an invasion proceeds, potentially creating a positive feedback linked through invasion as the invader outcompetes the natives for nutrients. Our findings also demonstrate the importance of species composition as well as the identity of dominant species when considering how changes in plant community structure influence plant invasion.}, }
@article {pmid27895896, year = {2016}, author = {Bombin, A and Reed, LK}, title = {The changing biodiversity of Alabama Drosophila: important impacts of seasonal variation, urbanization, and invasive species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {19}, pages = {7057-7069}, pmid = {27895896}, issn = {2045-7758}, support = {R01 GM098856/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Global warming and anthropogenic disturbances significantly influence the biosphere, tremendously increasing species extinction rates. In Central Alabama, we analyzed Drosophilidae species composition change nearly 100 years after the previous survey. We found ten Drosophilid species that were not reported during the last major biodiversity studies, two of which are invasive pests. In addition, we analyzed the influence of seasonal environmental variables characteristic of the subtropical climate zone on Drosophila abundance and biodiversity. We found a significant correlation between temperature and abundance of total Drosophila as well as for six of the seven most represented species individually, with a maximum abundance at intermediate temperatures (18-26°C). In addition, temperature was positively correlated with biodiversity of Drosophila. Precipitation produced a significant effect on the abundance of five species of Drosophila, with different optima for each species, but did not affect overall biodiversity. We concluded that in the subtropical climate zone of Central Alabama, seasonal temperature and precipitation changes produce a significant effect on Drosophila abundance and biodiversity, while local land use also impacts fly abundance, contributing to an apparent shift in species composition over the last century. We expect global climate change and other anthropogenic factors to further impact Drosophila species composition in the subtropical climate zone into the future.}, }
@article {pmid27895651, year = {2016}, author = {Goldson, SL and Barratt, BI and Armstrong, KF}, title = {Invertebrate Biosecurity Challenges in High-Productivity Grassland: The New Zealand Example.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {1670}, pmid = {27895651}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {To protect productive grasslands from pests and diseases, effective pre- and at-border planning and interventions are necessary. Biosecurity failure inevitably requires expensive and difficult eradication, or long-term and often quite ineffective management strategies. This is compared to the early intervention more likely for sectors where there is public and political interest in plants of immediate economic and/or social value, and where associated pests are typically located above-ground on host plantings of relatively limited distribution. Here, biosecurity surveillance and responses can be readily designed. In contrast, pastures comprising plants of low inherent unit value create little, if any, esthetic interest. Yet, given the vast extent of pasture in New Zealand and the value of the associated industries, these plants are of immense economic importance. Compounding this is the invasibility of New Zealand's pastoral ecosystems through a lack of biotic resistance to incursion and invasion. Further, given the sheer area of pasture, intervention options are limited because of costs per unit area and the potential for pollution if pesticides are used. Biosecurity risk for pastoral products differs from, say, that of fruit where at least part of an invasive pathway can be recognized and risks assessed. The ability to do this via pastoral sector pathways is much reduced, since risk organisms more frequently arrive via hitchhiker pathways which are diffuse and varied. Added to this pasture pests within grassland ecosystems are typically cryptic, often with subterranean larval stages. Such characteristics make detection and response particularly difficult. The consequences of this threaten to add to the already-increasing stressors of production intensification and climate change. This review explores the unique challenges faced by pasture biosecurity and what may be done to confront existing difficulties. While there is no silver bullet, and limited opportunity pre- and at-border for improving pasture biosecurity, advancement may include increased and informed vigilance by farmers, pheromone traps and resistant plants to slow invasion. Increasingly, there is also the potential for more use of improved population dispersal models and surveillance strategies including unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as emerging techniques to determine invasive pest genomes and their geographical origins.}, }
@article {pmid27894123, year = {2016}, author = {Potts, SG and Imperatriz-Fonseca, V and Ngo, HT and Aizen, MA and Biesmeijer, JC and Breeze, TD and Dicks, LV and Garibaldi, LA and Hill, R and Settele, J and Vanbergen, AJ}, title = {Safeguarding pollinators and their values to human well-being.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {540}, number = {7632}, pages = {220-229}, pmid = {27894123}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/physiology ; Butterflies/physiology ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*trends ; *Crop Production/economics ; Crops, Agricultural/genetics/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Policy/*trends ; Humans ; Insecta/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Pesticides/adverse effects/toxicity ; Plants, Genetically Modified/drug effects/genetics ; *Pollination ; Population Dynamics ; Vertebrates/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Wild and managed pollinators provide a wide range of benefits to society in terms of contributions to food security, farmer and beekeeper livelihoods, social and cultural values, as well as the maintenance of wider biodiversity and ecosystem stability. Pollinators face numerous threats, including changes in land-use and management intensity, climate change, pesticides and genetically modified crops, pollinator management and pathogens, and invasive alien species. There are well-documented declines in some wild and managed pollinators in several regions of the world. However, many effective policy and management responses can be implemented to safeguard pollinators and sustain pollination services.}, }
@article {pmid27889080, year = {2017}, author = {Courchamp, F and Fournier, A and Bellard, C and Bertelsmeier, C and Bonnaud, E and Jeschke, JM and Russell, JC}, title = {Invasion Biology: Specific Problems and Possible Solutions.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {13-22}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2016.11.001}, pmid = {27889080}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions have been unambiguously shown to be one of the major global causes of biodiversity loss. Despite the magnitude of this threat and recent scientific advances, this field remains a regular target of criticism - from outright deniers of the threat to scientists questioning the utility of the discipline. This unique situation, combining internal strife and an unaware society, greatly hinders the progress of invasion biology. It is crucial to identify the specificities of this discipline that lead to such difficulties. We outline here 24 specificities and problems of this discipline and categorize them into four groups: understanding, alerting, supporting, and implementing the issues associated with invasive alien species, and we offer solutions to tackle these problems and push the field forward.}, }
@article {pmid27888560, year = {2017}, author = {Liu, Y and Oduor, AMO and Zhang, Z and Manea, A and Tooth, IM and Leishman, MR and Xu, X and van Kleunen, M}, title = {Do invasive alien plants benefit more from global environmental change than native plants?.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {23}, number = {8}, pages = {3363-3370}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13579}, pmid = {27888560}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Global Warming ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Development ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien plant species threaten native biodiversity, disrupt ecosystem functions and can cause large economic damage. Plant invasions have been predicted to further increase under ongoing global environmental change. Numerous case studies have compared the performance of invasive and native plant species in response to global environmental change components (i.e. changes in mean levels of precipitation, temperature, atmospheric CO2 concentration or nitrogen deposition). Individually, these studies usually involve low numbers of species and therefore the results cannot be generalized. Therefore, we performed a phylogenetically controlled meta-analysis to assess whether there is a general pattern of differences in invasive and native plant performance under each component of global environmental change. We compiled a database of studies that reported performance measures for 74 invasive alien plant species and 117 native plant species in response to one of the above-mentioned global environmental change components. We found that elevated temperature and CO2 enrichment increased the performance of invasive alien plants more strongly than was the case for native plants. Invasive alien plants tended to also have a slightly stronger positive response to increased N deposition and increased precipitation than native plants, but these differences were not significant (N deposition: P = 0.051; increased precipitation: P = 0.679). Invasive alien plants tended to have a slightly stronger negative response to decreased precipitation than native plants, although this difference was also not significant (P = 0.060). So while drought could potentially reduce plant invasion, increases in the four other components of global environmental change considered, particularly global warming and atmospheric CO2 enrichment, may further increase the spread of invasive plants in the future.}, }
@article {pmid27888444, year = {2017}, author = {Hata, FT and Silva, JEP and Ventura, MU and Pasini, A and Roggia, S}, title = {First Report of Raoiella indica (Hirst) (Acari: Tenuipalpide) in Southern Brazil.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {356-359}, pmid = {27888444}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Brazil ; Cocos ; Fragaria ; *Mites ; Musa ; }, abstract = {The red palm mite (RPM), Raoiella indica (Hirst) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), was found for the first time in the Paraná State, in southern Brazil. The first observations occurred in September 2015, on strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) leaves, which is not considered a typical host plant of RPM. It is probable that its occurrence on this plant was serendipitous. Visual surveys for RPM were carried out on four typical host plants (banana, coconut, foxtail palm, and real palm), in five cities of the Paraná State (Bela Vista do Paraíso, Londrina, Maringá, Marialva, and Sarandi). RPM was found on each of the four typical host plants, in each of the five cities. Our survey extends RPM occurrence to the southern region of Brazil and indicates that the pest could be widespread in the country.}, }
@article {pmid27887747, year = {2017}, author = {Russell, JC and Blackburn, TM}, title = {The Rise of Invasive Species Denialism.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {3-6}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2016.10.012}, pmid = {27887747}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Scientific consensus on the negative impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) is increasingly being challenged. Whereas informed scepticism of impacts is important, science denialism is counterproductive. Such denialism arises when uncertainty on impacts is confounded by differences in values. Debates on impacts must take into account both the evidence presented and motivations.}, }
@article {pmid27884209, year = {2016}, author = {Rubio-Godoy, M and Razo-Mendivil, U and García-Vásquez, A and Freeman, MA and Shinn, AP and Paladini, G}, title = {To each his own: no evidence of gyrodactylid parasite host switches from invasive poeciliid fishes to Goodea atripinnis Jordan (Cyprinodontiformes: Goodeidae), the most dominant endemic freshwater goodeid fish in the Mexican Highlands.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {604}, pmid = {27884209}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; Cestode Infections/parasitology/transmission/*veterinary ; Cyprinodontiformes/*parasitology ; Female ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology/*transmission ; Fresh Water ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Mexico ; Platyhelminths/*isolation &amp; purification ; Poecilia/*parasitology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Goodeid topminnows are live-bearing fishes endemic to the Mexican Highlands (Mesa Central, MC). Unfortunately, in the MC, environmental degradation and introduced species have pushed several goodeid species to the brink of extinction. Invasive fishes can introduce exotic parasites, and the most abundant goodeid, blackfin goodea Goodea atripinnis Jordan, is parasitised by six exotic helminths. Poeciliids are widely dispersed invasive fishes, which exert negative ecological effects on goodeids. Poeciliids host several species of the monogenean genus Gyrodactylus von Nordmann, 1832, including pathogenic, invasive parasites. Here, we looked for evidence of Gyrodactylus species switching hosts from poeciliids to goodeids.<br><br>METHODS: Fish were collected in rivers draining the MC into both sides of the continental divide. Hosts were screened for gyrodactylid parasites in localities where G. atripinnis and poeciliids occurred sympatrically. Gyrodactylus specimens were characterised morphologically (attachment apparatus) and molecularly (internal transcribed spacer region, ITS). A Bayesian phylogenetic tree using ITS sequences established relationships between gyrodactylids collected from goodeid fishes and those from parasites infecting poeciliids.<br><br>RESULTS: Gyrodactylids were collected from G. atripinnis in six localities on both sides of the watershed where exotic poeciliids occurred sympatrically. Morphological and molecular analyses indicated the presence of four undescribed species of Gyrodactylus infecting this goodeid host. Gyrodactylus tomahuac n. sp., the most abundant and geographically widespread species, is described here. The other three Gyrodactylus spp. are not described, but their ITS sequences are used as molecular data presented here, are the only available for gyrodactylids infecting goodeid fishes. Morphological and molecular data suggest that two distinct groups of gyrodactylids infect goodeids, one of which shares a common ancestor with gyrodactylids parasitizing poeciliids.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: No evidence was found of gyrodactylids switching hosts from invasive poeciliids to endemic goodeids, nor vice versa. Moreover, considering that G. atripinnis is known to host both Gyrodactylus lamothei Mendoza-Palmero, Sereno-Uribe &amp; Salgado-Maldonado, 2009 and Gyrodactylus mexicanus Mendoza-Palmero, Sereno-Uribe &amp; Salgado-Maldonado, 2009, with the addition of G. tomahuac n. sp. and the three undescribed Gyrodactylus spp. reported, at least six gyrodactylids may infect this host. This would make monogeneans the second most abundant parasite group infecting G. atripinnis, which to date is known to harbour 22 helminth species: nine digeneans, five nematodes, four cestodes, three monogeneans and one acanthocephalan.}, }
@article {pmid27882703, year = {2016}, author = {Bennett, JA and Riibak, K and Kook, E and Reier, &#xdc; and Tamme, R and Guillermo Bueno, C and Pärtel, M}, title = {Species pools, community completeness and invasion: disentangling diversity effects on the establishment of native and alien species.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {19}, number = {12}, pages = {1496-1505}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12702}, pmid = {27882703}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification/*genetics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasion should decline with species richness, yet the relationship is inconsistent. Species richness, however, is a product of species pool size and biotic filtering. Invasion may increase with richness if large species pools represent weaker environmental filters. Measuring species pool size and the proportion realised locally (completeness) may clarify diversity-invasion relationships by separating environmental and biotic effects, especially if species' life-history stage and origin are accounted for. To test these relationships, we added seeds and transplants of 15 native and alien species into 29 grasslands. Species pool size and completeness explained more variation in invasion than richness alone. Although results varied between native and alien species, seed establishment and biotic resistance to transplants increased with species pool size, whereas transplant growth and biotic resistance to seeds increased with completeness. Consequently, species pools and completeness represent multiple independent processes affecting invasion; accounting for these processes improves our understanding of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid27881749, year = {2016}, author = {Kovach, RP and Hand, BK and Hohenlohe, PA and Cosart, TF and Boyer, MC and Neville, HH and Muhlfeld, CC and Amish, SJ and Carim, K and Narum, SR and Lowe, WH and Allendorf, FW and Luikart, G}, title = {Vive la résistance: genome-wide selection against introduced alleles in invasive hybrid zones.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {283}, number = {1843}, pages = {}, pmid = {27881749}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Alleles ; Animals ; Genotype ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Oncorhynchus/classification/*genetics ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Evolutionary and ecological consequences of hybridization between native and invasive species are notoriously complicated because patterns of selection acting on non-native alleles can vary throughout the genome and across environments. Rapid advances in genomics now make it feasible to assess locus-specific and genome-wide patterns of natural selection acting on invasive introgression within and among natural populations occupying diverse environments. We quantified genome-wide patterns of admixture across multiple independent hybrid zones of native westslope cutthroat trout and invasive rainbow trout, the world's most widely introduced fish, by genotyping 339 individuals from 21 populations using 9380 species-diagnostic loci. A significantly greater proportion of the genome appeared to be under selection favouring native cutthroat trout (rather than rainbow trout), and this pattern was pervasive across the genome (detected on most chromosomes). Furthermore, selection against invasive alleles was consistent across populations and environments, even in those where rainbow trout were predicted to have a selective advantage (warm environments). These data corroborate field studies showing that hybrids between these species have lower fitness than the native taxa, and show that these fitness differences are due to selection favouring many native genes distributed widely throughout the genome.}, }
@article {pmid27878825, year = {2017}, author = {Armitage, PR and Nelson, WA and Sutherland, JE}, title = {Mismatch of morphological and molecular identifications in native and invasive subspecies of Codium fragile (Bryopsidophyceae, Chlorophyta).}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, pages = {218-229}, doi = {10.1111/jpy.12494}, pmid = {27878825}, issn = {1529-8817}, mesh = {Algal Proteins/*genetics ; Chlorophyta/*anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*genetics ; New Zealand ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Specimen Handling ; }, abstract = {Several subspecies are defined within Codium fragile, including the invasive C. fragile ssp. fragile, first reported in New Zealand in 1973. An endemic subspecies, C. fragile ssp. novae-zelandiae, is also found throughout New Zealand. The two subspecies exhibit morphological and molecular variation, although these have never been evaluated together. We compared variation between subspecies at locations in Auckland, identifying subspecies using rps3-rpl16 DNA sequence data, and assessing gross morphological differences, anatomical utricle characters and morphometrics. The taxonomic utility of the morphometric data sets was assessed by linear discriminant analysis. Utricle characters and measurements varied within individual thalli and between different preservation methods. The phenotypes of both subspecies were highly variable and influenced by environment. Accurate subspecies delimitation using morphological data was not possible; the discriminant analyses performed no better than chance for all combinations of the morphological data. Specimens from New Zealand, Canada, Australia and Ireland were sequenced using both the rps3-rpl16 and tufA plastid markers. The tufA elongation factor was shown to be a good candidate for differentiating subspecies of C. fragile. This marker is twice the length of the rps3-rpl16 spacer, shows greater variation between ssp. fragile and novae-zelandiae, and is less prone to sequencing error. A simple restriction enzyme digest of the tufA amplicon can distinguish ssp. fragile and ssp. novae-zelandiae. Our study expands the known range of the ssp. fragile in New Zealand, including the first record of this subspecies from the west coast of Auckland, and points to a need to re-evaluate morphological and molecular criteria for subspecies currently defined within C. fragile.}, }
@article {pmid27878094, year = {2016}, author = {Morey, AC and Venette, RC and Nystrom Santacruz, EC and Mosca, LA and Hutchison, WD}, title = {Host-mediated shift in the cold tolerance of an invasive insect.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {22}, pages = {8267-8275}, pmid = {27878094}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {While many insects cannot survive the formation of ice within their bodies, a few species can. On the evolutionary continuum from freeze-intolerant (i.e., freeze-avoidant) to freeze-tolerant insects, intermediates likely exist that can withstand some ice formation, but not enough to be considered fully freeze tolerant. Theory suggests that freeze tolerance should be favored over freeze avoidance among individuals that have low relative fitness before exposure to cold. For phytophagous insects, numerous studies have shown that host (or nutrition) can affect fitness and cold-tolerance strategy, respectively, but no research has investigated whether changes in fitness caused by different hosts of polyphagous species could lead to systematic changes in cold-tolerance strategy. We tested this relationship with the invasive, polyphagous moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker). Host affected components of fitness, such as larval survivorship rates, pupal mass, and immature developmental times. Host species also caused a dramatic change in survival of late-instar larvae after the onset of freezing-from less than 8% to nearly 80%. The degree of survival after the onset of freezing was inversely correlated with components of fitness in the absence of cold exposure. Our research is the first empirical evidence of an evolutionary mechanism that may drive changes in cold-tolerance strategies. Additionally, characterizing the effects of host plants on insect cold tolerance will enhance forecasts of invasive species dynamics, especially under climate change.}, }
@article {pmid27876647, year = {2017}, author = {Walther, D and Scheuch, DE and Kampen, H}, title = {The invasive Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany: Local reproduction and overwintering.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {166}, number = {}, pages = {186-192}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.024}, pmid = {27876647}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Animals ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Germany ; *Introduced Species ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Within the framework of a German mosquito monitoring programme, the 'Mueckenatlas' (mosquito atlas) has been established as an instrument of citizen participation in mosquito mapping. In 2015, a strikingly large number of Aedes albopictus, which had not been considered established in Germany, was submitted. Three of six collection sites showed local reproduction, with demonstration of developmental stages over three months at two sites. The third populated site was checked only once in October. Developmental stages of Ae. albopictus were found again at these three sites in spring 2016, including one site in southeastern Germany where reproduction had already been documented in 2014. Although population genetic analyses performed on specimens collected at the latter locality in 2014 and 2015 did not provide proof for hibernation, the finding of developmental stages at this and two other very same sites as in the year before and at very early times in the season strongly suggest accomplished overwintering of Ae. albopictus in Germany. Obviously, the second extremely mild winter in Germany in a row and ongoing adaptation of Ae. albopictus to the temperate European climate allow the species to push northwards from endemic regions in the south. Due to the vector competence of Ae. albopictus for numerous pathogens, including dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses, action should be taken immediately after the detection of local reproduction to eliminate the populations.}, }
@article {pmid27876095, year = {2017}, author = {Havill, NP and Elkinton, J and Andersen, JC and Hagen, SB and Broadley, HJ and Boettner, GJ and Caccone, A}, title = {Asymmetric hybridization between non-native winter moth, Operophtera brumata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), and native Bruce spanworm, Operophtera bruceata, in the Northeastern United States, assessed with novel microsatellites and SNPs.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {107}, number = {2}, pages = {241-250}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485316000857}, pmid = {27876095}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Genetic Markers ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Mid-Atlantic Region ; Moths/*genetics ; New England ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The European winter moth, Operophtera brumata, is a non-native pest in the Northeastern USA causing defoliation of forest trees and crops such as apples and blueberries. This species is known to hybridize with O. bruceata, the Bruce spanworm, a native species across North America, although it is not known if there are hybrid generations beyond F1. To study winter moth population genetics and hybridization with Bruce spanworm, we developed two sets of genetic markers, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and microsatellites, using genomic approaches. Both types of markers were validated using samples from the two species and their hybrids. We identified 1216 SNPs and 24 variable microsatellite loci. From them we developed a subset of 95 species-diagnostic SNPs and ten microsatellite loci that could be used for hybrid identification. We further validated the ten microsatellite loci by screening field collected samples of both species and putative hybrids. In addition to confirming the presence of F1 hybrids reported in previous studies, we found evidence for multi-generation asymmetric hybridization, as suggested by the occurrence of hybrid backcrosses with the winter month, but not with the Bruce spanworm. Laboratory crosses between winter moth females and Bruce spanworm males resulted in a higher proportion of viable eggs than the reciprocal cross, supporting this pattern. We discuss the possible roles of population demographics, sex chromosome genetic incompatibility, and bacterial symbionts as causes of this asymmetrical hybridization and the utility of the developed markers for future studies.}, }
@article {pmid27872292, year = {2016}, author = {Lembrechts, JJ and Pauchard, A and Lenoir, J and Nuñez, MA and Geron, C and Ven, A and Bravo-Monasterio, P and Teneb, E and Nijs, I and Milbau, A}, title = {Disturbance is the key to plant invasions in cold environments.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {113}, number = {49}, pages = {14061-14066}, pmid = {27872292}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Altitude ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Cold Temperature ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Plant Development/*physiology ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*metabolism ; Seeds ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Until now, nonnative plant species were rarely found at high elevations and latitudes. However, partly because of climate warming, biological invasions are now on the rise in these extremely cold environments. These plant invasions make it timely to undertake a thorough experimental assessment of what has previously been holding them back. This knowledge is key to developing efficient management of the increasing risks of cold-climate invasions. Here, we integrate human interventions (i.e., disturbance, nutrient addition, and propagule input) and climatic factors (i.e., temperature) into one seed-addition experiment across two continents: the subantarctic Andes and subarctic Scandinavian mountains (Scandes), to disentangle their roles in limiting or favoring plant invasions. Disturbance was found as the main determinant of plant invader success (i.e., establishment, growth, and flowering) along the entire cold-climate gradient, explaining 40-60% of the total variance in our models, with no indication of any facilitative effect from the native vegetation. Higher nutrient levels additionally stimulated biomass production and flowering. Establishment and flowering displayed a hump-shaped response with increasing elevation, suggesting that competition is the main limit on invader success at low elevations, as opposed to low-growing-season temperatures at high elevations. Our experiment showed, however, that nonnative plants can establish, grow, and flower well above their current elevational limits in high-latitude mountains. We thus argue that cold-climate ecosystems are likely to see rapid increases in plant invasions in the near future as a result of a synergistic interaction between increasing human-mediated disturbances and climate warming.}, }
@article {pmid27871673, year = {2017}, author = {Piaggio, AJ and Segelbacher, G and Seddon, PJ and Alphey, L and Bennett, EL and Carlson, RH and Friedman, RM and Kanavy, D and Phelan, R and Redford, KH and Rosales, M and Slobodian, L and Wheeler, K}, title = {Is It Time for Synthetic Biodiversity Conservation?.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, pages = {97-107}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2016.10.016}, pmid = {27871673}, issn = {1872-8383}, support = {BBS/E/I/00007033/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; Introduced Species ; *Synthetic Biology ; }, abstract = {Evidence indicates that, despite some critical successes, current conservation approaches are not slowing the overall rate of biodiversity loss. The field of synthetic biology, which is capable of altering natural genomes with extremely precise editing, might offer the potential to resolve some intractable conservation problems (e.g., invasive species or pathogens). However, it is our opinion that there has been insufficient engagement by the conservation community with practitioners of synthetic biology. We contend that rapid, large-scale engagement of these two communities is urgently needed to avoid unintended and deleterious ecological consequences. To this point we describe case studies where synthetic biology is currently being applied to conservation, and we highlight the benefits to conservation biologists from engaging with this emerging technology.}, }
@article {pmid27870050, year = {2016}, author = {Schmid, B and Nottebrock, H and Esler, KJ and Pagel, J and Böhning-Gaese, K and Schurr, FM and Mueller, T and Schleuning, M}, title = {A bird pollinator shows positive frequency dependence and constancy of species choice in natural plant communities.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {11}, pages = {3110-3118}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1565}, pmid = {27870050}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Feeding Behavior ; Flowers ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Plants/*classification ; Pollination/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels ; }, abstract = {Animal pollinators mediate reproduction of many plant species. Foraging theory suggests that animal pollinators exhibit preferences for common plant species in natural communities (positive frequency-dependent foraging) and temporary single-species specialization (flower constancy) during foraging bouts. Positive frequency dependence may favor common plant species; flower constancy may enhance conspecific pollen transfer particularly in rare plant species. Previous experimental studies suggest that avian pollinators are unlikely to exhibit these behaviors. We studied foraging behavior of Cape Sugarbirds (Promerops cafer), the main avian pollinator of many Protea species, using focal-plant and focal-bird sampling, assisted by high-resolution maps of the spatiotemporal distribution of Protea individuals and their flowering status. We found that Sugarbird's visitation preference increased with species' relative floral abundance, and that individual Sugarbirds tended to visit single species in sequence. Flower constancy during foraging bouts was significantly higher than expected from random plant-animal encounters at the scale of pollinator movements. Positive frequency dependence may favor the reproduction of abundant plant species while flower constancy may be particularly important for rare plant species. This first simultaneous study of both behaviors in a natural plant-pollinator system shows that bird pollinators exhibit both types of behavior and, in this way, possibly influence plant community structure.}, }
@article {pmid27870046, year = {2016}, author = {Hettyey, A and Thonhauser, KE and Bókony, V and Penn, DJ and Hoi, H and Griggio, M}, title = {Naive tadpoles do not recognize recent invasive predatory fishes as dangerous.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {11}, pages = {2975-2985}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1532}, pmid = {27870046}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Escape Reaction/*physiology ; Fishes/*physiology ; Larva/physiology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Ranidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien predators (IAP) are spreading on a global scale-often with devastating ecological effects. One reason for their success may be that prey species fail to recognize them due to a lack of co-evolutionary history. We performed a comprehensive test of this "prey naiveté" hypothesis using a novel approach: we tested whether predator-naive tadpoles of the agile frog (Rana dalmatina) display antipredator behavior upon encountering chemical cues produced by native, invasive (established or recent) or allopatric fishes (four perciforms, four siluriforms, and two cypriniforms). We studied the influence of population origin on predator-detection ability by presenting chemical cues to predator-naive tadpoles that originated from fishless hill-ponds or fish-infested floodplain populations. Before trials, we fed fishes with tadpoles or an alternative food to test whether direct chemical cues from the predator's diet influences the tadpoles' recognition of potential predators. Tadpoles reduced their activity upon exposure to cues from native and long-established invasive perciforms, but not in response to recent invaders, allopatric predators, or to any siluriforms. Also, predators that were previously fed with tadpoles did not universally induce behavioral defensedefenses upon first encounter. Finally, tadpoles originating from isolated hill-ponds exhibited higher baseline activity and responded in weaker fashion than their conspecifics from floodplain populations, which co-exist with predatory fishes. Our results indicate that tadpoles may be vulnerable to invading predatory fishes due to their inability to recognize them as dangerous, though their ability to recognize invasive IAP may evolve rapidly, in fewer than 30 generations.}, }
@article {pmid27870043, year = {2016}, author = {Urli, M and Brown, CD and Narváez Perez, R and Chagnon, PL and Vellend, M}, title = {Increased seedling establishment via enemy release at the upper elevational range limit of sugar maple.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {11}, pages = {3058-3069}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1566}, pmid = {27870043}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Acer/*physiology ; Altitude ; Climate Change ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Seedlings/*growth &amp; development ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The enemy release hypothesis is frequently invoked to explain invasion by nonnative species, but studies focusing on the influence of enemies on natural plant range expansion due to climate change remain scarce. We combined multiple approaches to study the influence of plant-enemy interactions on the upper elevational range limit of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) in southeastern Québec, Canada, where a previous study had demonstrated intense seed predation just beyond the range limit. Consistent with the hypothesis of release from natural enemies at the range limit, data from both natural patterns of regeneration and from seed and seedling transplant experiments showed higher seedling densities at the range edge than in the core of the species' distribution. A growth chamber experiment manipulating soil origin and temperature indicated that this so-called "happy edge" was not likely caused by temperature (i.e., the possibility that climate warming has made high elevation temperatures optimal for sugar maple) or by abiotic soil factors that vary along the elevational gradient. Finally, an insect-herbivore-exclusion experiment showed that insect herbivory was a major cause of seedling mortality in the core of sugar maple's distribution, whereas seedlings transplanted at or beyond the range edge experienced minimal herbivory (i.e., enemy release). Insect herbivory did not completely explain the high levels of seedling mortality in the core of the species' distribution, suggesting that seedlings at or beyond the range edge may also experience release from pathogens. In sum, while some effects of enemies are magnified beyond range edges (e.g., seed predation), others are dampened at and beyond the range edge (e.g., insect herbivory), such that understanding the net outcome of different biotic interactions within, at and beyond the edge of distribution is critical to predicting species' responses to global change.}, }
@article {pmid27870029, year = {2016}, author = {Burns, KC}, title = {Native-exotic richness relationships: a biogeographic approach using turnover in island plant populations.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {11}, pages = {2932-2938}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1579}, pmid = {27870029}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Introduced Species ; *Islands ; Plants/*classification ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Spatial variation in exotic species richness is often correlated with native species richness, for reasons that are poorly understood. To better understand the mechanisms underpinning native-exotic richness relationships, I quantified the colonization and extinction of 18 exotic and 16 native plant species on 39 small islands located off the coast of New Zealand for 8 consecutive yr. Results revealed a positive native-exotic richness relationship, which could be explained by similar demographic responses of native and exotic species to island area. However, native and exotic species showed subtle differences in their response to other island attributes. Turnover in native species declined with island isolation, whereas turnover in exotic species increased with the exposure of islands to ocean-borne disturbances. Overall results illustrate how long-term observations of species turnover can be used to better understand the mechanisms underpinning native-exotic richness relationships, and demonstrate that large, exposed islands can be especially susceptible to invasions by exotic species.}, }
@article {pmid27864050, year = {2017}, author = {McCormick, GL and Robbins, TR and Cavigelli, SA and Langkilde, T}, title = {Ancestry trumps experience: Transgenerational but not early life stress affects the adult physiological stress response.}, journal = {Hormones and behavior}, volume = {87}, number = {}, pages = {115-121}, doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.11.010}, pmid = {27864050}, issn = {1095-6867}, mesh = {Aging/physiology/psychology ; Animals ; Ants/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Corticosterone/blood ; Female ; Food Chain ; *Lizards/blood/parasitology/physiology ; Maternal Exposure/*adverse effects ; Maternal Inheritance/*physiology ; Stress, Physiological/*physiology ; *Stress, Psychological/blood/psychology ; }, abstract = {Exposure to stressors can affect an organism's physiology and behavior as well as that of its descendants (e.g. through maternal effects, epigenetics, and/or selection). We examined the relative influence of early life vs. transgenerational stress exposure on adult stress physiology in a species that has populations with and without ancestral exposure to an invasive predator. We raised offspring of eastern fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) from sites historically invaded (high stress) or uninvaded (low stress) by predatory fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) and determined how this different transgenerational exposure to stress interacted with the effects of early life stress exposure to influence the physiological stress response in adulthood. Offspring from these high- and low-stress populations were exposed weekly to either sub-lethal attack by fire ants (an ecologically relevant stressor), topical treatment with a physiologically-appropriate dose of the stress-relevant hormone, corticosterone (CORT), or a control treatment from 2 to 43weeks of age. Several months after treatments ended, we quantified plasma CORT concentrations at baseline and following restraint, exposure to fire ants, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) injection. Exposure to fire ants or CORT during early life did not affect lizard stress physiology in adulthood. However, offspring of lizards from populations that had experienced multiple generations of fire ant-invasion exhibited more robust adult CORT responses to restraint and ACTH-injection compared to offspring from uninvaded populations. Together, these results indicate that transgenerational stress history may be at least as important, if not more important, than early life stress in affecting adult physiological stress responses.}, }
@article {pmid27861789, year = {2017}, author = {Bhattarai, GP and Meyerson, LA and Cronin, JT}, title = {Geographic variation in apparent competition between native and invasive Phragmites australis.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {2}, pages = {349-358}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1646}, pmid = {27861789}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Apparent competition, the negative interaction between species mediated by shared natural enemies, is thought to play an important role in shaping the structure and dynamics of natural communities. However, its importance in driving species invasions, and whether the strength of this indirect interaction varies across the latitudinal range of the invasion, has not been fully explored. We performed replicated field experiments at four sites spanning 900 km along the Atlantic Coast of the United States to assess the presence and strength of apparent competition between sympatric native and invasive lineages of Phragmites australis. Four herbivore guilds were considered: stem-feeders, leaf-miners, leaf-chewers and aphids. We also tested the hypothesis that the strength of this interaction declines with increasing latitude. Within each site, native and invasive plants of P. australis were cross-transplanted between co-occurring native and invasive patches in the same marsh habitat and herbivore damage was evaluated at the end of the growing season. Apparent competition was evident for both lineages and involved all but the leaf-chewer guild. For native plants, total aphids per plant was 296% higher and the incidence of stem-feeding and leaf-mining herbivores was 34% and 221% higher, respectively, when transplanted into invasive than native patches. These data suggest that invasive P. australis has a negative effect on native P. australis via apparent competition. Averaged among herbivore types, the indirect effects of the invasive lineage on the native lineage was 57% higher than the reverse situation, suggesting that apparent competition was asymmetric. We also found that the strength of apparent competition acting against the native lineage was comparable to the benefits to the invasive lineage from enemy release (i.e., proportionately lower mean herbivory of the invasive relative to the native taxa). Finally, we found the first evidence that the strength of apparent competition acting against the native lineage (from stem-feeders only) decreased with increasing latitude. These results suggest that not only could apparent competition be of tantamount importance to enemy release in enhancing the establishment and spread of invasive taxa, but also that these indirect and direct herbivore effects could vary over the invasion range.}, }
@article {pmid27861603, year = {2016}, author = {Van Echelpoel, W and Boets, P and Goethals, PL}, title = {Functional Response (FR) and Relative Growth Rate (RGR) Do Not Show the Known Invasiveness of Lemna minuta (Kunth).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {e0166132}, pmid = {27861603}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Araceae/*growth &amp; development ; *Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {Growing travel and trade threatens biodiversity as it increases the rate of biological invasions globally, either by accidental or intentional introduction. Therefore, avoiding these impacts by forecasting invasions and impeding further spread is of utmost importance. In this study, three forecasting approaches were tested and combined to predict the invasive behaviour of the alien macrophyte Lemna minuta in comparison with the native Lemna minor: the functional response (FR) and relative growth rate (RGR), supplemented with a combined biomass-based nutrient removal (BBNR). Based on the idea that widespread invasive species are more successful competitors than local, native species, a higher FR and RGR were expected for the invasive compared to the native species. Five different nutrient concentrations were tested, ranging from low (4 mgN.L-1 and 1 mgP.L-1) to high (70 mgN.L-1 and 21 mgP.L-1). After four days, a significant amount of nutrients was removed by both Lemna spp., though significant differences among L. minor and L. minuta were only observed at lower nutrient concentrations (lower than 17 mgN.L-1 and 6 mgP.L-1) with higher nutrient removal exerted by L. minor. The derived FR did not show a clear dominance of the invasive L. minuta, contradicting field observations. Similarly, the RGR ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 d-1, but did not show a biomass-based dominance of L. minuta (0.5 ± 0.1 d-1 versus 0.63 ± 0.09 d-1 for L. minor). BBNR showed similar results as the FR. Contrary to our expectations, all three approaches resulted in higher values for L. minor. Consequently, based on our results FR is sensitive to differences, though contradicted the expectations, while RGR and BBNR do not provide sufficient power to differentiate between a native and an invasive alien macrophyte and should be supplemented with additional ecosystem-based experiments to determine the invasion impact.}, }
@article {pmid27860525, year = {2017}, author = {Gao, Y and Reitz, SR}, title = {Emerging Themes in Our Understanding of Species Displacements.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {62}, number = {}, pages = {165-183}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035425}, pmid = {27860525}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Arachnida/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Insecta/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The displacement of a species from a habitat by actions of another is the most severe outcome of interspecific interactions. This review focuses on recent developments in the understanding of (a) ecological mechanisms that lead to displacements, (b) how outcomes of interspecific interactions are affected by the context of where and when they occur, and (c) impacts of displacements. Displacements are likely to escalate as their primary initiating factors-the spread of non-native species and environmental change-continue at unprecedented rates. Displacements typically result from interactions of multiple mechanisms, not all of which involve direct competition. Various biotic and abiotic factors mediate these mechanisms, so variable outcomes occur when the same species interact in different environments. Though replacement of one species by another has particular relevance to pest management and conservation biology, the cascading effects that displacements have in managed and natural systems are critical to understand.}, }
@article {pmid27859850, year = {2017}, author = {Lacasella, F and Marta, S and Singh, A and Stack Whitney, K and Hamilton, K and Townsend, P and Kucharik, CJ and Meehan, TD and Gratton, C}, title = {From pest data to abundance-based risk maps combining eco-physiological knowledge, weather, and habitat variability.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {575-588}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1467}, pmid = {27859850}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Geographic Mapping ; Insect Control/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; *Weather ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {Noxious species, i.e., crop pest or invasive alien species, are major threats to both natural and managed ecosystems. Invasive pests are of special importance, and knowledge about their distribution and abundance is fundamental to minimize economic losses and prioritize management activities. Occurrence models are a common tool used to identify suitable zones and map priority areas (i.e., risk maps) for noxious species management, although they provide a simplified description of species dynamics (i.e., no indication on species density). An alternative is to use abundance models, but translating abundance data into risk maps is often challenging. Here, we describe a general framework for generating abundance-based risk maps using multi-year pest data. We used an extensive data set of 3968 records collected between 2003 and 2013 in Wisconsin during annual surveys of soybean aphid (SBA), an exotic invasive pest in this region. By using an integrative approach, we modelled SBA responses to weather, seasonal, and habitat variability using generalized additive models (GAMs). Our models showed good to excellent performance in predicting SBA occurrence and abundance (TSS = 0.70, AUC = 0.92; R[2] = 0.63). We found that temperature, precipitation, and growing degree days were the main drivers of SBA trends. In addition, a significant positive relationship between SBA abundance and the availability of overwintering habitats was observed. Our models showed aphid populations were also sensitive to thresholds associated with high and low temperatures, likely related to physiological tolerances of the insects. Finally, the resulting aphid predictions were integrated using a spatial prioritization algorithm ("Zonation") to produce an abundance-based risk map for the state of Wisconsin that emphasized the spatiotemporal consistency and magnitude of past infestation patterns. This abundance-based risk map can provide information on potential foci of pest outbreaks where scouting efforts and prophylactic measures should be concentrated. The approach we took is general, relatively simple, and can be applied to other species, habitats and geographical areas for which species abundance data and biotic and abiotic data are available.}, }
@article {pmid27859602, year = {2017}, author = {West, C and Hofman, CA and Ebbert, S and Martin, J and Shirazi, S and Dunning, S and Maldonado, JE}, title = {Integrating archaeology and ancient DNA analysis to address invasive species colonization in the Gulf of Alaska.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, pages = {1163-1172}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12865}, pmid = {27859602}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Alaska ; Animals ; Archaeology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *DNA, Ancient ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; *Sciuridae ; }, abstract = {The intentional and unintentional movement of plants and animals by humans has transformed ecosystems and landscapes globally. Assessing when and how a species was introduced are central to managing these transformed landscapes, particularly in island environments. In the Gulf of Alaska, there is considerable interest in the history of mammal introductions and rehabilitating Gulf of Alaska island environments by eradicating mammals classified as invasive species. The Arctic ground squirrel (Urocitellus parryii) is of concern because it affects vegetation and seabirds on Gulf of Alaska islands. This animal is assumed to have been introduced by historic settlers; however, ground squirrel remains in the prehistoric archaeological record of Chirikof Island, Alaska, challenge this timeline and suggest they colonized the islands long ago. We used 3 lines of evidence to address this problem: direct radiocarbon dating of archaeological squirrel remains; evidence of prehistoric human use of squirrels; and ancient DNA analysis of dated squirrel remains. Chirikof squirrels dated to at least 2000 years ago, and cut marks on squirrel bones suggested prehistoric use by people. Ancient squirrels also shared a mitochondrial haplotype with modern Chirikof squirrels. These results suggest that squirrels have been on Chirikof longer than previously assumed and that the current population of squirrels is closely related to the ancient population. Thus, it appears ground squirrels are not a recent, human-mediated introduction and may have colonized the island via a natural dispersal event or an ancient human translocation.}, }
@article {pmid27859224, year = {2017}, author = {Beatty, SJ and Morgan, DL}, title = {Rapid proliferation of an endemic galaxiid following eradication of an alien piscivore (Perca fluviatilis) from a reservoir.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {90}, number = {3}, pages = {1090-1097}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13214}, pmid = {27859224}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyprinidae/*physiology ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; Perches/*physiology ; Population Density ; Water Supply ; }, abstract = {Following the complete eradication of the alien piscivorous perch Perca fluviatilis from a potable reservoir, the abundance of the endemic western minnow Galaxias occidentalis, which was previously undetectable prior to the initial eradication event, increased dramatically. The study reveals the potential of reservoirs to act as ecological refuges and has implications for understanding the relative effects of alien fishes v. habitat alteration on native freshwater fishes.}, }
@article {pmid27859107, year = {2016}, author = {Loewen, CJ and Vinebrooke, RD}, title = {Regional diversity reverses the negative impacts of an alien predator on local species-poor communities.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {10}, pages = {2740-2749}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1485}, pmid = {27859107}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Ponds ; *Zooplankton ; }, abstract = {Species diversity is often an implicit source of biological insurance for communities against the impacts of novel perturbations, such as the introduction of an invasive species. High environmental heterogeneity (e.g., a mountainous gradient) is expected to beget greater regional species diversity and variation in functional traits related to environmental tolerances. Thus, heterogeneous metacommunities are expected to provide more tolerant colonists that buffer stressed local communities in the absence of dispersal limitation. We tested the hypothesis that importation of a regional zooplankton pool assembled from a diverse array of lakes and ponds lessens the impacts of a novel predator on local species-poor alpine communities by increasing response diversity (i.e., diversity of tolerances to environmental change) as mediated by variation in functional traits related to predator evasion. We also tested whether impacts varied with temperature, as warming may modify (e.g., dampen or amplify) invasion effects. An eight-week factorial experiment ([fishless vs. introduced Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout)] × [ambient temperature vs. heated] × [local vs. local + regional species pool]) was conducted using 32 1,000-L mesocosms. Associations between experimental treatments and species functional traits were tested by R-mode linked to Q-mode (RLQ) and fourth-corner analyses. Although the introduced predator suppressed local species richness and community biomass, colonization by several montane zooplankters reversed these negative effects, resulting in increased species diversity and production. Invasion resistance was unaffected by higher temperatures, which failed to elicit any significance impacts on the community. We discovered that the smaller body sizes of imported species drove functional overcompensation (i.e., increased production) in invaded communities. The observed ecological surprise showed how regionally sourced biodiversity from a highly heterogeneous landscape can offset, and even reverse, the local negative impacts of an invasive species. Further, prey body size was found to be a key species trait mediating the ecological impacts of the aquatic invasive predator. Our study highlights the novel application of a functional approach to understanding the impacts of biological invasions, using species traits that pertain directly to potential responses to exotic species.}, }
@article {pmid27859091, year = {2016}, author = {Liao, H and Gurgel, PCS and Pal, RW and Hooper, D and Callaway, RM}, title = {Solidago gigantea plants from nonnative ranges compensate more in response to damage than plants from the native range.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {9}, pages = {2355-2363}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1481}, pmid = {27859091}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Europe ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Solidago/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Resistance and tolerance are two ways that plants cope with herbivory. Tolerance, the ability of a plant to regrow or reproduce after being consumed, has been studied less than resistance, but this trait varies widely among species and has considerable potential to affect the ecology of plant species. One particular aspect of tolerance, compensatory responses, can evolve rapidly in plant species; providing insight into interactions between consumers and plants. However, compensation by invasive species has rarely been explored. We compared compensatory responses to the effects of simulated herbivory expressed by plants from seven Solidago gigantea populations from the native North American range to that expressed by plants from nine populations from the nonnative European range. Populations were also collected along elevational gradients to compare ecotypic variation within and between ranges. Solidago plants from the nonnative range of Europe were more tolerant to herbivory than plants from the native range of North America. Furthermore, plants from European populations increased in total biomass and growth rate with elevation, but decreased in compensatory response. There were no relationships between elevation and growth or compensation for North American populations. Our results suggest that Solidago gigantea may have evolved to better compensate for herbivory damage in Europe, perhaps in response to a shift to greater proportion of attack from generalists. Our results also suggest a possible trade-off between rapid growth and compensation to damage in European populations but not in North American populations.}, }
@article {pmid27859064, year = {2016}, author = {Funk, JL and Wolf, AA}, title = {Testing the trait-based community framework: Do functional traits predict competitive outcomes?.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {9}, pages = {2206-2211}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1484}, pmid = {27859064}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {California ; *Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; *Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Plant traits can be used to understand a range of ecological processes, including competition with invasive species. The extent to which native and invasive species are competing via limiting similarity or trait hierarchies has important implications for the management of invaded communities. We screened 47 native species that co-occur with Festuca perennis, a dominant invader in California serpentine grassland, for traits pertaining to resource use and acquisition. We then grew F. perennis with 10 species spanning a range of functional similarity in pairwise competition trials. Functionally similar species did not have a strong adverse effect on F. perennis performance as would be expected by limiting similarity theory. Phylogenetic relatedness, which may integrate a number of functional traits, was also a poor predictor of competitive outcome. Instead, species with high specific root length, low root-to-shoot biomass ratio, and low leaf nitrogen concentration were more effective at suppressing the growth of F. perennis. Our results suggest that fitness differences (i.e., trait hierarchies) may be more important than niche differences (i.e., limiting similarity) in structuring competitive outcomes in this system and may be a promising approach for the restoration of invaded systems.}, }
@article {pmid27859063, year = {2016}, author = {O'Loughlin, LS and Green, PT}, title = {Habitat augmentation drives secondary invasion: an experimental approach to determine the mechanism of invasion success.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {9}, pages = {2458-2469}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1473}, pmid = {27859063}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants ; Australia ; Brachyura ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Snails ; }, abstract = {The entry of secondary invaders into, or their expansion within, native communities is contingent on the changes wrought by other (primary) invaders. When primary invaders have altered more than one property of the recipient community, standard descriptive and modeling approaches only provide a best guess of the mechanism permitting the secondary invasion. In rainforest on Christmas Island, we conducted a manipulative field experiment to determine the mechanism of invasion success for a community of land snails dominated by non-native species. The invasion of rainforest by the yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) has facilitated these land snails, either by creating enemy-free space and/or increased habitat and resources (in the form of leaf litter) through the removal of the native omnivorous-detritivorous red land crab (Gecarcoidea natalis). We manipulated predator densities (high and low) and leaf litter (high and low) in replicated blocks of four treatment combinations at two sites. Over the course of one wet season (five months), we found that plots with high leaf litter biomass contained significantly more snails than those with low biomass, regardless of whether those plots had high or low predation pressure, at both the site where land crabs have always been abundant, and at the site where they have been absent for many years prior to the experiment. Each site was dominated by small snail species (<2 mm length), and through handling size and predation experiments we demonstrated that red crabs tend not to handle and eat snails of that size. These results suggest that secondary invasion by this community of non-native land snails is facilitated most strongly by habitat and resource augmentation, an indirect consequence of red land crab removal, and that the creation of enemy-free space is not important. By using a full-factorial experimental approach, we have confidently determined-rather than inferred-the mechanism by which primary invaders indirectly facilitate a community of secondary invaders.}, }
@article {pmid27855205, year = {2016}, author = {Wagner, TC and Hane, S and Joubert, DF and Fischer, C}, title = {Herbaceous Legume Encroachment Reduces Grass Productivity and Density in Arid Rangelands.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {e0166743}, pmid = {27855205}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fabaceae/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Rain ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; Wood/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Worldwide savannas and arid grasslands are mainly used for livestock grazing, providing livelihood to over a billion people. While normally dominated by perennial C4 grasses, these rangelands are increasingly affected by the massive spread of native, mainly woody legumes. The consequences are often a repression of grass cover and productivity, leading to a reduced carrying capacity. While such encroachment by woody plants has been extensively researched, studies on similar processes involving herbaceous species are rare. We studied the impact of a sustained and massive spread of the native herbaceous legume Crotalaria podocarpa in Namibia's escarpment region on the locally dominant fodder grasses Stipagrostis ciliata and Stipagrostis uniplumis. We measured tussock densities, biomass production of individual tussocks and tussock dormancy state of Stipagrostis on ten 10 m x 10 m plots affected and ten similarly-sized plots unaffected by C. podocarpa over eight consecutive years and under different seasonal rainfalls and estimated the potential relative productivity of the land. We found the percentage of active Stipagrostis tussocks and the biomass production of individual tussocks to increase asymptotically with higher seasonal rainfall reaching a maximum around 300 mm while the land's relative productivity under average local rainfall conditions reached only 40% of its potential. Crotalaria podocarpa encroachment had no effect on the proportion of productive grass tussocks, but reduced he productivity of individual Stipagrostis tussocks by a third. This effect of C. podocarpa on grass productivity was immediate and direct and was not compensated for by above-average rainfall. Besides this immediate effect, over time, the density of grass tussocks declined by more than 50% in areas encroached by C. podocarpa further and lastingly reducing the lands carrying capacity. The effects of C. podocarpa on grass productivity hereby resemble those of woody encroachers. Therefore, against the background of global change, the spread of herbaceous legumes and the underlying patterns needs to be further investigated to develop adequate counter measures for a sustainable land use.}, }
@article {pmid27846511, year = {2016}, author = {Vesper, I}, title = {Alien fungus blights Hawaii's native trees.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {354}, number = {6310}, pages = {273}, doi = {10.1126/science.354.6310.273}, pmid = {27846511}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Fungi ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Trees/*microbiology ; }, }
@article {pmid27845146, year = {2017}, author = {Pieterse, W and Terblanche, JS and Addison, P}, title = {Do thermal tolerances and rapid thermal responses contribute to the invasion potential of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)?.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {98}, number = {}, pages = {1-6}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.11.004}, pmid = {27845146}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Animals ; Cold Temperature ; Hot Temperature ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Ovum/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Pupa/growth &amp; development/physiology ; South Africa ; Tephritidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Thermotolerance ; }, abstract = {Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) has shown remarkable range expansion over the past 10years and invaded several new continents including Africa. Here we report results of a detailed assessment of acute high and low temperature survival ability and the plasticity thereof, to test the hypothesis that traits of the thermal niche have contributed to the species' invasion ability. We also assess life-stage-related variation of thermal tolerances to determine potential stage-related environmental sensitivity. The temperatures at which c. 20% of the population survived of B. dorsalis were determined to be -6.5°C and 42.7°C, respectively, when using 2h exposures. Further, four life stages of B. dorsalis (egg, 3rd instar larvae, pupae and adults) were exposed to high and low discriminating temperatures to compare their thermal survival rates. The egg stage was found to be the most resistant life stage to both high and low temperatures, since 44±2.3% survived the low and 60±4.2% survived the high discriminating temperature treatments respectively. Finally, the potential for adult hardening responses to mediate tolerance of extremes was also considered using a diverse range of acute conditions (using 2h exposures to 15°C, 10°C and 5°C and 30°C, 35°C, 37°C and 39°C as hardening temperatures, and some treatments with and without recovery periods between hardening and discriminating temperature treatment). These showed that although some significant hardening responses could be detected in certain treatments (e.g. after exposure to 37°C and 39°C), the magnitude of this plasticity was generally low compared to two other wide-spread and more geographically-range-restricted con-familial species, Ceratitis capitata and C. rosa. In other words, Bactrocera dorsalis adults were unable to rapidly heat- or cold-harden to the same extent as the other Ceratitis species examined to date. These results suggest a narrower thermal niche in B. dorsalis compared to these Ceratitis species - in both basal and plastic terms - and suggests that its geographic distribution might be more restricted in consequence.}, }
@article {pmid27843393, year = {2016}, author = {Saitoh, K and Shindo, K and Fujimoto, Y and Takahashi, K and Shimada, T}, title = {Mitochondrial genotyping of an endangered bitterling Acheilognathus typus (Cyprinidae).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {623}, pages = {131-141}, pmid = {27843393}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Genotyping of endangered species is helpful for establishing and evaluating conservation strategies. Mitochondrial sequence data was analyzed from 541 individuals of a critically endangered fish, Acheilognathus typus from present-day range-wide localities to re-evaluate an in-progress restoration program around Lake Izunuma-Uchinuma, Miyagi, Japan. Acheilognathus typus showed low sequence diversity with only eight haplotypes and π and ĥ values of 0.59129 and 0.00118 respectively. Genetic data suggests Acheilognathus typus is adapted to pulsed environments and prone to population flush and crash. Genotyping of populations in introduced localities revealed that their source is not from nearby localities.}, }
@article {pmid27843378, year = {2016}, author = {Capa, M and Murray, A}, title = {Combined morphological and molecular data unveils relationships of Pseudobranchiomma (Sabellidae, Annelida) and reveals higher diversity of this intriguing group of fan worms in Australia, including potentially introduced species.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {622}, pages = {1-36}, pmid = {27843378}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Pseudobranchiomma (Sabellidae, Annelida) is a small and heterogeneous group of fan worms found in shallow marine environments and is generally associated with hard substrates. The delineation and composition of this genus is problematic since it has been defined only by plesiomorphic characters that are widely distributed among other sabellids. In this study we have combined morphological and molecular (mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences) data to evaluate species diversity in Australia and assess the phylogenetic relationships of these and other related sabellids. Unlike morphological data alone, molecular data and combined datasets suggest monophyly of Pseudobranchiomma. In this study, a new species of Pseudobranchiomma is described and three others are considered as potential unintentional introductions to Australian waters, one of them reported for the first time for the continent. Pseudobranchiomma pallidasp. n. bears 4-6 serrations along the radiolar flanges, lacks radiolar eyes and has uncini with three transverse rows of teeth over the main fang. In the new species the colour pattern as well is characteristic and species specific.}, }
@article {pmid27838029, year = {2017}, author = {Lee, SY and Khim, JS}, title = {Hard science is essential to restoring soft-sediment intertidal habitats in burgeoning East Asia.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {168}, number = {}, pages = {765-776}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.136}, pmid = {27838029}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*methods ; Asia, Eastern ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Introduced Species ; *Water Pollution, Chemical ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Intertidal soft-sediment ecosystems such as mangrove, saltmarsh, and tidal flats face multiple stresses along the burgeoning East Asia coastline. In addition to direct habitat loss, ecosystem structure, function, and capacity for ecosystem services of these habitats are significantly affected by anthropogenic loss of hydrologic connectivity, introduction of invasive exotic species, and chemical pollution. These dramatic changes to ecosystem structure and function are illustrated by four case studies along the East Asian coast: the Mai Po Marshes in Hong Kong, the Yunxiao wetlands in Fujian, China, and the Lake Sihwa and Saemangeum tidal flats in Korea. While investment in restoration is increasing significantly in the region, the lack of key basic knowledge on aspects of the behaviour of intertidal soft-sediment ecosystems, particularly those in Asia, impairs the effectiveness of these efforts. The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function for relatively species-poor mangrove, seagrass, and saltmarsh systems has implications for restoration targeting monospecific plantations. The trajectory of recovery and return of ecosystem function and services is also poorly known, and may deviate from simple expectations. As many introduced species have become established along the East Asian coast, their long-term impact on ecosystem function as well as the socio-economics of coastal communities demand a multidisciplinary approach to assessing options for restoration and management. These knowledge gaps require urgent attention in order to inform future restoration and management of intertidal soft-sediment ecosystems in fast-developing East Asia.}, }
@article {pmid27832824, year = {2016}, author = {McKenna, DD and Scully, ED and Pauchet, Y and Hoover, K and Kirsch, R and Geib, SM and Mitchell, RF and Waterhouse, RM and Ahn, SJ and Arsala, D and Benoit, JB and Blackmon, H and Bledsoe, T and Bowsher, JH and Busch, A and Calla, B and Chao, H and Childers, AK and Childers, C and Clarke, DJ and Cohen, L and Demuth, JP and Dinh, H and Doddapaneni, H and Dolan, A and Duan, JJ and Dugan, S and Friedrich, M and Glastad, KM and Goodisman, MA and Haddad, S and Han, Y and Hughes, DS and Ioannidis, P and Johnston, JS and Jones, JW and Kuhn, LA and Lance, DR and Lee, CY and Lee, SL and Lin, H and Lynch, JA and Moczek, AP and Murali, SC and Muzny, DM and Nelson, DR and Palli, SR and Panfilio, KA and Pers, D and Poelchau, MF and Quan, H and Qu, J and Ray, AM and Rinehart, JP and Robertson, HM and Roehrdanz, R and Rosendale, AJ and Shin, S and Silva, C and Torson, AS and Jentzsch, IM and Werren, JH and Worley, KC and Yocum, G and Zdobnov, EM and Gibbs, RA and Richards, S}, title = {Genome of the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), a globally significant invasive species, reveals key functional and evolutionary innovations at the beetle-plant interface.}, journal = {Genome biology}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {227}, pmid = {27832824}, issn = {1474-760X}, support = {K12 GM000708/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; U54 HG003273/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genome, Insect/*genetics ; Host-Parasite Interactions/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Trees/parasitology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Relatively little is known about the genomic basis and evolution of wood-feeding in beetles. We undertook genome sequencing and annotation, gene expression assays, studies of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, and other functional and comparative studies of the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, a globally significant invasive species capable of inflicting severe feeding damage on many important tree species. Complementary studies of genes encoding enzymes involved in digestion of woody plant tissues or detoxification of plant allelochemicals were undertaken with the genomes of 14 additional insects, including the newly sequenced emerald ash borer and bull-headed dung beetle.<br><br>RESULTS: The Asian longhorned beetle genome encodes a uniquely diverse arsenal of enzymes that can degrade the main polysaccharide networks in plant cell walls, detoxify plant allelochemicals, and otherwise facilitate feeding on woody plants. It has the metabolic plasticity needed to feed on diverse plant species, contributing to its highly invasive nature. Large expansions of chemosensory genes involved in the reception of pheromones and plant kairomones are consistent with the complexity of chemical cues it uses to find host plants and mates.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Amplification and functional divergence of genes associated with specialized feeding on plants, including genes originally obtained via horizontal gene transfer from fungi and bacteria, contributed to the addition, expansion, and enhancement of the metabolic repertoire of the Asian longhorned beetle, certain other phytophagous beetles, and to a lesser degree, other phytophagous insects. Our results thus begin to establish a genomic basis for the evolutionary success of beetles on plants.}, }
@article {pmid27832345, year = {2017}, author = {Kerr, JL and Kelly, D and Bader, MK and Brockerhoff, EG}, title = {Olfactory Cues, Visual Cues, and Semiochemical Diversity Interact During Host Location by Invasive Forest Beetles.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {43}, number = {1}, pages = {17-25}, pmid = {27832345}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Bicyclic Monoterpenes ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Color ; Cues ; Diptera/*physiology ; Ethanol ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Monoterpenes ; Odorants ; Pheromones ; Pinus/*chemistry/*parasitology ; Visual Perception ; }, abstract = {Plant-feeding insects use visual and olfactory cues (shape, color, plant volatiles) for host location, but the relative importance of different cues and interactions with non-host-plant volatiles in ecosystems of varying plant biodiversity is unclear for most species. We studied invasive bark beetles and wood borers associated with pine trees to characterize interactions among color, host and non-host volatiles, by employing traps that mimic tree trunks. Cross-vane flight intercept traps (black, green, red, white, yellow, clear) and black funnel traps were used with and without attractants (α-pinene + ethanol), repellents (non-host green leaf volatiles, 'GLV'), and attractant/repellent combinations in four pine forests in New Zealand. We trapped 274,594 Hylurgus ligniperda, 7842 Hylastes ater, and 16,301 Arhopalus ferus. Trap color, attractant, and color × attractant effects were highly significant. Overall, black and red traps had the highest catches, irrespective of the presence of attractants. Alpha-pinene plus ethanol increased trap catch of H. ligniperda 200-fold but only 6-fold for H. ater and 2-fold for A. ferus. Green leaf volatiles had a substantial repellent effect on trap catch of H. ligniperda but less on H. ater and A. ferus. Attack by H. ligniperda was halved when logs were treated with GLV, and a similar effect was observed when logs were placed among broadleaved understory shrubs emitting GLV. Overall, H. ligniperda was most strongly affected by the olfactory cues used, whereas H. ater and A. ferus were more strongly affected by visual cues. Collectively, the results support the semiochemical diversity hypothesis, indicating that non-host plant volatiles from diverse plant communities or artificial dispensers can contribute to resistance against herbivores by partly disrupting host location.}, }
@article {pmid27829978, year = {2016}, author = {Marler, TE and Dongol, N and Cruz, GN}, title = {Leucaena leucocephala and adjacent native limestone forest habitats contrast in soil properties on Tinian Island.}, journal = {Communicative &amp; integrative biology}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {e1212792}, pmid = {27829978}, issn = {1942-0889}, abstract = {An ex situ germplasm collection of the endangered Cycas micronesica was established in a transition zone between biodiverse native forest and mature stands of the invasive species Leucaena leucocephala. Soil chemical properties were determined for the 2 tree cover types to inform management decisions. Total carbon, total nitrogen, calcium, and net ammonification were greater in native forest cover than in L. leucocephala patches. Net nitrification and net mineralization were greater under L. leucocephala cover. Trace metals also differed between the 2 forest cover types, with chromium, cobalt, and nickel accumulating to greater concentration under L. leucocephala cover and zinc accumulating to greater concentration under native forest cover. The results indicated that L. leucocephala cover generated substantial changes in soil chemical properties when compared with native forest tree cover, illuminating one means by which understory vegetation may be affected by changes in invasive tree cover.}, }
@article {pmid27829702, year = {2016}, author = {Le Louarn, M and Couillens, B and Deschamps-Cottin, M and Clergeau, P}, title = {Interference competition between an invasive parakeet and native bird species at feeding sites.}, journal = {Journal of ethology}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, pages = {291-298}, pmid = {27829702}, issn = {0289-0771}, abstract = {Interference competition has proved to be a factor of successful establishment of invasive species. This type of competition may have a stronger impact when native species have temporal niche overlap with the invasive species. The ring-necked parakeet Psittacula krameri has been successfully introduced in many countries and its interspecific agonistic behavior has already been reported. The purpose of this study is to analyze the territorial and preemptive interference competition between the ring-necked parakeet and native bird species in a recently colonized area. We used an empirical approach by recording video sequences in gardens equipped with bird feeders in winter. Our results showed that the ring-necked parakeet was the most frequent species at the feeders. Several native species showed temporal niche overlap with the ring-necked parakeet, the highest overlap being with the starling Sturnus vulgaris. The starling was also the species most impacted by interference competition with the parakeet. Our study suggests that, by being most frequently present at the feeders, by demonstrating the most agonistic behavior and by hindering access to food of the other species, the ring-necked parakeet is a superior competitor and may compete with native bird species.}, }
@article {pmid27829031, year = {2016}, author = {Wilcox, RC and Fletcher, RJ}, title = {Experimental Test of Preferences for an Invasive Prey by an Endangered Predator: Implications for Conservation.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {e0165427}, pmid = {27829031}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Shells/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Ecosystem ; Falconiformes/*physiology ; Female ; Florida ; Food Chain ; Food Preferences/physiology/*psychology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Pigmentation/physiology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Snails/*anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Identifying impacts of exotic species on native populations is central to ecology and conservation. Although the effects of exotic predators on native prey have received much attention, the role of exotic prey on native predators is poorly understood. Determining if native predators actively prefer invasive prey over native prey has implications for interpreting invasion impacts, identifying the presence of evolutionary traps, and predator persistence. One of the world's most invasive species, Pomacea maculata, has recently established in portions of the endangered Everglade snail kite's (Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus) geographic range. Although these exotic snails could provide additional prey resources, they are typically much larger than the native snail, which can lead to lower foraging success and the potential for diminished energetic benefits in comparison to native snails. Nonetheless, snail kites frequently forage on exotic snails. We used choice experiments to evaluate snail kite foraging preference in relation to exotic species and snail size. We found that snail kites do not show a preference for native or exotic snails. Rather, snail kites generally showed a preference for medium-sized snails, the sizes reflective of large native snails. These results suggest that while snail kites frequently forage on exotic snails in the wild, this behavior is likely driven simply by the abundance of exotic snails rather than snail kites preferring exotics. This lack of preference offers insights to hypotheses regarding effects of exotic species, guidance regarding habitat and invasive species management, and illustrates how native-exotic relationships can be misleading in the absence of experimental tests of such interactions.}, }
@article {pmid27827926, year = {2016}, author = {Kollar, P and Šmejkal, K and Salmonová, H and Vlková, E and Lepšová-Skácelová, O and Balounová, Z and Rajchard, J and Cvačka, J and Jaša, L and Babica, P and Pazourek, J}, title = {Assessment of Chemical Impact of Invasive Bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica on the Environment: Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of P. magnifica Extracts.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {21}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {27827926}, issn = {1420-3049}, mesh = {Aeromonas/chemistry ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Bacteria/*drug effects ; Bacterial Toxins/pharmacology ; Bryozoa/*chemistry/microbiology ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Chloroform/*pharmacology ; Hexanes/*pharmacology ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Methanol/*pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Toxicity Tests ; }, abstract = {Pectinatella magnifica, an invasive bryozoan, might significantly affect ecosystem balance due to its massive occurrence in many areas in Europe and other parts of the world. Biological and chemical analyses are needed to get complete information about the impact of the animal on the environment. In this paper, we aimed to evaluate in vitro cytotoxic effects of five extracts prepared from P. magnifica using LDH assay on THP-1 cell line. Antimicrobial activities of extracts against 22 different bacterial strains were tested by microdilution method. Our study showed that all extracts tested, except aqueous portion, demonstrated LD50 values below 100 μg/mL, which indicates potential toxicity. The water extract of P. magnifica with LD50 value of 250 μg/mL also shows potentially harmful effects. Also, an environmental risk resulting from the presence and increasing biomass of potentially toxic benthic cyanobacteria in old colonies should not be underestimated. Toxicity of Pectinatella extracts could be partially caused by presence of Aeromonas species in material, since we found members of these genera as most abundant bacteria associated with P. magnifica. Furthermore, P. magnifica seems to be a promising source of certain antimicrobial agents. Its methanolic extract, hexane, and chloroform fractions possessed selective inhibitory effect on some potential pathogens and food spoiling bacteria in the range of MIC 0.5-10 mg/mL. Future effort should be made to isolate and characterize the content compounds derived from P. magnifica, which could help to identify the substance(s) responsible for the toxic effects of P. magnifica extracts.}, }
@article {pmid27827418, year = {2016}, author = {Fan, S and Yu, H and Dong, X and Wang, L and Chen, X and Yu, D and Liu, C}, title = {Invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides suffers more severe herbivory pressure than native competitors in recipient communities.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {36542}, pmid = {27827418}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Amaranthaceae/*physiology ; Carbon/metabolism ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Host-enemy interactions are vital mechanisms that explain the success or failure of invasive plants in new ranges. We surveyed the defoliation of invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides and co-occurring native plants on two islands during different seasons over three consecutive years and measured the leaf nitrogen content and the C/N ratio of each plant species. To evaluate the effects of herbivory on A. philoxeroides, an herbivore exclosure experiment was conducted. We found that the mean defoliation of A. philoxeroides was higher than that of native plants, regardless of whether the dominant species was A. philoxeroides or native plants. A. philoxeroides defoliation increased significantly as the months progressed, whereas the defoliation of the total population of native plants was constant. The leaf nitrogen content was positively correlated with defoliation, and it was highest in A. philoxeroides. Additionally, A. philoxeroides in the herbivore exclusion treatment showed an increase in shoot biomass and total shoot length. Our study revealed that native generalist herbivores prefer the invasive plant to the natives because of the higher leaf nitrogen content. These results support the biotic resistance hypothesis, suggesting that native herbivore species can limit the population spread of invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid27823824, year = {2017}, author = {Ribeiro, PC and Menendez, E and da Silva, DL and Bonieck, D and Ramírez-Bahena, MH and Resende-Stoianoff, MA and Peix, A and Velázquez, E and Mateos, PF and Scotti, MR}, title = {Invasion of the Brazilian campo rupestre by the exotic grass Melinis minutiflora is driven by the high soil N availability and changes in the N cycle.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {577}, number = {}, pages = {202-211}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.162}, pmid = {27823824}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {The Serra do Rola Moça State Park (PESRM) in Minas Gerais State, Brazil is a preserved site representative of the campo rupestre biome over an ironstone outcrop that has a high level of plant diversity. Almost 60% of this grassy field has been invaded by the exotic molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora), which constitutes a severe threat to the biodiversity and survival of this biome, particularly due to the impacts of annual fires and inappropriate restoration interventions. Many invasive species exhibit a high demand for nitrogen (N). Hence, this work aimed to study the N cycle alterations promoted by M. minutiflora in a site of the campo rupestre, where the leguminous species Mimosa pogocephala was prevalent. The biome's soils exhibited a high natural N fertility and low C:N ratio. The main N source in this biome resulted from the biological N fixation performed by M. pogocephala associated with Burkholderia nodosa, as evidenced by the total leaf N content, leaf δ[15]N signature, nodule occupation and bacterial molecular identification analyses. The displacement of native species by molasses grass was associated with changes in the soil N forms, namely the nitrate increased as the ammonium decreased. The latter was the dominant N form in the native species plots, as observed in the soil analysis of total N, ammonium and nitrate contents. The dominant ammonium form was changed to the nitric form by the stimulation of ammonia-oxidising bacteria populations due to the invasive species. Therefore, the key mechanism behind the invasiveness of the exotic grass and the concomitant displacement of the native species may be associated with changes in the soil N chemical species. Based on this finding and on the high N-based soil fertility found in the campo rupestre N fertilisation procedures for restoration of invaded areas should be strictly avoided in this biome.}, }
@article {pmid27822466, year = {2016}, author = {Wilson, JJ and Grendler, J and Dunlap-Smith, A and Beal, BF and Page, ST}, title = {Analysis of Gene Expression in an Inbred Line of Soft-Shell Clams (Mya arenaria) Displaying Growth Heterosis: Regulation of Structural Genes and the NOD2 Pathway.}, journal = {International journal of genomics}, volume = {2016}, number = {}, pages = {6720947}, pmid = {27822466}, issn = {2314-436X}, support = {P20 GM103423/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Mya arenaria is a bivalve mollusk of commercial and economic importance, currently impacted by ocean warming, acidification, and invasive species. In order to inform studies on the growth of M. arenaria, we selected and inbred a population of soft-shell clams for a fast-growth phenotype. This population displayed significantly faster growth (p < 0.0001), as measured by 35.4% greater shell size. To assess the biological basis of this growth heterosis, we characterized the complete transcriptomes of six individuals and identified differentially expressed genes by RNAseq. Pathways differentially expressed included structural gene pathways. Also differentially expressed was the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) receptor pathway that contributes to determination of growth, immunity, apoptosis, and proliferation. NOD2 pathway members that were upregulated included a subset of isoforms of RIPK2 (mean 3.3-fold increase in expression), ERK/MAPK14 (3.8-fold), JNK/MAPK8 (4.1-fold), and NFκB (4.08-fold). These transcriptomes will be useful resources for both the aquaculture community and researchers with an interest in mollusks and growth heterosis.}, }
@article {pmid27820838, year = {2016}, author = {Delaney, JT and Moranz, RA and Debinski, DM and Engle, DM and Miller, JR}, title = {Exotic-Dominated Grasslands Show Signs of Recovery with Cattle Grazing and Fire.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {e0165758}, pmid = {27820838}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Butterflies ; Cattle ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Fires ; *Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Development ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {In grasslands, overgrazing by domestic livestock, fertilization, and introduction of exotic forage species leads to plant communities consisting of a mixture of native and exotic species. These degraded grasslands present a problem for land managers, farmers, and restoration ecologists concerned with improving biodiversity while continuing to use the land for livestock production. Here we assessed the response of butterfly and plant community composition to the use of fire and moderate grazing by domestic cattle on degraded grasslands dominated by exotic plants. We evaluated change by comparing experimental pastures to two reference sites that were grasslands dominated by native plants. We used two burning and grazing treatments: 1) patch-burn graze, a heterogeneously managed treatment, where one third of the pasture is burned each year and cattle have free access to the entire pasture, and 2) graze-and-burn, a homogenously managed treatment, where the entire pasture is grazed each year and burned in its entirety every three years. We tested for change in the butterfly and plant community composition over seven years using Bray-Curtis dissimilarity measures. Over the course of seven years, degraded pastures in both treatments became more similar to reference sites with respect to the butterfly and plant communities. Only two butterfly species and two plant functional guilds exhibited significant linear trends over time, with varying responses. Compositional changes in both the butterfly and plant communities indicate that the use of moderate grazing and fire may shift butterfly and plant communities of exotic-dominated grasslands to be more similar to reference tallgrass prairies over time.}, }
@article {pmid27818664, year = {2016}, author = {Chance, CM and Coops, NC and Plowright, AA and Tooke, TR and Christen, A and Aven, N}, title = {Invasive Shrub Mapping in an Urban Environment from Hyperspectral and LiDAR-Derived Attributes.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {1528}, pmid = {27818664}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Proactive management of invasive species in urban areas is critical to restricting their overall distribution. The objective of this work is to determine whether advanced remote sensing technologies can help to detect invasions effectively and efficiently in complex urban ecosystems such as parks. In Surrey, BC, Canada, Himalayan blackberry (Rubus armeniacus) and English ivy (Hedera helix) are two invasive shrub species that can negatively affect native ecosystems in cities and managed urban parks. Random forest (RF) models were created to detect these two species using a combination of hyperspectral imagery, and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data. LiDAR-derived predictor variables included irradiance models, canopy structural characteristics, and orographic variables. RF detection accuracy ranged from 77.8 to 87.8% for Himalayan blackberry and 81.9 to 82.1% for English ivy, with open areas classified more accurately than areas under canopy cover. English ivy was predicted to occur across a greater area than Himalayan blackberry both within parks and across the entire city. Both Himalayan blackberry and English ivy were mostly located in clusters according to a Local Moran's I analysis. The occurrence of both species decreased as the distance from roads increased. This study shows the feasibility of producing highly accurate detection maps of plant invasions in urban environments using a fusion of remotely sensed data, as well as the ability to use these products to guide management decisions.}, }
@article {pmid27816652, year = {2017}, author = {Moreira, A and Figueira, E and Pecora, IL and Soares, AM and Freitas, R}, title = {Biochemical alterations in native and exotic oyster species in Brazil in response to increasing temperature.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology &amp; pharmacology : CBP}, volume = {191}, number = {}, pages = {183-193}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.10.008}, pmid = {27816652}, issn = {1532-0456}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Antioxidants/metabolism ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Brazil ; Catalase/metabolism ; Crassostrea/classification/genetics/*metabolism ; Energy Metabolism ; Glutathione/metabolism ; Glycogen/metabolism ; *Heat-Shock Response ; Lipid Peroxidation ; *Oxidative Stress ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The increase of temperature in marine coastal ecosystems due to atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions is becoming an increasing threat for biodiversity worldwide, and may affect organisms' biochemical performance, often resulting in biogeographical shifts of species distribution. At the same time, the introduction of non-native species into aquatic systems also threatens biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Oysters are among the most valuable socio economic group of bivalve species in global fishery landings, and also provide numerous ecosystem services. However, the introduction of non-native oyster species, namely Crassostrea gigas for aquaculture purposes may threaten native oyster species, mainly by out competing their native congeners. It is therefore of upmost importance to understand physiological and biochemical responses of native and introduced oyster species in a scenario of global temperature rise, in order to provide knowledge that may allow for better species management. Hence, we compared biochemical alterations of the introduced C. gigas and the native Crassostrea brasiliana, the most important oyster species in Brazil, in response to different thermal regimes for 28days (24, 28 and 32°C). For this, metabolism (ETS), energy content (GLY), antioxidant system (SOD, CAT and GSH/GSSG) and cellular damage (LPO) were assessed in adult and juvenile specimens of both species. Juvenile C. gigas were the most affected by increased temperatures, presenting higher mortality, more pronounced antioxidant response (SOD), whereas adults were more tolerant than juveniles, showing no mortality, no significant changes in antioxidant enzymes activity neither energy expenditure. Native C. brasiliana juveniles presented lower mortality and less pronounced biochemical alterations were noted at higher temperature comparing to non-native C. gigas juveniles. Adult C. brasiliana were the least responsive to tested temperatures. Results obtained in this study bring interesting new insights on different oyster species life stages' physiological and biochemical tolerance towards thermal stress. The native species C. brasiliana showed ability to maintain biochemical performance at higher temperatures, with less pronounced biochemical changes than the non-native species. The introduced (C. gigas) showed to be more sensitive, presenting biochemical alterations to cope with the increase of temperature. Despite the lower observed fitness of the introduced species to temperatures closer to those naturally experienced by the native species, the ability of C. gigas to cope with higher temperatures should still raise concerns towards the native species C. brasiliana management and protection.}, }
@article {pmid27815003, year = {2017}, author = {Fill, JM and Forsyth, GG and Kritzinger-Klopper, S and Le Maitre, DC and van Wilgen, BW}, title = {An assessment of the effectiveness of a long-term ecosystem restoration project in a fynbos shrubland catchment in South Africa.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {185}, number = {}, pages = {1-10}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.053}, pmid = {27815003}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; Fires ; Introduced Species ; Plants/classification ; South Africa ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The long-term effectiveness of ecological restoration projects is seldom reported in the scientific literature. This paper reports on the outcomes of ecosystem restoration following the clearing of alien Pinus plantations and associated alien plant invasions over 13 years from an 8000 ha mountain catchment in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. We examined the goals, methods and costs of management, and the ecological outcomes in terms of reduced alien plant cover and native vegetation recovery. While the goals were not explicitly formulated at the outset, they were implicitly focussed on the conservation of water resources, the restoration of biodiversity, and the provision of employment. Initially, most (>90% of the area) was occupied by Pinus and Acacia invasions, mostly at low densities. The cost of control (initial clearing and up to 16 follow-up visits to remove emergent seedlings) amounted to almost ZAR 50 million (14 ZAR ∼ 1US$). Although the cover of alien plants was greatly reduced, over 1000 ha still support dense or medium invasions (>25% cover), and the area occupied by scattered Pinus plants increased by over 3000 ha to >5700 ha. A reliance on passive restoration had not yet resulted in full recovery of the natural vegetation. The mean number of species, and total projected canopy cover on 50 m[2] plots was lower in cleared than in comparable reference sites with pristine vegetation (21 vs 32 species/plot, and 94 vs 168% cover respectively). While the project is ongoing, we conclude that the entire area could revert to a more densely-invaded state in the event of a reduction of funding. Several changes to the management approach (including the integrated use of fire, a greater use of power tools, and active re-seeding of cleared areas with indigenous shrubs) would substantially increase the future effectiveness of the project and the sustainability of its outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid27814747, year = {2016}, author = {Cunze, S and Koch, LK and Kochmann, J and Klimpel, S}, title = {Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus - two invasive mosquito species with different temperature niches in Europe.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {573}, pmid = {27814747}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/classification/*physiology ; Animals ; Climate Change ; Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/*physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes albopictus and Ae. japonicus are two of the most widespread invasive mosquito species that have recently become established in western Europe. Both species are associated with the transmission of a number of serious diseases and are projected to continue their spread in Europe.<br><br>METHODS: In the present study, we modelled the habitat suitability for both species under current and future climatic conditions by means of an Ensemble forecasting approach. We additionally compared the modelled MAXENT niches of Ae. albopictus and Ae. japonicus regarding temperature and precipitation requirements.<br><br>RESULTS: Both species were modelled to find suitable habitat conditions in distinct areas within Europe: Ae. albopictus within the Mediterranean regions in southern Europe, Ae. japonicus within the more temperate regions of central Europe. Only in few regions, suitable habitat conditions were projected to overlap for both species. Whereas Ae. albopictus is projected to be generally promoted by climate change in Europe, the area modelled to be climatically suitable for Ae. japonicus is projected to decrease under climate change. This projection of range reduction under climate change relies on the assumption that Ae. japonicus is not able to adapt to warmer climatic conditions. The modelled MAXENT temperature niches of Ae. japonicus were found to be narrower with an optimum at lower temperatures compared to the niches of Ae. albopictus.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Species distribution models identifying areas with high habitat suitability can help improving monitoring programmes for invasive species currently in place. However, as mosquito species are known to be able to adapt to new environmental conditions within the invasion range quickly, niche evolution of invasive mosquito species should be closely followed upon in future studies.}, }
@article {pmid27812420, year = {2016}, author = {Douglas, CM and Mulligan, M and Harrison, XA and Henschel, JR and Pettorelli, N and Cowlishaw, G}, title = {Widespread dieback of riparian trees on a dammed ephemeral river and evidence of local mitigation by tributary flows.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e2622}, pmid = {27812420}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Ephemeral rivers act as linear oases in drylands providing key resources to people and wildlife. However, not much is known about these rivers' sensitivities to human activities. We investigated the landscape-level determinants of riparian tree dieback along the Swakop River, a dammed ephemeral river in Namibia, focusing on the native ana tree (Faidherbia albida) and the invasive mesquite (Prosopis spp.). We surveyed over 1,900 individual trees distributed across 24 sites along a 250 km stretch of the river. General linear mixed models were used to test five hypotheses relating to three anthropogenic threats: river flow disruption from damming, human settlement and invasive species. We found widespread dieback in both tree populations: 51% mortality in ana tree, with surviving trees exhibiting 18% canopy death (median); and 26% mortality in mesquite, with surviving trees exhibiting 10% canopy death. Dieback in the ana tree was most severe where trees grew on drier stretches of the river, where tributary flow was absent and where mesquite grew more abundantly. Dieback in the mesquite, a more drought-tolerant taxon, did not show any such patterns. Our findings suggest that dieback in the ana tree is primarily driven by changes in river flow resulting from upstream dam creation and that tributary flows provide a local buffer against this loss of main channel flow. The hypothesis that the invasive mesquite may contribute to ana tree dieback was also supported. Our findings suggest that large dams along the main channels of ephemeral rivers have the ability to cause widespread mortality in downstream riparian trees. To mitigate such impacts, management might focus on the maintenance of natural tributary flows to buffer local tree populations from the disruption to main channel flow.}, }
@article {pmid27811751, year = {2016}, author = {Bieńkowski, AO and Orlova-Bienkowskaja, MJ}, title = {Key to Holarctic species of Epitrix flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini) with review of their distribution, host plants and history of invasions.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4175}, number = {5}, pages = {401-435}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4175.5.1}, pmid = {27811751}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Plants/parasitology ; }, abstract = {The genus Epitrix Foudras, 1860a has a worldwide distribution. Some species of Epitrix are major pests of potato, tomato, eggplant, tobacco and other plants in North America and Europe. Some pest species have been inadvertently introduced from North America to Europe, from Europe to North America and from both continents to some islands in Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Therefore, a key for the identification of all Holarctic species is necessary for plant quarantine and protection services. We have compiled the key for distinguishing Epitrix from genera that could be confused with it and a key for all Holarctic species of Epitrix with the figures of spermathecae and aedeagi and the checklist with a review of the geographical distribution, host plants and history of invasions. The following species are included: E. abeillei (Bauduer), E. allardii (Wollaston), E. atropae Foudras, E. brevis Schwarz, E. caucasica (Heikertinger), E. cucumeris (Harris), E. dieckmanni (Mohr), E. ermischi (Mohr), E. fasciata Blatchley, E. flavotestacea Horn, E. fuscula Crotch, E. hirtipennis (Melsheimer), E. humeralis Dury, E. intermedia Foudras, E. krali Döberl, E. lobata Crotch, E. muehlei Döberl, E. priesneri (Heikertinger), E. pubescens (Koch), E. ogloblini (Iablokov-Khnzorian), E. robusta Jacoby, E. setosella (Fairmaire), E. similaris Gentner, E. solani (Blatchley), E. subcrinita (LeConte), E. tuberis Gentner, E. warchalowskii (Mohr) and E. papa Orlova-Bienkowskaja.}, }
@article {pmid27811715, year = {2016}, author = {James, SW and Gamiette, F}, title = {New species of Dichogaster Beddard, 1888 (Clitellata: Benhamiidae) with additional records of earthworms from Guadeloupe (French West Indies).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4178}, number = {3}, pages = {391-408}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4178.3.5}, pmid = {27811715}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Guadeloupe ; Introduced Species ; Oligochaeta/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {A survey of the earthworms of Guadeloupe was undertaken to improve knowledge of the diversity of native and introduced earthworms of the island and to evaluate native species for use in vermicomposting. Twenty-eight species were found, 8 introduced, 4 uncertain, and 16 presumed native. The introduced species are Pontoscolex corethrurus, Pontoscolex spiralis, Amynthas rodericensis, Perionyx excavatus, Polypheretima elongata, Dichogaster affinis, Eudrilus eugeniae, and Drawida sp. Juveniles of the genera Righiodrilus, Glossodrilus and Periscolex were found, but one cannot say if they are introduced or not without a confirmed identification. Omodeoscolex divergens was collected in several locations, with variation in color, size and male sexual function suggestive of long residence on the island, but we are counting this as of uncertain status and tentatively placing all in the same species. Late juveniles of a large endogeic species of a heretofore unknown genus of the Rhinodrilidae were found only in the most remote location sampled and are presumed to be native. Seven previously reported native Dichogaster were found. Eight non-recorded species of Dichogaster were found, five represented by single specimens or juveniles, for which we give only a brief precis. The three described here are Dichogaster spolstoni n. sp., Dichogaster caraibensis n. sp.,.and Dichogaster etaspiqui n. sp. These are compared to and differentiated from previously known Dichogaster species of the world and of Guadeloupe.}, }
@article {pmid27811684, year = {2016}, author = {Chang, CH and Snyder, BA and Szlavecz, K}, title = {Asian pheretimoid earthworms in North America north of Mexico: An illustrated key to the genera Amynthas, Metaphire, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata: Megascolecidae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4179}, number = {3}, pages = {495-529}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4179.3.7}, pmid = {27811684}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; North America ; Oligochaeta/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The invasion of the pheretimoid earthworms in North America, especially the genera Amynthas and Metaphire, has raised increasing concerns among ecologists and land managers, in turn increasing the need for proper identification. However, the commonly used keys to this group are more than 30 years old with outdated taxonomic information and are based primarily on internal morphology. The requirement of significant amount of taxonomic expertise and dissection, even from the first entry of the key, has prevented broader use of these keys. As a result, many publications in the United States have used Amynthas spp. to represent the group without identifying the species. We present here a new key and diagnoses for the 16 pheretimoid earthworm species recorded in North America north of Mexico, including four genera: Amynthas (10), Metaphire (4), Pithemera (1), and Polypheretima (1). The descriptions were based on published records with modifications following inspection of specimens archived at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Photos of external and internal characters, including male pores, spermathecal pores, genital markings, spermathecae, prostate glands, and intestinal caeca, are presented to help identification. A summary of current knowledge about the ecology and historical context is provided for each species. We also highlight the previously overlooked and potentially common and widespread co-occurrence of three species-A. agrestis, A. tokioensis, and M. hilgendorfi-and point out that many recent claims of invasion of A. agrestis need to be re-evaluated for potential misidentification.}, }
@article {pmid27806076, year = {2016}, author = {MacIsaac, HJ and De Roy, EM and Leung, B and Grgicak-Mannion, A and Ruiz, GM}, title = {Possible Ballast Water Transfer of Lionfish to the Eastern Pacific Ocean.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {e0165584}, pmid = {27806076}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Pacific Ocean ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Ships ; Water ; }, abstract = {The Indo-Pacific Red Lionfish was first reported off the Florida coast in 1985, following which it has spread across much of the SE USA, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea. Lionfish negatively impact fish and invertebrate assemblages and abundances, thus further spread is cause for concern. To date, the fish has not been reported on the Pacific coast of North or Central America. Here we examine the possibility of ballast water transfer of lionfish from colonized areas in the Atlantic Ocean to USA ports on the Pacific coast. Over an eight-year period, we documented 27 commercial vessel-trips in which ballast water was loaded in colonized sites and later discharged untreated into Pacific coast ports in the USA. California had the highest number of discharges including San Francisco Bay and Los Angeles-Long Beach. A species distribution model suggests that the probability of lionfish establishment is low for the western USA, Colombia and Panama, low to medium for Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala, medium to high for mainland Ecuador, and very high for western Mexico, Peru and the Galapagos Islands. Given the species' intolerance of freshwater conditions, we propose that ballast water exchange be conducted in Gatún Lake, Panama for western-bound vessels carrying 'risky' ballast water to prevent invasion of the eastern Pacific Ocean.}, }
@article {pmid27761700, year = {2016}, author = {Kozlov, V and Vakulenko, S and Wennergren, U}, title = {Stability of Ecosystems Under Invasions.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {78}, number = {11}, pages = {2186-2211}, doi = {10.1007/s11538-016-0216-7}, pmid = {27761700}, issn = {1522-9602}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {This paper considers a model of foodwebs taking into account species extinction and invasion. We show that system stability depends not only on usual parameters (mortality rates, self-limitation coefficients, and resource abundances), but also on an additional parameter ("biodiversity potential"). The main result is as follows. For foodwebs with random parameters, we obtain an estimate of probability that the foodweb exposed to invasion survives. This estimate involves different system parameters, size and its topological properties.}, }
@article {pmid27802326, year = {2016}, author = {Niebuhr, CN and Poulin, R and Tompkins, DM}, title = {Is Avian Malaria Playing a Role in Native Bird Declines in New Zealand? Testing Hypotheses along an Elevational Gradient.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {e0165918}, pmid = {27802326}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Altitude ; Animals ; Birds/*parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Malaria, Avian/*epidemiology ; New Zealand ; Plasmodium/physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The mosquito-borne disease avian malaria (Plasmodium spp.) has impacted both captive populations and wild individuals of native New Zealand bird species. However, whether or not it is a cause of concern to their wild populations is still unclear. In Hawaii, the disease has been a major factor in the population declines of some native forest bird species, often limiting their elevational distribution due to an inverse relationship between force of infection and elevation. While studies have investigated latitudinal patterns of infection in New Zealand, elevational patterns are unexplored. To address this, a survey was conducted in Nelson Lakes National Park, a site experiencing native bird declines in which disease has been suggested as playing a role, to investigate whether there is a similar inverse relationship in New Zealand. Results from blood samples (n = 436) collected over three seasons across a broad elevational range (650-1400 m) support there being such a relationship. In addition, an overall higher prevalence in non-native (14.1%) versus native birds (1.7%) may indicate differential impacts on these two groups, while particularly high prevalence in non-native Turdus spp. supports previous suggestions that they are key reservoir hosts for the disease. Overall, these findings add weight to the hypothesis that avian malaria is playing a role in ongoing declines of native New Zealand birds.}, }
@article {pmid27801965, year = {2016}, author = {Madden, AA and Barberán, A and Bertone, MA and Menninger, HL and Dunn, RR and Fierer, N}, title = {The diversity of arthropods in homes across the United States as determined by environmental DNA analyses.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {24}, pages = {6214-6224}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13900}, pmid = {27801965}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Allergens ; Animals ; Arthropods/*classification ; DNA/analysis ; Dust/*analysis ; Food Chain ; *Housing ; United States ; }, abstract = {We spend most of our lives inside homes, surrounded by arthropods that impact our property as pests and our health as disease vectors and producers of sensitizing allergens. Despite their relevance to human health and well-being, we know relatively little about the arthropods that exist in our homes and the factors structuring their diversity. As previous work has been limited in scale by the costs and time associated with collecting arthropods and the subsequent morphological identification, we used a DNA-based method for investigating the arthropod diversity in homes via high-throughput marker gene sequencing of home dust. Settled dust samples were collected by citizen scientists from both inside and outside more than 700 homes across the United States, yielding the first continental-scale estimates of arthropod diversity associated with our residences. We were able to document food webs and previously unknown geographic distributions of diverse arthropods - from allergen producers to invasive species and nuisance pests. Home characteristics, including the presence of basements, home occupants and surrounding land use, were more useful than climate parameters in predicting arthropod diversity in homes. These noninvasive, scalable tools and resultant findings not only provide the first continental-scale maps of household arthropod diversity, but our analyses also provide valuable baseline information on arthropod allergen exposures and the distributions of invasive pests inside homes.}, }
@article {pmid27800577, year = {2017}, author = {Numfor, E and Hilker, FM and Lenhart, S}, title = {Optimal Culling and Biocontrol in a Predator-Prey Model.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {79}, number = {1}, pages = {88-116}, doi = {10.1007/s11538-016-0228-3}, pmid = {27800577}, issn = {1522-9602}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; Cats ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Mathematical Concepts ; Models, Biological ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Invasive species cause enormous problems in ecosystems around the world. Motivated by introduced feral cats that prey on bird populations and threaten to drive them extinct on remote oceanic islands, we formulate and analyze optimal control problems. Their novelty is that they involve both scalar and time-dependent controls. They represent different forms of control, namely the initial release of infected predators on the one hand and culling as well as trapping, infecting, and returning predators on the other hand. Combinations of different control methods have been proposed to complement their respective strengths in reducing predator numbers and thus protecting endangered prey. Here, we formulate and analyze an eco-epidemiological model, provide analytical results on the optimal control problem, and use a forward-backward sweep method for numerical simulations. By taking into account different ecological scenarios, initial conditions, and control durations, our model allows to gain insight how the different methods interact and in which cases they could be effective.}, }
@article {pmid27798305, year = {2016}, author = {Puckett, EE and Park, J and Combs, M and Blum, MJ and Bryant, JE and Caccone, A and Costa, F and Deinum, EE and Esther, A and Himsworth, CG and Keightley, PD and Ko, A and Lundkvist, &#xc5; and McElhinney, LM and Morand, S and Robins, J and Russell, J and Strand, TM and Suarez, O and Yon, L and Munshi-South, J}, title = {Global population divergence and admixture of the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus).}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {283}, number = {1841}, pages = {}, pmid = {27798305}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {R01 AI121207/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 TW009504/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States ; U01 AI088752/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; UL1 TR001863/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Australasia ; China ; Europe ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genetics, Population ; Humans ; Mongolia ; North America ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Rats/*genetics ; Russia ; }, abstract = {Native to China and Mongolia, the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) now enjoys a worldwide distribution. While black rats and the house mouse tracked the regional development of human agricultural settlements, brown rats did not appear in Europe until the 1500s, suggesting their range expansion was a response to relatively recent increases in global trade. We inferred the global phylogeography of brown rats using 32 k SNPs, and detected 13 evolutionary clusters within five expansion routes. One cluster arose following a southward expansion into Southeast Asia. Three additional clusters arose from two independent eastward expansions: one expansion from Russia to the Aleutian Archipelago, and a second to western North America. Westward expansion resulted in the colonization of Europe from which subsequent rapid colonization of Africa, the Americas and Australasia occurred, and multiple evolutionary clusters were detected. An astonishing degree of fine-grained clustering between and within sampling sites underscored the extent to which urban heterogeneity shaped genetic structure of commensal rodents. Surprisingly, few individuals were recent migrants, suggesting that recruitment into established populations is limited. Understanding the global population structure of R. norvegicus offers novel perspectives on the forces driving the spread of zoonotic disease, and aids in development of rat eradication programmes.}, }
@article {pmid27797713, year = {2016}, author = {Bayman, P and Mosquera-Espinosa, AT and Saladini-Aponte, CM and Hurtado-Guevara, NC and Viera-Ruiz, NL}, title = {Age-dependent mycorrhizal specificity in an invasive orchid, Oeceoclades maculata.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {103}, number = {11}, pages = {1880-1889}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1600127}, pmid = {27797713}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Agaricales/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Basidiomycota/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry/genetics ; Germination ; Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Orchidaceae/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Plant Roots/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Puerto Rico ; Seeds/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Oeceoclades maculata is a naturalized, invasive, terrestrial orchid in Puerto Rico and elsewhere in the neotropics. We asked whether its success might be partly explained by its mycorrhizal associations, hypothesizing a relationship with many fungal partners or with one widely distributed partner.<br><br>METHODS: Oeceoclades maculata roots were collected throughout Puerto Rico, and the degree of mycorrhizal colonization was measured. For identification of fungi, the ITS region was sequenced from pure cultures and directly from roots. Representative fungi were used for symbiotic seed germination experiments.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Colonization of O. maculata roots was very variable. The most common fungus identified by BLAST searches was Psathyrella cf. candolleana, but typical orchid mycorrhizal fungi (Ceratobasidium and Tulasnella) were also found, as were a range of saprotrophs. Seeds germinated in vitro only in the presence of Psathyrella.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These results are surprising in two respects. First, O. maculata appears to be highly specific for fungi during seed germination, but unusually promiscuous as adult plants. Second, mycorrhizal associations with Psathyrella and with other saprotrophic fungi have been previously reported, but only from mycoheterotrophic (i.e., nonphotosynthetic) orchids, not from green orchids like Oeceoclades. This combination may partly explain the success of Oeceoclades.}, }
@article {pmid27796508, year = {2017}, author = {Crawford, KM and Knight, TM}, title = {Competition overwhelms the positive plant-soil feedback generated by an invasive plant.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {183}, number = {1}, pages = {211-220}, pmid = {27796508}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Soil ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant species can modify soils in a way that benefits their fitness more than the fitness of native species. However, it is unclear how competition among plant species alters the strength and direction of plant-soil feedbacks. We tested how community context altered plant-soil feedback between the non-native invasive forb Lespedeza cuneata and nine co-occurring native prairie species. In a series of greenhouse experiments, we grew plants individually and in communities with soils that differed in soil origin (invaded or uninvaded by L. cuneata) and in soils that were live vs. sterilized. In the absence of competition, L. cuneata produced over 60% more biomass in invaded than uninvaded soils, while native species performance was unaffected. The absence of a soil origin effect in sterile soil suggests that the positive plant-soil feedback was caused by differences in the soil biota. However, in the presence of competition, the positive effect of soil origin on L. cuneata growth disappeared. These results suggest that L. cuneata may benefit from positive plant-soil feedback when establishing populations in disturbed landscapes with few interspecific competitors, but does not support the hypothesis that plant-soil feedbacks influence competitive outcomes between L. cuneata and native plant species. These results highlight the importance of considering whether competition influences the outcome of interactions between plants and soils.}, }
@article {pmid27796365, year = {2016}, author = {Razanajatovo, M and Maurel, N and Dawson, W and Essl, F and Kreft, H and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and Weigelt, P and Winter, M and van Kleunen, M}, title = {Plants capable of selfing are more likely to become naturalized.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {13313}, pmid = {27796365}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Breeding ; Ecosystem ; Flowers ; *Genes, Plant ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Magnoliopsida/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; Plant Development ; Pollination/*physiology ; Regression Analysis ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Many plant species have established self-sustaining populations outside their natural range because of human activities. Plants with selfing ability should be more likely to establish outside their historical range because they can reproduce from a single individual when mates or pollinators are not available. Here, we compile a global breeding-system database of 1,752 angiosperm species and use phylogenetic generalized linear models and path analyses to test relationships between selfing ability, life history, native range size and global naturalization status. Selfing ability is associated with annual or biennial life history and a large native range, which both positively correlate with the probability of naturalization. Path analysis suggests that a high selfing ability directly increases the number of regions where a species is naturalized. Our results provide robust evidence across flowering plants at the global scale that high selfing ability fosters alien plant naturalization both directly and indirectly.}, }
@article {pmid27736786, year = {2016}, author = {Aguayo, J and Halkett, F and Husson, C and Nagy, Z&#xc1; and Szigethy, A and Bakonyi, J and Frey, P and Marçais, B}, title = {Genetic Diversity and Origins of the Homoploid-Type Hybrid Phytophthora ×alni.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {24}, pages = {7142-7153}, pmid = {27736786}, issn = {1098-5336}, mesh = {Alnus/microbiology ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Europe ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeny ; Phytophthora/classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Polyploidy ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Assessing the process that gives rise to hybrid pathogens is central to understanding the evolution of emerging plant diseases. Phytophthora ×alni, a pathogen of alder, results from the homoploid hybridization of two related species, Phytophthora uniformis and Phytophthora ×multiformis Describing the genetic characteristics of P ×alni should help us understand how reproductive mechanisms and historical processes shaped the population structure of this emerging hybrid pathogen. The population genetic structure of P ×alni and the relationship with its parental species were investigated using 12 microsatellites and one mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) marker on a European collection of 379 isolates. Populations of P ×alni were dominated by one multilocus genotype (MLG). The frequency of this dominant MLG increased after the disease emergence together with a decline in diversity, suggesting that it was favored by a genetic mechanism such as drift or selection. Combined microsatellite and mtDNA results confirmed that P ×alni originated from multiple hybridization events that involved different genotypes of the progenitors. Our detailed analyses point to a geographic structure that mirrors that observed for P. uniformis in Europe. The study provides more insights on the contribution of P. uniformis, an invasive species in Europe, to the emergence of Phytophthora-induced alder decline.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Our study describes an original approach to assess the population genetics of polyploid organisms using microsatellite markers. By studying the parental subgenomes present in the interspecific hybrid P. &#xd7;alni, we were able to assess the geographical and temporal structure of European populations of the hybrid, shedding new light on the evolution of an emerging plant pathogen. In turn, the study of the parental subgenomes permitted us to assess some genetic characteristics of the parental species of P. &#xd7;alni, P. uniformis, and P &#xd7;multiformis, which are seldom sampled in nature. The subgenomes found in P. &#xd7;alni represent a picture of the "fossilized" diversity of the parental species.}, }
@article {pmid27596628, year = {2016}, author = {Broeckhoven, C and Diedericks, G and Hui, C and Makhubo, BG and Mouton, PL}, title = {Enemy at the gates: Rapid defensive trait diversification in an adaptive radiation of lizards.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {70}, number = {11}, pages = {2647-2656}, doi = {10.1111/evo.13062}, pmid = {27596628}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Genetic Speciation ; *Genetic Variation ; Lizards/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*genetics ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; *Predatory Behavior ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Adaptive radiation (AR), the product of rapid diversification of an ancestral species into novel adaptive zones, has become pivotal in our understanding of biodiversity. Although it has widely been accepted that predators may drive the process of AR by creating ecological opportunity (e.g., enemy-free space), the role of predators as selective agents in defensive trait diversification remains controversial. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we provide evidence for an "early burst" in the diversification of antipredator phenotypes in Cordylinae, a relatively small AR of morphologically diverse southern African lizards. The evolution of body armor appears to have been initially rapid, but slowed down over time, consistent with the ecological niche-filling model. We suggest that the observed "early burst" pattern could be attributed to shifts in vulnerability to different types of predators (i.e., aerial versus terrestrial) associated with thermal habitat partitioning. These results provide empirical evidence supporting the hypothesis that predators or the interaction therewith might be key components of ecological opportunity, although the way in which predators influence morphological diversification requires further study.}, }
@article {pmid27729535, year = {2016}, author = {Hastings, A}, title = {Timescales and the management of ecological systems.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {113}, number = {51}, pages = {14568-14573}, pmid = {27729535}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Fisheries ; Fishes ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Systems Theory ; Time ; }, abstract = {Human management of ecological systems, including issues like fisheries, invasive species, and restoration, as well as others, often must be undertaken with limited information. This means that developing general principles and heuristic approaches is important. Here, I focus on one aspect, the importance of an explicit consideration of time, which arises because of the inherent limitations in the response of ecological systems. I focus mainly on simple systems and models, beginning with systems without density dependence, which are therefore linear. Even for these systems, it is important to recognize the necessary delays in the response of the ecological system to management. Here, I also provide details for optimization that show how general results emerge and emphasize how delays due to demography and life histories can change the optimal management approach. A brief discussion of systems with density dependence and tipping points shows that the same themes emerge, namely, that when considering issues of restoration or management to change the state of an ecological system, that timescales need explicit consideration and may change the optimal approach in important ways.}, }
@article {pmid27717674, year = {2016}, author = {Cole, E and Keller, RP and Garbach, K}, title = {Assessing the success of invasive species prevention efforts at changing the behaviors of recreational boaters.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {184}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {210-218}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.083}, pmid = {27717674}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Community-Institutional Relations ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Fishes ; Humans ; Illinois ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Plants ; Program Evaluation ; *Recreation ; *Ships ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Aquatic invasive species (AIS) pose major conservation challenges in freshwater ecosystems. In response, conservation organizations invest considerable resources in outreach to encourage AIS prevention behaviors among recreational boaters. Despite this, remarkably little is known about whether these efforts catalyze significant changes in boaters' perceptions, or whether they cause changes in behaviors that reduce AIS risk. We interviewed managers at the 14 Illinois organizations active in AIS outreach to determine regional priorities for, and investment in, AIS outreach. The results show a network of collaboration that reinforces a limited set of conservation messages. Next, we surveyed 515 recreational boaters to evaluate access to outreach, knowledge of AIS, and consistency of prevention behavior. Boater recognition of prevention slogans and knowledge of AIS and AIS prevention behavior was similar across Illinois regions despite large regional differences in investment in outreach. Most boaters (94%) report never intentionally moving organisms among waterbodies. Fewer reported that they Always perform recommended actions to reduce risk of AIS spread on their boat interior (68%), boat exterior (63%), or fishing tackle (47%). Recognition of prevention slogans and the number of AIS recognized were significantly, positively, associated with Always performing AIS prevention behavior on the vectors of the boat exterior, and fishing tackle, respectively. Our results suggest that increasing knowledge may be a necessary condition for higher adoption of AIS prevention behaviors, but that this alone may not be sufficient. Instead, efforts targeted at boaters who do not currently practice the recommended actions are likely to be necessary.}, }
@article {pmid27539599, year = {2016}, author = {De Kort, H and Mergeay, J and Jacquemyn, H and Honnay, O}, title = {Transatlantic invasion routes and adaptive potential in North American populations of the invasive glossy buckthorn, Frangula alnus.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {118}, number = {6}, pages = {1089-1099}, pmid = {27539599}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/genetics ; Ecology ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; North America ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; *Rhamnus/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Many invasive species severely threaten native biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. One of the most prominent questions in invasion genetics is how invasive populations can overcome genetic founder effects to establish stable populations after colonization of new habitats. High native genetic diversity and multiple introductions are expected to increase genetic diversity and adaptive potential in the invasive range. Our aim was to identify the European source populations of Frangula alnus (glossy buckthorn), an ornamental and highly invasive woody species that was deliberately introduced into North America at the end of the 18th century. A second aim of this study was to assess the adaptive potential as an explanation for the invasion success of this species.<br><br>METHODS: Using a set of annotated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were assigned a putative function based on sequence comparison with model species, a total of 38 native European and 21 invasive North American populations were subjected to distance-based structure and assignment analyses combined with population genomic tools. Genetic diversity at SNPs with ecologically relevant functions was considered as a proxy for adaptive potential.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Patterns of invasion coincided with early modern transatlantic trading routes. Multiple introductions through transatlantic trade from a limited number of European port regions to American urban areas led to the establishment of bridgehead populations with high allelic richness and expected heterozygosity, allowing continuous secondary migration to natural areas.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Targeted eradication of the urban populations, where the highest genetic diversity and adaptive potential were observed, offers a promising strategy to arrest further invasion of native American prairies and forests.}, }
@article {pmid27424870, year = {2016}, author = {Canals, M and Taucare-Rios, A and Brescovit, AD and Peña-Gomez, F and Bizama, G and Canals, A and Moreno, L and Bustamante, R}, title = {Niche modelling of the Chilean recluse spider Loxosceles laeta and araneophagic spitting spider Scytodes globula and risk for loxoscelism in Chile.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {383-391}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12184}, pmid = {27424870}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Chile/epidemiology ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Rain ; Risk ; Species Specificity ; Spider Bites/*epidemiology/etiology ; Spiders/*physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {In Chile, all necrotic arachnidism is attributed to the Chilean recluse spider Loxosceles laeta (Nicolet) (Araneae: Sicariidae). It is predated by the spitting spider Scytodes globula (Nicolet) (Araneae: Scytodidae). The biology of each of these species is not well known and it is important to clarify their distributions. The aims of this study are to elucidate the variables involved in the niches of both species based on environmental and human footprint variables, and to construct geographic maps that will be useful in estimating potential distributions and in defining a map of estimated risk for loxoscelism in Chile. Loxosceles laeta was found to be associated with high temperatures and low rates of precipitation, whereas although S. globula was also associated with high temperatures, its distribution was associated with a higher level of precipitation. The main variable associated with the distribution of L. laeta was the human footprint (48.6%), which suggests that this is a highly invasive species. Similarly to other species, the distribution of L. laeta reaches its southern limit at the Los Lagos region in Chile, which coincides with high levels of precipitation and low temperatures. The potential distribution of L. laeta in Chile corresponds to the distribution of cases of loxoscelism.}, }
@article {pmid27788346, year = {2016}, author = {Van Petegem, KH and Boeye, J and Stoks, R and Bonte, D}, title = {Spatial Selection and Local Adaptation Jointly Shape Life-History Evolution during Range Expansion.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {188}, number = {5}, pages = {485-498}, doi = {10.1086/688666}, pmid = {27788346}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; *Introduced Species ; *Tetranychidae ; }, abstract = {In the context of climate change and species invasions, range shifts increasingly gain attention because the rates at which they occur in the Anthropocene induce rapid changes in biological assemblages. During range shifts, species experience multiple selection pressures. For poleward expansions in particular, it is difficult to interpret observed evolutionary dynamics because of the joint action of evolutionary processes related to spatial selection and to adaptation toward local climatic conditions. To disentangle the effects of these two processes, we integrated stochastic modeling and data from a common garden experiment, using the spider mite Tetranychus urticae as a model species. By linking the empirical data with those derived form a highly parameterized individual-based model, we infer that both spatial selection and local adaptation contributed to the observed latitudinal life-history divergence. Spatial selection best described variation in dispersal behavior, while variation in development was best explained by adaptation to the local climate. Divergence in life-history traits in species shifting poleward could consequently be jointly determined by contemporary evolutionary dynamics resulting from adaptation to the environmental gradient and from spatial selection. The integration of modeling with common garden experiments provides a powerful tool to study the contribution of these evolutionary processes on life-history evolution during range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid27788345, year = {2016}, author = {Searle, CL and Cortez, MH and Hunsberger, KK and Grippi, DC and Oleksy, IA and Shaw, CL and de la Serna, SB and Lash, CL and Dhir, KL and Duffy, MA}, title = {Population Density, Not Host Competence, Drives Patterns of Disease in an Invaded Community.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {188}, number = {5}, pages = {554-566}, doi = {10.1086/688402}, pmid = {27788345}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Host Specificity ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Generalist parasites can strongly influence interactions between native and invasive species. Host competence can be used to predict how an invasive species will affect community disease dynamics; the addition of a highly competent, invasive host is predicted to increase disease. However, densities of invasive and native species can also influence the impacts of invasive species on community disease dynamics. We examined whether information on host competence alone could be used to accurately predict the effects of an invasive host on disease in native hosts. We first characterized the relative competence of an invasive species and a native host species to a native parasite. Next, we manipulated species composition in mesocosms and found that host competence results did not accurately predict community dynamics. While the invasive host was more competent than the native, the presence of the native (lower competence) host increased disease in the invasive (higher competence) host. To identify potential mechanisms driving these patterns, we analyzed a two-host, one-parasite model parameterized for our system. Our results demonstrate that patterns of disease were primarily driven by relative population densities, mediated by asymmetry in intra- and interspecific competition. Thus, information on host competence alone may not accurately predict how an invasive species will influence disease in native species.}, }
@article {pmid27788251, year = {2016}, author = {Goergen, G and Kumar, PL and Sankung, SB and Togola, A and Tamò, M}, title = {First Report of Outbreaks of the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), a New Alien Invasive Pest in West and Central Africa.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {e0165632}, pmid = {27788251}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa, Central ; Africa, Western ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Population Growth ; Spodoptera/classification/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda is a prime noctuid pest of maize on the American continents where it has remained confined despite occasional interceptions by European quarantine services in recent years. The pest has currently become a new invasive species in West and Central Africa where outbreaks were recorded for the first time in early 2016. The presence of at least two distinct haplotypes within samples collected on maize in Nigeria and São Tomé suggests multiple introductions into the African continent. Implications of this new threat to the maize crop in tropical Africa are briefly discussed.}, }
@article {pmid27671732, year = {2016}, author = {Gloria-Soria, A and Ayala, D and Bheecarry, A and Calderon-Arguedas, O and Chadee, DD and Chiappero, M and Coetzee, M and Elahee, KB and Fernandez-Salas, I and Kamal, HA and Kamgang, B and Khater, EI and Kramer, LD and Kramer, V and Lopez-Solis, A and Lutomiah, J and Martins, A and Micieli, MV and Paupy, C and Ponlawat, A and Rahola, N and Rasheed, SB and Richardson, JB and Saleh, AA and Sanchez-Casas, RM and Seixas, G and Sousa, CA and Tabachnick, WJ and Troyo, A and Powell, JR}, title = {Global genetic diversity of Aedes aegypti.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {21}, pages = {5377-5395}, pmid = {27671732}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {R01 AI091646/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI101112/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; U01 AI115595/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; UL1 TR001863/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; Animals ; Asia ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Kenya ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Senegal ; }, abstract = {Mosquitoes, especially Aedes aegypti, are becoming important models for studying invasion biology. We characterized genetic variation at 12 microsatellite loci in 79 populations of Ae. aegypti from 30 countries in six continents, and used them to infer historical and modern patterns of invasion. Our results support the two subspecies Ae. aegypti formosus and Ae. aegypti aegypti as genetically distinct units. Ae. aegypti aegypti populations outside Africa are derived from ancestral African populations and are monophyletic. The two subspecies co-occur in both East Africa (Kenya) and West Africa (Senegal). In rural/forest settings (Rabai District of Kenya), the two subspecies remain genetically distinct, whereas in urban settings, they introgress freely. Populations outside Africa are highly genetically structured likely due to a combination of recent founder effects, discrete discontinuous habitats and low migration rates. Ancestral populations in sub-Saharan Africa are less genetically structured, as are the populations in Asia. Introduction of Ae. aegypti to the New World coinciding with trans-Atlantic shipping in the 16th to 18th centuries was followed by its introduction to Asia in the late 19th century from the New World or from now extinct populations in the Mediterranean Basin. Aedes mascarensis is a genetically distinct sister species to Ae. aegypti s.l. This study provides a reference database of genetic diversity that can be used to determine the likely origin of new introductions that occur regularly for this invasive species. The genetic uniqueness of many populations and regions has important implications for attempts to control Ae. aegypti, especially for the methods using genetic modification of populations.}, }
@article {pmid27662427, year = {2016}, author = {Bouchemousse, S and Liautard-Haag, C and Bierne, N and Viard, F}, title = {Distinguishing contemporary hybridization from past introgression with postgenomic ancestry-informative SNPs in strongly differentiated Ciona species.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {21}, pages = {5527-5542}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13854}, pmid = {27662427}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ciona intestinalis/classification/*genetics ; Gene Flow ; *Genetics, Population ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Biological introductions bring into contact species that can still hybridize. The evolutionary outcomes of such secondary contacts may be diverse (e.g. adaptive introgression from or into the introduced species) but are not yet well examined in the wild. The recent secondary contact between the non-native sea squirt Ciona robusta (formerly known as C. intestinalis type A) and its native congener C. intestinalis (formerly known as C. intestinalis type B), in the Western English Channel, provides an excellent case study to examine. To examine contemporary hybridization between the two species, we developed a panel of 310 ancestry-informative SNPs from a population transcriptomic study. Hybridization rates were examined on 449 individuals sampled in eight sites from the sympatric range and five sites from allopatric ranges. The results clearly showed an almost complete absence of contemporary hybridization between the two species in syntopic localities, with only one-first-generation hybrid and no other genotype compatible with recent backcrosses. Despite the almost lack of contemporary hybridization, shared polymorphisms were observed in sympatric and allopatric populations of both species. Furthermore, one allopatric population from SE Pacific exhibited a higher rate of shared polymorphisms compared to all other C. robusta populations. Altogether, these results indicate that the observed level of shared polymorphism is more probably the outcome of ancient gene flow spread afterwards at a worldwide scale. They also emphasize efficient reproductive barriers preventing hybridization between introduced and native species, which suggests hybridization should not impede too much the expansion and the establishment of the non-native species in its introduction range.}, }
@article {pmid27662256, year = {2016}, author = {Le Gros, A and Clergeau, P and Zuccon, D and Cornette, R and Mathys, B and Samadi, S}, title = {Invasion history and demographic processes associated with rapid morphological changes in the Red-whiskered bulbul established on tropical islands.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {21}, pages = {5359-5376}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13853}, pmid = {27662256}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Founder Effect ; Genetic Drift ; *Genetics, Population ; Hawaii ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Mauritius ; Passeriformes/*anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; Population Dynamics ; Reunion ; }, abstract = {The Red-whiskered bulbul is a very successful invasive bird species. Morphological differences have been reported among individuals inhabiting the humid and dry coasts of Reunion Island, in a 30-year-old population. This suggests a capacity for rapid local adaptation which could explain the general invasive success of this species. However, the origin and invasion history of this population is unknown. It is therefore not possible to establish with certainty the cause of these morphological differences. Here, we investigated the invasion history of populations of Red-whiskered bulbul established on Reunion Island, Mauritius and Oahu (three geographically similar tropical islands) to assess the link between invasion history and morphological changes in these populations. We first assessed the source(s) of the invasive populations. We then compared the morphology of the individuals between the invasive and native populations and between the dry and humid coasts of invaded islands. Finally, we inferred the invasion history of the invasive populations to investigate the role of neutral processes (e.g. founder effect and drift) on morphology. We found that the invasive populations have a similar origin and that the morphology of the individuals in these populations has diverged in a similar way from the native range, suggesting a convergent adaptation to tropical islands. Like on Reunion, we found differences in morphology between the dry and humid coasts on Mauritius. These morphological differences can be explained by invasion history on Reunion but not on Mauritius. Both neutral evolution and adaptation thus shape the morphology of invasive Red-whiskered bulbuls.}, }
@article {pmid27782357, year = {2017}, author = {McKnight, E and García-Berthou, E and Srean, P and Rius, M}, title = {Global meta-analysis of native and nonindigenous trophic traits in aquatic ecosystems.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, pages = {1861-1870}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13524}, pmid = {27782357}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Seawater ; }, abstract = {Ecologists have recently devoted their attention to the study of species traits and their role in the establishment and spread of nonindigenous species (NIS). However, research efforts have mostly focused on studies of terrestrial taxa, with lesser attention being dedicated to aquatic species. Aquatic habitats comprise of interconnected waterways, as well as exclusive introduction vectors that allow unparalleled artificial transport of species and their propagules. Consequently, species traits that commonly facilitate biological invasions in terrestrial systems may not be as represented in aquatic environments. We provide a global meta-analysis of studies conducted in both marine and freshwater habitats. We selected studies that conducted experiments with native and NIS under common environmental conditions to allow detailed comparisons among species traits. In addition, we explored whether different factors such as species relatedness, functional feeding groups, latitude, climate, and experimental conditions could be linked to predictive traits. Our results show that species with traits that enhance consumption and growth have a substantially increased probability of establishing and spreading when entering novel ecosystems. Moreover, traits associated with predatory avoidance were more prevalent in NIS and therefore favour invasive species in aquatic habitats. When we analysed NIS interacting with taxonomically distinctive native taxa, we found that consumption and growth were particularly important traits. This suggests that particular attention should be paid to newly introduced species for which there are no close relatives in the local biota. Finally, we found a bias towards studies conducted in temperate regions, and thus, more studies in other climatic regions are needed. We conclude that studies aiming at predicting future range shifts should consider trophic traits of aquatic NIS as these traits are indicative of multiple interacting mechanisms involved in promoting species invasions.}, }
@article {pmid27586443, year = {2016}, author = {Waters, JM and Grosser, S}, title = {Managing shifting species: Ancient DNA reveals conservation conundrums in a dynamic world.}, journal = {BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology}, volume = {38}, number = {11}, pages = {1177-1184}, doi = {10.1002/bies.201600044}, pmid = {27586443}, issn = {1521-1878}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Ancient/*analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; }, abstract = {The spread of exotic species represents a major driver of biological change across the planet. While dispersal and colonization are natural biological processes, we suggest that the failure to recognize increasing rates of human-facilitated self-introductions may represent a threat to native lineages. Notably, recent biogeographic analyses have revealed numerous cases of biological range shifts in response to anthropogenic impacts and climate change. In particular, ancient DNA analyses have revealed several cases in which lineages traditionally thought to be long-established "natives" are in fact recent colonizers. Such range expansion events have apparently occurred in response to human-mediated native biodiversity declines and ecosystem change, particularly in recently colonized, isolated ecosystems such as New Zealand. While such events can potentially boost local biodiversity, the spread of exotic lineages may also hasten the decline of indigenous species, so it is essential that conservation managers recognize these rapid biotic shifts. .}, }
@article {pmid27780227, year = {2016}, author = {Hrinkevich, KH and Progar, RA and Shaw, DC}, title = {Climate Risk Modelling of Balsam Woolly Adelgid Damage Severity in Subalpine Fir Stands of Western North America.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {e0165094}, pmid = {27780227}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; North America ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg) (Homoptera: Adelgidae)) (BWA) is a nonnative, invasive insect that threatens Abies species throughout North America. It is well established in the Pacific Northwest, but continues to move eastward through Idaho and into Montana and potentially threatens subalpine fir to the south in the central and southern Rocky Mountains. We developed a climatic risk model and map that predicts BWA impacts to subalpine fir using a two-step process. Using 30-year monthly climate normals from sites with quantitatively derived BWA damage severity index values, we built a regression model that significantly explained insect damage. The sites were grouped into two distinct damage categories (high damage and mortality versus little or no mortality and low damage) and the model estimates for each group were used to designate distinct value ranges for four climatic risk categories: minimal, low, moderate, and high. We then calculated model estimates for each cell of a 4-kilometer resolution climate raster and mapped the risk categories over the entire range of subalpine fir in the western United States. The spatial variation of risk classes indicates a gradient of climatic susceptibility generally decreasing from the Olympic Peninsula in Washington and the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington moving eastward, with the exception of some high risk areas in northern Idaho and western Montana. There is also a pattern of decreasing climatic susceptibility from north to south in the Rocky Mountains. Our study provides an initial step for modeling the relationship between climate and BWA damage severity across the range of subalpine fir. We showed that September minimum temperature and a metric calculated as the maximum May temperature divided by total May precipitation were the best climatic predictors of BWA severity. Although winter cold temperatures and summer heat have been shown to influence BWA impacts in other locations, these variables were not as predictive as spring and fall conditions in the Pacific Northwest.}, }
@article {pmid27778063, year = {2017}, author = {Steenberg, JW and Millward, AA and Nowak, DJ and Robinson, PJ and Ellis, A}, title = {Forecasting Urban Forest Ecosystem Structure, Function, and Vulnerability.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, pages = {373-392}, pmid = {27778063}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Biomass ; Canada ; Carbon/analysis ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Forecasting ; Forestry/*methods ; *Forests ; Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves ; Trees/chemistry/*growth &amp; development ; *Urbanization ; }, abstract = {The benefits derived from urban forest ecosystems are garnering increasing attention in ecological research and municipal planning. However, because of their location in heterogeneous and highly-altered urban landscapes, urban forests are vulnerable and commonly suffer disproportionate and varying levels of stress and disturbance. The objective of this study is to assess and analyze the spatial and temporal changes, and potential vulnerability, of the urban forest resource in Toronto, Canada. This research was conducted using a spatially-explicit, indicator-based assessment of vulnerability and i-Tree Forecast modeling of temporal changes in forest structure and function. Nine scenarios were simulated for 45 years and model output was analyzed at the ecosystem and municipal scale. Substantial mismatches in ecological processes between spatial scales were found, which can translate into unanticipated loss of function and social inequities if not accounted for in planning and management. At the municipal scale, the effects of Asian longhorned beetle and ice storm disturbance were far less influential on structure and function than changes in management actions. The strategic goals of removing invasive species and increasing tree planting resulted in a decline in carbon storage and leaf biomass. Introducing vulnerability parameters in the modeling increased the spatial heterogeneity in structure and function while expanding the disparities of resident access to ecosystem services. There was often a variable and uncertain relationship between vulnerability and ecosystem structure and function. Vulnerability assessment and analysis can provide strategic planning initiatives with valuable insight into the processes of structural and functional change resulting from management intervention.}, }
@article {pmid27774599, year = {2017}, author = {Hasegawa, K and Mori, T and Yamazaki, C}, title = {Density-dependent effects of non-native brown trout Salmo trutta on the species-area relationship in stream fish assemblages.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {90}, number = {1}, pages = {370-383}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13185}, pmid = {27774599}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Population Density ; *Rivers ; Trout/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The spatial scale and density-dependent effects of non-native brown trout Salmo trutta on species richness of fish assemblages were examined at 48 study sites in Mamachi Stream, a tributary of Chitose River, Hokkaido, Japan. The density of age ≥1 year S. trutta was high in the upstream side of the main stem of Mamachi Stream. Fish species richness increased with increasing area of study sites (habitat size), but the increasing magnitude of the species richness with area decreased with increasing age of ≥1 year S. trutta density. The relationships between age ≥1 year S. trutta, however, and presence-absence of each species seemed to be different among species. Species richness was also determined by location and physical environmental variables, i.e. it was high on the downstream side and in structurally complex environments.}, }
@article {pmid27773942, year = {2016}, author = {Dougherty, MM and Larson, ER and Renshaw, MA and Gantz, CA and Egan, SP and Erickson, DM and Lodge, DM}, title = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) detects the invasive rusty crayfish Orconectes rusticus at low abundances.}, journal = {The Journal of applied ecology}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, pages = {722-732}, pmid = {27773942}, issn = {0021-8901}, abstract = {Early detection is invaluable for the cost-effective control and eradication of invasive species, yet many traditional sampling techniques are ineffective at the low population abundances found at the onset of the invasion process. Environmental DNA (eDNA) is a promising and sensitive tool for early detection of some invasive species, but its efficacy has not yet been evaluated for many taxonomic groups and habitat types.We evaluated the ability of eDNA to detect the invasive rusty crayfish Orconectes rusticus and to reflect patterns of its relative abundance, in upper Midwest, USA, inland lakes. We paired conventional baited trapping as a measure of crayfish relative abundance with water samples for eDNA, which were analysed in the laboratory with a qPCR assay. We modelled detection probability for O. rusticus eDNA using relative abundance and site characteristics as covariates and also tested the relationship between eDNA copy number and O. rusticus relative abundance.We detected O. rusticus eDNA in all lakes where this species was collected by trapping, down to low relative abundances, as well as in two lakes where trap catch was zero. Detection probability of O. rusticus eDNA was well predicted by relative abundance of this species and lake water clarity. However, there was poor correspondence between eDNA copy number and O. rusticus relative abundance estimated by trap catches. Synthesis and applications. Our study demonstrates a field and laboratory protocol for eDNA monitoring of crayfish invasions, with results of statistical models that provide guidance of sampling effort and detection probabilities for researchers in other regions and systems. We propose eDNA be included as a tool in surveillance for invasive or imperilled crayfishes and other benthic arthropods.}, }
@article {pmid27770349, year = {2016}, author = {Anza, M and Epelde, L and Artetxe, U and Becerril, JM and Garbisu, C}, title = {Control of Cortaderia selloana with a glyphosate-based herbicide led to a short-term stimulation of soil fungal communities.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {188}, number = {11}, pages = {631}, pmid = {27770349}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Biomass ; Ecosystem ; Fungi/*drug effects ; Glycine/*analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology ; Herbicides/*pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/analysis ; *Poaceae ; Rhizosphere ; *Soil Microbiology ; Spain ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {In the north of Spain, Cortaderia selloana plants have invaded ecosystems of high ecological value. Control of this species is carried out with the application of glyphosate-based formulations. The aim of this work was to determine, under microcosm conditions, the short-term (2 months) effects of the application of a glyphosate-based herbicide (Roundup®) on C. selloana rhizosphere microbial communities. To this purpose, before and after the application of Roundup®, several parameters that provide information on the biomass, activity and diversity of rhizosphere fungal and bacterial communities (enzyme activities, basal and substrate-induced respiration, potentially mineralizable nitrogen, nitrification potential rate, ergosterol content and community-level profiles with Biolog™ plates and ARISA) were determined. We observed a stimulation of some microbial parameters, in particular those related to fungal communities. Further research is needed to determine the long-term consequences of this short-term fungal stimulation for soil functioning.}, }
@article {pmid27769557, year = {2017}, author = {Bertocci, I and Arenas, F and Cacabelos, E and Martins, GM and Seabra, MI and Álvaro, NV and Fernandes, JN and Gaião, R and Mamede, N and Mulas, M and Neto, AI}, title = {Nowhere safe? Exploring the influence of urbanization across mainland and insular seashores in continental Portugal and the Azorean Archipelago.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {114}, number = {2}, pages = {644-655}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.045}, pmid = {27769557}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Azores ; Chlorophyta/growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Invertebrates/growth &amp; development ; Portugal ; Seawater/chemistry ; *Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Differences in the structure and functioning of intensively urbanized vs. less human-affected systems are reported, but such evidence is available for a much larger extent in terrestrial than in marine systems. We examined the hypotheses that (i) urbanization was associated to different patterns of variation of intertidal assemblages between urban and extra-urban environments; (ii) such patterns were consistent across mainland and insular systems, spatial scales from 10scm to 100skm, and a three months period. Several trends emerged: (i) a more homogeneous distribution of most algal groups in the urban compared to the extra-urban condition and the opposite pattern of most invertebrates; (ii) smaller/larger variances of most organisms where these were, respectively, less/more abundant; (iii) largest variability of most response variables at small scale; (iv) no facilitation of invasive species by urbanization and larger cover of canopy-forming algae in the insular extra-urban condition. Present findings confirm the acknowledged notion that future management strategies will require to include representative assemblages and their relevant scales of variation associated to urbanization gradients on both the mainland and the islands.}, }
@article {pmid27768758, year = {2016}, author = {Chai, SL and Zhang, J and Nixon, A and Nielsen, S}, title = {Using Risk Assessment and Habitat Suitability Models to Prioritise Invasive Species for Management in a Changing Climate.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {e0165292}, pmid = {27768758}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Alberta ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Plants/classification ; *Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Accounting for climate change in invasive species risk assessments improves our understanding of potential future impacts and enhances our preparedness for the arrival of new non-native species. We combined traditional risk assessment for invasive species with habitat suitability modeling to assess risk to biodiversity based on climate change. We demonstrate our method by assessing the risk for 15 potentially new invasive plant species to Alberta, Canada, an area where climate change is expected to facilitate the poleward expansion of invasive species ranges. Of the 15 species assessed, the three terrestrial invasive plant species that could pose the greatest threat to Alberta's biodiversity are giant knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis), tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis), and alkali swainsonpea (Sphaerophysa salsula). We characterise giant knotweed as 'extremely invasive', with 21 times the suitable habitat between baseline and future projected climate. Tamarisk is 'extremely invasive' with a 64% increase in suitable habitat, and alkali swainsonpea is 'highly invasive' with a 21% increase in suitable habitat. Our methodology can be used to predict and prioritise potentially new invasive species for their impact on biodiversity in the context of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid27768244, year = {2017}, author = {Hunter, ME and Dorazio, RM and Butterfield, JS and Meigs-Friend, G and Nico, LG and Ferrante, JA}, title = {Detection limits of quantitative and digital PCR assays and their influence in presence-absence surveys of environmental DNA.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, pages = {221-229}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12619}, pmid = {27768244}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/genetics ; DNA/*analysis/genetics ; *Limit of Detection ; Models, Theoretical ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Water/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {A set of universal guidelines is needed to determine the limit of detection (LOD) in PCR-based analyses of low-concentration DNA. In particular, environmental DNA (eDNA) studies require sensitive and reliable methods to detect rare and cryptic species through shed genetic material in environmental samples. Current strategies for assessing detection limits of eDNA are either too stringent or subjective, possibly resulting in biased estimates of species' presence. Here, a conservative LOD analysis grounded in analytical chemistry is proposed to correct for overestimated DNA concentrations predominantly caused by the concentration plateau, a nonlinear relationship between expected and measured DNA concentrations. We have used statistical criteria to establish formal mathematical models for both quantitative and droplet digital PCR. To assess the method, a new Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) TaqMan assay was developed and tested on both PCR platforms using eDNA in water samples. The LOD adjustment reduced Grass Carp occupancy and detection estimates while increasing uncertainty-indicating that caution needs to be applied to eDNA data without LOD correction. Compared to quantitative PCR, digital PCR had higher occurrence estimates due to increased sensitivity and dilution of inhibitors at low concentrations. Without accurate LOD correction, species occurrence and detection probabilities based on eDNA estimates are prone to a source of bias that cannot be reduced by an increase in sample size or PCR replicates. Other applications also could benefit from a standardized LOD such as GMO food analysis and forensic and clinical diagnostics.}, }
@article {pmid27768080, year = {2016}, author = {West, AM and Evangelista, PH and Jarnevich, CS and Young, NE and Stohlgren, TJ and Talbert, C and Talbert, M and Morisette, J and Anderson, R}, title = {Integrating Remote Sensing with Species Distribution Models; Mapping Tamarisk Invasions Using the Software for Assisted Habitat Modeling (SAHM).}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {116}, pages = {}, pmid = {27768080}, issn = {1940-087X}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; *Remote Sensing Technology ; Software ; *Tamaricaceae ; }, abstract = {Early detection of invasive plant species is vital for the management of natural resources and protection of ecosystem processes. The use of satellite remote sensing for mapping the distribution of invasive plants is becoming more common, however conventional imaging software and classification methods have been shown to be unreliable. In this study, we test and evaluate the use of five species distribution model techniques fit with satellite remote sensing data to map invasive tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) along the Arkansas River in Southeastern Colorado. The models tested included boosted regression trees (BRT), Random Forest (RF), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), generalized linear model (GLM), and Maxent. These analyses were conducted using a newly developed software package called the Software for Assisted Habitat Modeling (SAHM). All models were trained with 499 presence points, 10,000 pseudo-absence points, and predictor variables acquired from the Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor over an eight-month period to distinguish tamarisk from native riparian vegetation using detection of phenological differences. From the Landsat scenes, we used individual bands and calculated Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), and tasseled capped transformations. All five models identified current tamarisk distribution on the landscape successfully based on threshold independent and threshold dependent evaluation metrics with independent location data. To account for model specific differences, we produced an ensemble of all five models with map output highlighting areas of agreement and areas of uncertainty. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of species distribution models in analyzing remotely sensed data and the utility of ensemble mapping, and showcase the capability of SAHM in pre-processing and executing multiple complex models.}, }
@article {pmid27767334, year = {2016}, author = {Thomas, VG and Hanner, RH and Borisenko, AV}, title = {DNA-based identification of invasive alien species in relation to Canadian federal policy and law, and the basis of rapid-response management.}, journal = {Genome}, volume = {59}, number = {11}, pages = {1023-1031}, doi = {10.1139/gen-2016-0022}, pmid = {27767334}, issn = {1480-3321}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/classification/genetics ; Public Policy ; }, abstract = {Managing invasive alien species in Canada requires reliable taxonomic identification as the basis of rapid-response management. This can be challenging, especially when organisms are small and lack morphological diagnostic features. DNA-based techniques, such as DNA barcoding, offer a reliable, rapid, and inexpensive toolkit for taxonomic identification of individual or bulk samples, forensic remains, and even environmental DNA. Well suited for this requirement, they could be more broadly deployed and incorporated into the operating policy and practices of Canadian federal departments and should be authorized under these agencies' articles of law. These include Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Transport Canada, Environment Canada, Parks Canada, and Health Canada. These efforts should be harmonized with the appropriate provisions of provincial jurisdictions, for example, the Ontario Invasive Species Act. This approach necessitates that a network of accredited, certified laboratories exists, and that updated DNA reference libraries are readily accessible. Harmonizing this approach is vital among Canadian federal agencies, and between the federal and provincial levels of government. Canadian policy and law must also be harmonized with that of the USA when detecting, and responding to, invasive species in contiguous lands and waters. Creating capacity in legislation for use of DNA-based identifications brings the authority to fund, train, deploy, and certify staff, and to refine further developments in this molecular technology.}, }
@article {pmid27765077, year = {2017}, author = {Wood, A and Haga, EB and Costa, VA and Rossi, MN}, title = {Geographic distribution, large-scale spatial structure and diversity of parasitoids of the seed-feeding beetle Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {107}, number = {3}, pages = {322-331}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485316000924}, pmid = {27765077}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Biota ; Brazil ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Fabaceae/growth &amp; development ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Hymenoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/parasitology/physiology ; Pest Control, Biological ; }, abstract = {Bruchine beetles are highly host-specific seed feeders during the larval stage. Although some specific parasitoid families have been recorded attacking bruchine beetles, most studies have been done at small spatial scales. Therefore, the current knowledge about the diversity and the geographic distribution of parasitoid species parasitizing bruchines is scarce, especially at a wide geographic area that extends over large distances through a latitudinal cline (i.e. large-scale spatial structure). The present study determined the species richness and evenness of parasitoids attacking the bruchine beetle Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus feeding on Leucaena leucocephala seeds, examined their geographic distribution, and characterized the large-scale spatial structure in parasitoid species composition. A total of 1420 parasitoids (all Hymenoptera) belonging to four families, five subfamilies and eight species were collected (genera: Horismenus, Paracrias, Urosigalphus, Stenocorse, Chryseida, Eupelmus). Most parasitoid species showed wide spatial distribution, high evenness in species abundance and the species richness estimators were close to stabilization (approximately eight species). Overall, greater similarity was observed in the species composition of plant populations near to each other than those farther apart, revealing a large-scale spatial structure in parasitoid species composition.}, }
@article {pmid27763822, year = {2016}, author = {Rodriguez-Rivera, LD and Cummings, KJ and McNeely, I and Suchodolski, JS and Scorza, AV and Lappin, MR and Mesenbrink, BT and Leland, BR and Bodenchuk, MJ}, title = {Prevalence and Diversity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia Identified Among Feral Pigs in Texas.}, journal = {Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)}, volume = {16}, number = {12}, pages = {765-768}, doi = {10.1089/vbz.2016.2015}, pmid = {27763822}, issn = {1557-7759}, mesh = {Animals ; Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Cryptosporidium/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Giardia/*genetics ; Giardiasis/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Texas/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {The population size and geographic range of feral pigs in the United States are rapidly expanding. Nevertheless, the role of this invasive species in the ecology and transmission of zoonotic enteric pathogens is poorly understood. Our objectives were to describe the prevalence and diversity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia shedding among feral pigs throughout Texas and to identify risk factors for infection. Fecal samples were collected from feral pigs in Texas from February 2014 through May 2015. Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were detected using a direct immunofluorescence assay, and genotyping of positive samples was performed. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium shedding was 1.6% (6/370), and C. scrofarum and C. suis were identified. The prevalence of Giardia shedding was 4.3% (16/370), and assemblages A and E were identified. Cryptosporidium shedding was significantly more common among juvenile and subadult pigs than among adult pigs, but age group was not associated with Giardia shedding status. Feral pigs may serve as a source of Cryptosporidium and Giardia transmission to humans and livestock.}, }
@article {pmid27761116, year = {2016}, author = {Wu, Z and Lin, J and Zhang, H and Zeng, X}, title = {BdorOBP83a-2 Mediates Responses of the Oriental Fruit Fly to Semiochemicals.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {452}, pmid = {27761116}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the most destructive pests throughout tropical and subtropical regions in Asia. This insect displays remarkable changes during different developmental phases in olfactory behavior between sexually immature and mated adults. The olfactory behavioral changes provide clues to examine physiological and molecular bases of olfactory perception in this insect. We comparatively analyzed behavioral and neuronal responses of B. dorsalis adults to attractant semiochemicals, and the expression profiles of antenna chemosensory genes. We found that some odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) were upregulated in mated adults in association with their behavioral and neuronal responses. Ligand-binding assays further showed that one of OBP83a orthologs, BdorOBP83a-2, binds with high affinity to attractant semiochemicals. Functional analyses confirmed that the reduction in BdorOBP83a-2 transcript abundance led to a decrease in neuronal and behavioral responses to selected attractants. This study suggests that BdorOBP83a-2 mediates behavioral responses to attractant semiochemicals and could be a potential efficient target for pest control.}, }
@article {pmid27760713, year = {2017}, author = {Chapman, PM}, title = {Assessing and managing stressors in a changing marine environment.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {124}, number = {2}, pages = {587-590}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.039}, pmid = {27760713}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Harmful Algal Bloom ; Introduced Species ; Marine Biology/*methods ; Oceans and Seas ; Water Pollution ; }, abstract = {We are facing a dynamic future in the face of multiple stressors acting individually and in combination: climate change; habitat change/loss; overfishing; invasive species; harmful algal blooms/eutrophication; and, chemical contaminants. Historic assessment and management approaches will be inadequate for addressing risks from climate change and other stressors. Wicked problems (non-linear, complex, competing risks and benefits, not easily solvable), will become increasingly common. We are facing irreversible changes to our planetary living conditions. Agreed protection goals and considering both the negatives (risks) and the positives (benefits) of all any and all actions are required, as is judicious and appropriate use of the Precautionary Principle. Researchers and managers need to focus on: determining tipping points (alternative stable points); maintaining ecosystem services; and, managing competing ecosystem services. Marine (and other) scientists are urged to focus their research on wicked problems to allow for informed decision-making on a planetary basis.}, }
@article {pmid27757688, year = {2017}, author = {Pintó-Marijuan, M and Cotado, A and Fleta-Soriano, E and Munné-Bosch, S}, title = {Drought stress memory in the photosynthetic mechanisms of an invasive CAM species, Aptenia cordifolia.}, journal = {Photosynthesis research}, volume = {131}, number = {3}, pages = {241-253}, pmid = {27757688}, issn = {1573-5079}, mesh = {Caryophyllaceae/metabolism/*physiology ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; *Droughts ; Fluorescence ; *Introduced Species ; *Photosynthesis ; Pigments, Biological/metabolism ; *Stress, Physiological ; Tocopherols/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Plants are known for their high capacity to acclimatise to fluctuating environmental conditions. A wide range of environmental conditions can lead to suboptimal physiological efficiency. However, recent studies have shown that plants can withstand repeated periods of stress. To find out how they do it, we studied photosynthetic adjustments to repeated water stress in Aptenia cordifolia: a facultative, invasive CAM species. Plants were subjected to three cycles of water deficit, and photosynthetic parameters and chloroplast antioxidants were quantified to gain an understanding of the mechanisms by which they cope with repeated stress periods. Significant modification of the photosystems' antenna and reaction centres was observed in plants subjected to previous water stress cycles, and this led to higher PSII efficiency than in plants challenged with drought for the first time. These findings underline the biological significance of stress memory and show how plants can adjust their photosynthetic apparatus to fluctuating environmental conditions and thus optimise photosynthesis and photoprotection under drought conditions.}, }
@article {pmid27619210, year = {2016}, author = {Velez, C and Figueira, E and Soares, AMVM and Freitas, R}, title = {The impacts of As accumulation under different pH levels: Comparing Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapes philippinarum biochemical performance.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {151}, number = {}, pages = {653-662}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.041}, pmid = {27619210}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {Animals ; Antioxidants/*metabolism ; Arsenic/*analysis/metabolism ; Biotransformation ; Bivalvia/*drug effects/metabolism ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Models, Theoretical ; Portugal ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Species Specificity ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Marine bivalves have been used to assess environmental As contamination and the effects of seawater acidification when both factors are acting alone, but limited information is available regarding the impacts of both factors acting in combination. The aim of this study was to compare physiological (glycogen) and biochemical (lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase and alkaline phosphatase) responses in both native (Ruditapes decussatus) and introduced (R. philippinarum) clams, when exposed to the combined effects of pH (7.8, control; 7.3) and As concentrations (0 and 4mg/L). The combined effect of As and pH on the health risks associated with clam consumption was also analyzed. Results revealed that both species were able to accumulate As under both pH levels, although higher As concentrations where observed under low pH. Thus, predicted pH decrease will potentiate health risks associated with the consumption of such species, since less amount of clams exposed to As is needed for an adult to exceed the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). Low pH, As exposure and the combination of both factors did not negatively affect the native species, since clams were able to maintain their physiological and biochemical performance among all conditions. On the other hand, R. philippinarum was negatively affected by As exposure at control pH (7.8), inducing biotransformation and antioxidant defense mechanisms against As toxicity. R. philippinarum exposed and non-exposed to As presented similar responses under low pH although at this condition the introduced species accumulated twice the amount of As than R. decussatus.}, }
@article {pmid27755760, year = {2016}, author = {Lovett, GM and Weiss, M and Liebhold, AM and Holmes, TP and Leung, B and Lambert, KF and Orwig, DA and Campbell, FT and Rosenthal, J and McCullough, DG and Wildova, R and Ayres, MP and Canham, CD and Foster, DR and LaDeau, SL and Weldy, T}, title = {Nonnative forest insects and pathogens in the United States: Impacts and policy options.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {26}, number = {5}, pages = {1437-1455}, pmid = {27755760}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Forests ; Insecta/*classification ; *Introduced Species ; United States ; }, abstract = {We review and synthesize information on invasions of nonnative forest insects and diseases in the United States, including their ecological and economic impacts, pathways of arrival, distribution within the United States, and policy options for reducing future invasions. Nonnative insects have accumulated in United States forests at a rate of ~2.5 per yr over the last 150 yr. Currently the two major pathways of introduction are importation of live plants and wood packing material such as pallets and crates. Introduced insects and diseases occur in forests and cities throughout the United States, and the problem is particularly severe in the Northeast and Upper Midwest. Nonnative forest pests are the only disturbance agent that has effectively eliminated entire tree species or genera from United States forests within decades. The resulting shift in forest structure and species composition alters ecosystem functions such as productivity, nutrient cycling, and wildlife habitat. In urban and suburban areas, loss of trees from streets, yards, and parks affects aesthetics, property values, shading, stormwater runoff, and human health. The economic damage from nonnative pests is not yet fully known, but is likely in the billions of dollars per year, with the majority of this economic burden borne by municipalities and residential property owners. Current policies for preventing introductions are having positive effects but are insufficient to reduce the influx of pests in the face of burgeoning global trade. Options are available to strengthen the defenses against pest arrival and establishment, including measures taken in the exporting country prior to shipment, measures to ensure clean shipments of plants and wood products, inspections at ports of entry, and post-entry measures such as quarantines, surveillance, and eradication programs. Improved data collection procedures for inspections, greater data accessibility, and better reporting would support better evaluation of policy effectiveness. Lack of additional action places the nation, local municipalities, and property owners at high risk of further damaging and costly invasions. Adopting stronger policies to reduce establishments of new forest insects and diseases would shift the major costs of control to the source and alleviate the economic burden now borne by homeowners and municipalities.}, }
@article {pmid27755749, year = {2016}, author = {Liebman, M and Baraibar, B and Buckley, Y and Childs, D and Christensen, S and Cousens, R and Eizenberg, H and Heijting, S and Loddo, D and Merotto, A and Renton, M and Riemens, M}, title = {Ecologically sustainable weed management: How do we get from proof-of-concept to adoption?.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {26}, number = {5}, pages = {1352-1369}, doi = {10.1002/15-0995}, pmid = {27755749}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {BB/L001489/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Agriculture/economics/methods ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Crops, Agricultural/genetics/physiology ; Herbicide Resistance ; Herbicides ; Introduced Species ; *Plant Weeds/drug effects ; Time Factors ; Weed Control/*methods ; }, abstract = {Weed management is a critically important activity on both agricultural and non-agricultural lands, but it is faced with a daunting set of challenges: environmental damage caused by control practices, weed resistance to herbicides, accelerated rates of weed dispersal through global trade, and greater weed impacts due to changes in climate and land use. Broad-scale use of new approaches is needed if weed management is to be successful in the coming era. We examine three approaches likely to prove useful for addressing current and future challenges from weeds: diversifying weed management strategies with multiple complementary tactics, developing crop genotypes for enhanced weed suppression, and tailoring management strategies to better accommodate variability in weed spatial distributions. In all three cases, proof-of-concept has long been demonstrated and considerable scientific innovations have been made, but uptake by farmers and land managers has been extremely limited. Impediments to employing these and other ecologically based approaches include inadequate or inappropriate government policy instruments, a lack of market mechanisms, and a paucity of social infrastructure with which to influence learning, decision-making, and actions by farmers and land managers. We offer examples of how these impediments are being addressed in different parts of the world, but note that there is no clear formula for determining which sets of policies, market mechanisms, and educational activities will be effective in various locations. Implementing new approaches for weed management will require multidisciplinary teams comprised of scientists, engineers, economists, sociologists, educators, farmers, land managers, industry personnel, policy makers, and others willing to focus on weeds within whole farming systems and land management units.}, }
@article {pmid27755742, year = {2016}, author = {Cattau, CE and Fletcher, RJ and Reichert, BE and Kitchens, WM}, title = {Counteracting effects of a non-native prey on the demography of a native predator culminate in positive population growth.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {26}, number = {7}, pages = {1952-1968}, doi = {10.1890/15-1020.1}, pmid = {27755742}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Environmental Monitoring ; Falconiformes/*physiology ; Florida ; Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Population Growth ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Reproduction/physiology ; Seasons ; Snails/*physiology ; Survival Analysis ; Time Factors ; United States ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Identifying impacts of non-native species on native populations is central to conservation and ecology. While effects of non-native predators on native prey populations have recently received much attention, impacts of introduced prey on native predator populations are less understood. Non-native prey can influence predator behavior and demography through direct and indirect pathways, yet quantitative assessments of the relative impacts of multiple, potentially counteracting, effects on native predator population growth remain scarce. Using ≈20 years of range-wide monitoring data, we tested for effects of a recently introduced, rapidly spreading non-native prey species (Pomacea maculata) on the behavior and demography of the endangered Snail Kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis). Previous studies found that food-handling difficulties caused by the large size of P. maculata (relative to the native P. paludosa) can lead to energetic deficiencies in juvenile kites, suggesting the potential for evolutionary traps to occur. However, high densities of P. maculata populations could facilitate kites by providing supplemental food resources. Contrary to prior hypotheses, we found that juvenile apparent survival increased ≈50% in wetlands invaded by non-native snails. Breeding rates and number of young fledged/successful nests were also positively associated with non-native snail presence, suggesting direct trophic benefits to kites. We found no direct effects of the invasive snail on adult survival or daily nest survival rates. Kite movements and breeding distribution closely tracked the spread of non-native snail populations. Since 2005, kites have been heavily concentrated in northern regions where non-native snails have established. This geographic shift has had hidden costs, as use of northern regions is associated with lower adult survival. Despite negative impacts to this key vital rate, matrix population modeling indicated that the multifarious effects of the non-native snail invasion on kites culminated in increased population growth rates, likely lowering short-term extinction risks. Results suggest that considering only particular components of behavior or demography may be inadequate to infer the population-dynamic importance of non-native prey on native predators, including their role in creating potential evolutionary traps. Our findings provide information pertinent to Everglades restoration, highlighting potential management trade-offs for non-native species that may aid imperiled species recovery yet disrupt other native communities.}, }
@article {pmid27755739, year = {2016}, author = {Davis, AJ and Hooten, MB and Miller, RS and Farnsworth, ML and Lewis, J and Moxcey, M and Pepin, KM}, title = {Inferring invasive species abundance using removal data from management actions.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {26}, number = {7}, pages = {2339-2346}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1383}, pmid = {27755739}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Oklahoma ; Pest Control ; Population Density ; Swine/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Evaluation of the progress of management programs for invasive species is crucial for demonstrating impacts to stakeholders and strategic planning of resource allocation. Estimates of abundance before and after management activities can serve as a useful metric of population management programs. However, many methods of estimating population size are too labor intensive and costly to implement, posing restrictive levels of burden on operational programs. Removal models are a reliable method for estimating abundance before and after management using data from the removal activities exclusively, thus requiring no work in addition to management. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate abundance from removal data accounting for varying levels of effort, and used simulations to assess the conditions under which reliable population estimates are obtained. We applied this model to estimate site-specific abundance of an invasive species, feral swine (Sus scrofa), using removal data from aerial gunning in 59 site/time-frame combinations (480-19,600 acres) throughout Oklahoma and Texas, USA. Simulations showed that abundance estimates were generally accurate when effective removal rates (removal rate accounting for total effort) were above 0.40. However, when abundances were small (<50) the effective removal rate needed to accurately estimates abundances was considerably higher (0.70). Based on our post-validation method, 78% of our site/time frame estimates were accurate. To use this modeling framework it is important to have multiple removals (more than three) within a time frame during which demographic changes are minimized (i.e., a closed population; ≤3 months for feral swine). Our results show that the probability of accurately estimating abundance from this model improves with increased sampling effort (8+ flight hours across the 3-month window is best) and increased removal rate. Based on the inverse relationship between inaccurate abundances and inaccurate removal rates, we suggest auxiliary information that could be collected and included in the model as covariates (e.g., habitat effects, differences between pilots) to improve accuracy of removal rates and hence abundance estimates.}, }
@article {pmid27755737, year = {2016}, author = {Neiman, M and Krist, A}, title = {Sensitivity to dietary phosphorus limitation in native vs. invasive lineages of a New Zealand freshwater snail.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {26}, number = {7}, pages = {2218-2224}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1372}, pmid = {27755737}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Phosphorus/*pharmacology ; Snails/*drug effects/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Why some species and lineages are more likely to be invasive than others is one of the most important unanswered questions in basic and applied biology. In particular, the relative contributions to the invasion process of factors like pre-adaptation to invasiveness in the native range, evolution post-colonization, and random vs. non-random sampling of colonist lineages remain unclear. We use a powerful common garden approach to address the potential for a role for sensitivity to nutrient limitation in determining the invasiveness of particular lineages of Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a New Zealand freshwater snail that has become globally invasive. We quantified specific growth rate (SGR), an important fitness-related trait in this species, under high phosphorus (P) vs. low-P conditions for a diverse set of native and invasive P. antipodarum. This experiment revealed that native-range P. antipodarum experience a more severe decline in SGR in low-P conditions relative to SGR in high-P conditions than their invasive range counterparts. Although these results suggest resilience to P limitation in invasive lineages, the absence of significant absolute differences in SGR between native and invasive lineages indicates that a straightforward connection between response to P limitation and invasiveness in P. antipodarum is unlikely. Regardless, our data demonstrate that invasive vs. native lineages of P. antipodarum exhibit consistently different responses to an important environmental variable that is rarely studied in the context of invasion success. Further studies directed at exploring and disentangling the roles of sampling effects, selection on preexisting variation, and evolution after colonization will be required to provide a comprehensive picture of the role (or lack thereof) of nutrient limitation in the global invasion of P. antipodarum, as well for as other invasive taxa.}, }
@article {pmid27755734, year = {2016}, author = {Carrillo, J and Siemann, E}, title = {A native plant competitor mediates the impact of above- and belowground damage on an invasive tree.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {26}, number = {7}, pages = {2060-2071}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1359}, pmid = {27755734}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Coleoptera/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Euphorbiaceae/*physiology ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Components, Aerial ; Plant Roots ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Seedlings ; Trees ; United States ; }, abstract = {Plant competition may mediate the impacts of herbivory on invasive plant species through effects on plant growth and defense. This may predictably depend on whether herbivory occurs above or below ground and on relative plant competitive ability. We simulated the potential impact of above- or belowground damage by biocontrol agents on the growth of a woody invader (Chinese tallow tree, Triadica sebifera) through artificial herbivory, with or without competition with a native grass, little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium). We measured two defense responses of Triadica through quantifying constitutive and induced extrafloral nectar production and tolerance of above- and belowground damage (root and shoot biomass regrowth). We examined genetic variation in plant growth and defense across native (China) and invasive (United States) Triadica populations. Without competition, aboveground damage had a greater impact than belowground damage on Triadica performance, whereas with competition and above- and belowground damage impacted Triadica similarly. Whole plant tolerance to damage below ground was negatively associated with tolerance to grass competitors indicating tradeoffs in the ability to tolerate herbivory vs. compete. Competition reduced investment in defensive extrafloral nectar (EFN) production. Aboveground damage inhibited rather than induced EFN production while belowground plant damage did not impact aboveground nectar production. We found some support for the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis for invasive plants as United States plants were larger than native China plants and were more plastic in their response to biotic stressors than China plants (they altered their root to shoot ratios dependent on herbivory and competition treatments). Our results indicate that habitat type and the presence of competitors may be a larger determinant of herbivory impact than feeding mode and suggest that integrated pest management strategies including competitive dynamics of recipient communities should be incorporated into biological control agent evaluation at earlier stages.}, }
@article {pmid27755718, year = {2016}, author = {Spencer, RJ and Van Dyke, JU and Thompson, MB}, title = {The ethological trap: functional and numerical responses of highly efficient invasive predators driving prey extinctions.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {26}, number = {7}, pages = {1969-1983}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1375}, pmid = {27755718}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Extinction, Biological ; Foxes/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Nesting Behavior ; Ovum ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Time Factors ; Turtles/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Ecological traps are threats to organisms, and exist in a range of biological systems. A subset of ecological trap theory is the "ethological trap," whereby behaviors canalized by past natural selection become traps when environments change rapidly. Invasive predators are major threats to imperiled species and their ability to exploit canalized behaviors of naive prey is particularly important for the establishment of the predator and the decline of the native prey. Our study uses ecological theory to demonstrate that invasive predator controls require shifts in management priorities. Total predation rate (i.e., total response) is the product of both the functional response and numerical response of predators to prey. Functional responses are the changes in the rate of prey consumption by individual predators, relative to prey abundance. Numerical responses are the aggregative rates of prey consumption by all predators relative to prey density, which change with predator density via reproduction or migration, in response to changes in prey density. Traditional invasive predator management methods focus on reducing predator populations, and thus manage for numerical responses. These management efforts fail to manage for functional responses, and may not eliminate impacts of highly efficient individual predators. We explore this problem by modeling the impacts of functional and numerical responses of invasive foxes depredating imperiled Australian turtle nests. Foxes exhibit exceptionally efficient functional responses. A single fox can destroy >95% of turtle nests in a nesting area, which eliminates juvenile recruitment. In this case, the ethological trap is the "Arribada" nesting strategy, an emergent behavior whereby most turtles in a population nest simultaneously in the same nesting grounds. Our models show that Arribada nesting events do not oversaturate foxes, and small numbers of foxes depredate all of the nests in a given Arribada. Widely scattering nests may reduce fox predation rates, but the long generation times of turtles combined with their rapid recent decline suggests that evolutionary responses in nesting strategy may be unlikely. Our study demonstrates that reducing populations of highly efficient invasive predators is insufficient for preserving native prey species. Instead, management must reduce individual predator efficiency, independent of reducing predator population size.}, }
@article {pmid27755715, year = {2016}, author = {Fuentes-Ramirez, A and Veldman, JW and Holzapfel, C and Moloney, KA}, title = {Spreaders, igniters, and burning shrubs: plant flammability explains novel fire dynamics in grass-invaded deserts.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {26}, number = {7}, pages = {2311-2322}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1371}, pmid = {27755715}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; *Introduced Species ; Larrea ; Poaceae/*classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Novel fire regimes are an important cause and consequence of global environmental change that involve interactions among biotic, climatic, and human components of ecosystems. Plant flammability is key to these interactions, yet few studies directly measure flammability or consider how multiple species with different flammabilities interact to produce novel fire regimes. Deserts of the southwestern United States are an ideal system for exploring how novel fire regimes can emerge when fire-promoting species invade ecosystems comprised of species that did not evolve with fire. In these deserts, exotic annual grasses provide fuel continuity across landscapes that did not historically burn. These fires often ignite a keystone desert shrub, the fire-intolerant creosote bush, Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville. Ignition of Larrea is likely catalyzed by fuels produced by native plants that grow beneath the shrubs. We hypothesize that invasive and native species exhibit distinct flammability characteristics that in combination determine spatial patterns of fire spread and intensity. We measured flammability metrics of Larrea, two invasive grasses, Schismus arabicus and Bromus madritensis, and two native plants, the sub-shrub Ambrosia dumosa and the annual herb Amsinckia menziesii. Results of laboratory experiments show that the grasses carry fire quickly (1.32 cm/s), but burn for short duration (0.5 min) at low temperatures. In contrast, native plants spread fire slowly (0.12 cm/s), but burn up to eight times longer (4 min) and produced hotter fires. Additional experiments on the ignition requirements of Larrea suggest that native plants burn with sufficient temperature and duration to ignite dead Larrea branches (time to ignition, 2 min; temperature at ignition 692°C). Once burning, these dead branches ignite living branches in the upper portions of the shrub. Our study provides support for a conceptual model in which exotic grasses are "spreaders" of fire and native plants growing beneath shrubs are "igniters" of dead Larrea branches. Once burning, flames produced by dead branches engulf the entire shrub, resulting in locally intense fires without historical precedent in this system. We suggest that fire models and conservation-focused management could be improved by incorporating the distinct flammability characteristics and spatial distributions of spreaders, igniters, and keystone shrubs.}, }
@article {pmid27755707, year = {2016}, author = {Holbrook, CM and Bergstedt, RA and Barber, J and Bravener, GA and Jones, ML and Krueger, CC}, title = {Evaluating harvest-based control of invasive fish with telemetry: performance of sea lamprey traps in the Great Lakes.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {1595-1609}, doi = {10.1890/15-2251.1}, pmid = {27755707}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Great Lakes Region ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; *Pest Control ; Petromyzon/*physiology ; Population Density ; Telemetry/methods/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Physical removal (e.g., harvest via traps or nets) of mature individuals may be a cost-effective or socially acceptable alternative to chemical control strategies for invasive species, but requires knowledge of the spatial distribution of a population over time. We used acoustic telemetry to determine the current and possible future role of traps to control and assess invasive sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, in the St. Marys River, the connecting channel between Lake Superior and Lake Huron. Exploitation rates (i.e., fractions of an adult sea lamprey population removed by traps) at two upstream locations were compared among three years and two points of entry to the system. Telemetry receivers throughout the drainage allowed trap performance (exploitation rate) to be partitioned into two components: proportion of migrating sea lampreys that visited trap sites (availability) and proportion of available sea lampreys that were caught by traps (local trap efficiency). Estimated exploitation rates were well below those needed to provide population control in the absence of lampricides and were limited by availability and local trap efficiency. Local trap efficiency estimates for acoustic-tagged sea lampreys were lower than analogous estimates regularly obtained using traditional mark-recapture methods, suggesting that abundance had been previously underestimated. Results suggested major changes would be required to substantially increase catch, including improvements to existing traps, installation of new traps, or other modifications to attract and retain more sea lampreys. This case study also shows how bias associated with telemetry tags can be estimated and incorporated in models to improve inferences about parameters that are directly relevant to fishery management.}, }
@article {pmid27755689, year = {2016}, author = {Santos, MJ and Khanna, S and Hestir, EL and Greenberg, JA and Ustin, SL}, title = {Measuring landscape-scale spread and persistence of an invaded submerged plant community from airborne remote sensing.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {1733-1744}, doi = {10.1890/15-0615}, pmid = {27755689}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; California ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; Remote Sensing Technology/*methods ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Processes of spread and patterns of persistence of invasive species affect species and communities in the new environment. Predicting future rates of spread is of great interest for timely management decisions, but this depends on models that rely on understanding the processes of invasion and historic observations of spread and persistence. Unfortunately, the rates of spread and patterns of persistence are difficult to model or directly observe, especially when multiple rates of spread and diverse persistence patterns may be co-occurring over the geographic distribution of the invaded ecosystem. Remote sensing systematically acquires data over large areas at fine spatial and spectral resolutions over multiple time periods that can be used to quantify spread processes and persistence patterns. We used airborne imaging spectroscopy data acquired once a year for 5 years from 2004 to 2008 to map an invaded submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) community across 2220 km[2] of waterways in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, California, USA, and measured its spread rate and its persistence. Submerged aquatic vegetation covered 13-23 km[2] of the waterways (6-11%) every year. Yearly new growth accounted for 40-60% of the SAV area, ~50% of which survived to following year. Spread rates were overall negative and persistence decreased with time. From this dataset, we were able to identify both radial and saltatorial spread of the invaded SAV in the entire extent of the Delta over time. With both decreasing spread rate and persistence, it is possible that over time the invasion of this SAV community could decrease its ecological impact. A landscape-scale approach allows measurements of all invasion fronts and the spatial anisotropies associated with spread processes and persistence patterns, without spatial interpolation, at locations both proximate and distant to the focus of invasion at multiple points in time.}, }
@article {pmid27755688, year = {2016}, author = {Kuebbing, SE and Patterson, CM and Classen, AT and Simberloff, D}, title = {Co-occurring nonnative woody shrubs have additive and non-additive soil legacies.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {1896-1906}, doi = {10.1890/15-1931.1}, pmid = {27755688}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Celastrus/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Ligustrum/*physiology ; Lonicera/*physiology ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {To maximize limited conservation funds and prioritize management projects that are likely to succeed, accurate assessment of invasive nonnative species impacts is essential. A common challenge to prioritization is a limited knowledge of the difference between the impacts of a single nonnative species compared to the impacts of nonnative species when they co-occur, and in particular predicting when impacts of co-occurring nonnative species will be non-additive. Understanding non-additivity is important for management decisions because the management of only one co-occurring invader will not necessarily lead to a predictable reduction in the impact or growth of the other nonnative plant. Nonnative plants are frequently associated with changes in soil biotic and abiotic characteristics, which lead to plant-soil interactions that influence the performance of other species grown in those soils. Whether co-occurring nonnative plants alter soil properties additively or non-additively relative to their effects on soils when they grow in monoculture is rarely addressed. We use a greenhouse plant-soil feedback experiment to test for non-additive soil impacts of two common invasive nonnative woody shrubs, Lonicera maackii and Ligustrum sinense, in deciduous forests of the southeastern United States. We measured the performance of each nonnative shrub, a native herbaceous community, and a nonnative woody vine in soils conditioned by each shrub singly or together in polyculture. Soils conditioned by both nonnative shrubs had non-additive impacts on native and nonnative performance. Root mass of the native herbaceous community was 1.5 times lower and the root mass of the nonnative L. sinense was 1.8 times higher in soils conditioned by both L. maackii and L. sinense than expected based upon growth in soils conditioned by either shrub singly. This result indicates that when these two nonnative shrubs co-occur, their influence on soils disproportionally favors persistence of the nonnative L. sinense relative to this native herbaceous community, and could provide an explanation of why native species abundance is frequently depressed in these communities. Additionally, the difference between native and nonnative performance demonstrates that invasive impact studies focusing on the impact only of single species can be insufficient for determining the impact of co-occurring invasive plant species.}, }
@article {pmid27755565, year = {2016}, author = {Sezen, UU and Barney, JN and Atwater, DZ and Pederson, GA and Pederson, JF and Chandler, JM and Cox, TS and Cox, S and Dotray, P and Kopec, D and Smith, SE and Schroeder, J and Wright, SD and Jiao, Y and Kong, W and Goff, V and Auckland, S and Rainville, LK and Pierce, GJ and Lemke, C and Compton, R and Phillips, C and Kerr, A and Mettler, M and Paterson, AH}, title = {Multi-Phase US Spread and Habitat Switching of a Post-Columbian Invasive, Sorghum halepense.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {e0164584}, pmid = {27755565}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; Colombia ; *Ecosystem ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Principal Component Analysis ; Sorghum/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; United States ; }, abstract = {Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) is a striking example of a post-Columbian founder event. This natural experiment within ecological time-scales provides a unique opportunity for understanding patterns of continent-wide genetic diversity following range expansion. Microsatellite markers were used for population genetic analyses including leaf-optimized Neighbor-Joining tree, pairwise FST, mismatch analysis, principle coordinate analysis, Tajima's D, Fu's F and Bayesian clusterings of population structure. Evidence indicates two geographically distant introductions of divergent genotypes, which spread across much of the US in <200 years. Based on geophylogeny, gene flow patterns can be inferred to have involved five phases. Centers of genetic diversity have shifted from two introduction sites separated by ~2000 miles toward the middle of the range, consistent with admixture between genotypes from the respective introductions. Genotyping provides evidence for a 'habitat switch' from agricultural to non-agricultural systems and may contribute to both Johnsongrass ubiquity and aggressiveness. Despite lower and more structured diversity at the invasion front, Johnsongrass continues to advance northward into cooler and drier habitats. Association genetic approaches may permit identification of alleles contributing to the habitat switch or other traits important to weed/invasive management and/or crop improvement.}, }
@article {pmid27753511, year = {2016}, author = {Ashfaq, M and Hebert, PD}, title = {DNA barcodes for bio-surveillance: regulated and economically important arthropod plant pests.}, journal = {Genome}, volume = {59}, number = {11}, pages = {933-945}, doi = {10.1139/gen-2016-0024}, pmid = {27753511}, issn = {1480-3321}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/*classification/*genetics ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Environmental Monitoring ; Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; Plants/*parasitology ; Quarantine ; }, abstract = {Many of the arthropod species that are important pests of agriculture and forestry are impossible to discriminate morphologically throughout all of their life stages. Some cannot be differentiated at any life stage. Over the past decade, DNA barcoding has gained increasing adoption as a tool to both identify known species and to reveal cryptic taxa. Although there has not been a focused effort to develop a barcode library for them, reference sequences are now available for 77% of the 409 species of arthropods documented on major pest databases. Aside from developing the reference library needed to guide specimen identifications, past barcode studies have revealed that a significant fraction of arthropod pests are a complex of allied taxa. Because of their importance as pests and disease vectors impacting global agriculture and forestry, DNA barcode results on these arthropods have significant implications for quarantine detection, regulation, and management. The current review discusses these implications in light of the presence of cryptic species in plant pests exposed by DNA barcoding.}, }
@article {pmid27752469, year = {2016}, author = {Feau, N and Taylor, G and Dale, AL and Dhillon, B and Bilodeau, GJ and Birol, I and Jones, SJ and Hamelin, RC}, title = {Genome sequences of six Phytophthora species threatening forest ecosystems.}, journal = {Genomics data}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {85-88}, pmid = {27752469}, issn = {2213-5960}, abstract = {The Phytophthora genus comprises of some of the most destructive plant pathogens and attack a wide range of hosts including economically valuable tree species, both angiosperm and gymnosperm. Many known species of Phytophthora are invasive and have been introduced through nursery and agricultural trade. As part of a larger project aimed at utilizing genomic data for forest disease diagnostics, pathogen detection and monitoring (The TAIGA project: Tree Aggressors Identification using Genomic Approaches; http://taigaforesthealth.com/), we sequenced the genomes of six important Phytophthora species that are important invasive pathogens of trees and a serious threat to the international trade of forest products. This genomic data was used to develop highly sensitive and specific detection assays and for genome comparisons and to make evolutionary inferences and will be useful to the broader plant and tree health community. These WGS data have been deposited in the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (DDBJ/ENA/GenBank) under the accession numbers AUPN01000000, AUVH01000000, AUWJ02000000, AUUF02000000, AWVV02000000 and AWVW02000000.}, }
@article {pmid27664400, year = {2016}, author = {Zemanova, MA and Knop, E and Heckel, G}, title = {Phylogeographic past and invasive presence of Arion pest slugs in Europe.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {22}, pages = {5747-5764}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13860}, pmid = {27664400}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe ; Founder Effect ; Gastropoda/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {Arion vulgaris (syn. A. lusitanicus) is the most destructive pest slug in Europe. The species has been regarded a classic case of an ongoing biological invasion with negative economic and ecological impact in many European countries, but this status has recently been contested. In this study, we assessed mitochondrial and autosomal genetic diversity in populations of A. vulgaris across the entire distribution range in order to characterize its evolutionary history. Mitochondrial diversity in A. vulgaris was strongly reduced compared with the closely related and largely codistributed noninvasive species A. rufus and A. ater, indicating a very rapid spread of A. vulgaris through Europe. Autosomal diversity assessed in 632 individuals from 32 populations decreased towards eastern and northern Europe which is consistent with the reported expansion of the species towards these regions in the last decades. Demographic simulations supported very recent population founding events in most of the European range. The short periods between the first detection of A. vulgaris in different countries and only a very weak association of genetic structuring among populations with geographical distances suggest a human contribution in the ongoing expansion of the slug. We propose that this contribution may ultimately prevent the exact localization of the debated region of origin of A. vulgaris. However, the reclassification of A. vulgaris as noninvasive would be premature. Without counter measures, the Eastern and Northern European countries can expect to see this biological invasion continued in the future.}, }
@article {pmid27744622, year = {2016}, author = {Cha, DH and Mieles, AE and Lahuatte, PF and Cahuana, A and Lincango, MP and Causton, CE and Tebbich, S and Cimadom, A and Teale, SA}, title = {Identification and Optimization of Microbial Attractants for Philornis downsi, an Invasive Fly Parasitic on Galapagos Birds.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {42}, number = {11}, pages = {1101-1111}, pmid = {27744622}, issn = {1573-1561}, support = {P 26556/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*parasitology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Fermentation ; Introduced Species ; Muscidae/drug effects/*microbiology/*physiology ; Olfactory Perception/drug effects ; Pheromones/chemistry/pharmacology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*metabolism ; Volatilization ; }, abstract = {We investigated the role of olfactory cues from actively fermenting yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in attraction of adult Philornis downsi and identified two synergistically attractive yeast volatiles. Larvae of this invasive fly parasitize the hatchlings of passerines and threaten the Galapagos avifauna. Gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and field trapping experiments were used to identify volatile compounds from a yeast-sugar solution. EAD responses were consistently elicited by 14 yeast volatiles. In a series of field trapping experiments, a mixture of the 14 EAD-active compounds was similarly attractive to P. downsi when compared to the yeast-sugar solution, and we found that acetic acid and ethanol were essential for attraction. A mixture of 0.03 % acetic acid and 3 % ethanol was as attractive as the 14-component blend, but was not as attractive as the yeast-sugar solution. Philornis downsi showed positive and negative dose-responses to acetic acid in the ranges of 0.01 ~ 0.3 % and 0.3 ~ 9 %, respectively. Further optimization showed that the mixture of 1 % acetic acid and 3 % ethanol was as attractive as the yeast-sugar solution. Both mixtures of acetic acid and ethanol were more selective than the yeast-sugar solution in terms of non-target moths and Polistes versicolor wasps captured. These results indicate that acetic acid and ethanol produced by yeasts are crucial for P. downsi attraction to fermented materials on which they feed as adults and can be used to manage this invasive fly in Galapagos.}, }
@article {pmid27744362, year = {2017}, author = {Spindola, AF and Zheng, L and Tomberlin, JK and Thyssen, PJ}, title = {Attraction and Oviposition of Lucilia eximia (Diptera: Calliphoridae) to Resources Colonized by the Invasive Competitor Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera: Calliphoridae).}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {54}, number = {2}, pages = {321-328}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjw170}, pmid = {27744362}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Diptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Oviposition ; Ovum/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The present study aimed to determine if the presence of immatures of the invasive blow fly species Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) influences the adult behavior of the native species Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann) in Brazil. The level of attraction and oviposition by the native species was assessed in a dual-choice assay. The evaluation was based on sex and stage of ovarian development of L. eximia adults to a resource not colonized (NCR) or colonized (RPC) with eggs, different instars, or densities of C. albiceps. A significant difference in attraction was observed based on sex and stages of ovarian development. Males and nongravid females were more attracted to RPC, whereas gravid females preferred NCR. Moreover, males exhibited the lowest response in all assays among the three sex categories examined. In general, adults preferably oviposited on NCR rather than RPC. Also, between the eggs and second instar treatments, L. eximia laid more eggs on RPC with eggs than second instars (predatory stage). Lucilia eximia attraction to second-instar C. albiceps at different densities was marginally significant. Overall, results indicate the invasive species, C. albiceps, is impacting the behavior of the native blow fly, L. eximia, with regards to its attraction and colonization of vertebrate carrion, which could explain why native blow fly populations have significantly decreased since the introduction of C. albiceps.}, }
@article {pmid27744261, year = {2017}, author = {Brondum, MC and Collier, ZA and Luke, CS and Goatcher, BL and Linkov, I}, title = {Selection of invasive wild pig countermeasures using multicriteria decision analysis.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {574}, number = {}, pages = {1164-1173}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.155}, pmid = {27744261}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Decision Making ; Decision Support Techniques ; *Introduced Species ; Risk ; Sus scrofa ; *Swine ; }, abstract = {Wild pigs are a widespread invasive species that pose significant environmental and social risks. A number of wild pig eradication and control measures exist, but many eradication campaigns are ultimately unsuccessful. Decision making regarding how to design and execute an eradication plan is difficult because of multiple costs and benefits spanning various decision criteria that are associated with different eradication and control countermeasures. Moreover, multiple stakeholders are often involved with differing and sometimes competing objectives, and wild pigs are adaptive adversaries, meaning that the ideal countermeasure may change over time. In this paper, we propose the use of formal decision analytic tools which can structure decision problems into a set of relevant criteria, countermeasures, and stakeholder preferences to facilitate the evaluation of tradeoffs. We operationalize this method in a simple Excel-based decision tool and conclude with a path forward regarding how to successfully implement such tools for effective wild pig control.}, }
@article {pmid27743657, year = {2017}, author = {Gatti, G and Bianchi, CN and Montefalcone, M and Venturini, S and Diviacco, G and Morri, C}, title = {Observational information on a temperate reef community helps understanding the marine climate and ecosystem shift of the 1980-90s.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {114}, number = {1}, pages = {528-538}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.022}, pmid = {27743657}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Coral Reefs ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Humans ; Mediterranean Sea ; Multivariate Analysis ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The dearth of long-time series hampers the measurement of the ecosystem change that followed the global marine climate shift of the 1980-90s. The sessile communities of Portofino Promontory reefs (Ligurian Sea, NW Mediterranean) have been discontinuously studied since the 1950s. Collating information from various sources, three periods of investigations have been distinguished: 1) 1950-70s; 2) 1980-90s; 3) 2000-10s. A cooler phase in time 1 was followed by a rapid warming in time 2, to stabilize at about 0.5°C higher in time 3. Human pressure grew impressively, especially after the establishment of a MPA in 1999. Multivariate analyses evidenced a major change of community composition in time 2. Some species disappeared or got rarer, many found refuge at depth, and among the newcomers there were recently introduced alien species. This study demonstrated the importance of descriptive historical data to understand magnitude and pattern of change in the long term evolution of marine ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid27742647, year = {2016}, author = {Hirsch, H and Hensen, I and Wesche, K and Renison, D and Wypior, C and Hartmann, M and von Wehrden, H}, title = {Non-native populations of an invasive tree outperform their native conspecifics.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {27742647}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Introduced plants often face new environmental conditions in their non-native ranges. To become invasive, they need to overcome several biotic and abiotic filters that may trigger adaptive changes in life-history traits, like post-germination processes. Such early life cycle traits may play a crucial role in the colonization and establishment success of invasive plants. As a previous study revealed that seeds of non-native populations of the woody Siberian elm, Ulmus pumila, germinated faster than those of native populations, we expected growth performance of seedlings to mirror this finding. Here, we conducted a common garden greenhouse experiment using different temperature and watering treatments to compare the biomass production of U. pumila seedlings derived from 7 native and 13 populations from two non-native ranges. Our results showed that under all treatments, non-native populations were characterized by higher biomass production and enhanced resource allocation to aboveground biomass compared to the native populations. The observed enhanced growth performance of non-native populations might be one of the contributing factors for the invasion success of U. pumila due to competitive advantages during the colonization of new sites.}, }
@article {pmid27741276, year = {2016}, author = {Campos, JA and García-Baquero, G and Caño, L and Biurrun, I and García-Mijangos, I and Loidi, J and Herrera, M}, title = {Climate and Human Pressure Constraints Co-Explain Regional Plant Invasion at Different Spatial Scales.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {e0164629}, pmid = {27741276}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Climate ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Models, Theoretical ; Plant Development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Alien species invasion represents a global threat to biodiversity and ecosystems. Explaining invasion patterns in terms of environmental constraints will help us to assess invasion risks and plan control strategies. We aim to identify plant invasion patterns in the Basque Country (Spain), and to determine the effects of climate and human pressure on that pattern. We modeled the regional distribution of 89 invasive plant species using two approaches. First, distance-based Moran's eigenvector maps were used to partition variation in the invasive species richness, S, into spatial components at broad and fine scales; redundancy analysis was then used to explain those components on the basis of climate and human pressure descriptors. Second, we used generalized additive mixed modeling to fit species-specific responses to the same descriptors. Climate and human pressure descriptors have different effects on S at different spatial scales. Broad-scale spatially structured temperature and precipitation, and fine-scale spatially structured human population density and percentage of natural and semi-natural areas, explained altogether 38.7% of the total variance. The distribution of 84% of the individually tested species was related to either temperature, precipitation or both, and 68% was related to either population density or natural and semi-natural areas, displaying similar responses. The spatial pattern of the invasive species richness is strongly environmentally forced, mainly by climate factors. Since individual species responses were proved to be both similarly constrained in shape and explained variance by the same environmental factors, we conclude that the pattern of invasive species richness results from individual species' environmental preferences.}, }
@article {pmid27741269, year = {2016}, author = {Ozaslan, C and Farooq, S and Onen, H and Bukun, B and Ozcan, S and Gunal, H}, title = {Invasion Potential of Two Tropical Physalis Species in Arid and Semi-Arid Climates: Effect of Water-Salinity Stress and Soil Types on Growth and Fecundity.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {e0164369}, pmid = {27741269}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Calcium Carbonate/chemistry/pharmacology ; Droughts ; Fertility ; Germination/drug effects ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Introduced Species ; Physalis/drug effects/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development ; Plant Shoots/growth &amp; development ; Salinity ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants are recognized for their impressive abilities to withstand adverse environmental conditions however, all invaders do not express the similar abilities. Therefore, survival, growth, nutrient uptake and fecundity of two co-occurring, invasive Physalis species were tested under water and salinity stresses, and different soil textures in the current study. Five different water stress levels (100, 75, 50, 25, and 12.5% pot water contents), four different soil salinity levels (0, 3, 6, and 12 dSm-1) and four different soil textures (67% clay, 50% clay, silt clay loam and sandy loam) were included in three different pot experiments. Both weeds survived under all levels of water stress except 12.5% water contents and on all soil types however, behaved differently under increasing salinity. The weeds responded similarly to salinity up till 3 dSm-1 whereas, P. philadelphica survived for longer time than P. angulata under remaining salinity regimes. Water and salinity stress hampered the growth and fecundity of both weeds while, soil textures had slight effect. Both weeds preferred clay textured soils for better growth and nutrient uptake however, interactive effect of weeds and soil textures was non-significant. P. angulata accumulated higher K and Na while P. philadelphica accrued more Ca and Mg as well as maintained better K/Na ratio. P. angulata accumulated more Na and P under salinity stress while, P. philadelphica accrued higher K and Mg, and maintained higher K/Na ratio. Collectively, highest nutrient accumulation was observed under stress free conditions and on clay textured soils. P. philadelphica exhibited higher reproductive output under all experimental conditions than P. angulata. It is predicted that P. philadelphica will be more problematic under optimal water supply and high salinity while P. angulata can better adapt water limited environments. The results indicate that both weeds have considerable potential to further expand their ranges in semi-arid regions of Turkey.}, }
@article {pmid27737335, year = {2016}, author = {Valduga, MO and Zenni, RD and Vitule, JR}, title = {[Not Available].}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {88}, number = {3 Suppl}, pages = {1675-1688}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765201620150575}, pmid = {27737335}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Brazil ; *Ecological Parameter Monitoring ; *Eucalyptus ; Forestry ; *Forests ; *Introduced Species ; *Pinus ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Non-native tree plantations represent 7% of the world's forests and 1.24% of the Brazilian vegetation. Planted areas are expected to increase in the near future; thus, it is important to systematize existing knowledge on the ecological effects of plantations to aid forest management and biodiversity conservation. Here, we conducted a systematic review of the ecological literature associated with planted Pinus and Eucalyptus species in Brazil. We compared publication metrics with geographical distribution of species, ecosystems, biomes, studied taxa, and ecological impacts. We found 152 publications from 1992 to 2012. Number of publications positively correlated with area planted, number of plantations with forest certification, number of researchers, and richness of studied kingdoms. Most studies were in terrestrial ecosystems (92.1%), the Atlantic Forest biome (55.3%), and the kingdom Animalia (68.2%). Most impacts of non-native tree plantations were negative (55.9%), followed by positive (27%), and mixed (17.1%). Negative impacts were declines in species richness and abundance, seed bank diversity, and natural regeneration. Positive impacts were increase or mainteinance of seed bank diversity and natural regeneration. Mixed impacts were increases in abundance of native tree plantation pests. Taken together, results suggest forest management can help maintain biodiversity if it considers previous environmental conditions and integrates plantations with surrounding habitats.}, }
@article {pmid27736932, year = {2016}, author = {Xu, L and Zhou, ZF}, title = {Effects of Cu Pollution on the Expansion of an Amphibious Clonal Herb in Aquatic-Terrestrial Ecotones.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {e0164361}, pmid = {27736932}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Amaranthaceae/drug effects/*growth &amp; development ; Clone Cells ; Copper/*adverse effects ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution ; Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Plant Roots/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Plant Stems/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*adverse effects ; }, abstract = {Physiological integration can enhance the performance of clonal plants in aquatic and terrestrial heterogeneous habitats and associated ecotones. Similar to nutrients, pollutants may be transported among connected ramets via physiological integration. Few studies have examined the expansion of amphibious clonal plants from terrestrial to aquatic environments, particularly when the local water supply is polluted with heavy metals. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using the amphibious plant Alternanthera philoxeroides to determine whether Cu can spread among clonal plants and examine the corresponding effects of this pollution on the expansion of clonal plants in aquatic-terrestrial ecotones. Ramets from the same clonal fragments were rooted in unpolluted soil and polluted water at five different levels. The responses of the ramets in terrestrial and aquatic habitats were quantified via traits associated with growth, morphology and Cu accumulation. The results indicated that ramets in soil and water significantly differed in nearly all of these traits. The expansion of populations from terrestrial to polluted aquatic habitats was facilitated by stem elongation rather than new ramet production. The accumulated Cu in polluted ramets can be horizontally transported to other ramets in soil via connected stolons. In terms of clonal growth patterns, variations in Cu pollution intensity were negatively correlated with variations in the morphological and growth traits of ramets in polluted aquatic habitats and unpolluted soil. We concluded that Cu ions are distributed among the clones and accumulated in different ramet tissues in heterogeneous habitats. Therefore, we suggest that Cu pollution of aquatic-terrestrial ecotones, especially at high levels, can affect the growth and expansion of the whole clones because Cu ions are shared between integrated ramets.}, }
@article {pmid27736896, year = {2016}, author = {Olabarria, C and Gestoso, I and Lima, FP and Vázquez, E and Comeau, LA and Gomes, F and Seabra, R and Babarro, JM}, title = {Response of Two Mytilids to a Heatwave: The Complex Interplay of Physiology, Behaviour and Ecological Interactions.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {e0164330}, pmid = {27736896}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Infrared Rays ; Introduced Species ; Mytilidae/classification/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; *Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Different combinations of behavioural and physiological responses may play a crucial role in the ecological success of species, notably in the context of biological invasions. The invasive mussel Xenostrobus securis has successfully colonised the inner part of the Galician Rias Baixas (NW Spain), where it co-occurs with the commercially-important mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. This study investigated the effect of a heatwave on the physiological and behavioural responses in monospecific or mixed aggregations of these species. In a mesocosm experiment, mussels were exposed to simulated tidal cycles and similar temperature conditions to those experienced in the field during a heat-wave that occurred in the summer of 2013, when field robo-mussels registered temperatures up to 44.5°C at low tide. The overall responses to stress differed markedly between the two species. In monospecific aggregations M. galloprovincialis was more vulnerable than X. securis to heat exposure during emersion. However, in mixed aggregations, the presence of the invader was associated with lower mortality in M. galloprovincialis. The greater sensitivity of M. galloprovincialis to heat exposure was reflected in a higher mortality level, greater induction of Hsp70 protein and higher rates of respiration and gaping activity, which were accompanied by a lower heart rate (bradycardia). The findings show that the invader enhanced the physiological performance of M. galloprovincialis, highlighting the importance of species interactions in regulating responses to environmental stress. Understanding the complex interactions between ecological factors and physiological and behavioural responses of closely-related species is essential for predicting the impacts of invasions in the context of future climate change.}, }
@article {pmid27734087, year = {2017}, author = {Grippo, MA and Hlohowskyj, I and Fox, L and Herman, B and Pothoff, J and Yoe, C and Hayse, J}, title = {Aquatic Nuisance Species in the Great Lakes and Mississippi River Basin-A Risk Assessment in Support of GLMRIS.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, pages = {154-173}, pmid = {27734087}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/*growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Great Lakes Region ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Lakes ; Risk Assessment ; Rivers ; United States ; }, abstract = {The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is conducting the Great Lakes and Mississippi River Interbasin Study to identify the highest risk aquatic nuisance species currently established in either the Mississippi River Basin or the Great Lakes Basin and prevent their movement into a new basin. The Great Lakes and Mississippi River Interbasin Study focuses specifically on aquatic nuisance species movement through the Chicago Area Waterway System, a multi-use waterway connecting the two basins. In support of Great Lakes and Mississippi River Interbasin Study, we conducted a qualitative risk assessment for 33 aquatic nuisance species over a 50-year period of analysis based on the probability of aquatic nuisance species establishing in a new basin and the environmental, economic, and sociopolitical consequences of their establishment. Probability of establishment and consequences of establishment were assigned qualitative ratings of high, medium, or low after considering the species' current location, mobility, habitat suitability, and impacts in previously invaded systems. The establishment and consequence ratings were then combined into an overall risk rating. Seven species were characterized as posing a medium risk and two species as posing a high risk to the Mississippi River Basin. Three species were characterized as posing a medium risk to the Great Lakes Basin, but no high-risk species were identified for this basin. Risk increased over time for some aquatic nuisance species based on the time frame in which these species were considered likely to establish in the new basin. Both species traits and the need to balance multiple uses of the Chicago Area Waterway System must be considered when identifying control measures to prevent aquatic nuisance species movement between the two basins.}, }
@article {pmid27730641, year = {2018}, author = {Wittmann, MJ and Stuis, H and Metzler, D}, title = {Genetic Allee effects and their interaction with ecological Allee effects.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {87}, number = {1}, pages = {11-23}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12598}, pmid = {27730641}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Genetic Fitness ; *Inbreeding Depression ; Models, Genetic ; *Mutation ; Population Density ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {It is now widely accepted that genetic processes such as inbreeding depression and loss of genetic variation can increase the extinction risk of small populations. However, it is generally unclear whether extinction risk from genetic causes gradually increases with decreasing population size or whether there is a sharp transition around a specific threshold population size. In the ecological literature, such threshold phenomena are called 'strong Allee effects' and they can arise for example from mate limitation in small populations. In this study, we aim to (i) develop a meaningful notion of a 'strong genetic Allee effect', (ii) explore whether and under what conditions such an effect can arise from inbreeding depression due to recessive deleterious mutations, and (iii) quantify the interaction of potential genetic Allee effects with the well-known mate-finding Allee effect. We define a strong genetic Allee effect as a genetic process that causes a population's survival probability to be a sigmoid function of its initial size. The inflection point of this function defines the critical population size. To characterize survival-probability curves, we develop and analyse simple stochastic models for the ecology and genetics of small populations. Our results indicate that inbreeding depression can indeed cause a strong genetic Allee effect, but only if individuals carry sufficiently many deleterious mutations (lethal equivalents). Populations suffering from a genetic Allee effect often first grow, then decline as inbreeding depression sets in and then potentially recover as deleterious mutations are purged. Critical population sizes of ecological and genetic Allee effects appear to be often additive, but even superadditive interactions are possible. Many published estimates for the number of lethal equivalents in birds and mammals fall in the parameter range where strong genetic Allee effects are expected. Unfortunately, extinction risk due to genetic Allee effects can easily be underestimated as populations with genetic problems often grow initially, but then crash later. Also interactions between ecological and genetic Allee effects can be strong and should not be neglected when assessing the viability of endangered or introduced populations.}, }
@article {pmid27729485, year = {2016}, author = {Hudson, J and Viard, F and Roby, C and Rius, M}, title = {Anthropogenic transport of species across native ranges: unpredictable genetic and evolutionary consequences.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {27729485}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Ciona intestinalis/*genetics ; England ; France ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; }, abstract = {Human activities are responsible for the translocation of vast amounts of organisms, altering natural patterns of dispersal and gene flow. Most research to date has focused on the consequences of anthropogenic transportation of non-indigenous species within introduced ranges, with little research focusing on native species. Here, we compared genetic patterns of the sessile marine invertebrate, Ciona intestinalis, which has highly restricted dispersal capabilities. We collected individuals in a region of the species' native range where human activities that are known to facilitate the artificial spread of species are prevalent. Using microsatellite markers, we revealed highly dissimilar outcomes. First, we found low levels of genetic differentiation among sites separated by both short and large geographical distances, indicating the presence of anthropogenic transport of genotypes, and little influence of natural geographical barriers. Second, we found significant genetic differentiation in pairwise comparisons among certain sites, suggesting that other factors besides artificial transport (e.g. natural dispersal, premodern population structure) may be shaping genetic patterns. Taken together, we found dissimilar patterns of population structure in a highly urbanized region that could not be predicted by artificial transport alone. We conclude that anthropogenic activities alter genetic composition of native ranges, with unknown consequences for species' evolutionary trajectories.}, }
@article {pmid27727236, year = {2016}, author = {Rodeles, AA and Galicia, D and Miranda, R}, title = {Iberian fish records in the vertebrate collection of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Navarra.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {160091}, pmid = {27727236}, issn = {2052-4463}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Europe ; *Fishes ; Fresh Water ; Museums ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {The study of freshwater fish species biodiversity and community composition is essential for understanding river systems, the effects of human activities on rivers, and the changes these animals face. Conducting this type of research requires quantitative information on fish abundance, ideally with long-term series and fish body measurements. This Data Descriptor presents a collection of 12 datasets containing a total of 146,342 occurrence records of 41 freshwater fish species sampled in 233 localities of various Iberian river basins. The datasets also contain 148,749 measurement records (length and weight) for these fish. Data were collected in different sampling campaigns (from 1992 to 2015). Eleven datasets represent large projects conducted over several years, and another combines small sampling campaigns. The Iberian Peninsula contains high fish biodiversity, with numerous endemic species threatened by various menaces, such as water extraction and invasive species. These data may support the development of large biodiversity conservation studies.}, }
@article {pmid27725176, year = {2017}, author = {Wu, BY and Ye, JR and Huang, L and He, LM and Li, DW}, title = {Validation of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis in Burkholderia pyrrocinia JK-SH007.}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methods}, volume = {132}, number = {}, pages = {95-98}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2016.10.004}, pmid = {27725176}, issn = {1872-8359}, mesh = {Bacterial Proteins/*genetics ; Burkholderia/classification/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Genes, Bacterial ; *Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; }, abstract = {Burkholderia pyrrocinia strain JK-SH007 isolated from poplar stems plays a highly significant role in the growth promotion and the biocontrol of poplar canker during colonization in poplar. In this research, the ideal reference gene was filtered and determined for the transcript normalization. Additionally, the expression of pyrG under all four conditions was relatively stable in B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007.}, }
@article {pmid27721491, year = {2016}, author = {Ward, DF and Anderson, DP and Barron, MC}, title = {Using spatially explicit surveillance models to provide confidence in the eradication of an invasive ant.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {34953}, pmid = {27721491}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*growth &amp; development ; Entomology/*methods ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Spatial Analysis ; }, abstract = {Effective detection plays an important role in the surveillance and management of invasive species. Invasive ants are very difficult to eradicate and are prone to imperfect detection because of their small size and cryptic nature. Here we demonstrate the use of spatially explicit surveillance models to estimate the probability that Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) have been eradicated from an offshore island site, given their absence across four surveys and three surveillance methods, conducted since ant control was applied. The probability of eradication increased sharply as each survey was conducted. Using all surveys and surveillance methods combined, the overall median probability of eradication of Argentine ants was 0.96. There was a high level of confidence in this result, with a high Credible Interval Value of 0.87. Our results demonstrate the value of spatially explicit surveillance models for the likelihood of eradication of Argentine ants. We argue that such models are vital to give confidence in eradication programs, especially from highly valued conservation areas such as offshore islands.}, }
@article {pmid27720597, year = {2017}, author = {Wu, H and Ismail, M and Ding, J}, title = {Global warming increases the interspecific competitiveness of the invasive plant alligator weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {575}, number = {}, pages = {1415-1422}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.226}, pmid = {27720597}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Amaranthaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; China ; Climate Change ; *Global Warming ; Introduced Species ; Plant Weeds/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Global warming could accelerate the spread of invasive species to higher latitudes and intensify their effects on native species. Here, we report results of two years of field surveys along a latitudinal gradient (21°N to 31°N) in southern China, to determine the species structure of the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides community. We also performed a replacement series experiment (mono and mixed) to evaluate the effects of elevated temperature on the competitiveness of A. philoxeroides with the native co-occurring species Digitaria sanguinalis. In the field survey, we found that the dominance of A. philoxeroides increased with increasing of latitude gradient while cover of D. sanguinalis decreased. In monospecific plantings, artificial warming reduced the length of D. sanguinalis roots. In mixed plantings, warming reduced both A. philoxeroides abundance and D. sanguinalis stem length when A. philoxeroides was more prevalent in the planting. Warming also significantly reduced D. sanguinalis biomass, but increased that of A. philoxeroides. In addition, elevated temperatures significantly reduced the relative yield (RY) of D. sanguinalis, particularly when A. philoxeroides was planted in higher proportion in the plot. These results suggest that the invasiveness of A. philoxeroides increased with increasing latitude, and that warming may increase the effectiveness of its interspecific competition with D. sanguinalis. Hence, under global warming conditions, the harm to native species from A. philoxeroides would increase at higher latitudes. Our findings are critical for predicting the invasiveness of alien species under climate change.}, }
@article {pmid27720078, year = {2016}, author = {Maino, JL and Kong, JD and Hoffmann, AA and Barton, MG and Kearney, MR}, title = {Mechanistic models for predicting insect responses to climate change.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {81-86}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2016.07.006}, pmid = {27720078}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Insecta/*physiology ; Life Cycle Stages ; Microclimate ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Mechanistic models of the impacts of climate change on insects can be seen as very specific hypotheses about the connections between microclimate, ecophysiology and vital rates. These models must adequately capture stage-specific responses, carry-over effects between successive stages, and the evolutionary potential of the functional traits involved in complex insect life-cycles. Here we highlight key considerations for current approaches to mechanistic modelling of insect responses to climate change. We illustrate these considerations within a general mechanistic framework incorporating the thermodynamic linkages between microclimate and heat, water and nutrient exchange throughout the life-cycle under different climate scenarios. We emphasise how such a holistic perspective will provide increasingly robust insights into how insects adapt and respond to changing climates.}, }
@article {pmid27717574, year = {2016}, author = {Wójcik-Fudalewska, D and Normant-Saremba, M and Anastácio, P}, title = {Occurrence of plastic debris in the stomach of the invasive crab Eriocheir sinensis.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {113}, number = {1-2}, pages = {306-311}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.059}, pmid = {27717574}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura/*chemistry ; Female ; Oceans and Seas ; Plastics/*analysis ; Poland ; Portugal ; Shellfish/*analysis ; Stomach/*chemistry ; Waste Products/*analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {The Chinese mitten crab is known as a pest causing damage to fishing gears and fish. On the other hand, this highly invasive species is considered a delicacy by Asian migrants and therefore commercially fished and sold in many countries. The ingestion of plastic by the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis from the Baltic coastal waters (Poland) and the Tagus Estuary (Portugal) was studied based on stomach content analysis. As many as 13% of the 302 analysed males and females (38.07-89.07mm carapace width) from both regions, contained microplastic in the form of strands and balls. Most of them were transparent. Ingested plastic particles were identified as fragments of fishing gears. Contamination with plastic may have a negative impact on this species as well as on higher trophic levels feeding on crabs.}, }
@article {pmid27717020, year = {2017}, author = {Cirocco, RM and Facelli, JM and Watling, JR}, title = {Does nitrogen affect the interaction between a native hemiparasite and its native or introduced leguminous hosts?.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {213}, number = {2}, pages = {812-821}, doi = {10.1111/nph.14181}, pmid = {27717020}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Biomass ; Electron Transport/drug effects ; Fabaceae/*parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*drug effects ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Nitrogen/*pharmacology ; Parasites/*physiology ; Photosynthesis/drug effects ; Plant Leaves/drug effects/physiology ; Plant Root Nodulation/drug effects ; Plant Shoots/drug effects/physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Associations between plants and nitrogen (N)-fixing rhizobia intensify with decreasing N supply and come at a carbon cost to the host. However, what additional impact parasitic plants have on their leguminous hosts' carbon budget in terms of effects on host physiology and growth is unknown. Under glasshouse conditions, Ulex europaeus and Acacia paradoxa either uninfected or infected with the hemiparasite Cassytha pubescens were supplied (high nitrogen (HN)) or not (low nitrogen (LN)) with extra N. The photosynthetic performance and growth of the association were measured. Cassytha pubescens significantly reduced the maximum electron transport rates and total biomass of U. europaeus but not those of A. paradoxa, regardless of N. Infection significantly decreased the root biomass of A. paradoxa only at LN, while the significant negative effect of infection on roots of U. europaeus was less severe at LN. Infection had a significant negative impact on host nodule biomass. Ulex europaeus supported significantly greater parasite biomass (also per unit host biomass) than A. paradoxa, regardless of N. We concluded that rhizobia do not influence the effect of a native parasite on overall growth of leguminous hosts. Our results suggest that C. pubescens will have a strong impact on U. europaeus but not A. paradoxa, regardless of N in the field.}, }
@article {pmid27716950, year = {2017}, author = {Cross, H and Sønstebø, JH and Nagy, NE and Timmermann, V and Solheim, H and Børja, I and Kauserud, H and Carlsen, T and Rzepka, B and Wasak, K and Vivian-Smith, A and Hietala, AM}, title = {Fungal diversity and seasonal succession in ash leaves infected by the invasive ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {213}, number = {3}, pages = {1405-1417}, pmid = {27716950}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Ascomycota/classification/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; DNA, Intergenic ; Fraxinus/*microbiology ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/*microbiology ; Principal Component Analysis ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {High biodiversity is regarded as a barrier against biological invasions. We hypothesized that the invasion success of the pathogenic ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus threatening common ash in Europe relates to differences in dispersal and colonization success between the invader and the diverse native competitors. Ash leaf mycobiome was monitored by high-throughput sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and quantitative PCR profiling of H. fraxineus DNA. Initiation of ascospore production by H. fraxineus after overwintering was followed by pathogen accumulation in asymptomatic leaves. The induction of necrotic leaf lesions coincided with escalation of H. fraxineus DNA levels and changes in proportion of biotrophs, followed by an increase of ubiquitous endophytes with pathogenic potential. H. fraxineus uses high propagule pressure to establish in leaves as quiescent thalli that switch to pathogenic mode once these thalli reach a certain threshold - the massive feedback from the saprophytic phase enables this fungus to challenge host defenses and the resident competitors in mid-season when their density in host tissues is still low. Despite the general correspondence between the ITS-1 and ITS-2 datasets, marker biases were observed, which suggests that multiple barcodes provide better overall representation of mycobiomes.}, }
@article {pmid27715419, year = {2016}, author = {Tomioka, S and Kondoh, T and Sato-Okoshi, W and Ito, K and Kakui, K and Kajihara, H}, title = {Cosmopolitan or Cryptic Species? A Case Study of Capitella teleta (Annelida: Capitellidae).}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {33}, number = {5}, pages = {545-554}, doi = {10.2108/zs160059}, pmid = {27715419}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; Annelida/*genetics/ultrastructure ; California ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Databases, Factual ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Massachusetts ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Capitella teleta Blake et al., 2009 is an opportunistic capitellid originally described from Massachusetts (USA), but also reported from the Mediterranean, NW Atlantic, and North Pacific, including Japan. This putatively wide distribution had not been tested with DNA sequence data; intraspecific variation in morphological characters diagnostic for the species had not been assessed with specimens from non-type localities, and the species status of the Japanese population(s) was uncertain. We examined the morphology and mitochondrial COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) gene sequences of Capitella specimens from two localities (Ainan and Gamo) in Japan. Specimens from Ainan and Gamo differed from C. teleta from Massachusetts in methyl-green staining pattern, shape of the genital spines, and shape of the capillary chaetae; we concluded that these characters vary intraspecifically. Species delimitation analyses of COI sequences suggested that worms from Ainan and Massachusetts represent C. teleta; these populations share a COI haplotype. The specimens from Gamo may represent a distinct species and comprise a sister group to C. teleta s. str.; we refer to the Gamo population as Capitella aff. teleta. The average Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) distance between C. teleta s. str. and C. aff. teleta was 3.7%. The COI data indicate that C. teleta actually occurs in both the NW Atlantic and NW Pacific. Given the short planktonic larval duration of C. teleta, this broad distribution may have resulted from anthropogenic dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid27709067, year = {2016}, author = {Amundson, CL and Traub, NJ and Smith-Herron, AJ and Flint, PL}, title = {Helminth community structure in two species of arctic-breeding waterfowl.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {263-272}, pmid = {27709067}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {Climate change is occurring rapidly at high latitudes, and subsequent changes in parasite communities may have implications for hosts including wildlife and humans. Waterfowl, in particular, harbor numerous parasites and may facilitate parasite movement across broad geographic areas due to migratory movements. However, little is known about helminth community structure of waterfowl at northern latitudes. We investigated the helminth communities of two avian herbivores that breed at high latitudes, Pacific black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans), and greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons), to examine effects of species, geographic area, age, and sex on helminth species richness, aggregation, prevalence, and intensity. We collected 83 and 58 black brant and white-fronted geese, respectively, from Arctic and Subarctic Alaska July-August 2014. We identified 10 known helminth species (Amidostomum anseris, Amidostomum spatulatum, Drepanidotaenia lanceolata, Epomidiostomum crami, Heterakis dispar, Notocotylus attenuatus, Tetrameres striata, Trichostrongylus tenuis, Tschertkovilepis setigera, and Wardoides nyrocae) and 1 previously undescribed trematode. All geese sampled were infected with at least one helminth species. All helminth species identified were present in both age classes and species, providing evidence of transmission at high latitudes and suggesting broad host susceptibility. Also, all but one helminth species were present at both sites, suggesting conditions are suitable for transmission across a large latitudinal/environmental gradient. Our study provides important baseline information on avian parasites that can be used to evaluate the effects of a changing climate on host-parasite distributions.}, }
@article {pmid27708663, year = {2016}, author = {Wang, T and Wang, Z and Chen, G and Wang, C and Su, Y}, title = {Invasive Chloroplast Population Genetics of Mikania micrantha in China: No Local Adaptation and Negative Correlation between Diversity and Geographic Distance.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {1426}, pmid = {27708663}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Two fundamental questions on how invasive species are able to rapidly colonize novel habitat have emerged. One asks whether a negative correlation exists between the genetic diversity of invasive populations and their geographic distance from the origin of introduction. The other is whether selection on the chloroplast genome is important driver of adaptation to novel soil environments. Here, we addressed these questions in a study of the noxious invasive weed, Mikania micrantha, which has rapidly expanded in to southern China after being introduced to Hong Kong in 1884. Seven chloroplast simple sequence repeats (cpSSRs) were used to investigate population genetics in 28 populations of M. micrantha, which produced 39 loci. The soil compositions for these populations, including Mg abundance, were measured. The results showed that M. micrantha possessed relatively high cpSSR variation and differentiation among populations. Multiple diversity indices were quantified, and none was significantly correlated with distance from the origin of introduction. No evidence for "isolation by distance," significant spatial structure, bottlenecks, nor linkage disequilibrium was detected. We also were unable to identify loci on the chloroplast genome that exhibited patterns of differentiation that would suggest adaptive evolution in response to soil attributes. Soil Mg had only a genome-wide effect instead of being a selective factor, which highlighted the association between Mg and the successful invasion. This study characterizes the role of the chloroplast genome of M. micrantha during its recent invasion of southern China.}, }
@article {pmid27707752, year = {2017}, author = {Liu, Z and Xin, Y and Xu, B and Raffa, KF and Sun, J}, title = {Sound-Triggered Production of Antiaggregation Pheromone Limits Overcrowding of Dendroctonus valens Attacking Pine Trees.}, journal = {Chemical senses}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, pages = {59-67}, doi = {10.1093/chemse/bjw102}, pmid = {27707752}, issn = {1464-3553}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; Pheromones/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Pinus/*parasitology ; *Sound ; }, abstract = {For insects that aggregate on host plants, both attraction and antiaggregation among conspecifics can be important mechanisms for overcoming host resistance and avoiding overcrowding, respectively. These mechanisms can involve multiple sensory modalities, such as sound and pheromones. We explored how acoustic and chemical signals are integrated by the bark beetle Dendroctonus valens to limit aggregation in China. In its native North American range, this insect conducts nonlethal attacks on weakened trees at very low densities, but in its introduced zone in China, it uses mixtures of host tree compounds and the pheromone component frontalin to mass attack healthy trees. We found that exo-brevicomin was produced by both female and male D. valens, and that this pheromone functioned as an antiaggregating signal. Moreover, beetles feeding in pairs or in masses were more likely than were beetles feeding alone to produce exo-brevicomin, suggesting a potential role of sound by neighboring beetles in stimulating exo-brevicomin production. Sound playback showed that an agreement sound was produced by both sexes when exposed to the aggregation pheromone frontalin and attracts males, and an aggressive sound was produced only by males behaving territorially. These signals triggered the release of exo-brevicomin by both females and males, indicating an interplay of chemical and sonic communication. This study demonstrates that the bark beetle D. valens uses sounds to regulate the production of an antiaggregation pheromone, which may provide new approaches to pest management of this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid27707664, year = {2017}, author = {Oaten, JFP and Hudson, MD and Jensen, AC and Williams, ID}, title = {Seasonal effects to metallothionein responses to metal exposure in a naturalised population of Ruditapes philippinarum in a semi-enclosed estuarine environment.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {575}, number = {}, pages = {1279-1290}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.202}, pmid = {27707664}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*metabolism ; Environmental Monitoring ; Estuaries ; Europe ; Metallothionein/*metabolism ; Metals/*chemistry ; *Seasons ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {The Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum), an invasive species in Northern Europe, can be used as a bioindicator of metal pollution. Seasonal effects on metallothionein (MT) production have not been considered in this species at the northernmost extent of its European distribution. This study assesses the annual seasonal effects on MT and metal concentrations in R. philippinarum from Poole Harbour, UK. R. philippinarum were collected in winter, spring, summer, and autumn throughout 2015, and MT and metal concentrations, as well as biotic and abiotic variables, were quantified. During winter, linear regression analysis showed significant positive relationships between tissue metal and MT concentrations. However, during spring and summer, these relationships were mostly insignificant. MT concentrations during spring had significant positive relationships with tissue and whole weight. Significant positive relationships were also observed between MT and condition index, during summer. During spring and summer, biotic factors seem to override the role of MT as a detoxification mechanism for metal exposure in this species. This is probably due to an increase in MT concentration in spring caused by gametogenesis, associated with increased tissue weight as the gonads expand. A depletion of energy resources, or physical stressors such as heat, may be attributed to the reduced MT production in clams of poor body condition in summer. The evidence from this study suggests that MT may only be a useful biomarker of metal pollution during winter in R. philippinarum in the UK. This verifies the natural variability of MT in this species at high latitudes, and highlights the potential and limits to a widely available bioindicator of metal pollution.}, }
@article {pmid27706172, year = {2016}, author = {Clusa, L and Ardura, A and Gower, F and Miralles, L and Tsartsianidou, V and Zaiko, A and Garcia-Vazquez, E}, title = {An Easy Phylogenetically Informative Method to Trace the Globally Invasive Potamopyrgus Mud Snail from River's eDNA.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {e0162899}, pmid = {27706172}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/*metabolism ; DNA Primers/metabolism ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics/metabolism ; Rivers/chemistry ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Snails/classification/*genetics ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Potamopyrgus antipodarum (New Zealand mud snail) is a prosobranch mollusk native to New Zealand with a wide invasive distribution range. Its non-indigenous populations are reported from Australia, Asia, Europe and North America. Being an extremely tolerant species, Potamopyrgus is capable to survive in a great range of salinity and temperature conditions, which explains its high invasiveness and successful spread outside the native range. Here we report the first finding of Potamopyrgus antipodarum in a basin of the Cantabrian corridor in North Iberia (Bay of Biscay, Spain). Two haplotypes already described in Europe were found in different sectors of River Nora (Nalon basin), suggesting the secondary introductions from earlier established invasive populations. To enhance the surveillance of the species and tracking its further spread in the region, we developed a specific set of primers for the genus Potamopyrgus that amplify a fragment of 16S rDNA. The sequences obtained from PCR on DNA extracted from tissue and water samples (environmental DNA, eDNA) were identical in each location, suggesting clonal reproduction of the introduced individuals. Multiple introduction events from different source populations were inferred from our sequence data. The eDNA tool developed here can serve for tracing New Zealand mud snail populations outside its native range, and for inventorying mud snail population assemblages in the native settings if high throughput sequencing methodologies are employed.}, }
@article {pmid27704556, year = {2017}, author = {Carlson, AK and Phelps, QE and Graeb, BD}, title = {Chemistry to conservation: using otoliths to advance recreational and commercial fisheries management.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {90}, number = {2}, pages = {505-527}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13155}, pmid = {27704556}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; *Fisheries ; Fishes ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; Otolithic Membrane/*chemistry ; Recreation ; }, abstract = {Otolith chemistry is an effective technique for evaluating fish environmental history, but its utility in fisheries management has not been comprehensively examined. Thus, a review of otolith chemistry with emphasis on management applicability is presented. More than 1500 otolith chemistry manuscripts published from 1967 to 2015 are reviewed and descriptive case studies are used to illustrate the utility of otolith chemistry as a fisheries management tool. Otolith chemistry publications span a wide variety of topics (e.g. natal origins, habitat use, movement, stock discrimination and statistical theory) and species in freshwater and marine systems. Despite the broad distribution of manuscripts in a variety of fisheries, environmental and ecological journals, the majority of publications (83%, n = 1264) do not describe implications or applications of otolith chemistry for fisheries management. This information gap is addressed through case studies that illustrate management applications of otolith chemistry. Case studies cover numerous topics (e.g. natal origins, population connectivity, stock enhancement, transgenerational marking, pollution exposure history and invasive species management) in freshwater and marine systems using sport fishes, invasive fishes, endangered fishes and species of commercial and aquaculture importance. Otolith chemistry has diverse implications and applications for fisheries management worldwide. Collaboration among fisheries professionals from academia, government agencies and non-governmental organizations will help bridge the research-management divide and establish otolith chemistry as a fisheries management tool.}, }
@article {pmid27701238, year = {2016}, author = {López-García, MM and Gasca-Álvarez, HJ and Cave, RD and Amat-García, G}, title = {An annotated checklist of the New World pentodontine scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Pentodontini).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4170}, number = {3}, pages = {491-509}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4170.3.4}, pmid = {27701238}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Americas ; Animals ; Coleoptera/*classification ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; }, abstract = {An updated and annotated checklist of the Pentodontini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) of the New World is presented. The tribe is composed of 32 genera and 151 species, including the introduced species Heteronychus arator (Fabricius).}, }
@article {pmid27701104, year = {2016}, author = {Hulme, PE}, title = {Coordinate efforts on EU invasive species.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {353}, number = {6303}, pages = {998}, doi = {10.1126/science.aah6700}, pmid = {27701104}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; European Union ; *Introduced Species ; Sciuridae ; }, }
@article {pmid27699477, year = {2017}, author = {Pinheiro, GL and de Azevedo-Martins, AC and Albano, RM and de Souza, W and Frases, S}, title = {Comprehensive analysis of the cellulolytic system reveals its potential for deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass in a novel Streptomyces sp.}, journal = {Applied microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {101}, number = {1}, pages = {301-319}, doi = {10.1007/s00253-016-7851-7}, pmid = {27699477}, issn = {1432-0614}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon/metabolism ; Cellulose/*metabolism ; Gastropoda/microbiology ; Glycoside Hydrolases/*analysis ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hydrolysis ; Streptomyces/*enzymology/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*metabolism ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The giant snail Achatina fulica is considered an invasive species in most territories in which it was introduced, due to its ability to process a large amount of lignocellulose as a consequence of the presence of a cellulolytic-associated microflora. Streptomyces are well known as crucial agents in the decomposition of complex polymers in soil environments and also as cellulolytic symbionts commonly associated with herbivore insects. Here, we employed a combination of genomic and biochemical tools for a detailed evaluation of the cellulolytic potential of Streptomyces sp. I1.2, an aerobic bacterium isolated from the intestinal lumen of A. fulica in a screening for cellulolytic bacteria. Genomic analysis revealed that the ratio and diversity of CAZy domains and GH families coded by Streptomyces sp. I1.2 are comparable to those present in other highly cellulolytic bacteria. After growth on crystalline cellulose or sugarcane bagasse as sole carbon sources, the functionality of several genes encoding endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, xylanases, CBMs, and one β-glucosidase were confirmed by the combination of enzymatic activity measurements, zymography, TLC, and cellulose-binding assays. The endoglucanases secreted by this isolate were stable at 50 °C and exhibited activity over a broad pH range between 4.0 and 8.0. The endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases secreted by Streptomyces sp. I1.2 exhibited specific activities that were similar to the levels present in a commercial cellulase preparation from Trichoderma reesei, while I1.2 xylanase levels were even 350 % higher. The results presented here show that Streptomyces sp. I1.2 is promising for future biotechnological applications, since it is able to produce endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and xylanases in appreciable amounts when grown on a low-cost residue such as sugarcane bagasse.}, }
@article {pmid27698574, year = {2016}, author = {Lu, PL and DeLay, JK}, title = {Vegetation and fire in lowland dry forest at Wa'ahila Ridge on O'ahu, Hawai'i.}, journal = {PhytoKeys}, volume = {}, number = {68}, pages = {51-64}, pmid = {27698574}, issn = {1314-2011}, abstract = {Long-term ecological studies are critical for providing key insights in ecology, environmental change, natural resource management and biodiversity conservation. However, island fire ecology is poorly understood. No previous studies are available that analyze vegetative changes in burned and unburned dry forest remnants on Wa'ahila Ridge, Hawai'i. This study investigates vegetation succession from 2008 to 2015, following a fire in 2007 which caused significant differences in species richness, plant density, and the frequency of woody, herb, grass, and lichens between burned and unburned sites. These findings infer that introduced plants have better competitive ability to occupy open canopy lands than native plants after fire. This study also illustrates the essential management need to prevent alien plant invasion, and to restore the native vegetation in lowland areas of the Hawaiian Islands by removing invasive species out-planting native plants after fire.}, }
@article {pmid27698460, year = {2016}, author = {Bradshaw, CJ and Leroy, B and Bellard, C and Roiz, D and Albert, C and Fournier, A and Barbet-Massin, M and Salles, JM and Simard, F and Courchamp, F}, title = {Massive yet grossly underestimated global costs of invasive insects.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {12986}, pmid = {27698460}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environment ; Global Health ; Health Care Costs ; Health Expenditures ; Humans ; Insect Vectors ; *Insecta ; Introduced Species ; Isoptera ; Models, Economic ; Pest Control/*economics ; Public Policy ; }, abstract = {Insects have presented human society with some of its greatest development challenges by spreading diseases, consuming crops and damaging infrastructure. Despite the massive human and financial toll of invasive insects, cost estimates of their impacts remain sporadic, spatially incomplete and of questionable quality. Here we compile a comprehensive database of economic costs of invasive insects. Taking all reported goods and service estimates, invasive insects cost a minimum of US$70.0 billion per year globally, while associated health costs exceed US$6.9 billion per year. Total costs rise as the number of estimate increases, although many of the worst costs have already been estimated (especially those related to human health). A lack of dedicated studies, especially for reproducible goods and service estimates, implies gross underestimation of global costs. Global warming as a consequence of climate change, rising human population densities and intensifying international trade will allow these costly insects to spread into new areas, but substantial savings could be achieved by increasing surveillance, containment and public awareness.}, }
@article {pmid27697630, year = {2016}, author = {Moll, RJ and Steel, D and Montgomery, RA}, title = {AIC and the challenge of complexity: A case study from ecology.}, journal = {Studies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences}, volume = {60}, number = {}, pages = {35-43}, doi = {10.1016/j.shpsc.2016.09.007}, pmid = {27697630}, issn = {1879-2499}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology/*methods ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Parks, Recreational ; *Wolves ; Wyoming ; }, abstract = {Philosophers and scientists alike have suggested Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), and other similar model selection methods, show predictive accuracy justifies a preference for simplicity in model selection. This epistemic justification of simplicity is limited by an assumption of AIC which requires that the same probability distribution must generate the data used to fit the model and the data about which predictions are made. This limitation has been previously noted but appears to often go unnoticed by philosophers and scientists and has not been analyzed in relation to complexity. If predictions are about future observations, we argue that this assumption is unlikely to hold for models of complex phenomena. That in turn creates a practical limitation for simplicity's AIC-based justification because scientists modeling such phenomena are often interested in predicting the future. We support our argument with an ecological case study concerning the reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A. We suggest that AIC might still lend epistemic support for simplicity by leading to better explanations of complex phenomena.}, }
@article {pmid27693193, year = {2017}, author = {Vogel, H and Schmidtberg, H and Vilcinskas, A}, title = {Comparative transcriptomics in three ladybird species supports a role for immunity in invasion biology.}, journal = {Developmental and comparative immunology}, volume = {67}, number = {}, pages = {452-456}, doi = {10.1016/j.dci.2016.09.015}, pmid = {27693193}, issn = {1879-0089}, mesh = {Animals ; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/*genetics/metabolism ; Bacterial Infections/*immunology ; Biological Evolution ; Coleoptera/*immunology ; Disease Transmission, Infectious ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Immune System ; Immunity, Innate/*genetics ; Insect Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Microsporidiosis/*immunology ; Predatory Behavior ; Species Specificity ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {The spread of the invasive harlequin ladybird (Harmonia axyridis) in Europe is accompanied by the decline of the native and non-invasive two-spotted ladybird (Adalia bipunctata). Here we show that microsporidia carried by H. axyridis can kill A. bipunctata following the oral uptake of spores, suggesting that their horizontal transmission via intraguild predation may help the invader to outcompete its native competitor. The native seven-spotted ladybird (Coccinella septempunctata) is thought to be less susceptible both to the spread of H. axyridis and to its microsporidia. To investigate whether the distinct levels of pathogen susceptibility in these three ladybird species are determined by their immune systems, we compared the immunity-related transcriptomes of untreated beetles and beetles challenged with suspensions of bacteria and yeast. We found that H. axyridis carries three and four times as many genes encoding antimicrobial peptides representing the attacin, coleoptericin and defensin families than C. septempunctata and A. bipunctata, respectively. Gene expression studies following the injection of bacteria and yeasts into beetles revealed that members of these three antimicrobial peptide families are also induced more strongly in H. axyridis than C. septempunctata or A. bipunctata. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that a superior immune system promotes the performance of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid27688972, year = {2016}, author = {Measey, J}, title = {Overland movement in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis): a systematic review.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e2474}, pmid = {27688972}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) are often referred to as 'purely aquatic' but there are many publications which suggest extensive overland movements. Previous reviews which considered the topic have not answered the following questions: (1) is there evidence for overland dispersal in native and invasive ranges; (2) what is the range of distances moved overland; (3) when does overland movement occur; and (4) is there evidence of breeding migratory behaviour? A systematic review was chosen to synthesise and critically analyse all literature on the overland movement in Xenopus laevis. Database searches resulted in 57 documents which revealed a paucity of empirical studies, with 28 containing no data, and 19 having anecdotal content. Overwhelming evidence shows that both native and invasive populations of X. laevis move overland, with well documented examples for several other members of the genus (X. borealis, X. gilli, X. muelleri, X. fraseriand X. tropicalis). Reports of distances moved overland were from 40 m to 2 km, with no apparent difference between native and invasive ranges. Overland movements are not confined to wet seasons or conditions, but the literature suggests that moving overland does not occur in the middle of the day. Migrations to temporary water-bodies for breeding have been suggested, but without any corroborating data.}, }
@article {pmid27688964, year = {2016}, author = {Corbett King, A and Reed, JM}, title = {Successful population establishment from small introductions appears to be less common than believed.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e2440}, pmid = {27688964}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Although small populations are at high risk of extinction, there are regular reports in the scientific literature of purported small, isolated, persistent populations. One source of evidence of the viability of small populations comes from the alleged successful introduction of species to areas outside their original range from introductions of few individuals. We reviewed the examples from introduction compendia on deliberate translocations of birds, and the original sources, to identify and evaluate purported examples of successful establishments from small introductions. We found 23 purportedly successful introductions from few (<30) individuals. After assessing original sources, we found that two of the claims were substantiated; the rest were ambiguous or could be rejected as examples, primarily due to a lack of evidence in original sources of the number of birds released and because of supplemental individuals from other releases, releases in nearby regions, and the possibility of natural invasion. Our results suggest that reports of successful establishment of birds from introductions of few individuals have been overstated. These results strengthen the relationship previously reported between propagule pressure and likelihood of establishment, and support the lack of viability of small populations presumed by population theory. We suggest that analyses of introduction failure and success would benefit from excluding studies where introduction effort is unknown or unreliably documented.}, }
@article {pmid27686786, year = {2016}, author = {Jiang, WS and Qin, T and Wang, WY and Zhao, YP and Shu, SS and Song, WH and Chen, XY and Yang, JX}, title = {What is the destiny of a threatened fish, Ptychobarbus chungtienensis, now that non-native weatherfishes have been introduced into Bita Lake, Shangri-La?.}, journal = {Zoological research}, volume = {37}, number = {5}, pages = {275-280}, pmid = {27686786}, issn = {2095-8137}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Cypriniformes/genetics/physiology ; Diet ; *Endangered Species ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; }, abstract = {Biological invasion is a pervasive negative force of global change, especially in its effects on sensitive freshwater ecosystems. Even protected areas are usually not immune. Ptychobarbus chungtienensis is a threatened freshwater fish now almost confined to Bita Lake, in the Shangri-La region of Yunnan province, China. Its existence is threatened by the introduction of non-native weatherfishes (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Paramisgurnus dabryanus) by an unusual method known as 'prayer animal release'. Periodic surveys revealed the ratio of invasive weatherfishes to P. chungtienensis has been increasing since the former species was first recorded from the lake in August, 2009. Ptychobarbus chungtienensis shows low genetic diversity in the relict Lake Bita population. Weatherfishes, however, have highly successful survival strategies. The degree of dietary overlap between the species is alarming and perhaps critical if food is found to be a limiting factor.}, }
@article {pmid27686069, year = {2016}, author = {Liu, P and Dong, Y and Gu, J and Puthiyakunnon, S and Wu, Y and Chen, XG}, title = {Developmental piRNA profiles of the invasive vector mosquito Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {524}, pmid = {27686069}, issn = {1756-3305}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In eukaryotic organisms, Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) control the activities of mobile genetic elements and ensure genome maintenance. Recent evidence indicates that piRNAs are involved in multiple biological pathways, including transcriptional regulation of protein-coding genes, sex determination and even interactions between host and pathogens. Aedes albopictus is a major invasive species that transmits a number of viral diseases in humans. Ae. albopictus has the largest genome and the highest abundance of repetitive sequences when compared with members that belong to Culicidae with a published genome. Analysis of piRNA profiles will provide a developmental and evolutionary perspective on piRNAs in Ae. albopictus.<br><br>METHODS: piRNAs were identified and characterized during the development of Ae. albopictus, and piRNA expression patterns in adult males and females as well as sugar-fed females and blood-fed females were compared.<br><br>RESULTS: Our results reveal that, despite the large genome size of Ae. albopictus, the piRNA pool of Ae. albopictus (1.2&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;10[7]) is smaller than those of Aedes aegypti (1.7&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;10[7]) and Drosophila melanogaster (1.6&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;10[7]). In Ae. albopictus, piRNAs displayed the highest abundance at the embryo stage and the lowest abundance at the pupal stage. Approximately 50&#xa0;% of the piRNAs mapped to intergenic regions with no known functions. Approximately 30&#xa0;% of the piRNAs mapped to repetitive elements, and 77.69&#xa0;% of these repeat-derived piRNAs mapped to Class I TEs; 45.42&#xa0;% of the observed piRNA reads originated from piRNA clusters, and most of the top 10 highest expressed piRNA clusters and 100 highest expressed piRNAs from each stage displayed biased expression patterns across the developmental stages. All anti-sense-derived piRNAs displayed a preference for uridine at the 5' end; however, the sense-derived piRNAs showed adenine bias at the tenth nucleotide position and a typical ping-pong signature, suggesting that the biogenesis of piRNAs was conserved throughout development. Our results also show that 962 piRNAs displayed sex-biased expression, and 522 piRNAs showed higher expression in the blood-fed females than in the sugar-fed females.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that piRNAs, aside from silencing transposable elements in Ae. albopictus, may have a role in other biological pathways.}, }
@article {pmid27685258, year = {2016}, author = {Efstathion, CA and Kern, WH}, title = {A Push-pull Protocol to Reduce Colonization of Bird Nest Boxes by Honey Bees.}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {115}, pages = {}, pmid = {27685258}, issn = {1940-087X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bees ; *Birds ; Insect Control/*methods ; Introduced Species ; *Nesting Behavior ; Pheromones ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Introduction of the invasive Africanized honey bee (AHB) into the Neotropics is a serious problem for many cavity nesting birds, specifically parrots. These bees select cavities that are suitable nest sites for birds, resulting in competition. The difficulty of removing bees and their defensive behavior makes a prevention protocol necessary. Here, we describe a push-pull integrated pest management protocol to deter bees from inhabiting bird boxes by applying a bird safe insecticide, permethrin, to repel bees from nest boxes, while simultaneously attracting them to pheromone-baited swarm traps. Shown here is an example experiment using Barn Owl nest boxes. This protocol successfully reduced colonization of Barn Owl nest boxes by Africanized honey bees. This protocol is flexible, allowing adjustments to accommodate a wide range of bird species and habitats. This protocol could benefit conservation efforts where AHB are located.}, }
@article {pmid27683368, year = {2016}, author = {Pfennig, KS and Kelly, AL and Pierce, AA}, title = {Hybridization as a facilitator of species range expansion.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {283}, number = {1839}, pages = {}, pmid = {27683368}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {K12 GM000678/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Plant Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Explaining the evolution of species geographical ranges is fundamental to understanding how biodiversity is distributed and maintained. The solution to this classic problem in ecology and evolution remains elusive: we still do not fully know how species geographical ranges evolve and what factors fuel range expansions. Resolving this problem is now more crucial than ever with increasing biodiversity loss, global change and movement of species by humans. Here, we describe and evaluate the hypothesis that hybridization between species can contribute to species range expansion. We discuss how such a process can occur and the empirical data that are needed to test this hypothesis. We also examine how species can expand into new environments via hybridization with a resident species, and yet remain distinct species. Generally, hybridization may play an underappreciated role in influencing the evolution of species ranges. Whether-and to what extent-hybridization has such an effect requires further study across more diverse taxa.}, }
@article {pmid27679988, year = {2016}, author = {Marques, AC and Franco, AC and Salgueiro, F and García-Berthou, E and Santos, LN}, title = {Genetic divergence among invasive and native populations of the yellow peacock cichlid Cichla kelberi.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {89}, number = {6}, pages = {2595-2606}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13144}, pmid = {27679988}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Cichlids/classification/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry ; Genetic Drift ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Likelihood Functions ; Rivers ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {This study used the hypervariable domain of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (CR) to assess the genetic divergence among native and invasive populations of Cichla kelberi, which is considered the first peacock cichlid introduced and established throughout Brazil and is among the most invasive populations of this genus worldwide. The maximum likelihood tree based on 53 CR sequences with strong bootstrap support revealed that C. kelberi forms a monophyletic clade, confirming that all 30 C. kelberi studied belong to this morphotype. Additionally, the haplotype analysis of the C. kelberi sequences from 11 sampling sites revealed that invasive populations are much less diverse than native ones and largely dominated by a single haplotype that prevailed in reservoirs at the Paraíba do Sul River basin. Two haplotypes were recorded exclusively in an invasive population at Porto Rico, southern Brazil, and one private haplotype was detected in two reservoirs from Paraíba do Sul (Pereira Passos and Paracambi), suggesting more than one introduction event and that native populations should be better evaluated to encompass the entire genetic diversity of native C. kelberi. The possible route and pathways of C. kelberi introduction are also briefly discussed.}, }
@article {pmid27678125, year = {2017}, author = {Sjögren, P and Edwards, ME and Gielly, L and Langdon, CT and Croudace, IW and Merkel, MK and Fonville, T and Alsos, IG}, title = {Lake sedimentary DNA accurately records 20[th] Century introductions of exotic conifers in Scotland.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {213}, number = {2}, pages = {929-941}, pmid = {27678125}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {DNA, Plant/*genetics ; Geography ; *Geologic Sediments ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Models, Theoretical ; Pollen/genetics ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics ; Scotland ; Time Factors ; Tracheophyta/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Sedimentary DNA (sedDNA) has recently emerged as a new proxy for reconstructing past vegetation, but its taphonomy, source area and representation biases need better assessment. We investigated how sedDNA in recent sediments of two small Scottish lakes reflects a major vegetation change, using well-documented 20[th] Century plantations of exotic conifers as an experimental system. We used next-generation sequencing to barcode sedDNA retrieved from subrecent lake sediments. For comparison, pollen was analysed from the same samples. The sedDNA record contains 73 taxa (mainly genus or species), all but one of which are present in the study area. Pollen and sedDNA shared 35% of taxa, which partly reflects a difference in source area. More aquatic taxa were recorded in sedDNA, whereas taxa assumed to be of regional rather than local origin were recorded only as pollen. The chronology of the sediments and planting records are well aligned, and sedDNA of exotic conifers appears in high quantities with the establishment of plantations around the lakes. SedDNA recorded other changes in local vegetation that accompanied afforestation. There were no signs of DNA leaching in the sediments or DNA originating from pollen.}, }
@article {pmid27677818, year = {2016}, author = {Pettit, LJ and Greenlees, MJ and Shine, R}, title = {Is the enhanced dispersal rate seen at invasion fronts a behaviourally plastic response to encountering novel ecological conditions?.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {27677818}, issn = {1744-957X}, abstract = {As a population expands into novel areas (as occurs in biological invasions), the range edge becomes dominated by rapidly dispersing individuals-thereby accelerating the rate of population spread. That acceleration has been attributed to evolutionary processes (natural selection and spatial sorting), to which we add a third complementary process: behavioural plasticity. Encountering environmental novelty may directly elicit an increased rate of dispersal. When we reciprocally translocated cane toads (Rhinella marina) among study sites in southern Australia, the transported animals massively increased dispersal rates relative to residents (to an extent similar to the evolved increase between range-core versus invasion-front toad populations in Australia). The responses of these translocated toads show that even range-core toads are capable of the long-distance dispersal rates of invasion-front conspecifics and suggest that rapid dispersal (rather than evolving de novo) has simply been expanded from facultative to constitutive expression.}, }
@article {pmid27677753, year = {2017}, author = {Pykälä, J}, title = {Relation between extinction and assisted colonization of plants in the arctic-alpine and boreal regions.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {524-530}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12847}, pmid = {27677753}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Arctic Regions ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Assisted colonization of vascular plants is considered by many ecologists an important tool to preserve biodiversity threatened by climate change. I argue that assisted colonization may have negative consequences in arctic-alpine and boreal regions. The observed slow movement of plants toward the north has been an argument for assisted colonization. However, these range shifts may be slow because for many plants microclimatic warming (ignored by advocates of assisted colonization) has been smaller than macroclimatic warming. Arctic-alpine and boreal plants may have limited possibilities to disperse farther north or to higher elevations. I suggest that arctic-alpine species are more likely to be driven to extinction because of competitive exclusion by southern species than by increasing temperatures. If so, the future existence of arctic-alpine and boreal flora may depend on delaying or preventing the migration of plants toward the north to allow northern species to evolve to survive in a warmer climate. In the arctic-alpine region, preventing the dispersal of trees and shrubs may be the most important method to mitigate the negative effects of climate change. The purported conservation benefits of assisted colonization should not be used to promote the migration of invasive species by forestry.}, }
@article {pmid27670415, year = {2016}, author = {Schreuder, E and Clusella-Trullas, S}, title = {Exotic trees modify the thermal landscape and food resources for lizard communities.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {182}, number = {4}, pages = {1213-1225}, pmid = {27670415}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Lizards ; Pinus ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Increasing numbers of invasive plant species are establishing around the globe, and these species frequently form dense stands that alter habitat structure in critical ways. Nevertheless, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the impacts of invasive alien plant species on native fauna. We first ask whether alien pine trees impact lizard species richness in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa, a world-renowned biodiversity hotspot, by examining differences in lizard species richness, abundance, and diversity between native mountain fynbos and exotic pine tree-dominated habitats. We then examine two mutually non-exclusive processes: (i) changes in the thermal quality of the habitat and (ii) changes in the availability of food resources, to explain differences in lizard assemblages among habitat types. Lizard richness, abundance, and diversity were greater in fynbos habitat than in fynbos heavily invaded by pine and in pine plantations. The thermal quality of the environment and food resources was consistently higher in native fynbos than in pine forests, but these responses were more varied when comparisons were made along an invasion gradient and among seasons. Our results suggest that management strategies must consider spatially and temporally detailed measurements of thermal regimes and resources to assess the impacts of invasive vegetation on reptile diversity.}, }
@article {pmid27670366, year = {2016}, author = {Diagne, C and Ribas, A and Charbonnel, N and Dalecky, A and Tatard, C and Gauthier, P and Haukisalmi, V and Fossati-Gaschignard, O and Bâ, K and Kane, M and Niang, Y and Diallo, M and Sow, A and Piry, S and Sembène, M and Brouat, C}, title = {Parasites and invasions: changes in gastrointestinal helminth assemblages in invasive and native rodents in Senegal.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {46}, number = {13-14}, pages = {857-869}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.07.007}, pmid = {27670366}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Tract/parasitology ; Helminthiasis, Animal/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Hymenolepiasis/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mice/*parasitology ; Murinae/*parasitology ; Oxyuriasis/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary ; Prevalence ; Rats/*parasitology ; Rodent Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Senegal/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Understanding why some exotic species become widespread and abundant in their colonised range is a fundamental issue that still needs to be addressed. Among many hypotheses, newly established host populations may benefit from a parasite loss ("enemy release" hypothesis) through impoverishment of their original parasite communities or reduced infection levels. Moreover, the fitness of competing native hosts may be negatively affected by the acquisition of exotic taxa from invaders ("parasite spillover") and/or by an increased transmission risk of native parasites due to their amplification by invaders ("parasite spillback"). We focused on gastrointestinal helminth communities to determine whether these predictions could explain the ongoing invasion success of the commensal house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) and black rat (Rattus rattus), as well as the associated decrease in native Mastomys spp., in Senegal. For both invasive species, our results were consistent with the predictions of the enemy release hypothesis. A decrease in overall gastrointestinal helminth prevalence and infracommunity species richness was observed along the invasion gradients as well as lower specific prevalence/abundance (Aspiculuris tetraptera in Mus musculus domesticus, Hymenolepis diminuta in Rattus rattus) on the invasion fronts. Conversely, we did not find strong evidence of GIH spillover or spillback in invasion fronts, where native and invasive rodents co-occurred. Further experimental research is needed to determine whether and how the loss of gastrointestinal helminths and reduced infection levels along invasion routes may result in any advantageous effects on invader fitness and competitive advantage.}, }
@article {pmid27665453, year = {2017}, author = {Stefanowicz, AM and Stanek, M and Nobis, M and Zubek, S}, title = {Few effects of invasive plants Reynoutria japonica, Rudbeckia laciniata and Solidago gigantea on soil physical and chemical properties.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {574}, number = {}, pages = {938-946}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.120}, pmid = {27665453}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Plant Roots ; Poland ; Polygonaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Rudbeckia/*growth &amp; development ; Soil/*chemistry ; Soil Microbiology ; Solidago/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are an important problem of human-induced changes at a global scale. Invasive plants can modify soil nutrient pools and element cycling, creating feedbacks that potentially stabilize current or accelerate further invasion, and prevent re-establishment of native species. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of Reynoutria japonica, Rudbeckia laciniata and Solidago gigantea, invading non-forest areas located within or outside river valleys, on soil physical and chemical parameters, including soil moisture, element concentrations, organic matter content and pH. Additionally, invasion effects on plant species number and total plant cover were assessed. The concentrations of elements in shoots and roots of invasive and native plants were also measured. Split-plot ANOVA revealed that the invasions significantly reduced plant species number, but did not affect most soil physical and chemical properties. The invasions decreased total P concentration and increased N-NO3 concentration in soil in comparison to native vegetation, though the latter only in the case of R. japonica. The influence of invasion on soil properties did not depend on location (within- or outside valleys). The lack of invasion effects on most soil properties does not necessarily imply the lack of influence of invasive plants, but may suggest that the direction of the changes varies among replicate sites and there are no general patterns of invasion-induced alterations for these parameters. Tissue element concentrations, with the exception of Mg, did not differ between invasive and native plants, and were not related to soil element concentrations.}, }
@article {pmid27665126, year = {2016}, author = {Susaeta, A and Soto, JR and Adams, DC and Hulcr, J}, title = {Pre-invasion economic assessment of invasive species prevention: A putative ambrosia beetle in Southeastern loblolly pine forests.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {183}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {875-881}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.037}, pmid = {27665126}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Forestry/*economics ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Economic ; *Pinus taeda ; Southeastern United States ; Weevils ; Wood ; }, abstract = {Invasive wood borers vectoring pathogenic fungi have nearly exterminated several North American tree species, and it is unclear whether landscape dominant trees, such as pines, will face similar threats in the future. This paper explores the economic impacts of a hypothetical arrival of a destructive ambrosia beetle "X" (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) that infests loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) forests in the Southeastern United States. We develop an economic framework for pre-invasion assessment that incorporates fluctuating economic and environmental conditions for a representative loblolly pine stand and biological assumptions from the ongoing laurel wilt epidemic. Assuming an initial annual probability of arrival of a pine infesting ambrosia beetle to be between 0.04 and 0.07, we determine that, on average, the timber economic benefits for a forest landowner are $5325.3 ha[-1], with a harvest time of 17.8 years. Our results indicate that an increase in enforcement consistent with an international phytosanitary standard that partially prevents the arrival of ambrosia beetles (30% arrival reduction) would have a strong, positive impact for forest landowners. On average, economic revenues increase to $6116.4 ha[-1] and the harvest age is extended to 19 years. On average, the economic losses for forest landowners with no control of ambrosia beetle X would be $791 ha[-1], with a harvest time reduction of 1.2 years. The upper-bound regional cost savings from pine-dominated forestry would be roughly $4.6 billion dollars if invasion preventative measures are in place. These benefits vastly outweigh the cost of programs that reduce the expected arrival of exotic ambrosia beetles.}, }
@article {pmid27663859, year = {2016}, author = {Bau, J and Cardé, RT}, title = {Simulation Modeling to Interpret the Captures of Moths in Pheromone-Baited Traps Used for Surveillance of Invasive Species: the Gypsy Moth as a Model Case.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {42}, number = {9}, pages = {877-887}, pmid = {27663859}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Female ; Flight, Animal ; *Insect Control/methods ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Moths/*physiology ; Pheromones/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {When pheromone traps are used for detection of an invasive pest and then delimitation of its distribution, an unresolved issue is the interpretation of failure to capture any target insects. Is a population present but not detected, a so-called false negative? Using the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) as an exemplar, we modeled the probability of males being captured in traps deployed at densities typical for surveillance (1 per 2.6 km[2] or 1 per mi[2]) and delimitation (up to 49 per 2.6 km[2]). The simulations used a dynamic wind model generating a turbulent plume structure and varying wind direction, and a behavior model based on the documented maneuvers of gypsy moths during plume acquisition and along-plume navigation. Several strategies of plume acquisition using Correlated Random Walks were compared to ensure that the generated dispersions over three days were not either overly clumped or ranged many km. Virtual moths were released into virtual space with patterns mimicking prior releases of gypsy moth males in Massachusetts at varying distance from a baited trap. In general, capture rates of virtual and real moths at varying trap densities were similar. One application of this approach was to estimate through bootstrapping the probabilities of not detecting populations having densities ranging from 1 to 100 moths per 2.6 km[2] and using traps that varied from 25 to 100 % in their efficiencies of capture. Low-level populations (e.g., 20-30 per 2.6 km[2]) often were not detected with one trap per 2.6 km[2], especially when traps had low efficiencies.}, }
@article {pmid27661619, year = {2016}, author = {Lucaccioni, H and Granjon, L and Dalecky, A and Fossati, O and Le Fur, J and Duplantier, JM and Handschumacher, P}, title = {From Human Geography to Biological Invasions: The Black Rat Distribution in the Changing Southeastern of Senegal.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {e0163547}, pmid = {27661619}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {In the contemporary context of zoonosis emergence and spread, invasive species are a major issue since they represent potential pathogen hosts. Even though many progresses have been done to understand and predict spatial patterns of invasive species, the challenge to identify the underlying determinants of their distribution remains a central question in invasion biology. This is particularly exacerbated in the case of commensal species that strictly depend on humankind for dispersal and perennial establishment of new populations. The distribution of these species is predicted to be influenced by dispersal opportunities and conditions acting on establishment and proliferation, such as environmental characteristics, including spatio-temporal components of the human societies. We propose to contribute to the understanding of the recent spread of a major invasive rodent species, the black rat (Rattus rattus), in the changing southeastern of Senegal. We address the factors that promote the dispersal and distribution of this invasive rodent from the perspective of human geography. We first describe characteristics of human settlements in terms of social and spatial organization of human societies (i.e. economic activities, commercial and agricultural networks, roads connectivity). We then explore the relationship between these characteristics and the distribution of this invasive rodent. Finally we propose that historical and contemporary dynamics of human societies have contributed to the risk of invasion of the black rat. We argue that the diffusion processes of invasive species cannot be considered as a result of the spatial structure only (i.e. connectivity and distance), but as a part of the human territory that includes the social and spatial organization. Results suggest that the distribution of invasive rodents partly results from the contemporary and inherited human socio-spatial systems, beyond the existence of suitable ecological conditions that are classically investigated by biologists.}, }
@article {pmid27661282, year = {2016}, author = {Vachnadze, N and Mchedlidze, Q and Novikova, J and Suladze, T and Vachnadze, V}, title = {[SCREENING OF WILD SPREAD AND CULTIVATED OF BUXUS SPECIES GROWING IN GEORGIA ON THE CONTENT OF ALKALOIDS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY].}, journal = {Georgian medical news}, volume = {}, number = {256-257}, pages = {82-87}, pmid = {27661282}, issn = {1512-0112}, mesh = {Alkaloids/*analysis/pharmacology/toxicity ; Animals ; Buxus/anatomy &amp; histology/*chemistry ; Female ; Guinea Pigs ; Ileum/drug effects/physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mice ; Muscle Contraction ; Muscle, Smooth/drug effects/physiology ; Plant Extracts/chemistry/pharmacology/toxicity ; Plant Leaves/anatomy &amp; histology/chemistry ; Plant Shoots/anatomy &amp; histology/chemistry ; Rats ; Species Specificity ; Steroids/*analysis/pharmacology/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Georgian flora is represented by about 4150 plant species. Many important alkaloid-containing plant species and among of them are species Buxus L. of genus in Adjara. The aims of the research were: sequential screening of the plants for the consistence of alkaloids; Study of anatomical characteristics of Buxus colchica Pojark. and revealing of specific pharmacological activity of steroidal alkaloids. The objects of research were B. colchica, B. balearika and B. sempervirens, growing in Adjara (Georgia), collected in active phase of flowering of the plants. There were revealed 370 species of alkaloid containing plants. Sum of alkaloids and crude aqueous extract have spasmolitic and antihistaminic activity. Experimental anatomical research of diagnostic characteristics of the bines showed the existence of monocyclic transient system with fiber like tracheids, dorsoventral mesophyll of the leaves; the structure for the upper part of epidermis is linear and the lower part is curved, type of stomata is paracitic.}, }
@article {pmid27660425, year = {2016}, author = {Myers, SW and Cancio-Martinez, E and Hallman, GJ and Fontenot, EA and Vreysen, MJB}, title = {Relative Tolerance of Six Bactrocera (Diptera: Tephritidae) Species to Phytosanitary Cold Treatment.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {109}, number = {6}, pages = {2341-2347}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow206}, pmid = {27660425}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cold Temperature/*adverse effects ; Insect Control/*methods ; Larva/physiology ; Ovum/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Tephritidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {To compare relative cold treatment tolerance across the economically important tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), Bactrocera carambolae Drew &amp; Hancock, Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi), Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), four populations of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Bactrocera zonata (Saunders), and Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), eggs (in vitro), and larvae (in infested fruit or on carrot diet) were cold treated at 2.0 ± 0.2 °C for selected durations. The study was performed to assess whether a single (i.e., generic) cold treatment could be developed that would control the entire group of fruit flies that were tested. Probit regression models showed that the hierarchy of cold resistance was third-instar larvae reared on carrot diet > third-instar larvae reared on orange > eggs test in vitro. Differences in mortality responses of third-instar larvae reared in oranges across populations of B. dorsalis were observed only at subefficacious levels of control. The majority of Bactrocera species responded the same at the high levels of control demanded of phytosanitary treatments, which indicated that cold treatments would be similarly effective across the species and populations tested. B. cucurbitae was found to be the most cold tolerant of all the species tested.}, }
@article {pmid27659681, year = {2017}, author = {Nishida, S and Hashimoto, K and Kanaoka, MM and Takakura, KI and Nishida, T}, title = {Variation in the strength of reproductive interference from an alien congener to a native species in Taraxacum.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {130}, number = {1}, pages = {125-134}, pmid = {27659681}, issn = {1618-0860}, mesh = {Flowers/physiology ; Pollen/physiology ; Pollination/*physiology ; Reproduction ; Seeds/physiology ; Taraxacum/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Reproductive interference (RI) may be a contributing factor to the displacement of native species by an alien congener, and RI strength has been shown theoretically to affect distributional relationships between species. Thus, variations in RI strength from alien to native species result in different consequences of invasions and efforts to conserve native species, but the variations have seldom been examined empirically. We therefore investigated RI strength variations from the alien species Taraxacum officinale and its hybrids to eight populations of native dandelions, four T. japonicum populations and two populations each of two subspecies of T. platycarpum. We examined the association between alien relative abundance and native seed set in field surveys, and we also performed hand-pollination experiments to investigate directly the sensitivity of native flowers to alien pollen. We found that the effect of alien relative abundance on native seed set of even the same native species could differ greatly in different regions, and that the sensitivity of native flowers to alien pollen was also dependent on region. Our results, together with those of previous studies, show that RI from the alien to the native species is strong in regions where the alien species outnumbers the native species and marginal where it does not; this result suggests that alien RI can critically affect distributional relationships between native and alien species. Our study highlights the importance of performing additional empirical investigations of RI strength variation and of giving due attention to alien RI in efforts to conserve regional native biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid27659211, year = {2016}, author = {Papanicolaou, A and Schetelig, MF and Arensburger, P and Atkinson, PW and Benoit, JB and Bourtzis, K and Castañera, P and Cavanaugh, JP and Chao, H and Childers, C and Curril, I and Dinh, H and Doddapaneni, H and Dolan, A and Dugan, S and Friedrich, M and Gasperi, G and Geib, S and Georgakilas, G and Gibbs, RA and Giers, SD and Gomulski, LM and González-Guzmán, M and Guillem-Amat, A and Han, Y and Hatzigeorgiou, AG and Hernández-Crespo, P and Hughes, DS and Jones, JW and Karagkouni, D and Koskinioti, P and Lee, SL and Malacrida, AR and Manni, M and Mathiopoulos, K and Meccariello, A and Munoz-Torres, M and Murali, SC and Murphy, TD and Muzny, DM and Oberhofer, G and Ortego, F and Paraskevopoulou, MD and Poelchau, M and Qu, J and Reczko, M and Robertson, HM and Rosendale, AJ and Rosselot, AE and Saccone, G and Salvemini, M and Savini, G and Schreiner, P and Scolari, F and Siciliano, P and Sim, SB and Tsiamis, G and Ureña, E and Vlachos, IS and Werren, JH and Wimmer, EA and Worley, KC and Zacharopoulou, A and Richards, S and Handler, AM}, title = {The whole genome sequence of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), reveals insights into the biology and adaptive evolution of a highly invasive pest species.}, journal = {Genome biology}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {192}, pmid = {27659211}, issn = {1474-760X}, support = {U54 HG003273/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified/genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Ceratitis capitata/*genetics ; *Genome, Insect ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Pest Control, Biological ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata, is a major destructive insect pest due to its broad host range, which includes hundreds of fruits and vegetables. It exhibits a unique ability to invade and adapt to ecological niches throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world, though medfly infestations have been prevented and controlled by the sterile insect technique (SIT) as part of integrated pest management programs (IPMs). The genetic analysis and manipulation of medfly has been subject to intensive study in an effort to improve SIT efficacy and other aspects of IPM control.<br><br>RESULTS: The 479 Mb medfly genome is sequenced from adult flies from lines inbred for 20 generations. A high-quality assembly is achieved having a contig N50 of 45.7 kb and scaffold N50 of 4.06 Mb. In-depth curation of more than 1800 messenger RNAs shows specific gene expansions that can be related to invasiveness and host adaptation, including gene families for chemoreception, toxin and insecticide metabolism, cuticle proteins, opsins, and aquaporins. We identify genes relevant to IPM control, including those required to improve SIT.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The medfly genome sequence provides critical insights into the biology of one of the most serious and widespread agricultural pests. This knowledge should significantly advance the means of controlling the size and invasive potential of medfly populations. Its close relationship to Drosophila, and other insect species important to agriculture and human health, will further comparative functional and structural studies of insect genomes that should broaden our understanding of gene family evolution.}, }
@article {pmid27659038, year = {2016}, author = {Mains, JW and Brelsfoard, CL and Rose, RI and Dobson, SL}, title = {Female Adult Aedes albopictus Suppression by Wolbachia-Infected Male Mosquitoes.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {33846}, pmid = {27659038}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {R43 AI098179/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R44 AI098179/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Dengue, chikungunya and zika viruses are pathogens with an increasing global impact. In the absence of an approved vaccine or therapy, their management relies on controlling the mosquito vectors. But traditional controls are inadequate, and the range of invasive species such as Aedes albopictus (Asian Tiger Mosquito) is expanding. Genetically modified mosquitoes are being tested, but their use has encountered regulatory barriers and public opposition in some countries. Wolbachia bacteria can cause a form of conditional sterility, which can provide an alternative to genetic modification or irradiation. It is unknown however, whether openly released, artificially infected male Ae. albopictus can competitively mate and sterilize females at a level adequate to suppress a field population. Also, the unintended establishment of Wolbachia at the introduction site could result from horizontal transmission or inadvertent female release. In 2014, an Experimental Use Permit from the United States Environmental Protection Agency approved a pilot field trial in Lexington, Kentucky, USA. Here, we present data showing localized reduction of both egg hatch and adult female numbers. The artificial Wolbachia type was not observed to establish in the field. The results are discussed in relation to the applied use of Wolbachia-infected males as a biopesticide to suppress field populations of Ae. albopictus.}, }
@article {pmid27655649, year = {2016}, author = {Salzer, JS and Pinto, CM and Grippi, DC and Williams-Newkirk, AJ and Peterhans, JK and Rwego, IB and Carroll, DS and Gillespie, TR}, title = {Impact of Anthropogenic Disturbance on Native and Invasive Trypanosomes of Rodents in Forested Uganda.}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {698-707}, pmid = {27655649}, issn = {1612-9210}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Phylogeny ; *Rodent Diseases ; Rodentia/*parasitology ; Trypanosomiasis/*veterinary ; Uganda ; }, abstract = {Habitat disturbance and anthropogenic change are globally associated with extinctions and invasive species introductions. Less understood is the impact of environmental change on the parasites harbored by endangered, extinct, and introduced species. To improve our understanding of the impacts of anthropogenic disturbance on such host-parasite interactions, we investigated an invasive trypanosome (Trypanosoma lewisi). We screened 348 individual small mammals, representing 26 species, from both forested and non-forested habitats in rural Uganda. Using microscopy and PCR, we identified 18% of individuals (order Rodentia) as positive for trypanosomes. Further phylogenetic analyses revealed two trypanosomes circulating-T. lewisi and T. varani. T. lewisi was found in seven species both native and invasive, while T. varani was identified in only three native forest species. The lack of T. varani in non-forested habitats suggests that it is a natural parasite of forest-dwelling rodents. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic disturbance may lead to spillover of an invasive parasite (T. lewisi) from non-native to native species, and lead to local co-extinction of a native parasite (T. varani) and native forest-dwelling hosts.}, }
@article {pmid27654124, year = {2016}, author = {Buoro, M and Olden, JD and Cucherousset, J}, title = {Global Salmonidae introductions reveal stronger ecological effects of changing intraspecific compared to interspecific diversity.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {19}, number = {11}, pages = {1363-1371}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12673}, pmid = {27654124}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; Salmonidae/*classification ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The introduction of organisms within the native range of wild conspecifics is a widespread phenomenon and locally modifies patterns in intraspecific diversity. However, our knowledge of the resulting ecological effects, as opposed to those caused by invasion-induced changes in interspecific diversity, is still limited. Here, we investigated the ecological effects of native and non-native invaders across levels of biological organisations and recipient organisms using the global and long history introductions of salmonids. Our meta-analysis demonstrated that the global effects of native species introductions exceeded those induced by non-native invaders. The impacts of native invaders were primarily manifested at the individual level on wild conspecifics, but remained largely unexplored on other native organisms and at the community and ecosystem levels. Overlooked and poorly appreciated, quantifying the impacts of native invaders has important implications because human-assisted introductions of domesticated organisms are ubiquitous and likely to proliferate in the future.}, }
@article {pmid27652898, year = {2016}, author = {Porojan, C and Mitrovic, SM and Yeo, DC and Furey, A}, title = {Overview of the potent cyanobacterial neurotoxin β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and its analytical determination.}, journal = {Food additives &amp; contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure &amp; risk assessment}, volume = {33}, number = {10}, pages = {1570-1586}, doi = {10.1080/19440049.2016.1217070}, pmid = {27652898}, issn = {1944-0057}, mesh = {Amino Acids, Diamino/*analysis ; Animals ; Cyanobacteria/*chemistry ; Cyanobacteria Toxins ; Humans ; Molecular Conformation ; Neurotoxins/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Blue-green algae are responsible for the production of different types of toxins which can be neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, cytotoxic and dermatotoxic and that can affect both aquatic and terrestrial life. Since its discovery the neurotoxin β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) has been a cause for concern, being associated with the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS/PDC). The initial focus was on Guam where it was observed that a high number of people were affected by the ALS/PDC complex. Subsequently, researchers were surprised to find levels of BMAA in post mortem brains from Canadian patients who also suffered from ALS/PDC. Recent research demonstrates that BMAA has been found at different levels in the aquatic food web in the brackish waters of the Baltic Sea. There is emerging evidence to suggest that sand-borne algae from Qatar can also contain BMAA. Furthermore, there is now concern because BMAA has been found not only in warmer regions of the world but also in temperate regions like Europe. The aim of this review is to focus on the methods of extraction and analysis of the neurotoxic non-protein amino acid BMAA. We also consider the neurotoxicity, aetiology, and diverse sources and routes of exposure to BMAA. In recent years, different methods have been developed for the analysis of BMAA. Some of these use HPLC-FD, UPLC-UV, UPLC-MS and LC-MS/MS using samples that have been derivatised or underivatised. To date the LC-MS/MS approach is the most widely used analytical technique as it is the most selective and sensitive method for BMAA determination.}, }
@article {pmid27651533, year = {2016}, author = {Castellanos, AA and Medeiros, MC and Hamer, GL and Morrow, ME and Eubanks, MD and Teel, PD and Hamer, SA and Light, JE}, title = {Decreased small mammal and on-host tick abundance in association with invasive red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta).}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {27651533}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Arthropod Vectors ; Ecosystem ; Insecticides ; Introduced Species ; Larva/microbiology ; Mammals/*parasitology ; Nymph/microbiology ; Population Dynamics ; Rickettsia/*isolation &amp; purification ; Texas ; Ticks/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species may impact pathogen transmission by altering the distributions and interactions among native vertebrate reservoir hosts and arthropod vectors. Here, we examined the direct and indirect effects of the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) on the native tick, small mammal and pathogen community in southeast Texas. Using a replicated large-scale field manipulation study, we show that small mammals were more abundant on treatment plots where S. invicta populations were experimentally reduced. Our analysis of ticks on small mammal hosts demonstrated a threefold increase in the ticks caught per unit effort on treatment relative to control plots, and elevated tick loads (a 27-fold increase) on one common rodent species. We detected only one known human pathogen (Rickettsia parkeri), present in 1.4% of larvae and 6.7% of nymph on-host Amblyomma maculatum samples but with no significant difference between treatment and control plots. Given that host and vector population dynamics are key drivers of pathogen transmission, the reduced small mammal and tick abundance associated with S. invicta may alter pathogen transmission dynamics over broader spatial scales.}, }
@article {pmid27651423, year = {2016}, author = {Yasin, M and Rugman-Jones, PF and Wakil, W and Stouthamer, R}, title = {Mitochondrial DNA Variation Among Populations of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) From Pakistan.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {27651423}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Insect Proteins/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Pakistan ; Weevils/enzymology/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The Red Palm Weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) is a voracious pest of palm species. In recent decades its range has expanded greatly, particularly impacting the date palm industry in the Middle East. This has led to conjecture regarding the origins of invasive RPW populations. For example, in parts of the Middle East, RPW is commonly referred to as the "Pakistani weevil" in the belief that it originated there. We sought evidence to support or refute this belief. First reports of RPW in Pakistan were from the Punjab region in 1918, but it is unknown whether it is native or invasive there. We estimated genetic variation across five populations of RPW from two provinces of Pakistan, using sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene. Four haplotypes were detected; two (H1 and H5) were abundant, accounting for 88% of specimens across the sampled populations, and were previously known from the Middle East. The remaining haplotypes (H51 and H52) were newly detected (in global terms) and there was no geographic overlap in their distribution within Pakistan. Levels of haplotype diversity were much lower than those previously recorded in accepted parts of the native range of RPW, suggesting that the weevil may be invasive in Pakistan. The affinity of Pakistani haplotypes to those reported from India (and the geographical proximity of the two countries), make the latter a likely "native" source. With regards the validity of the name "Pakistani weevil", we found little genetic evidence to justify it.}, }
@article {pmid27649564, year = {2016}, author = {Conlisk, E and Swab, R and Martínez-Berdeja, A and Daugherty, MP}, title = {Post-Fire Recovery in Coastal Sage Scrub: Seed Rain and Community Trajectory.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {e0162777}, pmid = {27649564}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*growth &amp; development ; California ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Geography ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Plant Development ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development ; Polygonaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Salvia/*growth &amp; development ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Disturbance is a primary mechanism structuring ecological communities. However, human activity has the potential to alter the frequency and intensity of natural disturbance regimes, with subsequent effects on ecosystem processes. In Southern California, human development has led to increased fire frequency close to urban areas that can form a positive feedback with invasive plant spread. Understanding how abiotic and biotic factors structure post-fire plant communities is a critical component of post-fire management and restoration. In this study we considered a variety of mechanisms affecting post-fire vegetation recovery in Riversidean sage scrub. Comparing recently burned plots to unburned plots, we found that burning significantly reduced species richness and percent cover of exotic vegetation the first two years following a 100-hectare wildfire. Seed rain was higher in burned plots, with more native forb seeds, while unburned plots had more exotic grass seeds. Moreover, there were significant correlations between seed rain composition and plant cover composition the year prior and the year after. Collectively, this case study suggests that fire can alter community composition, but there was not compelling evidence of a vegetation-type conversion. Instead, the changes in the community composition were temporary and convergence in community composition was apparent within two years post-fire.}, }
@article {pmid27649247, year = {2016}, author = {Wilson, CM and Vendettuoli, JF and Orwig, DA and Preisser, EL}, title = {Impact of an Invasive Insect and Plant Defense on a Native Forest Defoliator.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {27649247}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis [L.] Carriére) in the United States is threatened by the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand). The native hemlock looper (Lambdina fiscellaria Guenée) also appears to have played a role in previous population declines of this conifer. Although these two insects co-occur in much of the adelgid's invaded range, their interactions remain unstudied. We assessed looper performance and preference on both uninfested and adelgid-infested foliage from adelgid-susceptible hemlocks, as well as on uninfested foliage from an eastern hemlock that is naturally adelgid-resistant. Larvae reared on uninfested foliage from adelgid-susceptible hemlocks experienced 60% mortality within the first two weeks of the experiment, and pupated at a lower weight than larvae fed adelgid-infested foliage. Despite differences in foliage source, this first look and strong pattern suggests that the hemlock looper performs better (pupates earlier, weighs more) on adelgid-infested foliage. In addition, trends suggested that larvae reared on foliage from the adelgid-resistant tree survived better, pupated earlier, and weighed more than in the other treatments. Larvae preferred adelgid-resistant over adelgid-susceptible foliage. Our results suggest that looper perform slightly better on adelgid-infested foliage and that plant resistance to xylem-feeding adelgid may increase susceptibility to foliar-feeding looper larvae.}, }
@article {pmid27648234, year = {2016}, author = {Ghabooli, S and Zhan, A and Paolucci, E and Hernandez, MR and Briski, E and Cristescu, ME and MacIsaac, HJ}, title = {Population attenuation in zooplankton communities during transoceanic transfer in ballast water.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {17}, pages = {6170-6177}, pmid = {27648234}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Successful biological invasion requires introduction of a viable population of a nonindigenous species (NIS). Rarely have ecologists assessed changes in populations while entrained in invasion pathways. Here, we investigate how zooplankton communities resident in ballast water change during transoceanic voyages. We used next-generation sequencing technology to sequence a nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA fragment of zooplankton from ballast water during initial, middle, and final segments as a vessel transited between Canada and Brazil. Operational taxonomic unit (OTU) diversity decreased as voyage duration increased, indicating loss of community-based genetic diversity and development of bottlenecks for zooplankton taxa prior to discharge of ballast water. On average, we observed 47, 26, and 24 OTUs in initial, middle, and final samples, respectively. Moreover, a comparison of genetic diversity within taxa indicated likely attenuation of OTUs in final relative to initial samples. Abundance of the most common taxa (copepods) declined in all final relative to initial samples. Some taxa (e.g., Copepoda) were represented by a high number of OTUs throughout the voyage, and thus had a high level of intraspecific genetic variation. It is not clear whether genotypes that were most successful in surviving transit in ballast water will be the most successful upon introduction to novel environments. This study highlights that population bottlenecks may be common prior to introduction of NIS to new ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid27647126, year = {2017}, author = {Foxall, E and Lanchier, N}, title = {Survival and extinction results for a patch model with sexual reproduction.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {74}, number = {6}, pages = {1299-1349}, pmid = {27647126}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; *Population Dynamics ; *Reproduction ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {We consider a version of the contact process with sexual reproduction on a graph with two levels of interactions modeling metapopulations. The population is spatially distributed into patches and offspring are produced in each patch at a rate proportional to the number of pairs of individuals in the patch (sexual reproduction) rather than simply the number of individuals as in the basic contact process. Offspring produced at a given patch either stay in their parents' patch or are sent to a nearby patch with some fixed probabilities. As the patch size tends to infinity, we identify a mean-field limit consisting of an infinite set of coupled differential equations. For the mean-field equations, we find explicit conditions for survival and extinction that we call expansion and retreat. Using duality techniques to compare the stochastic model to its mean-field limit, we find that expansion and retreat are also precisely the conditions needed to ensure survival and extinction of the stochastic model when the patch size is large. In addition, we study the dependence of survival on the dispersal range. We find that, with probability close to one and for a certain set of parameters, the metapopulation survives in the presence of nearest neighbor interactions while it dies out in the presence of long range interactions, suggesting that the best strategy for the population to spread in space is to use intermediate dispersal ranges.}, }
@article {pmid27643946, year = {2017}, author = {Daskalov, GM and Boicenco, L and Grishin, AN and Lazar, L and Mihneva, V and Shlyakhov, VA and Zengin, M}, title = {Architecture of collapse: regime shift and recovery in an hierarchically structured marine ecosystem.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {1486-1498}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13508}, pmid = {27643946}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Fisheries ; Fishes ; *Food Chain ; Plankton ; }, abstract = {By the late 20th century, a series of events or 'natural experiments', for example the depletion of apex predators, extreme eutrophication and blooms of invasive species, had suggested that the Black Sea could be considered as a large ecosystem 'laboratory'. The events resulted in regime shifts cascading through all trophic levels, disturbing ecosystem functioning and damaging the water environment. Causal pathways by which the external (hydroclimate, overfishing) and internal (food web interactions) drivers provoke regime shifts are investigated. Statistical data analyses supported by an interpretative framework based on hierarchical ecosystem theory revealed mechanisms of hierarchical incorporation of environmental factors into the ecosystem. Evidence links Atlantic teleconnections to Black Sea hydroclimate, which together with fishing shapes variability in fish stocks. The hydroclimatic signal is conveyed through the food web via changes in productivity at all levels, to planktivorous fish. Fluctuating fish abundance is believed to induce a lagged change in competitor jelly plankton that cascades down to phytoplankton and influences water quality. Deprived of the stabilising role of apex predators, the Black Sea's hierarchical ecosystem organisation is susceptible to both environmental and anthropogenic stresses, and increased fishing makes fish stock collapses highly probable. When declining stocks are confronted with burgeoning fishing effort associated with the inability of fishery managers and decision-makers to adapt rapidly to changes in fish abundance, there is overfishing and stock collapse. Management procedures are ineffective at handling complex phenomena such as ecosystem regime shifts because of the shortage of suitable explanatory models. The proposed concepts and models reported here relate the hydroclimate, overfishing and invasive species to shifts in ecosystem functioning and water quality, unravelling issues such as the causality of ecosystem interactions and mechanisms and offering potential for finding ways to reverse regime shifts. We advocate a management approach aiming at restoring ecosystem hierarchy that might mitigate the costly consequences of regime shifts.}, }
@article {pmid27642109, year = {2016}, author = {Astudillo, JC and Leung, KM and Bonebrake, TC}, title = {Seasonal heterogeneity provides a niche opportunity for ascidian invasion in subtropical marine communities.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {122}, number = {}, pages = {1-10}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.09.001}, pmid = {27642109}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Ciona intestinalis ; Ecosystem ; Hong Kong ; *Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior ; Urochordata/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Implications of changes in environmental conditions caused by seasonality and human alterations on the recruitment of non-native species and their biotic resistance to predation are poorly understood. Here, through the use of experimental recruitment panels and predation exclusion cages, we examined 1) whether a subtropical seasonality (i.e., tropical and temperate conditions) affects the recruitment and abundance of the non-native ascidian Ciona intestinalis, the cryptogenic Styela plicata and Ascidia sydneiensis, and native Hermandia momus in fouling communities in Hong Kong, 2) whether human environmental alterations (i.e., typhoon shelters and sheltered bays with different habitat alteration and seawater quality) affect the abundance of the ascidians, and 3) whether predation reduces the abundance of ascidians under different environmental conditions caused by seasonality and human alteration. Our experimental results indicate that seasonality provides a temporal niche for the recruitment of the ascidians; C. intestinalis and S. plicata recruited mostly in winter, whereas A. sydneiensis and H. momus recruited in summer. Ciona intestinalis was the only ascidian that prospered in anthropogenically altered environments where it monopolized communities. The marked seasonal recruitment of the ascidians obscured the effect of predation between seasons, whereas human alteration did not affect predation. The recruitment of the ascidians in subtropical communities appeared to correspond to their original temperate or tropical distributions, hence Ciona intestinalis, with a temperate native distribution, benefits from a temporal niche opportunity during winter conditions. We argue that seasonality, as an important ecological factor for recruitment and community ecology dynamics, must also be considered in the context of biological invasion.}, }
@article {pmid27638949, year = {2016}, author = {Deus, EG and Godoy, WA and Sousa, MS and Lopes, GN and Jesus-Barros, CR and Silva, JG and Adaime, R}, title = {Co-Infestation and Spatial Distribution of Bactrocera carambolae and Anastrepha spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Common Guava in the Eastern Amazon.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {27638949}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Brazil ; *Food Chain ; Fruit/growth &amp; development ; *Insect Control ; Larva/physiology ; *Psidium/growth &amp; development ; Tephritidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Field infestation and spatial distribution of introduced Bactrocera carambolae Drew and Hancock and native species of Anastrepha in common guavas [Psidium guajava (L.)] were investigated in the eastern Amazon. Fruit sampling was carried out in the municipalities of Calçoene and Oiapoque in the state of Amapá, Brazil. The frequency distribution of larvae in fruit was fitted to the negative binomial distribution. Anastrepha striata was more abundant in both sampled areas in comparison to Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) and B. carambolae The frequency distribution analysis of adults revealed an aggregated pattern for B. carambolae as well as for A. fraterculus and Anastrepha striata Schiner, described by the negative binomial distribution. Although the populations of Anastrepha spp. may have suffered some impact due to the presence of B. carambolae, the results are still not robust enough to indicate effective reduction in the abundance of Anastrepha spp. caused by B. carambolae in a general sense. The high degree of aggregation observed for both species suggests interspecific co-occurrence with the simultaneous presence of both species in the analysed fruit. Moreover, a significant fraction of uninfested guavas also indicated absence of competitive displacement.}, }
@article {pmid27638808, year = {2016}, author = {Pandolfo, CE and Presotto, A and Carbonell, FT and Ureta, S and Poverene, M and Cantamutto, M}, title = {Transgenic glyphosate-resistant oilseed rape (Brassica napus) as an invasive weed in Argentina: detection, characterization, and control alternatives.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {23}, number = {23}, pages = {24081-24091}, pmid = {27638808}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ; Argentina ; Brassica napus/*drug effects/genetics ; Glycine/*analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology ; Herbicides/*pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Plant Weeds/*drug effects/genetics ; Plants, Genetically Modified/*drug effects/genetics ; Seeds/drug effects ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {The presence of glyphosate-resistant oilseed rape populations in Argentina was detected and characterized. The resistant plants were found as weeds in RR soybeans and other fields. The immunological and molecular analysis showed that the accessions presented the GT73 transgenic event. The origin of this event was uncertain, as the cultivation of transgenic oilseed rape cultivars is prohibited in Argentina. This finding might suggest that glyphosate resistance could come from unauthorized transgenic oilseed rape crops cultivated in the country or as seed contaminants in imported oilseed rape cultivars or other seed imports. Experimentation showed that there are alternative herbicides for controlling resistant Brassica napus populations in various situations and crops. AHAS-inhibiting herbicides (imazethapyr, chlorimuron and diclosulam), glufosinate, 2,4-D, fluroxypyr and saflufenacil proved to be very effective in controlling these plants. Herbicides evaluated in this research were employed by farmers in one of the fields invaded with this biotype and monitoring of this field showed no evidence of its presence in the following years.}, }
@article {pmid27638204, year = {2016}, author = {Doherty, TS and Glen, AS and Nimmo, DG and Ritchie, EG and Dickman, CR}, title = {Invasive predators and global biodiversity loss.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {113}, number = {40}, pages = {11261-11265}, pmid = {27638204}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Birds ; Endangered Species ; Geography ; *Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; Mammals ; Models, Biological ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Reptiles ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive species threaten biodiversity globally, and invasive mammalian predators are particularly damaging, having contributed to considerable species decline and extinction. We provide a global metaanalysis of these impacts and reveal their full extent. Invasive predators are implicated in 87 bird, 45 mammal, and 10 reptile species extinctions-58% of these groups' contemporary extinctions worldwide. These figures are likely underestimated because 23 critically endangered species that we assessed are classed as "possibly extinct." Invasive mammalian predators endanger a further 596 species at risk of extinction, with cats, rodents, dogs, and pigs threatening the most species overall. Species most at risk from predators have high evolutionary distinctiveness and inhabit insular environments. Invasive mammalian predators are therefore important drivers of irreversible loss of phylogenetic diversity worldwide. That most impacted species are insular indicates that management of invasive predators on islands should be a global conservation priority. Understanding and mitigating the impact of invasive mammalian predators is essential for reducing the rate of global biodiversity loss.}, }
@article {pmid27637225, year = {2016}, author = {Qu, G and Wang, W and Lu, X and Dai, J and Li, X and Liang, Y}, title = {Evaluating the risk of Schistosoma mansoni transmission in mainland China.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {115}, number = {12}, pages = {4711-4713}, pmid = {27637225}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomphalaria/*parasitology ; China ; Humans ; Risk Assessment ; *Schistosoma mansoni ; Schistosomiasis mansoni/*transmission ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Biomphalaria straminea, an intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni, is predominantly distributed in the South Americas and Caribbean; however, this snail, as an invasive species, was introduced to Shenzhen, southern China, in 1981, and recent epidemiologic surveys demonstrate that the distribution of B. straminea has expanded across the Zhujiang River Basin, South China. In the presence of continuous importation of S. mansoni-infected cases, there is a growing concern about the transmission of S. mansoni in China. To evaluate the risk of S. mansoni transmission in China, we tested the compatibility of B. straminea captured from the snail habitats in southern China with S. mansoni in laboratory. We detected no S. mansoni infections in B. straminea following exposure to the parasite larvae at snail/miracidium ratios of 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:40, and 1:80, while 6.7 to 66.7 % infections occurred in the control Biomphalaria glabrata depending on the ratio. The results of the present study demonstrate that the invasive B. straminea snails seem to be incompatible with S. mansoni, suggesting a low risk of S. mansoni transmission in mainland China.}, }
@article {pmid27636003, year = {2017}, author = {Westbrook, CJ and Cooper, DJ and Anderson, CB}, title = {Alteration of hydrogeomorphic processes by invasive beavers in southern South America.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {574}, number = {}, pages = {183-190}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.045}, pmid = {27636003}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Forests ; *Introduced Species ; *Rodentia ; South America ; Trees ; }, abstract = {The North American beaver (Castor canadensis) is an invasive species in southern Patagonia, introduced in 1946 as part of a program by the Argentine government to augment furbearers. Research focus has turned from inventorying the beaver's population and ecosystem impacts toward eradicating it from the region and restoring degraded areas. Successful restoration, however, requires a fuller determination of how beavers have altered physical landscape characteristics, and of what landscape features and biota need to be restored. Our goal was to identify changes to the physical landscape by invasive beaver. We analyzed channel and valley morphology in detail at one site in each of the three major forest zones occurring on the Argentine side of Tierra del Fuego's main island. We also assessed 48 additional sites across the three forest biomes on the island to identify a broader range of aquatic habitat occupied and modified by beaver. Beaver build dams with Nothofagus tree branches on streams, which triggered mineral sediment accretion processes in the riparian zone, but not in ways consistent with the beaver meadow theory and only at a few sites. At the majority of sites, beavers actively excavated peat and mineral sediment, moved thousands of cubic meters of sediment within their occupied landscapes and used it to build dams. Beaver were also common in fen ecosystems where pond formation inundated and drowned peat forming mosses and sedges, and triggered a massive invasion of exotic plant species. Results highlight that restoration of fen ecosystems is a previously unrecognized but pressing and challenging restoration need in addition to reforestation of Nothofagus riparian forests. We recommend that decision-makers include the full ecosystem diversity of the Fuegian landscape in their beaver eradiation and ecosystem restoration plans.}, }
@article {pmid27631523, year = {2016}, author = {Tognon, R and Sant'Ana, J and Zhang, QH and Millar, JG and Aldrich, JR and Zalom, FG}, title = {Volatiles Mediating Parasitism of Euschistus conspersus and Halyomorpha halys Eggs by Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus erugatus.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {42}, number = {10}, pages = {1016-1027}, pmid = {27631523}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Decanoates/analysis/metabolism ; Female ; Heteroptera/chemistry/*parasitology/physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Male ; Oviposition ; Ovum/chemistry/*parasitology/physiology ; Pest Control ; Pheromones/analysis/metabolism ; Smell ; Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis/metabolism ; Wasps/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {This study identified chemicals found on the eggs of two stink bug species, one native to western North America, Euschistus conspersus, and an invasive species from Asia, Halyomorpha halys. The responses of two scelionid egg parasitoids, Trissolcus erugatus and Telenomus podisi, toward natural stink bug egg volatiles, and synthetic reconstructions of egg volatiles, were tested in bioassays. A compound, methyl (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoate, previously identified as the major component of the male-produced aggregation pheromone of E. conspersus, was the major volatile identified from extracts of E. conspersus eggs. In contrast, for H. halys, the sesquiterpenoids that compose the male-produced aggregation pheromone of this species were not detected on eggs, whereas the presence of hexadecanal, octadecanal, and eicosanal was detected. In laboratory olfactometer tests, both Tr. erugatus and Te. podisi females were attracted to extracts of E. conspersus eggs, and to synthetic methyl (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoate. However, female Tr. erugatus and Te. podisi wasps were repelled, both by extracts of H. halys eggs and by a blend of the aldehydes identified from H. halys eggs. A follow-up field study, using hexane-washed and intact E. conspersus as sentinel eggs, showed that the parasitoids Trissolcus erugatus and Gryon obesum emerged from these eggs. Sentinel hexane-washed eggs treated with 3 ng of methyl (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoate were parasitized more by these two species than were hexane-washed or unwashed eggs, whereas hexane-washed eggs treated with a comparable dose of the C16,18,20 aldehyde mixture were avoided by these parasitoids. In a further field experiment, Trissolcus basalis was the primary parasitoid found in sticky traps baited with methyl (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoate, indicating that this species was attracted to, but either did not oviposit or develop in the E. conspersus sentinel eggs in the previous experiment.}, }
@article {pmid27630099, year = {2016}, author = {Leśniańska, K and Perec-Matysiak, A and Hildebrand, J and Buńkowska-Gawlik, K and Piróg, A and Popiołek, M}, title = {Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in introduced raccoons (Procyon lotor)-first evidence from Poland and Germany.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {115}, number = {12}, pages = {4535-4541}, pmid = {27630099}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Cryptosporidiosis/*parasitology ; Cryptosporidium/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Enterocytozoon/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Feces/microbiology/parasitology ; Genotype ; Germany ; Humans ; Microsporidiosis/microbiology/*veterinary ; North America ; Poland ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Raccoons/*microbiology/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {The raccoon (Procyon lotor) carnivore native to North America is a fast spreading, invasive species in the Europe now. At the moment, the highest population occupies areas near the German-Polish border. The data on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. and microsporidia in raccoons is limited to North America's territory and is totally lacking in the case of their introduction to Europe. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of microparasites, i.e., Cryptosporidium spp. and microsporidia in the introduced raccoons obtained from localities in Poland and Germany. A PCR-based approach that permitted genetic characterization via sequence analysis was applied to raccoon fecal samples (n = 49), collected during 2012-2014. All fecal samples were simultaneously tested with the use of genetic markers, and DNA of microsporidia and Cryptosporidium spp. was detected among the examined raccoons. The results of our research confirmed the presence of Cryptosporidium skunk genotype and Enterocytozoon bieneusi NCF2 genotype. The results suggest a possible role of raccoons in the contamination of the environment, including urban areas, with pathogens of zoonotic significance as well as their role in the transmission and introduction of new genotypes of microparasites in the areas where P. lotor has not been observed yet. To our knowledge, there has been no literature data on the above genotypes detected previously in humans or animals from the examined study sites so far.}, }
@article {pmid27628311, year = {2017}, author = {Łukowski, A and Giertych, MJ and Walczak, U and Baraniak, E and Karolewski, P}, title = {Light conditions affect the performance of Yponomeuta evonymellus on its native host Prunus padus and the alien Prunus serotina.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {107}, number = {2}, pages = {208-216}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485316000791}, pmid = {27628311}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Fertility/radiation effects ; Food Chain ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology/radiation effects ; Light ; Male ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*physiology/radiation effects ; *Prunus/growth &amp; development ; Species Specificity ; Trees/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The bird cherry ermine moth, Yponomeuta evonymellus L., is considered an obligatory monophagous insect pest that feeds only on native European Prunus padus L. In recent years, however, increased larval feeding on alien P. serotina Ehrh. has been observed. In both species, general defoliation is extensive for shade grown trees, whereas it is high in P. padus, but very low in P. serotina, when trees are grown in full light conditions. The aim of the present study was to identify how the plant host species and light conditions affect the performance of Y. evonymellus. The influence of host species and light condition on their growth and development, characterized by the parameters of pupation, adult eclosion, body mass, potential fecundity, and wing size, was measured in a 2 × 2 experimental design (two light treatments, two hosts). In comparison with high light (HL) conditions, a greater percentage of pupation and a longer period and less dynamic adult emerge was observed under low light (LL) conditions. The effect of host species on these parameters was not significant. In contrast, mass, fecundity and all of the studied wing parameters were higher in larvae that grazed on P. padus than on P. serotina. Similarly the same parameters were also higher on shrubs in HL as compared with those grown under LL conditions. In general, light conditions, rather than plant species, were more often and to a greater extent, responsible for differences in the observed parameters of insect development and potential fecundity.}, }
@article {pmid27626271, year = {2016}, author = {Dunker, KJ and Sepulveda, AJ and Massengill, RL and Olsen, JB and Russ, OL and Wenburg, JK and Antonovich, A}, title = {Potential of Environmental DNA to Evaluate Northern Pike (Esox lucius) Eradication Efforts: An Experimental Test and Case Study.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {e0162277}, pmid = {27626271}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/*analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Esocidae/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Determining the success of invasive species eradication efforts is challenging because populations at very low abundance are difficult to detect. Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling has recently emerged as a powerful tool for detecting rare aquatic animals; however, detectable fragments of DNA can persist over time despite absence of the targeted taxa and can therefore complicate eDNA sampling after an eradication event. This complication is a large concern for fish eradication efforts in lakes since killed fish can sink to the bottom and slowly decay. DNA released from these carcasses may remain detectable for long periods. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of eDNA sampling to detect invasive Northern pike (Esox lucius) following piscicide eradication efforts in southcentral Alaskan lakes. We used field observations and experiments to test the sensitivity of our Northern pike eDNA assay and to evaluate the persistence of detectable DNA emitted from Northern pike carcasses. We then used eDNA sampling and traditional sampling (i.e., gillnets) to test for presence of Northern pike in four lakes subjected to a piscicide-treatment designed to eradicate this species. We found that our assay could detect an abundant, free-roaming population of Northern pike and could also detect low-densities of Northern pike held in cages. For these caged Northern pike, probability of detection decreased with distance from the cage. We then stocked three lakes with Northern pike carcasses and collected eDNA samples 7, 35 and 70 days post-stocking. We detected DNA at 7 and 35 days, but not at 70 days. Finally, we collected eDNA samples ~ 230 days after four lakes were subjected to piscicide-treatments and detected Northern pike DNA in 3 of 179 samples, with a single detection at each of three lakes, though we did not catch any Northern pike in gillnets. Taken together, we found that eDNA can help to inform eradication efforts if used in conjunction with multiple lines of inquiry and sampling is delayed long enough to allow full degradation of DNA in the water.}, }
@article {pmid27624856, year = {2017}, author = {Colla, SR and MacIvor, JS}, title = {Questioning public perception, conservation policy, and recovery actions for honeybees in North America.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, pages = {1202-1204}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12839}, pmid = {27624856}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Beekeeping/*methods ; *Bees ; Canada ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Environmental Policy/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Introduced Species ; Pollination ; *Public Opinion ; United States ; }, }
@article {pmid27624742, year = {2015}, author = {Deus, E and Silva, JS and Catry, FX and Rocha, M and Moreira, F}, title = {Google Street View as an alternative method to car surveys in large-scale vegetation assessments.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {188}, number = {10}, pages = {560}, pmid = {27624742}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Eucalyptus ; *Geographic Mapping ; Internet ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Plant Weeds ; Portugal ; *Remote Sensing Technology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Car surveys (CS) are a common method for assessing the distribution of alien invasive plants. Google Street View (GSV), a free-access web technology where users may experience a virtual travel along roads, has been suggested as a cost-effective alternative to car surveys. We tested if we could replicate the results from a countrywide survey conducted by car in Portugal using GSV as a remote sensing tool, aiming at assessing the distribution of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. wildlings on roadsides adjacent to eucalypt stands. Georeferenced points gathered along CS were used to create road transects visible as lines overlapping the road in GSV environment, allowing surveying the same sampling areas using both methods. This paper presents the results of the comparison between the two methods. Both methods produced similar models of plant abundance, selecting the same explanatory variables, in the same hierarchical order of importance and depicting a similar influence on plant abundance. Even though the GSV model had a lower performance and the GSV survey detected fewer plants, additional variables collected exclusively with GSV improved model performance and provided a new insight into additional factors influencing plant abundance. The survey using GSV required ca. 9 % of the funds and 62 % of the time needed to accomplish the CS. We conclude that GSV may be a cost-effective alternative to CS. We discuss some advantages and limitations of GSV as a survey method. We forecast that GSV may become a widespread tool in road ecology, particularly in large-scale vegetation assessments.}, }
@article {pmid27623479, year = {2016}, author = {Veeraraghavan, B and Jayaraman, R and John, J and Varghese, R and Neeravi, A and Verghese, VP and Thomas, K}, title = {Customized sequential multiplex PCR for accurate and early determination of invasive pneumococcal serotypes found in India.}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methods}, volume = {130}, number = {}, pages = {133-135}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2016.09.007}, pmid = {27623479}, issn = {1872-8359}, mesh = {Agglutination Tests/methods ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; India ; Introduced Species ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Pneumococcal Infections/blood/cerebrospinal fluid/*diagnosis/*microbiology ; Prevalence ; Serogroup ; Serotyping/*methods ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/*genetics/immunology/*isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {For accurate and earlier detection of invasive pneumococcal serogroup/serotypes from India, we have rearranged the African sequence of multiplex PCR provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA. This modified approach can successfully be adapted for earlier serotype detection of 95% of the pneumococcal strains prevalent in India.}, }
@article {pmid27620559, year = {2016}, author = {Yi, Z and Liu, D and Cui, X and Shang, Z}, title = {Morphology and Ultrastructure of Antennal Sensilla in Male and Female Agrilus mali (Coleoptera: Buprestidae).}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {27620559}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropod Antennae/anatomy &amp; histology/ultrastructure ; China ; Coleoptera/*anatomy &amp; histology/ultrastructure ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Sensilla/ultrastructure ; }, abstract = {The apple buprestid beetle, Agrilus mali Matsumura, is an invasive pest causing significant damages to rare wild apple forests of Xinjiang. The morphology, abundance and distribution of antennal sensilla in both sexes of this pest were examined. We found that the antennae of A. mali females were longer than those of males. Five types of antennal sensilla were characterized, including trichodea (subtypes Tr.1, Tr.2, and Tr.3), chaetica (subtypes Sc.1, Sc.2, Sc.3, and Sc.4), basiconica (subtypes Ba. 1, Ba. 2, Ba. 3 and Ba.4), Böhm bristles (subtypes BB. 1, and BB. 2), and multiporous grooved sensilla. The most abundant sensilla of Ba.2 tended to occur mainly on flagellomeres 5-8 in both sexes. The last three flagellomeres tended to have the most abundant Tr.1 in both sexes. Overall, the abundance and distribution of these sensilla appeared to be highly conserved in both sexes, and their olfactory organs seemed to cluster on flagellomeres 6-8. However, some sex dimorphisms were also observed. Tr.3 and BB.2 were found only in females. Sensilla of Sc.2 were found on the pedicel and first two flagellomeres only in males. When compared with males, females showed a higher number of Sc.3, but a lower number of Sc.4 on the pedicel. These results indicate that contact cues could be important in intersexual communication in A. mali. The functional roles of these sensilla and their implications in A. mali behaviors are discussed, and further studies of identified chemosensitive sensilla can provide a foundation for developing semiochemical-based management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid27620106, year = {2016}, author = {Furey, PC and Deininger, A and Liess, A}, title = {Substratum-Associated Microbiota.}, journal = {Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation}, volume = {88}, number = {10}, pages = {1637-1671}, doi = {10.2175/106143016X14696400495613}, pmid = {27620106}, issn = {1061-4303}, mesh = {*Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Fresh Water/microbiology ; Microalgae ; *Microbiota ; Plastics/analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/metabolism ; }, abstract = {This survey of literature on substratum associated microbiota from 2015 highlights research findings associated with benthic algae and bacteria from a variety of aquatic environments, but primarily freshwaters. It focuses on topics of interest to the Water Environment Federation along with those of current emerging interest such as global change, oil spills, and environmental contaminants like pharmaceutical compounds, microplastics, nanoparticles and organic pollutants. Other interesting findings briefly covered include areas of general ecology, nutrient cycling, trophic interactions, water quality, nuisance and invasive species, bioindicators, and bioremediation.}, }
@article {pmid27619698, year = {2016}, author = {Schwander, T and Oldroyd, BP}, title = {Androgenesis: where males hijack eggs to clone themselves.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {371}, number = {1706}, pages = {}, pmid = {27619698}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cyprinidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Plant Development ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; *Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Androgenesis is a form of quasi-sexual reproduction in which a male is the sole source of the nuclear genetic material in the embryo. Two types of androgenesis occur in nature. Under the first type, females produce eggs without a nucleus and the embryo develops from the male gamete following fertilization. Evolution of this type of androgenesis is poorly understood as the parent responsible for androgenesis (the mother) gains no benefit from it. Ultimate factors driving the evolution of the second type of androgenesis are better understood. In this case, a zygote is formed between a male and a female gamete, but the female genome is eliminated. When rare, androgenesis with genome elimination is favoured because an androgenesis-determining allele has twice the reproductive success of an allele that determines sexual reproduction. Paradoxically, except in hermaphrodites, a successful androgenetic strain can drive such a male-biased sex ratio that the population goes extinct. This likely explains why androgenesis with genome elimination appears to be rarer than androgenesis via non-nucleate eggs, although both forms are either very rare or remain largely undetected in nature. Nonetheless, some highly invasive species including ants and freshwater clams are androgenetic, for reasons that are largely unexplained.This article is part of the themed issue 'Weird sex: the underappreciated diversity of sexual reproduction'.}, }
@article {pmid27619175, year = {2016}, author = {Boardman, L and Sørensen, JG and Koštál, V and Šimek, P and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Cold tolerance is unaffected by oxygen availability despite changes in anaerobic metabolism.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {32856}, pmid = {27619175}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Amino Acids/metabolism ; Anaerobiosis/*physiology ; Animals ; Basal Metabolism/*physiology ; Cold Temperature ; Cold-Shock Response/*physiology ; Homeostasis/physiology ; Larva/physiology ; Metabolomics ; Moths/*physiology ; Oxygen/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Insect cold tolerance depends on their ability to withstand or repair perturbations in cellular homeostasis caused by low temperature stress. Decreased oxygen availability (hypoxia) can interact with low temperature tolerance, often improving insect survival. One mechanism proposed for such responses is that whole-animal cold tolerance is set by a transition to anaerobic metabolism. Here, we provide a test of this hypothesis in an insect model system (Thaumatotibia leucotreta) by experimental manipulation of oxygen availability while measuring metabolic rate, critical thermal minimum (CTmin), supercooling point and changes in 43 metabolites in moth larvae at three key timepoints (before, during and after chill coma). Furthermore, we determined the critical oxygen partial pressure below which metabolic rate was suppressed (c. 4.5 kPa). Results showed that altering oxygen availability did not affect (non-lethal) CTmin nor (lethal) supercooling point. Metabolomic profiling revealed the upregulation of anaerobic metabolites and alterations in concentrations of citric acid cycle intermediates during and after chill coma exposure. Hypoxia exacerbated the anaerobic metabolite responses induced by low temperatures. These results suggest that cold tolerance of T. leucotreta larvae is not set by oxygen limitation, and that anaerobic metabolism in these larvae may contribute to their ability to survive in necrotic fruit.}, }
@article {pmid27618506, year = {2016}, author = {Kuebbing, SE and Nuñez, MA}, title = {Invasive non-native plants have a greater effect on neighbouring natives than other non-natives.}, journal = {Nature plants}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {16134}, doi = {10.1038/nplants.2016.134}, pmid = {27618506}, issn = {2055-0278}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Tracheophyta/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Human activity is creating a global footprint by changing the climate, altering habitats and reshuffling the distribution of species. The movement of species around the globe has led to the naturalization and accumulation of multiple non-native species within ecosystems, which is frequently associated with habitat disturbance and changing environmental conditions. However, interactions among species will also influence community composition, but little is known about the full range of direct and indirect interactions among native and non-native species. Here, we show through a meta-analysis of 1,215 pairwise plant interactions between 274 vascular plant species in 21 major habitat types that interactions between non-native plants are asymmetrical with interactions between non-native and native plants. Non-native plants were always bad neighbours, but the negative effect of non-natives on natives was around two times greater than the effect of non-natives on other non-natives. In contrast, the performance of non-native plants was five times higher in the presence of a neighbouring native plant species than in the presence of a neighbouring non-native plant species. Together, these results demonstrate that invaded plant communities may accumulate additional non-native species even if direct interactions between non-natives species are negative. Put another way, invasions may be more likely to lead to more invasions, requiring more active management of ecosystems by promoting native species restoration to undermine invasive positive feedback and to assist native species recovery in invaded ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid27616795, year = {2016}, author = {Crous, PW and Wingfield, MJ and Richardson, DM and Le Roux, JJ and Strasberg, D and Edwards, J and Roets, F and Hubka, V and Taylor, PW and Heykoop, M and Martín, MP and Moreno, G and Sutton, DA and Wiederhold, NP and Barnes, CW and Carlavilla, JR and Gené, J and Giraldo, A and Guarnaccia, V and Guarro, J and Hernández-Restrepo, M and Kolařík, M and Manjón, JL and Pascoe, IG and Popov, ES and Sandoval-Denis, M and Woudenberg, JH and Acharya, K and Alexandrova, AV and Alvarado, P and Barbosa, RN and Baseia, IG and Blanchette, RA and Boekhout, T and Burgess, TI and Cano-Lira, JF and Čmoková, A and Dimitrov, RA and Dyakov, MY and Dueñas, M and Dutta, AK and Esteve-Raventós, F and Fedosova, AG and Fournier, J and Gamboa, P and Gouliamova, DE and Grebenc, T and Groenewald, M and Hanse, B and Hardy, GE and Held, BW and Jurjević, &#x17d; and Kaewgrajang, T and Latha, KP and Lombard, L and Luangsa-Ard, JJ and Lysková, P and Mallátová, N and Manimohan, P and Miller, AN and Mirabolfathy, M and Morozova, OV and Obodai, M and Oliveira, NT and Ordóñez, ME and Otto, EC and Paloi, S and Peterson, SW and Phosri, C and Roux, J and Salazar, WA and Sánchez, A and Sarria, GA and Shin, HD and Silva, BD and Silva, GA and Smith, MT and Souza-Motta, CM and Stchigel, AM and Stoilova-Disheva, MM and Sulzbacher, MA and Telleria, MT and Toapanta, C and Traba, JM and Valenzuela-Lopez, N and Watling, R and Groenewald, JZ}, title = {Fungal Planet description sheets: 400-468.}, journal = {Persoonia}, volume = {36}, number = {}, pages = {316-458}, pmid = {27616795}, issn = {0031-5850}, abstract = {Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Australia: Vermiculariopsiella eucalypti, Mulderomyces natalis (incl. Mulderomyces gen. nov.), Fusicladium paraamoenum, Neotrimmatostroma paraexcentricum, and Pseudophloeospora eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus spp., Anungitea grevilleae (on leaves of Grevillea sp.), Pyrenochaeta acaciae (on leaves of Acacia sp.), and Brunneocarpos banksiae (incl. Brunneocarpos gen. nov.) on cones of Banksia attenuata. Novel foliicolous taxa from South Africa include Neosulcatispora strelitziae (on Strelitzia nicolai), Colletotrichum ledebouriae (on Ledebouria floridunda), Cylindrosympodioides brabejum (incl. Cylindrosympodioides gen. nov.) on Brabejum stellatifolium, Sclerostagonospora ericae (on Erica sp.), Setophoma cyperi (on Cyperus sphaerocephala), and Phaeosphaeria breonadiae (on Breonadia microcephala). Novelties described from Robben Island (South Africa) include Wojnowiciella cissampeli and Diaporthe cissampeli (both on Cissampelos capensis), Phaeotheca salicorniae (on Salicornia meyeriana), Paracylindrocarpon aloicola (incl. Paracylindrocarpon gen. nov.) on Aloe sp., and Libertasomyces myopori (incl. Libertasomyces gen. nov.) on Myoporum serratum. Several novelties are recorded from La Réunion (France), namely Phaeosphaeriopsis agapanthi (on Agapanthus sp.), Roussoella solani (on Solanum mauritianum), Vermiculariopsiella acaciae (on Acacia heterophylla), Dothiorella acacicola (on Acacia mearnsii), Chalara clidemiae (on Clidemia hirta), Cytospora tibouchinae (on Tibouchina semidecandra), Diaporthe ocoteae (on Ocotea obtusata), Castanediella eucalypticola, Phaeophleospora eucalypticola and Fusicladium eucalypticola (on Eucalyptus robusta), Lareunionomyces syzygii (incl. Lareunionomyces gen. nov.) and Parawiesneriomyces syzygii (incl. Parawiesneriomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Syzygium jambos. Novel taxa from the USA include Meristemomyces arctostaphylos (on Arctostaphylos patula), Ochroconis dracaenae (on Dracaena reflexa), Rasamsonia columbiensis (air of a hotel conference room), Paecilomyces tabacinus (on Nicotiana tabacum), Toxicocladosporium hominis (from human broncoalveolar lavage fluid), Nothophoma macrospora (from respiratory secretion of a patient with pneumonia), and Penidiellopsis radicularis (incl. Penidiellopsis gen. nov.) from a human nail. Novel taxa described from Malaysia include Prosopidicola albizziae (on Albizzia falcataria), Proxipyricularia asari (on Asarum sp.), Diaporthe passifloricola (on Passiflora foetida), Paramycoleptodiscus albizziae (incl. Paramycoleptodiscus gen. nov.) on Albizzia falcataria, and Malaysiasca phaii (incl. Malaysiasca gen. nov.) on Phaius reflexipetalus. Two species are newly described from human patients in the Czech Republic, namely Microascus longicollis (from toenails of patient with suspected onychomycosis), and Chrysosporium echinulatum (from sole skin of patient). Furthermore, Alternaria quercicola is described on leaves of Quercus brantii (Iran), Stemphylium beticola on leaves of Beta vulgaris (The Netherlands), Scleroderma capeverdeanum on soil (Cape Verde Islands), Scleroderma dunensis on soil, and Blastobotrys meliponae from bee honey (Brazil), Ganoderma mbrekobenum on angiosperms (Ghana), Geoglossum raitviirii and Entoloma kruticianum on soil (Russia), Priceomyces vitoshaensis on Pterostichus melas (Carabidae) (Bulgaria) is the only one for which the family is listed, Ganoderma ecuadoriense on decaying wood (Ecuador), Thyrostroma cornicola on Cornus officinalis (Korea), Cercophora vinosa on decorticated branch of Salix sp. (France), Coprinus pinetorum, Coprinus littoralis and Xerocomellus poederi on soil (Spain). Two new genera from Colombia include Helminthosporiella and Uwemyces on leaves of Elaeis oleifera. Two species are described from India, namely Russula intervenosa (ectomycorrhizal with Shorea robusta), and Crinipellis odorata (on bark of Mytragyna parviflora). Novelties from Thailand include Cyphellophora gamsii (on leaf litter), Pisolithus aureosericeus and Corynascus citrinus (on soil). Two species are newly described from Citrus in Italy, namely Dendryphiella paravinosa on Citrus sinensis, and Ramularia citricola on Citrus floridana. Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS nrDNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.}, }
@article {pmid27615838, year = {2016}, author = {Damme, KV}, title = {Endemism and long distance dispersal in the waterfleas of Easter Island.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4154}, number = {3}, pages = {251-272}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4154.3.2}, pmid = {27615838}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Body Size ; Cladocera/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Organ Size ; Polynesia ; }, abstract = {Easter Island is known for a depauperate terrestrial and aquatic biota. The discovery of new taxa is unusual, even among the island's micro-invertebrates. A new cladoceran, Ovalona pascua sp. nov. (Crustacea: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae), is described from freshwater environments. The chydorid, the only known extant cladoceran on the island, is the dominant aquatic invertebrate in the surface waters. Based on detailed morphological comparison, including a character similarity matrix applied across the species in the genus (12 characters/17 spp), the new taxon is proposed here as an insular endemic with affinities in the East (New World). The revision challenges the theory that invasive zooplankton species were introduced from the subantarctic islands during the 18th century. Human introduction is not the main mechanism through which cladocerans could have arrived on Easter Island. Late Pleistocene - Early Holocene fossils in Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) from cores in Rano Raraku Lake are identified here as Daphnia O.F. Müller, 1785 (subgenus Ctenodaphnia Dybowski &amp; Grochowski, 1895). The establishment of Daphnia before human colonization on Easter Island provides strong proof of successful long distance dispersal by ephippia over thousands of kilometers of open sea.}, }
@article {pmid27614235, year = {2016}, author = {Boutte, J and Ferreira de Carvalho, J and Rousseau-Gueutin, M and Poulain, J and Da Silva, C and Wincker, P and Ainouche, M and Salmon, A}, title = {Reference Transcriptomes and Detection of Duplicated Copies in Hexaploid and Allododecaploid Spartina Species (Poaceae).}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {3030-3044}, pmid = {27614235}, issn = {1759-6653}, mesh = {*Gene Duplication ; Gene Library ; Genotyping Techniques/methods/*standards ; Haplotypes ; Poaceae/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; *Polyploidy ; Reference Standards ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {In this study, we report the assembly and annotation of five reference transcriptomes for the European hexaploid Spartina species (S. maritima, S. alterniflora and their homoploid hybrids S. x townsendii and S. x neyrautii) and the allododecaploid invasive species S. anglica These transcriptomes were constructed from various leaf and root cDNA libraries that were sequenced using both Roche-454 and Illumina technologies. Considering the high ploidy levels of the Spartina genomes under study, and considering the absence of diploid reference genome and the need of an appropriate analytical strategy, we developed generic bioinformatics tools to (1) detect different haplotypes of each gene within each species and (2) assign a parental origin to haplotypes detected in the hexaploid hybrids and the neo-allopolyploid. The approach described here allows the detection of putative homeologs from sets of short reads. Synonymous substitution rate (KS) comparisons between haplotypes from the hexaploid species revealed the presence of one KS peak (likely resulting from the tetraploid duplication event). The procedure developed in this study can be applied for future differential gene expression or genomics experiments to study the fate of duplicated genes in the invasive allododecaploid S. anglica.}, }
@article {pmid27613515, year = {2016}, author = {Mopper, S and Wiens, KC and Goranova, GA}, title = {Competition, salinity, and clonal growth in native and introduced irises.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {103}, number = {9}, pages = {1575-1581}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1600075}, pmid = {27613515}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Biomass ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; Iris Plant/drug effects/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction, Asexual/drug effects ; *Salinity ; Sodium Chloride/*pharmacology ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Iris pseudacorus spread rapidly into North America after introduction from Europe in the 1800s and now co-occurs with native I. hexagona in freshwater Louisiana wetlands. Native irises support and interact with multiple trophic levels, whereas I. pseudacorus is classified an invasive pest because it grows aggressively, reduces biodiversity, and displaces native vegetation. Salinity levels are increasing in coastal wetlands worldwide. We examined how salt-stress affects competitive interactions between these conspecifics.<br><br>METHODS: We established a three-way full-factorial common-garden experiment that included species (I. pseudacorus, I. hexagona), competition (no competition, intraspecific competition, and interspecific competition), and salinity (0, 4, 8 parts per thousand NaCl), with six replicates per treatment.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: After 18 mo, Iris pseudacorus produced much more biomass than the native species did (F1, 92 = 71.5, P < 0.0001). Interspecific competition did not affect the introduced iris, but biomass of the native was strongly reduced (competition &#xd7; species interaction: F2, 95 = 76.7, P = 0.002). Salinity significantly reduced biomass of both species (F2, 92 = 21.8, P < 0.0001), with no species &#xd7; salinity interaction (F2, 84 = 1.85, P = 0.16).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that salt stress strongly reduced clonal reproduction in native and introduced irises; however, the introduced iris had a competitive advantage over the native, regardless of environmental salinity levels. Based on patterns in clonal reproduction, the introduced iris could potentially threaten native iris populations. We are currently investigating seed production and mortality during competition and stress because both clonal and sexual reproduction must be considered when predicting long-term population dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid27612873, year = {2017}, author = {Delibes-Mateos, M}, title = {Rumours about wildlife pest introductions: European rabbits in Spain.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, pages = {237-249}, pmid = {27612873}, issn = {1654-7209}, mesh = {Animals ; *Communication ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Rabbits ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Rumours associated with wildlife are frequent, although they have received little attention in the scientific literature. Studying rumours is important because of their relevance not only in a broad theoretical sense but also in environmental management. The goal of this study is to explore the complexity of the relationships between humans and wildlife through a thematic analysis of rumours associated with allegedly introduced European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) that cause crop damage in Spain. For this purpose, potential rumours were identified using the Google search engine. Data analysis consisted of reading and re-reading Web-based texts to identify main themes, ideas and topics with the assistance of NVivo 10 software. The analysis identified three main themes: (1) the reviewed websites referred to allegedly introduced rabbits which differed from native rabbits; (2) differences were based on alleged observations of unnatural behaviour, physiology or physical appearance of introduced rabbits; (3) rumours were frequently used in the context of the rabbit management conflict; e.g. farmers accused hunters of releasing harmful rabbits. This study suggests that the analysis of wildlife-release rumours sheds light on the position of parties involved in conflicts associated with the (alleged) introduction of wildlife species. It stresses the importance of rumours in conservation and environmental management, and opens the door to future research.}, }
@article {pmid27609423, year = {2016}, author = {Ardura, A and Juanes, F and Planes, S and Garcia-Vazquez, E}, title = {Rate of biological invasions is lower in coastal marine protected areas.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {33013}, pmid = {27609423}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*growth &amp; development ; *Biota ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Pacific Islands ; Spatial Analysis ; }, abstract = {Marine biological invasions threaten biodiversity worldwide. Here we explore how Marine Protected areas, by reducing human use of the coast, confer resilience against the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS), using two very different Pacific islands as case studies for developing and testing mathematical models. We quantified NIS vectors and promoters on Vancouver (Canada) and Moorea (French Polynesia) islands, sampled and barcoded NIS, and tested models at different spatial scales with different types of interaction among vectors and between marine protection and NIS frequency. In our results NIS were negatively correlated with the dimension of the protected areas and the intensity of the protection. Small to medium geographical scale protection seemed to be efficient against NIS introductions. The likely benefit of MPAs was by exclusion of aquaculture, principally in Canada. These results emphasize the importance of marine protected areas for biodiversity conservation, and suggest that small or medium protected zones would confer efficient protection against NIS introduction.}, }
@article {pmid27606004, year = {2016}, author = {Cornet, S and Brouat, C and Diagne, C and Charbonnel, N}, title = {Eco-immunology and bioinvasion: revisiting the evolution of increased competitive ability hypotheses.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {952-962}, pmid = {27606004}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Immunity is at the core of major theories related to invasion biology. Among them, the evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) and EICA-refined hypotheses have been used as a reference work. They postulate that the release from pathogens often experienced during invasion should favour a reallocation of resources from (costly) immune defences to beneficial life-history traits associated with invasive potential. We review studies documenting immune changes during animal invasions. We describe the designs and approaches that have been applied and discuss some reasons that prevent drawing generalized conclusions regarding EICA hypotheses. We detail why a better assessment of invasion history and immune costs, including immunopathologies and parasite communities, could improve our understanding of the relationships between immunity and invasion success. Finally, we propose new perspectives to revisit the EICA hypotheses. We first emphasize the neutral and adaptive mechanisms involved in immune changes, as well as timing of the later. Such investigation will help decipher whether immune changes are a consequence of pre-adaptation, or the result of postintroduction adaptations to invasion front conditions. We next bring attention to new avenues of research that remain unexplored, namely age-dependent immunity and gut microbiota, potential key factors underlying adaptation to invasion front environment and modulating invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid27606003, year = {2016}, author = {Stotz, GC and Gianoli, E and Cahill, JF}, title = {Spatial pattern of invasion and the evolutionary responses of native plant species.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {939-951}, pmid = {27606003}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Invasive plant species can have a strong negative impact on the resident native species, likely imposing new selective pressures on them. Altered selective pressures may result in evolutionary changes in some native species, reducing competitive exclusion and allowing for coexistence with the invader. Native genotypes that are able to coexist with strong invaders may represent a valuable resource for management efforts. A better understanding of the conditions under which native species are more, or less, likely to adapt to an invader is necessary to incorporate these eco-evolutionary dynamics into management strategies. We propose that the spatial structure of invasion, in particular the size and isolation of invaded patches, is one factor which can influence the evolutionary responses of native species through modifying gene flow and the strength of selection. We present a conceptual model in which large, dense, and well-connected patches result in a greater likelihood of native species adaptation. We also identify characteristics of the interacting species that may influence the evolutionary response of native species to invasion and outline potential management implications. Identifying areas of rapid evolutionary change may offer one additional tool to managers in their effort to conserve biodiversity in the face of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid27605502, year = {2016}, author = {Ma, C and Li, SP and Pu, Z and Tan, J and Liu, M and Zhou, J and Li, H and Jiang, L}, title = {Different effects of invader-native phylogenetic relatedness on invasion success and impact: a meta-analysis of Darwin's naturalization hypothesis.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {283}, number = {1838}, pages = {}, pmid = {27605502}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Darwin's naturalization hypothesis (DNH), which predicts that alien species more distantly related to native communities are more likely to naturalize, has received much recent attention. The mixed findings from empirical studies that have tested DNH, however, seem to defy generalizations. Using meta-analysis to synthesize results of existing studies, we show that the predictive power of DNH depends on both the invasion stage and the spatial scale of the studies. Alien species more closely related to natives tended to be less successful at the local scale, supporting DNH; invasion success, however, was unaffected by alien-native relatedness at the regional scale. On the other hand, alien species with stronger impacts on native communities tended to be more closely related to natives at the local scale, but less closely related to natives at the regional scale. These patterns are generally consistent across different ecosystems, taxa and investigation methods. Our results revealed the different effects of invader-native relatedness on invader success and impact, suggesting the operation of different mechanisms across invasion stages and spatial scales.}, }
@article {pmid27605372, year = {2016}, author = {Bara, JJ and Parker, AT and Muturi, EJ}, title = {Comparative Susceptibility of Ochlerotatus japonicus, Ochlerotatus triseriatus, Aedes albopictus, and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to La Crosse Virus.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {53}, number = {6}, pages = {1415-1421}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjw097}, pmid = {27605372}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Aedes/*virology ; Animals ; Female ; Insect Vectors/*virology ; Introduced Species ; La Crosse virus/*physiology ; Ochlerotatus/*virology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Invasive mosquito species can increase the transmission risk of native mosquito-borne diseases by acting as novel vectors. In this study, we examined the susceptibility of three exotic invasive mosquito species Aedes aegypti (L.), Ae. albopictus (Skuse), and Ochlerotatus japonicus (Theobald) to La Crosse virus (LACV) relative to the native primary vector Ochlerotatus triseriatus (Say). Adult females of the four mosquito species were orally challenged with LACV; incubated for 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11 d; and their midgut infection rates, dissemination rates, and effective vector competence were determined. Overall, Oc. japonicus (2.92) had the highest effective vector competence values, followed by Ae. albopictus (1.55), Ae. aegypti (0.88), and Oc. triseriatus (0.64). In addition, we assessed the relationship between mosquito size and LACV susceptibility for field-collected Oc. triseriatus and Oc. japonicus We hypothesized that smaller adults would be more susceptible to LACV; however, our results did not support this hypothesis. Infected Oc. triseriatus tended to be larger than exposed but uninfected females, while infected and uninfected Oc. japonicus were similarly sized. These findings suggest that Oc. japonicus, Ae. albopictus, and Ae. aegypti have significant potential to transmit LACV and more research is needed to uncover their potential role in LACV epidemiology.}, }
@article {pmid27603517, year = {2016}, author = {Frank, AS and Carthey, AJ and Banks, PB}, title = {Does Historical Coexistence with Dingoes Explain Current Avoidance of Domestic Dogs? Island Bandicoots Are Naïve to Dogs, unlike Their Mainland Counterparts.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {e0161447}, pmid = {27603517}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Avoidance Learning/*physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Canidae/physiology ; Cats ; Dogs ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Marsupialia/physiology ; Murinae/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Tasmania ; }, abstract = {Introduced predators have a global reputation for causing declines and extinctions of native species. Native prey naiveté towards novel predators is thought to be a key reason for predator impacts. However, naiveté is not necessarily forever: where coexistence establishes, it is likely that naiveté will be reduced through adaptation, and the once alien predator will eventually become recognised by prey. For example, native marsupial bandicoots in Sydney avoid backyards with domestic dogs (C. lupus familiaris), but not domestic cats (Felis catus), even though cats and dogs were both introduced about 200 years ago (Carthey and Banks 2012). The authors attributed bandicoots' recognition of dogs to long-term exposure to a close relative of dogs, dingoes that arrived in Australia 4000 years ago. Here, we test a prediction of this hypothesis by taking the study to Tasmania, where dingoes have never been present but where domestic dogs also arrived about 200 years ago. We use a similar survey design to that of Carthey and Banks (2012): asking Hobart residents to report on pet-ownership, bandicoot sightings and scats within their backyards, as well as an array of yard characteristic control variables. We predicted that if long term experience with dingoes enabled mainland bandicoots to recognise domestic dogs, then Tasmanian bandicoots, which are inexperienced with dingoes, would not recognise domestic dogs. Our results indicate that Tasmanian bandicoots are naïve to both dogs and cats after only 200 years of coexistence, supporting our hypothesis and the notion that naiveté in native prey towards alien predators (as observed on the mainland) may eventually be overcome.}, }
@article {pmid27602271, year = {2016}, author = {Bogdan, V and Jůnek, T and Jůnková Vymyslická, P}, title = {Temporal overlaps of feral cats with prey and competitors in primary and human-altered habitats on Bohol Island, Philippines.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e2288}, pmid = {27602271}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The vertebrate fauna of the Philippines, known for its diversity and high proportion of endemic species, comprises mainly small- to medium-sized forms with a few large exceptions. As with other tropical ecosystems, the major threats to wildlife are habitat loss, hunting and invasive species, of which the feral cat (Felis catus) is considered the most damaging. Our camera-trapping study focused on a terrestrial vertebrate species inventory on Bohol Island and tempo-spatial co-occurrences of feral cats with their prey and competitors. The survey took place in the Rajah Sikatuna Protected Landscape, and we examined the primary rainforest, its border with agricultural land, and rural areas in the vicinity of villages. Altogether, over 2,885 trap days we captured 30 species of vertebrates-10 mammals (including Sus philippensis), 19 birds and one reptile, Varanus cumingi. We trapped 81.8% of expected vertebrates. Based on the number of events, the most frequent native species was the barred rail (Gallirallus torquatus). The highest overlap in diel activity between cats and potential prey was recorded with rodents in rural areas (Δ = 0.62); the lowest was in the same habitat with ground-dwelling birds (Δ = 0.40). Cat activity was not recorded inside the rainforest; in other habitats their diel activity pattern differed. The cats' activity declined in daylight in the proximity of humans, while it peaked at the transition zone between rainforest and fields. Both rodents and ground-dwelling birds exhibited a shift in activity levels between sites where cats were present or absent. Rodents tend to become active by day in cat-free habitats. No cats' temporal response to co-occurrences of civets (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus and Viverra tangalunga) was found but cats in diel activity avoided domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Our first insight into the ecology of this invasive predator in the Philippines revealed an avoidance of homogeneous primary rainforest and a tendency to forage close to human settlements in heterogeneous habitats. A detailed further investigation of the composition of the cat's diet, as well as ranging pattern, is still needed.}, }
@article {pmid27602262, year = {2016}, author = {Lanszki, J and Lehoczky, I and Kotze, A and Somers, MJ}, title = {Diet of otters (Lutra lutra) in various habitat types in the Pannonian biogeographical region compared to other regions of Europe.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e2266}, pmid = {27602262}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Knowledge of the effect of habitat type and region on diet and feeding behaviours of a species facilitates a better understanding of factors impacting populations, which contributes to effective conservation management. Using spraint analysis and relative frequency of occurrence data from the literature, we described the dietary patterns of Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) in 23 study sites within the Pannonian biogeographical region in Hungary. Our results indicated that diet composition varied by habitat type and is therefore context dependant. The differences among habitat types were however lower than expected. We noticed a decline in the fish consumption with a concomitant increase in trophic niche breadth and amphibian consumption in rivers, ponds (fish farms), backwaters, marshes and small watercourses. The main differences in diet were not attributed to the consumption of primary and secondary food types (fish and amphibians), but rather to differences in other, less important food types (mammals, birds). Using hierarchical cluster analysis, rivers and ponds could clearly be separated from other habitat types. We found the main fish diet of otters in most of these areas consisted of small (<100 g), eurytopic, littoral and non-native, mostly invasive species. Dietary studies from 91 sites in six European biogeographical regions showed that fish are consumed most frequently in the Atlantic and Boreal, less in the Continental and Pannonian, and least in the Alpine and Mediterranean regions. Comparative analysis indicated that the Mediterranean region (with frequent crayfish consumption) and Alpine region (frequent amphibian consumption) cluster separate from the other regions.}, }
@article {pmid27602260, year = {2016}, author = {Brown, MJ and Dicks, LV and Paxton, RJ and Baldock, KC and Barron, AB and Chauzat, MP and Freitas, BM and Goulson, D and Jepsen, S and Kremen, C and Li, J and Neumann, P and Pattemore, DE and Potts, SG and Schweiger, O and Seymour, CL and Stout, JC}, title = {A horizon scan of future threats and opportunities for pollinators and pollination.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e2249}, pmid = {27602260}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Background. Pollinators, which provide the agriculturally and ecologically essential service of pollination, are under threat at a global scale. Habitat loss and homogenisation, pesticides, parasites and pathogens, invasive species, and climate change have been identified as past and current threats to pollinators. Actions to mitigate these threats, e.g., agri-environment schemes and pesticide-use moratoriums, exist, but have largely been applied post-hoc. However, future sustainability of pollinators and the service they provide requires anticipation of potential threats and opportunities before they occur, enabling timely implementation of policy and practice to prevent, rather than mitigate, further pollinator declines. Methods.Using a horizon scanning approach we identified issues that are likely to impact pollinators, either positively or negatively, over the coming three decades. Results.Our analysis highlights six high priority, and nine secondary issues. High priorities are: (1) corporate control of global agriculture, (2) novel systemic pesticides, (3) novel RNA viruses, (4) the development of new managed pollinators, (5) more frequent heatwaves and drought under climate change, and (6) the potential positive impact of reduced chemical use on pollinators in non-agricultural settings. Discussion. While current pollinator management approaches are largely driven by mitigating past impacts, we present opportunities for pre-emptive practice, legislation, and policy to sustainably manage pollinators for future generations.}, }
@article {pmid27601582, year = {2016}, author = {Mesgaran, MB and Lewis, MA and Ades, PK and Donohue, K and Ohadi, S and Li, C and Cousens, RD}, title = {Hybridization can facilitate species invasions, even without enhancing local adaptation.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {113}, number = {36}, pages = {10210-10214}, pmid = {27601582}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Brassicaceae/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; *Genetic Fitness ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Inbreeding ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Genetic ; Pollination/genetics ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The founding population in most new species introductions, or at the leading edge of an ongoing invasion, is likely to be small. Severe Allee effects-reductions in individual fitness at low population density-may then result in a failure of the species to colonize, even if the habitat could support a much larger population. Using a simulation model for plant populations that incorporates demography, mating systems, quantitative genetics, and pollinators, we show that Allee effects can potentially be overcome by transient hybridization with a resident species or an earlier colonizer. This mechanism does not require the invocation of adaptive changes usually attributed to invasions following hybridization. We verify our result in a case study of sequential invasions by two plant species where the outcrosser Cakile maritima has replaced an earlier, inbreeding, colonizer Cakile edentula (Brassicaceae). Observed historical rates of replacement are consistent with model predictions from hybrid-alleviated Allee effects in outcrossers, although other causes cannot be ruled out.}, }
@article {pmid27601580, year = {2016}, author = {Hall, RJ}, title = {Hybridization helps colonizers become conquerors.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {113}, number = {36}, pages = {9963-9964}, pmid = {27601580}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Genetics, Population ; Humans ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*genetics ; Population Dynamics ; }, }
@article {pmid27600881, year = {2016}, author = {Bai, S and Wang, Y and Conant, RT and Zhou, G and Xu, Y and Wang, N and Fang, F and Chen, J}, title = {Can native clonal moso bamboo encroach on adjacent natural forest without human intervention?.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {31504}, pmid = {27600881}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Bambusa/*growth &amp; development ; Biodiversity ; China ; Cunninghamia ; Forests ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Native species are generally thought not to encroach on adjacent natural forest without human intervention. However, the phenomenon that native moso bamboo may encroach on surrounding natural forests by itself occurred in China. To certificate this encroaching process, we employed the transition front approach to monitor the native moso bamboo population dynamics in native Chinese fir and evergreen broadleaved forest bordering moso bamboo forest in Tianmu Mountain Nature Reserve during the period between 2005 and 2014. The results showed that the bamboo front moved toward the Chinese fir/evergreen broadleaved stand with the new bamboo produced yearly. Moso bamboo encroached at a rate of 1.28 m yr(-1) in Chinese fir forest and 1.04 m yr(-1) in evergreen broadleaved forest, and produced 533/437 new culms hm(-2) yr(-1) in the encroaching natural Chinese fir/evergreen broadleaved forest. Moso bamboo coverage was increasing while adjacent natural forest area decreasing continuously. These results indicate that native moso bamboo was encroaching adjacent natural forest gradually without human intervention. It should be considered to try to create a management regime that humans could selectively remove culms to decrease encroachment.}, }
@article {pmid27600786, year = {2016}, author = {Liu, LJ and Martinez-Sañudo, I and Mazzon, L and Prabhakar, CS and Girolami, V and Deng, YL and Dai, Y and Li, ZH}, title = {Bacterial communities associated with invasive populations of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in China.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {106}, number = {6}, pages = {718-728}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485316000390}, pmid = {27600786}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; DNA, Bacterial/chemistry ; Enterococcaceae/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Proteobacteria/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Symbiosis ; Tephritidae/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {The oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is a destructive insect pest of a wide range of fruits and vegetables. This pest is an invasive species and is currently distributed in some provinces of China. To recover the symbiotic bacteria of B. dorsalis from different invasion regions in China, we researched the bacterial diversity of this fruit fly among one laboratory colony (Guangdong, China) and 15 wild populations (14 sites in China and one site in Thailand) using DNA-based approaches. The construction of 16S rRNA gene libraries allowed the identification of 24 operational taxonomic units of associated bacteria at the 3% distance level, and these were affiliated with 3 phyla, 5 families, and 13 genera. The higher bacterial diversity was recovered in wild populations compared with the laboratory colony and in samples from early term invasion regions compared with samples from late term invasion regions. Moreover, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Providencia sp. were two of the most frequently recovered bacteria, present in flies collected from three different regions in China where B. dorsalis is invasive. This study for the first time provides a systemic investigation of the symbiotic bacteria of B. dorsalis from different invasion regions in China.}, }
@article {pmid27599102, year = {2017}, author = {Ximenes, RF and Gonçalves, ICB and Miyahira, IC and Pinto, HA and Melo, AL and Santos, SB}, title = {Centrocestus formosanus (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) in Melanoides tuberculata (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) from Vila do Abraão, Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {77}, number = {2}, pages = {318-322}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.13615}, pmid = {27599102}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Heterophyidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Metacercariae/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Snails/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Pleurolophocercous cercariae found in the invasive gastropod Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) collected in a stream of the Vila do Abraão, Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil were used for experimental infection that enabled the identification of the heterophyid trematode Centrocestus formosanus (Nishigori, 1924). The parasite has been found in the locality since 2007, after two years of the introduction of M. tuberculata. Recently, from a sample of 483 specimens collected in June 2013, 101 (21%) were found infected with parasite. The potential environmental impacts caused by the parasite occurrence could be underestimated in the country, and actions to monitor and control both the parasite and the mollusk are necessary.}, }
@article {pmid27596590, year = {2017}, author = {Burgess, TI and Scott, JK and Mcdougall, KL and Stukely, MJ and Crane, C and Dunstan, WA and Brigg, F and Andjic, V and White, D and Rudman, T and Arentz, F and Ota, N and Hardy, GE}, title = {Current and projected global distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi, one of the world's worst plant pathogens.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {1661-1674}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13492}, pmid = {27596590}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Australia ; *Climate Change ; Phytophthora/*pathogenicity ; *Plant Diseases ; Population Dynamics ; South Australia ; Tasmania ; }, abstract = {Globally, Phytophthora cinnamomi is listed as one of the 100 worst invasive alien species and active management is required to reduce impact and prevent spread in both horticulture and natural ecosystems. Conversely, there are regions thought to be suitable for the pathogen where no disease is observed. We developed a climex model for the global distribution of P. cinnamomi based on the pathogen's response to temperature and moisture and by incorporating extensive empirical evidence on the presence and absence of the pathogen. The climex model captured areas of climatic suitability where P. cinnamomi occurs that is congruent with all available records. The model was validated by the collection of soil samples from asymptomatic vegetation in areas projected to be suitable by the model for which there were few records. DNA was extracted, and the presence or absence of P. cinnamomi was determined by high-throughput sequencing (HTS). While not detected using traditional isolation methods, HTS detected P. cinnamomi at higher elevations in eastern Australia and central Tasmania as projected by the climex model. Further support for the climex model was obtained using the large data set from south-west Australia where the proportion of positive records in an area is related to the Ecoclimatic Index value for the same area. We provide for the first time a comprehensive global map of the current P. cinnamomi distribution, an improved climex model of the distribution, and a projection to 2080 of the distribution with predicted climate change. This information provides the basis for more detailed regional-scale modelling and supports risk assessment for governments to plan management of this important soil-borne plant pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid27595383, year = {2016}, author = {Vanhove, MPM and Hablützel, PI and Pariselle, A and Šimková, A and Huyse, T and Raeymaekers, JAM}, title = {Cichlids: A Host of Opportunities for Evolutionary Parasitology.}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {32}, number = {10}, pages = {820-832}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2016.07.002}, pmid = {27595383}, issn = {1471-5007}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; Cichlids/*parasitology ; Genetic Speciation ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Models, Animal ; Research/trends ; }, abstract = {Thanks to high species diversity and a broad range of speciation mechanisms, cichlid fishes represent a textbook model in evolutionary biology. They are also of substantial economic value. Despite this importance, cichlid parasites remain understudied, although some are more diverse than their hosts. They may offer important insights into cichlid evolution and the evolution of host-parasite interactions. We review five major lines of research conducted on cichlid parasites so far: the study of parasite diversity and speciation; the role of parasites in cichlid diversification; the evolutionary ecology of host specificity; historical biogeography; and biological invasions. We call for more research in these areas and suggest approaches to valorise the potential that cichlid parasites hold for the study of evolutionary parasitology.}, }
@article {pmid27595342, year = {2017}, author = {Ishizaki, K}, title = {Evolution of land plants: insights from molecular studies on basal lineages.}, journal = {Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry}, volume = {81}, number = {1}, pages = {73-80}, doi = {10.1080/09168451.2016.1224641}, pmid = {27595342}, issn = {1347-6947}, mesh = {Embryophyta/*genetics/metabolism ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The invasion of the land by plants, or terrestrialization, was one of the most critical events in the history of the Earth. The evolution of land plants included significant transformations in body plans: the emergence of a multicellular diploid sporophyte, transition from gametophyte-dominant to sporophyte-dominant life histories, and development of many specialized tissues and organs, such as stomata, vascular tissues, roots, leaves, seeds, and flowers. Recent advances in molecular genetics in two model basal plants, bryophytes Physcomitrella patens and Marchantia polymorpha, have begun to provide answers to several key questions regarding land plant evolution. This paper discusses the evolution of the genes and regulatory mechanisms that helped drive such significant morphological innovations among land-based plants.}, }
@article {pmid27594703, year = {2016}, author = {Szyniszewska, AM and Leppla, NC and Huang, Z and Tatem, AJ}, title = {Analysis of Seasonal Risk for Importation of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), via Air Passenger Traffic Arriving in Florida and California.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {109}, number = {6}, pages = {2317-2328}, pmid = {27594703}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Aircraft/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Animals ; California ; *Ceratitis capitata ; Florida ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Risk Assessment/methods ; Risk Factors ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), is one of the most economically damaging pests in the world and has repeatedly invaded two major agricultural states in the United States, Florida and California, each time requiring costly eradication. The Mediterranean fruit fly gains entry primarily in infested fruit carried by airline passengers and, since Florida and California each receive about 13 million international passengers annually, the risk of Mediterranean fruit fly entering the United States is potentially very high. The risk of passengers bringing the pest into Florida or California from Mediterranean fruit fly-infested countries was determined with two novel models, one estimated seasonal variation in airline passenger number and the other defined the seasonal and spatial variability in Mediterranean fruit fly abundance. These models elucidated relationships among the risk factors for Mediterranean fruit fly introduction, such as amount of passenger traffic, routes traveled, season of travel, abundance of Mediterranean fruit fly in countries where flights departed, and risk of the pest arriving at destination airports. The risk of Mediterranean fruit fly being introduced into Florida was greatest from Colombia, Brazil, Panama, Venezuela, Argentina, and Ecuador during January-August, whereas primarily the risk to California was from Brazil, Panama, Colombia, and Italy in May-August. About three times more Mediterranean fruit flies were intercepted in passenger baggage at airports in Florida than California, although the data were compromised by a lack of systematic sampling and other limitations. Nevertheless, this study achieved the goal of analyzing available data on seasonal passenger flow and Mediterranean fruit fly population levels to determine when surveillance should be intensified at key airports in Florida and California.}, }
@article {pmid27593238, year = {2017}, author = {Chiudioni, F and Trabace, T and Di Gennaro, S and Palma, A and Manes, F and Mancini, L}, title = {Phytoremediation applications in natural condition and in mesocosm: The uptake of cadmium by Lemna minuta Kunth, a non-native species in Italian watercourses.}, journal = {International journal of phytoremediation}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, pages = {371-376}, doi = {10.1080/15226514.2016.1225290}, pmid = {27593238}, issn = {1549-7879}, mesh = {Araceae/*metabolism ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Cadmium/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Metal pollution in water and soil is an environmental and public health issue. Cadmium (Cd) is included in the list of priority hazardous substances in the European Water Framework Directive. Phytoremediation system is a cost-effective, plant-based approach that takes advantage of the ability of plants to concentrate elements and compounds from the environment and to metabolize various molecules in their tissues. We studied the presence and the importance of an invasive species, such as Lemna minuta, in the environment and the effects of Cd pollution on this species. Growth, removal, and tolerance were evaluated for different Cd concentrations and different times of plant exposure. Overall, the results show that L. minuta has a good capacity of growth, metal bioconcentration, and tolerance up to 3 days of exposure at 0.5 and 1.5 mg L[-1] of Cd. In particular, L. minuta was able to accumulate Cd up to 3771 mg kg[-1] on dry mass basis. We can conclude that L. minuta possesses a great capability of Cd absorption and accumulation, thus supporting a potential use of this species in designing a metal bioremediation system in phytoremediation field.}, }
@article {pmid27592550, year = {2016}, author = {Chaulk, AC and Carson, PK and Whitney, HG and Fonseca, DM and Chapman, TW}, title = {The Arrival of the Northern House Mosquito Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) on Newfoundland's Avalon Peninsula.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {53}, number = {6}, pages = {1364-1369}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjw105}, pmid = {27592550}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Culex/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/*physiology ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Insect Vectors/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Newfoundland and Labrador ; West Nile Fever/transmission ; }, abstract = {Culex pipiens L., the northern house mosquito, is the primary vector of West Nile virus to humans along the east coast of North America and thus the focus of much study. This species is an urban container-breeding mosquito whose close contact with humans and flexibility in host choice has led to its classification as a "bridge vector"; that is, it is thought to move zoonotic diseases to humans from vertebrate reservoirs. While this invasive species is now well documented in its established range, which expanded in 2001 to include Canada, the existence of populations of this species along the fringes of its range are less well known. Here we report, using morphological and genetic techniques, the existence of two locations where Cx. pipiens exists in Newfoundland in both expected and unexpected sites based on projected habitat suitability on the island.}, }
@article {pmid27590777, year = {2017}, author = {Craven, D and Thakur, MP and Cameron, EK and Frelich, LE and Beauséjour, R and Blair, RB and Blossey, B and Burtis, J and Choi, A and Dávalos, A and Fahey, TJ and Fisichelli, NA and Gibson, K and Handa, IT and Hopfensperger, K and Loss, SR and Nuzzo, V and Maerz, JC and Sackett, T and Scharenbroch, BC and Smith, SM and Vellend, M and Umek, LG and Eisenhauer, N}, title = {The unseen invaders: introduced earthworms as drivers of change in plant communities in North American forests (a meta-analysis).}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {1065-1074}, pmid = {27590777}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Forests ; *Introduced Species ; *Oligochaeta ; *Plants ; United States ; }, abstract = {Globally, biological invasions can have strong impacts on biodiversity as well as ecosystem functioning. While less conspicuous than introduced aboveground organisms, introduced belowground organisms may have similarly strong effects. Here, we synthesize for the first time the impacts of introduced earthworms on plant diversity and community composition in North American forests. We conducted a meta-analysis using a total of 645 observations to quantify mean effect sizes of associations between introduced earthworm communities and plant diversity, cover of plant functional groups, and cover of native and non-native plants. We found that plant diversity significantly declined with increasing richness of introduced earthworm ecological groups. While plant species richness or evenness did not change with earthworm invasion, our results indicate clear changes in plant community composition: cover of graminoids and non-native plant species significantly increased, and cover of native plant species (of all functional groups) tended to decrease, with increasing earthworm biomass. Overall, these findings support the hypothesis that introduced earthworms facilitate particular plant species adapted to the abiotic conditions of earthworm-invaded forests. Further, our study provides evidence that introduced earthworms are associated with declines in plant diversity in North American forests. Changing plant functional composition in these forests may have long-lasting effects on ecosystem functioning.}, }
@article {pmid27587484, year = {2016}, author = {Hellmann, C and Rascher, KG and Oldeland, J and Werner, C}, title = {Isoscapes resolve species-specific spatial patterns in plant-plant interactions in an invaded Mediterranean dune ecosystem.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {36}, number = {12}, pages = {1460-1470}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpw075}, pmid = {27587484}, issn = {1758-4469}, mesh = {Acacia/*physiology ; Carbon/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Trees/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Environmental heterogeneity and plant-plant interactions are key factors shaping plant communities. However, the spatial dimension of plant-plant interactions has seldom been addressed in field studies. This is at least partially rooted in a lack of methods that can accurately resolve functional processes in a spatially explicit manner. Isoscapes, that is, spatially explicit representations of stable isotope data, provide a versatile means to trace functional changes on spatial scales, for example, related to N-cycling (foliar δ[15]N) and water use efficiency (WUEi, foliar δ[13]C). In a case study in a nutrient-depleted Mediterranean dune ecosystem, we analysed the spatial impact of the invasive N2-fixing Acacia longifolia on three native species of different functional types using δ[15]N and δ[13]C isoscapes and spatial autocorrelation analyses. Isoscapes revealed strong spatial patterns in δ[15]N and δ[13]C with pronounced species-specific differences, demonstrating distinct spatial ranges of plant-plant interactions. A coniferous tree and an ericaceous dwarf shrub showed significant enrichment in δ[15]N within a range of 5-8 m surrounding the canopy of A. longifolia, indicating input of N originating from symbiotic N2-fixation by the invader. In the dwarf shrub, which was most responsive to invader influence, enrichment in δ[13]C additionally demonstrated spatially explicit changes to WUEi, while a native N2-fixer was unresponsive to the presence of the invader. Furthermore, δ[15]N and δ[13]C isoscapes yielded different patterns, indicating that plant-plant interactions can have distinct spatial distributions and ranges based on the process measured. Additionally, the magnitude of the effect differed between field situations with high and low invasion pressure. This study highlights that the spatial scale must be accounted for when assessing the effects and outcome of species interactions. Functional tracers such as stable isotopes enable us to quantify spatial ranges of plant-plant interactions, providing empirical data that can help to better understand and predict complex species interactions in multifaceted natural environments.}, }
@article {pmid27587232, year = {2016}, author = {Rech, S and Borrell, Y and García-Vazquez, E}, title = {Marine litter as a vector for non-native species: What we need to know.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {113}, number = {1-2}, pages = {40-43}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.032}, pmid = {27587232}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Plastics ; Waste Products/*analysis ; Water Pollutants/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Plastic debris and other floating materials endanger severely marine ecosystems. When they carry attached biota they can be a cause of biological invasions whose extent and intensity is not known yet. This article focuses on knowledge gaps and research priorities needed for, first, understanding and then preventing dispersal of alien invasive species attached to marine litter.}, }
@article {pmid27583820, year = {2016}, author = {Ishangulyyeva, G and Najar, A and Curtis, JM and Erbilgin, N}, title = {Fatty Acid Composition of Novel Host Jack Pine Do Not Prevent Host Acceptance and Colonization by the Invasive Mountain Pine Beetle and Its Symbiotic Fungus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {e0162046}, pmid = {27583820}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/drug effects/*microbiology/*physiology ; Fatty Acids/*pharmacology ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/drug effects/physiology ; Ophiostomatales/*drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Pinus/*metabolism/physiology ; Survival Analysis ; *Symbiosis ; Trees/metabolism/physiology ; }, abstract = {Fatty acids are major components of plant lipids and can affect growth and development of insect herbivores. Despite a large literature examining the roles of fatty acids in conifers, relatively few studies have tested the effects of fatty acids on insect herbivores and their microbial symbionts. Particularly, whether fatty acids can affect the suitability of conifers for insect herbivores has never been studied before. Thus, we evaluated if composition of fatty acids impede or facilitate colonization of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) by the invasive mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) and its symbiotic fungus (Grosmannia clavigera). This is the first study to examine the effects of tree fatty acids on any bark beetle species and its symbiotic fungus. In a novel bioassay, we found that plant tissues (hosts and non-host) amended with synthetic fatty acids at concentrations representative of jack pine were compatible with beetle larvae. Likewise, G. clavigera grew in media amended with lipid fractions or synthetic fatty acids at concentrations present in jack pine. In contrast, fatty acids and lipid composition of a non-host were not suitable for the beetle larvae or the fungus. Apparently, concentrations of individual, rather than total, fatty acids determined the suitability of jack pine. Furthermore, sampling of host and non-host tree species across Canada demonstrated that the composition of jack pine fatty acids was similar to the different populations of beetle's historical hosts. These results demonstrate that fatty acids composition compatible with insect herbivores and their microbial symbionts can be important factor defining host suitability to invasive insects.}, }
@article {pmid27582259, year = {2016}, author = {Zhang, D and Ye, Z and Yamada, K and Zhen, Y and Zheng, C and Bu, W}, title = {Pleistocene sea level fluctuation and host plant habitat requirement influenced the historical phylogeography of the invasive species Amphiareus obscuriceps (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in its native range.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {174}, pmid = {27582259}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; China ; Ecosystem ; Asia, Eastern ; Genetics, Population ; Hemiptera/genetics/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Phylogeography ; Plants/parasitology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Taiwan ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: On account of repeated exposure and submergence of the East China Sea (ECS) land bridge, sea level fluctuation played an important role in shaping the population structure of many temperate species across the ECS during the glacial period. The flower bug Amphiareus obscuriceps (Poppius, 1909) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) is an invasive species native to the Sino-Japanese Region (SJR) of East Asia. We tested the hypothesis of the ECS land bridge acting as a dispersal corridor or filter for A. obscuriceps during the glacial period. Specifically, we tested whether and the extent to which dispersal ability and host plant habitat requirement influenced the genetic structure of A. obscuriceps during the exposure of the ECS land bridge.<br><br>RESULTS: Phylogenetic and network analyses indicated that A. obscuriceps is composed of two major lineages, i.e., China and Japan. Divergence time on both sides of the ECS was estimated to be approximately 1.07 (0.79-1.32) Ma, which was about the same period that the sea level increased. No significant Isolation by Distance (IBD) relationship was found between &#x424;st and Euclidean distances in the Mantel tests, which is consistent with the hypothesis that this species has a good dispersal ability. Our Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) niche modeling of plants that constitute preferred habitats for A. obscuriceps exhibited a similar habitat gap on the exposed ECS continental shelf between China and Japan, but showed a continuous distribution across the Taiwan Strait.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that ecological properties (habitat requirement and dispersal ability), together with sea level fluctuation during the Pleistocene across the ECS, have shaped the genetic structure and demographic history of A. obscuriceps in its native area. The host plant habitat requirement could also be a key to the colonization of the A. obscuriceps species during the exposure of the ECS land bridge. Our findings will shed light on the potential role of habitat requirement in the process of biological invasion in future studies.}, }
@article {pmid27581756, year = {2016}, author = {Martinson, HM and Bergmann, EJ and Venugopal, PD and Riley, CB and Shrewsbury, PM and Raupp, MJ}, title = {Invasive stink bug favors naïve plants: Testing the role of plant geographic origin in diverse, managed environments.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {32646}, pmid = {27581756}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Forests ; Geography ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Heteroptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Maryland ; North America ; Plants/*classification ; }, abstract = {With the introduction and establishment of exotic species, most ecosystems now contain both native and exotic plants and herbivores. Recent research identifies several factors that govern how specialist herbivores switch host plants upon introduction. Predicting the feeding ecology and impacts of introduced generalist species, however, remains difficult. Here, we examine how plant geographic origin, an indicator of shared co-evolutionary history, influences patterns of host use by a generalist, invasive herbivore, while accounting for variation in plant availability. The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, is a highly polyphagous Asian herbivore and an economically important invasive pest in North America and Europe. In visual surveys of 220 plant taxa in commercial nurseries in Maryland, USA, H. halys was more abundant on non-Asian plants and selected these over Asian plants. The relationship between the relative use of plants and their availability was strongly positive but depended also on plant origin at two of our three sites, where the higher relative use of non-Asian plants was greatest for highly abundant taxa. These results highlight the importance of considering both plant origin and relative abundance in understanding the selection of host plants by invasive generalist herbivores in diverse, natural and urban forests.}, }
@article {pmid27581153, year = {2017}, author = {Majewska, ML and Rola, K and Zubek, S}, title = {The growth and phosphorus acquisition of invasive plants Rudbeckia laciniata and Solidago gigantea are enhanced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {83-94}, pmid = {27581153}, issn = {1432-1890}, mesh = {Glomeromycota/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Phosphorus/*metabolism ; Plant Roots ; Rudbeckia/growth &amp; development/metabolism/*microbiology ; Solidago/growth &amp; development/metabolism/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {While a number of recent studies have revealed that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can mediate invasive plant success, the influence of these symbionts on the most successful and high-impact invaders is largely unexplored. Two perennial herbs of this category of invasive plants, Rudbeckia laciniata and Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae), were thus tested in a pot experiment to determine whether AMF influence their growth, the concentration of phosphorus in biomass, and photosynthesis. The following treatments, including three common AMF species, were prepared on soils representative of two habitats that are frequently invaded by both plants, namely fallow and river valley: (1) control-soil without AMF, (2) Rhizophagus irregularis, (3) Funneliformis mosseae, and (4) Claroideoglomus claroideum. The invaders were strongly dependent on AMF for their growth. The mycorrhizal dependency of R. laciniata was 88 and 63 % and of S. gigantea 90 and 82 % for valley and fallow soils, respectively. The fungi also increased P concentration in their biomass. However, we found different effects of the fungal species in the stimulation of plant growth and P acquisition, with R. irregularis and C. claroideum being the most and least effective symbionts, respectively. None of AMF species had an impact on the photosynthetic performance indexes of both plants. Our findings indicate that AMF have a direct effect on the early stages of R. laciniata and S. gigantea growth. The magnitude of the response of both plant species to AMF was dependent on the fungal and soil identities. Therefore, the presence of particular AMF species in a site may determine the success of their invasion.}, }
@article {pmid27579495, year = {2017}, author = {Ward-Fear, G and Thomas, J and Webb, JK and Pearson, DJ and Shine, R}, title = {Eliciting conditioned taste aversion in lizards: Live toxic prey are more effective than scent and taste cues alone.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {112-120}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12226}, pmid = {27579495}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; *Avoidance Learning ; *Bufo marinus ; Cues ; Introduced Species ; Lithium Chloride ; Lizards/*physiology ; *Odorants ; Predatory Behavior ; *Taste ; Toxins, Biological/*toxicity ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is an adaptive learning mechanism whereby a consumer associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic substance, and thereafter avoids eating that type of food. Recently, wildlife researchers have employed CTA to discourage native fauna from ingesting toxic cane toads (Rhinella marina), a species that is invading tropical Australia. In this paper, we compare the results of 2 sets of CTA trials on large varanid lizards ("goannas," Varanus panoptes). One set of trials (described in this paper) exposed recently-captured lizards to sausages made from cane toad flesh, laced with a nausea-inducing chemical (lithium chloride) to reinforce the aversion response. The other trials (in a recently-published paper, reviewed herein) exposed free-ranging lizards to live juvenile cane toads. The effectiveness of the training was judged by how long a lizard survived in the wild before it was killed (fatally poisoned) by a cane toad. Both stimuli elicited rapid aversion to live toads, but the CTA response did not enhance survival rates of the sausage-trained goannas after they were released into the wild. In contrast, the goannas exposed to live juvenile toads exhibited higher long-term survival rates than did untrained conspecifics. Our results suggest that although it is relatively easy to elicit short-term aversion to toad cues in goannas, a biologically realistic stimulus (live toads, encountered by free-ranging predators) is most effective at buffering these reptiles from the impact of invasive toxic prey.}, }
@article {pmid27578096, year = {2016}, author = {Ballew, NG and Bacheler, NM and Kellison, GT and Schueller, AM}, title = {Invasive lionfish reduce native fish abundance on a regional scale.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {32169}, pmid = {27578096}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Caribbean Region ; Fishes/*physiology ; Gulf of Mexico ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Southeastern United States ; }, abstract = {Invasive lionfish pose an unprecedented threat to biodiversity and fisheries throughout Atlantic waters off of the southeastern United States, the Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico. Here, we employ a spatially replicated Before-After-Control-Impact analysis with temporal pairing to quantify for the first time the impact of the lionfish invasion on native fish abundance across a broad regional scale and over the entire duration of the lionfish invasion (1990-2014). Our results suggest that 1) lionfish-impacted areas off of the southeastern United States are most prevalent off-shore near the continental shelf-break but are also common near-shore and 2) in impacted areas, lionfish have reduced tomtate (a native forage fish) abundance by 45% since the invasion began. Tomtate served as a model native fish species in our analysis, and as such, it is likely that the lionfish invasion has had similar impacts on other species, some of which may be of economic importance. Barring the development of a control strategy that reverses the lionfish invasion, the abundance of lionfish in the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico will likely remain at or above current levels. Consequently, the effect of lionfish on native fish abundance will likely continue for the foreseeable future.}, }
@article {pmid27578093, year = {2016}, author = {Sarmiento, AM and Bonnail, E and Nieto, JM and DelValls, &#xc1;}, title = {Bioavailability and toxicity of metals from a contaminated sediment by acid mine drainage: linking exposure-response relationships of the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea to contaminated sediment.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {23}, number = {22}, pages = {22957-22967}, pmid = {27578093}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Acids ; Animals ; Biological Availability ; Corbicula/*drug effects ; Fresh Water ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Metals/*metabolism/*pharmacology ; *Mining ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Streams and rivers strongly affected by acid mine drainage (AMD) have legal vacuum in terms of assessing the water toxicity, since the use of conventional environmental quality biomarkers is not possible due to the absence of macroinvertebrate organisms. The Asian clam Corbicula fluminea has been widely used as a biomonitor of metal contamination by AMD in freshwater systems. However, these clams are considered an invasive species in Spain and the transplantation in the field study is not allowed by the Environmental Protection Agency. To evaluate the use of the freshwater bivalve C. fluminea as a potential biomonitor for sediments contaminated by AMD, the metal bioavailability and toxicity were investigated in laboratory by exposure of clams to polluted sediments for 14 days. The studied sediments were classified as slightly contaminated with As, Cr, and Ni; moderately contaminated with Co; considerably contaminated with Pb; and heavily contaminated with Cd, Zn, and specially Cu, being reported as very toxic to Microtox. On the fourth day of the exposure, the clams exhibited an increase in concentration of Ga, Ba, Sb, and Bi (more than 100 %), followed by Co, Ni, and Pb (more than 60 %). After the fourth day, a decrease in concentration was observed for almost all metals studied except Ni. An allometric function was used to determine the relationship between the increases in metal concentration in soft tissue and the increasing bioavailable metal concentrations in sediments.}, }
@article {pmid27577948, year = {2016}, author = {Frost, CM and Peralta, G and Rand, TA and Didham, RK and Varsani, A and Tylianakis, JM}, title = {Apparent competition drives community-wide parasitism rates and changes in host abundance across ecosystem boundaries.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {12644}, pmid = {27577948}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacillus thuringiensis/pathogenicity ; Biological Control Agents/administration &amp; dosage ; Female ; *Food Chain ; Forecasting/methods ; *Forests ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Invertebrates/microbiology/*physiology ; Larva/microbiology/physiology ; Male ; New Zealand ; Population Dynamics/trends ; Trees/parasitology/*physiology ; Wasps ; }, abstract = {Species have strong indirect effects on others, and predicting these effects is a central challenge in ecology. Prey species sharing an enemy (predator or parasitoid) can be linked by apparent competition, but it is unknown whether this process is strong enough to be a community-wide structuring mechanism that could be used to predict future states of diverse food webs. Whether species abundances are spatially coupled by enemy movement across different habitats is also untested. Here, using a field experiment, we show that predicted apparent competitive effects between species, mediated via shared parasitoids, can significantly explain future parasitism rates and herbivore abundances. These predictions are successful even across edges between natural and managed forests, following experimental reduction of herbivore densities by aerial spraying of insecticide over 20 hectares. This result shows that trophic indirect effects propagate across networks and habitats in important, predictable ways, with implications for landscape planning, invasion biology and biological control.}, }
@article {pmid27576951, year = {2016}, author = {Seekamp, E and Mayer, JE and Charlebois, P and Hitzroth, G}, title = {Effects of Outreach on the Prevention of Aquatic Invasive Species Spread among Organism-in-Trade Hobbyists.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {58}, number = {5}, pages = {797-809}, pmid = {27576951}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*growth &amp; development ; *Attitude ; Community-Institutional Relations ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/trends ; Fishes/growth &amp; development ; Great Lakes Region ; *Hobbies/psychology ; Humans ; Illinois ; Indiana ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Michigan ; Minnesota ; New York ; Ohio ; Pennsylvania ; United States ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {Releases of aquatic organisms-in-trade by aquarists, water gardeners, and outdoor pond owners have been identified as aquatic invasive species vectors within the Laurentian Great Lakes region. The trademarked U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Habitattitude campaign was developed in 2004 to encourage self-regulation by these groups, but little is known about its effects. We surveyed organisms-in-trade hobbyists in the eight Great Lakes states (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, USA) to assess their recognition of the Habitattitude campaign and their compliance with the campaign's recommended behaviors for organism purchase and disposal. Awareness of the Habitattitude campaign was low, but hobbyists that identified as both water gardeners and aquarium hobbyists were more aware of the campaign than individuals who participated in one of those hobbies. Engaged hobbyists (high aquatic invasive species awareness, concern, and knowledge) were significantly more likely than passive hobbyists (low aquatic invasive species awareness, concern, and knowledge) to make decisions about disposal of live organisms with the intention of preventing aquatic invasive species spread, were more likely to contact other hobbyists for disposal and handling advice, and were less likely to contact professionals, such as retailers. On the basis of our results, we suggest that compliance with recommended behaviors may be increased by fostering hobbyist networks; creating materials that both explain tangible, negative environmental impacts and list specific prevention behaviors; and disseminating these materials through trusted information sources and venues.}, }
@article {pmid27576499, year = {2016}, author = {Velandia-Huerto, CA and Gittenberger, AA and Brown, FD and Stadler, PF and Bermúdez-Santana, CI}, title = {Automated detection of ncRNAs in the draft genome sequence of a colonial tunicate: the carpet sea squirt Didemnum vexillum.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {691}, pmid = {27576499}, issn = {1471-2164}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*genetics ; Genome/*genetics ; *Marine Biology ; MicroRNAs/classification/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; RNA, Small Nuclear/classification/genetics ; RNA, Small Nucleolar/classification/genetics ; RNA, Untranslated/classification/*genetics ; Urochordata/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The colonial ascidian Didemnum vexillum, sea carpet squirt, is not only a key marine organism to study morphological ancestral patterns of chordates evolution but it is also of great ecological importance due to its status as a major invasive species. Non-coding RNAs, in particular microRNAs (miRNAs), are important regulatory genes that impact development and environmental adaptation. Beyond miRNAs, not much in known about tunicate ncRNAs.<br><br>RESULTS: We provide here a comprehensive homology-based annotation of non-coding RNAs in the recently sequenced genome of D. vexillum. To this end we employed a combination of several computational approaches, including blast searches with a wide range of parameters, and secondary structured centered survey with infernal. The resulting candidate set was curated extensively to produce a high-quality ncRNA annotation of the first draft of the D. vexillum genome. It comprises 57 miRNA families, 4 families of ribosomal RNAs, 22 isoacceptor classes of tRNAs (of which more than 72 % of loci are pseudogenes), 13 snRNAs, 12 snoRNAs, and 1 other RNA family. Additionally, 21 families of mitochondrial tRNAs and 2 of mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs and 1 long non-coding RNA.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive annotation of the D. vexillum non-coding RNAs provides a starting point towards a better understanding of the restructuring of the small RNA system in ascidians. Furthermore it provides a valuable research for efforts to establish detailed non-coding RNA annotations for other recently published and recently sequences in tunicate genomes.}, }
@article {pmid27576057, year = {2016}, author = {Burger, J and Gochfeld, M and Bunn, A and Downs, J and Jeitner, C and Pittfield, T and Salisbury, J}, title = {Functional remediation components: A conceptual method of evaluating the effects of remediation on risks to ecological receptors.}, journal = {Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A}, volume = {79}, number = {21}, pages = {957-968}, doi = {10.1080/15287394.2016.1201026}, pmid = {27576057}, issn = {1528-7394}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; Environment ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; }, abstract = {Governmental agencies, regulators, health professionals, tribal leaders, and the public are faced with understanding and evaluating the effects of cleanup activities on species, populations, and ecosystems. While engineers and managers understand the processes involved in different remediation types such as capping, pump and treat, and natural attenuation, there is often a disconnect between (1) how ecologists view the influence of different types of remediation, (2) how the public perceives them, and (3) how engineers understand them. The overall goal of the present investigation was to define the components of remediation types (= functional remediation). Objectives were to (1) define and describe functional components of remediation, regardless of the remediation type, (2) provide examples of each functional remediation component, and (3) explore potential effects of functional remediation components in the post-cleanup phase that may involve continued monitoring and assessment. Functional remediation components include types, numbers, and intensity of people, trucks, heavy equipment, pipes, and drill holes, among others. Several components may be involved in each remediation type, and each results in ecological effects, ranging from trampling of plants, to spreading invasive species, to disturbing rare species, and to creating fragmented habitats. In some cases remediation may exert a greater effect on ecological receptors than leaving the limited contamination in place. A goal of this conceptualization is to break down functional components of remediation such that managers, regulators, and the public might assess the effects of timing, extent, and duration of different remediation options on ecological systems.}, }
@article {pmid27575805, year = {2016}, author = {Bzdega, K and Janiak, A and Książczyk, T and Lewandowska, A and Gancarek, M and Sliwinska, E and Tokarska-Guzik, B}, title = {A Survey of Genetic Variation and Genome Evolution within the Invasive Fallopia Complex.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {e0161854}, pmid = {27575805}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {DNA, Ribosomal/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Fallopia/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genome Size ; Genome, Plant ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Poland ; }, abstract = {The knotweed taxa Fallopia japonica, F. sachalinensis and their interspecific hybrid F. × bohemica are some of the most aggressive invaders in Europe and North America and they are serious threats to native biodiversity. At the same time, they constitute a unique model system for the creation of hybrids and studies of the initiation of evolutionary processes. In the presented study, we focused on (i) examining genetic diversity in selected populations of three Fallopia taxa in the invaded (Poland) and native ranges (Japan), (ii) establishing genome size and ploidy levels and (iii) identifying ribosomal DNA (rDNA)-bearing chromosomes in all of the taxa from the invaded range. We found that the genetic diversity within particular taxa was generally low regardless of their geographical origin. A higher level of clonality was observed for the Polish populations compared to the Japanese populations. Our study suggests that the co-occurrence of F. sachalinensis together with the other two taxa in the same stand may be the source of the higher genetic variation within the F. × bohemica hybrid. Some shift towards the contribution of F. japonica alleles was also observed for selected F. × bohemica individuals, which indicates the possibility of producing more advanced generations of F. × bohemica hybrids. All of the F. sachalinensis individuals were hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66; 2C = 6.01 pg), while those of F. japonica were mostly octoploid (2n = 8x = 88; 2C = 8.87 pg) and all of the F. × bohemica plants except one were hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66; 2C = 6.46 pg). Within the chromosome complement of F. japonica, F. sachalinensis and F. × bohemica, the physical mapping of the rDNA loci provided markers for 16, 13 and 10 chromosomes, respectively. In F. × bohemica, a loss of some of rDNA loci was observed, which indicates the occurrence of genome changes in the hybrid.}, }
@article {pmid27574792, year = {2016}, author = {Lagadec, E and Gomard, Y and Le Minter, G and Cordonin, C and Cardinale, E and Ramasindrazana, B and Dietrich, M and Goodman, SM and Tortosa, P and Dellagi, K}, title = {Identification of Tenrec ecaudatus, a Wild Mammal Introduced to Mayotte Island, as a Reservoir of the Newly Identified Human Pathogenic Leptospira mayottensis.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e0004933}, pmid = {27574792}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Animals ; Comoros ; DNA, Bacterial/isolation &amp; purification ; Disease Reservoirs/*microbiology ; Eulipotyphla/*microbiology ; Genotype ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Leptospira/*isolation &amp; purification ; Leptospirosis/*transmission ; Madagascar ; Phylogeny ; Zoonoses/transmission ; }, abstract = {Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonosis of major concern on tropical islands. Human populations on western Indian Ocean islands are strongly affected by the disease although each archipelago shows contrasting epidemiology. For instance, Mayotte, part of the Comoros Archipelago, differs from the other neighbouring islands by a high diversity of Leptospira species infecting humans that includes Leptospira mayottensis, a species thought to be unique to this island. Using bacterial culture, molecular detection and typing, the present study explored the wild and domestic local mammalian fauna for renal carriage of leptospires and addressed the genetic relationships of the infecting strains with local isolates obtained from acute human cases and with Leptospira strains hosted by mammal species endemic to nearby Madagascar. Tenrec (Tenrec ecaudatus, Family Tenrecidae), a terrestrial mammal introduced from Madagascar, is identified as a reservoir of L. mayottensis. All isolated L. mayottensis sequence types form a monophyletic clade that includes Leptospira strains infecting humans and tenrecs on Mayotte, as well as two other Malagasy endemic tenrecid species of the genus Microgale. The lower diversity of L. mayottensis in tenrecs from Mayotte, compared to that occurring in Madagascar, suggests that L. mayottensis has indeed a Malagasy origin. This study also showed that introduced rats (Rattus rattus) and dogs are probably the main reservoirs of Leptospira borgpetersenii and Leptospira kirschneri, both bacteria being prevalent in local clinical cases. Data emphasize the epidemiological link between the two neighbouring islands and the role of introduced small mammals in shaping the local epidemiology of leptospirosis.}, }
@article {pmid27573283, year = {2016}, author = {Barrios-SanMartín, J and Figueroa, CC and Ramírez, CC}, title = {Evidence of plastic probing behavior in a 'superclone' of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {106}, number = {6}, pages = {801-808}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485316000754}, pmid = {27573283}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Aphids/*genetics/physiology ; Edible Grain ; Feeding Behavior ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Heterozygote ; Introduced Species ; *Reproduction, Asexual ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Asexual reproduction is very common in invasive insect pest. In the recent years, increasing evidences have shown that some invasive asexual lineages display an outstanding capacity to predominate in space and persist on time (superclones). However, little is known about the host-use behavior of these superclones. The English grain aphid Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of the major pests of cereals worldwide. Chilean populations of the grain aphid are characterized by a high degree of heterozygosity and low genotypic variability across regions and years, with only four predominant superclone genotypes representing nearly 90% of populations. In this study, (1) the reproductive performance and (2) the probing behavior followed a host shift of one superclone and one non-superclone of S. avenae, were compared. The host plant in the superclone did not affect the reproductive performance, while in the non-superclone was lower on highly defended wheat seedling. The experimental switching of the host plants from barley (without chemical defenses) to two wheat species with low and high levels of chemical defenses, revealed that superclone exhibited a flexible probing activities related to access of sieve elements, while the non-superclone exhibited rigid responses. These findings are consistent with the pattern of occurrence of these genotypes in the field on cereals with different plant defenses (e.g. benzoxazinoids). These responses are discussed on the view of developing new strategies for the management in invasive populations of aphid pest species.}, }
@article {pmid27569597, year = {2016}, author = {Yuan, X and Jiang, YD and Wang, GY and Yu, H and Zhou, WW and Liu, S and Yang, MF and Cheng, J and Gurr, GM and Way, MO and Zhu, ZR}, title = {Odorant-Binding Proteins and Chemosensory Proteins from an Invasive Pest Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {5}, pages = {1276-1286}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw111}, pmid = {27569597}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Food Deprivation ; *Gene Expression ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; RNA/genetics/metabolism ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Receptors, Odorant/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Structural Homology, Protein ; Weevils/*genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a serious pest species both in its original distribution region of northern America and its invaded regions of eastern Asia and southern Europe. The odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and the chemosensory proteins (CSPs) play important roles in host and mate locating, thus might play a significant role in the success of the species as an invader, which has not been characterized yet. We identified 10 OBPs and 5 CSPs in L. oryzophilus and investigated the expression profiles of these genes in various tissues by quantitative real-time PCR. Five classic OBPs were predominantly expressed in the antennae. CSPs were expressed ubiquitously with particularly high transcript levels in antennae, legs, and wings. Three antenna-specific OBPs (LoOBP1, 8, 11) were up-regulated following 1-3 d of food deprivation and down-regulated afterward. These findings suggest most classic OBPs are likely involved in chemoreception whereas CSPs as well as the minus-C OBPs may have broader physiological functions, which in turn may help to understand the molecular aspects of chemical communication in this invasive insect.}, }
@article {pmid27568584, year = {2016}, author = {Marić, M and De Troch, M and Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A and Olenin, S}, title = {Trophic interactions between indigenous and non-indigenous species in Lampedusa Island, Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {120}, number = {}, pages = {182-190}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.08.005}, pmid = {27568584}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Caulerpa ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Feeding Behavior ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {Using stable isotope analysis, we investigated trophic interactions between indigenous benthic taxa and the non-indigenous species (NIS): the green alga Caulerpa cylindracea, the red alga Asparagopsis taxiformis, the crab Percnon gibbesi and the sea hare Aplysia dactylomela. The study was conducted on Lampedusa Island, Mediterranean Sea. We evaluated the trophic positions and isotopic niches of consumers. Using Bayesian mixing models, we quantified the food source contribution to diets of indigenous and non-indigenous herbivores. Isotopic niche of NIS showed no overlap with the ones of indigenous macroinvertebrates and fish. Caulerpa cylindracea provided the largest contribution to the diet of P. gibbesi (0.431-1), while the dietary contribution estimates overlapped considerably for all sources of A. dactylomela and indigenous herbivores. From these results, we conclude that the invasion of C. cylindracea is increasing the diversity of available prey and might facilitate the expansion of other NIS.}, }
@article {pmid27567222, year = {2016}, author = {Wickham, JD and Lu, W and Zhang, LW and Chen, Y and Zou, Y and Hanks, LM and Millar, JG}, title = {Likely Aggregation-Sex Pheromones of the Invasive Beetle Callidiellum villosulum, and the Related Asian Species Allotraeus asiaticus, Semanotus bifasciatus, and Xylotrechus buqueti (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {109}, number = {5}, pages = {2243-2246}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow187}, pmid = {27567222}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Chemotaxis ; China ; Coleoptera/drug effects/*physiology ; Female ; Hexanones/*pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Sex Attractants/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {During field trials of the two known cerambycid beetle pheromone components 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and 1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1,2-propanedione (henceforth "pyrrole") in Guangxi and Anhui provinces in China, four species in the subfamily Cerambycinae were attracted to lures containing one of the two components, or the blend of the two. Thus, the invasive species Callidiellum villosulum (Fairmaire) (tribe Callidiini) and a second species, Xylotrechus buqueti (Castelnau &amp; Gory) (tribe Clytini), were specifically attracted to the blend of 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and the pyrrole. In contrast, Allotreus asiaticus (Schwarzer) (tribe Phoracanthini) and Semanotus bifasciatus Motschulsky (tribe Callidiini) were specifically attracted to the pyrrole as a single component. In most cases, both males and females were attracted, indicating that the compounds are likely to be aggregation-sex pheromones. The results indicate that the two compounds are conserved as pheromone components among species within at least three tribes within the subfamily Cerambycinae. For practical purposes, the attractants could find immediate use in surveillance programs aimed at detecting incursions of these species into new areas of the world, including the United States.}, }
@article {pmid27563167, year = {2015}, author = {Bishop, TR and Robertson, MP and van Rensburg, BJ and Parr, CL}, title = {Contrasting species and functional beta diversity in montane ant assemblages.}, journal = {Journal of biogeography}, volume = {42}, number = {9}, pages = {1776-1786}, pmid = {27563167}, issn = {0305-0270}, abstract = {AIM: Beta diversity describes the variation in species composition between sites and can be used to infer why different species occupy different parts of the globe. It can be viewed in a number of ways. First, it can be partitioned into two distinct patterns: turnover and nestedness. Second, it can be investigated from either a species identity or a functional-trait point of view. We aim to document for the first time how these two aspects of beta diversity vary in response to a large environmental gradient.<br><br>LOCATION: Maloti-Drakensberg Mountains, southern Africa.<br><br>METHODS: We sampled ant assemblages along an extensive elevational gradient (900-3000&#xa0;m a.s.l.) twice yearly for 7&#xa0;years, and collected functional-trait information related to the species' dietary and habitat-structure preferences. We used recently developed methods to partition species and functional beta diversity into their turnover and nestedness components. A series of null models were used to test whether the observed beta diversity patterns differed from random expectations.<br><br>RESULTS: Species beta diversity was driven by turnover, but functional beta diversity was composed of both turnover and nestedness patterns at different parts of the gradient. Null models revealed that deterministic processes were likely to be responsible for the species patterns but that the functional changes were indistinguishable from stochasticity.<br><br>MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Different ant species are found with increasing elevation, but they tend to represent an increasingly nested subset of the available functional strategies. This finding is unique and narrows down the list of possible factors that control ant existence across elevation. We conclude that diet and habitat preferences have little role in structuring ant assemblages in montane environments and that some other factor must be driving the non-random patterns of species turnover. This finding also highlights the importance of distinguishing between different kinds of beta diversity.}, }
@article {pmid27560978, year = {2016}, author = {Sánchez, MI and Paredes, I and Lebouvier, M and Green, AJ}, title = {Functional Role of Native and Invasive Filter-Feeders, and the Effect of Parasites: Learning from Hypersaline Ecosystems.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {e0161478}, pmid = {27560978}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Artemia/parasitology/*physiology ; Bird Diseases/parasitology ; Cestoda/*classification ; Cestode Infections/*parasitology ; Chlorophyll/chemistry ; Chlorophyll A ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Parasites ; Prevalence ; Salinity ; Spain ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; }, abstract = {Filter-feeding organisms are often keystone species with a major influence on the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems. Studies of filtering rates in such taxa are therefore vital in order to understand ecosystem functioning and the impact of natural and anthropogenic stressors such as parasites, climate warming and invasive species. Brine shrimps Artemia spp. are the dominant grazers in hypersaline systems and are a good example of such keystone taxa. Hypersaline ecosystems are relatively simplified environments compared with much more complex freshwater and marine ecosystems, making them suitable model systems to address these questions. The aim of this study was to compare feeding rates at different salinities and temperatures between clonal A. parthenogenetica (native to Eurasia and Africa) and the invasive American brine shrimp A. franciscana, which is excluding native Artemia from many localities. We considered how differences observed in laboratory experiments upscale at the ecosystem level across both spatial and temporal scales (as indicated by chlorophyll-a concentration and turbidity). In laboratory experiments, feeding rates increased at higher temperatures and salinities in both Artemia species and sexes, whilst A. franciscana consistently fed at higher rates. A field study of temporal dynamics revealed significantly higher concentrations of chlorophyll-a in sites occupied by A. parthenogenetica, supporting our experimental findings. Artemia parthenogenetica density and biomass were negatively correlated with chlorophyll-a concentration at the spatial scale. We also tested the effect of cestode parasites, which are highly prevalent in native Artemia but much rarer in the invasive species. The cestodes Flamingolepis liguloides and Anomotaenia tringae decreased feeding rates in native Artemia, whilst Confluaria podicipina had no significant effect. Total parasite prevalence was positively correlated with turbidity. Overall, parasites are likely to reduce feeding rates in the field, and their negative impact on host fecundity is likely to exacerbate the difference between grazing rates of native and alien Artemia populations at the ecosystem level. The results of this study provide evidence for the first time that the replacement of native Artemia by A. franciscana may have major consequences for the functioning of hypersaline ecosystems. The strong effect of parasites on feeding rate underlines the importance of taking parasites into account in order to improve our understanding of the functioning of aquatic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid27558876, year = {2017}, author = {Kalinkat, G and Cabral, JS and Darwall, W and Ficetola, GF and Fisher, JL and Giling, DP and Gosselin, MP and Grossart, HP and Jähnig, SC and Jeschke, JM and Knopf, K and Larsen, S and Onandia, G and Pätzig, M and Saul, WC and Singer, G and Sperfeld, E and Jarić, I}, title = {Flagship umbrella species needed for the conservation of overlooked aquatic biodiversity.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {481-485}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12813}, pmid = {27558876}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Aquatic Organisms ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Fresh Water ; }, }
@article {pmid27558697, year = {2016}, author = {Castagneyrol, B and Jactel, H and Brockerhoff, EG and Perrette, N and Larter, M and Delzon, S and Piou, D}, title = {Host range expansion is density dependent.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {182}, number = {3}, pages = {779-788}, pmid = {27558697}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Herbivory ; *Host Specificity ; Introduced Species ; Moths ; *Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The realized host range of herbivores is expected to increase with herbivore population density. Theory also predicts that trait similarity and phylogenetic relatedness between native and exotic plants is expected to increase the susceptibility of introduced plants to feeding by native herbivores. Whether the ability of native herbivores to extend their host range to introduced species is density dependent is still unknown. We addressed this question by monitoring pine processionary moth (PPM, Thaumetopoea pityocampa) attacks during nine consecutive years on 41 pine species (8 native and 33 introduced) planted in an arboretum. The survey encompassed latent and outbreak periods. A total of 28 pine species were attacked by PPM. There was no difference in the probability of attack between native and introduced pine species. Host range increased and was more phylogenetically clustered during outbreak than latent periods. When population density increased, PPM expanded its diet breadth by attacking introduced pine species that were closely related to native hosts. This study demonstrates the density dependence of host range expansion in a common pine herbivore. Importantly, it supports the idea that the degree of phylogenetic proximity between host species can be a better predictor of attacks than the introduction status, which may help to predict the outcomes of new plant-herbivore interactions.}, }
@article {pmid27555648, year = {2016}, author = {Pérez-Ponce de León, G and Poulin, R}, title = {Taxonomic distribution of cryptic diversity among metazoans: not so homogeneous after all.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {27555648}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Amphibians ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Invertebrates ; Reptiles ; }, abstract = {Cryptic diversity plagues estimates of biodiversity, conservation efforts and attempts to control diseases and invasive species. Here, we re-visit a decade-old assessment of whether or not cryptic species are homogeneously reported among higher metazoan taxa. We compiled information from an extensive survey of the literature to recover all reports of cryptic species among metazoans. After correcting for currently known species richness and research effort per taxon, we find that cryptic species are over-reported in some taxa and under-reported in others. Although several taxa showing either a lack or an excess of reported cryptic species were poorly studied invertebrate groups, we found that cryptic species were over-reported in amphibians, reptiles and crustaceans, all relatively well-studied groups. The observed heterogeneity in the distribution of reported cryptic species may reflect taxon-specific properties affecting either the propensity for cryptic species to be formed or their likelihood of being detected by conventional taxonomy. Either way, the implications of cryptic diversity may not apply equally across all taxonomic groups.}, }
@article {pmid27555435, year = {2016}, author = {Bentley, KE and Mauricio, R}, title = {High degree of clonal reproduction and lack of large-scale geographic patterning mark the introduced range of the invasive vine, kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata), in North America.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {103}, number = {8}, pages = {1499-1507}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1500434}, pmid = {27555435}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Chloroplast Proteins/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Pueraria/*genetics ; United States ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Pueraria montana var. lobata, or kudzu, is an invasive species whose invasion in North America is not genetically well characterized. The clonality of kudzu introduces challenges to population genetic analyses that can bias the assessment of spatial patterns of genotypes. Assessing patterns of genetic diversity while considering clonality is necessary to understand the invasion and spread of kudzu in its invasive range.<br><br>METHODS: We screened 1747 individuals from 87 populations across the invasive range with 15 microsatellite markers and a 789 bp chloroplast region. We performed detailed clonal analyses and tested levels of genetic diversity, population structure, and phylogeographic relationships.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Kudzu exhibited a clonal rate of 80%, and was more heterozygous than other long-lived perennials. We detected only 353 distinct clonal lineages, with over 60% sharing a maternal haplotype. Populations were established with few genotypes, many consisting of only a single clone. We found no isolation by distance. Despite high genetic diversity, we found little geographic patterning.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Kudzu is highly clonal with few genetically distinct lineages and haplotypes existing in the introduced range. Our data are consistent with a large single introduction, or a few at most. Introduced lineages are geographically randomly distributed but isolated, suggesting that genotypes rarely expand into already established populations. No route of expansion was detectable from an original introduction. The invasion of kudzu does not seem to have been dominated by a single genotype, thus standing genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity are more likely mechanisms explaining kudzu's invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid27552100, year = {2016}, author = {Richardson, MF and Sherman, CD and Lee, RS and Bott, NJ and Hirst, AJ}, title = {Multiple dispersal vectors drive range expansion in an invasive marine species.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {20}, pages = {5001-5014}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13817}, pmid = {27552100}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Asterias/*genetics ; Australia ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotyping Techniques ; Hydrodynamics ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Plankton ; }, abstract = {The establishment and subsequent spread of invasive species is widely recognized as one of the most threatening processes contributing to global biodiversity loss. This is especially true for marine and estuarine ecosystems, which have experienced significant increases in the number of invasive species with the increase in global maritime trade. Understanding the rate and mechanisms of range expansion is therefore of significant interest to ecologists and conservation managers alike. Using a combination of population genetic surveys, environmental DNA (eDNA) plankton sampling and hydrodynamic modelling, we examined the patterns of introduction of the predatory Northern Pacific seastar (Asterias amurensis) and pathways of secondary spread within southeast Australia. Genetic surveys across the invasive range reveal some genetic divergence between the two main invasive regions and no evidence of ongoing gene flow, a pattern that is consistent with the establishment of the second invasive region via a human-mediated translocation event. In contrast, hydrodynamic modelling combined with eDNA plankton sampling demonstrated that the establishment of range expansion populations within a region is consistent with natural larval dispersal and recruitment. Our results suggest that both anthropogenic and natural dispersal vectors have played an important role in the range expansion of this species in Australia. The multiple modes of spread combined with high levels of fecundity and a long larval duration in A. amurensis suggests it is likely to continue its range expansion and significantly impact Australian marine ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid27551385, year = {2016}, author = {Koch, K and Algar, D and Schwenk, K}, title = {Feral Cat Globetrotters: genetic traces of historical human-mediated dispersal.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {15}, pages = {5321-5332}, pmid = {27551385}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Endemic species on islands are highly susceptible to local extinction, in particular if they are exposed to invasive species. Invasive predators, such as feral cats, have been introduced to islands around the world, causing major losses in local biodiversity. In order to control and manage invasive species successfully, information about source populations and level of gene flow is essential. Here, we investigate the origin of feral cats of Hawaiian and Australian islands to verify their European ancestry and a potential pattern of isolation by distance. We analyzed the genetic structure and diversity of feral cats from eleven islands as well as samples from Malaysia and Europe using mitochondrial DNA (ND5 and ND6 regions) and microsatellite DNA data. Our results suggest an overall European origin of Hawaiian cats with no pattern of isolation by distance between Australian, Malaysian, and Hawaiian populations. Instead, we found low levels of genetic differentiation between samples from Tasman Island, Lana'i, Kaho'olawe, Cocos (Keeling) Island, and Asia. As these populations are separated by up to 10,000 kilometers, we assume an extensive passive dispersal event along global maritime trade routes in the beginning of the 19th century, connecting Australian, Asian, and Hawaiian islands. Thus, islands populations, which are characterized by low levels of current gene flow, represent valuable sources of information on historical, human-mediated global dispersal patterns of feral cats.}, }
@article {pmid27551378, year = {2016}, author = {Kamath, PL and Sepulveda, AJ and Layhee, M}, title = {Genetic reconstruction of a bullfrog invasion to elucidate vectors of introduction and secondary spread.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {15}, pages = {5221-5233}, pmid = {27551378}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Reconstructing historical colonization pathways of an invasive species is critical for uncovering factors that determine invasion success and for designing management strategies. The American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) is endemic to eastern North America, but now has a global distribution and is considered to be one of the worst invaders in the world. In Montana, several introduced populations have been reported, but little is known of their sources and vectors of introduction and secondary spread. We evaluated the genetic composition of introduced populations at local (Yellowstone River floodplain) and regional (Montana and Wyoming) scales in contrast to native range populations. Our objectives were to (1) estimate the number of introductions, (2) identify probable native sources, (3) evaluate genetic variation relative to sources, and (4) characterize properties of local- and regional-scale spread. We sequenced 937 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome b locus in 395 tadpoles collected along 100 km of the Yellowstone River, from three additional sites in MT and a proximate site in WY. Pairwise ΦST revealed high divergence among nonnative populations, suggesting at least four independent introductions into MT from diverse sources. Three cyt b haplotypes were identical to native haplotypes distributed across the Midwest and Great Lakes regions, and AMOVA confirmed the western native region as a likely source. While haplotype (H d = 0.69) and nucleotide diversity (π = 0.005) were low in introduced bullfrogs, the levels of diversity did not differ significantly from source populations. In the Yellowstone, two identified haplotypes implied few introduction vectors and a significant relationship between genetic and river distance was found. Evidence for multiple invasions and lack of subsequent regional spread emphasizes the importance of enforcing legislation prohibiting bullfrog importation and the need for continuing public education to prevent transport of bullfrogs in MT. More broadly, this study demonstrates how genetic approaches can reveal key properties of a biological invasion to inform management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid27551221, year = {2016}, author = {Kadyrov, AKh and Karpiński, L and Szczepański, WT and Taszakowski, A and Walczak, M}, title = {New data on distribution, biology, and ecology of longhorn beetles from the area of west Tajikistan (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {606}, pages = {41-64}, pmid = {27551221}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {New data on distribution, biology, and ecology of some little-known cerambycid species, collected in the western part of Tajikistan, are presented. Arhopalus rusticus (Linnaeus, 1758) is recorded in Tajikistan for the first time. New localities of species considered pests or invasive species such as Aeolesthes sarta (Solsky, 1871) and Xylotrechus stebbingi Gahan, 1906 are also given. The list of the taxa collected by the first author during many years of field research in Tajikistan as well as photographs of poorly known species from his collection, including some endemics, are additionally provided. Furthermore, high quality photographs of some extremely rare species that were collected during our expedition, i.e., Turkaromia gromenkoi Danilevsky, 2000 and Ropalopus nadari Pic, 1894, with images of their habitats or feeding grounds are also presented for the first time.}, }
@article {pmid27551148, year = {2016}, author = {Nagoshi, RN and Gilligan, TM and Brambila, J}, title = {Combining Tpi and CO1 Genetic Markers to Discriminate Invasive Helicoverpa armigera From Local Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations in the Southeastern United States.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {109}, number = {5}, pages = {2115-2124}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow177}, pmid = {27551148}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Markers ; Haplotypes ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Moths/classification/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Alignment ; Southeastern United States ; Tennessee ; Triose-Phosphate Isomerase/genetics ; }, abstract = {The recent establishment of the Old World pest Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) into South America has had significant economic consequences and places the rest of the hemisphere at risk, emphasizing the need for improved methods of monitoring. A major complication is that a sibling species endemic to the New World, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), is morphologically very similar, with the two species capable of producing fertile hybrids in the laboratory. The consequences of such hybridization in the field are uncertain, but could result in significant and unpredictable changes in the timing, range, and pesticide susceptibilities of Helicoverpa infestations. The objective here is to provide new genetic resources applicable to Helicoverpa populations in northern Florida and neighboring states (a region at risk for H. armigera) that can distinguish the two species and possible hybrids. The genetic variability in segments of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) and the Z-linked triosephosphate isomerase (Tpi) genes were determined for H. zea from the southeastern United States. These were compared to DNA sequences from H. armigera specimens from Morocco, Australia, and Europe. Phylogenetic network analysis showed a clear demarcation between the two species for all gene segments. These results extend earlier studies establishing CO1 as marker for discriminating the Helicoverpa species complex and introduce a new sex-linked genomic marker. The CO1 and Tpi markers in combination provide a more accurate and sensitive method than existing techniques for identifying hybridization between H. zea and H. armigera and could potentially be used to extrapolate the likely source of invasive H. armigera populations.}, }
@article {pmid27550166, year = {2016}, author = {Stubbins, FL and Greene, JK and Toews, MD and Reay-Jones, FP}, title = {Assessment of a Cross-Vane Trap as a Tool for Sampling the Invasive Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in Soybean with Associated Evaluations of Female Reproductive Status.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {5}, pages = {1262-1270}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw113}, pmid = {27550166}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Agriculture/*instrumentation ; Animals ; Female ; *Heteroptera ; Insect Control/*instrumentation/*methods ; Population Density ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; South Carolina ; Glycine max/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) is an established pest of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, in the southeastern United States. Populations of this pest in soybean are typically estimated using sweep nets, a time-consuming procedure. Cross-vane traps may provide an alternative to using sweep nets. The relationship between trap and sweep-net sampling, and the effect of distance from field edges on M. cribraria densities were studied in 2013 and 2014. Adults were detected in the traps up to 3 wk before they were present in the sweep-net samples. Adults and nymphs collected from trap and sweep-net sampling decreased from the field edge toward the field interior. Across all dates and distances, there was a strong positive association between the two sampling methods (r = 0.60), but only 36% of location analyses by week showed significant association. Females collected using both sampling methods were dissected and rated based on egg development. Female populations of all reproductive maturities dispersed into soybean, but proportions varied with sampling method. Results provide a foundation for work into understanding dispersal cues, with implications for management in soybean. Cross-vane traps may serve as an early-season tool to monitor populations, but more studies are needed before robust sampling recommendations can be defined.}, }
@article {pmid27549569, year = {2016}, author = {Early, R and Bradley, BA and Dukes, JS and Lawler, JJ and Olden, JD and Blumenthal, DM and Gonzalez, P and Grosholz, ED and Ibañez, I and Miller, LP and Sorte, CJ and Tatem, AJ}, title = {Global threats from invasive alien species in the twenty-first century and national response capacities.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {12485}, pmid = {27549569}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Geography ; History, 21st Century ; *Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) threaten human livelihoods and biodiversity globally. Increasing globalization facilitates IAS arrival, and environmental changes, including climate change, facilitate IAS establishment. Here we provide the first global, spatial analysis of the terrestrial threat from IAS in light of twenty-first century globalization and environmental change, and evaluate national capacities to prevent and manage species invasions. We find that one-sixth of the global land surface is highly vulnerable to invasion, including substantial areas in developing economies and biodiversity hotspots. The dominant invasion vectors differ between high-income countries (imports, particularly of plants and pets) and low-income countries (air travel). Uniting data on the causes of introduction and establishment can improve early-warning and eradication schemes. Most countries have limited capacity to act against invasions. In particular, we reveal a clear need for proactive invasion strategies in areas with high poverty levels, high biodiversity and low historical levels of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid27547575, year = {2016}, author = {Barbar, F and Hiraldo, F and Lambertucci, SA}, title = {Medium-sized exotic prey create novel food webs: the case of predators and scavengers consuming lagomorphs.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e2273}, pmid = {27547575}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Food web interactions are key to community structure. The introduction of species can be seen as an uncontrolled experiment of the addition of species. Introduced species lead to multiple changes, frequently threatening the native biodiversity. However, little is known about their direct effect on the upper level of the food web. In this study we review empirical data on the predator-prey relationship between the introduced lagomorphs and their consumers, and use meta-analytical tools to quantify the strength of their interactions. We expect that exotic lagomorphs will destabilize food webs, affect ecological processes and compromise the conservation of the invaded regions. We found 156 studies on the diet of 43 species of predators that consume lagomorphs as exotic preys in South America and Oceania. We found an average exotic lagomorphs-predator link of 20% which indicates a strong interaction, given that the average for the strongest links with native prey (when lagomorphs are not included in the predator diet) is about 24%. Additionally, this last link decreases to 17% when lagomorphs are present. When lagomorphs arrive in a new environment they may become the most important resource for predators, producing an unstable equilibrium in the novel food web. Any disruption of this interaction could have catastrophic consequences for the native diversity by directly impacting predators or indirectly impacting native preys by apparent competition. Eradication or any change in their abundances should be carefully considered in conservation actions since those will have great impacts on predator populations and ultimately in the whole communities.}, }
@article {pmid27547343, year = {2016}, author = {Geoffroy, A and Destombe, C and Kim, B and Mauger, S and Raffo, MP and Kim, MS and Le Gall, L}, title = {Patterns of genetic diversity of the cryptogenic red alga Polysiphonia morrowii (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) suggest multiple origins of the Atlantic populations.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {16}, pages = {5635-5647}, pmid = {27547343}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The red alga Polysiphonia morrowii, native to the North Pacific (Northeast Asia), has recently been reported worldwide. To determine the origin of the French and Argentine populations of this introduced species, we compared samples from these two areas with samples collected in Korea and at Hakodate, Japan, the type locality of the species. Combined analyses of chloroplastic (rbcL) and mitochondrial (cox1) DNA revealed that the French and Argentine populations are closely related and differ substantially from the Korean and Japanese populations. The genetic structure of P. morrowii populations from South Atlantic and North Atlantic, which showed high haplotype diversity compared with populations from the North Pacific, suggested the occurrence of multiple introduction events from areas outside of the so-called native regions. Although similar, the French and Argentine populations are not genetically identical. Thus, the genetic structure of these two introduced areas may have been modified by cryptic and recurrent introduction events directly from Asia or from other introduced areas that act as introduction relays. In addition, the large number of private cytoplasmic types identified in the two introduced regions strongly suggests that local populations of P. morrowii existed before the recent detection of these invasions. Our results suggest that the most likely scenario is that the source population(s) of the French and Argentine populations was not located only in the North Pacific and/or that P. morrowii is a cryptogenic species.}, }
@article {pmid27547338, year = {2016}, author = {Herfindal, I and Melis, C and Åhlén, PA and Dahl, F}, title = {Lack of sex-specific movement patterns in an alien species at its invasion front - consequences for invasion speed.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {16}, pages = {5570-5584}, pmid = {27547338}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Efficient targeting of actions to reduce the spread of invasive alien species relies on understanding the spatial, temporal, and individual variation of movement, in particular related to dispersal. Such patterns may differ between individuals at the invasion front compared to individuals in established and dense populations due to differences in environmental and ecological conditions such as abundance of conspecifics or sex-specific dispersal affecting the encounter rate of potential mates. We assessed seasonal and diurnal variation in movement pattern (step length and turning angle) of adult male and female raccoon dog at their invasion front in northern Sweden using data from Global Positioning System (GPS)-marked adult individuals and assessed whether male and female raccoon dog differed in their movement behavior. There were few consistent sex differences in movement. The rate of dispersal was rather similar over the months, suggesting that both male and female raccoon dog disperse during most of the year, but with higher speed during spring and summer. There were diurnal movement patterns in both sexes with more directional and faster movement during the dark hours. However, the short summer nights may limit such movement patterns, and long-distance displacement was best explained by fine-scale movement patterns from 18:00 to 05:00, rather than by movement patterns only from twilight and night. Simulation of dispersing raccoon dogs suggested a higher frequency of male-female encounters that were further away from the source population for the empirical data compared to a scenario with sex differences in movement pattern. The lack of sex differences in movement pattern at the invasion front results in an increased likelihood for reproductive events far from the source population. Animals outside the source population should be considered potential reproducing individuals, and a high effort to capture such individuals is needed throughout the year to prevent further spread.}, }
@article {pmid27547328, year = {2016}, author = {Minoarivelo, HO and Hui, C}, title = {Invading a mutualistic network: to be or not to be similar.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {14}, pages = {4981-4996}, pmid = {27547328}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Biological invasion remains a major threat to biodiversity in general and a disruptor to mutualistic interactions in particular. While a number of empirical studies have directly explored the role of invasion in mutualistic pollination networks, a clear picture is yet to emerge and a theoretical model for comprehension still lacking. Here, using an eco-evolutionary model of bipartite mutualistic networks with trait-mediated interactions, we explore invader trait, propagule pressure, and network features of recipient community that contribute importantly to the success and impact of an invasion. High level of invasiveness is observed when invader trait differs from those of the community average, and level of interaction generalization equals to that of the community average. Moreover, multiple introductions of invaders with declining propagules enhance invasiveness. Surprisingly, the most successful invader is not always the one having the biggest impact on the recipient community. The network structure of recipient community, such as nestedness and modularity, is not a primary indicator of its invasibility; rather, the invasibility is best correlated with measurements of network stability such as robustness, resilience, and disruptiveness (a measure of evolutionary instability). Our model encompasses more general scenarios than previously studied in predicting invasion success and impact in mutualistic networks, and our results highlight the need for coupling eco-evolutionary processes to resolve the invasion dilemma.}, }
@article {pmid27547312, year = {2016}, author = {Sacks, BN and Brazeal, JL and Lewis, JC}, title = {Landscape genetics of the nonnative red fox of California.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {14}, pages = {4775-4791}, pmid = {27547312}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive mammalian carnivores contribute disproportionately to declines in global biodiversity. In California, nonnative red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) have significantly impacted endangered ground-nesting birds and native canids. These foxes derive primarily from captive-reared animals associated with the fur-farming industry. Over the past five decades, the cumulative area occupied by nonnative red fox increased to cover much of central and southern California. We used a landscape-genetic approach involving mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences and 13 microsatellites of 402 nonnative red foxes removed in predator control programs to investigate source populations, contemporary connectivity, and metapopulation dynamics. Both markers indicated high population structuring consistent with origins from multiple introductions and low subsequent gene flow. Landscape-genetic modeling indicated that population connectivity was especially low among coastal sampling sites surrounded by mountainous wildlands but somewhat higher through topographically flat, urban and agricultural landscapes. The genetic composition of populations tended to be stable for multiple generations, indicating a degree of demographic resilience to predator removal programs. However, in two sites where intensive predator control reduced fox abundance, we observed increases in immigration, suggesting potential for recolonization to counter eradication attempts. These findings, along with continued genetic monitoring, can help guide localized management of foxes by identifying points of introductions and routes of spread and evaluating the relative importance of reproduction and immigration in maintaining populations. More generally, the study illustrates the utility of a landscape-genetic approach for understanding invasion dynamics and metapopulation structure of one of the world's most destructive invasive mammals, the red fox.}, }
@article {pmid27547199, year = {2016}, author = {Escobar, LE and Craft, ME}, title = {Advances and Limitations of Disease Biogeography Using Ecological Niche Modeling.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {1174}, pmid = {27547199}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Mapping disease transmission risk is crucial in public and animal health for evidence based decision-making. Ecology and epidemiology are highly related disciplines that may contribute to improvements in mapping disease, which can be used to answer health related questions. Ecological niche modeling is increasingly used for understanding the biogeography of diseases in plants, animals, and humans. However, epidemiological applications of niche modeling approaches for disease mapping can fail to generate robust study designs, producing incomplete or incorrect inferences. This manuscript is an overview of the history and conceptual bases behind ecological niche modeling, specifically as applied to epidemiology and public health; it does not pretend to be an exhaustive and detailed description of ecological niche modeling literature and methods. Instead, this review includes selected state-of-the-science approaches and tools, providing a short guide to designing studies incorporating information on the type and quality of the input data (i.e., occurrences and environmental variables), identification and justification of the extent of the study area, and encourages users to explore and test diverse algorithms for more informed conclusions. We provide a friendly introduction to the field of disease biogeography presenting an updated guide for researchers looking to use ecological niche modeling for disease mapping. We anticipate that ecological niche modeling will soon be a critical tool for epidemiologists aiming to map disease transmission risk, forecast disease distribution under climate change scenarios, and identify landscape factors triggering outbreaks.}, }
@article {pmid27545965, year = {2017}, author = {Andreani, S and Paolini, J and Costa, J and Muselli, A}, title = {Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Xanthium spinosum L., an Invasive Species of Corsica.}, journal = {Chemistry &amp; biodiversity}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/cbdv.201600148}, pmid = {27545965}, issn = {1612-1880}, mesh = {France ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Introduced Species ; Oils, Volatile/*chemistry ; Plant Components, Aerial/chemistry ; Plant Oils/chemistry ; Xanthium/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Xanthium spinosum L. is a highly invasive plant originated from South America throughout the world as well as in Corsica Island. The chemical composition of X. spinosum essential oils from 25 Corsican locations was investigated using GC-FID and GC/MS. Seventy-four components, which accounted for 96.2% of the total amount, were reported for the first time in the essential oil from aerial parts. The main compounds were eudesma-4(14),7-dien-1β-ol (61; 21.3%), germacrene D (36; 8.8%) and cadalene (60; 8.7%). Comparison with the literature highlighted the originality of the Corsican essential oil and eudesma-4(14),7-dien-1β-ol could be used as taxonomical marker to the systematics of the Xanthium genus. The essential oils obtained from separate organs and during the plant vegetative cycle were also studied to gain more knowledge about the correlations between the volatile production and the phenological states of this weed. The production of oxygenated sesquiterpenes was predominant during the plant-flowering process. The study focuses on direct correlation between the chemical composition of individual 25 oil samples and the morphological differences of the plant. Our results have gained more knowledge about the secondary metabolite production that occurs during the plant life, they could be interesting in order to manage the dispersal of X. spinosum.}, }
@article {pmid27542399, year = {2016}, author = {Medina, AM}, title = {What Can an Invasive Dung Beetle Tell Us About Niche Conservatism?.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {5}, pages = {1141-1145}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw092}, pmid = {27542399}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Does climatic niche change during invasion? We used Digitonthophagus gazella (F.) as a model to test the niche conservatism hypothesis and found out that climatic niche was stable between native and invasive ranges of this exotic dung beetle. Distribution maps based either on native or invasive occurrences exhibited the same picture of a widespread dung beetle restricted by areas with low precipitation and cold temperatures. We believe that this species opportunistic behavior is one of the main reasons behind this pattern. We suggest that use of native occurrences to predict a potential risk of biological invasions is a useful tool.}, }
@article {pmid27539950, year = {2016}, author = {Thomson, DM}, title = {Local bumble bee decline linked to recovery of honey bees, drought effects on floral resources.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {19}, number = {10}, pages = {1247-1255}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12659}, pmid = {27539950}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; California ; Climate ; *Droughts ; Flowers/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Time series of abundances are critical for understanding how abiotic factors and species interactions affect population dynamics, but are rarely linked with experiments and also scarce for bee pollinators. This gap is important given concerns about declines in some bee species. I monitored honey bee (Apis mellifera) and bumble bee (Bombus spp.) foragers in coastal California from 1999, when feral A. mellifera populations were low due to Varroa destructor, until 2014. Apis mellifera increased substantially, except between 2006 and 2011, coinciding with declines in managed populations. Increases in A. mellifera strongly correlated with declines in Bombus and reduced diet overlap between them, suggesting resource competition consistent with past experimental results. Lower Bombus numbers also correlated with diminished floral resources. Declines in floral abundances were associated with drought and reduced spring rainfall. These results illustrate how competition with an introduced species may interact with climate to drive local decline of native pollinators.}, }
@article {pmid27539361, year = {2016}, author = {Andow, DA and Borgida, E and Hurley, TM and Williams, AL}, title = {Recruitment and Retention of Volunteers in a Citizen Science Network to Detect Invasive Species on Private Lands.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {58}, number = {4}, pages = {606-618}, pmid = {27539361}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Community-Based Participatory Research/*methods ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Focus Groups ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Minnesota ; Public-Private Sector Partnerships ; Social Networking ; *Volunteers ; }, abstract = {Volunteer citizen monitoring is an increasingly important source of scientific data. We developed a volunteer program for early detection of new invasive species by private landowners on their own land. Early detection of an invasive species, however, subjects the landowner to the potentially costly risk of government intervention to control the invasive species. We hypothesized that an adult experiential learning module could increase recruitment and retention because private landowners could learn more about and understand the social benefits of early detection and more accurately gauge the level of personal risk. The experiential learning module emphasized group discussion and individual reflection of risks and benefits of volunteering and included interactions with experts and regulatory personnel. A population of woodland owners with >2 ha of managed oak woodland in central Minnesota were randomly assigned to recruitment treatments: (a) the experiential learning module or (b) a letter inviting their participation. The recruitment and retention rates and data quality were similar for the two methods. However, volunteers who experienced the learning module were more likely to recruit new volunteers than those who merely received an invitation letter. Thus the module may indirectly affect recruitment of new volunteers. The data collection was complex and required the volunteers to complete timely activities, yet the volunteers provided sufficiently high quality data that was useful to the organizers. Volunteers can collect complex data and are willing to assume personal risk to contribute to early detection of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid27539258, year = {2016}, author = {Bruckman, D and Campbell, DR}, title = {Pollination of a native plant changes with distance and density of invasive plants in a simulated biological invasion.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {103}, number = {8}, pages = {1458-1465}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1600153}, pmid = {27539258}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Boraginaceae/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Mustard Plant/*physiology ; *Plant Dispersal ; *Pollination ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Effects of an exotic plant on pollination may change as the invasive increases in density. Quantity of pollinator visits to a native may increase, decrease, or change nonlinearly, while visit quality is likely to decrease with greater interspecific pollen movement. How visit quantity and quality contribute to the effect on reproductive success at each invasion stage has not been measured.<br><br>METHODS: We simulated four stages of invasion by Brassica nigra by manipulating the neighborhood of potted plants of the native Phacelia parryi in a field experiment. Stages were far from the invasion, near the invasion, intermixed with the invasive at low density, and intermixed at high density. We measured pollinator visitation, conspecific and invasive pollen deposition, and seed set for P. parryi at each stage.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Native individuals near invasive plants and within areas of low invasive density showed greatest seed production, as expected from concurrent changes in conspecific and invasive pollen deposition. Those plants experienced facilitation of visits and received more conspecific pollen relative to plants farther from invasives. Native individuals within high invasive density also received frequent visits by many pollinators (although not honeybees), but the larger receipt of invasive pollen predicted interference with pollen tubes that matched patterns in seed set.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Pollinator visitation was highest when exotic plants were nearby. Detrimental effects of heterospecific pollen deposition were highest at high exotic density. Our study quantified how reproduction benefits from near proximity to a showy invasive, but is still vulnerable when the invasive reaches high density.}, }
@article {pmid27539151, year = {2016}, author = {Poo-Muñoz, DA and Elizondo-Patrone, C and Escobar, LE and Astorga, F and Bermúdez, SE and Martínez-Valdebenito, C and Abarca, K and Medina-Vogel, G}, title = {Fleas and Ticks in Carnivores From a Domestic-Wildlife Interface: Implications for Public Health and Wildlife.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {53}, number = {6}, pages = {1433-1443}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjw124}, pmid = {27539151}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; *Carnivora ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology/parasitology ; Cats ; Chile/epidemiology ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology/parasitology ; Dogs ; Flea Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Prevalence ; Rickettsia Infections/epidemiology/microbiology/veterinary ; Rickettsia felis/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Risk Factors ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/veterinary ; Siphonaptera/classification/genetics/*physiology ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Ticks/classification/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Fleas and ticks are parasites of wild and domestic mammals, and can be vectors of several pathogens. In rural areas, domestic carnivores such as the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris L.), may act as a "bridge" between natural areas and human settlements where ectoparasites can be used as a metric of such link. The aim of this study was to identify fleas, ticks, and Rickettsia spp., collected from domestic and wild carnivores in a natural reserve and surrounding human settlements in Central Chile, using morphological keys and molecular analysis. We surveyed 170 households from which 107 dogs and eight cats were sampled. From the natural reserve, we sampled two chilla foxes (Pseudalopex griseus Gray), two lesser grison (Galictis cuja Molina), three kodkods (Leopardus guigna Molina), and four dogs. From dogs, we collected Ctenocephalides felis Bouché, Ctenocephalides canis Curtis, Pulex irritans L., and Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. Latreille; C. felis was the most frequent ectoparasite. Cats were infested only by C. felis and Rh. sanguineus s.l. From wild carnivores, we obtained C. canis and P. irritans, the latter being most frequent. Molecular analysis of P. irritans detected 10 haplotypes and two main clades, which tended to separate fleas from wild and domestic hosts. Molecular analysis of ompA and ompB genes confirmed the presence of Rickettsia felis in fleas collected from owned dogs and cats, which could represent a potential risk factor of R. felis transmission in the area.}, }
@article {pmid27538786, year = {2016}, author = {Diane, A and Borthwick, F and Wu, S and Lee, J and Brown, PN and Dickinson, TA and Croft, KD and Vine, DF and Proctor, SD}, title = {Hypolipidemic and cardioprotective benefits of a novel fireberry hawthorn fruit extract in the JCR:LA-cp rodent model of dyslipidemia and cardiac dysfunction.}, journal = {Food &amp; function}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, pages = {3943-3952}, doi = {10.1039/c6fo01023g}, pmid = {27538786}, issn = {2042-650X}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; Cardiotonic Agents/*therapeutic use ; Cholesterol, LDL/blood ; Crataegus/*chemistry/growth &amp; development ; *Dietary Supplements ; Dyslipidemias/blood/pathology/physiopathology/*prevention &amp; control ; Fibrosis ; Fruit/chemistry/growth &amp; development ; Heart/physiopathology ; Heart Diseases/blood/pathology/physiopathology/*prevention &amp; control ; Hypolipidemic Agents/*therapeutic use ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Myocardium/pathology ; Organ Size ; Plant Extracts/*therapeutic use ; Plant Leaves/chemistry/growth &amp; development ; Random Allocation ; Rats, Mutant Strains ; }, abstract = {Hawthorn is a widely used herbal alternative medicine for the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases. However, the attributed health benefits, purported to be due to the presence of phenolic compounds, may depend on both the specific species and plant part. Studies to date investigating effects of hawthorn on heart disease(s) have used well-described European and/or Asian species, while little is known regarding the bioactivity of species native to North America. Six weeks of supplementation of both fireberry hawthorn berry (native Crataegus chrysocarpa) and English hawthorn leaf (C. monogyna, naturalized in North America) in the JCR:LA-cp rat, resulted in a significant reduction in heart weight, fasting LDL-C and improved heart function (p < 0.05). Fasting triglyceride and myocardial fibrosis were also reduced, but only by the berry extract. We demonstrate that both of the Canadian-sourced hawthorn extracts (introduced leaf and native berry) have cardioprotective benefits, likely via increased availability of nitric oxide.}, }
@article {pmid27535176, year = {2016}, author = {Klock, MM and Barrett, LG and Thrall, PH and Harms, KE}, title = {Differential plant invasiveness is not always driven by host promiscuity with bacterial symbionts.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {27535176}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Identification of mechanisms that allow some species to outcompete others is a fundamental goal in ecology and invasive species management. One useful approach is to examine congeners varying in invasiveness in a comparative framework across native and invaded ranges. Acacia species have been widely introduced outside their native range of Australia, and a subset of these species have become invasive in multiple parts of the world. Within specific regions, the invasive status of these species varies. Our study examined whether a key mechanism in the life history of Acacia species, the legume-rhizobia symbiosis, influences acacia invasiveness on a regional scale. To assess the extent to which species varying in invasiveness correspondingly differ with regard to the diversity of rhizobia they associate with, we grew seven Acacia species ranging in invasiveness in California in multiple soils from both their native (Australia) and introduced (California) ranges. In particular, the aim was to determine whether more invasive species formed symbioses with a wider diversity of rhizobial strains (i.e. are more promiscuous hosts). We measured and compared plant performance, including aboveground biomass, survival, and nodulation response, as well as rhizobial community composition and richness. Host promiscuity did not differ among invasiveness categories. Acacia species that varied in invasiveness differed in aboveground biomass for only one soil and did not differ in survival or nodulation within individual soils. In addition, acacias did not differ in rhizobial richness among invasiveness categories. However, nodulation differed between regions and was generally higher in the native than introduced range. Our results suggest that all Acacia species introduced to California are promiscuous hosts and that host promiscuity per se does not explain the observed differences in invasiveness within this region. Our study also highlights the utility of assessing potential mechanisms of invasion in species' native and introduced ranges.}, }
@article {pmid27535095, year = {2016}, author = {McCreless, EE and Huff, DD and Croll, DA and Tershy, BR and Spatz, DR and Holmes, ND and Butchart, SH and Wilcox, C}, title = {Past and estimated future impact of invasive alien mammals on insular threatened vertebrate populations.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {12488}, pmid = {27535095}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Endangered Species ; Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Mammals/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Odds Ratio ; Probability ; Rain ; Rats ; Reproducibility of Results ; Risk Factors ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive mammals on islands pose severe, ongoing threats to global biodiversity. However, the severity of threats from different mammals, and the role of interacting biotic and abiotic factors in driving extinctions, remain poorly understood at a global scale. Here we model global extirpation patterns for island populations of threatened and extinct vertebrates. Extirpations are driven by interacting factors including invasive rats, cats, pigs, mustelids and mongooses, native species taxonomic class and volancy, island size, precipitation and human presence. We show that controlling or eradicating the relevant invasive mammals could prevent 41-75% of predicted future extirpations. The magnitude of benefits varies across species and environments; for example, managing invasive mammals on small, dry islands could halve the extirpation risk for highly threatened birds and mammals, while doing so on large, wet islands may have little benefit. Our results provide quantitative estimates of conservation benefits and, when combined with costs in a return-on-investment framework, can guide efficient conservation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid27531141, year = {2016}, author = {Minchin, D and Olenin, S and Liu, TK and Cheng, M and Huang, SC}, title = {Rapid assessment of target species: Byssate bivalves in a large tropical port.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {112}, number = {1-2}, pages = {177-182}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.023}, pmid = {27531141}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*classification ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Mytilidae ; Ships ; }, abstract = {Rapid assessment sampling for target species is a fast cost-effective method aimed at determining the presence, abundance and distribution of alien and native harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens that may have been introduced by shipping. In this study, the method was applied within a large tropical port expected to have a high species diversity. The port of Kaohsiung was sampled for bivalve molluscan species that attach using a byssus. Such species, due to their biological traits, are spread by ships to ports worldwide. We estimated the abundance and distribution range of one dreissenid (Mytilopsis sallei) and four mytilids (Brachidontes variabilis, Arcuatula senhousa, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Perna viridis) known to be successful invaders and identified as potential pests, or high-risk harmful native or non-native species. We conclude that a rapid assessment of their abundance and distribution within a port, and its vicinity, is efficient and can provide sufficient information for decision making by port managers where IMO port exemptions may be sought.}, }
@article {pmid27530305, year = {2016}, author = {Ouisse, T and Bonte, D and Lebouvier, M and Hendrickx, F and Renault, D}, title = {The importance of relative humidity and trophic resources in governing ecological niche of the invasive carabid beetle Merizodus soledadinus in the Kerguelen archipelago.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {93-94}, number = {}, pages = {42-49}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.08.006}, pmid = {27530305}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; *Desiccation ; Female ; *Food Deprivation ; *Humidity ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Longevity ; Male ; }, abstract = {Comprehensive studies to identify species-specific drivers of survival to environmental stress, reproduction, growth, and recruitment are vital to gaining a better understanding of the main ecological factors shaping species habitat distribution and dispersal routes. The present study performed a field-based assessment of habitat distribution in the invasive carabid beetle Merizodus soledadinus for the Kerguelen archipelago. The results emphasised humid habitats as a key element of the insect's realised niche. In addition, insects faced food and water stress during dispersal events. We evaluated quantitatively how water availability and trophic resources governed the spatial distribution of this invasive predatory insect at Îles Kerguelen. Food and water stress survival durations [in 100%, 70%, and 30% relative humidity (RH) conditions] and changes in a set of primary metabolic compounds (metabolomics) were determined. Adult M. soledadinus supplied with water ad libitum were highly tolerant to prolonged starvation (LT50=51.7±6.2d). However, food-deprived insect survival decreased rapidly in moderate (70% RH, LT50=30.37±1.39h) and low (30% RH, LT50=13.03±0.48h) RH conditions. Consistently, body water content decreased rapidly in insects exposed to 70% and 30% RH. Metabolic variation evidenced the effects of food deprivation in control insects (exposed to 100% RH), which exhibited a progressive decline of most glycolytic sugars and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Most metabolite levels were elevated levels during the first few hours of exposure to 30% and 70% RH. Augmented alanine and lactate levels suggested a shift to anaerobic metabolism. Simultaneously, peaks in threonine and glycolytic sugars pointed to metabolic disruption and a progressive physiological breakdown in dehydrating individuals. Overall, the results of our study indicate that the geographic distribution of M. soledadinus populations is highly dependent on habitat RH and water accessibility.}, }
@article {pmid27529695, year = {2016}, author = {Cabra-Rivas, I and Castro-Díez, P}, title = {Comparing the Sexual Reproductive Success of Two Exotic Trees Invading Spanish Riparian Forests vs. a Native Reference.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {e0160831}, pmid = {27529695}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ailanthus/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Forests ; Germination ; *Introduced Species ; Regeneration ; Reproduction ; Seedlings/physiology ; Seeds/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Trees/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {A widely accepted hypothesis in invasion ecology is that invasive species have higher survival through the early stages of establishment than do non-invasive species. In this study we explore the hypothesis that the sexual reproductive success of the invasive trees Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle and Robinia pseudoacacia L. is higher than that of the native Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl., all three species coexisting within the riparian forests of Central Spain. We compared different stages of the early life cycle, namely seed rain, seed infestation by insects, seed removal by local fauna, seed germination under optimal conditions and seedling abundance between the two invasive trees and the native, in order to assess their sexual reproductive success. The exotic species did not differ from the native reference (all three species displaying high seed rain and undergoing seed losses up to 50% due to seed removal by the local fauna). Even if the exotic R. pseudoacacia showed a high percentage of empty and insect-parasited seeds along with a low seedling emergence and the exotic A. altissima was the species with more viable seeds and of higher germinability, no differences were found regarding these variables when comparing them with the native F. angustifolia. Unsuitable conditions might have hampered either seedling emergence and survival, as seedling abundance in the field was lower than expected in all species -especially in R. pseudoacacia-. Our results rather suggest that the sexual reproductive success was not higher in the exotic trees than in the native reference, but studies focusing on long-term recruitment would help to shed light on this issue.}, }
@article {pmid27527375, year = {2016}, author = {Miralles, L and Ardura, A and Arias, A and Borrell, YJ and Clusa, L and Dopico, E and de Rojas, AH and Lopez, B and Muñoz-Colmenero, M and Roca, A and Valiente, AG and Zaiko, A and Garcia-Vazquez, E}, title = {Barcodes of marine invertebrates from north Iberian ports: Native diversity and resistance to biological invasions.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {112}, number = {1-2}, pages = {183-188}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.022}, pmid = {27527375}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; *Biodiversity ; Biota ; Bivalvia ; Crassostrea ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; *Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates/genetics ; Ships ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Ports are gateways for many marine organisms transported by ships worldwide, especially non-indigenous species (NIS). In this study carried out in North Iberian ports (Cantabrian Sea, Bay of Biscay) we have observed 38% of exotic macroinvertebrates. Four species, namely the barnacle Austrominius modestus, the tubeworm Ficopomatus enigmaticus, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and the pygmy mussel Xenostrobus securis, exhibited clear signs of invasiveness. A total of 671 barcode (cytochrome oxidase subunit I or 18S rRNA) genes were obtained and confirmed the species status of some cryptic NIS. Negative and significant correlation between diversity estimators of native biota and proportion of NIS suggests biotic resistance in ports. This could be applied to management of port biota for contributing to prevent the settlement of biopollutants in these areas which are very sensitive to biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid27526387, year = {2016}, author = {Henry, JQ and Lyons, DC}, title = {Molluscan models: Crepidula fornicata.}, journal = {Current opinion in genetics &amp; development}, volume = {39}, number = {}, pages = {138-148}, doi = {10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.021}, pmid = {27526387}, issn = {1879-0380}, mesh = {Animals ; CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Cell Differentiation/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gastrulation/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Morphogenesis/*genetics ; Snails/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Gastropod snails in the genus Crepidula have emerged as model systems for studying a metazoan super clade, the Spiralia. Recent work on one species in particular, Crepidula fornicata, has produced high-resolution cell lineage fate maps, details of morphogenetic events during gastrulation, key insights into the molecular underpinnings of early development, and the first demonstration of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in the Spiralia. Furthermore, invasive species of Crepidula are a significant ecological threat, while one of these, C. fornicata, is also being harvested for food. This review highlights progress towards developing these animals as models for evolutionary, developmental, and ecological studies. Such studies have contributed greatly to our understanding of biology in a major clade of bilaterians. This information may also help us to control and cultivate these snails.}, }
@article {pmid27525660, year = {2016}, author = {Ng, TH and Tan, SK and Wong, WH and Meier, R and Chan, SY and Tan, HH and Yeo, DC}, title = {Molluscs for Sale: Assessment of Freshwater Gastropods and Bivalves in the Ornamental Pet Trade.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {e0161130}, pmid = {27525660}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia/classification ; Commerce/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; *Fresh Water ; *Gastropoda/classification ; Pets/*economics ; }, abstract = {The ornamental pet trade is often considered a key culprit for conservation problems such as the introduction of invasive species (including infectious diseases) and overharvesting of rare species. Here, we present the first assessment of the biodiversity of freshwater molluscs in the ornamental pet trade in Singapore, one of the most important global hubs of the ornamental aquarium trade, and discuss associated conservation concerns. We recorded freshwater molluscs from ornamental pet shops and major exporters including non-ornamental species (e.g., hitchhikers, molluscs sold as fish feed). We recorded an unexpectedly high diversity-59 species-of freshwater bivalves and gastropods, with the majority (38 species or 64%) being from the Oriental region. In addition to morphological examination, we sequenced the DNA barcode region of mitochondrial CO1 and 16S genes to provide molecular data for the confirmation of the identification and for future re-identification. DNA barcodes were obtained for 50 species, and all but four were separated by > 3% uncorrected pairwise distances. The trade has been considered a main introduction pathway for non-native species to Singapore, and we found that out of 15 species in the trade as well as in the wild in Singapore, 12 are either introduced or of unknown origin, representing almost half of the known non-native freshwater molluscs in Singapore. Particularly prevalent are non-ornamental species: six hitchhikers on aquarium plants and six species sold as fish feed. We found that a quarter of the trade species have a history of introduction, which includes 11 known or potentially invasive species. We conclude that potential overharvesting is difficult to assess because only half of the trade species have been treated by IUCN. Of these, 21 species are of Least Concern and three are Data Deficient. Our checklist, with accompanying DNA barcodes, images, and museum vouchers, provides an important reference library for future monitoring, and constitutes a step toward creating a more sustainable ornamental pet trade.}, }
@article {pmid27524823, year = {2016}, author = {Durden, LA and Beckmen, KB and Gerlach, RF}, title = {New Records of Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) From Dogs, Cats, Humans, and Some Wild Vertebrates in Alaska: Invasion Potential.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {53}, number = {6}, pages = {1391-1395}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjw128}, pmid = {27524823}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Alaska ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bird Diseases/parasitology ; *Birds ; Cat Diseases/parasitology ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/parasitology ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; *Mammals ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Tick Infestations/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {During 2010-2016, tick specimens were solicited from veterinarians, biologists, and members of the public in Alaska. Eight species of ticks were recorded from domestic dogs. Some ticks were collected from dogs with recent travel histories to other countries or other U.S. states, which appears to explain records of ticks not native to Alaska such as Amblyomma americanum (L.) (lone star tick), Ixodes scapularis (Say) (blacklegged tick), and Ixodes ricinus (L.). However, we recorded Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (American dog tick) from dogs (and humans) both with and without travel history, suggesting that this nonindigenous tick could be establishing populations in Alaska. Other ticks commonly recorded from dogs included the indigenous Ixodes angustus Neumann and the invasive Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (brown dog tick). Domestic cats were only parasitized by one tick species, the native I. angustus Six species of ticks were recorded from humans: A. americanum (with and without travel history), Dermacentor andersoni Stiles (Rocky Mountain wood tick; travel associated), D. variabilis (with and without travel history), Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard) (rabbit tick, native to Alaska), I. angustus, and R. sanguineus. Ixodes angustus predominated among tick collections from native mammals. Also, Ixodes texanus Banks (first record from Alaska) was collected from an American marten, Martes americana (Turton), H. leporispalustris was recorded from a snowshoe hare, Lepus americanus Erxleben, and Ixodes auritulus Neumann was collected from a Northwestern crow, Corvus caurinus Baird. The establishment of D. variabilis, D. andersoni, A. americanum, and/or I. scapularis in Alaska would have strong implications for animal and human health.}, }
@article {pmid27522606, year = {2016}, author = {Li, J and Du, L and Guan, W and Yu, FH and van Kleunen, M}, title = {Latitudinal and longitudinal clines of phenotypic plasticity in the invasive herb Solidago canadensis in China.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {182}, number = {3}, pages = {755-764}, pmid = {27522606}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Plant Leaves ; *Solidago ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity is thought to be important for plants in variable environments. The climatic variability hypothesis poses that populations at higher latitudes, due to the stronger variation in temperature, there should be more plastic in response to temperature than populations at lower latitudes. Similarly, populations at locations with stronger precipitation fluctuations should be more plastic in response to water availability than populations at locations with less variable precipitation. We sampled seven and nine populations of Solidago canadensis, a North American native that is invasive in China, along a latitudinal (temperature variability) and a longitudinal (precipitation variability) gradient, respectively, in China, and grew them under two temperature treatments and two water-availability treatments, respectively. Among the four traits with significant variation in plasticity among populations in response to temperature, plasticity of leaf length-to-width ratio was significantly positively correlated with latitude and temperature seasonality of the populations. In addition, root/shoot ratio and water-use efficiency showed significant variation in plasticity among populations in response to water availability, and plasticities of these two traits were significantly negatively correlated with longitude and positively correlated with precipitation seasonality. The observed geographic clines in plasticity suggest that phenotypic plasticity of S. canadensis may have evolved rapidly in regions with different climatic conditions, and this may have contributed to the spread of this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid27521625, year = {2016}, author = {van der Linde, EJ and Pešicová, K and Pažoutová, S and Stodůlková, E and Flieger, M and Kolařík, M}, title = {Ergot species of the Claviceps purpurea group from South Africa.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {120}, number = {8}, pages = {917-930}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2016.05.006}, pmid = {27521625}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Claviceps/chemistry/*classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics ; *Environmental Microbiology ; Ergot Alkaloids/*analysis ; Forests ; Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 7/genetics ; Peptide Elongation Factor 1/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; South Africa ; Tubulin/genetics ; Water ; }, abstract = {Results of a survey and study of the Claviceps purpurea group of species in South Africa are being presented and five new species are described. Morphological descriptions are based on the anamorphs and four nuclear genetic loci. Claviceps fimbristylidis sp. nov. on Fimbristylis complanata was discovered wide-spread across five provinces of the country associated with water and represents the fourth Claviceps species recorded from the Cyperaceae. Claviceps monticola sp. nov. is described from Brachypodium flexum growing in mountain forests in Mpumalanga Province, as well as the northern Drakensberg southwards into the Eastern Cape Province. Claviceps pazoutovae sp. nov. is recorded from Stipa dregeana var. dregeana and Ehrharta erecta var. erecta, also associated with these mountain ranges. Claviceps macroura sp. nov. is recorded from Cenchrus macrourus from the Eastern Cape and Claviceps capensis sp. nov. from Ehrharta villosa var. villosa is recorded from the Western Cape Province. Claviceps cyperi, only recorded from South Africa is included in the study. Ergot alkaloid profiles of all species are provided and showed similarity to C. purpurea. Only C. cyperi and in lesser degree C. capensis, C. macroura, and C. pazoutovae produced ergot alkaloids in clinically significant amounts. Several reported species infect invasive grass species, native to South Africa, and thus represent potentially invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid27516866, year = {2016}, author = {de Bello, F and Fibich, P and Zelený, D and Kopecký, M and Mudrák, O and Chytrý, M and Pyšek, P and Wild, J and Michalcová, D and Sádlo, J and Šmilauer, P and Lepš, J and Pärtel, M}, title = {Measuring size and composition of species pools: a comparison of dark diversity estimates.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {12}, pages = {4088-4101}, pmid = {27516866}, issn = {2045-7758}, support = {278065/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {Ecological theory and biodiversity conservation have traditionally relied on the number of species recorded at a site, but it is agreed that site richness represents only a portion of the species that can inhabit particular ecological conditions, that is, the habitat-specific species pool. Knowledge of the species pool at different sites enables meaningful comparisons of biodiversity and provides insights into processes of biodiversity formation. Empirical studies, however, are limited due to conceptual and methodological difficulties in determining both the size and composition of the absent part of species pools, the so-called dark diversity. We used >50,000 vegetation plots from 18 types of habitats throughout the Czech Republic, most of which served as a training dataset and 1083 as a subset of test sites. These data were used to compare predicted results from three quantitative methods with those of previously published expert estimates based on species habitat preferences: (1) species co-occurrence based on Beals' smoothing approach; (2) species ecological requirements, with envelopes around community mean Ellenberg values; and (3) species distribution models, using species environmental niches modeled by Biomod software. Dark diversity estimates were compared at both plot and habitat levels, and each method was applied in different configurations. While there were some differences in the results obtained by different methods, particularly at the plot level, there was a clear convergence, especially at the habitat level. The better convergence at the habitat level reflects less variation in local environmental conditions, whereas variation at the plot level is an effect of each particular method. The co-occurrence agreed closest the expert estimate, followed by the method based on species ecological requirements. We conclude that several analytical methods can estimate species pools of given habitats. However, the strengths and weaknesses of different methods need attention, especially when dark diversity is estimated at the plot level.}, }
@article {pmid27515632, year = {2016}, author = {Valdés, &#xc1; and Cadien, DB and Gosliner, TM}, title = {Philinidae, Laonidae and Philinorbidae (Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea: Philinoidea) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean and the Beaufort Sea (Arctic Ocean).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4147}, number = {5}, pages = {501-537}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4147.5.1}, pmid = {27515632}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Shells/anatomy &amp; histology ; Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Gastropoda/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Male ; Pacific Ocean ; }, abstract = {Based on morphological data a total of nine native species of Philinidae are recognized from the northeastern Pacific including the Bering Sea and the adjacent Arctic Ocean (Beaufort Sea). Four of them have been previously described: Philine ornatissima Yokoyama, 1927, Philine bakeri Dall, 1919, Philine polystrigma (Dall, 1908), and Philine hemphilli Dall, 1919. Five of them are new and described herein: Philine mcleani sp. nov., Philine baxteri sp. nov., Philine malaquiasi sp. nov., Philine wareni sp. nov., and Philine harrisae sp. nov. These species display a substantial degree of variation in internal and external morphological traits (i.e., presence/absence of gizzard plates, different radular structure and tooth morphology, various reproductive anatomical features) and it is likely that they belong to different clades (genera). However, in the absence of a comprehensive phylogeny for Philine, they are here provisionally regarded as Philine sensu lato. In addition to the nine native species, two introduced species: Philine orientalis A. Adams, 1854 and Philine auriformis Suter, 1909 are here illustrated and compared to the native species to facilitate identification. Finally, two species previously considered members of Philinidae are examined anatomically and confirmed as members of Laonidae, Laona californica (Willett, 1944) and Philinorbidae, Philinorbis albus (Mattox, 1958), based on morphological data.}, }
@article {pmid27515508, year = {2016}, author = {Schneider, R and Rolling, W and Song, Q and Cregan, P and Dorrance, AE and McHale, LK}, title = {Genome-wide association mapping of partial resistance to Phytophthora sojae in soybean plant introductions from the Republic of Korea.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {607}, pmid = {27515508}, issn = {1471-2164}, mesh = {Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Plant/*chemistry ; Disease Resistance/*genetics ; Genes, Plant/*immunology ; *Genome, Plant ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Introduced Species ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Phytophthora/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Plant Diseases/genetics/*immunology/microbiology ; Plant Immunity/genetics ; Plant Roots/genetics/immunology/microbiology ; Plant Stems/genetics/immunology/microbiology ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; Republic of Korea ; Glycine max/*genetics/immunology/microbiology ; United States ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Phytophthora root and stem rot is one of the most yield-limiting diseases of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr], caused by the oomycete Phytophthora sojae. Partial resistance is controlled by several genes and, compared to single gene (Rps gene) resistance to P. sojae, places less selection pressure on P. sojae populations. Thus, partial resistance provides a more durable resistance against the pathogen. In previous work, plant introductions (PIs) originating from the Republic of Korea (S. Korea) have shown to be excellent sources for high levels of partial resistance against P. sojae.<br><br>RESULTS: Resistance to two highly virulent P. sojae isolates was assessed in 1395 PIs from S. Korea via a greenhouse layer test. Lines exhibiting possible Rps gene immunity or rot due to other pathogens were removed and the remaining 800 lines were used to identify regions of quantitative resistance using genome-wide association mapping. Sixteen SNP markers on chromosomes 3, 13 and 19 were significantly associated with partial resistance to P. sojae and were grouped into seven quantitative trait loci (QTL) by linkage disequilibrium blocks. Two QTL on chromosome 3 and three QTL on chromosome 19 represent possible novel loci for partial resistance to P. sojae. While candidate genes at QTL varied in their predicted functions, the coincidence of QTLs 3-2 and 13-1 on chromosomes 3 and 13, respectively, with Rps genes and resistance gene analogs provided support for the hypothesized mechanism of partial resistance involving weak R-genes.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: QTL contributing to partial resistance towards P. sojae in soybean germplasm originating from S. Korea were identified. The QTL identified in this study coincide with previously reported QTL, Rps genes, as well as novel loci for partial resistance. Molecular markers associated with these QTL can be used in the marker-assisted introgression of these alleles into elite cultivars. Annotations of genes within QTL allow hypotheses on the possible mechanisms of partial resistance to P. sojae.}, }
@article {pmid27514729, year = {2016}, author = {Eichmiller, JJ and Hamilton, MJ and Staley, C and Sadowsky, MJ and Sorensen, PW}, title = {Environment shapes the fecal microbiome of invasive carp species.}, journal = {Microbiome}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {44}, pmid = {27514729}, issn = {2049-2618}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Carps/classification/*microbiology ; Environment ; Feces/*microbiology ; Firmicutes/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Fusobacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Introduced Species ; Microbiota/*genetics ; North America ; Proteobacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although the common, silver, and bighead carps are native and sparsely distributed in Eurasia, these fish have become abundant and invasive in North America. An understanding of the biology of these species may provide insights into sustainable control methods. The animal-associated microbiome plays an important role in host health. Characterization of the carp microbiome and the factors that affect its composition is an important step toward understanding the biology and interrelationships between these species and their environments.<br><br>RESULTS: We compared the fecal microbiomes of common, silver, and bighead carps from wild and laboratory environments using Illumina sequencing of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The fecal bacterial communities of fish were diverse, with Shannon indices ranging from 2.3 to 4.5. The phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Fusobacteria dominated carp guts, comprising 76.7&#xa0;% of total reads. Environment played a large role in shaping fecal microbial community composition, and microbiomes among captive fishes were more similar than among wild fishes. Although differences among wild fishes could be attributed to feeding preferences, diet did not strongly affect microbial community structure in laboratory-housed fishes. Comparison of wild- and lab-invasive carps revealed five shared OTUs that comprised approximately 40&#xa0;% of the core fecal microbiome.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The environment is a dominant factor shaping the fecal bacterial communities of invasive carps. Captivity alters the microbiome community structure relative to wild fish, while species differences are pronounced within habitats. Despite the absence of a true stomach, invasive carp species exhibited a core microbiota that warrants future study.}, }
@article {pmid27513667, year = {2016}, author = {Stewart, D and Zahiri, R and Djoumad, A and Freschi, L and Lamarche, J and Holden, D and Cervantes, S and Ojeda, DI and Potvin, A and Nisole, A and Béliveau, C and Capron, A and Kimoto, T and Day, B and Yueh, H and Duff, C and Levesque, RC and Hamelin, RC and Cusson, M}, title = {A Multi-Species TaqMan PCR Assay for the Identification of Asian Gypsy Moths (Lymantria spp.) and Other Invasive Lymantriines of Biosecurity Concern to North America.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {e0160878}, pmid = {27513667}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Electron Transport Complex IV/chemistry ; Genetic Markers ; *Introduced Species ; Moths/classification/*genetics ; North America ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Preventing the introduction and establishment of forest invasive alien species (FIAS) such as the Asian gypsy moth (AGM) is a high-priority goal for countries with extensive forest resources such as Canada. The name AGM designates a group of closely related Lymantria species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Lymantriinae) comprising two L. dispar subspecies (L. dispar asiatica, L. dispar japonica) and three closely related Lymantria species (L. umbrosa, L. albescens, L. postalba), all considered potential FIAS in North America. Ships entering Canadian ports are inspected for the presence of suspicious gypsy moth eggs, but those of AGM are impossible to distinguish from eggs of innocuous Lymantria species. To assist regulatory agencies in their identification of these insects, we designed a suite of TaqMan® assays that provide significant improvements over existing molecular assays targeting AGM. The assays presented here can identify all three L. dispar subspecies (including the European gypsy moth, L. dispar dispar), the three other Lymantria species comprising the AGM complex, plus five additional Lymantria species that pose a threat to forests in North America. The suite of assays is built as a "molecular key" (analogous to a taxonomic key) and involves several parallel singleplex and multiplex qPCR reactions. Each reaction uses a combination of primers and probes designed to separate taxa through discriminatory annealing. The success of these assays is based on the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5' region of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) or in its longer, 3' region, as well as on the presence of an indel in the "FS1" nuclear marker, generating North American and Asian alleles, used here to assess Asian introgression into L. dispar dispar. These assays have the advantage of providing rapid and accurate identification of ten Lymantria species and subspecies considered potential FIAS.}, }
@article {pmid27513467, year = {2016}, author = {Kalisinska, E and Lanocha-Arendarczyk, N and Kosik-Bogacka, D and Budis, H and Podlasinska, J and Popiolek, M and Pirog, A and Jedrzejewska, E}, title = {Brains of Native and Alien Mesocarnivores in Biomonitoring of Toxic Metals in Europe.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {e0159935}, pmid = {27513467}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Brain/drug effects/*metabolism ; Carnivora/classification/*metabolism ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Environmental Pollutants/*toxicity ; Europe ; *Heavy Metal Poisoning ; Metals/metabolism/*toxicity ; Metals, Heavy/analysis ; Poisoning ; }, abstract = {Mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are involved in mammalian brain damage. However, little is known about Pb and Cd brain levels in wildlife that reflect the geochemical background. The aims of the study include the estimation of Hg, Pb and Cd concentrations, and the determination of relationships between these elements in the brains of 94 mesocarnivores. Road-killed or hunted animals were obtained from north-western Poland near the Polish-German border. The investigation covered the native Eurasian otter Lutra lutra, badger Meles meles, pine marten Martes martes, beech marten M. foina, European polecat Mustela putorius, red fox Vulpes vulpes, and alien species: feral and ranch American mink Neovison vison, raccoon Procyon lotor and raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides. Depending on the diet and environmental pollution, the carnivore brains accumulated toxic metals in varying amounts. The highest median Hg levels (in mg/kg dry weight, dw) were found in the piscivorous Eurasian otter and feral mink (2.44 and 3.96), Pb in the omnivorous raccoon (0.47), while Cd in minks (~0.06). We indicated that Pb-based ammunition is a significant source of the element in scavengers from hunting area, and we also found a significant correlation between Pb and Cd levels in the fox brain. Finally, this study is the first to suggest background levels for brain Pb and Cd in mesocarnivores (<0.50 and <0.04 mg/kg dw, respectively).}, }
@article {pmid27513351, year = {2016}, author = {Tavakol, S and Luus-Powell, WJ and Smit, WJ and Baker, C and Hoffman, A and Halajian, A}, title = {First Introduction of Two Australian Temnocephalan Species into Africa with an Alien Host: Double Trouble.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {102}, number = {6}, pages = {653-658}, doi = {10.1645/15-936}, pmid = {27513351}, issn = {1937-2345}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; Astacoidea/*parasitology ; Australia ; *Introduced Species ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; New Guinea ; New Zealand ; Platyhelminths/classification/*physiology/ultrastructure ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {The redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda: Parastacidae), is native to Australia but has been introduced to South Africa as a warm-water aquaculture species. In a South African natural waterbody, examined crayfish had high-intensity infections of 3 temnocephalan species on their body surfaces and within the branchial chambers. Temnocephalans were characterized using light and scanning electron microscopy and identified as Craspedella pedum, Diceratocephala boschmai, and Didymorchis sp. This is the first report of the introduction of Australian temnocephalans, C. pedum and Didymorchis sp., to Africa and expands the known distribution of these species beyond their presumptive native range. The present study also documents a naturalized population of C. quadricarinatus from a natural water body in South Africa, comprising a new geographical locality record.}, }
@article {pmid27513336, year = {2016}, author = {Kriticos, DJ and Brunel, S}, title = {Assessing and Managing the Current and Future Pest Risk from Water Hyacinth, (Eichhornia crassipes), an Invasive Aquatic Plant Threatening the Environment and Water Security.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {e0120054}, pmid = {27513336}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Eichhornia/*physiology ; *Environment ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Weeds/*growth &amp; development ; Risk Assessment ; Water Pollution/*prevention &amp; control ; Water Quality/*standards ; Weed Control/*methods ; }, abstract = {Understanding and managing the biological invasion threats posed by aquatic plants under current and future climates is a growing challenge for biosecurity and land management agencies worldwide. Eichhornia crassipes is one of the world's worst aquatic weeds. Presently, it threatens aquatic ecosystems, and hinders the management and delivery of freshwater services in both developed and developing parts of the world. A niche model was fitted using CLIMEX, to estimate the potential distribution of E. crassipes under historical and future climate scenarios. Under two future greenhouse gas emission scenarios for 2080 simulated with three Global Climate Models, the area with a favourable temperature regime appears set to shift polewards. The greatest potential for future range expansion lies in Europe. Elsewhere in the northern hemisphere temperature gradients are too steep for significant geographical range expansion under the climate scenarios explored here. In the Southern Hemisphere, the southern range boundary for E. crassipes is set to expand southwards in Argentina, Australia and New Zealand; under current climate conditions it is already able to invade the southern limits of Africa. The opportunity exists to prevent its spread into the islands of Tasmania in Australia and the South Island of New Zealand, both of which depend upon hydroelectric facilities that would be threatened by the presence of E. crassipes. In Europe, efforts to slow or stop the spread of E. crassipes will face the challenge of limited internal biosecurity capacity. The modelling technique demonstrated here is the first application of niche modelling for an aquatic weed under historical and projected future climates. It provides biosecurity agencies with a spatial tool to foresee and manage the emerging invasion threats in a manner that can be included in the international standard for pest risk assessments. It should also support more detailed local and regional management.}, }
@article {pmid27511369, year = {2016}, author = {Kurucz, K and Kiss, V and Zana, B and Schmieder, V and Kepner, A and Jakab, F and Kemenesi, G}, title = {Emergence of Aedes koreicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in an urban area, Hungary, 2016.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {115}, number = {12}, pages = {4687-4689}, pmid = {27511369}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Female ; Hungary ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {In June 2016, three adult females of Aedes koreicus mosquitoes were trapped in the urban area of Pécs, Southwest Hungary. The introduction of this invasive mosquito species in this region, along with the recent detection in Germany, may indicate the capability of the species to spread across Europe. Along with Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus mosquitoes, this is the third invasive mosquito species occurred in Hungary.}, }
@article {pmid27509757, year = {2016}, author = {Plein, M and Bode, M and Moir, ML and Vesk, PA}, title = {Translocation strategies for multiple species depend on interspecific interaction type.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {1186-1197}, doi = {10.1890/15-0409}, pmid = {27509757}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; Extinction, Biological ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Conservation translocations, anthropogenic movements of species to prevent their extinction, have increased substantially over the last few decades. Although multiple species are frequently moved to the same location, current translocation guidelines consider species in isolation. This practice ignores important interspecific interactions and thereby risks translocation failure. We model three different two-species systems to illustrate the inherent complexity of multispecies translocations and to assess the influence of different interaction types (consumer-resource, mutualism, and competition) on translocation strategies. We focus on how these different interaction types influence the optimal founder population sizes for successful translocations and the order in which the species are moved (simultaneous or sequential). Further, we assess the effect of interaction strength in simultaneous translocations and the time delay between translocations when moving two species sequentially. Our results show that translocation decisions need to reflect the type of interaction. While all translocations of interacting species require a minimum founder population size, which is demarked by an extinction boundary, consumer-resource translocations also have a maximum founder population limit. Above the minimum founder size, increasing the number of translocated individuals leads to a substantial increase in the extinction boundary of competitors and consumers, but not of mutualists. Competitive and consumer-resource systems benefit from sequential translocations, but the order of translocations does not change the outcomes for mutualistic interaction partners noticeably. Interspecific interactions are important processes that shape population dynamics and should therefore be incorporated into the quantitative planning of multispecies translocations. Our findings apply whenever interacting species are moved, for example, in reintroductions, conservation introductions, biological control, or ecosystem restoration.}, }
@article {pmid27509743, year = {2016}, author = {Marshall, A and Waller, L and Lekberg, Y}, title = {Cascading effects of fire retardant on plant-microbe interactions, community composition, and invasion.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {996-1002}, doi = {10.1890/16-0001.1}, pmid = {27509743}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Environment, Controlled ; Fires ; Flame Retardants/*adverse effects ; Human Activities ; *Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/*drug effects ; Plants/classification/*drug effects/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Climate change, historical fire suppression, and a rise in human movements in urban-forest boundaries have resulted in an increased use of long-term fire retardant (LTFR). While LTFR is an effective fire-fighting tool, it contains high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, and little is known about how this nutrient pulse affects terrestrial ecosystems. We used field surveys and greenhouse experiments to quantify effects of LTFR on plant productivity, community composition, and plant interactions with the ubiquitous root symbiont arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). In the field, LTFR applications were associated with persistent shifts in plant communities toward exotic annuals with little or no dependency of AMF. Plants exposed to LTFR were less colonized by AMF, both in field surveys and in the greenhouse, and this was most likely due to the substantial and persistent increase in soil available phosphorus. All plants grew bigger with LTFR in the greenhouse, but the invasive annual cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) benefitted most. While LTFR can control fires, it may cause long-term changes in soil nutrient availabilities, disrupt plant interactions with beneficial soil microbes, and exasperate invasion by some exotic plants.}, }
@article {pmid27509087, year = {2016}, author = {Trevisan, M and De Bortoli, SA and Vacari, AM and Laurentis, VL and Ramalho, DG}, title = {Quality of the Exotic Parasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Does Not Show Deleterious Effects after Inbreeding for 10 Generations.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {e0160898}, pmid = {27509087}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Female ; Hymenoptera/*genetics/physiology ; *Inbreeding ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Male ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; Survival Rate ; }, abstract = {Although the parasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) has proven effective in controlling sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) for many years, concern has arisen over the quality of individuals produced at large scales. The parasitoid has been reared in laboratories in Brazil for more than 40 years, with no new introductions of new populations during that period. Since the quality of the parasitoids was not verified at the time of the species' introduction in Brazil, we do not know if there has been any reduction in quality so far. However, it is possible to determine whether the parasitoid could reduce in quality in future generations. Thus, the objective of this research was to assess the quality of these insects over 10 generations and look for evidence of any loss in quality. We used two populations: one from a biofactory that has been maintained in the laboratory for over 40 years, and an inbred laboratory population. Both were bred, and compared for 10 generations. We wanted to determine what happened to the quality of the parasitoid after 10 generations in an extreme inbreeding situation. To assure inbreeding, newly emerged females were forced to mate with a sibling. Individual females were then allowed to parasitize larvae of D. saccharalis. We performed evaluations for each generation until the tenth generation, and recorded the sex ratio, percentage emergence, number of offspring/females, and longevity of both males and females. Results of the measurements of biological characteristics demonstrated random significant differences between populations; best results were obtained intermittently for both the biofactory population and the inbred population. No significant differences across generations for the same population were observed. Thus, rearing of a C. flavipes population subjected to inbreeding for 10 generations was not sufficient to reveal any deleterious effects of inbreeding.}, }
@article {pmid27508331, year = {2016}, author = {Cenzer, ML}, title = {Adaptation to an invasive host is driving the loss of a native ecotype.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {70}, number = {10}, pages = {2296-2307}, doi = {10.1111/evo.13023}, pmid = {27508331}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecotype ; Gene Flow ; Hemiptera/*genetics/pathogenicity ; *Introduced Species ; Sapindaceae/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Locally adapted populations are often used as model systems for the early stages of ecological speciation, but most of these young divergent populations will never become complete species. The maintenance of local adaptation relies on the strength of natural selection overwhelming the homogenizing effects of gene flow; however, this balance may be readily upset in changing environments. Here I show that soapberry bugs (Jadera haematoloma) have lost adaptations to their native host plant (Cardiospermum corindum) and are regionally specializing on an invasive host (Koelreuteria elegans), collapsing a classic and well-documented example of local adaptation. All populations that were adapted to the native host-including those still found on that host today-are now better adapted to the invasive host in multiple phenotypes. Weak differentiation remains in two traits, suggesting that homogenization across the region is incomplete. This study highlights the potential for adaptation to invasive species to disrupt native communities by swamping adaptation to native conditions through maladaptive gene flow.}, }
@article {pmid27507979, year = {2016}, author = {Barratt, BI and Barton, DM and Philip, BA and Ferguson, CM and Goldson, SL}, title = {Is the Invasive Species Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (Argentine Stem Weevil) a Threat to New Zealand Natural Grassland Ecosystems?.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {1091}, pmid = {27507979}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Listronotus bonariensis (Argentine stem weevil) is a stem-boring weevil that has become a major pasture pest in New Zealand, and cool climate turf grass in Australia. This species is also frequently found in native tussock grassland in New Zealand. Laboratory and field trials were established to determine the risk posed to both seedlings and established plants of three native grass species compared to what happens with a common host of this species, hybrid ryegrass (L. perenne X L. multiflorum). Adult weevil feeding damage scores were higher on Poa colensoi and Festuca novae-zelandiae than Chionochloa rigida. Oviposition was lower on P. colensoi than hybrid ryegrass, and no eggs were laid on F. novae-zelandiae. In field trials using the same four species established as spaced plants L. bonariensis laid more eggs per tiller in ryegrass in a low altitude pasture site than in ryegrass in a higher altitude site. No eggs were found on the three native grass species at the tussock sites, and only low numbers were found on other grasses at the low altitude pasture site. Despite this, numbers of adult weevils were extracted from the plants in the field trials. These may have comprised survivors of the original weevils added to the plants, together with new generation weevils that had emerged during the experiment. Irrespective, higher numbers were recovered from the tussock site plants than from those from the pasture site. It was concluded that L. bonariensis is likely to have little overall impact, but a greater impact on native grass seedling survival than on established plants.}, }
@article {pmid27507960, year = {2016}, author = {Asmelash, F and Bekele, T and Birhane, E}, title = {The Potential Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Restoration of Degraded Lands.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {1095}, pmid = {27507960}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Experiences worldwide reveal that degraded lands restoration projects achieve little success or fail. Hence, understanding the underlying causes and accordingly, devising appropriate restoration mechanisms is crucial. In doing so, the ever-increasing aspiration and global commitments in degraded lands restoration could be realized. Here we explain that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) biotechnology is a potential mechanism to significantly improve the restoration success of degraded lands. There are abundant scientific evidences to demonstrate that AMF significantly improve soil attributes, increase above and belowground biodiversity, significantly improve tree/shrub seedlings survival, growth and establishment on moisture and nutrient stressed soils. AMF have also been shown to drive plant succession and may prevent invasion by alien species. The very few conditions where infective AMF are low in abundance and diversity is when the soil erodes, is disturbed and is devoid of vegetation cover. These are all common features of degraded lands. Meanwhile, degraded lands harbor low levels of infective AMF abundance and diversity. Therefore, the successful restoration of infective AMF can potentially improve the restoration success of degraded lands. Better AMF inoculation effects result when inocula are composed of native fungi instead of exotics, early seral instead of late seral fungi, and are consortia instead of few or single species. Future research efforts should focus on AMF effect on plant community primary productivity and plant competition. Further investigation focusing on forest ecosystems, and carried out at the field condition is highly recommended. Devising cheap and ethically widely accepted inocula production methods and better ways of AMF in situ management for effective restoration of degraded lands will also remain to be important research areas.}, }
@article {pmid27507321, year = {2017}, author = {Smith-Ramesh, LM and Moore, AC and Schmitz, OJ}, title = {Global synthesis suggests that food web connectance correlates to invasion resistance.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {465-473}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13460}, pmid = {27507321}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a key component of global change, and understanding the drivers of global invasion patterns will aid in assessing and mitigating the impact of invasive species. While invasive species are most often studied in the context of one or two trophic levels, in reality species invade communities comprised of complex food webs. The complexity and integrity of the native food web may be a more important determinant of invasion success than the strength of interactions between a small subset of species within a larger food web. Previous efforts to understand the relationship between food web properties and species invasions have been primarily theoretical and have yielded mixed results. Here, we present a synthesis of empirical information on food web connectance and species invasion success gathered from different sources (estimates of food web connectance from the primary literature and estimates of invasion success from the Global Invasive Species Database as well as the primary literature). Our results suggest that higher-connectance food webs tend to host fewer invaders and exert stronger biotic resistance compared to low-connectance webs. We argue that while these correlations cannot be used to infer a causal link between food web connectance and habitat invasibility, the promising findings beg for further empirical research that deliberately tests for relationships between food web connectance and invasion.}, }
@article {pmid27506908, year = {2016}, author = {Sato, Y and Alba, JM and Egas, M and Sabelis, MW}, title = {The role of web sharing, species recognition and host-plant defence in interspecific competition between two herbivorous mite species.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {70}, number = {3}, pages = {261-274}, pmid = {27506908}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; *Antibiosis ; *Food Chain ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Solanum lycopersicum/*physiology ; Spain ; Tetranychidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {When competing with indigenous species, invasive species face a problem, because they typically start with a few colonizers. Evidently, some species succeeded, begging an answer to the question how they invade. Here, we investigate how the invasive spider mite Tetranychus evansi interacts with the indigenous species T. urticae when sharing the solanaceous host plant tomato: do they choose to live together or to avoid each other's colonies? Both species spin protective, silken webs on the leaf surfaces, under which they live in groups of con- and possibly heterospecifics. In Spain, T. evansi invaded the non-crop field where native Tetranychus species including T. urticae dominated. Moreover, T. evansi outcompetes T. urticae when released together on a tomato plant. However, molecular plant studies suggest that T. urticae benefits from the local down-regulation of tomato plant defences by T. evansi, whereas T. evansi suffers from the induction of these defences by T. urticae. Therefore, we hypothesize that T. evansi avoids leaves infested with T. urticae whereas T. urticae prefers leaves infested by T. evansi. Using wild-type tomato and a mutant lacking jasmonate-mediated anti-herbivore defences, we tested the hypothesis and found that T. evansi avoided sharing webs with T. urticae in favour of a web with conspecifics, whereas T. urticae more frequently chose to share webs with T. evansi than with conspecifics. Also, T. evansi shows higher aggregation on a tomato plant than T. urticae, irrespective of whether the mites occur on the plant together or not.}, }
@article {pmid27503725, year = {2016}, author = {Andrew, NR and Ghaedi, B and Groenewald, B}, title = {The role of nest surface temperatures and the brain in influencing ant metabolic rates.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {60}, number = {}, pages = {132-139}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.07.010}, pmid = {27503725}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Basal Metabolism ; *Heat-Shock Response ; Hot Temperature ; Oxygen Consumption ; }, abstract = {Thermal limits of insects can be influenced by recent thermal history: here we used thermolimit respirometry to determine metabolic rate responses and thermal limits of the dominant meat ant, Iridomyrmex purpureus. Firstly, we tested the hypothesis that nest surface temperatures have a pervasive influence on thermal limits. Metabolic rates and activity of freshly field collected individuals were measured continuously while ramping temperatures from 44°C to 62°C at 0.25°C/minute. At all the stages of thermolimit respirometry, metabolic rates were independent of nest surface temperatures, and CTmax did not differ between ants collected from nest with different surface temperatures. Secondly, we tested the effect of brain control on upper thermal limits of meat ants via ant decapitation experiments ('headedness'). Decapitated ants exhibited similar upper critical temperature (CTmax) results to living ants (Decapitated 50.3±1.2°C: Living 50.1±1.8°C). Throughout the temperature ramping process, 'headedness' had a significant effect on metabolic rate in total (Decapitated V̇CO2 140±30µlCO2mg(-1)min(-1): Living V̇CO2 250±50 CO2mg(-1)min(-1)), as well as at temperatures below and above CTmax. At high temperatures (>44°C) pre- CTmax the relationships between I. purpureus CTmax values and mass specific metabolic rates for living ants exhibited a negative slope whilst decapitated ants exhibited a positive slope. The decapitated ants also had a significantly higher Q10:25-35°C when compared to living ants (1.91±0.43 vs. 1.29±0.35). Our findings suggest that physiological responses of ants may be able to cope with increasing surface temperatures, as shown by metabolic rates across the thermolimit continuum, making them physiologically resilient to a rapidly changing climate. We also demonstrate that the brain plays a role in respiration, but critical thermal limits are independent of respiration levels.}, }
@article {pmid27503595, year = {2016}, author = {Xia, Q and Cheng, L and Zhang, H and Sun, S and Liu, F and Li, H and Yuan, J and Liu, Z and Diao, Y}, title = {Identification of vaginal bacteria diversity and it's association with clinically diagnosed bacterial vaginosis by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and correspondence analysis.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {44}, number = {}, pages = {479-486}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2016.08.001}, pmid = {27503595}, issn = {1567-7257}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Bacteria/*classification/*genetics ; Biodiversity ; DNA, Bacterial ; Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Vaginosis, Bacterial/*diagnosis/epidemiology/*microbiology ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common complex associated with numerous adverse health outcomes, affecting women of different ages throughout the world. The etiology of BV remains poorly understood due to the difficulty of establishing a molecular genetic criterion to recognize the vaginal microbiota of BV-positive women from that of the normal women. We used techniques of broad-range PCR-DGGE and gel imaging analysis system cooperated with 16S rRNA gene sequencing and statistical analysis to investigate the community structure of the healthy and BV-affected vaginal microbial ecosystems. The community of vaginal bacteria detected in subjects with BV was far more luxuriant and diverse than in subjects without BV. The mean number of microbial species in 128 BV-positive women was nearly two times greater than in 68 subjects without BV(4.05±1.96 versus 2.59±1.14). Our sequencing efforts yielded many novel phylotypes (198 of our sequences represented 59 species), including several novel BV-associated bacteria (BVAB) and many belonging to opportunistic infections, which remain inexplicable for their roles in determining the health condition of vaginal microflora. This study identifies Algoriphagus aquatilis, Atopobium vaginae, Burkholderia fungorum, Megasphaera genomosp species as indicators to BV and subjects with BV harbor particularly taxon-rich and diverse bacterial communities. Maybe Bifidobacterium, Staphylococcus or even more alien species are commensal creatures in normal vaginal microbiota.}, }
@article {pmid27503470, year = {2016}, author = {Pereira, AJ and Pirk, GI and Corley, JC}, title = {Foraging Behavior Interactions Between Two non-Native Social Wasps, Vespula germanica and V. vulgaris (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): Implications for Invasion Success?.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {27503470}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Olfactory Perception/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Vespula vulgaris is an invasive scavenging social wasp that has very recently arrived in Patagonia (Argentina), a territory previously invaded - 35 yrs earlier - by another wasp, Vespula germanica Although V. vulgaris wasps possess features that could be instrumental in overcoming obstacles through several invasion stages, the presence of preestablished populations of V. germanica could affect their success. We studied the potential role played by V. germanica on the subsequent invasion process of V. vulgaris wasps in Patagonia by focusing on the foraging interaction between both species. This is because food searching and exploitation are likely to overlap strongly among Vespula wasps. We carried out choice tests where two types of baits were presented in a pairwise manner. We found experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that V. germanica and V. vulgaris have an asymmetrical response to baits with stimuli simulating the presence of each other. V. germanica avoided baits with either visual or olfactory cues indicating the V. vulgaris presence. However, V. vulgaris showed no preference between baits with or lacking V. germanica stimuli. These results suggest that the presence of an established population of V. germanica may not contribute to added biotic resistance to V. vulgaris invasion.}, }
@article {pmid27501814, year = {2016}, author = {Hanks, LM and Millar, JG}, title = {Sex and Aggregation-Sex Pheromones of Cerambycid Beetles: Basic Science and Practical Applications.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {42}, number = {7}, pages = {631-654}, pmid = {27501814}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*drug effects ; Drug Interactions ; Plants/chemistry ; Sex Attractants/chemical synthesis/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*drug effects ; Volatilization ; }, abstract = {Research since 2004 has shown that the use of volatile attractants and pheromones is widespread in the large beetle family Cerambycidae, with pheromones now identified from more than 100 species, and likely pheromones for many more. The pheromones identified to date from species in the subfamilies Cerambycinae, Spondylidinae, and Lamiinae are all male-produced aggregation-sex pheromones that attract both sexes, whereas all known examples for species in the subfamilies Prioninae and Lepturinae are female-produced sex pheromones that attract only males. Here, we summarize the chemistry of the known pheromones, and the optimal methods for their collection, analysis, and synthesis. Attraction of cerambycids to host plant volatiles, interactions between their pheromones and host plant volatiles, and the implications of pheromone chemistry for invasion biology are discussed. We also describe optimized traps, lures, and operational parameters for practical applications of the pheromones in detection, sampling, and management of cerambycids.}, }
@article {pmid27501518, year = {2017}, author = {Bacca, T and Haddi, K and Pineda, M and Guedes, RN and Oliveira, EE}, title = {Pyrethroid resistance is associated with a kdr-type mutation (L1014F) in the potato tuber moth Tecia solanivora.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, pages = {397-403}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4414}, pmid = {27501518}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Assay ; Female ; *Genes, Insect ; Insecticide Resistance/*genetics ; *Insecticides ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Moths/*genetics ; *Permethrin ; Point Mutation ; Sodium Channels/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Guatemalan potato tuber moth, Tecia solanivora, has been the most important pest species in Hispanico-American potato fields since its first record on potatoes in 1956 in Guatemala. This insect pest has been spreading to other parts of the world, including the Canary Islands in Europe. Tuber moth control relies heavily on the use of insecticides, including pyrethroids. Here, we assessed the likelihood of control failures and performed concentration-response bioassays in five Colombian strains of T. solanivora to evaluate their susceptibilities to the pyrethroid permethrin.<br><br>RESULTS: Evidence of control failures was observed in four strains tested, which exhibited moderate resistance levels (i.e. ranging from 5.4- to 24.4-fold). However, no spatial dependence was observed between the permethrin LC50 values and the geographic distances among the tuber moth strains. In order to evaluate whether permethrin resistance was mediated by potential mutations in the para-type sodium channels of T. solanivora, the IIS4-IIS6 region of the para gene was PCR amplified and sequenced from the five strains tested. As demonstrated across a range of different arthropod species that exhibited knockdown resistance (kdr), we observed a single point substitution (L1014F) at high frequencies in the para gene of all four resistant strains.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This is the first identification of a target-site-alteration-based resistance in the Guatemalan potato tuber moth T. solanivora, which is widespread and exhibits high frequencies among geographically distant strains, indicating that pyrethroids are probably becoming ineffective for the control of this pest species. &#xa9; 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid27501517, year = {2017}, author = {Lee, MR and Bernhardt, ES and van Bodegom, PM and Cornelissen, JH and Kattge, J and Laughlin, DC and Niinemets, &#xdc; and Peñuelas, J and Reich, PB and Yguel, B and Wright, JP}, title = {Invasive species' leaf traits and dissimilarity from natives shape their impact on nitrogen cycling: a meta-analysis.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {213}, number = {1}, pages = {128-139}, doi = {10.1111/nph.14115}, pmid = {27501517}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Nitrates/analysis ; *Nitrogen Cycle ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Organic Chemicals/analysis ; Plant Leaves/*physiology ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Soil/chemistry ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Many exotic species have little apparent impact on ecosystem processes, whereas others have dramatic consequences for human and ecosystem health. There is growing evidence that invasions foster eutrophication. We need to identify species that are harmful and systems that are vulnerable to anticipate these consequences. Species' traits may provide the necessary insights. We conducted a global meta-analysis to determine whether plant leaf and litter functional traits, and particularly leaf and litter nitrogen (N) content and carbon: nitrogen (C : N) ratio, explain variation in invasive species' impacts on soil N cycling. Dissimilarity in leaf and litter traits among invaded and noninvaded plant communities control the magnitude and direction of invasion impacts on N cycling. Invasions that caused the greatest increases in soil inorganic N and mineralization rates had a much greater litter N content and lower litter C : N in the invaded than the reference community. Trait dissimilarities were better predictors than the trait values of invasive species alone. Quantifying baseline community tissue traits, in addition to those of the invasive species, is critical to understanding the impacts of invasion on soil N cycling.}, }
@article {pmid27501320, year = {2016}, author = {Yeatman, GJ and Wayne, AF and Mills, HR and Prince, J}, title = {Temporal Patterns in the Abundance of a Critically Endangered Marsupial Relates to Disturbance by Roads and Agriculture.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {e0160790}, pmid = {27501320}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Animals ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Marsupialia/*growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; *Transportation ; }, abstract = {The aim of this study was to investigate how landscape disturbance associated with roads, agriculture and forestry influenced temporal patterns in woylie (Bettongia penicillata) abundance before, during and after periods of rapid population change. Data were collected from an area of approximately 140,000 ha of forest within the Upper Warren region in south-western Australia. Woylie abundance was measured using cage trapping at 22 grid and five transect locations with varying degrees of landscape disturbance between 1994 and 2012. We found evidence that the distribution and abundance of woylies over time appears to be related to the degree of fragmentation by roads and proximity to agriculture. Sites furthest from agriculture supported a greater abundance of woylies and had slower rates of population decline. Sites with fewer roads had a greater abundance of woylies generally and a greater rate of increase in abundance after the implementation of invasive predator control. The results of this study suggest that landscape disturbance is less important at peak population densities, but during times of environmental and population change, sites less dissected by roads and agriculture better support woylie populations. This may be due to the role these factors play in increasing the vulnerability of woylies to introduced predators, population fragmentation, weed species invasion, mortality from road collisions or a reduction in available habitat. Strategies that reduce the impact of disturbance on woylie populations could include the rationalisation of forest tracks and consolidation of contiguous habitat through the acquisition of private property. Reducing the impact of disturbance in the Upper Warren region could improve the resilience of this critically important woylie population during future environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid27501190, year = {2017}, author = {Khanna, R and Mohanty, S}, title = {Whole genome sequence resource of Indian Zaprionus indianus.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {557-564}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12582}, pmid = {27501190}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophilidae/*genetics ; *Genome, Insect ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; }, abstract = {This article documents the whole genome sequence information of the Indian Zaprionus indianus, a member of the fruit fly family Drosophilidae. The sequences were generated on an Illumina platform and reads and whole genome sequence submitted to NCBI to the SRA and BioProject databases, respectively. This is the first Indian Z. indianus whole genome (draft) submitted to the sequence repository with SRA reads. The details of methodology, assembly statistics and functional annotation are presented in this work.}, }
@article {pmid27498685, year = {2016}, author = {Jacquot, M and Abrial, D and Gasqui, P and Bord, S and Marsot, M and Masseglia, S and Pion, A and Poux, V and Zilliox, L and Chapuis, JL and Vourc'h, G and Bailly, X}, title = {Multiple independent transmission cycles of a tick-borne pathogen within a local host community.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {31273}, pmid = {27498685}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; Borrelia burgdorferi/*genetics ; Disease Reservoirs ; Ecology ; Forests ; France ; Genotype ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Ixodes/*microbiology ; Lyme Disease/microbiology/*transmission ; Nymph/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Sciuridae ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Zoonoses/microbiology/transmission ; }, abstract = {Many pathogens are maintained by multiple host species and involve multiple strains with potentially different phenotypic characteristics. Disentangling transmission patterns in such systems is often challenging, yet investigating how different host species contribute to transmission is crucial to properly assess and manage disease risk. We aim to reveal transmission cycles of bacteria within the Borrelia burgdorferi species complex, which include Lyme disease agents. We characterized Borrelia genotypes found in 488 infected Ixodes ricinus nymphs collected in the Sénart Forest located near Paris (France). These genotypes were compared to those observed in three sympatric species of small mammals and network analyses reveal four independent transmission cycles. Statistical modelling shows that two cycles involving chipmunks, an introduced species, and non-sampled host species such as birds, are responsible for the majority of tick infections. In contrast, the cycle involving native bank voles only accounts for a small proportion of infected ticks. Genotypes associated with the two primary transmission cycles were isolated from Lyme disease patients, confirming the epidemiological threat posed by these strains. Our work demonstrates that combining high-throughput sequence typing with networks tools and statistical modeling is a promising approach for characterizing transmission cycles of multi-host pathogens in complex ecological settings.}, }
@article {pmid27493240, year = {2016}, author = {Lahuatte, PF and Lincango, MP and Heimpel, GE and Causton, CE}, title = {Rearing Larvae of the Avian Nest Parasite, Philornis downsi (Diptera: Muscidae), on Chicken Blood-Based Diets.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {27493240}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animal Husbandry/*methods ; Animals ; Blood ; Chickens ; *Diet ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Muscidae/*growth &amp; development ; Pupa/growth &amp; development ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; }, abstract = {Captive rearing of insect pests is necessary to understand their biology and to develop control methods. The avian nest fly, Philornis downsi Dodge and Aitken, is a blood-sucking parasite during its larval stage and a serious threat to endemic birds in the Galapagos Islands where it is considered invasive. In order to procure large numbers of flies for biological studies, rearing media and diets were trialed for rearing the larval stage of P. downsi under controlled conditions in the absence of its avian host. P. downsi eggs were obtained from field-caught female flies, and once eggs hatched they were reared on chicken blood for the first 3 d. Following this, three diets were tested on second- and third-instar larvae: 1) chicken blood only; 2) chicken blood, hydrolyzed protein and dried milk powder; and 3) chicken blood, hydrolyzed protein and brewer's yeast. Out of 385 P. downsi larvae tested, we were able to rear 50 larvae to the adult stage. The highest level of mortality was found in the first-instar larvae. Survivorship of second- and third-instar larvae was similar irrespective of diet and diet did not significantly influence larval or pupal development times; though larvae fed the diet with brewer's yeast developed marginally faster. Pupal weights were similar to those of larvae that had developed on bird hosts in the field. To our knowledge, this is the first effective protocol for rearing a hematophagous parasitic avian fly from egg to adult in the absence of a living host.}, }
@article {pmid27488649, year = {2016}, author = {Steyn, VM and Mitchell, KA and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Dispersal propensity, but not flight performance, explains variation in dispersal ability.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {283}, number = {1836}, pages = {}, pmid = {27488649}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Ceratitis capitata/*physiology ; *Flight, Animal ; Male ; Phenotype ; Thorax ; }, abstract = {Enhanced dispersal ability may lead to accelerated range expansion and increased rates of population establishment, thereby affecting population genetic structure and evolutionary potential. Morphological, behavioural and physiological traits that characterize dispersive individuals from residents are poorly understood for many invertebrate systems, especially in non-polymorphic pterygote species. Here we examined phenotypic differences between dispersal-prone and philopatric individuals from repeated mark-release-recapture (MRR) experiments using an invasive agricultural pest, Ceratitis capitata Comprehensive morphometric assessment and subsequent minimal adequate modelling using an information theoretic approach identified thorax mass : body mass ratio as a key predictor of disperser flies under semi-natural conditions. Performance differences in flight ability were then examined under controlled laboratory conditions to assess whether greater thorax mass : body mass ratio was associated with enhanced flight ability. The larger thorax : body mass ratio was associated with measurable differences in mean flight duration, most predominantly in males, and also by their willingness to disperse, scored as the number and duration of voluntary flights. No other measures of whole-animal flight performance (e.g. mean and peak vertical force, total or maximum flight duration) differed. Variation in voluntary behaviour may result in significant alterations of movement behaviour and realized dispersal in nature. This phenomenon may help explain intraspecific variation in the dispersal ability of insects.}, }
@article {pmid27486407, year = {2016}, author = {Boher, F and Trefault, N and Estay, SA and Bozinovic, F}, title = {Ectotherms in Variable Thermal Landscapes: A Physiological Evaluation of the Invasive Potential of Fruit Flies Species.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {302}, pmid = {27486407}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {Climate change and biological invasions pose one of the greatest threats to biodiversity. Most analyses of the potential biological impacts have focused on changes in mean temperature, but changes in thermal variance may also impact native and invasive organisms, although differentially. We assessed the combined effects of the mean and the variance of temperature on the expression of heat shock protein (hsp90) in adults of the invasive fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the native Drosophila gaucha in Mediterranean habitats of central Chile. We observed that, under these experimental conditions, hsp90 mRNA expression was higher in the invasive species but absent in the native one. Apparently, the biogeographic origin and niche conservatisms are playing a role in the heat shock response of these species under different putative scenarios of climate change. We suggest that in order to develop more realistic predictions about the biological impact of climate change and biological invasions, one must consider the interactions between the mean and variance of climatic variables, as well as the evolutionary original conditions of the native and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid27485592, year = {2016}, author = {Eschenroeder, JC and Roberts, JH}, title = {Novel polymorphic microsatellite loci for distinguishing rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), Roanoke bass (Ambloplites cavifrons), and their hybrids.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {43}, number = {10}, pages = {1035-1039}, pmid = {27485592}, issn = {1573-4978}, mesh = {Animals ; Bass/*classification/*genetics ; Genetic Markers/*genetics ; Genotype ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) is a popular sport-fish native to the Mississippi and Great Lakes basins of North America. The species has been widely introduced outside its native range, including into Atlantic-slope streams of Virginia where it may hybridize with an imperiled, similar-looking congener, the Roanoke bass (Ambloplites cavifrons). In this study, we identified and evaluated novel molecular markers to facilitate identification of these species and study the extent of hybridization. Using molecular libraries developed from A. rupestris, we identified a suite of candidate nuclear microsatellite loci, synthesized primer sets, and tested these markers for amplification and polymorphism in populations of both species. We then calculated standard diversity statistics within and differentiation statistics between species, the latter providing an indication of marker power for distinguishing the species and their hybrids. Additionally, we evaluated our efficiency for identifying hybrids by classifying simulated genotypes of known ancestry. Eleven loci were polymorphic (2-22 alleles per locus) and reliably amplified in both species. Multilocus genetic differentiation between A. cavifrons and A. rupestris was quite high (F ST = 0.66; D LR = 19.3), indicating the high statistical power of this marker set for species and hybrid identification. Analyses of simulated data suggested these markers reliably distinguish between hybrids and non-hybrids, as well as between F1 hybrids and backcrossed individuals. This panel of 11 loci should prove useful for understanding patterns of hybridization between A. rupestris and A. cavifrons. As the first microsatellite markers developed for Ambloplites, these markers also should prove broadly useful for population genetic studies of this genus.}, }
@article {pmid27483457, year = {2017}, author = {Drake, BL and Hanson, DT and Lowrey, TK and Sharp, ZD}, title = {The carbon fertilization effect over a century of anthropogenic CO2 emissions: higher intracellular CO2 and more drought resistance among invasive and native grass species contrasts with increased water use efficiency for woody plants in the US Southwest.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {782-792}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13449}, pmid = {27483457}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Carbon ; *Carbon Dioxide ; *Droughts ; New Mexico ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Water ; }, abstract = {From 1890 to 2015, anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions have increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations from 270 to 400 mol mol[-1] . The effect of increased carbon emissions on plant growth and reproduction has been the subject of study of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments. These experiments have found (i) an increase in internal CO2 partial pressure (ci) alongside acclimation of photosynthetic capacity, (ii) variable decreases in stomatal conductance, and (iii) that increases in yield do not increase commensurate with CO2 concentrations. Our data set, which includes a 115-year-long selection of grasses collected in New Mexico since 1892, is consistent with an increased ci as a response to historical CO2 increase in the atmosphere, with invasive species showing the largest increase. Comparison with Palmer Drought Sensitivity Index (PDSI) for New Mexico indicates a moderate correlation with Δ[13] C (r[2] = 0.32, P < 0.01) before 1950, with no correlation (r[2] = 0.00, P = 0.91) after 1950. These results indicate that increased ci may have conferred some drought resistance to these grasses through increased availability of CO2 in the event of reduced stomatal conductance in response to short-term water shortage. Comparison with C3 trees from arid environments (Pinus longaeva and Pinus edulis in the US Southwest) as well as from wetter environments (Bromus and Poa grasses in New Mexico) suggests differing responses based on environment; arid environments in New Mexico see increased intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE) in response to historic elevated CO2 while wetter environments see increased ci . This study suggests that (i) the observed increases in ci in FACE experiments are consistent with historical CO2 increases and (ii) the CO2 increase influences plant sensitivity to water shortage, through either increased WUE or ci in arid and wet environments, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid27483456, year = {2017}, author = {Simpson, TJS and Dias, PJ and Snow, M and Muñoz, J and Berry, T}, title = {Real-time PCR detection of Didemnum perlucidum (Monniot, 1983) and Didemnum vexillum (Kott, 2002) in an applied routine marine biosecurity context.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {443-453}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12581}, pmid = {27483456}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {Animals ; Biofouling ; Environment ; *Introduced Species ; *Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Urochordata/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Prevention and early detection are well recognized as the best strategies for minimizing the risks posed by nonindigenous species (NIS) that have the potential to become marine pests. Central to this is the ability to rapidly and accurately identify the presence of NIS, often from complex environmental samples like biofouling and ballast water. Molecular tools have been increasingly applied to assist with the identification of NIS and can prove particularly useful for taxonomically difficult groups like ascidians. In this study, we have developed real-time PCR assays suited to the specific identification of the ascidians Didemnum perlucidum and Didemnum vexillum. Despite being recognized as important global pests, this is the first time specific molecular detection methods have been developed that can support the early identification and detection of these species from a broad range of environmental sample types. These fast, robust and high-throughput assays represent powerful tools for routine marine biosecurity surveillance, as detection and confirmation of the early presence of species could assist in the timely establishment of emergency responses and control strategies. This study applied the developed assays to confirm the ability to detect Didemnid eDNA in water samples. While previous work has focused on detection of marine larvae from water samples, the development of real-time PCR assays specifically aimed at detecting eDNA of sessile invertebrate species in the marine environment represents a world first and a significant step forwards in applied marine biosecurity surveillance. Demonstrated success in the detection of D. perlucidum eDNA from water samples at sites where it could not be visually identified suggests value in incorporating such assays into biosecurity survey designs targeting Didemnid species.}, }
@article {pmid27481889, year = {2016}, author = {Russo, NJ and Cheah, CA and Tingley, MW}, title = {Experimental Evidence for Branch-to-Bird Transfer as a Mechanism for Avian Dispersal of the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {5}, pages = {1107-1114}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw083}, pmid = {27481889}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Connecticut ; *Feeding Behavior ; Hemiptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Nymph/physiology ; Ovum/physiology ; Seasons ; Tsuga/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Birds have long been hypothesized as primary dispersal agents of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand). Although A. tsugae eggs and mobile first instars (crawlers) have been collected from wild birds, key mechanistic elements necessary for avian dispersal have never been examined. To evaluate the mechanisms of bird-mediated A. tsugae dispersal, we conducted both stationary (i.e., where crawlers must actively disperse) and disturbance (i.e., where crawlers may transfer from substrates due to mechanical abrasion) dispersal trials. For stationary trials, we tested the role of perching duration, ovisac density, and seasonal timing on the rate of crawler transfer to immobile preserved bird mounts at a single site in Connecticut. For disturbance trials, we explored if transfer rates were different when branches were actively brushed against birds. Both stationary and disturbance trials resulted in successful transfers of A. tsugae to bird mounts, with disturbance trials having significantly higher rates of transfers. Crawler counts from stationary trials increased significantly with local ovisac density. Additionally, we found a nonlinear relationship between crawler transfer and experimental week, with crawler transfer highest at the beginning of sampling in May, coinciding with avian spring migration in Connecticut and the emergence of progrediens crawlers, and spiking again near 14 June, when sistens generation crawlers began to emerge. While many aspects of potential avian dispersal of A. tsugae remain unknown, these results suggest that crawler transfer to birds may occur most often when peak crawler emergence coincides with the northward migration of many small passerine bird species.}, }
@article {pmid27478092, year = {2017}, author = {Baker, CM and Gordon, A and Bode, M}, title = {Ensemble ecosystem modeling for predicting ecosystem response to predator reintroduction.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {376-384}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12798}, pmid = {27478092}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Invertebrates ; Models, Theoretical ; Parks, Recreational ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; United States ; *Wolves ; }, abstract = {Introducing a new or extirpated species to an ecosystem is risky, and managers need quantitative methods that can predict the consequences for the recipient ecosystem. Proponents of keystone predator reintroductions commonly argue that the presence of the predator will restore ecosystem function, but this has not always been the case, and mathematical modeling has an important role to play in predicting how reintroductions will likely play out. We devised an ensemble modeling method that integrates species interaction networks and dynamic community simulations and used it to describe the range of plausible consequences of 2 keystone-predator reintroductions: wolves (Canis lupus) to Yellowstone National Park and dingoes (Canis dingo) to a national park in Australia. Although previous methods for predicting ecosystem responses to such interventions focused on predicting changes around a given equilibrium, we used Lotka-Volterra equations to predict changing abundances through time. We applied our method to interaction networks for wolves in Yellowstone National Park and for dingoes in Australia. Our model replicated the observed dynamics in Yellowstone National Park and produced a larger range of potential outcomes for the dingo network. However, we also found that changes in small vertebrates or invertebrates gave a good indication about the potential future state of the system. Our method allowed us to predict when the systems were far from equilibrium. Our results showed that the method can also be used to predict which species may increase or decrease following a reintroduction and can identify species that are important to monitor (i.e., species whose changes in abundance give extra insight into broad changes in the system). Ensemble ecosystem modeling can also be applied to assess the ecosystem-wide implications of other types of interventions including assisted migration, biocontrol, and invasive species eradication.}, }
@article {pmid27477202, year = {2016}, author = {Alonso Chavez, V and Parnell, S and VAN DEN Bosch, F}, title = {Monitoring invasive pathogens in plant nurseries for early-detection and to minimise the probability of escape.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {407}, number = {}, pages = {290-302}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.07.041}, pmid = {27477202}, issn = {1095-8541}, support = {&#x200b;TH0135//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Bacteria/metabolism ; Computer Simulation ; Incidence ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Plants/*microbiology ; *Probability ; }, abstract = {The global increase in the movement of plant products in recent years has triggered an increase in the number of introduced plant pathogens. Plant nurseries importing material from abroad may play an important role in the introduction and spread of diseases such as ash dieback and sudden oak death which are thought to have been introduced through trade. The economic, environmental and social costs associated with the spread of invasive pathogens become considerably larger as the incidence of the pathogen increases. To control the movement of pathogens across the plant trade network it is crucial to develop monitoring programmes at key points of the network such as plant nurseries. By detecting the introduction of invasive pathogens at low incidence, the control and eradication of an epidemic is more likely to be successful. Equally, knowing the likelihood of having sold infected plants once a disease has been detected in a nursery can help designing tracing plans to control the onward spread of the disease. Here, we develop an epidemiological model to detect and track the movement of an invasive plant pathogen into and from a plant nursery. Using statistical methods, we predict the epidemic incidence given that a detection of the pathogen has occurred for the first time, considering that the epidemic has an asymptomatic period between infection and symptom development. Equally, we calculate the probability of having sold at least one infected plant during the period previous to the first disease detection. This analysis can aid stakeholder decisions to determine, when the pathogen is first discovered in a nursery, the need of tracking the disease to other points in the plant trade network in order to control the epidemic. We apply our method to high profile recent introductions including ash dieback and sudden oak death in the UK and citrus canker and Huanglongbing disease in Florida. These results provide new insight for the design of monitoring strategies at key points of the trade network.}, }
@article {pmid27477121, year = {2017}, author = {Loudon, C}, title = {Rapid killing of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) on surfaces using heat: application to luggage.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {73}, number = {1}, pages = {64-70}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4409}, pmid = {27477121}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Bedbugs/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; *Hot Temperature ; Insect Control/*methods ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The resistance of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) to chemical insecticides has motivated the development of non-chemical control methods such as heat treatment. However, because bed bugs tend to hide in cracks or crevices, their behavior incidentally generates a thermally insulated microenvironment for themselves. Bed bugs located on the outer surface of luggage are less insulated and potentially more vulnerable to brief heat treatment.<br><br>RESULTS: Soft-sided suitcases with adult male bed bugs on the outside were exposed to an air temperature of 70-75&#x2009;&#xb0;C. It took 6&#x2009;min to kill all of the bed bugs, even those that had concealed themselves under zipper flaps or decorative piping. During heating, only one bed bug (out of 250 in total) moved into the luggage (through a closed zipper). Over long periods of time (24&#x2009;h) at room temperature, adult male bed bugs on the exterior of luggage only infrequently moved inside; only 3% (5/170) had moved inside during 24&#x2009;h.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Brief exterior heat treatment of luggage is a promising way to reduce the spread of bed bugs being transported on the outer surface of luggage. This treatment will not kill bed bugs inside the luggage, but could be a component of integrated management for this pest. &#xa9; 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid27475440, year = {2016}, author = {Newete, SW and Erasmus, BF and Weiersbye, IM and Byrne, MJ}, title = {Sequestration of precious and pollutant metals in biomass of cultured water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes).}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {23}, number = {20}, pages = {20805-20818}, pmid = {27475440}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Adsorption ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Biomass ; Eichhornia/*chemistry/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Metals, Heavy/*analysis/toxicity ; Plant Roots/chemistry/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Plant Shoots/chemistry/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis/toxicity ; }, abstract = {The aim of this study was to investigate the overall root/shoot allocation of metal contaminants, the amount of metal removal by absorption and adsorption within or on the external root surfaces, the dose-response of water hyacinth metal uptake, and phytotoxicity. This was examined in a single-metal tub trial, using arsenic (As), gold (Au), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), uranium (U), and zinc (Zn). Iron and Mn were also used in low-, medium-, and high-concentration treatments to test their dose effect on water hyacinth's metal uptake. Water hyacinth was generally tolerant to metallotoxicity, except for Cu and Hg. Over 80 % of the total amount of metals removed was accumulated in the roots, of which 30-52 % was adsorbed onto the root surfaces. Furthermore, 73-98 % of the total metal assimilation by water hyacinth was located in the roots. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Cu, Hg, Au, and Zn exceeded the recommended index of 1000, which is used in selection of phytoremediating plants, but those of U, As, and Mn did not. Nevertheless, the BCF for Mn increased with the increase of Mn concentration in water. This suggests that the use of BCF index alone, without the consideration of plant biomass and metal concentration in water, is inadequate to determine the potential of plants for phytoremediation accurately. Thus, this study confirms that water hyacinth holds potential for a broad spectrum of phytoremediation roles. However, knowing whether these metals are adsorbed on or assimilated within the plant tissues as well as knowing their allocation between roots and shoots will inform decisions how to re-treat biomass for metal recovery, or the mode of biomass reduction for safe disposal after phytoremediation.}, }
@article {pmid27474902, year = {2016}, author = {Ferrario, J and Marchini, A and Borrelli, P and Gigli Berzolari, F and Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A}, title = {A fuzzy 'boater' model to detect fouling and spreading risk of non-indigenous species by recreational boats.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {182}, number = {}, pages = {198-207}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.07.029}, pmid = {27474902}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Fuzzy Logic ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; *Recreation ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Seasons ; *Ships ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Recreational boating is an unregulated and underestimated vector of spread of non-indigenous species (NIS) in marine environments. The risk of a single boat to spread NIS depends not only on the local environmental context, but also on the type of boat and on the boat owner's behaviour (hull cleaning and painting frequency, travel history). In this paper we present a model to assess the risk of fouling and spreading of NIS and its application to data derived from a questionnaire given to Italian boat owners. The model uses a two-levels fuzzy logic approach: (1) the first level assesses the risk of hull fouling and risk of spreading separately; (2) the second level combines the two separate risks in an overall index ranging from 0 (null risk) to 100 (highest risk) and measures the global risk of NIS introduction and spread through recreational boating. The questionnaire and the fuzzy model allow for a simple and rapid assessment of boats most likely to be infested. The proposed fuzzy model can be easily edited and adapted to context-specific ecological and social conditions. The results of this Italian study showed that 53.9% of the respondents were in the very-low and low risk categories, and 46.1% in the medium, high and very-high risk categories. Possible associations between some boaters habits and the fouling and spreading risk were explored using logistic regression analyses. The results indicate a high-risk profile of boat owner as an experienced sailor who visits many marinas during the summer season. Biosecurity guidelines, containment measures and awareness raising programmes should be implemented to prevent and avoid further spread of NIS in marine environments, and such management actions would benefit from the early detection of high-risk boats, and from the identification of profiles of boaters upon which these initiatives should be prioritized.}, }
@article {pmid27473982, year = {2016}, author = {Rouco, C and Richardson, KS and Buddle, BM and French, NP and Tompkins, DM}, title = {Sex difference in the survival rate of wild brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) experimentally challenged with bovine tuberculosis.}, journal = {Research in veterinary science}, volume = {107}, number = {}, pages = {102-105}, doi = {10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.05.008}, pmid = {27473982}, issn = {1532-2661}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Mycobacterium bovis ; New Zealand ; Sex Characteristics ; Survival Rate ; *Trichosurus ; Tuberculosis/microbiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The main wildlife reservoir of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in New Zealand is the introduced brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), with spillover of infection from possums to livestock being regarded as the largest barrier to eradicating TB from the country. Past studies have experimentally challenged possums with Mycobacterium bovis (the causative agent of TB) to quantify infection parameters. However, the challenge models used are invariably non-representative of natural infection due to their resulting in much faster rates, and different clinical patterns of disease progression. We monitored the survival of 16 wild free-living possums, fitted with VHF mortality collars and experimentally challenged with a new model, out to six months post-challenge. The aim was to assess whether the new model does indeed result in an ongoing pathogenesis trajectory that is more reflective of natural TB in possums. The mean survival period of challenged possums (~4.6months) did not differ from that estimated for wild free-living possums with naturally acquired TB. In addition, and unexpectedly, infected males survived on average for five weeks longer than females. This significant difference has not been previously observed in experimental trials with other TB/possum challenge models. If this is reflective of natural disease (as is the survival period produced by the percutaneous challenge model), TB infected males in the wild may be generating more secondary cases of infection than infected females. This insight has important implications for understanding the dynamics of, and managing, the disease in its New Zealand wildlife reservoir.}, }
@article {pmid27473767, year = {2016}, author = {Koffel, T and Daufresne, T and Massol, F and Klausmeier, CA}, title = {Geometrical envelopes: Extending graphical contemporary niche theory to communities and eco-evolutionary dynamics.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {407}, number = {}, pages = {271-289}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.07.026}, pmid = {27473767}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Contemporary niche theory is a powerful structuring framework in theoretical ecology. First developed in the context of resource competition, it has been extended to encompass other types of regulating factors such as shared predators, parasites or inhibitors. A central component of contemporary niche theory is a graphical approach popularized by Tilman that illustrates the different outcomes of competition along environmental gradients, like coexistence and competitive exclusion. These food web modules have been used to address species sorting in community ecology, as well as adaptation and coexistence on eco-evolutionary time scales in adaptive dynamics. Yet, the associated graphical approach has been underused so far in the evolutionary context. In this paper, we provide a rigorous approach to extend this graphical method to a continuum of interacting strategies, using the geometrical concept of the envelope. Not only does this approach provide community and eco-evolutionary bifurcation diagrams along environmental gradients, it also sheds light on the similarities and differences between those two perspectives. Adaptive dynamics naturally merges with this ecological framework, with a close correspondence between the classification of singular strategies and the geometrical properties of the envelope. Finally, this approach provides an integrative tool to study adaptation between levels of organization, from the individual to the ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid27473109, year = {2016}, author = {Altamirano, A and Cely, JP and Etter, A and Miranda, A and Fuentes-Ramirez, A and Acevedo, P and Salas, C and Vargas, R}, title = {The invasive species Ulex europaeus (Fabaceae) shows high dynamism in a fragmented landscape of south-central Chile.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {188}, number = {8}, pages = {495}, pmid = {27473109}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Biodiversity ; Chile ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Forestry ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Ulex/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Ulex europaeus (gorse) is an invasive shrub deemed as one of the most invasive species in the world. U. europaeus is widely distributed in the south-central area of Chile, which is considered a world hotspot for biodiversity conservation. In addition to its negative effects on the biodiversity of natural ecosystems, U. europaeus is one of the most severe pests for agriculture and forestry. Despite its importance as an invasive species, U. europaeus has been little studied. Although information exists on the potential distribution of the species, the interaction of the invasion process with the spatial dynamic of the landscape and the landscape-scale factors that control the presence or absence of the species is still lacking. We studied the spatial and temporal dynamics of the landscape and how these relate to U. europaeus invasion in south-central Chile. We used supervised classification of satellite images to determine the spatial distribution of the species and other land covers for the years 1986 and 2003, analysing the transitions between the different land covers. We used logistic regression for modelling the increase, decrease and permanence of U. europaeus invasion considering landscape variables. Results showed that the species covers only around 1 % of the study area and showed a 42 % reduction in area for the studied period. However, U. europaeus was the cover type which presented the greatest dynamism in the landscape. We found a strong relationship between changes in land cover and the invasion process, especially connected with forest plantations of exotic species, which promotes the displacement of U. europaeus. The model of gorse cover increase presented the best performance, and the most important predictors were distance to seed source and landscape complexity index. Our model predicted high spread potential of U. europaeus in areas of high conservation value. We conclude that proper management for this invasive species must take into account the spatial dynamics of the landscape within the invaded area in order to address containment, control or mitigation of the invasion.}, }
@article {pmid27471853, year = {2016}, author = {Lurgi, M and Wells, K and Kennedy, M and Campbell, S and Fordham, DA}, title = {A Landscape Approach to Invasive Species Management.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {e0160417}, pmid = {27471853}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are not only a major threat to biodiversity, they also have major impacts on local economies and agricultural production systems. Once established, the connection of local populations into metapopulation networks facilitates dispersal at landscape scales, generating spatial dynamics that can impact the outcome of pest-management actions. Much planning goes into landscape-scale invasive species management. However, effective management requires knowledge on the interplay between metapopulation network topology and management actions. We address this knowledge gap using simulation models to explore the effectiveness of two common management strategies, applied across different extents and according to different rules for selecting target localities in metapopulations with different network topologies. These management actions are: (i) general population reduction, and (ii) reduction of an obligate resource. The reduction of an obligate resource was generally more efficient than population reduction for depleting populations at landscape scales. However, the way in which local populations are selected for management is important when the topology of the metapopulation is heterogeneous in terms of the distribution of connections among local populations. We tested these broad findings using real-world scenarios of European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) infesting agricultural landscapes in Western Australia. Although management strategies targeting central populations were more effective in simulated heterogeneous metapopulation structures, no difference was observed in real-world metapopulation structures that are highly homogeneous. In large metapopulations with high proximity and connectivity of neighbouring populations, different spatial management strategies yield similar outcomes. Directly considering spatial attributes in pest-management actions will be most important for metapopulation networks with heterogeneously distributed links. Our modelling framework provides a simple approach for identifying the best possible management strategy for invasive species based on metapopulation structure and control capacity. This information can be used by managers trying to devise efficient landscape-oriented management strategies for invasive species and can also generate insights for conservation purposes.}, }
@article {pmid27470865, year = {2016}, author = {Iwama, RE and Arruda, EP}, title = {Leeches of the genus Helobdella (Clitellata: Hirudinida) from São Paulo, Brazil with descriptions of two new species using micro-computed tomography and a new record of Barbronia weberi (Blanchard 1897).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4144}, number = {3}, pages = {411-429}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4144.3.8}, pmid = {27470865}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Leeches/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/physiology ; Species Specificity ; X-Ray Microtomography ; }, abstract = {Leeches are an important group of macroinvertebrates found in the benthic zone of rivers, streams, lakes and ponds. Despite their ecological importance and potential as bioindicators, little is known about the diversity of leeches in Brazil, where only a few sporadic studies have been performed. Six locations in the region of Sorocaba, in the state of São Paulo, were sampled in order to study the diversity of predatory leeches. Besides traditional dissections, micro-computed tomography was used to access the internal morphology of the new species Helobdella chaviensis n. sp. and Helobdella schlenzae n. sp. Four additional native species were found and redescribed using traditional techniques. The invasive species Barbronia weberi (Blanchard 1897) was reported in the Tietê River for the first time.}, }
@article {pmid27470833, year = {2016}, author = {Wittmann, KJ and Ariani, AP and Daneliya, M}, title = {The Mysidae (Crustacea: Peracarida: Mysida) in fresh and oligohaline waters of the Mediterranean. Taxonomy, biogeography, and bioinvasion.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4142}, number = {1}, pages = {1-70}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4142.1.1}, pmid = {27470833}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Crustacea/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Mediterranean Sea ; Phylogeography ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {A census of Mysidae yielded a total of twelve species plus two non-nominotypical subspecies found so far in fresh and oligohaline waters of the Mediterranean, all belonging to the subfamily Mysinae. Among the nine species in fresh-waters, three are stenoendemics, namely of a single lake (Diamysis lacustris), of two neighbouring river systems (Paramysis kosswigi) or of karstic cave waters (Troglomysis vjetrenicensis). Four species-T. vjetrenicensis, D. lacustris, D. fluviatilis, and Paramysis adriatica sp. nov. described in this paper-are confined to freshwater tributaries of the Adriatic Sea (NE-Mediterranean). This strengthens previous findings about the outstanding role of the Adriatic basin for the endemic diversity of freshwater Mysidae within the Mediterranean. This is possibly related to alternating marine and freshwater-terrestrial phases during the Pliocene-Pleistocene in this semi-enclosed basin. Based on current knowledge, freshwater populations of D. mesohalobia heterandra are also confined to the Adriatic basin; this taxon, however, shows many more populations in brackish waters of the E-Mediterranean and Marmora basins. Two freshwater species (Limnomysis benedeni, Hemimysis anomala) are wide-range invaders of Ponto-Caspian origin, with recent expansion into fresh and brackish waters of the NW-Mediterranean. A further immigrant to this part of the Mediterranean, Neomysis integer, is of NE-Atlantic origin and occurs only marginally in fresh-water. Five among the nine species found at least once in fresh-water were also reported in oligohaline conditions, mostly also at even higher salinities. A total of eight species plus two subspecies were recorded in oligohaline waters (S = 0.5-5). Among these, only one oligohalobious stenoendemic, Diamysis hebraica, inhabits streams at the Levantine coast. In the historical biogeographical context, the current distribution of only one out of nine indigenous species in an- to oligohaline waters of the Mediterranean, namely the mainly meso- to polyhalobious Mesopodopsis slabberi, may date back to the early Pliocene flooding of the Mediterranean by Atlantic waters and to later events. For most species, the biogeographical pattern points to a primary origin in the brackish (Miocene) Paratethys; solely the cave-dwelling T. vjetrenicensis has more ancient roots in the Tethyan (Mesogeic) Sea. Both these hypotheses are supported by chorological data and mainly the mineral composition of statoliths. The statoliths are composed of CaCO3 as the metastable crystal phase vaterite in nine species plus two subspecies considered versus the otherwise more common CaF2 (fluorite) in only three species (or in 7 + 2 versus two Mediterranean indigenes). All 12 + 2 Mediterranean taxa are figured and described in detail, particularly regarding P. adriatica sp. nov. and the substantially redescribed T. vjetrenicensis Stammer, 1933. Supplementary descriptions are given for P. kosswigi Băcescu, 1948, D. hebraica Almeida Prado-Por, 1981, and N. integer (Leach, 1814). A key to the 14 taxa is given including additional three species of potential future invaders. The tribe Mysini Haworth, 1825, is revised by detachment of the newly defined tribe Paramysini and of the revalidated Hemimysini Czerniavsky, 1882. A key to the resulting six tribes of the subfamily Mysinae is given.}, }
@article {pmid27468307, year = {2016}, author = {Todesco, M and Pascual, MA and Owens, GL and Ostevik, KL and Moyers, BT and Hübner, S and Heredia, SM and Hahn, MA and Caseys, C and Bock, DG and Rieseberg, LH}, title = {Hybridization and extinction.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {892-908}, pmid = {27468307}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Hybridization may drive rare taxa to extinction through genetic swamping, where the rare form is replaced by hybrids, or by demographic swamping, where population growth rates are reduced due to the wasteful production of maladaptive hybrids. Conversely, hybridization may rescue the viability of small, inbred populations. Understanding the factors that contribute to destructive versus constructive outcomes of hybridization is key to managing conservation concerns. Here, we survey the literature for studies of hybridization and extinction to identify the ecological, evolutionary, and genetic factors that critically affect extinction risk through hybridization. We find that while extinction risk is highly situation dependent, genetic swamping is much more frequent than demographic swamping. In addition, human involvement is associated with increased risk and high reproductive isolation with reduced risk. Although climate change is predicted to increase the risk of hybridization-induced extinction, we find little empirical support for this prediction. Similarly, theoretical and experimental studies imply that genetic rescue through hybridization may be equally or more probable than demographic swamping, but our literature survey failed to support this claim. We conclude that halting the introduction of hybridization-prone exotics and restoring mature and diverse habitats that are resistant to hybrid establishment should be management priorities.}, }
@article {pmid27468305, year = {2016}, author = {Welles, SR and Ellstrand, NC}, title = {Genetic structure reveals a history of multiple independent origins followed by admixture in the allopolyploid weed Salsola ryanii.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {871-878}, pmid = {27468305}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {It has recently become clear that many invasive species have evolved in situ via hybridization or polyploidy from progenitors which themselves are introduced species. For species formed by hybridization or polyploidy, genetic diversity within the newly formed species is influenced by the number of independent evolutionary origins of the species. For recently formed species, an analysis of genetic structure can provide insight into the number of independent origin events involved in the formation of the species. For a putative invasive allopolyploid species, the number of origins involved in the species formation, the genetic diversity present within these origins, and the level of gene flow between independent origins determines the genetic composition of the neospecies. Here we analyze the genetic structure of the newly formed allopolyploid species, Salsola ryanii, a tumbleweed which evolved within the last 20-100 years in California. We utilize the genetic structure analysis to determine that this new species is the result of at least three independent allopolyplodization events followed by gene flow between the descendants of independent origins.}, }
@article {pmid27468304, year = {2016}, author = {Lu, BR and Yang, X and Ellstrand, NC}, title = {Fitness correlates of crop transgene flow into weedy populations: a case study of weedy rice in China and other examples.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {857-870}, pmid = {27468304}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Whether transgene flow from crops to cross-compatible weedy relatives will result in negative environmental consequences has been the topic of discussion for decades. An important component of environmental risk assessment depends on whether an introgressed transgene is associated with a fitness change in weedy populations. Several crop-weed pairs have received experimental attention. Perhaps, the most worrisome example is transgene flow from genetically engineered cultivated rice, a staple for billions globally, to its conspecific weed, weedy rice. China's cultivated/weedy rice system is one of the best experimentally studied systems under field conditions for assessing how the presence of transgenes alters the weed's fitness and the likely impacts of that fitness change. Here, we present the cultivated/weedy rice system as a case study on the consequences of introgressed transgenes in unmanaged populations. The experimental work on this system reveals considerable variation in fitness outcomes - increased, decreased, and none - based on the transgenic trait, its introgressed genomic background, and the environment. A review of similar research from a sample of other crop-wild pairs suggests such variation is the rule. We conclude such variation in fitness correlates supports the case-by-case method of biosafety regulation is sound.}, }
@article {pmid27466973, year = {2017}, author = {Waller, DL and Bartsch, MR and Fredricks, KT and Bartsch, LA and Schleis, SM and Lee, SH}, title = {Effects of carbon dioxide on juveniles of the freshwater mussel (Lampsilis siliquoidea [Unionidae]).}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {671-681}, doi = {10.1002/etc.3567}, pmid = {27466973}, issn = {1552-8618}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon Dioxide/*toxicity ; Carps/growth &amp; development ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Fresh Water/*chemistry ; Introduced Species/trends ; Unionidae/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; United States ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Carbon dioxide (CO2) has shown promise as a tool to control movements of invasive Asian carp, but its effects on native freshwater biota have not been well studied. The authors evaluated lethal and sublethal responses of juvenile fatmucket (Lampsilis siliquoidea) mussels to CO2 at levels (43-269 mg/L, mean concentration) that bracket concentrations effective for deterring carp movement. The 28-d lethal concentration to 50% of the mussels was 87.0 mg/L (95% confidence interval [CI] 78.4-95.9) and at 16-d postexposure, 76.0 mg/L (95% CI 62.9-90.3). A proportional hazards regression model predicted that juveniles could not survive CO2 concentrations >160 mg/L for more than 2 wk or >100 mg/L CO2 for more than 30 d. Mean shell growth was significantly lower for mussels that survived CO2 treatments. Growth during the postexposure period did not differ among treatments, indicating recovery of the mussels. Also, CO2 caused shell pitting and erosion. Behavioral effects of CO2 included movement of mussels to the substrate surface and narcotization at the highest concentrations. Mussels in the 110 mg/L mean CO2 treatment had the most movements in the first 3 d of exposure. If CO2 is infused continuously as a fish deterrent, concentrations <76 mg/L are recommended to prevent juvenile mussel mortality and shell damage. Mussels may survive and recover from brief exposure to higher concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:671-681. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.}, }
@article {pmid27465299, year = {2016}, author = {Davison, PI and Créach, V and Liang, WJ and Andreou, D and Britton, JR and Copp, GH}, title = {Laboratory and field validation of a simple method for detecting four species of non-native freshwater fish using eDNA.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {89}, number = {3}, pages = {1782-1793}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13086}, pmid = {27465299}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyprinidae/classification/genetics ; DNA/genetics ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Fishes/*classification/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/classification/genetics ; Ponds/*analysis ; Reproducibility of Results ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {This paper presents the first phase in the development and validation of a simple and reliable environmental (e)DNA method using conventional PCR to detect four species of non-native freshwater fish: pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus, sunbleak Leucaspius delineatus, fathead minnow Pimephales promelas and topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva. The efficacy of the approach was demonstrated in indoor tank (44 l) trials in which all four species were detected within 24 h. Validation was through two field trials, in which L. gibbosus was detected 6-12 h after its introduction into outdoor experimental ponds and P. parva was successfully detected in disused fish rearing ponds where the species was known to exist. Thus, the filtration of small (30 ml) volumes of pond water was sufficient to capture fish eDNA and the approach emphasised the importance of taking multiple water samples of sufficient spatial coverage for detecting species of random or patchy distribution.}, }
@article {pmid27462988, year = {2016}, author = {Hellmann, C and Werner, C and Oldeland, J}, title = {A Spatially Explicit Dual-Isotope Approach to Map Regions of Plant-Plant Interaction after Exotic Plant Invasion.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {e0159403}, pmid = {27462988}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Carbon Isotopes/*analysis ; Cluster Analysis ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen Isotopes/*analysis ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Portugal ; }, abstract = {Understanding interactions between native and invasive plant species in field settings and quantifying the impact of invaders in heterogeneous native ecosystems requires resolving the spatial scale on which these processes take place. Therefore, functional tracers are needed that enable resolving the alterations induced by exotic plant invasion in contrast to natural variation in a spatially explicit way. 15N isoscapes, i.e., spatially referenced representations of stable nitrogen isotopic signatures, have recently provided such a tracer. However, different processes, e.g. water, nitrogen or carbon cycles, may be affected at different spatial scales. Thus multi-isotope studies, by using different functional tracers, can potentially return a more integrated picture of invader impact. This is particularly true when isoscapes are submitted to statistical methods suitable to find homogeneous subgroups in multivariate data such as cluster analysis. Here, we used model-based clustering of spatially explicit foliar δ15N and δ13C isoscapes together with N concentration of a native indicator species, Corema album, to map regions of influence in a Portuguese dune ecosystem invaded by the N2-fixing Acacia longifolia. Cluster analysis identified regions with pronounced alterations in N budget and water use efficiency in the native species, with a more than twofold increase in foliar N, and δ13C and δ15N enrichment of up to 2‰ and 8‰ closer to the invader, respectively. Furthermore, clusters of multiple functional tracers indicated a spatial shift from facilitation through N addition in the proximity of the invader to competition for resources other than N in close contact. Finding homogeneous subgroups in multi-isotope data by means of model-based cluster analysis provided an effective tool for detecting spatial structure in processes affecting plant physiology and performance. The proposed method can give an objective measure of the spatial extent of influence of plant-plant interactions, thus improving our understanding of spatial pattern and interactions in plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid27460377, year = {2016}, author = {Nikinmaa, M and Götting, M}, title = {DNA Barcoding Marine Biodiversity: Steps from Mere Cataloguing to Giving Reasons for Biological Differences.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, volume = {1452}, number = {}, pages = {169-182}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-3774-5_11}, pmid = {27460377}, issn = {1940-6029}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; DNA/*genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Marine Biology/*methods ; }, abstract = {DNA barcoding has become a useful tool in many contexts and has opened up a completely new avenue for taxonomy. DNA barcoding has its widest application in biodiversity and ecological research to detect and describe diversity whenever morphological discrimination is difficult or impossible (e.g., in the case of species lacking diagnostic characters, early life stages, or cryptic species). In this chapter, we outline the utility of including physiological parameters as part of species description in publicly available databases that catalog taxonomic information resulting from barcoding projects. Cryptic species or different life stages of a species often differ in their physiological traits. Thus, if physiological aspects were included in species definitions, the presently cryptic species could be distinguished. We furthermore give suggestions for physiological information that should be included in a species description and describe potential applications of DNA barcoding for research with physiological components.}, }
@article {pmid27460374, year = {2016}, author = {Mahon, AR and Jerde, CL}, title = {Using Environmental DNA for Invasive Species Surveillance and Monitoring.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, volume = {1452}, number = {}, pages = {131-142}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-3774-5_8}, pmid = {27460374}, issn = {1940-6029}, mesh = {DNA/*analysis/*chemistry ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Genomics ; }, abstract = {The method employed for environmental DNA (eDNA) surveillance for detection and monitoring of rare species in aquatic systems has evolved dramatically since its first large-scale applications. Both active (targeted) and passive (total diversity) surveillance methods provide helpful information for management groups, but each has a suite of techniques that necessitate proper equipment training and use. The protocols described in this chapter represent some of the latest iterations in eDNA surveillance being applied in aquatic and marine systems.}, }
@article {pmid27459780, year = {2016}, author = {Reisinger, LS and Lodge, DM}, title = {Parasites alter freshwater communities in mesocosms by modifying invasive crayfish behavior.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {6}, pages = {1497-1506}, doi = {10.1890/15-1634.1}, pmid = {27459780}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*parasitology ; Behavior, Animal ; *Ecosystem ; *Fresh Water ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Trematoda/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Parasites can alter communities by reducing densities of keystone hosts, but few studies have examined how trait-mediated indirect effects of parasites can alter ecological communities. We test how trematode parasites (Microphallus spp.) that affect invasive crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) behavior alter how crayfish impact lake littoral communities. O. rusticus drive community composition in north temperate lakes, and predatory fish can reduce crayfish activity and feeding. In laboratory studies, Microphallus parasites also alter O. rusticus behavior: infected O. rusticus eat fewer macroinvertebrates and are bolder near predatory fish than uninfected individuals. We used a 2 x 2 factorial experiment to test how predatory fish and parasites affect O. rusticus impacts in large mesocosms over 4 weeks. We predicted (1) that when predators were absent, infected crayfish would have lower impacts than uninfected crayfish on macrophytes and macroinvertebrates (as well as reduced growth and higher mortality). However, (2) when predators were present but unable to consume crayfish, infected crayfish would have greater impacts (as well as greater growth and lower mortality) than uninfected crayfish because of increased boldness. Because of its effect on crayfish feeding behavior, we also predicted (3) that infection would alter macrophyte and macroinvertebrate community composition. In contrast to our first hypothesis, we found that infected and uninfected crayfish had similar impacts on lower trophic levels when predators were absent. Across all treatments, infected crayfish were more likely to be outside shelters and had greater growth than uninfected crayfish, suggesting that the reduced feeding observed in short-term experiments does not occur over longer timescales. However, in support of the second hypothesis, when predatory fish were present, infected crayfish ate more macroinvertebrates than did uninfected crayfish, likely due to increased boldness. We also observed a trend for greater macrophyte consumption associated with infection and a trend indicating infection might alter macroinvertebrate community composition. Our results suggest that parasites can alter aquatic communities in mesocosms merely by modifying host behavior.}, }
@article {pmid27459337, year = {2016}, author = {Charbonneau, BR and Wnek, JP and Langley, JA and Lee, G and Balsamo, RA}, title = {Above vs. belowground plant biomass along a barrier island: Implications for dune stabilization.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {182}, number = {}, pages = {126-133}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.06.032}, pmid = {27459337}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Islands ; New Jersey ; Plant Roots/physiology ; Poaceae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Coastal regions are inherently and increasingly vulnerable and geomorphologically unstable, yet are invaluable economic and residential hubs. Dunes are dynamic buffers to erosion and the most natural, economical, and effective defense for coastal communities. Vegetation is integral to dune structure as it facilitates accretion and stabilization. Differences in the vegetation and root density likely translate to variability in coastal erosion prevention, but this notion has been largely unconsidered. We directly compared stabilizing factors, depth and density, of the root systems of two dominant mid-Atlantic dune plant species, native American beach grass (Ammophila breviligulata) and invasive Asiatic sand sedge (Carex kobomugi). Despite high plant density, C. kobomugi is targeted for removal in restoration efforts as its roots are assumed to provide less effective stabilization than A. breviligulata. We collected 30 cores and hand dug 14 A. breviligulata ramets at Island Beach State Park, New Jersey to examine biomass, root:shoot ratios, and root density. C. kobomugi had a more extensive root system with a root:shoot ratio of 11.36:1 compared to 1.62:1 for A. breviligulata. Similarly, cores 60 cm deep and 7.6 cm wide were sufficient to attain fully intact A. breviligulata roots, which did not extend deeper than 40 cm, but insufficient for C. kobomugi roots which extended beyond the sampling system vertically and horizontally. Scaling these findings to m(-2), aboveground biomass is relatively equal, but C. kobomugi had over 700% more root mass m(-2) than A. breviligulata. These results have strong implications for dune management. The root system of C. kobomugi may be better adapted to stabilize dunes and thus protect coastal areas during small and large-scale perturbations than previously supposed. This is a unique situation whereby the creation of monocultures will hyperstabilize dunes and make them more resistant to erosion at the cost of reduced biodiversity within the framework of resiliency.}, }
@article {pmid27459191, year = {2016}, author = {Rassati, D and Faccoli, M and Haack, RA and Rabaglia, RJ and Petrucco Toffolo, E and Battisti, A and Marini, L}, title = {Bark and Ambrosia Beetles Show Different Invasion Patterns in the USA.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {e0158519}, pmid = {27459191}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate ; *Coleoptera ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Forests ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Spatial Analysis ; United States ; }, abstract = {Non-native bark and ambrosia beetles represent a threat to forests worldwide. Their invasion patterns are, however, still unclear. Here we investigated first, if the spread of non-native bark and ambrosia beetles is a gradual or a discontinuous process; second, which are the main correlates of their community structure; third, whether those correlates correspond to those of native species. We used data on species distribution of non-native and native scolytines in the continental 48 USA states. These data were analyzed through a beta-diversity index, partitioned into species richness differences and species replacement, using Mantel correlograms and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination for identifying spatial patterns, and regression on distance matrices to test the association of climate (temperature, rainfall), forest (cover area, composition), geographical (distance), and human-related (import) variables with β-diversity components. For both non-native bark and ambrosia beetles, β-diversity was mainly composed of species richness difference than species replacement. For non-native bark beetles, a discontinuous invasion process composed of long distance jumps or multiple introduction events was apparent. Species richness differences were primarily correlated with differences in import values while temperature was the main correlate of species replacement. For non-native ambrosia beetles, a more continuous invasion process was apparent, with the pool of non-native species arriving in the coastal areas that tended to be filtered as they spread to interior portions of the continental USA. Species richness differences were mainly correlated with differences in rainfall among states, while rainfall and temperature were the main correlates of species replacement. Our study suggests that the different ecology of bark and ambrosia beetles influences their invasion process in new environments. The lower dependency that bark beetles have on climate allowed them to potentially colonize more areas within the USA, while non-native ambrosia beetles, being dependent on rainfall, are typically filtered by the environment.}, }
@article {pmid27454026, year = {2016}, author = {Alomar, C and Deudero, S and Andaloro, F and Castriota, L and Consoli, P and Falautano, M and Sinopoli, M}, title = {Caulerpa cylindracea Sonder invasion modifies trophic niche in infralittoral rocky benthic community.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {120}, number = {}, pages = {86-92}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.07.010}, pmid = {27454026}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Caulerpa/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes ; *Food Chain ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Perciformes ; }, abstract = {The Mediterranean basin is one of the most invaded seas of the world. Invasive species have affected coastal benthic communities inducing structural changes. Since first reports, in the early 90s, Caulerpa cylindracea is considered one of the most important invasive event in the Mediterranean Sea where it has invaded large areas of soft bottoms, seagrass meadows and rocky shores. To assess effects of C. cylindracea in rocky ecosystems, benthic food webs have been compared between invaded and non-invaded coastal conditions through stable isotopes analyses. In addition, the convex hull area of the two types of conditions has been calculated as a proxy for the total extent of trophic diversity within each food web. Results have shown that the trophic niche width is at least 1.4 times wider in invaded conditions than in non-invaded conditions. In addition, this study gives further evidence of similar feeding analogies between the invasive herbivore fish, Siganus luridus and native herbivore fish Sparisoma cretense as both are feeding at the same isotopic level. This investigation provides with new scientific data to assess bionvasions in invaded and non-invaded conditions at assemblage level in coastal systems.}, }
@article {pmid27451911, year = {2016}, author = {Ducs, A and Kazi, A and Bilkó, &#xc1; and Altbäcker, V}, title = {Milkweed control by food imprinted rabbits.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {130}, number = {}, pages = {75-80}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2016.07.012}, pmid = {27451911}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animals ; *Asclepias ; Feces/chemistry ; Feeding Behavior/*psychology ; Female ; Food Preferences/*psychology ; *Imprinting, Psychological ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; *Rabbits ; }, abstract = {Many species of invasive plants are spreading out rapidly in Europe. The common milkweed occupies increasingly more area. Being poisonous, most animals will not graze on it however rabbits would be an effective organism for the biological control of milkweed. Rabbit kittens can learn the maternal diet in various ways. They prefer aromatic foods which their mother had eaten during pregnancy or lactation period, -even if it is poisonous- but they can also learn the maternal diet from the fecal pellets deposited by the mother into the nest during the nursing events. The present study was aimed to investigate if rabbit kittens can learn that the common milkweed is a potential food also. In the first 10days of their lives kits got fecal pellets originating from individuals having fed on common milkweed previously. When weaned on day 28 postpartum, these pups preferred the milkweed in the 3-way food choice test, opposite to the control group. Most surprisingly in a second experiment it was also shown that the common milkweed was also preferred by the kittens if their mother ate it not during, but one month before pregnancy.}, }
@article {pmid27450526, year = {2016}, author = {Boštíková, V and Pasdiorová, M and Marek, J and Prášil, P and Salavec, M and Sleha, R and Střtítecká, H and Blažek, P and Hanovcová, I and Šošovičková, R and Špliňo, M and Smetana, J and Chlíbek, R and Hytych, V and Kuča, K and Boštík, P}, title = {[Biological factors influencing infectious diseases transmitted by invasive species of mosquitoes].}, journal = {Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {75-85}, pmid = {27450526}, issn = {1211-264X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Factors ; Communicable Diseases/*transmission ; *Culicidae ; Humans ; *Insect Vectors ; *Introduced Species ; Vaccination ; }, abstract = {Studies focused on arbovirus diseases transmitted by invasive species of mosquitoes have become increasingly significant in recent years, due to the fact that these vectors have successfully migrated to Europe and become established in the region. Mosquitoes, represented by more than 3 200 species, occur naturally worldwide, except in Antarctica. They feed on the blood of warm-blooded animals and by this route, they are capable of transmitting dangerous diseases. Some species can travel a distance of 10 km per night and can fly continuously for up to 4 hours at a speed of 1-2 km/h. Most species are active at night, in the evening or morning. It usually takes a mosquito female about 50 seconds to penetrate the skin of mammals and the subsequent blood meal usually takes about 2.5 minutes. Mosquitoes live for several weeks or months, depending on the environmental conditions. The VectorNet project is a European network of information exchange and sharing of data relating to the geographical distribution of arthropod vectors and transmission of infectious agents between human populations and animals. It aims at the development of strategic plans and vaccination policies which are the main tasks of this time, as well as the development and application of new disinfectants to control vector populations.}, }
@article {pmid27448048, year = {2016}, author = {Navarro, J and Grémillet, D and Afán, I and Ramírez, F and Bouten, W and Forero, MG}, title = {Feathered Detectives: Real-Time GPS Tracking of Scavenging Gulls Pinpoints Illegal Waste Dumping.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {e0159974}, pmid = {27448048}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Charadriiformes ; Crime ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Geographic Information Systems ; Humans ; Spain ; Spatial Analysis ; *Waste Disposal Facilities ; Waste Management ; }, abstract = {Urban waste impacts human and environmental health, and waste management has become one of the major challenges of humanity. Concurrently with new directives due to manage this human by-product, illegal dumping has become one of the most lucrative activities of organized crime. Beyond economic fraud, illegal waste disposal strongly enhances uncontrolled dissemination of human pathogens, pollutants and invasive species. Here, we demonstrate the potential of novel real-time GPS tracking of scavenging species to detect environmental crime. Specifically, we were able to detect illegal activities at an officially closed dump, which was visited recurrently by 5 of 19 GPS-tracked yellow-legged gulls (Larus michahellis). In comparison with conventional land-based surveys, GPS tracking allows a much wider and cost-efficient spatiotemporal coverage, even of the most hazardous sites, while GPS data accessibility through the internet enables rapid intervention. Our results suggest that multi-species guilds of feathered detectives equipped with GPS and cameras could help fight illegal dumping at continental scales. We encourage further experimental studies, to infer waste detection thresholds in gulls and other scavenging species exploiting human waste dumps.}, }
@article {pmid27447732, year = {2017}, author = {Little, CM and Chapman, TW and Moreau, DL and Hillier, NK}, title = {Susceptibility of selected boreal fruits and berries to the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae).}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {73}, number = {1}, pages = {160-166}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4366}, pmid = {27447732}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Fruit/*physiology ; Herbivory ; Host Specificity ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Introduced Species ; Oviposition ; Taiga ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Drosophila suzukii Matsumara has recently emerged as a major invasive pest species in soft-skinned fruits in berries throughout North America and Europe. Its distribution has spread so rapidly that little is known of the extent of fruit susceptibility, particularly in boreal regions. Populations of D. suzukii increase dramatically in late summer in boreal regions, concurrent with fruiting seasons for commercially and culturally significant fruits and berries. We tested fruit preference and susceptibility of lingonberry, blueberry, chokecherry, sea buckthorn and raspberry fruits to D. suzukii.<br><br>RESULTS: Female D. suzukii attempted to oviposit on all fruit types tested. Fruits with lower brix and lower pH levels were preferred in choice tests. Undamaged lingonberries were relatively safe from infestation; however, bruised or frost-damaged fruits were easily penetrated. Sea buckthorn and raspberry fruits were highly preferred.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Although blueberry growers have experienced severe economic crop losses due to D. suzukii, we have found that blueberries were the least preferred of the fruits tested. This suggests that D. suzukii are largely opportunistic and highlights the importance of fruit phenology in fruit susceptibility. &#xa9; 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid27444515, year = {2016}, author = {Lachaud, JP and Klompen, H and Pérez-Lachaud, G}, title = {Macrodinychus mites as parasitoids of invasive ants: an overlooked parasitic association.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {29995}, pmid = {27444515}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*parasitology ; Feeding Behavior ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Mites/*physiology ; Parasites/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Mites are frequent ant symbionts, yet the exact nature of their interactions with their hosts is poorly known. Generally, myrmecophilous mites show adaptations for dispersal through phoresis, but species that lack such an adaptation may have evolved unusual specialized relationships with their hosts. The immature stages of Macrodinychus multispinosus develop as ectoparasitoids of pupae of the invasive ant Paratrechina longicornis. Feeding stages show regressed locomotor appendages. These mites complete their development on a single host, sucking all of its body content and therefore killing it. Locally high proportions of parasitized host pupae suggest that M. multispinosus could serve as a biological control agent. This is the ninth species of Macrodinychus reported as ant parasite, and the third known as parasitoid of invasive ants, confirming a unique habit in the evolution of mite feeding strategies and suggesting that the entire genus might be parasitic on ants. Several mites' characteristics, such as their protective morphology, possible viviparity, lack of a specialized stage for phoretic dispersal, and low host specificity, combined with both the general low aggressiveness of invasive P. longicornis towards other ants and its possible susceptibility to generalist ectoparasites would account for the host shift in native macrodinychid mites.}, }
@article {pmid27441376, year = {2016}, author = {Wu, Z and Zhang, H and Bin, S and Chen, L and Han, Q and Lin, J}, title = {Antennal and Abdominal Transcriptomes Reveal Chemosensory Genes in the Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {e0159372}, pmid = {27441376}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Abdomen/*physiology ; Animals ; Arthropod Antennae/*metabolism ; Citrus/*parasitology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Ontology ; *Genes, Insect ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; Insect Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Odorant/genetics/metabolism ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism ; Taste/genetics ; Transcriptome/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri is the principal vector of the highly destructive citrus disease called Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening, which is a major threat to citrus cultivation worldwide. More effective pest control strategies against this pest entail the identification of potential chemosensory proteins that could be used in the development of attractants or repellents. However, the molecular basis of olfaction in the Asian citrus psyllid is not completely understood. Therefore, we performed this study to analyze the antennal and abdominal transcriptome of the Asian citrus psyllid. We identified a large number of transcripts belonging to nine chemoreception-related gene families and compared their expression in male and female adult antennae and terminal abdomen. In total, 9 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 12 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 46 odorant receptors (ORs), 20 gustatory receptors (GRs), 35 ionotropic receptors (IRs), 4 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) and 4 different gene families encoding odorant-degrading enzymes (ODEs): 80 cytochrome P450s (CYPs), 12 esterase (ESTs), and 5 aldehyde dehydrogenases (ADE) were annotated in the D. citri antennal and abdominal transcriptomes. Our results revealed that a large proportion of chemosensory genes exhibited no distinct differences in their expression patterns in the antennae and terminal abdominal tissues. Notably, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data and quantitative real time-PCR (qPCR) analyses showed that 4 DictOBPs, 4 DictCSPs, 4 DictIRs, 1 DictSNMP, and 2 DictCYPs were upregulated in the antennae relative to that in terminal abdominal tissues. Furthermore, 2 DictOBPs (DictOBP8 and DictOBP9), 2 DictCSPs (DictOBP8 and DictOBP12), 4 DictIRs (DictIR3, DictIR6, DictIR10, and DictIR35), and 1 DictCYP (DictCYP57) were expressed at higher levels in the male antennae than in the female antennae. Our study provides the first insights into the molecular basis of chemoreception in this insect pest. Further studies on the identified differentially expressed genes would facilitate the understanding of insect olfaction and their role in the interactions between olfactory system and biological processes.}, }
@article {pmid27439691, year = {2016}, author = {Wang, YJ and Bai, YF and Zeng, SQ and Yao, B and Wang, W and Luo, FL}, title = {Heterogeneous water supply affects growth and benefits of clonal integration between co-existing invasive and native Hydrocotyle species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {29420}, pmid = {27439691}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Biomass ; Centella/*growth &amp; development ; China ; Climate Change ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development ; Soil ; Spatial Analysis ; *Water ; }, abstract = {Spatial patchiness and temporal variability in water availability are common in nature under global climate change, which can remarkably influence adaptive responses of clonal plants, i.e. clonal integration (translocating resources between connected ramets). However, little is known about the effects of spatial patchiness and temporal heterogeneity in water on growth and clonal integration between congeneric invasive and native Hydrocotyle species. In a greenhouse experiment, we subjected severed or no severed (intact) fragments of Hydrocotyle vulgaris, a highly invasive species in China, and its co-existing, native congener H. sibthorpioides to different spatial patchiness (homogeneous and patchy) and temporal interval (low and high interval) in water supply. Clonal integration had significant positive effects on growth of both species. In the homogeneous water conditions, clonal integration greatly improved the growth in fragments of both species under low interval in water. However, in the patchy water conditions, clonal integration significantly increased growth in both ramets and fragments of H. vulgaris under high interval in water. Therefore, spatial patchiness and temporal interval in water altered the effects of clonal integration of both species, especially for H. vulgaris. The adaptation of H. vulgaris might lead to invasive growth and potential spread under the global water variability.}, }
@article {pmid27439067, year = {2016}, author = {Bennett, KL and Shija, F and Linton, YM and Misinzo, G and Kaddumukasa, M and Djouaka, R and Anyaele, O and Harris, A and Irish, S and Hlaing, T and Prakash, A and Lutwama, J and Walton, C}, title = {Historical environmental change in Africa drives divergence and admixture of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes: a precursor to successful worldwide colonization?.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {17}, pages = {4337-4354}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13762}, pmid = {27439067}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; Africa ; Animals ; Asia ; Bayes Theorem ; *Environment ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics ; }, abstract = {Increasing globalization has promoted the spread of exotic species, including disease vectors. Understanding the evolutionary processes involved in such colonizations is both of intrinsic biological interest and important to predict and mitigate future disease risks. The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a major vector of dengue, chikungunya and Zika, the worldwide spread of which has been facilitated by Ae. aegypti's adaption to human-modified environments. Understanding the evolutionary processes involved in this invasion requires characterization of the genetic make-up of the source population(s). The application of approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) to sequence data from four nuclear and one mitochondrial marker revealed that African populations of Ae. aegypti best fit a demographic model of lineage diversification, historical admixture and recent population structuring. As ancestral Ae. aegypti were dependent on forests, this population history is consistent with the effects of forest fragmentation and expansion driven by Pleistocene climatic change. Alternatively, or additionally, historical human movement across the continent may have facilitated their recent spread and mixing. ABC analysis and haplotype networks support earlier inferences of a single out-of-Africa colonization event, while a cline of decreasing genetic diversity indicates that Ae. aegypti moved first from Africa to the Americas and then to Asia. ABC analysis was unable to verify this colonization route, possibly because the genetic signal of admixture obscures the true colonization pathway. By increasing genetic diversity and forming novel allelic combinations, divergence and historical admixture within Africa could have provided the adaptive potential needed for the successful worldwide spread of Ae. aegypti.}, }
@article {pmid27437174, year = {2016}, author = {Luo, L and Zhang, P and Ou, X and Geng, Y}, title = {Development of EST-SSR markers for the invasive plant Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae).}, journal = {Applications in plant sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {27437174}, issn = {2168-0450}, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae) is an invasive plant species that can outcompete natives and thus poses a great threat to biodiversity in introduced areas. Here, expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers were developed and characterized.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Sixteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from T. diversifolia using transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatic screening. The number of alleles per locus varied from two to four alleles in 48 individuals from three populations. Most of these primers also amplified in T. rotundifolia and some even in Parthenium hysterophorus.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These markers are useful for investigating the genetic structure and evolutionary process of T. diversifolia, which may provide important information for better management.}, }
@article {pmid27424206, year = {2017}, author = {Devault, DA and Beilvert, B and Winterton, P}, title = {Ship breaking or scuttling? A review of environmental, economic and forensic issues for decision support.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {24}, number = {33}, pages = {25741-25774}, pmid = {27424206}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {*Decision Support Techniques ; *Environmental Pollution/analysis/prevention &amp; control/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Internationality ; *Recycling/economics/methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Ships/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {In a globalized world, the world trade fleet plays a pivotal role in limiting transport costs. But, the management of obsolete ships is an acute problem, with most Ship Recycling Facilities (SRF) situated in developing countries. They are renowned for their controversial work and safety conditions and their environmental impact. Paradoxically, dismantlement is paid for by the shipowners in accordance with international conventions therefore it is more profitable for them to sell off ships destined for scrapping. Scuttling, the alternative to scrapping, is assessed in the present review to compare the cost/benefit ratios of the two approaches. Although scrapping provides employment and raw materials - but with environmental, health and safety costs - scuttling provides fisheries and diving tourism opportunities but needs appropriate management to avoid organic and metal pollution, introduction of invasive species and exacerbation of coastal erosion. It is also limited by appropriate bottom depth, ship type and number. The present review inventories the environmental, health, safety, economic, and forensic aspects of each alternative.}, }
@article {pmid27423105, year = {2016}, author = {Tummers, JS and Hudson, S and Lucas, MC}, title = {Evaluating the effectiveness of restoring longitudinal connectivity for stream fish communities: towards a more holistic approach.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {569-570}, number = {}, pages = {850-860}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.207}, pmid = {27423105}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; England ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/methods ; Fishes/*physiology ; Perciformes/physiology ; Trout/physiology ; }, abstract = {A more holistic approach towards testing longitudinal connectivity restoration is needed in order to establish that intended ecological functions of such restoration are achieved. We illustrate the use of a multi-method scheme to evaluate the effectiveness of 'nature-like' connectivity restoration for stream fish communities in the River Deerness, NE England. Electric-fishing, capture-mark-recapture, PIT telemetry and radio-telemetry were used to measure fish community composition, dispersal, fishway efficiency and upstream migration respectively. For measuring passage and dispersal, our rationale was to evaluate a wide size range of strong swimmers (exemplified by brown trout Salmo trutta) and weak swimmers (exemplified by bullhead Cottus perifretum) in situ in the stream ecosystem. Radio-tracking of adult trout during the spawning migration showed that passage efficiency at each of five connectivity-restored sites was 81.3-100%. Unaltered (experimental control) structures on the migration route had a bottle-neck effect on upstream migration, especially during low flows. However, even during low flows, displaced PIT tagged juvenile trout (total n=153) exhibited a passage efficiency of 70.1-93.1% at two nature-like passes. In mark-recapture experiments juvenile brown trout and bullhead tagged (total n=5303) succeeded in dispersing upstream more often at most structures following obstacle modification, but not at the two control sites, based on a Laplace kernel modelling approach of observed dispersal distance and barrier traverses. Medium-term post-restoration data (2-3years) showed that the fish assemblage remained similar at five of six connectivity-restored sites and two control sites, but at one connectivity-restored headwater site previously inhabited by trout only, three native non-salmonid species colonized. We conclude that stream habitat reconnection should support free movement of a wide range of species and life stages, wherever retention of such obstacles is not needed to manage non-native invasive species. Evaluation of the effectiveness of fish community restoration in degraded streams benefits from a similarly holistic approach.}, }
@article {pmid27422543, year = {2016}, author = {Downey, PO and Richardson, DM}, title = {Alien plant invasions and native plant extinctions: a six-threshold framework.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {27422543}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Biological invasions are widely acknowledged as a major threat to global biodiversity. Species from all major taxonomic groups have become invasive. The range of impacts of invasive taxa and the overall magnitude of the threat is increasing. Plants comprise the biggest and best-studied group of invasive species. There is a growing debate; however, regarding the nature of the alien plant threat-in particular whether the outcome is likely to be the widespread extinction of native plant species. The debate has raised questions on whether the threat posed by invasive plants to native plants has been overstated. We provide a conceptual framework to guide discussion on this topic, in which the threat posed by invasive plants is considered in the context of a progression from no impact through to extinction. We define six thresholds along the 'extinction trajectory', global extinction being the final threshold. Although there are no documented examples of either 'in the wild' (Threshold 5) or global extinctions (Threshold 6) of native plants that are attributable solely to plant invasions, there is evidence that native plants have crossed or breached other thresholds along the extinction trajectory due to the impacts associated with plant invasions. Several factors may be masking where native species are on the trajectory; these include a lack of appropriate data to accurately map the position of species on the trajectory, the timeframe required to definitively state that extinctions have occurred and management interventions. Such interventions, focussing mainly on Thresholds 1-3 (a declining population through to the local extinction of a population), are likely to alter the extinction trajectory of some species. The critical issue for conservation managers is the trend, because interventions must be implemented before extinctions occur. Thus the lack of evidence for extinctions attributable to plant invasions does not mean we should disregard the broader threat.}, }
@article {pmid27418696, year = {2015}, author = {Bargielowski, I and Blosser, E and Lounibos, LP}, title = {The Effects of Interspecific Courtship on the Mating Success of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Males.}, journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, volume = {108}, number = {4}, pages = {513-518}, pmid = {27418696}, issn = {0013-8746}, support = {R21 AI095780/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Satyrization, a form of asymmetric reproductive interference, has recently been shown to play a role in competitive displacements of Aedes aegypti (L.) by Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Furthermore, female Ae. aegypti from populations in sympatry with Ae. albopictus have evolved reproductive character displacement and changes in mating behavior to reduce interspecific mating. In this article, we examine evolutionary responses of males to interspecific mating and show that satyrization has also evoked reproductive character displacement in males. We demonstrate that the presence of heterospecific females negatively influences conspecific mating success in male Ae. aegypti, most likely due to misdirected courting or mating efforts, and that males of this species from populations in sympatry with Ae. albopictus have evolved to be less influenced by the presence of heterospecific females than their allopatric counterparts. Conversely, we suggest that the presence of conspecifics may, in some circumstances, increase interspecific mating. This study demonstrates that co-occurrences of these two invasive species may lead to evolution and adaptation of reproductive behaviors to changing circumstances. Understanding the processes driving development of mate choice preferences or avoidance mechanisms may help predict future changes in the distribution and abundance of insect vectors or pests.}, }
@article {pmid27417986, year = {2016}, author = {Li, B and Bewick, S and Barnard, MR and Fagan, WF}, title = {Persistence and Spreading Speeds of Integro-Difference Equations with an Expanding or Contracting Habitat.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {78}, number = {7}, pages = {1337-1379}, doi = {10.1007/s11538-016-0180-2}, pmid = {27417986}, issn = {1522-9602}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids ; Climate Change ; Computer Simulation ; Cytisus ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Lizards ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Moths ; Population Dynamics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {We study an integro-difference equation model that describes the spatial dynamics of a species in an expanding or contracting habitat. We give conditions under which the species disperses to a region of poor quality where the species eventually becomes extinct. We show that when the species persists in the habitat, the rightward and leftward spreading speeds are determined by c, the speed at which the habitat quality increases or decreases in time, as well as [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], which are formulated in terms of the dispersal kernel and species growth rates in both directions. We demonstrate that in the case that the species grows everywhere in space, the rightward spreading speed is [Formula: see text] if c is relatively small and is [Formula: see text] if c is large, and the leftward spreading speed is one of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], or [Formula: see text]. We also show that it is possible for a solution to form a two-layer wave, with the propagation speeds of the two layers analytically determined.}, }
@article {pmid27417858, year = {2016}, author = {Beggel, S and Brandner, J and Cerwenka, AF and Geist, J}, title = {Synergistic impacts by an invasive amphipod and an invasive fish explain native gammarid extinction.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {32}, pmid = {27417858}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*physiology ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Worldwide freshwater ecosystems are increasingly affected by invasive alien species. In particular, Ponto-Caspian gobiid fishes and amphipods are suspected to have pronounced effects on aquatic food webs. However, there is a lack of systematic studies mechanistically testing the potential synergistic effects of invasive species on native fauna. In this study we investigated the interrelations between the invasive amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus and the invasive fish species Neogobius melanostomus in their effects on the native amphipod Gammarus pulex. We hypothesized selective predation by the fish as a driver for displacement of native species resulting in potential extinction of G. pulex. The survival of G. pulex in the presence of N. melanostomus in relation to the presence of D. villosus and availability of shelter was analyzed in the context of behavioural differences between the amphipod species.<br><br>RESULTS: Gammarus pulex had a significantly higher susceptibility to predation by N. melanostomus compared to D. villosus in all experiments, suggesting preferential predation by this fish on native gammarids. Furthermore, the presence of D. villosus significantly increased the vulnerability of G. pulex to fish predation. Habitat structure was an important factor for swimming activity of amphipods and their mortality, resulting in a threefold decrease in amphipods consumed with shelter habitat structures provided. Behavioral differences in swimming activity were additionally responsible for higher predation rates on G. pulex. Intraguild predation could be neglected within short experimental durations.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study provide evidence for synergistic effects of the two invasive Ponto-Caspian species on the native amphipod as an underlying process of species displacements during invasion processes. Prey behaviour and monotonous habitat structures additionally contribute to the decline of the native gammarid fauna in the upper Danube River and elsewhere.}, }
@article {pmid27417504, year = {2016}, author = {Sorensen, PW and Johnson, NS}, title = {Theory and Application of Semiochemicals in Nuisance Fish Control.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {42}, number = {7}, pages = {698-715}, pmid = {27417504}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Drug Discovery ; *Fishes/growth &amp; development ; Pest Control/*methods ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Controlling unwanted, or nuisance, fishes is becoming an increasingly urgent issue with few obvious solutions. Because fish rely heavily on semiochemicals, or chemical compounds that convey information between and within species, to mediate aspects of their life histories, these compounds are increasingly being considered as an option to help control wild fish. Possible uses of semiochemicals include measuring their presence in water to estimate population size, adding them to traps to count or remove specific species of fish, adding them to waterways to manipulate large-scale movement patterns, and saturating the environment with synthesized semiochemicals to disrupt responses to the natural cue. These applications may be especially appropriate for pheromones, chemical signals that pass between members of same species and which also have extreme specificity and potency. Alarm cues, compounds released by injured fish, and cues released by potential predators also could function as repellents and be especially useful if paired with pheromonal attractants in "push-pull" configurations. Approximately half a dozen attractive pheromones now have been partially identified in fish, and those for the sea lamprey and the common carp have been tested in the field with modest success. Alarm and predator cues for sea lamprey also have been tested in the laboratory and field with some success. Success has been hampered by our incomplete understanding of chemical identity, a lack of synthesized compounds, the fact that laboratory bioassays do not always reflect natural environments, and the relative difficulty of conducting trials on wild fishes because of short field seasons and regulatory requirements. Nevertheless, workers continue efforts to identify pheromones because of the great potential elucidated by insect control and the fact that few tools are available to control nuisance fish. Approaches developed for nuisance fish also could be applied to valued fishes, which suffer from a lack of powerful management tools.}, }
@article {pmid27417408, year = {2016}, author = {Reluga, TC}, title = {The importance of being atomic: Ecological invasions as random walks instead of waves.}, journal = {Theoretical population biology}, volume = {112}, number = {}, pages = {157-169}, doi = {10.1016/j.tpb.2016.06.002}, pmid = {27417408}, issn = {1096-0325}, mesh = {Demography ; *Ecology ; Environment ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Invasions are one of the most easily identified spatial phenomena in ecology, and have inspired a rich variety of theories for ecologists' and naturalists' consideration. However, a number of arguments over the sensitivities of invasion rates to stochasticity, density-dependence, dimension, and discreteness persist in the literature. The standard mathematical approach to invasions is based on Fisher's analysis of traveling waves solutions for the spread of an advantageous allele. In this paper, we exploit an alternative theory based on Ellner's premise that species invasions are best interpreted not as waves, but as random walks, and that the discreteness of living organisms is fundamentally important. Using a density-dependent invasion model in a stationary environment with indivisible (atomic) individuals where reproduction and dispersal are stochastic and independent, we show 4 key properties of Ellner's invasions previously suggested by simulation analysis: (1) greater spatial dispersal stochasticity quickens invasions, (2) greater demographic stochasticity slows invasions, (3) negative density-dependence slows invasions, and (4) greater temporal dispersal stochasticity quickens invasions. We prove the first three results by using generating functions and stochastic-dominance methods to rank furthest-forward dispersal distributions. The fourth result is proven in the special case of atomless theory, but remains an open conjecture in atomic theory. In addition, we explain why, unlike atomless invasions, an infinitely wide atomic invasion in two-dimensions can travel faster than a finite-width invasion and a one-dimensional invasion. The paper concludes with a classification of invasion dynamics based on dispersal kernel tails.}, }
@article {pmid27416966, year = {2016}, author = {Bytheway, JP and Price, CJ and Banks, PB}, title = {Deadly intentions: naïve introduced foxes show rapid attraction to odour cues of an unfamiliar native prey.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {30078}, pmid = {27416966}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cues ; Food Chain ; Foxes/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Murinae/*physiology ; *Odorants ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Introduced predators have caused declines and extinctions of native species worldwide, seemingly able to find and hunt new, unfamiliar prey from the time of their introduction. Yet, just as native species are often naïve to introduced predators, in theory, introduced predators should initially be naïve in their response to novel native prey. Here we examine the response of free-living introduced red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) to their first encounter with the odour cues of a novel native prey, the long-nosed bandicoot (Perameles nasuta). Despite no experience with bandicoots at the study site, foxes were significantly more interested in bandicoot odour compared to untreated controls and to a co-evolved prey, the black rat (Rattus rattus). So what gives introduced predators a novelty advantage over native prey? Such neophilia towards novel potential food sources carries little costs, however naïve native prey often lack analogous neophobic responses towards novel predators, possibly because predator avoidance is so costly. We propose that this nexus between the costs and benefits of responding to novel information is different for alien predators and native prey, giving alien predators a novelty advantage over native prey. This may explain why some introduced predators have rapid and devastating impacts on native fauna.}, }
@article {pmid27416868, year = {2016}, author = {You, WH and Han, CM and Liu, CH and Yu, D}, title = {Effects of clonal integration on the invasive clonal plant Alternanthera philoxeroides under heterogeneous and homogeneous water availability.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {29767}, pmid = {27416868}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Amaranthaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Photosynthesis/*physiology ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development ; Plant Stems/growth &amp; development ; Reproduction, Asexual/physiology ; Water/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Many notorious invasive plants are clonal, living in heterogeneous or homogeneous habitats. To understand how clonal integration affects the performance of these plants in different habitat conditions, an 8-week greenhouse experiment was conducted: ramet pairs of A. philoxeroides were grown in two habitats, either heterogeneous or homogeneous in water availability, with the stolon connections either severed or kept intact. Under heterogeneous water availability, compared with ramets in homogeneous habitats, clonal integration significantly promoted the growth and photosynthetic performance of water-stressed apical ramets, whereas it only increased the photosynthetic performance but did not affect the growth of water-stressed basal ramets. Moreover, clonal integration markedly increased the root/shoot ratios of ramets grown in habitats with high water supply but decreased it under low water availability. Under homogeneous water availability, stolon connection (clonal integration) did not influence the growth, photosynthetic performance and biomass allocation of water-stressed ramets, but it significantly promoted the growth of well-watered ramets in both apical and basal sections. These findings deepen our understanding of the bidirectional and differentiated (mainly acropetal) clonal integration of A. philoxeroides, suggesting that the invasive plant A. philoxeroides can benefit from clonal integration in both heterogeneous and homogeneous habitats.}, }
@article {pmid27413303, year = {2016}, author = {Jaiswal, N and Malhotra, A and Malhotra, SK}, title = {Bioinvasion: a paradigm shift from marine to inland ecosystems.}, journal = {Journal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology}, volume = {40}, number = {2}, pages = {348-358}, pmid = {27413303}, issn = {0971-7196}, abstract = {Anisakidosis is one of the most fearsome zoonotic food borne disease in aquaculture. The natural infections by anisakidoids or related variety in freshwater fish are not known, though sporadic experimental reports are available abroad (Butcher and Shamsi 2011). Invasive severity of anisakidoids in fish from Gangetic riverine ecosystems, i.e., in river Ganges at Fatehpur and Allahabad, as well as in river Yamuna at Allahabad, and molecular heterogeneity among these worms have been extensively investigated. The pathways of transmission of non-native alien species due to long distance migratory habits of Rita rita, man-made alterations including dredging in long stretches of the river bed of Ganges to facilitate ballast water transfer mechanism owing to the commercial ship movements between Haldia and Allahabad; and sudden water chemistry (salinity, hardness, alkalinity) alteration (due particularly to rainy period) oriented micro-fauna interchange are identified, and remedial measures suggested.}, }
@article {pmid27411262, year = {2016}, author = {Johnson, LR and Handel, SN}, title = {Restoration treatments in urban park forests drive long-term changes in vegetation trajectories.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {940-956}, doi = {10.1890/14-2063}, pmid = {27411262}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Cities ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Forests ; Introduced Species ; New York City ; *Parks, Recreational ; }, abstract = {Municipalities are turning to ecological restoration of urban forests as a measure to improve air quality, ameliorate urban heat island effects, improve storm water infiltration, and provide other social and ecological benefits. However, community dynamics following urban forest restoration treatments are poorly documented. This study examines the long-term effects of ecological restoration undertaken in New York City, New York, USA, to restore native forest in urban park natural areas invaded by woody non-native plants that are regional problems. In 2009 and 2010, we sampled vegetation in 30 invaded sites in three large public parks that were restored 1988-1993, and 30 sites in three large parks that were similarly invaded but had not been restored. Data from these matched plots reveal that the restoration treatment achieved its central goals. After 15-20 years, invasive species removal followed by native tree planting resulted in persistent structural and compositional shifts, significantly lower invasive species abundance, a more complex forest structure, and greater native tree recruitment. Together, these findings indicate that successional trajectories of vegetation dynamics have diverged between restored forests and invaded forests that were not restored. In addition, the data suggest that future composition of these urban forest patches will be novel assemblages. Restored and untreated sites shared a suite of shade-intolerant, quickly-growing tree species that colonize disturbed sites, indicating that restoration treatments created sites hospitable for germination and growth of species adapted to high light conditions and disturbed soils. These findings yield an urban perspective on the use of succession theory in ecological restoration. Models of ecological restoration developed in more pristine environments must be modified for use in cities. By anticipating both urban disturbances and ecological succession, management of urban forest patches can be adjusted to better predict and direct long-term outcomes. An urban approach to ecological restoration must use realistic, flexible targets to preserve and enhance urban biodiversity for both short-term benefits and long-term sustainability.}, }
@article {pmid27411245, year = {2016}, author = {Baker, CM and Bode, M}, title = {Placing invasive species management in a spatiotemporal context.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {712-725}, doi = {10.1890/15-0095}, pmid = {27411245}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats/*physiology ; Demography ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Population Control ; Seasons ; Time Factors ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a worldwide issue, both ecologically and economically. A large body of work focuses on various aspects of invasive species control, including how to allocate control efforts to eradicate an invasive population as cost effectively as possible: There are a diverse range of invasive species management problems, and past mathematical analyses generally focus on isolated examples, making it hard to identify and understand parallels between the different contexts. In this study, we use a single spatiotemporal model to tackle the problem of allocating control effort for invasive species when suppressing an island invasive species, and for long-term spatial suppression projects. Using feral cat suppression as an illustrative example, we identify the optimal resource allocation for island and mainland suppression projects. Our results demonstrate how using a single model to solve different problems reveals similar characteristics of the solutions in different scenarios. As well as illustrating the insights offered by linking problems through a spatiotemporal model, we also derive novel and practically applicable results for our case studies. For temporal suppression projects on islands, we find that lengthy projects are more cost effective and that rapid control projects are only economically cost effective when population growth rates are high or diminishing returns on control effort are low. When suppressing invasive species around conservation assets (e.g., national parks or exclusion fences), we find that the size of buffer zones should depend on the ratio of the species growth and spread rate.}, }
@article {pmid27411069, year = {2016}, author = {Medeiros, CI and Both, C and Kaefer, IL and Cechin, SZ}, title = {Reproductive phenology of the American Bullfrog in subtropical Brazil: photoperiod as a main determinant of seasonal activity.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {88}, number = {3 Suppl}, pages = {1909-1921}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765201620150694}, pmid = {27411069}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Introduced Species ; Photoperiod ; Population Density ; Rana catesbeiana/*physiology ; Reproduction/physiology ; Seasons ; Vocalization, Animal ; }, abstract = {The North American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus continues to invade ecosystems worldwide, potentially causing population declines and even extinctions. Within its native distribution, bullfrogs show prolonged reproductive seasons and high fertility. However, data on breeding biology of bullfrogs ex-situ in invaded localities mainly comes from anecdotal reports. Understanding how invasive species are adjusting their life histories to new colonized environments is important for conservation purposes. Here we describe temporal and spatial abundance, calling activity, spawning and tadpole distribution of bullfrogs in southern Brazil. Eighteen samplings occurred during one year. The abundance of individuals was positively related to longer photoperiods and higher temperatures. Reproductive activity was also positively associated with longer photoperiods. Calling sites, spawning and tadpoles were associated with microhabitats presenting hydrophytes, which may provide shelter and thermal stability to bullfrogs. The reproductive seasonal activity of bullfrogs can be highly variable across its growing geographical range, but in subtropical Brazil it is associated with photoperiod, a highly predictable abiotic determinant. In our study area, bullfrogs presented a breeding season twice as long as that observed in some native localities. We suggest that management strategies directed to bullfrog populations must consider the habitat structures and seasonal regimes determined by each invaded environment.}, }
@article {pmid27408800, year = {2016}, author = {Loxton, KC and Lawton, C and Stafford, P and Holland, CV}, title = {Reduced helminth parasitism in the introduced bank vole (Myodes glareolus): More parasites lost than gained.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {175-183}, pmid = {27408800}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {Introduced species are often less parasitised compared to their native counterparts and to ecologically similar hosts in the new environment. Reduced parasitism may come about due to both the loss of original parasites and low acquisition of novel parasites. In this study we investigated the intestinal helminth parasites of the introduced bank vole (Myodes glareolus) in Ireland. Results were compared to data from other European studies and to the intestinal helminth fauna of an ecologically similar native rodent in Ireland, the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus). The helminth fauna of introduced bank voles exhibited low diversity with only 3 species recovered: Aspiculuris tianjinensis; Aonchotheca murissylvatici and Taenia martis larvae. In particular, no adult parasites with indirect life-cycles were found in bank voles suggesting that indirectly transmitted parasites are less likely to establish in invasive hosts. Also, the results of this study add support to the enemy release hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid27405299, year = {2016}, author = {Concilio, AL and Nippert, JB and Ehrenfeucht, S and Cherwin, K and Seastedt, TR}, title = {Imposing antecedent global change conditions rapidly alters plant community composition in a mixed-grass prairie.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {182}, number = {3}, pages = {899-911}, pmid = {27405299}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Bromus ; Ecosystem ; *Grassland ; Plants ; *Poaceae ; }, abstract = {Global change drivers are altering climatic and edaphic conditions of ecosystems across the globe, and we expect novel plant communities to become more common as a result. In the Colorado Front Range, compositional changes have occurred in the mixed-grass prairie plant community in conjunction with shifts in winter precipitation and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition. To test whether these environmental changes have been responsible for the observed plant community change, we conducted an in situ manipulative experiment in a mixed-grass meadow near Boulder, CO. We simulated historical conditions by reducing N availability (+500 g C m(-2) year(-1)) and winter precipitation (with rainout shelters) for 2 years (2013-2014) and compared vegetation response to these treatments with that of ambient conditions. The site experienced an extreme precipitation event in autumn 2013 which allowed comparison of an exceptionally wet year with an average year. We measured pre-treatment species composition in 2012, and treatment responses in the spring and summer of 2013 and 2014. As predicted, simulating historical low N-winter dry conditions resulted in a plant community dominated by historically abundant species. Cool-season introduced species were significantly reduced in low N-winter dry plots, particularly the annual plants Bromus tectorum and Alyssum parviflorum. These same species responded strongly to the extreme precipitation event with large increases, while native grasses and forbs showed little change in productivity or composition under varying climatic or edaphic conditions. This work provides clear evidence linking on-going global change drivers to altered plant community composition in an otherwise relatively undisturbed grassland ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid27398088, year = {2016}, author = {Weeks, AR and Stoklosa, J and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {Conservation of genetic uniqueness of populations may increase extinction likelihood of endangered species: the case of Australian mammals.}, journal = {Frontiers in zoology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {31}, pmid = {27398088}, issn = {1742-9994}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: As increasingly fragmented and isolated populations of threatened species become subjected to climate change, invasive species and other stressors, there is an urgent need to consider adaptive potential when making conservation decisions rather than focussing on past processes. In many cases, populations identified as unique and currently managed separately suffer increased risk of extinction through demographic and genetic processes. Other populations currently not at risk are likely to be on a trajectory where declines in population size and fitness soon appear inevitable.<br><br>RESULTS: Using datasets from natural Australian mammal populations, we show that drift processes are likely to be driving uniqueness in populations of many threatened species as a result of small population size and fragmentation. Conserving and managing such remnant populations separately will therefore often decrease their adaptive potential and increase species extinction risk.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the need for a paradigm shift in conservation biology practise; strategies need to focus on the preservation of genetic diversity at the species level, rather than population, subspecies or evolutionary significant unit. The introduction of new genetic variants into populations through in situ translocation needs to be considered more broadly in conservation programs as a way of decreasing extinction risk by increasing neutral genetic diversity which may increase the adaptive potential of populations if adaptive variation is also increased.}, }
@article {pmid27396014, year = {2016}, author = {Mound, LA and Hoddle, MS}, title = {The Scirtothrips perseae species-group (Thysanoptera), with one new species from avocado, Persea americana.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4079}, number = {3}, pages = {388-392}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4079.3.7}, pmid = {27396014}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Body Size ; Costa Rica ; Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; Female ; Male ; Organ Size ; Persea/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; Thysanoptera/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Following recent molecular studies on avocado thrips, a new species is described from Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Colombia from the young leaves of avocado, Persea americana. Scirtothrips hansoni sp.n. is closely related to the Californian pest, S. perseae, and also to S. astrictus from Costa Rica that remains known from a single female. An illustrated key to these three species is provided.}, }
@article {pmid27395897, year = {2016}, author = {Mazza, G and Menchetti, M and Sluys, R and Solà, E and Riutort, M and Tricarico, E and Justine, JL and Cavigioli, L and Mori, E}, title = {First report of the land planarian Diversibipalium multilineatum (Makino &amp; Shirasawa, 1983) (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Continenticola) in Europe.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4067}, number = {5}, pages = {577-580}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4067.5.4}, pmid = {27395897}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Europe ; Phylogeny ; Planarians/*classification/genetics/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Introduction of alien species may significantly affect soil ecosystems, through predation or disruption of components of native ecosystems (Winsor et al. 2004; Álvarez-Presas et al. 2014; Justine et al. 2014). Land planarians have been reported as alien species in soils throughout the world and, among those, some species are considered to be successful invaders, e.g. Platydemus manokwari de Beauchamp, 1963, Arthurdendyus triangulatus (Dendy, 1894), Bipalium adventitium Hyman, 1943, Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878 and Dolichoplana striata Moseley, 1877 (Winsor et al. 2004; Álvarez-Presas et al. 2014; Justine et al. 2014, 2015). Soil moisture status seems to be an important element for their successful invasion (Fraser &amp; Boag 1998). In Europe at least 18 species of alien land planarians have been recorded since now and some of them are considered as invasive ones, e.g. P. manokwari (cf. Justine et al. 2014). Although the alien land planarian B. kewense has been reported to occur in many greenhouses in Italy (Bello et al. 1995), no data are available on its establishment and/or impact on natural environments. On 28[th] September 2014, 20 specimens (~1 individual/m[2]) of the land planarian Diversibipalium multilineatum (Makino &amp; Shirasawa, 1983) (Fig. 1), native to Japan, were collected under pots, branches and plastic materials in a private garden located in the center of Bologna (Emilia Romagna, Central Italy), near the urban park Giardini Margherita (44°29' N, 11°21' E; WGS84). Thirty plant species (both indigenous and alien), mainly cultivated as bonsai (e.g. Lagerstroemia indica L., Juniperus procumbens (Siebold ex Endl.) Miquel), were present in this shady, wet garden (25 m[2]). Between March 2014 and June 2015, 70 more specimens of D. multilineatum were collected at the same site, mainly at dusk and dawn after rain. Reproduction by fission and regeneration processes were observed in several of those specimens, which were kept for some time in captivity. A specimen of D. multilineatum was also collected in a garden in Léguevin (Haute-Garonne, France), which will be described in a forthcoming paper by Justine et al. (in prep.) (see also Kawakatsu et al. 2014). Specimens without a genital pore were initially ascribed to D. multilineatum on the basis of their external appearance: the dorsal surface was brownish yellow and presented five longitudinal stripes at the head plate and the neck, showing the typical appearance of the species. The middorsal stripe was widened at its anterior end, on the head plate, and at the pharynx level. The ventral pattern of the animals at the pharyngeal region was also characteristic, with the middorsal stripe widened at this level. The Italian Diversibipalium specimens used for the molecular analysis were fixed and preserved in absolute ethanol. Fragments of the mitochondrial gene COI and 28S ribosomal RNA nuclear gene (GenBank Acc. Numbers KU245358 and KU245357, respectively) were obtained using the procedure and COI primers described in Álvarez-Presas et al. (2008) and Solà et al. (2013). The French specimen's COI (Specimen MNHN JL177, GenBank Acc. Number KT922162) was obtained as described in Justine et al. (2015). 28S sequences of 14 Bipaliinae specimens and four Microplana species (outgroup) retrieved from GenBank were included in the phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 2). Sequence alignment was obtained by using the online software MAFFT version 7 (Katoh &amp; Standley 2013), while ambiguously aligned positions were removed using the program Gblocks (Talavera &amp; Castresana 2007) with default settings, excepting the minimum number of sequences for a flank position at the minimum value (set at 10) and with half of the allowed gap positions. The final alignment had a length of 1589 bp. We used two phylogenetic inference approaches: maximum likelihood (ML), using the RaxML 8.2.3 software (Stamatakis 2014), and Bayesian inferences (BI), using MrBayes 3.2.4 (Ronquist et al. 2012). The evolutionary model used, GTR+I+G, was estimated to be the best with the software jModeltest 2.1.7 (Darriba et al. 2012; Guindon &amp; Gascuel 2003), using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). MrBayes analyses were performed for 10-milion generation with sampling parameters every 10[3] and a 25% default burn-in value for the final trees. Convergence of the two runs (average standard deviation of split frequencies << 0.01) and likelihood stationarity were checked. The maximum likelihood analyses were performed under 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates. The phylogenetic results show a close and highly supported relationship of the Italian Diversibipalium specimens with those from Japan and South Korea that have been identified as D. multilineatum (Fig. 2). Diversibipalium multilineatum is the sister-group of B. nobile Kawakatsu &amp; Makino, 1982, but with low support. The COI sequences of the French (MNHN JL177) and the Italian Diversibipalium specimens were compared in Geneious v. 8.0.5 (<a href="http://www.geneious.com/">http://</a>www.geneious.com, Kearse et al. 2012) and were found to be identical. These results indicate that the species introduced in both countries is the same, and most probably concerns the species D. multilineatum. The pathways of introduction of D. multilineatum are currently unknown, although a relationship between the horticultural trade and the introduction of alien land planarians is well known (Álvarez-Presas et al. 2014 and references therein). Here we report the first occurrence of individuals of D. multilineatum outside Asia. The GenBank sequence of D. multilineatum from South Korea is not yet supported by a published description of the specimen, while it is debatable whether South Korea should be considered part of the natural range of D. multilineatum, which only seems to include Japan. In the present paper, we consider the South Korean animal to be an introduced specimen. Soil moisture status, temperature, and food availability are considered to be the main factors determining the presence of terrestrial planarians (Boag et al. 1998); the microclimatic conditions of the Italian garden were similar to plant nurseries and greenhouses, while an abundance of food was available, such as isopods [Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt, 1833)], oligochaetes [Dendrobaena attemsi (Michaelsen, 1902) and several juveniles of Lumbricus spp.] and gastropods [Cernuella cisalpina (Rossmassler, 1837), Cornu aspersum (O.F. Müller 1774), Deroceras reticulatum (O.F. Müller, 1774), Discus rotundatus (O.F. Müller, 1774), Limacus flavus (Linnaeus, 1758), Milax nigricans (Philippi, 1836), Papillifera papillaris (Linnaeus, 1758), Pomatias elegans (O.F. Müller, 1774)]. Moreover, winter 2014 reached the highest temperatures and rainfall of the last two decades (source: CNR-ISAC, Bologna), thus favouring establishment and spread of D. multilineatum. The potential environmental impacts of some invasive flatworms are well documented (Álvarez-Presas et al. 2014; Justine et al. 2014) and, even if these effects have not yet been assessed for D. multilineatum, the adoption of precautionary measures and of early intervention is here strongly recommended (Genovesi &amp; Shine 2004). Finally, knowledge of the introduction pathway(s), together with the analysis of prey preference and possible impact on the invertebrate fauna, will be essential to halt or at least to limit the spread of this introduced land flatworm.}, }
@article {pmid27395890, year = {2016}, author = {Rothman, SB and Stern, N and Goren, M}, title = {First record of the Indo-Pacific areolate grouper Epinephelus areolatus (Forsskål, 1775) (Perciformes: Epinephelidae) in the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4067}, number = {4}, pages = {479-483}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4067.4.7}, pmid = {27395890}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Body Size ; Female ; Male ; Mediterranean Sea ; Organ Size ; Perciformes/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The number of alien species in the Mediterranean Sea is steadily increasing and it seems that the pace has been accelerating since the turn of the century (Galil et al. 2014). In 2015 alone five additional fish species have been reported, Epinephelus geoffroyi (Klunzinger, 1870) (Golani et al. 2015); Stolephorus indicus (van Hasselt, 1823) (Fricke et al. 2015); Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849) (Stern et al. 2015); Mobula japanica (Müller &amp; Henle, 1841) (Capapé et al. 2015); and Cryptocentrus caeruleopunctatus (Rüppell, 1830) (Rothman &amp; Goren 2015). Among the ca. 100 alien fish species reported from the Mediterranean to date (Galil &amp; Goren 2014), five Indo-Pacific species belong to the genus Epinephelus Bloch, 1793: Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822), Epinephelus fasciatus (Forsskål, 1775), Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch and Schneider, 1804) Epinephelus merra Bloch, 1793 (Golani et al. 2013a) and Epinephelus geoffroyi (Klunzinger, 1870) (Golani et al. 2015). Additional alien Epinephelus species reported from the Mediterranean are excluded for various reasons (Golani et al. 2013b). Here we report the finding of a sixth Indo-Pacific species of this genus along the Mediterranean coast of Israel.}, }
@article {pmid27395842, year = {2016}, author = {Gusarov, VI}, title = {The importance of tracking introduced species: nine synonyms of Atheta (Dimetrotina) pasadenae Bernhauer, 1906 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4066}, number = {4}, pages = {390-398}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4066.4.2}, pmid = {27395842}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Africa ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Coleoptera/*classification ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Female ; Male ; New Zealand ; }, abstract = {Five species names are placed in synonymy with Atheta (Dimetrotina) pasadenae Bernhauer, 1906: Dimetrota vaniuscula Casey, 1911; Atheta pseudocoriaria Bernhauer, 1943 (non Cameron, 1939); A. zealandica Cameron, 1945; A. aucklandensis Pace, 1987 and A. pseudoinsulana Klimaszewski in Klimaszewski et al., 2002. Four names are confirmed to be junior synonyms of A. pasadenae: Atheta pseudolaticollis Erber &amp; Hinterseher, 1992 (non Bernhauer, 1936, non Cameron, 1944); A. immucronata Pace, 1999; A. gulosa Tronquet, 2000 and A. atlantidum Smetana, 2004. Lectotypes are designated for A. pseudocoriaria Bernhauer, 1943; A. zealandica Cameron, 1945 (both designations are to be attributed to Richard A.B. Leschen); and A. pasadenae Bernhauer, 1906. Relationships among the subgenera Xenota Mulsant &amp; Rey, 1874, Dimetrotina Casey, 1911, Oxypodera Bernhauer, 1915 and Mycetota Ádám, 1987 of the genus Atheta Thomson, 1858 are discussed. The name Mycetota Ádám, 1987 is placed in synonymy with Dimetrotina Casey, 1911 (treated as valid subgenus of Atheta), resulting in three new subgeneric assignments: Atheta (Dimetrotina) laticollis (Stephens, 1832), A. (D.) mucronata (Kraatz, 1859), and A. (D.) pasadenae Bernhauer, 1906. Atheta pasadenae is a species with almost cosmopolitan distribution, most likely originating from Africa and (unintentionally) introduced to Europe, North and South America, New Zealand, the Macaronesian islands, Tristan da Cunha archipelago, Juan Fernandez archipelago and Hawaii.}, }
@article {pmid27395180, year = {2016}, author = {Hossain, MB and Hughes, LE}, title = {New species Victoriopisa bruneiensis and Apocorophium acutum (Chevreux, 1908) from Brunei (Crustacea: Peracarida: Amphipoda).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4117}, number = {3}, pages = {375-386}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4117.3.5}, pmid = {27395180}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Amphipoda/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/growth &amp; development ; Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Body Size ; Brunei ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Organ Size ; }, abstract = {One new and one invasive species of amphipod are described from the subtidal waters of Brunei. The new species Victoriopisa bruneiensis (Melitidae) and the invasive species Apocorophium acutum (Chevereux, 1908) (Corophiidae) were collected from the Sungai Brunei Estuary. Victoriopisa bruneiensis sp. nov. is one of only four Victoriopisa where the eyes are present. An updated key to twelve world species of Victoriopisa is provided. Apocorophium acutum occurs in high density algal matts on pylons/rocks. This is the sixth species of Apocorophium described for the genus.}, }
@article {pmid27395092, year = {2016}, author = {Carrera-Martínez, R and Snyder, BA}, title = {First report of Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) in the Western Hemisphere.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4111}, number = {3}, pages = {297-300}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4111.3.7}, pmid = {27395092}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Body Size ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; North America ; Oligochaeta/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/growth &amp; development ; Organ Size ; }, abstract = {The earthworm fauna of North America is still greatly unknown, with undescribed native species and new records of invasive species continually being discovered. The most recent checklists are difficult to reconcile, since they vary in their geographic coverage and taxonomy. Reynolds &amp; Wetzel (2012) state that North America (including all of Mexico, some of the Caribbean, and Hawaii) is home for 256 species of earthworms, from which 188 are considered native or endemic and 68 are peregrine, exotic, and invasive species. Blakemore (2008) listed North America north of Mexico as having 183 earthworm species, of which 59 species are exotic. One Megascolecidae genus, Amynthas, is mostly located in the warmer subtropical and tropical regions of the world, with a few species that are able to survive the winter in the temperate zones of North America (Edwards &amp; Bohlen 1995; Görres et al. 2014). Here we report for the first time the occurrence of Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) in the United States. To our knowledge, this is not only the first report of A. carnosus in North America, but also its first report in the Western Hemisphere. The description below is intended to place our specimens in the correct taxon while avoiding future confusion with similar species, without making changes to the existing classification system.}, }
@article {pmid27393416, year = {2016}, author = {Michaelides, SN and While, GM and Zajac, N and Aubret, F and Calsbeek, B and Sacchi, R and Zuffi, MA and Uller, T}, title = {Loss of genetic diversity and increased embryonic mortality in non-native lizard populations.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {17}, pages = {4113-4125}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13755}, pmid = {27393416}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; England ; Female ; Genetic Fitness ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/embryology/*genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats ; }, abstract = {Many populations are small and isolated with limited genetic variation and high risk of mating with close relatives. Inbreeding depression is suspected to contribute to extinction of wild populations, but the historical and demographic factors that contribute to reduced population viability are often difficult to tease apart. Replicated introduction events in non-native species can offer insights into this problem because they allow us to study how genetic variation and inbreeding depression are affected by demographic events (e.g. bottlenecks), genetic admixture and the extent and duration of isolation. Using detailed knowledge about the introduction history of 21 non-native populations of the wall lizard Podarcis muralis in England, we show greater loss of genetic diversity (estimated from microsatellite loci) in older populations and in populations from native regions of high diversity. Loss of genetic diversity was accompanied by higher embryonic mortality in non-native populations, suggesting that introduced populations are sufficiently inbred to jeopardize long-term viability. However, there was no statistical correlation between population-level genetic diversity and average embryonic mortality. Similarly, at the individual level, there was no correlation between female heterozygosity and clutch size, infertility or hatching success, or between embryo heterozygosity and mortality. We discuss these results in the context of human-mediated introductions and how the history of introductions can play a fundamental role in influencing individual and population fitness in non-native species.}, }
@article {pmid27393238, year = {2016}, author = {Trumbo, DR and Epstein, B and Hohenlohe, PA and Alford, RA and Schwarzkopf, L and Storfer, A}, title = {Mixed population genomics support for the central marginal hypothesis across the invasive range of the cane toad (Rhinella marina) in Australia.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {17}, pages = {4161-4176}, pmid = {27393238}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {P30 GM103324/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bayes Theorem ; Bufo marinus/*genetics ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; }, abstract = {Understanding factors that cause species' geographic range limits is a major focus in ecology and evolution. The central marginal hypothesis (CMH) predicts that species cannot adapt to conditions beyond current geographic range edges because genetic diversity decreases from core to edge due to smaller, more isolated edge populations. We employed a population genomics framework using 24 235-33 112 SNP loci to test major predictions of the CMH in the ongoing invasion of the cane toad (Rhinella marina) in Australia. Cane toad tissue samples were collected along broad-scale, core-to-edge transects across their invasive range. Geographic and ecological core areas were identified using GIS and habitat suitability indices from ecological niche modelling. Bayesian clustering analyses revealed three genetic clusters, in the northwest invasion-front region, northeast precipitation-limited region and southeast cold temperature-limited region. Core-to-edge patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation were consistent with the CMH in the southeast, but were not supported in the northeast and showed mixed support in the northwest. Results suggest cold temperatures are a likely contributor to southeastern range limits, consistent with CMH predictions. In the northeast and northwest, ecological processes consisting of a steep physiological barrier and ongoing invasion dynamics, respectively, are more likely explanations for population genomic patterns than the CMH.}, }
@article {pmid27391468, year = {2016}, author = {Zhang, GF and Lövei, GL and Wu, X and Wan, FH}, title = {Presence of Native Prey Does Not Divert Predation on Exotic Pests by Harmonia axyridis in Its Indigenous Range.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {e0159048}, pmid = {27391468}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*physiology ; China ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Cucurbitaceae/parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Malvaceae/parasitology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Thysanoptera/*physiology ; }, abstract = {In China, two invasive pests, Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (Gennadius) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), often co-occur with the native pest, Aphis gossypii (Glover), on plants of Malvaceae and Cucurbitaceae. All three are preyed on by the native ladybird, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas); however, the native predator might be expected to prefer native prey to the exotic ones due to a shared evolutionary past. In order to clarify whether the presence of native prey affected the consumption of these two invasive species by the native predator, field-cage experiments were conducted. A duplex qPCR was used to simultaneously detect both non-native pests within the gut of the predator. H. axyridis readily accepted both invasive prey species, but preferred B. tabaci. With all three prey species available, H. axyridis consumption of B. tabaci was 39.3±2.2% greater than consumption of F. occidentalis. The presence of A. gossypii reduced (by 59.9% on B. tabaci, and by 60.6% on F. occidentalis), but did not stop predation on the two exotic prey when all three were present. The consumption of B. tabaci was similar whether it was alone or together with A. gossypii. However, the presence of aphids reduced predation on the invasive thrips. Thus, some invasive prey may be incorporated into the prey range of a native generalist predator even in the presence of preferred native prey.}, }
@article {pmid27391333, year = {2016}, author = {Gomes, C and Sousa, R and Mendes, T and Borges, R and Vilares, P and Vasconcelos, V and Guilhermino, L and Antunes, A}, title = {Low Genetic Diversity and High Invasion Success of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia, Corbiculidae) (Müller, 1774) in Portugal.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {e0158108}, pmid = {27391333}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Corbicula/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Fresh Water ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Portugal ; Spermatozoa/physiology ; }, abstract = {The Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, is an invasive alien species (IAS) originally from Asia that has spread worldwide causing major ecological and economic impacts in aquatic ecosystems. Here, we evaluated C. fluminea genetic (using COI mtDNA, CYTb mtDNA and 18S rDNA gene markers), morphometric and sperm morphology variation in Portuguese freshwater ecosystems. The COI marker revealed a single haplotype, which belongs to the Asian FW5 invasive lineage, suggesting a common origin for all the 13 Portuguese C. fluminea populations analysed. Morphometric analyses showed differences between the populations colonizing the North (with the exception of the Lima River) and the Centre/South ecosystems. The sperm morphology examination revealed the presence of biflagellate sperm, a distinctive character of the invasive androgenetic lineages. The low genetic variability of the Portuguese C. fluminea populations and the pattern of sperm morphology have been illuminating for understanding the demographic history of this invasive species. We hypothesize that these populations were derived from a unique introductory event of a Corbicula fluminea FW5 invasive androgenic lineage in the Tejo River, which subsequently dispersed to other Portuguese freshwater ecosystems. The C. fluminea asexual reproductive mode may have assisted these populations to become highly invasive despite the low genetic diversity.}, }
@article {pmid27389852, year = {2016}, author = {Wang, T and Zhao, M and Rotgans, BA and Ni, G and Dean, JF and Nahrung, HF and Cummins, SF}, title = {Proteomic analysis of the venom and venom sac of the woodwasp, Sirex noctilio - Towards understanding its biological impact.}, journal = {Journal of proteomics}, volume = {146}, number = {}, pages = {195-206}, doi = {10.1016/j.jprot.2016.07.002}, pmid = {27389852}, issn = {1876-7737}, mesh = {Animals ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Insect Proteins ; Pinus/drug effects/*parasitology ; Plant Proteins ; Protein Interaction Mapping ; Proteomics/*methods ; Wasp Venoms/*analysis/toxicity ; Wasps/pathogenicity/*physiology ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The European horntail woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, is an invasive insect that attacks conifer hosts, particularly Pinus species. Venom injected by female S. noctilio, together with its symbiotic fungus, damages the normal physiology of Pinus, leading to death of the tree. To identify the proteinaceous components in the venom and uncover the interplay between venom proteins and tree proteins, clarification of the overall profile of proteins produced in the venom gland apparatus was carried out in this work. The venom sac proteome utilised in-solution digested in either a natural or deglycosylated state, prior to nanoHPLC LTQ-Orbitrap under CID/ETD mode. Here, we report the identification of 1454 and 1225 proteins in venom and sac, respectively, with 410 mutual proteins. Approximately 90 proteins were predicted to be secretory, of which 8 have features characteristic of toxins. Chemosensory binding proteins were also identified. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis were employed to predict the protein functions and biological pathways in venom and sac. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis suggested that one-step responses represent the majority of the Sirex-Pinus PPIs, and the proteins representing network hub nodes could be of importance for the development of pest management strategies.<br><br>SIGNIFICANCE: The woodwasp Sirex noctilio is an invasive species in many parts of the world, including Australia and North America, where it is considered within the top 10 most serious forest insects. Where they have been introduced, the female woodwasps attack living pine trees, causing significant economic losses. Central to this destruction is the woodwasp's life cycle requirement to bore a hole to deposit eggs and a toxic mucus that disables the tree's network for transporting water and nutrients, yet aids in larval survival. Here we specifically examine the mucus gland apparatus and its contents, revealing the protein components that together with 'noctilisin' facilitate this complex association. The identification of chemosensory binding proteins further supports a role for the woodwasp ovipositor as an instrument for early stages of host tree selection. These findings could provide important clues towards the development of novel control tools against this pest.}, }
@article {pmid27387805, year = {2016}, author = {Faller, M and Harvey, GL and Henshaw, AJ and Bertoldi, W and Bruno, MC and England, J}, title = {River bank burrowing by invasive crayfish: Spatial distribution, biophysical controls and biogeomorphic significance.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {569-570}, number = {}, pages = {1190-1200}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.194}, pmid = {27387805}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; England ; Geologic Sediments/*analysis ; *Introduced Species ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Invasive species generate significant global environmental and economic costs and represent a particularly potent threat to freshwater systems. The biogeomorphic impacts of invasive aquatic and riparian species on river processes and landforms remain largely unquantified, but have the potential to generate significant sediment management issues within invaded catchments. Several species of invasive (non-native) crayfish are known to burrow into river banks and visual evidence of river bank damage is generating public concern and media attention. Despite this, there is a paucity of understanding of burrow distribution, biophysical controls and the potential significance of this problem beyond a small number of local studies at heavily impacted sites. This paper presents the first multi-catchment analysis of this phenomenon, combining existing data on biophysical river properties and invasive crayfish observations with purpose-designed field surveys across 103 river reaches to derive key trends. Crayfish burrows were observed on the majority of reaches, but burrowing tended to be patchy in spatial distribution, concentrated in a small proportion (<10%) of the length of rivers surveyed. Burrow distribution was better explained by local bank biophysical properties than by reach-scale properties, and burrowed banks were more likely to be characterised by cohesive bank material, steeper bank profiles with large areas of bare bank face, often on outer bend locations. Burrow excavation alone has delivered a considerable amount of sediment to invaded river systems in the surveyed sites (3tkm(-1) impacted bank) and this represents a minimum contribution and certainly an underestimate of the absolute yield (submerged burrows were not recorded). Furthermore, burrowing was associated with bank profiles that were either actively eroding or exposed to fluvial action and/or mass failure processes, providing the first quantitative evidence that invasive crayfish may cause or accelerate river bank instability and erosion in invaded catchments beyond the scale of individual burrows.}, }
@article {pmid27387798, year = {2016}, author = {Ruiz-Suárez, N and Melero, Y and Giela, A and Henríquez-Hernández, LA and Sharp, E and Boada, LD and Taylor, MJ and Camacho, M and Lambin, X and Luzardo, OP and Hartley, G}, title = {Rate of exposure of a sentinel species, invasive American mink (Neovison vison) in Scotland, to anticoagulant rodenticides.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {569-570}, number = {}, pages = {1013-1021}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.109}, pmid = {27387798}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Anticoagulants/metabolism ; *Environmental Exposure ; Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental Pollutants/metabolism ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Mink/*metabolism ; Rodenticides/*metabolism ; Scotland ; Sentinel Species/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are highly toxic compounds that are exclusively used for the control of rodent pests. Despite their defined use, they are nonetheless found in a large number of non-target species indicating widespread penetration of wildlife. Attempts to quantify the scale of problem are complicated by non-random sampling of individuals tested for AR contamination. The American mink (Neovison vison) is a wide ranging, non-native, generalist predator that is subject to wide scale control efforts in the UK. Exposure to eight ARs was determined in 99 mink trapped in NE Scotland, most of which were of known age. A high percentage (79%) of the animals had detectable residues of at least one AR, and more than 50% of the positive animals had two or more ARs. The most frequently detected compound was bromadiolone (75% of all animals tested), followed by difenacoum (53% of all mink), coumatetralyl (22%) and brodifacoum (9%). The probability of mink exposure to ARs increased by 4.5% per month of life, and was 1.7 times higher for mink caught in areas with a high, as opposed to a low, density of farms. The number of AR compounds acquired also increased with age and with farm density. No evidence was found for sexual differences in the concentration and number of ARs. The wide niche and dietary overlap of mink with several native carnivore species, and the fact that American mink are culled for conservation throughout Europe, suggest that this species may act as a sentinel species, and the application of these data to other native carnivores is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid27386087, year = {2016}, author = {Brown, GP and Shine, R}, title = {Frogs in the spotlight: a 16-year survey of native frogs and invasive toads on a floodplain in tropical Australia.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {13}, pages = {4445-4457}, pmid = {27386087}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Although widespread declines in anuran populations have attracted considerable concern, the stochastic demographics of these animals make it difficult to detect consistent trends against a background of spatial and temporal variation. To identify long-term trends, we need datasets gathered over long time periods, especially from tropical areas where anuran biodiversity is highest. We conducted road surveys of four anurans in the Australian wet-dry tropics on 4637 nights over a 16-year period. Our surveys spanned the arrival of invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina), allowing us to assess the invader's impact on native anuran populations. Our counts demonstrate abrupt and asynchronous shifts in abundance and species composition from one year to the next, not clearly linked to rainfall patterns. Typically, periods of decline in numbers of a species were limited to 1-2 years and were followed by 1- to 2-year periods of increase. No taxa showed consistent declines over time, although trajectories for some species showed significant perturbations coincident with the arrival of toads. None of the four focal frog species was less common at the end of the study than at the beginning, and three of the species reached peak abundances after toad arrival. Survey counts of cane toads increased rapidly during the initial stage of invasion but have subsequently declined and fluctuated. Distinguishing consistent declines versus stochastic fluctuations in anuran populations requires extensive time-series analysis, coupled with an understanding of the shifts expected under local climatic conditions. This is especially pertinent when assessing impacts of specific perturbations such as invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid27385369, year = {2016}, author = {Sun, X and Johnson, TB and Drouillard, KG}, title = {Determination of PCB Elimination Coefficients in Round Goby and Tubenose Goby.}, journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {97}, number = {3}, pages = {346-352}, doi = {10.1007/s00128-016-1876-6}, pmid = {27385369}, issn = {1432-0800}, mesh = {Animals ; Fishes ; Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*metabolism ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis/*metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Whole-body elimination coefficients of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in two Great Lakes invasive fish species, round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) and tubenose goby (Proterorhinus semilunaris). Elimination rates were determined for a set of model PCB congeners (n = 12 congeners) dosed to fish by intraperitoneal injection and allowed to depurate at a temperature of 21.4°C for 90 days. Eight PCBs (PCB 6, 21, 57, 62, 68, 89, 112 and 125) exhibited significant elimination by round goby and had corresponding half lives ranging from 13 to 39.8 days. For tubenose goby, four congeners (PCBs 21, 57, 62 and 68) exhibited significant elimination with half lives in the range from 18.8 to 48.8 days. Whole-body elimination rate coefficients were significantly higher for round gobies compared to tubenose goby. In both cases, PCB elimination rate coefficients were negatively related to chemical log KOW.}, }
@article {pmid27382466, year = {2016}, author = {Madliger, CL and Cooke, SJ and Crespi, EJ and Funk, JL and Hultine, KR and Hunt, KE and Rohr, JR and Sinclair, BJ and Suski, CD and Willis, CK and Love, OP}, title = {Success stories and emerging themes in conservation physiology.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {cov057}, pmid = {27382466}, issn = {2051-1434}, support = {R01 GM109499/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 TW010286/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {The potential benefits of physiology for conservation are well established and include greater specificity of management techniques, determination of cause-effect relationships, increased sensitivity of health and disturbance monitoring and greater capacity for predicting future change. While descriptions of the specific avenues in which conservation and physiology can be integrated are readily available and important to the continuing expansion of the discipline of 'conservation physiology', to date there has been no assessment of how the field has specifically contributed to conservation success. However, the goal of conservation physiology is to foster conservation solutions and it is therefore important to assess whether physiological approaches contribute to downstream conservation outcomes and management decisions. Here, we present eight areas of conservation concern, ranging from chemical contamination to invasive species to ecotourism, where physiological approaches have led to beneficial changes in human behaviour, management or policy. We also discuss the shared characteristics of these successes, identifying emerging themes in the discipline. Specifically, we conclude that conservation physiology: (i) goes beyond documenting change to provide solutions; (ii) offers a diversity of physiological metrics beyond glucocorticoids (stress hormones); (iii) includes approaches that are transferable among species, locations and times; (iv) simultaneously allows for human use and benefits to wildlife; and (v) is characterized by successes that can be difficult to find in the primary literature. Overall, we submit that the field of conservation physiology has a strong foundation of achievements characterized by a diversity of conservation issues, taxa, physiological traits, ecosystem types and spatial scales. We hope that these concrete successes will encourage the continued evolution and use of physiological tools within conservation-based research and management plans.}, }
@article {pmid27381987, year = {2016}, author = {Miralles, L and Dopico, E and Devlo-Delva, F and Garcia-Vazquez, E}, title = {Controlling populations of invasive pygmy mussel (Xenostrobus securis) through citizen science and environmental DNA.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {110}, number = {1}, pages = {127-132}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.072}, pmid = {27381987}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Community-Based Participatory Research ; DNA/*analysis ; *Estuaries ; Introduced Species ; *Mytilidae ; New Zealand ; }, abstract = {Early detection of dangerous exotic species is crucial for stopping marine invasions. The New Zealand pygmy mussel Xenostrobus securis is a problematic species in coasts of temperate regions in the northern hemisphere. In this study we have controlled a population of this invader that recently expanded in a north Iberian estuary with both a participatory approach involving researchers and citizens, and employing a sensitive eDNA-based tool to monitor the population expansion in the estuary. Results demonstrate successful eradication of pygmy mussels in the outer part of the estuary with citizen science and the practical utility of eDNA for controlling biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid27378097, year = {2016}, author = {Pepi, AA and Broadley, HJ and Elkinton, JS}, title = {Density-dependent effects of larval dispersal mediated by host plant quality on populations of an invasive insect.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {182}, number = {2}, pages = {499-509}, pmid = {27378097}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Larva ; *Moths ; Population Density ; Predatory Behavior ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The success of invasive species is often thought to be due to release from natural enemies. This hypothesis assumes that species are regulated by top-down forces in their native range and are likely to be regulated by bottom-up forces in the invasive range. Neither of these assumptions has been consistently supported with insects, a group which includes many destructive invasive species. Winter moth (Operophtera brumata) is an invasive defoliator in North America that appears to be regulated by larval mortality. To assess whether regulation was caused by top-down or bottom-up forces, we sought to identify the main causes of larval mortality. We used observational and manipulative field and laboratory studies to demonstrate that larval mortality due to predation, parasitism, and disease were minimal. We measured the response of larval dispersal in the field to multiple aspects of foliar quality, including total phenolics, pH 10 oxidized phenolics, trichome density, total nitrogen, total carbon, and carbon-nitrogen ratio. Tree-level declines in density were driven by density-dependent dispersal of early instars. Late instar larvae dispersed at increased rates from previously damaged as compared to undamaged foliage, and in 2015 field larval dispersal rates were related to proportion of oxidative phenolics. We conclude that larval dispersal is the dominant source of density-dependent larval mortality, may be mediated by induced changes in foliar quality, and likely regulates population densities in New England. These findings suggest that winter moth population densities in New England are regulated by bottom-up forces, aligning with the natural enemy release hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid27377866, year = {2016}, author = {Chaffin, BC and Garmestani, AS and Angeler, DG and Herrmann, DL and Stow, CA and Nyström, M and Sendzimir, J and Hopton, ME and Kolasa, J and Allen, CR}, title = {Biological invasions, ecological resilience and adaptive governance.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {183}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {399-407}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.04.040}, pmid = {27377866}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Policy ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {In a world of increasing interconnections in global trade as well as rapid change in climate and land cover, the accelerating introduction and spread of invasive species is a critical concern due to associated negative social and ecological impacts, both real and perceived. Much of the societal response to invasive species to date has been associated with negative economic consequences of invasions. This response has shaped a war-like approach to addressing invasions, one with an agenda of eradications and intense ecological restoration efforts towards prior or more desirable ecological regimes. This trajectory often ignores the concept of ecological resilience and associated approaches of resilience-based governance. We argue that the relationship between ecological resilience and invasive species has been understudied to the detriment of attempts to govern invasions, and that most management actions fail, primarily because they do not incorporate adaptive, learning-based approaches. Invasive species can decrease resilience by reducing the biodiversity that underpins ecological functions and processes, making ecosystems more prone to regime shifts. However, invasions do not always result in a shift to an alternative regime; invasions can also increase resilience by introducing novelty, replacing lost ecological functions or adding redundancy that strengthens already existing structures and processes in an ecosystem. This paper examines the potential impacts of species invasions on the resilience of ecosystems and suggests that resilience-based approaches can inform policy by linking the governance of biological invasions to the negotiation of tradeoffs between ecosystem services.}, }
@article {pmid27377003, year = {2016}, author = {Zwerschke, N and Emmerson, MC and Roberts, D and O'Connor, NE}, title = {Benthic assemblages associated with native and non-native oysters are similar.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {111}, number = {1-2}, pages = {305-310}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.094}, pmid = {27377003}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Crassostrea ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Ireland ; *Ostrea ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can impact native species and alter assemblage structure, which affects associated ecosystem functioning. The pervasive Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, has been shown to affect the diversity and composition of many host ecosystems. We tested for effects of the presence of the invasive C. gigas on native assemblages by comparing them directly to assemblages associated with the declining native European oyster, Ostrea edulis. The presence of both oyster species was manipulated in intertidal and subtidal habitats and reefs were constructed at horizontal and vertical orientation to the substratum. After 12months, species diversity and benthic assemblage structure between assemblages with C. gigas and O. edulis were similar, but differed between habitats and orientation, suggesting that both oyster species were functionally similar in terms of biodiversity facilitation. These findings support evidence, that non-native species could play an important role in maintaining biodiversity in systems with declining populations of native species.}, }
@article {pmid27376988, year = {2016}, author = {Zhang, F and Wang, X and Xionghui, J and Ma, L}, title = {Efficient arsenate removal by magnetite-modified water hyacinth biochar.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {216}, number = {}, pages = {575-583}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.013}, pmid = {27376988}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Adsorption ; Arsenates/*isolation &amp; purification ; Biomass ; Charcoal/*chemistry ; *Eichhornia ; Ferric Compounds/chemistry ; Ferrosoferric Oxide/*chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*isolation &amp; purification ; Water Purification ; }, abstract = {Magnetic biochars (MW) prepared by chemical co-precipitation of Fe(2+)/Fe(3+) on water hyacinth biomass followed by pyrolysis exhibited important potential in aqueous As(V) elimination. In comparison, MW2501 outperformed other MWs and exhibited the highest As(V) sorption capacity which was estimated to be 7.4 mg g(-1) based on Langmuir-Freundlic model. With solution pH ranging from 3 to 10, As(V) removal efficiency by MW2501 kept stable and consistently higher than 90%. Besides, ∼100% removal of 0.5 mM As(V) can be obtained in the presence of P ≤ 0.1 mM or Cr/Sb ≤ 0.5 mM, indicating a wide applicability of MW2501 for treatment of As-containing water. The predominance of Fe3O4 on MW2501 surface was evidenced by XRD. Ligand exchange between As(V) anion and the hydroxylated surface of Fe3O4 as well as H bond was largely responsible for As(V) sorption as suggested by FTIR. XPS analysis further revealed the dominance of As(V) in the sorbed As on MW2501 surface with co-occurrence of a minor proportion of As(III) (11.45%). In parallel, oxidative transformation of Fe3O4 to Fe2O3 was also suggested by XPS. By a lab-scale column test, the potential and suitability of MW2501 in As-containing water treatment was further confirmed, which could also provide an alternative way to manage and utilize this highly problematic invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid27374433, year = {2016}, author = {Evariste, L and Auffret, M and Audonnet, S and Geffard, A and David, E and Brousseau, P and Fournier, M and Betoulle, S}, title = {Functional features of hemocyte subpopulations of the invasive mollusk species Dreissena polymorpha.}, journal = {Fish &amp; shellfish immunology}, volume = {56}, number = {}, pages = {144-154}, doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.054}, pmid = {27374433}, issn = {1095-9947}, mesh = {Animals ; Dreissena/cytology/*physiology ; France ; Gametogenesis ; Hemocytes/classification/immunology/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Dreissena polymorpha is a mussel species that invaded many lotic and lentic inland waters in Western Europe and North America. Its positive or negative interactions with biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems are numerous, making this bivalve the subject of numerous studies in ecology, ecophysiology and ecotoxicology. In these contexts, the functional characterization of the zebra mussel hemocytes is of particular interest, as hemocytes are central cells involved in vital functions (immunity, growth, reproduction) of molluscan physiology. Dreissena polymorpha circulating hemocytes populations were characterized by a combination of structural and functional analysis. Assessments were performed during two contrasted physiological periods for mussels (gametogenesis and spawning). Three hemocyte types were identified as hyalinocytes and blast-like cells for agranular hemocytes and one granulocyte population. Flow cytometry analysis of hemocytes functionalities indicated that blast-like cells had low oxidative and mitochondrial activities and low lysosomal content. Hyalinocytes and granulocytes are fully equipped to perform innate immune response. Hyalinocytes exhibit higher oxidative activity than granulocytes. Such observation is not common since numerous studies show that granulocytes are usually cells that have the highest cellular activities. This result demonstrates the significant functional variability of hemocyte subpopulations. Moreover, our findings reveal that spawning period of Dreissena polymorpha was associated with an increase of hyalinocyte percentage in relation to low levels of biological activities in hemocytes. This reduction in hemocyte activity would reflect the important physiological changes associated with the spawning period of this invasive species known for its high reproductive potential.}, }
@article {pmid27370314, year = {2016}, author = {Fowler, NL and Levin, DA}, title = {Critical factors in the establishment of allopolyploids.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {103}, number = {7}, pages = {1236-1251}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1500407}, pmid = {27370314}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; Genome, Plant/*genetics ; *Models, Biological ; Plant Breeding ; Plants/*genetics ; Pollen/genetics ; *Polyploidy ; *Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The growth and spread of new polyploid populations have been explained in terms of fitness advantages over their diploid progenitors. However, a fitness advantage is not sufficient to insure the establishment of a polyploid; it must also overcome the obstacles of demographic stochasticity and minority disadvantage. Several studies have addressed the population dynamics of autopolyploids, but the present study is the first to consider allopolyploids, which are affected by more factors than autopolyploids.<br><br>METHODS: We constructed a population dynamic model of four types of plants (two parent species, hybrids, allopolyploids) that also included an explicit breeding system.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: The numbers of plants of each type were the most important factors determining whether the new allopolyploid would become established. More polyploid plants greatly increased the likelihood of polyploid persistence. More plants of the parent species and more hybrids resulted in more polyploids being produced. The model parameters with the most effect on polyploid establishment were potential population size (K), individual plant fecundity, and niche separation (&#x3b1;). The most important breeding system parameters were selfing rates, which mitigated minority disadvantage imposed by pollen limitation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The importance of population sizes, and the parameters that controlled them, in overcoming demographic stochasticity parallels the well-recognized role of propagule pressure in determining the success of invasive species. We modeled the establishment of a new allopolyploid; analogous considerations would affect the establishment of a new autopolyploid. The critical role of population sizes in polyploid establishment should be more widely recognized.}, }
@article {pmid27368927, year = {2016}, author = {Peng, Y and Zheng, M and Zheng, Z and Wu, G and Chen, Y and Xu, H and Tian, G and Peng, S and Chen, G and Lee, SY}, title = {Virtual increase or latent loss? A reassessment of mangrove populations and their conservation in Guangdong, southern China.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {109}, number = {2}, pages = {691-699}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.083}, pmid = {27368927}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {China ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; *Plants ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Contrary to the global trend, the area of mangrove in Guangdong Province, southern China, has been increasing over the last two decades. Currently, three exotic mangrove species have been introduced for large-scale afforestation since 1985. A reassessment of the overall status of the mangrove species, habitat change, population of introduced species, was conducted through a comprehensive literature review as well as field investigations covering 96 sites. The success of conservation efforts is also evaluated. Upstream and high intertidal habitats are more vulnerable than downstream and lower intertidal ones, with habitat alteration being the biggest threats. Five mangrove species have narrow distributional extents with small populations, which could incur regional extinction. With the introduced species having naturalized at 42 sites, their role in mangrove management needs to be reconsidered. These findings collectively suggest a need to manage latent species loss and habitat degradation beyond the apparent increase in mangrove area and protection.}, }
@article {pmid27368082, year = {2017}, author = {Postigo, JL and Shwartz, A and Strubbe, D and Muñoz, AR}, title = {Unrelenting spread of the alien monk parakeet Myiopsitta monachus in Israel. Is it time to sound the alarm?.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, pages = {349-353}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4349}, pmid = {27368082}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Israel ; Nesting Behavior ; *Parrots ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Monk parakeets, Myiopsitta monachus Boddaert, are native to South America but have established populations in North America, Europe, Africa and Asia. They are claimed to act as agricultural pests in their native range, and their communal stick nests may damage human infrastructure. Although several monk parakeet populations are present in the Mediterranean Basin and temperate Europe, little empirical data are available on their population size and growth, distribution and potential impact. We investigated the temporal and spatial dynamics of monk parakeets in Israel to assess their invasion success and potential impact on agriculture.<br><br>RESULTS: Monk parakeet populations are growing exponentially at a higher rate than that reported elsewhere. The current Israeli population of monk parakeets comprises approximately 1500 individuals. The distribution of the species has increased and shifted from predominantly urban areas to agricultural landscapes.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In Israel, monk parakeet populations are growing fast and have dispersed rapidly from cities to agricultural areas. At present, reports of agricultural damage are scarce. A complete assessment of possible management strategies is urgently needed before the population becomes too large and widespread to allow for cost-effective mitigation campaigns to be implemented. &#xa9; 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid27367228, year = {2017}, author = {La Morgia, V and Paoloni, D and Genovesi, P}, title = {Eradicating the grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis from urban areas: an innovative decision-making approach based on lessons learnt in Italy.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, pages = {354-363}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4352}, pmid = {27367228}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Cities ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; *Decision Making ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Models, Theoretical ; Pest Control/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*organization &amp; administration ; Public Opinion ; *Sciuridae ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Eradication of invasive alien species supports the recovery of native biodiversity. A new European Union Regulation introduces obligations to eradicate the most harmful invasive species. However, eradications of charismatic mammals may encounter strong opposition. Considering the case study of the eastern grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin, 1788) in central Italy, we developed a structured decision-making technique based on a Bayesian decision network model and explicitly considering the plurality of environmental values of invasive species management to reduce potential social conflicts.<br><br>RESULTS: The model identified priority areas for management activities. These areas corresponded to the core of the grey squirrel range, but they also included peripheral zones, where rapid eradication is fundamental to prevent the spread of squirrels. However, when the model was expanded to integrate the attitude of citizens towards the project, the intervention strategy slightly changed. In some areas, the citizens' support was limited, and this resulted in a reduced overall utility of intervention.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The suggested approach extends the scientific basis for management decisions, evaluated in terms of technical efficiency, feasibility and social impact. Here, the Bayesian decision network model analysed the potential technical and social consequences of management actions, and it responded to the need for transparency in the decision-making process, but it can easily be extended to consider further issues that are common in many mammal eradication programmes. Owing to its flexibility and comprehensiveness, it provides an innovative example of how to plan rapid eradication or control activities, as required by the new EU Regulation. &#xa9; 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid27366653, year = {2016}, author = {Pineda, MC and Lorente, B and López-Legentil, S and Palacín, C and Turon, X}, title = {Stochasticity in space, persistence in time: genetic heterogeneity in harbour populations of the introduced ascidian Styela plicata.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e2158}, pmid = {27366653}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Spatio-temporal changes in genetic structure among populations provide crucial information on the dynamics of secondary spread for introduced marine species. However, temporal components have rarely been taken into consideration when studying the population genetics of non-indigenous species. This study analysed the genetic structure of Styela plicata, a solitary ascidian introduced in harbours and marinas of tropical and temperate waters, across spatial and temporal scales. A fragment of the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) was sequenced from 395 individuals collected at 9 harbours along the NW Mediterranean coast and adjacent Atlantic waters (> 1,200 km range) at two time points 5 years apart (2009 and 2014). The levels of gene diversity were relatively low for all 9 locations in both years. Analyses of genetic differentiation and distribution of molecular variance revealed strong genetic structure, with significant differences among many populations, but no significant differences among years. A weak and marginally significant correlation between geographic distance and gene differentiation was found. Our results revealed spatial structure and temporal genetic homogeneity in S. plicata, suggesting a limited role of recurrent, vessel-mediated transport of organisms among small to medium-size harbours. Our study area is representative of many highly urbanized coasts with dense harbours. In these environments, the episodic chance arrival of colonisers appears to determine the genetic structure of harbour populations and the genetic composition of these early colonising individuals persists in the respective harbours, at least over moderate time frames (five years) that encompass ca. 20 generations of S. plicata.}, }
@article {pmid27366644, year = {2016}, author = {Boland, JM}, title = {The impact of an invasive ambrosia beetle on the riparian habitats of the Tijuana River Valley, California.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e2141}, pmid = {27366644}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The Tijuana River Valley is the first natural habitat in California to be substantially invaded by the Kuroshio Shot Hole Borer (KSHB, Euwallacea sp.), an ambrosia beetle native to Southeast Asia. This paper documents the distribution of the KSHB in the riparian vegetation in the valley and assesses the damage done to the vegetation as of early 2016, approximately six months after the beetle was first observed in the valley. I divided the riparian habitats into 29 survey units so that the vegetation within each unit was relatively homogenous in terms of plant species composition, age and density. From a random point within each unit, I examined approximately 60 individuals of the dominant plant species for evidence of KSHB infestation and evidence of major damage such as limb breakage. In the 22 forested units,I examined the dominant arroyo and black willows (Salix lasiolepis Benth. and S. gooddingii C.R. Ball), and in the seven scrub units, I examined mule fat (Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz &amp; Pav.) Pers.). Evidence of KSHB infestation was found in 25 of the 29 units. In the forest units, infestation rates ranged from 0 to 100% and were high (>60%) in 16 of the units. In the scrub units, infestation rates ranged from 0 to 33%. Infestation rates were significantly correlated with the wetness of a unit; wetter units had higher infestation rates. Evidence of major physical damage was found in 24 units, and dense stands of willows were reduced to broken trunks in several areas. Overall, I estimated that more than 280,000 (70%) of the willows in the valley were infested, and more than 140,000 had suffered major limb damage. In addition, I recorded evidence of KSHB infestation in the other common plant species in the valley; of the 23 species examined, 14 showed evidence of beetle attack. The four species with the highest rates of infestation were native trees in the Salicaceae family. The three species considered to be the worst invasive plants in the valley, Ricinus communis L., Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. and Arundo donax L., had low rates of infestation. Several findings from this study have significance for resource managers: (1) the KSHB attack caused extensive mortality of trees soon after being first discovered so, if managers are to control the spread of the beetle, they will need to develop an effective early detection and rapid response program; (2) infestation rates were highest in units that were wet, so resource managers trying to detect the beetle in other areas should thoroughly search trees near water, particularly nutrient-enriched water; (3) the infestation appears to be a novel form of disturbance, and the affected forests may need special management actions in order to recover; and (4) the infestation has altered the structure of the forest canopy, and this is likely to promote the growth of invasive plant species that were relatively inconspicuous in the forests prior to the beetle attack but will now need more attention.}, }
@article {pmid27364995, year = {2016}, author = {Prospere, K and McLaren, KP and Wilson, B}, title = {Characterizing the Status (Disturbed, Hybrid or Novel) of Swamp Forest Fragments in a Caribbean Ramsar Wetland: The Impact of Anthropogenic Degradation and Invasive Plant Species.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {58}, number = {4}, pages = {655-681}, pmid = {27364995}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Forests ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Jamaica ; Trees/*growth &amp; development ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The last remaining Amazonian-type swamp forest fragments in Black River Lower Morass, Jamaica, have been subjected to a myriad of anthropogenic disturbances, compounded by the establishment and spread of several invasive plant species. We established 44 permanent sample plots (covering 3.92 ha) across 10 of these swamp forest fragments and sampled all non-woody plants and all trees ≥2 cm DBH found in the plots. These data were used to (1) identify thresholds of hybridity and novelty, (2) derive several diversity and structural descriptors used to characterize the swamp forest fragments and (3) identify possible indicators of anthropogenic degradation. These were incorporated into a framework and used to determine the status of the swamp forest fragments so that appropriate management and conservation measures can be implemented. We recorded 43 woody plant species (9 endemic, 28 native and 4 non-native) and 21 non-tree species. The composition and structure of all the patches differed significantly due to the impact of the herbaceous invasive plant Alpinia allughas, the presence and diversity of other non-native plants, and differing intensities of anthropogenic disturbance (e.g., burning, cutting and harvesting of non-timber forest products). We ranked forest patches along a continuum representing deviations from a historical proxy (least disturbed) swamp forest to those with dramatically altered structural and floristic attributes (=novel swamp forests). Only one fragment overrun with A. allughas was classified as novel. If effective conservation and management does not come to the BRLM, the remaining swamp forest fragments appear doomed to further degradation and will soon disappear altogether.}, }
@article {pmid27363541, year = {2016}, author = {Escobar, LE and Qiao, H and Phelps, NB and Wagner, CK and Larkin, DJ}, title = {Realized niche shift associated with the Eurasian charophyte Nitellopsis obtusa becoming invasive in North America.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {29037}, pmid = {27363541}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Nitellopsis obtusa (starry stonewort) is a dioecious green alga native to Europe and Asia that has emerged as an aquatic invasive species in North America. Nitellopsis obtusa is rare across large portions of its native range, but has spread rapidly in northern-tier lakes in the United States, where it can interfere with recreation and may displace native species. Little is known about the invasion ecology of N. obtusa, making it difficult to forecast future expansion. Using ecological niche modeling we investigated environmental variables associated with invasion risk. We used species records, climate data, and remotely sensed environmental variables to characterize the species' multidimensional distribution. We found that N. obtusa is exploiting novel ecological niche space in its introduced range, which may help explain its invasiveness. While the fundamental niche of N. obtusa may be stable, there appears to have been a shift in its realized niche associated with invasion in North America. Large portions of the United States are predicted to constitute highly suitable habitat for N. obtusa. Our results can inform early detection and rapid response efforts targeting N. obtusa and provide testable estimates of the physiological tolerances of this species as a baseline for future empirical research.}, }
@article {pmid27363388, year = {2017}, author = {Wagner, NK and Ochocki, BM and Crawford, KM and Compagnoni, A and Miller, TE}, title = {Genetic mixture of multiple source populations accelerates invasive range expansion.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {86}, number = {1}, pages = {21-34}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12567}, pmid = {27363388}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Coleoptera/genetics/*physiology ; *Genetic Variation ; *Hybrid Vigor ; Introduced Species ; Models, Genetic ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {A wealth of population genetic studies have documented that many successful biological invasions stem from multiple introductions from genetically distinct source populations. Yet, mechanistic understanding of whether and how genetic mixture promotes invasiveness has lagged behind documentation that such mixture commonly occurs. We conducted a laboratory experiment to test the influence of genetic mixture on the velocity of invasive range expansion. The mechanistic basis for effects of genetic mixture could include evolutionary responses (mixed invasions may harbour greater genetic diversity and thus elevated evolutionary potential) and/or fitness advantages of between-population mating (heterosis). If driven by evolution, positive effects of source population mixture should increase through time, as selection sculpts genetic variation. If driven by heterosis, effects of mixture should peak following first reproductive contact and then dissipate. Using a laboratory model system (beetles spreading through artificial landscapes), we quantified the velocity of range expansion for invasions initiated with one, two, four or six genetic sources over six generations. Our experiment was designed to test predictions corresponding to the evolutionary and heterosis mechanisms, asking whether any effects of genetic mixture occurred in early or later generations of range expansion. We also quantified demography and dispersal for each experimental treatment, since any effects of mixture should be manifest in one or both of these traits. Over six generations, invasions with any amount of genetic mixture (two, four and six sources) spread farther than single-source invasions. Our data suggest that heterosis provided a 'catapult effect', leaving a lasting signature on range expansion even though the benefits of outcrossing were transient. Individual-level trait data indicated that genetic mixture had positive effects on local demography (reduced extinction risk and enhanced population growth) during the initial stages of invasion but no consistent effects on dispersal ability. Our work is the first to demonstrate that genetic mixture can alter the course of spatial expansion, the stage of invasion typically associated with the greatest ecological and economic impacts. We suggest that similar effects of genetic mixture may be a common feature of biological invasions in nature, but that these effects can easily go undetected.}, }
@article {pmid27358424, year = {2016}, author = {James, JE and Lanfear, R and Eyre-Walker, A}, title = {Molecular Evolutionary Consequences of Island Colonization.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {1876-1888}, pmid = {27358424}, issn = {1759-6653}, mesh = {Animals ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population/*methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; *Phylogeny ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Island endemics are expected to have low effective population sizes (Ne), first because some may experience population bottlenecks when they are founded, and second because they have restricted ranges. Therefore, we expect island species to have reduced genetic diversity, inefficient selection, and reduced adaptive potential compared with their mainland counterparts. We used both polymorphism and substitution data to address these predictions, improving on the approach of recent studies that only used substitution data. This allowed us to directly test the assumption that island species have small values of Ne We found that island species had significantly less genetic diversity than mainland species; however, this pattern could be attributed to a subset of island species that appeared to have undergone a recent population bottleneck. When these species were excluded from the analysis, island and mainland species had similar levels of genetic diversity, despite island species occupying considerably smaller areas than their mainland counterparts. We also found no overall difference between island and mainland species in terms of the effectiveness of selection or the mutation rate. Our evidence suggests that island colonization has no lasting impact on molecular evolution. This surprising result highlights gaps in our knowledge of the relationship between census and effective population size.}, }
@article {pmid27357783, year = {2016}, author = {Näslund, J and Lettevall, E}, title = {Alien species: Pre-emptive action against EU invasives.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {534}, number = {7609}, pages = {621}, pmid = {27357783}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *European Union ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Politics ; Risk Assessment ; }, }
@article {pmid27354440, year = {2016}, author = {Faraji, A and Unlu, I}, title = {The Eye of the Tiger, the Thrill of the Fight: Effective Larval and Adult Control Measures Against the Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), in North America.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {53}, number = {5}, pages = {1029-1047}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjw096}, pmid = {27354440}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {*Aedes/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; *Mosquito Control/instrumentation/methods ; North America ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is a highly invasive container-inhabiting species with a global distribution. This mosquito, similar to other Stegomyia species such as Aedes aegypti (L.), is highly adapted to urban and suburban areas, and commonly oviposits in artificial containers, which are ubiquitous in these peridomestic environments. The increase in speed and amount of international travel and commerce, coupled with global climate change, have aided in the resurgence and expansion of Stegomyia species into new areas of North America. In many parts of their range, both species are implicated as significant vectors of emerging and re-emerging arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, and now Zika. Although rapid and major advances have been made in the field of biology, ecology, genetics, taxonomy, and virology, relatively little has changed in the field of mosquito control in recent decades. This is particularly discouraging in regards to container-inhabiting mosquitoes, because traditional integrated mosquito management (IMM) approaches have not been effective against these species. Many mosquito control programs simply do not possess the man-power or necessary financial resources needed to suppress Ae. albopictus effectively. Therefore, control of mosquito larvae, which is the foundation of IMM approaches, is exceptionally difficult over large areas. This review paper addresses larval habitats, use of geographic information systems for habitat preference detection, door-to-door control efforts, source reduction, direct application of larvicides, biological control agents, area-wide low-volume application of larvicides, hot spot treatments, autodissemination stations, public education, adult traps, attractive-toxic sugar bait methods, lethal ovitraps, barrier-residual adulticides, hand-held ultra-low-volume adulticides, area-wide adulticides applied by ground or air, and genetic control methods. The review concludes with future recommendations for practitioners, researchers, private industry, and policy makers.}, }
@article {pmid27354438, year = {2016}, author = {Armbruster, PA}, title = {Photoperiodic Diapause and the Establishment of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in North America.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {53}, number = {5}, pages = {1013-1023}, pmid = {27354438}, issn = {1938-2928}, support = {R15 AI111328/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Aedes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Animals ; *Diapause, Insect ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; North America ; *Photoperiod ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The invasion and range expansion of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in North America represents an outstanding opportunity to study processes of invasion, range expansion, and climatic adaptation. Furthermore, knowledge obtained from such research is relevant to developing novel strategies to control this important vector species. Substantial evidence indicates that the photoperiodic diapause response is an important adaptation to climatic variation across the range of Ae. albopictus in North America. Photoperiodic diapause is a key determinant of abundance in both space and time, and the timing of entry into and exit out of diapause strongly affects seasonal population dynamics and thus the potential for arbovirus transmission. Emerging genomic technologies are making it possible to develop high-resolution, genome-wide genetic markers that can be used for genetic mapping of traits relevant to disease transmission and phylogeographic studies to elucidate invasion history. Recent work using next-generation sequencing technologies (e.g., RNA-seq), combined with physiological experiments, has provided extensive insight into the transcriptional basis of the diapause response in Ae. albopictus Applying this knowledge to identify novel targets for vector control represents an important future challenge. Finally, recent studies have begun to identify traits other than diapause that are affected by photoperiodism. Extending this work to identify additional traits influenced by photoperiod should produce important insights into the seasonal biology of Ae. albopictus.}, }
@article {pmid27354437, year = {2016}, author = {Yee, DA}, title = {What Can Larval Ecology Tell Us About the Success of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Within the United States?.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {53}, number = {5}, pages = {1002-1012}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjw046}, pmid = {27354437}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Animals ; *Environment ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; United States ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus (Skuse) was introduced in the United States approximately 30 years ago, and since has become an important pest and vector of disease. This species uses small water-holding containers as sites for oviposition and larval development. Larvae can consume a wide range of detritus-based energy sources, including microorganisms, and as such the type and quantity of detritus that enters these systems have been studied for the effects on adult populations. This review examines the documented responses of Ae. albopictus to different larval environments within the United States, and some of its unique ecology that may lead to a better understanding of its spread and success. Field surveys generally find larvae in shaded containers with high amounts of organic detritus. Larvae have higher survival and population growth under high amounts of detritus and microorganisms, but they also can outcompete other species when nutrients are limiting. Allocation of time to feeding by larvae is greater and more focused compared with resident species. These latter two points also may explain differences in carbon and nitrogen composition (nutrient stoichiometry), which point to a lower need for nitrogen. Combined, these facts suggest that the Ae. albopictus is a species with a relatively wide niche that had been able to exploit container habitats in the United States better than resident species. After 30 yr of research, only a narrow range of detritus types and environmental conditions have been examined. Data on factors affecting the production of adults and its spread and apparent success are still needed.}, }
@article {pmid27354436, year = {2016}, author = {Fader, JE}, title = {The Importance of Interspecific Interactions on the Present Range of the Invasive Mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Persistence of Resident Container Species in the United States.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {53}, number = {5}, pages = {992-1001}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjw095}, pmid = {27354436}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Competitive Behavior ; Culicidae/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; United States ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus (Skuse) established in the United States over 30 yr ago and quickly spread throughout the entire eastern half of the country. It has recently spread into western regions and projected climate change scenarios suggest continued expansion to the west and north. Aedes albopictus has had major impacts on, and been impacted by, a diverse array of resident mosquito species. Laying eggs at the edges of small, water-holding containers, hatched larvae develop within these containers feeding on detritus-based resources. Under limited resource conditions, Ae. albopictus has been shown to be a superior competitor to essentially all native and resident species in the United States. Adult males also mate interspecifically with at least one resident species with significant negative impacts on reproductive output for susceptible females. Despite these strong interference effects on sympatric species, competitor outcomes have been highly variable, ranging from outright local exclusion by Ae. albopictus, to apparent exclusion of Ae. albopictus in the presence of the same species. Context-dependent mechanisms that alter the relative strengths of inter- and intraspecific competition, as well as rapid evolution of satyrization-resistant females, may help explain these patterns of variable coexistence. Although there is a large body of research on interspecific interactions of Ae. albopictus in the United States, there remain substantial gaps in our understanding of the most important species interactions. Addressing these gaps is important in predicting the future distribution of this species and understanding consequences for resident species, including humans, that interact with this highly invasive mosquito.}, }
@article {pmid27353660, year = {2016}, author = {Howe, AG and Ravn, HP and Jensen, AB and Meyling, NV}, title = {Spatial and taxonomical overlap of fungi on phylloplanes and invasive alien ladybirds with fungal infections in tree crowns of urban green spaces.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiw143}, pmid = {27353660}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {Animals ; Beauveria/isolation &amp; purification ; Coleoptera/*microbiology ; Ecosystem ; Fungi/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Hypocreales/isolation &amp; purification ; Introduced Species ; Parks, Recreational ; Plant Leaves/microbiology ; Tilia/*microbiology ; Trees/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi on phylloplanes in Tilia × europaea crowns between 1 and 13 m was assessed in urban parks. Prevalence of fungal infections in ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) collected from Tilia × europaea was assessed to determine whether fungi found on phylloplanes also occurred as infections in ladybirds. Isaria spp. was most abundant on phylloplanes (mean colony forming units (CFU) per leaf ± SE, 0.33 ± 0.03) followed by Beauveria spp. (0.22 ± 0.02 CFU per leaf) and Lecanicillium spp. (0.19 ± 0.02 CFU per leaf). Densities of inoculum were higher in inner crowns and decreased with height, although Lecanicillium spp. peaked at 5-7 m. Upper phylloplane surfaces harboured higher densities of Isaria spp. and Beauveria spp. than lower surfaces, whereas Lecanicillium spp. was equally distributed. Most prevalent on ladybirds were Isaria spp. (20.6% Harmonia axyridis; 4.8% natives), Lecanicillium spp. (13.6% H. axyridis; 4.8% natives), with fewer Beauveria spp. infections (2.6% H. axyridis). Molecular identification revealed Beauveria bassiana, B. pseudobassiana, Isaria farinosa and Lecanicillium muscarium among isolates of both tree and ladybird origin. Tilia × europaea phylloplanes support a diverse assemblage of entomopathogenic fungal species with a different prevalence in coccinellids compared to their relative abundance in this habitat.}, }
@article {pmid27353518, year = {2016}, author = {Sobral, FL and Lees, AC and Cianciaruso, MV}, title = {Introductions do not compensate for functional and phylogenetic losses following extinctions in insular bird assemblages.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {19}, number = {9}, pages = {1091-1100}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12646}, pmid = {27353518}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds/*physiology ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {The ratio of species extinctions to introductions has been comparable for many insular assemblages, suggesting that introductions could have 'compensated' for extinctions. However, the capacity for introduced species to replace ecological roles and evolutionary history lost following extinction is unclear. We investigated changes in bird functional and phylogenetic diversity in the wake of extinctions and introductions across a sample of 32 islands worldwide. We found that extinct and introduced species have comparable functional and phylogenetic alpha diversity. However, this was distributed at different positions in functional space and in the phylogeny, indicating a 'false compensation'. Introduced and extinct species did not have equivalent functional roles nor belong to similar lineages. This makes it unlikely that novel island biotas composed of introduced taxa will be able to maintain ecological roles and represent the evolutionary histories of pre-disturbance assemblages and highlights the importance of evaluating changes in alpha and beta diversity concurrently.}, }
@article {pmid27353212, year = {2017}, author = {DiTomaso, JM and Van Steenwyk, RA and Nowierski, RM and Vollmer, JL and Lane, E and Chilton, E and Burch, PL and Cowan, PE and Zimmerman, K and Dionigi, CP}, title = {Enhancing the effectiveness of biological control programs of invasive species through a more comprehensive pest management approach.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {73}, number = {1}, pages = {9-13}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4347}, pmid = {27353212}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; *Research ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are one of the greatest economic and ecological threats to agriculture and natural areas in the US and the world. Among the available management tools, biological control provides one of the most economical and long-term effective strategies for managing widespread and damaging invasive species populations of nearly all taxa. However, integrating biological control programs in a more complete integrated pest management approach that utilizes increased information and communication, post-release monitoring, adaptive management practices, long-term stewardship strategies, and new and innovative ecological and genetic technologies can greatly improve the effectiveness of biological control. In addition, expanding partnerships among relevant national, regional, and local agencies, as well as academic scientists and land managers, offers far greater opportunities for long-term success in the suppression of established invasive species. In this paper we direct our recommendations to federal agencies that oversee, fund, conduct research, and develop classical biological control programs for invasive species. By incorporating these recommendations into adaptive management strategies, private and public land managers will have far greater opportunities for long-term success in suppression of established invasive species. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid27349093, year = {2016}, author = {Afkhami, ME and Strauss, SY}, title = {Native fungal endophytes suppress an exotic dominant and increase plant diversity over small and large spatial scales.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {5}, pages = {1159-1169}, doi = {10.1890/15-1166.1}, pmid = {27349093}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Bromus/classification/microbiology/*physiology ; California ; Demography ; Endophytes/*physiology ; Fungi/*classification/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Understanding community dynamics and processes, such as the factors that generate and maintain biodiversity, drive succession, and affect invasion susceptibility, is a central goal in ecology and evolution. While most studies of how species interactions affect communities have focused on highly visible macroorganisms, we show that mutualistic microfungal endophytes have community-level effects across their host plant's range and provide the first example of fungal endophytes enhancing plant diversity. A three-year field study in which we experimentally manipulated endophyte abundance in a native Californian grass showed that despite their minute biomass, endophytes dramatically increased plant community diversity (~110% greater increase with endophytes) by suppressing a dominant invasive grass, Bromus diandrus. This effect was also detectable, but smaller, across five additional common gardens spanning ecologically diverse habitats, different climates, and > 400 km of the host grass' range as well as at microspatial scales within gardens. Our study illustrates that mutualistic microbes, while often hidden players, can have unexpectedly large ecological impacts across a wide range of habitats and scales and may be important for promoting diverse communities and ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid27346953, year = {2016}, author = {Horn, T}, title = {Integrating Biodiversity Data into Botanic Collections.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {}, number = {4}, pages = {e7971}, pmid = {27346953}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Today's species names are entry points into a web of publicly available knowledge and are integral parts of legislation concerning biological conservation and consumer safety. Species information usually is fragmented, can be misleading due to the existence of different names and might even be biased because of an identical name that is used for a different species. Safely navigating through the name space is one of the most challenging tasks when associating names with data and when decisions are made which name to include in legislation. Integrating publicly available dynamic data to characterise plant genetic resources of botanic gardens and other facilities will significantly increase the efficiency of recovering relevant information for research projects, identifying potentially invasive taxa, constructing priority lists and developing DNA-based specimen authentication.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: To demonstrate information availability and discuss integration into botanic collections, scientific names derived from botanic gardens were evaluated using the Encyclopedia of Life, The Catalogue of Life and The Plant List. 98.5% of the names could be verified by the combined use of these providers. Comparing taxonomic status information 13 % of the cases were in disagreement. About 7 % of the verified names were found to be included in the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, including one extinct taxon and three taxa with the status "extinct in the wild". As second most important factor for biodiversity loss, potential invasiveness was determined. Approximately 4 % of the verified names were detected using the Global Invasive Species Information Network, including 208 invasive taxa. According to Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe around 20 % of the verified names are European alien taxa including 15 of the worst European invasive taxa. Considering alternative names in the data recovery process, success increased up to 18 %.}, }
@article {pmid27343074, year = {2016}, author = {Seidel, B and Nowotny, N and Bakonyi, T and Allerberger, F and Schaffner, F}, title = {Spread of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) in Austria, 2011-2015, and first records of the subspecies for Hungary, 2012, and the principality of Liechtenstein, 2015.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {356}, pmid = {27343074}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Austria ; Hungary ; *Introduced Species ; Liechtenstein ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Asian bush mosquito, Aedes (Hulecoeteomyia) japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) (Diptera: Culicidae), was first identified in Austria in August 2011 in the federal state of Styria at the border to Slovenia.<br><br>METHODS: Between 2011 and 2015 the spread of Ae. j. japonicus was monitored in southern, eastern and western Austrian provinces as well as in neighbouring countries by checking natural and man-made container habitats for the aquatic stages. The search concentrated around the most recent occurrence of Ae. j. japonicus and extended up to several kilometres until the subspecies could not be found anymore.<br><br>RESULTS: Between May and July 2012 the distribution area of Ae. j. japonicus was found to be extended westwards into Carinthia, and eastwards towards the federal state of Burgenland. In August 2012, the subspecies was found in Hungary, representing the first record of an invasive mosquito species in this country. In 2013 its expansion was confirmed at several sites in Austria. Additionally, between April and July 2015, the subspecies was detected in all districts of the westernmost Austrian state Vorarlberg reaching the alpine Montafon valley at the end of October 2015, at all three examined sites in southern Bavaria bordering Vorarlberg, and in the adjacent Principality of Liechtenstein, for which it also represents the first record of an invasive mosquito species. One remarkable finding of the subspecies was located close to the city of Kufstein in the lower Inn valley of the Tyrol in September 2015, which is an isolated occurrence without spatial connection to any known established population.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate the ongoing spread of Ae. j. japonicus towards all directions within Austria and beyond. Together with the absence of supposed natural barriers, e.g. high mountain chains, at the borders of the current subspecies' distribution area in south-eastern Austria, these findings suggest a further spread to the Austrian capital Vienna and the Hungarian tourist region of Lake Balaton within the upcoming few years. The observed intrusions in western Austria represent most probably extensions of the population established and spreading in eastern Switzerland and southern Germany. The putative role of the subspecies in pathogen transmission together with its rapid spread observed argues for the implementation of comprehensive nation-wide surveillance and response preparedness.}, }
@article {pmid27341485, year = {2016}, author = {Johnson, NS and Miehls, S and O'Connor, LM and Bravener, G and Barber, J and Thompson, H and Tix, JA and Bruning, T}, title = {A portable trap with electric lead catches up to 75% of an invasive fish species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {28430}, pmid = {27341485}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Female ; *Fisheries ; Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Mississippi ; Petromyzon/*physiology ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {A novel system combining a trap and pulsed direct current electricity was able to catch up to 75% of tagged invasive sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus in free-flowing streams. Non-target mortality was rare and impacts to non-target migration were minimal; likely because pulsed direct current only needed to be activated at night (7 hours of each day). The system was completely portable and the annual cost of the trapping system was low ($4,800 U.S. dollars). Use of the technology is poised to substantially advance integrated control of sea lamprey, which threaten a fishery valued at 7 billion U.S. dollars annually, and help restore sea lamprey populations in Europe where they are native, but imperiled. The system may be broadly applicable to controlling invasive fishes and restoring valued fishes worldwide, thus having far reaching effects on ecosystems and societies.}, }
@article {pmid27341455, year = {2017}, author = {Calderón, K and Spor, A and Breuil, MC and Bru, D and Bizouard, F and Violle, C and Barnard, RL and Philippot, L}, title = {Effectiveness of ecological rescue for altered soil microbial communities and functions.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {272-283}, pmid = {27341455}, issn = {1751-7370}, mesh = {Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Biodiversity ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Phylogeny ; Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Soil ecosystems worldwide are subjected to marked modifications caused by anthropogenic disturbances and global climate change, resulting in microbial diversity loss and alteration of ecosystem functions. Despite the paucity of studies, restoration ecology provides an appropriate framework for testing the potential of manipulating soil microbial communities for the recovery of ecosystem functioning. We used a reciprocal transplant design in experimentally altered microbial communities to investigate the effectiveness of introducing microbial communities in degraded soil ecosystems to restore N-cycle functioning. Microbial diversity loss resulted in alternative compositional states associated with impaired N-cycle functioning. Here, the addition of complex microbial communities to these altered communities revealed a pivotal role of deterministic community assembly processes. The diversity of some alternative compositional states was successfully increased but without significant restoration of soil N-cycle functioning. However, in the most degraded alternative state, the introduction of new microbial communities caused an overall decrease in phylogenetic diversity and richness. The successful soil colonization by newly introduced species for some compositional states indicates that priority effects could be overridden when attempting to manipulate microbial communities for soil restoration. Altogether, our result showed consistent patterns within restoration treatments with minor idiosyncratic effects. This suggests the predominance of deterministic processes and the predictability of restoration trajectories, which could be used to guide the effective management of microbial community assemblages for ecological restoration of soils.}, }
@article {pmid27341373, year = {2016}, author = {Charter, M and Izhaki, I and Ben Mocha, Y and Kark, S}, title = {Nest-site competition between invasive and native cavity nesting birds and its implication for conservation.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {181}, number = {}, pages = {129-134}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.06.021}, pmid = {27341373}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Breeding ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Israel ; *Nesting Behavior ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Nesting cavities are often a limited resource that multiple species use. There is an ongoing discussion on whether invasive cavity nesting birds restrict the availability of this key limited resource. While the answer to this question has important conservation implications, little experimental work has been done to examine it. Here, we aimed to experimentally test whether alien cavity nesting birds affect the occupancy of cavities and the resulting breeding success of native cavity breeders in a large urban park located in Tel Aviv, Israel. Over three breeding seasons, we manipulated the entry size of nest boxes and compared the occupancy and breeding success of birds in nest boxes of two treatments. These included nest boxes with large-entrance and small-entrance holes. The large-entrance holes allowed access for both the native and invasive birds (the two main aliens in the park are the common mynas and rose-ringed parakeets). The smaller-entrance boxes, on the other hand, allowed only the smaller sized native cavity breeders (great tits and house sparrows) to enter the boxes but prevented the alien species from entering. We found that the large-entrance nest boxes were occupied by five different bird species, comprising three natives (great tit, house sparrow, Scops owl) and two invasive species (common myna, rose-ringed parakeet) while the small-entrance boxes were only occupied by the two native species. The alien common mynas and rose-ringed parakeets occupied 77.5% of the large-entrance nest boxes whereas native species, mainly great tits, occupied less than 9% of the large-entrance boxes and 36.5% of the small-entrance boxes. When examining the occupancy of those cavities that were not occupied by the aliens, natives occupied both the small and large-entrance nest boxes equally. Three quarters (78%) of the great tits breeding in the large-entrance boxes were usurped by common mynas during the breeding season and as a result breeding success was significantly lower for great tits breeding in the large-entrance boxes compared with the small-entrance boxes. The results of this study suggests that the invasive alien species can reduce the breeding potential of native cavity breeders both by exploiting the limited breeding resource (nest cavities) and by directly usurping cavities already occupied by the native species. Since the majority of large-entrance nest boxes were occupied by the larger alien birds, less native species bred in the limited number of unoccupied large-entrance nest boxes because of exploitation competition. We propose that for management purposes, nest-box programs that alter the entrance size of available natural cavities may be a practical approach, reducing the competition between native cavity breeders and alien invasive birds, and especially benefiting the smaller native cavity breeders.}, }
@article {pmid27341209, year = {2016}, author = {Latham, AD and Latham, MC and Nugent, G and Smith, J and Warburton, B}, title = {Refining Operational Practice for Controlling Introduced European Rabbits on Agricultural Lands in New Zealand.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {e0158078}, pmid = {27341209}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Animals ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; *Pest Control ; *Population Control ; Rabbits ; }, abstract = {European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) pose a major threat to agricultural production and conservation values in several countries. In New Zealand, population control via poisoning is a frontline method for limiting rabbit damage, with large areas commonly treated using the metabolic toxin sodium fluoroacetate ('1080') delivered in bait via aerial dispersal. However, this method is expensive and the high application rates of the active ingredient cause public antipathy towards it. To guide reductions in cost and toxin usage, we evaluated the economics and efficacy of rabbit control using an experimental approach of sowing 1080-bait in strips instead of the commonly-used broadcast sowing method (i.e. complete coverage). Over a 4-year period we studied aerial delivery of 0.02% 1080 on diced carrot bait over ~3500 ha of rabbit-prone land in the North and South islands. In each case, experimental sowing via strip patterns using 10-15 kg of bait per hectare was compared with the current best practice of aerial broadcast sowing at 30-35 kg/ha. Operational kill rates exceeded 87% in all but one case and averaged 93-94% across a total of 19 treatment replicates under comparable conditions; there was no statistical difference in overall efficacy observed between the two sowing methods. We project that strip-sowing could reduce by two thirds the amount of active 1080 applied per hectare in aerial control operations against rabbits, both reducing the non-target poisoning risk and promoting cost savings to farming operations. These results indicate that, similarly to the recently-highlighted benefits of adopting strip-sowing for poison control of introduced brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand, aerial strip-sowing of toxic bait could also be considered a best practice method for rabbit control in pest control policy.}, }
@article {pmid27339051, year = {2016}, author = {Dudeque Zenni, R and Lacerda da Cunha, W and Sena, G}, title = {Rapid increase in growth and productivity can aid invasions by a non-native tree.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {27339051}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Research on biological invasions has produced detailed theories describing range expansions of introduced populations. However, current knowledge of evolutionary factors associated with invasive range expansions, especially those related to rapid evolution of long-lived organisms, is still rudimentary. Here, we used a system of six 40-year-old invasive pine populations that originated from replicated introduction events to study evolution in productivity, growth, and chemical defence traits. We tested the hypotheses that invasive populations were undergoing rapid phenotypic change as populations spread, that populations exhibit trade-offs between evolution in growth and chemical defences, and that rates of rapid evolution in plant growth and productivity effect rates of invasion. Although all invasions started from replicated pools of genetic material and equal propagule pressure, we found divergence in mean values for the six invasive populations in the six traits measured. Not only were there between-population variations but also invasive populations were also rapidly changing along each invasive population expansion. Two populations displayed greater leaf areas (LAs) and smaller specific LAs (SLAs) during range expansion. Four populations had faster growth rates at the leading edge of the invasion front in comparison with plants at the rear edge. In terms of total plant defences, non-volatile resin increased in plants along one invasion gradient and decreased in a second, total needle phenolics increased in plants along one invasion gradient and total wood phenolics increased in plants along the one invasion gradient and decreased in a second. We found no trade-offs between investments in growth and chemical defence. Also, faster rates of change in growth rate and LA were positively associated with greater dispersal distances of invasive populations, suggesting rapid evolution may increase invasiveness. Understanding the roles of both natural and human-mediated ecological and evolutionary processes in population-level dynamics is key to understanding the ability of non-native species to invade.}, }
@article {pmid27339050, year = {2016}, author = {Zimmermann, TG and Andrade, AC and Richardson, DM}, title = {Experimental assessment of factors mediating the naturalization of a globally invasive tree on sandy coastal plains: a case study from Brazil.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {27339050}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {As all naturalized species are potential invaders, it is important to better understand the determinants of naturalization of alien plants. This study sought to identify traits that enable the alien tree Casuarina equisetifolia to overcome barriers to survival and reproductive and to become naturalized on sandy coastal plains. Restinga vegetation in Brazil was used as a model system to conceptualize and quantify key stressors (high temperature, solar radiation, drought and salinity) which can limit the initial establishment of the plants. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of these environmental factors on seed persistence in the soil (field), germination (laboratory), survival, growth, phenotypic plasticity and phenotypic integration (greenhouse). Results show that the expected viability of the seeds in the soil was 50 months. Seeds germinated in a similar way in constant and alternating temperatures (20-40 °C), except at 40 °C. Low light, and water and salt stresses reduced germination, but seeds recovered germination when stress diminished. Young plants did not tolerate water stress (<2 % of soil moisture) or deep shade. Growth was greater in sunny than in shady conditions. Although a low degree of phenotypic plasticity is important in habitats with multiple stress factors, this species exhibited high germination plasticity, although young plants showed low plasticity. The positive effect of phenotypic integration on plastic expression in the shade shows that in stressful environments traits that show greater phenotypic plasticity values may have significant phenotypic correlations with other characters, which is an important factor in the evolutionary ecology of this invasive species. Long-term seed persistence in the soil, broad germination requirements (temperature and light conditions) and the capacity to survive in a wide range of light intensity favours its naturalization. However, C. equisetifolia did not tolerate water stress and deep shade, which limit its potential to become naturalized on sandy coastal plain.}, }
@article {pmid27334451, year = {2016}, author = {Firmat, C and Alibert, P and Mutin, G and Losseau, M and Pariselle, A and Sasal, P}, title = {A case of complete loss of gill parasites in the invasive cichlid Oreochromis mossambicus.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {115}, number = {9}, pages = {3657-3661}, pmid = {27334451}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Gills/*parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Mozambique ; New Caledonia ; Tilapia/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {This study investigates the recent evolution of a rich parasite community associated with one of the world's most invasive species, the cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus. Populations from the species' native range (Mozambique) are compared to a population from New Caledonia (Wester Pacific), an island where the species was introduced in 1954. The results support the complete local extinction of the gill parasite community in the course of the invasion process. Up to six gill parasite species per locality were documented in the O. mossambicus native range, and previous surveys consistently reported at least one parasite species introduced along African cichlid species established out of Africa. The absence of parasites in New Caledonia is therefore exceptional. This can be attributed to local factors, such as a strong initial population bottleneck, the likely absence of multiple host introductions, and the frequent occurrence of brackish watersheds that might enhance the probability for natural deparasitation.}, }
@article {pmid27333328, year = {2016}, author = {Zalewski, A and Zalewska, H and Lunneryd, SG and André, C and Mikusiński, G}, title = {Reduced Genetic Diversity and Increased Structure in American Mink on the Swedish Coast following Invasive Species Control.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {e0157972}, pmid = {27333328}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Discriminant Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Male ; Mink/*genetics ; Population Density ; Principal Component Analysis ; Seasons ; Sweden ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Eradication and population reductions are often used to mitigate the negative impacts of non-native invasive species on native biodiversity. However, monitoring the effectiveness of non-native species control programmes is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of these measures. Genetic monitoring could provide valuable insights into temporal changes in demographic, ecological, and evolutionary processes in invasive populations being subject to control programmes. Such programmes should cause a decrease in effective population size and/or in genetic diversity of the targeted non-native species and an increase in population genetic structuring over time. We used microsatellite DNA data from American mink (Neovison vison) to determine whether the removal of this predator on the Koster Islands archipelago and the nearby Swedish mainland affected genetic variation over six consecutive years of mink culling by trappers as part of a population control programme. We found that on Koster Islands allelic richness decreased (from on average 4.53 to 3.55), genetic structuring increased, and effective population size did not change. In contrast, the mink population from the Swedish coast showed no changes in genetic diversity or structure, suggesting the stability of this population over 6 years of culling. Effective population size did not change over time but was higher on the coast than on the islands across all years. Migration rates from the islands to the coast were almost two times higher than from the coast to the islands. Most migrants leaving the coast were localised on the southern edge of the archipelago, as expected from the direction of the sea current between the two sites. Genetic monitoring provided valuable information on temporal changes in the population of American mink suggesting that this approach can be used to evaluate and improve control programmes of invasive vertebrates.}, }
@article {pmid27333276, year = {2016}, author = {Manica, M and Filipponi, F and D'Alessandro, A and Screti, A and Neteler, M and Rosà, R and Solimini, A and Della Torre, A and Caputo, B}, title = {Spatial and Temporal Hot Spots of Aedes albopictus Abundance inside and outside a South European Metropolitan Area.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {e0004758}, pmid = {27333276}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; *Cities ; Environment ; Female ; Male ; Population Density ; Rome ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus is a tropical invasive species which in the last decades spread worldwide, also colonizing temperate regions of Europe and US, where it has become a public health concern due to its ability to transmit exotic arboviruses, as well as severe nuisance problems due to its aggressive daytime outdoor biting behaviour. While several studies have been carried out in order to predict the potential limits of the species expansions based on eco-climatic parameters, few studies have so far focused on the specific effects of these variables in shaping its micro-geographic abundance and dynamics. The present study investigated eco-climatic factors affecting Ae. albopictus abundance and dynamics in metropolitan and sub-urban/rural sites in Rome (Italy), which was colonized in 1997 and is nowadays one of the most infested metropolitan areas in Southern Europe. To this aim, longitudinal adult monitoring was carried out along a 70 km-transect across and beyond the most urbanized and densely populated metropolitan area. Two fine scale spatiotemporal datasets (one with reference to a 20m circular buffer around sticky traps used to collect mosquitoes and the second to a 300m circular buffer within each sampling site) were exploited to analyze the effect of climatic and socio-environmental variables on Ae. albopictus abundance and dynamics along the transect. Results showed an association between highly anthropized habitats and high adult abundance both in metropolitan and sub-urban/rural areas, with "small green islands" corresponding to hot spots of abundance in the metropolitan areas only, and a bimodal seasonal dynamics with a second peak of abundance in autumn, due to heavy rains occurring in the preceding weeks in association with permissive temperatures. The results provide useful indications to prioritize public mosquito control measures in temperate urban areas where nuisance, human-mosquito contact and risk of local arbovirus transmission are likely higher, and highlight potential public health risks also after the summer months typically associated with high mosquito densities.}, }
@article {pmid27330857, year = {2016}, author = {Bílá, K and Šipoš, J and Kindlmann, P and Kuras, T}, title = {Consequences for selected high-elevation butterflies and moths from the spread of Pinus mugo into the alpine zone in the High Sudetes Mountains.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e2094}, pmid = {27330857}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Due to changes in the global climate, isolated alpine sites have become one of the most vulnerable habitats worldwide. The indigenous fauna in these habitats is threatened by an invasive species, dwarf pine (Pinus mugo), which is highly competitive and could be important in determining the composition of the invertebrate community. In this study, the association of species richness and abundance of butterflies with the extent of Pinus mugo cover at individual alpine sites was determined. Butterflies at alpine sites in the High Sudetes Mountains (Mts.) were sampled using Moericke yellow water traps. The results of a Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) indicated that at a local scale the area of alpine habitats is the main limiting factor for native species of alpine butterflies. Butterfly assemblages are associated with distance to the tree-line with the optimum situated in the lower forest zone. In addition the CCA revealed that biotic factors (i.e. Pinus mugo and alpine tundra vegetation) accounted for a significant amount of the variability in species data. Regionally, the CCA identified that the species composition of butterflies and moths is associated with presence and origin of Pinus mugo. Our study provides evidence that the structure of the Lepidopteran fauna that formed during the postglacial period and also the present composition of species assemblages is associated with the presence of Pinus mugo. With global warming, Pinus mugo has the potential to spread further into alpine areas and negatively affect the local species communities.}, }
@article {pmid27330098, year = {2016}, author = {Parry, NJ and Mansell, MW and Weldon, CW}, title = {Seasonal, Locality, and Habitat Variation in Assemblages of Carrion-Associated Diptera in Gauteng Province, South Africa.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {53}, number = {6}, pages = {1322-1329}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjw104}, pmid = {27330098}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Cadaver ; Diptera/*classification/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Entomology ; Forensic Sciences ; Seasons ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Seasonal, spatial, and habitat responses of carrion-associated Diptera assemblages can provide valuable information about the presence or absence of species and their relative abundance, and thereby enhance understanding of their responses to environmental variables and how this may have an impact on forensic investigations. Three different nature reserves (localities) within the Municipality of Tshwane, South Africa, were selected to determine whether species assemblages of carrion-feeding flies differ between seasons, localities, and habitat types. A total of 59,511 adult Diptera, identified to 35 species in eight different families, were collected using modified Redtop hanging traps, baited with liver and fish, during four seasons in three different habitat types. Species assemblages differed temporally, with season being the main factor determining species diversity and not locality or habitat. However, savanna and human-disturbed habitats supported a higher abundance and species richness than grassland habitats. Areas adjacent to the localities, such as large urban expanses in Dinokeng or agricultural holdings in Rietvlei, led to an increase in the abundance and mean species richness of carrion-associated Diptera, and in increased numbers of pest or invasive species such as Chrysomya megacephala (F.). Despite this, the overall species assemblages present in human-disturbed areas were very similar to those recorded in natural habitats.}, }
@article {pmid27329634, year = {2016}, author = {Golec, JR and Duan, JJ and Aparicio, E and Hough-Goldstein, J}, title = {Life History, Reproductive Biology, and Larval Development of Ontsira mellipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Newly Associated Parasitoid of the Invasive Asian Longhorned Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {109}, number = {4}, pages = {1545-1554}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow122}, pmid = {27329634}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Delaware ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/parasitology/physiology ; Wasps/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The invasive Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky), is a destructive xylophagous forest pest species originating from Asia. Several endemic North American hymenopteran (Braconidae) species in the mid-Atlantic region were capable of attacking and reproducing on A. glabripennis larvae in laboratory bioassays. Ontsira mellipes Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) has been continually reared on A. glabripennis larvae at USDA-ARS BIIRU since 2010, and has been identified as a potential new-association biocontrol agent. Two experiments were conducted to investigate parasitism, paralysis, reproductive biology, larval development, and longevity of adult O. mellipes In the first experiment, pairs of adult parasitoids were given single A. glabripennis larvae every 2 d (along with honey and water) over their lifetimes, while in the second experiment individual parasitoids were observed daily from egg to adult, and adults were subsequently starved. Adults in the first experiment parasitized ∼21% of beetle larvae presented to them throughout their life, and paralysis of larvae occurred 1-2 d after oviposition. More than half of the individual pairs parasitized A. glabripennis larvae, with each female producing around 26 offspring throughout her life. In the second experiment, median development time of O. mellipes from egg to adult was about 3 wk, with five larval instars. Adult O. mellipes that were provided with host larvae, honey, and water lived 9 d longer than host-deprived and starved adults. These findings indicate that mass-rearing procedures for O. mellipes may be developed using the new association host for development of effective biocontrol programs against A. glabripennis.}, }
@article {pmid27329630, year = {2016}, author = {Westermann, FL and Bell, VA and Suckling, DM and Lester, PJ}, title = {The Long-Term Effects of Reduced Competitive Ability on Foraging Success of an Invasive Pest Species.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {109}, number = {4}, pages = {1628-1635}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow131}, pmid = {27329630}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Ants/genetics/*physiology ; *Chemotaxis ; Competitive Behavior ; Feeding Behavior ; *Genetic Fitness ; Introduced Species ; Motor Activity/drug effects ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Ant species like Pheidole megacephala (F.), Solenopsis invicta (Buren), and the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), have repeatedly been reported to be strongly associated with honeydew-producing arthropods like aphids, scale insects, and mealybugs, effectively protecting them from biological control agents like parasitoids. Here we report the results of a successful trial using pheromone dispensers to suppress Argentine ant activity over large sections in a commercial vineyard over a period of two months and preventing ant access into and foraging within the vine canopy. We found Argentine ant activity to be significantly reduced in pheromone-treated plots for the duration of the trial period compared with control plots. Our results showed a significant reduction in the numbers of Argentine ant workers recruited to randomly placed food resources within treated plots compared with untreated plots. Furthermore, spatial distribution of Argentine ants alongside transects in untreated plots remained relatively continuous, while increasing sharply beyond the borders of treated plots. Lastly, we measured the body fat content of workers and found a significant reduction in fat among workers from treated plots compared with untreated plots, suggesting an adverse effects on nest fitness. Additionally, we provide an initial assessment of the feasibility of the presented approach. Our results showed that it is possible to control Argentine ant, preventing them access to and foraging within the vine canopy, thereby reducing Argentine ants' access to honeydew.}, }
@article {pmid27328743, year = {2017}, author = {da Silva, RS and Kumar, L and Shabani, F and Picanço, MC}, title = {Potential risk levels of invasive Neoleucinodes elegantalis (small tomato borer) in areas optimal for open-field Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) cultivation in the present and under predicted climate change.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {73}, number = {3}, pages = {616-627}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4344}, pmid = {27328743}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Climate Change ; Food Chain ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Solanum lycopersicum/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Models, Theoretical ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Neoleucinodes elegantalis is one of the major insect pests of Solanum lycopersicum. Currently, N. elegantalis is present only in America and the Caribbean, and is a threat in the world's largest S. lycopersicum-producing countries. In terms of potential impact on agriculture, the impact of climate change on insect invasions must be a concern. At present, no research exists regarding the effects of climatic change on the risk level of N. elegantalis. The purpose of this study was to develop a model for S. lycopersicum and N. elegantalis, utilizing CLIMEX to determine risk levels of N. elegantalis in open-field S. lycopersicum cultivation in the present and under projected climate change, using the global climate model CSIRO-Mk3.0.<br><br>RESULTS: Large areas are projected to be suitable for N. elegantalis and optimal for open-field S. lycopersicum cultivation at the present time. However, in the future these areas will become unsuitable for both species. Conversely, other regions in the future may become optimal for open-field S. lycopersicum cultivation, with a varying risk level for N. elegantalis.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The risk level results presented here provide a useful tool to design strategies to prevent the introduction and establishment of N. elegantalis in open-field S. lycopersicum cultivation. &#xa9; 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid27328666, year = {2016}, author = {Yasumiba, K and Duffy, RL and Parsons, SA and Alford, RA and Schwarzkopf, L}, title = {Rapid differentiation of sexual signals in invasive toads: call variation among populations.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {28158}, pmid = {27328666}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Australia ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Advertisement calls tend to differ among populations, based on morphological and environmental factors, or simply geographic distance, in many taxa. Invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) were introduced to Australia in 1935 and their distribution has expanded at increasing rates over time. Rapid evolution occurred in morphological and behavioural characters that accelerate dispersal, but the effects of rapid expansion on sexual signals have not been examined. We collected advertisement calls from four populations of different ages since invasion, and analysed the geographic differentiation of seven call parameters. Our comparisons indicate that the calls of R. marina differ among Australian populations. The signal variation was not simply clinal with respect to population age, climate, or morphological differentiation. We suggest that selection on signalling among populations has been idiosyncratic and may reflect local female preferences or adaptation to environmental factors that are not clinal such as energy availability.}, }
@article {pmid27325781, year = {2016}, author = {Paini, DR and Sheppard, AW and Cook, DC and De Barro, PJ and Worner, SP and Thomas, MB}, title = {Global threat to agriculture from invasive species.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {113}, number = {27}, pages = {7575-7579}, pmid = {27325781}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Agriculture/*economics ; Commerce ; Internationality ; Introduced Species/*economics ; }, abstract = {Invasive species present significant threats to global agriculture, although how the magnitude and distribution of the threats vary between countries and regions remains unclear. Here, we present an analysis of almost 1,300 known invasive insect pests and pathogens, calculating the total potential cost of these species invading each of 124 countries of the world, as well as determining which countries present the greatest threat to the rest of the world given their trading partners and incumbent pool of invasive species. We find that countries vary in terms of potential threat from invasive species and also their role as potential sources, with apparently similar countries sometimes varying markedly depending on specifics of agricultural commodities and trade patterns. Overall, the biggest agricultural producers (China and the United States) could experience the greatest absolute cost from further species invasions. However, developing countries, in particular, Sub-Saharan African countries, appear most vulnerable in relative terms. Furthermore, China and the United States represent the greatest potential sources of invasive species for the rest of the world. The analysis reveals considerable scope for ongoing redistribution of known invasive pests and highlights the need for international cooperation to slow their spread.}, }
@article {pmid27325628, year = {2016}, author = {Thiemann, D and Lopez, V and Ray, AM and Cipollini, D}, title = {The History of Attack and Success of Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on White Fringetree in Southwestern Ohio.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {961-966}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw073}, pmid = {27325628}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Ohio ; Oleaceae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, is an invasive insect that has caused widespread mortality of ash species in North America. The ability of emerald ash borer to utilize white fringetree as an alternate host was reported recently. We aimed to determine how long white fringetree has been under attack from emerald ash borer, the degree of attack, and the overall success of this beetle on this novel host. Stems from three of nine infested white fringetrees collected from the Dayton and Cincinnati, OH, areas in the winter of 2015 yielded four live adult emerald ash borers after being held in rearing containers, and numerous older exit holes were observed. Measurement and aging of feeding galleries on these stems indicated that emerald ash borer has been using this species since 2011, at least, with peak gallery densities reached in 2012 and 2013 on most of the harvested trees. On average, 32 galleries per square meter were found in these stems with about one-third of them being indicative of fourth-instar larvae. This supports the assertion that emerald ash borer has been using white fringetree as a host plant with moderate to good success for as long as ash species in these particular areas have been utilized.}, }
@article {pmid27325627, year = {2016}, author = {Zhang, Y and Hanula, JL and Horn, S and Jones, C and Kristine Braman, S and Sun, J}, title = {Fundamental Host Range of Leptoypha hospita (Hemiptera: Tingidae), a Potential Biological Control Agent of Chinese Privet.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {897-908}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw062}, pmid = {27325627}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Herbivory ; Heteroptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Host Specificity ; *Introduced Species ; *Ligustrum/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Oleaceae/growth &amp; development ; *Pest Control, Biological ; }, abstract = {Chinese privet, Ligustrum sinense Lour., is an invasive shrub within riparian areas of the southeastern United States. Biological control is considered the most suitable management option for Chinese privet. The potential host range of the lace bug, Leptoypha hospita Drake et Poor, was evaluated on the basis of adult feeding and oviposition, combined oviposition-nymphal development no-choice tests, nymphal development no-choice tests, multiple generation comparison on Forestiera pubescens Nutt. and L. sinense no-choice tests, and multiple-choice tests with 45 plant species in 13 families. No-choice tests showed that the host range of L. hospita was restricted to the tribe Oleeae. In adult feeding and oviposition no-choice tests, the bug fed and oviposited significantly more on Chinese privet than all other test plant species except for three native Forestiera spp., two nonnative Syringa spp., and another exotic Ligustrum sp. Among those, only F. pubescens supported complete development in numbers comparable to Chinese privet. However, when reared for multiple generations lace bugs reared on F. pubescens were smaller and had lower fecundity than those reared on L. sinense, suggesting F. pubescens is not an optimal host. In multiple-choice tests, L. hospita displayed a strong preference for feeding and ovipositing on Chinese privet over other test plant species, with the exception of the closely related nonnative Syringa spp. and its congenic species Ligustrum vulgare. The results of this study suggest that the risk to nontarget plant species in North America is minimal, and L. hospita would be a promising candidate for Chinese privet biological control.}, }
@article {pmid27324588, year = {2016}, author = {Murúa, MG and Cazado, LE and Casmuz, A and Herrero, MI and Villagrán, ME and Vera, A and Sosa-Gómez, DR and Gastaminza, G}, title = {Species From the Heliothinae Complex (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Tucumán, Argentina, an Update of Geographical Distribution of Helicoverpa armigera.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {27324588}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Argentina ; *Biodiversity ; Genitalia, Male/anatomy &amp; histology ; Male ; Moths/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/physiology ; Wings, Animal/*anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {The Heliothinae complex in Argentina encompasses Helicoverpa gelotopoeon (Dyar), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), and Chloridea virescens (Fabricius). In Tucumán, the native species H. gelotopoeon is one of the most voracious soybean pests and also affects cotton and chickpea, even more in soybean-chickpea succession cropping systems. Differentiation of the Heliothinae complex in the egg, larva, and pupa stages is difficult. Therefore, the observation of the adult wing pattern design and male genitalia is useful to differentiate species. The objective of this study was to identify the species of the Heliothinae complex, determine population fluctuations of the Heliothinae complex in soybean and chickpea crops using male moths collected in pheromone traps in Tucuman province, and update the geographical distribution of H. armigera in Argentina. The species found were H. gelotopoeon, H. armigera, H. zea, and C. virescens. Regardless of province, county, crop, and year, the predominant species was H. gelotopoeon Considering the population dynamics of H. gelotopoeon and H. armigera in chickpea and soybean crops, H. gelotopoeon was the most abundant species in both crops, in all years sampled, and the differences registered were significant. On the other hand, according to the Sistema Nacional Argentino de Vigilancia y Monitoreo de Plagas (SINAVIMO) database and our collections, H. armigera was recorded in eight provinces and 20 counties of Argentina, and its larvae were found on soybean, chickpea, sunflower crops and spiny plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoides). This is the first report of H. armigera in sunflower and spiny plumeless thistle in Argentina.}, }
@article {pmid27324500, year = {2018}, author = {Belliard, J and Beslagic, S and Delaigue, O and Tales, E}, title = {Reconstructing long-term trajectories of fish assemblages using historical data: the Seine River basin (France) during the last two centuries.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {25}, number = {24}, pages = {23430-23450}, pmid = {27324500}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fisheries/*history ; *Fishes ; France ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Rivers ; Water Pollution ; }, abstract = {We used historical sources from the end of the nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century and current data to retrace fish assemblage trajectories for the past 150 years on 29 river stretches distributed throughout the Seine River basin. We based our analyses on species presence/absence, occurrence of amphidromous and non-native species, and species ecological traits related to habitat preference, oxygen and temperature requirements, and diet. In accordance with general trends observed for Western Europe, we detected a general decline of amphidromous species and an increase in non-native species, even if, at some sites, several non-native species were extirpated. These changes affecting amphidromous and non-native species led to a weak increase in beta-diversity in fish assemblages. Independently of amphidromous and non-native species, for a reduced set of sites, we noted that changes in the balance of ecological traits over time, trace, in a consistent way, the major steps that affected watercourses like waterway development, increasing pollution, dam construction, or, locally, the recent wastewater treatment improvement. Despite local variations, we found contrasted trends between, on one hand, large rivers and/or catchments which had experienced strong expansion in human population, where fish assemblages had deteriorated, and, on the other hand, upstream catchments, with a declining human population, where fish assemblages showed signs of improvement. Because our results suggested that long-term changes affecting fish assemblages cannot be summarized as an unequivocal gradual degradation, we questioned the use of historical data to define ecological reference conditions for river assessment and management purposes.}, }
@article {pmid27324498, year = {2016}, author = {Gattás, F and Vinocur, A and Graziano, M and Dos Santos Afonso, M and Pizarro, H and Cataldo, D}, title = {Differential impact of Limnoperna fortunei-herbicide interaction between Roundup Max® and glyphosate on freshwater microscopic communities.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {23}, number = {18}, pages = {18869-18882}, pmid = {27324498}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia ; Environment ; Fresh Water ; Glycine/*analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology/toxicity ; Herbicides/analysis/*toxicity ; Mytilidae/*physiology ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Phytoplankton/*drug effects ; Water ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/*toxicity ; Water Quality ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {Multiple anthropogenic stressors act simultaneously on the environment, with consequences different from those caused by single-stressor exposure. We investigated how the combination of the invasive mussel Limnoperna fortunei and a widely applied herbicide, Roundup Max®, affected freshwater microscopic communities and water quality. Further, we compared these results with those induced by the combination of the mussel and technical-grade glyphosate. We carried out a 34-day experiment in outdoor mesocosms, applying the following six treatments: 6 mg L(-1) of technical-grade glyphosate (G), the equivalent concentration of glyphosate in Roundup Max® (R), 100 mussels (M), the combination of mussels and herbicide either in the technical-grade or formulated form (MG and MR, respectively), and control (C). Herbicides significantly increased total phosphorus in water; R and MR showed greater initial total nitrogen and ammonium. R increased picoplankton abundance and caused an eightfold increase in phytoplankton, with high turbidity values; G had a lower effect on these variables. Herbicide-mussel combination induced an accelerated dissipation of glyphosate in water (MG 6.36 ± 0.83 mg G g DW(-1) day(-1) and MR 5.16 ± 1.26 mg G g DW(-1) day(-1)). A synergistic effect on ammonium was observed in MR but not in MG. MR and MG had an antagonistic effect on phytoplankton, which showed a drastic reduction due to grazing, as revealed by M. We provide evidence of differential effects of Roundup Max® and technical-grade glyphosate over water quality and microscopic communities, and in combination with mussels. However, in the combination of mussels and herbicides, mussels seem to play a leading role. In the presence of L. fortunei, the effects of higher nutrient availability provided by herbicides addition were counteracted by the filtration activity of mussels, which released nutrients, grazed on picoplankton and phytoplankton, and boosted the development of other primary producers, periphyton and metaphyton.}, }
@article {pmid27323798, year = {2016}, author = {Shen, S and Xu, G and Clements, DR and Jin, G and Liu, S and Yang, Y and Chen, A and Zhang, F and Kato-Noguchi, H}, title = {Suppression of reproductive characteristics of the invasive plant Mikania micrantha by sweet potato competition.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {30}, pmid = {27323798}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/physiology ; Diptera/physiology ; Ipomoea batatas/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Mikania/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: As a means of biologically controlling Mikania micrantha H.B.K. in Yunnan, China, the influence of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] on its reproductive characteristics was studied. The trial utilized a de Wit replacement series incorporating six ratios of sweet potato and M. micrantha plants in 25 m(2) plots over 2 years.<br><br>RESULTS: Budding of M. micrantha occurred at the end of September; flowering and fruiting occurred from October to February. Flowering phenology of M. micrantha was delayed (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05), duration of flowering and fruiting was reduced (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05) and duration of bud formation was increased (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05) with increasing proportions of sweet potato. Reproductive allocation, reproductive investment and reproductive index of M. micrantha were significantly reduced (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05) with increasing sweet potato densities. Apidae bees, and Calliphoridae or Syrphidae flies were the most abundant visitors to M. micrantha flowers. Overall flower visits decreased (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05) as sweet potato increased. Thus the mechanism by which sweet potato suppressed sexual reproduction in M. micrantha was essentially two-fold: causing a delay in flowering phenology and reducing pollinator visits. The number, biomass, length, set rate, germination rate, and 1000-grain dry weight of M. micrantha seeds were suppressed (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05) by sweet potato competition. With proportional increases in sweet potato, sexual and asexual seedling populations of M. micrantha were significantly reduced (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05). The mortality of both seedling types increased (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05) with proportional increases in sweet potato.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that sweet potato significantly suppresses the reproductive ability of the invasive species M. micrantha, and is a promising alternative to traditional biological control and other methods of control. Planting sweet potato in conjunction with other control methods could provide a comprehensive strategy for managing M. micrantha. The scenario of controlling M. micrantha by utilizing a crop with a similar growth form may provide a useful model for similar management strategies in other systems.}, }
@article {pmid27321885, year = {2016}, author = {Hurníková, Z and Kołodziej-Sobocińska, M and Dvorožňáková, E and Niemczynowicz, A and Zalewski, A}, title = {An invasive species as an additional parasite reservoir: Trichinella in introduced American mink (Neovison vison).}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {231}, number = {}, pages = {106-109}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.06.010}, pmid = {27321885}, issn = {1873-2550}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Reservoirs/parasitology/*veterinary ; *Introduced Species ; Mink/*parasitology ; Muscle, Skeletal/parasitology ; Poland/epidemiology ; Trichinella/*isolation &amp; purification ; Trichinellosis/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The American mink (Neovison vison Schreber, 1777) is one of the most invasive alien mammal species which has been introduced to many countries in Europe, Asia and South America. As a predator which feeds on various prey, American mink carry many endoparasites; however, data about infection rate and prevalence of different parasites in mink are limited, especially concerning Trichinella spp. The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of American mink in the circulation of Trichinella species in its introduced range. In total, 812 muscle samples of mink from six feral populations and three farms in Poland were examined for presence of Trichinella muscle larvae using the artificial HCl-pepsin digestion method. Muscle larvae were found in 27 out of 812 individuals (3.3%) from six localities in western and north-eastern Poland. The intensity of infection varied from 0.1 to 274.8 LPG. The majority of Trichinella-positive individuals - 15 (55.6%) were infected with T. britovi, one with T. spiralis, and one with T. pseudospiralis. Two animals harboured T. britovi and T. spiralis in co-infection and this data confirmed the first report of a mixed Trichinella infection in American mink.}, }
@article {pmid27318589, year = {2016}, author = {Jones, BA and McDermott, SM and Chermak, JM}, title = {PLAN or get SLAM'ed: Optimal management of invasive species in the presence of indirect health externalities.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {180}, number = {}, pages = {538-550}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.05.026}, pmid = {27318589}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Air Pollution ; Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Fraxinus ; Humans ; Insecticides ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; North America ; }, abstract = {This paper examines invasive species management when invasive species impact health outcomes indirectly through changes to environmental quality. For example, the emerald ash borer (EAB) has destroyed millions of ash trees throughout North America and has the potential to impact rates of cardiorespiratory mortality and morbidity through ash trees' ability to capture airborne pollutants. Optimal management inclusive of indirect health externalities may be different than status quo plans because the links between nature and health are complex, dynamic, and spatially heterogeneous. We produce a novel dynamic bioeconomic-health model to determine optimal EAB management in the face of such health effects. Our results show that including health increases net benefits of management substantially and that a "one size fits all" management approach is suboptimal given forest cover and demographic spatial heterogeneity. Net benefits to society are 873% higher and air pollution related mortality incidence is 82% lower when health externalities are included in management profiles using insecticide treatments and non-ash tree preemptive plantings without removal. Additionally, constrained managers optimally substitute toward preemptive tree plantings and away from insecticide use in the presence of indirect health externalities as a way to minimize disruptions to air quality. This paper has policy implications for the optimal management of environmental amenities.}, }
@article {pmid27312045, year = {2016}, author = {Mze Hassani, I and Raveloson-Ravaomanarivo, LH and Delatte, H and Chiroleu, F and Allibert, A and Nouhou, S and Quilici, S and Duyck, PF}, title = {Invasion by Bactrocera dorsalis and niche partitioning among tephritid species in Comoros.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {106}, number = {6}, pages = {749-758}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485316000456}, pmid = {27312045}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Altitude ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Climate ; Comoros ; Feeding Behavior ; Fruit/physiology ; Humidity ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature ; Tephritidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Ten economically important species belonging to the Tephritidae have been recorded in Union of the Comoros (an island nation off the coast of East Africa). Little is known about the distribution of these species and how they are affected by climatic factors in the Comoros archipelago. The main objectives of this study were to characterize: (i) the population dynamics of tephritid fruit flies in relation to season and host fruit availability and (ii) the geographic distribution of tephritids in relation to temperature and rainfall. The study was conducted during 2 years at 11 sites on three islands (Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Mohéli) in the archipelago. The site elevations ranged from 55 to 885 m a.s.l. At each site, flies were collected weekly in eight traps (four different lures, each replicated twice). Fruit phenology was also recorded weekly. The dominant tephritid species detected was the invasive Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel followed by Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. Tephritid species were generally more abundant during the hot and rainy seasons than during the cold and dry seasons. Bactrocera dorsalis numbers were higher on Grande Comore than on the two other islands. On Anjouan and Mohéli, B. dorsalis numbers were very low in 2014 but sharply increased in 2015, suggesting a recent invasion of these islands. Abundances were significantly related to the fruiting of mango, strawberry guava, and guava for B. dorsalis and to the fruiting of mango, guava, and mandarin for C. capitata. Bactrocera dorsalis was more abundant in hot and humid low-altitude areas, while C. capitata was more abundant in dry medium-altitude areas, suggesting the occurrence of climatic niche partitioning between the two species.}, }
@article {pmid27311386, year = {2016}, author = {Zaidi, F and Fatima, SH and Khisroon, M and Gul, A}, title = {Distribution Modeling of three screwworm species in the ecologically diverse landscape of North West Pakistan.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {162}, number = {}, pages = {56-65}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.06.015}, pmid = {27311386}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Domestic/*parasitology ; *Biodiversity ; Diptera/*classification ; Ecology ; Geography ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Livestock/*parasitology ; Myiasis/*epidemiology/*parasitology/veterinary ; Pakistan/epidemiology ; Screw Worm Infection/epidemiology ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {North West Pakistan (NWP) is characterized by four eco-zones: Northern Montane Region, North Western Hills, Submontane Region and Indus Plains. Present study identified 1037 cases of traumatic myiasis in the region during 2012-2015. Screw worm larvae were classified as 12 species: Chrysomya bezziana (Villeneuve), Chryomya megacephala (Fabricius), Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart), Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann), Lucilia sericata (Meigen), Lucilia illustris (Meigen), Lucilia porphyrina (Walker), Hemipyrellia ligguriens (Wiedemann), Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy), Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner), Sarcophaga crassipalpalis (Macquart), Sarchophaga species. Among these C. bezziana, L. cuprina and W. magnifica with approximately 882 case reports were the principal agents of traumatic myiasis. The species W. magnifica is a first report from Pakistan. In order to investigate spatial distribution of these dominant species we used MaxEnt niche model. Our results revealed a well-established occurrence of C. bezziana and L. cuprina in the four eco-regions while W. magnifica is currently contained in the Submontane Region. Several hot spot areas of infestation were detected all characterized by high human population density showing synanthropic nature of these species. Wohlfahrtia magnifica was excluded from Northern Montane Region with severe winters and Southern Indus Plains with harsh summers revealing that invasive species are initially sensitive to extreme of temperatures. Presence of L. cuprina in the wet areas of North Humid Belt (Maximum annual precipitation: 1641mm) depicted a moisture preference of the species. In perspective of changing climate and future predictions of severe events such as droughts and flooding in NWP, W. magnifica can potentially alter the species composition. Considering these findings in an eco-geographically dynamic region of Pakistan we predict that two factors (1) Growing human population (2) Climatic conditions, equally contribute to range shift of synanthropic species.}, }
@article {pmid27307167, year = {2016}, author = {Mutafchiev, Y}, title = {Descriptions of two new species of Quasithelazia Maplestone, 1932 (Spirurida: Acuariidae) and a redescription of Alinema sturni Jögis, 1968 from birds in Australia.}, journal = {Systematic parasitology}, volume = {93}, number = {6}, pages = {539-550}, pmid = {27307167}, issn = {1573-5192}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Birds/parasitology ; Dracunculoidea/*classification/ultrastructure ; Female ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Species Specificity ; Spirurida/*classification/ultrastructure ; }, abstract = {Quasithelazia minuta n. sp. and Quasithelazia pearsoni n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) are described from Todiramphus sanctus (Vigors &amp; Horsfield) (Coraciiformes: Alcedinidae) in Australia. Alinema sturni Jögis, 1968 from Sturnus vulgaris (L.) (Passeriformes: Sturnidae) in Europe, is considered to belong in the subfamily Schistorophinae Travassos, 1918 (and not in the Seuratiinae Chitwood &amp; Wehr, 1932, where it has previously been placed) on the basis of the number of the pairs of precloacal papillae. The latter species, known from its original record only, is found as parasitic in diverse passerine birds in Australia, namely Psophodes olivaceus (Latham) (Psophodidae), Falcunculus frontatus (Latham) (Pachycephalidae), Colluricincla harmonica (Latham) (Pachycephalidae), Malurus cyaneus (Ellis) (Maluridae) and Ptilotula penicillata (Gould) (Meliphagidae). Alinema sturni is considered an alien species for Australia that has been introduced with its host (starling) and subsequently adapted to a wide range of native avian hosts.}, }
@article {pmid27306055, year = {2016}, author = {Brenton-Rule, EC and Barbieri, RF and Lester, PJ}, title = {Corruption, development and governance indicators predict invasive species risk from trade.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {283}, number = {1832}, pages = {}, pmid = {27306055}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Commerce/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; *Government Regulation ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; New Zealand ; Risk ; }, abstract = {Invasive species have an enormous global impact, with international trade being the leading pathway for their introduction. Current multinational trade deals under negotiation will dramatically change trading partnerships and pathways. These changes have considerable potential to influence biological invasions and global biodiversity. Using a database of 47 328 interceptions spanning 10 years, we demonstrate how development and governance socio-economic indicators of trading partners can predict exotic species interceptions. For import pathways associated with vegetable material, a significantly higher risk of exotic species interceptions was associated with countries that are poorly regulated, have more forest cover and have surprisingly low corruption. Corruption and indicators such as political stability or adherence to rule of law were important in vehicle or timber import pathways. These results will be of considerable value to policy makers, primarily by shifting quarantine procedures to focus on countries of high risk based on their socio-economic status. Further, using New Zealand as an example, we demonstrate how a ninefold reduction in incursions could be achieved if socio-economic indicators were used to select trade partners. International trade deals that ignore governance and development indicators may facilitate introductions and biodiversity loss. Development and governance within countries clearly have biodiversity implications beyond borders.}, }
@article {pmid27304877, year = {2016}, author = {Bilgin, R and Ebeoğlu, N and İnak, S and Kırpık, MA and Horns, JJ and Şekercioğlu, &#xc7;H}, title = {DNA Barcoding of Birds at a Migratory Hotspot in Eastern Turkey Highlights Continental Phylogeographic Relationships.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {e0154454}, pmid = {27304877}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Birds/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Climate Change ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Gene Frequency ; *Genetic Variation ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Protein Subunits/genetics ; Rivers ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; Turkey ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The combination of habitat loss, climate change, direct persecution, introduced species and other components of the global environmental crisis has resulted in a rapid loss of biodiversity, including species, population and genetic diversity. Birds, which inhabit a wide spectrum of different habitat types, are particularly sensitive to and indicative of environmental changes. The Caucasus endemic bird area, part of which covers northeastern Turkey, is one of the world's key regions harboring a unique bird community threatened with habitat loss. More than 75% of all bird species native to Turkey have been recorded in this region, in particular along the Kars-Iğdır migratory corridor, stopover, wintering and breeding sites along the Aras River, whose wetlands harbor at least 264 bird species. In this study, DNA barcoding technique was used for evaluating the genetic diversity of land bird species of Aras River Bird Paradise at the confluence of Aras River and Iğdır Plains key biodiversity areas. Seventy three COI sequences from 33 common species and 26 different genera were newly generated and used along with 301 sequences that were retrieved from the Barcoding of Life Database (BOLD). Using the sequences obtained in this study, we made global phylogeographic comparisons to define four categories of species, based on barcoding suitability, intraspecific divergence and taxonomy. Our findings indicate that the landbird community of northeastern Turkey has a genetical signature mostly typical of northern Palearctic bird communities while harboring some unique variations. The study also provides a good example of how DNA barcoding can build upon its primary mission of species identification and use available data to integrate genetic variation investigated at the local scale into a global framework. However, the rich bird community of the Aras River wetlands is highly threatened with the imminent construction of the Tuzluca Dam by the government.}, }
@article {pmid27298428, year = {2016}, author = {Schmeelk, TC and Millar, JG and Hanks, LM}, title = {Influence of Trap Height and Bait Type on Abundance and Species Diversity of Cerambycid Beetles Captured in Forests of East-Central Illinois.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {109}, number = {4}, pages = {1750-1757}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow102}, pmid = {27298428}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Chemotaxis ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Female ; Forests ; Illinois ; Insect Control/*methods ; Male ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {We assessed how height of panel traps above the forest floor, and the type of trap bait used, influenced the abundance and diversity of cerambycid beetles caught in forested areas of east-central Illinois. Panel traps were suspended from branches of hardwood trees at three heights above the ground: understory (∼1.5 m), lower canopy (∼6 m), and midcanopy (∼12 m). Traps were baited with either a multispecies blend of synthesized cerambycid pheromones or a fermenting bait mixture. Traps captured a total of 848 beetles of 50 species in the cerambycid subfamilies Cerambycinae, Lamiinae, Lepturinae, and Parandrinae, and one species in the closely related family Disteniidae. The species caught in highest numbers was the cerambycine Anelaphus pumilus (Newman), represented by 349 specimens. The 17 most abundant species (mean ± 1 SD: 45 ± 80 specimens per species) included 12 cerambycine and five lamiine species. Of these most abundant species, 13 (77%) were attracted to traps baited with the pheromone blend. Only the cerambycine Eburia quadrigeminata (Say) was attracted by the fermenting bait. Three species were captured primarily in understory traps, and another five species primarily in midcanopy traps. Variation among cerambycid species in their vertical distribution in forests accounted for similar overall abundances and species richness across trap height treatments. These findings suggest that trapping surveys of native communities of cerambycids, and quarantine surveillance for newly introduced exotic species, would be optimized by including a variety of trap baits and distributing traps across vertical strata of forests.}, }
@article {pmid27298356, year = {2016}, author = {Van Allen, BG and Rudolf, VH}, title = {Carryover effects drive competitive dominance in spatially structured environments.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {113}, number = {25}, pages = {6939-6944}, pmid = {27298356}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Tribolium ; }, abstract = {Understanding how changes to the quality of habitat patches affect the distribution of species across the whole landscape is critical in our human-dominated world and changing climate. Although patterns of species' abundances across a landscape are clearly influenced by dispersal among habitats and local species interactions, little is known about how the identity and origin of dispersers affect these patterns. Because traits of individuals are altered by experiences in their natal habitat, differences in the natal habitat of dispersers can carry over when individuals disperse to new habitats and alter their fitness and interactions with other species. We manipulated the presence or absence of such carried-over natal habitat effects for up to eight generations to examine their influence on two interacting species across multiple dispersal rates and different habitat compositions. We found that experimentally accounting for the natal habitat of dispersers significantly influenced competitive outcomes at all spatial scales and increased total community biomass within a landscape. However, the direction and magnitude of the impact of natal habitat effects was dependent upon landscape type and dispersal rate. Interestingly, effects of natal habitats increased the difference between species performance across the landscape, suggesting that natal habitat effects could alter competitive interactions to promote spatial coexistence. Given that heterogeneity in habitat quality is ubiquitous in nature, natal habitat effects are likely important drivers of spatial community structure and could promote variation in species performance, which may help facilitate spatial coexistence. The results have important implications for conservation and invasive species management.}, }
@article {pmid27296045, year = {2016}, author = {Gudowska, A and Boardman, L and Terblanche, JS}, title = {The closed spiracle phase of discontinuous gas exchange predicts diving duration in the grasshopper Paracinema tricolor.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {219}, number = {Pt 16}, pages = {2423-2425}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.135129}, pmid = {27296045}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Diving/*physiology ; Gases/*metabolism ; Grasshoppers/*anatomy &amp; histology/*metabolism ; Male ; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {The discontinuous gas exchange (DGE) pattern of respiration shown by many arthropods includes periods of spiracle closure (C-phase) and is largely thought to serve as a physiological adaptation to restrict water loss in terrestrial environments. One major challenge to this hypothesis is to explain the presence of DGE in insects in moist environments. Here, we show a novel ecological correlate of the C-phase, namely, diving behaviour in mesic Paracinema tricolor grasshoppers. Notably, maximal dive duration is positively correlated with C-phase length, even after accounting for mass scaling and absolute metabolic rate. Here, we propose that an additional advantage of DGE may be conferred by allowing the tracheal system to act as a sealed underwater oxygen reservoir. Spiracle closure may facilitate underwater submersion, which, in turn, may contribute to predator avoidance, the survival of accidental immersion or periodic flooding and the exploitation of underwater resources.}, }
@article {pmid27295875, year = {2016}, author = {Domokos Erzsébet,  and Kursinszki, L and Kelemen, H and Varga, E}, title = {[Phytopharmacological review of bathurst burr (Xanthium spinosum L.)].}, journal = {Acta pharmaceutica Hungarica}, volume = {86}, number = {1}, pages = {35-40}, pmid = {27295875}, issn = {0001-6659}, mesh = {Animals ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; Diuretics/pharmacology ; Ethnopharmacology ; Europe ; Humans ; Hungary ; Male ; *Phytotherapy/methods ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; *Plants, Medicinal ; Prostatic Hyperplasia/drug therapy ; Rats ; Romania ; South America ; *Xanthium ; }, abstract = {Bathurst burr (Xanthium spinosum L.) is an invasive species that is also known as a medicinal plant. Our goal is to make known the plant and its therapeutic effects in larger scale. The plant has been used in the Romanian folk medicine for urinary problems and various prostate diseases. The most important substances in Xanthii spinosi herba are: flavones and their derivates (quercetin, pendulin, iocein, centaurin and patuletin), polyphenols (caffeic- and chlorogenic acid and their derivates), sesquiterpene lactones (xanthinin, xanthatin-xanthanol-xanthumin derivates), diterpenes (atractyloside and derivates) and phytosterols (sitosterol, stigmasterol). The beneficial effect of the herb was proved in the 80's by Petcu and his collaborators. The plants infusion and tincture had positive effects on induced benign prostate hyperplasia in rats. The antibacterial and antifungal properties of the plant are attributed to the sesquiterpene lactone, xanthatin. Our preliminary experiments showed the presence of the xanthatin in the toluol, chloroform, methanol and ethanol extracts.}, }
@article {pmid27294360, year = {2016}, author = {Childers, CC and Ebert, TA and Rogers, ME and Shepard, M}, title = {The occurrence and distribution of Tuckerella japonica (Acari: Tuckerellidae) on tea bushes, Camellia sinensis and C. assamica, in Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina, USA.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {69}, number = {4}, pages = {479-486}, pmid = {27294360}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Acari/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Alabama ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Camellia/*parasitology ; Camellia sinensis/parasitology ; *Food Chain ; Georgia ; Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Nymph/physiology ; Ovum/physiology ; Plant Bark/parasitology ; Population Density ; South Carolina ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Adults, immatures and eggs of Tuckerella japonica (Ehara) were collected from unknown clones or varieties of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze tea bushes in the Clemson University Farm, Coastal Research and Education Center, Charleston, South Carolina; from Assam hybrids in The Caw Caw Nature Preserve in Ravenel, SC; from C. sinensis and C. assamica (Masters) in the Charleston Tea Plantation on Wadmalaw Island, SC; C. sinensis in the Fairhope Tea Plantation in Fairhope, Alabama; and from C. sinensis 'Rosea' and a C. sinensis and C. assamica hybrid in Savannah and Ellabell, Georgia, between 1994 and 2015. This mite was consistently collected from 1-, 2- and 3+-year-old wood of tea plants with significantly greater numbers collected from 2-year-old wood. All stages of the mite were found within longitudinally split areas of the wood where underlying green bark tissues were exposed. As 1-year-old wood matured, there was increased splitting of the bark with increased mite presence. Mature green fruit (= developing seed pods) of tea were also frequented by T. japonica between June-July and October and their numbers were no greater than those on 1- or 3+-year wood. When the fruit were small (March-May) or as they hardened in late fall, they were not suitable feeding sites for this mite. Very few T. japonica were collected from 50 mature, inner or outer leaf samples with none usually found. Tuckerella japonica has multiple, overlapping generations and occurs on tea throughout the year in Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina, USA.}, }
@article {pmid27291688, year = {2016}, author = {Chen, L and Li, ZB and Hui, C and Cheng, X and Li, BL and Shi, PJ}, title = {A general method for parameter estimation in light-response models.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {27905}, pmid = {27291688}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Algorithms ; *Light ; *Models, Biological ; Photosynthesis/*radiation effects ; Plants/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Selecting appropriate initial values is critical for parameter estimation in nonlinear photosynthetic light response models. Failed convergence often occurs due to wrongly selected initial values when using currently available methods, especially the kind of local optimization. There are no reliable methods that can resolve the conundrum of selecting appropriate initial values. After comparing the performance of the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm and other three algorithms for global optimization, we develop a general method for parameter estimation in four photosynthetic light response models, based on the use of Differential Evolution (DE). The new method was shown to successfully provide good fits (R(2) > 0.98) and robust parameter estimates for 42 datasets collected for 21 plant species under the same initial values. It suggests that the DE algorithm can efficiently resolve the issue of hyper initial-value sensitivity when using local optimization methods. Therefore, the DE method can be applied to fit the light-response curves of various species without considering the initial values.}, }
@article {pmid27286250, year = {2016}, author = {Li, FL and Zan, QJ and Hu, ZY and Shin, PK and Cheung, SG and Wong, YS and Tam, NF and Lei, AP}, title = {Are Photosynthetic Characteristics and Energetic Cost Important Invasive Traits for Alien Sonneratia Species in South China?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {e0157169}, pmid = {27286250}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biomass ; Carbon/metabolism ; China ; Energy Metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Lythraceae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {A higher photosynthesis and lower energetic cost are recognized as important characteristics for invasive species, but whether these traits are also important for the ability of alien mangrove species to become invasive has seldom been reported. A microcosm study was conducted to compare the photosynthetic characteristics, energetic cost indices and other growth traits between two alien species (Sonneratia apetala and S. caseolaris) and four native mangrove species over four seasons in a subtropical mangrove nature reserve in Shenzhen, South China. The aim of the study was to evaluate the invasive potential of Sonneratia based on these physiological responses. The annual average net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and total carbon assimilation per unit leaf area (Atotal) of the two alien Sonneratia species were significantly higher than the values of the native mangroves. In contrast, the opposite results were obtained for the leaf construction cost (CC) per unit dry mass (CCM) and CC per unit area (CCA) values. The higher Atotal and lower CC values resulted in a 72% higher photosynthetic energy-use efficiency (PEUE) for Sonneratia compared to native mangroves, leading to a higher relative growth rate (RGR) of the biomass and height of Sonneratia with the respective values being 51% and 119% higher than those of the native species. Higher photosynthetic indices for Sonneratia compared to native species were found in all seasons except winter, whereas lower CC values were found in all four seasons. The present findings reveal that alien Sonneratia species may adapt well and become invasive in subtropical mangrove wetlands in Shenzhen due to their higher photosynthetic characteristics coupled with lower costs in energy use, leading to a higher PEUE. The comparison of these physiological responses between S. apetala and S. caseolaris reveal that the former species is more invasive than the latter one, thus requiring more attention in future.}, }
@article {pmid27285933, year = {2016}, author = {Stonecipher, CA and Panter, KE and Villalba, JJ}, title = {Effect of protein supplementation on forage utilization by cattle in annual grass-dominated rangelands in the Channeled Scablands of eastern Washington.}, journal = {Journal of animal science}, volume = {94}, number = {6}, pages = {2572-2582}, doi = {10.2527/jas.2016-0369}, pmid = {27285933}, issn = {1525-3163}, mesh = {*Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cattle/physiology/psychology ; Diet/veterinary ; *Dietary Proteins ; *Dietary Supplements ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; *Plant Weeds ; Poaceae ; Seasons ; Washington ; }, abstract = {Medusahead [ (L.) Nevski] has become a major invasive plant on the annual grass-dominated rangelands within the Channeled Scablands of eastern Washington. Livestock typically avoid grazing medusahead, and forage alternatives are becoming limited in the region. Our hypothesis was that supplying a high-CP supplement would provide a nutritional context that complements the nutritional composition of medusahead and other annual grasses and thus aid cattle in utilizing this vegetation component, making grazing a more effective method of weed control. Cattle grazed annual grass-infested rangelands dominated with medusahead for 10-d periods during June, July, and August over 2 consecutive years. Eight separate pastures were grazed by cattle pairs during each of the 3 grazing periods. Cattle in 4 control pastures received no supplement and cattle in another 4 pastures received a supplement of canola meal that supplied 75% of the daily recommended CP requirement. Bite counts were used to determine diet composition. Forage categories consisted of annual grasses, perennial grasses, and forbs. Bites taken of annual grasses were similar between treatment groups during the first 5 d of the grazing period (> 0.05), and then cattle supplemented with canola meal increased consumption of annual grasses, during d 6 to 10 of the grazing periods, over nonsupplemented animals (< 0.05). Consumption of annual grasses was greater during the second year of the grazing study (< 0.05), likely due to a decline in abundance of forage alternatives in the plant community. The percentage of medusahead in the annual grass forage class tended to decrease in grazed pastures over the 3 yr of the study (= 0.056): 87 ± 4.2, 64 ± 3.6, and 50 ± 3.6%, respectively. The percentage of medusahead in the annual grasses was similar across years in nongrazed pastures (> 0.05). Forb production was greatest the first year of grazing and declined the second year of grazing and continued to decline the following year with no grazing (< 0.05). Perennial grass production was low throughout the study. The effects of grazing on medusahead abundance suggest cattle may be used to graze this weed after it has matured in an integrated management program with other forms of control to reduce infestation prior to seeding with desirable forage species.}, }
@article {pmid27284909, year = {2016}, author = {Saikkonen, K and Phillips, TD and Faeth, SH and McCulley, RL and Saloniemi, I and Helander, M}, title = {Performance of Endophyte Infected Tall Fescue in Europe and North America.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {e0157382}, pmid = {27284909}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Endophytes/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Epichloe/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Europe ; Festuca/growth &amp; development/*microbiology/*physiology ; Finland ; Introduced Species ; Kentucky ; North America ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Human assisted plant invasions from Europe to North America have been more common than the reverse. We tested endophyte-mediated performance of tall fescue in parallel three year experiments in Europe and the USA using endophyte infected and uninfected wild and cultivated plants. Experimental plants were subjected to nutrient and water treatments. Whereas endophyte infection increased tall fescue performance in general, the effects of endophytes on plant growth and reproduction varied among plant origins under different environmental conditions. Naturally endophyte-free Finnish cultivar 'Retu' performed equally well as 'Kentucky-31' in both geographic locations. All Eurasian origin plants performed well in the US. In Finland, plants established well and both cultivars survived over the first winter. However, winter mortality of 'Kentucky-31' plants was higher, particularly in fertilized soils in the subsequent winters. Our results suggest that tall fescue ecotype 'Kentucky-31' that flourishes in North America is poorly adapted to Northern European conditions.}, }
@article {pmid27284178, year = {2016}, author = {Stokstad, E}, title = {Red Squirrels Rising.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {352}, number = {6291}, pages = {1268-1271}, doi = {10.1126/science.352.6291.1268}, pmid = {27284178}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Endangered Species ; Introduced Species ; North America ; Sciuridae/*virology ; United States ; }, }
@article {pmid27283022, year = {2016}, author = {Workman, RE and Cruzan, MB}, title = {Common mycelial networks impact competition in an invasive grass.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {103}, number = {6}, pages = {1041-1049}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1600142}, pmid = {27283022}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Mycelium/*physiology ; Mycorrhizae/physiology ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Plant Development ; Plant Shoots/physiology ; Poaceae/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Mycorrhizal hyphal complexes can connect multiple host plants to form common mycelial networks (CMNs) that may affect plant competitive outcomes and community composition through differential resource allocation. The impacts of CMN interactions on invasive plants are not well understood and could be crucial to the understanding of invasive plant establishment and success.<br><br>METHODS: We grew the invasive grass Brachypodium sylvaticum in intra- and interspecific pairings with native grass Bromus vulgaris in a greenhouse and controlled for the effects of CMN and root interactions by manipulating the belowground separation between competitors. Comparison of plant growth in pots that allowed CMN interactions and excluded root competition and vice versa, or both, allowed us to delineate the effects of network formation and root competition on invasive plant establishment and performance.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Brachypodium sylvaticum grown in pots allowing for only hyphal interactions, but no root competition, displayed superior growth compared with conspecifics in other treatments. Invasive performance was poorest when pairs were not separated by a barrier. Shoot nitrogen content in B. sylvaticum was higher in mycorrhizal plants only when connections were allowed between competitors.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the presence of CMN networks can have positive effects on B. sylvaticum establishment and nutrient status, which may affect plant competition and invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid27282317, year = {2016}, author = {Lehmann, L and Mullon, C and Akçay, E and Van Cleve, J}, title = {Invasion fitness, inclusive fitness, and reproductive numbers in heterogeneous populations.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {70}, number = {8}, pages = {1689-1702}, doi = {10.1111/evo.12980}, pmid = {27282317}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {*Genetic Fitness ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Genetic ; Phenotype ; *Reproduction ; }, abstract = {How should fitness be measured to determine which phenotype or "strategy" is uninvadable when evolution occurs in a group-structured population subject to local demographic and environmental heterogeneity? Several fitness measures, such as basic reproductive number, lifetime dispersal success of a local lineage, or inclusive fitness have been proposed to address this question, but the relationships between them and their generality remains unclear. Here, we ascertain uninvadability (all mutant strategies always go extinct) in terms of the asymptotic per capita number of mutant copies produced by a mutant lineage arising as a single copy in a resident population ("invasion fitness"). We show that from invasion fitness uninvadability is equivalently characterized by at least three conceptually distinct fitness measures: (i) lineage fitness, giving the average individual fitness of a randomly sampled mutant lineage member; (ii) inclusive fitness, giving a reproductive value weighted average of the direct fitness costs and relatedness weighted indirect fitness benefits accruing to a randomly sampled mutant lineage member; and (iii) basic reproductive number (and variations thereof) giving lifetime success of a lineage in a single group, and which is an invasion fitness proxy. Our analysis connects approaches that have been deemed different, generalizes the exact version of inclusive fitness to class-structured populations, and provides a biological interpretation of natural selection on a mutant allele under arbitrary strength of selection.}, }
@article {pmid27280356, year = {2016}, author = {Drake, LL and Gibson, J and Smith, ML and Farooq, M and Sallam, MF and Xue, RD}, title = {Evaluation of DeltaGard® Ground Application Against Aedes albopictus in a Residential Area in St. Augustine, Florida.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, pages = {160-162}, doi = {10.2987/moco-32-02-160-162.1}, pmid = {27280356}, issn = {8756-971X}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Female ; Florida ; *Insecticides ; *Mosquito Control ; *Nitriles ; *Pyrethrins ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus is an invasive species that poses a health threat in many residential neighborhoods throughout Florida. Aedes albopictus is a high priority for mosquito control efforts in the state. The efficacy of DeltaGard(®) (AI 2% deltamethrin) application against Ae. albopictus was evaluated in a residential area in St. Augustine, FL. DeltaGard was applied using a truck-mounted ultra-low-volume aerosol generator along 3 streets in a residential neighborhood. Caged mosquito mortality and droplet density data were recorded. Leaf clippings from houses on treated streets were bioassayed against laboratory-reared Ae. albopictus. Overall, the DeltaGard application was found to be more effective in the front yard of the houses, resulting in 78.3% mortality in caged mosquitoes, 42 % mortality in leaf bioassays, and 50.5 nl/cc in spray density. Based on the amount of vegetation and residential barriers around the houses, the application caused only 46.3% mortality in caged mosquitoes, 7.5% mortality in leaf bioassays, and 5.4 nl/cc in spray density in the back yard sites.}, }
@article {pmid27280066, year = {2016}, author = {Ballari, SA and Kuebbing, SE and Nuñez, MA}, title = {Potential problems of removing one invasive species at a time: a meta-analysis of the interactions between invasive vertebrates and unexpected effects of removal programs.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e2029}, pmid = {27280066}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Although the co-occurrence of nonnative vertebrates is a ubiquitous global phenomenon, the study of interactions between invaders is poorly represented in the literature. Limited understanding of the interactions between co-occurring vertebrates can be problematic for predicting how the removal of only one invasive-a common management scenario-will affect native communities. We suggest a trophic food web framework for predicting the effects of single-species management on native biodiversity. We used a literature search and meta-analysis to assess current understanding of how the removal of one invasive vertebrate affects native biodiversity relative to when two invasives are present. The majority of studies focused on the removal of carnivores, mainly within aquatic systems, which highlights a critical knowledge gap in our understanding of co-occurring invasive vertebrates. We found that removal of one invasive vertebrate caused a significant negative effect on native species compared to when two invasive vertebrates were present. These unexpected results could arise because of the positioning and hierarchy of the co-occurring invasives in the food web (e.g., carnivore-carnivore or carnivore-herbivore). We consider that there are important knowledge gaps to determinate the effects of multiple co-existing invaders on native ecosystems, and this information could be precious for management.}, }
@article {pmid27280061, year = {2016}, author = {Peterson, AT and Osorio, J and Qiao, H and Escobar, LE}, title = {Zika Virus, Elevation, and Transmission Risk.}, journal = {PLoS currents}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {27280061}, issn = {2157-3999}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Zika virus has appeared in the Americas in the form of a major outbreak, and is now known to cause birth defects when pregnant women are infected. As a result, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued travel guidelines, in the form of an elevational risk definition: destinations below 2000m are considered as at-risk.<br><br>METHODS: We explored the distribution of known Zika virus vector mosquito species in relation to climatic conditions, elevation, latitude, and air traffic connections to the United States.<br><br>RESULTS: In view of the tropical and subtropical nature of the mosquito species that are the primary Zika virus vectors, we point out that climate varies rather dramatically with respect to elevation and latitude, such that a single elevational criterion will be a poor predictor of potential for transmission.<br><br>DISCUSSION: We suggest an initial adjustment would consider latitude in addition to elevation; a more definitive, quantitative analysis of risk would consider variables of ecology, climate, human condition, and connectivity of areas.}, }
@article {pmid27278936, year = {2016}, author = {Williams, KE and Huyvaert, KP and Piaggio, AJ}, title = {No filters, no fridges: a method for preservation of water samples for eDNA analysis.}, journal = {BMC research notes}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {298}, pmid = {27278936}, issn = {1756-0500}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; DNA/analysis/*genetics ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water/*chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Preservation, Biological/*methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Advancements in the detection of environmental DNA (eDNA) for detecting species of interest will likely allow for expanded use of these techniques in the field. One obstacle that continues to hinder applications in the field is the requirement of a cold chain of storage for water samples containing eDNA. While eDNA has been successfully preserved using Longmire's lysis buffer applied to filters, it has yet to be tried with freshwater samples collected for eDNA detection of an invasive species. We tested the utility of Longmire's solution (100 mM Tris, 100 mM EDTA, 10 mM NaCl, 0.5 % SDS, 0.2 % sodium azide) as an additive to freshwater samples for preservation of eDNA.<br><br>RESULTS: Environmental DNA was effectively preserved in 15&#xa0;mL water samples with Longmire's solution added; eDNA positive detection was comparable to freezing the samples at -80&#xa0;&#xb0;C and occurred out to 56&#xa0;days at the highest concentration (5&#xa0;mL Longmire's solution: 15&#xa0;mL sample water). Medium and low concentrations of Longmire's solution added to 15&#xa0;mL of sample water generally preserved eDNA out to 56&#xa0;days but not as well as did freezing or application of the highest concentration of Longmire's lysis buffer. Treatment and degradation time had a significant effect on average DNA concentration of samples, although not the interaction of treatment and time. Perfect detection occurred out to 56&#xa0;days with the high Longmire's treatment group but DNA concentration was significantly lower at this time point compared to 28&#xa0;days.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We conclude that Longmire's lysis buffer is a viable alternative to cold chain storage that can simplify the collection of eDNA by eliminating the need for filtering and allow more time for sample collection when added at our highest concentration (1 part Longmire's:3 parts water sample), which could translate to an increase in the chances of detecting a rare or elusive species.}, }
@article {pmid27278087, year = {2016}, author = {Fontoura, NF and Vieira, JP and Becker, FG and Rodrigues, LR and Malabarba, LR and Schulz, UH and Möller, OO and Garcia, AM and Vilella, FS}, title = {Aspects of fish conservation in the upper Patos Lagoon basin.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {89}, number = {1}, pages = {315-336}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13005}, pmid = {27278087}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Brazil ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; El Nino-Southern Oscillation ; Fisheries ; *Fishes ; Introduced Species ; Rivers ; Smegmamorpha ; }, abstract = {The Patos Lagoon basin is a large (201 626 km(2)) and complex drainage system in southern Brazil. The lagoon is 250 km long and 60 km wide, covering an area of 10 360 km(2) . The exchange of water with the Atlantic Ocean occurs through a 0·8 km wide and 15 m deep inlet, fixed by 4 km long jetties, at the southernmost part of the Patos Lagoon. The estuarine area is restricted to its southern portion (10%), although the upper limit of saline waters migrates seasonally and year to year, influenced by the wind regime and river discharge. The known number of recorded limnetic fish species is 200, but this number is expected to increase. A higher endemism is observed in fish species occurring in upper tributaries. The basin suffers from the direct impact of almost 7 million inhabitants, concentrated in small to large cities, most with untreated domestic effluents. There are at least 16 non-native species recorded in natural habitats of the Patos Lagoon basin, about half of these being from other South American river basins. Concerning the fishery, although sport and commercial fisheries are widespread throughout the Patos Lagoon basin, the lagoon itself and the estuarine area are the main fishing areas. Landing statistics are not available on a regular basis or for the whole basin. The fishery in the northern Patos Lagoon captures 31 different species, nine of which are responsible for most of the commercial catches, but only three species are actually sustaining the artisanal fishery: the viola Loricariichthys anus: 455 kg per 10 000 m(2) gillnet per day, the mullet Mugil liza: 123 kg per 10 000 m(2) gillnet per day and the marine catfish Genidens barbus: 50 kg per 10 000 m(2) gillnet per day. A decline of the fish stocks can be attributed to inadequate fishery surveillance, which leads to overfishing and mortality of juveniles, or to decreasing water quality because of urban and industrial activities and power production. Global climatic changes also represent a major threat to the Patos system by changing the frequency of El Niño-La Niña-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).}, }
@article {pmid27276024, year = {2016}, author = {Ghosal, R and Xiong, PX and Sorensen, PW}, title = {Invasive Bighead and Silver Carps Form Different Sized Shoals that Readily Intermix.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {e0157174}, pmid = {27276024}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Carps/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Two species of congeneric filter-feeding microphagous carps from Asia, the bighead and the silver carp, were recently introduced to North America and have become highly invasive. These species of carp have similar food habits but the silver carp has the unique habit of jumping when disturbed. Both species have complex but poorly understood social behaviors and while both are thought to aggregate (form groups) and shoal (form tight social groups), this possibility has not yet been examined in these species. The present study examined the grouping tendencies of these species in the laboratory and the effects of fish density and species identity on it. Using nearest neighbor distance (NND) as a metric, we showed that both juvenile bighead and juvenile silver carp grouped (aggregate) strongly (P<0.05) but to different extents, and that fish density had no effect (P>0.05) on this behavior. Within aggregations, bighead carp tended to form a single large shoal while silver carp formed shoals of 2-3 individuals. Further, when tested as mixed-species groups, bighead and silver carp readily shoaled with each other but not with the common carp, which is from Eurasia and a member of another feeding guild. Due to their similar feeding strategies, we speculate that the bighead and silver carp tend to aggregate and shoal to facilitate both their foraging efforts and to avoid predation, while the differences in the size of the shoals they form may seemingly reflect their different anti-predation strategies. These complex shoaling behaviors likely influence Asian carp distribution in rivers, and thus how they might be sampled and managed.}, }
@article {pmid27274046, year = {2016}, author = {Boivin, NL and Zeder, MA and Fuller, DQ and Crowther, A and Larson, G and Erlandson, JM and Denham, T and Petraglia, MD}, title = {Ecological consequences of human niche construction: Examining long-term anthropogenic shaping of global species distributions.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {113}, number = {23}, pages = {6388-6396}, pmid = {27274046}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; *Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Islands ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {The exhibition of increasingly intensive and complex niche construction behaviors through time is a key feature of human evolution, culminating in the advanced capacity for ecosystem engineering exhibited by Homo sapiens A crucial outcome of such behaviors has been the dramatic reshaping of the global biosphere, a transformation whose early origins are increasingly apparent from cumulative archaeological and paleoecological datasets. Such data suggest that, by the Late Pleistocene, humans had begun to engage in activities that have led to alterations in the distributions of a vast array of species across most, if not all, taxonomic groups. Changes to biodiversity have included extinctions, extirpations, and shifts in species composition, diversity, and community structure. We outline key examples of these changes, highlighting findings from the study of new datasets, like ancient DNA (aDNA), stable isotopes, and microfossils, as well as the application of new statistical and computational methods to datasets that have accumulated significantly in recent decades. We focus on four major phases that witnessed broad anthropogenic alterations to biodiversity-the Late Pleistocene global human expansion, the Neolithic spread of agriculture, the era of island colonization, and the emergence of early urbanized societies and commercial networks. Archaeological evidence documents millennia of anthropogenic transformations that have created novel ecosystems around the world. This record has implications for ecological and evolutionary research, conservation strategies, and the maintenance of ecosystem services, pointing to a significant need for broader cross-disciplinary engagement between archaeology and the biological and environmental sciences.}, }
@article {pmid27273325, year = {2016}, author = {Goubert, C and Minard, G and Vieira, C and Boulesteix, M}, title = {Population genetics of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus, an invasive vector of human diseases.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {117}, number = {3}, pages = {125-134}, pmid = {27273325}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics/virology ; Animals ; Genetic Markers ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Insect Vectors/*genetics/virology ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is currently one of the most threatening invasive species in the world. Native to Southeast Asia, the species has spread throughout the world in the past 30 years and is now present in every continent but Antarctica. Because it was the main vector of recent Dengue and Chikungunya outbreaks, and because of its competency for numerous other viruses and pathogens such as the Zika virus, A. albopictus stands out as a model species for invasive diseases vector studies. A synthesis of the current knowledge about the genetic diversity of A. albopictus is needed, knowing the interplays between the vector, the pathogens, the environment and their epidemiological consequences. Such resources are also valuable for assessing the role of genetic diversity in the invasive success. We review here the large but sometimes dispersed literature about the population genetics of A. albopictus. We first debate about the experimental design of these studies and present an up-to-date assessment of the available molecular markers. We then summarize the main genetic characteristics of natural populations and synthesize the available data regarding the worldwide structuring of the vector. Finally, we pinpoint the gaps that remain to be addressed and suggest possible research directions.}, }
@article {pmid27272953, year = {2017}, author = {Sardans, J and Bartrons, M and Margalef, O and Gargallo-Garriga, A and Janssens, IA and Ciais, P and Obersteiner, M and Sigurdsson, BD and Chen, HY and Peñuelas, J}, title = {Plant invasion is associated with higher plant-soil nutrient concentrations in nutrient-poor environments.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {1282-1291}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13384}, pmid = {27272953}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Nitrogen ; *Phosphorus ; Plant Leaves ; *Plants ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Plant invasion is an emerging driver of global change worldwide. We aimed to disentangle its impacts on plant-soil nutrient concentrations. We conducted a meta-analysis of 215 peer-reviewed articles and 1233 observations. Invasive plant species had globally higher N and P concentrations in photosynthetic tissues but not in foliar litter, in comparison with their native competitors. Invasive plants were also associated with higher soil C and N stocks and N, P, and K availabilities. The differences in N and P concentrations in photosynthetic tissues and in soil total C and N, soil N, P, and K availabilities between invasive and native species decreased when the environment was richer in nutrient resources. The results thus suggested higher nutrient resorption efficiencies in invasive than in native species in nutrient-poor environments. There were differences in soil total N concentrations but not in total P concentrations, indicating that the differences associated to invasive plants were related with biological processes, not with geochemical processes. The results suggest that invasiveness is not only a driver of changes in ecosystem species composition but that it is also associated with significant changes in plant-soil elemental composition and stoichiometry.}, }
@article {pmid27272017, year = {2016}, author = {Koch, C and Jeschke, JM and Overbeck, GE and Kollmann, J}, title = {Setting Priorities for Monitoring and Managing Non-native Plants: Toward a Practical Approach.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, pages = {465-475}, pmid = {27272017}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Databases, Factual ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Land managers face the challenge to set priorities in monitoring and managing non-native plant species, as resources are limited and not all non-natives become invasive. Existing frameworks that have been proposed to rank non-native species require extensive information on their distribution, abundance, and impact. This information is difficult to obtain and often not available for many species and regions. National watch or priority lists are helpful, but it is questionable whether they provide sufficient information for environmental management on a regional scale. We therefore propose a decision tree that ranks species based on more simple albeit robust information, but still provides reliable management recommendations. To test the decision tree, we collected and evaluated distribution data from non-native plants in highland grasslands of Southern Brazil. We compared the results with a national list from the Brazilian Invasive Species Database for the state to discuss advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches on a regional scale. Out of 38 non-native species found, only four were also present on the national list. If management would solely rely on this list, many species that were identified as spreading based on the decision tree would go unnoticed. With the suggested scheme, it is possible to assign species to active management, to monitoring, or further evaluation. While national lists are certainly important, management on a regional scale should employ additional tools that adequately consider the actual risk of non-natives to become invasive.}, }
@article {pmid27271949, year = {2016}, author = {Diepenbrock, LM and Fothergill, K and Tindall, KV and Losey, JE and Smyth, RR and Finke, DL}, title = {The Influence of Exotic Lady Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Establishment on the Species Composition of the Native Lady Beetle Community in Missouri.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {855-864}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw065}, pmid = {27271949}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Biota ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Missouri ; *Predatory Behavior ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The diversity and abundance of native lady beetles (Coccinellidae) in North America has declined in recent decades. This decline is often correlated with the introduction and establishment of exotic lady beetle species, including Coccinella septempunctata L. and Harmonia axyridis Pallas, suggesting that exotic species precipitated the decline of native lady beetles. We examined species records of native coccinellids in Missouri over 118 yr and asked whether the species composition of the community experienced a shift following the establishment of the exotic species. We found that the contemporary native coccinellid community is different from the community that was present nearly a century ago. However, there was no evidence for a recent abrupt shift in composition triggered by the establishment of exotic species. Instead, our data suggest that the native lady beetle community has been undergoing consistent and gradual change over time, with some species decreasing in abundance and others increasing. While not excluding exotic species as a factor contributing to the decline of native lady beetle species, our findings suggest that other continuous factors, like land use change, may have played a more influential role in determining the composition of the native coccinellid communities within our region.}, }
@article {pmid27268408, year = {2016}, author = {Hofmannová, L and Romeo, C and Štohanzlová, L and Jirsová, D and Mazzamuto, MV and Wauters, LA and Ferrari, N and Modrý, D}, title = {Diversity and host specificity of coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in native and introduced squirrel species.}, journal = {European journal of protistology}, volume = {56}, number = {}, pages = {1-14}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejop.2016.04.008}, pmid = {27268408}, issn = {1618-0429}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Coccidia/classification/*physiology ; Coccidiosis/*epidemiology/*parasitology/transmission ; Feces/parasitology ; Host Specificity/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Italy/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Sciuridae/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Introduction of alien species into new areas can have detrimental effects on native ecosystems and impact the native species. The present study aims to identify coccidia infecting native and introduced squirrels in Italy, to gain insight into possible transmission patterns and role of monoxenous coccidia in mediating the competition between alien and native hosts. We collected 540 faecal samples of native red squirrels, Sciurus vulgaris, invasive alien grey squirrels, S. carolinensis, and introduced Pallas's squirrels, Callosciurus erythraeus. Total prevalence of Eimeria spp. was 95.6% in S. vulgaris, 95.7% in S. carolinensis and only 4.1% in C. erythraeus. Morphological examination revealed 3 Eimeria morphotypes. Phylogenetic analyses of Eimeria DNA based on 18S, ITS, cox I markers displayed fairly distinct monophyletic clades in the microscopically indistinguishable E2 morphotype, proving indisputable distinction between the isolates from red and grey squirrels. Grey squirrels successfully introduced E. lancasterensis from their native range, but this species does not spill over to native red squirrels. Similarly, there is no evidence for the transmission of E. sciurorum from red to grey squirrels. The possible transmission and the potential role of monoxenous coccidia in mediating the competition between native and invasive squirrels in Italy were not confirmed.}, }
@article {pmid27265734, year = {2016}, author = {Novais, A and Souza, AT and Ilarri, M and Pascoal, C and Sousa, R}, title = {Effects of the invasive clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) on an estuarine microbial community.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {566-567}, number = {}, pages = {1168-1175}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.167}, pmid = {27265734}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Corbicula/*physiology ; Estuaries ; Feces/chemistry ; Fungi/physiology ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; *Introduced Species ; Microbiota/*physiology ; Portugal ; *Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {The Asian clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) is well recognized for its invasive behavior and high ecological and economic impacts, being classified as one of the 100 worst invasive alien species (IAS) in Europe. In this study, we performed a manipulative experiment under natural conditions to assess the effects of C. fluminea on sediments biochemistry and on the structure of an estuarine microbial (fungi and bacteria) community. We placed 5 treatments (control, rock, closed, live and open) for 2months in the Minho estuary (NW Iberian Peninsula). No differences were detected between treatments regarding the values of carbon (C), nitrite (NO2(-)), ammonium (NH4(+)), phosphate (PO4(3-)) and calcium (Ca) in the sediments; however, potassium (K) had higher values in the open treatment. Furthermore, we found that the presence of live C. fluminea stimulated fungal biomass (but not diversity) and bacterial diversity. Bioturbation activities by C. fluminea are possibly the main mechanism explaining these results; however, other factors such as the presence of other macroinvertebrate species and/or production of feces and pseudofeces by C. fluminea cannot be excluded. To our knowledge, this is the first manipulative experiment under natural conditions that clearly shows the effects of C. fluminea on an estuarine microbial community. Given the widespread distribution of this IAS and the paucity of quantitative assessments of invasive bivalves' effects on microbial communities, it will be important that future studies further investigate these processes.}, }
@article {pmid27265341, year = {2017}, author = {Li, N and Yang, W and Fang, S and Li, X and Liu, Z and Leng, X and An, S}, title = {Dispersal of invasive Phytolacca americana seeds by birds in an urban garden in China.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {26-31}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12214}, pmid = {27265341}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; China ; Cities ; *Feeding Behavior ; Fruit ; Gardens ; Introduced Species ; *Phytolacca americana ; *Seed Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Although seed dispersal is a key process determining the regeneration and spread of invasive plant populations, few studies have explicitly addressed the link between dispersal vector behavior and seedling recruitment to gain insight into the invasion process within an urban garden context. We evaluated the role of bird vectors in the dispersal of pokeweed (Phytolacca americana), a North American herb that is invasive in urban gardens in China. Fruiting P. americana attracted both generalist and specialist bird species that fed on and dispersed its seeds. The generalist species Pycnonotus sinensis and Urocissa erythrorhyncha were the most frequent dispersers. Seedling numbers of P. americana were strongly associated with the perching behavior of frugivorous birds. If newly recruited bird species use seedling-safe perching sites, the P. americana will regenerate faster, which would enhance its invasive potential. Based on our observations, we conclude that the 2 main bird vectors, P. sinensis and U. erythrorhyncha, provide potential effective dispersal agents for P. americana. Our results highlight the role of native birds in seed dispersal of invasive plants in urban gardens.}, }
@article {pmid27262669, year = {2016}, author = {Delpy, F and Albouy-Boyer, S and Pagano, M and Thibault, D and Blanchot, J and Guilhaumon, F and Molinero, JC and Bonnet, D}, title = {Identifying the drivers of abundance and size of the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in Northwestern Mediterranean lagoons.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {119}, number = {}, pages = {114-125}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.05.026}, pmid = {27262669}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; Chlorophyll A ; Ctenophora/*physiology ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Salinity ; }, abstract = {Acknowledged as among the worst invasive marine species, Mnemiopsis leidyi has spread through European Seas since the mid-1980's. Here we report a bimonthly survey conducted in 2010-11 in three lagoons (Bages-Sigean, Thau and Berre) and at two adjacent coastal stations (Sète and SOMLIT-Marseille) along the French Mediterranean coast. M. leidyi was present only in Berre and Bages-Sigean with maximum abundances observed in late summer. M. leidyi adults were present year round in Berre with the largest organisms (∼6 cm) observed in April. In Bages-Sigean, they occurred in sufficient abundance to be recorded by fishermen between August and November. Multiple linear regressions highlighted that abundance in both lagoons was mainly influenced by direct effects of salinity and chlorophyll-a, and temperature to a lesser extent. While M. leidyi has not yet been recorded in Thau, the lagoon is continually monitored to detect the potential establishment of M. leidyi.}, }
@article {pmid27262496, year = {2016}, author = {Kleinhenz, LS and Nugegoda, D and Verspaandonk, ER and Coombes, DC and Howe, S and Shimeta, J}, title = {Toxicity of an herbicide and adjuvant to saltmarsh invertebrates in the management of invasive grass; Comparative laboratory and field tests.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {109}, number = {1}, pages = {334-343}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.061}, pmid = {27262496}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*drug effects/physiology ; Herbicides/*toxicity ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; Pest Control/*methods ; Poaceae ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Coastal weeds are often treated with herbicides without knowledge of non-target impacts, and toxicity data from standardized test species can have limited applicability. We evaluated toxicity to invertebrates from Fusilade Forte® and the adjuvant Hasten® in the control of invasive salt marsh grass, Spartina anglica. For 3 of 4 local invertebrates, Fusilade Forte® was moderately toxic (96h LC50 5.4-144mgL(-1)), whereas Hasten® was less toxic (14.2-450mgL(-1)). For most species, the mixture was more toxic than the herbicide alone, with 96h LC50 reduced 23-45%. However, a field experiment applying typical concentrations (1000×the lowest 96h LC50) showed low concentrations of herbicide residues and no detrimental impacts on invertebrates over 6months. The results reveal the importance of testing locally relevant species for potential toxicity, and of comparison tests with field exposures to determine the realised toxicity in nature.}, }
@article {pmid27262351, year = {2016}, author = {Fenollosa, E and Roach, DA and Munné-Bosch, S}, title = {Death and Plasticity in Clones Influence Invasion Success.}, journal = {Trends in plant science}, volume = {21}, number = {7}, pages = {551-553}, doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2016.05.002}, pmid = {27262351}, issn = {1878-4372}, mesh = {Aging/physiology ; Aizoaceae/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Although invasion processes have been intensely studied, the mechanisms underlying the success of some invasive clonal species remain a mystery. Using the specific example of Carpobrotus edulis, we illustrate how invasion success can be facilitated by a unique spatiotemporal regulation of growth and senescence of plant parts.}, }
@article {pmid27262191, year = {2016}, author = {Vranković, J}, title = {Age-Related Changes in Antioxidant and Glutathione S-Transferase Enzyme Activities in the Asian Clam.}, journal = {Biochemistry. Biokhimiia}, volume = {81}, number = {3}, pages = {224-232}, doi = {10.1134/S0006297916030044}, pmid = {27262191}, issn = {1608-3040}, mesh = {*Aging ; Animals ; Antioxidants/*metabolism ; Asia ; Bivalvia/enzymology/*metabolism ; Catalase/metabolism ; Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism ; Glutathione Transferase/*metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Aging is accompanied by increased production of free oxygen radicals and impairment of normal cellular functions. The aim of this work was to provide preliminary data on age-related differences in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and phase II biotransformation enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) in a wild population of the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea. The antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), and GST were assessed in visceral mass of four age classes (0+-, 1+-, 2+-, and 3+-year-old) of C. fluminea clams. Age-related changes were seen in antioxidant enzyme status: levels of total SOD (totSOD) (P < 0.05), MnSOD, and CuZnSOD (P < 0.05) activities increased progressively during aging from younger to older clams. Changes in CAT and GR activities with advancing age were found, the levels being the highest in age class II, then being lower in age classes III and IV (P < 0.05). Activities of GPX and GST were lower in the senescent individuals (2+- and 3+-year-old clams) compared with young individuals (0+- and 1+-year-old clams). Overall, the decline of glutathione-dependent enzyme activities, coupled with higher and lower activities of totSOD and CAT, respectively, as the individual grows older, may render the older animals more susceptible to oxidative stress. Data reported here are not intended to be exhaustive since they concern only age/size structure of the population at one locality, so more detailed studies on both the developmental stages and levels of antioxidant enzymes of this new alien species in Serbian rivers are required.}, }
@article {pmid27261280, year = {2016}, author = {Forsström, T and Vasemägi, A}, title = {Can environmental DNA (eDNA) be used for detection and monitoring of introduced crab species in the Baltic Sea?.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {109}, number = {1}, pages = {350-355}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.054}, pmid = {27261280}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura/*genetics ; DNA/*analysis ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; }, abstract = {The need to detect and monitor introduced marine species has increased with the increasing number of marine invasions. To complement standard detection and monitoring techniques, new approaches using environmental DNA (eDNA) have recently been developed. However, most of the eDNA work has focused on vertebrate species in spatially limited freshwater habitats while benthic invertebrates in coastal environments have received much less attention. Here, we evaluated the suitability of the eDNA approach for detecting benthic, hard-shelled, crustacean mud crab species in a brackish water environment. We demonstrated for the first time that eDNA from an introduced mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii can be successfully amplified in aquarium water samples and detected in the brackish water environment. However, the detection rate was rather low. This suggests that in contrast to freshwater vertebrates, it may be more challenging to develop a highly sensitive eDNA method for detecting crustacean species in a marine environment.}, }
@article {pmid27260497, year = {2016}, author = {Danchin, A}, title = {Nature or manufacture: What should we fear most?.}, journal = {Comptes rendus biologies}, volume = {339}, number = {7-8}, pages = {329-335}, doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2016.05.001}, pmid = {27260497}, issn = {1768-3238}, mesh = {Animals ; Directed Molecular Evolution ; Genomics ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Selection, Genetic ; Synthetic Biology/*trends ; }, abstract = {Of very ancient descent, domestication switched the outcome of natural selection to that due to human design. A widespread fancy is that man-created contraptions develop dangerously on their own because of their Promethean essence. This assumes implicitly-how difficult is it to refrain from thinking that we are the sawyers of nature!-that their crafted powers would dominate the autonomy resulting from billions of years of evolution. Yet artifice depends on the skills of its creator, so that it is when coming close to nature that danger surfaces. Invasive species are natural, and the havoc they create is here to call for some modesty in the appraisal of our endeavours. The farther away, the less dangerous. Being distant from man, engineered plants are considerably less harmful than animal constructs, especially those that are close to man and meant for medical use. This reality contrasts with popular belief. In this misconception lies the danger, magnified by the present demographic explosion of the invasive species Homo sapiens, which develops artificial environments that provide progressively less room for life to evolve.}, }
@article {pmid27260473, year = {2016}, author = {Boardman, L and Sørensen, JG and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Corrigendum to "Physiological and molecular mechanisms associated with cross tolerance between hypoxia and low temperature in Thaumatotibia leucotreta" [J. Insect Physiol. 82 (2015) 75-84].}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {90}, number = {}, pages = {59-61}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.05.004}, pmid = {27260473}, issn = {1879-1611}, }
@article {pmid27258353, year = {2016}, author = {Pusceddu, A and Fraschetti, S and Scopa, M and Rizzo, L and Danovaro, R}, title = {Meiofauna communities, nematode diversity and C degradation rates in seagrass (Posidonia oceanica L.) and unvegetated sediments invaded by the algae Caulerpa cylindracea (Sonder).}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {119}, number = {}, pages = {88-99}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.05.015}, pmid = {27258353}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Alismatales/*physiology ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Cycle ; Caulerpa/*growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Geologic Sediments ; *Introduced Species ; Nematoda/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {We investigated meiofauna and sedimentary C cycling in seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) and unvegetated sediments invaded and not invaded by the non-indigenous tropical algae Caulerpa cylindracea. In both habitats, invaded sediments were characterized by higher organic matter contents. No effect was observed for prokaryotes and C degradation rates. In seagrass sediments, C turnover in invaded beds was about half that in not invaded ones. Meiofaunal communities varied significantly among invaded and not invaded grounds only in bare sediments. In both habitats, nematode species richness and assemblage composition were not affected by the algae. The effect of C. cylindracea on the turnover and nestedness components of the Jaccard dissimilarity varied between the two habitats. We show that the presence of C. cylindracea gives rise to variable consequences on meiofauna biodiversity and C cycling in different habitats. We conclude that further studies across different habitats and ecological components are needed to ultimately understand and predict the consequences of C. cylindracea invasion in shallow Mediterranean ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid27257540, year = {2016}, author = {Chew, LL and Chong, VC}, title = {Response of marine copepods to a changing tropical environment: winners, losers and implications.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e2052}, pmid = {27257540}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Background. Climate change concurrent with anthropogenic disturbances can initiate serial changes that reverberate up the food chain with repercussions for fisheries. To date, there is no information available concerning the combined effects of global warming and human impacts on tropical marine food webs. While temperate copepods respond differently to warming and environmental stressors, the extent to which tropical copepods can adapt to rising temperature of already warm waters remains unknown. We hypothesize that sea warming and other anthropogenic disturbances over the long term will have the greatest impact on the copepod community in nearshore waters where their effects are accentuated, and therefore vulnerable and resilient species could be identified. Methods. Zooplankton samples were collected during two time periods (1985-86 and 2014-15) interposed by marked anthropogenic disturbances, and at the same five stations located progressively from inshore to offshore in Klang Strait, Malaysia, following the asymmetrical before-after-control-impact (BACI) design. Copepods were identified to species, and results were interpreted by univariate (ANOVA) and multivariate (PERMANOVA, PCO) analyses of the computed species abundance and diversity measures. Results. Copepod total abundance was not significantly different among stations but higher after disturbance than before disturbance. However, changes in the abundance of particular species and the community structure between time periods were dramatic. Coastal large-bodied calanoid species (e.g., Acartia spinicauda, Calanopia thompsoni, Pseudodiaptomus bowmani and Tortanus forcipatus) were the most vulnerable group to disturbance. This however favored the opportunistic species (e.g., Oithona simplex, O. attenuata, Hemicyclops sp., Pseudomacrochiron sp. and Microsetella norvegica). Small-bodied copepods (e.g., Paracalanus sp., Parvocalanus crassirostris and Euterpina acutifrons) were unaffected. Centropages tenuiremis was likely an introduced species. There was no significant loss in species richness of copepods despite the dramatic changes in community structure. Discussion. Sea warming and other human-induced effects such as eutrophication, acidification and coastal habitat degradation are likely the main factors that have altered copepod community structure. The large-bodied estuarine and coastal calanoid copepods are surmised to be vulnerable to eutrophication and hypoxia, while both resilient and opportunistic species are largely unaffected by, or adaptable to, degraded coastal environments and observed sea surface temperature (SST) rise. It is forecasted that SST rise with unmitigated anthropogenic impacts will further reduce large-bodied copepod species the favoured food for fish larvae with dire consequences for coastal fish production.}, }
@article {pmid27257121, year = {2016}, author = {Briggs, CM and Redak, RA}, title = {Seed Selection by the Harvester Ant Pogonomyrmex rugosus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Coastal Sage Scrub: Interactions With Invasive Plant Species.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {983-990}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw042}, pmid = {27257121}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Brassica/growth &amp; development ; California ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Geraniaceae/growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Seed Dispersal ; *Seeds ; }, abstract = {Harvester ants can be the dominant seed predators on plants by collecting and eating seeds and are known to influence plant communities. Harvester ants are abundant in coastal sage scrub (CSS), and CSS is frequently invaded by several exotic plant species. This study used observations of foraging and cafeteria-style experiments to test for seed species selection by the harvester ant Pogonomyrmex rugosus Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in CSS. Analysis of foraging behavior showed that P. rugosus carried seeds of exotic Erodium cicutarium (L.) and exotic Brassica tournefortii (Gouan) on 85 and 15% of return trips to the nest (respectively), and only a very few ants carried the native seeds found within the study areas. When compared with the availability of seeds in the field, P. rugosus selected exotic E. cicutarium and avoided both native Encelia farinosa (Torrey &amp; A. Gray) and exotic B. tournefortii. Foraging by P. rugosus had no major effect on the seed bank in the field. Cafeteria-style experiments confirmed that P. rugosus selected E. cicutarium over other available seeds. Native Eriogonum fasciculatum (Bentham) seeds were even less selected than E. farinosa and B. tournefortii.}, }
@article {pmid27255514, year = {2016}, author = {Le Roux, JJ and Mavengere, NR and Ellis, AG}, title = {The structure of legume-rhizobium interaction networks and their response to tree invasions.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {27255514}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Establishing mutualistic interactions in novel environments is important for the successful establishment of some non-native plant species. These associations may, in turn, impact native species interaction networks as non-natives become dominant in their new environments. Using phylogenetic and ecological interaction network approaches we provide the first report of the structure of belowground legume-rhizobium interaction networks and how they change along a gradient of invasion (uninvaded, semi invaded and heavily invaded sites) by Australian Acacia species in South Africa's Cape Floristic Region. We found that native and invasive legumes interact with distinct rhizobial lineages, most likely due to phylogenetic uniqueness of native and invasive host plants. Moreover, legume-rhizobium interaction networks are not nested, but significantly modular with high levels of specialization possibly as a result of legume-rhizobium co-evolution. Although network topology remained constant across the invasion gradient, composition of bacterial communities associated with native legumes changed dramatically as acacias increasingly dominated the landscape. In stark contrast to aboveground interaction networks (e.g. pollination and seed dispersal) we show that invasive legumes do not infiltrate existing native legume-rhizobium networks but rather form novel modules. This absence of mutualist overlap between native and invasive legumes suggests the importance of co-invading rhizobium-acacia species complexes for Acacia invasion success, and argues against a ubiquitous role for the formation and evolutionary refinement of novel interactions.}, }
@article {pmid27253973, year = {2016}, author = {Haramura, T and Takeuchi, H and Crossland, MR and Shine, R}, title = {Biotic Resistance to an Alien Amphibian: Larval Competition between Japanese Frogs and Invasive Cane Toads.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {e0156396}, pmid = {27253973}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bufo marinus/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Larva/*growth &amp; development ; North America ; Population ; }, abstract = {Understanding negative effects of native species on introduced taxa may suggest novel ways to control the invasive species by enhancing such effects. Previous studies have reported that the larvae of invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) are suppressed by competition with the larvae of native anurans in Australia, but not in North America. We conducted laboratory trials to measure the effect of exposure to the larvae of Japanese frogs (Microhyla ornata, Fejervarya sakishimensis, Rhacophorus owstoni) on rates of survival, growth and development of cane toad tadpoles in Ishigaki Island, in southern Japan. Survival rates were not affected by native species, but competition with Dicroglossids and Rhacophorids (but not Microhylids) strongly reduced rates of growth and development in the tadpoles of cane toads. Dicroglossid tadpoles also reduced the body condition to toad tadpoles in addition to effects on SVL and mass. Encouraging populations of native frogs in toad-invaded areas of Japan thus may help to reduce the numbers of invasive cane toads.}, }
@article {pmid27253718, year = {2016}, author = {Tulloss, EM and Cadenasso, ML}, title = {The Effect of Nitrogen Deposition on Plant Performance and Community Structure: Is It Life Stage Specific?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {e0156685}, pmid = {27253718}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biomass ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*pharmacology ; Plant Development/*drug effects ; Plant Roots/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Plant Shoots/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Plants/drug effects/*metabolism ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Nitrogen (N) deposition is a key global change factor that is increasing and affecting the structure and function of many ecosystems. To determine the influence of N deposition on specific systems, however, it is crucial to understand the temporal and spatial patterns of deposition as well as the response to that deposition. Response of the receiving plant communities may depend on the life stage-specific performance of individual species. We focus on the California oak savanna because N deposition to this system is complex-characterized by hotspots on the landscape and seasonal pulses. In a greenhouse experiment, we investigated the relative influence of N deposition on plant performance during early growth, peak biomass, and senescent life stages across different soil types, light, and community compositions. To represent the community we used three grass species-a native, naturalized exotic, and invasive exotic. At early growth and peak biomass stages performance was measured as height, and shoot and root biomass, and at the senescent stage as seed production. Simulated N deposition 1) increased shoot biomass and height of the native and, even more so, the naturalized exotic during early growth, 2) positively affected root biomass in all species during peak biomass, and 3) had no influence on seed production at the senescent stage. Alone, N deposition was not a strong driver of plant performance; however, small differences in performance among species in response to N deposition could affect community composition in future years. In particular, if there is a pulse of N deposition during the early growth stage, the naturalized exotic may have a competitive advantage that could result in its spread. Including spatial and temporal heterogeneity in a complex, manipulative experiment provides a clearer picture of not only where N management efforts should be targeted on the landscape, but also when.}, }
@article {pmid28275324, year = {2016}, author = {Kenis, M and Tonina, L and Eschen, R and van der Sluis, B and Sancassani, M and Mori, N and Haye, T and Helsen, H}, title = {Non-crop plants used as hosts by Drosophila suzukii in Europe.}, journal = {Journal of pest science}, volume = {89}, number = {3}, pages = {735-748}, pmid = {28275324}, issn = {1612-4758}, abstract = {The invasive spotted wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii, a fruit fly of Asian origin, is a major pest of a wide variety of berry and stone fruits in Europe. One of the characteristics of this fly is its wide host range. A better knowledge of its host range outside cultivated areas is essential to develop sustainable integrated pest management strategies. Field surveys were carried out during two years in Italy, the Netherlands and Switzerland. Fruits of 165 potential host plant species were collected, including mostly wild and ornamental plants. Over 24,000 D. suzukii adults emerged from 84 plant species belonging to 19 families, 38 of which being non-native. Forty-two plants were reported for the first time as hosts of D. suzukii. The highest infestations were found in fruits of the genera Cornus, Prunus, Rubus, Sambucus and Vaccinium as well as in Ficus carica, Frangula alnus, Phytolacca americana and Taxus baccata. Based on these data, management methods are suggested. Ornamental and hedge plants in the vicinity of fruit crops and orchards can be selected according to their susceptibility to D. suzukii. However, the widespread availability and abundance of non-crop hosts and the lack of efficient native parasitoids suggest the need for an area-wide control approach.}, }
@article {pmid28127110, year = {2015}, author = {Williams, LM and Nivison, CL and Ambrose, WG and Dobbin, R and Locke, WL}, title = {Lack of adult novel northern lineages of invasive green crab Carcinus maenas along much of the northern US Atlantic coast.}, journal = {Marine ecology progress series}, volume = {532}, number = {}, pages = {153-159}, pmid = {28127110}, issn = {0171-8630}, support = {P20 GM103423/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Introduced over 200 yr ago to the east coast of North America, Carcinus maenas now ranges from New York to Newfoundland. In the 1980s, a secondary invasion of European lineages, termed northern haplotypes, occurred in Nova Scotia. Young-of-the-year sampled in 2007 revealed that northern haplotypes were present in low frequencies at several northwestern Atlantic sites as far south as New York; a model predicted an increase in their range and frequency over time. We collected samples in 2013 and 2014 to determine the haplotypes of adult crabs from New York to Nova Scotia. Six haplotypes, encompassing previously identified northern and southern haplotypes, 1 novel southern haplotype, and 1 Scandinavian haplotype, were identified in 275 crabs sampled at 11 sites. Northern haplotypes were only found in Nova Scotia, Beals Island (Maine), and Mount Desert Island (Maine) at a frequency of 60, 8, and 24%, respectively; remaining sites were predominantly composed of a previously identified southern haplotype. Northern haplotypes are limited in adult crabs to Mount Desert Island and north, indicating that the southern haplotype is selectively favored at some point during their life history, recruitment of northern larvae is limited south of Mount Desert Island, or entire year-classes post-2007 were lost. Our results do not support the predictions of an increase in the range and frequency of northern haplotypes, at least among adults, and indicate that a more complete knowledge of factors affecting C. maenas life stages is necessary to understand the current distribution of haplotypes.}, }
@article {pmid27293695, year = {2015}, author = {Winwood-Smith, HS and Alton, LA and Franklin, CE and White, CR}, title = {Does greater thermal plasticity facilitate range expansion of an invasive terrestrial anuran into higher latitudes?.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {cov010}, pmid = {27293695}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Temperature has pervasive effects on physiological processes and is critical in setting species distribution limits. Since invading Australia, cane toads have spread rapidly across low latitudes, but slowly into higher latitudes. Low temperature is the likely factor limiting high-latitude advancement. Several previous attempts have been made to predict future cane toad distributions in Australia, but understanding the potential contribution of phenotypic plasticity and adaptation to future range expansion remains challenging. Previous research demonstrates the considerable thermal metabolic plasticity of the cane toad, but suggests limited thermal plasticity of locomotor performance. Additionally, the oxygen-limited thermal tolerance hypothesis predicts that reduced aerobic scope sets thermal limits for ectotherm performance. Metabolic plasticity, locomotor performance and aerobic scope are therefore predicted targets of natural selection as cane toads invade colder regions. We measured these traits at temperatures of 10, 15, 22.5 and 30°C in low- and high-latitude toads acclimated to 15 and 30°C, to test the hypothesis that cane toads have adapted to cooler temperatures. High-latitude toads show increased metabolic plasticity and higher resting metabolic rates at lower temperatures. Burst locomotor performance was worse for high-latitude toads. Other traits showed no regional differences. We conclude that increased metabolic plasticity may facilitate invasion into higher latitudes by maintaining critical physiological functions at lower temperatures.}, }
@article {pmid27293683, year = {2015}, author = {Uy, KL and LeDuc, R and Ganote, C and Price, DK}, title = {Physiological effects of heat stress on Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila: genome-wide expression patterns and stress-related traits.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {cou062}, pmid = {27293683}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Climate change is compounding the threats to the future of biodiversity, already impacted by habitat loss, invasive species and diseases. In the Hawaiian Islands, many of the endemic species have narrow habitat ranges that make them especially vulnerable to climate change. The Hawaiian Drosophila, a remarkably diverse group of species with 11 listed as federally endangered, are thought to be sensitive to temperature changes. To examine the species differences in sensitivity of Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila to temperature changes, wild populations of Drosophila sproati, a relatively common species, and Drosophila silvestris, a rare species, were collected from two locations on Hawaii Island and bred in common laboratory conditions. Adult flies were exposed to hot and cold temperatures and compared with adult flies at control temperatures. Drosophila silvestris adults were less tolerant to heat stress than D. sproati for both survival and sperm mobility. In contrast, D. silvestris adults were more tolerant to cold stress than D. sproati for adult survival. The expression of 4950 Gene Ontology annotated gene transcripts was also analysed in high-temperature-treated and control males to identify candidate genes related to heat tolerance. There were more than twice as many transcripts differentially expressed after high temperature treatment for D. silvestris (246 transcripts) as for D. sproati (106 transcripts), with 13 Gene Ontology terms enriched between temperatures for D. silvestris and merely three in D. sproati. The combined results are consistent with D. sproati occurring more widely today as well as occurring at lower elevations than D. silvestris and with a genetically based temperature response, which is more severe in D. silvestris at high temperatures than that in D. sproati. These experiments demonstrate the potential for different capacities of species to adapt to future climate change conditions as well as providing an explanation for historical changes in the distribution of species.}, }
@article {pmid27293680, year = {2015}, author = {Marras, S and Cucco, A and Antognarelli, F and Azzurro, E and Milazzo, M and Bariche, M and Butenschön, M and Kay, S and Di Bitetto, M and Quattrocchi, G and Sinerchia, M and Domenici, P}, title = {Predicting future thermal habitat suitability of competing native and invasive fish species: from metabolic scope to oceanographic modelling.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {cou059}, pmid = {27293680}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Global increase in sea temperatures has been suggested to facilitate the incoming and spread of tropical invaders. The increasing success of these species may be related to their higher physiological performance compared with indigenous ones. Here, we determined the effect of temperature on the aerobic metabolic scope (MS) of two herbivorous fish species that occupy a similar ecological niche in the Mediterranean Sea: the native salema (Sarpa salpa) and the invasive marbled spinefoot (Siganus rivulatus). Our results demonstrate a large difference in the optimal temperature for aerobic scope between the salema (21.8°C) and the marbled spinefoot (29.1°C), highlighting the importance of temperature in determining the energy availability and, potentially, the distribution patterns of the two species. A modelling approach based on a present-day projection and a future scenario for oceanographic conditions was used to make predictions about the thermal habitat suitability (THS, an index based on the relationship between MS and temperature) of the two species, both at the basin level (the whole Mediterranean Sea) and at the regional level (the Sicilian Channel, a key area for the inflow of invasive species from the Eastern to the Western Mediterranean Sea). For the present-day projection, our basin-scale model shows higher THS of the marbled spinefoot than the salema in the Eastern compared with the Western Mediterranean Sea. However, by 2050, the THS of the marbled spinefoot is predicted to increase throughout the whole Mediterranean Sea, causing its westward expansion. Nevertheless, the regional-scale model suggests that the future thermal conditions of Western Sicily will remain relatively unsuitable for the invasive species and could act as a barrier for its spread westward. We suggest that metabolic scope can be used as a tool to evaluate the potential invasiveness of alien species and the resilience to global warming of native species.}, }
@article {pmid28043410, year = {2014}, author = {Terblanche, JS}, title = {Physiological performance of field-released insects.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {60-66}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2014.06.003}, pmid = {28043410}, issn = {2214-5753}, abstract = {Predicting insect field performance has direct value for control programmes seeking increased efficacy while simultaneously providing insights into field physiology and responses to environmental variability. Recent studies of field-released insects have made significant progress in three main areas. First, the trade-offs associated with thermal history relative to abiotic conditions on a given day have been repeatedly demonstrated in several taxa. Cold-acclimated insects released into hotter environments typically suffer performance costs-but do better than controls-in cooler environments suggesting both costs and benefits to physiological adjustments. Second, molecular mechanisms explored to date suggest complex underlying associations with recapture rates. Third, there has been significant progress in strengthening the link between traits scored in the laboratory as indicators of field performance. The overarching conclusion from this developing field suggests that physiological adjustments can make large, and in at least several cases, predictable changes in performance under field conditions. Further research is likely to contribute important insights into variation in field performance of insects.}, }
@article {pmid27293666, year = {2014}, author = {Kelley, AL}, title = {The role thermal physiology plays in species invasion.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {cou045}, pmid = {27293666}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {The characterization of physiological phenotypes that may play a part in the establishment of non-native species can broaden our understanding about the ecology of species invasion. Here, an assessment was carried out by comparing the responses of invasive and native species to thermal stress. The goal was to identify physiological patterns that facilitate invasion success and to investigate whether these traits are widespread among invasive ectotherms. Four hypotheses were generated and tested using a review of the literature to determine whether they could be supported across taxonomically diverse invasive organisms. The four hypotheses are as follows: (i) broad geographical temperature tolerances (thermal width) confer a higher upper thermal tolerance threshold for invasive rather than native species; (ii) the upper thermal extreme experienced in nature is more highly correlated with upper thermal tolerance threshold for invasive vs. native animals; (iii) protein chaperone expression-a cellular mechanism that underlies an organism's thermal tolerance threshold-is greater in invasive organisms than in native ones; and (iv) acclimation to higher temperatures can promote a greater range of thermal tolerance for invasive compared with native species. Each hypothesis was supported by a meta-analysis of the invasive/thermal physiology literature, providing further evidence that physiology plays a substantial role in the establishment of invasive ectotherms.}, }
@article {pmid27293637, year = {2014}, author = {Cavaleri, MA and Ostertag, R and Cordell, S and Sack, L}, title = {Native trees show conservative water use relative to invasive trees: results from a removal experiment in a Hawaiian wet forest.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {cou016}, pmid = {27293637}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {While the supply of freshwater is expected to decline in many regions in the coming decades, invasive plant species, often 'high water spenders', are greatly expanding their ranges worldwide. In this study, we quantified the ecohydrological differences between native and invasive trees and also the effects of woody invasive removal on plot-level water use in a heavily invaded mono-dominant lowland wet tropical forest on the Island of Hawaii. We measured transpiration rates of co-occurring native and invasive tree species with and without woody invasive removal treatments. Twenty native Metrosideros polymorpha and 10 trees each of three invasive species, Cecropia obtusifolia, Macaranga mappa and Melastoma septemnervium, were instrumented with heat-dissipation sap-flux probes in four 100 m(2) plots (two invaded, two removal) for 10 months. In the invaded plots, where both natives and invasives were present, Metrosideros had the lowest sap-flow rates per unit sapwood, but the highest sap-flow rates per whole tree, owing to its larger mean diameter than the invasive trees. Stand-level water use within the removal plots was half that of the invaded plots, even though the removal of invasives caused a small but significant increase in compensatory water use by the remaining native trees. By investigating the effects of invasive species on ecohydrology and comparing native vs. invasive physiological traits, we not only gain understanding about the functioning of invasive species, but we also highlight potential water-conservation strategies for heavily invaded mono-dominant tropical forests worldwide. Native-dominated forests free of invasive species can be conservative in overall water use, providing a strong rationale for the control of invasive species and preservation of native-dominated stands.}, }
@article {pmid27293627, year = {2014}, author = {Kimball, S and Gremer, JR and Barron-Gafford, GA and Angert, AL and Huxman, TE and Venable, DL}, title = {High water-use efficiency and growth contribute to success of non-native Erodium cicutarium in a Sonoran Desert winter annual community.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {cou006}, pmid = {27293627}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {The success of non-native, invasive species may be due to release from natural enemies, superior competitive abilities, or both. In the Sonoran Desert, Erodium cicutarium has increased in abundance over the last 30 years. While native species in this flora exhibit a strong among-species trade-off between relative growth rate and water-use efficiency, E. cicutarium seems to have a higher relative growth rate for its water-use efficiency value relative to the pattern across native species. This novel trait combination could provide the non-native species with a competitive advantage in this water-limited environment. To test the hypothesis that E. cicutarium is able to achieve high growth rates due to release from native herbivores, we compared the effects of herbivory on E. cicutarium and its native congener, Erodium texanum. We also compared these two species across a range of environmental conditions, both in a common garden and in two distinct seasons in the field, using growth analysis, isotopic compositions and leaf-level gas exchange. Additionally, we compared the competitive abilities of the two Erodium species in a greenhouse experiment. We found no evidence of herbivory to either species. Physiological measurements in a common environment revealed that E. cicutarium was able to achieve high growth rates while simultaneously controlling leaf-level water loss. Non-native E. cicutarium responded to favourable conditions in the field with greater specific leaf area and leaf area ratio than native E. texanum. The non-native Erodium was a stronger competitor than its native congener in a greenhouse competition experiment. The ability to maintain relatively higher values of water-use efficiency:relative growth rate in comparison to the native flora may be what enables E. cictarium to outcompete native species in both wet and dry years, resulting in an increase in abundance in the highly variable Sonoran Desert.}, }
@article {pmid27605178, year = {2013}, author = {Kegel, JU and Del Amo, Y and Costes, L and Medlin, LK}, title = {Testing a Microarray to Detect and Monitor Toxic Microalgae in Arcachon Bay in France.}, journal = {Microarrays (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {1-23}, pmid = {27605178}, issn = {2076-3905}, abstract = {Harmful algal blooms (HABs) occur worldwide, causing health problems and economic damages to fisheries and tourism. Monitoring agencies are therefore essential, yet monitoring is based only on time-consuming light microscopy, a level at which a correct identification can be limited by insufficient morphological characters. The project MIDTAL (Microarray Detection of Toxic Algae)-an FP7-funded EU project-used rRNA genes (SSU and LSU) as a target on microarrays to identify toxic species. Furthermore, toxins were detected with a newly developed multiplex optical Surface Plasmon Resonance biosensor (Multi SPR) and compared with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this study, we demonstrate the latest generation of MIDTAL microarrays (version 3) and show the correlation between cell counts, detected toxin and microarray signals from field samples taken in Arcachon Bay in France in 2011. The MIDTAL microarray always detected more potentially toxic species than those detected by microscopic counts. The toxin detection was even more sensitive than both methods. Because of the universal nature of both toxin and species microarrays, they can be used to detect invasive species. Nevertheless, the MIDTAL microarray is not completely universal: first, because not all toxic species are on the chip, and second, because invasive species, such as Ostreopsis, already influence European coasts.}, }
@article {pmid27293610, year = {2013}, author = {Funk, JL}, title = {The physiology of invasive plants in low-resource environments.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {cot026}, pmid = {27293610}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {While invasive plant species primarily occur in disturbed, high-resource environments, many species have invaded ecosystems characterized by low nutrient, water, and light availability. Species adapted to low-resource systems often display traits associated with resource conservation, such as slow growth, high tissue longevity, and resource-use efficiency. This contrasts with our general understanding of invasive species physiology derived primarily from studies in high-resource environments. These studies suggest that invasive species succeed through high resource acquisition. This review examines physiological and morphological traits of native and invasive species in low-resource environments. Existing data support the idea that species invading low-resource environments possess traits associated with resource acquisition, resource conservation or both. Disturbance and climate change are affecting resource availability in many ecosystems, and understanding physiological differences between native and invasive species may suggest ways to restore invaded ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid27293601, year = {2013}, author = {Liss, SA and Sass, GG and Suski, CD}, title = {Spatial and temporal influences on the physiological condition of invasive silver carp.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {cot017}, pmid = {27293601}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {We quantified nutritional and stress parameters (alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, protein, triglycerides, cortisol, and glucose) in invasive silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) inhabiting four large rivers throughout three distinct time periods in the Midwestern USA. Examining the basic biology and ecology of an invasive species is crucial to gain an understanding of the interaction between an organism and its environment. Analysis of the physiological condition of wild-caught silver carp across broad spatial and temporal scales is essential because stress and nutritional parameters can link individuals to their habitats and vary among populations across environments. During each time period, we collected blood samples from individual silver carp in the Illinois River and portions of the Mississippi, Ohio, and Wabash rivers in Illinois. We tested for relationships between silver carp nutrition and stress across rivers, reaches within rivers, and time periods. Principal component analyses separated physiological parameters into a stress component (cortisol and glucose) and two nutritional components representative of short-term feeding (alkaline phosphatase, protein, and triglycerides) and body energy reserves (cholesterol and protein). Akaike's information criterion suggested that time period had the greatest influence on stress. Stress levels were consistent in all four rivers, and declined across time periods. Akaike's information criterion also suggested that interactions of time period and river had the greatest influence on short-term feeding and body energy reserves. There was no specific pattern across time periods within each river, nor was there a pattern across rivers. Our results provide a better understanding of nutritional and stress conditions in invasive silver carp across a broad landscape and temporal scale, with implications for managing and predicting the spread of this species.}, }
@article {pmid27293595, year = {2013}, author = {Narayan, EJ}, title = {Non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology in amphibian conservation physiology.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {cot011}, pmid = {27293595}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Non-invasive endocrinology utilizes non-invasive biological samples (such as faeces, urine, hair, aquatic media, and saliva) for the quantification of hormones in wildlife. Urinary-based enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and radio-immunoassay have enabled the rapid quantification of reproductive and stress hormones in amphibians (Anura: Amphibia). With minimal disturbance, these methods can be used to assess the ovarian and testicular endocrine functions as well as physiological stress in captive and free-living populations. Non-invasive endocrine monitoring has therefore greatly advanced our knowledge of the functioning of the stress endocrine system (the hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal axis) and the reproductive endocrine system (the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis) in the amphibian physiological stress response, reproductive ecology, health and welfare, and survival. Biological (physiological) validation is necessary for obtaining the excretory lag time of hormone metabolites. Urinary-based EIA for the major reproductive hormones, estradiol and progesterone in females and testosterone in males, can be used to track the reproductive hormone profiles in relationship to reproductive behaviour and environmental data in free-living anurans. Urinary-based corticosterone metabolite EIA can be used to assess the sublethal impacts of biological stressors (such as invasive species and pathogenic diseases) as well as anthropogenic induced environmental stressors (e.g. extreme temperatures) on free-living populations. Non-invasive endocrine methods can also assist in the diagnosis of success or failure of captive breeding programmes by measuring the longitudinal patterns of changes in reproductive hormones and corticosterone within captive anurans and comparing the endocrine profiles with health records and reproductive behaviour. This review paper focuses on the reproductive and the stress endocrinology of anurans and demonstrates the uses of non-invasive endocrinology for advancing amphibian conservation physiology. It also provides key technical considerations for future research that will increase the accuracy and reliability of the data and the value of non-invasive endocrinology within the conceptual framework of conservation physiology.}, }
@article {pmid27293585, year = {2013}, author = {Cooke, SJ and Sack, L and Franklin, CE and Farrell, AP and Beardall, J and Wikelski, M and Chown, SL}, title = {What is conservation physiology? Perspectives on an increasingly integrated and essential science(†).}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {cot001}, pmid = {27293585}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Globally, ecosystems and their constituent flora and fauna face the localized and broad-scale influence of human activities. Conservation practitioners and environmental managers struggle to identify and mitigate threats, reverse species declines, restore degraded ecosystems, and manage natural resources sustainably. Scientific research and evidence are increasingly regarded as the foundation for new regulations, conservation actions, and management interventions. Conservation biologists and managers have traditionally focused on the characteristics (e.g. abundance, structure, trends) of populations, species, communities, and ecosystems, and simple indicators of the responses to environmental perturbations and other human activities. However, an understanding of the specific mechanisms underlying conservation problems is becoming increasingly important for decision-making, in part because physiological tools and knowledge are especially useful for developing cause-and-effect relationships, and for identifying the optimal range of habitats and stressor thresholds for different organisms. When physiological knowledge is incorporated into ecological models, it can improve predictions of organism responses to environmental change and provide tools to support management decisions. Without such knowledge, we may be left with simple associations. 'Conservation physiology' has been defined previously with a focus on vertebrates, but here we redefine the concept universally, for application to the diversity of taxa from microbes to plants, to animals, and to natural resources. We also consider 'physiology' in the broadest possible terms; i.e. how an organism functions, and any associated mechanisms, from development to bioenergetics, to environmental interactions, through to fitness. Moreover, we consider conservation physiology to include a wide range of applications beyond assisting imperiled populations, and include, for example, the eradication of invasive species, refinement of resource management strategies to minimize impacts, and evaluation of restoration plans. This concept of conservation physiology emphasizes the basis, importance, and ecological relevance of physiological diversity at a variety of scales. Real advances in conservation and resource management require integration and inter-disciplinarity. Conservation physiology and its suite of tools and concepts is a key part of the evidence base needed to address pressing environmental challenges.}, }
@article {pmid27873958, year = {2008}, author = {Wallace, CS and Thomas, KA}, title = {An Annual Plant Growth Proxy in the Mojave Desert Using MODIS-EVI Data.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {7792-7808}, pmid = {27873958}, issn = {1424-8220}, abstract = {In the arid Mojave Desert, the phenological response of vegetation is largely dependent upon the timing and amount of rainfall, and maps of annual plant cover at any one point in time can vary widely. Our study developed relative annual plant growth models as proxies for annual plant cover using metrics that captured phenological variability in Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) satellite images. We used landscape phenologies revealed in MODIS data together with ecological knowledge of annual plant seasonality to develop a suite of metrics to describe annual growth on a yearly basis. Each of these metrics was applied to temporally-composited MODIS-EVI images to develop a relative model of annual growth. Each model was evaluated by testing how well it predicted field estimates of annual cover collected during 2003 and 2005 at the Mojave National Preserve. The best performing metric was the spring difference metric, which compared the average of three spring MODIS-EVI composites of a given year to that of 2002, a year of record drought. The spring difference metric showed correlations with annual plant cover of R[2] = 0.61 for 2005 and R[2] = 0.47 for 2003. Although the correlation is moderate, we consider it supportive given the characteristics of the field data, which were collected for a different study in a localized area and are not ideal for calibration to MODIS pixels. A proxy for annual growth potential was developed from the spring difference metric of 2005 for use as an environmental data layer in desert tortoise habitat modeling. The application of the spring difference metric to other imagery years presents potential for other applications such as fuels, invasive species, and dust-emission monitoring in the Mojave Desert.}, }
@article {pmid28466173, year = {2002}, author = {Ingram, KK}, title = {Flexibility in nest density and social structure in invasive populations of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {133}, number = {4}, pages = {492-500}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-002-1069-3}, pmid = {28466173}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {The extraordinary success of unicolonial insect invaders has renewed interest in the origins and maintenance of unicoloniality, a social system characterized by the absence of aggressive behavior between individuals of neighboring conspecific nests. In this study, I explore how traits associated with unicoloniality, particularly nest budding and the local exchange of workers between nests, vary across environments. Comparisons of nest characteristics in three introduced populations of Argentine ants, Linepithema humile, reveal considerable variation in nest density and social structure across populations. The population with the highest nest density has smaller, less productive nests and fewer queens per nest than the two populations with low nest densities. Nestmate relatedness is low in all populations, but multi-locus genotype analyses reveal that levels of connectivity vary among populations. In particular, high nest density is associated with higher levels of genotypic similarity between nests. Assignment distances in the two populations with low nest density are similar to a native population, suggesting that the amount of mixing between neighboring nests is shared among some native and introduced populations. Because the study populations are similar in age and genetic diversity, these results suggest that the social structure of L. humile populations depend on the ecological context. Understanding the patterns of expression of unicolonial traits in different environments helps to shed light on the origins of unicoloniality and to explain the success of Argentine ants as invaders.}, }
@article {pmid28547030, year = {2002}, author = {Prieur-Richard, AH and Lavorel, S and Linhart, YB and Dos Santos, A}, title = {Plant diversity, herbivory and resistance of a plant community to invasion in Mediterranean annual communities.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {130}, number = {1}, pages = {96-104}, doi = {10.1007/s004420100774}, pmid = {28547030}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {Several components of the diversity of plant communities, such as species richness, species composition, number of functional groups and functional composition, have been shown to directly affect the performance of exotic species. Exotics can also be affected by herbivores of the native plant community. However, these two possible mechanisms limiting invasion have never been investigated together. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between plant diversity, herbivory and performance of two annual exotics, Conyza bonariensis and C. canadensis, in Mediterranean annual communities. We wanted to test whether herbivory of these exotics was influenced either by species richness, functional-group richness or functional-group composition. We also studied the relationship between herbivory on the exotic species and their performance. Herbivory increased with increasing species and functional-group richness for both Conyza species. These patterns are interpreted as reflecting a greater number of available herbivore niches in a richer, more complex, plant community. The identities of functional groups also affected Conyza herbivory, which decreased in the presence of Asteraceae or Fabaceae and increased in the presence of Poaceae. Increasing herbivory had consequences for vegetative and demographic parameters of both invasive species: survival, final biomass and net fecundity decreased with increasing herbivory, leading to a loss of reproductive capacity. We conclude that communities characterised by a high number of grass species instead of Asteraceae or Fabaceae may be more resistant to invasion by the two Conyza species, in part due to predation by native herbivores.}, }
@article {pmid28547019, year = {2002}, author = {Byers, JE}, title = {Physical habitat attribute mediates biotic resistance to non-indigenous species invasion.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {130}, number = {1}, pages = {146-156}, doi = {10.1007/s004420100777}, pmid = {28547019}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {A soft-shelled non-indigenous clam, Nuttallia obscurata, has invaded coastal soft-sediment habitats of the northeastern Pacific. In a survey of 35 sites within the San Juan Islands, Washington, USA, Nuttallia was found almost exclusively in sandy substrates, higher in the intertidal than most native clams (>1 m above mean lower low water). The distinctive distribution of Nuttallia suggested that tidal height and sediment composition may be important physical factors that control its refuge availability, regulating its exposure to predation and ultimately the success of its invasion. I tethered Nuttallia for 24 h in the high intertidal where it is typically found and in the low intertidal at an elevation where it was never found. Clams restrained to the surface suffered high mortality from crab predation at both tidal heights, whereas control clams with unrestricted burrowing movement exhibited high mortality rates only in the low intertidal. In a second experiment, I transplanted sediment within and between the two intertidal heights to measure effects of tidal height and sediment type on survival and burial depth of Nuttallia. At both tidal heights all clams placed on mud-cobble substrate, naturally common in the low intertidal, suffered high mortality rates (>60% in 24 h). Nuttallia on loosely packed sand substrate, naturally found in the upper intertidal, survived much better, however, because they buried deeper than in the tightly packed mud. Caged control clams at both tidal heights suffered no mortality. Apparently native predators are mitigating community level impacts of an invader by excluding Nuttallia completely from some beaches with improper sediment characteristics or relegating it in others to a zone not often inhabited by native species, thereby reducing potential competitive interactions. These findings show that a physical habitat characteristic can mediate biotic resistance to an invader and thus control invasion success and community-level impacts. Generally, such physical-biological interactions may explain some of the reported site-to-site variability in invasion success, as well as the patchy distribution of many soft-sediment infaunal species.}, }
@article {pmid28547068, year = {2001}, author = {Grosholz, E}, title = {Small spatial-scale differentiation among populations of an introduced colonial invertebrate.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {129}, number = {1}, pages = {58-64}, doi = {10.1007/s004420100708}, pmid = {28547068}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {Introduced species frequently undergo rapid evolutionary change in ecologically important traits that may strongly influence their performance in their introduced range. But for many introduced species, and particularly those in marine systems, the spatial and temporal dimensions of this evolutionary change are largely unknown. In this study, I conducted a common garden transplant experiment using replicate clones of an introduced tunicate, Botrylloides sp., collected from three sites in the southern Gulf of Maine to test for differential growth and survival in response to local thermal regimes. This species has a restricted larval development period, which may permit significant population differentiation over relatively small spatial scales. I found dramatic among-site differences in survival rates: tunicates collected from both the transplant site and from a distant northern site had high survival, while those collected from a southern site experienced 100% mortality. The most likely cause of this differential mortality was an anomalous upwelling event that produced some of the coldest mid-summer temperatures in the last 10 years based on NOAA weather buoy data. I also found significant differences in growth rates among sites as well as among clones within a site in comparison with growth-rate differences within clones. An estimate of broad-sense heritability based on these data was consistent with a genetic basis for among-site differences in growth rates, which were strongly predictive of subsequent mortality. I conclude that this species has undergone significant evolutionary change that has resulted in population differentiation with respect to temperature tolerances among sites separated by <60 km.}, }
@article {pmid28547066, year = {2001}, author = {Brown, BJ and Mitchell, RJ}, title = {Competition for pollination: effects of pollen of an invasive plant on seed set of a native congener.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {129}, number = {1}, pages = {43-49}, doi = {10.1007/s004420100700}, pmid = {28547066}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {Competition for pollination can be an important factor in plant reproduction, but little attention has been given to the effect of the growing number of invasive plant species on pollination of native species. As a first step in understanding this threat, we used hand pollination to investigate the effects of pollen from an invasive species (Lythrum salicaria) on seed set in a sympatric and co-flowering native congener (L. alatum). Dispersal of fluorescent dyes in the field confirms that pollinators (bumble bees and honey bees) transfer pollen between species. To determine the potential effect of such interspecific pollen transfer on seed set of the native, we pollinated 773 flowers on 20 plants with one of three treatments: legitimate conspecific pollen, a mixture of conspecific and foreign pollen, and foreign pollen. The mixed-pollen treatment resulted in 28.8% lower seed set relative to conspecific pollination. Foreign crosses resulted in extremely low seed set. Observations of pollen germination indicate that events at the stigmatic surface contribute to the reduction in seed set for mixed pollination. Our results indicate that the impacts of invasive species may extend beyond vegetative competition to include competition for pollination.}, }
@article {pmid28547163, year = {2001}, author = {Sanders, NJ and Barton, KE and Gordon, DM}, title = {Long-term dynamics of the distribution of the invasive Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, and native ant taxa in northern California.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {127}, number = {1}, pages = {123-130}, doi = {10.1007/s004420000572}, pmid = {28547163}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {Invasive species, where successful, can devastate native communities. We studied the dynamics of the invasive Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, for 7 years in Jasper Ridge, a biological preserve in northern California. We monitored the distributions at the hectare scale of native ant taxa and L. humile in the spring and fall from 1993 to 1999. We also studied the invasion dynamics at a finer resolution by searching for ants in 1-m[2] plots. Our results are similar at both scales. The distributions of several native species are not random with regard to L. humile; the distributions of several epigeic species with similar habitat affinities overlap much less frequently than expected with the distribution of L. humile. We found that season had a significant influence on the distributions of L. humile and several native taxa. Over the 7-year period, L. humile has increased its range size in Jasper Ridge largely at the expense of native taxa, but there is seasonal and yearly variation in this rate of increase. Studies of invasions in progress which sample across seasons and years may help to predict the spread and effects of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid28547223, year = {2000}, author = {Radford, IJ and Cousens, RD}, title = {Invasiveness and comparative life-history traits of exotic and indigenous Senecio species in Australia.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {125}, number = {4}, pages = {531-542}, doi = {10.1007/s004420000474}, pmid = {28547223}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {A comparative ecological study of closely related invasive and non-invasive species, Senecio madagascariensis and S. lautus (Asteraceae), investigated what traits might confer invasive ability in very similar species. Life-history attributes of the weed S. madagascariensis were compared to five habitat-specific subspecies of S. lautus: S. l. alpinus, S. l. dissectifolius, S. l. lanceolatus and two forms of S. l. maritimus. Field populations of each taxon were monitored to compare their population ecology. Relative rates of phenological development were compared at a single location. Seed germination was studied in a laboratory experiment. Transplant experiments were conducted in a range of S. madagascariensis and S. lautus habitats to compare performance in different environments. In monitored field populations S. madagascariensis produced seedlings and reproductive cohorts more frequently, flowered for longer periods, produced more seeds and had fewer germinable achenes in the soil compared to S. lautus taxa. S. madagascariensis achenes had higher rates of germination than S. lautus in both light and dark conditions. S. madagascariensis was found to have higher rates of survival than S. lautus taxa in a range of habitats and to be faster to flower in both transplant and standard glasshouse environments. Overall S. madagascariensis performed better than S. lautus ecotypes in terms of seedling, growth and fecundity measurements and second best for achenes. Despite relatively good performance in terms of life-history traits there is no evidence that S. madagascariensis is invading S. lautus habitats. We speculate that physiological and morphological adaptations to specialised environments are a better explanation for success of Senecio taxa/ecotypes than generalised life-history trait performance. We suggest that invasiveness is essentially unpredictable, due to habitat/plant specific interactions between invader and area of introduction. In the absence of predictive theory, quarantine authorities should use a combination of methods to assess invasive potential including a database of known weeds, performance comparisons between congeneric natives and exotics in a range of habitats at proposed point of introduction and monitoring of introduced species to determine if they spread.}, }
@article {pmid28308398, year = {2000}, author = {Gerber, GP and Echternacht, AC}, title = {Evidence for asymmetrical intraguild predation between native and introduced Anolis lizards.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {124}, number = {4}, pages = {599-607}, doi = {10.1007/s004420000414}, pmid = {28308398}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {Since its introduction, Anolis sagrei (Sauria: Polychrotidae) has been replacing native A. carolinensis in Florida and native A. conspersus in Grand Cayman Island as the common anole of urban environments and other open habitats. To assess the likelihood that predation of juvenile native anoles by A. sagrei adults is an important interaction in this process, the propensities for intraguild predation and cannibalism were assessed for A. sagrei and A. carolinensis in Florida and for A. sagrei and A. conspersus in Grand Cayman. Predation experiments were conducted in cages, using freshly captured lizards, in which adult males of each species were presented with conspecific and heterospecific juveniles. Adult A. sagrei were (1) significantly more likely to eat juveniles than were adult A. carolinensis or A. conspersus, and (2) significantly more likely to eat heterospecific than conspecific juveniles, whereas adult A. carolinensis and A. conspersus were not. Thus, the propensity for intraguild predation is asymmetrical in favor of introduced A. sagrei in Florida and Grand Cayman. Further study is needed, however, to determine the importance of intraguild predation under field conditions.}, }
@article {pmid28308417, year = {2000}, author = {Van der Putten, WH and Mortimer, SR and Hedlund, K and Van Dijk, C and Brown, VK and Lepä, J and Rodriguez-Barrueco, C and Roy, J and Diaz Len, TA and Gormsen, D and Korthals, GW and Lavorel, S and Regina, IS and Smilauer, P}, title = {Plant species diversity as a driver of early succession in abandoned fields: a multi-site approach.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {124}, number = {1}, pages = {91-99}, doi = {10.1007/s004420050028}, pmid = {28308417}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {Succession is one of the most studied processes in ecology and succession theory provides strong predictability. However, few attempts have been made to influence the course of succession thereby testing the hypothesis that passing through one stage is essential before entering the next one. At each stage of succession ecosystem processes may be affected by the diversity of species present, but there is little empirical evidence showing that plant species diversity may affect succession. On ex-arable land, a major constraint of vegetation succession is the dominance of perennial early-successional (arable weed) species. Our aim was to change the initial vegetation succession by the direct sowing of later-successional plant species. The hypothesis was tested that a diverse plant species mixture would be more successful in weed suppression than species-poor mixtures. In order to provide a robust test including a wide range of environmental conditions and plant species, experiments were carried out at five sites across Europe. At each site, an identical experiment was set up, albeit that the plant species composition of the sown mixtures differed from site to site. Results of the 2-year study showed that diverse plant species mixtures were more effective at reducing the number of natural colonisers (mainly weeds from the seed bank) than the average low-diversity treatment. However, the effect of the low-diversity treatment depended on the composition of the species mixture. Thus, the effect of enhanced species diversity strongly depended on the species composition of the low-diversity treatments used for comparison. The effects of high-diversity plant species mixtures on weed suppression differed between sites. Low-productivity sites gave the weakest response to the diversity treatments. These differences among sites did not change the general pattern. The present results have implications for understanding biological invasions. It has been hypothesised that alien species are more likely to invade species-poor communities than communities with high diversity. However, our results show that the identity of the local species matters. This may explain, at least partly, controversial results of studies on the relation between local diversity and the probability of being invaded by aliens.}, }
@article {pmid28308558, year = {1999}, author = {Baruch, Z and Goldstein, G}, title = {Leaf construction cost, nutrient concentration, and net CO2 assimilation of native and invasive species in Hawaii.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {121}, number = {2}, pages = {183-192}, doi = {10.1007/s004420050920}, pmid = {28308558}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {The effects of biological invasions are most evident in isolated oceanic islands such as the Hawaiian Archipelago, where invasive plant species are rapidly changing the composition and function of plant communities. In this study, we compared the specific leaf area (SLA), leaf tissue construction cost (CC), leaf nutrient concentration, and net CO2 assimilation (A) of 83 populations of 34 native and 30 invasive species spanning elevation and substrate age gradients on Mauna Loa volcano in the island of Hawaii. In this complex environmental matrix, where annual precipitation is higher than 1500 mm, we predicted that invasive species, as a group, will have leaf traits, such as higher SLA and A and lower leaf CC, which may result in more efficient capture of limiting resources (use more resources at a lower carbon cost) than native species. Overall, invasive species had higher SLA and A, and lower CC than native species, consistent with our prediction. SLA and foliar N and P were 22.5%, 30.5%, and 37.5% higher, respectively, in invasive species compared to native ones. Light-saturated photosynthesis was higher for invasive species (9.59 μmol m[-2] s[-1]) than for native species (7.31 μmol m[-2] s[-1]), and the difference was larger when A was expressed on a mass basis. Leaf construction costs, on the other hand, were lower for the invasive species (1.33 equivalents of glucose g[-1]) than for native species (1.37). This difference was larger when CC was expressed on an area basis. The trends in the above traits were maintained when groups of ecologically equivalent native and invasive species (i.e., sharing similar life history traits and growing in the same habitat) were compared. Foliar N and P were significantly higher in invasive species across all growth forms. Higher N may partially explain the higher A of invasive species. Despite relatively high N, the photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency of invasive species was 15% higher than that of native species. These results suggest that invasive species may not only use resources more efficiently than native species, but may potentially demonstrate higher growth rates, consistent with their rapid spread in isolated oceanic islands.}, }
@article {pmid28307892, year = {1999}, author = {Harrison, S}, title = {Native and alien species diversity at the local and regional scales in a grazed California grassland.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {121}, number = {1}, pages = {99-106}, doi = {10.1007/s004420050910}, pmid = {28307892}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {Serpentine meadows in Northern California supported higher species richness at the 1-m[2] scale than adjacent nonserpentine meadows, and had a considerably higher proportion of native species. Within each soil type, total species richness (natives plus aliens) was unrelated to biomass, cover, soil depth, or soil characteristics (N, P, Ca[++], Mg[++], water-holding capacity). However, the proportion of native species on serpentine was higher in meadows with lower levels of phosphorus and a lower calcium/magnesium ratio; the proportion of native species in nonserpentine meadows was higher on cool (north to northeast facing) slopes. At a regional scale, some of these effects were partly reversed; the rate at which new species accumulated with the addition of new sites, or beta diversity, was highest for native plant species in nonserpentine meadows. All of the above effects were independent of whether grazing by cattle was absent (removed 13 years ago) or present. The status of low-productivity serpentine soils as a refuge for native grassland species appears to be the result of their abiotic resistance to alien species, but not of a negative relationship between productivity and total species richness.}, }
@article {pmid28308083, year = {1999}, author = {Dietz, H and Fischer, M and Schmid, B}, title = {Demographic and genetic invasion history of a 9-year-old roadside population of Bunias orientalis L. (Brassicaceae).}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {120}, number = {2}, pages = {225-234}, doi = {10.1007/s004420050852}, pmid = {28308083}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {The population history of a 9-year-old roadside population of the invasive plant Bunias orientalis was reconstructed by demographic analysis including size, position, age (determined by herbchronology) and RAPD-PCR patterns of individual plants. We evaluated emerging patterns of population growth and genetic structure during a full period of population development under typical site conditions (anthropogenic disturbance) and their possible consequences for the invasion potential of the species. The population has grown rapidly and continuously (though with slowing geometric population increase) during the 9 years since its foundation, filling the space available in the study area. Genetic variation (RAPD markers) was already high in the founder cohorts and remained at the same level throughout population development (variance fluctuations <15%). Both results may be related to the mowing management at the site which seems to promote population growth of B. orientalis relative to other co-occuring species and to prevent the genetic drift and the development of spatial genetic structure that would be expected under isolation-by-distance models. Large founder plants had comparatively low genetic variance and were more closely related to younger cohorts than were small founder plants, indicating that selection acted during population development. Overall, the current anthropogenic disturbance regimes may contribute to high genetic variability by artificially increasing gene flow and thereby promoting the adaptability of invasive species to the often unpredictable conditions at disturbed sites. Our approach using retrospective demographic investigation allows the detection of spatio-temporal microscale patterns in genetic and phenotypic variation. Thus it allows a thorough understanding of local invasions of perennial herbaceous plants.}, }
@article {pmid28307669, year = {1998}, author = {Pattison, RR and Goldstein, G and Ares, A}, title = {Growth, biomass allocation and photosynthesis of invasive and native Hawaiian rainforest species.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {117}, number = {4}, pages = {449-459}, doi = {10.1007/s004420050680}, pmid = {28307669}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {Growth, biomass allocation, and photosynthetic characteristics of seedlings of five invasive non-indigenous and four native species grown under different light regimes were studied to help explain the success of invasive species in Hawaiian rainforests. Plants were grown under three greenhouse light levels representative of those found in the center and edge of gaps and in the understory of Hawaiian rainforests, and under an additional treatment with unaltered shade. Relative growth rates (RGRs) of invasive species grown in sun and partial shade were significantly higher than those for native species, averaging 0.25 and 0.17 g g[-1] week[-1], respectively, while native species averaged only 0.09 and 0.06 g g[-1] week[-1], respectively. The RGR of invasive species under the shade treatment was 40% higher than that of native species. Leaf area ratios (LARs) of sun and partial-shade-grown invasive and native species were similar but the LAR of invasive species in the shade was, on average, 20% higher than that of native species. There were no differences between invasive and native species in biomass allocation to shoots and roots, or in leaf mass per area across light environments. Light-saturated photosynthetic rates (Pmax) were higher for invasive species than for native species in all light treatments. Pmax of invasive species grown in the sun treatment, for example, ranged from 5.5 to 11.9 μmol m[-2] s[-1] as compared with 3.0-4.5 μmol m[-2] s[-1] for native species grown under similar light conditions. The slope of the linear relationship between Pmax and dark respiration was steeper for invasive than for native species, indicating that invasive species assimilate more CO2 at a lower respiratory cost than native species. These results suggest that the invasive species may have higher growth rates than the native species as a consequence of higher photosynthetic capacities under sun and partial shade, lower dark respiration under all light treatments, and higher LARs when growing under shade conditions. Overall, invasive species appear to be better suited than native species to capturing and utilizing light resources, particularly in high-light environments such as those characterized by relatively high levels of disturbance.}, }
@article {pmid28308533, year = {1998}, author = {Holway, DA}, title = {Effect of Argentine ant invasions on ground-dwelling arthropods in northern California riparian woodlands.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {116}, number = {1-2}, pages = {252-258}, doi = {10.1007/s004420050586}, pmid = {28308533}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {Although the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) is a widespread invasive species that displaces native ants throughout its introduced range, the effects of these invasions on arthropods other than ants remain poorly known. This study documents the consequences of Argentine ant invasions on ants and other ground-dwelling arthropods in northern California riparian woodlands. Baits and unbaited pitfall traps were used to sample different components of the arthropod communities at five pairs of uninvaded and invaded sites. Sites occupied by Argentine ants supported almost no native epigeic ants except for the winter-active Prenolepis imparis. Sites with Argentine ants averaged four to ten times more ant workers than did sites with native ants, but ant worker biomass did not differ between uninvaded and invaded sites. Argentine ants recruited to baits in invaded areas, on average, in less than half the time of native ants in uninvaded areas. Despite the loss of epigeic native ants, higher Argentine ant worker abundance, and faster recruitment by Argentine ants at invaded sites, pitfall trap samples from uninvaded and invaded areas contained similar abundances and diversities of non-ant arthropods. These findings suggest that Argentine ants and the native ants they displace interact with the ground-dwelling arthropods of these habitats in a similar manner.}, }
@article {pmid28308454, year = {1998}, author = {Holway, DA}, title = {Factors governing rate of invasion: a natural experiment using Argentine ants.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {115}, number = {1-2}, pages = {206-212}, doi = {10.1007/s004420050509}, pmid = {28308454}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {Predicting the success of biological invasions is a major goal of invasion biology. Determining the causes of invasions, however, can be difficult, owing to the complexity and spatio-temporal heterogeneity of the invasion process. The purpose of this study was to assess factors influencing rate of invasion for the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile), a widespread invasive species. The rate of invasion for 20 independent Argentine ant populations was measured over 4 years in riparian woodlands in the lower Sacramento River Valley of northern California. A priori predictors of rate of invasion included stream flow (a measure of abiotic suitability), disturbance, and native ant richness. In addition, baits were used to estimate the abundance of Argentine ants and native ants at the 20 sites. A multiple regression model accounted for nearly half of the variation in mean rate of invasion (R [2] = 0.46), but stream flow was the only significant factor in this analysis. Argentine ants spread, on average, 16 m year[-1] at sites with permanent stream flow and retreated, on average, -6 m year[-1] at sites with intermittent stream flow. Rate of invasion was independent of both disturbance and native ant richness. Argentine ants recruited to more baits in higher numbers in invaded areas than did native ants in uninvaded areas. In addition, rate of invasion was positively correlated with the proportion of baits recruited to by native ants in uninvaded areas. Together, these findings suggest that abiotic suitability is of paramount importance in determining rate of invasion for the Argentine ant.}, }
@article {pmid28307997, year = {1997}, author = {Chown, SL and Block, W}, title = {Comparative nutritional ecology of grass-feeding in a sub-Antarctic beetle: the impact of introduced species on Hydromedion sparsutum from South Georgia.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {111}, number = {2}, pages = {216-224}, doi = {10.1007/s004420050228}, pmid = {28307997}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {South Georgia has many introduced plant and animal species, a consequence of its long history of human habitation. Introduced reindeer have a strong effect on the vegetation of the Stromness Bay area by causing the replacement of indigenous species by grazing-tolerant grasses such as the exotic Poa annua, and in certain circumstances, the indigenous Festuca contracta. Recently it has been argued that an introduced predatory carabid has contributed to declines in the abundance and an increase in the body size of adults of the indigenous perimylopid beetle Hydromedion sparsutum. However, it also appears that body size of these beetles is smaller in areas where exotic grasses predominate compared to undisturbed areas. Here we test the hypothesis that by causing the spread of poorer quality grasses, especially the exotic Poa annua, reindeer may be having an indirect effect on H. sparsutum. To do this we examined the nutritional ecology of H. sparsutum larvae on four grass species which form a major part of its diet, viz. the indigenous Parodiochloa flabellata, Phleum alpinum and Festuca contracta, and the exotic Poa annua. Larvae showed the highest growth rate on Parodiochloa flabellata, followed by Phleum alpinum, F. contracta and Poa annua. These differences are due to poorer absorption of the exotic grass, and poorer utilization of the absorbed material in the case of F. contracta. Poor growth of larvae on F. contracta appears to be due to its low water and nitrogen contents, whereas in the case of P. annua a combination of low water content and high nitrogen content may be responsible for low growth rates. Low growth rates associated with poor-quality food may lead either to a prolongation of the life cycle or of the length of feeding bouts of an insect. Neither option appears to be feasible for H. sparsutum, and this means that the outcome of feeding on poorer-quality foods would be a reduction in final adult size. This has fitness consequences for the beetle. Hence it appears that by causing the spread of grasses that are unsuitable for growth of H. sparsutum, reindeer may be having an indirect effect on this beetle species.}, }
@article {pmid28307141, year = {1996}, author = {MacIsaac, HJ}, title = {Population structure of an introduced species (Dreissena polymorpha) along a wave-swept disturbance gradient.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {105}, number = {4}, pages = {484-492}, pmid = {28307141}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {The zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha was introduced to North America during the mid-1980s, and is now a dominant member of many benthic communities in the lower Great Lakes. In this study, I explored the abundance, biomass, size structure and settlement of Dreissena inhabiting rocks along a wave-swept disturbance gradient near Middle Sister Island in western Lake Erie. Ten rocks were collected from quadrats at six sites along each of three transect lines oriented perpendicular to shore. Occurrence, abundance and biomass of Dreissena on smaller, movable rocks were positively associated with rock distance from shore (∼lake depth) and with rock area; rocks at nearshore sites supported little, if any, Dreissena, whereas those at offshore sites were heavily colonized. Mussel size distributions also differed in relation to shore distance. Large mussels (≥19 mm) were underrepresented or absent on rocks collected at nearshore sites, but were overrepresented at offshore locations (≥37 m). Settlement of larval mussels on settling pads was positively correlated with distance offshore and with time of exposure, though settlement was substantial even at a nearshore (10 m) location. Area-adjusted mussel dry mass increased more rapidly with distance offshore on large than on small rocks. Large rocks also required more force to displace and were significantly less likely to be disturbed when transplanted at the study site. Results from this study indicate that occurrence, abundance and size structure of Dreissena in nearshore waters of Lake Erie correspond with the frequency of habitat disturbance, though other factors including food limitation and larval supply may also contribute to these patterns. These patterns complement studies that established the significance of physical disturbance in other aquatic systems.}, }
@article {pmid28307102, year = {1996}, author = {Maron, JL and Connors, PG}, title = {A native nitrogen-fixing shrub facilitates weed invasion.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {105}, number = {3}, pages = {302-312}, pmid = {28307102}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {Invasions by exotic weedy plants frequently occur in highly disturbed or otherwise anthropogenically altered habitats. Here we present evidence that, within California coastal prairie, invasion also can be facilitated by a native nitrogen-fixing shrub, bush lupine (Lupinus arboreus). Bush lupines fix nitrogen and grow rapidly, fertilizing the sandy soil with nitrogen-rich litter. The dense lupine canopy blocks light, restricting vegetative growth under bushes. Heavy insect herbivory kills lupines, opening exposed nitrogen-rich sites within the plant community. Eventual re-establishment of lupine occurs because of an abundant and long-lived seed bank. Lupine germination, rapid growth, shading and fertilization of sites, and then death after only a few years, results in a mosaic of nutrient-rich sites that are available to invading species. To determine the role of bush lupine death and nitrogen enrichment in community composition, we examined nutrient dynamics and plant community characteristics within a site only recently colonized by lupine, comparing patches where lupines had recently died or were experimentally killed with adjacent areas lacking lupine. In experimentally killed patches, instantaneous pool sizes of exchangeable ammonium and nitrate nitrogen were higher than in adjacent sites free of lupine. Seedlings of the introduced grass Bromus diandrus accumulated 48% greater root biomass and 93% more shoot biomass when grown in a greenhouse in soil collected under experimentally killed lupines compared to B. diandrus seedlings grown in soil collected at least 1 m away from lupines. At the end of the spring growing season, total above-ground live plant biomass was more than twice as great in dead lupine patches as in the adjacent lupine-free grassland, but dead lupine patches contained 47% fewer plant species and 57% fewer native species. Sites where lupines have repeatedly died and reestablished during recent decades support an interstitial grassland community high in productivity but low in diversity, composed of mostly weedy introduced annual plants. In contrast, at a site only recently colonized by bush lupines, the interstitial grassland consists of a less productive but more diverse set of native and introduced species. We suggest that repeated bouts of lupine germination, establishment, and death can convert a rich native plant community into a less diverse collection of introduced weeds.}, }
@article {pmid28307060, year = {1995}, author = {Stock, WD and Wienand, KT and Baker, AC}, title = {Impacts of invading N2-fixing Acacia species on patterns of nutrient cycling in two Cape ecosystems: evidence from soil incubation studies and [15]N natural abundance values.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {101}, number = {3}, pages = {375-382}, pmid = {28307060}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {This study examines the impacts of woody, N2-fixing invasive Acacia spp. on the patterns of nutrient cycling in two invaded ecosystems of differing nutrient status in the Cape floristic region. Patterns of soil nutrient mineralization were measured by a field incubation method while the significance of the fixation process in altering nutrient cycling was assessed by the δ[15]N natural abundance technique. The results confirm earlier reports that invasion by woody shrubs results in organic matter and nutrient enrichment of surface soils of both ecosystems. However, patterns of nutrient availability (phosphorus and nitrogen) were not necessarily enhanced. In the more fertile strandveld both phosphorus and nitrogen (significant at P<0.10) showed trends towards enhanced annual mineralization rates upon invasion, while in the low nutrient fynbos system only phosphorus followed this trend. It is unclear whether this differential response is a consequence of plant- or soil-derived feedbacks on the decomposition processes in each system. The δ[15]N values of the soils from the invaded sites of both ecosystems indicated a strong influence of the alien species on the soil nitrogen component. However, as with other studies of natural ecosystems, the contribution of nitrogen from fixation could not be readily quantified with the δ[15]N natural abundance method because of problems in selecting suitable non-N2-fixing reference plants. A technique of disrupting nodule structure and function, by fumigation with O2, to obtain the δ[15]N value of a non-N2-fixing speciment of the study species was tried and found to overcome some of the problems associated with the lack of suitable reference plants. With this technique it was possible to detect the almost total dependence of A. saligna on N2-fixation in the fynbos soils with their low nitrogen mineralization rates. In the strandveld ecosystem with much higher soil nitrogen release rates A. cyclops was only partly dependent on fixation (about half) for its nitrogen. The nutrient enrichment of both ecosystems and trends towards enhanced rates of nutrient mineralization could have profound implications on the long-term success of alien invader clearing operations and the restoration of the indigenous flora at these sites.}, }
@article {pmid28314033, year = {1993}, author = {Mesléard, F and Ham, LT and Boy, V and van Wijck, C and Grillas, P}, title = {Competition between an introduced and an indigenous species: the case of Paspalum paspalodes (Michx) Schribner and Aeluropus littoralis (Gouan) in the Camargue (southern France).}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {94}, number = {2}, pages = {204-209}, pmid = {28314033}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {Paspalum paspalodes, an introduced grass species, and Aeluropus littoralis, an indigenous species, develop abundantly in seasonally-flooded marshes in the Camargue (Rhône Delta, France). Although they occur together in many multispecies communities, neither species occurs when the other is dominat. The cultivation of cuttings of P. paspalodes and A. littoralis in a replacement series in a combination of five proportions (0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25 and 100/0) and four salinities (0,2 4, and 6 g Cl[-] · 1[-1]) gave contrasting results for the two species: (1) strong asymmetrical competition in favour of P. paspalodes at 0 g Cl[-] · 1[-1], (2) no significant effect of salinity on the mean above-ground and underground yields per plant for A. littoralis over the range tested, (3) a major decrease in the mean above-ground and belowground yields per plant for P. paspalodes with increasing salinity, (4) a reversal of the competitive balance between the species with increasing salinity. The cultivation of cuttings at high temperatures in a greenhouse in a combination of the same five proportions at two salinities (0 and 4 g Cl[-] · 1[-1]) refuted the hypothesis that the introduced species is better adapted to summer temperatures. Because it is not salt-tolerant, P. paspalodes cannot be considered as a potentially invasive species in the Camargue. Its abundance depends on newly created and artificially maintained habitats.}, }
@article {pmid27759321, year = {1993}, author = {Baltz, DM and Moyle, PB}, title = {Invasion Resistance to Introduced Species by a Native Assemblage of California Stream Fishes.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {246-255}, doi = {10.2307/1941827}, pmid = {27759321}, issn = {1051-0761}, abstract = {Assemblages of native stream fishes in California show a remarkable ability to resist invasion by introduced fishes as long as the streams are relatively undisturbed by human activity. Previous studies had indicated a high degree of spatial (microhabitat) segregation among the native fishes, which was confirmed by a principal components analysis of microhabitat use data from Deer Creek, a tributary of the Sacramento River. A null modelling study using the same data set was performed to see if competition was a major force structuring the assemblage, because theoretical studies had indicated that a competitively structured assemblage should be most able to resist invasions. The null models indicated that competition was not the major structuring force, so it is likely the assemblages are structured through a combination of morphological specialization (reflecting evolutionary history), predation, and some competition. The assemblages resist invasion through both environmental and biotic factors. Predation seems to be an especially important biotic factor.}, }
@article {pmid28313306, year = {1993}, author = {D'Antonio, CM and Odion, DC and Tyler, CM}, title = {Invasion of maritime chaparral by the introduced succulentCarpobrotus edulis : The roles of fire and herbivory.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {95}, number = {1}, pages = {14-21}, pmid = {28313306}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {Invasion by the alien succulent,Carpobrotus edulis, has become a common occurrence after fire in maritime chaparral in coastal California, USA. We studied post-burnCarpobrotus establishment in chaparral that lackedCarpobrotus plants before the fire and compared seedbank and field populations in adjacent burned and unburned stands.Carpobrotus seeds were abundant in deer scat and in the soil before burning. Burning did not enhance germination: many seeds were apparently killed by fire and seed bank cores taken after fire revealed no germinable seeds. Laboratory tests showed that temperatures over 105°C for five minutes killedCarpobrotus seeds. In a field experiment involving use of herbivore exclosures, we found that herbivory was an important source of mortality for seedlings in both burned and unburned chaparral. All seedlings, however, died outside of the burn regardless of the presence of cages. Establishment there is apparently limited by factors affecting plant physiology. In the burned area, seedlings that escaped herbivory grew very rapidly. Overall, it appears that herbivory limited seedling establishment in both burned and unburned sites but that the post-burn soil environment supportedCarpobrotus growth in excess of herbivore use, thus promoting establishment.}, }
@article {pmid28313406, year = {1992}, author = {Dangerfield, JM and Hassall, M}, title = {Phenotypic variation in the breeding phenology of the woodlouse Armadillidium vulgare.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {89}, number = {1}, pages = {140-146}, pmid = {28313406}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {The breeding phenology of temperate wood-lice is strongly seasonal, the result of physiological constraints and precise environmental cues for reproduction. The adaptive value of such mechanisms is that the release of offspring coincides with favourable conditions for growth and survival (Willows 1984). We recorded the breeding phenology of Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille) on two grassland sites in Great Britain and found between-site and between-year variation in the onset of reproduction, the duration of reproductive activity, the release of offspring, the size of reproductive females and the number of broods per female. Between 82.7 and 97.7% of gravid females sampled were semelparous at 23 months, with the remainder iteroparous, producing a second brood after 35 months. On one site (Weeting Health) improved growth conditions during 1984 allowed some females (19.3% of gravid females sampled in that year) to produce a brood after 11 months. There was also an increase in the number of 3-year-old females found to be gravid. An experimental manipulation of the same habitat confirmed that such changes in life history tactics could be phenotypic responses. The observed phenotypic variation was sufficient to produce a range of life history tactics within a population. Mixtures of life history tactics within a population may be typical of invasive species and populations at the edge of the species range. Our results support the idea that phenotypic plasticity can be an appropriate tactic to maximise fitness in a fluctuating environment (Caswell 1983, 1989).}, }
@article {pmid28312734, year = {1991}, author = {Rice, KJ and Mack, RN}, title = {Ecological genetics of Bromus tectorum : I. A hierarchical analysis of phenotypic variation.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {88}, number = {1}, pages = {77-83}, pmid = {28312734}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {An understanding of how genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity may interact to promote the spread of an introduced species requires information on the hierarchical distribution of genetic variation within the species in its new range. For example, a lack of genetic variation within marginal populations of an introduced species may slow its rate of spread into new habitats. In a glasshouse study, we examined the phenotypic variation among populations, among families, within families, and the homogeneity of variances within families for morphological and life history characters of an alien, self-pollinating annual grass, Bromus tectorum. The populations of B. tectorum studied were collected from both large, central populations in steppe habitats and small, peripheral populations in forest sites along a broad temperature-moisture gradient in western North America. Most variation in average flowering time was due to differences among seed source populations; among family variation contributed less than 20% to the total variance for flowering time. Populations from arid steppe habitats were the earliest flowering while the population from the most mesic forest habitat was last to flower. In contrast, the within-family variance was a major contributor to the total variance for plant dry weight, seed number per plant, total seed weight, and individual seed weight. The amount of total variation explained by among-family differences ranged between 18% for average seed weight to 30% for total plant dry weight. There was no consistent difference in within-population genetic variability between large, central populations in steppe habitats and smaller, potentially more isolated populations in forest habitats. Significant heterogeneity in within-family variance in some of the source populations suggest that families differ in the capacity for phenotypic response to environmental variation. Considered independently from source population, there was no consistent trend linking a particular trait to increased heterogeneity of within-family variances.}, }
@article {pmid28312969, year = {1990}, author = {Pierson, EA and Mack, RN}, title = {The population biology of Bromus tectorum in forests: distinguishing the opportunity for dispersal from environmental restriction.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {84}, number = {4}, pages = {519-525}, pmid = {28312969}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {With increasing elevation and corresponding changes in the macroclimate, forest zones in the Intermountain Region of western North America are often dominated in turn by Pinus ponderosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies grandis, an Thuja plicata. Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass), and introduced annual grass now abundant in the Region's steppe, is uncommon in mature stands representative of these forest zones. In order to determine whether B. tectorum is largely excluded from these forests by insufficient seed dispersal or environmental restriction(s), the grass's demography was compared in each of four years among populations experimentally-introduced into mature forests. The number of recruits did not differ among the Pinus, Pseudotsuga, and Abies sites; recruitment was however significantly lower on the coolest site dominated by Thuja. Emergence in both the low elevation Pinus and Pseudotsuga sites was about the same in autumn, winter, and spring. In the cooler, moister Abies and Thuja sites, emergence was limited to autumn and early winter. Survival in these forest sites ranged between 0 and 87%. The percentage of the total population to survive until harvest was highest in the Pseudotsuga site, intermediate in the Pinus and Abies sites, and lowest in the Thuja site. Compared with B. tectorum in the steppe, the surviving plants were small, and few produced seeds. All parents were members of either the autumn or winter cohort, and most parents produced only one seed. No seeds were produced at the Thuja site. Although phenotypic plasticity apparently contributes to the wide ecological amplitude of this grass, its growing season on these sites in most years is too short for it to reproduce. Consequently, these forest zones broadly define the current environmental limits to the distribution of cheatgrass in this portion of its new geographic range.}, }
@article {pmid28311946, year = {1988}, author = {McKillup, SC and Allen, PG and Skewes, MA}, title = {The natural decline of an introduced species following its initial increase in abundance; an explanation for Ommatoiulus moreletii in Australia.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {77}, number = {3}, pages = {339-342}, doi = {10.1007/BF00378039}, pmid = {28311946}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {The black Portuguese millipede, Ommatoiulus moreletii, an exotic species first reported in Australia in 1953, shows a pattern of initial eruption and subsequent decline in abundance following its introduction to sites in South Australia. Comparative sampling of new, erupted populations and older, declined populations was done in an attempt to find testable hypotheses to account for the decline. We report on laboratory and field experiments which show that a native rhabditid nematode appears to be the causal agent for the decline of populations of O. moreletii in South Australia. Implications for the biological control of introduced species are discussed in terms of this work.}, }
@article {pmid28311411, year = {1987}, author = {Kozár, F}, title = {The probability of interspecific competitive situations in scale-insects (Homoptera, Coccoidae) : Interspecific competition of scale-insects.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {73}, number = {1}, pages = {99-104}, doi = {10.1007/BF00376983}, pmid = {28311411}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {A large scale survey, covering some 25 million km[2] of Eastern-Europe, provided distributional data, and a more detailed picture on factors determining species composition and abundance of scale-insects colonizing deciduous orchard trees. No interspecific competition or competitive situations were detected among the 21 scale insect species, when taking into consideration the whole geographic area surveyed. Of all cases, 3.2% showed significant spatial separation in smaller geographic regions. However, no evidence for competition was found between species with overlapping distributions. In the case of introduced species, the role of past competition can also be excluded. Separation was thought to be determined by differences in ecological requirements. There is some probability of competition in the "transitional zone" (significant separation in 0.8% of cases), and somewhat more (2.4%) in the "Southern zone". There was potential competition between species classified as "Mediterranean" and "invader" subguilds (7.1% of frequent species pairs), as well as between the "Southern" and "invader" (2.4% of frequent species pairs) subguilds. Its probability was very low between the species of the "endemic" (0.8% of frequent species pairs) and "invader" (1.6% of frequent species pairs) subguilds.}, }
@article {pmid28311931, year = {1986}, author = {Sand-Jensen, K and Gordon, DM}, title = {Variable HCO 3[-] affinity of Elodea canadensis Michaux in response to different HCO 3[-] and CO2 concentrations during growth.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {70}, number = {3}, pages = {426-432}, pmid = {28311931}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {Elodea canadensis grows over a wide range of inorganic carbon, nutrient, and light conditions in lakes and streams. Affinity for HCO 3[-] use during photosynthesis ranged from strong to weak in Elodea collected from seven localities with different HCO 3[-] and CO2 concentrations. The response to HCO 3[-] was also very plastic in plants grown in the laboratory at high HCO 3[-] concentrations and CO2 concentrations varying from 14.8 to 2,200 μM. Bicarbonate affinity was markedly reduced with increasing CO2 concentrations in the growth medium so that ultimately HCO 3[-] use was not detectable. High CO2 concentrations also decreased CO2 affinity and induced high CO2 compensation points (360μM CO2) and tenfold higher half-saturation values (∼800 μM CO2).The variable HCO 3[-] affinity is probably environmentally based. Elodea is a recently introduced species in Denmark, where it reproduces only vegetatively, leaving little opportunity for genetic variation. More important, local populations in the same water system had different HCO 3[-] affinities, and a similar variation was created by exposing one plant collection to different laboratory conditions.Bicarbonate use enabled Elodea to photosynthesize rapidly in waters of high alkalinity and enhanced the carbon-extracting capacity by maintaining photosynthesis above pH 10. On the other hand, use of HCO 3[-] represents an investment in transport apparatus and energy which is probably not profitable when CO2 is high and HCO 3[-] is low. This explanation is supported by the findings that HCO 3[-] affinity was low in field populations where HCO 3[-] was low (0.5 and 0.9 m M) or CO2 was locally high, and that HCO 3[-] affinity was suppressed in the laboratory by high CO2 concentrations.}, }
@article {pmid28309616, year = {1979}, author = {Osmond, CB and Nott, DL and Firth, PM}, title = {Carbon assimilation patterns and growth of the introduced CAM plant Opuntia inermis in Eastern Australia.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, pages = {331-350}, pmid = {28309616}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {The daily course of CO2 and H2O exchange in cladodes of Opuntia inermis was studied at four sites in Eastern Australia. On most occasions cladode water contents were high and nocturnal stomatal opening resulted in substantial uptake of CO2 and synthesis of about 130 μ equiv cm[-2] of malic acid during the night. Under water stress nocturnal stomatal opening was confined to the latter part of the night and acid synthesis was reduced to about 40 μ equiv cm[-2]. Night temperature had little effect on acid synthesis, which responded primarily to rainfall and changed from the stressed condition within 2-3 days in irrigation experiments. On many occasions following summer rainfall stomata opened for 4 h in the late afternoon permitting net CO2 fixation which may contribute about 25% of the total carbon assimilated. This CO2 fixation was insufficient to have a marked impact on the δ13C value of the Opuntia cladodes. CO2 fixation in the light occurred in conjunction with maximum dark CO2 fixation under mesic conditions. Dark CO2 fixation rates were 3 to 5 times greater than those recorded in desert cacti under favorable conditions. Relative growth rates calculated on the basic of CO2 exchange correspond to measured relative growth rates of 0.05 g g[-1] dry wt day[-1] which prevailed for 60-90 days in summer. The capacity for very active CO2 fixation in the dark and light following summer rainfall and the capacity to persist at low levels of metabolic activity through summer drought are discussed in relation to the success of this introduced species in this habitat.}, }
@article {pmid28309129, year = {1978}, author = {Lauenroth, WK and Dodd, JL and Sims, PL}, title = {The effects of water- and nitrogen-induced stresses on plant community structure in a semiarid grassland.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {211-222}, pmid = {28309129}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {A replicated factorial experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that manipulating inputs of water and mineral nitrogen to a semiarid grassland would disrupt existing interactions resulting in alteration of the structure of the primary producer community. Alteration of community structure was measured as either changes in growing season average biomass of 6 functional groups of plants or their relative contribution to total biomass.Additions of water greatly increased total biomass and resulted in the replacement of one of the dominant functional groups by a subordinate group. The water plus nitrogen treatment resulted in large biomass increases in two of the dominant functional groups, elimination of succulents as an important component of community structure, and establishment of several introduced weedy species. Continuation of the experiment will likely result in complete dominance of the water plus nitrogen treatment by these introduced species.Despite the large changes in community structure observed as a result of water- and nitrogen-induced stresses we conclude that the shortgrass prairie in northcentral Colorado is asymptotically stable with respect to these influences.}, }
@article {pmid28308955, year = {1977}, author = {Pough, FH and Stewart, MM and Thomas, RG}, title = {Physiological basis of habitat partitioning in Jamaican Eleutherodactylus.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {285-293}, pmid = {28308955}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {Rate of evaporation, resistance to drying, temperature selection, and critical thermal maximum were measured for Jamaican Eleutherodactylus acclimated to 20° C and a 12:12 L:D photoperiod. Two introduced species, E. planirostris and E. johnstonei, selected higher temperatures and had higher CTMs than two native species, E. cundalli and E. gossei. The introduced species lost water as rapidly as the native species, but tolerated 30-73% greater water loss before losing their righting response. The physiological differences are reflected in the microhabitat selection and activity patterns of the four species.}, }
@article {pmid28306864, year = {1972}, author = {Nevo, E and Gorman, G and Soulé, M and Yang, SY and Clover, R and Jovanović, V}, title = {Competitive exclusion between insular Lacerta species (Sauria, Lacertidae) : Notes on experimental Introductions.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {183-190}, doi = {10.1007/BF00347990}, pmid = {28306864}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {Competetive exclusion between Lacerta sicula and L. melisellensis characterizes the small islands of the Adriatic Sea.In 1958 and 1959 M. Radovanovié introduced Lacerta sicula or Lacerta melisellensis onto islands exclusively occupied by the other species. During the summer of 1971 follow-up observations were made on three of these islands, two of which completely lacked representatives of the introduced species. On the third island, the introduced species appears to be replacing the native form. Minor habitat differences permit coexistence, however the situation is dynamic and probably not at equilibrium. A reciprocal introduction involving the two species on the islands of Pod Kopiŝte and Pod Mrĉaru is announced.}, }
@article {pmid27027403, year = {2016}, author = {Uchida, S and Mori, H and Kojima, T and Hayama, K and Sakairi, Y and Chiba, S}, title = {Effects of an invasive ant on land snails in the Ogasawara Islands.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, pages = {1330-1337}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12724}, pmid = {27027403}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Population Dynamics ; *Snails ; }, abstract = {We investigated how Pheidole megacephala has affected endemic achatinellid snails because these snails are excellent indicators of the impact of ants and they have high conservation value in Ogasawara. In 2015 we surveyed the Minamizaki area of Hahajima Island of Ogasawara, designated a core zone of the World Heritage Site, for P. megacephala. In Minamizaki, we determined the distribution and density of achatinellid snails in 2015 and compared these data with their distribution and density in 2005. Land cover in the survey area was entirely forest. We also tested whether P. megacephala preyed on achatinellid snails in the laboratory. P. megacephala was present in the forested areas of Minamizaki. Achatinellid snails were absent in 19 of 39 sites where P. megacephala was present, whereas in other areas densities of the snails ranged from 2 to 228 individuals/site. In the laboratory, P. megacephala carried 6 of 7 achatinellid snails and a broken shell was found. Snail distribution and density comparisons and results of the feeding experiments suggest that the presence of P. megacephala has contributed to the decline of achatinellid snails in forests in the survey area. Yet, P. megacephala is not on the official list of invasive non-native species. Stakeholders using the list of invasive species to develop conservation programs should recognize that invasiveness of non-native species differs depending on the ecosystem and that official lists may not be complete.}, }
@article {pmid27039106, year = {2016}, author = {Chaves, LF}, title = {Globally invasive, withdrawing at home: Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus facing the rise of Aedes flavopictus.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {60}, number = {11}, pages = {1727-1738}, pmid = {27039106}, issn = {1432-1254}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Climate Change ; Humidity ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; *Models, Theoretical ; Population Density ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {It has been suggested that climate change may have facilitated the global expansion of invasive disease vectors, since several species have expanded their range as temperatures have warmed. Here, we present results from observations on two major global invasive mosquito vectors (Diptera: Culicidae), Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes japonicus (Theobald), across the altitudinal range of Mt. Konpira, Nagasaki, Japan, a location within their native range, where Aedes flavopictus Yamada, formerly a rare species, has now become dominant. Spatial abundance patterns of the three species suggest that temperature is an important factor influencing their adult distribution across the altitudinal range of Mt. Konpira. Temporal abundance patterns, by contrast, were associated with rainfall and showed signals of density-dependent regulation in the three species. The spatial and temporal analysis of abundance patterns showed that Ae. flavopictus and Ae. albopictus were negatively associated, even when accounting for differential impacts of weather and other environmental factors in their co-occurrence patterns. Our results highlight a contingency in the expansion of invasive vectors, the potential emergence of changes in their interactions with species in their native communities, and raise the question of whether these changes might be useful to predict the emergence of future invasive vectors.}, }
@article {pmid26560112, year = {2016}, author = {Denisow, B and Masierowska, M and Antoń, S}, title = {Floral nectar production and carbohydrate composition and the structure of receptacular nectaries in the invasive plant Bunias orientalis L. (Brassicaceae).}, journal = {Protoplasma}, volume = {253}, number = {6}, pages = {1489-1501}, pmid = {26560112}, issn = {1615-6102}, mesh = {Brassicaceae/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; *Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Flowers/*anatomy &amp; histology/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Epidermis/ultrastructure ; Plant Nectar/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The data relating to the nectaries and nectar secretion in invasive Brassicacean taxa are scarce. In the present paper, the nectar production and nectar carbohydrate composition as well as the morphology, anatomy and ultrastructure of the floral nectaries in Bunias orientalis were investigated. Nectary glands were examined using light, fluorescence, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy. The quantities of nectar produced by flowers and total sugar mass in nectar were relatively low. Total nectar carbohydrate production per 10 flowers averaged 0.3 mg. Nectar contained exclusively glucose (G) and fructose (F) with overall G/F ratio greater than 1. The flowers of B. orientalis have four nectaries placed at the base of the ovary. The nectarium is intermediate between two nectary types: the lateral and median nectary type (lateral and median glands stay separated) and the annular nectary type (both nectaries are united into one). Both pairs of glands represent photosynthetic type and consist of epidermis and glandular tissue. However, they differ in their shape, size, secretory activity, dimensions of epidermal and parenchyma cells, thickness of secretory parenchyma, phloem supply, presence of modified stomata and cuticle ornamentation. The cells of nectaries contain dense cytoplasm, plastids with starch grains and numerous mitochondria. Companion cells of phloem lack cell wall ingrowths. The ultrastructure of secretory cells indicates an eccrine mechanism of secretion. Nectar is exuded throughout modified stomata.}, }
@article {pmid27253630, year = {2016}, author = {Harrist, A and Styczynski, A and Wynn, D and Ansari, S and Hopkin, J and Rosado-Santos, H and Baker, J and Nakashima, A and Atkinson, A and Spencer, M and Dean, D and Teachout, L and Mayer, J and Condori, RE and Orciari, L and Wadhwa, A and Ellison, J and Niezgoda, M and Petersen, B and Wallace, R and Musgrave, K}, title = {Human Rabies - Wyoming and Utah, 2015.}, journal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report}, volume = {65}, number = {21}, pages = {529-533}, doi = {10.15585/mmwr.mm6521a1}, pmid = {27253630}, issn = {1545-861X}, mesh = {Aged ; Animals ; Chiroptera/virology ; Contact Tracing ; Fatal Outcome ; Female ; Humans ; Post-Exposure Prophylaxis ; Public Health Practice ; Rabies/*diagnosis/*prevention &amp; control ; Rabies virus/*isolation &amp; purification ; Risk Assessment ; Utah ; Wyoming ; }, abstract = {In September 2015, a Wyoming woman was admitted to a local hospital with a 5-day history of progressive weakness, ataxia, dysarthria, and dysphagia. Because of respiratory failure, she was transferred to a referral hospital in Utah, where she developed progressive encephalitis. On day 8 of hospitalization, the patient's family told clinicians they recalled that, 1 month before admission, the woman had found a bat on her neck upon waking, but had not sought medical care. The patient's husband subsequently had contacted county invasive species authorities about the incident, but he was not advised to seek health care for evaluation of his wife's risk for rabies. On October 2, CDC confirmed the patient was infected with a rabies virus variant that was enzootic to the silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans). The patient died on October 3. Public understanding of rabies risk from bat contact needs to be improved; cooperation among public health and other agencies can aid in referring persons with possible bat exposure for assessment of rabies risk.}, }
@article {pmid27253390, year = {2016}, author = {Hao, Y and Dietrich, CH and Dai, W}, title = {Structure and Sensilla of the Mouthparts of the Spotted Lanternfly Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae), a Polyphagous Invasive Planthopper.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {e0156640}, pmid = {27253390}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Female ; Hemiptera/*anatomy &amp; histology/ultrastructure ; *Introduced Species ; Sensilla/*anatomy &amp; histology/ultrastructure ; }, abstract = {Mouthparts are among the most important sensory and feeding structures in insects and comparative morphological study may help explain differences in feeding behavior and diet breadth among species. The spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) is a polyphagous agricultural pest originating in China, recently established and becoming widespread in Korea, and more recently introduced into eastern North America. It causes severe economic damage by sucking phloem sap and the sugary excrement produced by nymphs and adults serves as a medium for sooty mold. To facilitate future study of feeding mechanisms in this insect, the fine-structural morphology of mouthparts focusing on the distribution of sensilla located on the labium in adult L. delicatula was observed using a scanning electron microscope. The mouthparts consist of a small cone-shaped labrum, a tubular labium and a stylet fascicle consisting of two inner interlocked maxillary stylets partially surrounded by two shorter mandibular stylets similar to those found in other hemipteran insects. The five-segmented labium is unusual (most other Fulgoromorpha have four segments) and is provided with several types of sensilla and cuticular processes situated on the apex of its distal labial segment. In general, nine types of sensilla were found on the mouthparts. Six types of sensilla and four types of cuticular processes are present on sensory fields of the labial apex. The proposed taxonomic and functional significance of the sensilla are discussed. Morphological similarities in the interlocking mechanism of the stylets suggest a relationship between Fulgoromorpha and Heteroptera.}, }
@article {pmid27252726, year = {2016}, author = {Dawkins, K and Esiobu, N}, title = {Emerging Insights on Brazilian Pepper Tree (Schinus terebinthifolius) Invasion: The Potential Role of Soil Microorganisms.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {712}, pmid = {27252726}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Invasive plant species constitute a major ecological and economic problem worldwide, often distorting trophic levels and ecosystem balance. Numerous studies implicate factors ranging from environmental plasticity, competition for nutrient and space, and allelopathy in the success of invasive species in general. The Brazilian Pepper tree (BP) was introduced to the United States in the 1800s and has since become a category one invasive plant in Florida. It has aggressively spread to about 3000 km(2) of terrestrial surface, fueled in part by the prevalence of the hybrid genotypes and environmental perturbations. It displays some of the well-established invasive mechanisms but there is a serious dearth of knowledge on the plant-microbe-soil interactions and whether the rhizobiome plays any roles in the displacement of native flora and the range expansion of BP. Several control measures, including chemical, mechanical, and biological antagonism have been used with limited success while restoration of natives in soils from which BP was removed has proved problematic partly due to a poorly understood phenomenon described as the "BP legacy effect." Emerging evidence suggests that allelopathy, selective recruitment of beneficial soil microbes, disruption of microbial community structure and alteration of nutrient cycling, exhibited by many other invasive plant species may also be involved in the case of BP. This brief review discusses the well-established BP invasion mechanisms and highlights the current understanding of the molecular, below-ground processes. It also points out the gaps in studies on the potential role of microbial interactions in the success of BP invasion. These hitherto poorly studied mechanisms could further explain the aggressive spread of BP and could potentially contribute significantly to effective control measures and enable appropriate strategies for restoring native plants. The review advocates for the use of cutting-edge techniques in advancing the plant microbiome science. Ultimately, comparing metagenomic analyses of the rhizobiome of invasive plants grown in native and non-native soils could lead to a better understanding of the microbial determinants of biotic resistance, potentially empowering environmental managers with some predictive power of future trends of plant invasion.}, }
@article {pmid27252409, year = {2016}, author = {Bentley, MT and Hahn, DA and Oi, FM}, title = {The Thermal Breadth of Nylanderia fulva (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Is Narrower Than That of Solenopsis invicta at Three Thermal Ramping Rates: 1.0, 0.12, and 0.06°C min-1.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {1058-1062}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw050}, pmid = {27252409}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Body Size ; Florida ; Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Determining the upper (CTmax) and lower (CTmin) critical thermal limits of invasive ants provides insight into how temperature could shape their distribution, seasonality, and daily activity. Understanding the potential distribution of invasive ants is imperative to improving quarantine and management efforts. Nylanderia fulva (Mayr) (tawny crazy ant) and Solenopsis invicta (Buren) (red imported fire ant) are invasive ants that are established throughout the southeastern United States. Recent studies have found that body size and thermal ramping rate can affect the estimation of critical thermal limits. However, the effects of both variables and their interactions on the thermal limits of N. fulva and S. invicta have not previously been described. Thus, we evaluated the impacts of body size and ramping rate on the critical thermal limits of N. fulva and S. invicta Overall, N. fulva had a narrower thermal breadth than S. invicta (Nf CTmin = 7.3°C and Nf CTmax = 41.3°C vs. Si CTmin = 4.1°C and Si CTmax = 45.3°C). For both species, slower ramping rates resulted in lower CTmax values and ants with smaller head capsules had a narrower thermal breadth than ants with larger head capsules. These data improve our understanding of the critical thermal limits of both species and could be useful for developing predictive models that estimate the future spread of these invasive ants in nonnative ranges.}, }
@article {pmid27252207, year = {2016}, author = {Satterfield, DA and Villablanca, FX and Maerz, JC and Altizer, S}, title = {Migratory monarchs wintering in California experience low infection risk compared to monarchs breeding year-round on non-native milkweed.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, pages = {343-352}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icw030}, pmid = {27252207}, issn = {1557-7023}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Apicomplexa/*physiology ; Asclepias/*growth &amp; development ; Butterflies/*parasitology/physiology ; California ; Ecosystem ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Long-distance migration can lower infection risk for animal populations by removing infected individuals during strenuous journeys, spatially separating susceptible age classes, or allowing migrants to periodically escape from contaminated habitats. Many seasonal migrations are changing due to human activities including climate change and habitat alteration. Moreover, for some migratory populations, sedentary behaviors are becoming more common as migrants abandon or shorten their journeys in response to supplemental feeding or warming temperatures. Exploring the consequences of reduced movement for host-parasite interactions is needed to predict future responses of animal pathogens to anthropogenic change. Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) and their specialist protozoan parasite Ophryocystis elektroscirrha (OE) provide a model system for examining how long-distance migration affects infectious disease processes in a rapidly changing world. Annual monarch migration from eastern North America to Mexico is known to reduce protozoan infection prevalence, and more recent work suggests that monarchs that forego migration to breed year-round on non-native milkweeds in the southeastern and south central Unites States face extremely high risk of infection. Here, we examined the prevalence of OE infection from 2013 to 2016 in western North America, and compared monarchs exhibiting migratory behavior (overwintering annually along the California coast) with those that exhibit year-round breeding. Data from field collections and a joint citizen science program of Monarch Health and Monarch Alert showed that infection frequency was over nine times higher for monarchs sampled in gardens with year-round milkweed as compared to migratory monarchs sampled at overwintering sites. Results here underscore the importance of animal migrations for lowering infection risk and motivate future studies of pathogen transmission in migratory species affected by environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid27251937, year = {2016}, author = {Bajer, PG and Beck, MW and Cross, TK and Koch, JD and Bartodziej, WM and Sorensen, PW}, title = {Biological invasion by a benthivorous fish reduced the cover and species richness of aquatic plants in most lakes of a large North American ecoregion.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {22}, number = {12}, pages = {3937-3947}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13377}, pmid = {27251937}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Carps ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Models, Theoretical ; North America ; *Plants ; United States ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are projected to be the main driver of biodiversity and ecosystem function loss in lakes in the 21st century. However, the extent of these future losses is difficult to quantify because most invasions are recent and confounded by other stressors. In this study, we quantified the outcome of a century-old invasion, the introduction of common carp to North America, to illustrate potential consequences of introducing non-native ecosystem engineers to lakes worldwide. We used the decline in aquatic plant richness and cover as an index of ecological impact across three ecoregions: Great Plains, Eastern Temperate Forests and Northern Forests. Using whole-lake manipulations, we demonstrated that both submersed plant cover and richness declined exponentially as carp biomass increased such that plant cover was reduced to <10% and species richness was halved in lakes in which carp biomass exceeded 190 kg ha[-1] . Using catch rates amassed from 2000+ lakes, we showed that carp exceeded this biomass level in 70.6% of Great Plains lakes and 23.3% of Eastern Temperate Forests lakes, but 0% of Northern Forests lakes. Using model selection analysis, we showed that carp was a key driver of plant species richness along with Secchi depth, lake area and human development of lake watersheds. Model parameters showed that carp reduced species richness to a similar degree across lakes of various Secchi depths and surface areas. In regions dominated by carp (e.g., Great Plains), carp had a stronger impact on plant richness than human watershed development. Overall, our analysis shows that the introduction of common carp played a key role in driving a severe reduction in plant cover and richness in a majority of Great Plains lakes and a large portion of Eastern Temperate Forests lakes in North America.}, }
@article {pmid27251265, year = {2016}, author = {Rome, Q and Villemant, C}, title = {Invasive species: Bee-hawking hornet already in line of fire.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {534}, number = {7605}, pages = {37}, doi = {10.1038/534037c}, pmid = {27251265}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Pollination ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, }
@article {pmid27248830, year = {2016}, author = {Ihlow, F and Courant, J and Secondi, J and Herrel, A and Rebelo, R and Measey, GJ and Lillo, F and De Villiers, FA and Vogt, S and De Busschere, C and Backeljau, T and Rödder, D}, title = {Impacts of Climate Change on the Global Invasion Potential of the African Clawed Frog Xenopus laevis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {e0154869}, pmid = {27248830}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Xenopus laevis ; }, abstract = {By altering or eliminating delicate ecological relationships, non-indigenous species are considered a major threat to biodiversity, as well as a driver of environmental change. Global climate change affects ecosystems and ecological communities, leading to changes in the phenology, geographic ranges, or population abundance of several species. Thus, predicting the impacts of global climate change on the current and future distribution of invasive species is an important subject in macroecological studies. The African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), native to South Africa, possesses a strong invasion potential and populations have become established in numerous countries across four continents. The global invasion potential of X. laevis was assessed using correlative species distribution models (SDMs). SDMs were computed based on a comprehensive set of occurrence records covering South Africa, North America, South America and Europe and a set of nine environmental predictors. Models were built using both a maximum entropy model and an ensemble approach integrating eight algorithms. The future occurrence probabilities for X. laevis were subsequently computed using bioclimatic variables for 2070 following four different IPCC scenarios. Despite minor differences between the statistical approaches, both SDMs predict the future potential distribution of X. laevis, on a global scale, to decrease across all climate change scenarios. On a continental scale, both SDMs predict decreasing potential distributions in the species' native range in South Africa, as well as in the invaded areas in North and South America, and in Australia where the species has not been introduced. In contrast, both SDMs predict the potential range size to expand in Europe. Our results suggest that all probability classes will be equally affected by climate change. New regional conditions may promote new invasions or the spread of established invasive populations, especially in France and Great Britain.}, }
@article {pmid27247620, year = {2016}, author = {Campbell, LG and Teitel, Z and Miriti, MN}, title = {Contemporary evolution and the dynamics of invasion in crop-wild hybrids with heritable variation for two weedy life-histories.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {697-708}, pmid = {27247620}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Gene flow in crop-wild complexes between phenotypically differentiated ancestors may transfer adaptive genetic variation that alters the fecundity and, potentially, the population growth (λ) of weeds. We created biotypes with potentially invasive traits, early flowering or long leaves, in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) and F5 crop-wild hybrid (R. sativus × R. raphanistrum) backgrounds and compared them to randomly mated populations, to provide the first experimental estimate of long-term fitness consequences of weedy life-history variation. Using a life table response experiment design, we modeled λ of experimental, field populations in Pellston, MI, and assessed the relative success of alternative weed strategies and the contributions of individual vital rates (germination, survival, seed production) to differences in λ among experimental populations. Growth rates (λ) were most influenced by seed production, a trait altered by hybridization and selection, compared to other vital rates. More seeds were produced by wild than hybrid populations and by long-leafed than early-flowering lineages. Although we did not detect a biotype by selection treatment effect on lambda, lineages also exhibited contrasting germination and survival strategies. Identifying life-history traits affecting population growth contributes to our understanding of which portions of the crop genome are most likely to introgress into weed populations.}, }
@article {pmid27247305, year = {2016}, author = {Dearborn, KW and Heard, SB and Sweeney, J and Pureswaran, DS}, title = {Displacement of Tetropium cinnamopterum (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) by Its Invasive Congener Tetropium fuscum.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {848-854}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw045}, pmid = {27247305}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biota ; Coleoptera/parasitology/*physiology ; Food Chain ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; New Brunswick ; Nova Scotia ; *Picea/growth &amp; development ; Trees/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {We examined the native community of insects interacting with an invasive species, Tetropium fuscum (F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), in its new range to explore reasons for the invader's relatively slow spread. Tetropium fuscum is a European spruce borer established in Nova Scotia since at least 1990, but it has spread only about 125 km from its site of introduction. We compared the densities of Tetropium spp., their known parasitoids, and the community of wood-boring insects at sites located within the invasion zone in Nova Scotia versus well outside this zone, in New Brunswick, Canada. Using red spruce trees stressed by girdling or felling, we tested whether: 1) T. fuscum had altered the native wood-boring community; 2) T. fuscum displaced a native congener, Tetropium cinnamopterum (Kirby); and 3) parasitism rates of Tetropium spp. differed between the invaded and noninvaded zones. Both Tetropium spp. and their parasitoid wasps emerged exclusively from felled trees as opposed to girdled trees. We found no difference in community diversity inside versus outside the invasion zone. The combined densities of both Tetropium spp. and their overall parasitism rates also did not differ between zones, but T. cinnamopterum density was significantly greater outside the invasion zone, suggesting T. fuscum may displace the native congener where they are sympatric. Our results suggest that the native and invasive Tetropium spp. act as a single functional species in the invasion zone. We speculate that natural control agents (predators, parasitoids, and competitors) might be limiting the rate of spread of T. fuscum.}, }
@article {pmid27247301, year = {2016}, author = {Park, CG and Min, S and Lee, GS and Kim, S and Lee, Y and Lee, S and Hong, KJ and Wilson, SW and Akimoto, S and Lee, W}, title = {Genetic Variability of the Invasive Species Metcalfa pruinosa (Hemiptera: Flatidae) in the Republic of Korea.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {109}, number = {4}, pages = {1897-1906}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow097}, pmid = {27247301}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Haplotypes ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Republic of Korea ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830) (Hemiptera: Flatidae) has caused substantial agricultural damage since its recent introduction to the Republic of Korea; however, the source of this introduction is still unclear. To examine the genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationships among several populations of M. pruinosa from Korea and foreign countries, 251 COI sequences from 251 samples collected from Korea, France, Italy, Spain, Slovenia, and the United States were newly analyzed, together with seven published COI sequences from Canada. In total, 19 haplotypes were detected from the 258 COI sequences, and three haplotypes, H1, H3, and H9, were detected from samples in Korea. The MJ network and Bayesian inference revealed that the three haplotypes of Korea were closely connected with samples of Italy, Spain, Slovenia, France, and the United States. Our study revealed the possibility of multiple invasions of M. pruinosa from Europe and/or North America into Korea.}, }
@article {pmid27247298, year = {2016}, author = {Hayes, RA and Griffiths, MW and Nahrung, HF and Arnold, PA and Hanks, LM and Millar, JG}, title = {Optimizing Generic Cerambycid Pheromone Lures for Australian Biosecurity and Biodiversity Monitoring.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {109}, number = {4}, pages = {1741-1749}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow100}, pmid = {27247298}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Chemotaxis ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Hexanones/pharmacology ; Insect Control/*methods ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Queensland ; }, abstract = {The cerambycid beetles comprise a diverse family that includes many economically important pests of living and dead trees. Pheromone lures have been developed for cerambycids in many parts of the world, but to date, have not been tested in Australia. In this study, we tested the efficacy of several pheromones, identified from North American and European species, as attractants for cerambycids at three sites in southeast Queensland, Australia. Over two field seasons, we trapped 863 individuals from 47 cerambycid species. In the first season, racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one was the most attractive compound among the eight pheromones tested. Subsequently, we aimed to optimize trapping success by combining this compound with other components. However, neither the addition of other pheromone components nor host plant volatiles improved the efficacy of 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one alone. We also tested a generic pheromone blend developed for North American cerambycids, and found that only the combination of this blend with host plant volatiles improved trapping success. The Australian cerambycid fauna is not well known, and effective lures for use in trapping beetles would greatly assist in the study of this important group. Effective semiochemical lures would also have implications for biosecurity through improved monitoring for invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid27246099, year = {2016}, author = {Hager, HA and Ryan, GD and Kovacs, HM and Newman, JA}, title = {Effects of elevated CO2 on photosynthetic traits of native and invasive C3 and C4 grasses.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {28}, pmid = {27246099}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Poaceae/classification/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rising CO2 is expected to result in changes in plant traits that will increase plant productivity for some functional groups. Differential plant responses to elevated CO2 are likely to drive changes in competitive outcomes, with consequences for community structure and plant diversity. Many of the traits that are enhanced under elevated CO2 also confer competitive success to invasive species, and it is widely believed that invasive species will be more successful in high CO2. However, this is likely to depend on plant functional group, and evidence suggests that C3 plants tend to respond more strongly to CO2.<br><br>RESULTS: We tested the hypothesis that invasive species would be more productive than noninvasive species under elevated CO2 and that stronger responses would be seen in C3 than C4 plants. We examined responses of 15 grass species (eight C3, seven C4), classified as noninvasive or invasive, to three levels of CO2 (390, 700 and 1000&#xa0;ppm) in a closed chamber experiment. Elevated CO2 decreased conductance and %N and increased shoot biomass and C/N ratio across all species. Differences between invasive and noninvasive species depended on photosynthetic mechanism, with more differences for traits of C3 than C4 plants. Differences in trait means between invasive and noninvasive species tended to be similar across CO2 levels for many of the measured responses. However, noninvasive C3 grasses were more responsive than invasive C3 grasses in increasing tiller number and root biomass with elevated CO2, whereas noninvasive C4 grasses were more responsive than invasive C4 grasses in increasing shoot and root biomass with elevated CO2. For C3 grasses, these differences could be disadvantageous for noninvasive species under light competition, whereas for C4 grasses, noninvasive species may become better competitors with invasive species under increasing CO2.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The ecophysiological mechanisms underlying invasion success of C3 and C4 grasses may differ. However, given that the direction of trait differences between invasive and noninvasive grasses remained consistent under ambient and elevated CO2, our results provide evidence that increases in CO2 are unlikely to change dramatically the competitive hierarchy of grasses in these functional groups.}, }
@article {pmid27245423, year = {2016}, author = {Ali, N and Heslop-Harrison, JP and Ahmad, H and Graybosch, RA and Hein, GL and Schwarzacher, T}, title = {Introgression of chromosome segments from multiple alien species in wheat breeding lines with wheat streak mosaic virus resistance.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {117}, number = {2}, pages = {114-123}, pmid = {27245423}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Plant/*genetics ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Disease Resistance/*genetics ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Mosaic Viruses ; Phenotype ; Plant Breeding ; Plant Diseases/*genetics/virology ; Poaceae/genetics ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Secale/genetics ; Translocation, Genetic ; Triticum/*genetics/virology ; }, abstract = {Pyramiding of alien-derived Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) resistance and resistance enhancing genes in wheat is a cost-effective and environmentally safe strategy for disease control. PCR-based markers and cytogenetic analysis with genomic in situ hybridisation were applied to identify alien chromatin in four genetically diverse populations of wheat (Triticum aestivum) lines incorporating chromosome segments from Thinopyrum intermedium and Secale cereale (rye). Out of 20 experimental lines, 10 carried Th. intermedium chromatin as T4DL*4Ai#2S translocations, while, unexpectedly, 7 lines were positive for alien chromatin (Th. intermedium or rye) on chromosome 1B. The newly described rye 1RS chromatin, transmitted from early in the pedigree, was associated with enhanced WSMV resistance. Under field conditions, the 1RS chromatin alone showed some resistance, while together with the Th. intermedium 4Ai#2S offered superior resistance to that demonstrated by the known resistant cultivar Mace. Most alien wheat lines carry whole chromosome arms, and it is notable that these lines showed intra-arm recombination within the 1BS arm. The translocation breakpoints between 1BS and alien chromatin fell in three categories: (i) at or near to the centromere, (ii) intercalary between markers UL-Thin5 and Xgwm1130 and (iii) towards the telomere between Xgwm0911 and Xbarc194. Labelled genomic Th. intermedium DNA hybridised to the rye 1RS chromatin under high stringency conditions, indicating the presence of shared tandem repeats among the cereals. The novel small alien fragments may explain the difficulty in developing well-adapted lines carrying Wsm1 despite improved tolerance to the virus. The results will facilitate directed chromosome engineering producing agronomically desirable WSMV-resistant germplasm.}, }
@article {pmid27245344, year = {2016}, author = {Fryxell, DC and Diluzio, AR and Friedman, MA and Menge, NA and Palkovacs, EP}, title = {Cross-habitat effects shape the ecosystem consequences of co-invasion by a pelagic and a benthic consumer.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {182}, number = {2}, pages = {519-528}, pmid = {27245344}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can have major impacts on ecosystems, yet little work has addressed the combined effects of multiple invaders that exploit different habitats. Two common invaders in aquatic systems are pelagic fishes and crayfishes. Pelagic-oriented fish effects are typically strong on the pelagic food web, whereas crayfish effects are strong on the benthic food web. Thus, co-invasion may generate strong ecological responses in both habitats. We tested the effects of co-invasion on experimental pond ecosystems using two widespread invasive species, one pelagic (western mosquitofish) and one benthic (red swamp crayfish). As expected, mosquitofish had strong effects on the pelagic food web, reducing the abundance of Daphnia and causing a strong trophic cascade (increase in phytoplankton). Crayfish had strong effects on the benthic food web, reducing the abundance of benthic filamentous algae. Yet, we also found evidence for important cross-habitat effects. Mosquitofish treatments reduced the biomass of benthic filamentous algae, and crayfish treatments increased Daphnia and phytoplankton abundance. Combined effects of mosquitofish and crayfish were primarily positively or negatively additive, and completely offsetting for some responses, including gross primary production (GPP). Though co-invasion did not affect GPP, it strongly shifted primary production from the benthos into the water column. Effects on snail abundance revealed an interaction; snail abundance decreased only in the presence of both invaders. These results suggest that cross-habitat effects of co-invaders may lead to a variety of ecological outcomes; some of which may be unpredictable based on an understanding of each invader alone.}, }
@article {pmid27242539, year = {2016}, author = {Nielsen, AL and Chen, S and Fleischer, SJ}, title = {Coupling Developmental Physiology, Photoperiod, and Temperature to Model Phenology and Dynamics of an Invasive Heteropteran, Halyomorpha halys.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {165}, pmid = {27242539}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {We developed an agent-based stochastic model expressing stage-specific phenology and population dynamics for an insect species across geographic regions. We used the invasive pentatomid, Halyomorpha halys, as the model organism because gaps in knowledge exist regarding its developmental physiology, it is expanding its global distribution, and it is of significant economic importance. Model predictions were compared against field observations over 3 years, and the parameter set that enables the largest population growth was applied to eight locations over 10 years, capturing the variation in temperature and photoperiod profiles of significant horticultural crop production that could be affected by H. halys in the US. As a species that overwinters as adults, critical photoperiod significantly impacted H. halys seasonality and population size through its influence on diapause termination and induction, and this may impact other insects with similar life-histories. Photoperiod and temperature interactions influenced life stage synchrony among years, resulting in an order of magnitude difference, for occurrence of key life stages. At all locations, there was a high degree of overlap among life stages and generation. Although all populations produced F2 adults and thus could be characterized as bivoltine, the size and relative contribution of each generation to the total, or overwintering, adult population also varied dramatically. In about half of the years in two locations (Geneva, NY and Salem, OR), F1 adults comprised half or more of the adult population at the end of the year. Yearly degree-day accumulation was a significant covariate influencing variation in population growth, and average maximum adult population size varied by 10-fold among locations. Average final population growth was positive (Asheville, NC, Homestead, FL, Davis, CA) or marginal (Geneva, NY, Bridgeton, NJ, Salem, OR, Riverside, CA), but was negative in one location (Wenatchee WA) due to cooler temperatures coupled with timing of vitellogenesis of F2 adults. Years of the highest population growth in the mid-Atlantic site coincided with years of highest crop damage reports. We discuss these results with respect to assumptions and critical knowledge gaps, the ability to realistically model phenology of species with strongly overlapping life stage and which diapause as adults.}, }
@article {pmid27241717, year = {2017}, author = {Hulme, PE}, title = {Climate change and biological invasions: evidence, expectations, and response options.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {92}, number = {3}, pages = {1297-1313}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12282}, pmid = {27241717}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {A changing climate may directly or indirectly influence biological invasions by altering the likelihood of introduction or establishment, as well as modifying the geographic range, environmental impacts, economic costs or management of alien species. A comprehensive assessment of empirical and theoretical evidence identified how each of these processes is likely to be shaped by climate change for alien plants, animals and pathogens in terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments of Great Britain. The strongest contemporary evidence for the potential role of climate change in the establishment of new alien species is for terrestrial arthropods, as a result of their ectothermic physiology, often high dispersal rate and their strong association with trade as well as commensal relationships with human environments. By contrast, there is little empirical support for higher temperatures increasing the rate of alien plant establishment due to the stronger effects of residence time and propagule pressure. The magnitude of any direct climate effect on the number of new alien species will be small relative to human-assisted introductions driven by socioeconomic factors. Casual alien species (sleepers) whose population persistence is limited by climate are expected to exhibit greater rates of establishment under climate change assuming that propagule pressure remains at least at current levels. Surveillance and management targeting sleeper pests and diseases may be the most cost-effective option to reduce future impacts under climate change. Most established alien species will increase their distribution range in Great Britain over the next century. However, such range increases are very likely be the result of natural expansion of populations that have yet to reach equilibrium with their environment, rather than a direct consequence of climate change. To assess the potential realised range of alien species will require a spatially explicit approach that not only integrates bioclimatic suitability and population-level demographic rates but also simulation of landscape-level processes (e.g. dispersal, land-use change, host/habitat distribution, non-climatic edaphic constraints). In terms of invasive alien species that have known economic or biodiversity impacts, the taxa that are likely to be the most responsive are plant pathogens and insect pests of agricultural crops. However, the extent to which climate adaptation strategies lead to new crops, altered rotations, and different farming practices (e.g. irrigation, fertilization) will all shape the potential agricultural impacts of alien species. The greatest uncertainty in the effects of climate change on biological invasions exists with identifying the future character of new species introductions and predicting ecosystem impacts. Two complementary strategies may work under these conditions of high uncertainty: (i) prioritise ecosystems in terms of their perceived vulnerability to climate change and prevent ingress or expansion of alien species therein that may exacerbate problems; (ii) target those ecosystem already threatened by alien species and implement management to prevent the situation deteriorating under climate change.}, }
@article {pmid27241358, year = {2016}, author = {Maiztegui, T and Baigún, CR and Garcia de Souza, JR and Minotti, P and Colautti, DC}, title = {Invasion status of the common carp Cyprinus carpio in inland waters of Argentina.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {89}, number = {1}, pages = {417-430}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13014}, pmid = {27241358}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Argentina ; Carps/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; }, abstract = {This study documents the presence of Cyprinus carpio in 119 natural environments and 49 artificial habitats in Argentina, showing an exponential increment of invaded locations over time since it was introduced in the nineteenth century. Geographic expansion patterns revealed that since its initial introduction, species records demonstrate an increment in the central portion of the country only after 1970 and subsequent expansion after 1990 to the north, west and south. Using an environmental similarity index it was determined that more than half the country offers good conditions for C. carpio establishment. Environmental factors and anthropogenic impacts are relevant drivers that can account for the current and future distribution of C. carpio in Argentina.}, }
@article {pmid27241173, year = {2016}, author = {Yang, W and Jeelani, N and Leng, X and Cheng, X and An, S}, title = {Spartina alterniflora invasion alters soil microbial community composition and microbial respiration following invasion chronosequence in a coastal wetland of China.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {26880}, pmid = {27241173}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Bacteria/classification/growth &amp; development ; Biodiversity ; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; Biomass ; Carbon/chemistry ; China ; Fatty Acids/chemistry ; Fungi/classification/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Microbial Consortia/*physiology ; Nitrogen/chemistry ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; Time Factors ; Water/chemistry ; *Wetlands ; Wettability ; }, abstract = {The role of exotic plants in regulating soil microbial community structure and activity following invasion chronosequence remains unclear. We investigated soil microbial community structure and microbial respiration following Spartina alterniflora invasion in a chronosequence of 6-, 10-, 17-, and 20-year-old by comparing with bare flat in a coastal wetland of China. S. alterniflora invasion significantly increased soil moisture and salinity, the concentrations of soil water-soluble organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon (MBC), the quantities of total and various types of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), the fungal:bacterial PLFAs ratio and cumulative microbial respiration compared with bare flat. The highest MBC, gram-negative bacterial and saturated straight-chain PLFAs were found in 10-year-old S. alterniflora soil, while the greatest total PLFAs, bacterial and gram-positive bacterial PLFAs were found in 10- and 17-year-old S. alterniflora soils. The monounsaturated:branched PLFAs ratio declined, and cumulative microbial respiration on a per-unit-PLFAs increased following S. alterniflora invasion in the chronosequence. Our results suggest that S. alterniflora invasion significantly increased the biomass of soil various microbial groups and microbial respiration compared to bare flat soil by increasing soil available substrate, and modifying soil physiochemical properties. Soil microbial community reached the most enriched condition in the 10-year-old S. alterniflora community.}, }
@article {pmid27240567, year = {2016}, author = {Roug, A and Swift, P and Puschner, B and Gerstenberg, G and Mertins, JW and Johnson, CK and Torres, S and Mortensen, J and Woods, L}, title = {Exotic pediculosis and hair-loss syndrome in deer (Odocoileus hemionus) populations in California.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, pages = {399-407}, doi = {10.1177/1040638716647154}, pmid = {27240567}, issn = {1943-4936}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Alopecia/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Animal Migration ; Animals ; Anoplura/*physiology ; Blood Chemical Analysis/veterinary ; California/epidemiology ; *Deer/physiology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Ischnocera/*physiology ; Lice Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Male ; Prevalence ; Seasons ; Sex Factors ; }, abstract = {Infestation with nonnative, "exotic" lice was first noted in Washington black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in 1994 and has since then spread throughout the western United States. In California, infestation with the exotic louse Damalinia (Cervicola) sp. was first detected in black-tailed deer from northern California in 2004, and, in 2009, the exotic louse species Bovicola tibialis and Linognathus africanus were identified on mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus californicus) in central Sierra Nevada in association with a mortality event. Exotic lice have since been detected in various locations throughout the state. We describe the geographic distribution of these exotic lice within California, using data from 520 live-captured and 9 postmortem-sampled, free-ranging mule deer examined between 2009 and 2014. Data from live-captured deer were used to assess possible associations between louse infestation and host age, host sex, migratory behavior, season, and blood selenium and serum copper concentrations. Damalinia (Cervicola) sp. and B. tibialis lice were distinctively distributed geographically, with D. (Cervicola) sp. infesting herds in northern and central coastal California, B. tibialis occurring in the central coastal mountains and the Sierra Nevada, and L. africanus occurring only sporadically. Younger age classes and low selenium concentrations were significantly associated with exotic louse infestation, whereas no significant relationship was detected with serum copper levels. Our results show that exotic lice are widespread in California, and younger age classes with low blood selenium concentrations are more likely to be infested with lice than older deer.}, }
@article {pmid27240206, year = {2016}, author = {Faulkner, KT and Robertson, MP and Rouget, M and Wilson, JR}, title = {Border control for stowaway alien species should be prioritised based on variations in establishment debt.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {180}, number = {}, pages = {301-309}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.05.023}, pmid = {27240206}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; South Africa ; Travel ; }, abstract = {Border control is one of the major approaches used by countries to limit the number of organisms introduced as stowaways. However, it is not feasible to inspect all passengers, cargo and vehicles entering a country, and so efforts need to be prioritised. Here we use South Africa as a case study to assess, based on tourism and trade data and climate matching techniques, the number of stowaway species that might be introduced ('colonisation pressure') and the likelihood that once introduced, these organisms will establish ('likelihood of establishment'). These results were used to explore how the number of species that are likely to establish ('establishment debt') varies across donor regions and seasons. A simple theoretical model was then used to compare four strategies for prioritising border control inspections: no prioritisation; based on colonisation pressure; based on likelihood of establishment; and based on both colonisation pressure and likelihood of establishment. Establishment debt was greatest in southern hemisphere spring and autumn when South Africa is climatically similar to northern hemisphere countries with which there are strong, consistent trade and tourism links (i.e. colonisation pressure varied little seasonally, but likelihood of establishment did vary across the seasons). Prioritising inspections based on both colonisation pressure and the likelihood of establishment was clearly the most effective strategy, with this strategy detecting at least 6% more potential invaders than the other strategies. While there are many practical limitations to the implementation of such prioritised inspection strategies, the results highlight the importance of national and regional studies of establishment debt.}, }
@article {pmid27238016, year = {2016}, author = {Ferreira-Rodriguez, N and Gessner, J and Pardo, I}, title = {Assessing the potential of the European Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser sturio to control bivalve invasions in Europe.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, pages = {1459-1465}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13019}, pmid = {27238016}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia ; *Dreissena ; Europe ; Feeding Behavior ; *Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Pilot Projects ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {This pilot study explored the potential of juvenile European Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser sturio to feed on two invasive bivalve species, the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea and the Eurasian zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. Preliminary results indicate that native A. sturio were feeding on D. polymorpha at a very limited rate and their potential to prevent the establishment of invasive bivalve species, in new and previously invaded areas, is considered limited.}, }
@article {pmid27236231, year = {2016}, author = {Alemu I, JB}, title = {The status and management of the lionfish, Pterois sp. in Trinidad and Tobago.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {109}, number = {1}, pages = {402-408}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.042}, pmid = {27236231}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coral Reefs ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Perciformes ; Trinidad and Tobago ; }, abstract = {Trinidad and Tobago was the last Caribbean island to be invaded by the lionfish and since its invasion in 2012 they have spread to most coral reef and hard bottom environments. Standard reef fish surveys were used to assess lionfish population densities and size distributions from 2013-2015. Total lengths ranged between 6.2-40.4cm and 2.2-950g in weight. The length-weight relationship was described by W=0.0002L(2.5654). Fish densities were highest in the northeast Tobago at 326lionfish/ha and the lowest in the southwest Tobago at 10.5lionfish/ha. In order to curtail the spread of this invasive species, a culling programme was initiated at selected reefs to regularly remove lionfish at monthly intervals. On the selected reefs 26-30% reduction in mean lionfish biomass and 25-27% reduction in abundance was noted compared to control sites (p<0.05).}, }
@article {pmid27235840, year = {2016}, author = {Chapman, PM}, title = {Benefits of Invasive Species.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {107}, number = {1}, pages = {1-2}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.04.067}, pmid = {27235840}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid27235386, year = {2016}, author = {Jiang, F and Fu, W and Clarke, AR and Schutze, MK and Susanto, A and Zhu, S and Li, Z}, title = {A high-throughput detection method for invasive fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) species based on microfluidic dynamic array.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {1378-1388}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12542}, pmid = {27235386}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Entomology/*methods ; Microfluidics/*methods ; Plants/parasitology ; Quarantine ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Tephritidae/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can be detrimental to a nation's ecology, economy and human health. Rapid and accurate diagnostics are critical to limit the establishment and spread of exotic organisms. The increasing rate of biological invasions relative to the taxonomic expertise available generates a demand for high-throughput, DNA-based diagnostics methods for identification. We designed species-specific qPCR primer and probe combinations for 27 economically important tephritidae species in six genera (Anastrepha, Bactrocera, Carpomya, Ceratitis, Dacus and Rhagoletis) based on 935 COI DNA barcode haplotypes from 181 fruit fly species publically available in BOLD, and then tested the specificity for each primer pair and probe through qPCR of 35 of those species. We then developed a standardization reaction system for detecting the 27 target species based on a microfluidic dynamic array and also applied the method to identify unknown immature samples from port interceptions and field monitoring. This method led to a specific and simultaneous detection for all 27 species in 7.5 h, using only 0.2 μL of reaction system in each reaction chamber. The approach successfully discriminated among species within complexes that had genetic similarities of up to 98.48%, while it also identified all immature samples consistent with the subsequent results of morphological examination of adults which were reared from larvae of cohorts from the same samples. We present an accurate, rapid and high-throughput innovative approach for detecting fruit flies of quarantine concern. This is a new method which has broad potential to be one of international standards for plant quarantine and invasive species detection.}, }
@article {pmid27234370, year = {2016}, author = {Capel, KC and Migotto, AE and Zilberberg, C and Lin, MF and Forsman, Z and Miller, DJ and Kitahara, MV}, title = {Complete mitochondrial genome sequences of Atlantic representatives of the invasive Pacific coral species Tubastraea coccinea and T. tagusensis (Scleractinia, Dendrophylliidae): Implications for species identification.}, journal = {Gene}, volume = {590}, number = {2}, pages = {270-277}, doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2016.05.034}, pmid = {27234370}, issn = {1879-0038}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Anthozoa/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; Codon/genetics ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; *Introduced Species ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Phylogeny ; RNA/genetics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Members of the azooxanthellate coral genus Tubastraea are invasive species with particular concern because they have become established and are fierce competitors in the invaded areas in many parts of the world. Pacific Tubastraea species are spreading fast throughout the Atlantic Ocean, occupying over 95% of the available substrate in some areas and out-competing native endemic species. Approximately half of all known coral species are azooxanthellate but these are seriously under-represented compared to zooxanthellate corals in terms of the availability of mitochondrial (mt) genome data. In the present study, the complete mt DNA sequences of Atlantic individuals of the invasive scleractinian species Tubastraea coccinea and Tubastraea tagusensis were determined and compared to the GenBank reference sequence available for a Pacific "T. coccinea" individual. At 19,094bp (compared to 19,070bp for the GenBank specimen), the mt genomes assembled for the Atlantic T. coccinea and T. tagusensis were among the longest sequence determined to date for "Complex" scleractinians. Comparisons of genomes data showed that the "T. coccinea" sequence deposited on GenBank was more closely related to that from Dendrophyllia arbuscula than to the Atlantic Tubastraea spp., in terms of genome length and base pair similarities. This was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis, suggesting that the former was misidentified and might actually be a member from the genus Dendrophyllia. In addition, although in general the COX1 locus has a slow evolutionary rate in Scleractinia, it was the most variable region of the Tubastraea mt genome and can be used as markers for genus or species identification. Given the limited data available for azooxanthellate corals, the results presented here represent an important contribution to our understanding of phylogenetic relationships and the evolutionary history of the Scleractinia.}, }
@article {pmid27234006, year = {2016}, author = {Domingue, MJ and Andreadis, SS and Silk, PJ and Ryall, KL and Baker, TC}, title = {Interaction of Visual and Chemical CUES in Promoting Attraction of Agrilus planipennis.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {42}, number = {6}, pages = {490-496}, pmid = {27234006}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects ; Coleoptera/*drug effects/*physiology ; *Cues ; Female ; Fraxinus/chemistry ; Lactones/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Male ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*drug effects ; *Visual Perception ; }, abstract = {Female emerald ash borers, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), emit a macrocyclic lactone, (Z)-3-dodecen-12-olide, that increases field trap captures on large-panel prism traps when co-emitted with the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenol. We assessed attraction to these compounds by using visual decoy-baited branch traps, which attract males by mimicking a living female resting upon a leaf. Pairs of branch traps, with and without visual decoy beetles, were placed on green ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, trees, which were assigned different odor treatments: 1) no odor, 2) (Z)-3-hexenol alone, and 3) (Z)-3-hexenol-plus-lactone. Male captures were positively affected by the presence of decoys and the emission of either (Z)-3-hexenol or (Z)-3-hexenol plus lactone. The decoy-baited traps with the combination of (Z)-3-hexenol plus lactone caught more males than any other treatment. Greater male captures were associated with continuing captures later in the season, suggesting that decoy and odor attractants remain attractive throughout the flight period. Female captures were not affected by the visual decoys, but odors did influence captures, with the (Z)-3-hexenol plus lactone treatment catching the greatest number of females. The rare female trap captures were negatively correlated with the more common male captures on the odorless and (Z)-3-hexenol-baited traps, but were not correlated with male captures when the lactone was added. Thus, in the absence of the lactone, the visual signal of other conspecifics can inhibit female attraction. However, the pheromone attracts both sexes independently of the visual signal on the trap.}, }
@article {pmid27233985, year = {2017}, author = {Avio, CG and Gorbi, S and Regoli, F}, title = {Plastics and microplastics in the oceans: From emerging pollutants to emerged threat.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {128}, number = {}, pages = {2-11}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.05.012}, pmid = {27233985}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Environmental Monitoring ; Oceans and Seas ; Plastics/*analysis ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Waste Products/analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Plastic production has increased dramatically worldwide over the last 60 years and it is nowadays recognized as a serious threat to the marine environment. Plastic pollution is ubiquitous, but quantitative estimates on the global abundance and weight of floating plastics are still limited, particularly for the Southern Hemisphere and the more remote regions. Some large-scale convergence zones of plastic debris have been identified, but there is the urgency to standardize common methodologies to measure and quantify plastics in seawater and sediments. Investigations on temporal trends, geographical distribution and global cycle of plastics have management implications when defining the origin, possible drifting tracks and ecological consequences of such pollution. An elevated number of marine species is known to be affected by plastic contamination, and a more integrated ecological risk assessment of these materials has become a research priority. Beside entanglement and ingestion of macro debris by large vertebrates, microplastics are accumulated by planktonic and invertebrate organisms, being transferred along food chains. Negative consequences include loss of nutritional value of diet, physical damages, exposure to pathogens and transport of alien species. In addition, plastics contain chemical additives and efficiently adsorb several environmental contaminants, thus representing a potential source of exposure to such compounds after ingestion. Complex ecotoxicological effects are increasingly reported, but the fate and impact of microplastics in the marine environment are still far to be fully clarified.}, }
@article {pmid27233954, year = {2016}, author = {Lillie, M and Cui, J and Shine, R and Belov, K}, title = {Molecular characterization of MHC class II in the Australian invasive cane toad reveals multiple splice variants.}, journal = {Immunogenetics}, volume = {68}, number = {6-7}, pages = {449-460}, pmid = {27233954}, issn = {1432-1211}, mesh = {Alternative Splicing/*genetics ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Australia ; Bufo marinus/*genetics ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Protein Isoforms ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; }, abstract = {The cane toad has gained notoriety for its invasion across the Australian landscape, with significant impacts on the native Australian fauna. The invasion has accelerated over time, with invading cane toads adapted for highly dispersive traits. This, however, has come at the cost of the immune system, with lower investment in some immune functions. To investigate the cane toad's immunogenetics, we characterized four major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IIA and three MHC class IIB loci. Preliminary observations suggest very low allelic diversity at all loci. We also observed various splice isoforms. One isoform seen at one class IIA and two class IIB loci was missing exon 2, which is essential to peptide binding and presentation. The other isoform, observed at a class IIA locus, is likely to be a soluble MHC product. These results may suggest a significant role of alternative splicing of MHC loci in the Australian cane toad.}, }
@article {pmid27232137, year = {2016}, author = {Kreß, A and Kuch, U and Oehlmann, J and Müller, R}, title = {Effects of diapause and cold acclimation on egg ultrastructure: new insights into the cold hardiness mechanisms of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {142-150}, doi = {10.1111/jvec.12206}, pmid = {27232137}, issn = {1948-7134}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; *Cold Temperature ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/physiology ; Ovum/*ultrastructure ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae, SKUSE), is an important threat to public health due to its rapid spread and its potential as a vector. The eggs of Ae. albopictus are the most cold resistant life stage and thus, the cold hardiness of eggs is used to predict the future occurrence of the species in distribution models. However, the mechanism of cold hardiness has yet to be revealed. To address this question, we analyzed the layers of diapausing and cold acclimatized eggs of a temperate population of Ae. albopictus in a full factorial test design using transmission electron microscopy. We reviewed the hypotheses that a thickened wax layer or chorion is the cause of cold hardiness but found no evidence. As a result of the induced diapause, the thickness of the dark endochorion as a layer of high electron density and thus an assumed location for waxes was decreasing. We therefore hypothesized a qualitative alteration of the wax layer due to compaction. Cold acclimation was causing an increase in the thickness of the middle serosa cuticle indicating a detachment of serosa membrane from the endochorion as a potential adaptation strategy to isolate inoculating ice formations in the inter-membranous space.}, }
@article {pmid27232134, year = {2016}, author = {Bellile, KG and Vonesh, JR}, title = {Bioinsecticide and leaf litter combination increases oviposition and reduces adult recruitment to create an effective ovitrap for Culex mosquitoes.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {123-127}, doi = {10.1111/jvec.12203}, pmid = {27232134}, issn = {1948-7134}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; Culex/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Larva ; *Mosquito Control ; *Oviposition ; *Pest Control, Biological ; }, abstract = {Mosquito egg traps, aquatic habitats baited with oviposition attractant and insecticide, are important tools for surveillance and control efforts in integrated vector management programs. The bioinsecticide Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) is increasingly used as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical insecticides and the combination of Bti with a simple oviposition attractant like leaf litter to create an effective egg trap seems appealing. However, previous research suggests that Bti may itself alter oviposition, and that leaf litter may dramatically reduce Bti toxicity. Here we present results from field experiment designed to link the effects of litter and Bti on mosquito oviposition habitat selection and post-colonization survival to production of adult mosquitoes. Tripling litter increased Culex spp. oviposition nearly nine-fold, while Bti had no effect on oviposition. Neither factor altered egg survival, thus larval abundance reflected the effects of litter on oviposition. Both Bti and litter reduced larval survival by ∼60%. We found no evidence that increased litter reduced Bti toxicity. Adult production was dependent upon both litter and Bti. In the absence of Bti, effects of litter on oviposition translated into three-fold more adults. However, in the presence of Bti, initial increases in oviposition were erased by the combined negative effects of Bti and litter on post-colonization survival. Thus, our study provides field evidence that combined litter and Bti application creates an effective ovitrap. This combined treatment had the highest oviposition and the lowest survival, and thus removed the greatest number of mosquitoes from the landscape.}, }
@article {pmid27232125, year = {2016}, author = {Faull, KJ and Webb, C and Williams, CR}, title = {Desiccation survival time for eggs of a widespread and invasive Australian mosquito species, Aedes (Finlaya) notoscriptus (Skuse).}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {55-62}, doi = {10.1111/jvec.12194}, pmid = {27232125}, issn = {1948-7134}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Australia ; *Desiccation ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/*physiology ; Ovum/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The Australian native mosquito Aedes (Finlaya) notoscriptus (Skuse) is closely associated with natural and artificial water holding receptacles. Eggs are laid in habitats where they are exposed to drying conditions as water levels fluctuate. Withstanding desiccation enables survival in challenging environments and increases the potential for establishment in non-native habitats. Until now, the desiccation resistance of Ae. notoscriptus eggs has been unknown despite the historical invasive success of this important dog heartworm and arbovirus vector. Viability and mean survival times of eggs from two Ae. notoscriptus populations (metropolitan areas of Sydney, NSW and Adelaide, SA) were evaluated, with eggs stored under three dryness conditions for up to 367 days. Our results revealed that Ae. notoscriptus eggs can withstand desiccation for extended periods, under a variety of conditions, with approximately 9-13% egg viability recorded after one year. This prolonged egg survival reflects the widespread distribution of this mosquito in Australia and its history of incursions and subsequent establishment in non-native habitats. Differences in mean egg volume were recorded in addition to significantly different egg length to width ratios for the two populations, which may reflect adaptation to biotope of origin and an associated likelihood of drought and drying conditions. The results of this study suggest that the desiccation resistant eggs of Ae. notoscriptus make this species highly adaptable, increasing the risk of movement to non-endemic regions of the world.}, }
@article {pmid27232119, year = {2016}, author = {Davis, TJ and Kline, DL and Kaufman, PE}, title = {Assessment of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) clutch size in wild and laboratory populations.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {11-17}, doi = {10.1111/jvec.12188}, pmid = {27232119}, issn = {1948-7134}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Body Size ; *Clutch Size ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Oviposition ; Population Density ; Wings, Animal/anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is an invasive mosquito species found across the southern U.S. with range expansion into many northern states. Intra- and interspecific larval competition have been evaluated for Ae. albopictus with respect to subsequent adult size, immature and adult survivability, and its capacity to vector pathogens as an adult. However, limited data are available on egg production as related to larval rearing conditions. Because Ae. albopictus is a container-inhabiting mosquito that oviposits in resource-limited habitats, it is found under variable density-dependent conditions. Therefore, we examined the impact of specific rearing conditions on Ae. albopictus clutch size and adult body size; comparing the egg production values and wing lengths from known developmental densities to those from field-collected populations. Field populations varied significantly among collection sites in mean clutch size (23 to 46). These clutch sizes were comparable to the mean clutch sizes of females reared at the larval densities of nine (20 eggs) and three (53 eggs) larvae per 3 ml of water in the laboratory. Field populations experienced density-dependent effects impacting adult mosquito size. Mosquitoes from the four sample sites had mean wing lengths of 1.99, 2.47, 2.51, and 2.54 mm, which were less than the mean wing length of mosquitoes reared at larval densities of three larvae per 3 ml of water (2.57 mm).}, }
@article {pmid27231919, year = {2016}, author = {Dagorn, F and Couzinet-Mossion, A and Kendel, M and Beninger, PG and Rabesaotra, V and Barnathan, G and Wielgosz-Collin, G}, title = {Exploitable Lipids and Fatty Acids in the Invasive Oyster Crassostrea gigas on the French Atlantic Coast.}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {27231919}, issn = {1660-3397}, mesh = {Animals ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; Crassostrea/*metabolism ; Docosahexaenoic Acids/metabolism ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid/metabolism ; Fatty Acids/*metabolism ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/metabolism ; France ; Lecithins/metabolism ; Lipids/*physiology ; Plasmalogens/metabolism ; Shellfish ; Sterols/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Economic exploitation is one means to offset the cost of controlling invasive species, such as the introduced Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) on the French Atlantic coast. Total lipid and phospholipid (PL) fatty acids (FAs) and sterols were examined in an invasive population of C. gigas in Bourgneuf Bay, France, over four successive seasons, with a view to identify possible sources of exploitable substances. The total lipid level (% dry weight) varied from 7.1% (winter) to 8.6% (spring). Of this, PLs accounted for 28.1% (spring) to 50.4% (winter). Phosphatidylcholine was the dominant PL throughout the year (up to 74% of total PLs in winter). Plasmalogens were identified throughout the year as a series of eleven dimethylacetals (DMAs) with chain lengths between C16 and C20 (up to 14.5% of PL FAs + DMAs in winter). Thirty-seven FAs were identified in the PL FAs. Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3 EPA/7.53% to 14.5%) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3 DHA/5.51% to 9.5%) were the dominant polyunsaturated FAs in all seasons. Two non-methylene-interrupted dienoic (NMID) FAs were identified in all seasons: 7,13-docosadienoic and 7,15-docosadienoic acids, the latter being present at relatively high levels (up to 9.6% in winter). Twenty free sterols were identified, including cholesterol at 29.9% of the sterol mixture and about 33% of phytosterols. C. gigas tissues thus contained exploitable lipids for health benefits or as a potential source of high-quality commercial lecithin.}, }
@article {pmid27231904, year = {2016}, author = {He, LX and Wu, XQ and Xue, Q and Qiu, XW}, title = {Effects of Endobacterium (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) on Pathogenesis-Related Gene Expression of Pine Wood Nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and Pine Wilt Disease.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {27231904}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Animals ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Helminth ; Pinus/parasitology ; Plant Diseases/parasitology ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia/*pathogenicity ; Tylenchida/*genetics/microbiology/*pathogenicity ; Virulence ; Virulence Factors/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Pine wilt disease (PWD) caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is responsible for devastating epidemics in pine trees in Asia and Europe. Recent studies showed that bacteria carried by the PWN might be involved in PWD. However, the molecular mechanism of the interaction between bacteria and the PWN remained unclear. Now that the whole genome of B. xylophilus (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is published, transcriptome analysis is a unique method to study the role played by bacteria in PWN. In this study, the transcriptome of aseptic B. xylophilus, B. xylophilus treated with endobacterium (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia NSPmBx03) and fungus B. xylophilus were sequenced. We found that 61 genes were up-regulated and 830 were down-regulated in B. xylophilus after treatment with the endobacterium; 178 genes were up-regulated and 1122 were down-regulated in fungus B. xylophilus compared with aseptic B. xylophilus. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were used to study the significantly changed biological functions and pathways for these differentially expressed genes. Many pathogenesis-related genes, including glutathinone S-transferase, pectate lyase, ATP-binding cassette transporter and cytochrome P450, were up-regulated after B. xylophilus were treated with the endobacterium. In addition, we found that bacteria enhanced the virulence of PWN. These findings indicate that endobacteria might play an important role in the development and virulence of PWN and will improve our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms involved in the interaction between bacteria and the PWN.}, }
@article {pmid27231528, year = {2016}, author = {Willows-Munro, S and Dowler, RC and Jarcho, MR and Phillips, RB and Snell, HL and Wilbert, TR and Edwards, CW}, title = {Cryptic diversity in Black rats Rattus rattus of the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {11}, pages = {3721-3733}, pmid = {27231528}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Human activity has facilitated the introduction of a number of alien mammal species to the Galápagos Archipelago. Understanding the phylogeographic history and population genetics of invasive species on the Archipelago is an important step in predicting future spread and designing effective management strategies. In this study, we describe the invasion pathway of Rattus rattus across the Galápagos using microsatellite data, coupled with historical knowledge. Microsatellite genotypes were generated for 581 R. rattus sampled from 15 islands in the archipelago. The genetic data suggest that there are at least three genetic lineages of R. rattus present on the Galápagos Islands. The spatial distributions of these lineages correspond to the main centers of human settlement in the archipelago. There was limited admixture among these three lineages, and these finding coupled with low rates of gene flow among island populations suggests that interisland movement of R. rattus is rare. The low migration among islands recorded for the species will have a positive impact on future eradication efforts.}, }
@article {pmid27230396, year = {2016}, author = {Price, CJ and Banks, PB}, title = {Increased olfactory search costs change foraging behaviour in an alien mustelid: a precursor to prey switching?.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {182}, number = {1}, pages = {119-128}, pmid = {27230396}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Cues ; Grasshoppers ; Mice ; Mustelidae ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Smell ; }, abstract = {If generalist predators are to hunt efficiently, they must track the changing costs and benefits of multiple prey types. Decisions to switch from hunting preferred prey to alternate prey have been assumed to be driven by decreasing availability of preferred prey, with less regard for accessibility of alternate prey. Olfactory cues from prey provide information about prey availability and its location, and are exploited by many predators to reduce search costs. We show that stoats Mustela erminea, an alien olfactory predator in New Zealand, are sensitive to the search costs of hunting both their preferred rodent prey (mice) and a less desirable alternate prey (locust). We manipulated search costs for stoats using a novel form of olfactory camouflage of both prey, and found that stoats altered their foraging strategy depending on whether mice were camouflaged or conspicuous, but only when locusts were also camouflaged. Stoats gave up foraging four times more often when both prey were camouflaged, compared to when mice were conspicuous and locusts camouflaged. There were no differences in the foraging strategies used to hunt camouflaged or conspicuous mice when locusts were easy to find. Consequently, camouflaged mice survived longer than conspicuous mice when locusts were hard to find, but not when locusts were easy to find. Our results demonstrate that predators can integrate search costs from multiple prey types when making foraging decisions. Manipulating olfactory search costs to alter foraging strategies offers new methods for understanding the factors that foreshadow prey switching.}, }
@article {pmid27229686, year = {2016}, author = {Flacio, E and Engeler, L and Tonolla, M and Müller, P}, title = {Spread and establishment of Aedes albopictus in southern Switzerland between 2003 and 2014: an analysis of oviposition data and weather conditions.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {304}, pmid = {27229686}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Animals ; Female ; Insect Vectors/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Oviposition ; Ovum ; Switzerland ; Temperature ; Weather ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is a highly invasive mosquito species of public health importance. In the wake of its arrival in neighbouring Italy the authorities of the canton of Ticino in southern Switzerland initiated a surveillance programme in 2000 that is still on-going. Here we explored the unique data set, compiled from 2003 to 2014, to analyse the local dynamic of introduction and establishment of Ae. albopictus, its relative density in relation to precipitation and temperature, and its potential distribution at the passage from southern to northern Europe.<br><br>METHODS: The presence of Ae. albopictus was recorded by ovitraps placed across Ticino. In addition to presence-absence, the relationship between relative egg densities and year, month, temperature and precipitation was analysed by a generalised linear mixed model.<br><br>RESULTS: Since its first detection in 2003 at Ticino's border with Italy Ae. albopictus has continuously spread north across the lower valleys, mainly along the trans-European motorway, E35. Detailed local analysis showed that industrial areas were colonised by the mosquito before residential areas and that, afterwards, the mosquito was more present in residential than in industrial areas. Ae. albopictus appeared sporadically and then became more present in the same places the following years, suggesting gradual establishment of locally reproducing populations that manage to overwinter. This trend continues as witnessed by both a growing area being infested and increasing egg counts in the ovitraps. There was a clear South-North gradient with more traps being repeatedly positive in the South and fewer eggs laid during periods of intensive precipitation. In the North, the mosquito appeared repeatedly through the years, but never managed to establish, probably because of unfavourable weather conditions and low road traffic.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Given the present results we assume that additional areas may still become infested. While the current study provides good estimates of relative egg densities and shows the local and regional dynamics of Ae. albopictus invasion, additional parameters ought to be measured to make an objective risk assessment for epidemic disease transmission. The likelihood of Ae. albopictus to further spread and increase in densities calls for continued surveillance.}, }
@article {pmid27227452, year = {2016}, author = {Robinson, BS and Inger, R and Gaston, KJ}, title = {A Rose by Any Other Name: Plant Identification Knowledge &amp; Socio-Demographics.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {e0156572}, pmid = {27227452}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Pattern Recognition, Visual ; *Plants ; Socioeconomic Factors ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Concern has been expressed over societal losses of plant species identification skills. These losses have potential implications for engagement with conservation issues, gaining human wellbeing benefits from biodiversity (such as those resulting from nature-based recreational activities), and early warning of the spread of problematic species. However, understanding of the prevailing level of species identification skills, and of its key drivers, remains poor. Here, we explore socio-demographic factors influencing plant identification knowledge and ability to classify plants as native or non-native, employing a novel method of using real physical plants, rather than photographs or illustrations. We conducted face-to-face surveys at three different sites chosen to capture respondents with a range of socio-demographic circumstances, in Cornwall, UK. We found that survey participants correctly identified c.60% of common plant species, were significantly worse at naming non-native than native plants, and that less than 20% of people recognised Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica, which is a widespread high profile invasive non-native in the study region. Success at naming plants was higher if participants were female, a member of at least one environmental, conservation or gardening organisation, in an older age group (than the base category of 18-29 years), or a resident (rather than visitor) of the study area. Understanding patterns of variation in plant identification knowledge can inform the development of education and engagement strategies, for example, by targeting sectors of society where knowledge is lowest. Furthermore, greater understanding of general levels of identification of problematic invasive non-native plants can guide awareness and education campaigns to mitigate their impacts.}, }
@article {pmid27224277, year = {2016}, author = {Ding, X and Ye, J and Lin, S and Wu, X and Li, D and Nian, B}, title = {Deciphering the Molecular Variations of Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus with Different Virulence.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {e0156040}, pmid = {27224277}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Exons ; *Helminth Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics ; *Nematoda/genetics/metabolism/pathogenicity ; Pinus/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Transcriptome ; *Virulence Factors/biosynthesis/genetics ; }, abstract = {Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causative agent of pine wilt disease which has caused huge economic losses in many countries. It has been reported that two forms of pine wood nematodes existed in its native region, i.e., with strong virulence and weak virulence. However, little is known about the molecular differences between the two forms. To better understand their molecular variations, transcriptome and genome sequences of three strongly virulent and one weakly virulent strains were analyzed. We found 238 transcripts and 84 exons which showed notable changes between the two virulent forms. Functional analyses of both differentially expressed transcripts and exons indicated that different virulence strains showed dissimilar nematode growth, reproduction, and oxidoreductase activities. In addition, we also detected a small number of exon-skipping events in B. xylophilus. Meanwhile, 117 SNPs were identified as potential genetic markers in distinguishing the two forms. Four of them were further proved to have undergone allele specific expressions and possibly interrupted the target site of evolutionary conserved B. xylophilus miR-47. These particular SNPs were experimentally verified by including eight additional strains to ensure the validity of our sequencing results. These results could help researchers to better diagnose nematode species with different virulence and facilitate the control of pine wilt disease.}, }
@article {pmid27224214, year = {2016}, author = {Comeaux, JM and Curtis-Robles, R and Lewis, BC and Cummings, KJ and Mesenbrink, BT and Leland, BR and Bodenchuk, MJ and Hamer, SA}, title = {Survey of Feral Swine (Sus scrofa) Infection with the Agent of Chagas Disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) in Texas, 2013-14.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {52}, number = {3}, pages = {627-630}, doi = {10.7589/2015-08-208}, pmid = {27224214}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Chagas Disease/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Texas/epidemiology ; Trypanosoma cruzi ; }, abstract = {: Feral swine (Sus scrofa) are an invasive species and reservoir of numerous zoonotic pathogens in the US, and Texas leads the nation in the estimated population size of feral hogs. Texas also harbors enzootic transmission cycles of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi , agent of Chagas disease. Given previous evidence that swine can serve as reservoirs of T. cruzi in Latin America and new evidence of triatomines (kissing bugs) feeding on swine in Texas, we measured the prevalence of T. cruzi infection in feral swine in Texas. From 2013 to 2014, we sampled blood and/or cardiac tissue from 78 feral swine across 14 Texas counties (seven with and seven without prior documentation of kissing bug occurrence) and used PCR and histopathology to detect T. cruzi infection. We determined an overall infection prevalence of 6% (3 of 54) based on PCR evaluation of cardiac tissue, and no blood samples were positive (n=72). All three positive pigs were from counties where kissing bugs are documented. No T. cruzi amastigotes were noted on histopathology (n=54). Sarcocysts were observed in 10 (18%) of the samples, five of which also had mild focal areas of degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration. Eco-epidemiologic investigations can provide an assessment of contributions of feral hogs to maintenance of T. cruzi across a landscape to help protect human and animal health.}, }
@article {pmid27221281, year = {2016}, author = {Vallejo-Marín, M and Cooley, AM and Lee, MY and Folmer, M and McKain, MR and Puzey, JR}, title = {Strongly asymmetric hybridization barriers shape the origin of a new polyploid species and its hybrid ancestor.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {103}, number = {7}, pages = {1272-1288}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1500471}, pmid = {27221281}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; Diploidy ; Genome, Chloroplast/genetics ; Genome, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genome, Plant/*genetics ; Genotype ; Hybridization, Genetic/*genetics ; Mimulus/*genetics ; *Ploidies ; Reproduction/genetics ; Reproductive Isolation ; Triploidy ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Hybridization between diploids and tetraploids can lead to new allopolyploid species, often via a triploid intermediate. Viable triploids are often produced asymmetrically, with greater success observed for "maternal-excess" crosses where the mother has a higher ploidy than the father. Here we investigated the evolutionary origins of Mimulus peregrinus, an allohexaploid recently derived from the triploid M. ×robertsii, to determine whether reproductive asymmetry has shaped the formation of this new species.<br><br>METHODS: We used reciprocal crosses between the diploid (M. guttatus) and tetraploid (M. luteus) progenitors to determine the viability of triploid M. &#xd7;robertsii hybrids resulting from paternal- vs. maternal-excess crosses. To investigate whether experimental results predict patterns seen in the field, we performed parentage analyses comparing natural populations of M. peregrinus to its diploid, tetraploid, and triploid progenitors. Organellar sequences obtained from pre-existing genomic data, supplemented with additional genotyping was used to establish the maternal ancestry of multiple M. peregrinus and M. &#xd7;robertsii populations.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: We found strong evidence for asymmetric origins of M. peregrinus, but opposite to the common pattern, with paternal-excess crosses significantly more successful than maternal-excess crosses. These results successfully predicted hybrid formation in nature: 111 of 114 M. &#xd7;robertsii individuals, and 27 of 27 M. peregrinus, had an M. guttatus maternal haplotype.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study, which includes the first Mimulus chloroplast genome assembly, demonstrates the utility of parentage analysis through genome skimming. We highlight the benefits of complementing genomic analyses with experimental approaches to understand asymmetry in allopolyploid speciation.}, }
@article {pmid27221025, year = {2016}, author = {Patoka, J and Bláha, M and Kalous, L and Vrabec, V and Buřič, M and Kouba, A}, title = {Potential pest transfer mediated by international ornamental plant trade.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {25896}, pmid = {27221025}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Commerce ; Czech Republic ; Eichhornia/*physiology ; Indonesia ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; Ponds/analysis ; South America ; }, abstract = {In recent years, the keeping of ornamental freshwater animals and plants in garden ponds has been growing in popularity. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is one of the preferred macrophytes seasonally imported mainly from South-eastern Asia throughout the world. This constitutes a secondary introduction inasmuch as the species is native to South America. Although many assemblages of aquatic invertebrates have been described as associated with this plant in the wild, there has been no research focused on their potential introduction via the international plant trade. We examined 216 specimens of water hyacinths imported for ornamental purposes from Indonesia into the Czech Republic. Numerous meio- and macroinvertebrates belonging to at least 39 species were captured. On the total number of individuals, the highest prevalence was of Tubulinea and Rotifera. Most of these were still alive and vital, including a caterpillar of the Indo-Australian invasive moth Spodoptera litura. Water hyacinths are usually placed into outdoor ponds immediately after import, which facilitates the release of non-target alien species. The present paper aims to draw attention to "hitchhikers" associated with the ornamental trade.}, }
@article {pmid27220896, year = {2016}, author = {Blake, CA and Gabor, CR}, title = {Exploratory behaviour and novel predator recognition: behavioural correlations across contexts.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, pages = {1178-1189}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.12995}, pmid = {27220896}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Avoidance Learning/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Cyprinodontiformes/*physiology ; Exploratory Behavior/*physiology ; Risk-Taking ; }, abstract = {It was hypothesized that the exploratory behaviour of an individual measured in a novel environment could predict its behaviour in response to a novel predator. This study examined novel predator recognition in the western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis, a species with individual differences in risk-taking, activity and exploration in novel environments. Prey responded with characteristic shoaling and avoidance in response to native predators, but did not show characteristic antipredator behaviour towards novel predators. Furthermore, G. affinis exhibited individual-level behavioural correlations across contexts but only when prey were tested with native predators. This could be the result of native predatory selection on behavioural correlations in the prey species.}, }
@article {pmid27220210, year = {2016}, author = {Knutie, SA and Owen, JP and McNew, SM and Bartlow, AW and Arriero, E and Herman, JM and DiBlasi, E and Thompson, M and Koop, JA and Clayton, DH}, title = {Galápagos mockingbirds tolerate introduced parasites that affect Darwin's finches.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {4}, pages = {940-950}, pmid = {27220210}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Aging ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Blood Glucose ; Body Weight ; Diptera ; Ecuador/epidemiology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Myiasis/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; *Passeriformes ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Introduced parasites threaten native host species that lack effective defenses. Such parasites increase the risk of extinction, particularly in small host populations like those on islands. If some host species are tolerant to introduced parasites, this could amplify the risk of the parasite to vulnerable host species. Recently, the introduced parasitic nest fly Philornis downsi has been implicated in the decline of Darwin's finch populations in the Galápagos Islands. In some years, 100% of finch nests fail due to P. downsi; however, other common host species nesting near Darwin's finches, such as the endemic Galápagos mockingbird (Mimus parvulus), appear to be less affected by P. downsi. We compared effects of P. downsi on mockingbirds and medium ground finches (Geospiza fortis) on Santa Cruz Island in the Galápagos. We experimentally manipulated the abundance of P. downsi in nests of mockingbirds and finches to measure the direct effect of the parasite on the reproductive success of each species of host. We also compared immunological and behavioral responses by each species of host to the fly. Although nests of the two host species had similar parasite densities, flies decreased the fitness of finches but not mockingbirds. Neither host species had a significant antibody-mediated immune response to P. downsi. Moreover, finches showed no significant increase in begging, parental provisioning, or plasma glucose levels in response to the flies. In contrast, parasitized mockingbird nestlings begged more than nonparasitized mockingbird nestlings. Greater begging was correlated with increased parental provisioning behavior, which appeared to compensate for parasite damage. The results of our study suggest that finches are negatively affected by P. downsi because they do not have such behavioral mechanisms for energy compensation. In contrast, mockingbirds are capable of compensation, making them tolerant hosts, and a possible indirect threat to Darwin's finches.}, }
@article {pmid27220204, year = {2016}, author = {Heberling, JM and Fridley, JD}, title = {Invaders do not require high resource levels to maintain physiological advantages in a temperate deciduous forest.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {4}, pages = {874-884}, doi = {10.1890/15-1659.1}, pmid = {27220204}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; *Forests ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Nitrogen ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/*metabolism ; Plant Transpiration ; Trees/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Non-native, invasive plants are commonly typified by trait strategies associated with high resource demands and plant invasions are often thought to be dependent upon site resource availability or disturbance. However, the invasion of shade-tolerant woody species into deciduous forests of the Eastern United States seems to contradict such generalization, as growth in this ecosystem is strongly constrained by light and, secondarily, nutrient stress. In a factorial manipulation of light and soil nitrogen availability, we established an experimental resource gradient in a secondary deciduous forest to test whether three common, woody, invasive species displayed increased metabolic performance and biomass production compared to six co-occurring woody native species, and whether these predicted differences depend upon resource supply. Using hierarchical Bayesian models of photosynthesis that included leaf trait effects, we found that invasive species exhibited functional strategies associated with higher rates of carbon gain. Further, invader metabolic and growth-related attributes were more responsive to increasing light availability than those of natives, but did not fall below average native responses even in low light. Surprisingly, neither group showed direct trait or growth responses to soil N additions. However, invasive species showed increased photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiencies with decreasing N availability, while that of natives remained constant. Although invader advantage over natives was amplified in higher resource conditions in this forest, our results indicate that some invasive species can maintain physiological advantages over co-occurring natives regardless of resource conditions.}, }
@article {pmid27220103, year = {2016}, author = {Velez, C and Figueira, E and Soares, AMVM and Freitas, R}, title = {Native and introduced clams biochemical responses to salinity and pH changes.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {566-567}, number = {}, pages = {260-268}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.019}, pmid = {27220103}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Bivalvia/enzymology/*physiology ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Introduced Species ; *Osmoregulation ; *Oxidative Stress ; Portugal ; *Salinity ; Seawater/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {By the end of year 2100 physiological and biochemical performance of aquatic organisms are expected to become strongly affected by salinity and pH shifts, which in turn may favor the conditions for introduced species to invade new ecosystem areas. Given this, we evaluated the effects of salinity and pH changes in native Ruditapes decussatus and introduced Ruditapes philippinarum clams, by measuring different biomarkers related to oxidative stress, metabolic activity and osmoregulation capacity. Results showed that extreme salinities induced mortality in both species, while all clams survived under low pH (7.3). Both species mobilized glycogen as a source of energy towards cells protection mechanisms under extreme salinities. The native species presented higher lipid peroxidation levels while the introduced species was able to prevent oxidative damages through the induction of antioxidant enzymes at most extreme salinities. R. philippinarum also induced CA activity to balance the ion homeostasis at extreme salinities. In contrast, low pH induced oxidative damages, an increase of antioxidant (catalase), detoxification (glutathione S-transferases) and osmoregulation (carbonic anhydrase) mechanisms in R. philippinarum compared to the native clams. Overall, salinity and pH changes can alter physiological and biochemical status of native and introduced clam species.}, }
@article {pmid27216519, year = {2016}, author = {Scott, AC and Chaloner, WG and Belcher, CM and Roos, CI}, title = {The interaction of fire and mankind: Introduction.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {371}, number = {1696}, pages = {}, pmid = {27216519}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {*Attitude ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Environmental Health ; *Fires ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Population Growth ; }, abstract = {Fire has been an important part of the Earth system for over 350 Myr. Humans evolved in this fiery world and are the only animals to have used and controlled fire. The interaction of mankind with fire is a complex one, with both positive and negative aspects. Humans have long used fire for heating, cooking, landscape management and agriculture, as well as for pyrotechnologies and in industrial processes over more recent centuries. Many landscapes need fire but population expansion into wildland areas creates a tension between different interest groups. Extinguishing wildfires may not always be the correct solution. A combination of factors, including the problem of invasive plants, landscape change, climate change, population growth, human health, economic, social and cultural attitudes that may be transnational make a re-evaluation of fire and mankind necessary. The Royal Society meeting on Fire and mankind was held to address these issues and the results of these deliberations are published in this volume.This article is part of the themed issue 'The interaction of fire and mankind'.}, }
@article {pmid27216376, year = {2016}, author = {Andreou, D and Gozlan, RE}, title = {Associated disease risk from the introduced generalist pathogen Sphaerothecum destruens: management and policy implications.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {143}, number = {9}, pages = {1204-1210}, pmid = {27216376}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyprinidae/*parasitology ; Disease Reservoirs ; England/epidemiology ; Europe/epidemiology ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology/prevention &amp; control ; Host Specificity ; Introduced Species ; *Mesomycetozoea ; Mesomycetozoea Infections/*epidemiology/parasitology/prevention &amp; control ; Prevalence ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Wales/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {The rosette agent Sphaerothecum destruens is a novel pathogen, which is currently believed to have been introduced into Europe along with the introduction of the invasive fish topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck &amp; Schlegel, 1846). Its close association with P. parva and its wide host species range and associated host mortalities, highlight this parasite as a potential source of disease emergence in European fish species. Here, using a meta-analysis of the reported S. destruens prevalence across all reported susceptible hosts species; we calculated host-specificity providing support that S. destruens is a true generalist. We have applied all the available information on S. destruens and host-range to an established framework for risk-assessing non-native parasites to evaluate the risks posed by S. destruens and discuss the next steps to manage and prevent disease emergence of this generalist parasite.}, }
@article {pmid27215940, year = {2016}, author = {Li, JL and Tang, BZ and Hou, YM and Xie, YX}, title = {Molecular cloning and expression of the vitellogenin gene and its correlation with ovarian development in an invasive pest Octodonta nipae on two host plants.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {106}, number = {5}, pages = {642-650}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485316000353}, pmid = {27215940}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cloning, Molecular ; Coleoptera/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics/metabolism/physiology ; Male ; Ovary/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, Protein ; Vitellogenins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {There is an ongoing relationship between host plants and herbivores. The nutrient substances and secondary compounds found in the host plant can not only impact the growth and development process of herbivores, but, more importantly, may also affect their survival and reproductive fitness. Vitellogenesis is the core process of reproductive regulation and is generally considered as a reliable indicator for evaluating the degree of ovarian development in females. Vitellogenin (Vg) plays a critical role in the synthesis and secretion of yolk protein. In this study, the full-length cDNA of the Vg gene in an alien invasive species, the nipa palm hispid beetle Octodonta nipae Maulik (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (OnVg) was cloned and, the effect of host plant on the OnVg expression level and ovarian development was investigated. The results revealed that the OnVg was highly and exclusively expressed in adult females, but barely detectable in larvae, pupae and adult males. The relative expression level of OnVg and egg hatchability were much higher in females fed on Phoenix canariensis (their preferred host) than those fed on Phoenix roebelenii. A positive correlation relationship between OnVg expression and egg hatchability was also detected. Additionally, the anatomy of the female reproductive system showed that the ovaries of individuals fed on P. canariensis were considerably more developed than in females fed on P. roebelenii. The results may be applicable to many pest management situations through reproductive disturbance by alternating host plant species or varieties or by reproductive regulation through vitellogenesis mediated by specific endocrine hormones.}, }
@article {pmid27214560, year = {2016}, author = {Vallejo-Marín, M and Hiscock, SJ}, title = {Hybridization and hybrid speciation under global change.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {211}, number = {4}, pages = {1170-1187}, doi = {10.1111/nph.14004}, pmid = {27214560}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Genetic Speciation ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Plant Infertility/physiology ; Zygote/physiology ; }, abstract = {Contents 1170 I. 1170 II. 1172 III. 1175 IV. 1180 V. 1183 1184 References 1184 SUMMARY: An unintended consequence of global change is an increase in opportunities for hybridization among previously isolated lineages. Here we illustrate how global change can facilitate the breakdown of reproductive barriers and the formation of hybrids, drawing on the flora of the British Isles for insight. Although global change may ameliorate some of the barriers preventing hybrid establishment, for example by providing new ecological niches for hybrids, it will have limited effects on environment-independent post-zygotic barriers. For example, genic incompatibilities and differences in chromosome numbers and structure within hybrid genomes are unlikely to be affected by global change. We thus speculate that global change will have a larger effect on eroding pre-zygotic barriers (eco-geographical isolation and phenology) than post-zygotic barriers, shifting the relative importance of these two classes of reproductive barriers from what is usually seen in naturally produced hybrids where pre-zygotic barriers are the largest contributors to reproductive isolation. Although the long-term fate of neo-hybrids is still to be determined, the massive impact of global change on the dynamics and distribution of biodiversity generates an unprecedented opportunity to study large numbers of unpredicted, and often replicated, hybridization 'experiments', allowing us to peer into the birth and death of evolutionary lineages.}, }
@article {pmid27213671, year = {2016}, author = {Pinya, S and Tejada, S and Capó, X and Sureda, A}, title = {Invasive predator snake induces oxidative stress responses in insular amphibian species.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {566-567}, number = {}, pages = {57-62}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.035}, pmid = {27213671}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Bufonidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Oxidative Stress ; *Predatory Behavior ; Snakes/*physiology ; Spain ; }, abstract = {The presence of predators induces physiological stress responses in preys to avoid being captured. A stressful situation enhances reactive oxygen species production with potential damage to macromolecules and alterations in oxidant defences levels. The antioxidant enzyme response of the endemic Majorcan Midwife toad (Alytes muletensis) and the Balearic green toad (Bufotes balearicus) tadpoles against an invasive predator, the viperine snake (Natrix maura) was investigated. Tadpoles were introduced in aquaria containing N. maura exudates during 24h. Antioxidant enzyme activities - catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD) - and reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were measured in tadpoles. The presence of snake exudates induced a significant increase in CAT and GR activities and in GSH levels (p<0.05) in A. muletensis tadpoles, whereas no significant differences were reported in any of the parameters analysed in B. balearicus tadpoles. In conclusion, the presence of N. maura exudates is capable to induce an antipredatory response in the endemic A. muletensis tadpoles but not in B. balearicus.}, }
@article {pmid27213644, year = {2016}, author = {Immel, F and Broussard, C and Catherinet, B and Plasseraud, L and Alcaraz, G and Bundeleva, I and Marin, F}, title = {The Shell of the Invasive Bivalve Species Dreissena polymorpha: Biochemical, Elemental and Textural Investigations.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {e0154264}, pmid = {27213644}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Shells/*anatomy &amp; histology/*chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Dreissena/anatomy &amp; histology/chemistry/ultrastructure ; Ecotoxicology ; Europe ; France ; Introduced Species ; Minerals/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha is a well-established invasive model organism. Although extensively used in environmental sciences, virtually nothing is known of the molecular process of its shell calcification. By describing the microstructure, geochemistry and biochemistry/proteomics of the shell, the present study aims at promoting this species as a model organism in biomineralization studies, in order to establish a bridge with ecotoxicology, while sketching evolutionary conclusions. The shell of D. polymorpha exhibits the classical crossed-lamellar/complex crossed lamellar combination found in several heterodont bivalves, in addition to an external thin layer, the characteristics of which differ from what was described in earlier publication. We show that the shell selectively concentrates some heavy metals, in particular uranium, which predisposes D. polymorpha to local bioremediation of this pollutant. We establish the biochemical signature of the shell matrix, demonstrating that it interacts with the in vitro precipitation of calcium carbonate and inhibits calcium carbonate crystal formation, but these two properties are not strongly expressed. This matrix, although overall weakly glycosylated, contains a set of putatively calcium-binding proteins and a set of acidic sulphated proteins. 2D-gels reveal more than fifty proteins, twenty of which we identify by MS-MS analysis. We tentatively link the shell protein profile of D. polymorpha and the peculiar recent evolution of this invasive species of Ponto-Caspian origin, which has spread all across Europe in the last three centuries.}, }
@article {pmid27212887, year = {2016}, author = {Clark, VR and Bentley, J and Dold, AP and Zikishe, V and Barker, NP}, title = {The rediscovery of the Great Winterberg endemic Lotononis harveyi B.-E.van Wyk after 147 years, and notes on the poorly known Amathole endemic Macowania revoluta Oliv. (southern Great Escarpment, South Africa).}, journal = {PhytoKeys}, volume = {}, number = {62}, pages = {113-124}, pmid = {27212887}, issn = {1314-2011}, abstract = {South Africa's 800 km-long southern Great Escarpment hosts numerous endemic plant species only known from their type specimens or from very few records. This is a legacy of a 100-150 year lag between the pioneer work of 19(th) century botanists and repeat fieldwork in the 21(st) century. As a result, population and ecological data are lacking for many local endemic species. Here we report on the rediscovery of Lotononis harveyi B.-E.van Wyk 147 years after its original description, and provide the first detailed ecological notes on the poorly known shrub Macowania revoluta Oliv. Both species are locally endemic to the Great Winterberg-Amatholes (Eastern Cape Province). With only six known individuals, Lotononis harveyi is recommended the conservation status of Critically Endangered, with fire (and potentially grazing) being the main population constraints. Macowania revoluta is locally abundant, and it is surprising that it has been so poorly collected in recent decades. It occupies an important local niche as a keystone montane wetland species, and its narrow distribution range - combined with pressure from woody alien invasive species - suggests that its conservation status should be Rare. The research further highlights the need for continued biodiversity field research along South Africa's poorly explored Great Escarpment.}, }
@article {pmid27212882, year = {2016}, author = {Marhold, K and Šlenker, M and Kudoh, H and Zozomová-Lihová, J}, title = {Cardamine occulta, the correct species name for invasive Asian plants previously classified as C. flexuosa, and its occurrence in Europe.}, journal = {PhytoKeys}, volume = {}, number = {62}, pages = {57-72}, pmid = {27212882}, issn = {1314-2011}, abstract = {The nomenclature of Eastern Asian populations traditionally assigned to Cardamine flexuosa has remained unresolved since 2006, when they were found to be distinct from the European species Cardamine flexuosa. Apart from the informal designation "Asian Cardamine flexuosa", this taxon has also been reported under the names Cardamine flexuosa subsp. debilis or Cardamine hamiltonii. Here we determine its correct species name to be Cardamine occulta and present a nomenclatural survey of all relevant species names. A lectotype and epitype for Cardamine occulta and a neotype for the illegitimate name Cardamine debilis (replaced by Cardamine flexuosa subsp. debilis and Cardamine hamiltonii) are designated here. Cardamine occulta is a polyploid weed that most likely originated in Eastern Asia, but it has also been introduced to other continents, including Europe. Here data is presented on the first records of this invasive species in European countries. The first known record for Europe was made in Spain in 1993, and since then its occurrence has been reported from a number of European countries and regions as growing in irrigated anthropogenic habitats, such as paddy fields or flower beds, and exceptionally also in natural communities such as lake shores.}, }
@article {pmid27209793, year = {2016}, author = {Petitpierre, B and McDougall, K and Seipel, T and Broennimann, O and Guisan, A and Kueffer, C}, title = {Will climate change increase the risk of plant invasions into mountains?.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {530-544}, doi = {10.1890/14-1871}, pmid = {27209793}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Altitude ; *Climate Change ; Demography ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Plants/*classification ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {Mountain ecosystems have been less adversely affected by invasions of non-native plants than most other ecosystems, partially because most invasive plants in the lowlands are limited by climate and cannot grow under harsher high-elevation conditions. However, with ongoing climate change, invasive species may rapidly move upwards and threaten mid-, and then high-elevation mountain ecosystems. We evaluated this threat by modeling the current and future habitat suitability for 48 invasive plant species in Switzerland and New South Wales, Australia. Both regions had contrasting climate interactions with elevation, resulting in possible different responses of species distributions to climate change. Using a species distribution modeling approach that combines data from two spatial scales, we built high-resolution species distribution models (≤ 250 m) that account for the global climatic niche of species and also finer variables depicting local climate and disturbances. We found that different environmental drivers limit the elevation range of invasive species in each of the two regions, leading to region-specific species responses to climate change. The optimal suitability for plant invaders is predicted to markedly shift from the lowland to the montane or subalpine zone in Switzerland, whereas the upward shift is far less pronounced in New South Wales where montane and subalpine elevations are already suitable. The results suggest that species most likely to invade high elevations in Switzerland will be cold-tolerant, whereas species with an affinity to moist soils are most likely to invade higher elevations in Australia. Other plant traits were only marginally associated with elevation limits. These results demonstrate that a more systematic consideration of future distributions of invasive species is required in conservation plans of not yet invaded mountainous ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid27209789, year = {2016}, author = {McConnachie, MM and van Wilgen, BW and Ferraro, PJ and Forsyth, AT and Richardson, DM and Gaertner, M and Cowling, RM}, title = {Using counterfactuals to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of controlling biological invasions.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {475-483}, doi = {10.1890/15-0351}, pmid = {27209789}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Plants/*classification ; Population Density ; South Africa ; Time Factors ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Prioritizing limited conservation funds for controlling biological invasions requires accurate estimates of the effectiveness of interventions to remove invasive species and their cost-effectiveness (cost per unit area or individual). Despite billions of dollars spent controlling biological invasions worldwide, it is unclear whether those efforts are effective, and cost-effective. The paucity of evidence results from the difficulty in measuring the effect of invasive species removal: a researcher must estimate the difference in outcomes (e.g. invasive species cover) between where the removal program intervened and what might have been observed if the program had not intervened. In the program evaluation literature, this is called a counterfactual analysis, which formally compares what actually happened and what would have happened in the absence of an intervention. When program implementation is not randomized, estimating counterfactual outcomes is especially difficult. We show how a thorough understanding of program implementation, combined with a matching empirical design can improve the way counterfactual outcomes are estimated in nonexperimental contexts. As a practical demonstration, we estimated the cost-effectiveness of South Africa's Working for Water program, arguably the world's most ambitious invasive species control program, in removing invasive alien trees from different land use types, across a large area in the Cape Floristic Region. We estimated that the proportion of the treatment area covered by invasive trees would have been 49% higher (5.5% instead of 2.7% of the grid cells occupied) had the program not intervened. Our estimates of cost per hectare to remove invasive species, however, are three to five times higher than the predictions made when the program was initiated. Had there been no control (counter-factual), invasive trees would have spread on untransformed land, but not on land parcels containing plantations or land transformed by agriculture or human settlements. This implies that the program might have prevented a larger area from being invaded if it had focused all of its clearing effort on untransformed land. Our results show that, with appropriate empirical designs, it is possible to better evaluate the impacts of invasive species removal and therefore to learn from past experiences.}, }
@article {pmid27209788, year = {2016}, author = {Clarke, GS and Crossland, MR and Shine, R}, title = {Can we control the invasive cane toad using chemicals that have evolved under intraspecific competition?.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {463-474}, doi = {10.1890/14-2365}, pmid = {27209788}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; Freezing ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/drug effects ; Ovum/drug effects ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Many invasive species experience intense intraspecific competition, because they are abundant in anthropogenically disturbed habitats where few native species persist. Species-specific competitive mechanisms that evolve in this context may offer novel, highly targeted means to control invasive taxa. We conducted laboratory experiments to evaluate the feasibility of this method of control, based on waterborne cues that are produced by tadpoles of the cane toad (Rhinella marina) to suppress the development of conspecific embryos. Our trials examined the nature and species-specificity of the effect, the robustness of the cue to freezing and storage, and the amounts required to suppress toad embryos. Our results were encouraging. The cue appears to be chemical rather than a biological organism, and may well be species-specific; the four species of native anurans that we tested were not influenced by toad larval cues. The cue retains its effectiveness after being frozen, but not after being dried, or after 7 d in water. It is effective at very low concentrations (the amount produced by three tadpoles within 750 L of water). Overall, the cane toad's suppressor pheromone may offer an effective new way to control invasive toads.}, }
@article {pmid27208352, year = {2016}, author = {Alba, C and Moravcová, L and Pyšek, P}, title = {Geographic structuring and transgenerational maternal effects shape germination in native, but not introduced, populations of a widespread plant invader.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {103}, number = {5}, pages = {837-844}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1600099}, pmid = {27208352}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Crosses, Genetic ; *Geography ; Germination/*physiology ; Herbivory/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Maternal Inheritance/*genetics ; Models, Statistical ; Scrophulariaceae/*physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Germination is critical in determining species distributions and invasion dynamics. However, is it unclear how often invasive populations evolve germination characteristics different from native populations, because few studies have isolated genetic variation by using seed from garden-grown plants. Additionally, while herbivore-induced transgenerational effects are common, it is unknown whether maternal herbivory differentially shapes germination in native and introduced offspring.<br><br>METHODS: We explored germination in native and introduced populations of the North American invader Verbascum thapsus using seed from garden-grown maternal plants, half of which were protected from herbivores. To elucidate (1) germination niche breadth and (2) whether germination conditions affected expression of genetic structuring among populations, we germinated seed under four ecologically relevant temperature regimes.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Native populations had a wide germination niche breadth, germinating as well as or better than introduced populations. At cooler temperatures, native populations exhibited a genetically based environmental cline indicative of local adaptation, with populations from warmer locales germinating better than populations from cooler locales. However, this cline was obscured when maternal plants were attacked by herbivores, revealing that local stressors can override the expression of geographic structuring. Introduced populations did not exhibit clinal variation, suggesting its disruption during the introduction process.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Native and introduced populations have evolved genetic differences in germination. The result of this difference manifests in a wider germination niche breadth in natives, suggesting that the invasive behavior of V. thapsus in North America is attributable to other factors.}, }
@article {pmid27208349, year = {2016}, author = {Caño, L and Fuertes-Mendizabal, T and García-Baquero, G and Herrera, M and González-Moro, MB}, title = {Plasticity to salinity and transgenerational effects in the nonnative shrub Baccharis halimifolia: Insights into an estuarine invasion.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {103}, number = {5}, pages = {808-820}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1500477}, pmid = {27208349}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Baccharis/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Biomass ; *Estuaries ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Plant Leaves/anatomy &amp; histology/chemistry ; *Salinity ; Seeds/physiology ; Sodium/analysis ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Abiotic constraints act as selection filters for plant invasion in stressful habitats. Adaptive phenotypic plasticity and transgenerational effects play a major role in colonization of heterogeneous habitats when the scale of environmental variation is smaller than that of gene flow. We investigated how plasticity and parental salinity conditions influence the performance of the invasive dioecious shrub Baccharis halimifolia, which replaces heterogeneous estuarine communities in Europe with monospecific and continuous stands.<br><br>METHODS: In two greenhouse experiments, we grew plants derived from seeds and cuttings collected through interspersed patches differing in edaphic salinity from an invasive population. We estimated parental environmental salinity from leaf Na(+) content in parental plants, and we measured fitness and ion homeostasis of the offspring grown in contrasting salinity conditions.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Baccharis halimifolia tolerates high salinity but experiences drastic biomass reduction at moderate salinity. At moderate salinity, responses to salinity are affected by the parental salinity: flowering initiation in seedlings and male cuttings is positively correlated with parental leaf Na(+) content, and biomass is positively correlated with maternal leaf Na(+) in female cuttings and seedlings. Plant height, leaf production, specific leaf area, and ionic homeostasis at the low part of the gradient are also affected by parental salinity, suggesting enhanced shoot growth as parental salinity increases.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results support plasticity to salinity and transgenerational effects as factors with great potential to contribute to the invasive ability of B. halimifolia through estuarine communities of high conservation value.}, }
@article {pmid27207574, year = {2016}, author = {Ullah, MS and Hanawa, M and Gotoh, T}, title = {Pesticide-mediated displacement of a phytoseiid predator, Neoseiulus womersleyi, by another phytoseiid predator, N. californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae).}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {69}, number = {4}, pages = {453-464}, pmid = {27207574}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Acari/*drug effects/*physiology ; Animals ; Competitive Behavior/*drug effects ; Drug Resistance ; Female ; Imidazoles/*toxicity ; Insecticides/*toxicity ; *Introduced Species ; Neonicotinoids ; Nitro Compounds/*toxicity ; Ovum ; Predatory Behavior/drug effects ; Pyridines/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Neoseiulus womersleyi and N. californicus are two predators that are frequently used to control spider mites in fruit-tree orchards. Neoseiulus womersleyi used to be the dominant predator species in Japan, but since the 1990s in central and southwestern Japan, N. californicus populations have been increasing and have displaced populations of N. womersleyi. We previously observed the same phenomenon under laboratory conditions when these species were released at a 1:1 ratio, and attributed the displacement to asymmetrical intraguild predation. However, the ratio in fruit-tree orchards could be different from 1:1. Therefore, we hypothesized that differential susceptibilities to pesticides might accelerate species displacement of N. womersleyi by N. californicus, even if the ratio between these two species was extremely skewed in favor of N. womersleyi and no species displacement occurred otherwise. We examined the effects of 21 pesticides on egg-to-adult and adult survivorship in N. womersleyi and N. californicus. Among these pesticides, two neonicotinoids (acetamiprid and imidacloprid) had much severer effects on N. womersleyi than on N. californicus and thus could possibly account for the species displacement. When the two species were released onto leaf arenas at an N. californicus: N. womersleyi ratio of 1:9 in the absence of insecticide, no displacement was observed. However, just after acetamiprid or imidacloprid application, the proportion of N. californicus increased, causing N. californicus to displace N. womersleyi. Our results indicate that displacement in predator complexes of fruit-tree orchards could be due to different degrees of pesticide susceptibility.}, }
@article {pmid27206570, year = {2016}, author = {Pamminger, T and Steier, T and Tragust, S}, title = {High temperature and temperature variation undermine future disease susceptibility in a population of the invasive garden ant Lasius neglectus.}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {103}, number = {5-6}, pages = {46}, pmid = {27206570}, issn = {1432-1904}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*microbiology ; *Disease Susceptibility ; Fungi/*physiology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Survival Analysis ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Environmental temperature and temperature variation can have strong effects on the outcome of host-parasite interactions. Whilst such effects have been reported for different host systems, long-term consequences of pre-infection temperatures on host susceptibility and immunity remain understudied. Here, we show that experiencing both a biologically relevant increase in temperature and temperature variation undermines future disease susceptibility of the invasive garden ant Lasius neglectus when challenged with a pathogen under a constant temperature regime. In light of the economic and ecological importance of many social insects, our results emphasise the necessity to take the hosts' temperature history into account when studying host-parasite interactions under both natural and laboratory conditions, especially in the face of global change.}, }
@article {pmid27203687, year = {2016}, author = {Sun, Y and Müller-Schärer, H and Schaffner, U}, title = {Neighbour Origin and Ploidy Level Drive Impact of an Alien Invasive Plant Species in a Competitive Environment.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {e0155712}, pmid = {27203687}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Centaurea/genetics/*physiology ; Diploidy ; *Introduced Species ; Polyploidy ; Population Dynamics ; Tetraploidy ; }, abstract = {Our understanding of the potential mechanisms driving the spread and naturalization of alien plant species has increased over the past decades, but specific knowledge on the factors contributing to their increased impact in the introduced range is still urgently needed. The native European plant Centaurea stoebe occurs as two cytotypes with different life histories (monocarpic diploids, allo-polycarpic tetraploids). However, only tetraploids have been found in its introduced range in North America, where C. stoebe has become a most prominent plant invader. Here, we focus on the ploidy level of C. stoebe and origin of neighbouring community in explaining the high impact during the invasion of new sites in the introduced range. We conducted a mesocosm experiment under open-field conditions with the diploid (EU2x) and tetraploid (EU4x) cytotype of Centaurea stoebe from its native European (EU) range, and with the invasive tetraploid (NA4x) cytotype from the introduced North American (NA) range in competition with EU (old) or NA (new) neighbouring plant communities. In the presence of competition, the biomass of EU neighbouring community was reduced to a comparable level by all three geo-cytotypes of C. stoebe. In contrast, the biomass of the NA neighbouring community was reduced beyond when competing with tetraploid, but not with diploid C. stoebe. The fact that the biomass of all three geo-cytotypes of C. stoebe was correlated with the biomass of the EU neighbouring community, but not with that of the NA neighbouring community suggests that different mechanisms underlie the competitive interactions between C. stoebe and its old vs. new neighbouring communities, such as competition for the same limiting resources at home vs competition through novel allelo-chemicals or differential resource uptake strategies in the introduced range. We therefore caution to simply use the ecosystem impact assessed at home to predict impact in the introduced range.}, }
@article {pmid27199300, year = {2016}, author = {Fletcher, DH and Gillingham, PK and Britton, JR and Blanchet, S and Gozlan, RE}, title = {Predicting global invasion risks: a management tool to prevent future introductions.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {26316}, pmid = {27199300}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Aquaculture ; Climate ; *Cyprinidae ; Ecosystem ; Forecasting ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {Predicting regions at risk from introductions of non-native species and the subsequent invasions is a fundamental aspect of horizon scanning activities that enable the development of more effective preventative actions and planning of management measures. The Asian cyprinid fish topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva has proved highly invasive across Europe since its introduction in the 1960s. In addition to direct negative impacts on native fish populations, P. parva has potential for further damage through transmission of an emergent infectious disease, known to cause mortality in other species. To quantify its invasion risk, in regions where it has yet to be introduced, we trained 900 ecological niche models and constructed an Ensemble Model predicting suitability, then integrated a proxy for introduction likelihood. This revealed high potential for P. parva to invade regions well beyond its current invasive range. These included areas in all modelled continents, with several hotspots of climatic suitability and risk of introduction. We believe that these methods are easily adapted for a variety of other invasive species and that such risk maps could be used by policy-makers and managers in hotspots to formulate increased surveillance and early-warning systems that aim to prevent introductions and subsequent invasions.}, }
@article {pmid27197388, year = {2016}, author = {Paudel, S and Longcore, T and MacDonald, B and McCormick, MK and Szlavecz, K and Wilson, GW and Loss, SR}, title = {Belowground interactions with aboveground consequences: Invasive earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {3}, pages = {605-614}, doi = {10.1890/15-1085}, pmid = {27197388}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Oligochaeta/classification/*physiology ; Plants/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {A mounting body of research suggests that invasive nonnative earthworms substantially alter microbial communities, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These changes to AMF can cascade to affect plant communities and vertebrate populations. Despite these research advances, relatively little is known about (1) the mechanisms behind earthworms' effects on AMF and (2) the factors that determine the outcomes of earthworm-AMF interactions (i.e., whether AMF abundance is increased or decreased and subsequent effects on plants). We predict that AMF-mediated effects of nonnative earthworms on ecosystems are nearly universal because (1) AMF are important components of most terrestrial ecosystems, (2) nonnative earthworms have become established in nearly every type of terrestrial ecosystem, and (3) nonnative earthworms, due to their burrowing and feeding behavior, greatly affect AMF with potentially profound concomitant effects on plant communities. We highlight the multiple direct and indirect effects of nonnative earthworms on plants and review what is currently known about the interaction between earthworms and AMF. We also illustrate how the effects of nonnative earthworms on plant-AMF mutualisms can alter the structure and stability of aboveground plant communities, as well as the vertebrate communities relying on these habitats. Integrative studies that assess the interactive effects of earthworms and AMF can provide new insights into the role that belowground ecosystem engineers play in altering aboveground ecological processes. Understanding these processes may improve our ability to predict the structure of plant and animal communities in earthworm-invaded regions and to develop management strategies that limit the numerous undesired impacts of earthworms.}, }
@article {pmid27197384, year = {2016}, author = {Lange, R and Marshall, DJ}, title = {Propagule size and dispersal costs mediate establishment success of an invasive species.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {3}, pages = {569-575}, doi = {10.1890/15-1573}, pmid = {27197384}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Bryozoa/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Bio-invasions depend on the number and frequency of invaders arriving in new habitats. Yet, as is often the case, it is not only quantity that counts, but also quality. The process of dispersal can change disperser quality and establishment success. Invasions are a form of extra-range dispersal, so that invaders often experience changes in quality through dispersal. To study effects of dispersal on invader quality, and its interactions with quantity on invasion success, we manipulated both in a field experiment using an invasive marine invertebrate. Establishment success increased with the number of individuals arriving in a new habitat. Prolonged larval durations--our manipulation of prolonged dispersal--decreased individual quality and establishment success. Groups of invaders with prolonged larval durations contributed only a third of the offspring relative to invaders that settled immediately. We also found an interaction between the quality and quantity of invaders on individual growth: only within high-quality cohorts did individuals experience density-dependent effects on growth. Our findings highlight that dispersal not only affects the quantity of invaders arriving in a new habitat but also their quality, and both mediate establishment success.}, }
@article {pmid27196049, year = {2016}, author = {Fuehrer, HP and Auer, H and Leschnik, M and Silbermayr, K and Duscher, G and Joachim, A}, title = {Dirofilaria in Humans, Dogs, and Vectors in Austria (1978-2014)-From Imported Pathogens to the Endemicity of Dirofilaria repens.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {e0004547}, pmid = {27196049}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Animals ; Austria/epidemiology ; Climate Change ; Culicidae/*parasitology ; Dirofilaria immitis/isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; Dirofilaria repens/*isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; Dirofilariasis/*epidemiology/parasitology/*transmission ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/parasitology/transmission ; Dogs ; Endemic Diseases/*veterinary ; Europe/epidemiology ; Germany/epidemiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*parasitology ; Zoonoses/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dirofilaria repens and D. immitis are filarioid helminths with domestic and wild canids as main hosts and mosquitoes as vectors. Both species are known to cause zoonotic diseases, primarily pulmonary (D. immitis), ocular (D. repens), and subcutaneous (D. repens) dirofilariosis. Both D. immitis and D. repens are known as invasive species, and their distribution seems associated with climate change. Until very recently, both species were known to be nonendemic in Austria.<br><br>Metadata on introduced and possibly autochthonous cases of infection with Dirofilaria sp. in dogs and humans in Austria are analysed, together with analyses of mosquito populations from Austria in ongoing studies. In Austria, most cases of Dirofilaria sp. in humans (30 cases of D. repens-six ocular and 24 subcutaneous) and dogs (approximately 50 cases-both D. immitis and D. repens) were most likely imported. However, occasionally infections with D. repens were discussed to be autochthonous (one human case and seven in dogs). The introduction of D. repens to Austria was confirmed very recently, as the parasite was detected in Burgenland (eastern Austria) for the first time in mosquito vectors during a surveillance program. For D. immitis, this could not be confirmed yet, but data from Germany suggest that the successful establishment of this nematode species in Austria is a credible scenario for the near future.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The first findings of D. repens in mosquito vectors indicate that D. repens presumably invaded in eastern Austria. Climate analyses from central Europe indicate that D. immitis also has the capacity to establish itself in the lowland regions of Austria, given that both canid and culicid hosts are present.}, }
@article {pmid27195983, year = {2016}, author = {Ramírez-Albores, JE and Bustamante, RO and Badano, EI}, title = {Improved Predictions of the Geographic Distribution of Invasive Plants Using Climatic Niche Models.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {e0156029}, pmid = {27195983}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Anacardiaceae/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Microclimate ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Climatic niche models for invasive plants are usually constructed with occurrence records taken from literature and collections. Because these data neither discriminate among life-cycle stages of plants (adult or juvenile) nor the origin of individuals (naturally established or man-planted), the resulting models may mispredict the distribution ranges of these species. We propose that more accurate predictions could be obtained by modelling climatic niches with data of naturally established individuals, particularly with occurrence records of juvenile plants because this would restrict the predictions of models to those sites where climatic conditions allow the recruitment of the species. To test this proposal, we focused on the Peruvian peppertree (Schinus molle), a South American species that has largely invaded Mexico. Three climatic niche models were constructed for this species using high-resolution dataset gathered in the field. The first model included all occurrence records, irrespective of the life-cycle stage or origin of peppertrees (generalized niche model). The second model only included occurrence records of naturally established mature individuals (adult niche model), while the third model was constructed with occurrence records of naturally established juvenile plants (regeneration niche model). When models were compared, the generalized climatic niche model predicted the presence of peppertrees in sites located farther beyond the climatic thresholds that naturally established individuals can tolerate, suggesting that human activities influence the distribution of this invasive species. The adult and regeneration climatic niche models concurred in their predictions about the distribution of peppertrees, suggesting that naturally established adult trees only occur in sites where climatic conditions allow the recruitment of juvenile stages. These results support the proposal that climatic niches of invasive plants should be modelled with data of naturally established individuals because this improves the accuracy of predictions about their distribution ranges.}, }
@article {pmid27195685, year = {2016}, author = {Pomerantz, J and Rasambainarivo, FT and Dollar, L and Rahajanirina, LP and Andrianaivoarivelo, R and Parker, P and Dubovi, E}, title = {PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODIES TO SELECTED VIRUSES AND PARASITES IN INTRODUCED AND ENDEMIC CARNIVORES IN WESTERN MADAGASCAR.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {52}, number = {3}, pages = {544-552}, doi = {10.7589/2015-03-063}, pmid = {27195685}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/*parasitology ; *Antibodies, Viral ; *Carnivory ; Cats ; Dogs ; Madagascar ; Parasites ; Prevalence ; Virus Diseases ; }, abstract = {Introduced animals impact endemic populations through predation, competition, and disease transmission. Populations of endemic carnivores in Madagascar are declining, and pathogens transmitted from introduced species may further endanger these unique species. We assessed the exposure of introduced and endemic carnivores to common viral and parasitic pathogens in two national parks of Madagascar (Kirindy Mitea National Park and Ankarafantsika National Park) and their neighboring villages. We also identified variables associated with the presence of antibodies to these pathogens in fosa (Cryptoprocta ferox). Introduced and endemic species were exposed to canine parvovirus, canine herpesvirus, feline calicivirus, and Toxoplasma gondii . Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus) may be sources of infection for these pathogens. Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma in captured fosa was >93%, and adults were more likely to be exposed than immature individuals. Our data provide a basis upon which to evaluate and manage risks of pathogen transmission between species.}, }
@article {pmid27194735, year = {2016}, author = {Zhu, X and Skoneczny, D and Weidenhamer, JD and Mwendwa, JM and Weston, PA and Gurr, GM and Callaway, RM and Weston, LA}, title = {Identification and localization of bioactive naphthoquinones in the roots and rhizosphere of Paterson's curse (Echium plantagineum), a noxious invader.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {67}, number = {12}, pages = {3777-3788}, pmid = {27194735}, issn = {1460-2431}, mesh = {Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Echium/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Mass Spectrometry ; Naphthoquinones/*metabolism ; New South Wales ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Plant Weeds/*metabolism ; Rhizosphere ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; }, abstract = {Bioactive plant secondary products are frequently the drivers of complex rhizosphere interactions, including those with other plants, herbivores and microbiota. These chemically diverse molecules typically accumulate in a highly regulated manner in specialized plant tissues and organelles. We studied the production and localization of bioactive naphthoquinones (NQs) in the roots of Echium plantagineum, an invasive endemic weed in Australia. Roots of E. plantagineum produced red-coloured NQs in the periderm of primary and secondary roots, while seedling root hairs exuded NQs in copious quantities. Confocal imaging and microspectrofluorimetry confirmed that bioactive NQs were deposited in the outer layer of periderm cells in mature roots, resulting in red colouration. Intracellular examination revealed that periderm cells contained numerous small red vesicles for storage and intracellular transport of shikonins, followed by subsequent extracellular deposition. Periderm and root hair extracts of field- and phytotron-grown plants were analysed by UHPLC/Q-ToF MS (ultra high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry) and contained more than nine individual NQs, with dimethylacrylshikonin, and phytotoxic shikonin, deoxyshikonin and acetylshikonin predominating. In seedlings, shikonins were first found 48h following germination in the root-hypocotyl junction, as well as in root hair exudates. In contrast, the root cortices of both seedling and mature root tissues were devoid of NQs. SPRE (solid phase root zone extraction) microprobes strategically placed in soil surrounding living E. plantagineum plants successfully extracted significant levels of bioactive shikonins from living roots, rhizosphere and bulk soil surrounding roots. These findings suggest important roles for accumulation of shikonins in the root periderm and subsequent rhizodeposition in plant defence, interference, and invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid27194285, year = {2016}, author = {Helms, JA and Godfrey, AP and Ames, T and Bridge, ES}, title = {Are invasive fire ants kept in check by native aerial insectivores?.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {27194285}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Female ; Flight, Animal ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Oklahoma ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Aerial predator-prey interactions may impact populations of many terrestrial species. Here, we use altitude loggers to study aerial foraging in a native insectivore, the purple martin (Progne subis), in the southern USA. Purple martins fed primarily on mating queens and males of the invasive red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), and doubled their foraging efficiency by doing so. Across the USA, purple martins likely eat billions of fire ant queens each year, potentially impacting the spread of this species. Alternatively, predation on fire ants may help sustain populations of purple martins and other aerial insectivores.}, }
@article {pmid27193668, year = {2016}, author = {Lehtiniemi, M}, title = {Alien species: EU list should add potential invasives.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {533}, number = {7603}, pages = {321}, pmid = {27193668}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe ; *European Union ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/statistics &amp; numerical data/*trends ; Risk Assessment ; }, }
@article {pmid27193654, year = {2016}, author = {Abbott, A}, title = {Gridlock over Italy's olive tree deaths starts to ease.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {533}, number = {7603}, pages = {299-300}, doi = {10.1038/533299a}, pmid = {27193654}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {European Union ; Introduced Species/economics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Italy/epidemiology ; Olea/*microbiology ; Plant Diseases/economics/microbiology/*prevention &amp; control/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Xylella/classification/pathogenicity ; }, }
@article {pmid27190702, year = {2016}, author = {Schilthuizen, M and Santos Pimenta, LP and Lammers, Y and Steenbergen, PJ and Flohil, M and Beveridge, NG and van Duijn, PT and Meulblok, MM and Sosef, N and van de Ven, R and Werring, R and Beentjes, KK and Meijer, K and Vos, RA and Vrieling, K and Gravendeel, B and Choi, Y and Verpoorte, R and Smit, C and Beukeboom, LW}, title = {Incorporation of an invasive plant into a native insect herbivore food web.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e1954}, pmid = {27190702}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The integration of invasive species into native food webs represent multifarious dynamics of ecological and evolutionary processes. We document incorporation of Prunus serotina (black cherry) into native insect food webs. We find that P. serotina harbours a herbivore community less dense but more diverse than its native relative, P. padus (bird cherry), with similar proportions of specialists and generalists. While herbivory on P. padus remained stable over the past century, that on P. serotina gradually doubled. We show that P. serotina may have evolved changes in investment in cyanogenic glycosides compared with its native range. In the leaf beetle Gonioctena quinquepunctata, recently shifted from native Sorbus aucuparia to P. serotina, we find divergent host preferences on Sorbus- versus Prunus-derived populations, and weak host-specific differentiation among 380 individuals genotyped for 119 SNP loci. We conclude that evolutionary processes may generate a specialized herbivore community on an invasive plant, allowing prognoses of reduced invasiveness over time. On the basis of the results presented here, we would like to caution that manual control might have the adverse effect of a slowing down of processes of adaptation, and a delay in the decline of the invasive character of P. serotina.}, }
@article {pmid27187616, year = {2016}, author = {Klonner, G and Fischer, S and Essl, F and Dullinger, S}, title = {A Source Area Approach Demonstrates Moderate Predictive Ability but Pronounced Variability of Invasive Species Traits.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {e0155547}, pmid = {27187616}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {I 1443-B25//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, abstract = {The search for traits that make alien species invasive has mostly concentrated on comparing successful invaders and different comparison groups with respect to average trait values. By contrast, little attention has been paid to trait variability among invaders. Here, we combine an analysis of trait differences between invasive and non-invasive species with a comparison of multidimensional trait variability within these two species groups. We collected data on biological and distributional traits for 1402 species of the native, non-woody vascular plant flora of Austria. We then compared the subsets of species recorded and not recorded as invasive aliens anywhere in the world, respectively, first, with respect to the sampled traits using univariate and multiple regression models; and, second, with respect to their multidimensional trait diversity by calculating functional richness and dispersion metrics. Attributes related to competitiveness (strategy type, nitrogen indicator value), habitat use (agricultural and ruderal habitats, occurrence under the montane belt), and propagule pressure (frequency) were most closely associated with invasiveness. However, even the best multiple model, including interactions, only explained a moderate fraction of the differences in invasive success. In addition, multidimensional variability in trait space was even larger among invasive than among non-invasive species. This pronounced variability suggests that invasive success has a considerable idiosyncratic component and is probably highly context specific. We conclude that basing risk assessment protocols on species trait profiles will probably face hardly reducible uncertainties.}, }
@article {pmid27185556, year = {2016}, author = {Lievens, EJ and Henriques, GJ and Michalakis, Y and Lenormand, T}, title = {Maladaptive Sex Ratio Adjustment in the Invasive Brine Shrimp Artemia franciscana.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {26}, number = {11}, pages = {1463-1467}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.074}, pmid = {27185556}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; Artemia/*physiology ; Female ; France ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Reproduction ; *Sex Ratio ; }, abstract = {Sex allocation theory is often hailed as the most successful area of evolutionary theory due to its striking success as a predictor of empirical observations [1]. Most naturally occurring sex ratios can be explained by the principle of equal investment in the sexes [2-4] or by cases of "extraordinary" sex allocation [5]. Deviations from the expected sex ratio are often correlated with weak selection or low environmental predictability (e.g., [6, 7]); true cases of aberrant sex allocation are surprisingly rare [8]. Here, we present a case of long-lasting maladaptive sex allocation, which we discovered in invasive populations of the exclusively sexual brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. A. franciscana was introduced to Southern France roughly 500 generations ago [9]; since then, it has coexisted with the native asexual species Artemia parthenogenetica [10]. Although we expect A. franciscana to produce balanced offspring sex ratios, we regularly observed extremely male-biased sex ratios in invasive A. franciscana, which were significantly correlated to the proportion of asexuals in the overall population. We experimentally proved that both invasive- and native-range A. franciscana overproduced sons when exposed to excess females, without distinguishing between conspecific and asexual females. We conclude that A. franciscana adjust their offspring sex ratio in function of the adult sex ratio but are information limited in the presence of asexual females. Their facultative adjustment trait, which is presumably adaptive in their native range, has thus become maladaptive in the invasive range where asexuals occur. Despite this, it has persisted unchanged for hundreds of generations.}, }
@article {pmid27184024, year = {2016}, author = {Seidel, B and Montarsi, F and Huemer, HP and Indra, A and Capelli, G and Allerberger, F and Nowotny, N}, title = {First record of the Asian bush mosquito, Aedes japonicus japonicus, in Italy: invasion from an established Austrian population.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {284}, pmid = {27184024}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/genetics/*physiology ; Animals ; Austria ; Female ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Population Dynamics ; Public Health ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In 2011 we identified the Asian bush mosquito, Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) (Diptera: Culicidae) for the first time in northern Slovenia and in the bordering Austrian federal state of Styria. Between May and July 2012 the distribution area of Ae. j. japonicus was already found to be extended westwards into Carinthia and eastwards towards Burgenland and bordering Hungary. In August 2012 the species was first detected in a western province of Hungary. In subsequent years, follow-up field studies demonstrated an active spread westwards throughout Carinthia, reaching the border to northern Italy.<br><br>FINDINGS: In July 2015 several aquatic-stage specimens of the species were discovered at three different sites in the Friuli Venezia Giulia region, north-eastern Italy. In September 2015, co-occurrence of Ae. j. japonicus and Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895) was observed in the same sample in that region.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Ae. j. japonicus actively extended its geographic range from an established population in Carinthia (Austria) southwards to northern Italy by crossing Alpine ranges. Since Ae. albopictus and Aedes koreicus (Edwards, 1917) are already well established in northern Italy, it will be pivotal to monitor the consequences of a third invasive mosquito species trying to populate the same geographic region.}, }
@article {pmid27182727, year = {2016}, author = {Larson, DL and Rabie, PA and Droege, S and Larson, JL and Haar, M}, title = {Exotic Plant Infestation Is Associated with Decreased Modularity and Increased Numbers of Connectors in Mixed-Grass Prairie Pollination Networks.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {e0155068}, pmid = {27182727}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Ectoparasitic Infestations ; Flowers ; *Grassland ; *Insecta ; Introduced Species ; *Plants ; *Pollination ; Seasons ; South Dakota ; }, abstract = {The majority of pollinating insects are generalists whose lifetimes overlap flowering periods of many potentially suitable plant species. Such generality is instrumental in allowing exotic plant species to invade pollination networks. The particulars of how existing networks change in response to an invasive plant over the course of its phenology are not well characterized, but may shed light on the probability of long-term effects on plant-pollinator interactions and the stability of network structure. Here we describe changes in network topology and modular structure of infested and non-infested networks during the flowering season of the generalist non-native flowering plant, Cirsium arvense in mixed-grass prairie at Badlands National Park, South Dakota, USA. Objectives were to compare network-level effects of infestation as they propagate over the season in infested and non-infested (with respect to C. arvense) networks. We characterized plant-pollinator networks on 5 non-infested and 7 infested 1-ha plots during 4 sample periods that collectively covered the length of C. arvense flowering period. Two other abundantly-flowering invasive plants were present during this time: Melilotus officinalis had highly variable floral abundance in both C. arvense-infested and non-infested plots and Convolvulus arvensis, which occurred almost exclusively in infested plots and peaked early in the season. Modularity, including roles of individual species, and network topology were assessed for each sample period as well as in pooled infested and non-infested networks. Differences in modularity and network metrics between infested and non-infested networks were limited to the third and fourth sample periods, during flower senescence of C. arvense and the other invasive species; generality of pollinators rose concurrently, suggesting rewiring of the network and a lag effect of earlier floral abundance. Modularity was lower and number of connectors higher in infested networks, whether they were assessed in individual sample periods or pooled into infested and non-infested networks over the entire blooming period of C. arvense. Connectors typically did not reside within the same modules as C. arvense, suggesting that effects of the other invasive plants may also influence the modularity results, and that effects of infestation extend to co-flowering native plants. We conclude that the presence of abundantly flowering invasive species is associated with greater network stability due to decreased modularity, but whether this is advantageous for the associated native plant-pollinator communities depends on the nature of perturbations they experience.}, }
@article {pmid27179880, year = {2016}, author = {Christie, AE}, title = {Expansion of the neuropeptidome of the globally invasive marine crab Carcinus maenas.}, journal = {General and comparative endocrinology}, volume = {235}, number = {}, pages = {150-169}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.05.013}, pmid = {27179880}, issn = {1095-6840}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura ; Computational Biology/*methods ; Neuropeptides/*metabolism ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Carcinus maenas is widely recognized as one of the world's most successful marine invasive species; its success as an invader is due largely to its ability to thrive under varied environmental conditions. The physiological/behavioral control systems that allow C. maenas to adapt to new environments are undoubtedly under hormonal control, the largest single class of hormones being peptides. While numerous studies have focused on identifying native C. maenas peptides, none has taken advantage of mining transcriptome shotgun assembly (TSA) sequence data, a strategy proven highly successful for peptide discovery in other crustaceans. Here, a C. maenas peptidome was predicted via in silico transcriptome mining. Thirty-seven peptide families were searched for in the extant TSA database, with transcripts encoding precursors for 29 groups identified. The pre/preprohormones deduced from the identified sequences allowed for the prediction of 263 distinct mature peptides, 193 of which are new discoveries for C. maenas. The predicted peptides include isoforms of adipokinetic hormone-corazonin-like peptide, allatostatin A, allatostatin B, allatostatin C, bursicon, CCHamide, corazonin, crustacean cardioactive peptide, crustacean hyperglycemic hormone, diuretic hormone 31, diuretic hormone 44, eclosion hormone, FMRFamide-like peptide, HIGSLYRamide, intocin, leucokinin, myosuppressin, neuroparsin, neuropeptide F, orcokinin, pigment dispersing hormone, proctolin, pyrokinin, red pigment concentrating hormone, RYamide, short neuropeptide F, SIFamide, and tachykinin-related peptide. This peptidome is the largest predicted from any single crustacean using the in silico approach, and provides a platform for investigating peptidergic signaling in C. maenas, including control of the processes that allow for its success as a global marine invader.}, }
@article {pmid27177541, year = {2016}, author = {Brewer, SK and McManamay, RA and Miller, AD and Mollenhauer, R and Worthington, TA and Arsuffi, T}, title = {Advancing Environmental Flow Science: Developing Frameworks for Altered Landscapes and Integrating Efforts Across Disciplines.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {58}, number = {2}, pages = {175-192}, pmid = {27177541}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods ; Ecology/*standards/trends ; Introduced Species/trends ; *Water Movements ; Water Quality ; Water Resources/*supply &amp; distribution ; }, abstract = {Environmental flows represent a legal mechanism to balance existing and future water uses and sustain non-use values. Here, we identify current challenges, provide examples where they are important, and suggest research advances that would benefit environmental flow science. Specifically, environmental flow science would benefit by (1) developing approaches to address streamflow needs in highly modified landscapes where historic flows do not provide reasonable comparisons, (2) integrating water quality needs where interactions are apparent with quantity but not necessarily the proximate factor of the ecological degradation, especially as frequency and magnitudes of inflows to bays and estuaries, (3) providing a better understanding of the ecological needs of native species to offset the often unintended consequences of benefiting non-native species or their impact on flows, (4) improving our understanding of the non-use economic value to balance consumptive economic values, and (5) increasing our understanding of the stakeholder socioeconomic spatial distribution of attitudes and perceptions across the landscape. Environmental flow science is still an emerging interdisciplinary field and by integrating socioeconomic disciplines and developing new frameworks to accommodate our altered landscapes, we should help advance environmental flow science and likely increase successful implementation of flow standards.}, }
@article {pmid27174138, year = {2016}, author = {Savi, T and Casolo, V and Luglio, J and Bertuzzi, S and Trifilo', P and Lo Gullo, MA and Nardini, A}, title = {Species-specific reversal of stem xylem embolism after a prolonged drought correlates to endpoint concentration of soluble sugars.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {106}, number = {}, pages = {198-207}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.04.051}, pmid = {27174138}, issn = {1873-2690}, mesh = {Carbohydrates/*analysis ; *Droughts ; Magnoliopsida/physiology ; Osmosis ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Plant Stems/*physiology ; Solubility ; Species Specificity ; Steam ; Trees/*physiology ; Water/metabolism ; Xylem/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Recent reports on tree mortality associated with anomalous drought and heat have raised interest into processes underlying tree resistance/resilience to water stress. Hydraulic failure and carbon starvation have been proposed as main causes of tree decline, with recent theories treating water and carbon metabolism as interconnected processes. We subjected young plants of two native (Quercus pubescens [Qp] and Prunus mahaleb [Pm]) and two invasive (Robinia pseudoacacia [Rp] and Ailanthus altissima [Aa]) woody angiosperms to a prolonged drought leading to stomatal closure and xylem embolism, to induce carbon starvation and hydraulic failure. At the end of the treatment, plants were measured for embolism rates and NSC content, and re-irrigated to monitor recovery of xylem hydraulics. Data highlight different hydraulic strategies in native vs invasive species under water stress, and provide physiological explanations for species-specific impacts of recent severe droughts. Drought-sensitive species (Qp and Rp) suffered high embolism rates and were unable to completely refill xylem conduits upon restoration of water availability. Species that better survived recent droughts were able to limit embolism build-up (Pm) or efficiently restored hydraulic functionality after irrigation (Aa). Species-specific capacity to reverse xylem embolism correlated to stem-level concentration of soluble carbohydrates, but not to starch content.}, }
@article {pmid27173916, year = {2017}, author = {Escobar, LE and Kurath, G and Escobar-Dodero, J and Craft, ME and Phelps, NB}, title = {Potential distribution of the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in the Great Lakes region.}, journal = {Journal of fish diseases}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, pages = {11-28}, doi = {10.1111/jfd.12490}, pmid = {27173916}, issn = {1365-2761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Great Lakes Region/epidemiology ; Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Viral/epidemiology/virology ; Models, Biological ; Novirhabdovirus/*physiology ; Ontario/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) genotype IVb has been responsible for large-scale fish mortality events in the Great Lakes of North America. Anticipating the areas of potential VHSV occurrence is key to designing epidemiological surveillance and disease prevention strategies in the Great Lakes basin. We explored the environmental features that could shape the distribution of VHSV, based on remote sensing and climate data via ecological niche modelling. Variables included temperature measured during the day and night, precipitation, vegetation, bathymetry, solar radiation and topographic wetness. VHSV occurrences were obtained from available reports of virus confirmation in laboratory facilities. We fit a Maxent model using VHSV-IVb reports and environmental variables under different parameterizations to identify the best model to determine potential VHSV occurrence based on environmental suitability. VHSV reports were generated from both passive and active surveillance. VHSV occurrences were most abundant near shore sites. We were, however, able to capture the environmental signature of VHSV based on the environmental variables employed in our model, allowing us to identify patterns of VHSV potential occurrence. Our findings suggest that VHSV is not at an ecological equilibrium and more areas could be affected, including areas not in close geographic proximity to past VHSV reports.}, }
@article {pmid27171527, year = {2016}, author = {Trucchi, E and Facon, B and Gratton, P and Mori, E and Stenseth, NC and Jentoft, S}, title = {Long live the alien: is high genetic diversity a pivotal aspect of crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) long-lasting and successful invasion?.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {15}, pages = {3527-3539}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13698}, pmid = {27171527}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Africa, Northern ; Animals ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Phylogeography ; Porcupines/*genetics ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Studying the evolutionary dynamics of an alien species surviving and continuing to expand after several generations can provide fundamental information on the relevant features of clearly successful invasions. Here, we tackle this task by investigating the dynamics of the genetic diversity in invasive crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) populations, introduced to Italy about 1500 years ago, which are still growing in size, distribution range and ecological niche. Using genome-wide RAD markers, we describe the structure of the genetic diversity and the demographic dynamics of the H. cristata invasive populations and compare their genetic diversity with that of native African populations of both H. cristata and its sister species, H. africaeaustralis. First, we demonstrate that genetic diversity is lower in both the invasive Italian and the North Africa source range relative to other native populations from sub-Saharan and South Africa. Second, we find evidence of multiple introduction events in the invasive range followed by very limited gene flow. Through coalescence-based demographic reconstructions, we also show that the bottleneck at introduction was mild and did not affect the introduced genetic diversity. Finally, we reveal that the current spatial expansion at the northern boundary of the range is following a leading-edge model characterized by a general reduction of genetic diversity towards the edge of the expanding range. We conclude that the level of genome-wide diversity of H. cristata invasive populations is less important in explaining its successful invasion than species-specific life-history traits or the phylogeographic history in the native source range.}, }
@article {pmid27171381, year = {2016}, author = {Windley, HR and Barron, MC and Holland, EP and Starrs, D and Ruscoe, WA and Foley, WJ}, title = {Foliar Nutritional Quality Explains Patchy Browsing Damage Caused by an Invasive Mammal.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {e0155216}, pmid = {27171381}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Herbivory/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Mammals/*physiology ; Models, Theoretical ; New Zealand ; *Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Plant Leaves/*physiology ; Probability ; Trichosurus/physiology ; }, abstract = {Introduced herbivores frequently inflict significant, yet patchy damage on native ecosystems through selective browsing. However, there are few instances where the underlying cause of this patchy damage has been revealed. We aimed to determine if the nutritional quality of foliage could predict the browsing preferences of an invasive mammalian herbivore, the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), in a temperate forest in New Zealand. We quantified the spatial and temporal variation in four key aspects of the foliar chemistry (total nitrogen, available nitrogen, in vitro dry matter digestibility and tannin effect) of 275 trees representing five native tree species. Simultaneously, we assessed the severity of browsing damage caused by possums on those trees in order to relate selective browsing to foliar nutritional quality. We found significant spatial and temporal variation in nutritional quality among individuals of each tree species examined, as well as among tree species. There was a positive relationship between the available nitrogen concentration of foliage (a measure of in vitro digestible protein) and the severity of damage caused by browsing by possums. This study highlights the importance of nutritional quality, specifically, the foliar available nitrogen concentration of individual trees, in predicting the impact of an invasive mammal. Revealing the underlying cause of patchy browsing by an invasive mammal provides new insights for conservation of native forests and targeted control of invasive herbivores in forest ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid27170546, year = {2016}, author = {Paula, DP and Togawa, RC and Costa, MM and Grynberg, P and Martins, NF and Andow, DA}, title = {Identification and expression profile of odorant-binding proteins in Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Insect molecular biology}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, pages = {580-594}, doi = {10.1111/imb.12243}, pmid = {27170546}, issn = {1365-2583}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arthropod Antennae/metabolism ; DNA, Complementary/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Heteroptera/genetics/*physiology ; Insect Control ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Male ; *Olfactory Perception ; Phylogeny ; Receptors, Odorant/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, is a devastating invasive species in the USA. Similar to other insects, olfaction plays an important role in its survival and reproduction. As odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are involved in the initial semiochemical recognition steps, we used RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) to identify OBPs in its antennae, and studied their expression pattern in different body parts under semiochemical stimulation by either aggregation or alarm pheromone or food odorants. Thirty full-length putative HhalOBPs were identified, corresponding to 22 'classic' OBPs and eight 'Plus-C' OBPs. The similarity amongst them ranged from 4.95-70.92%, and with another 325 hemipteran OBPs similarity ranged from 1.94-91.51%, the highest levels being with other stink bug OBPs. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the monophyly of seven groups of stink bug and other hemipteran OBPs. All 30 HhalOBPs were expressed and about 2/3 were expressed primarily in antennae. The expression of 21 HhalOBPs was higher in the antennae under alarm pheromone stimulus, indicating that multiple OBPs may be responding to this pheromone. Two were highest in antennae under aggregation pheromone stimulus. These findings should provide a basis for understanding the physiological functions of HhalOBPs and the chemosensory perception of this pest, which may help to uncover new control targets for behavioural interference.}, }
@article {pmid27169249, year = {2015}, author = {Glushakova, AM and Kachalkin, AV and Chernov, IY}, title = {[Effect of Invasive Herb Species on the Structure of Soil Yeast Complexes in Mixed Forests Exemplified by Impatiens parviflora DC].}, journal = {Mikrobiologiia}, volume = {84}, number = {5}, pages = {606-611}, pmid = {27169249}, issn = {0026-3656}, mesh = {Basidiomycota/classification/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Biodiversity ; DNA, Fungal/*genetics ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Magnoliaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Soil ; *Soil Microbiology ; Trichosporon/classification/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Yeast abundance and diversity in a mixed forest sod-podzol soil under Impatiens parviflora DC plants was studied in comparison with unimpaired aboriginal herbaceous plants typical of the Mid-Russian secondary, after-forest meadow. The study was carried out throughout the vegetation period. Standard microbiological plating techniques revealed 36 yeast species. Typical pedobiotic (Cryptococcus podzolicus, Wickerhamomyces anomalus) and eurybiotic yeast species (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa) predominated in both biotopes. The relative abundance of the autochthonous soil yeast species Cryptococcus podzolicus was higher in the soil under aboriginal herbs than under Impatiens parviflora. Sites with aboriginal vegetation were also characterized by high abundance of the pedogamous species Schwanniomyces castelli and Torulaspora delbrueckii. The share of yeastlike Trichosporon fungi with high hydrolytic activity was considerably higher under adventitious plants Impatiens parviflora, as well as in the previously studied soil under Heracleum sosnowskyi.}, }
@article {pmid27168647, year = {2016}, author = {Torrini, G and Mazza, G and Strangi, A and Barabaschi, D and Landi, S and Mori, E and Menchetti, M and Sposimo, P and Giuliani, C and Zoccola, A and Lazzaro, L and Ferretti, G and Foggi, B and Roversi, PF}, title = {Oscheius tipulae in Italy: Evidence of an Alien Isolate in the Integral Natural Reserve of Montecristo Island (Tuscany).}, journal = {Journal of nematology}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, pages = {8-13}, pmid = {27168647}, issn = {0022-300X}, abstract = {Montecristo Island is an integral natural reserve of the Tuscan Archipelago National Park (Central Italy), characterized by a peculiar assemblage of flora and fauna, with several endemic taxa, and also with a high number of alien species. During a soil survey, we found an alien Oscheius tipulae Lam &amp; Webster, 1971 isolate, phylogenetically close to others from South America. In this article, we examined the possible pathways of introduction of this nematode. Because of the high number of alien plants in this protected area and the low desiccation survival ability of O. tipulae, we hypothesized that the presence of this alien nematode isolate may be related to the soil of introduced plants, although historical association with plant-associated invertebrates is also possible. Further studies with more populations and marker molecules are necessary to investigate the distribution of O. tipulae and the possible impact on this natural reserve.}, }
@article {pmid27168645, year = {2016}, author = {Camerota, M and Mazza, G and Carta, LK and Paoli, F and Torrini, G and Benvenuti, C and Carletti, B and Francardi, V and Roversi, PF}, title = {Occurrence of Panagrellus (Rhabditida: Panagrolaimidae) Nematodes in a Morphologically Aberrant Adult Specimen of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae).}, journal = {Journal of nematology}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, pages = {1-6}, pmid = {27168645}, issn = {0022-300X}, abstract = {An aberrant specimen of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) also known as red palm weevil (RPW), the most economically important insect pest of palms in the world, was found among a batch of conspecifics reared for research purposes. A morphological analysis of this weevil revealed the presence of nematodes associated with a structured cuticle defect of the thorax. These nematodes were not able to be cultured, but were characterized by molecular analysis using 28S and 18S ribosomal DNA and shown to belong to the family Panagrolaimidae (Rhabditida), within a clade of Panagrellus. While most nematodes in the insect were juveniles, a single male adult was partially characterized by light microscopy. Morphometrics showed similarities to a species described from Germany. Excluding the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), only five other genera of entomophilic or saprophytic rhabditid nematodes are associated with this weevil. This is the first report of panagrolaimid nematodes associated with this invasive pest. Possible mechanisms of nematode-insect association are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid27166486, year = {2015}, author = {Firn, J and Carwardine, J}, title = {Saving the Lake Eyre Basin's biodiversity.}, journal = {Australian veterinary journal}, volume = {93}, number = {12}, pages = {N22}, pmid = {27166486}, issn = {1751-0813}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Swine ; }, }
@article {pmid27165562, year = {2016}, author = {Al-Shorbaji, F and Roche, B and Gozlan, R and Britton, R and Andreou, D}, title = {The consequences of reservoir host eradication on disease epidemiology in animal communities.}, journal = {Emerging microbes &amp; infections}, volume = {5}, number = {5}, pages = {e46}, pmid = {27165562}, issn = {2222-1751}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; Biota ; Disease Eradication/methods ; Disease Reservoirs/*parasitology ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology/*prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Fishes/*parasitology ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Mesomycetozoea/*physiology ; Mesomycetozoea Infections/*parasitology/*prevention &amp; control ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Non-native species have often been linked with introduction of novel pathogens that spill over into native communities, and the amplification of the prevalence of native parasites. In the case of introduced generalist pathogens, their disease epidemiology in the extant communities remains poorly understood. Here, Sphaerothecum destruens, a generalist fungal-like fish pathogen with bi-modal transmission (direct and environmental) was used to characterise the biological drivers responsible for disease emergence in temperate fish communities. A range of biotic factors relating to both the pathogen and the surrounding host communities were used in a novel susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) model to test how these factors affected disease epidemiology. These included: (i) pathogen prevalence in an introduced reservoir host (Pseudorasbora parva); (ii) the impact of reservoir host eradication and its timing and (iii) the density of potential hosts in surrounding communities and their connectedness. These were modelled across 23 combinations and indicated that the spill-over of pathogen propagules via environmental transmission resulted in rapid establishment in adjacent fish communities (<1 year). Although disease dynamics were initially driven by environmental transmission in these communities, once sufficient numbers of native hosts were infected, the disease dynamics were driven by intra-species transmission. Subsequent eradication of the introduced host, irrespective of its timing (after one, two or three years), had limited impact on the long-term disease dynamics among local fish communities. These outputs reinforced the importance of rapid detection and eradication of non-native species, in particular when such species are identified as healthy reservoirs of a generalist pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid27162055, year = {2016}, author = {Bernardi, G and Azzurro, E and Golani, D and Miller, MR}, title = {Genomic signatures of rapid adaptive evolution in the bluespotted cornetfish, a Mediterranean Lessepsian invader.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {14}, pages = {3384-3396}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13682}, pmid = {27162055}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Indian Ocean ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Smegmamorpha/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are increasingly creating ecological and economical problems both on land and in aquatic environments. For over a century, the Mediterranean Sea has steadily been invaded by Indian Ocean/Red Sea species (called Lessepsian invaders) via the Suez Canal, with a current estimate of ~450 species. The bluespotted cornetfish, Fistularia commersonii, considered a 'Lessepsian sprinter', entered the Mediterranean in 2000 and by 2007 had spread through the entire basin from Israel to Spain. The situation is unique and interesting both because of its unprecedented rapidity and by the fact that it took this species c. 130 years to immigrate into the Mediterranean. Using genome scans, with restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) sequencing, we evaluated neutral and selected genomic regions for Mediterranean vs. Red Sea cornetfish individuals. We found that few fixed neutral changes were detectable among populations. However, almost half of the genes associated with the 47 outlier loci (potentially under selection) were related to disease resistance and osmoregulation. Due to the short time elapsed from the beginning of the invasion to our sampling, we interpret these changes as signatures of rapid adaptation that may be explained by several mechanisms including preadaptation and strong local selection. Such genomic regions are therefore good candidates to further study their role in invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid27158785, year = {2016}, author = {Kinaro, ZO and Xue, L and Volatiana, JA}, title = {Complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of the Victoria tilapia (Oreochromis variabilis) and Redbelly Tilapia (Tilapia zilli): genome characterization and phylogeny analysis.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {2455-2457}, doi = {10.3109/19401736.2015.1033695}, pmid = {27158785}, issn = {2470-1408}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Composition ; *DNA, Mitochondrial ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; Genome Size ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; *Genomics ; Open Reading Frames ; *Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Tilapia/*classification/*genetics ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; }, abstract = {The Cichlid fishes have played an important role in evolutionary biology, population studies and aquaculture industry with East African species representing a model suited for studying adaptive radiation and speciation for cichlid genome projects in which closely related genomes are fast emerging presenting questions on phenotype-genotype relations. The complete mitochondrial genomes presented here are for two closely related but eco-morphologically distinct Lake Victoria basin cichlids, Oreochromis variabilis, an endangered native species and Tilapia zilli, an invasive species, both of which are important economic fishes in local areas. The complete mitochondrial genomes determined for O. variabilis and T. zilli are 16 626 and 16,619 bp, respectively. Both the mitogenomes contain 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs and a non-coding control region, which are typical of vertebrate mitogenomes. Phylogenetic analyses of the two species revealed that though both lie within family Cichlidae, they are remotely related.}, }
@article {pmid27157335, year = {2016}, author = {Valente, E and Masson, G and Maul, A and Fox, MG and Meyer, A and Pihan, JC}, title = {Seasonal gonadal development and age-related maturity patterns of introduced pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus Linnaeus, 1758) in a heated thermal reservoir and an adjacent river reach.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {58}, number = {}, pages = {60-71}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.03.004}, pmid = {27157335}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Gonads/*growth &amp; development/ultrastructure ; Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Perciformes/*growth &amp; development ; Reproduction ; Rivers/chemistry ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Testis and ovarian maturation status, maturity profile and gonado-somatic index (GSI) were assessed in pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) collected from Mirgenbach, a cooling-water reservoir associated with a nuclear power plant, and from the River Moselle 7km downstream of the reservoir's thermal outflow. Histological investigation indicated that in both sexes, gonadal development of pumpkinseed in the heated reservoir was more advanced than in the cooler Moselle River throughout the breeding season. The histological maturity profile of reservoir males ranked by the advancement of sperm cells was highly correlated with its GSI (rs=0.73, P<0.001). GSI of females in the reservoir increased with the stage at maturity, but GSI was not significantly correlated with total length, age or growth rate of the individual. All sampled individuals of both sexes were mature at age 1 in the heated reservoir, whereas 48% of age 1 males and 57% of age 1 females were not mature in the river. GSI patterns suggest that males in the reservoir adopted one of two reproductive strategies (nesters or cuckolders), whereas no small males with large enough testes to be considered cuckolders were apparent in the river. The warm thermal regime of Mirgenbach Reservoir led to precocial maturity, early season reproduction, and the greater prevalence of apparent cuckolder males than would normally occur in this climatic zone.}, }
@article {pmid27156235, year = {2016}, author = {Boll, PK and Leal-Zanchet, AM}, title = {Preference for different prey allows the coexistence of several land planarians in areas of the Atlantic Forest.}, journal = {Zoology (Jena, Germany)}, volume = {119}, number = {3}, pages = {162-168}, doi = {10.1016/j.zool.2016.04.002}, pmid = {27156235}, issn = {1873-2720}, mesh = {Animals ; *Forests ; Planarians/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Land planarians are recognized as important predators, yet studies on their feeding habits are usually restricted to invasive species. Thus, it is difficult to determine the real ecological role of this group in ecosystems and how their communities are structured. In the present study, we analyzed the diet of six co-occurring Neotropical land planarians and their success in capturing prey, based on experiments in the laboratory, in order to determine how they share resources in the same environment. We also calculated indices of food niche breadth and food niche overlap for land planarians for the first time. The diet of Luteostriata abundans comprises only woodlice and the diets of Obama ficki and Obama ladislavii are composed only of gastropods, while Paraba multicolor and Obama anthropophila feed on both gastropods and other land planarians. An invasive species recently found in Western Europe, Obama nungara, showed the highest food niche breadth, feeding on gastropods, earthworms and planarians. We found the highest niche overlap between O. anthropophila and P. multicolor. The results suggest that land planarians are frequent predators of woodlice and land gastropods in the Neotropical ecozone and thus are important for the maintenance of native ecosystems and for the control of invasive species. The coexistence of several species in the same habitat is possible due to the use of different species as main prey, which reduces interspecific competition.}, }
@article {pmid27152204, year = {2016}, author = {Dowell, SA and Wood, JP and Campbell, TS and Kolokotronis, SO and Hekkala, ER}, title = {Combining genetic and distributional approaches to sourcing introduced species: a case study on the Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) in Florida.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {150619}, pmid = {27152204}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Three separate breeding populations of the Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) have been identified in Florida, USA, located in Cape Coral, West Palm Beach and Homestead Air Reserve Base. This large, predatory lizard could have negative effects on Florida's native wildlife. Here, we infer the source of the introduced populations using genetic and statistical approaches, as well as estimate the potential non-native distribution of V. niloticus in North America. We collected genetic data from 25 Florida individuals as well as utilized genetic datasets from reference individuals spanning the full native distribution throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Using occurrence data from the inferred source population and the full species range, we built ecological niche models (ENMs) and projected them onto North America to determine regions with suitable climate. Our results indicated that the introduced populations resulted from three separate introduction events, and all originated from the southern coastal region of West Africa. The ENM built from the West African source population predicted only the southernmost portions of North America to be suitable. Conversely, the model derived from the full species' range predicted suitable climates across a large portion of the United States. This information can be used to focus management and eradication efforts.}, }
@article {pmid27152202, year = {2016}, author = {Tremblay, ME and Morris, TJ and Ackerman, JD}, title = {Loss of reproductive output caused by an invasive species.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {150481}, pmid = {27152202}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {We investigated whether Neogobius melanostomus, an invader of biodiversity 'hot-spots' in the Laurentian Great Lakes region, facilitates or inhibits unionid mussel recruitment by serving as a host or sink for their parasitic larvae (glochidia). Infestation and metamorphosis rates of four mussel species with at-risk (conservation) status (Epioblasma torulosa rangiana, Epioblasma triquetra, Lampsilis fasciola and Villosa iris) and one common species (Actinonaias ligamentina) on N. melanostomus were compared with rates on known primary and marginal hosts in the laboratory. All species successfully infested N. melanostomus, but only E. triquetra, V. iris and A. ligamentina successfully metamorphosed into juveniles, albeit at very low rates well below those seen on even the marginal hosts. Neogobius melanostomus collected from areas of unionid occurrence in the Grand and Sydenham rivers (Ontario, Canada) exhibited glochidial infection rates of 39.4% and 5.1%, respectively, with up to 30 glochidia representing as many as six unionid species per fish. A mathematical model suggests that N. melanostomus serve more as a sink for glochidia than as a host for unionids, thereby limiting recruitment success. This represents a novel method by which an invasive species affects a native species.}, }
@article {pmid27148301, year = {2016}, author = {Al Hassan, M and Chaura, J and López-Gresa, MP and Borsai, O and Daniso, E and Donat-Torres, MP and Mayoral, O and Vicente, O and Boscaiu, M}, title = {Native-Invasive Plants vs. Halophytes in Mediterranean Salt Marshes: Stress Tolerance Mechanisms in Two Related Species.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {473}, pmid = {27148301}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Dittrichia viscosa is a Mediterranean ruderal species that over the last decades has expanded into new habitats, including coastal salt marshes, ecosystems that are per se fragile and threatened by human activities. To assess the potential risk that this native-invasive species represents for the genuine salt marsh vegetation, we compared its distribution with that of Inula crithmoides, a taxonomically related halophyte, in three salt marshes located in "La Albufera" Natural Park, near the city of Valencia (East Spain). The presence of D. viscosa was restricted to areas of low and moderate salinity, while I. crithmoides was also present in the most saline zones of the salt marshes. Analyses of the responses of the two species to salt and water stress treatments in controlled experiments revealed that both activate the same physiological stress tolerance mechanisms, based essentially on the transport of toxic ions to the leaves-where they are presumably compartmentalized in vacuoles-and the accumulation of specific osmolytes for osmotic adjustment. The two species differ in the efficiency of those mechanisms: salt-induced increases in Na(+) and Cl(-) contents were higher in I. crithmoides than in D. viscosa, and the osmolytes (especially glycine betaine, but also arabinose, fructose and glucose) accumulated at higher levels in the former species. This explains the (slightly) higher stress tolerance of I. crithmoides, as compared to D. viscosa, established from growth inhibition measurements and their distribution in nature. The possible activation of K(+) transport to the leaves under high salinity conditions may also contribute to salt tolerance in I. crithmoides. Oxidative stress level-estimated from malondialdehyde accumulation-was higher in the less tolerant D. viscosa, which consequently activated antioxidant responses as a defense mechanism against stress; these responses were weaker or absent in the more tolerant I. crithmoides. Based on these results, we concluded that although D. viscosa cannot directly compete with true halophytes in highly saline environments, it is nevertheless quite stress tolerant and therefore represents a threat for the vegetation located on the salt marshes borders, where several endemic and threatened species are found in the area of study.}, }
@article {pmid27147604, year = {2016}, author = {Ricciardi, A}, title = {Tracking marine alien species by ship movements.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {113}, number = {20}, pages = {5470-5471}, pmid = {27147604}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Movement ; *Ships ; }, }
@article {pmid27145625, year = {2016}, author = {Peltzer, DA and Kurokawa, H and Wardle, DA}, title = {Soil fertility and disturbance interact to drive contrasting responses of co-occurring native and nonnative species.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, pages = {515-529}, doi = {10.1890/15-0298.1}, pmid = {27145625}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Nitrogen/chemistry/metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation ; *Plant Development ; Plant Roots ; Plant Shoots ; Plants/*classification/*metabolism ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Some plant functional groups such as nonnative invasive and nitrogen (N)-fixing plants are widely thought to have consistent, coordinated differences in their functional traits relative to other groups such as native and non -N-fixing plants. Recent evidence suggests that these trait differences between groups can be context dependent, varying with environmental factors such as resource availability and disturbance. However, many previous comparisons among plant groups differing in invasion status have not standardized growth form between groups or have compared species that do not co-occur, which could result in invasion status per se being confounded with other factors. We determined growth and leaf functional trait responses of 20 co-occurring woody species, that is, five species within each of four functional groups (native N-fixers, native non -N-fixers, nonnative [invasive] N-fixers and nonnative [invasive] non-N-fixers), to factorial combinations of soil fertility and defoliation treatments in a mesocosm experiment to test each of two hypotheses. First, we hypothesized that nonnative invasive and N-fixing species will have functional traits associated with rapid resource acquisition whereas natives and non -N-fixing species will have traits linked to resource conservation. Second, we hypothesized that plant growth and leaf traits of nonnative and N-fixing species will be more strongly influenced by environmental factors (i.e., soil fertility and disturbance) than will natives and non-N-fixers. Plant growth, foliar nutrients, and leaf structural traits varied among plant functional groups in a manner consistent with our first hypothesis. Support for our second hypothesis was mixed; origin (native vs. nonnative) and soil fertility rarely interacted to determine plant growth or variation in leaf traits whereas interactions involving N-fixing ability and soil fertility were common. Further, there were no consistent interactive effects between plant groupings and disturbance. Our results demonstrate that variation in growth and functional traits among plant species were driven primarily by the relatively large responses of nonnative N-fixers to soil fertility, rather than by consistent differences between other plant functional groups. These findings highlight the importance of resource availability in determining trait or performance differences among plant functional groups, and provide insights into the assembly of plant functional traits in novel communities of co-occurring native and nonnative species.}, }
@article {pmid27145622, year = {2016}, author = {Sikes, BA and Hawkes, CV and Fukami, T}, title = {Plant and root endophyte assembly history: interactive effects on native and exotic plants.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, pages = {484-493}, doi = {10.1890/15-0635.1}, pmid = {27145622}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Endophytes ; Fungi/classification/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Roots/*microbiology ; Plants/classification/*microbiology ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Differences in the arrival timing of plants and soil biota may result in different plant communities through priority effects, potentially affecting the success of native vs. exotic plants, but experimental evidence is largely lacking. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to investigate whether the assembly history of plants and fungal root endophytes could interact to influence plant emergence and biomass. We introduced a grass species and eight fungal species from one of three land-use types (undisturbed, disturbed, or pasture sites in a Florida scrubland) in factorial combinations. We then introduced all plants and fungi from the other land-use types 2 weeks later. Plant emergence was monitored for 6 months, and final plant biomass and fungal species composition assessed. The emergence and growth of the exotic Melinis repens and the native Schizacharyium niveum were affected negatively when introduced early with their "home" fungi, but early introduction of a different plant species or fungi from a different site type eliminated these negative effects, providing evidence for interactive priority effects. Interactive effects of plant and fungal arrival history may be an overlooked determinant of plant community structure and may provide an effective management tool to inhibit biological invasion and aid ecosystem restoration.}, }
@article {pmid27145621, year = {2016}, author = {Sandel, B and Tsirogiannis, C}, title = {Species introductions and the phylogenetic and functional structure of California's grasses.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, pages = {472-483}, doi = {10.1890/15-0220.1}, pmid = {27145621}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {California ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Phylogeny ; Poaceae/*genetics/*physiology ; Reproduction/physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Many species assemblages represent a nonrandom subset of a larger species pool. When an assemblage tends to contain close evolutionary relatives or species with similar functional traits, it can be described as phylogenetically or functionally clustered. Clustering is often interpreted as evidence for filtering by some combination of environmental and biotic factors. At sufficiently large spatial extents, however, biogeographic barriers can also lead to strong clustering. Here, we suggest that the breakdown of biogeographic barriers associated with human introductions of exotic species can be used as an unintentional experiment to assess their importance in driving phylogenetic and functional structure. An important role of biogeographic barriers would be revealed by a breakdown in clustering, particularly phylogenetic clustering, following species introductions. On the other hand, a role of filtering can be supported by similar patterns of clustering in the native and exotic assemblages along environmental gradients. We test these predictions using the grasses of California, a diverse group including many introduced species. Native grass assemblages in the state are highly clustered with respect to the global grass species pool, both phylogenetically and functionally. Within the state, variation in the strength of clustering is well explained by climatic variables, suggesting an important role for environmental-biotic filtering. Further, subregions within the state with highly clustered native assemblages also contain highly clustered exotic assemblages. Contrary to expectation, though, the introduction of exotic species led to even more strongly clustered assemblages. We conclude that biogeographic barriers have generally not excluded the major grass lineages (e.g., tribes) from the state and likely act only on finer taxonomic scales (for example, excluding particular genera). Our approach should prove broadly applicable and contribute to improved understanding of broad-scale patterns of assemblage structure.}, }
@article {pmid27145614, year = {2016}, author = {Hollings, T and Jones, M and Mooney, N and McCallum, H}, title = {Disease-induced decline of an apex predator drives invasive dominated states and threatens biodiversity.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, pages = {394-405}, doi = {10.1890/15-0204.1}, pmid = {27145614}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Cats ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Facial Neoplasms/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; *Marsupialia ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; *Rats ; Tasmania/epidemiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Apex predators are important in protecting biodiversity through top-down influence on food webs. Their loss is linked with competitive release of invasive mesopredators and species extinctions. The Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) has experienced severe declines over a 15-yr period as a novel transmissible cancer has spread across its current geographic range. We surveyed the mammalian community, using hair traps, across the spatial extent of the devil's progressive population decline. We found increased activity of alien invasive species (feral cats, black rats), and reduced small and medium-sized native prey species in response to the timing of the decline. In areas of long-term devil decline, invasive species comprised a significantly larger proportion of the community. The results provide evidence that the devil plays a keystone role in Tasmania's ecosystem with their decline linked to a shift toward an invasive state and biodiversity loss in one of Australia's most intact faunal communities.}, }
@article {pmid27144810, year = {2016}, author = {Cattel, J and Martinez, J and Jiggins, F and Mouton, L and Gibert, P}, title = {Wolbachia-mediated protection against viruses in the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Insect molecular biology}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, pages = {595-603}, doi = {10.1111/imb.12245}, pmid = {27144810}, issn = {1365-2583}, mesh = {Animals ; Dicistroviridae/*physiology ; Drosophila/*microbiology/virology ; Insect Viruses/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Nodaviridae/*physiology ; Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The maternally inherited bacterium Wolbachia is well known for spreading in natural populations by manipulating the reproduction of its arthropod hosts, but can also have mutualist effects that increase host fitness. In mosquitoes and Drosophila some Wolbachia strains can lead to an increase in survival of virus-infected insects, and in most cases this is associated with reduced accumulation of the virus in host tissues. We investigated if the Wolbachia strain wSuz, which naturally infects Drosophila suzukii, is able to confer protection against Drosophila C virus and Flock House virus in different host genetic backgrounds. We found that this strain can increase host survival upon infection with these two viruses. In some cases this effect was associated with lower viral titres, suggesting that it confers resistance to the viruses rather than allowing the flies to tolerate infection. Our results indicate that, in D. suzukii, the antiviral protection provided by Wolbachia is not correlated to its density as found in other Drosophila species. This study demonstrates a phenotypic effect induced by wSuz on its native host which could explain its maintenance in natural populations of D. suzukii.}, }
@article {pmid27144104, year = {2016}, author = {Otao, T and Kobayashi, T and Uehara, K}, title = {Development and characterization of 14 microsatellite markers for Indigofera pseudotinctoria (Fabaceae).}, journal = {Applications in plant sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {27144104}, issn = {2168-0450}, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Microsatellite markers can be used to evaluate population structure and genetic diversity in native populations of Indigofera pseudotinctoria (Fabaceae) and assess genetic disturbance caused by nonnative plants of the same species.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: We developed 14 markers for I. pseudotinctoria using next-generation sequencing and applied them to test two native populations, totaling 77 individuals, and a transplanted population, imported from a foreign country, of 17 individuals. The mean number of alleles was 3.310, observed heterozygosity was 0.242, and expected heterozygosity was 0.346. The fixation index in the transplanted population was 0.469, which was higher than in the native populations (0.154 and 0.158). In addition, the transplanted population contains one allele that is not shared by the native population.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Microsatellite markers can be useful for evaluating genetic diversity within and between populations and for studying population genetics in I. pseudotinctoria and related species.}, }
@article {pmid27142539, year = {2016}, author = {Ferreira, LV and Parolin, P and Matos, DC and Cunha, DA and Chaves, PP and Neckel, SO}, title = {The effect of exotic grass Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D.Webster (Poaceae) in the reduction of species richness and change of floristic composition of natural regeneration in the Floresta Nacional de Carajás, Brazil.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {88 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {589-597}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765201620150121}, pmid = {27142539}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*methods ; Gold ; *Introduced Species ; *Mining ; Poaceae/*adverse effects/growth &amp; development ; Regeneration ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The introduction of exotic species is considered as one of the major causes of biodiversity loss. The National Forest of Carajás is one of the largest mineral provinces in the world. Mining activities caused changes of the natural habitats, leaving degraded areas after the mineral exploitation. One of the mining areas within FLONA Carajás was used for the extraction of gold. In the process of exploitation, a huge depression was formed by the removal of soil which was mounded up nearby. To prevent soil erosion of these mounds, an exotic grass, Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D.Webster (Poaceae) was planted. The objective of this study was to compare the impact of this non-native grass on species richness and species composition of the natural regeneration in the degraded areas. Four areas were compared, two with and two without presence of U. decumbens. In each area, twenty four 1m[2]/plots were established. Species richness of the regeneration areas and population sizes were significantly lower in the plots where the exotic grass was present. Our study shows that U. decumbens had a negative effect on species richness and population density, and its presence changed the species composition and distribution of life forms of the natural regeneration.}, }
@article {pmid27129597, year = {2016}, author = {Nentwig, W and Bacher, S and Pyšek, P and Vilà, M and Kumschick, S}, title = {The generic impact scoring system (GISS): a standardized tool to quantify the impacts of alien species.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {188}, number = {5}, pages = {315}, pmid = {27129597}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Animals ; Environment ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods/standards ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Alien species can exert negative environmental and socio-economic impacts. Therefore, administrations from different sectors are trying to prevent further introductions, stop the spread of established species, and apply or develop programs to mitigate their impact, to contain the most harmful species, or to eradicate them if possible. Often it is not clear which of the numerous alien species are most important in terms of damage, and therefore, impact scoring systems have been developed to allow a comparison and thus prioritization of species. Here, we present the generic impact scoring system (GISS), which relies on published evidence of environmental and socio-economic impact of alien species. We developed a system of 12 impact categories, for environmental and socio-economic impact, comprising all kinds of impacts that an alien species may exert. In each category, the intensity of impact is quantified by a six-level scale ranging from 0 (no impact detectable) to 5 (the highest impact possible). Such an approach, where impacts are grouped based on mechanisms for environmental impacts and receiving sectors for socio-economy, allows for cross-taxa comparisons and prioritization of the most damaging species. The GISS is simple and transparent, can be conducted with limited funds, and can be applied to a large number of alien species across taxa and environments. Meanwhile, the system was applied to 349 alien animal and plant species. In a comparison with 22 other impact assessment methods, the combination of environmental and socio-economic impact, as well as the possibility of weighting and ranking of the scoring results make GISS the most broadly applicable system.}, }
@article {pmid27124277, year = {2016}, author = {Gardner, JP and Zbawicka, M and Westfall, KM and Wenne, R}, title = {Invasive blue mussels threaten regional scale genetic diversity in mainland and remote offshore locations: the need for baseline data and enhanced protection in the Southern Ocean.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, pages = {3182-3195}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13332}, pmid = {27124277}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; *Mytilus edulis ; New Zealand ; Oceans and Seas ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Human-mediated biological transfers of species have substantially modified many ecosystems with profound environmental and economic consequences. However, in many cases, invasion events are very hard to identify because of the absence of an appropriate baseline of information for receiving sites/regions. In this study, use of high-resolution genetic markers (single nucleotide polymorphisms - SNPs) highlights the threat of introduced Northern Hemisphere blue mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) at a regional scale to Southern Hemisphere lineages of blue mussels via hybridization and introgression. Analysis of a multispecies SNP dataset reveals hotspots of invasive Northern Hemisphere blue mussels in some mainland New Zealand locations, as well as the existence of unique native lineages of blue mussels on remote oceanic islands in the Southern Ocean that are now threatened by invasive mussels. Samples collected from an oil rig that has moved between South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand were identified as invasive Northern Hemisphere mussels, revealing the relative ease with which such non-native species may be moved from region to region. In combination, our results highlight the existence of unique lineages of mussels (and by extension, presumably of other taxa) on remote offshore islands in the Southern Ocean, the need for more baseline data to help identify bioinvasion events, the ongoing threat of hybridization and introgression posed by invasive species, and the need for greater protection of some of the world's last great remote areas.}, }
@article {pmid27122551, year = {2016}, author = {Boyero, L and Pearson, RG and Hui, C and Gessner, MO and Pérez, J and Alexandrou, MA and Graça, MA and Cardinale, BJ and Albariño, RJ and Arunachalam, M and Barmuta, LA and Boulton, AJ and Bruder, A and Callisto, M and Chauvet, E and Death, RG and Dudgeon, D and Encalada, AC and Ferreira, V and Figueroa, R and Flecker, AS and Gonçalves, JF and Helson, J and Iwata, T and Jinggut, T and Mathooko, J and Mathuriau, C and M'Erimba, C and Moretti, MS and Pringle, CM and Ramírez, A and Ratnarajah, L and Rincon, J and Yule, CM}, title = {Biotic and abiotic variables influencing plant litter breakdown in streams: a global study.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {283}, number = {1829}, pages = {}, pmid = {27122551}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Biodegradation, Environmental ; Biodiversity ; Biota ; Carbon Cycle ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Phylogeny ; *Plants ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Plant litter breakdown is a key ecological process in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Streams and rivers, in particular, contribute substantially to global carbon fluxes. However, there is little information available on the relative roles of different drivers of plant litter breakdown in fresh waters, particularly at large scales. We present a global-scale study of litter breakdown in streams to compare the roles of biotic, climatic and other environmental factors on breakdown rates. We conducted an experiment in 24 streams encompassing latitudes from 47.8° N to 42.8° S, using litter mixtures of local species differing in quality and phylogenetic diversity (PD), and alder (Alnus glutinosa) to control for variation in litter traits. Our models revealed that breakdown of alder was driven by climate, with some influence of pH, whereas variation in breakdown of litter mixtures was explained mainly by litter quality and PD. Effects of litter quality and PD and stream pH were more positive at higher temperatures, indicating that different mechanisms may operate at different latitudes. These results reflect global variability caused by multiple factors, but unexplained variance points to the need for expanded global-scale comparisons.}, }
@article {pmid27121466, year = {2016}, author = {de Weger, LA and Pashley, CH and Šikoparija, B and Skjøth, CA and Kasprzyk, I and Grewling, &#x141; and Thibaudon, M and Magyar, D and Smith, M}, title = {The long distance transport of airborne Ambrosia pollen to the UK and the Netherlands from Central and south Europe.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {60}, number = {12}, pages = {1829-1839}, pmid = {27121466}, issn = {1432-1254}, mesh = {Air Movements ; Air Pollutants/*analysis ; Antigens, Plant/*analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; Europe ; Models, Theoretical ; Plant Extracts/*analysis ; }, abstract = {The invasive alien species Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common or short ragweed) is increasing its range in Europe. In the UK and the Netherlands, airborne concentrations of Ambrosia pollen are usually low. However, more than 30 Ambrosia pollen grains per cubic metre of air (above the level capable to trigger allergic symptoms) were recorded in Leicester (UK) and Leiden (NL) on 4 and 5 September 2014. The aims of this study were to determine whether the highly allergenic Ambrosia pollen recorded during the episode could be the result of long distance transport, to identify the potential sources of these pollen grains and to describe the conditions that facilitated this possible long distance transport. Airborne Ambrosia pollen data were collected at 10 sites in Europe. Back trajectory and atmospheric dispersion calculations were performed using HYSPLIT_4. Back trajectories calculated at Leicester and Leiden show that higher altitude air masses (1500 m) originated from source areas on the Pannonian Plain and Ukraine. During the episode, air masses veered to the west and passed over the Rhône Valley. Dispersion calculations showed that the atmospheric conditions were suitable for Ambrosia pollen released from the Pannonian Plain and the Rhône Valley to reach the higher levels and enter the airstream moving to northwest Europe where they were deposited at ground level and recorded by monitoring sites. The study indicates that the Ambrosia pollen grains recorded during the episode in Leicester and Leiden were probably not produced by local sources but transported long distances from potential source regions in east Europe, i.e. the Pannonian Plain and Ukraine, as well as the Rhône Valley in France.}, }
@article {pmid27121181, year = {2016}, author = {Calvo, FJ and Soriano, JD and Stansly, PA and Belda, JE}, title = {Can the parasitoid Necremnus tutae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) improve existing biological control of the tomato leafminer Tuta aboluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)?.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {106}, number = {4}, pages = {502-511}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485316000183}, pmid = {27121181}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Herbivory ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Solanum lycopersicum ; Moths/*parasitology/physiology ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Necremnus tutae is native to the Mediterranean region where it has been observed in greenhouses parasitizing the invasive Tuta absoluta on tomato. The objective of the present study was to determine whether augmentative releases of N. tutae can improve existing biological control of T. absoluta based on predation by Nesidicoris tenuis. Two experiments were carried out, of which the first evaluated different N. tutae release rates (1 and 2 N. tutae m-2 week-1). The parasitoid reduced plant and fruit damage, especially at the higher rate. However, such reduction was considered insufficient given the large numbers of parasitoids needed and still unacceptable level of fruit damage. The second experiment focused on combining the most efficient rate of N. tutae of those evaluated during the first experiment, with the pre- and post-planting release of N. tenuis and supplemental additions of Ephestia kuehniella eggs. Addition of N. tutae decreased leaf damage by T. absoluta regardless the release method for N. tenuis, but the pre-plant release of N. tenuis alone was sufficient to prevent fruit damage by T. absoluta. This suggested that the addition of N. tutae may not be necessary to obtain satisfactory control of T. absoluta following pre-plant application of N. tenuis, although different options for using N. tutae in commercial crops may still be possible.}, }
@article {pmid27120201, year = {2016}, author = {Palik, DJ and Snow, AA and Stottlemyer, AL and Miriti, MN and Heaton, EA}, title = {Relative Performance of Non-Local Cultivars and Local, Wild Populations of Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) in Competition Experiments.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {e0154444}, pmid = {27120201}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Andropogon/growth &amp; development ; Biofuels/supply &amp; distribution ; Bromus/growth &amp; development ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Iowa ; Ohio ; Panicum/*growth &amp; development ; Plant Breeding ; Plant Dispersal/ethics/*physiology ; Plant Shoots/growth &amp; development ; Seasons ; Seeds/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The possibility of increased invasiveness in cultivated varieties of native perennial species is a question of interest in biofuel risk assessment. Competitive success is a key factor in the fitness and invasive potential of perennial plants, and thus the large-scale release of high-yielding biomass cultivars warrants empirical comparisons with local conspecifics in the presence of competitors. We evaluated the performance of non-local cultivars and local wild biotypes of the tallgrass species Panicum virgatum L. (switchgrass) in competition experiments during two growing seasons in Ohio and Iowa. At each location, we measured growth and reproductive traits (plant height, tiller number, flowering time, aboveground biomass, and seed production) of four non-locally sourced cultivars and two locally collected wild biotypes. Plants were grown in common garden experiments under three types of competition, referred to as none, moderate (with Schizachyrium scoparium), and high (with Bromus inermis). In both states, the two "lowland" cultivars grew taller, flowered later, and produced between 2x and 7.5x more biomass and between 3x and 34x more seeds per plant than local wild biotypes, while the other two cultivars were comparable to wild biotypes in these traits. Competition did not affect relative differences among biotypes, with the exception of shoot number, which was more similar among biotypes under high competition. Insights into functional differences between cultivars and wild biotypes are crucial for developing biomass crops while mitigating the potential for invasiveness. Here, two of the four cultivars generally performed better than wild biotypes, indicating that these biotypes may pose more of a risk in terms of their ability to establish vigorous feral populations in new regions outside of their area of origin. Our results support an ongoing assessment of switchgrass cultivars developed for large-scale planting for biofuels.}, }
@article {pmid27118474, year = {2016}, author = {Altermatt, F and Alther, R and Mächler, E}, title = {Spatial patterns of genetic diversity, community composition and occurrence of native and non-native amphipods in naturally replicated tributary streams.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {23}, pmid = {27118474}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*genetics ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Worldwide, natural communities are invaded by non-native species, with potentially devastating effects on the native communities. A large part of past research aimed at finding traits and characteristics of the invading species or the invaded community explaining observed invasions. Only recently, the focus shifted on the spatial patterns during invasions per se. Empirical data, however, are limited, as invasions are often unique incidences of a complex spatio-temporal process. In order to identify generalities of invasion patterns, we studied 13 naturally replicated tributary streams draining into Lake Constance, and studied the occurrence of native and non-native amphipods along linear transects from the stream outlets to the upstream headwater reaches.<br><br>RESULTS: We found repeated spatial patterns of community composition and the occurrence of native and non-native amphipod species across two different years. Specifically, occurrence as well as abundance of two non-native amphipod species decreased from the stream outlets at the lake site towards upstream headwater reaches. Populations of the most common native amphipod species were largest at the uppermost headwater reaches. All populations of this native species, however, showed significant signals of recent genetic bottlenecks, irrespective of the stream position and occurrence of non-native species. Contrary to our expectations, this native species also showed no longitudinal genetic differentiation within individual tributaries as postulated for headwater versus outlet populations.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that invasions of river-systems may overall follow predictable patterns on the level of spatial distributions and community composition. However, effects of invading organisms on the genetic diversity and genetic structure of native populations observed at larger scales may not necessarily be directly reflected at the scale of smaller tributaries.}, }
@article {pmid27118183, year = {2016}, author = {Osawa, T and Okawa, S and Kurokawa, S and Ando, S}, title = {Generating an agricultural risk map based on limited ecological information: A case study using Sicyos angulatus.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {45}, number = {8}, pages = {895-903}, pmid = {27118183}, issn = {1654-7209}, mesh = {Agriculture/economics/*methods/trends ; Computer Simulation ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Crops, Agricultural/growth &amp; development ; Cucurbitaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Ecology ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Geographic Mapping ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; *Models, Theoretical ; Plant Weeds/*growth &amp; development ; Risk ; }, abstract = {In this study, we propose a method for estimating the risk of agricultural damage caused by an invasive species when species-specific information is lacking. We defined the "risk" as the product of the invasion probability and the area of potentially damaged crop for production. As a case study, we estimated the risk imposed by an invasive weed, Sicyos angulatus, based on simple cellular simulations and governmental data on the area of crop that could potentially be damaged in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Simulation results revealed that the current distribution range was sufficiently accurate for practical purposes. Using these results and records of crop areas, we present risk maps for S. angulatus in agricultural fields. Managers will be able to use these maps to rapidly establish a management plan with minimal cost. Our approach will be valuable for establishing a management plan before or during the early stages of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid27118155, year = {2016}, author = {Riquet, F and Le Cam, S and Fonteneau, E and Viard, F}, title = {Moderate genetic drift is driven by extreme recruitment events in the invasive mollusk Crepidula fornicata.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {117}, number = {1}, pages = {42-50}, pmid = {27118155}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; France ; Gastropoda/*genetics ; Gene Frequency ; *Genetic Drift ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Effective population size (Ne) is a measure of genetic drift and is thus a central parameter in evolution, conservation genetics and invasion biology. Interestingly, in native marine species, Ne is typically several orders of magnitude lower than the census size. This pattern has often been explained by high fecundity, variation in reproductive success and pronounced early mortality, resulting in genetic drift across generations. Data documenting genetic drift and/or Ne in marine invasive species are, however, still scarce. We examined the importance of genetic drift in the invasive species Crepidula fornicata by genotyping 681 juveniles sampled during each annual recruitment peak over nine consecutive years in the Bay of Morlaix (Brittany, France). Observed variations in genetic diversity were partially explained by variation in recruitment intensity. In addition, substantial temporal genetic differentiation was documented (that is, genetic drift), and was attributed to nonrandom variance in the reproductive success of different breeding groups across years in the study species. Using a set of single-sample and temporal estimators for Ne, we estimated Ne to be three or four orders of magnitude smaller than the census size (Nc). On one hand, this reduction in Ne relative to Nc appeared congruent with, although slight higher than, values commonly observed in native marine species. Particular life-history traits of this invasive species may play an important role in buffering genetic drift. On the other hand, Ne still remained far below Nc, hence, possibly reducing the efficiency of selection effects.}, }
@article {pmid27118110, year = {2016}, author = {Hoban, J and Duan, JJ and Hough-Goldstein, J}, title = {Effects of Temperature and Photoperiod on the Reproductive Biology and Diapause of Oobius agrili (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an Egg Parasitoid of Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {726-731}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw034}, pmid = {27118110}, issn = {1938-2936}, abstract = {Oobius agrili Zhang and Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a solitary egg parasitoid of the invasive emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), and has been introduced to the United States for classical biological control. We characterized the weekly survivorship, fecundity, and diapause patterns of both diapaused and nondiapaused populations of O. agrili under four different temperature-photophase combinations: 30°C (warm) and 20°C (cold) temperatures with both long-day (16 h) and short-day (8 h) photophase. Results of this study showed that regardless of the length of photophase, parental parasitoids of both diapaused and nondiapaused O. agrili survived significantly longer at 20°C than at 30°C. Both populations also laid their eggs faster at 30°C compared with those at 20°C. Higher proportions of the progeny produced by both populations of O. agrili were induced into diapause by short-day (8 h) photophase, regardless of rearing temperature. In addition, the diapaused parasitoids in the short-day photophase treatment at both warm and cold temperatures produced increasing proportions of diapaused progeny over time, whereas no significant differences were observed in the proportions of diapaused progeny by the nondiapaused parasitoids over different sampling times. These findings suggest that O. agrili should be continuously reared under warm temperature and long-day photoperiod (to avoid diapause for increased reproduction). In addition, we recommend that diapaused adults be used for field releases in early summer when temperatures are still relatively low (∼20°C) and host eggs are available so that they can produce multiple generations prior to overwintering.}, }
@article {pmid27117170, year = {2016}, author = {Sun, X and Tao, J and Ren, L and Shi, J and Luo, Y}, title = {Identification of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) Using a Species-Specific Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I PCR Assay.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {109}, number = {3}, pages = {1424-1430}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow060}, pmid = {27117170}, issn = {1938-291X}, abstract = {Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae: Siricinae), a new invasive species in China, is a significant international forestry quarantine pest. Transportation of Sirex in logs, and related wood packing materials, has led to environmental damage and substantial economic loss in many countries around the world. Traditional morphological characteristics are not reliable for identification of the Siricidae family, particularly the larvae. Furthermore, specimens are frequently not in a suitable condition to permit morphological identification. The majority of damage is caused by the larval stage, which excavates galleries that can penetrate to the center of tree boles. Thus, development of a rapid, accurate, and effective molecular identification technique for S. noctilio , which does not require expert morphological knowledge, is necessary. Here, we describe a molecular identification tool based on the mitochondrial DNA gene, cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI). We designed a species-specific COI (SS-COI) PCR assay, which allows direct identification of S. noctilio , regardless of developmental stage. Six woodwasp species commonly found in China, Sirex noctilio , Sirex nitobei , Sirex sp., Tremex fuscicornis Fabr., Tremex apicalis Matsumura, and Xeris spectrum , were included in our analyses . Moreover, specimens of S. noctilio from 16 different areas were analyzed. The results demonstrate that our molecular assay is effective and accurate, regardless of developmental stage or type of specimen, consistent with use for quarantine purposes, to prevent the harmful consequences of S. noctilio spread.}, }
@article {pmid27116455, year = {2016}, author = {Gallien, L and Thuiller, W and Fort, N and Boleda, M and Alberto, FJ and Rioux, D and Lainé, J and Lavergne, S}, title = {Is There Any Evidence for Rapid, Genetically-Based, Climatic Niche Expansion in the Invasive Common Ragweed?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {e0152867}, pmid = {27116455}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {281422/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {Acclimatization/genetics ; Altitude ; Ambrosia/adverse effects/*genetics/immunology ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Evolution, Molecular ; France ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Phenotype ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Climatic niche shifts have been documented in a number of invasive species by comparing the native and adventive climatic ranges in which they occur. However, these shifts likely represent changes in the realized climatic niches of invasive species, and may not necessarily be driven by genetic changes in climatic affinities. Until now the role of rapid niche evolution in the spread of invasive species remains a challenging issue with conflicting results. Here, we document a likely genetically-based climatic niche expansion of an annual plant invader, the common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), a highly allergenic invasive species causing substantial public health issues. To do so, we looked for recent evolutionary change at the upward migration front of its adventive range in the French Alps. Based on species climatic niche models estimated at both global and regional scales we stratified our sampling design to adequately capture the species niche, and localized populations suspected of niche expansion. Using a combination of species niche modeling, landscape genetics models and common garden measurements, we then related the species genetic structure and its phenotypic architecture across the climatic niche. Our results strongly suggest that the common ragweed is rapidly adapting to local climatic conditions at its invasion front and that it currently expands its niche toward colder and formerly unsuitable climates in the French Alps (i.e. in sites where niche models would not predict its occurrence). Such results, showing that species climatic niches can evolve on very short time scales, have important implications for predictive models of biological invasions that do not account for evolutionary processes.}, }
@article {pmid27114875, year = {2016}, author = {Larson, ER and Castelin, M and Williams, BW and Olden, JD and Abbott, CL}, title = {Phylogenetic species delimitation for crayfishes of the genus Pacifastacus.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e1915}, pmid = {27114875}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Molecular genetic approaches are playing an increasing role in conservation science by identifying biodiversity that may not be evident by morphology-based taxonomy and systematics. So-called cryptic species are particularly prevalent in freshwater environments, where isolation of dispersal-limited species, such as crayfishes, within dendritic river networks often gives rise to high intra- and inter-specific genetic divergence. We apply here a multi-gene molecular approach to investigate relationships among extant species of the crayfish genus Pacifastacus, representing the first comprehensive phylogenetic study of this taxonomic group. Importantly, Pacifastacus includes both the widely invasive signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, as well as several species of conservation concern like the Shasta crayfish Pacifastacus fortis. Our analysis used 83 individuals sampled across the four extant Pacifastacus species (omitting the extinct Pacifastacus nigrescens), representing the known taxonomic diversity and geographic distributions within this genus as comprehensively as possible. We reconstructed phylogenetic trees from mitochondrial (16S, COI) and nuclear genes (GAPDH), both separately and using a combined or concatenated dataset, and performed several species delimitation analyses (PTP, ABGD, GMYC) on the COI phylogeny to propose Primary Species Hypotheses (PSHs) within the genus. All phylogenies recovered the genus Pacifastacus as monophyletic, within which we identified a range of six to 21 PSHs; more abundant PSHs delimitations from GMYC and ABGD were always nested within PSHs delimited by the more conservative PTP method. Pacifastacus leniusculus included the majority of PSHs and was not monophyletic relative to the other Pacifastacus species considered. Several of these highly distinct P. leniusculus PSHs likely require urgent conservation attention. Our results identify research needs and conservation priorities for Pacifastacus crayfishes in western North America, and may inform better understanding and management of P. leniusculus in regions where it is invasive, such as Europe and Japan.}, }
@article {pmid27114575, year = {2016}, author = {Flores-Moreno, H and Reich, PB and Lind, EM and Sullivan, LL and Seabloom, EW and Yahdjian, L and MacDougall, AS and Reichmann, LG and Alberti, J and Báez, S and Bakker, JD and Cadotte, MW and Caldeira, MC and Chaneton, EJ and D'Antonio, CM and Fay, PA and Firn, J and Hagenah, N and Harpole, WS and Iribarne, O and Kirkman, KP and Knops, JM and La Pierre, KJ and Laungani, R and Leakey, AD and McCulley, RL and Moore, JL and Pascual, J and Borer, ET}, title = {Climate modifies response of non-native and native species richness to nutrient enrichment.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {371}, number = {1694}, pages = {}, pmid = {27114575}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Biota/*physiology ; *Climate ; Climate Change ; *Eutrophication ; *Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Micronutrients/metabolism ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Potassium/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Ecosystem eutrophication often increases domination by non-natives and causes displacement of native taxa. However, variation in environmental conditions may affect the outcome of interactions between native and non-native taxa in environments where nutrient supply is elevated. We examined the interactive effects of eutrophication, climate variability and climate average conditions on the success of native and non-native plant species using experimental nutrient manipulations replicated at 32 grassland sites on four continents. We hypothesized that effects of nutrient addition would be greatest where climate was stable and benign, owing to reduced niche partitioning. We found that the abundance of non-native species increased with nutrient addition independent of climate; however, nutrient addition increased non-native species richness and decreased native species richness, with these effects dampened in warmer or wetter sites. Eutrophication also altered the time scale in which grassland invasion responded to climate, decreasing the importance of long-term climate and increasing that of annual climate. Thus, climatic conditions mediate the responses of native and non-native flora to nutrient enrichment. Our results suggest that the negative effect of nutrient addition on native abundance is decoupled from its effect on richness, and reduces the time scale of the links between climate and compositional change.}, }
@article {pmid27113107, year = {2016}, author = {Vanlandingham, DL and Higgs, S and Huang, YJ}, title = {Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Mosquito-Borne Viruses in the United States.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {53}, number = {5}, pages = {1024-1028}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjw025}, pmid = {27113107}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Aedes/physiology/*virology ; Animals ; Arbovirus Infections/*transmission/virology ; Chikungunya Fever/transmission/virology ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/physiology/*virology ; United States ; Zika Virus Infection/transmission/virology ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is a highly invasive species that continues to expand its geographic distribution both in the United States and in countries on other continents. Studies have demonstrated its susceptibility to infection with at least 32 viruses, including 13 that are present in the United States. Despite this susceptibility, its role as a significant competent vector in natural transmission cycles of arboviruses, has been limited. However, with the recent introductions of chikungunya and Zika viruses into the Americas, for which Ae. albopictus is a recognized vector, it is possible that the species may contribute to the transmission of these viruses to humans and perhaps other susceptible vertebrates.}, }
@article {pmid27113021, year = {2016}, author = {Charlotte, DR and Yolande, BN and Cordonnier, S and Claude, B}, title = {The invasive lionfish, Pterois volitans, used as a sentinel species to assess the organochlorine pollution by chlordecone in Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles).}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {107}, number = {1}, pages = {102-106}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.04.012}, pmid = {27113021}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Chlordecone/*analysis ; Guadeloupe ; Introduced Species ; *Perciformes ; *Sentinel Species ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {In Guadeloupe, many marine organisms are affected by an organochlorine pollution used in the past by the banana industry to fight against the banana weevil. In the present study, we evaluated the level of contamination of the invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish, Pterois volitans, all around the island. Concentrations of chlordecone varied from 3 to 144μg.kg(-1) wet weight. The highest concentrations were recorded when samples were captured in the marine zones located downstream of the previous banana plantations. This contamination seemed to decrease rapidly with the distance from the coast. Mean concentration of chlordecone in Pterois volitans was higher than that of five other fish species collected in similar sites. Due to its position at the top of the trophic web, lionfish was affected by bioaccumulation of chlordecone and can be used as a sentinel species to assess and control the level of contamination of the marine environment by chlordecone.}, }
@article {pmid27112348, year = {2016}, author = {Luchi, N and Capretti, P and Pazzagli, M and Pinzani, P}, title = {Powerful qPCR assays for the early detection of latent invaders: interdisciplinary approaches in clinical cancer research and plant pathology.}, journal = {Applied microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {100}, number = {12}, pages = {5189-5204}, doi = {10.1007/s00253-016-7541-5}, pmid = {27112348}, issn = {1432-0614}, mesh = {Fungi/*isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/*methods ; Neoplasms/*diagnosis/pathology ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Plant Pathology ; Plants/microbiology ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; }, abstract = {Latent invaders represent the first step of disease before symptoms occur in the host. Based on recent findings, tumors are considered to be ecosystems in which cancer cells act as invasive species that interact with the native host cell species. Analogously, in plants latent fungal pathogens coevolve within symptomless host tissues. For these reasons, similar detection approaches can be used for an early diagnosis of the invasion process in both plants and humans to prevent or reduce the spread of the disease. Molecular tools based on the evaluation of nucleic acids have been developed for the specific, rapid, and early detection of human diseases. During the last decades, these techniques to assess and quantify the proliferation of latent invaders in host cells have been transferred from the medical field to different areas of scientific research, such as plant pathology. An improvement in molecular biology protocols (especially referring to qPCR assays) specifically designed and optimized for detection in host plants is therefore advisable. This work is a cross-disciplinary review discussing the use of a methodological approach that is employed within both medical and plant sciences. It provides an overview of the principal qPCR tools for the detection of latent invaders, focusing on comparisons between clinical cancer research and plant pathology, and recent advances in the early detection of latent invaders to improve prevention and control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid27111650, year = {2016}, author = {Tejedo, P and Benayas, J and Cajiao, D and Albertos, B and Lara, F and Pertierra, LR and Andrés-Abellán, M and Wic, C and Luciáñez, MJ and Enríquez, N and Justel, A and Reck, GK}, title = {Assessing environmental conditions of Antarctic footpaths to support management decisions.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {177}, number = {}, pages = {320-330}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.04.032}, pmid = {27111650}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Arthropods ; Biota ; Bryophyta ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Environment ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Recreation ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Thousands of tourists visit certain Antarctic sites each year, generating a wide variety of environmental impacts. Scientific knowledge of human activities and their impacts can help in the effective design of management measures and impact mitigation. We present a case study from Barrientos Island in which a management measure was originally put in place with the goal of minimizing environmental impacts but resulted in new undesired impacts. Two alternative footpaths used by tourist groups were compared. Both affected extensive moss carpets that cover the middle part of the island and that are very vulnerable to trampling. The first path has been used by tourists and scientists since over a decade and is a marked route that is clearly visible. The second one was created more recently. Several physical and biological indicators were measured in order to assess the environmental conditions for both paths. Some physical variables related to human impact were lower for the first path (e.g. soil penetration resistance and secondary treads), while other biochemical and microbiological variables were higher for the second path (e.g. β-glucosidase and phosphatase activities, soil respiration). Moss communities located along the new path were also more diverse and sensitive to trampling. Soil biota (Collembola) was also more abundant and richer. These data indicate that the decision to adopt the second path did not lead to the reduction of environmental impacts as this path runs over a more vulnerable area with more outstanding biological features (e.g. microbiota activity, flora and soil fauna diversity). In addition, the adoption of a new route effectively doubles the human footprint on the island. We propose using only the original path that is less vulnerable to the impacts of trampling. Finally from this process, we identify several key issues that may be taken into account when carrying out impact assessment and environmental management decision-making in the Antarctic area.}, }
@article {pmid27110354, year = {2016}, author = {Oldfield, CA and Evans, JP}, title = {Twelve years of repeated wild hog activity promotes population maintenance of an invasive clonal plant in a coastal dune ecosystem.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {8}, pages = {2569-2578}, pmid = {27110354}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive animals can facilitate the success of invasive plant populations through disturbance. We examined the relationship between the repeated foraging disturbance of an invasive animal and the population maintenance of an invasive plant in a coastal dune ecosystem. We hypothesized that feral wild hog (Sus scrofa) populations repeatedly utilized tubers of the clonal perennial, yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) as a food source and evaluated whether hog activity promoted the long-term maintenance of yellow nutsedge populations on St. Catherine's Island, Georgia, United States. Using generalized linear mixed models, we tested the effect of wild hog disturbance on permanent sites for yellow nutsedge culm density, tuber density, and percent cover of native plant species over a 12-year period. We found that disturbance plots had a higher number of culms and tubers and a lower percentage of native live plant cover than undisturbed control plots. Wild hogs redisturbed the disturbed plots approximately every 5 years. Our research provides demographic evidence that repeated foraging disturbances by an invasive animal promote the long-term population maintenance of an invasive clonal plant. Opportunistic facultative interactions such as we demonstrate in this study are likely to become more commonplace as greater numbers of introduced species are integrated into ecological communities around the world.}, }
@article {pmid27110154, year = {2016}, author = {Miyazaki, Y and Teramura, A and Senou, H}, title = {Biodiversity data mining from Argus-eyed citizens: the first illegal introduction record of Lepomis macrochirus macrochirus Rafinesque, 1819 in Japan based on Twitter information.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {569}, pages = {123-133}, pmid = {27110154}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {An apparent illegal introduction of Lepomis macrochirus macrochirus from Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, is reported based on a juvenile specimen and a photograph of two adults collected on 14 June 2015 and deposited in the Kangawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History. The specimens and photographs were initially reported on the internet-based social networking site, Twitter. Two specimens of Carassius auratus, including an aquarium form, were also reported at the same locality and date, suggesting that the illegal introductions originated from an aquarium release. Our report demonstrates an example of web data mining in the discipline of Citizen Science.}, }
@article {pmid27105397, year = {2016}, author = {Rostgaard Nielsen, L and Brandes, U and Dahl Kjaer, E and Fjellheim, S}, title = {Introduced Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) invades the genome of native populations in vulnerable heathland habitats.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {12}, pages = {2790-2804}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13666}, pmid = {27105397}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cytisus/*genetics ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Denmark ; Ecosystem ; Gene Flow ; *Gene Pool ; Genetics, Population ; Genome, Plant ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; Pollen/genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Seeds/genetics ; }, abstract = {Cytisus scoparius is a global invasive species that affects local flora and fauna at the intercontinental level. Its natural distribution spans across Europe, but seeds have also been moved among countries, mixing plants of native and non-native genetic origins. Hybridization between the introduced and native gene pool is likely to threaten both the native gene pool and the local flora. In this study, we address the potential threat of invasive C. scoparius to local gene pools in vulnerable heathlands. We used nuclear single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers together with plastid SSR and indel markers to investigate the level and direction of gene flow between invasive and native heathland C. scoparius. Analyses of population structures confirmed the presence of two gene pools: one native and the other invasive. The nuclear genome of the native types was highly introgressed with the invasive genome, and we observed advanced-generation hybrids, suggesting that hybridization has been occurring for several generations. There is asymmetrical gene flow from the invasive to the native gene pool, which can be attributed to higher fecundity in the invasive individuals, measured by the number of flowers and seed pods. Strong spatial genetic structure in plastid markers and weaker structure in nuclear markers suggest that seeds spread over relatively short distances and that gene flow over longer distances is mainly facilitated by pollen dispersal. We further show that the growth habits of heathland plants become more vigorous with increased introgression from the invaders. Implications of the findings are discussed in relation to future management of invading C. scoparius.}, }
@article {pmid27102472, year = {2016}, author = {Sarrazin, F and Lecomte, J}, title = {Response--Invasive species shape evolution.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {352}, number = {6284}, pages = {422-423}, doi = {10.1126/science.352.6284.422-c}, pmid = {27102472}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; }, }
@article {pmid27102471, year = {2016}, author = {Hulme, PE and Le Roux, JJ}, title = {Invasive species shape evolution.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {352}, number = {6284}, pages = {422}, doi = {10.1126/science.352.6284.422-b}, pmid = {27102471}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; }, }
@article {pmid27101988, year = {2016}, author = {Meng, E and Tang, B and Hou, Y and Chen, X and Chen, J and Yu, XQ}, title = {Altered immune function of Octodonta nipae (Maulik) to its pupal endoparasitoid, Tetrastichus brontispae Ferrière.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry &amp; molecular biology}, volume = {198}, number = {}, pages = {100-109}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.04.001}, pmid = {27101988}, issn = {1879-1107}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/enzymology/*immunology/metabolism/*parasitology ; Granulocytes/cytology/immunology ; Hemocytes/cytology/immunology ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*immunology ; Hymenoptera/*physiology ; Melanins/metabolism ; Monophenol Monooxygenase/metabolism ; Pupa/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Most studies on the contribution of the altered immune response by endoparasitoid have been restricted to the interactions between Ichneumonoidea and their hosts, while effects of parasitism by Chalcidoidea on the hosts have rarely been characterized except some wasps such as Pteromalidae. Endoparasitoid Tetrastichus brontispae Ferrière, belonging to Eulophidae (Hymenoptera), has a great potential to control some Coleopteran beetles such as Octodonta nipae, one invasive species in southern China. However, the physiological mechanism underlying the escape from the melanotic encapsulation in O. nipae pupae has not been demonstrated. In the present study, effects of parasitism on the immune function of its pupal host O. nipae were investigated. The combining results that granulocytes and plasmatocytes could phagocytize bacteria from 2 to 48h and granulocytes, plasmatocytes and oenocytoids were prophenoloxidase/phenoloxidase positive hemocytes indicated that granulocytes, plasmatocytes and oenocytoids were the main immunocompetent hemocytes in O. nipae pupae. Parasitism by T. brontispae resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of hemocytes viability and spreading at 96h, growing percentage of granulocytes at 24h but no effects on the total hemocyte counts, and an enhanced phenoloxidase activity only at 12 and 72h while a significantly longer melanization time of the hemolymph at 96h following parasitism. These results indicate that mixtures of systemic active and local active regulation are used for T. brontispae to escape host encapsulation in O. nipae pupae. The present study contributes to the understanding of the diversity of virulence strategies used by parasitoids.}, }
@article {pmid27099547, year = {2016}, author = {Heller, K and Rulik, B}, title = {Ctenosciara alexanderkoenigi sp. n. (Diptera: Sciaridae), an exotic invader in Germany?.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {}, number = {4}, pages = {e6460}, pmid = {27099547}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {A new species of the genus Ctenosciara Tuomikoski, 1960 is here described based upon a single specimen, obtained from collectings in the garden at Museum Alexander Koenig in Bonn. Ctenosciara alexanderkoenigi sp. n. differs from all other congeneric European species by its striking coloration and distinct male genitalia. However, DNA barcoding reveals associations with two specimens from New Zealand. Therefore a recent migration of Ctenosciara species from the Australasian Region, the likely center of origin of the genus, is discussed. A key to the European species of Ctenosciara is provided. Barcoding results reveale that Ctenosciara exigua is not clearly distinguished from Ctenosciara hyalipennis by its COI sequence (both share the same BIN BOLD:AAH3983) and that its species status may be questionable.}, }
@article {pmid27098161, year = {2016}, author = {Pankrác, J and Novobilský, A and Rondelaud, D and Leontovyč, R and Syrovátka, V and Rajský, D and Horák, P and Kašný, M}, title = {Effect of Fascioloides magna (Digenea) on fecundity, shell height, and survival rate of Pseudosuccinea columella (Lymnaeidae).}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {115}, number = {8}, pages = {3119-3125}, pmid = {27098161}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Africa/epidemiology ; Animals ; Australia/epidemiology ; Caribbean Region/epidemiology ; Deer/*parasitology ; Europe/epidemiology ; Fasciola hepatica/classification/genetics/*pathogenicity ; Fascioliasis/*epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Fertility ; Liver/*parasitology/pathology ; Molecular Typing ; North America/epidemiology ; Ovum/parasitology ; Snails/*parasitology ; South America/epidemiology ; Species Specificity ; Survival Rate ; }, abstract = {Infection with Fascioloides magna (Digenea) causes serious damage to liver tissue in definitive hosts represented by ruminants, especially cervids. The distribution of F. magna includes the indigenous areas in North America, and the areas to which F. magna was introduced-Central Europe, Southeast Europe, and Italy. The North American intermediate host of F. magna, the freshwater snail Pseudosuccinea columella (Lymnaeidae), is an invasive species recorded in South America, the Caribbean, Africa, Australia, and west and Southeast Europe. In Europe, Galba truncatula is the snail serving for transmission, but P. columella has potential to become here a new intermediate host of F. magna. Little is known about interactions between F. magna and P. columella. In this study, the susceptibility of P. columella (Oregon, USA) to the infection by a single miracidium of the Czech strain of F. magna and the influence of F. magna on snail fecundity, shell height, and survival were evaluated. The data show that the Oregon strain of P. columella is a highly suitable host for the Czech strain of F. magna, with the infection rate of 74 %. In addition, a negative effect on survival rate of infected snails was recorded only in the late phase of infection. The infection was accompanied by a major reduction in egg mass production and by a decrease in the number of eggs per egg mass. The shell height of infected snails did not significantly differ from that in unexposed controls.}, }
@article {pmid27097092, year = {2016}, author = {Silveira, TC and Gama, AM and Alves, TP and Fontoura, NF}, title = {Modeling habitat suitability of the invasive clam Corbicula fluminea in a Neotropical shallow lagoon, southern Brazil.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, pages = {718-725}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.01915}, pmid = {27097092}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Corbicula ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {This study aimed to model the habitat suitability for an invasive clam Corbicula fluminea in a coastal shallow lagoon in the southern Neotropical region (-30.22, -50.55). The lagoon (19km2, maximum deep 2.5m) was sampled with an Ekman dredge in an orthogonal matrix comprising 84 points. At each sampling point, were obtained environmental descriptors as depth, organic matter content (OMC), average granulometry (Avgran), and the percentage of sand (Pcsand). Prediction performance of Generalized Linear Models (GLM), Generalized Additive Models (GAM) and Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) were compared. Also, niche overlapping with other native clam species (Castalia martensi, Neocorbicula limosa and Anodontites trapesialis) was examined. A BRT model with 1400 trees was selected as the best model, with cross-validated correlation of 0.82. The relative contributions of predictors were Pcsand-42.6%, OMC-35.8%, Avgran-10.9% and Depth-10.8%. Were identified that C. fluminea occur mainly in sandy sediments with few organic matter, in shallow areas nor by the shore. The PCA showed a wide niche overlap with the native clam species C. martensi, N. limosa and A. trapesialis.}, }
@article {pmid27095064, year = {2016}, author = {Crichigno, S and Cordero, P and Blasetti, G and Cussac, V}, title = {Dispersion of the invasive common carp Cyprinus carpio in southern South America: changes and expectations, westward and southward.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {89}, number = {1}, pages = {403-416}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.12969}, pmid = {27095064}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Carps/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Probability ; South America ; }, abstract = {Common carp Cyprinus carpio possess multiple traits that contribute to their success as an invasive species. They have been introduced across the globe, and abundant populations can have numerous negative effects. Although ecological niche-based modelling techniques have been used to predict the potential range of C. carpio invasion in U.S.A., occurrence and abundance patterns have not yet been considered on a regional scale. In the present review new locations are documented, the status of the southernmost population has been studied and the probability of new lakes and reservoirs being colonized by C. carpio has been obtained and related to environmental conditions. The new localities for C. carpio have expanded its distribution westward, into the Andean Region, and present results from the South American southernmost population have shown a well-established population. Analysis of presence data provided two principal results: (1) the probability of a site being with C. carpio can be inferred using environmental variables and (2) the probability of a site being with C. carpio is a useful tool for the prediction of future invasions. Selective fishing on the Negro basin could constitute a potential mitigation measure, decreasing the abundance of the species and thus reducing the species' potential for southward expansion. These results reinforce the idea that artisanal fisheries, food production and conservation interests should be taken into account by local government management agencies in any discussion regarding the southern distribution of C. carpio in the near future.}, }
@article {pmid27094829, year = {2016}, author = {Barrios-O'Neill, D and Kelly, R and Dick, JT and Ricciardi, A and MacIsaac, HJ and Emmerson, MC}, title = {On the context-dependent scaling of consumer feeding rates.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {19}, number = {6}, pages = {668-678}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12605}, pmid = {27094829}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Amphipoda ; Animals ; Crustacea/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The stability of consumer-resource systems can depend on the form of feeding interactions (i.e. functional responses). Size-based models predict interactions - and thus stability - based on consumer-resource size ratios. However, little is known about how interaction contexts (e.g. simple or complex habitats) might alter scaling relationships. Addressing this, we experimentally measured interactions between a large size range of aquatic predators (4-6400 mg over 1347 feeding trials) and an invasive prey that transitions among habitats: from the water column (3D interactions) to simple and complex benthic substrates (2D interactions). Simple and complex substrates mediated successive reductions in capture rates - particularly around the unimodal optimum - and promoted prey population stability in model simulations. Many real consumer-resource systems transition between 2D and 3D interactions, and along complexity gradients. Thus, Context-Dependent Scaling (CDS) of feeding interactions could represent an unrecognised aspect of food webs, and quantifying the extent of CDS might enhance predictive ecology.}, }
@article {pmid27094809, year = {2016}, author = {Weyl, OL and Daga, VS and Ellender, BR and Vitule, JR}, title = {A review of Clarias gariepinus invasions in Brazil and South Africa.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {89}, number = {1}, pages = {386-402}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.12958}, pmid = {27094809}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Catfishes ; Diet ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus is native to most of Africa and small parts of Asia, but has been introduced to 37 countries mainly for aquaculture. This review of introductions, establishment, spread and impact of C. gariepinus in Brazil and outside of its native range in South Africa provides evidence that the species has been able to overcome all barriers to invasion in both countries. Following initial introductions across geographical barriers, containment seems to have been impossible and escape from aquaculture facilities and spread by illegal introductions is an invasion pathway in both countries. There is evidence of individuals dispersing rapidly following escape, and surviving and reproducing at multiple sites in a wide spectrum of habitats in both countries. There is a severe paucity of research on impacts, many of which are inferred from field and laboratory observations, but have not been demonstrated at population or community level. Such impact studies are urgently required to better understand the consequences of these invasions and to develop appropriate strategies to mitigate impacts and spread.}, }
@article {pmid27094757, year = {2016}, author = {Lu, X and Siemann, E and He, M and Wei, H and Shao, X and Ding, J}, title = {Warming benefits a native species competing with an invasive congener in the presence of a biocontrol beetle.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {211}, number = {4}, pages = {1371-1381}, doi = {10.1111/nph.13976}, pmid = {27094757}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Amaranthaceae/*physiology ; Animals ; Biomass ; *Climate Change ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Germination ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Plant Stems/anatomy &amp; histology ; Regression Analysis ; Seedlings/physiology ; Seeds/physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Climate warming may affect biological invasions by altering competition between native and non-native species, but these effects may depend on biotic interactions. In field surveys at 33 sites in China along a latitudinal and temperature gradient from 21°N to 30.5°N and a 2-yr field experiment at 30.5°N, we tested the role of the biocontrol beetle Agasicles hygrophila in mediating warming effects on competition between the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides and the native plant Alternanthera sessilis. In surveys, native populations were perennial below 25.8°N but only annual populations were found above 26.5°N where the invader dominated the community. Beetles were present throughout the gradient. Experimental warming (+ 1.8°C) increased native plant performance directly by shifting its lifecycle from annual to perennial, and indirectly by releasing the native from competition via disproportionate increases in herbivory on the invader. Consequently, warming shifted the plant community from invader-dominated to native-dominated but only in the presence of the beetle. Our results show that herbivores can play a critical role in determining warming effects on plant communities and species invasions. Understanding how biotic interactions shape responses of communities to climate change is crucial for predicting the risk of plant invasions.}, }
@article {pmid27091983, year = {2016}, author = {Seebens, H and Schwartz, N and Schupp, PJ and Blasius, B}, title = {Predicting the spread of marine species introduced by global shipping.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {113}, number = {20}, pages = {5646-5651}, pmid = {27091983}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Harmful Algal Bloom ; *Introduced Species ; Ships ; }, abstract = {The human-mediated translocation of species poses a distinct threat to nature, human health, and economy. Although existing models calculate the invasion probability of any species, frameworks for species-specific forecasts are still missing. Here, we developed a model approach using global ship movements and environmental conditions to simulate the successive global spread of marine alien species that allows predicting the identity of those species likely to arrive next in a given habitat. In a first step, we simulated the historical stepping-stone spreading dynamics of 40 marine alien species and compared predicted and observed alien species ranges. With an accuracy of 77%, the model correctly predicted the presence/absence of an alien species in an ecoregion. Spreading dynamics followed a common pattern with an initial invasion of most suitable habitats worldwide and a subsequent spread into neighboring habitats. In a second step, we used the reported distribution of 97 marine algal species with a known invasion history, and six species causing harmful algal blooms, to determine the ecoregions most likely to be invaded next under climate warming. Cluster analysis revealed that species can be classified according to three characteristic spreading profiles: emerging species, high-risk species, and widespread species. For the North Sea, the model predictions could be confirmed because two of the predicted high-risk species have recently invaded the North Sea. This study highlights that even simple models considering only shipping intensities and habitat matches are able to correctly predict the identity of the next invading marine species.}, }
@article {pmid27091384, year = {2016}, author = {Balestrino, F and Mathis, A and Lang, S and Veronesi, E}, title = {Sterilization of Hulecoeteomyia japonica japonica (= Aedes japonicus japonicus) (Theobald, 1901) by high-energy photon irradiation: implications for a sterile insect technique approach in Europe.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {278-285}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12170}, pmid = {27091384}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {Aedes/*radiation effects ; Animals ; Female ; Fertility/radiation effects ; Male ; *Pest Control, Biological ; *Photons ; Pupa/*radiation effects ; Reproduction/radiation effects ; }, abstract = {Hulecoeteomyia japonica japonica (= Aedes japonicus japonicus) (Diptera: Culicidae) (Theobald 1901), a container-breeding invasive species in North America and Europe, is attracting particular attention for its high local abundances and possible roles in the transmission of human and animal pathogens. The preferential habitats of this species are forested and bushy areas, which renders control measures extremely inefficient. Use of the sterile insect technique (SIT) may contribute to the implementation of area-wide integrated pest management strategies, as has been successfully proven with other aedine mosquito species. The present study investigates the effects of irradiation at a dose of 40 Gy on fitness parameters in H. j. japonica. Irradiation was performed on 16-24-h-old pupae from a colonized strain (PA) using a TrueBeam linear accelerator. Males from the PA strain were crossed with females of the same colony or with field-collected females. Irradiation induced a slight increase in mortality in male pupae, but did not alter the survival and mating abilities of emerging adult males. Rates of blood feeding and fertility were lower when PA strain males were kept with field-collected females rather than PA females. Irradiated males induced reductions in fertility (residual fertility: 2.6%) and fecundity in mated females. The data indicate that the SIT is a suitable technique to enhance the control of this species.}, }
@article {pmid27090757, year = {2016}, author = {Blumenthal, DM and Kray, JA and Ortmans, W and Ziska, LH and Pendall, E}, title = {Cheatgrass is favored by warming but not CO2 enrichment in a semi-arid grassland.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, pages = {3026-3038}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13278}, pmid = {27090757}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {*Bromus ; *Ecosystem ; *Grassland ; North America ; Poaceae ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Elevated CO2 and warming may alter terrestrial ecosystems by promoting invasive plants with strong community and ecosystem impacts. Invasive plant responses to elevated CO2 and warming are difficult to predict, however, because of the many mechanisms involved, including modification of phenology, physiology, and cycling of nitrogen and water. Understanding the relative and interactive importance of these processes requires multifactor experiments under realistic field conditions. Here, we test how free-air CO2 enrichment (to 600 ppmv) and infrared warming (+1.5 °C day/3 °C night) influence a functionally and phenologically distinct invasive plant in semi-arid mixed-grass prairie. Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass), a fast-growing Eurasian winter annual grass, increases fire frequency and reduces biological diversity across millions of hectares in western North America. Across 2 years, we found that warming more than tripled B. tectorum biomass and seed production, due to a combination of increased recruitment and increased growth. These results were observed with and without competition from native species, under wet and dry conditions (corresponding with tenfold differences in B. tectorum biomass), and despite the fact that warming reduced soil water. In contrast, elevated CO2 had little effect on B. tectorum invasion or soil water, while reducing soil and plant nitrogen (N). We conclude that (1) warming may expand B. tectorum's phenological niche, allowing it to more successfully colonize the extensive, invasion-resistant northern mixed-grass prairie, and (2) in ecosystems where elevated CO2 decreases N availability, CO2 may have limited effects on B. tectorum and other nitrophilic invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid27088044, year = {2016}, author = {Adalsteinsson, SA and D'Amico, V and Shriver, WG and Brisson, D and Buler, JJ}, title = {Scale-dependent effects of nonnative plant invasion on host-seeking tick abundance.}, journal = {Ecosphere (Washington, D.C)}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {27088044}, issn = {2150-8925}, support = {R01 AI076342/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI097137/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Nonnative, invasive shrubs can affect human disease risk through direct and indirect effects on vector populations. Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) is a common invader within eastern deciduous forests where tick-borne disease (e.g. Lyme disease) rates are high. We tested whether R. multiflora invasion affects blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) abundance, and at what scale. We sampled host-seeking ticks at two spatial scales: fine-scale, within R. multiflora-invaded forest fragments; and patch scale, among R. multiflora-invaded and R. multiflora-free forest fragments. At a fine scale, we trapped 2.3 times more ticks under R. multiflora compared to paired traps 25 m away from R. multiflora. At the patch scale, we trapped 3.2 times as many ticks in R. multiflora-free forests compared to R. multiflora-invaded forests. Thus, ticks are concentrated beneath R. multiflora within invaded forests, but uninvaded forests support significantly more ticks. Among all covariates tested, leaf litter volume was the best predictor of tick abundance; at the patch scale, R. multiflora-invaded forests had less leaf litter than uninvaded forests. We suggest that leaf litter availability at the patch-scale plays a greater role in constraining tick abundance than the fine-scale, positive effect of invasive shrubs.}, }
@article {pmid27087934, year = {2016}, author = {Jackson, MC and Woodford, DJ and Bellingan, TA and Weyl, OL and Potgieter, MJ and Rivers-Moore, NA and Ellender, BR and Fourie, HE and Chimimba, CT}, title = {Trophic overlap between fish and riparian spiders: potential impacts of an invasive fish on terrestrial consumers.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, pages = {1745-1752}, pmid = {27087934}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Studies on resource sharing and partitioning generally consider species that occur in the same habitat. However, subsidies between linked habitats, such as streams and riparian zones, create potential for competition between populations which never directly interact. Evidence suggests that the abundance of riparian consumers declines after fish invasion and a subsequent increase in resource sharing of emerging insects. However, diet overlap has not been investigated. Here, we examine the trophic niche of native fish, invasive fish, and native spiders in South Africa using stable isotope analysis. We compared spider abundance and diet at upstream fishless and downstream fish sites and quantified niche overlap with invasive and native fish. Spider abundance was consistently higher at upstream fishless sites compared with paired downstream fish sites, suggesting that the fish reduced aquatic resource availability to riparian consumers. Spiders incorporated more aquatic than terrestrial insects in their diet, with aquatic insects accounting for 45-90% of spider mass. In three of four invaded trout rivers, we found that the average proportion of aquatic resources in web-building spider diet was higher at fishless sites compared to fish sites. The probability of web-building and ground spiders overlapping into the trophic niche of invasive brown and rainbow trout was as high as 26 and 51%, respectively. In contrast, the probability of spiders overlapping into the trophic niche of native fish was always less than 5%. Our results suggest that spiders share resources with invasive fish. In contrast, spiders had a low probability of trophic overlap with native fish indicating that the traits of invaders may be important in determining their influence on ecosystem subsidies. We have added to the growing body of evidence that invaders can have cross-ecosystem impacts and demonstrated that this can be due to niche overlap.}, }
@article {pmid27087851, year = {2016}, author = {Lee, CE}, title = {Evolutionary mechanisms of habitat invasions, using the copepod Eurytemora affinis as a model system.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {248-270}, pmid = {27087851}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The study of the copepod Eurytemora affinis has provided unprecedented insights into mechanisms of invasive success. In this invited review, I summarize a subset of work from my laboratory to highlight key insights gained from studying E. affinis as a model system. Invasive species with brackish origins are overrepresented in freshwater habitats. The copepod E. affinis is an example of such a brackish invader, and has invaded freshwater habitats multiple times independently in recent years. These invasions were accompanied by the evolution of physiological tolerance and plasticity, increased body fluid regulation, and evolutionary shifts in ion transporter (V-type H(+) ATPase, Na(+), K(+)-ATPase) activity and expression. These evolutionary changes occurred in parallel across independent invasions in nature and in laboratory selection experiments. Selection appears to act on standing genetic variation during invasions, and maintenance of this variation is likely facilitated through 'beneficial reversal of dominance' in salinity tolerance across habitats. Expression of critical ion transporters is localized in newly discovered Crusalis leg organs. Increased freshwater tolerance is accompanied by costs to development time and greater requirements for food. High-food concentration increases low-salinity tolerance, allowing saline populations to invade freshwater habitats. Mechanisms observed here likely have relevance for other taxa undergoing fundamental niche expansions.}, }
@article {pmid27087539, year = {2016}, author = {Egizi, A and Kiser, J and Abadam, C and Fonseca, DM}, title = {The hitchhiker's guide to becoming invasive: exotic mosquitoes spread across a US state by human transport not autonomous flight.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {13}, pages = {3033-3047}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13653}, pmid = {27087539}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Human Activities ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Transportation ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {Not all exotic species establish and expand aggressively (i.e. become invasive). As potential vectors of disease agents, invasive mosquitoes can have considerable impact on public health, livestock and wildlife; therefore, understanding the species characteristics and ecological circumstances promoting their invasiveness is important. The mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus, originally from north-east Asia, was introduced at least two separate times to the north-eastern USA, as surmised from the initial existence of two populations with distinct nuclear and mitochondrial genetic signatures that later intermixed. Since these original introductions in the late 1990s, Ae. j. japonicus has expanded across 31 US states, two Canadian provinces and five European countries. Although some of the expanded range was due to other independent introductions, to understand what drove the postintroduction expansion of Ae. j. japonicus within the north-eastern USA, we performed a high-resolution landscape genetic analysis of 461 specimens collected across Virginia, a state south of the original introductions. All specimens were genotyped at seven pre-optimized microsatellite loci, and a subsample was sequenced at one mitochondrial locus. We concluded that throughout Virginia this species has primarily expanded in association with humans: genetic distance and distance along roads remained correlated after controlling for geographic distance, and proximity to I-95, a major interstate highway, strongly predicted nuclear ancestry. In contrast, there was very limited evidence of diffusion even at distances potentially suitable for autonomous mosquito flight. This implies that its association with humans (rather than innate species characteristics) is the single most important determinant of invasiveness in this mosquito.}, }
@article {pmid27087387, year = {2016}, author = {Erickson, RA and Rees, CB and Coulter, AA and Merkes, CM and McCalla, SG and Touzinsky, KF and Walleser, L and Goforth, RR and Amberg, JJ}, title = {Detecting the movement and spawning activity of bigheaded carps with environmental DNA.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {957-965}, pmid = {27087387}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/classification/*genetics/physiology ; DNA/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Indiana ; *Locomotion ; Metagenomics/*methods ; *Reproduction ; Rivers ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Water/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Bigheaded carps are invasive fishes threatening to invade the Great Lakes basin and establish spawning populations, and have been monitored using environmental DNA (eDNA). Not only does eDNA hold potential for detecting the presence of species, but may also allow for quantitative comparisons like relative abundance of species across time or space. We examined the relationships among bigheaded carp movement, hydrography, spawning and eDNA on the Wabash River, IN, USA. We found positive relationships between eDNA and movement and eDNA and hydrography. We did not find a relationship between eDNA and spawning activity in the form of drifting eggs. Our first finding demonstrates how eDNA may be used to monitor species abundance, whereas our second finding illustrates the need for additional research into eDNA methodologies. Current applications of eDNA are widespread, but the relatively new technology requires further refinement.}, }
@article {pmid27085997, year = {2016}, author = {Karsten, M and Addison, P and Jansen van Vuuren, B and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Investigating population differentiation in a major African agricultural pest: evidence from geometric morphometrics and connectivity suggests high invasion potential.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {13}, pages = {3019-3032}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13646}, pmid = {27085997}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Africa ; Agriculture ; Animals ; Gene Flow ; *Genetics, Population ; *Genotype ; Genotyping Techniques ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Phylogeography ; Population Dynamics ; Tephritidae/*anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; Wings, Animal/anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {The distribution, spatial pattern and population dynamics of a species can be influenced by differences in the environment across its range. Spatial variation in climatic conditions can cause local populations to undergo disruptive selection and ultimately result in local adaptation. However, local adaptation can be constrained by gene flow and may favour resident individuals over migrants-both are factors critical to the assessment of invasion potential. The Natal fruit fly (Ceratitis rosa) is a major agricultural pest in Africa with a history of island invasions, although its range is largely restricted to south east Africa. Across Africa, C. rosa is genetically structured into two clusters (R1 and R2), with these clusters occurring sympatrically in the north of South Africa. The spatial distribution of these genotypic clusters remains unexamined despite their importance for understanding the pest's invasion potential. Here, C. rosa, sampled from 22 South African locations, were genotyped at 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci and assessed morphologically using geometric morphometric wing shape analyses to investigate patterns of population structure and determine connectedness of pest-occupied sites. Our results show little to no intraspecific (population) differentiation, high population connectivity, high effective population sizes and only one morphological type (R2) within South Africa. The absence of the R1 morphotype at sites where it was previously found may be a consequence of differences in thermal niches of the two morphotypes. Overall, our results suggest high invasion potential of this species, that area-wide pest management should be undertaken on a country-wide scale, and that border control is critical to preventing further invasions.}, }
@article {pmid27084460, year = {2016}, author = {Jackson, MC and Grey, J and Miller, K and Britton, JR and Donohue, I}, title = {Dietary niche constriction when invaders meet natives: evidence from freshwater decapods.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {85}, number = {4}, pages = {1098-1107}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12533}, pmid = {27084460}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Decapoda/*physiology ; Diet ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Kenya ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a key driver of global environmental change, with frequently strong negative consequences for native biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Understanding competitive interactions between invaders and functionally similar native species provides an important benchmark for predicting the consequences of invasion. However, even though having a broad dietary niche is widely considered a key factor determining invasion success, little is known about the effects of competition with functionally similar native competitors on the dietary niche breadths of invasive species. We used a combination of field experiments and field surveys to examine the impacts of competition with a functionally similar native crab species on the population densities, growth rates and diet of the globally widespread invasive red swamp crayfish in an African river ecosystem. The presence of native crabs triggered significant dietary niche constriction within the invasive crayfish population. Further, growth rates of both species were reduced significantly, and by a similar extent, in the presence of one another. In spite of this, crayfish maintained positive growth rates in the presence of crabs, whereas crabs lost mass in the presence of crayfish. Consequently, over the 3-year duration of the study, crab abundance declined at those sites invaded by the crayfish, becoming locally extinct at one. The invasive crayfish had a dramatic effect on ecosystem structure and functioning, halving benthic invertebrate densities and increasing decomposition rates fourfold compared to the crabs. This indicates that replacement of native crabs by invasive crayfish likely alters the structure and functioning of African river ecosystems significantly. This study provides a novel example of the constriction of the dietary niche of a successful invasive population in the presence of competition from a functionally similar native species. This finding highlights the importance of considering both environmental and ecological contexts in order to predict and manage the impacts of invasive species on ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid27083929, year = {2016}, author = {Berch, SM and Bonito, G}, title = {Truffle diversity (Tuber, Tuberaceae) in British Columbia.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {587-594}, pmid = {27083929}, issn = {1432-1890}, mesh = {Ascomycota/*genetics ; British Columbia ; DNA, Fungal/*genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {To improve baseline data for the developing truffle industry in British Columbia, we compiled existing Tuber species sequences from published and unpublished studies and generated new ITS sequences for truffles belonging to Tuber collected in the province. In doing so, we obtained evidence that 13 species of Tuber occur in the province, including six introduced and seven native species, two of which are putative undescribed species. Of the native species, the Tuber anniae species complex is widely distributed in the province while Tuber beyerlei appears to be much more restricted in distribution. Four of the introduced species have commercial value (Tuber melanosporum, Tuber aestivum, Tuber brumale, and Tuber borchii) as do two of the native species (Tuber gibbosum and Tuber oregonense). Focused sampling on likely tree hosts, both hardwood and Pinaceae species, as well as in currently unexplored parts of the province seems likely to expand our knowledge of the diversity and distribution of Tuber species in British Columbia.}, }
@article {pmid27082240, year = {2016}, author = {Smith, JN and Emlen, DJ and Pearson, DE}, title = {Linking Native and Invader Traits Explains Native Spider Population Responses to Plant Invasion.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {e0153661}, pmid = {27082240}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Centaurea ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Male ; Montana ; Silk ; Species Specificity ; Spiders/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Theoretically, the functional traits of native species should determine how natives respond to invader-driven changes. To explore this idea, we simulated a large-scale plant invasion using dead spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) stems to determine if native spiders' web-building behaviors could explain differences in spider population responses to structural changes arising from C. stoebe invasion. After two years, irregular web-spiders were >30 times more abundant and orb weavers were >23 times more abundant on simulated invasion plots compared to controls. Additionally, irregular web-spiders on simulated invasion plots built webs that were 4.4 times larger and 5.0 times more likely to capture prey, leading to >2-fold increases in recruitment. Orb-weavers showed no differences in web size or prey captures between treatments. Web-spider responses to simulated invasion mimicked patterns following natural invasions, confirming that C. stoebe's architecture is likely the primary attribute driving native spider responses to these invasions. Differences in spider responses were attributable to differences in web construction behaviors relative to historic web substrate constraints. Orb-weavers in this system constructed webs between multiple plants, so they were limited by the overall quantity of native substrates but not by the architecture of individual native plant species. Irregular web-spiders built their webs within individual plants and were greatly constrained by the diminutive architecture of native plant substrates, so they were limited both by quantity and quality of native substrates. Evaluating native species traits in the context of invader-driven change can explain invasion outcomes and help to identify factors limiting native populations.}, }
@article {pmid27082115, year = {2016}, author = {Helms, JA and Godfrey, A}, title = {Dispersal Polymorphisms in Invasive Fire Ants.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {e0153955}, pmid = {27082115}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Body Size ; Female ; *Flight, Animal ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Muscles/physiology ; Reproduction/physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {In the Found or Fly (FoF) hypothesis ant queens experience reproduction-dispersal tradeoffs such that queens with heavier abdomens are better at founding colonies but are worse flyers. We tested predictions of FoF in two globally invasive fire ants, Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius, 1804) and S. invicta (Buren, 1972). Colonies of these species may produce two different monogyne queen types-claustral queens with heavy abdomens that found colonies independently, and parasitic queens with small abdomens that enter conspecific nests. Claustral and parasitic queens were similarly sized, but the abdomens of claustral queens weighed twice as much as those of their parasitic counterparts. Their heavier abdomens adversely impacted morphological predictors of flight ability, resulting in 32-38% lower flight muscle ratios, 55-63% higher wing loading, and 32-33% higher abdomen drag. In lab experiments maximum flight durations in claustral S. invicta queens decreased by about 18 minutes for every milligram of abdomen mass. Combining our results into a simple fitness tradeoff model, we calculated that an average parasitic S. invicta queen could produce only 1/3 as many worker offspring as a claustral queen, but could fly 4 times as long and have a 17- to 36-fold larger potential colonization area. Investigations of dispersal polymorphisms and their associated tradeoffs promises to shed light on range expansions in invasive species, the evolution of alternative reproductive strategies, and the selective forces driving the recurrent evolution of parasitism in ants.}, }
@article {pmid27081331, year = {2016}, author = {Wesener, T and Voigtländer, K and Decker, P and Oeyen, JP and Spelda, J}, title = {Barcoding of Central European Cryptops centipedes reveals large interspecific distances with ghost lineages and new species records from Germany and Austria (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {564}, pages = {21-46}, pmid = {27081331}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {In order to evaluate the diversity of Central European Myriapoda species in the course of the German Barcode of Life project, 61 cytochrome c oxidase I sequences of the genus Cryptops Leach, 1815, a centipede genus of the order Scolopendromorpha, were successfully sequenced and analyzed. One sequence of Scolopendra cingulata Latreille, 1829 and one of Theatops erythrocephalus Koch, 1847 were utilized as outgroups. Instead of the expected three species (Cryptops parisi Brolemann, 1920; Cryptops anomalans Newport, 1844; Cryptops hortensis (Donovan, 1810)), analyzed samples included eight to ten species. Of the eight clearly distinguishable morphospecies of Cryptops, five (Cryptops parisi; Cryptops croaticus Verhoeff, 1931; Cryptops anomalans; Cryptops umbricus Verhoeff, 1931; Cryptops hortensis) could be tentatively determined to species level, while a further three remain undetermined (one each from Germany, Austria and Croatia, and Slovenia). Cryptops croaticus is recorded for the first time from Austria. A single specimen (previously suspected as being Cryptops anomalans), was redetermined as Cryptops umbricus Verhoeff, 1931, a first record for Germany. All analyzed Cryptops species are monophyletic and show large genetic distances from one another (p-distances of 13.7-22.2%). Clear barcoding gaps are present in lineages represented by >10 specimens, highlighting the usefulness of the barcoding method for evaluating species diversity in centipedes. German specimens formally assigned to Cryptops parisi are divided into three clades differing by 8.4-11.3% from one another; their intra-lineage genetic distance is much lower at 0-1.1%. The three clades are geographically separate, indicating that they might represent distinct species. Aside from Cryptops parisi, intraspecific distances of Cryptops spp. in Central Europe are low (<3.3%).}, }
@article {pmid27080927, year = {2016}, author = {Xiao, N and Pan, LL and Zhang, CR and Shan, HW and Liu, SS}, title = {Differential tolerance capacity to unfavourable low and high temperatures between two invasive whiteflies.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {24306}, pmid = {27080927}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Cold Temperature ; Fertility ; Gene Expression ; Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Thermal response and tolerance to ambient temperature play important roles in determining the geographic distribution and seasonal abundance of insects. We examined the survival and performance, as well as expression of three heat shock protein related genes, of two species of invasive whiteflies, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED), of the Bemisia tabaci species complex following exposure to a range of low and high temperatures. Our data demonstrated that the MED species was more tolerant to high temperatures than the MEAM1 species, especially in the adult stage, and this difference in thermal responses may be related to the heat shock protein related genes hsp90 and hsp70. These findings may assist in understanding and predicting the distribution and abundance of the two invasive whiteflies in the field.}, }
@article {pmid27079265, year = {2016}, author = {Wong, YY and Sornosa Macias, KJ and Guale Martínez, D and Solorzano, LF and Ramirez-Sierra, MJ and Herrera, C and Dumonteil, E}, title = {Molecular epidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi and Triatoma dimidiata in costal Ecuador.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {41}, number = {}, pages = {207-212}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2016.04.001}, pmid = {27079265}, issn = {1567-7257}, mesh = {Animals ; Chagas Disease/epidemiology/parasitology/*transmission ; DNA, Intergenic/*genetics ; Ecosystem ; Ecuador/epidemiology ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Insect Control ; Insect Vectors ; *Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages/*genetics ; Male ; Molecular Epidemiology ; *Phylogeny ; Rhodnius/parasitology ; Triatoma/classification/*genetics/growth &amp; development/parasitology ; Trypanosoma cruzi/pathogenicity/physiology ; }, abstract = {Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. In Ecuador, Triatoma dimidiata and Rhodnius ecuadoriensis are the main vector species, responsible for over half of the cases of T. cruzi infection in the country. T. dimidiata is believed to have been introduced in Ecuador during colonial times, and its elimination from the country is thus believed to be feasible. We investigated here the molecular ecology of T. dimidiata and T. cruzi in costal Ecuador to further guide control efforts. Analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS-2) of 23 specimens from Progreso, Guayas, unambiguously supported the likely importation of T. dimidiata from Central America to Ecuador. The observation of a very high parasite infection rate (54%) and frequent feeding on humans (3/5) confirmed a continued risk of transmission to humans. All genotyped parasites corresponded to TcI DTU and Trypanosoma rangeli was not detected in T. dimidiata. TcI subgroups corresponded to TcIa (25%), and mixed infections with TcIa and TcId (75%). Further studies should help clarify T. cruzi genetic structure in the country, and the possible impact of the introduction of T. dimidiata on the circulating parasite strains. The elevated risk posed by this species warrants continuing efforts for its control, but its apparent mobility between peridomestic and domestic habitats may favor reinfestation following insecticide spraying.}, }
@article {pmid27077010, year = {2016}, author = {Glon, MG and Larson, ER and Pangle, KL}, title = {Connecting laboratory behavior to field function through stable isotope analysis.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e1918}, pmid = {27077010}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Inherent difficulties of tracking and observing organisms in the field often leave researchers with no choice but to conduct behavioral experiments under laboratory settings. However, results of laboratory experiments do not always translate accurately to natural conditions. A fundamental challenge in ecology is therefore to scale up from small area and short-duration laboratory experiments to large areas and long durations over which ecological processes generally operate. In this study, we propose that stable isotope analysis may be a tool that can link laboratory behavioral observations to past field interactions or function of individual organisms. We conducted laboratory behavioral assays to measure dominance of invasive rusty crayfish, Orconectes rusticus, and used stable isotope analysis to hindcast trophic positions of these crayfish under preceding natural conditions. We hypothesized that more dominant crayfish in our assays would have higher trophic positions if dominance were related to competitive ability or willingness to pursue high-risk, high-reward prey. We did not find a relationship between crayfish dominance and trophic position, and therefore infer that laboratory dominance of crayfish may not necessarily relate to their ecology in the field. However, this is to our knowledge the first attempt to directly relate laboratory behavior to field performance via stable isotope analysis. We encourage future studies to continue to explore a possible link between laboratory and field behavior via stable isotope analysis, and propose several avenues to do so.}, }
@article {pmid27075086, year = {2016}, author = {Santarém, F}, title = {Pollinators: Europe must block hornet invasion.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {532}, number = {7598}, pages = {177}, pmid = {27075086}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Beekeeping/economics ; Bees/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Humans ; *Introduced Species/economics ; *Pollination ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Wasps/pathogenicity/*physiology ; }, }
@article {pmid27073849, year = {2016}, author = {Bessa-Silva, AR and Vallinoto, M and Sodré, D and da Cunha, DB and Hadad, D and Asp, NE and Sampaio, I and Schneider, H and Sequeira, F}, title = {Patterns of Genetic Variability in Island Populations of the Cane Toad (Rhinella marina) from the Mouth of the Amazon.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {e0152492}, pmid = {27073849}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Bufo marinus/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Humans ; Islands ; *Models, Genetic ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {The Amazonian coast has several unique geological characteristics resulting from the interaction between drainage pattern of the Amazon River and the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of the most extensive and sedimentologically dynamic regions of the world, with a large number of continental islands mostly formed less than 10,000 years ago. The natural distribution of the cane toad (Rhinella marina), one of the world's most successful invasive species, in this complex Amazonian system provides an intriguing model for the investigation of the effects of isolation or the combined effects of isolation and habitat dynamic changes on patterns of genetic variability and population differentiation. We used nine fast-evolving microsatellite loci to contrast patterns of genetic variability in six coastal (three mainlands and three islands) populations of the cane toad near the mouth of the Amazon River. Results from Bayesian multilocus clustering approach and Discriminant Analyses of Principal Component were congruent in showing that each island population was genetically differentiated from the mainland populations. All FST values obtained from all pairwise comparisons were significant, ranging from 0.048 to 0.186. Estimates of both recent and historical gene flow were not significantly different from zero across all population pairs, except the two mainland populations inhabiting continuous habitats. Patterns of population differentiation, with a high level of population substructure and absence/restricted gene flow, suggested that island populations of R. marina are likely isolated since the Holocene sea-level rise. However, considering the similar levels of genetic variability found in both island and mainland populations, it is reliable to assume that they were also isolated for longer periods. Given the genetic uniqueness of each cane toad population, together with the high natural vulnerability of the coastal regions and intense human pressures, we suggest that these populations should be treated as discrete units for conservation management purposes.}, }
@article {pmid27072403, year = {2016}, author = {Fenoglio, S and Bonada, N and Guareschi, S and López-Rodríguez, MJ and Millán, A and Tierno de Figueroa, JM}, title = {Freshwater ecosystems and aquatic insects: a paradox in biological invasions.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {27072403}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Ecosystem ; *Fresh Water ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions have increased significantly in response to global change and constitute one of the major causes of biodiversity loss. Insects make up a large fraction of invasive species, in general, and freshwaters are among the most invaded ecosystems on our planet. However, even though aquatic insects dominate most inland waters, have unparalleled taxonomic diversity and occupy nearly all trophic niches, there are almost no invasive insects in freshwaters. We present some hypotheses regarding why aquatic insects are not common among aquatic invasive organisms, suggesting that it may be the result of a suite of biological, ecological and anthropogenic factors. Such specific knowledge introduces a paradox in the current scientific discussion on invasive species; therefore, a more in-depth understanding could be an invaluable aid to disentangling how and why biological invasions occur.}, }
@article {pmid27069787, year = {2016}, author = {Breure, AS}, title = {Caribbean Bulimulus revisited: physical moves and molecular traces (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Bulimulidae).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e1836}, pmid = {27069787}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Twenty-five samples of Bulimulus species are studied, partly from localities within their known distribution range, partly based on interceptions where the material originates from localities where the species seem to be recently introduced and non-native. Molecular study of cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) reveals the origin of some of these introductions, but is less conclusive for others. Four different methods for species delimitation were applied, which did not result in unambiguous species hypotheses. For a rapid identification of morphologically indistinct species, a more comprehensive database of sequences is needed.}, }
@article {pmid27069614, year = {2015}, author = {Reddy, GV and Shi, P and Hui, C and Cheng, X and Ouyang, F and Ge, F}, title = {The seesaw effect of winter temperature change on the recruitment of cotton bollworms Helicoverpa armigera through mismatched phenology.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {23}, pages = {5652-5661}, pmid = {27069614}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Knowing how climate change affects the population dynamics of insect pests is critical for the future of integrated pest management. Rising winter temperatures from global warming can drive increases in outbreaks of some agricultural pests. In contrast, here we propose an alternative hypothesis that both extremely cold and warm winters can mismatch the timing between the eclosion of overwintering pests and the flowering of key host plants. As host plants normally need higher effective cumulative temperatures for flowering than insects need for eclosion, changes in flowering time will be less dramatic than changes in eclosion time, leading to a mismatch of phenology on either side of the optimal winter temperature. We term this the "seesaw effect." Using a long-term dataset of the Old World cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in northern China, we tested this seesaw hypothesis by running a generalized additive model for the effects of the third generation moth in the preceding year, the winter air temperature, the number of winter days below a critical temperature and cumulative precipitation during winter on the demography of the overwintering moth. Results confirmed the existence of the seesaw effect of winter temperature change on overwintering populations. Pest management should therefore consider the indirect effect of changing crop phenology (whether due to greenhouse cultivation or to climate change) on pest outbreaks. As arthropods from mid- and high latitudes are actually living in a cooler thermal environment than their physiological optimum in contrast to species from lower latitudes, the effects of rising winter temperatures on the population dynamics of arthropods in the different latitudinal zones should be considered separately. The seesaw effect makes it more difficult to predict the average long-term population dynamics of insect pests at high latitudes due to the potential sharp changes in annual growth rates from fluctuating minimum winter temperatures.}, }
@article {pmid27069607, year = {2015}, author = {Chau, LM and Hanna, C and Jenkins, LT and Kutner, RE and Burns, EA and Kremen, C and Goodisman, MA}, title = {Population genetic structure of the predatory, social wasp Vespula pensylvanica in its native and invasive range.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {23}, pages = {5573-5587}, pmid = {27069607}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive species cause extensive damage to their introduced ranges. Ocean archipelagos are particularly vulnerable to invasive taxa. In this study, we used polymorphic microsatellite markers to investigate the genetic structure of the social wasp Vespula pensylvanica in its native range of North America and its introduced range in the archipelago of Hawaii. Our goal was to gain a better understanding of the invasion dynamics of social species and the processes affecting biological invasions. We found that V. pensylvanica showed no significant genetic isolation by distance and little genetic structure over a span of 2000 km in its native range. This result suggests that V. pensylvanica can successfully disperse across large distances either through natural- or human-mediated mechanisms. In contrast to the genetic patterns observed in the native range, we found substantial genetic structure in the invasive V. pensylvanica range in Hawaii. The strong patterns of genetic differentiation within and between the Hawaiian Islands may reflect the effects of geographic barriers and invasion history on gene flow. We also found some evidence for gene flow between the different islands of Hawaii which was likely mediated through human activity. Overall, this study provides insight on how geographic barriers, invasion history, and human activity can shape population genetic structure of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid27069583, year = {2016}, author = {Milanesio, D and Saccani, M and Maggiora, R and Laurino, D and Porporato, M}, title = {Design of an harmonic radar for the tracking of the Asian yellow-legged hornet.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {7}, pages = {2170-2178}, pmid = {27069583}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The yellow-legged Asian hornet is an invasive species of wasps, indigenous to the Southeast Asia but recently spreading in Southern Europe. Because of its exponential diffusion and its serious threat to the local honeybee colonies (and to humans as well), restraint measures are currently under investigation. We developed and tested an harmonic radar capable of tracking the flying trajectory of these insects, once equipped with a small transponder, in their natural environment. Several hornets were captured close to a small cluster of honeybee hives, tagged with different transponders and then released in order to follow the flight toward their nest. On-field testing proved an initial maximum detection range of about 125 m in a hilly and woody area. A number of detections were clearly recorded, and preferential directions of flight were identified. The system herein described is intended as a first low-cost harmonic radar; it proved the capability to track the hornets while flying and it permitted to test the tagging techniques. Several upgrades of the system have been identified during this work and are extensively described in the last chapter. The designed system has three major advantages over conventional harmonic radars. First and most importantly, it adopts advanced processing techniques to suppress clutter and to improve target detection. Second, it allows radar operations in complex environments, generally hilly and rich in vegetation. Finally, it can continuously track tagged insects (24/7) and in any meteorological condition, providing an effective tool in order to locate the nests of the yellow-legged Asian hornet.}, }
@article {pmid27069581, year = {2016}, author = {Xu, M and Fang, M and Yang, Y and Dick, JT and Song, H and Luo, D and Mu, X and Gu, D and Luo, J and Hu, Y}, title = {Spatial variation in adult sex ratio across multiple scales in the invasive golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {8}, pages = {2308-2317}, pmid = {27069581}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Adult sex ratio (ASR) has critical effects on behavior and life history and has implications for population demography, including the invasiveness of introduced species. ASR exhibits immense variation in nature, yet the scale dependence of this variation is rarely analyzed. In this study, using the generalized multilevel models, we investigated the variation in ASR across multiple nested spatial scales and analyzed the underlying causes for an invasive species, the golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata. We partitioned the variance in ASR to describe the variations at different scales and then included the explanatory variables at the individual and group levels to analyze the potential causes driving the variation in ASR. We firstly determined there is a significant female-biased ASR for this species when accounting for the spatial and temporal autocorrelations of sampling. We found that, counter to nearly equal distributed variation at plot, habitat and region levels, ASR showed little variation at the town level. Temperature and precipitation at the region level were significantly positively associated with ASR, whereas the individual weight, the density characteristic, and sampling time were not significant factors influencing ASR. Our study suggests that offspring sex ratio of this species may shape the general pattern of ASR in the population level while the environmental variables at the region level translate the unbiased offspring sex ratio to the female-biased ASR. Future research should consider the implications of climate warming on the female-biased ASR of this invasive species and thus on invasion pattern.}, }
@article {pmid27069575, year = {2016}, author = {Yoshida, K and Miyagi, R and Mori, S and Takahashi, A and Makino, T and Toyoda, A and Fujiyama, A and Kitano, J}, title = {Whole-genome sequencing reveals small genomic regions of introgression in an introduced crater lake population of threespine stickleback.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {7}, pages = {2190-2204}, pmid = {27069575}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive species pose a major threat to biological diversity. Although introduced populations often experience population bottlenecks, some invasive species are thought to be originated from hybridization between multiple populations or species, which can contribute to the maintenance of high genetic diversity. Recent advances in genome sequencing enable us to trace the evolutionary history of invasive species even at whole-genome level and may help to identify the history of past hybridization that may be overlooked by traditional marker-based analysis. Here, we conducted whole-genome sequencing of eight threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) individuals, four from a recently introduced crater lake population and four of the putative source population. We found that both populations have several small genomic regions with high genetic diversity, which resulted from introgression from a closely related species (Gasterosteus nipponicus). The sizes of the regions were too small to be detected with traditional marker-based analysis or even some reduced-representation sequencing methods. Further amplicon sequencing revealed linkage disequilibrium around an introgression site, which suggests the possibility of selective sweep at the introgression site. Thus, interspecies introgression might predate introduction and increase genetic variation in the source population. Whole-genome sequencing of even a small number of individuals can therefore provide higher resolution inference of history of introduced populations.}, }
@article {pmid27068781, year = {2016}, author = {Hogan, MB and Allenback, GL and Chawla, V and Mehta, N and Plunkett, G and Wilson, NW}, title = {Sensitization to a nonnative plant without exposure is a marker of panallergen sensitization.}, journal = {The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, pages = {982-983.e1}, doi = {10.1016/j.jaip.2016.02.017}, pmid = {27068781}, issn = {2213-2201}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Allergens/adverse effects/*immunology ; Antigens, Plant/adverse effects/*immunology ; Arecaceae/*immunology ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/adverse effects/*immunology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Profilins/adverse effects/*immunology ; Rhinitis, Allergic/immunology ; Skin Tests ; Young Adult ; }, }
@article {pmid27066022, year = {2016}, author = {Roiloa, SR and Retuerto, R and Campoy, JG and Novoa, A and Barreiro, R}, title = {Division of Labor Brings Greater Benefits to Clones of Carpobrotus edulis in the Non-native Range: Evidence for Rapid Adaptive Evolution.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {349}, pmid = {27066022}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Why some species become invasive while others do not is a central research request in biological invasions. Clonality has been suggested as an attribute that could contribute to plant invasiveness. Division of labor is an important advantage of clonal growth, and it seems reasonable to anticipate that clonal plants may intensify this clonal attribute in an invaded range because of positive selection on beneficial traits. To test this hypothesis, we collected clones of Carpobrotus edulis from native and invasive populations, grew pairs of connected and severed ramets in a common garden and under negative spatial covariance of nutrients and light to induce division of labor, and measured biomass allocation ratios, final biomass, and photochemical efficiency. Our results showed that both clones from the native and invaded range develop a division of labor at morphological and physiological level. However, the benefit from the division of labor was significantly higher in apical ramets from the invaded range than in ramets from the native area. This is a novel and outstanding result because it provides the first evidence that the benefit of a key clonal trait such as division of labor may have been subjected to evolutionary adaptation in the invaded range. The division of labor can therefore be considered an important trait in the invasiveness of C. edulis. An appropriate assessment of the influence of clonal traits in plant invasions seems key for understanding the underlying mechanisms behind biological invasions of new environments.}, }
@article {pmid27064998, year = {2017}, author = {Gould, BA and Stinchcombe, JR}, title = {Population genomic scans suggest novel genes underlie convergent flowering time evolution in the introduced range of Arabidopsis thaliana.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {92-106}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13643}, pmid = {27064998}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Arabidopsis/*genetics/physiology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Flowers/*physiology ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {A long-standing question in evolutionary biology is whether the evolution of convergent phenotypes results from selection on the same heritable genetic components. Using whole-genome sequencing and genome scans, we tested whether the evolution of parallel longitudinal flowering time clines in the native and introduced ranges of Arabidopsis thaliana has a similar genetic basis. We found that common variants of large effect on flowering time in the native range do not appear to have been under recent strong selection in the introduced range. We identified a set of 38 new candidate genes that are putatively linked to the evolution of flowering time. A high degree of conditional neutrality of flowering time variants between the native and introduced range may preclude parallel evolution at the level of genes. Overall, neither gene pleiotropy nor available standing genetic variation appears to have restricted the evolution of flowering time to high-frequency variants from the native range or to known flowering time pathway genes.}, }
@article {pmid27064784, year = {2016}, author = {Drygala, F and Korablev, N and Ansorge, H and Fickel, J and Isomursu, M and Elmeros, M and Kowalczyk, R and Baltrunaite, L and Balciauskas, L and Saarma, U and Schulze, C and Borkenhagen, P and Frantz, AC}, title = {Homogenous Population Genetic Structure of the Non-Native Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Europe as a Result of Rapid Population Expansion.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {e0153098}, pmid = {27064784}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bayes Theorem ; Dogs ; Europe ; *Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Biological ; Raccoon Dogs/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The extent of gene flow during the range expansion of non-native species influences the amount of genetic diversity retained in expanding populations. Here, we analyse the population genetic structure of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in north-eastern and central Europe. This invasive species is of management concern because it is highly susceptible to fox rabies and an important secondary host of the virus. We hypothesized that the large number of introduced animals and the species' dispersal capabilities led to high population connectivity and maintenance of genetic diversity throughout the invaded range. We genotyped 332 tissue samples from seven European countries using 16 microsatellite loci. Different algorithms identified three genetic clusters corresponding to Finland, Denmark and a large 'central' population that reached from introduction areas in western Russia to northern Germany. Cluster assignments provided evidence of long-distance dispersal. The results of an Approximate Bayesian Computation analysis supported a scenario of equal effective population sizes among different pre-defined populations in the large central cluster. Our results are in line with strong gene flow and secondary admixture between neighbouring demes leading to reduced genetic structuring, probably a result of its fairly rapid population expansion after introduction. The results presented here are remarkable in the sense that we identified a homogenous genetic cluster inhabiting an area stretching over more than 1500km. They are also relevant for disease management, as in the event of a significant rabies outbreak, there is a great risk of a rapid virus spread among raccoon dog populations.}, }
@article {pmid27064483, year = {2016}, author = {Wu, Z and Bin, S and He, H and Wang, Z and Li, M and Lin, J}, title = {Differential Expression Analysis of Chemoreception Genes in the Striped Flea Beetle Phyllotreta striolata Using a Transcriptomic Approach.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {e0153067}, pmid = {27064483}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arthropod Antennae/metabolism ; Chemoreceptor Cells/*metabolism ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; Computational Biology ; Female ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Insect Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Olfactory transduction is a process by which olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) transform odor information into neuronal electrical signals. This process begins with the binding of odor molecules to receptor proteins on olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) dendrites. The major molecular components involved in olfaction include odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), chemosensory proteins (CSPs), odorant receptors (ORs), gustatory receptors (GRs), ionotropic receptors (IRs), sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) and odorant-degrading enzymes (ODEs). More importantly, as potential molecular targets, chemosensory proteins are used to identify novel attractants or repellants for environmental-friendly pest management. In this study we analyzed the transcriptome of the flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolata (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae), a serious pest of Brassicaceae crops, to better understand the molecular mechanisms of olfactory recognition in this pest. The analysis of transcriptomes from the antennae and terminal abdomens of specimens of both sexes identified transcripts from several key molecular components of chemoreception including 73 ORs, 36 GRs, 49 IRs, 2 SNMPs, 32 OBPs, 8 CSPs, and four candidate odorant degrading enzymes (ODEs): 143 cytochrome P450s (CYPs), 68 esterases (ESTs), 27 glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and 8 UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Bioinformatic analyses indicated that a large number of chemosensory genes were up-regulated in the antennae. This was consistent with a potential role in olfaction. To validate the differential abundance analyses, the expression of 19 genes encoding various ORs, CSPs, and OBPs was assessed via qRT-PCR between non-chemosensory tissue and antennae. Consistent with the bioinformatic analyses, transcripts for all of the genes in the qRT-PCR subset were elevated in antennae. These findings provide the first insights into the molecular basis of chemoreception in the striped flea beetle.}, }
@article {pmid27064481, year = {2016}, author = {Drouin, A and McKindsey, CW and Johnson, LE}, title = {Dynamics of recruitment and establishment of the invasive seaweed Codium fragile within an eelgrass habitat.}, journal = {Marine biology}, volume = {163}, number = {}, pages = {61}, pmid = {27064481}, issn = {0025-3162}, abstract = {Knowledge of the potential distribution (i.e. abundance and spatial extent) of an invasive species is important to estimating its potential impacts on recipient communities. Most previous studies have focused on the potential spatial extent of invasive species populations at regional scales, but little is known on how species successfully recruit and establish at more local scales. In this study, we examined how recruitment of the green alga Codium fragile ssp. fragile (hereafter Codium) can vary spatially and the environmental factors associated with Codium establishment in eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds. Standardized recruitment blocks (65 blocks in a 720 × 240 m[2] grid) were used to monitor the number of Codium recruits, juveniles and adults over 2 years. Environmental factors (depth, relative water flow, light and temperature) and attributes of the surrounding macrophyte assemblage (eelgrass density, eelgrass length, Codium biomass) were also measured. Recruitment occurred on all blocks or nearby artificial structures (i.e. buoys) and mainly originated from button stages (i.e. female gametes or utricles). Contrary to other studies, the abundance of Codium (recruits, juveniles and adults) was best predicted by the density of the native canopy-forming species, Z. marina, which highlights a positive interaction between native and non-native canopy-forming species. Seasonal variation in recruitment was observed; it was lower during the summer. Recruitment did not show any distinct spatial pattern (e.g. gradient or patch), but the same spatial pattern of recruitment was observed every sampling date, suggesting that there are "hotspots" for recruitment. In general, the total number of Codium fronds observed on a block at the end of the experiment was positively correlated with the cumulative number of recruits. However, recruitment occurred on some blocks but recruits never grew, suggesting that some environmental factors limit Codium distribution and abundance in eelgrass beds. Overall, the assessment of Codium recruitment over 2 years showed that the colonization of suitable locations by Codium within seagrass beds may take several years and that some factors may not only limit, but also inhibit Codium expansion within eelgrass beds.}, }
@article {pmid27063551, year = {2016}, author = {Sola, FJ and Josens, R}, title = {Feeding behavior and social interactions of the Argentine ant Linepithema humile change with sucrose concentration.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {106}, number = {4}, pages = {522-529}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485316000201}, pmid = {27063551}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Argentina ; Behavior, Animal ; Feeding Behavior ; Social Behavior ; Sucrose/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Liquid sugar baits are well accepted by the Argentine ant Linepithema humile and are suitable for the chemical control of this invasive species. We evaluated how sugar concentrations affect the foraging behavior of L. humile individuals. We quantified feeding variables for individual foragers (ingested load, feeding time and solution intake rate) when feeding on sucrose solutions of different concentrations, as well as post-feeding interactions with nestmates. Solutions of intermediate sucrose concentrations (10-30%) were the most consumed and had the highest intake rates, whereas solutions of high sucrose concentrations (60 and 70%) resulted in extended feeding times, low intake rates and ants having smaller crop loads. In terms of post-feeding interactions, individuals fed solutions of intermediate sucrose concentrations (20%) had the highest probability of conducting trophallaxis and the smallest latency to drop exposure (i.e. lowest time delay). Trophallaxis duration increased with increasing sucrose concentrations. Behavioral motor displays, including contacts with head jerking and walking with a gaster waggle, were lowest for individuals that ingested the more dilute sucrose solution (5%). These behaviors have been previously suggested to act as a communication channel for the activation and/or recruitment of nestmates. We show here that sucrose concentration affects feeding dynamics and modulates decision making related to individual behavior and social interactions of foragers. Our results indicate that intermediate sucrose concentrations (ca. 20%), appear to be most appropriate for toxic baits because they promote rapid foraging cycles, a high crop load per individual, and a high degree of stimulation for recruitment.}, }
@article {pmid27059066, year = {2016}, author = {McCue, MD and Boardman, L and Clusella-Trullas, S and Kleynhans, E and Terblanche, JS}, title = {The speed and metabolic cost of digesting a blood meal depends on temperature in a major disease vector.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {219}, number = {Pt 12}, pages = {1893-1902}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.138669}, pmid = {27059066}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {*Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Blood ; *Digestion ; *Energy Metabolism ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Tsetse Flies/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The energetics of processing a meal is crucial for understanding energy budgets of animals in the wild. Given that digestion and its associated costs may be dependent on environmental conditions, it is necessary to obtain a better understanding of these costs under diverse conditions and identify resulting behavioural or physiological trade-offs. This study examines the speed and metabolic costs - in cumulative, absolute and relative energetic terms - of processing a bloodmeal for a major zoonotic disease vector, the tsetse fly Glossina brevipalpis, across a range of ecologically relevant temperatures (25, 30 and 35°C). Respirometry showed that flies used less energy digesting meals faster at higher temperatures but that their starvation tolerance was reduced, supporting the prediction that warmer temperatures are optimal for bloodmeal digestion while cooler temperatures should be preferred for unfed or post-absorptive flies. (13)C-Breath testing revealed that the flies oxidized dietary glucose and amino acids within the first couple of hours of feeding and overall oxidized more dietary nutrients at the cooler temperatures, supporting the premise that warmer digestion temperatures are preferred because they maximize speed and minimize costs. An independent test of these predictions using a thermal gradient confirmed that recently fed flies selected warmer temperatures and then selected cooler temperatures as they became post-absorptive, presumably to maximize starvation resistance. Collectively these results suggest there are at least two thermal optima in a given population at any time and flies switch dynamically between optima throughout feeding cycles.}, }
@article {pmid27058879, year = {2016}, author = {Bai, M and Zheng, Q and Tian, Y and Zhang, Z and Chen, C and Cheng, C and Meng, X}, title = {Inactivation of invasive marine species in the process of conveying ballast water using OH based on a strong ionization discharge.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {96}, number = {}, pages = {217-224}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.056}, pmid = {27058879}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {Animals ; Disinfection ; *Introduced Species ; Ships ; Trihalomethanes ; *Water ; Water Purification ; }, abstract = {In this paper, invasive marine species in medium-salinity ballast water were inactivated using OH generated from a strong ionization discharge. The OH is determined by the concentration of oxygen active species combined with the effects of water jet cavitation. The results indicated that the OH concentration reached 7.62 μM, within 1 s, which is faster and higher than in conventional AOP methods. In a pilot-scale OH ballast water system with a capacity of 10 m(3)/h, algae were inactivated when CT value was 0.1 mg min/L with a contact time only 6 s. The viable and nonviable cells were determined using SYTOX Green nucleic acid stain and Flow cytometry. As a result, the OH treatment could be completed during the process of conveying the ballast water. In addition, the concentrations of relevant disinfection by-products (DBPs), such as trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and bromate, were less than that required by the World Health Organization's drinking water standards, which suggest that the discharged ballast water posed no risks to the oceanic environment. Nevertheless, for conventional ozonation and electrolysis methods, the ballast water should be treated only in the treated tanks during the ship's voyage and form higher level DBPs.}, }
@article {pmid27058336, year = {2016}, author = {Karabıçak, N and Alem, N}, title = {[Antifungal susceptibility profiles of Candida species to triazole: application of new CLSI species-specific clinical breakpoints and epidemiological cutoff values for characterization of antifungal resistance].}, journal = {Mikrobiyoloji bulteni}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {122-132}, doi = {10.5578/mb.10682}, pmid = {27058336}, issn = {0374-9096}, mesh = {Antifungal Agents/*pharmacology ; Candida/*drug effects/isolation &amp; purification ; Candidiasis, Invasive/*microbiology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Resistance, Fungal ; Fluconazole/pharmacology ; Fungemia/microbiology ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Itraconazole/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Species Specificity ; Triazoles/*pharmacology ; Turkey ; Voriconazole/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing has newly introduced species-specific clinical breakpoints (CBPs) for fluconazole and voriconazole. When CBPs can not be determined, wild-type minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) distributions are detected and epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs) provide valuable means for the detection of emerging resistance. The aim of this study is to determine triazole resistance patterns in Candida species by the recently revised CLSI CBPs. A total of 140 Candida strains isolated from blood cultures of patients with invasive candidiasis hospitalized in various intensive care units in Turkey and sent to our reference laboratory between 2011-2012, were included in the study. The isolates were identified by conventional methods, and susceptibility testing was performed against fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole, by the 24-h CLSI broth microdilution (BMD) method. Azole resistance rates for all Candida species were determined using the new species-specific CLSI CBPs and ECVs criteria, when appropriate. The species distribution of the isolates were as follows; C.parapsilosis (n= 31), C.tropicalis (n= 26), C.glabrata (n= 21), C.albicans (n= 18), C.lusitaniae (n= 16), C.krusei (n= 16), C.kefyr (n= 9), C.guilliermondii (n= 2), and C.dubliniensis (n= 1). According to the newly determined CLSI CBPs for fluconazole and C.albicans, C.parapsilosis, C.tropicalis [susceptible (S), ≤ 2 µg/ml; dose-dependent susceptible (SDD), 4 µg/ml; resistant (R), ≥ 8 µg/ml], and C.glabrata (SDD, ≤ 32 µg/ml; R≥ 64 µg/ml) and for voriconazole and C.albicans, C.parapsilosis, C.tropicalis (S, ≤ 0.12 µg/ml; SDD, 0.25-0.5 µg/ml; R, ≥ 1 µg/ml), and C.krusei (S, ≤ 0.5 µg/ml; SDD, 1 µg/ml; R, ≥ 2 µg/ml), it was found that three of C.albicans, one of C.parapsilosis and one of C.glabrata isolates were resistant to fluconazole, while two of C.albicans and two of C.tropicalis were resistant to voriconazole. The ECVs of 0.5 µg/ml for voriconazole and C.glabrata were used to differentiate wild-type (MIC ≤ ECV) from non-wild-type (MIC > ECV) strains. Five of C.glabrata were non-WT for voriconazole. Due to the lack of CBPs for the less common species, the ECVs for fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole, respectively, were used for C.lusitaniae (2 µg/ml, 0.5 µg/ml, 0.03 µg/ml), C.guilliermondii (8 µg/ml, 1 µg/ml, 0.25 µg/ml), C.dubliniensis (0.5 µg/ml, 0.25 µg/ml, 0.03 µg/ml), and C.kefyr (1 µg/ml, 0.015 µg/ml) to categorize isolates of these species as wild- and non-wild-type. When the ECVs were used for fluconazole, one each of C.lusitaniae, C.dubliniensis and C.kefyr; for voriconazole, three of C.lusitaniae and one of C.kefyr were detected as non-wild-type. Overall, a total of five Candida species were resistant to fluconazole and four to voriconazole and among these species one each of C.parapsilosis, C.tropicalis, C.glabrata, C.lusitaniae, C.kefyr and three of C.albicans exhibited cross-resistance at least against two azoles. It was concluded that, the strains identified as resistant and non-wild-type in this in vitro study should be supported by molecular and in vivo studies for the determination of their clinical validity.}, }
@article {pmid27056916, year = {2016}, author = {Gazol, A and Zobel, M and Cantero, JJ and Davison, J and Esler, KJ and Jairus, T and Öpik, M and Vasar, M and Moora, M}, title = {Impact of alien pines on local arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities-evidence from two continents.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {6}, pages = {fiw073}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiw073}, pmid = {27056916}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {Argentina ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/*classification/*growth &amp; development ; Phylogeny ; Pinus/*microbiology ; Plant Roots/*microbiology ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {The introduction of alien plants can influence biodiversity and ecosystems. However, its consequences for soil microbial communities remain poorly understood. We addressed the impact of alien ectomycorrhizal (EcM) pines on local arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities in two regions with contrasting biogeographic histories: in South Africa, where no native EcM plant species are present; and in Argentina, where EcM trees occur naturally. The effect of alien pines on AM fungal communities differed between these regions. In South Africa, plantations of alien EcM pines exhibited lower AM fungal richness and significantly altered community composition, compared with native fynbos. In Argentina, the richness and composition of local AM fungal communities were similar in plantations of alien EcM pines and native forest. However, the presence of alien pines resulted in slight changes to the phylogenetic structure of root AM fungal communities in both regions. In pine clearcut areas in South Africa, the richness and composition of AM fungal communities were intermediate between the native fynbos and the alien pine plantation, which is consistent with natural regeneration of former AM fungal communities following pine removal. We conclude that the response of local AM fungal communities to alien EcM pines differs between biogeographic regions with different histories of species coexistence.}, }
@article {pmid27056056, year = {2016}, author = {Bajwa, AA and Chauhan, BS and Farooq, M and Shabbir, A and Adkins, SW}, title = {What do we really know about alien plant invasion? A review of the invasion mechanism of one of the world's worst weeds.}, journal = {Planta}, volume = {244}, number = {1}, pages = {39-57}, pmid = {27056056}, issn = {1432-2048}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Asia ; Asteraceae/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; *Biodiversity ; Climate ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Photosynthesis/genetics ; Plant Weeds/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {This review provides an insight into alien plant invasion taking into account the invasion mechanism of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.). A multi-lateral understanding of the invasion biology of this weed has pragmatic implications for weed ecology and management. Biological invasions are one of the major drivers of restructuring and malfunctioning of ecosystems. Invasive plant species not only change the dynamics of species composition and biodiversity but also hinder the system productivity and efficiency in invaded regions. Parthenium weed, a well-known noxious invasive species, has invaded diverse climatic and biogeographic regions in more than 40 countries across five continents. Efforts are under way to minimize the parthenium weed-induced environmental, agricultural, social, and economic impacts. However, insufficient information regarding its invasion mechanism and interference with ecosystem stability is available. It is hard to devise effective management strategies without understanding the invasion process. Here, we reviewed the mechanism of parthenium weed invasion. Our main conclusions are: (1) morphological advantages, unique reproductive biology, competitive ability, escape from natural enemies in non-native regions, and a C3/C4 photosynthesis are all likely to be involved in parthenium weed invasiveness. (2) Tolerance to abiotic stresses and ability to grow in wide range of edaphic conditions are thought to be additional invasion tools on a physiological front. (3) An allelopathic potential of parthenium weed against crop, weed and pasture species, with multiple modes of allelochemical expression, may also be responsible for its invasion success. Moreover, the release of novel allelochemicals in non-native environments might have a pivotal role in parthenium weed invasion. (4) Genetic diversity found among different populations and biotypes of parthenium weed, based on geographic, edaphic, climatic, and ecological ranges, might also be a strong contributor towards its invasion success. (5) Rising temperatures and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and changing rainfall patterns, all within the present day climate change prediction range are favorable for parthenium weed growth, its reproductive output, and therefore its future spread and infestation. (6) Parthenium weed invasion in South Asia depicts the relative and overlapping contribution of all the above-mentioned mechanisms. Such an understanding of the core phenomena regulating the invasion biology has pragmatic implications for its management. A better understanding of the interaction of physiological processes, ecological functions, and genetic makeup within a range of environments may help to devise appropriate management strategies for parthenium weed.}, }
@article {pmid27054718, year = {2016}, author = {Biber-Freudenberger, L and Ziemacki, J and Tonnang, HE and Borgemeister, C}, title = {Future Risks of Pest Species under Changing Climatic Conditions.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {e0153237}, pmid = {27054718}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Animal Migration ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Insect Control ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Kenya ; *Lepidoptera ; Models, Statistical ; Risk Assessment ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Most agricultural pests are poikilothermic species expected to respond to climate change. Currently, they are a tremendous burden because of the high losses they inflict on crops and livestock. Smallholder farmers in developing countries of Africa are likely to suffer more under these changes than farmers in the developed world because more severe climatic changes are projected in these areas. African countries further have a lower ability to cope with impacts of climate change through the lack of suitable adapted management strategies and financial constraints. In this study we are predicting current and future habitat suitability under changing climatic conditions for Tuta absoluta, Ceratitis cosyra, and Bactrocera invadens, three important insect pests that are common across some parts of Africa and responsible for immense agricultural losses. We use presence records from different sources and bioclimatic variables to predict their habitat suitability using the maximum entropy modelling approach. We find that habitat suitability for B. invadens, C. cosyra and T. absoluta is partially increasing across the continent, especially in those areas already overlapping with or close to most suitable sites under current climate conditions. Assuming a habitat suitability at three different threshold levels we assessed where each species is likely to be present under future climatic conditions and if this is likely to have an impact on productive agricultural areas. Our results can be used by African policy makers, extensionists and farmers for agricultural adaptation measures to cope with the impacts of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid27054156, year = {2016}, author = {Murphy, JT and Voisin, M and Johnson, M and Viard, F}, title = {Abundance and recruitment data for Undaria pinnatifida in Brest harbour, France: Model versus field results.}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {540-545}, pmid = {27054156}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {The data presented in this article are related to the research article entitled "A modelling approach to explore the critical environmental parameters influencing the growth and establishment of the invasive seaweed Undaria pinnatifida in Europe" [1]. This article describes raw simulation data output from a novel individual-based model of the invasive kelp species Undaria pinnatifida. It also includes field data of monthly abundance and recruitment values for a population of invasive U. pinnatifida (in Brest harbour, France) that were used to validate the model. The raw model output and field data are made publicly available in order to enable critical analysis of the model predictions and to inform future modelling efforts of the study species.}, }
@article {pmid27053721, year = {2016}, author = {Sage, RF}, title = {A portrait of the C4 photosynthetic family on the 50th anniversary of its discovery: species number, evolutionary lineages, and Hall of Fame.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {67}, number = {14}, pages = {4039-4056}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/erw156}, pmid = {27053721}, issn = {1460-2431}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; Botany/history ; History, 20th Century ; Photosynthesis/*physiology ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Fifty years ago, the C4 photosynthetic pathway was first characterized. In the subsequent five decades, much has been learned about C4 plants, such that it is now possible to place nearly all C4 species into their respective evolutionary lineages. Sixty-one independent lineages of C4 photosynthesis are identified, with additional, ancillary C4 origins possible in 12 of these principal lineages. The lineages produced ~8100 C4 species (5044 grasses, 1322 sedges, and 1777 eudicots). Using midpoints of stem and crown node dates in their respective phylogenies, the oldest and most speciose C4 lineage is the grass lineage Chloridoideae, estimated to be near 30 million years old. Most C4 lineages are estimated to be younger than 15 million years. Older C4 lineages tend to be more speciose, while those younger than 7 million years have <43 species each. To further highlight C4 photosynthesis for a 50th anniversary snapshot, a Hall of Fame comprised of the 40 most significant C4 species is presented. Over the next 50 years, preservation of the Earth's C4 diversity is a concern, largely because of habitat loss due to elevated CO2 effects, invasive species, and expanded agricultural activities. Ironically, some members of the C4 Hall of Fame are leading threats to the natural C4 flora due to their association with human activities on landscapes where most C4 plants occur.}, }
@article {pmid27053326, year = {2016}, author = {Montecino, V and Molina, X and Bothwell, M and Muñoz, P and Carrevedo, ML and Salinas, F and Kumar, S and Castillo, ML and Bizama, G and Bustamante, RO}, title = {Spatio temporal population dynamics of the invasive diatom Didymosphenia geminata in central-southern Chilean rivers.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {568}, number = {}, pages = {1135-1145}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.080}, pmid = {27053326}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Chile ; *Climate ; Diatoms/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; *Rivers ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {We document the distribution of Didymosphenia geminata in central-southern Chilean rivers and identify the chemical and physical factors associated with its presence/absence (p/a). Repeated surveys in five successive years provided evidence that D. geminata could be nearing a biogeographic equilibrium in the region. D. geminata databases from extensive biological and environmental surveys in 187 rivers, within ten catchments, south of 38°S commenced in November 2010 and ran through May 2013. In addition, data from two other field surveys were used. The sites evenly distributed latitudinally were climatically characterized. The recent sampling program, following a published species distribution model, was designed to explore D. geminata distribution within thirteen catchments (34°S-48°S). An extensive river survey in 2014 (spring-summer) and in 2015 (autumn) included the p/a, and relative abundance of D. geminata cells in phytobenthos and in the drift. These p/a results showed that the probability of re-encountering D. geminata cells at sites where the species was previously found was significantly high while the probability of finding D. geminata cells at sites previously without the species was significantly low. This suggests that the distribution of D. geminata cells among suitable habitats was nearing completion. The relative abundance of D. geminata cells in the phytobenthos versus in the drift indicates seasonality with higher proportion of cells in the phytobenthos during the spring-summer than during the autumn. During the final surveys, principal component analysis of chemical and physical characteristics of rivers showed significant differences between rivers with and without D. geminata. Based on our observations of the distribution of D. geminata cells among rivers with suitable habitat conditions and the fluctuating rate of spread between rivers, we conclude that D. geminata is probably in the ending stage of its spatial demographic expansion in Chile surmounting the different barriers of the invasive process.}, }
@article {pmid27047235, year = {2016}, author = {Çinar, ME}, title = {The alien ascidian Styela clava now invading the Sea of Marmara (Tunicata: Ascidiacea).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {563}, pages = {1-10}, pmid = {27047235}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {During the implementation of a large project aimed to investigate the benthic community structures of the Sea of Marmara, specimens of the invasive ascidian species Styela clava were collected on natural substrata (rocks) at 10 m depth at one locality (Karamürsel) in İzmit Bay. The specimens were mature, containing gametes, indicating that the species had become established in the area. The Sea of Marmara seems to provide suitable conditions for this species to survive and form proliferating populations.}, }
@article {pmid27042395, year = {2016}, author = {Sasson, DA and Ryan, JF}, title = {The sex lives of ctenophores: the influence of light, body size, and self-fertilization on the reproductive output of the sea walnut, Mnemiopsis leidyi.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e1846}, pmid = {27042395}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Ctenophores (comb jellies) are emerging as important animals for investigating fundamental questions across numerous branches of biology (e.g., evodevo, neuroscience and biogeography). A few ctenophore species including, most notably, Mnemiopsis leidyi, are considered as invasive species, adding to the significance of studying ctenophore ecology. Despite the growing interest in ctenophore biology, relatively little is known about their reproduction. Like most ctenophores, M. leidyi is a simultaneous hermaphrodite capable of self-fertilization. In this study, we assess the influence of light on spawning, the effect of body size on spawning likelihood and reproductive output, and the cost of self-fertilization on egg viability in M. leidyi. Our results suggest that M. leidyi spawning is more strongly influenced by circadian rhythms than specific light cues and that body size significantly impacts spawning and reproductive output. Mnemiopsis leidyi adults that spawned alone produced a lower percentage of viable embryos versus those that spawned in pairs, suggesting that self-fertilization may be costly in this species. These results provide insight into the reproductive ecology of M. leidyi and provide a fundamental resource for researchers working with them in the laboratory.}, }
@article {pmid27040531, year = {2016}, author = {Carmo, RF and Vasconcelos, SD}, title = {Assemblage of Necrophagous Diptera in Atlantic Insular Environments and Response to Different Levels of Human Presence.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {5}, pages = {471-481}, pmid = {27040531}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Animals ; Diptera ; Environment ; Humans ; Insecta ; Introduced Species ; *Islands ; Population Dynamics ; *Sarcophagidae ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Islands act as natural laboratories for ecological studies to explain bioinvasion processes and, in this scenario, necrophagous Diptera have never been used as model organisms. This study aimed to (i) describe assemblages of necrophagous Diptera (Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae) in two insular environments of different origins and distances from mainland, (ii) investigate the effect of anthropogenic impact on the assemblage of carrion flies, (iii) to quantify the establishment of invasive species in the two islands, and (iv) to infer about the conservation status of the islands based on the ecological parameters. Sampling was performed in 2011-2012, in the dry and rainy season. Insects were collected by using traps with chicken liver or sardine baits. In each island, environments exposed to different degrees of human impact were sampled. Ecological analyses were carried out to characterize the assemblages of Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae, with emphasis on the relation between native and invasive species. In total, 99,862 adults of 21 species of blow flies and flesh flies were collected. Overall abundance in the oceanic island was higher than in the continental island, although the richness of species was higher in the latter. The type of bait did not influence diversity of species sampled in either island. No difference was observed in total richness of both families according to the gradient of anthropogenic impact, in both islands. The invasive species Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) was classified as dominant in all environments, irrespective of the anthropogenic impact, which raises concern about the conservation status of each island.}, }
@article {pmid27040270, year = {2016}, author = {Plantamp, C and Salort, K and Gibert, P and Dumet, A and Mialdea, G and Mondy, N and Voituron, Y}, title = {All or nothing: Survival, reproduction and oxidative balance in Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) in response to cold.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {89}, number = {}, pages = {28-36}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.03.009}, pmid = {27040270}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Animals ; Cold Temperature/*adverse effects ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Female ; Longevity ; Male ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Reproduction ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Winter severity and overwintering capacity are key ecological factors in successful invasions, especially in ectotherms. The integration of physiological approaches into the study of invasion processes is emerging and promising. Physiological information describes the mechanisms underlying observed survival and reproductive capacities, and it can be used to predict an organism's response to environmental perturbations such as cold temperatures. We investigated the effects of various cold treatments on life history and physiological traits of an invasive pest species, Drosophila suzukii, such as survival, fertility and oxidative balance. This species, a native of temperate Asian areas, is known to survive where cold temperatures are particularly harsh and has been recently introduced into Europe and North America. We found that cold treatments had a strong impact on adult survival but no effect on female's fertility. Although only minor changes were observed after cold treatment on studied physiological traits, a strong sex-based difference was observed in both survival and physiological markers (antioxidant defences and oxidative markers). Females exhibited higher survival, reduced oxidative defences, less damage to nucleic acids, and more damage to lipids. These results suggest that D. suzukii relies on a pathway other than oxidative balance to resist cold injury. Altogether, our results provide information concerning the mechanisms of successful invasion by D. suzukii. These findings may assist in the development of population models that predict the current and future geographic ranges of this species.}, }
@article {pmid27039521, year = {2016}, author = {Mackay, AJ and Muturi, EJ and Ward, MP and Allan, BF}, title = {Cascade of ecological consequences for West Nile virus transmission when aquatic macrophytes invade stormwater habitats.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {219-232}, doi = {10.1890/15-0050}, pmid = {27039521}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; Culex/physiology ; Disease Reservoirs ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Oviposition ; Plants/*classification ; Population Density ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; *Water ; West Nile Fever/*transmission/virology ; West Nile virus/*physiology ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {Artificial aquatic habitats are ubiquitous in anthropogenic landscapes and highly susceptible to colonization by invasive plant species. Recent research into the ecology of infectious diseases indicates that the establishment of invasive plant species can trigger ecological cascades which alter the transmission dynamics of vector-borne pathogens that imperil human health. Here, we examined whether the presence or management of two invasive, emergent plants, cattails (Typha spp.) and phragmites (Phragmites australis), in stormwater dry detention basins (DDBs) alter the local distribution of vectors, avian hosts, or West Nile virus (WNV) transmission risk in an urban residential setting. Mosquitoes and birds were surveyed at 14 DDBs and paired adjacent residential sites. During the study period, emergent vegetation was mowed by site managers in three DDBs. In the absence of vegetation management, the overall abundance and species composition of both adult vectors and avian hosts differed between residential and DDB habitats; however, WNV entomological risk indices were equivalent. Communal bird roosts composed primarily of three species, European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), and Common Grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), representing a broad range of WNV reservoir competence, were observed at half (three out of six) of the DDBs containing unmanaged stands of phragmites; however, their presence was associated with a lower seasonal increase in vector infection rate. Conversely, mowing of emergent vegetation resulted in a significant and sustained increase in the abundance of WNV-infected vectors in DDBs and the increase in risk extended to adjacent residential sites. These findings indicate that management of invasive plants in DDBs during the growing season can increase, while presence of communal bird roosts can decrease, WNV transmission risk.}, }
@article {pmid27039517, year = {2016}, author = {Pearson, DE and Ortega, YK and Eren, &#xd6; and Hierro, JL}, title = {Quantifying "apparent" impact and distinguishing impact from invasiveness in multispecies plant invasions.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {162-173}, doi = {10.1890/14-2345}, pmid = {27039517}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Montana ; Plants/*classification ; }, abstract = {The quantification of invader impacts remains a major hurdle to understanding and managing invasions. Here, we demonstrate a method for quantifying the community-level impact of multiple plant invaders by applying Parker et al.'s (1999) equation (impact = range x local abundance x per capita effect or per unit effect) using data from 620 survey plots from 31 grasslands across west-central Montana, USA. In testing for interactive effects of multiple invaders on native plant abundance (percent cover), we found no evidence for invasional meltdown or synergistic interactions for the 25 exotics tested. While much concern exists regarding impact thresholds, we also found little evidence for nonlinear relationships between invader abundance and impacts. These results suggest that management actions that reduce invader abundance should reduce invader impacts monotonically in this system. Eleven of 25 invaders had significant per unit impacts (negative local-scale relationships between invader and native cover). In decomposing the components of impact, we found that local invader abundance had a significant influence on the likelihood of impact, but range (number of plots occupied) did not. This analysis helped to differentiate measures of invasiveness (local abundance and range) from impact to distinguish high-impact invaders from invaders that exhibit negligible impacts, even when widespread. Distinguishing between high- and low-impact invaders should help refine trait-based prediction of problem species. Despite the unique information derived from evaluation of per unit effects of invaders, invasiveness 'scores based on range and local abundance produced similar rankings to impact scores that incorporated estimates of per unit effects. Hence, information on range and local abundance alone was sufficient to identify problematic plant invaders at the regional scale. In comparing empirical data on invader impacts to the state noxious weed list, we found that the noxious weed list captured 45% of the high impact invaders but missed 55% and assigned the lowest risk category to the highest-impact invader. While such subjective weed lists help to guide invasive species management, empirical data are needed to develop more comprehensive rankings of ecological impacts. Using weed lists to classify invaders for testing invasion theory is not well supported.}, }
@article {pmid27039512, year = {2016}, author = {Searcy, CA and Rollins, HB and Shaffer, HB}, title = {Ecological equivalency as a tool for endangered species management.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {94-103}, doi = {10.1890/14-1674}, pmid = {27039512}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; Genotype ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Urodela/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The use of taxon substitutes for extinct or endangered species is a controversial conservation measure. We use the example of the endangered California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense; CTS), which is being replaced by hybrids with the invasive barred tiger salamander (Ambystoma mavortium), to illustrate a strategy for evaluating taxon substitutes based on their position in a multivariate community space. Approximately one-quarter of CTS's range is currently occupied by "full hybrids" with 70% nonnative genes, while another one-quarter is occupied by "superinvasives" where a specific set of 3/68 genes comprising 4% of the surveyed genome is nonnative. Based on previous surveys of natural CTS breeding ponds, we stocked experimental mesocosms with field-verified, realistic densities of tiger salamander larvae and their prey, and used these mesocosms to evaluate ecological equivalency between pure CTS, full hybrids, and superinvasives in experimental pond communities. We also included a fourth treatment with no salamanders present to evaluate the community effects of eliminating Ambystoma larvae altogether. We found that pure CTS and superinvasive larvae were ecologically equivalent, because their positions in the multivariate community space were statistically indistinguishable and they did not differ significantly along any univariate community axes. Full hybrids were ecologically similar, but not equivalent, to the other two genotypes, and the no-Ambystoma treatment was by far the most divergent. We conclude that, at least for the larval stage, superinvasives are adequate taxon substitutes for pure CTS and should probably be afforded protection under the Endangered Species Act. The proper conservation status for full hybrids remains debatable.}, }
@article {pmid27039032, year = {2016}, author = {Toxopeus, J and Jakobs, R and Ferguson, LV and Gariepy, TD and Sinclair, BJ}, title = {Reproductive arrest and stress resistance in winter-acclimated Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {89}, number = {}, pages = {37-51}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.03.006}, pmid = {27039032}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; *Diapause, Insect ; Drosophila/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Female ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; Ontario ; *Photoperiod ; Pupa/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Seasons ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Overwintering insects must survive the multiple-stress environment of winter, which includes low temperatures, reduced food and water availability, and cold-active pathogens. Many insects overwinter in diapause, a developmental arrest associated with high stress tolerance. Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), spotted wing drosophila, is an invasive agricultural pest worldwide. Its ability to overwinter and therefore establish in temperate regions could have severe implications for fruit crop industries. We demonstrate here that laboratory populations of Canadian D. suzukii larvae reared under short-day, low temperature, conditions develop into dark 'winter morph' adults similar to those reported globally from field captures, and observed by us in southern Ontario, Canada. These winter-acclimated adults have delayed reproductive maturity, enhanced cold tolerance, and can remain active at low temperatures, although they do not have the increased desiccation tolerance or survival of fungal pathogen challenges that might be expected from a more heavily melanised cuticle. Winter-acclimated female D. suzukii have underdeveloped ovaries and altered transcript levels of several genes associated with reproduction and stress. While superficially indicative of reproductive diapause, the delayed reproductive maturity of winter-acclimated D. suzukii appears to be temperature-dependent, not regulated by photoperiod, and is thus unlikely to be 'true' diapause. The traits of this 'winter morph', however, likely facilitate overwintering in southern Canada, and have probably contributed to the global success of this fly as an invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid27038576, year = {2016}, author = {De La Riva, DG and Trumble, JT}, title = {Selenium exposure results in reduced reproduction in an invasive ant species and altered competitive behavior for a native ant species.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {213}, number = {}, pages = {888-894}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.045}, pmid = {27038576}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*drug effects/growth &amp; development/metabolism/physiology ; Argentina ; *Competitive Behavior/drug effects/physiology ; *Diet ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Exposure ; Fertility ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Plants/metabolism ; Reproduction/drug effects ; Selenium/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Soil Pollutants/metabolism/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Competitive ability and numerical dominance are important factors contributing to the ability of invasive ant species to establish and expand their ranges in new habitats. However, few studies have investigated the impact of environmental contamination on competitive behavior in ants as a potential factor influencing dynamics between invasive and native ant species. Here we investigated the widespread contaminant selenium to investigate its potential influence on invasion by the exotic Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, through effects on reproduction and competitive behavior. For the fecundity experiment, treatments were provided to Argentine ant colonies via to sugar water solutions containing one of three concentrations of selenium (0, 5 and 10 μg Se mL(-1)) that fall within the range found in soil and plants growing in contaminated areas. Competition experiments included both the Argentine ant and the native Dorymyrmex bicolor to determine the impact of selenium exposure (0 or 15 μg Se mL(-1)) on exploitation- and interference-competition between ant species. The results of the fecundity experiment revealed that selenium negatively impacted queen survival and brood production of Argentine ants. Viability of the developing brood was also affected in that offspring reached adulthood only in colonies that were not given selenium, whereas those in treated colonies died in their larval stages. Selenium exposure did not alter direct competitive behaviors for either species, but selenium exposure contributed to an increased bait discovery time for D. bicolor. Our results suggest that environmental toxins may not only pose problems for native ant species, but may also serve as a potential obstacle for establishment among exotic species.}, }
@article {pmid27038305, year = {2017}, author = {Tafoya-Razo, JA and Núñez-Farfán, J and Torres-García, JR}, title = {Migration by seed dispersal of ACCase-inhibitor-resistant Avena fatua in north-western Mexico.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {73}, number = {1}, pages = {167-173}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4282}, pmid = {27038305}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Avena/*physiology ; *Gene Flow ; Herbicide Resistance/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Seed Dispersal ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Triticum/physiology ; Weed Control/methods ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biotypes of Avena fatua resistant to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides have been reported in the States of Baja California (BC) and Sonora (SON), Mexico. We hypothesised that resistant biotypes present in SON (Valle de Hermosillo and Valle del Yaqui) are derived from a resistant population from BC (Valle de Mexicali) via gene flow through the transport and exchange of contaminated wheat seed. This study aimed to determine (1) the resistance of A. fatua to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in populations from BC and SON, (2) the mutation at the site of action and (3) the genetic structure and gene flow among populations.<br><br>RESULTS: DNA sequencing showed that all biotypes shared the same mutation (Leu&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;Ile at codon 1781). Microsatellites showed evidence of a genetic bottleneck in SON, and spatial analysis of molecular variance grouped one biotype from the Valle de Mexicali with two biotypes from the Valle de Hermosillo. Migration analysis suggested gene flow from the Valle de Mexicali to the Valle de Hermosillo, but not to the Valle del Yaqui.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The presence of resistant biotypes of A. fatua in the Valle de Hermosillo, SON, are likely derived from seeds from BC, possibly through the transport of contaminated wheat seeds. &#xa9; 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid27037585, year = {2016}, author = {Meichtry de Zaburlín, N and Vogler, RE and Molina, MJ and Llano, VM}, title = {Potential distribution of the invasive freshwater dinoflagellate Ceratium furcoides (Levander) Langhans (Dinophyta) in South America.}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, pages = {200-208}, doi = {10.1111/jpy.12382}, pmid = {27037585}, issn = {1529-8817}, mesh = {Dinoflagellida/*physiology ; *Fresh Water ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; South America ; }, abstract = {Dinoflagellates of the genus Ceratium are predominantly found in marine environments, with a few species in inland waters. Over the last decades, the freshwater species Ceratium hirundinella and Ceratium furcoides have colonized and invaded several South American basins. The purpose of this study was to create a distribution model for the invasive dinoflagellate C. furcoides in South America in order to further investigate the basins at potential risk, as well as the environmental conditions that influence its expansion. This species is known to develop blooms due to its mobility, resistance to sedimentation, and optimized use of resources. Although nontoxic, blooms of the species cause many problems to both the natural ecosystems and water users. Potential distribution was predicted by using a maximum entropy algorithm (MaxEnt). Model was run with 101 occurrences obtained from the scientific literature, and climatic, hydrological and topographic variables. The developed model had a very good performance for the study area. The most susceptible areas identified were mainly concentrated in the basins between southeastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina. Besides already affected regions, new potentially suitable areas were identified in temperate regions of South America. The information generated here will be useful for authorities responsible for water and watershed management to monitor the spread of this species and address problems related to its establishment in new environments.}, }
@article {pmid27034703, year = {2016}, author = {Weldon, CW and Boardman, L and Marlin, D and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Physiological mechanisms of dehydration tolerance contribute to the invasion potential of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) relative to its less widely distributed congeners.}, journal = {Frontiers in zoology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {15}, pmid = {27034703}, issn = {1742-9994}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a highly invasive species now with an almost cosmopolitan distribution. Two other damaging, polyphagous and closely-related species, the marula fruit fly, Ceratitis cosyra (Walker), and the Natal fly, Ceratitis rosa Karsch, are not established outside of sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, adult water balance traits and nutritional body composition were measured in all three species at different temperatures and levels of relative humidity to determine whether tolerance of water stress may partially explain their distribution.<br><br>RESULTS: Adult C. capitata exhibited higher desiccation resistance than C. rosa but not C. cosyra. Desiccation resistance of C. capitata was associated with lower rates of water loss under hot and dry conditions, higher dehydration tolerance, and higher lipid reserves that were catabolised during water stress. In comparison with C. capitata, C. cosyra and C. rosa lost water at significantly higher rates under hot, dry conditions, and did not catabolise lipids or other sources of metabolic water during water stress.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that adult physiological traits permitting higher tolerance of water stress play a role in the success of C. capitata, particularly relative to C. rosa. The distribution of C. cosyra is likely determined by the interaction of temperature with water stress, as well as the availability of suitable hosts for larval development.}, }
@article {pmid27033316, year = {2016}, author = {Moody, ML and Palomino, N and Weyl, PS and Coetzee, JA and Newman, RM and Harms, NE and Liu, X and Thum, RA}, title = {Unraveling the biogeographic origins of the Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) invasion in North America.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {103}, number = {4}, pages = {709-718}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1500476}, pmid = {27033316}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Asia ; DNA, Chloroplast/genetics ; DNA, Intergenic/genetics ; Europe ; Haplotypes/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Introns/genetics ; Magnoliopsida/*genetics ; North America ; Phylogeny ; *Phylogeography ; Specimen Handling ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Using phylogeographic analyses to determine the geographic origins of biological invaders is important for identifying environmental adaptations and genetic composition in their native range as well as biocontrol agents among indigenous herbivores. Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) and its hybrid with northern watermilfoil (M. sibiricum) are found throughout the contiguous United States and southern Canada, forming one of the most economically costly aquatic plant invasions in North America, yet the geographic origin of the invasion remains unknown. The objectives of our study included determining the geographic origin of Eurasian watermilfoil in North America as well as the maternal lineage of the hybrids.<br><br>METHODS: DNA sequence data from a cpDNA intron and the nrDNA ITS region were compiled for accessions from 110 populations of Eurasian watermilfoil and hybrids from North America and the native range (including Europe, Asia, and Africa). Datasets were analyzed using statistical parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetics to assess the geographic origin of the invasion.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: The two Eurasian watermilfoil cpDNA haplotypes in North America are also found from China and Korea, but not elsewhere in the native range. These haplotypes did not overlap and were limited in native geographic range. The ovule parent for hybrids can come from either parental lineage, and multiple haplotypes from both parental species were found.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The geographic origin of this prolific aquatic plant invasion of North America is in Asia. This provides critical information to better understand the invasion pathway and inform management into the future.}, }
@article {pmid27033039, year = {2016}, author = {Tomlinson, S}, title = {Novel approaches to the calculation and comparison of thermoregulatory parameters: Non-linear regression of metabolic rate and evaporative water loss in Australian rodents.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {57}, number = {}, pages = {54-65}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.01.012}, pmid = {27033039}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {*Algorithms ; Animals ; Australia ; *Basal Metabolism ; *Body Temperature Regulation ; *Introduced Species ; Rodentia/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Thermometry/methods ; *Water Loss, Insensible ; }, abstract = {The calculation and comparison of physiological characteristics of thermoregulation has provided insight into patterns of ecology and evolution for over half a century. Thermoregulation has typically been explored using linear techniques; I explore the application of non-linear scaling to more accurately calculate and compare characteristics and thresholds of thermoregulation, including the basal metabolic rate (BMR), peak metabolic rate (PMR) and the lower (Tlc) and upper (Tuc) critical limits to the thermo-neutral zone (TNZ) for Australian rodents. An exponentially-modified logistic function accurately characterised the response of metabolic rate to ambient temperature, while evaporative water loss was accurately characterised by a Michaelis-Menten function. When these functions were used to resolve unique parameters for the nine species studied here, the estimates of BMR and TNZ were consistent with the previously published estimates. The approach resolved differences in rates of metabolism and water loss between subfamilies of Australian rodents that haven't been quantified before. I suggest that non-linear scaling is not only more effective than the established segmented linear techniques, but also is more objective. This approach may allow broader and more flexible comparison of characteristics of thermoregulation, but it needs testing with a broader array of taxa than those used here.}, }
@article {pmid27032681, year = {2016}, author = {Tosuji, H and Furota, T}, title = {Molecular Evidence for the Expansion of the Asian Cryptic Invader Hediste diadroma (Nereididae: Annelida) into the Northeast Pacific Habitats of the Native H. limnicola.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {162-169}, doi = {10.2108/zs150069}, pmid = {27032681}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Annelida/*physiology ; Base Sequence ; California ; Estuaries ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oregon ; Pacific Ocean ; Phylogeny ; Washington ; }, abstract = {We used previously established molecular methods to determine how far the Asian invader nereidid worm Hediste diadroma has spread into northeast Pacific estuaries that are inhabited by the native congener H. limnicola. Further, we analyzed the mitochondrial DNA of 702 Hediste specimens collected from 27 estuaries along 1,350 km of coastline in Washington, Oregon, and California, USA, to distinguish between the morphologically indistinguishable immature stages of these two species. In total, 377 specimens were identified as the invader H. diadroma and 325 were identified as the native H. limnicola. The invader H. diadroma was dominant at many sites in Puget Sound, Washington, and in the Columbia River estuary, Washington, and Oregon, suggesting that this species initially invaded estuaries in Washington or northern Oregon. In contrast, the native H. limnicola was dominant at intertidal sites in California and at subtidal sites in the Columbia River estuary. We also analyzed a partial nucleotide sequence from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene of H. diadroma in specimens collected from seven sites in the US and 11 sites in Japan, which showed no marked geographic differentiation between 18 US and 31 Japanese haplotypes. This finding suggests that H. diadroma have been introduced repeatedly into US estuaries from many regions in Japan.}, }
@article {pmid27032679, year = {2016}, author = {Sugita, N and Kawakami, K and Nishiumi, I}, title = {Origin of Japanese White-Eyes and Brown-Eared Bulbuls on the Volcano Islands.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {146-153}, doi = {10.2108/zs150146}, pmid = {27032679}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics/metabolism ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Islands ; Japan ; Passeriformes/*genetics/physiology ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The Ogasawara Archipelago comprises two groups of oceanic islands: the Bonin Islands, formed in the Paleogene, and the Volcano Islands, formed in the Quaternary. These groups are located within a moderate distance (ca. 160-270 km) of one another; thus, most land bird species are not distinguished as different subspecies. Two land birds, however, show unusual distribution. The Japanese white-eyes Zosterops japonicus originally inhabited only the Volcano Islands, but has been introduced to the Bonin Islands. The brown-eared bulbuls Hypsipetes amaurotis are distributed as a different subspecies. We investigated their genetic differences and divergences in the Ogasawara Archipelago using mitochondria DNA. The Volcano population of white-eyes had four endemic haplotypes that were divergent from one another, except for the Bonin population, which shared three haplotypes with the Volcano, Izu, and Ryukyu Islands and did not have any endemic haplotype. This is the first genetic suggestion that the Bonin population is a hybrid of introduced populations. With respect to bulbuls, the Volcano and Bonin Islands each had a single endemic haplotype. The Volcano haplotype is closest to a haplotype shared with Izu, the Japanese mainland, Daito and Ryukyu, whereas the Bonin haplotype is closest to one endemic to the south Ryukyu Islands. This indicates that the sources of the two bulbul populations can be geologically and temporally distinguished. The populations of the two species in the Ogasawara Archipelago are irreplaceable, owing to their genetic differences and should be regarded as evolutionarily significant units. In order to prevent introgression between the two populations, we must restrict interisland transfers.}, }
@article {pmid27032100, year = {2016}, author = {Faulks, L and Östman, &#xd6;}, title = {Genetic Diversity and Hybridisation between Native and Introduced Salmonidae Fishes in a Swedish Alpine Lake.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {e0152732}, pmid = {27032100}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Salmonidae/*genetics ; Sweden ; }, abstract = {Understanding the processes underlying diversification can aid in formulating appropriate conservation management plans that help maintain the evolutionary potential of taxa, particularly under human-induced activities and climate change. Here we assessed the microsatellite genetic diversity and structure of three salmonid species, two native (Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus and brown trout, Salmo trutta) and one introduced (brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis), from an alpine lake in sub-arctic Sweden, Lake Ånn. The genetic diversity of the three species was similar and sufficiently high from a conservation genetics perspective: corrected total heterozygosity, H'T = 0.54, 0.66, 0.60 and allelic richness, AR = 4.93, 5.53 and 5.26 for Arctic charr, brown trout and brook charr, respectively. There were indications of elevated inbreeding coefficients in brown trout (GIS = 0.144) and brook charr (GIS = 0.129) although sibling relationships were likely a confounding factor, as a high proportion of siblings were observed in all species within and among sampling locations. Overall genetic structure differed between species, Fst = 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 in Arctic charr, brown trout and brook charr respectively, and there was differentiation at only a few specific locations. There was clear evidence of hybridisation between the native Arctic charr and the introduced brook charr, with 6% of individuals being hybrids, all of which were sampled in tributary streams. The ecological and evolutionary consequences of the observed hybridisation are priorities for further research and the conservation of the evolutionary potential of native salmonid species.}, }
@article {pmid27031827, year = {2016}, author = {Simons, RD and Page, HM and Zaleski, S and Miller, R and Dugan, JE and Schroeder, DM and Doheny, B}, title = {The Effects of Anthropogenic Structures on Habitat Connectivity and the Potential Spread of Non-Native Invertebrate Species in the Offshore Environment.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {e0152261}, pmid = {27031827}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bryozoa/*physiology ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Plankton/physiology ; }, abstract = {Offshore structures provide habitat that could facilitate species range expansions and the introduction of non-native species into new geographic areas. Surveys of assemblages of seven offshore oil and gas platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel revealed a change in distribution of the non-native sessile invertebrate Watersipora subtorquata, a bryozoan with a planktonic larval duration (PLD) of 24 hours or less, from one platform in 2001 to four platforms in 2013. We use a three-dimensional biophysical model to assess whether larval dispersal via currents from harbors to platforms and among platforms is a plausible mechanism to explain the change in distribution of Watersipora and to predict potential spread to other platforms in the future. Hull fouling is another possible mechanism to explain the change in distribution of Watersipora. We find that larval dispersal via currents could account for the increase in distribution of Watersipora from one to four platforms and that Watersipora is unlikely to spread from these four platforms to additional platforms through larval dispersal. Our results also suggest that larvae with PLDs of 24 hours or less released from offshore platforms can attain much greater dispersal distances than larvae with PLDs of 24 hours or less released from nearshore habitat. We hypothesize that the enhanced dispersal distance of larvae released from offshore platforms is driven by a combination of the offshore hydrodynamic environment, larval behavior, and larval release above the seafloor.}, }
@article {pmid27031302, year = {2016}, author = {Števove, B and Kováč, V}, title = {Ontogenetic variations in the diet of two invasive gobies, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814) and Ponticola kessleri (Günther, 1861), from the middle Danube (Slovakia) with notice on their potential impact on benthic invertebrate communities.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {557-558}, number = {}, pages = {510-519}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.048}, pmid = {27031302}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Diet/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Feeding Behavior ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Slovakia ; }, abstract = {In this study, ontogenetic variations in diet of invasive bighead goby Ponticola kessleri and round goby Neogobius melanostomus from the middle Danube were analysed. Index of stomach fullness, Fulton's condition factor, index of food importance, frequency of occurrence, biomass, electivity, and proportions of invasive organisms in their diet were examined. Changes in the diet during ontogeny of both species emphasise the differences in their trophic niches. Our results combined with literary data suggest that bighead goby may threaten small native benthic fish species as a predator (especially in the invasion front), whereas round goby can potentially impact native fish species of all ontogenetic phases by competing for food. Round goby appear to have strong impact on bivalves, especially in the invasion front. High consumption of invasive organisms by bighead goby may help the native macroinvertebrate community. Thus, in contrast to round goby, bighead goby does not seem to be a hot candidate for being a nuisance invader.}, }
@article {pmid27030975, year = {2016}, author = {Lathlean, JA and Seuront, L and McQuaid, CD and Ng, TP and Zardi, GI and Nicastro, KR}, title = {Cheating the Locals: Invasive Mussels Steal and Benefit from the Cooling Effect of Indigenous Mussels.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {e0152556}, pmid = {27030975}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Cold Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Mytilus/*physiology ; Perna/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The indigenous South African mussel Perna perna gapes during periods of aerial exposure to maintain aerobic respiration. This behaviour has no effect on the body temperatures of isolated individuals, but when surrounded by conspecifics, beneficial cooling effects of gaping emerge. It is uncertain, however, whether the presence of the invasive mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis limits the ability of P. perna for collective thermoregulation. We investigated whether varying densities of P. perna and M. galloprovincialis influences the thermal properties of both natural and artificial mussel beds during periods of emersion. Using infrared thermography, body temperatures of P. perna within mixed artificial beds were shown to increase faster and reach higher temperatures than individuals in conspecific beds, indicating that the presence of M. galloprovincialis limits the group cooling effects of gaping. In contrast, body temperatures of M. galloprovincialis within mixed artificial mussel beds increased slower and exhibited lower temperatures than for individuals in beds comprised entirely of M. galloprovincialis. Interestingly, differences in bed temperatures and heating rates were largely dependent on the size of mussels, with beds comprised of larger individuals experiencing less thermal stress irrespective of species composition. The small-scale patterns of thermal stress detected within manipulated beds were not observed within naturally occurring mixed mussel beds. We propose that small-scale differences in topography, size-structure, mussel bed size and the presence of organisms encrusting the mussel shells mask the effects of gaping behaviour within natural mussel beds. Nevertheless, the results from our manipulative experiment indicate that the invasive species M. galloprovincialis steals thermal properties as well as resources from the indigenous mussel P. perna. This may have significant implications for predicting how the co-existence of these two species may change as global temperatures continue to rise.}, }
@article {pmid27030748, year = {2016}, author = {Seiter, NJ and Del Pozo-Valdivia, AI and Greene, JK and Reay-Jones, FPF and Roberts, PM and Reisig, DD}, title = {Management of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) at Different Stages of Soybean (Fabales: Fabaceae) Development.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {109}, number = {3}, pages = {1167-1176}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow053}, pmid = {27030748}, issn = {1938-291X}, abstract = {The invasive plataspid Megacopta cribraria (F.) is now distributed throughout much of the southeastern United States. While it readily feeds and develops on the invasive weed kudzu, Puereria montana (Loureiro) Merrill var. lobata (Willdenow), M. cribraria is an economic pest of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill. Differences in the susceptibility of soybean to M. cribraria -induced yield reductions based on plant phenology were assessed using two experimental protocols in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina from 2011 to 2013 in which soybeans were protected from M. cribraria using insecticides during different stages of plant phenology. In the first protocol, where insecticide applications were initiated at progressively later stages in soybean development depending on treatment, yields in the untreated plots were reduced by an average of 13% compared with plots that were protected beginning at full flowering (R2). Soybean plots that were protected beginning at 4 wk after full flowering or earlier did not suffer yield reductions from M. cribraria . In the second protocol, where insecticide applications began at R2 and were discontinued at progressively later stages in soybean development depending on treatment, yields in the untreated plots were reduced by an average of 12% compared with plots that were protected until 8 wk after R2. Plots in which protection was discontinued beginning at 4 wk after full flowering or later did not suffer yield reductions. The period from two to 6 wk after R2 (generally coinciding with pod and seed development - stages R3-R5) was identified as critical for management of M. cribraria .}, }
@article {pmid27030416, year = {2016}, author = {Bourguignon, T and Lo, N and Šobotník, J and Sillam-Dussès, D and Roisin, Y and Evans, TA}, title = {Oceanic dispersal, vicariance and human introduction shaped the modern distribution of the termites Reticulitermes, Heterotermes and Coptotermes.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {283}, number = {1827}, pages = {20160179}, pmid = {27030416}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Genome, Insect ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Introduced Species ; Isoptera/genetics/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Reticulitermes, Heterotermes and Coptotermes form a small termite clade with partly overlapping distributions. Although native species occur across all continents, the factors influencing their distribution are poorly known. Here, we reconstructed the historical biogeography of these termites using mitochondrial genomes of species collected on six continents. Our analyses showed that Reticulitermes split from Heterotermes + Coptotermesat 59.5 Ma (49.9-69.5 Ma 95% CI), yet the oldest split within Reticulitermes(Eurasia and North America) is 16.1 Ma (13.4-19.5 Ma) and the oldest split within Heterotermes + Coptotermesis 36.0 Ma (33.9-40.5 Ma). We detected 14 disjunctions between biogeographical realms, all of which occurred within the last 34 Ma, not only after the break-up of Pangaea, but also with the continents in similar to current positions. Land dispersal over land bridges explained four disjunctions, oceanic dispersal by wood rafting explained eight disjunctions, and human introduction was the source of two recent disjunctions. These wood-eating termites, therefore, appear to have acquired their modern worldwide distribution through multiple dispersal processes, with oceanic dispersal and human introduction favoured by the ecological traits of nesting in wood and producing replacement reproductives.}, }
@article {pmid27029504, year = {2016}, author = {Byrne, M and Gall, M and Wolfe, K and Agüera, A}, title = {From pole to pole: the potential for the Arctic seastar Asterias amurensis to invade a warming Southern Ocean.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {22}, number = {12}, pages = {3874-3887}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13304}, pmid = {27029504}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Arctic Regions ; *Asterias ; Australia ; *Climate Change ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Oceans and Seas ; }, abstract = {Due to climatic warming, Asterias amurensis, a keystone boreal predatory seastar that has established extensive invasive populations in southern Australia, is a potential high-risk invader of the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic. To assess the potential range expansion of A. amurensis to the Southern Ocean as it warms, we investigated the bioclimatic envelope of the adult and larval life stages. We analysed the distribution of adult A. amurensis with respect to present-day and future climate scenarios using habitat temperature data to construct species distribution models (SDMs). To integrate the physiological response of the dispersive phase, we determined the thermal envelope of larval development to assess their performance in present-day and future thermal regimes and the potential for success of A. amurensis in poleward latitudes. The SDM indicated that the thermal 'niche' of the adult stage correlates with a 0-17 °C and 1-22.5 °C range, in winter and summer, respectively. As the ocean warms, the range of A. amurensis in Australia will contract, while more southern latitudes will have conditions favourable for range expansion. Successful fertilization occurred from 3 to 23.8 °C. By day 12, development to the early larval stage was successful from 5.5 to 18 °C. Although embryos were able to reach the blastula stage at 2 °C, they had arrested development and high mortality. The optimal thermal range for survival of pelagic stages was 3.5-19.2 °C with a lower and upper critical limit of 2.6 and 20.3 °C, respectively. Our data predict that A. amurensis faces demise in its current invasive range while more favourable conditions at higher latitudes would facilitate invasion of both larval and adult stages to the Southern Ocean. Our results show that vigilance is needed to reduce the risk that this ecologically important Arctic carnivore may invade the Southern Ocean and Antarctica.}, }
@article {pmid27028444, year = {2016}, author = {Wells, K and O'Hara, RB and Cooke, BD and Mutze, GJ and Prowse, TA and Fordham, DA}, title = {Environmental effects and individual body condition drive seasonal fecundity of rabbits: identifying acute and lagged processes.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {181}, number = {3}, pages = {853-864}, pmid = {27028444}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bayes Theorem ; Climate ; Fertility ; Rabbits ; Reproduction ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {The reproduction of many species is determined by seasonally-driven resource supply. But it is difficult to quantify whether the fecundity is sensitive to short- or long-term exposure to environmental conditions such as rainfall that drive resource supply. Using 25 years of data on individual fecundity of European female rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, from semiarid Australia, we investigate the role of individual body condition, rainfall and temperature as drivers of seasonal and long-term and population-level changes in fecundity (breeding probability, ovulation rate, embryo survival). We built distributed lag models in a hierarchical Bayesian framework to account for both immediate and time-lagged effects of climate and other environmental drivers, and possible shifts in reproduction over consecutive seasons. We show that rainfall during summer, when rabbits typically breed only rarely, increased breeding probability immediately and with time lags of up to 10 weeks. However, an earlier onset of the yearly breeding period did not result in more overall reproductive output. Better body condition was associated with an earlier onset of breeding and higher embryo survival. Breeding probability in the main breeding season declined with increased breeding activity in the preceding season and only individuals in good body condition were able to breed late in the season. Higher temperatures reduce breeding success across seasons. We conclude that a better understanding of seasonal dynamics and plasticity (and their interplay) in reproduction will provide crucial insights into how lagomorphs are likely to respond and potentially adapt to the influence of future climate and other environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid27028399, year = {2016}, author = {Nghiem, le TP and Papworth, SK and Lim, FK and Carrasco, LR}, title = {Analysis of the Capacity of Google Trends to Measure Interest in Conservation Topics and the Role of Online News.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {e0152802}, pmid = {27028399}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Information Dissemination ; *Social Media ; *Web Browser ; }, abstract = {With the continuous growth of internet usage, Google Trends has emerged as a source of information to investigate how social trends evolve over time. Knowing how the level of interest in conservation topics--approximated using Google search volume--varies over time can help support targeted conservation science communication. However, the evolution of search volume over time and the mechanisms that drive peaks in searches are poorly understood. We conducted time series analyses on Google search data from 2004 to 2013 to investigate: (i) whether interests in selected conservation topics have declined and (ii) the effect of news reporting and academic publishing on search volume. Although trends were sensitive to the term used as benchmark, we did not find that public interest towards conservation topics such as climate change, ecosystem services, deforestation, orangutan, invasive species and habitat loss was declining. We found, however, a robust downward trend for endangered species and an upward trend for ecosystem services. The quantity of news articles was related to patterns in Google search volume, whereas the number of research articles was not a good predictor but lagged behind Google search volume, indicating the role of news in the transfer of conservation science to the public.}, }
@article {pmid27028074, year = {2016}, author = {Roth, T and Bühler, C and Amrhein, V}, title = {Estimating Effects of Species Interactions on Populations of Endangered Species.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {187}, number = {4}, pages = {457-467}, doi = {10.1086/685095}, pmid = {27028074}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/*physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; Environmental Monitoring ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {Global change causes community composition to change considerably through time, with ever-new combinations of interacting species. To study the consequences of newly established species interactions, one available source of data could be observational surveys from biodiversity monitoring. However, approaches using observational data would need to account for niche differences between species and for imperfect detection of individuals. To estimate population sizes of interacting species, we extended N-mixture models that were developed to estimate true population sizes in single species. Simulations revealed that our model is able to disentangle direct effects of dominant on subordinate species from indirect effects of dominant species on detection probability of subordinate species. For illustration, we applied our model to data from a Swiss amphibian monitoring program and showed that sizes of expanding water frog populations were negatively related to population sizes of endangered yellow-bellied toads and common midwife toads and partly of natterjack toads. Unlike other studies that analyzed presence and absence of species, our model suggests that the spread of water frogs in Central Europe is one of the reasons for the decline of endangered toad species. Thus, studying population impacts of dominant species on population sizes of endangered species using data from biodiversity monitoring programs should help to inform conservation policy and to decide whether competing species should be subject to population management.}, }
@article {pmid27027738, year = {2016}, author = {Ward-Fear, G and Greenlees, MJ and Shine, R}, title = {Toads on Lava: Spatial Ecology and Habitat Use of Invasive Cane Toads (Rhinella marina) in Hawai'i.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {e0151700}, pmid = {27027738}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Migration/*physiology ; Animals ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Female ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; }, abstract = {Most ecological research on cane toads (Rhinella marina) has focused on invasive populations in Australia, ignoring other areas where toads have been introduced. We radio-tracked and spool-tracked 40 toads, from four populations on the island of Hawai'i. Toads moved extensively at night (mean 116 m, from spool-tracking) but returned to the same or a nearby retreat-site each day (from radio-tracking, mean distance between successive retreat sites 11 m; 0 m for 70% of records). Males followed straighter paths during nocturnal movements than did females. Because moist sites are scarce on the highly porous lava substrate, Hawai'ian toads depend on anthropogenic disturbance for shelter (e.g. beneath buildings), foraging (e.g. suburban lawns, golf courses) and breeding (artificial ponds). Foraging sites are further concentrated by a scarcity of flying insects (negating artificial lights as prey-attractors). Habitat use of toads shifted with time (at night, toads selected areas with less bare ground, canopy, understory and leaf-litter), and differed between sexes (females foraged in areas of bare ground with dense understory vegetation). Cane toads in Hawai'i thrive in scattered moist patches within a severely arid matrix, despite a scarcity of flying insects, testifying to the species' ability to exploit anthropogenic disturbance.}, }
@article {pmid27027266, year = {2017}, author = {Lewis, RJ and de Bello, F and Bennett, JA and Fibich, P and Finerty, GE and Götzenberger, L and Hiiesalu, I and Kasari, L and Lepš, J and Májeková, M and Mudrák, O and Riibak, K and Ronk, A and Rychtecká, T and Vitová, A and Pärtel, M}, title = {Applying the dark diversity concept to nature conservation.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {40-47}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12723}, pmid = {27027266}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Linking diversity to biological processes is central for developing informed and effective conservation decisions. Unfortunately, observable patterns provide only a proportion of the information necessary for fully understanding the mechanisms and processes acting on a particular population or community. We suggest conservation managers use the often overlooked information relative to species absences and pay particular attention to dark diversity (i.e., a set of species that are absent from a site but that could disperse to and establish there, in other words, the absent portion of a habitat-specific species pool). Together with existing ecological metrics, concepts, and conservation tools, dark diversity can be used to complement and further develop conservation prioritization and management decisions through an understanding of biodiversity relativized by its potential (i.e., its species pool). Furthermore, through a detailed understanding of the population, community, and functional dark diversity, the restoration potential of degraded habitats can be more rigorously assessed and so to the likelihood of successful species invasions. We suggest the application of the dark diversity concept is currently an underappreciated source of information that is valuable for conservation applications ranging from macroscale conservation prioritization to more locally scaled restoration ecology and the management of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid27026214, year = {2016}, author = {Welles, SR and Ellstrand, NC}, title = {Rapid range expansion of a newly formed allopolyploid weed in the genus Salsola.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {103}, number = {4}, pages = {663-667}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1500430}, pmid = {27026214}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {California ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Plant Weeds/*physiology ; *Polyploidy ; Salsola/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Newly formed species (neospecies) can experience a variety of demographic fates, ranging from rapid invasive expansion to rapid extinction. Here we investigate the fate of the neospecies Salsola ryanii 10 years after its initial discovery in the Central Valley of California, USA. This species is an allopolyploid derived via hybridization between the invasive species, S. australis and S. tragus.<br><br>METHODS: We conducted a systematic collection of Salsola species from 53 sites in California. Species-specific intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to determine the species of each individual collected. The range of S. ryanii identified in this study was compared to the range in 2002 to determine how the range has shifted in the decade between surveys.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: In this survey, we identified 15 sites where S. ryanii was present (28% of sites), a significant population number increase since 2002.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Salsola ryanii has undergone a dramatic population number expansion in the decade since it was originally documented. We are not aware of any plant neospecies whose range spontaneously experienced such a dramatic expansion. Salsola ryanii has every indication of being just as invasive as its highly invasive parents.}, }
@article {pmid27026213, year = {2016}, author = {Erskine-Ogden, J and Grotkopp, E and Rejmánek, M}, title = {Mediterranean, invasive, woody species grow larger than their less-invasive counterparts under potential global environmental change.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {103}, number = {4}, pages = {613-624}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1500494}, pmid = {27026213}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Climate Change ; *Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Pigments, Biological/analysis ; Plant Leaves/anatomy &amp; histology ; Plant Roots/anatomy &amp; histology ; Species Specificity ; Water/chemistry ; Wood/anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Revealing biological differences between invasive and noninvasive species is essential for predicting species' distribution changes with global environmental change. While most research has focused on differences between invasive and noninvasive species under favorable conditions using herbaceous species, invasive woody angiosperms are also of great ecological concern. Our study focused on how growth and allocation may change for invasive and noninvasive, mediterranean, woody angiosperms under future conditions caused by global change, specifically increased nitrogen deposition and drought.<br><br>METHODS: We tested how seedling functional traits differed between invasive and noninvasive woody angiosperms under different experimental conditions in a greenhouse setting. We compared growth rates and allocation patterns using two levels of soil nitrogen and three levels of watering. We also examined trait log response ratios to increases in nitrogen and increases in water. Our study sampled angiosperm trees and shrubs, incorporating congeneric/confamilial relationships through 13 phylogenetically controlled contrasts.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Three functional traits were highly and positively associated with plant invasiveness for most conditions studied: seedling plant mass, leaf area, and height. Invasive species also had significantly higher root mass ratios at low water regardless of nitrogen input. Invasive and noninvasive species had similar log response ratios to increases in nitrogen and watering for studied traits.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Mediterranean, woody, invasive species' larger mass, leaf area, and early height advantage under elevated nitrogen input and increased root production in drought conditions may lead to increased invasion of these species with expected global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid27021228, year = {2016}, author = {Yang, W and Wang, C and Chen, C and Wang, Y and Zhang, H and Liu, X and Ji, W}, title = {Molecular cytogenetic identification of a wheat-rye 1R addition line with multiple spikelets and resistance to powdery mildew.}, journal = {Genome}, volume = {59}, number = {4}, pages = {277-288}, doi = {10.1139/gen-2015-0129}, pmid = {27021228}, issn = {1480-3321}, mesh = {Ascomycota ; Chromosomes, Plant/genetics ; Cytogenetic Analysis ; Disease Resistance/*genetics ; Genetic Markers ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Karyotype ; Plant Breeding ; Plant Diseases/*genetics/microbiology ; Secale/*genetics/microbiology ; Triticum/*genetics/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Alien addition lines are important for transferring useful genes from alien species into common wheat. Rye is an important and valuable gene resource for improving wheat disease resistance, yield, and environment adaptation. A new wheat-rye addition line, N9436B, was developed from the progeny of the cross of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L., 2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) cultivar Shaanmai 611 and rye (Secale cereal L., 2n = 2x = 14, RR) accession Austrian rye. We characterized this new line by cytology, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), molecular markers, and disease resistance screening. N9436B was stable in morphology and cytology, with a chromosome composition of 2n = 42 + 2t = 22II. GISH investigations showed that this line contained two rye chromosomes. GISH, FISH, and molecular maker identification suggested that the introduced R chromosome and the missing wheat chromosome arms were 1R chromosome and 2DL chromosome arm, respectively. N9436B exhibited 30-37 spikelets per spike and a high level of resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, Bgt) isolate E09 at the seedling stage. N9436B was cytologically stable, had the trait of multiple spikelets, and was resistant to powdery mildew; this line should thus be useful in wheat improvement.}, }
@article {pmid27019356, year = {2016}, author = {Shen, X and Bourg, NA and McShea, WJ and Turner, BL}, title = {Long-Term Effects of White-Tailed Deer Exclusion on the Invasion of Exotic Plants: A Case Study in a Mid-Atlantic Temperate Forest.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {e0151825}, pmid = {27019356}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Berberis/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Boraginaceae/physiology ; Deer/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; *Forests ; Geography ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Poaceae/physiology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Rosa/physiology ; Rubus/physiology ; Soil/chemistry ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {Exotic plant invasions and chronic high levels of herbivory are two of the major biotic stressors impacting temperate forest ecosystems in eastern North America, and the two problems are often linked. We used a 4-ha deer exclosure maintained since 1991 to examine the influence of a generalist herbivore, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), on the abundance of four exotic invasive (Rosa multiflora, Berberis thunbergii, Rubus phoenicolasius and Microstegium vimineum) and one native (Cynoglossum virginianum) plant species, within a 25.6-ha mature temperate forest dynamics plot in Virginia, USA. We identified significant predictors of the abundance of each focal species using generalized linear models incorporating 10 environmental and landscape variables. After controlling for those predictors, we applied our models to a 4-ha deer exclusion site and a 4-ha reference site, both embedded within the larger plot, to test the role of deer on the abundance of the focal species. Slope, edge effects and soil pH were the most frequent predictors of the abundance of the focal species on the larger plot. The abundance of C. virginianum, known to be deer-dispersed, was significantly lower in the exclosure. Similar patterns were detected for B. thunbergii, R. phoenicolasius and M. vimineum, whereas R. multiflora was more abundant within the exclosure. Our results indicate that chronic high deer density facilitates increased abundances of several exotic invasive plant species, with the notable exception of R. multiflora. We infer that the invasion of many exotic plant species that are browse-tolerant to white-tailed deer could be limited by reducing deer populations.}, }
@article {pmid27018438, year = {2016}, author = {Fritz, BJ and Reisig, DD and Sorenson, CE and Del Pozo-Valdivia, AI and Carter, TE}, title = {Host Plant Resistance to Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in Diverse Soybean Germplasm Maturity Groups V Through VIII.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {109}, number = {3}, pages = {1438-1449}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow036}, pmid = {27018438}, issn = {1938-291X}, abstract = {Initially discovered in Georgia in 2009, the exotic invasive plataspid, Megacopta cribraria (F.), has become a serious pest of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Managing M. cribraria in soybean typically involves the application of broad-spectrum insecticides. Soybean host plant resistance is an attractive alternative approach; however, no commercial soybean cultivars have been identified as resistant. During 2013 and 2014, we compared 40 and 44 soybean genotypes, respectively, for resistance to M. cribraria in a split-plot design under natural insect infestation in small-plot experiments. Soybean genotypes were selected to maximize diversity with respect to maturity group, pubescence type, leaf shape, seed size, nitrogen fixation, drought tolerance, seed protein content, and pest resistance. Megacopta cribraria egg masses, nymphs, and adults were counted during the growing season to identify potentially resistant soybean genotypes. Soybean seed yield was measured in insecticide-protected and unprotected conditions to determine tolerance to M. cribraria feeding. In both years, a range of host plant resistance was observed. The fewest M. cribraria adults and nymphs were found on narrow-leaf, small-seeded cultivars 'N7103' and 'Vance,' as well as the nonnodulating cultivar 'Nitrasoy.' Additionally, N7103 and Vance were among the least susceptible genotypes to M. cribraria oviposition in the field. Most 'Benning' cultivar insect-resistant near-isogenic breeding lines also displayed moderate levels of resistance to M. cribraria . Seed yields of Vance and N7103 were less affected by M. cribraria in 2013 than most other soybean genotypes. These results may be useful to soybean breeders to develop cultivars with resistance to M. cribraria.}, }
@article {pmid27016599, year = {2016}, author = {Maisonhaute, J&#xc9; and Labrie, G and Lucas, E}, title = {Population Dynamics of the Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Quebec (Canada).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {109}, number = {3}, pages = {1465-1468}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow048}, pmid = {27016599}, issn = {1938-291X}, abstract = {The population dynamics of the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) was studied over a 12-yr period (2004-2015) from archive and field data collected in the Montérégie area of Quebec (Canada). As observed in the United States, a 2-yr oscillation cycle was observed from 2005 to 2011 in Quebec, with high infestations during odd years, while the opposite was found in 2014 and 2015. A broader pattern could also be observed, with high infestation in two consecutive years every 10 yr. In addition, the infestation intensity observed in high infestation years decreases throughout the years, which questions the evolution of the oscillation cycle in the future.}, }
@article {pmid27016598, year = {2016}, author = {Chiu, CI and Yeh, HT and Tsai, MJ and Li, HF}, title = {Naturalization and Control of Coptotermes gestroi (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in a Taiwanese Forest.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {109}, number = {3}, pages = {1317-1325}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow050}, pmid = {27016598}, issn = {1938-291X}, abstract = {Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann), an invasive termite species in Taiwan, has been a major structural pest in southwestern Taiwan. C. gestroi was recently reported to have infested living trees in a Taiwanese forest, showing its potential of becoming an invasive forest pest in Taiwan. To determine whether C. gestroi have naturalized in the forests, we monitored their dispersal flights and estimated their colony development status on the basis of their worker and soldier morphology. The results showed that mature C. gestroi colonies occurred in forest, indicating that C. gestroi has naturalized. The colony sizes of C. gestroi were estimated using a triple mark-release-recapture method. The three studied colonies contained 0.12-0.20 million individuals, which was smaller than that reported in previous studies conducted in urban environments. We speculate that C. gestroi population is suppressed by ants and another dominant termite species, Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki). Colony elimination was achieved four months after employing termite baits for controlling the three colonies of C. gestroi in forest. In summary, although C. gestroi have naturalized in Taiwan, their further expansion in the forest has likely been restricted by ants and other termite species. Termite baits can be a practical option for controlling C. gestroi in the forests.}, }
@article {pmid27013096, year = {2016}, author = {Hitziger, M and Heinrich, M and Edwards, P and Pöll, E and Lopez, M and Krütli, P}, title = {Maya phytomedicine in Guatemala - Can cooperative research change ethnopharmacological paradigms?.}, journal = {Journal of ethnopharmacology}, volume = {186}, number = {}, pages = {61-72}, doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.040}, pmid = {27013096}, issn = {1872-7573}, mesh = {Anthropology, Cultural ; Biomedical Research/methods ; *Community Participation ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Ethnopharmacology/*methods ; Guatemala ; Humans ; *Medicine, Traditional ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts ; *Plants, Medicinal ; }, abstract = {This paper presents one of the first large-scale collaborative research projects in ethnopharmacology, to bring together indigenous stakeholders and scientists both in project design and execution. This approach has often been recommended but rarely put into practice. The study was carried out in two key indigenous areas of Guatemala, for which very little ethnopharmacological fieldwork has been published.<br><br>AIM OF THE STUDY: To document and characterize the ethno-pharmacopoeias of the Kaqchikel (highlands) and Q'eqchi' (lowlands) Maya in a transdisciplinary collaboration with the two groups Councils of Elders.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: The project is embedded in a larger collaboration with five Councils of Elders representing important indigenous groups in Guatemala, two of which participated in this study. These suggested healing experts reputed for their phytotherapeutic knowledge and skills. Ethnobotanical fieldwork was carried out over 20 months, accompanied by a joint steering process and validation workshops. The field data were complemented by literature research and were aggregated using a modified version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and Trotter &amp; Logan's consensus index.<br><br>RESULTS: Similar numbers of species were collected in the two areas, with a combined total of 530 species. This total does not represent all of the species used for medicinal purposes. Remedies for the digestive system, the central nervous system &amp; behavioral syndromes, and general tissue problems &amp; infections were most frequent in both areas. Furthermore, remedies for the blood, immune &amp; endocrine system are frequent in the Kaqchikel area, and remedies for the reproductive system are frequent in the Q'eqchi' area. Consensus factors are however low. The Kaqchikel, in contrast to the Q'eqchi', report more remedies for non-communicable illnesses. They also rely heavily on introduced species.<br><br>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The transdisciplinary research design facilitated scientifically rigorous and societally relevant large-scale fieldwork, which is clearly beneficial to indigenous collaborators. It provided access and built trust as prerequisites for assembling the largest comparative ethnopharmacological collection, vastly extending knowledge on Maya phytotherapy. The collection represents knowledge of the two groups' most reputed herbalists and is a representative selection of the Guatemalan medicinal flora. ICD-10 proved useful for making broad comparisons between the groups, but more refined approaches would be necessary for other research objectives. Knowledge in the two areas is highly diverse and seems fragmented. New approaches are required to assess how coherent Maya phytotherapy is. The documented 'traditional' ethno-pharmacopoeias demonstrate dynamic change and acculturation, reflecting the two linguistic groups' sociocultural history and context. This highlights the adaptive potential of phyto-therapeutic knowledge and calls the equation of local indigenous pharmacopoeias with 'traditional' medicine into question. We suggest using the term 'local' pharmacopoeias, and reserving the term 'traditional' for the study of indigenous pharmacopoeias with a clear delineation of ancient knowledge.}, }
@article {pmid27012749, year = {2016}, author = {Acebes-Doria, AL and Leskey, TC and Bergh, JC}, title = {Host Plant Effects on Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Nymphal Development and Survivorship.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {663-670}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvw018}, pmid = {27012749}, issn = {1938-2936}, abstract = {Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a highly polyphagous invasive species and an important pest of orchard crops in the United States. In the Mid-Atlantic region, wild hosts of H. halys are common in woodlands that often border orchards, and H. halys movement from them into orchards poses ongoing management issues. To improve our understanding of host plant effects on H. halys populations at the orchard-woodland interface, nymphal survivorship, developmental duration, and adult fitness (size and fresh weight) on apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch), Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle), and northern catalpa (Catalpa speciosa (Warder)) were examined in laboratory studies. Specifically, we investigated nymphal performance on the foliage and fruiting structures of those hosts and on single- versus mixed-host diets, as well as the effects of host phenology on their suitability. Nymphal performance was poor on a diet of foliage alone, regardless of host. When fruiting structures were combined with foliage, peach was highly suitable for nymphal development and survivorship, whereas apple, Tree of Heaven, and catalpa were less so, although nymphal survival on Tree of Heaven was much greater later in the season than earlier. Mixed-host diets yielded increased nymphal survivorship and decreased developmental duration compared with diets of suboptimal single hosts. Adult size and weight were generally greater when they developed from nymphs reared on mixed diets. The implications of our results to the dispersal behavior, establishment, and management of H. halys are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid27010846, year = {2016}, author = {Mello, TJ and Oliveira, AA}, title = {Making a Bad Situation Worse: An Invasive Species Altering the Balance of Interactions between Local Species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {e0152070}, pmid = {27010846}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Capparis/*growth &amp; development ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Erythrina/*growth &amp; development ; Fabaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Germination ; *Introduced Species ; *Islands ; Models, Statistical ; Odds Ratio ; Seeds ; Species Specificity ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions pose a significant threat to biodiversity, especially on oceanic islands. One of the primary explanations for the success of plant invaders is direct suppression of competitors. However, indirect interactions can also be important, although they are often overlooked in studies on biological invasion. The shrub Leucaena leucocephala is a widespread island invader with putative allelopathic effects on the germination and growth of other species. We quantified the impact of Leucaena on plant communities richness on an oceanic Brazilian island and, through nursery experiments, investigated the potential for allelopathic effects on the germination of Erythrina velutina, a native species that is often absent from stands of Leucaena. Additionally, in a manipulative field experiment, we examined the direct and indirect effects (mediated by the native species Capparis flexuosa) of the invader on the development of Erythrina. The species richness in invaded sites was lower than in uninvaded sites, and Capparis was the only native species that was frequently present in invaded sites. In the nursery experiments, we found no evidence that Leucaena affects the germination of Erythrina. In the field experiments, the odds of Erythrina germination were lower in the presence of Leucaena litter, but higher in the presence of Leucaena trees. However, the survival and growth of Erythrina were considerably inhibited by the presence of Leucaena trees. The isolated effect of native Capparis on the germination and growth of Erythrina varied from positive to neutral. However, when Capparis and Leucaena were both present, their combined negative effects on Erythrina were worse than the effect of Leucaena alone, which may be attributed to indirect effects. This study provides the first empirical evidence that the balance of the interactions between native species can shift from neutral/positive to negative in the presence of an exotic species.}, }
@article {pmid27009691, year = {2017}, author = {Schrieber, K and Lachmuth, S}, title = {The Genetic Paradox of Invasions revisited: the potential role of inbreeding × environment interactions in invasion success.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {92}, number = {2}, pages = {939-952}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12263}, pmid = {27009691}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Biological Evolution ; Consanguinity ; *Gene-Environment Interaction ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive species that successfully establish, persist, and expand within an area of introduction, in spite of demographic bottlenecks that reduce their genetic diversity, represent a paradox. Bottlenecks should inhibit population growth and invasive expansion, as a decrease in genetic diversity should result in inbreeding depression, increased fixation of deleterious mutations by genetic drift (drift load), and reduced evolutionary potential to respond to novel selection pressures. Here, we focus on the problems of inbreeding depression and drift load in introduced populations as key components of the Genetic Paradox of Invasions (GPI). We briefly review published explanations for the GPI, which are based on various mechanisms (invasion history events, reproductive traits, genetic characteristics) that mediate the avoidance of inbreeding depression and drift load. We find that there is still a substantial lack of explanation and empirical evidence for explaining the GPI for strongly bottlenecked invasions, or for during critical invasion phases (e.g. initial colonization, leading edges of range expansion) where strong genetic depletion, inbreeding depression and drift load occurs. Accordingly, we suggest that discussion of the GPI should be revived to find additional mechanisms applicable to explaining invasion success for such species and invasion phases. Based on a synthesis of the literature on the population genetics of invaders and the ecology of invaded habitats, we propose that inbreeding × environment (I × E) interactions are one such mechanism that may have strong explanatory power to address the GPI. Specifically, we suggest that a temporary or permanent release from stress in invaded habitats may alleviate the negative effects of genetic depletion on fitness via I × E interactions, and present published empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis. We additionally discuss that I × E interactions can result in rapid evolutionary changes, and may even contribute to adaptation of invaders in the absence of high genetic variation. With a view to encouraging further empirical research, we propose an experimental approach to investigate the occurrence of I × E interactions in ongoing invasions. Revived research on the GPI should provide new fundamental insights into eco-evolutionary invasion biology, and more generally into the evolutionary consequences of the interactions between inbreeding and environment.}, }
@article {pmid27009166, year = {2016}, author = {Lloyd, MC and Cunningham, JJ and Bui, MM and Gillies, RJ and Brown, JS and Gatenby, RA}, title = {Darwinian Dynamics of Intratumoral Heterogeneity: Not Solely Random Mutations but Also Variable Environmental Selection Forces.}, journal = {Cancer research}, volume = {76}, number = {11}, pages = {3136-3144}, pmid = {27009166}, issn = {1538-7445}, support = {U54 CA193489/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; P30 CA076292/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 CA170595/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; U54 CA143970/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 CA077575/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Biomarkers, Tumor/*analysis ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics/metabolism/*pathology ; Carbonic Anhydrase IX/genetics/metabolism ; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics/metabolism/*pathology ; Female ; Glucose Transporter Type 1/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Ki-67 Antigen/genetics/metabolism ; *Models, Theoretical ; Mutation/*genetics ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neoplasm Staging ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; Retrospective Studies ; *Tumor Microenvironment ; }, abstract = {Spatial heterogeneity in tumors is generally thought to result from branching clonal evolution driven by random mutations that accumulate during tumor development. However, this concept rests on the implicit assumption that cancer cells never evolve to a fitness maximum because they can always acquire mutations that increase proliferative capacity. In this study, we investigated the validity of this assumption. Using evolutionary game theory, we demonstrate that local cancer cell populations will rapidly converge to the fittest phenotype given a stable environment. In such settings, cellular spatial heterogeneity in a tumor will be largely governed by regional variations in environmental conditions, for example, alterations in blood flow. Model simulations specifically predict a common spatial pattern in which cancer cells at the tumor-host interface exhibit invasion-promoting, rapidly proliferating phenotypic properties, whereas cells in the tumor core maximize their population density by promoting supportive tissue infrastructures, for example, to promote angiogenesis. We tested model predictions through detailed quantitative image analysis of phenotypic spatial distribution in histologic sections of 10 patients with stage 2 invasive breast cancers. CAIX, GLUT1, and Ki67 were upregulated in the tumor edge, consistent with an acid-producing invasive, proliferative phenotype. Cells in the tumor core were 20% denser than the edge, exhibiting upregulation of CAXII, HIF-1α, and cleaved caspase-3, consistent with a more static and less proliferative phenotype. Similarly, vascularity was consistently lower in the tumor center compared with the tumor edges. Lymphocytic immune responses to tumor antigens also trended to higher level in the tumor edge, although this effect did not reach statistical significance. Like invasive species in nature, cancer cells at the leading edge of the tumor possess a different phenotype from cells in the tumor core. Our results suggest that at least some of the molecular heterogeneity in cancer cells in tumors is governed by predictable regional variations in environmental selection forces, arguing against the assumption that cancer cells can evolve toward a local fitness maximum by random accumulation of mutations. Cancer Res; 76(11); 3136-44. ©2016 AACR.}, }
@article {pmid27008794, year = {2016}, author = {Henriksson, A and Yu, J and Wardle, DA and Trygg, J and Englund, G}, title = {Weighted species richness outperforms species richness as predictor of biotic resistance.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {1}, pages = {262-271}, doi = {10.1890/15-0463.1}, pmid = {27008794}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Fishes/*classification/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {The species richness hypothesis, which predicts that species-rich communities should be better at resisting invasions than species-poor communities, has been empirically tested many times and is often poorly supported. In this study, we contrast the species richness hypothesis with four alternative hypotheses with the aim of finding better descriptors of invasion resistance. These alternative hypotheses state that resistance to invasions is determined by abiotic conditions, community saturation (i.e., the number of resident species relative to the maximum number of species that can be supported), presence/absence of key species, or weighted species richness. Weighted species richness is a weighted sum of the number of species, where each species' weight describes its contribution to resistance. We tested these hypotheses using data on the success of 571 introductions of four freshwater fish species into lakes throughout Sweden, i.e., Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), tench (Tinca tinca), zander (Sander lucioperca), and whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus). We found that weighted species richness best predicted invasion success. The weights describing the contribution of each resident species to community resistance varied considerably in both strength and sign. Positive resistance weights, which indicate that species repel invaders, were as common as negative resistance weights, which indicate facilitative interactions. This result can be contrasted with the implicit assumption of the original species richness hypothesis, that all resident species have negative effects on invader success. We argue that this assumption is unlikely to be true in natural communities, and thus that we expect that weighted species richness is a better predictor of invader success than the actual number of resident species.}, }
@article {pmid27008788, year = {2016}, author = {Broms, KM and Hooten, MB and Johnson, DS and Altwegg, R and Conquest, LL}, title = {Dynamic occupancy models for explicit colonization processes.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {1}, pages = {194-204}, doi = {10.1890/15-0416.1}, pmid = {27008788}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; South Africa ; Starlings/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The dynamic, multi-season occupancy model framework has become a popular tool for modeling open populations with occupancies that change over time through local colonizations and extinctions. However, few versions of the model relate these probabilities to the occupancies of neighboring sites or patches. We present a modeling framework that incorporates this information and is capable of describing a wide variety of spatiotemporal colonization and extinction processes. A key feature of the model is that it is based on a simple set of small-scale rules describing how the process evolves. The result is a dynamic process that can account for complicated large-scale features. In our model, a site is more likely to be colonized if more of its neighbors were previously occupied and if it provides more appealing environmental characteristics than its neighboring sites. Additionally, a site without occupied neighbors may also become colonized through the inclusion of a long-distance dispersal process. Although similar model specifications have been developed for epidemiological applications, ours formally accounts for detectability using the well-known occupancy modeling framework. After demonstrating the viability and potential of this new form of dynamic occupancy model in a simulation study, we use it to obtain inference for the ongoing Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) invasion in South Africa. Our results suggest that the Common Myna continues to enlarge its distribution and its spread via short distance movement, rather than long-distance dispersal. Overall, this new modeling framework provides a powerful tool for managers examining the drivers of colonization including short- vs. long-distance dispersal, habitat quality, and distance from source populations.}, }
@article {pmid27008785, year = {2016}, author = {Chang, CH and Szlavecz, K and Filley, T and Buyer, JS and Bernard, MJ and Pitz, SL}, title = {Belowground competition among invading detritivores.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {1}, pages = {160-170}, doi = {10.1890/15-0551.1}, pmid = {27008785}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Oligochaeta/*classification/*physiology ; Soil ; }, abstract = {The factors regulating soil animal communities are poorly understood. Current theory favors niche complementarity and facilitation over competition as the primary forms of non-trophic interspecific interaction in soil fauna; however, competition has frequently been suggested as an important community-structuring factor in earthworms, ecosystem engineers that influence belowground processes. To date, direct evidence of competition in earthworms is lacking due to the difficulty inherent in identifying a limiting resource for saprophagous animals. In the present study, we offer the first direct evidence of interspecific competition for food in this dominant soil detritivore group by combining field observations with laboratory mesocosm experiments using 13C and 15N double-enriched leaf litter to track consumption patterns. In our experiments, the Asian invasive species Amynthas hilgendorfi was a dominant competitor for leaf litter against two European species currently invading the temperate deciduous forests in North America. This competitive advantage may account for recent invasion success of A. hilgendorfi in forests with established populations of European species, and we hypothesize that specific phenological differences play an important role in determining the outcome of the belowground competition. In contrast, Eisenoides lonnbergi, a common native species in the Eastern United States, occupied a unique trophic position with limited interactions with other species, which may contribute to its persistence in habitats dominated by invasive species. Furthermore, our results supported neither the hypothesis that facilitation occurs between species of different functional groups nor the hypothesis that species in the same group exhibit functional equivalency in C and N translocation in the soil. We propose that species identity is a more powerful approach to understand earthworm invasion and its impacts on belowground processes.}, }
@article {pmid27008777, year = {2016}, author = {Funk, JL and Standish, RJ and Stock, WD and Valladares, F}, title = {Plant functional traits of dominant native and invasive species in mediterranean-climate ecosystems.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {1}, pages = {75-83}, doi = {10.1890/15-0974.1}, pmid = {27008777}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {California ; Chile ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*classification ; South Africa ; Spain ; Stress, Physiological ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {The idea that dominant invasive plant species outperform neighboring native species through higher rates of carbon assimilation and growth is supported by several analyses of global data sets. However, theory suggests that native and invasive species occurring in low-resource environments will be functionally similar, as environmental factors restrict the range of observed physiological and morphological trait values. We measured resource-use traits in native and invasive plant species across eight diverse vegetation communities distributed throughout the five mediterranean-climate regions, which are drought prone and increasingly threatened by human activities, including the introduction of exotic species. Traits differed strongly across the five regions. In regions with functional differences between native and invasive species groups, invasive species displayed traits consistent with high resource acquisition; however, these patterns were largely attributable to differences in life form. We found that species invading mediterranean-climate regions were more likely to be annual than perennial: three of the five regions were dominated by native woody species and invasive annuals. These results suggest that trait differences between native and invasive species are context dependent and will vary across vegetation communities. Native and invasive species within annual and perennial groups had similar patterns of carbon assimilation and resource use, which contradicts the widespread idea that invasive species optimize resource acquisition rather than resource conservation. .}, }
@article {pmid27007519, year = {2016}, author = {Hrabovský, M and Ščevková, J and Mičieta, K and Lafférsová, J and Dušička, J}, title = {Expansion and aerobiology of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. in Slovakia.}, journal = {Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {64-70}, doi = {10.5604/12321966.1196854}, pmid = {27007519}, issn = {1898-2263}, mesh = {Allergens/analysis ; Ambrosia/*physiology ; Antigens, Plant/*analysis ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; *Plant Dispersal ; Plant Extracts/*analysis ; Seasons ; Slovakia ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The invasive alien species Ambrosia artemisiifolia cause environmental, agronomical and medical problems in many regions of the world, including Slovakia. The purpose of this study was to survey the spread and distribution of this species in Slovakia and to analyse its airborne pollen pattern.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: To evaluate the spatiotemporal dynamics of Ambrosia invasion in the territory of Slovakia, herbarium specimens, published databases and field investigations were considered. Aerobiological sampling was based on the analysis of pollen records at five aerobiological stations in Slovakia. For Bratislava and Bansk&#xe1; Bystrica Monitoring stations, trends in Ambrosia pollen seasons were determined using Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator.<br><br>RESULTS: Since the first record of A. artemisiifolia in Slovakia, the number of its colonies and its spread rate has increased considerably, and the colonisation of this species has been successful mainly in the south-western part of the country. Highest airborne pollen counts were recorded in Nitra, Trnava and Bratislava Monitoring Stations situated in the areas most infested by A. artemisiifolia in Slovakia. However, high pollen counts were also noted in Bansk&#xe1; Bystrica and Ko&#x161;ice Monitoring Stations situated in areas where the source species was less abundant. During the study period, the number of days on which the pollen concentration exceeded the threshold of sensitivity increased significantly (+1.33 days/year) in Bansk&#xe1; Bystrica, whereas the peak value decreased significantly (-13.37 pollen/year) in Bratislava.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The number of the populations of A. artemisiifolia has increased considerably in recent years. Besides the most infested areas, high airborne pollen counts were also recorded in territories where the plant species was less abundant. During the study period, the intensity of Ambrosia pollen seasons decreased in Bratislava, probably due to changes in land-use practices, while the increasing trend in the pollen seasons intensity in Bansk&#xe1; Bystrica mainly reflects the situation in the ragweed-infested remote areas due to long-range pollen transport.}, }
@article {pmid27003689, year = {2016}, author = {Luizza, MW and Evangelista, PH and Jarnevich, CS and West, A and Stewart, H}, title = {Integrating subsistence practice and species distribution modeling: assessing invasive elodea's potential impact on Native Alaskan subsistence of Chinook salmon and whitefish.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, pages = {144-163}, pmid = {27003689}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Alaska ; Animals ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Humans ; Hydrocharitaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species/*trends ; *Models, Theoretical ; Salmon/*growth &amp; development ; Salmonidae/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Alaska has one of the most rapidly changing climates on earth and is experiencing an accelerated rate of human disturbance, including resource extraction and transportation infrastructure development. Combined, these factors increase the state's vulnerability to biological invasion, which can have acute negative impacts on ecological integrity and subsistence practices. Of growing concern is the spread of Alaska's first documented freshwater aquatic invasive plant Elodea spp. (elodea). In this study, we modeled the suitable habitat of elodea using global and state-specific species occurrence records and environmental variables, in concert with an ensemble of model algorithms. Furthermore, we sought to incorporate local subsistence concerns by using Native Alaskan knowledge and available statewide subsistence harvest data to assess the potential threat posed by elodea to Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and whitefish (Coregonus nelsonii) subsistence. State models were applied to future climate (2040-2059) using five general circulation models best suited for Alaska. Model evaluations indicated that our results had moderate to strong predictability, with area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve values above 0.80 and classification accuracies ranging from 66 to 89 %. State models provided a more robust assessment of elodea habitat suitability. These ensembles revealed different levels of management concern statewide, based on the interaction of fish subsistence patterns, known spawning and rearing sites, and elodea habitat suitability, thus highlighting regions with additional need for targeted monitoring. Our results suggest that this approach can hold great utility for invasion risk assessments and better facilitate the inclusion of local stakeholder concerns in conservation planning and management.}, }
@article {pmid27001852, year = {2016}, author = {Jones, HP and Holmes, ND and Butchart, SH and Tershy, BR and Kappes, PJ and Corkery, I and Aguirre-Muñoz, A and Armstrong, DP and Bonnaud, E and Burbidge, AA and Campbell, K and Courchamp, F and Cowan, PE and Cuthbert, RJ and Ebbert, S and Genovesi, P and Howald, GR and Keitt, BS and Kress, SW and Miskelly, CM and Oppel, S and Poncet, S and Rauzon, MJ and Rocamora, G and Russell, JC and Samaniego-Herrera, A and Seddon, PJ and Spatz, DR and Towns, DR and Croll, DA}, title = {Invasive mammal eradication on islands results in substantial conservation gains.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {113}, number = {15}, pages = {4033-4038}, pmid = {27001852}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; *Mammals ; }, abstract = {More than US$21 billion is spent annually on biodiversity conservation. Despite their importance for preventing or slowing extinctions and preserving biodiversity, conservation interventions are rarely assessed systematically for their global impact. Islands house a disproportionately higher amount of biodiversity compared with mainlands, much of which is highly threatened with extinction. Indeed, island species make up nearly two-thirds of recent extinctions. Islands therefore are critical targets of conservation. We used an extensive literature and database review paired with expert interviews to estimate the global benefits of an increasingly used conservation action to stem biodiversity loss: eradication of invasive mammals on islands. We found 236 native terrestrial insular faunal species (596 populations) that benefitted through positive demographic and/or distributional responses from 251 eradications of invasive mammals on 181 islands. Seven native species (eight populations) were negatively impacted by invasive mammal eradication. Four threatened species had their International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List extinction-risk categories reduced as a direct result of invasive mammal eradication, and no species moved to a higher extinction-risk category. We predict that 107 highly threatened birds, mammals, and reptiles on the IUCN Red List-6% of all these highly threatened species-likely have benefitted from invasive mammal eradications on islands. Because monitoring of eradication outcomes is sporadic and limited, the impacts of global eradications are likely greater than we report here. Our results highlight the importance of invasive mammal eradication on islands for protecting the world's most imperiled fauna.}, }
@article {pmid27001838, year = {2016}, author = {Walsh, JR and Carpenter, SR and Vander Zanden, MJ}, title = {Invasive species triggers a massive loss of ecosystem services through a trophic cascade.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {113}, number = {15}, pages = {4081-4085}, pmid = {27001838}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Seasons ; United States ; }, abstract = {Despite growing recognition of the importance of ecosystem services and the economic and ecological harm caused by invasive species, linkages between invasions, changes in ecosystem functioning, and in turn, provisioning of ecosystem services remain poorly documented and poorly understood. We evaluate the economic impacts of an invasion that cascaded through a food web to cause substantial declines in water clarity, a valued ecosystem service. The predatory zooplankton, the spiny water flea (Bythotrephes longimanus), invaded the Laurentian Great Lakes in the 1980s and has subsequently undergone secondary spread to inland lakes, including Lake Mendota (Wisconsin), in 2009. In Lake Mendota, Bythotrephes has reached unparalleled densities compared with in other lakes, decreasing biomass of the grazer Daphnia pulicaria and causing a decline in water clarity of nearly 1 m. Time series modeling revealed that the loss in water clarity, valued at US$140 million (US$640 per household), could be reversed by a 71% reduction in phosphorus loading. A phosphorus reduction of this magnitude is estimated to cost between US$86.5 million and US$163 million (US$430-US$810 per household). Estimates of the economic effects of Great Lakes invasive species may increase considerably if cases of secondary invasions into inland lakes, such as Lake Mendota, are included. Furthermore, such extreme cases of economic damages call for increased investment in the prevention and control of invasive species to better maximize the economic benefits of such programs. Our results highlight the need to more fully incorporate ecosystem services into our analysis of invasive species impacts, management, and public policy.}, }
@article {pmid27001084, year = {2016}, author = {Shearer, PW and West, JD and Walton, VM and Brown, PH and Svetec, N and Chiu, JC}, title = {Seasonal cues induce phenotypic plasticity of Drosophila suzukii to enhance winter survival.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {11}, pmid = {27001084}, issn = {1472-6785}, support = {R25 GM056765/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; GM083894/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; 52005892//Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; GM56765/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; T34 GM083894/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 GM102225/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; Cold Temperature ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Female ; Insect Control ; Male ; Phenotype ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: As global climate change and exponential human population growth intensifies pressure on agricultural systems, the need to effectively manage invasive insect pests is becoming increasingly important to global food security. Drosophila suzukii is an invasive pest that drastically expanded its global range in a very short time since 2008, spreading to most areas in North America and many countries in Europe and South America. Preliminary ecological modeling predicted a more restricted distribution and, for this reason, the invasion of D. suzukii to northern temperate regions is especially unexpected. Investigating D. suzukii phenology and seasonal adaptations can lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms through which insects express phenotypic plasticity, which likely enables invasive species to successfully colonize a wide range of environments.<br><br>RESULTS: We describe seasonal phenotypic plasticity in field populations of D. suzukii. Specifically, we observed a trend of higher proportions of flies with the winter morph phenotype, characterized by darker pigmentation and longer wing length, as summer progresses to winter. A laboratory-simulated winter photoperiod and temperature (12:12 L:D and 10 &#xb0;C) were sufficient to induce the winter morph phenotype in D. suzukii. This winter morph is associated with increased survival at 1 &#xb0;C when compared to the summer morph, thus explaining the ability of D. suzukii to survive cold winters. We then used RNA sequencing to identify gene expression differences underlying seasonal differences in D. suzukii physiology. Winter morph gene expression is consistent with known mechanisms of cold-hardening such as adjustments to ion transport and up-regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, transcripts involved in oogenesis and DNA replication were down-regulated in the winter morph, providing the first molecular evidence of a reproductive diapause in D. suzukii.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: To date, D. suzukii cold resistance studies suggest that this species cannot overwinter in northern locations, e.g. Canada, even though they are established pests in these regions. Combining physiological investigations with RNA sequencing, we present potential mechanisms by which D. suzukii can overwinter in these regions. This work may contribute to more accurate population models that incorporate seasonal variation in physiological parameters, leading to development of better management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid27000804, year = {2016}, author = {Zielke, DE and Walther, D and Kampen, H}, title = {Newly discovered population of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Upper Bavaria, Germany, and Salzburg, Austria, is closely related to the Austrian/Slovenian bush mosquito population.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {163}, pmid = {27000804}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Austria ; Germany ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Slovenia ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The German mosquito surveillance instrument 'Mueckenatlas' requests the general public to collect and submit mosquito specimens. Among these, increasing numbers of individuals of invasive species have been registered. Specimens of the Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus submitted from German Upper Bavaria, where this species had not previously been recorded, triggered regional monitoring in mid-2015.<br><br>METHODS: The search for Ae. j. japonicus breeding sites and developmental stages concentrated on cemeteries in the municipality of origin of the submitted specimens and, subsequently, in the whole region. A virtual grid consisting of 10 &#xd7; 10 km(2) cells in which up to three cemeteries were checked, was laid over the region. A cell was considered positive as soon as Ae. j. japonicus larvae were detected, and regarded negative when no larvae could be found in any of the cemeteries inspected. All cells surrounding a positive cell were screened accordingly. A subset of collected Aedes j. japonicus specimens was subjected to microsatellite and nad4 sequence analyses, and obtained data were compared to individuals from previously discovered European populations.<br><br>RESULTS: Based on the grid cells, an area of approximately 900 km(2) was populated by Ae. j. japonicus in Upper Bavaria and neighbouring Austria. Genetic analyses of microsatellites and nad4 gene sequences generated one genotype out of two previously described for Europe and three haplotypes, one of which had previously been found in Europe only in Ae. j. japonicus samples from a population in East Austria and Slovenia. The genetic analysis suggests the new population is closely related to the Austrian/Slovenian population.<br><br>CONCLUSION: As Ae. j. japonicus is well adapted to temperate climates, it has a strong tendency to expand and to colonise new territories in Central Europe, which is facilitated by human-mediated, passive transportation. The new population in Upper Bavaria/Austria is the seventh separate population described in Europe. According to our data, it originated from a previously detected population in eastern Austria/Slovenia and not from an introduction event from abroad. The dispersal and population dynamics of Ae. j. japonicus should be thoroughly surveyed, as this species is a potential vector of disease agents.}, }
@article {pmid26998331, year = {2016}, author = {Richgels, KL and Russell, RE and Adams, MJ and White, CL and Grant, EH}, title = {Spatial variation in risk and consequence of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans introduction in the USA.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {150616}, pmid = {26998331}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {A newly identified fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans(Bsal), is responsible for mass mortality events and severe population declines in European salamanders. The eastern USA has the highest diversity of salamanders in the world and the introduction of this pathogen is likely to be devastating. Although data are inevitably limited for new pathogens, disease-risk assessments use best available data to inform management decisions. Using characteristics of Bsalecology, spatial data on imports and pet trade establishments, and salamander species diversity, we identify high-risk areas with both a high likelihood of introduction and severe consequences for local salamanders. We predict that the Pacific coast, southern Appalachian Mountains and mid-Atlantic regions will have the highest relative risk from Bsal. Management of invasive pathogens becomes difficult once they are established in wildlife populations; therefore, import restrictions to limit pathogen introduction and early detection through surveillance of high-risk areas are priorities for preventing the next crisis for North American salamanders.}, }
@article {pmid26996740, year = {2016}, author = {Hentley, WT and Vanbergen, AJ and Beckerman, AP and Brien, MN and Hails, RS and Jones, TH and Johnson, SN}, title = {Antagonistic interactions between an invasive alien and a native coccinellid species may promote coexistence.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {85}, number = {4}, pages = {1087-1097}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12519}, pmid = {26996740}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; England ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Despite the capacity of invasive alien species to alter ecosystems, the mechanisms underlying their impact remain only partly understood. Invasive alien predators, for example, can significantly disrupt recipient communities by consuming prey species or acting as an intraguild predator (IGP). Behavioural interactions are key components of interspecific competition between predators, yet these are often overlooked invasion processes. Here, we show how behavioural, non-lethal IGP interactions might facilitate the establishment success of an invading alien species. We experimentally assessed changes in feeding behaviour (prey preference and consumption rate) of native UK coccinellid species (Adalia bipunctata and Coccinella septempunctata), whose populations are, respectively, declining and stable, when exposed to the invasive intraguild predator, Harmonia axyridis. Using a population dynamics model parameterized with these experimental data, we predicted how intraguild predation, accommodating interspecific behavioural interactions, might impact the abundance of the native and invasive alien species over time. When competing for the same aphid resource, the feeding rate of A. bipunctata significantly increased compared to the feeding in isolation, while the feeding rate of H. axyridis significantly decreased. This suggests that despite significant declines in the UK, A. bipunctata is a superior competitor to the intraguild predator H. axyridis. In contrast, the behaviour of non-declining C. septempunctata was unaltered by the presence of H. axyridis. Our experimental data show the differential behavioural plasticity of competing native and invasive alien predators, but do not explain A. bipunctata declines observed in the UK. Using behavioural plasticity as a parameter in a population dynamic model for A. bipunctata and H. axyridis, coexistence is predicted between the native and invasive alien following an initial period of decline in the native species. We demonstrate how empirical and theoretical techniques can be combined to understand better the processes and consequences of alien species invasions for native biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid26996353, year = {2016}, author = {Zhu, GP and Ye, Z and Du, J and Zhang, DL and Zhen, YH and Zheng, CG and Zhao, L and Li, M and Bu, WJ}, title = {Range wide molecular data and niche modeling revealed the Pleistocene history of a global invader (Halyomorpha halys).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {23192}, pmid = {26996353}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; China ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Insect ; Genetic Variation ; Heteroptera/*genetics ; *Introduced Species/trends ; Japan ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Typing ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Population Density ; Principal Component Analysis ; Republic of Korea ; Taiwan ; }, abstract = {Invasive species' Pleistocene history contains much information on its present population structure, dispersability and adaptability. In this study, the Pleistocene history of a global invasive pest (Brown Marmorated Stink Bug BMSB, Halyomorpha halys) was unveiled using the coupled approach of phylogeography and ecological niche modelling. Rangewide molecular data suggests that the Taiwan and other native populations had diverged in mid-Pleistocene. In mainland China, the native BMSB did not experience population contraction and divergence during last glacial, but persisted in interconnected populations. Combined Bayesian Skyline Plot (BSP) and niche modelling revealed a rapid expansion occurred during the transition of Last Inter Glacial (LIG) to Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). High genetic diversity and multi-reticular haplotypes network exist in the original sources populations of BMSB invasion in northern China. They were speculated to be colonized from the central China, with many derived haplotypes evolved to adapt the novel environment. The ENM future prediction suggest that BMSB may expand northward to higher latitudes in the US and Europe, because of its high invasive ability, together with the available suitable climate space there.}, }
@article {pmid26995099, year = {2016}, author = {Oromi, N and Pujol-Buxó, E and San Sebastián, O and Llorente, GA and Hammou, MA and Sanuy, D}, title = {Geographical variations in adult body size and reproductive life history traits in an invasive anuran, Discoglossus pictus.}, journal = {Zoology (Jena, Germany)}, volume = {119}, number = {3}, pages = {216-223}, doi = {10.1016/j.zool.2016.02.003}, pmid = {26995099}, issn = {1873-2720}, mesh = {Aging ; Animals ; *Body Size ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; Ranidae/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Reproduction/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Variability in life history traits positively affects the establishment and expansive potential of invasive species. In the present study, we analysed the variation of body size in seven populations - two native and five invasive - of the painted frog (Discoglossus pictus, Anura: Discoglossidae), native to North Africa and introduced in southern France and the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula. Other life history traits (age at maturity, size at maturity, longevity, median age and potential reproductive lifespan) were analysed in a native and an invasive population. We observed geographic variations in adult body size, related mainly to mean annual precipitation. Thus, populations had greater body size as mean annual precipitation increased, resulting in bigger specimens in the invasive populations. Adult body size and growth rates also varied between sexes in all studied populations, with males significantly larger than females. Age distribution varied between native (1-5 years) and invasive populations (2-4 years) and also between sexes. Our results suggest that higher precipitation promotes faster growth rates and larger adult body size that could facilitate the successful establishment of invasive populations.}, }
@article {pmid26994604, year = {2016}, author = {Fagúndez, J and Olea, PP and Tejedo, P and Mateo-Tomás, P and Gómez, D}, title = {Irrigation and Maize Cultivation Erode Plant Diversity Within Crops in Mediterranean Dry Cereal Agro-Ecosystems.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, pages = {164-174}, pmid = {26994604}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Agricultural Irrigation/*methods ; Biodiversity ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; Mediterranean Region ; Spain ; Triticum/*growth &amp; development ; Zea mays/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The intensification of agriculture has increased production at the cost of environment and biodiversity worldwide. To increase crop yield in dry cereal systems, vast farmland areas of high conservation value are being converted into irrigation, especially in Mediterranean countries. We analyze the effect of irrigation-driven changes on the farm biota by comparing species diversity, community composition, and species traits of arable plants within crop fields from two contrasting farming systems (dry and irrigated) in Spain. We sampled plant species within 80 fields of dry wheat, irrigated wheat, and maize (only cultivated under irrigation). Wheat crops held higher landscape and per field species richness, and beta diversity than maize. Within the same type of crop, irrigated wheat hosted lower plant diversity than dry wheat at both field and landscape scales. Floristic composition differed between crop types, with higher frequencies of perennials, cosmopolitan, exotic, wind-pollinated and C4 species in maize. Our results suggest that irrigation projects, that transform large areas of dry cereal agro-ecosystems into irrigated crop systems dominated by maize, erode plant diversity. An adequate planning on the type and proportion of crops used in the irrigated agro-ecosystems is needed in order to balance agriculture production and biodiversity conservation.}, }
@article {pmid26993666, year = {2016}, author = {Machovsky-Capuska, GE and Senior, AM and Simpson, SJ and Raubenheimer, D}, title = {The Multidimensional Nutritional Niche.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, pages = {355-365}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2016.02.009}, pmid = {26993666}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Diet ; Ecology ; *Food ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {The dietary generalist-specialist distinction plays a pivotal role in theoretical and applied ecology, conservation, invasion biology, and evolution and yet the concept remains poorly characterised. Diets, which are commonly used to define niche breadth, are almost exclusively considered in terms of foods, with little regard for the mixtures of nutrients and other compounds they contain. We use nutritional geometry (NG) to integrate nutrition with food-level approaches to the dietary niche and illustrate the application of our framework in the important context of invasion biology. We use an example that involves a model with four hypothetical nonexclusive scenarios. We additionally show how this approach can provide fresh theoretical insight into the ways nutrition and food choices impact trait evolution and trophic interactions.}, }
@article {pmid26987771, year = {2016}, author = {Corlett, RT}, title = {Restoration, Reintroduction, and Rewilding in a Changing World.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, pages = {453-462}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2016.02.017}, pmid = {26987771}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Research ; }, abstract = {The increasing abandonment of marginal land creates new opportunities for restoration, reintroduction, and rewilding, but what do these terms mean in a rapidly and irreversibly changing world? The 're' prefix means 'back', but it is becoming clear that the traditional use of past ecosystems as targets and criteria for success must be replaced by an orientation towards an uncertain future. Current opinions in restoration and reintroduction biology range from a defense of traditional definitions, with some modifications, to acceptance of more radical responses, including assisted migration, taxon substitution, de-extinction, and genetic modification. Rewilding attempts to minimize sustained intervention, but this hands-off approach is also threatened by rapid environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid26987096, year = {2016}, author = {Andreakis, N and Costello, P and Zanolla, M and Saunders, GW and Mata, L}, title = {Endemic or introduced? Phylogeography of Asparagopsis (Florideophyceae) in Australia reveals multiple introductions and a new mitochondrial lineage.}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {141-147}, doi = {10.1111/jpy.12373}, pmid = {26987096}, issn = {1529-8817}, mesh = {Australia ; *DNA, Mitochondrial ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Melanesia ; New Caledonia ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Polynesia ; Republic of Korea ; Rhodophyta/genetics/*physiology ; Seaweed/genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {The red seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis embodies five cryptic mitochondrial lineages (lineage 1-5) introduced worldwide as a consequence of human mediated transport and climate change. We compared globally collected mitochondrial cox2-3 intergenic spacer sequences with sequences produced from multiple Australian locations and South Korea to identify Asparagopsis lineages and to reveal cryptic introductions. We report A. taxiformis lineage 4 from Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Australia, and the highly invasive Indo-Pacific Mediterranean lineage 2 from South Korea and Lord Howe Island, Australia. Phylogeographic analysis showed a clear haplotype and geographic separation between western Australian and Great Barrier Reef (GBR) isolates belonging to the recently described lineage 5. The same lineage, however, was characterized by a substantial genetic and geographic break between the majority of Australian specimens and Asparagopsis collections from South Solitary Island, Southern GBR, Lord Howe Island, Kermadec Islands, Norfolk Island, New Caledonia and French Polynesia. The disjunct geographic distribution and sequence divergence between these two groups supports the recognition of a sixth cryptic A. taxiformis mitochondrial lineage. As climatic changes accelerate the relocation of biota and offer novel niches for colonization, periodic surveys for early detection of cryptic invasive seaweeds will be critical in determining whether eradication or effective containment of the aliens are feasible.}, }
@article {pmid26986963, year = {2016}, author = {Bulat, T and Smidak, R and Sialana, FJ and Jung, G and Rattei, T and Bilban, M and Sattmann, H and Lubec, G and Aradska, J}, title = {Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Arion vulgaris--Proteins for Probably Successful Survival Strategies?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {e0150614}, pmid = {26986963}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Databases, Protein ; Gastropoda/*genetics/immunology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Ontology ; Immunity, Innate ; Proteome/analysis/genetics/immunology ; *Proteomics/methods ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {The Spanish slug, Arion vulgaris, is considered one of the hundred most invasive species in Central Europe. The immense and very successful adaptation and spreading of A. vulgaris suggest that it developed highly effective mechanisms to deal with infections and natural predators. Current transcriptomic and proteomic studies on gastropods have been restricted mainly to marine and freshwater gastropods. No transcriptomic or proteomic study on A. vulgaris has been carried out so far, and in the current study, the first transcriptomic database from adult specimen of A. vulgaris is reported. To facilitate and enable proteomics in this non-model organism, a mRNA-derived protein database was constructed for protein identification. A gel-based proteomic approach was used to obtain the first generation of a comprehensive slug mantle proteome. A total of 2128 proteins were unambiguously identified; 48 proteins represent novel proteins with no significant homology in NCBI non-redundant database. Combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis revealed an extensive repertoire of novel proteins with a role in innate immunity including many associated pattern recognition, effector proteins and cytokine-like proteins. The number and diversity in gene families encoding lectins point to a complex defense system, probably as a result of adaptation to a pathogen-rich environment. These results are providing a fundamental and important resource for subsequent studies on molluscs as well as for putative antimicrobial compounds for drug discovery and biomedical applications.}, }
@article {pmid26986785, year = {2015}, author = {Marcelino, VR and Verbruggen, H}, title = {Ecological niche models of invasive seaweeds.}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {51}, number = {4}, pages = {606-620}, doi = {10.1111/jpy.12322}, pmid = {26986785}, issn = {1529-8817}, abstract = {Ecological niche models (ENMs) are commonly used to calculate habitat suitability from species' occurrence and macroecological data. In invasive species biology, ENMs can be applied to anticipate whether invasive species are likely to establish in an area, to identify critical routes and arrival points, to build risk maps and to predict the extent of potential spread following an introduction. Most studies using ENMs focus on terrestrial organisms and applications in the marine realm are still relatively rare. Here, we review some common methods to build ENMs and their application in seaweed invasion biology. We summarize methods and concepts involved in the development of niche models, show examples of how they have been applied in studies on algae and discuss the application of ENMs in invasive algae research and to predict effects of climate change on seaweed distributions.}, }
@article {pmid26986207, year = {2016}, author = {Freeland-Riggert, BT and Cairns, SH and Poulton, BC and Riggert, CM}, title = {Differences Found in the Macroinvertebrate Community Composition in the Presence or Absence of the Invasive Alien Crayfish, Orconectes hylas.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {e0150199}, pmid = {26986207}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Astacoidea/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Coleoptera/classification ; Diptera/classification ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/classification ; Missouri ; Rivers/chemistry ; Seasons ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Introductions of alien species into aquatic ecosystems have been well documented, including invasions of crayfish species; however, little is known about the effects of these introductions on macroinvertebrate communities. The woodland crayfish (Orconectes hylas (Faxon)) has been introduced into the St. Francis River watershed in southeast Missouri and has displaced populations of native crayfish. The effects of O. hylas on macroinvertebrate community composition were investigated in a fourth-order Ozark stream at two locations, one with the presence of O. hylas and one without. Significant differences between sites and across four sampling periods and two habitats were found in five categories of benthic macroinvertebrate metrics: species richness, percent/composition, dominance/diversity, functional feeding groups, and biotic indices. In most seasons and habitat combinations, the invaded site had significantly higher relative abundance of riffle beetles (Coleoptera: Elmidae), and significantly lower Missouri biotic index values, total taxa richness, and both richness and relative abundance of midges (Diptera: Chironomidae). Overall study results indicate that some macroinvertebrate community differences due to the O. hylas invasion were not consistent between seasons and habitats, suggesting that further research on spatial and temporal habitat use and feeding ecology of Ozark crayfish species is needed to improve our understanding of the effects of these invasions on aquatic communities.}, }
@article {pmid26982327, year = {2016}, author = {Hill, T and Schlötterer, C and Betancourt, AJ}, title = {Hybrid Dysgenesis in Drosophila simulans Associated with a Rapid Invasion of the P-Element.}, journal = {PLoS genetics}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {e1005920}, pmid = {26982327}, issn = {1553-7404}, support = {294485/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; P 27048/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA Transposable Elements/*genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; Drosophila simulans/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Infertility/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {In a classic example of the invasion of a species by a selfish genetic element, the P-element was horizontally transferred from a distantly related species into Drosophila melanogaster. Despite causing 'hybrid dysgenesis', a syndrome of abnormal phenotypes that include sterility, the P-element spread globally in the course of a few decades in D. melanogaster. Until recently, its sister species, including D. simulans, remained P-element free. Here, we find a hybrid dysgenesis-like phenotype in the offspring of crosses between D. simulans strains collected in different years; a survey of 181 strains shows that around 20% of strains induce hybrid dysgenesis. Using genomic and transcriptomic data, we show that this dysgenesis-inducing phenotype is associated with the invasion of the P-element. To characterize this invasion temporally and geographically, we survey 631 D. simulans strains collected on three continents and over 27 years for the presence of the P-element. We find that the D. simulans P-element invasion occurred rapidly and nearly simultaneously in the regions surveyed, with strains containing P-elements being rare in 2006 and common by 2014. Importantly, as evidenced by their resistance to the hybrid dysgenesis phenotype, strains collected from the latter phase of this invasion have adapted to suppress the worst effects of the P-element.}, }
@article {pmid26981686, year = {2016}, author = {Dodd, SR and Haynie, RS and Williams, SM and Wilde, SB}, title = {ALTERNATE FOOD-CHAIN TRANSFER OF THE TOXIN LINKED TO AVIAN VACUOLAR MYELINOPATHY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ENDANGERED FLORIDA SNAIL KITE (ROSTRHAMUS SOCIABILIS).}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, pages = {335-344}, doi = {10.7589/2015-03-061}, pmid = {26981686}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Bird Diseases/*chemically induced/pathology ; Brain Diseases/chemically induced/pathology/*veterinary ; Chickens ; Endangered Species ; *Falconiformes ; *Food Chain ; *Food Contamination ; *Hydrocharitaceae/toxicity ; Plants, Toxic ; Snails ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; Superior Colliculi/drug effects/pathology ; }, abstract = {Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) is a neurologic disease causing recurrent mortality of Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and American Coots (Fulica americana) at reservoirs and small impoundments in the southern US. Since 1994, AVM is considered the cause of death for over 170 Bald Eagles and thousands of American Coots and other species of wild birds. Previous studies link the disease to an uncharacterized toxin produced by a recently described cyanobacterium, Aetokthonos hydrillicola gen. et sp. nov. that grows epiphytically on submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). The toxin accumulates, likely in the gastrointestinal tract of waterbirds that consume SAV, and birds of prey are exposed when feeding on the moribund waterbirds. Aetokthonos hydrillicola has been identified in all reservoirs where AVM deaths have occurred and was identified growing abundantly on an exotic SAV hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) in Lake Tohopekaliga (Toho) in central Florida. Toho supports a breeding population of a federally endangered raptor, the Florida Snail Kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) and a dense infestation of an exotic herbivorous aquatic snail, the island applesnail (Pomacea maculata), a primary source of food for resident Snail Kites. We investigated the potential for transmission in a new food chain and, in laboratory feeding trials, confirmed that the AVM toxin was present in the hydrilla/A. hydrillicola matrix collected from Toho. Additionally, laboratory birds that were fed apple snails feeding on hydrilla/A. hydrillicola material from a confirmed AVM site displayed clinical signs (3/5), and all five developed brain lesions unique to AVM. This documentation of AVM toxin in central Florida and the demonstration of AVM toxin transfer through invertebrates indicate a significant risk to the already diminished population of endangered Snail Kites.}, }
@article {pmid26980996, year = {2016}, author = {Trivedi, S and Aloufi, AA and Ansari, AA and Ghosh, SK}, title = {Role of DNA barcoding in marine biodiversity assessment and conservation: An update.}, journal = {Saudi journal of biological sciences}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {161-171}, pmid = {26980996}, issn = {1319-562X}, abstract = {More than two third area of our planet is covered by oceans and assessment of marine biodiversity is a challenging task. With the increasing global population, there is a tendency to exploit marine resources for food, energy and other requirements. This puts pressure on the fragile marine environment and necessitates sustainable conservation efforts. Marine species identification using traditional taxonomical methods is often burdened with taxonomic controversies. Here we discuss the comparatively new concept of DNA barcoding and its significance in marine perspective. This molecular technique can be useful in the assessment of cryptic species which is widespread in marine environment and linking the different life cycle stages to the adult which is difficult to accomplish in the marine ecosystem. Other advantages of DNA barcoding include authentication and safety assessment of seafood, wildlife forensics, conservation genetics and detection of invasive alien species (IAS). Global DNA barcoding efforts in the marine habitat include MarBOL, CeDAMar, CMarZ, SHARK-BOL, etc. An overview on DNA barcoding of different marine groups ranging from the microbes to mammals is revealed. In conjugation with newer and faster techniques like high-throughput sequencing, DNA barcoding can serve as an effective modern tool in marine biodiversity assessment and conservation.}, }
@article {pmid26980922, year = {2016}, author = {Koop, JA and Kim, PS and Knutie, SA and Adler, F and Clayton, DH}, title = {An introduced parasitic fly may lead to local extinction of Darwin's finch populations.}, journal = {The Journal of applied ecology}, volume = {53}, number = {2}, pages = {511-518}, pmid = {26980922}, issn = {0021-8901}, support = {K12 GM000708/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Introduced pathogens and other parasites are often implicated in host population level declines and extinctions. However, such claims are rarely supported by rigorous real-time data. Indeed, the threat of introduced parasites often goes unnoticed until after host populations have declined severely. The recent introduction of the parasitic nest fly, Philornis downsi, to the Galápagos Islands provides an opportunity to monitor the current impact of an invasive parasite on endemic land bird populations, including Darwin's finches.In this paper we present a population viability model to explore the potential long-term effect of P. downsi on Darwin's finch populations. The goal of our study was to determine whether P. downsi has the potential to drive host populations to extinction and whether management efforts are likely to be effective.Our model is based on data from five years of experimental field work documenting the effect of P. downsi on the reproductive success of medium ground finch Geospiza fortis populations on Santa Cruz Island. Under two of the three scenarios tested, the model predicted medium ground finches are at risk of extinction within the next century.However, sensitivity analyses reveal that even a modest reduction in the prevalence of the parasite could improve the stability of finch populations. We discuss the practicality of several management options aimed at achieving this goal.Synthesis and applications. Our study demonstrates the predicted high risk of local extinction of an abundant host species, the medium ground finch Geospiza fortis due to an introduced parasite, Philornis downsi. However, our study further suggests that careful management practices aimed at reducing parasite prevalence have the potential to significantly lower the risk of host species extinction.}, }
@article {pmid26978784, year = {2016}, author = {Gérard, A and Jourdan, H and Millon, A and Vidal, E}, title = {Knocking on Heaven's Door: Are Novel Invaders Necessarily Facing Naïve Native Species on Islands?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {e0151545}, pmid = {26978784}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Avoidance Learning ; Birds ; Bufonidae ; Cats ; *Competitive Behavior ; Ecosystem ; Fiji ; Hawaii ; Herpestidae ; *Introduced Species ; *Islands ; Lizards/*physiology ; New Caledonia ; Odorants ; *Predatory Behavior ; Ranidae ; Recognition, Psychology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The impact of alien predator species on insular native biota has often been attributed to island prey naïveté (i.e. lack of, or inefficient, anti-predator behavior). Only rarely, however, has the concept of island prey naïveté been tested, and then only a posteriori (i.e. hundreds or thousands of years after alien species introduction). The presence of native or anciently introduced predators or competitors may be crucial for the recognition and development of adaptive behavior toward unknown predators or competitors of the same archetype (i.e. a set of species that occupy a similar ecological niche and show similar morphological and behavioral traits when interacting with other species). Here, we tested whether two squamates endemic to New Caledonia, a skink, Caledoniscincus austrocaledonicus, and a gecko, Bavayia septuiclavis, recognized and responded to the odor of two major invaders introduced into the Pacific islands, but not yet into New Caledonia. We chose one predator, the small Indian mongoose Herpestes javanicus and one competitor, the cane toad Rhinella marina, which belong respectively to the same archetype as the following two species already introduced into New Caledonia in the nineteenth century: the feral cat Felis catus and the golden bell frog Litoria aurea. Our experiment reveals that geckos are naïve with respect to the odors of both an unknown predator and an unknown competitor, as well as to the odors of a predator and a competitor they have lived with for centuries. In contrast, skinks seem to have lost some naïveté regarding the odor of a predator they have lived with for centuries and seem "predisposed" to avoid the odor of an unknown potential competitor. These results indicate that insular species living in contact with invasive alien species for centuries may be, although not systematically, predisposed toward developing adaptive behavior with respect to species belonging to the same archetype and introduced into their native range.}, }
@article {pmid26974569, year = {2016}, author = {Mathers, KL and Chadd, RP and Dunbar, MJ and Extence, CA and Reeds, J and Rice, SP and Wood, PJ}, title = {The long-term effects of invasive signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) on instream macroinvertebrate communities.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {556}, number = {}, pages = {207-218}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.215}, pmid = {26974569}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Non-native species represent a significant threat to indigenous biodiversity and ecosystem functioning worldwide. It is widely acknowledged that invasive crayfish species may be instrumental in modifying benthic invertebrate community structure, but there is limited knowledge regarding the temporal and spatial extent of these effects within lotic ecosystems. This study investigates the long term changes to benthic macroinvertebrate community composition following the invasion of signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, into English rivers. Data from long-term monitoring sites on 7 rivers invaded by crayfish and 7 rivers where signal crayfish were absent throughout the record (control sites) were used to examine how invertebrate community composition and populations of individual taxa changed as a result of invasion. Following the detection of non-native crayfish, significant shifts in invertebrate community composition were observed at invaded sites compared to control sites. This pattern was strongest during autumn months but was also evident during spring surveys. The observed shifts in community composition following invasion were associated with reductions in the occurrence of ubiquitous Hirudinea species (Glossiphonia complanata and Erpobdella octoculata), Gastropoda (Radix spp.), Ephemeroptera (Caenis spp.), and Trichoptera (Hydropsyche spp.); although variations in specific taxa affected were evident between regions and seasons. Changes in community structure were persistent over time with no evidence of recovery, suggesting that crayfish invasions represent significant perturbations leading to permanent changes in benthic communities. The results provide fundamental knowledge regarding non-native crayfish invasions of lotic ecosystems required for the development of future management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid26972333, year = {2016}, author = {Moriguchi, S and Onuma, M and Goka, K}, title = {Spatial assessment of the potential risk of avian influenza A virus infection in three raptor species in Japan.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {78}, number = {7}, pages = {1107-1115}, pmid = {26972333}, issn = {1347-7439}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Influenza in Birds/*epidemiology ; Japan/epidemiology ; Raptors/*virology ; Risk Assessment ; Species Specificity ; Topography, Medical ; }, abstract = {Avian influenza A, a highly pathogenic avian influenza, is a lethal infection in certain species of wild birds, including some endangered species. Raptors are susceptible to avian influenza, and spatial risk assessment of such species may be valuable for conservation planning. We used the maximum entropy approach to generate potential distribution models of three raptor species from presence-only data for the mountain hawk-eagle Nisaetus nipalensis, northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis and peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus, surveyed during the winter from 1996 to 2001. These potential distribution maps for raptors were superimposed on avian influenza A risk maps of Japan, created from data on incidence of the virus in wild birds throughout Japan from October 2010 to March 2011. The avian influenza A risk map for the mountain hawk-eagle showed that most regions of Japan had a low risk for avian influenza A. In contrast, the maps for the northern goshawk and peregrine falcon showed that their high-risk areas were distributed on the plains along the Sea of Japan and Pacific coast. We recommend enhanced surveillance for each raptor species in high-risk areas and immediate establishment of inspection systems. At the same time, ecological risk assessments that determine factors, such as the composition of prey species, and differential sensitivity of avian influenza A virus between bird species should provide multifaceted insights into the total risk assessment of endangered species.}, }
@article {pmid26971010, year = {2016}, author = {Wood, JP and Dowell, SA and Campbell, TS and Page, RB}, title = {Insights into the Introduction History and Population Genetic Dynamics of the Nile Monitor (Varanus niloticus) in Florida.}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {107}, number = {4}, pages = {349-362}, pmid = {26971010}, issn = {1465-7333}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Florida ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Geography ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Lizards/*genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Population Density ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are widely recognized as important drivers of the ongoing biodiversity crisis. The US state of Florida is especially susceptible to the proliferation of invasive reptiles, and nonnative lizards currently outnumber native lizard species. At present, there are 3 documented breeding populations of the Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) in different regions of Southern Florida, and these populations are considered potential dangers to threatened, fossorial endemics, such as burrowing owls, American crocodiles, and gopher tortoises. Nevertheless, at present, both the introduction histories of these populations and the degree to which they are connected by gene flow are not known. To address these issues, we genotyped V. niloticus from Cape Coral, Homestead Air Reserve Base, and West Palm Beach at 17 microsatellite loci and conducted a variety of analyses to assess both intrapopulation genetic diversity, the degree of gene flow between populations, and the most likely introduction scenario. The results of our analyses demonstrate that all 3 populations have limited genetic diversity (mean number of effective alleles across loci in all 3 populations ~ 2.00) and are highly differentiated from one another (G ST = 0.268; G″ST = 0.628). Our results also suggest that these populations resulted from independent introduction events that occurred within the past few decades. Consequently, we advise that wildlife managers focus management efforts on containment of existing populations and intensification of monitoring efforts on potential migration corridors.}, }
@article {pmid26969497, year = {2016}, author = {Imperato, PJ}, title = {The Convergence of a Virus, Mosquitoes, and Human Travel in Globalizing the Zika Epidemic.}, journal = {Journal of community health}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, pages = {674-679}, pmid = {26969497}, issn = {1573-3610}, mesh = {*Aedes/virology ; Animals ; *Epidemics ; *Global Health ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; *Mosquito Vectors ; *Travel ; Uganda ; *Zika Virus ; Zika Virus Infection/*epidemiology/history/transmission ; }, abstract = {The Zika virus was first identified in 1947 in the Zika Forest of Uganda. It was discovered in a rhesus monkey that had been placed in a cage on a sentinel platform in the forest by the Virus Research Institute. When this writer visited the institute and the Zika Forest in 1961, work was underway to identify mosquito species at various levels of the tree canopy. This was done through the placement of traps at various levels of a 120-foot-high steel tower which this writer climbed. At that time, researchers isolated 12 strains of Zika virus from traps on the tower. Over the next six decades, the virus spread slowly to other parts of Africa, and eventually appeared in Southeast Asia, transmitted by Aedes aegypti and other Aedes mosquito species. By 1981, only 14 cases of illness had been reported as due to the Zika virus. Since most infections with this virus are either mild or asymptomatic, its true geographic spread was not fully appreciated. The current globalization of the Zika epidemic began on the Pacific island of Yap in the Federated States of Polynesia in 2007. This was the first known presence of the Zika virus outside of Africa and Southeast Asia. It was estimated that 73 % of the island's population had been infected. In 2013, the virus spread to French Polynesia where an estimated 28,000 cases occurred in a population of 270,000. During that year and afterwards, microcephaly and other congenital abnormalities were observed in the infants of women who were pregnant when they contracted the virus. It is currently not known if cases of microcephaly have resulted from infection of pregnant women or from infection plus some other co-factor. The epidemic rapidly spread to the Cook Islands and Easter Island. In 2015, Zika virus infection was diagnosed in Brazil where it was associated with microcephaly in the infants of some women who were pregnant when they contracted the disease. Cases of the Guillain-Barré syndrome were also found to be associated with Zika virus infection. How the disease entered Brazil is a matter of conjecture. However, the strain responsible for the epidemic in Brazil and elsewhere in South and Central America is phylogenetically identical to that which caused the epidemic in French Polynesia. The wide distribution of Aedes aegypti, a principal vector of the virus, and other Aedes species has greatly facilitated the spread of the disease. Aedes aegypti is an invasive species of mosquito in the Western Hemisphere that has adapted well to densely-populated urban environments. In addition, male-to-female human sexual transmission has increasingly been demonstrated in the US and elsewhere. In February 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the current Zika outbreak a Public Health Emergency of international concern. On the recommendation of its Emergency Committee on Zika Virus and Observed Increase in Neurological Disorders and Neonatal Malformations, WHO issued a group of recommendations to contain the epidemic. The globalization of the Zika virus was made possible by the widespread presence in various parts of the world of Aedes vectors and increased human travel that facilitated geographic spread. This globalization of Zika follows upon that of West Nile, Ebola, Dengue, and Chikungunya. Its ultimate spread is difficult to predict, but will hopefully be restricted through vigorous preventive measures.}, }
@article {pmid26968930, year = {2016}, author = {Ramanantoanina, A and Hui, C}, title = {Formulating spread of species with habitat dependent growth and dispersal in heterogeneous landscapes.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences}, volume = {275}, number = {}, pages = {51-56}, doi = {10.1016/j.mbs.2016.02.013}, pmid = {26968930}, issn = {1879-3134}, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; }, abstract = {Habitat heterogeneity can have profound effects on the spreading dynamics of invasive species. Using integro-difference equations, we investigate the spreading dynamics in a one-dimensional heterogeneous landscape comprising alternating favourable and unfavourable habitat patches or randomly generated habitat patches with given spatial autocorrelation. We assume that population growth and dispersal (including emigration probability and dispersal distance) are dependent on habitat quality. We derived an approximation of the rate of spread in such heterogeneous landscapes, suggesting the sensitivity of spread to the periodic length of the alternating favourable and unfavourable patches, as well as their spatial autocorrelation. A dispersal-limited population tends to spread faster in landscapes with shorter periodic length. The spreading dynamics in a heterogeneous landscape was found to be not only dependent on the availability of favourable habitats, but also the dispersal strategy. Estimates of time lag before detection and the condition for boom-and-bust spreading dynamics were explained. Furthermore, rates of spread in heterogeneous landscapes and corresponding homogeneous landscapes were compared, using weighted sums of vital rates.}, }
@article {pmid26965001, year = {2016}, author = {Lemoine, NP and Burkepile, DE and Parker, JD}, title = {Quantifying Differences Between Native and Introduced Species.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, pages = {372-381}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2016.02.008}, pmid = {26965001}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Introduced species have historically been presumed to be evolutionarily novel and 'different' from native species. Recent studies question these assumptions, however, as the traits and factors promoting successful introduced and native species can be similar. We advocate a novel statistical framework utilizing quantifiable metrics of evolutionary and ecological differences among species to test whether different forces govern the success of native versus introduced species. In two case studies, we show that native and introduced species appear to follow the same 'rules' for becoming abundant. We propose that incorporating quantitative differences in traits and evolutionary history among species might largely account for many perceived effects of geographic origin, leading to more rigorous and general tests of the factors promoting organism success.}, }
@article {pmid26961681, year = {2016}, author = {Robakowski, P and Bielinis, E and Stachowiak, J and Mejza, I and Bułaj, B}, title = {Seasonal Changes Affect Root Prunasin Concentration in Prunus serotina and Override Species Interactions between P. serotina and Quercus petraea.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, pages = {202-214}, pmid = {26961681}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Biomass ; Nitriles/*metabolism ; Plant Roots/*metabolism ; Prunus avium/*metabolism ; Quercus/*metabolism ; *Seasons ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The allocation of resources to chemical defense can decrease plant growth and photosynthesis. Prunasin is a cyanogenic glycoside known for its role in defense against herbivores and other plants. In the present study, fluctuations of prunasin concentrations in roots of Prunus serotina seedlings were hypothesized to be: (1) dependent on light, air temperature, and humidity; (2) affected by competition between Prunus serotina and Quercus petraea seedlings, with mulching with Prunus serotina leaves; (3) connected with optimal allocation of resources. For the first time, we determined prunasin concentration in roots on several occasions during the vegetative season. The results indicate that seasonal changes have more pronounced effects on prunasin concentration than light regime and interspecific competition. Prunus serotina invested more nitrogen in the synthesis of prunasin under highly restricted light conditions than in higher light environments. In full sun, prunasin in roots of Prunus serotina growing in a monoculture was correlated with growth and photosynthesis, whereas these relationships were not found when interspecific competition with mulching was a factor. The study demonstrates that prunasin concentration in Prunus serotina roots is the result of species-specific adaptation, light and temperature conditions, ontogenetic shift, and, to a lesser extent, interspecific plant-plant interactions.}, }
@article {pmid26961647, year = {2016}, author = {Pergl, J and Genovesi, P and Pyšek, P}, title = {Europe: Better management of alien species.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {531}, number = {7593}, pages = {173}, pmid = {26961647}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Europe ; *European Union/economics ; Introduced Species/economics/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; }, }
@article {pmid26960355, year = {2016}, author = {Grisafi, F and Oddo, E and Gargano, ML and Inzerillo, S and Russo, G and Venturella, G}, title = {Tamarix arborea var. arborea and Tamarix parviflora: Two species valued for their adaptability to stress conditions.}, journal = {Acta biologica Hungarica}, volume = {67}, number = {1}, pages = {42-52}, doi = {10.1556/018.67.2016.1.3}, pmid = {26960355}, issn = {0236-5383}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Transpiration ; Species Specificity ; Stress, Physiological ; Tamaricaceae/*physiology ; Water/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The choice of stress resistant and highly adaptable species is a fundamental step for landscaping and ornamental purposes in arid and coastal environments such as those in the Mediterranean basin. The genus Tamarix L. includes about 90 species with a high endurance of adversity. We investigated the water relations and photosynthetic response of Tamarix arborea (Sieb. ex Ehrenb.) Bge. var. arborea and T. parviflora DC. growing in an urban environment. Both species showed no evidence of drought or salt stress in summer, and appeared to follow two strategies with T. arborea var. arborea investing in high carbon gain at the beginning of the summer, and then reducing photosynthetic activity at the end of the season, and T. parviflora showing lower but constant levels of photosynthetic activity throughout the vegetative season. For landscaping and ornamental purposes, we suggest T. arborea var. arborea when a fast-growing, high-cover species is necessary, and T. parviflora when less-invasive species are required.}, }
@article {pmid26960078, year = {2016}, author = {Megina, C and González-Duarte, MM and López-González, PJ}, title = {Benthic assemblages, biodiversity and invasiveness in marinas and commercial harbours: an investigation using a bioindicator group.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {465-475}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2016.1151500}, pmid = {26960078}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biological Assay/instrumentation/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Hydrozoa/physiology ; Industry ; *Introduced Species ; Limnology/methods ; Marine Biology/methods ; }, abstract = {Fouling communities on artificial marine structures are generally different from benthic communities in natural rocky habitats. However, they may also differ among different types of artificial structures. Two artificial structures in direct contact with arriving vessels were compared: floating pontoons within recreational marinas, and sea-walls within commercial harbours. Natural rocky habitats were used as a reference, and the genus Eudendrium (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) was chosen as a bioindicator. The assemblages were different among the three types of habitat studied, with different species characterising each habitat. The probability of finding an invasive Eudendrium species was significantly higher on pontoons. Diversity was the lowest on pontoons, but it was not significantly different between sea-walls and natural rocks. In general, a barrier to the spread of exotic species exists between harbours and natural rocky habitats. Floating pontoons seem to be a less suitable habitat for native fauna and a key element in marine biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid26959686, year = {2016}, author = {Hungate, BA and Kearns, DN and Ogle, K and Caron, M and Marks, JC and Rogg, HW}, title = {Hydrogen Isotopes as a Sentinel of Biological Invasion by the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica (Newman).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {e0149599}, pmid = {26959686}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Hydrogen/*metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Isotopes ; Probability ; Rain ; Time Factors ; United States ; }, abstract = {Invasive species alter ecosystems, threaten native and endangered species, and have negative economic impacts. Knowing where invading individuals are from and when they arrive to a new site can guide management. Here, we evaluated how well the stable hydrogen isotope composition (δ2H) records the recent origin and time since arrival of specimens of the invasive Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) captured near the Portland International Airport (Oregon, U.S.A.). The δ2H of Japanese beetle specimens collected from sites across the contiguous U.S.A. reflected the δ2H of local precipitation, a relationship similar to that documented for other organisms, and one confirming the utility of δ2H as a geographic fingerprint. Within weeks after experimental relocation to a new isotopic environment, the δ2H of beetles changed linearly with time, demonstrating the potential for δ2H to also mark the timing of arrival to a new location. We used a hierarchical Bayesian model to estimate the recent geographical origin and timing of arrival of each specimen based on its δ2H value. The geographic resolution was broad, with values consistent with multiple regions of origin in the eastern U.S.A., slightly favoring the southeastern U.S.A. as the more likely source. Beetles trapped from 2007-2010 had arrived 30 or more days prior to trapping, whereas the median time since arrival declined to 3-7 days for beetles trapped from 2012-2014. This reduction in the time between arrival and trapping at the Portland International Airport supports the efficacy of trapping and spraying to prevent establishment. More generally, our analysis shows how stable isotopes can serve as sentinels of biological invasions, verifying the efficacy of control measures, or, alternatively, indicating when those measures show signs of failure.}, }
@article {pmid26955631, year = {2016}, author = {Dhami, MK and Dsouza, M and Waite, DW and Anderson, D and Li, D}, title = {Real-Time PCR Assay for the Identification of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys).}, journal = {Frontiers in molecular biosciences}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {5}, pmid = {26955631}, issn = {2296-889X}, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a gregarious crop pest that has rapidly spread across the world in the last two decades. It is an excellent hitchhiker species, especially as an over-wintering adult. During this period it is often associated with non-biological commodities such as shipping containers and machinery that travel long distances. Inadequate identification keys and similarity to common species has assisted its spread across Europe, while accurate identification from immature stages or eggs is not possible. We developed a real-time TaqMan PCR assay for the accurate and sensitive detection of the brown marmorated stink bug from all life stages. The assay performance against required diagnostic criterion and within a quarantine framework are described.}, }
@article {pmid26955079, year = {2015}, author = {Russell, JC and Innes, JG and Brown, PH and Byrom, AE}, title = {Predator-Free New Zealand: Conservation Country.}, journal = {Bioscience}, volume = {65}, number = {5}, pages = {520-525}, pmid = {26955079}, issn = {0006-3568}, abstract = {Eradications of invasive species from over 1000 small islands around the world have created conservation arks, but to truly address the threat of invasive species to islands, eradications must be scaled by orders of magnitude. New Zealand has eradicated invasive predators from 10% of its offshore island area and now proposes a vision to eliminate them from the entire country. We review current knowledge of invasive predator ecology and control technologies in New Zealand and the biological research, technological advances, social capacity and enabling policy required. We discuss the economic costs and benefits and conclude with a 50-year strategy for a predator-free New Zealand that is shown to be ecologically obtainable, socially desirable, and economically viable. The proposal includes invasive predator eradication from the two largest offshore islands, mammal-free mainland peninsulas, very large ecosanctuaries, plus thousands of small projects that will together merge eradication and control concepts on landscape scales.}, }
@article {pmid26954433, year = {2016}, author = {Marchetti, MP and Engstrom, T}, title = {The conservation paradox of endangered and invasive species.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {434-437}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12642}, pmid = {26954433}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Endangered Species ; *Introduced Species ; Turtles/*physiology ; }, }
@article {pmid26954432, year = {2016}, author = {Holmes, ND and Howald, GR and Wegmann, AS and Donlan, CJ and Finkelstein, M and Keitt, B}, title = {The potential for biodiversity offsetting to fund invasive species eradications on islands.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {425-427}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12641}, pmid = {26954432}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Mammals/*physiology ; Pest Control/*economics/*methods ; }, }
@article {pmid26954309, year = {2016}, author = {Mundike, J and Collard, FX and Görgens, JF}, title = {Torrefaction of invasive alien plants: Influence of heating rate and other conversion parameters on mass yield and higher heating value.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {209}, number = {}, pages = {90-99}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.082}, pmid = {26954309}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {Africa ; Biomass ; Heating ; *Introduced Species ; Lantana/*chemistry ; Lignin/chemistry ; Mimosa/*chemistry ; Polysaccharides/chemistry ; *Renewable Energy ; Temperature ; Thermogravimetry/methods ; }, abstract = {With the aim of controlling their proliferation, two invasive alien plants, Lantana camara (LC) and Mimosa pigra (MP), both widespread in Africa, were considered for torrefaction for renewable energy applications. Using thermogravimetric analysis, the influence of heating rate (HR: 2.18-19.82°Cmin(-1)) together with variable temperature and hold time on char yield and HHV (in a bomb calorimeter) were determined. Statistically significant effects of HR on HHV with optima at 10.5°Cmin(-1) for LC and 20°Cmin(-1) for MP were obtained. Increases of HHV up to 0.8MJkg(-1) or energy yield greater than 10%, together with a 3-fold reduction in torrefaction conversion time could be achieved by optimisation of HR. Analysis of the torrefaction volatiles by TG-MS showed that not only hemicelluloses, but also lignin conversion, could influence the optimum HR value.}, }
@article {pmid26954232, year = {2016}, author = {Zhang, KM and Shen, Y and Zhou, XQ and Fang, YM and Liu, Y and Ma, LQ}, title = {Photosynthetic electron-transfer reactions in the gametophyte of Pteris multifida reveal the presence of allelopathic interference from the invasive plant species Bidens pilosa.}, journal = {Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology}, volume = {158}, number = {}, pages = {81-88}, doi = {10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.026}, pmid = {26954232}, issn = {1873-2682}, mesh = {Electron Transport ; Germ Cells, Plant/*metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; *Photosynthesis ; Pigments, Biological/metabolism ; Pteris/genetics/*metabolism ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; }, abstract = {To date, the response of the fern gametophyte to its environment has received considerable attention. However, studies on the influence of plant invasion on the fern gametophyte are fewer. Allelopathy has been hypothesized to play an important role in biological invasion. Hence, it is necessary to study the allelopathy of invasive plant species to the fern gametophyte and elucidate the mechanisms by which invasive plants cause phytotoxicity. As one of the main invasive plants in China, Bidens pilosa exhibits allelopathic effects on the gametophytic growth of Pteris multifida. The root exudate plays an important role among various allelochemical delivery mechanisms in B. pilosa. The effect invasive plant species has on photosynthesis in native species is poorly understood. To elucidate this effect, the changes in photosynthesis in the gametophytes of P. multifida are analyzed to examine the mechanisms of the root exudates of B. pilosa. Meanwhile, a non-invasive plant, Coreopsis basalis, was also applied to investigate the effects on fluorescence and pigments in P. multifida gametophytes. We found that gametophytes exposed to both B. pilosa and C. basalis had decreased fluorescence parameters in comparison with the control, except for non-photochemical quenching. Furthermore, it was found that these parameters were markedly affected from day 2 to day 10 in the presence of both exudates at a concentration of 25% or above. B. pilosa exudate had a negative dose-dependent effect on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, and the total chlorophyll in the gametophyte. The inhibitory effects increased with increasing exudate concentrations of both species, exhibiting the greatest inhibition at day 10. In conclusion, B. pilosa irreversibly affected the photosynthesis of P. multifida on both PS I and PS II. Root exudates caused the primary damage with respect to the decrease of the acceptors and donors of photon and electron in photosynthetic units and the production and the relative yield of photochemical quantum in PS II. With the effects of exudates, part of the energy is released as heat in chloroplasts. The comparison of invasive and non-invasive plants in allelopathic experiments demonstrated that invasive plants were responsible for the critical damage to the photosynthetic process in local species.}, }
@article {pmid26953252, year = {2017}, author = {Monceau, K and Thiéry, D}, title = {Vespa velutina nest distribution at a local scale: An 8-year survey of the invasive honeybee predator.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {663-674}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12331}, pmid = {26953252}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Female ; France ; Insect Control/instrumentation ; *Introduced Species ; *Nesting Behavior ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Vespa velutina is an invasive species that was observed for the first time in France and Europe in 2004, which rapidly threatened domestic honeybees with active predation. For the first time in this study, we analyzed the distribution of V. velutina nests at a local scale to understand the pattern of nesting, and in 8 years of monitoring, a total of 528 nests were surveyed. With the exception of 2 years, the nests of V. velutina were randomly distributed within the monitored area, which suggested that intraspecific competition for nesting sites and/or food was unlikely. When the data for all years were combined, an aggregated distribution of nests at the seafront in the vicinity of the oyster farm and sportfishing activities was observed. This distribution suggested that seafood, attractive to vespids, might provide a valuable alternative food source that favored colony development. We also tested the effect of spring queen trapping of V. velutina on the distribution of nests in 2014, which was the year with the greatest number of colonies within the area; the position of the traps did not influence the distribution of the nests. For the first time, this study showed that (i) intraspecific competition was unlikely to be a mechanism for population regulation, (ii) some areas were more likely favored for hornet nests, and (iii) spring queen wasp trapping was inefficient as a method to limit the distribution of the V. velutina population.}, }
@article {pmid26950119, year = {2016}, author = {Deng, LN and Wu, XQ and Ye, JR and Xue, Q}, title = {Identification of Autophagy in the Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and the Molecular Characterization and Functional Analysis of Two Novel Autophagy-Related Genes, BxATG1 and BxATG8.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {279}, pmid = {26950119}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Animals ; *Autophagy ; Autophagy-Related Proteins/*genetics ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Pinus/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; RNA Interference ; Tylenchida/*cytology/*genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {The pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causes huge economic losses in pine forests, has a complex life cycle, and shows the remarkable ability to survive under unfavorable and changing environmental conditions. This ability may be related to autophagy, which is still poorly understood in B. xylophilus and no autophagy-related genes have been previously characterized. In this study, transmission electron microscopy was used to confirm that autophagy exists in B. xylophilus. The full-length cDNAs of BxATG1 and BxATG8 were first cloned from B. xylophilus, and BxATG1 and BxATG8 were characterized using bioinformatics methods. The expression pattern of the autophagy marker BxATG8 was investigated using in situ hybridization (ISH). BxATG8 was expressed in esophageal gland and hypodermal seam cells. We tested the effects of RNA interference (RNAi) on BxATG1 and BxATG8. The results revealed that BxATG1 and BxATG8 were likely associated with propagation of nematodes on fungal mats. This study confirmed the molecular characterization and functions of BxATG1 and BxATG8 in B. xylophilus and provided fundamental information between autophagy and B. xylophilus.}, }
@article {pmid26949526, year = {2016}, author = {Frelich, L}, title = {Forest dynamics.}, journal = {F1000Research}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {26949526}, issn = {2046-1402}, abstract = {Forest dynamics encompass changes in stand structure, species composition, and species interactions with disturbance and environment over a range of spatial and temporal scales. For convenience, spatial scale is defined as individual tree, neighborhood, stand, and landscape. Whether a given canopy-leveling disturbance will initiate a sequence of development in structure with little change in composition or initiate an episode of succession depends on a match or mismatch, respectively, with traits of the dominant tree species that allow the species to survive disturbance. When these match, certain species-disturbance type combinations lock in a pattern of stand and landscape dynamics that can persist for several generations of trees; thus, dominant tree species regulate, as well as respond to, disturbance. A complex interaction among tree species, neighborhood effects, disturbance type and severity, landform, and soils determines how stands of differing composition form and the mosaic of stands that compose the landscape. Neighborhood effects (e.g., serotinous seed rain, sprouting, shading, leaf-litter chemistry, and leaf-litter physical properties) operate at small spatial extents of the individual tree and its neighbors but play a central role in forest dynamics by contributing to patch formation at stand scales and dynamics of the entire landscape. Dominance by tree species with neutral to negative neighborhood effects leads to unstable landscape dynamics in disturbance-prone regions, wherein most stands are undergoing succession; stability can only occur under very low-severity disturbance regimes. Dominance by species with positive effects leads to stable landscape dynamics wherein only a small proportion of stands undergo succession at any one time. Positive neighborhood effects are common in temperate and boreal zones, whereas negative effects are more common in tropical climates. Landscapes with positive dynamics have alternate categories of dynamics stabilized by high-severity and low-severity disturbance regimes. Contrary to prevailing ecological theory, systems with positive neighborhood effects can have similar levels of compositional stability across tree, stand, and landscape scales. Neighborhood effect theory can help explain responses of landscapes to large-scale land clearing and novel effects brought on by factors such as invasive species and deer overabundance.}, }
@article {pmid26947421, year = {2016}, author = {Henriksson, A and Wardle, DA and Trygg, J and Diehl, S and Englund, G}, title = {Strong invaders are strong defenders - implications for the resistance of invaded communities.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, pages = {487-494}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12586}, pmid = {26947421}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Sweden ; }, abstract = {Many ecosystems receive a steady stream of non-native species. How biotic resistance develops over time in these ecosystems will depend on how established invaders contribute to subsequent resistance. If invasion success and defence capacity (i.e. contribution to resistance) are correlated, then community resistance should increase as species accumulate. If successful invaders also cause most impact (through replacing native species with low defence capacity) then the effect will be even stronger. If successful invaders instead have weak defence capacity or even facilitative attributes, then resistance should decrease with time, as proposed by the invasional meltdown hypothesis. We analysed 1157 introductions of freshwater fish in Swedish lakes and found that species' invasion success was positively correlated with their defence capacity and impact, suggesting that these communities will develop stronger resistance over time. These insights can be used to identify scenarios where invading species are expected to cause large impact.}, }
@article {pmid26946238, year = {2016}, author = {Della Croce, P and Poole, GC and Luikart, G}, title = {Detecting and quantifying introgression in hybridized populations: simplifying assumptions yield overconfidence and uncertainty.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {1287-1302}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12520}, pmid = {26946238}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {*Alleles ; Animals ; Biostatistics/*methods ; *Computer Simulation ; Fishes/classification/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Genetics, Population/*methods ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {A growing threat to the conservation of many native species worldwide is genetic introgression from non-native species. Although improved molecular genetic techniques are increasing the availability of species-diagnostic markers for many species, efficient field sampling design and reliable data interpretation require accurate estimates of uncertainty associated with the detection of non-native alleles and the quantification of introgression in native populations. Using fish populations as examples, we developed a simulation model of an age-structured population that tracks the introduction and inheritance of non-native alleles across generations by simulating stochastic mating and survival of individual fish and the resulting transmission of diagnostic markers. To simulate detection and quantification of introgression, we sampled varying combinations of n fish and m diagnostic markers to detect and quantify introgression from thousands of virtual, independent fish populations for a wide range of hybridization scenarios. Using the results of simulated sampling, we quantified the extent to which common simplifying assumptions regarding population structure and inheritance mechanisms can lead to the following: (i) overconfidence in our ability to detect non-native alleles and (ii) unrealistically narrow confidence intervals for estimates of the proportion of non-native alleles present. Under many circumstances, commonly used simplifying assumptions underestimate the probability of failing to detect ongoing introgression and the uncertainty associated with estimates of introgression by orders of magnitude. Such overconfidence in our ability to detect and quantify introgression can affect critical conservation and management decisions regarding native species undergoing or at risk of introgression from non-native species.}, }
@article {pmid26944435, year = {2016}, author = {Veilleux, &#xc9; and de Lafontaine, Y and Thomas, O}, title = {UV spectrophotometry for monitoring the performance of a yeast-based deoxygenation process to treat ships' ballast water.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {188}, number = {4}, pages = {207}, pmid = {26944435}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/analysis ; *Ships ; Spectrophotometry ; Ultraviolet Rays ; *Water Microbiology ; Water Purification ; Water Quality ; Yeasts/*physiology ; }, abstract = {This study assessed the usefulness of UV spectrophotometry for the monitoring of a yeast-based deoxygenation process proposed for ships' ballast water treatment to prevent the transfer of aquatic invasive species. Ten-day laboratory experiments using three treatment concentrations and different water types were conducted and resulted in complete oxygen depletion of treated waters. The treatment performance and quality of treated waters were determined by measuring the UV-visible absorbance spectra of water samples taken over time. Samples were also used for laboratory analysis of water quality properties. The UV absorbance spectra values were strongly correlated (r = 0.96) to yeast cell density in treated waters. The second-order derivative (D (2)) of the spectra varied greatly over time, and the spectrum profiles could be divided into two groups corresponding to the oxygenated and anoxic phases of the treatment. The D (2) value at 215 nm was strongly correlated (r = 0.94) to ammonia levels, which increased over time. The D (2) value at 225 nm was strongly correlated (r > 0.97) to DO concentration. Our results showed that UV spectrophotometry may provide a rapid assessment of the behavior and performance of the yeast bioreactor over time by quantifying (1) the density of yeast cells, (2) the time at which anoxic conditions were reached, and (3) a water quality index of the treated water related to the production of ammonia. We conclude that the rapidity of the technique confers a solid advantage over standard methods used for water quality analysis in laboratory and would permit the direct monitoring of the treatment performance on-board ships.}, }
@article {pmid26944427, year = {2016}, author = {Geyer, RL and Smith, GR and Rettig, JE}, title = {Effects of Roundup formulations, nutrient addition, and Western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) on aquatic communities.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {23}, number = {12}, pages = {11729-11739}, pmid = {26944427}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; Chlorophyll/analogs &amp; derivatives ; Chlorophyll A ; *Cyprinodontiformes ; Daphnia/drug effects ; *Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; Glycine/*analogs &amp; derivatives/toxicity ; Herbicides/*toxicity ; *Introduced Species ; Water Pollution ; Zooplankton/*drug effects ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {Aquatic communities can be affected by herbicides, nutrient addition, and non-native fish species. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to examine the direct and interactive effects of three stressors: (1) Roundup formulations (Roundup Weed and Grass Killer(®) and Roundup Poison Ivy and Tough Brush Killer Plus(®)), (2) nutrient addition, and (3) the presence of the non-native Western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), on experimental pond communities. Roundup formulations had the most widespread effects on the zooplankton community, but effects varied between formulations and among taxa. The only significant effect of nutrient addition was a lowering of Daphnia abundance in the nutrient addition treatments. The abundances of Daphnia, mid-sized cladocerans, and total zooplankton were lowered by mosquitofish, but no other taxa showed significant mosquitofish effects. We found several two-way and three-way interactions among the stressors, but these varied among zooplankton taxa. Chlorophyll a levels were higher with nutrient addition but were not significantly affected by Roundup formulation or mosquitofish. Our results suggest toxicity of Roundup formulations varies among taxa, and Roundup formulations differ in their toxicity to zooplankton, but with no cascading effects on primary producers. In addition, interactions among stressors affected the zooplankton community.}, }
@article {pmid26943162, year = {2016}, author = {García, C and Escribano-Ávila, G}, title = {An optimised protocol to isolate high-quality genomic DNA from seed tissues streamlines the workflow to obtain direct estimates of seed dispersal distances in gymnosperms.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {129}, number = {3}, pages = {559-563}, pmid = {26943162}, issn = {1618-0860}, mesh = {Cycadopsida/*genetics ; DNA, Plant/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Loci ; Genotype ; Molecular Biology/*methods ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Seed Dispersal/*genetics ; Seeds/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Genotyping of maternally derived seed tissues from georefered seeds that moved away from their source tree yield direct estimates of seed dispersal distances when the location and the genotype of the fruiting tree are available. These estimates are instrumental in forecasting the response of plant communities to drivers of global change, such as fragmentation or the expansion of invasive species. Obtaining robust assessments of seed dispersal distances requires comparing reliable multilocus genotypes of maternally derived seed tissues and fruiting trees, as previously shown for angiosperm species. However, robust estimates of seed dispersal distances based on direct methods are rare in non-model gymnosperms due to the difficulty in isolating high quality DNA from inconspicuous maternally derived seed tissues. These tissues tend to yield low DNA quantities that increase the frequency of genotyping errors. Here, we deliver a step-by-step visual protocol used to identify and isolate different seed tissues of interest for dispersal studies: embryos (2n, bi-parentally derived), seed coats (2n, maternally derived), and megagametophytes (n, maternally derived). We also provide an optimised lab protocol used to obtain multilocus genotypes from the target seed tissue. These broadly applicable protocols proved successful both in avoiding contamination among different seed tissues and providing reliable multilocus genotypes.}, }
@article {pmid26941769, year = {2016}, author = {Geng, Y and van Klinken, RD and Sosa, A and Li, B and Chen, J and Xu, CY}, title = {The Relative Importance of Genetic Diversity and Phenotypic Plasticity in Determining Invasion Success of a Clonal Weed in the USA and China.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {213}, pmid = {26941769}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity has been proposed as an important adaptive strategy for clonal plants in heterogeneous habitats. Increased phenotypic plasticity can be especially beneficial for invasive clonal plants, allowing them to colonize new environments even when genetic diversity is low. However, the relative importance of genetic diversity and phenotypic plasticity for invasion success remains largely unknown. Here, we performed molecular marker analyses and a common garden experiment to investigate the genetic diversity and phenotypic plasticity of the globally important weed Alternanthera philoxeroides in response to different water availability (terrestrial vs. aquatic habitats). This species relies predominantly on clonal propagation in introduced ranges. We therefore expected genetic diversity to be restricted in the two sampled introduced ranges (the USA and China) when compared to the native range (Argentina), but that phenotypic plasticity may allow the species' full niche range to nonetheless be exploited. We found clones from China had very low genetic diversity in terms of both marker diversity and quantitative variation when compared with those from the USA and Argentina, probably reflecting different introduction histories. In contrast, similar patterns of phenotypic plasticity were found for clones from all three regions. Furthermore, despite the different levels of genetic diversity, bioclimatic modeling suggested that the full potential bioclimatic distribution had been invaded in both China and USA. Phenotypic plasticity, not genetic diversity, was therefore critical in allowing A. philoxeroides to invade diverse habitats across broad geographic areas.}, }
@article {pmid26941085, year = {2017}, author = {van Loon, EE and Bos, D and van Hellenberg Hubar, CJ and Ydenberg, RC}, title = {A historical perspective on the effects of trapping and controlling the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) in the Netherlands.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, pages = {305-312}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4270}, pmid = {26941085}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; *Arvicolinae ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Introduced Species/history/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Netherlands ; Pest Control/*history/methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Population Density ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The muskrat is considered to be a pest species in the Netherlands, and a year-round control programme is in effect. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of this programme using historical data on catch and effort collected at a provincial scale.<br><br>RESULTS: The development of the catch differed between provinces, depending on the year of colonisation by muskrat and the investment of effort (measured as field hours). The catch did not peak in the same year for the various provinces, and provinces that were colonised earlier in time took longer to attain the peak catch. Trapping resulted in declining populations, but only after a certain threshold of annual effort in trapping had been surpassed. On average, populations were observed to decline when the annual effort exceeded 1.4 field hours per km of waterway for several successive years. Having reached a phase of greater control, control organisations tended to reduce effort.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We conclude that control measures can make muskrat populations decline, provided that the effort is commensurate with the population size. Our study emphasises that experimentation is needed to confirm the causality of the findings, to establish the relation with damage or safety risk and to derive an optimal control strategy. &#xa9; 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid26940068, year = {2016}, author = {Faulks, LK and Östman, &#xd6;}, title = {Adaptive major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and neutral genetic variation in two native Baltic Sea fishes (perch Perca fluviatilis and zander Sander lucioperca) with comparisons to an introduced and disease susceptible population in Australia (P. fluviatilis): assessing the risk of disease epidemics.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {88}, number = {4}, pages = {1564-1583}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.12930}, pmid = {26940068}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Australia ; Disease Resistance/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Exons ; Finland ; Fisheries ; *Genes, MHC Class II ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Perches/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sweden ; }, abstract = {This study assessed the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and neutral genetic variation and structure in two percid species, perch Perca fluviatilis and zander Sander lucioperca, in a unique brackish ecosystem, the Baltic Sea. In addition, to assess the importance of MHC diversity to disease susceptibility in these populations, comparisons were made to an introduced, disease susceptible, P. fluviatilis population in Australia. Eighty-three MHC class II B exon 2 variants were amplified: 71 variants from 92 P. fluviatilis samples, and 12 variants from 82 S. lucioperca samples. Microsatellite and MHC data revealed strong spatial genetic structure in S. lucioperca, but not P. fluviatilis, across the Baltic Sea. Both microsatellite and MHC data showed higher levels of genetic diversity in P. fluviatilis from the Baltic Sea compared to Australia, which may have facilitated the spread of an endemic virus, EHNV in the Australian population. The relatively high levels of genetic variation in the Baltic Sea populations, together with spatial genetic structure, however, suggest that there currently seems to be little risk of disease epidemics in this system. To ensure this remains the case in the face of ongoing environmental changes, fisheries and habitat disturbance, the conservation of local-scale genetic variation is recommended.}, }
@article {pmid26936833, year = {2016}, author = {O'Gorman, EJ and Ólafsson, &#xd3;P and Demars, BO and Friberg, N and Guðbergsson, G and Hannesdóttir, ER and Jackson, MC and Johansson, LS and McLaughlin, &#xd3;B and Ólafsson, JS and Woodward, G and Gíslason, GM}, title = {Temperature effects on fish production across a natural thermal gradient.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, pages = {3206-3220}, pmid = {26936833}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Diet ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Iceland ; *Temperature ; *Trout ; }, abstract = {Global warming is widely predicted to reduce the biomass production of top predators, or even result in species loss. Several exceptions to this expectation have been identified, however, and it is vital that we understand the underlying mechanisms if we are to improve our ability to predict future trends. Here, we used a natural warming experiment in Iceland and quantitative theoretical predictions to investigate the success of brown trout as top predators across a stream temperature gradient (4-25 °C). Brown trout are at the northern limit of their geographic distribution in this system, with ambient stream temperatures below their optimum for maximal growth, and above it in the warmest streams. A five-month mark-recapture study revealed that population abundance, biomass, growth rate, and production of trout all increased with stream temperature. We identified two mechanisms that contributed to these responses: (1) trout became more selective in their diet as stream temperature increased, feeding higher in the food web and increasing in trophic position; and (2) trophic transfer through the food web was more efficient in the warmer streams. We found little evidence to support a third potential mechanism: that external subsidies would play a more important role in the diet of trout with increasing stream temperature. Resource availability was also amplified through the trophic levels with warming, as predicted by metabolic theory in nutrient-replete systems. These results highlight circumstances in which top predators can thrive in warmer environments and contribute to our knowledge of warming impacts on natural communities and ecosystem functioning.}, }
@article {pmid26936226, year = {2017}, author = {Feare, CJ and van der Woude, J and Greenwell, P and Edwards, HA and Taylor, JA and Larose, CS and Ahlen, PA and West, J and Chadwick, W and Pandey, S and Raines, K and Garcia, F and Komdeur, J and de Groene, A}, title = {Eradication of common mynas Acridotheres tristis from Denis Island, Seychelles.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, pages = {295-304}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4263}, pmid = {26936226}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Pest Control/*methods ; Reproduction/physiology ; Seasons ; Seychelles ; *Starlings ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In Seychelles, the common myna has been shown to have a negative impact on endangered endemic birds on Denis Island, interfering with breeding attempts and attacking adult endemic birds at their nests. This stimulated an attempt to eradicate the island's mynas.<br><br>RESULTS: The eradication was undertaken in three phases, overall killing 1186 mynas and lasting 5 years. Decoy trapping was the most effective method for catching mynas, but the last birds were shot. Decoy trapping was compromised by catches of non-target species. Data collection from killed birds indicated that trapping did not favour either sex, and that most breeding occurred during the wetter season, November to March.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Eradication of mynas from small tropical islands is feasible. The Denis Island eradication was prolonged by difficulties in management and staffing. Using volunteers, the cost of the eradication was similar to that of eradicating rodents from the island. In future eradication attempts in Seychelles, possible food stress during the drier season (May to September) might facilitate trapping at this time. Habitat management, especially the removal of short mown grass, could enhance eradication progress. Continued monitoring is needed to confirm eradication and detect any immigration, and also to record responses in the endemic birds. &#xa9; 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid26935429, year = {2016}, author = {Novoa, A and Kaplan, H and Wilson, JR and Richardson, DM}, title = {Resolving a Prickly Situation: Involving Stakeholders in Invasive Cactus Management in South Africa.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {57}, number = {5}, pages = {998-1008}, pmid = {26935429}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cactaceae ; Conflict, Psychological ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Decision Making ; *Introduced Species ; Negotiating ; Perception ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {The regulation and management of alien species can be contentious, particularly when the stakeholders who benefit from alien species are different from those who suffer the costs. We propose a consultative process involving relevant stakeholders in invasive species management decisions. The process involves (1) the identification of relevant stakeholders, (2) assessing their perceptions, (3) enhancing interaction between stakeholders, (4) assessing changes in stakeholders' perceptions following interactions with other stakeholders, and (5) developing management recommendations in collaboration with stakeholders. We demonstrate the application of the process using the family Cactaceae ('cacti') in South Africa. Many species of cacti have been introduced to the country over the past two centuries, mostly for horticulture, food and fodder, and hundreds of other species have been introduced in the past few decades (or are likely to be introduced soon) for horticulture. Using the proposed process enabled the negotiation and participation of all stakeholders in decision making and helped minimize contentious situations by clarifying stakeholder's beliefs and exploring consensus solutions. Consequently, management objectives were broadly supported by all stakeholders. These results will be included in a national cactus management strategy for South Africa.}, }
@article {pmid26932263, year = {2016}, author = {Benelli, G and Mehlhorn, H}, title = {Declining malaria, rising of dengue and Zika virus: insights for mosquito vector control.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {115}, number = {5}, pages = {1747-1754}, pmid = {26932263}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Aedes/drug effects ; Africa ; Animals ; Anopheles/*drug effects ; Arboviruses/growth &amp; development ; Biological Control Agents/*pharmacology ; Caribbean Region ; Chikungunya Fever/transmission/virology ; Culex/*drug effects ; Dengue/transmission/virology ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*drug effects ; Malaria/parasitology/prevention &amp; control ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Mosquito Vectors/*drug effects ; Sex Attractants/pharmacology ; South America ; West Nile Fever/transmission/virology ; West Nile virus/growth &amp; development ; Zika Virus/growth &amp; development ; Zika Virus Infection/transmission/virology ; }, abstract = {The fight against mosquito-borne diseases is a challenge of huge public health importance. To our mind, 2015 was an extraordinary year for malaria control, due to three hot news: the Nobel Prize to Youyou Tu for the discovery of artemisinin, the development of the first vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria [i.e. RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S)], and the fall of malaria infection rates worldwide, with special reference to sub-Saharan Africa. However, there are major challenges that still deserve attention, in order to boost malaria prevention and control. Indeed, parasite strains resistant to artemisinin have been detected, and RTS,S vaccine does not offer protection against Plasmodium vivax malaria, which predominates in many countries outside of Africa. Furthermore, the recent outbreaks of Zika virus infections, occurring in South America, Central America and the Caribbean, represent the most recent of four arrivals of important arboviruses in the Western Hemisphere, over the last 20 years. Zika virus follows dengue (which slyly arrived in the hemisphere over decades and became more aggressive in the 1990s), West Nile virus (emerged in 1999) and chikungunya (emerged in 2013). Notably, there are no specific treatments for these arboviruses. The emerging scenario highlights that the effective and eco-friendly control of mosquito vectors, with special reference to highly invasive species such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, is crucial. The concrete potential of screening plant species as sources of metabolites for parasitological purposes is worthy of attention, as elucidated by the Y. Tu's example. Notably, plant-borne molecules are often effective at few parts per million against Aedes, Ochlerotatus, Anopheles and Culex young instars, can be used for the rapid synthesis of mosquitocidal nanoformulations and even employed to prepare cheap repellents with low human toxicity. In addition, behaviour-based control tools relying to the employ of sound traps and the manipulation of swarming behaviour (i.e. "lure and kill" approach) are discussed. The importance of further research on the chemical cues routing mosquito swarming and mating dynamics is highlighted. Besides radiation, transgenic and symbiont-based mosquito control approaches, an effective option may be the employ of biological control agents of mosquito young instars, in the presence of ultra-low quantities of nanoformulated botanicals, which boost their predation rates.}, }
@article {pmid26931804, year = {2016}, author = {Alp, M and Cucherousset, J and Buoro, M and Lecerf, A}, title = {Phenological response of a key ecosystem function to biological invasion.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, pages = {519-527}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12585}, pmid = {26931804}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Global Warming ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Although climate warming has been widely demonstrated to induce shifts in the timing of many biological events, the phenological consequences of other prominent global change drivers remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of biological invasions on the seasonality of leaf litter decomposition, a crucial freshwater ecosystem function. Decomposition rates were quantified in 18 temperate shallow lakes distributed along a gradient of crayfish invasion and a temperature-based model was constructed to predict yearly patterns of decomposition. We found that, through direct detritus consumption, omnivorous invasive crayfish accelerated decomposition rates up to fivefold in spring, enhancing temperature dependence of the process and shortening the period of major detritus availability in the ecosystem by up to 39 days (95% CI: 15-61). The fact that our estimates are an order of magnitude higher than any previously reported climate-driven phenological shifts indicates that some powerful drivers of phenological change have been largely overlooked.}, }
@article {pmid26931647, year = {2016}, author = {Stricker, KB and Harmon, PF and Goss, EM and Clay, K and Luke Flory, S}, title = {Emergence and accumulation of novel pathogens suppress an invasive species.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, pages = {469-477}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12583}, pmid = {26931647}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Fungi/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological ; Poaceae/*microbiology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Emerging pathogens are a growing threat to human health, agriculture and the diversity of ecological communities but may also help control problematic species. Here we investigated the diversity, distribution and consequences of emerging fungal pathogens infecting an aggressive invasive grass that is rapidly colonising habitats throughout the eastern USA. We document the recent emergence and accumulation over time of diverse pathogens that are members of a single fungal genus and represent multiple, recently described or undescribed species. We also show that experimental suppression of these pathogens increased host performance in the field, demonstrating the negative effects of emerging pathogens on invasive plants. Our results suggest that invasive species can facilitate pathogen emergence and amplification, raising concerns about movement of pathogens among agricultural, horticultural, and wild grasses. However, one possible benefit of pathogen accumulation is suppression of aggressive invaders over the long term, potentially abating their negative impacts on native communities.}, }
@article {pmid26931091, year = {2017}, author = {Chen, Y and Dallara, PL and Nelson, LJ and Coleman, TW and Hishinuma, SM and Carrillo, D and Seybold, SJ}, title = {Comparative morphometric and chemical analyses of phenotypes of two invasive ambrosia beetles (Euwallacea spp.) in the United States.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {647-662}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12329}, pmid = {26931091}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Alkanes ; Animals ; California ; Female ; Florida ; Hydrocarbons/*analysis/*chemistry ; *Integumentary System ; Introduced Species ; Larva/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Phenotype ; Weevils/*anatomy &amp; histology/*chemistry/classification/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB), Euwallacea sp., was first detected in 2003 in Los Angeles County, California, USA. Recently, this invasive species has become a major pest of many hardwood trees in urban and wildland forests throughout southern California. PSHB is nearly identical in morphology and life history to the tea shot hole borer (TSHB), Euwallacea fornicatus, an invasive pest of hardwoods in Florida, USA and many other parts of the world. However, molecular studies have suggested that the taxa are different species. We conducted morphometric and chemical analyses of the phenotypes of Euwallacea sp. collected in southern California (Los Angeles County) and E. fornicatus collected in Florida (Miami-Dade County). Our analyses indicated that PSHB has 3 larval instars. The third larval instar was separated from the first 2 instars by head capsule width with 0 probability of misclassification. The body length, head width, and pronotal width of PSHB adult males were significantly less than those of females. Head width and pronotal width of female PSHB were significantly less than those of female TSHB. In contrast, body length, and ratio of body length to pronotal width of female PSHB were significantly greater than those of female TSHB. However, females of these 2 species could not be separated completely by these 4 measurements because of the overlapping ranges. Cuticular hydrocarbons detected in both species were exclusively alkanes (i.e., n-alkanes, monomethylalkanes, dimethylalkanes, and trimethylalkanes). Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of PSHB males and females were similar, but they both differed from that of TSHB females. Cuticular hydrocarbons of PSHB were predominantly internally branched dimethylalkanes with backbones of 31 and 33 carbons, whereas cuticular hydrocarbons of TSHB females were dominated by internally branched monomethylalkanes and dimethylalkanes with backbones of 28 and 29 carbons. Multiple compounds within these classes appear to be diagnostic for PSHB and TSHB, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid26930397, year = {2016}, author = {Davidson, I and Scianni, C and Hewitt, C and Everett, R and Holm, E and Tamburri, M and Ruiz, G}, title = {Mini-review: Assessing the drivers of ship biofouling management--aligning industry and biosecurity goals.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {411-428}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2016.1149572}, pmid = {26930397}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {*Aquatic Organisms/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Biofouling/*prevention &amp; control ; Humans ; *Industry/methods/organization &amp; administration ; *Introduced Species ; Marine Biology/methods/organization &amp; administration ; Organizational Objectives ; Security Measures/*organization &amp; administration ; Ships/*standards ; Total Quality Management/*organization &amp; administration ; }, abstract = {Biofouling exerts a frictional and cost penalty on ships and is a direct cause of invasion by marine species. These negative consequences provide a unifying purpose for the maritime industry and biosecurity managers to prevent biofouling accumulation and transfer, but important gaps exist between these sectors. This mini-review examines the approach to assessments of ship biofouling among sectors (industry, biosecurity and marine science) and the implications for existing and emerging management of biofouling. The primary distinctions between industry and biosecurity in assessment of vessels biofouling revolve around the resolution of biological information collected and the specific wetted surface areas of primary concern to each sector. The morphological characteristics of biofouling and their effects on propulsion dynamics are of primary concern to industry, with an almost exclusive focus on the vertical sides and flat bottom of hulls and an emphasis on antifouling and operational performance. In contrast, the identity, biogeography, and ecology of translocated organisms is of highest concern to invasion researchers and biosecurity managers and policymakers, especially as it relates to species with known histories of invasion elsewhere. Current management practices often provide adequate, although not complete, provision for hull surfaces, but niche areas are well known to enhance biosecurity risk. As regulations to prevent invasions emerge in this arena, there is a growing opportunity for industry, biosecurity and academic stakeholders to collaborate and harmonize efforts to assess and manage biofouling of ships that should lead to more comprehensive biofouling solutions that promote industry goals while reducing biosecurity risk and greenhouse gas emissions.}, }
@article {pmid26929814, year = {2016}, author = {Griffen, BD}, title = {Scaling the consequences of interactions between invaders from the individual to the population level.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, pages = {1769-1777}, pmid = {26929814}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The impact of human-induced stressors, such as invasive species, is often measured at the organismal level, but is much less commonly scaled up to the population level. Interactions with invasive species represent an increasingly common source of stressor in many habitats. However, due to the increasing abundance of invasive species around the globe, invasive species now commonly cause stresses not only for native species in invaded areas, but also for other invasive species. I examine the European green crab Carcinus maenas, an invasive species along the northeast coast of North America, which is known to be negatively impacted in this invaded region by interactions with the invasive Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus. Asian shore crabs are known to negatively impact green crabs via two mechanisms: by directly preying on green crab juveniles and by indirectly reducing green crab fecundity via interference (and potentially exploitative) competition that alters green crab diets. I used life-table analyses to scale these two mechanistic stressors up to the population level in order to examine their relative impacts on green crab populations. I demonstrate that lost fecundity has larger impacts on per capita population growth rates, but that both predation and lost fecundity are capable of reducing population growth sufficiently to produce the declines in green crab populations that have been observed in areas where these two species overlap. By scaling up the impacts of one invader on a second invader, I have demonstrated that multiple documented interactions between these species are capable of having population-level impacts and that both may be contributing to the decline of European green crabs in their invaded range on the east coast of North America.}, }
@article {pmid26929338, year = {2016}, author = {Franklin, J and Serra-Diaz, JM and Syphard, AD and Regan, HM}, title = {Global change and terrestrial plant community dynamics.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {113}, number = {14}, pages = {3725-3734}, pmid = {26929338}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Forests ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Nitrogen ; *Plants ; Population Dynamics/*trends ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic drivers of global change include rising atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses and resulting changes in the climate, as well as nitrogen deposition, biotic invasions, altered disturbance regimes, and land-use change. Predicting the effects of global change on terrestrial plant communities is crucial because of the ecosystem services vegetation provides, from climate regulation to forest products. In this paper, we present a framework for detecting vegetation changes and attributing them to global change drivers that incorporates multiple lines of evidence from spatially extensive monitoring networks, distributed experiments, remotely sensed data, and historical records. Based on a literature review, we summarize observed changes and then describe modeling tools that can forecast the impacts of multiple drivers on plant communities in an era of rapid change. Observed responses to changes in temperature, water, nutrients, land use, and disturbance show strong sensitivity of ecosystem productivity and plant population dynamics to water balance and long-lasting effects of disturbance on plant community dynamics. Persistent effects of land-use change and human-altered fire regimes on vegetation can overshadow or interact with climate change impacts. Models forecasting plant community responses to global change incorporate shifting ecological niches, population dynamics, species interactions, spatially explicit disturbance, ecosystem processes, and plant functional responses. Monitoring, experiments, and models evaluating multiple change drivers are needed to detect and predict vegetation changes in response to 21st century global change.}, }
@article {pmid26928748, year = {2016}, author = {Adrian-Kalchhauser, I and Hirsch, PE and Behrmann-Godel, J and N'Guyen, A and Watzlawczyk, S and Gertzen, S and Borcherding, J and Burkhardt-Holm, P}, title = {The invasive bighead goby Ponticola kessleri displays large-scale genetic similarities and small-scale genetic differentiation in relation to shipping patterns.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {9}, pages = {1925-1943}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13595}, pmid = {26928748}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Genetics, Population ; Germany ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Perciformes/*genetics ; Phenotype ; Rivers ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Ships ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {Colonization events, range expansions and species invasions leave genetic signatures in the genomes of invasive organisms and produce intricate special patterns. Predictions have been made as to how those patterns arise, but only very rarely, genetic processes can be monitored in real time during range expansions. In an attempt to change that, we track a very recently established invasive population of a fish species, the bighead goby Ponticola kessleri, with high temporal and spatial resolution through 2 years to identify patterns over time. We then compare Swiss and German samples of bighead goby along the river Rhine using microsatellites, mitochondrial D-loop sequences and geometric morphometrics to investigate geographic patterns. We detect weak temporal and strong geographic patterns in the data, which are inconsistent with isolation by distance and indicate long range transport. In search of an explanation for our observations, we analyse the vector properties and travel patterns of commercial vessels on the river Rhine. We present evidence that freshwater cargo ships and tankers are plausible vectors for larvae of invasive goby species. We also present indications that cargo ships and tankers act as differential vectors for this species. In summary, we present genetic data at unique temporal resolution from a vertebrate invasion front and substantiate the paramount role of commercial shipping in freshwater fish translocations.}, }
@article {pmid26928562, year = {2016}, author = {Venugopal, PD and Dively, GP and Herbert, A and Malone, S and Whalen, J and Lamp, WO}, title = {Contrasting Role of Temperature in Structuring Regional Patterns of Invasive and Native Pestilential Stink Bugs.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {e0150649}, pmid = {26928562}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera ; *Introduced Species ; *Spatial Analysis ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Assessment and identification of spatial structures in the distribution and abundance of invasive species is important for unraveling the underlying ecological processes. The invasive agricultural insect pest Halyomorpha halys that causes severe economic losses in the United States is currently expanding both within United States and across Europe. We examined the drivers of H. halys invasion by characterizing the distribution and abundance patterns of H. halys and native stink bugs (Chinavia hilaris and Euschistus servus) across eight different spatial scales. We then quantified the interactive and individual influences of temperature, and measures of resource availability and distance from source populations, and their relevant spatial scales. We used Moran's Eigenvector Maps based on Gabriel graph framework to quantify spatial relationships among the soybean fields in mid-Atlantic Unites States surveyed for stink bugs.<br><br>FINDINGS: Results from the multi-spatial scale, multivariate analyses showed that temperature and its interaction with resource availability and distance from source populations structures the patterns in H. halys at very broad spatial scale. H. halys abundance decreased with increasing average June temperature and distance from source population. H. halys were not recorded at fields with average June temperature higher than 23.5&#xb0;C. In parts with suitable climate, high H. halys abundance was positively associated with percentage developed open area and percentage deciduous forests at 250m scale. Broad scale patterns in native stink bugs were positively associated with increasing forest cover and, in contrast to the invasive H. halys, increasing mean July temperature. Our results identify the contrasting role of temperature in structuring regional patterns in H. halys and native stink bugs, while demonstrating its interaction with resource availability and distance from source populations for structuring H. halys patterns.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These results help predicting the pest potential of H. halys and vulnerability of agricultural systems at various regions, given the climatic conditions, and its interaction with resource availability and distance from source populations. Monitoring and control efforts within parts of the United States and Europe with more suitable climate could focus in areas of peri-urban developments with deciduous forests and other host plants, along with efforts to reduce propagule pressure.}, }
@article {pmid26928307, year = {2016}, author = {Escobar, LE and Qiao, H and Peterson, AT}, title = {Forecasting Chikungunya spread in the Americas via data-driven empirical approaches.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {112}, pmid = {26928307}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Americas/epidemiology ; Chikungunya Fever/*epidemiology/*transmission ; *Epidemiologic Methods ; *Forecasting ; Humans ; Models, Statistical ; Prevalence ; Socioeconomic Factors ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is endemic to Africa and Asia, but the Asian genotype invaded the Americas in 2013. The fast increase of human infections in the American epidemic emphasized the urgency of developing detailed predictions of case numbers and the potential geographic spread of this disease.<br><br>METHODS: We developed a simple model incorporating cases generated locally and cases imported from other countries, and forecasted transmission hotspots at the level of countries and at finer scales, in terms of ecological features.<br><br>RESULTS: By late January 2015, >1.2 M CHIKV cases were reported from the Americas, with country-level prevalences between nil and more than 20 %. In the early stages of the epidemic, exponential growth in case numbers was common; later, however, poor and uneven reporting became more common, in a phenomenon we term "surveillance fatigue." Economic activity of countries was not associated with prevalence, but diverse social factors may be linked to surveillance effort and reporting.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our model predictions were initially quite inaccurate, but improved markedly as more data accumulated within the Americas. The data-driven methodology explored in this study provides an opportunity to generate descriptive and predictive information on spread of emerging diseases in the short-term under simple models based on open-access tools and data that can inform early-warning systems and public health intelligence.}, }
@article {pmid26927135, year = {2016}, author = {Yam, RS and Fan, YT and Wang, TT}, title = {Importance of Macrophyte Quality in Determining Life-History Traits of the Apple Snails Pomacea canaliculata: Implications for Bottom-Up Management of an Invasive Herbivorous Pest in Constructed Wetlands.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {26927135}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {Acorus ; Animals ; Commelina ; Ecology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Herbivory/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Ipomoea ; Plant Weeds/*parasitology ; Snails/*physiology ; Taiwan ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Pomacea canaliculata (Ampullariidae) has extensively invaded most Asian constructed wetlands and its massive herbivory of macrophytes has become a major cause of ecosystem dysfunctioning of these restored habitats. We conducted non-choice laboratory feeding experiments of P. canaliculata using five common macrophyte species in constructed wetlands including Ipomoea aquatica, Commelina communis, Nymphoides coreana, Acorus calamus and Phragmites australis. Effects of macrophytes on snail feeding, growth and fecundity responses were evaluated. Results indicated that P. canaliculata reared on Ipomoea had the highest feeding and growth rates with highest reproductive output, but all individuals fed with Phragmites showed lowest feeding rates and little growth with poorest reproductive output. Plant N and P contents were important for enhancing palatability, supporting growth and offspring quantity of P. canaliculata, whilst toughness, cellulose and phenolics had critically deterrent effects on various life-history traits. Although snail offspring quality was generally consistent regardless of maternal feeding conditions, the reduced growth and offspring quantity of the poorly-fed snails in constructed wetlands dominated by the less-palatable macrophytes could limit the invasive success of P. canaliculata. Effective bottom-up control of P. canaliculata in constructed wetlands should involve selective planting strategy using macrophytes with low nutrient and high toughness, cellulose and phenolic contents.}, }
@article {pmid26925735, year = {2016}, author = {Pilotto, F and Sousa, R and Aldridge, DC}, title = {Is the body condition of the invasive zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) enhanced through attachment to native freshwater mussels (Bivalvia, Unionidae)?.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {553}, number = {}, pages = {243-249}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.119}, pmid = {26925735}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Dreissena/*physiology ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Europe ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Unionidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The invasion of zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, into Western Europe and North America has driven widespread ecological change. Attachment of zebra mussels to the shell of native unionoid mussels has resulted in reductions in unionoid abundance and, in extreme cases, their localised extirpations. While the impacts of zebra mussels on infested unionoids are well documented, the possible benefits of the association to the zebra mussel have been little considered. We collected zebra mussels attached to unionoids and to inanimate structures. Zebra mussels attached to unionoids had significantly larger shells, higher standardized body mass and glycogen content than those attached to inanimate substrates, suggesting that D. polymorpha benefits from settling upon unionoids. The body condition of individual zebra mussels was negatively correlated with the number of zebra mussels attached to the unionoid, indicating intraspecific competition. Therefore, zebra mussels seem positively affected through attachment to unionoid mussels, but that these benefits decrease at higher densities of fouling. This association may offer advantages to the spread of zebra mussels within unionoid-rich systems, especially at sites with soft substrates and at the early stages of the invasion process where intraspecific competition is likely to be lower and benefits to the zebra mussels are higher.}, }
@article {pmid26925327, year = {2016}, author = {Sánchez, MI and Petit, C and Martínez-Haro, M and Taggart, MA and Green, AJ}, title = {May arsenic pollution contribute to limiting Artemia franciscana invasion in southern Spain?.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e1703}, pmid = {26925327}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Limited information exists regarding the complex interactions between biological invasions, pollution, and climate change. Most studies indicate that pollution tends to favor invasive species. Here, we provide evidence that arsenic (As) pollution may have a role in limiting the invasion of the exotic brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. We tested As toxicity in natural populations of Artemia parthenogenetica (a native taxon) and A. franciscana from localities in southern Spain with differing degrees of As contamination. Tests were conducted both under current mean temperature conditions (25 °C), and as per a future climate scenario (i.e., an increase in mean temperature of 4 °C). Acute toxicity was estimated on the basis of the median lethal concentration (at 24 h), and chronic toxicity was evaluated by measuring Artemia survival and growth under sublethal exposures (after 26 days). At 25 °C, native A. parthenogenetica from the highly polluted Odiel and Tinto estuary was much more resistant to acute As stress (LC50-24 h, 24.67 mg L(-1)) than A. franciscana (15.78 mg L(-1)) and A. parthenogenetica from unpolluted sites (12.04 mg L(-1))-suggesting that local adaptation to polluted conditions may occur. At 29 °C, resistance of A. parthenogenetica from Odiel decreased significantly, and there were no statistical differences in sensitivity between the three species/populations, suggesting that climate change may enhance the probability of invasion. Resistance increased with developmental stage from nauplii to adults, and was extremely high in cysts which still hatched at As concentrations of up to 6400 mg L(-1). Under sublethal chronic exposure A. franciscana performed better (survival and growth) than A. parthenogenetica, and both species experienced a faster growth when exposed to As, compared with unexposed (control) individuals, probably due to the hormesis. We discuss the ecological implications of our results.}, }
@article {pmid26925216, year = {2016}, author = {Foucaud, J and Moreno, C and Pascual, M and Rezende, EL and Castañeda, LE and Gibert, P and Mery, F}, title = {Introduced Drosophila subobscura populations perform better than native populations during an oviposition choice task due to increased fecundity but similar learning ability.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, pages = {1725-1736}, pmid = {26925216}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The success of invasive species is tightly linked to their fitness in a putatively novel environment. While quantitative components of fitness have been studied extensively in the context of invasive species, fewer studies have looked at qualitative components of fitness, such as behavioral plasticity, and their interaction with quantitative components, despite intuitive benefits over the course of an invasion. In particular, learning is a form of behavioral plasticity that makes it possible to finely tune behavior according to environmental conditions. Learning can be crucial for survival and reproduction of introduced organisms in novel areas, for example, for detecting new predators, or finding mates or oviposition sites. Here we explored how oviposition performance evolved in relation to both fecundity and learning during an invasion, using native and introduced Drosophila subobscura populations performing an ecologically relevant task. Our results indicated that, under comparable conditions, invasive populations performed better during our oviposition task than did native populations. This was because invasive populations had higher fecundity, together with similar cognitive performance when compared to native populations, and that there was no interaction between learning and fecundity. Unexpectedly, our study did not reveal an allocation trade-off (i.e., a negative relationship) between learning and fecundity. On the contrary, the pattern we observed was more consistent with an acquisition trade-off, meaning that fecundity could be limited by availability of resources, unlike cognitive ability. This pattern might be the consequence of escaping natural enemies and/or competitors during the introduction. The apparent lack of evolution of learning may indicate that the introduced population did not face novel cognitive challenges in the new environment (i.e., cognitive "pre-adaptation"). Alternatively, the evolution of learning may have been transient and therefore not detected.}, }
@article {pmid26923791, year = {2016}, author = {Williams, R and Pernetta, AP and Horrocks, JA}, title = {Outcompeted by an invader? Interference and exploitative competition between tropical house gecko (Hemidactylus mabouia) and Barbados leaf-toed gecko (Phyllodactylus pulcher) for diurnal refuges in anthropogenic coastal habitats.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {229-238}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12194}, pmid = {26923791}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; Barbados ; *Behavior, Animal ; Choice Behavior ; Competitive Behavior ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/*physiology ; Male ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {House geckos in the genus Hemidactylus are highly successful colonizers of regions beyond their native range, with colonization often resulting in displacement of native gecko species through competitive interactions for daytime refuge (crevices) and prey resources. We report on data collected from nighttime surveys undertaken in April-May 2014 on Barbados, West Indies, that focused on the distribution and abundance of the endemic Barbados leaf-toed gecko (Phyllodactylus pulcher) and the introduced tropical house gecko (Hemidactylus mabouia) along unlit coastal walls and among boulders in the grounds of a hotel resort. In contrast to patterns of displacement of native species by H. mabouia seen elsewhere, P. pulcher was more abundant than H. mabouia on coastal walls, whereas the latter was found in greater numbers using boulders at this site. Walls and boulders differed with regard to availability of diurnal refugia suitable for geckos, with the walls having high frequency of small crevices with openings <20 mm, and boulders offering very little cover other than the underside of the boulder itself. To investigate whether this niche separation was a result of differences in diurnal refuge use between the species, we conducted experimental trials in which geckos were allowed to select between refugia with different characteristics. Both species selected for narrower and warmer refugia, and refugia that had been previously occupied by the other species. These shared preferences for refugia type suggest that other factors underlie the niche separation observed in the field. In supporting high densities of P. pulcher, coastal walls could offer important secondary habitat by augmenting the natural cliff side habitat of this endemic gecko, a finding that could be exploited for the conservation of this candidate species for Critically Endangered classification.}, }
@article {pmid26922459, year = {2016}, author = {Newete, SW and Byrne, MJ}, title = {The capacity of aquatic macrophytes for phytoremediation and their disposal with specific reference to water hyacinth.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {23}, number = {11}, pages = {10630-10643}, pmid = {26922459}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {*Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Biomass ; *Eichhornia/chemistry/metabolism ; *Refuse Disposal ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The actual amount of fresh water readily accessible for use is <1 % of the total amount of water on earth, and is expected to shrink further due to the projected growth of the population by a third in 2050. Worse yet are the major issues of water pollution, including mining and industrial waste which account for the bulk of contamination sources. The use of aquatic macrophytes as a cost-effective and eco-friendly tool for phytoremediation is well documented. However, little is known about the fate of those plants after phytoremediation. This paper reviews the options for safe disposal of waste plant biomass after phytoremediation. Among the few mentioned in the literature are briquetting, incineration and biogasification. The economic viability of such processes and the safety of their economic products for domestic use are however, not yet established. Over half of the nations in the world are involved in mining of precious metals, and tailings dams are the widespread legacy of such activities. Thus, the disposal of polluted plant biomass onto mine storage facilities such as tailing dams could be an interim solution. There, the material can act as mulch for the establishment of stabilizing vegetation and suppress dust. Plant decomposition might liberate its contaminants, but in a site where containment is a priority.}, }
@article {pmid26921228, year = {2016}, author = {Nguyen, P and Kim, AY and Jung, JK and Donahue, KM and Jung, C and Choi, MY and Koh, YH}, title = {The Biochemical Adaptations of Spotted Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) to Fresh Fruits Reduced Fructose Concentrations and Glutathione-S Transferase Activities.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {109}, number = {2}, pages = {973-981}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow019}, pmid = {26921228}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Drosophila/*enzymology/genetics ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics ; Fructose/*metabolism ; Glutathione Transferase/*metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Oxidative Stress ; Synapsins/genetics ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics ; }, abstract = {Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is an invasive and economically damaging pest in Europe and North America. The females have a serrated ovipositor that enables them to infest almost all ripening small fruits. To understand the physiological and metabolic basis of spotted wing drosophila food preferences for healthy ripening fruits, we investigated the biological and biochemical characteristics of spotted wing drosophila and compared them with those of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen. We found that the susceptibility to oxidative stressors was significantly increased in spotted wing drosophila compared with those of D. melanogaster. In addition, we found that spotted wing drosophila had significantly reduced glutathione-S transferase (GST) activity and gene numbers. Furthermore, fructose concentrations found in spotted wing drosophila were significantly lower than those of D. melanogaster. Our data strongly suggest that the altered food preferences of spotted wing drosophila may stem from evolutionary adaptations to fresh foods accompanied by alterations in carbohydrate metabolism and GST activities.}, }
@article {pmid26921035, year = {2016}, author = {Laurimaa, L and Süld, K and Davison, J and Moks, E and Valdmann, H and Saarma, U}, title = {Alien species and their zoonotic parasites in native and introduced ranges: The raccoon dog example.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {219}, number = {}, pages = {24-33}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.01.020}, pmid = {26921035}, issn = {1873-2550}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia ; Biodiversity ; Estonia ; Female ; Genes, Helminth/genetics ; Helminthiasis, Animal/*epidemiology/*parasitology ; Helminths/classification/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Raccoon Dogs/parasitology ; Risk Factors ; Seasons ; Sex Factors ; Zoonoses/parasitology ; }, abstract = {The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is a canid that is indigenous in East Asia and alien in Europe, where it was introduced more than half a century ago. The aim of this study was to compare the parasite faunas associated with raccoon dogs in their native and introduced ranges, and to identify zoonotic parasite species. We examined 255 carcasses of hunted raccoon dogs from Estonia and recorded a total of 17 helminth species: 4 trematodes, 4 cestodes and 9 nematodes. The most prevalent parasite species were Uncinaria stenocephala (97.6%) and Alaria alata (68.3%). Average parasite species richness was 2.86 (the highest was 9) and only two animals were not parasitized at all. Although the infection intensity was determined by weight and not by sex, all animals infected with more than five helminth species were males. We also found that animals infected with higher numbers of helminth species fed significantly more on natural plants. Intentional consumption of grass may represent a self-medicating behaviour among raccoon dogs. We included the Estonian data into a wider comparison of raccoon dog parasite faunas and found a total of 54 helminth taxa, including 28 of zoonotic potential. In Europe, raccoon dogs are infected with a minimum of 32 helminth species of which 19 are zoonotic; in the native range they are infected with 26 species of which 17 are zoonotic. Most species were nematodes or trematodes, with fewer cestodes described. The recent increase in the number and range of raccoon dogs in Europe and the relatively high number of zoonotic parasite taxa that it harbours suggests that this species should be considered an important source of environmental contamination with zoonotic agents in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid26921023, year = {2016}, author = {Tan, AW and Luncz, L and Haslam, M and Malaivijitnond, S and Gumert, MD}, title = {Complex processing of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia sp.) by free-ranging long-tailed macaques: preliminary analysis for hierarchical organisation.}, journal = {Primates; journal of primatology}, volume = {57}, number = {2}, pages = {141-147}, pmid = {26921023}, issn = {1610-7365}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cognition ; *Feeding Behavior ; Fruit/anatomy &amp; histology ; Hierarchy, Social ; Introduced Species ; Macaca fascicularis/*physiology ; *Opuntia/anatomy &amp; histology ; *Social Behavior ; Thailand ; }, abstract = {Complex food-processing techniques by gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans have allowed comparisons of complex hierarchical cognition between great apes and humans. Here, we analyse preliminary observations of free-ranging long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) (n = 3) in Thailand processing Opuntia sp. cactus fruits. From our observations, we suggest that there is potential to extend the analyses of hierarchical cognition to Old World monkeys. We found that the macaques used six behavioural sequences to obtain Opuntia fruits, remove irritant hairs from the skin of the fruits, and break open, and consume the fruits, each a unique combination of 17 action elements. Removing irritant hairs involved abrading fruits on a sand or rock substrate, and washing fruit in water. The behavioural sequences that macaques use to process Opuntia potentially show features of hierarchical organisation described in the leaf-processing behaviours of great apes. Our observations highlight the need for closer study of complex food-processing behaviour in monkeys to better understand the organisational capacities involved.}, }
@article {pmid26919665, year = {2016}, author = {Soliman, T and MacLeod, A and Mumford, JD and Nghiem, TP and Tan, HT and Papworth, SK and Corlett, RT and Carrasco, LR}, title = {A Regional Decision Support Scheme for Pest Risk Analysis in Southeast Asia.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {36}, number = {5}, pages = {904-913}, doi = {10.1111/risa.12477}, pmid = {26919665}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Asia, Southeastern ; *Decision Support Techniques ; Plant Diseases/*prevention &amp; control ; *Plants ; *Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {A key justification to support plant health regulations is the ability of quarantine services to conduct pest risk analyses (PRA). Despite the supranational nature of biological invasions and the close proximity and connectivity of Southeast Asian countries, PRAs are conducted at the national level. Furthermore, some countries have limited experience in the development of PRAs, which may result in inadequate phytosanitary responses that put their plant resources at risk to pests vectored via international trade. We review existing decision support schemes for PRAs and, following international standards for phytosanitary measures, propose new methods that adapt existing practices to suit the unique characteristics of Southeast Asia. Using a formal written expert elicitation survey, a panel of regional scientific experts was asked to identify and rate unique traits of Southeast Asia with respect to PRA. Subsequently, an expert elicitation workshop with plant protection officials was conducted to verify the potential applicability of the developed methods. Rich biodiversity, shortage of trained personnel, social vulnerability, tropical climate, agriculture-dependent economies, high rates of land-use change, and difficulties in implementing risk management options were identified as challenging Southeast Asian traits. The developed methods emphasize local Southeast Asian conditions and could help support authorities responsible for carrying out PRAs within the region. These methods could also facilitate the creation of other PRA schemes in low- and middle-income tropical countries.}, }
@article {pmid26919613, year = {2016}, author = {Bremm, C and Carvalho, PC and Fonseca, L and Amaral, GA and Mezzalira, JC and Perez, NB and Nabinger, C and Laca, EA}, title = {Diet Switching by Mammalian Herbivores in Response to Exotic Grass Invasion.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {e0150167}, pmid = {26919613}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Body Size ; Brazil ; Cattle/physiology/*psychology ; *Diet ; Ecosystem ; *Eragrostis ; *Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Food Preferences ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Dispersal ; Sheep/physiology/*psychology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasion by exotic grasses is a severe threat to the integrity of grassland ecosystems all over the world. Because grasslands are typically grazed by livestock and wildlife, the invasion is a community process modulated by herbivory. We hypothesized that the invasion of native South American grasslands by Eragrostis plana Nees, an exotic tussock-forming grass from Africa, could be deterred by grazing if grazers switched dietary preferences and included the invasive grass as a large proportion of their diets. Bos taurus (heifers) and Ovis aries (ewes) grazed plots with varying degrees of invasion by E. plana in a replicated manipulative experiment. Animal positions and species grazed were observed every minute in 45-min grazing session. Proportion of bites and steps in and out of E. plana tussocks were measured and used to calculate several indices of selectivity. Both heifers and ewes exhibited increasing probability of grazing E. plana as the proportion of area covered by tussocks increased, but they behaved differently. In agreement with expectations based on the allometry of dietary preferences and morphology, ewes consumed a low proportion of E. plana, except in areas that had more than 90% E. plana cover. Heifers consumed proportionally more E. plana than ewes. Contrary to our hypothesis, herbivores did not exhibit dietary switching towards the invasive grass. Moreover, they exhibited avoidance of the invasive grass and preference for short-statured native species, both of which should tend to enhance invasion. Unless invasive plants are highly palatable to livestock, the effect of grazing to deter the invasion is limited, due to the inherent avoidance of the invasive grass by the main grazers in the ecosystem, particularly sheep.}, }
@article {pmid26919588, year = {2016}, author = {Atalah, J and Brook, R and Cahill, P and Fletcher, LM and Hopkins, GA}, title = {It's a wrap: encapsulation as a management tool for marine biofouling.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, pages = {277-286}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2015.1137288}, pmid = {26919588}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Acetic Acid/*pharmacology ; *Animal Distribution/drug effects/physiology ; Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/drug effects/physiology ; Biofouling/*prevention &amp; control ; Biomass ; Coated Materials, Biocompatible ; Disinfectants/pharmacology ; *Introduced Species ; *Mytilus/drug effects/physiology ; *Urochordata/drug effects/physiology ; }, abstract = {Encapsulation of fouled structures is an effective tool for countering incursions by non-indigenous biofoulers. However, guidelines for the implementation of encapsulation treatments are yet to be established. This study evaluated the effects of temperature, biomass, community composition, treatment duration and the biocide acetic acid on biofoulers. In laboratory trials using the model organisms Ciona spp. and Mytilus galloprovincialis, increasing the temperature or biomass speeded up the development of a toxic environment. Total mortality for Ciona spp. occurred within 72 and 24 h at 10 and 19°C, respectively. M. galloprovincialis survived up to 18 days, with high biomass increasing mortality at 10°C only. In a field study, three-month-old and four-year-old communities were encapsulated with and without acetic acid. Mortality took up to 10 days for communities encapsulated without acetic acid, compared to 48 h with acetic acid. The insights gained from this study will be useful in developing standardised encapsulation protocols.}, }
@article {pmid26914688, year = {2016}, author = {Alldred, M and Baines, SB and Findlay, S}, title = {Effects of Invasive-Plant Management on Nitrogen-Removal Services in Freshwater Tidal Marshes.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {e0149813}, pmid = {26914688}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; Denitrification ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen/isolation &amp; purification/*metabolism ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Typhaceae/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Establishing relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem function is an ongoing endeavor in contemporary ecosystem and community ecology, with important practical implications for conservation and the maintenance of ecosystem services. Removal of invasive plant species to conserve native diversity is a common management objective in many ecosystems, including wetlands. However, substantial changes in plant community composition have the potential to alter sediment characteristics and ecosystem services, including permanent removal of nitrogen from these systems via microbial denitrification. A balanced assessment of costs associated with keeping and removing invasive plants is needed to manage simultaneously for biodiversity and pollution targets. We monitored small-scale removals of Phragmites australis over four years to determine their effects on potential denitrification rates relative to three untreated Phragmites sites and adjacent sites dominated by native Typha angustifolia. Sediment ammonium increased following the removal of vegetation from treated sites, likely as a result of decreases in both plant uptake and nitrification. Denitrification potentials were lower in removal sites relative to untreated Phragmites sites, a pattern that persisted at least two years following removal as native plant species began to re-colonize treated sites. These results suggest the potential for a trade-off between invasive-plant management and nitrogen-removal services. A balanced assessment of costs associated with keeping versus removing invasive plants is needed to adequately manage simultaneously for biodiversity and pollution targets.}, }
@article {pmid26912898, year = {2016}, author = {Blanton, LV and Charbonneau, MR and Salih, T and Barratt, MJ and Venkatesh, S and Ilkaveya, O and Subramanian, S and Manary, MJ and Trehan, I and Jorgensen, JM and Fan, YM and Henrissat, B and Leyn, SA and Rodionov, DA and Osterman, AL and Maleta, KM and Newgard, CB and Ashorn, P and Dewey, KG and Gordon, JI}, title = {Gut bacteria that prevent growth impairments transmitted by microbiota from malnourished children.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {351}, number = {6275}, pages = {}, pmid = {26912898}, issn = {1095-9203}, support = {R01 DK030292/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; T32 AI007172/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; P30 AR057235/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM007067/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R37 DK030292/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*classification ; Bifidobacterium/physiology ; Body Weight ; Bone Development ; Clostridiales/physiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Feces/microbiology ; Femur/growth &amp; development ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*physiology ; Germ-Free Life ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Nutrition Disorders/metabolism/*microbiology ; Malawi ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; }, abstract = {Undernourished children exhibit impaired development of their gut microbiota. Transplanting microbiota from 6- and 18-month-old healthy or undernourished Malawian donors into young germ-free mice that were fed a Malawian diet revealed that immature microbiota from undernourished infants and children transmit impaired growth phenotypes. The representation of several age-discriminatory taxa in recipient animals correlated with lean body mass gain; liver, muscle, and brain metabolism; and bone morphology. Mice were cohoused shortly after receiving microbiota from healthy or severely stunted and underweight infants; age- and growth-discriminatory taxa from the microbiota of the former were able to invade that of the latter, which prevented growth impairments in recipient animals. Adding two invasive species, Ruminococcus gnavus and Clostridium symbiosum, to the microbiota from undernourished donors also ameliorated growth and metabolic abnormalities in recipient animals. These results provide evidence that microbiota immaturity is causally related to undernutrition and reveal potential therapeutic targets and agents.}, }
@article {pmid26912851, year = {2016}, author = {Azevedo-Santos, VM and Vitule, JR and García-Berthou, E and Pelicice, FM and Simberloff, D}, title = {Misguided strategy for mosquito control.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {351}, number = {6274}, pages = {675}, doi = {10.1126/science.351.6274.675}, pmid = {26912851}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*virology ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Chikungunya virus ; Dengue Virus ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; *Poecilia ; Zika Virus ; }, }
@article {pmid26911962, year = {2016}, author = {Phillips, BL and Shine, R and Tingley, R}, title = {The genetic backburn: using rapid evolution to halt invasions.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {283}, number = {1825}, pages = {20153037}, pmid = {26911962}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Bufonidae/genetics/physiology ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The impact of an invasive species depends upon the extent of area across which it ultimately spreads. A powerful strategy for limiting impact, then, is to limit spread, and this can most easily be achieved by managing or reinforcing natural barriers to spread. Using a simulation model, we show that rapid evolutionary increases in dispersal can render permeable an otherwise effective barrier. On the other hand, we also show that, once the barrier is reached, and if it holds, resultant evolutionary decreases in dispersal rapidly make the barrier more effective. Finally, we sketch a strategy--the genetic backburn--in which low-dispersal individuals from the range core are translocated to the nearside of the barrier ahead of the oncoming invasion. We find that the genetic backburn--by preventing invasion front genotypes reaching the barrier, and hastening the evolutionary decrease in dispersal--can make barriers substantially more effective. In our simulations, the genetic backburn never reduced barrier strength, however, the improvement to barrier strength was negligible when there was substantial long-distance dispersal, or when there was no genetic variation for dispersal distance. The improvement in barrier strength also depended on the trade-off between dispersal and competitive ability, with a stronger trade-off conferring greater power to the genetic backburn.}, }
@article {pmid26910957, year = {2015}, author = {Fork, S and Woolfolk, A and Akhavan, A and Van Dyke, E and Murphy, S and Candiloro, B and Newberry, T and Schreibman, S and Salisbury, J and Wasson, K}, title = {Biodiversity effects and rates of spread of nonnative eucalypt woodlands in central California.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {8}, pages = {2306-2319}, doi = {10.1890/14-1943.1}, pmid = {26910957}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; California ; Eucalyptus/*physiology ; *Forests ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Quercus ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Woodlands comprised of planted, nonnative trees are increasing in extent globally, while native woodlands continue to decline due to human activities. The ecological impacts of planted woodlands may include changes to the communities of understory plants and animals found among these nonnative trees relative to native woodlands, as well as invasion of adjacent habitat areas through spread beyond the originally planted areas. Eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.) are among the most widely planted trees worldwide, and are very common in California, USA. The goals of our investigation were to compare the biological communities of nonnative eucalypt woodlands to native oak woodlands in coastal central California, and to examine whether planted eucalypt groves have increased in size over the past decades. We assessed site and habitat attributes and characterized biological communities using understory plant, ground-dwelling arthropod, amphibian, and bird communities as indicators. Degree of difference between native and nonnative woodlands depended on the indicator used. Eucalypts had significantly greater canopy height and cover, and significantly lower cover by perennial plants and species richness of arthropods than oaks. Community composition of arthropods also differed significantly between eucalypts and oaks. Eucalypts had marginally significantly deeper litter depth, lower abundance of native plants with ranges limited to western North America, and lower abundance of amphibians. In contrast to these differences, eucalypt and oak groves had very similar bird community composition, species richness, and abundance. We found no evidence of "invasional meltdown," documenting similar abundance and richness of nonnatives in eucalypt vs. oak woodlands. Our time-series analysis revealed that planted eucalypt groves increased 271% in size, on average, over six decades, invading adjacent areas. Our results inform science-based management of California woodlands, revealing that while bird communities would probably not be affected by restoration of eucalypt to oak woodlands, such a restoration project would not only stop the spread of eucalypts into adjacent habitats but would also enhance cover by western North American native plants and perennials, enhance amphibian abundance, and increase arthropod richness.}, }
@article {pmid26910953, year = {2015}, author = {van Klinken, RD and Pichancourt, JB}, title = {Population-level consequences of herbivory, changing climate, and source-sink dynamics on a long-lived invasive shrub.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {8}, pages = {2255-2270}, doi = {10.1890/14-2202.1}, pmid = {26910953}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Environmental Monitoring ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological ; Prosopis/*physiology ; Time Factors ; Weed Control ; }, abstract = {Long-lived plant species are highly valued environmentally, economically, and socially, but can also cause substantial harm as invaders. Realistic demographic predictions can guide management decisions, and are particularly valuable for long-lived species where population response times can be long. Long-lived species are also challenging, given population dynamics can be affected by factors as diverse as herbivory, climate, and dispersal. We developed a matrix model to evaluate the effects of herbivory by a leaf-feeding biological control agent released in Australia against a long-lived invasive shrub (mesquite, Leguminoseae: Prosopis spp.). The stage-structured, density-dependent model used an annual time step and 10 climatically diverse years of field data. Mesquite population demography is sensitive to source-sink dynamics as most seeds are consumed and redistributed spatially by livestock. In addition, individual mesquite plants, because they are long lived, experience natural climate variation that cycles over decadal scales, as well as anthropogenic climate change. The model therefore explicitly considered the effects of both net dispersal and climate variation. Herbivory strongly regulated mesquite populations through reduced growth and fertility, but additional mortality of older plants will be required to reach management goals within a reasonable time frame. Growth and survival of seeds and seedlings were correlated with daily soil moisture. As a result, population dynamics were sensitive to rainfall scenario, but population response times were typically slow (20-800 years to reach equilibrium or extinction) due to adult longevity. Equilibrium population densities were expected to remain 5% higher, and be more dynamic, if historical multi-decadal climate patterns persist, the effect being dampened by herbivory suppressing seed production irrespective of preceding rainfall. Dense infestations were unlikely to form under a drier climate, and required net dispersal under the current climate. Seed input wasn't required to form dense infestations under a wetter climate. Each factor we considered (ongoing herbivory, changing climate, and source-sink dynamics) has a strong bearing on how this invasive species should be managed, highlighting the need for considering both ecological context (in this case, source-sink dynamics) and the effect of climate variability at relevant temporal scales (daily, multi-decadal, and anthropogenic) when deriving management recommendations for long-lived species.}, }
@article {pmid26910939, year = {2015}, author = {Radeloff, VC and Williams, JW and Bateman, BL and Burke, KD and Carter, SK and Childress, ES and Cromwell, KJ and Gratton, C and Hasley, AO and Kraemer, BM and Latzka, AW and Marin-Spiotta, E and Meine, CD and Munoz, SE and Neeson, TM and Pidgeon, AM and Rissman, AR and Rivera, RJ and Szymanski, LM and Usinowicz, J}, title = {The rise of novelty in ecosystems.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {8}, pages = {2051-2068}, doi = {10.1890/14-1781.1}, pmid = {26910939}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Plants ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Rapid and ongoing change creates novelty in ecosystems everywhere, both when comparing contemporary systems to their historical baselines, and predicted future systems to the present. However, the level of novelty varies greatly among places. Here we propose a formal and quantifiable definition of abiotic and biotic novelty in ecosystems, map abiotic novelty globally, and discuss the implications of novelty for the science of ecology and for biodiversity conservation. We define novelty as the degree of dissimilarity of a system, measured in one or more dimensions relative to a reference baseline, usually defined as either the present or a time window in the past. In this conceptualization, novelty varies in degree, it is multidimensional, can be measured, and requires a temporal and spatial reference. This definition moves beyond prior categorical definitions of novel ecosystems, and does not include human agency, self-perpetuation, or irreversibility as criteria. Our global assessment of novelty was based on abiotic factors (temperature, precipitation, and nitrogen deposition) plus human population, and shows that there are already large areas with high novelty today relative to the early 20th century, and that there will even be more such areas by 2050. Interestingly, the places that are most novel are often not the places where absolute changes are largest; highlighting that novelty is inherently different from change. For the ecological sciences, highly novel ecosystems present new opportunities to test ecological theories, but also challenge the predictive ability of ecological models and their validation. For biodiversity conservation, increasing novelty presents some opportunities, but largely challenges. Conservation action is necessary along the entire continuum of novelty, by redoubling efforts to protect areas where novelty is low, identifying conservation opportunities where novelty is high, developing flexible yet strong regulations and policies, and establishing long-term experiments to test management approaches. Meeting the challenge of novelty will require advances in the science of ecology, and new and creative. conservation approaches.}, }
@article {pmid26910416, year = {2016}, author = {Parvinen, K and Seppänen, A}, title = {On fitness in metapopulations that are both size- and stage-structured.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {73}, number = {4}, pages = {903-917}, pmid = {26910416}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {A proxy for the invasion fitness in structured metapopulation models has been defined as a metapopulation reproduction ratio, which is the expected number of surviving dispersers produced by a mutant immigrant and a colony of its descendants. When a size-structured metapopulation model involves also individual stages (such as juveniles and adults), there exists a generalized definition for the invasion fitness proxy. The idea is to calculate the expected numbers of dispersers of all different possible types produced by a mutant clan initiated with a single mutant, and to collect these values into a matrix. The metapopulation reproduction ratio is then the dominant eigenvalue of this matrix. The calculation method has been published in detail in the case of small local populations. However, in case of large patches the previously published numerical calculation method to obtain the expected number of dispersers does not generalize as such, which gives us one aim of this article. Here, we thus derive a generalized method to calculate the invasion fitness in a metapopulation, which consists of large local populations, and is both size- and stage-structured. We also prove that the metapopulation reproduction ratio is well-defined, i.e., it is equal to 1 for a mutant with a strategy equal to the strategy of a resident. Such a proof has not been previously published even for the case with only one type of individuals.}, }
@article {pmid26909625, year = {2016}, author = {Tiberio, FC and Sampaio-E-Silva, TA and Matos, DM and Antunes, AZ}, title = {The risks of introduction of the Amazonian palm Euterpe oleracea in the Atlantic rainforest.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {76}, number = {1}, pages = {66-72}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.12114}, pmid = {26909625}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Euterpe/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; *Plant Dispersal ; Population Dynamics ; Rainforest ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The introduction of a species may alter ecological processes of native populations, such as pollination and dispersal patterns, leading to changes in population structure. When the introduced and the native species are congeners, interference in pollination can also lead to hybridization. We aimed to understand the ecological aspects of Euterpe oleracea introduction in the Atlantic forest and the possible consequences for the conservation of the native congener Euterpe edulis. We analysed the population structure of palm populations, including hybrids, and observed the interaction with frugivorous birds of both palm species after E. oleracea introduction. We observed that E. edulis had significantly lower density and a smaller number of seedlings when occurring with E. oleracea. Native and introduced Euterpe species shared nine frugivorous bird species. E. oleracea and hybrids had dispersed outside the original planting area. Consequently, the risks of introduction of E. oleracea may mostly be related to the disruption of interactions between E. edulis and frugivorous birds and the spontaneous production of hybrids. Finally, the cultivation of E. oleracea and hybrids in Atlantic rainforest could affect the conservation of the already endangered E. edulis.}, }
@article {pmid26909619, year = {2016}, author = {Fragoso-Moura, EN and Oporto, LT and Maia-Barbosa, PM and Barbosa, FA}, title = {Loss of biodiversity in a conservation unit of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: the effect of introducing non-native fish species.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {76}, number = {1}, pages = {18-27}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.07914}, pmid = {26909619}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Brazil ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Fishes ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; }, abstract = {The introduction of species has become an important problem for biodiversity and natural ecosystem conservation. The lake system of the middle Rio Doce (MG, Brazil) comprises c. 200 lakes at various conservation states, of which 50 are located within the Rio Doce State Park (PERD). Previous studies had verified several of these lakes suffered non-native fishes introductions and the presence of these species needs for the implementation of actions aiming at not only their control but also the preservation of the native species. This study discusses the effects of non-native fish species in the largest conservation unit of Atlantic Forest in Minas Gerais, southeast of Brazil, using data from 1983 to 2010 distributed as follow: data prior to 2006 were obtained from previous studies, and data from September 2006 to July 2010 were obtained in Lake Carioca at four sampling stations using gillnets, seine nets and sieve. A total of 17 fish species was collected (2006-2010) of which five were introduced species. Among the small to medium size native species (30 to 2000 mm standard length) seven had disappeared, two are new records and one was recaptured. The non-native species Cichla kelberi (peacock bass) and Pygocentrus nattereri (red piranha) are within the most abundant captured species. Integrated with other actions, such as those preventing new introductions, a selective fishing schedule is proposed as an alternative approach to improve the conservation management actions and the local and regional biodiversity maintenance.}, }
@article {pmid26909441, year = {2015}, author = {Kalusova, V and Chytry, M and Peet, RK and Wentworth, TR}, title = {Intercontinental comparison of habitat levels of invasion between temperate North America and Europe.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {12}, pages = {3363-3373}, doi = {10.1890/15-0021.1}, pmid = {26909441}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Climate ; Czech Republic ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; North Carolina ; Plants/*classification ; South Carolina ; }, abstract = {Several studies have demonstrated that floras of the New World contain larger proportions of alien species than those of the Old World; however, the differences in fine-scale invasion patterns are poorly known. We compared the levels of invasion in analogous habitats of two environmentally similar regions in temperate North America and Europe (the Carolinas and the Czech Republic), using comprehensive vegetation-plot databases. Native and alien vascular plant species were identified within 4165 vegetation plots assigned to 12 habitats occurring in both areas. The level of invasion was calculated for each habitat (1) as the proportion of aliens recorded cumulatively across multiple plots (habitat scale) and (2) as the mean proportion of aliens per plot (plot scale), both separately for all alien species and for the subgroup of aliens originating in one region and invading the other. The proportions of species native on one continent and invading the other were also calculated for each habitat to compare the alien species exchange between continents. Habitat levels of invasion showed remarkably similar patterns on the two continents. There were significant positive relationships for the levels of invasion, both for all alien species (habitat-scale R2 = 0.907; plot-scale R2 = 0.676) and for those that originated on the opposite continent (habitat-scale R2 = 0.624; plot-scale R2 = 0.708). In both regions, the most and the least invaded habitats were the same, but on average, North American habitats showed higher habitat-scale levels of invasion than their European counterparts. At the same time, a larger proportion of alien species was provided by European habitats for invasion to North America than vice versa. The consistent intercontinental pattern of habitat levels of invasion suggests that these levels are driven by similar mechanisms in distant regions. Habitat conditions are likely to have stronger effect on the level of invasion than the identity of alien species, as shown by similar levels of invasion in analogous habitats despite different geographical origins of alien species. The higher flux of alien species from Europe to North America is consistent with a generally higher level of invasion of North American habitats.}, }
@article {pmid26906399, year = {2016}, author = {Bergmann, EJ and Venugopal, PD and Martinson, HM and Raupp, MJ and Shrewsbury, PM}, title = {Host Plant Use by the Invasive Halyomorpha halys (Stål) on Woody Ornamental Trees and Shrubs.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {e0149975}, pmid = {26906399}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Heteroptera/*physiology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages/*physiology ; Maryland ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; Trees/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive plant-feeding insect native to eastern Asia. This herbivore is highly polyphagous, feeding on and damaging diverse plants, including field crops, vegetables, tree fruits, and ornamentals. Woody ornamental plants provide early- and late-season resources for adults emerging from and returning to overwintering sites, as well as feeding and breeding sites for H. halys throughout the growing season. In this study, we quantify the use of diverse plants by H. halys in two commercial nurseries in Maryland, recording data on the abundance of egg masses, early and late instar nymphs, and adults over a three-year study period. Our specific goals were to provide a quantitative comparison of the use of diverse plant species and cultivated varieties, identify non-hosts that could be used to create landscapes refractory to H. halys, and determine whether the use of plants varied across life stages of H. halys or the taxonomic status of plants. We found broad use of diverse plants in this study, identifying 88 host plants used by all life stages of H. halys. We also highlight the 43 plant taxa that did not support any life stage of H. halys and are thus classified as non-hosts. Interestingly, some of these plants were congeners of highly-used plants, underscoring high intrageneric and intraspecific variation in the use of plants by this polyphagous herbivore. We discuss how the selective planting of non-hosts, especially gymnosperms, may aid in reducing the agricultural and nuisance pest status of this invasive insect.}, }
@article {pmid26903488, year = {2016}, author = {Wang, HH and Wonkka, CL and Grant, WE and Rogers, WE}, title = {Range expansion of invasive shrubs: implication for crown fire risk in forestlands of the southern USA.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {26903488}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Non-native plant invasions and changing management activities have dramatically altered the structure and composition of forests worldwide. Invasive shrubs and fire suppression have led to increased densification and biomass accumulation in forest ecosystems of the southeastern USA. Notably, Chinese and European privets are rapid growing, shade-tolerant shrubs which number among the most aggressive invasive species in these forests. Privet encroachment has caused losses of native diversity, alteration of ecosystem processes and changes in community structure. The latter has become manifest through decreases in fine herbaceous fuels concurrent with increases in coarse woody fuels in forest understoreys. These alterations in fuel structure will potentially lead to less frequent, but more severe forest fires, which threaten important forest resources during extreme weather conditions. Drawing on extensive data sets compiled by the US Forest Service, we integrated statistical forecasting and analytical techniques within a spatially explicit, agent-based, simulation framework to predict potential range expansion of Chinese and European privet (Ligustrum sinenseandL. vulgare) and the associated increase in crown fire risk over the next two decades in forestlands of Mississippi and Alabama. Our results indicate that probability of invasion is positively associated with elevation, adjacency (within 300 m) to water bodies, mean daily maximum temperature, site productivity and private land ownership, and is negatively associated with slope, stand age, artificial regeneration, distance to the nearest road and fire disturbance. Our projections suggest the total area invaded will increase from 1.36 to ≈31.39% of all forestlands in Mississippi and Alabama (≈7 million hectares) and the annual frequency of crown fires in these forestlands will approximately double within the next two decades. Such time series projections of annual range expansions and crown fire frequency should provide land managers and restoration practitioners with an invasion chronology upon which to base proactive management plans.}, }
@article {pmid26899738, year = {2016}, author = {Corazza, M and Tardella, FM and Ferrari, C and Catorci, A}, title = {Tall Grass Invasion After Grassland Abandonment Influences the Availability of Palatable Plants for Wild Herbivores: Insight into the Conservation of the Apennine Chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {57}, number = {6}, pages = {1247-1261}, pmid = {26899738}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Brachypodium/*growth &amp; development ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; *Grassland ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Italy ; Population Density ; Rupicapra/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasion of the tall grass Brachypodium genuense was observed in an area of the central Apennines (Italy) where the population size of Apennine chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata) was in strong decline. Since this dominant tall grass threatens biodiversity and forage quality, our hypothesis was that B. genuense abundance influenced that of palatable species for the chamois, depending on their functional traits and distribution patterns. Our sampling design used plots of 10 × 10 m and 1 × 1 m to investigate the plant community level and fine-scale interactions. We analyzed data using correlation, generalized linear models, and redundancy analyses. We found that B. genuense can reach high abundance values on the deepest soils. Its high cover value influences plant community composition by competitive exclusion of subordinate species and suppression of functional features because of temporal or spatial niche overlap. This leads to low cover of palatable species at a fine scale, and to poor pasture quality for chamois at a wider scale. Therefore, we postulated that B. genuense invasion, enhanced by long-term grazing cessation, may reduce the availability of palatable plants for Apennine chamois, especially below the potential timberline (1900-2000 m a.s.l.). The high abundance of B. genuense may amplify the effect of other negative factors, such as competition with red deer (Cervus elaphus) and climate change, in restricting the suitable habitat of the Apennine chamois to the higher sectors of the central Apennines. Thus, we suggested that B. genuense spread should be monitored carefully and plans to control its invasion should be implemented.}, }
@article {pmid26898160, year = {2016}, author = {Borah, AJ and Agarwal, M and Poudyal, M and Goyal, A and Moholkar, VS}, title = {Mechanistic investigation in ultrasound induced enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis of invasive biomass species.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {213}, number = {}, pages = {342-349}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.024}, pmid = {26898160}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Biomass ; Biotechnology/*methods ; Circular Dichroism ; Eichhornia/chemistry/metabolism ; Fermentation ; Hydrolysis ; *Introduced Species ; Kinetics ; Lantana/chemistry/metabolism ; Mikania/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Theoretical ; Plant Weeds/chemistry/*metabolism ; Saccharum/chemistry/metabolism ; Sonication ; Ultrasonics/*methods ; }, abstract = {This study has assessed four invasive weeds, viz. Saccharum spontaneum (SS), Mikania micrantha (MM), Lantana camara (LC) and Eichhornia crassipes (EC) for enzymatic hydrolysis prior to bioalcohol fermentation. Enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated biomasses of weeds has been conducted with mechanical agitation and sonication under constant (non-optimum) conditions. Profiles of total reducible sugar release have been fitted to HCH-1 model of enzymatic hydrolysis using Genetic Algorithm. Trends in parameters of this model reveal physical mechanism of ultrasound-induced enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis. Sonication accelerates hydrolysis kinetics by ∼10-fold. This effect is contributed by several causes, attributed to intense micro-convection generated during sonication: (1) increase in reaction velocity, (2) increase in enzyme-substrate affinity, (3) reduction in product inhibition, and (4) enhancement of enzyme activity due to conformational changes in its secondary structure. Enhancement effect of sonication is revealed to be independent of conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis - whether optimum or non-optimum.}, }
@article {pmid26897605, year = {2016}, author = {Fletcher, RA and Callaway, RM and Atwater, DZ}, title = {An exotic invasive plant selects for increased competitive tolerance, but not competitive suppression, in a native grass.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {181}, number = {2}, pages = {499-505}, pmid = {26897605}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {/HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; }, mesh = {*Centaurea ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Poaceae ; }, abstract = {Exotic invasive plants can exert strong selective pressure for increased competitive ability in native plants. There are two fundamental components of competitive ability: suppression and tolerance, and the current paradigm that these components have equal influences on a species' overall competitive ability has been recently questioned. If these components do not have equal influences on overall ability, then selection on competitive tolerance and suppression may be disproportionate. We used naturally invaded communities to study the effects of selection caused by an invasive forb, Centaurea stoebe, on a native grass, Pseudoroegneria spicata. P. spicata plants were harvested from within dense C. stoebe patches and from nearby uninvaded areas, divided clonally into replicates, then transplanted into a common garden where they grew alone or competed with C. stoebe. We found that P. spicata plants collected from within C. stoebe patches were significantly more tolerant of competition with C. stoebe than P. spicata plants collected from uninvaded areas, but plants from inside invaded patches were not superior at suppressing C. stoebe. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that strong competitors may select for tolerance to competition more than for the ability to suppress neighbors. This has important implications for how native plant communities may respond to invasion over time, and how invasive and native species may ultimately coexist.}, }
@article {pmid26896580, year = {2016}, author = {Laguna, C and López-Perea, JJ and Viñuela, J and Florín, M and Feliu, J and Chicote, &#xc1; and Cirujano, S and Mateo, R}, title = {Effects of invasive fish and quality of water and sediment on macrophytes biomass, and their consequences for the waterbird community of a Mediterranean floodplain.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {551-552}, number = {}, pages = {513-521}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.059}, pmid = {26896580}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Birds ; Carps ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Spain ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Floodplains are among the most threatened ecosystems world-wide because of multiple stressors, i.e., invasive species, pollution and aquifer overexploitation; the Tablas de Daimiel National Park (Spain) is a clear example of these kinds of impact. This work aims to test whether invasive fish and/or the water and sediment quality are significant drivers of the decline of stonewort (Chara spp.) meadows in the Tablas de Daimiel, investigating how this could explain changes observed in the waterbird community. Bird surveys performed monthly between June 2010 and April 2014 have shown that herbivorous species like the red-crested pochard (Netta rufina) reached historical records between September 2010 and June 2011, but have decreased since then. Piscivorous waterbirds like the great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) and herons increased in population after 2011, however. These changes may be due to the decline of Chara spp. meadows, connected to overexploitation by herbivores, or to changes in water and sediment quality. To test this hypothesis, we studied the growth of Chara spp. biomass in ten sites of the Tablas de Daimiel, where experimental exclosures were set up to exclude herbivory by birds, and bioturbation and herbivory by fish. Our results have shown that the absence of Chara spp. in the Tablas de Daimiel is mostly explained by presence of invasive fish (i.e. common carp). Moreover, the physicochemical characteristics of the water (lower values of conductivity and higher values of inorganic carbon and organic nitrogen), as well as of the sediment (lower values of inorganic and organic phosphorus), favour the increase of Chara spp., in the absence of the fish effect. These results led the National Park managers to begin the control of invasive fish as an urgent measure to assure the ecological conservation of this Mediterranean wetland.}, }
@article {pmid26896533, year = {2016}, author = {Del Pozo-Valdivia, AI and Seiter, NJ and Reisig, DD and Greene, JK and Reay-Jones, FPF and Bacheler, JS}, title = {Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) Population Dynamics in Soybeans as Influenced by Planting Date, Maturity Group, and Insecticide Use.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {109}, number = {3}, pages = {1141-1155}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow020}, pmid = {26896533}, issn = {1938-291X}, abstract = {Since its unintentional introduction during 2009, Megacopta cribraria (F.) has spread rapidly throughout the southeastern United States, mainly feeding and reproducing on kudzu, Pueraria montana Loureiro (Merr.) variety lobata (Willdenow), and soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr. Megacopta cribraria has become a serious economic pest in soybeans, forcing growers to rely solely on insecticide applications to control this insect. The main objective of this study was to investigate if variation in planting date and maturity group of soybeans had an impact on management of M. cribraria populations. Three experimental fields were located in North Carolina (2) and South Carolina (1), and the tests replicated during 2012 and 2013. Treatments consisted of three planting dates, four maturity groups, and insecticide treated versus untreated, at each location. More M. cribraria were found in untreated early planted soybeans than late planted soybeans. Generally, maturity group did not influence population densities of M. cribraria. Yield was significantly influenced by the interaction between planting date and maturity group. There was a negative linear relationship between M. cribraria populations and soybean yield. Although early planted soybeans may avoid drought conditions and potentially large populations of defoliators, these fields may be at greater risk for infestation by M. cribraria.}, }
@article {pmid26894756, year = {2016}, author = {Gucwa-Przepióra, E and Chmura, D and Sokołowska, K}, title = {AM and DSE colonization of invasive plants in urban habitat: a study of Upper Silesia (southern Poland).}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {129}, number = {4}, pages = {603-614}, pmid = {26894756}, issn = {1618-0860}, mesh = {*Cities ; Cluster Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Endophytes/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Monte Carlo Method ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Plants/*microbiology ; Poland ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Interactions between invasive plants and root endophytes may contribute to the exploration of plant invasion causes. Twenty plant species of alien origin differing in invasiveness were studied in terms of status and typical structures of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and dark septate endophytes (DSE) in urban habitats in Silesia Upland (southern Poland). We observed that 75 % of investigated plant species were mycorrhizal. The arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) of most plant species was of the Arum morphology. The nearly 100 % mycorrhizal frequency, high intensity of AM colonization within root cortex and the presence of arbuscules in all mycorrhizal plant species indicate that the investigated species are able to establish AM associations in the secondary range and urban habitats. DSE were present in all mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal species. The frequency of DSE was significantly lower in non-mycorrhizal group of plants, however, sclerotia of DSE were found mainly in the roots of non-mycorrhizal plant species. The group of species native to North America including three Solidago congeners have the highest values of all AM mycorrhization and DSE indices. Moreover, we observed that most mycorrhizal invasive species belonged to the family Asteraceae. In turn, representatives of Poaceae had the lowest values of AM mycorrhization. Nevertheless, quite high values of DSE frequency were also encountered in roots of Poaceae species. The high invasiveness of the representatives of the Asteraceae family from North America support theory that both taxonomic pattern, and the fact of root endophytes colonization contribute to invasion success. While, the taxa of Reynoutria also represent successful invaders but they are of Asiatic origin, non-mycorrhizal and weakly colonized by DSE fungi.}, }
@article {pmid26894617, year = {2016}, author = {De Martis, G and Mulas, B and Malavasi, V and Marignani, M}, title = {Can Artificial Ecosystems Enhance Local Biodiversity? The Case of a Constructed Wetland in a Mediterranean Urban Context.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {57}, number = {5}, pages = {1088-1097}, pmid = {26894617}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution ; Italy ; Water Purification/methods ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Constructed wetlands (CW) are considered a successful tool to treat wastewater in many countries: their success is mainly assessed observing the rate of pollution reduction, but CW can also contribute to the conservation of ecosystem services. Among the many ecosystem services provided, the biodiversity of CW has received less attention. The EcoSistema Filtro (ESF) of the Molentargius-Saline Regional Natural Park is a constructed wetland situated in Sardinia (Italy), built to filter treated wastewater, increase habitat diversity, and enhance local biodiversity. A floristic survey has been carried out yearly 1 year after the construction of the artificial ecosystem in 2004, observing the modification of the vascular flora composition in time. The flora of the ESF accounted for 54% of the whole Regional Park's flora; alien species amount to 12%; taxa of conservation concern are 6%. Comparing the data in the years, except for the biennium 2006/2007, we observed a continuous increase of species richness, together with an increase of endemics, species of conservation concern, and alien species too. Once the endemics appeared, they remained part of the flora, showing a good persistence in the artificial wetland. Included in a natural park, but trapped in a sprawling and fast growing urban context, this artificial ecosystem provides multiple uses, by preserving and enhancing biodiversity. This is particularly relevant considering that biodiversity can act as a driver of sustainable development in urban areas where most of the world's population lives and comes into direct contact with nature.}, }
@article {pmid26893536, year = {2016}, author = {Cullen, JJ and MacIntyre, HL}, title = {On the use of the serial dilution culture method to enumerate viable phytoplankton in natural communities of plankton subjected to ballast water treatment.}, journal = {Journal of applied phycology}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {279-298}, pmid = {26893536}, issn = {0921-8971}, abstract = {Discharge standards for ballast water treatment (BWT) systems are based on concentrations of living cells, for example, as determined with vital stains. Ultraviolet radiation (UV) stops the reproduction of microorganisms without killing them outright; they are living, but not viable, and ecologically as good as dead. Consequently, UV-treated discharge can be compliant with the intent of regulation while failing a live/dead test. An alternative evaluation of BWT can be proposed based on the assessment of viable, rather than living, cells in discharge water. In principle, the serial dilution culture-most probable number (SDC-MPN) method provides the appropriate measure for phytoplankton. But, the method has been criticized, particularly because it is thought that many phytoplankton species cannot be cultured. A review of the literature shows that although SDC-MPN has been used for more than 50 years-generally to identify and count phytoplankton species that cannot be preserved-its application to enumerate total viable phytoplankton seems to be new, putting past criticisms of the method in a different light. Importantly, viable cells need to grow only enough to be detected, not to be brought into sustained culture, and competition between species in a dilution tube is irrelevant as long as the winner is detectable. Thorough consideration of sources of error leads to recommendations for minimizing and quantifying uncertainties by optimizing growth conditions and conducting systematic comparisons. We conclude that with careful evaluation, SDC-MPN is potentially an effective method for assessing the viability of phytoplankton after BWT.}, }
@article {pmid26888913, year = {2016}, author = {Bellard, C and Cassey, P and Blackburn, TM}, title = {Alien species as a driver of recent extinctions.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {20150623}, pmid = {26888913}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; *Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {We assessed the prevalence of alien species as a driver of recent extinctions in five major taxa (plants, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals), using data from the IUCN Red List. Our results show that alien species are the second most common threat associated with species that have gone completely extinct from these taxa since AD 1500. Aliens are the most common threat associated with extinctions in three of the five taxa analysed, and for vertebrate extinctions overall.}, }
@article {pmid26887485, year = {2016}, author = {Roy, H}, title = {Invasive species: Control wildlife pathogens too.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {530}, number = {7590}, pages = {281}, doi = {10.1038/530281d}, pmid = {26887485}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animal Diseases/epidemiology/*microbiology ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/*microbiology ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Endangered Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Host Specificity ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, }
@article {pmid26882892, year = {2016}, author = {Ulloa, M and Wang, C and Saha, S and Hutmacher, RB and Stelly, DM and Jenkins, JN and Burke, J and Roberts, PA}, title = {Analysis of root-knot nematode and fusarium wilt disease resistance in cotton (Gossypium spp.) using chromosome substitution lines from two alien species.}, journal = {Genetica}, volume = {144}, number = {2}, pages = {167-179}, pmid = {26882892}, issn = {1573-6857}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Chromosomes, Plant ; Crosses, Genetic ; Disease Resistance/*genetics ; *Fusarium ; Genetic Markers ; Gossypium/*genetics/microbiology/parasitology ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phenotype ; Plant Breeding ; Plant Diseases/*genetics/microbiology/parasitology ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; *Tylenchoidea ; }, abstract = {Chromosome substitution (CS) lines in plants are a powerful genetic resource for analyzing the contribution of chromosome segments to phenotypic variance. In this study, a series of interspecific cotton (Gossypium spp.) CS lines were used to identify a new germplasm resource, and to validate chromosomal regions and favorable alleles associated with nematode or fungal disease resistance traits. The CS lines were developed in the G. hirsutum L. TM-1 background with chromosome or chromosome segment substitutions from G. barbadense L. Pima 3-79 or G. tomentosum. Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum) (races 1 and 4) resistance alleles and quantitative trait loci (QTL) previously placed on cotton chromosomes using SSR markers in two interspecific recombinant inbred line populations were chosen for testing. Phenotypic responses of increased resistance or susceptibility in controlled inoculation and infested field assays confirmed the resistance QTLs, based on substitution with the positive or negative allele for resistance. Lines CS-B22Lo, CS-B04, and CS-B18 showed high resistance to nematode root-galling, confirming QTLs on chromosomes 4 and 22 (long arm) with resistance alleles from Pima 3-79. Line CS-B16 had less fusarium race 1-induced vascular root staining and higher percent survival than the TM-1 parent, confirming a major resistance QTL on chromosome 16. Lines CS-B(17-11) and CS-B17 had high fusarium race 4 vascular symptoms and low survival due to susceptible alleles introgressed from Pima 3-79, confirming the localization on chromosome 17 of an identified QTL with resistance alleles from TM1 and other resistant lines. Analyses validated regions on chromosomes 11, 16, and 17 harboring nematode and fusarium wilt resistance genes and demonstrated the value of CS lines as both a germplasm resource for breeding programs and as a powerful genetic analysis tool for determining QTL effects for disease resistance. CS lines carrying small alien chromosome segments with favorable QTL alleles could be used for effective introgression of biotic stress resistance or many other desirable traits by targeting gene interactions and reducing linkage drag effects.}, }
@article {pmid26882479, year = {2016}, author = {Acosta, AL and Giannini, TC and Imperatriz-Fonseca, VL and Saraiva, AM}, title = {Worldwide Alien Invasion: A Methodological Approach to Forecast the Potential Spread of a Highly Invasive Pollinator.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {e0148295}, pmid = {26882479}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Climate ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Latin America ; *Models, Statistical ; New Zealand ; Phylogeography ; Pollination/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The ecological impacts of alien species invasion are a major threat to global biodiversity. The increasing number of invasion events by alien species and the high cost and difficulty of eradicating invasive species once established require the development of new methods and tools for predicting the most susceptible areas to invasion. Invasive pollinators pose serious threats to biodiversity and human activity due to their close relationship with many plants (including crop species) and high potential competitiveness for resources with native pollinators. Although at an early stage of expansion, the bumblebee species Bombus terrestris is becoming a representative case of pollinator invasion at a global scale, particularly given its high velocity of invasive spread and the increasing number of reports of its impacts on native bees and crops in many countries. We present here a methodological framework of habitat suitability modeling that integrates new approaches for detecting habitats that are susceptible to Bombus terrestris invasion at a global scale. Our approach did not include reported invaded locations in the modeling procedure; instead, those locations were used exclusively to evaluate the accuracy of the models in predicting suitability over regions already invaded. Moreover, a new and more intuitive approach was developed to select the models and evaluate different algorithms based on their performance and predictive convergence. Finally, we present a comprehensive global map of susceptibility to Bombus terrestris invasion that highlights priority areas for monitoring.}, }
@article {pmid26882239, year = {2016}, author = {Li, F and Shen, K and Long, X and Wen, J and Xie, X and Zeng, X and Liang, Y and Wei, Y and Lin, Z and Huang, W and Zhong, R}, title = {Preparation and Characterization of Biochars from Eichornia crassipes for Cadmium Removal in Aqueous Solutions.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {e0148132}, pmid = {26882239}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adsorption ; Cadmium/*isolation &amp; purification ; Charcoal/*chemistry ; Eichhornia/*chemistry ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Introduced Species ; Materials Testing ; Solutions ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Wastewater/chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*isolation &amp; purification ; Water Purification/methods ; Zinc/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {The study investigated the preparation and characterization of biochars from water hyacinth at 300°C to 700°C for cadmium (Cd) removal from aqueous solutions. The adsorption process was dominated by oxygen-containing functional groups with irregular surfaces via esterification reactions. Furthermore, the mineral components in the biochars also contributed to Cd absorption through precipitation. Parameters such as the effects of solution pH, contact time, and initial concentration were studied. The optimum pH value was observed at 5.0, in which nearly 90% of Cd was removed. The maximum Cd adsorption capacities based on the Langmuir isotherm were calculated at 49.837, 36.899, and 25.826 mg g(-1). The adsorption processes of the biochars followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics, with the equilibrium achieved around 5 h. The biochar from E. crassipes is a promising adsorbent for the treatment of wastewater, which can in turn convert one environmental problem to a new cleaning Technology.}, }
@article {pmid26881747, year = {2016}, author = {Májeková, M and Paal, T and Plowman, NS and Bryndová, M and Kasari, L and Norberg, A and Weiss, M and Bishop, TR and Luke, SH and Sam, K and Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Y and Lepš, J and Götzenberger, L and de Bello, F}, title = {Evaluating Functional Diversity: Missing Trait Data and the Importance of Species Abundance Structure and Data Transformation.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {e0149270}, pmid = {26881747}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Functional diversity (FD) is an important component of biodiversity that quantifies the difference in functional traits between organisms. However, FD studies are often limited by the availability of trait data and FD indices are sensitive to data gaps. The distribution of species abundance and trait data, and its transformation, may further affect the accuracy of indices when data is incomplete. Using an existing approach, we simulated the effects of missing trait data by gradually removing data from a plant, an ant and a bird community dataset (12, 59, and 8 plots containing 62, 297 and 238 species respectively). We ranked plots by FD values calculated from full datasets and then from our increasingly incomplete datasets and compared the ranking between the original and virtually reduced datasets to assess the accuracy of FD indices when used on datasets with increasingly missing data. Finally, we tested the accuracy of FD indices with and without data transformation, and the effect of missing trait data per plot or per the whole pool of species. FD indices became less accurate as the amount of missing data increased, with the loss of accuracy depending on the index. But, where transformation improved the normality of the trait data, FD values from incomplete datasets were more accurate than before transformation. The distribution of data and its transformation are therefore as important as data completeness and can even mitigate the effect of missing data. Since the effect of missing trait values pool-wise or plot-wise depends on the data distribution, the method should be decided case by case. Data distribution and data transformation should be given more careful consideration when designing, analysing and interpreting FD studies, especially where trait data are missing. To this end, we provide the R package "traitor" to facilitate assessments of missing trait data.}, }
@article {pmid26880397, year = {2016}, author = {Ryan, GD and Emiljanowicz, L and Wilkinson, F and Kornya, M and Newman, JA}, title = {Thermal Tolerances of the Spotted-Wing Drosophila Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {109}, number = {2}, pages = {746-752}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tow006}, pmid = {26880397}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cold Temperature ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Female ; Fertility ; *Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages/*physiology ; Male ; Mortality ; Photoperiod ; Sex Factors ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {The spotted-wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii Matsumura) is an invasive species of Asian origin that is now widely distributed in North America and Europe. Because of the female’s serrated ovipositor, eggs are laid in preharvest fruit, causing large economic losses in cultivated berries and stone fruit. Modeling D. suzukii population dynamics and potential distribution will require information on its thermal tolerance. Large summer populations have been found in regions with severe winter conditions, though little is known about responses to prolonged low-temperature exposure. We used controlled chambers to examine D. suzukii fecundity, development rate, and mortality across a range of temperatures encompassing the upper and lower thresholds (5–35°C). Optimal temperatures (Topt) were found to be 28.2°C for the development of the egg-to-adult stage, and 22.9°C for reproductive output. No adult eclosion occurred below 8.1°C (Tlower) or above 30.9°C (Tupper). We also investigated survival outcomes following prolonged (42-d) low-temperature exposure to a simulated cold winter (−5, −3, −1, 1, 3, and 5°C). Adult survival was dependent on temperature, with a mean LT50 of 4.9°C. There were no effects of sex, mating status, geographic strain, and photoperiod preexposure on overwintering survival. Thirty-eight percent of females that were mated prior, but not after, prolonged low-temperature exposure produced viable offspring, suggesting that this species may undergo sperm storage. This study provides data on the thermal tolerances of D. suzukii, which can be used for models of D. suzukii population dynamics, degree-day, and distribution models.}, }
@article {pmid26880353, year = {2016}, author = {Havill, NP and Shiyake, S and Lamb Galloway, A and Foottit, RG and Yu, G and Paradis, A and Elkinton, J and Montgomery, ME and Sano, M and Caccone, A}, title = {Ancient and modern colonization of North America by hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), an invasive insect from East Asia.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {9}, pages = {2065-2080}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13589}, pmid = {26880353}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Asia, Eastern ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; *Hemlock ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; North America ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae, is an invasive pest of hemlock trees (Tsuga) in eastern North America. We used 14 microsatellites and mitochondrial COI sequences to assess its worldwide genetic structure and reconstruct its colonization history. The resulting information about its life cycle, biogeography and host specialization could help predict invasion by insect herbivores. We identified eight endemic lineages of hemlock adelgids in central China, western China, Ulleung Island (South Korea), western North America, and two each in Taiwan and Japan, with the Japanese lineages specializing on different Tsuga species. Adelgid life cycles varied at local and continental scales with different sexual, obligately asexual and facultatively asexual lineages. Adelgids in western North America exhibited very high microsatellite heterozygosity, which suggests ancient asexuality. The earliest lineages diverged in Asia during Pleistocene glacial periods, as estimated using approximate Bayesian computation. Colonization of western North America was estimated to have occurred prior to the last glacial period by adelgids directly ancestral to those in southern Japan, perhaps carried by birds. The modern invasion from southern Japan to eastern North America caused an extreme genetic bottleneck with just two closely related clones detected throughout the introduced range. Both colonization events to North America involved host shifts to unrelated hemlock species. These results suggest that genetic diversity, host specialization and host phylogeny are not predictive of adelgid invasion. Monitoring non-native sentinel host trees and focusing on invasion pathways might be more effective methods of preventing invasion than making predictions using species traits or evolutionary history.}, }
@article {pmid26879680, year = {2016}, author = {Dai, ZC and Fu, W and Qi, SS and Zhai, DL and Chen, SC and Wan, LY and Huang, P and Du, DL}, title = {Different Responses of an Invasive Clonal Plant Wedelia trilobata and its Native Congener to Gibberellin: Implications for Biological Invasion.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {85-94}, pmid = {26879680}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Gibberellins/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development ; Wedelia/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The invasive clonal plant Wedelia trilobata contains higher levels of ent-kaurane diterpenes, which are precursors of gibberellins (GAs), and higher rates of clonal growth than its native congener W. chinensis in invaded habitats. We hypothesized that the higher levels of endogenous GAs facilitate greater ramet growth in W. trilobata compared with W. chinensis. We quantified endogenous levels of GA1+3 in the two species and compared their growth responses to the changes of endogenous and exogenous GA3 by using short-term and long-term hydroponics experiments. After a period of homogeneous cultivation, levels of endogenous GA1+3 were higher in W. trilobata than in W. chinensis. The reduction of endogenous GAs repressed the emergence of adventitious roots and the growth of W. trilobata in the initial cultivation stage, and inhibited its shoot elongation and biomass. Levels of endogenous GA1+3 were positively correlated with the length of shoots and adventitious roots of W. trilobata. Adventitious roots of W. trilobata also emerged earlier and grew faster when treated with exogenous GA3. In contrast, exogenous GA3 treatment inhibited the length of adventitious roots in W. chinensis, and levels of endogenous GA1+3 did not correlate with shoot or adventitious root length. Our study suggests that GAs accelerate the rapid clonal growth of W. trilobata, more than that of its native congener W. chinensis, illustrating the relationship between plant hormones and the clonal growth of invasive plants. These findings are important for understanding the mechanisms associated with the invasiveness of clonal plants and their potential management.}, }
@article {pmid26877088, year = {2016}, author = {Gohli, J and Selvarajah, T and Kirkendall, LR and Jordal, BH}, title = {Globally distributed Xyleborus species reveal recurrent intercontinental dispersal in a landscape of ancient worldwide distributions.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {37}, pmid = {26877088}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Coleoptera/classification/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; *Phylogeography ; Weevils ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive species can have devastating effects on native ecosystems and therefore impose a significant threat to human welfare. The introduction rate of invasive species has accelerated dramatically in recent times due to human activity (anthropogenic effects), with a steadily growing pool of widespread tramp species. We present an in-depth analysis of four pantropical species of Xyleborus ambrosia beetles (Xyleborus volvulus, Xyleborus perforans, Xyleborus ferrugineus, and Xyleborus affinis) with similar ecology (fungus cultivation in dead wood), reproductive biology (permanent inbreeding) and genetic system (haplodiploidy). The unique combination of reproductive traits and broad host plant usage pre-adapts these beetles for colonizing of new areas.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that all four species were broadly distributed long before human-assisted dispersal became common, and that the impact of anthropogenic effects varied among the species. For X. volvulus, X. perforans, and X. affinis there was evidence of ancient establishment in numerous regions, but also of abundant recent introductions into previously colonized areas. For X. ferrugineus, we found clear biogeographical structuring of old clades, but little evidence for recent successful introductions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that current human-aided transoceanic dispersal has strongly affected the genetic makeup of three of the species in this study. However, current biogeographical patterns of all four species are equally, if not more strongly, influenced by ancient establishment on different continents.}, }
@article {pmid26874521, year = {2016}, author = {Riley, EP and Wade, TW}, title = {Adapting to Florida's riverine woodlands: the population status and feeding ecology of the Silver River rhesus macaques and their interface with humans.}, journal = {Primates; journal of primatology}, volume = {57}, number = {2}, pages = {195-210}, pmid = {26874521}, issn = {1610-7365}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Diet ; *Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Florida ; Forests ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Macaca mulatta/*physiology ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The study of primates living in novel environments represents an interesting context in which to examine patterns of behavioral and ecological flexibility. Our research focused on an understudied, anthropogenically introduced primate population living in Florida, USA: the Silver River rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). To better understand how this population has adapted to life in Florida's riparian woodlands, we collected data on the diet and size of the rhesus macaque population and its encounters with boaters along the Silver River from January to May 2013. Using scan sampling and all-occurrences sampling, we collected 166 h of diet data and 105 h of human-macaque encounter data, respectively. We confirmed previous reports that four social groups comprise the Silver River macaque population, totaling 118 individuals. The Silver River macaques predominantly consumed leaves and other vegetative plant parts (87.5 %), with ash trees serving as a staple food (66.5 % of feeding records). Although human-macaque encounters were frequent (80 % of 611 boats observed), only a small proportion of boats (11.5 %) provisioned the macaques. Motorized boats (e.g., pontoon and motor boats) were more likely to provision, while kayaks and canoes were more likely to move in close proximity of the macaques situated at the river's edge. Our results indicate that the Silver River macaques have adjusted to life in the New World by adopting a temperate-dwelling feeding strategy and by incorporating locally available foods (e.g., sedges) into their diet. They have also learned that the river's edge provides opportunities to receive provisions from boaters. However, because the rate of provisioning is low, these foods likely play a filler fallback role. Given that provisioning and direct contact between macaques and boaters are infrequent but proximity to the macaques is a concern, our findings have important implications for the management of the human-macaque interface along the Silver River and beyond.}, }
@article {pmid26873404, year = {2016}, author = {Moodley, D and Procheş, &#x15e; and Wilson, JR}, title = {A global assessment of a large monocot family highlights the need for group-specific analyses of invasiveness.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {26873404}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Significant progress has been made in understanding biological invasions recently, and one of the key findings is that the determinants of naturalization and invasion success vary from group to group. Here, we explore this variation for one of the largest plant families in the world, the Araceae. This group provides an excellent opportunity for identifying determinants of invasiveness in herbaceous plants, since it is one of the families most popular with horticulturalists, with species occupying various habitats and comprising many different life forms. We first developed a checklist of 3494 species of Araceae using online databases and literature sources. We aimed to determine whether invasiveness across the introduction-naturalization-invasion continuum is associated to particular traits within the family, and whether analyses focussed on specific life forms can reveal any mechanistic correlates. Boosted regression tree models were based on species invasion statuses as the response variables, and traits associated with human use, biological characteristics and distribution as the explanatory variables. The models indicate that biological traits such as plant life form and pollinator type are consistently strong correlates of invasiveness. Additionally, large-scale correlates such as the number of native floristic regions and number of introduced regions are also influential at particular stages in the invasion continuum. We used these traits to build a phenogram showing groups defined by the similarity of characters. We identified nine groups that have a greater tendency to invasiveness (includingAlocasia, the Lemnoideae andEpipremnum). From this, we propose a list of species that are not currently invasive for which we would recommend a precautionary approach to be taken. The successful management of plant invasions will depend on understanding such context-dependent effects across taxonomic groups, and across the different stages of the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid26871495, year = {2016}, author = {Cordero, RL and Torchelsen, FP and Overbeck, GE and Anand, M}, title = {Cytisus scoparius (Fam. Fabaceae) in southern Brazil - first step of an invasion process?.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {88}, number = {1}, pages = {149-154}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765201620140532}, pmid = {26871495}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Brazil ; Cytisus/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The occurrence of Scotch broom Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link (Fabaceae), is reported for the first time in Brazil. The species has been registered in the species-rich Campos Sulinos grasslands, in the Campos de Cima da Serra, and in the Serra do Sudeste. Naturalizing populations were frequently formed in natural habitats near to human settlements, where prevailing land uses and disturbances facilitate dispersal and establishment. The plant is an invasive species that has globally caused significant damage to biodiversity and economic losses. In Brazil, the species has a strong potential for spreading into a wide range of ecosystems. The Atlantic Forest biome and part of the Pampa biome, together known as the Campos Sulinos, represent optimal areas for the species. Features of the observed populations and recommendations for management are presented.}, }
@article {pmid26869197, year = {2016}, author = {Huang, J and Xu, X and Wang, M and Nie, M and Qiu, S and Wang, Q and Quan, Z and Xiao, M and Li, B}, title = {Responses of soil nitrogen fixation to Spartina alterniflora invasion and nitrogen addition in a Chinese salt marsh.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {20384}, pmid = {26869197}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Biomass ; China ; Cluster Analysis ; Genes, Bacterial ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; Phylogeny ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Sodium Chloride/*chemistry ; *Soil ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is the major natural process of nitrogen (N) input to ecosystems. To understand how plant invasion and N enrichment affect BNF, we compared soil N-fixation rates and N-fixing microbes (NFM) of an invasive Spartina alterniflora community and a native Phragmites australis community in the Yangtze River estuary, with and without N addition. Our results indicated that plant invasion relative to N enrichment had a greater influence on BNF. At each N level, the S. alterniflora community had a higher soil N-fixation rate but a lower diversity of the nifH gene in comparison with the native community. The S. alterniflora community with N addition had the highest soil N-fixation rate and the nifH gene abundance across all treatments. Our results suggest that S. alterniflora invasion can increase soil N fixation in the high N-loading estuarine ecosystem, and thus may further mediate soil N availability.}, }
@article {pmid26867222, year = {2016}, author = {Liu, G and Gao, Y and Huang, FF and Yuan, MY and Peng, SL}, title = {The Invasion of Coastal Areas in South China by Ipomoea cairica May Be Accelerated by the Ecotype Being More Locally Adapted to Salt Stress.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {e0149262}, pmid = {26867222}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Analysis of Variance ; Biomass ; China ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Ecotype ; *Introduced Species ; Ipomoea/*physiology ; Linear Models ; Phenotype ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; *Salinity ; Salt-Tolerant Plants/*physiology ; Soil ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity are two alternative mechanisms used by invasive plants for range expansion. We conducted a series of experiments to investigate the role of these mechanisms in the recent expansion of the invasive Ipomoea cairica from non-saline to salt-stressed coastal habitats. A comparison of the plant's photosynthetic traits and construction costs across habitats was conducted through a field survey. Meanwhile, a full factorial greenhouse experiment was conducted with two ecotypes (non-saline and coastal) of I. cairica and two salinity gradients (water and 4 g L-1 NaCl solution) to evaluate the roles of the two strategies by comparing their main traits. The results revealed that the construction cost and Amax of I. cairica did not change with the habitat type. The ecotype and saline treatments, however, significantly influenced the plant growth. The non-saline ecotype (NE) generally showed higher or equal plasticity of biomass-allocation and functional traits compared to the coastal ecotype (CE). However, the fitness and biomass of the NE significantly decreased with salinity, whereas those aspects of the CE did not change. Our results indicate that the recent expansion of I. cairica into coastal areas may be accelerated by the local adaptation of the CE to salt stress. Additionally, in South China, the CE will most likely evolve adaptations to both saline and non-saline environments, which will further broaden the invasion range of I. cairica in the future.}, }
@article {pmid26865962, year = {2016}, author = {Taylor, S and Kumar, L}, title = {Will climate change impact the potential distribution of a native vine (Merremia peltata) which is behaving invasively in the Pacific region?.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {742-754}, pmid = {26865962}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Merremia peltata is a species with uncertain status in the island nations of the Pacific region. It has been designated introduced and invasive in some countries whereas it is considered native in others. Recent increase in its abundance across some island landscapes have led to calls for its designation as an invasive species of environmental concern with biological control being suggested as a control strategy. Climate change will add to the complications of managing this species since changes in climate will influence its range limits. In this study, we develop a process-oriented niche model of M. peltata using CLIMEX to investigate the impacts of climate change on its potential distribution. Information on the climatic requirements of M. peltata and its current geographic distribution were used to calibrate the model. The results indicate that under current climate, 273,132 km(2) of the land area in the region is climatically unsuitable or marginal for M. peltata whereas 664,524 km(2) is suitable to highly suitable. Under current climate, areas of climatic suitability for M. peltata were identified on the archipelagos of Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. By the end of the century, some archipelagos like Fiji, Hawaii, New Caledonia and Vanuatu will probably become more suitable while PNG and Solomon Islands become less suitable for M. peltata. The results can be used to inform biosecurity planning, management and conservation strategies on islands.}, }
@article {pmid26865959, year = {2016}, author = {Hirsch, PE and Adrian-Kalchhauser, I and Flämig, S and N'Guyen, A and Defila, R and Di Giulio, A and Burkhardt-Holm, P}, title = {A tough egg to crack: recreational boats as vectors for invasive goby eggs and transdisciplinary management approaches.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {707-715}, pmid = {26865959}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Non-native invasive species are a major threat to biodiversity, especially in freshwater ecosystems. Freshwater ecosystems are naturally rather isolated from one another. Nonetheless, invasive species often spread rapidly across water sheds. This spread is to a large extent realized by human activities that provide vectors. For example, recreational boats can carry invasive species propagules as "aquatic hitch-hikers" within and across water sheds. We used invasive gobies in Switzerland as a case study to test the plausibility that recreational boats can serve as vectors for invasive fish and that fish eggs can serve as propagules. We found that the peak season of boat movements across Switzerland and the goby spawning season overlap temporally. It is thus plausible that goby eggs attached to boats, anchors, or gear may be transported across watersheds. In experimental trials, we found that goby eggs show resistance to physical removal (90 mN attachment strength of individual eggs) and stay attached if exposed to rapid water flow (2.8 m·s(-1)for 1 h). When exposing the eggs to air, we found that hatching success remained high (>95%) even after eggs had been out of water for up to 24 h. It is thus plausible that eggs survive pick up, within-water and overland transport by boats. We complemented the experimental plausibility tests with a survey on how decision makers from inside and outside academia rate the feasibility of managing recreational boats as vectors. We found consensus that an installation of a preventive boat vector management is considered an effective and urgent measure. This study advances our understanding of the potential of recreational boats to serve as vectors for invasive vertebrate species and demonstrates that preventive management of recreational boats is considered feasible by relevant decision makers inside and outside academia.}, }
@article {pmid26865958, year = {2016}, author = {McKelvey, KS and Young, MK and Wilcox, TM and Bingham, DM and Pilgrim, KL and Schwartz, MK}, title = {Patterns of hybridization among cutthroat trout and rainbow trout in northern Rocky Mountain streams.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {688-706}, pmid = {26865958}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Introgressive hybridization between native and introduced species is a growing conservation concern. For native cutthroat trout and introduced rainbow trout in western North America, this process is thought to lead to the formation of hybrid swarms and the loss of monophyletic evolutionary lineages. Previous studies of this phenomenon, however, indicated that hybrid swarms were rare except when native and introduced forms of cutthroat trout co-occurred. We used a panel of 86 diagnostic, single nucleotide polymorphisms to evaluate the genetic composition of 3865 fish captured in 188 locations on 129 streams distributed across western Montana and northern Idaho. Although introgression was common and only 37% of the sites were occupied solely by parental westslope cutthroat trout, levels of hybridization were generally low. Of the 188 sites sampled, 73% contained ≤5% rainbow trout alleles and 58% had ≤1% rainbow trout alleles. Overall, 72% of specimens were nonadmixed westslope cutthroat trout, and an additional 3.5% were nonadmixed rainbow trout. Samples from seven sites met our criteria for hybrid swarms, that is, an absence of nonadmixed individuals and a random distribution of alleles within the sample; most (6/7) were associated with introgression by Yellowstone cutthroat trout. In streams with multiple sites, upstream locations exhibited less introgression than downstream locations. We conclude that although the widespread introduction of nonnative trout within the historical range of westslope cutthroat trout has increased the incidence of introgression, sites containing nonadmixed populations of this taxon are common and broadly distributed.}, }
@article {pmid26863538, year = {2016}, author = {Martínez, C and Chavarría, C and Sharpe, DM and De León, LF}, title = {Low Predictability of Colour Polymorphism in Introduced Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) Populations in Panama.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {e0148040}, pmid = {26863538}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Color ; Environment ; Female ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mating Preference, Animal ; Panama ; Phenotype ; Poecilia/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Predatory Behavior ; Selection, Genetic ; Skin Pigmentation/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Colour polymorphism is a recurrent feature of natural populations, and its maintenance has been studied in a range of taxa in their native ranges. However, less is known about whether (and how) colour polymorphism is maintained when populations are removed from their native environments, as in the case of introduced species. We here address this issue by analyzing variation in colour patterns in recently-discovered introduced populations of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) in Panama. Specifically, we use classic colour analysis to estimate variation in the number and the relative area of different colour spots across low predation sites in the introduced Panamanian range of the species. We then compare this variation to that found in the native range of the species under low- and high predation regimes. We found aspects of the colour pattern that were both consistent and inconsistent with the classical paradigm of colour evolution in guppies. On one hand, the same colours that dominated in native populations (orange, iridescent and black) were also the most dominant in the introduced populations in Panama. On the other, there were no clear differences between either introduced-low and native low- and high predation populations. Our results are therefore only partially consistent with the traditional role of female preference in the absence of predators, and suggest that additional factors could influence colour patterns when populations are removed from their native environments. Future research on the interaction between female preference and environmental variability (e.g. multifarious selection), could help understand adaptive variation in this widely-introduced species, and the contexts under which variation in adaptive traits parallels (or not) variation in the native range.}, }
@article {pmid26861618, year = {2016}, author = {Ujvari, B and Gatenby, RA and Thomas, F}, title = {The evolutionary ecology of transmissible cancers.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {39}, number = {}, pages = {293-303}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.005}, pmid = {26861618}, issn = {1567-7257}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Neoplasms/diagnosis/*etiology/metabolism ; Pregnancy ; }, abstract = {Transmissible tumours, while rare, present a fascinating opportunity to examine the evolutionary dynamics of cancer as both an infectious agent and an exotic, invasive species. Only three naturally-occurring transmissible cancers have been observed so far in the wild: Tasmanian devil facial tumour diseases, canine transmissible venereal tumour, and clam leukaemia. Here, we define four conditions that are necessary and sufficient for direct passage of cancer cells between either vertebrate or invertebrate hosts. Successful transmission requires environment and behaviours that facilitate transfer of tumour cells between hosts including: tumour tissue properties that promote shedding of large numbers of malignant cells, tumour cell plasticity that permits their survival during transmission and growth in a new host, and a 'permissible' host or host tissue. This rare confluence of multiple host- and tumour cell-traits both explains the rarity of tumour cell transmission and provides novel insights into the dynamics that both promote and constrain their growth.}, }
@article {pmid26861616, year = {2016}, author = {Haelewaters, D and Minnaar, IA and Clusella-Trullas, S}, title = {First finding of the parasitic fungus Hesperomyces virescens (Laboulbeniales) on native and invasive ladybirds (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) in South Africa.}, journal = {Parasite (Paris, France)}, volume = {23}, number = {}, pages = {5}, pmid = {26861616}, issn = {1776-1042}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Ascomycota/*isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Coleoptera/classification/*microbiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; South Africa ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Hesperomyces virescens is a fungal ectoparasite (Laboulbeniales) that infects adult ladybirds. Research has recently focused on this parasite due to the discovery of its prevalence on the globally invasive harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis and for its potential use in studies of co-evolution and pathogen spread. We collected adults from ten species of ladybirds in the Western Cape Province, South Africa, and screened for the presence of H. virescens. Infections with H. virescens were found in the samples of two species, H. axyridis and the native Cheilomenes propinqua. This marks the first record of H. virescens on H. axyridis from the African continent and the first record on Cheilomenes worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid26860657, year = {2016}, author = {Murphy, JT and Johnson, MP and Viard, F}, title = {A modelling approach to explore the critical environmental parameters influencing the growth and establishment of the invasive seaweed Undaria pinnatifida in Europe.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {396}, number = {}, pages = {105-115}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.01.038}, pmid = {26860657}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Undaria/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {A key factor to determine the expansion dynamics and future distribution of non-native species is their physiological response to abiotic factors and their changes over time. For this study we developed a spatially explicit, agent-based model of population growth to represent the complex population dynamics of invasive marine macroalgae with heteromorphic biphasic life cycles. The model framework represents this complex life cycle by treating the individual developmental stages (gametophytes/sporophytes) as autonomous agents with unique behaviour/growth parameters. It was parameterised to represent a well-documented invasive algal species, the Asian kelp Undaria pinnatifida, and validated against field results from an in situ population in Brittany, France, showing good quantitative agreement in terms of seasonal changes in abundance/recruitment and growth dynamics. It was then used to explore how local environmental parameters (light availability, temperature and day length) affect the population dynamics of the individual developmental stages and the overall population growth. This type of modelling approach represents a promising tool for understanding the population dynamics of macroalgae from the bottom-up in terms of the individual interactions between the independent life history stages (both microscopic and macroscopic). It can be used to trace back the behaviour of the population as a whole to the underlying physiological and environmental processes impacting each developmental stage and give insights into the roles these play in invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid26859272, year = {2016}, author = {Nogués-Bravo, D and Simberloff, D and Rahbek, C and Sanders, NJ}, title = {Rewilding is the new Pandora's box in conservation.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {R87-91}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.044}, pmid = {26859272}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Rewilding--the proposed restoration of ecosystems through the (re-)introduction of species--is seen by many as a way to stem the loss of biodiversity and the functions and services that biodiversity provides to humanity. In addition, rewilding might lead to increased public engagement and enthusiasm for biodiversity. But what exactly is rewilding, and is it based on sound ecological understanding? Here, we show that there is a worrying lack of consensus about what rewilding is and what it isn't, which jeopardizes a clearer account of rewilding's aims, benefits and potential consequences. We also point out that scientific support for the main ecological assumptions behind rewilding, such as top-down control of ecosystems, is limited. Moreover, ecological systems are dynamic and ever-evolving, which makes it challenging to predict the consequences of introducing novel species. We also present examples of introductions or re-introductions that have failed, provoking unexpected negative consequences, and highlight that the control and extirpation of individuals of failed translocations has been shown to be extremely challenging and economically costly. Some of rewilding's loudest proponents might argue that we are advocating doing nothing instead, but we are not; we are only advocating caution and an increased understanding and awareness of what is unknown about rewilding, and what its potential outputs, especially ecological consequences, might be.}, }
@article {pmid26857556, year = {2016}, author = {Resiere, D and Cerland, L and De Haro, L and Valentino, R and Criquet-Hayot, A and Chabartier, C and Kaidomar, S and Brouste, Y and Mégarbane, B and Mehdaoui, H}, title = {Envenomation by the invasive Pterois volitans species (lionfish) in the French West Indies--a two-year prospective study in Martinique.}, journal = {Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)}, volume = {54}, number = {4}, pages = {313-318}, doi = {10.3109/15563650.2016.1143100}, pmid = {26857556}, issn = {1556-9519}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; *Bites and Stings ; Female ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Martinique ; Middle Aged ; *Perciformes ; Prospective Studies ; }, abstract = {CONTEXT: The invasion of the lionfish (Pterois volitans) in the French West Indies represents one of the most important marine invasions by alien species in history. Since its first recognition in Martinique in February 2011, the lionfish presence has strongly progressed, resulting in increasing envenomation cases. Our objective was to report features of lionfish envenomation and outcome.<br><br>METHODS: A prospective study conducted at the Martinique University Hospital by the emergency departments, general practitioners, and the pre-hospital emergency ambulance service included all the patients referred from November 2011 to February 2014 for one or several stings by lionfish, as strongly suggested by the fish description and the association with marked local pain and edema. Recommended management included immersion of the affected body part in hot water at 35-40&#x2009;&#xb0;C for 60&#x2009;min, analgesics, tetanus toxoid, and antibiotics.<br><br>RESULTS: 117 patients [98M/19F; age: 42&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;14 years [mean&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;SD]; with significant past morbidities (16%)] were included. Envenomation resulted in marked pain and local edema (100%), paresthesia (90%), abdominal cramps (62%), extensive edema (53%), tachycardia (34%), skin rash (32%), gastrointestinal disorders (28%), fainting (27%), transient weakness (24%), hypertension (21%), hypotension (18%), hyperthermia (9%), bradycardia (3%), hypophosphatemia (12%), elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (10%), and thrombocytopenia (3%). The sting was complicated by local infection (18%) including skin abscess (5%), cellulitis (3%), skin necrosis (3%), and septic arthritis (2%). 26 patients (22%) were hospitalized requiring surgery (8%). Lionfish stings were single (81%) or multiple (19%). Localization was preferentially at one upper (67%) or lower limb (32%). All patients actually improved. Based on multivariate analyses, pain duration&#x2009;>&#x2009;24&#x2009;h was significantly associated with skin eruption (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.001) and muscle cramps (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.0002). Local infectious complications occurred more frequently in patients presenting multiple stings (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.008). Immersion in hot water (44%, performed less than 3&#x2009;h after the sting in 36% of the cases) significantly reduced pain duration (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.02) and local infection (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.02).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Lionfish represents a major health threat in Martinique with increasing envenomation and significant morbidities. Outcome is favorable if promptly managed, with possible reduction in pain duration and local infections with the rapid immersion of the stung body part in hot water. Our data encourage the authorities to develop investigations on the exact extent of the lionfish invasion and set up a regional taskforce to inform the ecosystem users and register all lionfish-attributed incidents.}, }
@article {pmid26856329, year = {2016}, author = {Kampango, A and Abílio, AP}, title = {The Asian tiger hunts in Maputo city--the first confirmed report of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1895) in Mozambique.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {76}, pmid = {26856329}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Asian People ; Cities ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*growth &amp; development ; Mozambique ; Research Report ; Tigers ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence suggests that dengue fever is endemic in Mozambique. Larvae of both the Afrotropical vector Aedes aegypti and its subspecies, Ae. aegypti formosus, have been reported from three provinces in Mozambique, two of which recently experienced dengue outbreaks. Despite reports of the invasive Oriental vector Ae. albopictus on the islands in the Mozambique Channel and nearby Indian Ocean, the species has not yet been reported in Mozambique.<br><br>FINDINGS: Four host-seeking female mosquitoes, collected biting the authors in an urban neighbourhood of Maputo City in the late afternoon of 6 December, 2015, are herein morphologically confirmed as Ae. albopictus.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This is the first report confirming the occurrence in Mozambique of Ae. albopictus, an invasive species and an important vector of human arboviruses. In view of its potential role as a vector of dengue, Chikungunya and Zika viruses, studies are urgently needed to assess the geographical expansion and relative abundance of these important vectors to better understand the potential transmission impact of arboviruses that are efficiently transmitted and globally spread by these vectors.}, }
@article {pmid26855879, year = {2016}, author = {De Busschere, C and Courant, J and Herrel, A and Rebelo, R and Rödder, D and Measey, GJ and Backeljau, T}, title = {Unequal contribution of native South African phylogeographic lineages to the invasion of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, in Europe.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e1659}, pmid = {26855879}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Due to both deliberate and accidental introductions, invasive African Clawed Frog (Xenopus laevis) populations have become established worldwide. In this study, we investigate the geographic origins of invasive X. laevis populations in France and Portugal using the phylogeographic structure of X. laevis in its native South African range. In total, 80 individuals from the whole area known to be invaded in France and Portugal were analysed for two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes, allowing a comparison with 185 specimens from the native range. Our results show that native phylogeographic lineages have contributed differently to invasive European X. laevis populations. In Portugal, genetic and historical data suggest a single colonization event involving a small number of individuals from the south-western Cape region in South Africa. In contrast, French invasive X. laevis encompass two distinct native phylogeographic lineages, i.e., one from the south-western Cape region and one from the northern regions of South Africa. The French X. laevis population is the first example of a X. laevis invasion involving multiple lineages. Moreover, the lack of population structure based on nuclear DNA suggests a potential role for admixture within the invasive French population.}, }
@article {pmid26853520, year = {2017}, author = {Rouco, C and Norbury, GL and Anderson, DP}, title = {Movements and habitat preferences of pests help to improve population control: the case of common brushtail possums in a New Zealand dryland ecosystem.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, pages = {287-294}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4252}, pmid = {26853520}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Geographic Information Systems ; Homing Behavior ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Pest Control ; Population Control ; Population Density ; Trichosurus/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Introduced brushtail possums are controlled in New Zealand to mitigate their spread of bovine tuberculosis in livestock. Given the low rainfall and extreme variation in seasonal temperatures in dryland areas of the South Island, the habitats of possums in these areas differ in many respects from those in the rest of New Zealand. We investigated the movements and habitat preferences of possums at two dryland sites to identify where they aggregate following population control by using GPS collars and cards chewed by possums. At one site, possum numbers were reduced from high levels by 65%, and at the other site, possums had already been reduced to low levels for some time beforehand but were further reduced to maintain them at low levels. This resulted in different possum densities.<br><br>RESULTS: Possum home ranges were about 3 times smaller at the higher-density site, but average ranges expanded by 27% following initial control. Home ranges were already large at the lower-density site but did not expand further after maintenance control. No preference for habitat types was apparent at the higher-density site, but at the lower-density site possums selected rock and shrubby habitats and avoided open grassy areas.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Home range sizes and habitat preferences were density dependent: the lower the density, the larger was the home range; and habitat preferences were highly variable between individuals, but less so for possums at low density. Preference for shrubs and rocks is likely to benefit population control if population control devices are focused on these habitat types. &#xa9; 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid26852673, year = {2016}, author = {Zhao, M and Wang, T and Adamson, KJ and Storey, KB and Cummins, SF}, title = {Multi-tissue transcriptomics for construction of a comprehensive gene resource for the terrestrial snail Theba pisana.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {20685}, pmid = {26852673}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Central Nervous System/metabolism ; Contig Mapping ; *Databases, Genetic ; Foot ; Hepatopancreas/metabolism ; Internet ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Snails/*genetics ; *Transcriptome ; User-Computer Interface ; }, abstract = {The land snail Theba pisana is native to the Mediterranean region but has become one of the most abundant invasive species worldwide. Here, we present three transcriptomes of this agriculture pest derived from three tissues: the central nervous system, hepatopancreas (digestive gland), and foot muscle. Sequencing of the three tissues produced 339,479,092 high quality reads and a global de novo assembly generated a total of 250,848 unique transcripts (unigenes). BLAST analysis mapped 52,590 unigenes to NCBI non-redundant protein databases and further functional analysis annotated 21,849 unigenes with gene ontology. We report that T. pisana transcripts have representatives in all functional classes and a comparison of differentially expressed transcripts amongst all three tissues demonstrates enormous differences in their potential metabolic activities. The genes differentially expressed include those with sequence similarity to those genes associated with multiple bacterial diseases and neurological diseases. To provide a valuable resource that will assist functional genomics study, we have implemented a user-friendly web interface, ThebaDB (http://thebadb.bioinfo-minzhao.org/). This online database allows for complex text queries, sequence searches, and data browsing by enriched functional terms and KEGG mapping.}, }
@article {pmid26852572, year = {2015}, author = {Sannikov, SN and Sannikova, NS}, title = {[Pathways and rates of Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea species recolonization into Scandinavia in Holocene].}, journal = {Zhurnal obshchei biologii}, volume = {76}, number = {6}, pages = {475-481}, pmid = {26852572}, issn = {0044-4596}, mesh = {Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Paleontology ; Pinus sylvestris/*physiology ; Population ; Radiometric Dating ; Scandinavian and Nordic Countries ; }, abstract = {The results are presented of comparative analysis of pathways, rates, and timing of recolonization into Scandinavia, in Holocene, of Pinus sylvestris populations and those of Picea abies and P. obovata. The dispersion rate, starting from 12 thou years before present (BP), is calculated using palynological data from scientific literature on radiometric dating. It is found out that P sylvestris spread into Central Scandinavia from the Alps via the Danish Isthmus about 8.2 thou years BP with the speed of 500-1250 km per 1 thou years. A hypothesis is put forward suggesting that such a fast speed is due to pine seeds hydrochory, which is much faster than anemochory according to our researches. From the northern part of the East European Plain, P. sylvestris spread into Fennoscandia with lower speed (520 km per 1 thou years). Populations of Picea species dispersed from the same regions with speed (131-164 km per 1 thou years) 3-10 times lower than that of P. sylvestris. Therefore, invasion of Picea abies from the Alps into Scandinavia via the Danish Isthmus did not have time to happen before the formation of the Kattegat Strait. By circumferential pathway, through Karelia, both species of Picea reached the northern parts of Scandinavia only 3.5 thou years BP, its central parts - 2 thou years BP, and its southern parts - 1.5 thou years BP, i.e., later than P. sylvestris by 4, 6.2, and 8.5 thou years respectively. Probably, this may be explained by the fact that in pines the time to seeding is twofold shorter, while their sprouts were more tolerant to climatic extremums in periglacial habitats in middle Holocene.}, }
@article {pmid26852571, year = {2015}, author = {Kipkeev, AM and Cherednichenko, OV and Tekeev, DK and Onipchenko, VG}, title = {[Rate of microsuccessions: Structure and floristic richness recovery after sod transplantation in alpine plant communities].}, journal = {Zhurnal obshchei biologii}, volume = {76}, number = {6}, pages = {461-474}, pmid = {26852571}, issn = {0044-4596}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Ecosystem ; Fabaceae/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Reciprocal transplantations of sod pieces have been conducted in alpine plant communities of the northwestern Caucasus. During 25 years, the changes in floristic richness and successional rates have been registered. Study objects were chosen to be. plant communities located along the toposequence from ridges to hollows with gradient of snow. cover thickness increase and vegetation period decrease, namely alpine lichen heath (ALH), Festuca varia grasslands (FVG), Geranium-Hedysarum meadows (GHM), and snow bed communities (SBC). The results of the study confirm the hypothesis about floristic richness of transplanted pieces to come closer to that of a background acceptor community. It is shown that during succession the variability reduces if sod pieces from different communities are transplanted into a common one. In particular, this is evident in case of SBC, where floristic richness of sod pieces transplanted from ALH and GHM has reduced noticeably. Also, it is evident from the results that the more different are donor and acceptor communities the higher is the rate of their changing. However, the assumption of higher succession rate in more productive communities has not been affirmed. On the opposite, communities with initially low productivity turned out to change faster than those with high productivity. It is found out that sod pieces transplanted to upper areas of the toposequence have had higher rate of alteration in comparison with those transplanted to lower areas. The reason behind this, as it may be suggested, is a longer growth season, which means a more prolonged period of high functional activity, and, accordingly, more time for the effects of competition, bringing seeds over, etc. In whole, the rate of succession decreases as the time from the moment of transplantation.increases, especially in communities with low productivity.}, }
@article {pmid26849358, year = {2016}, author = {Robardet, E and Picard-Meyer, E and Dobroštana, M and Jaceviciene, I and Mähar, K and Muižniece, Z and Pridotkas, G and Masiulis, M and Niin, E and Olševskis, E and Cliquet, F}, title = {Rabies in the Baltic States: Decoding a Process of Control and Elimination.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {e0004432}, pmid = {26849358}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Animals ; Baltic States/epidemiology ; Dogs ; Foxes ; Humans ; Phylogeny ; Rabies/epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control/*veterinary/virology ; Rabies Vaccines/administration &amp; dosage/genetics/immunology ; Rabies virus/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Raccoon Dogs ; }, abstract = {Rabies is a fatal zoonosis that still causes nearly 70, 000 human deaths every year. In Europe, the oral rabies vaccination (ORV) of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) was developed in the late 1970s and has demonstrated its effectiveness in the eradication of the disease in Western and some Central European countries. Following the accession of the three Baltic countries--Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania--to the European Union in 2004, subsequent financial support has allowed the implementation of regular ORV campaigns since 2005-2006. This paper reviews ten years of surveillance efforts and ORV campaigns in these countries resulting in the near eradication of the disease. The various factors that may have influenced the results of vaccination monitoring were assessed using generalized linear models (GLMs) on bait uptake and on herd immunity. As shown in previous studies, juveniles had lower bait uptake level than adults. For the first time, raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) were shown to have significantly lower bait uptake proportion compared with red foxes. This result suggests potentially altered ORV effectiveness in this invasive species compared to the red foxes. An extensive phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the North-East European (NEE) rabies phylogroup is endemic in all three Baltic countries. Although successive oral vaccination campaigns have substantially reduced the number of detected rabies cases, sporadic detection of the C lineage (European part of Russian phylogroup) underlines the risk of reintroduction via westward spread from bordering countries. Vaccine induced cases were also reported for the first time in non-target species (Martes martes and Meles meles).}, }
@article {pmid26849294, year = {2016}, author = {Robson, HL and Noble, TH and Saunders, RJ and Robson, SK and Burrows, DW and Jerry, DR}, title = {Fine-tuning for the tropics: application of eDNA technology for invasive fish detection in tropical freshwater ecosystems.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {922-932}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12505}, pmid = {26849294}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Biota ; DNA/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Fresh Water/*chemistry ; Genetics, Population/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Biology/methods ; Population Density ; Temperature ; Tilapia/*classification/*genetics ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Invasive species pose a major threat to aquatic ecosystems. Their impact can be particularly severe in tropical regions, like those in northern Australia, where >20 invasive fish species are recorded. In temperate regions, environmental DNA (eDNA) technology is gaining momentum as a tool to detect aquatic pests, but the technology's effectiveness has not been fully explored in tropical systems with their unique climatic challenges (i.e. high turbidity, temperatures and ultraviolet light). In this study, we modified conventional eDNA protocols for use in tropical environments using the invasive fish, Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) as a detection model. We evaluated the effects of high water temperatures and fish density on the detection of tilapia eDNA, using filters with larger pores to facilitate filtration. Large-pore filters (20 μm) were effective in filtering turbid waters and retaining sufficient eDNA, whilst achieving filtration times of 2-3 min per 2-L sample. High water temperatures, often experienced in the tropics (23, 29, 35 °C), did not affect eDNA degradation rates, although high temperatures (35 °C) did significantly increase fish eDNA shedding rates. We established a minimum detection limit for tilapia (1 fish/0.4 megalitres/after 4 days) and found that low water flow (3.17 L/s) into ponds with high fish density (>16 fish/0.4 megalitres) did not affect eDNA detection. These results demonstrate that eDNA technology can be effectively used in tropical ecosystems to detect invasive fish species.}, }
@article {pmid26848959, year = {2016}, author = {Chaves, &#xd3;M and Bicca-Marques, JC}, title = {Feeding Strategies of Brown Howler Monkeys in Response to Variations in Food Availability.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {e0145819}, pmid = {26848959}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Alouatta ; *Animal Feed ; Animals ; Brazil ; Diet ; *Feeding Behavior ; }, abstract = {Primates display varying degrees of behavioral flexibility that allow them to adjust their diet to temporal changes in food availability. This trait might be critical for the survival of folivorous-frugivorous species inhabiting small forest fragments, where the availability of food resources tends to be lower than in large fragments and continuous forests. However, the scarcity of studies addressing this issue hampers our understanding of the adaptive behaviors that favor the survival of these primates in low-quality habitats. We conducted a 36-mo study testing the hypothesis that brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) are able to adjust their diet in response to local and seasonal changes in resource availability. We compared the diet of six free-ranging groups inhabiting three small (<10 ha) and three large (>90 ha) Atlantic forest fragments in southern Brazil and estimated the temporal availability of their top food species (i.e., those species that together contribute ≥80% of total feeding records). We found that brown howlers exploited similarly rich diets in small (45, 54, and 57 plant species) and large (48, 51, and 56 species) fragments. However, intermonth diet similarity was higher for groups in small fragments, where howlers also fed on plant items from nine alien species. Fruits and leaves were the most consumed plant items in both small (42% and 49% of feeding records, respectively) and large (51% and 41%, respectively) fragments. The consumption of young leaves was higher in small than in large fragments, whereas the consumption of other plant items did not show a pattern related to fragment size. Regarding the contribution of growth forms as food sources, only the exploitation of palms showed a pattern related to fragment size. Palms contributed more to the diet of groups inhabiting large fragments. The availability of seasonal food items-ripe fruits and young leaves-influenced their consumption in both habitat types. Therefore, brown howlers cope with local and seasonal fluctuations in food availability by opportunistically exploiting resources. We believe that this feeding flexibility is a key component of the phenotypic plasticity that enables howlers to thrive in disturbed habitat patches, where periods of scarcity of preferred foods shall be more common.}, }
@article {pmid26845376, year = {2016}, author = {Atalah, J and Newcombe, EM and Zaiko, A}, title = {Biocontrol of fouling pests: Effect of diversity, identity and density of control agents.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {115}, number = {}, pages = {20-27}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.01.006}, pmid = {26845376}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biofouling/*prevention &amp; control ; Gastropoda/physiology ; Pest Control, Biological/*standards ; Population Density ; Sea Urchins/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Starfish/physiology ; }, abstract = {Augmentative biocontrol, using native natural enemies, has been suggested as a promising tool to control marine biofouling pests on artificial structures. However, there are still important knowledge gaps to be addressed before biocontrol can be considered as a management tool. In a field experiment on floating marine structures we examined intra- and interspecific consumer interactions among biocontrol agents on different surface orientations. We tested the effect of identity, density and diversity of three invertebrates (the 11-arm seastar Coscinasterias muricata, the sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus and the gastropod Cook's turban Cookia sulcata) to reduce established biofouling and to prevent fouling growth on defouled surfaces. High densities of biocontrol agents were not more effective at fouling control (cover and biomass) than low densities. Nor did multi-species treatments function more effectively than mono-specific ones. However, biocontrol agent identity was important, with the 11-arm seastar and Cook's turban being the most effective at fouling reduction and prevention, respectively. Surface orientation had a strong effect on the effectiveness of control agents, with the best results obtained on vertical compared to diagonal and underside surfaces. This study confirmed the potential of biocontrol as a management tool for marine pest, indicating that identity is more important than richness and density of control agents. It also highlighted the limitations of this approach on diagonal and underside surfaces, where control agents have limited retention ability.}, }
@article {pmid26844017, year = {2016}, author = {Wasowicz, P}, title = {Non-native species in the vascular flora of highlands and mountains of Iceland.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e1559}, pmid = {26844017}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The highlands and mountains of Iceland are one of the largest remaining wilderness areas in Europe. This study aimed to provide comprehensive and up-to-date data on non-native plant species in these areas and to answer the following questions: (1) How many non-native vascular plant species inhabit highland and mountainous environments in Iceland? (2) Do temporal trends in the immigration of alien species to Iceland differ between highland and lowland areas? (3) Does the incidence of alien species in the disturbed and undisturbed areas within Icelandic highlands differ? (4) Does the spread of non-native species in Iceland proceed from lowlands to highlands? and (5) Can we detect hot-spots in the distribution of non-native taxa within the highlands? Overall, 16 non-native vascular plant species were detected, including 11 casuals and 5 naturalized taxa (1 invasive). Results showed that temporal trends in alien species immigration to highland and lowland areas are similar, but it is clear that the process of colonization of highland areas is still in its initial phase. Non-native plants tended to occur close to man-made infrastructure and buildings including huts, shelters, roads etc. Analysis of spatio-temporal patterns showed that the spread within highland areas is a second step in non-native plant colonization in Iceland. Several statically significant hot spots of alien plant occurrences were identified using the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic and these were linked to human disturbance. This research suggests that human-mediated dispersal is the main driving force increasing the risk of invasion in Iceland's highlands and mountain areas.}, }
@article {pmid26842546, year = {2016}, author = {Marcantonio, M and Metz, M and Baldacchino, F and Arnoldi, D and Montarsi, F and Capelli, G and Carlin, S and Neteler, M and Rizzoli, A}, title = {First assessment of potential distribution and dispersal capacity of the emerging invasive mosquito Aedes koreicus in Northeast Italy.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {63}, pmid = {26842546}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Cities ; Entomology ; Italy ; Models, Statistical ; *Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive alien species represent a growing threat for natural systems, economy and human health. Active surveillance and responses that readily suppress newly established colonies are effective actions to mitigate the noxious consequences of biological invasions. However, when an exotic species establishes a viable population in a new area, predicting its potential spread is the most effective way to implement adequate control actions. Emerging invasive species, despite monitoring efforts, are poorly known in terms of behaviour and capacity to adapt to the new invaded range. Therefore, tools that provide information on their spread by maximising the available data, are critical.<br><br>METHODS: We apply three different approaches to model the potential distribution of an emerging invasive mosquito, Aedes koreicus, in Northeast Italy: 1) an automatic statistical approach based on information theory, 2) a statistical approach integrated with prior knowledge, and 3) a GIS physiology-based approach. Each approach possessed benefits and limitations, and the required ecological information increases on a scale from 1 to 3. We validated the model outputs using the only other known invaded area in Europe. Finally, we applied a road network analysis to the suitability surface with the highest prediction power to highlight those areas with the highest likelihood of invasion.<br><br>RESULTS: The GIS physiological-based model had the highest prediction power. It showed that localities currently occupied by Aedes koreicus represent only a small fraction of the potentially suitable area. Furthermore, the modelled niche included areas as high as 1500&#xa0;m&#xa0;a.s.l., only partially overlapping with Aedes albopictus distribution.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The simulated spread indicated that all of the suitable portion of the study area is at risk of invasion in a relatively short period of time if no control policies are implemented. Stochastic events may further boost the invasion process, whereas competition with Aedes albopictus may limit it. According to our analysis, some of the major cities in the study area may have already been invaded. Further monitoring is needed to confirm this finding. The developed models and maps represent valuable tools to inform policies aimed at eradicating or mitigating Aedes koreicus invasion in Northeast Italy and Central Europe.}, }
@article {pmid26842390, year = {2016}, author = {Huang, Q and Wang, H and Ricciardi, A and Lewis, MA}, title = {Temperature- and Turbidity-Dependent Competitive Interactions Between Invasive Freshwater Mussels.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, pages = {353-380}, doi = {10.1007/s11538-016-0146-4}, pmid = {26842390}, issn = {1522-9602}, mesh = {Animals ; Dreissena/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Mathematical Concepts ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {We develop a staged-structured population model that describes the competitive dynamics of two functionally similar, congeneric invasive species: zebra mussels and quagga mussels. The model assumes that the population survival rates are functions of temperature and turbidity, and that the two species compete for food. The stability analysis of the model yields conditions on net reproductive rates and intrinsic growth rates that lead to competitive exclusion. The model predicts quagga mussel dominance leading to potential exclusion of zebra mussels at mean water temperatures below [Formula: see text] and over a broad range of turbidities, and a much narrower set of conditions that favor zebra mussel dominance and potential exclusion of quagga mussels at temperatures above [Formula: see text] and turbidities below 35 NTU. We then construct a two-patch dispersal model to examine how the dispersal rates and the environmental factors affect competitive exclusion and coexistence.}, }
@article {pmid26840744, year = {2016}, author = {Novoa, A and Talley, TS and Talley, DM and Crooks, JA and Reyns, NB}, title = {Spatial and Temporal Examination of Bivalve Communities in Several Estuaries of Southern California and Northern Baja California, MX.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {e0148220}, pmid = {26840744}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Biota/*physiology ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; California ; Climate Change ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Ecosystem ; *Estuaries ; Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {A combination of historical bivalve surveys spanning 30-50 years and contemporary sampling were used to document the changes in bivalve community structure over time at four southern California and one northern Baja California estuaries. While there are limitations to the interpretation of historic data, we observed generally similar trends of reduced total bivalve species richness, losses of relatively large and/or deeper-dwelling natives, and gains of relatively small, surface dwelling introduced species across the southern California estuaries, despite fairly distinct bivalve communities. A nearly 50-year absence of bivalves from two wetlands surveyed in a Baja California estuary continued. A combination of site history and current characteristics (e.g., location, depth) likely contributes to maintenance of distinct communities, and both episodic and gradual environmental changes likely contribute to within-estuary temporal shifts (or absences). We highlight future research needed to determine mechanisms underlying patterns so that we can better predict responses of bivalve communities to future scenarios, including climate change and restoration.}, }
@article {pmid26840428, year = {2016}, author = {Owens, GL and Baute, GJ and Rieseberg, LH}, title = {Revisiting a classic case of introgression: hybridization and gene flow in Californian sunflowers.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {11}, pages = {2630-2643}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13569}, pmid = {26840428}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {California ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; *Gene Flow ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotyping Techniques ; Helianthus/classification/*genetics ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {During invasion, colonizing species can hybridize with native species, potentially swamping out native genomes. However, theory predicts that introgression will often be biased into the invading species. Thus, empirical estimates of gene flow between native and invasive species are important to quantify the actual threat of hybridization with invasive species. One classic example of introgression occurs in California, where Helianthus bolanderi was thought to be a hybrid between the serpentine endemic Helianthus exilis and the congeneric invader Helianthus annuus. We used genotyping by sequencing to look for signals of introgression and population structure. We find that H. bolanderi and H. exilis form one genetic clade, with weak population structure that is associated with geographic location rather than soil composition and likely represent a single species, not two. Additionally, while our results confirmed early molecular analysis and failed to support the hybrid origin of H. bolanderi, we did find evidence for introgression mainly into the invader H. annuus, as predicted by theory.}, }
@article {pmid26836058, year = {2017}, author = {Gregg, AP and Mahadevan, N and Sedikides, C}, title = {The SPOT effect: People spontaneously prefer their own theories.}, journal = {Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)}, volume = {70}, number = {6}, pages = {996-1010}, doi = {10.1080/17470218.2015.1099162}, pmid = {26836058}, issn = {1747-0226}, mesh = {Adult ; *Bias ; Female ; Humans ; *Intention ; Judgment ; Likelihood Functions ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Narcissism ; Personality ; Personality Inventory ; *Psychological Theory ; *Self Concept ; }, abstract = {People often exhibit confirmation bias: They process information bearing on the truth of their theories in a way that facilitates their continuing to regard those theories as true. Here, we tested whether confirmation bias would emerge even under the most minimal of conditions. Specifically, we tested whether drawing a nominal link between the self and a theory would suffice to bias people towards regarding that theory as true. If, all else equal, people regard the self as good (i.e., engage in self-enhancement), and good theories are true (in accord with their intended function), then people should regard their own theories as true; otherwise put, they should manifest a spontaneous preference for their own theories (i.e., a SPOT effect). In three experiments, participants were introduced to a theory about which of two imaginary alien species preyed upon the other. Participants then considered in turn several items of evidence bearing on the theory and each time evaluated the likelihood that the theory was true versus false. As hypothesized, participants regarded the theory as more likely to be true when it was arbitrarily ascribed to them as opposed to an "Alex" (Experiment 1) or to no one (Experiment 2). We also found that the SPOT effect failed to converge with four different indices of self-enhancement (Experiment 3), suggesting that it may be distinctive in character.}, }
@article {pmid26834187, year = {2016}, author = {Sidhu, SC and Wilson Rankin, EE}, title = {Honey Bees Avoiding Ant Harassment at Flowers Using Scent Cues.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {420-426}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv230}, pmid = {26834187}, issn = {1938-2936}, abstract = {Pollinators require resources throughout the year to maintain healthy populations. Along the urban-natural interface, floral resource availability may be limited especially when the system experiences extreme drought and fire threats. In such areas, succulents, such as Aloe spp., are commonly planted to serve as functional drought-tolerant, fire-protective landscaping, which can also support pollinator populations. However, access to this resource may be restricted by competition from other floral foragers, including invasive pests. We measured free-foraging honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) visitation rate and visitation duration to aloe flowers with and without Argentine ants (Linepithema humile (Mayr)) in a drought-stressed environment and found that bees actively avoided foraging on the ant-occupied flowers. To determine the mechanisms of avoidance, our subsequent experiments assessed visitation in the absence of ants and compared aloe flowers treated with ant pheromone to unmanipulated flowers lacking ant pheromone. Bees approached all flowers equally, but accepted flowers without ants at a higher rate than flowers with ants. Visitation duration also increased twofold on ant-excluded flowers, which suggests that Argentine ants may limit resource acquisition by bees. Honey bees similarly avoided flowers with Argentine ant pheromone and preferentially visited unmanipulated flowers at threefold higher rate. This study demonstrates that honey bees avoid foraging on floral resources with invasive Argentine ants and that bees use ant odors to avoid ant-occupied flowers. Resource limitation by this invasive pest ant may have serious implication for sustaining healthy pollinator populations at the urban-natural interface.}, }
@article {pmid26833543, year = {2016}, author = {Aljaryian, R and Kumar, L and Taylor, S}, title = {Modelling the current and potential future distributions of the sunn pest Eurygaster integriceps (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) using CLIMEX.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {72}, number = {10}, pages = {1989-2000}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4247}, pmid = {26833543}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Forecasting ; *Heteroptera ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Models, Theoretical ; Rain ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae), is an economically significant pest throughout Western Asia and Eastern Europe. This study was conducted to examine the possible risk posed by the influence of climate change on its spread. CLIMEX software was used to model its current global distribution. Future invasion potential was investigated using two global climate models (GCMs), CSIRO-Mk3.0 (CS) and MIROC-H (MR), under A1B and A2 emission scenarios for 2030, 2070 and 2100.<br><br>RESULTS: Dry to temperate climatic areas favour sunn pests. The potential global range for E. integriceps is expected to extend further polewards between latitudes 60&#xb0; N and 70&#xb0; N. Northern Europe and Canada will be at risk of sunn pest invasion as cold stress boundaries recede under the emission scenarios of these models. However, current highly suitable areas, such as South Africa and central Australia, will contract where precipitation is projected to decrease substantially with increased heat stress.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Estimating the sunn pest's potential geographic distribution and detecting its climatic limits can provide useful information for management strategies and allow biosecurity authorities to plan ahead and reduce the expected harmful economic consequences by identifying the new areas for pest invasion. &#xa9; 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid26832961, year = {2016}, author = {Cirocco, RM and Facelli, JM and Watling, JR}, title = {Does light influence the relationship between a native stem hemiparasite and a native or introduced host?.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {117}, number = {3}, pages = {521-531}, pmid = {26832961}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Biomass ; Electron Transport/radiation effects ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*radiation effects ; *Introduced Species ; Leptospermum/parasitology/radiation effects ; *Light ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Parasites/growth &amp; development/*physiology/radiation effects ; Photosynthesis/radiation effects ; Plant Shoots/physiology/radiation effects ; Plant Stems/*parasitology/*radiation effects ; Plant Stomata/physiology/radiation effects ; Ulex/parasitology/radiation effects ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There have been very few studies investigating the influence of light on the effects of hemiparasitic plants on their hosts, despite the fact that hemiparasites are capable of photosynthesis but also access carbon (C) from their host. In this study we manipulated light availability to limit photosynthesis in an established hemiparasite and its hosts, and determined whether this affected the parasite's impact on growth and performance of two different hosts. We expected that limiting light and reducing autotrophic C gain in the parasite (and possibly increasing its heterotrophic C gain) would lead to an increased impact on host growth and/or host photosynthesis in plants grown in low (LL) relative to high light (HL).<br><br>METHODS: The Australian native host Leptospermum myrsinoides and the introduced host Ulex europaeus were either infected or not infected with the native stem hemiparasite Cassytha pubescens and grown in either HL or LL. Photosynthetic performance, nitrogen status and growth of hosts and parasite were quantified. Host water potentials were also measured.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: In situ midday electron transport rates (ETRs) of C. pubescens on both hosts were significantly lower in LL compared with HL, enabling us to investigate the impact of the reduced level of parasite autotrophy on growth of hosts. Despite the lower levels of photosynthesis in the parasite, the relative impact of infection on host biomass was the same in both LL and HL. In fact, biomass of L. myrsinoides was unaffected by infection in either HL or LL, while biomass of U. europaeus was negatively affected by infection in both treatments. This suggests that although photosynthesis of the parasite was lower in LL, there was no additional impact on host biomass in LL. In addition, light did not affect the amount of parasite biomass supported per unit host biomass in either host, although this parameter was slightly lower in LL than HL for U. europaeus (P&#x2009;=&#x2009;0&#xb7;073). We also found no significant enhancement of host photosynthesis in response to infection in either host, regardless of light treatment.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Despite lower photosynthetic rates in LL, C. pubescens did not increase its dependency on host C to the point where it affected host growth or photosynthesis. The impact of C. pubescens on host growth would be similar in areas of high and low light availability in the field, but the introduced host is more negatively affected by infection.}, }
@article {pmid26830293, year = {2016}, author = {Meadley Dunphy, SA and Prior, KM and Frederickson, ME}, title = {An invasive slug exploits an ant-seed dispersal mutualism.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {181}, number = {1}, pages = {149-159}, pmid = {26830293}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Asarum/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Gastropoda/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Ontario ; Rodentia/*physiology ; *Seed Dispersal ; Seeds ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Plant-animal mutualisms, such as seed dispersal, are often vulnerable to disruption by invasive species. Here, we show for the first time how a non-ant invasive species negatively affects seed dispersal by ants. We examined the effects of several animal species that co-occur in a temperate deciduous forest-including native and invasive seed-dispersing ants (Aphaenogaster rudis and Myrmica rubra, respectively), an invasive slug (Arion subfuscus), and native rodents-on a native myrmecochorous plant, Asarum canadense. We experimentally manipulated ant, slug, and rodent access to seed depots and measured seed removal. We also video-recorded depots to determine which other taxa interact with seeds. We found that A. rudis was the main disperser of seeds and that A. subfuscus consumed elaiosomes without dispersing seeds. Rodent visitation was rare, and rodent exclusion had no significant effect on seed or elaiosome removal. We then used data obtained from laboratory and field mesocosm experiments to determine how elaiosome robbing by A. subfuscus affects seed dispersal by A. rudis and M. rubra. We found that elaiosome robbing by slugs reduced seed dispersal by ants, especially in mesocosms with A. rudis, which picks up seeds more slowly than M. rubra. Taken together, our results show that elaiosome robbing by an invasive slug reduces seed dispersal by ants, suggesting that invasive slugs can have profound negative effects on seed dispersal mutualisms.}, }
@article {pmid26828193, year = {2016}, author = {Phillips, RL and Ficken, C and Eken, M and Hendrickson, J and Beeri, O}, title = {Wetland Soil Carbon in a Watershed Context for the Prairie Pothole Region.}, journal = {Journal of environmental quality}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {368-375}, doi = {10.2134/jeq2015.06.0310}, pmid = {26828193}, issn = {0047-2425}, mesh = {Carbon/*analysis ; Ecosystem ; Grassland ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Wetland restoration in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) often involves soil removal to enhance water storage volume and/or remove seedbanks of invasive species. Consequences of soil removal could include loss of soil organic carbon (SOC), which is important to ecosystem functions such as water-holding capacity and nutrient retention needed for plant re-establishment. We used watershed position and surface flow pathways to classify wetlands into headwater or network systems to address two questions relevant to carbon (C) cycling and wetland restoration practices: (i) Do SOC stocks and C mineralization rates vary with landscape position in the watershed (headwater vs. network systems) and land use (restored vs. native prairie grasslands)? (ii) How might soil removal affect plant emergence? We addressed these questions using wetlands at three large (?200 ha) study areas in the central North Dakota PPR. We found the cumulative amount of C mineralization over 90 d was 100% greater for network than headwater systems, but SOC stocks were similar, suggesting greater C inputs beneath wetlands connected by higher-order drainage lines are balanced by greater rates of C turnover. Land use significantly affected SOC, with greater stocks beneath native prairie than restored grasslands for both watershed positions. Removal of mineral soil negatively affected plant emergence. This watershed-based framework can be applied to guide restoration designs by (i) weighting wetlands based on surface flow connectivity and contributing area and (ii) mapping the effects of soil removal on plant and soil properties for network and headwater wetland systems in the PPR.}, }
@article {pmid26827332, year = {2016}, author = {Park, CY and Jacobson, DR and Nguyen, DT and Willardson, S and Saleh, OA}, title = {A thin permeable-membrane device for single-molecule manipulation.}, journal = {The Review of scientific instruments}, volume = {87}, number = {1}, pages = {014301}, doi = {10.1063/1.4939197}, pmid = {26827332}, issn = {1089-7623}, mesh = {Hydrogels/*chemistry ; *Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ; *Membranes, Artificial ; Permeability ; Polyethylene Glycols/*chemistry ; RNA/*chemistry ; *RNA Folding ; }, abstract = {Single-molecule manipulation instruments have unparalleled abilities to interrogate the structure and elasticity of single biomolecules. Key insights are derived by measuring the system response in varying solution conditions; yet, typical solution control strategies require imposing a direct fluid flow on the measured biomolecule that perturbs the high-sensitivity measurement and/or removes interacting molecules by advection. An alternate approach is to fabricate devices that permit solution changes by diffusion of the introduced species through permeable membranes, rather than by direct solution flow through the sensing region. Prior implementations of permeable-membrane devices are relatively thick, disallowing their use in apparatus that require the simultaneous close approach of external instrumentation from two sides, as occurs in single-molecule manipulation devices like the magnetic tweezer. Here, we describe the construction and use of a thin microfluidic device appropriate for single-molecule studies. We create a flow cell of only ∼500 μm total thickness by sandwiching glass coverslips around a thin plastic gasket and then create permeable walls between laterally separated channels in situ through photo-induced cross-linking of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels. We show that these membranes permit passage of ions and small molecules (thus permitting solution equilibration in the absence of direct flow), but the membranes block the passage of larger biomolecules (thus retaining precious samples). Finally, we demonstrate the suitability of the device for high-resolution magnetic-tweezer experiments by measuring the salt-dependent folding of a single RNA hairpin under force.}, }
@article {pmid26826362, year = {2016}, author = {Woods, JS and Veltman, K and Huijbregts, MA and Verones, F and Hertwich, EG}, title = {Towards a meaningful assessment of marine ecological impacts in life cycle assessment (LCA).}, journal = {Environment international}, volume = {89-90}, number = {}, pages = {48-61}, doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.033}, pmid = {26826362}, issn = {1873-6750}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Aquatic Organisms/drug effects/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Life Cycle Stages ; *Models, Theoretical ; Water Pollution/adverse effects/analysis ; }, abstract = {Human demands on marine resources and space are currently unprecedented and concerns are rising over observed declines in marine biodiversity. A quantitative understanding of the impact of industrial activities on the marine environment is thus essential. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a widely applied method for quantifying the environmental impact of products and processes. LCA was originally developed to assess the impacts of land-based industries on mainly terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. As such, impact indicators for major drivers of marine biodiversity loss are currently lacking. We review quantitative approaches for cause-effect assessment of seven major drivers of marine biodiversity loss: climate change, ocean acidification, eutrophication-induced hypoxia, seabed damage, overexploitation of biotic resources, invasive species and marine plastic debris. Our review shows that impact indicators can be developed for all identified drivers, albeit at different levels of coverage of cause-effect pathways and variable levels of uncertainty and spatial coverage. Modeling approaches to predict the spatial distribution and intensity of human-driven interventions in the marine environment are relatively well-established and can be employed to develop spatially-explicit LCA fate factors. Modeling approaches to quantify the effects of these interventions on marine biodiversity are less well-developed. We highlight specific research challenges to facilitate a coherent incorporation of marine biodiversity loss in LCA, thereby making LCA a more comprehensive and robust environmental impact assessment tool. Research challenges of particular importance include i) incorporation of the non-linear behavior of global circulation models (GCMs) within an LCA framework and ii) improving spatial differentiation, especially the representation of coastal regions in GCMs and ocean-carbon cycle models.}, }
@article {pmid26826094, year = {2016}, author = {Wang, C and Xiao, H and Zhao, L and Liu, J and Wang, L and Zhang, F and Shi, Y and Du, D}, title = {The allelopathic effects of invasive plant Solidago canadensis on seed germination and growth of Lactuca sativa enhanced by different types of acid deposition.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {555-562}, pmid = {26826094}, issn = {1573-3017}, mesh = {Environmental Monitoring ; Germination/*drug effects ; *Introduced Species ; Lactuca/*drug effects ; Pheromones/*toxicity ; Soil/*chemistry ; Soil Pollutants/*toxicity ; Solidago/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can exhibit allelopathic effects on native species. Meanwhile, the types of acid deposition are gradually changing. Thus, the allelopathic effects of invasive species on seed germination and growth of native species may be altered or even enhanced under conditions with diversified acid deposition. This study aims to assess the allelopathic effects (using leaves extracts) of invasive plant Solidago canadensis on seed germination and growth of native species Lactuca sativa treated with five types of acid deposition with different SO4(2-) to NO3(-) ratios (1:0, sulfuric acid; 5:1, sulfuric-rich acid; 1:1, mixed acid; 1:5, nitric-rich acid; 0:1, nitric acid). Solidago canadensis leaf extracts exhibited significantly allelopathic effects on germination index, vigor index, and germination rate index of L. sativa. High concentration of S. canadensis leaf extracts also similarly exhibited significantly allelopathic effects on root length of L. sativa. This may be due to that S. canadensis could release allelochemicals and then trigger allelopathic effects on seed germination and growth of L. sativa. Acid deposition exhibited significantly negative effects on seedling biomass, root length, seedling height, germination index, vigor index, and germination rate index of L. sativa. This may be ascribed to the decreased soil pH values mediated by acid deposition which could produce toxic effects on seedling growth. Sulfuric acid deposition triggered more toxic effects on seedling biomass and vigor index of L. sativa than nitric acid deposition. This may be attributing to the difference in exchange capacity with hydroxyl groups (OH(-)) between SO4(2-) and NO3(-) as well as the fertilizing effects mediated by nitric deposition. All types of acid deposition significantly enhanced the allelopathic effects of S. canadensis on root length, germination index, vigor index, and germination rate index of L. sativa. This may be due to the negatively synergistic effects of acid deposition and S. canadensis on seed germination and growth of L. sativa. The ratio of SO4(2-) to NO3(-) in acid deposition was an important factor that profoundly affected the allelopathic effects of S. canadensis on the seed germination and growth of L. sativa possibly because the difference in exchange capacity with hydroxyl groups (OH(-)) between SO4(2-) and NO3(-) as well as the fertilizing effects triggered by nitric deposition. Thus, the allelopathic effects of invasive species on seed germination and growth of native plants might be enhanced under increased and diversified acid deposition.}, }
@article {pmid26825431, year = {2016}, author = {Vera, M and Díez-del-Molino, D and García-Marín, JL}, title = {Genomic survey provides insights into the evolutionary changes that occurred during European expansion of the invasive mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, pages = {1089-1105}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13545}, pmid = {26825431}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyprinodontiformes/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genetic Drift ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genomics ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spain ; Transcriptome ; United States ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions rank among the main global threats for biodiversity. The Eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) is considered one of the 100 world worst invasive species due to its high adaptation capability to new environments. Using the restriction-site-associated DNA tags (RADtags), introduced European locations were compared against native US mosquitofish populations to analyse genomic changes that occurred during invasive process of European locations. After filtering, 7724 RADtags containing only one SNP were retained for population studies. Comparative genomics indicated that 186 of these RADtags matched sequences in the transcriptome of Xyphophorus maculatus, the most closely related genome available. Genomic analyses showed that invasive populations show high reductions in diversity. Further, analyses of population structuring based on these data are concordant with previous analyses based on microsatellites. It is concluded that during the invasion process genetic drift was the main evolutionary force affecting patterns of diversity and population structure. While recognizing that positive selection could be masked by the strong drift during founder events, adaptive processes were evidenced in a reduced number of RADtags (<2%), with only one of these in a putative coding region. Surprisingly, balancing selection was detected in several coding RADtags, suggesting that the preservation of polymorphism in specific genes could be more important than the average population diversity for the population maintenance at any location, particularly for the survival of introduced populations.}, }
@article {pmid26824750, year = {2016}, author = {Averett, JP and McCune, B and Parks, CG and Naylor, BJ and DelCurto, T and Mata-González, R}, title = {Non-Native Plant Invasion along Elevation and Canopy Closure Gradients in a Middle Rocky Mountain Ecosystem.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {e0147826}, pmid = {26824750}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Altitude ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Statistical ; Oregon ; Plant Development/*physiology ; Plant Dispersal/*physiology ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Mountain environments are currently among the ecosystems least invaded by non-native species; however, mountains are increasingly under threat of non-native plant invasion. The slow pace of exotic plant invasions in mountain ecosystems is likely due to a combination of low anthropogenic disturbances, low propagule supply, and extreme/steep environmental gradients. The importance of any one of these factors is debated and likely ecosystem dependent. We evaluated the importance of various correlates of plant invasions in the Wallowa Mountain Range of northeastern Oregon and explored whether non-native species distributions differed from native species along an elevation gradient. Vascular plant communities were sampled in summer 2012 along three mountain roads. Transects (n = 20) were evenly stratified by elevation (~70 m intervals) along each road. Vascular plant species abundances and environmental parameters were measured. We used indicator species analysis to identify habitat affinities for non-native species. Plots were ordinated in species space, joint plots and non-parametric multiplicative regression were used to relate species and community variation to environmental variables. Non-native species richness decreased continuously with increasing elevation. In contrast, native species richness displayed a unimodal distribution with maximum richness occurring at mid-elevations. Species composition was strongly related to elevation and canopy openness. Overlays of trait and environmental factors onto non-metric multidimensional ordinations identified the montane-subalpine community transition and over-story canopy closure exceeding 60% as potential barriers to non-native species establishment. Unlike native species, non-native species showed little evidence for high-elevation or closed-canopy specialization. These data suggest that non-native plants currently found in the Wallowa Mountains are dependent on open canopies and disturbance for establishment in low and mid elevations. Current management objectives including restoration to more open canopies in dry Rocky Mountain forests, may increase immigration pressure of non-native plants from lower elevations into the montane and subalpine zones.}, }
@article {pmid26823636, year = {2015}, author = {Crous, PW and Wingfield, MJ and Le Roux, JJ and Richardson, DM and Strasberg, D and Shivas, RG and Alvarado, P and Edwards, J and Moreno, G and Sharma, R and Sonawane, MS and Tan, YP and Altés, A and Barasubiye, T and Barnes, CW and Blanchette, RA and Boertmann, D and Bogo, A and Carlavilla, JR and Cheewangkoon, R and Daniel, R and de Beer, ZW and de Jesús Yáñez-Morales, M and Duong, TA and Fernández-Vicente, J and Geering, AD and Guest, DI and Held, BW and Heykoop, M and Hubka, V and Ismail, AM and Kajale, SC and Khemmuk, W and Kolařík, M and Kurli, R and Lebeuf, R and Lévesque, CA and Lombard, L and Magista, D and Manjón, JL and Marincowitz, S and Mohedano, JM and Nováková, A and Oberlies, NH and Otto, EC and Paguigan, ND and Pascoe, IG and Pérez-Butrón, JL and Perrone, G and Rahi, P and Raja, HA and Rintoul, T and Sanhueza, RM and Scarlett, K and Shouche, YS and Shuttleworth, LA and Taylor, PW and Thorn, RG and Vawdrey, LL and Solano-Vidal, R and Voitk, A and Wong, PT and Wood, AR and Zamora, JC and Groenewald, JZ}, title = {Fungal Planet description sheets: 371-399.}, journal = {Persoonia}, volume = {35}, number = {}, pages = {264-327}, pmid = {26823636}, issn = {0031-5850}, abstract = {Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Australia: Neoseptorioides eucalypti gen. &amp; sp. nov. from Eucalyptus radiata leaves, Phytophthora gondwanensis from soil, Diaporthe tulliensis from rotted stem ends of Theobroma cacao fruit, Diaporthe vawdreyi from fruit rot of Psidium guajava, Magnaporthiopsis agrostidis from rotted roots of Agrostis stolonifera and Semifissispora natalis from Eucalyptus leaf litter. Furthermore, Neopestalotiopsis egyptiaca is described from Mangifera indica leaves (Egypt), Roussoella mexicana from Coffea arabica leaves (Mexico), Calonectria monticola from soil (Thailand), Hygrocybe jackmanii from littoral sand dunes (Canada), Lindgomyces madisonensis from submerged decorticated wood (USA), Neofabraea brasiliensis from Malus domestica (Brazil), Geastrum diosiae from litter (Argentina), Ganoderma wiiroense on angiosperms (Ghana), Arthrinium gutiae from the gut of a grasshopper (India), Pyrenochaeta telephoni from the screen of a mobile phone (India) and Xenoleptographium phialoconidium gen. &amp; sp. nov. on exposed xylem tissues of Gmelina arborea (Indonesia). Several novelties are introduced from Spain, namely Psathyrella complutensis on loamy soil, Chlorophyllum lusitanicum on nitrified grasslands (incl. Chlorophyllum arizonicum comb. nov.), Aspergillus citocrescens from cave sediment and Lotinia verna gen. &amp; sp. nov. from muddy soil. Novel foliicolous taxa from South Africa include Phyllosticta carissicola from Carissa macrocarpa, Pseudopyricularia hagahagae from Cyperaceae and Zeloasperisporium searsiae from Searsia chirindensis. Furthermore, Neophaeococcomyces is introduced as a novel genus, with two new combinations, N. aloes and N. catenatus. Several foliicolous novelties are recorded from La Réunion, France, namely Ochroconis pandanicola from Pandanus utilis, Neosulcatispora agaves gen. &amp; sp. nov. from Agave vera-cruz, Pilidium eucalyptorum from Eucalyptus robusta, Strelitziana syzygii from Syzygium jambos (incl. Strelitzianaceae fam. nov.) and Pseudobeltrania ocoteae from Ocotea obtusata (Beltraniaceae emend.). Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.}, }
@article {pmid26823412, year = {2016}, author = {Magurran, AE}, title = {ECOLOGY. How ecosystems change.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {351}, number = {6272}, pages = {448-449}, doi = {10.1126/science.aad6758}, pmid = {26823412}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Extinction, Biological ; *Fishes ; Introduced Species ; Rivers ; }, }
@article {pmid26823377, year = {2016}, author = {Corliss, CT and Sultan, SE}, title = {Evolutionary potential for increased invasiveness: High-Performance Polygonum cespitosum genotypes are competitively superior in full sun.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {103}, number = {2}, pages = {348-354}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1500306}, pmid = {26823377}, issn = {1537-2197}, support = {//Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; *Genetic Fitness ; Introduced Species ; Polygonum/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Reproduction ; *Sunlight ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF STUDY: The presence of genetic variation for traits that contribute to ecological range expansion can provide the potential for introduced taxa to evolve greater invasiveness. Genotypes that contribute to the spread of introduced range populations must have the ability to maintain fitness under changing environmental stress and competitive intensity. Previously, we identified a subset of genotypes in populations of the invasive annual Polygonum cespitosum that express consistently high reproductive fitness in diverse (shaded, dry, and resource-rich) conditions. Here, we investigated whether these broadly adaptive (High-Performance) genotypes also show a competitive advantage over conspecifics in full sun and/or shade.<br><br>METHODS: We grew a population-balanced sample of 13 High-Performance and 13 'Control' genotypes in intraspecific competitive arrays, comprising all four possible combinations of High-Performance vs. Control target plants and competitive backgrounds, in both full sun and shaded glasshouse environments.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: In full sun, High-Performance genotypes (1) better maintained growth and reproductive output despite competition and (2) more strongly suppressed growth and reproduction of target plants. However, genotypes did not differ significantly in shade.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Competitive superiority in open conditions may contribute to increasing predominance of these broadly adapted genotypes in introduced-range Polygonum cespitosum populations, and hence to the evolution of greater invasiveness. This study provides insight into the role of genotypic variation for ecological traits in the range expansion of a contemporary plant invader. It also highlights how such variation can be differently expressed in alternative environments (gene by environment interaction).}, }
@article {pmid26822780, year = {2017}, author = {Blackburn, TM and Ewen, JG}, title = {Parasites as Drivers and Passengers of Human-Mediated Biological Invasions.}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {14}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {61-73}, pmid = {26822780}, issn = {1612-9210}, mesh = {Animals ; Demography ; *Introduced Species ; *Life Cycle Stages ; *Parasites ; }, abstract = {We provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of parasites in biological invasions by alien species. Parasites have frequently been invoked as drivers of invasions, but have received less attention as invasion passengers. The evidence to date that parasites drive invasions by hosts is weak: while there is abundant evidence that parasites have effects in the context of alien invasions, there is little evidence to suggest that parasites have differential effects on alien species that succeed versus fail in the invasion process. Particular case studies are suggestive but not yet informative about general effects. What evidence there is for parasites as aliens suggests that the same kind of factors determine their success as for non-parasites. Thus, availability is likely to be an important determinant of the probability of translocation. Establishment and spread are likely to depend on propagule pressure and on the environment being suitable (all necessary hosts and vectors are present); the likelihood of both of these dependencies being favourable will be affected by traits relating to parasite life history and demography. The added complication for the success of parasites as aliens is that often this will depend on the success of their hosts. We discuss how these conclusions help us to understand the likely effects of parasites on the success of establishing host populations (alien or native).}, }
@article {pmid26821366, year = {2016}, author = {Chen, HL and Koprowski, JL}, title = {Differential Effects of Roads and Traffic on Space Use and Movements of Native Forest-Dependent and Introduced Edge-Tolerant Species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {e0148121}, pmid = {26821366}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; *Sciuridae/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Transportation ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic infrastructure such as roads and non-native species are major causes of species endangerment. Understanding animal behavioral responses to roads and traffic provides insight into causes and mechanisms of effects of linear development on wildlife and aids effective mitigation and conservation. We investigated effects of roads and traffic on space use and movements of two forest-dwelling species: endemic, forest-dependent Mount Graham red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis) and introduced, edge-tolerant Abert's squirrels (Sciurus aberti). To assess the effects of roads on space use and movement patterns, we compared the probability that a squirrel home range included roads and random lines in forests, and assessed effects of traffic intensity on rate of road crossing and movement patterns. Red squirrels avoided areas adjacent to roads and rarely crossed roads. In contrast, Abert's squirrels were more likely to include roads in their home ranges compared to random lines in forests. Both red squirrels and Abert's squirrels increased speed when crossing roads, compared to before and after road crossings. Increased hourly traffic volume reduced the rate of road crossings by both species. Behavioral responses of red squirrels to roads and traffic resemble responses to elevated predation risk, including reduced speed near roads and increased tortuosity of movement paths with increased traffic volume. In contrast, Abert's squirrels appeared little affected by roads and traffic with tortuosity of movement paths reduced as distance to roads decreased. We found that species with similar body size category (<1 kg) but different habitat preference and foraging strategy responded to roads differently and demonstrated that behavior and ecology are important when considering effects of roads on wildlife. Our results indicate that roads restricted movements and space use of a native forest-dependent species while creating habitat preferred by an introduced, edge-tolerant species.}, }
@article {pmid26821161, year = {2016}, author = {Wrange, AL and Charrier, G and Thonig, A and Alm Rosenblad, M and Blomberg, A and Havenhand, JN and Jonsson, PR and André, C}, title = {The Story of a Hitchhiker: Population Genetic Patterns in the Invasive Barnacle Balanus(Amphibalanus) improvisus Darwin 1854.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {e0147082}, pmid = {26821161}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Thoracica/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Understanding the ecological and evolutionary forces that determine the genetic structure and spread of invasive species is a key component of invasion biology. The bay barnacle, Balanus improvisus (= Amphibalanus improvisus), is one of the most successful aquatic invaders worldwide, and is characterised by broad environmental tolerance. Although the species can spread through natural larval dispersal, human-mediated transport through (primarily) shipping has almost certainly contributed to the current global distribution of this species. Despite its worldwide distribution, little is known about the phylogeography of this species. Here, we characterize the population genetic structure and model dispersal dynamics of the barnacle B. improvisus, and describe how human-mediated spreading via shipping as well as natural larval dispersal may have contributed to observed genetic variation. We used both mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I: COI) and nuclear microsatellites to characterize the genetic structure in 14 populations of B. improvisus on a global and regional scale (Baltic Sea). Genetic diversity was high in most populations, and many haplotypes were shared among populations on a global scale, indicating that long-distance dispersal (presumably through shipping and other anthropogenic activities) has played an important role in shaping the population genetic structure of this cosmopolitan species. We could not clearly confirm prior claims that B. improvisus originates from the western margins of the Atlantic coasts; although there were indications that Argentina could be part of a native region. In addition to dispersal via shipping, we show that natural larval dispersal may play an important role for further colonisation following initial introduction.}, }
@article {pmid26820566, year = {2016}, author = {Yoon, S and Read, Q}, title = {Consequences of exotic host use: impacts on Lepidoptera and a test of the ecological trap hypothesis.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {181}, number = {4}, pages = {985-996}, pmid = {26820566}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Butterflies ; *Ecology ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Oviposition ; }, abstract = {Investigating the effects of invasive species on native biodiversity is one of the most pressing challenges in ecology. Our goal in this study was to quantify the effects of invasive plants on butterfly and moth communities. In addition, we sought to elucidate the fitness consequences of non-native hosts on lepidopterans. We conducted a meta-analysis on a total of 76 studies which provided data on larval performance, survival, oviposition preference, abundance, and species richness of Lepidoptera on native and exotic plants. Overwhelmingly, we found that performance and survival were reduced for larvae developing on exotic hosts, relative to native hosts. At the community level, alien plant invasion was associated with a reduction in the overall abundance and richness of lepidopteran communities. We found that lepidopterans did not show strong oviposition preference for native hosts. This result suggests that many invasive plant species may decrease lepidopteran abundance by providing a target for oviposition where larvae have a relatively poor chance of survival. Among studies that tested both survival and preference on exotic hosts, 37.5 % found evidence for novel hosts that could function as ecological traps (the figure was 18 % when considering studies that only assayed larval performance). Thus, although the majority of novel hosts included in our analyses are not likely to act as ecological traps, the potential clearly exists for this effect, and the role of ecological traps should be considered along with other aspects of global change impacting natural communities.}, }
@article {pmid26819238, year = {2016}, author = {Biguezoton, A and Adehan, S and Adakal, H and Zoungrana, S and Farougou, S and Chevillon, C}, title = {Community structure, seasonal variations and interactions between native and invasive cattle tick species in Benin and Burkina Faso.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {43}, pmid = {26819238}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; Benin/epidemiology ; Burkina Faso/epidemiology ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/*epidemiology ; Female ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/*classification/physiology ; Linear Models ; Male ; Residence Characteristics ; Rhipicephalus/classification/physiology ; Seasons ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The variation of tick abundance on ruminants had received little attention in West Africa before Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus started to invade this region in the early 2000s. Ten years later, R. microplus was suspected to have replaced the native ticks. In addition to testing this hypothesis, this study investigated the interactions between native and invasive ticks and the relative role of climatic and geographical variables in the variations of tick community composition (beta diversity) on cattle herds.<br><br>METHODS: A one-year-long survey was performed in Benin and Burkina Faso during which adult ticks were collected from 144 steers from 12 localities in four different areas once a month. Morphological features were used to assign the collected ticks to different species (A. variegatum, R. annulatus, R. decoloratus, R. microplus and R. geigyi). Beta diversity analyses and generalized linear models allowed characterizing the geographical variations in species assemblage and the effect of co-infestation patterns on the seasonal variations in the abundance and incidence rates of each taxon.<br><br>RESULTS: About 68% (22,491/32,148) of all the adult ticks collected in one year were R. microplus. The most heterogeneously distributed taxa were Hyalomma spp and R. microplus and the lowest specific diversity was found in Central Burkina Faso. Although climatic variables did not provide any additional information on the variation in species assemblages compared with the sampling geography, adult tick abundance tended to peak during the late (Boophilus subgenus) or early (other taxa) rainy season. In most taxon-per-locality analyses, the abundance and incidence rate of a given tick taxon significantly increased when the host was co-infested by other taxa. The comparison with previous estimates (when possible) did not support the hypothesis that R. microplus invasion led to a decrease in native tick species abundance.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The co-infestation patterns among native and invasive tick species are key factors for the determination of the community structure and the infestation dynamics of each tick taxon in West African cattle.}, }
@article {pmid26818909, year = {2016}, author = {Nakamura, AM and Chahad-Ehlers, S and Lima, AL and Taniguti, CH and Sobrinho, I and Torres, FR and de Brito, RA}, title = {Reference genes for accessing differential expression among developmental stages and analysis of differential expression of OBP genes in Anastrepha obliqua.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {17480}, pmid = {26818909}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Female ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Genes, Insect ; Genetic Association Studies ; Insect Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Life Cycle Stages/genetics ; Male ; Receptors, Odorant/*genetics/metabolism ; Reference Standards ; Reproduction/genetics ; Tephritidae/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua, is an important agricultural pest in the New World. The use of pesticide-free methods to control invasive species such as this reinforces the search for genes potentially useful in their genetic control. Therefore, the study of chemosensory proteins involved with a range of responses to the chemical environment will help not only on the understanding of the species biology but may also help the development of environmentally friendly pest control strategies. Here we analyzed the expression patterns of three OBP genes, Obp19d_2, Obp56a and Obp99c, across different phases of A. obliqua development by qPCR. In order to do so, we tested eight and identified three reference genes for data normalization, rpl17, rpl18 and ef1a, which displayed stability for the conditions here tested. All OBPs showed differential expression on adults and some differential expression among adult stages. Obp99c had an almost exclusive expression in males and Obp56a showed high expression in virgin females. Thereby, our results provide relevant data not only for other gene expression studies in this species, as well as for the search of candidate genes that may help in the development of new pest control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid26817767, year = {2016}, author = {Bellard, C and Genovesi, P and Jeschke, JM}, title = {Global patterns in threats to vertebrates by biological invasions.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {283}, number = {1823}, pages = {}, pmid = {26817767}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Databases, Factual ; Endangered Species ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Extinction, Biological ; Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; *Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions as drivers of biodiversity loss have recently been challenged. Fundamentally, we must know where species that are threatened by invasive alien species (IAS) live, and the degree to which they are threatened. We report the first study linking 1372 vertebrates threatened by more than 200 IAS from the completely revised Global Invasive Species Database. New maps of the vulnerability of threatened vertebrates to IAS permit assessments of whether IAS have a major influence on biodiversity, and if so, which taxonomic groups are threatened and where they are threatened. We found that centres of IAS-threatened vertebrates are concentrated in the Americas, India, Indonesia, Australia and New Zealand. The areas in which IAS-threatened species are located do not fully match the current hotspots of invasions, or the current hotspots of threatened species. The relative importance of biological invasions as drivers of biodiversity loss clearly varies across regions and taxa, and changes over time, with mammals from India, Indonesia, Australia and Europe are increasingly being threatened by IAS. The chytrid fungus primarily threatens amphibians, whereas invasive mammals primarily threaten other vertebrates. The differences in IAS threats between regions and taxa can help efficiently target IAS, which is essential for achieving the Strategic Plan 2020 of the Convention on Biological Diversity.}, }
@article {pmid26815365, year = {2016}, author = {Huang, F and Peng, S}, title = {Intraspecific competitive ability declines towards the edge of the expanding range of the invasive vine Mikania micrantha.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {181}, number = {1}, pages = {115-123}, pmid = {26815365}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; China ; Introduced Species ; Mikania/*physiology ; *Plant Dispersal ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {The evolution of competitive ability plays an important role in plant invasions. While many studies of the evolution of invasive species have compared populations from native and invaded ranges in terms of their performance, little attention has been paid to the evolution of intraspecific competitive ability within the invaded range during range expansion. In addition, whether the proportional change in the amount of invasive litter influences the intraspecific competitive ability among invasive populations of different ages has not yet been investigated. Here we selected Mikania micrantha H.B.K., a highly invasive vine in south China with a well-documented invasion history, as the study species. We manipulated competition among populations of different ages from the core of the range to its edges under four litter treatments in a common garden experiment. We found that during its 30-year invasion, intraspecific competitive ability was rapidly selected against towards range edges, which may be driven partly by the decline in population density. However, litter source did not influence the outcome of the competition among populations of different ages; it instead functioned more like a supply of nutrients. We suggest that stage-specific conditions such as population density should be incorporated into the experimental design when examining the evolution of invasive plants, especially when invasive populations are subject to selection on a small geographic scale. This approach can reduce sampling bias and thus improve the ability to infer the mechanisms responsible for the evolution of invasive populations.}, }
@article {pmid26814998, year = {2016}, author = {Adrian-Kalchhauser, I and Burkhardt-Holm, P}, title = {An eDNA Assay to Monitor a Globally Invasive Fish Species from Flowing Freshwater.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {e0147558}, pmid = {26814998}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/*analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water/*chemistry ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*genetics ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {Ponto-Caspian gobies are a flock of five invasive fish species that have colonized freshwaters and brackish waters in Europe and North America. One of them, the round goby Neogobius melanostomus, figures among the 100 worst invaders in Europe. Current methods to detect the presence of Ponto-Caspian gobies involve catching or sighting the fish. These approaches are labor intense and not very sensitive. Consequently, populations are usually detected only when they have reached high densities and when management or containment efforts are futile. To improve monitoring, we developed an assay based on the detection of DNA traces (environmental DNA, or eDNA) of Ponto-Caspian gobies in river water. The assay specifically detects invasive goby DNA and does not react to any native fish species. We apply the assay to environmental samples and demonstrate that parameters such as sampling depth, sampling location, extraction protocol, PCR protocol and PCR inhibition greatly impact detection. We further successfully outline the invasion front of Ponto-Caspian gobies in a large river, the High Rhine in Switzerland, and thus demonstrate the applicability of the assay to lotic environments. The eDNA assay requires less time, equipment, manpower, skills, and financial resources than the conventional monitoring methods such as electrofishing, angling or diving. Samples can be taken by untrained individuals, and the assay can be performed by any molecular biologist on a conventional PCR machine. Therefore, this assay enables environment managers to map invaded areas independently of fishermen's' reports and fish community monitorings.}, }
@article {pmid26814619, year = {2016}, author = {Pech-May, A and Moo-Llanes, DA and Puerto-Avila, MB and Casas, M and Danis-Lozano, R and Ponce, G and Tun-Ku, E and Pinto-Castillo, JF and Villegas, A and Ibáñez-Piñon, CR and González, C and Ramsey, JM}, title = {Population genetics and ecological niche of invasive Aedes albopictus in Mexico.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {157}, number = {}, pages = {30-41}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.021}, pmid = {26814619}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; Animals ; Chikungunya Fever/epidemiology/*parasitology/*virology ; Climate Change ; *Ecology ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Mexico/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is one of the most invasive mosquito species worldwide. In Mexico it is now recorded in 12 states and represents a serious public health problem, given the recent introduction of Chikungunya on the southern border. The aim of this study was to analyze the population genetics of A. albopictus from all major recorded foci, and model its ecological niche. Niche similarity with that from its autochthonous distribution in Asia and other invaded countries were analyzed and its potential future expansion and potential human exposure in climate change scenarios measured. We analyzed 125 sequences of a 317 bp fragment of the cyt b gene from seven A. albopictus populations across Mexico. The samples belong to 25 haplotypes with moderate population structuring (Fst=0.081, p<0.02) and population expansion. The most prevalent haplotype, found in all principal sites, was shared with the USA, Brazil, France, Madagascar, and Reunion Island. The ecological niche model using Mexican occurrence records covers 79.7% of the country, and has an 83% overlap with the Asian niche projected to Mexico. Both Neotropical and Nearctic regions are included in the Mexican niche model. Currently in Mexico, 38.6 million inhabitants are exposed to A. albopictus, which is expected to increase to 45.6 million by 2070. Genetic evidence supports collection information that A. albopictus was introduced to Mexico principally by land from the USA and Central and South America. Prevalent haplotypes from Mexico are shared with most invasive regions across the world, just as there was high niche similarity with both natural and invaded regions. The important overlap with the Asian niche model suggests a high potential for the species to disperse to sylvatic regions in Mexico.}, }
@article {pmid26814226, year = {2016}, author = {Larsen, PA and Hayes, CE and Williams, CV and Junge, RE and Razafindramanana, J and Mass, V and Rakotondrainibe, H and Yoder, AD}, title = {Blood transcriptomes reveal novel parasitic zoonoses circulating in Madagascar's lemurs.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {20150829}, pmid = {26814226}, issn = {1744-957X}, support = {S10 OD018164/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Endangered Species ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/blood/veterinary ; Lemur/blood/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Madagascar ; Protozoan Infections, Animal/blood ; *Transcriptome ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {Zoonotic diseases are a looming threat to global populations, and nearly 75% of emerging infectious diseases can spread among wildlife, domestic animals and humans. A 'One World, One Health' perspective offers us an ideal framework for understanding and potentially mitigating the spread of zoonoses, and the island of Madagascar serves as a natural laboratory for conducting these studies. Rapid habitat degradation and climate change on the island are contributing to more frequent contact among humans, livestock and wildlife, increasing the potential for pathogen spillover events. Given Madagascar's long geographical isolation, coupled with recent and repeated introduction of agricultural and invasive species, it is likely that a number of circulating pathogens remain uncharacterized in lemur populations. Thus, it is imperative that new approaches be implemented for de novo pathogen discovery. To this end, we used non-targeted deep sequencing of blood transcriptomes from two species of critically endangered wild lemurs (Indri indri and Propithecus diadema) to characterize blood-borne pathogens. Our results show several undescribed vector-borne parasites circulating within lemurs, some of which may cause disease in wildlife, livestock and humans. We anticipate that advanced methods for de novo identification of unknown pathogens will have broad utility for characterizing other complex disease transmission systems.}, }
@article {pmid26814225, year = {2016}, author = {Alleway, HK and Gillanders, BM and Connell, SD}, title = {'Neo-Europe' and its ecological consequences: the example of systematic degradation in Australia's inland fisheries.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {20150774}, pmid = {26814225}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Ecosystem ; *Fisheries/economics/history ; *Fishes ; Fresh Water ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Introduced Species ; South Australia ; }, abstract = {The antiquity of human impact on ecosystems is increasingly understood, though the arrival of settlers to new lands remains a defining period. Colonization of the 'neo-Europes', a reference from the discipline of history, precipitated changes in aquatic ecosystems through modification of waterways and introductions of non-native species. We considered historical fisheries and fish market records from South Australia (1900-1946) against contemporary production statistics (1987-2011). Native inland species historically contributed large quantities to the market but have deteriorated such that fishing is now limited, and conservation regulations exist. This pattern mirrors the demand-driven transition from freshwater to marine fisheries in Europe; hence, we propose that this pattern was predicated on societal expectations and that European settlement and introduction of non-native fishes led to systematic overexploitation and degradation of native inland fisheries species in Australia, representing a further consequence of neo-European colonization to ecology. Accurate interpretation of ecological change can ensure more appropriate management intervention. Concepts, such as neo-Europe, from alternative disciplines can inform the recognition and evaluation of patterns at regional and global scales.}, }
@article {pmid26814195, year = {2016}, author = {Carey, J}, title = {Rewilding.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {113}, number = {4}, pages = {806-808}, pmid = {26814195}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Attitude ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*trends ; Europe ; Extinction, Biological ; *Introduced Species ; Mammals ; North America ; Public Opinion ; *Wilderness ; }, }
@article {pmid26812148, year = {2016}, author = {Snow, NP and Halseth, JM and Lavelle, MJ and Hanson, TE and Blass, CR and Foster, JA and Humphrys, ST and Staples, LD and Hewitt, DG and VerCauteren, KC}, title = {Bait Preference of Free-Ranging Feral Swine for Delivery of a Novel Toxicant.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {e0146712}, pmid = {26812148}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Food Preferences ; Introduced Species ; Poisons/*administration &amp; dosage ; Population Control ; Sodium Nitrite/*administration &amp; dosage ; *Sus scrofa ; Texas ; }, abstract = {Invasive feral swine (Sus scrofa) cause extensive damage to agricultural and wildlife resources throughout the United States. Development of sodium nitrite as a new, orally delivered toxicant is underway to provide an additional tool to curtail growth and expansion of feral swine populations. A micro-encapsulation coating around sodium nitrite is used to minimize detection by feral swine and maximize stability for the reactive molecule. To maximize uptake of this toxicant by feral swine, development a bait matrix is needed to 1) protect the micro-encapsulation coating so that sodium nitrite remains undetectable to feral swine, 2) achieve a high degree of acceptance by feral swine, and 3) be minimally appealing to non-target species. With these purposes, a field evaluation at 88 sites in south-central Texas was conducted using remote cameras to evaluate preferences by feral swine for several oil-based bait matrices including uncolored peanut paste, black-colored peanut paste, and peanut-based slurry mixed onto whole-kernel corn. These placebo baits were compared to a reference food, whole-kernel corn, known to be readily taken by feral swine (i.e., control). The amount of bait consumed by feral swine was also estimated using remote cameras and grid boards at 5 additional sites. On initial exposure, feral swine showed reduced visitations to the uncolored peanut paste and peanut slurry treatments. This reduced visitation subsided by the end of the treatment period, suggesting that feral swine needed time to accept these bait types. The black-colored peanut paste was visited equally to the control throughout the study, and enough of this matrix was consumed to deliver lethal doses of micro-encapsulated sodium nitrite to most feral swine during 1-2 feeding events. None of the treatment matrices reduced visitations by nontarget species, but feral swine dominated visitations for all matrices. It was concluded that black-colored peanut paste achieved satisfactory preference and consumption by feral swine, and no discernable preference by non-target species, compared to the other treatments.}, }
@article {pmid26810214, year = {2017}, author = {Yan, SH and Song, W and Guo, JY}, title = {Advances in management and utilization of invasive water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in aquatic ecosystems - a review.}, journal = {Critical reviews in biotechnology}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, pages = {218-228}, doi = {10.3109/07388551.2015.1132406}, pmid = {26810214}, issn = {1549-7801}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Eichhornia/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Phytoplankton ; Water Quality ; Weed Control/*methods ; }, abstract = {The objective of this review is to provide a concise summary of literature in the Chinese language since late 1970s and focuses on recent development in global scenarios. This work will replenish the FAO summary of water hyacinth utilization from 1917 to 1979 and review ecological and socioeconomic impacts of the water hyacinth from 1980 to 2010. This review also discusses the debate on whether the growth of the water hyacinth is a problem, a challenge or an opportunity. Literature suggested that integrated technologies and good management may be an effective solution and the perception of water hyacinth could change from that of a notorious aquatic weed to a valuable resource, including its utilization as a biological agent for the application in bioremediation for removing excess nutrients from eutrophic water bodies at low cost. Key aspects on system integration and innovation may focus on low-cost and efficient equipment and the creation of value-added goods from water hyacinth biomass. In the socioeconomic and ecological domain of global development, all the successful and sustainable management inputs for the water hyacinth must generate some sort of social and economic benefit simultaneously, as well as benefiting the ecosystem. Potential challenges exist in linkages between the management of water hyacinth on the large scale to the sustainable development of agriculture based on recycling nutrients, bio-energy production or silage and feed production. Further research and development may focus on more detailed biology of water hyacinth related with its utilization, cost-benefit analysis of middle to large-scale application of the technologies and innovation of the equipment used for harvesting and dehydrating the plant.}, }
@article {pmid26808191, year = {2016}, author = {Charles, JJ and Paine, TD}, title = {Fitness Effects of Food Resources on the Polyphagous Aphid Parasitoid, Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {e0147551}, pmid = {26808191}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*parasitology ; *Feeding Behavior ; Hymenoptera/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Conservation biological control involving the polyphagous aphid parasitoid, Aphidius colemani Viereck, may include provisioning resources from a variety of plant sources. The fitness of adult A. colemani was enhanced with the provision of food resources such as floral nectar from a range of both native and introduced plant species and aphid honeydew under laboratory conditions. However, enhanced fitness appeared to be species specific rather than associated with the whether the plant was a native or an introduced species. Parasitoid survival and fecundity were enhanced significantly in response to the availability of floral nectar and honeydew compared to the response to available extrafloral nectar. These positive effects on the parasitoid's reproductive activity can improve the effectiveness of conservation biological control in nursery production systems because of the abundance and diversity of floral resources within typical production areas. Additionally, surrounding areas of invasive weeds and native vegetation could serve as both floral resources and honeydew food resources for A. colemani.}, }
@article {pmid26807958, year = {2016}, author = {Hodač, L and Ulum, FB and Opfermann, N and Breidenbach, N and Hojsgaard, D and Tjitrosoedirdjo, SS and Vornam, B and Finkeldey, R and Hörandl, E}, title = {Population Genetic Structure and Reproductive Strategy of the Introduced Grass Centotheca lappacea in Tropical Land-Use Systems in Sumatra.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {e0147633}, pmid = {26807958}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Genes, Plant ; *Genetic Variation ; Indonesia ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*genetics/physiology ; Reproduction ; *Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Intensive transformation of lowland rainforest into oil palm and rubber monocultures is the most common land-use practice in Sumatra (Indonesia), accompanied by invasion of weeds. In the Jambi province, Centotheca lappacea is one of the most abundant alien grass species in plantations and in jungle rubber (an extensively used agroforest), but largely missing in natural rainforests. Here, we investigated putative genetic differentiation and signatures for adaptation in the introduced area. We studied reproductive mode and ploidy level as putative factors for invasiveness of the species. We sampled 19 populations in oil palm and rubber monocultures and in jungle rubber in two regions (Bukit Duabelas and Harapan). Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) revealed a high diversity of individual genotypes and only a weak differentiation among populations (FST = 0.173) and between the two regions (FST = 0.065). There was no significant genetic differentiation between the three land-use systems. The metapopulation of C. lappacea consists of five genetic partitions with high levels of admixture; all partitions appeared in both regions, but with different proportions. Within the Bukit Duabelas region we observed significant isolation-by-distance. Nine AFLP loci (5.3% of all loci) were under natural diversifying selection. All studied populations of C. lappacea were diploid, outcrossing and self-incompatible, without any hints of apomixis. The estimated residence time of c. 100 years coincides with the onset of rubber and oil palm planting in Sumatra. In the colonization process, the species is already in a phase of establishment, which may be enhanced by efficient selection acting on a highly diverse gene pool. In the land-use systems, seed dispersal might be enhanced by adhesive spikelets. At present, the abundance of established populations in intensively managed land-use systems might provide opportunities for rapid dispersal of C. lappacea across rural landscapes in Sumatra, while the invasion potential in rainforest ecosystems appears to be moderate as long as they remain undisturbed.}, }
@article {pmid26803815, year = {2016}, author = {Jankielsohn, A}, title = {Changes in the Russian Wheat Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Biotype Complex in South Africa.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {109}, number = {2}, pages = {907-912}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tov408}, pmid = {26803815}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aphids ; *Introduced Species ; South Africa ; *Triticum ; }, abstract = {Russian wheat aphid Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) has spread from its native area in central Asia to all the major wheat-producing countries in the world to become an international wheat pest. Because the Russian wheat aphid is a serious threat to the wheat industry in South Africa, it is important to investigate the key factors involved in the distribution of Russian wheat aphid biotypes and in the changes of the Russian wheat aphid biotype complex in South Africa. There are currently four known Russian wheat aphid biotypes occurring in South Africa. Russian wheat aphid samples were collected from 2011 to 2014 during the wheat-growing season in spring and summer and these samples were screened to determine the biotype status. RWASA1 occurred predominantly in the Western Cape, while RWASA2 and RWASA3 occurred predominantly in the Eastern Free State. Following the first record of RWASA4 in 2011, this biotype was restricted to the Eastern Free State. The surveys suggest that the Russian wheat aphid bioype complex was more diverse in the Eastern Free State than in the other wheat production areas. There was also a shift in Russian wheat aphid biotype composition over time. The Russian wheat aphid biotype complex is dynamic, influenced by environmental factors such as host plants, altitude, and climate, and it can change and diversify over time causing fluctuation in populations over sites and years. This dynamic nature of the Russian wheat aphid will continue to challenge the development of Russian wheat aphid-resistant wheat cultivars in South Africa, and the continued monitoring of the biotypic and genetic structure, to determine genetic relatedness and variation in different biotypes, of Russian wheat aphid populations is important for protecting wheat.}, }
@article {pmid26801341, year = {2016}, author = {Turner, TR and Cramer, JD and Nisbett, A and Patrick Gray, J}, title = {A comparison of adult body size between captive and wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) on the island of St. Kitts.}, journal = {Primates; journal of primatology}, volume = {57}, number = {2}, pages = {211-220}, pmid = {26801341}, issn = {1610-7365}, support = {R01 OD010980/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; R01 RR016300/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; OD010980/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; RR016300/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Laboratory/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Animals, Wild/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Body Size ; Chlorocebus aethiops/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Saint Kitts and Nevis ; }, abstract = {Weight and 34 morphological measurements were obtained from 103 vervet monkeys living either in the wild or in captive colonies derived from the wild populations on the island of St. Kitts in the Eastern Caribbean. All measures were taken during the same week, eliminating bias that might result from changing seasonal environmental conditions. Vervets on St. Kitts are all descended from a small number of individuals brought to the island approximately 400 years ago from West Africa, thus eliminating bias that might result from subspecific size differences. We conducted a principal components analysis (PCA) and compared individual traits between captive and wild adult animals. Morphological measures such as body, arm, and leg length did not differ significantly between animals living in the wild and animals in captivity. Weight and measures indicating condition-including body mass index (BMI), chest, thigh, and upper arm girth were all higher for animals living in captivity. More consistent available food is probably the cause of differences in measures reflecting condition.}, }
@article {pmid26798286, year = {2015}, author = {Sarnat, EM and Fischer, G and Guénard, B and Economo, EP}, title = {Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {543}, pages = {1-109}, pmid = {26798286}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The objective of this study is to provide a detailed taxonomic resource for identifying and studying ants in the genus Pheidole that have established beyond their native ranges. There is an increasing need for systematists to study taxa of specific concern to 21(st) century environmental, food security and public health challenges. Systematics has an important role to play in both the theoretical and applied disciplines of invasion biology. Few invaders impact terrestrial ecosystems more than ants. Among the world's 100 worst invasive species is the cosmopolitan and highly destructive Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius). Accurate identification of Pheidole megacephala is imperative for the success of screening, management and eradication programs designed to protect native ecosystems from the impacts of this destructive species. However, accurate identification of Pheidole species is difficult because of their taxonomic diversity, dimorphic worker caste and lack of taxonomic resources. Illustrated keys are included, along with the taxonomic history, taxonomic diagnoses, biological notes and risk statements for the 14 most invasive members of the genus. Global distribution maps based on over 14,000 specimen and literature records are presented for each species. These results of this work will facilitate identification of pest species, determination of climatic and habitat requirements, discovery of pest origins, horizon scanning and assessment of invasion pathways. The following new synonym is proposed, with the senior synonym listed first and the junior synonyms in parentheses: Pheidole indica Mayr (= Pheidole teneriffana Forel, and its synonyms Pheidole taina Aguayo and Pheidole voeltzkowii Forel). Pheidole navigans Forel, stat. rev., stat. n. is removed from synonymy and elevated to species rank. It is proposed that records of Pheidole moerens Forel outside of the Mesoamerica and the Caribbean refer instead to Pheidole navigans or other heterospecific taxa in the Pheidole flavens species complex. We propose that the names Pheidole anastasii Emery and Pheidole floridana Emery have been widely misapplied to North American outdoor records of Pheidole bilimeki Mayr. It is suggested that the synonymy of Pheidole lauta Wheeler be transferred from Pheidole floridana Emery to Pheidole bilimeki Mayr.}, }
@article {pmid26797993, year = {2016}, author = {Service, RF}, title = {CONSERVATION. Standoff imperils Oregon refuge.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {351}, number = {6271}, pages = {326-327}, doi = {10.1126/science.351.6271.326}, pmid = {26797993}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Birds ; *Carps ; Cattle ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Oregon ; Violence ; }, }
@article {pmid26797602, year = {2016}, author = {Qiu, XW and Wu, XQ and Huang, L and Ye, JR}, title = {Influence of Bxpel1 Gene Silencing by dsRNA Interference on the Development and Pathogenicity of the Pine Wood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {26797602}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Animals ; *Gene Silencing ; Helminth Proteins/*antagonists &amp; inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; Pinus/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases/parasitology/therapy ; Polysaccharide-Lyases/*antagonists &amp; inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics/metabolism ; Tylenchida/enzymology/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Virulence Factors/*antagonists &amp; inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; Wood/parasitology ; }, abstract = {As the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD), the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causes huge economic losses by devastating pine forests worldwide. The pectate lyase gene is essential for successful invasion of their host plants by plant-parasitic nematodes. To demonstrate the role of pectate lyase gene in the PWD process, RNA interference (RNAi) is used to analyze the function of the pectate lyase 1 gene in B. xylophilus (Bxpel1). The efficiency of RNAi was detected by real-time PCR. The result demonstrated that the quantity of B. xylophilus propagated with control solution treatment was 62 times greater than that soaking in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) after B. xylophilus inoculation in Botrytis cinerea for the first generation (F1). The number of B. xylophilus soaking in control solution was doubled compared to that soaking in Bxpel1 dsRNA four days after inoculation in Pinus thunbergii. The quantity of B. xylophilus was reduced significantly (p < 0.001) after treatment with dsRNAi compared with that using a control solution treatment. Bxpel1 dsRNAi reduced the migration speed and reproduction of B. xylophilus in pine trees. The pathogenicity to P. thunbergii seedling of B. xylophilus was weaker after soaking in dsRNA solution compared with that after soaking in the control solution. Our results suggest that Bxpel1 gene is a significant pathogenic factor in the PWD process and this basic information may facilitate a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of PWD.}, }
@article {pmid26796411, year = {2016}, author = {Morris, KA and Stark, JM and Bugbee, B and Norton, JM}, title = {The invasive annual cheatgrass releases more nitrogen than crested wheatgrass through root exudation and senescence.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {181}, number = {4}, pages = {971-983}, pmid = {26796411}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Bromus ; *Nitrogen ; Plant Roots ; Poaceae ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Plant-soil feedbacks are an important aspect of invasive species success. One type of feedback is alteration of soil nutrient cycling. Cheatgrass invasion in the western USA is associated with increases in plant-available nitrogen (N), but the mechanism for this has not been elucidated. We labeled cheatgrass and crested wheatgrass, a common perennial grass in western rangelands, with (15)N-urea to determine if differences in root exudates and turnover could be a mechanism for increases in soil N. Mesocosms containing plants were either kept moist, or dried out during the final 10 days to determine the role of senescence in root N release. Soil N transformation rates were determined using (15)N pool dilution. After 75 days of growth, cheatgrass accumulated 30 % more total soil N and organic carbon than crested wheatgrass. Cheatgrass roots released twice as much N as crested wheatgrass roots (0.11 vs. 0.05 mg N kg(-1) soil day(-1)) in both soil moisture treatments. This occurred despite lower root abundance (7.0 vs. 17.3 g dry root kg(-1) soil) and N concentration (6.0 vs. 7.6 g N kg(-1) root) in cheatgrass vs. crested wheatgrass. We propose that increases in soil N pool sizes and transformation rates under cheatgrass are caused by higher rates of root exudation or release of organic matter containing relatively large amounts of labile N. Our results provide the first evidence for the underlying mechanism by which the invasive annual cheatgrass increases N availability and establishes positive plant-soil feedbacks that promote its success in western rangelands.}, }
@article {pmid26795464, year = {2016}, author = {Gormley, AM and Holland, EP and Barron, MC and Anderson, DP and Nugent, G}, title = {A modelling framework for predicting the optimal balance between control and surveillance effort in the local eradication of tuberculosis in New Zealand wildlife.}, journal = {Preventive veterinary medicine}, volume = {125}, number = {}, pages = {10-18}, doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.01.007}, pmid = {26795464}, issn = {1873-1716}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; Epidemiological Monitoring/veterinary ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Mycobacterium bovis/*physiology ; New Zealand ; Population Control/economics ; Population Surveillance/*methods ; Risk Assessment/economics ; *Trichosurus ; Tuberculosis, Bovine/microbiology/*prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {Bovine tuberculosis (TB) impacts livestock farming in New Zealand, where the introduced marsupial brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is the wildlife maintenance host for Mycobacterium bovis. New Zealand has implemented a campaign to control TB using a co-ordinated programme of livestock diagnostic testing and large-scale culling of possums, with the long-term aim of TB eradication. For management of the disease in wildlife, methods that can optimise the balance between control and surveillance effort will facilitate the objective of eradication on a fixed or limited budget. We modelled and compared management options to optimise the balance between the two activities necessary to achieve and verify eradication of TB from New Zealand wildlife: the number of lethal population control operations required to halt the M. bovis infection cycle in possums, and the subsequent surveillance effort needed to confidently declare TB freedom post-control. The approach considered the costs of control and surveillance, as well as the potential costs of re-control resulting from false declaration of TB freedom. The required years of surveillance decreased with increasing numbers of possum lethal control operations but the overall time to declare TB freedom depended on additional factors, such as the probability of freedom from disease after control and the probability of success of mop-up control, i.e. retroactive culling following detection of persistent disease in the residual possum population. The total expected cost was also dependent on a number of factors, many of which had wide cost ranges, suggesting that an optimal strategy is unlikely to be singular and fixed, but will likely vary for each different area being considered. Our approach provides a simple framework that considers the known and potential costs of possum control and TB surveillance, enabling managers to optimise the balance between these two activities to achieve and prove eradication of a wildlife disease, or the pest species that transmits it, in the most expedient and economic way. This cost- and risk-evaluation approach may be applicable to other wildlife disease problems where limited management funds exist.}, }
@article {pmid26795122, year = {2016}, author = {Olenin, S and Ojaveer, H and Minchin, D and Boelens, R}, title = {Assessing exemptions under the ballast water management convention: preclude the Trojan horse.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {103}, number = {1-2}, pages = {84-92}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.12.043}, pmid = {26795122}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Aquatic Organisms ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Risk Assessment ; Seawater/microbiology ; *Ships ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; }, abstract = {The International Maritime Organization (IMO) Ballast Water Management Convention (BWMC) is a powerful instrument aimed at reducing spread of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens (HAOPs). As BWMC is expected to enter into force soon, shipping companies will start seeking exemptions for ballast water management in accordance with BWMC Regulation A-4. However, without scientifically robust risk assessment (RA) and consistent rules, the exemptions may introduce a new form of risk within a convention generally designed to reduce risks. This paper describes an adaptive system for granting exemptions, consisting of six major components: target species selection procedure, port-to-port RA, monitoring, information support, administrative decision and review process. The system is based on key principles defined in the IMO guidelines for RA and is designed to continuously accumulate evolving experience on granting exemptions. The ultimate goal is to contribute to the control of the spread of HAOPs, without placing an unnecessary burden on the shipping industry.}, }
@article {pmid26793423, year = {2016}, author = {Zhang, L and Jiang, Z}, title = {Unveiling the status of alien animals in the arid zone of Asia.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e1545}, pmid = {26793423}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Biological invasion is one of the most threatening factors for biodiversity conservation. Lacking information on alien species in certain regions of the world hampers a balanced understanding of invasion processes and efficient data exchange among stakeholders. Current knowledge gaps are in need of urgent concern. We therefore conducted a review on alien animals in Xinjiang, an unknown region of invasion ecology. Xinjiang lies in the heartland of the Asian continent, covering an area of 1,664,900 km(2). In the past 64 years, 128 alien animal species were recorded in this region, 39% of which became invasive and led to loss of native biodiversity. Most of these species were introduced through diversification of local agriculture and aquaculture. This process was aggravated by improving transportation and flourishing trade. Multiple linear regression models and correlation analysis were run for explaining influence of environmental and anthropogenic factors on status of alien animals: economically developed areas with abundant water resource, oases in particular, were prone to be hotspots of alien animal species in this arid and semi-arid region. This study also revealed that taxonomically biased and lagged research were critical problems that impeded studies on biological invasions in Xinjiang, and proposed feasible solutions.}, }
@article {pmid26793270, year = {2016}, author = {Asner, GP and Sousan, S and Knapp, DE and Selmants, PC and Martin, RE and Hughes, RF and Giardina, CP}, title = {Rapid forest carbon assessments of oceanic islands: a case study of the Hawaiian archipelago.}, journal = {Carbon balance and management}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {1}, pmid = {26793270}, issn = {1750-0680}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Spatially explicit forest carbon (C) monitoring aids conservation and climate change mitigation efforts, yet few approaches have been developed specifically for the highly heterogeneous landscapes of oceanic island chains that continue to undergo rapid and extensive forest C change. We developed an approach for rapid mapping of aboveground C density (ACD; units = Mg or metric tons C ha[-1]) on islands at a spatial resolution of 30 m (0.09 ha) using a combination of cost-effective airborne LiDAR data and full-coverage satellite data. We used the approach to map forest ACD across the main Hawaiian Islands, comparing C stocks within and among islands, in protected and unprotected areas, and among forests dominated by native and invasive species.<br><br>RESULTS: Total forest aboveground C stock of the Hawaiian Islands was 36 Tg, and ACD distributions were extremely heterogeneous both within and across islands. Remotely sensed ACD was validated against U.S. Forest Service FIA plot inventory data (R[2]&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.67; RMSE&#xa0;=&#xa0;30.4&#xa0;Mg&#xa0;C&#xa0;ha[-1]). Geospatial analyses indicated the critical importance of forest type and canopy cover as predictors of mapped ACD patterns. Protection status was a strong determinant of forest C stock and density, but we found complex environmentally mediated responses of forest ACD to alien plant invasion.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: A combination of one-time airborne LiDAR data acquisition and satellite monitoring provides effective forest C mapping in the highly heterogeneous landscapes of the Hawaiian Islands. Our statistical approach yielded key insights into the drivers of ACD variation, and also makes possible future assessments of C storage change, derived on a repeat basis from free satellite data, without the need for additional LiDAR data. Changes in C stocks and densities of oceanic islands can thus be continually assessed in the face of rapid environmental changes such as biological invasions, drought, fire and land use. Such forest monitoring information can be used to promote sustainable forest use and conservation on islands in the future.}, }
@article {pmid26791703, year = {2016}, author = {Cesare, C}, title = {Ecology's $434,000,000 test.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {529}, number = {7586}, pages = {274-276}, doi = {10.1038/529274a}, pmid = {26791703}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Biomass ; Budgets ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Data Collection/economics/instrumentation/methods ; Ecology/*economics/instrumentation/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Observation/methods ; Soil Microbiology ; United States ; Water/analysis ; Zoonoses/epidemiology/transmission ; }, }
@article {pmid26787507, year = {2016}, author = {Mitchell, TC and Williams, BR and Wood, JR and Harris, DJ and Scotland, RW and Carine, MA}, title = {How the temperate world was colonised by bindweeds: biogeography of the Convolvuleae (Convolvulaceae).}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {16}, pmid = {26787507}, issn = {1471-2148}, support = {//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Africa ; Convolvulaceae/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; South America ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: At a global scale, the temperate zone is highly fragmented both between and within hemispheres. This paper aims to investigate how the world's disjunct temperate zones have been colonised by the pan-temperate plant group Convolvuleae, sampling 148 of the c. 225 known species. We specifically determine the number and timing of amphitropical and transoceanic disjunctions, investigate the extent to which disjunctions in Convolvuleae are spatio-temporally congruent with those in other temperate plant groups and determine the impact of long-distance dispersal events on diversification rates.<br><br>RESULTS: Eight major disjunctions are observed in Convolvuleae: two Northern Hemisphere, two Southern Hemisphere and four amphitropical. Diversity in the Southern Hemisphere is largely the result of a single colonisation of Africa 3.1-6.4&#xa0;Ma, and subsequent dispersals from Africa to both Australasia and South America. Speciation rates within this monophyletic, largely Southern Hemisphere group (1.38 species Myr(-1)) are found to be over twice those of the tribe as a whole (0.64 species Myr(-1)). Increased speciation rates are also observed in Calystegia (1.65 species Myr(-1)).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The Convolvuleae has colonised every continent of the world with a temperate biome in c. 18 Myr and eight major range disjunctions underlie this broad distribution. In keeping with other temperate lineages exhibiting disjunct distributions, long-distance dispersal is inferred as the main process explaining the patterns observed although for one American-Eurasian disjunction we cannot exclude vicariance. The colonisation of the temperate zones of the three southern continents within the last c. 4 Myr is likely to have stimulated high rates of diversification recovered in this group, with lineage accumulation rates comparable to those reported for adaptive radiations.}, }
@article {pmid26785039, year = {2016}, author = {González-Browne, C and Murúa, MM and Navarro, L and Medel, R}, title = {Does Plant Origin Influence the Fitness Impact of Flower Damage? A Meta-Analysis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {e0146437}, pmid = {26785039}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Flowers/*physiology ; Genes, Plant ; *Genetic Fitness ; Herbivory/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Plants/*genetics ; Reproduction/physiology ; }, abstract = {Herbivory has been long considered an important component of plant-animal interactions that influences the success of invasive species in novel habitats. One of the most important hypotheses linking herbivory and invasion processes is the enemy-release hypothesis, in which exotic plants are hypothesized to suffer less herbivory and fitness-costs in their novel ranges as they leave behind their enemies in the original range. Most evidence, however, comes from studies on leaf herbivory, and the importance of flower herbivory for the invasion process remains largely unknown. Here we present the results of a meta-analysis of the impact of flower herbivory on plant reproductive success, using as moderators the type of damage caused by floral herbivores and the residence status of the plant species. We found 51 papers that fulfilled our criteria. We also included 60 records from unpublished data of the laboratory, gathering a total of 143 case studies. The effects of florivory and nectar robbing were both negative on plant fitness. The methodology employed in studies of flower herbivory influenced substantially the outcome of flower damage. Experiments using natural herbivory imposed a higher fitness cost than simulated herbivory, such as clipping and petal removal, indicating that studies using artificial herbivory as surrogates of natural herbivory underestimate the real fitness impact of flower herbivory. Although the fitness cost of floral herbivory was high both in native and exotic plant species, floral herbivores had a three-fold stronger fitness impact on exotic than native plants, contravening a critical element of the enemy-release hypothesis. Our results suggest a critical but largely unrecognized role of floral herbivores in preventing the spread of introduced species into newly colonized areas.}, }
@article {pmid26784196, year = {2016}, author = {Gonzalez, LF and Montes, GA and Puig, E and Johnson, S and Mengersen, K and Gaston, KJ}, title = {Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Artificial Intelligence Revolutionizing Wildlife Monitoring and Conservation.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {26784196}, issn = {1424-8220}, mesh = {Aircraft ; Algorithms ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/*physiology ; *Artificial Intelligence ; Endangered Species ; Environmental Monitoring/*instrumentation/methods ; Equipment Design ; Forests ; Geographic Information Systems/instrumentation ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/*methods ; Introduced Species ; User-Computer Interface ; Video Recording/*instrumentation/methods ; }, abstract = {Surveying threatened and invasive species to obtain accurate population estimates is an important but challenging task that requires a considerable investment in time and resources. Estimates using existing ground-based monitoring techniques, such as camera traps and surveys performed on foot, are known to be resource intensive, potentially inaccurate and imprecise, and difficult to validate. Recent developments in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), artificial intelligence and miniaturized thermal imaging systems represent a new opportunity for wildlife experts to inexpensively survey relatively large areas. The system presented in this paper includes thermal image acquisition as well as a video processing pipeline to perform object detection, classification and tracking of wildlife in forest or open areas. The system is tested on thermal video data from ground based and test flight footage, and is found to be able to detect all the target wildlife located in the surveyed area. The system is flexible in that the user can readily define the types of objects to classify and the object characteristics that should be considered during classification.}, }
@article {pmid26782948, year = {2016}, author = {Uesugi, R and Sato, Y and Han, BY and Huang, ZD and Yara, K and Furuhashi, K}, title = {Molecular evidence for multiple phylogenetic groups within two species of invasive spiny whiteflies and their parasitoid wasp.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {106}, number = {3}, pages = {328-340}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485315001030}, pmid = {26782948}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Hemiptera/*genetics/growth &amp; development/parasitology ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics ; Nymph/genetics/growth &amp; development/parasitology ; Pest Control, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Wasps/*genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {The invasive orange spiny whitefly (OSW) Aleurocanthus spiniferus has extended its distribution to non-native areas since the early 20th century. In a similar manner, the invasive tea spiny whitefly (TSW) A. camelliae has been expanding over East Asia in recent decades. In this study, the genetic diversity of OSW and TSW and of their important parasitoid wasp Encarsia smithi was investigated in China and Japan to enable more efficient biological control policies. We detected two phylogenetic groups (haplogroups A1 and A2) in OSW and three phylogenetic groups (haplotypes B1 and B2, and haplogroup B3) in TSW in China; however, only a single haplotype was detected in each whitefly species in Japan. Based on historical records and molecular data, OSW was considered to be native to China whereas TSW has probably expanded to China from a more southern location in the last 50 years; China appears to be the source region for OSW and TSW invading Japan. In E. smithi, two phylogenetic groups were detected in Japan: haplotype I, associated with OSW, and haplogroup II mostly associated with TSW, except in two locations. These data support the hypothesis that E. smithi parasitizing TSW in Japan did not originate from the existent population parasitizing OSW but was newly imported into Japan following the invasion of its host.}, }
@article {pmid26781302, year = {2016}, author = {Meijer, K and Smit, C and Schilthuizen, M and Beukeboom, LW}, title = {Fitness benefits of the fruit fly Rhagoletis alternata on a non-native rose host.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {181}, number = {1}, pages = {185-192}, pmid = {26781302}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Genetic Fitness ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Netherlands ; Rosa/*growth &amp; development ; Tephritidae/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Many species have been introduced worldwide into areas outside their natural range. Often these non-native species are introduced without their natural enemies, which sometimes leads to uncontrolled population growth. It is rarely reported that an introduced species provides a new resource for a native species. The rose hips of the Japanese rose, Rosa rugosa, which has been introduced in large parts of Europe, are infested by the native monophagous tephritid fruit fly Rhagoletis alternata. We studied differences in fitness benefits between R. alternata larvae using R. rugosa as well as native Rosa species in the Netherlands. R. alternata pupae were larger and heavier when the larvae fed on rose hips of R. rugosa. Larvae feeding on R. rugosa were parasitized less frequently by parasitic wasps than were larvae feeding on native roses. The differences in parasitization are probably due to morphological differences between the native and non-native rose hips: the hypanthium of a R. rugosa hip is thicker and provides the larvae with the possibility to feed deeper into the hip, meaning that the parasitoids cannot reach them with their ovipositor and the larvae escape parasitization. Our study shows that native species switching to a novel non-native host can experience fitness benefits compared to the original native host.}, }
@article {pmid26780687, year = {2016}, author = {Chifflet, L and Rodriguero, MS and Calcaterra, LA and Rey, O and Dinghi, PA and Baccaro, FB and Souza, JL and Follett, P and Confalonieri, VA}, title = {Evolutionary history of the little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata before global invasion: inferring dispersal patterns, niche requirements and past and present distribution within its native range.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, pages = {790-809}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12827}, pmid = {26780687}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Ants/*classification/*genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; Homing Behavior/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The evolutionary history of invasive species within their native range may involve key processes that allow them to colonize new habitats. Therefore, phylogeographic studies of invasive species within their native ranges are useful to understand invasion biology in an evolutionary context. Here we integrated classical and Bayesian phylogeographic methods using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers with a palaeodistribution modelling approach, to infer the phylogeographic history of the invasive ant Wasmannia auropunctata across its native distribution in South America. We discuss our results in the context of the recent establishment of this mostly tropical species in the Mediterranean region. Our Bayesian phylogeographic analysis suggests that the common ancestor of the two main clades of W. auropunctata occurred in central Brazil during the Pliocene. Clade A would have differentiated northward and clade B southward, followed by a secondary contact beginning about 380,000 years ago in central South America. There were differences in the most suitable habitats among clades when considering three distinct climatic periods, suggesting that genetic differentiation was accompanied by changes in niche requirements, clade A being a tropical lineage and clade B a subtropical and temperate lineage. Only clade B reached more southern latitudes, with a colder climate than that of northern South America. This is concordant with the adaptation of this originally tropical ant species to temperate climates prior to its successful establishment in the Mediterranean region. This study highlights the usefulness of exploring the evolutionary history of invasive species within their native ranges to better understand biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid26780256, year = {2016}, author = {Manea, A and Sloane, DR and Leishman, MR}, title = {Reductions in native grass biomass associated with drought facilitates the invasion of an exotic grass into a model grassland system.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {181}, number = {1}, pages = {175-183}, pmid = {26780256}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Biomass ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; *Climate Change ; *Droughts ; *Introduced Species ; New South Wales ; *Plant Dispersal ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Soil/chemistry ; Water/analysis ; }, abstract = {The invasion success of exotic plant species is often dependent on resource availability. Aspects of climate change such as rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and extreme climatic events will directly and indirectly alter resource availability in ecological communities. Understanding how these climate change-associated changes in resource availability will interact with one another to influence the invasion success of exotic plant species is complex. The aim of the study was to assess the establishment success of an invasive exotic species in response to climate change-associated changes in resource availability (CO2 levels and soil water availability) as a result of extreme drought. We grew grassland mesocosms consisting of four co-occurring native grass species common to the Cumberland Plain Woodland of western Sydney, Australia, under ambient and elevated CO2 levels and subjected them to an extreme drought treatment. We then added seeds of a highly invasive C3 grass, Ehrharta erecta, and assessed its establishment success (biomass production and reproductive output). We found that reduced biomass production of the native grasses in response to the extreme drought treatment enhanced the establishment success of E. erecta by creating resource pulses in light and space. Surprisingly, CO2 level did not affect the establishment success of E. erecta. Our results suggest that the invasion risk of grasslands in the future may be coupled to soil water availability and the subsequent response of resident native vegetation therefore making it strongly context- dependent.}, }
@article {pmid26779125, year = {2015}, author = {Zhang, Q and Weng, C and Huang, H and Achal, V and Wang, D}, title = {Optimization of Bioethanol Production Using Whole Plant of Water Hyacinth as Substrate in Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Process.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {1411}, pmid = {26779125}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Water hyacinth was used as substrate for bioethanol production in the present study. Combination of acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis was the most effective process for sugar production that resulted in the production of 402.93 mg reducing sugar at optimal condition. A regression model was built to optimize the fermentation factors according to response surface method in saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process. The optimized condition for ethanol production by SSF process was fermented at 38.87°C in 81.87 h when inoculated with 6.11 ml yeast, where 1.291 g/L bioethanol was produced. Meanwhile, 1.289 g/L ethanol was produced during experimentation, which showed reliability of presented regression model in this research. The optimization method discussed in the present study leading to relatively high bioethanol production could provide a promising way for Alien Invasive Species with high cellulose content.}, }
@article {pmid26778181, year = {2016}, author = {Hopper, JV and Huang, WF and Solter, LF and Mills, NJ}, title = {Pathogenicity, morphology, and characterization of a Nosema fumiferanae isolate (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) from the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in California.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {134}, number = {}, pages = {38-47}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2016.01.001}, pmid = {26778181}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry ; Female ; Fertility ; Introduced Species ; Larva/microbiology ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Moths/*microbiology ; Nosema/classification/cytology/isolation &amp; purification/*pathogenicity ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spores, Fungal/isolation &amp; purification/ultrastructure ; }, abstract = {We recently discovered infections by a microsporidium closely related to Nosema fumiferanae in field populations of the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in the San Francisco region of California. E. postvittana originates from Australia and was first detected in California in 2006; therefore, our aim was to identify and determine the origin of the Nosema isolate. We characterized the pathogenicity, transmission pathways, and ultrastructure of this new Nosema isolate. In addition, we sequenced fragments of commonly used genetic markers (ITS, SSU, and RPB1), and examined the phylogenetic relationships between the Nosema isolate and other microsporidian species commonly found in lepidopteran hosts. The pathogenicity of the Nosema isolate was investigated by infecting second instar larvae of E. postvittana. Larval and pupal survivorship were reduced by 7% and 13% respectively, and pupation occurred 1-2d later in infected individuals than in healthy individuals. Emerging infected females died 5d earlier than healthy females, and daily fecundity was 22% lower. Hatch rate also was 22% lower for eggs oviposited by infected females. Vertical transmission was confirmed; spores were present in 68% of egg masses and 100% of the surviving larvae from infected females. Ultrastructure images, together with sequences from selected genetic markers, confirmed the Nosema isolate to be a member of the Nosema fumiferanae species complex (Nosema fumiferanae postvittana subsp. n.). The association of this pathogen with E. postvittana contributes further to the biotic resistance that E. postvittana has experienced since its introduction to California.}, }
@article {pmid26775815, year = {2016}, author = {Jordt, AM and Lange, M and Kramer-Schadt, S and Nielsen, LH and Nielsen, SS and Thulke, HH and Vejre, H and Alban, L}, title = {Spatio-temporal modeling of the invasive potential of wild boar--a conflict-prone species-using multi-source citizen science data.}, journal = {Preventive veterinary medicine}, volume = {124}, number = {}, pages = {34-44}, doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.12.017}, pmid = {26775815}, issn = {1873-1716}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Denmark ; Ecology/*methods ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Models, Biological ; Population Growth ; Risk Assessment ; Sus scrofa/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Denmark was considered not to have an established population of free-ranging wild boar. Today, sporadic observations of wild boar challenge that view. Due to its reservoir role for economic devastating swine diseases, wild boar represents a potential threat for Denmark's position as a large pig- and pork-exporting country. This study assessed the prospects of wild boar invasion in Denmark. Multi-source citizen science data of wild boar observations were integrated into a multi-modelling approach linking habitat suitability models with agent-based, spatially-explicit simulations. We tested whether the currently observed presence of wild boar is due to natural immigration across the Danish-German border, or whether it is more likely that wild boar escaped fenced premises. Five observational data sources served as evaluation data: (1) questionnaires sent to all 1625 registered owners of Danish farm land, located in the 60 parishes closest to the border, (2) an online questionnaire, (3) a mobile web-based GPS application, (4) reports in the media or by governmental agencies, and (5) geo-referenced locations of fenced wild boar populations. Data covering 2008-2013 included 195 observations of wild boar, including 16 observations of breeding sows. The data from the Danish Nature Agency and the mailed questionnaires were consistent regarding the location of wild boar observations, while data from the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, the media and the electronic questionnaires documented individual scattered observations in the rest of Jutland. Most observations were made in the region bordering Germany. It is uncertain whether the relatively few observations represent an established population. Model outcomes suggested that the origin of wild boar in about half of the area with sporadic observations of wild boar could be attributed to spatial expansions from a local Danish population near the border and consisting of wild boar originally of German origin. However, the other half, located distant to the border, were likely a result of animals escaping fenced premises inside the country. The approach serves as a template to assess the status of an invading species and improve the knowledge base for risk assessment and management decision.}, }
@article {pmid26771743, year = {2016}, author = {Tay, WT and Kerr, PJ and Jermiin, LS}, title = {Population Genetic Structure and Potential Incursion Pathways of the Bluetongue Virus Vector Culicoides brevitarsis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Australia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {e0146699}, pmid = {26771743}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bluetongue virus/physiology ; Cattle ; Ceratopogonidae/classification/*genetics/virology ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Insect Vectors/classification/*genetics ; Sheep ; }, abstract = {Culicoides brevitarsis is a vector of the bluetongue virus (BTV), which infects sheep and cattle. It is an invasive species in Australia with an assumed Asian/South East Asian origin. Using one mitochondrial marker (i.e., part of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene) and six nuclear markers, we inferred population genetic structure and possible incursion pathways for Australian C. brevitarsis. Nine mitochondrial haplotypes, with low nucleotide sequence diversity (0.0-0.7%) among these, were identified in a sample of 70 individuals from seven sites. Both sets of markers revealed a homogeneous population structure, albeit with evidence of isolation by distance and two genetically distinct clusters distributed along a north-to-south cline. No evidence of a cryptic species complex was found. The geographical distribution of the mitochondrial haplotypes is consistent with at least two incursion pathways into Australia since the arrival of suitable livestock hosts. By contrast, 15 mitochondrial haplotypes, with up to four times greater nucleotide sequence diversity (0.0-2.9%) among these, were identified in a sample of 16 individuals of the endemic C. marksi (sampled from a site in South Australia and another in New South Wales). A phylogenetic tree inferred using the mitochondrial marker revealed that the Australian and Japanese samples of C. brevitarsis are as evolutionarily different from one another as some of the other Australian species (e.g., C. marksi, C. henryi, C. pallidothorax) are. The phylogenetic tree placed four of the species endemic to Australia (C. pallidothorax, C. bundyensis, C. marksi, C. henryi) in a clade, with a fifth such species (C. bunrooensis) sharing a common ancestor with that clade and a clade comprising two Japanese species (C. verbosus, C. kibunensis).}, }
@article {pmid26771658, year = {2016}, author = {Xu, M and Mu, X and Dick, JT and Fang, M and Gu, D and Luo, D and Zhang, J and Luo, J and Hu, Y}, title = {Comparative Functional Responses Predict the Invasiveness and Ecological Impacts of Alien Herbivorous Snails.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {e0147017}, pmid = {26771658}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Herbivory/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Snails/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Understanding determinants of the invasiveness and ecological impacts of alien species is amongst the most sought-after and urgent research questions in ecology. Several studies have shown the value of comparing the functional responses (FRs) of alien and native predators towards native prey, however, the technique is under-explored with herbivorous alien species and as a predictor of invasiveness as distinct from ecological impact. Here, in China, we conducted a mesocosm experiment to compare the FRs among three herbivorous snail species: the golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, a highly invasive and high impact alien listed in "100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species"; Planorbarius corneus, a non-invasive, low impact alien; and the Chinese native snail, Bellamya aeruginosa, when feeding on four locally occurring plant species. Further, by using a numerical response equation, we modelled the population dynamics of the snail consumers. For standard FR parameters, we found that the invasive and damaging alien snail had the highest "attack rates" a, shortest "handling times" h and also the highest estimated maximum feeding rates, 1/hT, whereas the native species had the lowest attack rates, longest handling times and lowest maximum feeding rates. The non-invasive, low impact alien species had consistently intermediate FR parameters. The invasive alien species had higher population growth potential than the native snail species, whilst that of the non-invasive alien species was intermediate. Thus, while the comparative FR approach has been proposed as a reliable method for predicting the ecological impacts of invasive predators, our results further suggest that comparative FRs could extend to predict the invasiveness and ecological impacts of alien herbivores and should be explored in other taxa and trophic groups to determine the general utility of the approach.}, }
@article {pmid26771292, year = {2016}, author = {Eichmiller, JJ and Best, SE and Sorensen, PW}, title = {Effects of Temperature and Trophic State on Degradation of Environmental DNA in Lake Water.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {50}, number = {4}, pages = {1859-1867}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b05672}, pmid = {26771292}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; DNA/*analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/*standards ; Genetic Markers ; Lakes/*chemistry ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Temperature ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Degradation of environmental DNA (eDNA) in aquatic habitats can affect the interpretation of eDNA data and the ability to detect aquatic organisms. The effect of temperature and trophic state on the decay of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) eDNA was evaluated using lake water microcosms and quantitative PCR for a Common Carp-specific genetic marker in two experiments. The first experiment tested the effect of temperature on Common Carp eDNA decay. Common Carp eDNA exhibited exponential decay that increased with temperature. The slowest decay rate was observed at 5 °C, with a T90 value (time to 90% reduction from initial concentration) of 6.6 days, as opposed to ∼1 day at higher temperatures. In a second experiment, decay was compared across waters from lakes of different trophic states. In this experiment, Common Carp eDNA exhibited biphasic exponential decay, characterized by rapid decay for 3-8 days followed by slow decay. Decay rate was slowest in dystrophic water and fastest in oligotrophic water, and decay rate was negatively correlated to dissolved organic carbon concentration. The overall rapid decay of eDNA and the effects of temperature and water quality should be considered in protocols for water sample storage and field sampling design.}, }
@article {pmid26770818, year = {2015}, author = {Dlugosch, KM and Cang, FA and Barker, BS and Andonian, K and Swope, SM and Rieseberg, LH}, title = {Evolution of invasiveness through increased resource use in a vacant niche.}, journal = {Nature plants}, volume = {1}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {26770818}, issn = {2055-0278}, support = {K12 GM000708/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Non-native plants are now a pervasive feature of ecosystems across the globe[1]. One hypothesis for this pattern is that introduced species occupy open niches in recipient communities[2,3]. If true, then non-native plants should often benefit from low competition for limiting resources that define niches. Many plants have evolved larger size after introduction, consistent with increased access to limiting resources[4-9]. It has been difficult to test whether larger size reflects adaptation to exploit open resources, however, because vacant niches are generally challenging to identify in plants. Here we take advantage of a situation in which a highly invasive non-native plant, Centaurea solstitialis L. (yellow starthistle, hereafter 'YST'), occupies a well-described environmental niche, wherein water is a known limiting resource[10,11]. We use a glasshouse common environment and climatic niche modeling to reveal that invading YST has evolved a higher-fitness life history at the expense of increased dependence on water. Critically, historical declines in resident competitors have made water more available for introduced plants[11,12], demonstrating how native biodiversity declines can open niches and create opportunities for introduced species to evolve increased resource use, a potentially widespread basis for introduction success and the evolution of invasive life histories.}, }
@article {pmid26767801, year = {2016}, author = {Parshad, RD and Quansah, E and Black, K and Beauregard, M}, title = {Biological control via "ecological" damping: An approach that attenuates non-target effects.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences}, volume = {273}, number = {}, pages = {23-44}, doi = {10.1016/j.mbs.2015.12.010}, pmid = {26767801}, issn = {1879-3134}, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Population Dynamics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {In this work we develop and analyze a mathematical model of biological control to prevent or attenuate the explosive increase of an invasive species population, that functions as a top predator, in a three-species food chain. We allow for finite time blow-up in the model as a mathematical construct to mimic the explosive increase in population, enabling the species to reach "disastrous", and uncontrollable population levels, in a finite time. We next improve the mathematical model and incorporate controls that are shown to drive down the invasive population growth and, in certain cases, eliminate blow-up. Hence, the population does not reach an uncontrollable level. The controls avoid chemical treatments and/or natural enemy introduction, thus eliminating various non-target effects associated with such classical methods. We refer to these new controls as "ecological damping", as their inclusion dampens the invasive species population growth. Further, we improve prior results on the regularity and Turing instability of the three-species model that were derived in Parshad et al. (2014). Lastly, we confirm the existence of spatiotemporal chaos.}, }
@article {pmid26763677, year = {2016}, author = {Gilliam, FS}, title = {A novel mechanism to explain success of invasive herbaceous species at the expense of natives in eastern hardwood forests.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {209}, number = {2}, pages = {451-453}, doi = {10.1111/nph.13767}, pmid = {26763677}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Animals ; Forests ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen ; *Population Groups ; }, }
@article {pmid26763213, year = {2016}, author = {Wogan, GO and Stuart, BL and Iskandar, DT and McGuire, JA}, title = {Deep genetic structure and ecological divergence in a widespread human commensal toad.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {20150807}, pmid = {26763213}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Asia, Southeastern ; Bufonidae/classification/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {The Asian common toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) is a human commensal species that occupies a wide variety of habitats across tropical Southeast Asia. We test the hypothesis that genetic variation in D. melanostictus is weakly associated with geography owing to natural and human-mediated dispersal facilitated by its commensal nature. Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence variation, and predictive species distribution modelling, unexpectedly recovered three distinct evolutionary lineages that differ genetically and ecologically, corresponding to the Asian mainland, coastal Myanmar and the Sundaic islands. The persistence of these three divergent lineages, despite ample opportunities for recent human-mediated and geological dispersal, suggests that D. melanostictus actually consists of multiple species, each having narrower geographical ranges and ecological niches, and higher conservation value, than is currently recognized. These findings also have implications for the invasion potential of this human commensal elsewhere, such as in its recently introduced ranges on the islands of Borneo, Sulawesi, Seram and Madagascar.}, }
@article {pmid26759792, year = {2015}, author = {Ortega, N and Price, W and Campbell, T and Rohr, J}, title = {Acquired and introduced macroparasites of the invasive Cuban treefrog, Osteopilus septentrionalis.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {379-384}, pmid = {26759792}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {Because shifts in host-parasite relationships can alter host populations, attention should be given to the parasites that introduced species take with them or acquire in their introduced range. The Cuban treefrog, Osteopilus septentrionalis, is a successful invasive species in Florida with its parasites in the native range being well-documented, but there is a void in the literature regarding what parasites were lost or introduced in its expansion. We necropsied 330 O. septentrionalis from Tampa, FL and compared their macroparasites to those of O. septentrionalis in their native range and to the parasites of anurans native to the Tampa, FL area to determine the species O. septentrionalis likely introduced or acquired in Florida. At least nine parasite species (Aplectana sp., Oswaldocruzia lenteixeirai, Cylindrotaenia americana, Physaloptera sp., Rhabdias sp., Centrorhynchus sp., unidentified trematode metacercariae, unidentified larval acuariids, and unidentified pentastomids) were isolated. We found no differences in parasite communities of adult male and female frogs, which averaged 19.36 parasite individuals and 1.39 parasite species per adult frog, and had an overall prevalence of 77.52%. Acuariid larvae were likely acquired by O. septentrionalis in FL because they are not found in their native range. O. lenteixeirai was likely introduced because it is commonly reported in O. septentrionalis' native range but has never been reported in FL-native anurans. Aplectana sp. is also likely introduced because it has been reported in several anurans in Cuba but only reported once in Florida. O. septentrionalis tended to harbor fewer of its native parasites in the introduced range, which is consistent with the enemy release hypothesis and potentially creates an immunological advantage for this invasive host. Because native populations can be threatened by introduced parasites, there is a need to further explore the frequency and rate at which non-native hosts introduce parasites.}, }
@article {pmid26758610, year = {2016}, author = {Dennis, CE and Adhikari, S and Wright, AW and Suski, CD}, title = {Molecular, behavioral, and performance responses of juvenile largemouth bass acclimated to an elevated carbon dioxide environment.}, journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology}, volume = {186}, number = {3}, pages = {297-311}, pmid = {26758610}, issn = {1432-136X}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; Bass/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Fish Proteins/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, fos ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics ; Hydrocortisone/blood ; Lactic Acid/blood ; Sodium/blood ; }, abstract = {Aquatic hypercarbia, either naturally occurring or anthropogenically induced, can have extensive impacts on aquatic environments and resident organisms. While the impact of acute hypercarbia exposure on the behavior and physiology of fishes has been well studied, relatively little work has examined the physiological impact and acclimation capacity of fishes to chronic hypercarbia. To better understand the impacts of prolonged hypercarbia exposure, largemouth bass were held at ambient CO2 (13 mg L(-1)) and elevated CO2 (31 mg L(-1); ≈ 21,000 µatm) for 58 days. Following this acclimation period, fish were subjected to three separate, yet complementary, experiments: (1) acute hypercarbia challenge of 120 mg L(-1) CO2 for 1 h to quantify physiological and molecular responses; (2) hypercarbia avoidance challenge to compare CO2 agitation and avoidance responses; and (3) swim performance challenge to quantify burst swimming performance. Acclimation to 31 mg L(-1) CO2 resulted in a significant constitutive upregulation of c-fos expression in erythrocytes, combined with significant constitutive expression of hsp70 in both gill and erythrocytes, relative to controls. Largemouth bass acclimated to elevated CO2 also had a reduced glucose response (relative to controls) following an acute CO2 exposure, indicating a reduced stress response to CO2 stressors. In addition, largemouth bass acclimated to elevated CO2 conditions required 50 % higher CO2 concentrations to illicit agitation behaviors and displayed prolonged burst swimming abilities in high CO2 environments relative to controls. Together, results demonstrate that largemouth bass exposed to chronic hypercarbia may possess a physiological advantage during periods of elevated CO2 relative to naïve fish, which may permit increased performance in hypercarbia.}, }
@article {pmid26757702, year = {2016}, author = {McCary, MA and Mores, R and Farfan, MA and Wise, DH}, title = {Invasive plants have different effects on trophic structure of green and brown food webs in terrestrial ecosystems: a meta-analysis.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {328-335}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12562}, pmid = {26757702}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Food Chain ; Forests ; Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Although invasive plants are a major source of terrestrial ecosystem degradation worldwide, it remains unclear which trophic levels above the base of the food web are most vulnerable to plant invasions. We performed a meta-analysis of 38 independent studies from 32 papers to examine how invasive plants alter major groupings of primary and secondary consumers in three globally distributed ecosystems: wetlands, woodlands and grasslands. Within each ecosystem we examined if green (grazing) food webs are more sensitive to plant invasions compared to brown (detrital) food webs. Invasive plants have strong negative effects on primary consumers (detritivores, bacterivores, fungivores, and/or herbivores) in woodlands and wetlands, which become less abundant in both green and brown food webs in woodlands and green webs in wetlands. Plant invasions increased abundances of secondary consumers (predators and/or parasitoids) only in woodland brown food webs and green webs in wetlands. Effects of invasive plants on grazing and detrital food webs clearly differed between ecosystems. Overall, invasive plants had the most pronounced effects on the trophic structure of wetlands and woodlands, but caused no detectable changes to grassland trophic structure.}, }
@article {pmid26757232, year = {2016}, author = {Moynan, CR and Neumann, CE and Welsh, CA}, title = {The Effect of Gender, Tone, and Sound Location on the Response Behavior of Neogobius melanostomus (Round Goby) and the Possibility of Future Trapping of this Invasive Species in Lake Superior.}, journal = {Zebrafish}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {287-292}, doi = {10.1089/zeb.2015.1167}, pmid = {26757232}, issn = {1557-8542}, mesh = {Acoustics ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Sex Factors ; *Sound Localization ; *Vocalization, Animal ; }, abstract = {Neogobius melanostomus (round goby) are a benthic dwelling invasive species of fish in the Great Lakes. This study was done to determine if a tone that mimics the frequency (175 Hz) of mating call of a male round goby would have an effect on male and female response. A testing tank and a simulated trap in front of a speaker at each end were used. Each fish was then placed individually into the small holding box that was in the center of the tank. A video camera was then turned on to record fish movement once the door was opened. Next, the artificial sound was turned on for 1 min (175, 300, 500 Hz, and no sound); 175 Hz mimics the conspecific mating call. This process was done for each frequency for each fish. The individual fish was then allowed to roam for 5 min. The video camera recorded fish location and behavior. From the videos, a continuous measure was collected according to when the fish crossed the center line. The hypothesis, if (N. melanostomus) hears different frequencies of sound projected from a certain location in a fish tank habitat, then the females will be attracted and spend more time on the sound-emitting side of the tank, which mimics the frequency of mating call of a male round goby (175 Hz, 13 pulse), was supported; females spent more time on the sound-emitting side of the tank and males avoided the sound-emitting side of the tank, analysis of variance p < 0.012.}, }
@article {pmid26751033, year = {2015}, author = {Wilson, JJ and Jisming-See, SW and Brandon-Mong, GJ and Lim, AH and Lim, VC and Lee, PS and Sing, KW}, title = {Citizen Science: The First Peninsular Malaysia Butterfly Count.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {}, number = {3}, pages = {e7159}, pmid = {26751033}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Over the past 50 years, Southeast Asia has suffered the greatest losses of biodiversity of any tropical region in the world. Malaysia is a biodiversity hotspot in the heart of Southeast Asia with roughly the same number of mammal species, three times the number of butterfly species, but only 4% of the land area of Australia. Consequently, in Malaysia, there is an urgent need for biodiversity monitoring and also public engagement with wildlife to raise awareness of biodiversity loss. Citizen science is "on the rise" globally and can make valuable contributions to long-term biodiversity monitoring, but perhaps more importantly, involving the general public in science projects can raise public awareness and promote engagement. Butterflies are often the focus of citizen science projects due to their charisma and familiarity and are particularly valuable "ambassadors" of biodiversity conservation for public outreach.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: Here we present the data from our citizen science project, the first "Peninsular Malaysia Butterfly Count". Participants were asked to go outdoors on June 6, 2015, and (non-lethally) sample butterfly legs for species identification through DNA barcoding. Fifty-seven citizens responded to our adverts and registered to take part in the butterfly count with many registering on behalf of groups. Collectively the participants sampled 220 butterfly legs from 26 mostly urban and suburban sampling localities. These included our university campus, a highschool, several public parks and private residences. On the basis of 192 usable DNA barcodes, 43 species were sampled by the participants. The most sampled species was Appias olferna, followed by Junonia orithya and Zizina otis. Twenty-two species were only sampled once, five were only sampled twice, and four were only sampled three times. Three DNA barcodes could not be assigned species names. The sampled butterflies revealed that widely distributed, cosmopolitan species, often those recently arrived to the peninsula or with documented "invasive" potential, dominated the habitat types sampled by the participants. Data from this first Butterfly Count helps establish a baseline from which we can monitor the patterns and changes in butterfly communities in Peninsular Malaysia.}, }
@article {pmid26748862, year = {2016}, author = {Chapman, DS and Makra, L and Albertini, R and Bonini, M and Páldy, A and Rodinkova, V and Šikoparija, B and Weryszko-Chmielewska, E and Bullock, JM}, title = {Modelling the introduction and spread of non-native species: international trade and climate change drive ragweed invasion.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, pages = {3067-3079}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13220}, pmid = {26748862}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {*Ambrosia ; *Climate Change ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a major driver of global change, for which models can attribute causes, assess impacts and guide management. However, invasion models typically focus on spread from known introduction points or non-native distributions and ignore the transport processes by which species arrive. Here, we developed a simulation model to understand and describe plant invasion at a continental scale, integrating repeated transport through trade pathways, unintentional release events and the population dynamics and local anthropogenic dispersal that drive subsequent spread. We used the model to simulate the invasion of Europe by common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), a globally invasive plant that causes serious harm as an aeroallergen and crop weed. Simulations starting in 1950 accurately reproduced ragweed's current distribution, including the presence of records in climatically unsuitable areas as a result of repeated introduction. Furthermore, the model outputs were strongly correlated with spatial and temporal patterns of ragweed pollen concentrations, which are fully independent of the calibration data. The model suggests that recent trends for warmer summers and increased volumes of international trade have accelerated the ragweed invasion. For the latter, long distance dispersal because of trade within the invaded continent is highlighted as a key invasion process, in addition to import from the native range. Biosecurity simulations, whereby transport through trade pathways is halted, showed that effective control is only achieved by early action targeting all relevant pathways. We conclude that invasion models would benefit from integrating introduction processes (transport and release) with spread dynamics, to better represent propagule pressure from native sources as well as mechanisms for long-distance dispersal within invaded continents. Ultimately, such integration may facilitate better prediction of spatial and temporal variation in invasion risk and provide useful guidance for management strategies to reduce the impacts of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid26748671, year = {2016}, author = {Haavik, LJ and Allison, JD and MacQuarrie, CJ and Nott, RW and Ryan, K and de Groot, P and Turgeon, JJ}, title = {Nonlethal Effects of Nematode Infection on Sirex noctilio and Sirex nigricornis (Hymenoptera: Siricidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {320-327}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv223}, pmid = {26748671}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; Female ; Fertility ; Flight, Animal ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Ontario ; Pest Control, Biological ; Species Specificity ; Tylenchoidea/*physiology ; Wasps/*parasitology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {A nonnative woodwasp, Sirex noctilio F., has established in pine forests in eastern North America. To facilitate prediction of the full range of impacts S. noctilio could have as it continues to spread in North American forest ecosystems, we studied the effects of infection by a nonsterilizing parasitic nematode on S. noctilio size, fecundity, and flight capacity and on the native woodwasp, S. nigricornis, size and fecundity. We also developed predictive models relating size to fecundity for both species. On average, S. noctilio (3.18 ± 0.05 mm) were larger than S. nigricornis (2.19 ± 0.04 mm). For wasps of similar size, S. nigricornis was more fecund. Nematode infection negatively affected potential fecundity by a mean difference of 36 and 49 eggs in S. noctilio and S. nigricornis, respectively. Nematode-infected males of S. noctilio, however, were larger than uninfected individuals. Nematode infection showed inconsistent results on mean speed and total distance flown by S. noctilio males and females. Nematode infection did not affect total distance flown by females, and so is unlikley to have a direct, or strong influence on S. noctilio flight capacity. Models developed to predict fecundity of Sirex spp. from body size, based on the close relationship between pronotum width and potential fecundity for both species (R(2) ≥ 0.69), had low measures of error when compared with true values of fecundity (± 25-26 eggs).}, }
@article {pmid26748591, year = {2016}, author = {Mazzamuto, MV and Galimberti, A and Cremonesi, G and Pisanu, B and Chapuis, JL and Stuyck, J and Amori, G and Su, H and Aloise, G and Preatoni, DG and Wauters, LA and Casiraghi, M and Martinoli, A}, title = {Preventing species invasion: A role for integrative taxonomy?.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {214-228}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12185}, pmid = {26748591}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; Classification/*methods ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Sciuridae/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/*genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; Skull/anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Integrative taxonomy, a multi-disciplinary approach adding modern techniques to traditional morphology-based methods (e.g. molecular and morphological criteria), can play an important role in bioinvasion research to identify introduced taxa, discover pathways of introduction and inform authorities to control and prevent future introductions. The present study is the first on introduced populations of Callosciurus, Asiatic tree squirrels, known as potentially invasive species in Europe (Italy, Belgium and France). We combined molecular (mitochondrial DNA markers: CoxI, D-loop) and morphometric analysis on skulls, comparing them to the widest morphological and molecular datasets ever assembled for Callosciurus. Squirrels collected in Italy and Belgium share the same haplotypes and skull characteristics, but are conspicuously different from the French population in Antibes. Genetic data revealed close similarity between French squirrels and Pallas's squirrels, Callosciurus erythraeus, from Taiwan, China. Italian and Belgian squirrels formed an independent taxonomic lineage in genetic analyses, whose taxonomic rank needs further investigation. The morphological and morphometric characteristics of these 2 populations are, however, similar to known specimens assigned to Callosciurus erythraeus. These results may indicate a common origin for the populations found in Belgium and Italy. In contrast, French specimens suggest an independent introduction event of squirrels originating from Asia.}, }
@article {pmid26748001, year = {2016}, author = {Hata, K and Kawakami, K and Kachi, N}, title = {Increases in soil water content after the mortality of non-native trees in oceanic island forest ecosystems are due to reduced water loss during dry periods.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {545-546}, number = {}, pages = {372-380}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.007}, pmid = {26748001}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Desiccation ; Droughts ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Pacific Ocean ; Soil/*chemistry ; Trees ; Water/*analysis ; }, abstract = {The control of dominant, non-native trees can alter the water balance of soils in forest ecosystems via hydrological processes, which results in changes in soil water environments. To test this idea, we evaluated the effects of the mortality of an invasive tree, Casuarina equisetifolia Forst., on the water content of surface soils on the Ogasawara Islands, subtropical islands in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, using a manipulative herbicide experiment. Temporal changes in volumetric water content of surface soils at 6 cm depth at sites where all trees of C. equisetifolia were killed by herbicide were compared with those of adjacent control sites before and after their mortality with consideration of the amount of precipitation. In addition, the rate of decrease in the soil water content during dry periods and the rate of increase in the soil water content during rainfall periods were compared between herbicide and control sites. Soil water content at sites treated with herbicide was significantly higher after treatment than soil water content at control sites during the same period. Differences between initial and minimum values of soil water content at the herbicide sites during the drying events were significantly lower than the corresponding differences in the control quadrats. During rainfall periods, both initial and maximum values of soil water contents in the herbicided quadrats were higher, and differences between the maximum and initial values did not differ between the herbicided and control quadrats. Our results indicated that the mortality of non-native trees from forest ecosystems increased water content of surface soils, due primarily to a slower rate of decrease in soil water content during dry periods.}, }
@article {pmid26744454, year = {2016}, author = {Cira, TM and Venette, RC and Aigner, J and Kuhar, T and Mullins, DE and Gabbert, SE and Hutchison, WD}, title = {Cold Tolerance of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Across Geographic and Temporal Scales.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {484-491}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv220}, pmid = {26744454}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; *Cold Temperature ; Female ; Heteroptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Minnesota ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Seasons ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is native to eastern Asia and is presently invading North America. Little is known about the exposure to and effects of winter temperatures in newly invaded regions on H. halys The overwintering habitats that this species utilizes vary greatly in their thermal buffering capacity. They naturally overwinter in aggregations beneath loose bark on trees and in cliff outcroppings, but will also commonly aggregate in buildings. Effects of cold temperatures such as mortality and freezing have yet to be quantified in the invading population. We report that H. halys is chill intolerant (i.e., dies before reaching its freezing point), and that the degree of cold tolerance of populations in North America differs by season, sex, and acclimation location. The mean winter supercooling point (± SEM) of individuals acclimated in Minnesota was -17.06 °C ± 0.13 and in Virginia was -13.90 °C ± 0.09. By using laboratory assays of lower lethal temperatures and ambient air temperature records, we accurately forecasted mortality for field experiments in Minnesota and Virginia. Temperature refugia provided by human-built structures are likely crucial for overwintering survival during atypically cold winters and possibly contribute to the northern geographic range expansion of this economically damaging insect in the temperate climates of North America.}, }
@article {pmid26744408, year = {2016}, author = {Waters, CN and Zalasiewicz, J and Summerhayes, C and Barnosky, AD and Poirier, C and Gałuszka, A and Cearreta, A and Edgeworth, M and Ellis, EC and Ellis, M and Jeandel, C and Leinfelder, R and McNeill, JR and Richter, Dd and Steffen, W and Syvitski, J and Vidas, D and Wagreich, M and Williams, M and Zhisheng, A and Grinevald, J and Odada, E and Oreskes, N and Wolfe, AP}, title = {The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {351}, number = {6269}, pages = {aad2622}, doi = {10.1126/science.aad2622}, pmid = {26744408}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Aluminum/analysis ; *Biota ; Carbon Cycle ; Climate ; Construction Materials/analysis ; *Earth, Planet ; Fossil Fuels/adverse effects ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; Ice/analysis ; Introduced Species ; Plastics/analysis ; Radioactive Fallout/analysis ; Radioisotopes/analysis ; }, abstract = {Human activity is leaving a pervasive and persistent signature on Earth. Vigorous debate continues about whether this warrants recognition as a new geologic time unit known as the Anthropocene. We review anthropogenic markers of functional changes in the Earth system through the stratigraphic record. The appearance of manufactured materials in sediments, including aluminum, plastics, and concrete, coincides with global spikes in fallout radionuclides and particulates from fossil fuel combustion. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles have been substantially modified over the past century. Rates of sea-level rise and the extent of human perturbation of the climate system exceed Late Holocene changes. Biotic changes include species invasions worldwide and accelerating rates of extinction. These combined signals render the Anthropocene stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene and earlier epochs.}, }
@article {pmid26744056, year = {2016}, author = {Klapwijk, MJ and Hopkins, AJ and Eriksson, L and Pettersson, M and Schroeder, M and Lindelöw, &#xc5; and Rönnberg, J and Keskitalo, EC and Kenis, M}, title = {Reducing the risk of invasive forest pests and pathogens: Combining legislation, targeted management and public awareness.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {45 Suppl 2}, number = {Suppl 2}, pages = {223-234}, pmid = {26744056}, issn = {1654-7209}, mesh = {Commerce/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Ecosystem ; European Union ; Forestry/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods ; Forests ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Risk ; }, abstract = {Intensifying global trade will result in increased numbers of plant pest and pathogen species inadvertently being transported along with cargo. This paper examines current mechanisms for prevention and management of potential introductions of forest insect pests and pathogens in the European Union (EU). Current European legislation has not been found sufficient in preventing invasion, establishment and spread of pest and pathogen species within the EU. Costs associated with future invasions are difficult to estimate but past invasions have led to negative economic impacts in the invaded country. The challenge is combining free trade and free movement of products (within the EU) with protection against invasive pests and pathogens. Public awareness may mobilise the public for prevention and detection of potential invasions and, simultaneously, increase support for eradication and control measures. We recommend focus on commodities in addition to pathways, an approach within the EU using a centralised response unit and, critically, to engage the general public in the battle against establishment and spread of these harmful pests and pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid26744055, year = {2016}, author = {Pettersson, M and Strömberg, C and Keskitalo, EC}, title = {Possibility to implement invasive species control in Swedish forests.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {45 Suppl 2}, number = {Suppl 2}, pages = {214-222}, pmid = {26744055}, issn = {1654-7209}, mesh = {Environmental Policy/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Forestry/*methods ; *Forests ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Pest Control/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Sweden ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species constitute an increasing risk to forestry, as indeed to natural systems in general. This study reviews the legislative framework governing invasive species in the EU and Sweden, drawing upon both a legal analysis and interviews with main national level agencies responsible for implementing this framework. The study concludes that EU and Sweden are limited in how well they can act on invasive species, in particular because of the weak interpretation of the precautionary principle in the World Trade Organisation and Sanitary and Phytosanitary agreements. In the Swedish case, this interpretation also conflicts with the stronger interpretation of the precautionary principle under the Swedish Environmental Code, which could in itself provide for stronger possibilities to act on invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid26740610, year = {2016}, author = {Viana, DS and Gangoso, L and Bouten, W and Figuerola, J}, title = {Overseas seed dispersal by migratory birds.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {283}, number = {1822}, pages = {}, pmid = {26740610}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Africa South of the Sahara ; Animal Migration ; Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA, Plant/chemistry ; Europe ; Geographic Information Systems ; Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; *Seed Dispersal ; Seeds/genetics ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Long-distance dispersal (LDD) promotes the colonization of isolated and remote habitats, and thus it has been proposed as a mechanism for explaining the distributions of many species. Birds are key LDD vectors for many sessile organisms such as plants, yet LDD beyond local and regional scales has never been directly observed nor quantified. By sampling birds caught while in migratory flight by GPS-tracked wild falcons, we show that migratory birds transport seeds over hundreds of kilometres and mediate dispersal from mainland to oceanic islands. Up to 1.2% of birds that reached a small island of the Canary Archipelago (Alegranza) during their migration from Europe to Sub-Saharan Africa carried seeds in their guts. The billions of birds making seasonal migrations each year may then transport millions of seeds. None of the plant species transported by the birds occurs in Alegranza and most do not occur on nearby Canary Islands, providing a direct example of the importance of environmental filters in hampering successful colonization by immigrant species. The constant propagule pressure generated by these LDD events might, nevertheless, explain the colonization of some islands. Hence, migratory birds can mediate rapid range expansion or shifts of many plant taxa and determine their distribution.}, }
@article {pmid26740565, year = {2016}, author = {Ward-Fear, G and Pearson, DJ and Brown, GP and Rangers, B and Shine, R}, title = {Ecological immunization: in situ training of free-ranging predatory lizards reduces their vulnerability to invasive toxic prey.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {20150863}, pmid = {26740565}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Avoidance Learning ; *Bufo marinus ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/*physiology ; *Predatory Behavior ; Toxins, Biological/toxicity ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {In Australia, large native predators are fatally poisoned when they ingest invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina). As a result, the spread of cane toads has caused catastrophic population declines in these predators. Immediately prior to the arrival of toads at a floodplain in the Kimberley region, we induced conditioned taste aversion in free-ranging varanid lizards (Varanus panoptes), by offering them small cane toads. By the end of the 18-month study, only one of 31 untrained lizards had survived longer than 110 days, compared to more than half (nine of 16) of trained lizards; the maximum known survival of a trained lizard in the presence of toads was 482 days. In situ aversion training (releasing small toads in advance of the main invasion front) offers a logistically simple and feasible way to buffer the impact of invasive toads on apex predators.}, }
@article {pmid26739988, year = {2016}, author = {Engeman, RM and Meshaka, WE and Severson, R and Severson, MA and Kaufman, G and Groninger, NP and Smith, HT}, title = {Monitoring cryptic amphibians and reptiles in a Florida state park.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {23}, number = {7}, pages = {7032-7037}, pmid = {26739988}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Amphibians/*physiology ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Fishes ; Florida ; Insecta ; Invertebrates ; Plants ; Reptiles/*physiology ; }, abstract = {We monitored cryptic herpetofauna at Savannas Preserve State Park, Florida, by combining artificial cover counts with a quantitative paradigm for constructing and calculating population indices. Weekly indices were calculated from two consecutive days of data collection each week for 7 months from mid-winter to mid-summer in three habitats. Seventeen species were observed at least once, and time trends using index values were followed for six species. Among these, abundance and seasonal pattern information were obtained for an exotic species (greenhouse frog) and a species identified by the Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals as threatened (Florida scrub lizard). We identified winter as the optimal time in this area to monitor populations for conducting annual assessments. This combined observation and indexing approach could provide managers or researchers with an economical means to quantitatively index population trends for multiple cryptic herpetofauna species simultaneously. Using artificial cover to sample within a population indexing design can be generalized beyond monitoring herpetofauna. Other forms of artificial cover that can be used as observation stations include aquatic artificial substrates, artificial tree cavities, artificial reefs, and other artificial aquatic structures and artificial sea grass units, among many others, and a wide range of taxa are suitable for population monitoring using artificial cover as observation stations in the approach we present, including insects, soil invertebrates, micro and macro aquatic invertebrates, fish, crustaceans, and small mammals.}, }
@article {pmid26739881, year = {2016}, author = {Rollins, LA and Woolnough, AP and Fanson, BG and Cummins, ML and Crowley, TM and Wilton, AN and Sinclair, R and Butler, A and Sherwin, WB}, title = {Selection on Mitochondrial Variants Occurs between and within Individuals in an Expanding Invasion.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {995-1007}, doi = {10.1093/molbev/msv343}, pmid = {26739881}, issn = {1537-1719}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Mutation ; Selection, Genetic/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Mitochondria are critical for life, yet their underlying evolutionary biology is poorly understood. In particular, little is known about interaction between two levels of evolution: between individuals and within individuals (competition between cells, mitochondria or mitochondrial DNA molecules). Rapid evolution is suspected to occur frequently in mitochondrial DNA, whose maternal inheritance predisposes advantageous mutations to sweep rapidly though populations. Rapid evolution is also predicted in response to changed selection regimes after species invasion or removal of pathogens or competitors. Here, using empirical and simulated data from a model invasive bird species, we provide the first demonstration of rapid selection on the mitochondrial genome within individuals in the wild. Further, we show differences in mitochondrial DNA copy number associated with competing genetic variants, which may provide a mechanism for selection. We provide evidence for three rarely documented phenomena: selection associated with mitochondrial DNA abundance, selection on the mitochondrial control region, and contemporary selection during invasion.}, }
@article {pmid26735645, year = {2016}, author = {Palumbo, JC and Perring, TM and Millar, JG and Reed, DA}, title = {Biology, Ecology, and Management of an Invasive Stink Bug, Bagrada hilaris, in North America.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {61}, number = {}, pages = {453-473}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023843}, pmid = {26735645}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Heteroptera/*physiology ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Mexico ; United States ; }, abstract = {The painted bug, Bagrada hilaris, native to eastern and southern Africa and Asia, was detected in California in 2008, and it has spread rapidly throughout several southwestern US states. A polyphagous insect, it is particularly damaging to the billion dollar cole crop industry. B. hilaris frequently causes damage when it migrates to newly planted crops from weedy hosts. Feeding produces circular or star-shaped chlorotic lesions that become necrotic, and infested plants may be distorted. Currently, no reliable sampling methods for B. hilaris exist, nor are there effective natural enemies in the United States. Therefore, management has relied on multiple applications of insecticides and cultural practices such as removal of weedy hosts, destruction of crop residues, timing of planting, and use of transplants. Several pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides are most effective for controlling the insect. Reliable sampling methods and further development of integrated pest management strategies to manage this invasive pest are urgently needed as its range continues to expand.}, }
@article {pmid26735644, year = {2016}, author = {Ekesi, S and De Meyer, M and Mohamed, SA and Virgilio, M and Borgemeister, C}, title = {Taxonomy, Ecology, and Management of Native and Exotic Fruit Fly Species in Africa.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {61}, number = {}, pages = {219-238}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023603}, pmid = {26735644}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; *Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; Tephritidae/*classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Horticulture is one of the most important agricultural subsectors in Africa, providing income, creating employment opportunities, and enhancing food and nutritional security. However, tephritid fruit flies are responsible for both direct and indirect losses, with alien invasive species often having the most severe ecological and economic impact. In the past 20 years, systematic analysis of tephritids has provided comparative information on taxonomy, synonymy, and character-state differentiation. New molecular techniques are now available for identifying species, reconstructing phylogenies, and studying population genetic structures. Research on biology, host range and shifts, thermotolerance, and demography has provided useful information for developing predictive and ecological niche models to guide management methods. In recent years, the responses of various species to attractants have been documented. Several suppression methods, including the release of coevolved parasitoid species targeting invasives, have been promoted within the context of integrated pest management, leading to improvement in the quality and quantity of fruits and vegetables produced. However, there is still the need for wide-scale availability of these technologies to smallholder growers across Africa.}, }
@article {pmid26735131, year = {2016}, author = {Guerin, GR and Biffin, E and Baruch, Z and Lowe, AJ}, title = {Identifying Centres of Plant Biodiversity in South Australia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {e0144779}, pmid = {26735131}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Plants/*classification/metabolism ; South Australia ; }, abstract = {We aimed to identify regional centres of plant biodiversity in South Australia, a sub-continental land area of 983,482 km2, by mapping a suite of metrics. Broad-brush conservation issues associated with the centres were mapped, specifically climate sensitivity, exposure to habitat fragmentation, introduced species and altered fire regimes. We compiled 727,417 plant species records from plot-based field surveys and herbarium records and mapped the following: species richness (all species; South Australian endemics; conservation-dependent species; introduced species); georeferenced weighted endemism, phylogenetic diversity, georeferenced phylogenetic endemism; and measures of beta diversity at local and state-wide scales. Associated conservation issues mapped were: climate sensitivity measured via ordination and non-linear modelling; habitat fragmentation represented by the proportion of remnant vegetation within a moving window; fire prone landscapes assessed using fire history records; invasive species assessed through diversity metrics, species distribution and literature. Compared to plots, herbarium data had higher spatial and taxonomic coverage but records were more biased towards major transport corridors. Beta diversity was influenced by sampling intensity and scale of comparison. We identified six centres of high plant biodiversity for South Australia: Western Kangaroo Island; Southern Mount Lofty Ranges; Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara lands; Southern Flinders Ranges; Southern Eyre Peninsula; Lower South East. Species composition in the arid-mediterranean ecotone was the most climate sensitive. Fragmentation mapping highlighted the dichotomy between extensive land-use and high remnancy in the north and intensive land-use and low remnancy in the south. Invasive species were most species rich in agricultural areas close to population centres. Fire mapping revealed large variation in frequency across the state. Biodiversity scores were not always congruent between metrics or datasets, notably for categorical endemism to South Australia versus georeferenced weighted endemism, justifying diverse approaches and cautious interpretation. The study could be extended to high resolution assessments of biodiversity centres and cost:benefit analysis for interventions.}, }
@article {pmid26733319, year = {2017}, author = {Robertson, PA and Adriaens, T and Lambin, X and Mill, A and Roy, S and Shuttleworth, CM and Sutton-Croft, M}, title = {The large-scale removal of mammalian invasive alien species in Northern Europe.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, pages = {273-279}, pmid = {26733319}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; *Mammals ; Pest Control/economics/*methods ; }, abstract = {Numerous examples exist of successful mammalian invasive alien species (IAS) eradications from small islands (<10 km[2]), but few from more extensive areas. We review 15 large-scale removals (mean area 2627 km[2]) from Northern Europe since 1900, including edible dormouse, muskrat, coypu, Himalayan porcupine, Pallas' and grey squirrels and American mink, each primarily based on daily checking of static traps. Objectives included true eradication or complete removal to a buffer zone, as distinct from other programmes that involved local control to limit damage or spread. Twelve eradication/removal programmes (80%) were successful. Cost increased with and was best predicted by area, while the cost per unit area decreased; the number of individual animals removed did not add significantly to the model. Doubling the area controlled reduced cost per unit area by 10%, but there was no evidence that cost effectiveness had increased through time. Compared with small islands, larger-scale programmes followed similar patterns of effort in relation to area. However, they brought challenges when defining boundaries and consequent uncertainties around costs, the definition of their objectives, confirmation of success and different considerations for managing recolonisation. Novel technologies or increased use of volunteers may reduce costs. Rapid response to new incursions is recommended as best practice rather than large-scale control to reduce the environmental, financial and welfare costs. © 2016 Crown copyright. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid26732613, year = {2016}, author = {Valentin, RE and Maslo, B and Lockwood, JL and Pote, J and Fonseca, DM}, title = {Real-time PCR assay to detect brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), in environmental DNA.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {72}, number = {10}, pages = {1854-1861}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4217}, pmid = {26732613}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Chiroptera ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Environment ; Feces ; Heteroptera/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Early detection before establishment and identification of key predators are time-honored strategies towards effective eradication or control of invasive species. The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, is a recent exotic pest of several important crops in North America and Europe. Resulting widespread applications of insecticides have countered years of careful integrated pest management and are leading to the resurgence of other agricultural pests. Environmental DNA (eDNA) has been used effectively to detect aquatic invasives.<br><br>RESULTS: We developed a real-time PCR (qPCR) assay for BMSB in a conserved region of the ribosomal DNA interspacer 1 (ITS1). We validated this assay on worldwide populations of BMSB and tested its specificity and sensitivity against other US Pentatomidae species and on guano of big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, which we confirmed is a BMSB predator in New Jersey. We also detected BMSB DNA after rapid (and inexpensive) HotSHOT DNA extractions of soiled paper from cages briefly holding BMSB, as well as from discarded exuviae.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Given the high sensitivity of our assay to BMSB environmental DNA (eDNA) in terrestrial samples, this tool should become a cost-effective approach for using eDNA to detect terrestrial invasive species and their key predators. &#xa9; 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid26728888, year = {2016}, author = {Fukano, Y and Doi, H and Thomas, CE and Takata, M and Koyama, S and Satoh, T}, title = {Contemporary evolution of host plant range expansion in an introduced herbivorous beetle Ophraella communa.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, pages = {757-765}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12824}, pmid = {26728888}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Host Specificity/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Host range expansion of herbivorous insects is a key event in ecological speciation and insect pest management. However, the mechanistic processes are relatively unknown because it is difficult to observe the ongoing host range expansion in natural population. In this study, we focused on the ongoing host range expansion in introduced populations of the ragweed leaf beetle, Ophraella communa, to estimate the evolutionary process of host plant range expansion of a herbivorous insect. In the native range of North America, O. communa does not utilize Ambrosia trifida, as a host plant, but this plant is extensively utilized in the beetle's introduced range. Larval performance and adult preference experiments demonstrated that native O. communa beetles show better survival on host plant individuals from introduced plant populations than those from native plant populations and they also oviposit on the introduced plant, but not on the native plant. Introduced O. communa beetles showed significantly higher performance on and preference for both introduced and native A. trifida plants, when compared with native O. communa. These results indicate the contemporary evolution of host plant range expansion of introduced O. communa and suggest that the evolutionary change of both the host plant and the herbivorous insect involved in the host range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid26728134, year = {2016}, author = {Yuan, J and Ding, W and Liu, D and Kang, H and Xiang, J and Lin, Y}, title = {Shifts in methanogen community structure and function across a coastal marsh transect: effects of exotic Spartina alterniflora invasion.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {18777}, pmid = {26728134}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; *Introduced Species ; Methane/*analysis ; Plants ; *Poaceae/genetics/metabolism ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Invasion of Spartina alterniflora in coastal areas of China increased methane (CH4) emissions. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we measured CH4 production potential, methanogen community structure and biogeochemical factors along a coastal wetland transect comprised of five habitat regions: open water, bare tidal flat, invasive S. alterniflora marsh and native Suaeda salsa and Phragmites australis marshes. CH4 production potential in S. alterniflora marsh was 10 times higher than that in other regions, and it was significantly correlated with soil organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon and trimethylamine concentrations, but was not correlated with acetate or formate concentrations. Although the diversity of methanogens was lowest in S. alterniflora marsh, invasion increased methanogen abundance by 3.48-fold, compared with native S. salsa and P. australis marshes due to increase of facultative Methanosarcinaceae rather than acetotrophic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Ordination analyses suggested that trimethylamine was the primary factor regulating shift in methanogen community structure. Addition of trimethylamine increased CH4 production rates by 1255-fold but only by 5.61- and 11.4-fold for acetate and H2/CO2, respectively. S. alterniflora invasion elevated concentration of non-competitive trimethylamine, and shifted methanogen community from acetotrophic to facultative methanogens, which together facilitated increased CH4 production potential.}, }
@article {pmid26727205, year = {2016}, author = {Jia, D and Qi, F and Xu, X and Feng, J and Wu, H and Guo, J and Lu, W and Peng, R and Zhu, X and Luo, Y and Lin, G}, title = {Co-Regulations of Spartina alterniflora Invasion and Exogenous Nitrogen Loading on Soil N2O Efflux in Subtropical Mangrove Mesocosms.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {e0146199}, pmid = {26727205}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {China ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*pharmacology ; Nitrogen Cycle ; Nitrous Oxide/*analysis ; Poaceae/*physiology ; *Rhizophoraceae/metabolism ; Salinity ; Seawater ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Both plant invasion and nitrogen (N) enrichment should have significant impact on mangrove ecosystems in coastal regions around the world. However, how N2O efflux in mangrove wetlands responds to these environmental changes has not been well studied. Here, we conducted a mesocosm experiment with native mangrove species Kandelia obovata, invasive salt marsh species Spartina alterniflora, and their mixture in a simulated tide rotation system with or without nitrogen addition. In the treatments without N addition, the N2O effluxes were relatively low and there were no significant variations among the three vegetation types. A pulse loading of exogenous ammonium nitrogen increased N2O effluxes from soils but the stimulatory effect gradually diminished over time, suggesting that frequent measurements are necessary to accurately understand the behavior of N-induced response of N2O emissions. With the N addition, the N2O effluxes from the invasive S. alterniflora were lower than that from native K. obovata mesocosms. This result may be attributed to higher growth of S. alterniflora consuming most of the available nitrogen in soils, and thus inhibiting N2O production. We concluded that N loading significantly increased N2O effluxes, while the invasion of S. alterniflora reduced N2O effluxes response to N loading in this simulated mangrove ecosystem. Thus, both plant invasion and excessive N loading can co-regulate soil N2O emissions from mangrove wetlands, which should be considered when projecting future N2O effluxes from this type of coastal wetland.}, }
@article {pmid26722108, year = {2015}, author = {Schwartz, LM and Gibson, DJ and Young, BG}, title = {Do plant traits predict the competitive abilities of closely related species?.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {26722108}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Invasive species are a threat to every ecosystem. There is a strong incentive to predict which species will become invasive before they become too widespread and unmanageable. Different approaches have been advocated to assess invasive species potential. These include examining plant functional traits, quantifying competitive ability and phylogenetic comparison. In this study, we conducted experiments based on the above approaches in a multi-year, temporally replicated, set of experiments to compare these assessment methods to determine the invasive potential of Japanese chaff flower (Achyranthes japonica). We compared plant traits and competitive ability of Japanese chaff flower with two agricultural invasive species, Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and tall waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus), and one endangered plant species, bloodleaf (Iresine rhizomatosa), in the Amaranthaceae. Additionally, we assessed the invasive potential based on each of these approaches and determined the degree of agreement between them. A relatively conservative assessment integrating all three approaches would be that the competitive ability of closely related individuals with similar functional traits would share invasive potential. In a greenhouse experiment, each of the study species and soya beans were grown as monocultures and were evaluated to assess the drawdown of an aboveground (light) and a belowground (nitrogen) resource. In a field experiment, each study species was grown at varying densities per 15-cm-diameter pot with or without one or two soya bean plants, to simulate relative densities for soya beans grown in 38- and 76-cm-wide row spacing, respectively. In addition, Japanese chaff flower seedlings were planted either as un-manipulated seedlings or as a seedling cut back to the soil surface at the four-node stage (cut Japanese chaff flower) at which point seedlings have reached a perennial growth stage. The greenhouse experiment showed that each species drew down light differently, but not nitrogen. Shading decreased the aboveground biomass of the species in comparison with unshaded controls. Nitrogen, however, increased the aboveground biomass of Palmer amaranth and Japanese chaff flower. In the field experiment, a competitive effect ranking was determined to be: tall waterhemp ≥ Palmer amaranth = cut Japanese chaff flower ≥ uncut Japanese chaff flower ≥ bloodleaf, with the competitive response ranking being the inverse. These results suggest that under specific conditions, these closely related species do exhibit similar competitive abilities. Furthermore, the invasiveness and not the life history or habitat of these closely related species appeared to be the driving factor of competitiveness.}, }
@article {pmid26720330, year = {2016}, author = {Tolvanen, A and Kangas, K}, title = {Tourism, biodiversity and protected areas--Review from northern Fennoscandia.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {169}, number = {}, pages = {58-66}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.12.011}, pmid = {26720330}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Arctic Regions ; *Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Recreation ; }, abstract = {Tourist numbers in northern Fennoscandia outweigh those in other northern boreal - arctic regions, which creates a specific need to evaluate the impacts of tourism. This review 1) identifies patterns and trends in the vegetation and wildlife of northern Fennoscandian terrestrial ecosystems as a consequence of tourism and recreation, 2) discusses the implications of findings in terms of the intensity, area and magnitude of impacts, changing climate and management needs under increasing tourist pressure, and 3) identifies research gaps. The reviewed studies show negative environmental and biodiversity impacts that are most pronounced near tourist resorts. The most sensitive plants, birds and mammals decline or disappear from the disturbed sites, and the species composition shifts from 'wild' species to cultural and human associated species. There is little research on the spread of alien species, but the few examples show that alien species can be promoted by tourism activities. Impacts of the use of motorized vehicles have not been widely studied either, despite the extensive track network which can cause disturbance to wildlife. The integrated impacts of tourism and climate change on the vegetation and wildlife was not addressed directly in any of the reviewed studies. In addition, little research has been done on carrying out restoration at tourist areas. Scientific research on these topics is needed to prevent, minimize or restore the most negative ecological impacts of tourism and recreation.}, }
@article {pmid26709707, year = {2015}, author = {Marchowski, D and Neubauer, G and Ławicki, &#x141; and Woźniczka, A and Wysocki, D and Guentzel, S and Jarzemski, M}, title = {The Importance of Non-Native Prey, the Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha, for the Declining Greater Scaup Aythya marila: A Case Study at a Key European Staging and Wintering Site.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {e0145496}, pmid = {26709707}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anseriformes ; Biomass ; *Dreissena/physiology ; Eating ; Europe ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {The European population of Greater Scaup Aythya marila has experienced an alarming, ~60% decline in numbers over the last two decades. The brackish lagoons of the Odra River Estuary (ORE) in the south-western Baltic Sea, represent an important area for the species during the non-breeding season in Europe. The lagoons regularly support over 20 000 Scaup, with peaks exceeding 100 000 (38%-70% of the population wintering in NW Europe and the highest number recorded in April 2011-105 700). In the ORE, Scaup feed almost exclusively on the non-native Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha. This mussel was present in the ORE already in the 19th century and continues to be superabundant. Using the results of 22 Scaup censuses (November to April 2002/2003 to 2013/2014) from the whole ORE (523 km2 of water), we show that Scaup flocks follow areas with the greatest area of occurrence and biomass of the Zebra Mussel, while areas with low mussel densities are ignored. The numbers of Scaup in the ORE are primarily related to the area of Zebra Mussel occurrence on the lagoon's bottom (km2) in a non-linear fashion. Zebra Mussels were absolutely prevalent (97% of biomass) in the digestive tracts of birds unintentionally by-caught in fishing nets (n = 32). We estimate that Scaup alone consume an average of 5 400 tons of Zebra Mussels annually, which represents 5.6% of the total resources of the mussel in the ORE. Our results provide a clear picture of the strong dependence of the declining, migratory duck species on the non-native mussel, its primary food in the ORE. Our findings are particularly important as they can form the basis for the conservation action plan aimed at saving the north-western European populations of Scaup.}, }
@article {pmid26706966, year = {2015}, author = {Sommer, J and Smith, M and Šikoparija, B and Kasprzyk, I and Myszkowska, D and Grewling, &#x141; and Skjøth, CA}, title = {Risk of exposure to airborne Ambrosia pollen from local and distant sources in Europe - an example from Denmark.}, journal = {Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {625-631}, doi = {10.5604/12321966.1185764}, pmid = {26706966}, issn = {1898-2263}, mesh = {*Air Movements ; Allergens/*analysis ; Ambrosia/*chemistry ; Antigens, Plant/*analysis ; Denmark ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Plant Extracts/*analysis ; Risk Assessment ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. is a noxious invasive alien species in Europe. It is an important aeroallergen and millions of people are exposed to its pollen.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study is to show that atmospheric concentrations of Ambrosia pollen recorded in Denmark can be derived from local or more distant sources.<br><br>METHODS: This was achieved by using a combination of pollen measurements, air mass trajectory calculations using the HYPLIT model and mapping all known Ambrosia locations in Denmark and relating them to land cover types.<br><br>RESULTS: The annual pollen index recorded in Copenhagen during a 15-year period varied from a few pollen grains to more than 100. Since 2005, small quantities of Ambrosia pollen has been observed in the air every year. We have demonstrated, through a combination of Lagrangian back-trajectory calculations and atmospheric pollen measurements, that pollen arrived in Denmark via long-distance transport from centres of Ambrosia infection, such as the Pannonian Plain and Ukraine. Combining observations with results from a local scale dispersion model show that it is possible that Ambrosia pollen could be derived from local sources identified within Denmark.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The high allergenic capacity of Ambrosia pollen means that only small amounts of pollen are relevant for allergy sufferers, and just a few plants will be sufficient to produce enough pollen to affect pollen allergy sufferers within a short distance from the source. It is necessary to adopt control measures to restrict Ambrosia numbers. Recommendations for the removal of all Ambrosia plants can effectively reduce the amount of local pollen, as long as the population of Ambrosia plants is small.}, }
@article {pmid26702715, year = {2016}, author = {Squadrone, S and Prearo, M and Nespoli, R and Scanzio, T and Abete, MC}, title = {PCDD/Fs, DL-PCBs and NDL-PCBs in European catfish from a northern Italian lake: the contribution of an alien species to human exposure.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {125}, number = {}, pages = {170-175}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.004}, pmid = {26702715}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {Animals ; Catfishes ; Environmental Exposure/*analysis ; Food Chain ; Humans ; Lakes/*analysis ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/*analysis ; Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/*analogs &amp; derivatives/analysis ; Seafood/*analysis ; }, abstract = {PCDDs/Fs, DL-PCBs and NDL-PCBs are environmentally persistent substances that have been associated with adverse effects on human health. Humans are mainly exposed to these pollutants through ingestion of contaminated fish and fishery products; the consumption of fatty fish such as European catfish can contribute considerably to the intake of dioxins and PCBs. Samples of fish muscle of the top-of-the-food-chain predator Silurus glanis from the northern Italian Lake Varese were analyzed to detect the levels of 17 PCDD/F and 18 PCB congeners. All samples presented detectable levels of PCDD/Fs and PCBs, with concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 1.310pgg(-1) wet weight (w.w.) for Σ PCDD/Fs, 0.031 to 21.000pgg(-1) w. w. for Σ DL-PCBs, and 0.397 to 117.910ngg(-1) w. w. for Σ NDL-PCBs. One sample exceeded the maximum levels of 6.5pgg(-1) w. w. for the sum of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs set by European regulations for fish (1259/2011 EU), while other samples exceeded the action levels of 0.75pgg(-1) w. w. for the sum of PCDD/Fs, and 2pgg(-1) w. w. for the sum of DL-PCBs (277/2012 EU). Consuming contaminated catfish may pose a risk for human health, especially for the subpopulation traditionally accustomed to eating this fish, as well as sensitive individuals, such as children and pregnant women.}, }
@article {pmid26702047, year = {2015}, author = {Latombe, G and Hui, C and McGeoch, MA}, title = {Beyond the continuum: a multi-dimensional phase space for neutral-niche community assembly.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {282}, number = {1821}, pages = {20152417}, pmid = {26702047}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; Plant Dispersal ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Neutral and niche processes are generally considered to interact in natural communities along a continuum, exhibiting community patterns bounded by pure neutral and pure niche processes. The continuum concept uses niche separation, an attribute of the community, to test the hypothesis that communities are bounded by pure niche or pure neutral conditions. It does not accommodate interactions via feedback between processes and the environment. By contrast, we introduce the Community Assembly Phase Space (CAPS), a multi-dimensional space that uses community processes (such as dispersal and niche selection) to define the limiting neutral and niche conditions and to test the continuum hypothesis. We compare the outputs of modelled communities in a heterogeneous landscape, assembled by pure neutral, pure niche and composite processes. Differences in patterns under different combinations of processes in CAPS reveal hidden complexity in neutral-niche community dynamics. The neutral-niche continuum only holds for strong dispersal limitation and niche separation. For weaker dispersal limitation and niche separation, neutral and niche processes amplify each other via feedback with the environment. This generates patterns that lie well beyond those predicted by a continuum. Inferences drawn from patterns about community assembly processes can therefore be misguided when based on the continuum perspective. CAPS also demonstrates the complementary information value of different patterns for inferring community processes and captures the complexity of community assembly. It provides a general tool for studying the processes structuring communities and can be applied to address a range of questions in community and metacommunity ecology.}, }
@article {pmid26701706, year = {2016}, author = {Socolar, JB and Gilroy, JJ and Kunin, WE and Edwards, DP}, title = {How Should Beta-Diversity Inform Biodiversity Conservation?.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {67-80}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2015.11.005}, pmid = {26701706}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Agriculture/methods ; *Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Forestry/methods ; Introduced Species ; Spatial Analysis ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {To design robust protected area networks, accurately measure species losses, or understand the processes that maintain species diversity, conservation science must consider the organization of biodiversity in space. Central is beta-diversity--the component of regional diversity that accumulates from compositional differences between local species assemblages. We review how beta-diversity is impacted by human activities, including farming, selective logging, urbanization, species invasions, overhunting, and climate change. Beta-diversity increases, decreases, or remains unchanged by these impacts, depending on the balance of processes that cause species composition to become more different (biotic heterogenization) or more similar (biotic homogenization) between sites. While maintaining high beta-diversity is not always a desirable conservation outcome, understanding beta-diversity is essential for protecting regional diversity and can directly assist conservation planning.}, }
@article {pmid26701542, year = {2015}, author = {Keppel, E and Tovar-Hernández, MA and Ruiz, G}, title = {First record and establishment of Branchiomma coheni (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) in the Atlantic Ocean and review of non-indigenous species of the genus.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4058}, number = {4}, pages = {499-518}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4058.4.3}, pmid = {26701542}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Estuaries ; Florida ; *Introduced Species ; Pacific Ocean ; Polychaeta/*classification ; }, abstract = {Sabellidae are among the most visible polychaetes of the hard substrate fouling communities and are colonizing new geographic areas. The fouling community was surveyed in 25 shallow coastal estuaries on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States with the specific goal of detecting non-indigenous species. During surveys in 2012 and 2014, specimens of Branchiomma coheni Tovar-Hernández and Knight-Jones, 2006 were found for the first time in Tampa Bay, Florida, occurring at the same marina site (27°53'7.58"N, 82°32'2.29"W) each year and suggesting it is established here. The species was not detected at other sites surveyed in the United States, and has not been reported from the eastern Atlantic or the Mediterranean basin. Type material of B. coheni, specimens from southern Gulf of California, and specimens from the Pacific coast of Mexico, were used to corroborate identification. The transfer of this species by ships via the Panama Canal is a probable mechanism of introduction, based on the current known distribution and shipping traffic patterns. This represents the first record of the species in the Atlantic Ocean. A worldwide update of the records of this species and a list of valid species of the genus Branchiomma with notes on introduced populations are provided, as well as recommendations for accurate identification and sampling.}, }
@article {pmid26701529, year = {2015}, author = {Nattier, R and Jourdan, H and Mille, C and Chazeau, J}, title = {An annotated checklist of the Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) from New Caledonia.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4058}, number = {3}, pages = {301-331}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4058.3.1}, pmid = {26701529}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*classification ; Introduced Species ; New Caledonia ; }, abstract = {We present an updated checklist of the ladybird beetle fauna of New Caledonia. Fifty species have been tracked from literature and collections, but six should be removed from the list as they represent false records, invalid or unestablished species: Coccinella boletifera Fauvel, Harmonia conformis (Boisduval), Menochilus duodecimpunctatus (Fauvel), Micraspis lineola (Fabricius), Orcus australasiae Boisduval, and Curinus coeruleus (Mulsant). After our investigations, the current described ladybird beetle fauna totals 44 named species, belonging to 18 valid genera. The endemism rate is 47.7% (21 species), with one endemic subgenus, Scymnus (Caledonus). Based on comparisons of the coccinellid faunas of surrounding regions, the New Caledonian fauna has affinities with Australia and Papua New Guinea more than with the rest of the Pacific area. At least 19 species (43.2%) seem to have been introduced by human activities (either deliberately or accidentally).}, }
@article {pmid26701463, year = {2015}, author = {Ralph, TM and Richards, LR and Taylor, PJ and Napier, MC and Lamb, JM}, title = {Revision of Afro-Malagasy Otomops (Chiroptera: Molossidae) with the description of a new Afro-Arabian species.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4057}, number = {1}, pages = {1-49}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4057.1.1}, pmid = {26701463}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Body Size ; Chiroptera/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Ethiopia ; Female ; Kenya ; Male ; Organ Size ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The paucity of data for the molossid bat Otomops throughout its range has hindered our ability to resolve the number of Otomops species present within the Afro-Malagasy region (including the Arabian Peninsula). This paper employed an integrative approach by combining morphometric (cranial morphology) and molecular (mitochondrial cytochrome b and D-loop sequences, nuclear intron sequences and microsatellites) data to identify the number of Otomops taxa occurring in the Afro-Malagasy region. Three taxa were identified, two of which could be assigned to existing species, i.e. O. martiensseni and O. madagascariensis. The third taxon, previously recognised as O. martiensseni (Matschie 1897), is described herein as a new species, Otomops harrisoni sp. nov., and can be differentiated from O. martiensseni s.s. based on both molecular and morphometric data. Locality data of specimens belonging to O. harrisoni suggest that its distribution range extends from the Arabian Peninsula through to Eritrea and south to Ethiopia and Kenya.}, }
@article {pmid26699614, year = {2015}, author = {Holldorf, ET and Siers, SR and Richmond, JQ and Klug, PE and Reed, RN}, title = {Invaded Invaders: Infection of Invasive Brown Treesnakes on Guam by an Exotic Larval Cestode with a Life Cycle Comprised of Non-Native Hosts.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {e0143718}, pmid = {26699614}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Cestode Infections/epidemiology/transmission/*veterinary ; Colubridae/*parasitology ; Female ; Guam ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Spirometra/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Multiple host introductions to the same non-native environment have the potential to complete life cycles of parasites incidentally transported with them. Our goal was to identify a recently detected parasitic flatworm in the invasive Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis) on the remote Pacific island of Guam. We considered possible factors influencing parasite transmission, and tested for correlations between infection status and potential indicators of host fitness. We used genetic data from the parasite and information about the native ranges of other possible non-native hosts to hypothesize how it arrived on Guam and how its life cycle may be currently supported.<br><br>METHODS: We identified the parasite by comparing larval morphology and mtDNA sequences with other Pseudophyllid tapeworms. We assessed probability of infection in individual snakes using logistic regression and examined different factors influencing presence of parasites in hosts.<br><br>RESULTS: We identified the parasite as the pseudophyllid cestode Spirometra erinaceieuropaei, with all sampled worms from multiple snakes sharing a single mtDNA haplotype. Infection appears to be limited to the only freshwater watershed on the island, where infection prevalence was high (77.5%). Larger snakes had a higher probability of being infected, consistent with the chronic nature of such infections. While infection status was positively correlated with body condition, infected snakes tended to have lower intra-peritoneal fat body mass, potentially indicating a negative effect on energy stores.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We discovered that B. irregularis inhabiting a small area of forested habitat in a freshwater watershed on Guam are often infected by a novel parasite of Asian origin. While further work is needed, this species of Spirometra, itself a non-native species, likely depends on a suite of recently introduced hosts from different parts of the world to complete the life cycle. This baseline study provides little evidence of any effects on host fitness, but additional data are needed to more thoroughly explore the consequences of infection in this invasive snake population.}, }
@article {pmid26696766, year = {2015}, author = {Parys, KA and Tripodi, AD and Sampson, BJ}, title = {The Giant Resin Bee, Megachile sculpturalis Smith: New Distributional Records for the Mid- and Gulf-south USA.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {}, number = {3}, pages = {e6733}, pmid = {26696766}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis Smith, the giant resin bee, is an adventive species in the United States. First established in the United States during the early 1990s, records currently exist from most states east of the Mississippi River along with Iowa and Kansas.<br><br>NEW INFORMATION: New distributional records are presented for Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis Smith, an introduced bee. Additional records presented here expand the known distribution southwest through Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Texas. An updated host plant list containing new records is also presented, expanding the number of known floral associations.}, }
@article {pmid26696608, year = {2016}, author = {Wakie, TT and Hoag, D and Evangelista, PH and Luizza, M and Laituri, M}, title = {Is control through utilization a cost effective Prosopis juliflora management strategy?.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {168}, number = {}, pages = {74-86}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.11.054}, pmid = {26696608}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics/methods ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Ethiopia ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Prosopis/*growth &amp; development ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {The invasive tree Prosopis juliflora is known to cause negative impacts on invaded ranges. High P. juliflora eradication costs have swayed developing countries to follow a new and less expensive approach known as control through utilization. However, the net benefits of this new approach have not been thoroughly evaluated. Our objective was to assess the economic feasibility of selected P. juliflora eradication and utilization approaches that are currently practiced in one of the severely affected developing countries, Ethiopia. The selected approaches include converting P. juliflora infested lands into irrigated farms (conversion), charcoal production, and seed flour production. We estimate the costs and revenues of the selected P. juliflora eradication and utilization approaches by interviewing 19 enterprise owners. We assess the economic feasibility of the enterprises by performing enterprise, break-even, investment, sensitivity, and risk analyses. Our results show that conversion to irrigated cotton is economically profitable, with Net Present Value (NPV) of 5234 US$/ha over 10 years and an interest rate of 10% per year. Conversion greatly reduces the spread of P. juliflora on farmlands. Managing P. juliflora infested lands for charcoal production with a four-year harvest cycle is profitable, with NPV of 805 US$/ha. However, the production process needs vigilant regulation to protect native plants from exploitation and caution should be taken to prevent charcoal production sites from becoming potential seed sources. Though flour from P. juliflora pods can reduce invasions by destroying viable seeds, flour enterprises in Ethiopia are unprofitable. Conversion and charcoal production can be undertaken with small investment costs, while flour production requires high investment costs. Introducing new changes in the production and management steps of P. juliflora flour might be considered to make the enterprise profitable. Our study shows that control through utilization may be a viable P. juliflora management strategy under the right environmental setting.}, }
@article {pmid26694077, year = {2016}, author = {Chaves, LC and Hall, J and Feitosa, JL and Côté, IM}, title = {Photo-identification as a simple tool for studying invasive lionfish Pterois volitans populations.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {88}, number = {2}, pages = {800-804}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.12857}, pmid = {26694077}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {*Animal Identification Systems ; Animals ; Introduced Species ; *Perciformes ; *Photography ; Software ; }, abstract = {Photo-tagging, i.e. using a specific software to match colour patterns on photographs, was tested as a means to identify individual Indo-Pacific Pterois volitans to assist with population and movement studies of this invasive species. The stripe pattern on the flank of adult P. volitans (n = 48) was the most individually distinctive of three body regions tested, leading to correct individual identification on 68 and 82% of tests with a single and two images of the reference individual, respectively. Photo-tagging is inexpensive, logistically simple and can involve citizen scientists, making it a viable alternative to traditional tagging to provide information on P. volitans distribution, movement patterns and recolonization rates after removals.}, }
@article {pmid26692424, year = {2015}, author = {Kersting, DK and Cebrian, E and Casado, C and Teixidó, N and Garrabou, J and Linares, C}, title = {Experimental evidence of the synergistic effects of warming and invasive algae on a temperate reef-builder coral.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {18635}, pmid = {26692424}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Anthozoa/*physiology ; Chlorophyta/*physiology ; *Coral Reefs ; *Global Warming ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Photosynthesis ; Stress, Physiological ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {In the current global climate change scenario, stressors overlap in space and time, and knowledge on the effects of their interaction is highly needed to understand and predict the response and resilience of organisms. Corals, among many other benthic organisms, are affected by an increasing number of global change-related stressors including warming and invasive species. In this study, the cumulative effects between warming and invasive algae were experimentally assessed on the temperate reef-builder coral Cladocora caespitosa. We first investigated the potential local adaptation to thermal stress in two distant populations subjected to contrasting thermal and necrosis histories. No significant differences were found between populations. Colonies from both populations suffered no necrosis after long-term exposure to temperatures up to 29 °C. Second, we tested the effects of the interaction of both warming and the presence of invasive algae. The combined exposure triggered critical synergistic effects on photosynthetic efficiency and tissue necrosis. At the end of the experiment, over 90% of the colonies subjected to warming and invasive algae showed signs of necrosis. The results are of particular concern when considering the predicted increase of extreme climatic events and the spread of invasive species in the Mediterranean and other seas in the future.}, }
@article {pmid26691450, year = {2016}, author = {Hopkins, GA and Prince, M and Cahill, PL and Fletcher, LM and Atalah, J}, title = {Desiccation as a mitigation tool to manage biofouling risks: trials on temperate taxa to elucidate factors influencing mortality rates.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {1-11}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2015.1115484}, pmid = {26691450}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Animals ; Biofouling/*prevention &amp; control ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; Crassostrea/*physiology ; Desiccation/*methods ; Hot Temperature ; Humidity ; Introduced Species ; Mytilus/*physiology ; Ostreidae/*physiology ; Sunlight ; Urochordata/physiology ; }, abstract = {The desiccation tolerance of biofouling taxa (adults and early life-stages) was determined under both controlled and 'realistic' field conditions. Adults of the ascidian Ciona spp. died within 24 h. Mortality in the adult blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis occurred within 11 d under controlled conditions, compared with 7 d when held outside. The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas was the most desiccation-tolerant taxon tested (up to 34 d under controlled conditions). Biofouling orientated to direct sunlight showed faster mortality rates for all the taxa tested. Mortality in Mytilus juveniles took up to 24 h, compared with 8 h for Ciona, with greater survival at the higher temperature (18.5°C) and humidity (~95% RH) treatment combination. This study demonstrated that desiccation can be an effective mitigation method for a broad range of fouling taxa, especially their early life-stages. Further work is necessary to assess risks from other high-risk species such as algae and cyst forming species.}, }
@article {pmid26689431, year = {2016}, author = {Carboni, M and Münkemüller, T and Lavergne, S and Choler, P and Borgy, B and Violle, C and Essl, F and Roquet, C and Munoz, F and ,  and Thuiller, W}, title = {What it takes to invade grassland ecosystems: traits, introduction history and filtering processes.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {219-229}, pmid = {26689431}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {281422/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; I 1443/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {France ; *Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Whether the success of alien species can be explained by their functional or phylogenetic characteristics remains unresolved because of data limitations, scale issues and weak quantifications of success. Using permanent grasslands across France (50 000 vegetation plots, 2000 species, 130 aliens) and building on the Rabinowitz's classification to quantify spread, we showed that phylogenetic and functional similarities to natives were the most important correlates of invasion success compared to intrinsic functional characteristics and introduction history. Results contrasted between spatial scales and components of invasion success. Widespread and common aliens were similar to co-occurring natives at coarse scales (indicating environmental filtering), but dissimilar at finer scales (indicating local competition). In contrast, regionally widespread but locally rare aliens showed patterns of competitive exclusion already at coarse scale. Quantifying trait differences between aliens and natives and distinguishing the components of invasion success improved our ability to understand and potentially predict alien spread at multiple scales.}, }
@article {pmid26689373, year = {2015}, author = {Wang, L and Hui, C and Sandhu, HS and Li, Z and Zhao, Z}, title = {Population dynamics and associated factors of cereal aphids and armyworms under global change.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {18801}, pmid = {26689373}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*physiology ; China ; *Climate Change ; Edible Grain/*parasitology ; *Internationality ; Lepidoptera/*physiology ; Models, Theoretical ; Pest Control, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Studying the impacts of global change, which comprises largely climate and landscape changes, on agricultural pests is crucial for developing sustainable pest management. This research is focused on understanding the factors associated with population dynamics of cereal aphids and armyworms feeding on wheat in Henan province in China from 1987 to 2010. Association between changes in climate (temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity) and agricultural characteristics (wheat proportion, crop diversity, fertilizer input, and wheat yield per unit area) and damage from cereal aphids and armyworms were examined. Cereal aphid damage has been rising, while armyworm damage had no obvious trends, but with strong year-to-year fluctuations. The analysis indicates that the factors most strongly associated with the population dynamics of cereal aphids are fertilizer input and mean temperature in February, while the population dynamics of armyworms is significantly related to precipitation in May. By comparing the characteristics of these two agricultural pests, we identify possible reasons for the disparity between their associated factors, which are related to the differences in their foraging behaviour, host range, migration capacity, and life history. These results may contribute to developing ecologically based pest management for cereal aphids and armyworms under global change.}, }
@article {pmid26688963, year = {2015}, author = {Bu-Olayan, AH and Thomas, BV}, title = {Combined toxicity of mercury and plastic wastes to crustacean and gastropod inhabiting the waters in Kuwait.}, journal = {Journal of environmental biology}, volume = {36}, number = {6}, pages = {1291-1296}, pmid = {26688963}, issn = {0254-8704}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura/*drug effects ; Kuwait ; Mercury/*toxicity ; Mollusca/*drug effects ; Plastics/*toxicity ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {The present study determined total mercury (T-Hg) in crustacean Portunus pelagicus (blue crab) and mollusc Tapes sulcarius (Furrowed Venus: Cockle) following suspected rise in beach plastic wastes and their effect on marine organisms. Live samples were collected from beaches representing six Kuwait Governorate areas and exposed to toxicity (96hr) and bio accumulation tests for 180 d with inclusion of plastic wastes and environmental conditions simulated in laboratory. Results revealed high T-Hg concentrations in T sulcarius (1.44ng l(-1)) compared to P. pelagicus (1.03ng l(-1)) during winter than summer, with bio accumulation factor (BAF) > 1 labelled these species as hyper-accumulators. Significantly, combination of T-Hg concentrations from plastic wastes and in seawater validated the possibilities of detrimental effects of other marine lives besides deteriorating the aesthetic values of scenic beaches and likelihood of invasive species in such coastal areas.}, }
@article {pmid26687501, year = {2016}, author = {Olivier, HM and Jenkins, JA and Berhow, M and Carter, J}, title = {A Pilot Study Testing a Natural and a Synthetic Molluscicide for Controlling Invasive Apple Snails (Pomacea maculata).}, journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {96}, number = {3}, pages = {289-294}, doi = {10.1007/s00128-015-1709-z}, pmid = {26687501}, issn = {1432-0800}, mesh = {Animals ; Camellia sinensis/*chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Louisiana ; Molluscacides/*pharmacology ; Niclosamide/*pharmacology ; Pilot Projects ; Plant Extracts/*pharmacology ; Seeds/chemistry ; Snails/*drug effects ; Survival Analysis ; }, abstract = {Pomacea maculata (formerly P. insularum), an apple snail native to South America, was discovered in Louisiana in 2008. These snails strip vegetation, reproduce at tremendous rates, and have reduced rice production and caused ecosystem changes in Asia. In this pilot study snails were exposed to two molluscicides, a tea (Camellia sinensis) seed derivative (TSD) or niclosamide monohydrate (Pestanal(®), 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide, CAS #73360-56-2). Mortality was recorded after exposure to high or low concentrations (0.03 and 0.015 g/L for TSD, 1.3 and 0.13 mg/L for niclosamide). The TSD induced 100 % mortality at both concentrations. Niclosamide caused 100 % and 17 % mortality at high and low concentrations respectively. These molluscicides were also tested on potential biocontrol agents, the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus). No crayfish mortalities occurred at either concentration for either chemical, but sunfish experienced 100 % mortality with TSD (0.03 g/L), and 21 % mortality with niclosamide (0.13 mg/L).}, }
@article {pmid26687419, year = {2016}, author = {Diaz, JH}, title = {Picking Edible and Medicinal Plants: Exotic "Apples" and "Pears".}, journal = {Wilderness &amp; environmental medicine}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {168-170}, doi = {10.1016/j.wem.2015.10.006}, pmid = {26687419}, issn = {1545-1534}, mesh = {Fruit/*adverse effects/chemistry/*classification/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Momordica/*adverse effects/chemistry/*classification/physiology ; Plant Dispersal ; Plants, Edible/*adverse effects/chemistry/*classification/physiology ; Plants, Medicinal/adverse effects/chemistry/classification/physiology ; Plants, Toxic/adverse effects/chemistry/classification/physiology ; Species Specificity ; United States ; }, }
@article {pmid26686825, year = {2015}, author = {Jin, D and Huang, Y and Zhou, XL and Chen, B and Ma, J and Yan, YH}, title = {High risk of plant invasion in the understory of eucalypt plantations in South China.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {18492}, pmid = {26686825}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Asteraceae/*growth &amp; development ; *Biodiversity ; China ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Eucalyptus/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Eucalypt plantations expand rapidly out of their natural distribution zones, thus inducing a concern on their effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functions. We compare the understory plant diversity of 46 plots of eucalypt plantations, including early and later stages in rotation, with that of 21 plots of contrast vegetation, including other types of plantations and secondary shrub grassland, in Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces, South China. Although the overall plant diversity did not change significantly in eucalypt plantations relative to the contrast vegetation, the community structures changed dramatically. The Asteraceae family, which is the most important source of destructive invasive plant species in China, is ranked 3(rd) (7.42%) and 7(th) (3.14%) in species importance in the early and later stages in eucalypt plantations, respectively. Nevertheless, Asteraceae is ranked 15(th) (1.73%) in other types of plantations and 21(st) (0.94%) in secondary shrub grassland. Significant increases in the richness and frequency of invasive species were also observed in eucalypt plantations. Among the 20 invasive species recorded in the eucalypt plantations, 9 species were destructive invasive species and 7 of these species belonged to Asteraceae. This study highlights an enhanced plant invasion risk in eucalypt plantations in South China, particularly by Asteraceae.}, }
@article {pmid26685926, year = {2016}, author = {Schönenberger, AC and Wagner, S and Tuten, HC and Schaffner, F and Torgerson, P and Furrer, S and Mathis, A and Silaghi, C}, title = {Host preferences in host-seeking and blood-fed mosquitoes in Switzerland.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {39-52}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12155}, pmid = {26685926}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {Animals ; *Chickens ; Cities ; Culicidae/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Food Chain ; *Horses ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*physiology ; Male ; Parks, Recreational ; Switzerland ; West Nile Fever/transmission/virology ; West Nile virus/physiology ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The avian zoonotic agent for West Nile virus (WNV) can cause neuroinvasive disease in horses and humans and is expanding its range in Europe. Analyses of the risk for transmission to these hosts in non-endemic areas are necessary. Host preferences of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), the main vectors of WNV, were determined in Switzerland using animal-baited trap (horse, chickens) experiments at a natural and a periurban site. This was undertaken on four occasions during May-September 2014. In addition, the hosts of 505 blood-fed mosquitoes collected in a zoo and in the field were determined. Mosquito data obtained in the animal bait experiments were corrected for host weight and body surface area and by Kleiber's scaling factor. Collections of 11-14 different mosquito species were achieved with these approaches. Statistically significant host preferences were identified in three species in both approaches. The other species showed opportunistic feeding behaviours to varying extents. Specifically, the invasive species Hulecoeteomyia japonica (= Aedes japonicus) was identified for the first time as feeding on avians in nature. Abundance data, spatiotemporal activity and laboratory vector competence for WNV suggested that, in addition to the main WNV vector Culex pipiens, H. japonica and Aedimorphus vexans (= Aedes vexans) are the most likely candidate bridge vectors for WNV transmission in Switzerland.}, }
@article {pmid26684675, year = {2015}, author = {Mutungi, JK and Yahata, K and Sakaguchi, M and Kaneko, O}, title = {Isolation of invasive Plasmodium yoelii merozoites with a long half-life to evaluate invasion dynamics and potential invasion inhibitors.}, journal = {Molecular and biochemical parasitology}, volume = {204}, number = {1}, pages = {26-33}, doi = {10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.12.003}, pmid = {26684675}, issn = {1872-9428}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antimalarials/*pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Erythrocytes/parasitology ; Female ; Malaria/*parasitology ; Merozoites/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptides/chemistry/pharmacology ; Plasmodium yoelii/*drug effects/*isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; Protozoan Proteins/chemistry/pharmacology ; Spores ; }, abstract = {Malaria symptoms and pathogenesis are caused by blood stage parasite burdens of Plasmodium spp., for which invasion of red blood cells (RBCs) by merozoites is essential. Successful targeting by either drugs or vaccines directed against the whole merozoite or its antigens during its transient extracellular status would contribute to malaria control by impeding RBC invasion. To understand merozoite invasion biology and mechanisms, it is desired to obtain merozoites that retain their invasion activity in vitro. Accordingly, methods have been developed to isolate invasive Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. Rodent malaria parasite models offer ease in laboratory maintenance and experimental genetic modifications; however, no methods have been reported regarding isolation of high numbers of invasive rodent malaria merozoites. In this study, Plasmodium yoelii-infected RBCs were obtained from infected mice, and mature schizont-infected RBCs enriched via Histodenz™ density gradients. Merozoites retaining invasion activity were then isolated by passing the preparations through a filter membrane. RBC-invaded parasites developed to mature stages in vitro in a synchronous manner. Isolated merozoites were evaluated for retention of invasion activity following storage at different temperatures prior to incubation with uninfected mouse RBCs. Isolated merozoites retained their invasion activity 4h after isolation at 10 or 15 °C, whereas their invasion activity reduced to 0-10% within 30 min when incubated on ice or at 37 °C prior to RBC invasion assay. Images of merozoites at successive steps during RBC invasion were captured by light and transmission electron microscopy. Synthetic peptides derived from the amino acid sequence of the P. yoelii invasion protein RON2 efficiently inhibited RBC invasion. The developed method to isolate and keep invasive P. yoelii merozoites for up to 4h is a powerful tool to study the RBC invasion biology of this parasite. This method provides an important platform to evaluate the mode of action of drugs and vaccine candidates targeting the RBC invasion steps using rodent malaria model.}, }
@article {pmid26684321, year = {2015}, author = {Sammarco, PW and Porter, SA and Genazzio, M and Sinclair, J}, title = {Success in Competition for Space in Two Invasive Coral Species in the western Atlantic - Tubastraea micranthus and T. coccinea.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {e0144581}, pmid = {26684321}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/classification/*physiology ; Atlantic Ocean ; Behavior, Animal ; Gulf of Mexico ; Introduced Species ; Oil and Gas Fields ; Thoracica/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasion success by an alien species is dependent upon rate of reproduction, growth, mortality, physical characteristics of the environment, and successful competition for resources with native species. For sessile, epibenthic marine species, one critical resource is space. We examined competitive success in two invasive Indo-Pacific corals involved in competition for space in the northern Gulf of Mexico-Tubastraea coccinea and T. micranthus-on up to 13 offshore oil/gas platforms south of the Mississippi River. Still-capture photos of thousands of overgrowth interactions between the target corals and other sessile epibenthic fauna were analyzed from ROV videos collected at 8-183 m depth. T. micranthus was observed overgrowing >90% of all sessile epibenthic species which it encountered. Frequencies of competitive success varied significantly between platforms. T. coccinea was competitively superior to all competitors pooled, at the 60% level. There was little variability between T. coccinea populations. T. coccinea encountered the following species most frequently-the encrusting sponges Xestospongia sp. (with the commensal Parazoanthus catenularis), X. carbonaria, Dictyonella funicularis, Mycale carmigropila, Phorbas amaranthus, and Haliclona vansoesti-and was found to be, on average, competitively superior to them. Both T. micranthus and T. coccinea appear to be good competitors for space against these species in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Competitive success in T. micranthus was highest in the NE part of the study area, and lowest in the SW area near the Mississippi River plume. T. coccinea's competitive success peaked in the SW study area. This suggests that variation in competitive success both within and between populations of these species may be due to differences in local environmental factors.}, }
@article {pmid26683205, year = {2015}, author = {Löhr, B and Vásquez-Ordóñez, AA and Becerra Lopez-Lavalle, LA}, title = {Rhynchophorus palmarum in Disguise: Undescribed Polymorphism in the "Black" Palm Weevil.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {e0143210}, pmid = {26683205}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropod Antennae/anatomy &amp; histology ; Eye/anatomy &amp; histology ; Female ; Genome, Insect ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Phylogeny ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; Weevils/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {During studies to adapt pheromone trapping of Rhynchophorus palmarum to the special coconut growing conditions at the Colombian Pacific coast, 152 atypically-colored specimens were captured in a total collection of 53,802 of the normally completely black weevil. Five specimens had the typical coloration of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, an invasive species recently introduced to Aruba and Curação. A regional expansion of this invasion to the South American continent was feared and all atypical specimens were submitted to taxonomic analysis. Both conventional and molecular methods were employed. Conventional taxonomics confirmed the samples as belonging to R. palmarum but registered undescribed and species-atypical morphological variability in the subgular suture (wide vs. narrow), the ratio between intraocular distance and width of antennal scrobes (>0.35 vs. < 0.29) and the indentation of the mandibles (up to three mandibular teeth vs. bilobed). Molecular analysis placed all samples inspected, black and reddish alike, firmly within the R. palmarum group and the hypothesis of having inter-specific hybrids was rejected using co-dominant single sequence repeat markers with allelic specificity for both species.}, }
@article {pmid26677162, year = {2016}, author = {Schmelzle, MC and Kinziger, AP}, title = {Using occupancy modelling to compare environmental DNA to traditional field methods for regional-scale monitoring of an endangered aquatic species.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {895-908}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12501}, pmid = {26677162}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/*analysis/genetics ; *Endangered Species ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Water/*chemistry ; Zoology/*methods ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring approaches promise to greatly improve detection of rare, endangered and invasive species in comparison with traditional field approaches. Herein, eDNA approaches and traditional seining methods were applied at 29 research locations to compare method-specific estimates of detection and occupancy probabilities for endangered tidewater goby (Eucyclogobius newberryi). At each location, multiple paired seine hauls and water samples for eDNA analysis were taken, ranging from two to 23 samples per site, depending upon habitat size. Analysis using a multimethod occupancy modelling framework indicated that the probability of detection using eDNA was nearly double (0.74) the rate of detection for seining (0.39). The higher detection rates afforded by eDNA allowed determination of tidewater goby occupancy at two locations where they have not been previously detected and at one location considered to be locally extirpated. Additionally, eDNA concentration was positively related to tidewater goby catch per unit effort, suggesting eDNA could potentially be used as a proxy for local tidewater goby abundance. Compared to traditional field sampling, eDNA provided improved occupancy parameter estimates and can be applied to increase management efficiency across a broad spatial range and within a diversity of habitats.}, }
@article {pmid26675920, year = {2015}, author = {Ferrareze, M and Nogueira, MG}, title = {Impact assessment of the introduction of Cichla kelberi in a large Neotropical reservoir and its lateral lagoons (Upper Paraná River Basin, Brazil).}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {75}, number = {4}, pages = {1018-1026}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.05814}, pmid = {26675920}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Cichlids/*physiology ; Fishes/physiology ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Population Density ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {This study aimed to understand how the introduction of Cichla kelberi in Rosana Reservoir (Paranapanema River) affected the native ichthyofauna. Data on the structure of the small fish fauna assemblage were obtained before and after the introduction of this carnivorous species. Samplings were carried out in February and September of 2004, previously to the register of Cichla kelberi in the reservoir, and after its introduction, November of 2004, January, March, May and August of 2005, February and June of 2006, February and July of 2007, February and October of 2008 and February of 2009. A total of 4,693 fish, belonging to 43 different species was sampled between 2004 and 2009. The order Characiformes was the most abundant, followed by Perciformes and Siluriformes. Comparative analyses, before and after the introduction, could not demonstrate significant changes in composition, richness, abundance, biomass, mean length and diversity of fish. Aquatic insects were the main feeding item of C. kelberi, followed by tetragonopterinae fish. Cannibalism was recorded during the whole study period. The results showed that Cichla cannot deeply affect the ichthyofauna assemblages of a large Neotropical reservoir, at least in a short or medium term period after its introduction. The results also allowed concluding that the introduction of C. kelberi in the reservoir is in the phase 3. In this phase, the specie can survive and reproduce in the new environment; however it is not totally established and disseminated. The reasons for the fact that Cichla is still not dominant in Rosana Reservoir could be related to feeding competition, high rate of cannibalism and the presence of large amount of aquatic macrophytes (refuge zones). In spite of the results, the continuous monitoring of the role of non-native species on the local fish fauna is absolutely necessary because the impacts caused by colonization of this undesirable species can be magnified by complex processes, usually correlated with other environmental disturb, especially the negative effects of damming.}, }
@article {pmid26675455, year = {2015}, author = {Noden, BH and Coburn, L and Wright, R and Bradley, K}, title = {An Updated Checklist of the Mosquitoes of Oklahoma Including New State Records and West Nile Virus Vectors, 2003-06.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {336-345}, doi = {10.2987/moco-31-04-336-345.1}, pmid = {26675455}, issn = {8756-971X}, support = {U50/CCU616800-04-2//PHS HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Culicidae/*classification/*virology ; Female ; Insect Vectors/*classification/*virology ; Oklahoma ; West Nile virus/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {The mosquito fauna of Oklahoma has not been evaluated since 1965 and no report has been published concerning species associated with urban areas in the state. Mosquito collections were conducted as part of the West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance program between April and November from 2003 to 2006, using standard collection methods. A total of 74,756 adults were collected in 26 urban centers in 16 counties of Oklahoma. Altogether, 40 species were recorded during this study period, bringing the total mosquito species recorded in Oklahoma to 62 species in 9 different genera and 18 subgenera. An updated checklist of Oklahoma mosquito fauna is included with a comparison to historical records. New state records include 3 species: Aedes muelleri, Anopheles perplexens, and Culex coronator. In addition to updating the checklist, 12 species of mosquitoes were tested for WNV. Pools of Culex pipiens complex represented the highest proportion testing positive for WNV (134/766, 17.5%), followed by Cx. tarsalis (13/192, 6.8%) and Aedes albopictus (5/215, 2.3%). West Nile virus-positive mosquitoes were detected earliest in June 2005 and latest in November 2004. Infected Cx. pipiens complex testing positive for WNV were more prevalent in the eastern and central areas of Oklahoma, whereas positive Cx. tarsalis were found mainly in the western areas of the state. This distinct geographical difference needs to be monitored and followed up to ensure optimal mosquito control efforts in Oklahoma communities with mosquito control capabilities.}, }
@article {pmid26675453, year = {2015}, author = {Davis, TJ and Kaufman, PE and Hogsette, JA and Kline, DL}, title = {The Effects of Larval Habitat Quality on Aedes albopictus Skip Oviposition.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {321-328}, doi = {10.2987/moco-31-04-321-328.1}, pmid = {26675453}, issn = {8756-971X}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Oviposition ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus is an invasive mosquito species that transmits human-disease-causing pathogens. It is a container-inhabiting species that oviposits in resource-limited habitats. To mitigate larval competition, Ae. albopictus females may choose to distribute eggs from a single gonotrophic cycle among multiple containers through skip oviposition. With the use of individual females released in indoor and outdoor caged trials, we evaluated the oviposition choices made by gravid Ae. albopictus offered larval habitats with different qualities. Our results demonstrate that Ae. albopictus performs skip oviposition and that the degree of egg distribution is related to the quality of the larval habitat. In a 4-choice arena, individual Ae. albopictus oviposited in fewer containers when presented with ovisites of high-quality larval habitat (uncrowded conditions) compared with oviposition in low-quality (crowded conditions) larval habitats. Additionally, the females selectively oviposited in high-quality habitats when offered both low- and high-quality habitats, but distributed eggs more evenly among multiple high-quality habitats. Our results have important implications for mosquito management plans that include the use of lethal ovitraps, as well as the role of this behavior in distribution of disease-causing pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid26674016, year = {2016}, author = {Wang, X and Walton, JR and Parshad, RD}, title = {Stochastic models for the Trojan Y-Chromosome eradication strategy of an invasive species.}, journal = {Journal of biological dynamics}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {179-199}, doi = {10.1080/17513758.2015.1115899}, pmid = {26674016}, issn = {1751-3766}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Markov Chains ; Probability ; *Stochastic Processes ; *Y Chromosome ; }, abstract = {The Trojan Y-Chromosome (TYC) strategy, an autocidal genetic biocontrol method, has been proposed to eliminate invasive alien species. In this work, we develop a Markov jump process model for this strategy, and we verify that there is a positive probability for wild-type females going extinct within a finite time. Moreover, when sex-reversed Trojan females are introduced at a constant population size, we formulate a stochastic differential equation (SDE) model as an approximation to the proposed Markov jump process model. Using the SDE model, we investigate the probability distribution and expectation of the extinction time of wild-type females by solving Kolmogorov equations associated with these statistics. The results indicate how the probability distribution and expectation of the extinction time are shaped by the initial conditions and the model parameters.}, }
@article {pmid26673728, year = {2016}, author = {Marculis, NG and Lui, R}, title = {Modelling the biological invasion of Carcinus maenas (the European green crab).}, journal = {Journal of biological dynamics}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {140-163}, doi = {10.1080/17513758.2015.1115563}, pmid = {26673728}, issn = {1751-3766}, mesh = {Animals ; Crustacea/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {This paper proposes a system of integro-difference equations to model the spread of Carcinus maenas, commonly called the European green crab, that causes severe damage to coastal ecosystems. A model with juvenile and adult classes is first studied. Here, standard theory of monotone operators for integro-difference equations can be applied and yields explicit formulas for the asymptotic spreading speeds of the juvenile and adult crabs. A second model including an infected class is considered by introducing a castrating parasite Sacculina carcini as a biological control agent. The dynamics are complicated and simulations reveal the occurrence of periodic solutions and stacked fronts. In this case, only conjectures can be made for the asymptotic spreading speeds because of the lack of mathematical theory for non-monotone operators. This paper also emphasizes the need for mathematical studies of non-monotone operators in heterogeneous environments and the existence of stacked front solutions in biological invasion models.}, }
@article {pmid26669286, year = {2016}, author = {Holtmann, B and Grosser, S and Lagisz, M and Johnson, SL and Santos, ES and Lara, CE and Robertson, BC and Nakagawa, S}, title = {Population differentiation and behavioural association of the two 'personality' genes DRD4 and SERT in dunnocks (Prunella modularis).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {706-722}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13514}, pmid = {26669286}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Female ; Flight, Animal ; Haplotypes ; INDEL Mutation ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; New Zealand ; Passeriformes/*genetics ; Personality/*genetics ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Receptors, Dopamine D4/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/*genetics ; Sex Factors ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Quantifying the variation in behaviour-related genes within and between populations provides insight into how evolutionary processes shape consistent behavioural traits (i.e. personality). Deliberate introductions of non-native species offer opportunities to investigate how such genes differ between native and introduced populations and how polymorphisms in the genes are related to variation in behaviour. Here, we compared the genetic variation of the two 'personality' genes, DRD4 and SERT, between a native (United Kingdom, UK) and an introduced (New Zealand, NZ) population of dunnocks, Prunella modularis. The NZ population showed a significantly lower number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) compared to the UK population. Standardized F'st estimates of the personality genes and neutral microsatellites indicate that selection (anthropogenic and natural) probably occurred during and post the introduction event. Notably, the largest genetic differentiation was found in the intronic regions of the genes. In the NZ population, we also examined the association between polymorphisms in DRD4 and SERT and two highly repeatable behavioural traits: flight-initiation distance and mating status (promiscuous females and cobreeding males). We found 38 significant associations (for different allele effect models) between the two behavioural traits and the studied genes. Further, 22 of the tested associations showed antagonistic allele effects for males and females. Our findings illustrate how introduction events and accompanying ecological changes could influence the genetic diversity of behaviour-related genes.}, }
@article {pmid26668728, year = {2015}, author = {Kumar, S and LeBrun, EG and Stohlgren, TJ and Stabach, JA and McDonald, DL and Oi, DH and LaPolla, JS}, title = {Evidence of niche shift and global invasion potential of the Tawny Crazy ant, Nylanderia fulva.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {20}, pages = {4628-4641}, pmid = {26668728}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Analysis of an invasive species' niche shift between native and introduced ranges, along with potential distribution maps, can provide valuable information about its invasive potential. The tawny crazy ant, Nylanderia fulva, is a rapidly emerging and economically important invasive species in the southern United States. It is originally from east-central South America and has also invaded Colombia and the Caribbean Islands. Our objectives were to generate a global potential distribution map for N. fulva, identify important climatic drivers associated with its current distribution, and test whether N. fulva's realized climatic niche has shifted across its invasive range. We used MaxEnt niche model to map the potential distribution of N. fulva using its native and invaded range occurrences and climatic variables. We used principal component analysis methods for investigating potential shifts in the realized climatic niche of N. fulva during invasion. We found strong evidence for a shift in the realized climatic niche of N. fulva across its invasive range. Our models predicted potentially suitable habitat for N. fulva in the United States and other parts of the world. Our analyses suggest that the majority of observed occurrences of N. fulva in the United States represent stabilizing populations. Mean diurnal range in temperature, degree days at ≥10°C, and precipitation of driest quarter were the most important variables associated with N. fulva distribution. The climatic niche expansion demonstrated in our study may suggest significant plasticity in the ability of N. fulva to survive in areas with diverse temperature ranges shown by its tolerance for environmental conditions in the southern United States, Caribbean Islands, and Colombia. The risk maps produced in this study can be useful in preventing N. fulva's future spread, and in managing and monitoring currently infested areas.}, }
@article {pmid26668552, year = {2015}, author = {Scholtens, BG and Solis, MA}, title = {Annotated check list of the Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) of America North of Mexico.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {535}, pages = {1-136}, pmid = {26668552}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {An annotated check list of Pyraloidea of North America north of Mexico is presented, including 861 Crambidae and 681 Pyralidae with 1542 total species. It includes all new species described, tropical species with new records in the United States, and species introduced from Europe and Asia since 1983. The Notes section provides the seminal citations, data and/or commentary to all changes since 1983 for easy and future reference. In addition, this list proposes seven new generic combinations, the transfer of a phycitine species, Salebria nigricans (Hulst), to Epipaschiinae and its syn. n. with Pococera fuscolotella (Ragonot), and three new records for the United States. Purposefully, no new taxa are described here, but we found a gradual increase of 10% in the number of species described since 1983. Finally, we also include a list of thirteen species not included or removed from the MONA list. Many higher-level changes have occurred since 1983 and the classification is updated to reflect research over the last 30 years, including exclusion of Thyrididae and Hyblaeidae from the superfamily and recognition of Crambidae and Pyralidae as separate families. The list includes multiple changes to subfamilies based on morphology such as the synonymization of the Dichogamini with the Glaphyriinae, but also incorporating recent molecular phylogenetic results such as the synonymization of the Evergestinae with the Glaphyriinae.}, }
@article {pmid26667377, year = {2016}, author = {Liebhold, AM and Berec, L and Brockerhoff, EG and Epanchin-Niell, RS and Hastings, A and Herms, DA and Kean, JM and McCullough, DG and Suckling, DM and Tobin, PC and Yamanaka, T}, title = {Eradication of Invading Insect Populations: From Concepts to Applications.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {61}, number = {}, pages = {335-352}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023809}, pmid = {26667377}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; Extinction, Biological ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Eradication is the deliberate elimination of a species from an area. Given that international quarantine measures can never be 100% effective, surveillance for newly arrived populations of nonnative species coupled with their eradication represents an important strategy for excluding potentially damaging insect species. Historically, eradication efforts have not always been successful and have sometimes been met with public opposition. But new developments in our understanding of the dynamics of low-density populations, the availability of highly effective treatment tactics, and bioeconomic analyses of eradication strategies offer new opportunities for developing more effective surveillance and eradication programs. A key component that connects these new developments is the harnessing of Allee effects, which naturally promote localized species extinction. Here we review these developments and suggest how research might enhance eradication strategies.}, }
@article {pmid26667185, year = {2015}, author = {Carrete, M and Tella, JL}, title = {Rapid loss of antipredatory behaviour in captive-bred birds is linked to current avian invasions.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {18274}, pmid = {26667185}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; *Behavior, Animal ; Biodiversity ; *Birds ; Breeding ; }, abstract = {Despite the importance of behaviour in conservation biology, there have been few studies that address behaviour in areas such as invasion ecology. There is an urgent need to identify specific traits that facilitate the establishment and spread of alien species to prevent biological invasions and their impact on biodiversity. Changes in antipredatory behaviour in captivity have been proposed to explain the higher invasiveness of wild-caught exotic species. We experimentally tested this hypothesis by assessing the response of wild-caught and captive-bred cage birds facing an approaching predator and their ability to escape from human capture, using species available in the Spanish pet market. Results showed the loss of antipredatory responses and escape abilities in captive-bred birds compared with wild-caught ones. An intraspecific comparison between wild-caught and the first generation of captive-bred birds pointed to a rapid behavioural loss in captivity (individual lifetime) rather than to differences among species (evolutionary exposure). In the context of current avian invasions, the proportion of individuals showing antipredatory responses within a species was positively related to the likelihood of the species being found escaped and breeding in the wild. These results offer a link between behaviour, fitness, and the invasion syndrome in birds.}, }
@article {pmid26666129, year = {2015}, author = {Sousa, MM and Lopes, SI and da Costa, RS and Novaes, JL}, title = {Population structure and reproductive period of two introduced fish species in a Brazilian semiarid region reservoir.}, journal = {Revista de biologia tropical}, volume = {63}, number = {3}, pages = {727-739}, doi = {10.15517/rbt.v63i3.15669}, pmid = {26666129}, issn = {0034-7744}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Perciformes/classification/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction/*physiology ; Seasons ; Sex Ratio ; Sexual Maturation/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The Amazonian fish species Plagioscion squamosissimus (Sciaenidae) and Cichla monoculus Cichlidae), have been widely introduced into different reservoirs in Brazil, and have caused many negative mpacts on local fish fauna. The aim of this study was to evaluate the population structure (abundance, length structure, length-weight relationship, sex ratio, and length at first maturity) and the reprodutive period of these wo species in the Santa Cruz Reservoir (built in 2002), located in the Brazilian semiarid region, for their adequate management and local species conservation policies. Specimens were collected quarterly in eight sites from February 2010 to November 2013 using gillnets (12 to 70 mm mesh between adjacent knots). The specimens captured were counted and the following biometric and biological data were analysed: standard length, total weight, and reproductive data, such as, sex, weight and gonadal maturity stage. The species abundances were estimated by CPUE and expressed as the number of individuals per gill net area x gill net exposition time (m2 x h); length frequency histograms were built with intervals of 5 cm. The length-weight parameters were estimated with a linear regression after a logarithmic transformation of the data. With the reproductive data we estimated sex ratio, reproduction period and length at first maturity (L50). We captured a total of 1,071 specimens of P. squamosissimus and 156 specimens of C. monoculus. Both species showed higher abundances in 2010, 0.004306 m2 x h and 0.00022 m2 x h, respectively, but this parameter decreased from 2010 to 2013. Standard length ranged between 6.4 and 46.2 cm for P. squamosissimus (20.025.0 cm was the most frequent class), and 7.0 and 38.7 cm for C. monocidus (10.0-15.0 cm was the most frequent class). The length-weight relationships were described by the following equations: log10Wt = -1.8349+3.0899log10Lp and R2= 0.9795 for P. squamosissimus, and log10 Wt = -1.7944+3.0885log10Lp and Wt = 0.0160 and R2 = 0.9929 for C. monoculus; both species exhibited positive allometric growth. The sex ratio for both species differed from 1:1, with a predominance of females for P. squamosissimus and males for C. monoculus. The Lp50 was estimated to be 15.90 cm for P. squamosissimus and 15.65 cm for C. monoculus, and the reproductive data indicated that both species reproduced throughout the year. We concluded that although the population of both species reduced their abundance over the study period, P. squamosissimus and C. monoculus are established and structured populations in the Santa Cruz Reservoir with individuals growing satisfactorily and reproducing in all seasons, without a well-defined reproductive peak. We suggest that the managers may allow the artisanal and/or sport fisheries of these species.}, }
@article {pmid26663040, year = {2016}, author = {Werblow, A and Flechl, E and Klimpel, S and Zittra, C and Lebl, K and Kieser, K and Laciny, A and Silbermayr, K and Melaun, C and Fuehrer, HP}, title = {Direct PCR of indigenous and invasive mosquito species: a time- and cost-effective technique of mosquito barcoding.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {8-13}, pmid = {26663040}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {Animals ; Culicidae/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Female ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Specimen Handling ; }, abstract = {Millions of people die each year as a result of pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes. However, the morphological identification of mosquito species can be difficult even for experts. The identification of morphologically indistinguishable species, such as members of the Anopheles maculipennis complex (Diptera: Culicidae), and possible hybrids, such as Culex pipiens pipiens/Culex pipiens molestus (Diptera: Culicidae), presents a major problem. In addition, the detection and discrimination of newly introduced species can be challenging, particularly to researchers without previous experience. Because of their medical importance, the clear identification of all relevant mosquito species is essential. Using the direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method described here, DNA amplification without prior DNA extraction is possible and thus species identification after sequencing can be achieved. Different amounts of tissue (leg, head; larvae or adult) as well as different storage conditions (dry, ethanol, -20 and -80 °C) and storage times were successfully applied and showed positive results after amplification and gel electrophoresis. Overall, 28 different indigenous and non-indigenous mosquito species were analysed using a gene fragment of the COX1 gene for species differentiation and identification by sequencing this 658-bp fragment. Compared with standard PCR, this method is time- and cost-effective and could thus improve existing surveillance and control programmes.}, }
@article {pmid26661450, year = {2016}, author = {Seburanga, JL and Bizuru, E and Mwavu, EN and Kampungu, KG and Gatesire, T and Kaplin, BA}, title = {A New Method for Post-introduction Risk Assessment of Biological Invasions Among Introduced Shrubs in Developing Countries.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {57}, number = {3}, pages = {572-584}, pmid = {26661450}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Developing Countries ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Plants ; *Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Risk-assessment methods are useful in collecting data that can help decision making to prevent the introduction of new species that have the potential of invading as well as in management of established taxa. Not only the complexity and unaffordability of available pre-introduction risk-assessment models make them rarely or inconsistently applied in the least-developed countries, but also there is lack of tools to assess the status of already introduced plant species. In this study, an affordable and rapid method of assessment of invasiveness among introduced plant species was developed and tested in Rwanda. This method defines three invasion stages (potential, effective, and suppressive invaders) and four levels of risk assessment: post-introduction assessment of species inherent invasive potential (Level 1), post-establishment assessment of species capacity of regeneration (Level 2), post-naturalization assessment of species range of occurrence and ability for long-distance dispersal (Level 3), and post-naturalization assessment of species ability to outcompete other plants in the community and transform the landscape (Level 4). A review of invasive species in Rwanda was developed through desk review, examination of herbarium records, and vegetation surveys. This method should be applicable in other countries that lack the means for a more conventional scientific investigation or under any circumstance where a quick and inexpensive assessment is needed. The method could be useful to environmental managers for timely intervention with strategies specific to different stages of invasion (post-introduction, post-establishment, or post-naturalization) and allocate resources accordingly.}, }
@article {pmid26659045, year = {2015}, author = {Florens, FB}, title = {Flying foxes face cull despite evidence.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {350}, number = {6266}, pages = {1325-1326}, doi = {10.1126/science.350.6266.1325-a}, pmid = {26659045}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Chiroptera ; *Crop Production ; *Endangered Species ; *Extinction, Biological ; Fruit ; Introduced Species ; Mauritius ; }, }
@article {pmid26657561, year = {2015}, author = {Miglietta, MP and Odegard, D and Faure, B and Faucci, A}, title = {Barcoding Techniques Help Tracking the Evolutionary History of the Introduced Species Pennaria disticha (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {e0144762}, pmid = {26657561}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Hawaii ; Hydrozoa/classification/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Pacific Ocean ; Panama ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The Christmas tree hydroid Pennaria disticha is listed as one of the most common introduced species in Hawaii. Firstly reported in Kaneohe Bay (Oahu) in 1928, it is now established throughout the entire archipelago, including the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, a U.S. National Monument and World Heritage site. The Hawaiian population of P. disticha has also been reported as being the source of further introductions to Palmyra Atoll in the U.S. Line Islands. Using a phylogenetic hypothesis based on a 611 base pair fragment of the mitochondrial 16S barcoding gene, we demonstrate that P. disticha is a complex of cryptic species, rather than one species with cosmopolitan distribution. We also show that in Hawaii there are three species of Pennaria, rather than one introduced species. Two of these species share haplotypes with specimens from distant locations such as Florida and Panama and may have been introduced, possibly from the Atlantic Ocean. A third species could either represent a lineage with nearly cosmopolitan distribution, or another introduced species. Our dataset refutes the widely accepted idea that only one lineage of P. disticha is present in Hawaii. On the contrary, P. disticha in Hawaii may be the outcome of multiple independent introductions of several morphologically undistinguishable cryptic lineages. Our results uncover an unsuspected complexity within the very common hydroid P. disticha, and highlight the need for routine use of molecular tools, such as DNA barcoding, to improve the identification and recognition of non-indigenous species.}, }
@article {pmid26655776, year = {2015}, author = {Usinowicz, J}, title = {Limited Dispersal Drives Clustering and Reduces Coexistence by the Storage Effect.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {186}, number = {5}, pages = {634-648}, doi = {10.1086/683202}, pmid = {26655776}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Desert Climate ; Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; *Plant Dispersal ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Time Factors ; Trees/*physiology ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Temporal variation can facilitate the coexistence of competitors through the temporal storage effect. However, this theoretical result was derived with the assumption that species have high dispersal rates. Here, I show that limited dispersal diminishes the storage effect in the classical lottery model. Populations become highly clustered during invasion, and population growth rates and extinction probabilities are functions of cluster size. I adopt the term "nucleation" from the physics literature to describe these characteristics. I developed approximations that incorporated nucleation to capture the spatiotemporal dynamics of the simulated model. Using analytical results from these approximations, I show that limited dispersal dampens asynchronous fluctuations in reproduction between species. This makes species appear to be more similar in their growth rate responses to the environment, thus reducing the potential for the storage effect. Theoretical results lead to simple rules relating average dispersal distances to relative reductions in potential coexistence. To demonstrate their use, I perform a preliminary analysis of two plant communities: tropical trees and desert annuals. In both communities, small-seeded species that disperse short distances on average have the strongest reductions in potential coexistence; species with wind- or animal-driven dispersal disperse farther distances, on average, and experience moderate or small reductions.}, }
@article {pmid26655569, year = {2015}, author = {Aschehoug, ET and Callaway, RM}, title = {Diversity Increases Indirect Interactions, Attenuates the Intensity of Competition, and Promotes Coexistence.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {186}, number = {4}, pages = {452-459}, doi = {10.1086/682901}, pmid = {26655569}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Centaurea ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {A fundamental assumption of coexistence theory is that competition inevitably decreases species diversity. Consequently, in the quest to understand the ecological regulators of diversity, there has been a great deal of focus on processes with the potential to reduce competitive exclusion. However, the notion that competition must decrease diversity is largely based on the outcome of two-species interaction experiments and models, despite the fact that species rarely interact only in pairs in natural systems. In a field experiment, we found that competition among native perennial plants in multispecies assemblages was far weaker than competition between those same species in pairwise arrangements and that indirect interactions appeared to weaken direct competitive effects. These results suggest that community assembly theory based on pairwise approaches may overestimate the strength of competition and likelihood of competitive exclusion in species-rich communities. We also found that Centaurea stoebe, a North American invader, retained strong competitive effects when competing against North American natives in both pairwise and multispecies assemblages. Our experimental results support an emerging body of theory suggesting that complex networks of competing species may generate strong indirect interactions that can maintain diversity and that ecological differentiation may not be necessary to attenuate competition.}, }
@article {pmid26655568, year = {2015}, author = {Burns, KC}, title = {A Theory of Island Biogeography for Exotic Species.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {186}, number = {4}, pages = {441-451}, doi = {10.1086/682934}, pmid = {26655568}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Extinction, Biological ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Islands ; Models, Theoretical ; New Zealand ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {The theory of island biogeography has played a pivotal role in the way ecologists view communities. However, it does not account for exotic species explicitly, which limits its use as a conservation tool. Here, I present the results of a long-term study of plant communities inhabiting an archipelago of small islands off the coast of New Zealand and derive a modified version of the theory of island biogeography to predict differences in the turnover and diversity of native and exotic species. Empirical results showed that, although species richness of both native and exotic plant species increased with island area, native species consistently outnumbered exotic species. Species turnover increased with species richness in both groups. However, opposite to species-area patterns, turnover increased more rapidly with species richness in exotic species. Empirical results were consistent with the modified version of the theory of island biogeography, which distinguishes exotic species from native species by decoupling extinction rates of exotic species from island area, because they are represented by only small populations at the initial stages of invasion. Overall results illustrate how the theory of island biogeography can be modified to reflect the dynamics of exotic species as they invade archipelagos, expanding its use as a conservation tool.}, }
@article {pmid26655381, year = {2016}, author = {Luo, Y and Yuan, Y and Wang, R and Liu, J and Du, N and Guo, W}, title = {Functional traits contributed to the superior performance of the exotic species Robinia pseudoacacia: a comparison with the native tree Sophora japonica.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {345-355}, pmid = {26655381}, issn = {1758-4469}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; Linear Models ; Principal Component Analysis ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Robinia/*physiology/radiation effects ; Sophora/*physiology/radiation effects ; Species Specificity ; Trees/*physiology/radiation effects ; }, abstract = {Functional traits determine the ecological strategies of plants and therefore are widely considered to feature in the success of invasive species. By comparing a widespread exotic invasive species Robinia pseudoacacia L. with a related native one Sophora japonica L., this research aimed to study strategies of R. pseudoacacia for superior performance from the perspective of functional traits. We conducted a greenhouse experiment in which seedlings of R. pseudoacacia and S. japonica were grown separately under a factorial combination of two light regimes and three levels of nitrogen (N) fertilization, including a control and two levels intended to represent ambient and future levels of N deposition in Chinese forests. After 90 days of treatment, performance and functional traits were determined for the two species, the former referred to as the total biomass (TB) that directly affected fitness. Trait plasticity and integration (the pattern and extent of functional covariance among different plant traits) were analyzed and compared. We found that the two species showed significantly different plastic responses to light increase: in the low-light regime, they were similar in performance and functional traits, while in the high-light regime, R. pseudoacacia achieved a significantly higher TB and a suite of divergent but advantageous functional traits versus S. japonica, such as significantly greater photosynthetic capacity and leaf N concentration, and lower carbon-to-N ratio and root-to-shoot ratio, which conferred it the greater performance. Moreover, across the light gradient, R. pseudoacacia showed higher correlations between photosynthetic capacity and other functional traits than S. japonica. In contrast, N deposition showed little impact on our experiment. Our results suggested that across light regimes, three aspects of functional traits contributed to the superior performance of R. pseudoacacia: functional trait divergence, significantly different plasticity of these traits, as well as greater overall trait coordination.}, }
@article {pmid26655155, year = {2015}, author = {Faulks, L and Svanbäck, R and Ragnarsson-Stabo, H and Eklöv, P and Östman, &#xd6;}, title = {Intraspecific Niche Variation Drives Abundance-Occupancy Relationships in Freshwater Fish Communities.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {186}, number = {2}, pages = {272-283}, doi = {10.1086/682004}, pmid = {26655155}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; *Diet ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; Genetic Variation ; Lakes ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Sweden ; }, abstract = {A positive relationship between occupancy and average local abundance of species is found in a variety of taxa, yet the mechanisms driving this association between abundance and occupancy are still enigmatic. Here we show that freshwater fishes exhibit a positive abundance-occupancy relationship across 125 Swedish lakes. For a subset of 9 species from 11 lakes, we estimated species-specific diet breadth from stable isotopes, within-lake habitat breadth from catch data for littoral and pelagic nets, adaptive potential from genetic diversity, abiotic niche position, and dispersal capacity. Average local abundance was mainly positively associated with both within-lake habitat and diet breadth, that is, species with larger intraspecific variation in niche space had higher abundances. No measure was a good predictor of occupancy, indicating that occupancy may be more directly related to abundance or abiotic conditions than to niche breadth per se. This study suggests a link between intraspecific niche variation and a positive abundance-occupancy relationship and implies that management of freshwater fish communities, whether to conserve threatened or control invasive species, should initially be aimed at niche processes.}, }
@article {pmid26655094, year = {2016}, author = {Corcuera, P and Valverde, PL and Jiménez, ML and Ponce-Mendoza, A and De la Rosa, G and Nieto, G}, title = {Ground Spider Guilds and Functional Diversity in Native Pine Woodlands and Eucalyptus Plantations.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {292-300}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv181}, pmid = {26655094}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Eucalyptus/growth &amp; development ; *Forests ; Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Pinus/growth &amp; development ; Spiders/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Vegetation structure and floristics have a strong influence on the relative abundance of spider guilds and functional diversity of terrestrial arthropods. Human activities have transformed much of the temperate woodlands. The aim of this study was to test five predictions related to the guild distribution and functional diversity of the ground spider communities of Eucalyptus plantations and native pine woodlands in western Mexico. Spiders were collected every fortnight from September to November from 15 pitfalls positioned in each of the eight sites. We also assessed the cover of grasses, herbs, shrubs, and leaf litter in each site. We found that the abundances of ground hunters and sheet weavers between plantations and pine woodlands were different. Nevertheless, there was not a consistent difference between sites of each of the vegetation types. Most species of ground hunters, sheet web weavers, and many other hunters were associated with litter and the grass cover. Nonetheless, in some cases, species of different families belonging to the same guild responded to different variables. Wolf spiders were related to the grass Aristida stricta Micheaux, 1803, while the species of the other families of ground hunters were associated with leaf litter. One Eucalyptus plantation and one pine woodland had the highest functional diversity of all sites. These sites have a well developed litter and grass cover. Our study suggests that the abundance of litter and a high cover of grasses explain the occurrence of species with different traits, and these habitat components results in a high functional diversity.}, }
@article {pmid26650121, year = {2015}, author = {Makino, TT and Yokoyama, J}, title = {Nonrandom Composition of Flower Colors in a Plant Community: Mutually Different Co-Flowering Natives and Disturbance by Aliens.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {e0143443}, pmid = {26650121}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; *Color ; *Flowers ; Introduced Species ; Lepidoptera ; Plants ; *Pollination ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {When pollinators use flower color to locate food sources, a distinct color can serve as a reproductive barrier against co-flowering species. This anti-interference function of flower color may result in a community assembly of plant species displaying mutually different flower colors. However, such color dispersion is not ubiquitous, suggesting a variable selection across communities and existence of some opposing factors. We conducted a 30-week study in a plant community and measured the floral reflectances of 244 species. The reflectances were evaluated in insect color spaces (bees, swallowtails, and flies), and the dispersion was compared with random expectations. We found that co-existing colors were overdispersed for each analyzed pollinator type, and this overdispersion was statistically significant for bees. Furthermore, we showed that exclusion of 32 aliens from the analysis significantly increased the color dispersion of native flowers in every color space. This result indicated that aliens disturbed a native plant-pollinator network via similarly colored flowers. Our results demonstrate the masking effects of aliens in the detection of color dispersion of native flowers and that variations in pollinator vision yield different outcomes. Our results also support the hypothesis that co-flowering species are one of the drivers of color diversification and affect the community assembly.}, }
@article {pmid26650073, year = {2015}, author = {Minor, RL and Koprowski, JL}, title = {Seed Removal Increased by Scramble Competition with an Invasive Species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {e0143927}, pmid = {26650073}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; *Diet ; Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; *Sciuridae ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Competition for seeds has a major influence on the evolution of granivores and the plants on which they rely. The complexity of interactions and coevolutionary relationships vary across forest types. The introduction of non-native granivores has considerable potential to alter seed dispersal dynamics. Non-native species are a major cause of endangerment for native species, but the mechanisms are often unclear. As biological invasions continue to rise, it is important to understand mechanisms to build up strategies to mitigate the threat. Our field experiment quantified the impact of introduced Abert's squirrels (Sciurus aberti) on rates of seed removal within the range of critically endangered Mount Graham red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis), which consumes similar foods. In the presence of invasive Abert's squirrels, the time cones were removed was faster than when the invasive was excluded, accounting for a median removal time of cones available to red and Abert's squirrels that is 32.8% less than that of cones available only to the rare native red squirrels. Moreover, in the presence of Abert's squirrels, removal rates are higher at great distance from a territorial red squirrel larderhoard and in more open portions of the forest, which suggests differential patterns of seed dispersal. The impact on food availability as a result of cone removal by Abert's squirrels suggests the potential of food competition as a mechanism of endangerment for the Mount Graham red squirrel. Furthermore, the magnitude and differential spatial patterns of seed removal suggest that non-native granivores may have impacts on forest regeneration and structure.}, }
@article {pmid26649392, year = {2015}, author = {Brown, MB and Schlacher, TA and Schoeman, DS and Weston, MA and Huijbers, CM and Olds, AD and Connolly, RM}, title = {Invasive carnivores alter ecological function and enhance complementarity in scavenger assemblages on ocean beaches.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {10}, pages = {2715-2725}, doi = {10.1890/15-0027.1}, pmid = {26649392}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Birds/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Foxes ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Rats ; Swine ; }, abstract = {Species composition is expected to alter ecological function in assemblages if species traits differ strongly. Such effects are often large and persistent for nonnative carnivores invading islands. Alternatively, high similarity in traits within assemblages creates a degree of functional redundancy in ecosystems. Here we tested whether species turnover results in functional ecological equivalence or complementarity, and whether invasive carnivores on islands significantly alter such ecological function. The model system consisted of vertebrate scavengers (dominated by raptors) foraging on animal carcasses on ocean beaches on two Australian islands, one with and one without invasive red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Partitioning of scavenging events among species, carcass removal rates, and detection speeds were quantified using camera traps baited with fish carcasses at the dune-beach interface. Complete segregation of temporal foraging niches between mammals (nocturnal) and birds (diurnal) reflects complementarity in carrion utilization. Conversely, functional redundancy exists within the bird guild where several species of raptors dominate carrion removal in a broadly similar way. As predicted, effects of red foxes were large. They substantially changed the nature and rate of the scavenging process in the system: (1) foxes consumed over half (55%) of all carrion available at night, compared with negligible mammalian foraging at night on the fox-free island, and (2) significant shifts in the composition of the scavenger assemblages consuming beach-cast carrion are the consequence of fox invasion at one island. Arguably, in the absence of other mammalian apex predators, the addition of red foxes creates a new dimension of functional complementarity in beach food webs. However, this functional complementarity added by foxes is neither benign nor neutral, as marine carrion subsidies to coastal red fox populations are likely to facilitate their persistence as exotic carnivores.}, }
@article {pmid26649386, year = {2015}, author = {Mordecai, EA and Molinari, NA and Stahlheber, KA and Gross, K and D'Antonio, C}, title = {Controls over native perennial grass exclusion and persistence in California grasslands invaded by annuals.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {10}, pages = {2643-2652}, doi = {10.1890/14-2023.1}, pmid = {26649386}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {California ; Computer Simulation ; *Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Despite obvious impacts of nonnative species in many ecosystems, the long-term outcome of competition between native and exotic species often remains unclear. Demographic models can resolve the outcome of competition between native and exotic species and provide insight into conditions favoring exclusion vs. coexistence. California grasslands are one of the most heavily invaded ecosystems in North America. Although California native perennial bunchgrasses are thought to be restricted to a fraction of their original abundance, the eventual outcome of competition with invasive European annual grasses at a local scale (competitive exclusion, stable persistence, or priority effects) remains unresolved. Here, we used a two-species discrete time population growth model to predict the outcome of competition between exotic annual and native perennial grasses in California, and to determine the demographic traits responsible for the outcome. The model is parameterized with empirical data from several field experiments. We found that, once introduced, annual grasses persist stably with little uncertainty. Although perennial grasses are competitively excluded on average, the most likely range of model predictions also includes stable coexistence with annual grasses. As for many other perennial plants, native bunchgrass population growth is highly sensitive to the survival of adults. Management interventions that improve perennial adult survival are likely to be more effective than those that reduce exotic annual seed production or establishment, reduce competition, or increase perennial seedling establishment. Further empirical data on summer survival of bunchgrass adults and competitive effects of annuals on perennials would most improve model predictions because they contribute most to the uncertainty in the predicted outcome for the perennial grass. This work demonstrates how demographic approaches can clarify the outcome of competition between native and exotic species, identify key targets for future empirical work, and predict the effectiveness of management interventions. Such studies are critical both for understanding the impacts of invasion and for targeting management responses that maximize the benefit to native species.}, }
@article {pmid26649383, year = {2015}, author = {Guo, Q and Fei, S and Dukes, JS and Oswalt, CM and Iannone, BV and Potter, KM}, title = {A unified approach for quantifying invasibility and degree of invasion.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {10}, pages = {2613-2621}, doi = {10.1890/14-2172.1}, pmid = {26649383}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Forests ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Plants/*classification/genetics ; Population Density ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Habitat invasibility is a central focus of invasion biology, with implications for basic ecological patterns and processes and for effective invasion management. "Invasibility" is, however, one of the most elusive metrics and misused terms in ecology. Empirical studies and meta-analyses of invasibility have produced inconsistent and even conflicting results. This lack of consistency, and subsequent difficulty in making broad cross-habitat comparisons, stem in part from (1) the indiscriminant use of a closely related, but fundamentally different concept, that of degree of invasion (DI) or level of invasion; and (2) the lack of common invasibility metrics, as illustrated by our review of all invasibility-related papers published in 2013. To facilitate both cross-habitat comparison and more robust ecological generalizations, we clarify the definitions of invasibility and DI, and for the first time propose a common metric for quantifying invasibility based on a habitat's resource availability as inferred from relative resident species richness and biomass. We demonstrate the feasibility of our metric using empirical data collected from 2475 plots from three forest ecosystems in the eastern United States. We also propose a similar metric for DI. Our unified, resource-based metrics are scaled from 0 to 1, facilitating cross-habitat comparisons. Our proposed metrics clearly distinguish invasibility and DI from each other, which will help to (1) advance invasion ecology by allowing more robust testing of generalizations and (2) facilitate more effective invasive species control and management.}, }
@article {pmid26649382, year = {2015}, author = {Lemoine, NP and Shue, J and Verrico, B and Erickson, D and Kress, WJ and Parker, JD}, title = {Phylogenetic relatedness and leaf functional traits, not introduced status, influence community assembly.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {10}, pages = {2605-2612}, doi = {10.1890/14-1883.1}, pmid = {26649382}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Forests ; *Introduced Species ; *Phylogeny ; Plant Leaves/*physiology ; Plants/*classification/*genetics ; Population Density ; Seeds ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Considerable debate focuses on whether invasive species establish and become abundant by being functionally and phylogenetically distinct from native species, leading to a host of invasion-specific hypotheses of community assembly. Few studies, however, have quantitatively assessed whether similar patterns of phylogenetic and functional similarity explain local abundance of both native and introduced species, which would suggest similar assembly mechanisms regardless of origin. Using a chronosequence of invaded temperate forest stands, we tested whether the occurrence and abundance of both introduced and native species were predicted by phylogenetic relatedness, functional overlap, and key environmental characteristics including forest age. Environmental filtering against functionally and phylogenetically distinct species strongly dictated the occurrence and abundance of both introduced and native species, with slight modifications of these patterns according to forest age. Thus, once functional and evolutionary novelty were quantified, introduced status provided little information about species' presence or abundance, indicating largely similar sorting mechanisms for both native and introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid26647288, year = {2016}, author = {McFarland, K and Jean, F and Thébault, J and Volety, AK}, title = {Potential impacts of blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis on the growth, survival and juvenile recruitment of the non-native green mussel Perna viridis in southeastern United States.}, journal = {Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology}, volume = {109}, number = {}, pages = {94-102}, doi = {10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.11.017}, pmid = {26647288}, issn = {1879-3150}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*growth &amp; development ; Dinoflagellida/*growth &amp; development ; *Eutrophication ; Southeastern United States ; }, abstract = {Red tide blooms formed by Karenia brevis are frequent along the Gulf coast of Florida and it is unclear what tolerance the green mussel Perna viridis, a recently introduced species to coastal waters, has toward these events. Established populations of P. viridis were monitored along the coastal waters of Estero Bay, Florida before, during and following two consecutive red tide blooms to assess the potential effects on growth, survival and juvenile recruitment. Upon onset of the bloom, growth rates fell from 6 to 10 mm month(-1) (March 2011-November 2011) to less than 3 mm month(-1). In the succeeding years, K. brevis blooms were present, and average growth of individually tagged mussels remained below 3 mm month(-1). During growth monitoring the use of calcein as an internal marker was tested with positive staining results and no observed effect on growth or survival. In March 2012, following the first red tide bloom, a population-wide mortality event was observed. Following this event, increased mortality rates were observed with peaks during onset of the bloom in the fall of 2012 and 2013. Juvenile recruitment was also limited during years in which blooms persisted into the spring spawning period suggesting gamete and/or larval sensitivity to K. brevis. Although it cannot be conclusively determined that the cause of reduced growth and survival is due to red tide events, the parallels observed suggest that K. brevis is a factor in the observed changes in population structure.}, }
@article {pmid26644985, year = {2015}, author = {Lefort, MC and Boyer, S and Vereijssen, J and Sprague, R and Glare, TR and Worner, SP}, title = {Preference of a native beetle for "exoticism," characteristics that contribute to invasive success of Costelytra zealandica (Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e1454}, pmid = {26644985}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Widespread replacement of native ecosystems by productive land sometimes results in the outbreak of a native species. In New Zealand, the introduction of exotic pastoral plants has resulted in diet alteration of the native coleopteran species, Costelytra zealandica (White) (Scarabaeidae) such that this insect has reached the status of pest. In contrast, C. brunneum (Broun), a congeneric species, has not developed such a relationship with these 'novel' host plants. This study investigated the feeding preferences and fitness performance of these two closely related scarab beetles to increase fundamental knowledge about the mechanisms responsible for the development of invasive characteristics in native insects. To this end, the feeding preference of third instar larvae of both Costelytra species was investigated using an olfactometer device, and the survival and larval growth of the invasive species C. zealandica were compared on native and exotic host plants. Costelytra zealandica, when sampled from exotic pastures, was unable to fully utilise its ancestral native host and showed higher feeding preference and performance on exotic plants. In contrast, C. zealandica sampled from native grasslands did not perform significantly better on either host and showed similar feeding preferences to C. brunneum, which exhibited no feeding preference. This study suggests the possibility of strong intraspecific variation in the ability of C. zealandica to exploit native or exotic plants, supporting the hypothesis that such ability underpins the existence of distinct host-races in this species.}, }
@article {pmid26641658, year = {2016}, author = {Gerig, BS and Chaloner, DT and Janetski, DJ and Rediske, RR and O'Keefe, JP and Moerke, AH and Lamberti, GA}, title = {Congener Patterns of Persistent Organic Pollutants Establish the Extent of Contaminant Biotransport by Pacific Salmon in the Great Lakes.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, pages = {554-563}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b05091}, pmid = {26641658}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Fishes/*metabolism ; Great Lakes Region ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/*metabolism ; Rivers ; Salmon/metabolism ; Trout/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {In the Great Lakes, introduced Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) can transport persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), to new environments during their spawning migrations. To explore the nature and extent of POP biotransport by salmon, we compared 58 PCB and 6 PBDE congeners found in spawning salmon directly to those in resident stream fish. We hypothesized that stream fish exposed to salmon spawners would have congener patterns similar to those of salmon, the presumed contaminant source. Using permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), we found that POP congener patterns of Pacific salmon varied among regions in the Great Lakes basin (i.e., Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, or Lake Superior), tissue type (whole fish or eggs), and contaminant type (PCB or PBDE). For stream-resident fish, POP congener pattern was influenced by the presence of salmon, location (i.e., Great Lakes Basin), and species identity (i.e., brook trout [Salvelinus fontinalis] or mottled sculpin [Cottus bairdii]). Similarity in congener patterns indicated that salmon are a source of POPs to brook trout in stream reaches receiving salmon spawners from Lake Michigan and Lake Huron but not from Lake Superior. Congener patterns of mottled sculpin differed from those of brook trout and salmon, suggesting that brook trout and mottled sculpin either use salmon tissue to differing degrees, acquire POPs from different dietary sources, or bioaccumulate or metabolize POPs differently. Overall, our analyses identified the important role of salmon in contaminant biotransport but also demonstrated that the extent of salmon-mediated POP transfer and uptake in Great Lakes tributaries is location- and species-specific.}, }
@article {pmid26640684, year = {2015}, author = {Bruce, MR and Saunders, GW}, title = {Population genetic analyses are consistent with the introduction of Ceramium secundatum (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta) to Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {21}, pages = {5088-5095}, pmid = {26640684}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {During ongoing DNA barcode (COI-5P) surveys of the macroalgal flora along the northwest Atlantic coast, we discovered a population of Ceramium secundatum in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA. This species is regarded as common and widespread in the northeast Atlantic, ranging from Norway to Morocco, but until now has not been reported from the western Atlantic. Several lines of evidence suggest that C. secundatum may be introduced to Narragansett Bay: (1) despite extensive collecting, specimens have only been obtained from a limited geographic range in the northwest Atlantic; (2) three other nonindigenous seaweed species are reportedly introduced in this region, which is thought to be a consequence of shipping; and (3) this species is introduced to South Africa and New Zealand. To investigate this suspected introduction, we applied population genetic analyses (using the cox2-3 spacer) to compare the Narragansett Bay C. secundatum population to native populations in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom. Collectively, analyses of biogeographical and molecular data indicate that C. secundatum is likely introduced to Narragansett Bay. The implications of this discovery are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid26639990, year = {2016}, author = {Uliano-Silva, M and Americo, JA and Costa, I and Schomaker-Bastos, A and de Freitas Rebelo, M and Prosdocimi, F}, title = {The complete mitochondrial genome of the golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei and comparative mitogenomics of Mytilidae.}, journal = {Gene}, volume = {577}, number = {2}, pages = {202-208}, doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2015.11.043}, pmid = {26639990}, issn = {1879-0038}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mytilidae/classification/*genetics ; *Phylogeny ; Pseudogenes ; RNA, Transfer/genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; }, abstract = {Here we describe the mitochondrial genome of the golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei, an Asian bivalve which has become one of the most aggressive invasive species in Japan and South America. The mitochondrial genome of L. fortunei does not present conserved gene arrangement when compared to the other Mytilidae species suggesting a high degree of gene recombination in the mitochondria of this clade. In addition, the golden mussel mitogenome encodes two copies of tRNA(Lys) and presents a putative pseudogene for the atp8 gene sequence that encodes a 27 amino acid peptide containing an in-frame stop codon. The presence of this pseudogene raises the question as to whether atp8 is encoded in some bivalve mitochondrial genomes or not. The phylogenetic analysis of all complete mitochondrial genomes available from Mytilidae mussels confirmed the close evolutionary relationships among bivalves from the genus Mytilys and placed L. fortunei coming from a more ancestral branch on the family. The supermatrix phylogeny described used the concatenation of all 12 genes from the mitochondria and disputed the monophyly of the genus Perna, as Perna perna was shown to be more closely related to Brachidontes exustus than to Perna viridis. The comparative analysis of mitogenome synteny also confirmed the polyphyly of the genus Perna. The complete and annotated mitogenome has been published in GenBank under the accession number KP756905.}, }
@article {pmid26638139, year = {2016}, author = {Barekati-Goudarzi, M and Boldor, D and Nde, DB}, title = {In-situ transesterification of seeds of invasive Chinese tallow trees (Triadica sebifera L.) in a microwave batch system (GREEN(3)) using hexane as co-solvent: Biodiesel production and process optimization.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {201}, number = {}, pages = {97-104}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2015.11.028}, pmid = {26638139}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Biofuels ; Catalysis ; Esterification ; Hexanes/*chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Methyl Ethers/*chemistry ; Microwaves ; Sapium/*chemistry ; Seeds/*chemistry ; Solvents/chemistry ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {In-situ transesterification (simultaneous extraction and transesterification) of Chinese tallow tree seeds into methyl esters using a batch microwave system was investigated in this study. A high degree of oil extraction and efficient conversion of oil to biodiesel were found in the proposed range. The process was further optimized in terms of product yields and conversion rates using Doehlert optimization methodology. Based on the experimental results and statistical analysis, the optimal production yield conditions for this process were determined as: catalyst concentration of 1.74wt.%, solvent ratio about 3 (v/w), reaction time of 20min and temperature of 58.1°C. H(+)NMR was used to calculate reaction conversion. All methyl esters produced using this method met ASTM biodiesel quality specifications.}, }
@article {pmid26635094, year = {2016}, author = {Özyurt, G and Gökdoğan, S and Şimşek, A and Yuvka, I and Ergüven, M and Kuley Boga, E}, title = {Fatty acid composition and biogenic amines in acidified and fermented fish silage: a comparison study.}, journal = {Archives of animal nutrition}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, pages = {72-86}, doi = {10.1080/1745039X.2015.1117696}, pmid = {26635094}, issn = {1477-2817}, mesh = {Animals ; Biogenic Amines/*analysis ; Fatty Acids/*analysis ; *Fermentation ; Formates/chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Introduced Species ; Lactobacillus plantarum/metabolism ; *Nutritive Value ; *Perciformes ; Silage/*analysis/microbiology ; Streptococcus thermophilus/metabolism ; Sulfuric Acids/chemistry ; }, abstract = {In the presented study, ensiling of discard fish by acidification or fermentation was evaluated. Klunzinger's ponyfish which is a discard fish was used for the production of fish silage by acidification (3% formic acid for Method FA; 1.5% formic and 1.5% sulphuric acid for Method FASA) and fermentation (Lactobacillus plantarum for Method LP and Streptococcus thermophilus for Method ST). The chemical, microbiological and nutritional properties of the differently preserved fish silages were estimated during a storage period of 60 d at ambient temperature. Compared to the raw material, a slight increase in saturated fatty acids and a slight decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed in all silages. At the end of the storage period, the aerobic bacteria counts after applying Methods FA, FASA, LP and ST amounted to 2.35, 2.39, 5.77 and 5.43 log cfu/g, respectively. The analysis of thiobarbituric acid revealed that acidification of silages accelerated the lipid oxidation. Nine biogenic amines were found in raw fish and different silages. The initial histamine concentration in raw fish was 0.17 mg/100 g and in all silages it remained at low levels during the storage period. The initial tyramine content was found to be 1.56 mg/100 g in raw fish and increased significantly in all silages. The increase of the tyramine content in fermented silages was considerably higher than in acidified silages (23-48 mg/100 g and 5-10 mg/100 g, respectively). It can be concluded that acidified or fermented fish silage should be considered as potential feed component for animals because of its high nutritional value and appropriate microbiological and chemical quality.}, }
@article {pmid26634827, year = {2015}, author = {Koch, K and Algar, D and Searle, JB and Pfenninger, M and Schwenk, K}, title = {A voyage to Terra Australis: human-mediated dispersal of cats.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {262}, pmid = {26634827}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Cats/classification/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cats have been transported as human commensals worldwide giving rise to many feral populations. In Australia, feral cats have caused decline and extinction of native mammals, but their time of introduction and origin is unclear. Here, we investigate hypotheses of cat arrival pre- or post-European settlement, and the potential for admixture between cats of different invasion events. We analyse the genetic structure and diversity of feral cats from six locations on mainland Australia, seven Australian islands and samples from Southeast Asia and Europe using microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA data.<br><br>RESULTS: Our results based on phylogeographic model selection are consistent with a European origin of cats in Australia. We find genetic distinctiveness of Australian mainland samples compared with Dirk Hartog Island, Flinders Island, Tasman Island and Cocos (Keeling) Island samples, and genetic similarities between some of the island populations. Historical records suggest that introduction of cats to these islands occurred at the time of European exploration and/or in connection with the pearling, whaling and sealing trades early in the 19th century. On-going influx of domestic cats into the feral cat population is apparently causing the Australian mainland populations to be genetically differentiated from those island populations, which likely are remnants of the historically introduced cat genotypes.<br><br>CONCLUSION: A mainly European origin of feral cats in Australia, with possible secondary introductions from Asia following the initial establishment of cats in Australia is reasonable. The islands surrounding Australia may represent founding populations and are of particular interest. The results of the study provide an important timeframe for the impact of feral cats on native species in Australia.}, }
@article {pmid26634637, year = {2016}, author = {Russell, JC and Jones, HP and Armstrong, DP and Courchamp, F and Kappes, PJ and Seddon, PJ and Oppel, S and Rauzon, MJ and Cowan, PE and Rocamora, G and Genovesi, P and Bonnaud, E and Keitt, BS and Holmes, ND and Tershy, BR}, title = {Importance of lethal control of invasive predators for island conservation.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {670-672}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12666}, pmid = {26634637}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; *Islands ; Mammals/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior ; }, }
@article {pmid26633170, year = {2015}, author = {Emer, C and Vaughan, IP and Hiscock, S and Memmott, J}, title = {The Impact of the Invasive Alien Plant, Impatiens glandulifera, on Pollen Transfer Networks.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {e0143532}, pmid = {26633170}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Impatiens/*physiology ; Insecta ; Introduced Species ; *Pollen ; Pollination/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a threat to the maintenance of ecological processes, including pollination. Plant-flower visitor networks are traditionally used as a surrogated for pollination at the community level, despite they do not represent the pollination process, which takes place at the stigma of plants where pollen grains are deposited. Here we investigated whether the invasion of the alien plant Impatiens glandulifera (Balsaminaceae) affects pollen transfer at the community level. We asked whether more alien pollen is deposited on the stigmas of plants on invaded sites, whether deposition is affected by stigma type (dry, semidry and wet) and whether the invasion of I. glandulifera changes the structure of the resulting pollen transfer networks. We sampled stigmas of plants on 10 sites invaded by I. glandulifera (hereafter, balsam) and 10 non-invaded control sites. All 20 networks had interactions with balsam pollen, although significantly more balsam pollen was found on plants with dry stigmas in invaded areas. Balsam pollen deposition was restricted to a small subset of plant species, which is surprising because pollinators are known to carry high loads of balsam pollen. Balsam invasion did not affect the loading of native pollen, nor did it affect pollen transfer network properties; networks were modular and poorly nested, both of which are likely to be related to the specificity of pollen transfer interactions. Our results indicate that pollination networks become more specialized when moving from the flower visitation to the level of pollen transfer networks. Therefore, caution is needed when inferring pollination from patterns of insect visitation or insect pollen loads as the relationship between these and pollen deposition is not straightforward.}, }
@article {pmid26633077, year = {2016}, author = {Hock, K and Wolff, NH and Beeden, R and Hoey, J and Condie, SA and Anthony, KR and Possingham, HP and Mumby, PJ}, title = {Controlling range expansion in habitat networks by adaptively targeting source populations.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {856-866}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12665}, pmid = {26633077}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Australia ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Population Dynamics ; *Starfish ; }, abstract = {Controlling the spread of invasive species, pests, and pathogens is often logistically limited to interventions that target specific locations at specific periods. However, in complex, highly connected systems, such as marine environments connected by ocean currents, populations spread dynamically in both space and time via transient connectivity links. This results in nondeterministic future distributions of species in which local populations emerge dynamically and concurrently over a large area. The challenge, therefore, is to choose intervention locations that will maximize the effectiveness of the control efforts. We propose a novel method to manage dynamic species invasions and outbreaks that identifies the intervention locations most likely to curtail population expansion by selectively targeting local populations most likely to expand their future range. Critically, at any point during the development of the invasion or outbreak, the method identifies the local intervention that maximizes the long-term benefit across the ecosystem by restricting species' potential to spread. In so doing, the method adaptively selects the intervention targets under dynamically changing circumstances. To illustrate the effectiveness of the method we applied it to controlling the spread of crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster sp.) outbreaks across Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Application of our method resulted in an 18-fold relative improvement in management outcomes compared with a random targeting of reefs in putative starfish control scenarios. Although we focused on applying the method to reducing the spread of an unwanted species, it can also be used to facilitate the spread of desirable species through connectivity networks. For example, the method could be used to select those fragments of habitat most likely to rebuild a population if they were sufficiently well protected.}, }
@article {pmid26628515, year = {2016}, author = {Hogg, BN and Smith, L and Daane, KM}, title = {Impacts of the Adventive Psyllid Arytainilla spartiophila (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on Growth of the Invasive Weed Cytisus scoparius Under Controlled and Field Conditions in California.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {109-116}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv179}, pmid = {26628515}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Cytisus/*growth &amp; development ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Plant Weeds/*growth &amp; development ; *Weed Control ; }, abstract = {The postrelease impact of weed biological control agents on their target weeds is rarely assessed. This study focuses on the impacts of the univoltine broom psyllid Arytainilla spartiophila Forster on the growth of its target weed, the invasive shrub Scotch broom, Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link (Fabaceae), in California. Arytainilla spartiophila is an adventive species that has been present in North America for several decades. In a greenhouse experiment, plant growth as measured by both height and total stem length (height + length of all branches) was reduced on plants that received psyllids, and psyllid densities were negatively correlated to proportional change in plant height. There were no effects on number of leaves, however. Furthermore, the psyllid had no statistically detectable impacts on plant growth parameters in a field experiment, underscoring how results obtained under controlled conditions may not fully predict the performance of biological control agents in the field. The high psyllid mortality that occurred at higher psyllid densities in both the greenhouse and the field suggests that the impacts of A. spartiophila may be moderated by intraspecific competition.}, }
@article {pmid26626019, year = {2015}, author = {Montarsi, F and Drago, A and Martini, S and Calzolari, M and De Filippo, F and Bianchi, A and Mazzucato, M and Ciocchetta, S and Arnoldi, D and Baldacchino, F and Rizzoli, A and Capelli, G}, title = {Current distribution of the invasive mosquito species, Aedes koreicus [Hulecoeteomyia koreica] in northern Italy.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {614}, pmid = {26626019}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; *Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The invasive species Aedes (Finlaya) koreicus was first identified in north-eastern Italy in 2011, during the ongoing surveillance activity of Aedes albopictus. Following this finding, a more intensive monitoring was carried out to assess the distribution of the species and to collect biological data. Herein, we report the new records obtained by four years of surveillance.<br><br>FINDINGS: The presence of Ae. koreicus was checked using ovitraps, adults traps and by larval collections in all possible breeding sites from May 2011 to July 2015. The monitoring started in the site of the first detection (Province of Belluno) and was then extended in the neighbouring Provinces belonging to four Regions. Aedes koreicus was found in 73 municipalities out of 155 monitored (47.1 %), including 23 municipalities (14.8 %) previously not infested. The area of first detection of Ae. koreicus (Province of Belluno) was also the most infested (68 %). However the mosquito has also been found to the west (Province of Trento) and to the south and south-west (Provinces of Vicenza and Treviso) of the initially infested area.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The spread of Ae. koreicus is directed towards south and west from the original infested area, likely due to the dense road connections and the habitat suitability of the new areas. According to these records, northern Italy has a high probability to be invaded by Ae. koreicus in the next decade. These data can be useful to validate predictive models of potential distribution and dispersal of this species in Italy or in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid26625342, year = {2016}, author = {Prescott, CE and Zukswert, JM}, title = {Invasive plant species and litter decomposition: time to challenge assumptions.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {209}, number = {1}, pages = {5-7}, doi = {10.1111/nph.13741}, pmid = {26625342}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen ; Plant Leaves ; *Plants ; }, }
@article {pmid26624726, year = {2015}, author = {Jordaens, K and Goergen, G and Kirk-Spriggs, AH and Vokaer, A and Backeljau, T and De Meyer, M}, title = {A second New World hoverfly, Toxomerus floralis (Fabricius) (Diptera: Syrphidae), recorded from the Old World, with description of larval pollen-feeding ecology.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4044}, number = {4}, pages = {567-576}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4044.4.6}, pmid = {26624726}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Body Size ; Diptera/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Larva/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Organ Size ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Recently (2013-2014), several hoverfly specimens from two localities in Benin and Cameroon (West and Central Africa) were caught from a species that we could not identify using existing identification keys for Afrotropical Syrphidae. Specific identification as Toxomerus floralis (Fabricius) was accomplished using morphology and various Neotropical identification keys. Corroboration of this identification was made by sequencing of the standard COI barcode region and a subsequent BLAST-IDS in BOLD that revealed a 100% sequence similarity with Toxomerus floralis from Suriname (South America). Species identification was further supported by sequencing parts of the nuclear 18S and 28S rRNA genes. The species is widespread in Togo, Benin, Nigeria and Cameroon, and eggs, larvae and adults are abundant at several localities. Yet, the full extent of its geographic distribution within tropical Africa remains to be determined. This is only the second known established introduction of a non-African hoverfly species in the Afrotropics. Interestingly, the larvae of the species have been reported as predators of Aphididae and Delphacidae but we found them to be pollenivorous, which is a rare feeding mode within the subfamily Syrphinae. Moreover, it is the only known Syrphinae species of which the larvae feed on pollen from two plant species from different families (Cyperaceae and Orobranchaceae). This example illustrates how DNA barcoding may allow a fast and accurate identification of introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid26624705, year = {2015}, author = {Mateos, E}, title = {Towards understanding Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, 1839 (Collembola, Entomobryidae) I: diagnosis of the subgenus Setogaster, &lt;br /&gt;new records and redescriptions of species.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4044}, number = {1}, pages = {105-129}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4044.1.6}, pmid = {26624705}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Arthropods/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/growth &amp; development ; Australia ; Body Size ; Organ Size ; }, abstract = {The taxonomic status of the subgenera of Lepidocyrtus Bourlet is confused. Currently ten subgenera are recognised but their separation, using the existing set of diagnostic characters, is not clear. Collections over the last forty years have shown that species of Setogaster Salmon, originally described as a genus (Trichogaster Handschin) and currently considered a subgenus of Lepidocyrtus, are common and widespread in Australia. The diagnostic characters of Setogaster, as given by Handschin, are: 1) the basal mucronal spine with spinelet; 2) lack of scales on antennae, legs, ventral tube and dorsal region of manubrium; and, for some species, 3) tufts of long filaments laterally on abdomen III. These three diagnostic characters for Setogaster are shared with some other subgenera, making their delimitation unclear. We provide here an array of new characters that are associated with Handschin's characters which separate Setogaster from all European species of the subgenera Lanocyrtus and Lepidocyrtus s. str. On this basis we define subgenus Setogaster more in detail, redescribe some species in the subgenus, corroborate the presence of the subgenus in many Australian localities, and confirm three records of exotic, introduced species in Australia. Lepidocyrtus nigrofasciatus Womersley, Lepidocyrtus praecisus Schött, and the Hawaiian Lepidocyrtus kuakea Christiansen &amp; Bellinger, are placed in Setogaster subgenus; Lepidocyrtus (Trichogaster) pallida Salmon from Singapore is placed in the subgenus Acrocyrtus; Merapicyrtus Yoshii &amp; Suhardjono is considered a synonym of Setogaster.}, }
@article {pmid26624704, year = {2015}, author = {Rossi, E and Stroiński, A and Lucchi, A}, title = {Egg morphology, laying behavior and record of the host plants of Ricania speculum (Walker, 1851), a new alien species for Europe (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4044}, number = {1}, pages = {93-104}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4044.1.5}, pmid = {26624704}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Body Size ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Female ; Hemiptera/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Host Specificity ; Italy ; Male ; Organ Size ; Oviposition ; Ovum/classification/growth &amp; development ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; Plants/classification/parasitology ; }, abstract = {The exotic planthopper, Ricania speculum (Ricaniidae) was recently detected in Liguria, in northern Italy, and recorded as a first alert for Europe. The first morphological description of eggs and laying behavior are given. Eggs are inserted into the woody tissue of a wide range of different host plants in such a unique manner among native and alien planthoppers of Italy that it can be used to describe the prevalence and diffusion of the species in new environments, though in the absence of juveniles and/or adults. In addition, the paper lists the host plants utilized for egg laying and describes the eggs.}, }
@article {pmid26624433, year = {2015}, author = {Jendek, E and Grebennikov, VV and Bocak, L}, title = {Undetected for a century: Palaearctic Agrilus ribesi Schaefer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on currant in North America, with adult morphology, larval biology and DNA barcode.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4034}, number = {1}, pages = {112-126}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4034.1.5}, pmid = {26624433}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Body Size ; Coleoptera/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Female ; Larva/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; North America ; Organ Size ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {We report the Eurasian species Agrilus ribesi Schaefer, 1946, for the first time from North America and propose that the damage to currants (Ribes spp.) in Ontario prior to 1940 and ascribed to A. cuprescens were caused by this species. We provide morphological diagnostic characters for A. ribesi and closely related A. cuprescens and we complement this information with DNA barcodes from four alien Agrilus species established in North America (i.e., A. ribesi Schaefer, A. cuprescens (Ménétriés), A. planipennis Fairmaire and A. sulcicollis Lacordaire) to enable DNA-based identification of these invasive species. Additionally, published information on A. ribesi is summarized and new data are provided on the host plants and biology of larva in North America. The distribution of A. ribesi is mapped, both in its native Palaearctic region and in Canada and the USA, together with the range of its potential host plants in North America. A. ribesi was recovered as a sister-species of A. cuprescens on the neighbor joining DNA barcoding tree and low genetic variability of North American populations may indicate a single introduction to North America for each of these species.}, }
@article {pmid26624068, year = {2015}, author = {Capa, M and Murray, A}, title = {A taxonomic guide to the fanworms (Sabellidae, Annelida) of Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia, including new species and new records.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4019}, number = {}, pages = {98-167}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.8}, pmid = {26624068}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Australia ; Body Size ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Islands ; Male ; Organ Size ; Polychaeta/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {This comprehensive taxonomic work is the result of the study of fan worms (Sabellidae, Annelida) collected over the last 40 years from around the Lizard Island Archipelago, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Some species described herein are commonly found in Lizard Island waters but had not previously been formally reported in the literature. Most species appear to be not particularly abundant, and few specimens have been collected despite the sampling effort in the area over this time period. After this study, the overall sabellid diversity of the archipelago has been greatly increased (by more than 650%). Before this revision, only four sabellid species had been recorded for Lizard Island, and in this paper we report 31 species, 13 of which belong to nominal species, six are formally described as new species (Euchone danieloi n. sp., Euchone glennoi n. sp., Jasmineira gustavoi n. sp., Megalomma jubata n. sp., Myxicola nana n. sp., and Paradialychone ambigua n. sp.), and the identity of 12 species is still unknown (those referred as cf. or sp.). Two species are newly recorded in Australia and two in Queensland. The invasive species Branchiomma bairdi is reported for the first time at Lizard Island. The genus Paradialychone is reported for Australia for the first time. Standardised descriptions, general photographs of live and/or preserved specimens and distribution data are provided for all species. New species descriptions are accompanied by detailed illustrations and exhaustive morphological information. A dichotomous key for sabellid identification is also included.}, }
@article {pmid26623603, year = {2015}, author = {Hoogmoed, MS and Avila-Pires, TC}, title = {Lepidodactylus lugubris (Duméril &amp; Bibron 1836) (Reptilia: Gekkonidae), an introduced lizard new for Brazil, with remarks on and correction of its distribution in the New World.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4000}, number = {1}, pages = {90-110}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4000.1.4}, pmid = {26623603}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Body Size ; Brazil ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Lizards/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Organ Size ; }, abstract = {Recently seven specimens of the gecko Lepidodactylus lugubris were collected or observed in Belém, Pará, northern Brazil. This is the first vouchered occurrence in Brazil of a widely dispersed (Pacific area) and invasive species (much of the Pacific, parts of northern South America and southern Central America and Florida, U.S.A.). In Suriname the species has already spread into the interior. The distribution of the species is corrected and the history of its introduction in the New World is reconstructed, with an estimation of the state of invasiveness for each country. Some possible routes of introduction are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid26623196, year = {2015}, author = {Falk, BG and Reed, RN}, title = {Challenges to a molecular approach to prey identification in the Burmese python, Python molurus bivittatus.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e1445}, pmid = {26623196}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Molecular approaches to prey identification are increasingly useful in elucidating predator-prey relationships, and we aimed to investigate the feasibility of these methods to document the species identities of prey consumed by invasive Burmese pythons in Florida. We were particularly interested in the diet of young snakes, because visual identification of prey from this size class has proven difficult. We successfully extracted DNA from the gastrointestinal contents of 43 young pythons, as well as from several control samples, and attempted amplification of DNA mini-barcodes, a 130-bp region of COX1. Using a PNA clamp to exclude python DNA, we found that prey DNA was not present in sufficient quality for amplification of this locus in 86% of our samples. All samples from the GI tracts of young pythons contained only hair, and the six samples we were able to identify to species were hispid cotton rats. This suggests that young Burmese pythons prey predominantly on small mammals and that prey diversity among snakes of this size class is low. We discuss prolonged gastrointestinal transit times and extreme gastric breakdown as possible causes of DNA degradation that limit the success of a molecular approach to prey identification in Burmese pythons.}, }
@article {pmid26623176, year = {2015}, author = {Martin-Albarracin, VL and Nuñez, MA and Amico, GC}, title = {Replacement of native by non-native animal communities assisted by human introduction and management on Isla Victoria, Nahuel Huapi National Park.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e1328}, pmid = {26623176}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {One of the possible consequences of biological invasions is the decrease of native species abundances or their replacement by non-native species. In Andean Patagonia, southern Argentina and Chile, many non-native animals have been introduced and are currently spreading. On Isla Victoria, Nahuel Huapi National Park, many non-native vertebrates were introduced ca. 1937. Records indicate that several native vertebrates were present before these species were introduced. We hypothesize that seven decades after the introduction of non-native species and without appropriate management to maintain native diversity, non-native vertebrates have displaced native species (given the known invasiveness and impacts of some of the introduced species). We conducted direct censuses in linear transects 500 m long (n = 10) in parallel with camera-trapping (1,253 camera-days) surveys in two regions of the island with different levels of disturbance: high (n = 4) and low (n = 6) to study the community of terrestrial mammals and birds and the relative abundances of native and non-native species. Results show that currently non-native species are dominant across all environments; 60.4% of census records and 99.7% of camera trapping records are of non-native animals. We detected no native large mammals; the assemblage of large vertebrates consisted of five non-native mammals and one non-native bird. Native species detected were one small mammal and one small bird. Species with the highest trapping rate were red and fallow deer, wild boar, silver pheasant (all four species are non-native) and chucao (a native bird). These results suggest that native species are being displaced by non-natives and are currently in very low numbers.}, }
@article {pmid26620805, year = {2016}, author = {Sherrard-Smith, E and Stanton, DW and Cable, J and Orozco-terWengel, P and Simpson, VR and Elmeros, M and van Dijk, J and Simonnet, F and Roos, A and Lemarchand, C and Poledník, L and Heneberg, P and Chadwick, EA}, title = {Distribution and molecular phylogeny of biliary trematodes (Opisthorchiidae) infecting native Lutra lutra and alien Neovison vison across Europe.}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {65}, number = {2}, pages = {163-170}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2015.11.007}, pmid = {26620805}, issn = {1873-0329}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe/epidemiology ; France/epidemiology ; Gene Flow ; Germany/epidemiology ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Mink/*parasitology ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Otters/*parasitology ; Phylogeny ; Poland/epidemiology ; Trematoda/classification/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Trematode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {The recent identification of Pseudamphistomum truncatum, (Rudolphi, 1819) (Trematoda: Opisthorchiidae) and Metorchis bilis (Braun, 1790) Odening, 1962 (synonymous with Metorchis albidus (Braun, 1893) Loos, 1899 and Metorchis crassiusculus (Rudolphi, 1809) Looss, 1899 (Trematoda: Opisthorchiidae)) in otters from Britain caused concern because of associated biliary damage, coupled with speculation over their alien status. Here, we investigate the presence, intensity and phylogeny of these trematodes in mustelids (principally otters) across Europe (Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Norway, Poland and Sweden and Britain). The trematodes were identified to species using the internal transcribed spacer II (ITS2) locus. Both parasites were found across Europe but at unequal frequency. In the German state of Saxony, eight out of eleven (73%) otters examined were infected with P. truncatum whilst this parasite was not found in either mink from Scotland (n=40) or otters from Norway (n=21). Differences in the phylogenies between the two species suggest divergent demographic histories possibly reflecting contrasting host diet or competitive exclusion, with M. bilis exhibiting greater mitochondrial diversity than P. truncatum. Shared haplotypes within the ranges of both parasite species probably reflect relatively unrestricted movements (both natural and anthropogenic) of intermediate and definitive hosts across Europe.}, }
@article {pmid26618851, year = {2015}, author = {Adams, JB and Bollens, SM and Bishop, JG}, title = {Predation on the Invasive Copepod, Pseudodiaptomus forbesi, and Native Zooplankton in the Lower Columbia River: An Experimental Approach to Quantify Differences in Prey-Specific Feeding Rates.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {e0144095}, pmid = {26618851}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Copepoda ; Fishes/*physiology ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Rivers ; Zooplankton ; }, abstract = {Invasive planktonic crustaceans have become a prominent feature of aquatic communities worldwide, yet their effects on food webs are not well known. The Asian calanoid copepod, Pseudodiaptomus forbesi, introduced to the Columbia River Estuary approximately 15 years ago, now dominates the late-summer zooplankton community, but its use by native aquatic predators is unknown. We investigated whether three species of planktivorous fishes (chinook salmon, three-spined stickleback, and northern pikeminnow) and one species of mysid exhibited higher feeding rates on native copepods and cladocerans relative to P. forbesi by conducting `single-prey' feeding experiments and, additionally, examined selectivity for prey types with `two-prey' feeding experiments. In single-prey experiments individual predator species showed no difference in feeding rates on native cyclopoid copepods (Cyclopidae spp.) relative to invasive P. forbesi, though wild-collected predators exhibited higher feeding rates on cyclopoids when considered in aggregate. In two-prey experiments, chinook salmon and northern pikeminnow both strongly selected native cladocerans (Daphnia retrocurva) over P. forbesi, and moreover, northern pikeminnow selected native Cyclopidae spp. over P. forbesi. On the other hand, in two-prey experiments, chinook salmon, three-spined stickleback and mysids were non- selective with respect to feeding on native cyclopoid copepods versus P. forbesi. Our results indicate that all four native predators in the Columbia River Estuary can consume the invasive copepod, P. forbesi, but that some predators select for native zooplankton over P. forbesi, most likely due to one (or both) of two possible underlying casual mechanisms: 1) differential taxon-specific prey motility and escape responses (calanoids > cyclopoids > daphnids) or 2) the invasive status of the zooplankton prey resulting in naivety, and thus lower feeding rates, of native predators feeding on invasive prey.}, }
@article {pmid26618637, year = {2015}, author = {Sarma, RR and Munsi, M and Ananthram, AN}, title = {Effect of Climate Change on Invasion Risk of Giant African Snail (Achatina fulica Férussac, 1821: Achatinidae) in India.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {e0143724}, pmid = {26618637}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; India ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Models, Biological ; Oceans and Seas ; Snails/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The Giant African Snail (Achatina fulica) is considered to be one the world's 100 worst invasive alien species. The snail has an impact on native biodiversity, and on agricultural and horticultural crops. In India, it is known to feed on more than fifty species of native plants and agricultural crops and also outcompetes the native snails. It was introduced into India in 1847 and since then it has spread all across the country. In this paper, we use ecological niche modeling (ENM) to assess the distribution pattern of Giant African Snail (GAS) under different climate change scenarios. The niche modeling results indicate that under the current climate scenario, Eastern India, peninsular India and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are at high risk of invasion. The three different future climate scenarios show that there is no significant change in the geographical distribution of invasion prone areas. However, certain currently invaded areas will be more prone to invasion in the future. These regions include parts of Bihar, Southern Karnataka, parts of Gujarat and Assam. The Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands are highly vulnerable to invasion under changed climate. The Central Indian region is at low risk due to high temperature and low rainfall. An understanding of the invasion pattern can help in better management of this invasive species and also in formulating policies for its control.}, }
@article {pmid26618450, year = {2016}, author = {Penk, MR and Jeschke, JM and Minchin, D and Donohue, I}, title = {Warming can enhance invasion success through asymmetries in energetic performance.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {85}, number = {2}, pages = {419-426}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12480}, pmid = {26618450}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Climate Change ; Crustacea/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Energy Metabolism ; Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Both climate warming and biological invasions are prominent drivers of global environmental change and it is important to determine how they interact. However, beyond tolerance and reproductive thresholds, little is known about temperature dependence of invaders' performance, particularly in the light of competitive attributes of functionally similar native species. We used experimentally derived energy budgets and field temperature data to determine whether anticipated warming will asymmetrically affect the energy budgets of the globally invasive Ponto-Caspian mysid crustacean Hemimysis anomala and a functionally similar native competitor (Mysis salemaai) whose range is currently being invaded. In contrast to M. salemaai, which maintains a constant feeding rate with temperature leading to diminishing energy assimilation, we found that H. anomala increases its feeding rate with temperature in parallel with growing metabolic demand. This enabled the invader to maintain high energy assimilation rates, conferring substantially higher scope for growth compared to the native analogue at spring-to-autumn temperatures. Anticipated warming will likely exacerbate this energetic asymmetry and remove the winter overlap, which, given the seasonal limitation of mutually preferred prey, appears to underpin coexistence of the two species. These results indicate that temperature-dependent asymmetries in scope for growth between invaders and native analogues comprise an important mechanism determining invasion success under warming climates. They also highlight the importance of considering relevant spectra of ecological contexts in predicting successful invaders and their impacts under warming scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid26618085, year = {2015}, author = {Mlynarek, JJ}, title = {Testing the enemy release hypothesis in a native insect species with an expanding range.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e1415}, pmid = {26618085}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) predicts that the spread of (invasive) species will be facilitated by release from their enemies as they occupy new areas. However, the ERH is rarely tested on native (non-invasive, long established) species with expanding or shifting ranges. I tested the ERH for a native damselfly (Enallagma clausum) whose range has recently expanded in western Canada, with respect to its water mite and gregarine parasites. Parasitism levels (prevalence and intensity) were also compared between E. clausum and a closely related species, Enallagma boreale, which has long been established in the study region and whose range is not shifting. A total of 1,150 damselflies were collected at three 'old' sites for E. clausum in Saskatchewan, and three 'new' sites in Alberta. A little more than a quarter of the damselflies collected were parasitized with, on average, 18 water mite individuals, and 20% were parasitized by, on average, 10 gregarine individuals. I assessed whether the differences between levels of infection (prevalence and intensity) were due to site type or host species. The ERH was not supported: Enallagma clausum has higher or the same levels of parasitism in new sites than old sites. However, E. boreale seems to be benefitting from the recent range expansion of a native, closely related species through ecological release from its parasites because the parasites may be choosing to infest the novel, potentially naïve, host instead of the well-established host.}, }
@article {pmid26616046, year = {2015}, author = {Chen, W and Ma, X and Shen, Y and Mao, Y and He, S}, title = {The fish diversity in the upper reaches of the Salween River, Nujiang River, revealed by DNA barcoding.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {17437}, pmid = {26616046}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biodiversity ; China ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Fishes/*classification/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Phylogeny ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Nujiang River (NR), an essential component of the biodiversity hotspot of the Mountains of Southwest China, possesses a characteristic fish fauna and contains endemic species. Although previous studies on fish diversity in the NR have primarily consisted of listings of the fish species observed during field collections, in our study, we DNA-barcoded 1139 specimens belonging to 46 morphologically distinct fish species distributed throughout the NR basin by employing multiple analytical approaches. According to our analyses, DNA barcoding is an efficient method for the identification of fish by the presence of barcode gaps. However, three invasive species are characterized by deep conspecific divergences, generating multiple lineages and Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs), implying the possibility of cryptic species. At the other end of the spectrum, ten species (from three genera) that are characterized by an overlap between their intra- and interspecific genetic distances form a single genetic cluster and share haplotypes. The neighbor-joining phenogram, Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) and Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) identified 43 putative species, while the General Mixed Yule-coalescence (GMYC) identified five more OTUs. Thus, our study established a reliable DNA barcode reference library for the fish in the NR and sheds new light on the local fish diversity.}, }
@article {pmid26615719, year = {2015}, author = {Terblanche, JS and Overgaard, J}, title = {Introduction to the Special Issue "What sets the limit? How thermal limits, performance and preference in ectotherms are influenced by water or energy balance".}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {54}, number = {}, pages = {1-2}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.10.003}, pmid = {26615719}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; Energy Metabolism ; Temperature ; Water/metabolism ; }, }
@article {pmid26614356, year = {2016}, author = {Werner, D and Zielke, DE and Kampen, H}, title = {First record of Aedes koreicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {115}, number = {3}, pages = {1331-1334}, pmid = {26614356}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Germany ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Within the framework of a national mosquito monitoring programme, a mosquito specimen collected in mid-2015 in southern Germany was identified as Aedes koreicus, a non-endemic species originating from East Asia. After the Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus, which is already established in Germany and widely distributed, and the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus, which is increasingly often introduced from southern Europe, A. koreicus is the third demonstrated invasive mosquito species in Germany supposed to have significant vector potential for disease agents.}, }
@article {pmid26614306, year = {2015}, author = {Mousazadeh, R and Ghaffarzadeh, H and Nouri, J and Gharagozlou, A and Farahpour, M}, title = {Land use change detection and impact assessment in Anzali international coastal wetland using multi-temporal satellite images.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {187}, number = {12}, pages = {776}, pmid = {26614306}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Geographic Information Systems ; Iran ; *Satellite Imagery ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Anzali is one of the 18 Iranian wetlands of international importance listed in Ramsar Convention. This unique ecosystem in the world with high ecological diversity is highly threatened by various factors such as pollutants, sedimentation, unauthorized development of urban infrastructure, over-harvesting of wetland resources, land use changes, and invasive species. Among which, one of the most challenging destructive factors, land use change, was scrutinized in this study. For this, remotely sensed data and Geographical Information System (GIS) were used to detect land changes and corresponding impacts on the study area over a 38-year period from 1975 to 2013.. Changes in the study area were traced in five dominant land-use classes at four time intervals of 1975, 1989, 2007, and 2013. Accordingly, changes in different categories were quantified using satellite images. The methodology adopted in this study includes an integrated approach of supervised classification, zonal and object-oriented image analyses. According to the Kappa coefficient of 0.84 for the land use map of 2013, the overall accuracy of the method was estimated at 89%, which indicated that this method can be useful for monitoring and behavior analysis of other Iranian wetlands. The obtained results revealed extensive land use changes over the study period. As the results suggest, between the years 1975 to 2013, approximately 6500 ha (∼69%) rangeland area degraded. Further, urban and agricultural areas have been extended by 2982 ha (∼74%) and 2228 ha (∼6%), respectively. This could leave a negative impact on water quality of the wetland.}, }
@article {pmid26613477, year = {2015}, author = {Korolev, KS}, title = {Evolution Arrests Invasions of Cooperative Populations.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {115}, number = {20}, pages = {208104}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.208104}, pmid = {26613477}, issn = {1079-7114}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Humans ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Neoplasms/pathology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Population expansions trigger many biomedical and ecological transitions, from tumor growth to invasions of non-native species. Although population spreading often selects for more invasive phenotypes, we show that this outcome is far from inevitable. In cooperative populations, mutations reducing dispersal have a competitive advantage. Such mutations then steadily accumulate at the expansion front, bringing invasion to a halt. Our findings are a rare example of evolution driving the population into an unfavorable state, and they could lead to new strategies to combat unwelcome invaders.}, }
@article {pmid26611977, year = {2015}, author = {Boukraa, S and Dekoninck, W and Versteirt, V and Schaffner, F and Coosemans, M and Haubruge, E and Francis, F}, title = {Updated checklist of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Belgium.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {40}, number = {2}, pages = {398-407}, doi = {10.1111/jvec.12180}, pmid = {26611977}, issn = {1948-7134}, mesh = {Aedes ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Anopheles ; Belgium ; Checklist ; Culex ; Culicidae/classification/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Most information about the systematics and bioecology of Belgian mosquitoes dates back from before 1950, and only scattered information was produced during the last decades. In this paper we review and update the list of mosquito species recorded in Belgium, from first report (1908) to 2015. Six genera and 31 species were recorded so far, including 28 autochthonous species and three invasive alien species recently recorded in Belgium: Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1894), Ae. japonicus japonicus (Theobald 1901), and Ae. koreicus (Edwards 1917). The six genera are Anopheles (five species), Aedes (sixteen species), Coquillettidia (one species), Culex (four species), Culiseta (four species), and Orthopodomyia (one species).}, }
@article {pmid26607306, year = {2016}, author = {Cornille, A and Salcedo, A and Kryvokhyzha, D and Glémin, S and Holm, K and Wright, SI and Lascoux, M}, title = {Genomic signature of successful colonization of Eurasia by the allopolyploid shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {616-629}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13491}, pmid = {26607306}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Asia ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; Capsella/*genetics ; Europe ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Middle East ; Models, Genetic ; Plant Weeds/genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Polyploidy ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spatial Analysis ; }, abstract = {Polyploidization is a dominant feature of flowering plant evolution. However, detailed genomic analyses of the interpopulation diversification of polyploids following genome duplication are still in their infancy, mainly because of methodological limits, both in terms of sequencing and computational analyses. The shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) is one of the most common weed species in the world. It is highly self-fertilizing, and recent genomic data indicate that it is an allopolyploid, resulting from hybridization between the ancestors of the diploid species Capsella grandiflora and Capsella orientalis. Here, we investigated the genomic diversity of C. bursa-pastoris, its population structure and demographic history, following allopolyploidization in Eurasia. To that end, we genotyped 261 C. bursa-pastoris accessions spread across Europe, the Middle East and Asia, using genotyping-by-sequencing, leading to a total of 4274 SNPs after quality control. Bayesian clustering analyses revealed three distinct genetic clusters in Eurasia: one cluster grouping samples from Western Europe and Southeastern Siberia, the second one centred on Eastern Asia and the third one in the Middle East. Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) supported the hypothesis that C. bursa-pastoris underwent a typical colonization history involving low gene flow among colonizing populations, likely starting from the Middle East towards Europe and followed by successive human-mediated expansions into Eastern Asia. Altogether, these findings bring new insights into the recent multistage colonization history of the allotetraploid C. bursa-pastoris and highlight ABC and genotyping-by-sequencing data as promising but still challenging tools to infer demographic histories of selfing allopolyploids.}, }
@article {pmid26602349, year = {2015}, author = {Tissiani, AS and Sousa, WO and Santos, GB and Ide, S and Battirola, L and Marques, MI}, title = {Environmental influence on coprophagous Scarabaeidae (Insecta, Coleoptera) assemblages in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {75}, number = {4 Suppl 1}, pages = {S136-42}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.07514}, pmid = {26602349}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Floods ; Grassland ; Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Soil/chemistry ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Here we examine assemblage structure of coprophagous Scarabaeidae (dung beetles) in the Pantanal of the state of Mato Grosso with respect to flooding regimes, soil texture, leaf litter volume and tree dominance in native and exotic pastures. Samples were collected along 30 transects of 250 m in length in a 5×5 km grid (25 km2). Five pitfalls baited with human feces were placed in each transect. A total of 1692 individuals in 19 species were captured, the majority in the subfamily Scarabaeinae and Aphodiinae. Assemblages were influenced by the duration of flooding and leaf litter volume. None of the other habitat variables was correlated with species richness. Cultivated pastures with exotic grasses were unimportant for composition of the assemblages of beetles. These results indicate that duration of flooding is the most important regulating force in this community.}, }
@article {pmid26601388, year = {2015}, author = {Shang, K and Zhang, X and Sun Yan-li,  and Zhang, LF and Wang, SD and Zhuang, Z}, title = {Sophisticated Vegetation Classification Based on Feature Band Set Using Hyperspectral Image.}, journal = {Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi = Guang pu}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, pages = {1669-1676}, pmid = {26601388}, issn = {1000-0593}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Plants/*classification ; *Spectrum Analysis ; }, abstract = {There are two major problems of sophisticated vegetation classification (SVC) using hyperspectral image. Classification results using only spectral information can hardly meet the application requirements with the needed vegetation type becoming more sophisticated. And applications of classification image are also limited due to salt and pepper noise. Therefore the SVC strategy based on construction and optimization of vegetation feature band set (FBS) is proposed. Besides spectral and texture features of original image, 30 spectral indices which are sensitive to biological parameters of vegetation are added into FBS in order to improve the separability between different kinds of vegetation. And to achieve the same goal a spectral-dimension optimization algorithm of FBS based on class-pair separability (CPS) is also proposed. A spatial-dimension optimization algorithm of FBS based on neighborhood pixels' spectral angle distance (NPSAD) is proposed so that detailed information can be kept during the image smoothing process. The results of SVC experiments based on airborne hyperspectral image show that the proposed method can significantly improve the accuracy of SVC so that some widespread application prospects like identification of crop species, monitoring of invasive species and precision agriculture are expectable.}, }
@article {pmid26600490, year = {2015}, author = {Panarari-Antunes, RS and Prioli, AJ and Prioli, SM and Júlio, HF and Oliveira, AV and Agostinho, CS and Silva Filho, JP and Prioli, LM}, title = {Genetic characterization of native and invasive Plagioscion squamosissimus (Perciformes, Sciaenidae) populations in Brazilian hydrographic basins.}, journal = {Genetics and molecular research : GMR}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {14314-14324}, doi = {10.4238/2015.November.13.16}, pmid = {26600490}, issn = {1676-5680}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*genetics ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {The genetic diversity of invasive and native populations of Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) from the Paraná, Parnaiba and Araguaia-Tocantins river basins was assessed by using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Genetic data confirmed the hypothesis of low genetic variability within and among P. squamosissimus populations introduced in the upper Paraná River basin, and indicated that they likely originated from a common ancestor. Moreover, the data demonstrated that, in agreement with available historical records, the P. squamosissimus populations established in the Paraná River basin were derived from a population native to the Parnaíba River basin. The genetic data presented here are of potential future application for the management of the invasive P. squamosissimus populations and for the preservation of the genetic legacy of native fish.}, }
@article {pmid26599567, year = {2016}, author = {Iacona, G and Price, FD and Armsworth, PR}, title = {Predicting the presence and cover of management relevant invasive plant species on protected areas.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {166}, number = {}, pages = {537-543}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.10.052}, pmid = {26599567}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Florida ; Forecasting ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Plants ; Regression Analysis ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a management concern on protected areas worldwide. Conservation managers need to predict infestations of invasive plants they aim to treat if they want to plan for long term management. Many studies predict the presence of invasive species, but predictions of cover are more relevant for management. Here we examined how predictors of invasive plant presence and cover differ across species that vary in their management priority. To do so, we used data on management effort and cover of invasive plant species on central Florida protected areas. Using a zero-inflated multiple regression framework, we showed that protected area features can predict the presence and cover of the focal species but the same features rarely explain both. There were several predictors of either presence or cover that were important across multiple species. Protected areas with three days of frost per year or fewer were more likely to have occurrences of four of the six focal species. When invasive plants were present, their proportional cover was greater on small preserves for all species, and varied with surrounding household density for three species. None of the predictive features were clearly related to whether species were prioritized for management or not. Our results suggest that predictors of cover and presence can differ both within and across species but do not covary with management priority. We conclude that conservation managers need to select predictors of invasion with care as species identity can determine the relationship between predictors of presence and the more management relevant predictors of cover.}, }
@article {pmid26599145, year = {2016}, author = {Bielen, A and Bošnjak, I and Sepčić, K and Jaklič, M and Cvitanić, M and Lušić, J and Lajtner, J and Simčič, T and Hudina, S}, title = {Differences in tolerance to anthropogenic stress between invasive and native bivalves.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {543}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {449-459}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.049}, pmid = {26599145}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Anodonta/physiology ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Catalase/metabolism ; Cholinesterases/metabolism ; *Climate Change ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; Glutathione Transferase/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Oxidative Stress ; *Stress, Physiological ; Unionidae/physiology ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Tolerance towards environmental stress has been frequently considered as one of the key determinants of invasion success. However, empirical evidence supporting the assumption that invasive species can better endure unfavorable conditions compared with native species is limited and has yielded opposing results. In this study, we examined the tolerance to different stress conditions (thermal stress and trace metal zinc pollution stress) in two phylogenetically related and functionally similar freshwater bivalve species, the native Anodonta anatina and the invasive Sinanodonta woodiana. We assessed potential differences in response to stress conditions using several cellular response assays: efficiency of the multixenobiotic resistance mechanism, respiration estimate (INT reduction capacity), and enzymatic biomarkers. Our results demonstrated that the invasive species overall coped much better with unfavorable conditions. The higher tolerance of S. woodiana was evident from (i) significantly decreased Rhodamine B accumulation indicating more efficient multixenobiotic resistance mechanism; (ii) significantly higher INT reduction capacity and (iii) less pronounced alterations in the activity of stress-related enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase, catalase) and of a neurotoxicity biomarker (cholinesterase) in the majority of treatment conditions in both stress trials. Higher tolerance to thermal extremes may provide physiological benefit for further invasion success of S. woodiana in European freshwaters, especially in the context of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid26599094, year = {2015}, author = {Antal, L and Székely, C and Molnár, K}, title = {Parasitic infections of two invasive fish species, the Caucasian dwarf goby and the Amur sleeper, in Hungary.}, journal = {Acta veterinaria Hungarica}, volume = {63}, number = {4}, pages = {472-484}, doi = {10.1556/004.2015.044}, pmid = {26599094}, issn = {0236-6290}, abstract = {In recent years and decades, two new fish species, the Caucasian dwarf goby (Knipowitschia caucasica) and the Amur sleeper (Perccottus glenii) have become members of the Hungarian fish fauna. In a 14-month study on the parasite fauna of these species, the authors detected 11 parasite species in the Caucasian dwarf goby and 17 species in the Amur sleeper. All parasites found in dwarf goby belong to species commonly occurring also in native Hungarian fishes, but three species (Goussia obstinata, Gyrodactylus perccotti and Nippotaenia mogurndae) collected from the Amur sleeper are introduced species new for the Hungarian fauna.}, }
@article {pmid26597371, year = {2016}, author = {McSorley, K and Rutter, A and Cumming, R and Zeeb, BA}, title = {Phytoextraction of chloride from a cement kiln dust (CKD) contaminated landfill with Phragmites australis.}, journal = {Waste management (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {51}, number = {}, pages = {111-118}, doi = {10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.009}, pmid = {26597371}, issn = {1879-2456}, mesh = {Biodegradation, Environmental ; Chlorides/*metabolism ; Construction Industry ; *Dust ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*methods ; Ontario ; Plant Shoots/metabolism ; Poaceae/*metabolism ; Soil Pollutants/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Cement kiln dust (CKD) is a globally produced by-product from cement manufacturing that is stockpiled or landfilled. Elevated concentrations of chloride pose toxic threats to plants and aquatic communities, as the anion is highly mobile in water and can leach into surrounding water sources. Re-vegetation and in situ phytoextraction of chloride from a CKD landfill in Bath, ON, Canada, was investigated with the resident invasive species Phragmites australis (haplotype M). Existing stands of P. australis were transplanted from the perimeter of the site into the highest areas of contamination (5.9×10(3)μg/g). Accumulation in the shoots of P. australis was quantified over one growing season by collecting samples from the site on a bi-weekly basis and analyzing for chloride. Concentrations decreased significantly from early May (24±2.2×10(3)μg/g) until mid-June (15±2.5×10(3)μg/g), and then remained stable from June to August. Shoot chloride accumulation was not significantly affected by water level fluctuations at the site, however elevated potassium concentrations in the soil may have contributed to uptake. Based on shoot chloride accumulation and total biomass, it was determined that phytoextraction from the CKD landfill can remove 65±4kg/km(2) of chloride per season. Based on this extraction rate, removal of chloride present in the highly contaminated top 10cm of soil can be achieved in 3-9years. This is the first study to apply phytotechnologies at a CKD landfill, and to successfully demonstrate in situ phytoextraction of chloride.}, }
@article {pmid26594710, year = {2015}, author = {Doody, JS and Soanes, R and Castellano, CM and Rhind, D and Green, B and McHenry, CR and Clulow, S}, title = {Invasive toads shift predator-prey densities in animal communities by removing top predators.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {9}, pages = {2544-2554}, doi = {10.1890/14-1332.1}, pmid = {26594710}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Birds/*physiology ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; Food Chain ; Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Although invasive species can have substantial impacts on animal communities, cases of invasive species facilitating native species by removing their predators have rarely been demonstrated across vertebrate trophic linkages. The predictable spread of the invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina), however, offered a unique opportunity to quantify cascading effects. In northern Australia, three species of predatory monitor lizards suffered severe population declines due to toad-induced lethal toxic ingestion (yellow-spotted monitor (Varanus panoptes), Mertens' water monitor (V. mertensi), Mitchell's water monitor (V. mitchelli). We, thus, predicted subsequent increases in the abundance and recruitment of prey species due to the reduction of those predators. Toad-induced population-level declines in the water monitor species approached 50% over a five-year period spanning the toad invasion, apparently causing fledging success of the Crimson Finch (Neochmia.phaeton) to increase from 55% to 81%. The consensus of our original and published long-term data is that invasive cane toads are causing predators to lose a foothold on top-down regulation of their prey, triggering shifts in the relative densities of predator and prey in the Australian tropical savannah ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid26594701, year = {2015}, author = {Schultheis, EH and Berardi, AE and Lau, JA}, title = {No release for the wicked: enemy release is dynamic and not associated with invasiveness.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {9}, pages = {2446-2457}, doi = {10.1890/14-2158.1}, pmid = {26594701}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Demography ; Herbivory ; Insecta/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Plants/*classification/genetics ; Time Factors ; United States ; }, abstract = {The enemy release hypothesis predicts that invasive species will receive less damage from enemies, compared to co-occurring native and noninvasive exotic species in their introduced range. However, release operating early in invasion could be lost over time and with increased range size as introduced species acquire new enemies. We used three years of data, from 61 plant species planted into common gardens, to determine whether (1) invasive, noninvasive exotic, and native species experience differential damage from insect herbivores. and mammalian browsers, and (2) enemy release is lost with increased residence time and geographic spread in the introduced range. We find no evidence suggesting enemy release is a general mechanism contributing to invasiveness in this region. Invasive species received the most insect herbivory, and damage increased with longer residence times and larger range sizes at three spatial scales. Our results show that invasive and exotic species fail to escape enemies, particularly over longer temporal and larger spatial scales.}, }
@article {pmid26594692, year = {2015}, author = {Moeller, HV and Dickie, IA and Peltzer, DA and Fukami, T}, title = {Mycorrhizal co-invasion and novel interactions depend on neighborhood context.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {9}, pages = {2336-2347}, doi = {10.1890/14-2361.1}, pmid = {26594692}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; New Zealand ; Pseudotsuga/*microbiology/*physiology ; Seedlings/microbiology/physiology ; Soil Microbiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a rapidly increasing driver of global change, yet fundamental gaps remain in our understanding of the factors determining the success or extent of invasions. For example, although most woody plant species depend on belowground mutualists such as mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, the relative importance of these mutualisms in conferring invasion success is unresolved. Here, we describe how neighborhood context (identity of nearby tree species) affects the formation of belowground ectomycorrhizal partnerships between fungi and seedlings of a widespread invasive tree species, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir), in New Zealand. We found that the formation of mycorrhizal partnerships, the composition of the fungal species involved in these partnerships, and the origin of the fungi (co-invading or native to New Zealand) all depend on neighborhood context. Our data suggest that nearby ectomycorrhizal host trees act as both a reservoir of fungal inoculum and a carbon source for late-successional and native fungi. By facilitating mycorrhization of P. menziesii seedlings, adult trees may alleviate mycorrhizal limitation at the P. menziesii invasion front. These results highlight the importance of studying biological invasions across multiple ecological settings to understand establishment success and invasion speed.}, }
@article {pmid26592773, year = {2016}, author = {Chown, SL and Haupt, TM and Sinclair, BJ}, title = {Similar metabolic rate-temperature relationships after acclimation at constant and fluctuating temperatures in caterpillars of a sub-Antarctic moth.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {85}, number = {}, pages = {10-16}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.11.010}, pmid = {26592773}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Environment ; Kinetics ; Moths/chemistry/*metabolism ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Temperature compensation in whole-animal metabolic rate is one of the responses thought, controversially, to characterize insects from low temperature environments. Temperature compensation may either involve a change in absolute values of metabolic rates or a change in the slope of the metabolic rate - temperature relationship. Moreover, assessments of compensation may be complicated by animal responses to fluctuating temperatures. Here we examined whole animal metabolic rates, at 0 °C, 5 °C, 10 °C and 15 °C, in caterpillars of the sub-Antarctic moth, Pringleophaga marioni Viette (Tineidae), following one week acclimations to 5 °C, 10 °C and 15 °C, and fluctuating temperatures of 0-10 °C, 5-15 °C, and 10-20 °C. Over the short term, temperature compensation was found following acclimation to 5 °C, but the effect size was small (3-14%). By comparison with caterpillars of 13 other lepidopteran species, no effect of temperature compensation was present, with the relationship between metabolic rate and temperature having a Q10 of 2 among species, and no effect of latitude on temperature-corrected metabolic rate. Fluctuating temperature acclimations for the most part had little effect compared with constant temperatures of the same mean value. Nonetheless, fluctuating temperatures of 5-15 °C resulted in lower metabolic rates at all test temperatures compared with constant 10 °C acclimation, in keeping with expectations from the literature. Absence of significant responses, or those of large effect, in metabolic rates in response to acclimation, may be a consequence of the unpredictable temperature variation over the short-term on sub-Antarctic Marion Island, to which P. marioni is endemic.}, }
@article {pmid26591469, year = {2015}, author = {Green, SJ and Dulvy, NK and Côté, IM and Brooks, AM and Miller, SE and Akins, JL and Cooper, AB}, title = {Response to Valderrama and Fields: effect of temperature on biomass production in models of invasive lionfish control.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {7}, pages = {2048-2050}, doi = {10.1890/14-2485a.1}, pmid = {26591469}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biomass ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Perciformes ; Temperature ; }, }
@article {pmid26591468, year = {2015}, author = {Valderrama, D and Fields, KH}, title = {Linking removal targets to the ecological effects of invaders: a predictive model and field test.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {7}, pages = {2047-2048}, doi = {10.1890/14-2485.1}, pmid = {26591468}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecology/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; }, }
@article {pmid26591459, year = {2015}, author = {Smart, AS and Tingley, R and Weeks, AR and van Rooyen, AR and McCarthy, MA}, title = {I Environmental DNA sampling is more sensitive than a traditional survey technique for detecting an aquatic invader.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {7}, pages = {1944-1952}, doi = {10.1890/14-1751.1}, pmid = {26591459}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; DNA/chemistry/*genetics ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Salamandridae/classification/*genetics ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Effective management of alien species requires detecting populations in the early stages of invasion. Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling can detect aquatic species at relatively low densities, but few studies have directly compared detection probabilities of eDNA sampling with those of traditional sampling methods. We compare the ability of a traditional sampling technique (bottle trapping) and eDNA to detect a recently established invader, the smooth newt Lissotriton vulgaris vulgaris, at seven field sites in Melbourne, Australia. Over a four-month period, per-trap detection probabilities ranged from 0.01 to 0.26 among sites where L. v. vulgaris was detected, whereas per-sample eDNA estimates were much higher (0.29-1.0). Detection probabilities of both methods varied temporally (across days and months), but temporal variation appeared to be uncorrelated between methods. Only estimates of spatial variation were strongly correlated across the two sampling techniques. Environmental variables (water depth, rainfall, ambient temperature) were not clearly correlated with detection probabilities estimated via trapping, whereas eDNA detection probabilities were negatively correlated with water depth, possibly reflecting higher eDNA concentrations at lower water levels. Our findings demonstrate that eDNA sampling can be an order of magnitude more sensitive than traditional methods, and illustrate that traditional- and eDNA-based surveys can provide independent information on species distributions when occupancy surveys are conducted over short timescales.}, }
@article {pmid26591450, year = {2015}, author = {Hanna, C and Naughton, I and Boser, C and Holway, D}, title = {Testing the effects of ant invasions on non-ant arthropods with high-resolution taxonomic data.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {7}, pages = {1841-1850}, doi = {10.1890/14-0952.1}, pmid = {26591450}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; California ; Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Insecta/*classification/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasions give rise to a wide range of ecological effects. Many invasions proceed without noticeable impacts on the resident biota, whereas others shift species composition and even alter ecosystem function. Ant invasions generate a broad spectrum of ecological effects, but controversy surrounds the extent of these impacts, especially with regard to how other arthropods are affected. This uncertainty in part results from the widespread use of low-resolution taxonomic data, which can mask the presence of other introduced species and make it difficult to isolate the effects of ant invasions on native species. Here, we use high-resolution taxonomic data to examine the effects of Argentine ant invasions on arthropods on Santa Cruz Island, California. We sampled arthropods in eight pairs of invaded and uninvaded plots and then collaborated with taxonomic experts to identify taxa in four focal groups: spiders, bark lice, beetles, and ants. Spiders, bark lice, and beetles made up ~40% of the 9868 non-ant arthropod individuals sampled; the majority of focal group arthropods were putatively native taxa. Although our results indicate strong negative effects of the Argentine ant on native ants, as is well documented, invaded and uninvaded plots did not differ with respect to the richness, abundance, or species composition of spiders, bark lice, and beetles. One common, introduced species of bark louse was more common in uninvaded plots than in invaded plots, and including this species into our analyses changed the relationship between bark louse richness vs. L. humile abundance from no relationship to a significant negative relationship. This case illustrates how failure to differentiate native and introduced taxa can lead to erroneous conclusions about the effects of ant invasions. Our results caution against unqualified assertions about the effects of ant invasions on non-ant arthropods, and more generally demonstrate that accurate assessments of invasion impacts depend on adequate information about species identity.}, }
@article {pmid26591447, year = {2015}, author = {Bahlai, CA and van der Werf, W and O'Neal, M and Hemerik, L and Landis, DA}, title = {Shifts in dynamic regime of an invasive lady beetle are linked to the invasion and insecticidal management of its prey.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {7}, pages = {1807-1818}, doi = {10.1890/14-2022.1}, pmid = {26591447}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/drug effects/*physiology ; Coleoptera/drug effects/*physiology ; *Insecticides ; *Introduced Species ; Midwestern United States ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The spread and impact of invasive species may vary over time in relation to changes in the species itself, the biological community of which it is part, or external controls on the system. We investigate whether there have been changes in dynamic regimes over the last 20 years of two invasive species in the midwestern United States, the multicolored Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis and the soybean aphid Aphis glycines. We show by model selection that after its 1993 invasion into the American Midwest, the year-to-year population dynamics of H. axyridis were initially governed by a logistic rule supporting gradual rise to a stable carrying capacity. After invasion of the soybean aphid in 2000, food resources at the landscape level became abundant, supporting a higher year-to-year growth rate and a higher but unstable carrying capacity, with two-year cycles in both aphid and lady beetle abundance as a consequence. During 2005-2007, farmers in the Midwest progressively increased their use of insecticides for managing A. glycines, combining prophylactic seed treatment with curative spraying based on thresholds. This human intervention dramatically reduced the soybean aphid as a major food resource for H. axyridis at landscape level and corresponded to a reverse shift towards the original logistic rule for year-to-year dynamics. Thus, we document a short episode of major predator-prey fluctuations in an important agricultural system resulting from two biological invasions that were apparently damped by widespread insecticide use. Recent advances in development of plant resistance to A. glycines in soybeans may mitigate the need for pesticidal control and achieve the same stabilization of pest and predator populations at lower cost and environmental burden.}, }
@article {pmid26582547, year = {2016}, author = {Fitzgerald, DB and Tobler, M and Winemiller, KO}, title = {From richer to poorer: successful invasion by freshwater fishes depends on species richness of donor and recipient basins.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {22}, number = {7}, pages = {2440-2450}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13165}, pmid = {26582547}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; Fresh Water ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Evidence for the theory of biotic resistance is equivocal, with experiments often finding a negative relationship between invasion success and native species richness, and large-scale comparative studies finding a positive relationship. Biotic resistance derives from local species interactions, yet global and regional studies often analyze data at coarse spatial grains. In addition, differences in competitive environments across regions may confound tests of biotic resistance based solely on native species richness of the invaded community. Using global and regional data sets for fishes in river and stream reaches, we ask two questions: (1) does a negative relationship exist between native and non-native species richness and (2) do non-native species originate from higher diversity systems. A negative relationship between native and non-native species richness in local assemblages was found at the global scale, while regional patterns revealed the opposite trend. At both spatial scales, however, nearly all non-native species originated from river basins with higher native species richness than the basin of the invaded community. Together, these findings imply that coevolved ecological interactions in species-rich systems inhibit establishment of generalist non-native species from less diverse communities. Consideration of both the ecological and evolutionary aspects of community assembly is critical to understanding invasion patterns. Distinct evolutionary histories in different regions strongly influence invasion of intact communities that are relatively unimpacted by human actions, and may explain the conflicting relationship between native and non-native species richness found at different spatial scales.}, }
@article {pmid26582050, year = {2016}, author = {Rose, RK and Hurd, LE}, title = {Coexistence of Two Congeneric Praying Mantids: A 7-Year Field Study of Reproductive Success and Failure.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {11-15}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv175}, pmid = {26582050}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Mantodea/*physiology ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {Two species of Asian praying mantids, Tenodera angustipennis (Saussure) and Tenodera aridifolia sinensis (Saussure), which have become common to old fields in the northeastern United States, share a common resource base that raises the question of how they can coexist in the same habitat. We studied the reproductive output measured by numbers of oothecae of naturally established populations of these two species in an old field during 7 yr (2009–2015) of secondary succession. During the initial herbaceous vegetation-dominated stage, T. angustipennis oothecae were more abundant than those of its congener, but numbers steadily declined, until it had nearly disappeared by 2014. In contrast, numbers of T. a. sinensis oothecae increased from 2007 until 2014, and then sharply declined in 2015. The steady increase in abundance of this species throughout most of the successional development during the study may be owing to greater diversity of plant species used for oviposition. We believe that the most likely reasons for the continuous decline in T. angustipennis were a combination of intraguild predation by the larger T. a. sinensis, and egg parasitism by the wasp Podagrion mantis, which is not able to parasitize oothecae of T. a. sinensis. The later decline in T. a. sinensis may reflect the fact that the site had become dominated by trees, and neither of these species is typically found in forest habitats.}, }
@article {pmid26581605, year = {2015}, author = {Rai, PK}, title = {Paradigm of plant invasion: multifaceted review on sustainable management.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {187}, number = {12}, pages = {759}, pmid = {26581605}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Carbon Dioxide/chemistry ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Nitrogen/chemistry ; Plants/*chemistry ; Remote Sensing Technology ; }, abstract = {A cascade of reviews and growing body of literature exists on forest invasion ecology, its mechanism or causes; however, no review addressed the sustainable management of invasive plants of forest in totality. Henceforth, the present paper aims to provide a critical review on the management of invasive species particularly in the context of forest plants. Plant invasion in forest is now increasingly being recognized as a global problem, and various continents are adversely affected, although to a differential scale. Quest for the ecological mechanism lying behind the success of invasive species over native species of forest has drawn the attention of researches worldwide particularly in the context of diversity-stability relationship. Transport, colonization, establishment, and landscape spread may be different steps in success of invasive plants in forest, and each and every step is checked through several ecological attributes. Further, several ecological attribute and hypothesis (enemy release, novel weapon, empty niche, evolution of increased competitive ability, etc.) were proposed pertaining to success of invasive plant species in forest ecosystems. However, a single theory will not be able to account for invasion success among all environments as it may vary spatially and temporally. Therefore, in order to formulate a sustainable management plan for invasive plants of forest, it is necessary to develop a synoptic view of the dynamic processes involved in the invasion process. Moreover, invasive species of forest can act synergistically with other elements of global change, including land-use change, climate change, increased concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and nitrogen deposition. Henceforth, a unified framework for biological invasions that reconciles and integrates the key features of the most commonly used invasion frameworks into a single conceptual model that can be applied to all human-mediated invasions.}, }
@article {pmid26581402, year = {2016}, author = {Roiz, D and Duperier, S and Roussel, M and Boussès, P and Fontenille, D and Simard, F and Paupy, C}, title = {Trapping the Tiger: Efficacy of the Novel BG-Sentinel 2 With Several Attractants and Carbon Dioxide for Collecting Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Southern France.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {53}, number = {2}, pages = {460-465}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjv184}, pmid = {26581402}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Female ; France ; Male ; Mosquito Control/*instrumentation ; *Pheromones ; }, abstract = {Targeted trapping of mosquito disease vectors plays an important role in the surveillance and control of mosquito-borne diseases. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is an invasive species, which is spreading throughout the world, and is a potential vector of 24 arboviruses, particularly efficient in the transmission of chikungunya, dengue, and zika viruses. Using a 4 × 4 Latin square design, we assessed the efficacy of the new BG-Sentinel 2 mosquito trap using the attractants BG-lure and (R)-1-octen-3-ol cartridge, alone or in combination, and with and without carbon dioxide, for the field collection of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes.We found a synergistic effect of attractant and carbon dioxide that significantly increased twofold to fivefold the capture rate of Ae. albopictus. In combination with carbon dioxide, BG-lure cartridge is more effective than (R)-1-octen-3-ol in attracting females, while a combination of both attractants and carbon dioxide is the most effective for capturing males. In the absence of carbon dioxide, BG-lure cartridge alone did not increase the capture of males or females when compared with an unbaited trap. However, the synergistic effect of carbon dioxide and BG-lure makes this the most efficient combination in attracting Ae. albopictus.}, }
@article {pmid26581101, year = {2015}, author = {Poyet, M and Le Roux, V and Gibert, P and Meirland, A and Prévost, G and Eslin, P and Chabrerie, O}, title = {The Wide Potential Trophic Niche of the Asiatic Fruit Fly Drosophila suzukii: The Key of Its Invasion Success in Temperate Europe?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {e0142785}, pmid = {26581101}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Crops, Agricultural ; Drosophila/pathogenicity/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Fruit/chemistry ; Insect Control ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/parasitology ; South America ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The Asiatic fruit fly Drosophila suzukii has recently invaded Europe and North and South America, causing severe damage to fruit production systems. Although agronomic host plants of that fly are now well documented, little is known about the suitability of wild and ornamental hosts in its exotic area. In order to study the potential trophic niche of D. suzukii with relation to fruit characteristics, fleshy fruits from 67 plant species were sampled in natural and anthropic ecosystems (forests, hedgerows, grasslands, coastal areas, gardens and urban areas) of the north of France and submitted to experimental infestations. A set of fruit traits (structure, colour, shape, skin texture, diameter and weight, phenology) potentially interacting with oviposition choices and development success of D. suzukii was measured. Almost half of the tested plant species belonging to 17 plant families allowed the full development of D. suzukii. This suggests that the extreme polyphagy of the fly and the very large reservoir of hosts producing fruits all year round ensure temporal continuity in resource availability and contribute to the persistence and the exceptional invasion success of D. suzukii in natural habitats and neighbouring cultivated systems. Nevertheless, this very plastic trophic niche is not systematically beneficial to the fly. Some of the tested plants attractive to D. suzukii gravid females stimulate oviposition but do not allow full larval development. Planted near sensitive crops, these "trap plants" may attract and lure D. suzukii, therefore contributing to the control of the invasive fly.}, }
@article {pmid26577862, year = {2016}, author = {Waterworth, RA and Robinson, LJ and Redak, RA and Morse, JG}, title = {Evaluating the Performance and Preference of Aphytis melinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on an Exotic Species, Acutaspis albopicta (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), and Aonidiella aurantii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {83-93}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv168}, pmid = {26577862}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Female ; Hemiptera/*parasitology ; Heteroptera/parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mexico ; Persea ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell) is an exotic scale detected on imported ‘Hass’ avocados arriving in California from Mexico. An effort was made to understand how well this species might be biologically controlled by the parasitoid, Aphytis melinus DeBach. In no-choice trials, single life stages of A. albopicta and Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) were exposed to one Ap. melinus female. Ap. melinus attacked and developed to adult on all A. albopicta life stages tested, which included early, middle, and late male and female second instars, and early, middle, and late female third instars. However, the proportion of scales attacked was relatively low (≤20%), as were the number of eggs laid on each scale stage. In six of seven comparisons of scale cover surface area between A. albopicta and Ao. aurantii that were similarly aged, Ao. aurantii was significantly larger. With intraspecific choice trials, females of Ap. melinus strongly preferred to parasitize the oldest and largest female scales in both single- and mixed-sex offerings. Younger, smaller scales were preferred for host feeding. Five comparisons of preference between A. albopicta and Ao. aurantii showed that Ap. melinus preferred 28- and 36-d-old Ao. aurantii females over similarly aged A. albopicta. However, Ap. melinus preferred 23-d-old males of A. albopicta. In three of five comparisons, Ao. aurantii was the preferred species to host feed on. More F1 females of Ap. melinus were recovered from both intraspecific choice trials compared with any stage in no-choice trials. Implications of incorporating Ap. melinus into biological control programs are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid26573017, year = {2015}, author = {Dong, LJ and Yu, HW and He, WM}, title = {What determines positive, neutral, and negative impacts of Solidago canadensis invasion on native plant species richness?.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {16804}, pmid = {26573017}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Rain ; Soil/chemistry ; Soil Microbiology ; Solidago/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Whether plant invasions pose a great threat to native plant diversity is still hotly debated due to conflicting findings. More importantly, we know little about the mechanisms of invasion impacts on native plant richness. We examined how Solidago canadensis invasion influenced native plants using data from 291 pairs of invaded and uninvaded plots covering an entire invaded range, and quantified the relative contributions of climate, recipient communities, and S. canadensis to invasion impacts. There were three types of invasion consequences for native plant species richness (i.e., positive, neutral, and negative impacts). Overall, the relative contributions of recipient communities, S. canadensis and climate to invasion impacts were 71.39%, 21.46% and 7.15%, respectively; furthermore, the roles of recipient communities, S. canadensis and climate were largely ascribed to plant diversity, density and cover, and precipitation. In terms of direct effects, invasion impacts were negatively linked to temperature and native plant communities, and positively to precipitation and soil microbes. Soil microbes were crucial in the network of indirect effects on invasion impacts. These findings suggest that the characteristics of recipient communities are the most important determinants of invasion impacts and that invasion impacts may be a continuum across an entire invaded range.}, }
@article {pmid26572317, year = {2015}, author = {Veselý, L and Buřič, M and Kouba, A}, title = {Hardy exotics species in temperate zone: can "warm water" crayfish invaders establish regardless of low temperatures?.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {16340}, pmid = {26572317}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; *Cold Temperature ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Survival Analysis ; }, abstract = {The spreading of new crayfish species poses a serious risk for freshwater ecosystems; because they are omnivores they influence more than one level in the trophic chain and they represent a significant part of the benthic biomass. Both the environmental change through global warming and the expansion of the pet trade increase the possibilities of their spreading. We investigated the potential of four "warm water" highly invasive crayfish species to overwinter in the temperate zone, so as to predict whether these species pose a risk for European freshwaters. We used 15 specimens of each of the following species: the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), the marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis), the yabby (Cherax destructor), and the redclaw (Cherax quadricarinatus). Specimens were acclimatized and kept for 6.5 months at temperatures simulating the winter temperature regime of European temperate zone lentic ecosystems. We conclude that the red swamp crayfish, marbled crayfish and yabby have the ability to withstand low winter temperatures relevant for lentic habitats in the European temperate zone, making them a serious invasive threat to freshwater ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid26568978, year = {2015}, author = {Calviño-Cancela, M and Neumann, M}, title = {Pollen loads of eucalypt and other pollen types in birds in NW Spain.}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {348-350}, doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2015.09.012}, pmid = {26568978}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {Here we present the amount of pollen of eucalypt and pollen of other types for birds captured in two bird ringing stations for 14 months (March 2014 to April 2015) in NW Spain. Common and latin names of all birds species captured, together with the number of captured individuals (N), prevalence of eucalypt pollen (percentage of individuals with eucalypt pollen) and of pollen of other types and average pollen loads per individual for eucalypt and other pollen types is presented. See [1] for further information and discussion.}, }
@article {pmid26565793, year = {2015}, author = {Dalke, IV and Chadin, IF and Zakhozhiy, IG and Malyshev, RV and Maslova, SP and Tabalenkova, GN and Golovko, TK}, title = {Traits of Heracleum sosnowskyi Plants in Monostand on Invaded Area.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {e0142833}, pmid = {26565793}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Agriculture/methods ; Carbon Dioxide/chemistry ; Chlorophyll/chemistry ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Heracleum/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; Nitrogen ; Phenotype ; Photosynthesis/physiology ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Plant Transpiration ; Russia ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development ; Seeds ; Soil ; }, abstract = {The ability of giant hogweeds to form monodominant communities and even pure monostands in invaded areas has been well documented. Understanding of the mechanisms leading to monostand formation can aid in determining the limitations of existing community ecology models and establishing an effective management plan for invasive species elimination. The aim of this observational study was to investigate traits of Heracleum sosnowskyi plants (demography, canopy structure, morphology and physiology) of the plants in a pure stand in an invaded area useful for understanding potential monostand formation mechanisms. All measurements were performed in one typical Heracleum sosnowskyi monostand located in an abandoned agriculture field located in Syktyvkar city suburb (North-east Russia). This monostand consisted of five main plant growth stages: seed, seedling, juvenile, vegetative adult, and generative adult. Plants of all stages began to grow simultaneously shortly after the snowmelt, at the same time as spring ephemeral plant species grew. The density of generative plants did not change during the vegetation period, but the density of the other plant stages rapidly decreased after the formation of a tall (up to 2-2.5 m) and dense (Leaf area index up to 6.5) canopy. The canopy captured approximately 97% of the light. H. sosnowskyi showed high (several orders of magnitude higher than average taiga zone grasses) photosynthetic water use efficiency (6-7 μM CO2/μM H2O). Formation of H. sosnowskyi monostands occurs primarily in disturbed areas with relatively rich and well-moistened soils. Early commencement of growth, rapid formation of a dense canopy, high efficiency of light and water use during photosynthesis, ability of young plants to survive in low light conditions, rapid recovery of above-ground plant parts after damage, and the high density of the soil seed bank are the most important traits of H. sosnowskyi plants for monostand formation in invaded areas.}, }
@article {pmid26565700, year = {2015}, author = {Lampinen, J and Ruokolainen, K and Huhta, AP}, title = {Urban Power Line Corridors as Novel Habitats for Grassland and Alien Plant Species in South-Western Finland.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {e0142236}, pmid = {26565700}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Finland ; *Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; *Plants/classification ; *Power Plants ; Soil/chemistry ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Regularly managed electric power line corridors may provide habitats for both early-successional grassland plant species and disturbance-dependent alien plant species. These habitats are especially important in urban areas, where they can help conserve native grassland species and communities in urban greenspace. However, they can also provide further footholds for potentially invasive alien species that already characterize urban areas. In order to implement power line corridors into urban conservation, it is important to understand which environmental conditions in the corridors favor grassland species and which alien species. Likewise it is important to know whether similar environmental factors in the corridors control the species composition of the two groups. We conducted a vegetation study in a 43 kilometer long urban power line corridor network in south-western Finland, and used generalized linear models and distance-based redundancy analysis to determine which environmental factors best predict the occurrence and composition of grassland and alien plant species in the corridors. The results imply that old corridors on dry soils and steep slopes characterized by a history as open areas and pastures are especially suitable for grassland species. Corridors suitable for alien species, in turn, are characterized by productive soils and abundant light and are surrounded by a dense urban fabric. Factors controlling species composition in the two groups are somewhat correlated, with the most important factors including light abundance, soil moisture, soil calcium concentration and soil productivity. The results have implications for grassland conservation and invasive alien species control in urban areas.}, }
@article {pmid26563203, year = {2015}, author = {Lieurance, D and Chakraborty, S and Whitehead, SR and Powell, JR and Bonello, P and Bowers, MD and Cipollini, D}, title = {Comparative Herbivory Rates and Secondary Metabolite Profiles in the Leaves of Native and Non-Native Lonicera Species.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {41}, number = {12}, pages = {1069-1079}, pmid = {26563203}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {*Food Chain ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Iridoid Glycosides/metabolism ; Lonicera/*physiology ; Ohio ; Phenols/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; *Secondary Metabolism ; }, abstract = {Non-native plants introduced to new habitats can have significant ecological impact. In many cases, even though they interact with the same community of potential herbivores as their new native competitors, they regularly receive less damage. Plants produce secondary metabolites in their leaves that serve a range of defensive functions, including resistance to herbivores and pathogens. Abiotic factors such as nutrient availability can influence the expression of defensive traits, with some species exhibiting increased chemical defense in low-nutrient conditions. Plants in the genus Lonicera are known to produce a diverse array of these secondary metabolites, yet non-native Lonicera species sustain lower amounts of herbivore damage than co-occurring native Lonicera species in North America. In this study, we searched for evidence of biochemical novelty in non-native species, and quantified its association with resistance to herbivores. In order to achieve this, we evaluated the phenolic and iridoid glycoside profiles in leaves of native and non-native Lonicera species grown under high and low fertilization treatments in a common garden. We then related these profiles to naturally occurring herbivore damage on whole plants in the garden. Herbivore damage was greater on native Lonicera, and chemical profiles and concentrations of selected putative defense compounds varied by species. Geographic origin was an inconsistent predictor of chemical variation in detected phenolics and iridoid glycosides (IGs). Overall, fertilization did not affect herbivore damage or measures of phenolics or IGs, but there were some fertilization effects within species. While we cannot conclude that non-natives were more chemically novel than native Lonicera species, chemical defense profiles and concentrations of specific compounds varied by species. Reduced attraction or deterrence of oviposition, specific direct resistance traits, or a combination of both may contribute to reduced herbivory and competitive advantages for non-native Lonicera in North America.}, }
@article {pmid26562935, year = {2015}, author = {Sébastien, A and Lester, PJ and Hall, RJ and Wang, J and Moore, NE and Gruber, MA}, title = {Invasive ants carry novel viruses in their new range and form reservoirs for a honeybee pathogen.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {20150610}, pmid = {26562935}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*virology ; Argentina ; Australia ; Bees/virology ; Insect Viruses/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Introduced Species ; Metagenomics ; New Zealand ; Picornaviridae/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; RNA, Viral/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {When exotic animal species invade new environments they also bring an often unknown microbial diversity, including pathogens. We describe a novel and widely distributed virus in one of the most globally widespread, abundant and damaging invasive ants (Argentine ants, Linepithema humile). The Linepithema humile virus 1 is a dicistrovirus, a viral family including species known to cause widespread arthropod disease. It was detected in samples from Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. Argentine ants in New Zealand were also infected with a strain of Deformed wing virus common to local hymenopteran species, which is a major pathogen widely associated with honeybee mortality. Evidence for active replication of viral RNA was apparent for both viruses. Our results suggest co-introduction and exchange of pathogens within local hymenopteran communities. These viral species may contribute to the collapse of Argentine ant populations and offer new options for the control of a globally widespread invader.}, }
@article {pmid26561809, year = {2015}, author = {Skoneczny, D and Weston, PA and Zhu, X and Gurr, GM and Callaway, RM and Weston, LA}, title = {Metabolic Profiling of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Foliage of Two Echium spp. Invaders in Australia--A Case of Novel Weapons?.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {26721-26737}, pmid = {26561809}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Echium/chemistry/immunology/*metabolism ; Flowers/chemistry/immunology/*metabolism ; Germination/physiology ; Mass Spectrometry/instrumentation/methods ; Metabolome ; Molecular Structure ; Oxides ; Plant Leaves/chemistry/immunology/*metabolism ; Plant Weeds/chemistry/immunology/*metabolism ; Principal Component Analysis ; Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids/chemistry/*isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Seeds/chemistry/immunology/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Metabolic profiling allows for simultaneous and rapid annotation of biochemically similar organismal metabolites. An effective platform for profiling of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their N-oxides (PANOs) was developed using ultra high pressure liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight (UHPLC-QTOF) mass spectrometry. Field-collected populations of invasive Australian weeds, Echium plantagineum and E. vulgare were raised under controlled glasshouse conditions and surveyed for the presence of related PAs and PANOs in leaf tissues at various growth stages. Echium plantagineum possessed numerous related and abundant PANOs (>17) by seven days following seed germination, and these were also observed in rosette and flowering growth stages. In contrast, the less invasive E. vulgare accumulated significantly lower levels of most PANOs under identical glasshouse conditions. Several previously unreported PAs were also found at trace levels. Field-grown populations of both species were also evaluated for PA production and highly toxic echimidine N-oxide was amongst the most abundant PANOs in foliage of both species. PAs in field and glasshouse plants were more abundant in the more widely invasive species, E. plantagineum, and may provide competitive advantage by increasing the plant's capacity to deter natural enemies in its invaded range through production of novel weapons.}, }
@article {pmid26561443, year = {2015}, author = {Stabili, L and Licciano, M and Longo, C and Lezzi, M and Giangrande, A}, title = {The Mediterranean non-indigenous ascidian Polyandrocarpa zorritensis: Microbiological accumulation capability and environmental implications.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {101}, number = {1}, pages = {146-152}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.005}, pmid = {26561443}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Environment ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Peru ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Urochordata/*microbiology ; *Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {We investigated the bacterial accumulation and digestion capability of Polyandrocarpa zorritensis, a non-indigenous colonial ascidian originally described in Peru and later found in the Mediterranean. Microbiological analyses were carried out on homogenates from "unstarved" and "starved" ascidians and seawater from the same sampling site (Adriatic Sea, Italy). Culturable heterotrophic bacteria (22 °C), total culturable bacteria (37 °C) and vibrios abundances were determined on Marine Agar 2216, Plate Count Agar and TCBS Agar, respectively. Microbial pollution indicators were measured by the most probable number method. All the examined microbiological groups were accumulated by ascidians but differently digested. An interesting outcome is the capability of P. zorritensis to digest allochthonous microorganisms such as coliforms as well as culturable bacteria at 37 °C, counteracting the effects of microbial pollution. Thus, the potential exploitation of these filter feeders to restore polluted seawater should be taken into consideration in the management of this alien species.}, }
@article {pmid26561027, year = {2015}, author = {Corse, E and Pech, N and Sinama, M and Costedoat, C and Chappaz, R and Gilles, A}, title = {When Anthropogenic River Disturbance Decreases Hybridisation between Non-Native and Endemic Cyprinids and Drives an Ecomorphological Displacement towards Juvenile State in Both Species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {e0142592}, pmid = {26561027}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Body Size ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cyprinidae/*physiology ; Cytochromes b/genetics ; Diet ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; France ; Geography ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; *Rivers ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Understanding the impact of non-native species on native species is a major challenge in molecular ecology, particularly for genetically compatible fish species. Invasions are generally difficult to study because their effects may be confused with those of environmental or human disturbances. Colonized ecosystems are differently impacted by human activities, resulting in diverse responses and interactions between native and non-native species. We studied the dynamics between two Cyprinids species (invasive Chondrostoma nasus and endemic Parachondrostoma toxostoma) and their hybrids in 16 populations (from allopatric to sympatric situations and from little to highly fragmented areas) corresponding to 2,256 specimens. Each specimen was assigned to a particular species or to a hybrid pool using molecular identification (cytochrome b and 41 microsatellites). We carried out an ecomorphological analysis based on size, age, body shape, and diet (gut vacuity and molecular fecal contents). Our results contradicted our initial assumptions on the pattern of invasion and the rate of introgression. There was no sign of underperformance for the endemic species in areas where hybridisation occurred. In the unfragmented zone, the introduced species was found mostly downstream, with body shapes similar to those in allopatric populations while both species were found to be more insectivorous than the reference populations. However, high level of hybridisation was detected, suggesting interactions between the two species during spawning and/or the existence of hybrid swarm. In the disturbed zone, introgression was less frequent and slender body shape was associated with diatomivorous behaviour, smaller size (juvenile characteristics) and greater gut vacuity. Results suggested that habitat degradation induced similar ecomorphological trait changes in the two species and their hybrids (i.e. a transition towards a pedomorphic state) where the invasive species is more affected than the native species. Therefore, this study reveals a diversity of relationships between two genetically compatible species and emphasizes constraints on the invasion process in disturbed areas.}, }
@article {pmid26560432, year = {2016}, author = {Mächler, E and Deiner, K and Spahn, F and Altermatt, F}, title = {Fishing in the Water: Effect of Sampled Water Volume on Environmental DNA-Based Detection of Macroinvertebrates.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {305-312}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b04188}, pmid = {26560432}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; DNA/analysis/*classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods/*standards ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*genetics ; Rivers ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Accurate detection of organisms is crucial for the effective management of threatened and invasive species because false detections directly affect the implementation of management actions. The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) as a species detection tool is in a rapid development stage; however, concerns about accurate detections using eDNA have been raised. We evaluated the effect of sampled water volume (0.25 to 2 L) on the detection rate for three macroinvertebrate species. Additionally, we tested (depending on the sampled water volume) what amount of total extracted DNA should be screened to reduce uncertainty in detections. We found that all three species were detected in all volumes of water. Surprisingly, however, only one species had a positive relationship between an increased sample volume and an increase in the detection rate. We conclude that the optimal sample volume might depend on the species-habitat combination and should be tested for the system where management actions are warranted. Nevertheless, we minimally recommend sampling water volumes of 1 L and screening at least 14 μL of extracted eDNA for each sample to reduce uncertainty in detections when studying macroinvertebrates in rivers and using our molecular workflow.}, }
@article {pmid26557422, year = {2015}, author = {Davis, CJ and Ruhmann, EK and Acharya, K and Chandra, S and Jerde, CL}, title = {Successful survival, growth, and reproductive potential of quagga mussels in low calcium lake water: is there uncertainty of establishment risk?.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e1276}, pmid = {26557422}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The risk of quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis Andrusov 1897) establishment into water-bodies of the western US has expanded the geographic concern regarding the ecological and economic impacts this species will have in aquatic ecosystems. Thresholds based on calcium concentrations, an element critical for mussel growth and physiology, have been used as a primary predictor of quagga mussel establishment success to aid management decisions. We evaluated the invasion potential of quagga mussels in low calcium waters using laboratory experiments to compare the survival, growth and reproductive potential of adult mussels held for 90 days at low (9 and 12 ppm), moderate (15 to 32 ppm) and high (72 ppm) calcium water concentrations. In conjunction with adult experiments, veliger stage survival, growth and settlement were evaluated under similar low, moderate, and high calcium water treatments. Adult mussels survived, grew and showed reproductive potential in low calcium water (12 ppm). Veligers were also able to survive, grow and settle in low calcium water. Higher levels of natural seston biomass appeared to improve adult mussel life history performance in low calcium water. Survival curve analysis predicted that 99% adult mortality could occur in <170 days at 9 ppm and 12 ppm, however water with >15 ppm could have adults surviving more than a year. The results from these bioassays provide further evidence that quagga mussels have higher risk of establishment in low calcium lakes if habitats exist that have slightly elevated calcium. These results should help emphasize the vulnerability of water-body in the 12 to 15 ppm calcium range that could potentially be at risk of establishing sustainable quagga mussel populations. Furthermore, these results provide insights into the uncertainty of using a single parameter in assigning establishment risk given the complexity of variables in specific water-bodies that influence life history performance of introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid26556713, year = {2015}, author = {Zhu, DH and Wang, P and Zhang, WZ and Yuan, Y and Li, B and Wang, J}, title = {Sampling and Complementarity Effects of Plant Diversity on Resource Use Increases the Invasion Resistance of Communities.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {e0141559}, pmid = {26556713}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Biomass ; China ; *Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Plant Dispersal ; *Plants/metabolism/radiation effects ; Seedlings ; Selection, Genetic ; Soil ; Species Specificity ; Water ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although plant diversity is postulated to resist invasion, studies have not provided consistent results, most of which were ascribed to the influences of other covariate environmental factors.<br><br>To explore the mechanisms by which plant diversity influences community invasibility, an experiment was conducted involving grassland sites varying in their species richness (one, two, four, eight, and sixteen species). Light interception efficiency and soil resources (total N, total P, and water content) were measured. The number of species, biomass, and the number of seedlings of the invading species decreased significantly with species richness. The presence of Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. ex Trev. and Mosla dianthera (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxburgh) Maxim. significantly increased the resistance of the communities to invasion. A structural equation model showed that the richness of planted species had no direct and significant effect on invasion. Light interception efficiency had a negative effect on the invasion whereas soil water content had a positive effect. In monocultures, Antenoron filiforme (Thunb.) Rob. et Vaut. showed the highest light interception efficiency and P. scabiosaefolia recorded the lowest soil water content. With increased planted-species richness, a greater percentage of pots showed light use efficiency higher than that of A. filiforme and a lower soil water content than that in P. scabiosaefolia.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The results of this study suggest that plant diversity confers resistance to invasion, which is mainly ascribed to the sampling effect of particular species and the complementarity effect among species on resources use.}, }
@article {pmid26555844, year = {2016}, author = {Lion, S}, title = {Moment equations in spatial evolutionary ecology.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {405}, number = {}, pages = {46-57}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.10.014}, pmid = {26555844}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; *Ecology ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {How should we model evolution in spatially structured populations? Here, I review an evolutionary ecology approach based on the technique of spatial moment equations. I first provide a mathematical underpinning to the derivation of equations for the densities of various spatial configurations in network-based models. I then show how this spatial ecological framework can be coupled with an adaptive dynamics approach to compute the invasion fitness of a rare mutant in a resident population at equilibrium. Under the additional assumption that mutations have small phenotypic effects, I show that the selection gradient can be expressed as a function of neutral measures of genetic and demographic structure. I discuss the connections between this approach and inclusive fitness theory, as well as the applicability and limits of this technique. My main message is that spatial moment equations can be used as a means to obtain compact qualitative arguments about the evolution of life-history traits for a variety of life cycles.}, }
@article {pmid26555281, year = {2015}, author = {Parmesan, C and Hanley, ME}, title = {Plants and climate change: complexities and surprises.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {116}, number = {6}, pages = {849-864}, pmid = {26555281}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Climate Change ; Flowers/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Plants/genetics/*metabolism ; Seedlings/physiology ; Seeds/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Anthropogenic climate change (ACC) will influence all aspects of plant biology over coming decades. Many changes in wild species have already been well-documented as a result of increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations, warming climate and changing precipitation regimes. A wealth of available data has allowed the use of meta-analyses to examine plant-climate interactions on more sophisticated levels than before. These analyses have revealed major differences in plant response among groups, e.g. with respect to functional traits, taxonomy, life-history and provenance. Interestingly, these meta-analyses have also exposed unexpected mismatches between theory, experimental, and observational studies.<br><br>SCOPE: We reviewed the literature on species' responses to ACC, finding &#x223c;42 % of 4000 species studied globally are plants (primarily terrestrial). We review impacts on phenology, distributions, ecophysiology, regeneration biology, plant-plant and plant-herbivore interactions, and the roles of plasticity and evolution. We focused on apparent deviations from expectation, and highlighted cases where more sophisticated analyses revealed that unexpected changes were, in fact, responses to ACC.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We found that conventionally expected responses are generally well-understood, and that it is the aberrant responses that are now yielding greater insight into current and possible future impacts of ACC. We argue that inconclusive, unexpected, or counter-intuitive results should be embraced in order to understand apparent disconnects between theory, prediction, and observation. We highlight prime examples from the collection of papers in this Special Issue, as well as general literature. We found use of plant functional groupings/traits had mixed success, but that some underutilized approaches, such as Grime's C/S/R strategies, when incorporated, have improved understanding of observed responses. Despite inherent difficulties, we highlight the need for ecologists to conduct community-level experiments in systems that replicate multiple aspects of ACC. Specifically, we call for development of coordinating experiments across networks of field sites, both natural and man-made.}, }
@article {pmid26552276, year = {2015}, author = {Mandle, L and Ticktin, T}, title = {Moderate land use changes plant functional composition without loss of functional diversity in India's Western Ghats.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, pages = {1711-1724}, doi = {10.1890/15-0068.1}, pmid = {26552276}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Biodiversity ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Human Activities ; India ; Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; }, abstract = {The fields of ecology and conservation science increasingly recognize the importance of managing for functional composition and functional diversity to maintain critical ecosystem processes and services. However, little is known about the degree to which widespread but moderate forms of land use that maintain overall vegetation structure are compatible with the conservation of functional diversity. We assessed differences in plani functional composition and functional diversity across savanna woodlands in the Western Ghats, India, managed with varying degrees of biomass extraction, livestock grazing, and ground fire. Across the gradient of moderate land uses, we found shifts in functional composition but no overall decline in functional diversity with land, use intensification. Biomass extraction was associated with changes in dispersal mode, reduced seed mass, and lower overstory functional diversity. Livestock grazing was associated with shorter overstory species, reduced seed mass, and increased understory functional diversity. Nonnative invasive species contributed to shifts in understory functional composition with livestock grazing and increased functional diversity with more intensive land use. Our study highlights both the utility and some limitations of assessing conservation value with functional diversity. These results suggest that moderate-intensity local land use can be compatible with maintenance of functional diversity in savanna woodlands of the Western Ghats, and further efforts to maximize this compatibility would benefit conservation in South India's extensive human-managed landscapes. However, using functional diversity as the sole metric by which to gauge conservation value can mask threats from invasive species and loss of diversity within categories of biotic dispersal. Therefore, functional diversity metrics are likely to provide a valuable complement to, but not replacement for, other management targets such as species composition.}, }
@article {pmid26552269, year = {2015}, author = {SundströM, LF and Lõhmus, M and Devlin, RH}, title = {Accuracy of nonmolecular identification of growth-hormone- transgenic coho salmon after simulated escape.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, pages = {1618-1629}, doi = {10.1890/14-1905.1}, pmid = {26552269}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Discriminant Analysis ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Genotype ; Growth Hormone/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Oncorhynchus kisutch/*genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Concerns with transgenic animals include the potential ecological risks associated with release or escape to the natural environment, and a critical requirement for assessment of ecological effects is the ability to distinguish transgenic animals from wild type. Here, we explore geometric morphometrics (GeoM) and human expertise to distinguish growth-hormone-transgenic coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) specimens from wild type. First, we simulated an escape of 3-month-old hatchery-reared wild-type and transgenic fish to an artificial stream, and recaptured them at the time of seaward migration at an age of 13 months. Second, we reared fish in the stream from first-feeding fry until an age of 13 months, thereby simulating fish arising from a successful spawn in the wild of an escaped hatchery-reared transgenic fish. All fish were then assessed from 'photographs by visual identification (VID) by local staff and by GeoM based on 13 morphological landmarks. A leave-one-out discriminant analysis of GeoM data had on average 86% (72-100% for individual groups) accuracy in assigning the correct genotypes, whereas the human experts were correct, on average, in only 49% of cases (range of 18-100% for individual fish groups). However, serious errors (i.e., classifying transgenic specimens as wild type) occurred for 7% (GeoM) and 67% (VID) of transgenic fish, and all of these incorrect assignments arose with fish reared in the stream from the first-feeding stage. The results show that we presently lack the skills of visually distinguishing transgenic coho salmon from wild type with a high level of accuracy, but that further development-of GeoM methods could be useful in identifying second-generation,fish from nature as a nonmolecular approach.}, }
@article {pmid26552266, year = {2015}, author = {Pan, H and Preisser, EL and Chu, D and Wang, S and Wu, Q and Carriére, Y and Zhou, X and Zhang, Y}, title = {Insecticides promote viral outbreaks by altering herbivore competition.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, pages = {1585-1595}, doi = {10.1890/14-0752.1}, pmid = {26552266}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Assay ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Hemiptera/*drug effects/physiology ; *Herbivory ; Insecticides/*pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Plant Diseases/*virology ; Plant Viruses/*physiology ; }, abstract = {While the management of biological invasions is often characterized by a series of single-specieg decisions, invasive species exist within larger food webs. These biotic interactions can alter the impact of control/eradication programs and may cause suppression efforts to inadvertently facilitate invasion spread and impact. We document the rapid replacement of the invasive Bemisia Middle East-Asia Minor I (MEAM1) cryptic biotype by the cryptic Mediterranean (MED) biotype throughout China and demonstrate that MED is more tolerant of insecticides and a better vector of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) than MEAMJ. While MEAM1 usually excludes MED under natural conditions, insecticide application reverses the MEAM1-MED competitive hierarchy and allows MED to exclude MEAMI. The insecticide-mediated success of MED has led to TYLCV outbreaks throughout China. Our work strongly supports the hypothesis that insecticide use in China reverses the MEAMl-MED competitive hierarchy and allows MED to displace MEAM1 in managed landscapes. By promoting the dominance of a Bemisia species that is a competent viral vector, insecticides thus increase the spread and impact of TYLCV in heterogeneous agroecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid26549779, year = {2016}, author = {Ducatez, S and Crossland, M and Shine, R}, title = {Differences in developmental strategies between long-settled and invasion-front populations of the cane toad in Australia.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {335-343}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12785}, pmid = {26549779}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Australia ; Bufo marinus/*growth &amp; development ; Female ; Growth and Development/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity can enhance a species' ability to persist in a new and stressful environment, so that reaction norms are expected to evolve as organisms encounter novel environments. Biological invasions provide a robust system to investigate such changes. We measured the rates of early growth and development in tadpoles of invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) in Australia, from a range of locations and at different larval densities. Populations in long-colonized areas have had the opportunity to adapt to local conditions, whereas at the expanding range edge, the invader is likely to encounter challenges that are both novel and unpredictable. We thus expected invasion-vanguard populations to exhibit less phenotypic plasticity than range-core populations. Compared to clutches from long-colonized areas, clutches from the invasion front were indeed less plastic (i.e. rates of larval growth and development were less sensitive to density). In contrast, those rates were highly variable in clutches from the invasion front, even among siblings from the same clutch under standard conditions. Clutches with highly variable rates of growth and development under constant conditions had lower phenotypic plasticity, suggesting a trade-off between these two strategies. Although these results reveal a strong pattern, further investigation is needed to determine whether these different developmental strategies are adaptive (i.e. adaptive phenotypic plasticity vs. bet-hedging) or instead are driven by geographic variation in genetic quality or parental effects.}, }
@article {pmid26548721, year = {2016}, author = {De Biase, A and Colonnelli, E and Belvedere, S and La Marca, A and Cristofaro, M and Smith, L}, title = {Genetic and morphological studies of Trichosirocalus species introduced to North America, Australia and New Zealand for the biological control of thistles.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {106}, number = {1}, pages = {99-113}, doi = {10.1017/S000748531500084X}, pmid = {26548721}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; *Asteraceae ; Australasia ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics/metabolism ; Europe ; Female ; Food Chain ; Herbivory ; Insect Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; North America ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Weed Control ; Weevils/*anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {Trichosirocalus horridus sensu lato has been used as a biological control agent of several invasive thistles (Carduus spp., Cirsium spp. and Onopordum spp.) since 1974. It has been recognized as a single species until 2002, when it was split into three species based on morphological characters: T. horridus, Trichosirocalus briesei and Trichosirocalus mortadelo, each purported to have different host plants. Because of this taxonomic change, uncertainty exists as to which species were released in various countries; furthermore, there appears to be some exceptions to the purported host plants of some of these species. To resolve these questions, we conducted an integrative taxonomic study of the T. horridus species complex using molecular genetic and morphological analyses of specimens from three continents. Both mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and nuclear elongation factor 1α markers clearly indicate that there are only two distinct species, T. horridus and T. briesei. Molecular evidence, morphological analysis and host plant associations support the synonymy of T. horridus (Panzer, 1801) and T. mortadelo Alonso-Zarazaga &amp; Sánchez-Ruiz, 2002. We determine that T. horridus has been established in Canada, USA, New Zealand and Australia and that T. briesei is established in Australia. The former species was collected from Carduus, Cirsium and Onopordum spp. in the field, whereas the latter appears to be specific to Onopordum.}, }
@article {pmid26548454, year = {2016}, author = {Berger-Tal, O and Blumstein, DT and Carroll, S and Fisher, RN and Mesnick, SL and Owen, MA and Saltz, D and St Claire, CC and Swaisgood, RR}, title = {A systematic survey of the integration of animal behavior into conservation.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {744-753}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12654}, pmid = {26548454}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {The role of behavioral ecology in improving wildlife conservation and management has been the subject of much recent debate. We sought to answer 2 foundational questions about the current use of behavioral knowledge in conservation: To what extent is behavioral knowledge used in wildlife conservation and management, and how does the use of animal behavior differ among conservation fields in both frequency and types of use? We searched the literature for intersections between key fields of animal behavior and conservation and created a systematic heat map (i.e., graphical representation of data where values are represented as colors) to visualize relative efforts. Some behaviors, such as dispersal and foraging, were commonly considered (mean [SE] of 1147.38 [353.11] and 439.44 [108.85] papers per cell, respectively). In contrast, other behaviors, such as learning, social, and antipredatory behaviors were rarely considered (mean [SE] of 33.88 [7.62], 44.81 [10.65], and 22.69 [6.37] papers per cell, respectively). In many cases, awareness of the importance of behavior did not translate into applicable management tools. Our results challenge previous suggestions that there is little association between the fields of behavioral ecology and conservation and reveals tremendous variation in the use of different behaviors in conservation. We recommend that researchers focus on examining underutilized intersections of behavior and conservation themes for which preliminary work shows a potential for improving conservation and management, translating behavioral theory into applicable and testable predictions, and creating systematic reviews to summarize the behavioral evidence within the behavior-conservation intersections for which many studies exist.}, }
@article {pmid26547413, year = {2015}, author = {Unger, SD and Abernethy, EF and Lance, SL and Beasley, RR and Kimball, BA and McAuliffe, TW and Jones, KL and Rhodes, OE}, title = {Development and characterization of 33 novel polymorphic microsatellite markers for the brown tree snake Boiga irregularis.}, journal = {BMC research notes}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {658}, pmid = {26547413}, issn = {1756-0500}, support = {P30 CA046934/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; 5P30CA046934/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Gene Frequency ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Guam ; *Introduced Species ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Snakes/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Boiga irregularis is a widespread invasive species on Guam and has led to extirpation of most of the island's native avifauna. There are presently no microsatellite markers for this invasive species, hence we developed highly polymorphic microsatellite markers to allow for robust population genetic studies on Guam.<br><br>FINDINGS: We isolated and characterized 33 microsatellite loci for the brown tree snake, B. irregularis. The loci were screened across 32 individuals from Guam. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to ten, with an average of 4.62. The expected (He) and observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.294 to 0.856 and from 0.031 to 0.813, with an average of 0.648 and 0.524, respectively. Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were detected at seven loci after Bonferoni correction. Probability of identity values ranged from 0.043 to 0.539.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These genetic markers are useful for understanding a suite of post-invasion population genetic parameters, sources of invasions, and effectiveness of management strategies for this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid26547394, year = {2016}, author = {Bergland, AO and Tobler, R and González, J and Schmidt, P and Petrov, D}, title = {Secondary contact and local adaptation contribute to genome-wide patterns of clinal variation in Drosophila melanogaster.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, pages = {1157-1174}, pmid = {26547394}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {F32 GM097837/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01GM089926/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; W 1225/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; R01 GM089926/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 GM100366/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Animals ; Australia ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Frequency ; *Genetics, Population ; Genome, Insect ; North America ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; }, abstract = {Populations arrayed along broad latitudinal gradients often show patterns of clinal variation in phenotype and genotype. Such population differentiation can be generated and maintained by both historical demographic events and local adaptation. These evolutionary forces are not mutually exclusive and can in some cases produce nearly identical patterns of genetic differentiation among populations. Here, we investigate the evolutionary forces that generated and maintain clinal variation genome-wide among populations of Drosophila melanogaster sampled in North America and Australia. We contrast patterns of clinal variation in these continents with patterns of differentiation among ancestral European and African populations. Using established and novel methods we derive here, we show that recently derived North America and Australia populations were likely founded by both European and African lineages and that this hybridization event likely contributed to genome-wide patterns of parallel clinal variation between continents. The pervasive effects of admixture mean that differentiation at only several hundred loci can be attributed to the operation of spatially varying selection using an FST outlier approach. Our results provide novel insight into the well-studied system of clinal differentiation in D. melanogaster and provide a context for future studies seeking to identify loci contributing to local adaptation in a wide variety of organisms, including other invasive species as well as temperate endemics.}, }
@article {pmid26544983, year = {2015}, author = {Benavente, JN and Seeb, LW and Seeb, JE and Arismendi, I and Hernández, CE and Gajardo, G and Galleguillos, R and Cádiz, MI and Musleh, SS and Gomez-Uchida, D}, title = {Temporal Genetic Variance and Propagule-Driven Genetic Structure Characterize Naturalized Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from a Patagonian Lake Impacted by Trout Farming.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {e0142040}, pmid = {26544983}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Animals ; *Breeding ; Chile ; Ecosystem ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; }, abstract = {Knowledge about the genetic underpinnings of invasions-a theme addressed by invasion genetics as a discipline-is still scarce amid well documented ecological impacts of non-native species on ecosystems of Patagonia in South America. One of the most invasive species in Patagonia's freshwater systems and elsewhere is rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). This species was introduced to Chile during the early twentieth century for stocking and promoting recreational fishing; during the late twentieth century was reintroduced for farming purposes and is now naturalized. We used population- and individual-based inference from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to illuminate three objectives related to the establishment and naturalization of Rainbow Trout in Lake Llanquihue. This lake has been intensively used for trout farming during the last three decades. Our results emanate from samples collected from five inlet streams over two seasons, winter and spring. First, we found that significant intra- population (temporal) genetic variance was greater than inter-population (spatial) genetic variance, downplaying the importance of spatial divergence during the process of naturalization. Allele frequency differences between cohorts, consistent with variation in fish length between spring and winter collections, might explain temporal genetic differences. Second, individual-based Bayesian clustering suggested that genetic structure within Lake Llanquihue was largely driven by putative farm propagules found at one single stream during spring, but not in winter. This suggests that farm broodstock might migrate upstream to breed during spring at that particular stream. It is unclear whether interbreeding has occurred between "pure" naturalized and farm trout in this and other streams. Third, estimates of the annual number of breeders (Nb) were below 73 in half of the collections, suggestive of genetically small and recently founded populations that might experience substantial genetic drift. Our results reinforce the notion that naturalized trout originated recently from a small yet genetically diverse source and that farm propagules might have played a significant role in the invasion of Rainbow Trout within a single lake with intensive trout farming. Our results also argue for proficient mitigation measures that include management of escapes and strategies to minimize unintentional releases from farm facilities.}, }
@article {pmid26542083, year = {2016}, author = {Bargielowski, IE and Lounibos, LP}, title = {Satyrization and satyrization-resistance in competitive displacements of invasive mosquito species.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {162-174}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12291}, pmid = {26542083}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {R21 AI095780/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Genetic Fitness ; Insect Vectors/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {Competitive displacements or reductions of resident populations of insects, often effected by a related species, may be caused by a variety of mechanisms. Satyrization is a form of mating interference in which males of one species mate with females of another species, significantly decreasing their fitness and not generating hybrids. Satyrization has been established to be the probable cause of competitive displacements of resident mosquitoes by invasive species, especially of Aedes aegypti by Aedes albopictus, two important vectors of dengue and chikungunya viruses. Mathematical models predict that even low levels of asymmetric mating interference are capable of producing competitive displacements or reductions. Couplings of virgin Ae. aegypti females with Ae. albopictus males effectively sterilize these females through the monogamizing actions of male accessory gland products, but the converse interspecific mating does not impact the future reproduction of Ae. albopictus females. Populations of Ae. aegypti exposed to satyrization quickly evolve resistance to interspecific mating, which is believed to ameliorate reproductive interference from, and promote co-existence with, Ae. albopictus. The evolution of satyrization resistance among Ae. aegypti in laboratory cages is accompanied by fitness costs, such as reduced fecundity and slower receptivity to conspecific males. Cage experiments and field observations indicate that Ae. albopictus males are capable of satyrizing females of other species of the Stegomyia subgenus, potentially leading to competitive displacements, and possible extinctions, especially of endemic species on islands. Examination of other examples of reproductive interference in insects reveals few parallels to the mechanism and outcomes of satyrization by Ae. albopictus. We conclude by posing the hypothesis that satyrization may favor the ecological success of Ae. albopictus, and suggest many lines for future research on this phenomenon.}, }
@article {pmid26541874, year = {2016}, author = {N'Guyen, A and Hirsch, PE and Adrian-Kalchhauser, I and Burkhardt-Holm, P}, title = {Improving invasive species management by integrating priorities and contributions of scientists and decision makers.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {280-289}, pmid = {26541874}, issn = {1654-7209}, mesh = {Animals ; Communication ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Decision Making ; Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; *Research ; Science ; }, abstract = {Managing invasive species is a major challenge for society. In the case of newly established invaders, rapid action is key for a successful management. Here, we develop, describe and recommend a three-step transdisciplinary process (the "butterfly model") to rapidly initiate action for invasion management. In the framing of a case study, we present results from the first of these steps: assessing priorities and contributions of both scientists and decision makers. Both scientists and decision makers prioritise research on prevention. The available scientific knowledge contributions, however, are publications on impacts rather than prevention of the invasive species. The contribution of scientific knowledge does thus not reflect scientists' perception of what is essentially needed. We argue that a more objective assessment and transparent communication of not only decision makers' but also scientists' priorities is an essential basis for a successful cooperation. Our three-step model can help achieve objectivity via transdisciplinary communication.}, }
@article {pmid26541873, year = {2016}, author = {Hirsch, PE and N'Guyen, A and Adrian-Kalchhauser, I and Burkhardt-Holm, P}, title = {What do we really know about the impacts of one of the 100 worst invaders in Europe? A reality check.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {267-279}, pmid = {26541873}, issn = {1654-7209}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are one of the greatest threats to biodiversity worldwide, and to successfully manage their introductions is a major challenge for society. Knowledge on the impacts of an invasive species is essential for motivating decision makers and optimally allocating management resources. We use a prominent invasive fish species, the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) to objectively quantify the state of scientific knowledge on its impacts. Focusing on how native fish species are affected by round goby invasions, we analyzed 113 peer-reviewed papers and found that impacts are highly ecosystem and time scale dependent. We discovered round goby impacts to be profound, but surprisingly complex. Even if identical native species were affected, the impacts remained less comparable across ecosystems than expected. Acknowledging the breadth but also limitations in scientific knowledge on round goby impacts would greatly improve scientists' ability to conduct further research and inform management measures.}, }
@article {pmid26540301, year = {2015}, author = {Dalu, T and Wasserman, RJ and Jordaan, M and Froneman, WP and Weyl, OL}, title = {An Assessment of the Effect of Rotenone on Selected Non-Target Aquatic Fauna.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {e0142140}, pmid = {26540301}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size/drug effects ; Insecticides/adverse effects ; Invertebrates/*drug effects ; Rotenone/*adverse effects ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/adverse effects ; Zooplankton/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Rotenone, a naturally occurring ketone, is widely employed for the management of invasive fish species. The use of rotenone poses serious challenges to conservation practitioners due to its impacts on non-target organisms including amphibians and macroinvertebrates. Using laboratory studies, we investigated the effects of different rotenone concentrations (0, 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50, 100 μg L-1) on selected invertebrate groups; Aeshnidae, Belostomatids, Decapods, Ephemeroptera, Pulmonata and zooplankton over a period of 18 hours. Based on field observations and body size, we hypothesized that Ephemeropterans and zooplankton would be more susceptible to rotenone than Decapods, Belostomatids and snails. Experimental results supported this hypothesis and mortality and behaviour effects varied considerably between taxa, ranging from no effect (crab Potamonuates sidneyi) to 100% mortality (Daphnia pulex and Paradiaptomus lamellatus). Planktonic invertebrates were particularly sensitive to rotenone even at very low concentrations. Future research should investigate the recovery time of invertebrate communities after the application of rotenone and conduct field assessments assessing the longer term effects of rotenone exposure on the population dynamics of those less sensitive organisms.}, }
@article {pmid26540195, year = {2015}, author = {Rutkowski, R and Krofel, M and Giannatos, G and Ćirović, D and Männil, P and Volokh, AM and Lanszki, J and Heltai, M and Szabó, L and Banea, OC and Yavruyan, E and Hayrapetyan, V and Kopaliani, N and Miliou, A and Tryfonopoulos, GA and Lymberakis, P and Penezić, A and Pakeltytė, G and Suchecka, E and Bogdanowicz, W}, title = {A European Concern? Genetic Structure and Expansion of Golden Jackals (Canis aureus) in Europe and the Caucasus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {e0141236}, pmid = {26540195}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Demography ; Europe ; Female ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Jackals/*genetics ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Molecular Biology ; Population Growth ; }, abstract = {In the first continent-wide study of the golden jackal (Canis aureus), we characterised its population genetic structure and attempted to identify the origin of European populations. This provided a unique insight into genetic characteristics of a native carnivore population with rapid large-scale expansion. We analysed 15 microsatellite markers and a 406 base-pair fragment of the mitochondrial control region. Bayesian-based and principal components methods were applied to evaluate whether the geographical grouping of samples corresponded with genetic groups. Our analysis revealed low levels of genetic diversity, reflecting the unique history of the golden jackal among Europe's native carnivores. The results suggest ongoing gene flow between south-eastern Europe and the Caucasus, with both contributing to the Baltic population, which appeared only recently. The population from the Peloponnese Peninsula in southern Greece forms a common genetic cluster with samples from south-eastern Europe (ΔK approach in STRUCTURE, Principal Components Analysis [PCA]), although the results based on BAPS and the estimated likelihood in STRUCTURE indicate that Peloponnesian jackals may represent a distinct population. Moreover, analyses of population structure also suggest either genetic distinctiveness of the island population from Samos near the coast of Asia Minor (BAPS, most STRUCTURE, PCA), or possibly its connection with the Caucasus population (one analysis in STRUCTURE). We speculate from our results that ancient Mediterranean jackal populations have persisted to the present day, and have merged with jackals colonising from Asia. These data also suggest that new populations of the golden jackal may be founded by long-distance dispersal, and thus should not be treated as an invasive alien species, i.e. an organism that is "non-native to an ecosystem, and which may cause economic or environmental harm or adversely affect human health". These insights into the genetic structure and ancestry of Baltic jackals have important implications for management and conservation of jackals in Europe. The golden jackal is listed as an Annex V species in the EU Habitats Directive and as such, considering also the results presented here, should be legally protected in all EU member states.}, }
@article {pmid26537228, year = {2015}, author = {Brock, PM and Goodman, SJ and Hall, AJ and Cruz, M and Acevedo-Whitehouse, K}, title = {Context-dependent associations between heterozygosity and immune variation in a wild carnivore.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {242}, pmid = {26537228}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; Environment ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Heterozygote ; Immunoglobulin G/blood/genetics ; Inbreeding ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Sea Lions/*genetics/*immunology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A multitude of correlations between heterozygosity and fitness proxies associated with disease have been reported from wild populations, but the genetic basis of these associations is unresolved. We used a longitudinal dataset on wild Galapagos sea lions (Zalophus wollebaeki) to develop a relatively new perspective on this problem, by testing for associations between heterozygosity and immune variation across age classes and between ecological contexts.<br><br>RESULTS: Homozygosity by locus was negatively correlated with serum immunoglobulin G production in pups (0-3 months of age), suggesting that reduced genetic diversity has a detrimental influence on the early development of immune defence in the Galapagos sea lion. In addition, homozygosity by locus was positively correlated with total circulating leukocyte concentration in juveniles (6-24 months of age), but only in a colony subject to the anthropogenic environmental impacts of development, pollution and introduced species, which suggests that reduced genetic diversity influences mature immune system activity in circumstances of high antigen exposure.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate the environmental context-dependency of the phenotypic expression of immune variation, which is implicit in the theory of ecoimmunology, but which has been rarely demonstrated in the wild. They also indicate that heterozygosity may be linked to the maintenance of heterogeneity in mammalian immune system development and response to infection, adding to the body of evidence on the nature of the mechanistic link between heterozygosity and fitness.}, }
@article {pmid26536850, year = {2015}, author = {Ferreira-Filho, PJ and Piña-Rodrigues, FC and Silva, JM and Guerreiro, JC and Ghiotto, TC and Piotrowski, I and Dias, LP and Wilcken, CF and Zanuncio, JC}, title = {The exotic wasp Megastigmus transvaalensis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae): first record and damage on the Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolius drupes, in São Paulo, Brazil.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {87}, number = {4}, pages = {2091-2095}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765201520140478}, pmid = {26536850}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Anacardiaceae/classification/*parasitology ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Female ; Male ; Wasps/classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {This paper records the first report of Megastigmus transvaalensis Hussey (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) in Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) drupes in Sorocaba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. This wasp is an invasive species and was found damaging S. terebinthifolius drupes in urban areas (35.0 ± 15.8%), natural forests (21.5 ± 10.2%) and restoration areas (15.8 ± 8.4%). The bio-ecology and damage caused by M. transvaalensis in the S. terebinthifolius drupes warrants further study focused upon the management of this phytophagous wasp. Megastigmus transvaalensis has a potential to be disseminated throughout Brazil and is posing a threat to the natural regeneration of S. terebinthifolius in the native forests and restoration areas and ecological regions of this country.}, }
@article {pmid26536667, year = {2015}, author = {Eppley, TM and Donati, G and Ramanamanjato, JB and Randriatafika, F and Andriamandimbiarisoa, LN and Rabehevitra, D and Ravelomanantsoa, R and Ganzhorn, JU}, title = {The Use of an Invasive Species Habitat by a Small Folivorous Primate: Implications for Lemur Conservation in Madagascar.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {e0140981}, pmid = {26536667}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Lemur/*physiology ; Madagascar ; Melaleuca/*growth &amp; development ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The lemurs of Madagascar are among the most threatened mammalian taxa in the world, with habitat loss due to shifting cultivation and timber harvest heavily contributing to their precarious state. Deforestation often leads to fragmentation, resulting in mixed-habitat matrices throughout a landscape where disturbed areas are prone to invasion by exotic plants. Our study site, the Mandena littoral forest (southeast Madagascar), is a matrix of littoral forest, littoral swamp, and Melaleuca swamp habitats. Here, Melaleuca quinquenervia has invaded the wetland ecosystem, creating a mono-dominant habitat that currently provides the only potential habitat corridor between forest fragments. We sought to understand the role of this invasive Melaleuca swamp on the behavioral ecology of a threatened, small-bodied folivore, the southern bamboo lemur (Hapalemur meridionalis). We collected botanical and behavioral data on four groups of H. meridionalis between January and December 2013. Our results confirm Melaleuca swamp as an important part of their home range: while lemurs seasonally limited activities to certain habitats, all groups were capable of utilizing this invasive habitat for feeding and resting. Furthermore, the fact that Hapalemur use an invasive plant species as a dispersal corridor increases our knowledge of their ecological flexibility, and may be useful in the conservation management of remaining threatened populations.}, }
@article {pmid26536367, year = {2015}, author = {Wilcox, TM and Carim, KJ and McKelvey, KS and Young, MK and Schwartz, MK}, title = {The Dual Challenges of Generality and Specificity When Developing Environmental DNA Markers for Species and Subspecies of Oncorhynchus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {e0142008}, pmid = {26536367}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Environment ; Fish Proteins/*genetics ; *Genetic Markers ; Genotype ; Oncorhynchus/*classification/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/*genetics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling is a powerful tool for detecting invasive and native aquatic species. Often, species of conservation interest co-occur with other, closely related taxa. Here, we developed qPCR (quantitative PCR) markers which distinguish westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewsi), Yellowstone cutthroat trout (O. clarkii bouvieri), and rainbow trout (O. mykiss), which are of conservation interest both as native species and as invasive species across each other's native ranges. We found that local polymorphisms within westslope cutthroat trout and rainbow trout posed a challenge to designing assays that are generally applicable across the range of these widely-distributed species. Further, poorly-resolved taxonomies of Yellowstone cutthroat trout and Bonneville cutthroat trout (O. c. utah) prevented design of an assay that distinguishes these recognized taxa. The issues of intraspecific polymorphism and unresolved taxonomy for eDNA assay design addressed in this study are likely to be general problems for closely-related taxa. Prior to field application, we recommend that future studies sample populations and test assays more broadly than has been typical of published eDNA assays to date.}, }
@article {pmid26536244, year = {2015}, author = {Davidson, AD and Hewitt, CL and Kashian, DR}, title = {Understanding Acceptable Level of Risk: Incorporating the Economic Cost of Under-Managing Invasive Species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {e0141958}, pmid = {26536244}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species/*economics ; *Models, Economic ; *Risk Assessment ; *Risk Management ; }, abstract = {Management of nonindigenous species includes prevention, early detection and rapid response and control. Early detection and rapid response depend on prioritizing and monitoring sites at risk for arrival or secondary spread of nonindigenous species. Such monitoring efforts require sufficient biosecurity budgets to be effective and meet management or policy directives for reduced risk of introduction. Such consideration of risk reduction is rarely considered, however. Here, we review the concepts of acceptable level of risk (ALOR) and associated costs with respect to nonindigenous species and present a framework for aligning risk reduction priorities with available biosecurity resources. We conclude that available biosecurity resources may be insufficient to attain stated and desired risk reduction. This outcome highlights the need to consider policy and management directives when beginning a biosecurity program to determine the feasibility of risk reduction goals, given available resources.}, }
@article {pmid26530994, year = {2016}, author = {Sato, Y and Staudacher, H and Sabelis, MW}, title = {Why do males choose heterospecific females in the red spider mite?.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {68}, number = {1}, pages = {21-31}, pmid = {26530994}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Female ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; *Mating Preference, Animal ; Spain ; Species Specificity ; Tetranychidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {In some species, males readily show courtship behaviour towards heterospecific females and even prefer them to females of their own species. This behaviour is generally explained by indiscriminate mating to acquire more mates, but may partly be explained by male mate preference mechanisms that have developed to choose among conspecific females, as male preference for larger females causes mating with larger heterospecific females. Recently, we found that males of the red spider mite, Tetranychus evansi collected from Spain (invasive population), prefer to mate with females of the two-spotted spider mite, T. urticae rather than with conspecific females. In spider mites, mate preference for non-kin individuals has been observed. Here, we investigated if T. evansi males collected from the area of its origin (Brazil) also show preference for heterospecific females. Secondly, we investigated if mate preference of T. evansi males for heterospecific females is affected by their relatedness to conspecific females which are offered together with heterospecific females. We found that mate preference for heterospecific females exists in Brazilian T. evansi, suggesting that the preference for heterospecific females is not a lack of evolved premating isolation with an allopatric species. We found that T. evansi males showed lower propensity to mate with heterospecific females when alternative females were non-kin in the two iso-female lines collected from Brazil. However, the effect of relatedness on male mate preference was not significant. We discuss alternative hypotheses explaining why T. evansi males prefer to mate with T. urticae females.}, }
@article {pmid26529321, year = {2015}, author = {Richardson, MF and Sherman, CD}, title = {De Novo Assembly and Characterization of the Invasive Northern Pacific Seastar Transcriptome.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {e0142003}, pmid = {26529321}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Asterias/genetics/metabolism ; Australia ; Gene Expression Regulation/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics/metabolism ; *RNA/biosynthesis/genetics ; Transcriptome/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a major threat to global biodiversity but can also serve as valuable model systems to examine important evolutionary processes. While the ecological aspects of invasions have been well documented, the genetic basis of adaptive change during the invasion process has been hampered by a lack of genomic resources for the majority of invasive species. Here we report the first larval transcriptomic resource for the Northern Pacific Seastar, Asterias amurensis, an invasive marine predator in Australia. Approximately 117.5 million 100 base-pair (bp) paired-end reads were sequenced from a single RNA-Seq library from a pooled set of full-sibling A. amurensis bipinnaria larvae. We evaluated the efficacy of a pre-assembly error correction pipeline on subsequent de novo assembly. Error correction resulted in small but important improvements to the final assembly in terms of mapping statistics and core eukaryotic genes representation. The error-corrected de novo assembly resulted in 115,654 contigs after redundancy clustering. 41,667 assembled contigs were homologous to sequences from NCBI's non-redundant protein and UniProt databases. We assigned Gene Ontology, KEGG Orthology, Pfam protein domain terms and predicted protein-coding sequences to > 36,000 contigs. The final transcriptome dataset generated here provides functional information for 18,319 unique proteins, comprising at least 11,355 expressed genes. Furthermore, we identified 9,739 orthologs to P. miniata proteins, evaluated our annotation pipeline and generated a list of 150 candidate genes for responses to several environmental stressors that may be important for adaptation of A. amurensis in the invasive range. Our study has produced a large set of A. amurensis RNA contigs with functional annotations that can serve as a resource for future comparisons to other echinoderm transcriptomes and gene expression studies. Our data can be used to study the genetic basis of adaptive change and other important evolutionary processes during a successful invasion.}, }
@article {pmid26529094, year = {2016}, author = {Ouaryi, A and Boularbah, A and Sanguin, H and Hafidi, M and Baudoin, E and Ouahmane, L and Le Roux, C and Galiana, A and Prin, Y and Duponnois, R}, title = {High potential of symbiotic interactions between native mycorrhizal fungi and the exotic tree Eucalyptus camaldulensis for phytostabilization of metal-contaminated arid soils.}, journal = {International journal of phytoremediation}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {41-47}, doi = {10.1080/15226514.2015.1058335}, pmid = {26529094}, issn = {1549-7879}, mesh = {Biodegradation, Environmental ; Eucalyptus/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Metals, Heavy/*metabolism ; Mining ; Morocco ; Mycorrhizae/*metabolism ; Soil Pollutants/*metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Waste dumps generated by mining activities contain heavy metals that are dispersed into areas leading to significant environmental contamination. The objectives of this study were (i) to survey native plants and their associated AM fungal communities from waste soils in a Moroccan mine site and (ii) to follow Eucalyptus growth in soil collected from the waste-mine. AM spores from native plant species were collected from the mining site and the surrounding uncontaminated areas were multiplied and inoculated onto Eucalyptus camaldulensis. The results showed that (i) the native plant species recorded in the waste did not show an active metal uptake, (ii) the selected native plant species are associated with AM mycorrhizal fungi and (iii) the use of AM fungi adapted to these drastic conditions can improve the growth of the fast-growing tree, E. camaldulensis and its tolerance to high soil Cu content. In conclusion, it is suggested that in order to define efficient low-cost phytostabilization processes, the use of native resources (i.e., mixtures of native mycorrhizal fungi) in combination with fast-growing tree species such as Eucalyptus, could be used to optimize the establishment of a permanent cover plant in contaminated areas.}, }
@article {pmid26528574, year = {2016}, author = {Páez-Rosas, D and Hirschfeld, M and Deresienski, D and Lewbart, GA}, title = {Health Status of Galápagos Sea Lions (Zalophus wollebaeki) on San Cristóbal Island Rookeries Determined by Hematology, Biochemistry, Blood Gases, and Physical Examination.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {100-105}, doi = {10.7589/2015-04-084}, pmid = {26528574}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; Blood Chemical Analysis/veterinary ; Blood Gas Analysis/veterinary ; Ecuador ; *Health Status ; Hematologic Tests/veterinary ; Physical Examination/veterinary ; *Sea Lions/anatomy &amp; histology/blood ; }, abstract = {The Galápagos sea lion, Zalophus wollebaeki, is an endemic and endangered species subject to population decline associated with environmental variability, such as El Niño events, constant feeding stress, and exposure to diseases through contact with introduced species. Reference blood parameter intervals have been published for some pinniped species, but baseline biochemical and blood gas values are lacking from Z. wollebaeki. We analyzed blood samples from 30 juvenile Galápagos sea lions (19 females, 11 males) captured in two rookeries on San Cristóbal Island. A portable blood analyzer (iSTAT) was used to obtain near-immediate field results for pH, partial pressure of O2, partial pressure of CO2, bicarbonate (HCO3(-)), hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin, Na, K, ionized Ca, and glucose, and blood lactate was measured using a portable Lactate Plus(TM) analyzer. Average heart rate, biochemistry, and hematology parameters were comparable with healthy individuals of other pinniped species. Hemoglobin was significantly correlated with body condition of juvenile Galápagos sea lions. When compared with available blood values of clinically healthy California sea lions, Galápagos sea lions had higher total protein and Hct and lower Ca and K levels. Our results provide baseline data that may be useful in comparisons among populations and in detecting changes in health status among Galápagos sea lions.}, }
@article {pmid26528417, year = {2015}, author = {Januario, SM and Estay, SA and Labra, FA and Lima, M}, title = {Combining environmental suitability and population abundances to evaluate the invasive potential of the tunicate Ciona intestinalis along the temperate South American coast.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e1357}, pmid = {26528417}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The tunicate Ciona intestinalis is an opportunistic invader with high potential for causing economic losses in aquaculture centers. Recent phylogenetic and population genetic analysis support the existence of a genetic complex described as C. intestinalis with two main dominant species (sp A and B) occurring worldwide. In Chile, the species has been observed around 30°S of latitude, but no official reports exist for the presence of C. intestinalis in southern regions (above 40°S), where most of the mollusk aquaculture centers are located. Here, we used occurrences from multiple invaded regions and extensive field sampling to model and validate the environmental conditions that allow the species to persist and to find the geographic areas with the most suitable environmental conditions for the spread of C. intestinalis in the Chilean coast. By studying the potential expansion of C. intestinalis southward in the Chilean Coast, we aimed to provide valuable information that might help the development of control plans before the species becomes a significant problem, especially above 40°S. Our results highlight that, by using portions of the habitat that are apparently distinguishable, the species seem to be not only genetically distinct, but ecologically distinct as well. The two regional models fitted for sp A and for sp B showed disagreement on which sections of Chilean coastline are considered more suitable for these species. While the model for sp A identifies moderately to highly suitable areas between 30° and 40°S, the model for sp B classifies the areas around 45°S as the most appropriate. Data from field sampling show a positive linear relationship between density of C. intestinalis and the index of suitability for sp A in aquaculture centers. Understanding the relation of the distinct species with the surrounding environment provided valuable insights about probable routes of dispersion in Chile, especially into those areas considered suitable for aquaculture activities but where the species has not yet been recorded. We discuss the implications of our findings as a useful tool to anticipate the invasion of such harmful invasive species with regard to the most relevant environmental variables.}, }
@article {pmid26528316, year = {2015}, author = {Shi, PJ and Huang, JG and Hui, C and Grissino-Mayer, HD and Tardif, JC and Zhai, LH and Wang, FS and Li, BL}, title = {Capturing spiral radial growth of conifers using the superellipse to model tree-ring geometric shape.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {856}, pmid = {26528316}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Tree-rings are often assumed to approximate a circular shape when estimating forest productivity and carbon dynamics. However, tree rings are rarely, if ever, circular, thereby possibly resulting in under- or over-estimation in forest productivity and carbon sequestration. Given the crucial role played by tree ring data in assessing forest productivity and carbon storage within a context of global change, it is particularly important that mathematical models adequately render cross-sectional area increment derived from tree rings. We modeled the geometric shape of tree rings using the superellipse equation and checked its validation based on the theoretical simulation and six actual cross sections collected from three conifers. We found that the superellipse better describes the geometric shape of tree rings than the circle commonly used. We showed that a spiral growth trend exists on the radial section over time, which might be closely related to spiral grain along the longitudinal axis. The superellipse generally had higher accuracy than the circle in predicting the basal area increment, resulting in an improved estimate for the basal area. The superellipse may allow better assessing forest productivity and carbon storage in terrestrial forest ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid26527333, year = {2016}, author = {Kopeć, D and Woziwoda, B and Forysiak, J and Sławik, &#x141; and Ptak, A and Charążka, E}, title = {The use of ALS, botanical, and soil data to monitor the environmental hazards and regeneration capacity of areas devastated by highway construction.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {23}, number = {14}, pages = {13718-13731}, pmid = {26527333}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Construction Industry ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Poland ; *Remote Sensing Technology ; Transportation ; }, abstract = {The impact of viaduct construction on the vegetation of a river valley was studied in Central Poland (Natura 2000 site PLH100006). The research aimed at assessing the suitability of ALS (airborne laser scanning), soil, and botanical data for monitoring the environmental effects of right-of-way reclamation 1 year after the road construction. Based on the data mentioned above, the following problems were identified: changes in topography and hydrological conditions of the valley as a result of improper land levelling, the use of inadequate soil for reclamation, no spontaneous regeneration of natural vegetation along the entire right-of-way, as well as the abundant occurrence of invasive species. The results of analysis were used to define strategies for mitigation of adverse impacts of the viaduct construction.}, }
@article {pmid26527302, year = {2016}, author = {Wan, FH and Yang, NW}, title = {Invasion and Management of Agricultural Alien Insects in China.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {61}, number = {}, pages = {77-98}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023916}, pmid = {26527302}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Agriculture/*methods ; Animals ; China ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; }, abstract = {China is the world's fourth-largest country in terms of landmass. Its highly diverse biogeography presents opportunities for many invasive alien insects. However, physical and climate barriers sometimes prevent locally occurring species from spreading. China has 560 confirmed invasive alien species; 125 are insect pests, and 92 of these damage the agricultural ecosystem. The estimated annual economic loss due to alien invasive species is more than $18.9 billion. The most harmful invasive insects exhibit some common characteristics, such as high reproduction, competitive dominance, and high tolerance, and benefit from mutualist facilitation interactions. Regional cropping system structure adjustments have resulted in mono-agricultural ecosystems in cotton and other staple crops, providing opportunities for monophagous insect pests. Furthermore, human dietary shifts to fruits and vegetables and smallholder-based farming systems result in highly diverse agricultural ecosystems, which provide resource opportunities for polyphagous insects. Multiple cropping and widespread use of greenhouses provide continuous food and winter habitats for insect pests, greatly extending their geographic range. The current management system consists of early-warning, monitoring, eradication, and spread blocking technologies. This review provides valuable new synthetic information on integrated management practices based mainly on biological control for a number of invasive species. We encourage farmers and extension workers to be more involved in training and further research for novel protection methods that takes into consideration end users' needs.}, }
@article {pmid26526023, year = {2016}, author = {Jackson, M and Belton, P and McMahon, S and Hart, M and McCann, S and Azevedo, D and Hurteau, L}, title = {The First Record of Aedes (Hulecoeteomyia) japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Its Establishment in Western Canada.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, pages = {241-244}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjv164}, pmid = {26526023}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; British Columbia ; Female ; *Insect Vectors ; }, abstract = {The potential disease-carrying mosquito, Aedes japonicus (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae), was identified among larvae collected in suburban Vancouver, BC, in July 2014, and over 200 were found at the same site in February 2015 where it presumably had overwintered in the egg stage. In late May 2015, a female was captured taking a bloodmeal 13 km east of the larval site. This population and those in the Washington and Oregon states are clearly disjunct from those in eastern North America, and their origin, probably from one or more different introductions from Asia, is discussed. Key characters of those in British Columbia are examined and match the description of subspecies japonicus, presumably like the others in North America.}, }
@article {pmid26524336, year = {2015}, author = {Neves, MP and Delariva, RL and Guimarães, AT and Sanches, PV}, title = {Carnivory during Ontogeny of the Plagioscion squamosissimus: A Successful Non-Native Fish in a Lentic Environment of the Upper Paraná River Basin.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {e0141651}, pmid = {26524336}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Carnivory/*physiology ; Gastrointestinal Contents/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*growth &amp; development ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {This study evaluated feeding patterns and ontogenetic variations in a non-native fish species (Plagioscion squamosissimus) in an isolated lake in the Upper Paraná River floodplain. Quarterly samplings were performed from April 2005 to February 2006 using plankton nets to capture larvae, seining nets for juveniles, and gill nets and trammel for adults. Stomach contents (n = 378) were examined according to the volumetric method in which the volume of each food item was estimated using graduated test tubes or a glass counting plate. During early development (larval stage), P. squamosissimus consumed mainly Cladocera and Copepoda. Juveniles showed a more diverse diet, including shrimp (Macrobrachium amazonicum), fish, aquatic insects (Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, Chironomidae and pupae of Diptera) and plants. It was notable the high proportion of cannibalism (23.3%) in this stage. Adults consumed predominantly shrimp and fish. The use of food resources varied significantly between development stages (ANOSIM; r = 0.458; p<0.005), showing changes in food preferences during ontogeny. The Similarity Percentage Analysis (SIMPER) indicated that Cladocera and Copepoda were responsible for the differences observed between the larval stages of pre-flexion, flexion and post-flexion. M. amazonicum and Chironomidae were responsible for the differences between juvenile and larval stages, while M. amazonicum and other fishes caused the differences between adults and other ontogenetic stages. These results are confirmed by the relationship between standard length and developmental periods (ANCOVA; r2 = 0.94; p<0.0001). In general, there were low values of trophic niche breadth. The essentially carnivorous habit from the early stages of P. squamosissimus and the predominant use of M. amazonicum by adults have important roles in feeding patterns of the species, suggesting a major contribution to its success and establishment, especially in lentic environments.}, }
@article {pmid26521882, year = {2016}, author = {Sciarretta, A and Marziali, L and Squarcini, M and Marianelli, L and Benassai, D and Logli, F and Roversi, PF}, title = {Adaptive management of invasive pests in natural protected areas: the case of Matsucoccus feytaudi in Central Italy.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {106}, number = {1}, pages = {9-18}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485315000851}, pmid = {26521882}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Forestry ; Forests ; *Hemiptera ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Pheromones ; Pinus ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a significant threat to affected ecosystems, having serious environmental, economic and social impacts. The maritime pine bast scale, Matsucoccus feytaudi Ducasse (Hemiptera: Matsucoccidae), causes serious damage to Pinus pinaster forests in SE France, Corsica and Italy where it has been introduced. This study illustrates the adaptive management plan implemented in the Migliarino, San Rossore, Massaciuccoli Regional Natural Park in Tuscany, Italy, where M. feytaudi arrived in 2004, leading to the decay of local P. pinaster stands. The management programme, aimed at slowing the establishment and growth of M. feytaudi, was carried out in the main sector of the park, Tenuta di San Rossore, to retard the destruction of the P. pinaster coastal strip protecting the more internal woodland from sea salt and to allow replacement of P. pinaster trees with a more stable broad-leaved wood. The combined use of mass trapping and silvicultural interventions, applied in a targeted manner according to distribution maps of pest captures and damage, helped to delay forest destruction compared with a nearby unmanaged area of the park Tenuta di Tombolo. Although M. feytaudi continued to spread during the management period, the populations remained at low levels for 6 years, showing a marked increase in 2012. During this period, the P. pinaster stands were reduced from 320 to 249 ha. The final result of this ongoing gradual conversion process will be transformation of the P. pinaster forest into Holm oak woods and Mediterranean shrub land, while P. pinaster will survive as clusters or blocks of trees.}, }
@article {pmid26519805, year = {2016}, author = {Tlili, S and Ovaert, J and Souissi, A and Ouddane, B and Souissi, S}, title = {Acute toxicity, uptake and accumulation kinetics of nickel in an invasive copepod species: Pseudodiaptomus marinus.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {144}, number = {}, pages = {1729-1737}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.057}, pmid = {26519805}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Animals ; Copepoda/*drug effects/metabolism ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Kinetics ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Nickel/metabolism/toxicity ; North Sea ; Toxicity Tests, Acute ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Pseudodiaptomus marinus is a marine calanoid copepod originating of the Indo-Pacific region, who has successfully colonized new areas and it was recently observed in the European side of the Mediterranean Sea as well as in the North Sea. Actually, many questions were posed about the invasive capacity of this copepod in several non-native ecosystems. In this context, the main aim of this study was to investigate the tolerance and the bioaccumulation of metallic stress in the invasive copepod P. marinus successfully maintained in mass culture at laboratory conditions since 2 years. In order to study the metallic tolerance levels of P. marinus, an emergent trace metal, the nickel, was chosen. First, lethal concentrations determination experiments were done for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h in order to calculated LC50% but also to select a relevant ecological value for the suite of experiments. Then, three types of experiments, using a single concentration of nickel (correspond the 1/3 of 96 h-LC50%) was carried in order to study the toxico-kinetics of nickel in P. marinus. Concerning lethal concentrations, we observed that P. marinus was in the same range of sensitivity compared to other calanoid copepods exposed to nickel in the same standardized experimental conditions. Results showed that the uptake of nickel in P. marinus depends from the pathways of entrance (water of food), but also that Isochrysis galbana, used as a food source, has an important bioaccumulation capacity and a rapid uptake of nickel.}, }
@article {pmid26519579, year = {2016}, author = {Wu, H and Li, XY and Jiang, Z and Chen, H and Zhang, C and Xiao, X}, title = {Contrasting water use pattern of introduced and native plants in an alpine desert ecosystem, Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {542}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {182-191}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.121}, pmid = {26519579}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {China ; Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*classification ; *Water Cycle ; }, abstract = {Plant water use patterns reflect the complex interactions between different functional types and environmental conditions in water-limited ecosystems. However, the mechanisms underlying the water use patterns of plants in the alpine desert of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau remain poorly understood. This study investigated seasonal variations in the water sources of herbs (Carex moorcroftii, Astragalus adsurgens) and shrubs (Artemisia oxycephala, Hippophae rhamnoides) using stable oxygen-18 isotope methods. The results indicated that the native herbs (C. moorcroftii, A. adsurgens) and one of the shrubs (A. oxycephala) mainly relied on water from the shallow layer (0-30 cm) throughout the growing season, while the introduced shrub (H. rhamnoides) showed plasticity in switching between water from shallow and deep soil layers depending on soil water availability. All studied plants primarily depended on water from shallow soil layers early in the season. The differences of water use patterns between the introduced and native plants are closely linked with the range of active root zones when competing for water. Our findings will facilitate the mechanistic understanding of plant-soil-water relations in alpine desert ecosystems and provide information for screening introduced species for sand fixation.}, }
@article {pmid26517652, year = {2015}, author = {Oliveira, AP and Gentile, R and Maldonado Júnior, A and Lopes Torres, EJ and Thiengo, SC}, title = {Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in molluscs in the municipality of São Gonçalo, a metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: role of the invasive species Achatina fulica in parasite transmission dynamics.}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {110}, number = {6}, pages = {739-744}, pmid = {26517652}, issn = {1678-8060}, mesh = {Angiostrongylus cantonensis/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Cities ; Climate Change ; Disease Vectors ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Mollusca/classification/parasitology ; Rain/parasitology ; Snails/classification/*parasitology ; Strongylida Infections/epidemiology/*transmission ; }, abstract = {The aim of this study was to analyse the infection dynamics of Angiostrongylus cantonensisin its possible intermediate hosts over two years in an urban area in the state of Rio de Janeiro where the presence ofA. cantonensis had been previously recorded in molluscs. Four of the seven mollusc species found in the study were exotic.Bradybaena similaris was the most abundant, followed by Achatina fulica, Streptaxis sp., Subulina octona, Bulimulus tenuissimus, Sarasinula linguaeformis and Leptinaria unilamellata. Only A. fulica and B. similaris were parasitised by A. cantonensis and both presented co-infection with other helminths. The prevalence of A. cantonensis in A. fulica was more than 50% throughout the study. There was an inverse correlation between the population size ofA. fulica and the prevalence of A. cantonensis and abundance of the latter was negatively related to rainfall. The overall prevalence of A. cantonensis in B. similaris was 24.6%. A. fulica was the most important intermediary host of A. cantonensis in the studied area and B. similaris was secondary in importance for A. cantonensis transmission dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid26517125, year = {2015}, author = {Oduor, AM and Stift, M and van Kleunen, M}, title = {The Interaction between Root Herbivory and Competitive Ability of Native and Invasive-Range Populations of Brassica nigra.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {e0141857}, pmid = {26517125}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Achillea/physiology ; Animals ; Biomass ; Brassica/*physiology ; Diptera/physiology ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {The evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis predicts that escape from intense herbivore damage may enable invasive plants to evolve higher competitive ability in the invasive range. Below-ground root herbivory can have a strong impact on plant performance, and invasive plants often compete with multiple species simultaneously, but experimental approaches in which EICA predictions are tested with root herbivores and in a community setting are rare. Here, we used Brassica nigra plants from eight invasive- and seven native-range populations to test whether the invasive-range plants have evolved increased competitive ability when competing with Achillea millefolium and with a community (both with and without A. millefolium). Further, we tested whether competitive interactions depend on root herbivory on B. nigra by the specialist Delia radicum. Without the community, competition with A. millefolium reduced biomass of invasive- but not of native-range B. nigra. With the community, invasive-range B. nigra suffered less than native-range B. nigra. Although the overall effect of root herbivory was not significant, it reduced the negative effect of the presence of the community. The community produced significantly less biomass when competing with B. nigra, irrespective of the range of origin, and independent of the presence of A. millefolium. Taken together, these results offer no clear support for the EICA hypothesis. While native-range B. nigra plants appear to be better in dealing with a single competitor, the invasive-range plants appear to be better in dealing with a more realistic multi-species community. Possibly, this ability of tolerating multiple competitors simultaneously has contributed to the invasion success of B. nigra in North America.}, }
@article {pmid26516166, year = {2015}, author = {Perera, OP and Allen, KC and Jain, D and Purcell, M and Little, NS and Luttrell, RG}, title = {Rapid identification of Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer 1.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {26516166}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; DNA Primers ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Moths/classification/*genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Ribosomal/*genetics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Rapid identification of invasive species is crucial for deploying management strategies to prevent establishment. Recent Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) invasions and subsequent establishment in South America has increased the risk of this species invading North America. Morphological similarities make differentiation of H. armigera from the native Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) difficult. Characteristics of adult male genitalia and nucleotide sequence differences in mitochondrial DNA are two of the currently available methods to differentiate these two species. However, current methods are likely too slow to be employed as rapid detection methods. In this study, conserved differences in the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) of the ribosomal RNA genes were used to develop species-specific oligonucleotide primers that amplified ITS1 fragments of 147 and 334 bp from H. armigera and H. zea, respectively. An amplicon (83 bp) from a conserved region of 18S ribosomal RNA subunit served as a positive control. Melting temperature differences in ITS1 amplicons yielded species-specific dissociation curves that could be used in high resolution melt analysis to differentiate the two Helicoverpa species. In addition, a rapid and inexpensive procedure for obtaining amplifiable genomic DNA from a small amount of tissue was identified. Under optimal conditions, the process was able to detect DNA from one H. armigera leg in a pool of 25 legs. The high resolution melt analysis combined with rapid DNA extraction could be used as an inexpensive method to genetically differentiate large numbers of H. armigera and H. zea using readily available reagents.}, }
@article {pmid26511982, year = {2016}, author = {Pereyra, VA and Gomez, CA and La Manna, L and Roux, G and Lanteri, AA and Vallejos, NC and Marvaldi, AE}, title = {Introduction and Establishment of Pissodes castaneus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Andean Patagonia of Argentina.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {109}, number = {1}, pages = {222-231}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tov304}, pmid = {26511982}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; Insect Proteins/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Population Dynamics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/*genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Weevils/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The pine weevils that occur in plantations of Pinus spp. in Andean Patagonia of Argentina belong to the species Pissodes castaneus (De Geer), a Eurasian endemic species, according to the identification based on molecular and morphological characters. Sequences of the mitochondrial Cytochrome oxidase subunit I and nuclear genes (28 S rDNA and ITS2) were obtained for individuals of 13 afforestations, covering the entire distribution area of the established populations in the Andean Patagonia of Argentina. Sequence comparison with representative species of the genus (European, North American, and Chinese species) shows that Patagonian specimens are conspecific to those of P. castaneus sequenced from Europe. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that all terminals from Patagonia form a monophyletic unit without evident subclades, eliminating the possibility of existence of more than one species of Pissodes Germar in this area, including cryptic ones. Moreover, the very low genetic divergence between the Patagonian populations suggests that it is plausible that P. castaneus was introduced into Patagonia from just one location. Mitochondrial DNA analysis shows that Patagonian terminals group together with a French haplotype and are clearly separated from other P. castaneus individuals represented in our sample, and reveal that established populations in Andean Patagonia originated via a limited introduction.}, }
@article {pmid26511853, year = {2015}, author = {Chatterjee, M and Ghosh, P and Ramdas, L and Chakrabarti, R}, title = {Isotopic and geochemical characterization of invader tilapia fishes from water bodies of West Bengal and Karnataka, India.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {187}, number = {11}, pages = {712}, pmid = {26511853}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; India ; Lakes ; Metals/analysis ; Tilapia/*metabolism ; Trace Elements/analysis/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/*metabolism ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {The otoliths (N = 12) of freshwater invasive species tilapia (Tilapia mossambicus) collected from two water bodies located at Kolkata and Bangalore, India, were analyzed for stable isotopes (δ18O, δ14C) and major and trace elements in order to assess the suitability of using otoliths as a tracer of aquatic environmental changes. The stable isotope analysis was done using the dual inlet system of a Finnigan-MAT 253 isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Thermo-Fisher, Bremen, Germany). Concentrations of major and trace elements were determined using a Thermo X-Series II quadrupole mass spectrometer. The stable isotope composition in tilapia otolith samples from Bangalore and Kolkata water bodies are quite good agreeing with that of the respective lake/pond and rain water. Elemental composition revealed in a pattern of Ca>Fe>Na>Sr>K>Ba>Cr>Mg>As>Mn>Zn>Co>Cu>Cd>Pb. The otoliths from Kolkata pond water are more enriched in Ba, Zn, Pb, Mn, Se, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Ni whereas Cr and As were found to be higher in otolith samples from Bangalore lake. The enrichment factor (EF) values of Cr were higher for both the sampling location in comparison with other metals, although all the studied metals exhibited EF values>1. The PCA shows clustering of metals in the otolith which are related either with the metabolic and physiological attributes or waterborne source. The study demonstrated the potential of stable isotope techniques to distinguish otolith specimens from varied climatic zone, while elemental composition recorded the quality of water at both the locations. The role of climate driving the quality of water can be understood by detailed and continuous monitoring of otolith specimens in the future. Future method allows reconstruction of climate and water quality from old specimens from field exposures or museum collection.}, }
@article {pmid26510607, year = {2016}, author = {Zou, Y and Rutledge, CE and Nakamuta, K and Maier, CT and Hanks, LM and Richards, AB and Lacey, ES and Millar, JG}, title = {Identification of a Pheromone Component and a Critical Synergist for the Invasive Beetle Callidiellum rufipenne (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {216-222}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv165}, pmid = {26510607}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Connecticut ; Female ; Hexanones/isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Male ; Odorants ; Pheromones/isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The invasive Asian cerambycid beetle Callidiellum rufipenne (Motschulsky), informally known as the Japanese cedar longhorned beetle, was first detected in North America in North Carolina in 1997. The beetle has since been detected in neighboring states and is expected to further expand its range. However, delineating the current distribution of C. rufipenne has been hindered by the lack of efficient sampling methods. Here, we present the results of research on the chemistry of volatile pheromones of C. rufipenne. Analyses of headspace odors revealed that males produce (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, with lesser amounts of (S)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, and (R)- and (S)-2-hydroxyhexan-3-one. In field bioassays conducted over several years in Connecticut, where populations of the beetle were well established, no reconstructed blend of these compounds was significantly attractive to beetles of either sex. However, during field trials in Japan that targeted another species, we discovered that adult male and female C. rufipenne were attracted to a blend of racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and a novel natural product, 1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1,2-propanedione. Attraction to (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and the pyrrole subsequently was confirmed in field trials in Connecticut. Although it is unclear why the pyrrole acts as a synergist for a species that apparently does not produce it, the serendipitous discovery that adult C. rufipenne are attracted by the blend of ketone and pyrrole provides a badly needed method for monitoring its ongoing range expansion within North America, and for detecting new introductions in other parts of the world.}, }
@article {pmid26509675, year = {2015}, author = {Wen, B}, title = {Effects of High Temperature and Water Stress on Seed Germination of the Invasive Species Mexican Sunflower.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {e0141567}, pmid = {26509675}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; *Dehydration ; *Germination ; *Helianthus ; Hot Temperature ; Humidity ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; *Seeds ; Stress, Physiological ; *Temperature ; Water ; }, abstract = {Mexican sunflower is native to Mexico and Central America and was introduced into China early last century. Now it has widely naturalized and is exhibiting increasing invasiveness in South China. As this species often dominates bare ground, a habitat characterized by extreme fluctuation in temperature and water, it is reasonable to hypothesize that it has special adaptations to high temperature and water stress. Using laboratory experiments to simulate these stresses, this study investigated the response of Mexican sunflower seed germination to temperature and water stress, and compared these responses with those previously reported for another invasive, bamboo piper, which is confined to relatively cool and moist habitats in Xishuangbanna. As expected, Mexican sunflower seeds exhibited higher tolerance to these stresses than bamboo piper. Germination of Mexican sunflower seeds was highest at 15-30°C, but significant numbers of seeds germinated and formed seedlings at 10°C and 35°C, at which no bamboo piper seeds formed seedlings, indicating a wider temperature range for germination than the latter. Roughly half the seeds survived 240 h continuous heat treatment and up to 15 h daily periodical heat treatment at 40°C, while bamboo piper seeds were mostly killed by these treatments. About 20% of Mexican sunflower but no bamboo piper seeds germinated after heat treatment for 30 min at 80°C. Germination was completely inhibited in bamboo piper seeds at -0.6 mPa, while 20-60% of Mexican sunflower seeds germinated depending on PEG or NaCl as osmoticum. This higher tolerance in Mexican sunflower seeds accords with its stronger invasiveness in this area. This comparison between two plant invaders demonstrates that invasiveness is not an all-or-nothing situation, and that adaptation to local habitats is a critical determinant of successful invasiveness for an alien plant.}, }
@article {pmid26509674, year = {2015}, author = {Schultz, MT and Lance, RF}, title = {Modeling the Sensitivity of Field Surveys for Detection of Environmental DNA (eDNA).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {e0141503}, pmid = {26509674}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; *DNA ; *Environmental Monitoring/methods ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods/standards ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; }, abstract = {The environmental DNA (eDNA) method is the practice of collecting environmental samples and analyzing them for the presence of a genetic marker specific to a target species. Little is known about the sensitivity of the eDNA method. Sensitivity is the probability that the target marker will be detected if it is present in the water body. Methods and tools are needed to assess the sensitivity of sampling protocols, design eDNA surveys, and interpret survey results. In this study, the sensitivity of the eDNA method is modeled as a function of ambient target marker concentration. The model accounts for five steps of sample collection and analysis, including: 1) collection of a filtered water sample from the source; 2) extraction of DNA from the filter and isolation in a purified elution; 3) removal of aliquots from the elution for use in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay; 4) PCR; and 5) genetic sequencing. The model is applicable to any target species. For demonstration purposes, the model is parameterized for bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and silver carp (H. molitrix) assuming sampling protocols used in the Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS). Simulation results show that eDNA surveys have a high false negative rate at low concentrations of the genetic marker. This is attributed to processing of water samples and division of the extraction elution in preparation for the PCR assay. Increases in field survey sensitivity can be achieved by increasing sample volume, sample number, and PCR replicates. Increasing sample volume yields the greatest increase in sensitivity. It is recommended that investigators estimate and communicate the sensitivity of eDNA surveys to help facilitate interpretation of eDNA survey results. In the absence of such information, it is difficult to evaluate the results of surveys in which no water samples test positive for the target marker. It is also recommended that invasive species managers articulate concentration-based sensitivity objectives for eDNA surveys. In the absence of such information, it is difficult to design appropriate sampling protocols. The model provides insights into how sampling protocols can be designed or modified to achieve these sensitivity objectives.}, }
@article {pmid26508329, year = {2016}, author = {Dellinger, AS and Essl, F and Hojsgaard, D and Kirchheimer, B and Klatt, S and Dawson, W and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and van Kleunen, M and Weber, E and Winter, M and Hörandl, E and Dullinger, S}, title = {Niche dynamics of alien species do not differ among sexual and apomictic flowering plants.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {209}, number = {3}, pages = {1313-1323}, pmid = {26508329}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Apomixis/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Flowers/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions can be associated with shifts of the species' climatic niches but the incidence of such shifts is under debate. The reproductive system might be a key factor controlling such shifts because it influences a species' evolutionary flexibility. However, the link between reproductive systems and niche dynamics in plant invasions has been little studied so far. We compiled global occurrence data sets of 13 congeneric sexual and apomictic species pairs, and used principal components analysis (PCA) and kernel smoothers to compare changes in climatic niche optima, breadths and unfilling/expansion between native and alien ranges. Niche change metrics were compared between sexual and apomictic species. All 26 species showed changes in niche optima and/or breadth and 14 species significantly expanded their climatic niches. However, we found no effect of the reproductive system on niche dynamics. Instead, species with narrower native niches showed higher rates of niche expansion in the alien ranges. Our results suggest that niche shifts are frequent in plant invasions but evolutionary potential may not be of major importance for such shifts. Niche dynamics rather appear to be driven by changes of the realized niche without adaptive change of the fundamental climatic niche.}, }
@article {pmid26506529, year = {2016}, author = {Hale, AN and Lapointe, L and Kalisz, S}, title = {Invader disruption of belowground plant mutualisms reduces carbon acquisition and alters allocation patterns in a native forest herb.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {209}, number = {2}, pages = {542-549}, doi = {10.1111/nph.13709}, pmid = {26506529}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Allelopathy ; Brassicaceae/drug effects/*physiology ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Liliaceae/*physiology ; Pheromones/pharmacology ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Rhizome/metabolism ; Soil Microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants impose novel selection pressures on naïve mutualistic interactions between native plants and their partners. As most plants critically rely on root fungal symbionts (RFSs) for soil resources, invaders that disrupt plant-RFS mutualisms can significantly depress native plant fitness. Here, we investigate the consequences of RFS mutualism disruption on native plant fitness in a glasshouse experiment with a forest invader that produces known anti-fungal allelochemicals. Over 5 months, we regularly applied either green leaves of the allelopathic invader Alliaria petiolata, a nonsystemic fungicide to simulate A. petiolata's effects, or green leaves of nonallelopathic Hesperis matronalis (control) to pots containing the native Maianthemum racemosum and its RFSs. We repeatedly measured M. racemosum physiology and harvested plants periodically to assess carbon allocation. Alliaria petiolata and fungicide treatment effects were indistinguishable: we observed inhibition of the RFS soil hyphal network and significant reductions in M. racemosum physiology (photosynthesis, transpiration and conductance) and allocation (carbon storage, root biomass and asexual reproduction) in both treatments relative to the control. Our findings suggest a general mechanistic hypothesis for local extinction of native species in ecosystems challenged by allelopathic invaders: RFS mutualism disruption drives carbon stress, subsequent declines in native plant vigor, and, if chronic, declines in RFS-dependent species abundance.}, }
@article {pmid26506130, year = {2016}, author = {Verberk, WC and Overgaard, J and Ern, R and Bayley, M and Wang, T and Boardman, L and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Does oxygen limit thermal tolerance in arthropods? A critical review of current evidence.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology}, volume = {192}, number = {}, pages = {64-78}, pmid = {26506130}, issn = {1531-4332}, mesh = {Acclimatization/drug effects/*physiology ; Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/physiology ; Arthropods/metabolism/*physiology ; Body Temperature Regulation/drug effects ; Climate ; Crustacea/physiology ; Insecta/physiology ; Oxygen/pharmacology/*physiology ; Oxygen Consumption/physiology ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Over the last decade, numerous studies have investigated the role of oxygen in setting thermal tolerance in aquatic animals, and there has been particular focus on arthropods. Arthropods comprise one of the most species-rich taxonomic groups on Earth, and display great diversity in the modes of ventilation, circulation, blood oxygen transport, with representatives living both in water (mainly crustaceans) and on land (mainly insects). The oxygen and capacity limitation of thermal tolerance (OCLTT) hypothesis proposes that the temperature dependent performance curve of animals is shaped by the capacity for oxygen delivery in relation to oxygen demand. If correct, oxygen limitation could provide a mechanistic framework to understand and predict both current and future impacts of rapidly changing climate. In arthropods, most studies testing the OCLTT hypothesis have considered tolerance to thermal extremes. These studies likely operate from the philosophical viewpoint that if the model can predict these critical thermal limits, then it is more likely to also explain loss of performance at less extreme, non-lethal temperatures, for which much less data is available. Nevertheless, the extent to which lethal temperatures are influenced by limitations in oxygen supply remains unresolved. Here we critically evaluate the support and universal applicability for oxygen limitation being involved in lethal temperatures in crustaceans and insects. The relatively few studies investigating the OCLTT hypothesis at low temperature do not support a universal role for oxygen in setting the lower thermal limits in arthropods. With respect to upper thermal limits, the evidence supporting OCLTT is stronger for species relying on underwater gas exchange, while the support for OCLTT in air-breathers is weak. Overall, strongest support was found for increased anaerobic metabolism close to thermal maxima. In contrast, there was only mixed support for the prediction that aerobic scope decreases near critical temperatures, a key feature of the OCLTT hypothesis. In air-breathers, only severe hypoxia (<2 kPa) affected heat tolerance. The discrepancies for heat tolerance between aquatic and terrestrial organisms can to some extent be reconciled by differences in the capacity to increase oxygen transport. As air-breathing arthropods are unlikely to become oxygen limited under normoxia (especially at rest), the oxygen limitation component in OCLTT does not seem to provide sufficient information to explain lethal temperatures. Nevertheless, many animals may simultaneously face hypoxia and thermal extremes and the combination of these potential stressors is particularly relevant for aquatic organisms where hypoxia (and hyperoxia) is more prevalent. In conclusion, whether taxa show oxygen limitation at thermal extremes may be contingent on their capacity to regulate oxygen uptake, which in turn is linked to their respiratory medium (air vs. water). Fruitful directions for future research include testing multiple predictions of OCLTT in the same species. Additionally, we call for greater research efforts towards studying the role of oxygen in thermal limitation of animal performance at less extreme, sub-lethal temperatures, necessitating studies over longer timescales and evaluating whether oxygen becomes limiting for animals to meet energetic demands associated with feeding, digestion and locomotion.}, }
@article {pmid26506029, year = {2016}, author = {Morales, MC and Verdejo, V and Orlando, J and Carú, M}, title = {Fungal communities as an experimental approach to Darwin's naturalization hypothesis.}, journal = {Research in microbiology}, volume = {167}, number = {2}, pages = {126-132}, doi = {10.1016/j.resmic.2015.10.003}, pmid = {26506029}, issn = {1769-7123}, mesh = {*Biota ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ; Fungi/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Darwin's naturalization hypothesis suggests that the success of an invasive species will be lower when colonizing communities are formed by phylogenetically related rather than unrelated species due to increased competition. Although microbial invasions are involved in both natural and anthropogenic processes, factors affecting the success of microbial invaders are unknown. A biological invasion assay was designed using Trichoderma cf. harzianum as the invader and two types of recipient communities assembled in microcosm assays: communities phylogenetically related to the invader, and communities phylogenetically unrelated to it. Both types of communities were invaded by T. cf. harzianum, and the success of colonization was monitored by qPCR; its effect on the genetic structure of recipient fungal communities was then assessed by DGGE profiles. T. cf. harzianum established itself in both communities, reaching 1000-10,000 times higher copy numbers in the non-related communities. However, invader establishment does not affect the structure of the invaded communities. These results suggest that the composition of recipient communities and their phylogenetic relationship to the invader affect the success of colonization by T. cf. harzianum. While this approach represents a very simplified assay, these microcosms enable an experimental test of Darwin's hypothesis in order to understand the biological invasion process in microbial communities.}, }
@article {pmid26505988, year = {2016}, author = {Lin, Y and Chen, Y and Xiong, W and Zhan, A}, title = {Genomewide gene-associated microsatellite markers for the model invasive ascidian, Ciona intestinalis species complex.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {784-793}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12481}, pmid = {26505988}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Ciona intestinalis/*classification/*genetics ; Computational Biology ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Genome ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; South Africa ; Spain ; }, abstract = {The vase tunicate, Ciona intestinalis species complex, has become a good model for ecological and evolutionary studies, especially those focusing on microevolution associated with rapidly changing environments. However, genomewide genetic markers are still lacking. Here, we characterized a large set of genomewide gene-associated microsatellite markers for C. intestinalis spA (=C. robusta). Bioinformatic analysis identified 4654 microsatellites from expressed sequence tags (ESTs), 2126 of which successfully assigned to chromosomes were selected for further analysis. Based on the distribution evenness on chromosomes, function annotation and suitability for primer design, we chose 545 candidate microsatellites for further characterization. After amplification validation and variation assessment, 218 loci were polymorphic in at least one of the two populations collected from the coast of Arenys de Mar, Spain (N = 24-48), and Cape Town, South Africa (N = 24-33). The number of alleles, observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity ranged from 2 to 11, 0 to 0.833 and 0.021 to 0.818, and from 2 to 10, 0 to 0.879 and 0.031 to 0.845 for the Spanish and African populations, respectively. When all microsatellites were tested for cross-species utility, only 60 loci (25.8%) could be successfully amplified and all loci were polymorphic in C. intestinalis spB. A high level of genomewide polymorphism is likely responsible for the low transferability. The large set of microsatellite markers characterized here is expected to provide a useful genomewide resource for ecological and evolutionary studies using C. intestinalis as a model.}, }
@article {pmid26505627, year = {2015}, author = {Rodrigues, RR and Pineda, RP and Barney, JN and Nilsen, ET and Barrett, JE and Williams, MA}, title = {Plant Invasions Associated with Change in Root-Zone Microbial Community Structure and Diversity.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {e0141424}, pmid = {26505627}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Actinobacteria/genetics ; Ailanthus/*genetics/microbiology ; Animals ; Fungi/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen Cycle ; Phylogeny ; Plant Roots/metabolism/*microbiology ; Poaceae/*genetics/microbiology ; Proteobacteria/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rhamnus/*genetics/microbiology ; Soil Microbiology ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {The importance of plant-microbe associations for the invasion of plant species have not been often tested under field conditions. The research sought to determine patterns of change in microbial communities associated with the establishment of invasive plants with different taxonomic and phenetic traits. Three independent locations in Virginia, USA were selected. One site was invaded by a grass (Microstegium vimineum), another by a shrub (Rhamnus davurica), and the third by a tree (Ailanthus altissima). The native vegetation from these sites was used as reference. 16S rRNA and ITS regions were sequenced to study root-zone bacterial and fungal communities, respectively, in invaded and non-invaded samples and analyzed using Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME). Though root-zone microbial community structure initially differed across locations, plant invasion shifted communities in similar ways. Indicator species analysis revealed that Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) closely related to Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Ascomycota increased in abundance due to plant invasions. The Hyphomonadaceae family in the Rhodobacterales order and ammonia-oxidizing Nitrospirae phylum showed greater relative abundance in the invaded root-zone soils. Hyphomicrobiaceae, another bacterial family within the phyla Proteobacteria increased as a result of plant invasion, but the effect associated most strongly with root-zones of M. vimineum and R. davurica. Functional analysis using Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) showed bacteria responsible for nitrogen cycling in soil increased in relative abundance in association with plant invasion. In agreement with phylogenetic and functional analyses, greater turnover of ammonium and nitrate was associated with plant invasion. Overall, bacterial and fungal communities changed congruently across plant invaders, and support the hypothesis that nitrogen cycling bacteria and functions are important factors in plant invasions. Whether the changes in microbial communities are driven by direct plant microbial interactions or a result of plant-driven changes in soil properties remains to be determined.}, }
@article {pmid26502826, year = {2015}, author = {Ju, RT and Zhu, HY and Gao, L and Zhou, XH and Li, B}, title = {Increases in both temperature means and extremes likely facilitate invasive herbivore outbreaks.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {15715}, pmid = {26502826}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *Climate Change ; Female ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Heteroptera/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Longevity ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction/physiology ; Seasons ; Sex Ratio ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Although increases in mean temperature (MT) and extreme high temperature (EHT) can greatly affect population dynamics of insects under global warming, how concurrent changes in both MT and EHT affect invasive species is largely unknown. We used four thermal regimes to simulate the increases in summer temperature and compared their effects on the life-history traits of three geographical populations (Chongqing, Wuhan and Shanghai) of an invasive insect, Corythucha ciliata, in China. The four thermal regimes were control (i.e., natural or ambient), an increase in MT (IMT), an increase in EHT, and a combination of IMT + EHT. We found that the three warming regimes significantly increased the developmental rate but did not affect the survival, sex ratio, longevity, or fecundity of C. ciliata. Consequently, the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was enhanced and the number of days required for population doubling (t) was reduced by the warming regimes. The demographic parameters did not significantly differ among the three populations. These results indicate that population size of C. ciliata may be enhanced by increases in both temperature means and extremes. The increases in summer temperature associated with climate change, therefore, would likely facilitate population outbreaks of some thermophilic invasive insects.}, }
@article {pmid26500817, year = {2015}, author = {Boll, PK and Rossi, I and Amaral, SV and Leal-Zanchet, A}, title = {A taste for exotic food: Neotropical land planarians feeding on an invasive flatworm.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e1307}, pmid = {26500817}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Invasive species establish successfully in new habitats especially due to their ability to include new species in their diet and due to the freedom from natural enemies. However, native species may also adapt to the use of new elements in their ecosystem. The planarian Endeavouria septemlineata, first recorded in Hawaii, was later found in Brazil. Recently, we found it in human-disturbed areas in southern Brazil and here we investigate its interactions with other invertebrates both in the field and in the laboratory. We observed the species in the field during collecting activities and hence maintained some specimens alive in small terraria in the laboratory, where we offered different invertebrate species as potential prey and also put them in contact with native land planarians in order to examine their interaction. Both in the field and in the laboratory, E. septemlineata showed a gregarious behavior and was found feeding on woodlice, millipedes, earwigs and gastropods. In the laboratory, specimens often did not attack live prey, but immediately approached dead specimens, indicating a scavenging behavior. In an experiment using the slug Deroceras laeve and the woodlouse Atlantoscia floridana, there was a higher consumption of dead specimens of woodlice and slugs compared to live specimens, as well as a higher consumption of dead woodlice over dead slugs. Four native land planarians of the genus Obama and one of the genus Paraba attacked and consumed E. septemlineata, which, after the beginning of the attack, tried to escape by tumbling or using autotomy. As a scavenger, E. septemlineata would have no impact on the populations of species used as food, but could possibly exclude native scavengers by competition. On the other hand, its consumption by native land planarians may control its spread and thus reduce its impact on the ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid26499036, year = {2015}, author = {Murphy, JT and Johnson, MP}, title = {A theoretical analysis of the Allee effect in wind-pollinated cordgrass plant invasions.}, journal = {Theoretical population biology}, volume = {106}, number = {}, pages = {14-21}, doi = {10.1016/j.tpb.2015.10.004}, pmid = {26499036}, issn = {1096-0325}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Plants ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Pollen/*physiology ; Pollination/*physiology ; Population Density ; Regression Analysis ; Washington ; Wind ; }, abstract = {A new individual-based model is presented for investigating an important group of invasive plant species, from the genus Spartina, that threaten biodiversity in coastal and intertidal habitats around the world. The role of pollen limitation in influencing the early development of an invasion is explored in order to gain a greater understanding of the mechanistic basis for an apparent Allee effect (causal relationship between population size/density and mean individual fitness) observed in populations of invasive Spartina species. The model is used to explore how various factors such as atmospheric stability, wind direction/speed, pollen characteristics and spatial structure of the population affect the overall invasion dynamics and reproductive success. Comparisons were also made between invasive species of Spartina (S. alterniflora, S. anglica) and a non-invasive species (S. foliosa), showing a reduced Allee effect was associated with invasion success. Furthermore, the conclusions drawn here may give insights into some of the fundamental processes affecting the growth and population dynamics of other invasive wind-pollinated plants.}, }
@article {pmid26493624, year = {2016}, author = {Yap, TA and Gillespie, L and Ellison, S and Flechas, SV and Koo, MS and Martinez, AE and Vredenburg, VT}, title = {Invasion of the Fungal Pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on California Islands.}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {145-150}, pmid = {26493624}, issn = {1612-9210}, mesh = {Amphibians/*microbiology ; Animals ; California ; Chytridiomycota/*isolation &amp; purification ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*microbiology/veterinary ; *Islands ; Mycoses/*microbiology/veterinary ; Zoonoses/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), an amphibian fungal pathogen, has infected >500 species and caused extinctions or declines in >200 species worldwide. Despite over a decade of research, little is known about its invasion biology. To better understand this, we conducted a museum specimen survey (1910-1997) of Bd in amphibians on 11 California islands and found a pattern consistent with the emergence of Bd epizootics on the mainland, suggesting that geographic isolation did not prevent Bd invasion. We propose that suitable habitat, host diversity, and human visitation overcome isolation from the mainland and play a role in Bd invasion.}, }
@article {pmid26490937, year = {2016}, author = {Zhang, KM and Shen, Y and Fang, YM and Liu, Y}, title = {Changes in gametophyte physiology of Pteris multifida induced by the leaf leachate treatment of the invasive Bidens pilosa.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {3578-3585}, pmid = {26490937}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Allelopathy/physiology ; Bidens/chemistry/*growth &amp; development ; Catalase/metabolism ; China ; Chlorophyll/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; Chlorophyll A ; Germ Cells, Plant/*drug effects/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Malondialdehyde/metabolism ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Photosynthesis/drug effects ; Plant Leaves/chemistry/physiology ; Pteris/*drug effects/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; }, abstract = {In recent years, the response of fern gametophytes to environment has raised much attention. However, studies on the influence of plant invasion to fern gametophytes are scarce. Allelopathy plays an important role in biological invasion. Hence, it is necessary to study the allelopathic effects of invasive plants on fern gametophytes and elucidate the mechanisms by which invasive plants cause phytotoxicity. As one of the main invasive plants in China, Bidens pilosa exhibits allelopathic effects on spermatophyte growth. Field investigation shows that many ferns are threatened by the invasion of B. pilosa. The distribution of Pteris multifida overlaps with that of B. pilosa in China. To examine the potential involvement of allelopathic mechanisms of B. pilosa leaves, changes in the physiology in P. multifida gametophytes are analyzed. We found that cell membrane and antioxidant enzyme activities as well as photosynthesis pigment contents of the gametophytes were affected by B. pilosa leachates. Gametophytes of P. multifida exposed to B. pilosa had increased damages to cell membranes, expressed in thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS) concentrations, malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage (membrane permeability), and degree of injury. Enzyme activities, assessed by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) as well as guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) enhanced with the increase in leachate concentration after 2-day exposure. Meanwhile, lower chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), carotenoid (Car), and the total chlorophyll were measured as leachate concentrations increased. At day 10, leaf leachates of B. pilosa exhibited the greatest inhibition. These results suggest that the observed inhibitory or stimulatory effects on the physiology studied can have an adverse effect on P. multifida and that allelopathic interference seems to have involved in this process.}, }
@article {pmid26490792, year = {2015}, author = {Pires, MM and Silvestro, D and Quental, TB}, title = {Continental faunal exchange and the asymmetrical radiation of carnivores.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {282}, number = {1817}, pages = {20151952}, pmid = {26490792}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Biological Evolution ; Carnivora/*classification ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Fossils ; Genetic Speciation ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Lineages arriving on islands may undergo explosive evolutionary radiations owing to the wealth of ecological opportunities. Although studies on insular taxa have improved our understanding of macroevolutionary phenomena, we know little about the macroevolutionary dynamics of continental exchanges. Here we study the evolution of eight Carnivora families that have migrated across the Northern Hemisphere to investigate if continental invasions also result in explosive diversification dynamics. We used a Bayesian approach to estimate speciation and extinction rates from a substantial dataset of fossil occurrences while accounting for the incompleteness of the fossil record. Our analyses revealed a strongly asymmetrical pattern in which North American lineages invading Eurasia underwent explosive radiations, whereas lineages invading North America maintained uniform diversification dynamics. These invasions into Eurasia were characterized by high rates of speciation and extinction. The radiation of the arriving lineages in Eurasia coincide with the decline of established lineages or phases of climate change, suggesting differences in the ecological settings between the continents may be responsible for the disparity in diversification dynamics. These results reveal long-term outcomes of biological invasions and show that the importance of explosive radiations in shaping diversity extends beyond insular systems and have significant impact at continental scales.}, }
@article {pmid26489964, year = {2015}, author = {Zheng, Y and Feng, Y and Valiente-Banuet, A and Li, Y and Liao, Z and Zhang, J and Chen, Y}, title = {Are invasive plants more competitive than native conspecifics? Patterns vary with competitors.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {15622}, pmid = {26489964}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Ageratina/*physiology ; Biomass ; China ; Demography ; *Introduced Species ; Mexico ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants are sometimes considered to be more competitive than their native conspecifics, according to the prediction that the invader reallocates resources from defense to growth due to liberation of natural enemies ['Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability' (EICA) hypothesis]. However, the differences in competitive ability may depend on the identity of competitors. In order to test the effects of competitors, Ageratina adenophora plants from both native and invasive ranges competed directly, and competed with native residents from both invasive (China) and native (Mexico) ranges respectively. Invasive A. adenophora plants were more competitive than their conspecifics from native populations when competing with natives from China (interspecific competition), but not when competing with natives from Mexico. Invasive A. adenophora plants also showed higher competitive ability when grown in high-density monoculture communities of plants from the same population (intrapopulation competition). In contrast, invasive A. adenophora plants showed lower competitive ability when competing with plants from native populations (intraspecific competition). Our results indicated that in the invasive range A. adenophora has evolved to effectively cope with co-occurring natives and high density environments, contributing to invasion success. Here, we showed the significant effects of competitors, which should be considered carefully when testing the EICA hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid26489718, year = {2015}, author = {Rzymski, P and Klimaszyk, P and Poniedziałek, B}, title = {Invasive giant hogweeds in Poland: Risk of burns among forestry workers and plant distribution.}, journal = {Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries}, volume = {41}, number = {8}, pages = {1816-1822}, doi = {10.1016/j.burns.2015.06.007}, pmid = {26489718}, issn = {1879-1409}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Burns, Chemical/*epidemiology ; Dermatitis, Occupational/*epidemiology ; Dermatitis, Phototoxic/*epidemiology ; *Forestry ; *Heracleum ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Exposure/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Occupational Injuries/*epidemiology ; Plant Dispersal ; Poland/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {The Caucasian giant hogweeds (Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. and Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier et Lever) are aggressive invaders that are successfully spreading in different parts of the world. Exposure of human skin to these plants may lead to phototoxicity and even chemical burns manifested by cutaneous, full-thickness, and long-lasting dermatitis, and in extreme cases, massive skin necrosis. Forestry workers are a group with potentially increased risk of exposure to these plants because of the outdoor nature of their work and their active involvement in managing invasive species. Therefore, in this study, we aimed at investigating their level of awareness with regard to the giant hogweeds in Poland. The morphology of the plants, health threats, treatment, and control methods were all considered. We also evaluated the distribution of these plants within forest districts in Poland. For this reason, we surveyed 1563 employees (forest rangers, manual workers, and administration staff) of the State Forests National Forest Holding in Poland "State Forests," working in 367 different forest districts. It was initially found that the forestry workers were generally aware of the giant hogweeds' morphology and phototoxicity. More than 20% of the surveyed individuals had been exposed to these plants at least once in their lives, but only less than half of them were aware of proceeding afterward. At the same time, <35% of those surveyed had any knowledge of the control and management of these giant hogweeds. As demonstrated by our study, stands of these species are widely distributed within the Polish forest districts (reported in over 50%). Therefore, there is an urgent need to implement an efficient, multistrategic, and long-term approach to both control their spread and protect human health.}, }
@article {pmid26488753, year = {2015}, author = {Paul, SC and Pell, JK and Blount, JD}, title = {Reproduction in Risky Environments: The Role of Invasive Egg Predators in Ladybird Laying Strategies.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {e0139404}, pmid = {26488753}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bridged-Ring Compounds/metabolism ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; *Environment ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Male ; Oviposition/*physiology ; Ovum/metabolism/*physiology ; Piperidines/metabolism ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Reproduction/physiology ; Risk Factors ; }, abstract = {Reproductive environments are variable and the resources available for reproduction are finite. If reliable cues about the environment exist, mothers can alter offspring phenotype in a way that increases both offspring and maternal fitness ('anticipatory maternal effects'-AMEs). Strategic use of AMEs is likely to be important in chemically defended species, where the risk of offspring predation may be modulated by maternal investment in offspring toxin level, albeit at some cost to mothers. Whether mothers adjust offspring toxin levels in response to variation in predation risk is, however, unknown, but is likely to be important when assessing the response of chemically defended species to the recent and pervasive changes in the global predator landscape, driven by the spread of invasive species. Using the chemically defended two-spot ladybird, Adalia bipunctata, we investigated reproductive investment, including egg toxin level, under conditions that varied in the degree of simulated offspring predation risk from larval harlequin ladybirds, Harmonia axyridis. H. axyridis is a highly voracious alien invasive species in the UK and a significant intraguild predator of A. bipunctata. Females laid fewer, larger egg clusters, under conditions of simulated predation risk (P+) than when predator cues were absent (P-), but there was no difference in toxin level between the two treatments. Among P- females, when mean cluster size increased there were concomitant increases in both the mass and toxin concentration of eggs, however when P+ females increased cluster size there was no corresponding increase in egg toxin level. We conclude that, in the face of offspring predation risk, females either withheld toxins or were physiologically constrained, leading to a trade-off between cluster size and egg toxin level. Our results provide the first demonstration that the risk of offspring predation by a novel invasive predator can influence maternal investment in toxins within their offspring.}, }
@article {pmid26486360, year = {2015}, author = {Ferguson, CT and O'Neill, TL and Audsley, N and Isaac, RE}, title = {The sexually dimorphic behaviour of adult Drosophila suzukii: elevated female locomotor activity and loss of siesta is a post-mating response.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {218}, number = {Pt 23}, pages = {3855-3861}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.125468}, pmid = {26486360}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; Circadian Rhythm ; Copulation/physiology ; Darkness ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/analysis ; Female ; Locomotion ; Male ; Peptides/analysis ; Sex Characteristics ; Sleep/physiology ; }, abstract = {The polyphagous Drosophila suzukii is a highly invasive species that causes extensive damage to a wide range of berry and stone fruit crops. A better understanding of its biology and especially its behaviour will aid the development of new control strategies. We investigated the locomotor behaviour of D. suzukii in a semi-natural environment resembling a typical summer in northern England and show that adult female D. suzukii are at least 4-fold more active during daylight hours than adult males. This result was reproduced in several laboratory environments and was shown to be a robust feature of mated, but not virgin, female flies. Both males and virgin females kept on a 12 h light:12 h dark (12LD) cycle and constant temperature displayed night-time inactivity (sleep) followed by weak activity in the morning, an afternoon period of quiescence (siesta) and then a prominent evening peak of activity. Both the siesta and the sharp evening peak at lights off were severely reduced in females after mating. Flies of either sex entrained in 12LD displayed a circadian pattern of activity in constant darkness confirming the importance of an endogenous clock in regulating adult activity. This response of females to mating is similar to that elicited in female Drosophila melanogaster by the male sex peptide (SP). We used mass spectrometry to identify a molecular ion (m/z, 5145) corresponding to the poly-hydroxylated SP of D. suzukii and to show that this molecule is transferred to the female reproductive tract during copulation. We propose that the siesta experienced by male and virgin female D. suzukii is an adaptation to avoid unnecessary exposure to the afternoon sun, but that mated females faced with the challenge of obtaining resources for egg production and finding oviposition sites take greater risks, and we suggest that the change in female behaviour is induced by the male SP.}, }
@article {pmid26485965, year = {2015}, author = {Matsuzaki, SS and Kadoya, T}, title = {Trends and stability of inland fishery resources in Japanese lakes: introduction of exotic piscivores as a driver.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, pages = {1420-1432}, doi = {10.1890/13-2182.1}, pmid = {26485965}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Fisheries ; Fishes/*classification/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; *Lakes ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Although many studies have focused on marine resources, few studies have considered the resources of inland fisheries. Inland fishery resources are typically either monitored on the basis of catch data alone or are not assessed quantitatively at all, despite their social, economic, and ecological importance. Because freshwater ecosystems have been severely degraded by human activities, evaluating the trends and current status of fishery resources and assessing their drivers are urgent tasks. We compiled long-term data on the annual catch, fishing effort, and fishing power of 23 Japanese lakes, using two sets of government statistics that date back to the 1950s, which were previously neglected because of the large number of missing values. Using Bayesian state-space models, we examined the trajectories of the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of entire communities, considering changes in fishing effort and fishing power, and quantified both changes in the CPUE over the 10-, 20-, and 30-year periods preceding 2008 and the temporal detrended stability of the CPUE over the three periods. We also investigated the relationships among the CPUE changes and stability, anthropogenic drivers, and lake morphometric characteristics. The CPUE declined in 17, 19, and 15 of the 23 lakes over the past 10-, 20-, and 30-year periods, respectively. Our macroecological analyses demonstrate that the functional group richness of exotic piscivores was the most important predictor of changes in the CPUE among the drivers we considered. The stability of the CPUE was positively related to lake area; larger lakes have more stable CPUE. The functional group richness of exotic piscivores also negatively affected the stability of the CPUE. The effect of overfishing was considered to be small because both fishing effort and power declined in almost all of the lakes. Thus, our findings suggest that increasing exotic piscivore species may diminish the resources and their stability, particularly in Japanese lakes where native piscivores are rare. This might lead to a substantial decline in ecosystem services. Our study highlights the importance of assessing inland fishery resources in a comprehensive manner and the need for restoration strategies to mitigate the effects of exotic piscivores.}, }
@article {pmid26485951, year = {2015}, author = {Silva, LC and Doane, TA and Corrêa, RS and Valverde, V and Pereira, EI and Horwath, WR}, title = {Iron-mediated stabilization of soil carbon amplifies the benefits of ecological restoration in degraded lands.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, pages = {1226-1234}, doi = {10.1890/14-2151.1}, pmid = {26485951}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Brazil ; Carbon/*chemistry ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; Iron/*chemistry ; Mining ; Soil/*chemistry ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Recent observations across a 14-year restoration chronosequence have shown an unexpected accumulation of soil organic carbon in strip-mined areas of central Brazil. This was attributed to the rapid plant colonization that followed the incorporation of biosolids into exposed regoliths, but the specific mechanisms involved in the stabilization of carbon inputs from the vegetation remained unclear. Using isotopic and elemental analyses, we tested the hypothesis that plant-derived carbon accumulation was triggered by the formation of iron-coordinated complexes, stabilized into physically protected (occluded) soil fractions. Confirming this hypothesis, we identified a fast formation of microaggregates shortly after the application of iron-rich biosolids, which was characterized by a strong association between pyrophosphate-extractable iron and plant-derived organic matter. The formation of microaggregates preceded the development of macroaggregates, which drastically increased soil carbon content (-140 Mg C/ha) a few years after restoration. Consistent with previous theoretical work, iron-coordinated organic complexes served as nuclei for aggregate formation, reflecting the synergistic effect of biological, chemical, and physical mechanisms of carbon stabilization in developing soils. Nevertheless, iron was not the only factor affecting soil carbon content. The highest carbon accumulation was observed during the period of highest plant diversity (> 30 species; years 3-6), declining significantly with the exclusion of native species by invasive grasses (years 9-14). Furthermore, the increasing dominance of invasive grasses was associated with a steady decline in the concentration of soil nitrogen and phosphorus per unit of accumulated carbon. These results demonstrate the importance of interdependent ecological and biogeochemical processes, and the role of soil-plant interactions in determining the success of restoration efforts. In contrast with previous but unsuccessful attempts to restore mined areas through nutrient application alone, iron-mediated stabilization of vegetation inputs favored the regeneration of a barren stable state that had persisted for over five decades since disturbance. The effectiveness of coupled organic matter and iron "fertilization," combined with management of invasive species, has the possibility to enhance terrestrial carbon sequestration and accelerate the restoration of degraded lands, while addressing important challenges associated with urban waste disposal.}, }
@article {pmid26485300, year = {2015}, author = {Anderson, LG and Rocliffe, S and Haddaway, NR and Dunn, AM}, title = {The Role of Tourism and Recreation in the Spread of Non-Native Species: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {e0140833}, pmid = {26485300}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Movement ; *Recreation ; *Travel ; }, abstract = {Managing the pathways by which non-native species are introduced and spread is considered the most effective way of preventing species invasions. Tourism and outdoor recreation involve the frequent congregation of people, vehicles and vessels from geographically diverse areas. They are therefore perceived to be major pathways for the movement of non-native species, and ones that will become increasingly important with the continued growth of these sectors. However, a global assessment of the relationship between tourism activities and the introduction of non-native species-particularly in freshwater and marine environments-is lacking. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the impact of tourism and outdoor recreation on non-native species in terrestrial, marine and freshwater environments. Our results provide quantitative evidence that the abundance and richness of non-native species are significantly higher in sites where tourist activities take place than in control sites. The pattern was consistent across terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments; across a variety of vectors (e.g. horses, hikers, yachts); and across a range of taxonomic groups. These results highlight the need for widespread biosecurity interventions to prevent the inadvertent introduction of invasive non-native species (INNS) as the tourism and outdoor recreation sectors grow.}, }
@article {pmid26483478, year = {2015}, author = {Chen, XG and Jiang, X and Gu, J and Xu, M and Wu, Y and Deng, Y and Zhang, C and Bonizzoni, M and Dermauw, W and Vontas, J and Armbruster, P and Huang, X and Yang, Y and Zhang, H and He, W and Peng, H and Liu, Y and Wu, K and Chen, J and Lirakis, M and Topalis, P and Van Leeuwen, T and Hall, AB and Jiang, X and Thorpe, C and Mueller, RL and Sun, C and Waterhouse, RM and Yan, G and Tu, ZJ and Fang, X and James, AA}, title = {Genome sequence of the Asian Tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, reveals insights into its biology, genetics, and evolution.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {112}, number = {44}, pages = {E5907-15}, pmid = {26483478}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {R01 AI083202/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; D43 TW009527/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States ; D43TW009527/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States ; R37 AI029746/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI083202/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; UL1 TR001414/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Animals ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genome, Insect ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is a highly successful invasive species that transmits a number of human viral diseases, including dengue and Chikungunya fevers. This species has a large genome with significant population-based size variation. The complete genome sequence was determined for the Foshan strain, an established laboratory colony derived from wild mosquitoes from southeastern China, a region within the historical range of the origin of the species. The genome comprises 1,967 Mb, the largest mosquito genome sequenced to date, and its size results principally from an abundance of repetitive DNA classes. In addition, expansions of the numbers of members in gene families involved in insecticide-resistance mechanisms, diapause, sex determination, immunity, and olfaction also contribute to the larger size. Portions of integrated flavivirus-like genomes support a shared evolutionary history of association of these viruses with their vector. The large genome repertory may contribute to the adaptability and success of Ae. albopictus as an invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid26483140, year = {2016}, author = {Martínez-Abraín, A and Jiménez, J}, title = {Anthropogenic areas as incidental substitutes for original habitat.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {593-598}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12644}, pmid = {26483140}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Otters ; }, abstract = {One speaks of ecological substitutes when an introduced species performs, to some extent, the ecosystem function of an extirpated native species. We suggest that a similar case exists for habitats. Species evolve within ecosystems, but habitats can be destroyed or modified by natural and human-made causes. Sometimes habitat alteration forces animals to move to or remain in a suboptimal habitat type. In that case, the habitat is considered a refuge, and the species is called a refugee. Typically refugee species have lower population growth rates than in their original habitats. Human action may lead to the unintended generation of artificial or semiartificial habitat types that functionally resemble the essential features of the original habitat and thus allow a population growth rate of the same magnitude or higher than in the original habitat. We call such areas substitution habitats and define them as human-made habitats within the focal species range that by chance are partial substitutes for the species' original habitat. We call species occupying a substitution habitat adopted species. These are 2 new terms in conservation biology. Examples of substitution habitats are dams for European otters, wheat and rice fields for many steppeland and aquatic birds, and urban areas for storks, falcons, and swifts. Although substitution habitats can bring about increased resilience against the agents of global change, the conservation of original habitat types remains a conservation priority.}, }
@article {pmid26483072, year = {2015}, author = {Sussarellu, R and Huvet, A and Lapègue, S and Quillen, V and Lelong, C and Cornette, F and Jensen, LF and Bierne, N and Boudry, P}, title = {Additive transcriptomic variation associated with reproductive traits suggest local adaptation in a recently settled population of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {808}, pmid = {26483072}, issn = {1471-2164}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Animals ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gonads/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Ostreidae/*genetics/metabolism/physiology ; Phenotype ; Reproduction/*genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Originating from Northeast Asia, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas has been introduced into a large number of countries for aquaculture purpose. Following introduction, the Pacific oyster has turned into an invasive species in an increasing number of coastal areas, notably recently in Northern Europe.<br><br>METHODS: To explore potential adaptation of reproductive traits in populations with different histories, we set up a common garden experiment based on the comparison of progenies from two populations of Pacific oyster sampled in France and Denmark and their hybrids. Sex ratio, condition index and microarray gene expression in gonads, were analyzed in each progeny (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;60).<br><br>RESULTS: A female-biased sex-ratio and a higher condition index were observed in the Danish progeny, possibly reflecting an evolutionary reproductive strategy to increase the potential success of natural recruitment in recently settled population. Using multifarious statistical approaches and accounting for sex differences we identified several transcripts differentially expressed between the Danish and French progenies, for which additive genetic basis is suspected (showing intermediate expression levels in hybrids, and therefore additivity). Candidate transcripts included mRNA coding for sperm quality and insulin metabolism, known to be implicated in coordinated control and success of reproduction.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Observed differences suggest that adaptation of invasive populations might have occurred during expansion acting on reproductive traits, and in particular on a female-biased sex-ratio, gamete quality and fertility.}, }
@article {pmid26482012, year = {2016}, author = {Heersink, DK and Caley, P and Paini, DR and Barry, SC}, title = {Quantifying the Establishment Likelihood of Invasive Alien Species Introductions Through Ports with Application to Honeybees in Australia.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {36}, number = {5}, pages = {892-903}, doi = {10.1111/risa.12476}, pmid = {26482012}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bees/*parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Probability ; *Varroidae ; }, abstract = {The cost of an uncontrolled incursion of invasive alien species (IAS) arising from undetected entry through ports can be substantial, and knowledge of port-specific risks is needed to help allocate limited surveillance resources. Quantifying the establishment likelihood of such an incursion requires quantifying the ability of a species to enter, establish, and spread. Estimation of the approach rate of IAS into ports provides a measure of likelihood of entry. Data on the approach rate of IAS are typically sparse, and the combinations of risk factors relating to country of origin and port of arrival diverse. This presents challenges to making formal statistical inference on establishment likelihood. Here we demonstrate how these challenges can be overcome with judicious use of mixed-effects models when estimating the incursion likelihood into Australia of the European (Apis mellifera) and Asian (A. cerana) honeybees, along with the invasive parasites of biosecurity concern they host (e.g., Varroa destructor). Our results demonstrate how skewed the establishment likelihood is, with one-tenth of the ports accounting for 80% or more of the likelihood for both species. These results have been utilized by biosecurity agencies in the allocation of resources to the surveillance of maritime ports.}, }
@article {pmid26481795, year = {2016}, author = {Engelkes, T and Meisner, A and Morriën, E and Kostenko, O and Van der Putten, WH and Macel, M}, title = {Herbivory and dominance shifts among exotic and congeneric native plant species during plant community establishment.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {180}, number = {2}, pages = {507-517}, pmid = {26481795}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Herbivory ; *Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases ; *Plants ; Rivers ; *Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {Invasive exotic plant species often have fewer natural enemies and suffer less damage from herbivores in their new range than genetically or functionally related species that are native to that area. Although we might expect that having fewer enemies would promote the invasiveness of the introduced exotic plant species due to reduced enemy exposure, few studies have actually analyzed the ecological consequences of this situation in the field. Here, we examined how exposure to aboveground herbivores influences shifts in dominance among exotic and phylogenetically related native plant species in a riparian ecosystem during early establishment of invaded communities. We planted ten plant communities each consisting of three individuals of each of six exotic plant species as well as six phylogenetically related natives. Exotic plant species were selected based on a rapid recent increase in regional abundance, the presence of a congeneric native species, and their co-occurrence in the riparian ecosystem. All plant communities were covered by tents with insect mesh. Five tents were open on the leeward side to allow herbivory. The other five tents were completely closed in order to exclude insects and vertebrates. Herbivory reduced aboveground biomass by half and influenced which of the plant species dominated the establishing communities. Exposure to herbivory did not reduce the total biomass of natives more than that of exotics, so aboveground herbivory did not selectively enhance exotics during this early stage of plant community development. Effects of herbivores on plant biomass depended on plant species or genus but not on plant status (i.e., exotic vs native). Thus, aboveground herbivory did not promote the dominance of exotic plant species during early establishment of the phylogenetically balanced plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid26478193, year = {2016}, author = {Becker, J and Ortmann, C and Wetzel, MA and Koop, JHE}, title = {Metabolic activity and behavior of the invasive amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus and two common Central European gammarid species (Gammarus fossarum, Gammarus roeselii): Low metabolic rates may favor the invader.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology}, volume = {191}, number = {}, pages = {119-126}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.10.015}, pmid = {26478193}, issn = {1531-4332}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*metabolism/*physiology ; Animals ; Basal Metabolism/*physiology ; Calorimetry ; Glycogen/metabolism ; Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Triglycerides/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The Ponto-Caspian amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus is one of the most successful invaders in Central European rivers. Contrary to studies on its ecology, ecophysiological studies comparing the species' physiological traits are scarce. In this context, in particular the metabolic activity of the invasive species has rarely been considered and, moreover, the few existing studies on this species report strongly deviating results. The purpose of this study was to assess the metabolic activity and behavior of D. villosus and other common European amphipod species (Gammarus fossarum, Gammarus roeselii) in relation to temperatures covering the thermal regime of the invaded habitats. Based on direct calorimetric measurements of metabolic heat dissipation at three temperature levels (5°C, 15°C and 25°C), we found the routine metabolic rate of D. villosus to be significantly lower than that of the other studied gammarid species at the medium temperature level. The estimated resting metabolic rate indicated a similar trend. At 5°C and 25°C, both routine and resting metabolic rate did not differ between species. Compared to G. fossarum and G. roeselii, D. villosus exhibited lower locomotor activity at the low and medium temperatures (5°C and 15°C). In contrast, its locomotor activity increased at the high experimental temperature (25°C). G. fossarum and G. roeselii were apparently more active than D. villosus at all studied temperatures. We conclude that D. villosus has both physiological and behavioral adaptations that lead to a reduction in metabolic energy expenditure, which is assumed to be beneficial and might contribute to its invasive success.}, }
@article {pmid26477438, year = {2015}, author = {Savoie, AM and Saunders, GW}, title = {Evidence for the introduction of the Asian red alga Neosiphonia japonica and its introgression with Neosiphonia harveyi (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) in the Northwest Atlantic.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {23}, pages = {5927-5937}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13429}, pmid = {26477438}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Atlantic Ocean ; Canada ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; New England ; *Phylogeny ; Rhodophyta/*classification/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {There is currently conflict in the literature on the taxonomic status of the reportedly cosmopolitan species Neosiphonia harveyi, a common red alga along the coast of Atlantic Canada and New England, USA. Neosiphonia harveyi sensu lato was assessed using three molecular markers: COI-5P, ITS and rbcL. All three markers clearly delimited three genetic species groups within N. harveyi sensu lato in this region, which we identified as N. harveyi, N. japonica and Polysiphonia akkeshiensis (here resurrected from synonymy with N. japonica). Although Neosiphonia harveyi is considered by some authors to be introduced to the Atlantic from the western Pacific, it was only confirmed from the North Atlantic suggesting it is native to this area. In contrast, Neosiphonia japonica was collected from only two sites in Rhode Island, USA, as well as from its reported native range in Asia (South Korea), which when combined with data in GenBank indicates that this species was introduced to the Northwest Atlantic. The GenBank data further indicate that N. japonica was also introduced to North Carolina, Spain, Australia and New Zealand. Despite the fact that all three markers clearly delimited N. harveyi and N. japonica as distinct genetic species groups, the ITS sequences for some N. harveyi individuals displayed mixed patterns and additivity indicating introgression of nuclear DNA from N. japonica into N. harveyi in the Northwest Atlantic. Introgression of DNA from an introduced species to a native species (i.e. 'genetic pollution') is one of the possible consequences of species introductions, and we believe this is the first documented evidence for this phenomenon in red algae.}, }
@article {pmid26477339, year = {2016}, author = {Gallien, L and Saladin, B and Boucher, FC and Richardson, DM and Zimmermann, NE}, title = {Does the legacy of historical biogeography shape current invasiveness in pines?.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {209}, number = {3}, pages = {1096-1105}, doi = {10.1111/nph.13700}, pmid = {26477339}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Biological Evolution ; Genetic Linkage ; *Introduced Species ; *Phylogeography ; Pinus/*physiology ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Why are some introduced species more successful at establishing and spreading than others? Until now, characteristics of extant species have been intensively investigated to answer this question. We propose to gain new insights on species invasiveness by exploring the long-term biogeographic and evolutionary history of lineages. We exemplify our approach using one of the best-studied invasive plant genera, Pinus. We notably estimated the historical biogeography of pines and the rates of trait evolution in pines. These estimates were analysed with regard to species invasiveness status. The results revealed that currently invasive species belong to lineages that were particularly successful at colonizing new regions in the past. We also showed that highly mobile lineages had faster rates of niche evolution, but that these rates are poor proxies for species adaptive potential in invaded regions (estimated by niche shift among native and invaded regions). In summary, working at the interface of ecology, historical biogeography and evolutionary history offers stimulating perspectives to improve our understanding of the drivers of invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid26472577, year = {2015}, author = {Meyer, JB and Gallien, L and Prospero, S}, title = {Interaction between two invasive organisms on the European chestnut: does the chestnut blight fungus benefit from the presence of the gall wasp?.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiv122}, pmid = {26472577}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {Animals ; Ascomycota/*physiology ; Fagaceae/*microbiology ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Plant Tumors/microbiology ; Switzerland ; Trees/microbiology ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The impact of invasive fungal pathogens and pests on trees is often studied individually, thereby omitting possible interactions. In this study the ecological interaction between the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica and the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus was investigated. We determined if abandoned galls could be colonized by C. parasitica and thereby act as an entry point and a source of pathogen inoculum. Moreover we assessed the identity and diversity of other gall-colonizing fungal species. A total of 1973 galls were randomly sampled from 200 chestnut trees in eight Swiss stands. In a stand C. parasitica was isolated from 0.4-19.2% of the galls. The incidence of C. parasitica on the galls and the fungal diversity significantly increased with the residence time of D. kuriphilus in a stand. All but one C. parasitica cultures were virulent. The predominant fungus isolated from galls was Gnomoniopsis castanea whose abundance influenced negatively that of C. parasitica. This study shows that D. kuriphilus galls can be colonized by virulent strains of the chestnut blight fungus C. parasitica. This can have effects on the chestnut blight incidence even in chestnut stands where the disease is successfully controlled by hypovirulence. The gall wasp presence influences also the fungal species composition on chestnut trees.}, }
@article {pmid26471066, year = {2015}, author = {Marchini, A and Galil, BS and Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A}, title = {Recommendations on standardizing lists of marine alien species: Lessons from the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {101}, number = {1}, pages = {267-273}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.054}, pmid = {26471066}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Classification ; Databases, Factual ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods/*standards/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Government Regulation ; Introduced Species/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*statistics &amp; numerical data/*trends ; Marine Biology/*methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Analyses of marine alien species based on national/regional datasets are of paramount importance for the success of regulation on the prevention and management of invasive alien species. Yet in the extant data systems the criteria for the inclusion of records are seldom explicit, and frequently inconsistent in their definitions, spatial and temporal frames and comprehensiveness. Agreed-upon uniform guiding principles, based on solid and transparent scientific criteria, are therefore required in order to provide policy makers with validated and comparable data. Following a meta-analysis on the records of marine alien species in the Mediterranean Sea, we recommend a judicious approach to compiling the data. Here, three categories of uncertainty were identified: species' taxonomic identification, species' actual occurrence in the area, and its status as an alien. In proposing guiding principles to standardize such datasets, we aim to encourage discourse on logical, standardized and transparent criteria to substantiate records of alien species.}, }
@article {pmid26470385, year = {2015}, author = {Hoddle, MS and Hoddle, CD and Faleiro, JR and El-Shafie, HA and Jeske, DR and Sallam, AA}, title = {How Far Can the Red Palm Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Fly?: Computerized Flight Mill Studies With Field-Captured Weevils.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {6}, pages = {2599-2609}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tov240}, pmid = {26470385}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Female ; *Flight, Animal ; Male ; Random Allocation ; Weevils/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Adult Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) captured in pheromone-baited traps in commercial date palm orchards in the Al Ahsaa Directorate, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, were used in computerized flight mill studies to determine the flight characteristics of this highly invasive and destructive palm pest. Flight mill studies were run at three different time periods, winter (December), spring (March), and summer (May). Of the 192 weevils tethered to flight mills ∼30% failed to fly > 1 km. Of those weevils flying > 1 km (n = 139), 55% flew > 10 km, and of these flyers 5% flew > 50 km in 24 h. Flying weevils exhibited an average weight loss of 20-30% and nonflying control weevils lost ∼9-13% body weight in 24 h. Male and female weevils flying in summer (average laboratory temperature was ∼27°C) flew the longest average distances (∼25-35 km), exhibited highest weight reductions (∼30%), and greatest mortality rates (∼80%). Consequently, time of year not weevil sex or color morph had a consistent and significant effect on flight activity, weight loss, and survivorship rates. Flight activity was predominantly diurnal commencing around 5:00 a.m. and peaking between 9-11:00 a.m. before tapering off. The distribution of flight distances combined across season and sex was mesokurtic (i.e., normally distributed).}, }
@article {pmid26470327, year = {2015}, author = {Eatough Jones, M and Paine, TD}, title = {Effect of Chipping and Solarization on Emergence and Boring Activity of a Recently Introduced Ambrosia Beetle (Euwallacea sp., Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Southern California.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {4}, pages = {1852-1859}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tov169}, pmid = {26470327}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; *Feeding Behavior ; Forestry/*methods ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Trees/growth &amp; development ; Weevils/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Polyphagous shot hole borer (Euwallacea sp., Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) has recently invaded southern California. The beetle, along with its associated fungi, Fusarium euwallaceae, Graphium sp., and Acremonium sp., causes branch dieback and tree mortality in a large variety of tree species including avocado (Persea americana Mill.) and box elder (Acer negundo L.). With the spread of the beetle through Los Angeles, Orange, and San Diego Counties in California, there is increasing concern that felled trees and pruned branches infested with polyphagous shot hole borer should receive sanitation treatment to reduce the potential spread of the beetle from the movement of untreated wood. We tested two sanitation methods to reduce beetle populations, chipping with a commercial chipper and solarization by covering logs with clear or black plastic in full sun. Both chipping and solarization decreased beetle emergence and boring activity compared to untreated control logs. Chipping was most effective for chip sizes <5 cm. Solarization was most effective using clear polyethylene sheeting during hot summer months, particularly August, when daily maximum temperatures were ≥35°C. Beetles persisted for 2 mo or more when solarization was applied during the spring or fall.}, }
@article {pmid26470324, year = {2015}, author = {Seiter, NJ and Del Pozo-Valdivia, AI and Greene, JK and Reay-Jones, FP and Roberts, PM and Reisig, DR}, title = {Action Thresholds for Managing Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in Soybean Based on Sweep-Net Sampling.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {4}, pages = {1818-1829}, pmid = {26470324}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Georgia ; *Heteroptera ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Insecticides ; North Carolina ; Nymph ; Population Density ; South Carolina ; Glycine max/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (F.), first discovered in the United States in 2009, has rapidly become a pest of commercial soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, throughout much of the southeast. Because of its recent arrival, management practices and recommendations are not well established. To develop action thresholds, we evaluated insecticide applications targeted at different densities of adults and nymphs determined using the standard 38-cm diameter sweep net sampling method in 12 soybean field trials conducted in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina from 2011 to 2013. Average peak densities of M. cribraria in the untreated controls reached as high as 63.5 ± 11.0 adults per sweep and 34.7 ± 8.0 nymphs per sweep. Insecticide applications triggered at densities of one adult or nymph of M. cribraria per sweep, two adults or nymphs per sweep, and one adult or nymph per sweep, with nymphs present, resulted in no yield reductions in most cases compared with plots that were aggressively protected with multiple insecticide applications. A single insecticide application timed at the R3 or R4 soybean growth stages also resulted in yields that were equivalent to the aggressively protected plots. Typically, treatments (excluding the untreated control) that resulted in fewer applications were more cost-effective. These results suggest that a single insecticide application targeting nymphs was sufficient to prevent soybean yield reduction at the densities of M. cribraria that we observed.}, }
@article {pmid26470312, year = {2015}, author = {Kumar, S and Neven, LG and Zhu, H and Zhang, R}, title = {Assessing the Global Risk of Establishment of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) using CLIMEX and MaxEnt Niche Models.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {4}, pages = {1708-1719}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tov166}, pmid = {26470312}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Moths/*physiology ; Photoperiod ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Accurate assessment of insect pest establishment risk is needed by national plant protection organizations to negotiate international trade of horticultural commodities that can potentially carry the pests and result in inadvertent introductions in the importing countries. We used mechanistic and correlative niche models to quantify and map the global patterns of the potential for establishment of codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.), a major pest of apples, peaches, pears, and other pome and stone fruits, and a quarantine pest in countries where it currently does not occur. The mechanistic model CLIMEX was calibrated using species-specific physiological tolerance thresholds, whereas the correlative model MaxEnt used species occurrences and climatic spatial data. Projected potential distribution from both models conformed well to the current known distribution of codling moth. None of the models predicted suitable environmental conditions in countries located between 20°N and 20°S potentially because of shorter photoperiod, and lack of chilling requirement (<60 d at ≤10°C) in these areas for codling moth to break diapause. Models predicted suitable conditions in South Korea and Japan where codling moth currently does not occur but where its preferred host species (i.e., apple) is present. Average annual temperature and latitude were the main environmental variables associated with codling moth distribution at global level. The predictive models developed in this study present the global risk of establishment of codling moth, and can be used for monitoring potential introductions of codling moth in different countries and by policy makers and trade negotiators in making science-based decisions.}, }
@article {pmid26470309, year = {2015}, author = {Morrison, WR and Cullum, JP and Leskey, TC}, title = {Evaluation of Trap Designs and Deployment Strategies for Capturing Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {4}, pages = {1683-1692}, pmid = {26470309}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Heteroptera/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Malus/growth &amp; development ; Maryland ; Nymph/drug effects ; Pest Control, Biological/instrumentation/*methods ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Halyomorpha halys (Stål) is an invasive pest that attacks numerous crops. For growers to make informed management decisions against H. halys, an effective monitoring tool must be in place. We evaluated various trap designs baited with the two-component aggregation pheromone of H. halys and synergist and deployed in commercial apple orchards. We compared our current experimental standard trap, a black plywood pyramid trap 1.22 m in height deployed between border row apple trees with other trap designs for two growing seasons. These included a black lightweight coroplast pyramid trap of similar dimension, a smaller (29 cm) pyramid trap also ground deployed, a smaller limb-attached pyramid trap, a smaller pyramid trap hanging from a horizontal branch, and a semipyramid design known as the Rescue trap. We found that the coroplast pyramid was the most sensitive, capturing more adults than all other trap designs including our experimental standard. Smaller pyramid traps performed equally in adult captures to our experimental standard, though nymphal captures were statistically lower for the hanging traps. Experimental standard plywood and coroplast pyramid trap correlations were strong, suggesting that standard plywood pyramid traps could be replaced with lighter, cheaper coroplast pyramid traps. Strong correlations with small ground- and limb-deployed pyramid traps also suggest that these designs offer promise as well. Growers may be able to adopt alternative trap designs that are cheaper, lighter, and easier to deploy to monitor H. halys in orchards without a significant loss in sensitivity.}, }
@article {pmid26470296, year = {2015}, author = {Cheng, S and Zeng, L and Xu, Y}, title = {Mutualism Between Fire Ants and Mealybugs Reduces Lady Beetle Predation.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {4}, pages = {1560-1569}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tov117}, pmid = {26470296}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Food Chain ; Hemiptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Pest Control, Biological ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Solenopsis invicta Buren is an important invasive pest that has a negative impact on biodiversity. However, current knowledge regarding the ecological effects of its interaction with honeydew-producing hemipteran insects is inadequate. To partially address this problem, we assessed whether the interaction between the two invasive species S. invicta and Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley mediated predation of P. solenopsis by Propylaea japonica Thunbery lady beetles using field investigations and indoor experiments. S. invicta tending significantly reduced predation by the Pr. japonica lady beetle, and this response was more pronounced for lady beetle larvae than for adults. A field investigation showed that the species richness and quantity of lady beetle species in plots with fire ants were much lower than in those without fire ants. In an olfaction bioassay, lady beetles preferred to move toward untended rather than tended mealybugs. Overall, these results suggest that mutualism between S. invicta and P. solenopsis may have a serious impact on predation of P. solenopsis by lady beetles, which could promote growth of P. solenopsis populations.}, }
@article {pmid26470292, year = {2015}, author = {Blaisdell, GK and Zhang, S and Bratburd, JR and Daane, KM and Cooper, ML and Almeida, RP}, title = {Interactions Within Susceptible Hosts Drive Establishment of Genetically Distinct Variants of an Insect-Borne Pathogen.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {4}, pages = {1531-1539}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tov153}, pmid = {26470292}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Closteroviridae/genetics/*physiology ; Hemiptera/*virology ; Insect Vectors/*virology ; Introduced Species ; Plant Diseases/*virology ; Species Specificity ; Vitis/*virology ; }, abstract = {Coinfections are common, leading to pathogen interactions during transmission and establishment in a host. However, few studies have tested the relative strengths of pathogen interactions in vectors and hosts that determine the outcome of infection. We tested interactions between two genetically distinct variants of the mealybug-transmitted Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3. The transmission efficiency of each variant in single variant inoculations by two vector species was determined. The effects of vector species, a coinfected source, and simultaneous inoculation from multiple hosts to one host on variant establishment were examined. Within-vector interactions could have a role in transmission from hosts containing mixed infections, but not when vectors were moved from separate singly infected source plants to a single recipient plant. The invasive Planococcus ficus (Signoret) was a more efficient vector than Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret). Transmission efficiency of the two variants did not differ in single variant inoculations. Overall infections were the same whether from singly or coinfected source plants. In mixed inoculations, establishment of one variant was reduced. Mixed inoculations from two singly infected source plants resulted in fewer mixed infections than expected by chance. Therefore, the observed outcome was determined subsequent to host inoculation rather than in the vector. The outcome may be due to resource competition between pathogens. Alternatively apparent competition may be responsible; the pathogens' differential ability to overcome host defenses and colonize the host may determine the final outcome of new infections. Detailed knowledge of interactions between pathogens during transmission and establishment could improve understanding and management of disease spread.}, }
@article {pmid26470274, year = {2015}, author = {Narai, Y and Zou, Y and Nakamuta, K and Mongold-Diers, JA and Hanks, LM and Millar, JG}, title = {Candidate Attractant Pheromones of Two Potentially Invasive Asian Cerambycid Species in the Genus Xylotrechus.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {3}, pages = {1444-1446}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tov087}, pmid = {26470274}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Female ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Male ; Pheromones/*metabolism ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Research during the 1980s showed that male Xylotrechus pyrrhoderus Bates (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a vineyard pest, produce (2S,3S)-2,3-octanediol and (S)-2-hydroxyoctan-3-one as possible pheromone components, but to our knowledge, field tests were not carried out. We confirmed that at least female X. pyrrhoderus were attracted by a 1:1 blend of these two compounds in field trials in Japan. Furthermore, more than 200 males and females of the congener Xylotrechus rufilius Bates were attracted by racemic 2-hydroxyoctan-3-one, and inhibited by syn-2,3-octanediol. Adult X. rufilius recently were intercepted in a shipment from China entering Baltimore, Maryland, raising concerns that this polyphagous species could establish in North America. Our results suggest that traps baited with 2-hydroxyoctan-3-one would be a valuable tool to assess whether X. rufilius has indeed become established, and to monitor for future introductions of X. rufilius.}, }
@article {pmid26470240, year = {2015}, author = {Ioriatti, C and Walton, V and Dalton, D and Anfora, G and Grassi, A and Maistri, S and Mazzoni, V}, title = {Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and its Potential Impact to Wine Grapes During Harvest in Two Cool Climate Wine Grape Production Regions.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {3}, pages = {1148-1155}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tov042}, pmid = {26470240}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Drosophila/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Italy ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Oregon ; Oviposition ; Ovum/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Temperature ; Vitis/genetics/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is a global pest attacking various berry crops. D. suzukii lays eggs in damaged and in intact wine grape berries of the most soft-skinned varieties. Here, we describe the relative host utilization of different wine grape cultivars grown in Northern Italy and Oregon. Assessments of host berry utilization were performed in both field and laboratory settings. Results were correlated to physiological changes occurring during grape berry development starting at véraison and concluding during harvest. We found that oviposition increased with an increase in sugar content and a decrease of acidity levels. Oviposition increased with a decrease of penetration force. Penetration force, as a measure of skin hardness, is a critical component of host selection among the D. suzukii-exposed cultivars. We demonstrated that incised berries are more favorable for D. suzukii oviposition and as a nutrient substrate. Increased presence on wine grapes, as indicated by egg laying and increased longevity, was observed for flies that were exposed to incised berries as opposed to fully intact berries. D. suzukii flies can be found feeding on damaged wine grapes during the harvest period, especially when the skins of berries are negatively impacted due to cracking, disease, hail injury, and bird damage. Such an increase of feeding and oviposition may increase the likelihood of spoilage bacteria vectoring due to D. suzukii.}, }
@article {pmid26470238, year = {2015}, author = {Cognato, AI and Hoebeke, ER and Kajimura, H and Smith, SM}, title = {History of the Exotic Ambrosia Beetles Euwallacea interjectus and Euwallacea validus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Xyleborini) in the United States.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {3}, pages = {1129-1135}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tov073}, pmid = {26470238}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics/metabolism ; Haplotypes ; Insect Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Seasons ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United States ; Weevils/classification/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Exotic insects are constantly intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry. Of these, wood-boring beetles, particularly xyleborine ambrosia beetles, are sometimes missed during port inspections and become established in the United States. Euwallacea validus (Eichhoff) and Euwallacea interjectus (Blandford) are morphologically similar Asian ambrosia beetle species that vary by their fungal associates and their potential to cause economic damage. Euwallacea validus and E. interjectus were first discovered in New York (1975) and Hawaii (1976), respectively. Euwallacea validus was collected multiple times from widely separated localities and is assumed to have spread throughout the eastern United States. The discovery of E. interjectus in Florida (2011) and Texas (2011) prompted our review of the E. validus specimens because of the potential misidentification of the species. In addition, using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) DNA data and phylogenetic analysis, we tested the hypothesis that multiple introductions account for the U.S. populations of E. interjectus and E. validus. Our review of 7,184 specimens revealed an earlier introduction to the mainland for E. interjectus, which was first collected from Louisiana in 1984. This species is distributed in the South while E. validus occurs in the North with a known area of syntopy in northeastern Georgia. The extent of the syntopy within the United States is unknown and further investigation is required. Phylogenetic analysis of 24 E. interjectus and 20 E. validus individuals resolved clades that associated with each species and gross geographic provenance. Four well-supported clades represented E. interjectus which included the following localities: 1) Hawaii and Thailand; 2) Vietnam, Taiwan, and Texas; 3) Okinawa (Japan); and 4) Japan and several southern U.S. states. One clade comprised all E. validus specimens from Japan and the mainland United States. Four and two haplotypes were found for the E. interjectus and E. validus specimens, respectively, in mainland United States. Except for the Texas specimen, the haplotypes differed by one nucleotide. The relationship of the haplotypes and their sequence similarity suggested that the provenance of E. validus and the majority of E. interjectus haplotypes was Japan while the Texas haplotype originated later and from a location near Taiwan. Given the high nucleotide sequence difference between the Hawaiian and Thai haplotypes, the exact origin of the Hawaiian E. interjectus is unknown but likely Southeast Asia. A broader investigation including more SE Asian individuals will help to further explain the introduction of E. interjectus into Hawaii and Texas.}, }
@article {pmid26470236, year = {2015}, author = {Steininger, MS and Hulcr, J and Šigut, M and Lucky, A}, title = {Simple and Efficient Trap for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to Facilitate Invasive Species Monitoring and Citizen Involvement.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {3}, pages = {1115-1123}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tov014}, pmid = {26470236}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Community Participation ; Florida ; *Forests ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {Bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae &amp; Platypodinae) are among the most damaging forest pests worldwide, and monitoring is essential to damage prevention. Unfortunately, traps and attractants that are currently used are costly, and agencies rely on limited field personnel for deployment. The situation can be greatly aided by 1) the development of cost-effective trapping techniques, and 2) distribution of the effort through the Citizen Science approach. The goal of this study was to test a simple, effective trap that can be made and deployed by anyone interested in collecting bark and ambrosia beetles. Three trap types made from 2-liter soda bottles and, separately, four attractants were compared. Simple, one-window traps performed comparably at capturing species in traps painted or with multiple windows. A comparison of attractants in two-window traps found that 95% ethanol attracted the highest number of species but that Purell hand sanitizer (70% ethanol) and then Germ-X hand sanitizer (63% ethanol) were also effective. A perforated zip-top plastic bag containing Purell hanging over a trap filled with automobile antifreeze attracted the fewest species and individual specimens. Overall, >4,500 bark and ambrosia beetles, including 30 species were captured, representing a third of the regional species diversity. More than three quarters of the specimens were nonnative, representing nearly half of the known regional exotic species. These results suggest that simple one-window soda bottle traps baited with ethanol-based hand sanitizer will be effective and inexpensive tools for large-scale monitoring of bark and ambrosia beetles.}, }
@article {pmid26470230, year = {2015}, author = {Cissel, WJ and Mason, CE and Whalen, J and Hough-Goldstein, J and Hooks, CR}, title = {Effects of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Feeding Injury on Sweet Corn Yield and Quality.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {3}, pages = {1065-1071}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tov059}, pmid = {26470230}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Heteroptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Population Density ; Zea mays/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an Asian species that now dominates the stink bug complex in many cultivated crops throughout the mid-Atlantic United States. Sweet corn (Zea mays L.) is a preferred host of H. halys, and the bug can cause kernel injury on developing ears. Currently, there is limited information available on which plant growth stages are most sensitive to H. halys feeding or density of bugs required to cause yield and quality reductions on processing and fresh market sweet corn ears. In 2011 and 2012, sweet corn ears were infested at three different corn growth stages: silking (R1), blister (R2), and milk (R3) at densities of zero, one, three, and five H. halys adults per ear for 7 d. At harvest, four yield measurements were assessed and ears were inspected for quality reductions. The greatest yield loss from H. halys occurred when infestations were initiated during early stages of ear development, and the greatest quality reductions (damaged kernels) occurred during later stages of ear development. A density of one H. halys per ear resulted in levels of kernel damage great enough to cause significant quality reductions. This study highlights the ability of H. halys to cause substantial economic losses in both fresh market and processing sweet corn in a relatively short period of time at low population densities. Therefore, infestations by this insect in sweet corn must be considered when making pest management decisions in regions where it has become established.}, }
@article {pmid26470227, year = {2015}, author = {Zhou, HX and Zhang, RM and Tan, XM and Tao, YL and Wan, FH and Wu, Q and Chu, D}, title = {Invasion Genetics of Woolly Apple Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in China.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {3}, pages = {1040-1046}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tov074}, pmid = {26470227}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*genetics ; China ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; }, abstract = {In China, the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), was first detected as an invasive species during the 1910s to 1930s, restricted to Shandong, Liaoning, and Yunnan Provinces. However, since the 1990s, the pest has spread into many other areas of China. To determine the possible spread routes of the recently established populations, the genetic diversity and genetic structure of 24 populations in 10 provinces were analyzed using eight microsatellite loci. Analyses using STRUCTURE software identified two genetic clusters overall. Three populations from Yunnan and Xinjiang consisted of individuals originating from a single cluster. Nineteen populations from eight northern provinces consisted only of individuals from another cluster, which formed a single large and panmictic population, resembling a distinct "supercolony" in Northern China. The other two populations from Yunnan consisted of individuals from both clusters. The possible routes of spread of the recently established populations of E. lanigerum in China were revealed as follows: 1) the populations in Northern China (including these from Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shannxi, Jiangsu, and Gansu) may have been introduced from Shandong or Liaoning Provinces; 2) the populations in Yunnan consisted of an early-established population and a population introduced secondarily from Shandong or neighboring areas, indicating that the population in Yunnan has at least two sources; and 3) the recently established populations of E. lanigerum in Xinjiang might not have been introduced from the "supercolony" in Northern China. Knowledge of these routes of spread is useful for avoiding further dissemination and/or additional introductions.}, }
@article {pmid26470214, year = {2015}, author = {Bistline-East, A and Pandey, R and Kececi, M and Hoddle, MS}, title = {Host Range Testing of Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) for Use in Classical Biological Control of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in California.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {3}, pages = {940-950}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tov020}, pmid = {26470214}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents ; California ; Choice Behavior ; Female ; Hemiptera/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Species Specificity ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Host range tests for Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Shafee, Alam, &amp; Agarwal) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an endoparasitoid of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), sourced from Punjab Pakistan, were conducted in quarantine at the University of California, Riverside, CA. Seven nontarget psyllid species representing four psyllid families were exposed to mated D. aligarhensis females in four different treatment types: 1) short sequential no-choice treatments, 2) prolonged sequential no-choice treatments, 3) prolonged no-choice static treatments, and 4) choice treatments. Selection of nontarget psyllid species was based on phylogenetic proximity to D. citri, likelihood of being encountered by D. aligarhensis in the prospective release areas in California, and psyllid species in biological control of invasive weeds. D. aligarhensis exhibited high host affinity to D. citri, and only parasitized one nontarget species, the pestiferous potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc), at low levels (<14%). Based on the results of this study, we conclude that D. aligarhensis has a narrow host range and exhibits a high level of host specificity, as it shows a significant attack preference for the target pest, D. citri. Results presented here suggest D. aligarhensis poses minimal risk to nontarget psyllid species in California.}, }
@article {pmid26470196, year = {2015}, author = {Holder, PW and Frew, R and Van Hale, R}, title = {The Geographic Origin of an Intercepted Biosecurity Pest Beetle Assigned Using Hydrogen Stable Isotopes.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {2}, pages = {834-837}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tou097}, pmid = {26470196}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera/chemistry ; Hydrogen/analysis ; *Introduced Species ; Isotopes/analysis ; }, abstract = {Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a forest pest that does not occur in Australia. In February 2010, the container ship Tatiana Schulte, en route from New Zealand, was refused permission to enter Australia following the discovery of numerous A. ferus aboard. The place where the infestation occurred was unknown, representing an uncontrolled biosecurity-risk pathway. Hydrogen isotope analysis of the beetles' wings showed that the infestation most likely originated from Auckland, New Zealand.}, }
@article {pmid26470188, year = {2015}, author = {Futami, K and Valderrama, A and Baldi, M and Minakawa, N and Marín Rodríguez, R and Chaves, LF}, title = {New and Common Haplotypes Shape Genetic Diversity in Asian Tiger Mosquito Populations from Costa Rica and Panamá.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {2}, pages = {761-768}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tou028}, pmid = {26470188}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; Animals ; Costa Rica ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Female ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; NADH Dehydrogenase/genetics ; Panama ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), is a vector of several human pathogens. Ae. albopictus is also an invasive species that, over recent years, has expanded its range out of its native Asia. Ae. albopictus was suspected to be present in Central America since the 1990s, and its presence was confirmed by most Central American nations by 2010. Recently, this species has been regularly found, yet in low numbers, in limited areas of Panamá and Costa Rica (CR). Here, we report that short sequences (∼558 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 genes of Ae. albopictus, had no haplotype diversity. Instead, there was a common haplotype for each gene in both CR and Panamá. In contrast, a long COI sequence (∼1,390 bp) revealed that haplotype diversity (±SD) was relatively high in CR (0.72±0.04) when compared with Panamá (0.33±0.13), below the global estimate for reported samples (0.89±0.01). The long COI sequence allowed us to identify seven (five new) haplotypes in CR and two (one new) in Panamá. A haplotype network for the long COI gene sequence showed that samples from CR and Panamá belong to a single large group. The long COI gene sequences suggest that haplotypes in Panamá and CR, although similar to each other, had a significant geographic differentiation (Kst=1.33; P<0.001). Thus, most of our results suggest a recent range expansion in CR and Panamá.}, }
@article {pmid26470182, year = {2015}, author = {Mullins, AJ and Messenger, MT and Hochmair, HH and Tonini, F and Su, NY and Riegel, C}, title = {Dispersal Flights of the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {2}, pages = {707-719}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tov022}, pmid = {26470182}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Environment ; *Flight, Animal ; *Isoptera ; }, abstract = {The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, is a pest of major economic concern. This termite is particularly known for its tendency to establish populations in nonendemic areas via maritime vessels as well as human-aided transport of infested materials. The natural spread of this species after new introductions occurs in part by dispersal flights originating from mature colonies. Dispersal flight activity is also the primary variable for the evaluation of area-wide management programs. Few studies exist describing the dynamics and distribution of a typical dispersal flight for this species. The present study used data collected by mark-recapture of C. formosanus alates over 12 individual evenings of dispersal flights in the New Orleans French Quarter. In this study, we found that for one selected flight dispersal location, which was not affected by a high density of trap locations nearby, alates flew on average 621 m from their parent colony. A new record of a 1,300-m dispersal flight was recorded. Spatial analysis showed that neither wind nor light affected the direction of flight, which may, however, be attributed to scarce light and wind measurements in the study region.}, }
@article {pmid26470178, year = {2015}, author = {Palumbo, JC and Prabhaker, N and Reed, DA and Perring, TM and Castle, SJ and Huang, TI}, title = {Susceptibility of Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) to Insecticides in Laboratory and Greenhouse Bioassays.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {2}, pages = {672-682}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tov010}, pmid = {26470178}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Brassica ; *Heteroptera ; *Insecticides ; Toxicity Tests ; }, abstract = {Field-collected nymphs and adults of Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Hemiptera: Penatatomidae) from three locations were evaluated for susceptibility to insecticides representing 10 classes of insecticide chemistry. Although relative susceptibilities differed between leaf-spray and leaf-dip Petri dish bioassays, consistently low LC50 values were determined for chlorpyrifos, bifenthrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin. Fenpropathrin and methomyl had intermediate values. Susceptibility to dinotefuran varied depending on the bioassay, possibly owing to leaf substrates used in the two bioassays. In soil systemic bioassays, the LC50 value of dinotefuran was significantly greater than that of two other neonicotinoids, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, and the anthranilic diamide, cyantraniliprole. Mortality and feeding damage of B. hilaris and plant growth on insecticide-treated plants in greenhouse trials were consistent with the laboratory bioassays; the best results were seen with bifenthrin, methomyl, and chlorpyrifos. Mortality to the neonicotinoids was not evident; however, feeding damage and plant growth responses on dinotefuran-treated plants damage were similar to the noninfested control. This highlights the apparent antifeedant properties of dinotefuran that may have prevented adults from injuring broccoli plants after exposure to foliar spray residues. Data presented serve as baseline susceptibilities that can be used to monitor for resistance development in field populations of B. hilaris.}, }
@article {pmid26470159, year = {2015}, author = {Zhao, WC and Shang, HW and Guo, W and Xu, D and Huang, TY and Zhu, LX}, title = {Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in an ELISA for Detecting an Invasive Pest Insect, Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {2}, pages = {484-491}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tov034}, pmid = {26470159}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis ; Diptera/*classification/*immunology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; *Introduced Species ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; }, abstract = {A monoclonal antibody was prepared by the hybridoma technology. It reacted only with the protein of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) and not with that of Chromatomyia horticola Goureau or Liriomyza sativae Blanchard in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It was effective even after being diluted more than 8.192×10(6)-fold. The detection sensitivity of the antibody was 31.3 µg/ml under controlled conditions. Positive reaction was achieved with all laboratory-reared L. trifolii samples, including larvae, pupae, and adults. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system was successfully established to detect L. trifolii in the field. This antibody was successfully used to determine the L. trifolii collected in different locations, from different host plants, and in different seasons. More than 50% of leafminers collected on Brassica chinensis var chinensis, Apium graveolens (Miller) Persoon, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers, Phaseolus vulgaris L., Lactuca sativa L., and Chrysanthemum coronarium (L.) Cassini ex Spach were L. trifolii, indicating that those six plant species might be the preference host plants of L. trifolii. Population of L. trifolii peaked in September, October, or November in Hangzhou, Zhejiang. These results suggest a great potential of using this McAb for precisely identifying L. trifolii and monitoring the population dynamics of L. trifolii in the field.}, }
@article {pmid26470151, year = {2015}, author = {Alemandri, V and Vaghi Medina, CG and Dumón, AD and Argüello Caro, EB and Mattio, MF and García Medina, S and López Lambertini, PM and Truol, G}, title = {Three Members of the Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Cryptic Species Complex Occur Sympatrically in Argentine Horticultural Crops.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {2}, pages = {405-413}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tov017}, pmid = {26470151}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; *Crops, Agricultural ; Hemiptera/*classification/genetics ; *Sympatry ; }, abstract = {The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), is a cryptic species complex that attacks >600 different species of plants and transmits several plant viruses causing severe economic losses. Until 2010, the B. tabaci complex comprised 24 distinct putative species. Recently, at least 15 new species have been reported. The objective of this study was to identify B. tabaci species present in bean, melon, and tomato crops in Argentina by applying phylogenetic analyses and pairwise comparison of genetic distances of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) sequences. The 39 proposed whitefly species were identified with both analyses, and the presence in Argentina of one indigenous species, New World 2 (NW2), and two introduced species, Middle East-Asia Minor one (MEAM1) and Mediterranean, was confirmed. Common bean crop presented the three whitefly species detected, with NW2, MEAM1, and Mediterranean being present all together under field conditions. Also, Mediterranean was the only species identified in tomato, whereas MEAM1 was found in melon. To the best of our knowledge, Mediterranean is a recent invasive species in open-field agriculture in the American continent and in greenhouse tomato in Argentina. Additionally, we provide the first report of MEAM1 in common bean and melon. These findings raise several questions on the future scenario of B. tabaci and the viruses it transmits in Argentina.}, }
@article {pmid26470141, year = {2015}, author = {Cipollini, D}, title = {White Fringetree as a Novel Larval Host for Emerald Ash Borer.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {1}, pages = {370-375}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tou026}, pmid = {26470141}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; *Host Specificity ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Male ; Oleaceae/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Emerald ash borer is an invasive Asian pest of ash species in North America. All North American species of ash tested so far are susceptible to it, but there are no published reports of this insect developing fully in non-ash hosts in the field in North America. I report here evidence that emerald ash borer can attack and complete development in white fringetree, Chionanthus virginicus L., a species native to the southeastern United States that is also planted ornamentally. Four of 20 mature ornamental white fringetrees examined in the Dayton, Ohio area showed external symptoms of emerald ash borer attack, including the presence of adult exit holes, canopy dieback, and bark splitting and other deformities. Removal of bark from one of these trees yielded evidence of at least three generations of usage by emerald ash borer larvae, several actively feeding live larvae, and a dead adult confirmed as emerald ash borer.}, }
@article {pmid26470108, year = {2015}, author = {Zhang, X and Tang, B and Hou, Y}, title = {A Rapid Diagnostic Technique to Discriminate between Two Pests of Palms, Brontispa longissima and Octodonta nipae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), for Quarantine Applications.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {1}, pages = {95-99}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tou025}, pmid = {26470108}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Cocos ; Coleoptera/*classification/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Phoeniceae ; Quarantine ; }, abstract = {Octodonta nipae (Maulik) is morphologically and biologically similar to Brontispa longissima (Gestro), one of the most damaging pests of coconut. The two species share several palm hosts and produce similar symptoms. They are easily confused when they invade a new area, and without professional taxonomic expertise accurate identification is arduous and time-consuming. Thus, a method of rapidly distinguishing these two invasive insects rapidly is critical for quarantine. Based on the first internal transcribed spacer and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene, two pairs of special primers and corresponding polymerase chain reaction processes have been developed to enhance a single objective band only from the O. nipae DNA template. This will quickly discriminate between these two species. The present results provide a rapid method of distinguishing O. nipae from B. longissima to help avoid misidentification, and furthermore, to facilitate rapid and appropriate quarantine decisions and effective treatments to the pest.}, }
@article {pmid26470088, year = {2014}, author = {Stubbins, FL and Seiter, NJ and Greene, JK and Reay-Jones, FP}, title = {Developing Sampling Plans for the Invasive Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in Soybean.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {107}, number = {6}, pages = {2213-2221}, doi = {10.1603/EC14203}, pmid = {26470088}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Crop Protection/economics/*methods ; *Hemiptera ; Nymph ; Population Density ; South Carolina ; *Glycine max ; }, abstract = {Since its discovery in the southeastern United States, the invasive plataspid Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) has infested soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) fields in often very high numbers. To optimize sampling plans, sweep-net and beat-cloth sampling was conducted in soybean fields in South Carolina during 2012 and 2013. Across all fields, densities averaged 7.2 ± 0.5 (SEM) adults and 4.5 ± 0.4 nymphs per 20 sweeps and 5.5 ± 0.3 adults and 4.5 ± 0.3 nymphs per 1.83 m of row. Coefficients of Taylor's power law were used to generate sampling plans for population estimates and sequential sampling plans for pest management decision making. At an economic threshold of one nymph per sweep, optimum sample sizes were 184, 48, and 22 within 10, 20, and 30% of the mean with the sweep-net method. At the corresponding threshold for the beat cloth (24.7 nymphs per 1.83 m of row), optimum sample sizes were 239, 62, and 29 within 10, 20 and 30% of the mean, respectively. At all adult and nymph densities, fewer sweep-net samples were required for population estimations compared with the number of beat-cloth samples. Sequential sampling reduced the sample size required to reach a management decision for the sweep net and beat cloth compared with a fixed sampling plan. The sweep-net method was more cost reliable for population estimation at low densities of both life stages, with the beat cloth becoming more cost reliable as populations increased. The beat-cloth method was more cost reliable than sweep-net sampling across all densities and life stages for pest management practices. These results may be used by researchers, county Extension agents, consultants, and farm managers to both facilitate sampling and improve reliability of M. cribraria estimates for research purposes and for pest management.}, }
@article {pmid26470070, year = {2014}, author = {Shi, SS and Cui, J and Zang, LS}, title = {Development, Survival, and Reproduction of Megacopta cribraria (Heteroptera: Plataspidae) at Different Constant Temperatures.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {107}, number = {6}, pages = {2061-2066}, doi = {10.1603/EC14287}, pmid = {26470070}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Heteroptera/*growth &amp; development ; Longevity ; Male ; Reproduction ; Glycine max ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The plataspid Megacopta cribraria (F.), an economic pest of soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, in Asia recently invaded North America and has become not only an important pest of soybean but also a nuisance pest. Although much is reported about M. cribraria in its native and invasive range, little information has been documented on the effect of temperatures on its development, longevity, and reproduction. We evaluated the influence of five constant temperatures (17-33°C) on the development, survival, fecundity, and population growth of M. cribraria in the laboratory. The developmental time for egg and nymph stages was shortened significantly with increasing temperature. The developmental time from egg to adult emergence was 114.81, 76.26, 44.54, and 38.54 d at 17, 21, 25, and 29°C, respectively. The nymphs of M. cribraria could not complete full development at a constant 33°C. The developmental threshold temperature estimated for egg to adult was 14.25°C, with a thermal constant of 849.56 degree-days. Females had the longest preoviposition period at 21°C (54.33 d), and the preoviposition period was shortened significantly as the temperature increased. Females had the longest oviposition period (35.33 d) and the highest fecundity (159.67 eggs per female) at 25°C and did not lay any eggs at 17°C. Female longevity was found to be shortest (44.0 d) at 29°C, and similar (75.67-81.50 d) at 17-25°C. The population trend index of M. cribraria was the highest (46.47) at 25°C, followed by 29°C (10.84) and 21°C (6.70). The results will be useful for predicting the phenology and population dynamics of M. cribraria and will provide some biological information on the invasive species in its nonnative range.}, }
@article {pmid26468961, year = {2016}, author = {Gould, B and Geber, M}, title = {Lack of adaptation from standing genetic variation despite the presence of putatively adaptive alleles in introduced sweet vernal grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum).}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {178-187}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12773}, pmid = {26468961}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects/*genetics ; Alleles ; Aluminum/toxicity ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; New York ; Phenotype ; Plant Roots/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Poaceae/drug effects/*genetics/physiology ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Population genetic theory predicts that the availability of appropriate standing genetic variation should facilitate rapid evolution when species are introduced to new environments. However, few tests of rapid evolution have been paired with empirical surveys for the presence of previously identified adaptive genetic variants in natural populations. In this study, we examined local adaptation to soil Al toxicity in the introduced range of sweet vernal grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), and we genotyped populations for the presence of Al tolerance alleles previously identified at the long-term ecological Park Grass Experiment (PGE, Harpenden, UK) in the species native range. We found that markers associated with Al tolerance at the PGE were present at appreciable frequency in introduced populations. Despite this, there was no strong evidence of local adaptation to soil Al toxicity among populations. Populations demonstrated significantly different intrinsic root growth rates in the absence of Al. This suggests that selection on correlated root growth traits may constrain the ability of populations to evolve significantly different root growth responses to Al. Our results demonstrate that genotype-phenotype associations may differ substantially between the native and introduced parts of a species range and that adaptive alleles from a native species range may not necessarily promote phenotypic differentiation in the introduced range.}, }
@article {pmid26467805, year = {2016}, author = {Pizarro, H and Di Fiori, E and Sinistro, R and Ramírez, M and Rodríguez, P and Vinocur, A and Cataldo, D}, title = {Impact of multiple anthropogenic stressors on freshwater: how do glyphosate and the invasive mussel Limnoperna fortunei affect microbial communities and water quality?.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {56-68}, pmid = {26467805}, issn = {1573-3017}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Fresh Water/analysis/microbiology ; Glycine/*analogs &amp; derivatives/toxicity ; Herbicides/toxicity ; *Introduced Species ; Microbiota/*drug effects ; Mytilidae/*physiology ; Phytoplankton/drug effects ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; *Water Quality ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {The study of the joint effect of multiple anthropogenic stressors is important because the emerging consequences are often unpredictable on the basis of knowledge of single effects. We explored the joint impact of glyphosate and the invasive golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei on freshwater phytoplankton, bacterioplankton and periphyton, and on the physical and chemical properties of the water. We manipulated both stressors simultaneously in a 25-day experiment using outdoor mesocosms; we assayed technical-grade glyphosate acid at four concentrations: 0, 1, 3 and 6 mg gly L(−1) under scenarios with and without mussels. The addition of the glyphosate significantly increased total phosphorus according to the concentration used; the high clearance rate of L. fortunei significantly decreased phytoplanktonic abundance leading to low values of turbidity. The mussel significantly stimulated the development of filamentous green algae (metaphyton). Interestingly, the combined effect revealed that L. fortunei accelerated the dissipation of glyphosate, which showed a 4-fold decrease in its half-life; this promoted the rapid bioavailability of glyphosate-derived phosphorus in the water. The interaction had a synergistic effect on soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations and was directly dependent on the concentration of glyphosate. A synergistic effect was also observed on bacterioplankton, water turbidity and metaphyton, thus inducing enhanced and rapid eutrophication. The ability of mussels to reduce glyphosate in water may be valued as positive, but our results allow us to predict that the invasion of Limnoperna fortunei in natural freshwater systems contaminated by glyphosate will accelerate the negative impact of the herbicide associated with eutrophication.}, }
@article {pmid26467337, year = {2016}, author = {Kilkenny, FF and Galloway, LF}, title = {Evolution of marginal populations of an invasive vine increases the likelihood of future spread.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {209}, number = {4}, pages = {1773-1780}, doi = {10.1111/nph.13702}, pmid = {26467337}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Lonicera/*physiology ; Multivariate Analysis ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The prediction of invasion patterns may require an understanding of intraspecific differentiation in invasive species and its interaction with climate change. We compare Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) plants from the core (100-150 yr old) and northern margin (< 65 yr old) of their North American invaded range to determine whether evolution during invasion increases the probability of future expansion. Plants from populations in the core and margin were compared in two sites beyond the northern range edge to assess their potential to invade novel areas. Data were compared with previous work to assess the effect of latitudinal climate on L. japonica spread. Winter survival in current climates was modeled and projected for future climates to predict future spread. Margin plants were larger and had 60% greater survival than core plants at sites beyond the northern range edge. Overall, winter survival decreased with increasing latitude and decreasing temperature, and was greater in margin plants than core plants. Models suggested that greater winter tolerance in margin populations has increased L. japonica's northward spread by 76 km, and that this survival advantage will persist under future climates. These results demonstrate that evolution during invasion may increase spread beyond predictions using increasing global temperatures alone.}, }
@article {pmid26465722, year = {2015}, author = {Silva, CB and Rondon, JN and Souza, PF and Oliveira, AM and Santos, GO and Kulik, JD and Lima, CP and Kerber, VA and Dias, JF and Zanin, SM and Miguel, OG and Miguel, MD}, title = {The presence of Microlobius foetidus cause changes in the antioxidant defense of Urochloa decumbens?.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, pages = {565-573}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.16513}, pmid = {26465722}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Antioxidants/*metabolism ; Brachiaria/*metabolism ; Fabaceae/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Oxidative Stress ; }, abstract = {Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R. D. Webster (Poaceae) is an exotic species with has spread rapidly through the Cerrado area of Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. It has covered the soil aggressively turning it into cultivated pastures. Thus, it has become a challenge to protect native areas due its capacity of exclusion of native species. It has been observed that Microlobius foetidus (Jacq.) M.Sousa &amp; G.Andrade species (Fabaceae) shows a dominant pattern over the development of U. decumbens. This work shows that M. foetidus interfere on the natural growth of U. decumbens within 10 m ratio. Between 15 and 20 m, it was observed an increase of Importance Value index (IVI) and Relative cover (RC) values. It was also observed a variation on the antioxidant defense system of U. decumbens within 10m ratio from M. foetidus. The enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase present higher levels of activity then those found for glutathione reductase. This data indicates that M. foetidus may have an effect on U. decumbens, increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes. This effect probably happens as means to neutralize the toxic effects of the oxygen generated due to the presence of allelochemicals, which increases oxidative stress.}, }
@article {pmid26465047, year = {2015}, author = {Adams, VM and Setterfield, SA}, title = {Optimal dynamic control of invasions: applying a systematic conservation approach.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {1131-1141}, doi = {10.1890/14-1062.1}, pmid = {26465047}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Models, Biological ; Northern Territory ; Poaceae/classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The social, economic, and environmental impacts of invasive plants are well recognized. However, these variable impacts are rarely accounted for in the spatial prioritization of funding for weed management. We examine how current spatially explicit prioritization methods can be extended to identify optimal budget allocations to both eradication and control measures of invasive species to minimize the costs and likelihood of invasion. Our framework extends recent approaches to systematic prioritization of weed management to account for multiple values that are threatened by weed invasions with a multi-year dynamic prioritization approach. We apply our method to the northern portion of the Daly catchment in the Northern Territory, which has significant conservation values that are threatened by gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus), a highly invasive species recognized by the Australian government as a Weed of National Significance (WONS). We interface Marxan, a widely applied conservation planning tool, with a dynamic biophysical model of gamba grass to optimally allocate funds to eradication and control programs under two budget scenarios comparing maximizing gain (MaxGain) and minimizing loss (MinLoss) optimization approaches. The prioritizations support previous findings that a MinLoss approach is a better strategy when threats are more spatially variable than conservation values. Over a 10-year simulation period, we find that a MinLoss approach reduces future infestations by ~8% compared to MaxGain in the constrained budget scenarios and ~12% in the unlimited budget scenarios. We find that due to the extensive current invasion and rapid rate of spread, allocating the annual budget to control efforts is more efficient than funding eradication efforts when there is a constrained budget. Under a constrained budget, applying the most efficient optimization scenario (control, minloss) reduces spread by ~27% compared to no control. Conversely, if the budget is unlimited it is more efficient to fund eradication efforts and reduces spread by ~65% compared to no control.}, }
@article {pmid26463205, year = {2015}, author = {Querner, P}, title = {Insect Pests and Integrated Pest Management in Museums, Libraries and Historic Buildings.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {595-607}, pmid = {26463205}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Insect pests are responsible for substantial damage to museum objects, historic books and in buildings like palaces or historic houses. Different wood boring beetles (Anobium punctatum, Hylotrupes bajulus, Lyctus sp. or introduced species), the biscuit beetle (Stegobium paniceum), the cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne), different Dermestides (Attagenus sp., Anthrenus sp., Dermestes sp., Trogoderma sp.), moths like the webbing clothes moth (Tineola bisselliella), Silverfish (Lepisma saccharina) and booklice (Psocoptera) can damage materials, objects or building parts. They are the most common pests found in collections in central Europe, but most of them are distributed all over the world. In tropical countries, termites, cockroaches and other insect pests are also found and result in even higher damage of wood and paper or are a commune annoyance in buildings. In this short review, an introduction to Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in museums is given, the most valuable collections, preventive measures, monitoring in museums, staff responsible for the IPM and chemical free treatment methods are described. In the second part of the paper, the most important insect pests occurring in museums, archives, libraries and historic buildings in central Europe are discussed with a description of the materials and object types that are mostly infested and damaged. Some information on their phenology and biology are highlighted as they can be used in the IPM concept against them.}, }
@article {pmid26462926, year = {2015}, author = {Rahmani, H and Daneshmandi, A and Walzer, A}, title = {Intraguild interactions among three spider mite predators: predation preference and effects on juvenile development and oviposition.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {67}, number = {4}, pages = {493-505}, pmid = {26462926}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; Choice Behavior ; Female ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Iran ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Mites/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Oviposition ; *Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction ; Tetranychidae/physiology ; }, abstract = {A first step to evaluate potential negative effects of intraguild predation (IGP) when using multiple predators against a pest species is the determination of the predation behavior of the predators and the nutritional value of intraguild (IG) prey in terms of development and oviposition. Here, we investigated the predation preference of the female predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus, Typhlodromus bagdasarjani and Phytoseius plumifer, when having choice between larvae of the two other predatory mite species (IG prey) with and without extraguild prey, the spider mite Tetranychus urticae (EG prey). Additionally, we evaluated the juvenile development and oviposition of the three predator species when provided with larvae from each other species. Irrespective of EG prey, IG prey species affected neither the first attack nor attack times of the three female IG predator species. The IG predation rates of the predator females, however, were influenced by prey species in the absence of EG prey. Neoseiulus californicus females killed more P. plumifer than T. bagdasarjani larvae, whereas T. bagdasarjani and P. plumifer females killed more N. californicus than P. plumifer and T. bagdasarjani larvae, respectively. All IG predator species consumed significantly more EG than IG prey. IG prey species did not influence juvenile and adult survival probabilities of the IG predators. We conclude that IGP is a weak force among the three predators and the potential consequences of IGP should not result in the elimination of one by another tested predatory mite species at least in the presence of spider mites.}, }
@article {pmid26460127, year = {2015}, author = {Adams, VM and Setterfield, SA and Douglas, MM and Kennard, MJ and Ferdinands, K}, title = {Measuring benefits of protected area management: trends across realms and research gaps for freshwater systems.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {370}, number = {1681}, pages = {}, pmid = {26460127}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/trends ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution/prevention &amp; control ; *Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; Northern Territory ; Parks, Recreational ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Protected areas remain a cornerstone for global conservation. However, their effectiveness at halting biodiversity decline is not fully understood. Studies of protected area benefits have largely focused on measuring their impact on halting deforestation and have neglected to measure the impacts of protected areas on other threats. Evaluations that measure the impact of protected area management require more complex evaluation designs and datasets. This is the case across realms (terrestrial, freshwater, marine), but measuring the impact of protected area management in freshwater systems may be even more difficult owing to the high level of connectivity and potential for threat propagation within systems (e.g. downstream flow of pollution). We review the potential barriers to conducting impact evaluation for protected area management in freshwater systems. We contrast the barriers identified for freshwater systems to terrestrial systems and discuss potential measurable outcomes and confounders associated with protected area management across the two realms. We identify key research gaps in conducting impact evaluation in freshwater systems that relate to three of their major characteristics: variability, connectivity and time lags in outcomes. Lastly, we use Kakadu National Park world heritage area, the largest national park in Australia, as a case study to illustrate the challenges of measuring impacts of protected area management programmes for environmental outcomes in freshwater systems.}, }
@article {pmid26457473, year = {2015}, author = {Sultan, SE and Matesanz, S}, title = {An ideal weed: plasticity and invasiveness in Polygonum cespitosum.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {1360}, number = {}, pages = {101-119}, doi = {10.1111/nyas.12946}, pmid = {26457473}, issn = {1749-6632}, support = {//Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; *Introduced Species/trends ; Plant Weeds/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Polygonum/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The introduced Asian plant Polygonum cespitosum has only recently become invasive in northeastern North America, spreading into sunny as well as shaded habitats. We present findings from a multiyear case study of this ongoing species invasion, drawing on field environmental measurements, glasshouse plasticity and resurrection experiments, and molecular genetic (microsatellite) data. We focus in particular on patterns of individual phenotypic plasticity (norms of reaction), their diversity within and among populations in the species' introduced range, and their contribution to its potential to evolve even greater invasiveness. Genotypes from introduced-range P. cespitosum populations have recently evolved to express greater adaptive plasticity to full sun and/or dry conditions without any loss of fitness in shade. Evidently, this species may evolve the sort of "general-purpose genotypes" hypothesized by Herbert Baker to characterize an "ideal weed." Indeed, we identified certain genotypes capable of extremely high reproductive output across contrasting conditions, including sunny, shaded, moist, and dry. Populations containing these high-performance genotypes had consistently higher fitness in all glasshouse habitats; there was no evidence for local adaptive differentiation among populations from sunny, shaded, moist, or dry sites. Norm of reaction data may provide valuable insights to invasion biology: the presence of broadly adaptive, high-performance genotypes can promote a species' ecological spread while providing the fuel for increased invasiveness to evolve.}, }
@article {pmid26455896, year = {2016}, author = {Liede-Schumann, S and Khanum, R and Mumtaz, AS and Gherghel, I and Pahlevani, A}, title = {Going west - A subtropical lineage (Vincetoxicum, Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) expanding into Europe.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {94}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {436-446}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2015.09.021}, pmid = {26455896}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Apocynaceae/*classification/*genetics ; Bayes Theorem ; China ; Europe ; Asia, Eastern ; Geography ; Japan ; North America ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Plant Dispersal/*genetics ; Tropical Climate ; Vincetoxicum/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Vincetoxicum sensu lato is a tropical lineage comprising two clades that have reached high northern latitudes. Of the temperate clades, one is restricted to the Far East, the other one (Vincetoxicum s. str. Clade) extends into Europe, but their ranges overlap in Central China and Japan. Three species invasive in North America, V. hirundinaria, V. nigrum and V. rossicum, are members of the Vincetoxicum s. str. Clade. We explore the prerequisites for the range expansion in the Vincetoxicum s. str. Clade performing Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses on sequences of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the nuclear external transcribed spacer region (ETS), and five plastid markers. The resulting phylogeny is used to conduct biogeographic analysis using BioGeoBEARS to reconstruct ancestral species ranges. Moreover, we map the known occurrences of two rare characters in Asclepiadoideae, the possession of phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids and reported cases of autogamy onto our phylogeny. Finally, we have conducted ecological niche modelling using Maxent on a total of 220 spatially unique occurrences of nine Vincetoxicum s. str. species spanning more than 4,000 km along the east-west gradient to learn about the climatic conditions along the presumed migration route. Our results indicate a north-westward migration in Vincetoxicum s. str. along the Asian mountain chains to Europe. Climatic preferences of the nine species sampled are dissimilar, except for the common exposure to at least one month of subfreezing temperatures, indicating a rather wide climatic tolerance for the clade as a whole. The three species invasive in North America belong to the northern Eurasian subclade and show the rare combination of phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids and autogamy.}, }
@article {pmid26455784, year = {2015}, author = {Steichen, JL and Quigg, A}, title = {Assessing the viability of microorganisms in the ballast water of vessels transiting the North Atlantic Ocean.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {101}, number = {1}, pages = {258-266}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.055}, pmid = {26455784}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Bays/chemistry/*microbiology ; Dinoflagellida/*growth &amp; development ; *Harmful Algal Bloom ; Phytoplankton/*growth &amp; development ; Salinity ; Seawater/chemistry/*microbiology ; *Ships ; Texas ; }, abstract = {Testing phytoplankton viability within ballast tanks and receiving waters of ballast water discharge remain understudied. Potentially harmful dinoflagellates and diatoms are transported via ballast water to Galveston Bay, Texas (USA), home to three major ports: Houston, Texas City and Galveston. Ballast water from vessels transiting the North Atlantic Ocean was inoculated into treatments representing low and high salinity conditions similar to the Ports of Houston and Galveston respectively. Phytoplankton in ballast water growout experiments were deemed viable and showed growth in low and mid salinities with nutrient enrichment. Molecular methods identified several genera: Dinophysis, Gymnodinium, Gyrodinium, Heterocapsa, Peridinium, Scrippsiella, Chaetoceros and Nitzschia. These phytoplankton genera were previously identified in Galveston Bay except Scrippsiella. Phytoplankton, including those capable of forming harmful algal blooms leading to fish and shellfish kills, are transported to Galveston Bay via ballast water, and are viable when introduced to similar salinity conditions found in Galveston Bay ports.}, }
@article {pmid26454010, year = {2015}, author = {Rijal, DP and Alm, T and Jahodová, &#x160; and Stenøien, HK and Alsos, IG}, title = {Reconstructing the invasion history of Heracleum persicum (Apiaceae) into Europe.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {22}, pages = {5522-5543}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13411}, pmid = {26454010}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Europe ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Heracleum/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Sparse, incomplete and inappropriate historical records of invasive species often hamper invasive species management interventions. Population genetic analyses of invaders might provide a suitable context for the identification of their source populations and possible introduction routes. Here, we describe the population genetics of Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fisch and trace its route of introduction into Europe. Microsatellite markers revealed a significantly higher genetic diversity of H. persicum in its native range, and the loss of diversity in the introduced range may be attributed to a recent genetic bottleneck. Bayesian cluster analysis on regional levels identified three and two genetic clusters in the native and the introduced ranges, respectively. A global structure analysis revealed two worldwide distinct genetic groups: one primarily in Iran and Denmark, the other primarily in Norway. There were also varying degrees of admixture in England, Sweden, Finland and Latvia. Approximate Bayesian computation indicated two independent introductions of H. persicum from Iran to Europe: the first one in Denmark and the second one in England. Finland was subsequently colonized by English populations. In contrast to the contemporary hypothesis of English origin of Norwegian populations, we found Finland to be a more likely source for Norwegian populations, a scenario supported by higher estimated historical migration from Finland to Norway. Genetic diversity per se is not a primary determinant of invasiveness in H. persicum. Our results indicate that, due to either pre-adaptations or rapid local adaptations, introduced populations may have acquired invasiveness after subsequent introductions, once a suitable environment was encountered.}, }
@article {pmid26453975, year = {2015}, author = {Neupane, RC and Powell, JA}, title = {Invasion speeds with active dispersers in highly variable landscapes: Multiple scales, homogenization, and the migration of trees.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {387}, number = {}, pages = {111-119}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.09.029}, pmid = {26453975}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Normal Distribution ; Population Dynamics ; Seed Dispersal/*physiology ; Trees/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The distribution of many tree species is strongly determined by the behavior and range of vertebrate dispersers, particularly birds. Many models for seed dispersal exist, and are built around the assumption that seeds undergo a random walk while they are being carried by vertebrates, either in the digestive tract or during the process of seed storage (caching). We use a PDF of seed handling (caching and digesting) times to model non-constant seed settling during dispersal, and model the random component of seed movement using ecological diffusion, in which animals make movement choices based purely on local habitat type instead of population gradients. Spatial variability in habitat directly affects the movement of dispersers and leads to anisotropic dispersal kernels. For birds, which can easily move many kilometers, habitat changes on the scale of tens of meters can viewed as rapidly varying. We introduce multiple scales and apply the method of homogenization to determine leading order solutions for the seed digestion kernel (SDK). Using an integrodifference equation (IDE) model for adult trees, we investigate the rate of forest migration. The existing theory for predicting spread rates in IDE does not apply when dispersal kernels are anisotropic. However, the homogenized SDK is isotropic on large scales and depends only on harmonically averaged motilities and modal rates of digestion. We show that speeds calculated using the harmonic average motility accurately predict rates of invasion for the spatially variable system.}, }
@article {pmid26453735, year = {2015}, author = {Li, HS and Jin, MJ and Ślipiński, A and De Clercq, P and Pang, H}, title = {Genetic Differentiation in Native and Introduced Populations of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Its Implications for Biological Control Programs.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {5}, pages = {2458-2464}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tov216}, pmid = {26453735}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; China ; Coleoptera/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an effective biological control agent of Australian origin, which has been introduced worldwide to control mealybugs. Although successfully used for >100 yr, its introduction in a new area may cause environmental risks should the populations become invasive. In the present study, a population genetics method was used to make predictions of the invasive potential of C. montrouzieri. Our results showed a similar level of genetic diversity among all populations. No significant genetic differentiation between native and introduced populations was observed, while three populations from the native region were significantly divergent. The fact that genetic diversity was not reduced in introduced areas suggests that no bottleneck effect has occurred during introduction. To avoid rapid evolution of the introduced C. montrouzieri, the introduction records of each population should be clearly traced and introductions from multiple sources into the same area should be avoided.}, }
@article {pmid26453718, year = {2015}, author = {Vanweelden, MT and Wilson, BE and Beuzelin, JM and Reagan, TE and Way, MO}, title = {Yield Response to Mexican Rice Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Injury in Bioenergy and Conventional Sugarcane and Sorghum.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {5}, pages = {2296-2304}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tov190}, pmid = {26453718}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Feeding Behavior ; *Herbivory ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Population Density ; Saccharum/*growth &amp; development ; Sorghum/*growth &amp; development ; Texas ; }, abstract = {The Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is an invasive stem borer of sugarcane, Saccharum spp., and sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.), and poses a threat against the production of dedicated bioenergy feedstocks in the U.S. Gulf Coast region. A 2-yr field study was conducted in Jefferson County, TX, to evaluate yield losses associated with E. loftini feeding on bioenergy and conventional cultivars of sugarcane and sorghum under natural and artificially established E. loftini infestations. Bioenergy sugarcane (energycane) 'L 79-1002' and 'Ho 02-113' and sweet sorghum 'M81E' exhibited reduced E. loftini injury; however, these cultivars, along with high-biomass sorghum cultivar 'ES 5140', sustained greater losses in fresh stalk weight. Negative impacts to sucrose concentration from E. loftini injury were greatest in energycane, high-biomass sorghum, and sweet sorghum cultivars. Even under heavy E. loftini infestations, L 79-1002, Ho 02-113, and 'ES 5200' were estimated to produce more ethanol than all other cultivars under suppressed infestations. ES 5200, Ho 02-113, and L 79-1002 hold the greatest potential as dedicated bioenergy crops for production of ethanol in the Gulf Coast region; however, E. loftini management practices will need to be continued to mitigate yield losses.}, }
@article {pmid26453004, year = {2015}, author = {Ardura, A and Zaiko, A and Martinez, JL and Samulioviene, A and Semenova, A and Garcia-Vazquez, E}, title = {eDNA and specific primers for early detection of invasive species--A case study on the bivalve Rangia cuneata, currently spreading in Europe.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {112}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {48-55}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.09.013}, pmid = {26453004}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Bivalvia/*classification/*genetics/metabolism ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; DNA Primers/*genetics/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics/metabolism ; Russia ; Sequence Alignment ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Intense human activities facilitate the successful spread and establishment of non-indigenous aquatic organisms in marine and freshwater ecosystems. In some cases such intrusions result in noticeable and adverse changes in the recipient environments. In the Baltic Sea, the discovery and rapid initial spread of the North American wedge clam Rangia cuneata represents a new wave of invasion which may trigger unpredictable changes of the local benthic communities. In this study we present a species-specific DNA-based marker developed in silico and experimentally tested on environmental samples. Marker specificity and sensitivity were assessed in vitro from water samples containing different mixtures of the target species and other five bivalves currently present in the region: the native Cerastoderma glaucum, Macoma balthica and Mytilus trossulus, the invasive Dreissena polymorpha and the cryptogenic Mya arenaria. Cross-species amplification was not found in any case. The method allows to detecting at least 0.4 ng of R. cuneata DNA per μl, and 0.1 g of tissue per liter of water. Finally, the marker performance was assessed in water samples from the Baltic Sea and Vistula Lagoon. The coincidence between independent visual observations of R. cuneata and positive PCR amplification of the marker from the water samples confirmed the efficiency of this highly reproducible, fast, and technically easy method. R. cuneata traces can be detected from environmental DNA even when the population is sparse and small, enabling rapid management responses and allowing to track the invasion dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid26452522, year = {2015}, author = {Bock, F and Kuch, U and Pfenninger, M and Müller, R}, title = {Standardized Laboratory Feeding of Larval Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae).}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {26452522}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Animal Feed/*analysis ; Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Female ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Life Cycle Stages/physiology ; Male ; }, abstract = {The Asian bush mosquito (Aedes japonicus japonicus, Theobald 1901) is an invasive culicid species which originates in Asia but is nowadays present in northern America and Europe. It is a competent vector for several human disease pathogens. In addition to the public health threat, this invasive species may also be an ecological threat for native container-breeding mosquitoes which share a similar larval habitat. Therefore, it is of importance to gain knowledge on ecological and eco-toxicological features of the Asian bush mosquito. However, optimal laboratory feeding conditions have not yet been established. Standardized feeding methods will be needed in assessing the impact of insecticides or competitional strength of this species. To fill this gap, we performed experiments on food quality and quantity for Ae. j. japonicus larvae. We found out that the commercial fish food TetraMin (Tetra, Melle, Germany) in a dose of 10 mg per larva is the most suitable food tested. We also suggest a protocol with a feeding sequence of seven portions for all larval stages of this species.}, }
@article {pmid26448700, year = {2015}, author = {Thomas, JD}, title = {Leucothoe eltoni sp. n., a new species of commensal leucothoid amphipod from coral reefs in Raja Ampat, Indonesia (Crustacea, Amphipoda).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {518}, pages = {51-66}, pmid = {26448700}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {A new species of leucothoid amphipod, Leucothoe eltoni sp. n., is described from coral reefs in Raja Ampat, Indonesia where it inhabits the branchial chambers of solitary tunicates. With an inflated first gnathopod superficially resembling the genus Paraleucothoe, this new species has a two-articulate maxilla 1 palp characteristic of the genus Leucothoe. While described from coral reef environments in tropical Indonesia and the Philippines, it is an established invasive species in the Hawaiian Islands. The most likely mode of introduction was a US Navy dry dock transported to Pearl Harbor in 1992 from Subic Bay, Philippines.}, }
@article {pmid26445649, year = {2015}, author = {Jolly, CJ and Shine, R and Greenlees, MJ}, title = {The impact of invasive cane toads on native wildlife in southern Australia.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {18}, pages = {3879-3894}, pmid = {26445649}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Commonly, invaders have different impacts in different places. The spread of cane toads (Rhinella marina: Bufonidae) has been devastating for native fauna in tropical Australia, but the toads' impact remains unstudied in temperate-zone Australia. We surveyed habitat characteristics and fauna in campgrounds along the central eastern coast of Australia, in eight sites that have been colonized by cane toads and another eight that have not. The presence of cane toads was associated with lower faunal abundance and species richness, and a difference in species composition. Populations of three species of large lizards (land mullets Bellatorias major, eastern water dragons Intellagama lesueurii, and lace monitors Varanus varius) and a snake (red-bellied blacksnake Pseudechis porphyriacus) were lower (by 84 to 100%) in areas with toads. The scarcity of scavenging lace monitors in toad-invaded areas translated into a 52% decrease in rates of carrion removal (based on camera traps at bait stations) and an increase (by 61%) in numbers of brush turkeys (Alectura lathami). The invasion of cane toads through temperate-zone Australia appears to have reduced populations of at least four anurophagous predators, facilitated other taxa, and decreased rates of scavenging. Our data identify a paradox: The impacts of cane toads are at least as devastating in southern Australia as in the tropics, yet we know far more about toad invasion in the sparsely populated wilderness areas of tropical Australia than in the densely populated southeastern seaboard.}, }
@article {pmid26444714, year = {2015}, author = {Adamowicz, SJ}, title = {International Barcode of Life: Evolution of a global research community.}, journal = {Genome}, volume = {58}, number = {5}, pages = {151-162}, doi = {10.1139/gen-2015-0094}, pmid = {26444714}, issn = {1480-3321}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring ; Humans ; }, abstract = {The 6th International Barcode of Life Conference (Guelph, Canada, 18-21 August 2015), themed Barcodes to Biomes, showcases the latest developments in DNA barcoding research and its diverse applications. The meeting also provides a venue for a global research community to share ideas and to initiate collaborations. All plenary and contributed abstracts are being published as an open-access special issue of Genome. Here, I use a comparison with the 3rd Conference (Mexico City, 2009) to highlight 10 recent and emerging trends that are apparent among the contributed abstracts. One of the outstanding trends is the rising proportion of abstracts that focus upon multiple socio-economically important applications of DNA barcoding, including studies of agricultural pests, quarantine and invasive species, wildlife forensics, disease vectors, biomonitoring of ecosystem health, and marketplace surveys evaluating the authenticity of seafood products and medicinal plants. Other key movements include the use of barcoding and metabarcoding approaches for dietary analyses-and for studies of food webs spanning three or more trophic levels-as well as the spread of next-generation sequencing methods in multiple contexts. In combination with the rising taxonomic and geographic scope of many barcoding iniatives, these developments suggest that several important questions in biology are becoming tractable. "What is this specimen on an agricultural shipment?", "Who eats whom in this whole food web?", and even "How many species are there?" are questions that may be answered in time periods ranging from a few years to one or a few decades. The next phases of DNA barcoding may expand yet further into prediction of community shifts with climate change and improved management of biological resources.}, }
@article {pmid26443685, year = {2016}, author = {Khasnatinov, MA and Liapunov, AV and Manzarova, EL and Kulakova, NV and Petrova, IV and Danchinova, GA}, title = {The diversity and prevalence of hard ticks attacking human hosts in Eastern Siberia (Russian Federation) with first description of invasion of non-endemic tick species.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {115}, number = {2}, pages = {501-510}, pmid = {26443685}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Prevalence ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Siberia/epidemiology ; Tick Infestations/*epidemiology/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Hard ticks are the vectors of many pathogens including tick-borne encephalitis virus and the Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. In Eastern Siberia, Ixodes persulcatus, Dermacentor nuttalli, Dermacentor silvarum and Haemaphysalis concinna are regarded as aggressive to humans. Recently, significant changes in world tick fauna have been reported and this affects the spread of tick-borne pathogens. We studied the current species diversity, population structure and prevalence of tick-borne pathogens of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) that attacked humans in Eastern Siberia (Irkutsk region, Russia). In total, 31,892 individual ticks were identified and analysed during the years 2007-2014. The majority (85.4%) of victims was bitten by I. persulcatus, 14.55% of attacks on humans were caused by D. nuttalli and D. silvarum, whereas H. concinna was documented only in 15 cases (0.05%). The seasonal activity and the age/gender structure of the tick population were studied as well. Among all the studied ticks, three unconventional species, i.e. Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor reticulatus and Amblyomma americanum, were identified. Analysis of tick bite histories indicates at least three events of invasion of non-endemic ticks into the ecosystems of northern Eurasia with harsh continental climates. Invading ticks are able to reach the adult life stage and are aggressive to the local human population. Phylogenetic analysis of mt 16S rRNA gene fragments suggests multiple independent routes of tick migration to Eastern Siberia. Possible implications to human health and epidemiology of tick-borne infections are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid26440412, year = {2015}, author = {Mazzoni, R and Costa da Silva, R and Pinto, MP}, title = {Invasion and Colonisation of a Tropical Stream by an Exotic Loricariid Fish: Indices of Gradual Displacement of the Native Common Pleco (Hypostomus punctatus) by the Red Fin Dwarf Pleco (Parotocinclus maculicauda) over Fifteen Years.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {e0139968}, pmid = {26440412}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Brazil ; *Catfishes ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {The introduction of invasive species represents a major threat to the integrity of stream-dwelling fish populations worldwide, and this issue is receiving increasing attention from scientists, in particular because of potential impact on biodiversity. In this study, we analysed the dispersal of an exotic loricariid fish the red fin dwarf pleco (Parotocinclus maculicauda) in a stream of the Atlantic Forest biome in coastal south-eastern Brazil and evaluated the effects of this invasion on the native loricariid common pleco (Hypostomus punctatus). Specimens were collected at eight sites located along the course of the stream over a 15-year period. The distribution and density of the two species were determined by the Successive Removal Method. The introduction of P. maculicauda occurred in the medium sector of the stream, and during the course of the study, the species dispersed to new sites further upstream. By the end of the study, it was found at all points upstream from the original site. Hypostomus punctatus was registered at all sample sites both before and after the introduction of P. maculicauda, but its density decreased at all upstream sites after the arrival of the exotic species. Our analysis shows that colonisation by P. maculicauda seems to have a negative effect on H. punctatus densities. The maintenance of H. punctatus densities at the sites not colonised by P. maculicauda reinforces the conclusion that the colonisation of the stream by the exotic species had deleterious effects on the density of the resident H. punctatus populations, either by direct or indirect action.}, }
@article {pmid26439653, year = {2016}, author = {Yuan, ZQ and Yu, KL and Epstein, H and Fang, C and Li, JT and Liu, QQ and Liu, XW and Gao, WJ and Li, FM}, title = {Effects of legume species introduction on vegetation and soil nutrient development on abandoned croplands in a semi-arid environment on the Loess Plateau, China.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {541}, number = {}, pages = {692-700}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.108}, pmid = {26439653}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Agriculture ; China ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Fabaceae/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Medicago sativa ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Revegetation facilitated by legume species introduction has been used for soil erosion control on the Loess Plateau, China. However, it is still unclear how vegetation and soil resources develop during this restoration process, especially over the longer term. In this study, we investigated the changes of plant aboveground biomass, vegetation cover, species richness and density of all individuals, and soil total nitrogen, mineral nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus over 11 years from 2003 to 2013 in three treatments (natural revegetation, Medicago sativa L. introduction and Melilotus suaveolens L. introduction) on the semi-arid Loess Plateau. Medicago significantly increased aboveground biomass and vegetation cover, and soil total nitrogen and mineral nitrogen contents. The Medicago treatment had lower species richness and density of all individuals, lower soil moisture in the deep soil (i.e., 1.4-5m), and lower soil available phosphorus. Melilotus introduction significantly increased aboveground biomass in only the first two years, and it was not an effective approach to improve vegetation biomass and cover, and soil nutrients, especially in later stages of revegetation. Overall, our study suggests that M. sativa can be the preferred plant species for revegetation of degraded ecosystems on the Loess Plateau, although phosphorus fertilizer should be applied for the sustainability of the revegetation.}, }
@article {pmid26438447, year = {2015}, author = {Rodrigues, LA and Mistro, DC and Cara, ER and Petrovskaya, N and Petrovskii, S}, title = {Patchy Invasion of Stage-Structured Alien Species with Short-Distance and Long-Distance Dispersal.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {77}, number = {8}, pages = {1583-1619}, doi = {10.1007/s11538-015-0097-1}, pmid = {26438447}, issn = {1522-9602}, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Understanding of spatiotemporal patterns arising in invasive species spread is necessary for successful management and control of harmful species, and mathematical modeling is widely recognized as a powerful research tool to achieve this goal. The conventional view of the typical invasion pattern as a continuous population traveling front has been recently challenged by both empirical and theoretical results revealing more complicated, alternative scenarios. In particular, the so-called patchy invasion has been a focus of considerable interest; however, its theoretical study was restricted to the case where the invasive species spreads by predominantly short-distance dispersal. Meanwhile, there is considerable evidence that the long-distance dispersal is not an exotic phenomenon but a strategy that is used by many species. In this paper, we consider how the patchy invasion can be modified by the effect of the long-distance dispersal and the effect of the fat tails of the dispersal kernels.}, }
@article {pmid26438411, year = {2015}, author = {Alm, T}, title = {Plant species introduced by foreigners according to folk tradition in Norway and some other European countries: xenophobic tales or not?.}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {72}, pmid = {26438411}, issn = {1746-4269}, mesh = {*Emigrants and Immigrants ; Europe ; *Folklore ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Norway ; Plants/*classification ; Xenophobia ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In their quest to understand and interpret nature, people have frequently sought religious or divine origins for plant species and their characteristics. Less often, historical events or persons are involved. This study comprises eleven cases of the latter kind, all claiming that plant species have been introduced by foreigners or at least from foreign lands.<br><br>METHODS: Based on literature data and a few cases recorded during my own ethnobotanical field work, eleven European examples of pseudo-historical plant origins are presented here, including Cakile maritima, Cicuta virosa, Lathyrus japonicus, Leymus arenarius, Primula vulgaris, and Scopolia carniolica in Norway, Heracleum mantegazzianum and/or H. persicum in Denmark, Phoenix dactylifera and P. theophrastii in Greece, and Jacobaea vulgaris in Scotland.<br><br>RESULTS: The only common trait in these stories is that foreigner or at least foreign lands are claimed as sources of the plant species. In most cases, the "historical" explanations given in folk tradition are demonstrably at odds with reality. In those cases that involve poisonous or potentially harmful species (Cicuta virosa, Heracleum mantegazzianum and/or H. persicum, Jacobaea vulgaris), or the "useless" Phoenix theophrastii, with its inedible fruits, the stories may be interpreted as xenophobic, blaming foreigners for introducing dangerous or worthless species. The remaining examples merely suggest a search for exotic and seemingly rational, if erroneous, origins for plant species and stands that people considered strange and unusual.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The spreading vectors assumed in folk tradition are correct and well documented, e.g. ship cargos (including goods and packing materials), which are responsible for introducing ballast plants and other anthropochores, and wartime activities, introducing a broad range of species (polemochores). They do not, however, apply to the species included in this study, which are either indigenous plants or introduced ornamentals. The foreigners appearing in the folk tales serve mostly as suitably exotic explanations for what is perceived "alien" plants.}, }
@article {pmid26437879, year = {2015}, author = {Li, SP and Cadotte, MW and Meiners, SJ and Hua, ZS and Shu, HY and Li, JT and Shu, WS}, title = {The effects of phylogenetic relatedness on invasion success and impact: deconstructing Darwin's naturalisation conundrum.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {18}, number = {12}, pages = {1285-1292}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12522}, pmid = {26437879}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; New Jersey ; *Phylogeny ; *Plant Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Darwin's naturalisation conundrum describes the paradox that the relatedness of exotic species to native residents could either promote or hinder their success through opposing mechanisms: niche pre-adaptation or competitive interactions. Previous studies focusing on single snapshots of invasion patterns have provided support to both sides of the conundrum. Here, by examining invasion dynamics of 480 plots over 40 years, we show that exotic species more closely related to native species were more likely to enter, establish and dominate the resident communities, and that native residents more closely related to these successful exotics were more likely to go locally extinct. Therefore, non-random displacement of natives during invasion could weaken or even reverse the negative effects of exotic-native phylogenetic distances on invasion success. The scenario that exotics more closely related to native residents are more successful, but tend to eliminate their closely related natives, may help to reconcile the 150-year-old conundrum.}, }
@article {pmid26437346, year = {2016}, author = {Carvalho, F and Pascoal, C and Cássio, F and Sousa, R}, title = {Direct and indirect effects of an invasive omnivore crayfish on leaf litter decomposition.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {541}, number = {}, pages = {714-720}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.125}, pmid = {26437346}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Asia ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Biomass ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Leaves ; Rivers ; Water Pollutants/analysis ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) can disrupt important ecological functions in aquatic ecosystems; however, many of these effects are not quantified and remain speculative. In this study, we assessed the effects of the invasive crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) on leaf litter decomposition (a key ecosystem process) and associated invertebrates using laboratory and field manipulative experiments. The crayfish had significant impacts on leaf decomposition due to direct consumption of leaf litter and production of fine particulate organic matter, and indirectly due to consumption of invertebrate shredders. The invertebrate community did not appear to recognize P. clarkii as a predator, at least in the first stages after its introduction in the system; but this situation might change with time. Overall, results suggested that the omnivore invader P. clarkii has the potential to affect detritus-based food webs through consumption of basal resources (leaf litter) and/or consumers. Recognizing that this IAS is widespread in Europe, Asia and Africa, and may attain high density and biomass in aquatic ecosystems, our results are important to develop strategies for improving stream ecosystem functioning and to support management actions aiming to control the invasive omnivore P. clarkii.}, }
@article {pmid26435571, year = {2015}, author = {Roy, HE and Brown, PM}, title = {Ten years of invasion: Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Britain.}, journal = {Ecological entomology}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {336-348}, pmid = {26435571}, issn = {0307-6946}, abstract = {1. Harmonia axyridis was first recorded in Britain in 2004. Two subsequent earlier records were received from 2003. 2. The UK Ladybird Survey, a citizen science initiative involving online recording, was launched in 2005 to encourage people across Britain to track the spread of H. axyridis. Tens of thousands of people have provided records of H. axyridis and other species of ladybirds, creating an invaluable dataset for large-scale and long-term research. Declines in the distribution of seven (of eight assessed) native species of ladybird have been demonstrated, and correlated with the arrival of H. axyridis, using the records collated through the UK Ladybird Survey. 3. Experimental research and field surveys have also contributed to our understanding of the ecology of H. axyridis and particularly the process of invasion. Harmonia axyridis arrived in Britain through dispersal and introduction events from regions in which it was deliberately released as a biological control agent. The rapid spread of this species has been attributed to its high natural dispersal capability by means of both flight and anthropogenic transport. A number of factors have contributed to the successful establishment and indeed dominance of this polymorphic species within aphidophagous guilds, including high reproductive capacity, intra-guild predation, eurytopic nature, high resistance to natural enemies within the invaded range, and potentially phenotypic plasticity. 4. The global invasion by H. axyridis and subsequent research on this species has contributed to the general understanding of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid26435003, year = {2016}, author = {Yoshizawa, K and Yao, I and Lienhard, C}, title = {Molecular phylogeny reveals genital convergences and reversals in the barklouse genus Trichadenotecnum (Insecta: Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Psocidae).}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {94}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {358-364}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2015.09.018}, pmid = {26435003}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Asia, Eastern ; Gonads/*growth &amp; development ; Insecta/*classification/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Sex Determination Processes/genetics ; }, abstract = {Trichadenotecnum is one of the most diverse genera among the non-parasitic members of Psocodea (Insecta: "Psocoptera"). The genus shows a world-wide distribution (excluding the Australian Region, where only one introduced species is known) with its center of diversity in southern to eastern Asia. Several species groups had been proposed for this large genus based on morphology, but their validity and phylogenetic relationships are still unclear because of great morphological diversity in the genitalia, systematically the most relevant character. In this study, we estimated the molecular phylogeny of the Old World species of Trichadenotecnum based on extensive taxon sampling. As a result, the monophyly of morphology-based species groups was very strongly supported in most cases. However, two groups were recovered as non-monophyletic, which had been inadequately defined on the basis of plesiomorphies or convergences of genital characters. First, the monophyly of the sexpunctatum group was not supported because the medium group was found to be embedded within this group. The simpler genitalia observed in the medium group were considered to be derived from the more complicated genitalia present in the sexpunctatum group. Second, the monophyly of the majus group was not supported for two reasons: (1) It was divided into two distant clades which initially had been united on the basis of convergent similarities of the male genitalia. (2) Two species groups were revealed to be embedded within the main clade of the majus group; the initial separation of these groups had been based on reversals to the ancestral genital condition.}, }
@article {pmid26433486, year = {2015}, author = {Liu, S and Luo, Y and Yang, R and He, C and Cheng, Q and Tao, J and Ren, B and Wang, M and Ma, M}, title = {High resource-capture and -use efficiency, and effective antioxidant protection contribute to the invasiveness of Alnus formosana plants.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {96}, number = {}, pages = {436-447}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.08.022}, pmid = {26433486}, issn = {1873-2690}, mesh = {Alnus/growth &amp; development/metabolism/*physiology ; Antioxidants/*metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Photosynthesis ; }, abstract = {To investigate the traits contributing to the invasiveness of Alnus formosana and the mechanisms underlying its invasiveness, we compared A. formosana with its native congener (Alnus cremastogyne) under three light treatments (13%, 56%, and 100%). The consistently higher plant height, total leaf area, light-saturated photosynthetic rate (A(max)), light saturation point (LSP), light compensation point (LCP), respiration efficiency (RE), and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) but lower root mass fraction (RMF) and specific leaf area (SLA) of the invader than of its native congener contributed to the higher RGR and total biomass of A. formosana across light regimes. The total biomass and RGR of the invader increased markedly with increased RMF, A(max), LSP, LCP, RE, stomatal conductance (G(s)) and total leaf area. Furthermore, compared with the native species, the higher plasticity index in plant height, RMF, leaf mass fraction (LMF), SMF, SLA, A(max) and dark respiration rate (R(d)) within the range of total light contributed to the higher performance of the invader. In addition, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were higher in the invader compared to the native, contributing to its invasion success under high/low light via photoprotection. With a decrease in light level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities increased significantly, whereas total carotenoid (Car) and total chlorophyll (Chl) decreased; ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities remained unchanged. These responses may help the invader to spread and invade a wide range of habitats and form dense monocultures, displacing native plant species. The results suggest that both resource capture-related traits (morphological and photosynthetic) and adaptation-related traits (antioxidant protection) contribute to the competitive advantage of the invader.}, }
@article {pmid26432279, year = {2015}, author = {Brown, RL and El-Sayed, AM and Unelius, CR and Beggs, JR and Suckling, DM}, title = {Invasive Vespula Wasps Utilize Kairomones to Exploit Honeydew Produced by Sooty Scale Insects, Ultracoelostoma.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {41}, number = {11}, pages = {1018-1027}, pmid = {26432279}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; *Food Chain ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Odorants ; Volatile Organic Compounds/*metabolism ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Vespula wasps are widely distributed invasive alien species that are able to reach high population densities in the 1.2 M ha of beech forests (Fuscospora spp.) of New Zealand's South Island. These endemic temperate forests have an abundance of carbohydrate-rich honeydew produced by native scale insects (Ultracoelostoma spp.). A characteristic aroma is associated with the honeydew in beech forests, which we hypothesized is the signal used by wasps to harvest the vast resources previously exploited by birds and other insects. Volatile collections were taken of black beech tree trunks with honeydew and sooty mold present, and analyzed with a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Eleven compounds (benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethyl acetate, 2-phenylethanol, phenylacetaldehyde, methyl 2-phenylacetate, ethyl 2-phenylacetate, methyl salicylate, n-octanol, octan-3-ol, and 1-octen-3-ol) were positively identified from the headspace, and were shown to elicit an electrophysiological response from Vespula vulgaris worker antennae by using electroantennography (EAG). Field trials with delta traps individually baited with these compounds confirmed wasp attraction to 8 of the 11 compounds tested, with 2-phenylethyl acetate, methyl salicylate, and octan-3-ol capturing the same numbers of wasps as the control. In later trials, attraction to a 1:1 blend of benzaldehyde and n-octanol was significantly higher (45%) than to any other treatment. Many of the chemicals identified are known to be associated with fermenting sugars, or with fungal aroma. Benzaldehyde and n-octanol are common compounds produced by many different species in nature. The ability to respond to generic signals emanating from sugar resources is likely to contribute to the success of V. vulgaris as an invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid26430383, year = {2015}, author = {Tinsley, RC and Stott, LC and Viney, ME and Mable, BK and Tinsley, MC}, title = {Extinction of an introduced warm-climate alien species, Xenopus laevis, by extreme weather events.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, pages = {3183-3195}, pmid = {26430383}, issn = {1387-3547}, support = {BB/D523051/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Invasive, non-native species represent a major threat to biodiversity worldwide. The African amphibian Xenopus laevis is widely regarded as an invasive species and a threat to local faunas. Populations originating at the Western Cape, South Africa, have been introduced on four continents, mostly in areas with a similar Mediterranean climate. Some introduced populations are also established in cooler environments where persistence for many decades suggests a capacity for long-term adaptation. In these cases, recent climate warming might enhance invasion ability, favouring range expansion, population growth and negative effects on native faunas. In the cool temperate UK, populations have been established for about 50 years in Wales and for an unknown period, probably >20 years, in England (Lincolnshire). Our field studies over 30 and 10 years, respectively, show that in favourable conditions there may be good recruitment, fast individual growth rates and large body size; maximum longevity exceeds 23 years. Nevertheless, areas of distribution remained limited, with numbers <500 in each population. In 2010, only a single individual was captured at each locality and further searching failed to record any others in repeated sampling up to 2014. We conclude that both populations are now extinct. The winters of 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 experienced extreme cold and drought (December 2010 was the coldest in 120 years and the third driest in 100 years). The extinction of X. laevis in these areas indicates that even relatively long-established alien species remain vulnerable to rare extreme weather conditions.}, }
@article {pmid26428727, year = {2015}, author = {Ito, M and Onishi, T and Dick, MH}, title = {Cribrilina mutabilis n. sp., an Eelgrass-Associated Bryozoan (Gymnolaemata: Cheilostomata) with Large Variationin Zooid Morphology Related to Life History.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {32}, number = {5}, pages = {485-497}, doi = {10.2108/zs150079}, pmid = {26428727}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; Bryozoa/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Ecosystem ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Life Cycle Stages ; Species Specificity ; Zosteraceae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {We describe the cribrimorph cheilostome bryozoan Cribrilina mutabilis n. sp., which we detected as an epibiont on eelgrass (Zostera marina) at Akkeshi, Hokkaido, northern Japan. This species shows three distinct zooid types during summer: the R (rib), I (intermediate), and S (shield) types. Evidence indicates that zooids commit to development as a given type, rather than transform from one type to another with age. Differences in the frontal spinocyst among the types appear to be mediated by a simple developmental mechanism, acceleration or retardation in the production of lateral costal fusions as the costae elongate during ontogeny. Colonies of all three types were identical, or nearly so, in partial nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene (555-631 bp), suggesting that they represent a single species. Zooid types varied temporally in overall frequency in the population: colonies contained nearly exclusively R-type zooids in mid-June; predominantly I-type, or both R- and I-type, zooids in mid-July; and I-type, S-type, or both I- and S-type zooids (interspersed or in discrete bands) in mid- to late August. Reproduction occurred throughout the season, but peaked in July, with only R- and I-type zooids reproducing. Reproductive zooids bear a vestigial compound (tripartite) ooecium and brood internally; S-type zooids, first appearing in August, were non-reproductive, which suggests that they may serve as an overwintering stage. As this species is easily accessible, common, and simple in form, it is potentially useful as a model system for studying polyphenism at multiple levels (zooid, colony, and population) in the context of life-history adaptations.}, }
@article {pmid26428313, year = {2016}, author = {Huang, X and Gao, Y and Jiang, B and Zhou, Z and Zhan, A}, title = {Reference gene selection for quantitative gene expression studies during biological invasions: A test on multiple genes and tissues in a model ascidian Ciona savignyi.}, journal = {Gene}, volume = {576}, number = {1 Pt 1}, pages = {79-87}, doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2015.09.066}, pmid = {26428313}, issn = {1879-0038}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Animals ; Gene Expression Regulation/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Organ Specificity/physiology ; Stress, Physiological/*physiology ; Urochordata/genetics/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {As invasive species have successfully colonized a wide range of dramatically different local environments, they offer a good opportunity to study interactions between species and rapidly changing environments. Gene expression represents one of the primary and crucial mechanisms for rapid adaptation to local environments. Here, we aim to select reference genes for quantitative gene expression analysis based on quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) for a model invasive ascidian, Ciona savignyi. We analyzed the stability of ten candidate reference genes in three tissues (siphon, pharynx and intestine) under two key environmental stresses (temperature and salinity) in the marine realm based on three programs (geNorm, NormFinder and delta Ct method). Our results demonstrated only minor difference for stability rankings among the three methods. The use of different single reference gene might influence the data interpretation, while multiple reference genes could minimize possible errors. Therefore, reference gene combinations were recommended for different tissues - the optimal reference gene combination for siphon was RPS15 and RPL17 under temperature stress, and RPL17, UBQ and TubA under salinity treatment; for pharynx, TubB, TubA and RPL17 were the most stable genes under temperature stress, while TubB, TubA and UBQ were the best under salinity stress; for intestine, UBQ, RPS15 and RPL17 were the most reliable reference genes under both treatments. Our results suggest that the necessity of selection and test of reference genes for different tissues under varying environmental stresses. The results obtained here are expected to reveal mechanisms of gene expression-mediated invasion success using C. savignyi as a model species.}, }
@article {pmid26426311, year = {2016}, author = {Chuang, A and Peterson, CR}, title = {Expanding population edges: theories, traits, and trade-offs.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {494-512}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13107}, pmid = {26426311}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; *Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Recent patterns of global change have highlighted the importance of understanding the dynamics and mechanisms of species range shifts and expansions. Unique demographic features, spatial processes, and selective pressures can result in the accumulation and evolution of distinctive phenotypic traits at the leading edges of expansions. We review the characteristics of expanding range margins and highlight possible mechanisms for the appearance of phenotypic differences between individuals at the leading edge and core of the range. The development of life history traits that increase dispersal or reproductive ability is predicted by theory and supported with extensive empirical evidence. Many examples of rapid phenotypic change are associated with trade-offs that may influence the persistence of the trait once expansion ends. Accounting for the effects of edge phenotypes and related trade-offs could be critical for predicting the spread of invasive species and population responses to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid26423999, year = {2015}, author = {Sakata, Y and Itami, J and Isagi, Y and Ohgushi, T}, title = {Multiple and mass introductions from limited origins: genetic diversity and structure of Solidago altissima in the native and invaded range.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {128}, number = {6}, pages = {909-921}, pmid = {26423999}, issn = {1618-0860}, mesh = {DNA, Chloroplast/*genetics ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Republic of Korea ; Solidago/*genetics ; United States ; }, abstract = {Understanding the origins and diversity of invasive species can reveal introduction and invasion pathways, and inform an effective management of invasive species. Tall goldenrod, Solidago altissima, is a herbaceous perennial plant native to North America and it has become a widespread invasive weed in East Asian countries. We used microsatellite and chloroplast DNA markers to obtain information on neutral processes and on genetic diversity in native and invaded populations of S. altissima and to infer how it invaded and spread in Japan. We found that introduced (n = 12) and native (n = 20) populations had similar levels of genetic diversity at nuclear SSR loci. Genetic structure analysis indicated that at least two independent colonization events gave rise to current S. altissima populations in Japan. The majority (68%) of the Japanese S. altissima were genetically similar and likely shared a common origin from a single or a small number of populations from the southern USA populations, while the populations in Hokkaido were suggested to arise from a different source. Our results suggest that multiple and mass introductions have contributed to the persistence and rapid adaptation of S. altissima promoting its widespread establishment throughout Japan.}, }
@article {pmid26423569, year = {2016}, author = {Herrero, ML and Torres, RC and Renison, D}, title = {Do Wildfires Promote Woody Species Invasion in a Fire-Adapted Ecosystem? Post-fire Resprouting of Native and Non-native Woody Plants in Central Argentina.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {57}, number = {2}, pages = {308-317}, pmid = {26423569}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Argentina ; Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Forestry/methods ; *Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; Trees/*physiology ; }, abstract = {We asked whether prescribed fire could be a useful management tool to reduce invasion by non-native plants in an ecosystem where native plants are supposed to be adapted to fires. Specifically, we compare the post-fire resprouting response of native and non-native woody species in Chaco Serrano forest of central Argentina. The measurements were carried out in five burnt areas where we selected ten native and seven non-native species. Our response variables were (1) post-fire survival, (2) types of resprouts, and (3) the growth of the resprouts. Our main results show that one year after the fire, survivals of native and non-native species were 0.84 and 0.89, respectively, with variances in survival seven times smaller in the native species group. Type of resprout was also less variable in native species, while growth of the resprouts was similar in native and non-native groups. We interpret that in most cases, the burning a forest with mixed native and non-native plants through prescribed fires will not differentially stop the invasion by non-native woody species even in ecosystems which are presumed to be relatively resistant to fires such as our study area.}, }
@article {pmid26422121, year = {2015}, author = {Zaiko, A and Samuiloviene, A and Ardura, A and Garcia-Vazquez, E}, title = {Metabarcoding approach for nonindigenous species surveillance in marine coastal waters.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {100}, number = {1}, pages = {53-59}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.030}, pmid = {26422121}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Computational Biology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA/chemistry ; Ecosystem ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Russia ; Zooplankton/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {In this study, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) metabarcoding was applied for the surveillance of plankton communities within the southeastern (SE) Baltic Sea coastal zone. These results were compared with those from routine monitoring survey and morphological analyses. Four of five nonindigenous species found in the samples were identified exclusively by metabarcoding. All of them are considered as invasive in the Baltic Sea with reported impact on the ecosystem and biodiversity. This study indicates that, despite some current limitations, HTS metabarcoding can provide information on the presence of exotic species and advantageously complement conventional approaches, only requiring the same monitoring effort as before. Even in the currently immature status of HTS, this combination of HTS metabarcoding and observational records is recommended in the early detection of marine pests and delivery of the environmental status metrics of nonindigenous species.}, }
@article {pmid26421773, year = {2015}, author = {Acosta, AA and Silva, RJ}, title = {First record of Hysterothylacium sp. Moravec, Kohn et Fernandes, 1993 larvae (Nematoda: Anisakidae) infecting the ornamental fish Hyphessobrycon eques Steindachner, 1882 (Characiformes, Characidae).}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, pages = {638-642}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.19913}, pmid = {26421773}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; Ascaridida/*physiology ; Ascaridida Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Brazil ; *Characidae ; Fish Diseases/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Prevalence ; Rivers/parasitology ; }, abstract = {This study reports for the first time infection with Hysterothylacium sp. larvae in the ornamental fish Hyphessobrycon eques from the Paranapanema River, Jurumirim Reservoir, São Paulo State, Brazil. A sample of 33 specimens of H. eques was collected in October, 2011. Four specimens of H. eques were parasitized by Hysterothylacium sp. larvae in the intestine and coelomic cavity, with prevalence of 12.1%, mean intensity of infection of 1, and mean abundance of 0.121 ± 0.05. A total of 40 unidentified free-living nematodes were found in the stomach content of 17 fish. This fish species is introduced in the Paranapanema River. Invasive species may affect the native fauna given the introduction of pathogens and parasites. This study also complements data on the diet of H. eques due to the records of free-living nematode as part of the stomach content. Infections with Hysterothylacium sp. larvae may affect the biology of this fish and bring about profit losses to aquarists.}, }
@article {pmid26420202, year = {2016}, author = {Li, SL and Vasemägi, A and Ramula, S}, title = {Genetic variation facilitates seedling establishment but not population growth rate of a perennial invader.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {117}, number = {1}, pages = {187-194}, pmid = {26420202}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Alleles ; Ecosystem ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Lupinus/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Seedlings/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Assessing the demographic consequences of genetic variation is fundamental to invasion biology. However, genetic and demographic approaches are rarely combined to explore the effects of genetic variation on invasive populations in natural environments. This study combined population genetics, demographic data and a greenhouse experiment to investigate the consequences of genetic variation for the population fitness of the perennial, invasive herb Lupinus polyphyllus.<br><br>METHODS: Genetic and demographic data were collected from 37 L. polyphyllus populations representing different latitudes in Finland, and genetic variation was characterized based on 13 microsatellite loci. Associations between genetic variation and population size, population density, latitude and habitat were investigated. Genetic variation was then explored in relation to four fitness components (establishment, survival, growth, fecundity) measured at the population level, and the long-term population growth rate (&#x3bb;). For a subset of populations genetic variation was also examined in relation to the temporal variability of &#x3bb;. A further assessment was made of the role of natural selection in the observed variation of certain fitness components among populations under greenhouse conditions.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: It was found that genetic variation correlated positively with population size, particularly at higher latitudes, and differed among habitat types. Average seedling establishment per population increased with genetic variation in the field, but not under greenhouse conditions. Quantitative genetic divergence (Q(ST)) based on seedling establishment in the greenhouse was smaller than allelic genetic divergence (F'(ST)), indicating that unifying selection has a prominent role in this fitness component. Genetic variation was not associated with average survival, growth or fecundity measured at the population level, &#x3bb; or its variability.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that although genetic variation may facilitate plant invasions by increasing seedling establishment, it may not necessarily affect the long-term population growth rate. Therefore, established invasions may be able to grow equally well regardless of their genetic diversity.}, }
@article {pmid26418155, year = {2015}, author = {Wallace, HM and Leonhardt, SD}, title = {Do Hybrid Trees Inherit Invasive Characteristics? Fruits of Corymbia torelliana X C. citriodora Hybrids and Potential for Seed Dispersal by Bees.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {e0138868}, pmid = {26418155}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bees/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; Chimera/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Eucalyptus/anatomy &amp; histology/chemistry/*genetics ; Feeding Behavior ; Fruit/anatomy &amp; histology ; Hybridization, Genetic/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Resins, Plant/*chemistry ; Seed Dispersal/*physiology ; Seeds/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Tree invasions have substantial impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and trees that are dispersed by animals are more likely to become invasive. In addition, hybridisation between plants is well documented as a source of new weeds, as hybrids gain new characteristics that allow them to become invasive. Corymbia torelliana is an invasive tree with an unusual animal dispersal mechanism: seed dispersal by stingless bees, that hybridizes readily with other species. We examined hybrids between C. torelliana and C. citriodora subsp. citriodora to determine whether hybrids have inherited the seed dispersal characteristics of C. torelliana that allow bee dispersal. Some hybrid fruits displayed the characteristic hollowness, resin production and resin chemistry associated with seed dispersal by bees. However, we did not observe bees foraging on any hybrid fruits until they had been damaged. We conclude that C. torelliana and C. citriodora subsp. citriodora hybrids can inherit some fruit characters that are associated with dispersal by bees, but we did not find a hybrid with the complete set of characters that would enable bee dispersal. However, around 20,000 hybrids have been planted in Australia, and ongoing monitoring is necessary to identify any hybrids that may become invasive.}, }
@article {pmid26415279, year = {2015}, author = {Galkina, MA and Vinogradova, YK and Shanzer, IA}, title = {[Biomorphological Features and Microevolution of the Invasive Species Bidens L. in European Russia].}, journal = {Izvestiia Akademii nauk. Seriia biologicheskaia}, volume = {}, number = {4}, pages = {382-392}, pmid = {26415279}, issn = {1026-3470}, mesh = {Bidens/classification/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; *Phylogeography ; Russia ; }, abstract = {Species of the genus Bidens that have invaded natural communities in Europe were observed. Fourteen species have been introduced in European botanical gardens since the 18th century, but only two of them have become invasive in Russia-Bidensfrondosa and B. connata. B.frondosa demonstrates microevolutional ability in the second distribution range. Nevertheless, it has a low ability of hybridization. B. frondosa has higher competitiveness compared with that of B. connata.}, }
@article {pmid26414951, year = {2015}, author = {Darrouzet, E and Gévar, J and Guignard, Q and Aron, S}, title = {Production of Early Diploid Males by European Colonies of the Invasive Hornet Vespa velutina nigrithorax.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {e0136680}, pmid = {26414951}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Diploidy ; France ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Reproduction/physiology ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The invasive yellow-legged hornet Vespa velutina nigrithorax was accidentally introduced in Europe in the early 2000s. As is the case in colonies of other wasp and hornet species, V. velutina colonies are known to produce sexuals (males and new queens) at the end of the summer. We show that early-stage colonies in French populations frequently produce males well before the usual reproductive period. The vast majority of the males produced are diploid, which is consistent with the loss of genetic diversity previously reported in introduced populations in France. Since males do not participate in colony activities, the production of early diploid males at the expense of workers is expected to hamper colony growth and, ultimately, decrease the expansion of the species in its invasive range in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid26411612, year = {2015}, author = {Lowe, WH and Muhlfeld, CC and Allendorf, FW}, title = {Manifest Density: A Reply to Phillips and Baird.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {30}, number = {10}, pages = {565-566}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2015.08.006}, pmid = {26411612}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid26411611, year = {2015}, author = {Phillips, BL and Baird, SJE}, title = {Spatial Sorting Unlikely to Promote Maladaptive Hybridization: Response to Lowe, Muhlfeld, and Allendorf.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {30}, number = {10}, pages = {564-565}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2015.08.005}, pmid = {26411611}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid26410793, year = {2015}, author = {Sheu, SY and Chen, MH and Liu, WYY and Andrews, M and James, EK and Ardley, JK and De Meyer, SE and James, TK and Howieson, JG and Coutinho, BG and Chen, WM}, title = {Burkholderia dipogonis sp. nov., isolated from root nodules of Dipogon lignosus in New Zealand and Western Australia.}, journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {12}, pages = {4716-4723}, doi = {10.1099/ijsem.0.000639}, pmid = {26410793}, issn = {1466-5034}, mesh = {Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Base Composition ; Burkholderia/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Fabaceae/*microbiology ; Fatty Acids/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; New Zealand ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Phospholipids/chemistry ; *Phylogeny ; Plant Roots/*microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Ubiquinone/chemistry ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {Seven strains, ICMP 19430T, ICMP 19429, ICMP 19431, WSM4637, WSM4638, WSM4639 and WSM4640, were isolated from nitrogen-fixing nodules on roots of the invasive South African legume Dipogon lignosus (subfamily Papilionoideae, tribe Phaseoleae) in New Zealand and Western Australia, and their taxonomic positions were investigated by using a polyphasic approach. All seven strains grew at 10-37 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 4.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 6.0-7.0) and with 0-2 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum growth in the absence of NaCl). On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strains showed 99.0-99.5 % sequence similarity to the closest type strain, Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJNT, and 98.4-99.7 % sequence similarity to Burkholderia caledonica LMG 19076T. The predominant fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c (21.0 % of the total fatty acids in strain ICMP 19430T), C16 : 0 (19.1 %), C17 : 0 cyclo (18.9 %), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c; 10.7 %) and C19 : 0 cyclov ω8c (7.5 %). The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and several uncharacterized aminophospholipids and phospholipids. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8 and the DNA G+C content of strain ICMP 19430T was 63.2 mol%. The DNA–DNA relatedness of the novel strains with respect to the closest neighbouring members of the genus Burkholderia was 55 % or less. On the basis of 16S rRNA and recA gene sequence similarities and chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data,these strains represent a novel symbiotic species in the genus Burkholderia, for which the name Burkholderia dipogonis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain ICMP 19430T (=LMG28415T=HAMBI 3637T).}, }
@article {pmid26407176, year = {2015}, author = {Zhang, Z and Pan, X and Zhang, Z and He, KS and Li, B}, title = {Specialist Insect Herbivore and Light Availability Do Not Interact in the Evolution of an Invasive Plant.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {e0139234}, pmid = {26407176}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Amaranthaceae/*physiology/*radiation effects ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Insecta/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Light ; }, abstract = {Release from specialist insect herbivores may allow invasive plants to evolve traits associated with decreased resistance and increased competitive ability. Given that there may be genetic trade-off between resistance and tolerance, invasive plants could also become more tolerant to herbivores. Although it is widely acknowledged that light availability affects tolerance to herbivores, little information is available for whether the effect of light availability on tolerance differ between the introduced and native populations. We conducted a common garden experiment in the introduced range of Alternanthera philoxeroides using ten invasive US and ten native Argentinean populations at two levels of light availability and in the presence or absence of a specialist stem-boring insect Agasicles hygrophila. Plant biomass (total and storage root biomass), two allocation traits (root/shoot ratio and branch intensity, branches biomass/main stem biomass) and two functional traits (specific stem length and specific leaf area), which are potentially associated with herbivore resistance and light capture, were measured. Overall, we found that A. philoxeroides from introduced ranges had comparable biomass and tolerance to specialist herbivores, lower branch intensity, lower specific stem length and specific leaf area. Moreover, introduced populations displayed higher shade tolerance of storage root biomass and lower plastic response to shading in specific stem length. Finally, light availability had no significant effect on evolution of tolerance to specialist herbivores of A. philoxeroides. Our results suggest that post-introduction evolution might have occurred in A. philoxeroides. While light availability did not influence the evolution of tolerance to specialist herbivores, increased shade tolerance and release from specialist insects might have contributed to the successful invasion of A. philoxeroides.}, }
@article {pmid26406466, year = {2015}, author = {Lemic, D and Mikac, KM and Ivkosic, SA and Bažok, R}, title = {The Temporal and Spatial Invasion Genetics of the Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Southern Europe.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {e0138796}, pmid = {26406466}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*genetics/physiology ; Europe ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Insect ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeography ; Population Dynamics ; Zea mays/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {This study describes the genetics of the western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte in southern Europe during the introduction (1996-2001) and establishment/spread (2002-2011) phases of its invasion. The Diabrotica microsatellite core-set was used to perform traditional population genetics analyses. Our results indicated that during the introduction phase genetic diversity and population genetic structure were lower overall as compared to the establishment/spread phase. Unusually high genetic differentiation was found between the Italy and southern Europe comparisons, including high differentiation between Italian populations separated by a short distance during the establishment/spread phase. STRUCTURE analysis revealed two genetic clusters during the introduction phase and two genetic clusters during the establishment/spread phase. However, bottlenecked populations were only detected during the invasion phase. A small but significant isolation by distance effect was noted in both phases. Serbia was the geographic source of WCR to Croatia and Hungary in the introduction phase, while the United States of America was the possible source of WCR to Italy in 2001. These introductory populations were the subsequent source of individuals sampled during the establishment/spread phase. Repeated introductions and admixture events in southern Europe may have resulted in genetically diverse WCR populations that have attained 83% of all known alleles worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid26405753, year = {2015}, author = {Kuebbing, SE and Classen, AT and Call, JJ and Henning, JA and Simberloff, D}, title = {Plant-soil interactions promote co-occurrence of three nonnative woody shrubs.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {8}, pages = {2289-2299}, doi = {10.1890/14-2006.1}, pmid = {26405753}, issn = {0012-9658}, support = {R25 GM086761/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Ligustrum/*physiology ; Lonicera/*physiology ; Rhamnus/*physiology ; *Soil ; Tennessee ; }, abstract = {Ecosystems containing multiple nonnative plant species are common, but mechanisms promoting their co-occurrence are understudied. Plant-soil interactions contribute to the dominance of singleton species in nonnative ranges because many nonnatives experience stronger positive feedbacks relative to co-occurring natives. Plant-soil interactions could impede other nonnatives if an individual nonnative benefits from its soil community to a greater extent than its neighboring nonnatives, as is seen with natives. However, plant-soil interactions could promote nonnative co-occurrence if a nonnative accumulates beneficial soil mutualists that also assist other nonnatives. Here, we use greenhouse and field experiments to ask whether plant-soil interactions (1) promote the codominance of two common nonnative shrubs (Ligustrum sinense and Lonicera maackii) and (2) facilitate the invasion of a less-common nonnative shrub (Rhamnus davurica) in deciduous forests of the southeastern United States. In the greenhouse, we found that two of the nonnatives, L. maackii and R. davurica, performed better in soils conditioned by nonnative shrubs compared to uninvaded forest soils, which. suggests that positive feedbacks among co-occurring nonnative shrubs can promote continued invasion of a site. In both greenhouse and field experiments, we found consistent signals that the codominance of the nonnatives L. sinense and L. maackii may be at least partially explained by the increased growth of L. sinense in L. maackii soils. Overall, significant effects of plant-soil interactions on shrub performance indicate that plant-soil interactions can potentially structure the co-occurrence patterns of these nonnatives.}, }
@article {pmid26405751, year = {2015}, author = {Craig, ME and Pearson, SM and Fraterrigo, JM}, title = {Grass invasion effects on forest soil carbon depend on landscape-level land use patterns.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {8}, pages = {2265-2279}, doi = {10.1890/14-1770.1}, pmid = {26405751}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Biodegradation, Environmental ; Carbon/*chemistry ; *Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves ; Poaceae/classification/*physiology ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Plant invasions can alter the quality and quantity of detrital and root-derived inputs entering a system, thereby influencing the activities of microbial decomposers and affecting the soil carbon cycle. The effect of these inputs on soil carbon storage is often conflicting, suggesting strong context dependency in the plant-decomposer relationship. Whether there is a generalizable pattern that explains this dependency remains relatively unexplored. Here, we (1) examine how invasion by the exotic grass Microstegium vimineum affects carbon cycling across a land use gradient, and (2) evaluate the importance of inorganic nitrogen availability and other environmental variables for explaining patterns in soil carbon. Using paired invaded and uninvaded plots, we quantified invasion effects on belowground carbon pools, extracellular enzyme activities, and native leaf litter decomposition in forests embedded in an urban, agricultural, or forested landscape matrix. Compared to the urban matrix, invasion-associated declines in total soil organic carbon in the forested and agricultural landscapes were 3.5 and 2.5 times greater, respectively. Inorganic nitrogen availability and M. vimineum biomass interacted to explain these patterns: when both nitrogen availability and M. vimineum biomass were high, invaded soils exhibited higher total organic carbon, unchanged particulate organic matter carbon, and higher mineral-associated organic matter carbon compared to adjacent uninvaded soils. Consistent with these patterns, activities of carbon-mineralizing enzymes were lower in invaded than in uninvaded soils when both nitrogen availability and M. vimineum biomass were high. By contrast,. decomposition of native leaf litter was faster when inorganic nitrogen availability and M. vimineum biomass were high. Our findings suggest that, although this invader may accelerate carbon cycling in forest soils, its effects on soil carbon storage largely depend on nitrogen availability and invader biomass, which can be altered by landscape-level patterns of land use. Additional research is needed to determine whether land use or other broad-scale processes such as atmospheric nitrogen deposition can explain context dependence in plant invasion effects on other ecosystem processes.}, }
@article {pmid26405728, year = {2015}, author = {Jackson, MC}, title = {Interactions among multiple invasive animals.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {8}, pages = {2035-2041}, doi = {10.1890/15-0171.1}, pmid = {26405728}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {With accelerating rates of invasion being documented in many ecosystems, communities of interacting invasive species are becoming increasingly common. Opposing theories predict that invaders can either hinder or promote one another's success. Additionally, evidence suggests that co-occurring invaders can interact to amplify or mitigate one another's impacts on ecosystems. However, there has not been a quantitative review on interactions among multiple invasive animals. Here I use a meta-analysis approach to show that, across a global scale, the mean interaction among invaders was to reduce one another's performance. This pattern was consistent when considering interactions between marine animals but interactions were neutral overall in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Crucially, individual studies showed that neutral interactions were the most common interaction type. Further, I demonstrate that the combined ecological impacts of multiple invaders were frequently the sum of their independent effects (additive) but the mean effect was non-additive and less than predicted (antagonistic). In both meta-analyses, the disparity between the most frequent and mean interaction type indicates that case studies of multiple invasions commonly have different outcomes to global trends. These results will help predict how co-occurring invasive animals interact and assist in developing management strategies for problematic invaders in our changing world.}, }
@article {pmid26405227, year = {2016}, author = {Jokela, KJ and Debinski, DM and Mcculley, RL}, title = {Effects of Tall Fescue and Its Fungal Endophyte on the Development and Survival of Tawny-Edged Skippers (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {142-149}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv151}, pmid = {26405227}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Butterflies/*growth &amp; development ; Endophytes/*physiology ; Epichloe/*physiology ; Festuca/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Iowa ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Neotyphodium/physiology ; Poa/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Invasive, exotic grasses are increasing in tallgrass prairie and their dominance may be contributing to the decline of grassland butterflies through alterations in forage quality. Tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.), an exotic grass covering millions of acres in the United States, can host a fungal endophyte, Epichloë coenophiala (Morgan-Jones &amp; Gams). Alkaloids produced by the endophyte are known to be toxic to some foliar-feeding pest insects. Endophyte-infected tall fescue is commonly planted in hayfields, pastures, lawns, and is invading natural areas, but effects of the endophyte on nonpest insects such as butterflies are relatively unknown. Our objective was to investigate the role that tall fescue and its endophyte might play in the decline of grass skippers (Hesperiidae). We examined growth and survival parameters of tawny-edged skippers (Polites themistocles (Latreille)) that were reared on endophyte-infected tall fescue (E+), endophyte-free tall fescue (E-), and Kentucky bluegrass (KBG). KBG was included as a comparison because it is a cool season grass known to be palatable to P. themistocles larvae. Interestingly, results showed that the endophyte did not affect growth and survival of larvae compared to uninfected tall fescue, even though significant amounts of loline alkaloids (average 740 ppm) were measured in endophyte-infected plant material. Larvae feeding on KBG grew faster with greater survival rates than larvae on both tall fescue treatments. These results confirm that tall fescue invasion and dominance may be deteriorating the quality of grassland habitats for native pollinators; however, this effect does not appear to be linked to endophyte infection.}, }
@article {pmid26399433, year = {2015}, author = {Davis, SL and Frisch, T and Bjarnholt, N and Cipollini, D}, title = {How Does Garlic Mustard Lure and Kill the West Virginia White Butterfly?.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {41}, number = {10}, pages = {948-955}, pmid = {26399433}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Brassicaceae/*chemistry ; Butterflies/*drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Cardamine/chemistry ; Female ; *Food Chain ; Glucosides/*pharmacology ; Glucosinolates/*pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Larva/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Longevity/drug effects ; Mustard Plant/chemistry ; New York ; Nitriles/*pharmacology ; Oviposition/*drug effects ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; }, abstract = {As it pertains to insect herbivores, the preference-performance hypothesis posits that females will choose oviposition sites that maximize their offspring's fitness. However, both genetic and environmental cues contribute to oviposition preference, and occasionally "oviposition mistakes" occur, where insects oviposit on hosts unsuitable for larval development. Pieris virginiensis is a pierine butterfly native to North America that regularly oviposits on an invasive plant, Alliaria petiolata, but the caterpillars are unable to survive. Alliaria petiolata has high concentrations of the glucosinolate sinigrin in its tissues, as well as a hydroxynitrile glucoside, alliarinoside. We investigated sinigrin as a possible cause of mistake oviposition, and sinigrin and alliarinoside as possible causes of larval mortality. We found that sinigrin applied to leaves of Cardamine diphylla, a major host of P. virginiensis that does not produce sinigrin, had no effect on oviposition rates. We tested the effect of sinigrin on larval performance using two host plants, one lacking sinigrin (C. diphylla) and one with sinigrin naturally present (Brassica juncea). We found no effect of sinigrin application on survival of caterpillars fed C. diphylla, but sinigrin delayed pupation and decreased pupal weight. On B. juncea, sinigrin decreased survival, consumption, and caterpillar growth. We also tested the response of P. virginiensis caterpillars to alliarinoside, a compound unique to A. petiolata, which was applied to B. oleracea. We found a significant reduction in survival, leaf consumption, and caterpillar size when alliarinoside was consumed. The 'novel weapon' alliarinoside likely is largely responsible for larval failure on the novel host A. petiolata. Sinigrin most likely contributes to the larval mortality observed, however, we did not observe any effect of sinigrin on oviposition by P. virginiensis females. Further research needs to be done on non-glucosinolate contact cues, and volatile signals that may induce P. virginiensis oviposition.}, }
@article {pmid26399432, year = {2015}, author = {Johnson, NS and Siefkes, MJ and Wagner, CM and Bravener, G and Steeves, T and Twohey, M and Li, W}, title = {Factors Influencing Capture of Invasive Sea Lamprey in Traps Baited With a Synthesized Sex Pheromone Component.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {41}, number = {10}, pages = {913-923}, pmid = {26399432}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Michigan ; Ontario ; Pest Control/*instrumentation ; Petromyzon/*physiology ; *Sex Attractants/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, is emerging as a model organism for understanding how pheromones can be used for manipulating vertebrate behavior in an integrated pest management program. In a previous study, a synthetic sex pheromone component 7α,12α, 24-trihydroxy-5α-cholan-3-one 24-sulfate (3kPZS) was applied to sea lamprey traps in eight streams at a final in-stream concentration of 10(-12) M. Application of 3kPZS increased sea lamprey catch, but where and when 3kPZS had the greatest impact was not determined. Here, by applying 3kPZS to additional streams, we determined that overall increases in yearly exploitation rate (proportion of sea lampreys that were marked, released, and subsequently recaptured) were highest (20-40%) in wide streams (~40 m) with low adult sea lamprey abundance (<1000). Wide streams with low adult abundance may be representative of low-attraction systems for adult sea lamprey and, in the absence of other attractants (larval odor, sex pheromone), sea lamprey may have been more responsive to a partial sex pheromone blend emitted from traps. Furthermore, we found that the largest and most consistent responses to 3kPZS were during nights early in the trapping season, when water temperatures were increasing. This may have occurred because, during periods of increasing water temperatures, sea lamprey become more active and males at large may not have begun to release sex pheromone. In general, our results are consistent with those for pheromones of invertebrates, which are most effective when pest density is low and when pheromone competition is low.}, }
@article {pmid26396229, year = {2016}, author = {Prescott, KK and Andow, DA}, title = {Lady Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Communities in Soybean and Maize.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {74-82}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv154}, pmid = {26396229}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Minnesota ; Random Allocation ; Seasons ; Glycine max ; Zea mays ; }, abstract = {Coccinellids provide the most effective natural control of soybean aphid, but outbreaks remain common. Previous work suggests that native coccinellids are rare in soybean, potentially limiting soybean aphid control. We compared the coccinellid community in soybean with that of maize to identify differences in how coccinellid species use these habitats. As maize has long been used by coccinellids in the Americas, we hypothesized that coccinellids native to the Americas would use maize habitats, while exotic coccinellids would be more common in soybean. We identified and quantified aphids and all species and stages of coccinellids in a randomized complete block experiment with four blocks of 10 by 10 -m plots of soybean and maize in central Minnesota during 2008 and 2009. Coccinellid egg masses were identified by hatching in the laboratory. We used repeated-measures ANOVA to identify the dominant species in each habitat and compared species richness and Shannon's diversity with a paired t-test. Aphids and coccinellids had a similar phenology across habitats, but the coccinellid species composition differed significantly between soybean and maize. In soybean, the exotic, Harmonia axyridis Pallas, was the dominant species, while in maize, H. axyridis and the native, Coleomegilla maculata De Geer, were co-dominant. Eggs of H. axyridis were abundant in both habitats. In contrast, C. maculata eggs were very rare in soybean, despite being abundant in adjacent plots of maize. Species diversity was higher in maize. These findings were consistent with other published studies of coccinellid communities in these habitats.}, }
@article {pmid26390918, year = {2016}, author = {Schirmel, J and Bundschuh, M and Entling, MH and Kowarik, I and Buchholz, S}, title = {Impacts of invasive plants on resident animals across ecosystems, taxa, and feeding types: a global assessment.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {594-603}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13093}, pmid = {26390918}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Weeds ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {As drivers of global change, biological invasions have fundamental ecological consequences. However, it remains unclear how invasive plant effects on resident animals vary across ecosystems, animal classes, and functional groups. We performed a comprehensive meta-analysis covering 198 field and laboratory studies reporting a total of 3624 observations of invasive plant effects on animals. Invasive plants had reducing (56%) or neutral (44%) effects on animal abundance, diversity, fitness, and ecosystem function across different ecosystems, animal classes, and feeding types while we could not find any increasing effect. Most importantly, we found that invasive plants reduced overall animal abundance, diversity and fitness. However, this significant overall effect was contingent on ecosystems, taxa, and feeding types of animals. Decreasing effects of invasive plants were most evident in riparian ecosystems, possibly because frequent disturbance facilitates more intense plant invasions compared to other ecosystem types. In accordance with their immediate reliance on plants for food, invasive plant effects were strongest on herbivores. Regarding taxonomic groups, birds and insects were most strongly affected. In insects, this may be explained by their high frequency of herbivory, while birds demonstrate that invasive plant effects can also cascade up to secondary consumers. Since data on impacts of invasive plants are rather limited for many animal groups in most ecosystems, we argue for overcoming gaps in knowledge and for a more differentiated discussion on effects of invasive plant on native fauna.}, }
@article {pmid26390368, year = {2016}, author = {Wilson, RS and Hardisty, DJ and Epanchin-Niell, RS and Runge, MC and Cottingham, KL and Urban, DL and Maguire, LA and Hastings, A and Mumby, PJ and Peters, DP}, title = {A typology of time-scale mismatches and behavioral interventions to diagnose and solve conservation problems.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {42-49}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12632}, pmid = {26390368}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Decision Making ; *Environmental Policy ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Ecological systems often operate on time scales significantly longer or shorter than the time scales typical of human decision making, which causes substantial difficulty for conservation and management in socioecological systems. For example, invasive species may move faster than humans can diagnose problems and initiate solutions, and climate systems may exhibit long-term inertia and short-term fluctuations that obscure learning about the efficacy of management efforts in many ecological systems. We adopted a management-decision framework that distinguishes decision makers within public institutions from individual actors within the social system, calls attention to the ways socioecological systems respond to decision makers' actions, and notes institutional learning that accrues from observing these responses. We used this framework, along with insights from bedeviling conservation problems, to create a typology that identifies problematic time-scale mismatches occurring between individual decision makers in public institutions and between individual actors in the social or ecological system. We also considered solutions that involve modifying human perception and behavior at the individual level as a means of resolving these problematic mismatches. The potential solutions are derived from the behavioral economics and psychology literature on temporal challenges in decision making, such as the human tendency to discount future outcomes at irrationally high rates. These solutions range from framing environmental decisions to enhance the salience of long-term consequences, to using structured decision processes that make time scales of actions and consequences more explicit, to structural solutions aimed at altering the consequences of short-sighted behavior to make it less appealing. Additional application of these tools and long-term evaluation measures that assess not just behavioral changes but also associated changes in ecological systems are needed.}, }
@article {pmid26386063, year = {2015}, author = {Li, B and Jackson, SA and Gangiredla, J and Wang, W and Liu, H and Tall, BD and Beaubrun, JJ and Jay-Russell, M and Vellidis, G and Elkins, CA}, title = {Genomic evidence reveals numerous Salmonella enterica serovar Newport reintroduction events in Suwannee watershed irrigation ponds.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {24}, pages = {8243-8253}, pmid = {26386063}, issn = {1098-5336}, mesh = {Agricultural Irrigation/*methods ; Florida ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Typing ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Phylogeny ; Ponds/*microbiology ; Rivers/*microbiology ; Salmonella enterica/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Our previous work indicated a predominance (56.8%) of Salmonella enterica serovar Newport among isolates recovered from irrigation ponds used in produce farms over a 2-year period (B. Li et al., Appl Environ Microbiol 80:6355-6365, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02063-14). This observation provided a valuable set of metrics to explore an underaddressed issue of environmental survival of Salmonella by DNA microarray. Microarray analysis correctly identified all the isolates (n = 53) and differentiated the S. Newport isolates into two phylogenetic lineages (S. Newport II and S. Newport III). Serovar distribution analysis showed no instances where the same serovar was recovered from a pond for more than a month. Furthermore, during the study, numerous isolates with an indistinguishable genotype were recovered from different ponds as far as 180 km apart for time intervals as long as 2 years. Although isolates within either lineage were phylogenetically related as determined by microarray analysis, subtle genotypic differences were detected within the lineages, suggesting that isolates in either lineage could have come from several unique hosts. For example, strains in four different subgroups (A, B, C, and D) possessed an indistinguishable genotype within their subgroups as measured by gene differences, suggesting that strains in each subgroup shared a common host. Based on this comparative genomic evidence and the spatial and temporal factors, we speculated that the presence of Salmonella in the ponds was likely due to numerous punctuated reintroduction events associated with several different but common hosts in the environment. These findings may have implications for the development of strategies for efficient and safe irrigation to minimize the risk of Salmonella outbreaks associated with fresh produce.}, }
@article {pmid26386040, year = {2015}, author = {Yao, Y and Zhao, W and Shang, X}, title = {Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers of Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldeman) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a North American pest invading Asia.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {26386040}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Diptera/*genetics ; Fabaceae/parasitology ; Gene Frequency ; Heterozygote ; Introduced Species ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Markov Chains ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Microsatellite markers were developed for epidemiological studies on the black locust gall midge Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldeman) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a native North America pest introduced to Europe and Asia. Polymorphism at each locus was tested on 68 individuals from six populations reared from infected host leaves of Robinia pseudoacacia L. collected in China. Fourteen loci were found to be polymorphic, with the number of alleles ranging from 3 to 10. The observed heterozygosity varied evenly from 0.2667 to 0.6540. For populations, the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.1429 to 1.000. The allele frequency of the predominant allele varied from 0.250 to 0.500. All loci with negative FST values indicated heterozygote excess in each locus with six populations. Of 14 loci, four were observed to have FST values up to 0.05, which indicated negligible genetic differentiation within the population. Significant deviations (P < 0.05) from the expected Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, as evaluated using the Markov chain algorithm for each locus and for all six populations, were observed, and genotypic linkage disequilibrium was clearly detected. These markers represent a useful tool to design strategies for integrated pest management and in the study of population evolution in this important introduced pest.}, }
@article {pmid26383627, year = {2015}, author = {Atlan, A and Hornoy, B and Delerue, F and Gonzalez, M and Pierre, JS and Tarayre, M}, title = {Phenotypic Plasticity in Reproductive Traits of the Perennial Shrub Ulex europaeus in Response to Shading: A Multi-Year Monitoring of Cultivated Clones.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {e0137500}, pmid = {26383627}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Flowers/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Genotype ; Light ; Seasons ; Seeds/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Ulex/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity may be advantageous for plants to be able to rapidly cope with new and changing environments associated with climate change or during biological invasions. This is especially true for perennial plants, as they may need a longer period to respond genetically to selective pressures than annuals, and also because they are more likely to experience environmental changes during their lifespan. However, few studies have explored the plasticity of the reproductive life history traits of woody perennial species. This study focuses on a woody shrub, Ulex europaeus (common gorse), and on the response of its reproductive traits to one important environmental factor, shading. The study was performed on clones originating from western France (within the native range of this invasive species) and grown for seven years. We compared traits of plants grown in a shade treatment (with two successive shade levels) vs. full natural light. The traits monitored included flowering onset, pod production and seed predation. All traits studied responded to shading, exhibiting various levels of plasticity. In particular, dense shade induced a radical but reversible decrease in flower and pod production, while moderate shade had little effect on reproductive traits. The magnitude of the response to dense shade depended on the genotype, showing a genetically based polymorphism of plasticity. The level of plasticity also showed substantial variations between years, and the effect of environmental variations was cumulative over time. This suggests that plasticity can influence the lifetime fitness of U. Europaeus and is involved in the capacity of the species to grow under contrasting environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid26382076, year = {2015}, author = {Carrasquilla, MC and Lounibos, LP}, title = {Satyrization without evidence of successful insemination from interspecific mating between invasive mosquitoes.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {20150527}, pmid = {26382076}, issn = {1744-957X}, support = {R21 AI095780/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Female ; Insect Vectors ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; Reproduction/physiology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Previous research has documented low frequencies of interspecific mating in nature between the invasive vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. It is also known that heterospecific male accessory gland substances transferred during mating sterilize A. aegypti but not A. albopictus females, leading to satyrization, a form of reproductive interference. This paper demonstrates that satyrization of A. aegypti by A. albopictus may occur without evidence of successful insemination. Our results show that A. aegypti females, previously exposed to A. albopictus males, are rendered refractory to subsequent conspecific mating even though their spermathecae contain no heterospecific sperm. Additional experiments demonstrating transfer of labelled semen from A. albopictus males to A. aegypti females and low production of viable eggs of females housed with conspecific males, following exposure to A. albopictus males, confirm higher incidences of satyrization than expected, based on heterospecific insemination rates. We conclude that frequencies of satyrization based on detection of interspecific sperm in spermathecae may underestimate the impact of this form of reproductive interference.}, }
@article {pmid26380707, year = {2015}, author = {Treen, GD and Hobson, KA and Marchant, TA and Bortolotti, GR}, title = {Large-scale spatial variation in feather corticosterone in invasive house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in Mexico is related to climate.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {17}, pages = {3808-3817}, pmid = {26380707}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Ecologists frequently use physiological tools to understand how organisms cope with their surroundings but rarely at macroecological scales. This study describes spatial variation in corticosterone (CORT) levels in feathers of invasive house sparrows (Passer domesticus) across their range in Mexico and evaluates CORT-climate relationships with a focus on temperature and precipitation. Samples were collected from 49 sites across Mexico. Feather CORT (CORTf) was measured using methanol-based extraction and radioimmunoassay. Relationships between CORTf and spatial and climate variables were examined using simple linear regressions. Ordination was used on climate data, CORTf was plotted against the resulting axes, and univariate regression trees were used to identify important predictors of CORTf. Universal kriging interpolation was used to illustrate spatial variation in CORTf across Mexico. Correlations with ordination axes showed that high CORTf was associated with low precipitation during the rainy season and low dry season temperatures. Specifically, CORTf was negatively related to May precipitation and January and July minimum temperatures, and positively related to April deuterium excess and June minimum temperatures. CORTf was higher in second-year birds compared to after-hatch years and after-second years. House sparrows had higher CORTf levels in the hot, dry, north-central region of Mexico, and CORTf was negatively related to temperature and precipitation. House sparrows molt primarily from August-September but climate conditions throughout the year were important predictors of CORTf, suggesting that conditions outside of molt can carry over to influence energetics during feather growth. These data suggest that dry conditions are challenging for house sparrows in Mexico, supporting previous work showing that precipitation is an important predictor of broad-scale CORT variation. This work highlights the utility of CORTf for evaluating the influence of physiology on current avian range limits; furthermore, these data may allow us to predict future changes in species distributions.}, }
@article {pmid26380678, year = {2015}, author = {Leinaas, HP and Bengtsson, J and Janion-Scheepers, C and Chown, SL}, title = {Indirect effects of habitat disturbance on invasion: nutritious litter from a grazing resistant plant favors alien over native Collembola.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {16}, pages = {3462-3471}, pmid = {26380678}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Biological invasions are major threats to biodiversity, with impacts that may be compounded by other forms of environmental change. Observations of high density of the invasive springtail (Collembola), Hypogastrura manubrialis in heavily grazed renosterveld vegetation in the Western Cape, South Africa, raised the question of whether the invasion was favored by changes in plant litter quality associated with habitat disturbance in this vegetation type. To examine the likely mechanisms underlying the high abundance of H. manubrialis, cages with three types of naturally occurring litter with different nutrient content were placed out in the area and collected after different periods of time. Hypogastrura manubrialis was mainly found in the nutrient-rich litter of the yellowbush (Galenia africana), which responds positively to disturbance in the form of overgrazing. This suggests that invasion may have been facilitated by a positive interaction with this grazing resistant plant. By contrast, indigenous Collembola were least abundant in yellowbush litter. Negative correlations between high abundance of H. manubrialis and the abundance and diversity of other species suggest that competitive interactions might underlie low abundance of these other species at the patch level. Group behavior enables H. manubrialis to utilize efficiently this ephemeral, high quality resource, and might improve its competitive ability. The results suggest that interactions among environmental change drivers may lead to unforeseen invasion effects. H. manubrialis is not likely to be very successful in un-grazed renosterveld, but in combination with grazing, favoring the nutrient-rich yellowbush, it may become highly invasive. Field manipulations are required to fully verify these conclusions.}, }
@article {pmid26380675, year = {2015}, author = {Tougas-Tellier, MA and Morin, J and Hatin, D and Lavoie, C}, title = {Freshwater wetlands: fertile grounds for the invasive Phragmites australis in a climate change context.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {16}, pages = {3421-3435}, pmid = {26380675}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Climate change will likely affect flooding regimes, which have a large influence on the functioning of freshwater riparian wetlands. Low water levels predicted for several fluvial systems make wetlands especially vulnerable to the spread of invaders, such as the common reed (Phragmites australis), one of the most invasive species in North America. We developed a model to map the distribution of potential germination grounds of the common reed in freshwater wetlands of the St. Lawrence River (Québec, Canada) under current climate conditions and used this model to predict their future distribution under two climate change scenarios simulated for 2050. We gathered historical and recent (remote sensing) data on the distribution of common reed stands for model calibration and validation purposes, then determined the parameters controlling the species establishment by seed. A two-dimensional model and the identified parameters were used to simulate the current (2010) and future (2050) distribution of germination grounds. Common reed stands are not widespread along the St. Lawrence River (212 ha), but our model suggests that current climate conditions are already conducive to considerable further expansion (>16,000 ha). Climate change may also exacerbate the expansion, particularly if river water levels drop, which will expose large bare areas propitious to seed germination. This phenomenon may be particularly important in one sector of the river, where existing common reed stands could increase their areas by a factor of 100, potentially creating the most extensive reedbed complex in North America. After colonizing salt and brackishwater marshes, the common reed could considerably expand into the freshwater marshes of North America which cover several million hectares. The effects of common reed expansion on biodiversity are difficult to predict, but likely to be highly deleterious given the competitiveness of the invader and the biological richness of freshwater wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid26380668, year = {2015}, author = {Aguilera, N and Sanhueza, C and Guedes, LM and Becerra, J and Carrasco, S and Hernández, V}, title = {Does Acacia dealbata express shade tolerance in Mediterranean forest ecosystems of South America?.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {16}, pages = {3338-3351}, pmid = {26380668}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The distribution of Acacia dealbata Link (Fabaceae) in its non-native range is associated with disturbed areas. However, the possibility that it can penetrate the native forest during the invasion process cannot be ruled out. This statement is supported by the fact that this species has been experimentally established successfully under the canopy of native forest. Nonetheless, it is unknown whether A. dealbata can express shade tolerance traits to help increase its invasive potential. We investigated the shade tolerance of A. dealbata under the canopy of two native forests and one non-native for three consecutive years, as well as its early growth and photosynthetic performance at low light intensities (9, 30, and 70 μmol m(-2)sec(-1)) under controlled conditions. We found many A. dealbata plants surviving and growing under the canopy of native and non-native forests. The number of plants of this invasive species remained almost constant under the canopy of native forests during the years of study. However, the largest number of A. dealbata plants was found under the canopy of non-native forest. In every case, the distribution pattern varied with a highest density of plants in forest edges decreasing progressively toward the inside. Germination and early growth of A. dealbata were slow but successful at three low light intensities tested under controlled conditions. For all tested light regimes, we observed that in this species, most of the energy was dissipated by photochemical processes, in accordance with the high photosynthetic rates that this plant showed, despite the really low light intensities under which it was grown. Our study reveals that A. dealbata expressed shade tolerance traits under the canopy of native and non-native forests. This behavior is supported by the efficient photosynthetic performance that A. dealbata showed at low light intensities. Therefore, these results suggest that Mediterranean forest ecosystems of South America can become progressively invaded by A. dealbata and provide a basis for estimating the possible impacts that this invasive species can cause in these ecosystems in a timescale.}, }
@article {pmid26380665, year = {2015}, author = {Fonseca da Silva, J}, title = {Dynamics of novel forests of Castilla elastica in Puerto Rico: from species to ecosystems.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {16}, pages = {3299-3311}, pmid = {26380665}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Novel forests (NFs)-forests that contain a combination of introduced and native species-are a consequence of intense anthropogenic disturbances and the natural resilience of disturbed ecosystems. The extent to which NFs have similar forest function as comparable native secondary forests is a matter of debate in the scientific community. Little is known about the performance of individual species in those forests. This study focuses on the functional attributes of Castilla elastica NFs in Puerto Rico and on the differences between introduced and native species growing side by side in these forests. Rates of processes measured here were later compared with data from literature about NSFs. I hypothesize that juvenile plants of C. elastica in NFs have higher survival rate than those of native species and that C. elastica trees have faster biomass fluxes than native trees. To test the hypotheses, I measured survival rates of juvenile plants and tree growth and characterized the aboveground litter fluxes and storage. Although juvenile plants of native species displayed higher survival rates than those of C. elastica (53% vs. 28%), the latter was dominant in the understory (96%). Stand biomass growth rate was 2.0 ± 0.4 (average ± one standard deviation) Mg·ha(-1)·year(-1) for the whole forest, and Guarea guidonia, a native species, exhibited the highest tree growth. Total litter fall was 9.6 ± 0.5 Mg·ha(-1)·year(-1), and mean litter standing stock was 4.4 ± 0.1 Mg·ha(-1). Castilla elastica litter fall decomposed twice as fast as that of native species (5.8 ± 1.1 vs. 3.03 ± 1 k·year(-1)). Literature comparisons show that the present NFs differ in some rates of processes from NSFs. This study brings unique and detailed supporting data about the ecological dynamics under mature novel forest stands. Further comprehensive studies about NFs are important to strengthen the body of knowledge about the wide range of variation of emerging tropical ecosystems. Due to the large increase in the area covered by NFs, greater attention is needed to understand their functioning, delivery of ecological services and management requirements.}, }
@article {pmid26378974, year = {2015}, author = {Jiménez, RR and Barquero-Calvo, E and Abarca, JG and Porras, LP}, title = {Salmonella Isolates in the Introduced Asian House Gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus) with Emphasis on Salmonella Weltevreden, in Two Regions in Costa Rica.}, journal = {Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {550-555}, doi = {10.1089/vbz.2015.1785}, pmid = {26378974}, issn = {1557-7759}, mesh = {Animals ; Costa Rica/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/*microbiology ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary ; Molecular Typing/veterinary ; Salmonella/genetics/*immunology/isolation &amp; purification ; Salmonella Infections/epidemiology/*microbiology ; Salmonella Infections, Animal/epidemiology/*microbiology ; Serotyping/veterinary ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {The Asian house gecko Hemidactylus frenatus has been widely introduced in Costa Rica and tends to establish in human settlements. Some studies in other invaded countries have suggested that this gecko plays a significant role in the epidemiology of salmonellosis and it is of value to public health. To our knowledge, no studies have examined Salmonella from this species in Costa Rica. Therefore, we collected 115 geckos from houses in two Costa Rican regions. We examined gut contents for Salmonella through microbiological analysis. Presumptive Salmonella spp. were sent to a reference laboratory for serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Molecular typing was also conducted with the main Salmonella isolates of zoonotic relevance in Costa Rica. H. frenatus was found in 95% of the houses surveyed. Salmonella was isolated in 4.3% of the samples, and four zoonotic serovars were detected. None of the isolates were resistant to the antibiotics most frequently used for salmonellosis treatment in Costa Rica. All Salmonella isolates from the lower gut of H. frenatus are associated with human salmonellosis. Pulsotypes from Salmonella enterica serotype Weltevreden were identical to the only clone previously reported from human samples in Costa Rica. Molecular typing of Salmonella Weltevreden suggested that H. frenatus harbors a serovar of public health importance in Costa Rica. Results demonstrated that H. frenatus plays a role in the epidemiology of human salmonellosis in two regions of Costa Rica. However, more detailed epidemiological studies are needed to understand better the role of the Asian house gecko with human salmonellosis, especially caused by Salmonella Weltevreden, and to quantify its risk in Costa Rica accurately.}, }
@article {pmid26378313, year = {2015}, author = {Castorani, MC and Hovel, KA}, title = {Invasive prey indirectly increase predation on their native competitors.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {7}, pages = {1911-1922}, doi = {10.1890/14-1538.1}, pmid = {26378313}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; California ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Ecological theory predicts that invasive prey can interact with native prey directly by competing for shared resources or indirectly by changing the abundance or behavior of shared native predators. However, both the study and management of invasive prey have historically overlooked indirect effects. In southern California estuaries, introduction of the Asian nest mussel Arcuatula senhousia has been linked to profound changes in native bivalve assemblages, but the mechanisms of these interactions remain unclear. We performed three field experiments to assess the mechanisms of competition between Arcuatula and native bivalves, and evaluated the potential for Arcuatula to indirectly mediate native predator-prey dynamics. We found that Arcuatula reduces the diversity, abundance, and size of native bivalve recruits by preemptively exploiting space in surface sediments. When paired with native shallow-dwelling clams (Chione undatella and Laevicardium substriatum), Arcuatula reduces adult survival through overgrowth competition. However, Arcuatula also attracts native predators, causing apparent competition by indirectly increasing predation of native clams, especially for poorly defended species. Therefore, invasive prey can indirectly increase predation rates on native competitors by changing the behavior of shared native predators, but the magnitude of apparent competition strongly depends on the vulnerability of natives to predation. Interestingly, our results indicate that the vulnerability of invasive prey to predation can greatly exacerbate impacts on their native competitors. Our findings suggest that consideration of both direct and indirect effects of invasive prey, as well as native predator-prey relationships, should lead to more effective invasive species management.}, }
@article {pmid26376454, year = {2015}, author = {Boardman, L and Sørensen, JG and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Physiological and molecular mechanisms associated with cross tolerance between hypoxia and low temperature in Thaumatotibia leucotreta.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {82}, number = {}, pages = {75-84}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.09.001}, pmid = {26376454}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; *Cold Temperature ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism ; Hot Temperature ; Larva/physiology ; Membrane Fluidity/physiology ; Moths/*physiology ; Oxygen/metabolism ; *Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Biochemical adaptations allow insects to withstand exposures to hypoxia and/or hypothermia. Exposure to hypoxia may interact either synergistically or antagonistically with standard low temperature stress responses yet this has not been systematically researched and no clear mechanism has been identified to date. Using larvae of false codling moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta, a pest of southern Africa, we investigated the physiological and molecular responses to hypoxia or temperature stress pre-treatments, followed by a standard low temperature exposure. Survival rates were significantly influenced by pre-treatment conditions, although T. leucotreta shows relatively high basal resistance to various stressors (4% variation in larval survival across all pre-treatments). Results showed that mild pre-treatments with chilling and hypoxia increased resistance to low temperatures and that these responses were correlated with increased membrane fluidity (increased UFA:SFA) and/or alterations in heat shock protein 70 (HSP70); while general mechanical stress (shaking) and heat (2h at 35°C) do not elicit cross tolerance (no change in survival or molecular responses). We therefore found support for some limited cold hardening and cross tolerance responses. Given that combined exposure to hypoxia and low temperature is used to sterilize commodities in post-harvest pest management programs, researchers can now exploit these mechanisms involved in cross tolerance to develop more targeted control methods.}, }
@article {pmid26374537, year = {2016}, author = {Emde, S and Kochmann, J and Kuhn, T and Dörge, DD and Plath, M and Miesen, FW and Klimpel, S}, title = {Cooling water of power plant creates "hot spots" for tropical fishes and parasites.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, pages = {85-98}, pmid = {26374537}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Acanthocephala/isolation &amp; purification ; Animals ; Cestoda/isolation &amp; purification ; Cichlids/*parasitology/physiology ; Eating ; Female ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology/transmission ; *Fresh Water/chemistry/parasitology ; Gastrointestinal Contents/chemistry ; Germany ; Helminthiasis, Animal/*parasitology/transmission ; Hot Temperature ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Power Plants ; Spirurida/classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Thermally altered water bodies can function as "hot spots" where non-native species are establishing self-sustaining populations beyond their tropical and subtropical native regions. Whereas many tropical fish species have been found in these habitats, the introduction of non-native parasites often remains undetected. Here, n = 77 convict cichlids (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) were sampled by electro-fishing at two sites from a thermally altered stream in Germany and examined for parasite fauna and feeding ecology. Stomach content analysis suggests an opportunistic feeding strategy of A. nigrofasciata: while plant material dominated the diet at the warm water inlet (∼30 °C), relative contributions of insects, plants, and crustaceans were balanced 3 km downstream (∼27 °C). The most abundant non-native parasite species was the tropical nematode Camallanus cotti with P = 11.90 % and P = 80.00 % at the inlet and further downstream, respectively. Additionally, nematode larvae of Anguillicoloides crassus and one specimen of the subtropical species Bothriocephalus acheilognathi were isolated. A. nigrofasciata was also highly infected with the native parasite Acanthocephalus anguillae, which could be linked to high numbers of the parasite's intermediate host Asellus aquaticus. The aim of this study was to highlight the risk and consequences of the release and establishment of ornamental fish species for the introduction and spread of non-indigenous metazoan parasites using the convict cichlid as a model species. Furthermore, the spread of non-native parasites into adjacent fish communities needs to be addressed in the future as first evidence of Camallanus cotti in native fish species was also found.}, }
@article {pmid26372013, year = {2015}, author = {Xiang, Y and Wu, XQ and Zhou, AD}, title = {Bacterial Diversity and Community Structure in the Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and B. mucronatus with Different Virulence by High-Throughput Sequencing of the 16S rDNA.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {e0137386}, pmid = {26372013}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*classification ; *Biodiversity ; *High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; *Pinus ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Tylenchida/*genetics/microbiology/*pathogenicity ; Virulence ; }, abstract = {Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the pathogen of pine wilt disease. Bursaphelenchus mucronatus is similar to B. xylophilus in morphology. Both species share a common niche, but they are quite different in pathogenicity. Presently, the role of bacteria in pine wilt disease development has been widely speculated. The diversity of bacteria associated with B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus with different virulence remains unclear. In this study, virulence of four B. xylophilus and four B. mucronatus strains were evaluated by inoculating Pinus thunbergii. High-throughput sequencing targeted 16S rDNA of different virulence nematode strains was carried out. The associated bacterial community structures of the eight strains were analyzed. The results showed that 634,051 high-quality sequences were obtained from the eight nematode strains. The number of OTUs of bacteria associated with B. mucronatus was generally greater than those of B. xylophilus. The richness of the community of bacteria associated with high virulent B. xylophilus ZL1 and AmA3 was higher than moderately virulent B. xylophilus AA3, HE2, and all B. mucronatus strains. While the diversity of bacteria associated with B. mucronatus was higher than B. xylophilus. Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonadaceae_Unclassified or Rhizobiaceae_Unclassified were predominant in the nematode strains with different virulence. Oxalobacteraceae and Achromobacter were found more abundant in the low virulent B. xylophilus and non-virulent B. mucronatus strains.}, }
@article {pmid26370563, year = {2016}, author = {Feng, D and Zhao, J and Liu, T}, title = {Inactivation of Heterosigma akashiwo in ballast water by circular orifice plate-generated hydrodynamic cavitation.}, journal = {Environmental technology}, volume = {37}, number = {7}, pages = {837-846}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2015.1088071}, pmid = {26370563}, issn = {1479-487X}, mesh = {Equipment Design ; *Hydrodynamics ; Hydrostatic Pressure ; Introduced Species ; Ships ; Stramenopiles/*physiology ; Water Purification/*instrumentation/*methods ; }, abstract = {The discharge of alien ballast water is a well-known, major reason for marine species invasion. Here, circular orifice plate-generated hydrodynamic cavitation was used to inactivate Heterosigma akashiwo in ballast water. In comparison with single- and multihole orifice plates, the conical-hole orifice plate yielded the highest inactivation percentage, 51.12%, and consumed only 6.84% energy (based on a 50% inactivation percentage). Repeating treatment, either using double series-connection or circling inactivation, elevated the inactivation percentage, yet consumed much more energy. The results indicate that conical-hole-generated hydrodynamic cavitation shows great potential as a pre-inactivation method for ballast water treatment.}, }
@article {pmid26369436, year = {2015}, author = {Dritsou, V and Topalis, P and Windbichler, N and Simoni, A and Hall, A and Lawson, D and Hinsley, M and Hughes, D and Napolioni, V and Crucianelli, F and Deligianni, E and Gasperi, G and Gomulski, LM and Savini, G and Manni, M and Scolari, F and Malacrida, AR and Arcà, B and Ribeiro, JM and Lombardo, F and Saccone, G and Salvemini, M and Moretti, R and Aprea, G and Calvitti, M and Picciolini, M and Papathanos, PA and Spaccapelo, R and Favia, G and Crisanti, A and Louis, C}, title = {A draft genome sequence of an invasive mosquito: an Italian Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {Pathogens and global health}, volume = {109}, number = {5}, pages = {207-220}, pmid = {26369436}, issn = {2047-7732}, support = {335724/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; Animals ; Female ; *Genome, Insect ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Italy ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Open Reading Frames ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The draft genome sequence of Italian specimens of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) was determined using a standard NGS (next generation sequencing) approach. The size of the assembled genome is comparable to that of Aedes aegypti; the two mosquitoes are also similar as far as the high content of repetitive DNA is concerned, most of which is made up of transposable elements. Although, based on BUSCO (Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologues) analysis, the genome assembly reported here contains more than 99% of protein-coding genes, several of those are expected to be represented in the assembly in a fragmented state. We also present here the annotation of several families of genes (tRNA genes, miRNA genes, the sialome, genes involved in chromatin condensation, sex determination genes, odorant binding proteins and odorant receptors). These analyses confirm that the assembly can be used for the study of the biology of this invasive vector of disease.}, }
@article {pmid26368805, year = {2015}, author = {DeAmicis, S and Foggo, A}, title = {Long-Term Field Study Reveals Subtle Effects of the Invasive Alga Sargassum muticum upon the Epibiota of Zostera marina.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {e0137861}, pmid = {26368805}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; England ; Introduced Species ; Sargassum/*physiology ; Zosteraceae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can alter coastal ecosystems both directly, e.g. through competition for substratum and nutrients, and indirectly. Indirect effects may be mediated by creation of dissimilar or inimical habitats, changes in predator and/or prey assemblages, alterations in associated biota, and perturbations of water movement and thermal regimes. Previous studies have shown that invasive algae can modify native habitat architecture, disrupt intricately linked food webs and alter epibiotic assemblages. In the UK, the seagrass Zostera marina supports a diverse epibiotic assemblage, influencing key factors such as sediment dynamics, depositional regime and trophic linkages. Increasing encroachment of the invasive alga Sargassum muticum into seagrass meadows changes the physical and chemical characteristics of the local environment and creates the potential for changes in the epibionts associated with the seagrass blades, threatening the integrity of the seagrass ecosystem. We investigated the effects of S. muticum invasion upon the epibiota of Z. marina in a drowned river valley in SW England seasonally from spring to autumn over four years in an in-situ manipulative experiment, comparing permanent quadrats with and without artificially introduced S. muticum. Epibiota were weighed, identified to the most detailed operational taxonomic unit (OTU) possible, and unitary organisms were enumerated. Multivariate PERMANOVA+ analysis revealed significant differences in epibiont assemblages between Sargassum treatments. Linear mixed effects models indicated that differences in epibiota assemblage composition were not reflected as significant differences in mean biomass per sample, or number of epibiont OTUs per sample. We conclude that S. muticum invasion into Z. marina meadows may significantly alter the species composition and abundance distribution of epibiotic assemblages found on the blades of the seagrass. Thus S. muticum invasion could have more wide-reaching effects on processes within coastal ecosystems than predicted purely by direct effects.}, }
@article {pmid26368395, year = {2015}, author = {Moreira-Arce, D and Vergara, PM and Boutin, S}, title = {Diurnal Human Activity and Introduced Species Affect Occurrence of Carnivores in a Human-Dominated Landscape.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {e0137854}, pmid = {26368395}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; *Foxes ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Puma ; }, abstract = {Diurnal human activity and domestic dogs in agro-forestry mosaics should theoretically modify the diurnal habitat use patterns of native carnivores, with these effects being scale-dependent. We combined intensive camera trapping data with Bayesian occurrence probability models to evaluate both diurnal and nocturnal patterns of space use by carnivores in a mosaic of land-use types in southern Chile. A total of eight carnivores species were recorded, including human-introduced dogs. During the day the most frequently detected species were the culpeo fox and the cougar. Conversely, during the night, the kodkod and chilla fox were the most detected species. The best supported models showed that native carnivores responded differently to landscape attributes and dogs depending on both the time of day as well as the spatial scale of landscape attributes. The positive effect of native forest cover at 250 m and 500 m radius buffers was stronger during the night for the Darwin's fox and cougar. Road density at 250 m scale negatively affected the diurnal occurrence of Darwin´s fox, whereas at 500 m scale roads had a stronger negative effect on the diurnal occurrence of Darwin´s foxes and cougars. A positive effect of road density on dog occurrence was evidenced during both night and day. Patch size had a positive effect on cougar occurrence during night whereas it affected negatively the occurrence of culpeo foxes and skunks during day. Dog occurrence had a negative effect on Darwin's fox occurrence during day-time and night-time, whereas its negative effect on the occurrence of cougar was evidenced only during day-time. Carnivore occurrences were not influenced by the proximity to a conservation area. Our results provided support for the hypothesis that diurnal changes to carnivore occurrence were associated with human and dog activity. Landscape planning in our study area should be focused in reducing both the levels of diurnal human activity in native forest remnants and the dispersion rates of dogs into these habitats.}, }
@article {pmid26367396, year = {2016}, author = {Knop, E}, title = {Biotic homogenization of three insect groups due to urbanization.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {228-236}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13091}, pmid = {26367396}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Betula ; *Biodiversity ; *Cities ; Coleoptera/*classification ; Hemiptera/*classification ; Introduced Species ; Switzerland ; *Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Cities are growing rapidly, thereby expected to cause a large-scale global biotic homogenization. Evidence for the homogenization hypothesis is mostly derived from plants and birds, whereas arthropods have so far been neglected. Here, I tested the homogenization hypothesis with three insect indicator groups, namely true bugs, leafhoppers, and beetles. In particular, I was interested whether insect species community composition differs between urban and rural areas, whether they are more similar between cities than between rural areas, and whether the found pattern is explained by true species turnover, species diversity gradients and geographic distance, by non-native or specialist species, respectively. I analyzed insect species communities sampled on birch trees in a total of six Swiss cities and six rural areas nearby. In all indicator groups, urban and rural community composition was significantly dissimilar due to native species turnover. Further, for bug and leafhopper communities, I found evidence for large-scale homogenization due to urbanization, which was driven by reduced species turnover of specialist species in cities. Species turnover of beetle communities was similar between cities and rural areas. Interestingly, when specialist species of beetles were excluded from the analyses, cities were more dissimilar than rural areas, suggesting biotic differentiation of beetle communities in cities. Non-native species did not affect species turnover of the insect groups. However, given non-native arthropod species are increasing rapidly, their homogenizing effect might be detected more often in future. Overall, the results show that urbanization has a negative large-scale impact on the diversity specialist species of the investigated insect groups. Specific measures in cities targeted at increasing the persistence of specialist species typical for the respective biogeographic region could help to stop the loss of biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid26367172, year = {2015}, author = {Maslov, S and Sneppen, K}, title = {Diversity Waves in Collapse-Driven Population Dynamics.}, journal = {PLoS computational biology}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {e1004440}, pmid = {26367172}, issn = {1553-7358}, mesh = {Bacteria ; Bacteriophages ; Biodiversity ; Computational Biology/*methods ; Economics ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Speciation ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Populations of species in ecosystems are often constrained by availability of resources within their environment. In effect this means that a growth of one population, needs to be balanced by comparable reduction in populations of others. In neutral models of biodiversity all populations are assumed to change incrementally due to stochastic births and deaths of individuals. Here we propose and model another redistribution mechanism driven by abrupt and severe reduction in size of the population of a single species freeing up resources for the remaining ones. This mechanism may be relevant e.g. for communities of bacteria, with strain-specific collapses caused e.g. by invading bacteriophages, or for other ecosystems where infectious diseases play an important role. The emergent dynamics of our system is characterized by cyclic ''diversity waves'' triggered by collapses of globally dominating populations. The population diversity peaks at the beginning of each wave and exponentially decreases afterwards. Species abundances have bimodal time-aggregated distribution with the lower peak formed by populations of recently collapsed or newly introduced species while the upper peak--species that has not yet collapsed in the current wave. In most waves both upper and lower peaks are composed of several smaller peaks. This self-organized hierarchical peak structure has a long-term memory transmitted across several waves. It gives rise to a scale-free tail of the time-aggregated population distribution with a universal exponent of 1.7. We show that diversity wave dynamics is robust with respect to variations in the rules of our model such as diffusion between multiple environments, species-specific growth and extinction rates, and bet-hedging strategies.}, }
@article {pmid26367123, year = {2015}, author = {Nyasembe, VO and Cheseto, X and Kaplan, F and Foster, WA and Teal, PE and Tumlinson, JH and Borgemeister, C and Torto, B}, title = {The Invasive American Weed Parthenium hysterophorus Can Negatively Impact Malaria Control in Africa.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {e0137836}, pmid = {26367123}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {S10 RR031637/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; R01A1077722//PHS HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Alkaloids/isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; Alkynes/chemistry/pharmacology ; Animals ; Anopheles/*drug effects/parasitology/*physiology ; *Asteraceae/chemistry/metabolism ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Insect Vectors/drug effects/parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Kenya ; Malaria/*prevention &amp; control ; Polyynes/chemistry/pharmacology ; Pyridones/isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; Ricinus/chemistry/metabolism ; Secondary Metabolism ; Sesquiterpenes/isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; Survival Analysis ; }, abstract = {The direct negative effects of invasive plant species on agriculture and biodiversity are well known, but their indirect effects on human health, and particularly their interactions with disease-transmitting vectors, remains poorly explored. This study sought to investigate the impact of the invasive Neotropical weed Parthenium hysterophorus and its toxins on the survival and energy reserves of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. In this study, we compared the fitness of An. gambiae fed on three differentially attractive mosquito host plants and their major toxins; the highly aggressive invasive Neotropical weed Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae) in East Africa and two other adapted weeds, Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) and Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae). Our results showed that female An. gambiae fitness varied with host plants as females survived better and accumulated substantial energy reserves when fed on P. hysterophorus and R. communis compared to B. pilosa. Females tolerated parthenin and 1-phenylhepta-1, 3, 5-triyne, the toxins produced by P. hysterophorus and B. pilosa, respectively, but not ricinine produced by R. communis. Given that invasive plants like P. hysterophorus can suppress or even replace less competitive species that might be less suitable host-plants for arthropod disease vectors, the spread of invasive plants could lead to higher disease transmission. Parthenium hysterophorus represents a possible indirect effect of invasive plants on human health, which underpins the need to include an additional health dimension in risk-analysis modelling for invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid26366825, year = {2016}, author = {Kim, IH and Park, J and Cheon, KS and Lee, HJ and Kim, JK and Park, D}, title = {Complete mitochondrial genome of Schlegel's Japanese gecko Gekko japonicus (Squamata: Gekkonidae).}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, pages = {3684-3686}, doi = {10.3109/19401736.2015.1079855}, pmid = {26366825}, issn = {2470-1408}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Composition ; Codon, Initiator ; Codon, Terminator ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Lizards/*genetics ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics ; NADH Dehydrogenase/genetics ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; RNA, Transfer/genetics ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; }, abstract = {We have determined the complete mitochondrial genome of Gekko japonicus, whose status as an endemic or invasive species is currently under debate in Korea. The total genome size is 16 544 bp and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA (12S and 16S RNA) genes, 22 tRNAs and 2 non-coding regions. The A + T content of the genome is 55.8% (A, 31.2%; C, 29.4%; T, 24.6%; G, 14.9%). Phylogenetic analysis shows that G. japonicus has a close phylogenetic relationship with both G. swinhonis and G. chinensis. Our result will facilitate further genetic studies of this species to ascertain its species status.}, }
@article {pmid26364683, year = {2015}, author = {Ardura, A and Planes, S and Garcia-Vazquez, E}, title = {Aliens in Paradise. Boat density and exotic coastal mollusks in Moorea Island (French Polynesia).}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {112}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {56-63}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.08.007}, pmid = {26364683}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Bivalvia/genetics/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Coral Reefs ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics/metabolism ; Gastropoda/genetics/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Polynesia ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {Pacific islands are particularly vulnerable to the effects of invasive species. After habitat destruction or modification, invasive species are responsible for more biological extinctions than any other cause. Further, the rate of extinction of native species has been higher on islands than anywhere else in the world. Invasive species have also degraded native ecosystems. In order to detect exotic intertidal mollusk species, an extensive sampling around Moorea Island, a more or less unspoiled island surrounded by a rich coral reef habitat, has been developed considering that sampled points have different characteristics in wave exposure, algae coverage, type of substrate, distance to ports, distance to freshwater, distance sewage and boat traffic. Samples were DNA barcoded for unequivocal species assignation. The presence of five NIS among 26 species seems an important signal of introduction of alien biota in Moorea Island coast. However they were represented by a total of 38 individuals among 1487 mollusks (2.55%). While the distance to relatively big ports influenced directly species richness, the intensity of maritime traffic measured as boat density near sampling points was significantly associated with the frequency of exotic species. Other environmental factors did not show significant correlation with the frequency of exotics, suggesting that in an environment without big discontinuities, with little habitat modification, local boat traffic is the most influential factor in the spread of exotic species. This could be mitigated relatively easily by reducing boat density in local zones of ecological interest.}, }
@article {pmid26364471, year = {2015}, author = {Absar, A and Chadha, NK and Joshi, KD and Chakraborty, SK and Sawant, PB and Kumar, T and Sharma, Ap}, title = {Maturation profile and fecundity of the exotic Oreochromis niloticus in the River Yamuna, India.}, journal = {Journal of environmental biology}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, pages = {927-931}, pmid = {26364471}, issn = {0254-8704}, mesh = {Animals ; Cichlids/*growth &amp; development ; Female ; India ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Male ; *Reproduction ; Rivers ; Sex Ratio ; Sexual Maturation ; }, abstract = {The knowledge on the reproductive biology of fish Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in riverine condition is meagre in the Indian sub-continent which is necessary for the development of an appropriate fishery management protocols for the rivers. In this context, the gonadal maturation profile and fecundity of 0. niloticus was studied. Mature, spawning and spent females recorded in almost all the months of the year evidenced multiple and prolonged breeding behaviour. An overall sex ratio (M/F) of 1: 1.08 observed was statistically non-significant from expected 1:1 ratio (chi2=6.994219, p=0.8642) indicating that males and females were statistically equal in number. The absolute fecundity ranged from 1192 to 4760 with mean of 2590 eggs from ovary weighing between 1.91 g to 28.89 g. Monthly changes in gonado-somatic index (GSI) revealed that fish bred throughout the year except in July and August, but at peak between October-November and March-June. Size at first maturity of male was estimated as 229.6 mm with confidence limit of 235.9 and 223.6 mm and for female as 238.1 mm with confidence limit of 244.7 and 231.7 mm, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid26360881, year = {2015}, author = {Guyot, V and Castagneyrol, B and Vialatte, A and Deconchat, M and Selvi, F and Bussotti, F and Jactel, H}, title = {Tree Diversity Limits the Impact of an Invasive Forest Pest.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {e0136469}, pmid = {26360881}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Forests ; *Herbivory ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {The impact of invasive herbivore species may be lower in more diverse plant communities due to mechanisms of associational resistance. According to the "resource concentration hypothesis" the amount and accessibility of host plants is reduced in diverse plant communities, thus limiting the exploitation of resources by consumers. In addition, the "natural enemy hypothesis" suggests that richer plant assemblages provide natural enemies with more complementary resources and habitats, thus promoting top down regulation of herbivores. We tested these two hypotheses by comparing crown damage by the invasive Asian chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus) on chestnut trees (Castanea sativa) in pure and mixed stands in Italy. We estimated the defoliation on 70 chestnut trees in 15 mature stands sampled in the same region along a gradient of tree species richness ranging from one species (chestnut monocultures) to four species (mixtures of chestnut and three broadleaved species). Chestnut defoliation was significantly lower in stands with higher tree diversity. Damage on individual chestnut trees decreased with increasing height of neighboring, heterospecific trees. These results suggest that conservation biological control method based on tree species mixtures might help to reduce the impact of the Asian chestnut gall.}, }
@article {pmid26358988, year = {2015}, author = {Pârvulescu, L and Pîrvu, M and Moroşan, LG and Zaharia, C}, title = {Plasticity in fecundity highlights the females' importance in the spiny-cheek crayfish invasion mechanism.}, journal = {Zoology (Jena, Germany)}, volume = {118}, number = {6}, pages = {424-432}, doi = {10.1016/j.zool.2015.08.003}, pmid = {26358988}, issn = {1873-2720}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Body Size ; Body Weight ; Female ; Fertility/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasion is one of the most consequential phenomena affecting the distribution of native species. Few in number of species, European crayfish are losing the competition with introduced North American crayfish. The spiny-cheek crayfish, Orconectes limosus, is an outstanding example, successfully competing against the native narrow-clawed crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus. For four years, we collected data regarding crayfish occurrences, their relative abundance, and the structure of populations in the ongoing colonisation process of O. limosus in the lower Danube. The mature females of both invasive and indigenous crayfish species were analysed with respect to biometry and production of oocytes in relation to the dynamics of invasion. The interspecific comparisons showed no significant differences regarding body size, with an average of approximately 102 mm total length and 31 g wet weight for both species. However, the fecundity of the indigenous species was found to be constant throughout the investigated area, whereas the number of eggs produced by the invasive females was significantly increased at the active front of the invasion. The maximum number of ovarian eggs found was 887 and 1156 in the indigenous species and the invasive species, respectively. We propose the scenario that the invasive species, which carries the deadly crayfish plague, creates an ecological advantage by reducing the populations of indigenous crayfish. Subsequently, the invasive females opportunistically use the available resources to enhance their fecundity, resulting in the acute growth of populations. However, the long-term competitiveness and colonisation success of O. limosus still remain in question.}, }
@article {pmid26358072, year = {2015}, author = {Junker, K and Mariaux, J and Measey, GJ and Mutafchiev, Y}, title = {Meteterakis saotomensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Heterakidae) from Schistometopum thomense (Bocage) (Gymnophiona: Dermophiidae) on São Tomé Island.}, journal = {Systematic parasitology}, volume = {92}, number = {2}, pages = {131-139}, pmid = {26358072}, issn = {1573-5192}, mesh = {Amphibians/*parasitology ; Animals ; Atlantic Islands ; Female ; Islands ; Male ; Nematoda/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Meteterakis saotomensis n. sp. is described from Schistometopum thomense (Bocage), a gymnophionan endemic to the oceanic island of São Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea. The specimens were assigned to Meteterakis Karve, 1930, based on the possession of a head with three rounded lips, not set-off from the body, the absence of interlabia and cordons, females with a long vagina and males with a preanal sucker, surrounded by a cuticularised rim and caudal alae that are supported by fleshy papillae. The new species is characterised by: body length 4.2-4.5 mm (males) and 5.1-6.4 mm (females); total length of oesophagus, including pharyngeal portion and oesophageal bulb, 820-856 µm (males) and 898-1,070 µm (females); length of pharynx 57-58 µm (males) and 65-68 µm (females); spicules equal, 410-521 µm long, with tessellated ornamentation throughout their length and alae, and with bevelled tip; gubernaculum or 'gubernacular mass' absent; tail length 164-176 µm (males) and 214-239 µm (females), with elongated tip; vulva at 2.3-2.8 mm from anterior end, with anterior lip forming small flap. This is the second species of Meteterakis reported from gymnophionan hosts and the first from the Afrotropical region. Selected comparative morphological data for Meteterakis spp. are presented, and data on host range and geographic distribution are updated. The name M. striaturus Oshmarin &amp; Demshin, 1972 is corrected to M. striatura to reflect the female gender of the genus name.}, }
@article {pmid26357544, year = {2015}, author = {Turner, KG and Fréville, H and Rieseberg, LH}, title = {Adaptive plasticity and niche expansion in an invasive thistle.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {15}, pages = {3183-3197}, pmid = {26357544}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Phenotypic differentiation in size and fecundity between native and invasive populations of a species has been suggested as a causal driver of invasion in plants. Local adaptation to novel environmental conditions through a micro-evolutionary response to natural selection may lead to phenotypic differentiation and fitness advantages in the invaded range. Local adaptation may occur along a stress tolerance trade-off, favoring individuals that, in benign conditions, shift resource allocation from stress tolerance to increased vigor and fecundity and, therefore, invasiveness. Alternately, the typically disturbed invaded range may select for a plastic, generalist strategy, making phenotypic plasticity the main driver of invasion success. To distinguish between these hypotheses, we performed a field common garden and tested for genetically based phenotypic differentiation, resource allocation shifts in response to water limitation, and local adaptation to the environmental gradient which describes the source locations for native and invasive populations of diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa). Plants were grown in an experimental field in France (naturalized range) under water addition and limitation conditions. After accounting for phenotypic variation arising from environmental differences among collection locations, we found evidence of genetic variation between the invasive and native populations for most morphological and life-history traits under study. Invasive C. diffusa populations produced larger, later maturing, and therefore potentially fitter individuals than native populations. Evidence for local adaptation along a resource allocation trade-off for water limitation tolerance is equivocal. However, native populations do show evidence of local adaptation to an environmental gradient, a relationship which is typically not observed in the invaded range. Broader analysis of the climatic niche inhabited by the species in both ranges suggests that the physiological tolerances of C. diffusa may have expanded in the invaded range. This observation could be due to selection for plastic, "general-purpose" genotypes with broad environmental tolerances.}, }
@article {pmid26357539, year = {2015}, author = {Westermann, FL and McPherson, IS and Jones, TH and Milicich, L and Lester, PJ}, title = {Toxicity and utilization of chemical weapons: does toxicity and venom utilization contribute to the formation of species communities?.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {15}, pages = {3103-3113}, pmid = {26357539}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Toxicity and the utilization of venom are essential features in the ecology of many animal species and have been hypothesized to be important factors contributing to the assembly of communities through competitive interactions. Ants of the genus Monomorium utilize a variety of venom compositions, which have been reported to give them a competitive advantage. Here, we investigate two pairs of Monomorium species, which differ in the structural compositions of their venom and their co-occurrence patterns with the invasive Argentine ant. We looked at the effects of Monomorium venom toxicity, venom utilization, and aggressive physical interactions on Monomorium and Argentine ant survival rates during arena trials. The venom toxicity of the two species co-occurring with the invasive Argentine ants was found to be significantly higher than the toxicity of the two species which do not. There was no correlation between venom toxicity and Monomorium survival; however, three of the four Monomorium species displayed significant variability in their venom usage which was associated with the number of Argentine ant workers encountered during trials. Average Monomorium mortality varied significantly between species, and in Monomorium smithii and Monomorium antipodum, aggressive interactions with Argentine ants had a significant negative effect on their mortality. Our study demonstrates that different factors and strategies can contribute to the ability of a species to withstand the pressure of a dominant invader at high abundance, and venom chemistry appears to be only one of several strategies utilized.}, }
@article {pmid26354937, year = {2015}, author = {van Kleunen, M and Röckle, M and Stift, M}, title = {Admixture between native and invasive populations may increase invasiveness of Mimulus guttatus.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {282}, number = {1815}, pages = {}, pmid = {26354937}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; *Genetic Fitness ; *Inbreeding ; *Introduced Species ; Mimulus/*genetics/physiology ; *Reproduction, Asexual ; Self-Fertilization ; }, abstract = {Self-fertilization and admixture of genotypes from different populations can have major fitness consequences in native species. However, few studies have addressed their potential roles in invasive species. Here, we used plants of Mimulus guttatus from seven native North American, three invasive Scottish and four invasive New Zealand populations to address this. We created seeds from self-fertilization, within-population outcrossing, between-population outcrossing within the same range, and outcrossing between the native and invasive ranges. A greenhouse experiment showed that native and invasive plants of M. guttatus suffered to similar degrees from inbreeding depression, in terms of asexual reproduction and biomass production. After outcrossing with plants from other populations, M. guttatus benefited from heterosis, in terms of asexual and sexual reproduction, and biomass production, particularly when plants from native and invasive populations were crossed. This suggests that, when novel genotypes of M. guttatus from the native North American range will be introduced to the invasive ranges, subsequent outcrossing with M. guttatus plants that are already there might further boost invasiveness of this species.}, }
@article {pmid26354808, year = {2015}, author = {Trouillas, FP and Hand, FP and Inderbitzin, P and Gubler, WD}, title = {The genus Cryptosphaeria in the western United States: taxonomy, multilocus phylogeny and a new species, C. multicontinentalis.}, journal = {Mycologia}, volume = {107}, number = {6}, pages = {1304-1313}, doi = {10.3852/15-115}, pmid = {26354808}, issn = {0027-5514}, mesh = {California ; Fungal Proteins/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Nevada ; Peptide Elongation Factor 1/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Populus/*microbiology ; RNA Polymerase II/genetics ; Spores, Fungal/classification/genetics/growth &amp; development/isolation &amp; purification ; Tubulin/genetics ; Xylariales/*classification/genetics/growth &amp; development/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {This study investigates the diversity and taxonomy of Cryptosphaeria species occurring in the western United States on the basis of morphological characters and multilocus phylogenetic analyses of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region, parts of a β-tubulin gene, the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II second-largest subunit gene and the nuclear ribosomal large subunit gene. Cryptosphaeria multicontinentalis sp. nov is described from the Sierra Nevada and central coast of California on Populus tremuloides, P. balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa and P. fremontii. Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis is reported from a wide geographic area in the western United States on the main host, P. fremontii. The pathogen C. lignyota is reported for the first time from the Sierra Nevada of California on P. tremuloides. The phylogenetic analyses showed that C. multicontinentalis is a sister species to C. lignyota. Both species were closely related to C. subcutanea and more distantly related to C. pullmanensis. Characteristics of both teleomorph and anamorph of the newly introduced species C. multicontinentalis are described and illustrated.}, }
@article {pmid26354759, year = {2015}, author = {Takahashi, Y and Takakura, K and Kawata, M}, title = {Flower color polymorphism maintained by overdominant selection in Sisyrinchium sp.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {128}, number = {6}, pages = {933-939}, pmid = {26354759}, issn = {1618-0860}, mesh = {Flowers/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Iridaceae/*genetics ; Japan ; Pigmentation/*genetics ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Reproduction ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Negative frequency-dependent selection derived from positive frequency-dependent foraging is the best-known selection force maintaining genetic polymorphism within a population. However, in flowering plants, positive frequency-dependent foraging by pollinators is expected to accelerate the loss of low-frequency morphs by conferring a fitness advantage to the common morph, leading to monomorphism. In Japan, a non-native species, Sisyrinchium sp., exhibits conspicuous flower color polymorphism within a population comprising both purple morphs (homozygous recessive) and white morphs (heterozygous or homozygous dominant). Here we quantified genotype-specific reproductive success in order to reveal the contribution of overdominant selection on the maintenance of flower color polymorphism in this species. In artificial pollination experiments using individuals with identified genotypes, female reproductive success was higher in the heterozygote than in either homozygote. The frequency of purple morphs in natural populations (ca. 31%) is similar to the frequency predicted by overdominant selection (25%). Our results suggest that overdominant selection contributes to the maintenance of color morphs in the natural population of this species.}, }
@article {pmid26354180, year = {2015}, author = {Takahashi, K and Hanyu, M}, title = {Hybridization between alien species Rumex obtusifolius and closely related native vulnerable species R. longifolius in a mountain tourist destination.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {13898}, pmid = {26354180}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Ecosystem ; Germination ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Japan ; Plant Dispersal ; Pollen ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Rumex/classification/*genetics ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Alien species expand their distribution by transportation network development. Hybridization between alien species Rumex obtusifolius and closely related native vulnerable species R. longifolius was examined in a mountain tourist destination in central Japan. The three taxa were morphologically identified in the field. Stem height and leaf area were greater in R. longifolius than R. obtusifolius; hybrids were intermediate between the two Rumex species. R. longifolius and the hybrids grew mainly in wet land and the river tributary; R. obtusifolius grew mainly at the roadside and in meadows. Hybrid germination rates of pollen and seeds were much lower than for the two Rumex species. Clustering analysis showed the three taxa each formed a cluster. Most hybrids were F1 generation; the possibility was low of introgression into the two Rumex species by backcross. This study clarified that (1) hybridization occurred between R. obtusifolius and R. longifolius because they occurred together in a small area, but grew in different water habitat conditions, and (2) hybridization was mostly F1 generation because hybrid pollen and seed fertility was low. However, we need caution about introgression into R. longifolius by R. obtusifolius in this area because of the slight possibility of F2 generation and backcrosses.}, }
@article {pmid26353690, year = {2015}, author = {Qin, Z and Chen, J and Jin, L and Duns, GJ and Ouyang, P}, title = {Differential Expression of miRNAs Under Salt Stress in Spartina alterniflora Leaf Tissues.}, journal = {Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {1554-1561}, doi = {10.1166/jnn.2015.9004}, pmid = {26353690}, issn = {1533-4880}, mesh = {Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/*genetics ; MicroRNAs/*genetics ; Plant Leaves/genetics ; Poaceae/*genetics ; RNA, Plant/*genetics ; Salt Tolerance/*genetics ; Stress, Physiological/drug effects/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Coastal marsh habitats are impacted by many factors or disturbances, including habitat destruction, pollution, and the introduction of invasive species. Spartina alterniflora (S. alterniflora) is an important invasive species, accounting for a significant proportion of the invasive plants spread around the world. Salt stress is a major environmental stress factor, which affects plant growth and development. Little information is available regarding S. alterniflora microRNAs (miRNAs) which play important regulatory roles in plant growth and development. In order to detect S. alterniflora miRNAs and determine any expression differences between S. alterniflora plants cultivated on ordinary soils from the greenhouse and salty soils from Dafeng, in Jiangsu province of China, we carried out the detection and quantification of S. alterniflora miRNAs by microarray. Among the 81 miRNAs identified as significantly down- or up-regulated under the salt stress, 21 of the miRNAs represent 8 miRNA gene families in S. alterniflora. We found that miR168, miR399, miR395, miR393, miR171, miR396, miR169, and miR164 were down-regulated under salinity stress, and 60 of the miRNAs were up-regulated, which were revealed to be induced by salt stress in plants. The identification of differentially expressed novel plant miRNAs and their target genes, and the analysis of expression, provide molecular evidence for the possible involvement of miRNAs in the process of salt response and/or salt tolerance in S. alterniflora.}, }
@article {pmid26350302, year = {2017}, author = {Dao, HT and Beattie, GA and Spooner-Hart, R and Riegler, M and Holford, P}, title = {Primary parasitoids of red scale (Aonidiella aurantii) in Australia and a review of their introductions from Asia.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {150-168}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12275}, pmid = {26350302}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia ; Australia ; Citrus/parasitology ; Hemiptera/*parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Rutaceae/parasitology ; Wasps/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {We used morphological and molecular differences to confirm the identities of red scale (Aonidiella aurantii) and yellow scale (A. citrina), and their primary parasitoids, in Australia. An extension to the distribution of yellow scale was confirmed. Six primary parasitoids of red scale were identified: Aphytis chrysomphali, A. lingnanensis, A. melinus, Comperiella bifasciata, Encarsia citrina, and E. perniciosi. With the exception of A. lingnanensis, these parasitoids, and a species of Aphelinus, were detected in association with red scale during studies in citrus orchards in coastal New South Wales between 2009 and 2012. Two races of A. melinus were recorded: one from the Indian Subcontinent, the other previously only recorded in China. The studies, and reviews of historical records, led us to conclude that 4 parasitoids, A. lingnanensis, C. bifasciata, and both species of Encarsia, were present in Australia before successful or unsuccessful formal introductions between 1902 and 1970. The A. melinus race previously recorded in China may also have been present before the Indian Subcontinent race was formally introduced in 1961. We suggest the possibility that the natural distribution of some of the parasitoids may include East and Southeast Asia, and parts of Australasia. We found no reports of native armored scales being recorded on species and hybrids of Citrus introduced to Australia, and no reports of introduced armored scales being recorded on native Rutaceae, including 6 species of Citrus. However, we subsequently recorded yellow scale on Geijera parviflora, a native rutaceous tree.}, }
@article {pmid26349141, year = {2015}, author = {Marean, CW}, title = {THE MOST INVASIVE SPECIES OF ALL.}, journal = {Scientific American}, volume = {313}, number = {2}, pages = {32-39}, doi = {10.1038/scientificamerican0815-32}, pmid = {26349141}, issn = {0036-8733}, mesh = {Africa ; Biological Evolution ; Colonialism ; *Human Migration ; Humans ; Social Behavior ; Weapons ; }, }
@article {pmid26346853, year = {2015}, author = {Shang, X and Yao, Y and Huai, W and Zhao, W}, title = {Population genetic differentiation of the black locust gall midge Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldeman) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): a North American pest invading Asia.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {105}, number = {6}, pages = {736-742}, doi = {10.1017/S000748531500070X}, pmid = {26346853}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry ; Diptera/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/chemistry/genetics ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; *Robinia ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Obolodiplosis robiniae is native to North America and is an important introduced insect pest that forms leaf margin roll galls on species of genus Robinia (Fabaceae) in China. It was first detected in China in 2004, but subsequently spread and provoked local outbreaks. An analysis of a 676-bp sequence of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I was conducted in 560 individuals from 28 populations, in order to (1) assess population genetic structuring and (2) explore possible explanations for the rapid spread and invasion success of O. robiniae. Yet, only four haplotypes were identified and the nucleotide diversity was low (π = 0.00005) and among the 560 specimens studied, only ten showed haplotypic variation involving no more than three substitutions. The result showed a low degree of genetic diversity among populations of the successful invasive gall midge, which suggested that the pest experienced a severe genetic bottleneck and a loss of genetic diversity after its introduction. The successful establishment and spread of O. robiniae in China is attributed to the wide distribution of its host plant, thus allowing ample opportunities for gene flow in the pest species, and to the advantageous life history characteristics of O. robiniae.}, }
@article {pmid26346725, year = {2015}, author = {Rollin, BE}, title = {An ethicist's commentary on feral cats.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {56}, number = {9}, pages = {911}, pmid = {26346725}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animal Welfare ; Animals ; *Cats ; Euthanasia, Animal ; Introduced Species ; *Ownership ; Population Control ; }, }
@article {pmid26346719, year = {2016}, author = {Johnson, SD and Raguso, RA}, title = {The long-tongued hawkmoth pollinator niche for native and invasive plants in Africa.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {117}, number = {1}, pages = {25-36}, pmid = {26346719}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Flowers/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Moths/*physiology ; Phylogeography ; Plants/*metabolism ; Pollination/*physiology ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Unrelated organisms that share similar niches often exhibit patterns of convergent evolution in functional traits. Based on bimodal distributions of hawkmoth tongue lengths and tubular white flowers in Africa, this study hypothesized that long-tongued hawkmoths comprise a pollination niche (ecological opportunity) that is distinct from that of shorter-tongued hawkmoths.<br><br>METHODS: Field observations, light trapping, camera surveillance and pollen load analysis were used to identify pollinators of plant species with very long-tubed (>8&#x2009;cm) flowers. The nectar properties and spectral reflectance of these flowers were also measured. The frequency distributions of proboscis length for all captured hawkmoths and floral tube length for a representative sample of night-blooming plant species were determined. The geographical distributions of both native and introduced plant species with very long floral tubes were mapped.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: The convolvulus hawkmoth Agrius convolvuli is identified as the most important pollinator of African plants with very long-tubed flowers. Plants pollinated by this hawkmoth species tend to have a very long (approx. 10&#x2009;cm) and narrow flower tube or spur, white flowers and large volumes of dilute nectar. It is estimated that >70 grassland and savanna plant species in Africa belong to the Agrius pollination guild. In South Africa, at least 23 native species have very long floral tubes, and pollination by A. convolvuli or, rarely, by the closely related hawkmoth Coelonia fulvinotata, has been confirmed for 11 of these species. The guild is strikingly absent from the species-rich Cape floral region and now includes at least four non-native invasive species with long-tubed flowers that are pre-adapted for pollination by A. convolvuli.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the value of a niche perspective on pollination, which provides a framework for making predictions about the ecological importance of keystone pollinators, and for understanding patterns of convergent evolution and the role of floral traits in plant colonization.}, }
@article {pmid26341964, year = {2015}, author = {Wingfield, JC and Krause, JS and Perez, JH and Chmura, HE and Németh, Z and Word, KR and Calisi, RM and Meddle, SL}, title = {A mechanistic approach to understanding range shifts in a changing world: What makes a pioneer?.}, journal = {General and comparative endocrinology}, volume = {222}, number = {}, pages = {44-53}, pmid = {26341964}, issn = {1095-6840}, support = {BBS/E/D/20251969/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Allostasis/*physiology ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Glucocorticoids/*metabolism ; Humans ; }, abstract = {A species' range can be thought of as a manifestation of the ecological niche in space. Within a niche, evolution has resulted in traits that maximize fitness. Across millennia, natural oscillations in temperature have caused shifts in the geographic location of appropriate habitat and with corresponding changes in species' ranges. Contemporary climate change and human disturbance may lead to rapid range expansion or contractions with largely unknown consequences. Birds provide an excellent case study of this phenomenon with some taxa expanding range and others contracting even to the point of extinction. What leads some populations to expand while others contract? Are there physiological and behavioral attributes of "pioneers" at the forefront of a range shift/expansion? The concept of allostasis provides a framework with which to begin to evaluate when a species will be able to successfully expand into new habitat. This tool allows the integration of normal energetic demands (e.g. wear and tear of daily and seasonal routines) with novel challenges posed by unfamiliar and human altered environments. Allostasis is particularly attractive because it allows assessment of how individual phenotypes may respond differentially to changing environments. Here, we use allostasis to evaluate what characteristics of individuals and their environment permit successful range expansion. Understanding variation in the regulatory mechanisms that influence response to a novel environment will be fundamental for understanding the phenotypes of pioneers.}, }
@article {pmid26339546, year = {2015}, author = {Turney, S and Cameron, ER and Cloutier, CA and Buddle, CM}, title = {Non-repeatable science: assessing the frequency of voucher specimen deposition reveals that most arthropod research cannot be verified.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e1168}, pmid = {26339546}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Scientific findings need to be verifiable and grounded in repeatability. With specimen-level research this is in part achieved with the deposition of voucher specimens. These are labeled, curated, data-based specimens that have been deposited in a collection or museum, available for verification of the work and to ensure researchers are calling the same taxa by the same names. Voucher specimens themselves are the subject of research, from the discovery of new species by taxonomists to ecologists documenting historical records of invasive species. Our objective was to quantify the frequency of voucher specimen deposition in biodiversity and community ecology research through a survey of the peer-reviewed literature about arthropods, from 1989 until 2014. Overall rates of voucher deposition were alarmingly low, at under 25%. This rate increased significantly over time, with 35% of papers reporting on vouchers in 2014. Relative to the global mean, entomological research had a significantly higher rate of voucher deposition (46%), whereas researchers studying crustaceans deposited vouchers less than 6% of the time, significantly less than the mean. Researchers working in museums had a significantly higher frequency of voucher deposition. Our results suggest a significant culture shift about the process of vouchering specimens is required. There must be more education and mentoring about voucher specimens within laboratories and across different fields of study. Principal investigators and granting agencies need a proactive approach to ensuring specimen-level data are properly, long-term curated. Editorial boards and journals can also adopt policies to ensure papers are published only if explicit statements about the deposition of voucher specimens is provided. Although the gap is significant, achieving a higher rate of voucher specimen deposition is a worthy goal to ensure all research efforts are preserved for future generations.}, }
@article {pmid26336644, year = {2015}, author = {Measey, GJ and Vimercati, G and de Villiers, FA and Mokhatla, MM and Davies, SJ and Edwards, S and Altwegg, R}, title = {Frog eat frog: exploring variables influencing anurophagy.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e1204}, pmid = {26336644}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Background. Frogs are generalist predators of a wide range of typically small prey items. But descriptions of dietary items regularly include other anurans, such that frogs are considered to be among the most important of anuran predators. However, the only existing hypothesis for the inclusion of anurans in the diet of post-metamorphic frogs postulates that it happens more often in bigger frogs. Moreover, this hypothesis has yet to be tested. Methods. We reviewed the literature on frog diet in order to test the size hypothesis and determine whether there are other putative explanations for anurans in the diet of post-metamorphic frogs. In addition to size, we recorded the habitat, the number of other sympatric anuran species, and whether or not the population was invasive. We controlled for taxonomic bias by including the superfamily in our analysis. Results. Around one fifth of the 355 records included anurans as dietary items of populations studied, suggesting that frogs eating anurans is not unusual. Our data showed a clear taxonomic bias with ranids and pipids having a higher proportion of anuran prey than other superfamilies. Accounting for this taxonomic bias, we found that size in addition to being invasive, local anuran diversity, and habitat produced a model that best fitted our data. Large invasive frogs that live in forests with high anuran diversity are most likely to have a higher proportion of anurans in their diet. Conclusions. We confirm the validity of the size hypothesis for anurophagy, but show that there are additional significant variables. The circumstances under which frogs eat frogs are likely to be complex, but our data may help to alert conservationists to the possible dangers of invading frogs entering areas with threatened anuran species.}, }
@article {pmid26336266, year = {2015}, author = {Marie, J and Vetter, RS}, title = {Establishment of the Brown Widow Spider (Araneae: Theridiidae) and Infestation of its Egg Sacs by a Parasitoid, Philolema latrodecti (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), in French Polynesia and the Cook Islands.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, pages = {1291-1298}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjv127}, pmid = {26336266}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Male ; Polynesia ; *Spiders/parasitology ; Wasps/physiology ; }, abstract = {This paper presents two newly established species for French Polynesia: the invasive brown widow spider, Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, and its potential biocontrol agent, the parasitoid wasp, Philolema latrodecti (Fullaway). The brown widow spider was recorded from the island of Moorea in 2006 and, since that discovery, the occurrence of this species has expanded to two of the five archipelagos of French Polynesia including the main island of Tahiti and four of the Cook Islands. Although the tropical climate contributes to the establishment of L. geometricus, a biotic factor, P. latrodecti, may restrain population from demographic explosion. This eurytomid wasp is present in French Polynesia and is a parasitoid that has been used in biological control of the southern black widow Latrodectus mactans (F.) in Hawaii. This wasp could become a significant limiting factor for L. geometricus distribution on these islands, as it was found in 31% of the Tahitian brown widow spider egg sacs that were dissected. However, thus far, the wasp was only found on Tahiti in association with the brown widow spider. Although the brown widow is generally considered to be less toxic than its black widow relatives, it remains of medical concern in French Polynesia because reactions to its bites can, at times, be severe. The spider remains of public concern because it is a novel species; it has the word widow in its name and dark morphs are mistaken as black widows.}, }
@article {pmid26336262, year = {2015}, author = {Fowler, FE and Chirico, J and Sandelin, BA and Mullens, BA}, title = {Seasonality and Diapause of Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae) at its Southern Limits in North America, With Observations on Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae).}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, pages = {1213-1224}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjv123}, pmid = {26336262}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Cattle ; *Diapause, Insect ; Feces/parasitology ; Female ; Geography ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Male ; Muscidae/*physiology ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The face fly (Musca autumnalis De Geer) and horn fly (Haematobia irritans ([L.])) were studied at the southern edge of the face fly's North American range, examining southern California geographic distribution, seasonal activity on cattle and in dung, and diapause. Face flies were common only at Pomona (34°03'N, 117°48'W). Other irrigated pastures, even those only slightly inland from Pomona, were probably too warm for face flies, due to a steep west (cooler) to east (warmer) temperature gradient. Horn flies were abundant at all sites. Adult densities on cattle, adults emerging from dung pats, and prevalence of fly-positive pats were assessed for both fly species throughout a year at Pomona. Summer adult horn fly densities of 500-2,000 flies per cow, or face fly densities of 3-10 flies per face, were common. Summer prevalence of face fly-positive pats and horn fly-positive pats was about 20-40% and 30-70%, respectively. Face fly adults diapaused from late October until late March and early April. Horn flies probably diapaused as pupae from late October or early November to early-mid March, although some emerged in winter. Experimental cohorts of October-emerging adult face flies were held in a representative overwintering site. They exhibited hypertrophied fat body and undeveloped oocytes, which are characteristics of diapause, and survived until the following spring. The dominant diapause cues in face and horn flies are probably photoperiod and temperature. Despite warm winter temperatures that would permit activity of both species, and despite relatively long winter day lengths, face flies and most horn flies still diapaused at this latitude.}, }
@article {pmid26336252, year = {2015}, author = {Goodman, SM and Randrenjarison Andriniaina, HR and Soarimalala, V and Beaucournu, JC}, title = {The Fleas of Endemic and Introduced Small Mammals in Central Highland Forests of Madagascar: Faunistics, Species Diversity, and Absence of Host Specificity.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {5}, pages = {1135-1143}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjv113}, pmid = {26336252}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Flea Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; *Host Specificity ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Madagascar/epidemiology ; *Mammals ; Siphonaptera/classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Data are presented on the flea species of the genera Paractenopsyllus (Ceratophyllidae, Leptopsyllinae) and Synopsyllus (Pulicidae, Xenopsyllinae) obtained from small mammals during two 2014 seasonal surveys at a montane humid forest site (Ambohitantely) in the Central Highlands of Madagascar. The mammal groups included the endemic family Tenrecidae (tenrecs) and subfamily Nesomyinae (rodents) and two introduced families Muridae (rodents) and Soricidae (shrews); no fleas were recovered from the latter family. The surveys were conducted at the end of the wet and dry seasons with 288 individual small mammals captured, including 12 endemic and four introduced species. These animals yielded 344 fleas, representing nine species endemic to Madagascar; no introduced species was collected. Some seasonal variation was found in the number of trapped small mammals, but no marked difference was found in species richness. For flea species represented by sufficient samples, no parasite-host specificity was found, and there is evidence for considerable lateral exchange in the local flea fauna between species of tenrecs and the two rodent families (endemic and introduced). The implications of these results are discussed with regards to small mammal species richness and community structure, as well as a possible mechanism for the maintenance of sylvatic cycles of bubonic plague in the montane forests of Madagascar.}, }
@article {pmid26336251, year = {2015}, author = {Rabinovich, JE and Feliciangeli, MD}, title = {Vital Statistics of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Under Laboratory Conditions: IV. Panstrongylus geniculatus.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {5}, pages = {797-805}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjv112}, pmid = {26336251}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {Animals ; Cohort Studies ; Fertility ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Panstrongylus/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {A cohort of 100 eggs of Panstrongylus geniculatus (Latreille) was reared in the laboratory under constant conditions (temperature 26 ± 1°C, 60 ± 10% RH), with mortality and fecundity data recorded weekly. We calculated stage-specific development times, age-specific mortality and fecundity (18.4 eggs/♀/wk), and stage-specific and total preadult mortality (31.6%), and the weekly intrinsic rate of natural increase (r(o) = 0.096), the finite population growth rate (λ = 1.109), the net reproductive rate (R(0) = 60.45), and the generation time (T = 46.34 wk). Elasticity analysis showed that the dominant life-history trait determining λ was survival (particularly the adult female's survival). Adult females dominated the stage-specific reproductive value, and the egg stage dominated the stable stage distribution (SSD). The damping ratio (ρ = 1.096) suggests a relatively rapid period of recovery to a disturbed SSD. Results were compared with one previous study and conform relatively well, considering that environmental conditions were not the same. We estimated the colonizing ability of P. geniculatus, using as a criterion the ro/b index, and obtained the value of 0.74, an indicator of a good colonizer, and similar to well-known invasive species such as Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma infestans. The life history traits and demographic parameters here presented for P. geniculatus are discussed in terms of their usefulness for evolutionary studies and vector control activities.}, }
@article {pmid26336177, year = {2015}, author = {Parnell, S and Gottwald, TR and Cunniffe, NJ and Alonso Chavez, V and van den Bosch, F}, title = {Early detection surveillance for an emerging plant pathogen: a rule of thumb to predict prevalence at first discovery.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {282}, number = {1814}, pages = {}, pmid = {26336177}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Citrus/microbiology ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Florida ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Prevalence ; Xanthomonas ; }, abstract = {Emerging plant pathogens are a significant problem for conservation and food security. Surveillance is often instigated in an attempt to detect an invading epidemic before it gets out of control. Yet in practice many epidemics are not discovered until already at a high prevalence, partly due to a lack of quantitative understanding of how surveillance effort and the dynamics of an invading epidemic relate. We test a simple rule of thumb to determine, for a surveillance programme taking a fixed number of samples at regular intervals, the distribution of the prevalence an epidemic will have reached on first discovery (discovery-prevalence) and its expectation E(q*). We show that E(q*) = r/(N/Δ), i.e. simply the rate of epidemic growth divided by the rate of sampling; where r is the epidemic growth rate, N is the sample size and Δ is the time between sampling rounds. We demonstrate the robustness of this rule of thumb using spatio-temporal epidemic models as well as data from real epidemics. Our work supports the view that, for the purposes of early detection surveillance, simple models can provide useful insights in apparently complex systems. The insight can inform decisions on surveillance resource allocation in plant health and has potential applicability to invasive species generally.}, }
@article {pmid26335973, year = {2015}, author = {Monakhov, VG}, title = {Special morphological features of sables in introduced populations.}, journal = {Doklady biological sciences : proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Biological sciences sections}, volume = {463}, number = {}, pages = {215-218}, pmid = {26335973}, issn = {1608-3105}, mesh = {Animals ; Hair/*anatomy &amp; histology ; *Hair Color ; *Introduced Species ; Mustelidae/*anatomy &amp; histology ; *Population Dynamics ; Skull/*anatomy &amp; histology ; USSR ; }, abstract = {The morphological characteristics of sables have been studied in indigenous populations and in the populations created by introductions in the 1950s.}, }
@article {pmid26335970, year = {2015}, author = {Pavlova, LV}, title = {Ration of the red king crab on coastal shoals of the Barents Sea.}, journal = {Doklady biological sciences : proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Biological sciences sections}, volume = {463}, number = {}, pages = {200-204}, pmid = {26335970}, issn = {1608-3105}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size/physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Crustacea/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Models, Biological ; *Oceans and Seas ; Population Growth ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Russia ; }, abstract = {In different habitats of the Kola Bay (Western Murman) and Dalnezelenetskaya and Yarnyshnaya bays (Eastern Murman), the size and structure of ecological rations (foraging of benthos) of the red king crab, which is an alien species in the Barents Sea, was established. The material for the study was collected in 2000-2009. In the Kola Bay, significant variability in time of this nutrition was detected for individuals of the same size category, which was associated with the depletion of food resources due to the high abundance of invaders in the area. The stable values of the ration and its structures in Eastern Murman bays indicated the prosperous state of benthic communities and an insignificant impact of crabs on these communities.}, }
@article {pmid26335745, year = {2015}, author = {Kampen, H and Werner, D}, title = {[The recurring necessity of mosquito surveillance and research].}, journal = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz}, volume = {58}, number = {10}, pages = {1101-1109}, doi = {10.1007/s00103-015-2218-2}, pmid = {26335745}, issn = {1437-1588}, mesh = {Animals ; Culicidae/*classification ; Disease Outbreaks/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Entomology/*methods ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Europe/epidemiology ; Germany/epidemiology ; Health Services Research/methods ; Insect Vectors/*classification ; Needs Assessment ; Population Surveillance/methods ; Public Health Surveillance/*methods ; }, abstract = {Hematophagous arthropods and the diseases associated with them represent a growing threat to human and animal health in Europe. After the eradication of endemic malaria from Europe in the middle of the last century, there has been a resurgence of mosquitoes as significant vectors of disease agents under the influence of continuing globalisation, as exotic species and mosquito-borne pathogens are being introduced with increasing frequency. At present, southern Europe is particularly affected by disease outbreaks and cases, but invasive mosquito species, including efficient vectors, have also emerged in Germany. While there is considerable knowledge on the vector potential of many tropical and subtropical mosquito species, corresponding data on the indigenous mosquito species are scarce. Exceptions are the Anopheles species, which were already vectors of malaria parasites in historic Europe. It must be assumed, however, that many further indigenous species are able to transmit pathogens under certain conditions and will by all means gain vector competence under a scenario of climate warming. Thus, the permanent surveillance of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne disease agents is paramount for the purposes of conducting risk analyses and modelling, in addition to research work addressing the conditions of the spread of vectors and pathogens and of pathogen transmission. Only ample data can facilitate taking appropriate prophylactic action and designing control strategies. International health organizations have realised this and started to promote data collection on mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases in the EU. At a national levels, authorities are more reluctant, although, similar to other fields of health, it has been shown for mosquito-borne diseases that preventive measures are more cost-saving than disease case management and the coverage of follow-up costs. The present article is intended to illustrate the necessity of the re-intensification of mosquito surveillance and research in Germany and other European countries.}, }
@article {pmid26335479, year = {2015}, author = {Belli, A and Arostegui, J and Garcia, J and Aguilar, C and Lugo, E and Lopez, D and Valle, S and Lopez, M and Harris, E and Coloma, J}, title = {Introduction and Establishment of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Managua, Nicaragua.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, pages = {713-718}, pmid = {26335479}, issn = {0022-2585}, support = {UL1 TR000077/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; *Insect Vectors ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control ; Nicaragua ; }, abstract = {Aedes aegypti (L.) is the main vector of dengue virus and more recently chikungunya virus in Latin America. However, the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) is expanding its global range and increasing its role in transmission of these diseases. In this report, we suggest that Ae. albopictus was introduced to the Department of Managua, Nicaragua, in 2010 via two independent routes and demonstrate its dissemination and establishment in urban neighborhoods by 2012. The coexistence of two competent vector species could alter the epidemiology of dengue and chikungunya as well as indicate the need for new strategies aimed at vector control.}, }
@article {pmid26334807, year = {2015}, author = {van de Vossenberg, BT and Ibáñez-Justicia, A and Metz-Verschure, E and van Veen, EJ and Bruil-Dieters, ML and Scholte, EJ}, title = {Real-time PCR Tests in Dutch Exotic Mosquito Surveys; Implementation of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Identification Tests, and the Development of Tests for the Identification of Aedes atropalpus and Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae).}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {3}, pages = {336-350}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjv020}, pmid = {26334807}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/*genetics ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mosquito Control ; Netherlands ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sequence Alignment ; }, abstract = {Since 2009, The Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority carries out surveys focusing on, amongst others, the presence of invasive mosquito species (IMS). Special attention is given to exotic container-breeding Aedes species Aedes aegypti (L.), Aedes albopictus (Skuse), Aedes atropalpus (Coquillett), and Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald). This study describes the implementation of real-time PCR tests described by Hill et al. (2008) for the identification of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, and the development of two novel real-time PCR tests for the identification of Ae. atropalpus and Ae. j. japonicus. Initial test showed that optimization of elements of the Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus tests was needed. Method validation tests were performed to determine if the implemented and newly developed tests are fit for routine diagnostics. Performance criteria of analytical sensitivity, analytical specificity, selectivity, repeatability, and reproducibility were determined. In addition, experiments were performed to determine the influence of environmental conditions on the usability of DNA extracted from mosquito specimens trapped in BG-Sentinel traps. The real-time PCR tests were demonstrated to be sensitive, specific, repeatable, reproducible, and are less prone to false negative results compared to partial cytochrome c oxidase I gene sequencing owing to the DNA fragmentation caused by environmental influences.}, }
@article {pmid26333663, year = {2015}, author = {Pansu, J and Winkworth, RC and Hennion, F and Gielly, L and Taberlet, P and Choler, P}, title = {Long-lasting modification of soil fungal diversity associated with the introduction of rabbits to a remote sub-Antarctic archipelago.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {20150408}, pmid = {26333663}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Fungi/classification/*physiology ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; *Rabbits ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {During the late nineteenth century, Europeans introduced rabbits to many of the sub-Antarctic islands, environments that prior to this had been devoid of mammalian herbivores. The impacts of rabbits on indigenous ecosystems are well studied; notably, they cause dramatic changes in plant communities and promote soil erosion. However, the responses of fungal communities to such biotic disturbances remain unexplored. We used metabarcoding of soil extracellular DNA to assess the diversity of plant and fungal communities at sites on the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands with contrasting histories of disturbance by rabbits. Our results suggest that on these islands, the simplification of plant communities and increased erosion resulting from the introduction of rabbits have driven compositional changes, including diversity reductions, in indigenous soil fungal communities. Moreover, there is no indication of recovery at sites from which rabbits were removed 20 years ago. These results imply that introduced herbivores have long-lasting and multifaceted effects on fungal biodiversity as well as highlight the low resiliency of sub-Antarctic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid26333347, year = {2016}, author = {Jo, I and Fridley, JD and Frank, DA}, title = {More of the same? In situ leaf and root decomposition rates do not vary between 80 native and nonnative deciduous forest species.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {209}, number = {1}, pages = {115-122}, doi = {10.1111/nph.13619}, pmid = {26333347}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Carbon/*metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Phenotype ; Plant Leaves/*metabolism ; Plant Roots/*metabolism ; Soil ; Species Specificity ; Trees/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Invaders often have greater rates of production and produce more labile litter than natives. The increased litter quantity and quality of invaders should increase nutrient cycling through faster litter decomposition. However, the limited number of invasive species that have been included in decomposition studies has hindered the ability to generalize their impacts on decomposition rates. Further, previous decomposition studies have neglected roots. We measured litter traits and decomposition rates of leaves for 42 native and 36 nonnative woody species, and those of fine roots for 23 native and 25 nonnative species that occur in temperate deciduous forests throughout the Eastern USA. Among the leaf and root traits that differed between native and invasive species, only leaf nitrogen was significantly associated with decomposition rate. However, native and nonnative species did not differ systematically in leaf and root decomposition rates. We found that among the parameters measured, litter decomposer activity was driven by litter chemical quality rather than tissue density and structure. Our results indicate that litter decomposition rate per se is not a pathway by which forest woody invasive species affect North American temperate forest soil carbon and nutrient processes.}, }
@article {pmid26333058, year = {2016}, author = {Verberk, WC and Bartolini, F and Marshall, DJ and Pörtner, HO and Terblanche, JS and White, CR and Giomi, F}, title = {Can respiratory physiology predict thermal niches?.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {1365}, number = {1}, pages = {73-88}, doi = {10.1111/nyas.12876}, pmid = {26333058}, issn = {1749-6632}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Forecasting ; Global Warming ; Humans ; *Respiratory Physiological Phenomena ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Predicting species responses to global warming is the holy grail of climate change science. As temperature directly affects physiological rates, it is clear that a mechanistic understanding of species vulnerability should be grounded in organismal physiology. Here, we review what respiratory physiology can offer the field of thermal ecology, showcasing different perspectives on how respiratory physiology can help explain thermal niches. In water, maintaining adequate oxygen delivery to fuel the higher metabolic rates under warming conditions can become the weakest link, setting thermal tolerance limits. This has repercussions for growth and scaling of metabolic rate. On land, water loss is more likely to become problematic as long as O2 delivery and pH balance can be maintained, potentially constraining species in their normal activity. Therefore, high temperatures need not be lethal, but can still affect the energy intake of an animal, with concomitant consequences for long-term fitness. While respiratory challenges and adaptive responses are diverse, there are clear recurring elements such as oxygen uptake, CO2 excretion, and water homeostasis. We show that respiratory physiology has much to offer the field of thermal ecology and call for an integrative, multivariate view incorporating respiratory challenges, thermal responses, and energetic consequences. Fruitful areas for future research are highlighted.}, }
@article {pmid26332195, year = {2016}, author = {Kelly, E and Phillips, BL}, title = {Targeted gene flow for conservation.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {259-267}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12623}, pmid = {26332195}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Gene Flow ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic threats often impose strong selection on affected populations, causing rapid evolutionary responses. Unfortunately, these adaptive responses are rarely harnessed for conservation. We suggest that conservation managers pay close attention to adaptive processes and geographic variation, with an eye to using them for conservation goals. Translocating pre-adapted individuals into recipient populations is currently considered a potentially important management tool in the face of climate change. Targeted gene flow, which involves moving individuals with favorable traits to areas where these traits would have a conservation benefit, could have a much broader application in conservation. Across a species' range there may be long-standing geographic variation in traits or variation may have rapidly developed in response to a threatening process. Targeted gene flow could be used to promote natural resistance to threats to increase species resilience. We suggest that targeted gene flow is a currently underappreciated strategy in conservation that has applications ranging from the management of invasive species and their impacts to controlling the impact and virulence of pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid26331997, year = {2015}, author = {Jones, CM and Papanicolaou, A and Mironidis, GK and Vontas, J and Yang, Y and Lim, KS and Oakeshott, JG and Bass, C and Chapman, JW}, title = {Genomewide transcriptional signatures of migratory flight activity in a globally invasive insect pest.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {19}, pages = {4901-4911}, pmid = {26331997}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; *Animal Migration ; Animals ; China ; *Flight, Animal ; Genetics, Population ; *Genome, Insect ; Greece ; Introduced Species ; Moths/*genetics/physiology ; Phenotype ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Migration is a key life history strategy for many animals and requires a suite of behavioural, morphological and physiological adaptations which together form the 'migratory syndrome'. Genetic variation has been demonstrated for many traits that make up this syndrome, but the underlying genes involved remain elusive. Recent studies investigating migration-associated genes have focussed on sampling migratory and nonmigratory populations from different geographic locations but have seldom explored phenotypic variation in a migratory trait. Here, we use a novel combination of tethered flight and next-generation sequencing to determine transcriptomic differences associated with flight activity in a globally invasive moth pest, the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera. By developing a state-of-the-art phenotyping platform, we show that field-collected H. armigera display continuous variation in flight performance with individuals capable of flying up to 40 km during a single night. Comparative transcriptomics of flight phenotypes drove a gene expression analysis to reveal a suite of expressed candidate genes which are clearly related to physiological adaptations required for long-distance flight. These include genes important to the mobilization of lipids as flight fuel, the development of flight muscle structure and the regulation of hormones that influence migratory physiology. We conclude that the ability to express this complex set of pathways underlines the remarkable flexibility of facultative insect migrants to respond to deteriorating conditions in the form of migratory flight and, more broadly, the results provide novel insights into the fundamental transcriptional changes required for migration in insects and other taxa.}, }
@article {pmid26331903, year = {2016}, author = {Roy, V and Evangelou, E and Zhu, Z}, title = {Efficient estimation and prediction for the Bayesian binary spatial model with flexible link functions.}, journal = {Biometrics}, volume = {72}, number = {1}, pages = {289-298}, doi = {10.1111/biom.12371}, pmid = {26331903}, issn = {1541-0420}, mesh = {*Bayes Theorem ; Computer Simulation ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Geography, Medical/*methods ; *Linear Models ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; *Software ; *Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Statistical Distributions ; }, abstract = {Spatial generalized linear mixed models (SGLMMs) are popular models for spatial data with a non-Gaussian response. Binomial SGLMMs with logit or probit link functions are often used to model spatially dependent binomial random variables. It is known that for independent binomial data, the robit regression model provides a more robust (against extreme observations) alternative to the more popular logistic and probit models. In this article, we introduce a Bayesian spatial robit model for spatially dependent binomial data. Since constructing a meaningful prior on the link function parameter as well as the spatial correlation parameters in SGLMMs is difficult, we propose an empirical Bayes (EB) approach for the estimation of these parameters as well as for the prediction of the random effects. The EB methodology is implemented by efficient importance sampling methods based on Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms. Our simulation study shows that the robit model is robust against model misspecification, and our EB method results in estimates with less bias than full Bayesian (FB) analysis. The methodology is applied to a Celastrus Orbiculatus data, and a Rhizoctonia root data. For the former, which is known to contain outlying observations, the robit model is shown to do better for predicting the spatial distribution of an invasive species. For the latter, our approach is doing as well as the classical models for predicting the disease severity for a root disease, as the probit link is shown to be appropriate. Though this article is written for Binomial SGLMMs for brevity, the EB methodology is more general and can be applied to other types of SGLMMs. In the accompanying R package geoBayes, implementations for other SGLMMs such as Poisson and Gamma SGLMMs are provided.}, }
@article {pmid26329765, year = {2015}, author = {Mable, BK and Kilbride, E and Viney, ME and Tinsley, RC}, title = {Copy number variation and genetic diversity of MHC Class IIb alleles in an alien population of Xenopus laevis.}, journal = {Immunogenetics}, volume = {67}, number = {10}, pages = {591-603}, pmid = {26329765}, issn = {1432-1211}, support = {BB/D523051/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *DNA Copy Number Variations ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/classification/*genetics ; Inbreeding ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; South Africa ; Wales ; Xenopus Proteins/*genetics ; Xenopus laevis/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Xenopus laevis (the African clawed frog), which originated through hybridisation and whole genome duplication, has been used as a model for genetics and development for many years, but surprisingly little is known about immune gene variation in natural populations. The purpose of this study was to use an isolated population of X. laevis that was introduced to Wales, UK in the past 50 years to investigate how variation at the MHC compares to that at other loci, following a severe population bottleneck. Among 18 individuals, we found nine alleles based on exon 2 sequences of the Class IIb region (which includes the peptide binding region). Individuals carried from one to three of the loci identified from previous laboratory studies. Genetic variation was an order of magnitude higher at the MHC compared with three single-copy nuclear genes, but all loci showed high levels of heterozygosity and nucleotide diversity and there was not an excess of homozygosity or decrease in diversity over time that would suggest extensive inbreeding in the introduced population. Tajima's D was positive for all loci, which is consistent with a bottleneck. Moreover, comparison with published sequences identified the source of the introduced population as the Western Cape region of South Africa, where most commercial suppliers have obtained their stocks. These factors suggest that despite founding by potentially already inbred individuals, the alien population in Wales has maintained substantial genetic variation at both adaptively important and neutral genes.}, }
@article {pmid26327634, year = {2015}, author = {Novais, A and Souza, AT and Ilarri, M and Pascoal, C and Sousa, R}, title = {From water to land: How an invasive clam may function as a resource pulse to terrestrial invertebrates.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {538}, number = {}, pages = {664-671}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.106}, pmid = {26327634}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; *Corbicula ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates ; }, abstract = {Resource pulses are episodes of low frequency, large magnitude and short duration that result in increased resource availability in space and time, with consequences for food web dynamics. Studies assessing the importance of resource pulses by invasive alien species in the interface between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are rare, especially those in the direction from water to land. This study assessed the importance of massive die-offs of the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) as a resource pulse to the terrestrial invertebrate community after an extreme climatic event using a manipulative experiment. We used 5 levels of C. fluminea density (0, 100, 500, 1000 and 2000ind·m(-2)), with terrestrial invertebrates being censused 7, 30 and 90days after C. fluminea addition. We also assessed the possible effect of plots position, where plots that delimited the experiment were assigned as edge plots and the remaining as core plots. Clear differences were detected in abundance, biomass, richness and diversity of terrestrial invertebrates depending on the C. fluminea density, time and position. Interestingly, the highest abundance of adult Diptera was observed 7days after C. fluminea addition, whereas that of the other terrestrial invertebrates was on day 30, both with C. fluminea densities higher than 500ind·m(-2) located on the edge of the experimental design. This study highlights the importance of major resource pulses after massive die-offs of invasive bivalves, contributing with remarkable amounts of carrion for adjacent terrestrial systems. Part of this carrion can be consumed directly by a great number of invertebrate species while the remainder can enter the detrital food web. Given the high density and biomass attained by several invasive bivalves worldwide and the predicted increase in the number, intensity and magnitude of extreme climatic events, the ecological importance of this phenomenon should be further investigated.}, }
@article {pmid26325680, year = {2015}, author = {Kriticos, DJ and Brunel, S and Ota, N and Fried, G and Oude Lansink, AG and Panetta, FD and Prasad, TV and Shabbir, A and Yaacoby, T}, title = {Downscaling Pest Risk Analyses: Identifying Current and Future Potentially Suitable Habitats for Parthenium hysterophorus with Particular Reference to Europe and North Africa.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {e0132807}, pmid = {26325680}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa, Northern ; *Asteraceae/physiology ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Pest Risk Assessments (PRAs) routinely employ climatic niche models to identify endangered areas. Typically, these models consider only climatic factors, ignoring the 'Swiss Cheese' nature of species ranges due to the interplay of climatic and habitat factors. As part of a PRA conducted for the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, we developed a climatic niche model for Parthenium hysterophorus, explicitly including the effects of irrigation where it was known to be practiced. We then downscaled the climatic risk model using two different methods to identify the suitable habitat types: expert opinion (following the EPPO PRA guidelines) and inferred from the global spatial distribution. The PRA revealed a substantial risk to the EPPO region and Central and Western Africa, highlighting the desirability of avoiding an invasion by P. hysterophorus. We also consider the effects of climate change on the modelled risks. The climate change scenario indicated the risk of substantial further spread of P. hysterophorus in temperate northern hemisphere regions (North America, Europe and the northern Middle East), and also high elevation equatorial regions (Western Brazil, Central Africa, and South East Asia) if minimum temperatures increase substantially. Downscaling the climate model using habitat factors resulted in substantial (approximately 22-53%) reductions in the areas estimated to be endangered. Applying expert assessments as to suitable habitat classes resulted in the greatest reduction in the estimated endangered area, whereas inferring suitable habitats factors from distribution data identified more land use classes and a larger endangered area. Despite some scaling issues with using a globally conformal Land Use Systems dataset, the inferential downscaling method shows promise as a routine addition to the PRA toolkit, as either a direct model component, or simply as a means of better informing an expert assessment of the suitable habitat types.}, }
@article {pmid26324928, year = {2015}, author = {Acosta, F and Zamor, RM and Najar, FZ and Roe, BA and Hambright, KD}, title = {Dynamics of an experimental microbial invasion.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {112}, number = {37}, pages = {11594-11599}, pmid = {26324928}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Chlorophyll/chemistry ; *Climate Change ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Haptophyta/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; *Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {The ecological dynamics underlying species invasions have been a major focus of research in macroorganisms for the last five decades. However, we still know little about the processes behind invasion by unicellular organisms. To expand our knowledge of microbial invasions, we studied the roles of propagule pressure, nutrient supply, and biotic resistance in the invasion success of a freshwater invasive alga, Prymnesium parvum, using microcosms containing natural freshwater microbial assemblages. Microcosms were subjected to a factorial design with two levels of nutrient-induced diversity and three levels of propagule pressure, and incubated for 7 d, during which P. parvum densities and microbial community composition were tracked. Successful invasion occurred in microcosms receiving high propagule pressure whereas nutrients or community diversity played no role in invasion success. Invaded communities experienced distinctive changes in composition compared with communities where the invasion was unsuccessful. Successfully invaded microbial communities had an increased abundance of fungi and ciliates, and decreased abundances of diatoms and cercozoans. Many of these changes mirrored the microbial community changes detected during a natural P. parvum bloom in the source system. This role of propagule pressure is particularly relevant for P. parvum in the reservoir-dominated southern United States because this species can form large, sustained blooms that can generate intense propagule pressures for downstream sites. Human impact and global climate change are currently causing widespread environmental changes in most southern US freshwater systems that may facilitate P. parvum establishment and, when coupled with strong propagule pressure, could put many more systems at risk for invasion.}, }
@article {pmid26324698, year = {2016}, author = {Horgan-Kobelski, T and Matesanz, S and Sultan, SE}, title = {Limits to Future Adaptation in the Invasive Plant Polygonum cespitosum: Expression of Functional and Fitness Traits at Elevated CO2.}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {107}, number = {1}, pages = {42-50}, doi = {10.1093/jhered/esv070}, pmid = {26324698}, issn = {1465-7333}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; Environment ; *Genetic Fitness ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Phenotype ; Photosynthesis ; Polygonum/*genetics ; }, abstract = {For organisms to adapt to future environments, they must both evolve appropriate functional responses and phenotypically express those responses under future climatic and CO2 conditions. We examined these 2 components of future adaptation in an invasive annual plant (Polygonum cespitosum) by performing a "resurrection" experiment under field conditions simulating a future environment. Resurrection experiments reveal recent evolution by comparing genotypes from natural populations sampled across a multigeneration interval. We collected genotypes from the same 3 North American populations in 1994 and 2005 and raised inbred lines from these collections under free air CO2 enrichment to examine functional and fitness traits expressed in hot, dry conditions at both ambient and elevated CO2 (N = 295 plants). The species has rapidly evolved in its introduced range to increase photosynthetic rate (collection year effect P ≤ 0.011) and delay senescence (P = 0.017) under full-sun, dry field conditions, but these adaptive changes were not expressed when the field environment included elevated CO2 (within-treatment year effect P ≥ 0.20 for both traits). Populations showed different levels of reproductive output and its genetic variance in these novel, stressful conditions. These findings illustrate constraints on evolutionary adaptation to predicted future conditions at both the species and population levels.}, }
@article {pmid26322856, year = {2015}, author = {Gribben, PE and Simpson, M and Wright, JT}, title = {Relationships between an invasive crab, habitat availability and intertidal community structure at biogeographic scales.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {110}, number = {}, pages = {124-131}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.08.006}, pmid = {26322856}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Anomura/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/physiology ; Population Density ; Tasmania ; }, abstract = {At local scales, habitat availability influences interactions between native and invasive species. Habitat availability may also predict patterns in native communities and invasive species at biogeographic scales when both native and invasive species have specific habitat requirements. The New Zealand porcelain crab, Petrolisthes elongatus, has invaded intertidal rocky shores around Tasmania, Australia, where it is found in high densities (>1800 m(2)) under rocks. A hierarchical sampling approach was used to investigate 1) the relationship between habitat availability (rock cover) and the biomass and abundance of P. elongatus, and 2) the relationship between P. elongatus biomass and native communities at local and regional scales. Invertebrate communities and habitat availability were sampled at multiple sites in the north and south regions of Tasmania. P. elongatus biomass and abundance were positively correlated with rock cover and patterns were consistent at the biogeographic scale (between regions). P. elongatus biomass was positively correlated with native species richness, biomass and abundance highlighting their co-dependence on rock cover. However, multivariate analyses indicated a different native community structure with increasing P. elongatus biomass. Flat, strongly adhering gastropods (chitons and limpets) were positively correlated with P. elongatus biomass, whereas mobile gastropods and crabs were negatively correlated with P. elongatus biomass. Despite local scale variation, there were clear consistent relationships between habitat-availability and the biomass of P. elongatus, and between native communities and the biomass of P. elongatus suggesting that the relationships between native and invasive species may be predictable at large spatial scales. Moreover, the strong relationships between P. elongatus biomass and changes in native community structure suggest a greater understanding of its impact is needed so that appropriate management plans can be developed.}, }
@article {pmid26318003, year = {2015}, author = {Roda, AL and Brambila, J and Barria, J and Euceda, X and Korytkowski, C}, title = {Efficiency of Trapping Systems for Detecting Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {108}, number = {6}, pages = {2648-2654}, doi = {10.1093/jee/tov248}, pmid = {26318003}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Insect Control/*instrumentation ; *Moths ; Pheromones ; }, abstract = {Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a pest of tomato, was recently detected in Panama in Central America and now threatens to expand into the important tomato production areas of Mexico and the United States. Moths caught in T. absoluta pheromone-baited traps must be removed and dissected to confirm the species present before containment and mitigation strategies are put in place. Timely processing of traps can be hindered by the presence of numerous similar nontarget moths that cannot be easily prescreened. Trapping systems using dry bucket traps or Delta traps with either hot melt pressure sensitive adhesives (HMPSA) or cool melt adhesives were evaluated for their effectiveness in trapping T. absoluta and for their ease in allowing identification of nontarget moths. Delta traps in Panama with HMPSA and cool melt adhesives both trapped T. absoluta with equal efficacy. In Florida, nontarget moths were easier to prescreen from bucket traps and HMPSA inserts. Importantly, moths found in bucket traps as well as on cool melt adhesive inserts were of a lower quality than those on HMPSA inserts, making identification more difficult. Studies conducted in Florida and Panama tomato and potato fields showed that commercially produced pheromones containing only the main pheromone component ((3E, 8Z, 11Z)-tetradecatrien-1-yl acetate) or containing both the main and minor pheromone component ((3E, 8Z)-tetradecadien-1-yl) attracted nontarget moths. Survey programs, particularly large-scale ones, should consider the application of alternative trapping systems or new adhesives available in order to facilitate the visual prescreening of nontarget moths.}, }
@article {pmid26316842, year = {2015}, author = {Anderson, LG and Dunn, AM and Rosewarne, PJ and Stebbing, PD}, title = {Invaders in hot water: a simple decontamination method to prevent the accidental spread of aquatic invasive non-native species.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {17}, number = {8}, pages = {2287-2297}, pmid = {26316842}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {Watersports equipment can act as a vector for the introduction and spread of invasive non native species (INNS) in freshwater environments. To support advice given to recreational water users under the UK Government's Check Clean Dry biosecurity campaign and ensure its effectiveness at killing a range of aquatic INNS, we conducted a survival experiment on seven INNS which pose a high risk to UK freshwaters. The efficacy of exposure to hot water (45 °C, 15 min) was tested as a method by which waters users could 'clean' their equipment and was compared to drying and a control group (no treatment). Hot water had caused 99 % mortality across all species 1 h after treatment and was more effective than drying at all time points (1 h: χ[2] = 117.24, p < 0.001; 1 day χ[2] = 95.68, p < 0.001; 8 days χ[2] = 12.16, p < 0.001 and 16 days χ[2] = 7.58, p < 0.001). Drying caused significantly higher mortality than the control (no action) from day 4 (χ[2] = 8.49, p < 0.01) onwards. In the absence of hot water or drying, 6/7 of these species survived for 16 days, highlighting the importance of good biosecurity practice to reduce the risk of accidental spread. In an additional experiment the minimum lethal temperature and exposure time in hot water to cause 100 % mortality in American signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus), was determined to be 5 min at 40 °C. Hot water provides a simple, rapid and effective method to clean equipment. We recommend that it is advocated in future biosecurity awareness campaigns.}, }
@article {pmid26315627, year = {2015}, author = {Zhang, QH and McDonald, DL and Hoover, DR and Aldrich, JR and Schneidmiller, RG}, title = {North American Invasion of the Tawny Crazy Ant (Nylanderia fulva) Is Enabled by Pheromonal Synergism from Two Separate Glands.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {41}, number = {9}, pages = {853-858}, pmid = {26315627}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Alkanes/*metabolism ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Formates/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Ketones/*metabolism ; North America ; Pheromones/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {A new invader, the "tawny crazy ant", Nylanderia fulva (Hymenoptera: Formicidae; Formicinae), is displacing the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Formicidae: Myrmicinae), in the southern U.S., likely through its superior chemical arsenal and communication. Alone, formic acid is unattractive, but this venom (= poison) acid powerfully synergizes attraction of tawny crazy ants to volatiles from the Dufour's gland secretion of N. fulva workers, including the two major components, undecane and 2-tridecanone. The unexpected pheromonal synergism between the Dufour's gland and the venom gland appears to be another key factor, in addition to previously known defensive and detoxification semiochemical features, for the successful invasion and domination of N. fulva in the southern U.S. This synergism is an efficient mechanism enabling N. fulva workers to outcompete Solenopsis and other ant species for food and territory. From a practical standpoint, judicious point-source release formulation of tawny crazy ant volatiles may be pivotal for enhanced attract-and-kill management of this pest.}, }
@article {pmid26314069, year = {2015}, author = {Chen, HS and Yang, L and Huang, LF and Wang, WL and Hu, Y and Jiang, JJ and Zhou, ZS}, title = {Temperature- and Relative Humidity-Dependent Life History Traits of Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Malvales: Malvaceae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, pages = {1230-1239}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv085}, pmid = {26314069}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Food Chain ; Hemiptera/*growth &amp; development ; *Hibiscus/growth &amp; development ; Humidity ; Introduced Species ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a worldwide distributive invasive pest, originated from the United States, and it was first reported in Guangdong province, China, in 2008. The effects of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on the life history traits of P. solenopsis on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Malvales: Malvaceae) were studied at seven constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5, and 35°C) and three RHs (45, 60, and 75%). The results showed that temperature, RH, and their interactions significantly influenced the life history traits of P. solenopsis. First instar was the most sensitive stage to extreme temperatures with very low survival rates at 15 and 35°C. At 25-32.5°C and the three RHs, the developmental periods of entire immature stage were shorter with values between 12.5-18.6 d. The minimum threshold temperature and the effective accumulative temperature for the pest to complete one generation were 13.2°C and 393.7 degree-days, respectively. The percentage and longevity of female adults significantly differed among different treatments. It failed to complete development at 15 or 35°C and the three RHs. Female fecundity reached the maximum value at 27.5°C and 45% RH. The intrinsic rate for increase (r), the net reproductive rate (R0), and the finite rate of increase (λ) reached the maximum values at 27.5°C and 45% RH (0.22 d(-1), 244.6 hatched eggs, and 1.25 d(-1), respectively). Therefore, we conclude that 27.5°C and 45% RH are the optimum conditions for the population development of the pest.}, }
@article {pmid26314064, year = {2015}, author = {Vallorani, R and Angelini, P and Bellini, R and Carrieri, M and Crisci, A and Mascali Zeo, S and Messeri, G and Venturelli, C}, title = {Temperature Characterization of Different Urban Microhabitats of Aedes albopictus (Diptera Culicidae) in Central-Northern Italy.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, pages = {1182-1192}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv067}, pmid = {26314064}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Animals ; Cities ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; Ovum/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Pupa/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is an invasive mosquito species that has spread to many countries in temperate regions bordering the Mediterranean basin, where it is becoming a major public health concern. A good knowledge of the thermal features of the most productive breeding sites for Ae. albopictus is crucial for a better estimation of the mosquitoes' life cycle and developmental rates. In this article, we address the problem of predicting air temperature in three microhabitats common in urban and suburban areas and the air and water temperature inside an ordinary catch basin, which is considered the most productive breeding site for Ae. albopictus in Italy. Temperature differences were statistically proven between the three microhabitats and between the catch basin external and internal temperature. The impacts on the developmental rates for each life stage of Ae. albopictus were tested through a parametric function of the temperature, and the aquatic stages resulted as being the most affected using the specific temperature inside a typical catch basin instead of a generic air temperature. The impact of snow cover on the catch basin internal temperature, and consequently on the mortality of diapausing eggs, was also evaluated. These data can be useful to improve epidemiological models for a better prediction of Ae. albopictus seasonal and population dynamics in central-northern Italian urban areas.}, }
@article {pmid26314062, year = {2015}, author = {Pfammatter, JA and Krause, A and Raffa, KF}, title = {Evaluating Predators and Competitors in Wisconsin Red Pine Forests for Attraction to Mountain Pine Beetle Pheromones for Anticipatory Biological Control.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, pages = {1161-1171}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv091}, pmid = {26314062}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Bicyclic Monoterpenes ; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/*pharmacology ; Coleoptera/physiology ; Food Chain ; Forests ; Male ; Monoterpenes/*pharmacology ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Pinus ; Weevils/*physiology ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {Mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an irruptive tree-killing species native to pine forests of western North America. Two potential pathways of spread to eastern forests have recently been identified. First, warming temperatures have driven range expansion from British Columbia into Albertan jack pine forests that are contiguous with the Great Lakes region. Second, high temperatures and drought have fostered largescale outbreaks within the historical range, creating economic incentives to salvage killed timber by transporting logs to midwestern markets, which risks accidental introduction. We evaluated the extent to which local predators and competitors that exploit bark beetle semiochemicals would respond to D. ponderosae in Wisconsin. We emulated D. ponderosae attack by deploying lures containing synthetic aggregation pheromones with and without host tree compounds and blank control traps in six red pine plantations over 2 yr. Predator populations were high in these stands, as evidenced by catches in positive control traps, baited with pheromones of local bark beetles and were deployed distant from behavioral choice plots. Only one predator, Thanasimus dubius F. (Coleoptera: Cleridae) was attracted to D. ponderosae's aggregation pheromones relative to blank controls, and its attraction was relatively weak. The most common bark beetles attracted to these pheromones were lower stem and root colonizers, which likely would facilitate rather than compete with D. ponderosae. There was some, but weak, attraction of potentially competing Ips species. Other factors that might influence natural enemy impacts on D. ponderosae in midwestern forests, such as phenological synchrony and exploitation of male-produced pheromones, are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid26314046, year = {2015}, author = {Bakken, AJ and Schoof, SC and Bickerton, M and Kamminga, KL and Jenrette, JC and Malone, S and Abney, MA and Herbert, DA and Reisig, D and Kuhar, TP and Walgenbach, JF}, title = {Occurrence of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Wild Hosts in Nonmanaged Woodlands and Soybean Fields in North Carolina and Virginia.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, pages = {1011-1021}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv092}, pmid = {26314046}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; *Forests ; Heteroptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; North Carolina ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Ovum/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Glycine max/*growth &amp; development ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {Nonmanaged plants occurring along forest edges and in suburban settings were sampled for brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), in North Carolina (NC) and Virginia (VA) over the course of three growing seasons. Commercial soybeans (Glycine max), an attractive cultivated host, were also sampled in 2014 in NC and in VA from 2010-2014. Very few H. halys were found on nonmanaged plants or soybean fields in the coastal plain region of either state, but substantial populations were recorded in the piedmont and mountain regions. From 2011 to 2013, H. halys comprised from 51 to 97% of all stink bug species observed on nonmanaged plants in the piedmont and mountain regions. In VA, the distribution expanded from detection in 12 counties in 2010 to 53 counties in 2014, with economically damaging levels occurring in the piedmont region. During these studies, H. halys were observed to complete one and a partial second generation per year in western NC and southwestern VA, similar to that previously observed in regions farther north. Several plants were identified as preferred hosts, with tree of heaven, catalpa, yellowwood, paulownia, cherry, walnut, redbud, and grape having consistently high numbers of H. halys. Knowing that these plants are preferred by H. halys during certain stages of the insects' development will aid in the search for H. halys in new areas, as well as serve as one predictor of the likelihood of a certain area to attract and sustain large H. halys populations.}, }
@article {pmid26314041, year = {2015}, author = {Eatough Jones, M and Hanlon, CC and Paine, TD}, title = {Potential for Interspecific Competition Between Congeneric Longhorned Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in an Adventive Environment.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, pages = {960-965}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv070}, pmid = {26314041}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Competitive Behavior ; Eucalyptus/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Female ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Trees/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; }, abstract = {The cerambycid beetle, Phoracantha semipunctata F., was introduced into California in the mid-1980s and killed large numbers of Eucalyptus host trees. The populations of the borer declined to very low levels in the mid-1990s following the establishment of the congener, Phoracantha recurva Newman, and the intentional introduction of the egg parasitoid, Avetianella longoi Siscaro. The distributions of the beetles overlap in the Australian native range, but one species has replaced the other in the adventive range in California. One possible explanation is differential susceptibility to natural enemies introduced for biological control. An alternative explanation for the reduced abundance of P. semipunctata is asymmetric interspecific competition between the two species. To test this hypothesis, equal larval densities of each species were introduced into host logs. In all cases, more P. recurva adults emerged than P. semipunctata adults, but the presence of congeners did not have a different effect than the presence of an equal density of conspecific individuals. Neither the temporal order of introduction or bark thickness altered the outcome of potential competitive interactions. Consequently, it appears that the ecological replacement of one borer with another in the adventive environment in southern California may not be a result of bottom-up intraguild competitive interactions. The top-down effects of natural enemies on P. semipunctata have most likely led to its decline.}, }
@article {pmid26314023, year = {2015}, author = {Muturi, EJ and Gardner, AM and Bara, JJ}, title = {Impact of an Alien Invasive Shrub on Ecology of Native and Alien Invasive Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {44}, number = {5}, pages = {1308-1315}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv121}, pmid = {26314023}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Acer ; Animals ; Body Size ; Culex/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Female ; Illinois ; Insect Vectors ; *Introduced Species ; *Lonicera ; Ochlerotatus/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Oviposition/physiology ; Plant Leaves ; Quercus ; }, abstract = {We examined how leaf litter of alien invasive honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii Rupr.) either alone or in combination with leaf litter of one of two native tree species, sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), affects the ecology of Culex restuans Theobald, Ochlerotatus triseriatus Say, and Ochlerotatus japonicus Theobald. Experimental mesocosms containing single species litter or a mixture of honeysuckle and one of two native tree species litter were established at South Farms and Trelease Woods study sites in Urbana, IL, and examined for their effect on 1) oviposition site selection by the three mosquito species, and 2) adult production and body size of Oc. triseriatus and Oc. japonicus. There were no significant effects of study site and leaf treatment on Oc. japonicus and Oc. triseriatus oviposition preference and adult production. In contrast, significantly more Cx. restuans eggs rafts were collected at South Farms relative to Trelease Woods and in honeysuckle litter relative to native tree species litter. Significantly larger adult females of Oc. japonicus and Oc. triseriatus were collected at South Farms relative to Trelease Woods and in honeysuckle litter relative to native tree species litter. Combining honeysuckle litter with native tree species litter had additive effects on Cx. restuans oviposition preference and Oc. japonicus and Oc. triseriatus body size, with the exception of honeysuckle and northern red oak litter combination, which had antagonistic effects on Oc. triseriatus body size. We conclude that input of honeysuckle litter into container aquatic habitats may alter the life history traits of vector mosquito species.}, }
@article {pmid26314019, year = {2015}, author = {Bahder, BW and Bahder, LD and Hamby, KA and Walsh, DB and Zalom, FG}, title = {Microsatellite Variation of two Pacific Coast Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Populations.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {44}, number = {5}, pages = {1449-1453}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv117}, pmid = {26314019}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Drosophila/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Washington ; }, abstract = {The vinegar fly, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is a recent invader in North America that has become a serious threat to small fruit production. It was first detected in California in 2008 and in Washington state in 2009. In this study, D. suzukii populations from the area of the original detection on California's central coast and from eastern Washington, the United States, were sampled over a 3-year period to determine genetic variation in both using microsatellite markers. Six different loci were successfully amplified and included in the analysis. These loci included nanos, elf1, antennapedia, mastermind, z600, and tenA. The population from eastern Washington was highly monomorphic with one locus, mastermind, having multiple alleles. There was greater genetic variation in the coastal California population with all loci having multiple alleles, with the exception of tenA. Owing to the relatively low levels of genetic variation in the eastern Washington population compared with the coastal California population, it appears that the D. suzukii population in the eastern Washington region has undergone a significant bottleneck.}, }
@article {pmid26314010, year = {2015}, author = {Kemp, EA and Cottrell, TE}, title = {Effect of Lures and Colors on Capture of Lady Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Tedders Pyramidal Traps.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {44}, number = {5}, pages = {1395-1406}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv108}, pmid = {26314010}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Color ; Cyclohexenes/*administration &amp; dosage ; Insect Control/*instrumentation ; Introduced Species ; Limonene ; Terpenes/*administration &amp; dosage ; }, abstract = {Purposeful attraction and aggregation of adult Coccinellidae at target sites would be useful for sampling purposes and pest suppression. We field-tested 1) lures in yellow and black pyramidal traps and 2) pyramidal traps that had been painted one or two colors (without lures) to determine if lures or trap color affected capture of adult Coccinellidae. In only one experiment with lures did a single rate of limonene increase trap capture, whereas no other lure ever did. Yellow traps, regardless of using a lure, always captured significantly more lady beetles than black traps. When single-color red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, black, and white traps (without lures) were tested, yellow traps captured significantly more lady beetles. Of all species of Coccinellidae captured in these single-color traps, 95% were the exotic species Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) and Coccinella septempunctata L. H. axyridis alone dominated trap capture comprising 74.1% of all lady beetles. Two-color traps (yellow-green, yellow-orange, yellow-white, and yellow-black) never captured more than single-color yellow traps. These results demonstrate that yellow pyramidal traps can be used to purposefully attract, and when used without a collection device, possibly aggregate adult Coccinellidae at targeted field sites.}, }
@article {pmid26313998, year = {2015}, author = {Ahmed, MZ and Ma, J and Qiu, BL and He, RR and Wu, MT and Liang, F and Zhao, JP and Lin, L and Hu, XN and Lv, LH and Breinholt, JW and Lu, YY}, title = {Genetic Record for a Recent Invasion of Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Asia.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, pages = {907-918}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv034}, pmid = {26313998}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Hemiptera/*genetics/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pakistan ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Wasps/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley is an emerging invasive insect pest. Since its first report as a pest in the United States in 1991, it has invaded and colonized more than 23 countries over the past century. It was first recorded from Pakistan in 2006 and from China in 2008. In this study, we performed field surveys from 2010 to 2012 and obtained mtCOI sequences from specimens across China and Pakistan, then compared them with already available mtCOI sequences from additional Asian and North American countries. Our genetic analysis provides evidence that P. solenopsis should be classified into two groups, one of which is found only in the United States, and the other found only in Asia. The Asian group contains nine unique haplotypes, two of which have invaded and spread across China, Pakistan, India, and Vietnam over the last 4-6 yr. Our genetic analysis also indicates that P. solenopsis has a close relationship with the parasitoid wasp Aenasius bambawalei Hayat, providing preliminary evidence of a congruent spread of this mealybug and its parasitoids across China.}, }
@article {pmid26313982, year = {2015}, author = {Wilson, BE and Hardy, TN and Beuzelin, JM and VanWeelden, MT and Reagan, TE and Miller, R and Meaux, J and Stout, MJ and Carlton, CE}, title = {Expansion of the Mexican Rice Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) into Rice and Sugarcane in Louisiana.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, pages = {757-766}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv016}, pmid = {26313982}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; Louisiana ; Male ; Moths/drug effects/*physiology ; *Oryza/growth &amp; development ; Pheromones/pharmacology ; *Saccharum/growth &amp; development ; Sex Attractants/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is an invasive pest of sugarcane, Saccharum spp., rice, Oryza sativa L., and other graminaceous crops in the Gulf Coast region of the United States. Traps baited with E. loftini female sex pheromones were used to document establishment and distribution of E. loftini near sugarcane, rice, and noncrop hosts in seven southwest Louisiana parishes from 2009 to 2013. Additional field surveys documented larval infestations in commercial sugarcane and rice. After its initial detection in 2008, no E. loftini were detected in Louisiana in 2009 and only two adults were captured in 2010. Trapping documented range expansion into Cameron, Beauregard, and Jefferson Davis parishes in 2011 and Allen, Acadia, and Vermilion parishes in 2013. During the course of this study, E. loftini expanded its range eastward into Louisiana 120 km from the Texas border (≈22 km/yr). Surveys of larval infestations provided the first record of E. loftini attacking rice and sugarcane in Louisiana. Infestations of E. loftini in rice planted without insecticidal seed treatments in Calcasieu Parish reached damaging levels.}, }
@article {pmid26313977, year = {2015}, author = {Burrack, HJ and Asplen, M and Bahder, L and Collins, J and Drummond, FA and Guédot, C and Isaacs, R and Johnson, D and Blanton, A and Lee, JC and Loeb, G and Rodriguez-Saona, C and van Timmeren, S and Walsh, D and McPhie, DR}, title = {Multistate Comparison of Attractants for Monitoring Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Blueberries and Caneberries.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, pages = {704-712}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv022}, pmid = {26313977}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Blueberry Plants/growth &amp; development ; Drosophila/drug effects/*physiology ; *Insect Control ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; *Rubus/growth &amp; development ; United States ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii Matsumara, also referred to as the spotted wing drosophila, has recently expanded its global range with significant consequences for its primary host crops: blueberries, blackberries, raspberries, cherries, and strawberries. D. suzukii populations can increase quickly, and their infestation is difficult to predict and prevent. The development of effective tools to detect D. suzukii presence in new areas, to time the beginning of activity within a crop, to track seasonal activity patterns, and to gauge the effectiveness of management efforts has been a key research goal. We compared the efficiency, selectivity, and relationship to fruit infestation of a range of commonly used homemade baits and a synthetic formulated lure across a wide range of environments in 10 locations throughout the United States. Several homemade baits were more efficient than apple cider vinegar, a commonly used standard, and a commercially formulated lure was, in some configurations and environments, comparable with the most effective homemade attractant as well as potentially more selective. All alternative attractants also captured flies between 1 and 2 wk earlier than apple cider vinegar, and detected the presence of D. suzukii prior to the development of fruit infestation. Over half the Drosophila spp. flies captured in traps baited with any of the attractants were not D. suzukii, which may complicate their adoption by nonexpert users. The alternative D. suzukii attractants tested are improvement on apple cider vinegar and may be useful in the development of future synthetic lures.}, }
@article {pmid26313971, year = {2015}, author = {Schuh, M and Larsen, KJ}, title = {Rhamnus cathartica (Rosales: Rhamnaceae) Invasion Reduces Ground-Dwelling Insect Abundance and Diversity in Northeast Iowa Forests.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, pages = {647-657}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv050}, pmid = {26313971}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Allelopathy ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Iowa ; Rhamnus/*chemistry ; Soil ; }, abstract = {European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.) is an invasive woody shrub in deciduous forests of the Upper Midwest. Studies have suggested buckthorn invasion has negative effects on native plants, soil, and ecosystems, but its impacts on insects are largely unstudied. To test the impact of buckthorn invasion on ground-dwelling insects in forests of northeastern Iowa, pitfall traps were used to sample ground-dwelling insects at five sites four different periods from June to August 2013. Each site had three treatments: areas heavily infested with buckthorn, areas where buckthorn has not established, and areas where buckthorn had been removed within the past 2-10 yr. Most insects were identified to family and quantified; while ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were identified to species and quantified. In total, 11,576 insects representing eight orders and 46 families were collected. Areas uninvaded by buckthorn had significantly greater insect abundance and taxonomic richness than areas invaded by buckthorn. Of the 948 ground beetles representing 40 species, abundance, species richness, and Shannon diversity indices were significantly lower in areas invaded by buckthorn compared with areas with no buckthorn. The 2,661 ants from 24 species had similar trends, but treatment differences were not significant because of high variability. These results clearly show a negative impact of buckthorn invasion on the abundance and taxonomic richness of ground-dwelling insects.}, }
@article {pmid26313959, year = {2015}, author = {Li, HF and Lan, YC and Fujisaki, I and Kanzaki, N and Lee, HJ and Su, NY}, title = {Termite Assemblage Pattern and Niche Partitioning in a Tropical Forest Ecosystem.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, pages = {546-556}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv038}, pmid = {26313959}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Forests ; Geographic Information Systems ; Isoptera/*physiology ; Taiwan ; *Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Termites are major plant decomposers in tropical forest ecosystems, but their cryptic nature poses an obstacle for studying their ecological roles in depth. In the current study, we quantified climatic and geographic information of 137 termite collection sites in the Kenting National Park, Taiwan, and described the ecological niches and assemblage patterns of 13 termite species of three families. Three major assemblage patterns are reported. First, the three termite families were found in most landcovering types with similar number of species, which indicated that each family played a unique role in the ecosystem. Second, average numbers of termite species were not different among collection sites, but the total number of termite species found in each landcovering type was different, which indicated that termite niche capacity in each small area was the same but some landcovering types were composed of diverse microhabitats to host more termite species. Third, termite species of every family showed distinct moisture preferences in their habitat choices. In addition to the three assemblage patterns, we found that niche size of the advanced termite family, Termitidae, was larger than that of the primitive termite families, Rhinotermitidae or Kalotermitidae. The broader choices of cellulosic materials as food sources may allow Termitidae to adapt to more diverse environments than exclusive wood feeders. Termite niche quantification could further be used to study termite pest adaption in urban areas, interspecific competition between native and invasive species, and plant decomposition processes.}, }
@article {pmid26313952, year = {2015}, author = {Venugopal, PD and Martinson, HM and Bergmann, EJ and Shrewsbury, PM and Raupp, MJ}, title = {Edge Effects Influence the Abundance of the Invasive Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Woody Plant Nurseries.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, pages = {474-479}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv061}, pmid = {26313952}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Heteroptera ; Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; Maryland ; Nymph ; Population Dynamics ; Glycine max ; *Trees ; Zea mays ; }, abstract = {The invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), has caused severe economic losses in the United States and is also a major nuisance pest invading homes. In diverse woody plant nurseries, favored host plants may be attacked at different times of the season and in different locations in the field. Knowledge of factors influencing H. halys abundance and simple methods to predict where H. halys are found and cause damage are needed to develop effective management strategies. In this study, we examined H. halys abundance on plants in tree nurseries as a function of distance from field edges (edge and core samples) and documented the abundance in tree nurseries adjoining different habitat types (corn, soybean, residential areas, and production sod). We conducted timed counts for H. halys on 2,016 individual trees belonging to 146 unique woody plant cultivars at two commercial tree nurseries in Maryland. Across three years of sampling, we found that H. halys nymphs and adults were more abundant at field edges (0-5 m from edges) than in the core of fields (15-20 m from edges). Proximity of soybean fields was associated with high nymph and adult abundance. Results indicate that monitoring efforts and intervention tactics for this invasive pest could be restricted to field edges, especially those close to soybean fields. We show clearly that spatial factors, especially distance from edge, strongly influence H. halys abundance in nurseries. This information may greatly simplify the development of any future management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid26313196, year = {2015}, author = {Golec, JR and Hu, XP}, title = {Preoverwintering Copulation and Female Ratio Bias: Life History Characteristics Contributing to the Invasiveness and Rapid Spread of Megacopta cribraria (Heteroptera: Plataspidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {411-417}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvv014}, pmid = {26313196}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Alabama ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Copulation ; Female ; Heteroptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Pest Control, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; Sex Ratio ; }, abstract = {Prewinter copulation, sperm storage, and oocyte development in overwintering adult Megacopta cribraria (F.) was examined in Alabama (Lee Co.). Microscopic examinations of the spermathecae and ovaries were made in females and of the testes in males that were collected approximately weekly from September 2013 through March 2014. The results indicated that approximately 15% of females mated before entering winter dormancy and sperm was stored in their spermatheca for up to seven months, oocytes in mated overwintering females proceeded to postblastoderm stage before the onset of spring feeding and mating in March, all of the overwintering males had sperm in their testes, and the ratio of females gradually increased in populations during overwintering. This study indicates that both males and females are capable of reproductive dormancy. The biological significance of these life cycle aspects is discussed from the viewpoints of invasiveness and adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid26312044, year = {2015}, author = {Mitchell, JD and Daly, DC}, title = {A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics.}, journal = {PhytoKeys}, volume = {}, number = {55}, pages = {1-92}, pmid = {26312044}, issn = {1314-2011}, abstract = {As part of an ongoing study of Anacardiaceae subfamily Spondioideae, the ten native and one introduced species of Spondias in the Neotropics are revised. The genus is circumscribed. Three new species, Spondiasadmirabilis, Spondiasexpeditionaria, and Spondiasglobosa, are described and illustrated; a key to the taxa found in the Neotropics and distribution maps are provided. The Paleotropical species and allied genera are reviewed. Diagnostic character sets include leaf architecture, habit, flower morphology, and gross fruit morphology. Notes on the ecology and economic botany of the species are provided.}, }
@article {pmid26311581, year = {2015}, author = {Schulz, R and Bundschuh, M and Gergs, R and Brühl, CA and Diehl, D and Entling, MH and Fahse, L and Frör, O and Jungkunst, HF and Lorke, A and Schäfer, RB and Schaumann, GE and Schwenk, K}, title = {Review on environmental alterations propagating from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {538}, number = {}, pages = {246-261}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.038}, pmid = {26311581}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental Pollution ; Food Chain ; Herbivory ; }, abstract = {Terrestrial inputs into freshwater ecosystems are a classical field of environmental science. Resource fluxes (subsidy) from aquatic to terrestrial systems have been less studied, although they are of high ecological relevance particularly for the receiving ecosystem. These fluxes may, however, be impacted by anthropogenically driven alterations modifying structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems. In this context, we reviewed the peer-reviewed literature for studies addressing the subsidy of terrestrial by aquatic ecosystems with special emphasis on the role that anthropogenic alterations play in this water-land coupling. Our analysis revealed a continuously increasing interest in the coupling of aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems between 1990 and 2014 (total: 661 studies), while the research domains focusing on abiotic (502 studies) and biotic (159 studies) processes are strongly separated. Approximately 35% (abiotic) and 25% (biotic) of the studies focused on the propagation of anthropogenic alterations from the aquatic to the terrestrial system. Among these studies, hydromorphological and hydrological alterations were predominantly assessed, whereas water pollution and invasive species were less frequently investigated. Less than 5% of these studies considered indirect effects in the terrestrial system e.g. via food web responses, as a result of anthropogenic alterations in aquatic ecosystems. Nonetheless, these very few publications indicate far-reaching consequences in the receiving terrestrial ecosystem. For example, bottom-up mediated responses via soil quality can cascade over plant communities up to the level of herbivorous arthropods, while top-down mediated responses via predatory spiders can cascade down to herbivorous arthropods and even plants. Overall, the current state of knowledge calls for an integrated assessment on how these interactions within terrestrial ecosystems are affected by propagation of aquatic ecosystem alterations. To fill these gaps, we propose a scientific framework, which considers abiotic and biotic aspects based on an interdisciplinary approach.}, }
@article {pmid26311505, year = {2015}, author = {Gillespie, LJ and Saarela, JM and Sokoloff, PC and Bull, RD}, title = {New vascular plant records for the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.}, journal = {PhytoKeys}, volume = {}, number = {52}, pages = {23-79}, pmid = {26311505}, issn = {1314-2011}, abstract = {The Canadian Arctic Archipelago is a vast region of approximately 1,420,000 km(2), with a flora characterized by low species diversity, low endemicity, and little influence by alien species. New records of vascular plant species are documented here based on recent fieldwork on Victoria and Baffin Islands; additional records based on recent literature sources are mentioned. This paper serves as an update to the 2007 publication Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and brings the total number of vascular plants for the region to 375 species and infraspecific taxa, an increase of 7.7%. Three families (Amaranthaceae, Juncaginaceae, Pteridaceae) and seven genera (Cherleria L., Cryptogramma R. Br., Platanthera Rich., Sabulina Rchb., Suaeda Forssk. ex J.F. Gmel., Triglochin L., Utricularia L.) are added to the flora, and one genus is deleted (Minuartia L.). Five species are first records for Nunavut (Arenarialongipedunculata Hultén, Cryptogrammastelleri (S.G. Gmel.) Prantl, Puccinelliabanksiensis Consaul, Saxifragaeschscholtzii Sternb., Utriculariaochroleuca R.W. Hartm.).}, }
@article {pmid26310033, year = {2015}, author = {Slynko, YV and Stolbunova, VV and Mendsaykhan, B}, title = {[Genetic Variation of the mtDNA cyt b Locus in Graylings (Thymalus sp.: Thymalidae, Pisces) Introduced into the Baydrag Gol River of the Valley of Lakes Basin (Mongolia)].}, journal = {Genetika}, volume = {51}, number = {6}, pages = {704-710}, pmid = {26310033}, issn = {0016-6758}, mesh = {Animals ; Cytochromes b/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Fish Proteins/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Salmonidae/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Based on sequence variation of the mtDNA cyt b gene, an analysis of graylings introduced from the Arctic Ocean basin (Selenga River basin) into one of the rivers of Central Asian inland basin (Baydrag Goal River of the Valley of Lakes basin) was carried out. Morphological and molecular genetic identification was performed, and it was established that the introduced species corresponded to the Baikal grayling. The relationships among Central Asian grayling species are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid26309302, year = {2014}, author = {Freed, TZ and Kesavaraju, B and Leisnham, PT}, title = {Effects of Competition and Predation by Native Mosquitoes on the North American Invasion of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae).}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {51}, number = {6}, pages = {1159-1167}, doi = {10.1603/ME13179}, pmid = {26309302}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {Aedes/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Competitive Behavior ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Population Growth ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {The success and effects of a biological invasion can be dependent on species interactions with resident competitors and predators. Indirect interactions between competition and predation, such as keystone predation, can influence both invasion success and the impact of an invasive species on resident competitors. The invasive mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald) has been established within the North American range of the indigenous competitor Aedes triseriatus (Say) and indigenous mosquito predator Toxorhynchites rutilus (Coquillett). The effects of Tx. rutilus predation on competition between Ae. j. japonicus and Ae. triseriatus were tested in laboratory microcosms. Consistent with a prior study, there was minimal evidence of competitive asymmetry between Ae. j. japonicus and Ae. triseriatus, with similar effects of intraspecific versus interspecific interactions on both species. Tx. rutilus predation caused high mortality of both Ae. j. japonicus and Ae. triseriatus, and minimized the effects of density-dependent competition. Ae. japonicus females that survived predation had larger adult body sizes than those in treatments without predators. Ae. triseriatus females that survived Tx. rutilus predation were larger and developed quicker than individuals in treatments without predators. Intraspecific competition and predation negatively affected the finite rate of population increase for Ae. j. japonicus, but only affected individual fitness correlates for Ae. triseriatus, indicating that the overall population performance of the invader is more sensitive to these interactions than the native species. Based on these results, we predict that predation is likely to be an important barrier to the establishment and spread of Ae. j. japonicus in tree holes in North America.}, }
@article {pmid26309286, year = {2014}, author = {Scheffer, SJ and Lewis, ML and Gaimari, SD and Reitz, SR}, title = {Molecular Survey for the Invasive Leafminer Pest Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in California Uncovers Only the Native Pest Liriomyza langei.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {107}, number = {5}, pages = {1959-1964}, doi = {10.1603/EC13279}, pmid = {26309286}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Diptera/classification/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Female ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) is a highly destructive invasive leafminer pest currently causing extensive damage to vegetable and horticultural crops around the world. Liriomyza langei Frick is a leafminer pest native to California that cannot currently be morphologically distinguished from L. huidobrensis. We used a DNA-barcoding approach, a published PCR-RFLP method, and a new multiplex PCR method to analyze 664 flies matching the morphological description of huidobrensis-langei. We found no evidence for the presence of L. huidobrensis in our extensive samples from California. In addition to the new molecular method, this work is important because it provides definitive data that the California "pea leafminer" is currently, and has probably always been, L. langei. These data will also be important in the event that the highly invasive L. huidobrensis ever becomes established.}, }
@article {pmid26309285, year = {2014}, author = {Barr, NB and Ledezma, LA and Leblanc, L and San Jose, M and Rubinoff, D and Geib, SM and Fujita, B and Bartels, DW and Garza, D and Kerr, P and Hauser, M and Gaimari, S}, title = {Genetic Diversity of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) on the Hawaiian Islands: Implications for an Introduction Pathway Into California.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {107}, number = {5}, pages = {1946-1958}, doi = {10.1603/EC13482}, pmid = {26309285}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; California ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Hawaii ; Insect Control ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Tephritidae/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Population genetic diversity of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), on the Hawaiian islands of Oahu, Maui, Kauai, and Hawaii (the Big Island) was estimated using DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. In total, 932 flies representing 36 sampled sites across the four islands were sequenced for a 1,500-bp fragment of the gene named the C1500 marker. Genetic variation was low on the Hawaiian Islands with >96% of flies having just two haplotypes: C1500-Haplotype 1 (63.2%) or C1500-Haplotype 2 (33.3%). The other 33 flies (3.5%) had haplotypes similar to the two dominant haplotypes. No population structure was detected among the islands or within islands. The two haplotypes were present at similar frequencies at each sample site, suggesting that flies on the various islands can be considered one population. Comparison of the Hawaiian data set to DNA sequences of 165 flies from outbreaks in California between 2006 and 2012 indicates that a single-source introduction pathway of Hawaiian origin cannot explain many of the flies in California. Hawaii, however, could not be excluded as a maternal source for 69 flies. There was no clear geographic association for Hawaiian or non-Hawaiian haplotypes in the Bay Area or Los Angeles Basin over time. This suggests that California experienced multiple, independent introductions from different sources.}, }
@article {pmid26309277, year = {2014}, author = {Brown, P and Daigneault, A}, title = {Cost-Benefit Analysis of Managing the Papuana uninodis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Taro Beetle in Fiji.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {107}, number = {5}, pages = {1866-1877}, doi = {10.1603/EC14212}, pmid = {26309277}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera/physiology ; Colocasia/*growth &amp; development ; *Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth &amp; development ; Fiji ; Herbivory ; Insect Control/*economics/methods ; }, abstract = {Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) plays a prominent role in the economies and cultures of Pacific Island countries such as Fiji. Unfortunately, taro is highly susceptible to invasion from taro beetles, which burrow into the corms and weaken the plants, rendering them unmarkable and prone to rot. Papuana uninodis Prell, an invasive alien species that is native to the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, was first reported on Viti Levu (Fiji's largest island) in 1984. Since that time, taro production on Viti Levu has fallen substantially. In this paper, we employ data from surveys of households and communities to document the impacts of P. uninodis on Viti Levu. We then identify three management approaches-chemical controls, cultural controls, and switching from taro to another staple crop-and conduct a cost-benefit analysis of each. We find strong arguments for pursuing chemical control, which derives a net present value of monetised benefits of about FJ&amp;dollar;139,500 per hectare over 50 yr, or >FJ&amp;dollar;21 for each FJ&amp;dollar;1 spent. Still, any of the three management options is more efficient than no management, even without any attempt to quantify the benefits to biodiversity or forest protection, underscoring the value of actively managing this invasive alien species.}, }
@article {pmid26309130, year = {2015}, author = {Heavner, ME and Qiu, WG and Cheng, HP}, title = {Phylogenetic Co-Occurrence of ExoR, ExoS, and ChvI, Components of the RSI Bacterial Invasion Switch, Suggests a Key Adaptive Mechanism Regulating the Transition between Free-Living and Host-Invading Phases in Rhizobiales.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e0135655}, pmid = {26309130}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {SC1 AI107955/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; SC3 GM081147/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; SGM081147//PHS HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {ADP Ribose Transferases/*classification/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/*classification/genetics ; Bacterial Toxins/*classification/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Genome, Bacterial ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/*biosynthesis ; Sequence Alignment ; Sinorhizobium meliloti/genetics/*pathogenicity ; Transcription Factors/*classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {Both bacterial symbionts and pathogens rely on their host-sensing mechanisms to activate the biosynthetic pathways necessary for their invasion into host cells. The Gram-negative bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti relies on its RSI (ExoR-ExoS-ChvI) Invasion Switch to turn on the production of succinoglycan, an exopolysaccharide required for its host invasion. Recent whole-genome sequencing efforts have uncovered putative components of RSI-like invasion switches in many other symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria. To explore the possibility of the existence of a common invasion switch, we have conducted a phylogenomic survey of orthologous ExoR, ExoS, and ChvI tripartite sets in more than ninety proteobacterial genomes. Our analyses suggest that functional orthologs of the RSI invasion switch co-exist in Rhizobiales, an order characterized by numerous invasive species, but not in the order's close relatives. Phylogenomic analyses and reconstruction of orthologous sets of the three proteins in Alphaproteobacteria confirm Rhizobiales-specific gene synteny and congruent RSI evolutionary histories. Evolutionary analyses further revealed site-specific substitutions correlated specifically to either animal-bacteria or plant-bacteria associations. Lineage restricted conservation of any one specialized gene is in itself an indication of species adaptation. However, the orthologous phylogenetic co-occurrence of all interacting partners within this single signaling pathway strongly suggests that the development of the RSI switch was a key adaptive mechanism. The RSI invasion switch, originally found in S. meliloti, is a characteristic of the Rhizobiales, and potentially a conserved crucial activation step that may be targeted to control host invasion by pathogenic bacterial species.}, }
@article {pmid26308859, year = {2015}, author = {Winterbach, CW and Whitesell, C and Somers, MJ}, title = {Wildlife Abundance and Diversity as Indicators of Tourism Potential in Northern Botswana.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e0135595}, pmid = {26308859}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Biodiversity ; Botswana ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Recreation ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Wildlife tourism can provide economic incentives for conservation. Due to the abundance of wildlife and the presence of charismatic species some areas are better suited to wildlife tourism. Our first objective was to develop criteria based on wildlife abundance and diversity to evaluate tourism potential in the Northern Conservation Zone of Botswana. Secondly we wanted to quantify and compare tourism experiences in areas with high and low tourism potential. We used aerial survey data to estimate wildlife biomass and diversity to determine tourism potential, while data from ground surveys quantified the tourist experience. Areas used for High Paying Low Volume tourism had significantly higher mean wildlife biomass and wildlife diversity than the areas avoided for this type of tourism. Only 22% of the Northern Conservation Zone has intermediate to high tourism potential. The areas with high tourism potential, as determined from the aerial survey data, provided tourists with significantly better wildlife sightings (ground surveys) than the low tourism potential areas. Even Low Paying tourism may not be economically viable in concessions that lack areas with intermediate to high tourism potential. The largest part of the Northern Conservation Zone has low tourism potential, but low tourism potential is not equal to low conservation value. Alternative conservation strategies should be developed to complement the economic incentive provided by wildlife-based tourism in Botswana.}, }
@article {pmid26308807, year = {2015}, author = {Tumminello, G and Ugine, TA and Losey, JE}, title = {Intraguild Interactions of Native and Introduced Coccinellids: The Decline of a Flagship Species.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, pages = {64-72}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvu010}, pmid = {26308807}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids ; Cannibalism ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Competitive Behavior ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Male ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {The decline of Coccinella novemnotata Herbst, the ninespotted lady beetle, across North America has been attributed to the introduction of Coccinella septempunctata L. It has been suggested that C. septempunctata negatively impacted C. novemnotata through a combination of mechanisms. We investigated the effects of scramble competition and intraguild predation between groups of C. septempunctata and C. novemnotata. A novel aspect of these experiments for this species combination was that we provided beetles the option to cannibalize conspecifics or predate on heterospecifics (i.e. intraguild predation); thus, we were able to compare interspecific versus intraspecific competition. Increasing prey density resulted in significantly lower rates of intraguild predation on C. novemnotata by C. septempunctata. Percentage survival of C. novemnotata grouped with C. septempunctata at low and high aphid densities was 6 and 61%, respectively. For our second study, we increased the spatial complexity and volume of the assay system, and provided prey ad libitum. C. novemnotata survival from first-instar to adult was significantly lower than C. septempunctata survival when grouped heterospecifically (43 vs 61% survival, respectively). Finally, we conducted a study to determine if hungry larvae discriminate conspecific versus heterospecific larvae by testing whether they predated selectively on the basis of species, which they did not appear to do. We conclude that C. novemnotata larvae suffer greater rates of intraguild predation from C. septempunctata compared with cannibalism, that this difference appears to be due to size asymmetry between the two species, and that local conditions impact the severity of intraguild predation by C. septempunctata.}, }
@article {pmid26308805, year = {2015}, author = {Cooling, M and Sim, DA and Lester, PJ}, title = {Density-Dependent Effects of an Invasive Ant on a Ground-Dwelling Arthropod Community.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, pages = {44-53}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvu008}, pmid = {26308805}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Arthropods/*physiology ; Cities ; Climate ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {It is frequently assumed that an invasive species that is ecologically or economically damaging in one region, will typically be so in other environments. The Argentine ant Linepithema humile (Mayr) is listed among the world's worst invaders. It commonly displaces resident ant species where it occurs at high population densities, and may also reduce densities of other ground-dwelling arthropods. We investigated the effect of varying Argentine ant abundance on resident ant and nonant arthropod species richness and abundance in seven cities across its range in New Zealand. Pitfall traps were used to compare an invaded and uninvaded site in each city. Invaded sites were selected based on natural varying abundance of Argentine ant populations. Argentine ant density had a significant negative effect on epigaeic ant abundance and species richness, but hypogaeic ant abundance and species richness was unaffected. We observed a significant decrease in Diplopoda abundance with increasing Argentine ant abundance, while Coleoptera abundance increased. The effect on Amphipoda and Isopoda depended strongly on climate. The severity of the impact on negatively affected taxa was reduced in areas where Argentine ant densities were low. Surprisingly, Argentine ants had no effect on the abundance of the other arthropod taxa examined. Morphospecies richness for all nonant arthropod taxa was unaffected by Argentine ant abundance. Species that are established as invasive in one location therefore cannot be assumed to be invasive in other locations based on presence alone. Appropriate management decisions should reflect this knowledge.}, }
@article {pmid26308803, year = {2015}, author = {Miller-Pierce, M and Shaw, DC and Demarco, A and Oester, PT}, title = {Introduced and Native Parasitoid Wasps Associated With Larch Casebearer (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae) in Western Larch.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, pages = {27-33}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvu016}, pmid = {26308803}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Larix/*parasitology ; Larva/parasitology ; Moths/*parasitology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; United States ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The larch casebearer [Coleophora laricella (Hubner)], a non-native insect, continues to impact western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) through defoliation events in the Pacific Northwest. Biological control programs starting in the 1960s released seven species of parasitoid wasps to control C. laricella outbreaks. However, information about current population dynamics of C. laricella and associated parasitoids remains lacking. Therefore, the goal of this study was to document the presence, current distributions, densities, and parasitism rates of introduced and native parasitoid wasps occurring on C. laricella throughout the Northwestern U.S. range of L. occidentalis. We sampled L. occidentalis trees at multiple sites in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana. C. laricella was present at all sites with average state densities ranging from 6.2 to 13.1 moths/100 buds. We recovered two introduced hymenopteran biological control agents; Agathis pumila (Ratzeburg: Braconidae) at 79% of the sites, and Chrysocharis laricinellae (Ratzeburg: Eulophidae) at 63% of the sites. Fourteen species of native parasitic wasps were also recovered. The most common species were: Bracon sp., Spilochalcis albifrons, and Mesopolobus sp. The average native species parasitism rate across the four states was 9.0%, which was higher than the introduced species Ch. laricinellae (2.9%), but not as high as A. pumila (19.3%). While survey results suggest that native species may be more important for the control of C. laricella than previously thought, A. pumila remains the major source of regional control. However, further research is needed to better understand how introduced and native parasitoids interact to control invasive pest populations.}, }
@article {pmid26308661, year = {2016}, author = {Bellard, C and Jeschke, JM}, title = {A spatial mismatch between invader impacts and research publications.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {230-232}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12611}, pmid = {26308661}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Periodicals as Topic ; Research ; }, }
@article {pmid26307935, year = {2016}, author = {Uchii, K and Doi, H and Minamoto, T}, title = {A novel environmental DNA approach to quantify the cryptic invasion of non-native genotypes.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {415-422}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12460}, pmid = {26307935}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {*Biota ; DNA/*analysis/chemistry/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Genotype ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; Water/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {The invasion of non-native species that are closely related to native species can lead to competitive elimination of the native species and/or genomic extinction through hybridization. Such invasions often become serious before they are detected, posing unprecedented threats to biodiversity. A Japanese native strain of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) has become endangered owing to the invasion of non-native strains introduced from the Eurasian continent. Here, we propose a rapid environmental DNA-based approach to quantitatively monitor the invasion of non-native genotypes. Using this system, we developed a method to quantify the relative proportion of native and non-native DNA based on a single-nucleotide polymorphism using cycling probe technology in real-time PCR. The efficiency of this method was confirmed in aquarium experiments, where the quantified proportion of native and non-native DNA in the water was well correlated to the biomass ratio of native and non-native genotypes. This method provided quantitative estimates for the proportion of native and non-native DNA in natural rivers and reservoirs, which allowed us to estimate the degree of invasion of non-native genotypes without catching and analysing individual fish. Our approach would dramatically facilitate the process of quantitatively monitoring the invasion of non-native conspecifics in aquatic ecosystems, thus revealing a promising method for risk assessment and management in biodiversity conservation.}, }
@article {pmid26303824, year = {2015}, author = {Pintor, LM and Byers, JE}, title = {Do native predators benefit from non-native prey?.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {18}, number = {11}, pages = {1174-1180}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12496}, pmid = {26303824}, issn = {1461-0248}, abstract = {Despite knowledge on invasive species' predatory effects, we know little of their influence as prey. Non-native prey should have a neutral to positive effect on native predators by supplementing the prey base. However, if non-native prey displace native prey, then an invader's net influence should depend on both its abundance and value relative to native prey. We conducted a meta-analysis to quantify the effect of non-native prey on native predator populations. Relative to native prey, non-native prey similarly or negatively affect native predators, but only when studies employed a substitutive design that examined the effects of each prey species in isolation from other prey. When native predators had access to non-native and native prey simultaneously, predator abundance increased significantly relative to pre-invasion abundance. Although non-native prey may have a lower per capita value than native prey, they seem to benefit native predators by serving as a supplemental prey resource.}, }
@article {pmid26302021, year = {2015}, author = {Zięba, G and Fox, MG and Copp, GH}, title = {How Will Climate Warming Affect Non-Native Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus Populations in the U.K.?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e0135482}, pmid = {26302021}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acclimatization/physiology ; Animals ; *Climate Change ; Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Ponds ; Reproduction/physiology ; Temperature ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Of the non-native fishes introduced to the U.K., the pumpkinseed is one of six species predicted to benefit from the forecasted climate warming conditions. To demonstrate the potential response of adults and their progeny to a water temperature increase, investigations of parental pumpkinseed acclimatization, reproduction and YOY over-wintering were carried out in outdoor experimental ponds under ambient and elevated water temperature regimes. No temperature effects were observed on either adult survivorship and growth, and none of the assessed reproductive activity variables (total spawning time, spawning season length, number of spawning bouts) appeared to be responsible for the large differences observed in progeny number and biomass. However, it was demonstrated in a previous study [Zięba G. et al., 2010] that adults in the heated ponds began spawning earlier than those of the ambient ponds. Ambient ponds produced 2.8× more progeny than the heated ponds, but these progeny were significantly smaller, probably due to their late hatching date, and subsequently suffered very high mortality over the first winter. Pumpkinseed in the U.K. will clearly benefit from climate warming through earlier seasonal reproduction, resulting in larger progeny going into winter, and as a result, higher over-winter survivorship would be expected relative to that which occurs under the present climatic regime.}, }
@article {pmid26300890, year = {2015}, author = {Ens, E and Hutley, LB and Rossiter-Rachor, NA and Douglas, MM and Setterfield, SA}, title = {Resource-use efficiency explains grassy weed invasion in a low-resource savanna in north Australia.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {560}, pmid = {26300890}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Comparative studies of plant resource use and ecophysiological traits of invasive and native resident plant species can elucidate mechanisms of invasion success and ecosystem impacts. In the seasonal tropics of north Australia, the alien C4 perennial grass Andropogon gayanus (gamba grass) has transformed diverse, mixed tree-grass savanna ecosystems into dense monocultures. To better understand the mechanisms of invasion, we compared resource acquisition and usage efficiency using leaf-scale ecophysiological and stand-scale growth traits of A. gayanus with a co-habiting native C4 perennial grass Alloteropsis semialata. Under wet season conditions, A. gayanus had higher rates of stomatal conductance, assimilation, and water use, plus a longer daily assimilation period than the native species A. semialata. Growing season length was also ~2 months longer for the invader. Wet season measures of leaf scale water use efficiency (WUE) and light use efficiency (LUE) did not differ between the two species, although photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) was significantly higher in A. gayanus. By May (dry season) the drought avoiding native species A. semialata had senesced. In contrast, rates of A. gayanus gas exchange was maintained into the dry season, albeit at lower rates that the wet season, but at higher WUE and PNUE, evidence of significant physiological plasticity. High PNUE and leaf (15)N isotope values suggested that A. gayanus was also capable of preferential uptake of soil ammonium, with utilization occurring into the dry season. High PNUE and fire tolerance in an N-limited and highly flammable ecosystem confers a significant competitive advantage over native grass species and a broader niche width. As a result A. gayanus is rapidly spreading across north Australia with significant consequences for biodiversity and carbon and retention.}, }
@article {pmid26300520, year = {2015}, author = {Macagno, AL and Beckers, OM and Moczek, AP}, title = {Differentiation of ovarian development and the evolution of fecundity in rapidly diverging exotic beetle populations.}, journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological genetics and physiology}, volume = {323}, number = {9}, pages = {679-688}, doi = {10.1002/jez.1959}, pmid = {26300520}, issn = {1932-5231}, support = {T32 HD094336-09/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Coleoptera/anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development ; Female ; Fertility ; Indiana ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Ovary/growth &amp; development ; Oviposition ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {Fecundity is a fundamental determinant of fitness, yet the proximate developmental and physiological mechanisms that enable its often rapid evolution in natural populations are poorly understood. Here, we investigated two populations of the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus that were established in exotic ranges in the early 1970s. These populations are subject to drastically different levels of resource competition in the field, and have diverged dramatically in female fecundity. Specifically, Western Australian O. taurus experience high levels of resource competition, and exhibit greatly elevated reproductive output compared to beetles from the Eastern US, where resource competition is minimal and female fecundity is low. We compared patterns of ovarian maturation, relative investment into and timing of egg production, and potential trade-offs between ovarian investment and the duration of larval development and adult body size between populations representative of both exotic ranges. We found that the rapid divergence in fecundity between exotic populations is associated with striking differences in several aspects of ovarian development: (1) Western Australian females exhibit accelerated ovarian development, (2) produce more eggs, (3) bigger eggs, and (4) start laying eggs earlier compared to their Eastern US counterparts. At the same time, divergence in ovarian maturation patterns occurred alongside changes in (5) larval developmental time, and (6) adult body size, and (7) mass. Western Australian females take longer to complete larval development and, surprisingly, emerge into smaller yet heavier adults than size-matched Eastern US females. We discuss our results in the context of the evolutionary developmental biology of fecundity in exotic populations.}, }
@article {pmid26299789, year = {2016}, author = {Gray, DR}, title = {Risk Reduction of an Invasive Insect by Targeting Surveillance Efforts with the Assistance of a Phenology Model and International Maritime Shipping Routes and Schedules.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {36}, number = {5}, pages = {914-925}, doi = {10.1111/risa.12474}, pmid = {26299789}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; Decision Support Techniques ; Female ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; *Moths ; Risk Reduction Behavior ; *Ships ; United States ; }, abstract = {Reducing the risk of introduction to North America of the invasive Asian gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar asiatica Vnukovskij and L. d. japonica [Motschulsky]) on international maritime vessels involves two tactics: (1) vessels that wish to arrive in Canada or the United States and have visited any Asian port that is subject to regulation during designated times must obtain a predeparture inspection certificate from an approved entity; and (2) vessels with a certificate may be subjected to an additional inspection upon arrival. A decision support tool is described here with which the allocation of inspection resources at North American ports can be partitioned among multiple vessels according to estimates of the potential onboard Asian gypsy moth population and estimates of the onboard larval emergence pattern. The decision support tool assumes that port inspection is uniformly imperfect at the Asian ports and that each visit to a regulated port has potential for the vessel to be contaminated with gypsy moth egg masses. The decision support tool uses a multigenerational phenology model to estimate the potential onboard population of egg masses by calculating the temporal intersection between the dates of port visits to regulated ports and the simulated oviposition pattern in each port. The phenological development of the onboard population is simulated each day of the vessel log until the vessel arrives at the port being protected from introduction. Multiple independent simulations are used to create a probability distribution of the size and timing of larval emergence.}, }
@article {pmid26299126, year = {2015}, author = {Sandel, V and Martínez-Fernández, D and Wangpraseurt, D and Sierra, L}, title = {Ecology and management of the invasive lionfish Pterois volitans/miles complex (Perciformes: Scorpaenidae) in Southern Costa Rica.}, journal = {Revista de biologia tropical}, volume = {63}, number = {1}, pages = {213-221}, doi = {10.15517/rbt.v63i1.14749}, pmid = {26299126}, issn = {0034-7744}, mesh = {Animals ; Costa Rica ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/classification/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Invasive species alter ecosystem integrity and functioning and are considered one of the major threats to biodiversity on a global scale. The indopacific lionfish (Plerois volitans [Linnaeus, 1758] / miles [Bennet, 1882] complex) is the first non-native marine fish that has established itself in the Western Atlantic. It was first reported in Florida in the 1980s and then spread across the entire Caribbean in subsequent years. In Costa Rica, lionfish were first sighted by the end of 2008 and are now present in all South Caribbean reefs. Lionfish are a major problem for local fisherman by displacing native fish species. The aim of this study was to determine population density, size and diet of lionfish populations at four study sites along the Southern Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. Two of the sites were located inside the National Park Cahuita where regular lionfish removal occurs, whereas the other two study sides do not experiment this kind of management. Total length and wet weight of >450 lionfish individuals were determined between March and June 2011. Three relative metrics of prey quantity (percent number, percent frequency, and percent weight) were compared from approximately 300 lionfish caught with the polespear in shallow waters (<7 m depth). Population density was assessed weekly through visual transect surveys. Our results showed that lionfish preyed mostly upon teleosts and crustaceans. Teleosts dominated lionfish diet in percent frequency (71%) and percent weight (85%), whereas crustaceans had the highest percent number (58%). The top five teleost families of dietary importance were Pomacentridae, Acanthuridae, Blennidae, Labridae and Serranidae. The average total length (+/- SD) of lionfish was 18.7 (+/- 5.7)cm and varied significantly between sites (p<0.001). Mean density of lionfish was 92fish/ha with no significant differences between sites. Smallest fish and lowest densities were found at the two sites inside the National Park Cahuita. Despite management efforts on a regional scale, nationwide efforts are ineffective and lionfish control activities are poorly implemented. We conclude that there is an urgent need to develop an improved institutional framework for local lionfish control that promotes effective coordination among the relevant stakeholders in order to deal with invasive lionfish in Costa Rica.}, }
@article {pmid26297730, year = {2015}, author = {Mirimin, L and Kitchin, N and Impson, DN and Clark, PF and Richard, J and Daniels, SR and Roodt-Wilding, R}, title = {Genetic and Morphological Characterization of Freshwater Shrimps (Caridina africana Kingsley, 1882) Reveals the Presence of Alien Shrimps in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa.}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {106}, number = {6}, pages = {711-718}, doi = {10.1093/jhered/esv063}, pmid = {26297730}, issn = {1465-7333}, mesh = {Animals ; Crustacea/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; Fresh Water ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Rivers ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Morphological identification and molecular data (mtDNA COI) were used to resolve the taxonomic identity of a non-native freshwater shrimp in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of South Africa and to evaluate levels of genetic diversity and differentiation in the species' core natural distribution. The species was morphologically and genetically identified as Caridina africana Kingsley, 1882, whose main natural distribution is in the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Province, more than 1200 km from the point of new discovery. Subsequently, sequence data from natural populations occurring in seven rivers throughout KZN showed the presence of nuclear copies of the mtDNA COI gene (NUMTs) in 46 out of 140 individuals. Upon removal of sequences containing NUMTs, levels of genetic diversity were low in the alien population (possibly as a consequence of a bottleneck event), while varying levels of genetic diversity and differentiation were found in natural populations, indicating habitat heterogeneity, fragmentation and restricted gene flow between rivers. Following the present study, the alien shrimp has survived the Western Cape's winter and dispersed into a nearby tributary of the Eerste River System, hence posing an additional potential threat to endangered endemics. Understanding the biology of this alien species will aid detection and eradication procedures.}, }
@article {pmid26297074, year = {2015}, author = {Cusack, DF and Lee, JK and McCleery, TL and LeCroy, CS}, title = {Exotic grasses and nitrate enrichment alter soil carbon cycling along an urban-rural tropical forest gradient.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {21}, number = {12}, pages = {4481-4496}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13066}, pmid = {26297074}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {*Carbon Cycle ; Cities ; *Forests ; *Grassland ; Introduced Species ; Nitrates/*analysis ; *Nitrogen Cycle ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development ; Puerto Rico ; Soil/*chemistry ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Urban areas are expanding rapidly in tropical regions, with potential to alter ecosystem dynamics. In particular, exotic grasses and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition simultaneously affect tropical urbanized landscapes, with unknown effects on properties like soil carbon (C) storage. We hypothesized that (H1) soil nitrate (NO3 (-)) is elevated nearer to the urban core, reflecting N deposition gradients. (H2) Exotic grasslands have elevated soil NO3 (-) and decreased soil C relative to secondary forests, with higher N promoting decomposer activity. (H3) Exotic grasslands have greater seasonality in soil NO3 (-) vs. secondary forests, due to higher sensitivity of grassland soil moisture to rainfall. We predicted that NO3 (-) would be positively related to dissolved organic C (DOC) production via changes in decomposer activity. We measured six paired grassland/secondary forest sites along a tropical urban-to-rural gradient during the three dominant seasons (hurricane, dry, and early wet). We found that (1) soil NO3 (-) was generally elevated nearer to the urban core, with particularly clear spatial trends for grasslands. (2) Exotic grasslands had lower soil C than secondary forests, which was related to elevated decomposer enzyme activities and soil respiration. Unexpectedly, soil NO3 (-) was negatively related to enzyme activities, and was lower in grasslands than forests. (3) Grasslands had greater soil NO3 (-) seasonality vs. forests, but this was not strongly linked to shifts in soil moisture or DOC. Our results suggest that exotic grasses in tropical regions are likely to drastically reduce soil C storage, but that N deposition may have an opposite effect via suppression of enzyme activities. However, soil NO3 (-) accumulation here was higher in urban forests than grasslands, potentially related to of aboveground N interception. Net urban effects on C storage across tropical landscapes will likely vary depending on the mosaic of grass cover, rates of N deposition, and responses by local decomposer communities.}, }
@article {pmid26293956, year = {2015}, author = {Wingfield, MJ and Brockerhoff, EG and Wingfield, BD and Slippers, B}, title = {Planted forest health: The need for a global strategy.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {349}, number = {6250}, pages = {832-836}, doi = {10.1126/science.aac6674}, pmid = {26293956}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Eucalyptus/growth &amp; development/parasitology ; Forestry/*methods ; *Forests ; Insecta ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Plant Diseases/parasitology/*prevention &amp; control ; Trees/*growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Several key tree genera are used in planted forests worldwide, and these represent valuable global resources. Planted forests are increasingly threatened by insects and microbial pathogens, which are introduced accidentally and/or have adapted to new host trees. Globalization has hastened tree pest emergence, despite a growing awareness of the problem, improved understanding of the costs, and an increased focus on the importance of quarantine. To protect the value and potential of planted forests, innovative solutions and a better-coordinated global approach are needed. Mitigation strategies that are effective only in wealthy countries fail to contain invasions elsewhere in the world, ultimately leading to global impacts. Solutions to forest pest problems in the future should mainly focus on integrating management approaches globally, rather than single-country strategies. A global strategy to manage pest issues is vitally important and urgently needed.}, }
@article {pmid26293954, year = {2015}, author = {Millar, CI and Stephenson, NL}, title = {Temperate forest health in an era of emerging megadisturbance.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {349}, number = {6250}, pages = {823-826}, doi = {10.1126/science.aaa9933}, pmid = {26293954}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Disasters ; Droughts ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; Fires ; *Forests ; Insecta ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Although disturbances such as fire and native insects can contribute to natural dynamics of forest health, exceptional droughts, directly and in combination with other disturbance factors, are pushing some temperate forests beyond thresholds of sustainability. Interactions from increasing temperatures, drought, native insects and pathogens, and uncharacteristically severe wildfire are resulting in forest mortality beyond the levels of 20th-century experience. Additional anthropogenic stressors, such as atmospheric pollution and invasive species, further weaken trees in some regions. Although continuing climate change will likely drive many areas of temperate forest toward large-scale transformations, management actions can help ease transitions and minimize losses of socially valued ecosystem services.}, }
@article {pmid26293949, year = {2015}, author = {Popkin, G}, title = {FOREST HEALTH. Battling a giant killer.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {349}, number = {6250}, pages = {802-805}, doi = {10.1126/science.349.6250.802}, pmid = {26293949}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Forests ; Hemiptera/*pathogenicity ; Insecticides ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology/*prevention &amp; control ; Plant Leaves/parasitology ; Tsuga/*parasitology ; }, }
@article {pmid26293948, year = {2015}, author = {Sugden, A and Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink, J and Malakoff, D and Vignieri, S}, title = {Forest health. Forest health in a changing world. Introduction.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {349}, number = {6250}, pages = {800-801}, doi = {10.1126/science.349.6250.800}, pmid = {26293948}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Forests ; Introduced Species ; Trees/growth &amp; development/parasitology ; }, }
@article {pmid26293900, year = {2015}, author = {Capellini, I and Baker, J and Allen, WL and Street, SE and Venditti, C}, title = {The role of life history traits in mammalian invasion success.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, pages = {1099-1107}, pmid = {26293900}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fertility ; *Introduced Species ; *Mammals ; *Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Why some organisms become invasive when introduced into novel regions while others fail to even establish is a fundamental question in ecology. Barriers to success are expected to filter species at each stage along the invasion pathway. No study to date, however, has investigated how species traits associate with success from introduction to spread at a large spatial scale in any group. Using the largest data set of mammalian introductions at the global scale and recently developed phylogenetic comparative methods, we show that human-mediated introductions considerably bias which species have the opportunity to become invasive, as highly productive mammals with longer reproductive lifespans are far more likely to be introduced. Subsequently, greater reproductive output and higher introduction effort are associated with success at both the establishment and spread stages. High productivity thus supports population growth and invasion success, with barriers at each invasion stage filtering species with progressively greater fecundity.}, }
@article {pmid26291326, year = {2015}, author = {Yazaki, K and Kuroda, K and Nakano, T and Kitao, M and Tobita, H and Ogasa, MY and Ishida, A}, title = {Recovery of Physiological Traits in Saplings of Invasive Bischofia Tree Compared with Three Species Native to the Bonin Islands under Successive Drought and Irrigation Cycles.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e0135117}, pmid = {26291326}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Carbon/metabolism ; Droughts ; Forests ; Islands ; Japan ; Magnoliopsida/metabolism/physiology ; Photosynthesis/physiology ; Plant Leaves/metabolism/physiology ; Plant Stems/metabolism/physiology ; Plant Transpiration/physiology ; Trees/metabolism/*physiology ; Water/metabolism ; Xylem/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Partial leaf shedding induced by hydraulic failure under prolonged drought can prevent excess water consumption, resulting in delayed recovery of carbon productivity following rainfall. To understand the manner of water use of invasive species in oceanic island forests under a fluctuating water regime, leaf shedding, multiple physiological traits, and the progress of embolism in the stem xylem under repeated drought-irrigation cycles were examined in the potted saplings of an invasive species, Bischofia javanica Blume, and three endemic native species, Schima mertensiana (Sieb. Et Zucc,) Koitz., Hibiscus glaber Matsum, and Distylium lepidotum Nakai, from the Bonin Islands, Japan. The progress of xylem embolism was observed by cryo-scanning electron microscopy. The samples exhibited different processes of water saving and drought tolerance based on the different combinations of partial leaf shedding involved in embolized conduits following repeated de-rehydration. Predawn leaf water potential largely decreased with each successive drought-irrigation cycle for all tree species, except for B. javanica. B. javanica shed leaves conspicuously under drought and showed responsive stomatal conductance to VPD, which contributed to recover leaf gas exchange in the remaining leaves, following a restored water supply. In contrast, native tree species did not completely recover photosynthetic rates during the repeated drought-irrigation cycles. H. glaber and D. lepidotum preserved water in vessels and adjusted leaf osmotic rates but did not actively shed leaves. S. mertensiana exhibited partial leaf shedding during the first cycle with an osmotic adjustment, but they showed less responsive stomatal conductance to VPD. Our data indicate that invasive B. javanica saplings can effectively use water supplied suddenly under drought conditions. We predict that fluctuating precipitation in the future may change tree distributions even in mesic or moist sites in the Bonin Islands.}, }
@article {pmid26291074, year = {2015}, author = {Zhou, T and Liu, S and Feng, Z and Liu, G and Gan, Q and Peng, S}, title = {Use of exotic plants to control Spartina alterniflora invasion and promote mangrove restoration.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {12980}, pmid = {26291074}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; China ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Light ; Models, Biological ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development/*physiology/radiation effects ; Soil ; Species Specificity ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {In coastal China, the exotic invasive Spartina alterniflora is preventing the establishment of native mangroves. The use of exotic species, control of exotic plant invasion, and restoration of native plant communities are timely research issues. We used exotic Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham and S. caseolaris (L.) Engl. to control invasive Spartina alterniflora Loisel through replacement control for five years, which concurrently promoted the restoration of native mangroves. This process includes three stages. I: In a mangrove area invaded by S. alterniflora, exotic S. apetala and S. caseolaris grew rapidly due to their relatively fast-growing character and an allelopathic effect. II: Fast-growing S. apetala and S. caseolaris eradicate S. alterniflora through shading and allelopathy. III: The growth of native mangrove was promoted because exotic plant seedlings cannot regenerate in the understory shade, whereas native mesophytic mangrove plants seedlings can grow; when the area experiences extreme low temperatures in winter or at other times, S. apetala dies, and native mangrove species grow to restore the communities. This model has important implications for addressing the worldwide problems of "how to implement the ecological control of invasion using exotic species" and "how to concurrently promote native community restoration during the control of exotic invasion".}, }
@article {pmid26290653, year = {2015}, author = {Gallien, L and Mazel, F and Lavergne, S and Renaud, J and Douzet, R and Thuiller, W}, title = {Contrasting the effects of environment, dispersal and biotic interactions to explain the distribution of invasive plants in alpine communities.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {17}, number = {5}, pages = {1407-1423}, pmid = {26290653}, issn = {1387-3547}, support = {281422/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {Despite considerable efforts devoted to investigate the community assembly processes driving plant invasions, few general conclusions have been drawn so far. Three main processes, generally acting as successive filters, are thought to be of prime importance. The invader has to disperse (1[st] filter) into a suitable environment (2[nd] filter) and succeed in establishing in recipient communities through competitive interactions (3[rd] filter) using two strategies: competition avoidance by the use of different resources (resource opportunity), or competitive exclusion of native species. Surprisingly, despite the general consensus on the importance of investigating these three processes and their interplay, they are usually studied independently. Here we aim to analyse these three filters together, by including them all: abiotic environment, dispersal and biotic interactions, into models of invasive species distributions. We first propose a suite of indices (based on species functional dissimilarities) supposed to reflect the two competitive strategies (resource opportunity and competition exclusion). Then, we use a set of generalised linear models to explain the distribution of seven herbaceous invaders in natural communities (using a large vegetation database for the French Alps containing 5,000 community-plots). Finally, we measure the relative importance of competitive interaction indices, identify the type of coexistence mechanism involved and how this varies along environmental gradients. Adding competition indices significantly improved model's performance, but neither resource opportunity nor competitive exclusion were common strategies among the seven species. Overall, we show that combining environmental, dispersal and biotic information to model invasions has excellent potential for improving our understanding of invader success.}, }
@article {pmid26290555, year = {2015}, author = {Dlugos, DM and Collins, H and Bartelme, EM and Drenovsky, RE}, title = {The non-native plant Rosa multiflora expresses shade avoidance traits under low light availability.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {102}, number = {8}, pages = {1323-1331}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1500115}, pmid = {26290555}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; Ohio ; *Photosynthesis ; Reproduction ; Rosa/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: •<br><br>PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Shade tolerance is a key trait promoting invasive plant performance in forest interiors. Rosa multiflora is a problematic invasive shrub in the northeastern United States, occurring in edge habitats and encroaching into forests. Our objective was to evaluate the shade tolerance of R. multiflora to assess how ecophysiological traits may facilitate its spread into forest interiors.&#x2022;<br><br>METHODS: In the field, we documented shrub and seed bank density, fecundity, phenology, and seasonal photosynthetic rates of R. multiflora in contrasting light environments. In the greenhouse, we exposed seedlings to simulated canopy treatments by altering spectral quantity and quality, mimicking habitats ranging from open fields to forest interiors.&#x2022;<br><br>KEY RESULTS: In the field, shrub density and fecundity of R. multiflora sharply increased with light availability. However, no differences were observed between forest edge and interior seed banks. Rosa multiflora initiated leaf growth earlier and retained leaves longer than canopy vegetation and tended to have higher photosynthetic rates in spring and fall. In the greenhouse, plants displayed shade-avoidance traits, decreasing relative growth rate and reducing branching, while increasing elongation and showing no change in light response curve parameters.&#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In deciduous forest understories, R. multiflora appears to make use of a lengthened growing season in spring and fall, and therefore, substantial growth and spread through intact forests appears dependent on canopy gaps. Management should focus on reducing edge populations to reduce spread into the interior and on monitoring newly created canopy gaps.}, }
@article {pmid26290311, year = {2015}, author = {Mu, H and Sun, J and Fang, L and Luan, T and Williams, GA and Cheung, SG and Wong, CK and Qiu, JW}, title = {Genetic Basis of Differential Heat Resistance between Two Species of Congeneric Freshwater Snails: Insights from Quantitative Proteomics and Base Substitution Rate Analysis.}, journal = {Journal of proteome research}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {4296-4308}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00462}, pmid = {26290311}, issn = {1535-3907}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Animals ; Carbohydrate Metabolism/genetics ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Energy Metabolism/genetics ; Fresh Water ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Hepatopancreas/chemistry/metabolism ; Hot Temperature ; Lipid Metabolism/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; *Mutation ; Peptides/*analysis ; Proteolysis ; Proteome/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Snails/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Staining and Labeling ; Stress, Physiological/genetics ; Synteny ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Trypsin/chemistry ; }, abstract = {We compared the heat tolerance, proteomic responses to heat stress, and adaptive sequence divergence in the invasive snail Pomacea canaliculata and its noninvasive congener Pomacea diffusa. The LT50 of P. canaliculata was significantly higher than that of P. diffusa. More than 3350 proteins were identified from the hepatopancreas of the snails exposed to acute and chronic thermal stress using iTRAQ-coupled mass spectrometry. Acute exposure (3 h exposure at 37 °C with 25 °C as control) resulted in similar numbers (27 in P. canaliculata and 23 in P. diffusa) of differentially expressed proteins in the two species. Chronic exposure (3 weeks of exposure at 35 °C with 25 °C as control) caused differential expression of more proteins (58 in P. canaliculata and 118 in P. diffusa), with many of them related to restoration of damaged molecules, ubiquitinating dysfunctional molecules, and utilization of energy reserves in both species; but only in P. diffusa was there a shift from carbohydrate to lipid catabolism. Analysis of orthologous genes encoding the differentially expressed proteins revealed two genes having clear evidence of positive selection (Ka/Ks > 1) and seven candidates for more detailed analysis of positive selection (Ka/Ks between 0.5 and 1). These nine genes are related to energy metabolism, cellular oxidative homeostasis, signaling, and binding processes. Overall, the proteomic and base substitution rate analyses indicate genetic basis of differential resistance to heat stress between the two species, and such differences could affect their further range expansion in a warming climate.}, }
@article {pmid26289970, year = {2016}, author = {McConnachie, MM and Romero, C and Ferraro, PJ and van Wilgen, BW}, title = {Improving credibility and transparency of conservation impact evaluations through the partial identification approach.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {371-381}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12610}, pmid = {26289970}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/*methods ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Introduced Species ; South Africa ; Trees/*physiology ; *Weed Control ; }, abstract = {The fundamental challenge of evaluating the impact of conservation interventions is that researchers must estimate the difference between the outcome after an intervention occurred and what the outcome would have been without it (counterfactual). Because the counterfactual is unobservable, researchers must make an untestable assumption that some units (e.g., organisms or sites) that were not exposed to the intervention can be used as a surrogate for the counterfactual (control). The conventional approach is to make a point estimate (i.e., single number along with a confidence interval) of impact, using, for example, regression. Point estimates provide powerful conclusions, but in nonexperimental contexts they depend on strong assumptions about the counterfactual that often lack transparency and credibility. An alternative approach, called partial identification (PI), is to first estimate what the counterfactual bounds would be if the weakest possible assumptions were made. Then, one narrows the bounds by using stronger but credible assumptions based on an understanding of why units were selected for the intervention and how they might respond to it. We applied this approach and compared it with conventional approaches by estimating the impact of a conservation program that removed invasive trees in part of the Cape Floristic Region. Even when we used our largest PI impact estimate, the program's control costs were 1.4 times higher than previously estimated. PI holds promise for applications in conservation science because it encourages researchers to better understand and account for treatment selection biases; can offer insights into the plausibility of conventional point-estimate approaches; could reduce the problem of advocacy in science; might be easier for stakeholders to agree on a bounded estimate than a point estimate where impacts are contentious; and requires only basic arithmetic skills.}, }
@article {pmid26289555, year = {2015}, author = {Hagenblad, J and Hülskötter, J and Acharya, KP and Brunet, J and Chabrerie, O and Cousins, SA and Dar, PA and Diekmann, M and De Frenne, P and Hermy, M and Jamoneau, A and Kolb, A and Lemke, I and Plue, J and Reshi, ZA and Graae, BJ}, title = {Low genetic diversity despite multiple introductions of the invasive plant species Impatiens glandulifera in Europe.}, journal = {BMC genetics}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {103}, pmid = {26289555}, issn = {1471-2156}, mesh = {Alleles ; Europe ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Geography ; Impatiens/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Statistical ; Mutation ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive species can be a major threat to native biodiversity and the number of invasive plant species is increasing across the globe. Population genetic studies of invasive species can provide key insights into their invasion history and ensuing evolution, but also for their control. Here we genetically characterise populations of Impatiens glandulifera, an invasive plant in Europe that can have a major impact on native plant communities. We compared populations from the species' native range in Kashmir, India, to those in its invaded range, along a latitudinal gradient in Europe. For comparison, the results from 39 other studies of genetic diversity in invasive species were collated.<br><br>RESULTS: Our results suggest that I. glandulifera was established in the wild in Europe at least twice, from an area outside of our Kashmir study area. Our results further revealed that the genetic diversity in invasive populations of I. glandulifera is unusually low compared to native populations, in particular when compared to other invasive species. Genetic drift rather than mutation seems to have played a role in differentiating populations in Europe. We find evidence of limitations to local gene flow after introduction to Europe, but somewhat less restrictions in the native range. I. glandulifera populations with significant inbreeding were only found in the species' native range and invasive species in general showed no increase in inbreeding upon leaving their native ranges. In Europe we detect cases of migration between distantly located populations. Human activities therefore seem to, at least partially, have facilitated not only introductions, but also further spread of I. glandulifera across Europe.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Although multiple introductions will facilitate the retention of genetic diversity in invasive ranges, widespread invasive species can remain genetically relatively invariant also after multiple introductions. Phenotypic plasticity may therefore be an important component of the successful spread of Impatiens glandulifera across Europe.}, }
@article {pmid26288561, year = {2015}, author = {Al-Khalifa, MS and Mashaly, AM and Siddiqui, MI and Al-Mekhlafi, FA}, title = {Samsum ant, Brachyponera sennaarensis (Formicidae: Ponerinae): Distribution and abundance in Saudi Arabia.}, journal = {Saudi journal of biological sciences}, volume = {22}, number = {5}, pages = {575-579}, pmid = {26288561}, issn = {1319-562X}, abstract = {Invasive species are capable of causing considerable damage to natural ecosystems, agriculture and economies throughout the World. Samsum ant, Brachyponera (Pachycondyla) sennaarensis has been a reason for medical implication and social nuisance through its poisonous and severely painful sting causing anaphylactic shock in many cases. We surveyed for the presence of the samsum ant in various provinces of Saudi Arabia. B. sennaarensis was the abundant Ponerinae species in human settlements. In the Eastern provinces, however, few samples were collected, and none were found in the Northern and Western provinces. Infestations of B. sennaarensis were particularly severe in the spring and summer seasons, when the ants make nests in moist areas and in cracks in cemented structures, whereas the extent of infestation reduced in winter seasons.}, }
@article {pmid26287466, year = {2015}, author = {van Kleunen, M and Dawson, W and Essl, F and Pergl, J and Winter, M and Weber, E and Kreft, H and Weigelt, P and Kartesz, J and Nishino, M and Antonova, LA and Barcelona, JF and Cabezas, FJ and Cárdenas, D and Cárdenas-Toro, J and Castaño, N and Chacón, E and Chatelain, C and Ebel, AL and Figueiredo, E and Fuentes, N and Groom, QJ and Henderson, L and Inderjit,  and Kupriyanov, A and Masciadri, S and Meerman, J and Morozova, O and Moser, D and Nickrent, DL and Patzelt, A and Pelser, PB and Baptiste, MP and Poopath, M and Schulze, M and Seebens, H and Shu, WS and Thomas, J and Velayos, M and Wieringa, JJ and Pyšek, P}, title = {Global exchange and accumulation of non-native plants.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {525}, number = {7567}, pages = {100-103}, pmid = {26287466}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Databases, Factual ; *Geographic Mapping ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; North America ; Pacific Islands ; Phylogeography ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {All around the globe, humans have greatly altered the abiotic and biotic environment with ever-increasing speed. One defining feature of the Anthropocene epoch is the erosion of biogeographical barriers by human-mediated dispersal of species into new regions, where they can naturalize and cause ecological, economic and social damage. So far, no comprehensive analysis of the global accumulation and exchange of alien plant species between continents has been performed, primarily because of a lack of data. Here we bridge this knowledge gap by using a unique global database on the occurrences of naturalized alien plant species in 481 mainland and 362 island regions. In total, 13,168 plant species, corresponding to 3.9% of the extant global vascular flora, or approximately the size of the native European flora, have become naturalized somewhere on the globe as a result of human activity. North America has accumulated the largest number of naturalized species, whereas the Pacific Islands show the fastest increase in species numbers with respect to their land area. Continents in the Northern Hemisphere have been the major donors of naturalized alien species to all other continents. Our results quantify for the first time the extent of plant naturalizations worldwide, and illustrate the urgent need for globally integrated efforts to control, manage and understand the spread of alien species.}, }
@article {pmid26287462, year = {2015}, author = {Rejmánek, M}, title = {Ecology: Global trends in plant naturalization.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {525}, number = {7567}, pages = {39-40}, pmid = {26287462}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Geographic Mapping ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Plants ; }, }
@article {pmid26285914, year = {2015}, author = {Metzger, G and Espindola, A and Waits, LP and Sullivan, J}, title = {Genetic Structure across Broad Spatial and Temporal Scales: Rocky Mountain Tailed Frogs (Ascaphus montanus; Anura: Ascaphidae) in the Inland Temperate Rainforest.}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {106}, number = {6}, pages = {700-710}, pmid = {26285914}, issn = {1465-7333}, support = {1P20RR016448-01/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; 1P20RR016454-01/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/*genetics ; Climate Change ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; Northwestern United States ; Phylogeography ; Rainforest ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Contemporary and historical processes interact to structure genetic variation, however discerning between these can be difficult. Here, we analyze range-wide variation at 13 microsatellite loci in 2098 Rocky Mountain tailed frogs, Ascaphus montanus, collected from 117 streams across the species distribution in the Inland Northwest (INW) and interpret that variation in light of historical phylogeography, contemporary landscape genetics, and the reconstructed paleodistribution of the species. Further, we project species distribution models (SDMs) to predict future changes in the range as a function of changing climate. Genetic structure has a strong spatial signature that is precisely congruent with a deep (~1.8 MY) phylogeographic split in mtDNA when we partition populations into 2 clusters (K = 2), and is congruent with refugia areas inferred from our paleorange reconstructions. There is a hierarchical pattern of geographic structure as we permit additional clusters, with populations clustering following mountain ranges. Nevertheless, genetic diversity is the highest in populations at the center of the range and is attenuated in populations closer to the range edges. Similarly, geographic distance is the single best predictor of pairwise genetic differentiation, but connectivity also is an important predictor. At intermediate and local geographic scales, deviations from isolation-by-distance are more apparent, at least in the northern portion of the distribution. These results indicate that both historical and landscape factors are contributing to the genetic structure and diversity of tailed frogs in the Inland Northwest.}, }
@article {pmid26283341, year = {2015}, author = {Houston, S and Taylor, JS and Denchev, Y and Hof, R and Zuerner, RL and Cameron, CE}, title = {Conservation of the Host-Interacting Proteins Tp0750 and Pallilysin among Treponemes and Restriction of Proteolytic Capacity to Treponema pallidum.}, journal = {Infection and immunity}, volume = {83}, number = {11}, pages = {4204-4216}, pmid = {26283341}, issn = {1098-5522}, support = {R01 AI051334/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R37 AI051334/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI-051334/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Conserved Sequence ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Proteolysis ; Rabbits ; Sequence Alignment ; Species Specificity ; Syphilis/*metabolism/microbiology ; Treponema/classification/genetics/metabolism/pathogenicity ; Treponema pallidum/classification/genetics/*metabolism/pathogenicity ; Virulence ; }, abstract = {The spirochete Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis, a chronic, sexually transmitted infection characterized by multiple symptomatic and asymptomatic stages. Although several other species in the genus are able to cause or contribute to disease, T. pallidum differs in that it is able to rapidly disseminate via the bloodstream to tissue sites distant from the site of initial infection. It is also the only Treponema species able to cross both the blood-brain and placental barriers. Previously, the T. pallidum proteins, Tp0750 and Tp0751 (also called pallilysin), were shown to degrade host proteins central to blood coagulation and basement membrane integrity, suggesting a role for these proteins in T. pallidum dissemination and tissue invasion. In the present study, we characterized Tp0750 and Tp0751 sequence variation in a diversity of pathogenic and nonpathogenic treponemes. We also determined the proteolytic potential of the orthologs from the less invasive species Treponema denticola and Treponema phagedenis. These analyses showed high levels of sequence similarity among Tp0750 orthologs from pathogenic species. For pallilysin, lower levels of sequence conservation were observed between this protein and orthologs from other treponemes, except for the ortholog from the highly invasive rabbit venereal syphilis-causing Treponema paraluiscuniculi. In vitro host component binding and degradation assays demonstrated that pallilysin and Tp0750 orthologs from the less invasive treponemes tested were not capable of binding or degrading host proteins. The results show that pallilysin and Tp0750 host protein binding and degradative capability is positively correlated with treponemal invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid26278629, year = {2015}, author = {Sharpe, DM and Langerhans, RB and Low-Décarie, E and Chapman, LJ}, title = {Little evidence for morphological change in a resilient endemic species following the introduction of a novel predator.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {28}, number = {11}, pages = {2054-2067}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12720}, pmid = {26278629}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyprinidae/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Demography ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Perciformes/*physiology ; *Predatory Behavior ; Time Factors ; Uganda ; }, abstract = {Human activities, such as species introductions, are dramatically and rapidly altering natural ecological processes and often result in novel selection regimes. To date, we still have a limited understanding of the extent to which such anthropogenic selection may be driving contemporary phenotypic change in natural populations. Here, we test whether the introduction of the piscivorous Nile perch, Lates niloticus, into East Africa's Lake Victoria and nearby lakes coincided with morphological change in one resilient native prey species, the cyprinid fish Rastrineobola argentea. Drawing on prior ecomorphological research, we predicted that this novel predator would select for increased allocation to the caudal region in R. argentea to enhance burst-swimming performance and hence escape ability. To test this prediction, we compared body morphology of R. argentea across space (nine Ugandan lakes differing in Nile perch invasion history) and through time (before and after establishment of Nile perch in Lake Victoria). Spatial comparisons of contemporary populations only partially supported our predictions, with R. argentea from some invaded lakes having larger caudal regions and smaller heads compared to R. argentea from uninvaded lakes. There was no clear evidence of predator-associated change in body shape over time in Lake Victoria. We conclude that R. argentea have not responded to the presence of Nile perch with consistent morphological changes and that other factors are driving observed patterns of body shape variation in R. argentea.}, }
@article {pmid26278048, year = {2015}, author = {Kaunisto, S and Ylonen, H and Kortet, R}, title = {Passive sinking into the snow as possible survival strategy during the off-host stage in an insect ectoparasite.}, journal = {Folia parasitologica}, volume = {62}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.14411/fp.2015.038}, pmid = {26278048}, issn = {0015-5683}, abstract = {Abiotic and biotic factors determine success or failure of individual organisms, populations and species. The early life stages are often the most vulnerable to heavy mortality due to environmental conditions. The deer ked (Lipoptena cervi Linnaeus, 1758) is an invasive insect ectoparasite of cervids that spends an important period of the life cycle outside host as immobile pupa. During winter, dark-coloured pupae drop off the host onto the snow, where they are exposed to environmental temperature variation and predation as long as the new snowfall provides shelter against these mortality factors. The other possible option is to passively sink into the snow, which is aided by morphology of pupae. Here, we experimentally studied passive snow sinking capacity of pupae of L. cervi. We show that pupae have a notable passive snow sinking capacity, which is the most likely explained by pupal morphology enabling solar energy absorption and pupal weight. The present results can be used when planning future studies and when evaluating possible predation risk and overall survival of this invasive ectoparasite species in changing environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid26274582, year = {2015}, author = {Godefroid, M and Cruaud, A and Rossi, JP and Rasplus, JY}, title = {Assessing the Risk of Invasion by Tephritid Fruit Flies: Intraspecific Divergence Matters.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e0135209}, pmid = {26274582}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Animals ; California ; *Climate ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Tephritidae/classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Widely distributed species often show strong phylogeographic structure, with lineages potentially adapted to different biotic and abiotic conditions. The success of an invasion process may thus depend on the intraspecific identity of the introduced propagules. However, pest risk analyses are usually performed without accounting for intraspecific diversity. In this study, we developed bioclimatic models using MaxEnt and boosted regression trees approaches, to predict the potential distribution in Europe of six economically important Tephritid pests (Ceratitis fasciventris (Bezzi), Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann), Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) and Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillet)). We considered intraspecific diversity in our risk analyses by independently modeling the distributions of conspecific lineages. The six species displayed different potential distributions in Europe. A strong signal of intraspecific climate envelope divergence was observed in most species. In some cases, conspecific lineages differed strongly in potential distributions suggesting that taxonomic resolution should be accounted for in pest risk analyses. No models (lineage- and species-based approaches) predicted high climatic suitability in the entire invaded range of B. oleae-the only species whose intraspecific identity of invading populations has been elucidated-in California. Host availability appears to play the most important role in shaping the geographic range of this specialist pest. However, climatic suitability values predicted by species-based models are correlated with population densities of B. oleae globally reported in California. Our study highlights how classical taxonomic boundaries may lead to under- or overestimation of the potential pest distributions and encourages accounting for intraspecific diversity when assessing the risk of biological invasion.}, }
@article {pmid26272924, year = {2015}, author = {Webber, BL and Raghu, S and Edwards, OR}, title = {Opinion: Is CRISPR-based gene drive a biocontrol silver bullet or global conservation threat?.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {112}, number = {34}, pages = {10565-10567}, pmid = {26272924}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats ; *Genetic Therapy ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid26271625, year = {2016}, author = {Stuart, AM and Prescott, CV and Singleton, GR}, title = {Can a native rodent species limit the invasive potential of a non-native rodent species in tropical agroforest habitats?.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {72}, number = {6}, pages = {1168-1177}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4095}, pmid = {26271625}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Crop Protection/methods ; Ecosystem ; Female ; *Forestry/methods ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Population Dynamics ; *Rats ; Rodent Control/*methods ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Little is known about native and non-native rodent species interactions in complex tropical agroecosystems. We hypothesised that the native non-pest rodent Rattus everetti may be competitively dominant over the invasive pest rodent Rattus tanezumi within agroforests. We tested this experimentally by using pulse removal for three consecutive months to reduce populations of R. everetti in agroforest habitat, and assessed over 6 months the response of R. tanezumi and other rodent species.<br><br>RESULTS: Following removal, R. everetti individuals rapidly immigrated into removal sites. At the end of the study period, R. tanezumi were larger and there was a significant shift in their microhabitat use with respect to the use of ground vegetation cover following the perturbation of R. everetti. Irrespective of treatment, R. tanezumi selected microhabitat with less tree canopy cover, indicative of severely disturbed habitat, whereas R. everetti selected microhabitat with a dense canopy.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that sustained habitat disturbance in agroforests favours R. tanezumi, while the regeneration of agroforests towards a more natural state would favour native species and may reduce pest pressure in adjacent crops. In addition, the rapid recolonisation of R. everetti suggests this species would be able to recover from non-target impacts of short-term rodent pest control. &#xa9; 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid26271480, year = {2015}, author = {Burghardt, KT and Tallamy, DW}, title = {Not all non-natives are equally unequal: reductions in herbivore β-diversity depend on phylogenetic similarity to native plant community.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, pages = {1087-1098}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12492}, pmid = {26271480}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods ; *Biodiversity ; Feeding Behavior ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; *Phylogeny ; Plants/classification ; }, abstract = {Effects of host plant α- and β-diversity often confound studies of herbivore β-diversity, hindering our ability to predict the full impact of non-native plants on herbivores. Here, while controlling host plant diversity, we examined variation in herbivore communities between native and non-native plants, focusing on how plant relatedness and spatial scale alter the result. We found lower absolute magnitudes of β-diversity among tree species and among sites on non-natives in all comparisons. However, lower relative β-diversity only occurred for immature herbivores on phylogenetically distinct non-natives vs. natives. Locally in that comparison, non-native gardens had lower host specificity; while among sites, the herbivores supported were a redundant subset of species on natives. Therefore, when phylogenetically distinct non-natives replace native plants, the community of immature herbivores is likely to be homogenised across landscapes. Differences in communities on closely related non-natives were subtler, but displayed community shifts and increased generalisation on non-natives within certain feeding guilds.}, }
@article {pmid26270964, year = {2015}, author = {Schmidt, C and Morard, R and Almogi-Labin, A and Weinmann, AE and Titelboim, D and Abramovich, S and Kucera, M}, title = {Recent Invasion of the Symbiont-Bearing Foraminifera Pararotalia into the Eastern Mediterranean Facilitated by the Ongoing Warming Trend.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e0132917}, pmid = {26270964}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Foraminifera/classification/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; Models, Theoretical ; Photochemistry ; Phylogeny ; Reproduction ; *Symbiosis ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The eastern Mediterranean is a hotspot of biological invasions. Numerous species of Indo-pacific origin have colonized the Mediterranean in recent times, including tropical symbiont-bearing foraminifera. Among these is the species Pararotalia calcariformata. Unlike other invasive foraminifera, this species was discovered only two decades ago and is restricted to the eastern Mediterranean coast. Combining ecological, genetic and physiological observations, we attempt to explain the recent invasion of this species in the Mediterranean Sea. Using morphological and genetic data, we confirm the species attribution to P. calcariformata McCulloch 1977 and identify its symbionts as a consortium of diatom species dominated by Minutocellus polymorphus. We document photosynthetic activity of its endosymbionts using Pulse Amplitude Modulated Fluorometry and test the effects of elevated temperatures on growth rates of asexual offspring. The culturing of asexual offspring for 120 days shows a 30-day period of rapid growth followed by a period of slower growth. A subsequent 48-day temperature sensitivity experiment indicates a similar developmental pathway and high growth rate at 28°C, whereas an almost complete inhibition of growth was observed at 20°C and 35°C. This indicates that the offspring of this species may have lower tolerance to cold temperatures than what would be expected for species native to the Mediterranean. We expand this hypothesis by applying a Species Distribution Model (SDM) based on modern occurrences in the Mediterranean using three environmental variables: irradiance, turbidity and yearly minimum temperature. The model reproduces the observed restricted distribution and indicates that the range of the species will drastically expand westwards under future global change scenarios. We conclude that P. calcariformata established a population in the Levant because of the recent warming in the region. In line with observations from other groups of organisms, our results indicate that continued warming of the eastern Mediterranean will facilitate the invasion of more tropical marine taxa into the Mediterranean, disturbing local biodiversity and ecosystem structure.}, }
@article {pmid26269111, year = {2015}, author = {Saminathan, T and Malkaram, SA and Patel, D and Taylor, K and Hass, A and Nimmakayala, P and Huber, DH and Reddy, UK}, title = {Transcriptome Analysis of Invasive Plants in Response to Mineral Toxicity of Reclaimed Coal-Mine Soil in the Appalachian Region.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {49}, number = {17}, pages = {10320-10329}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b01901}, pmid = {26269111}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Appalachian Region ; Biodegradation, Environmental/drug effects ; *Coal ; Down-Regulation/genetics ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects ; Gene Ontology ; Genes, Plant ; *Introduced Species ; Minerals/*toxicity ; *Mining ; Multigene Family ; Phenotype ; Plants/*genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Soil/*chemistry ; Soil Pollutants/toxicity ; Toxicity Tests ; Up-Regulation/genetics ; }, abstract = {Efficient postmining reclamation requires successful revegetation. By using RNA sequencing, we evaluated the growth response of two invasive plants, goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria L.) and mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), grown in two Appalachian acid-mine soils (MS-I and -II, pH ∼ 4.6). Although deficient in macronutrients, both soils contained high levels of plant-available Al, Fe and Mn. Both plant types showed toxicity tolerance, but metal accumulation differed by plant and site. With MS-I, Al accumulation was greater for mugwort than goutweed (385 ± 47 vs 2151 ± 251 μg g-1). Al concentration was similar between mine sites, but its accumulation in mugwort was greater with MS-I than MS-II, with no difference in accumulation by site for goutweed. An in situ approach revealed deregulation of multiple factors such as transporters, transcription factors, and metal chelators for metal uptake or exclusion. The two plant systems showed common gene expression patterns for different pathways. Both plant systems appeared to have few common heavy-metal pathway regulators addressing mineral toxicity/deficiency in both mine sites, which implies adaptability of invasive plants for efficient growth at mine sites with toxic waste. Functional genomics can be used to screen for plant adaptability, especially for reclamation and phytoremediation of contaminated soils and waters.}, }
@article {pmid26268949, year = {2016}, author = {Villari, C and Herms, DA and Whitehill, JG and Cipollini, D and Bonello, P}, title = {Progress and gaps in understanding mechanisms of ash tree resistance to emerald ash borer, a model for wood-boring insects that kill angiosperms.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {209}, number = {1}, pages = {63-79}, doi = {10.1111/nph.13604}, pmid = {26268949}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Acetates/pharmacology ; Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents/metabolism ; Antibiosis ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Cyclopentanes/pharmacology ; Fraxinus/*immunology/parasitology ; Glucosides/metabolism ; Larva ; Lignin/metabolism ; Magnoliopsida/*immunology/parasitology ; Models, Biological ; Oviposition ; Oxylipins/pharmacology ; Phenols/metabolism ; Plant Growth Regulators/*pharmacology ; Species Specificity ; Trypsin Inhibitors/metabolism ; Wood ; }, abstract = {We review the literature on host resistance of ash to emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis), an invasive species that causes widespread mortality of ash. Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica), which coevolved with EAB, is more resistant than evolutionarily naïve North American and European congeners. Manchurian ash was less preferred for adult feeding and oviposition than susceptible hosts, more resistant to larval feeding, had higher constitutive concentrations of bark lignans, coumarins, proline, tyramine and defensive proteins, and was characterized by faster oxidation of phenolics. Consistent with EAB being a secondary colonizer of coevolved hosts, drought stress decreased the resistance of Manchurian ash, but had no effect on constitutive bark phenolics, suggesting that they do not contribute to increased susceptibility in response to drought stress. The induced resistance of North American species to EAB in response to the exogenous application of methyl jasmonate was associated with increased bark concentrations of verbascoside, lignin and/or trypsin inhibitors, which decreased larval survival and/or growth in bioassays. This finding suggests that these inherently susceptible species possess latent defenses that are not induced naturally by larval colonization, perhaps because they fail to recognize larval cues or respond quickly enough. Finally, we propose future research directions that would address some critical knowledge gaps.}, }
@article {pmid26267862, year = {2015}, author = {Kelehear, C and Jones, HI and Wood, BA and Shine, R}, title = {Wild cane toads (Rhinella marina) expel foreign matter from the coelom via the urinary bladder in response to internal injury, endoparasites and disease.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e0134036}, pmid = {26267862}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/*physiology ; Australia ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Parasites/isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; Poaceae/chemistry ; Urinary Bladder/injuries/microbiology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Dissections of >1,200 wild-caught cane toads (Rhinella marina) in tropical Australia confirm a laboratory report that anurans can expel foreign objects from the coelom by incorporating them into the urinary bladder. The foreign objects that we found inside bladders included a diverse array of items (e.g., grass seeds, twigs, insect prey, parasites), many of which may have entered the coelom via rupture of the gut wall. In some cases, the urinary bladder was fused to other organs including liver, fat bodies, ovaries, Bidder's organs, lungs, mesentery, stomach wall, gall bladder, and the abdominal wall. Acanthocephalan parasites (of a range of developmental stages) were identified from the walls of the urinary bladders of three cane toads. This organ may play a significant role in destroying or excreting metazoan parasites, as well as inanimate objects.}, }
@article {pmid26267857, year = {2015}, author = {Buffum, B and McGreevy, TJ and Gottfried, AE and Sullivan, ME and Husband, TP}, title = {An Analysis of Overstory Tree Canopy Cover in Sites Occupied by Native and Introduced Cottontails in the Northeastern United States with Recommendations for Habitat Management for New England Cottontail.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e0135067}, pmid = {26267857}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Lagomorpha ; New England ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {The New England cottontail (Sylvilagus transitionalis) is a high conservation priority in the Northeastern United States and has been listed as a candidate species under the Endangered Species Act. Loss of early successional habitat is the most common explanation for the decline of the species, which is considered to require habitat with dense low vegetation and limited overstory tree canopy. Federal and state wildlife agencies actively encourage landowners to create this habitat type by clearcutting blocks of forest. However, there are recent indications that the species also occupies sites with moderate overstory tree canopy cover. This is important because many landowners have negative views about clearcutting and are more willing to adopt silvicultural approaches that retain some overstory trees. Furthermore, it is possible that clearcuts with no overstory canopy cover may attract the eastern cottontail (S. floridanus), an introduced species with an expanding range. The objective of our study was to provide guidance for future efforts to create habitat that would be more favorable for New England cottontail than eastern cottontail in areas where the two species are sympatric. We analyzed canopy cover at 336 cottontail locations in five states using maximum entropy modelling and other statistical methods. We found that New England cottontail occupied sites with a mean overstory tree canopy cover of 58% (SE±1.36), and was less likely than eastern cottontail to occupy sites with lower overstory canopy cover and more likely to occupy sites with higher overstory canopy cover. Our findings suggest that silvicultural approaches that retain some overstory canopy cover may be appropriate for creating habitat for New England cottontail. We believe that our results will help inform critical management decisions for the conservation of New England cottontail, and that our methodology can be applied to analyses of habitat use of other critical wildlife species.}, }
@article {pmid26267515, year = {2015}, author = {Díaz, F and Orobio, RF and Chavarriaga, P and Toro-Perea, N}, title = {Differential expression patterns among heat-shock protein genes and thermal responses in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (MEAM 1).}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {52}, number = {}, pages = {199-207}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.07.004}, pmid = {26267515}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Temperature/*physiology ; Female ; Fertility ; Gene Expression Regulation/*physiology ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism ; Heat-Shock Proteins/*biosynthesis/*genetics ; Heat-Shock Response/*physiology ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; Hot Temperature ; Male ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis/genetics ; Stress, Physiological/physiology ; Survival Analysis ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {There is convincing evidence that heat-shock proteins (HSP) are upregulated by stress conditions in insects; however, the relative contribution of each HSP gene to the heat-shock response remains unclear. Here we considered the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (MEAM 1), a phloem feeder and invasive species whose molecular stress response is an important mechanism for overcoming heat stress. We assessed the expression of the hsp23, 40, 70 and 90 genes at the mRNA level when submitted to heat shocks of 40 and 44°C/1h (control at 25°C). For this, we evaluated a set of available and suitable reference genes in order to perform data normalization using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) technique, and then confirmed the production of HSP70 protein based on Western blot. Results were compared with the hardening capacity of B. tabaci, measured by fitness components as a response to heat shocks, using 40°C as the induction temperature. Three of the four genes (hsp23, 70 and 90) were upregulated by heat stress at mRNA, showing differential expression patterns. Hsp70 expression was confirmed at the protein level. Hardening significantly increased fitness following heat stress, suggesting that HSPs may contribute to hardening capacity in B. tabaci. Potential role of each gene in the heat-shock response for whiteflies is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid26267473, year = {2015}, author = {Nadon, MO and Ault, JS and Williams, ID and Smith, SG and DiNardo, GT}, title = {Length-based assessment of coral reef fish populations in the main and northwestern Hawaiian islands.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e0133960}, pmid = {26267473}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Coral Reefs ; Fishes/*anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Hawaii ; *Population ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {The coral reef fish community of Hawaii is composed of hundreds of species, supports a multimillion dollar fishing and tourism industry, and is of great cultural importance to the local population. However, a major stock assessment of Hawaiian coral reef fish populations has not yet been conducted. Here we used the robust indicator variable "average length in the exploited phase of the population ([Formula: see text])", estimated from size composition data from commercial fisheries trip reports and fishery-independent diver surveys, to evaluate exploitation rates for 19 Hawaiian reef fishes. By and large, the average lengths obtained from diver surveys agreed well with those from commercial data. We used the estimated exploitation rates coupled with life history parameters synthesized from the literature to parameterize a numerical population model and generate stock sustainability metrics such as spawning potential ratios (SPR). We found good agreement between predicted average lengths in an unfished population (from our population model) and those observed from diver surveys in the largely unexploited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Of 19 exploited reef fish species assessed in the main Hawaiian Islands, 9 had SPRs close to or below the 30% overfishing threshold. In general, longer-lived species such as surgeonfishes, the redlip parrotfish (Scarus rubroviolaceus), and the gray snapper (Aprion virescens) had the lowest SPRs, while short-lived species such as goatfishes and jacks, as well as two invasive species (Lutjanus kasmira and Cephalopholis argus), had SPRs above the 30% threshold.}, }
@article {pmid26267462, year = {2015}, author = {Lincango, P and Causton, C and Cedeño, D and Castañeda, J and Hillstrom, A and Freund, D}, title = {Interactions between the Avian Parasite, Philornis downsi (Diptera: Muscidae) and the Galapagos Flycatcher, Myiarchus magnirostris Gould (Passeriformes: Tyrannidae).}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {51}, number = {4}, pages = {907-910}, doi = {10.7589/2015-01-025}, pmid = {26267462}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology/pathology ; Ecuador/epidemiology ; Larva ; *Muscidae ; Myiasis/epidemiology/parasitology/pathology/*veterinary ; *Passeriformes ; }, abstract = {An incidental observation of the fly Philornis downsi parasitizing a Galapagos Flycatcher (Myiarchus magnirostris) nest has revealed new insights into the searching behavior and biology of this invasive fly parasite and its interactions with endemic landbirds in the Galapagos Islands. Observations suggest that P. downsi relies on olfactory cues, or olfactory cues combined with the activity of adult birds, to locate nests and that flies continue to visit nests when chicks are >3 d old. At least 200 eggs were laid by P. downsi in different parts of the nest and >40 early-instar larvae were found inside the head of one chick, with additional larvae found in the base of the nest. Parasitism was the likely cause of mortality of both chicks found in or near the nest. This description of P. downsi parasitizing chicks of M. magnirostris highlights the vulnerability of this endemic bird species to this invasive fly.}, }
@article {pmid26267429, year = {2015}, author = {Gergócs, V and Rétháti, G and Hufnagel, L}, title = {Litter quality indirectly influences community composition, reproductive mode and trophic structure of oribatid mite communities: a microcosm experiment.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {67}, number = {3}, pages = {335-356}, pmid = {26267429}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Diet ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Forests ; Hungary ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mites/*physiology ; Parthenogenesis ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Our knowledge of the assembly processes of species-rich oribatid mite communities is fairly limited. Also, very little information is available on the effects of habitat factors on these processes. In this paper, the role of litter quality in pattern formation was investigated in a microcosm experiment using the "home-field advantage" approach. Native (home) and foreign (away) types of microarthropod assemblages were extracted from three types of litter samples (Turkey oak, Scots pine and black locust tree), and transferred alive into 'home' and 'away' samples, which have been defaunated and reinoculated with microorganisms to form microcosms. Microarthropods were extracted from the microcosms after incubation for 3-12 months. In addition to species identification and abundance records, some chemical properties of the litter were measured. We hypothesized that oribatid mite communities deteriorate, the proportion of parthenogenetic individuals decreases and the proportion of omnivorous individuals increases in 'away' microcosms in contrast to 'home' systems. Pine and oak litter were favourable for all the three types of oribatid communities since their community traits in these types of litter were found to be similar to 'home' litter. Black locust litter was favourable only for its native oribatid community in the long run. The proportion of parthenogenetic individuals partly supported our hypothesis, mainly in black locust litter. The relative abundance of omnivorous individuals did not differ significantly between treatments. Litter quality is likely to influence oribatid mite assemblages only indirectly.}, }
@article {pmid26267266, year = {2015}, author = {McClure, ML and Burdett, CL and Farnsworth, ML and Lutman, MW and Theobald, DM and Riggs, PD and Grear, DA and Miller, RS}, title = {Modeling and mapping the probability of occurrence of invasive wild pigs across the contiguous United States.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e0133771}, pmid = {26267266}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Swine ; United States ; }, abstract = {Wild pigs (Sus scrofa), also known as wild swine, feral pigs, or feral hogs, are one of the most widespread and successful invasive species around the world. Wild pigs have been linked to extensive and costly agricultural damage and present a serious threat to plant and animal communities due to their rooting behavior and omnivorous diet. We modeled the current distribution of wild pigs in the United States to better understand the physiological and ecological factors that may determine their invasive potential and to guide future study and eradication efforts. Using national-scale wild pig occurrence data reported between 1982 and 2012 by wildlife management professionals, we estimated the probability of wild pig occurrence across the United States using a logistic discrimination function and environmental covariates hypothesized to influence the distribution of the species. Our results suggest the distribution of wild pigs in the U.S. was most strongly limited by cold temperatures and availability of water, and that they were most likely to occur where potential home ranges had higher habitat heterogeneity, providing access to multiple key resources including water, forage, and cover. High probability of occurrence was also associated with frequent high temperatures, up to a high threshold. However, this pattern is driven by pigs' historic distribution in warm climates of the southern U.S. Further study of pigs' ability to persist in cold northern climates is needed to better understand whether low temperatures actually limit their distribution. Our model highlights areas at risk of invasion as those with habitat conditions similar to those found in pigs' current range that are also near current populations. This study provides a macro-scale approach to generalist species distribution modeling that is applicable to other generalist and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid26266979, year = {2015}, author = {Merckx, VS and Hendriks, KP and Beentjes, KK and Mennes, CB and Becking, LE and Peijnenburg, KT and Afendy, A and Arumugam, N and de Boer, H and Biun, A and Buang, MM and Chen, PP and Chung, AY and Dow, R and Feijen, FA and Feijen, H and Feijen-van Soest, C and Geml, J and Geurts, R and Gravendeel, B and Hovenkamp, P and Imbun, P and Ipor, I and Janssens, SB and Jocqué, M and Kappes, H and Khoo, E and Koomen, P and Lens, F and Majapun, RJ and Morgado, LN and Neupane, S and Nieser, N and Pereira, JT and Rahman, H and Sabran, S and Sawang, A and Schwallier, RM and Shim, PS and Smit, H and Sol, N and Spait, M and Stech, M and Stokvis, F and Sugau, JB and Suleiman, M and Sumail, S and Thomas, DC and van Tol, J and Tuh, FY and Yahya, BE and Nais, J and Repin, R and Lakim, M and Schilthuizen, M}, title = {Evolution of endemism on a young tropical mountain.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {524}, number = {7565}, pages = {347-350}, pmid = {26266979}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {*Altitude ; Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Biota ; Climate Change ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Extinction, Biological ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Malaysia ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; *Phylogeography ; Plants/classification/genetics ; Time Factors ; *Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Tropical mountains are hot spots of biodiversity and endemism, but the evolutionary origins of their unique biotas are poorly understood. In varying degrees, local and regional extinction, long-distance colonization, and local recruitment may all contribute to the exceptional character of these communities. Also, it is debated whether mountain endemics mostly originate from local lowland taxa, or from lineages that reach the mountain by long-range dispersal from cool localities elsewhere. Here we investigate the evolutionary routes to endemism by sampling an entire tropical mountain biota on the 4,095-metre-high Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, East Malaysia. We discover that most of its unique biodiversity is younger than the mountain itself (6 million years), and comprises a mix of immigrant pre-adapted lineages and descendants from local lowland ancestors, although substantial shifts from lower to higher vegetation zones in this latter group were rare. These insights could improve forecasts of the likelihood of extinction and 'evolutionary rescue' in montane biodiversity hot spots under climate change scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid26266978, year = {2015}, author = {Antonelli, A}, title = {Biodiversity: Multiple origins of mountain life.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {524}, number = {7565}, pages = {300-301}, pmid = {26266978}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {*Altitude ; Animals ; *Biota ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Phylogeny ; *Phylogeography ; *Tropical Climate ; }, }
@article {pmid26266939, year = {2015}, author = {Barros, T and Carvalho, J and Pereira, MJ and Ferreira, JP and Fonseca, C}, title = {Following the trail: factors underlying the sudden expansion of the Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) in Portugal.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e0133768}, pmid = {26266939}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Egypt ; Environment ; Geography ; *Herpestidae ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Portugal ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Species range-limits are influenced by a combination of several factors. In our study we aimed to unveil the drivers underlying the expansion of the Egyptian mongoose in Portugal, a carnivore that was confined to southern Portugal and largely increased its range during the last three decades. We evaluated the expansion of the species in three periods (1980-1990, 1990-2000 and 2000-2010), by projecting the presence/absence data of the species in each temporal range and proposed four hypotheses to explain this sudden expansion associated to changes in the barrier effects of human infrastructure and topographic features, and in the availability of suitable areas due to climate change or land use. An exploratory analysis was made using Spearman rank correlation, followed by a hierarchical partitioning analysis to select uncorrelated potential explanatory variables associated with the different hypotheses. We then ran Generalized Linear Models (GLM) for every period for each hypothesis and for every combination of hypotheses. Our main findings suggest that dynamic transitions of land-use coupled with temperature and rainfall variations over the decades are the main drivers promoting the mongoose expansion. The geographic barriers and the human infrastructures functioned as barriers for mongoose expansion and have shaped its distribution. The expansion of the Egyptian mongoose across the Portuguese territory was due to a variety of factors. Our results suggest a rapid shift in species range in response to land-use and climate changes, underlining the close link between species ranges and a changing environment.}, }
@article {pmid26263904, year = {2015}, author = {Grabner, DS and Weigand, AM and Leese, F and Winking, C and Hering, D and Tollrian, R and Sures, B}, title = {Invaders, natives and their enemies: distribution patterns of amphipods and their microsporidian parasites in the Ruhr Metropolis, Germany.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {419}, pmid = {26263904}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Amphipoda/genetics/*parasitology ; Animals ; DNA/genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Ecosystem ; Germany ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Microsporidia/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; Rivers ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The amphipod and microsporidian diversity in freshwaters of a heterogeneous urban region in Germany was assessed. Indigenous and non-indigenous host species provide an ideal framework to test general hypotheses on potentially new host-parasite interactions, parasite spillback and spillover in recently invaded urban freshwater communities.<br><br>METHODS: Amphipods were sampled in 17 smaller and larger streams belonging to catchments of the four major rivers in the Ruhr Metropolis (Emscher, Lippe, Ruhr, Rhine), including sites invaded and not invaded by non-indigenous amphipods. Species were identified morphologically (hosts only) and via DNA barcoding (hosts and parasites). Prevalence was obtained by newly designed parasite-specific PCR assays.<br><br>RESULTS: Three indigenous and five non-indigenous amphipod species were detected. Gammarus pulex was further distinguished into three clades (C, D and E) and G. fossarum more precisely identified as type B. Ten microsporidian lineages were detected, including two new isolates (designated as Microsporidium sp. nov. RR1 and RR2). All microsporidians occurred in at least two different host clades or species. Seven genetically distinct microsporidians were present in non-invaded populations, six of those were also found in invaded assemblages. Only Cucumispora dikerogammari and Dictyocoela berillonum can be unambiguously considered as non-indigenous co-introduced parasites. Both were rare and were not observed in indigenous hosts. Overall, microsporidian prevalence ranged from 50% (in G. roeselii and G. pulex C) to 73% (G. fossarum) in indigenous and from 10% (Dikerogammarus villosus) to 100 % (Echinogammarus trichiatus) in non-indigenous amphipods. The most common microsporidians belonged to the Dictyocoela duebenum- /D. muelleri- complex, found in both indigenous and non-indigenous hosts. Some haplotype clades were inclusive for a certain host lineage.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The Ruhr Metropolis harbours a high diversity of indigenous and non-indigenous amphipod and microsporidian species, and we found indications for an exchange of parasites between indigenous and non-indigenous hosts. No introduced microsporidians were found in indigenous hosts and prevalence of indigenous parasites in non-indigenous hosts was generally low. Therefore, no indication for parasite spillover or spillback was found. We conclude that non-indigenous microsporidians constitute only a minimal threat to the native amphipod fauna. However, this might change e.g. if C. dikerogammari adapts to indigenous amphipod species or if other hosts and parasites invade.}, }
@article {pmid26263852, year = {2015}, author = {Normant-Saremba, M and Becker, J and Winkelmann, C}, title = {Physiological and behavioral responses of the invasive amphipod, Dikerogammarus villosus, to ammonia.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology}, volume = {189}, number = {}, pages = {107-114}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.08.003}, pmid = {26263852}, issn = {1531-4332}, mesh = {Ammonia/*pharmacology ; Amphipoda/*drug effects/metabolism/physiology ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Basal Metabolism/drug effects/physiology ; DNA/genetics/metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Glycogen/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Motor Activity/*drug effects/physiology ; RNA/genetics/metabolism ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {We studied the physiological and behavioral responses of the Ponto-Caspian amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus during exposure to four total ammonia concentrations (NH3+NH4(+); TotAmm): 0.003 (control), 0.06, 1.6, and 7.0 mmol L(-1) (0.042, 0.84, 22.4, and 98.0 mg L(-1)) for a period of up to 12 h at 21 °C. During the transition period from the control to treatment concentration as well as during the first hour of exposure to 0.06 and 1.6 mmol L(-1), gammarids increased their locomotor activity, which was manifested in significantly higher routine metabolic rates compared to control conditions. At control conditions, the resting metabolic rate amounted to 0.98±0.26 mW g(-1) and significantly increased by 19 and 37% at 0.06 and 1.6 mmol L(-1), respectively. The highest examined [TotAmm] caused a rapid and significant increase in resting metabolic rate by 37% within the first 4 h of exposure before gammarids died. The exposure to elevated [TotAmm] also resulted in a significant decreased RNA:DNA ratio and significantly higher glycogen concentrations compared to the control. We conclude that even a short exposure to TotAmm of 0.06 mmol L(-1), which may occur in natural habitats, disturbs the physiology and behavior of D. villosus and leads to increased metabolic costs of the maintenance and reduced protein synthesis.}, }
@article {pmid26263834, year = {2015}, author = {Vansteenbrugge, L and Ampe, B and De Troch, M and Vincx, M and Hostens, K}, title = {On the distribution and population dynamics of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Belgian part of the North Sea and Westerschelde estuary.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {110}, number = {}, pages = {33-44}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.07.011}, pmid = {26263834}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Belgium ; Ctenophora/*physiology ; Estuaries ; Introduced Species ; North Sea ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The spatio-temporal distribution and population dynamics of the non-indigenous ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz 1865 were investigated through monthly and quarterly surveys in 2011-2012 at several locations in the Belgian part of the North Sea, the main coastal ports and the adjacent Westerschelde estuary. M. leidyi occurred from August to December, but was never found more than 30 km offshore. Densities were generally low (average 0.8 ± SD 2.8 ind m(-3)) compared to other invaded European systems. Highest densities of M. leidyi were found in the semi-enclosed basin (port of Oostende; 18.4 ind m(-3)) and Westerschelde estuary (1.9 ind m(-3)). The presence of larvae and sudden appearance of high numbers across the size distribution in August indicated that ports and estuaries may act as sources, populating the adjacent coastal area. The zero-inflated logistic regression model showed that there is a higher chance of finding M. leidyi (presence) when temperature declines from late summer onwards. Combined with a negative binomial regression, our model suggests that increasing M. leidyi densities are associated with decreasing autumn temperatures, low wave height (low energetic systems) and low dissolved oxygen concentrations Although densities remained relatively low since its first appearance in 2007, a permanent population seems to be established in Belgian waters. As population outbursts may occur with only a small change in environmental parameters, further monitoring of this notorious invasive species is recommended.}, }
@article {pmid26263668, year = {2015}, author = {Kettenring, KM and Whigham, DF and Hazelton, EL and Gallagher, SK and Weiner, HM}, title = {Biotic resistance, disturbance, and mode of colonization impact the invasion of a widespread, introduced wetland grass.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {466-480}, doi = {10.1890/14-0434.1}, pmid = {26263668}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Demography ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Plant Shoots ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Seedlings ; Seeds ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Disturbance and biotic resistance are important factors driving plant invasions, but how these factors interact for plants with different modes of colonization (i.e., sexual and asexual) is unclear. We evaluated factors influencing the invasion of nonnative Phragmites australis, which has been rapidly expanding in brackish tidal wetlands in Chesapeake Bay. We conducted a survey of naturally occurring small-scale disturbances (removal of vegetation and/or sediment deposition) across four plant communities; determined the effects of small-scale disturbance and biotic resistance on P. australis seedling and rhizome emergence; and tested the effects of size and frequency of small-scale disturbances on seedling emergence and survival of transplanted seedlings. The results of our study demonstrate that the invasion window for seeds is in disturbed areas in high-marsh plant communities that flood less frequently; seedling emergence in undisturbed areas was negligible. Establishment of shoots from rhizome segments was low in all plant communities. Disturbance size and frequency had no significant impact on seed germination and seedling survival. Our findings provide evidence that small-scale within-wetland disturbances are important for the invasion of the nonnative lineage of P. australis by seeds in brackish tidal wetlands in Chesapeake Bay. Efforts to reduce disturbances, large and small, in wetlands can be used to limit P. australis invasion by seed, but invasion by rhizome is still likely to occur across many plant communities irrespective of the presence of disturbance.}, }
@article {pmid26263666, year = {2015}, author = {Drolet, D and Locke, A and Lewis, MA and Davidson, J}, title = {Evidence-based tool surpasses expert opinion in predicting probability of eradication of aquatic nonindigenous species.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {441-450}, doi = {10.1890/14-0180.1}, pmid = {26263666}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Data Collection ; *Ecosystem ; Expert Testimony ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {The main objective of evidence-based management is to promote use of scientific data in the decision-making process of managers, with data either complementing or replacing expert knowledge. It is expected that this will increase the efficiency of environmental interventions. However, the relative accuracy and precision of evidence-based tools and expert knowledge has seldom been evaluated. It is therefore essential to verify whether such tools provide better decision support before advocating their use. We conducted an elicitation survey in which experts were asked to (1) evaluate the influence of various factors on the success of eradication programs for aquatic nonindigenous species and (2) provide probabilities of success for real case studies for which we knew the outcome. The responses of experts were compared with the results and predictions of a newly developed evidence-based tool: a statistical model calibrated with a meta-analysis of case studies designed to evaluate probability of eradication. Experts and the model generally identified the same factors as influencing the probability of success. However, the model provided much more accurate estimates for the probability of eradication than expert opinion, strongly suggesting that an evidence-based approach is superior to expert knowledge in this case. Uncertainty surrounding the predictions of the evidence-based tool was similar to among-expert variability. Finally, a model based on >30 case studies returned more accurate predictions than expert opinion. We conclude that decision-making processes based on expert judgment would greatly benefit from incorporating evidence-based tools.}, }
@article {pmid26263665, year = {2015}, author = {Karatayev, AY and Burlakova, LE and Mastitsky, SE and Padilla, DK}, title = {Predicting the spread of aquatic invaders: insight from 200 years of invasion by zebra mussels.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {430-440}, doi = {10.1890/13-1339.1}, pmid = {26263665}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Dreissena/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes/*chemistry ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Republic of Belarus ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Understanding factors controlling the introduction and spread of species is crucial to improving the management of both natural populations and introduced species. The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, is considered the most aggressive freshwater invader in the Northern Hemisphere, and is a convenient model system for invasion biology, offering one of the best aquatic examples for examining the invasion process. We used data on 553 of the 1040 glacial lakes in the Republic of Belarus that were examined for the presence of zebra mussels. We used these data to build, test, and construct modified models to predict the spread of this invader, including selection of important parameters that could limit the spread of this invader. In spite of 200 years of continuous invasion, by 1996, zebra mussels were found in only 16.8% of all lakes studied. Of those lakes without zebra mussels in 1996, 66% were predicted to be susceptible to invasion by zebra mussels in the future, and 33% were predicted to be immune to successful invasion due to their water chemistry. Eighty lakes free of zebra mussels in 1996 were reexamined from 1997 to 2008. Of these, zebra mussels successfully invaded an additional 31 lakes, all of which were classified initially as suitable for zebra mussels; none of the lakes previously classified as unsuitable were invaded. We used the Random Forests classification algorithm with 16 environmental variables to determine the most important factors that differed between invaded lakes and those lakes suitable for invasion that have not yet been invaded. Distance to the nearest infested lakes was found to be the most important variable, followed by the lake area, color, average depth, and concentration of chloride, magnesium, and bicarbonate. This study provides a useful approach for predicting the spread of an invader across a landscape with variable habitat suitability that can be applied to a variety of species and systems.}, }
@article {pmid26263172, year = {2015}, author = {Wang, A and Chen, J and Jing, C and Ye, G and Wu, J and Huang, Z and Zhou, C}, title = {Monitoring the Invasion of Spartina alterniflora from 1993 to 2014 with Landsat TM and SPOT 6 Satellite Data in Yueqing Bay, China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e0135538}, pmid = {26263172}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Bays ; China ; *Ecosystem ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Introduced Species ; *Poaceae ; }, abstract = {The exotic plant Spartina alterniflora was introduced to Yueqing Bay more than 20 years ago for tidal land reclamation and as a defense against typhoons, but it has rapidly expanded and caused enormous ecological consequences. Mapping the spread and distribution of S. alterniflora is the first step toward understanding the factors that determine the population expansion patterns. Remote sensing is a promising tool to monitor the expansion of S. alterniflora. Twelve Landsat TM images and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were used to delineate the invasion of S. alterniflora from 1993 to 2009, and SPOT 6 images and Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) were used to map the distribution of S. alterniflora in 2014. In situ data and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) images were used as supplementary data. S. alterniflora spread rapidly in Yueqing Bay over the past 21 years. Between 1993 and 2009, the area of S. alterniflora increased by 608 times (from 4 to 2432 ha). The rapid expansion of S. alterniflora covered almost all of the bare mudflats around the mangrove forests and the cultivated mudflats. However, from 2009 to 2014, the rate of expansion of S. alterniflora began to slow down in Yueqing Bay, and the total area of S. alterniflora in Yantian decreased by 275 ha. These phenomena can be explained by the landscape changes and ecological niches. Through the expansion of S. alterniflora, it was found that the ecological significance and environmental impact of S. alterniflora was different in different regions in Yueqing Bay. The conservation plans for Yueqing Bay should consider both the positive and negative effects of S. alterniflora, and the governmental policy should be based on the different circumstances of the regions.}, }
@article {pmid26261445, year = {2015}, author = {Hornung, E and Szlavecz, K and Dombos, M}, title = {Demography of some non-native isopods (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea) in a Mid-Atlantic forest, USA.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {515}, pages = {127-143}, pmid = {26261445}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Introduced species dominate the terrestrial isopod fauna in most inland habitats of North America, including urban landscapes. These non-native species are often very abundant and thus potentially play a significant role in detritus processing. We monitored isopod assemblages in an urban forest for a year to examine the relationship between surface activity and abiotic environmental factors, and to analyze reproductive characteristics that might contribute to their successful establishment. Using pitfall trap samples we recorded five species, two of which, Trachelipusrathkii and Cylisticusconvexus, were highly abundant. We determined size, sex and reproductive state of each individual. Surface activity of both species reflected variability in abiotic stress factors for isopods, such as soil moisture and soil temperature. Early spring the main trigger was soil temperature while later in the season increasing temperature and decreasing soil moisture jointly affected population dynamics. Activity significantly correlated with soil moisture. The temporal pattern of sex ratios supported the secondary sex ratio hypothesis. Males dominated the samples on the onset of the mating season in search of females. The pattern was reversed as females searched for suitable microsites for their offspring. Size independent fecundity decreased as conditions became more stressful late in the season.}, }
@article {pmid26261436, year = {2015}, author = {Amora, G and Hamada, N and Fusari, LM and Andrade-Souza, V}, title = {An Asiatic Chironomid in Brazil: morphology, DNA barcode and bionomics.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {514}, pages = {129-144}, pmid = {26261436}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {In most freshwater ecosystems, aquatic insects are dominant in terms of diversity; however, there is a disproportionately low number of records of alien species when compared to other freshwater organisms. The Chironomidae is one aquatic insect family that includes some examples of alien species around the world. During a study on aquatic insects in Amazonas state (Brazil), we collected specimens of Chironomidae that are similar, at the morphological level, to Chironomuskiiensis Tokunaga and Chironomusstriatipennis Kieffer, both with distributions restricted to Asia. The objectives of this study were to provide morphological information on this Chironomus population, to investigate its identity using DNA barcoding and, to provide bionomic information about this species. Chironomus DNA barcode data were obtained from GenBank and Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) and, together with our data, were analyzed using the neighbor-joining method with 1000 bootstrap replicates and the genetic distances were estimated using the Kimura-2-parameter. At the morphological level, the Brazilian population cannot be distinguished either from Chironomusstriatipennis or Chironomuskiiensis, configuring a species complex but, at the molecular level our studied population is placed in a clade together with Chironomusstriatipennis, from South Korea. Bionomic characteristics of the Brazilian Chironomus population differ from the ones of Chironomuskiiensis from Japan, the only species in this species complex with bionomic information available. The Brazilian Chironomus population has a smaller size, the double of the number of eggs and inhabits oligotrophic water, in artificial container. In the molecular analysis, populations of Chironomusstriatipennis and Chironomuskiiensis are placed in a clade, formed by two groups: Group A (which includes populations from both named species, from different Asiatic regions and our Brazilian population) and Group B (with populations of Chironomuskiiensis from Japan and South Korea). Genetic distance between the Brazilian population and specimens in Group A suggests that it was recently introduced in Brazil, and that its country of origin is probably South Korea.}, }
@article {pmid26257948, year = {2015}, author = {Starliper, CE and Watten, BJ and Iwanowicz, DD and Green, PA and Bassett, NL and Adams, CR}, title = {Efficacy of pH elevation as a bactericidal strategy for treating ballast water of freight carriers.}, journal = {Journal of advanced research}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {501-509}, pmid = {26257948}, issn = {2090-1232}, abstract = {Treatment of ship ballast water with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is one method currently being developed to minimize the risk to introduce aquatic invasive species. The bactericidal capability of sodium hydroxide was determined for 148 bacterial strains from ballast water collected in 2009 and 2010 from the M/V Indiana Harbor, a bulk-freight carrier plying the Laurentian Great Lakes, USA. Primary culture of bacteria was done using brain heart infusion agar and a developmental medium. Strains were characterized based on PCR amplification and sequencing of a portion of the 16S rRNA gene. Sequence similarities (99+ %) were determined by comparison with the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank catalog. Flavobacterium spp. were the most prevalent bacteria characterized in 2009, comprising 51.1% (24/47) of the total, and Pseudomonas spp. (62/101; 61.4%) and Brevundimonas spp. (22/101; 21.8%) were the predominate bacteria recovered in 2010; together, comprising 83.2% (84/101) of the total. Testing was done in tryptic soy broth (TSB) medium adjusted with 5 N NaOH. Growth of each strain was evaluated at pH 10.0, pH 11.0 and pH 12.0, and 4 h up to 72 h. The median cell count at 0 h for 148 cultures was 5.20 × 10(6) cfu/mL with a range 1.02 × 10(5)-1.60 × 10(8) cfu/mL. The TSB adjusted to pH 10.0 and incubation for less than 24 h was bactericidal to 52 (35.1%) strains. Growth in pH 11.0 TSB for less than 4 h was bactericidal to 131 (88.5%) strains and pH 11.0 within 12 h was bactericidal to 141 (95.3%). One strain, Bacillus horikoshii, survived the harshest treatment, pH 12.0 for 72 h.}, }
@article {pmid26257879, year = {2015}, author = {Bertelsmeier, C and Avril, A and Blight, O and Jourdan, H and Courchamp, F}, title = {Discovery-dominance trade-off among widespread invasive ant species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {13}, pages = {2673-2683}, pmid = {26257879}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Ants are among the most problematic invasive species. They displace numerous native species, alter ecosystem processes, and can have negative impacts on agriculture and human health. In part, their success might stem from a departure from the discovery-dominance trade-off that can promote co-existence in native ant communities, that is, invasive ants are thought to be at the same time behaviorally dominant and faster discoverers of resources, compared to native species. However, it has not yet been tested whether similar asymmetries in behavioral dominance, exploration, and recruitment abilities also exist among invasive species. Here, we establish a dominance hierarchy among four of the most problematic invasive ants (Linepithema humile, Lasius neglectus, Wasmannia auropunctata, Pheidole megacephala) that may be able to arrive and establish in the same areas in the future. To assess behavioral dominance, we used confrontation experiments, testing the aggressiveness in individual and group interactions between all species pairs. In addition, to compare discovery efficiency, we tested the species' capacity to locate a food resource in a maze, and the capacity to recruit nestmates to exploit a food resource. The four species differed greatly in their capacity to discover resources and to recruit nestmates and to dominate the other species. Our results are consistent with a discovery-dominance trade-off. The species that showed the highest level of interspecific aggressiveness and dominance during dyadic interactions.}, }
@article {pmid26255362, year = {2015}, author = {Hovick, SM and Carson, WP}, title = {Tailoring biocontrol to maximize top-down effects: on the importance of underlying site fertility.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {125-139}, doi = {10.1890/13-2050.1}, pmid = {26255362}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Plants/*classification ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The degree to which biocontrol agents impact invasive plants varies widely across landscapes, often for unknown reasons. Understanding this variability can help optimize invasive species management while also informing our understanding of trophic linkages. To address these issues, we tested three hypotheses with contrasting predictions regarding the likelihood of biocontrol success. (1) The biocontrol effort hypothesis: invasive populations are regulated primarily by top-down effects, predicting that increased biocontrol efforts alone (e.g., more individuals of a given biocontrol agent or more time since agent release) will enhance biocontrol success. (2) The relative fertility hypothesis: invasive populations are regulated primarily by bottom-up effects, predicting that nutrient enrichment will increase dominance by invasives and thus reduce biocontrol success, regardless of biocontrol efforts. (3) The fertility-dependent biocontrol effort hypothesis: top-down effects will only regulate invasive populations if bottom-up effects are weak. It predicts that greater biocontrol efforts will increase biocontrol success, but only in low-nutrient sites. To test these hypotheses, we surveyed 46 sites across three states with prior releases of Galerucella beetles, the most common biocontrol agents used against invasive purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). We found strong support for the fertility-dependent biocontrol effort hypothesis, as biocontrol success occurred most often with greater biocontrol efforts, but only in low-fertility sites. This result held for early stage metrics of biocontrol success (higher Galerucella abundance) and ultimate biocontrol outcomes (decreased loosestrife plant size and abundance). Presence of the invasive grass Phalaris arundinacea was also inversely related to loosestrife abundance, suggesting that biocontrol-based reductions in loosestrife made secondary invasion by P. arundinacea more likely. Our data suggest that low-nutrient sites be prioritized for loosestrife biocontrol and that future monitoring account for variation in site fertility or work to mitigate it. We introduce a new framework that integrates our findings with conflicting patterns previously reported from other biocontrol systems, proposing a unimodal relationship whereby nutrient availability enhances biocontrol success in low-nutrient sites but hampers it in high-nutrient sites. Our results represent one of the first examples of biocontrol success depending on site fertility, which has the potential to inform biocontrol-based management decisions across entire regions and among contrasting systems.}, }
@article {pmid26254575, year = {2015}, author = {Nadolny, R and Gaff, H and Carlsson, J and Gauthier, D}, title = {Comparative population genetics of two invading ticks: Evidence of the ecological mechanisms underlying tick range expansions.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {35}, number = {}, pages = {153-162}, pmid = {26254575}, issn = {1567-7257}, support = {K25 AI067791/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; K25AI067791/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Mid-Atlantic Region ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; RNA/analysis ; RNA, Mitochondrial ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis ; Ticks/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Two species of ixodid tick, Ixodes affinis Neumann and Amblyomma maculatum Koch, are simultaneously expanding their ranges throughout the mid-Atlantic region of the US. Although we have some understanding of the ecology and life history of these species, the ecological mechanisms governing where and how new populations establish and persist are unclear. To assess population connectivity and ancestry, we sequenced a fragment of the 16S mitochondrial rRNA gene from a representative sample of individuals of both species from populations throughout the eastern US. We found that despite overlapping host preferences throughout ontogeny, each species exhibited very different genetic and geographic patterns of population establishment and connectivity. I. affinis was of two distinct mitochondrial clades, with a clear geographic break separating northern and southern populations. Both I. affinis populations showed evidence of recent expansion, although the southern population was more genetically diverse, indicating a longer history of establishment. A. maculatum exhibited diverse haplotypes that showed no significant relationship with geographic patterns and little apparent connectivity between sites. Heteroplasmy was also observed in the 16S mitochondrial rRNA gene in 3.5% of A. maculatum individuals. Genetic evidence suggests that these species rely on different key life stages to successfully disperse into novel environments, and that host vagility, habitat stability and habitat connectivity all play critical roles in the establishment of new tick populations.}, }
@article {pmid26254063, year = {2015}, author = {Wang, L and Chen, J}, title = {Fatty Amines from Little Black Ants, Monomorium minimum, and Their Biological Activities Against Red Imported Fire Ants, Solenopsis invicta.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {41}, number = {8}, pages = {708-715}, pmid = {26254063}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Amines/isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Ants/*chemistry/*drug effects ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Insecticides/isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Mississippi ; }, abstract = {Red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta, are significant invasive pests. Certain native ant species can compete with S. invicta, such as the little black ant, Monomorium minimum. Defensive secretions may contribute to the competition capacity of native ants. The chemistry of ant defensive secretions in the genus Monomorium has been subjected to extensive research. The insecticidal alkaloids, 2,5-dialkyl-pyrrolidines and 2,5-dialkyl-pyrrolines have been reported to dominate the venom of M. minimum. In this study, analysis of defensive secretions of workers and queens of M. minimum revealed two primary amines, decylamine and dodecylamine. Neither amine has been reported previously from natural sources. Toxicity and digging suppression by these two amines against S. invicta were examined. Decylamine had higher toxicity to S. invicta workers than dodecylamine, a quicker knockdown effect, and suppressed the digging behavior of S. invicta workers at lower concentration. However, the amount of fatty amines in an individual ant was not enough to knockdown a fire ant or suppress its digging behavior. These amines most likely work in concert with other components in the chemical defense of M. minimum.}, }
@article {pmid26254022, year = {2015}, author = {Hermoso, V and Januchowski-Hartley, SR and Linke, S}, title = {Systematic planning of disconnection to enhance conservation success in a modified world.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {536}, number = {}, pages = {1038-1044}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.120}, pmid = {26254022}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Policy ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Maintaining spatial-temporal connectivity for conservation is necessary to allow the persistence of ecological processes and the biodiversity they sustain. However, conservation practice in human-modified environments can also benefit from prescribed disconnection through the implementation of barriers. Barriers, such as fences or dams, and buffer zones can be a cost-effective way of addressing threats caused by a globally connected world, such as the propagation of invasive species and diseases, creating refuge areas for native biodiversity and helping reduce economic losses caused by native wildlife or invasive species. Despite the global attention that disconnection has received, no clear framework exists to guide the allocation of barriers for conservation management. Here we propose that the implementation of barriers for conservation should be systematically planned, considering ecological trade-offs for multiple species (easing threats vs. interruption of ecosystem processes) and socio-economic cost-benefits (implementation cost vs. reduced human-wildlife conflicts), rather than using ad-hoc opportunistic criteria or accommodating conservation needs for individual species. Such a systematic approach is necessary to ensure both socially acceptable and ecologically effective use of disconnections as a conservation tool and ideally planned across different realms so co-benefits or trade-offs can be accounted for. However, any implementation of disconnection for conservation should be cautiously considered if uncertainty in effectiveness of the barrier and ecological impacts to other species are high. We also suggest the need for improved approaches to monitoring to learn from previous successes and failures. Our recommendations should guide the systematic evaluation and allocation of barriers to help enhance the value of this conservation tool in the face of increasing propagation of threats worldwide. However, new tools and collaborative frameworks across different realms are needed to help stakeholders make better informed decision.}, }
@article {pmid26252204, year = {2015}, author = {Tonnang, HE and Mohamed, SA and Khamis, F and Ekesi, S}, title = {Identification and Risk Assessment for Worldwide Invasion and Spread of Tuta absoluta with a Focus on Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Phytosanitary Measures and Management.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e0135283}, pmid = {26252204}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa South of the Sahara ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Computer Simulation ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Kenya ; *Lepidoptera ; *Solanum lycopersicum ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; *Risk Assessment ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {To support management decisions, molecular characterization of data and geo-reference of incidence records of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) were combined with data on the biology and ecology of the pest to estimate its climatic suitability and potential spread at regional and global scale. A CLIMEX model was developed and used for the global prediction of current and future climate-induced changes in the distributional shifts of T. absoluta. Results revealed that temperature and moisture characterized T. absoluta population growth while the pest ability to survive the cold, hot, wet and dry stress conditions are the primary characteristics defining its range frontiers. Simulated irrigation also played an important role in the model optimization. Model predictions suggest that T. absoluta represents an important threat to Africa, Asia, Australia, Northern Europe, New Zealand, Russian Federation and the United States of America (USA). Under climate change context, future predictions on distribution of T. absoluta indicated that the invasive nature of this pest will result in significant crop losses in certain locations whereas some parts of Africa may witness diminution in ranges. The following scenarios may occur: 1) T. absoluta damage potential may upsurge moderately in areas of Africa where the pest currently exists; 2) a range diminution in temperate to Sahel region with moderate upsurge in damage potential; 3) a range expansion in tropical Africa with reasonable upsurge of damage potential. These possible outcomes could be explained by the fact that the continent is already warm, with the average temperature in majority of localities near the threshold temperatures for optimal development and survival of T. absoluta. Outputs from this study should be useful in helping decision-makers in their assessment of site-specific risks of invasion and spread of T. absoluta with a view to developing appropriate surveillance, phytosanitary measures and management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid26252004, year = {2015}, author = {Ansong, M and Pickering, C}, title = {What's a Weed? Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviour of Park Visitors about Weeds.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e0135026}, pmid = {26252004}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Attitude ; Australia ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Female ; Geography ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Knowledge ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Parks, Recreational ; *Plant Weeds ; *Seed Dispersal ; Seeds ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {Weeds are a major threat to biodiversity globally degrading natural areas of high conservation value. But what are our attitudes about weeds and their management including weeds in national parks? Do we know what a weed is? Do we consider weeds a problem? Do we support their management? Are we unintentionally spreading weeds in parks? To answer these questions, we surveyed visitors entering a large popular national park near the city of Brisbane, Australia. Park visitors were knowledgeable about weeds; with >75% correctly defining weeds as 'plants that grow where they are not wanted'. About 10% of the visitors, however, provided their own sophisticated definitions. This capacity to define weeds did not vary with people's age, sex or level of education. We constructed a scale measuring visitors' overall concern about weeds in parks using the responses to ten Likert scale statements. Over 85% of visitors were concerned about weeds with older visitors, hikers, and those who could correctly define weeds more concerned than their counterparts. The majority think visitors unintentionally introduce seeds into parks, with many (63%) having found seeds on their own clothing. However, over a third disposed of these seeds in ways that could facilitate weed spread. Therefore, although most visitors were knowledgeable and concerned about weeds, and support their control, there is a clear need for more effective communication regarding the risk of visitors unintentionally dispersing weed seeds in parks.}, }
@article {pmid26251038, year = {2016}, author = {de Souza, MS and Pepinelli, M and de Almeida, EC and Ochoa-Quintero, JM and Roque, FO}, title = {Blow Flies from Forest Fragments Embedded in Different Land Uses: Implications for Selecting Indicators in Forensic Entomology.}, journal = {Journal of forensic sciences}, volume = {61}, number = {1}, pages = {93-98}, doi = {10.1111/1556-4029.12869}, pmid = {26251038}, issn = {1556-4029}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Brazil ; *Diptera ; *Ecosystem ; Entomology ; Forensic Sciences ; Forests ; Principal Component Analysis ; }, abstract = {Given the general expectation that forest loss can alter biodiversity patterns, we hypothesize that blow fly species abundances differ in a gradient of native vegetation cover. This study was conducted in 17 fragments across different landscapes in central Brazil. Different land cover type proportions were used to represent landscape structure. In total, 2334 specimens of nine species of Calliphoridae were collected. We used principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce dimensionality and multicollinearity of the landscape data. The first component explained 70%, and it represented a gradient of forest-pasture land uses. Alien species showed a wide distribution in different fragments with no clear relationship between the abundance values and the scores of PCA axes, whereas native species occurred only in areas with a predominance of forest cover. Our study revealed that certain native species may be sensitive to forest loss at the landscape scale, and they represent a bioindicator in forensic entomology.}, }
@article {pmid26249967, year = {2015}, author = {González, CE and Inés, HM}, title = {Checklist of nematode parasites of amphibians from Argentina.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3980}, number = {4}, pages = {451-476}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3980.4.1}, pmid = {26249967}, issn = {1175-5326}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/*parasitology ; Argentina ; Nematoda/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; }, abstract = {This review includes information about 47 taxa of nematode parasites reported from 34 species of Argentinean amphibians, all belonging to order Anura (33 native species and 1 introduced species). Thirty four nematode species have been reported as adults and 13 species were reported as larvae (10 taxa) or juveniles (3 taxa). Two species, Cosmocerca parva and C. podicipinus (Cosmocercidae), collected as adults, are the most commonly occurring adult nematodes in Argentinean amphibians; each of them parasitize 14 amphibian species. The bufonid Rhinella schneideri and the leptodactylid Leptodactylus bufonius present the highest species richness of parasitic nematodes (9 species); followed by Rhinella fernandezae, R. arenarum and Leptodactylus chaquensis, each of which is parasitized by 8 nematode species. Mean species richenss was highest for the family Bufonidae (4.5±3.4; range: 1-9); followed by the Leptodactylidae (3.5±2.8; range: 1-9). Data on hosts, geographical distribution, site of infection, location of deposited materials, and information about life cycles are provided. This is the first compilation of information on nematode parasites of amphibians in Argentina.}, }
@article {pmid26249431, year = {2015}, author = {Mound, LA and Wells, A}, title = {Endemics and adventives: Thysanoptera (Insecta) biodiversity of Norfolk, a tiny Pacific Island.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3964}, number = {2}, pages = {183-210}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3964.2.2}, pmid = {26249431}, issn = {1175-5326}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Body Size ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Melanesia ; New Caledonia ; New Zealand ; Organ Size ; Thysanoptera/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The thrips fauna of Norfolk Island is a curious mix of endemics and adventives, with notable absences that include one major trophic group. A brief introduction is provided to the history of human settlement and its ecological impact on this tiny land mass in the western Pacific Ocean. The Thysanoptera fauna comprises about 20% endemic and almost 50% widespread invasive species, and shows limited faunal relationships to the nearest territories, Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand. This fauna, comprising 66 species, includes among named species 29 Terebrantia and 33 Tubulifera, with four Tubulifera remaining undescribed. At least 12 species are endemics, of which 10 are mycophagous, and up to 10 further species are possibly native to the island. As with the thrips fauna of most Pacific islands, many species are widespread invasives. However, most of the common thrips of eastern Australia have not been found on Norfolk Island, and the complete absence of leaf-feeding Phlaeothripinae is notable. The following new taxa are described: in the Phlaeothripidae, Buffettithrips rauti gen. et sp. n. and Priesneria akestra sp. n.; and in the Thripidae, Scirtothrips araucariae sp. n. and Thrips merae sp. n.}, }
@article {pmid26249172, year = {2015}, author = {Humair, F and Humair, L and Kuhn, F and Kueffer, C}, title = {E-commerce trade in invasive plants.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {29}, number = {6}, pages = {1658-1665}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12579}, pmid = {26249172}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Commerce ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Internet ; Introduced Species/*economics ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a major concern in conservation, especially because global transport of species is still increasing rapidly. Conservationists hope to anticipate and thus prevent future invasions by identifying and regulating potentially invasive species through species risk assessments and international trade regulations. Among many introduction pathways of non-native species, horticulture is a particularly important driver of plant invasions. In recent decades, the horticultural industry expanded globally and changed structurally through the emergence of new distribution channels, including internet trade (e-commerce). Using an automated search algorithm, we surveyed, on a daily basis, e-commerce trade on 10 major online auction sites (including eBay) of approximately three-fifths of the world's spermatophyte flora. Many recognized invasive plant species (>500 species) (i.e., species associated with ecological or socio-economic problems) were traded daily worldwide on the internet. A markedly higher proportion of invasive than non-invasive species were available online. Typically, for a particular plant family, 30-80% of recognized invasive species were detected on an auction site, but only a few percentages of all species in the plant family were detected on a site. Families that were more traded had a higher proportion of invasive species than families that were less traded. For woody species, there was a significant positive relationship between the number of regions where a species was sold and the number of regions where it was invasive. Our results indicate that biosecurity is not effectively regulating online plant trade. In the future, automated monitoring of e-commerce may help prevent the spread of invasive species, provide information on emerging trade connectivity across national borders, and be used in horizon scanning exercises for early detection of new species and their geographic source areas in international trade.}, }
@article {pmid26248909, year = {2015}, author = {Matzke, D and Kocarek, P}, title = {Description and biology of Euborellia arcanum sp. nov., an alien earwig occupying greenhouses in Germany and Austria (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3956}, number = {1}, pages = {131-139}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.8}, pmid = {26248909}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Austria ; Body Size ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Germany ; Insecta/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Organ Size ; }, abstract = {Greenhouses in botanical or zoological gardens are home to dozens of species of invertebrates that were introduced alongside plants or potting soil. Our study presents the description of an alien species of earwig, Euborellia arcanum sp. nov., found in tropical greenhouses in Leipzig and Potsdam (Germany) and in Vienna (Austria), including information about its biology in breeding culture. The species was most likely introduced into Europe by way of plants or plant matter from Florida, but the region of its natural habitat is unknown. The sequence of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) was also evaluated and added to GenBank as a DNA barcode for further identification.}, }
@article {pmid26246335, year = {2015}, author = {Rejmánek, M and Stohlgren, TJ}, title = {Scale-dependent impacts of invasive species: a reply to Chase et al. (2015).}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {26246335}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Extinction, Biological ; Ferns/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Lonicera/*physiology ; Myricaceae/*physiology ; Plants/*classification ; }, }
@article {pmid26246332, year = {2015}, author = {Chase, JM and Powell, KI and Knight, TM}, title = {'Bigger data' on scale-dependent effects of invasive species on biodiversity cannot overcome confounded analyses: a comment on Stohlgren &amp; Rejmánek (2014).}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {26246332}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Extinction, Biological ; Ferns/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Lonicera/*physiology ; Myricaceae/*physiology ; Plants/*classification ; }, abstract = {A recent study by Stohlgren &amp; Rejmánek (SR: Stohlgren TJ, Rejmánek M. 2014 Biol. Lett. 10. (doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0939)) purported to test the generality of a recent finding of scale-dependent effects of invasive plants on native diversity; dominant invasive plants decreased the intercept and increased the slope of the species-area relationship. SR (2014) find little correlation between invasive species cover and the slopes and intercepts of SARs across a diversity of sites. We show that the analyses of SR (2014) are inappropriate because of confounding causality.}, }
@article {pmid26245535, year = {2015}, author = {Pfeil-McCullough, E and Bain, DJ and Bergman, J and Crumrine, D}, title = {Emerald ash borer and the urban forest: Changes in landslide potential due to canopy loss scenarios in the City of Pittsburgh, PA.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {536}, number = {}, pages = {538-545}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.145}, pmid = {26245535}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Cities ; *Coleoptera ; Fraxinus/parasitology ; Landslides/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Pennsylvania ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Emerald ash borer is expected to kill thousands of ash trees in the eastern U.S. This research develops tools to predict the effect of ash tree loss from the urban canopy on landslide susceptibility in Pittsburgh, PA. A spatial model was built using the SINMAP (Stability INdex MAPping) model coupled with spatially explicit scenarios of tree loss (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% loss of ash trees from the canopy). Ash spatial distributions were estimated via Monte Carlo methods and available vegetation plot data. Ash trees are most prevalent on steeper slopes, likely due to urban development patterns. Therefore, ash loss disproportionately increases hillslope instability. A 75% loss of ash resulted in roughly 800 new potential landslide initiation locations. Sensitivity testing reveals that variations in rainfall rates, and friction angles produce minor changes to model results relative to the magnitude of parameter variation, but reveal high model sensitivity to soil density and root cohesion values. The model predictions demonstrate the importance of large canopy species to urban hillslope stability, particularly on steep slopes and in areas where soils tend to retain water. To improve instability predictions, better characterization of urban soils, particularly spatial patterns of compaction and species specific root cohesion is necessary. The modeling framework developed in this research will enhance assessment of changes in landslide risk due to tree mortality, improving our ability to design economically and ecologically sustainable urban systems.}, }
@article {pmid26244582, year = {2015}, author = {Horak, IG and Jordaan, AJ and Nel, PJ and van Heerden, J and Heyne, H and van Dalen, EM}, title = {Distribution of endemic and introduced tick species in Free State Province, South Africa.}, journal = {Journal of the South African Veterinary Association}, volume = {86}, number = {1}, pages = {1255}, pmid = {26244582}, issn = {2224-9435}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology ; Chickens ; Female ; Galliformes ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Ornithodoros/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Perissodactyla ; Population Dynamics ; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology ; Ruminants ; Seasons ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The distributions of endemic tick vector species as well as the presence of species not endemic to Free State Province, South Africa, were determined during surveys or opportunistic collections from livestock, wildlife and vegetation. Amongst endemic ticks, the presence of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus was confirmed in the north of the province, whilst Rhipicephalus decoloratus was collected at 31 localities mostly in the centre and east, and Ixodes rubicundus at 11 localities in the south, south-west and centre of the province. Amongst the non-endemic species adult Amblyomma hebraeum were collected from white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) on four privately owned farms, whilst the adults of Rhipicephalus microplus were collected from cattle and a larva from vegetation at four localities in the east of the province. The collection of Rhipicephalus evertsi mimeticus from a sheep in the west of the province is the second record of its presence in the Free State, whereas the presence of Haemaphysalis silacea on helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris) and vegetation in the centre of the province represents a first record for this species in the Free State. The first collection of the argasid tick, Ornithodoros savignyi, in the Free State was made from a domestic cow and from soil in the west of the province. The localities at which the ticks were collected have been plotted and the ticks' role in the transmission or cause of disease in domestic livestock and wildlife is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid26244556, year = {2015}, author = {Yang, C and Li, H and Pan, H and Ma, Y and Zhang, D and Liu, Y and Zhang, Z and Zheng, C and Chu, D}, title = {Stable Reference Gene Selection for RT-qPCR Analysis in Nonviruliferous and Viruliferous Frankliniella occidentalis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e0135207}, pmid = {26244556}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Chaperonin 60/genetics ; Computational Biology/methods ; Flowers/parasitology ; Gene Expression Profiling/*methods ; Genes, Insect/*genetics ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Peptide Elongation Factor 1/genetics ; Reference Standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods/standards ; Ribosomal Proteins/genetics ; Software ; Thysanoptera/*genetics/virology ; Tospovirus/physiology ; }, abstract = {Reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a reliable technique for measuring and evaluating gene expression during variable biological processes. To facilitate gene expression studies, normalization of genes of interest relative to stable reference genes is crucial. The western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), the main vector of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), is a destructive invasive species. In this study, the expression profiles of 11 candidate reference genes from nonviruliferous and viruliferous F. occidentalis were investigated. Five distinct algorithms, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, the ΔCt method, and RefFinder, were used to determine the performance of these genes. geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder identified heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), elongation factor 1 α, and ribosomal protein l32 (RPL32) as the most stable reference genes, and the ΔCt method identified HSP60, HSP70, RPL32, and heat shock protein 90 as the most stable reference genes. Additionally, two reference genes were sufficient for reliable normalization in nonviruliferous and viruliferous F. occidentalis. This work provides a foundation for investigating the molecular mechanisms of TSWV and F. occidentalis interactions.}, }
@article {pmid26244345, year = {2015}, author = {Lucero, JE and Allen, PS and McMillan, BR}, title = {Increased Primary Production from an Exotic Invader Does Not Subsidize Native Rodents.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e0131564}, pmid = {26244345}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biomass ; *Bromus ; *Ecosystem ; Food Preferences/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/physiology ; *Rodentia ; Seeds/physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants have tremendous potential to enrich native food webs by subsidizing net primary productivity. Here, we explored how a potential food subsidy, seeds produced by the aggressive invader cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), is utilized by an important guild of native consumers--granivorous small mammals--in the Great Basin Desert, USA. In a series of field experiments we examined 1) how cheatgrass invasion affects the density and biomass of seed rain at the ecosystem-level; 2) how seed resources from cheatgrass numerically affect granivorous small mammals; and 3) how the food preferences of native granivores might mediate the trophic integration of cheatgrass seeds. Relative to native productivity, cheatgrass invasion increased the density and biomass of seed rain by over 2000% (P < 0.01) and 3500% (P < 0.01), respectively. However, granivorous small mammals in native communities showed no positive response in abundance, richness, or diversity to experimental additions of cheatgrass seeds over one year. This lack of response correlated with a distinct preference for seeds from native grasses over seeds from cheatgrass. Our experiments demonstrate that increased primary productivity associated with exotic plant invasions may not necessarily subsidize consumers at higher trophic levels. In this context, cheatgrass invasion could disrupt native food webs by providing less-preferred resources that fail to enrich higher trophic levels.}, }
@article {pmid26242971, year = {2016}, author = {Kosyan, A}, title = {Predation mechanisms of Rapana venosa (Gastropoda: Muricidae) in different biotopes along the Black Sea coast.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {102}, number = {2}, pages = {265-270}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.069}, pmid = {26242971}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/physiology ; Black Sea ; *Food Chain ; Gastropoda/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior ; Russia ; Ukraine ; }, abstract = {Mechanisms of feeding by the invasive gastropod Rapana venosa from different biotopes of 11 sites along the Black Sea coast are discussed. Two methods--edge-drilling and suffocation--are used, but the prevailing method in a particular biotope depends on the type of bivalve prey. Drill signs were present on almost all shells of Chamelea gallina, captured by rapa whelks in field conditions, while in a field experiment, only 11% of all empty Mytilus galloprovincialis had drilling signatures. The degree of radula abrasion was also dependent on the available bivalves: it was the highest in biotopes with C. gallina and juvenile mussels, and the lowest in biotopes with large mussels. Intermediate degrees of abrasion were observed in biotopes with mixed prey: C. gallina and Anadara kagoshimensis, C. gallina and mussels, or small and large mussels. Since we observed only initial signs of drilling, simultaneous application of boring and suffocation could take place.}, }
@article {pmid26239647, year = {2015}, author = {Wu, J and Fan, H and Liu, W and Huang, G and Tang, J and Zeng, R and Huang, J and Liu, Z}, title = {Should Exotic Eucalyptus be Planted in Subtropical China: Insights from Understory Plant Diversity in Two Contrasting Eucalyptus Chronosequences.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {56}, number = {5}, pages = {1244-1251}, pmid = {26239647}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; China ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Eucalyptus/*physiology ; Forestry/*methods ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Wood ; }, abstract = {Although Eucalyptus is widely planted in South China, whose effects on native biodiversity are unclear. The objective of this study was to quantify the richness and composition of understory plants in two contrasting Eucalyptus chronosequences in South China. One was in Zhangzhou City with plantation age of 2, 4, and 6 years after clear-cutting Chinese fir forests, while the other was in Heshan City with plantation age of 2, 3, and 24 years that reforested on barren lands. Results showed that the richness of understory plants and functional groups was not significantly altered in the Zhangzhou chronosequence, while increased in the 24-year-old plantations, with a significantly larger proportion of woody plants than the younger plantations for the Heshan chronosequence. Moreover, a higher richness of woody plants accompanied by a lower richness of herbaceous species was detected in the Zhangzhou chronosequence compared with the Heshan one. To balance the need for pulp production and plant diversity conservation, we suggest that intercropping approaches between exotic Eucalyptus plantations and native forests should be considered in the fast rotation Eucalyptus plantations. However, Eucalyptus plantations may be used as pioneer species to sustain ecosystem functioning for the degraded lands.}, }
@article {pmid26238987, year = {2016}, author = {Patokar, C and Sepsi, A and Schwarzacher, T and Kishii, M and Heslop-Harrison, JS}, title = {Molecular cytogenetic characterization of novel wheat-Thinopyrum bessarabicum recombinant lines carrying intercalary translocations.}, journal = {Chromosoma}, volume = {125}, number = {1}, pages = {163-172}, pmid = {26238987}, issn = {1432-0886}, mesh = {*Chromosomes, Plant ; Cytogenetic Analysis ; *Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; In Situ Hybridization ; Inbreeding ; Poaceae/*genetics ; *Translocation, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Thinopyrum bessarabicum (2n = 2x = 14, JJ or E(b)E(b)) is a valuable source of genes for bread wheat (2n = 6x = 42) improvement because of its salinity tolerance and disease resistance. Development of wheat-Th. bessarabicum translocation lines by backcrossing the amphiploid in the absence of the Ph1 gene (allowing intergenomic recombination) can assist its utilization in wheat improvement. In this study, six novel wheat-Th. bessarabicum translocation lines involving different chromosome segments (T4BS.4BL-4JL, T6BS.6BL-6JL, T5AS.5AL-5JL, T5DL.5DS-5JS, T2BS.2BL-2JL, and the whole arm translocation T1JS.1AL) were identified and characterized using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). No background translocations between wheat genomes were observed. The involvement of five of the seven chromosomes and small terminal segments of Th. bessarabicum chromosome arm were important, contributing to both reduced linkage drag of the derived lines by minimizing agronomically deleterious genes from the alien species and high stability including transmission of the alien segment. All three wheat genomes were involved in the translocations with the alien chromosome, and GISH showed the Th. bessarabicum genome was more closely related to the D genome in wheat. All the introgression lines were disomic, stable, and with good morphological characters.}, }
@article {pmid26236907, year = {2015}, author = {Hanna, C and Naughton, I and Boser, C and Alarcón, R and Hung, KL and Holway, D}, title = {Floral visitation by the Argentine ant reduces bee visitation and plant seed set.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {1}, pages = {222-230}, doi = {10.1890/14-0542.1}, pmid = {26236907}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *Bees ; Biodiversity ; Calystegia/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Pollination ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Ants often visit flowers, but have only seldom been documented to provide effective pollination services. Floral visitation by ants can also compromise plant reproduction in situations where ants interfere with more effective pollinators. Introduced ants may be especially likely to reduce plant reproductive success through floral visitation, but existing experimental studies have found little support for this hypothesis. Here, we combine experimental and observational approaches to examine the importance of floral visitation by the nonnative Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) on plant species native to Santa Cruz Island, California, USA. First, we determine how L. humile affects floral visitor diversity, bee visitation rates, and levels of pollen limitation for the common, focal plant species island morning glory (Calystegia macrostegia ssp. macrostegia). Second, we assess the broader ecological consequences of floral visitation by L. humile by comparing floral visitation networks between invaded and uninvaded sites. The Argentine ant and native ants both visited island morning glory flowers, but L. humile was much more likely to behave aggressively towards other floral visitors and to be the sole floral occupant. The presence of L. humile in morning glory flowers reduced floral visitor diversity, decreased rates of bee visitation, and increased levels of pollen limitation. Network comparisons between invaded and uninvaded. sites revealed differences in both network structure and species-level attributes. In. invaded sites, floral visitors were observed on fewer plant species, ants had a higher per-plant interaction strength relative to that of other visitors, and interaction strengths between bees and plants were weaker. These results illustrate that introduced ants can negatively affect plant reproduction and potentially disrupt pollination services at an ecosystem scale.}, }
@article {pmid26236904, year = {2015}, author = {Frost, CM and Didham, RK and Rand, TA and Peralta, G and Tylianakis, JM}, title = {Community-level net spillover of natural enemies from managed to natural forest.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {1}, pages = {193-202}, doi = {10.1890/14-0696.1}, pmid = {26236904}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Fagus ; *Food Chain ; *Forestry ; *Forests ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Lepidoptera ; New Zealand ; Pinus ; Wasps ; }, abstract = {Edge effects in fragmented natural habitats may De exaceroateci by intensive land use in the surrounding landscape. Given that most managed systems have higher primary productivity than adjacent natural systems, theory suggests that bottom-up subsidized consumers are likely to spill over from managed to natural habitats. Furthermore, the magnitude of spillover is likely to differ between generalist and specialist consumers, because of differences in their ability to use the full spectrum of resources. However, it is unknown whether there is indeed asymmetrical spillover of consumers between managed and natural habitats, and whether this is related to resource abundance or the trophic specialization of the consumer. We used flight intercept traps to measure spillover of generalist predators (Vespula wasps, Vespidae) and more specialist predators (106 species of parasitoids, Ichneumonidae and Braconidae) across habitat edges between native New Zealand forest and exotic plantation forest over a summer season. We found net spillover of both generalist and specialist predators from plantation to native forest, and that this was greater for generalists. To test whether natural enemy spillover from managed habitats was related to prey (caterpillar) abundance (i.e., whether it was bottom-up productivity driven, due to increased primary productivity), we conducted a large-scale herbivore reduction experiment at half of our plantation sites, by helicopter spraying caterpillar-specific insecticide over 2.5 ha per site. We monitored bidirectional natural enemy spillover and found that herbivore reduction reduced generalist but not specialist predator spillover. Trophic generalists may benefit disproportionately from high resource productivity in a habitat, and their cross-habitat spillover effects on natural food webs may be an important source of consumer pressure in mosaic landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid26236872, year = {2015}, author = {Pyšek, P and Manceur, AM and Alba, C and McGregor, KF and Pergl, J and Stajerová, K and Chytrý, M and Danihelka, J and Kartesz, J and Klimesova, J and Lucanova, M and Moravcová, L and Nishino, M and Sadlo, J and Suda, J and Tichy, L and Kühn, I}, title = {Naturalization of central European plants in North America: species traits, habitats, propagule pressure, residence time.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {3}, pages = {762-774}, doi = {10.1890/14-1005.1}, pmid = {26236872}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; North America ; Plant Development ; Plant Dispersal ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The factors that promote invasive behavior in introduced plant species occur across many scales of biological and ecological organization. Factors that act at relatively small scales, for example, the evolution of biological traits associated with invasiveness, scale up to shape species distributions among different climates and habitats, as well as other characteristics linked to invasion, such as attractiveness for cultivation (and by extension propagule pressure). To identify drivers of invasion it is therefore necessary to disentangle the contribution of multiple factors that are interdependent. To this end, we formulated a conceptual model describing the process of invasion of central European species into North America based on a sequence of "drivers." We then used confirmatory path analysis to test whether the conceptual model is supported by a statistical model inferred from a comprehensive database containing 466 species. The path analysis revealed that naturalization of central European plants in North America, in terms of the number of North American regions invaded, most strongly depends on residence time in the invaded range and the number of habitats occupied by species in their native range. In addition to the confirmatory path analysis, we identified the effects of various biological traits on several important drivers of the conceptualized invasion process. The data supported a model that included indirect effects of biological traits on invasion via their effect on the number of native range habitats occupied and cultivation in the native range. For example, persistent seed banks and longer flowering periods are positively correlated with number of native habitats, while a stress-tolerant life strategy is negatively correlated with native range cultivation. However, the importance of the biological traits is nearly an order of magnitude less than that of the larger scale drivers and highly dependent on the invasion stage (traits were associated only with native range drivers). This suggests that future research should explicitly link biological traits to the different stages of invasion, and that a failure to consider residence time or characteristics of the native range may seriously overestimate the role of biological traits, which, in turn, may result in spurious predictions of plant invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid26236862, year = {2015}, author = {Riginos, C and Karande, MA and Rubenstein, DI and Palmer, TM}, title = {Disruption of a protective ant-plant mutualism by an invasive ant increases elephant damage to savanna trees.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {3}, pages = {654-661}, doi = {10.1890/14-1348.1}, pmid = {26236862}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Acacia/*physiology ; Aggression ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Competitive Behavior ; Elephants/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Kenya ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can indirectly affect ecosystem processes via the disruption of mutualisms. The mutualism between the whistling thorn acacia (Acacia drepanolobium) and four species of symbiotic ants is an ecologically important one; ants strongly defend trees against elephants, which can otherwise have dramatic impacts on tree cover. In Laikipia, Kenya, the invasive big-headed ant (Pheidole megacephala) has established itself at numerous locations within the last 10-15 years. In invaded areas on five properties, we found that three species of symbiotic Crematogaster ants were virtually extirpated, whereas Tetraponera penzigi co-occurred with P. megacephala. T. penzigi appears to persist because of its nonaggressive behavior; in a whole-tree translocation experiment, Crematogaster defended host trees against P. megacephala, but were extirpated from trees within hours. In contrast, T. penzigi retreated into domatia and withstood invading ants for >30 days. In the field, the loss of defensive Crematogaster ants in invaded areas led to a five- to sevenfold increase in the number of trees catastrophically damaged by elephants compared to uninvaded areas. In savannas, tree cover drives many ecosystem processes and provides essential forage for many large mammal species; thus, the invasion of big-headed ants may strongly alter the dynamics and diversity of East Africa's whistling thorn savannas by disrupting this system's keystone acaciaant mutualism.}, }
@article {pmid26236856, year = {2015}, author = {Hayward, J and Horton, TR and Pauchard, A and Nuñnez, MA}, title = {A single ectomycorrhizal fungal species can enable a Pinus invasion.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {5}, pages = {1438-1444}, doi = {10.1890/14-1100.1}, pmid = {26236856}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Chile ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; DNA, Intergenic ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Meristem/microbiology ; Mycorrhizae/*classification/genetics/*physiology ; Pinus/*microbiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Like all obligately ectomycorrhizal plants, pines require ectomycorrhizal fungal symbionts to complete their life cycle. Pines introduced into regions far from their native range are typically incompatible with local ectomycorrhizal fungi, and, when they invade, coinvade with fungi from their native range. While the identities and distributions of coinvasive fungal symbionts of pine invasions are poorly known, communities that have been studied are notably depauperate. However, it is not yet clear whether any number of fungal coinvaders is able to support a Pinaceae invasion, or whether very depauperate communities are unable to invade. Here, we ask whether there is evidence for a minimum species richness of fungal symbionts necessary to support a pine/ectomycorrhizal fungus coinvasion. We sampled a Pinus contorta invasion front near Coyhaique, Chile, using molecular barcoding to identify ectomycorrhizal fungi. We report that the site has a total richness of four species, and that many invasive trees appear to be supported by only a single ectomycorrhizal fungus, Suillus luteus. We conclude that a single ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus can suffice to enable a pine invasion.}, }
@article {pmid26236630, year = {2015}, author = {Nelson, FB and Brown, GP and Shilton, C and Shine, R}, title = {Helpful invaders: Can cane toads reduce the parasite burdens of native frogs?.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {295-300}, pmid = {26236630}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {Many invading species have brought devastating parasites and diseases to their new homes, thereby imperiling native taxa. Potentially, though, invaders might have the opposite effect. If they take up parasites that otherwise would infect native taxa, but those parasites fail to develop in the invader, the introduced species might reduce parasite burdens of the native fauna. Similarly, earlier exposure to the other taxon's parasites might 'prime' an anuran's immune system such that it is then able to reject subsequent infection by its own parasite species. Field surveys suggest that lungworm counts in native Australian frogs decrease after the arrival of invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina), and laboratory studies confirm that native lungworm larvae enter, but do not survive in, the toads. In laboratory trials, we confirmed that the presence of anurans (either frogs or toads) in an experimental arena reduced uptake rates of lungworm larvae by anurans that were later added to the same arena. However, experimental exposure to lungworms from native frogs did not enhance a toad's ability to reject subsequent infection by its own lungworm species.}, }
@article {pmid26235964, year = {2016}, author = {Korell, L and Schmidt, R and Bruelheide, H and Hensen, I and Auge, H}, title = {Mechanisms driving diversity-productivity relationships differ between exotic and native communities and are affected by gastropod herbivory.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {180}, number = {4}, pages = {1025-1036}, pmid = {26235964}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Biomass ; Fabaceae ; *Gastropoda ; *Grassland ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Biodiversity experiments have shown that productivity usually increases with plant species richness. However, most of those studies disregarded the importance of trophic interactions to the diversity-productivity relationship, and focused on the loss of native species while ignoring invasions by exotic species. Yet, as functional complementarity and the impact of plant antagonists are likely to differ between native and exotic communities, the diversity-productivity relationship may change when native communities are invaded by exotic species. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to test how diversity effects, evenness, and productivity differed between exotic and native assemblages of grassland plants, and how these communities were influenced by slug herbivory. In line with other experiments, we found higher productivity in exotic than in native communities. However, different mechanisms (complementarity vs. selection effect) contributed to the positive diversity-productivity relationships in exotic vs. native communities. Against expectations, native communities showed much lower evenness and a greater selection effect, suggesting that competitive dominance among native species may be even stronger than among exotic species. Slug herbivory decreased productivity independently of species origin and species diversity. However, exotic communities showed a threefold higher complementarity effect than native communities in the absence of slugs, which was mainly driven by differences in the responses of native and exotic legumes and nonleguminous herbs. Our results imply that underlying mechanisms for the positive diversity-productivity relationship differ between native and exotic communities in the early stages of community development, and that differential responses of plant functional groups to generalist herbivory can contribute to this pattern.}, }
@article {pmid26230513, year = {2015}, author = {Adhikari, D and Tiwary, R and Barik, SK}, title = {Modelling Hotspots for Invasive Alien Plants in India.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {e0134665}, pmid = {26230513}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Climate ; India ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Identification of invasion hotspots that support multiple invasive alien species (IAS) is a pre-requisite for control and management of invasion. However, till recently it remained a methodological challenge to precisely determine such invasive hotspots. We identified the hotspots of alien species invasion in India through Ecological Niche Modelling (ENM) using species occurrence data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The predicted area of invasion for selected species were classified into 4 categories based on number of model agreements for a region i.e. high, medium, low and very low. About 49% of the total geographical area of India was predicted to be prone to invasion at moderate to high levels of climatic suitability. The intersection of anthropogenic biomes and ecoregions with the regions of 'high' climatic suitability was classified as hotspot of alien plant invasion. Nineteen of 47 ecoregions of India, harboured such hotspots. Most ecologically sensitive regions of India, including the 'biodiversity hotspots' and coastal regions coincide with invasion hotspots, indicating their vulnerability to alien plant invasion. Besides demonstrating the usefulness of ENM and open source data for IAS management, the present study provides a knowledge base for guiding the formulation of an effective policy and management strategy for controlling the invasive alien species.}, }
@article {pmid26230080, year = {2015}, author = {Saarman, NP and Pogson, GH}, title = {Introgression between invasive and native blue mussels (genus Mytilus) in the central California hybrid zone.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {18}, pages = {4723-4738}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13340}, pmid = {26230080}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {S10 RR027303/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; S10 RR029668/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; S10RR027303/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; S10RR029668/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Genetics, Population ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mytilus/classification/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The ecological and genetic factors determining the extent of introgression between species in secondary contact zones remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the relative importance of isolating barriers and the demographic expansion of invasive Mytilus galloprovincialis on the magnitude and the direction of introgression with the native Mytilus trossulus in a hybrid zone in central California. We use double-digest restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to genotype 1337 randomly selected single nucleotide polymorphisms and accurately distinguish early and advanced generation hybrids for the first time in the central California Mytilus spp. hybrid zone. Weak levels of introgression were observed in both directions but were slightly more prevalent from the native M. trossulus into the invasive M. galloprovincialis. Few early and advanced backcrossed individuals were observed across the hybrid zone confirming the presence of strong barriers to interbreeding. Heterogeneous patterns of admixture across the zone of contact were consistent with the colonization history of M. galloprovincialis with more extensive introgression in northern localities furthest away from the putative site of introduction in southern California. These observations reinforce the importance of dynamic spatial and demographic expansions in determining patterns of introgression between close congeners, even in those with high dispersal potential and well-developed reproductive barriers. Our results suggest that the threat posed by invasive M. galloprovincialis is more ecological than genetic as it has displaced, and continues to displace the native M. trossulus from much of central and southern California.}, }
@article {pmid26230035, year = {2015}, author = {Leffler, AJ and James, JJ and Monaco, TA and Sheley, RL}, title = {A new perspective on trait differences between native and invasive exotic plants: reply.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {4}, pages = {1152-1153}, doi = {10.1890/14-1962.1}, pmid = {26230035}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; }, }
@article {pmid26230034, year = {2015}, author = {Dawson, W and Maurel, N and van Kleunen, M}, title = {A new perspective on trait differences between native and invasive exotic plants: comment.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {4}, pages = {1150-1152}, doi = {10.1890/14-1315.1}, pmid = {26230034}, issn = {1939-9170}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; }, }
@article {pmid26230031, year = {2015}, author = {Cronin, JT and Bhattarai, GP and Allen, WJ and Meyerson, LA}, title = {Biogeography of a plant invasion: plant-herbivore interactions.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {4}, pages = {1115-1127}, doi = {10.1890/14-1091.1}, pmid = {26230031}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Demography ; Genotype ; Herbivory/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Poaceae/classification/genetics/*physiology ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Theory predicts that native plant species should exhibit latitudinal gradients in the strength of their interactions with herbivores. We hypothesize that if an invasive plant species exhibits a different latitudinal gradient in response to herbivores (e.g., a nonparallel gradient), it can create large-scale heterogeneities in community resistance/susceptibility to the invasive species. We conducted a study of latitudinal variation in the strength of herbivory and defenses of native genotypes of Phragmites australis in North America (NA) and Europe (EU) and European invasive genotypes in NA. Within NA, we tested whether (1) invasive genotypes are better defended and suffer less herbivory than co-occurring native genotypes, (2) herbivory and defenses of native P. australis decreases with increasing latitude; and (3) invasive genotypes exhibit either no latitudinal gradient, or a nonparallel latitudinal gradient in herbivory and defenses compared to native genotypes. For the European genotypes, we tested two additional hypotheses: (4) defenses, nutritional condition, and herbivory would differ between the native (EU) and invasive ranges (NA) and (5) latitudinal gradients in defenses and herbivory would be similar between ranges. Within NA, chewing damage, internal stem-feeding incidence, and aphid abundance were 650%, 300%, and 70% lower, respectively, on invasive than native P. australis genotypes. Genotypes in NA also differed in nutritional condition (percent N, C:N ratio), but there was little support for invasive genotypes being better defended than native genotypes. For the European genotypes, herbivory was significantly lower in the invaded than native range, supporting the enemy-release hypothesis. Defense levels (leaf toughness and total phenolics) and tissue percent C and percent N were higher in the invaded than native range for European genotypes. Overall, latitudinal gradients in P. australis nutritional condition, defenses, and herbivory were common. Interestingly, chewing damage and stem-feeder incidence decreased with latitude for native P. australis genotypes in NA and EU, but no latitudinal gradients in response to herbivores were evident for invasive genotypes in NA. Nonparallel latitudinal gradients in herbivory between invasive and native P. australis suggest that the community may be more susceptible to invasion at lower than at higher latitudes. Our study points to the need for invasion biology to include a biogeographic perspective.}, }
@article {pmid26230028, year = {2015}, author = {Wilson, CH and Caughlin, TT and Civitello, DJ and Flory, SL}, title = {Combining mesocosm and field experiments to predict invasive plant performance: a hierarchical Bayesian approach.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {4}, pages = {1084-1092}, doi = {10.1890/14-0797.1}, pmid = {26230028}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; *Models, Biological ; Poaceae/*classification/*physiology ; Reproduction/physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant fecundity underlies propagule pressure and ultimately range expansion. Predicting fecundity across large spatial scales, from regions to landscapes, is critical for understanding invasion dynamics and optimizing management. However, to accurately predict fecundity and other demographic processes, improved models that scale individual plant responses to abiotic drivers across heterogeneous environments are needed. Here we combine two experimental data sets to predict fecundity of a widespread and problematic invasive grass over large spatial scales. First, we analyzed seed production as a function of plant biomass in a small-scale mesocosm experiment with manipulated light levels. Then, in a field introduction experiment, we tracked plant performance across 21 common garden sites that differed widely in available light and other factors. We jointly analyzed these data using a Bayesian hierarchical model (BHM) framework to predict fecundity as a function of light in the field. Our analysis reveals that the invasive species is likely to produce sufficient seed to overwhelm establishment resistance, even in deeply shaded environments, and is likely seed-limited across much of its range. Finally, we extend this framework to address the general problem of how to scale up plant demographic processes and analyze the factors that control plant distribution and abundance at large scales.}, }
@article {pmid26230025, year = {2015}, author = {Orrock, JL and Dutra, HP and Marquis, RJ and Barber, N}, title = {Apparent competition and native consumers exacerbate the strong competitive effect of an exotic plant species.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {4}, pages = {1052-1061}, doi = {10.1890/14-0732.1}, pmid = {26230025}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Lonicera/*classification ; Missouri ; Species Specificity ; Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {Direct and indirect effects can play a key role in invasions, but experiments evaluating both are rare. We examined the roles of direct competition and apparent competition by exotic Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) by manipulating (1) L. maackii vegetation, (2) presence of L. maackii fruits, and (3) access to plants by small mammals and deer. Direct competition with L. maackii reduced the abundance and richness of native and exotic species, and native consumers significantly reduced the abundance and richness of native species. Although effects of direct competition and consumption were more pervasive, richness of native plants was also reduced through apparent competition, as small-mammal consumers reduced richness only when L. maackii fruits were present. Our experiment reveals the multiple, interactive pathways that affect the success and impact of an invasive exotic plant: exotic plants may directly benefit from reduced attack by native consumers, may directly exert strong competitive effects on native plants, and may also benefit from apparent competition.}, }
@article {pmid26230024, year = {2015}, author = {Martin, LM and Wilsey, BJ}, title = {Differences in beta diversity between exotic and native grasslands vary with scale along a latitudinal gradient.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {4}, pages = {1042-1051}, doi = {10.1890/14-0772.1}, pmid = {26230024}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Demography ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*classification/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; United States ; }, abstract = {Biodiversity can be partitioned into alpha, beta, and gamma components, and beta diversity is not as clearly understood. Biotic homogenization predicts that exotic species should lower beta diversity at global and continental scales, but it is still unclear how exotic species impact beta diversity at smaller scales. Exotic species could theoretically increase or decrease beta diversity relative to natives depending on many factors, including abiotic conditions, community assembly history, management, dispersal rates of species, and connectivity among patches. We sampled plant species abundances in 42 novel, exotic- and native-dominated (remnant) grasslands across a latitudinal gradient in the tallgrass prairie region, and tested whether exotic and native grasslands differed in beta diversity at three scales: across sites within the entire biome, across sites within regions, and across locations within sites. Exotic-dominated grasslands differed from native-dominated grasslands in beta diversity at all scales, but the direction of the difference changed from positive to negative as scales went from large to small. Contrary to expectations, exotic-dominated grasslands had higher beta diversity than native-dominated grasslands at the largest scale considered. This occurred because the identity of dominant exotic species varied across the latitudinal gradient, with many exotic grassland pairs exhibiting zero similarity, whereas native-dominated grasslands differed more gradually with distance. Beta diversity among sites within a region was variable, with exotic-dominated grasslands having 29% higher beta diversity than native grasslands in the south and 33% lower beta diversity in the north. Within sites, beta diversity was 26% lower in exotic-dominated than native grasslands. Our results provide evidence that different regional identities and abundances of exotics, and lack of connectivity in fragmented landscapes can alter beta diversity in unexpected ways across spatial scales.}, }
@article {pmid26229977, year = {2015}, author = {Kołodziejek, J and Patykowski, J}, title = {Effect of Environmental Factors on Germination and Emergence of Invasive Rumex confertus in Central Europe.}, journal = {TheScientificWorldJournal}, volume = {2015}, number = {}, pages = {170176}, pmid = {26229977}, issn = {1537-744X}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; *Environment ; Europe ; Geography ; *Germination/drug effects/radiation effects ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hypocotyl/anatomy &amp; histology/drug effects/radiation effects ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; Nitrates/pharmacology ; Rumex/drug effects/*growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; Salinity ; Sodium Chloride/pharmacology ; Stress, Physiological/drug effects/radiation effects ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Rumex confertus is a biennial species native to Eastern Europe and Asia, where it thrives on meadow-steppes and glades in forest-steppe. This species has increased its range rapidly within central Europe, yet its biology is not well understood, which has led to poorly timed management. Effects of temperature, light, sodium chloride (NaCl), hydrogen ion concentration (pH), potassium nitrate (KNO3), and polyethylene glycol 6000 on seed germination were examined. Seedling emergence was examined for seeds sown at different depths in sand-filled pots. Seeds of R. confertus were nondormant at maturity. The germination percentage and rate of germination were significantly higher in light than in darkness. Secondary dormancy was induced in these seeds by 12 weeks of dark incubation at 4°C. The seeds of R. confertus undergo a seasonal dormancy cycle with deep dormancy in winter and early spring and a low level of dormancy in early autumn. Germination decreased as soil salinity increased. NO3(-) increased the percentage and rate of germination in the studied species. Decrease in seedling emergence from the seeds buried at >0.5 cm may be due to deficiency of light. From our experiments, we conclude that the weed R. confertus normally becomes established in vegetation gaps or due to disturbance of the uppermost soil layer during the growing season through the germination of seeds originating from a long-lived seed bank.}, }
@article {pmid26229064, year = {2015}, author = {Kartzinel, TR and Hamrick, JL and Wang, C and Bowsher, AW and Quigley, BG}, title = {Heterogeneity of clonal patterns among patches of kudzu, Pueraria montana var. lobata, an invasive plant.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {116}, number = {5}, pages = {739-750}, pmid = {26229064}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {*Genetic Variation ; *Genotype ; Georgia ; Introduced Species ; Pueraria/classification/*genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Viny species are among the most serious invasive plants, and better knowledge of how vines grow to dominate landscapes is needed. Patches may contain a single genotype (i.e. genet), a competitively dominant genet or many independent but interacting genets, yet the clonal structure of vining species is often not apparent. Molecular markers can discriminate among the genetic identities of entwined vines to reveal the number and spatial distribution of genets. This study investigated how genets are spatially distributed within and among discrete patches of the invasive vine kudzu, Pueraria montana var. lobata, in the United States. It was expected that ramets of genets would be spatially clustered within patches, and that an increase in the number of genets within a patch would be associated with a decrease in the average size of each genet.<br><br>METHODS: Six discrete kudzu patches were sampled across 2 years, and 1257 samples were genotyped at 21 polymorphic allozyme loci. Variation in genotypic and genetic diversity among patches was quantified and patterns of genet interdigitation were analysed.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Substantial genotypic and genetic variation occurred within and among patches. As few as ten overlapping genets spanned up to 68&#x2009;m(2) in one patch, while >90&#xa0;% of samples were genetically unique in another patch. Genotypic diversity within patches increased as mean clone size decreased, although spatially widespread genets did not preclude interdigitation. Eight genets were shared across &#x2265;2 patches, suggesting that vegetative dispersal can occur among patches.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Genetically unique kudzu vines are highly interdigitated. Multiple vegetative propagules have become established in spatially discrete patches, probably through the movement of highway construction or maintenance machinery. The results suggest that common methods for controlling invasive vines (e.g. mowing) may inadvertently increase genotypic diversity. Thus, understanding vine architecture and growth has practical implications.}, }
@article {pmid26227803, year = {2015}, author = {Byers, JE and Smith, RS and Pringle, JM and Clark, GF and Gribben, PE and Hewitt, CL and Inglis, GJ and Johnston, EL and Ruiz, GM and Stachowicz, JJ and Bishop, MJ}, title = {Invasion Expansion: Time since introduction best predicts global ranges of marine invaders.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {12436}, pmid = {26227803}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Australia ; Databases, Factual ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates/physiology ; Marine Biology ; New Zealand ; Ships ; Time Factors ; United States ; }, abstract = {Strategies for managing biological invasions are often based on the premise that characteristics of invading species and the invaded environment are key predictors of the invader's distribution. Yet, for either biological traits or environmental characteristics to explain distribution, adequate time must have elapsed for species to spread to all potential habitats. We compiled and analyzed a database of natural history and ecological traits of 138 coastal marine invertebrate species, the environmental conditions at sites to which they have been introduced, and their date of first introduction. We found that time since introduction explained the largest fraction (20%) of the variability in non-native range size, while traits of the species and environmental variables had significant, but minimal, influence on non-native range size. The positive relationship between time since introduction and range size indicates that non-native marine invertebrate species are not at equilibrium and are still spreading, posing a major challenge for management of coastal ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid26227366, year = {2015}, author = {Prevéy, JS and Seastedt, TR}, title = {Effects of precipitation change and neighboring plants on population dynamics of Bromus tectorum.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {179}, number = {3}, pages = {765-775}, pmid = {26227366}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Bromus/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Climate ; *Climate Change ; Colorado ; Ecosystem ; Grassland ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; *Rain ; Seasons ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Seeds/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Snow ; }, abstract = {Shifting precipitation patterns resulting from global climate change will influence the success of invasive plant species. In the Front Range of Colorado, Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) and other non-native winter annuals have invaded grassland communities and are becoming more abundant. As the global climate warms, more precipitation may fall as rain rather than snow in winter, and an increase in winter rain could benefit early-growing winter annuals, such as B. tectorum, to the detriment of native species. In this study we measured the effects of simulated changes in seasonal precipitation and presence of other plant species on population growth of B. tectorum in a grassland ecosystem near Boulder, Colorado, USA. We also performed elasticity analyses to identify life transitions that were most sensitive to precipitation differences. In both study years, population growth rates were highest for B. tectorum growing in treatments receiving supplemental winter precipitation and lowest for those receiving the summer drought treatment. Survival of seedlings to flowering and seed production contributed most to population growth in all treatments. Biomass of neighboring native plants was positively correlated with reduced population growth rates of B. tectorum. However, exotic plant biomass had no effect on population growth rates. This study demonstrates how interacting effects of climate change and presence of native plants can influence the population growth of an invasive species. Overall, our results suggest that B. tectorum will become more invasive in grasslands if the seasonality of precipitation shifts towards wetter winters and allows B. tectorum to grow when competition from native species is low.}, }
@article {pmid26225119, year = {2015}, author = {Ordóñez, V and Pascual, M and Fernández-Tejedor, M and Pineda, MC and Tagliapietra, D and Turon, X}, title = {Ongoing expansion of the worldwide invader Didemnum vexillum (Ascidiacea) in the Mediterranean Sea: high plasticity of its biological cycle promotes establishment in warm waters.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {17}, number = {7}, pages = {2075-2085}, pmid = {26225119}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {Non-indigenous ascidians are of particular concern to aquaculture industry and, paradoxically, the activities associated with it represent an important way to translocate these species worldwide. In 2012 a non-indigenous ascidian was found covering the oyster crops in the Ebro Delta (Western Mediterranean). We have identified the ascidian genetically and morphologically as Didemnum vexillum Kott, 2002. This finding indicates that the species is currently expanding its distribution in the Mediterranean Sea, as it has recently been found in the eastern basin (Venice, Adriatic Sea). Introduced populations of D. vexillum are found in temperate and cold waters worldwide, and a successful establishment in the Mediterranean implies a remarkable capacity of adaptability to warm, subtropical conditions. We assessed the life cycle (growth and reproduction) of the ascidian at the studied site. The species has a marked seasonal cycle, with regression in the warmest months and reappearance during winter. In spring D. vexillum reaches its maximum abundance, followed by a peak in reproduction just before regression. This cycle is reversed with respect to the one observed in colder waters, highlighting a plastic biological cycle of this invader and an hitherto unknown ability to establish itself in warm waters. We also analysed the genetic structure of the population of the Ebro Delta and the one established in the Lagoon of Venice using COI sequence data. The low genetic diversity in our samples (three haplotypes) was consistent with what is observed in the introduced populations worldwide. It is likely that the ascidian was introduced with oyster stock from bivalve cultures in the Atlantic French coasts, where the same three haplotypes have been reported. The high boating activity in the Ebro Delta makes further human-mediated transport of the species highly likely, and nearby fishing grounds can be severely affected if invaded. It is urgent to implement measures to prevent the continuous expansion of this ascidian pest in the Mediterranean.}, }
@article {pmid26224206, year = {2016}, author = {Susel, I and Lasley, T and Montezemolo, M and Piper, J}, title = {Augmenting the Deliberative Method for Ranking Risks.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, pages = {49-56}, doi = {10.1111/risa.12456}, pmid = {26224206}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Risk Assessment/*methods ; Security Measures ; }, abstract = {The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) characterized and prioritized the physical cross-border threats and hazards to the nation stemming from terrorism, market-driven illicit flows of people and goods (illegal immigration, narcotics, funds, counterfeits, and weaponry), and other nonmarket concerns (movement of diseases, pests, and invasive species). These threats and hazards pose a wide diversity of consequences with very different combinations of magnitudes and likelihoods, making it very challenging to prioritize them. This article presents the approach that was used at DHS to arrive at a consensus regarding the threats and hazards that stand out from the rest based on the overall risk they pose. Due to time constraints for the decision analysis, it was not feasible to apply multiattribute methodologies like multiattribute utility theory or the analytic hierarchy process. Using a holistic approach was considered, such as the deliberative method for ranking risks first published in this journal. However, an ordinal ranking alone does not indicate relative or absolute magnitude differences among the risks. Therefore, the use of the deliberative method for ranking risks is not sufficient for deciding whether there is a material difference between the top-ranked and bottom-ranked risks, let alone deciding what the stand-out risks are. To address this limitation of ordinal rankings, the deliberative method for ranking risks was augmented by adding an additional step to transform the ordinal ranking into a ratio scale ranking. This additional step enabled the selection of stand-out risks to help prioritize further analysis.}, }
@article {pmid26223377, year = {2015}, author = {Suter, T and Flacio, E and Fariña, BF and Engeler, L and Tonolla, M and Müller, P}, title = {First report of the invasive mosquito species Aedes koreicus in the Swiss-Italian border region.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {402}, pmid = {26223377}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/*classification ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Ovum/classification ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In 2012 and 2013, an entomological survey of Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito, was carried out in the border region of southern Switzerland and northern Italy, using ovitraps. In July 2013, besides A. albopictus already known to the region several unusual eggs were recovered.<br><br>FINDINGS: A total of 548 seemingly different eggs were found within three communities: Chiasso (Switzerland), and Como and Brunate (Italy). Proteomic diagnostics based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass-spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and morphological identification of one reared adult revealed the presence of at least 18 A. (Finlaya) koreicus (Edwards, 1917) specimens. A. koreicus is a species native to Southeast Asia and is competent to transmit Japanese encephalitis and potentially other arboviruses, as well as the dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis. While new to Switzerland, this invasive species has previously been reported from Belgium, north-eastern Italy and European Russia.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of the introduction of this exotic mosquito species into Switzerland and Lombardy, Italy, suggesting the range of A. koreicus is expanding in Central Europe. As A. koreicus is competent to vector pathogens its establishment imposes a risk to public and veterinary health. From a technical point of view, the presence of A. koreicus alongside A. albopictus requires careful analysis and reliable diagnostics. As a diagnostic tool the use of the recently developed MALDI-TOF MS approach has proofed to be a very useful approach, particularly since hatching rates of A. koreicus seem to be low, making identification by classic morphology difficult, if not impossible.}, }
@article {pmid26222551, year = {2015}, author = {Haran, J and Roques, A and Bernard, A and Robinet, C and Roux, G}, title = {Altitudinal Barrier to the Spread of an Invasive Species: Could the Pyrenean Chain Slow the Natural Spread of the Pinewood Nematode?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {e0134126}, pmid = {26222551}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Altitude ; Animal Migration ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Climate Change ; DNA, Helminth/genetics ; *Forests ; France ; Genetics, Population ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Pinus/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases ; Population Dynamics ; Spain ; Temperature ; Tylenchida/*genetics/*pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {Mountain ranges may delimit the distribution of native species as well as constitute potential barriers to the spread of invasive species. The invasive pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a severe forest pest inducing pine wilt disease. It is vectored in Europe by a native long-horned beetle, Monochamus galloprovincialis. This study explored the potential of the Pyrenean chain to slow or prevent the natural spread of nematode-infested beetles from the Iberian Peninsula, where the nematode is established and is expanding its range, towards France and the rest of Europe. An analysis of the genetic structure and migration patterns of the beetle populations throughout the Pyrenean mountain range was combined with a spread model simulating the potential movements of nematode-infested beetles across it. The central part of the Pyrenees, which corresponds to the highest elevation zone, was shown to prevent gene flow between the French and Spanish populations of M. galloprovincialis on each side of the mountains. Conversely, strong admixture was detected between populations located on both sides of low elevation hills, and especially at the east and west extremities of the mountain range. Simulations of the spread of nematode-infested beetles under various thresholds of beetle survival and pine wilt disease expression gave results consistent with the variation in genetic make-up, suggesting that western and eastern hillsides may represent corridors favoring natural spread of the nematode from the Iberian Peninsula to France. Simulations also showed that temperature rise due to climate change may significantly reduce the extent of the barrier formed by highest elevations. Our results support the hypothesis that the Pyrenean chain represents a partial barrier to the natural spread of nematode-infested beetles. These results, which have to be considered together with potential human-assisted long-distance spread of the nematode, highlight priority zones for future pest monitoring and management programs. More generally, such an integrated approach could be used to assess the role of mountain chains in the potential spread of other invasive pests.}, }
@article {pmid26222386, year = {2015}, author = {Audzijonyte, A and Baltrūnaitė, L and Väinölä, R and Arbačiauskas, K}, title = {Migration and isolation during the turbulent Ponto-Caspian Pleistocene create high diversity in the crustacean Paramysis lacustris.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {17}, pages = {4537-4555}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13333}, pmid = {26222386}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Black Sea ; Crustacea/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The Ponto-Caspian brackish-water fauna inhabits estuaries and rivers of the Black, Azov and Caspian seas and is fragmented by higher salinity waters and a major interbasin watershed. The fauna is known for the high levels of endemism, complex zoogeographic histories, and as a recent source of successful invasive species. It remains debated whether the Black and Azov Sea brackish-water populations survived unfavourable Pleistocene conditions in multiple separate refugia or whether the two seas were (repeatedly) recolonized from the Caspian. Using microsatellite and mtDNA markers, we demonstrate deep among- and within-basin subdivisions in a widespread Ponto-Caspian mysid crustacean Paramysis lacustris. Five genetic clusters were identified, but their relationships did not reflect the geography of the region. The Azov cluster was the most distinct (4-5% COI divergence), despite its geographic position in the corridor between Black and Caspian seas, and may represent a new species. In the northern Black Sea area, the Dnieper cluster was closer to the Caspian cluster than to the neighbouring Danube-Dniester-Bug populations, suggesting separate colonizations of the Black Sea. Overall, the data implied a predominant gene flow from the east to the Black Sea and highlight the importance of Caspian Sea transgressions in facilitating dispersal. Yet, the presence of distinct lineages in the Black Sea points to the persistence of isolated refugial populations that have gained diagnostic differences under presumably high mutation rates and large population sizes. The unfavourable Pleistocene periods in the Black Sea therefore appear to have promoted diversification of the brackish-water lineages, rather than extirpated them.}, }
@article {pmid26222331, year = {2016}, author = {Pfeifer-Meister, L and Bridgham, SD and Reynolds, LL and Goklany, ME and Wilson, HE and Little, CJ and Ferguson, A and Johnson, BR}, title = {Climate change alters plant biogeography in Mediterranean prairies along the West Coast, USA.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {845-855}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13052}, pmid = {26222331}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Grassland ; Introduced Species ; Northwestern United States ; Plants ; Rain ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Projected changes in climate are expected to have widespread effects on plant community composition and diversity in coming decades. However, multisite, multifactor climate manipulation studies that have examined whether observed responses are regionally consistent and whether multiple climate perturbations are interdependent are rare. Using such an experiment, we quantified how warming and increased precipitation intensity affect the relative dominance of plant functional groups and diversity across a broad climate gradient of Mediterranean prairies. We implemented a fully factorial climate manipulation of warming (+2.5-3.0 °C) and increased wet-season precipitation (+20%) at three sites across a 520-km latitudinal gradient in the Pacific Northwest, USA. After seeding with a nearly identical mix of native species at all sites, we measured plant community composition (i.e., cover, richness, and diversity), temperature, and soil moisture for 3 years. Warming and the resultant drying of soils altered plant community composition, decreased native diversity, and increased total cover, with warmed northern communities becoming more similar to communities further south. In particular, after two full years of warming, annual cover increased and forb cover decreased at all sites mirroring the natural biogeographic pattern. This suggests that the extant climate gradient of increasing heat and drought severity is responsible for a large part of the observed biogeographic pattern of increasing annual invasion in US West Coast prairies as one moves further south. Additional precipitation during the rainy season did little to relieve drought stress and had minimal effects on plant community composition. Our results suggest that the projected increase in drought severity (i.e., hotter, drier summers) in Pacific Northwest prairies may lead to increased invasion by annuals and a loss of forbs, similar to what has been observed in central and southern California, resulting in novel species assemblages and shifts in functional composition, which in turn may alter ecosystem functions.}, }
@article {pmid26219342, year = {2015}, author = {Kark, S and Brokovich, E and Mazor, T and Levin, N}, title = {Emerging conservation challenges and prospects in an era of offshore hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {29}, number = {6}, pages = {1573-1585}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12562}, pmid = {26219342}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Hydrocarbons ; Oceans and Seas ; *Oil and Gas Industry ; }, abstract = {Globally, extensive marine areas important for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem functioning are undergoing exploration and extraction of oil and natural gas resources. Such operations are expanding to previously inaccessible deep waters and other frontier regions, while conservation-related legislation and planning is often lacking. Conservation challenges arising from offshore hydrocarbon development are wide-ranging. These challenges include threats to ecosystems and marine species from oil spills, negative impacts on native biodiversity from invasive species colonizing drilling infrastructure, and increased political conflicts that can delay conservation actions. With mounting offshore operations, conservationists need to urgently consider some possible opportunities that could be leveraged for conservation. Leveraging options, as part of multi-billion dollar marine hydrocarbon operations, include the use of facilities and costly equipment of the deep and ultra-deep hydrocarbon industry for deep-sea conservation research and monitoring and establishing new conservation research, practice, and monitoring funds and environmental offsetting schemes. The conservation community, including conservation scientists, should become more involved in the earliest planning and exploration phases and remain involved throughout the operations so as to influence decision making and promote continuous monitoring of biodiversity and ecosystems. A prompt response by conservation professionals to offshore oil and gas developments can mitigate impacts of future decisions and actions of the industry and governments. New environmental decision support tools can be used to explicitly incorporate the impacts of hydrocarbon operations on biodiversity into marine spatial and conservation plans and thus allow for optimum trade-offs among multiple objectives, costs, and risks.}, }
@article {pmid26219070, year = {2015}, author = {Wallace, JS and Blersch, DM}, title = {Dynamic modeling predicts continued bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomiu) post phase-out due to invasive prey and shifts in predation.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {206}, number = {}, pages = {289-297}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2015.07.023}, pmid = {26219070}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Animals ; Bass/*metabolism ; Dreissena/metabolism ; Flame Retardants/analysis/*metabolism ; Food Chain ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/analysis/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Perciformes/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Unprecedented food chain links between benthic and pelagic organisms are often thought to disrupt traditional contaminant transport and uptake due to changes in predation and mobilization of otherwise sequestered pollutants. A bioaccumulation model for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is developed to simulate increases in biotic congener loads based upon trophic transfer through diet and gill uptake for a Lake Erie food chain including two invasive species as a benthic-pelagic link. The model utilizes species-specific bioenergetic parameters in a four-level food chain including the green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda, zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha), round goby (Appollonia melanostoma), and the smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomiu). The model was calibrated to current biotic concentrations and predicts an increase in contaminant load by almost 48% in the upper trophic level in two years. Validation to archival data resulted in <2% error from reported values following a two-year simulation.}, }
@article {pmid26218100, year = {2015}, author = {Fleury, M and Marcelo, W and Vásquez, RA and González, LA and Bustamante, RO}, title = {Recruitment Dynamics of the Relict Palm, Jubaea chilensis: Intricate and Pervasive Effects of Invasive Herbivores and Nurse Shrubs in Central Chile.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {e0133559}, pmid = {26218100}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Arecaceae/*physiology ; Chile ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Mortality ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development ; Rabbits ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Shrubs can have a net positive effect on the recruitment of other species, especially relict species in dry-stressful conditions. We tested the effects of nurse shrubs and herbivory defoliation on performance (survival and growth) of nursery-grown seedlings of the largest living palm, the relict wine palm Jubaea chilensis. During an 18-month period, a total of more than 300 seedlings were exposed to of four possible scenarios produced by independently weakening the effects of nurse shrubs and browsers. The experiment followed a two-way fully factorial design. We found consistent differences in survival between protected and unprotected seedlings (27.5% and 0.7%, respectively), and herbivory had a dramatic and overwhelmingly negative effect on seedling survival. The invasive rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is clearly creating a critical bottleneck in the regeneration process and might, therefore, partially explain the general lack of natural regeneration of wine palms under natural conditions. Apparently biotic filters mediated by ecological interactions are more relevant in the early stages of recruitment than abiotic, at least in invaded sites of central Chile. Our data reveal that plant-plant facilitation relationship may be modulated by plant-animal interactions, specifically by herbivory, a common and widespread ecological interaction in arid and semi-arid environments whose role has been frequently neglected. Treatments that protect young wine palm seedlings are mandatory to enable the seedlings to attain a height at which shoots are no longer vulnerable to browsing. Such protection is an essential first step toward the conservation and reintroduction of this emblematic and threatened species.}, }
@article {pmid26218095, year = {2015}, author = {Morgan, D and Warburton, B and Nugent, G}, title = {Aerial Prefeeding Followed by Ground Based Toxic Baiting for More Efficient and Acceptable Poisoning of Invasive Small Mammalian Pests.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {e0134032}, pmid = {26218095}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Aviation ; Fluoroacetates/economics/*toxicity ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; New Zealand ; *Pest Control ; Pesticides/economics/*toxicity ; *Poisons ; Rats ; *Trichosurus ; }, abstract = {Introduced brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) and rat species (Rattus spp.) are major vertebrate pests in New Zealand, with impacts on conservation and agriculture being managed largely through poisoning operations. Aerial distribution of baits containing sodium fluoroacetate (1080) has been refined to maximise cost effectiveness and minimise environmental impact, but this method is strongly opposed by some as it is perceived as being indiscriminate. Although ground based control enables precise placement of baits, operations are often more than twice as costly as aerial control, mainly due to the high labour costs. We investigated a new approach to ground based control that combined aerial distribution of non-toxic 'prefeed' baits followed by sparse distribution of toxic baits at regular intervals along the GPS tracked prefeeding flight paths. This approach was tested in two field trials in which both 1080 baits and cholecalciferol baits were used in separate areas. Effectiveness of the approach, assessed primarily using 'chewcards', was compared with that of scheduled aerial 1080 operations that were conducted in outlying areas of both trials. Contractors carrying out ground based control were able to follow the GPS tracks of aerial prefeeding flight lines very accurately, and with 1080 baits achieved very high levels of kill of possums and rats similar to those achieved by aerial 1080 baiting. Cholecalciferol was less effective in the first trial, but by doubling the amount of cholecalciferol bait used in the second trial, few possums or rats survived. By measuring the time taken to complete ground baiting from GPS tracks, we predicted that the method (using 1080 baits) would be similarly cost effective to aerial 1080 operations for controlling possums and rats, and considerably less expensive than typical current costs of ground based control. The main limitations to the use of the method will be access to, and size of, the operational site, along with topography and vegetation density.}, }
@article {pmid26216143, year = {2016}, author = {Valls, L and Castillo-Escrivà, A and Mesquita-Joanes, F and Armengol, X}, title = {Human-mediated dispersal of aquatic invertebrates with waterproof footwear.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {99-109}, pmid = {26216143}, issn = {1654-7209}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; Lakes ; Wetlands ; Zooplankton ; }, abstract = {Human-mediated dispersal has rarely been considered in wetland conservation strategies at regional scales, yet high concern exists about this aspect for (inter-)national management considering invasive species in other aquatic systems. In this context, we aim at understanding the role of human-mediated dispersal by footwear in protected wetlands with high conservation value. Zooplankton and zoobenthos were sampled in 13 shallow lakes in central Spain and, at the same time, mud attached to waders was collected and later cultured in deionized water under laboratory conditions for 4 weeks. Two-hundred and four individuals belonging to 19 invertebrate taxa were recovered after hatching; Ostracoda (84 %), Cladocera (53 %), Copepoda (30 %), Anostraca (30 %), and Notostraca (7 %) were the most frequent groups among the hatched crustaceans. NMDS and PERMANOVA analyses showed significant differences between the dispersed (via footwear) and the source active metacommunity, suggesting different dispersal abilities among the species found. Human vectors facilitate dispersal among protected lakes, which could eventuality lead to biotic homogenization and faster spread of non-indigenous species. Preservation strategies and education campaigns associated to target humans in close contact with water bodies should be imperative in conservation management of protected lakes.}, }
@article {pmid26214923, year = {2015}, author = {Vaughni, KJ and Young, TP}, title = {Short-term priority over exotic annuals increases the initial density and longer-term cover of native perennial grasses.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {791-799}, doi = {10.1890/14-0922.1}, pmid = {26214923}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Weeds/classification/*physiology ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Population Density ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Temporal priority can affect individual performance and reproduction, as well as community assembly, but whether these effects persist over time remains unclear, and their demographic mechanisms have been little explored. The continued dominance of exotic annual grasses in California has been commonly attributed to their demonstrated early germination and rapid early growth relative to native perennial grasses. This advantage may play a crucial role in the structure of California exotic annual grasslands, as well as in the practice of native grassland restoration. We tested whether a two-week planting advantage under field conditions increased individual survival, growth, and reproduction for four native perennial grass species and whether these effects persisted over three years. We show that short-term priority significantly increased the establishment success of' native perennial grasses. Increased density of native grass seedlings presaged later large increases in cover that were not evident in the first year after planting. Although priority effects at the individual level may diminish over time, short differences in emergence timing can have long-lasting effects on community structure. Earlier germination and faster initial growth of exotic annual species may help explain their unprecedented invasion and continued dominance of California grasslands. Finally, these results highlight the importance of priority effects for effective exotic annual control during native grassland restoration in California: initial control can increase the establishment of native perennial seedlings, which then results in long-term control by mature native individuals.}, }
@article {pmid26214920, year = {2015}, author = {Flanagan, NE and Richardson, CJ and Ho, M}, title = {Connecting differential responses of native and invasive riparian plants to climate change and environmental alteration.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {753-767}, doi = {10.1890/14-0767.1}, pmid = {26214920}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Environment ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; Temperature ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Climate change is predicted to impact river systems in the southeastern United States through alterations of temperature, patterns of precipitation and hydrology. Future climate scenarios for the southeastern United States predict (1) surface water temperatures will warm in concert with air temperature, (2) storm flows will increase and base flows will decrease, and (3) the annual pattern of synchronization between hydroperiod and water temperature will be altered. These alterations are expected to disturb floodplain plant communities, making them more vulnerable to establishment of invasive species. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate whether native and invasive riparian plant assemblages respond differently to alterations of climate and land use. To study the response of riparian wetlands to watershed and climate alterations, we utilized an existing natural experiment imbedded in gradients of temperature and hydrology-found among dammed and undammed rivers. We evaluated a suite of environmental variables related to water temperature, hydrology, watershed disturbance, and edaphic conditions to identify the strongest predictors of native and invasive species abundances. We found that native species abundance is strongly influenced by climate-driven variables such as temperature and hydrology, while invasive species abundance is more strongly influenced by site-specific factors such as land use and soil nutrient availability. The patterns of synchronization between plant phenology, annual hydrographs, and annual water temperature cycles may be key factors sustaining the viability of native riparian plant communities. Our results demonstrate the need to understand the interactions between climate, land use, and nutrient management in maintaining the species diversity of riparian plant communities. Future climate change is likely to result in diminished competitiveness of native plant species, while the competitiveness of invasive species will increase due to anthropogenic watershed disturbance and accelerated nutrient and sediment export.}, }
@article {pmid26214917, year = {2015}, author = {Smith, SD and Mcintyre, PB and Halpern, BS and Cooke, RM and Marino, AL and Boyer, GL and Buchsbaum, A and Burton, GA and Campbell, LM and Ciborowski, JJ and Doran, PJ and Infante, DM and Johnson, LB and Read, JG and Rose, JB and Rutherford, ES and Steinman, AD and Allan, JD}, title = {Rating impacts in a multi-stressor world: a quantitative assessment of 50 stressors affecting the Great Lakes.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {717-728}, doi = {10.1890/14-0366.1}, pmid = {26214917}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Data Collection ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Great Lakes Region ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Stress, Physiological ; *Water Pollutants ; }, abstract = {Ecosystems often experience multiple environmental stressors simultaneously that can differ widely in their pathways and strengths of impact. Differences in the relative impact of environmental stressors can guide restoration and management prioritization, but few studies have empirically assessed a comprehensive suite of stressors acting on a given ecosystem. To fill this gap in the Laurentian Great Lakes, where considerable restoration investments are currently underway, we used expert elicitation via a detailed online survey to develop ratings of the relative impacts of 50 potential stressors. Highlighting the multiplicity of stressors in this system, experts assessed all 50 stressors as having some impact on ecosystem condition, but ratings differed greatly among stressors. Individual stressors related to invasive and nuisance species (e.g., dreissenid mussels and ballast invasion risk) and climate change were assessed as having the greatest potential impacts. These results mark a shift away from the longstanding emphasis on nonpoint phosphorus and persistent bioaccumulative toxic substances in the Great Lakes. Differences in impact ratings among lakes and ecosystem zones were weak, and experts exhibited surprisingly high levels of agreement on the relative impacts of most stressors. Our results provide a basin-wide, quantitative summary of expert opinion on the present-day influence of all major Great Lakes stressors. The resulting ratings can facilitate prioritizing stressors to achieve management objectives in a given location, as well as providing a baseline for future stressor impact assessments in the Great Lakes and elsewhere.}, }
@article {pmid26214916, year = {2015}, author = {Iacarella, JC and Dick, JT and Alexander, ME and Ricciardi, A}, title = {Ecological impacts of invasive alien species along temperature gradients: testing the role of environmental matching.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {706-716}, doi = {10.1890/14-0545.1}, pmid = {26214916}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Crustacea/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Logistic Models ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) can cause substantive ecological impacts, and the role of temperature in mediating these impacts may become increasingly significant in a changing climate. Habitat conditions and physiological optima offer predictive information for IAS impacts in novel environments. Here, using meta-analysis and laboratory experiments, we tested the hypothesis that the impacts of IAS in the field are inversely correlated with the difference in their ambient and optimal temperatures. A meta-analysis of 29 studies of consumptive impacts of IAS in inland waters revealed that the impacts of fishes and crustaceans are higher at temperatures that more closely match their thermal growth optima. In particular, the maximum impact potential was constrained by increased differences between ambient and optimal temperatures, as indicated by the steeper slope of a quantile regression on the upper 25th percentile of impact data compared to that of a weighted linear regression on all data with measured variances. We complemented this study with an experimental analysis of the functional response (the relationship between predation rate and prey supply) of two invasive predators (freshwater mysid shrimp, Hemimysis anomala and Mysis diluviana) across. relevant temperature gradients; both of these species have previously been found to exert strong community-level impacts that are corroborated by their functional responses to different prey items. The functional response experiments showed that maximum feeding rates of H. anomala and M. diluviana have distinct peaks near their respective thermal optima. Although variation in impacts may be caused by numerous abiotic or biotic habitat characteristics, both our analyses point to temperature as a key mediator of IAS impact levels in inland waters and suggest that IAS management should prioritize habitats in the invaded range that more closely match the thermal optima of targeted invaders.}, }
@article {pmid26213654, year = {2015}, author = {Poon, GT and Maherali, H}, title = {Competitive interactions between a nonmycorrhizal invasive plant, Alliaria petiolata, and a suite of mycorrhizal grassland, old field, and forest species.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e1090}, pmid = {26213654}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The widespread invasion of the nonmycorrhizal biennial plant, Alliaria petiolata in North America is hypothesized to be facilitated by the production of novel biochemical weapons that suppress the growth of mycorrhizal fungi. As a result, A. petiolata is expected to be a strong competitor against plant species that rely on mycorrhizal fungi for nutrient uptake services. If A. petiolata is also a strong competitor for soil resources, it should deplete nutrients to levels lower than can be tolerated by weaker competitors. Because the negative effect of losing the fungal symbiont for mycorrhizal plants is greatest when nutrients are low, the ability of A. petiolata to simultaneously suppress fungi and efficiently take up soil nutrients should further strengthen its competitive ability against mycorrhizal plants. To test this hypothesis, we grew 27 mycorrhizal tree, forb and grass species that are representative of invaded habitats in the absence or presence of competition with A. petiolata in soils that had previously been experimentally planted with the invader or left as a control. A history of A. petiolata in soil reduced plant available forms of nitrogen by >50% and phosphorus by 17% relative to control soil. Average mycorrhizal colonization of competitor species was reduced by >50% in A. petiolata history versus control soil. Contrary to expectations, competition between A. petiolata and other species was stronger in control than history soil. The invader suppressed the biomass of 70% of competitor species in control soil but only 26% of species in history soil. In addition, A. petiolata biomass was reduced by 56% in history versus control soil, whereas the average biomass of competitor species was reduced by 15%. Thus, our results suggest that the negative effect of nutrient depletion on A. petiolata was stronger than the negative effect of suppressing mycorrhizal colonization on competitor species. These findings indicate that the inhibitory potential of A. petiolata on competitor species via mycorrhizal suppression is not enhanced under nutrient limitation.}, }
@article {pmid26213646, year = {2015}, author = {Winterbach, HE and Winterbach, CW and Boast, LK and Klein, R and Somers, MJ}, title = {Relative availability of natural prey versus livestock predicts landscape suitability for cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus in Botswana.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e1033}, pmid = {26213646}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Prey availability and human-carnivore conflict are strong determinants that govern the spatial distribution and abundance of large carnivore species and determine the suitability of areas for their conservation. For wide-ranging large carnivores such as cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), additional conservation areas beyond protected area boundaries are crucial to effectively conserve them both inside and outside protected areas. Although cheetahs prefer preying on wild prey, they also cause conflict with people by predating on especially small livestock. We investigated whether the distribution of cheetahs' preferred prey and small livestock biomass could be used to explore the potential suitability of agricultural areas in Botswana for the long-term persistence of its cheetah population. We found it gave a good point of departure for identifying priority areas for land management, the threat to connectivity between cheetah populations, and areas where the reduction and mitigation of human-cheetah conflict is critical. Our analysis showed the existence of a wide prey base for cheetahs across large parts of Botswana's agricultural areas, which provide additional large areas with high conservation potential. Twenty percent of wild prey biomass appears to be the critical point to distinguish between high and low probable levels of human-cheetah conflict. We identified focal areas in the agricultural zones where restoring wild prey numbers in concurrence with effective human-cheetah conflict mitigation efforts are the most immediate conservation strategies needed to maintain Botswana's still large and contiguous cheetah population.}, }
@article {pmid26212892, year = {2016}, author = {Gallardo, B and Clavero, M and Sánchez, MI and Vilà, M}, title = {Global ecological impacts of invasive species in aquatic ecosystems.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {151-163}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13004}, pmid = {26212892}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The introduction of invasive species, which often differ functionally from the components of the recipient community, generates ecological impacts that propagate along the food web. This review aims to determine how consistent the impacts of aquatic invasions are across taxa and habitats. To that end, we present a global meta-analysis from 151 publications (733 cases), covering a wide range of invaders (primary producers, filter collectors, omnivores and predators), resident aquatic community components (macrophytes, phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic invertebrates and fish) and habitats (rivers, lakes and estuaries). Our synthesis suggests a strong negative influence of invasive species on the abundance of aquatic communities, particularly macrophytes, zooplankton and fish. In contrast, there was no general evidence for a decrease in species diversity in invaded habitats, suggesting a time lag between rapid abundance changes and local extinctions. Invaded habitats showed increased water turbidity, nitrogen and organic matter concentration, which are related to the capacity of invaders to transform habitats and increase eutrophication. The expansion of invasive macrophytes caused the largest decrease in fish abundance, the filtering activity of filter collectors depleted planktonic communities, omnivores (including both facultative and obligate herbivores) were responsible for the greatest decline in macrophyte abundance, and benthic invertebrates were most negatively affected by the introduction of new predators. These impacts were relatively consistent across habitats and experimental approaches. Based on our results, we propose a framework of positive and negative links between invasive species at four trophic positions and the five different components of recipient communities. This framework incorporates both direct biotic interactions (predation, competition, grazing) and indirect changes to the water physicochemical conditions mediated by invaders (habitat alteration). Considering the strong trophic links that characterize aquatic ecosystems, this framework is relevant to anticipate the far-reaching consequences of biological invasions on the structure and functionality of aquatic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid26209047, year = {2015}, author = {Chiuffo, MC and MacDougall, AS and Hierro, JL}, title = {Native and non-native ruderals experience similar plant-soil feedbacks and neighbor effects in a system where they coexist.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {179}, number = {3}, pages = {843-852}, pmid = {26209047}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Argentina ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Development ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Population Dynamics ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Recent applications of coexistence theory to plant invasions posit that non-natives establish in resident communities through either niche differences or traits conferring them with fitness advantages, the former being associated with coexistence and the latter with dominance and competitive exclusion. Plant-soil feedback is a mechanism that is known to explain both coexistence and dominance. In a system where natives and non-natives appear to coexist, we explored how plant-soil feedbacks affect the performance of nine native and nine non-native ruderal species-the prevalent life-history strategy among non-natives-when grown alone and with a phytometer. We also conducted field samplings to estimate the abundance of the 18 species, and related feedbacks to abundances. We found that groups of native and non-native ruderals displayed similar frequencies of negative, positive, and neutral feedbacks, resulting in no detectable differences between natives and non-natives. Likewise, the phytometer exerted comparable negative impacts on native and non-native plants, which were unchanged by plant-soil feedbacks. Finally, feedbacks explained plant abundances only after removing one influential species which exhibited strong positive feedbacks but low abundance. Importantly, however, four out of five species with negative feedbacks were rare in the field. These findings suggest that soil feedbacks and plant-plant interactions do not confer an advantage to non-native over native species, but do contribute to the observed coexistence of these groups in the system. By comparing natives and non-natives with overlapping abundances and strategies, our work broadens understanding of the consequences of plant-soil feedbacks in plant invasion and, more generally, coexistence within plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid26207382, year = {2015}, author = {Andoh, M and Sakata, A and Takano, A and Kawabata, H and Fujita, H and Une, Y and Goka, K and Kishimoto, T and Ando, S}, title = {Detection of Rickettsia and Ehrlichia spp. in Ticks Associated with Exotic Reptiles and Amphibians Imported into Japan.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {e0133700}, pmid = {26207382}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Amphibians/*parasitology ; Animals ; *Animals, Exotic ; Arachnid Vectors/*microbiology ; Commerce ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Disease Reservoirs ; Ehrlichia/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Genes, Bacterial ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Japan ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Quarantine ; Reptiles/*parasitology ; Rickettsia/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Ticks/classification/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {One of the major routes of transmission of rickettsial and ehrlichial diseases is via ticks that infest numerous host species, including humans. Besides mammals, reptiles and amphibians also carry ticks that may harbor Rickettsia and Ehrlichia strains that are pathogenic to humans. Furthermore, reptiles and amphibians are exempt from quarantine in Japan, thus facilitating the entry of parasites and pathogens to the country through import. Accordingly, in the current study, we examined the presence of Rickettsia and Ehrlichia spp. genes in ticks associated with reptiles and amphibians originating from outside Japan. Ninety-three ticks representing nine tick species (genera Amblyomma and Hyalomma) were isolated from at least 28 animals spanning 10 species and originating from 12 countries (Ghana, Jordan, Madagascar, Panama, Russia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Togo, Uzbekistan, and Zambia). None of the nine tick species are indigenous in Japan. The genes encoding the common rickettsial 17-kDa antigen, citrate synthase (gltA), and outer membrane protein A (ompA) were positively detected in 45.2% (42/93), 40.9% (38/93), and 23.7% (22/93) of the ticks, respectively, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The genes encoding ehrlichial heat shock protein (groEL) and major outer membrane protein (omp-1) were PCR-positive in 7.5% (7/93) and 2.2% (2/93) of the ticks, respectively. The p44 gene, which encodes the Anaplasma outer membrane protein, was not detected. Phylogenetic analysis showed that several of the rickettsial and ehrlichial sequences isolated in this study were highly similar to human pathogen genes, including agents not previously detected in Japan. These data demonstrate the global transportation of pathogenic Rickettsia and Ehrlichia through reptile- and amphibian-associated ticks. These imported animals have potential to transfer pathogens into human life. These results highlight the need to control the international transportation of known and potential pathogens carried by ticks in reptiles, amphibians, and other animals, in order to improve national and international public health.}, }
@article {pmid26206119, year = {2015}, author = {Sendek, A and Herz, K and Auge, H and Hensen, I and Klotz, S}, title = {Performance and responses to competition in two congeneric annual species: does seed heteromorphism matter?.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {1203-1209}, doi = {10.1111/plb.12372}, pmid = {26206119}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Bidens/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Biomass ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Germination ; *Plant Dormancy ; Seeds/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Water ; }, abstract = {Variations in seed characteristics observed in heteromorphic species may affect various stages of their life cycles, e.g. seed dormancy, germination characteristics or even adult plant performance. Highly specialised seed morphs - described as colonisers and maintainers - exhibit a trade-off between colonisation capacity and competitive traits. The performance of distinct seed morph progeny under competitive conditions, and especially in multi-species arrangements, had previously not been given much attention. In this study, we compared performance and response to competition among distinct seed morph progenies in two congeneric, co-occurring species: the invasive Bidens frondosa and the non-invasive Bidens tripartita. We hypothesised that maintainer seed morphs of both species would perform better under increased plant densities and within inter-morphic mixtures, while coloniser morphs would show stronger responses to increased densities and perform relatively poorly in inter-morphic mixtures. We conducted a growth trial and a greenhouse experiment, which revealed that seed morph progeny differed significantly in plant height when grown without competition, while under competitive conditions such differences became less apparent. The observed pattern was more strongly pronounced in B. frondosa, which showed a general predominance in stature and biomass over its non-invasive congener. Although seed morphs performed equally well under competitive conditions, increased plant height and more rapid germination can favour the maintainer seed morph on sites where vegetation is already present.}, }
@article {pmid26205526, year = {2015}, author = {Valverde, PL and Arroyo, J and Núñez-Farfán, J and Castillo, G and Calahorra, A and Pérez-Barrales, R and Tapia-López, R}, title = {Natural selection on plant resistance to herbivores in the native and introduced range.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {26205526}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {When plants are introduced into new regions, the absence of their co-evolved natural enemies can result in lower levels of attack. As a consequence of this reduction in enemy pressure, plant performance may increase and selection for resistance to enemies may decrease. In the present study, we compared leaf damage, plant size and leaf trichome density, as well as the direction and magnitude of selection on resistance and plant size between non-native (Spain) and native (Mexico) populations of Datura stramonium. This species was introduced to Spain about five centuries ago and constitutes an ideal system to test four predictions of the enemy release hypothesis. Compared with native populations, we expected Spanish populations of D. stramonium to have (i) lower levels of foliar damage; (ii) larger plant size; (iii) lower leaf trichome density that is unrelated to foliar damage by herbivores; and (iv) weak or no selection on resistance to herbivores but strong selection on plant size. Our results showed that, on average, plants from non-native populations were significantly less damaged by herbivores, were less pubescent and were larger than those from native populations. We also detected different selection regimes on resistance and plant size between the non-native and native ranges. Positive selection on plant size was detected in both ranges (though it was higher in the non-native area), but consistent positive selection on relative resistance was detected only in the native range. Overall, we suggest that changes in selection pressure on resistance and plant size in D. stramonium in Spain are a consequence of 'release from natural enemies'.}, }
@article {pmid26205208, year = {2016}, author = {Hughes, KA and Ireland, LC and Convey, P and Fleming, AH}, title = {Assessing the effectiveness of specially protected areas for conservation of Antarctica's botanical diversity.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {113-120}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12592}, pmid = {26205208}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; *Plants ; Remote Sensing Technology ; }, abstract = {Vegetation is sparsely distributed over Antarctica's ice-free ground, and distinct plant communities are present in each of the continent's 15 recently identified Antarctic Conservation Biogeographic Regions (ACBRs). With rapidly increasing human activity in Antarctica, terrestrial plant communities are at risk of damage or destruction by trampling, overland transport, and infrastructure construction and from the impacts of anthropogenically introduced species, as well as uncontrollable pressures such as fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) activity and climate change. Under the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, the conservation of plant communities can be enacted and facilitated through the designation of Antarctic Specially Protected Areas (ASPAs). We examined the distribution within the 15 ACBRs of the 33 ASPAs whose explicit purpose includes protecting macroscopic terrestrial flora. We completed the first survey using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) satellite remote sensing to provide baseline data on the extent of vegetation cover in all ASPAs designated for plant protection in Antarctica. Large omissions in the protection of Antarctic botanical diversity were found. There was no protection of plant communities in 6 ACBRs, and in another 6, <0.4% of the ACBR area was included in an ASPA that protected vegetation. Protected vegetation cover within the 33 ASPAs totaled 16.1 km(2) for the entire Antarctic continent; over half was within a single protected area. Over 96% of the protected vegetation was contained in 2 ACBRs, which together contributed only 7.8% of the continent's ice-free ground. We conclude that Antarctic botanical diversity is clearly inadequately protected and call for systematic designation of ASPAs protecting plant communities by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties, the members of the governing body of the continent.}, }
@article {pmid26205199, year = {2015}, author = {Tian, J and Hofer, H and Greenwood, AD and Czirják, G&#xc1;}, title = {Colonization history shaped the immunity of the western house mouse.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {179}, number = {3}, pages = {679-686}, pmid = {26205199}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Animals ; *Environment ; Europe ; Female ; *Founder Effect ; Humans ; *Immune System ; Immunoglobulin E/genetics ; Iran ; Leukocyte Count ; Mice/*genetics/immunology ; }, abstract = {The general development of immune response in the short and long term is a product of the antigenic environment in which a species resides. Colonization of a novel antigenic environment by a species would be expected to alter the immune system. Animals that successfully adapt their immune responses will successfully colonize new locations. However, founder events associated with colonization by limited numbers of individuals from a source population will constrain adaptability. How these contradicting forces shape immunity in widely distributed species is unknown. The western house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) spread globally from the Indo-Pakistani cradle, often in association with human migration and settlement. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that wild-derived outbred laboratory populations of house mice from their original range (Iran) and historically recent European invasive populations (from France and Germany) present differences in immune functional diversity corresponding to recent historical founder events in Europe and movement to novel antigenic environments. We found that (1) European mice had lower total white blood cell (WBC) counts but higher immunoglobulin E concentrations than their Iranian counterparts, and (2) there were no significant differences in the measured immunological parameters among European populations. The results indicate that founder events in European mice and selection pressure exerted by the composition of local parasitic helminth communities underlie the observed patterns.}, }
@article {pmid26203005, year = {2015}, author = {Marraffini, ML and Geller, JB}, title = {Species richness and interacting factors control invasibility of a marine community.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {282}, number = {1812}, pages = {20150439}, pmid = {26203005}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/physiology ; *Biodiversity ; California ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic vectors have moved marine species around the world leading to increased invasions and expanded species' ranges. The biotic resistance hypothesis of Elton (in The ecology of invasions by animals and plants, 1958) predicts that more diverse communities should have greater resistance to invasions, but experiments have been equivocal. We hypothesized that species richness interacts with other factors to determine experimental outcomes. We manipulated species richness, species composition (native and introduced) and availability of bare space in invertebrate assemblages in a marina in Monterey, CA. Increased species richness significantly interacted with both initial cover of native species and of all organisms to collectively decrease recruitment. Although native species decreased recruitment, introduced species had a similar effect, and we concluded that biotic resistance is conferred by total species richness. We suggest that contradictory conclusions in previous studies about the role of diversity in regulating invasions reflect uncontrolled variables in those experiments that modified the effect of species richness. Our results suggest that patches of low diversity and abundance may facilitate invasions, and that such patches, once colonized by non-indigenous species, can resist both native and non-indigenous species recruitment.}, }
@article {pmid26202483, year = {2016}, author = {Maas, B and Karp, DS and Bumrungsri, S and Darras, K and Gonthier, D and Huang, JC and Lindell, CA and Maine, JJ and Mestre, L and Michel, NL and Morrison, EB and Perfecto, I and Philpott, SM and Şekercioğlu, &#xc7;H and Silva, RM and Taylor, PJ and Tscharntke, T and Van Bael, SA and Whelan, CJ and Williams-Guillén, K}, title = {Bird and bat predation services in tropical forests and agroforestry landscapes.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {91}, number = {4}, pages = {1081-1101}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12211}, pmid = {26202483}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Chiroptera/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Forests ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Understanding distribution patterns and multitrophic interactions is critical for managing bat- and bird-mediated ecosystem services such as the suppression of pest and non-pest arthropods. Despite the ecological and economic importance of bats and birds in tropical forests, agroforestry systems, and agricultural systems mixed with natural forest, a systematic review of their impact is still missing. A growing number of bird and bat exclosure experiments has improved our knowledge allowing new conclusions regarding their roles in food webs and associated ecosystem services. Here, we review the distribution patterns of insectivorous birds and bats, their local and landscape drivers, and their effects on trophic cascades in tropical ecosystems. We report that for birds but not bats community composition and relative importance of functional groups changes conspicuously from forests to habitats including both agricultural areas and forests, here termed 'forest-agri' habitats, with reduced representation of insectivores in the latter. In contrast to previous theory regarding trophic cascade strength, we find that birds and bats reduce the density and biomass of arthropods in the tropics with effect sizes similar to those in temperate and boreal communities. The relative importance of birds versus bats in regulating pest abundances varies with season, geography and management. Birds and bats may even suppress tropical arthropod outbreaks, although positive effects on plant growth are not always reported. As both bats and birds are major agents of pest suppression, a better understanding of the local and landscape factors driving the variability of their impact is needed.}, }
@article {pmid26201263, year = {2015}, author = {Wiederholt, R and Trainor, AM and Michel, N and Shirey, PD and Swaisgood, RR and Tallamy, D and Cook-Patton, SC}, title = {The face of conservation responding to a dynamically changing world.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {436-452}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12151}, pmid = {26201263}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Attitude ; *Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods/*trends ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Public Opinion ; }, abstract = {In its 40-year history, the science of conservation has faced unprecedented challenges in terms of environmental damage and rapid global change, and environmental problems are only increasing as greater demands are placed on limited natural resources. Conservation science has been adapting to keep pace with these changes. Here, we highlight contemporary and emerging trends and innovations in conservation science that we believe represent the most effective responses to biodiversity threats. We focus on specific areas where conservation science has had to adjust its approach to address emerging threats to biodiversity, including habitat destruction and degradation, climate change, declining populations and invasive species. We also document changes in attitudes, norms and practices among conservation scientists. A key component to success is engaging and maintaining public support for conservation, which can be facilitated through the use of technology. These recent trends in conservation and management are innovative and will assist in optimizing conservation strategies, increasing our leverage with the general public and tackling our current environmental challenges.}, }
@article {pmid26200348, year = {2015}, author = {Davy, CM and Kidd, AG and Wilson, CC}, title = {Development and Validation of Environmental DNA (eDNA) Markers for Detection of Freshwater Turtles.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {e0130965}, pmid = {26200348}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/*genetics ; Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Environmental Monitoring/economics/*methods ; Species Specificity ; Turtles/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) is a potentially powerful tool for detection and monitoring of rare species, including threatened native species and recently arrived invasive species. Here, we develop DNA primers for a suite of nine sympatric freshwater turtles, and use it to test whether turtle eDNA can be successfully detected in samples from aquaria and an outdoor pond. We also conduct a cost comparison between eDNA detection and detection through traditional survey methods, using data from field surveys at two sites in our target area. We find that eDNA from turtles can be detected using both conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR), and that the cost of detection through traditional survey methods is 2-10X higher than eDNA detection for the species in our study range. We summarize necessary future steps for application of eDNA surveys to turtle monitoring and conservation and propose specific cases in which the application of eDNA could further the conservation of threatened turtle species.}, }
@article {pmid26199370, year = {2015}, author = {Moffat, CE and Ensing, DJ and Gaskin, JF and De Clerck-Floate, RA and Pither, J}, title = {Morphology delimits more species than molecular genetic clusters of invasive Pilosella.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {102}, number = {7}, pages = {1145-1159}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1400466}, pmid = {26199370}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Asteraceae/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics ; British Columbia ; Cluster Analysis ; Ecology ; Flowers/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Geography ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Reproducibility of Results ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: •<br><br>PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Accurate assessments of biodiversity are paramount for understanding ecosystem processes and adaptation to change. Invasive species often contribute substantially to local biodiversity; correctly identifying and distinguishing invaders is thus necessary to assess their potential impacts. We compared the reliability of morphology and molecular sequences to discriminate six putative species of invasive Pilosella hawkweeds (syn. Hieracium, Asteraceae), known for unreliable identifications and historical introgression. We asked (1) which morphological traits dependably discriminate putative species, (2) if genetic clusters supported morphological species, and (3) if novel hybridizations occur in the invaded range.&#x2022;<br><br>METHODS: We assessed 33 morphometric characters for their discriminatory power using the randomForest classifier and, using AFLPs, evaluated genetic clustering with the program structure and subsequently with an AMOVA. The strength of the association between morphological and genotypic dissimilarity was assessed with a Mantel test.&#x2022;<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Morphometric analyses delimited six species while genetic analyses defined only four clusters. Specifically, we found (1) eight morphological traits could reliably distinguish species, (2) structure suggested strong genetic differentiation but for only four putative species clusters, and (3) genetic data suggest both novel hybridizations and multiple introductions have occurred.&#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: (1) Traditional floristic techniques may resolve more species than molecular analyses in taxonomic groups subject to introgression. (2) Even within complexes of closely related species, relatively few but highly discerning morphological characters can reliably discriminate species. (3) By clarifying patterns of morphological and genotypic variation of invasive Pilosella, we lay foundations for further ecological study and mitigation.}, }
@article {pmid26198870, year = {2015}, author = {Tyagi, K and Kumar, V and Singha, D and Chakraborty, R}, title = {Morphological and DNA Barcoding Evidence for Invasive Pest Thrips, Thrips parvispinus (Thripidae: Thysanoptera), Newly Recorded From India.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {26198870}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Female ; India ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Thysanoptera/*anatomy &amp; histology/classification/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {South East Asia pest thrips species, Thrips parvispinus (Karny), is a serious pest on a number of agricultural and horticultural crops in a number of plant families. Based on an integrated approach of morphology and DNA barcoding, invasion of this serious pest is reported first time from India on papaya plantations. Molecular data have corroborated with the morphological identification. Haplotyping data suggested that the Indonesia may be a probable source of invasion of this pest to India.}, }
@article {pmid26196736, year = {2015}, author = {Lawton, SP and Lim, RM and Dukes, JP and Kett, SM and Cook, RT and Walker, AJ and Kirk, RS}, title = {Unravelling the riddle of Radix: DNA barcoding for species identification of freshwater snail intermediate hosts of zoonotic digeneans and estimating their inter-population evolutionary relationships.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {35}, number = {}, pages = {63-74}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2015.07.021}, pmid = {26196736}, issn = {1567-7257}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyclooxygenase 1/analysis ; DNA/analysis ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Evolution, Molecular ; Fresh Water/*parasitology ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Snails/*classification/*genetics/parasitology ; Trematode Infections/parasitology/veterinary ; United States ; Zoonoses/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Radix spp. are intermediate host snails for digenean parasites of medical and veterinary importance. Within this genus, species differentiation using shell and internal organ morphology can result in erroneous species identification, causing problems when trying to understand the population biology of Radix. In the present study, DNA barcoding, using cox1 and ITS2 sequences, identified populations of Radix auricularia and Radix balthica from specimens originally morphologically identified as Radix peregra from the UK. Assessment of cox1 and ITS2 as species identification markers showed that, although both markers differentiated species, cox1 possessed greater molecular diversity and higher phylogenetic resolution. Cox1 also proved useful for gaining insights into the evolutionary relationships of Radix species populations. Phylogenetic analysis and haplotype networks of cox1 indicated that R. auricularia appeared to have invaded the UK several times; some haplotypes forming a distinct UK specific clade, whilst others are more akin to those found on mainland Europe. This was in contrast to relationships between R. balthica populations, which had low molecular diversity and no distinct UK specific haplotypes, suggesting recent and multiple invasions from mainland Europe. Molecular techniques therefore appear to be crucial for distinguishing Radix spp., particularly using cox1. This barcoding marker also enables the population biology of Radix spp. to be explored, and is invaluable for monitoring the epidemiology of fluke diseases especially in the light of emerging diseases and food security.}, }
@article {pmid26196147, year = {2015}, author = {Wills, BD and Chong, CD and Wilder, SM and Eubanks, MD and Holway, DA and Suarez, AV}, title = {Effect of Carbohydrate Supplementation on Investment into Offspring Number, Size, and Condition in a Social Insect.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {e0132440}, pmid = {26196147}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Amino Acids/metabolism ; Animals ; Ants/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Body Size ; Dietary Carbohydrates/*metabolism ; Population Density ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Resource availability can determine an organism's investment strategies for growth and reproduction. When nutrients are limited, there are potential tradeoffs between investing into offspring number versus individual offspring size. In social insects, colony investment in offspring size and number may shift in response to colony needs and the availability of food resources. We experimentally manipulated the diet of a polymorphic ant species (Solenopsis invicta) to test how access to the carbohydrate and amino acid components of nectar resources affect colony investment in worker number, body size, size distributions, and individual percent fat mass. We reared field-collected colonies on one of four macronutrient treatment supplements: water, amino acids, carbohydrates, and amino acid and carbohydrates. Having access to carbohydrates nearly doubled colony biomass after 60 days. This increase in biomass resulted from an increase in worker number and mean worker size. Access to carbohydrates also altered worker body size distributions. Finally, we found a negative relationship between worker number and size, suggesting a tradeoff in colony investment strategies. This tradeoff was more pronounced for colonies without access to carbohydrate resources. The monopolization of plant-based resources has been implicated in the ecological success of ants. Our results shed light on a possible mechanism for this success, and also have implications for the success of introduced species. In addition to increases in colony size, our results suggest that having access to plant-based carbohydrates can also result in larger workers that may have better individual fighting ability, and that can withstand greater temperature fluctuations and periods of food deprivation.}, }
@article {pmid26192018, year = {2015}, author = {Pannell, JR and Auld, JR and Brandvain, Y and Burd, M and Busch, JW and Cheptou, PO and Conner, JK and Goldberg, EE and Grant, AG and Grossenbacher, DL and Hovick, SM and Igic, B and Kalisz, S and Petanidou, T and Randle, AM and de Casas, RR and Pauw, A and Vamosi, JC and Winn, AA}, title = {The scope of Baker's law.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {208}, number = {3}, pages = {656-667}, doi = {10.1111/nph.13539}, pmid = {26192018}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Islands ; *Plant Dispersal ; Pollination ; *Self-Fertilization ; }, abstract = {Baker's law refers to the tendency for species that establish on islands by long-distance dispersal to show an increased capacity for self-fertilization because of the advantage of self-compatibility when colonizing new habitat. Despite its intuitive appeal and broad empirical support, it has received substantial criticism over the years since it was proclaimed in the 1950s, not least because it seemed to be contradicted by the high frequency of dioecy on islands. Recent theoretical work has again questioned the generality and scope of Baker's law. Here, we attempt to discern where the idea is useful to apply and where it is not. We conclude that several of the perceived problems with Baker's law fall away when a narrower perspective is adopted on how it should be circumscribed. We emphasize that Baker's law should be read in terms of an enrichment of a capacity for uniparental reproduction in colonizing situations, rather than of high selfing rates. We suggest that Baker's law might be tested in four different contexts, which set the breadth of its scope: the colonization of oceanic islands, metapopulation dynamics with recurrent colonization, range expansions with recurrent colonization, and colonization through species invasions.}, }
@article {pmid26190935, year = {2015}, author = {López-Legentil, S and Legentil, ML and Erwin, PM and Turon, X}, title = {Harbor networks as introduction gateways: contrasting distribution patterns of native and introduced ascidians.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {1623-1638}, pmid = {26190935}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {Harbors and marinas are well known gateways for species introductions in marine environments but little work has been done to ascertain relationships between species diversity, harbor type, and geographic distance to uncover patterns of secondary spread. Here, we sampled ascidians from 32 harbors along ca. 300 km of the NW Mediterranean coast and investigated patterns of distribution and spread related to harbor type (marina, fishing, commercial) and geographic location using multivariate techniques. In total, 28 ascidians were identified at the species level and another 9 at the genus level based on morphology and genetic barcoding. Eight species were assigned to introduced forms, 15 were given native status and 5 were classified as cryptogenic. Aplidium accarense was reported for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea and was especially abundant in 23 of the harbors. Introduced and cryptogenic species were abundant in most of the surveyed harbors, while native forms were rare and restricted to a few harbors. Significant differences in the distribution of ascidians according to harbor type and latitudinal position were observed. These differences were due to the distribution of introduced species. We obtained a significant correlation between geographic distance and ascidian composition, indicating that closely located harbors shared more ascidian species among them. This study showed that harbors act as dispersal strongholds for introduced species, with native species only appearing sporadically, and that harbor type and geographic location should also be considered when developing management plans to constrain the spread of non-indigenous species in highly urbanized coastlines.}, }
@article {pmid26188644, year = {2015}, author = {Oppold, A and Kreß, A and Vanden Bussche, J and Diogo, JB and Kuch, U and Oehlmann, J and Vandegehuchte, MB and Müller, R}, title = {Epigenetic alterations and decreasing insecticide sensitivity of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {122}, number = {}, pages = {45-53}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.06.036}, pmid = {26188644}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects/genetics ; Aedes/*drug effects/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; DNA Methylation/*drug effects ; Disease Vectors ; Drug Tolerance ; Ecotoxicology ; Epigenesis, Genetic/*drug effects ; Genistein/toxicity ; Humans ; Imidazoles/*pharmacology ; Insecticides/*pharmacology ; Neonicotinoids ; Nitro Compounds/*pharmacology ; Oxazoles/toxicity ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {A range of environmental factors, including chemicals, can affect epigenetic processes in organisms leading to variations in phenotype. Thus, epigenetics displays an important environmentally responsive element. The transgenerational impact of environmental stressors on DNA methylation and phenotype was the focus of this study. The influence of two known DNA methylation-changing agents, the phytoestrogen genistein and the fungicide vinclozolin, on the overall DNA methylation level in the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus was investigated. The experiment comprised four generations in a full life-cycle design with an exposed parental generation and three consecutive non-exposed offspring generations. Application of the methylation agents to the parental generation of the study led to an alteration of the global DNA methylation level of the exposed individuals and those in two subsequent generations. The phenotypic variability of the offspring generations was assessed by examining their insecticide sensitivity. Here, a significant decrease in sensitivity (p<0.01) towards the model insecticide imidacloprid revealed alterations of the mosquito's phenotype in two subsequent generations. Thus, the evaluation of A. albopictus from an epigenetic perspective can contribute important information to the study of the high adaptability of this invasive disease vector to new environments, and its underlying mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid26188500, year = {2015}, author = {Hairat, S and Khurana, P}, title = {Evaluation of Aegilops tauschii and Aegilops speltoides for acquired thermotolerance: Implications in wheat breeding programmes.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {95}, number = {}, pages = {65-74}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.07.009}, pmid = {26188500}, issn = {1873-2690}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Heat-Shock Response/*physiology ; Photosynthesis/*physiology ; Photosystem II Protein Complex/*metabolism ; *Plant Breeding ; Poaceae/*enzymology ; }, abstract = {Severe and frequent heat waves are predicted in the near future having dramatic and far-reaching ecological and social impact. The aim of this study was to examine acquired thermotolerance of two Aegilops species: Aegilops tauschii and Aegilops speltoides and study their potential adaptive mechanisms. The effect of two episodes of high heat stress (45 °C/12 h) with a day of recovery period was investigated on their physiology. As compared to A. speltoides, A. tauschii suffered less inhibition of photosystem II efficiency and net photosynthetic rate (Pn). Although A. tauschii showed nearly complete recovery of PSII, the adverse effect was more pronounced in A. speltoides. Measurement of the minimum fluorescence (Fo) versus temperature curves revealed a higher inflection temperature of Fo for A. tauschii than A. speltoides, reflecting greater thermo stability of the photosynthetic apparatus. Absorbed light energy distribution revealed that A. speltoides showed increased steady state fluorescence and a lower absorbed light allocated to photosynthetic chemistry (ɸPSII) relative to A. tauschii. However, A. tauschii showed higher ability to scavenge free radicals as compared to A. speltoides. This was further validated by higher expression of ascorbate peroxidase gene. These results suggest that A. tauschii showed faster recovery and a better thermostability of its photosynthetic apparatus under severe stress conditions along with a better regulation of energy channeling of PSII complexes to minimize oxidative damage and thus retains greater capability of carbon assimilation. These factors aid in imparting a greater heat tolerance to A. tauschii as compared to A. speltoides and thus make it a better candidate for alien species introgression in wheat breeding programs for thermotolerance in wheat.}, }
@article {pmid26188429, year = {2015}, author = {Genovesi, B and Berrebi, P and Nagai, S and Reynaud, N and Wang, J and Masseret, E}, title = {Geographic structure evidenced in the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum Litaker (A. catenella - group IV (Whedon &amp; Kofoid) Balech) along Japanese and Chinese coastal waters.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {98}, number = {1-2}, pages = {95-105}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.009}, pmid = {26188429}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/genetics ; China ; Dinoflagellida/*genetics ; Gene Flow ; *Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Microsatellite Repeats ; }, abstract = {The intra-specific diversity and genetic structure within the Alexandrium pacificum Litaker (A. catenella - Group IV) populations along the Temperate Asian coasts, were studied among individuals isolated from Japan to China. The UPGMA dendrogram and FCA revealed the existence of 3 clusters. Assignment analysis suggested the occurrence of gene flows between the Japanese Pacific coast (cluster-1) and the Chinese Zhejiang coast (cluster-2). Human transportations are suspected to explain the lack of genetic difference between several pairs of distant Japanese samples, hardly explained by a natural dispersal mechanism. The genetic isolation of the population established in the Sea of Japan (cluster-3) suggested the existence of a strong ecological and geographical barrier. Along the Pacific coasts, the South-North current allows limited exchanges between Chinese and Japanese populations. The relationships between Temperate Asian and Mediterranean individuals suggested different scenario of large-scale dispersal mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid26187653, year = {2015}, author = {Ondračková, M and Hudcová, I and Dávidová, M and Adámek, Z and Kašný, M and Jurajda, P}, title = {Non-native gobies facilitate the transmission of Bucephalus polymorphus (Trematoda).}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {382}, pmid = {26187653}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; Fish Diseases/parasitology/*transmission ; Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages ; Perciformes/*parasitology ; Rivers ; Trematoda/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Introduced species can modify local host-parasite dynamics by amplifying parasite infection which can 'spill-back' to the native fauna, whether they are competent hosts for local parasites, or by acting as parasite sinks with 'dilution' of infection decreasing the parasite burden of native hosts. Recently infection by the trematode Bucephalus polymorphus has increased in several European rivers, being attributed to the introduction of intermediate host species from the Ponto-Caspian region. Using a combination of field and experimental data, we evaluated the competence of non-native and native fish as intermediate hosts for B. polymorphus and its role for parasite development in a definitive host.<br><br>METHODS: The density of 0+ juvenile fish (the second intermediate hosts for B. polymorphus) was measured in the River Morava, Czech Republic and fish were screened for natural metacercariae infection. The stomach contents of predatory fish that are definitive hosts of B. polymorphus were examined to assess the importance of non-native gobies for parasite transmission. In semi-natural conditions, parasite establishment, initial survival, and maturity rates in experimentally infected definitive hosts pikeperch Sander lucioperca were measured in flukes recovered from native white bream Abramis bjoerkna and non-native tubenose goby Proterorhinus semilunaris and round goby Neogobius melanostomus. Adult fluke size and egg production was also measured to evaluate the potential effect of intermediate host species on parasite fitness.<br><br>RESULTS: We detected high natural infection parameters of B. polymorphus in native cyprinids and non-native gobies compared to data from the period prior to goby establishment. Both fish groups are consumed by predatory fish and represent a major component of the littoral fish community. Parasite establishment and adult size in definitive hosts was equivalent among the second intermediate host species, despite a lower size of metacercariae recovered from round gobies. However, development in the definitive host of flukes recovered from gobies was reduced, showing higher mortality, delayed maturity and lower egg production, in comparison with parasites from native hosts.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Substantial 'spill-back' of B. polymorphus due to higher transmission rates after establishment of non-native gobies was partially buffered by decreased fitness of B. polymorphus that underwent development in gobies.}, }
@article {pmid26187604, year = {2015}, author = {Matthews, A and Emelianova, K and Hatimy, AA and Chester, M and Pellicer, J and Ahmad, KS and Guignard, MS and Rouhan, G and Soltis, DE and Soltis, PS and Leitch, IJ and Leitch, AR and Mavrodiev, EV and Buggs, RJ}, title = {250 years of hybridization between two biennial herb species without speciation.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {26187604}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Hybridization between plant species can generate novel morphological diversity and lead to speciation at homoploid or polyploid levels. Hybrids between biennial herbs Tragopogon pratensis and T. porrifolius have been studied in experimental and natural populations for over 250 years. Here we examine their current status in natural populations in southeast England. All hybrids found were diploid; they tended to grow taller and with more buds than their parental species; many showed partial fertility; a few showed evidence of backcrossing. However, we found no evidence to suggest that the hybrids are establishing as a new species, nor can we find literature documenting speciation of these hybrids elsewhere. This lack of speciation despite at least 250 years of hybridization contrasts with the fact that both parental species have formed new allopolyploid species through hybridization with another diploid, T. dubius. Understanding why hybrids often do not speciate, despite repeated opportunities, would enhance our understanding of both the evolutionary process and risk assessments of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid26187400, year = {2015}, author = {Wier, TP and Moser, CS and Grant, JF and First, MR and Riley, SC and Robbins-Wamsley, SH and Drake, LA}, title = {Sample port design for ballast water sampling: Refinement of guidance regarding the isokinetic diameter.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {98}, number = {1-2}, pages = {148-155}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.003}, pmid = {26187400}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Environmental Monitoring/instrumentation/*methods ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Ships ; United States ; Water/*analysis ; Water Pollutants/analysis ; }, abstract = {By using an appropriate in-line sampling system, it is possible to obtain representative samples of ballast water from the main ballast line. An important parameter of the sampling port is its "isokinetic diameter" (DISO), which is the diameter calculated to determine the velocity of water in the sample port relative to the velocity of the water in the main ballast line. The guidance in the U.S. Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) program protocol suggests increasing the diameter from 1.0× DISO (in which velocity in the sample port is equivalent to velocity in the main line) to 1.5-2.0× DISO. In this manner, flow velocity is slowed-and mortality of organisms is theoretically minimized-as water enters the sample port. This report describes field and laboratory trials, as well as computational fluid dynamics modeling, to refine this guidance. From this work, a DISO of 1.0-2.0× (smaller diameter sample ports) is recommended.}, }
@article {pmid26185104, year = {2015}, author = {Mainali, KP and Warren, DL and Dhileepan, K and McConnachie, A and Strathie, L and Hassan, G and Karki, D and Shrestha, BB and Parmesan, C}, title = {Projecting future expansion of invasive species: comparing and improving methodologies for species distribution modeling.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {21}, number = {12}, pages = {4464-4480}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13038}, pmid = {26185104}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecology/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Plant Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Modeling the distributions of species, especially of invasive species in non-native ranges, involves multiple challenges. Here, we developed some novel approaches to species distribution modeling aimed at reducing the influences of such challenges and improving the realism of projections. We estimated species-environment relationships for Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae) with four modeling methods run with multiple scenarios of (i) sources of occurrences and geographically isolated background ranges for absences, (ii) approaches to drawing background (absence) points, and (iii) alternate sets of predictor variables. We further tested various quantitative metrics of model evaluation against biological insight. Model projections were very sensitive to the choice of training dataset. Model accuracy was much improved using a global dataset for model training, rather than restricting data input to the species' native range. AUC score was a poor metric for model evaluation and, if used alone, was not a useful criterion for assessing model performance. Projections away from the sampled space (i.e., into areas of potential future invasion) were very different depending on the modeling methods used, raising questions about the reliability of ensemble projections. Generalized linear models gave very unrealistic projections far away from the training region. Models that efficiently fit the dominant pattern, but exclude highly local patterns in the dataset and capture interactions as they appear in data (e.g., boosted regression trees), improved generalization of the models. Biological knowledge of the species and its distribution was important in refining choices about the best set of projections. A post hoc test conducted on a new Parthenium dataset from Nepal validated excellent predictive performance of our 'best' model. We showed that vast stretches of currently uninvaded geographic areas on multiple continents harbor highly suitable habitats for parthenium. However, discrepancies between model predictions and parthenium invasion in Australia indicate successful management for this globally significant weed.}, }
@article {pmid26184162, year = {2015}, author = {Horreo, JL and Abad, D and Dopico, E and Oberlin, M and Garcia-Vazquez, E}, title = {Expansion of Non-Native Brown Trout in South Europe May Be Inadvertently Driven by Stocking: Molecular and Social Survey in the North Iberian Narcea River.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {15546-15559}, pmid = {26184162}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Europe ; Fish Proteins/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Rivers ; Trout/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The biological and anthropogenic (management) factors that may contribute to the expansion of non-native lineages in managed fish have been studied in this work taking brown trout (Salmo trutta) as a model species. The changes of users' opinion about stocking was studied employing social science methodology (surveys). The evolution of hatchery stocks together with the outcome of stocking were analysed with two genetic tools: the LDH-C1* locus (marker of non-native stocks) and six microsatellite loci (for assignment of wild trout to the natural population or putative hatchery stocks). Consulted stakeholders were convinced of the correctness of releasing only native stocks, although in practice the hatcheries managed by them contained important proportions of non-native gene carriers. Our results suggest that allochthonous individuals perform better and grow faster in hatchery conditions than the native ones. We also find a dilution of the impact of this kind of suplementation in wild conditions. The use of only native individuals as hatchery breeders tested for the presence of non-native alleles previously to the artificial crosses must be a priority. Surveys can help steer policy making toward decisions that will be followed by the public, but they should not be used to justify science.}, }
@article {pmid26181695, year = {2015}, author = {Prioteasa, LF and Dinu, S and Fălcuţă, E and Ceianu, CS}, title = {Established Population of the Invasive Mosquito Species Aedes albopictus in Romania, 2012-14.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {177-181}, doi = {10.2987/14-6462R}, pmid = {26181695}, issn = {8756-971X}, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/genetics/*physiology ; Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Markers ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Romania ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {During an entomological investigation carried out in Bucharest and surroundings in fall of 2012, 45 adult mosquitoes (38 females and 7 males) of Aedes albopictus were collected in a neighborhood from the southern area of the city. The morphological identification of the species was further confirmed by sequencing 2 mitochondrial DNA markers: the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 genes. Aedes albopictus was collected again in 2013 in the same area from July until October. During late summer the species was found also in another location in the city, downtown Bucharest. Larvae were found in water barrels and other types of household containers, as well as in rain catch basins. In 2014, following a nuisance complaint of a Bucharest inhabitant, the entomological investigation found aggressive Ae. albopictus adults on his property that harbored many mosquito larvae in container-type breeding habitats. These findings are the 1st records of this invasive species and of its breeding population in Romania, and show maintenance of the species over 2 winter seasons. Surveillance of the species outside the area of the capital city was not performed, therefore it is not known whether Ae. albopictus has been introduced in other regions of the country. The presence of Ae. albopictus has been reported every year (2012-14) to competent public health authorities, stressing on the importance of surveillance and of implementation of control measures.}, }
@article {pmid26180070, year = {2015}, author = {Reichard, M and Douda, K and Przybyłski, M and Popa, OP and Karbanová, E and Matasová, K and Rylková, K and Polačik, M and Blažek, R and Smith, C}, title = {Population-specific responses to an invasive species.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {282}, number = {1812}, pages = {20151063}, pmid = {26180070}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Anodonta/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Avoidance Learning ; Cyprinidae/*parasitology/*physiology ; Europe ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Oviposition ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Predicting the impacts of non-native species remains a challenge. As populations of a species are genetically and phenotypically variable, the impact of non-native species on local taxa could crucially depend on population-specific traits and adaptations of both native and non-native species. Bitterling fishes are brood parasites of unionid mussels and unionid mussels produce larvae that parasitize fishes. We used common garden experiments to measure three key elements in the bitterling-mussel association among two populations of an invasive mussel (Anodonta woodiana) and four populations of European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus). The impact of the invasive mussel varied between geographically distinct R. amarus lineages and between local populations within lineages. The capacity of parasitic larvae of the invasive mussel to exploit R. amarus was higher in a Danubian than in a Baltic R. amarus lineage and in allopatric than in sympatric R. amarus populations. Maladaptive oviposition by R. amarus into A. woodiana varied among populations, with significant population-specific consequences for R. amarus recruitment. We suggest that variation in coevolutionary states may predispose different populations to divergent responses. Given that coevolutionary relationships are ubiquitous, population-specific attributes of invasive and native populations may play a critical role in the outcome of invasion. We argue for a shift from a species-centred to population-centred perspective of the impacts of invasions.}, }
@article {pmid26179346, year = {2015}, author = {Firn, J and Maggini, R and Chadès, I and Nicol, S and Walters, B and Reeson, A and Martin, TG and Possingham, HP and Pichancourt, JB and Ponce-Reyes, R and Carwardine, J}, title = {Priority threat management of invasive animals to protect biodiversity under climate change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {21}, number = {11}, pages = {3917-3930}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13034}, pmid = {26179346}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/*methods ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Endangered Species ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Climate change is a major threat to global biodiversity, and its impacts can act synergistically to heighten the severity of other threats. Most research on projecting species range shifts under climate change has not been translated to informing priority management strategies on the ground. We develop a prioritization framework to assess strategies for managing threats to biodiversity under climate change and apply it to the management of invasive animal species across one-sixth of the Australian continent, the Lake Eyre Basin. We collected information from key stakeholders and experts on the impacts of invasive animals on 148 of the region's most threatened species and 11 potential strategies. Assisted by models of current distributions of threatened species and their projected distributions, experts estimated the cost, feasibility, and potential benefits of each strategy for improving the persistence of threatened species with and without climate change. We discover that the relative cost-effectiveness of invasive animal control strategies is robust to climate change, with the management of feral pigs being the highest priority for conserving threatened species overall. Complementary sets of strategies to protect as many threatened species as possible under limited budgets change when climate change is considered, with additional strategies required to avoid impending extinctions from the region. Overall, we find that the ranking of strategies by cost-effectiveness was relatively unaffected by including climate change into decision-making, even though the benefits of the strategies were lower. Future climate conditions and impacts on range shifts become most important to consider when designing comprehensive management plans for the control of invasive animals under limited budgets to maximize the number of threatened species that can be protected.}, }
@article {pmid26178840, year = {2016}, author = {Cecere, E and Petrocelli, A and Belmonte, M and Portacci, G and Rubino, F}, title = {Activities and vectors responsible for the biological pollution in the Taranto Seas (Mediterranean Sea, southern Italy): a review.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {23}, number = {13}, pages = {12797-12810}, pmid = {26178840}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring ; Human Activities ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {Biological pollution, caused by the negative impact of alien species, also known as non-indigenous species (NIS), is regarded as one of the greatest threat to marine ecosystems. The recent upsurge in the number and spread of these species drew attention to putative vectors such as shipping and shellfish importation for culture and consumption. The port of Taranto in Southern Italy is a hub for several vectors as it serves commercial and military shipping, fishing and recreational boating, in addition to shellfish importation. An analysis of anthropogenic activities and possible vectors in Taranto Seas was recently carried out within the framework of the RITMARE Project, involving local stakeholders. Different categories of stakeholders answered dedicated questionnaires with a high degree of reticence, and this highlighted a general lack of awareness of the problems associated with alien species. Consequently, there is a strong need to instil a truly ecological awareness among the general public and stakeholders.}, }
@article {pmid26177420, year = {2016}, author = {Clavero, M and Nores, C and Kubersky-Piredda, S and Centeno-Cuadros, A}, title = {Interdisciplinarity to reconstruct historical introductions: solving the status of cryptogenic crayfish.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {91}, number = {4}, pages = {1036-1049}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12205}, pmid = {26177420}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*classification ; Classification ; Europe ; Interdisciplinary Studies ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {Anciently introduced species can be confounded with native species because introduction pre-dates the first species inventories or because of the loss of the collective memory of the introductions. The term 'cryptogenic species' denotes species of unknown or unclear status (native versus non-native) in a given territory, and disciplinary approaches are often insufficient for solving their true status. Here, we follow an integrative, multidisciplinary approach to solve the status of a cryptogenic species, proposing that building on evidence from multiple disciplines can produce robust and clarifying insights. We undertook an exhaustive review of information on a putatively native crayfish (Austropotamobius italicus) in Spain. The reviewed information included taxonomy, genetics and phylogeography, history, archaeology, linguistics, biogeography, ecology, symbiotic organisms and even gastronomy and pharmacy. The knowledge produced by different scientific disciplines converges to indicate that A. italicus is a non-native species in Spain. Historical documents even identify the first introduction event: crayfish were shipped from Italy to Spain in 1588 as a diplomatic gift from Francesco I de' Medici to King Philip II of Spain. Previous discussions on the status of A. italicus focussed on inconclusive and often confusing genetic results and excluded the rich and clarifying evidence available from other approaches and disciplines. Interdisciplinarity is an often-invoked but rarely implemented practice in an academic environment that increasingly promotes narrow-focussed specialization. Our review shows that the integration of disciplines can surpass disciplinary approaches in solving scientific controversies. Our results have straightforward implications for strategies to conserve biological diversity in Spain and Europe, urging a debate on the appropriateness of devoting conservation efforts to non-native species.}, }
@article {pmid26177104, year = {2015}, author = {Naundrup, PJ and Svenning, JC}, title = {A Geographic Assessment of the Global Scope for Rewilding with Wild-Living Horses (Equus ferus).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {e0132359}, pmid = {26177104}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa ; Americas ; Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Australia ; Climate ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Geography ; Horses/*physiology ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Wilderness ; }, abstract = {Megafaunas worldwide have been decimated during the late Quaternary. Many extirpated species were keystone species, and their loss likely has had large effects on ecosystems. Therefore, it is increasingly considered how megafaunas can be restored. The horse (Equus ferus) is highly relevant in this context as it was once extremely widespread and, despite severe range contraction, survives in the form of domestic, feral, and originally wild horses. Further, it is a functionally important species, notably due to its ability to graze coarse, abrasive grasses. Here, we used species distribution modelling to link locations of wild-living E. ferus populations to climate to estimate climatically suitable areas for wild-living E. ferus. These models were combined with habitat information and past and present distributions of equid species to identify areas suitable for rewilding with E. ferus. Mean temperature in the coldest quarter, precipitation in the coldest quarter, and precipitation in the driest quarter emerged as the best climatic predictors. The distribution models estimated the climate to be suitable in large parts of the Americas, Eurasia, Africa, and Australia and, combined with habitat mapping, revealed large areas to be suitable for rewilding with horses within its former range, including up to 1.5 million ha within five major rewilding areas in Europe. The widespread occurrence of suitable climates and habitats within E. ferus' former range together with its important functions cause it to be a key candidate for rewilding in large parts of the world. Successful re-establishment of wild-living horse populations will require handling the complexity of human-horse relations, for example, potential conflicts with ranchers and other agriculturalists or with other conservation aims, perception as a non-native invasive species in some regions, and coverage by legislation for domestic animals.}, }
@article {pmid26177031, year = {2015}, author = {Wu, AP and Li, ZL and He, FF and Wang, YH and Dong, M}, title = {Screening Allelochemical-Resistant Species of the Alien Invasive Mikania micrantha for Restoration in South China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {e0132967}, pmid = {26177031}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {China ; Germination/drug effects ; *Introduced Species ; Mikania/*chemistry ; Plant Extracts/*pharmacology ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Plant Roots/drug effects/physiology ; Seedlings/physiology ; Seeds/physiology ; }, abstract = {To screen allelochemical-resistant species of the alien invasive weed Mikania micrantha, we studied the allelopathic inhibition effects of the leaf aqueous extract (LAE) of Mikania on seed germination and seedling growth of the 26 species native or naturalized in the invaded region in South China. Seed germination was more strongly negatively affected by LAE than seedling growth. Responses of seed germination and seed growth to LAE differed differently among the target species. LAE more strongly negatively affected seed germination, but less strongly negatively affected seedling growth, in non-legume species than in legume species. LAE more strongly negatively affected seed germination and seedling growth in native species than naturalized exotic species. Therefore, naturalized exotic non-legume seedlings are more suitable than seeds of native legume species for restoration of Mikania-invaded habitats.}, }
@article {pmid26174984, year = {2016}, author = {Lorenti, M and Keppel, E and Petrocelli, A and Sigovini, M and Tagliapietra, D}, title = {The non-indigenous Paranthura japonica Richardson, 1909 (Isopoda: Anthuroidea: Paranthuridae) from the Mar Piccolo lagoon, Taranto (Italy, Mediterranean Sea).}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {23}, number = {13}, pages = {12791-12796}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-015-4994-5}, pmid = {26174984}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Environmental Monitoring ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; *Isopoda ; Italy ; Male ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {Several individuals of Paranthura japonica, a non-indigenous isopod species, recently recorded on Italian coasts, have been collected from the Mar Piccolo basin, Taranto (Italy). This finding extends the distributional range of the species southwards in the Mediterranean, including a semi-enclosed coastal basin, which is considered the second Italian hotspot for the introduction of alien species. The characteristics of the place reinforce the hypothesis that its introduction is linked to shellfish trade and farming. Remarks on the morphology and ecology are included.}, }
@article {pmid26174116, year = {2015}, author = {Zaiko, A and Martinez, JL and Ardura, A and Clusa, L and Borrell, YJ and Samuiloviene, A and Roca, A and Garcia-Vazquez, E}, title = {Detecting nuisance species using NGST: Methodology shortcomings and possible application in ballast water monitoring.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {112}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {64-72}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.07.002}, pmid = {26174116}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/classification/*genetics ; *Biodiversity ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/*standards ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Detecting the presence of potential invasive species in ballast water is a priority for preventing their spread into new environments. Next generation sequencing technologies are being increasingly used for exploring and assessing biodiversity from environmental samples. Here we apply high throughput sequencing from DNA extracted from ballast water (BW) samples employing two different platforms, Ion Torrent and 454, and compare the putative species catalogues from the resulting Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU). Water samples were taken from the RV Polastern ballast tank in five different days between the second and the twentieth navigation day. Pronounced decrease of oxygen concentration and increase of temperature occurred in the BW during this time, coincident with a progressively higher proportion of unassigned OTU and short reads indicating DNA degradation. Discrepancy between platforms for species catalogues was consistent with previously published bias in AT-rich sequences for Ion Torrent platform. Some putative species detected from the two platforms increased in frequency during the Polarstern travel, which suggests they were alive and therefore tolerant to adverse conditions. OTU assigned to the highly invasive red alga Polysiphonia have been detected at low but increasing frequency from the two platforms. Although in this moment NGST could not replace current methods of sampling, sorting and individual taxonomic identification of BW biota, it has potential as an exploratory methodology especially for detecting scarce species.}, }
@article {pmid26173623, year = {2015}, author = {Seabloom, EW and Borer, ET and Buckley, YM and Cleland, EE and Davies, KF and Firn, J and Harpole, WS and Hautier, Y and Lind, EM and MacDougall, AS and Orrock, JL and Prober, SM and Adler, PB and Anderson, TM and Bakker, JD and Biederman, LA and Blumenthal, DM and Brown, CS and Brudvig, LA and Cadotte, M and Chu, C and Cottingham, KL and Crawley, MJ and Damschen, EI and Dantonio, CM and DeCrappeo, NM and Du, G and Fay, PA and Frater, P and Gruner, DS and Hagenah, N and Hector, A and Hillebrand, H and Hofmockel, KS and Humphries, HC and Jin, VL and Kay, A and Kirkman, KP and Klein, JA and Knops, JM and La Pierre, KJ and Ladwig, L and Lambrinos, JG and Li, Q and Li, W and Marushia, R and McCulley, RL and Melbourne, BA and Mitchell, CE and Moore, JL and Morgan, J and Mortensen, B and O'Halloran, LR and Pyke, DA and Risch, AC and Sankaran, M and Schuetz, M and Simonsen, A and Smith, MD and Stevens, CJ and Sullivan, L and Wolkovich, E and Wragg, PD and Wright, J and Yang, L}, title = {Plant species' origin predicts dominance and response to nutrient enrichment and herbivores in global grasslands.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {7710}, pmid = {26173623}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; *Food ; *Grassland ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; *Plants ; Soil/*chemistry ; Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {Exotic species dominate many communities; however the functional significance of species' biogeographic origin remains highly contentious. This debate is fuelled in part by the lack of globally replicated, systematic data assessing the relationship between species provenance, function and response to perturbations. We examined the abundance of native and exotic plant species at 64 grasslands in 13 countries, and at a subset of the sites we experimentally tested native and exotic species responses to two fundamental drivers of invasion, mineral nutrient supplies and vertebrate herbivory. Exotic species are six times more likely to dominate communities than native species. Furthermore, while experimental nutrient addition increases the cover and richness of exotic species, nutrients decrease native diversity and cover. Native and exotic species also differ in their response to vertebrate consumer exclusion. These results suggest that species origin has functional significance, and that eutrophication will lead to increased exotic dominance in grasslands.}, }
@article {pmid26172573, year = {2015}, author = {Jackson, H and Strubbe, D and Tollington, S and Prys-Jones, R and Matthysen, E and Groombridge, JJ}, title = {Ancestral origins and invasion pathways in a globally invasive bird correlate with climate and influences from bird trade.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {16}, pages = {4269-4285}, pmid = {26172573}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Climate ; Commerce ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Europe ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Mauritius ; Parakeets/*genetics ; Pets ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Seychelles ; }, abstract = {Invasive species present a major threat to global biodiversity. Understanding genetic patterns and evolutionary processes that reinforce successful establishment is paramount for elucidating mechanisms underlying biological invasions. Among birds, the ring-necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri) is one of the most successful invasive species, established in over 35 countries. However, little is known about the evolutionary genetic origins of this species and what population genetic signatures tell us about patterns of invasion. We reveal the ancestral origins of populations across the invasive range and explore the potential influence of climate and propagule pressure from the pet trade on observed genetic patterns. Ring-necked parakeet samples representing the ancestral native range (n = 96) were collected from museum specimens, and modern samples from the invasive range (n = 855) were gathered from across Europe, Mauritius and Seychelles, and sequenced for two mitochondrial DNA markers comprising 868 bp of cytochrome b and control region, and genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci. Invasive populations comprise birds that originate predominantly from Pakistan and northern areas of India. Haplotypes associated with more northerly distribution limits in the ancestral native range were more prevalent in invasive populations in Europe, and the predominance of Asian haplotypes in Europe is consistent with the higher number of Asian birds transported by the pet trade outside the native range. Successful establishment of invasive species is likely to be underpinned by a combination of environmental and anthropogenic influences.}, }
@article {pmid26171811, year = {2015}, author = {Briski, E and Gollasch, S and David, M and Linley, RD and Casas-Monroy, O and Rajakaruna, H and Bailey, SA}, title = {Combining Ballast Water Exchange and Treatment To Maximize Prevention of Species Introductions to Freshwater Ecosystems.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {49}, number = {16}, pages = {9566-9573}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b01795}, pmid = {26171811}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; Phytoplankton ; *Ships ; Water Purification/*methods ; Zooplankton ; }, abstract = {The most effective way to manage species transfers is to prevent their introduction via vector regulation. Soon, international ships will be required to meet numeric ballast discharge standards using ballast water treatment (BWT) systems, and ballast water exchange (BWE), currently required by several countries, will be phased out. However, there are concerns that BWT systems may not function reliably in fresh and/or turbid water. A land-based evaluation of simulated "BWE plus BWT" versus "BWT alone" demonstrated potential benefits of combining BWE with BWT for protection of freshwater ecosystems. We conducted ship-based testing to compare the efficacy of "BWE plus BWT" versus "BWT alone" on voyages starting with freshwater ballast. We tested the hypotheses that there is an additional effect of "BWE plus BWT" compared to "BWT alone" on the reduction of plankton, and that taxa remaining after "BWE plus BWT" will be marine (low risk for establishment at freshwater recipient ports). Our study found that BWE has significant additional effect on the reduction of plankton, and this effect increases with initial abundance. As per expectations, "BWT alone" tanks contained higher risk freshwater or euryhaline taxa at discharge, while "BWE plus BWT" tanks contained mostly lower risk marine taxa unlikely to survive in recipient freshwater ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid26171646, year = {2015}, author = {Auerbach, NA and Wilson, KA and Tulloch, AI and Rhodes, JR and Hanson, JO and Possingham, HP}, title = {Effects of threat management interactions on conservation priorities.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {29}, number = {6}, pages = {1626-1635}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12551}, pmid = {26171646}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Animal Husbandry ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/*methods ; *Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Fires ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Queensland ; }, abstract = {Decisions need to be made about which biodiversity management actions are undertaken to mitigate threats and about where these actions are implemented. However, management actions can interact; that is, the cost, benefit, and feasibility of one action can change when another action is undertaken. There is little guidance on how to explicitly and efficiently prioritize management for multiple threats, including deciding where to act. Integrated management could focus on one management action to abate a dominant threat or on a strategy comprising multiple actions to abate multiple threats. Furthermore management could be undertaken at sites that are in close proximity to reduce costs. We used cost-effectiveness analysis to prioritize investments in fire management, controlling invasive predators, and reducing grazing pressure in a bio-diverse region of southeastern Queensland, Australia. We compared outcomes of 5 management approaches based on different assumptions about interactions and quantified how investment needed, benefits expected, and the locations prioritized for implementation differed when interactions were taken into account. Managing for interactions altered decisions about where to invest and in which actions to invest and had the potential to deliver increased investment efficiency. Differences in high priority locations and actions were greatest between the approaches when we made different assumptions about how management actions deliver benefits through threat abatement: either all threats must be managed to conserve species or only one management action may be required. Threatened species management that does not consider interactions between actions may result in misplaced investments or misguided expectations of the effort required to mitigate threats to species.}, }
@article {pmid26165632, year = {2015}, author = {Laurimaa, L and Süld, K and Moks, E and Valdmann, H and Umhang, G and Knapp, J and Saarma, U}, title = {First report of the zoonotic tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis in raccoon dogs in Estonia, and comparisons with other countries in Europe.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {212}, number = {3-4}, pages = {200-205}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.06.004}, pmid = {26165632}, issn = {1873-2550}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Echinococcosis/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Echinococcus multilocularis/*genetics ; Estonia/epidemiology ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology/parasitology ; Intestine, Small/parasitology ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Raccoon Dogs/*parasitology ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is an alien species in Europe and an important vector of zoonotic diseases. However, compared to the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), less attention has been paid to the raccoon dog as a potentially important host for Echinococcus multilocularis, the infective agent of alveolar echinococcosis, which is an emerging infectious disease with a high mortality rate. We examined the small intestines of 249 Estonian raccoon dogs and found 1.6% of individuals to be infected with E. multilocularis. The relatively large difference between this prevalence and that found in sympatric red foxes (31.5%) sampled during the same time period might be due to differences in diet: red foxes consume significantly more arvicolid rodents - the main intermediate hosts of the parasite - especially during the coldest period of the year when raccoon dogs hibernate. Nonetheless, given the relatively high density of raccoon dogs, our results suggest that the species also represents an important definitive host species for E. multilocularis in Estonia. Compared with other countries in Europe where E. multilocularis-infected raccoon dogs have been recorded (Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Germany, and Slovakia), the prevalence in Estonia is low. The longer hibernation period of raccoon dogs at higher latitudes may explain this pattern. Both mitochondrial and nuclear loci were analysed for Estonian isolates: based on EmsB microsatellite genotyping the Estonian isolates shared an identical genotype with E. multilocularis in northern Poland, suggesting a common history with this region. The data from more than a quarter of the mitochondrial genome (3558 bp) revealed two novel haplotypes specific to Estonia and placed them into the same haplogroup with isolates from other European regions. Considering that the raccoon dog is becoming increasingly widespread and is already relatively abundant in several countries in Europe, the role of the species must be taken into account when assessing the E. multilocularis related risks to public health.}, }
@article {pmid26164532, year = {2015}, author = {Davies, SJ and McGeoch, MA and Clusella-Trullas, S}, title = {Plasticity of thermal tolerance and metabolism but not water loss in an invasive reed frog.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology}, volume = {189}, number = {}, pages = {11-20}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.06.033}, pmid = {26164532}, issn = {1531-4332}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Anura/metabolism/*physiology ; Basal Metabolism/*physiology ; Climate ; Cold Temperature ; Ecosystem ; Hot Temperature ; Seasons ; South Africa ; *Temperature ; Water/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity may buffer the selection pressures on organisms that inhabit novel or rapidly-changing environments. We investigated plasticity of thermal tolerance, energetic and water loss traits and their interaction with behaviour in a small-bodied, arboreal anuran (Hyperolius marmoratus Rapp, Hyperoliidae) undergoing rapid range expansion into the winter rainfall region of South Africa. After short-term exposure to three temperatures (acclimation treatments) commonly encountered in their historical and novel ranges, frogs exhibited a broad thermal tolerance range (mean±s.d.: 42.1±2.9 °C) and higher plasticity in CTmax than in CTmin. Resting metabolic rate was lowest in cold-acclimated animals, while active metabolic rates were lowest in warm-acclimated frogs, likely reflecting compensation towards energy conservation. Evaporative water loss was not significantly altered by the acclimation treatments in either resting or active animals, indicating limited plasticity in this trait compared to metabolism. Our results suggest that plasticity of temperature limits and metabolism may benefit this species in variable environments such as those encountered in its expanded range. Lack of plasticity in water loss during resting and activity suggests that these frogs rely on their high cutaneous resistance and behavioural means to buffer climate variation. This study highlights the importance of synergistic interactions between physiology and behaviour in determining amphibian responses to temperature variation.}, }
@article {pmid26164329, year = {2015}, author = {Golubkov, SM and Litvinchuk, LF}, title = {The role of the alien species Cercopagis pengoi in zooplankton of the Eastern Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea.}, journal = {Doklady biological sciences : proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Biological sciences sections}, volume = {462}, number = {}, pages = {121-123}, pmid = {26164329}, issn = {1608-3105}, mesh = {Animals ; Baltic States ; Cladocera/*classification/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Finland ; *Food Chain ; Oceans and Seas ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Zooplankton/*physiology ; }, }
@article {pmid26162896, year = {2015}, author = {Ueno, S and Rodrigues, JF and Alves-Pereira, A and Pansarin, ER and Veasey, EA}, title = {Genetic variability within and among populations of an invasive, exotic orchid.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {26162896}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Despite the fact that invasive species are of great evolutionary interest because of their success in colonizing and spreading into new areas, the factors underlying this success often remain obscure. In this sense, studies on population genetics and phylogenetic relationships of invasive species could offer insights into mechanisms of invasions. Originally from Africa, the terrestrial orchid Oeceoclades maculata, considered an invasive plant, is the only species of the genus throughout the Americas. Considering the lack of information on population genetics of this species, the aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity and structure of Brazilian populations of O. maculata. We used 13 inter-simple sequence repeat primers to assess the genetic diversity of 152 individuals of O. maculata distributed in five sampled sites from three Brazilian states (São Paulo, Mato Grosso and Paraná). Low diversity was found within samples, with estimates of the Shannon index (H) ranging from 0.0094 to 0.1054 and estimates of Nei's gene diversity (He) ranging from 0.0054 to 0.0668. However, when evaluated together, the sampling locations showed substantially higher diversity estimates (H = 0.3869, He = 0.2556), and most of the genetic diversity was found among populations (ΦST = 0.933). Both clustering and principal coordinate analysis indicate the existence of five distinct groups, corresponding to the sampled localities, and which were also recovered in the Bayesian analysis. A substructure was observed in one of the localities, suggesting a lack of gene flow even between very small distances. The patterns of genetic structure found in this study may be understood considering the interaction of several probable reproductive strategies with its history of colonization involving possible genetic drift, selective pressures and multiple introductions.}, }
@article {pmid26161722, year = {2015}, author = {Scheelings, TF}, title = {Morbidity and Mortality of Reptiles Admitted to the Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Australia, 2000-13.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {51}, number = {3}, pages = {712-718}, doi = {10.7589/2014-09-230}, pmid = {26161722}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/injuries ; Lizards/injuries ; Mortality ; Pets ; *Reptiles/injuries ; Snakes/injuries ; Turtles/injuries ; Victoria ; }, abstract = {Medical records of 931 reptiles admitted to the Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Healesville, Victoria, Australia, from 2000 to 2013 were reviewed to determine the causes of morbidity and mortality. Thirty-nine species were presented; the most common were the common long-neck turtle (Chelodina longicollis; n = 311, 33.4%), the eastern bluetongue lizard (Tiliqua scincoides; n = 224, 4.1%), the blotched bluetongue lizard (Tiliqua nigrolutea; n = 136, 14.6%), and the lowland copperhead (Austrelaps superbus; n = 55, 5.9%). Trauma was the most significant reason for admissions, accounting for 73.0% of cases. This was followed by not injured (11.7%), displacement (6.4%), snake removal (4.2%), human interference (3.1%), introduced species (1.1%), sick/diseased (0.2%), and illegal pet (0.2%). Within the category of trauma, impact with motor vehicle (41.0% of trauma cases) and domestic animal attack (33.2% of trauma cases) were the most common subcategories. Our results indicate that indirect anthropogenic factors are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Australian reptiles.}, }
@article {pmid27250551, year = {2015}, author = {Armstrong, A}, title = {Invasive species: Trading places.}, journal = {Nature plants}, volume = {1}, number = {}, pages = {15120}, doi = {10.1038/nplants.2015.120}, pmid = {27250551}, issn = {2055-0278}, }
@article {pmid26954992, year = {2015}, author = {Ercan, D and Andreou, D and Sana, S and Öntaş, C and Baba, E and Top, N and Karakuş, U and Tarkan, AS and Gozlan, RE}, title = {Evidence of threat to European economy and biodiversity following the introduction of an alien pathogen on the fungal-animal boundary.}, journal = {Emerging microbes &amp; infections}, volume = {4}, number = {9}, pages = {e52}, pmid = {26954992}, issn = {2222-1751}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; Base Sequence ; Bass/*parasitology ; Biodiversity ; Cyprinidae/*parasitology ; Europe/epidemiology ; Fish Diseases/economics/*epidemiology/parasitology/pathology ; Introduced Species ; Mesomycetozoea/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Prevalence ; Seasons ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Recent years have seen a global and rapid resurgence of fungal diseases with direct impact on biodiversity and local extinctions of amphibian, coral, or bat populations. Despite similar evidence of population extinction in European fish populations and the associated risk of food aquaculture due to the emerging rosette agent Sphaerothecum destruens, an emerging infectious eukaryotic intracellular pathogen on the fungal-animal boundary, our understanding of current threats remained limited. Long-term monitoring of population decline for the 8-year post-introduction of the fungal pathogen was coupled with seasonal molecular analyses of the 18S rDNA and histological work of native fish species organs. A phylogenetic relationship between the existing EU and US strains using the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences was also carried out. Here, we provide evidence that this emerging parasite has now been introduced via Pseudorasbora parva to sea bass farms, an industry that represents over 400 M€€ annually in a Mediterranean region that is already economically vulnerable. We also provide for the first time evidence linking S. destruens to disease and severe declines in International Union for Conservation of Nature threatened European endemic freshwater fishes (i.e. 80% to 90 % mortalities). Our findings are thus of major economic and conservation importance.}, }
@article {pmid26941929, year = {2015}, author = {Aliani, S and Berta, M and Borghini, M and Carlson, D and Conversi, A and Corgnati, L and Griffa, A and Magaldi, MG and Mantovani, C and Marini, S and Mazzei, L and Suaria, G and Vetrano, A}, title = {Biodiversity conservation: an example of a multidisciplinary approach to marine dispersal.}, journal = {Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze fisiche e naturali}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {37-48}, pmid = {26941929}, issn = {2037-4631}, abstract = {The general aim of this paper is to present a possible multidisciplinary approach to the problem of connectivity among marine protected areas (MPAs) describing some of the mechanisms and vectors that control the dispersal of propagules among spatially distributed marine communities of MPAs in the Southern Adriatic Sea. A joint approach is described that focuses on (a) measurements of surface water current and model data integrated with a dedicated software (LAVA, LAgrangian Variational Analysis), (b) measurements of rafting objects and their evaluation as an alternative way to species dispersal, and (c) a tool to automatically monitor propagules and plankton species in the water column. Studies on the dynamics of water currents demonstrated that the Gargano area has the potential to supply dispersal propagules to the Southern Adriatic both along the Italian coastline and offshore across the basin, thus providing important services to the dispersal processes and the connectivity routes among MPAs. The natural dispersion is however enhanced by floating objects, on which entire marine communities are living and travelling. The number of these objects has greatly increased with the introduction of human litter: in the Adriatic, man-made litter composes nowadays the majority (79 %) of all floating objects, with this corresponding to an almost fourfold increase in the abundance of floating objects since pre-industrial times. Such enhanced dispersion may benefit transmission of propagules from MPAs along biodiversity corridors, but may also enhance the arrival of invasive species. The direct observation of organisms can provide information on the species distribution and mobility. New technology (GUARD-1 system) has been developed to automatically identify spatial or temporal distributions of selected species in the water column by image analysis. The system has so far successfully detected blooms of ctenophores in the water column and is now being tested for identification of other zooplankton groups, such as copepods, as well as marine litter. This low-cost, long-lasting imaging system can be hosted on mobile devices such as drifters, which makes it very suitable for biological dispersal studies.}, }
@article {pmid26988642, year = {2014}, author = {Kim, SY and Manghisi, A and Morabito, M and Yang, EC and Yoon, HS and Miller, KA and Boo, SM}, title = {Genetic diversity and haplotype distribution of Pachymeniopsis gargiuli sp. nov. and P. lanceolata (Halymeniales, Rhodophyta) in Korea, with notes on their non-native distributions.}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {50}, number = {5}, pages = {885-896}, doi = {10.1111/jpy.12218}, pmid = {26988642}, issn = {1529-8817}, abstract = {The red alga Pachymeniopsis lanceolata, formerly known as Grateloupia lanceolata, is a component of the native algal flora of northeast Asia and has been introduced to European and North American waters. It has been confused with a cryptic species collected from Korea and Italy. Our analyses of rbcL, cox3 and ITS from P. lanceolata and this cryptic species has revealed two distinct entities, forming a clade, which were clearly separated from its congeners and positioned with other Asian species. Here, we describe the cryptic species as P. gargiuli sp. nov., a species that differs from others by molecular sequence and subtle anatomical characters. We hypothesize that P. gargiuli may have been recently dispersed by anthropogenic vectors, possibly at or near the same time as was P. lanceolata. Our cox3 data set revealed that one haplotype of P. gargiuli, shared between Korea and Italy, and two haplotypes of P. lanceolata, commonly occurring in Korea and USA, are invasive haplotypes. This is the first report of the utility of the mitochondrial coding cox3 sequences in red algae.}, }
@article {pmid27193815, year = {2014}, author = {Lü, ZC and Wang, LH and Zhang, GF and Wan, FH and Guo, JY and Yu, H and Wang, JB}, title = {Three Heat Shock Protein Genes from Bactrocera (Tetradacus) minax Enderlein: Gene Cloning, Characterization, and Association with Diapause.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {362-372}, pmid = {27193815}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; *Diapause, Insect ; Heat-Shock Proteins/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Tephritidae/*genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {Bactrocera (Tetradacus) minax Enderlein is a major pest to wild and cultivated species of citrus. Bactrocera minax produces one generation per year with a long pupal diapause period of over 6 months, which hinders efforts to obtain vast numbers of insects under standard room conditions. Determining the mechanisms of diapause is significantly important for obtaining large quantities of these insects. To characterize the heat shock protein (Hsp) genes of B. minax and to unravel their potential contribution to diapause, we performed 3' and 5' RACE to isolate the complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences, bioinformatics to examine the phylogenetic relationships, and real-time quantitative PCR to detect the expression patterns of three Hsp genes during various developmental stages. These results represent the first characterization of the three Hsp genes of B. minax; the open reading frames of Bmhsp23, Bmhsp70, and Bmhsp90 were 510, 1,911, and 1,089 bp, encoding 170, 636, and 363 amino acids, respectively. BmHsp70 and BmHsp90 displayed high identity to previously identified Hsp70 and Hsp90 genes, respectively. BmHsp23 displayed varying similarity, from 28 to 83%, to previously identified small Hsps. Bmhsp23 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was found to be upregulated during diapause initiation, maintenance, and termination. Bmhsp70 mRNA expression peaked during diapause initiation. Bmhsp90 mRNA expression remained at a relatively low level during deep diapause. Our present results suggest that Bmhsp70 might play an important role in diapause initiation, while Bmhsp23 in diapause initiation and maintenance and Bmhsp90 in diapause regulation. These results improve our understanding of the mechanism of diapause in B. minax at the molecular level.}, }
@article {pmid27193620, year = {2014}, author = {Ruiz, C and Lanfranco, D and Carrillo, R and Parra, L}, title = {Morphometric Variation on the Cypress Aphid Cinara cupressi (Buckton) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Associated to Urban Trees.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {245-251}, pmid = {27193620}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Aphids/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Chile ; Cities ; Cupressus ; Pest Control, Biological ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Cinara cupressi (Buckton) is an important aphid pest of the Cupressaceae family, originally reported in Chile in 2003. Since then, it has spread over 4,000 km, contributing to conservation issues, mostly associated with native and urban trees of the Cupressaceae. In the present work, the morphometric variation of C. cupressi was examined to determine if the species present in Chile corresponds to a specific entity, and to identify variations among specimens from different localities in the study area. Colonies were collected from urban trees from northern, central, and southern Chile. Morphometric data for 14 characters in aphids from 63 localities in all the distribution ranges were measured and analyzed by multivariate analysis. Results showed that the species present in Chile corresponds to C. cupressi like a single specific entity, showing no morphological variation across the regions sampled. Our data will be discussed within the context of correct taxonomic identification for the implementation of effective biological control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid26955071, year = {2014}, author = {Taylor, BW and Bothwell, ML}, title = {The Origin of Invasive Microorganisms Matters for Science, Policy, and Management: The Case of Didymosphenia geminata.}, journal = {Bioscience}, volume = {64}, number = {6}, pages = {531-538}, pmid = {26955071}, issn = {0006-3568}, abstract = {The value of distinguishing native from nonnative invasive species has recently been questioned. However, this dichotomy is important for understanding whether a species' successful dominance is caused by introductions, changing environmental conditions that facilitate an existing population, or both processes. We highlight the importance of knowing the origin of hard-to-detect invasive microorganisms for scientific research, management, and policy using a case study of recent algal blooms of the stalk-producing diatom Didymosphenia geminata. Nuisance blooms have been reported in rivers worldwide and have been hastily attributed to introductions. However, evidence indicates that blooms are probably not caused by introductions but, rather, by environmental conditions that promote excessive stalk production by this historically rare species. Effective responses to invasive microorganisms depend on knowing whether their proliferation is caused by being nonnative or is the result of changing environmental conditions that promote invasive characteristics of native species.}, }
@article {pmid26227899, year = {2014}, author = {Keller, SR and Fields, PD and Berardi, AE and Taylor, DR}, title = {Recent admixture generates heterozygosity-fitness correlations during the range expansion of an invading species.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {616-627}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12330}, pmid = {26227899}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; *Heterozygote ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Admixture, the mixing of historically isolated gene pools, can have immediate consequences for the genetic architecture of fitness traits. Admixture may be especially important for newly colonized populations, such as during range expansion and species invasions, by generating heterozygosity that can boost fitness through heterosis. Despite widespread evidence for admixture during species invasions, few studies have examined the demographic history leading to admixture, how admixture affects the heterozygosity and fitness of invasive genotypes, and whether such fitness effects are maintained through time. We address these questions using the invasive plant Silene vulgaris, which shows evidence of admixture in both its native Europe and in North America where it has invaded. Using multilocus genotype data in conjunction with approximate Bayesian computation analysis of demographic history, we showed that admixture during the invasion of North America was independent from and much younger than admixture in the native range of Europe. We tested for fitness consequences of admixture in each range and detected a significant positive heterozygosity-fitness correlation (HFC) in North America; in contrast, no HFC was present in Europe. The lack of HFC in Europe may reflect the longer time since admixture in the native range, dissipating associations between heterozygosity at markers and fitness loci. Our results support a key short-term role for admixture during the early stages of invasion by generating HFCs that carry populations past the threat of extinction from inbreeding and demographic stochasticity.}, }
@article {pmid27193404, year = {2014}, author = {Obregon, D and Nates-Parra, G}, title = {Floral Preference of Melipona eburnea Friese (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in a Colombian Andean Region.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {43}, number = {1}, pages = {53-60}, pmid = {27193404}, issn = {1519-566X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Colombia ; Flowers ; Honey ; *Hymenoptera ; *Plant Nectar ; *Pollen ; }, abstract = {Melipona eburnea Friese is a stingless bee kept in some regions of Colombia, where it is reported to be vulnerable to extinction due to habitat disturbance. To contribute to raising conservation strategies, the aim of this study was to identify the floral preferences of this species using melissopalynological analysis. A total of 31 pollen pot samples and 37 honey samples were taken from March 2009 through March 2010 from four colonies in Fusagasuga, Colombia. We found 92 pollen types: 17 from pollen pot samples, 39 from honey samples (indicating the sources of nectar), and 36 in both types of samples. The most frequent pollen types in the pollen pot samples were Myrcia type (100%), Eucalyptus globulus (96.9%), and Fraxinus uhdei (96.9%). The most frequent pollen types in honey samples were E. globulus (97.4%) and Myrcia type (94.9%). The pollen types corresponded mainly to native plants (68%), trees (44.5%), plants whose sexual system is hermaphroditic (56.5%), and plants with inflorescences (76.2%). The most frequent shapes of the flowers were brush-like (type Myrtaceae) and dish-like (type Asteraceae), and the preferred flower colors were white or cream (52.2%). In general, we found that M. eburnea showed a strong preference for trees of the family Myrtaceae to obtain nectar and pollen, including native and introduced species. Some other families are contributing significantly, such as Melastomataceae for pollen collection and Asteraceae for nectar. These results highlight the key plant species for the diet of M. eburnea.}, }
@article {pmid26988012, year = {2014}, author = {Vaz-Pinto, F and Olabarria, C and Arenas, F}, title = {Ecosystem functioning impacts of the invasive seaweed Sargassum muticum (Fucales, Phaeophyceae).}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {108-116}, doi = {10.1111/jpy.12136}, pmid = {26988012}, issn = {0022-3646}, abstract = {Ongoing changes in natural diversity due to anthropogenic activities can alter ecosystem functioning. Particular attention has been given to research on biodiversity loss and how those changes can affect the functioning of ecosystems, and, by extension, human welfare. Few studies, however, have addressed how increased diversity due to establishment of nonindigenous species (NIS) may affect ecosystem function in the recipient communities. Marine algae have a highly important role in sustaining nearshore marine ecosystems and are considered a significant component of marine bioinvasions. Here, we examined the patterns of respiration and light-use efficiency across macroalgal assemblages with different levels of species richness and evenness. Additionally, we compared our results between native and invaded macroalgal assemblages, using the invasive brown macroalga Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt as a model species. Results showed that the presence of the invader increased the rates of respiration and production, most likely as a result of the high biomass of the invader. This effect disappeared when S. muticum lost most of its biomass after senescence. Moreover, predictability-diversity relationships of macroalgal assemblages varied between native and invaded assemblages. Hence, the introduction of high-impact invasive species may trigger major changes in ecosystem functioning. The impact of S. muticum may be related to its greater biomass in the invaded assemblages, although species interactions and seasonality influenced the magnitude of the impact.}, }
@article {pmid26479887, year = {2014}, author = {Ormond, SE and Whatmough, R and Hudson, IL and Daniels, CB}, title = {Environmental and Anthropogenic Impacts on Avifaunal Assemblages in an Urban Parkland, 1976 to 2007.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {119-130}, pmid = {26479887}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Urban environments are unique, rapidly changing habitats in which almost half of the world's human population resides. The effects of urbanisation, such as habitat (vegetation) removal, pollution and modification of natural areas, commonly cause biodiversity loss. Long-term ecological monitoring of urban environments is vital to determine the composition and long-term trends of faunal communities. This paper provides a detailed view of long-term changes in avifaunal assemblages of the Adelaide City parklands and discusses the anthropogenic and environmental factors that contributed to the changes between 1976 and 2007. The Adelaide City parklands (ACP) comprise 760 ha of land surrounding Adelaide's central business district. Naturalist Robert Whatmough completed a 32-year survey of the ACP to determine the structure of the urban bird community residing there. Annual species richness and the abundance of birds in March and September months were analysed. Linear regression analysis was applied to species richness and abundance data of each assemblage. Resident parkland birds demonstrated significant declines in abundance. Native and introduced species also exhibited long-term declines in species richness and abundance throughout the 32-year period. Cycles of varying time periods indicated fluctuations in avian biodiversity demonstrating the need for future monitoring and statistical analyses on bird communities in the Adelaide City parklands.}, }
@article {pmid26463063, year = {2014}, author = {Hoddle, MS and Warner, K and Steggall, J and Jetter, KM}, title = {Classical Biological Control of Invasive Legacy Crop Pests: New Technologies Offer Opportunities to Revisit Old Pest Problems in Perennial Tree Crops.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {13-37}, pmid = {26463063}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Advances in scientific disciplines that support classical biological control have provided "new tools" that could have important applications for biocontrol programs for some long-established invasive arthropod pests. We suggest that these previously unavailable tools should be used in biological control programs targeting "legacy pests", even if they have been targets of previously unsuccessful biocontrol projects. Examples of "new tools" include molecular analyses to verify species identities and likely geographic area of origin, climate matching and ecological niche modeling, preservation of natural enemy genetic diversity in quarantine, the use of theory from invasion biology to maximize establishment likelihoods for natural enemies, and improved understanding of the interactions between natural enemy and target pest microbiomes. This review suggests that opportunities exist for revisiting old pest problems and funding research programs using "new tools" for developing biological control programs for "legacy pests" could provide permanent suppression of some seemingly intractable pest problems. As a case study, we use citricola scale, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum, an invasive legacy pest of California citrus, to demonstrate the potential of new tools to support a new classical biological control program targeting this insect.}, }
@article {pmid26462823, year = {2014}, author = {Campbell, AM and Lawrence, AJ and Hudspath, CB and Gruwell, ME}, title = {Molecular Identification of Diaspididae and Elucidation of Non-Native Species Using the Genes 28s and 16s.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {528-538}, pmid = {26462823}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Armored scale insects pose a serious threat to habitat conservation across the globe because they include some of the most potent invasive species in the world. They are such a serious concern because their basic morphology, small size, and polyphagous feeding habits often allow them to exist undetected by growers and quarantine experts. In order to provide a potential solution to the problem, we have attempted to elucidate the effectiveness of molecular identification techniques using ribosomal 28s and endosymbiotic 16s rRNA. Sequence data was obtained from many field-collected insects to test the feasibility of identification techniques. A protocol for quick species determination based on sequence data is provided.}, }
@article {pmid26462589, year = {2014}, author = {Haavik, LJ and Coleman, TW and Flint, ML and Venette, RC and Seybold, SJ}, title = {Densities of Agrilus auroguttatus and Other Borers in California and Arizona Oaks.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {287-300}, pmid = {26462589}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {We investigated within-tree population density of a new invasive species in southern California, the goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus auroguttatus Schaeffer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), with respect to host species and the community of other borers present. We measured emergence hole densities of A. auroguttatus and other borers on the lower stem (bole) of naïve oaks at 18 sites in southern California and on co-evolved oaks at seven sites in southeastern Arizona. We sampled recently dead oaks in an effort to quantify the community of primary and secondary borers associated with mortality-species that were likely to interact with A. auroguttatus. Red oaks (Section Lobatae) produced greater densities of A. auroguttatus than white oaks (Section Quercus). On red oaks, A. auroguttatus significantly outnumbered native borers in California (mean ± SE of 9.6 ± 0.7 versus 4.5 ± 0.6 emergence holes per 0.09 m[2] of bark surface), yet this was not the case in Arizona (0.9 ± 0.2 versus 1.1 ± 0.2 emergence holes per 0.09 m[2]). In California, a species that is taxonomically intermediate between red and white oaks, Quercus chrysolepis (Section Protobalanus), exhibited similar A. auroguttatus emergence densities compared with a co-occurring red oak, Q. kelloggii. As an invasive species in California, A. auroguttatus may affect the community of native borers (mainly Buprestidae and Cerambycidae) that feed on the lower boles of oaks, although it remains unclear whether its impact will be positive or negative.}, }
@article {pmid26462586, year = {2014}, author = {Hardy, MC}, title = {Resistance is not Futile: It Shapes Insecticide Discovery.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {227-242}, pmid = {26462586}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Conventional chemical control compounds used for the management of insect pests have been much maligned, but still serve a critical role in protecting people and agricultural products from insect pests, as well as conserving biodiversity by eradicating invasive species. Although biological control can be an effective option for area-wide management of established pests, chemical control methods are important for use in integrated pest management (IPM) programs, as well as in export treatments, eradicating recently arrived invasive species, and minimizing population explosions of vectors of human disease. Cogitated research and development programs have continued the innovation of insecticides, with a particular focus on combating insecticide resistance. Recent developments in the fields of human health, protecting the global food supply, and biosecurity will be highlighted.}, }
@article {pmid26417247, year = {2014}, author = {Kim, MJ and Kim, SJ and Kim, SS and Lee, NH and Hyun, CG}, title = {Hypochoeris radicata attenuates LPS-induced inflammation by suppressing p38, ERK, and JNK phosphorylation in RAW 264.7 macrophages.}, journal = {EXCLI journal}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {123-136}, pmid = {26417247}, issn = {1611-2156}, abstract = {Hypochoeris radicata, an invasive plant species, is a large and growing threat to ecosystem integrity on Jeju Island, a UNESCO World Heritage site. Therefore, research into the utilization of H. radicata is important and urgently required in order to solve this invasive plant problem in Jeju Island. The broader aim of our research is to elucidate the biological activities of H. radicata, which would facilitate the conversion of this invasive species into high value-added products. The present study was undertaken to identify the pharmacological effects of H. radicata flower on the production of inflammatory mediators in macrophages. The results indicate that the ethyl acetate fraction of H. radicata extract (HRF-EA) inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory molecules such as NO, iNOS, PGE2, and COX-2, and cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of MAPKs such as p38, ERK, and JNK was suppressed by HRF-EA in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, through HPLC and UPLC fingerprinting, luteolins were also identified and quantified as extract constituents. On the basis of these results, we suggest that H. radicata may be considered possible anti-inflammatory candidates for pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic applications.}, }
@article {pmid27193275, year = {2013}, author = {Polatto, LP and Chaud-Netto, J}, title = {Influence of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on the Use of the Most Abundant and Attractive Floral Resources in a Plant Community.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {42}, number = {6}, pages = {576-587}, pmid = {27193275}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bees ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Flowers ; Hymenoptera ; Pollination ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Some factors influence the distribution of abundance of floral visitors, especially the amount and quality of the floral resources available, the size of the area occupied by the visitor, habitat heterogeneity, and the impact caused by natural enemies and introduced species. The objective of this research was to evaluate the distribution of abundance of the foraging activity of native floral visitors and Apis mellifera L. in the most abundant and attractive food sources in a secondary forest fragment with features of Cerrado-Atlantic Forest. Some plant species were selected and the frequency of foraging made by floral visitors was recorded. A high abundance of visits in flowers was performed by A. mellifera. Two factors may have influenced this result: (1) the occupation of the forest fragment predominantly by vines and shrubs at the expenses of vegetation with arboreal characteristics that favored the encounter of the flowering plants by A. mellifera; (2) rational beekeeping of A. mellifera, causing the number of natural swarms which originate annually from colonies of commercial apiaries and colonies previously established in the environment to be very high, thus leading to an increase in the population size of this bee species in the study site. The frequent occurrence of human-induced fire and deforestation within the forest fragment may have reduced the population size of the bee species, including A. mellifera. As the populations of A. mellifera have the capacity to quickly occupy the environment, this species possibly became dominant after successive disturbances made in the forest fragment.}, }
@article {pmid26184963, year = {2013}, author = {Medina-Vogel, G}, title = {Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife and Species Conservation.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1128/microbiolspec.OH-0004-2012}, pmid = {26184963}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {There has been an increase in the emergence and reemergence of human infectious diseases on a global scale, and zoonotic diseases in which wildlife serves as the reservoir are a large contributing factor. Faced with this situation, there is a necessity to create integrated prevention strategies and predictive models to determine the sites most vulnerable to the emergence of new zoonoses. Cases have been documented in which pathogens responsible for infectious diseases in wild species have been readily transmitted between hosts and have threatened vulnerable declining populations. Habitat destruction and man-made changes in the landscape together with the introduction of alien species are significant environmental variables that affect the ecology of infectious diseases. Thus, the loss of biodiversity is illustrated to be related to both the emergence of new or the exacerbation of existing vector-borne zoonotic diseases through mechanisms such as the loss of the dilution effect and ecological release and simplification. Hence, it is important to consider this factor when assessing disease risk and disease prevention in domestic animals and humans. Diseases like leptospirosis in which water plays an important role are ecosystem health diseases; in fact, the reported higher prevalence of Leptospira spp. in river otters in southern Chile compared with species less adapted to aquatic environments and with terrestrial domestic carnivores provides evidence that man-made landscape alterations, including the introduction of alien species, has exacerbated the transmission and prevalence of leptospirosis in wildlife and thus the risk of human infection.}, }
@article {pmid26462582, year = {2013}, author = {Dodds, KJ and Hull-Sanders, HM and Siegert, NW and Bohne, MJ}, title = {Colonization of Three Maple Species by Asian Longhorned Beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, in Two Mixed-Hardwood Forest Stands.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {105-119}, pmid = {26462582}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Asian longhorned beetle (ALB), Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky), is an invasive insect that has successfully established multiple times in North America. To investigate host colonization and reproductive success (exit holes/eggs), two ALB infested forest stands were sampled in central Massachusetts, USA. Infested Acer platanoides L., Acer rubrum L., and Acer saccharum Marsh. were felled, bucked into 1 m sections and dissected to determine indications of ALB infestations, such as presence of life stages or signs of damage on trees. ALB damage was also aged on a subset of trees to determine the earliest attacks on the three Acer species. In one stand, ALB oviposition was significantly higher on the native A. rubrum and A. saccharum than the exotic A. platanoides. In the second stand, ALB oviposition was significantly higher and cumulative reproductive success was higher on A. rubrum than A. platanoides or A. saccharum. An A. saccharum had the earliest signs of attack that occurred in 2006. Acer rubrum (2007) and A. platanoides (2010) were colonized shortly thereafter. Overall, ALB was more successful in A. rubrum, where adults emerged from 53% and 64% of trees in each stand, compared to A. platanoides (11% and 18%) or A. saccharum (14% and 9%).}, }
@article {pmid26462579, year = {2013}, author = {Scriber, JM}, title = {Climate-Driven Reshuffling of Species and Genes: Potential Conservation Roles for Species Translocations and Recombinant Hybrid Genotypes.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {1-61}, pmid = {26462579}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Comprising 50%-75% of the world's fauna, insects are a prominent part of biodiversity in communities and ecosystems globally. Biodiversity across all levels of biological classifications is fundamentally based on genetic diversity. However, the integration of genomics and phylogenetics into conservation management may not be as rapid as climate change. The genetics of hybrid introgression as a source of novel variation for ecological divergence and evolutionary speciation (and resilience) may generate adaptive potential and diversity fast enough to respond to locally-altered environmental conditions. Major plant and herbivore hybrid zones with associated communities deserve conservation consideration. This review addresses functional genetics across multi-trophic-level interactions including "invasive species" in various ecosystems as they may become disrupted in different ways by rapid climate change. "Invasive genes" (into new species and populations) need to be recognized for their positive creative potential and addressed in conservation programs. "Genetic rescue" via hybrid translocations may provide needed adaptive flexibility for rapid adaptation to environmental change. While concerns persist for some conservationists, this review emphasizes the positive aspects of hybrids and hybridization. Specific implications of natural genetic introgression are addressed with a few examples from butterflies, including transgressive phenotypes and climate-driven homoploid recombinant hybrid speciation. Some specific examples illustrate these points using the swallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae) with their long-term historical data base (phylogeographical diversity changes) and recent (3-decade) climate-driven temporal and genetic divergence in recombinant homoploid hybrids and relatively recent hybrid speciation of Papilio appalachiensis in North America. Climate-induced "reshuffling" (recombinations) of species composition, genotypes, and genomes may become increasingly ecologically and evolutionarily predictable, but future conservation management programs are more likely to remain constrained by human behavior than by lack of academic knowledge.}, }
@article {pmid26438950, year = {2013}, author = {Murray, A and Keable, SJ}, title = {First Report of Sabella spallanzanii (Gmelin, 1791) (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Botany Bay, New South Wales, a northern range extension for the invasive species within Australia.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3670}, number = {}, pages = {391-395}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3670.3.10}, pmid = {26438950}, issn = {1175-5326}, mesh = {Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Australia ; Body Size ; Introduced Species ; New South Wales ; Organ Size ; Polychaeta/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/growth &amp; development ; }, }
@article {pmid26312307, year = {2013}, author = {Ulgenturk, S and Pellizzari, G}, title = {A new species of Poliaspoides MacGillivray (Hemiptera, Diaspididae) on Bambusa siamensis (Poaceae) imported into Turkey.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3694}, number = {}, pages = {493-499}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3694.5.7}, pmid = {26312307}, issn = {1175-5326}, mesh = {Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Bambusa/*parasitology ; Body Size ; Female ; Hemiptera/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Organ Size ; Turkey ; }, abstract = {The adult female and first-instar nymph of a new species of armoured scale insect, Poliaspoides bambusae sp.n. (Diaspididae), is described and illustrated. The new species was collected in Turkey on imported ornamental Bambusa siamensis (Poaceae) from an unknown source.}, }
@article {pmid26295099, year = {2013}, author = {Gordon, DP and Spencer-Jones, M}, title = {The amathiiform Ctenostomata (phylum Bryozoa) of New Zealand--including four new species, two of them of probable alien origin.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3647}, number = {}, pages = {75-95}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3647.1.4}, pmid = {26295099}, issn = {1175-5326}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bryozoa/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The status of the vesiculariid ctenostome genus Amathia in New Zealand has been evaluated on the basis of all known material, including historic specimens in museums and those newly collected during formal surveillance of ports, harbours and vessels for possible alien species. Eight species are recognised, four of them new to science. Amathia gracei n. sp. and Amathia zealandica n. sp. are the only apparently endemic species. Amathia chimonidesi n. sp. appears to be a previously unrecognised alien species and is known only from shipping harbours and/or yacht marinas and some nearby beaches. Amathia similis n. sp. has been known in the Auckland area since the 1960s but was confused with A. distans Busk. Amathia bicornis (Tenison-Woods), A. biseriata Krauss, A. lamourouxi Chimonides and A. wilsoni Kirkpatrick are Australasian species that occur naturally on both sides of the Tasman Sea. Of this latter group, A. bicornis was discovered only at a single locality on the southwest coast of North Island in 1983 on a fucoid seaweed and it may be relatively re-cently self-introduced. A specimen of A. lendigera (Linnaeus) in the Museum of New Zealand, purportedly from Napier, is considered to be based on a misunderstanding or a labelling error and does not represent a failed alien introduction. The Amathia-like vesiculariid Bowerbankia citrina (Hincks) sensu lato is newly recorded for New Zealand. Keys are provided to the amathiiform (i.e. Amathia and Amathia-like) Ctenostomata of New Zealand and to the worldwide species of Amathia and Bowerbankia with zooid clusters spiralled on stoloniform axes.}, }
@article {pmid26240915, year = {2013}, author = {De Prins, J and De Prins, W and De Coninck, E and Kawahara, AY and Milton, MA and Hebert, PD}, title = {Taxonomic history and invasion biology of two Phyllonorycter leaf miners (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with links to taxonomic and molecular datasets.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3709}, number = {}, pages = {341-362}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3709.4.3}, pmid = {26240915}, issn = {1175-5326}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Body Size ; Databases, Genetic ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Host Specificity ; *Introduced Species ; Lepidoptera/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Organ Size ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/parasitology ; Plant Leaves/parasitology ; Spain ; }, abstract = {This paper deals with two European species, Phyllonorycter mespilella (Hübner, 1805) and P. trifasciella (Haworth, 1828), that have colonized the subtropical Canary Islands. The Rosaceae leaf miner, P. mespilella, is recorded for the first time from Lanzarote and La Palma, while the Caprifoliaceae leaf miner, P. trifasciella, is recorded from Tenerife. We present the diagnoses of these species based on morphology, a preliminary DNA barcode (COI) library of congeneric and con-familial species, and discuss the taxonomic position of the colonizers within the blancardella and trifasciella species groups. The recent intensification of anthropogenic disturbance likely accounts for their range expansion, an event that may impact the relict flora present on the Canary Islands.}, }
@article {pmid26176161, year = {2013}, author = {Arias, AS and Anadón, N}, title = {Tonicia atrata and Chiton cumingsii (Polyplacophora: Chitonidae): first records in European waters.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3626}, number = {}, pages = {593-596}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3626.4.14}, pmid = {26176161}, issn = {1175-5326}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Introduced Species ; Polyplacophora/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Spain ; }, }
@article {pmid26176099, year = {2013}, author = {Morehouse, RL and Tobler, M}, title = {Crayfishes (Decapoda : Cambaridae) of Oklahoma: identification, distributions, and natural history.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3717}, number = {}, pages = {101-157}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3717.2.1}, pmid = {26176099}, issn = {1175-5326}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Astacoidea/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/physiology ; Oklahoma ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {We furnish an updated crayfish species list for the state of Oklahoma (United States of America), including an updated and illustrated dichotomous key. In addition, we include species accounts that summarize general characteristics, life coloration, similar species, distribution and habitat, life history, and syntopic species. Current and potential distributions were analyzed using ecological niche models to provide a critical resource for the identification of areas with conservation priorities and potential susceptibility to invasive species. Currently, Oklahoma harbors 30 species of crayfish, two of which were recently discovered. Eastern Oklahoma has the highest species diversity, as this area represents the western distribution extent for several species. The work herein provides baseline data for future work on crayfish biology and conservation in Oklahoma and surrounding states.}, }
@article {pmid27010000, year = {2012}, author = {Wolf, MA and Sciuto, K and Andreoli, C and Moro, I}, title = {Ulva (Chlorophyta, Ulvales) Biodiversity in the North Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean, Italy): Cryptic Species and New Introductions.}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {48}, number = {6}, pages = {1510-1521}, doi = {10.1111/jpy.12005}, pmid = {27010000}, issn = {0022-3646}, abstract = {Ulva Linnaeus (Ulvophyceae, Ulvales) is a genus of green algae widespread in different aquatic environments. Members of this genus show a very simple morphology and a certain degree of phenotypic plasticity, heavily influenced by environmental conditions, making difficult the delineation of species by morphological features alone. Most studies dealing with Ulva biodiversity in Mediterranean waters have been based only on morphological characters and a modern taxonomic revision of this genus in the Mediterranean is not available. We report here the results of an investigation on the diversity of Ulva in the North Adriatic Sea based on molecular analyses. Collections from three areas, two of which subject to intense shipping traffic, were examined, as well as historical collections of Ulva stored in the Herbarium Patavinum of the University of Padova, Italy. Molecular analyses based on partial sequences of the rbcL and tufA genes revealed the presence of six different species, often with overlapping morphologies: U. californica Wille, U. flexuosa Wulfen, U. rigida C. Agardh, U. compressa Linnaeus, U. pertusa Kjellman, and one probable new taxon. U. californica is a new record for the Mediterranean and U. pertusa is a new record for the Adriatic. Partial sequences obtained from historical collections show that most of the old specimens are referable to U. rigida. No specimens referable to the two alien species were found among the old herbarium specimens. The results indicate that the number of introduced seaweed species and their impact on Mediterranean communities have been underestimated, due to the difficulties in species identification of morphologically simple taxa as Ulva.}, }
@article {pmid27020179, year = {2011}, author = {Kilroy, C and Bothwell, M}, title = {ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF STALK LENGTH IN THE BLOOM-FORMING, FRESHWATER BENTHIC DIATOM DIDYMOSPHENIA GEMINATA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)(1).}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {47}, number = {5}, pages = {981-989}, doi = {10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01029.x}, pmid = {27020179}, issn = {0022-3646}, abstract = {Blooms of the freshwater stalked diatom Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngb.) M. Schmidt in A. Schmidt typically occur in oligotrophic, unshaded streams and rivers. Observations that proliferations comprise primarily stalk material composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) led us to ask whether or not the production of excessive EPS is favored under nutrient-limited, high-light conditions. We conducted experiments in outdoor flumes colonized by D. geminata using water from the oligotrophic, D. geminata-affected Waitaki River, South Island, New Zealand, to determine the relationship between D. geminata stalk length, cell division rates, and light intensity under ambient and nutrient-enriched conditions. Stalk lengths were measured in situ, and cell division rates were estimated as the frequency of dividing cells (FDC). FDC responded positively to increasing light intensity and to nutrient additions (N+P and P). Under ambient conditions, stalk length increased as light level increased except at low ambient light levels and temperature. Nutrient enrichment resulted in decreased stalk length and negative correlations with FDC, with this effect most evident under high light. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that extensive stalk production in D. geminata occurs when cell division rates are nutrient limited and light levels are high. Thus, photosynthetically driven EPS production in the form of stalks, under nutrient-limited conditions, may explain the development of very high biomass in this species in oligotrophic rivers. The responses of FDC and stalk length under nutrient-replete conditions are also consistent with occurrences of D. geminata as a nondominant component of mixed periphyton communities in high-nutrient streams.}, }
@article {pmid27033640, year = {2009}, author = {Monteiro, C and Engelen, AH and Serrão, EA and Santos, R}, title = {HABITAT DIFFERENCES IN THE TIMING OF REPRODUCTION OF THE INVASIVE ALGA SARGASSUM MUTICUM (PHAEOPHYTA, SARGASSACEAE) OVER TIDAL AND LUNAR CYCLES(1).}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {1-7}, doi = {10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00619.x}, pmid = {27033640}, issn = {0022-3646}, abstract = {Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt is an invasive species that is firmly established on intertidal and subtidal rocky shores of Europe and the Pacific coast of North America. Local success and spread of S. muticum is thought to rely on its reproductive potential that seems dependent on exogenous factors like tidal and lunar cycles. This study is the first to compare the reproductive patterns (periodicity of egg expulsion and embryo settlement) of this invader in two different habitats: the middle and low intertidal. The combination of monthly, daily, and tidal samples at triplicate sites within each habitat showed a semilunar periodicity of egg expulsion and embryo settlement coincident with increasing tidal amplitude just before full and new moons. In both habitats, duration of each egg expulsion event was ∼1 week, and embryo settlement occurred during the first daily low tide and with the incoming high tide during spring tides. However, both expulsion and settlement started 1-2 d earlier, expulsion saturation was faster, and settlement was higher in the mid- compared to the low intertidal. Our results suggest that the exact timing of gamete expulsion and embryo release of S. muticum responds to local factors, including tidal cues, which result in differences between mid- and low-intertidal habitats.}, }
@article {pmid27039855, year = {2008}, author = {Neefus, CD and Mathieson, AC and Bray, TL and Yarish, C}, title = {THE DISTRIBUTION, MORPHOLOGY, AND ECOLOGY OF THREE INTRODUCED ASIATIC SPECIES OF PORPHYRA (BANGIALES, RHODOPHYTA) IN THE NORTHWESTERN ATLANTIC(1).}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, pages = {1399-1414}, doi = {10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00607.x}, pmid = {27039855}, issn = {0022-3646}, abstract = {Distributions of three Asiatic Porphyra species, Porphyra yezoensis Ueda, Porphyra katadae A. Miura, and Porphyra suborbiculata Kjellm., are reported from New England, USA. Species identifications were confirmed by rbcL and nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS1) sequence comparisons with herbarium specimens, cultures, and GenBank accessions. Two distinct genotypes of P. yezoensis were detected: forma narawaensis A. Miura and f. yezoensis. Forma narawaensis occurs south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and has ITS1 sequences identical to cultivars widely grown in Japan. Forma yezoensis occurs in western Long Island Sound and from Cape Cod northward to midcoastal Maine; its ITS1 sequence is identical to a wild specimen from Hokkaido, Japan. P. katadae has been collected from five locations near Cape Cod; its ITS1 sequence is identical to a cultured specimen from Qingdao, China. P. suborbiculata has been collected at several locations south of Cape Cod; its presence in North Carolina and Delaware during the mid-1960s was confirmed from herbarium specimens. Morphological and ecological characteristics for New England populations of the three Asiatic species were compared to original descriptions. New England P. yezoensis f. yezoensis is similar to Ueda's original description of Japanese specimens, but there are morphological differences for P. yezoensis f. narawaensis. In New England, f. narawaensis typically does not attain the length reported in Japan (max. 19 cm versus 100 cm). New England P. katadae is similar to Miura's original description, except for slight differences in thallus thickness and reproductive patterns. By contrast, New England, Japanese, and other populations of P. suborbiculata exhibit pronounced differences in blade coloration, shape and dimensions, reproductive patterns, seasonal occurrence, and general ecology.}, }
@article {pmid26158494, year = {2015}, author = {Farrell, KA and Harpole, WS and Stein, C and Suding, KN and Borer, ET}, title = {Grassland Arthropods Are Controlled by Direct and Indirect Interactions with Cattle but Are Largely Unaffected by Plant Provenance.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {e0129823}, pmid = {26158494}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; Cattle ; Feeding Behavior ; Food Chain ; *Grassland ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Cattle grazing and invasion by non-native plant species are globally-ubiquitous changes occurring to plant communities that are likely to reverberate through whole food webs. We used a manipulative field experiment to quantify how arthropod community structure differed in native and non-native California grassland communities in the presence and absence of grazing. The arthropod community was strongly affected by cattle grazing: the biovolume of herbivorous arthropods was 79% higher in grazed than ungrazed plots, whereas the biovolume of predatory arthropods was 13% higher in ungrazed plots. In plots where non-native grasses were grazed, arthropod biovolume increased, possibly in response to increased plant productivity or increased nutritional quality of rapidly-growing annual plants. Grazing may thus affect plant biomass both through the direct removal of biomass, and through arthropod-mediated impacts. We also expected the arthropod community to differ between native and non-native plant communities; surprisingly, arthropod richness and diversity did not vary consistently between these grass community types, although arthropod abundance was slightly higher in plots with native and ungrazed grasses. These results suggest that whereas cattle grazing affects the arthropod community via direct and indirect pathways, arthropod community changes commonly associated with non-native plant invasions may not be due to the identity or dominance of the invasive species in those systems, but to accompanying changes in plant traits or functional group composition, not seen in this experiment because of the similarity of the plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid26157636, year = {2015}, author = {Redón, S and Amat, F and Sánchez, MI and Green, AJ}, title = {Comparing cestode infections and their consequences for host fitness in two sexual branchiopods: alien Artemia franciscana and native A. salina from syntopic-populations.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e1073}, pmid = {26157636}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The American brine shrimp Artemia franciscana is invasive in the Mediterranean region where it has displaced native species (the sexual A. salina, and the clonal A. parthenogenetica) from many salt pond complexes. Artemia populations are parasitized by numerous avian cestodes whose effects have been studied in native species. We present a study from the Ebro Delta salterns (NE Spain), in a salt pond where both A. franciscana and native A. salina populations coexist, providing a unique opportunity to compare the parasite loads of the two sexual species in syntopy. The native species had consistently higher infection parameters, largely because the dominant cestode in A. salina adults and juveniles (Flamingolepis liguloides) was much rarer in A. franciscana. The most abundant cestodes in the alien species were Eurycestus avoceti (in adults) and Flamingolepis flamingo (in juveniles). The abundance of E. avoceti and F. liguloides was higher in the A. franciscana population syntopic with A. salina than in a population sampled at the same time in another pond where the native brine shrimp was absent, possibly because the native shrimp provides a better reservoir for parasite circulation. Infection by cestodes caused red colouration in adult and juvenile A. salina, and also led to castration in a high proportion of adult females. Both these effects were significantly stronger in the native host than in A. franciscana with the same parasite loads. However, for the first time, significant castration effects (for E. avoceti and F. liguloides) and colour change (for six cestode species) were observed in infected A. franciscana. Avian cestodes are likely to help A. franciscana outcompete native species. At the same time, they are likely to reduce the production of A. franciscana cysts in areas where they are harvested commercially.}, }
@article {pmid26157609, year = {2015}, author = {Hill, MP and Malan, AP and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Divergent thermal specialisation of two South African entomopathogenic nematodes.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e1023}, pmid = {26157609}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Thermal physiology of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) is a critical aspect of field performance and fitness. Thermal limits for survival and activity, and the ability of these limits to adjust (i.e., show phenotypic flexibility) depending on recent thermal history, are generally poorly established, especially for non-model nematode species. Here we report the acute thermal limits for survival, and the thermal acclimation-related plasticity thereof for two key endemic South African EPN species, Steinernema yirgalemense and Heterorhabditis zealandica. Results including LT50 indicate S. yirgalemense (LT50 = 40.8 ± 0.3 °C) has greater high temperature tolerance than H. zealandica (LT50 = 36.7 ± 0.2 °C), but S. yirgalemense (LT50 = -2.4 ± 0 °C) has poorer low temperature tolerance in comparison to H. zealandica (LT50 = -9.7 ± 0.3 °C), suggesting these two EPN species occupy divergent thermal niches to one another. Acclimation had both negative and positive effects on temperature stress survival of both species, although the overall variation meant that many of these effects were non-significant. There was no indication of a consistent loss of plasticity with improved basal thermal tolerance for either species at upper lethal temperatures. At lower temperatures measured for H. zealandica, the 5 °C acclimation lowered survival until below -12.5 °C, where after it increased survival. Such results indicate that the thermal niche breadth of EPN species can differ significantly depending on recent thermal conditions, and should be characterized across a broad range of species to understand the evolution of thermal limits to performance and survival in this group.}, }
@article {pmid26154759, year = {2015}, author = {McKenzie, AJ and Robertson, PA}, title = {Which Species Are We Researching and Why? A Case Study of the Ecology of British Breeding Birds.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {e0131004}, pmid = {26154759}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds/*physiology ; Breeding ; *Ecology ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Publishing ; Research/*trends ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Our ecological knowledge base is extensive, but the motivations for research are many and varied, leading to unequal species representation and coverage. As this evidence is used to support a wide range of conservation, management and policy actions, it is important that gaps and biases are identified and understood. In this paper we detail a method for quantifying research effort and impact at the individual species level, and go on to investigate the factors that best explain between-species differences in outputs. We do this using British breeding birds as a case study, producing a ranked list of species based on two scientific publication metrics: total number of papers (a measure of research quantity) and h-index (a measure of the number of highly cited papers on a topic--an indication of research quality). Widespread, populous species which are native, resident and in receipt of biodiversity action plans produced significantly higher publication metrics. Guild was also significant, birds of prey the most studied group, with pigeons and doves the least studied. The model outputs for both metrics were very similar, suggesting that, at least in this example, research quantity and quality were highly correlated. The results highlight three key gaps in the evidence base, with fewer citations and publications relating to migrant breeders, introduced species and species which have experienced contractions in distribution. We suggest that the use of publication metrics in this way provides a novel approach to understanding the scale and drivers of both research quantity and impact at a species level and could be widely applied, both taxonomically and geographically.}, }
@article {pmid26152518, year = {2015}, author = {Seebens, H and Essl, F and Dawson, W and Fuentes, N and Moser, D and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and van Kleunen, M and Weber, E and Winter, M and Blasius, B}, title = {Global trade will accelerate plant invasions in emerging economies under climate change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {21}, number = {11}, pages = {4128-4140}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13021}, pmid = {26152518}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Commerce ; *Developing Countries ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; *Plant Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Trade plays a key role in the spread of alien species and has arguably contributed to the recent enormous acceleration of biological invasions, thus homogenizing biotas worldwide. Combining data on 60-year trends of bilateral trade, as well as on biodiversity and climate, we modeled the global spread of plant species among 147 countries. The model results were compared with a recently compiled unique global data set on numbers of naturalized alien vascular plant species representing the most comprehensive collection of naturalized plant distributions currently available. The model identifies major source regions, introduction routes, and hot spots of plant invasions that agree well with observed naturalized plant numbers. In contrast to common knowledge, we show that the 'imperialist dogma,' stating that Europe has been a net exporter of naturalized plants since colonial times, does not hold for the past 60 years, when more naturalized plants were being imported to than exported from Europe. Our results highlight that the current distribution of naturalized plants is best predicted by socioeconomic activities 20 years ago. We took advantage of the observed time lag and used trade developments until recent times to predict naturalized plant trajectories for the next two decades. This shows that particularly strong increases in naturalized plant numbers are expected in the next 20 years for emerging economies in megadiverse regions. The interaction with predicted future climate change will increase invasions in northern temperate countries and reduce them in tropical and (sub)tropical regions, yet not by enough to cancel out the trade-related increase.}, }
@article {pmid26151198, year = {2015}, author = {McLeod, LJ and Hine, DW and Please, PM and Driver, AB}, title = {Applying behavioral theories to invasive animal management: Towards an integrated framework.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {161}, number = {}, pages = {63-71}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.06.048}, pmid = {26151198}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {Invasive species wreak an estimated $1.4 trillion in damages globally, each year. To have any hope of reducing this damage, best-practice control strategies must incorporate behavior change interventions. Traditional interventions, based on the knowledge-transfer model, assume that if land managers are properly educated about risks and strategies, they will develop supportive attitudes and implement appropriate control strategies. However, the social sciences have produced a large number of behavioral models and frameworks that demonstrate that knowledge transfer, by itself, fails to change behavior. The challenge then lies in knowing which behavioral model to choose, and when, from a potentially overwhelming 'universe'. In this paper, we review nine behavior theories relevant to invasive species management. We then introduce the Behavior Change Wheel as a tool for integrating these theories into a single practical framework. This framework links drivers of and barriers to behavior change with intervention strategies and policies, in what we consider, from an applied perspective, to be an important advance.}, }
@article {pmid26149723, year = {2016}, author = {Jackson, MC and Loewen, CJ and Vinebrooke, RD and Chimimba, CT}, title = {Net effects of multiple stressors in freshwater ecosystems: a meta-analysis.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {180-189}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.13028}, pmid = {26149723}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Biodiversity ; Biota ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Fresh Water ; Nitrification ; *Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {The accelerating rate of global change has focused attention on the cumulative impacts of novel and extreme environmental changes (i.e. stressors), especially in marine ecosystems. As integrators of local catchment and regional processes, freshwater ecosystems are also ranked highly sensitive to the net effects of multiple stressors, yet there has not been a large-scale quantitative synthesis. We analysed data from 88 papers including 286 responses of freshwater ecosystems to paired stressors and discovered that overall, their cumulative mean effect size was less than the sum of their single effects (i.e. an antagonistic interaction). Net effects of dual stressors on diversity and functional performance response metrics were additive and antagonistic, respectively. Across individual studies, a simple vote-counting method revealed that the net effects of stressor pairs were frequently more antagonistic (41%) than synergistic (28%), additive (16%) or reversed (15%). Here, we define a reversal as occurring when the net impact of two stressors is in the opposite direction (negative or positive) from that of the sum of their single effects. While warming paired with nutrification resulted in additive net effects, the overall mean net effect of warming combined with a second stressor was antagonistic. Most importantly, the mean net effects across all stressor pairs and response metrics were consistently antagonistic or additive, contrasting the greater prevalence of reported synergies in marine systems. Here, a possible explanation for more antagonistic responses by freshwater biota to stressors is that the inherent greater environmental variability of smaller aquatic ecosystems fosters greater potential for acclimation and co-adaptation to multiple stressors.}, }
@article {pmid26149694, year = {2015}, author = {Bellard, C and Leclerc, C and Courchamp, F}, title = {Combined impacts of global changes on biodiversity across the USA.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {11828}, pmid = {26149694}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Amphibians ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds ; *Climate Change ; Extinction, Biological ; Introduced Species ; Mammals ; Reptiles ; United States ; }, abstract = {Most studies of the effects of global changes on biodiversity focus on a single threat, but multiple threats lead to species extinction. We lack spatially explicit assessments of the intensity of multiple threats and their impacts on biodiversity. Here, we used a novel metric of cumulative threats and impacts to assess the consequences of multiple threats on 196 endemic species across the USA. We predict that large areas with high cumulative impact scores for amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles will be concentrated in the eastern part of the USA by the 2050 s and 2080 . These high cumulative impact values are due mainly to the presence of invasive species, climate change, cropland and pasture areas; additionally, a significant proportion of endemic species are vulnerable to some of these threats where they occur. This analysis provides a useful means of identifying where conservation measures and monitoring programs that should consider multiple threats should be implemented in the future.}, }
@article {pmid26149353, year = {2016}, author = {Funderburk, J and Frantz, G and Mellinger, C and Tyler-Julian, K and Srivastava, M}, title = {Biotic resistance limits the invasiveness of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in Florida.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {175-182}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12250}, pmid = {26149353}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Agriculture/*methods ; Animals ; Crops, Agricultural ; Florida ; *Insect Control ; Insecticides ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Thysanoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The spread of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), has resulted in the world-wide destabilization of established integrated pest management programs for many crops. It is hypothesized that frequent exposure to insecticides in intensive agriculture selected for resistant populations, which allowed invasive populations in the eastern USA to overcome biotic resistance from the native community of species. Research conducted in Florida to understand the role of biotic factors in limiting the abundance of the western flower thrips is reviewed. Orius spp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) are effective predators that suppress populations of thrips on crop and non-crop hosts in southern and northern Florida. Orius are more effective predators of the western flower thrips than the native flower thrips, F. tritici (Fitch) and F. bispinosa (Morgan). The native species are competitors of the western flower thrips. Excessive fertilization and the use of broad-spectrum insecticides in crop fields further enhances populations of the western flower thrips. Interactions with native species clearly limit the abundance of western flower thrips in Florida, but populations are abundant in fertilized crop fields where application of insecticides excludes predators and competitor species.}, }
@article {pmid26147445, year = {2015}, author = {Ward, D and Edney-Browne, E}, title = {Poles Apart: Comparing Trends of Alien Hymenoptera in New Zealand with Europe (DAISIE).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {e0132264}, pmid = {26147445}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe ; Hymenoptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; }, abstract = {Developing generalisations of invasive species is an important part of invasion biology. However, trends and generalisations from one part of the world may not necessarily hold elsewhere. We present the first inventory and analysis of all Hymenoptera alien to New Zealand, and compare patterns from New Zealand with those previously published from Europe (DAISIE). Between the two regions there was broad correlation between families with the highest number of alien species (Braconidae, Encyrtidae, Pteromalidae, Eulophidae, Formicidae, Aphelinidae). However, major differences also existed. The number of species alien to New Zealand is higher than for Europe (334 vs 286), and major differences include: i) the much lower proportion of intentionally released species in New Zealand (21% vs 63% in Europe); and ii) the greater proportion of unintentionally introduced parasitoids in New Zealand (71.2% vs 22.6%). The disharmonic 'island' nature of New Zealand is shown, as a high proportion of families (36%) have no native representatives, and alien species also represent >10% of the native fauna for many other families. A much larger proportion of alien species are found in urban areas in New Zealand (60%) compared to Europe (~30%), and higher numbers of alien species were present earlier in New Zealand (especially <1950). Differences in the origins of alien species were also apparent. Unlike Europe, the New Zealand data reveals a change in the origins of alien species over time, with an increasing dominance of alien species from Australasia (a regional neighbour) during the past 25 years. We recommend that further effort be made towards the formation, and analysis, of regional inventories of alien species. This will allow a wider range of taxa and regions to be examined for generalisations, and help assess and prioritise the risk posed by certain taxa towards the economy or environment.}, }
@article {pmid26147188, year = {2015}, author = {Crandall, R and Knight, TM}, title = {Positive frequency dependence undermines the success of restoration using historical disturbance regimes.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {18}, number = {9}, pages = {883-891}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12473}, pmid = {26147188}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*methods ; Fires ; Floods ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic alterations of historical disturbance regimes (e.g. suppressing floods and wildfires) is a primary mechanism by which exotic species can come to dominate native communities. Unfortunately, reinstating historical disturbance regimes to restore native communities has achieved mixed success. The presence of positive frequency dependence (PFD) is commonly invoked to explain why exotic plant invasions are so difficult to eradicate. However, models examining PFD have not considered the effect of reintroducing disturbances. Using a spatially explicit individual-based model, we consider how magnitude and direction of frequency dependence of native and exotic species affects the success of reintroducing disturbances that favour fitness of natives over exotics. Our model illustrates why restoration is difficult; there is a narrow range of parameters that allows for native species to eliminate or coexist with exotics once they have established. Dominance by exotic invaders occurs with moderate initial frequencies of exotic individuals, aggregation of these individuals, or an exotic propagule production advantage. Reintroducing disturbances allows native dominance only when PFD of the exotic is weaker than that of the native species, disturbance intervals are short, and/or exotics are not initially frequent. Our framework provides guidelines for conditions in which the reintroduction of disturbances will effectively restore invaded habitats.}, }
@article {pmid26146862, year = {2015}, author = {Jones, RA and Coutts, BA}, title = {Spread of introduced viruses to new plants in natural ecosystems and the threat this poses to plant biodiversity.}, journal = {Molecular plant pathology}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {541-545}, pmid = {26146862}, issn = {1364-3703}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Viruses/isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; Plants/classification/*virology ; }, }
@article {pmid26140750, year = {2015}, author = {Ros, M and Vázquez-Luis, M and Guerra-García, JM}, title = {Environmental factors modulating the extent of impact in coastal invasions: The case of a widespread invasive caprellid (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in the Iberian Peninsula.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {98}, number = {1-2}, pages = {247-258}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.041}, pmid = {26140750}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*physiology ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Salinity ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Understanding the respective roles of environment and interspecific interactions in shaping species' distributions is a critical aspect in determining the potential impacts of newcomer species on occupied habitats. The invasive caprellid amphipod Caprella scaura has successfully spread along southern Europe in a short time period, coinciding with a decline in the population of an ecologically similar congener, Caprella equilibra. To understand the mechanisms underlying the establishment success of this aggressive species and its potential role in shaping C. equilibra's distribution, we analyze the biotic and abiotic factors involved in the patterns of distribution and co-occurrence of both species along the Iberian Peninsula and northern Africa. Our analyses support that C. scaura is competitively displacing C. equilibra from the study area, but also point out the critical role of salinity and temperature in modulating this interaction and limiting the invasive success of C. scaura on the Iberian North-Atlantic coast.}, }
@article {pmid26139183, year = {2015}, author = {Pejchar, L}, title = {Introduced birds incompletely replace seed dispersal by a native frugivore.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {26139183}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {The widespread loss of native species and the introduction of non-native species has important consequences for island ecosystems. Non-native species may or may not functionally replace the role of native species in ecological processes such as seed dispersal. Although the majority of Hawaii's native plants require bird-mediated seed dispersal, only one native frugivore, Omao (Myadestes obscurus), persists in sufficient numbers to fill this functional role. Omao are restricted to less than half their original range, but two introduced frugivores are abundant throughout Hawaii. Given large-scale extinctions on islands, it is important to understand whether introduced birds serve as functional replacements or whether the absence of native frugivores alters plant communities. To assess seed dispersal by native and introduced birds, seed rain, vegetation characteristics, bird diet, density and habitat use were measured at three sites with Omao and three sites without Omao on Hawaii Island. The diet of native and introduced birds overlapped substantially, but Omao dispersed a variety of native species (n = 6) relatively evenly. In contrast, introduced birds dispersed an invasive species and fewer native species (n = 4), and >90 % of seeds dispersed by introduced birds were from two ubiquitous small-seeded species. Seed rain was significantly greater and more species rich at sites with Omao. These findings suggest that patterns of seed dispersal are altered following the local extinction of a native island frugivore. To more directly evaluate the relative roles of native and introduced frugivores in ecological processes, future studies could include reintroducing Omao to a suitable habitat within its historic range, or novel introductions to nearby islands where closely related species are now extinct. In an era of widespread extinction and invasion of island ecosystems, understanding the consequences of novel animal assemblages for processes like seed dispersal will be critical for maintaining diverse and self-regenerating plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid26138760, year = {2015}, author = {Yang, XM and Lou, H and Sun, JT and Zhu, YM and Xue, XF and Hong, XY}, title = {Temporal Genetic Dynamics of an Invasive Species, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), in an Early Phase of Establishment.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {11877}, pmid = {26138760}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genes, Insect ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Thysanoptera/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Many species can successfully colonize new areas despite their propagules having low genetic variation. We assessed whether the decreased genetic diversity could result in temporal fluctuations of genetic parameters of the new populations of an invasive species, western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, using mitochondrial and microsatellite markers. This study was conducted in eight localities from four climate regions in China, where F. occidentalis was introduced in the year 2000 and had lower genetic diversity than its native populations. We also tested the level of genetic differentiation in these introduced populations. The genetic diversity of the samples at different years in the same locality was not significantly different from each other in most localities. FST and STRUCTURE analysis also showed that most temporal population comparisons from the same sites were not significantly differentiated. Our results showed that the invasive populations of F. occidentalis in China can maintain temporal stability in genetic composition at an early phase of establishment despite having lower genetic diversity than in their native range.}, }
@article {pmid26135977, year = {2015}, author = {Hou, CH and Liu, NL and Hsi, HC}, title = {Highly porous activated carbons from resource-recovered Leucaena leucocephala wood as capacitive deionization electrodes.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {141}, number = {}, pages = {71-79}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.055}, pmid = {26135977}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Charcoal/*chemistry ; Electric Capacitance ; Electrochemical Techniques/*instrumentation ; Electrodes ; Fabaceae/*chemistry/growth &amp; development ; Models, Chemical ; Porosity ; Salinity ; Seawater/chemistry ; Surface Properties ; Taiwan ; Wood/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Highly porous activated carbons were resource-recovered from Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. wood through combined chemical and physical activation (i.e., KOH etching followed by CO2 activation). This invasive species, which has severely damaged the ecological economics of Taiwan, was used as the precursor for producing high-quality carbonaceous electrodes for capacitive deionization (CDI). Carbonization and activation conditions strongly influenced the structure of chars and activated carbons. The total surface area and pore volume of activated carbons increased with increasing KOH/char ratio and activation time. Overgasification induced a substantial amount of mesopores in the activated carbons. In addition, the electrochemical properties and CDI electrosorptive performance of the activated carbons were evaluated; cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements revealed a typical capacitive behavior and electrical double layer formation, confirming ion electrosorption in the porous structure. The activated-carbon electrode, which possessed high surface area and both mesopores and micropores, exhibited improved capacitor characteristics and high electrosorptive performance. Highly porous activated carbons derived from waste L. leucocephala were demonstrated to be suitable CDI electrode materials.}, }
@article {pmid26134529, year = {2015}, author = {Li, F and Zhu, L and Xie, Y and Jiang, L and Chen, X and Deng, Z and Pan, B}, title = {Colonization by fragments of the submerged macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum under different sediment type and density conditions.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {11821}, pmid = {26134529}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*growth &amp; development ; Plant Shoots/*growth &amp; development ; *Reproduction ; Rhizome/growth &amp; development ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {In this paper, the effect of plant density, sediment type, and macrophyte fragment size on the fragment colonization ability of Myriophyllum spicatum was evaluated in an outdoor experiment. The relative growth rate (RGR) was higher in the mud and low-density treatments than in the sand and high-density treatments. The relative elongation rate (RER) decreased with increasing density and fragment size, with RER values being much higher in the mud than the sand treatments. Both branching number and shoot diameter increased with decreasing density and increasing fragment size, and were significantly higher in the mud than the sand treatments. The shoot : root ratio was higher in the mud treatments than in the sand treatments. Total N content in both the shoot and root was significantly higher in the mud and low-density treatments than in the sand and high-density treatments. Shoot P content only decreased with increasing density, while root P content was higher in the mud and low-density treatments than in the sand and high-density treatments. These data indicate that fragment colonization by M. spicatum is improved by large fragments, low density, and nutrient-rich sediments, and that these conditions contribute to the rapid population expansion of this species.}, }
@article {pmid26133152, year = {2015}, author = {Iwasaki, JM and Barratt, BI and Lord, JM and Mercer, AR and Dickinson, KJ}, title = {The New Zealand experience of varroa invasion highlights research opportunities for Australia.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {44}, number = {7}, pages = {694-704}, pmid = {26133152}, issn = {1654-7209}, mesh = {*Agriculture/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Animals ; Australia ; Beekeeping/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Bees/*parasitology ; *Introduced Species/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; New Zealand ; Pollination ; Varroidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The Varroa mite (Varroa destructor) is implicated as a major disease factor in honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations worldwide. Honey bees are extensively relied upon for pollination services, and in countries such as New Zealand and Australia where honey bees have been introduced specifically for commercial pollinator services, the economic effects of any decline in honey bee numbers are predicted to be profound. V. destructor established in New Zealand in 2000 but as yet, Australia remains Varroa-free. Here we analyze the history of V. destructor invasion and spread in New Zealand and discuss the likely long-term impacts. When the mite was discovered in New Zealand, it was considered too well established for eradication to be feasible. Despite control efforts, V. destructor has since spread throughout the country. Today, assessing the impacts of the arrival of V. destructor in this country is compromised by a paucity of data on pollinator communities as they existed prior to invasion. Australia's Varroa-free status provides a rare and likely brief window of opportunity for the global bee research community to gain understanding of honey bee-native pollinator community dynamics prior to Varroa invasion.}, }
@article {pmid26132567, year = {2015}, author = {Li, Y and Guo, X and Chen, L and Bai, X and Wei, X and Zhou, X and Huang, S and Wang, W}, title = {Inferring Invasion History of Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in China from Mitochondrial Control Region and Nuclear Intron Sequences.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {14623-14639}, pmid = {26132567}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Astacoidea/*genetics/physiology ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; *Introduced Species ; *Introns ; *Locus Control Region ; }, abstract = {Identifying the dispersal pathways of an invasive species is useful for adopting the appropriate strategies to prevent and control its spread. However, these processes are exceedingly complex. So, it is necessary to apply new technology and collect representative samples for analysis. This study used Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) in combination with traditional genetic tools to examine extensive sample data and historical records to infer the invasion history of the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, in China. The sequences of the mitochondrial control region and the proPOx intron in the nuclear genome of samples from 37 sites (35 in China and one each in Japan and the USA) were analyzed. The results of combined scenarios testing and historical records revealed a much more complex invasion history in China than previously believed. P. clarkii was most likely originally introduced into China from Japan from an unsampled source, and the species then expanded its range primarily into the middle and lower reaches and, to a lesser extent, into the upper reaches of the Changjiang River in China. No transfer was observed from the upper reaches to the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River. Human-mediated jump dispersal was an important dispersal pathway for P. clarkii. The results provide a better understanding of the evolutionary scenarios involved in the rapid invasion of P. clarkii in China.}, }
@article {pmid26131377, year = {2015}, author = {Justine, JL and Winsor, L and Barrière, P and Fanai, C and Gey, D and Han, AW and La Quay-Velázquez, G and Lee, BP and Lefevre, JM and Meyer, JY and Philippart, D and Robinson, DG and Thévenot, J and Tsatsia, F}, title = {The invasive land planarian Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae): records from six new localities, including the first in the USA.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e1037}, pmid = {26131377}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The land planarian Platydemus manokwari de Beauchamp, 1963 or "New Guinea flatworm" is a highly invasive species, mainly in the Pacific area, and recently in Europe (France). We report specimens from six additional countries and territories: New Caledonia (including mainland and two of the Loyalty Islands, Lifou and Maré), Wallis and Futuna Islands, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Puerto Rico, and Florida, USA. We analysed the COI gene (barcoding) in these specimens with two sets of primers and obtained 909 bp long sequences. In addition, specimens collected in Townsville (Australia) were also sequenced. Two haplotypes of the COI sequence, differing by 3.7%, were detected: the "World haplotype" found in France, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Singapore, Florida and Puerto Rico; and the "Australian haplotype" found in Australia. The only locality with both haplotypes was in the Solomon Islands. The country of origin of Platydemus manokwari is New Guinea, and Australia and the Solomon Islands are the countries closest to New Guinea from which we had specimens. These results suggest that two haplotypes exist in the area of origin of the species, but that only one of the two haplotypes (the "World haplotype") has, through human agency, been widely dispersed. However, since P. manokwari is now recorded from 22 countries in the world and we have genetic information from only 8 of these, with none from New Guinea, this analysis provides only partial knowledge of the genetic structure of the invasive species. Morphological analysis of specimens from both haplotypes has shown some differences in ratio of the genital structures but did not allow us to interpret the haplotypes as different species. The new reports from Florida and Puerto Rico are firsts for the USA, for the American continent, and the Caribbean. P. manokwari is a known threat for endemic terrestrial molluscs and its presence is a matter of concern. While most of the infected territories reported until now were islands, the newly reported presence of the species in mainland US in Florida should be considered a potential major threat to the whole US and even the Americas.}, }
@article {pmid26124447, year = {2015}, author = {Yund, PO and Collins, C and Johnson, SL}, title = {Evidence of a Native Northwest Atlantic COI Haplotype Clade in the Cryptogenic Colonial Ascidian Botryllus schlosseri.}, journal = {The Biological bulletin}, volume = {228}, number = {3}, pages = {201-216}, doi = {10.1086/BBLv228n3p201}, pmid = {26124447}, issn = {1939-8697}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Urochordata/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri should be considered cryptogenic (i.e., not definitively classified as either native or introduced) in the Northwest Atlantic. Although all the evidence is quite circumstantial, over the last 15 years most research groups have accepted the scenario of human-mediated dispersal and classified B. schlosseri as introduced; others have continued to consider it native or cryptogenic. We address the invasion status of this species by adding 174 sequences to the growing worldwide database for the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and analyzing 1077 sequences to compare genetic diversity of one clade of haplotypes in the Northwest Atlantic with two hypothesized source regions (the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean). Our results lead us to reject the prevailing view of the directionality of transport across the Atlantic. We argue that the genetic diversity patterns at COI are far more consistent with the existence of at least one haplotype clade in the Northwest Atlantic (and possibly a second) that substantially pre-dates human colonization from Europe, with this native North American clade subsequently introduced to three sites in Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean waters. However, we agree with past researchers that some sites in the Northwest Atlantic have more recently been invaded by alien haplotypes, so that some populations are currently composed of a mixture of native and invader haplotypes.}, }
@article {pmid26122483, year = {2015}, author = {Lowe, WH and Muhlfeld, CC and Allendorf, FW}, title = {Spatial sorting promotes the spread of maladaptive hybridization.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {30}, number = {8}, pages = {456-462}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2015.05.008}, pmid = {26122483}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Genetic Fitness ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Spatial Behavior ; }, abstract = {Invasive hybridization is causing loss of biodiversity worldwide. The spread of such introgression can occur even when hybrids have reduced Darwinian fitness, which decreases the frequency of hybrids due to low survival or reproduction through time. This paradox can be partially explained by spatial sorting, where genotypes associated with dispersal increase in frequency at the edge of expansion, fueling further expansion and allowing invasive hybrids to increase in frequency through space rather than time. Furthermore, because all progeny of a hybrid will be hybrids (i.e., will possess genes from both parental taxa), nonnative admixture in invaded populations can increase even when most hybrid progeny do not survive. Broader understanding of spatial sorting is needed to protect native biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid26122166, year = {2015}, author = {Möst, M and Oexle, S and Marková, S and Aidukaite, D and Baumgartner, L and Stich, HB and Wessels, M and Martin-Creuzburg, D and Spaak, P}, title = {Population genetic dynamics of an invasion reconstructed from the sediment egg bank.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {16}, pages = {4074-4093}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13298}, pmid = {26122166}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Daphnia/*genetics ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Markers ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Geologic Sediments ; Germany ; Inbreeding ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Ovum ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a global issue with far-reaching consequences for single species, communities and whole ecosystems. Our understanding of modes and mechanisms of biological invasions requires knowledge of the genetic processes associated with successful invasions. In many instances, this information is particularly difficult to obtain as the initial phases of the invasion process often pass unnoticed and we rely on inferences from contemporary population genetic data. Here, we combined historic information with the genetic analysis of resting eggs to reconstruct the invasion of Daphnia pulicaria into Lower Lake Constance (LLC) in the 1970s from the resting egg bank in the sediments. We identified the invader as 'European D. pulicaria' originating from meso- and eutrophic lowland lakes and ponds in Central Europe. The founding population was characterized by extremely low genetic variation in the resting egg bank that increased considerably over time. Furthermore, strong evidence for selfing and/or biparental inbreeding was found during the initial phase of the invasion, followed by a drop of selfing rate to low levels in subsequent decades. Moreover, the increase in genetic variation was most pronounced during early stages of the invasion, suggesting additional introductions during this period. Our study highlights that genetic data covering the entire invasion process from its beginning can be crucial to accurately reconstruct the invasion history of a species. We show that propagule banks can preserve such information enabling the study of population genetic dynamics and sources of genetic variation in successful invasive populations.}, }
@article {pmid26122089, year = {2015}, author = {Hirsch, H and Wagner, V and Danihelka, J and Ruprecht, E and Sánchez-Gómez, P and Seifert, M and Hensen, I}, title = {High genetic diversity declines towards the geographic range periphery of Adonis vernalis, a Eurasian dry grassland plant.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {1233-1241}, doi = {10.1111/plb.12362}, pmid = {26122089}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Adonis/*genetics ; Genetic Drift ; *Genetic Variation ; *Grassland ; Ice Cover ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeny ; *Phylogeography ; *Plant Dispersal ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Genetic diversity is important for species' fitness and evolutionary processes but our knowledge on how it varies across a species' distribution range is limited. The abundant centre hypothesis (ACH) predicts that populations become smaller and more isolated towards the geographic range periphery - a pattern that in turn should be associated with decreasing genetic diversity and increasing genetic differentiation. We tested this hypothesis in Adonis vernalis, a dry grassland plant with an extensive Eurasian distribution. Its life-history traits and distribution characteristics suggest a low genetic diversity that decreases and a high genetic differentiation that increases towards the range edge. We analysed AFLP fingerprints in 28 populations along a 4698-km transect from the geographic range core in Russia to the western range periphery in Central and Western Europe. Contrary to our expectation, our analysis revealed high genetic diversity (range of proportion of polymorphic bands = 56-81%, He = 0.168-0.238) and low genetic differentiation across populations (Φ(ST) = 0.18). However, in congruence with the genetic predictions of the ACH, genetic diversity decreased and genetic differentiation increased towards the range periphery. Spanish populations were genetically distinct, suggesting a divergent post-glacial history in this region. The high genetic diversity and low genetic differentiation in the remaining A. vernalis populations is surprising given the species' life-history traits and points to the possibility that the species has been widely distributed in the studied region or that it has migrated from a diverse source in an East-West direction, in the past.}, }
@article {pmid26120430, year = {2015}, author = {Smith, LM and Schmitz, OJ}, title = {Invasive plants may promote predator-mediated feedback that inhibits further invasion.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {12}, pages = {2411-2419}, pmid = {26120430}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Understanding the impacts of invasive species requires placing invasion within a full community context. Plant invaders are often considered in the context of herbivores that may drive invasion by avoiding invaders while consuming natives (enemy escape), or inhibit invasion by consuming invaders (biotic resistance). However, predators that attack those herbivores are rarely considered as major players in invasion. Invasive plants often promote predators, generally by providing improved habitat. Here, we show that predator-promoting invaders may initiate a negative feedback loop that inhibits invasion. By enabling top-down control of herbivores, predator-promoting invaders lose any advantage gained through enemy escape, indirectly favoring natives. In cases where palatable invaders encounter biotic resistance, predator promotion may allow an invader to persist, but not dominate. Overall, results indicate that placing invaders in a full community context may reveal reduced impacts of invaders compared to expectations based on simple plant-plant or plant-herbivore subsystems.}, }
@article {pmid26119552, year = {2015}, author = {Bueno-Marí, R and Jiménez-Peydró, R}, title = {First observations of homodynamic populations of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Southwest Europe.}, journal = {Journal of vector borne diseases}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, pages = {175-177}, pmid = {26119552}, issn = {0972-9062}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Spain/epidemiology ; }, }
@article {pmid26118396, year = {2015}, author = {Tepolt, CK and Palumbi, SR}, title = {Transcriptome sequencing reveals both neutral and adaptive genome dynamics in a marine invader.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {16}, pages = {4145-4158}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13294}, pmid = {26118396}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Brachyura/*genetics ; Europe ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Species invasions cause significant ecological and economic damage, and genetic information is important to understanding and managing invasive species. In the ocean, many invasive species have high dispersal and gene flow, lowering the discriminatory power of traditional genetic approaches. High-throughput sequencing holds tremendous promise for increasing resolution and illuminating the relative contributions of selection and drift in marine invasion, but has not yet been used to compare the diversity and dynamics of a high-dispersal invader in its native and invaded ranges. We test a transcriptome-based approach in the European green crab (Carcinus maenas), a widespread invasive species with high gene flow and a well-known invasion history, in two native and five invasive populations. A panel of 10 809 transcriptome-derived nuclear SNPs identified significant population structure among highly bottlenecked invasive populations that were previously undifferentiated with traditional markers. Comparing the full data set and a subset of 9246 putatively neutral SNPs strongly suggested that non-neutral processes are the primary driver of population structure within the species' native range, while neutral processes appear to dominate in the invaded range. Non-neutral native range structure coincides with significant differences in intraspecific thermal tolerance, suggesting temperature as a potential selective agent. These results underline the importance of adaptation in shaping intraspecific differences even in high geneflow marine invasive species. They also demonstrate that high-throughput approaches have broad utility in determining neutral structure in recent invasions of such species. Together, neutral and non-neutral data derived from high-throughput approaches may increase the understanding of invasion dynamics in high-dispersal species.}, }
@article {pmid26115931, year = {2015}, author = {Thomas, CD}, title = {Rapid acceleration of plant speciation during the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {30}, number = {8}, pages = {448-455}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2015.05.009}, pmid = {26115931}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Biological Evolution ; *Genetic Speciation ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Plants/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Speciation rates need to be considered when estimating human impacts on the numbers of species on Earth, given that past mass extinctions have been followed by the accelerated origination of new taxa. Here, I suggest that the Anthropocene is already exhibiting a greatly accelerated plant speciation rate due to agriculture, horticulture, and the human-mediated transport of species, followed by hybridisation. For example, more new plant species have come into existence in Europe over the past three centuries than have been documented as becoming extinct over the same period, even though most new hybrid-origin species are likely to remain undetected. Current speciation rates are unusually high and they could be higher than during or after previous mass extinctions.}, }
@article {pmid26114766, year = {2015}, author = {Assis, J and Zupan, M and Nicastro, KR and Zardi, GI and McQuaid, CD and Serrão, EA}, title = {Oceanographic Conditions Limit the Spread of a Marine Invader along Southern African Shores.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {e0128124}, pmid = {26114766}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa, Southern ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Marine Biology ; Models, Theoretical ; Mytilus ; *Oceanography ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can affect the function and structure of natural ecological communities, hence understanding and predicting their potential for spreading is a major ecological challenge. Once established in a new region, the spread of invasive species is largely controlled by their dispersal capacity, local environmental conditions and species interactions. The mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is native to the Mediterranean and is the most successful marine invader in southern Africa. Its distribution there has expanded rapidly and extensively since the 1970s, however, over the last decade its spread has ceased. In this study, we coupled broad scale field surveys, Ecological Niche Modelling (ENM) and Lagrangian Particle Simulations (LPS) to assess the current invaded distribution of M. galloprovincialis in southern Africa and to evaluate what prevents further spread of this species. Results showed that all environmentally suitable habitats in southern Africa have been occupied by the species. This includes rocky shores between Rocky Point in Namibia and East London in South Africa (approx. 2800 km) and these limits coincide with the steep transitions between cool-temperate and subtropical-warmer climates, on both west and southeast African coasts. On the west coast, simulations of drifting larvae almost entirely followed the northward and offshore direction of the Benguela current, creating a clear dispersal barrier by advecting larvae away from the coast. On the southeast coast, nearshore currents give larvae the potential to move eastwards, against the prevalent Agulhas current and beyond the present distributional limit, however environmental conditions prevent the establishment of the species. The transition between the cooler and warmer water regimes is therefore the main factor limiting the northern spread on the southeast coast; however, biotic interactions with native fauna may also play an important role.}, }
@article {pmid26114745, year = {2015}, author = {Ortiz, M and Rodriguez-Zaragoza, F and Hermosillo-Nuñez, B and Jordán, F}, title = {Control Strategy Scenarios for the Alien Lionfish Pterois volitans in Chinchorro Bank (Mexican Caribbean): Based on Semi-Quantitative Loop Analysis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {e0130261}, pmid = {26114745}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Caribbean Region ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Models, Theoretical ; *Perciformes ; Population Control ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Ecological and eco-social network models were constructed with different levels of complexity in order to represent and evaluate management strategies for controlling the alien species Pterois volitans in Chinchorro bank (Mexican Caribbean). Levins´s loop analysis was used as a methodological framework for assessing the local stability (considered as a component of sustainability) of the modeled management interventions represented by various scenarios. The results provided by models of different complexity (models 1 through 4) showed that a reduction of coral species cover would drive the system to unstable states. In the absence of the alien lionfish, the simultaneous fishing of large benthic epifaunal species, adult herbivorous fish and adult carnivorous fish could be sustainable only if the coral species present high levels of cover (models 2 and 3). Once the lionfish is added to the simulations (models 4 and 5), the analysis suggests that although the exploitation or removal of lionfish from shallow waters may be locally stable, it remains necessary to implement additional and concurrent human interventions that increase the holistic sustainability of the control strategy. The supplementary interventions would require the implementation of programs for: (1) the restoration of corals for increasing their cover, (2) the exploitation or removal of lionfish from deeper waters (decreasing the chance of source/sink meta-population dynamics) and (3) the implementation of bans and re-stocking programs for carnivorous fishes (such as grouper) that increase the predation and competition pressure on lionfish (i.e. biological control). An effective control management for the alien lionfish at Chinchorro bank should not be optimized for a single action plan: instead, we should investigate the concurrent implementation of multiple strategies.}, }
@article {pmid26112075, year = {2015}, author = {Velez, C and Leandro, S and Figueira, E and Soares, AM and Freitas, R}, title = {Biochemical performance of native and introduced clam species living in sympatry: The role of elements accumulation and partitioning.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {109}, number = {}, pages = {81-94}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.06.005}, pmid = {26112075}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*chemistry/*physiology ; Geologic Sediments/*analysis ; Health Status Indicators ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Portugal ; Shellfish/*analysis ; Sympatry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The present study reports metal and arsenic contamination in sediments, as well as element accumulation and partitioning in native (Ruditapes decussatus and Venerupis corrugata) and introduced (Ruditapes philippinarum) clam species living in sympatry at the Óbidos lagoon (Portugal). The biochemical performance and the human health risks derived from the consumption of these species are also discussed. The results obtained showed that R. decussatus was the most abundant species in all the sampling sites, revealing that the introduced clam has not yet supplanted the native species. The concentration of elements was higher in areas with higher Total Organic Matter (TOM) and fines content, being Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) the most abundant metals. Clams from these areas showed the highest concentration of elements but the lowest bioaccumulation levels. Furthermore, except for As, higher concentration of elements was found in clams insoluble fraction, the less toxic fraction to the organisms. Due to the low contamination levels and because elements, except As, were mainly allocated to the insoluble fraction, clams presented similar biochemical parameters among distinct areas, with no significant oxidative stress induced. Furthermore, clams from the Óbidos lagoon represent a low health risk to human consumption since, except for As, their contamination levels were below the maximum permissible limits defined by international organizations.}, }
@article {pmid26110630, year = {2015}, author = {Montero-Castaño, A and Vilà, M}, title = {Direct and Indirect Influence of Non-Native Neighbours on Pollination and Fruit Production of a Native Plant.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {e0128595}, pmid = {26110630}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Fabaceae/*physiology ; Flowers/physiology ; Fruit/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Liliaceae/*physiology ; Pollination ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Entomophilous non-native plants can directly affect the pollination and reproductive success of native plant species and also indirectly, by altering the composition and abundance of floral resources in the invaded community. Separating direct from indirect effects is critical for understanding the mechanisms underlying the impacts of non-native species on recipient communities.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: Our aims are: (a) to explore both the direct effect of the non-native Hedysarum coronarium and its indirect effect, mediated by the alteration of floral diversity, on the pollinator visitation rate and fructification of the native Leopoldia comosa and (b) to distinguish whether the effects of the non-native species were due to its floral display or to its vegetative interactions.<br><br>METHODS: We conducted field observations within a flower removal experimental setup (i.e. non-native species present, absent and with its inflorescences removed) at the neighbourhood scale.<br><br>RESULTS: Our study illustrates the complexity of mechanisms involved in the impacts of non-native species on native species. Overall, Hedysarum increased pollinator visitation rates to Leopoldia target plants as a result of direct and indirect effects acting in the same direction. Due to its floral display, Hedysarum exerted a direct magnet effect attracting visits to native target plants, especially those made by the honeybee. Indirectly, Hedysarum also increased the visitation rate of native target plants. Due to the competition for resources mediated by its vegetative parts, it decreased floral diversity in the neighbourhoods, which was negatively related to the visitation rate to native target plants. Hedysarum overall also increased the fructification of Leopoldia target plants, even though such an increase was the result of other indirect effects compensating for the observed negative indirect effect mediated by the decrease of floral diversity.}, }
@article {pmid26105971, year = {2015}, author = {Podadera, DS and Engel, VL and Parrotta, JA and Machado, DL and Sato, LM and Durigan, G}, title = {Influence of Removal of a Non-native Tree Species Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. on the Regenerating Plant Communities in a Tropical Semideciduous Forest Under Restoration in Brazil.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {56}, number = {5}, pages = {1148-1158}, pmid = {26105971}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Brazil ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Forestry/*methods ; *Forests ; Introduced Species ; Mimosa/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Trees/physiology ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Exotic species are used to trigger facilitation in restoration plantings, but this positive effect may not be permanent and these species may have negative effects later on. Since such species can provide a marketable product (firewood), their harvest may represent an advantageous strategy to achieve both ecological and economic benefits. In this study, we looked at the effect of removal of a non-native tree species (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia) on the understory of a semideciduous forest undergoing restoration. We assessed two 14-year-old plantation systems (modified "taungya" agroforestry system; and mixed plantation using commercial timber and firewood tree species) established at two sites with contrasting soil properties in São Paulo state, Brazil. The experimental design included randomized blocks with split plots. The natural regeneration of woody species (height ≥0.2 m) was compared between managed (all M. caesalpiniifolia trees removed) and unmanaged plots during the first year after the intervention. The removal of M. caesalpiniifolia increased species diversity but decreased stand basal area. Nevertheless, the basal area loss was recovered after 1 year. The management treatment affected tree species regeneration differently between species groups. The results of this study suggest that removal of M. caesalpiniifolia benefited the understory and possibly accelerated the succession process. Further monitoring studies are needed to evaluate the longer term effects on stand structure and composition. The lack of negative effects of tree removal on the natural regeneration indicates that such interventions can be recommended, especially considering the expectations of economic revenues from tree harvesting in restoration plantings.}, }
@article {pmid26104283, year = {2015}, author = {Traveset, A and Chamorro, S and Olesen, JM and Heleno, R}, title = {Space, time and aliens: charting the dynamic structure of Galápagos pollination networks.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {26104283}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Oceanic archipelagos are threatened by the introduction of alien species which can severely disrupt the structure, function and stability of native communities. Here we investigated the pollination interactions in the two most disturbed Galápagos Islands, comparing the three main habitats and the two seasons, and assessing the impacts of alien plant invasions on network structure. We found that the pollination network structure was rather consistent between the two islands, but differed across habitats and seasons. Overall, the arid zone had the largest networks and highest species generalization levels whereas either the transition between habitats or the humid habitat showed lower values. Our data suggest that alien plants integrate easily into the communities, but with low impact on overall network structure, except for an increase in network selectiveness. The humid zone showed the highest nestedness and the lowest modularity, which might be explained by the low species diversity and the higher incidence of alien plants in this habitat. Both pollinators and plants were also more generalized in the hot season, when networks showed to be more nested. Alien species (both plants and pollinators) represented a high fraction (∼56 %) of the total number of interactions in the networks. It is thus likely that, in spite of the overall weak effect we found of alien plant invasion on pollination network structure, these introduced species influence the reproductive success of native ones, and by doing so, they affect the functioning of the community. This certainly deserves further investigation.}, }
@article {pmid26102072, year = {2015}, author = {Hedtke, SM and Blitzer, EJ and Montgomery, GA and Danforth, BN}, title = {Introduction of Non-Native Pollinators Can Lead to Trans-Continental Movement of Bee-Associated Fungi.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {e0130560}, pmid = {26102072}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Aspergillus/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; Bees/classification/*microbiology ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis ; DNA, Fungal/analysis ; Female ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Insecticides ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Likelihood Functions ; Male ; Malus ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nesting Behavior ; New York ; Onygenales/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; Paenibacillus/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; Phylogeny ; *Pollination ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Bees are essential pollinators for many flowering plants, including agriculturally important crops such as apple. As geographic ranges of bees or their host plants change as a result of human activities, we need to identify pathogens that could be transmitted among newly sympatric species to evaluate and anticipate their effects on bee communities. We used PCR screening and DNA sequencing to evaluate exposure to potentially disease-causing microorganisms in a pollinator of apple, the horned mason bee (Osmia cornifrons). We did not detect microsporidia, Wolbachia, or trypanosomes, which are common pathogens of bees, in any of the hundreds of mason bees screened. We did detect both pathogenic and apathogenic (saprophytic) fungal species in the genus Ascosphaera (chalkbrood), an unidentified species of Aspergillus fungus, and a strain of bacteria in the genus Paenibacillus that is probably apathogenic. We detected pathogenic fungal strains in asymptomatic adult bees that therefore may be carriers of disease. We demonstrate that fungi from the genus Ascosphaera have been transported to North America along with the bee from its native range in Japan, and that O. cornifrons is exposed to fungi previously only identified from nests of other related bee species. Further study will be required to quantify pathogenicity and health effects of these different microbial species on O. cornifrons and on closely-related native North American mason bees that may now be exposed to novel pathogens. A global perspective is required for pathogen research as geographic ranges of insects and microorganisms shift due to intentional or accidental introductions.}, }
@article {pmid26101880, year = {2015}, author = {San Sebastián, O and Navarro, J and Llorente, GA and Richter-Boix, &#xc1;}, title = {Trophic Strategies of a Non-Native and a Native Amphibian Species in Shared Ponds.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {e0130549}, pmid = {26101880}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Anura/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Bufonidae/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; *Competitive Behavior ; Diet ; Ecosystem ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Models, Biological ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; Nutritional Status ; *Ponds ; Spain ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {One of the critical factors for understanding the establishment, success and potential impact on native species of an introduced species is a thorough knowledge of how these species manage trophic resources. Two main trophic strategies for resource acquisition have been described: competition and opportunism. In the present study our objective was to identify the main trophic strategies of the non-native amphibian Discoglossus pictus and its potential trophic impact on the native amphibian Bufo calamita. We determine whether D. pictus exploits similar trophic resources to those exploited by the native B. calamita (competition hypothesis) or alternative resources (opportunistic hypothesis). To this end, we analyzed the stable isotope values of nitrogen and carbon in larvae of both species, in natural ponds and in controlled laboratory conditions. The similarity of the δ15N and δ13C values in the two species coupled with isotopic signal variation according to pond conditions and niche partitioning when they co-occurred indicated dietary competition. Additionally, the non-native species was located at higher levels of trophic niches than the native species and B. calamita suffered an increase in its standard ellipse area when it shared ponds with D. pictus. These results suggest niche displacement of B. calamita to non-preferred resources and greater competitive capacity of D. pictus in field conditions. Moreover, D. pictus showed a broader niche than the native species in all conditions, indicating increased capacity to exploit the diversity of resources; this may indirectly favor its invasiveness. Despite the limitations of this study (derived from potential variability in pond isotopic signals), the results support previous experimental studies. All the studies indicate that D. pictus competes with B. calamita for trophic resources with potential negative effects on the fitness of the latter.}, }
@article {pmid26101408, year = {2015}, author = {Flory, SL and D'Antonio, CM}, title = {Taking the long view on the ecological effects of plant invasions.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {102}, number = {6}, pages = {817-818}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1500105}, pmid = {26101408}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; Ecosystem ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*metabolism ; }, }
@article {pmid26099974, year = {2016}, author = {Yang, Q and Liu, S and Song, F and Li, H and Liu, J and Liu, G and Yu, X}, title = {The mitochondrial genome of Pomacea maculata (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae).}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {2895-2896}, doi = {10.3109/19401736.2015.1060426}, pmid = {26099974}, issn = {2470-1408}, mesh = {Animals ; Gastropoda/classification/*genetics ; Genes, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; RNA, Transfer/genetics ; }, abstract = {The golden apple snail, Pomacea maculata Perry, 1810 (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) is one of the most serious invasive alien species from the native range of South America. The mitochondrial genome of P. maculata (15 516 bp) consists of 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, two rRNAs, and 22 tRNAs) and a non-coding region with a 16 bp repeat unit. Most mitochondrial genes of P. maculata are distributed on the H-strand, except eight tRNA genes, which are encoded on the L-strand. A phylogenetic analysis showed that there was a close relationship between P. maculata and another invasive golden apple snail species, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822).}, }
@article {pmid26098351, year = {2015}, author = {Agrawal, AA and Hastings, AP and Bradburd, GS and Woods, EC and Züst, T and Harvey, JA and Bukovinszky, T}, title = {Evolution of plant growth and defense in a continental introduction.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {186}, number = {1}, pages = {E1-E15}, doi = {10.1086/681622}, pmid = {26098351}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Asclepias/*genetics/*growth &amp; development/parasitology ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; Butterflies ; Europe ; Genetic Variation ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; North America ; Phenotype ; Plant Development ; }, abstract = {Substantial research has addressed adaptation of nonnative biota to novel environments, yet surprisingly little work has integrated population genetic structure and the mechanisms underlying phenotypic differentiation in ecologically important traits. We report on studies of the common milkweed Asclepias syriaca, which was introduced from North America to Europe over the past 400 years and which lacks most of its specialized herbivores in the introduced range. Using 10 populations from each continent grown in a common environment, we identified several growth and defense traits that have diverged, despite low neutral genetic differentiation between continents. We next developed a Bayesian modeling approach to account for relationships between molecular and phenotypic differences, confirming that continental trait differentiation was greater than expected from neutral genetic differentiation. We found evidence that growth-related traits adaptively diverged within and between continents. Inducible defenses triggered by monarch butterfly herbivory were substantially reduced in European populations, and this reduction in inducibility was concordant with altered phytohormonal dynamics, reduced plant growth, and a trade-off with constitutive investment. Freedom from the community of native and specialized herbivores may have favored constitutive over induced defense. Our replicated analysis of plant growth and defense, including phenotypically plastic traits, suggests adaptive evolution following a continental introduction.}, }
@article {pmid26098339, year = {2015}, author = {Tan, J and Pu, Z and Ryberg, WA and Jiang, L}, title = {Resident-invader phylogenetic relatedness, not resident phylogenetic diversity, controls community invasibility.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {186}, number = {1}, pages = {59-71}, doi = {10.1086/681584}, pmid = {26098339}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Bacteria/*genetics ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {A central goal of invasion biology is to elucidate mechanisms regulating community invasibility. Darwin's naturalization hypothesis, one of the oldest hypotheses in invasion biology, emphasizes the importance of phylogenetic relatedness (PR) between resident and invader species for predicting invasibility. Alternatively, a recent extension of the diversity-invasibility hypothesis predicts that phylogenetic diversity (PD) of resident communities influences invasibility. Neither of these hypotheses has undergone rigorous experimental testing, and the relative contributions of PR and PD to community invasibility are unknown, in part because their effects tend to be confounded with each other. Here we consider both perspectives together by independently manipulating PR and PD in laboratory bacterial assemblages. We found that, although invader abundance decreased significantly as PR increased, it was unaffected by PD. Likewise, we found that resident-invader functional similarity, not functional diversity of resident communities, was a significant predictor of invader abundance. Nevertheless, invader abundance was better predicted by PR than by functional similarity. These results highlight the importance of considering species evolutionary relationships, especially the PR between resident and invader species, for the prediction, prevention, and management of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid26098309, year = {2015}, author = {Sellers, AJ and Ruiz, GM and Leung, B and Torchin, ME}, title = {Regional Variation in Parasite Species Richness and Abundance in the Introduced Range of the Invasive Lionfish, Pterois volitans.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {e0131075}, pmid = {26098309}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Ecosystem ; Fish Diseases/parasitology ; Fishes/parasitology ; Host Specificity ; *Introduced Species ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/parasitology ; Perciformes/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Parasites can play an important role in biological invasions. While introduced species often lose parasites from their native range, they can also accumulate novel parasites in their new range. The accumulation of parasites by introduced species likely varies spatially, and more parasites may shift to new hosts where parasite diversity is high. Considering that parasitism and disease are generally more prevalent at lower latitudes, the accumulation of parasites by introduced hosts may be greater in tropical regions. The Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans) has become widely distributed across the Western Atlantic. In this study, we compared parasitism across thirteen locations in four regions, spanning seventeen degrees of latitude in the lionfish's introduced range to examine potential spatial variation in parasitism. In addition, as an initial step to explore how indirect effects of parasitism might influence interactions between lionfish and ecologically similar native hosts, we also compared parasitism in lionfish and two co-occurring native fish species, the graysby grouper, Cephalopholis cruentata, and the lizardfish, Synodus intermedius, in the southernmost region, Panama. Our results show that accumulation of native parasites on lionfish varies across broad spatial scales, and that colonization by ectoparasites was highest in Panama, relative to the other study sites. Endoparasite richness and abundance, on the other hand, were highest in Belize where lionfish were infected by twice as many endoparasite species as lionfish in other regions. The prevalence of all but two parasite species infecting lionfish was below 25%, and we did not detect an association between parasite abundance and host condition, suggesting a limited direct effect of parasites on lionfish, even where parasitism was highest. Further, parasite species richness and abundance were significantly higher in both native fishes compared to lionfish, and parasite abundance was negatively associated with the condition index of the native grouper but not that of the lionfish or lizardfish. While two co-occurring native fishes were more heavily parasitized compared to lionfish in Panama any indirect benefits of differential parasitism requires further investigation. Future parasitological surveys of lionfish across the eastern coast of North America and the Lesser Antilles would further resolve geographic patterns of parasitism in invasive lionfish.}, }
@article {pmid26097720, year = {2015}, author = {Simberloff, D}, title = {Non-native invasive species and novel ecosystems.}, journal = {F1000prime reports}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {47}, pmid = {26097720}, issn = {2051-7599}, abstract = {Invasions by non-native species have caused many extinctions and greatly modified many ecosystems and are among the major anthropogenic global changes transforming the earth. Beginning in the mid-1980s, a dramatic burst of research in invasion biology has revealed a plethora of previously unrecognized impacts and laid bare the scope of the phenomenon. Similarly, research on various methods of managing invasions has expanded enormously, yielding incremental improvements in traditional methods and the advent of several new approaches, including the use of species-specific genetic and pheromonal methods. This research has advanced the field of restoration ecology, of which invasion management is a key component. Amidst this research progress, a group of critics has attempted to cast doubt on the extent of damaging impacts caused by non-native invasive species, the feasibility of counteracting them and restoring ecosystems, and the motives of scientists engaged in such endeavors. The criticisms are misguided but can potentially impede management of this pressing problem.}, }
@article {pmid26097089, year = {2016}, author = {Huang, W and Ding, J}, title = {Effects of generalist herbivory on resistance and resource allocation by the invasive plant, Phytolacca americana.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {191-199}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12244}, pmid = {26097089}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *Herbivory ; Insecta/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Phytolacca americana/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development/physiology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Successful invasions by exotic plants are often attributed to a loss of co-evolved specialists and a re-allocation of resources from defense to growth and reproduction. However, invasive plants are rarely completely released from insect herbivory because they are frequently attacked by generalists in their introduced ranges. The novel generalist community may also affect the invasive plant's defensive strategies and resource allocation. Here, we tested this hypothesis using American pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.), a species that has become invasive in China, which is native to North America. We examined resistance, tolerance, growth and reproduction of plant populations from both China and the USA when plants were exposed to natural generalist herbivores in China. We found that leaf damage was greater for invasive populations than for native populations, indicating that plants from invasive ranges had lower resistance to herbivory than those from native ranges. A regression of the percentage of leaf damage against mass showed that there was no significant difference in tolerance between invasive and native populations, even though the shoot, root, fruit and total mass were larger for invasive populations than for native populations. These results suggest that generalist herbivores are important drivers mediating the defensive strategies and resource allocation of the invasive American pokeweed.}, }
@article {pmid26096550, year = {2015}, author = {Lamer, JT and Ruebush, BC and Arbieva, ZH and McClelland, MA and Epifanio, JM and Sass, GG}, title = {Diagnostic SNPs reveal widespread introgressive hybridization between introduced bighead and silver carp in the Mississippi River Basin.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {15}, pages = {3931-3943}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13285}, pmid = {26096550}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/*genetics ; Cyprinidae/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Gene Flow ; Genotype ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Rivers ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United States ; }, abstract = {Hybridization among conspecifics in native and introduced habitats has important implications for biological invasions in new ecosystems. Bighead (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and silver carp (H. molitrix) are genetically isolated and occur in sympatry within their native range. Following their introduction to North America, however, introgressant hybrids have been reported throughout their expanded range within the Mississippi River Basin (MRB). The extent of introgression, both spatially and generationally, is largely unknown. Therefore, we examined mixed-species populations from across the MRB to characterize the extent of interspecific gene flow. We assayed 2798 individuals from nine locations with a suite of species-diagnostic SNPs (57 nuclear and one mitochondrial). Forty-four per cent (n = 1244) of individuals displayed hybrid genotypes. Moreover, the composition of hybrid genotypes varied among locations and represented complex hybrid swarms with multiple generations of gene flow. Introgressive hybrids were identified from all locations, were bidirectional and followed a bimodal distribution consisting primarily of parental or parental-like genotypes and phenotypes. All described hybrid categories were present among individuals from 1999 to 2008, with parents and later-generation backcrosses representing the largest proportion of individuals among years. Our mitochondrial SNP (COII), tested on a subset of 730 individuals, revealed a silver carp maternal bias in 13 of 21 (62%) F1 hybrids, in all silver carp backcrosses, and maintained throughout many of the bighead carp backcrosses. The application of this suite of diagnostic markers and the spatial coverage permits a deeper examination of the complexity in hybrid swarms between two invasive, introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid26093477, year = {2015}, author = {Piazza, F and Aquiloni, L and Peruzza, L and Manfrin, C and Simi, S and Marson, L and Edomi, P and Giulianini, PG}, title = {Managing of Procambarus clarkii by X-ray sterilisation of males: Cytological damage to gonads.}, journal = {Micron (Oxford, England : 1993)}, volume = {77}, number = {}, pages = {32-40}, doi = {10.1016/j.micron.2015.05.016}, pmid = {26093477}, issn = {1878-4291}, mesh = {Animals ; Apoptosis/radiation effects ; *Astacoidea/radiation effects ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron ; Radiation Dosage ; Spermatogenesis ; Spermatozoa/radiation effects/ultrastructure ; Testis/radiation effects/ultrastructure ; X-Rays ; }, abstract = {Procambarus clarkii is an invasive alien species spreading worldwide. It is therefore mandatory to find new methods to manage this species since traditional techniques are not sufficient for this purpose. The present study investigates gonad damage induced by different doses of ionising irradiation: 20, 40 and 60 Gy. Testis were analysed after 10 and 30 days by means of light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Control unirradiated testes present an acinar structure with a well-defined germinative cells maturation from the distal proliferative zone to the proximal stalk of the lobes whilst, in irradiated testes, induced apoptosis of germinative and accessory cells and a high level of vacuolisation inside the acini were identified, progressively increasing in accordance to Gy dosage and time after exposure. We determined the dose of 40 Gy as the best compromise: it causes an extensive damage to germinative tissues without affecting crayfish vitality, differing from 60 Gy. From an applicative point of view, this dose reduces the efforts, in terms of cost and time, for the application of SMRT.}, }
@article {pmid26091762, year = {2015}, author = {Scholz, T and Tavakol, S and Halajian, A and Luus-Powell, WJ}, title = {The invasive fish tapeworm Atractolytocestus huronensis (Cestoda), a parasite of carp, colonises Africa.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {114}, number = {9}, pages = {3521-3524}, pmid = {26091762}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Africa/epidemiology ; Animals ; Carps/*parasitology ; Cestoda/*anatomy &amp; histology/isolation &amp; purification ; Cestode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Fish Diseases/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions represent a serious threat for aquaculture because many of introduced parasites may negatively affect the health state of feral and cultured fish. In the present account, the invasive tapeworm Atractolytocestus huronensis Anthony, 1958 (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), which was originally described from North America and has been introduced to Europe including the British Isles with its specific host, common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), is reported from Africa for the first time. Its recent introduction to South Africa, where it was found in four localities where common carp is cultured, is another evidence of insufficient prophylactic measures and inadequate veterinary control during transfers of cultured fish, especially common carp, between continents. Together with the Asian fish tapeworm, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, A. huronensis is another fish tapeworm with ability to spread throughout the globe as a result of man-made introductions of its fish hosts.}, }
@article {pmid26091121, year = {2015}, author = {Larsen, GD}, title = {Transgenic male zebrafish just can't compete.}, journal = {Lab animal}, volume = {44}, number = {7}, pages = {250}, doi = {10.1038/laban.811}, pmid = {26091121}, issn = {1548-4475}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified/*genetics ; Biological Evolution ; *Genetic Fitness ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Zebrafish/*genetics ; }, }
@article {pmid26090826, year = {2015}, author = {Jarošík, V and Kenis, M and Honěk, A and Skuhrovec, J and Pyšek, P}, title = {Invasive Insects Differ from Non-Invasive in Their Thermal Requirements.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {e0131072}, pmid = {26090826}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Insecta/classification/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {We tested whether two basic thermal requirements for insect development, lower developmental thresholds, i.e. temperatures at which development ceases, and sums of effective temperatures, i.e. numbers of day degrees above the lower developmental thresholds necessary to complete development, differ among insect species that proved to be successful invaders in regions outside their native range and those that did not. Focusing on species traits underlying invasiveness that are related to temperature provides insights into the mechanisms of insect invasions. The screening of thermal requirements thus could improve risk-assessment schemes by incorporating these traits in predictions of potentially invasive insect species. We compared 100 pairs of taxonomically-related species originating from the same continent, one invasive and the other not reported as invasive. Invasive species have higher lower developmental thresholds than those never recorded outside their native ranges. Invasive species also have a lower sum of effective temperatures, though not significantly. However, the differences between invasive and non-invasive species in the two physiological measures were significantly inversely correlated. This result suggests that many species are currently prevented from invading by low temperatures in some parts of the world. Those species that will overcome current climatic constraints in regions outside their native distribution due to climate change could become even more serious future invaders than present-day species, due to their potentially faster development.}, }
@article {pmid26089493, year = {2015}, author = {Lavelle, M}, title = {Last dance?.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {348}, number = {6241}, pages = {1300-1305}, doi = {10.1126/science.348.6241.1300}, pmid = {26089493}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Agricultural Irrigation ; Animals ; *Chickens ; Climate Change ; *Endangered Species ; Energy-Generating Resources ; Female ; *Grassland ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Male ; }, }
@article {pmid26082865, year = {2015}, author = {James, A and Molloy, SM and Ponder-Sutton, A and Plank, MJ and Lamoureaux, SL and Bourdôt, GW and Kelly, D}, title = {Modelling Tradescantia fluminensis to assess long term survival.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e1013}, pmid = {26082865}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {We present a simple Poisson process model for the growth of Tradescantia fluminensis, an invasive plant species that inhibits the regeneration of native forest remnants in New Zealand. The model was parameterised with data derived from field experiments in New Zealand and then verified with independent data. The model gave good predictions which showed that its underlying assumptions are sound. However, this simple model had less predictive power for outputs based on variance suggesting that some assumptions were lacking. Therefore, we extended the model to include higher variability between plants thereby improving its predictions. This high variance model suggests that control measures that promote node death at the base of the plant or restrict the main stem growth rate will be more effective than those that reduce the number of branching events. The extended model forms a good basis for assessing the efficacy of various forms of control of this weed, including the recently-released leaf-feeding tradescantia leaf beetle (Neolema ogloblini).}, }
@article {pmid26078856, year = {2015}, author = {Evangelista, C and Britton, RJ and Cucherousset, J}, title = {Impacts of invasive fish removal through angling on population characteristics and juvenile growth rate.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {11}, pages = {2193-2202}, pmid = {26078856}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Exploitation can modify the characteristics of fish populations through the selective harvesting of individuals, with this potentially leading to rapid ecological and evolutionary changes. Despite the well-known effects of invasive fishes on aquatic ecosystems generally, the potential effects of their selective removal through angling, a strategy commonly used to manage invasive fish, are poorly understood. The aim of this field-based study was to use the North American pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus as the model species to investigate the consequences of selective removal on their population characteristics and juvenile growth rates across 10 populations in artificial lakes in southern France. We found that the maximal individual mass in populations decreased as removal pressure through angling increased, whereas we did not observed any changes in the maximal individual length in populations as removal pressure increased. Total population abundance did not decrease as removal pressure increased; instead, here was a U-shaped relationship between removal pressure and the abundance of medium-bodied individuals. In addition, population biomass had a U-shaped curve response to removal pressure, implying that invasive fish populations can modulate their characteristics to compensate for the negative effects of selective removals. In addition, individual lengths at age 2 and juvenile growth rates decreased as removal pressure through angling increased, suggesting a shift toward an earlier size at maturity and an overall slower growing phenotype. Therefore, these outputs challenge the efficiency of selective management methods, suggesting the use of more proactive strategies to control invasive populations, and the need to investigate the potential ecological and evolutionary repercussions of nonrandom removal.}, }
@article {pmid26078304, year = {2015}, author = {de Sousa, JR and Carvalho-Filho, Fda S and Esposito, MC}, title = {Distribution and Abundance of Necrophagous Flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae) in Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {26078304}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Diptera ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Sarcophagidae ; }, abstract = {This study aimed at surveying the local calliphorid and sarcophagid species in Maranhão State (Brazil) to determine their distribution and abundance, as well as the distribution of exotic Chrysomya species. In total, 18,128 calliphorid specimens were collected, distributed in 7 genera and 14 species. The species Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Rondani, 1850) and Paralucilia paraensis (Mello, 1969) were new state records. Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819) and Cochliomyia macellaria (F., 1775) were the most abundant species, and the exotic species of Chrysomya together contributed more than 50% of total blow fly abundance. The abundance distribution of the calliphorid community conformed to a log series model, characterized by a steep curve that reflects an assemblage with a high degree of dominance. For the Sarcophagidae, a total of 14,810 specimens were collected and distributed in 15 genera, 11 subgenera, and 52 species. Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) occidua (F., 1794) and Peckia (Sarcodexia) lambens (Wiedemann, 1830) were the most abundant species. The abundance distribution of the species followed a log normal model, with a gentler slope, consistent with a more uniform community. The cumulative species curve for the sarcophagids did not reach the asymptote. Forty-three sarcophagid species were new state records and 22 were new records for the Brazilian northeast, which emphasizes the need for a continued survey in this region.}, }
@article {pmid26078301, year = {2015}, author = {Siderhurst, MS and Jang, EB and Carvalho, LA and Nagata, JT and Derstine, NT}, title = {Disruption of Darna pallivitta (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) by Conventional and Mobile Pheromone Deployment.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {26078301}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/*pharmacology ; Female ; Male ; Moths/*drug effects/physiology ; Pest Control, Biological ; Sex Attractants/*pharmacology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Tephritidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Identification of the Darna pallivitta (Moore) pheromone component n-butyl (E)-7,9-decadienoate (E7,9-10:COOn-Bu) has made it possible to investigate communication disruption to control this lepidopteran pest. Conventional communication disruption trials showed marked decreases in the mean number of male moths captured in E7,9-10:COOnBu-treated fields compared with control fields. For traps baited with E7,9-10:COOnBu, percent disruptions were 94.4% and 92.1% for septa (1 g pheromone/ha, 1-wk trial duration) and spirals (6 g pheromone/ha, 8-wk trial duration) respectively. For traps baited with virgin female moths, percent disruption was 73.3% using septa disruptors (1 g pheromone/ha, 1-wk trial duration). Mobile communication disruption using Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) as carriers for E7,9-10:COOn-Bu was evaluated in the following three areas: fly survivorship, attraction of male moths to treated flies, and moth disruption in a small-scale field trial. Topical application of E7,9-10:COOnBu showed no significant decrease in survivorship at 50 and 80 µg/fly. However, decreased survivorship was observed at 100 µg/fly and linear regression showed E7,9-10:COOnBu dose was significantly correlated with B. cucurbitae survivorship. Traps containing honey-pheromone-fed flies attracted and caught D. pallivitta over a 1-wk period, demonstrating the attractiveness of the carrier. Releasing E7,9-10:COOnBu-fed B. cucurbitae (∼2 g pheromone/ha, 1-wk trial duration) resulted in significantly reduced trap catches in treatment fields compared with control fields on the first 2 d of the field trial. Percent disruptions were 84.7% (day 1) and 56.0% (day 2). These results suggest that both conventional communication disruption and mobile communication disruption have potential to control D. pallivitta.}, }
@article {pmid26076827, year = {2015}, author = {Verbruggen, B and Bickley, LK and Santos, EM and Tyler, CR and Stentiford, GD and Bateman, KS and van Aerle, R}, title = {De novo assembly of the Carcinus maenas transcriptome and characterization of innate immune system pathways.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {458}, pmid = {26076827}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; WT097835MF/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura/*genetics ; Databases, Genetic ; Gene Ontology ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods ; Immunity, Innate/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Annotation/methods ; Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods ; Signal Transduction/*genetics ; Toll-Like Receptors/genetics ; Transcriptome/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The European shore crab, Carcinus maenas, is used widely in biomonitoring, ecotoxicology and for studies into host-pathogen interactions. It is also an important invasive species in numerous global locations. However, the genomic resources for this organism are still sparse, limiting research progress in these fields. To address this resource shortfall we produced a C. maenas transcriptome, enabled by the progress in next-generation sequencing technologies, and applied this to assemble information on the innate immune system in this species.<br><br>RESULTS: We isolated and pooled RNA for twelve different tissues and organs from C. maenas individuals and sequenced the RNA using next generation sequencing on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. After de novo assembly a transcriptome was generated encompassing 212,427 transcripts (153,699 loci). The transcripts were filtered, annotated and characterised using a variety of tools (including BLAST, MEGAN and RSEM) and databases (including NCBI, Gene Ontology and KEGG). There were differential patterns of expression for between 1,223 and 2,741 transcripts across tissues and organs with over-represented Gene Ontology terms relating to their specific function. Based on sequence homology to immune system components in other organisms, we show both the presence of transcripts for a series of known pathogen recognition receptors and response proteins that form part of the innate immune system, and transcripts representing the RNAi, Toll-like receptor signalling, IMD and JAK/STAT pathways.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We have produced an assembled transcriptome for C. maenas that provides a significant molecular resource for wide ranging studies in this species. Analysis of the transcriptome has revealed the presence of a series of known targets and functional pathways that form part of their innate immune system and illustrate tissue specific differences in their expression patterns.}, }
@article {pmid26076589, year = {2015}, author = {Gardner, AM and Allan, BF and Frisbie, LA and Muturi, EJ}, title = {Asymmetric effects of native and exotic invasive shrubs on ecology of the West Nile virus vector Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae).}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {329}, pmid = {26076589}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; Culex/*physiology/virology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*physiology/virology ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Oviposition ; West Nile Fever/transmission ; West Nile virus/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Exotic invasive plants alter the structure and function of native ecosystems and may influence the distribution and abundance of arthropod disease vectors by modifying habitat quality. This study investigated how invasive plants alter the ecology of Culex pipiens, an important vector of West Nile virus (WNV) in northeastern and midwestern regions of the United States.<br><br>METHODS: Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that three native leaf species (Rubus allegheniensis, blackberry; Sambucus canadensis, elderberry; and Amelanchier laevis, serviceberry), and three exotic invasive leaf species (Lonicera maackii, Amur honeysuckle; Elaeagnus umbellata, autumn olive; and Rosa multiflora, multiflora rose) alter Cx. pipiens oviposition site selection, emergence rates, development time, and adult body size. The relative abundance of seven bacterial phyla in infusions of the six leaf species also was determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to test the hypothesis that variation in emergence, development, and oviposition site selection is correlated to differences in the diversity and abundance of bacteria associated with different leaf species, important determinants of nutrient quality and availability for mosquito larvae.<br><br>RESULTS: Leaf detritus from invasive honeysuckle and autumn olive yielded significantly higher adult emergence rates compared to detritus from the remaining leaf species and honeysuckle alleviated the negative effects of intraspecific competition on adult emergence. Conversely, leaves of native blackberry acted as an ecological trap, generating high oviposition but low emergence rates. Variation in bacterial flora associated with different leaf species may explain this asymmetrical production of mosquitoes: emergence rates and oviposition rates were positively correlated to bacterial abundance and diversity, respectively.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the displacement of native understory plant species by certain invasive shrubs may increase production of Cx. pipiens with potential negative repercussions for human and wildlife health. These findings may be relevant to mosquito control and invasive plant management practices in the geographic range of Cx. pipiens. Further, our discovery of a previously unknown ecological trap for an important vector of WNV has the potential to lead to novel alternatives to conventional insecticides in mosquito control by exploiting the apparent "attract-kill" properties of this native plant species.}, }
@article {pmid26074338, year = {2015}, author = {Lee, DH and Leskey, TC}, title = {Flight behavior of foraging and overwintering brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {105}, number = {5}, pages = {566-573}, pmid = {26074338}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Female ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; Male ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is a highly polyphagous invasive species attacking both cultivated and wild plants increasing its threat to ecosystems as a global pest. However, dispersal biology of this invasive species is not well understood. This study evaluated the flight capacity and behavior of H. halys under laboratory, semi-field, and field conditions. Flight mills were used to measure the baseline flight capacity of adults collected year round from the field and included both foraging and overwintering populations. The effects of abiotic conditions such as wind speed and temperatures on the free flight parameters of H. halys were evaluated under semi-field and field conditions. The mean flight distances over a 22-h period were 2442 and 2083 m for male and female, respectively. Most individuals (89%) flew <5 km, though some flew much further with a maximum flight distance observed of 117 km. Flight distances by H. halys increased after emergence from overwintering sites in spring and reached their highest point in June. The incidence of take off by H. halys was significantly affected by the wind speed; when provided with still air conditions, 83% of individuals took off, but the rates decreased to <10% when wind speed was increased to or above 0.75 m s-1. The incidence of take off by H. halys was significantly affected by ambient temperature and light intensity in the field, whereas relative humidity and insect sex did not. When the temperature was at 10-15°C, 3% of individuals took off, but the proportion of H. halys taking flight increased to 61, 84, and 87% at 15-20, 20-25, and 25-30°C, respectively. In the field, prevailing flight direction was biased toward the opposite direction of the sun's position, especially in the morning. The implications of H. halys flight biology are discussed in the context of developing monitoring and management programs for this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid26073799, year = {2015}, author = {Piazzi, L and Gennaro, P and Ceccherelli, G}, title = {Suitability of the ALien Biotic IndEX (ALEX) for assessing invasion of macroalgae across different Mediterranean habitats.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {97}, number = {1-2}, pages = {234-240}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.011}, pmid = {26073799}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Mediterranean Sea ; Seaweed/classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The ALien Biotic IndEX (ALEX) has been recently proposed to evaluate biological invasions in soft-bottom macro-invertebrate assemblages. The present paper proposes the use of ALEX in sessile assemblages of Mediterranean hard bottom habitats and tests it along gradients of invasion. For five invasive macroalgae a variable number of case studies per each of four habitats were examined from the available data sets. For each case study samples were attributed to four levels of invasion depending on the abundance of the invading macroalgae. Results showed that the application of ALEX to sessile assemblages of hard bottoms allows to qualify the level of invasion along the considered gradients. Moreover, the decline of index values matched the impact of invasion on species number of the assemblages. Results also suggest that the concurrent use of ALEX and indices of benthic quality status can be a valuable tool to assess biopollution in hard bottom habitats.}, }
@article {pmid26072021, year = {2015}, author = {Bellucci, M and Bernet, N and Harmand, J and Godon, JJ and Milferstedt, K}, title = {Invasibility of resident biofilms by allochthonous communities in bioreactors.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {81}, number = {}, pages = {232-239}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.051}, pmid = {26072021}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; Bioreactors/*microbiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Microbial Consortia ; Sewage ; }, abstract = {Invasion of non-native species can drastically affect the community composition and diversity of engineered and natural ecosystems, biofilms included. In this study, a molecular community fingerprinting method was used to monitor the putative establishment and colonization of allochthonous consortia in resident multi-species biofilms. To do this, biofilms inoculated with tap water or activated sludge were grown for 10 days in bubble column reactors W1 and W2, and S, respectively, before being exposed to non-native microbial consortia. These consortia consisted of fresh activated sludge suspensions for the biofilms inoculated with tap water (reactors W1 and W2) and of transplanted mature tap water biofilm for the activated sludge biofilm (reactor S). The introduction of virgin, unoccupied coupons into W1 and W2 enabled us to additionally investigate the competition for new resources (space) among the resident biofilm and the allochthonous consortia. CE-SSCP revealed that after the invasion event changes were mostly observed in the abundance of the dominant species in the native biofilms rather than their composition. This suggests that the resident communities within a bioreactor immediately outcompete the allochthonous microbes and shape the microbial community assemblage on both new coupons and already colonized surfaces for the short term. However, with time, latent members of the allochthonous community might grow up affecting the diversity and composition of the original biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid26071766, year = {2015}, author = {Sladonja, B and Sušek, M and Guillermic, J}, title = {Review on Invasive Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) Conflicting Values: Assessment of Its Ecosystem Services and Potential Biological Threat.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {56}, number = {4}, pages = {1009-1034}, pmid = {26071766}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Ailanthus/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*trends ; North America ; Plant Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Globally, invasions by alien plants are rapidly increasing in extent and severity, leading to large-scale ecosystem degradation. One of the most widespread invasive alien plant species in Europe and North America, Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) was introduced intentionally for use as an ornamental plant in the 18th century. Since then, it has spread and is now frequently found in a number of countries. Today, Tree of Heaven is considered one of the worst invasive plant species in Europe and is also listed as invasive in North America and many other countries. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is one of many systems trying to list and categorize biological services to humans and to provide a tool for identifying services delivered by natural ecosystems. Invasive species have generally caused degradation of the services, have a major impact on the environment, and are threatening biodiversity and reducing overall species abundance and diversity. On the other hand, some invasive species can provide services useful to human well-being. In the present review A. altissima impacts on ecosystems are identified and positive influences on some ecosystem services are weighed against the negative effects on the environment and human health. The aim of the present review is to resume the general knowledge of A. altissima, group available references on distribution and ecology according to countries, compare ecosystem services provided or enhanced by A. altissima presence and the negative effects it causes, identify gaps in current knowledge, and give recommendations for future lines of research.}, }
@article {pmid26071680, year = {2015}, author = {Zhao, Z and Wang, L and Bai, Z and Pan, Z and Wang, Y}, title = {Development of population structure and spatial distribution patterns of a restored forest during 17-year succession (1993-2010) in Pingshuo opencast mine spoil, China.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {187}, number = {7}, pages = {431}, pmid = {26071680}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {China ; Ecology ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; *Forests ; *Mining ; Pinus/*growth &amp; development ; Robinia/*growth &amp; development ; Trees/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Afforestation of native tree species is often recommended for ecological restoration in mining areas, but the understanding of the ecological processes of restored vegetation is quite limited. In order to provide insight of the ecological processes of restored vegetation, in this study, we investigate the development of the population structure and spatial distribution patterns of restored Robinia pseudoacacia (ROPS) and Pinus tabuliformis (PITA) mixed forests during the 17 years of the mine spoil period of the Pingshuo opencast mine, Shanxi Province, China. After a 17-year succession, apart from the two planted species, Ulmus pumila (ULPU), as an invasive species, settled in the plot along with a large number of small diameter at breast height (DBH) size. In total, there are 10,062 living individual plants, much more than that at the plantation (5105), and ROPS had become the dominant species with a section area with a breast height of 9.40 m(2) hm(-2) and a mean DBH of 6.72 cm, much higher than both PITA and ULPU. The DBH size classes of all the total species showed inverted J-shaped distributions, which may have been a result of the large number of small regenerated ULPU trees. The DBH size classes of both ROPS and PITA showed peak-type structures with individuals mainly gathering in the moderate DBH size class, indicating a relatively healthy DBH size class structure. Meanwhile, invasive ULPU were distributed in a clear L shape, concentrating on the small DBH size class, indicating a relatively low survival rate for adult trees. Both ROPS and PITA species survival in the plantation showed uniform and aggregated distribution at small scales and random with scales increasing. ULPU showed a strong aggregation at small scales as well as random with scales increasing. Both the population structure and spatial distribution indicated that ROPS dominates and will continue to dominate the community in the future succession, which should be continuously monitored.}, }
@article {pmid26071209, year = {2015}, author = {Spellman, KV and Schneller, LC and Mulder, CP and Carlson, ML}, title = {Effects of non-native Melilotus albus on pollination and reproduction in two boreal shrubs.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {179}, number = {2}, pages = {495-507}, pmid = {26071209}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Environment ; Ericaceae/*physiology ; Flowers/physiology ; Fruit/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Melilotus/*physiology ; Pollen/physiology ; *Pollination ; Reproduction ; Seeds/physiology ; }, abstract = {The establishment of abundantly flowered, highly rewarding non-native plant species is expected to have strong consequences for native plants through altered pollination services, particularly in boreal forest where the flowering season is short and the pollinator pool is small. In 18 boreal forest sites, we added flowering Melilotus albus to some sites and left some sites as controls in 2 different years to test if the invasive plant influences the pollination and reproductive success of two co-flowering ericaceous species: Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Rhododendron groenlandicum. We found that M. albus increased the pollinator diversity and tended to increase visitation rates to the focal native plant species compared to control sites. Melilotus albus facilitated greater seed production per berry in V. vitis-idaea when we added 120 plants compared to when we added 40 plants or in control sites. In R. groenlandicum, increasing numbers of M. albus inflorescences lowered conspecific pollen loads and percentage of flowers pollinated; however, no differences in fruit set were detected. The number of M. albus inflorescences had greater importance in explaining R. groenlandicum pollination compared to other environmental variables such as weather and number of native flowers, and had greater importance in lower quality black spruce sites than in mixed deciduous and white spruce sites for explaining the percentage of V. vitis-idaea flowers pollinated. Our data suggest that the identity of new pollinators attracted to the invaded sites, degree of shared pollinators between invasive and native species, and variation in resource limitation among sites are likely determining factors in the reproductive responses of boreal native plants in the presence of an invasive.}, }
@article {pmid26070069, year = {2015}, author = {Wu, Z and Zhang, H and Wang, Z and Bin, S and He, H and Lin, J}, title = {Discovery of Chemosensory Genes in the Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {e0129794}, pmid = {26070069}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Computational Biology/methods ; Drosophila/classification/*genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Library ; *Genetic Association Studies ; Genomics/methods ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Organ Specificity/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, is a devastating fruit fly pest in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Like other insects, this fly uses its chemosensory system to efficiently interact with its environment. However, our understanding of the molecular components comprising B. dorsalis chemosensory system is limited. Using next generation sequencing technologies, we sequenced the transcriptome of four B. dorsalis developmental stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult chemosensory tissues. A total of 31 candidate odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 4 candidate chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 23 candidate odorant receptors (ORs), 11 candidate ionotropic receptors (IRs), 6 candidate gustatory receptors (GRs) and 3 candidate sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) were identified. The tissue distributions of the OBP and CSP transcripts were determined by RT-PCR and a subset of nine genes were further characterized. The predicted proteins from these genes shared high sequence similarity to Drosophila melanogaster pheromone binding protein related proteins (PBPRPs). Interestingly, one OBP (BdorOBP19c) was exclusively expressed in the sex pheromone glands of mature females. RT-PCR was also used to compare the expression of the candidate genes in the antennae of male and female B. dorsalis adults. These antennae-enriched OBPs, CSPs, ORs, IRs and SNMPs could play a role in the detection of pheromones and general odorants and thus could be useful target genes for the integrated pest management of B. dorsalis and other agricultural pests.}, }
@article {pmid26068851, year = {2015}, author = {Capinha, C and Essl, F and Seebens, H and Moser, D and Pereira, HM}, title = {BIOGEOGRAPHY. The dispersal of alien species redefines biogeography in the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {348}, number = {6240}, pages = {1248-1251}, doi = {10.1126/science.aaa8913}, pmid = {26068851}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Climate ; Gastropoda/*physiology ; Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {It has been argued that globalization in human-mediated dispersal of species breaks down biogeographic boundaries, yet empirical tests are still missing. We used data on native and alien ranges of terrestrial gastropods to analyze dissimilarities in species composition among 56 globally distributed regions. We found that native ranges confirm the traditional biogeographic realms, reflecting natural dispersal limitations. However, the distributions of gastropods after human transport are primarily explained by the prevailing climate and, to a smaller extent, by distance and trade relationships. Our findings show that human-mediated dispersal is causing a breakdown of biogeographic barriers, and that climate and to some extent socioeconomic relationships will define biogeography in an era of global change.}, }
@article {pmid26066862, year = {2015}, author = {Leidenberger, S and Obst, M and Kulawik, R and Stelzer, K and Heyer, K and Hardisty, A and Bourlat, SJ}, title = {Evaluating the potential of ecological niche modelling as a component in marine non-indigenous species risk assessments.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {97}, number = {1-2}, pages = {470-487}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.033}, pmid = {26066862}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*growth &amp; development ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; North Sea ; Risk Assessment ; Salinity ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {Marine biological invasions have increased with the development of global trading, causing the homogenization of communities and the decline of biodiversity. A main vector is ballast water exchange from shipping. This study evaluates the use of ecological niche modelling (ENM) to predict the spread of 18 non-indigenous species (NIS) along shipping routes and their potential habitat suitability (hot/cold spots) in the Baltic Sea and Northeast Atlantic. Results show that, contrary to current risk assessment methods, temperature and sea ice concentration determine habitat suitability for 61% of species, rather than salinity (11%). We show high habitat suitability for NIS in the Skagerrak and Kattegat, a transitional area for NIS entering or leaving the Baltic Sea. As many cases of NIS introduction in the marine environment are associated with shipping pathways, we explore how ENM can be used to provide valuable information on the potential spread of NIS for ballast water risk assessment.}, }
@article {pmid26066509, year = {2015}, author = {Zhang, H and Wang, R and Wang, X and Du, N and Ge, X and Du, Y and Liu, J}, title = {Recurrent Water Level Fluctuation Alleviates the Effects of Submergence Stress on the Invasive Riparian Plant Alternanthera philoxeroides.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {e0129549}, pmid = {26066509}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Amaranthaceae/*physiology ; Biomass ; Floods ; Introduced Species ; *Stress, Physiological ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Recurrent water level fluctuation and submergence of plants are common in riparian zones. Our study objectives were to test the independent and interactive effects of submergence level and fluctuation frequency on a globally important riparian invasive plant, Alternanthera philoxeroides. To this end, we conducted a greenhouse experiment, in which ramets of the plants, obtained from a wetland in China, were treated with four fluctuation frequencies (0, 3, 6, and 12 cycles over a 96-day experimental period) under three water levels (0, 10, and 30 cm). We found that effects of fluctuation frequency were non-significant, negative, and positive under water levels of 0, 10 and 30 cm, respectively. As fluctuation frequency increased, the effects of increasing water level decreased significantly. When water levels were high, A. philoxeroides allocated greater biomass to shoot production probably in order to elongate and escape from submergence. However, as fluctuation frequency increased, biomass investment in roots and leaves also increased, probably in order to maximize nutrient absorption and photosynthesis, respectively. These results suggest that water level fluctuation may alleviate the effects of submergence on A. philoxeroides. In addition, A. philoxeroides showed significant phenotypic plasticity, adjusting its functional traits, such as number of nodes and leaves per stem, as well as stem diameter and pith cavity diameter, according to recurrent water level fluctuation. We conclude that A. philoxeroides may perform better in shallow water zones under conditions of disturbance that include recurrent water level fluctuation. This ability to adapt to disturbance likely promotes its growth and invasion in disturbed habitats.}, }
@article {pmid26064643, year = {2015}, author = {Cope, RC and Prowse, TA and Ross, JV and Wittmann, TA and Cassey, P}, title = {Temporal modelling of ballast water discharge and ship-mediated invasion risk to Australia.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {150039}, pmid = {26064643}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Biological invasions have the potential to cause extensive ecological and economic damage. Maritime trade facilitates biological invasions by transferring species in ballast water, and on ships' hulls. With volumes of maritime trade increasing globally, efforts to prevent these biological invasions are of significant importance. Both the International Maritime Organization and the Australian government have developed policy seeking to reduce the risk of these invasions. In this study, we constructed models for the transfer of ballast water into Australian waters, based on historic ballast survey data. We used these models to hindcast ballast water discharge over all vessels that arrived in Australian waters between 1999 and 2012. We used models for propagule survival to compare the risk of ballast-mediated propagule transport between ecoregions. We found that total annual ballast discharge volume into Australia more than doubled over the study period, with the vast majority of ballast water discharge and propagule pressure associated with bulk carrier traffic. As such, the ecoregions suffering the greatest risk are those associated with the export of mining commodities. As global marine trade continues to increase, effective monitoring and biosecurity policy will remain necessary to combat the risk of future marine invasion events.}, }
@article {pmid26064614, year = {2015}, author = {Bunke, M and Alexander, ME and Dick, JT and Hatcher, MJ and Paterson, R and Dunn, AM}, title = {Eaten alive: cannibalism is enhanced by parasites.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, pages = {140369}, pmid = {26064614}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Cannibalism is ubiquitous in nature and especially pervasive in consumers with stage-specific resource utilization in resource-limited environments. Cannibalism is thus influential in the structure and functioning of biological communities. Parasites are also pervasive in nature and, we hypothesize, might affect cannibalism since infection can alter host foraging behaviour. We investigated the effects of a common parasite, the microsporidian Pleistophora mulleri, on the cannibalism rate of its host, the freshwater amphipod Gammarus duebeni celticus. Parasitic infection increased the rate of cannibalism by adults towards uninfected juvenile conspecifics, as measured by adult functional responses, that is, the rate of resource uptake as a function of resource density. This may reflect the increased metabolic requirements of the host as driven by the parasite. Furthermore, when presented with a choice, uninfected adults preferred to cannibalize uninfected rather than infected juvenile conspecifics, probably reflecting selection pressure to avoid the risk of parasite acquisition. By contrast, infected adults were indiscriminate with respect to infection status of their victims, probably owing to metabolic costs of infection and the lack of risk as the cannibals were already infected. Thus parasitism, by enhancing cannibalism rates, may have previously unrecognized effects on stage structure and population dynamics for cannibalistic species and may also act as a selective pressure leading to changes in resource use.}, }
@article {pmid26064543, year = {2014}, author = {Darling, JA and Tsai, YH and Blakeslee, AM and Roman, J}, title = {Are genes faster than crabs? Mitochondrial introgression exceeds larval dispersal during population expansion of the invasive crab Carcinus maenas.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, pages = {140202}, pmid = {26064543}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Biological invasions offer unique opportunities to investigate evolutionary dynamics at the peripheries of expanding populations. Here, we examine genetic patterns associated with admixture between two distinct invasive lineages of the European green crab, Carcinus maenas L., independently introduced to the northwest Atlantic. Previous investigations based on mitochondrial DNA sequences demonstrated that larval dispersal driven by advective currents could explain observed southward displacement of an admixture zone between the two invasions. Comparison of published mitochondrial results with new nuclear data from nine microsatellite loci, however, reveals striking discordance in their introgression patterns. Specifically, introgression of mitochondrial genomes relative to nuclear background suggests that demographic processes such as sex-biased reproductive dynamics and population size imbalances-and not solely larval dispersal-play an important role in driving the evolution of the genetic cline. In particular, the unpredicted introgression of mitochondrial alleles against the direction of mean larval dispersal in the region is consistent with recent models invoking similar demographic processes to explain movements of genes into invading populations. These observations have important implications for understanding historical shifts in C. maenas range limits, and more generally for inferences of larval dispersal based on genetic data.}, }
@article {pmid26063516, year = {2015}, author = {Roger, E and Duursma, DE and Downey, PO and Gallagher, RV and Hughes, L and Steel, J and Johnson, SB and Leishman, MR}, title = {A tool to assess potential for alien plant establishment and expansion under climate change.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {159}, number = {}, pages = {121-127}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.039}, pmid = {26063516}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Australia ; *Climate Change ; Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Forecasting ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Software ; }, abstract = {Predicting the influence of climate change on the potential distribution of naturalised alien plant species is an important and challenging task. While prioritisation of management actions for alien plants under current climatic conditions has been widely adopted, very few systems explicitly incorporate the potential of future changes in climate conditions to influence the distribution of alien plant species. Here, we develop an Australia-wide screening tool to assess the potential of naturalised alien plants to establish and spread under both current and future climatic conditions. The screening tool developed uses five spatially explicit criteria to establish the likelihood of alien plant population establishment and expansion under baseline climate conditions and future climates for the decades 2035 and 2065. Alien plants are then given a threat rating according to current and future threat to enable natural resource managers to focus on those species that pose the largest potential threat now and in the future. To demonstrate the screening tool, we present results for a representative sample of approximately 10% (n = 292) of Australia's known, naturalised alien plant species. Overall, most alien plant species showed decreases in area of habitat suitability under future conditions compared to current conditions and therefore the threat rating of most alien plant species declined between current and future conditions. Use of the screening tool is intended to assist natural resource managers in assessing the threat of alien plant establishment and spread under current and future conditions and thus prioritise detailed weed risk assessments for those species that pose the greatest threat. The screening tool is associated with a searchable database for all 292 alien plant species across a range of spatial scales, available through an interactive web-based portal at http://weedfutures.net/.}, }
@article {pmid26062439, year = {2015}, author = {Smith, DS and Lau, MK and Jacobs, R and Monroy, JA and Shuster, SM and Whitham, TG}, title = {Rapid plant evolution in the presence of an introduced species alters community composition.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {179}, number = {2}, pages = {563-572}, pmid = {26062439}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/*physiology ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Ruminants/*physiology ; Solidago/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Because introduced species may strongly interact with native species and thus affect their fitness, it is important to examine how these interactions can cascade to have ecological and evolutionary consequences for whole communities. Here, we examine the interactions among introduced Rocky Mountain elk, Cervus canadensis nelsoni, a common native plant, Solidago velutina, and the diverse plant-associated community of arthropods. While introduced species are recognized as one of the biggest threats to native ecosystems, relatively few studies have investigated an evolutionary mechanism by which introduced species alter native communities. Here, we use a common garden design that addresses and supports two hypotheses. First, native S. velutina has rapidly evolved in the presence of introduced elk. We found that plants originating from sites with introduced elk flowered nearly 3 weeks before plants originating from sites without elk. Second, evolution of S. velutina results in a change to the plant-associated arthropod community. We found that plants originating from sites with introduced elk supported an arthropod community that had ~35 % fewer total individuals and a different species composition. Our results show that the impacts of introduced species can have both ecological and evolutionary consequences for strongly interacting species that subsequently cascade to affect a much larger community. Such evolutionary consequences are likely to be long-term and difficult to remediate.}, }
@article {pmid26059630, year = {2015}, author = {Beck, MA and Goater, CP and Colwell, DD}, title = {Comparative recruitment, morphology and reproduction of a generalist trematode, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, in three species of host.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {142}, number = {10}, pages = {1297-1305}, pmid = {26059630}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; Cattle/parasitology ; Deer/parasitology ; Dicrocoelium/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Fertility/physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Reproduction ; Sheep/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Epidemiological rate parameters of host generalist parasites are difficult to estimate, especially in cases where variation in parasite performance can be attributed to host species. Such cases are likely common for generalist parasites of sympatric grazing mammals. In this study, we combined data from experimental exposures in cattle and sheep and natural infections in elk to compare the recruitment, morphology and reproduction of adult Dicrocoelium dendriticum, a generalist trematode that has emerged in sympatric grazing hosts in Cypress Hills Provincial Park, Alberta. Overall, there were no significant differences in the recruitment of metacercariae and in the pre-patency period of adults in experimentally exposed cattle and sheep. All flukes reached reproductive maturity and the degree of reproductive inequality between individual flukes within each infrapopulation was moderate and approximately equal among the three host species. Neither fluke size nor per capita fecundity was constrained by density dependence. Thus, fitness parameters associated with growth and reproduction were approximately equivalent among at least three species of definitive host, two of which are sympatric on pastures in this Park. The generalist life-history strategy of this trematode, which is known to extend to other stages of its life cycle, has likely contributed to its invasion history outside its native range in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid26058535, year = {2015}, author = {Castrillo, LA and Hajek, AE and Pajares, JA and Thomsen, IM and Csóka, G and Kenaley, SC and Kepler, RM and Zamora, P and Angeli, S}, title = {Multilocus genotyping of Amylostereum spp. associated with Sirex noctilio and other woodwasps from Europe reveal clonal lineage introduced to the US.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {119}, number = {7}, pages = {595-604}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2015.03.004}, pmid = {26058535}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {Animals ; Basidiomycota/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Europe ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Hymenoptera/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; North America ; Phylogeny ; Pinus/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases/parasitology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Sirex noctilio is a woodwasp of Eurasian origin that was inadvertently introduced to the southern hemisphere in the 1900s and to North America over a decade ago. Its larvae bore in Pinus spp. and can cause significant mortality in pine plantations. S noctilio is associated with a symbiotic white rot fungus, Amylostereum areolatum, which females inject into trees when they oviposit and which is required for survival of developing larvae. We compared the genetic diversity of A. areolatum isolated from S. noctilio and other woodwasps collected from Europe and from northeastern North America to determine the origin of introduction(s) into the United States. Multilocus genotyping of nuclear ribosomal regions and protein coding genes revealed two widespread multilocus genotypes (MLGs) among the European samples, one of which is present in the US. The other two MLGs associated with S. noctilio in the US represented unique haplotypes. These latter two haplotypes were likely from unrepresented source populations, and together with the introduced widespread haplotype reveal multiple A. areolatum MLGs introduced by S. noctilio and indicate possible multiple S. noctilio introductions to North America from Europe. Our results also showed a lack of fidelity between woodwasp hosts and Amylostereum species.}, }
@article {pmid26058533, year = {2015}, author = {Moricca, S and Ginetti, B}, title = {Saprophytic growth of the alder rust fungus Melampsoridium hiratsukanum on artificial media.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {119}, number = {7}, pages = {568-579}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2015.03.002}, pmid = {26058533}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {Alnus/*microbiology ; Basidiomycota/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Culture Media/chemistry/metabolism ; Genotype ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Spores, Fungal/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The first axenic culture of a free living saprophytic stage of the exotic rust fungus Melampsoridium hiratsukanum is reported. Colonies were obtained from one-celled, dikaryotic urediniospores on eight nutrient media out of twelve. Modified Harvey and Grasham (HG) and Schenk and Hildebrandt (HS) media HG1 and SH1 and their bovine serum albumin (BSA)-enriched derivatives gave abundant mycelial growth, but modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) QMS media and their BSA-enriched modifications performed poorly, colony growth being low on QMS-1 and QMS1+BSA, and nil on QMS-5 and QMS-6, with or without BSA. Colonies initially grew poorly when subcultured for one month in purity, but much better after re-transfer to fresh media later: presumably because only the most exploitative genotypes survived, best able to cope with an uncongenial medium. Stabilised cultures survived, and remained vegetative, but only few reproductive colonies produced spore-like bodies. Though the agarised medium remains an inhospitable environment for this biotrophic parasite, it is shown that non-living media can nevertheless sustain the growth and sporulation of this fungus outside its natural hosts and habitat. Axenic culture promises important advances in basic and applied research on this rust, leading to a better understanding of its nutrition, metabolism, diversity and pathogenicity.}, }
@article {pmid26058154, year = {2015}, author = {Mishyna, M and Laman, N and Prokhorov, V and Fujii, Y}, title = {Angelicin as the principal allelochemical in Heracleum sosnowskyi fruit.}, journal = {Natural product communications}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {767-770}, pmid = {26058154}, issn = {1934-578X}, mesh = {Festuca/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Fruit/*chemistry ; Furocoumarins/isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Heracleum/*chemistry ; Lactuca/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Lolium/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Pheromones/isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Plant Extracts/isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Seedlings/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Distribution patterns of furocoumarins in fruits of the invasive species Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. (Sosnowskyi's hogweed) during a cold stratification period were investigated. Angelicin, bergapten, methoxalen and imperatorin were mainly localized in the fruit coats and their content varied depending on the fruit source. Cold stratification treatment (90 days, 2-3 degrees C) reduced the content of furocoumarins in the fruit coats by more than two times, compared with those before stratification. The specific activity of the detected furocoumarins and total activity of crude extracts were evaluated using Lactuca sativa, as acceptor plant. Crude extracts obtained from fruit coats and seeds of H. sosnowskyi suppressed 50% of radicle and hypocotyl growth of lettuce seedlings at the concentration range of 1.0-1.7 mg/mL. The inhibitory activity of angelicin was proved to be the highest compared with the other tested furocoumarins, and the inhibitory activity of crude extracts could be explained mainly by the presence of angelicin. Both, monocots (Lolium multiflorum, Phleum pratensis, Festuca pratesis, Lolium perenne) and dicots (Tripholium repens, Trifolium pretense) were found to be sensitive to the exudates of whole H. sosnowskyi fruits. Thus, we assume, that high inhibitory potential of furocoumarins, especially angelicin, at high seed productivity of H. sosnowskyi might have an ecological significance in plant-plant interaction.}, }
@article {pmid26058009, year = {2015}, author = {De Pascali, SA and Del Coco, L and Felline, S and Mollo, E and Terlizzi, A and Fanizzi, FP}, title = {1H NMR Spectroscopy and MVA Analysis of Diplodus sargus Eating the Exotic Pest Caulerpa cylindracea.}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {3550-3566}, pmid = {26058009}, issn = {1660-3397}, mesh = {Animals ; *Caulerpa ; *Food Chain ; Indoles/*metabolism ; Least-Squares Analysis ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Mediterranean Sea ; Multivariate Analysis ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Principal Component Analysis ; }, abstract = {The green alga Caulerpa cylindracea is a non-autochthonous and invasive species that is severely affecting the native communities in the Mediterranean Sea. Recent researches show that the native edible fish Diplodus sargus actively feeds on this alga and cellular and physiological alterations have been related to the novel alimentary habits. The complex effects of such a trophic exposure to the invasive pest are still poorly understood. Here we report on the metabolic profiles of plasma from D. sargus individuals exposed to C. cylindracea along the southern Italian coast, using 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis (Principal Component Analysis, PCA, Orthogonal Partial Least Square, PLS, and Orthogonal Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis, OPLS-DA). Fish were sampled in two seasonal periods from three different locations, each characterized by a different degree of algal abundance. The levels of the algal bisindole alkaloid caulerpin, which is accumulated in the fish tissues, was used as an indicator of the trophic exposure to the seaweed and related to the plasma metabolic profiles. The profiles appeared clearly influenced by the sampling period beside the content of caulerpin, while the analyses also supported a moderate alteration of lipid and choline metabolism related to the Caulerpa-based diet.}, }
@article {pmid26054972, year = {2016}, author = {Piria, M and Jakšić, G and Jakovlić, I and Treer, T}, title = {Dietary habits of invasive Ponto-Caspian gobies in the Croatian part of the Danube River basin and their potential impact on benthic fish communities.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {540}, number = {}, pages = {386-395}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.125}, pmid = {26054972}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/classification/growth &amp; development ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Invasive Ponto-Caspian (P-C(1)) gobies have recently caused dramatic changes in fish assemblage structures throughout the Danube basin. While their presence in the Croatian part of the basin has been noted and distribution studied, their dietary habits and impacts on native fish communities have, until now, been unknown. In 2011, 17 locations in the Sava River Basin were sampled for fish and 15 for benthic invertebrates. Fish population monitoring data, available for nine seasons (2003-2006 and 2010-2014) and 12 locations, were used to analyse the impacts of P-C gobies on benthic fish abundance. Gut content analysis indicates that the monkey goby Neogobius fluviatilis diet is very diverse, but dominated by Trichoptera, Chironomidae, Bivalvia and Odonata. The diet overlaps considerably with the round goby Neogobius melanostomus diet, although Gastropoda are dominant in the latter's diet. Small fish and Gammarus sp. dominate the bighead goby Ponticola kessleri diet. Comparison of gut content with the prey available in the environment indicates that monkey and round gobies exhibit preference for Trichoptera, Megaloptera and Coleoptera, and bighead goby for Trichoptera, Gammarus sp. and Pisces. P-C gobies in the Sava River are spreading upstream, towards the reaches with lower fish diversity. Analyses indicate potentially positive impacts of P-C gobies' presence on some fish populations: round and bighead goby on Balkan golden loach Sabanejewia balcanica and monkey goby on common carp Cyprinus carpio, crucian carp Carassius carassius, burbot Lota lota and Balkan loach Cobitis elongata. However, there are also indications that bighead and round goby could adversely impact the native chub Squalius cephalus and zingel Zingel zingel populations, respectively. As P-C gobies are still in the expansionary period of invasion and the ecosystem still adapting to new circumstances, continued monitoring of fish population dynamics in the Sava basin is needed to determine the outcome and impacts of this invasion.}, }
@article {pmid26054334, year = {2015}, author = {Zhu, J and Yu, D and Xu, X}, title = {The phylogeographic structure of Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae) in China and its implications for the biogeographic history of this worldwide-distributed submerged macrophyte.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {95}, pmid = {26054334}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {China ; DNA, Chloroplast/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Hydrocharitaceae/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aquatic vascular plants are a distinctive group, differing from terrestrial plants in their growth forms and habitats. Among the various aquatic plant life forms, the evolutionary processes of freshwater submerged species are most likely distinct due to their exclusive occurrence in the discrete and patchy aquatic habitats. Using the chloroplast trnL-F region sequence data, we investigated the phylogeographic structure of a submerged macrophyte, Hydrilla verticillata, the single species in the genus Hydrilla, throughout China, in addition to combined sample data from other countries to reveal the colonisation and diversification processes of this species throughout the world.<br><br>RESULTS: We sequenced 681 individuals from 123 sampling locations throughout China and identified a significant phylogeographic structure (NST&#x2009;>&#x2009;GST, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01), in which four distinct lineages occurred in different areas. A high level of genetic differentiation among populations (global FST&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.820) was detected. The divergence of Hydrilla was estimated to have occurred in the late Miocene, and the diversification of various clades was dated to the Pleistocene epoch. Biogeographic analyses suggested an East Asian origin of Hydrilla and its subsequent dispersal throughout the world.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The presence of all four clades in China indicates that China is most likely the centre of Hydrilla genetic diversity. The worldwide distribution of Hydrilla is due to recent vicariance and dispersal events that occurred in different clades during the Pleistocene. Our findings also provide useful information for the management of invasive Hydrilla in North America.}, }
@article {pmid26053089, year = {2015}, author = {Kuebbing, SE and Classen, AT and Sanders, NJ and Simberloff, D}, title = {Above- and below-ground effects of plant diversity depend on species origin: an experimental test with multiple invaders.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {208}, number = {3}, pages = {727-735}, doi = {10.1111/nph.13488}, pmid = {26053089}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Biomass ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Plant Roots/*growth &amp; development ; Plant Shoots/*growth &amp; development ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Although many plant communities are invaded by multiple nonnative species, we have limited information on how a species' origin affects ecosystem function. We tested how differences in species richness and origin affect productivity and seedling establishment. We created phylogenetically paired native and nonnative plant communities in a glasshouse experiment to test diversity-productivity relationships and responsible mechanisms (i.e. selection or complementarity effects). Additionally, we tested how productivity and associated mechanisms influenced seedling establishment. We used diversity-interaction models to describe how species' interactions influenced diversity-productivity relationships. Communities with more species had higher total biomass than did monoculture communities, but native and nonnative communities diverged in root : shoot ratios and the mechanism responsible for increased productivity: positive selection effect in nonnative communities and positive complementarity effect in native communities. Seedling establishment was 46% lower in nonnative than in native communities and was correlated with the average selection effect. Interspecific interactions contributed to productivity patterns, but the specific types of interactions differed between native and nonnative communities. These results reinforce findings that the diversity-productivity mechanisms in native and nonnative communities differ and are the first to show that these mechanisms can influence seedling establishment and that different types of interactions influence diversity-productivity relationships.}, }
@article {pmid26052925, year = {2016}, author = {Sánchez, MA and Cid, P and Navarrete, H and Aguirre, C and Chacón, G and Salazar, E and Prieto, H}, title = {Outcrossing potential between 11 important genetically modified crops and the Chilean vascular flora.}, journal = {Plant biotechnology journal}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {625-637}, doi = {10.1111/pbi.12408}, pmid = {26052925}, issn = {1467-7652}, mesh = {Chile ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; *Crosses, Genetic ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*genetics ; Plant Vascular Bundle/*genetics ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The potential impact of genetically modified (GM) crops on biodiversity is one of the main concerns in an environmental risk assessment (ERA). The likelihood of outcrossing and pollen-mediated gene flow from GM crops and non-GM crops are explained by the same principles and depend primarily on the biology of the species. We conducted a national-scale study of the likelihood of outcrossing between 11 GM crops and vascular plants in Chile by use of a systematized database that included cultivated, introduced and native plant species in Chile. The database included geographical distributions and key biological and agronomical characteristics for 3505 introduced, 4993 native and 257 cultivated (of which 11 were native and 246 were introduced) plant species. Out of the considered GM crops (cotton, soya bean, maize, grape, wheat, rice, sugar beet, alfalfa, canola, tomato and potato), only potato and tomato presented native relatives (66 species total). Introduced relative species showed that three GM groups were formed having: a) up to one introduced relative (cotton and soya bean), b) up to two (rice, grape, maize and wheat) and c) from two to seven (sugar beet, alfalfa, canola, tomato and potato). In particular, GM crops presenting introduced noncultivated relative species were canola (1 relative species), alfalfa (up to 4), rice (1), tomato (up to 2) and potato (up to 2). The outcrossing potential between species [OP; scaled from 'very low' (1) to 'very high' (5)] was developed, showing medium OPs (3) for GM-native relative interactions when they occurred, low (2) for GMs and introduced noncultivated and high (4) for the grape-Vitis vinifera GM-introduced cultivated interaction. This analytical tool might be useful for future ERA for unconfined GM crop release in Chile.}, }
@article {pmid26052640, year = {2015}, author = {Wijethunga, U and Greenlees, M and Shine, R}, title = {The Acid Test: pH Tolerance of the Eggs and Larvae of the Invasive Cane Toad (Rhinella marina) in Southeastern Australia.}, journal = {Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ}, volume = {88}, number = {4}, pages = {433-443}, doi = {10.1086/681263}, pmid = {26052640}, issn = {1537-5293}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bufo marinus/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Locomotion ; Ovum/chemistry ; Ponds/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Invasive cane toads are colonizing southeastern Australia via a narrow coastal strip sandwiched between unsuitable areas (Pacific Ocean to the east, mountains to the west). Many of the available spawning sites exhibit abiotic conditions (e.g., temperature, salinity, and pH) more extreme than those encountered elsewhere in the toad's native or already invaded range. Will that challenge impede toad expansion? To answer that question, we measured pH in 35 ponds in northeastern New South Wales and 8 ponds in the Sydney region, in both areas where toads occur (and breed) and adjacent areas where toads are likely to invade, and conducted laboratory experiments to quantify effects of pH on the survival and development of toad eggs and larvae. Our field surveys revealed wide variation in pH (3.9-9.8) among natural water bodies. In the laboratory, the hatching success of eggs was increased at low pH (down to pH 4), whereas the survival, growth, and developmental rates of tadpoles were enhanced by higher pH levels. We found that pH influenced metamorph size and shape (relative head width, relative leg length) but not locomotor performance. The broad tolerance range of these early life-history stages suggests that pH conditions in ponds will not significantly slow the toad's expansion southward. Indeed, toads may benefit from transiently low pH conditions, and habitat where pH in wetlands is consistently low (such as coastal heath) may enhance rather than reduce toad reproductive success. A broad physiological tolerance during embryonic and larval life has contributed significantly to the cane toad's success as a widespread colonizer.}, }
@article {pmid26052635, year = {2015}, author = {Basson, CH and Clusella-Trullas, S}, title = {The Behavior-Physiology Nexus: Behavioral and Physiological Compensation Are Relied on to Different Extents between Seasons.}, journal = {Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ}, volume = {88}, number = {4}, pages = {384-394}, doi = {10.1086/682010}, pmid = {26052635}, issn = {1537-5293}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Basal Metabolism ; Behavior, Animal ; Body Temperature ; Lizards/*physiology ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Water Loss, Insensible ; }, abstract = {Environmental variability occurring at different timescales can significantly reduce performance, resulting in evolutionary fitness costs. Shifts in thermoregulatory behavior, metabolism, and water loss via phenotypic plasticity can compensate for thermal variation, but the relative contribution of each mechanism and how they may influence each other are largely unknown. Here, we take an ecologically relevant experimental approach to dissect these potential responses at two temporal scales: weather transients and seasons. Using acclimation to cold, average, or warm conditions in summer and winter, we measure the direction and magnitude of plasticity of resting metabolic rate (RMR), water loss rate (WLR), and preferred body temperature (Tpref) in the lizard Cordylus oelofseni within and between seasons. In summer, lizards selected lower Tpref when acclimated to warm versus cold but had no plasticity of either RMR or WLR. By contrast, winter lizards showed partial compensation of RMR but no behavioral compensation. Between seasons, both behavioral and physiological shifts took place. By integrating ecological reality into laboratory assays, we demonstrate that behavioral and physiological responses of C. oelofseni can be contrasting, depending on the timescale investigated. Incorporating ecologically relevant scenarios and the plasticity of multiple traits is thus essential when attempting to forecast extinction risk to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid26051857, year = {2014}, author = {O'Gorman, EJ}, title = {Integrating comparative functional response experiments into global change research.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {83}, number = {3}, pages = {525-527}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12216}, pmid = {26051857}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Crustacea/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; Smegmamorpha/*physiology ; }, abstract = {There is a growing appreciation for the importance of non-consumptive effects in predator-prey interaction research, which can often outweigh the importance of direct feeding. Barrios-O'Neill et al. (2014) report a novel method to characterize such effects by comparing the functional response of native and introduced intermediate consumers in the presence and absence of a higher predator. The invader exhibited stronger direct feeding and was also more resistant to intimidation by the higher predator. This experimental framework may be incorporated into mainstream global change research, for example, to quantify the importance of non-consumptive effects for the success or failure of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid26047489, year = {2015}, author = {Li, W and Luo, J and Tian, X and Soon Chow, W and Sun, Z and Zhang, T and Peng, S and Peng, C}, title = {A new strategy for controlling invasive weeds: selecting valuable native plants to defeat them.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {11004}, pmid = {26047489}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {China ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Ipomoea/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Plant Weeds/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Pueraria/*physiology ; Rubiaceae/*physiology ; Weed Control ; }, abstract = {To explore replacement control of the invasive weed Ipomoea cairica, we studied the competitive effects of two valuable natives, Pueraria lobata and Paederia scandens, on growth and photosynthetic characteristics of I. cairica, in pot and field experiments. When I. cairica was planted in pots with P. lobata or P. scandens, its total biomass decreased by 68.7% and 45.8%, and its stem length by 33.3% and 34.1%, respectively. The two natives depressed growth of the weed by their strong effects on its photosynthetic characteristics, including suppression of leaf biomass and the abundance of the CO2-fixing enzyme RUBISCO. The field experiment demonstrated that sowing seeds of P. lobata or P. scandens in plots where the weed had been largely cleared produced 11.8-fold or 2.5-fold as much leaf biomass of the two natives, respectively, as the weed. Replacement control by valuable native species is potentially a feasible and sustainable means of suppressing I. cairica.}, }
@article {pmid26047487, year = {2015}, author = {Hargrove, JS and Weyl, OL and Allen, MS and Deacon, NR}, title = {Using Tournament Angler Data to Rapidly Assess the Invasion Status of Alien Sport Fishes (Micropterus spp.) in Southern Africa.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {e0130056}, pmid = {26047487}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa, Southern ; Animals ; Bass/*growth &amp; development ; Biodiversity ; Competitive Behavior ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Fisheries/methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Geography ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Recreation ; South Africa ; Sports/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; United States ; Zimbabwe ; }, abstract = {Fishes are one of the most commonly introduced aquatic taxa worldwide, and invasive fish species pose threats to biodiversity and ecosystem function in recipient waters. Considerable research efforts have focused on predicting the invasibility of different fish taxa; however, accurate records detailing the establishment and spread of invasive fishes are lacking for large numbers of fish around the globe. In response to these data limitations, a low-cost method of cataloging and quantifying the temporal and spatial status of fish invasions was explored. Specifically, angler catch data derived from competitive bass angling tournaments was used to document the distribution of 66 non-native populations of black bass (Micropterus spp.) in southern Africa. Additionally, catch data from standardized tournament events were used to assess the abundance and growth of non-native bass populations in southern Africa relative to their native distribution (southern and eastern United States). Differences in metrics of catch per unit effort (average number of fish retained per angler per day), daily bag weights (the average weight of fish retained per angler), and average fish weight were assessed using catch data from 14,890 angler days of tournament fishing (11,045 days from South Africa and Zimbabwe; 3,845 days from the United States). No significant differences were found between catch rates, average daily bag weight, or the average fish weight between countries, suggesting that bass populations in southern Africa reach comparable sizes and numbers relative to waters in their native distribution. Given the minimal cost associated with data collection (i.e. records are collected by tournament organizers), the standardized nature of the events, and consistent bias (i.e. selection for the biggest fish in a population), the use of angler catch data represents a novel approach to infer the status and distribution of invasive sport fish.}, }
@article {pmid26047349, year = {2015}, author = {Beltrà, A and Addison, P and Ávalos, JA and Crochard, D and Garcia-Marí, F and Guerrieri, E and Giliomee, JH and Malausa, T and Navarro-Campos, C and Palero, F and Soto, A}, title = {Guiding Classical Biological Control of an Invasive Mealybug Using Integrative Taxonomy.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {e0128685}, pmid = {26047349}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Citrus/parasitology ; Haplotypes ; Hemiptera/classification/genetics/*parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Hymenoptera/physiology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Delottococcus aberiae De Lotto (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a mealybug of Southern African origin that has recently been introduced into Eastern Spain. It causes severe distortions on young citrus fruits and represents a growing threat to Mediterranean citrus production. So far, biological control has proven unsatisfactory due to the absence of efficient natural enemies in Spain. Hence, the management of this pest currently relies only on chemical control. The introduction of natural enemies of D. aberiae from the native area of the pest represents a sustainable and economically viable alternative to reduce the risks linked to pesticide applications. Since biological control of mealybugs has been traditionally challenged by taxonomic misidentification, an intensive survey of Delottococcus spp. and their associated parasitoids in South Africa was required as a first step towards a classical biological control programme. Combining morphological and molecular characterization (integrative taxonomy) a total of nine mealybug species were identified in this study, including three species of Delottococcus. Different populations of D. aberiae were found on wild olive trees, in citrus orchards and on plants of Chrysanthemoides monilifera, showing intra-specific divergences according to their host plants. Interestingly, the invasive mealybug populations from Spanish orchards clustered together with the population on citrus from Limpopo Province (South Africa), sharing COI haplotypes. This result pointed to an optimum location to collect natural enemies against the invasive mealybug. A total of 14 parasitoid species were recovered from Delottococcus spp. and identified to genus and species level, by integrating morphological and molecular data. A parasitoid belonging to the genus Anagyrus, collected from D. aberiae in citrus orchards in Limpopo, is proposed here as a good biological control agent to be introduced into Spain.}, }
@article {pmid26047202, year = {2015}, author = {Peterson, AT and Campbell, LP}, title = {Global potential distribution of the mosquito Aedes notoscriptus, a new alien species in the United States.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, pages = {191-194}, doi = {10.1111/jvec.12151}, pmid = {26047202}, issn = {1948-7134}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Australia ; California ; Insect Vectors ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; United States ; }, }
@article {pmid26046534, year = {2015}, author = {Calinger, K and Calhoon, E and Chang, HC and Whitacre, J and Wenzel, J and Comita, L and Queenborough, S}, title = {Historic Mining and Agriculture as Indicators of Occurrence and Abundance of Widespread Invasive Plant Species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {e0128161}, pmid = {26046534}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Berberis/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Mining ; Rosa/*physiology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic disturbances often change ecological communities and provide opportunities for non-native species invasion. Understanding the impacts of disturbances on species invasion is therefore crucial for invasive species management. We used generalized linear mixed effects models to explore the influence of land-use history and distance to roads on the occurrence and abundance of two invasive plant species (Rosa multiflora and Berberis thunbergii) in a 900-ha deciduous forest in the eastern U.S.A., the Powdermill Nature Reserve. Although much of the reserve has been continuously forested since at least 1939, aerial photos revealed a variety of land-uses since then including agriculture, mining, logging, and development. By 2008, both R. multiflora and B. thunbergii were widespread throughout the reserve (occurring in 24% and 13% of 4417 10-m diameter regularly-placed vegetation plots, respectively) with occurrence and abundance of each varying significantly with land-use history. Rosa multiflora was more likely to occur in historically farmed, mined, logged or developed plots than in plots that remained forested, (log odds of 1.8 to 3.0); Berberis thunbergii was more likely to occur in plots with agricultural, mining, or logging history than in plots without disturbance (log odds of 1.4 to 2.1). Mining, logging, and agriculture increased the probability that R. multiflora had >10% cover while only past agriculture was related to cover of B. thunbergii. Proximity to roads was positively correlated with the occurrence of R. multiflora (a 0.26 increase in the log odds for every 1-m closer) but not B. thunbergii, and roads had no impact on the abundance of either species. Our results indicated that a wide variety of disturbances may aid the introduction of invasive species into new habitats, while high-impact disturbances such as agriculture and mining increase the likelihood of high abundance post-introduction.}, }
@article {pmid26046351, year = {2015}, author = {Vuillaume, B and Valette, V and Lepais, O and Grandjean, F and Breuil, M}, title = {Genetic Evidence of Hybridization between the Endangered Native Species Iguana delicatissima and the Invasive Iguana iguana (Reptilia, Iguanidae) in the Lesser Antilles: Management Implications.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {e0127575}, pmid = {26046351}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Cluster Analysis ; Discriminant Analysis ; *Endangered Species ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Iguanas/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Markov Chains ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Mitochondria/genetics ; NADH Dehydrogenase/genetics ; Principal Component Analysis ; }, abstract = {The worldwide increase of hybridization in different groups is thought to have become more important with the loss of isolating barriers and the introduction of invasive species. This phenomenon could result in the extinction of endemic species. This study aims at investigating the hybridization dynamics between the endemic and threatened Lesser Antillean iguana (Iguana delicatissima) and the invasive common green iguana (Iguana iguana) in the Lesser Antilles, as well as assessing the impact of interspecific hybridization on the decline of I. delicatissima. 59 I. delicatissima (5 localities), 47 I. iguana (12 localities) and 27 hybrids (5 localities), who were all identified based on morphological characters, have been genotyped at 15 microsatellites markers. We also sequenced hybrids using ND4 mitochondrial loci to further investigate mitochondrial introgression. The genetic clustering of species and hybrid genetic assignment were performed using a comparative approach, through the implementation of a Discriminant Analysis of Principal Component (DAPC) based on statistics, as well as genetic clustering approaches based on the genetic models of several populations (Structure, NewHybrids and HIest), in order to get full characterization of hybridization patterns and introgression dynamics across the islands. The iguanas identified as hybrids in the wild, thanks to morphological analysis, were all genetically F1, F2, or backcrosses. A high proportion of individuals were also the result of a longer-term admixture. The absence of reproductive barriers between species leads to hybridization when species are in contact. Yet morphological and behavioral differences between species could explain why males I. iguana may dominate I. delicatissima, thus resulting in short-term species displacement and extinction by hybridization and recurrent introgression from I. iguana toward I. delicatissima. As a consequence, I. delicatissima gets eliminated through introgression, as observed in recent population history over several islands. These results have profound implications for species management of the endangered I. delicatissima and practical conservation recommendations are being discussed in the light of these findings.}, }
@article {pmid26046265, year = {2015}, author = {Andrade, GR and de Araújo, JL and Nakamura Filho, A and Guañabens, AC and Carvalho, MD and Cardoso, AV}, title = {Functional Surface of the golden mussel's foot: morphology, structures and the role of cilia on underwater adhesion.}, journal = {Materials science &amp; engineering. C, Materials for biological applications}, volume = {54}, number = {}, pages = {32-42}, doi = {10.1016/j.msec.2015.04.032}, pmid = {26046265}, issn = {1873-0191}, mesh = {Adhesiveness ; Animals ; Bivalvia/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Cilia/*physiology ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Models, Theoretical ; Surface Properties ; }, abstract = {In this study we characterized the surface morphology and ultrastructure of the foot of the golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857), relating its characteristics to the attaching mechanisms of this mollusk. The observation of the foot of this bivalve reveals the presence of micro-scaled cilia with a unique shape, which has a narrowing at its end. This characteristic was associated to the capacity for underwater adhesion to substrates through the employment of van der Waals forces, resembling the adhesion phenomenon of the gecko foot. The temporary attachment during locomotion by means of the foot to substrates was observed to be strong even on smooth surfaces, like glass, or hydrophobic waxy surfaces. Comparing TEM and light microscopy results it was possible to associate the mucous secretions and secreting cells found along the tissues to the production of the byssus inside the groove on the ventral portion of the foot. Not only our experiments, but also the state of the art allowed us to discard the involvement of secretions produced in the foot of the mussel to the temporary adhesion. Through SEM images it was possible to build a virtual three-dimensional model where total foot surface was measured for the estimated calculation of van der Waals forces. Also, some theoretical analysis and considerations have been made concerning the characteristics of the functional surface of L. fortunei foot.}, }
@article {pmid26045946, year = {2015}, author = {Jelbert, K and Stott, I and McDonald, RA and Hodgson, D}, title = {Invasiveness of plants is predicted by size and fecundity in the native range.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {10}, pages = {1933-1943}, pmid = {26045946}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: An important goal for invasive species research is to find key traits of species that predispose them to being invasive outside their native range. Comparative studies have revealed phenotypic and demographic traits that correlate with invasiveness among plants. However, all but a few previous studies have been performed in the invaded range, an approach which potentially conflates predictors of invasiveness with changes that happen during the invasion process itself. Here, we focus on wild plants in their native range to compare life-history traits of species known to be invasive elsewhere, with their exported but noninvasive relatives. Specifically, we test four hypotheses: that invasive plant species (1) are larger; (2) are more fecund; (3) exhibit higher fecundity for a given size; and (4) attempt to make seed more frequently, than their noninvasive relatives in the native range. We control for the effects of environment and phylogeny using sympatric congeneric or confamilial pairs in the native range. We find that invasive species are larger than noninvasive relatives. Greater size yields greater fecundity, but we also find that invasives are more fecund per-unit-size.<br><br>SYNTHESIS: We provide the first multispecies, taxonomically controlled comparison of size, and fecundity of invasive versus noninvasive plants in their native range. We find that invasive species are bigger, and produce more seeds, even when we account for their differences in size. Our findings demonstrate that invasive plant species are likely to be invasive as a result of both greater size and constitutively higher fecundity. This suggests that size and fecundity, relative to related species, could be used to predict which plants should be quarantined.}, }
@article {pmid26045231, year = {2015}, author = {Qin, Z and Zhang, JE and DiTommaso, A and Wang, RL and Wu, RS}, title = {Predicting invasions of Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc. with Maxent and GARP models.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {128}, number = {5}, pages = {763-775}, pmid = {26045231}, issn = {1618-0860}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Plant Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc., an ornamental groundcover plant introduced to areas around the world from Central America, has become invasive in many regions. To increase understanding of its geographic distribution and potential extent of spread, two presence-only niche-based modeling approaches (Maxent and GARP) were employed to create models based on occurrence records from its: (1) native range only and (2) full range (native and invasive). Models were then projected globally to identify areas vulnerable to W. trilobata invasion. W. trilobata prefers hot and humid environments and can occur in areas with different environmental conditions than experienced in its native range. Based on native and full occurrence points, GARP and Maxent models produced consistent distributional maps of W. trilobata, although Maxent model results were more conservative. When used to estimate the global invasive distribution of the species, both modeling approaches projected the species to occur in Africa. The GARP full model succeeded in predicting the known occurrences in Australia, while the other models failed to identify favorable habitats in this region. Given the rapid spread of W. trilobata and the serious risk of this species poses to local ecosystems, practical strategies to prevent the establishment and expansion of this species should be sought.}, }
@article {pmid26045054, year = {2015}, author = {Costa, MI and dos Anjos, L}, title = {Integrated Pest Management in a Predator-Prey System with Allee Effects.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, pages = {385-391}, pmid = {26045054}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Animals ; *Models, Theoretical ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {A commonly used biocontrol strategy to control invasive pests with Allee effects consists of the deliberate introduction of natural enemies. To enhance the effectiveness of this strategy, several tactics of control of invasive species (e.g., mass-trapping, manual removal of individuals, and pesticide spraying) are combined so as to impair pest outbreaks. This combination of strategies to control pest species dynamics are usually named integrated pest management (IPM). In this work, we devise a predator-prey dynamical model in order to assess the influence of the intensity of chemical killing on the success of an IPM. The biological and mathematical framework presented in this study can also be analyzed in the light of species conservation and food web dynamics theory.}, }
@article {pmid26042108, year = {2015}, author = {Antunes, JT and Leão, PN and Vasconcelos, VM}, title = {Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii: review of the distribution, phylogeography, and ecophysiology of a global invasive species.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {473}, pmid = {26042108}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a cyanobacterial species extensively studied for its toxicity, bloom formation and invasiveness potential, which have consequences to public and environmental health. Its current geographical distribution, spanning different climates, suggests that C. raciborskii has acquired the status of a cosmopolitan species. From phylogeography studies, a tropical origin for this species seems convincing, with different conjectural routes of expansion toward temperate climates. This expansion may be a result of the species physiological plasticity, or of the existence of different ecotypes with distinct environmental requirements. In particular, C. raciborskii is known to tolerate wide temperature and light regimes and presents diverse nutritional strategies. This cyanobacterium is also thought to have benefited from climate change conditions, regarding its invasiveness into temperate climates. Other factors, recently put forward, such as allelopathy, may also be important to its expansion. The effect of C. raciborskii in the invaded communities is still mostly unknown but may strongly disturb species diversity at different trophic levels. In this review we present an up-to-date account of the distribution, phylogeography, ecophysiology, as well some preliminary reports of the impact of C. raciborskii in different organisms.}, }
@article {pmid26042104, year = {2015}, author = {Carey, CJ and Beman, JM and Eviner, VT and Malmstrom, CM and Hart, SC}, title = {Soil microbial community structure is unaltered by plant invasion, vegetation clipping, and nitrogen fertilization in experimental semi-arid grasslands.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {466}, pmid = {26042104}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Global and regional environmental changes often co-occur, creating complex gradients of disturbance on the landscape. Soil microbial communities are an important component of ecosystem response to environmental change, yet little is known about how microbial structure and function respond to multiple disturbances, or whether multiple environmental changes lead to unanticipated interactive effects. Our study used experimental semi-arid grassland plots in a Mediterranean-climate to determine how soil microbial communities in a seasonally variable ecosystem respond to one, two, or three simultaneous environmental changes: exotic plant invasion, plant invasion + vegetation clipping (to simulate common management practices like mowing or livestock grazing), plant invasion + nitrogen (N) fertilization, and plant invasion + clipping + N fertilization. We examined microbial community structure 5-6 years after plot establishment via sequencing of >1 million 16S rRNA genes. Abiotic soil properties (soil moisture, temperature, pH, and inorganic N) and microbial functioning (nitrification and denitrification potentials) were also measured and showed treatment-induced shifts, including altered NO(-) 3 availability, temperature, and nitrification potential. Despite these changes, bacterial and archaeal communities showed little variation in composition and diversity across treatments. Even communities in plots exposed to three interacting environmental changes were similar to those in restored native grassland plots. Historical exposure to large seasonal and inter-annual variations in key soil properties, in addition to prior site cultivation, may select for a functionally plastic or largely dormant microbial community, resulting in a microbial community that is structurally robust to single and multiple environmental changes.}, }
@article {pmid26041358, year = {2015}, author = {Chivers, DP and Mathiron, A and Sloychuk, JR and Ferrari, MC}, title = {Responses of tadpoles to hybrid predator odours: strong maternal signatures and the potential risk/response mismatch.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {282}, number = {1809}, pages = {20150365}, pmid = {26041358}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Alberta ; Animals ; *Cues ; Food Chain ; Goldfish/physiology ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Learning ; *Odorants ; *Predatory Behavior ; Ranidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Recognition, Psychology ; Trout/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Previous studies have established that when a prey animal knows the identity of a particular predator, it can use this knowledge to make an 'educated guess' about similar novel predators. Such generalization of predator recognition may be particularly beneficial when prey are exposed to introduced and invasive species of predators or hybrids. Here, we examined generalization of predator recognition for woodfrog tadpoles exposed to novel trout predators. Tadpoles conditioned to recognize tiger trout, a hybrid derived from brown trout and brook trout, showed generalization of recognition of several unknown trout odours. Interestingly, the tadpoles showed stronger responses to odours of brown trout than brook trout. In a second experiment, we found that tadpoles trained to recognize brown trout showed stronger responses to tiger trout than those tadpoles trained to recognize brook trout. Given that tiger trout always have a brown trout mother and a brook trout father, these results suggest a strong maternal signature in trout odours. Tadpoles that were trained to recognize both brown trout and brook trout showed stronger response to novel tiger trout than those trained to recognize only brown trout or only brook trout. This is consistent with a peak shift in recognition, whereby cues that are intermediate between two known cues evoke stronger responses than either known cue. Given that our woodfrog tadpoles have no evolutionary or individual experience with trout, they have no way of knowing whether or not brook trout, brown trout or tiger trout are more dangerous. The differential intensity of responses that we observed to hybrid trout cues and each of the parental species indicates that there is a likely mismatch between risk and anti-predator response intensity. Future work needs to address the critical role of prey naivety on responses to invasive and introduced hybrid predators.}, }
@article {pmid26041135, year = {2016}, author = {Di Marco, M and Butchart, SH and Visconti, P and Buchanan, GM and Ficetola, GF and Rondinini, C}, title = {Synergies and trade-offs in achieving global biodiversity targets.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {189-195}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12559}, pmid = {26041135}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Carbon Sequestration ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Policy ; Extinction, Biological ; Forests ; Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {After their failure to achieve a significant reduction in the global rate of biodiversity loss by 2010, world governments adopted 20 new ambitious Aichi biodiversity targets to be met by 2020. Efforts to achieve one particular target can contribute to achieving others, but different targets may sometimes require conflicting solutions. Consequently, lack of strategic thinking might result, once again, in a failure to achieve global commitments to biodiversity conservation. We illustrate this dilemma by focusing on Aichi Target 11. This target requires an expansion of terrestrial protected area coverage, which could also contribute to reducing the loss of natural habitats (Target 5), reducing human-induced species decline and extinction (Target 12), and maintaining global carbon stocks (Target 15). We considered the potential impact of expanding protected areas to mitigate global deforestation and the consequences for the distribution of suitable habitat for >10,000 species of forest vertebrates (amphibians, birds, and mammals). We first identified places where deforestation might have the highest impact on remaining forests and then identified places where deforestation might have the highest impact on forest vertebrates (considering aggregate suitable habitat for species). Expanding protected areas toward locations with the highest deforestation rates (Target 5) or the highest potential loss of aggregate species' suitable habitat (Target 12) resulted in partially different protected area network configurations (overlapping with each other by about 73%). Moreover, the latter approach contributed to safeguarding about 30% more global carbon stocks than the former. Further investigation of synergies and trade-offs between targets would shed light on these and other complex interactions, such as the interaction between reducing overexploitation of natural resources (Targets 6, 7), controlling invasive alien species (Target 9), and preventing extinctions of native species (Target 12). Synergies between targets must be identified and secured soon and trade-offs must be minimized before the options for co-benefits are reduced by human pressures.}, }
@article {pmid26040872, year = {2015}, author = {Abbott, A}, title = {Scientists blamed for olive-tree ruin.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {522}, number = {7554}, pages = {13-14}, doi = {10.1038/nature.2015.17651}, pmid = {26040872}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Costa Rica ; Crime/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Italy/epidemiology ; Olea/*microbiology ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Police ; Research Personnel/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Xylella/classification/isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; }, }
@article {pmid26040308, year = {2015}, author = {Kaunisto, S and Härkönen, L and Rantala, MJ and Kortet, R}, title = {Early-life temperature modifies adult encapsulation response in an invasive ectoparasite.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {142}, number = {10}, pages = {1290-1296}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182015000591}, pmid = {26040308}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Deer/parasitology ; Diapause, Insect/physiology ; Diptera/immunology/*physiology ; Immunity, Innate/physiology ; Pupa ; Seasons ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Immunity of parasites has been studied amazingly little, in spite of the fact that parasitic organisms, especially the arthropod parasites, need immunity to survive their own infections to successfully complete life cycles. Long-term effects of challenging environmental temperatures on immunity have remained unstudied in insects and parasites. Our study species, the deer ked (Lipoptena cervi; Linnaeus 1758), is an invasive, blood-feeding parasitic fly of cervids. Here, it was studied whether thermal stress during the pupal diapause stage could modify adult immunity (encapsulation capacity) in L. cervi. The effect of either a low temperature or high temperature peak, experienced during winter dormancy, on encapsulation response of active adult was tested. It was found that low temperature exposure during diapause, as long as the temperature is not too harsh, had a favourable effect on adult immunity. An abnormal, high temperature peak during pupal winter diapause significantly deteriorated the encapsulation capacity of emerged adults. The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as high temperature fluctuations are likely to increase with climate change. Thus, the climate change might have previously unknown influence on host-ectoparasite interactions, by affecting ectoparasite's immune defence and survival.}, }
@article {pmid26039730, year = {2015}, author = {Lindenmayer, DB and Wood, J and MacGregor, C and Buckley, YM and Dexter, N and Fortescue, M and Hobbs, RJ and Catford, JA}, title = {A long-term experimental case study of the ecological effectiveness and cost effectiveness of invasive plant management in achieving conservation goals: bitou bush control in booderee national park in eastern australia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {e0128482}, pmid = {26039730}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Asteraceae/*physiology ; Australia ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/methods ; *Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Decision Trees ; Ecosystem ; *Fires ; *Herbicides ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*economics ; Parks, Recreational ; Weed Control/economics/*methods ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant management is often justified in terms of conservation goals, yet progress is rarely assessed against these broader goals, instead focussing on short-term reductions of the invader as a measure of success. Key questions commonly remain unanswered including whether invader removal reverses invader impacts and whether management itself has negative ecosystem impacts. We addressed these knowledge gaps using a seven year experimental investigation of Bitou Bush, Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata. Our case study took advantage of the realities of applied management interventions for Bitou Bush to assess whether it is a driver or passenger of environmental change, and quantified conservation benefits relative to management costs of different treatment regimes. Among treatments examined, spraying with herbicide followed by burning and subsequent re-spraying (spray-fire-spray) proved the most effective for reducing the number of individuals and cover of Bitou Bush. Other treatment regimes (e.g. fire followed by spraying, or two fires in succession) were less effective or even exacerbated Bitou Bush invasion. The spray-fire-spray regime did not increase susceptibility of treated areas to re-invasion by Bitou Bush or other exotic species. This regime significantly reduced plant species richness and cover, but these effects were short-lived. The spray-fire-spray regime was the most cost-effective approach to controlling a highly invasive species and facilitating restoration of native plant species richness to levels characteristic of uninvaded sites. We provide a decision tree to guide management, where recommended actions depend on the outcome of post-treatment monitoring and performance against objectives. Critical to success is avoiding partial treatments and treatment sequences that may exacerbate invasive species impacts. We also show the value of taking advantage of unplanned events, such as wildfires, to achieve management objectives at reduced cost.}, }
@article {pmid26038716, year = {2015}, author = {Villemant, C and Zuccon, D and Rome, Q and Muller, F and Poinar, GO and Justine, JL}, title = {Can parasites halt the invader? Mermithid nematodes parasitizing the yellow-legged Asian hornet in France.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e947}, pmid = {26038716}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Since its introduction in France 10 years ago, the yellow-legged Asian bee-hawking hornet Vespa velutina has rapidly spread to neighboring countries (Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Italy, and Germany), becoming a new threat to beekeeping activities. While introduced species often leave behind natural enemies from their original home, which benefits them in their new environment, they can also suffer local recruitment of natural enemies. Three mermithid parasitic subadults were obtained from V. velutina adults in 2012, from two French localities. However, these were the only parasitic nematodes reported up to now in Europe, in spite of the huge numbers of nests destroyed each year and the recent examination of 33,000 adult hornets. This suggests that the infection of V. velutina by these nematodes is exceptional. Morphological criteria assigned the specimens to the genus Pheromermis and molecular data (18S sequences) to the Mermithidae, due to the lack of Pheromermis spp. sequences in GenBank. The species is probably Pheromermis vesparum, a parasite of social wasps in Europe. This nematode is the second native enemy of Vespa velutina recorded in France, after a conopid fly whose larvae develop as internal parasitoids of adult wasps and bumblebees. In this paper, we provide arguments for the local origin of the nematode parasite and its limited impact on hornet colony survival. We also clarify why these parasites (mermithids and conopids) most likely could not hamper the hornet invasion nor be used in biological control programs against this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid26038126, year = {2015}, author = {Rauschert, ES and Shea, K and Goslee, S}, title = {Plant community associations of two invasive thistles.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {26038126}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {In order to combat the growing problems associated with biological invasions, many researchers have focused on identifying which communities are most vulnerable to invasion by exotic species. However, once established, invasive species can significantly change the composition of the communities that they invade. The first step to disentangling the direction of causality is to discern whether a relationship with other vegetation exists at all. Carduus nutans and C. acanthoides are similar invasive thistles, which have caused substantial economic damage worldwide. We assessed the associations between the thistles and the standing flora in four sites in central Pennsylvania in which they co-occur. After sampling nearly 2000 plots of 1 m(2), we used partial Mantel tests to assess the differences in vegetation between thistle and non-thistle plots after accounting for location, and non-metric multidimensional scaling to visualize differences among plots and sites. We found significant differences in community composition in plots with and without Carduus thistles. The non-native species Sisymbrium officinale and Coronilla varia were consistently associated with the presence of Carduus thistles. Several species were associated with areas that were free of Carduus thistles, including an important non-native pasture species (Trifolium repens). We found no evidence for differences in composition between plots with C. nutans versus C. acanthoides, suggesting that they have similar associations with the vegetation community. We conclude that even at the within-field scale, areas invaded by Carduus thistles have different vegetation associations than uninvaded areas, allowing us to target future research about the role of vegetation structure in resisting and responding to invasion.}, }
@article {pmid26037785, year = {2015}, author = {Morand, S and Bordes, F and Chen, HW and Claude, J and Cosson, JF and Galan, M and Czirják, G&#xc1; and Greenwood, AD and Latinne, A and Michaux, J and Ribas, A}, title = {Global parasite and Rattus rodent invasions: The consequences for rodent-borne diseases.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {409-423}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12143}, pmid = {26037785}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/immunology/*parasitology/transmission ; Rats/*parasitology ; Rodent Diseases/immunology/*parasitology/transmission ; Zoonoses/*parasitology/transmission ; }, abstract = {We summarize the current knowledge on parasitism-related invasion processes of the globally invasive Rattus lineages, originating from Asia, and how these invasions have impacted the local epidemiology of rodent-borne diseases. Parasites play an important role in the invasion processes and successes of their hosts through multiple biological mechanisms such as "parasite release," "immunocompetence advantage," "biotic resistance" and "novel weapon." Parasites may also greatly increase the impact of invasions by spillover of parasites and other pathogens, introduced with invasive hosts, into new hosts, potentially leading to novel emerging diseases. Another potential impact is the ability of the invader to amplify local parasites by spillback. In both cases, local fauna and humans may be exposed to new health risks, which may decrease biodiversity and potentially cause increases in human morbidity and mortality. Here we review the current knowledge on these processes and propose some research priorities.}, }
@article {pmid26037532, year = {2015}, author = {Baldacchino, F and Caputo, B and Chandre, F and Drago, A and della Torre, A and Montarsi, F and Rizzoli, A}, title = {Control methods against invasive Aedes mosquitoes in Europe: a review.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {71}, number = {11}, pages = {1471-1485}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4044}, pmid = {26037532}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Europe ; Insect Vectors ; Insecticides ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; }, abstract = {Five species of invasive Aedes mosquitoes have recently become established in Europe: Ae. albopictus, Ae. aegypti, Ae. japonicus japonicus, Ae. koreicus and Ae. atropalpus. These mosquitoes are a serious nuisance for people and are also competent vectors for several exotic pathogens such as dengue and chikungunya viruses. As they are a growing public health concern, methods to control these mosquitoes need to be implemented to reduce their biting and their potential for disease transmission. There is a crucial need to evaluate methods as part of an integrated invasive mosquito species control strategy in different European countries, taking into account local Aedes infestations and European regulations. This review presents the control methods available or in development against invasive Aedes mosquitoes, with a particular focus on those that can be implemented in Europe. These control methods are divided into five categories: environmental (source reduction), mechanical (trapping), biological (e.g. copepods, Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, Wolbachia), chemical (insect growth regulators, pyrethroids) and genetic (sterile insect technique and genetically modified mosquitoes). We discuss the effectiveness, ecological impact, sustainability and stage of development of each control method.}, }
@article {pmid26037523, year = {2015}, author = {Therrien, J and Mason, CJ and Cale, JA and Adams, A and Aukema, BH and Currie, CR and Raffa, KF and Erbilgin, N}, title = {Bacteria influence mountain pine beetle brood development through interactions with symbiotic and antagonistic fungi: implications for climate-driven host range expansion.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {179}, number = {2}, pages = {467-485}, pmid = {26037523}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate ; Coleoptera/*growth &amp; development/microbiology/physiology ; Host Specificity ; Larva/growth &amp; development/microbiology/physiology ; Ophiostomatales/*physiology ; Pinus/microbiology ; Pseudomonas/*physiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Bark beetles are associated with diverse communities of symbionts. Although fungi have received significant attention, we know little about how bacteria, and in particular their interactions with fungi, affect bark beetle reproduction. We tested how interactions between four bacterial associates, two symbiotic fungi, and two opportunistic fungi affect performance of mountain pine beetles (Dendroctonus ponderosae) in host tissue. We compared beetle performance in phloem of its historical host, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and its novel host recently accessed through warming climate, jack pine (Pinus banksiana). Overall, beetles produced more larvae, and established longer ovipositional and larval galleries in host tissue predominantly colonized by the symbiotic fungi, Grosmannia clavigera, or Ophiostoma montium than by the opportunistic colonizer Aspergillus and to a lesser extent, Trichoderma. This occurred in both historical and naïve hosts. Impacts of bacteria on beetle reproduction depended on particular fungus-bacterium combinations and host species. Some bacteria, e.g., Pseudomonas sp. D4-22 and Hy4T4 in P. contorta and Pseudomonas sp. Hy4T4 and Stenotrophomonas in P. banksiana, reduced antagonistic effects by Aspergillus and Trichoderma resulting in more larvae and longer ovipositional and larval galleries. These effects were not selective, as bacteria also reduced beneficial effects by symbionts in both host species. Interestingly, Bacillus enhanced antagonistic effects by Aspergillus in both hosts. These results demonstrate that bacteria influence brood development of bark beetles in host tissue. They also suggest that climate-driven range expansion of D. ponderosae through the boreal forest will not be significantly constrained by requirements of, or interactions among, its microbial associates.}, }
@article {pmid26035519, year = {2015}, author = {Tayeh, A and Hufbauer, RA and Estoup, A and Ravigné, V and Frachon, L and Facon, B}, title = {Biological invasion and biological control select for different life histories.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {7268}, pmid = {26035519}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Coleoptera ; *Introduced Species ; Life Expectancy ; Reproduction ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Biological invaders have long been hypothesized to exhibit the fast end of the life-history spectrum, with early reproduction and a short lifespan. Here, we examine the rapid evolution of life history within the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis. The species, once used as a biological control agent, is now a worldwide invader. We show that biocontrol populations have evolved a classic fast life history during their maintenance in laboratories. Invasive populations also reproduce earlier than native populations, but later than biocontrol ones. Invaders allocate more resources to reproduction than native and biocontrol individuals, and their reproduction is spread over a longer lifespan. This life history is best described as a bet-hedging strategy. We assert that invasiveness cannot be explained only by invoking faster life histories. Instead, the evolution of life history within invasive populations can progress rapidly and converge to a fine-tuned evolutionary match between the invaded environment and the invader.}, }
@article {pmid26034295, year = {2015}, author = {Hulme, PE and Pauchard, A and Pyšek, P and Vilà, M and Alba, C and Blackburn, TM and Bullock, JM and Chytrý, M and Dawson, W and Dunn, AM and Essl, F and Genovesi, P and Maskell, LC and Meyerson, LA and Nuñez, MA and Pergl, J and Pescott, OL and Pocock, MJ and Richardson, DM and Roy, HE and Smart, SM and Štajerová, K and Stohlgren, T and van Kleunen, M and Winter, M}, title = {Challenging the view that invasive non-native plants are not a significant threat to the floristic diversity of Great Britain.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {112}, number = {23}, pages = {E2988-9}, pmid = {26034295}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; }, }
@article {pmid26034294, year = {2015}, author = {Thomas, CD and Palmer, G}, title = {Reply to Hulme et al.: Cover of non-native species is too low to adversely affect native plant diversity at a national scale.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {112}, number = {23}, pages = {E2990}, pmid = {26034294}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; }, }
@article {pmid26034268, year = {2015}, author = {Pettay, DT and Wham, DC and Smith, RT and Iglesias-Prieto, R and LaJeunesse, TC}, title = {Microbial invasion of the Caribbean by an Indo-Pacific coral zooxanthella.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {112}, number = {24}, pages = {7513-7518}, pmid = {26034268}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*parasitology ; Caribbean Region ; Climate Change ; *Coral Reefs ; Dinoflagellida/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Indian Ocean ; *Introduced Species ; Pacific Ocean ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Human-induced environmental changes have ushered in the rapid decline of coral reef ecosystems, particularly by disrupting the symbioses between reef-building corals and their photosymbionts. However, escalating stressful conditions enable some symbionts to thrive as opportunists. We present evidence that a stress-tolerant "zooxanthella" from the Indo-Pacific Ocean, Symbiodinium trenchii, has rapidly spread to coral communities across the Greater Caribbean. In marked contrast to populations from the Indo-Pacific, Atlantic populations of S. trenchii contained exceptionally low genetic diversity, including several widespread and genetically similar clones. Colonies with this symbiont tolerate temperatures 1-2 °C higher than other host-symbiont combinations; however, calcification by hosts harboring S. trenchii is reduced by nearly half, compared with those harboring natives, and suggests that these new symbioses are maladapted. Unforeseen opportunism and geographical expansion by invasive mutualistic microbes could profoundly influence the response of reef coral symbioses to major environmental perturbations but may ultimately compromise ecosystem stability and function.}, }
@article {pmid26032725, year = {2015}, author = {Delahay, RD}, title = {Control of bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand in the face of a wildlife host: a compiled review of 50 years of programme policy, design and research.}, journal = {New Zealand veterinary journal}, volume = {63 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {2-3}, doi = {10.1080/00480169.2015.1047435}, pmid = {26032725}, issn = {0048-0169}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Cattle ; *Disease Reservoirs ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Tuberculosis, Bovine/epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control ; }, }
@article {pmid26029890, year = {2015}, author = {Gormley, AM and Forsyth, DM and Wright, EF and Lyall, J and Elliott, M and Martini, M and Kappers, B and Perry, M and McKay, M}, title = {Cost-Effective Large-Scale Occupancy-Abundance Monitoring of Invasive Brushtail Possums (Trichosurus Vulpecula) on New Zealand's Public Conservation Land.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {e0127693}, pmid = {26029890}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; *Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Pilot Projects ; Trichosurus/*physiology ; }, abstract = {There is interest in large-scale and unbiased monitoring of biodiversity status and trend, but there are few published examples of such monitoring being implemented. The New Zealand Department of Conservation is implementing a monitoring program that involves sampling selected biota at the vertices of an 8-km grid superimposed over the 8.6 million hectares of public conservation land that it manages. The introduced brushtail possum (Trichosurus Vulpecula) is a major threat to some biota and is one taxon that they wish to monitor and report on. A pilot study revealed that the traditional method of monitoring possums using leg-hold traps set for two nights, termed the Trap Catch Index, was a constraint on the cost and logistical feasibility of the monitoring program. A phased implementation of the monitoring program was therefore conducted to collect data for evaluating the trade-off between possum occupancy-abundance estimates and the costs of sampling for one night rather than two nights. Reducing trapping effort from two nights to one night along four trap-lines reduced the estimated costs of monitoring by 5.8% due to savings in labour, food and allowances; it had a negligible effect on estimated national possum occupancy but resulted in slightly higher and less precise estimates of relative possum abundance. Monitoring possums for one night rather than two nights would provide an annual saving of NZ$72,400, with 271 fewer field days required for sampling. Possums occupied 60% (95% credible interval; 53-68) of sampling locations on New Zealand's public conservation land, with a mean relative abundance (Trap Catch Index) of 2.7% (2.0-3.5). Possum occupancy and abundance were higher in forest than in non-forest habitats. Our case study illustrates the need to evaluate relationships between sampling design, cost, and occupancy-abundance estimates when designing and implementing large-scale occupancy-abundance monitoring programs.}, }
@article {pmid26028440, year = {2015}, author = {Essl, F and Dullinger, S and Rabitsch, W and Hulme, PE and Pyšek, P and Wilson, JR and Richardson, DM}, title = {Delayed biodiversity change: no time to waste.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {30}, number = {7}, pages = {375-378}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2015.05.002}, pmid = {26028440}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Delayed biodiversity responses to environmental forcing mean that rates of contemporary biodiversity changes are underestimated, yet these delays are rarely addressed in conservation policies. Here, we identify mechanisms that lead to such time lags, discuss shifting human perceptions, and propose how these phenomena should be addressed in biodiversity management and science.}, }
@article {pmid26027374, year = {2015}, author = {Andrianov, BV and Goryacheva, II and Vlasov, SV and Gorelova, TV and Harutyunova, MV and Harutyunova, KV and Mayilyan, KR and Zakharov, IA}, title = {[Identification of potentially invasive species of black flies [Diptera: Simuliidae] from Armenia based on an analysis of variability in the mtDNA barcode of the cox1 gene and chromosomal polymorphism].}, journal = {Genetika}, volume = {51}, number = {3}, pages = {351-361}, pmid = {26027374}, issn = {0016-6758}, mesh = {Animals ; Armenia ; Chromosomes, Insect/*genetics ; Cyclooxygenase 1/*genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Insect Proteins/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Simuliidae/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) are well known for their medical, environmental, and veterinary importance. The simuliid fauna of Armenia includes 53 species. A number of dominant species are of ecological importance. Complex analysis, which involved morphometric, cytogenetic, and molecular genetic approaches, was conducted to characterize the species status of black flies inhabiting the territory of Armenia. It was shown that the predominant simuliid species, Simulium paraequinum and Simulium kiritshenkoi, belong to a group of species with minimal variability of the cox1 gene. The recently discovered species, Simulium noellery and Simulium [B.] erythrocephalum, which are new to Armenia, can be considered as potentially invasive, which is supported by the low level of variability of the cox1 gene.}, }
@article {pmid26026621, year = {2015}, author = {Soliño, L and Widgy, S and Pautonnier, A and Turquet, J and Loeffler, CR and Flores Quintana, HA and Diogène, J}, title = {Prevalence of ciguatoxins in lionfish (Pterois spp.) from Guadeloupe, Saint Martin, and Saint Barthélmy Islands (Caribbean).}, journal = {Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology}, volume = {102}, number = {}, pages = {62-68}, doi = {10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.05.015}, pmid = {26026621}, issn = {1879-3150}, mesh = {Animals ; Caribbean Region/epidemiology ; Ciguatera Poisoning/*epidemiology ; Ciguatoxins/*analysis/*toxicity ; Food Contamination/*analysis ; Guadeloupe/epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Marine Toxins/*analysis/*toxicity ; *Perciformes ; Prevalence ; West Indies/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Lionfish (Pterois spp.) are invasive species that have recently spread throughout the Caribbean. Lionfish are available for purchase in local markets for human consumption in several islands of the region. We examined the prevalence of ciguatoxins (CTXs) in lionfish from the French Antilles, a ciguatera-endemic region. The neuroblastoma-2a (N2a) cell assay was used to assess composite cytotoxicity in 120 fish samples collected from the surrounding waters of Guadeloupe (n = 60), Saint Barthélemy Islands (n = 55) and Saint Martin (n = 5). Twenty-seven of these samples exhibited CTX-like activity by the N2a assay. Ciguatoxin (CTX) was confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in multiple samples that presented highest composite toxicity levels by N2a. Those fish found to contain CTXs were all from Saint Barthélemy. Lionfish from Guadeloupe and Saint Martin did not exhibit toxin activity, although the sample size from Saint Martin was insufficient to draw any conclusions as to the incidence of CTXs. In this study, we provide information about the potential hazard of ciguatera associated with the consumption of lionfish from known endemic areas. We also demonstrate the utility of the cell-based assay combined with LC-MS/MS to assess activity and to provide structural confirmation of CTXs respectively.}, }
@article {pmid26025315, year = {2015}, author = {Mori, E and Ancillotto, L and Groombridge, J and Howard, T and Smith, VS and Feneru, F and Menchetti, M}, title = {Macroparasites of introduced parakeets in Italy: a possible role for parasite-mediated competition.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {114}, number = {9}, pages = {3277-3281}, pmid = {26025315}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Italy/epidemiology ; *Parakeets ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/epidemiology/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Alien species are considered a cause of biodiversity loss throughout the world. An important but often overlooked form of competition with native species is the parasite-mediated one. Introduced species may bring their own parasites from their native ranges (spillover) or get native parasites from native species, thus increasing the parasites' spread and transmission risk (spillback). Thus, a complete knowledge of parasites hosted by introduced species is important to assess and to possibly prevent impacts. Ring-necked and monk parakeets have been introduced in many European countries, where they established a number of alien reproductive populations. We sampled 21 ring-necked parakeets and 7 monk parakeets from Italy and identified 35 arthropod ectoparasites belonging to five species. Amongst those, one species was native to India (Neopsittaconirmus lybartota), where alien populations of ring-necked parakeet may have been originated, and one species from South America (Paragoniocotes fulvofasciatus), which is typically found of the monk parakeet in its native range. The other three species of arthropod parasites were native to Italy and commonly found on native species, suggesting the possibility of spillback processes.}, }
@article {pmid26024235, year = {2015}, author = {Florencio, M and Lobo, JM and Cardoso, P and Almeida-Neto, M and Borges, PA}, title = {The colonisation of exotic species does not have to trigger faunal homogenisation: lessons from the assembly patterns of arthropods on oceanic islands.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {e0128276}, pmid = {26024235}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/*physiology ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Human-caused disturbances can lead to the extinction of indigenous (endemic and native) species, while facilitating and increasing the colonisation of exotic species; this increase can, in turn, promote the similarity of species compositions between sites if human-disturbed sites are consistently invaded by a regionally species-poor pool of exotic species. In this study, we analysed the extent to which epigean arthropod assemblages of four islands of the Azorean archipelago are characterised by nestedness according to a habitat-altered gradient. The degree of nestedness represents the extent to which less ubiquitous species occur in subsets of sites occupied by the more widespread species, resulting in an ordered loss/gain of species across environmental or ecological gradients. A predictable loss of species across communities while maintaining others may lead to more similar communities (i.e. lower beta-diversity). In contrast, anti-nestedness occurs when different species tend to occupy distinct sites, thus characterising a replacement of species across such gradients. Our results showed that an increase in exotic species does not promote assemblage homogenisation at the habitat level. On the contrary, exotic species were revealed as habitat specialists that constitute new and well-differentiated assemblages, even increasing the species compositional heterogeneity within human-altered landscapes. Therefore, contrary to expectations, our results show that both indigenous and exotic species established idiosyncratic assemblages within habitats and islands. We suggest that both the historical extinction of indigenous species in disturbed habitats and the habitat-specialised character of some exotic invasions have contributed to the construction of current assemblages.}, }
@article {pmid26022492, year = {2015}, author = {Wu, CA and Murray, LA and Heffernan, KE}, title = {Evidence for natural hybridization between native and introduced lineages of Phragmites australis in the Chesapeake Bay watershed.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {102}, number = {5}, pages = {805-812}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1500018}, pmid = {26022492}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA, Chloroplast/genetics ; DNA, Plant/*genetics ; *Haplotypes ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Poaceae/*genetics ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The introduction of nonnative taxa into areas occupied by conspecifics can lead to local extinction of native taxa via habitat modification and competitive dominance, and be exacerbated by outbreeding depression or the formation of invasive hybrid lineages following intraspecific gene flow. The expansion of Eurasian Phragmites australis into tidal wetlands of North America has been accompanied by a dramatic decline of native P. australis, with few relic populations remaining along the Atlantic coastline of the United States, particularly in the Virginia portion of the Chesapeake Bay.<br><br>METHODS: We sampled populations from the York River and its two major tributaries to determine the pattern of Phragmites invasion and identify remnant native populations that warrant conservation. We used chloroplast DNA haplotypes and nuclear DNA microsatellite profiles to classify individuals as belonging to the native or introduced lineage.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Although native Phragmites stands were identified in the brackish upstream reaches of the two York River tributaries, the majority of Phragmites stands surveyed contained the introduced lineage. We also identified a single putative hybrid plant, based on its microsatellite profile. This plant possessed the native cpDNA haplotype and was located in an otherwise native Phragmites stand that is adjacent to an isolated patch of introduced Phragmites.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Although evidence of field hybridization between native and introduced lineages of Phragmites in North America is still relatively rare, the continued encroachment of the introduced lineage into native wetlands may increase the likelihood of future hybrid formation. Careful genetic monitoring to identify remnant native and potential hybrid Phragmites is essential for prioritizing ongoing management efforts.}, }
@article {pmid26022480, year = {2015}, author = {Russell-Mercier, JL and Sargent, RD}, title = {Indirect effects of herbivory on plant-pollinator interactions in invasive Lythrum salicaria.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {102}, number = {5}, pages = {661-668}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1500043}, pmid = {26022480}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Lythrum/*physiology ; Ontario ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Herbivory can affect a plant's fitness in a variety of ways, including modifying the biotic interactions of the plant. In particular, when herbivory influences floral display, we hypothesize that pollinator visitation will be altered accordingly. Here we studied the indirect effects of feeding by two beetles, Neogalerucella calmariensis and N. pusilla, released as a biological control, on plant-pollinator interactions and fitness in the invasive plant, purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria).<br><br>METHODS: Two herbivory treatments (ambient and simulated) were applied to plants in a naturally occurring population of purple loosestrife. During flowering, traits of plants in the treatment and control groups were recorded. Data on pollinator visitation behavior was then collected after intense larval herbivory had ended.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Plants exposed to herbivory treatments produced more flowers and inflorescences but flowered significantly later than those in the control group. Moreover, we found a significant, positive association of herbivory with the number of flowers probed by bumblebees and with the number of times a foraging pollinator moved among inflorescences on a single plant. No differences in female fitness (fruit or seed production) were detected.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that herbivore-mediated differences in floral display traits impacted pollinator visitation behavior. However, as we discuss, differences in pollinator visitation did not translate into detectable differences in female reproductive success. We postulate that herbivory could influence other unmeasured aspects of fitness, such as seed quality or the number of seeds sired.}, }
@article {pmid26020007, year = {2015}, author = {Bahr, KD and Jokiel, PL and Toonen, RJ}, title = {The unnatural history of Kāne'ohe Bay: coral reef resilience in the face of centuries of anthropogenic impacts.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e950}, pmid = {26020007}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Kāne'ohe Bay, which is located on the on the NE coast of O'ahu, Hawai'i, represents one of the most intensively studied estuarine coral reef ecosystems in the world. Despite a long history of anthropogenic disturbance, from early settlement to post European contact, the coral reef ecosystem of Kāne'ohe Bay appears to be in better condition in comparison to other reefs around the world. The island of Moku o Lo'e (Coconut Island) in the southern region of the bay became home to the Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology in 1947, where researchers have since documented the various aspects of the unique physical, chemical, and biological features of this coral reef ecosystem. The first human contact by voyaging Polynesians occurred at least 700 years ago. By A.D. 1250 Polynesians voyagers had settled inhabitable islands in the region which led to development of an intensive agricultural, fish pond and ocean resource system that supported a large human population. Anthropogenic disturbance initially involved clearing of land for agriculture, intentional or accidental introduction of alien species, modification of streams to supply water for taro culture, and construction of massive shoreline fish pond enclosures and extensive terraces in the valleys that were used for taro culture. The arrival by the first Europeans in 1778 led to further introductions of plants and animals that radically changed the landscape. Subsequent development of a plantation agricultural system led to increased human immigration, population growth and an end to traditional land and water management practices. The reefs were devastated by extensive dredge and fill operations as well as rapid growth of human population, which led to extensive urbanization of the watershed. By the 1960's the bay was severely impacted by increased sewage discharge along with increased sedimentation due to improper grading practices and stream channelization, resulting in extensive loss of coral cover. The reefs of Kāne'ohe Bay developed under estuarine conditions and thus have been subjected to multiple natural stresses. These include storm floods, a more extreme temperature range than more oceanic reefs, high rates of sedimentation, and exposure at extreme low tides. Deposition and degradation of organic materials carried into the bay from the watershed results in low pH conditions such that according to some ocean acidification projections the rich coral reefs in the bay should not exist. Increased global temperature due to anthropogenic fossil fuel emmisions is now impacting these reefs with the first "bleaching event" in 1996 and a second more severe event in 2014. The reefs of Kāne'ohe Bay have developed and persist under rather severe natural and anthropogenic perturbations. To date, these reefs have proved to be very resilient once the stressor has been removed. A major question remains to be answered concerning the limits of Kāne'ohe Bay reef resilience in the face of global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid26019671, year = {2015}, author = {Janion-Scheepers, C and Deharveng, L and Bedos, A and Chown, SL}, title = {Updated list of Collembola species currently recorded from South Africa.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {503}, pages = {55-88}, pmid = {26019671}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Understanding the abundance and richness of species is one of the most fundamental steps in effecting their conservation. Despite global recognition of the significance of the below-ground component of diversity for ecosystem functioning, the soil remains a poorly studied terrestrial ecosystem. In South Africa, knowledge is increasing for a variety of soil faunal groups, but many still remain poorly understood. We have started to address this gap in the knowledge of South African soil biodiversity by focusing on the Collembola in an integrated project that encompasses systematics, barcoding and ecological assessments. Here we provide an updated list of the Collembola species from South Africa. A total of 124 species from 61 genera and 17 families has been recorded, of which 75 are considered endemic, 24 widespread, and 25 introduced. This total number of species excludes the 36 species we consider to be dubious. From the published data, Collembola species richness is high compared to other African countries, but low compared to European countries. This is largely a consequence of poor sampling in the African region, as our discovery of many new species in South Africa demonstrates. Our analyses also show that much ongoing work will be required before a reasonably comprehensive and spatially explicit picture of South Africa's springtail fauna can be provided, which may well exceed 1000 species. Such work will be necessary to help South Africa meet its commitments to biodiversity conservation, especially in the context of the 2020 Aichi targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity.}, }
@article {pmid26018575, year = {2015}, author = {Gallardo, B and Zieritz, A and Aldridge, DC}, title = {The importance of the human footprint in shaping the global distribution of terrestrial, freshwater and marine invaders.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {e0125801}, pmid = {26018575}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Belgium ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; France ; *Fresh Water ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Netherlands ; Population Dynamics ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Human activities such as transport, trade and tourism are likely to influence the spatial distribution of non-native species and yet, Species Distribution Models (SDMs) that aim to predict the future broad scale distribution of invaders often rely on environmental (e.g. climatic) information only. This study investigates if and to what extent do human activities that directly or indirectly influence nature (hereafter the human footprint) affect the global distribution of invasive species in terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. We selected 72 species including terrestrial plants, terrestrial animals, freshwater and marine invasive species of concern in a focus area located in NW Europe (encompassing Great Britain, France, The Netherlands and Belgium). Species Distribution Models were calibrated with the global occurrence of species and a set of high-resolution (9×9 km) environmental (e.g. topography, climate, geology) layers and human footprint proxies (e.g. the human influence index, population density, road proximity). Our analyses suggest that the global occurrence of a wide range of invaders is primarily limited by climate. Temperature tolerance was the most important factor and explained on average 42% of species distribution. Nevertheless, factors related to the human footprint explained a substantial amount (23% on average) of species distributions. When global models were projected into the focus area, spatial predictions integrating the human footprint featured the highest cumulative risk scores close to transport networks (proxy for invasion pathways) and in habitats with a high human influence index (proxy for propagule pressure). We conclude that human related information-currently available in the form of easily accessible maps and databases-should be routinely implemented into predictive frameworks to inform upon policies to prevent and manage invasions. Otherwise we might be seriously underestimating the species and areas under highest risk of future invasions.}, }
@article {pmid26017386, year = {2015}, author = {Su, S and Cassey, P and Vall-Llosera, M and Blackburn, TM}, title = {Going cheap: determinants of bird price in the Taiwanese pet market.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {e0127482}, pmid = {26017386}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Birds/anatomy &amp; histology ; Body Size ; Commerce/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Introduced Species ; Pets/anatomy &amp; histology/*economics ; Taiwan ; Vocalization, Animal ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: International wildlife trade is the largest emerging source of vertebrate invasive alien species. In order to prevent invasions, it is essential to understand the mechanics of trade and, in particular, which traded species are most likely to be released or escape into the wild. A species' economic value is a key factor, because we expect cheaper species to be less assiduously secured against escaping, and more likely to be deliberately released. Here, we investigate determinants of the price of species in the Taiwanese bird trade. Taiwan is an international hub for bird trade, and several native species are threatened by alien bird species.<br><br>METHODOLOGY: We investigated the relationship between the traded species sale price in Taiwan and the species availability for trade (the number of birds for sale, geographic range size and their origin, conservation and CITES status) and traits (body size, coloration, song attractiveness). We used phylogenetic generalized least squares models, with multi-model inference, to assess the variables that are best related to the price of birds in the Taiwanese pet trade.<br><br>We found that species available for sale in larger numbers, native to Taiwan, not globally endangered, and small-bodied are all relatively cheaper, as too are species lacking yellow coloration and without attractive songs. Our models of price revealed high levels of phylogenetic correlation, and hence that closely related species tended to be sold for similar prices. We suggest that, on the basis of price, native species are more likely to be deliberately or accidentally released than alien species. Nevertheless, our survey of bird shops recorded 160 species alien to Taiwan (7,631 individuals), several of which are for sale cheaply and in large numbers. Alien bird species in trade therefore present an ongoing, non-trivial invasion risk on the island.}, }
@article {pmid26010420, year = {2015}, author = {Polačik, M and Jurajda, P and Blažek, R and Janáč, M}, title = {Carcass feeding as a cryptic foraging mode in round goby Neogobius melanostomus.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {87}, number = {1}, pages = {194-199}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.12708}, pmid = {26010420}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; *Feeding Behavior ; Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Round gobies Neogobius melanostomus were observed readily consuming soft tissue from carcasses of larger fishes under both laboratory and field conditions. Consumption normally progressed in a typical sequence, starting with soft and easily accessible tissues such as the eyes, followed by puncture of the abdominal cavity, gut consumption and then muscle consumption. Carcass feeding has not previously been seen in N. melanostomus and has potential consequences for transfer of nutrients and contaminants.}, }
@article {pmid26010042, year = {2015}, author = {Penk, M and Irvine, K and Donohue, I}, title = {Ecosystem-level effects of a globally spreading invertebrate invader are not moderated by a functionally similar native.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {84}, number = {6}, pages = {1628-1636}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12402}, pmid = {26010042}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Crustacea/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Ireland ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a key element of human-induced global environmental change. However, lack of knowledge of the indirect consequences of invasions, combined with poor understanding of how their ecological effects depend upon competitive attributes of the receiving community, hinders our ability to manage and predict the effects of invasive species on ecosystems. We established an experiment using a combination of both additive and substitutive experimental designs to explore the effects of the globally spreading mysid shrimp Hemimysis anomala on the biological structure of outdoor pond mesocosms in the absence and presence of a functionally similar native competitor, Mysis salemaai. The naturally smaller H. anomala had considerably stronger effects on primary producers, multiple aspects of consumer assemblages and overall biological structure of the ponds in comparison with the functionally similar native. Moreover, the magnitude of these effects was generally independent of the presence of M. salemaai and even total mysid density. Hemimysis anomala reduced both the abundance and diversity of zooplankton assemblages significantly, triggering a strong trophic cascade on phytoplankton and a simultaneous increase of benthic invertebrate biomass. These findings indicate that invasion by H. anomala may exacerbate the effects of nutrient enrichment on lakes. Our results demonstrate that introduced species can, irrespective of the presence of functionally similar natives, induce complex changes to ecosystems that reach beyond direct consumptive effects. Moreover, the cascading indirect effects of invasion can exacerbate the impacts of other stressors. Disregarding the complexity of indirect effects therefore risks underestimating significantly the global ecological footprint of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid26007285, year = {2015}, author = {Lepak, RF and Krabbenhoft, DP and Ogorek, JM and Tate, MT and Bootsma, HA and Hurley, JP}, title = {Influence of Cladophora-Quagga Mussel Assemblages on Nearshore Methylmercury Production in Lake Michigan.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {49}, number = {13}, pages = {7606-7613}, doi = {10.1021/es506253v}, pmid = {26007285}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; Chlorophyta/*physiology ; Dreissena/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Mercury/analysis/metabolism ; Methylmercury Compounds/*metabolism ; Michigan ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Recent spread of invasive mussels in Lake Michigan has altered primary productivity in the nearshore zone, resulting in proliferation of filamentous benthic green algae (Cladophora glomerata). In areas of dense Cladophora and quagga mussel (Dreissena bugensis) assemblages, as well as in regions where sloughed Cladophora accumulates, methylmercury (MeHg) production is enhanced. A shoreline transect from a river mouth through waters overlying Cladophora/quagga-rich zones showed that aqueous MeHg concentrations increased, despite river dilution. Cladophora, as primary producers, ranged from 0.6 to 7.5 ng g(-1) MeHg [4-47% of total mercury (Hg) as MeHg], and were higher than MeHg concentrations in offshore-collected seston. Concentrations of MeHg in decaying Cladophora accumulated onshore ranged from 2.6 to 18.0 ng g(-1) MeHg (18-41% as MeHg) and from 0.1 to 3.0 ng g(-1) MeHg (2-21% as MeHg) in deposits of recently sloughed and accumulated Cladophora in a nearshore topographical depression. Relative to offshore open waters, interstitial waters within decaying Cladophora from onshore and nearshore deposits were elevated in MeHg concentration, 1000- and 10-fold, respectively. Percent Hg as MeHg was also elevated (65-75% and 9-19%, respectively for onshore interstitial water and nearshore interstitial water, compared to 0.2-3.3% as MeHg for open water). Quagga mussels collected within growing Cladophora beds in the nearshore zone were significantly higher in MeHg than offshore counterparts. Our combined results suggest that recent changes in nearshore primary production contributes to MeHg production and bioaccumulation in Lake Michigan.}, }
@article {pmid26005225, year = {2015}, author = {Lewin, I and Spyra, A and Krodkiewska, M and Strzelec, M}, title = {The Importance of the Mining Subsidence Reservoirs Located Along the Trans-Regional Highway in the Conservation of the Biodiversity of Freshwater Molluscs in Industrial Areas (Upper Silesia, Poland).}, journal = {Water, air, and soil pollution}, volume = {226}, number = {6}, pages = {189}, pmid = {26005225}, issn = {0049-6979}, abstract = {The objectives of the survey were to analyse the structure of the mollusc communities in the mining subsidence reservoirs that were created as a result of land subsidence over exploited hard coal seams and to determine the most predictive environmental factors that influence the distribution of mollusc species. The reservoirs are located in urbanised and industrialised areas along the Trans-Regional Highway, which has a high volume of vehicular traffic. They all have the same sources of supply but differ in the physical and chemical parameters of the water. In total, 15 mollusc species were recorded including four bivalve species. Among them Anodonta cygnea is classified as Endangered according to the Polish Red Data Book of Animals and also as Near Threatened according to the European Red List of Non-marine Molluscs. Eleven of the 15 mollusc species are included on the European Red List of Non-marine Molluscs as Least Concern. Conductivity, pH and the concentration of calcium were the parameters most associated with the distribution of mollusc species. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that Potamopyrgus antipodarum, Radix balthica, Physella acuta, Gyraulus crista and Pisidium casertanum were associated with higher conductivity and lower pH values. A. cygnea, Anodonta anatina and Ferrissia fragilis were negatively influenced by these parameters of the water. The results of this survey showed that the mining subsidence reservoirs located in urbanised and industrialised areas provide refuges for rare and legally protected species and that they play an essential role in the dispersal of alien species as well.}, }
@article {pmid26003309, year = {2015}, author = {Maron, JL and Luo, W and Callaway, RM and Pal, RW}, title = {Do exotic plants lose resistance to pathogenic soil biota from their native range? A test with Solidago gigantea.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {179}, number = {2}, pages = {447-454}, pmid = {26003309}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; Biota/*physiology ; Disease Resistance ; Introduced Species ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; Solidago/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Native plants commonly suffer from strong negative plant-soil feedbacks. However, in their non-native ranges species often escape from these negative feedbacks, which indicates that these feedbacks are generated by at least partially specialized soil biota. If so, introduced plants might evolve the loss of resistance to pathogens in their former native range, as has been proposed for the loss of resistance to specialized herbivores. We compared the magnitude of plant-soil feedbacks experienced by native and exotic genotypes of the perennial forb, Solidago gigantea. Feedbacks were assessed in soil collected across 14 sites sampled across the western part of Solidago's native range in the US. Both native and exotic genotypes of Solidago suffered consistently negative and broadly similar plant-soil feedbacks when grown in North American soil. Although there was substantial variation among soils from different sites in the strength of feedbacks generated, the magnitude of feedbacks generated by North American genotypes of S. gigantea were strongly correlated with those produced in the same soil by European genotypes. Our results indicate that Solidago experiences strong negative soil feedbacks in native soil and that introduced genotypes of Solidago have not lost resistance to these negative effects of soil biota. Both genotypic and landscape-level effects can be important sources of variation in the strength of plant-soil feedbacks.}, }
@article {pmid26003138, year = {2015}, author = {Swaney, WT and Cabrera-Álvarez, MJ and Reader, SM}, title = {Behavioural responses of feral and domestic guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to predators and their cues.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {118}, number = {}, pages = {42-46}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2015.05.010}, pmid = {26003138}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/physiology ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Cues ; Inbreeding ; Male ; Pets/physiology ; Poecilia/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Predation is an important factor during adaptation to novel environments, and the feralisation of introduced domestic species often involves responding appropriately to allopatric predators despite a background of domestication and inbreeding. Twenty years ago, domestic guppies were introduced to a semi-natural environment at Burgers' Zoo in the Netherlands, where they have since been exposed to avian predation. We compared predation-linked behaviours in this feral population and in domestic guppies akin to the original founders. We found that both populations responded to a novel predator and to conspecific alarm cues. However, shoaling, an important anti-predator behaviour, was higher among feral guppies both at baseline and when exposed to the novel predator. We did not observe a linked suite of anti-predator behaviours across shoaling, predator inspection, alarm substance sensitivity and boldness, suggesting that these responses may be decoupled from one another depending on local predation regimes. As we compared two populations, we cannot identify the causal factors determining population differences, however, our results do suggest that shoaling is either a particularly consequential anti-predator adaptation or the most labile of the behaviours we tested. Finally, the behavioural adaptability of domestic guppies may help to explain their success as an invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid26003090, year = {2015}, author = {Lei, M and Yuan, S and Yang, Z and Hong, M and Yang, X and Gu, X and Huang, F and Zhang, Z}, title = {Comparison of microhabitats and foraging strategies between the captive-born Zhangxiang and wild giant pandas: implications for future reintroduction.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {22}, number = {19}, pages = {15089-15096}, pmid = {26003090}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Bambusa ; China ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Female ; Forests ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Ursidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The female giant panda Zhangxiang (pedigree number 826) was born on August 20, 2011 in Wolong Nature Reserve, China. On November 6, 2013, Zhangxiang was transported into the acclimatization enclosure in the Liziping Nature Reserve. Before Zhangxiang left the enclosure into the wild, we conducted the first study to compare microhabitats and foraging strategies between Zhangxiang in the enclosure and giant pandas in the wild. Compared with the latter, microhabitats of Zhangxiang in the enclosure are characteristic of gentler slope, more trees, higher canopy, smaller tree DBH, and lower density of living bamboos. Diet composition and foraging behaviors significantly differed between Zhangxiang and wild giant pandas, perhaps reflecting the combined consequence of environmental conditions (e.g., bamboo species) and individual status (e.g., age, mastication ability, etc.). The difference in microhabitats and foraging strategies between Zhangxiang and wild giant pandas implied that after being released into the natural habitat in the reserve, Zhangxiang will have to adapt to the environmental conditions once again. For future reintroduction, the enclosure can be extended to the Bashania spanostachya forest in the reserve, and captive giant pandas for release can thus normally transit into the wild without human intervention during acclimatization period. For other acclimatization enclosures to be constructed in the future, ecological environment inside, including topography, forests, and bamboos as well, should as possible as can match the habitat that the giant panda to-be-reinforced populations inhabit.}, }
@article {pmid25997391, year = {2016}, author = {Westermann, FL and Bell, VA and Suckling, DM and Lester, PJ}, title = {Synthetic pheromones as a management technique - dispensers reduce Linepithema humile activity in a commercial vineyard.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {72}, number = {4}, pages = {719-724}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4043}, pmid = {25997391}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*drug effects ; *Farms ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Pheromones/chemical synthesis/*pharmacology ; Vitis/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive ants, such as the Argentine ant, have often been reported to facilitate honeydew-producing hemipteran pests such as mealybugs, which can be vectors of plant pathogens. Synthetic pheromones may offer a target-specific method to control such ants and consequently lower the abundance of honeydew-producing pests. Here we report the results of a trial to suppress Argentine ants in grapevines using ant pheromone dispensers.<br><br>RESULTS: Compared with untreated controls, we observed a significant drop in Argentine ant activity on the ground, irrespective of whether pheromone dispensers were placed at ground level, within the canopy or in both locations. Ant counts in the canopy confirmed that Argentine ant abundance was reduced under the influence of the pheromone dispenser placed at ground level compared with untreated controls. However, placing dispensers only in the canopy did not reduce the numbers of ants within the canopy compared with untreated controls.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results showed that pheromone dispensers can significantly reduce Argentine ant foraging in grapevines if they are positioned appropriately. This technique could potentially reduce the abundance of associated mealybugs and potentially attendant virus vectoring areawide.}, }
@article {pmid25996859, year = {2015}, author = {González-Suárez, M and Bacher, S and Jeschke, JM}, title = {Intraspecific trait variation is correlated with establishment success of alien mammals.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {185}, number = {6}, pages = {737-746}, doi = {10.1086/681105}, pmid = {25996859}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; Databases, Factual ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; *Mammals ; Phenotype ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Many studies have aimed to identify common predictors of successful introductions of alien species, but the search has had limited success, particularly for animals. Past research focused primarily on mean trait values, even though genetic and phenotypic variation has been shown to play a role in establishment success in plants and some animals (mostly invertebrates). Using a global database describing 511 introduction events representing 97 mammalian species, we show that intraspecific variation in morphological traits is associated with establishment success, even when controlling for the positive effect of propagule pressure. In particular, greater establishment success is associated with more variation in adult body size but, surprisingly, less variation in neonate body size, potentially reflecting distinct trade-offs and constraints that influence population dynamics differently. We find no mean trait descriptors associated with establishment success, although species occupying wider native distribution ranges (which likely have larger niches) are more successful. Our results emphasize the importance of explicitly considering intraspecific variation to predict establishment success in animal species and generally to understand population dynamics. This understanding might improve management of alien species and increase the success of intentional releases, for example, for biocontrol or reintroductions.}, }
@article {pmid25996858, year = {2015}, author = {Sun, Y and Müller-Schärer, H and Maron, JL and Schaffner, U}, title = {Origin matters: diversity affects the performance of alien invasive species but not of native species.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {185}, number = {6}, pages = {725-736}, doi = {10.1086/681251}, pmid = {25996858}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; Centaurea/physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {At local scales, it has often been found that invasibility decreases with increasing resident plant diversity. However, whether resident community diversity similarly resists invasion by alien versus native species is seldom studied. We examined this issue by invading constructed native plant assemblages that varied in species and functional richness with invasive alien or native Asteraceae species. Assemblages were also invaded with spotted knapweed, Centaurea stoebe, a native European aster that has been previously used in diversity-invasibility experiments in North America. We also conducted a field survey to explore the generality of the patterns generated from our experimental study. Both experimental and observational work revealed that increasing diversity reduced the performance of alien but not native invaders. Centaurea stoebe invading its native community performed poorly regardless of resident diversity, whereas in a parallel, previously published study conducted in North America, C. stoebe easily invaded low-diversity but not high-diversity assemblages. Our results suggest that diversity is an attribute of resident communities that makes them more or less susceptible to invasion by novel invasive alien but not native plant species.}, }
@article {pmid25995978, year = {2015}, author = {Moeller, S and Wöhrmann, T and Huettel, B and Weising, K}, title = {Development of 18 polymorphic microsatellite markers for Vinca minor (Apocynaceae) via 454 pyrosequencing.}, journal = {Applications in plant sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {25995978}, issn = {2168-0450}, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed in Vinca minor (Apocynaceae) to evaluate the level of clonality, population structure, and genetic diversity of the species within its native and introduced range.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 1371 microsatellites were found in 43,565 reads from 454 pyrosequencing of genomic V. minor DNA. Additional microsatellite loci were mined from publicly available cDNA sequences. After several rounds of screening, 18 primer pairs flanking di-, tri-, or tetranucleotide repeats were identified that revealed high levels of genetic diversity in two native Italian populations, with two to 11 alleles per locus. Clonal growth predominated in two populations from the introduced range in Germany. Five loci successfully cross-amplified in three additional Vinca species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The novel polymorphic microsatellite markers are promising tools for studying clonality and population genetics of V. minor and for assessing the historical origin of Central European populations.}, }
@article {pmid25995738, year = {2015}, author = {Muslimin, M and Wilson, JJ and Ghazali, AR and Braima, KA and Jeffery, J and Wan-Nor, F and Alaa-Eldin, ME and Mohd-Zin, SW and Wan-Yusoff, WS and Norma-Rashid, Y and Lau, YL and Rohela, M and Abdul-Aziz, NM}, title = {First report of brown widow spider sightings in Peninsular Malaysia and notes on its global distribution.}, journal = {The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases}, volume = {21}, number = {}, pages = {11}, pmid = {25995738}, issn = {1678-9199}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The brown widow spider (Latrodectus geometricus Koch, 1841) has colonised many parts of the world from its continent of origin, Africa. By at least 1841, the species had successfully established populations in South America and has more recently expanded its range to the southern states of North America. This highly adaptable spider has been far more successful in finding its niche around the world than its famous cousins, the black widow, Latrodectus mactans, found in the south-eastern states of North America, and the red-back, Latrodectus hasselti, found mostly in Australia, New Zealand and Japan.<br><br>METHODS: We performed an extensive web search of brown widow sightings and mapped the location of each sighting using ArcGIS. Specimens reputedly of the species L. geometricus were collected at three localities in Peninsular Malaysia. The spiders were identified and documented based on an examination of morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding.<br><br>RESULTS: The spiders found in Peninsular Malaysia were confirmed to be Latrodectus geometricus based on their morphological characteristics and DNA barcodes. We recorded 354 sightings of the brown widow in 58 countries, including Peninsular Malaysia.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Reports from the Americas and the Far East suggest a global-wide invasion of the brown widow spider. Herein we report the arrival of the brown widow spider in Peninsular Malaysia and provide notes on the identification of the species and its recently expanded range.}, }
@article {pmid25994675, year = {2015}, author = {Gibb, H and Sanders, NJ and Dunn, RR and Watson, S and Photakis, M and Abril, S and Andersen, AN and Angulo, E and Armbrecht, I and Arnan, X and Baccaro, FB and Bishop, TR and Boulay, R and Castracani, C and Del Toro, I and Delsinne, T and Diaz, M and Donoso, DA and Enríquez, ML and Fayle, TM and Feener, DH and Fitzpatrick, MC and Gómez, C and Grasso, DA and Groc, S and Heterick, B and Hoffmann, BD and Lach, L and Lattke, J and Leponce, M and Lessard, JP and Longino, J and Lucky, A and Majer, J and Menke, SB and Mezger, D and Mori, A and Munyai, TC and Paknia, O and Pearce-Duvet, J and Pfeiffer, M and Philpott, SM and de Souza, JL and Tista, M and Vasconcelos, HL and Vonshak, M and Parr, CL}, title = {Climate mediates the effects of disturbance on ant assemblage structure.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {282}, number = {1808}, pages = {20150418}, pmid = {25994675}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; *Climate ; Climate Change ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Many studies have focused on the impacts of climate change on biological assemblages, yet little is known about how climate interacts with other major anthropogenic influences on biodiversity, such as habitat disturbance. Using a unique global database of 1128 local ant assemblages, we examined whether climate mediates the effects of habitat disturbance on assemblage structure at a global scale. Species richness and evenness were associated positively with temperature, and negatively with disturbance. However, the interaction among temperature, precipitation and disturbance shaped species richness and evenness. The effect was manifested through a failure of species richness to increase substantially with temperature in transformed habitats at low precipitation. At low precipitation levels, evenness increased with temperature in undisturbed sites, peaked at medium temperatures in disturbed sites and remained low in transformed sites. In warmer climates with lower rainfall, the effects of increasing disturbance on species richness and evenness were akin to decreases in temperature of up to 9°C. Anthropogenic disturbance and ongoing climate change may interact in complicated ways to shape the structure of assemblages, with hot, arid environments likely to be at greatest risk.}, }
@article {pmid25992836, year = {2015}, author = {Al-Shorbaji, FN and Gozlan, RE and Roche, B and Britton, JR and Andreou, D}, title = {The alternate role of direct and environmental transmission in fungal infectious disease in wildlife: threats for biodiversity conservation.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {10368}, pmid = {25992836}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Cyprinidae/growth &amp; development/parasitology ; Mesomycetozoea/*physiology ; Mesomycetozoea Infections/epidemiology/pathology/*transmission ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Emerging fungal pathogens have substantial consequences for infected hosts, as revealed by the global decline of amphibian species from the chytrid fungus. According to the "curse of the Pharaoh" hypothesis, free-living infectious stages typical of fungal pathogens lengthen the timespan of transmission. Free-living infectious stages whose lifespan exceeds the infection time of their hosts are not constrained by virulence, enabling them to persist at high levels and continue transmitting to further sensitive hosts. Using the only Mesomycetozoea fungal species that can be cultured, Sphaerothecum destruens, we obtained tractable data on infectivity and pathogen life cycle for the first time. Here, based on the outcomes of a set of infectious trials and combined with an epidemiological model, we show a high level of dependence on direct transmission in crowded, confined environments and establish that incubation rate and length of infection dictate the epidemic dynamics of fungal disease. The spread of Mesomycetozoea in the wild raise ecological concerns for a range of susceptible species including birds, amphibians and mammals. Our results shed light on the risks associated with farming conditions and highlight the additional risk posed by invasive species that are highly abundant and can act as infectious reservoir hosts.}, }
@article {pmid25992674, year = {2015}, author = {Paxton, R and Brown, M and Kuhlmann, M and Goulson, D and Decourtye, A and Willmer, P and Bonmatin, JM}, title = {Entomology: The bee-all and end-all.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {521}, number = {7552}, pages = {S57-9}, pmid = {25992674}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animal Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology/virology ; Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Beekeeping/methods ; *Bees/classification/parasitology/physiology/virology ; Biodiversity ; Classification ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods/trends ; Endangered Species ; Insecticides/adverse effects/toxicity ; Introduced Species ; Organic Agriculture/methods/trends ; Population Density ; Research/*trends ; Research Personnel ; Stress, Physiological ; Varroidae/pathogenicity ; Workforce ; }, }
@article {pmid25992640, year = {2015}, author = {Lantschner, MV and Corley, JC}, title = {Spatial Pattern of Attacks of the Invasive Woodwasp Sirex noctilio, at Landscape and Stand Scales.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {e0127099}, pmid = {25992640}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Ecosystem ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Pinus/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases/parasitology/*prevention &amp; control ; Population Dynamics ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive insect pests are responsible for important damage to native and plantation forests, when population outbreaks occur. Understanding the spatial pattern of attacks by forest pest populations is essential to improve our understanding of insect population dynamics and for predicting attack risk by invasives or planning pest management strategies. The woodwasp Sirex noctilio is an invasive woodwasp that has become probably the most important pest of pine plantations in the Southern Hemisphere. Our aim was to study the spatial dynamics of S. noctilio populations in Southern Argentina. Specifically we describe: (1) the spatial patterns of S. noctilio outbreaks and their relation with environmental factors at a landscape scale; and (2) characterize the spatial pattern of attacked trees at the stand scale. We surveyed the spatial distribution of S. noctilio outbreaks in three pine plantation landscapes, and we assessed potential associations with topographic variables, habitat characteristics, and distance to other outbreaks. We also looked at the spatial distribution of attacked trees in 20 stands with different levels of infestation, and assessed the relationship of attacks with stand composition and management. We found that the spatial pattern of pine stands with S. noctilio outbreaks at the landscape scale is influenced mainly by the host species present, slope aspect, and distance to other outbreaks. At a stand scale, there is strong aggregation of attacked trees in stands with intermediate infestation levels, and the degree of attacks is influenced by host species and plantation management. We conclude that the pattern of S. noctilio damage at different spatial scales is influenced by a combination of both inherent population dynamics and the underlying patterns of environmental factors. Our results have important implications for the understanding and management of invasive insect outbreaks in forest systems.}, }
@article {pmid25991411, year = {2015}, author = {Blacket, MJ and Rice, AD and Semeraro, L and Malipatil, MB}, title = {DNA-based identifications reveal multiple introductions of the vegetable leafminer Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) into the Torres Strait Islands and Papua New Guinea.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {105}, number = {5}, pages = {533-544}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485315000383}, pmid = {25991411}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/*genetics ; Diptera/*genetics/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics/physiology ; Male ; Papua New Guinea ; Queensland ; }, abstract = {Leafmining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) can be serious economic pests of horticultural crops. Some genera such as Liriomyza are particularly problematic with numerous species, some of which are highly polyphagous (wide host range), which can only be confidently identified morphologically from adult males. In our study, DNA barcoding was employed to establish new locality records of the vegetable leafminer fly, Liriomyza sativae, from the islands of Torres Strait (Queensland, Australia) and the central highlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG). These records represent significant range extensions of this highly invasive plant pest. Specimens of immature leafminers (from leaf mines) were collected over a 5-year period during routine plant health surveys in ethanol or on FTA® filter paper cards, both methods proved effective at preserving and transporting insect DNA under tropical conditions, with FTA cards possessing some additional logistical benefits. Specimens were identified through sequencing two sections of the cytochrome oxidase I gene and the utility of each was assessed for the identification of species and intra-specific genetic lineages. Our study indicates that multiple haplotypes of L. sativae occur in PNG, while a different haplotype is present in the Torres Strait, with genetic regionalization between these areas apart from a single possible instance - one haplotype 'S.7' appears to be common between these two regions - interestingly this has also been the most common haplotype detected in previous studies of invasive L. sativae populations. The DNA barcoding methods employed here not only identified multiple introductions of L. sativae, but also appear generally applicable to the identification of other agromyzid leafminers (Phytomyzinae and Agromyzinae) and should decrease the likelihood of potentially co-amplifying internal hymenopteran parasitoids. Currently, L. sativae is still not recorded from the Australian mainland; however, further sampling of leafminer flies from Northern Australia and surrounding areas is required, as surveillance for possible Liriomyza incursions, as well as to characterize endemic species with which Liriomyza species might be confused.}, }
@article {pmid25989230, year = {2015}, author = {Langwig, KE and Hoyt, JR and Parise, KL and Kath, J and Kirk, D and Frick, WF and Foster, JT and Kilpatrick, AM}, title = {Invasion dynamics of white-nose syndrome fungus, midwestern United States, 2012-2014.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, pages = {1023-1026}, pmid = {25989230}, issn = {1080-6059}, mesh = {Animal Diseases/*epidemiology/history ; Animals ; *Ascomycota ; History, 21st Century ; Midwestern United States/epidemiology ; Mycoses/*veterinary ; Prevalence ; }, abstract = {White-nose syndrome has devastated bat populations in eastern North America. In Midwestern United States, prevalence increased quickly in the first year of invasion (2012-13) but with low population declines. In the second year (2013-14), environmental contamination led to earlier infection and high population declines. Interventions must be implemented before or soon after fungal invasion to prevent population collapse.}, }
@article {pmid25988260, year = {2015}, author = {Karlson, AM and Gorokhova, E and Elmgren, R}, title = {Do deposit-feeders compete? Isotopic niche analysis of an invasion in a species-poor system.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {9715}, pmid = {25988260}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {Successful establishment of invasive species is often related to the existence of vacant niches. Competition occurs when invaders use the same limiting resources as members of the recipient community, which will be reflected in some overlap of their trophic niches. The concept of isotopic niche has been used to study trophic niche partitioning among species. Here, we present a two-year field study comparing isotopic niches of the deposit-feeding community in a naturally species-poor system. The isotopic niche analyses showed no overlap between a recent polychaete invader and any of the native species suggesting that it has occupied a vacant niche. Its narrow isotopic niche suggests specialized feeding, however, the high δ(15)N values compared to natives are most likely due to isotope fractionation effects related to nitrogen recycling and a mismatch between biological stoichiometry of the polychaete and the sediment nitrogen content. Notably, highly overlapping isotopic niches were inferred for the native species, which is surprising in a food-limited system. Therefore, our results demonstrate that invaders may broaden the community trophic diversity and enhance resource utilization, but also raise questions about the congruence between trophic and isotopic niche concepts and call for careful examination of assumptions underlying isotopic niche interpretation.}, }
@article {pmid25986653, year = {2015}, author = {Samperio-Ramos, G and Olsen, YS and Tomas, F and Marbà, N}, title = {Ecophysiological responses of three Mediterranean invasive seaweeds (Acrothamnion preissii, Lophocladia lallemandii and Caulerpa cylindracea) to experimental warming.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {96}, number = {1-2}, pages = {418-423}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.05.024}, pmid = {25986653}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Caulerpa/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Rhodophyta/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Seaweed/*growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The Mediterranean Sea is a hotspot for invasive species and projected Mediterranean warming might affect their future spreading. We experimentally examined ecophysiological responses to the temperature range 23-31 °C in three invasive seaweeds commonly found in the Mediterranean: Acrothamnion preissii, Caulerpa cylindracea and Lophocladia lallemandii. The warming range tested encompassed current and projected (for the end of 21st Century) maximum temperatures for the Mediterranean Sea. Optimal ecophysiological temperatures for A. preissii, C. cylindracea and L. lallemandii were 25 °C, 27 °C and 29 °C, respectively. Warming below the optimal temperatures enhanced RGR of all studied invasive seaweeds. Although sensitive, seaweed photosynthetic yield was less temperature-dependent than growth. Our results demonstrate that temperature is a key environmental parameter in regulating the ecophysiological performance of these invasive seaweeds and that Mediterranean warming conditions may affect their invasion trajectory.}, }
@article {pmid25985684, year = {2015}, author = {Yang, HX and Guo, SX and Liu, RJ}, title = {[Characteristics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity and functions in saline-alkali land].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {311-320}, pmid = {25985684}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Human Activities ; Mycorrhizae/*classification ; Salinity ; Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, widely distributing in various terrestrial ecosys- tems, are one of the important functional biotic components in soil habitats and play a vital role in improving soil evolution, maintaining soil health and sustainable productivity. Saline-alkali soil is a special habitat affecting plant growth and grain yield. Under the influence of a series of factors, such as human activities on the nature, S and N deposition, ozone, greenhouse effect, climate anomalies, and alien species invasions etc., soil salinization, biodiversity and functions of saline farmlands may be greatly affected, which could consequently influence agricultural production and the sustainable development of ecosystems. Followed by an introduction of the changing characteristics of saline soil area and the secondary salinization under the background of global changes, the present review mainly discussed the changing features of diversity and functions of AM fungi in saline habitats, summarized the factors influencing AM fungal diversity and functions, and the factors' changing characters under the global changes, in order to provide new ideas and ways in further elucidating the position, role and function of AM fungi in saline soil, and in strengthening saline farmland remediation in response to global changes.}, }
@article {pmid25984724, year = {2015}, author = {Riofrío-Lazo, M and Páez-Rosas, D}, title = {Feeding Habits of Introduced Black Rats, Rattus rattus, in Nesting Colonies of Galapagos Petrel on San Cristóbal Island, Galapagos.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {e0127901}, pmid = {25984724}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Carbon Isotopes ; Ecuador ; *Feeding Behavior ; Gastric Mucosa/metabolism ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Isotope Labeling ; *Nesting Behavior ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; Predatory Behavior ; Rats ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Introduced rodents are responsible for ecosystem changes in islands around the world. In the Galapagos archipelago, their effects on the native flora and fauna are adverse, including the extinction of endemic rodents in some islands and the reduction in the reproductive success of the Galapagos petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia) in its nesting zones. Understanding the feeding behavior of introduced rodents and their trophic interactions with native and non-native species on islands, can assist in the design of management strategies and conservation plans of invasive and endemic species respectively. Four petrel nesting colonies were monitored during June 2013 on San Cristóbal Island (El Plátano, El Junco, San Joaquín, and La Comuna). The feeding habits of black rats were evaluated by analyzing stomach contents and stable isotopes in hair. Three species of introduced rodents were captured. R. rattus was the most abundant at all sites (n=43, capture success (CS) = 55.8%), followed by the house mouse, Mus musculus (n = 17, CS = 37.8%), and the Norwegian rat, R. norvegicus (n = 4, CS = 4.5%), captured only at La Comuna. The omnivorous black rat ate mostly plants (98%) and arthropods (2%). Intact seeds of Miconia robinsoniana were the main food at all sites (relative abundance=72.1%, present in 95% of the analyzed stomachs), showing the black rats' possible role in the archipelago as endemic seed dispersers. There was no evidence of petrel's intake; however, its possible consumption is not discarded at all. The δ15N and δ13C analysis corroborated the primarily herbivorous diet of black rats. The isotopic signatures of the three rodent species reflect the inter- and intra-specific differential use of food resources. Black rat showed a wider diet in La Comuna, which was related to a lower availability of its primary prey and its ability to adapt to the available resources in its habitat.}, }
@article {pmid25984502, year = {2014}, author = {Manousis, T and Galinou-Mitsoudi, S}, title = {New gastropod records for the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and one new alien (Emarginula decorata Deshayes, 1863) for the Mediterranean Sea from NW Aegean Sea, Greece.}, journal = {Journal of biological research (Thessalonike, Greece)}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {20}, pmid = {25984502}, issn = {1790-045X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The NW Aegean Sea has a complex topography, high quality waters, oligotrophic to eutrophic conditions, is connected with estuaries and wetlands, is of high ecological interest, harbours all the types of human activities and yet few researchers work on its marine biodiversity. With this study, the contribution to the knowledge of the Hellenic and Eastern Mediterranean gastropod biodiversity of the studied families is continued, and an expansion of the search in other substrates and deeper waters of the NW Aegean Sea with emphasis on the minor in size species during the period from October 2008 to January 2014.<br><br>RESULTS: Thirty seven species belonging to seven families (Cerithiopsidae, Fissurellidae, Phasianellidae, Scissurellidae, Siliquariidae, Skeneidae, and Triphoridae) were identified and their biodiversity was compared with the current checklists of marine gastropod molluscs for the Hellenic Seas based on previous surveys. In this collection of gastropods, one species (Emarginula decorata Deshayes, 1863) is a new alien for the Mediterranean Sea, 14 species are new for the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and 16 species are new for the Hellenic fauna (with the one above mentioned alien species included). The main identification characteristics and ecological information such as habitat, distribution, alien expansion paths to the NW Aegean Sea and origin of the species are given and discussed.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The Hellenic gastropod biodiversity of the studied families was enriched with 37 new records for the N Aegean Sea, out of which 16 are new for Greece, 14 are new for the Eastern Mediterranean Sea while one (Emarginula decorata) is a new alien for the Mediterranean Sea.}, }
@article {pmid25983740, year = {2015}, author = {Hellmann, C and Große-Stoltenberg, A and Lauströ, V and Oldeland, J and Werner, C}, title = {Retrieving nitrogen isotopic signatures from fresh leaf reflectance spectra: disentangling δ(15)N from biochemical and structural leaf properties.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {307}, pmid = {25983740}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Linking remote sensing methodology to stable isotope ecology provides a promising approach to study ecological processes from small to large spatial scales. Here, we show that δ(15)N can be detected in fresh leaf reflectance spectra of field samples along a spatial gradient of increasing nitrogen input from an N2-fixing invasive species. However, in field data it is unclear whether δ(15)N directly influences leaf reflectance spectra or if the relationship is based on covariation between δ(15)N and foliar nitrogen content or other leaf properties. Using a (15)N-labeling approach, we experimentally varied δ(15)N independently of any other leaf properties in three plant species across different leaf developmental and physiological states. δ(15)N could successfully be modeled by means of partial least squares (PLSs) regressions, using leaf reflectance spectra as predictor variables. PLS models explained 53-73% of the variation in δ(15)N within species. Several wavelength regions important for predicting δ(15)N were consistent across species and could furthermore be related to known absorption features of N-containing molecular bonds. By eliminating covariation with other leaf properties as an explanation for the relationship between reflectance and δ(15)N, our results demonstrate that (15)N itself has an inherent effect on leaf reflectance spectra. Thus, our study substantiates the use of spectroscopic measurements to retrieve isotopic signatures for ecological studies and encourages future development. Furthermore, our results highlight the great potential of optical measurements for up-scaling isotope ecology to larger spatial scales.}, }
@article {pmid25980487, year = {2015}, author = {Hayasaka, D and Kuwayama, N and Takeo, A and Ishida, T and Mano, H and Inoue, MN and Nagai, T and Sánchez-Bayo, F and Goka, K and Sawahata, T}, title = {Different acute toxicity of fipronil baits on invasive Linepithema humile supercolonies and some non-target ground arthropods.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, pages = {1221-1228}, pmid = {25980487}, issn = {1573-3017}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*drug effects/genetics ; Cockroaches/*drug effects ; Insecticides/*pharmacology/toxicity ; Introduced Species ; Isopoda/*drug effects ; Japan ; Pyrazoles/*pharmacology/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Fipronil is one of the most effective insecticides to control the invasive ant Linepithema humile, but its effectiveness has been assessed without considering the genetic differences among L. humile supercolonies. We hypothesized that the susceptibility of the ant to fipronil might differ among supercolonies. If so, dosage and concentration of fipronil may need to be adjusted for effective eradication of each supercolony. The relative sensitivities of four L. humile supercolonies established in Hyogo (Japan) to fipronil baits were examined based on their acute toxicity (48-h LC(50)). Toxicities of fipronil to seven ground arthropods, including four native ant species, one native isopoda, and two cockroaches were also determined and compared to that of L. humile supercolonies using species sensitivity distributions. Marked differences in susceptibility of fipronil were apparent among the supercolonies (P < 0.008), with the 'Japanese main supercolony' (271 μg L(-1)) being five to ten times more sensitive to fipronil than other colonies (1183-2782 μg L(-1)). Toxicities to non-target species (330-2327 μg L(-1)) were in the same range as that of L. humile, and SSDs between the two species groups were not significantly different (t = -1.389, P = 0.180), suggesting that fipronil's insecticidal activity is practically the same for L. humile as for non-target arthropods. Therefore, if the invasive ant is to be controlled using fipronil, this would also affect the local arthropod biodiversity. Only the 'Japanese main supercolony' can be controlled with appropriate bait dosages of fipronil that would have little impact on the other species.}, }
@article {pmid25975439, year = {2015}, author = {Ramírez-Herrejón, JP and Mercado-Silva, N and Balart, EF and Moncayo-Estrada, R and Mar-Silva, V and Caraveo-Patiño, J}, title = {Environmental Degradation in a Eutrophic Shallow Lake is not Simply Due to Abundance of Non-native Cyprinus carpio.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, pages = {603-617}, pmid = {25975439}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/growth &amp; development ; Biomass ; Carps/*growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; *Eutrophication ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes/*chemistry ; Mexico ; Population Density ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Non-native species are often major drivers of the deterioration of natural ecosystems. The common carp Cyprinus carpio are known to cause major changes in lentic systems, but may not be solely responsible for large scale changes in these ecosystems. We used data from extensive collection efforts to gain insight into the importance of carp as drivers of ecosystem change in Lake Patzcuaro, Mexico. We compared the structure (fish density, biomass, diversity, and evenness) of fish assemblages from six Lake Patzcuaro sites with different habitat characteristics. Intersite comparisons were carried out for both wet and dry seasons. We explored the relationships between non-carp species and carp; and studied multivariate interactions between fish abundance and habitat characteristics. From a biomass perspective, carp was dominant in only four of six sites. In terms of density, carp was not a dominant species in all sites. Further, carp density and biomass were not negatively related to native species density and biomass, even when carp density and biomass were positively correlated to water turbidity levels. Carp dominated fish assemblages in the shallowest sites with the highest water turbidity, plant detritus at the bottom, and floating macrophytes covering the lake surface. These results suggest that the effect of carp on fish assemblages may be highly dependent on habitat characteristics in Lake Patzcuaro. Watershed degradation, pollution, water level loss, and other sources of anthropogenic influence may be more important drivers of Lake Patzcuaro degradation than the abundance of carp.}, }
@article {pmid25966196, year = {2015}, author = {Aravena, P and Skewes, O and Gouin, N}, title = {Mitochondrial DNA diversity of feral pigs from Karukinka Natural Park, Tierra del Fuego Island, Chile.}, journal = {Genetics and molecular research : GMR}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {4245-4257}, doi = {10.4238/2015.April.28.6}, pmid = {25966196}, issn = {1676-5680}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; Biodiversity ; Chile ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Male ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Sus scrofa/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Control or eradication of exotic species is one of the greatest challenges facing biodiversity and ecosystem conservation. Domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) were released and became feral in the southern region of Chilean Tierra del Fuego Island in the 1900s. Currently, they inhabit part of Karukinka Natural Park, an area of global conservation concern. To gain insight into the control of this invasive species, we analyzed genetic variation in the mitochondrial DNA control region to determine the origin and population subdivision of feral pigs in Tierra del Fuego. Sequences from a sample of 42 feral pigs, 10 domestic pigs from local farms, and references from other countries and commercial breeds revealed 2 highly differentiated populations, 1 in the western and the other in the eastern area of the park, each harboring a different haplotype, suggesting no connectivity between populations. Comparison of these haplotypes with reference sequences from other countries and commercial breeds indicated that feral pigs from Chilean Tierra del Fuego are of European origin, very likely from 2 separate introduction events. The haplotype found in the western feral population was also identified in domestic pigs from a farm. This raises concerns regarding the possible connectivity between stocks from local farms and the wild population. Based on these results, we recommend the development of strategies for controlling the population of this invasive species in Karukinka Natural Park.}, }
@article {pmid25964790, year = {2015}, author = {Keser, LH and Visser, EJ and Dawson, W and Song, YB and Yu, FH and Fischer, M and Dong, M and van Kleunen, M}, title = {Herbaceous plant species invading natural areas tend to have stronger adaptive root foraging than other naturalized species.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {273}, pmid = {25964790}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Although plastic root-foraging responses are thought to be adaptive, as they may optimize nutrient capture of plants, this has rarely been tested. We investigated whether nutrient-foraging responses are adaptive, and whether they pre-adapt alien species to become natural-area invaders. We grew 12 pairs of congeneric species (i.e., 24 species) native to Europe in heterogeneous and homogeneous nutrient environments, and compared their foraging responses and performance. One species in each pair is a USA natural-area invader, and the other one is not. Within species, individuals with strong foraging responses, measured as plasticity in root diameter and specific root length, had a higher biomass. Among species, the ones with strong foraging responses, measured as plasticity in root length and root biomass, had a higher biomass. Our results therefore suggest that root foraging is an adaptive trait. Invasive species showed significantly stronger root-foraging responses than non-invasive species when measured as root diameter. Biomass accumulation was decreased in the heterogeneous vs. the homogeneous environment. In aboveground, but not belowground and total biomass, this decrease was smaller in invasive than in non-invasive species. Our results show that strong plastic root-foraging responses are adaptive, and suggest that it might aid in pre-adapting species to becoming natural-area invaders.}, }
@article {pmid25962141, year = {2015}, author = {Plenderleith, TL and Smith, KL and Donnellan, SC and Reina, RD and Chapple, DG}, title = {Human-assisted invasions of pacific islands by litoria frogs: a case study of the bleating tree frog on Lord Howe Island.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {e0126287}, pmid = {25962141}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anura/classification/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Islands ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pacific Ocean ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {There are substantial differences among taxonomic groups in their capacity to reach remote oceanic islands via long-distance overwater dispersal from mainland regions. Due to their permeable skin and intolerance of saltwater, amphibians generally require human-assisted dispersal to reach oceanic islands. Several Litoria frog species have been introduced to remote islands throughout the Pacific Ocean region. Lord Howe Island (LHI) is an oceanic island that lies approximately 600 km east of the Australian mainland and has a diverse, endemic biota. The bleating tree frog (Litoria dentata) is native to mainland eastern Australia, but was accidentally introduced to LHI in the 1990s, yet its ecology and potential impact on LHI has remained unstudied. We used a mitochondrial phylogeographical approach to determine that L. dentata was introduced from the Ballina region in northeastern New South Wales. The founding population was likely accidentally introduced with cargo shipped from the mainland. We also completed the first detailed investigation of the distribution, ecology and habitat use of L. dentata on LHI. The species is widespread on LHI and is prevalent in human habitat, cattle pasture and undisturbed forest. We discuss the potential impact of introduced Litoria species on Pacific islands and outline what biosecurity protocols could be implemented to prevent the introduction of further amphibian species to the ecologically sensitive oceanic area.}, }
@article {pmid25962095, year = {2015}, author = {Sinnott, D and Carreno, RA and Herrera, H}, title = {Distribution of Thelastomatoid Nematodes (Nematoda: Oxyurida) in Endemic and Introduced Cockroaches on the Galápagos Island Archipelago, Ecuador.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {101}, number = {4}, pages = {445-457}, doi = {10.1645/15-721.1}, pmid = {25962095}, issn = {1937-2345}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cockroaches/*parasitology ; Ecuador ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Oxyurida/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {The thelastomatoid pinworm fauna (Nematoda: Oxyurida: Thelastomatoidea) was surveyed in 3 endemic species and 6 introduced species of cockroach hosts (Insecta: Blattaria) in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. A total of 658 host specimens were examined from preserved collections that had been collected between 1966 and 2003 from 7 islands in the archipelago. Eight species of pinworms were identified from these cockroach hosts, including the dominant species Cephalobellus ovumglutinosus and a Severianoia sp. as well as Leidynema appendiculata, Hammerschmidtiella diesingi, an unidentified Cephalobellus species resembling Cephalobellus magalhaesi, an unidentified Protrellus species closely resembling Protrellus shamimi, and an undescribed Blattophila sp. Five new host records are identified for C. ovumglutinosus including the endemic Galápagos cockroaches Chorisoneura carpenteri, Ischnoptera snodgrassii, and Ischnoptera santacruzensis. These endemics were also infected with an undescribed Blatticola sp. Other species recorded resemble known pinworms from other hosts around the world. Prevalence between islands and between host species was variable, but total prevalence for individual pinworm species was consistently low (<10%). A single host specimen examined was infected with more than 1 pinworm species; otherwise only a single species was observed in each infected host. At least 1 introduced pinworm species carried to the islands via invasive cockroach hosts was present in endemic host species, but several globally widespread introduced pinworm species were absent from endemic cockroaches. Santa Cruz was inhabited by the greatest number of pinworm species, likely due to a higher rate of invasive host introduction. This survey, the first from this region, showed that the distribution and transmission of pinworms in the Galápagos Islands is complex and may provide future models of invertebrate dispersal and speciation in an ecosystem already rich with examples of evolution.}, }
@article {pmid25960130, year = {2015}, author = {Park, DS and Potter, D}, title = {Why close relatives make bad neighbours: phylogenetic conservatism in niche preferences and dispersal disproves Darwin's naturalization hypothesis in the thistle tribe.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {12}, pages = {3181-3193}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13227}, pmid = {25960130}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; California ; Ecology/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The number of exotic plant species that have been introduced into the United States far exceeds that of other groups of organisms, and many of these have become invasive. As in many regions of the globe, invasive members of the thistle tribe, Cardueae, are highly problematic in the California Floristic Province, an established biodiversity hotspot. While Darwin's naturalization hypothesis posits that plant invaders closely related to native species would be at a disadvantage, evidence has been found that introduced thistles more closely related to native species are more likely to become invasive. To elucidate the mechanisms behind this pattern, we modelled the ecological niches of thistle species present in the province and compared niche similarity between taxa and their evolutionary relatedness, using fossil-calibrated molecular phylogenies of the tribe. The predicted niches of invasive species were found to have higher degrees of overlap with native species than noninvasive introduced species do, and pairwise niche distance was significantly correlated with phylogenetic distance, suggesting phylogenetic niche conservatism. Invasive thistles also displayed superior dispersal capabilities compared to noninvasive introduced species, and these capabilities exhibited a phylogenetic signal. By analysing the modelled ecological niches and dispersal capabilities of over a hundred thistle species, we demonstrate that exapted preferences to the invaded environment may explain why close exotic relatives may make bad neighbours in the thistle tribe.}, }
@article {pmid25958932, year = {2015}, author = {Zenni, RD and Hoban, SM}, title = {Loci under selection during multiple range expansions of an invasive plant are mostly population specific, but patterns are associated with climate.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {13}, pages = {3360-3371}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13234}, pmid = {25958932}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Brazil ; *Climate ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Gene Frequency ; Genes, Plant ; *Genetic Loci ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Pinus taeda/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Identifying the genes underlying rapid evolutionary changes, describing their function and ascertaining the environmental pressures that determine fitness are the central elements needed for understanding of evolutionary processes and phenotypic changes that improve the fitness of populations. It has been hypothesized that rapid adaptive changes in new environments may contribute to the rapid spread and success of invasive plants and animals. As yet, studies of adaptation during invasion are scarce, as is knowledge of the genes underlying adaptation, especially in multiple replicated invasions. Here, we quantified how genotype frequencies change during invasions, resulting in rapid evolution of naturalized populations. We used six fully replicated common garden experiments in Brazil where Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) was introduced at the same time, in the same numbers, from the same seed sources, and has formed naturalized populations expanding outward from the plantations. We used a combination of nonparametric, population genetics and multivariate statistics to detect changes in genotype frequencies along each of the six naturalization gradients and their association with climate as well as shifts in allele frequencies compared to the source populations. Results show 25 genes with significant shifts in genotype frequencies. Six genes had shifts in more than one population. Climate explained 25% of the variation in the groups of genes under selection across all locations, but specific genes under strong selection during invasions did not show climate-related convergence. In conclusion, we detected rapid evolutionary changes during invasive range expansions, but the particular gene-level patterns of evolution may be population specific.}, }
@article {pmid25958781, year = {2015}, author = {Lin, T and Klinkhamer, PG and Vrieling, K}, title = {Parallel evolution in an invasive plant: effect of herbivores on competitive ability and regrowth of Jacobaea vulgaris.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {18}, number = {7}, pages = {668-676}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12445}, pmid = {25958781}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Asteraceae/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; *Biological Evolution ; Coleoptera ; Genotype ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Moths ; }, abstract = {A shift in the composition of the herbivore guild in the invasive range is expected to select for plants with a higher competitive ability, a lower regrowth capacity and a lower investment in defence. We show here that parallel evolution took place in three geographically distinct invasive regions that differed significantly in climatic conditions. This makes it most likely that indeed the shifts in herbivore guilds were causal to the evolutionary changes. We studied competitive ability and regrowth of invasive and native Jacobaea vulgaris using an intraspecific competition set-up with and without herbivory. Without herbivores invasive genotypes have a higher competitive ability than native genotypes. The invasive genotypes were less preferred by the generalist Mamestra brassicae but more preferred by the specialist Tyria jacobaeae, consequently their competitive ability was significantly increased by the first and reduced by the latter. Invasive genotypes showed a lower regrowth ability in both herbivore treatments.}, }
@article {pmid25955254, year = {2015}, author = {Meijer, K and Zemel, H and Chiba, S and Smit, C and Beukeboom, LW and Schilthuizen, M}, title = {Phytophagous insects on native and non-native host plants: combining the community approach and the biogeographical approach.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {e0125607}, pmid = {25955254}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Herbivory/genetics/physiology ; Insecta/genetics/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Netherlands ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {During the past centuries, humans have introduced many plant species in areas where they do not naturally occur. Some of these species establish populations and in some cases become invasive, causing economic and ecological damage. Which factors determine the success of non-native plants is still incompletely understood, but the absence of natural enemies in the invaded area (Enemy Release Hypothesis; ERH) is one of the most popular explanations. One of the predictions of the ERH, a reduced herbivore load on non-native plants compared with native ones, has been repeatedly tested. However, many studies have either used a community approach (sampling from native and non-native species in the same community) or a biogeographical approach (sampling from the same plant species in areas where it is native and where it is non-native). Either method can sometimes lead to inconclusive results. To resolve this, we here add to the small number of studies that combine both approaches. We do so in a single study of insect herbivory on 47 woody plant species (trees, shrubs, and vines) in the Netherlands and Japan. We find higher herbivore diversity, higher herbivore load and more herbivory on native plants than on non-native plants, generating support for the enemy release hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid25954041, year = {2015}, author = {Monaenkova, D and Gravish, N and Rodriguez, G and Kutner, R and Goodisman, MA and Goldman, DI}, title = {Behavioral and mechanical determinants of collective subsurface nest excavation.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {218}, number = {Pt 9}, pages = {1295-1305}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.113795}, pmid = {25954041}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Georgia ; Introduced Species ; *Nesting Behavior ; Social Behavior ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; }, abstract = {Collective construction of topologically complex structures is one of the triumphs of social behavior. For example, many ant species construct underground nests composed of networks of tunnels and chambers. Excavation by these 'superorganisms' depends on the biomechanics of substrate manipulation, the interaction of individuals, and media stability and cohesiveness. To discover principles of robust social excavation, we used X-ray computed tomography to monitor the growth in three dimensions of nests built by groups of fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) in laboratory substrates composed of silica particles, manipulating two substrate properties: particle size and gravimetric moisture content. Ants were capable of nest construction in all substrates tested other than completely dry or fully saturated; for a given particle size, nest volume was relatively insensitive to moisture content. Tunnels were deepest at intermediate moisture content and the maximum tunnel depth correlated with measured yield force on small rod-shaped intruders (a proxy for cohesive strength). This implies that increased cohesive strength allowed creation of tunnels that were resistant to perturbation but did not decrease individual excavation ability. Ants used two distinct behaviors to create pellets composed of wetted particles, depending on substrate composition. However, despite the ability to create larger stable pellets in more cohesive substrates, pellet sizes were similar across all conditions. We posit that this pellet size balances the individual's load-carrying ability with the need to carry this pellet through confined crowded tunnels. We conclude that effective excavation of similarly shaped nests can occur in a diversity of substrates through sophisticated digging behaviors by individuals which accommodate both differing substrate properties and the need to work within the collective.}, }
@article {pmid25953710, year = {2016}, author = {Lenoir, A and Devers, S and Touchard, A and Dejean, A}, title = {The Guianese population of the fire ant Solenopsis saevissima is unicolonial.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, pages = {739-745}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12232}, pmid = {25953710}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/chemistry/*physiology ; French Guiana ; Hydrocarbons/analysis ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {In this study, conducted in French Guiana, a part of the native range of the fire ant Solenopsis saevissima, we compared the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of media workers with previous results based on intraspecific aggressiveness tests. We noted a strong congruence between the two studies permitting us to delimit 2 supercolonies extending over large distances (up to 54 km), a phenomenon known as unicoloniality. Solenopsis geminata workers, taken as an out-group for cluster analyses, have a very different cuticular hydrocarbon profile. Because S. saevissima has been reported outside its native range, our conclusion is that this species has the potential to become invasive because unicoloniality (i.e., the main attribute for ants to become invasive) was shown at least for the Guianese population.}, }
@article {pmid25946257, year = {2015}, author = {Fischer, ML and Hochkirch, A and Heddergott, M and Schulze, C and Anheyer-Behmenburg, HE and Lang, J and Michler, FU and Hohmann, U and Ansorge, H and Hoffmann, L and Klein, R and Frantz, AC}, title = {Historical Invasion Records Can Be Misleading: Genetic Evidence for Multiple Introductions of Invasive Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Germany.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {e0125441}, pmid = {25946257}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Founder Effect ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; Genetics, Population ; Germany ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Raccoons/*genetics ; United States ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions provide excellent study systems to understand evolutionary, genetic and ecological processes during range expansions. There is strong evidence for positive effects of high propagule pressure and the associated higher genetic diversity on invasion success, but some species have become invasive despite small founder numbers. The raccoon (Procyon lotor) is often considered as a typical example for such a successful invasion resulting from a small number of founders. The species' largest non-native population in Germany is commonly assumed to stem from a small number of founders and two separate founding events in the 1930s and 1940s. In the present study we analyzed 407 raccoons at 20 microsatellite loci sampled from the invasive range in Western Europe to test if these assumptions are correct. Contrary to the expectations, different genetic clustering methods detected evidence for at least four independent introduction events that gave rise to genetically differentiated subpopulations. Further smaller clusters were either artifacts or resulted from founder events at the range margin and recent release of captive individuals. We also found genetic evidence for on-going introductions of individuals. Furthermore a novel randomization process was used to determine the potential range of founder population size that would suffice to capture all the alleles present in a cluster. Our results falsify the assumption that this species has become widespread and abundant despite being genetically depauperate and show that historical records of species introductions may be misleading.}, }
@article {pmid25945626, year = {2015}, author = {Moreira, RA and Rocha, O and Santos, RM and Laudares-Silva, R and Dias, ES and Eskinazi-Sant'Anna, EM}, title = {First record of Ceratium furcoides (Dinophyta), an invasive species, in a temporary high-altitude lake in the Iron Quadrangle (MG, Southeast Brazil).}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {75}, number = {1}, pages = {98-103}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.08013}, pmid = {25945626}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Altitude ; Brazil ; Dinoflagellida/*classification ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Dinoflagellates of the genus Ceratium are generally marine organisms, but rare occurrences in freshwater have been observed in Brazil. In this paper we are recording for the first time the presence of Ceratium furcoides, an invasive species, in a shallow, natural intermittent pool formed at a high-altitude at the southern end of the Iron Quadrangle, an iron-mining district of Minas Gerais State (Southeast Brazil). Samples were collected in October and November of 2010 (rainy period). The population density of this organism observed in Lagoa Seca ("Dry Pool") was very low, at most 4 ind L-1. Mountain lakes are extremely vulnerable to atmospheric deposition of organisms, making them valuable witnesses both of the many forms of impact arising from human activities and of the extended global connections that facilitate the dispersion and introduction of new species over great distances. Studies on the population dynamics of C. furcoides in natural tropical systems are still rare and very recent to the brazilian scenario and hence the monitoring of its dynamics and the potential impact on aquatic communities of its becoming established are essential to an understanding of the process of bioinvasion by this species.}, }
@article {pmid25943906, year = {2015}, author = {Clarke, LJ and Weyrich, LS and Cooper, A}, title = {Reintroduction of locally extinct vertebrates impacts arid soil fungal communities.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {12}, pages = {3194-3205}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13229}, pmid = {25943906}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Biodiversity ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; Extinction, Biological ; Feces/microbiology ; Fungi/*classification ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Soil Microbiology ; *Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {Introduced species have contributed to extinction of native vertebrates in many parts of the world. Changes to vertebrate assemblages are also likely to alter microbial communities through coextinction of some taxa and the introduction of others. Many attempts to restore degraded habitats involve removal of exotic vertebrates (livestock and feral animals) and reintroduction of locally extinct species, but the impact of such reintroductions on microbial communities is largely unknown. We used high-throughput DNA sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer I (ITS1) region to examine whether replacing exotic vertebrates with reintroduced native vertebrates led to changes in soil fungal communities at a reserve in arid central Australia. Soil fungal diversity was significantly different between dune and swale (interdune) habitats. Fungal communities also differed significantly between sites with exotic or reintroduced native vertebrates after controlling for the effect of habitat. Several fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) found exclusively inside the reserve were present in scats from reintroduced native vertebrates, providing a direct link between the vertebrate assemblage and soil microbial communities. Our results show that changes to vertebrate assemblages through local extinctions and the invasion of exotic species can alter soil fungal communities. If local extinction of one or several species results in the coextinction of microbial taxa, the full complement of ecological interactions may never be restored.}, }
@article {pmid25941361, year = {2015}, author = {Galbraith, JA and Beggs, JR and Jones, DN and Stanley, MC}, title = {Supplementary feeding restructures urban bird communities.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {112}, number = {20}, pages = {E2648-57}, pmid = {25941361}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; *Biota ; Birds/*physiology ; *Cities ; Feeding Methods/*veterinary ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Food availability is a primary driver of avian population regulation. However, few studies have considered the effects of what is essentially a massive supplementary feeding experiment: the practice of wild bird feeding. Bird feeding has been posited as an important factor influencing the structure of bird communities, especially in urban areas, although experimental evidence to support this is almost entirely lacking. We carried out an 18-mo experimental feeding study at 23 residential properties to investigate the effects of bird feeding on local urban avian assemblages. Our feeding regime was based on predominant urban feeding practices in our region. We used monthly bird surveys to compare avian community composition, species richness, and the densities of local species at feeding and nonfeeding properties. Avian community structure diverged at feeding properties and five of the commonest garden bird species were affected by the experimental feeding regime. Introduced birds particularly benefitted, with dramatic increases observed in the abundances of house sparrow (Passer domesticus) and spotted dove (Streptopelia chinensis) in particular. We also found evidence of a negative effect on the abundance of a native insectivore, the grey warbler (Gerygone igata). Almost all of the observed changes did not persist once feeding had ceased. Our study directly demonstrates that the human pastime of bird feeding substantially contributes to the structure of avian community in urban areas, potentially altering the balance between native and introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid25940207, year = {2015}, author = {Leydet, KP and Hellberg, ME}, title = {The invasive coral Oculina patagonica has not been recently introduced to the Mediterranean from the western Atlantic.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {79}, pmid = {25940207}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa/classification/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Fossils ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Effective policies, management, and scientific research programs depend on the correct identification of invasive species as being either native or introduced. However, many species continue to be misidentified. Oculina patagonica, first recorded in the Mediterranean Sea in 1966, is believed to have been introduced in anthropogenic times and expanding in a west to east direction. However, its present identification and status as a recently introduced species remain to be explored. In this study, we used multi-locus genetic data to test whether O. patagonica in the Mediterranean has been recently introduced from the western North Atlantic.<br><br>RESULTS: We found no genetic or historical demographic evidence to support a recent introduction of O. patagonica from the western North Atlantic or an expansion across the Mediterranean. Instead, Mediterranean and Atlantic populations are genetically distinct and appear to have begun diverging about 5 Mya. We also found evidence of a fossil record of Oculina spp. existing in the eastern North Atlantic millions of years before the present.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that Mediterranean populations of O. patagonica have long been isolated from the western Atlantic, either in undetectable numbers or overlooked and undersampled sites and habitats, and have only recently been expanding to invasive levels as a result of environmental changes. Accurate identification of species' invasive statuses will enable more effective research programs aimed at better understanding the mechanisms promoting the invasive nature of species, which can then lead to the implementation of efficient management plans.}, }
@article {pmid25939920, year = {2015}, author = {Cheng, C and Zhou, F and Lu, M and Sun, J}, title = {Inducible pine rosin defense mediates interactions between an invasive insect-fungal complex and newly acquired sympatric fungal associates.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {453-464}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12138}, pmid = {25939920}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Abietanes/chemistry/pharmacology ; Animals ; China ; Herbivory ; Insect Vectors/*microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Ophiostomatales/drug effects/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Pinus/metabolism/*microbiology ; Resins, Plant/*chemistry ; *Symbiosis ; Sympatry ; Weevils/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Mutualism between insects and fungi drives insect evolutionary diversification and niche expansion; for invasive insects, however, mechanisms by which they maintain mutualistic relationships with beneficial fungi have not been clearly explored. Here, we report that an invasive herbivorous insect, the red turpentine beetle (RTB), with its co-invasive mutualistic fungus, Leptographium procerum, has newly acquired a set of sympatric fungi during invasion, which could potentially outcompete the RTB mutualistic fungus. Host pine Pinus tabuliformis exhibited more rosin-based responses to the sympatric fungi than to RTB mutualistic fungus and, in return, the rapidly induced rosin suppressed the sympatric fungi more significantly than L. procerum. In addition, from direct fungal pairing competitions, we found that the antagonistic effects of sympatric fungi on L. procerum were drastically reduced under induced rosin defense. Our results together with previous findings imply that pine oleoresin defense (turpentine and rosin) might have been exploited by the invasive mutualistic fungus L. procerum, which helps to explain its invasion success and, by extension, its mutualistic partner RTB in China.}, }
@article {pmid25937913, year = {2015}, author = {Gao, R and Shi, J and Huang, R and Wang, Z and Luo, Y}, title = {Effects of pine wilt disease invasion on soil properties and Masson pine forest communities in the Three Gorges reservoir region, China.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {8}, pages = {1702-1716}, pmid = {25937913}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Pine wilt disease (PWD) has caused significant Masson pine mortality in the Three Gorges reservoir region in central China. In this study, five uniform Masson pine stand types infected by PWD were selected and surveyed on slopes and aspects with similar environmental conditions. In sites that had been infected, soil bulk density was reduced, and the difference among the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05) at the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers, but not at 20-40 cm. Other soil water-related physical properties, excluding noncapillary porosity, significantly differed among the groups in all soil layers. Additionally, the values of available phosphorus, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were higher in the invaded stands, but the total nitrogen and organic matter contents were lower. Masson pine does not become reestablished following PWD-induced mortality but is instead replaced by broad-leaved tree species. Among the 19 examined environmental variables, five were found to be significantly related with the ordination of plant community structure: Masson pine stumps (MPS), K(+), capillary water holding capacity (CWHC), capillary porosity (CP), and soil water content (SWC). Among these factors, the plant community structure was principally related to MPS and K(+). The findings of this study show that the outbreak of PWD has impacted Masson pine forest soil properties and altered forest community composition. The disease is negatively related with the presence of Masson pine and positively associated with that of broad-leaved tree species.}, }
@article {pmid25937902, year = {2015}, author = {Cheng, XF and Shi, PJ and Hui, C and Wang, FS and Liu, GH and Li, BL}, title = {An optimal proportion of mixing broad-leaved forest for enhancing the effective productivity of moso bamboo.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {8}, pages = {1576-1584}, pmid = {25937902}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Moso bamboos (Phyllostachys edulis) are important forestry plants in southern China, with substantial roles to play in regional economic and ecological systems. Mixing broad-leaved forests and moso bamboos is a common management practice in China, and it is fundamental to elucidate the interactions between broad-leaved trees and moso bamboos for ensuring the sustainable provision of ecosystem services. We examine how the proportion of broad-leaved forest in a mixed managed zone, topology, and soil profile affects the effective productivity of moso bamboos (i.e., those with significant economic value), using linear regression and generalized additive models. Bamboo's diameter at breast height follows a Weibull distribution. The importance of these variables to bamboo productivity is, respectively, slope (25.9%), the proportion of broad-leaved forest (24.8%), elevation (23.3%), gravel content by volume (16.6%), slope location (8.3%), and soil layer thickness (1.2%). Highest productivity is found on the 25° slope, with a 600-m elevation, and 30% broad-leaved forest. As such, broad-leaved forest in the upper slope can have a strong influence on the effective productivity of moso bamboo, ranking only after slope and before elevation. These factors can be considered in future management practice.}, }
@article {pmid25935861, year = {2015}, author = {Le Maitre, DC and Gush, MB and Dzikiti, S}, title = {Impacts of invading alien plant species on water flows at stand and catchment scales.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {25935861}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {There have been many studies of the diverse impacts of invasions by alien plants but few have assessed impacts on water resources. We reviewed the information on the impacts of invasions on surface runoff and groundwater resources at stand to catchment scales and covering a full annual cycle. Most of the research is South African so the emphasis is on South Africa's major invaders with data from commercial forest plantations where relevant. Catchment studies worldwide have shown that changes in vegetation structure and the physiology of the dominant plant species result in changes in surface runoff and groundwater discharge, whether they involve native or alien plant species. Where there is little change in vegetation structure [e.g. leaf area (index), height, rooting depth and seasonality] the effects of invasions generally are small or undetectable. In South Africa, the most important woody invaders typically are taller and deeper rooted than the native species. The impacts of changes in evaporation (and thus runoff) in dryland settings are constrained by water availability to the plants and, thus, by rainfall. Where the dryland invaders are evergreen and the native vegetation (grass) is seasonal, the increases can reach 300-400 mm/year. Where the native vegetation is evergreen (shrublands) the increases are ∼200-300 mm/year. Where water availability is greater (riparian settings or shallow water tables), invading tree water-use can reach 1.5-2.0 times that of the same species in a dryland setting. So, riparian invasions have a much greater impact per unit area invaded than dryland invasions. The available data are scattered and incomplete, and there are many gaps and issues that must be addressed before a thorough understanding of the impacts at the site scale can be gained and used in extrapolating to watershed scales, and in converting changes in flows to water supply system yields.}, }
@article {pmid25935302, year = {2015}, author = {Xia, F and Zeleke, J and Sheng, Q and Wu, JH and Quan, ZX}, title = {Communities of ammonia oxidizers at different stages of Spartina alterniflora invasion in salt marshes of Yangtze River estuary.}, journal = {Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea)}, volume = {53}, number = {5}, pages = {311-320}, pmid = {25935302}, issn = {1976-3794}, mesh = {Ammonia/*metabolism ; Archaea/classification/genetics/*metabolism ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/*metabolism ; China ; DNA, Archaeal/genetics ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; *Estuaries ; Genes, Archaeal ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Introduced Species ; *Microbial Consortia ; Nitrification ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidoreductases/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rivers/microbiology ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Spartina alterniflora, an aggressive invasive plant species at the estuarine wetlands of China's coasts, has become a major threat to the natural ecosystems. To understand its potential influence on nitrification processes, the community structures and abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were investigated using 454-pyrosequencing and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in S. alterniflora invading salt marsh sediments at the Yangtze River estuary in Chongming island, Shanghai, China. Copy numbers of archaeal and bacterial ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) genes did not show accordant shifts with S. alterniflora invasion in the two sampling sites. However, the copy numbers of archaeal amoA gene were higher in summer than in spring. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that more than 90% of the archaeal and 92% of the bacterial amoA gene sequences were closely related to marine group I.1a and the clusters 13 and 15 in Nitrosospira lineage, respectively. The effect of different seasons (spring and summer) was important for the abundance variation of AOA, while different stages of S. alterniflora invasion did not show significant effect for both AOA and AOB. Variation of AOA community was significantly related to total carbon (TC) and sulfate concentration (P < 0.05), whereas the AOB community was significantly related to sulfate concentration, total nitrogen (TN), TC and pH (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the abundance and diversity of ammonia oxidizing microbial communities were not strongly affected by S. alterniflora invasion.}, }
@article {pmid25931541, year = {2015}, author = {Lambertucci, SA and Shepard, EL and Wilson, RP}, title = {Ecology. Human-wildlife conflicts in a crowded airspace.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {348}, number = {6234}, pages = {502-504}, doi = {10.1126/science.aaa6743}, pmid = {25931541}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Ranidae ; }, }
@article {pmid25929999, year = {2015}, author = {Vallejo-Marín, M and Buggs, RJA and Cooley, AM and Puzey, JR}, title = {Speciation by genome duplication: Repeated origins and genomic composition of the recently formed allopolyploid species Mimulus peregrinus.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {69}, number = {6}, pages = {1487-1500}, pmid = {25929999}, issn = {1558-5646}, support = {G0900740/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; MR/K001744/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Chromosomes, Plant ; *Gene Duplication ; *Genetic Speciation ; Genome, Plant ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Mimulus/*genetics ; Polyploidy ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Whole genome duplication (polyploidization) is a mechanism of "instantaneous" species formation that has played a major role in the evolutionary history of plants. Much of what we know about the early evolution of polyploids is based upon studies of a handful of recently formed species. A new polyploid hybrid (allopolyploid) species Mimulus peregrinus, formed within the last 140 years, was recently discovered on the Scottish mainland and corroborated by chromosome counts. Here, using targeted, high-depth sequencing of 1200 genic regions, we confirm the parental origins of this new species from M. x robertsii, a sterile triploid hybrid between the two introduced species M. guttatus and M. luteus that are naturalized and widespread in the United Kingdom. We also report a new population of M. peregrinus on the Orkney Islands and demonstrate that populations on the Scottish mainland and Orkney Islands arose independently via genome duplication from local populations of M. x robertsii. Our data raise the possibility that some alleles are already being lost in the evolving M. peregrinus genomes. The recent origins of a new species of the ecological model genus Mimulus via allopolyploidization provide a powerful opportunity to explore the early stages of hybridization and genome duplication in naturally evolved lineages.}, }
@article {pmid25926326, year = {2015}, author = {Skálová, H and Moravcová, L and Dixon, AF and Kindlmann, P and Pyšek, P}, title = {Effect of temperature and nutrients on the growth and development of seedlings of an invasive plant.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {25926326}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Plant species distributions are determined by the response of populations to regional climates; however, little is known about how alien plants that arrive in central Europe from climatically warmer regions cope with the temperature conditions at the early stage of population development. Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed) is an invasive annual plant causing considerable health and economic problems in Europe. Although climate-based models predict that the whole of the Czech Republic is climatically suitable for this species, it is confined to the warmest regions. To determine the factors possibly responsible for its restricted occurrence, we investigated the effects of temperature and nutrient availability on its seedlings. The plants were cultivated at one of seven temperature regimes ranging from 10 to 34 °C, combined with three nutrient levels. The data on the rate of leaf development were used to calculate the lower developmental threshold (LDT, the temperature, in °C, below which development ceases), the sum of effective temperatures (SET, the amount of heat needed to complete a developmental stage measured in degree days above LDT) and width of the thermal window. The rate of development decreased with decrease in temperature and nutrient supply. Besides this, the decrease in the availability of nutrients resulted in decreased LDT, increased SET and wider thermal window. The dependence of LDT and SET on the availability of nutrients contradicts the concept that thermal constants do not vary. Our results highlight temperature as the main determinant of common ragweed's distribution and identify nutrient availability as a factor that results in the realized niche being smaller than the fundamental niche; both of these need to be taken into account when predicting the future spread of A. artemisiifolia.}, }
@article {pmid25925104, year = {2015}, author = {Nuwagaba, S and Zhang, F and Hui, C}, title = {A hybrid behavioural rule of adaptation and drift explains the emergent architecture of antagonistic networks.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {282}, number = {1807}, pages = {20150320}, pmid = {25925104}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Biota ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Ecological processes that can realistically account for network architectures are central to our understanding of how species assemble and function in ecosystems. Consumer species are constantly selecting and adjusting which resource species are to be exploited in an antagonistic network. Here we incorporate a hybrid behavioural rule of adaptive interaction switching and random drift into a bipartite network model. Predictions are insensitive to the model parameters and the initial network structures, and agree extremely well with the observed levels of modularity, nestedness and node-degree distributions for 61 real networks. Evolutionary and community assemblage histories only indirectly affect network structure by defining the size and complexity of ecological networks, whereas adaptive interaction switching and random drift carve out the details of network architecture at the faster ecological time scale. The hybrid behavioural rule of both adaptation and drift could well be the key processes for structure emergence in real ecological networks.}, }
@article {pmid25923661, year = {2015}, author = {Grimaldi, D and Ginsberg, PS and Thayer, L and McEvey, S and Hauser, M and Turelli, M and Brown, B}, title = {Strange little flies in the big city: exotic flower-breeding drosophilidae (Diptera) in urban Los Angeles.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {e0122575}, pmid = {25923661}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {R01 GM104325/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Breeding ; Diptera/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/physiology ; Female ; Flowers/parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Solanaceae/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Urban landscapes are commonly considered too mundane and corrupted to be biotically interesting. Recent insect surveys employing 29 Malaise traps throughout Los Angeles, California, however, have uncovered breeding populations of two unexpected species of one of the most studied and familiar groups of organisms, Drosophila "fruit" flies. Unlike most introduced species of drosophilids, which breed in fresh or decaying fruits, these are specialized flower-breeders. A common species in the survey was Drosophila (Drosophila) gentica Wheeler and Takada, previously collected only once, in El Salvador. It belongs to the flavopilosa species group, all species of which have been known until now from central Chile, Argentina and Uruguay, to Veracruz, Mexico and the Caribbean, breeding in flowers of Cestrum ("jessamine") and Sessea (Solanaceae). The Los Angeles populations are probably breeding in a native and/or introduced Cestrum; in addition, populations in San Luis Obispo County were visiting ornamental Cestrum. Drosophila gentica occurs as far north as San Francisco, where it was found breeding in Cestrum aurantiacum. D. gentica is redescribed and figured in detail for diagnostic and identification purposes. Specimens from Jamaica previously identified as D. gentica are a distinct species but are not formally described in lieu of complete male specimens. Rare in the Malaise traps was Drosophila (Sophophora) flavohirta Malloch, a common species in Australia on the blossoms of native Myrtaceae, found on introduced Eucalyptus in South Africa and both Eucalyptus and Syzygium in Madagascar; adults feed on myrtaceous pollen and nectar, larvae breed in the flowers. It is also redescribed in detail, including its unusual egg. This is the first New World report of this species; DNA sequences confirm it is a morphologically highly aberrant member of the D. melanogaster species group. This study reveals how intensive field sampling can uncover remarkable biodiversity in even the most urbanized areas.}, }
@article {pmid25920671, year = {2015}, author = {Benazzo, A and Ghirotto, S and Vilaça, ST and Hoban, S}, title = {Using ABC and microsatellite data to detect multiple introductions of invasive species from a single source.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {115}, number = {3}, pages = {262-272}, pmid = {25920671}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bayes Theorem ; Bees/*genetics ; Ecology/methods ; Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; *Models, Genetic ; New Zealand ; }, abstract = {The introduction of invasive species to new locations (that is, biological invasions) can have major impact on biodiversity, agriculture and public health. As such, determining the routes and modality of introductions with genetic data has become a fundamental goal in molecular ecology. To assist with this goal, new statistical methods and frameworks have been developed, such as approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) for inferring invasion history. Here, we present a model of invasion accounting for multiple introductions from a single source (MISS), a heretofore largely unexplored model. We simulate microsatellite data to evaluate the power of ABC to distinguish between single and multiple introductions from the same source, under a range of demographic parameters. We also apply ABC to microsatellite data from three invasions of bumblebee in New Zealand. In addition, we assess the performance of several methods of summary statistics selection. Our simulated results suggested good ability to distinguish between one- and two-wave models over much but not all of the parameter space tested, independent of summary statistics used. Globally, parameter estimation was good except for bottleneck timing. For one of the bumblebee species, we clearly rejected the MISS model, while for the other two we found inconclusive results. Since a second wave may provide genetic reinforcement to initial colonists, help relieve inbreeding among founders, or increase the hazard of the invasion, its detection may be crucial for managing invasions; we suggest that the MISS model could be considered as a potential model in future theoretical and empirical studies of invasions.}, }
@article {pmid25919417, year = {2016}, author = {Eichmiller, JJ and Miller, LM and Sorensen, PW}, title = {Optimizing techniques to capture and extract environmental DNA for detection and quantification of fish.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {56-68}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12421}, pmid = {25919417}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Ecosystem ; Filtration/instrumentation/*methods ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; }, abstract = {Few studies have examined capture and extraction methods for environmental DNA (eDNA) to identify techniques optimal for detection and quantification. In this study, precipitation, centrifugation and filtration eDNA capture methods and six commercially available DNA extraction kits were evaluated for their ability to detect and quantify common carp (Cyprinus carpio) mitochondrial DNA using quantitative PCR in a series of laboratory experiments. Filtration methods yielded the most carp eDNA, and a glass fibre (GF) filter performed better than a similar pore size polycarbonate (PC) filter. Smaller pore sized filters had higher regression slopes of biomass to eDNA, indicating that they were potentially more sensitive to changes in biomass. Comparison of DNA extraction kits showed that the MP Biomedicals FastDNA SPIN Kit yielded the most carp eDNA and was the most sensitive for detection purposes, despite minor inhibition. The MoBio PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit had the lowest coefficient of variation in extraction efficiency between lake and well water and had no detectable inhibition, making it most suitable for comparisons across aquatic environments. Of the methods tested, we recommend using a 1.5 μm GF filter, followed by extraction with the MP Biomedicals FastDNA SPIN Kit for detection. For quantification of eDNA, filtration through a 0.2-0.6 μm pore size PC filter, followed by extraction with MoBio PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit was optimal. These results are broadly applicable for laboratory studies on carps and potentially other cyprinids. The recommendations can also be used to inform choice of methodology for field studies.}, }
@article {pmid25915515, year = {2015}, author = {Wang, H and Zhou, Y and Chen, Y and Wang, Q and Jiang, L and Luo, Y}, title = {Allelopathic Potential of Invasive Plantago virginica on Four Lawn Species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {e0125433}, pmid = {25915515}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Agrostis/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Allelopathy ; Biomass ; China ; Cynodon/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Festuca/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Germination ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Extracts/isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; Plantago/*physiology ; Poaceae/drug effects/*growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; Seeds/physiology ; }, abstract = {Plantago virginica L. has invaded many lawn ecosystems in the Eastern part of China. The invasion has incurred an economic cost to remove them. In order to prevent the invasion, it is critical to understand the invasive mechanisms of this species. However, few studies have been conducted on the allelopathic mechanisms of its invasion. In this study, we examined allelopathic effects of P. virginica on germination of seeds and growth of seedlings of four widely used lawn species. We found extensive allelopathic potential of P. virginica on other lawn species, which varied with species and developmental stage. While most effects of the extracts of P. virginica were inhibitory, some variables in some species were promoted by the addition of the extracts. The extracts of P. virginica significantly inhibited seed germination of Agrostis matsumurae. While the overall differences in seed germination rate of Poa annua were significant among treatments, difference between control and any of the treatments was not significant. The height of seedlings of A. matsumurae and Cynodon dactylon was significantly lower under the treatments of adding extracts of P. virginica. In contrast, growth of seedlings of Festuca elata and P. annua did not show significant differences among treatments. The root length of A. matsumurae, C. dactylon and P. annua was suppressed by the extracts of P. virginica whereas root length of F. elata was not affected. Aboveground biomass of A. matsumurae and F. elata was significantly higher than control, except for F. elata at the concentration of 50mg/mL, whereas aboveground biomass of C. dactylon and P. annua was reduced at higher concentrations of the extracts. Except for A. matsumurae, root biomass of the other three lawn species declined under the treatments with the extracts of P. virginica. Our results revealed that P. virginica had allelopathic potential on four lawn species and supported the theory of "novel weapons hypothesis". Invasion by P. virginica in lawn can be moderated by selecting those species that are not affected or promotionally affected by it.}, }
@article {pmid25913453, year = {2015}, author = {Mihalca, AD}, title = {Ticks imported to Europe with exotic reptiles.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {213}, number = {1-2}, pages = {67-71}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.03.024}, pmid = {25913453}, issn = {1873-2550}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe ; Reptiles/*parasitology ; Risk Factors ; Tick Infestations/prevention &amp; control/transmission/*veterinary ; Ticks/*physiology ; }, abstract = {It is known that traded exotic animals carry with them an immense number of associated symbionts, including parasites. Reptiles are no exception. Most of the imported reptiles originate from tropical countries and their possibility to carry potentially dangerous pathogens is high. According to CITES, Europe is currently the main reptile importer in the world. Despite this, there is no review or analysis available for the risk related to the importation of tick-borne diseases with traded reptile to the EU. The main aim of the manuscript is to provide a review on the available literature on ticks introduced to and exchanged between European countries via the live reptile trade. So far, the published reports of ticks imported on reptiles are limited to few European countries: Italy, Poland, Spain, Netherlands, Belgium, Slovenia and UK. The following species have been reported: Hyalomma aegyptium, Amblyomma dissimile, Amblyomma exornatum, Amblyomma flavomaculatum, Amblyomma fuscolineatum, Amblyomma latum, Amblyomma quadricavum, Amblyomma marmoreum, Amblyomma nuttalli, Amblyomma sparsum, Amblyomma sphenodonti, Amblyomma transversale and Amblyomma varanense. The majority of species are of African origin, followed by American and Asian species. All groups of reptiles (chelonians, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, tuataras) were involved. However, it seems that certain groups (i.e. tortoises of genus Testudo, monitor lizards of genus Varanus, snakes of genus Python) are more important as host for imported ticks, but this may be related to higher levels of international trade. Even fewer are the reports of tick-borne pathogens associated with imported reptile ticks. Despite the diversity of tick species reported on imported reptiles, the situations of truly invasive species are atypical and are limited in natural environments to maximum two cases where H. aegyptium was involved. Otherwise, the risk associated with reptile trade for introduction of invasive tick to Europe is low. Nevertheless, veterinary control is still to be reinforced for collecting more data.}, }
@article {pmid25913190, year = {2015}, author = {Wong, MM and Lim, CL and Wilson, JJ}, title = {DNA barcoding implicates 23 species and four orders as potential pollinators of Chinese knotweed (Persicaria chinensis) in Peninsular Malaysia.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {105}, number = {4}, pages = {515-520}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485315000358}, pmid = {25913190}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Insecta/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Malaysia ; Pollination/*physiology ; Polygonaceae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Chinese knotweed (Persicaria chinensis) is of ecological and economic importance as a high-risk invasive species and a traditional medicinal herb. However, the insects associated with P. chinensis pollination have received scant attention. As a widespread invasive plant we would expect P. chinensis to be associated with a diverse group of insect pollinators, but lack of taxonomic identification capacity is an impediment to confirm this expectation. In the present study we aimed to elucidate the insect pollinators of P. chinensis in peninsular Malaysia using DNA barcoding. Forty flower visitors, representing the range of morphological diversity observed, were captured at flowers at Ulu Kali, Pahang, Malaysia. Using Automated Barcode Gap Discovery, 17 morphospecies were assigned to 23 species representing at least ten families and four orders. Using the DNA barcode library (BOLD) 30% of the species could be assigned a species name, and 70% could be assigned a genus name. The insects visiting P. chinensis were broadly similar to those previously reported as visiting Persicaria japonica, including honey bees (Apis), droneflies (Eristalis), blowflies (Lucilia) and potter wasps (Eumedes), but also included thrips and ants.}, }
@article {pmid25912227, year = {2015}, author = {Smith, LM}, title = {Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Glucosinolate Content Varies Across a Natural Light Gradient.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {41}, number = {5}, pages = {486-492}, pmid = {25912227}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Brassicaceae/metabolism/*radiation effects ; Glucosinolates/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Pheromones/*metabolism ; Sunlight ; }, abstract = {Garlic mustard is a well-known invader of deciduous forests of North America, yet the influence of environmental factors on garlic mustard allelochemical production is not well understood. Three experiments were conducted to detect interactions between one garlic mustard allelochemical (glucosinolate) production and light availability. First, to detect patterns of glucosinolate production across a natural light gradient, leaves and roots of mature plants and first-year rosettes were sampled in patches ranging from 100 to 2 % of full sun within an Indiana forest. Second, to determine whether genetic variation drives observed correlations between glucosinolate content and light, seed collected across light gradients within six sites was grown in a common garden and glucosinolate production was measured. Finally, to understand whether local adaptation occurred in garlic mustard's response to light, seed collected from defined light environments across six sites was grown under four light treatments. Results of the field sampling showed that mature plants' root glucosinolate content was elevated in high compared to low light. In the common garden experiment, however, there was no correlation between light availability at seed origin and constitutive glucosinolate content. Additionally, in the common light treatments, there was no evidence for local adaptation to light environment. Overall, the results indicate that plasticity in response to light, not genetic variation among plants growing in different light environments, generates correlations between glucosinolate content and light in the field. Since mature garlic mustard populations in high light may exhibit increased glucosinolate content, it makes them potential targets for management.}, }
@article {pmid25910461, year = {2015}, author = {Matthews, J and Schipper, AM and Hendriks, AJ and Yen Le, TT and Bij de Vaate, A and van der Velde, G and Leuven, RSEW}, title = {A dominance shift from the zebra mussel to the invasive quagga mussel may alter the trophic transfer of metals.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {203}, number = {}, pages = {183-190}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2015.03.032}, pmid = {25910461}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Animals ; Dreissena/*physiology ; Environmental Monitoring ; Food Chain ; Fresh Water/*chemistry ; *Introduced Species ; Metals, Heavy/*metabolism ; Netherlands ; Population Dynamics ; Risk Assessment ; Rivers/*chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Bioinvasions are a major cause of biodiversity and ecosystem changes. The rapid range expansion of the invasive quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) causing a dominance shift from zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) to quagga mussels, may alter the risk of secondary poisoning to predators. Mussel samples were collected from various water bodies in the Netherlands, divided into size classes, and analysed for metal concentrations. Concentrations of nickel and copper in quagga mussels were significantly lower than in zebra mussels overall. In lakes, quagga mussels contained significantly higher concentrations of aluminium, iron and lead yet significantly lower concentrations of zinc66, cadmium111, copper, nickel, cobalt and molybdenum than zebra mussels. In the river water type quagga mussel soft tissues contained significantly lower concentrations of zinc66. Our results suggest that a dominance shift from zebra to quagga mussels may reduce metal exposure of predator species.}, }
@article {pmid25909038, year = {2015}, author = {Stock, AJ and McGoey, BV and Stinchcombe, JR}, title = {Water availability as an agent of selection in introduced populations of Arabidopsis thaliana: impacts on flowering time evolution.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e898}, pmid = {25909038}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Flowering is one of the most influential events in the life history of a plant and one of the main determinants of reproductive investment and lifetime fitness. It is also a highly complex trait controlled by dozens of genes. Understanding the selective pressures influencing time to flowering, and being able to reliably predict how it will evolve in novel environments, are unsolved challenges for plant evolutionary geneticists. Using the model plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana, we examined the impact of simulated high and low winter precipitation levels on the flowering time of naturalized lines from across the eastern portion of the introduced North American range, and the fitness consequences of early versus late flowering. Flowering time order was significantly correlated across two environments-in a previous common garden experiment and in environmental chambers set to mimic mid-range photoperiod and temperature conditions. Plants in low water flowered earlier, had fewer basal branches and produced fewer fruits. Selection in both treatments favored earlier flowering and more basal branches. Our analyses revealed an interaction between flowering time and water treatment for fitness, where flowering later was more deleterious for fitness in the low water treatment. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that differences in winter precipitation levels are one of the selective agents underlying a flowering time cline in introduced A. thaliana populations.}, }
@article {pmid25908667, year = {2015}, author = {Hultine, KR and Bean, DW and Dudley, TL and Gehring, CA}, title = {Species Introductions and Their Cascading Impacts on Biotic Interactions in desert riparian ecosystems.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {55}, number = {4}, pages = {587-601}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icv019}, pmid = {25908667}, issn = {1557-7023}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; *Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Desert riparian ecosystems of North America are hotspots of biodiversity that support many sensitive species, and are in a region experiencing some of the highest rates of climatic alteration in North America. Fremont cottonwood, Populus fremontii, is a foundation tree species of this critical habitat, but it is threatened by global warming and regional drying, and by a non-native tree/shrub, Tamarix spp., all of which can disrupt the mutualism between P. fremontii and its beneficial mycorrhizal fungal communities. Specialist herbivorous leaf beetles (Diorhabda spp.) introduced for biocontrol of Tamarix are altering the relationship between this shrub and its environment. Repeated episodic feeding on Tamarix foliage by Diorhabda results in varying rates of dieback and mortality, depending on genetic variation in allocation of resources, growing conditions, and phenological synchrony between herbivore and host plant. In this article, we review the complex interaction between climatic change and species introductions and their combined impacts on P. fremontii and their associated communities. We anticipate that (1) certain genotypes of P. fremontii will respond more favorably to the presence of Tamarix and to climatic change due to varying selection pressures to cope with competition and stress; (2) the ongoing evolution of Diorhabda's life cycle timing will continue to facilitate its expansion in North America, and will over time enhance herbivore impact to Tamarix; (3) defoliation by Diorhabda will reduce the negative impact of Tamarix on P. fremontii associations with mycorrhizal fungi; and (4) spatial variability in climate and climatic change will modify the capacity for Tamarix to survive episodic defoliation by Diorhabda, thereby altering the relationship between Tamarix and P. fremontii, and its associated mycorrhizal fungal communities. Given the complex biotic/abiotic interactions outlined in this review, conservation biologists and riparian ecosystem managers should strive to identify and conserve the phenotypic traits that underpin tolerance and resistance to stressors such as climate change and species invasion. Such efforts will greatly enhance conservation restoration efficacy for protecting P. fremontii forests and their associated communities.}, }
@article {pmid25906923, year = {2017}, author = {Chakma, S and Picard, J and Duffy, R and Constantinoiu, C and Gummow, B}, title = {A Survey of Zoonotic Pathogens Carried by Non-Indigenous Rodents at the Interface of the Wet Tropics of North Queensland, Australia.}, journal = {Transboundary and emerging diseases}, volume = {64}, number = {1}, pages = {185-193}, doi = {10.1111/tbed.12360}, pmid = {25906923}, issn = {1865-1682}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Brucella/*isolation &amp; purification ; Brucellosis/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Introduced Species ; *Mice ; Queensland/epidemiology ; *Rats ; Rodent Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology ; Tropical Climate ; Zoonoses/microbiology/parasitology ; }, abstract = {In 1964, Brucella was isolated from rodents trapped in Wooroonooran National Park (WNP), in Northern Queensland, Australia. Genotyping of bacterial isolates in 2008 determined that they were a novel Brucella species. This study attempted to reisolate this species of Brucella from rodents living in the boundary area adjacent to WNP and to establish which endo- and ecto-parasites and bacterial agents were being carried by non-indigenous rodents at this interface. Seventy non-indigenous rodents were trapped [Mus musculus (52), Rattus rattus (17) and Rattus norvegicus (1)], euthanized and sampled on four properties adjacent to the WNP in July 2012. Organ pools were screened by culture for Salmonella, Leptospira and Brucella species, real-time PCR for Coxiella burnetii and conventional PCR for Leptospira. Collected ecto- and endo-parasites were identified using morphological criteria. The percentage of rodents carrying pathogens were Leptospira (40%), Salmonella choleraesuis ssp. arizonae (14.29%), ectoparasites (21.42%) and endoparasites (87%). Brucella and C. burnetii were not identified, and it was concluded that their prevalences were below 12%. Two rodent-specific helminthic species, namely Syphacia obvelata (2.86%) and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (85.71%), were identified. The most prevalent ectoparasites belonged to Laelaps spp. (41.17%) followed by Polyplax spp. (23.53%), Hoplopleura spp. (17.65%), Ixodes holocyclus (17.64%) and Stephanocircus harrisoni (5.88%), respectively. These ectoparasites, except S. harrisoni, are known to transmit zoonotic pathogens such as Rickettsia spp. from rat to rat and could be transmitted to humans by other arthropods that bite humans. The high prevalence of pathogenic Leptospira species is of significant public health concern. This is the first known study of zoonotic agents carried by non-indigenous rodents living in the Australian wet-tropical forest interface.}, }
@article {pmid25906399, year = {2015}, author = {Moravcová, L and Pyšek, P and Jarošík, V and Pergl, J}, title = {Getting the right traits: reproductive and dispersal characteristics predict the invasiveness of herbaceous plant species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {e0123634}, pmid = {25906399}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Plant Development ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {To better understand the effect of species traits on plant invasion, we collected comparative data on 20 reproductive and dispersal traits of 93 herbaceous alien species in the Czech Republic, central Europe, introduced after 1500 A. D. We explain plant invasion success, expressed by two measures: invasiveness, i.e. whether the species is naturalized but non-invasive, or invasive; and dominance in plant communities expressed as the mean cover in vegetation plots. We also tested how important reproductive and dispersal traits are in models including other characteristics generally known to predict invasion outcome, such as plant height, life history and residence time. By using regression/classification trees we show that the biological traits affect invasion success at all life stages, from reproduction (seed production) to dispersal (propagule properties), and the ability to compete with resident species (height). By including species traits information not usually available in multispecies analyses, we provide evidence that traits do play important role in determining the outcome of invasion and can be used to distinguish between alien species that reach the final stage of the invasion process and dominate the local communities from those that do not. No effect of taxonomy ascertained in regression and classification trees indicates that the role of traits in invasiveness should be assessed primarily at the species level.}, }
@article {pmid25905506, year = {2015}, author = {Shaw, AK and Kokko, H}, title = {Dispersal evolution in the presence of Allee effects can speed up or slow down invasions.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {185}, number = {5}, pages = {631-639}, doi = {10.1086/680511}, pmid = {25905506}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Density ; Reproduction ; Sex ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {Successful invasions by sexually reproducing species depend on the ability of individuals to mate. Finding mates can be particularly challenging at low densities (a mate-finding Allee effect), a factor that is only implicitly accounted for by most invasion models, which typically assume asexual populations. Existing theory on single-sex populations suggests that dispersal evolution in the presence of a mate-finding Allee effect slows invasions. Here we develop a two-sex model to determine how mating system, strength of an Allee effect, and dispersal evolution influence invasion speed. We show that mating system differences can dramatically alter the spread rate. We also find a broader spectrum of outcomes than earlier work suggests. Allowing dispersal to evolve in a spreading context can sometimes alleviate the mate-finding Allee effect and slow the rate of spread. However, we demonstrate the opposite when resource competition among females remains high: evolution then acts to speed up the spread rate, despite simultaneously exacerbating the Allee effect. Our results highlight the importance of the timing of mating relative to dispersal and the strength of resource competition for consideration in future empirical studies.}, }
@article {pmid25903634, year = {2015}, author = {Parker, IM and Saunders, M and Bontrager, M and Weitz, AP and Hendricks, R and Magarey, R and Suiter, K and Gilbert, GS}, title = {Phylogenetic structure and host abundance drive disease pressure in communities.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {520}, number = {7548}, pages = {542-544}, pmid = {25903634}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; California ; Databases, Factual ; *Grassland ; Introduced Species/trends ; *Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Plants/*classification ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Pathogens play an important part in shaping the structure and dynamics of natural communities, because species are not affected by them equally. A shared goal of ecology and epidemiology is to predict when a species is most vulnerable to disease. A leading hypothesis asserts that the impact of disease should increase with host abundance, producing a 'rare-species advantage'. However, the impact of a pathogen may be decoupled from host abundance, because most pathogens infect more than one species, leading to pathogen spillover onto closely related species. Here we show that the phylogenetic and ecological structure of the surrounding community can be important predictors of disease pressure. We found that the amount of tissue lost to disease increased with the relative abundance of a species across a grassland plant community, and that this rare-species advantage had an additional phylogenetic component: disease pressure was stronger on species with many close relatives. We used a global model of pathogen sharing as a function of relatedness between hosts, which provided a robust predictor of relative disease pressure at the local scale. In our grassland, the total amount of disease was most accurately explained not by the abundance of the focal host alone, but by the abundance of all species in the community weighted by their phylogenetic distance to the host. Furthermore, the model strongly predicted observed disease pressure for 44 novel host species we introduced experimentally to our study site, providing evidence for a mechanism to explain why phylogenetically rare species are more likely to become invasive when introduced. Our results demonstrate how the phylogenetic and ecological structure of communities can have a key role in disease dynamics, with implications for the maintenance of biodiversity, biotic resistance against introduced weeds, and the success of managed plants in agriculture and forestry.}, }
@article {pmid25901361, year = {2015}, author = {Ferreira, CE and Luiz, OJ and Floeter, SR and Lucena, MB and Barbosa, MC and Rocha, CR and Rocha, LA}, title = {First Record of Invasive Lionfish (Pterois volitans) for the Brazilian Coast.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {e0123002}, pmid = {25901361}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Fishes/*genetics ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Molecular Sequence Data ; }, abstract = {The invasion of the northwestern Atlantic by the Indo-Pacific lionfish has developed extraordinarily fast, and is expected to cause one of the most negative ecological impacts among all marine invasions. In less than 30 years, lionfish have dramatically expanded their distribution range to an area encompassing the eastern coast of the USA, Bermuda, the entire Caribbean region and the Gulf of Mexico. The rapidity of the lionfish spread has raised concerns in other parts of the Atlantic that may be under the reach of the invasion. Despite the anticipation that lionfish would eventually extend their range throughout most of the eastern coast of South America, it had not been recorded in Brazil until now. Here we report the first lionfish appearance for the Brazilian coast and show that the individual collected by us is genetically linked to the invasive Caribbean population. Since small-range endemics are found in several locations in Brazil and are among the species that are most vulnerable to extinction, we recommend urgent control, management and education measures aimed at minimizing the effects of this impending invasion.}, }
@article {pmid25898267, year = {2015}, author = {Smith, MC and Gomulkiewicz, R and Mack, RN}, title = {Potential role of masting by introduced bamboos in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) population irruptions holds public health consequences.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {e0124419}, pmid = {25898267}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bambusa/*growth &amp; development ; Computer Simulation ; Diet ; Female ; Food Preferences ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Peromyscus ; Pinus ponderosa ; Population Growth ; Quercus ; Seeds ; Triticum ; }, abstract = {We hypothesized that the ongoing naturalization of frost/shade tolerant Asian bamboos in North America could cause environmental consequences involving introduced bamboos, native rodents and ultimately humans. More specifically, we asked whether the eventual masting by an abundant leptomorphic ("running") bamboo within Pacific Northwest coniferous forests could produce a temporary surfeit of food capable of driving a population irruption of a common native seed predator, the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), a hantavirus carrier. Single-choice and cafeteria-style feeding trials were conducted for deer mice with seeds of two bamboo species (Bambusa distegia and Yushania brevipaniculata), wheat, Pinus ponderosa, and native mixed diets compared to rodent laboratory feed. Adult deer mice consumed bamboo seeds as readily as they consumed native seeds. In the cafeteria-style feeding trials, Y. brevipaniculata seeds were consumed at the same rate as native seeds but more frequently than wheat seeds or rodent laboratory feed. Females produced a median litter of 4 pups on a bamboo diet. Given the ability of deer mice to reproduce frequently whenever food is abundant, we employed our feeding trial results in a modified Rosenzweig-MacArthur consumer-resource model to project the population-level response of deer mice to a suddenly available/rapidly depleted supply of bamboo seeds. The simulations predict rodent population irruptions and declines similar to reported cycles involving Asian and South American rodents but unprecedented in deer mice. Following depletion of a mast seed supply, the incidence of Sin Nombre Virus (SNV) transmission to humans could subsequently rise with dispersal of the peridomestic deer mice into nearby human settlements seeking food.}, }
@article {pmid25895900, year = {2015}, author = {Li, Y and Duan, X and Qiao, X and Li, X and Wang, K and Men, Q and Chen, M}, title = {Mitochondrial DNA revealed the extent of genetic diversity and invasion origin of populations from two separate invaded areas of a newly invasive pest, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in China.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {105}, number = {4}, pages = {485-496}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485315000334}, pmid = {25895900}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Moths/*genetics/physiology ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Cydia pomonella is a serious invasive insect pest in China, and has caused severe damage to the production of apple and pear in its invaded areas. This species is distributing in the northwest and northeast of China, but no occurrence of it has been recorded in the large areas (about 3000-5000 km away) between the invaded northwestern and northeastern regions despite continuous monitoring. As yet the genetic diversity and invasion origin of the C. pomonella populations in Northwestern and Northeastern China is obscure. In this study, we investigate the genetic diversity of 14 populations of C. pomonella sampled throughout the main distribution regions in Northwestern (Xinjiang and Gansu Provinces) and Northeastern (Heilongjiang Province) China and compared them with nine populations from Europe and other continents using the mitochondrial COI, COII and Cytb genes. Both the populations from Northeastern and Northwestern China shared some haplotypes with populations from other countries. Haplotypes of the three mitochondrial genes had a different distribution in Northeastern and Northwestern China. The northeastern populations had more private haplotypes than the northwestern populations. A large number of the individuals from northwestern populations shared a few haplotypes of each of the three genes. The haplotype numbers and haplotype diversities of the northeastern populations were similar to those of field populations in other countries, but were higher than those of the northwestern populations. Populations from the Northwestern China showed similar haplotype number and haplotype diversity. We conclude that the population genetic background of C. pomonella populations in Northeastern and Northwestern China varies due to different invasion sources and that this should be considered before the application of new pest control tactics.}, }
@article {pmid25895505, year = {2015}, author = {Monceau, K and Maher, N and Bonnard, O and Thiéry, D}, title = {Evaluation of competition between a native and an invasive hornet species: do seasonal phenologies overlap?.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {105}, number = {4}, pages = {462-469}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485315000280}, pmid = {25895505}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; France ; Hymenoptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {One common dogma in ecology is based on the competitive exclusion principle. Hence, competition is often considered to be one of the primary determinants of the structure and functioning of ecosystems. In this paper, we investigate how the native Vespa crabro and the recently introduced Vespa velutina show some degree of niche differentiation that potentially minimizes their interspecific competition, the two dimensions investigated here being seasonal activity patterns and preferences for food. These two species share common characteristics: they are closely related, live in the same areas, belong to the same guild (predators), exploit the same kind of food sources, and exhibit a similar annual life cycle. Considering all these similarities, interspecific competition may occur if the two species exhibit identical seasonal phenologies. Our data show that their seasonal phenologies overlap to some extent probably due to biological constraints common to Vespinae. The shifts in time observed here allow the hornet species to not directly compete for food sources at the same time. It does not however exclude indirect competition, especially in a 'first-come, first-served' fashion.}, }
@article {pmid25894012, year = {2015}, author = {Rollins, LA and Richardson, MF and Shine, R}, title = {A genetic perspective on rapid evolution in cane toads (Rhinella marina).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2264-2276}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13184}, pmid = {25894012}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/genetics ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Bufonidae/*genetics ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; }, abstract = {The process of biological invasion exposes a species to novel pressures, in terms of both the environments it encounters and the evolutionary consequences of range expansion. Several invaders have been shown to exhibit rapid evolutionary changes in response to those pressures, thus providing robust opportunities to clarify the processes at work during rapid phenotypic transitions. The accelerating pace of invasion of cane toads (Rhinella marina) in tropical Australia during its 80-year history has been well characterized at the phenotypic level, including common-garden experiments that demonstrate heritability of several dispersal-relevant traits. Individuals from the invasion front (and their progeny) show distinctive changes in morphology, physiology and behaviour that, in combination, result in far more rapid dispersal than is true of conspecifics from long-colonized areas. The extensive body of work on cane toad ecology enables us to place into context studies of the genetic basis of these traits. Our analyses of differential gene expression from toads from both ends of this invasion-history transect reveal substantial upregulation of many genes, notably those involved in metabolism and cellular repair. Clearly, then, the dramatically rapid phenotypic evolution of cane toads in Australia has been accompanied by substantial shifts in gene expression, suggesting that this system is well suited to investigating the genetic underpinnings of invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid25893974, year = {2015}, author = {Maciel, GA and Lutscher, F}, title = {Allee effects and population spread in patchy landscapes.}, journal = {Journal of biological dynamics}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {109-123}, doi = {10.1080/17513758.2015.1027309}, pmid = {25893974}, issn = {1751-3766}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Invasion of alien species is one of the major threats for natural community structures, potentially leading to high economic and environmental costs. In this work, we study through a reaction-diffusion model the dynamics of an invasion in a heterogeneous environment and in the presence of a strong Allee effect. We model space as an infinite landscape consisting of periodically alternating favourable and unfavourable patches. In addition, we consider that at the interface between patch types individuals may show preference for more favourable regions. Using homogenization techniques and a classical result for spread with Allee effect in homogeneous landscapes, we derive approximate expressions for the spread speed. When compared with numerical simulations, these expressions prove to be very accurate even beyond the expected small-scale heterogeneity limit of homogenization. We demonstrate how rates of spatial spread depend on demographic and movement parameters as well as on the landscape properties.}, }
@article {pmid25893962, year = {2015}, author = {Procheş, &#x15e; and Forest, F and Jose, S and De Dominicis, M and Ramdhani, S and Wiggill, T}, title = {How do alien plants fit in the space-phylogeny matrix?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {e0123238}, pmid = {25893962}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Introduced Species ; *Phylogeny ; South Africa ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Recent advances in the field of plant community phylogenetics and invasion phylogenetics are mostly based on plot-level data, which do not take into consideration the spatial arrangement of individual plants within the plot. Here we use within-plot plant coordinates to investigate the link between the physical distance separating plants, and their phylogenetic relatedness. We look at two vegetation types (forest and grassland, similar in species richness and in the proportion of alien invasive plants) in subtropical coastal KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The relationship between phylogenetic distance and physical distance is weak in grassland (characterised by higher plant densities and low phylogenetic diversity), and varies substantially in forest vegetation (variable plant density, higher phylogenetic diversity). There is no significant relationship between the proportion of alien plants in the plots and the strength of the physical-phylogenetic distance relationship, suggesting that alien plants are well integrated in the local spatial-phylogenetic landscape.}, }
@article {pmid25893789, year = {2015}, author = {Lariviere, A and Limeri, LB and Meindl, GA and Traw, MB}, title = {Herbivory and relative growth rates of Pieris rapae are correlated with host constitutive salicylic acid and flowering time.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {41}, number = {4}, pages = {350-359}, pmid = {25893789}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Brassicaceae/*chemistry ; Butterflies/chemistry/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; New York ; Oviposition ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Salicylic Acid/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Treatment of plants with exogenous salicylic acid (SA) improves resistance to many bacterial pathogens, but can suppress resistance to insect herbivores. While plants vary naturally in constitutive SA, whether such differences are predictive of resistance to insect herbivores has not been studied previously. We examined the possible role of this endogenous SA in structuring the interactions between the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae, and ten hosts in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). Because P. rapae has multiple generations that utilize different hosts across the year, we included five spring-flowering mustards and five summer-flowering mustards that co-occur in ruderal habitats in upstate New York. Under common garden conditions, the spring flowering mustards (Capsella bursa-pastoris, Draba verna, Cardamine impatiens, Barbarea vulgaris, and Arabidopsis thaliana) were significantly more resistant to P. rapae, supporting 42 % less herbivory (P = 0.015) and 64 % lower relative growth rates (P = 0.007), relative to the summer flowering mustards (Sisymbrium altissimum, Brassica nigra, Sinapis arvense, Lepidium campestre, and Arabis canadensis). Leaf total constitutive SA explained significant variation in larval herbivory (R (2) = 75.3 %, P = 0.007) and relative growth rates (R (2) = 59.4 %, P = 0.043). The three species with the lowest levels of constitutive SA (Capsella bursa-pastoris, Draba verna, and Cardamine impatiens) were the most resistant to larvae. Barbarea vulgaris and Arabis canadensis were notable exceptions, exhibiting high SA concentrations and intermediate resistance to P. rapae. These results suggest a curvilinear relationship between leaf constitutive SA and the herbivory by P. rapae, and they provide some insight into the ecology and possible management of this economically important crop pest.}, }
@article {pmid25893251, year = {2015}, author = {Dickey, AM and Kumar, V and Hoddle, MS and Funderburk, JE and Morgan, JK and Jara-Cavieres, A and Shatters, RG and Osborne, LS and McKenzie, CL}, title = {The Scirtothrips dorsalis Species Complex: Endemism and Invasion in a Global Pest.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {e0123747}, pmid = {25893251}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Genetic Loci ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Thysanoptera/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Invasive arthropods pose unique management challenges in various environments, the first of which is correct identification. This apparently mundane task is particularly difficult if multiple species are morphologically indistinguishable but accurate identification can be determined with DNA barcoding provided an adequate reference set is available. Scirtothrips dorsalis is a highly polyphagous plant pest with a rapidly expanding global distribution and this species, as currently recognized, may be comprised of cryptic species. Here we report the development of a comprehensive DNA barcode library for S. dorsalis and seven nuclear markers via next-generation sequencing for identification use within the complex. We also report the delimitation of nine cryptic species and two morphologically distinguishable species comprising the S. dorsalis species complex using histogram analysis of DNA barcodes, Bayesian phylogenetics, and the multi-species coalescent. One member of the complex, here designated the South Asia 1 cryptic species, is highly invasive, polyphagous, and likely the species implicated in tospovirus transmission. Two other species, South Asia 2, and East Asia 1 are also highly polyphagous and appear to be at an earlier stage of global invasion. The remaining members of the complex are regionally endemic, varying in their pest status and degree of polyphagy. In addition to patterns of invasion and endemism, our results provide a framework both for identifying members of the complex based on their DNA barcode, and for future species delimiting efforts.}, }
@article {pmid25891955, year = {2015}, author = {Michaelides, SN and While, GM and Zajac, N and Uller, T}, title = {Widespread primary, but geographically restricted secondary, human introductions of wall lizards, Podarcis muralis.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {11}, pages = {2702-2714}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13206}, pmid = {25891955}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; England ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/*genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Establishing the introduction pathways of alien species is a fundamental task in invasion biology. The common wall lizard, Podarcis muralis, has been widely introduced outside of its native range in both Europe and North America, primarily through escaped pets or deliberate release of animals from captive or wild populations. Here, we use Bayesian clustering, approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) methods and network analyses to reconstruct the origin and colonization history of 23 non-native populations of wall lizards in England. Our analyses show that established populations in southern England originate from at least nine separate sources of animals from native populations in France and Italy. Secondary introductions from previously established non-native populations were supported for eleven (47%) populations. In contrast to the primary introductions, secondary introductions were highly restricted geographically and appear to have occurred within a limited time frame rather than being increasingly common. Together, these data suggest that extant wall lizard populations in England are the result of isolated accidental and deliberate releases of imported animals since the 1970s, with only local translocation of animals from established non-native populations. Given that populations introduced as recently as 25 years ago show evidence of having adapted to cool climate, discouraging further translocations may be important to prevent more extensive establishment on the south coast of England.}, }
@article {pmid25891044, year = {2015}, author = {Colautti, RI and Lau, JA}, title = {Contemporary evolution during invasion: evidence for differentiation, natural selection, and local adaptation.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {1999-2017}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13162}, pmid = {25891044}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecology ; Genetic Markers ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Genetic ; Phenotype ; Plants ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are 'natural' experiments that can improve our understanding of contemporary evolution. We evaluate evidence for population differentiation, natural selection and adaptive evolution of invading plants and animals at two nested spatial scales: (i) among introduced populations (ii) between native and introduced genotypes. Evolution during invasion is frequently inferred, but rarely confirmed as adaptive. In common garden studies, quantitative trait differentiation is only marginally lower (~3.5%) among introduced relative to native populations, despite genetic bottlenecks and shorter timescales (i.e. millennia vs. decades). However, differentiation between genotypes from the native vs. introduced range is less clear and confounded by nonrandom geographic sampling; simulations suggest this causes a high false-positive discovery rate (>50%) in geographically structured populations. Selection differentials (¦s¦) are stronger in introduced than in native species, although selection gradients (¦β¦) are not, consistent with introduced species experiencing weaker genetic constraints. This could facilitate rapid adaptation, but evidence is limited. For example, rapid phenotypic evolution often manifests as geographical clines, but simulations demonstrate that nonadaptive trait clines can evolve frequently during colonization (~two-thirds of simulations). Additionally, QST-FST studies may often misrepresent the strength and form of natural selection acting during invasion. Instead, classic approaches in evolutionary ecology (e.g. selection analysis, reciprocal transplant, artificial selection) are necessary to determine the frequency of adaptive evolution during invasion and its influence on establishment, spread and impact of invasive species. These studies are rare but crucial for managing biological invasions in the context of global change.}, }
@article {pmid25890379, year = {2015}, author = {Dogan, Y and Nedelcheva, A and Łuczaj, &#x141; and Drăgulescu, C and Stefkov, G and Maglajlić, A and Ferrier, J and Papp, N and Hajdari, A and Mustafa, B and Dajić-Stevanović, Z and Pieroni, A}, title = {Of the importance of a leaf: the ethnobotany of sarma in Turkey and the Balkans.}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {26}, pmid = {25890379}, issn = {1746-4269}, mesh = {Balkan Peninsula ; Brassica ; *Cooking ; Culture ; *Ethnobotany ; Female ; Humans ; *Plant Leaves ; *Plants, Edible ; Turkey ; Vitis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Sarma - cooked leaves rolled around a filling made from rice and/or minced meat, possibly vegetables and seasoning plants - represents one of the most widespread feasting dishes of the Middle Eastern and South-Eastern European cuisines. Although cabbage and grape vine sarma is well-known worldwide, the use of alternative plant leaves remains largely unexplored. The aim of this research was to document all of the botanical taxa whose leaves are used for preparing sarma in the folk cuisines of Turkey and the Balkans.<br><br>METHODS: Field studies were conducted during broader ethnobotanical surveys, as well as during ad-hoc investigations between the years 2011 and 2014 that included diverse rural communities in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey. Primary ethnobotanical and folkloric literatures in each country were also considered.<br><br>RESULTS: Eighty-seven botanical taxa, mainly wild, belonging to 50 genera and 27 families, were found to represent the bio-cultural heritage of sarma in Turkey and the Balkans. The greatest plant biodiversity in sarma was found in Turkey and, to less extent, in Bulgaria and Romania. The most commonly used leaves for preparing sarma were those of cabbage (both fresh and lacto-fermented), grape vine, beet, dock, sorrel, horseradish, lime tree, bean, and spinach. In a few cases, the leaves of endemic species (Centaurea haradjianii, Rumex gracilescens, and R. olympicus in Turkey) were recorded. Other uncommon sarma preparations were based on lightly toxic taxa, such as potato leaves in NE Albania, leaves of Arum, Convolvulus, and Smilax species in Turkey, of Phytolacca americana in Macedonia, and of Tussilago farfara in diverse countries. Moreover, the use of leaves of the introduced species Reynoutria japonica in Romania, Colocasia esculenta in Turkey, and Phytolacca americana in Macedonia shows the dynamic nature of folk cuisines.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The rich ethnobotanical diversity of sarma confirms the urgent need to record folk culinary plant knowledge. The results presented here can be implemented into initiatives aimed at re-evaluating folk cuisines and niche food markets based on local neglected ingredients, and possibly also to foster trajectories of the avant-garde cuisines inspired by ethnobotanical knowledge.}, }
@article {pmid25890173, year = {2015}, author = {Flacio, E and Engeler, L and Tonolla, M and Lüthy, P and Patocchi, N}, title = {Strategies of a thirteen year surveillance programme on Aedes albopictus (Stegomyia albopicta) in southern Switzerland.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {208}, pmid = {25890173}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/drug effects/*growth &amp; development ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; Insecticides/pharmacology ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Permethrin ; Population Dynamics ; Population Surveillance ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In Ticino, a canton located south of the Alps in Switzerland, a surveillance programme on Aedes albopictus (Stegomyia albopicta) started in 2000 seeing that the region was considered at high risk of introduction based on the rapid spread of this mosquito in neighbouring Italy.<br><br>METHODS: The surveillance programme, which is still ongoing, was adapted continuously to handle preventive measures of arrival, dispersal and establishment of this invasive species. The monitoring was based on ovitraps supported by reports from the population. The integrated control measures included removal of breeding sites, larvicide applications with Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis or diflubenzuron and, in some circumstances, adulticide applications with permethrin. These measures involved citizens, municipalities and Civil Protection Units.<br><br>RESULTS: Ae. albopictus was first observed in 2003 in Ticino. We describe the strategies adopted and their adaptations to the evolving problem since year 2000. The approach used allowed keeping the mosquito densities at tolerable levels and below the threshold of autochthonous Ae. albopictus borne disease transmission. During the surveillance period, new typologies of breeding sites for Ae. albopictus have been discovered.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: It was worth tackling the arrival of Ae. albopictus and adopting immediate control measures, followed by regular control measures after its establishment. Early intervention and prevention of the possible spread of the tiger mosquito over the territory avoided facing a crisis situation. This also reduced the difficulty of managing the situation and probably also reduced the overall cost if this had not been put in place.}, }
@article {pmid25889899, year = {2015}, author = {Bulleri, F and Malquori, F}, title = {High tolerance to simulated herbivory in the clonal seaweed, Caulerpa cylindracea.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {107}, number = {}, pages = {61-65}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.04.004}, pmid = {25889899}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Caulerpa/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Tolerance can enable introduced plants to establish in the face of intense consumption by native herbivores. The siphonacous seaweed, Caulerpa cylindracea, despite being heavily grazed by native herbivores, is one of the most successful invaders in the Mediterranean. By means of a field experiment simulating herbivore grazing, we tested whether regeneration from damaged creeping stolons may allow C. cylindracea to compensate or overcompensate for biomass loss. In order to simulate different grazing intensities, the cover of C. cylindracea was either left untouched or clipped to 25%, 50% or 75% of the original value. After 2 months, C. cylindracea cover increased by ∼ 450% in 75% removal plots, ∼ 200% in 50% removals and ∼ 70% in 25% removals, whilst the increment in controls was just ∼ 6%. Such differential growth rates resulted in no difference in the cover of C. cylindracea between clipped (irrespective of clipping intensity) and control plots. Thus, regeneration from remnant clipped stolons could compensate for biomass loss, suggesting that non-native siphonaceous seaweeds can withstand intense mechanical damage and, possibly, grazing by herbivores. This compensatory mechanism may underpin the success of some of the most invasive clonal plants.}, }
@article {pmid25889666, year = {2015}, author = {Medlock, JM and Vaux, AG}, title = {Impacts of the creation, expansion and management of English wetlands on mosquito presence and abundance - developing strategies for future disease mitigation.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {142}, pmid = {25889666}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; Culicidae/classification/*physiology ; England ; Floods ; Insect Vectors/classification/*physiology ; Population Density ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The incidence of mosquito-borne diseases is increasing in Europe, partly due to the incursion of a number of invasive species known to be vectors of dengue and chikungunya viruses, but also due to the involvement of native species in the transmission of West Nile virus and malaria. For some of these pathogens, there is a risk of the re-emergence of vector-borne diseases that were once widespread in Europe, but declined partly due to large-scale land-drainage projects. Some mosquito species exploit container habitats as breeding sites in urban areas; an adaptation to human-made micro-habitats resulting from increased urbanisation. However, many species thrive in natural wetland ecosystems. Owing to the impacts of climate change there is an urgent need for environmental adaptation, such as the creation of new wetlands to mitigate coastal and inland flooding. In some cases, these initiatives can be coupled with environmental change strategies to protect a range of endangered flora and fauna species by enhancing and extending wetland landscapes, which may by driven by European legislation, particularly in urban areas. This paper reviews field studies conducted in England to assess the impact of newly created wetlands on mosquito colonisation in a) coastal, b) urban and c) arable reversion habitats. It also considers the impact of wetland management on mosquito populations and explores the implications of various water and vegetation management options on the range of British mosquito species. Understanding the impact of wetland creation and management strategies on mosquito prevalence and the potential risk of increasing the levels of nuisance or disease vector species will be crucial in informing health and well-being risk assessments, guiding targeted control, and anticipating the social effects of extreme weather and climate change. Although new wetlands will certainly extend aquatic habitats for mosquitoes, not all species will become a major nuisance or a vector concern as a result. Understanding how the design and management of wetlands might exacerbate mosquito densities is crucial if we are to manage nuisance mosquitoes and control vector species in the event of a disease outbreak. This entomological evidence-base will ensure that control strategies achieve optimal efficacy at minimal cost.}, }
@article {pmid25888896, year = {2015}, author = {Pombi, M and Guelbeogo, WM and Calzetta, M and Sagnon, N and Petrarca, V and La Gioia, V and della Torre, A}, title = {Evaluation of a protocol for remote identification of mosquito vector species reveals BG-Sentinel trap as an efficient tool for Anopheles gambiae outdoor collection in Burkina Faso.}, journal = {Malaria journal}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {161}, pmid = {25888896}, issn = {1475-2875}, mesh = {Animals ; Anopheles/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*physiology ; Burkina Faso ; Entomology/*methods ; Female ; Male ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Optical Imaging/*methods ; Remote Sensing Technology/*methods ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Feasibility and costs of monitoring efforts aimed to monitor mosquito species are strictly dependent on the presence of skilled entomologists directly in the field. However, in several contexts this is not possible or easy to organize, thus limiting the possibility to obtain crucial information on presence/abundance of potential disease vectors and of new invasive species. Digital imaging approaches could be extremely useful in the frame of medical entomology to overcome this limit. This work describes a surveillance approach to collect and morphologically identify host-seeking malaria vectors based on remote transmission of digital images of specimens collected with ad hoc modified traps.<br><br>METHODS: CDC light trap (CDC) and the BG-Sentinel trap (BG), both baited with BG-lure and CO2, were modified in order to have collected mosquitoes immobilized on a bi-dimensional surface. The performance of the two traps in the field was comparatively tested by Latin-square experiments in two villages of Burkina Faso under low and high mosquito densities. The efficiency of identifications based the inspection of digital images versus microscopic identifications of collected specimens was compared.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 1,519 mosquitoes belonging to 16 species were collected, of which 88.5% were microscopically identified as Anopheles gambiae s.l. (mainly Anopheles coluzzii, 85.7%). During dry season BG collected 15 times more females than CDC outdoors, whereas indoors the BG collected 0.4 times less than CDC. During rainy season the ratio BG/CDC was 6.4 and 0.7 outdoors and indoors, respectively. The efficiency of digital images versus microscopic identifications of collected specimens was 97.9%, 95.6% and 81.5% for Culicidae, Anophelinae and An. gambiae s.l., respectively.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Results strongly encourage the use of BG-trap for collecting host-seeking An. gambiae particularly in the outdoor environment, providing new perspectives to the challenge of collecting this fraction of the biting population, whose epidemiological relevance is increasing due to the success of large-scale implementation of indoor malaria vector control strategies. Moreover, results show that the transmission of digital images of specimens collected by the ad hoc modified host-seeking traps efficiently allows identification of malaria vectors, thus opening the perspective to easily carry out mosquito monitoring also in the absence of entomologists directly in the field.}, }
@article {pmid25888264, year = {2015}, author = {Mu, X and Hou, G and Song, H and Xu, P and Luo, D and Gu, D and Xu, M and Luo, J and Zhang, J and Hu, Y}, title = {Transcriptome analysis between invasive Pomacea canaliculata and indigenous Cipangopaludina cahayensis reveals genomic divergence and diagnostic microsatellite/SSR markers.}, journal = {BMC genetics}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {12}, pmid = {25888264}, issn = {1471-2156}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Snails/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pomacea canaliculata is an important invasive species worldwide. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms behind species displacement, adaptational abilities, and pesticide resistance, partly because of the lack of genomic information that is available for this species. Here, the transcriptome sequences for the invasive golden apple snail P. canaliculata and the native mudsnail Cipangopaludina cahayensis were obtained by next-generation-sequencing and used to compare genomic divergence and identify molecular markers.<br><br>RESULTS: More than 46 million high quality sequencing reads were generated from P. canaliculata and C. cahayensis using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. Our analysis indicated that 11,312 unigenes from P. canaliculata and C. cahayensis showed significant similarities to known proteins families, among which a total of 4,320 specific protein families were identified. KEGG pathway enrichment was analyzed for the unique unigenes with 17 pathways (p-value < 10(-5)) in P. canaliculata relating predominantly to lysosomes and vitamin digestion and absorption, and with 12 identified in C. cahayensis, including cancer and toxoplasmosis pathways, respectively. Our analysis also indicated that the comparatively high number of P450 genes in the P. canaliculata transcriptome may be associated with the pesticide resistance in this species. Additionally, 16,717 simple sequence repeats derived from expressed sequence tags (EST-SSRs) were identified from the 14,722 unigenes in P. canaliculata and 100 of them were examined by PCR, revealing a species-specific molecular marker that could distinguish between the morphologically similar P. canaliculata and C. cahayensis snails.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Here, we present the genomic resources of P. canaliculata and C. cahayensis. Differentially expressed genes in the transcriptome of P. canaliculata compared with C. cahayensis corresponded to critical metabolic pathways, and genes specifically related to environmental stress response were detected. The CYP4 family of P450 cytochromes that may be important factors in pesticide metabolism in P. canaliculata was identified. Overall, these findings will provide valuable genetic data for the further characterization of the molecular mechanisms that support the invasive and adaptive abilities of P. canaliculata.}, }
@article {pmid25888168, year = {2015}, author = {Millins, C and Magierecka, A and Gilbert, L and Edoff, A and Brereton, A and Kilbride, E and Denwood, M and Birtles, R and Biek, R}, title = {An Invasive Mammal (the Gray Squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis) Commonly Hosts Diverse and Atypical Genotypes of the Zoonotic Pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {13}, pages = {4236-4245}, pmid = {25888168}, issn = {1098-5336}, support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; BB/F016786/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Borrelia burgdorferi Group/*classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics ; Disease Vectors ; Ectoparasitic Infestations/parasitology ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genotype ; Ixodes/*microbiology ; Lyme Disease/microbiology/*veterinary ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Sciuridae/*microbiology/parasitology ; Seasons ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Invasive vertebrate species can act as hosts for endemic pathogens and may alter pathogen community composition and dynamics. For the zoonotic pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the agent of Lyme borreliosis, recent work shows invasive rodent species can be of high epidemiological importance and may support host-specific strains. This study examined the role of gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) (n = 679), an invasive species in the United Kingdom, as B. burgdorferi sensu lato hosts. We found that gray squirrels were frequently infested with Ixodes ricinus, the main vector of B. burgdorferi sensu lato in the United Kingdom, and 11.9% were infected with B. burgdorferi sensu lato. All four genospecies that occur in the United Kingdom were detected in gray squirrels, and unexpectedly, the bird-associated genospecies Borrelia garinii was most common. The second most frequent infection was with Borrelia afzelii. Genotyping of B. garinii and B. afzelii produced no evidence for strains associated with gray squirrels. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) identified tick infestation and date of capture as significant factors associated with B. burgdorferi sensu lato infection in gray squirrels, with infection elevated in early summer in squirrels infested with ticks. Invasive gray squirrels appear to become infected with locally circulating strains of B. burgdorferi sensu lato, and further studies are required to determine their role in community disease dynamics. Our findings highlight the fact that the role of introduced host species in B. burgdorferi sensu lato epidemiology can be highly variable and thus difficult to predict.}, }
@article {pmid25886047, year = {2015}, author = {Van Bocxlaer, B and Clewing, C and Mongindo Etimosundja, JP and Kankonda, A and Wembo Ndeo, O and Albrecht, C}, title = {Recurrent camouflaged invasions and dispersal of an Asian freshwater gastropod in tropical Africa.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {33}, pmid = {25886047}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Gastropoda/classification/genetics/*physiology ; *Lakes ; Phylogeography ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Non-indigenous taxa currently represent a large fraction of the species and biomass of freshwater ecosystems. The accumulation of invasive taxa in combination with other stressors in these ecosystems may alter the habitats to which native taxa are adapted, which could elicit evolutionary changes in native populations and their ecological interactions. Assessing ecological and evolutionary consequences of invasions simultaneously may therefore be the most effective approach to study taxa with complex invasion histories. Here we apply such an integrated approach to the cerithioid gastropod Melanoides tuberculata, a model system in invasion biology.<br><br>RESULTS: Molecular phylogenetics and ancestral range reconstructions allowed us to identify several independent Asian invasions in Lakes Malawi and Tanganyika, the Congo River, Nigeria and Cameroon. Some invasive M. tuberculata populations display much variation in shell morphology, and overlap in morphospace with M. tuberculata populations native to Africa. Experiments confirmed great ecophenotyic plasticity in some invasive populations, which, in combination with the overlap in disparity with native populations, masks invaders and their dispersal through Africa. Finally, the results of geographic modeling indicate that cryptic M. tuberculata invasions occurred primarily in densely populated areas.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We reveal the continental nature of invasions of Asian M. tuberculata to Africa. Several of the affected ecosystems have high endemicity in Cerithioidea: Lake Tanganyika has an unparalleled diversity in freshwater cerithioids (>10 endemic genera) and the Congo Basin and Lake Malawi are home to the two largest endemic species clusters of Melanoides in Africa (~12 and ~8 species, respectively). Cerithioids perform ecologically important functions in the benthic ecosystems of African freshwaters, but invaders and ecosystem change pose risks to their native diversity. We draw suggestions for more effective conservation strategies from our integrated approach.}, }
@article {pmid25884876, year = {2015}, author = {Montarsi, F and Ciocchetta, S and Devine, G and Ravagnan, S and Mutinelli, F and Frangipane di Regalbono, A and Otranto, D and Capelli, G}, title = {Development of Dirofilaria immitis within the mosquito Aedes (Finlaya) koreicus, a new invasive species for Europe.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {177}, pmid = {25884876}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/*parasitology ; Animals ; Dirofilaria immitis/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Dirofilariasis/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Dogs ; Europe/epidemiology ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Italy/epidemiology ; Larva ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Over the recent decades, container-breeding mosquito species belonging to the genus Aedes have frequently been recorded far from their place of origin. Aedes koreicus was first reported in north-eastern Italy in 2011, in a region endemic for Dirofilaria immitis, the agent of canine heartworm disease. The vector competence of Ae. koreicus for D. immitis was here tested under laboratory conditions, by infecting mosquitoes with a local strain of D. immitis.<br><br>METHODS: Blood containing 3000 microfilariae/ml was offered to 54 mosquitoes (T group) while 29 were left as a control (C group). Mosquitoes killed at scheduled days post infection (dpi) and naturally dead were divided in head, thorax and abdomen and examined for D. immitis larval stages by dissection under a microscope and molecularly.<br><br>RESULTS: Of the 45 engorged mosquitoes in T, 32 (71.1%) scored positive for D. immitis larval stages. L3 were found as early as 8 dpi in the Malpighian tubules and then in the thorax, salivary glands, palp and proboscis. At the end of the study a total of 18 mosquitoes developed L3 giving an estimated infection rate at 12 dpi of 68.2% and a vector efficiency index of 25.2%. The rate of mortality in T group within the first 9 days post infection was significantly higher in T group (47.6%) than in C group (8.3%) (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01). The concordance between microscopy and PCR was high (0.8-0.9), however, a positivity for D. immitis in the head was found molecularly at 13 dpi, three days before microscopy.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Aedes koreicus, a new invasive species for Europe, is most likely a competent vector of D. immitis being of potential relevance in the natural cycle of the parasite. This poses a new threat for animal and human health in endemic areas for dirofilariosis and enhances the risk of spreading the infection in previously non-endemic areas. These results stress the importance of active surveillance and control strategies to minimize the risk of introduction of invasive alien species.}, }
@article {pmid25883362, year = {2015}, author = {Kelley, NP and Pyenson, ND}, title = {Vertebrate evolution. Evolutionary innovation and ecology in marine tetrapods from the Triassic to the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {348}, number = {6232}, pages = {aaa3716}, doi = {10.1126/science.aaa3716}, pmid = {25883362}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*classification ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Fossils ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Vertebrates/*classification ; }, abstract = {Many top consumers in today's oceans are marine tetrapods, a collection of lineages independently derived from terrestrial ancestors. The fossil record illuminates their transitions from land to sea, yet these initial invasions account for a small proportion of their evolutionary history. We review the history of marine invasions that drove major changes in anatomy, physiology, and ecology over more than 250 million years. Many innovations evolved convergently in multiple clades, whereas others are unique to individual lineages. The evolutionary arcs of these ecologically important clades are framed against the backdrop of mass extinctions and regime shifts in ocean ecosystems. Past and present human disruptions to marine tetrapods, with cascading impacts on marine ecosystems, underscore the need to link macroecology with evolutionary change.}, }
@article {pmid25882833, year = {2015}, author = {Buonerba, L and Zaccara, S and Delmastro, GB and Lorenzoni, M and Salzburger, W and Gante, HF}, title = {Intrinsic and extrinsic factors act at different spatial and temporal scales to shape population structure, distribution and speciation in Italian Barbus (Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae).}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {89}, number = {}, pages = {115-129}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.024}, pmid = {25882833}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyprinidae/*genetics/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Evolution, Molecular ; Fossils ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; *Genetic Speciation ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Genetics, Population ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Ice Cover ; Italy ; *Phylogeny ; Population Density ; Reproducibility of Results ; Rivers ; *Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Previous studies have given substantial attention to external factors that affect the distribution and diversification of freshwater fish in Europe and North America, in particular Pleistocene and Holocene glacial cycles. In the present paper we examine sequence variation at one mitochondrial and four nuclear loci (over 3 kbp) from populations sampled across several drainages of all species of Barbus known to inhabit Italian freshwaters (introduced B. barbus and native B. balcanicus, B. caninus, B. plebejus and B. tyberinus). By comparing species with distinct ecological preferences (rheophilic and fluvio-lacustrine) and using a fossil-calibrated phylogeny we gained considerable insight about the intrinsic and extrinsic processes shaping barbel distribution, population structure and speciation. We found that timescales of Italian barbel diversification are older than previously thought, starting in the Early Miocene, and involving local and regional tectonism and basin paleo-evolution rather than Pleistocene glacial cycles. Conversely, more recent environmental factors associated with glaciation-deglaciation cycles have influenced species distributions. These events had a more marked impact on fluvio-lacustrine than on rheophilic species by means of river confluence at low sea levels. We show that genetic structure is influenced by species ecology: populations of small rheophilic species inhabiting upper river stretches of large basins are less connected and more differentiated than large fluvio-lacustrine species that inhabit lower river courses. We report the existence of both natural and human-induced interspecific gene flow, which could have great impacts on the evolution and persistence of species involved. In addition, we provide evidence that B. tyberinus is genetically distinguishable from all other Italian taxa and that its morphological similarity to B. plebejus and intermediacy with B. caninus are best explained by recent common ancestry and similar ecology with the former, rather than by hybrid origin involving these two species as previously hypothesized.}, }
@article {pmid25882229, year = {2015}, author = {Stuart-Smith, RD and Edgar, GJ and Stuart-Smith, JF and Barrett, NS and Fowles, AE and Hill, NA and Cooper, AT and Myers, AP and Oh, ES and Pocklington, JB and Thomson, RJ}, title = {Loss of native rocky reef biodiversity in Australian metropolitan embayments.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {95}, number = {1}, pages = {324-332}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.023}, pmid = {25882229}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Cities/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Coral Reefs ; *Fishes ; *Invertebrates ; Metals, Heavy ; Population Density ; Urbanization ; *Water Pollution ; }, abstract = {Urbanisation of the coastal zone represents a key threat to marine biodiversity, including rocky reef communities which often possess disproportionate ecological, recreational and commercial importance. The nature and magnitude of local urban impacts on reef biodiversity near three Australian capital cities were quantified using visual census methods. The most impacted reefs in urbanised embayments were consistently characterised by smaller, faster growing species, reduced fish biomass and richness, and reduced mobile invertebrate abundance and richness. Reef faunal distribution varied significantly with heavy metals, local population density, and proximity to city ports, while native fish and invertebrate communities were most depauperate in locations where invasive species were abundant. Our study adds impetus for improved urban planning and pollution management practises, while also highlighting the potential for skilled volunteers to improve the tracking of changes in marine biodiversity values and the effectiveness of management intervention.}, }
@article {pmid25880387, year = {2015}, author = {Nguyen, DT and Spooner-Hart, RN and Riegler, M}, title = {Polyploidy versus endosymbionts in obligately thelytokous thrips.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {23}, pmid = {25880387}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Male ; Mitochondria/genetics ; *Parthenogenesis ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Polyploidy ; Symbiosis ; Thysanoptera/classification/*genetics/*microbiology/physiology ; Wolbachia/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Thelytoky, the parthenogenetic development of females, has independently evolved in several insect orders yet the study of its mechanisms has so far mostly focussed on haplodiploid Hymenoptera, while alternative mechanisms of thelytoky such as polyploidy are far less understood. In haplodiploid insects, thelytoky can be encoded in their genomes, or induced by maternally inherited bacteria such as Wolbachia or Cardinium. Microbially facilitated thelytoky usually results in complete homozygosity due to gamete duplication and can be reverted into arrhenotoky, the parthenogenetic development of males, through treatment with antibiotics. In contrast, genetically encoded thelytoky cannot be removed and may result in conservation of heterozygosity due to gamete fusion. We have probed the obligate thelytoky of the greenhouse thrips, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouché), a significant cosmopolitan pest and a model species of thelytoky in the haplodiploid insect order Thysanoptera. Earlier studies suggested terminal fusion as a mechanism for thelytoky in this species, while another study reported presence of Wolbachia; later it was speculated that Wolbachia plays a role in this thrips' thelytokous reproduction.<br><br>RESULTS: By using PCR and sequence analysis, we demonstrated that global population samples of H. haemorrhoidalis were not infected with Wolbachia, Cardinium or any other known bacterial reproductive manipulators. Antibiotic treatment of this thrips did also not result in male production. Some individuals carried two different alleles in two nuclear loci, histone 3 and elongation factor 1 alpha, suggesting heterozygosity. However, the majority of individuals had three different alleles suggesting that they were polyploid. Genetic diversity across both nuclear loci was low in all populations, and absent from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I, indicating that this species had experienced genetic bottlenecks, perhaps due to its invasion biology or a switch to thelytoky.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Geographically broad sampling and experimental manipulation revealed low genetic diversity, absence of Wolbachia but presence of three different alleles of nuclear loci in most analysed individuals of obligately thelytokous H. haemorrhoidalis. This suggests that polyploidy may be involved in the thelytokous reproduction of this thrips species, and polyploidy may be a contributing factor in the reproduction of Thysanoptera and other haplodiploid insect orders.}, }
@article {pmid25879864, year = {2016}, author = {Chen, Y and Ulyshen, MD and Poland, TM}, title = {Abundance of volatile organic compounds in white ash phloem and emerald ash borer larval frass does not attract Tetrastichus planipennisi in a Y-tube olfactometer.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, pages = {712-719}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12227}, pmid = {25879864}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; Appetitive Behavior/physiology ; Coleoptera/chemistry/parasitology ; Feces/chemistry ; Female ; Fraxinus/*chemistry/parasitology ; Larva/chemistry/parasitology ; Olfactometry ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; Phloem/*chemistry ; Smell/physiology ; Volatile Organic Compounds/*analysis ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Many natural enemies employ plant- and/or herbivore-derived signals for host/prey location. The larval parasitoid Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is 1 of 3 biocontrol agents currently being released in an effort to control the emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coloeptera: Burprestidae) in North America. To enhance its efficiency, allelochemicals that attract it need to be assessed. In this study, ash phloem volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of black, green, and white ash, and EAB larval frass were compared. Foraging behavior of T. planipennisi females in response to VOCs of white ash or frass from EAB larvae feeding on white ash phloem was tested using a Y-tube olfactometer. Results indicated that the 3 ash species had similar VOC profiles. EAB larval frass generally contained greater levels of VOCs than phloem. Factor analysis indicated that the 11 VOCs could be broadly divided into 2 groups, with α-bisabolol, β-caryophyllene, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenal, limonene, methyl benzoate, methyl indole-3-acetic acid, methyl jasmonate, methyl salicylate as the first group and the rest (i.e., methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate) as a second. Abundance of VOCs in white ash phloem tissue and frass, nevertheless, did not attract T. planipennisi females. The concealed feeding of EAB larvae might explain the selection for detectable and reliable virbrational signals, instead of undetectable and relatively unreliable VOC cues from phloem and frass, in short-range foraging by T. planipennisi. Alternatively, it is possible that T. planipennisi is not amenable to the Y-tube olfactometer assay employed.}, }
@article {pmid25879508, year = {2015}, author = {Green, PW and Hamilton, MA and Sanchez, MD and Corcoran, MR and Manco, BN and Malumphy, CP}, title = {The scope for using the volatile profiles of Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis as indicators of susceptibility to pine tortoise scale and as predictors of environmental stresses.}, journal = {Chemistry &amp; biodiversity}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {652-661}, doi = {10.1002/cbdv.201400219}, pmid = {25879508}, issn = {1612-1880}, mesh = {Acyclic Monoterpenes ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Bahamas ; Bicyclic Monoterpenes ; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds/analysis ; Cyclohexane Monoterpenes ; Cyclohexenes/analysis ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; *Hemiptera/physiology ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Monoterpenes/analysis ; Pinus/*chemistry/*physiology ; Principal Component Analysis ; Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis/*chemistry ; West Indies ; }, abstract = {Climate change, unseasonal fire and urbanization are contributing to the decline of Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis populations in the Turks and Caicos Islands (TCI). Infestation of pines with the invasive pine tortoise scale (PTS, Toumeyella parvicornis) is accelerating this decline. Pine trees in the Bahamas are larger and healthier and are not infested with PTS although they are subject to some of the same environmental pressures as the trees in TCI. Volatile compounds were collected from wild and nursery-reared P. caribaea var. bahamensis from TCI and the Bahamas and characterized using GC/MS analysis, to look for differences between the compounds detected in insect-infested pines of TCI and the healthy pines of the Bahamas. Ten compounds contributing at least 1% of the total detected peak areas in any one of the samples were selected for further study. Eight of these compounds were identified using authentic standards and mass spectral libraries. The main constituents in the samples were α- and β-pinene as well as β-phellandrene, and, together with β-myrcene, their contents varied the most between samples collected at different locations. Principal-component analysis showed that the two structural isomers of pinene, together with β-myrcene and β-phellandrene, contributed 98.4% of the variance between samples. There was a positive relationship between the concentrations of the two structural isomers of pinene and between levels of β-myrcene and β-phellandrene. The results are discussed in relation to the biology and adaptations of invasive scale insects, the importance of monoterpenes in pine as a defense against insect predation, whether these compounds can be used as indicators of tree health, and future directions for research into conserving the Caicos pine.}, }
@article {pmid25878545, year = {2015}, author = {van Noort, S and Buffington, ML and Forshage, M}, title = {Afrotropical cynipoidea (hymenoptera).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {493}, pages = {1-176}, pmid = {25878545}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The Afrotropical Cynipoidea are represented by 306 described species and 54 genera in four families: Cynipidae, Figitidae, Liopteridae and Ibaliidae, the latter represented by a single introduced species. Seven of these genera are only represented by undescribed species in the region. Seven new genus-level synonymies, one genus resurrected from synonymy, 54 new combinations, one combination reinstated, and one new replacement name are presented. We provide identification keys to the families, subfamilies and genera of cynipoid wasps occurring in the Afrotropical region (Africa south of the Sahara, including Madagascar and southern Arabian Peninsula). Online interactive Lucid Phoenix and Lucid matrix keys are available at: http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Keys/index.htm. An overview of the biology and checklists of species for each genus are provided. This paper constitutes the first contributory chapter to the book on Afrotropical Hymenoptera.}, }
@article {pmid25878094, year = {2015}, author = {Sun, Y and Müller-Schärer, H and Maron, JL and Schaffner, U}, title = {Biogeographic effects on early establishment of an invasive alien plant.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, pages = {621-625}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1400451}, pmid = {25878094}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Biota ; Centaurea/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Montana ; *Plant Dispersal ; Population Dynamics ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Biotic resistance is often studied in the context of how interactions between native biota and invading species influence the success of those invaders. Seldom, however, is the strength of "resistance" compared biogeographically, where the ability of a species to impede invader establishment is contrasted between an invader's native and introduced recipient community.<br><br>METHODS: We conducted an experiment to examine how community diversity influences seedling recruitment of a plant invader where it is native and contrasted with results previously published from introduced ranges. In Switzerland, we created recipient communities that varied in species and functional richness and invaded them, or not, with seeds of Centaurea stoebe, a native European plant that has been previously used in an identical experiment in North America, where it is a prominent invader.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: The biogeographic comparison revealed that the recipient community largely prevented C. stoebe seedling establishment at home (Switzerland), but not away (Montana, USA), and that diversity of the resident vegetation did not contribute to the effects observed in the introduced range.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide evidence that differences in the biogeographic conditions and/or overall level of competition of resident community between the native and introduced range considerably suppresses seedling recruitment of the invasive plant, rather than resident diversity itself. In the case of C. stoebe, the surprisingly low establishment success in the experiments conducted in the native compared with the introduced range is likely to be influenced by the higher level of competition with resident community, by abiotic environmental conditions or interactions between these two factors in the native range. Release from factors suppressing seedling recruitment at home may contribute to the successful invasion of C. stoebe in North America.}, }
@article {pmid25877391, year = {2015}, author = {Romeo, C and Ferrari, N and Lanfranchi, P and Saino, N and Santicchia, F and Martinoli, A and Wauters, LA}, title = {Biodiversity threats from outside to inside: effects of alien grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) on helminth community of native red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris).}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {114}, number = {7}, pages = {2621-2628}, pmid = {25877391}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Female ; Geography ; Italy/epidemiology ; Male ; Prevalence ; Sciuridae/*parasitology ; Strongyloides/*growth &amp; development ; Strongyloidiasis/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are among the major causes of biodiversity loss worldwide, and parasites carried or acquired by invaders may represent an added threat to native species. We compared gastrointestinal helminth communities of native Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in the presence and absence of introduced Eastern grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) to detect alterations induced by the alien species. In particular, we investigated whether spillover of a North American nematode Strongyloides robustus occurs and whether prevalence of a local parasite Trypanoxyuris sciuri in red squirrels is affected by grey squirrel presence. The probability of being infected by both parasites was significantly higher in areas co-inhabited by the alien species, where 61 % of examined red squirrels (n = 49) were infected by S. robustus and 90 % by T. sciuri. Conversely, in red-only areas, the two parasites infected only 5 and 70 % of individuals (n = 60). Overall, our findings support the hypothesis that red squirrels acquire S. robustus via spillover from the alien congener and suggest that invaders' presence may also indirectly affect infection by local parasites through mechanisms diverse than spill-back and linked to the increased competitive pressure to which red squirrels are subjected. These results indicate that the impact of grey squirrel on red squirrels may have been underestimated and highlight the importance of investigating variation in macroparasite communities of native species threatened by alien competitors.}, }
@article {pmid25875845, year = {2015}, author = {Ojaveer, H and Galil, BS and Campbell, ML and Carlton, JT and Canning-Clode, J and Cook, EJ and Davidson, AD and Hewitt, CL and Jelmert, A and Marchini, A and McKenzie, CH and Minchin, D and Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A and Olenin, S and Ruiz, G}, title = {Classification of non-indigenous species based on their impacts: considerations for application in marine management.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {e1002130}, pmid = {25875845}, issn = {1545-7885}, mesh = {Animals ; *Environment ; *Introduced Species ; *Marine Biology ; }, abstract = {Assessment of the ecological and economic/societal impacts of the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) is one of the primary focus areas of bioinvasion science in terrestrial and aquatic environments, and is considered essential to management. A classification system of NIS, based on the magnitude of their environmental impacts, was recently proposed to assist management. Here, we consider the potential application of this classification scheme to the marine environment, and offer a complementary framework focussing on value sets in order to explicitly address marine management concerns. Since existing data on marine NIS impacts are scarce and successful marine removals are rare, we propose that management of marine NIS adopt a precautionary approach, which not only would emphasise preventing new incursions through pre-border and at-border controls but also should influence the categorisation of impacts. The study of marine invasion impacts requires urgent attention and significant investment, since we lack the luxury of waiting for the knowledge base to be acquired before the window of opportunity closes for feasible management.}, }
@article {pmid25874858, year = {2015}, author = {Silvey, CJ and Hayward, MW and Gibb, H}, title = {Effects of reconstruction of a pre-European vertebrate assemblage on ground-dwelling arachnids in arid Australia.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {178}, number = {2}, pages = {497-509}, pmid = {25874858}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Arachnida ; Australia ; *Biodiversity ; Carnivory ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Introduced Species ; Marsupialia ; Poaceae ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Scorpions ; Spiders ; *Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {Species loss can result in changes in assemblage structure and ecosystem function through ecological cascades. Australian vertebrate assemblages changed significantly following European colonisation, which resulted in the establishment of invasive vertebrates and the loss of native marsupials, many of which consume invertebrates. Conservation focusses on the removal of invasive carnivores and the reintroduction of regionally extinct species to fenced sites, resulting in what could be considered a reconstruction of pre-European vertebrate assemblages. In semi-arid Australian spinifex mallee ecosystems, we asked: (1) what is the effect of reconstructed pre-European vertebrate assemblages on native arachnid assemblages? and (2) what direct or indirect mechanisms (predation, disturbance and/or competition) could plausibly be responsible for these effects? We compared sites with reconstructed vertebrate assemblages with paired control sites. Arachnids were sampled using pitfall trapping and direct searching. Hypotheses regarding mechanisms were tested using scat analysis (predation) and by comparing burrow depth (disturbance) and scorpion mass (competition) between control and reconstructed sites. The dominant dune scorpion, Urodacus yaschenkoi, was less abundant and a wolf spider (Lycosa gibsoni species group) more abundant in reconstructed sites. Differences in spider assemblage composition were marginally non-significant. Scat analysis confirmed native vertebrate predation on scorpions and we found no evidence that competition or disturbance affected scorpions. We, thus, suggest that changes in spider assemblages may have resulted from ecological cascades via decreases in dune scorpions. The loss of omnivorous mammals and other changes associated with the invasion of carnivores may, therefore, have had broad-reaching consequences for native arachnid assemblages in Australian ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid25874630, year = {2015}, author = {Hunter, ME and Oyler-McCance, SJ and Dorazio, RM and Fike, JA and Smith, BJ and Hunter, CT and Reed, RN and Hart, KM}, title = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling improves occurrence and detection estimates of invasive burmese pythons.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {e0121655}, pmid = {25874630}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Boidae/*genetics ; DNA/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *Ecology ; Florida ; Introduced Species ; *Metagenomics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) methods are used to detect DNA that is shed into the aquatic environment by cryptic or low density species. Applied in eDNA studies, occupancy models can be used to estimate occurrence and detection probabilities and thereby account for imperfect detection. However, occupancy terminology has been applied inconsistently in eDNA studies, and many have calculated occurrence probabilities while not considering the effects of imperfect detection. Low detection of invasive giant constrictors using visual surveys and traps has hampered the estimation of occupancy and detection estimates needed for population management in southern Florida, USA. Giant constrictor snakes pose a threat to native species and the ecological restoration of the Florida Everglades. To assist with detection, we developed species-specific eDNA assays using quantitative PCR (qPCR) for the Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus), Northern African python (P. sebae), boa constrictor (Boa constrictor), and the green (Eunectes murinus) and yellow anaconda (E. notaeus). Burmese pythons, Northern African pythons, and boa constrictors are established and reproducing, while the green and yellow anaconda have the potential to become established. We validated the python and boa constrictor assays using laboratory trials and tested all species in 21 field locations distributed in eight southern Florida regions. Burmese python eDNA was detected in 37 of 63 field sampling events; however, the other species were not detected. Although eDNA was heterogeneously distributed in the environment, occupancy models were able to provide the first estimates of detection probabilities, which were greater than 91%. Burmese python eDNA was detected along the leading northern edge of the known population boundary. The development of informative detection tools and eDNA occupancy models can improve conservation efforts in southern Florida and support more extensive studies of invasive constrictors. Generic sampling design and terminology are proposed to standardize and clarify interpretations of eDNA-based occupancy models.}, }
@article {pmid25873922, year = {2015}, author = {Kotowska, MM and Hertel, D and Rajab, YA and Barus, H and Schuldt, B}, title = {Patterns in hydraulic architecture from roots to branches in six tropical tree species from cacao agroforestry and their relation to wood density and stem growth.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {191}, pmid = {25873922}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {For decades it has been assumed that the largest vessels are generally found in roots and that vessel size and corresponding sapwood area-specific hydraulic conductivity are acropetally decreasing toward the distal twigs. However, recent studies from the perhumid tropics revealed a hump-shaped vessel size distribution. Worldwide tropical perhumid forests are extensively replaced by agroforestry systems often using introduced species of various biogeographical and climatic origins. Nonetheless, it is unknown so far what kind of hydraulic architectural patterns are developed in those agroforestry tree species and which impact this exerts regarding important tree functional traits, such as stem growth, hydraulic efficiency and wood density (WD). We investigated wood anatomical and hydraulic properties of the root, stem and branch wood in Theobroma cacao and five common shade tree species in agroforestry systems on Sulawesi (Indonesia); three of these were strictly perhumid tree species, and the other three tree species are tolerating seasonal drought. The overall goal of our study was to relate these properties to stem growth and other tree functional traits such as foliar nitrogen content and sapwood to leaf area ratio. Our results confirmed a hump-shaped vessel size distribution in nearly all species. Drought-adapted species showed divergent patterns of hydraulic conductivity, vessel density, and relative vessel lumen area between root, stem and branch wood compared to wet forest species. Confirming findings from natural old-growth forests in the same region, WD showed no relationship to specific conductivity. Overall, aboveground growth performance was better predicted by specific hydraulic conductivity than by foliar traits and WD. Our study results suggest that future research on conceptual trade-offs of tree hydraulic architecture should consider biogeographical patterns underlining the importance of anatomical adaptation mechanisms to environment.}, }
@article {pmid25873354, year = {2015}, author = {Edelaar, P and Roques, S and Hobson, EA and Gonçalves da Silva, A and Avery, ML and Russello, MA and Senar, JC and Wright, TF and Carrete, M and Tella, JL}, title = {Shared genetic diversity across the global invasive range of the monk parakeet suggests a common restricted geographic origin and the possibility of convergent selection.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2164-2176}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13157}, pmid = {25873354}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {S06 GM008136/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; S06GM008136/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Parakeets/*genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {While genetic diversity is hypothesized to be an important factor explaining invasion success, there is no consensus yet on how variation in source populations or demographic processes affects invasiveness. We used mitochondrial DNA haplotypic and microsatellite genotypic data to investigate levels of genetic variation and reconstruct the history of replicate invasions on three continents in a globally invasive bird, the monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus). We evaluated whether genetic diversity at invasive sites could be explained by (i) the native source populations from which they were derived and (ii) demographic bottlenecks during introduction. Genetic data indicated a localized source area for most sampled invasive populations, with limited evidence for admixing of native source populations. This pattern largely coincides with historical data on pet trade exports. However, the invasive populations are genetically more similar than predicted from the export data alone. The extent of bottleneck effects varied among invasive populations. The observed low genetic diversity, evidence of demographic contraction and restricted source area do not support the hypothesis that invasion is favoured by the mixing and recombining of genetic variation from multiple source populations. Instead, they suggest that reduced genetic variation through random processes may not inhibit successful establishment and invasion in this species. However, convergent selection across invasive sites could also explain the observed patterns of reduction and similarity in genetic variation and/or the restricted source area. In general, the alternative explanation of intraspecific variation in invasive potential among genotypes or geographic areas is neglected, but warrants more attention as it could inform comparative studies and management of biological invaders.}, }
@article {pmid25869429, year = {2015}, author = {Velez, C and Galvão, P and Longo, R and Malm, O and Soares, AM and Figueira, E and Freitas, R}, title = {Ruditapes philippinarum and Ruditapes decussatus under Hg environmental contamination.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {22}, number = {15}, pages = {11890-11904}, pmid = {25869429}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*chemistry ; Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental Pollution/*analysis ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Mercury/*analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {The native species Ruditapes decussatus and the invasive species Ruditapes philippinarum have an important ecological role and socio-economic value, from the Atlantic and Mediterranean to the Indo-Pacific region. In the aquatic environment, they are subjected to the presence of different contaminants, such as mercury (Hg) and its methylated form, methylmercury (MeHg). However, few studies have assessed the impacts of Hg on bivalves under environmental conditions, and little is known on bivalve oxidative stress patterns due to Hg contamination. Therefore, this study aims to assess the Hg contamination in sediments as well as the concentration of Hg and MeHg in R. decussatus and R. philippinarum, and to identify the detoxification strategies of both species living in sympatry, in an aquatic system with historical Hg contamination. The risk to human health due to the consumption of clams was also evaluated. The results obtained demonstrated that total Hg concentration found in sediments from the most contaminated area was higher than the maximum levels established by Sediment Quality Guidelines. This study further revealed that the total Hg and MeHg accumulation in both species was strongly correlated with the total Hg contamination of the sediments. Nonetheless, the THg concentration in both species was lower than maximum permissible limits (MPLs) of THg defined by international organizations. R. decussatus and R. philippinarum showed an increase in lipid peroxidation levels along with the increase of THg accumulation by clams. Nevertheless, for both species, no clear trend was obtained regarding the activity of antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, catalase) and biotransformation (glutathione S-transferase) enzymes and metallothioneins with the increase of THg in clams. Overall, the present work demonstrated that both species can be used as sentinel species of contamination and that the consumption of these clams does not constitute a risk for human health.}, }
@article {pmid25868573, year = {2015}, author = {Spyra, A and Kubicka, J and Strzelec, M}, title = {The Influence of the Disturbed Continuity of the River and the Invasive Species--Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray, 1843), Gammarus tigrinus (Sexton, 1939) on Benthos Fauna: A Case Study on Urban Area in the River Ruda (Poland).}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {56}, number = {1}, pages = {233-244}, pmid = {25868573}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Freshwater Biology/methods ; *Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates ; Poland ; Population Density ; *Rivers ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {The progressive degradation of aquatic ecosystems and ecohydrological role of rivers is one of the most important global environmental issues. The loss of the ability of rivers to self-purify waters due to the disturbances of river continuity cause a lack of biological life in parts of rivers or even in an entire river. The appearance of alien species in degraded aquatic environments is an increasingly common phenomenon and constitutes one of the threats to biodiversity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the possible impact of alien species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray, 1843) and Gammarus tigrinus (Sexton, 1939) on native invertebrates as well as the influence of environmental factors on the occurrence benthos fauna including also alien species. The study conducted in industrial area, in the River Ruda (Poland), showed that at the sites at which the occurrence of the two alien species was observed, the density of native benthos and diversity decreased significantly. CCA analysis showed that non-native species occurred in fast water velocity and that their presence was associated with high values of conductivity, hardness, and a high chloride content. The arrival of new species from other geographical areas is one of the factors that influences the species balance in native aquatic fauna. The number of alien species in freshwater ecosystems probably will increase in the future as new aliens are moved outside of their native ranges.}, }
@article {pmid25865801, year = {2015}, author = {Ewers, RM and Boyle, MJ and Gleave, RA and Plowman, NS and Benedick, S and Bernard, H and Bishop, TR and Bakhtiar, EY and Chey, VK and Chung, AY and Davies, RG and Edwards, DP and Eggleton, P and Fayle, TM and Hardwick, SR and Homathevi, R and Kitching, RL and Khoo, MS and Luke, SH and March, JJ and Nilus, R and Pfeifer, M and Rao, SV and Sharp, AC and Snaddon, JL and Stork, NE and Struebig, MJ and Wearn, OR and Yusah, KM and Turner, EC}, title = {Logging cuts the functional importance of invertebrates in tropical rainforest.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {6836}, pmid = {25865801}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Amphibians/physiology ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Birds/physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Food Chain ; Forestry/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Humans ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; Malaysia ; Mammals/physiology ; Plant Dispersal/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; *Rainforest ; Species Specificity ; Trees/*physiology ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Invertebrates are dominant species in primary tropical rainforests, where their abundance and diversity contributes to the functioning and resilience of these globally important ecosystems. However, more than one-third of tropical forests have been logged, with dramatic impacts on rainforest biodiversity that may disrupt key ecosystem processes. We find that the contribution of invertebrates to three ecosystem processes operating at three trophic levels (litter decomposition, seed predation and removal, and invertebrate predation) is reduced by up to one-half following logging. These changes are associated with decreased abundance of key functional groups of termites, ants, beetles and earthworms, and an increase in the abundance of small mammals, amphibians and insectivorous birds in logged relative to primary forest. Our results suggest that ecosystem processes themselves have considerable resilience to logging, but the consistent decline of invertebrate functional importance is indicative of a human-induced shift in how these ecological processes operate in tropical rainforests.}, }
@article {pmid25865269, year = {2016}, author = {Moodley, D and Geerts, S and Richardson, DM and Wilson, JR}, title = {The importance of pollinators and autonomous self-fertilisation in the early stages of plant invasions: Banksia and Hakea (Proteaceae) as case studies.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {124-131}, doi = {10.1111/plb.12334}, pmid = {25865269}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bees ; Flowers/physiology ; Insecta ; Introduced Species ; Pollen ; Pollination/*physiology ; Proteaceae/*physiology ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; Self-Fertilization/*physiology ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Reproduction is a crucial stage in the naturalisation of introduced plant species. Here, using breeding system experiments and observations of floral visitors, we investigate whether a lack of pollinators or an inability to autonomously self-fertilise limits naturalisation in five Australian Banksia species and the co-familial Hakea salicifolia in South Africa. Banksia species were heavily utilised by native insects and nectar-feeding birds. Although Banksia produced fruit when pollinators were excluded, pollinators significantly increased seed set in four of the five species. H. salicifolia flowers were visited by 11 insect species; honeybees (Apis mellifera) were the main visitors. Flowers in naturalised H. salicifolia populations received almost four times the number of visits as flowers in non-naturalised populations; the latter showed both pollen limitation (PLI 0.40) and partial self-incompatibility. This should not prevent invasion, since H. salicifolia produces fruits via autonomous selfing in the absence of pollinators. The results suggest a limited role of breeding systems in mediating naturalisation of introduced Proteaceae species. Other factors, such as features of the recipient environments, appear to be more important. Spatial variation in rates of reproduction might, however, explain variation in the extent and rate of naturalisation of different populations.}, }
@article {pmid25864837, year = {2015}, author = {Burrell, AM and Pepper, AE and Hodnett, G and Goolsby, JA and Overholt, WA and Racelis, AE and Diaz, R and Klein, PE}, title = {Exploring origins, invasion history and genetic diversity of Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. (Cogongrass) in the United States using genotyping by sequencing.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2177-2193}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13167}, pmid = {25864837}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/genetics ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genome Size ; Genome, Plant ; Genotype ; Hybridization, Genetic ; INDEL Mutation ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Weeds/genetics ; Poaceae/classification/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sorghum/genetics ; United States ; }, abstract = {Imperata cylindrica (Cogongrass, Speargrass) is a diploid C4 grass that is a noxious weed in 73 countries and constitutes a significant threat to global biodiversity and sustainable agriculture. We used a cost-effective genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach to identify the reproductive system, genetic diversity and geographic origins of invasions in the south-eastern United States. In this work, we demonstrated the advantage of employing the closely related, fully sequenced crop species Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench as a proxy reference genome to identify a set of 2320 informative single nucleotide and insertion-deletion polymorphisms. Genetic analyses identified four clonal lineages of cogongrass and one clonal lineage of Imperata brasiliensis Trin. in the United States. Each lineage was highly homogeneous, and we found no evidence of hybridization among the different lineages, despite geographical overlap. We found evidence that at least three of these lineages showed clonal reproduction prior to introduction to the United States. These results indicate that cogongrass has limited evolutionary potential to adapt to novel environments and further suggest that upon arrival to its invaded range, this species did not require local adaptation through hybridization/introgression or selection of favourable alleles from a broad genetic base. Thus, cogongrass presents a clear case of broad invasive success, across a diversity of environments, in a clonal organism with limited genetic diversity.}, }
@article {pmid25862919, year = {2015}, author = {Matesanz, S and Horgan-Kobelski, T and Sultan, SE}, title = {Evidence for rapid ecological range expansion in a newly invasive plant.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {25862919}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Little is known about how an introduced species may expand its ecological range, i.e. the set of local environmental conditions in which it can successfully establish populations. Delimiting this range of conditions is a methodological challenge, because it is impossible to sample all potential field locations for any species in a given region. Developing approaches to track ecological range over time could substantially contribute to understanding invasion dynamics. In this study, we use a previously established sampling strategy to document apparent changes across a 15-year time interval in the ecological range of the Asian annual Polygonum cespitosum Blume in northeastern North America, where the species has recently become invasive. Using a structured sample drawn from a large set of field populations, we determined the range of light, soil moisture and soil nutrient conditions that the species currently occupies in this region and the proportional distribution of individuals in differing types of microsite, and compared them with field measurements that were similarly determined 15 years earlier. Although in 1994 the species was absent from both high-light and flooded habitats, in 2009 P. cespitosum occurred in open as well as shaded habitats, across a wide range of moisture conditions. In 2009 the species also occupied a greater proportion of high-light microsites within field sites than in 1994. These findings suggest an expanded ecological range that, intriguingly, is consistent with the recent evolution in North American P. cespitosum populations of adaptive plasticity in response to high light. Possible non-evolutionary explanations for the change in field distribution are also considered.}, }
@article {pmid25860835, year = {2015}, author = {Symanczik, S and Courty, PE and Boller, T and Wiemken, A and Al-Yahya'ei, MN}, title = {Impact of water regimes on an experimental community of four desert arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) species, as affected by the introduction of a non-native AMF species.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {25}, number = {8}, pages = {639-647}, pmid = {25860835}, issn = {1432-1890}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; Desert Climate ; Glomeromycota/genetics/*growth &amp; development/isolation &amp; purification ; Introduced Species ; Meristem/microbiology ; Mycorrhizae/genetics/*growth &amp; development/isolation &amp; purification ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Plants/*microbiology ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Soil Microbiology ; Sorghum/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; Water ; }, abstract = {Field studies have revealed the impact of changing water regimes on the structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) communities, but it is not known what happens to the abundance of individual AMF species within the community when the water conditions in the rhizosphere change. The behavior of four AMF species isolated from the Arabian desert (Diversispora aurantia, Diversispora omaniana, Septoglomus africanum, and an undescribed Paraglomus species) was investigated when assembled in microcosms containing Sorghum bicolor as host plant, and treated with various water regimes. Furthermore, the impact of invasion of these assemblages by Rhizophagus irregularis, an AMF species widely used in commercial inocula, was studied. The abundance of each AMF species in sorghum roots was measured by determining the transcript numbers of their large ribosomal subunit (rLSU) by real-time PCR, using cDNA and species-specific primers. Plant biomass and length of AMF extraradical hyphae were also measured. The abundance of each AMF species within the sorghum roots was influenced by both the water regime and the introduction of R. irregularis. Under dry conditions, the introduction of R. irregularis reduced the total abundance of all native AMF species in roots and also led to a reduction in the amount of extraradical mycelium, as well as to a partial decrease in plant biomass. The results indicate that both water regime and the introduction of an invasive AMF species can strongly alter the structure of an AMF native assemblage with a consequent impact on the entire symbiotic mycorrhizal relationship.}, }
@article {pmid25860825, year = {2015}, author = {Lehmann, P and Kaunisto, S and Koštál, V and Margus, A and Zahradníčková, H and Lindström, L}, title = {Comparative ecophysiology of cold-tolerance-related traits: assessing range expansion potential for an invasive insect at high latitude.}, journal = {Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ}, volume = {88}, number = {3}, pages = {254-265}, doi = {10.1086/680384}, pmid = {25860825}, issn = {1537-5293}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Cold Temperature ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Survival at high latitude requires the capability to cope with seasonally imposed stress, such as low winter temperatures or large temperature fluctuations. The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, is an invasive pest of potato that has rapidly spread from low latitudes to higher latitudes. During the last 30 years, a decrease in range expansion speed is apparent in Europe. We use a comparative approach to assess whether this could be due to an inability of L. decemlineata to cope with the harsher winters encountered at high latitude, when compared to two native northern chrysomelid beetles with similar overwintering ecology. We investigated several cold-tolerance-related physiological traits at different time points during winter. Cold tolerance followed a latitudinal pattern; the northern species were more tolerant to short-term subzero temperatures than the invasive L. decemlineata. The other northern species, the knotgrass leaf beetle, Chrysolina polita, was found to tolerate internal freezing. Interestingly, the pattern for overwinter survival at 5°C was the opposite and higher in L. decemlineata than the northern species and could be related to behavioral differences between species in overwintering location selection and a potential physiological trade-off between tolerance to cold shock and to chronic cold exposure. Furthermore, while the northern species accumulated large amounts of different sugars and polyols with probable cryoprotectant functions, none were detected in L. decemlineata at high concentrations. This lack of cryoprotectant accumulation could explain the difference in cold tolerance between the species and also suggests that a lack of physiological capacity to tolerate low temperatures could slow further latitudinal range expansion of L. decemlineata.}, }
@article {pmid25860823, year = {2015}, author = {Jessop, TS and Anson, JR and Narayan, E and Lockwood, T}, title = {An introduced competitor elevates corticosterone responses of a Native Lizard (Varanus varius).}, journal = {Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ}, volume = {88}, number = {3}, pages = {237-245}, doi = {10.1086/680689}, pmid = {25860823}, issn = {1537-5293}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Body Constitution ; *Competitive Behavior ; Corticosterone/*blood ; Ecosystem ; *Foxes ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Glucocorticoid hormone profiles are increasingly used as physiological markers to infer the strength of species interactions that can influence fitness and ensuing population dynamics of animals. Here we investigated two aims. First, we measured the effect of a 90-min capture stress protocol on the plasma corticosterone responses of a large native Australian lizard, the lace monitor (Varanus varius). Second, we compared the basal and postcapture stress corticosterone responses of lace monitors in habitats where they were exposed to high or low densities of the European red fox (Vulpes vulpes), an introduced competitor. Lace monitors responded to the capture stress protocol by significantly increasing plasma levels of corticosterone above basal at 45- and 90-min-postcapture blood-sampling intervals. In habitats with high fox densities, lace monitors produced a significantly greater basal and capture-stress-induced corticosterone response compared to individuals in low-fox density habitat. A significant interaction among fox density, time postcapture, and body condition was also found to influence plasma corticosterone values. These results suggest competition with red fox, perhaps via nutritional stress and increased hypersensitivity of the adrenocortical axis in lizards. At present, without further research, we do not understand whether such responses mediate lizard fitness or whether they have adaptive or maladaptive consequences for lizard populations in response to red fox competition. Nevertheless, our results help broaden understanding of the physiological implications arising from species interactions and specifically how introduced competitors could mediate diverse impacts on native biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid25859332, year = {2015}, author = {Tokuda, N and Hattori, M and Abe, K and Shinohara, Y and Nagano, Y and Itino, T}, title = {Demonstration of pollinator-mediated competition between two native Impatiens species, Impatiens noli-tangere and I. textori (Balsaminaceae).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {6}, pages = {1271-1277}, pmid = {25859332}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Plant-plant interspecific competition via pollinators occurs when the flowering seasons of two or more plant species overlap and the pollinator fauna is shared. Negative sexual interactions between species (reproductive interference) through improper heterospecific pollen transfer have recently been reported between native and invasive species demonstrating pollination-driven competition. We focused on two native Impatiens species (I. noli-tangere and I. textori) found in Japan and examined whether pollinator-mediated plant competition occurs between them. We demonstrate that I. noli-tangere and I. textori share the same pollination niche (i.e., flowering season, pollinator fauna, and position of pollen on the pollinator's body). In addition, heterospecific pollen grains were deposited on most stigmas of both I. noli-tangere and I. textori flowers that were situated within 2 m of flowers of the other species resulting in depressed fruit set. Further, by hand-pollination experiments, we show that when as few as 10% of the pollen grains are heterospecific, fruit set is decreased to less than half in both species. These results show that intensive pollinator-mediated competition occurs between I. noli-tangere and I. textori. This study suggests that intensive pollinator-mediated competition occurs in the wild even when interacting species are both native and not invasive.}, }
@article {pmid25859323, year = {2015}, author = {Huang, QQ and Pan, XY and Fan, ZW and Peng, SL}, title = {Stress relief may promote the evolution of greater phenotypic plasticity in exotic invasive species: a hypothesis.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {6}, pages = {1169-1177}, pmid = {25859323}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasion ecologists have often found that exotic invaders evolve to be more plastic than conspecific populations from their native range. However, an open question is why some exotic invaders can even evolve to be more plastic given that there may be costs to being plastic. Investigation into the benefits and costs of plasticity suggests that stress may constrain the expression of plasticity (thereby reducing the benefits of plasticity) and exacerbate the costs of plasticity (although this possibility might not be generally applicable). Therefore, evolution of adaptive plasticity is more likely to be constrained in stressful environments. Upon introduction to a new range, exotic species may experience more favorable growth conditions (e.g., because of release from natural enemies). Therefore, we hypothesize that any factors mitigating stress in the introduced range may promote exotic invaders to evolve increased adaptive plasticity by reducing the costs and increasing the benefits of plasticity. Empirical evidence is largely consistent with this hypothesis. This hypothesis contributes to our understanding of why invasive species are often found to be more competitive in a subset of environments. Tests of this hypothesis may not only help us understand what caused increased plasticity in some exotic invaders, but could also tell us if costs (unless very small) are more likely to inhibit the evolution of adaptive plasticity in stressful environments in general.}, }
@article {pmid25857928, year = {2015}, author = {Jerde, CL and Mahon, AR}, title = {Improving confidence in environmental DNA species detection.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {461-463}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12377}, pmid = {25857928}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Genotyping Techniques/*methods ; Metagenomics/*methods ; *Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {Will we catch fish today? Our grandfathers' responses were usually something along the lines of, 'Probably. I've caught them here before'. One of the foundations of ecology is identifying which species are present, and where. This informs our understanding of species richness patterns, spread of invasive species, and loss of threatened and endangered species due to environmental change. However, our understanding is often lacking, particularly in aquatic environments where biodiversity remains hidden below the water's surface. The emerging field of metagenetic species surveillance is aiding our ability to rapidly determine which aquatic species are present, and where. In this issue of Molecular Ecology Resources, Ficetola et al. () provide a framework for metagenetic environmental DNA surveillance to foster the confidence of our grandfathers' fishing prowess by more rigorously evaluating the replication levels necessary to quantify detection errors and ultimately improving our confidence in aquatic species presence.}, }
@article {pmid25856900, year = {2014}, author = {Cao, SK and Zhuang, X and Hu, GG}, title = {[Four alien medical mollusk found in Dapeng Peninsula, Shenzhen City].}, journal = {Zhongguo xue xi chong bing fang zhi za zhi = Chinese journal of schistosomiasis control}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {678-680}, pmid = {25856900}, issn = {1005-6661}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Disease Vectors/*classification ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Snails/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate the alien snails in Dapeng Peninsula, Shenzhen City.<br><br>METHODS: The survey on the snail diversity in Dapeng Peninsula was carried out from August 2012 to Jan 2013, and the species of the alien snails were identified according to the shell morphology.<br><br>RESULTS: Four species of alien snails including Achatinafulica, Pomacea canaliculata, Physa acuta, and Biomphalaria straminea were found in Dapeng Peninsula, P. acuta was found in all of the collected sites, A. fulica and P. canaliculata were distributed in five regions except Yangmeikeng area, and B. straminea was just found in Dapeng Town.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Four species of important alien snails invade widely in Dapeng Peninsula, Shenzhen City. As their potential risk to the disease transmission and agriculture production, the relative departments should strengthen the control and prevention.}, }
@article {pmid25856550, year = {2015}, author = {Vilcinskas, A}, title = {Pathogens as biological weapons of invasive species.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {e1004714}, pmid = {25856550}, issn = {1553-7374}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; }, }
@article {pmid25855224, year = {2015}, author = {Gu, H and Goodale, E and Chen, J}, title = {Emerging directions in the study of the ecology and evolution of plant-animal mutualistic networks: a review.}, journal = {Dong wu xue yan jiu = Zoological research}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {65-71}, pmid = {25855224}, issn = {0254-5853}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Plants/genetics/*metabolism ; Symbiosis/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The study of mutualistic plant and animal networks is an emerging field of ecological research. We reviewed progress in this field over the past 30 years. While earlier studies mostly focused on network structure, stability, and biodiversity maintenance, recent studies have investigated the conservation implications of mutualistic networks, specifically the influence of invasive species and how networks respond to habitat loss. Current research has also focused on evolutionary questions including phylogenetic signal in networks, impact of networks on the coevolution of interacting partners, and network influences on the evolution of interacting species. We outline some directions for future research, particularly the evolution of specialization in mutualistic networks, and provide concrete recommendations for environmental managers.}, }
@article {pmid25855071, year = {2015}, author = {Davidson, AD and Fusaro, AJ and Kashian, DR}, title = {Using a novel spatial tool to inform invasive species early detection and rapid response efforts.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {56}, number = {1}, pages = {54-65}, pmid = {25855071}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Michigan ; *Recreation ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {Management of invasive species has increasingly emphasized the importance of early detection and rapid response (EDRR) programs in limiting introductions, establishment, and impacts. These programs require an understanding of vector and species spatial dynamics to prioritize monitoring sites and efficiently allocate resources. Yet managers often lack the empirical data necessary to make these decisions. We developed an empirical mapping tool that can facilitate development of EDRR programs through identifying high-risk locations, particularly within the recreational boating vector. We demonstrated the utility of this tool in the Great Lakes watershed. We surveyed boaters to identify trips among water bodies and to quantify behaviors associated with high likelihood of species transfer (e.g., not removing organic materials from boat trailers) during that trip. We mapped water bodies with high-risk inbound and outbound boater movements using ArcGIS. We also tested for differences in high-risk behaviors based on demographic variables to understand risk differences among boater groups. Incorporation of boater behavior led to identification of additional high-risk water bodies compared to using the number of trips alone. Therefore, the number of trips itself may not fully reflect the likelihood of invasion. This tool can be broadly applied in other geographic contexts and with different taxa, and can be adjusted according to varying levels of information concerning the vector or species of interest. The methodology is straightforward and can be followed after a basic introduction to ArcGIS software. The visual nature of the mapping tool will facilitate site prioritization by managers and stakeholders from diverse backgrounds.}, }
@article {pmid25854693, year = {2015}, author = {Vestergård, M and Rønn, R and Ekelund, F}, title = {Above-belowground interactions govern the course and impact of biological invasions.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {25854693}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Introduction of exotic organisms that subsequently become invasive is considered a serious threat to global biodiversity, and both scientists and nature-conservationists attempt to find explanations and means to meet this challenge. This requires a thorough analysis of the invasion phenomenon in an evolutionary and ecological context; in the case of invasive plants, we must have a major focus on above-belowground interactions. Thus, we discuss different theories that have been proposed to explain the course of invasions through interactions between plants and soil organisms. Further, a thorough analysis of invasion must include a temporal context. Invasions will typically include an initial acute phase, where the invader expands its territory and a later chronic phase where equilibrium is re-established. Many studies fail to make this distinction, which is unfortunate as it makes it impossible to thoroughly understand the invasion of focus. Thus, we claim that invasions fall into two broad categories. Some invasions irreversibly change pools and pathways of matter and energy in the invaded system; even if the abundance of the invader is reduced or it is completely removed, the system will not return to its former state. We use earthworm invasion in North America as a particular conspicuous example of invasive species that irreversibly change ecosystems. However, invasions may also be reversible, where the exotic organism dominates the system for a period, but in the longer term it either disappears, declines or its negative impact decreases. If the fundamental ecosystem structure and flows of energy and matter have not been changed, the system will return to a state not principally different from the original.}, }
@article {pmid25853711, year = {2015}, author = {Silva-Rocha, I and Salvi, D and Sillero, N and Mateo, JA and Carretero, MA}, title = {Snakes on the Balearic islands: an invasion tale with implications for native biodiversity conservation.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {e0121026}, pmid = {25853711}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; *Islands ; Models, Statistical ; Phylogeography ; *Snakes/classification/genetics ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a major conservation threat for biodiversity worldwide. Islands are particularly vulnerable to invasive species, especially Mediterranean islands which have suffered human pressure since ancient times. In the Balearic archipelago, reptiles represent an outstanding case with more alien than native species. Moreover, in the last decade a new wave of alien snakes landed in the main islands of the archipelago, some of which were originally snake-free. The identification of the origin and colonization pathways of alien species, as well as the prediction of their expansion, is crucial to develop effective conservation strategies. In this study, we used molecular markers to assess the allochthonous status and the putative origin of the four introduced snake species (Hemorrhois hippocrepis, Malpolon monspessulanus, Macroprotodon mauritanicus and Rhinechis scalaris) as well as ecological niche models to infer their patterns of invasion and expansion based on current and future habitat suitability. For most species, DNA sequence data suggested the Iberian Peninsula as the potential origin of the allochthonous populations, although the shallow phylogeographic structure of these species prevented the identification of a restricted source-area. For all of them, the ecological niche models showed a current low habitat suitability in the Balearic, which is however predicted to increase significantly in the next few decades under climate change scenarios. Evidence from direct observations and spatial distribution of the first-occurrence records of alien snakes (but also lizards and worm lizards) suggest the nursery trade, and in particular olive tree importation from Iberian Peninsula, as the main pathway of introduction of alien reptiles in the Balearic islands. This trend has been reported also for recent invasions in NE Spain, thus showing that olive trees transplantation may be an effective vector for bioinvasion across the Mediterranean. The combination of molecular and ecological tools used in this study reveals a promising approach for the understanding of the complex invasion process, hence guiding conservation management actions.}, }
@article {pmid25851135, year = {2015}, author = {Primack, RB and Laube, J and Gallinat, AS and Menzel, A}, title = {From observations to experiments in phenology research: investigating climate change impacts on trees and shrubs using dormant twigs.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {116}, number = {6}, pages = {889-897}, pmid = {25851135}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Photoperiod ; Plant Leaves/*physiology/radiation effects ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Trees/*physiology/radiation effects ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Climate change is advancing the leaf-out times of many plant species and mostly extending the growing season in temperate ecosystems. Laboratory experiments using twig cuttings from woody plant species present an affordable, easily replicated approach to investigate the relative importance of factors such as winter chilling, photoperiod, spring warming and frost tolerance on the leafing-out times of plant communities. This Viewpoint article demonstrates how the results of these experiments deepen our understanding beyond what is possible via analyses of remote sensing and field observation data, and can be used to improve climate change forecasts of shifts in phenology, ecosystem processes and ecological interactions.<br><br>SCOPE: The twig method involves cutting dormant twigs from trees, shrubs and vines on a single date or at intervals over the course of the winter and early spring, placing them in containers of water in controlled environments, and regularly recording leaf-out, flowering or other phenomena. Prior to or following leaf-out or flowering, twigs may be assigned to treatment groups for experiments involving temperature, photoperiod, frost, humidity and more. Recent studies using these methods have shown that winter chilling requirements and spring warming strongly affect leaf-out and flowering times of temperate trees and shrubs, whereas photoperiod requirements are less important than previously thought for most species. Invasive plant species have weaker winter chilling requirements than native species in temperate ecosystems, and species that leaf-out early in the season have greater frost tolerance than later leafing species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This methodology could be extended to investigate additional drivers of leaf-out phenology, leaf senescence in the autumn, and other phenomena, and could be a useful tool for education and outreach. Additional ecosystems, such as boreal, southern hemisphere and sub-tropical forests, could also be investigated using dormant twigs to determine the drivers of leaf-out times and how these ecosystems will be affected by climate change.}, }
@article {pmid25850972, year = {2015}, author = {Cutter, AD}, title = {Repeatability, ephemerality and inconvenient truths in the speciation process.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {8}, pages = {1643-1644}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13163}, pmid = {25850972}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cypriniformes/*genetics ; *Genetics, Population ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Reproductive Isolation ; }, abstract = {Everyone appreciates the happy fiction that species conform to the simple theoretical convenience of a single panmictic population. In speciation genetics, a further standard simplification is that it is only those genetic differences that are fixed between diverging populations that need concern us in order to understand the accumulation of intrinsic barriers to reproduction. To a first approximation, of course, both of these assumptions are appropriate and theory based on them provides compelling insights into diverse evolutionary phenomena (Orr &amp; Turelli). But what else can we learn about the begetting of biodiversity, speciation, by considering explicitly some less convenient realities of natural populations? Specifically, how does genetic variation at incompatibility loci within a species influence interspecies hybridization upon secondary contact? And, in nature, how repeatable among distinct bouts of secondary contact are the genomic outcomes of hybridization? Mandeville et al. () tackle exactly this question in their new study in Molecular Ecology on five species of suckers, fish of the genus Catostomus, that overlap sympatrically in different portions of their subdivided ranges that occupy different rivers. They document substantial genomic heterogeneity in realized hybridization in nature, both among species pairs and among the source populations for hybrids of a given species pair. This imperfect repeatability of episodes of hybridization implies greater permeability of species barriers in some parts of their range, with intriguing consequences for how the integrity of species as independently evolving units could be susceptible to collapse.}, }
@article {pmid25850395, year = {2015}, author = {Moriguchi, S and Tominaga, A and Irwin, KJ and Freake, MJ and Suzuki, K and Goka, K}, title = {Predicting the potential distribution of the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in East and Southeast Asia.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {113}, number = {3}, pages = {177-185}, doi = {10.3354/dao02838}, pmid = {25850395}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Amphibians/*microbiology ; Animals ; Asia/epidemiology ; Chytridiomycota ; Geographic Mapping ; Mycoses/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is the pathogen responsible for chytridiomycosis, a disease that is associated with a worldwide amphibian population decline. In this study, we predicted the potential distribution of Bd in East and Southeast Asia based on limited occurrence data. Our goal was to design an effective survey area where efforts to detect the pathogen can be focused. We generated ecological niche models using the maximum-entropy approach, with alleviation of multicollinearity and spatial autocorrelation. We applied eigenvector-based spatial filters as independent variables, in addition to environmental variables, to resolve spatial autocorrelation, and compared the model's accuracy and the degree of spatial autocorrelation with those of a model estimated using only environmental variables. We were able to identify areas of high suitability for Bd with accuracy. Among the environmental variables, factors related to temperature and precipitation were more effective in predicting the potential distribution of Bd than factors related to land use and cover type. Our study successfully predicted the potential distribution of Bd in East and Southeast Asia. This information should now be used to prioritize survey areas and generate a surveillance program to detect the pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid25850372, year = {2015}, author = {Doi, H and Takahara, T and Minamoto, T and Matsuhashi, S and Uchii, K and Yamanaka, H}, title = {Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) outperforms real-time PCR in the detection of environmental DNA from an invasive fish species.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {49}, number = {9}, pages = {5601-5608}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b00253}, pmid = {25850372}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/*genetics ; Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Fluorescence ; *Introduced Species ; Limit of Detection ; Perciformes/*genetics ; Ponds ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Water/analysis ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) has been used to investigate species distributions in aquatic ecosystems. Most of these studies use real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect eDNA in water; however, PCR amplification is often inhibited by the presence of organic and inorganic matter. In droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), the sample is partitioned into thousands of nanoliter droplets, and PCR inhibition may be reduced by the detection of the end-point of PCR amplification in each droplet, independent of the amplification efficiency. In addition, real-time PCR reagents can affect PCR amplification and consequently alter detection rates. We compared the effectiveness of ddPCR and real-time PCR using two different PCR reagents for the detection of the eDNA from invasive bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus, in ponds. We found that ddPCR had higher detection rates of bluegill eDNA in pond water than real-time PCR with either of the PCR reagents, especially at low DNA concentrations. Limits of DNA detection, which were tested by spiking the bluegill DNA to DNA extracts from the ponds containing natural inhibitors, found that ddPCR had higher detection rate than real-time PCR. Our results suggest that ddPCR is more resistant to the presence of PCR inhibitors in field samples than real-time PCR. Thus, ddPCR outperforms real-time PCR methods for detecting eDNA to document species distributions in natural habitats, especially in habitats with high concentrations of PCR inhibitors.}, }
@article {pmid25846825, year = {2015}, author = {Dlugosch, KM and Anderson, SR and Braasch, J and Cang, FA and Gillette, HD}, title = {The devil is in the details: genetic variation in introduced populations and its contributions to invasion.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2095-2111}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13183}, pmid = {25846825}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Founder Effect ; Genetic Drift ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Mutation ; }, abstract = {The influence of genetic variation on invasion success has captivated researchers since the start of the field of invasion genetics 50 years ago. We review the history of work on this question and conclude that genetic variation-as surveyed with molecular markers-appears to shape invasion rarely. Instead, there is a significant disconnect between marker assays and ecologically relevant genetic variation in introductions. We argue that the potential for adaptation to facilitate invasion will be shaped by the details of genotypes affecting phenotypes, and we highlight three areas in which we see opportunities to make powerful new insights. (i) The genetic architecture of adaptive variation. Traits shaped by large-effect alleles may be strongly impacted by founder events yet more likely to respond to selection when genetic drift is strong. Large-effect loci may be especially relevant for traits involved in biotic interactions. (ii) Cryptic genetic variation exposed during invasion. Introductions have strong potential to uncover masked variation due to alterations in genetic and ecological environments. (iii) Genetic interactions during admixture of multiple source populations. As divergence among sources increases, positive followed by increasingly negative effects of admixture should be expected. Although generally hypothesized to be beneficial during invasion, admixture is most often reported among sources of intermediate divergence, supporting the possibility that incompatibilities among divergent source populations might be limiting their introgression. Finally, we note that these details of invasion genetics can be coupled with comparative demographic analyses to link genetic changes to the evolution of invasiveness itself.}, }
@article {pmid25845995, year = {2015}, author = {Herring, CE and Stinson, J and Landis, WG}, title = {Evaluating nonindigenous species management in a Bayesian networks derived relative risk framework for Padilla Bay, WA, USA.}, journal = {Integrated environmental assessment and management}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {640-652}, doi = {10.1002/ieam.1643}, pmid = {25845995}, issn = {1551-3793}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Environmental Policy ; *Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment ; Ships/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Washington ; Water Purification/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; }, abstract = {Many coastal regions are encountering issues with the spread of nonindigenous species (NIS). In this study, we conducted a regional risk assessment using a Bayesian network relative risk model (BN-RRM) to analyze multiple vectors of NIS introductions to Padilla Bay, Washington, a National Estuarine Research Reserve. We had 3 objectives in this study. The 1st objective was to determine whether the BN-RRM could be used to calculate risk from NIS introductions for Padilla Bay. Our 2nd objective was to determine which regions and endpoints were at greatest risk from NIS introductions. Our 3rd objective was to incorporate a management option into the model and predict endpoint risk if it were to be implemented. Eradication can occur at different stages of NIS invasions, such as the elimination of these species before being introduced to the habitat or removal of the species after settlement. We incorporated the ballast water treatment management scenario into the model, observed the risk to the endpoints, and compared this risk with the initial risk estimates. The model results indicated that the southern portion of the bay was at greatest risk because of NIS. Changes in community composition, Dungeness crab, and eelgrass were the endpoints most at risk from NIS introductions. The currents node, which controls the exposure of NIS to the bay from the surrounding marine environment, was the parameter that had the greatest influence on risk. The ballast water management scenario displayed an approximate 1% reduction in risk in this Padilla Bay case study. The models we developed provide an adaptable template for decision makers interested in managing NIS in other coastal regions and large bodies of water.}, }
@article {pmid25843959, year = {2015}, author = {Tinsley, RC and Coxhead, PG and Stott, LC and Tinsley, MC and Piccinni, MZ and Guille, MJ}, title = {Chytrid fungus infections in laboratory and introduced Xenopus laevis populations: assessing the risks for U.K. native amphibians.}, journal = {Biological conservation}, volume = {184}, number = {}, pages = {380-388}, pmid = {25843959}, issn = {0006-3207}, support = {BB/D523051/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is notorious amongst current conservation biology challenges, responsible for mass mortality and extinction of amphibian species. World trade in amphibians is implicated in global dissemination. Exports of South African Xenopus laevis have led to establishment of this invasive species on four continents. Bd naturally infects this host in Africa and now occurs in several introduced populations. However, no previous studies have investigated transfer of infection into co-occurring native amphibian faunas. A survey of 27 U.K. institutions maintaining X. laevis for research showed that most laboratories have low-level infection, a risk for native species if animals are released into the wild. RT-PCR assays showed Bd in two introduced U.K. populations of X. laevis, in Wales and Lincolnshire. Laboratory and field studies demonstrated that infection levels increase with stress, especially low temperature. In the U.K., native amphibians may be exposed to intense transmission in spring when they enter ponds to spawn alongside X. laevis that have cold-elevated Bd infections. Exposure to cross-infection has probably been recurrent since the introduction of X. laevis, >20 years in Lincolnshire and 50 years in Wales. These sites provide an important test for assessing the impact of X. laevis on Bd spread. However, RT-PCR assays on 174 native amphibians (Bufo, Rana, Lissotriton and Triturus spp.), sympatric with the Bd-infected introduced populations, showed no foci of self-sustaining Bd transmission associated with X. laevis. The abundance of these native amphibians suggested no significant negative population-level effect after the decades of co-occurrence.}, }
@article {pmid25843570, year = {2015}, author = {Oros, M and Barčák, D and Bazsalovicsová, E and Hanzelová, V}, title = {Asian fish tapeworm, Khawia japonensis (Yamaguti, 1934), has expanded its European invasive range.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {114}, number = {5}, pages = {2035-2039}, pmid = {25843570}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia/epidemiology ; Base Sequence ; Cestoda/*classification ; Cestode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Europe/epidemiology ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The invasive fish tapeworm, Khawia japonensis (Yamaguti, 1934) originally described in Japan, is reported for the first time in Slovakia. The tapeworm was found in farmed common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) from East-Slovakian breeding fish pond. This finding is registered 4 years after the first announcement of this parasite in Europe (Po River Basin in Italy) in 2010 and increases its distribution area within this continent. Morphological characterization of K. japonensis supplemented with DNA sequences of cox1 and ribosomal lsrDNA genes is provided. Specimens from Slovakia phenotypically corresponded with those from feral and farmed carps from China, Vietnam, and Italy. Moreover, 100 and 98.7% identity of partial ribosomal lsrDNA gene and mitochondrial cox1 genes, respectively, were detected with K. japonensis from Japan. The invasive and pathogenic potential of K. japonensis in commercial breeding fisheries and its possible further spread in natural habitats is difficult to estimate for now. As yet, K. japonensis appears to be without a major impact on commercial breeding fisheries, but calls for more attention to the problem of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid25843181, year = {2015}, author = {Noden, BH and Coburn, L and Wright, R and Bradley, K}, title = {Updated Distribution of Aedes albopictus in Oklahoma, and Implications in Arbovirus Transmission.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {93-96}, doi = {10.2987/14-6446R.1}, pmid = {25843181}, issn = {8756-971X}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology/*virology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Arbovirus Infections/*transmission/*virology ; Arboviruses/*physiology ; *Insect Vectors/physiology/virology ; Oklahoma ; }, abstract = {A series of statewide surveys were conducted in Oklahoma in the summers between 1991 and 2004 to identify the distribution of Aedes albopictus. Adult mosquitoes were identified in 63 counties, bringing the currently known distribution of Ae. albopictus in the state to 69 of 77 counties. The widespread presence of Ae. albopictus in Oklahoma has important current and future public and veterinary health implications for surveillance and control efforts.}, }
@article {pmid25843091, year = {2014}, author = {Williges, E and Faraji, A and Gaugler, R}, title = {Vertical Oviposition Preferences of the Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus, In Temperate North America.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {169-174}, doi = {10.2987/14-6409R.1}, pmid = {25843091}, issn = {8756-971X}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; New Jersey ; *Oviposition ; }, abstract = {As a hyperaggressive mosquito that is also a public health threat, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), the Asian tiger mosquito, is a major priority for control efforts. We examine one aspect of Ae. albopictus biology: oviposition height. Field-based research in an urban habitat was conducted to determine if a height preference exists for this species. Larval and egg counts showed a significant preference for oviposition at ground level (0 m) compared to heights of 1, 2, 3, or 4 m (P < 0.01). An experiment conducted under semi-field conditions supported our conclusion of oviposition preference at ground level (P < 0.001), and further defines the search image needed by mosquito control personnel when dealing with this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid25840697, year = {2015}, author = {Gopal, D and Nagendra, H and Manthey, M}, title = {Vegetation in Bangalore's Slums: Composition, Species Distribution, Density, Diversity, and History.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {55}, number = {6}, pages = {1390-1401}, pmid = {25840697}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Cities ; *Environmental Monitoring ; India ; *Introduced Species ; *Poverty Areas ; Species Specificity ; Trees/*growth &amp; development ; *Urbanization ; }, abstract = {There is widespread acknowledgement of the need for biodiversity and greening to be part of urban sustainability efforts. Yet we know little about greenery in the context of urban poverty, particularly in slums, which constitute a significant challenge for inclusive development in many rapidly growing cities. We assessed the composition, density, diversity, and species distribution of vegetation in 44 slums of Bangalore, India, comparing these to published studies on vegetation diversity in other land-use categories. Most trees were native to the region, as compared to other land-use categories such as parks and streets which are dominated by introduced species. Of the most frequently encountered tree species, Moringa oleifera and Cocos nucifera are important for food, while Ficus religiosa plays a critical cultural and religious role. Tree density and diversity were much lower in slums compared to richer residential neighborhoods. There are also differences in species preferences, with most plant (herb, shrub and vines) species in slums having economic, food, medicinal, or cultural use, while the species planted in richer residential areas are largely ornamental. Historic development has had an impact on species distribution, with older slums having larger sized tree species, while recent slums were dominated by smaller sized tree species with greater economic and food use. Extensive focus on planting trees and plant species with utility value is required in these congested neighborhoods, to provide livelihood support.}, }
@article {pmid25838359, year = {2015}, author = {Kintisch, E}, title = {Marine science. 'The Blob' invades Pacific, flummoxing climate experts.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {348}, number = {6230}, pages = {17-18}, doi = {10.1126/science.348.6230.17}, pmid = {25838359}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Alaska ; Animals ; California ; *Dolphins ; *Global Warming ; *Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Pacific Ocean ; Weather ; }, }
@article {pmid25835015, year = {2015}, author = {Stinca, A and Chirico, GB and Incerti, G and Bonanomi, G}, title = {Regime shift by an exotic nitrogen-fixing shrub mediates plant facilitation in primary succession.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {e0123128}, pmid = {25835015}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Climate ; *Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; Ecosystem ; Floods ; Genista/*metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Mediterranean Region ; Microclimate ; Nitrogen Fixation/*physiology ; Seasons ; Soil/*chemistry/classification ; Water ; }, abstract = {Ecosystem invasion by non-native, nitrogen-fixing species is a global phenomenon with serious ecological consequences. However, in the Mediterranean basin few studies addressed the impact of invasion by nitrogen-fixing shrubs on soil quality and hydrological properties at local scale, and the possible effects on succession dynamics and ecosystem invasibility by further species. In this multidisciplinary study we investigated the impact of Genista aetnensis (Biv.) DC., an exotic nitrogen-fixing shrub, on the Vesuvius Grand Cone (Southern Italy). Specifically, we tested the hypotheses that the invasion of G. aetnensis has a significant impact on soil quality, soil hydrological regime, local microclimate and plant community structure, and that its impact increases during the plant ontogenetic cycle. We showed that G. aetnensis, in a relatively short time-span (i.e. ~ 40 years), has been able to build-up an island of fertility under its canopy, by accumulating considerable stocks of C, N, and P in the soil, and by also improving the soil hydrological properties. Moreover, G. aetnensis mitigates the daily range of soil temperature, reducing the exposure of coexisting plants to extremely high temperatures and water loss by soil evaporation, particularly during the growing season. Such amelioration of soil quality, coupled with the mitigation of below-canopy microclimatic conditions, has enhanced plant colonization of the barren Grand Cone slopes, by both herbaceous and woody species. These results suggest that the invasion of G. aetnensis could eventually drive to the spread of other, more resource-demanding exotic species, promoting alternative successional trajectories that may dramatically affect the local landscape. Our study is the first record of the invasion of G. aetnensis, an additional example of the regime shifts driven by N-fixing shrubs in Mediterranean region. Further studies are needed to identity specific management practices that can limit the spread and impacts of this species.}, }
@article {pmid25833242, year = {2015}, author = {Zarnetske, PL and Ruggiero, P and Seabloom, EW and Hacker, SD}, title = {Coastal foredune evolution: the relative influence of vegetation and sand supply in the US Pacific Northwest.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {12}, number = {106}, pages = {}, pmid = {25833242}, issn = {1742-5662}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/*analysis ; *Introduced Species ; Northwestern United States ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; *Soil ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Biophysical feedbacks between vegetation and sediment are important for forming and modifying landscape features and their ecosystem services. These feedbacks are especially important where landscape features differ in their provision of ecosystem services. For example, the shape of coastal foredunes, a product of both physical and biological forces, determines their ability to protect communities from rising seas and changing patterns of storminess. Here we assessed how sand supply and changes in vegetation over interannual (3 year) and decadal (21 year) scales influenced foredune shape along 100 km of coastline in the US Pacific Northwest. Across 21 years, vegetation switched from one congeneric non-native beachgrass to another (Ammophila arenaria to A. breviligulata) while sand supply rates were positive. At interannual timescales, sand supply rates explained the majority of change in foredune height (64-69%) and width (56-80%). However, at decadal scales, change in vegetation explained the majority of the change in foredune width (62-68%), whereas sand supply rates explained most of the change in foredune height (88-90%). In areas with lower shoreline change rates (±2 m yr(-1)), the change in vegetation explained the majority of decadal changes in foredune width (56-57%) and height (59-76%). Foredune shape directly impacts coastal protection, thus our findings are pertinent to coastal management given pressures of development and climate change.}, }
@article {pmid25833682, year = {2015}, author = {Miehls, AL and Peacor, SD and Valliant, L and McAdam, AG}, title = {Evolutionary stasis despite selection on a heritable trait in an invasive zooplankton.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, pages = {1091-1102}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12632}, pmid = {25833682}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Introduced Species ; *Selection, Genetic ; Zooplankton/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are one of the greatest threats to ecosystems, and there is evidence that evolution plays an important role in the success or failure of invasions. Yet, few studies have measured natural selection and evolutionary responses to selection in invasive species, particularly invasive animals. We quantified the strength of natural selection on the defensive morphology (distal spine) of an invasive zooplankton, Bythotrephes longimanus, in Lake Michigan across multiple months during three growing seasons. We used multiple lines of evidence, including historic and contemporary wild-captured individuals and palaeoecology of retrieved spines, to assess phenotypic change in distal spine length since invasion. We found evidence of temporally variable selection, with selection for decreased distal spine length early in the growing season and selection for increased distal spine length later in the season. This trend in natural selection is consistent with seasonal changes in the relative strength of non-gape-limited and gape-limited fish predation. Yet, despite net selection for increased distal spine length and a known genetic basis for distal spine length, we observed little evidence of an evolutionary response to selection. Multiple factors likely limit an evolutionary response to selection, including genetic correlations, trade-offs between components of fitness, and phenotypic plasticity.}, }
@article {pmid25832103, year = {2015}, author = {Čuda, J and Skálová, H and Janovský, Z and Pyšek, P}, title = {Competition among native and invasive Impatiens species: the roles of environmental factors, population density and life stage.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {25832103}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Many invasive species are considered competitively superior to native species, with the strongest competition expected in species with similar niches and/or in closely related species. However, competition outcome is strongly context-dependent as competitive strength varies along environmental gradients, and life stages, and also depends on abundances. To explore the importance of these factors, we examined competition effects in an experiment with three Impatiens species (Balsaminaceae) widespread in central Europe and sharing similar life-history characteristics and habitats: the native I. noli-tangere, and two invasive species, I. parviflora and I. glandulifera. We compared their competitive strength and reciprocal impacts under two levels of water and light availability, two overall planting densities and three competitor densities. We assessed species performance (ability to complete the life-cycle, biomass and fecundity) and temporal competition dynamics in a garden pot experiment. Environmental variables had lower explanatory power than overall planting and competitor density, which indicates the importance of competitive interactions when evaluating plant performance and potential invasion success. Despite poor and delayed germination, the invasive I. glandulifera attained dominance even at a high competitor density and was competitively superior across all treatments, exceeding the height of both congeners. Impatiens parviflora was competitively weakest, having a negligible impact on both native I. noli-tangere and invasive I. glandulifera. The intermediate competitive strength of the native I. noli-tangere probably results from its intermediate height, and good germination rate and timing. The difference in height among species increased during the experiment when I. glandulifera was involved; this species continues growing until autumn, enhancing its competitive superiority. The results provide a mechanistic understanding for the competitive exclusion of native I. noli-tangere that occurs in stands with I. glandulifera, but the limited impact of I. parviflora on I. noli-tangere in their mixed stands.}, }
@article {pmid25831537, year = {2015}, author = {Thomas, CD and Palmer, G}, title = {Non-native plants add to the British flora without negative consequences for native diversity.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {112}, number = {14}, pages = {4387-4392}, pmid = {25831537}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Botany ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Statistical ; Plants/*classification ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Plants are commonly listed as invasive species, presuming that they cause harm at both global and regional scales. Approximately 40% of all species listed as invasive within Britain are plants. However, invasive plants are rarely linked to the national or global extinction of native plant species. The possible explanation is that competitive exclusion takes place slowly and that invasive plants will eventually eliminate native species (the "time-to-exclusion hypothesis"). Using the extensive British Countryside Survey Data, we find that changes to plant occurrence and cover between 1990 and 2007 at 479 British sites do not differ between native and non-native plant species. More than 80% of the plant species that are widespread enough to be sampled are native species; hence, total cover changes have been dominated by native species (total cover increases by native species are more than nine times greater than those by non-native species). This implies that factors other than plant "invasions" are the key drivers of vegetation change. We also find that the diversity of native species is increasing in locations where the diversity of non-native species is increasing, suggesting that high diversities of native and non-native plant species are compatible with one another. We reject the time-to-exclusion hypothesis as the reason why extinctions have not been observed and suggest that non-native plant species are not a threat to floral diversity in Britain. Further research is needed in island-like environments, but we question whether it is appropriate that more than three-quarters of taxa listed globally as invasive species are plants.}, }
@article {pmid25830111, year = {2015}, author = {Dangel, KC and Keppel, M and Le, TT and Grabner, D and Sures, B}, title = {Competing invaders: Performance of two Anguillicola species in Lake Bracciano.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {119-124}, pmid = {25830111}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {Anguillicola crassus is one of the most successful parasitic invasive species as it has spread from its original habitat in East Asia throughout the world and has acquired five new eel host species in the course of its invasion within the last three decades. Records from an Italian lake indicate that this species has even displaced an established population of its close relative A. novaezelandiae originating from New Zealand. In order to analyze the reasons for its high invasive potential, this review highlights recent studies, which substantiate the selective advantages of A. crassus over A. novaezelandiae. Laboratory infection experiments revealed that A. crassus features a less synchronized development compared to A. novaezelandiae in the European eel, which enables this species to emit eggs over a longer period of time. Differences in the time period required for first egg output and in the maturation process of second stage larvae in intermediate hosts could also be detected, which may lead to differences in infection potential. Finally, microsatellite analyses have shown that hybridization processes are possible, but might only occur between A. crassus males and A. novaezelandiae females. Taken as a whole, the sum of minor selective advantages and differences in life cycle traits could have considerably contributed to a replacement of one species by the other.}, }
@article {pmid25829258, year = {2015}, author = {Gegner, T and Otti, O and Tragust, S and Feldhaar, H}, title = {Do microsporidia function as "biological weapon" for Harmonia axyridis under natural conditions?.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {353-359}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12224}, pmid = {25829258}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*microbiology ; Hemolymph/microbiology ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/microbiology ; Microsporidia/physiology ; Predatory Behavior ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species, such as the multicoloured Asian ladybird Harmonia axyridis, are often regarded as major drivers of biodiversity loss. Therefore understanding which characteristics or mechanisms contribute to their invasive success is important. Here the role of symbiotic microsporidia in the hemolymph of H. axyridis was investigated in the context of intraguild predation between wild-caught H. axyridis and the native ladybird species Coccinella septempunctata. The microsporidia were recently discussed to contribute to the unpalatability of Harmonia for other coccinellids during intraguild predation and to function as "biological weapons". In the present study, visual detection of microsporidia in hemolymph samples revealed that 73.5% of H. axyridis were infected. Intraguild predation experiments between larvae of the two species showed a significant competitive advantage for H. axyridis, even against larger larvae of C. septempunctata. Adult C. septempunctata always killed and fed on H. axyridis larvae. However only 11.4% (4 of 47) of C. septempunctata that fed on infected H. axyridis died within 4 months. In contrast to previous studies this suggests that microsporidia or harmonine, the chemical defense compound of H. axyridis, do not lead to death of C. septempunctata preying on larvae of H. axyridis. Instead our results support the idea that competitive advantage during intraguild predation greatly facilitates the success of H. axyridis and that this may help this highly invasive species to outcompete native species. The impact of microsporidia on Harmonia itself as well as on interspecific interactions require further studies.}, }
@article {pmid25828691, year = {2015}, author = {Lavazza, A and Cavadini, P and Barbieri, I and Tizzani, P and Pinheiro, A and Abrantes, J and Esteves, PJ and Grilli, G and Gioia, E and Zanoni, M and Meneguz, P and Guitton, JS and Marchandeau, S and Chiari, M and Capucci, L}, title = {Field and experimental data indicate that the eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) is susceptible to infection with European brown hare syndrome (EBHS) virus and not with rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) virus.}, journal = {Veterinary research}, volume = {46}, number = {}, pages = {13}, pmid = {25828691}, issn = {1297-9716}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology/transmission/*veterinary/virology ; Disease Outbreaks/*veterinary ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary ; Female ; Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/isolation &amp; purification ; Introduced Species ; Italy/epidemiology ; *Lagomorpha ; Lagovirus/*isolation &amp; purification ; Male ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) is an American lagomorph. In 1966, it was introduced to Italy, where it is currently widespread. Its ecological niche is similar to those of native rabbits and hares and increasing overlap in distribution brings these species into ever closer contact. Therefore, cottontails are at risk of infection with the two lagoviruses endemically present in Italy: Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease virus (RHDV) and European Brown Hare Syndrome Virus (EBHSV). To verify the susceptibility of Sylvilagus to these viruses, we analyzed 471 sera and 108 individuals from cottontail populations in 9 provinces of north-central Italy from 1999 to 2012. In total, 15-20% of the cottontails tested seropositive for EBHSV; most titres were low, but some were as high as 1/1280. All the cottontails virologically tested for RHDV and EBHSV were negative with the exception of one individual found dead with hares during a natural EBHS outbreak in December 2009. The cottontail and the hares showed typical EBHS lesions, and the EBHSV strain identified was the same in both species (99.9% identity). To experimentally confirm the diagnosis, we performed two trials in which we infected cottontails with both EBHSV and RHDV. One out of four cottontails infected with EBHSV died of an EBHS-like disease, and the three surviving animals developed high EBHSV antibody titres. In contrast, neither mortality nor seroconversion was detected after infection with RHDV. Taken together, these results suggest that Sylvilagus is susceptible to EBHSV infection, which occasionally evolves to EBHS-like disease; the eastern cottontail could therefore be considered a "spill over" or "dead end" host for EBHSV unless further evidence is found to confirm that it plays an active role in the epidemiology of EBHSV.}, }
@article {pmid25828676, year = {2015}, author = {Iveša, L and Djakovac, T and Devescovi, M}, title = {Spreading patterns of the invasive Caulerpa cylindracea Sonder along the west Istrian Coast (northern Adriatic Sea, Croatia).}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {107}, number = {}, pages = {1-7}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.03.008}, pmid = {25828676}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Caulerpa/*physiology ; Croatia ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Salinity ; Seawater/chemistry ; *Temperature ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {The northern Adriatic Sea represents the northernmost and thus the coldest biogeographic sector of the Mediterranean Sea. In 2004, the invasive green alga Caulerpa cylindracea was recorded for the first time in the northern Adriatic at a site of the west Istrian Coast. Until 2010, additional C. cylindracea mats have only formed up to 7 km northward from the first colonisation site. Subsequently, the alga was also recorded at sites widespread along the entire coast. Both the first 2004 colonisation event and the 2011-2014 colonisation of distant sites occurred during periods of winter seawater temperatures higher than 9 °C. In general, algal spreading was markedly slow. Approximately 10 years after the first record, C. cylindracea has affected less than 1% of the entire west Istrian coastline. The colonisation predominantly occurred in ports and urbanised bays (seaside resorts) suggesting that anthropogenic activities might enhance algal diffusion.}, }
@article {pmid25827446, year = {2015}, author = {Sieg, AE and Gambone, MM and Wallace, BP and Clusella-Trullas, S and Spotila, JR and Avery, HW}, title = {Mojave desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) thermal ecology and reproductive success along a rainfall cline.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {282-294}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12132}, pmid = {25827446}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; California ; Desert Climate ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Ovum/physiology ; Predatory Behavior ; *Rain ; *Reproduction ; *Temperature ; Turtles/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Desert resource environments (e.g. microclimates, food) are tied to limited, highly localized rainfall regimes which generate microgeographic variation in the life histories of inhabitants. Typically, enhanced growth rates, reproduction and survivorship are observed in response to increased resource availability in a variety of desert plants and short-lived animals. We examined the thermal ecology and reproduction of US federally threatened Mojave desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii), long-lived and large-bodied ectotherms, at opposite ends of a 250-m elevation-related rainfall cline within Ivanpah Valley in the eastern Mojave Desert, California, USA. Biophysical operative environments in both the upper-elevation, "Cima," and the lower-elevation, "Pumphouse," plots corresponded with daily and seasonal patterns of incident solar radiation. Cima received 22% more rainfall and contained greater perennial vegetative cover, which conferred 5°C-cooler daytime shaded temperatures. In a monitored average rainfall year, Cima tortoises had longer potential activity periods by up to several hours and greater ephemeral forage. Enhanced resource availability in Cima was associated with larger-bodied females producing larger eggs, while still producing the same number of eggs as Pumphouse females. However, reproductive success was lower in Cima because 90% of eggs were depredated versus 11% in Pumphouse, indicating that predatory interactions produced counter-gradient variation in reproductive success across the rainfall cline. Land-use impacts on deserts (e.g. solar energy generation) are increasing rapidly, and conservation strategies designed to protect and recover threatened desert inhabitants, such as desert tortoises, should incorporate these strong ecosystem-level responses to regional resource variation in assessments of habitat for prospective development and mitigation efforts.}, }
@article {pmid25826684, year = {2015}, author = {Vettraino, A and Roques, A and Yart, A and Fan, JT and Sun, JH and Vannini, A}, title = {Sentinel trees as a tool to forecast invasions of alien plant pathogens.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0120571}, pmid = {25826684}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Forecasting ; Fungi/*pathogenicity ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Trees/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Recent disease outbreaks caused by alien invasive pathogens into European forests posed a serious threat to forest sustainability with relevant environmental and economic effects. Many of the alien tree pathogens recently introduced into Europe were not previously included on any quarantine lists, thus they were not subject to phytosanitary inspections. The identification and description of alien fungi potentially pathogenic to native European flora before their introduction in Europe, is a paramount need in order to limit the risk of invasion and the impact to forest ecosystems. To determine the potential invasive fungi, a sentinel trees plot was established in Fuyang, China, using healthy seedlings of European tree species including Quercus petreae, Q. suber, and Q. ilex. The fungal assemblage associated with symptomatic specimens was studied using the tag-encoded 454 pyrosequencing of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS 1). Taxa with probable Asiatic origin were identified and included plant pathogenic genera. These results indicate that sentinel plants may be a strategic tool to improve the prevention of bioinvasions.}, }
@article {pmid25822987, year = {2015}, author = {Wiber, CF and King, GM and Aho, K}, title = {Relative abundance of and composition within fungal orders differ between cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata)-associated soils.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0123849}, pmid = {25822987}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Artemisia/*metabolism/*microbiology ; Bromus/*metabolism/*microbiology ; Carbon/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Fungi/*isolation &amp; purification ; Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/*metabolism ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Nonnative Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) is decimating sagebrush steppe, one of the largest ecosystems in the Western United States, and is causing regional-scale shifts in the predominant plant-fungal interactions. Sagebrush, a native perennial, hosts arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), whereas cheatgrass, a winter annual, is a relatively poor host of AMF. This shift is likely intertwined with decreased carbon (C)-sequestration in cheatgrass-invaded soils and alterations in overall soil fungal community composition and structure, but the latter remain unresolved. We examined soil fungal communities using high throughput amplicon sequencing (ribosomal large subunit gene) in the 0-4 cm and 4-8 cm depth intervals of six cores from cheatgrass- and six cores from sagebrush-dominated soils. Sagebrush core surfaces (0-4 cm) contained higher nitrogen and total C than cheatgrass core surfaces; these differences mirrored the presence of glomalin related soil proteins (GRSP), which has been associated with AMF activity and increased C-sequestration. Fungal richness was not significantly affected by vegetation type, depth or an interaction of the two factors. However, the relative abundance of seven taxonomic orders was significantly affected by vegetation type or the interaction between vegetation type and depth. Teloschistales, Spizellomycetales, Pezizales and Cantharellales were more abundant in sagebrush libraries and contain mycorrhizal, lichenized and basal lineages of fungi. Only two orders (Coniochaetales and Sordariales), which contain numerous economically important pathogens and opportunistic saprotrophs, were more abundant in cheatgrass libraries. Pleosporales, Agaricales, Helotiales and Hypocreales were most abundant across all libraries, but the number of genera detected within these orders was as much as 29 times lower in cheatgrass relative to sagebrush libraries. These compositional differences between fungal communities associated with cheatgrass- and sagebrush-dominated soils warrant future research to examine soil fungal community composition across more sites and time points as well as in association with native grass species that also occupy cheatgrass-invaded ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid25822186, year = {2015}, author = {Redondo, MA and Boberg, J and Olsson, CH and Oliva, J}, title = {Winter Conditions Correlate with Phytophthora alni Subspecies Distribution in Southern Sweden.}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {105}, number = {9}, pages = {1191-1197}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-01-15-0020-R}, pmid = {25822186}, issn = {0031-949X}, mesh = {Alnus/*microbiology ; Phytophthora/*growth &amp; development ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Seasons ; Sweden ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {During the last century, the number of forest pathogen invasions has increased substantially. Environmental variables can play a crucial role in determining the establishment of invasive species. The objective of the present work was to determine the correlation between winter climatic conditions and distribution of two subspecies of the invasive forest pathogen Phytophthora alni: P. alni subspp. alni and uniformis killing black alder (Alnus glutinosa) in southern Sweden. It is known from laboratory experiments that P. alni subsp. alni is more pathogenic than P. alni subsp. uniformis, and that P. alni subsp. alni is sensitive to low temperatures and long frost periods. By studying the distribution of these two subspecies at the northern limit of the host species, we could investigate whether winter conditions can affect the geographical distribution of P. alni subsp. alni spreading northward. Sixteen major river systems of southern Sweden were systematically surveyed and isolations were performed from active cankers. The distribution of the two studied subspecies was highly correlated with winter temperature and duration of periods with heavy frost. While P. alni subsp. uniformis covered the whole range of temperatures of the host, P. alni subsp. alni was recovered in areas subjected to milder winter temperatures and shorter frost periods. Our observations suggest that winter conditions can play an important role in limiting P. alni subsp. alni establishment in cold locations, thus affecting the distribution of the different subspecies of P. alni in boreal regions.}, }
@article {pmid25818618, year = {2015}, author = {Rosindell, J and Harmon, LJ and Etienne, RS}, title = {Unifying ecology and macroevolution with individual-based theory.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, pages = {472-482}, pmid = {25818618}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Ecology/*methods ; Genetic Fitness ; *Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {A contemporary goal in both ecology and evolutionary biology is to develop theory that transcends the boundary between the two disciplines, to understand phenomena that cannot be explained by either field in isolation. This is challenging because macroevolution typically uses lineage-based models, whereas ecology often focuses on individual organisms. Here, we develop a new parsimonious individual-based theory by adding mild selection to the neutral theory of biodiversity. We show that this model generates realistic phylogenies showing a slowdown in diversification and also improves on the ecological predictions of neutral theory by explaining the occurrence of very common species. Moreover, we find the distribution of individual fitness changes over time, with average fitness increasing at a pace that depends positively on community size. Consequently, large communities tend to produce fitter species than smaller communities. These findings have broad implications beyond biodiversity theory, potentially impacting, for example, invasion biology and paleontology.}, }
@article {pmid25817984, year = {2015}, author = {Eads, DA and Biggins, DE}, title = {Plague bacterium as a transformer species in prairie dogs and the grasslands of western North America.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, pages = {1086-1093}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12498}, pmid = {25817984}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Food Chain ; *Grassland ; Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Plague/microbiology/*veterinary ; Rodent Diseases/*microbiology ; *Sciuridae ; United States ; Yersinia pestis/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive transformer species change the character, condition, form, or nature of ecosystems and deserve considerable attention from conservation scientists. We applied the transformer species concept to the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis in western North America, where the pathogen was introduced around 1900. Y. pestis transforms grassland ecosystems by severely depleting the abundance of prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) and thereby causing declines in native species abundance and diversity, including threatened and endangered species; altering food web connections; altering the import and export of nutrients; causing a loss of ecosystem resilience to encroaching invasive plants; and modifying prairie dog burrows. Y. pestis poses an important challenge to conservation biologists because it causes trophic-level perturbations that affect the stability of ecosystems. Unfortunately, understanding of the effects of Y. pestis on ecosystems is rudimentary, highlighting an acute need for continued research.}, }
@article {pmid25815509, year = {2015}, author = {Melis, C and Herfindal, I and Dahl, F and Åhlén, PA}, title = {Individual and temporal variation in habitat association of an alien carnivore at its invasion front.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0122492}, pmid = {25815509}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Forests ; Geographic Information Systems ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Raccoon Dogs ; Seasons ; Sweden ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Gathering information on how invasive species utilize the habitat is important, in order to better aim actions to reduce their negative impact. We studied habitat use and selection of 55 GPS-marked raccoon dogs (30 males, 25 females) at their invasion front in Northern Sweden, with particular focus on differences between males and females, between movement states, and between seasons and times of the day. Daily movement pattern was used to classify GPS-locations into dispersing and settled. We focused on both anthropogenic and natural landscape characteristics. Since we did not have any a priori knowledge about the spatial scale of raccoon dog habitat selection, we first assessed how landscape characteristics of random points changed with distance from the GPS-location they were paired to. Because changes in habitat use became less pronounced at approximately 5 km for all variables, we focused on habitat use at two spatial scales: fine (500 m) and coarse (5 km). Habitat selection was strongest at the coarse scale, and reflected the results found for habitat use. Raccoon dogs selected agricultural areas and wetlands, lower altitudes, and shallow slopes, and avoided forests, open natural areas, and areas close to water and roads. There were no differences in habitat selection between males and females, or between movement states. This lack of sexual segregation increases the probability of encountering potential mates during dispersal, and therefore the likelihood for reproduction in new areas. The seasonal and diurnal pattern of habitat use may provide guidance for where and when to aim management efforts.}, }
@article {pmid25813245, year = {2015}, author = {Dejean, A and Corbara, B and Céréghino, R and Leponce, M and Roux, O and Rossi, V and Delabie, JH and Compin, A}, title = {Traits allowing some ant species to nest syntopically with the fire ant Solenopsis saevissima in its native range.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {289-294}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12078}, pmid = {25813245}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Dominance-Subordination ; Ecosystem ; French Guiana ; Species Specificity ; Sympatry ; }, abstract = {Supercolonies of the red fire ant Solenopsis saevissima (Smith) develop in disturbed environments and likely alter the ant community in the native range of the species. For example, in French Guiana only 8 ant species were repeatedly noted as nesting in close vicinity to its mounds. Here, we verified if a shared set of biological, ecological, and behavioral traits might explain how these 8 species are able to nest in the presence of S. saevissima. We did not find this to be the case. We did find, however, that all of them are able to live in disturbed habitats. It is likely that over the course of evolution each of these species acquired the capacity to live syntopically with S. saevissima through its own set of traits, where colony size (4 species develop large colonies), cuticular compounds which do not trigger aggressiveness (6 species) and submissive behaviors (4 species) complement each other.}, }
@article {pmid25812400, year = {2014}, author = {Ganushkina, LA and Morozova, LF and Patraman, IV and Sergiev, VP}, title = {[Assessment of the risk of expansion of the habitats of the mosquitoes AEDES aegypti L. and Aedes albopictus Skus. in Russia].}, journal = {Meditsinskaia parazitologiia i parazitarnye bolezni}, volume = {}, number = {4}, pages = {8-10}, pmid = {25812400}, issn = {0025-8326}, mesh = {Aedes/*pathogenicity/virology ; Animals ; Climate ; Dengue/prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Dengue Virus/pathogenicity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Russia ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Based on climatic characteristics, the authors show that an invasive Aedes albopictus species is likely to emerge in new areas of the Russian Federation.}, }
@article {pmid25810084, year = {2015}, author = {Padalia, H and Srivastava, V and Kushwaha, SP}, title = {How climate change might influence the potential distribution of weed, bushmint (Hyptis suaveolens)?.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {187}, number = {4}, pages = {210}, pmid = {25810084}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Australia ; Climate ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Entropy ; Environmental Monitoring ; Forecasting ; Hyptis/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {Invasive species and climate change are considered as the most serious global environmental threats. In this study, we investigated the influence of projected global climate change on the potential distribution of one of the world's most successful invader weed, bushmint (Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.). We used spatial data on 20 environmental variables at a grid resolution of 5 km, and 564 presence records of bushmint from its native and introduced range. The climatic profiles of the native and invaded sites were analyzed in a multi-variate space in order to examine the differences in the position of climatic niches. Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model was used to predict the potential distribution of bushmint using presence records from entire range (invaded and native) along with 14 eco-physiologically relevant predictor variables. Subsequently, the trained MaxEnt model was fed with Hadley Centre Coupled Model (HadCM3) climate projections to predict potential distribution of bushmint by the year 2050 under A2a and B2a emission scenarios. MaxEnt predictions were very accurate with an Area Under Curve (AUC) value of 0.95. The results of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated that climatic niche of bushmint on the invaded sites is not entirely similar to its climatic niche in the native range. A vast area spread between 34 ° 02' north and 28 ° 18' south latitudes in tropics was predicted climatically suitable for bushmint. West and middle Africa, tropical southeast Asia, and northern Australia were predicted at high invasion risk. Study indicates enlargement, retreat, or shift across bushmint's invasion range under the influence of climate change. Globally, bushmint's potential distribution might shrink in future with more shrinkage for A2a scenario than B2a. The study outcome has immense potential for undertaking effective preventive/control measures and long-term management strategies for regions/countries, which are at higher risk of bushmint's invasion.}, }
@article {pmid25809298, year = {2015}, author = {Fridley, JD and Craddock, A}, title = {Contrasting growth phenology of native and invasive forest shrubs mediated by genome size.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {207}, number = {3}, pages = {659-668}, doi = {10.1111/nph.13384}, pmid = {25809298}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Forests ; *Genome Size ; *Introduced Species ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; Trees/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Examination of the significance of genome size to plant invasions has been largely restricted to its association with growth rate. We investigated the novel hypothesis that genome size is related to forest invasions through its association with growth phenology, as a result of the ability of large-genome species to grow more effectively through cell expansion at cool temperatures. We monitored the spring leaf phenology of 54 species of eastern USA deciduous forests, including native and invasive shrubs of six common genera. We used new measurements of genome size to evaluate its association with spring budbreak, cell size, summer leaf production rate, and photosynthetic capacity. In a phylogenetic hierarchical model that differentiated native and invasive species as a function of summer growth rate and spring budbreak timing, species with smaller genomes exhibited both faster growth and delayed budbreak compared with those with larger nuclear DNA content. Growth rate, but not budbreak timing, was associated with whether a species was native or invasive. Our results support genome size as a broad indicator of the growth behavior of woody species. Surprisingly, invaders of deciduous forests show the same small-genome tendencies of invaders of more open habitats, supporting genome size as a robust indicator of invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid25807471, year = {2015}, author = {Dujardin, JP and Lam, TX and Khoa, PT and Schofield, CJ}, title = {The rising importance of Triatoma rubrofasciata.}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {110}, number = {3}, pages = {319-323}, pmid = {25807471}, issn = {1678-8060}, mesh = {Animals ; Insect Vectors/*classification ; Introduced Species ; Triatoma/*classification ; Vietnam ; }, abstract = {The migration of invasive vector species has contributed to the worldwide extension of infectious diseases such as dengue (Aedes aegypti) and chikungunya (Aedes albopictus). It is probably a similar behaviour for certain vectors of Chagas disease which allowed it to become a continental burden in Latin America. One of them, Triatoma rubrofasciata has also been spreading throughout the tropical and subtropical world. Here, the recent and massive peridomestic presence of T. rubrofasciata in Vietnam cities is reported, and tentatively explained, highlighting the need for improved entomological surveillance.}, }
@article {pmid25807292, year = {2015}, author = {De Grave, S and Smith, KG and Adeler, NA and Allen, DJ and Alvarez, F and Anker, A and Cai, Y and Carrizo, SF and Klotz, W and Mantelatto, FL and Page, TJ and Shy, JY and Villalobos, JL and Wowor, D}, title = {Dead shrimp blues: a global assessment of extinction risk in freshwater shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0120198}, pmid = {25807292}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Decapoda/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; *Extinction, Biological ; }, abstract = {We present the first global assessment of extinction risk for a major group of freshwater invertebrates, caridean shrimps. The risk of extinction for all 763 species was assessed using the IUCN Red List criteria that include geographic ranges, habitats, ecology and past and present threats. The Indo-Malayan region holds over half of global species diversity, with a peak in Indo-China and southern China. Shrimps primarily inhabit flowing water; however, a significant subterranean component is present, which is more threatened than the surface fauna. Two species are extinct with a further 10 possibly extinct, and almost one third of species are either threatened or Near Threatened (NT). Threats to freshwater shrimps include agricultural and urban pollution impact over two-thirds of threatened and NT species. Invasive species and climate change have the greatest overall impact of all threats (based on combined timing, scope and severity of threats).}, }
@article {pmid25806968, year = {2015}, author = {Chouvenc, T and Helmick, EE and Su, NY}, title = {Hybridization of two major termite invaders as a consequence of human activity.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0120745}, pmid = {25806968}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Genotype ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Isoptera/genetics/*physiology ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Seasons ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {While hybridization of an invasive species with a native species is a common occurrence, hybridization between two invasive species is rare. Formosan subterranean termites (Coptotermes formosanus) and Asian subterranean termites (C. gestroi) are both ecologically successful and are the two most economically important termite pests in the world. Both species have spread throughout many areas of the world due to human activity; however, their distributions overlap in only three narrow areas because of distinct ecological requirements. In south Florida, where C. formosanus and C. gestroi are both invasive, the dispersal flight seasons of both species overlapped for the first time on record in 2013 and 2014. Pairings of heterospecific individuals were readily observed in the field and C. gestroi males preferentially engaged in mating behavior with C. formosanus females rather than females from their own species. In the laboratory, heterospecific and conspecific pairings had an equal colony establishment rate, but heterospecific incipient colonies had twice the growth rate of conspecific incipient colonies, suggesting a potential case of hybrid vigor. As all pre-zygotic barriers were lifted between the two species in the field, the apparent absence of post-zygotic barriers in the laboratory raises the possibility for introgressive hybridization in south Florida. While laboratory observations remain to be confirmed in the field, and the alate hybrid fertility is currently unknown, our results raise a tangible concern about the hybridization of two major destructive pest species. Such hybridization would likely be associated with a new economic impact.}, }
@article {pmid25806379, year = {2015}, author = {}, title = {International Chamber of Shipping to support Ballast Water Management Convention.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {91}, number = {1}, pages = {10}, pmid = {25806379}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; International Cooperation/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; *Introduced Species ; *Ships ; Water/*analysis ; }, }
@article {pmid25805815, year = {2015}, author = {Proença, V and Aguiar, C and Domingos, T}, title = {Highly productive sown biodiverse pastures with low invasion risk.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {112}, number = {14}, pages = {E1695}, pmid = {25805815}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; *Crops, Agricultural ; *Government Regulation ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Weeds ; Weed Control/*methods ; }, }
@article {pmid25805814, year = {2015}, author = {Driscoll, DA and Catford, JA and Barney, JN and Hulme, PE and Inderjit,  and Martin, TG and Pauchard, A and Pyšek, P and Richardson, DM and Riley, S and Visser, V}, title = {Reply to Proença et al.: Sown biodiverse pastures are not a universal solution to invasion risk.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {112}, number = {14}, pages = {E1696}, pmid = {25805814}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; *Crops, Agricultural ; *Government Regulation ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Weeds ; Weed Control/*methods ; }, }
@article {pmid25804287, year = {2015}, author = {Medlock, JM and Hansford, KM and Versteirt, V and Cull, B and Kampen, H and Fontenille, D and Hendrickx, G and Zeller, H and Van Bortel, W and Schaffner, F}, title = {An entomological review of invasive mosquitoes in Europe.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {105}, number = {6}, pages = {637-663}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485315000103}, pmid = {25804287}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Aedes/microbiology/parasitology/*physiology ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Chikungunya Fever/epidemiology/transmission ; Dengue/epidemiology/transmission ; Europe/epidemiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Homing Behavior ; *Insect Vectors ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control ; Phylogeography ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Among the invasive mosquitoes registered all over the world, Aedes species are particularly frequent and important. As several of them are potential vectors of disease, they present significant health concerns for 21st century Europe. Five species have established in mainland Europe, with two (Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus) becoming widespread and two (Ae. albopictus and Aedes aegypti) implicated in disease transmission to humans in Europe. The routes of importation and spread are often enigmatic, the ability to adapt to local environments and climates are rapid, and the biting nuisance and vector potential are both an ecomonic and public health concern. Europeans are used to cases of dengue and chikungunya in travellers returning from the tropics, but the threat to health and tourism in mainland Europe is substantive. Coupled to that are the emerging issues in the European overseas territorities and this paper is the first to consider the impacts in the remoter outposts of Europe. If entomologists and public health authorities are to address the spread of these mosquitoes and mitigate their health risks they must first be prepared to share information to better understand their biology and ecology, and share data on their distribution and control successes. This paper focusses in greater detail on the entomological and ecological aspects of these mosquitoes to assist with the risk assessment process, bringing together a large amount of information gathered through the ECDC VBORNET project.}, }
@article {pmid25803830, year = {2015}, author = {Conser, C and Seebacher, L and Fujino, DW and Reichard, S and DiTomaso, JM}, title = {The development of a plant risk evaluation (PRE) tool for assessing the invasive potential of ornamental plants.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0121053}, pmid = {25803830}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Certification/standards ; False Negative Reactions ; False Positive Reactions ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Risk Assessment/*methods ; Species Specificity ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) methods for evaluating invasiveness in plants have evolved rapidly in the last two decades. Many WRA tools exist, but none were specifically designed to screen ornamental plants prior to being released into the environment. To be accepted as a tool to evaluate ornamental plants for the nursery industry, it is critical that a WRA tool accurately predicts non-invasiveness without falsely categorizing them as invasive. We developed a new Plant Risk Evaluation (PRE) tool for ornamental plants. The 19 questions in the final PRE tool were narrowed down from 56 original questions from existing WRA tools. We evaluated the 56 WRA questions by screening 21 known invasive and 14 known non-invasive ornamental plants. After statistically comparing the predictability of each question and the frequency the question could be answered for both invasive and non-invasive species, we eliminated questions that provided no predictive power, were irrelevant in our current model, or could not be answered reliably at a high enough percentage. We also combined many similar questions. The final 19 remaining PRE questions were further tested for accuracy using 56 additional known invasive plants and 36 known non-invasive ornamental species. The resulting evaluation demonstrated that when "needs further evaluation" classifications were not included, the accuracy of the model was 100% for both predicting invasiveness and non-invasiveness. When "needs further evaluation" classifications were included as either false positive or false negative, the model was still 93% accurate in predicting invasiveness and 97% accurate in predicting non-invasiveness, with an overall accuracy of 95%. We conclude that the PRE tool should not only provide growers with a method to accurately screen their current stock and potential new introductions, but also increase the probability of the tool being accepted for use by the industry as the basis for a nursery certification program.}, }
@article {pmid25802813, year = {2015}, author = {Wittmann, ME and Kendall, BE and Jerde, CL and Anderson, LW}, title = {Estimating relative risk of within-lake aquatic plant invasion using combined measures of recreational boater movement and habitat suitability.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e845}, pmid = {25802813}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Effective monitoring, prevention and impact mitigation of nonindigenous aquatic species relies upon the ability to predict dispersal pathways and receiving habitats with the greatest risk of establishment. To examine mechanisms affecting species establishment within a large lake, we combined observations of recreational boater movements with empirical measurements of habitat suitability represented by nearshore wave energy to assess the relative risk of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) establishment. The model was evaluated using information from a 17 year (1995-2012) sequence of M. spicatum presence and absence monitoring. M. spicatum presence was not specifically correlated with recreational boater movements; however its establishment appears to be limited by wave action in Lake Tahoe. Of the sites in the "High" establishment risk category (n = 37), 54% had current or historical infestations, which included 8 of the 10 sites with the highest relative risk. Of the 11 sites in the "Medium" establishment risk category, 5 had current or historical M. spicatum populations. Most (76%) of the sites in the "Low" establishment risk category were observed in locations with higher wave action. Four sites that received zero boater visits from infested locations were occupied by M. spicatum. This suggests that the boater survey either represents incomplete coverage of boater movement, or other processes, such as the movement of propagules by surface currents or introductions from external sources are important to the establishment of this species. This study showed the combination of habitat specific and dispersal data in a relative risk framework can potentially reduce uncertainty in estimates of invasion risk.}, }
@article {pmid25799512, year = {2015}, author = {Bu, N and Qu, J and Li, Z and Li, G and Zhao, H and Zhao, B and Li, B and Chen, J and Fang, C}, title = {Effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on soil respiration in the Yangtze River estuary, China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0121571}, pmid = {25799512}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Carbon/analysis ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Cell Respiration ; China ; Climate Change ; *Estuaries ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*metabolism ; *Rivers ; Soil/*chemistry ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Many studies have found that plant invasion can enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) pools, by increasing net primary production (NPP) and/or decreased soil respiration. While most studies have focused on C input, little attention has been paid to plant invasion effects on soil respiration, especially in wetland ecosystems. Our study examined the effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on soil respiration and C dynamics in the Yangtze River estuary. The estuary was originally occupied by two native plant species: Phragmites australis in the high tide zone and Scirpus mariqueter in the low tide zone. Mean soil respiration rates were 185.8 and 142.3 mg CO2 m(-2) h(-1) in S. alterniflora and P. australis stands in the high tide zone, and 159.7 and 112.0 mg CO2 m(-2) h(-1) in S. alterniflora and S. mariqueter stands in the low tide zone, respectively. Aboveground NPP (ANPP), SOC, and microbial biomass were also significantly higher in the S. alterniflora stands than in the two native plant stands. S. alterniflora invasion did not significantly change soil inorganic carbon or pH. Our results indicated that enhanced ANPP by S. alterniflora exceeded invasion-induced C loss through soil respiration. This suggests that S. alterniflora invasion into the Yangtze River estuary could strengthen the net C sink of wetlands in the context of global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid25798856, year = {2015}, author = {Lester, PJ and Bosch, PJ and Gruber, MA and Kapp, EA and Peng, L and Brenton-Rule, EC and Buchanan, J and Stanislawek, WL and Archer, M and Corley, JC and Masciocchi, M and Van Oystaeyen, A and Wenseleers, T}, title = {No evidence of enemy release in pathogen and microbial communities of common wasps (Vespula vulgaris) in their native and introduced range.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0121358}, pmid = {25798856}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; Wasps/*microbiology/physiology ; }, abstract = {When invasive species move to new environments they typically experience population bottlenecks that limit the probability that pathogens and parasites are also moved. The invasive species may thus be released from biotic interactions that can be a major source of density-dependent mortality, referred to as enemy release. We examined for evidence of enemy release in populations of the common wasp (Vespula vulgaris), which attains high densities and represents a major threat to biodiversity in its invaded range. Mass spectrometry proteomic methods were used to compare the microbial communities in wasp populations in the native (Belgium and England) and invaded range (Argentina and New Zealand). We found no evidence of enemy release, as the number of microbial taxa was similar in both the introduced and native range. However, some evidence of distinctiveness in the microbial communities was observed between countries. The pathogens observed were similar to a variety of taxa observed in honey bees. These taxa included Nosema, Paenibacillus, and Yersina spp. Genomic methods confirmed a diversity of Nosema spp., Actinobacteria, and the Deformed wing and Kashmir bee viruses. We also analysed published records of bacteria, viruses, nematodes and fungi from both V. vulgaris and the related invader V. germanica. Thirty-three different microorganism taxa have been associated with wasps including Kashmir bee virus and entomophagous fungi such as Aspergillus flavus. There was no evidence that the presence or absence of these microorganisms was dependent on region of wasp samples (i.e. their native or invaded range). Given the similarity of the wasp pathogen fauna to that from honey bees, the lack of enemy release in wasp populations is probably related to spill-over or spill-back from bees and other social insects. Social insects appear to form a reservoir of generalist parasites and pathogens, which makes the management of wasp and bee disease difficult.}, }
@article {pmid25798604, year = {2015}, author = {Dalton, DL and Linden, B and Wimberger, K and Nupen, LJ and Tordiffe, AS and Taylor, PJ and Madisha, MT and Kotze, A}, title = {New insights into samango monkey speciation in South Africa.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0117003}, pmid = {25798604}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Mass Index ; Cercopithecus/*classification/*genetics ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Ecosystem ; *Genetic Speciation ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; Hair/chemistry ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeny ; Population Density ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The samango monkey is South Africa's only exclusively forest dwelling primate and represents the southernmost extent of the range of arboreal guenons in Africa. The main threats to South Africa's forests and thus to the samango are linked to increasing land-use pressure and increasing demands for forest resources, resulting in deforestation, degradation and further fragmentation of irreplaceable habitats. The species belongs to the highly polytypic Cercopithecus nictitans group which is sometimes divided into two species C. mitis and C. albogularis. The number of subspecies of C. albogularis is also under debate and is based only on differences in pelage colouration and thus far no genetic research has been undertaken on South African samango monkey populations. In this study we aim to further clarify the number of samango monkey subspecies, as well as their respective distributions in South Africa by combining molecular, morphometric and pelage data. Overall, our study provides the most comprehensive view to date into the taxonomic description of samango monkeys in South Africa. Our data supports the identification of three distinct genetic entities namely; C. a. labiatus, C. a. erythrarchus and C. a. schwarzi and argues for separate conservation management of the distinct genetic entities defined by this study.}, }
@article {pmid25798346, year = {2015}, author = {Bentley, KE and Berryman, KR and Hopper, M and Hoffberg, SL and Myhre, KE and Iwao, K and Lee, JB and Glenn, TC and Mauricio, R}, title = {Eleven microsatellites in an emerging invader, Phytolacca americana (Phytolaccaceae), from its native and introduced ranges.}, journal = {Applications in plant sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {25798346}, issn = {2168-0450}, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: To facilitate population genetic analyses, microsatellite markers were developed for pokeweed (Phytolacca americana), a large, weedy, perennial herb native to eastern North America that is emerging as a significant invasive species in China.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: We mined 1,100,538 Illumina MiSeq reads from genomic DNA for microsatellites and identified 58 primer pairs. We screened these primers for polymorphism in two native and two invasive populations. We identified 11 loci that amplified consistently. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to six, and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 1.00. All loci were largely monomorphic within populations but different among populations. The primers were of very limited use in the congener P. acinosa.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These loci will provide a valuable resource to study the population genetics and invasion history of P. americana.}, }
@article {pmid25797884, year = {2015}, author = {Preston, TM}, title = {Presence and abundance of non-native plant species associated with recent energy development in the Williston Basin.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {187}, number = {4}, pages = {200}, pmid = {25797884}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Environment ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Extraction and Processing Industry ; *Introduced Species ; Montana ; North Dakota ; Plants/*classification ; }, abstract = {The Williston Basin, located in the Northern Great Plains, is experiencing rapid energy development with North Dakota and Montana being the epicenter of current and projected development in the USA. The average single-bore well pad is 5 acres with an estimated 58,485 wells in North Dakota alone. This landscape-level disturbance may provide a pathway for the establishment of non-native plants. To evaluate potential influences of energy development on the presence and abundance of non-native species, vegetation surveys were conducted at 30 oil well sites (14 ten-year-old and 16 five-year-old wells) and 14 control sites in native prairie environments across the Williston Basin. Non-native species richness and cover were recorded in four quadrats, located at equal distances, along four transects for a total of 16 quadrats per site. Non-natives were recorded at all 44 sites and ranged from 5 to 13 species, 7 to 15 species, and 2 to 8 species at the 10-year, 5-year, and control sites, respectively. Respective non-native cover ranged from 1 to 69, 16 to 76, and 2 to 82%. Total, forb, and graminoid non-native species richness and non-native forb cover were significantly greater at oil well sites compared to control sites. At oil well sites, non-native species richness and forb cover were significantly greater adjacent to the well pads and decreased with distance to values similar to control sites. Finally, non-native species whose presence and/or abundance were significantly greater at oil well sites relative to control sites were identified to aid management efforts.}, }
@article {pmid25796545, year = {2015}, author = {Whomersley, P and Murray, JM and McIlwaine, P and Stephens, D and Stebbing, PD}, title = {More bang for your monitoring bucks: Detection and reporting of non-indigenous species.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {94}, number = {1-2}, pages = {14-18}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.02.031}, pmid = {25796545}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Aquatic Organisms ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Environmental Monitoring/economics/*methods ; Environmental Policy ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {'Collect once, use often' is a frequently cited principle in both national and international efforts to promote the collection, archiving and sharing of marine monitoring data. Since the implementation of the Marine Conservation Zone (MCZ) evidence collection programme, 67 recommended MCZ sites have been visited and a suite of marine data collected. Here we present how this dataset was utilised outside of the MCZ programme to identify occurrences of non-indigenous species (NIS) around the UK coast. One hundred and thirty-five aquatic species from the Non-native Species Information Portal (NNSIP) register were used to produce a standard list of NIS against which, infauna and epifaunal data records from the MCZ project were compared. A total of 20 NIS were identified across 42 of the 67 sites surveyed. This study demonstrates that with sufficient coordination and management data collected for other purposes can be easily utilised to address additional policy requirements.}, }
@article {pmid25793603, year = {2015}, author = {Talley, DM and Talley, TS and Blanco, A}, title = {Insights into the establishment of the Manila clam on a tidal flat at the southern end of an introduced range in Southern California, USA.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0118891}, pmid = {25793603}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; California ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Geologic Sediments ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; *Water Movements ; }, abstract = {Coastal ecosystem modifications have contributed to the spread of introduced species through alterations of historic disturbance regimes and resource availability, and increased propagule pressure. Frequency of occurrence of the Manila clam (Venerupis phillipinarum, Veneridae) in Southern California estuaries has increased from absent or sparse to common since the mid-1990s. Potential invasion vectors include seafood sales and aquaculture, and spread from established northern populations over decades. The clam's post-settlement habitat preferences are, however, uncertain in this region. Our project aimed to identify factors associated with established patches of the clam within a bay toward the southern end of this introduced range. During summer 2013, we sampled 10 tidal flat sites in Mission Bay, San Diego; each containing an area with and without hard structure (e.g., riprap, boulders). We measured likely environmental influences (e.g., sediment variables, distance to ocean). Manila clam densities across the bay were most strongly associated with site, where highest densities were located in the northern and/or back halves of the bay; and weakly correlated with lower porewater salinities. Within sites, Manila clam density was enhanced in the presence of hard structure in most sites. Prevailing currents and salinity regimes likely contribute to bay wide distributions, while hard structures may provide suitable microhabitats (refuge from predators and physical stress) and larval entrapment within sites. Results provide insights into decisions about future shoreline management efforts. Finally, we identify directions for future study to better understand and therefore predict patterns of establishment of the Manila clam in the southern portion of its introduced range.}, }
@article {pmid25793530, year = {2015}, author = {Solà, E and Álvarez-Presas, M and Frías-López, C and Littlewood, DT and Rozas, J and Riutort, M}, title = {Evolutionary analysis of mitogenomes from parasitic and free-living flatworms.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0120081}, pmid = {25793530}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; *Evolution, Molecular ; GC Rich Sequence ; *Genome, Helminth ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; Platyhelminths/classification/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Selection, Genetic ; Virulence/genetics ; }, abstract = {Mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) are useful and relatively accessible sources of molecular data to explore and understand the evolutionary history and relationships of eukaryotic organisms across diverse taxonomic levels. The availability of complete mitogenomes from Platyhelminthes is limited; of the 40 or so published most are from parasitic flatworms (Neodermata). Here, we present the mitogenomes of two free-living flatworms (Tricladida): the complete genome of the freshwater species Crenobia alpina (Planariidae) and a nearly complete genome of the land planarian Obama sp. (Geoplanidae). Moreover, we have reanotated the published mitogenome of the species Dugesia japonica (Dugesiidae). This contribution almost doubles the total number of mtDNAs published for Tricladida, a species-rich group including model organisms and economically important invasive species. We took the opportunity to conduct comparative mitogenomic analyses between available free-living and selected parasitic flatworms in order to gain insights into the putative effect of life cycle on nucleotide composition through mutation and natural selection. Unexpectedly, we did not find any molecular hallmark of a selective relaxation in mitogenomes of parasitic flatworms; on the contrary, three out of the four studied free-living triclad mitogenomes exhibit higher A+T content and selective relaxation levels. Additionally, we provide new and valuable molecular data to develop markers for future phylogenetic studies on planariids and geoplanids.}, }
@article {pmid25793473, year = {2015}, author = {Aghazadeh, M and Jones, MK and Aland, KV and Reid, SA and Traub, RJ and McCarthy, JS and Lee, R}, title = {Emergence of neural angiostrongyliasis in eastern Australia.}, journal = {Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {184-190}, doi = {10.1089/vbz.2014.1622}, pmid = {25793473}, issn = {1557-7759}, mesh = {Angiostrongylus/classification ; Animals ; Australia/epidemiology ; Central Nervous System Helminthiasis/*epidemiology/*transmission ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*epidemiology ; Strongylida Infections/*epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Despite an apparent increase in cases of angiostrongyliasis in humans and animals in Australia, the epidemiology of infection with the two species of Angiostrongylus that co-exist in this country, namely A. cantonensis and A. mackerrasae, is poorly understood. This knowledge gap is particularly important with respect to A. mackerrasae, a species evidently native to Australia, as its ability to cause disease in humans is unknown. Likewise, there is little information on the roles of native and introduced species of rodents and molluscs as hosts of Angiostrongylus species in Australia. This review focuses on the gaps in the knowledge about the two species, highlighting the need for epidemiological and pathogenesis studies on the native lungworm A. mackerrasae.}, }
@article {pmid25790230, year = {2015}, author = {Davis, NE and Forsyth, DM and Triggs, B and Pascoe, C and Benshemesh, J and Robley, A and Lawrence, J and Ritchie, EG and Nimmo, DG and Lumsden, LF}, title = {Interspecific and geographic variation in the diets of sympatric carnivores: dingoes/wild dogs and red foxes in south-eastern Australia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0120975}, pmid = {25790230}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; *Diet ; *Foxes/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; *Geography ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Macropodidae ; Predatory Behavior ; Species Specificity ; *Sympatry ; Victoria ; *Wolves/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; }, abstract = {Dingoes/wild dogs (Canis dingo/familiaris) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are widespread carnivores in southern Australia and are controlled to reduce predation on domestic livestock and native fauna. We used the occurrence of food items in 5875 dingo/wild dog scats and 11,569 fox scats to evaluate interspecific and geographic differences in the diets of these species within nine regions of Victoria, south-eastern Australia. The nine regions encompass a wide variety of ecosystems. Diet overlap between dingoes/wild dogs and foxes varied among regions, from low to near complete overlap. The diet of foxes was broader than dingoes/wild dogs in all but three regions, with the former usually containing more insects, reptiles and plant material. By contrast, dingoes/wild dogs more regularly consumed larger mammals, supporting the hypothesis that niche partitioning occurs on the basis of mammalian prey size. The key mammalian food items for dingoes/wild dogs across all regions were black wallaby (Wallabia bicolor), brushtail possum species (Trichosurus spp.), common wombat (Vombatus ursinus), sambar deer (Rusa unicolor), cattle (Bos taurus) and European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The key mammalian food items for foxes across all regions were European rabbit, sheep (Ovis aries) and house mouse (Mus musculus). Foxes consumed 6.1 times the number of individuals of threatened Critical Weight Range native mammal species than did dingoes/wild dogs. The occurrence of intraguild predation was asymmetrical; dingoes/wild dogs consumed greater biomass of the smaller fox. The substantial geographic variation in diet indicates that dingoes/wild dogs and foxes alter their diet in accordance with changing food availability. We provide checklists of taxa recorded in the diets of dingoes/wild dogs and foxes as a resource for managers and researchers wishing to understand the potential impacts of policy and management decisions on dingoes/wild dogs, foxes and the food resources they interact with.}, }
@article {pmid25790180, year = {2015}, author = {Zefferman, EP}, title = {Experimental tests of priority effects and light availability on relative performance of Myriophyllum spicatum and Elodea nuttallii propagules in artificial stream channels.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0120248}, pmid = {25790180}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {California ; Hydrocharitaceae/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Light ; Magnoliaceae/*physiology ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Submersed macrophytes have important ecological functions in many streams, but fostering growth of beneficial native species while suppressing weedy invasives may be challenging. Two approaches commonly used in management of terrestrial plant communities may be useful in this context: (1) altering resource availability and (2) establishing desirable species before weeds can invade (priority effects). However, these approaches are rarely used in aquatic systems, despite widespread need for sustainable solutions to aquatic weed problems. In artificial stream channels in California, USA, I conducted experiments with asexual propagules of non-native invasive Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian watermilfoil) and native Elodea nuttallii (western waterweed) to address the questions: (1) How does light availability affect relative performance of the two species?; (2) Does planting the native earlier than the invasive decrease survival or growth rate of the invasive?; and (3) Do light level and priority effects interact? The relative performance between E. nuttallii and M. spicatum had an interesting and unexpected pattern: M. spicatum had higher growth rates than E. nuttallii in the zero and medium shade levels, but had similar performance in the low and high shade levels. This pattern is most likely the result of E. nutallii's sensitivity to both very low and very high light, and M. spicatum's sensitivity to very low light only. Native priority did not significantly affect growth rate or survival of M. spicatum, possibly because of unexpectedly poor growth of the E. nuttallii planted early. This study suggests that altering light levels could be effective in reducing growth of an invasive macrophyte, and for changing the competitive balance between a native and a non-native species in the establishment phase. Further investigations into the use of priority effects and resource alteration for submersed macrophyte management are warranted, given their mixed results in other (limited) studies.}, }
@article {pmid25788598, year = {2015}, author = {McCleery, RA and Sovie, A and Reed, RN and Cunningham, MW and Hunter, ME and Hart, KM}, title = {Marsh rabbit mortalities tie pythons to the precipitous decline of mammals in the Everglades.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {282}, number = {1805}, pages = {}, pmid = {25788598}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Boidae/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Florida ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Lagomorpha/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {To address the ongoing debate over the impact of invasive species on native terrestrial wildlife, we conducted a large-scale experiment to test the hypothesis that invasive Burmese pythons (Python molurus bivittatus) were a cause of the precipitous decline of mammals in Everglades National Park (ENP). Evidence linking pythons to mammal declines has been indirect and there are reasons to question whether pythons, or any predator, could have caused the precipitous declines seen across a range of mammalian functional groups. Experimentally manipulating marsh rabbits, we found that pythons accounted for 77% of rabbit mortalities within 11 months of their translocation to ENP and that python predation appeared to preclude the persistence of rabbit populations in ENP. On control sites, outside of the park, no rabbits were killed by pythons and 71% of attributable marsh rabbit mortalities were classified as mammal predations. Burmese pythons pose a serious threat to the faunal communities and ecological functioning of the Greater Everglades Ecosystem, which will probably spread as python populations expand their range.}, }
@article {pmid25788592, year = {2015}, author = {Beechler, BR and Manore, CA and Reininghaus, B and O'Neal, D and Gorsich, EE and Ezenwa, VO and Jolles, AE}, title = {Enemies and turncoats: bovine tuberculosis exposes pathogenic potential of Rift Valley fever virus in a common host, African buffalo (Syncerus caffer).}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {282}, number = {1805}, pages = {}, pmid = {25788592}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {U01 GM097661/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; U01-GM097661-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Abortion, Veterinary/epidemiology/immunology/microbiology/virology ; Animals ; *Buffaloes ; Cattle ; Coinfection/epidemiology/immunology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Disease Susceptibility/epidemiology/immunology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Female ; Immunity, Innate ; Male ; Models, Theoretical ; Mycobacterium bovis/physiology ; Rift Valley Fever/*epidemiology/immunology/virology ; Rift Valley fever virus/physiology ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Tuberculosis, Bovine/*epidemiology/immunology/microbiology ; }, abstract = {The ubiquity and importance of parasite co-infections in populations of free-living animals is beginning to be recognized, but few studies have demonstrated differential fitness effects of single infection versus co-infection in free-living populations. We investigated interactions between the emerging bacterial disease bovine tuberculosis (BTB) and the previously existing viral disease Rift Valley fever (RVF) in a competent reservoir host, African buffalo, combining data from a natural outbreak of RVF in captive buffalo at a buffalo breeding facility in 2008 with data collected from a neighbouring free-living herd of African buffalo in Kruger National Park. RVF infection was twice as likely in individual BTB+ buffalo as in BTB- buffalo, which, according to a mathematical model, may increase RVF outbreak size at the population level. In addition, co-infection was associated with a far higher rate of fetal abortion than other infection states. Immune interactions between BTB and RVF may underlie both of these interactions, since animals with BTB had decreased innate immunity and increased pro-inflammatory immune responses. This study is one of the first to demonstrate how the consequences of emerging infections extend beyond direct effects on host health, potentially altering the dynamics and fitness effects of infectious diseases that had previously existed in the ecosystem on free-ranging wildlife populations.}, }
@article {pmid25786893, year = {2015}, author = {Silk, PJ and Ryall, K and Mayo, P and MaGee, DI and Leclair, G and Fidgen, J and Lavallee, R and Price, J and McConaghy, J}, title = {A Biologically Active Analog of the Sex Pheromone of the Emerald Ash Borer, Agrilus planipennis.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, pages = {294-302}, pmid = {25786893}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Assay ; Coleoptera/chemistry/*drug effects ; Female ; Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; Isomerism ; Lactones/*chemistry/*pharmacology ; Male ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Conformation ; Sex Attractants/*chemistry/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) (EAB), is an invasive species causing unprecedented levels of mortality to ash trees in its introduced range. The female-produced sex pheromone of EAB has been shown to contain the macrocyclic lactone (3Z)-dodecen-12-olide. This compound and its geometrical isomer, (3E)-dodecen-12-olide, have been demonstrated previously to be EAG active and, in combination with a host-derived green leaf volatile, (3Z)-hexenol, to be attractive to male EAB in green prism traps deployed in the ash tree canopy. In the current study, we show that the saturated analog, dodecan-12-olide, is similarly active, eliciting an antennal response and significant attraction of EAB in both olfactometer and trapping bioassays in green traps with (3Z)-hexenol. Conformational modeling of the three lactones reveals that their energies and shapes are very similar, suggesting they might share a common receptor in EAB antennae. These findings provide new insight into the pheromone ecology of this species, highlighting the apparent plasticity in response of adults to the pheromone and its analog. Both of the unsaturated isomers are costly to synthesize, involving multistep, low-yielding processes. The saturated analog can be made cheaply, in high yield, and on large scale via Mitsunobu esterification of a saturated ω-hydroxy acid or more simply by Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of commercially available cyclododecanone. The analog can thus provide an inexpensive option as a lure for detection surveys as well as for possible mitigation purposes, such as mating disruption.}, }
@article {pmid25786336, year = {2015}, author = {Peischl, S and Excoffier, L}, title = {Expansion load: recessive mutations and the role of standing genetic variation.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2084-2094}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13154}, pmid = {25786336}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Computer Simulation ; Gene Flow ; Gene Frequency ; *Genes, Recessive ; *Genetic Fitness ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Humans ; Models, Genetic ; Mutation ; }, abstract = {Expanding populations incur a mutation burden - the so-called expansion load. Previous studies of expansion load have focused on codominant mutations. An important consequence of this assumption is that expansion load stems exclusively from the accumulation of new mutations occurring in individuals living at the wave front. Using individual-based simulations, we study here the dynamics of standing genetic variation at the front of expansions, and its consequences on mean fitness if mutations are recessive. We find that deleterious genetic diversity is quickly lost at the front of the expansion, but the loss of deleterious mutations at some loci is compensated by an increase of their frequencies at other loci. The frequency of deleterious homozygotes therefore increases along the expansion axis, whereas the average number of deleterious mutations per individual remains nearly constant across the species range. This reveals two important differences to codominant models: (i) mean fitness at the front of the expansion drops much faster if mutations are recessive, and (ii) mutation load can increase during the expansion even if the total number of deleterious mutations per individual remains constant. We use our model to make predictions about the shape of the site frequency spectrum at the front of range expansion, and about correlations between heterozygosity and fitness in different parts of the species range. Importantly, these predictions provide opportunities to empirically validate our theoretical results. We discuss our findings in the light of recent results on the distribution of deleterious genetic variation across human populations and link them to empirical results on the correlation of heterozygosity and fitness found in many natural range expansions.}, }
@article {pmid25786260, year = {2015}, author = {Kriticos, DJ and Ota, N and Hutchison, WD and Beddow, J and Walsh, T and Tay, WT and Borchert, DM and Paula-Moraes, SV and Czepak, C and Zalucki, MP}, title = {The potential distribution of invading Helicoverpa armigera in North America: is it just a matter of time?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0119618}, pmid = {25786260}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Agriculture/methods ; Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Insect Control/*methods ; Introduced Species/economics/*statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; Moths/*physiology ; North America ; }, abstract = {Helicoverpa armigera has recently invaded South and Central America, and appears to be spreading rapidly. We update a previously developed potential distribution model to highlight the global invasion threat, with emphasis on the risks to the United States. The continued range expansion of H. armigera in Central America is likely to change the invasion threat it poses to North America qualitatively, making natural dispersal from either the Caribbean islands or Mexico feasible. To characterise the threat posed by H. armigera, we collated the value of the major host crops in the United States growing within its modelled potential range, including that area where it could expand its range during favourable seasons. We found that the annual value of crops that would be exposed to H. armigera totalled approximately US$78 billion p.a., with US$843 million p.a. worth growing in climates that are optimal for the pest. Elsewhere, H. armigera has developed broad-spectrum pesticide resistance; meaning that if it invades the United States, protecting these crops from significant production impacts could be challenging. It may be cost-effective to undertake pre-emptive biosecurity activities such as slowing the spread of H. armigera throughout the Americas, improving the system for detecting H. armigera, and methods for rapid identification, especially distinguishing between H. armigera, H. zea and potential H. armigera x H. zea hybrids. Developing biological control programs, especially using inundative techniques with entomopathogens and parasitoids could slow the spread of H. armigera, and reduce selective pressure for pesticide resistance. The rapid spread of H. armigera through South America into Central America suggests that its spread into North America is a matter of time. The likely natural dispersal routes preclude aggressive incursion responses, emphasizing the value of preparatory communication with agricultural producers in areas suitable for invasion by H. armigera.}, }
@article {pmid25785866, year = {2015}, author = {Holland, EP and James, A and Ruscoe, WA and Pech, RP and Byrom, AE}, title = {Climate-based models for pulsed resources improve predictability of consumer population dynamics: outbreaks of house mice in forest ecosystems.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0119139}, pmid = {25785866}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/*methods ; Forecasting ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Mice ; *Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Accurate predictions of the timing and magnitude of consumer responses to episodic seeding events (masts) are important for understanding ecosystem dynamics and for managing outbreaks of invasive species generated by masts. While models relating consumer populations to resource fluctuations have been developed successfully for a range of natural and modified ecosystems, a critical gap that needs addressing is better prediction of resource pulses. A recent model used change in summer temperature from one year to the next (ΔT) for predicting masts for forest and grassland plants in New Zealand. We extend this climate-based method in the framework of a model for consumer-resource dynamics to predict invasive house mouse (Mus musculus) outbreaks in forest ecosystems. Compared with previous mast models based on absolute temperature, the ΔT method for predicting masts resulted in an improved model for mouse population dynamics. There was also a threshold effect of ΔT on the likelihood of an outbreak occurring. The improved climate-based method for predicting resource pulses and consumer responses provides a straightforward rule of thumb for determining, with one year's advance warning, whether management intervention might be required in invaded ecosystems. The approach could be applied to consumer-resource systems worldwide where climatic variables are used to model the size and duration of resource pulses, and may have particular relevance for ecosystems where global change scenarios predict increased variability in climatic events.}, }
@article {pmid25785858, year = {2015}, author = {Fernández, M and Hamilton, H}, title = {Ecological niche transferability using invasive species as a case study.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0119891}, pmid = {25785858}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*physiology ; Animal Distribution/*physiology ; *Climate Change ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Museums ; Principal Component Analysis ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Species distribution modeling is widely applied to predict invasive species distributions and species range shifts under climate change. Accurate predictions depend upon meeting the assumption that ecological niches are conserved, i.e., spatially or temporally transferable. Here we present a multi-taxon comparative analysis of niche conservatism using biological invasion events well documented in natural history museum collections. Our goal is to assess spatial transferability of the climatic niche of a range of noxious terrestrial invasive species using two complementary approaches. First we compare species' native versus invasive ranges in environmental space using two distinct methods, Principal Components Analysis and Mahalanobis distance. Second we compare species' native versus invaded ranges in geographic space as estimated using the species distribution modeling technique Maxent and the comparative index Hellinger's I. We find that species exhibit a range of responses, from almost complete transferability, in which the invaded niches completely overlap with the native niches, to a complete dissociation between native and invaded ranges. Intermediate responses included expansion of dimension attributable to either temperature or precipitation derived variables, as well as niche expansion in multiple dimensions. We conclude that the ecological niche in the native range is generally a poor predictor of invaded range and, by analogy, the ecological niche may be a poor predictor of range shifts under climate change. We suggest that assessing dimensions of niche transferability prior to standard species distribution modeling may improve the understanding of species' dynamics in the invaded range.}, }
@article {pmid25785687, year = {2015}, author = {Baldy, V and Thiebaut, G and Fernandez, C and Sagova-Mareckova, M and Korboulewsky, N and Monnier, Y and Perez, T and Tremolieres, M}, title = {Experimental assessment of the water quality influence on the phosphorus uptake of an invasive aquatic plant: biological responses throughout its phenological stage.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0118844}, pmid = {25785687}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biological Transport ; Calcium/analysis ; Hydrocharitaceae/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Kinetics ; Phenotype ; Phosphorus/*metabolism ; Plant Shoots/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Water/chemistry ; *Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Understanding how an invasive plant can colonize a large range of environments is still a great challenge in freshwater ecology. For the first time, we assessed the relative importance of four factors on the phosphorus uptake and growth of an invasive macrophyte Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John. This study provided data on its phenotypic plasticity, which is frequently suggested as an important mechanism but remains poorly investigated. The phosphorus uptake of two Elodea nuttallii subpopulations was experimentally studied under contrasting environmental conditions. Plants were sampled in the Rhine floodplain and in the Northern Vosges mountains, and then maintained in aquaria in hard (Rhine) or soft (Vosges) water. Under these conditions, we tested the influence of two trophic states (eutrophic state, 100 μg x l(-1) P-PO4(3-) and hypertrophic state, 300 μg x l(-1) P-PO4(3-)) on the P metabolism of plant subpopulations collected at three seasons (winter, spring and summer). Elodea nuttallii was able to absorb high levels of phosphorus through its shoots and enhance its phosphorus uptake, continually, after an increase of the resource availability (hypertrophic > eutrophic). The lowest efficiency in nutrient use was observed in winter, whereas the highest was recorded in spring, what revealed thus a storage strategy which can be beneficial to new shoots. This experiment provided evidence that generally, the water trophic state is the main factor governing P uptake, and the mineral status (softwater > hardwater) of the stream water is the second main factor. The phenological stage appeared to be a confounding factor to P level in water. Nonetheless, phenology played a role in P turnover in the plant. Finally, phenotypic plasticity allows both subpopulations to adapt to a changing environment.}, }
@article {pmid25785609, year = {2015}, author = {MacIvor, JS and Packer, L}, title = {'Bee hotels' as tools for native pollinator conservation: a premature verdict?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0122126}, pmid = {25785609}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Nesting Behavior ; *Pollination ; Population Dynamics ; Wasps/physiology ; }, abstract = {Society is increasingly concerned with declining wild bee populations. Although most bees nest in the ground, considerable effort has centered on installing 'bee hotels'--also known as nest boxes or trap nests--which artificially aggregate nest sites of above ground nesting bees. Campaigns to 'save the bees' often promote these devices despite the absence of data indicating they have a positive effect. From a survey of almost 600 bee hotels set up over a period of three years in Toronto, Canada, introduced bees nested at 32.9% of sites and represented 24.6% of more than 27,000 total bees and wasps recorded (47.1% of all bees recorded). Native bees were parasitized more than introduced bees and females of introduced bee species provisioned nests with significantly more female larva each year. Native wasps were significantly more abundant than both native and introduced bees and occupied almost 3/4 of all bee hotels each year; further, introduced wasps were the only group to significantly increase in relative abundance year over year. More research is needed to elucidate the potential pitfalls and benefits of using bee hotels in the conservation and population dynamics of wild native bees.}, }
@article {pmid25785464, year = {2015}, author = {Silva, M and Pratheepa, VK and Botana, LM and Vasconcelos, V}, title = {Emergent toxins in North Atlantic temperate waters: a challenge for monitoring programs and legislation.}, journal = {Toxins}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {859-885}, pmid = {25785464}, issn = {2072-6651}, mesh = {Acrylamides/analysis ; Atlantic Ocean ; Ciguatoxins/analysis ; Climate Change ; Cnidarian Venoms ; Cold Temperature ; Environmental Monitoring/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; Food Chain ; Harmful Algal Bloom ; Imines/analysis ; Marine Toxins/*analysis ; Risk Assessment ; Tetrodotoxin/analysis ; Water/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) are complex to manage due to their intermittent nature and their severe impact on the economy and human health. The conditions which promote HAB have not yet been fully explained, though climate change and anthropogenic intervention are pointed as significant factors. The rise of water temperature, the opening of new sea canals and the introduction of ship ballast waters all contribute to the dispersion and establishment of toxin-producing invasive species that promote the settling of emergent toxins in the food-chain. Tetrodotoxin, ciguatoxin, palytoxin and cyclic imines are commonly reported in warm waters but have also caused poisoning incidents in temperate zones. There is evidence that monitoring for these toxins exclusively in bivalves is simplistic and underestimates the risk to public health, since new vectors have been reported for these toxins and as well for regulated toxins such as PSTs and DSTs. In order to avoid public health impacts, there is a need for adequate monitoring programs, a need for establishing appropriate legislation, and a need for optimizing effective methods of analysis. In this review, we will compile evidence concerning emergent marine toxins and provide data that may indicate the need to restructure the current monitoring programs of HAB.}, }
@article {pmid25784465, year = {2015}, author = {Martine, CT and Hale, AN}, title = {Parasitism disruption a likely consequence of belowground war waged by exotic plant invader.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {102}, number = {3}, pages = {327-328}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1500025}, pmid = {25784465}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Brassicaceae/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*parasitology ; *Symbiosis ; }, }
@article {pmid25782018, year = {2015}, author = {Warburton, B and Gormley, AM}, title = {Optimising the application of multiple-capture traps for invasive species management using spatial simulation.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0120373}, pmid = {25782018}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; Rats ; *Trichosurus ; }, abstract = {Internationally, invasive vertebrate species pose a significant threat to biodiversity, agricultural production and human health. To manage these species a wide range of tools, including traps, are used. In New Zealand, brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), stoats (Mustela ermine), and ship rats (Rattus rattus) are invasive and there is an ongoing demand for cost-effective non-toxic methods for controlling these pests. Recently, traps with multiple-capture capability have been developed which, because they do not require regular operator-checking, are purported to be more cost-effective than traditional single-capture traps. However, when pest populations are being maintained at low densities (as is typical of orchestrated pest management programmes) it remains uncertain if it is more cost-effective to use fewer multiple-capture traps or more single-capture traps. To address this uncertainty, we used an individual-based spatially explicit modelling approach to determine the likely maximum animal-captures per trap, given stated pest densities and defined times traps are left between checks. In the simulation, single- or multiple-capture traps were spaced according to best practice pest-control guidelines. For possums with maintenance densities set at the lowest level (i.e. 0.5/ha), 98% of all simulated possums were captured with only a single capacity trap set at each site. When possum density was increased to moderate levels of 3/ha, having a capacity of three captures per trap caught 97% of all simulated possums. Results were similar for stoats, although only two potential captures per site were sufficient to capture 99% of simulated stoats. For rats, which were simulated at their typically higher densities, even a six-capture capacity per trap site only resulted in 80% kill. Depending on target species, prevailing density and extent of immigration, the most cost-effective strategy for pest control in New Zealand might be to deploy several single-capture traps rather than investing in fewer, but more expense, multiple-capture traps.}, }
@article {pmid25781122, year = {2015}, author = {Villalobos-Guerrero, TF and Carrera-Parra, LF}, title = {Redescription of Alitta succinea (Leuckart, 1847) and reinstatement of A. acutifolia (Ehlers, 1901) n. comb. based upon morphological and molecular data (Polychaeta: Nereididae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3919}, number = {1}, pages = {157-178}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.7}, pmid = {25781122}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Male ; Mexico ; Polychaeta/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {The nereidid worm Alitta succinea (Leuckart, 1847), described from Western Germany, has been considered by some authors as a widespread and alien invasive species, or else as a group of morphologically indistinguishable species. Neither idea has yet been supported by critical taxonomic revisions of relevant material. Most characterizations of A. succinea were based upon a mixture of morphological features from specimens from the type locality and from other regions. Moreover, four species described from America are considered junior synonyms of A. succinea, including Nereis acutifolia Ehlers, 1901, described from the eastern tropical Pacific. The type material of the latter species has not been reviewed since its description. We re-examined type and topotype materials of A. succinea and N. acutifolia including atokous and epitokous specimens. In addition, newly collected specimens were used to evaluate genetic divergence between both species using the mitochondrial gene COI. Alitta succinea is redescribed from type material and specimens from Germany. We rejected the recent placement of the species in Neanthes and we transferred it to Alitta. Further, we refuse the synonymy of N. acutifolia with A. succinea due to morphological and molecular differences. Consequently, we regard Alitta acutifolia n. comb. as a valid species, and the supposed introduction and the alien status of A. succinea along the Mexican and Central American Pacific shores are rejected.}, }
@article {pmid25780924, year = {2015}, author = {Peñarrubia, L and Sanz, N and Pla, C and Vidal, O and Viñas, J}, title = {Using Massive Parallel Sequencing for the development, validation, and application of population genetics markers in the invasive bivalve zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0120732}, pmid = {25780924}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Dreissena/*genetics ; Genetic Markers ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; }, abstract = {The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha, Pallas, 1771) is one of the most invasive species of freshwater bivalves, due to a combination of biological and anthropogenic factors. Once this species has been introduced to a new area, individuals form dense aggregations that are very difficult to remove, leading to many adverse socioeconomic and ecological consequences. In this study, we identified, tested, and validated a new set of polymorphic microsatellite loci (also known as SSRs, Single Sequence Repeats) using a Massive Parallel Sequencing (MPS) platform. After several pruning steps, 93 SSRs could potentially be amplified. Out of these SSRs, 14 were polymorphic, producing a polymorphic yield of 15.05%. These 14 polymorphic microsatellites were fully validated in a first approximation of the genetic population structure of D. polymorpha in the Iberian Peninsula. Based on this polymorphic yield, we propose a criterion for establishing the number of SSRs that require validation in similar species, depending on the final use of the markers. These results could be used to optimize MPS approaches in the development of microsatellites as genetic markers, which would reduce the cost of this process.}, }
@article {pmid25780765, year = {2015}, author = {Pergams, OR and Byrn, D and Lee, KL and Jackson, R}, title = {Rapid morphological change in black rats (Rattus rattus) after an island introduction.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e812}, pmid = {25780765}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Rapid morphological change has been shown in rodent populations on islands, including endemic deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus subspp.) on the California Channel Islands. Surprisingly, most of these changes were towards a smaller size. Black rats were introduced to Anacapa Island in the mid-1800s (probably in 1853) and eradicated in 2001-2002. To assess possible changes in these rats since their introduction, eleven cranial and four standard external measurements were taken from 59 Rattus rattus specimens collected from 1940-2000. All rat cranial traits changed 3.06-10.43% (724-2567 d, 0.06-0.42 h), and all became larger. When considered in haldanes, these changes are among the fastest on record in any organism, and far exceed changes found in other island rodents. These changes were confirmed by MANOVA (Wilk's λ < 0.0005, F d.f.15 = 2974.386, P < 0.0005), and all 11 cranial traits significantly fit linear regressions. We speculate that concurrent changes in mice may have been due in part to competition with and/or predation by rats. Future research might evaluate whether the vector of mouse evolution on Anacapa is again changing after rat eradication.}, }
@article {pmid25778909, year = {2015}, author = {Malcicka, M and Agosta, SJ and Harvey, JA}, title = {Multi level ecological fitting: indirect life cycles are not a barrier to host switching and invasion.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {21}, number = {9}, pages = {3210-3218}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12928}, pmid = {25778909}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Deer ; Europe ; Fasciolidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Fascioloidiasis/epidemiology/*parasitology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Snails/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Many invasive species are able to escape from coevolved enemies and thus enjoy a competitive advantage over native species. However, during the invasion phase, non-native species must overcome many ecological and/or physiological hurdles before they become established and spread in their new habitats. This may explain why most introduced species either fail to establish or remain as rare interstitials in their new ranges. Studies focusing on invasive species have been based on plants or animals where establishment requires the possession of preadapted traits from their native ranges that enables them to establish and spread in their new habitats. The possession of preadapted traits that facilitate the exploitation of novel resources or to colonize novel habitats is known as 'ecological fitting'. Some species have evolved traits and life histories that reflect highly intimate associations with very specific types of habitats or niches. For these species, their phenological windows are narrow, and thus the ability to colonize non-native habitats requires that a number of conditions need to be met in accordance with their more specialized life histories. Some of the strongest examples of more complex ecological fitting involve invasive parasites that require different animal hosts to complete their life cycles. For instance, the giant liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, is a major parasite of several species of ungulates in North America. The species exhibits a life cycle whereby newly hatched larvae must find suitable intermediate hosts (freshwater snails) and mature larvae, definitive hosts (ungulates). Intermediate and definitive host ranges of F. magna in its native range are low in number, yet this parasite has been successfully introduced into Europe where it has become a parasite of native European snails and deer. We discuss how the ability of these parasites to overcome multiple ecophysiological barriers represents an excellent example of 'multiple-level ecological fitting'.}, }
@article {pmid25776798, year = {2015}, author = {Staudhammer, CL and Escobedo, FJ and Holt, N and Young, LJ and Brandeis, TJ and Zipperer, W}, title = {Predictors, spatial distribution, and occurrence of woody invasive plants in subtropical urban ecosystems.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {155}, number = {}, pages = {97-105}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.03.012}, pmid = {25776798}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Cities ; *Ecosystem ; Florida ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Puerto Rico ; Spatial Analysis ; Trees/*classification ; Tropical Climate ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {We examined the spatial distribution, occurrence, and socioecological predictors of woody invasive plants (WIP) in two subtropical, coastal urban ecosystems: San Juan, Puerto Rico and Miami-Dade, United States. These two cities have similar climates and ecosystems typical of subtropical regions but differ in socioeconomics, topography, and urbanization processes. Using permanent plot data, available forest inventory protocols and statistical analyses of geographic and socioeconomic spatial predictors, we found that landscape level distribution and occurrence of WIPs was not clustered. We also characterized WIP composition and occurrence using logistic models, and found they were strongly related to the proportional area of residential land uses. However, the magnitude and trend of increase depended on median household income and grass cover. In San Juan, WIP occurrence was higher in areas of high residential cover when incomes were low or grass cover was low, whereas the opposite was true in Miami-Dade. Although Miami-Dade had greater invasive shrub cover and numbers of WIP species, San Juan had far greater invasive tree density, basal area and crown cover. This study provides an approach for incorporating field and available census data in geospatial distribution models of WIPs in cities throughout the globe. Findings indicate that identifying spatial predictors of WIPs depends on site-specific factors and the ecological scale of the predictor. Thus, mapping protocols and policies to eradicate urban WIPs should target indicators of a relevant scale specific to the area of interest for their improved and proactive management.}, }
@article {pmid25774670, year = {2015}, author = {Munyai, TC and Foord, SH}, title = {Temporal patterns of ant diversity across a mountain with climatically contrasting aspects in the tropics of Africa.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0122035}, pmid = {25774670}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; *Ants ; *Biodiversity ; *Environment ; Population Density ; Seasons ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Factors that drive species richness over space and time are still poorly understood and are often context specific. Identifying these drivers for ant diversity has become particularly relevant within the context of contemporary global change events. We report on a long-term bi-annual (wet and dry seasons), standardized sampling of epigeal ants over a five year period on the mesic and arid aspects of an inselberg (Soutpansberg Mountain Range) in the tropics of Africa. We detail seasonal, annual and long-term trends of species density, test the relative contribution of geometric constraints, energy, available area, climate, local environmental variables, time, and space in explaining ant species density patterns through Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) where replicates were included as random factors to account for temporal pseudo-replication. Seasonal patterns were very variable and we found evidence of decreased seasonal variation in species density with increased elevation. The extent and significance of a decrease in species density with increased elevation varied with season. Annual patterns point to an increase in ant diversity over time. Ant density patterns were positively correlated with mean monthly temperature but geometric constraints dominated model performance while soil characteristics were minor correlates. These drivers and correlates accounted for all the spatio-temporal variability in the database. Ant diversity was therefore mainly determined by geometric constraints and temperature while soil characteristics (clay and carbon content) accounted for smaller but significant amounts of variation. This study documents the role of season, elevation and their interaction in affecting ant species densities while highlighting the importance of neutral processes and temperature in driving these patterns.}, }
@article {pmid25770013, year = {2015}, author = {Speek, TA and Schaminée, JH and Stam, JM and Lotz, LA and Ozinga, WA and van der Putten, WH}, title = {Local dominance of exotic plants declines with residence time: a role for plant-soil feedback?.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {25770013}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Recent studies have shown that introduced exotic plant species may be released from their native soil-borne pathogens, but that they become exposed to increased soil pathogen activity in the new range when time since introduction increases. Other studies have shown that introduced exotic plant species become less dominant when time since introduction increases, and that plant abundance may be controlled by soil-borne pathogens; however, no study yet has tested whether these soil effects might explain the decline in dominance of exotic plant species following their initial invasiveness. Here we determine plant-soil feedback of 20 plant species that have been introduced into The Netherlands. We tested the hypotheses that (i) exotic plant species with a longer residence time have a more negative soil feedback and (ii) greater local dominance of the introduced exotic plant species correlates with less negative, or more positive, plant-soil feedback. Although the local dominance of exotic plant species decreased with time since introduction, there was no relationship of local dominance with plant-soil feedback. Plant-soil feedback also did not become more negative with increasing time since introduction. We discuss why our results may deviate from some earlier published studies and why plant-soil feedback may not in all cases, or not in all comparisons, explain patterns of local dominance of introduced exotic plant species.}, }
@article {pmid25768305, year = {2015}, author = {Appelqvist, C and Al-Hamdani, ZK and Jonsson, PR and Havenhand, JN}, title = {Climate envelope modeling and dispersal simulations show little risk of range extension of the Shipworm, Teredo navalis (L.), in the Baltic sea.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0119217}, pmid = {25768305}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Bivalvia/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Climate Change ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Likelihood Functions ; Metamorphosis, Biological ; *Models, Theoretical ; Oxygen/analysis ; Reproduction ; Risk ; Salinity ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The shipworm, Teredo navalis, is absent from most of the Baltic Sea. In the last 20 years, increased frequency of T. navalis has been reported along the southern Baltic Sea coasts of Denmark, Germany, and Sweden, indicating possible range-extensions into previously unoccupied areas. We evaluated the effects of historical and projected near-future changes in salinity, temperature, and oxygen on the risk of spread of T. navalis in the Baltic. Specifically, we developed a simple, GIS-based, mechanistic climate envelope model to predict the spatial distribution of favourable conditions for adult reproduction and larval metamorphosis of T. navalis, based on published environmental tolerances to these factors. In addition, we used a high-resolution three-dimensional hydrographic model to simulate the probability of spread of T. navalis larvae within the study area. Climate envelope modeling showed that projected near-future climate change is not likely to change the overall distribution of T. navalis in the region, but will prolong the breeding season and increase the risk of shipworm establishment at the margins of the current range. Dispersal simulations indicated that the majority of larvae were philopatric, but those that spread over a wider area typically spread to areas unfavourable for their survival. Overall, therefore, we found no substantive evidence for climate-change related shifts in the distribution of T. navalis in the Baltic Sea, and no evidence for increased risk of spread in the near-future.}, }
@article {pmid25767248, year = {2015}, author = {Goubert, C and Modolo, L and Vieira, C and ValienteMoro, C and Mavingui, P and Boulesteix, M}, title = {De novo assembly and annotation of the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) repeatome with dnaPipeTE from raw genomic reads and comparative analysis with the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti).}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {1192-1205}, pmid = {25767248}, issn = {1759-6653}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; Animals ; DNA/chemistry ; *DNA Transposable Elements ; *Genome, Insect ; Genomics/*methods ; Molecular Sequence Annotation/*methods ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Software ; }, abstract = {Repetitive DNA, including transposable elements (TEs), is found throughout eukaryotic genomes. Annotating and assembling the "repeatome" during genome-wide analysis often poses a challenge. To address this problem, we present dnaPipeTE-a new bioinformatics pipeline that uses a sample of raw genomic reads. It produces precise estimates of repeated DNA content and TE consensus sequences, as well as the relative ages of TE families. We shows that dnaPipeTE performs well using very low coverage sequencing in different genomes, losing accuracy only with old TE families. We applied this pipeline to the genome of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus, an invasive species of human health interest, for which the genome size is estimated to be over 1 Gbp. Using dnaPipeTE, we showed that this species harbors a large (50% of the genome) and potentially active repeatome with an overall TE class and order composition similar to that of Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito. However, intraorder dynamics show clear distinctions between the two species, with differences at the TE family level. Our pipeline's ability to manage the repeatome annotation problem will make it helpful for new or ongoing assembly projects, and our results will benefit future genomic studies of A. albopictus.}, }
@article {pmid25764472, year = {2015}, author = {Zimmermann, BL and Bouchon, D and Almerão, MP and Araujo, PB}, title = {Wolbachia in Neotropical terrestrial isopods.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiv025}, pmid = {25764472}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Base Sequence ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Geography ; Isopoda/*microbiology ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; South America ; Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Despite Wolbachia being widespread among terrestrial isopods, studies on this symbiotic relationship are still incipient in the Neotropical region. The aims of the present study were to investigate the presence and prevalence of Wolbachia in natural populations of terrestrial isopod species in South America, and to analyze the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Wolbachia strains. A total of 1172 individuals representing 11 families and 35 species were analyzed. We observed distinct evolutionary scenarios according to the geographical origins of the species: strains harbored by most of the introduced species belong to the Oniclade in supergroup B and are identical to those found in their original ecozone (i.e. Palearctic). On the other hand, the strains found in native Neotropical terrestrial isopods showed low prevalence, high diversity and none of them belonged to the Oniclade, although most belonged to supergroup B. The dynamics of infection in Neotropical species seems to be the result of several events of loss and acquisition of the bacteria, which refutes the hypothesis of an ancestral acquisition of Wolbachia in Oniscidea. The presence of strains from supergroups A and F was also detected for the first time in terrestrial isopods, revealing a Wolbachia diversity previously unknown for this group of host.}, }
@article {pmid25763859, year = {2015}, author = {Casas-Monroy, O and Linley, RD and Adams, JK and Chan, FT and Drake, DA and Bailey, SA}, title = {Relative invasion risk for plankton across marine and freshwater systems: examining efficacy of proposed international ballast water discharge standards.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0118267}, pmid = {25763859}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; *Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; Phytoplankton ; *Plankton ; Risk Assessment ; Salinity ; *Seawater ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods/*standards ; Water Pollutants ; Water Purification ; }, abstract = {Understanding the implications of different management strategies is necessary to identify best conservation trajectories for ecosystems exposed to anthropogenic stressors. For example, science-based risk assessments at large scales are needed to understand efficacy of different vector management approaches aimed at preventing biological invasions associated with commercial shipping. We conducted a landscape-scale analysis to examine the relative invasion risk of ballast water discharges among different shipping pathways (e.g., Transoceanic, Coastal or Domestic), ecosystems (e.g., freshwater, brackish and marine), and timescales (annual and per discharge event) under current and future management regimes. The arrival and survival potential of nonindigenous species (NIS) was estimated based on directional shipping networks and their associated propagule pressure, environmental similarity between donor-recipient ecosystems (based on salinity and temperature), and effects of current and future management strategies (i.e., ballast water exchange and treatment to meet proposed international biological discharge standards). Our findings show that current requirements for ballast water exchange effectively reduce invasion risk to freshwater ecosystems but are less protective of marine ecosystems because of greater environmental mismatch between source (oceanic) and recipient (freshwater) ecoregions. Future requirements for ballast water treatment are expected to reduce risk of zooplankton NIS introductions across ecosystem types but are expected to be less effective in reducing risk of phytoplankton NIS. This large-scale risk assessment across heterogeneous ecosystems represents a major step towards understanding the likelihood of invasion in relation to shipping networks, the relative efficacy of different invasion management regimes and seizing opportunities to reduce the ecological and economic implications of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid25761218, year = {2015}, author = {Watanabe, TT and Zara, FJ and Hattori, GY and Turra, A and Sant'anna, BS}, title = {Biological associations of color variation in the Indo-Pacific swimming crab Charybdis hellerii.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {87}, number = {1}, pages = {219-232}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765201520130388}, pmid = {25761218}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura/*anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Brazil ; Color ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Pigmentation ; Sex Characteristics ; *Sexual Maturation ; }, abstract = {A marine biological invasion is a natural process accelerated by human activities, and the crab Charybdis hellerii is an example of a globally widespread invasive species. This study evaluated color variation in C. hellerii and its relationship to the sex, size and sexual maturity of these crabs, and compared the efficiency of a freeware digital image-editing program with a commercially available program. The color of the individuals was analyzed using standardized digital images. The color pattern varied significantly with size; smaller and immature individuals were darker than larger and mature ones. The female abdomen changed in morphology and color with sexual maturity, becoming wider and orange-colored. There was no statistical difference in the color values between males and females and immature males did not show morphological or color differences in their abdomen. This study highlights the possible relationships of the color and physiological state of the reproductive system, which could help in future studies of behavior, avoiding the need to dissect and/or remove individuals from nature for assessment of sexual maturity. The freeware program showed the same efficiency in digital image analysis as a widely known commercial program.}, }
@article {pmid25759872, year = {2015}, author = {Gao, XL and Li, JM and Xu, HX and Yan, GH and Jiu, M and Liu, SS and Wang, XW}, title = {Cloning of a putative extracellular Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and functional differences of superoxide dismutases in invasive and indigenous whiteflies.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {52-64}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12100}, pmid = {25759872}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; Gene Expression ; Gossypium/parasitology ; Hemiptera/*enzymology/genetics ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oxidative Stress ; RNA, Messenger ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Superoxide Dismutase/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Temperature ; Nicotiana/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are a group of important antioxidant defense enzymes. In this study, a putative extracellular Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (ecCuZnSOD) complementary DNA was cloned and characterized from the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the expression level of BtecCuZnSOD was more than 10-fold higher in the invasive Middle East Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) than in the native Asia II 3 species of the B. tabaci species complex. After exposure to low temperature (4 °C), the expression of Bt-ecCuZnSOD gene was significantly up-regulated in MEAM1 but not in Asia II 3. Furthermore, the expression level of B. tabaci intracellular CuZnSOD (Bt-icCuZnSOD), Bt-ecCuZnSOD and mitochondrial MnSOD (Bt-mMnSOD) was compared after transferring MEAM1 and Asia II 3 whiteflies from favorable (cotton) to unfavorable host plants (tobacco). On cotton, both CuZnSOD genes were expressed at a higher level in MEAM1 compared with Asia II 3. Interestingly, after transferring onto tobacco, the expression of Bt-ecCuZnSOD was significantly induced in Asia II 3 but not in MEAM1. On the other hand, while Bt-mMnSOD was expressed equally in both species on cotton, Bt-mMnSOD messenger RNA was up-regulated in MEAM1 on tobacco. Consistently, enzymatic activity assays of CuZnSOD and MnSOD demonstrated that CuZnSOD might play an important protective role against oxidative stress in Asia II 3, whereas MnSOD activation was critical for MEAM1 whiteflies during host adaptation. Taken together, our results suggest that the successful invasion of MEAM1 is correlated with its constitutive high activity of CuZnSOD and inducible expression of MnSOD under stress conditions.}, }
@article {pmid25757302, year = {2014}, author = {Yang, Q and Li, JS and Guo, AY and Qi, YL and Li, YS and Zhang, FJ}, title = {[Effects of shade and competition of Chenopodium album on photosynthesis, fluorescence and growth characteristics of Flaveria bidentis].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {9}, pages = {2536-2542}, pmid = {25757302}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Biomass ; Chenopodium album/*growth &amp; development ; China ; Flaveria/*physiology ; Fluorescence ; Introduced Species ; *Light ; *Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves ; }, abstract = {It is necessary to elucidate its growth mechanism in order to prevent and control the further spread of Flaveria bidentis, an invasive plant in China. The effects of shading (shading rate of 0, 50% and 80%, respectively) and planting pattern (single cropping of F. bidentis, single cropping of Chenopodium album and their intercropping) on germination rate, fluorescence characteristics and growth characteristics of the two plants were investigated. The results showed that moderate shading contributed to emergence rate, but emergence rate of F. bidentis was not uniform, which was one of important factors as a stronger invader. With the increasing light intensity, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), photochemical quenching (qP), electron transport rate of PS II (ETR), quantum yield of PS II (Y), non-photochemical quenching (qN), water use efficiency (WUE), shoot bio-mass rate (SMR), crown width (CW) and dry biomass (DM) increased, specific leaf area (SLA) decreased, LMR of F. bidentis significantly increased, LMR of C. album changed insignificantly, and the increment of DM of F. bidentis was higher than that of C. album. In 80% shade treatment, Pn and DM of F. bidentis were lower than those of C. album. In natural light treatment, Pn, qN, WUE and relative competitive index (RCI) were the highest, CW and DM of intercropped F. bidentis and Pn, Y of C. album were significantly lower than that of the respective single treatment. F. bidentis had higher light saturation point (LSP) and light compensation point (LCP). In conclusion, the shade-tolerant ability of F. bidentis was weaker than that of C. album, but it was reversed in natural light treatment. The two plants adapted to the weak light in 80% shade treatment by increasing SLA and decreasing LMR. F. bidentis improved competition under natural light by increasing SMR and decreasing CW.}, }
@article {pmid25757227, year = {2015}, author = {Traveset, A and Olesen, JM and Nogales, M and Vargas, P and Jaramillo, P and Antolín, E and Trigo, MM and Heleno, R}, title = {Bird-flower visitation networks in the Galápagos unveil a widespread interaction release.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {6376}, doi = {10.1038/ncomms7376}, pmid = {25757227}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Birds/*physiology ; Competitive Behavior/physiology ; Ecuador ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Flowers/*physiology ; Food Chain ; Insecta/physiology ; Introduced Species/trends ; Plant Dispersal/*physiology ; Plants ; Pollination/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Owing to food scarcity and to the high densities that vertebrates often reach on islands, typical insect- and seed-eaters widen their feeding niche and interact with a greater fraction of species than their mainland counterparts. This phenomenon, coined here 'interaction release', has been previously reported for single species but never for an entire community. During 4 years, we gathered data on bird-flower visitation on 12 Galápagos islands. We show that all sampled land birds exploit floral resources and act as potential pollinators across the entire archipelago, in all major habitats and all year round. Although species and link composition varies among islands, strong interaction release takes place on all islands, making their bird-flower network highly generalized. Interaction release is crucial to the survival of native birds but simultaneously threatens the unique biodiversity of this archipelago, as the birds also visit invading plants, likely facilitating their integration into pristine native communities.}, }
@article {pmid25756674, year = {2015}, author = {Hancock, GR and Lowry, JB and Dever, C and Braggins, M}, title = {Does introduced fauna influence soil erosion? A field and modelling assessment.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {518-519}, number = {}, pages = {189-200}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.086}, pmid = {25756674}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Geological Phenomena ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {Pigs (Sus scrofa) are recognised as having significant ecological impacts in many areas of the world including northern Australia. The full consequences of the introduction of pigs are difficult to quantify as the impacts may only be detected over the long-term and there is a lack of quantitative information on the impacts of feral pigs globally. In this study the effect of feral pigs is quantified in an undisturbed catchment in the monsoonal tropics of northern Australia. Over a three-year period, field data showed that the areal extent of pig disturbance ranged from 0.3-3.3% of the survey area. The mass of material exhumed through these activities ranged from 4.3 t ha(-1) yr(-1) to 36.0 t ha(-1) yr(-1). The findings demonstrate that large introduced species such as feral pigs are disturbing large areas as well as exhuming considerable volumes of soil. A numerical landscape evolution and soil erosion model was used to assess the effect of this disturbance on catchment scale erosion rates. The modelling demonstrated that simulated pig disturbance in previously undisturbed areas produced lower erosion rates compared to those areas which had not been impacted by pigs. This is attributed to the pig disturbance increasing surface roughness and trapping sediment. This suggests that in this specific environment, disturbance by pigs does not enhance erosion. However, this conclusion is prefaced by two important caveats. First, the long term impact of soil disturbance is still very uncertain. Secondly, modelling results show a clear differentiation between those from an undisturbed environment and those from a post-mining landscape, in which pig disturbance may enhance erosion.}, }
@article {pmid25756378, year = {2015}, author = {Xu, XL and Wu, XQ and Ye, JR and Huang, L}, title = {Molecular characterization and functional analysis of three pathogenesis-related cytochrome P450 genes from Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Tylenchida: Aphelenchoidoidea).}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {5216-5234}, pmid = {25756378}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/*genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pesticides/toxicity ; Pinus/growth &amp; development/parasitology ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism ; Reproduction/drug effects ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development/parasitology ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Tylenchida/classification/*genetics/metabolism/physiology ; }, abstract = {Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of pine wilt disease, causes huge economic losses in pine forests. The high expression of cytochrome P450 genes in B. xylophilus during infection in P. thunbergii indicated that these genes had a certain relationship with the pathogenic process of B. xylophilus. Thus, we attempted to identify the molecular characterization and functions of cytochrome P450 genes in B. xylophilus. In this study, full-length cDNA of three cytochrome P450 genes, BxCYP33C9, BxCYP33C4 and BxCYP33D3 were first cloned from B. xylophilus using 3' and 5' RACE PCR amplification. Sequence analysis showed that all of them contained a highly-conserved cytochrome P450 domain. The characteristics of the three putative proteins were analyzed with bioinformatic methods. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to assess the functions of BxCYP33C9, BxCYP33C4 and BxCYP33D3. The results revealed that these cytochrome P450 genes were likely to be associated with the vitality, dispersal ability, reproduction, pathogenicity and pesticide metabolism of B. xylophilus. This discovery confirmed the molecular characterization and functions of three cytochrome P450 genes from B. xylophilus and provided fundamental information in elucidating the molecular interaction mechanism between B. xylophilus and its host plant.}, }
@article {pmid25750719, year = {2015}, author = {Funk, JL and Rakovski, CS and Macpherson, JM}, title = {On the analysis of phylogenetically paired designs.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {940-947}, pmid = {25750719}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {As phylogenetically controlled experimental designs become increasingly common in ecology, the need arises for a standardized statistical treatment of these datasets. Phylogenetically paired designs circumvent the need for resolved phylogenies and have been used to compare species groups, particularly in the areas of invasion biology and adaptation. Despite the widespread use of this approach, the statistical analysis of paired designs has not been critically evaluated. We propose a mixed model approach that includes random effects for pair and species. These random effects introduce a "two-layer" compound symmetry variance structure that captures both the correlations between observations on related species within a pair as well as the correlations between the repeated measurements within species. We conducted a simulation study to assess the effect of model misspecification on Type I and II error rates. We also provide an illustrative example with data containing taxonomically similar species and several outcome variables of interest. We found that a mixed model with species and pair as random effects performed better in these phylogenetically explicit simulations than two commonly used reference models (no or single random effect) by optimizing Type I error rates and power. The proposed mixed model produces acceptable Type I and II error rates despite the absence of a phylogenetic tree. This design can be generalized to a variety of datasets to analyze repeated measurements in clusters of related subjects/species.}, }
@article {pmid25750437, year = {2015}, author = {Kent, M and Ojanguren, AF}, title = {The effect of water temperature on routine swimming behaviour of new born guppies (Poecilia reticulata).}, journal = {Biology open}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {547-552}, pmid = {25750437}, issn = {2046-6390}, abstract = {Guppies have successfully established populations in places with thermal regimes very different from the Tropical conditions in their native range. This indicates a remarkable capacity for thermal adaptation. Given their vulnerability to predation as juveniles, acute changes in temperature, which can alter predator-prey relationships, can impact juvenile survival and have amplified consequences at the population level. To understand how temperature may impact juvenile survival and gain insight into their success as an invasive species, we researched the effect of acute temperature changes on the routine swimming behaviour of juvenile guppies. Using a novel 3-dimensional tracking technique, we calculated 4 routine swimming parameters, speed, depth, and variation in speed or depth, at 6 different test temperatures (17, 20, 23, 26, 29, or 32°C). These temperatures cover their natural thermal range and also extended past it in order to include upper and lower thermal limits. Using model selection, we found that body length and temperature had a significant positive relationship with speed. Variation in speed decreased with rising temperatures and fish swam slightly closer to the bottom at higher temperatures. All juveniles increased variation in depth at higher temperatures, though larger individuals maintained slightly more consistent depths. Our results indicate that guppies have a large thermal range and show substantial plasticity in routine swimming behaviours, which may account for their success as an invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid25747282, year = {2015}, author = {Chavanich, S and Soong, K and Zvuloni, A and Rinkevich, B and Alino, P}, title = {Conservation, management, and restoration of coral reefs.}, journal = {Zoology (Jena, Germany)}, volume = {118}, number = {2}, pages = {132-134}, doi = {10.1016/j.zool.2015.01.002}, pmid = {25747282}, issn = {1873-2720}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {The 8th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology (ICCB 8) was held in Eilat, Israel from December 1st to 5th 2013. The conference included 15 sessions, one of which discussed the latest information on the conservation, management, and restoration of Coelenterata in different parts of the world. A total of 16 oral presentations and 5 posters were presented in this session. Of these 21 papers, 11 were related to conservation issues, 7 described management, and 3 discussed restoration. This session provided insights on the current conservation, management, and restoration of coelenterates in different parts of the world.}, }
@article {pmid25745417, year = {2015}, author = {Kowalski, KP and Bacon, C and Bickford, W and Braun, H and Clay, K and Leduc-Lapierre, M and Lillard, E and McCormick, MK and Nelson, E and Torres, M and White, J and Wilcox, DA}, title = {Advancing the science of microbial symbiosis to support invasive species management: a case study on Phragmites in the Great Lakes.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {95}, pmid = {25745417}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {A growing body of literature supports microbial symbiosis as a foundational principle for the competitive success of invasive plant species. Further exploration of the relationships between invasive species and their associated microbiomes, as well as the interactions with the microbiomes of native species, can lead to key new insights into invasive success and potentially new and effective control approaches. In this manuscript, we review microbial relationships with plants, outline steps necessary to develop invasive species control strategies that are based on those relationships, and use the invasive plant species Phragmites australis (common reed) as an example of how development of microbial-based control strategies can be enhanced using a collective impact approach. The proposed science agenda, developed by the Collaborative for Microbial Symbiosis and Phragmites Management, contains a foundation of sequential steps and mutually-reinforcing tasks to guide the development of microbial-based control strategies for Phragmites and other invasive species. Just as the science of plant-microbial symbiosis can be transferred for use in other invasive species, so too can the model of collective impact be applied to other avenues of research and management.}, }
@article {pmid25745100, year = {2015}, author = {Vandepas, LE and Oliveira, LM and Lee, SS and Hirose, E and Rocha, RM and Swalla, BJ}, title = {Biogeography of Phallusia nigra: is it really black and white?.}, journal = {The Biological bulletin}, volume = {228}, number = {1}, pages = {52-64}, doi = {10.1086/BBLv228n1p52}, pmid = {25745100}, issn = {1939-8697}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Urochordata/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata) are an important group for the study of invasive species biology due to rapid generation times, potential for biofouling, and role as filter feeders in an ecosystem. Phallusia nigra is a putative cosmopolitan ascidian that has been described as introduced or invasive in a number of regions in the Indo-Pacific Ocean (India, Japan, and Hawaii) and in the Mediterranean. The taxonomic description of P. nigra includes a striking smooth, black tunic and large size. However, there are at least two similar Phallusia species-P. philippinensis and P. fumigata-which also have dark black tunics and can be difficult to discern from P. nigra. The distribution of P. nigra broadly overlaps with P. philippinensis in the Indo-Pacific and P. fumigata in the Mediterranean. A morphological comparison of P. nigra from Japan, the Caribbean coast of Panama, and Brazil found that Atlantic and Pacific samples were different species and led us to investigate the range of P. nigra using morphological and molecular analyses. We sequenced 18S rDNA and cytochrome oxidase B of individual ascidians from the Red Sea, Greece, Singapore, Japan, Caribbean Panama, Florida, and Brazil. Our results show that identification of the disparate darkly pigmented species has been difficult, and that several reports of P. nigra are likely either P. fumigata or P. philippinensis. Here we include detailed taxonomic descriptions of the distinguishing features of these three species and sequences for molecular barcoding in an effort to have ranges and potential invasions corrected in the ascidian literature.}, }
@article {pmid25743160, year = {2015}, author = {Lagunas, B and Schäfer, P and Gifford, ML}, title = {Housing helpful invaders: the evolutionary and molecular architecture underlying plant root-mutualist microbe interactions.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {66}, number = {8}, pages = {2177-2186}, pmid = {25743160}, issn = {1460-2431}, support = {BB/H019502/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BB/H109502/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; *Introduced Species ; *Microbial Interactions ; Plant Root Nodulation/genetics ; Plant Roots/genetics/*microbiology ; *Symbiosis/genetics ; }, abstract = {Plant root rhizosphere interactions with mutualistic microbes are diverse and numerous, having evolved over time in response to selective pressures on plants to attain anchorage and nutrients. These relationships can be considered to be formed through a combination of architectural connections: molecular architecture interactions that control root-microbe perception and regulate the balance between host and symbiont and developmental architecture interactions that enable the microbes to be 'housed' in the root and enable the exchange of compounds. Recent findings that help to understand the common architecture that exists between nodulation and mycorrhizal interactions, and how this architecture could be re-tuned to develop new symbioses, are discussed here.}, }
@article {pmid25741702, year = {2015}, author = {Herget, ME and Hufford, KM and Mummey, DL and Shreading, LN}, title = {Consequences of seed origin and biological invasion for early establishment in restoration of a North American grass species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e0119889}, pmid = {25741702}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biomass ; Introduced Species ; Montana ; *Poaceae ; *Seeds ; }, abstract = {Local, wild-collected seeds of native plants are recommended for use in ecological restoration to maintain patterns of adaptive variation. However, some environments are so drastically altered by exotic, invasive weeds that original environmental conditions may no longer exist. Under these circumstances, cultivated varieties selected for improved germination and vigor may have a competitive advantage at highly disturbed sites. This study investigated differences in early establishment and seedling performance between wild and cultivated seed sources of the native grass, Poa secunda, both with and without competition from the invasive exotic grass, Bromus tectorum. We measured seedling survival and above-ground biomass at two experimental sites in western Montana, and found that the source of seeds selected for restoration can influence establishment at the restoration site. Cultivars had an overall advantage when compared with local genotypes, supporting evidence of greater vigor among cultivated varieties of native species. This advantage, however, declined rapidly in the presence of B. tectorum and most accessions were not significantly different for growth and survival in competition plots. Only one cultivar had a consistent advantage despite a strong decline in its performance when competing with invasive plants. As a result, cultivated varieties did not meet expectations for greater establishment and persistence relative to local genotypes in the presence of invasive, exotic species. We recommend the use of representative local or regional wild seed sources in restoration to minimize commercial selection, and a mix of individual accessions (wild, or cultivated when necessary) in highly invaded settings to capture vigorous genotypes and increase the odds native plants will establish at restoration sites.}, }
@article {pmid25740225, year = {2015}, author = {Christina, M and Rouifed, S and Puijalon, S and Vallier, F and Meiffren, G and Bellvert, F and Piola, F}, title = {Allelopathic effect of a native species on a major plant invader in Europe.}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {102}, number = {3-4}, pages = {12}, pmid = {25740225}, issn = {1432-1904}, mesh = {Allelopathy/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Polygonaceae/*physiology ; Sambucus/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions have become a major global issue in ecosystem conservation. As formalized in the "novel weapon hypothesis", the allelopathic abilities of species are actively involved in invasion success. Here, we assume that allelopathy can also increase the biotic resistance of native species against invasion. We tested this hypothesis by studying the impact of the native species Sambucus ebulus on the colonization of propagules of the invasive species Fallopiaxbohemica and the subsequent development of plants from these. Achenes and rhizome fragments from two natural populations were grown in a greenhouse experiment for 50 days. We used an experimental design that involved "donor" and "target" pots in order to separate resource competition from allelopathy. An allelopathic treatment effect was observed for plant growth but not for propagule establishment. Treatment affected, in particular, the growth of Fallopia plants originating from achenes, but there was less influence on plants originating from rhizomes. By day 50, shoot height had decreased by 27% for plants originating from rhizomes and by 38% for plants originating from achenes. The number of leaves for plants originating from achenes had only decreased by 20%. Leaf and above- and below-ground dry masses decreased with treatment by 40, 41 and 25% for plants originating from rhizomes and 70, 61 and 55% for plants originating from achenes, respectively. S. ebulus extracts were analysed using high-performance chromatography, and the choice of test molecules was narrowed down. Our results suggest native species use allelopathy as a biotic containment mechanism against the naturalization of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid25732893, year = {2015}, author = {Tran, TN and Jackson, MC and Sheath, D and Verreycken, H and Britton, JR}, title = {Patterns of trophic niche divergence between invasive and native fishes in wild communities are predictable from mesocosm studies.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {84}, number = {4}, pages = {1071-1080}, pmid = {25732893}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon Isotopes ; Cyprinidae/*physiology ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; Ponds ; }, abstract = {Ecological theory attempts to predict how impacts for native species arise from biological invasions. A fundamental question centres on the feeding interactions of invasive and native species: whether invasion will result in increased interspecific competition, which would result in negative consequences for the competing species, or trophic niche divergence, which would facilitate the invader's integration into the community and their coexistence with native species. Here, the feeding interactions of a highly invasive fish, topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva, with three native and functionally similar fishes were studied to determine whether patterns of either niche overlap or divergence detected in mesocosm experiments were apparent between the species at larger spatial scales. Using stable isotope analysis, their feeding relationships were assessed initially in the mesocosms (1000 L) and then in small ponds (<400 m(2)) and large ponds (>600 m(2)). In the mesocosms, a consistent pattern of trophic niche divergence was evident between the sympatric fishes, with niches shifting further apart in isotopic space than suggested in allopatry, revealing that sharing of food resources was limited. Sympatric P. parva also had a smaller niche than their allopatric populations. In eight small ponds where P. parva had coexisted for several years with at least one of the fish species used in the mesocosms, strong patterns of niche differentiation were also apparent, with P. parva always at a lower trophic position than the other fishes, as also occurred in the mesocosms. Where these fishes were sympatric within more complex fish communities in the large ponds, similar patterns were also apparent, with strong evidence of trophic niche differentiation. Aspects of the ecological impacts of P. parva invasion for native communities in larger ponds were consistent with those in the mesocosm experiments. Their invasion resulted in divergence in trophic niches, partly due to their reduced niche widths when in sympatry with other species, facilitating their coexistence in invaded ecosystems. Our study highlights the utility of controlled mesocosm studies for predicting the trophic relationships that can develop from introductions of non-native species into more complex ecosystems and at larger spatial scales.}, }
@article {pmid25732798, year = {2015}, author = {Klimaszyk, P and Brzeg, A and Rzymski, P and Piotrowicz, R}, title = {Black spots for aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems: impact of a perennial cormorant colony on the environment.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {517}, number = {}, pages = {222-231}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.067}, pmid = {25732798}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Nesting Behavior ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; }, abstract = {The global growth of populations of different cormorant species has raised concern on the consequences of their presence in the environment. This study examined the impact of a perennial colony (160 breeding pairs) of great cormorants on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The deposition of bird-originating nutrients within the area of colony, their accumulation in soils and the fluxed of chemical substances to a nearby lake were investigated. The impact of cormorants on terrestrial vegetation and microbial pollution of the lake were also studied. The soils beneath the colony were found to contain extremely high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus. The overgrowing vegetation was largely limited with nitrophilous and invasive species being more abundant. Increased loads of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus were also found in groundwater and particularly, surface runoff. The colony area delivered significant amounts of nutrients to the lake also when the birds were absent. The lake water near colony was also characterized by increased nutrient content and additionally higher number of faecal bacteria. The present results demonstrate the complexity through which the effect of cormorant colonies can be manifested simultaneously in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid25731127, year = {2015}, author = {Stubbins, FL and Agudelo, P and Reay-Jones, FP and Greene, JK}, title = {First report of a mermithid nematode infecting the invasive Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in the United States.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {127}, number = {}, pages = {35-37}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2015.02.008}, pmid = {25731127}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Genes, Helminth ; Heteroptera/*parasitology ; Mermithoidea ; United States ; }, abstract = {Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) has become a pest of soybean, Glycine max (L.), in the United States. While several natural enemies of M. cribraria have been reported, our study is the first to report nematodes beneath the pleural membranes in the abdominal cavities of adults. Morphological and molecular analyses suggest this nematode belongs to the family Mermithidae. This first report of a nematode infection in M. cribraria adds to the current inventory of enemies attacking this insect. Our observations provide a basis for future research to examine the impact of nematodes on M. cribraria mortality and to investigate their capacity to reduce populations.}, }
@article {pmid25730707, year = {2015}, author = {Bussy, U and Chung-Davidson, YW and Li, K and Li, W}, title = {A quantitative assay for reductive metabolism of a pesticide in fish using electrochemistry coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {49}, number = {7}, pages = {4450-4457}, doi = {10.1021/es5057769}, pmid = {25730707}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; Chromatography, Liquid/*methods ; Electrochemical Techniques/*methods ; Female ; Fishes/*metabolism ; Male ; Nitrophenols/*analysis/pharmacokinetics ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/metabolism ; Pesticides/*analysis/pharmacokinetics ; Petromyzon/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry/*methods ; }, abstract = {This is the first study to use electrochemistry to generate a nitro reduction metabolite as a standard for a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based quantitative assay. This approach is further used to quantify 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) reductive metabolism. TFM is a widely used pesticide for the population control of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), an invasive species of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Three animal models, sea lamprey, lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), were selected to evaluate TFM reductive metabolism because they have been known to show differential susceptibilities to TFM toxicity. Amino-TFM (aTFM; 3-trifluoromethyl-4-aminophenol) was the only reductive metabolite identified through liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry screening of liver extracts incubated with TFM and was targeted for electrochemical synthesis. After synthesis and purification, aTFM was used to develop a quantitative assay of the reductive metabolism of TFM through liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The concentrations of aTFM were measured from TFM-treated cellular fractions, including cytosolic, nuclear, membrane, and mitochondrial protein extracts. Sea lamprey extracts produced the highest concentrations (500 ng/mL) of aTFM. In addition, sea lamprey and sturgeon cytosolic extracts showed concentrations of aTFM substantially higher than those of rainbow trout. However, other fractions of lake sturgeon extracts tend to show aTFM concentrations similar to those of rainbow trout but not with sea lamprey. These data suggest that the level of reductive metabolism of TFM may be associated with the sensitivities of the animals to this particular pesticide.}, }
@article {pmid25729806, year = {2015}, author = {Saintilan, N and Rogers, K}, title = {Woody plant encroachment of grasslands: a comparison of terrestrial and wetland settings.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {205}, number = {3}, pages = {1062-1070}, doi = {10.1111/nph.13147}, pmid = {25729806}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; Global Warming ; *Grassland ; Introduced Species ; *Plants/metabolism ; Poaceae/metabolism ; Trees/metabolism ; *Water ; *Wetlands ; Wood ; }, abstract = {A global trend of woody plant encroachment of terrestrial grasslands is co-incident with woody plant encroachment of wetland in freshwater and saline intertidal settings. There are several arguments for considering tree encroachment of wetlands in the context of woody shrub encroachment of grassland biomes. In both cases, delimitation of woody shrubs at regional scales is set by temperature thresholds for poleward extent, and by aridity within temperature limits. Latitudinal expansion has been observed for terrestrial woody shrubs and mangroves, following recent warming, but most expansion and thickening has been due to the occupation of previously water-limited grassland/saltmarsh environments. Increases in atmospheric CO2, may facilitate the recruitment of trees in terrestrial and wetland settings. Improved water relations, a mechanism that would predict higher soil moisture in grasslands and saltmarshes, and also an enhanced capacity to survive arid conditions, reinforces local mechanisms of change. The expansion of woody shrubs and mangroves provides a negative feedback on elevated atmospheric CO2 by increasing carbon sequestration in grassland and saltmarsh, and is a significant carbon sink globally. These broad-scale vegetation shifts may represent a new stable state, reinforced by positive feedbacks between global change drivers and endogenic mechanisms of persistence in the landscape.}, }
@article {pmid25728937, year = {2015}, author = {Isaak, DJ and Young, MK and Nagel, DE and Horan, DL and Groce, MC}, title = {The cold-water climate shield: delineating refugia for preserving salmonid fishes through the 21st century.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {21}, number = {7}, pages = {2540-2553}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12879}, pmid = {25728937}, issn = {1365-2486}, abstract = {The distribution and future fate of ectothermic organisms in a warming world will be dictated by thermalscapes across landscapes. That is particularly true for stream fishes and cold-water species like trout, salmon, and char that are already constrained to high elevations and latitudes. The extreme climates in those environments also preclude invasions by most non-native species, so identifying especially cold habitats capable of absorbing future climate change while still supporting native populations would highlight important refugia. By coupling crowd-sourced biological datasets with high-resolution stream temperature scenarios, we delineate network refugia across >250 000 stream km in the Northern Rocky Mountains for two native salmonids-bull trout (BT) and cutthroat trout (CT). Under both moderate and extreme climate change scenarios, refugia with high probabilities of trout population occupancy (>0.9) were predicted to exist (33-68 BT refugia; 917-1425 CT refugia). Most refugia are on public lands (>90%) where few currently have protected status in National Parks or Wilderness Areas (<15%). Forecasts of refuge locations could enable protection of key watersheds and provide a foundation for climate smart planning of conservation networks. Using cold water as a 'climate shield' is generalizable to other species and geographic areas because it has a strong physiological basis, relies on nationally available geospatial data, and mines existing biological datasets. Importantly, the approach creates a framework to integrate data contributed by many individuals and resource agencies, and a process that strengthens the collaborative and social networks needed to preserve many cold-water fish populations through the 21st century.}, }
@article {pmid25728390, year = {2015}, author = {Lai, HR and Mayfield, MM and Gay-des-Combes, JM and Spiegelberger, T and Dwyer, JM}, title = {Distinct invasion strategies operating within a natural annual plant system.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {336-346}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12414}, pmid = {25728390}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Araliaceae/physiology ; Asteraceae/physiology ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Plants/*classification ; Poaceae/physiology ; Portulacaceae/physiology ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Scrophulariaceae/physiology ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {Alien plant species are known to have a wide range of impacts on recipient communities, from resident species' exclusions to coexistence with resident species. It remains unclear; however, if this variety of impacts is due to different invader strategies, features of recipient communities or both. To test this, we examined multiple plant invasions of a single ecosystem in southwestern Australia. We used extensive community data to calculate pairwise segregation between target alien species and many co-occurring species. We related segregation to species' positions along community trait hierarchies and identified at least two distinct invasion strategies: 'exploiters' which occupy high positions along key trait hierarchies and reduce local native species diversity (particularly in nutrient-enriched situations), and 'coexisters' who occupy intermediate trait positions and have no discernable impact on native diversity. We conclude that trait hierarchies, linked to measures of competition, can provide valuable insights about the processes driving different invasion outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid25723466, year = {2015}, author = {Caronni, S and Calabretti, C and Delaria, MA and Bernardi, G and Navone, A and Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A and Panzalis, P and Ceccherelli, G}, title = {Consumer depletion alters seagrass resistance to an invasive macroalga.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {e0115858}, pmid = {25723466}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Caulerpa ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; *Seaweed ; }, abstract = {Few field studies have investigated how changes at one trophic level can affect the invasibility of other trophic levels. We examined the hypothesis that the spread of an introduced alga in disturbed seagrass beds with degraded canopies depends on the depletion of large consumers. We mimicked the degradation of seagrass canopies by clipping shoot density and reducing leaf length, simulating natural and anthropogenic stressors such as fish overgrazing and water quality. Caulerpa racemosa was transplanted into each plot and large consumers were excluded from half of them using cages. Potential cage artifacts were assessed by measuring irradiance, scouring by leaf movement, water flow, and sedimentation. Algal invasion of the seagrass bed differed based on the size of consumers. The alga had higher cover and size under the cages, where the seagrass was characterized by reduced shoot density and canopy height. Furthermore, canopy height had a significant effect depending on canopy density. The alteration of seagrass canopies increased the spread of C. racemosa only when large consumers were absent. Our results suggest that protecting declining habitats and/or restoring fish populations will limit the expansion of C. racemosa. Because MPAs also enhance the abundance and size of fish consuming seagrass they can indirectly promote algal invasion. The effects of MPAs on invasive species are context dependent and require balancing opposing forces, such as the conservation of seagrass canopy structure and the protection of fish grazing the seagrass.}, }
@article {pmid25723047, year = {2015}, author = {Varó, I and Redón, S and Garcia-Roger, EM and Amat, F and Guinot, D and Serrano, R and Navarro, JC}, title = {Aquatic pollution may favor the success of the invasive species A. franciscana.}, journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {161}, number = {}, pages = {208-220}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.02.008}, pmid = {25723047}, issn = {1879-1514}, mesh = {Animals ; Artemia/*drug effects ; Chlorpyrifos/toxicity ; Drug Resistance/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {The genus Artemia consists of several bisexual and parthenogenetic sibling species. One of them, A. franciscana, originally restricted to the New World, becomes invasive when introduced into ecosystems out of its natural range of distribution. Invasiveness is anthropically favored by the use of cryptobiotic eggs in the aquaculture and pet trade. The mechanisms of out-competition of the autochthonous Artemia by the invader are still poorly understood. Ecological fitness may play a pivotal role, but other underlying biotic and abiotic factors may contribute. Since the presence of toxicants in hypersaline aquatic ecosystems has been documented, our aim here is to study the potential role of an organophosphate pesticide, chlorpyrifos, in a congeneric mechanism of competition between the bisexual A. franciscana (AF), and one of the Old World parthenogenetic siblings, A. parthenogenetica (PD). For this purpose we carried out life table experiments with both species, under different concentrations of the toxicant (0.1, 1 and 5μg/l), and analyzed the cholinesterase inhibition at different developmental stages. The results evidence that both, AF and PD, showed an elevated tolerance to high ranges of chlorpyrifos, but AF survived better and its fecundity was less affected by the exposure to the pesticide than that of PD. The higher fecundity of AF is a selective advantage in colonization processes leading to its establishment as NIS. Besides, under the potential selective pressure of abiotic factors, such as the presence of toxicants, its higher resistance in terms of survival and biological fitness also indicates out-competitive advantages.}, }
@article {pmid25721368, year = {2015}, author = {Rubino, L and Charles, S and Sirulnik, AG and Tuininga, AR and Lewis, JD}, title = {Invasive insect effects on nitrogen cycling and host physiology are not tightly linked.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {124-133}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpv004}, pmid = {25721368}, issn = {1758-4469}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Herbivory ; *Insecta ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; *Nitrogen Cycle ; Nitrogen Isotopes/metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; *Plant Diseases ; Plant Leaves/*metabolism/physiology ; Plant Proteins/metabolism ; Soil/chemistry ; Stress, Physiological ; Tsuga/*metabolism/physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive insects may dramatically alter resource cycling and productivity in forest ecosystems. Yet, although responses of individual trees should both reflect and affect ecosystem-scale responses, relationships between physiological- and ecosystem-scale responses to invasive insects have not been extensively studied. To address this issue, we examined changes in soil nitrogen (N) cycling, N uptake and allocation, and needle biochemistry and physiology in eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L) Carr) saplings, associated with infestation by the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) (Adelges tsugae Annand), an invasive insect causing widespread decline of eastern hemlock in the eastern USA. Compared with uninfested saplings, infested saplings had soils that exhibited faster nitrification rates, and more needle (15)N uptake, N and total protein concentrations. However, these variables did not clearly covary. Further, within infested saplings, needle N concentration did not vary with HWA density. Light-saturated net photosynthetic rates (Asat) declined by 42% as HWA density increased from 0 to 3 adelgids per needle, but did not vary with needle N concentration. Rather, Asat varied with stomatal conductance, which was highest at the lowest HWA density and accounted for 79% of the variation in Asat. Photosynthetic light response did not differ among HWA densities. Our results suggest that the effects of HWA infestation on soil N pools and fluxes, (15)N uptake, needle N and protein concentrations, and needle physiology may not be tightly coupled under at least some conditions. This pattern may reflect direct effects of the HWA on N uptake by host trees, as well as effects of other scale-dependent factors, such as tree hydrology, affected by HWA activity.}, }
@article {pmid25720187, year = {2014}, author = {Zeballos, SR and Tecco, PA and Cabido, M and Gurvich, DE}, title = {[Woody species composition in invaded communities from mountains of central Argentina: their relations with local environmental factors].}, journal = {Revista de biologia tropical}, volume = {62}, number = {4}, pages = {1549-1563}, pmid = {25720187}, issn = {0034-7744}, mesh = {Argentina ; *Ecosystem ; *Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Wood/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Invasions by exotic woody species are threatening ecosystem functions worldwide. The spread and subsequent replacement of native forest by exotic dominated stands is particularly evident nearby urban centers were exotic propagule pressure is highest. Yet, there is a lack of information on the environmental factors that underlie these replacements. In this study we addressed the following questions: (1) is there a local spatial segregation between the dominant native and exotic woody species? and (2) if this local segregation does exist, is it driven by environmental features? For this, in 2010 we established 31 plots distributed along 16 sampling sites where we surveyed the composition and abundance of all woody species with a basal diameter ≥ 5 cm. To characterize the environment of each plot, we measured the topographic position (slope, exposure) and different properties such as soil physics (bulk density, soil impedance), structure (soil deep, texture) and chemical characteristics (pH, nutrient and water content). Through a cluster analysis we were able to identify five different woody communities in coexistence: (1) Woodlands dominated by the exotic Ligustrum lucidum; (2) Mixed woodlands dominated by the native Lithraea molleoides and the exotic Celtis australis; (3) Scrublands dominated by the native Condalia buxifolia; (4) Scrublands dominated by the exotic Cotoneaster glaucophyllus, and (5) Scrubby grasslands with the exotic Pyracantha angustifolia. These communities were all associated with different local topographic and edaphic features. The environmental segregation among the identified communities suggests that woody invaders have the potential to colonize almost all the environments of the study site (though varying in the identity of the dominant exotic species). The observed patterns, even being restricted to a single well invaded area of mountain Chaco, may posit the spread of woody invaders towards native communities in the region.}, }
@article {pmid25720173, year = {2014}, author = {Nirchio, M and Ehemann, N and Siccha-Ramirez, R and Ron, E and Pérez, JE and Rossi, AR and Oliveira, C}, title = {Karyotype of the invasive species Pterois volitans (Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae) from Margarita Island, Venezuela.}, journal = {Revista de biologia tropical}, volume = {62}, number = {4}, pages = {1365-1373}, doi = {10.15517/rbt.v62i4.13029}, pmid = {25720173}, issn = {0034-7744}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; *Introduced Species ; Karyotyping ; Perciformes/classification/*genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S ; RNA, Ribosomal, 5S ; Venezuela ; }, abstract = {The genus Pterois includes nine valid species, native to the Red Sea and Indian Ocean throughout the Western Pacific. P. volitans and P. miles are native to the Indo-Pacific, and were introduced into Florida waters as a result of aquarium releases, and have been recently recognized as invaders of the Western Atlantic and Caribbean Sea (Costa Rica to Venezuela). Thus far, cytogenetic studies of the genus Pterois only cover basic aspects of three species, including P. volitans from Indo-Pacific Ocean. Considering the lack of more detailed information about cytogenetic characteristics of this invasive species, the objective of the present study was to investigate the basic and molecular cytogenetic characteristics of P. volitans in Venezuela, and compare the results with those from the original distribution area. For this, the karyotypic characteristics of four lionfish caught in Margarita Island, Venezuela, were investigated by examining metaphase chromosomes by Giemsa staining, C-banding, Ag-NOR, and two-colour-Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for mapping of 18S and 5S ribosomal genes. Comparing the sequences of the 16S gene of the specimens analyzed, with sequences already included in the Genbank, we corroborated that our specimens identified as P. volitans are in fact this species, and hence exclude the possibility of a misidentification of P. miles. The diploid number was 2n = 48 (2m + 10sm + 36a) with FN = 60. Chromosomes uniformly decreased in size, making it difficult to clearly identify the homologues except for the only metacentric pair, and the pairs number two, the largest of the submetacentric series. C-banding revealed only three pairs of chromosomes negative for C-band, whereas all remaining chromosomes presented telomeric and some interstitial C-positive blocks. Only two chromosomes were C-banding positive at the pericentromeric regions. Sequential staining revealed Ag-NOR on the tips of the short arms of chromosome pair number two and the FISH assay revealed that 18S rDNA and 5S rDNA genes are co-located on this chromosome pair. The co-localization of 5S rDNA and 45S rDNA is discussed. Both constitutive heterochromatin and NOR location detected in samples examined in this study, differ from those reported for P. volitans in previous analysis of specimens collected in Indian Ocean (Java), suggesting the occurrence of chromosome microrearrangements involving heterochromatin during the spread of P. volitans.}, }
@article {pmid25719946, year = {2015}, author = {, }, title = {Correction: Amassing Efforts against Alien Invasive Species in Europe.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {e1002090}, pmid = {25719946}, issn = {1545-7885}, }
@article {pmid25716784, year = {2015}, author = {Wendling, CC and Wegner, KM}, title = {Adaptation to enemy shifts: rapid resistance evolution to local Vibrio spp. in invasive Pacific oysters.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {282}, number = {1804}, pages = {20142244}, pmid = {25716784}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Biological Evolution ; Crassostrea/*genetics/*microbiology ; Genetic Variation ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; North Sea ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Vibrio/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {One hypothesis for the success of invasive species is reduced pathogen burden, resulting from a release from infections or high immunological fitness of invaders. Despite strong selection exerted on the host, the evolutionary response of invaders to newly acquired pathogens has rarely been considered. The two independent and genetically distinct invasions of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas into the North Sea represent an ideal model system to study fast evolutionary responses of invasive populations. By exposing both invasion sources to ubiquitous and phylogenetically diverse pathogens (Vibrio spp.), we demonstrate that within a few generations hosts adapted to newly encountered pathogen communities. However, local adaptation only became apparent in selective environments, i.e. at elevated temperatures reflecting patterns of disease outbreaks in natural populations. Resistance against sympatric and allopatric Vibrio spp. strains was dominantly inherited in crosses between both invasion sources, resulting in an overall higher resistance of admixed individuals than pure lines. Therefore, we suggest that a simple genetic resistance mechanism of the host is matched to a common virulence mechanism shared by local Vibrio strains. This combination might have facilitated a fast evolutionary response that can explain another dimension of why invasive species can be so successful in newly invaded ranges.}, }
@article {pmid25714831, year = {2015}, author = {Klimes, P and Fibich, P and Idigel, C and Rimandai, M}, title = {Disentangling the diversity of arboreal ant communities in tropical forest trees.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {e0117853}, pmid = {25714831}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Behavior, Animal ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Forests ; New Guinea ; Rainforest ; *Trees ; *Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Tropical canopies are known for their high abundance and diversity of ants. However, the factors which enable coexistence of so many species in trees, and in particular, the role of foragers in determining local diversity, are not well understood. We censused nesting and foraging arboreal ant communities in two 0.32 ha plots of primary and secondary lowland rainforest in New Guinea and explored their species diversity and composition. Null models were used to test if the records of species foraging (but not nesting) in a tree were dependent on the spatial distribution of nests in surrounding trees. In total, 102 ant species from 389 trees occurred in the primary plot compared with only 50 species from 295 trees in the secondary forest plot. However, there was only a small difference in mean ant richness per tree between primary and secondary forest (3.8 and 3.3 sp. respectively) and considerably lower richness per tree was found only when nests were considered (1.5 sp. in both forests). About half of foraging individuals collected in a tree belonged to species which were not nesting in that tree. Null models showed that the ants foraging but not nesting in a tree are more likely to nest in nearby trees than would be expected at random. The effects of both forest stage and tree size traits were similar regardless of whether only foragers, only nests, or both datasets combined were considered. However, relative abundance distributions of species differed between foraging and nesting communities. The primary forest plot was dominated by native ant species, whereas invasive species were common in secondary forest. This study demonstrates the high contribution of foragers to arboreal ant diversity, indicating an important role of connectivity between trees, and also highlights the importance of primary vegetation for the conservation of native ant communities.}, }
@article {pmid25714817, year = {2015}, author = {Jandová, K and Dostál, P and Cajthaml, T and Kameník, Z}, title = {Intraspecific variability in allelopathy of Heracleum mantegazzianum is linked to the metabolic profile of root exudates.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {115}, number = {5}, pages = {821-831}, pmid = {25714817}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {*Allelopathy ; Arabidopsis/*drug effects ; Ecosystem ; Germination/drug effects ; Heracleum/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; *Metabolome ; Plant Exudates/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/*metabolism ; Plant Roots/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Plantago/*drug effects ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Allelopathy may drive invasions of some exotic plants, although empirical evidence for this theory remains largely inconclusive. This could be related to the large intraspecific variability of chemically mediated plant-plant interactions, which is poorly studied. This study addressed intraspecific variability in allelopathy of Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed), an invasive species with a considerable negative impact on native communities and ecosystems.<br><br>METHODS: Bioassays were carried out to test the alleopathic effects of H. mantegazzianum root exudates on germination of Arabidopsis thaliana and Plantago lanceolata. Populations of H. mantegazzianum from the Czech Republic were sampled and variation in the phytotoxic effects of the exudates was partitioned between areas, populations within areas, and maternal lines. The composition of the root exudates was determined by metabolic profiling using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and the relationships between the metabolic profiles and the effects observed in the bioassays were tested using orthogonal partial least-squares analysis.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Variance partitioning indicated that the highest variance in phytotoxic effects was within populations. The inhibition of germination observed in the bioassay for the co-occurring native species P. lanceolata could be predicted by the metabolic profiles of the root exudates of particular maternal lines. Fifteen compounds associated with this inhibition were tentatively identified.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results present strong evidence that intraspecific variability needs to be considered in research on allelopathy, and suggest that metabolic profiling provides an efficient tool for studying chemically mediated plant-plant interactions whenever unknown metabolites are involved.}, }
@article {pmid25714413, year = {2015}, author = {Gatti, G and Bianchi, CN and Parravicini, V and Rovere, A and Peirano, A and Montefalcone, M and Massa, F and Morri, C}, title = {Ecological change, sliding baselines and the importance of historical data: lessons from Combining [corrected] observational and quantitative data on a temperate reef over 70 years.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {e0118581}, pmid = {25714413}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Coral Reefs ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {Understanding the effects of environmental change on ecosystems requires the identification of baselines that may act as reference conditions. However, the continuous change of these references challenges our ability to define the true natural status of ecosystems. The so-called sliding baseline syndrome can be overcome through the analysis of quantitative time series, which are, however, extremely rare. Here we show how combining historical quantitative data with descriptive 'naturalistic' information arranged in a chronological chain allows highlighting long-term trends and can be used to inform present conservation schemes. We analysed the long-term change of a coralligenous reef, a marine habitat endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. The coralligenous assemblages of Mesco Reef (Ligurian Sea, NW Mediterranean) have been studied, although discontinuously, since 1937 thus making available both detailed descriptive information and scanty quantitative data: while the former was useful to understand the natural history of the ecosystem, the analysis of the latter was of paramount importance to provide a formal measure of change over time. Epibenthic assemblages remained comparatively stable until the 1990s, when species replacement, invasion by alien algae, and biotic homogenisation occurred within few years, leading to a new and completely different ecosystem state. The shift experienced by the coralligenous assemblages of Mesco Reef was probably induced by a combination of seawater warming and local human pressures, the latter mainly resulting in increased water turbidity; in turn, cumulative stress may have favoured the establishment of alien species. This study showed that the combined analysis of quantitative and descriptive historical data represent a precious knowledge to understand ecosystem trends over time and provide help to identify baselines for ecological management.}, }
@article {pmid25709807, year = {2015}, author = {Yelenik, SG and DiManno, N and D'Antonio, CM}, title = {Evaluating nurse plants for restoring native woody species to degraded subtropical woodlands.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {300-313}, pmid = {25709807}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Harsh habitats dominated by invasive species are difficult to restore. Invasive grasses in arid environments slow succession toward more desired composition, yet grass removal exacerbates high light and temperature, making the use of "nurse plants" an appealing strategy. In this study of degraded subtropical woodlands dominated by alien grasses in Hawai'i, we evaluated whether individuals of two native (Dodonaea viscosa, Leptocophylla tameiameia) and one non-native (Morella faya) woody species (1) act as natural nodes of recruitment for native woody species and (2) can be used to enhance survivorship of outplanted native woody species. To address these questions, we quantified the presence and persistence of seedlings naturally recruiting beneath adult nurse shrubs and compared survival and growth of experimentally outplanted seedlings of seven native woody species under the nurse species compared to intact and cleared alien-grass plots. We found that the two native nurse shrubs recruit their own offspring, but do not act as establishment nodes for other species. Morella faya recruited even fewer seedlings than native shrubs. Thus, outplanting will be necessary to increase abundance and diversity of native woody species. Outplant survival was the highest under shrubs compared to away from them with few differences between nurse species. The worst habitat for native seedling survival and growth was within the unmanaged invasive grass matrix. Although the two native nurse species did not differentially affect outplant survival, D. viscosa is the most widespread and easily propagated and is thus more likely to be useful as an initial nurse species. The outplanted species showed variable responses to nurse habitats that we attribute to resource requirements resulting from their typical successional stage and nitrogen fixation capability.}, }
@article {pmid25707007, year = {2015}, author = {Lamatsch, DK and Adolfsson, S and Senior, AM and Christiansen, G and Pichler, M and Ozaki, Y and Smeds, L and Schartl, M and Nakagawa, S}, title = {A transcriptome derived female-specific marker from the invasive Western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {e0118214}, pmid = {25707007}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyprinodontiformes/*genetics ; DNA Primers/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Markers/*genetics ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods ; Sex Chromosomes/genetics ; Sex Determination Analysis/methods ; Sex Determination Processes/*genetics ; Transcriptome/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Sex-specific markers are a prerequisite for understanding reproductive biology, genetic factors involved in sex differences, mechanisms of sex determination, and ultimately the evolution of sex chromosomes. The Western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, may be considered a model species for sex-chromosome evolution, as it displays female heterogamety (ZW/ZZ), and is also ecologically interesting as a worldwide invasive species. Here, de novo RNA-sequencing on the gonads of sexually mature G. affinis was used to identify contigs that were highly transcribed in females but not in males (i.e., transcripts with ovary-specific expression). Subsequently, 129 primer pairs spanning 79 contigs were tested by PCR to identify sex-specific transcripts. Of those primer pairs, one female-specific DNA marker was identified, Sanger sequenced and subsequently validated in 115 fish. Sequence analyses revealed a high similarity between the identified sex-specific marker and the 3´ UTR of the aminomethyl transferase (amt) gene of the closely related platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus). This is the first time that RNA-seq has been used to successfully characterize a sex-specific marker in a fish species in the absence of a genome map. Additionally, the identified sex-specific marker represents one of only a handful of such markers in fishes.}, }
@article {pmid25704551, year = {2015}, author = {Stehouwer, PP and Buma, A and Peperzak, L}, title = {A comparison of six different ballast water treatment systems based on UV radiation, electrochlorination and chlorine dioxide.}, journal = {Environmental technology}, volume = {36}, number = {13-16}, pages = {2094-2104}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2015.1021858}, pmid = {25704551}, issn = {0959-3330}, mesh = {Chlorine Compounds/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Disinfection/*instrumentation/methods ; Equipment Design ; Equipment Failure Analysis ; Halogenation ; Oxides/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Phytoplankton/*drug effects/*radiation effects ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Ships ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Water Purification/*instrumentation/methods ; }, abstract = {The spread of aquatic invasive species through ballast water is a major ecological and economical threat. Because of this, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) set limits to the concentrations of organisms allowed in ballast water. To meet these limits, ballast water treatment systems (BWTSs) were developed. The main techniques used for ballast water treatment are ultraviolet (UV) radiation and electrochlorination (EC). In this study, phytoplankton regrowth after treatment was followed for six BWTSs. Natural plankton communities were treated and incubated for 20 days. Growth, photosystem II efficiency and species composition were followed. The three UV systems all showed similar patterns of decrease in phytoplankton concentrations followed by regrowth. The two EC and the chlorine dioxide systems showed comparable results. However, UV- and chlorine-based treatment systems showed significantly different responses. Overall, all BWTSs reduced phytoplankton concentrations to below the IMO limits, which represents a reduced risk of aquatic invasions through ballast water.}, }
@article {pmid25703195, year = {2015}, author = {Mandeville, EG and Parchman, TL and McDonald, DB and Buerkle, CA}, title = {Highly variable reproductive isolation among pairs of Catostomus species.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {8}, pages = {1856-1872}, pmid = {25703195}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {P20 GM103432/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; P20GM103432/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; P20RR016474/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cypriniformes/*genetics ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Models, Genetic ; *Reproductive Isolation ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Wyoming ; }, abstract = {Hybridization between diverged taxa tests the strength of reproductive isolation and can therefore reveal mechanisms of reproductive isolation. However, it remains unclear how consistent reproductive isolation is across species' ranges and to what extent reproductive isolation might remain polymorphic as species diverge. To address these questions, we compared outcomes of hybridization across species pairs of Catostomus fishes in three rivers in the Upper Colorado River basin, where an introduced species, C. commersoni, hybridizes with at least two native species, C. discobolus and C. latipinnis. We observed substantial heterogeneity in outcomes of hybridization, both between species pairs and across geographically separate rivers within each species pair. We also observed hybridization of additional related species with our focal species, suggesting that reproductive isolation in this group involves interactions of multiple evolutionary and ecological factors. These findings suggest that a better understanding of the determinants of variation in reproductive isolation is needed and that studies of reproductive isolation in hybrids should consider how the dynamics and mechanisms of reproductive isolation vary over ecological space and over evolutionary time. Our results also have implications for the conservation and management of native catostomids in the Colorado River basin. Heterogeneity in outcomes of hybridization suggests that the threat posed by hybridization and genetic introgression to the persistence of native species probably varies with extent of reproductive isolation, both across rivers and across species pairs.}, }
@article {pmid25703061, year = {2015}, author = {Cristescu, ME}, title = {Genetic reconstructions of invasion history.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2212-2225}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13117}, pmid = {25703061}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Markers ; Genetics, Population/*methods/trends ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Inbreeding ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Zooplankton/genetics ; }, abstract = {A diverse array of molecular markers and constantly evolving analytical approaches have been employed to reconstruct the invasion histories of the most notorious invasions. Detailed information on the source(s) of introduction, invasion route, type of vectors, number of independent introductions and pathways of secondary spread has been corroborated for a large number of biological invasions. In this review, I present the promises and limitations of current techniques while discussing future directions. Broad phylogeographic surveys of native and introduced populations have traced back invasion routes with surprising precision. These approaches often further clarify species boundaries and reveal complex patterns of genetic relationships with noninvasive relatives. Moreover, fine-scale analyses of population genetics or genomics allow deep inferences on the colonization dynamics across invaded ranges and can reveal the extent of gene flow among populations across various geographical scales, major demographic events such as genetic bottlenecks as well as other important evolutionary events such as hybridization with native taxa, inbreeding and selective sweeps. Genetic data have been often corroborated successfully with historical, geographical and ecological data to enable a comprehensive reconstruction of the invasion process. The advent of next-generation sequencing, along with the availability of extensive databases of repository sequences generated by barcoding projects opens the opportunity to broadly monitor biodiversity, to identify early invasions and to quantify failed invasions that would otherwise remain inconspicuous to the human eye.}, }
@article {pmid25699206, year = {2015}, author = {Green Etxabe, A and Short, S and Flood, T and Johns, T and Ford, AT}, title = {Pronounced and prevalent intersexuality does not impede the 'Demon Shrimp' invasion.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e757}, pmid = {25699206}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Crustacean intersexuality is widespread and often linked to infection by sex-distorting parasites. However, unlike vertebrate intersexuality, its association with sexual dysfunction is unclear and remains a matter of debate. The 'Demon Shrimp,' Dikerogammarus haemobaphes, an amphipod that has invaded continental waterways, has recently become widespread in Britain. Intersexuality has been noted in D. haemobaphes but not investigated further. We hypothesise that a successful invasive population should not display a high prevalence of intersexuality if this condition represents a truly dysfunctional phenotype. In addition, experiments have indicated that particular parasite burdens in amphipods may facilitate invasions. The rapid and ongoing invasion of British waterways represents an opportunity to determine whether these hypotheses are consistent with field observations. This study investigates the parasites and sexual phenotypes of D. haemobaphes in British waterways, characterising parasite burdens using molecular screening, and makes comparisons with the threatened Gammarus pulex natives. We reveal that invasive and native populations have distinct parasitic profiles, suggesting the loss of G. pulex may have parasite-mediated eco-system impacts. Furthermore, the parasite burdens are consistent with those previously proposed to facilitate biological invasions. Our study also indicates that while no intersexuality occurs in the native G. pulex, approximately 50% of D. haemobaphes males present pronounced intersexuality associated with infection by the microsporidian Dictyocoela berillonum. This unambiguously successful invasive population presents, to our knowledge, the highest reported prevalence of male intersexuality. This is the clearest evidence to date that such intersexuality does not represent a form of debilitating sexual dysfunction that negatively impacts amphipod populations.}, }
@article {pmid25695255, year = {2015}, author = {West, AM and Kumar, S and Wakie, T and Brown, CS and Stohlgren, TJ and Laituri, M and Bromberg, J}, title = {Using high-resolution future climate scenarios to forecast Bromus tectorum invasion in Rocky Mountain National Park.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {e0117893}, pmid = {25695255}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bromus/*physiology ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Forecasting ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Parks, Recreational ; Principal Component Analysis ; United States ; }, abstract = {National Parks are hallmarks of ecosystem preservation in the United States. The introduction of alien invasive plant species threatens protection of these areas. Bromus tectorum L. (commonly called downy brome or cheatgrass), which is found in Rocky Mountain National Park (hereafter, the Park), Colorado, USA, has been implicated in early spring competition with native grasses, decreased soil nitrogen, altered nutrient and hydrologic regimes, and increased fire intensity. We estimated the potential distribution of B. tectorum in the Park based on occurrence records (n = 211), current and future climate, and distance to roads and trails. An ensemble of six future climate scenarios indicated the habitable area of B. tectorum may increase from approximately 5.5% currently to 20.4% of the Park by the year 2050. Using ordination methods we evaluated the climatic space occupied by B. tectorum in the Park and how this space may shift given future climate change. Modeling climate change at a small extent (1,076 km2) and at a fine spatial resolution (90 m) is a novel approach in species distribution modeling, and may provide inference for microclimates not captured in coarse-scale models. Maps from our models serve as high-resolution hypotheses that can be improved over time by land managers to set priorities for surveys and removal of invasive species such as B. tectorum.}, }
@article {pmid25694617, year = {2015}, author = {While, GM and Williamson, J and Prescott, G and Horváthová, T and Fresnillo, B and Beeton, NJ and Halliwell, B and Michaelides, S and Uller, T}, title = {Adaptive responses to cool climate promotes persistence of a non-native lizard.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {282}, number = {1803}, pages = {20142638}, pmid = {25694617}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology ; Embryonic Development ; England ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/embryology/*physiology ; Oviposition/*physiology ; Soil ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Successful establishment and range expansion of non-native species often require rapid accommodation of novel environments. Here, we use common-garden experiments to demonstrate parallel adaptive evolutionary response to a cool climate in populations of wall lizards (Podarcis muralis) introduced from southern Europe into England. Low soil temperatures in the introduced range delay hatching, which generates directional selection for a shorter incubation period. Non-native lizards from two separate lineages have responded to this selection by retaining their embryos for longer before oviposition--hence reducing the time needed to complete embryogenesis in the nest--and by an increased developmental rate at low temperatures. This divergence mirrors local adaptation across latitudes and altitudes within widely distributed species and suggests that evolutionary responses to climate can be very rapid. When extrapolated to soil temperatures encountered in nests within the introduced range, embryo retention and faster developmental rate result in one to several weeks earlier emergence compared with the ancestral state. We show that this difference translates into substantial survival benefits for offspring. This should promote short- and long-term persistence of non-native populations, and ultimately enable expansion into areas that would be unattainable with incubation duration representative of the native range.}, }
@article {pmid25694044, year = {2015}, author = {Møller, AP and Díaz, M and Flensted-Jensen, E and Grim, T and Ibáñez-Álamo, JD and Jokimäki, J and Mänd, R and Markó, G and Tryjanowski, P}, title = {Urbanized birds have superior establishment success in novel environments.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {178}, number = {3}, pages = {943-950}, pmid = {25694044}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; Cities ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Female ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Islands ; Male ; Models, Statistical ; Population Density ; Rural Population ; Urban Population ; *Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Many animals have adapted to the proximity of humans and thereby gained an advantage in a world increasingly affected by human activity. Numerous organisms have invaded novel areas and thereby increased their range. Here, we hypothesize that an ability to thrive in urban habitats is a key innovation that facilitates successful establishment and invasion. We test this hypothesis by relating the probability of establishment by birds on oceanic islands to the difference in breeding population density between urban and nearby rural habitats as a measure of urbanization in the ancestral range. This measure was the single-most important predictor of establishment success and the only statistically significant one, with additional effects of sexual dichromatism, number of releases and release effort, showing that the ability to cope with human proximity is a central component of successful establishment. Because most invasions occur as a consequence of human-assisted establishment, the ability to cope with human proximity will often be of central importance for successful establishment.}, }
@article {pmid25693486, year = {2015}, author = {Elskus, AA and Ingersoll, CG and Kemble, NE and Echols, KR and Brumbaugh, WG and Henquinet, JW and Watten, BJ}, title = {An evaluation of the residual toxicity and chemistry of a sodium hydroxide-based ballast water treatment system for freshwater ships.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, pages = {1405-1416}, doi = {10.1002/etc.2943}, pmid = {25693486}, issn = {1552-8618}, mesh = {Amphipoda/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Carbon Dioxide/chemistry ; Cladocera/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Cyprinidae/growth &amp; development ; Fishes/growth &amp; development ; Fresh Water/*chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Introduced Species ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis ; Ships ; Sodium Bicarbonate/toxicity ; Sodium Hydroxide/*toxicity ; Toxicity Tests ; *Water Purification ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Nonnative organisms in the ballast water of freshwater ships must be killed to prevent the spread of invasive species. The ideal ballast water treatment system (BWTS) would kill 100% of ballast water organisms with minimal residual toxicity to organisms in receiving waters. In the present study, the residual toxicity and chemistry of a BWTS was evaluated. Sodium hydroxide was added to elevate pH to >11.5 to kill ballast water organisms, then reduced to pH <9 by sparging with wet-scrubbed diesel exhaust (the source of CO2). Cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia dubia), amphipods (Hyalella azteca), and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed for 2 d to BWTS water under an air atmosphere (pH drifted to ≥9) or a 2.5% CO2 atmosphere (pH 7.5-8.2), then transferred to control water for 5 d to assess potential delayed toxicity. Chemical concentrations in the BWTS water met vessel discharge guidelines with the exception of concentrations of copper. There was little to no residual toxicity to cladocerans or fish, but the BWTS water was toxic to amphipods. Maintaining a neutral pH and diluting BWTS water by 50% eliminated toxicity to the amphipods. The toxicity of BWTS water would likely be minimal because of rapid dilution in the receiving water, with subsurface release likely preventing pH rise. This BWTS has the potential to become a viable method for treating ballast water released into freshwater systems.}, }
@article {pmid25691971, year = {2015}, author = {Jones, TS and Bilton, AR and Mak, L and Sait, SM}, title = {Host switching in a generalist parasitoid: contrasting transient and transgenerational costs associated with novel and original host species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {459-465}, pmid = {25691971}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Parasitoids face challenges by switching between host species that influence survival and fitness, determine their role in structuring communities, influence species invasions, and affect their importance as biocontrol agents. In the generalist parasitoid, Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), we investigated the costs in encapsulation, survival, and body size on juveniles when adult parasitoids switched from their original host, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidotera, Pyralidae) to a novel host, Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), over multiple generations. Switching had an initial survival cost for juvenile parasitoids in the novel host, but increased survival occurred within two generations. Conversely, mortality in the original host increased. Body size, a proxy for fecundity, also increased with the number of generations in the novel host species, reflecting adaptation or maternal effects due to the larger size of the novel host, and therefore greater resources available to the developing parasitoid. Switching to a novel host appears to have initial costs for a parasitoid, even when the novel host may be better quality, but the costs rapidly diminish. We predict that the net cost of switching to a novel host for parasitoids will be complex and will depend on the initial reduction in fitness from parasitizing a novel host versus local adaptations against parasitoids in the original host.}, }
@article {pmid25691958, year = {2015}, author = {Le Roux, JJ and Foxcroft, LC and Herbst, M and MacFadyen, S}, title = {Genetic analysis shows low levels of hybridization between African wildcats (Felis silvestris lybica) and domestic cats (F. s. catus) in South Africa.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {288-299}, pmid = {25691958}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Hybridization between domestic and wild animals is a major concern for biodiversity conservation, and as habitats become increasingly fragmented, conserving biodiversity at all levels, including genetic, becomes increasingly important. Except for tropical forests and true deserts, African wildcats occur across the African continent; however, almost no work has been carried out to assess its genetic status and extent of hybridization with domestic cats. For example, in South Africa it has been argued that the long-term viability of maintaining pure wildcat populations lies in large protected areas only, isolated from human populations. Two of the largest protected areas in Africa, the Kgalagadi Transfrontier and Kruger National Parks, as well as the size of South Africa and range of landscape uses, provide a model situation to assess how habitat fragmentation and heterogeneity influences the genetic purity of African wildcats. Using population genetic and home range data, we examined the genetic purity of African wildcats and their suspected hybrids across South Africa, including areas within and outside of protected areas. Overall, we found African wildcat populations to be genetically relatively pure, but instances of hybridization and a significant relationship between the genetic distinctiveness (purity) of wildcats and human population pressure were evident. The genetically purest African wildcats were found in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, while samples from around Kruger National Park showed cause for concern, especially combined with the substantial human population density along the park's boundary. While African wildcat populations in South Africa generally appear to be genetically pure, with low levels of hybridization, our genetic data do suggest that protected areas may play an important role in maintaining genetic purity by reducing the likelihood of contact with domestic cats. We suggest that approaches such as corridors between protected areas are unlikely to remain effective for wildcat conservation, as the proximity to human settlements around these areas is projected to increase the wild/domestic animal interface. Thus, large, isolated protected areas will become increasingly important for wildcat conservation and efforts need to be made to prevent introduction of domestic cats into these areas.}, }
@article {pmid25691507, year = {2015}, author = {Berentsen, AR and Vogt, S and Guzman, AN and Vice, DS and Pitt, WC and Shiels, AB and Spraker, TR}, title = {Capillaria hepatica infection in black rats (Rattus rattus) on Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {241-244}, doi = {10.1177/1040638715573298}, pmid = {25691507}, issn = {1943-4936}, mesh = {Africa, Eastern/epidemiology ; Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Capillaria/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Disease Reservoirs ; Enoplida Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission/*veterinary ; Female ; Liver/parasitology ; Male ; Prevalence ; Rats ; Rodent Diseases/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {Rats (Rattus spp.) are among the most damaging invasive species worldwide. The accidental introduction of rats has caused significant detriment to native flora and fauna, crops, structures, and human livelihoods. Rats are vectors of disease and carriers of various zoonotic parasites. Capillaria hepatica (syn. Callodium hepaticum) is a parasitic nematode found primarily in rodents but is known to infect over 140 mammal species, including human beings and several species of domestic animals. In this case study, the presence of C. hepatica infection in black rats on Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory, is reported. Liver samples from 20 black rats (Rattus rattus) were collected during a concurrent population density estimation study. Histology revealed 15 (75%) of the rats sampled had a current or previous infection with C. hepatica. In addition, a larval cestode compatible in size and shape with Cysticercus fasciolaris, the larval stage of Taenia taeniaeformis of cats, was found in 3 (15%) of the rats sampled. The high prevalence of C. hepatica infection in rats on Diego Garcia has implications for human health given the high population density of rats found on the island.}, }
@article {pmid25690675, year = {2015}, author = {Tassin, J and Kull, CA}, title = {A melting pot world of species: reply to Speziale et al.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {593-595}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12466}, pmid = {25690675}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid25690536, year = {2015}, author = {Speziale, KL and Lambertucci, SA and Souto, CP and Hiraldo, F}, title = {Native species as goods.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {596-598}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12465}, pmid = {25690536}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid25688015, year = {2015}, author = {Proestos, Y and Christophides, GK and Ergüler, K and Tanarhte, M and Waldock, J and Lelieveld, J}, title = {Present and future projections of habitat suitability of the Asian tiger mosquito, a vector of viral pathogens, from global climate simulation.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {370}, number = {1665}, pages = {}, pmid = {25688015}, issn = {1471-2970}, support = {226144/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Global Health ; Insect Vectors/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Virus Diseases/*transmission ; }, abstract = {Climate change can influence the transmission of vector-borne diseases (VBDs) through altering the habitat suitability of insect vectors. Here we present global climate model simulations and evaluate the associated uncertainties in view of the main meteorological factors that may affect the distribution of the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus), which can transmit pathogens that cause chikungunya, dengue fever, yellow fever and various encephalitides. Using a general circulation model at 50 km horizontal resolution to simulate mosquito survival variables including temperature, precipitation and relative humidity, we present both global and regional projections of the habitat suitability up to the middle of the twenty-first century. The model resolution of 50 km allows evaluation against previous projections for Europe and provides a basis for comparative analyses with other regions. Model uncertainties and performance are addressed in light of the recent CMIP5 ensemble climate model simulations for the RCP8.5 concentration pathway and using meteorological re-analysis data (ERA-Interim/ECMWF) for the recent past. Uncertainty ranges associated with the thresholds of meteorological variables that may affect the distribution of Ae. albopictus are diagnosed using fuzzy-logic methodology, notably to assess the influence of selected meteorological criteria and combinations of criteria that influence mosquito habitat suitability. From the climate projections for 2050, and adopting a habitat suitability index larger than 70%, we estimate that approximately 2.4 billion individuals in a land area of nearly 20 million km(2) will potentially be exposed to Ae. albopictus. The synthesis of fuzzy-logic based on mosquito biology and climate change analysis provides new insights into the regional and global spreading of VBDs to support disease control and policy making.}, }
@article {pmid25688014, year = {2015}, author = {Hoberg, EP and Brooks, DR}, title = {Evolution in action: climate change, biodiversity dynamics and emerging infectious disease.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {370}, number = {1665}, pages = {}, pmid = {25688014}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; *Communicable Diseases, Emerging ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Climatological variation and ecological perturbation have been pervasive drivers of faunal assembly, structure and diversification for parasites and pathogens through recurrent events of geographical and host colonization at varying spatial and temporal scales of Earth history. Episodic shifts in climate and environmental settings, in conjunction with ecological mechanisms and host switching, are often critical determinants of parasite diversification, a view counter to more than a century of coevolutionary thinking about the nature of complex host-parasite assemblages. Parasites are resource specialists with restricted host ranges, yet shifts onto relatively unrelated hosts are common during phylogenetic diversification of parasite lineages and directly observable in real time. The emerging Stockholm Paradigm resolves this paradox: Ecological Fitting (EF)--phenotypic flexibility and phylogenetic conservatism in traits related to resource use, most notably host preference--provides many opportunities for rapid host switching in changing environments, without the evolution of novel host-utilization capabilities. Host shifts via EF fuel the expansion phase of the Oscillation Hypothesis of host range and speciation and, more generally, the generation of novel combinations of interacting species within the Geographic Mosaic Theory of Coevolution. In synergy, an environmental dynamic of Taxon Pulses establishes an episodic context for host and geographical colonization.}, }
@article {pmid25687934, year = {2015}, author = {Shu, C and Jiang, X and Cheng, X and Wang, N and Chen, S and Xiang, M and Liu, X}, title = {Genetic structure and parasitization-related ability divergence of a nematode fungal pathogen Hirsutella minnesotensis following founder effect in China.}, journal = {Fungal genetics and biology : FG &amp; B}, volume = {81}, number = {}, pages = {212-220}, doi = {10.1016/j.fgb.2015.02.005}, pmid = {25687934}, issn = {1096-0937}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; China ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry/genetics ; *Founder Effect ; *Genotype ; Hypocreales/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nematoda/*microbiology ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Glycine max/parasitology ; }, abstract = {The fungal parasitoid, Hirsutella minnesotensis, is a dominant parasitoid of the soybean cyst nematode, which is a destruction pest of soybean crops. We investigated population structure and parasitism pattern in samples of H. minnesotensis in China to reveal the spreading pattern of this fungal species and the underlying mechanism generating the parasitization-related ability variability in Chinese population. In cross-inoculation experiments using different combinations of H. minnesotensis and soybean cyst nematode samples from China, most H. minnesotensis isolates fitted the criterion for "local versus foreign" parasitism profile, exhibiting local adaptation pattern to the SCN host. However, the genetic analysis of the single nucleotide polymorphisms with clone-corrected samples based on ten DNA fragments in 56 isolates of H. minnesotensis from China revealed that the Chinese H. minnesotensis population was a clonal lineage that underwent a founder event. The results demonstrated that the Chinese H. minnesotensis population had generated parasitization-related ability diversity after a founder event through individual variation or phenotypic plasticity other than local adaptation. The rapid divergence of parasitization-related abilities with simple genetic structure in Chinese H. minnesotensis population indicates a fundamental potential for the establishment of invasive fungal species, which is a prerequisite for biological control agents.}, }
@article {pmid25687741, year = {2015}, author = {Colacci, M and De Almeida, R and Chand, D and Lovejoy, SR and Sephton, D and Vercaemer, B and Lovejoy, DA}, title = {Characterization of the teneurin C-terminal associated peptide (TCAP) in the vase tunicate, Ciona intestinalis: A novel peptide system associated with energy metabolism and reproduction.}, journal = {General and comparative endocrinology}, volume = {216}, number = {}, pages = {161-170}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.01.021}, pmid = {25687741}, issn = {1095-6840}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antibody Formation ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Ciona intestinalis/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Energy Metabolism/*physiology ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptides/immunology/*metabolism ; Rabbits ; Reproduction/*physiology ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; }, abstract = {The vase tunicate, Ciona intestinalis, is a protochordate and is considered a sister lineage to the chordates. The recent sequencing of its genome has made this species a particularly important model to understand the genetic basis of vertebrate evolution. However, C. intestinalis is also a highly invasive species along the Atlantic coast of North America and other regions of the world which have caused considerable economic stress due to its biofouling actions and, in particular, negative impacts on the mussel- and oyster-based aquaculture industry. Despite this background, little is known about C. intestinalis physiology. The teneurin C-terminal associated peptides (TCAP) are a family of highly conserved peptide hormones found in most metazoans. Moreover, these peptides have been implicated in the inhibition of stress and stimulation of feeding-based metabolism. We have, therefore, identified this peptide using an in silico approach and characterized its immunological expression in tissues using a mouse polyclonal antiserum. These data indicate that its primary structure is more similar to invertebrate TCAPs relative to vertebrate TCAPs. Immunological expression indicates that it is highly expressed in the digestive tract and gonads consistent with findings in vertebrates. Synthetic mouse TCAP-1 administered into the brachial basket significantly increases the incidence of non-stress contractile behaviors. These findings support the hypothesis that TCAP is a bioactive peptide in C. intestinalis. Thus, C. intestinalis and tunicates in general may offer a simple model to investigate peptide interaction while providing information on how to control this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid25687158, year = {2015}, author = {Wallach, AD and Ripple, WJ and Carroll, SP}, title = {Novel trophic cascades: apex predators enable coexistence.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {146-153}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2015.01.003}, pmid = {25687158}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Novel assemblages of native and introduced species characterize a growing proportion of ecosystems worldwide. Some introduced species have contributed to extinctions, even extinction waves, spurring widespread efforts to eradicate or control them. We propose that trophic cascade theory offers insights into why introduced species sometimes become harmful, but in other cases stably coexist with natives and offer net benefits. Large predators commonly limit populations of potentially irruptive prey and mesopredators, both native and introduced. This top-down force influences a wide range of ecosystem processes that often enhance biodiversity. We argue that many species, regardless of their origin or priors, are allies for the retention and restoration of biodiversity in top-down regulated ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid25686279, year = {2015}, author = {Egan, SP and Grey, E and Olds, B and Feder, JL and Ruggiero, ST and Tanner, CE and Lodge, DM}, title = {Rapid molecular detection of invasive species in ballast and harbor water by integrating environmental DNA and light transmission spectroscopy.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {49}, number = {7}, pages = {4113-4121}, doi = {10.1021/es5058659}, pmid = {25686279}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/genetics ; DNA/*analysis ; *Dreissena ; *Introduced Species ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Ships ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Invasive species introduced via the ballast water of commercial ships cause enormous environmental and economic damage worldwide. Accurate monitoring for these often microscopic and morphologically indistinguishable species is challenging but critical for mitigating damages. We apply eDNA sampling, which involves the filtering and subsequent DNA extraction of microscopic bits of tissue suspended in water, to ballast and harbor water sampled during a commercial ship's 1400 km voyage through the North American Great Lakes. Using a lab-based gel electrophoresis assay and a rapid, field-ready light transmission spectroscopy (LTS) assay, we test for the presence of two invasive species: quagga (Dreissena bugensis) and zebra (D. polymorpha) mussels. Furthermore, we spiked a set of uninfested ballast and harbor samples with zebra mussel tissue to further test each assay's detection capabilities. In unmanipulated samples, zebra mussel was not detected, while quagga mussel was detected in all samples at a rate of 85% for the gel assay and 100% for the LTS assay. In the spiked experimental samples, both assays detected zebra mussel in 94% of spiked samples and 0% of negative controls. Overall, these results demonstrate that eDNA sampling is effective for monitoring ballast-mediated invasions and that LTS has the potential for rapid, field-based detection.}, }
@article {pmid25685194, year = {2015}, author = {Quilodrán, CS and Montoya-Burgos, JI and Currat, M}, title = {Modelling interspecific hybridization with genome exclusion to identify conservation actions: the case of native and invasive Pelophylax waterfrogs.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {199-210}, pmid = {25685194}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Interspecific hybridization occurs in nature but can also be caused by human actions. It often leads to infertile or fertile hybrids that exclude one parental genome during gametogenesis, escaping genetic recombination and introgression. The threat that genome-exclusion hybridization might represent on parental species is poorly understood, especially when invasive species are involved. Here, we show how to assess the effects of genome-exclusion hybridization and how to elaborate conservation actions by simulating scenarios using a model of nonintrogressive hybridization. We examine the case of the frog Pelophylax ridibundus, introduced in Western Europe, which can hybridize with the native Pelophylax lessonae and the pre-existing hybrid Pelophylax esculentus, maintained by hybridogenesis. If translocated from Southern Europe, P. ridibundus produces new sterile hybrids and we show that it mainly threatens P. esculentus. Translocation from Central Europe leads to new fertile hybrids, threatening all native waterfrogs. Local extinction is demographically mediated via wasted reproductive potential or via demographic flow through generations towards P. ridibundus. We reveal that enlarging the habitat size of the native P. lessonae relative to that of the invader is a promising conservation strategy, avoiding the difficulties of fighting the invader. We finally stress that nonintrogressive hybridization is to be considered in conservation programmes.}, }
@article {pmid25685033, year = {2015}, author = {Nardi, G and Mifsud, D}, title = {The bostrichidae of the maltese islands (coleoptera).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {481}, pages = {69-108}, pmid = {25685033}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The Bostrichidae of the Maltese Islands are reviewed. Ten species are recorded with certainty from this Archipelago, of which 6 namely, Trogoxylonimpressum (Comolli, 1837), Amphicerusbimaculatus (A.G. Olivier, 1790), Heterobostrychusaequalis (Waterhouse, 1884), Sinoxylonunidentatum (Fabricius, 1801), Xyloperthellapicea (A.G. Olivier, 1790) and Apatemonachus Fabricius, 1775 are recorded for the first time. Two of the mentioned species (Heterobostrychusaequalis and Sinoxylonunidentatum) are alien and recorded only on the basis of single captures and the possible establishment of these species is discussed. Earlier records of Scobiciapustulata (Fabricius, 1801) from Malta are incorrect and should be attributed to Scobiciachevrieri (A. Villa &amp; J.B. Villa, 1835). A zoogeographical analysis and an updated checklist of the 12 species of Bostrichidae recorded from the Maltese Islands and neigbouring Sicilian islands (Pantelleria, Linosa and Lampedusa) are also provided. Rhizoperthadominica(Fabricius, 1792)formgranulipennis Lesne in Beeson &amp; Bhatia, 1937 from Uttarakhand (northern India) was overlooked by almost all subsequent authors. Its history is summarized and the following new synonymy is established: Rhizoperthadominica(Fabricius, 1792)formgranulipennis Lesne in Beeson &amp; Bhatia, 1937 = Rhyzoperthadominica (Fabricius, 1792), syn. n. Finally, records of Amphicerusbimaculatus from Azerbaijan, of Bostrichuscapucinus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Jordan and Syria, of Scobiciachevrieri from Jordan and Italy, of Xyloperthellapicea from Italy, and of Apatemonachus from Corsica (France) and Italy, are also provided.}, }
@article {pmid25681577, year = {2015}, author = {McFarland, K and Jean, F and Soudant, P and Volety, AK}, title = {Uptake and elimination of brevetoxin in the invasive green mussel, Perna viridis, during natural Karenia brevis blooms in southwest Florida.}, journal = {Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology}, volume = {97}, number = {}, pages = {46-52}, doi = {10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.02.005}, pmid = {25681577}, issn = {1879-3150}, mesh = {Animals ; Area Under Curve ; Crassostrea/metabolism ; Dinoflagellida/chemistry ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Florida ; *Food Chain ; *Harmful Algal Bloom ; *Introduced Species ; Marine Toxins/metabolism/*pharmacokinetics ; Oxocins/metabolism/*pharmacokinetics ; Perna/*metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Perna viridis is a recently introduced species to US coastal waters and have vigorously spread throughout the southeastern seaboard since their invasion. Little information regarding their response to local environmental factors has been reported including responses to the local HAB species, Karenia brevis. This study monitored the tissue toxin concentration of brevetoxins in P. viridis from existing populations throughout two consecutive natural K. brevis blooms. The results showed P. viridis to rapidly accumulate PbTx upon exposure to the bloom, far exceeding the peak tissue concentrations of oysters, Crassostrea virginica, sampled during the same period, 57,653 ± 15,937 and 33,462 ± 10,391 ng g(-1) PbTx-3 equivalent, respectively. Further, P. viridis retained high PbTx concentrations in their tissues post bloom remaining above the regulatory limit for human consumption for 4-5 months, significantly longer than the depuration time of 2-8 weeks for native oyster and clam species. In the second year, the bloom persisted at high cell concentrations resulting in prolonged exposure and higher PbTx tissue concentrations indicating increased bioaccumulation in green mussels. While this species is not currently harvested for human consumption, the threat for post bloom trophic transfer could pose negative impacts on other important fisheries and higher food web implications.}, }
@article {pmid25680855, year = {2015}, author = {Weinstein, SB and Lafferty, KD}, title = {How do humans affect wildlife nematodes?.}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, pages = {222-227}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2015.01.005}, pmid = {25680855}, issn = {1471-5007}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/*parasitology ; Host Specificity/physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*physiology ; Humans ; Nematoda/physiology ; Nematode Infections/*parasitology/*transmission ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Human actions can affect wildlife and their nematode parasites. Species introductions and human-facilitated range expansions can create new host-parasite interactions. Novel hosts can introduce parasites and have the potential to both amplify and dilute nematode transmission. Furthermore, humans can alter existing nematode dynamics by changing host densities and the abiotic conditions that affect larval parasite survival. Human impacts on wildlife might impair parasites by reducing the abundance of their hosts; however, domestic animal production and complex life cycles can maintain transmission even when wildlife becomes rare. Although wildlife nematodes have many possible responses to human actions, understanding host and parasite natural history, and the mechanisms behind the changing disease dynamics might improve disease control in the few cases where nematode parasitism impacts wildlife.}, }
@article {pmid25679785, year = {2015}, author = {Johnson, MD and De León, YL}, title = {Effect of an invasive plant and moonlight on rodent foraging behavior in a coastal dune ecosystem.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {e0117903}, pmid = {25679785}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; California ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Rodentia ; }, abstract = {Understanding how invasive plants may alter predator avoidance behaviors is important for granivorous rodents because their foraging can trigger ripple effects in trophic webs. Previous research has shown that European beach grass Ammophila arenaria, an invasive species in coastal California, affects the predation of other seeds by the rodents Microtus californicus, Peromyscus maniculatus, and Reithrodontomys megalotis. This may be due to lower perceived predation risk by rodents foraging in close proximity to the cover provided by Ammophila, but this mechanism has not yet been tested. We examined the perceived predation risk of rodents by measuring the 'giving up density' of food left behind in experimental patches of food in areas with and without abundant cover from Ammophila and under varying amount of moonlight. We found strong evidence that giving up density was lower in the thick uniform vegetation on Ammophila-dominated habitat than it was in the more sparsely and diversely vegetated restored habitat. There was also evidence that moonlight affected giving up density and that it mediated the effects of habitat, although with our design we were unable to distinguish the effects of lunar illumination and moon phase. Our findings illustrate that foraging rodents, well known to be risk-averse during moonlit nights, are also affected by the presence of an invasive plant. This result has implications for granivory and perhaps plant demography in invaded and restored coastal habitats. Future research in this system should work to unravel the complex trophic links formed by a non-native invasive plant (i.e., Ammophila) providing cover favored by native rodents, which likely forage on and potentially limit the recruitment of native and non-native plants, some of which have ecosystem consequences of their own.}, }
@article {pmid25677573, year = {2015}, author = {Lau, JA and terHorst, CP}, title = {Causes and consequences of failed adaptation to biological invasions: the role of ecological constraints.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {1987-1998}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13084}, pmid = {25677573}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a major challenge to native communities and have the potential to exert strong selection on native populations. As a result, native taxa may adapt to the presence of invaders through increased competitive ability, increased antipredator defences or altered morphologies that may limit encounters with toxic prey. Yet, in some cases, species may fail to adapt to biological invasions. Many challenges to adaptation arise because biological invasions occur in complex species-rich communities in spatially and temporally variable environments. Here, we review these 'ecological' constraints on adaptation, focusing on the complications that arise from the need to simultaneously adapt to multiple biotic agents and from temporal and spatial variation in both selection and demography. Throughout, we illustrate cases where these constraints might be especially important in native populations faced with biological invasions. Our goal was to highlight additional complexities empiricists should consider when studying adaptation to biological invasions and to begin to identify conditions when adaptation may fail to be an effective response to invasion.}, }
@article {pmid25675493, year = {2015}, author = {Woinarski, JC and Burbidge, AA and Harrison, PL}, title = {Ongoing unraveling of a continental fauna: decline and extinction of Australian mammals since European settlement.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {112}, number = {15}, pages = {4531-4540}, pmid = {25675493}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Felis/physiology ; Foxes/physiology ; Humans ; Mammals/classification/*physiology ; North America ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The highly distinctive and mostly endemic Australian land mammal fauna has suffered an extraordinary rate of extinction (>10% of the 273 endemic terrestrial species) over the last ∼200 y: in comparison, only one native land mammal from continental North America became extinct since European settlement. A further 21% of Australian endemic land mammal species are now assessed to be threatened, indicating that the rate of loss (of one to two extinctions per decade) is likely to continue. Australia's marine mammals have fared better overall, but status assessment for them is seriously impeded by lack of information. Much of the loss of Australian land mammal fauna (particularly in the vast deserts and tropical savannas) has been in areas that are remote from human population centers and recognized as relatively unmodified at global scale. In contrast to general patterns of extinction on other continents where the main cause is habitat loss, hunting, and impacts of human development, particularly in areas of high and increasing human population pressures, the loss of Australian land mammals is most likely due primarily to predation by introduced species, particularly the feral cat, Felis catus, and European red fox, Vulpes vulpes, and changed fire regimes.}, }
@article {pmid25673049, year = {2015}, author = {Li, WD and Zhang, PJ and Zhang, JM and Zhang, ZJ and Huang, F and Bei, YW and Lin, WC and Lu, YB}, title = {An evaluation of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Frankliniella intonsa (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) performance on different plant leaves based on life history characteristics.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {167}, pmid = {25673049}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Cucumis sativus/*parasitology ; Female ; Fertility/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages ; Longevity ; Solanum lycopersicum/*parasitology ; Male ; Plant Leaves/parasitology ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Thysanoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {To compare the performance of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and native Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) on cucumber and tomato leaves in laboratory, life history characters were investigated, and life tables were constructed using the method of age-stage, two-sex table life. Compared with tomato leaf, there were shorter total preoviposition period (TPOP), higher fecundity, longer female longevity, and higher intrinsic rate of increase (r) of both F. occidentalis and F. intonsa on cucumber leaf. Meanwhile, on cucumber leaf, the shorter TPOP, higher fecundity, longer female longevity, and higher value of r were found on population of F. intonsa but on tomato leaf which were found on population of F. occidentalis. From above, cucumber leaf was the preference to population development of both F. occidentalis and F. intonsa compared with tomato leaf. Nevertheless, on cucumber leaf, population of F. intonsa would grow faster than that of F. occidentalis, which was the opposite on tomato leaf. As to the population development in fields, much more factors would be taken into account, such as pollen, insecticide resistance, and effects of natural enemies etc.}, }
@article {pmid25667601, year = {2015}, author = {Chown, SL and Hodgins, KA and Griffin, PC and Oakeshott, JG and Byrne, M and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {Biological invasions, climate change and genomics.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {23-46}, pmid = {25667601}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The rate of biological invasions is expected to increase as the effects of climate change on biological communities become widespread. Climate change enhances habitat disturbance which facilitates the establishment of invasive species, which in turn provides opportunities for hybridization and introgression. These effects influence local biodiversity that can be tracked through genetic and genomic approaches. Metabarcoding and metagenomic approaches provide a way of monitoring some types of communities under climate change for the appearance of invasives. Introgression and hybridization can be followed by the analysis of entire genomes so that rapidly changing areas of the genome are identified and instances of genetic pollution monitored. Genomic markers enable accurate tracking of invasive species' geographic origin well beyond what was previously possible. New genomic tools are promoting fresh insights into classic questions about invading organisms under climate change, such as the role of genetic variation, local adaptation and climate pre-adaptation in successful invasions. These tools are providing managers with often more effective means to identify potential threats, improve surveillance and assess impacts on communities. We provide a framework for the application of genomic techniques within a management context and also indicate some important limitations in what can be achieved.}, }
@article {pmid25667339, year = {2015}, author = {Iglesias, R and García-Estévez, JM and Ayres, C and Acuña, A and Cordero-Rivera, A}, title = {First reported outbreak of severe spirorchiidiasis in Emys orbicularis, probably resulting from a parasite spillover event.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {113}, number = {1}, pages = {75-80}, doi = {10.3354/dao02812}, pmid = {25667339}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Outbreaks/*veterinary ; Seasons ; Spain ; Trematoda/classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; Trematode Infections/epidemiology/mortality/parasitology/*veterinary ; *Turtles ; }, abstract = {The importance of disease-mediated invasions and the role of parasite spillover as a substantial threat to the conservation of global biodiversity are now well known. Although competition between invasive sliders Trachemys scripta elegans and indigenous European turtles has been extensively studied, the impact of this invasive species on diseases affecting native populations is poorly known. During winter 2012-2013 an unusual event was detected in a population of Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) inhabiting a pond system in Galicia (NW Spain). Most turtles were lethargic and some had lost mobility of limbs and tail. Necropsies were performed on 11 turtles that were found dead or dying at this site. Blood flukes belonging to the species Spirorchis elegans were found inhabiting the vascular system of 3 turtles, while numerous fluke eggs were trapped in the vascular system, brain, lung, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and/or gastrointestinal tissues of all necropsied animals. Characteristic lesions included miliary egg granulomas, which were mostly found on serosal surfaces, particularly of the small intestine, as well as endocarditis, arteritis, and thrombosis. The most probable cause of death in the 3 turtle specimens which were also examined histologically was a necrotic enteritis with secondary bacterial infection associated with a massive egg embolism. The North American origin of S. elegans, the absence of prior recorded epizootics in the outbreak area, and the habitual presence of its type host, the highly invasive red-eared slider, in this area suggest a new case of parasite spillover resulting in a severe emerging disease.}, }
@article {pmid25667134, year = {2015}, author = {Guillemaud, T and Blin, A and Le Goff, I and Desneux, N and Reyes, M and Tabone, E and Tsagkarakou, A and Niño, L and Lombaert, E}, title = {The tomato borer, Tuta absoluta, invading the Mediterranean Basin, originates from a single introduction from Central Chile.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {8371}, pmid = {25667134}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Chile ; *Introduced Species ; Lepidoptera/*physiology ; Solanum lycopersicum/*parasitology ; Mediterranean Region ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; }, abstract = {The Lepidopteran pest of tomato, Tuta absoluta, is native to South America and is invasive in the Mediterranean basin. The species' routes of invasion were investigated. The genetic variability of samples collected in South America, Europe, Africa and Middle East was analyzed using microsatellite markers to infer precisely the source of the invasive populations and to test the hypothesis of a single versus multiple introductions into the old world continents. This analysis provides strong evidence that the origin of the invading populations was unique and was close to or in Chile, and probably in Central Chile near the town of Talca in the district of Maule.}, }
@article {pmid25667074, year = {2015}, author = {Beans, CM and Roach, DA}, title = {An invasive plant alters phenotypic selection on the vegetative growth of a native congener.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {102}, number = {2}, pages = {217-224}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1400355}, pmid = {25667074}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Fruit ; Impatiens/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; *Phenotype ; Plant Stems ; *Selection, Genetic ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The ecological consequences of plant competition have frequently been tested, but the evolutionary outcomes of these interactions have gone largely unexplored. The study of species invasions can make an important contribution to this field of research by allowing us to watch ecological and evolutionary processes unfold as a novel species is integrated into a plant community. We explored the ecological and evolutionary impact of an invasive jewelweed, Impatiens glandulifera, on a closely related native congener, I. capensis and asked: (1) Does the presence of the invasive jewelweed alter the fitness of native jewelweed populations? (2) Does the invasive jewelweed affect the vegetative growth of the native congener? and (3) Does the invasive jewelweed alter phenotypic selection on the vegetative traits of the native congener?<br><br>METHODS: We used a greenhouse competition experiment, an invasive species removal field experiment, and a survey of natural populations.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: We show that when the invasive jewelweed is present, phenotypic selection favors native jewelweed individuals investing less in rapid upward growth and more in branching and fruiting potential through the production of nodes.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This research demonstrates that invasive plants have the potential to greatly alter natural selection on native competitors. Studies investigating altered selection in invaded communities can reveal the potential evolutionary impact of invasive competitors, while deepening our understanding of the more general role of competition in driving plant evolution and permitting species coexistence.}, }
@article {pmid25664964, year = {2015}, author = {Hadas, O and Kaplan, A and Sukenik, A}, title = {Long-term changes in cyanobacteria populations in lake kinneret (sea of galilee), Israel: an eco-physiological outlook.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {418-431}, pmid = {25664964}, issn = {2075-1729}, abstract = {The long-term record of cyanobacteria abundance in Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee), Israel, demonstrates changes in cyanobacteria abundance and composition in the last five decades. New invasive species of the order Nostocales (Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii) became part of the annual phytoplankton assemblage during summer-autumn. Concomitantly, bloom events of Microcystis sp. (Chroococcales) during winter-spring intensified. These changes in cyanobacteria pattern may be partly attributed to the management policy in Lake Kinneret's vicinity and watershed aimed to reduce effluent discharge to the lake and partly to climate changes in the region; i.e., increased water column temperature, less wind and reduced precipitation. The gradual decrease in the concentration of total and dissolved phosphorus and total and dissolved nitrogen and an increase in alkalinity, pH and salinity, combined with the physiological features of cyanobacteria, probably contributed to the success of cyanobacteria. The data presented here indicate that the trend of the continuous decline of nutrients may not be sufficient to reduce and to control the abundance and proliferation of toxic and non-toxic cyanobacteria.}, }
@article {pmid25663442, year = {2015}, author = {Sandhu, MA and Zaib, A and Anjum, MS and Qayyum, M}, title = {Empirical evidence of cold stress induced cell mediated and humoral immune response in common myna (Sturnus tristis).}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {59}, number = {11}, pages = {1607-1613}, pmid = {25663442}, issn = {1432-1254}, mesh = {Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; *Cold Temperature ; Erythrocytes/immunology ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunity, Humoral ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Immunoglobulin M/blood ; Macrophages/physiology ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Passeriformes/*immunology ; Phagocytosis ; Sheep ; Spleen/cytology/immunology ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Common myna (Sturnus tristis) is a bird indigenous to the Indian subcontinent that has invaded many parts of the world. At the onset of our investigation, we hypothesized that the immunological profile of myna makes it resistant to harsh/new environmental conditions. In order to test this hypothesis, a number of 40 mynas were caught and divided into two groups, i.e., 7 and 25 °C for 14 days. To determine the effect of cold stress, cell mediated and humoral immune responses were assessed. The macrophage engulfment percentage was significantly (P < 0.05) higher at 25 °C rather than 7 °C either co-incubated with opsonized or unopsonized sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Macrophage engulfment/cell and nitric oxide production behaved in a similar manner. However, splenic cells plaque formation, heterophil to lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, and serum IgM or IgG production remained non-significant. There was a significant increase of IgG antibody production after a second immunization by SRBC. To the best of our knowledge, these findings have never been reported in the progression of this bird's invasion in frosty areas of the world. The results revealed a strengthened humoral immune response of myna and made this bird suitable for invasion in the areas of harsh conditions.}, }
@article {pmid25662784, year = {2015}, author = {Gallinat, AS and Primack, RB and Wagner, DL}, title = {Autumn, the neglected season in climate change research.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {169-176}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2015.01.004}, pmid = {25662784}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Carbon Cycle ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {Autumn remains a relatively neglected season in climate change research in temperate and arctic ecosystems. This neglect occurs despite the importance of autumn events, including leaf senescence, fruit ripening, bird and insect migration, and induction of hibernation and diapause. Changes in autumn phenology alter the reproductive capacity of individuals, exacerbate invasions, allow pathogen amplification and higher disease-transmission rates, reshuffle natural enemy-prey dynamics, shift the ecological dynamics among interacting species, and affect the net productivity of ecosystems. We synthesize some of our existing understanding of autumn phenology and identify five areas ripe for future climate change research. We provide recommendations to address common pitfalls in autumnal research as well as to support the conservation and management of vulnerable ecosystems and taxa.}, }
@article {pmid25660724, year = {2015}, author = {Castelli, E and Viviano, E and Torina, A and Caputo, V and Bongiorno, MR}, title = {Avian mite dermatitis: an Italian case indicating the establishment and spread of Ornithonyssus bursa (Acari: Gamasida: Macronyssidae) (Berlese, 1888) in Europe.}, journal = {International journal of dermatology}, volume = {54}, number = {7}, pages = {795-799}, doi = {10.1111/ijd.12739}, pmid = {25660724}, issn = {1365-4632}, mesh = {Aged ; Animals ; Chickens/*parasitology ; Dermatitis/*parasitology ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mite Infestations/*complications/*parasitology/veterinary ; Mites ; Poultry Diseases/*parasitology ; Sicily ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Avian mite dermatitis is a skin disease caused in mammals by the incidental bites of blood-sucking mites which customarily parasitize wild and domestic birds. It manifests in the form of pruritic, erythematous, or urticarial papules, with a central sting mark, in skin regions normally covered by clothing. The species mainly implicated in human bite cases are Dermanyssus gallinae, Ornithonyssus sylviarum and, less frequently, Ornithonyssus bursa. The latter is mainly a tropical and subtropical mite and its - presumably transitory - presence has been recorded only once in Europe, in migratory birds.<br><br>CASE REPORT: We report a case of avian mite dermatitis in a 70-year-old man, an owner of chickens, who lived in Sicily, an island in southern Italy. He presented with an itching, erythematous, papular eruption. Numerous mites were seen racing across his skin. The precise identification of O.&#xa0;bursa was based on the morphology of its plates and chelicerae and on the arrangement of its setae.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Not only does this paper report the first European case of human infestation with O.&#xa0;bursa, it provides evidence that this alien species has settled and spread in the Old Continent. It may have been flown in from a small focus reported in Danish migratory birds in the 1980s or may have been accidentally introduced into Italy through the importation of infested poultry from South America. Such occurrences may have unpredictable epidemiological and ecological consequences. More comprehensive veterinary inspection of imported birds is desirable.}, }
@article {pmid25660696, year = {2015}, author = {Sugawara, H and Takahashi, H and Hayashi, F}, title = {Microsatellite Analysis of the Population Genetic Structure of Anolis carolinensis Introduced to the Ogasawara Islands.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {47-52}, doi = {10.2108/zs140041}, pmid = {25660696}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Lizards/*genetics ; Male ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; }, abstract = {DNA analysis can reveal the origins and dispersal patterns of invasive species. The green anole Anolis carolinensis is one such alien animal, which has been dispersed widely by humans from its native North America to many Pacific Ocean islands. In the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, this anole was recorded from Chichi-jima at the end of the 1960s, and then from Haha-jima in the early 1980s. These two islands are inhabited. In 2013, it was also found on the uninhabited Ani-jima, close to Chichi-jima. Humans are thought to have introduced the anole to Haha-jima, while the mode of introduction to Ani-jima is unknown. To clarify its dispersal patterns within and among these three islands, we assessed the fine-scale population genetic structure using five microsatellite loci. The results show a homogeneous genetic structure within islands, but different genetic structures among islands, suggesting that limited gene flow occurs between islands. The recently established Ani-jima population may have originated from several individuals simultaneously, or by repeated immigration from Chichi-jima. We must consider frequent incursions among these islands to control these invasive lizard populations and prevent their negative impact on native biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid25660498, year = {2015}, author = {Zhang, F and Wang, X and Yin, D and Peng, B and Tan, C and Liu, Y and Tan, X and Wu, S}, title = {Efficiency and mechanisms of Cd removal from aqueous solution by biochar derived from water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes).}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {153}, number = {}, pages = {68-73}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.01.043}, pmid = {25660498}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Adsorption ; Cadmium/*chemistry ; Charcoal/*chemistry ; Eichhornia/*chemistry ; Ion Exchange ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {This study investigated the efficiency and mechanisms of Cd removal by biochar pyrolyzed from water hyacinth (BC) at 250-550 °C. BC450 out-performed the other BCs at varying Cd concentrations and can remove nearly 100% Cd from aqueous solution within 1 h at initial Cd ≤ 50 mg l(-1). The process of Cd sorption by BC450 followed the pseudo-second order kinetics with the equilibrium being achieved after 24 h with initial Cd ranging from 100 to 500 mg l(-1). The maximum Cd sorption capacity of BC450 was estimated to be 70.3 mg g(-1) based on Langmuir model, which is prominent among a range of low-cost sorbents. Based on the balance analysis between cations released and Cd sorbed onto BC450 in combination with SEM-EDX and XPS data, ion-exchange followed by surface complexation is proposed as the dominant mechanism responsible for Cd immobilization by BC450. In parallel, XRD analysis also suggested the formation of insoluble Cd minerals (CdCO3, Cd3P2, Cd3(PO4)2 and K4CdCl6) from either (co)-precipitation or ion exchange. Results from this study highlighted that the conversion of water hyacinth into biochar is a promising method to achieve effective Cd immobilization and improved management of this highly problematic invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid25659991, year = {2015}, author = {Su, M and Hui, C and Lin, Z}, title = {Effects of the transmissibility and virulence of pathogens on intraguild predation in fragmented landscapes.}, journal = {Bio Systems}, volume = {129}, number = {}, pages = {44-49}, doi = {10.1016/j.biosystems.2015.02.002}, pmid = {25659991}, issn = {1872-8324}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Infections/*transmission ; Models, Theoretical ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Virulence ; }, abstract = {It is well known that pathogenic infection can have a profound effect on the outcome of competition and predation, however the role of pathogenic infection in systems where predators and prey also compete for other resources is yet to be explored (i.e. in systems of intraguild predation). Using a cellular automaton model, we here explore the effect of pathogenic infection on the spatial dynamics of species that also engage in intraguild predation (IGP) in a fragmented landscape. First, the shared pathogen by the predator and prey can enhance species coexistence in the IGP system, consistent with results for non-spatial IGP systems. Second, equilibrium population sizes of the predator and prey depend crucially on the pathogen virulence to the predator but are insensitive to the change in the virulence to the prey. This asymmetric response to virulence change is due to the fact that the predator species has to juggle between predation, resource competition and pathogenic infection. Finally, the response of the pathogen to habitat fragmentation is largely determined by its life-history strategy (transmissibility and virulence) and the trophic level of its host. These results enrich our understanding on the role of pathogens in the ecosystem functioning of eco-epidemiological systems.}, }
@article {pmid25659333, year = {2015}, author = {Holaday, AS and Schwilk, DW and Waring, EF and Guvvala, H and Griffin, CM and Lewis, OM}, title = {Plasticity of nitrogen allocation in the leaves of the invasive wetland grass, Phalaris arundinacea and co-occurring Carex species determines the photosynthetic sensitivity to nitrogen availability.}, journal = {Journal of plant physiology}, volume = {177}, number = {}, pages = {20-29}, doi = {10.1016/j.jplph.2015.01.008}, pmid = {25659333}, issn = {1618-1328}, mesh = {Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; Carex Plant/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Phalaris/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; *Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Phalaris arundinacea displaces the slower-growing, native sedge, Carex stricta, where nitrogen availability is high. Our aim was to address whether morphological and physiological traits associated with carbon gain for P. arundinacea and C. stricta responded to nitrogen supply differently and if the species exhibited different degrees of plasticity in these traits. The plants were grown in gravel and provided modified Hoagland's solution containing four nitrogen concentrations from 0.15 to 15 mM for 6 to 7 weeks. Supplied nitrogen affected the leaf nitrogen content to the same degree for both species. Increasing supplied nitrogen strongly increased CO2 assimilation (A), photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), and respiration for P. arundinacea but had only a small effect on these parameters for C. stricta. Relative to growth at 15 mM nitrogen, growth at 0.15 mM for young leaves decreased carboxylation capacity and efficiency and the capacity for electron transport for P. arundinacea and a larger, stouter Carex species, Carex lacustris, by 53 to 70% but only 20 to 24% for C. stricta. Leaf nitrogen decreased approximately 50% for all species, but vacuolar nitrate did not decrease for P. arundinacea and C. stricta, suggesting that it does not serve as a nitrogen reserve for use during nitrogen deprivation in these species. After 4 months of nitrogen deprivation, P. arundinacea doubled A in 12 days after being supplied 15 mM nitrogen, whereas A for C. stricta increased only 22%. We propose that one factor linking P. arundinacea abundance to nitrogen availability involves this species' plastic response of carbon gain to nitrogen supply. C. stricta appears to be adapted to tolerate low nitrogen availability but cannot respond as rapidly and extensively as P. arundinacea when nitrogen supply is high.}, }
@article {pmid25658824, year = {2015}, author = {David, AS and Zarnetske, PL and Hacker, SD and Ruggiero, P and Biel, RG and Seabloom, EW}, title = {Invasive congeners differ in successional impacts across space and time.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {e0117283}, pmid = {25658824}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biota ; Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/analysis ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can alter the succession of ecological communities because they are often adapted to the disturbed conditions that initiate succession. The extent to which this occurs may depend on how widely they are distributed across environmental gradients and how long they persist over the course of succession. We focus on plant communities of the USA Pacific Northwest coastal dunes, where disturbance is characterized by changes in sediment supply, and the plant community is dominated by two introduced grasses--the long-established Ammophila arenaria and the currently invading A. breviligulata. Previous studies showed that A. breviligulata has replaced A. arenaria and reduced community diversity. We hypothesize that this is largely due to A. breviligulata occupying a wider distribution across spatial environmental gradients and persisting in later-successional habitat than A. arenaria. We used multi-decadal chronosequences and a resurvey study spanning 2 decades to characterize distributions of both species across space and time, and investigated how these distributions were associated with changes in the plant community. The invading A. breviligulata persisted longer and occupied a wider spatial distribution across the dune, and this corresponded with a reduction in plant species richness and native cover. Furthermore, backdunes previously dominated by A. arenaria switched to being dominated by A. breviligulata, forest, or developed land over a 23-yr period. Ammophila breviligulata likely invades by displacing A. arenaria, and reduces plant diversity by maintaining its dominance into later successional backdunes. Our results suggest distinct roles in succession, with A. arenaria playing a more classically facilitative role and A. breviligulata a more inhibitory role. Differential abilities of closely-related invasive species to persist through time and occupy heterogeneous environments allows for distinct impacts on communities during succession.}, }
@article {pmid25655667, year = {2015}, author = {Wu, Y and Molongoski, JJ and Winograd, DF and Bogdanowicz, SM and Louyakis, AS and Lance, DR and Mastro, VC and Harrison, RG}, title = {Genetic structure, admixture and invasion success in a Holarctic defoliator, the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar, Lepidoptera: Erebidae).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, pages = {1275-1291}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13103}, pmid = {25655667}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia ; Bayes Theorem ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Europe ; Gene Frequency ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Moths/*genetics ; North America ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Characterizing the current population structure of potentially invasive species provides a critical context for identifying source populations and for understanding why invasions are successful. Non-native populations inevitably lose genetic diversity during initial colonization events, but subsequent admixture among independently introduced lineages may increase both genetic variation and adaptive potential. Here we characterize the population structure of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar Linnaeus), one of the world's most destructive forest pests. Native to Eurasia and recently introduced to North America, the current distribution of gypsy moth includes forests throughout the temperate region of the northern hemisphere. Analyses of microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA sequences for 1738 individuals identified four genetic clusters within L. dispar. Three of these clusters correspond to the three named subspecies; North American populations represent a distinct fourth cluster, presumably a consequence of the population bottleneck and allele frequency change that accompanied introduction. We find no evidence that admixture has been an important catalyst of the successful invasion and range expansion in North America. However, we do find evidence of ongoing hybridization between subspecies and increased genetic variation in gypsy moth populations from Eastern Asia, populations that now pose a threat of further human-mediated introductions. Finally, we show that current patterns of variation can be explained in terms of climate and habitat changes during the Pleistocene, a time when temperate forests expanded and contracted. Deeply diverged matrilines in Europe imply that gypsy moths have been there for a long time and are not recent arrivals from Asia.}, }
@article {pmid25655531, year = {2015}, author = {Veale, AJ and Holland, OJ and McDonald, RA and Clout, MN and Gleeson, DM}, title = {An invasive non-native mammal population conserves genetic diversity lost from its native range.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2156-2163}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13102}, pmid = {25655531}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents ; Computer Simulation ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genetic Drift ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mustelidae/*genetics ; New Zealand ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Invasive, non-native species are one of the major causes of global biodiversity loss. Although they are, by definition, successful in their non-native range, their populations generally show major reductions in their genetic diversity during the demographic bottleneck they experience during colonization. By investigating the mitochondrial genetic diversity of an invasive non-native species, the stoat Mustela erminea, in New Zealand and comparing it to diversity in the species' native range in Great Britain, we reveal the opposite effect. We demonstrate that the New Zealand stoat population contains four mitochondrial haplotypes that have not been found in the native range. Stoats in Britain rely heavily on introduced rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus as their primary prey and were introduced to New Zealand in a misguided attempt at biological control of rabbits, which had also been introduced there. While invasive stoats have since decimated the New Zealand avifauna, native stoat populations were themselves decimated by the introduction to Britain of Myxoma virus as a control measure for rabbits. We highlight the irony that while introduced species (rabbits) and subsequent biocontrol (myxomatosis) have caused population crashes of native stoats, invasive stoats in New Zealand, which were also introduced for biological control, now contain more genetic haplotypes than their most likely native source.}, }
@article {pmid25655436, year = {2015}, author = {Ferrari, MC and Crane, AL and Brown, GE and Chivers, DP}, title = {Getting ready for invasions: can background level of risk predict the ability of naïve prey to survive novel predators?.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {8309}, pmid = {25655436}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Coleoptera ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; *Predatory Behavior ; Ranidae ; Trout ; }, abstract = {Factors predicting the outcome of predator invasions on native prey communities are critical to our understanding of invasion ecology. Here, we tested whether background level of risk affected the survival of prey to novel predators, both native and invasive, predicting that high-risk environments would better prepare prey for invasions. We used naïve woodfrog as our prey and exposed them to a high or low risk regime either as embryos (prenatal exposure) or as larvae (recent exposure). Tadpoles were then tested for their survival in the presence of 4 novel predators: two dytiscid beetles, crayfish and trout. Survival was affected by both risk level and predator type. High risk was beneficial to prey exposed to the dytiscids larvae (ambush predators), but detrimental to prey exposed to crayfish or trout (pursuit predators). No effect of ontogeny of risk was found. We further documented that high-risk tadpoles were overall more active than their low-risk counterparts, explaining the patterns found with survival. Our results provide insights into the relationship between risk and resilience to predator invasions.}, }
@article {pmid25655399, year = {2015}, author = {Gering, E and Johnsson, M and Willis, P and Getty, T and Wright, D}, title = {Mixed ancestry and admixture in Kauai's feral chickens: invasion of domestic genes into ancient Red Junglefowl reservoirs.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2112-2124}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13096}, pmid = {25655399}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Breeding ; Chickens/*genetics ; Color ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Feathers ; Gene Pool ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Hawaii ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Vocalization, Animal ; }, abstract = {A major goal of invasion genetics is to determine how establishment histories shape non-native organisms' genotypes and phenotypes. While domesticated species commonly escape cultivation to invade feral habitats, few studies have examined how this process shapes feral gene pools and traits. We collected genomic and phenotypic data from feral chickens (Gallus gallus) on the Hawaiian island of Kauai to (i) ascertain their origins and (ii) measure standing variation in feral genomes, morphology and behaviour. Mitochondrial phylogenies (D-loop &amp; whole Mt genome) revealed two divergent clades within our samples. The rare clade also contains sequences from Red Junglefowl (the domestic chicken's progenitor) and ancient DNA sequences from Kauai that predate European contact. This lineage appears to have been dispersed into the east Pacific by ancient Polynesian colonists. The more prevalent MtDNA clade occurs worldwide and includes domesticated breeds developed recently in Europe that are farmed within Hawaii. We hypothesize this lineage originates from recently feralized livestock and found supporting evidence for increased G. gallus density on Kauai within the last few decades. SNPs obtained from whole-genome sequencing were consistent with historic admixture between Kauai's divergent (G. gallus) lineages. Additionally, analyses of plumage, skin colour and vocalizations revealed that Kauai birds' behaviours and morphologies overlap with those of domestic chickens and Red Junglefowl, suggesting hybrid origins. Together, our data support the hypotheses that (i) Kauai's feral G. gallus descend from recent invasion(s) of domestic chickens into an ancient Red Junglefowl reservoir and (ii) feral chickens exhibit greater phenotypic diversity than candidate source populations. These findings complicate management objectives for Pacific feral chickens, while highlighting the potential of this and other feral systems for evolutionary studies of invasions.}, }
@article {pmid25655086, year = {2015}, author = {Forbes, VE and Brain, R and Edwards, D and Galic, N and Hall, T and Honegger, J and Meyer, C and Moore, DR and Nacci, D and Pastorok, R and Preuss, TG and Railsback, SF and Salice, C and Sibly, RM and Tenhumberg, B and Thorbek, P and Wang, M}, title = {Assessing pesticide risks to threatened and endangered species using population models: Findings and recommendations from a CropLife America Science Forum.}, journal = {Integrated environmental assessment and management}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {348-354}, doi = {10.1002/ieam.1628}, pmid = {25655086}, issn = {1551-3793}, mesh = {Agriculture/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Environmental Exposure/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Environmental Pollutants/*analysis ; Models, Theoretical ; *Pesticides ; Population Growth ; Risk Assessment/*methods ; United States ; }, abstract = {This brief communication reports on the main findings and recommendations from the 2014 Science Forum organized by CropLife America. The aim of the Forum was to gain a better understanding of the current status of population models and how they could be used in ecological risk assessments for threatened and endangered species potentially exposed to pesticides in the United States. The Forum panelists' recommendations are intended to assist the relevant government agencies with implementation of population modeling in future endangered species risk assessments for pesticides. The Forum included keynote presentations that provided an overview of current practices, highlighted the findings of a recent National Academy of Sciences report and its implications, reviewed the main categories of existing population models and the types of risk expressions that can be produced as model outputs, and provided examples of how population models are currently being used in different legislative contexts. The panel concluded that models developed for listed species assessments should provide quantitative risk estimates, incorporate realistic variability in environmental and demographic factors, integrate complex patterns of exposure and effects, and use baseline conditions that include present factors that have caused the species to be listed (e.g., habitat loss, invasive species) or have resulted in positive management action. Furthermore, the panel advocates for the formation of a multipartite advisory committee to provide best available knowledge and guidance related to model implementation and use, to address such needs as more systematic collection, digitization, and dissemination of data for listed species; consideration of the newest developments in good modeling practice; comprehensive review of existing population models and their applicability for listed species assessments; and development of case studies using a few well-tested models for particular species to demonstrate proof of concept. To advance our common goals, the panel recommends the following as important areas for further research and development: quantitative analysis of the causes of species listings to guide model development; systematic assessment of the relative role of toxicity versus other factors in driving pesticide risk; additional study of how interactions between density dependence and pesticides influence risk; and development of pragmatic approaches to assessing indirect effects of pesticides on listed species.}, }
@article {pmid25654444, year = {2015}, author = {Salgado-Maldonado, G and Matamoros, WA and Kreiser, BR and Caspeta-Mandujano, JM and Mendoza-Franco, EF}, title = {First record of the invasive Asian fish tapeworm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi in Honduras, Central America.}, journal = {Parasite (Paris, France)}, volume = {22}, number = {}, pages = {5}, pmid = {25654444}, issn = {1776-1042}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia ; Base Sequence ; Carps/parasitology ; Cestoda/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Cestode Infections/parasitology/*veterinary ; DNA, Helminth/genetics ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; Helminthiasis, Animal/parasitology ; Honduras ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; }, abstract = {This paper provides the first report of the invasive Asian fish tapeworm, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934, in Honduras. The cestode was found in Profundulus portillorum (Cyprinodontiformes: Profundulidae), which represents a new host record, and which is a member of a genus faced with a variety of conservation challenges, now potentially complicated by the presence of this pathogenic cestode. Nearly complete sequence data from the ITS-1 5.8S and ITS-2 regions corroborate the determination based on morphological characteristics. Several species of carp were introduced to Honduras for aquaculture purposes in the early 1980s and the presence of the Asian fish tapeworm in Honduras may be related to these introductions. In addition, this report documents the currently known geographical distribution of this parasite in Central America, first recorded from Panamá and now from Honduras.}, }
@article {pmid25653664, year = {2015}, author = {Marble, SC and Prior, SA and Runion, GB and Torbert, HA}, title = {Control of yellow and purple nutsedge in elevated CO2 environments with glyphosate and halosulfuron.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {1}, pmid = {25653664}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) have significantly increased over the past century and are expected to continue rising in the future. While elevated levels of CO2 will likely result in higher crop yields, weed growth is also highly likely to increase, which could increase the incidence of herbicide resistant biotypes. An experiment was conducted in 2012 to determine the effects of an elevated CO2 environment on glyphosate and halosulfuron efficacy for postemergence control of purple and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L. and C. esculentus L.). Both species of nutsedge where grown in 3.0-L containers under either ambient or elevated (ambient + 200 μmol mol(-1)) CO2 in open-top field chambers and treated with either 0.5×, 1.0×, or 1.5× of the manufacturer's labeled rate of halosulfuron, glyphosate, or a tank mix of the two herbicides. The growth of both nutsedge species responded positively to elevated CO2, purple nutsedge had increased shoot and root dry weights and yellow nutsedge had increased shoot, root, and tuber dry weights and counts. Few treatment differences were observed among the herbicides at any of the rates tested. At 3 weeks following herbicide application, both purple and yellow nutsedge were adequately controlled by both herbicides and combinations at all rates tested, regardless of CO2 concentration. Based on this study, it is likely that predicted future CO2 levels will have little impact on the efficacy of single applications of halosulfuron or glyphosate for control of purple and yellow nutsedge at the growth stages described here, although scenarios demanding more persistent control efforts remain a question.}, }
@article {pmid25653045, year = {2015}, author = {Gibson, DM and Vaughan, RH and Milbrath, LR}, title = {Invasive swallow-worts: an allelopathic role for -(-) antofine remains unclear.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {41}, number = {2}, pages = {202-211}, pmid = {25653045}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Cynanchum/chemistry ; Indoles/*chemistry ; Introduced Species ; New York ; Phenanthrolines/*chemistry ; *Rhizosphere ; Soil/*chemistry ; Vincetoxicum/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Pale swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum rossicum) and black swallow-wort (V. nigrum) are two invasive plant species in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada that have undergone rapidly expanding ranges over the past 30 years. Both species possess a highly bioactive phytotoxin -(-) antofine in root tissues that causes pronounced inhibition in laboratory bioassays of native plant species co-located in habitats where swallow-wort is found. To further evaluate the allelopathic potential of -(-) antofine, we: determined its concentration in young plant tissues; used in situ approaches to assess antofine stability, potential activity of degradation products, activity in sterile and nonsterile soil; and determined accumulation and concentration in hydroponic cultivation and field collected soil samples. Extracts of seeds and young seedlings were found to have approximately 2-3 times the level of -(-) antofine in comparison to root extracts of adult plants. Breakdown products of antofine accumulated rapidly with exposure to light, but more slowly in the dark, at ambient temperatures, and these products did not retain biological activity. Extraction efficiencies of control soil spiked with -(-) antofine were low but easily detectable by HPLC. Soil samples collected over two growing seasons at four different sites where either pale swallow-wort or black swallow-wort populations are present were negative for the presence of -(-) antofine. Dose response curves using sterile and nonsterile soil spiked with -(-) antofine demonstrated a requirement for at least 20-55 × greater -(-) antofine concentrations in soil to produce similar phytotoxic effects to those previously seen in agar bioassays with lettuce seedlings. Sterile soil had a calculated EC50 of 686 μM (250 μg/g) as compared to nonsterile soil treatments with a calculated EC50 of 1.88 mM (640 μg/g). When pale swallow-wort and black swallow-wort adult plants were grown in hydroponic cultivation, -(-) antofine was found in root exudates and in the growing medium in the nM range. The concentrations in exudate were much lower than that needed for biological activity (μM) although they might be an underestimate of what may accumulate over time in an undisturbed rhizosphere. Based on these various results, it remains uncertain as to whether -(-) antofine could play a significant allelopathic role for invasive swallow-worts.}, }
@article {pmid25650011, year = {2015}, author = {Hopson, R and Meiman, P and Shannon, G}, title = {Rangeland dynamics: investigating vegetation composition and structure of urban and exurban prairie dog habitat.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {e736}, pmid = {25650011}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Rapid human population growth and habitat modification in the western United States has led to the formation of urban and exurban rangelands. Many of these rangelands are also home to populations of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Our study aimed to compare the vegetation composition of an urban and exurban rangeland, and explore the role that prairie dogs play in these systems. The percent absolute canopy cover of graminoids (grasses and grass-likes), forbs, shrubs, litter, and bare ground were estimated at sampling areas located on and off prairie dog colonies at an urban and an exurban site. Herbaceous forage quality and quantity were determined on plant material collected from exclosure cages located on the colony during the entire growing season, while a relative estimate of prairie dog density was calculated using maximum counts. The exurban site had more litter and plant cover and less bare ground than the urban site. Graminoids were the dominant vegetation at the exurban plots. In contrast, mostly introduced forbs were found on the urban prairie dog colony. However, the forage quality and quantity tests demonstrated no difference between the two colonies. The relative prairie dog density was greater at the urban colony, which has the potential to drive greater vegetation utilization and reduced cover. Exurban rangeland showed lower levels of impact and retained all of the plant functional groups both on- and off-colony. These results suggest that activities of prairie dogs might further exacerbate the impacts of humans in fragmented urban rangeland habitats. Greater understanding of the drivers of these impacts and the spatial scales at which they occur are likely to prove valuable in the management and conservation of rangelands in and around urban areas.}, }
@article {pmid25649431, year = {2015}, author = {Kroon, F and Phillips, S and Burrows, D and Hogan, A}, title = {Presence and absence of non-native fish species in the Wet Tropics region, Australia.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {86}, number = {3}, pages = {1177-1185}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.12614}, pmid = {25649431}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biota ; Cichlids ; Cyprinodontiformes ; *Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Queensland ; }, abstract = {Distributional records of non-native fish species were identified in the Wet Tropics region, Far North Queensland, Australia, through a compilation of published records and expert knowledge. A total of 1106 records were identified comprising 346 presence and four uncertain records for at least 13 species, and 756 absence records. All current presence records consist of six species from the families Cichlidae and Poeciliidae with established self-sustaining populations in the region, probably affecting the highly diverse native fish fauna.}, }
@article {pmid25648916, year = {2016}, author = {Gan, HM and Gan, HY and Lee, YP and Grandjean, F and Austin, CM}, title = {The complete mitogenome of the invasive spiny-cheek crayfish Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque, 1817) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Cambaridae).}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, pages = {3181-3183}, doi = {10.3109/19401736.2015.1007326}, pmid = {25648916}, issn = {2470-1408}, mesh = {AT Rich Sequence ; Animals ; Base Composition ; Decapoda/*genetics ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Introduced Species ; Open Reading Frames ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; RNA, Transfer/genetics ; }, abstract = {The invasive freshwater crayfish Orconectes limosus mitogenome was recovered by genome skimming. The mitogenome is 16,223 base pairs in length consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal subunit genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and a non-coding AT-rich region. The O. limosus mitogenome has an AT bias of 71.37% and base composition of 39.8% for T, 10.3% for C, 31.5% for A, and 18.4% for G. The mitogene order is identical to two other genera of northern hemisphere crayfish that have been sequenced for this organelle.}, }
@article {pmid25648134, year = {2015}, author = {Hamilton, JA and Okada, M and Korves, T and Schmitt, J}, title = {The role of climate adaptation in colonization success in Arabidopsis thaliana.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2253-2263}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13099}, pmid = {25648134}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Arabidopsis/*genetics ; *Climate ; Genetic Association Studies ; *Genetic Fitness ; *Genetics, Population ; Genome, Plant ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Rhode Island ; Seasons ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Understanding the genetic mechanisms that contribute to range expansion and colonization success within novel environments is important for both invasion biology and predicting species-level responses to changing environments. If populations are adapted to local climates across a species' native range, then climate matching may predict which genotypes will successfully establish in novel environments. We examine evidence for climate adaptation and its role in colonization of novel environments in the model species, Arabidopsis thaliana. We review phenotypic and genomic evidence for climate adaptation within the native range and describe new analyses of fitness data from European accessions introduced to Rhode Island, USA, in spring and fall plantings. Accessions from climates similar to the Rhode Island site had higher fitness indicating a potential role for climate pre-adaptation in colonization success. A genomewide association study (GWAS), and genotypic mean correlations of fitness across plantings suggest the genetic basis of fitness in Rhode Island differs between spring and autumn cohorts, and from previous fitness measurements in European field sites. In general, these observations suggest a scenario of conditional neutrality for loci contributing to colonization success, although there was evidence of a fitness trade-off between fall plantings in Norwich, UK, and Rhode Island. GWAS suggested that antagonistic pleiotropy at a few specific loci may contribute to this trade-off, but this conclusion depended upon the accessions included in the analysis. Increased genomic information and phenotypic information make A. thaliana a model system to test for the genetic basis of colonization success in novel environments.}, }
@article {pmid25645745, year = {2015}, author = {Boppré, M and Colegate, SM}, title = {Recognition of pyrrolizidine alkaloid esters in the invasive aquatic plant Gymnocoronis spilanthoides (Asteraceae).}, journal = {Phytochemical analysis : PCA}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {215-225}, doi = {10.1002/pca.2555}, pmid = {25645745}, issn = {1099-1565}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods ; Esters/analysis/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Structure ; Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids/*analysis/chemistry ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The freshwater aquatic plant Gymnocoronis spilanthoides (Senegal tea plant, jazmín del bañado, Falscher Wasserfreund) is an invasive plant in many countries. Behavioural observations of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-pharmacophagous butterflies suggested the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the plant.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the attraction of the butterflies to the plant is an accurate indicator of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in G. spilanthoides.<br><br>METHODS: The alkaloid fraction of a methanolic extract of G. spilanthoides was analysed using HPLC with electrospray ionisation MS and MS/MS. Two HPLC approaches were used, that is, a C18 reversed-phase column with an acidic mobile phase, and a porous graphitic carbon column with a basic mobile phase.<br><br>RESULTS: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids were confirmed, with the free base forms more prevalent than the N-oxides. The major alkaloids detected were lycopsamine and intermedine. The porous graphitic carbon HPLC column, with basic mobile phase conditions, resulted in better resolution of more pyrrolizidine alkaloids including rinderine, the heliotridine-based epimer of intermedine. Based on the MS/MS and high-resolution MS data, gymnocoronine was tentatively identified as an unusual C9 retronecine ester with 2,3-dihydroxy-2-propenylbutanoic acid. Among several minor-abundance monoester pyrrolizidines recognised, spilanthine was tentatively identified as an ester of isoretronecanol with the unusual 2-acetoxymethylbutanoic acid.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The butterflies proved to be reliable indicators for the presence of pro-toxic 1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids in G. spilanthoides, the first aquatic plant shown to produce these alkaloids. The presence of the anti-herbivory alkaloids may contribute to the plant's invasive capabilities and would certainly be a consideration in any risk assessment of deliberate utilisation of the plant. The prolific growth of the plant and the structural diversity of its pyrrolizidine alkaloids may make it ideal for investigating biosynthetic pathways or for large-scale production of specific alkaloids.}, }
@article {pmid25644484, year = {2015}, author = {Thorpe, RS and Barlow, A and Malhotra, A and Surget-Groba, Y}, title = {Widespread parallel population adaptation to climate variation across a radiation: implications for adaptation to climate change.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, pages = {1019-1030}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13093}, pmid = {25644484}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Altitude ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Genetics, Population ; Lizards/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Rainforest ; West Indies ; }, abstract = {Global warming will impact species in a number of ways, and it is important to know the extent to which natural populations can adapt to anthropogenic climate change by natural selection. Parallel microevolution within separate species can demonstrate natural selection, but several studies of homoplasy have not yet revealed examples of widespread parallel evolution in a generic radiation. Taking into account primary phylogeographic divisions, we investigate numerous quantitative traits (size, shape, scalation, colour pattern and hue) in anole radiations from the mountainous Lesser Antillean islands. Adaptation to climatic differences can lead to very pronounced differences between spatially close populations with all studied traits showing some evidence of parallel evolution. Traits from shape, scalation, pattern and hue (particularly the latter) show widespread evolutionary parallels within these species in response to altitudinal climate variation greater than extreme anthropogenic climate change predicted for 2080. This gives strong evidence of the ability to adapt to climate variation by natural selection throughout this radiation. As anoles can evolve very rapidly, it suggests anthropogenic climate change is likely to be less of a conservation threat than other factors, such as habitat loss and invasive species, in this, Lesser Antillean, biodiversity hot spot.}, }
@article {pmid25641360, year = {2015}, author = {Perdereau, E and Bagnères, AG and Vargo, EL and Baudouin, G and Xu, Y and Labadie, P and Dupont, S and Dedeine, F}, title = {Relationship between invasion success and colony breeding structure in a subterranean termite.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2125-2142}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13094}, pmid = {25641360}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Chile ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; France ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Isoptera/*genetics/physiology ; Louisiana ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Reproduction/*physiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Factors promoting the establishment and colonization success of introduced populations in new environments constitute an important issue in biological invasions. In this context, the respective role of pre-adaptation and evolutionary changes during the invasion process is a key question that requires particular attention. This study compared the colony breeding structure (i.e. number and relatedness among reproductives within colonies) in native and introduced populations of the subterranean pest termite, Reticulitermes flavipes. We generated and analysed a data set of both microsatellite and mtDNA loci on termite samples collected in three introduced populations, one in France and two in Chile, and in the putative source population of French and Chilean infestations that has recently been identified in New Orleans, LA. We also provided a synthesis combining our results with those of previous studies to obtain a global picture of the variation in breeding structure in this species. Whereas most native US populations are mainly composed of colonies headed by monogamous pairs of primary reproductives, all introduced populations exhibit a particular colony breeding structure that is characterized by hundreds of inbreeding reproductives (neotenics) and by a propensity of colonies to fuse, a pattern shared uniquely with the population of New Orleans. These characteristics are comparable to those of many invasive ants and are discussed to play an important role during the invasion process. Our finding that the New Orleans population exhibits the same breeding structure as its related introduced populations suggests that this native population is pre-adapted to invade new ranges.}, }
@article {pmid25641210, year = {2015}, author = {Blackburn, TM and Lockwood, JL and Cassey, P}, title = {The influence of numbers on invasion success.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {1942-1953}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13075}, pmid = {25641210}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Biota ; *Ecology ; Genetic Fitness ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Plant Dispersal ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The process by which a species becomes a biological invader, at a location where it does not naturally occur, can be divided into a series of sequential stages (transport, introduction, establishment and spread). A species' success at passing through each of these stages depends, in a large part, on the number of individuals available to assist making each transition. Here, we review the evidence that numbers determine success at each stage of the invasion process and then discuss the likely mechanisms by which numbers affect success. We conclude that numbers of individuals affect transport and introduction by moderating the likelihood that abundant (and widespread) species are deliberately or accidentally translocated; affect establishment success by moderating the stochastic processes (demographic, environmental, genetic or Allee) to which small, introduced populations will be vulnerable; and affect invasive spread most likely because of persistent genetic effects determined by the numbers of individuals involved in the establishment phase. We finish by suggesting some further steps to advance our understanding of the influence of numbers on invasion success, particularly as they relate to the genetics of the process.}, }
@article {pmid25638230, year = {2015}, author = {Froufe, E and Varandas, S and Teixeira, A and Sousa, R and Filipová, L and Petrusek, A and Edsman, L and Lopes-Lima, M}, title = {First results on the genetic diversity of the invasive signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana, 1852) in Europe using novel microsatellite loci.}, journal = {Journal of applied genetics}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, pages = {375-380}, pmid = {25638230}, issn = {2190-3883}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*genetics ; Bayes Theorem ; Europe ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The introduction of non-native crayfish in aquatic ecosystems is very common due to human activities (e.g. aquaculture, recreational and commercial fisheries). The signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana, 1852), is one of the most widespread invasive species in Europe. Although several important ecological and economic impacts of this species have been reported, its European population genetic characterisation has never been undertaken using nuclear markers. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop and characterise new microsatellite markers for signal crayfish that can be useful in future studies in its invaded range, since only five are available so far. In total, 93 individuals from four geographically distinct European populations (Portugal, Great Britain, Finland and Sweden) were scored for the new markers and for those previously described, with the Bayesian analysis revealing a clear distinction among populations. These markers are suitable for future studies of the population genetic structure of this important invasive species, by increasing information about the possible pathways of introduction and dispersal, and by giving insights about the most important vectors of introduction.}, }
@article {pmid25632678, year = {2014}, author = {Sullivan, KE and Fleming, G and Terrell, S and Smith, D and Ridgley, F and Valdes, EV}, title = {Vitamin A values of wild-caught Cuban tree frogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) and marine toads (Rhinella marina) in whole body, liver, and serum.}, journal = {Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {892-895}, doi = {10.1638/2013-0289.1}, pmid = {25632678}, issn = {1042-7260}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufonidae/*blood ; Liver/*chemistry ; Ranidae/*blood ; Vitamin A/*blood/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Recent issues surrounding captive amphibians are often nutritionally related problems, such as hypovitaminosis A. Although supplementation of frogs with vitamin A is a topic of investigation, the underlying issue is understanding vitamin A metabolism in amphibian species. To develop a range of "normal" vitamin A concentrations for captive amphibians, baseline vitamin A concentrations must be established in wild amphibian species. In this study, two species, Cuban tree frogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis; n = 59) and marine toads (Rhinella marina; n = 20) were collected from the wild as part of an invasive species control program at Zoo Miami, Miami, Florida. Serum, liver, and whole body samples were analyzed for vitamin A content. The Cuban tree frogs showed higher concentrations on average of vitamin A in serum (82.8 ppb), liver (248.3 IU/g), and whole body (5474.7 IU/kg) samples compared with marine toads (60.1 ppb; 105.3 IU/g; 940.7 IU/kg, respectively), but differences were not significant (P = 0.22). What can be considered "normal" values of vitamin A concentrations across different amphibian species requires further investigation. Although all amphibians collected in this study appeared healthy, a larger sample size of animals, with known health histories and diets, may provide stronger evidence of normal expectations.}, }
@article {pmid25632248, year = {2015}, author = {Latumahina, F and Borovanska, M and Musyafa,  and Sumardi,  and Putra, NS and Janda, M}, title = {Ants of Ambon Island - diversity survey and checklist.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {472}, pages = {43-57}, pmid = {25632248}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The present checklist of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Ambon is the first comprehensive overview of ant species recorded on the island during the last 150 years. The species list is based on literature and museum collections' records combined with data from our field survey in 2010. In total, there are 74 ant species and subspecies representing 34 genera and six subfamilies known from Ambon. Five of the species found in undisturbed forest were exotic and indicate the overall habitat degradation on the island. The largest proportion of Ambon ant fauna are species with affinities to the Oriental region and species of Oriental-Austro-Melanesian origin. At least 20% of the species are regional endemics. In comparison to other islands in the region, the Ambon fauna seems more diverse and better sampled; however it is clear that a large part of it still remains to be described.}, }
@article {pmid25630620, year = {2015}, author = {Bernardo, U and van Nieukerken, EJ and Sasso, R and Gebiola, M and Gualtieri, L and Viggiani, G}, title = {Characterization, distribution, biology and impact on Italian walnut orchards of the invasive North-American leafminer Coptodisca lucifluella (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae).}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, pages = {210-224}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485314000947}, pmid = {25630620}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Female ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; *Juglans ; Male ; Moths/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {The leafminer Coptodisca sp. (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae), recently recorded for the first time in Europe on Italian black and common walnut trees, is shown to be the North-American Coptodisca lucifluella (Clemens) based on morphological (forewing pattern) and molecular (cytochrome oxidase c subunit I sequence) evidence. The phylogenetic relatedness of three species feeding on Juglandaceae suggests that C. lucifluella has likely shifted, within the same host plant family, from its original North-American hosts Carya spp. to Juglans spp. Over the few years since its detection, it has established in many regions in Italy and has become a widespread and dominant invasive species. The leafminer completes three to four generations per year, with the first adults emerging in April-May and mature larvae of the last generation starting hibernation in September-October. Although a high larval mortality was recorded in field observations (up to 74%), the impact of the pest was substantial with all leaves infested at the end of the last generation in all 3 years tested. The distribution of the leafminer in the canopy was homogeneous. The species is redescribed and illustrated, a lectotype is designated and a new synonymy is established.}, }
@article {pmid25630463, year = {2015}, author = {Short, DP and Gurung, S and Gladieux, P and Inderbitzin, P and Atallah, ZK and Nigro, F and Li, G and Benlioglu, S and Subbarao, KV}, title = {Globally invading populations of the fungal plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae are dominated by multiple divergent lineages.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {8}, pages = {2824-2840}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12789}, pmid = {25630463}, issn = {1462-2920}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; Genotype ; Host Specificity/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Plants/*microbiology ; Verticillium/*classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {The spread of aggressive fungal pathogens into previously non-endemic regions is a major threat to plant health and food security. Analyses of the spatial and genetic structure of plant pathogens offer valuable insights into their origin, dispersal mechanisms and evolution, and have been useful to develop successful disease management strategies. Here, we elucidated the genetic diversity, population structure and demographic history of worldwide invasion of the ascomycete Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne pathogen, using a global collection of 1100 isolates from multiple plant hosts and countries. Seven well-differentiated genetic clusters were revealed through discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC), but no strong associations between these clusters and host/geographic origin of isolates were found. Analyses of clonal evolutionary relationships among multilocus genotypes with the eBURST algorithm and analyses of genetic distances revealed that genetic clusters represented several ancient evolutionary lineages with broad geographic distribution and wide host range. Comparison of different scenarios of demographic history using approximate Bayesian computations revealed the branching order among the different genetic clusters and lineages. The different lineages may represent incipient species, and this raises questions with respect to their evolutionary origin and the factors allowing their maintenance in the same areas and same hosts without evidence of admixture between them. Based on the above findings and the biology of V. dahliae, we conclude that anthropogenic movement has played an important role in spreading V. dahliae lineages. Our findings have implications for the development of management strategies such as quarantine measures and crop resistance breeding.}, }
@article {pmid25629775, year = {2015}, author = {Kosoy, M and Khlyap, L and Cosson, JF and Morand, S}, title = {Aboriginal and invasive rats of genus Rattus as hosts of infectious agents.}, journal = {Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {3-12}, doi = {10.1089/vbz.2014.1629}, pmid = {25629775}, issn = {1557-7759}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Communicable Diseases ; *Disease Vectors ; Ecosystem ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Rats/*classification ; Rodent Diseases/microbiology/parasitology/virology ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {From the perspective of ecology of zoonotic pathogens, the role of the Old World rats of the genus Rattus is exceptional. The review analyzes specific characteristics of rats that contribute to their important role in hosting pathogens, such as host-pathogen relations and rates of rat-borne infections, taxonomy, ecology, and essential factors. Specifically the review addresses recent taxonomic revisions within the genus Rattus that resulted from applications of new genetic tools in understanding relationships between the Old World rats and the infectious agents that they carry. Among the numerous species within the genus Rattus, only three species-the Norway rat (R. norvegicus), the black or roof rat (R. rattus), and the Asian black rat (R. tanezumi)-have colonized urban ecosystems globally for a historically long period of time. The fourth invasive species, R. exulans, is limited to tropical Asia-Pacific areas. One of the points highlighted in this review is the necessity to discriminate the roles played by rats as pathogen reservoirs within the land of their original diversification and in regions where only one or few rat species were introduced during the recent human history.}, }
@article {pmid25629774, year = {2015}, author = {Morand, S and Jittapalapong, S and Kosoy, M}, title = {Rodents as hosts of infectious diseases: biological and ecological characteristics.}, journal = {Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {1-2}, pmid = {25629774}, issn = {1557-7759}, mesh = {Animals ; *Disease Vectors ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Rodent Diseases/microbiology/parasitology/virology ; Rodentia ; *Zoonoses ; }, }
@article {pmid25629158, year = {2015}, author = {Weber, CF and King, GM and Aho, K}, title = {Relative abundance of and composition within fungal orders differ between cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and sagebrush (Artemisia tridentate)-associated soils.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {e0117026}, pmid = {25629158}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Artemisia ; *Bromus ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/*isolation &amp; purification ; Soil ; *Soil Microbiology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Nonnative Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) is decimating sagebrush steppe, one of the largest ecosystems in the Western United States, and is causing regional-scale shifts in the predominant plant-fungal interactions. Sagebrush, a native perennial, hosts arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), whereas cheatgrass, a winter annual, is a relatively poor host of AMF. This shift is likely intertwined with decreased carbon (C)-sequestration in cheatgrass-invaded soils and alterations in overall soil fungal community composition and structure, but the latter remain unresolved. We examined soil fungal communities using high throughput amplicon sequencing (ribosomal large subunit gene) in the 0-4 cm and 4-8 cm depth intervals of six cores from cheatgrass- and six cores from sagebrush-dominated soils. Sagebrush core surfaces (0-4 cm) contained higher nitrogen and total C than cheatgrass core surfaces; these differences mirrored the presence of glomalin related soil proteins (GRSP), which has been associated with AMF activity and increased C-sequestration. Fungal richness was not significantly affected by vegetation type, depth or an interaction of the two factors. However, the relative abundance of seven taxonomic orders was significantly affected by vegetation type or the interaction between vegetation type and depth. Teloschistales, Spizellomycetales, Pezizales and Cantharellales were more abundant in sagebrush libraries and contain mycorrhizal, lichenized and basal lineages of fungi. Only two orders (Coniochaetales and Sordariales), which contain numerous economically important pathogens and opportunistic saprotrophs, were more abundant in cheatgrass libraries. Pleosporales, Agaricales, Helotiales and Hypocreales were most abundant across all libraries, but the number of genera detected within these orders was as much as 29 times lower in cheatgrass relative to sagebrush libraries. These compositional differences between fungal communities associated with cheatgrass- and sagebrush-dominated soils warrant future research to examine soil fungal community composition across more sites and time points as well as in association with native grass species that also occupy cheatgrass-invaded ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid25627374, year = {2014}, author = {Infante, F and Pérez, J and Vega, FE}, title = {The coffee berry borer: the centenary of a biological invasion in Brazil.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {74}, number = {3 Suppl 1}, pages = {S125-6}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.15913}, pmid = {25627374}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Agriculture/methods ; Animals ; Brazil ; Coffea/*parasitology ; Coleoptera/classification/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; }, }
@article {pmid25627362, year = {2014}, author = {Isaac, A and Fernandes, A and Ganassin, MJ and Hahn, NS}, title = {Three invasive species occurring in the diets of fishes in a Neotropical floodplain.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {74}, number = {3 Suppl 1}, pages = {S16-22}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.18312}, pmid = {25627362}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*classification ; Brazil ; Diet/*classification ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Fishes/classification/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Gastrointestinal Contents ; *Introduced Species ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The composition of the diets of 66 species of fishes was investigated from September 2009 to June 2010 in three subsystems of the Upper Paraná River floodplain (Brazil), following invasion by the two mollusk species Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) and Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774), and the macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. Limnoperna fortunei was consumed in all three subsystems and occurred in the diet of 15 fish species, with a high proportion in the diet of Leporinus obtusidens. Corbicula fluminea was present in the diet of Pterodoras granulosus caught in the Paraná and Ivinheima subsystems. Hydrilla verticillata occurred in the diet of Schizodon nasutus caught in the Ivinheima and Paraná subsystems. It is not yet possible to evaluate the potential of these species to control invasive mollusks in the study area or the impact of these species on the structure of the food chain. Omnivorous and herbivorous fishes in the study area may have little impact on the population of H. verticillata.}, }
@article {pmid25627196, year = {2015}, author = {Zaiko, A and Martinez, JL and Schmidt-Petersen, J and Ribicic, D and Samuiloviene, A and Garcia-Vazquez, E}, title = {Metabarcoding approach for the ballast water surveillance--an advantageous solution or an awkward challenge?.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {92}, number = {1-2}, pages = {25-34}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.01.008}, pmid = {25627196}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/genetics ; *Ships ; Temperature ; Water/*analysis ; Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Transfer of organisms with ships' ballast water is recognized as a major pathway of non-indigenous species introduction and addressed in a few recent legislative initiatives. Among other they imply scientific and technical research and monitoring to be conducted in a efficient and reliable way. The recent development of DNA barcoding and metabarcoding technologies opens new opportunities for biodiversity and biosecurity surveillance. In the current study, the performance of metabarcoding approach was assessed in comparison to the conventional (visual) observations, during the en route experimental ballast water survey. Opportunities and limitations of the molecular method were identified from taxonomical datasets rendered by two molecular markers of different degree of universality - the universal cytochrome oxydase sub-unit I gene and a fragment of RuBisCO gene. The cost-efficacy and possible improvements of these methods are discussed for the further successful development and implementation of the approach in ballast water control and NIS surveillance.}, }
@article {pmid25626963, year = {2015}, author = {Shen, S and Xu, G and Clements, DR and Jin, G and Chen, A and Zhang, F and Kato-Noguchi, H}, title = {Suppression of the invasive plant mile-a-minute (Mikania micrantha) by local crop sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) by means of higher growth rate and competition for soil nutrients.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {1}, pmid = {25626963}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Agriculture/*methods ; Biomass ; China ; Crops, Agricultural/growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Ipomoea batatas/*growth &amp; development ; Mikania/*growth &amp; development ; Plant Weeds/growth &amp; development ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: There are a variety of ways of increasing crop diversity to increase agricultural sustainability and in turn having a positive influence on nearby natural ecosystems. Competitive crops may provide potent management tools against invasive plants. To elucidate the competitive mechanisms between a sweet potato crop (Ipomoea batatas) and an invasive plant, mile-a-minute (Mikania micrantha), field experiments were carried out in Longchuan County of Yunnan Province, Southwest China, utilizing a de Wit replacement series. The trial incorporated seven ratios of sweet potato and mile-a-minute plants in 25 m(2) plots.<br><br>RESULTS: In monoculture, the total biomass, biomass of adventitious root, leafstalk length, and leaf area of sweet potato were all higher than those of mile-a-minute, and in mixed culture the plant height, branch, leaf, stem node, adventitious root, flowering and biomass of mile-a-minute were suppressed significantly (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). The relative yield (RY) of mile-a-minute and sweet potato was less than 1.0 in mixed culture, indicating that intraspecific competition was less than interspecific competition. The competitive balance index of sweet potato demonstrated a higher competitive ability than mile-a-minute. Except pH, other soil nutrient contents of initial soil (CK) were significantly higher than those of seven treatments. The concentrations of soil organic matter, total N, total K, available N, available P, available K, exchange Ca, exchange Mg, available Mn, and available B were significantly greater (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05) in mile-a-minute monoculture soil than in sweet potato monoculture soil, and were reduced by the competition of sweet potato in the mixture.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Evidently sweet potato has a competitive advantage in terms of plant growth characteristics and greater absorption of soil nutrients. Thus, planting sweet potato is a promising technique for reducing infestations of mile-a-minute, providing weed management benefits and economic returns from harvest of sweet potatoes. This study also shows the potential value of replacement control methods which may apply to other crop-weed systems or invaded natural ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid25626918, year = {2015}, author = {Martínez-de la Puente, J and Muñoz, J and Capelli, G and Montarsi, F and Soriguer, R and Arnoldi, D and Rizzoli, A and Figuerola, J}, title = {Avian malaria parasites in the last supper: identifying encounters between parasites and the invasive Asian mosquito tiger and native mosquito species in Italy.}, journal = {Malaria journal}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {32}, pmid = {25626918}, issn = {1475-2875}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; Blood/*parasitology ; Culicidae/*parasitology/*physiology ; *Feeding Behavior ; Haemosporida/*isolation &amp; purification ; Italy ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Stomach/parasitology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The invasive Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus has dramatically expanded its distribution range, being catalogued as one of the world's 100 worst invasive alien species. As vectors of pathogens, Ae. albopictus may create novel epidemiological scenarios in the invaded areas.<br><br>METHODS: Here, the frequency of encounters of Ae. albopictus with the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium and the related Haemoproteus was studied in an area with established populations in northeastern Italy and compared with those from four native mosquito species, Anopheles maculipennis s.l., Culex hortensis, Culex pipiens, and Ochlerotatus caspius. The abdomens of mosquitoes with a recent blood meal were used to identify both the blood meal source and the parasites harboured.<br><br>RESULTS: Aedes albopictus had a clear antropophilic behaviour while An. maculipennis and Oc. caspius fed mainly on non-human mammals. Birds were the most common hosts of Cx. pipiens and reptiles of Cx. hortensis. Parasites were isolated from three mosquito species, with Cx. pipiens (30%) showing the highest parasite prevalence followed by Cx. hortensis (9%) and Ae. albopictus (5%).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These results are the first identifying the avian malaria parasites harboured by mosquitoes in Italy and represent the first evidence supporting that, although Ae. albopictus could be involved in the transmission of avian malaria parasites, the risk of avian malaria parasite spread by this invasive mosquito in Europe would be minimal.}, }
@article {pmid25626585, year = {2015}, author = {Saul, WC and Jeschke, JM}, title = {Eco-evolutionary experience in novel species interactions.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {236-245}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12408}, pmid = {25626585}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Risk ; }, abstract = {A better understanding of how ecological novelty influences interactions in new combinations of species is key for predicting interaction outcomes, and can help focus conservation and management efforts on preventing the introduction of novel organisms or species (including invasive species, GMOs, synthetic organisms, resurrected species and emerging pathogens) that seem particularly 'risky' for resident species. Here, we consider the implications of different degrees of eco-evolutionary experience of interacting resident and non-resident species, define four qualitative risk categories for estimating the probability of successful establishment and impact of novel species and discuss how the effects of novelty change over time. Focusing then on novel predator-prey interactions, we argue that novelty entails density-dependent advantages for non-resident species, with their largest effects often being at low prey densities. This is illustrated by a comparison of predator functional responses and prey predation risk curves between novel species and ecologically similar resident species, and raises important issues for the conservation of endangered resident prey species.}, }
@article {pmid25626393, year = {2015}, author = {Cass, BN and Yallouz, R and Bondy, EC and Mozes-Daube, N and Horowitz, AR and Kelly, SE and Zchori-Fein, E and Hunter, MS}, title = {Dynamics of the endosymbiont Rickettsia in an insect pest.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, pages = {287-297}, pmid = {25626393}, issn = {1432-184X}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Primers/genetics ; Genetic Fitness/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Hemiptera/*microbiology ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Israel ; Logistic Models ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rickettsia/*genetics ; Sex Ratio ; Southwestern United States ; *Symbiosis ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {A new heritable bacterial association can bring a fresh set of molecular capabilities, providing an insect host with an almost instantaneous genome extension. Increasingly acknowledged as agents of rapid evolution, inherited microbes remain underappreciated players in pest management programs. A Rickettsia bacterium was tracked sweeping through populations of an invasive whitefly provisionally described as the "B" or "MEAM1" of the Bemisia tabaci species complex, in the southwestern USA. In this population, Rickettsia provides strong fitness benefits and distorts whitefly sex ratios under laboratory conditions. In contrast, whiteflies in Israel show few apparent fitness benefits from Rickettsia under laboratory conditions, only slightly decreasing development time. A survey of B. tabaci B samples revealed the distribution of Rickettsia across the cotton-growing regions of Israel and the USA. Thirteen sites from Israel and 22 sites from the USA were sampled. Across the USA, Rickettsia frequencies were heterogeneous among regions, but were generally very high, whereas in Israel, the infection rates were lower and declining. The distinct outcomes of Rickettsia infection in these two countries conform to previously reported phenotypic differences. Intermediate frequencies in some areas in both countries may indicate a cost to infection in certain environments or that the frequencies are in flux. This suggests underlying geographic differences in the interactions between bacterial symbionts and this serious agricultural pest.}, }
@article {pmid25626355, year = {2015}, author = {Parravicini, V and Azzurro, E and Kulbicki, M and Belmaker, J}, title = {Niche shift can impair the ability to predict invasion risk in the marine realm: an illustration using Mediterranean fish invaders.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {246-253}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12401}, pmid = {25626355}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Climate ; *Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Risk ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Climatic niche conservatism, the tendency of species-climate associations to remain unchanged across space and time, is pivotal for forecasting the spread of invasive species and biodiversity changes. Indeed, it represents one of the key assumptions underlying species distribution models (SDMs), the main tool currently available for predicting range shifts of species. However, to date, no comprehensive assessment of niche conservatism is available for the marine realm. We use the invasion by Indo-Pacific tropical fishes into the Mediterranean Sea, the world's most invaded marine basin, to examine the conservatism of the climatic niche. We show that tropical invaders may spread far beyond their native niches and that SDMs do not predict their new distributions better than null models. Our results suggest that SDMs may underestimate the potential spread of invasive species and call for prudence in employing these models in order to forecast species invasion and their response to environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid25622647, year = {2015}, author = {Fayle, TM and Eggleton, P and Manica, A and Yusah, KM and Foster, WA}, title = {Experimentally testing and assessing the predictive power of species assembly rules for tropical canopy ants.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {254-262}, pmid = {25622647}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *Biota ; Borneo ; Competitive Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Understanding how species assemble into communities is a key goal in ecology. However, assembly rules are rarely tested experimentally, and their ability to shape real communities is poorly known. We surveyed a diverse community of epiphyte-dwelling ants and found that similar-sized species co-occurred less often than expected. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that invasion was discouraged by the presence of similarly sized resident species. The size difference for which invasion was less likely was the same as that for which wild species exhibited reduced co-occurrence. Finally we explored whether our experimentally derived assembly rules could simulate realistic communities. Communities simulated using size-based species assembly exhibited diversities closer to wild communities than those simulated using size-independent assembly, with results being sensitive to the combination of rules employed. Hence, species segregation in the wild can be driven by competitive species assembly, and this process is sufficient to generate observed species abundance distributions for tropical epiphyte-dwelling ants.}, }
@article {pmid25620737, year = {2015}, author = {Zhao, ZH and Hui, C and He, DH and Li, BL}, title = {Effects of agricultural intensification on ability of natural enemies to control aphids.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {8024}, pmid = {25620737}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Aphids/*parasitology/pathogenicity ; Ecosystem ; Nitrogen Cycle ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Agricultural intensification through increasing fertilization input and cropland expansion has caused rapid loss of semi-natural habitats and the subsequent loss of natural enemies of agricultural pests. It is however extremely difficult to disentangle the effects of agricultural intensification on arthropod communities at multiple spatial scales. Based on a two-year study of seventeen 1500 m-radius sites, we analyzed the relative importance of nitrogen input and cropland expansion on cereal aphids and their natural enemies. Both the input of nitrogen fertilizer and cropland expansion benefited cereal aphids more than primary parasitoids and leaf-dwelling predators, while suppressing ground-dwelling predators, leading to an disturbance of the interspecific relationship. The responses of natural enemies to cropland expansion were asymmetric and species-specific, with an increase of primary parasitism but a decline of predator/pest ratio with the increasing nitrogen input. As such, agricultural intensification (increasing nitrogen fertilizer and cropland expansion) can destabilize the interspecific relationship and lead to biodiversity loss. To this end, sustainable pest management needs to balance the benefit and cost of agricultural intensification and restore biocontrol service through proliferating the role of natural enemies at multiple scales.}, }
@article {pmid25620639, year = {2015}, author = {Johnston, MW and Purkis, SJ}, title = {Hurricanes accelerated the Florida-Bahamas lionfish invasion.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, pages = {2249-2260}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12874}, pmid = {25620639}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Bahamas ; Computer Simulation ; *Cyclonic Storms ; *Fishes ; Florida ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Dynamics ; *Water Movements ; }, abstract = {In this study, we demonstrate how perturbations to the Florida Current caused by hurricanes are relevant to the spread of invasive lionfish from Florida to the Bahamas. Without such perturbations, this current represents a potential barrier to the transport of planktonic lionfish eggs and larvae across the Straits of Florida. We further show that once lionfish became established in the Bahamas, hurricanes significantly hastened their spread through the island chain. We gain these insights through: (1) an analysis of the direction and velocity of simulated ocean currents during the passage of hurricanes through the Florida Straits and (2) the development of a biophysical model that incorporates the tolerances of lionfish to ocean climate, their reproductive strategy, and duration that the larvae remain viable in the water column. On the basis of this work, we identify 23 occasions between the years 1992 and 2006 in which lionfish were provided the opportunity to breach the Florida Current. We also find that hurricanes during this period increased the rate of spread of lionfish through the Bahamas by more than 45% and magnified its population by at least 15%. Beyond invasive lionfish, we suggest that extreme weather events such as hurricanes likely help to homogenize the gene pool for all Caribbean marine species susceptible to transport.}, }
@article {pmid25614793, year = {2014}, author = {Chantrey, J and Dale, TD and Read, JM and White, S and Whitfield, F and Jones, D and McInnes, CJ and Begon, M}, title = {European red squirrel population dynamics driven by squirrelpox at a gray squirrel invasion interface.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {19}, pages = {3788-3799}, pmid = {25614793}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Infectious disease introduced by non-native species is increasingly cited as a facilitator of native population declines, but direct evidence may be lacking due to inadequate population and disease prevalence data surrounding an outbreak. Previous indirect evidence and theoretical models support squirrelpox virus (SQPV) as being potentially involved in the decline of red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) following the introduction of the non-native gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) to the United Kingdom. The red squirrel is a major UK conservation concern and understanding its continuing decline is important for any attempt to mitigate the decline. The red squirrel-gray squirrel system is also exemplary of the interplay between infectious disease (apparent competition) and direct competition in driving the replacement of a native by an invasive species. Time series data from Merseyside are presented on squirrel abundance and squirrelpox disease (SQPx) incidence, to determine the effect of the pathogen and the non-native species on the native red squirrel populations. Analysis indicates that SQPx in red squirrels has a significant negative impact on squirrel densities and their population growth rate (PGR). There is little evidence for a direct gray squirrel impact; only gray squirrel presence (but not density) proved to influence red squirrel density, but not red squirrel PGR. The dynamics of red SQPx cases are largely determined by previous red SQPx cases, although previous infection of local gray squirrels also feature, and thus, SQPV-infected gray squirrels are identified as potentially initiating outbreaks of SQPx in red squirrels. Retrospective serology indicates that approximately 8% of red squirrels exposed to SQPV may survive infection during an epidemic. This study further highlights the UK red squirrel - gray squirrel system as a classic example of a native species population decline strongly facilitated by infectious disease introduced by a non-native species. It is therefore paramount that disease prevention and control measures are integral in attempts to conserve red squirrels in the United Kingdom.}, }
@article {pmid25614791, year = {2014}, author = {Akins, JL and Morris, JA and Green, SJ}, title = {In situ tagging technique for fishes provides insight into growth and movement of invasive lionfish.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {19}, pages = {3768-3777}, pmid = {25614791}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Information on fish movement and growth is primarily obtained through the marking and tracking of individuals with external tags, which are usually affixed to anesthetized individuals at the surface. However, the quantity and quality of data obtained by this method is often limited by small sample sizes owing to the time associated with the tagging process, high rates of tagging-related mortality, and displacement of tagged individuals from the initial capture location. To address these issues, we describe a technique for applying external streamer and dart tags in situ, which uses SCUBA divers to capture and tag individual fish on the sea floor without the use of anesthetic. We demonstrate this method for Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans/P. miles), species which are particularly vulnerable to barotrauma when transported to and handled at the surface. To test our method, we tagged 161 individuals inhabiting 26 coral reef locations in the Bahamas over a period of 3 years. Our method resulted in no instances of barotrauma, reduced handling and recovery time, and minimal post-tagging release displacement compared with conventional ex situ tag application. Opportunistic resighting and recapture of tagged individuals reveals that lionfish exhibit highly variable site fidelity, movement patterns, and growth rates on invaded coral reef habitats. In total, 24% of lionfish were resighted between 29 and 188 days after tagging. Of these, 90% were located at the site of capture, while the remaining individuals were resighted between 200 m and 1.1 km from initial site of capture over 29 days later. In situ growth rates ranged between 0.1 and 0.6 mm/day. While individuals tagged with streamer tags posted slower growth rates with increasing size, as expected, there was no relationship between growth rate and fish size for individuals marked with dart tags, potentially because of large effects of tag presence on the activities of small bodied lionfish (i.e., <150 mm), where the tag was up to 7.6% of the lionfish's mass. Our study offers a novel in situ tagging technique that can be used to provide critical information on fish site fidelity, movement patterns, and growth in cases where ex situ tagging is not feasible.}, }
@article {pmid25613560, year = {2015}, author = {Dunn, AM and Hatcher, MJ}, title = {Parasites and biological invasions: parallels, interactions, and control.}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, pages = {189-199}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2014.12.003}, pmid = {25613560}, issn = {1471-5007}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/*parasitology ; Ecosystem ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Parasites/*physiology ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/*prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Policy ; Risk Factors ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {Species distributions are changing at an unprecedented rate owing to human activity. We examine how two key processes of redistribution - biological invasion and disease emergence - are interlinked. There are many parallels between invasion and emergence processes, and invasions can drive the spread of new diseases to wildlife. We examine the potential impacts of invasion and disease emergence, and discuss how these threats can be countered, focusing on biosecurity. In contrast with international policy on emerging diseases of humans and managed species, policy on invasive species and parasites of wildlife is fragmented, and the lack of international cooperation encourages individual parties to minimize their input into control. We call for international policy that acknowledges the strong links between emerging diseases and invasion risk.}, }
@article {pmid25612742, year = {2015}, author = {Massebo, F and Tefera, Z}, title = {Status of Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) in mango-producing areas of Arba Minch, southwestern Ethiopia.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {166}, pmid = {25612742}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Ethiopia ; Fruit/parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Mangifera/*parasitology ; Tephritidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Bactrocera invadens, the Asian fruit fly, was first reported in Kenya in 2003, and it spread fast to most tropical countries in Africa. To our knowledge, there is no detailed data on the fruit damage and status of fruit flies in Arba Minch and elsewhere in Ethiopia. Hence, information on the species composition and pest status of the fruit fly species is urgent to plan management strategies in the area. Fruit flies were captured using male parapheromone-baited traps. Matured mango (Mangifera indica) fruits were collected from randomly selected mango trees and incubated individually in cages (15 by 15 by 15 cm) with sandy soil. B. invadens was the predominant (96%; 952 of 992) captured species and the only fruit fly species emerging from mango fruits incubated in the laboratory. The mean number of adult B. invadens emerging per mango fruit was 35.25, indicating that the species is the most devastating mango fruit fly in the area. The loss due to this species would be serious if no management strategies are implemented.}, }
@article {pmid25612428, year = {2014}, author = {Wei, XY and Tian, YX and Zhao, ZL and Wei, W}, title = {[Research on genetic stability to American ginseng introduced into China for 30 years].}, journal = {Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica}, volume = {39}, number = {19}, pages = {3723-3726}, pmid = {25612428}, issn = {1001-5302}, mesh = {China ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Panax/classification/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; United States ; }, abstract = {To study the genetic stability of Panax quinquefolium after introduced into China for 30 years, the samples of P. quinquefolium from 14 regions of China were studied. RAPD molecular marker technology was applied in this research, and POPGEN32 data analysis and NTSYS2. 10 cluster diagram were used to analyze the data. The results showed that there are abundant genetic diversity in the ginseng samples. There were 81 polymorphic bands based on the 13 random primers. The polymorphism was 83.51%, the effective number of alleles (N(e)) was 1.456 7; Nei's gene diversity index (H) was 0.274 8; Shannon's diversity index (H(o)) was 0.419 4. The clustering analyses indicated that P. quinquefolium and P. ginseng were classified into two obvious groups, especially, it was also found that the P. quinquefolium could be divided into two obvious groups based on whether the P. ginseng was cultivated in the same region or not, but it was thought that there was not genetically a qualitative difference. Thus it suggests that a good breeding field should be established in Jilin Province of China for the germplasm purification.}, }
@article {pmid25611725, year = {2015}, author = {Stapley, J and Santure, AW and Dennis, SR}, title = {Transposable elements as agents of rapid adaptation may explain the genetic paradox of invasive species.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2241-2252}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13089}, pmid = {25611725}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Mapping ; *DNA Transposable Elements ; Genetic Association Studies ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; }, abstract = {Rapid adaptation of invasive species to novel habitats has puzzled evolutionary biologists for decades, especially as this often occurs in the face of limited genetic variability. Although some ecological traits common to invasive species have been identified, little is known about the possible genomic/genetic mechanisms that may underlie their success. A common scenario in many introductions is that small founder population sizes will often lead to reduced genetic diversity, but that invading populations experience large environmental perturbations, such as changes in habitat and environmental stress. Although sudden and intense stress is usually considered in a negative context, these perturbations may actually facilitate rapid adaptation by affecting genome structure, organization and function via interactions with transposable elements (TEs), especially in populations with low genetic diversity. Stress-induced changes in TE activity can alter gene action and can promote structural variation that may facilitate the rapid adaptation observed in new environments. We focus here on the adaptive potential of TEs in relation to invasive species and highlight their role as powerful mutational forces that can rapidly create genetic diversity. We hypothesize that activity of transposable elements can explain rapid adaptation despite low genetic variation (the genetic paradox of invasive species), and provide a framework under which this hypothesis can be tested using recently developed and emerging genomic technologies.}, }
@article {pmid25611580, year = {2015}, author = {Pannell, JR}, title = {Evolution of the mating system in colonizing plants.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2018-2037}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13087}, pmid = {25611580}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Ecology ; Inbreeding ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Plant Dispersal ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; *Plants ; Reproduction ; *Self-Fertilization ; }, abstract = {Colonization is likely to be more successful for species with an ability to self-fertilize and thus to establish new populations as single individuals. As a result, self-compatibility should be common among colonizing species. This idea, labelled 'Baker's law', has been influential in discussions of sexual-system and mating-system evolution. However, its generality has been questioned, because models of the evolution of dispersal and the mating system predict an association between high dispersal rates and outcrossing rather than selfing, and because of many apparent counter examples to the law. The contrasting predictions made by models invoking Baker's law versus those for the evolution of the mating system and dispersal urges a reassessment of how we should view both these traits. Here, I review the literature on the evolution of mating and dispersal in colonizing species, with a focus on conceptual issues. I argue for the importance of distinguishing between the selfing or outcrossing rate and a simple ability to self-fertilize, as well as for the need for a more nuanced consideration of dispersal. Colonizing species will be characterized by different phases in their life pattern: dispersal to new habitat, implying an ecological sieve on dispersal traits; establishment and a phase of growth following colonization, implying a sieve on reproductive traits; and a phase of demographic stasis at high density, during which new trait associations can evolve through local adaptation. This dynamic means that the sorting of mating-system and dispersal traits should change over time, making simple predictions difficult.}, }
@article {pmid25608763, year = {2015}, author = {Zielke, DE and Ibáñez-Justicia, A and Kalan, K and Merdić, E and Kampen, H and Werner, D}, title = {Recently discovered Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) populations in The Netherlands and northern Germany resulted from a new introduction event and from a split from an existing population.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {40}, pmid = {25608763}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {T32 HL007444/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics/*physiology ; Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; DNA Primers/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genotype ; Germany ; Haplotypes/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Netherlands ; Principal Component Analysis ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Originally native to East Asia, Aedes japonicus japonicus, a potential vector of several arboviruses, has become one of the most invasive mosquito species in the world. After having established in the USA, it is now spreading in Europe, with new populations emerging. In contrast to the USA, the introduction pathways and modes of dispersal in Europe are largely obscure.<br><br>METHODS: To find out if two recently detected populations of Ae. j. japonicus in The Netherlands and northern Germany go back to new importations or to movements within Europe, the genetic makeup of mosquito specimens from all known European populations was compared. For this purpose, seven microsatellite loci from a representative number of mosquito specimens were genotyped and part of their mitochondrial nad4 gene sequenced.<br><br>RESULTS: A novel nad4 haplotype found in the newly discovered Dutch population of Ae. j. japonicus suggests that this population is not closely related to the other European populations but has emanated from a further introduction event. With five nad4 haplotypes, the Dutch population also shows a very high genetic diversity indicating that either the founder population was very large or multiple introductions took place. By contrast, the recently detected North German population could be clearly assigned to one of the two previously determined European Ae. j. japonicus microsatellite genotypes and shows nad4 haplotypes that are known from West Germany.<br><br>CONCLUSION: As the European populations of Ae. j. japonicus are geographically separated but genetically mixed, their establishment must be attributed to passive transportation. In addition to intercontinental shipment, it can be assumed that human activities are also responsible for medium- and short-distance overland spread. A better understanding of the processes underlying the introduction and spread of this invasive species will help to increase public awareness of the human-mediated displacement of mosquitoes and to find strategies to avoid it.}, }
@article {pmid25606607, year = {2014}, author = {}, title = {Britain on brink of freshwater species invasion from south east Europe.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {89}, number = {1-2}, pages = {1}, pmid = {25606607}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dreissena ; Europe ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species/*trends ; United Kingdom ; }, }
@article {pmid25604806, year = {2015}, author = {Day, T}, title = {Information entropy as a measure of genetic diversity and evolvability in colonization.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2073-2083}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13082}, pmid = {25604806}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Alleles ; *Biological Evolution ; Genetic Fitness ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Models, Genetic ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {In recent years, several studies have examined the relationship between genetic diversity and establishment success in colonizing species. Many of these studies have shown that genetic diversity enhances establishment success. There are several hypotheses that might explain this pattern, and here I focus on the possibility that greater genetic diversity results in greater evolvability during colonization. Evaluating the importance of this mechanism first requires that we quantify evolvability. Currently, most measures of evolvability have been developed for quantitative traits whereas many studies of colonization success deal with discrete molecular markers or phenotypes. The purpose of this study is to derive a suitable measure of evolvability for such discrete data. I show that under certain assumptions, Shannon's information entropy of the allelic distribution provides a natural measure of evolvability. This helps to alleviate previous concerns about the interpretation of information entropy for genetic data. I also suggest that information entropy provides a natural generalization to previous measures of evolvability for quantitative traits when the trait distributions are not necessarily multivariate normal.}, }
@article {pmid25604701, year = {2015}, author = {Ferrero, V and Barrett, SC and Castro, S and Caldeirinha, P and Navarro, L and Loureiro, J and Rodríguez-Echeverría, S}, title = {Invasion genetics of the Bermuda buttercup (Oxalis pes-caprae): complex intercontinental patterns of genetic diversity, polyploidy and heterostyly characterize both native and introduced populations.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2143-2155}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13056}, pmid = {25604701}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Alleles ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Oxalidaceae/*genetics/physiology ; Ploidies ; Reproduction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Genetic diversity in populations of invasive species is influenced by a variety of factors including reproductive systems, ploidy level, stochastic forces associated with colonization and multiple introductions followed by admixture. Here, we compare genetic variation in native and introduced populations of the clonal plant Oxalis pes-caprae to investigate the influence of reproductive mode and ploidy on levels of diversity. This species is a tristylous geophyte native to South Africa. Invasive populations throughout much of the introduced range are composed of a sterile clonal pentaploid short-styled form. We examined morph ratios, ploidy level, reproductive mode and genetic diversity at nuclear microsatellite loci in 10 and 12 populations from South Africa and the Western Mediterranean region, respectively. Flow cytometry confirmed earlier reports of diploids and tetraploids in the native range, with a single population containing pentaploid individuals. Introduced populations were composed mainly of pentaploids, but sexual tetraploids were also found. There was clear genetic differentiation between ploidy levels, but sexual populations from both regions were not significantly different in levels of diversity. Invasive populations of the pentaploid exhibited dramatically reduced levels of diversity but were not genetically uniform. The occurrence of mixed ploidy levels and stylar polymorphism in the introduced range is consistent with multiple introductions to the Western Mediterranean. This inference was supported by variation patterns at microsatellite loci. Our study indicates that some invasive populations of Oxalis pes-caprae are not entirely clonal, as often assumed, and multiple introductions and recombination have the potential to increase genetic variation in the introduced range.}, }
@article {pmid25602618, year = {2015}, author = {Caley, P and Ramsey, DS and Barry, SC}, title = {Inferring the distribution and demography of an invasive species from sighting data: the red fox incursion into Tasmania.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {e0116631}, pmid = {25602618}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Ecosystem ; *Foxes ; Tasmania ; }, abstract = {A recent study has inferred that the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is now widespread in Tasmania as of 2010, based on the extraction of fox DNA from predator scats. Heuristically, this inference appears at first glance to be at odds with the lack of recent confirmed discoveries of either road-killed foxes--the last of which occurred in 2006, or hunter killed foxes--the most recent in 2001. This paper demonstrates a method to codify this heuristic analysis and produce inferences consistent with assumptions and data. It does this by formalising the analysis in a transparent and repeatable manner to make inference on the past, present and future distribution of an invasive species. It utilizes Approximate Bayesian Computation to make inferences. Importantly, the method is able to inform management of invasive species within realistic time frames, and can be applied widely. We illustrate the technique using the Tasmanian fox data. Based on the pattern of carcass discoveries of foxes in Tasmania, we infer that the population of foxes in Tasmania is most likely extinct, or restricted in distribution and demographically weak as of 2013. It is possible, though unlikely, that that population is widespread and/or demographically robust. This inference is largely at odds with the inference from the predator scat survey data. Our results suggest the chances of successfully eradicating the introduced red fox population in Tasmania may be significantly higher than previously thought.}, }
@article {pmid25599632, year = {2015}, author = {Morton, B and Leung, KF}, title = {Introduction of the alien Xenostrobus securis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) into Hong Kong, China: interactions with and impacts upon native species and the earlier introduced Mytilopsis sallei (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae).}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {92}, number = {1-2}, pages = {134-142}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.12.046}, pmid = {25599632}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; China ; Hong Kong ; *Introduced Species ; Mytilidae/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Rivers/chemistry ; Salinity ; }, abstract = {This constitutes the first record of the Australian alien mytilid Xenostrobus securis in China. The introduction occurred prior to 2010 probably via shipping arriving at Yantian in Mirs Bay, China, close to Hong Kong. Point sources of infection could be Australia or Korea or Japan where it has similarly been introduced. Analysis of X. securis in Hong Kong shows that it tolerates a wide range of salinities from 5.4‰ to 28.7‰. Water temperatures in Hong Kong match those in its native range. In Hong Kong, X. securis co-occurs with the similarly introduced Mytilopsis sallei and a native bivalve community. The population structure of X. securis suggests a lifespan of >2 years with new generations produced by conspecifics. Such a life history strategy is also exhibited by M. sallei. Now established in China, northern Asia, the Mediterranean and, most recently, the Iberian Atlantic, the invasion of other locations by X. securis seems probable.}, }
@article {pmid25594583, year = {2015}, author = {Cushman, SA}, title = {Pushing the envelope in genetic analysis of species invasion.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {259-262}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13043}, pmid = {25594583}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Gene Flow ; *Introduced Species ; *Transportation ; }, }
@article {pmid25590714, year = {2014}, author = {Allem, LN and Gomes, AS and Borghetti, F}, title = {Pequi leaves incorporated into the soil reduce the initial growth of cultivated, invasive and native species.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {86}, number = {4}, pages = {1761-1768}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765201420130420}, pmid = {25590714}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Brachiaria/growth &amp; development ; Ericales/*toxicity ; Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/*toxicity ; Sesamum/growth &amp; development ; Soil/*chemistry ; Sorghum/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Studies have identified the phytotoxicity of many native species of the Cerrado; however, most of them were conducted either in inert substrates, or using exaggerate proportions of plant material. We investigated the phytotoxicity of pequi leaves added to substrate soil in quantities compatible with the litter produced by this species. Pequi leaves were triturated and added to red latosol in concentrations of 0.75%, 1.5% and 3%; the control was constituted of leafless soil. These mixtures were added to pots and irrigated daily to keep them moist. Germinated seeds of the cultivated sorghum and sesame, of the invasive brachiaria and of the native purple ipê, were disposed in the pots to grow for five to seven days at 30°C within a photoperiod of 12 h. Seedlings of all the species presented a reduction in their initial growth in a dose-dependent way. In general, the root growth was more affected by the treatments than the shoot growth; moreover, signs of necrosis were observed in the roots of the sorghum, sesame and brachiaria. The phytotoxic effects generated by relatively small quantities of leaves, in a reasonable range of species within a soil substrate, suggest potential allelopathy of pequi leaves under natural conditions.}, }
@article {pmid25588025, year = {2015}, author = {Qin, Y and Paini, DR and Wang, C and Fang, Y and Li, Z}, title = {Global establishment risk of economically important fruit fly species (Tephritidae).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {e0116424}, pmid = {25588025}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; *Tephritidae ; }, abstract = {The global invasion of Tephritidae (fruit flies) attracts a great deal of attention in the field of plant quarantine and invasion biology because of their economic importance. Predicting which one in hundreds of potential invasive fruit fly species is most likely to establish in a region presents a significant challenge, but can be facilitated using a self organising map (SOM), which is able to analyse species associations to rank large numbers of species simultaneously with an index of establishment. A global presence/absence dataset including 180 economically significant fruit fly species in 118 countries was analysed using a SOM. We compare and contrast ranked lists from six countries selected from each continent, and also show that those countries geographically close were clustered together by the SOM analysis because they have similar fruit fly assemblages. These closely clustered countries therefore represent greater threats to each other as sources of invasive fruit fly species. Finally, we indicate how this SOM method could be utilized as an initial screen to support prioritizing fruit fly species for further research into their potential to invade a region.}, }
@article {pmid25587150, year = {2015}, author = {Phillips, AJ and Leger, EA}, title = {Plastic responses of native plant root systems to the presence of an invasive annual grass.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {102}, number = {1}, pages = {73-84}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1400234}, pmid = {25587150}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Bromus/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Nevada ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Poa/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: •<br><br>PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The ability to respond to environmental change via phenotypic plasticity may be important for plants experiencing disturbances such as climate change and plant invasion. Responding to belowground competition through root plasticity may allow native plants to persist in highly invaded systems such as the cold deserts of the Intermountain West, USA.&#x2022;<br><br>METHODS: We investigated whether Poa secunda, a native bunchgrass, could alter root morphology in response to nutrient availability and the presence of a competitive annual grass. Seeds from 20 families were grown with high and low nutrients and harvested after 50 d, and seeds from 48 families, grown with and without Bromus tectorum, were harvested after &#x223c;2 or 6 mo. We measured total biomass, root mass fraction, specific root length (SRL), root tips, allocation to roots of varying diameter, and plasticity in allocation.&#x2022;<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Plants had many parallel responses to low nutrients and competition, including increased root tip production, a trait associated with tolerance to reduced resources, though families differed in almost every trait and correlations among trait changes varied among experiments, indicating flexibility in plant responses. Seedlings actively increased SRL and fine root allocation under competition, while older seedlings also increased coarse root allocation, a trait associated with increased tolerance, and increased root mass fraction.&#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The high degree of genetic variation for root plasticity within natural populations could aid in the long-term persistence of P. secunda because phenotypic plasticity may allow native species to persist in invaded and fluctuating resource environments.}, }
@article {pmid25587147, year = {2015}, author = {Beans, CM and Roach, DA}, title = {An invasive plant alters pollinator-mediated phenotypic selection on a native congener.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {102}, number = {1}, pages = {50-57}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1400385}, pmid = {25587147}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Impatiens/genetics/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Massachusetts ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: •<br><br>PREMISE OF STUDY: Recent studies suggest that invasive plants compete reproductively with native plants by reducing the quantity or quality of pollinator visits. Although these studies have revealed ecological consequences of pollinator-mediated competition between invasive and native plants, the evolutionary outcomes of these interactions remain largely unexplored.&#x2022;<br><br>METHODS: We studied the ecological and evolutionary impact of pollinator-mediated competition with an invasive jewelweed, Impatiens glandulifera, on a co-occurring native congener, I. capensis. Using a pollinator choice experiment, a hand pollination experiment, and a selection analysis, we addressed the following questions: (1) Do native pollinators show preference for the invasive or native jewelweed, and do they move between the two species? (2) Does invasive jewelweed pollen inhibit seed production in the native plant? (3) Does the invasive jewelweed alter phenotypic selection on the native plant's floral traits?&#x2022;<br><br>KEY RESULTS: The pollinator choice experiment showed that pollinators strongly preferred the invasive jewelweed. The hand pollination experiment demonstrated that invasive pollen inhibited seed production in the native plant. The selection analysis showed that the presence of the invasive jewelweed altered phenotypic selection on corolla height in the native plant.&#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Invasive plants have the potential to alter phenotypic selection on floral traits in native plant populations. If native plants can evolve in response to this altered selection pressure, the evolution of floral traits may play an important role in permitting long-term coexistence of native and invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid25587146, year = {2015}, author = {Visser, V and Molofsky, J}, title = {Ecological niche differentiation of polyploidization is not supported by environmental differences among species in a cosmopolitan grass genus.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {102}, number = {1}, pages = {36-49}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1400432}, pmid = {25587146}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Phalaris/genetics/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; Plant Dispersal ; *Polyploidy ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: •<br><br>PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Polyploidization frequently results in the creation of new plant species, the establishment of which is thought to often be facilitated by ecological niche differentiation from the diploid species. We tested this hypothesis using the cosmopolitan grass genus Phalaris (Poaceae), consisting of 19 species that range from diploid to tetraploid to hexaploid. Specifically, we tested whether (1) polyploids occupy more extreme environments and/or (2) have broader niche breadths and/or (3) whether the polyploid species' distributions indicate a niche shift from diploid species.&#x2022;<br><br>METHODS: We employed a bootstrapping approach using distribution data for each species and eight environmental variables to investigate differences between species in the means, extremes, and breadths of each environmental variable. We used a kernel smoothing technique to quantify niche overlap between species.&#x2022;<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Although we found some support for the three hypotheses for a few diploid-polyploid pairs and for specific environmental variables, none of these hypotheses were generally supported.&#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that these commonly held hypotheses about the effects of polyploidization on ecological distributions are not universally applicable. Correlative biogeographic studies like ours provide a necessary first step for suggesting specific hypotheses that require experimental verification. A combination of genetic, physiological, and ecological studies will be required to achieve a better understanding of the role of polyploidization in niche evolution.}, }
@article {pmid25583226, year = {2015}, author = {Furman, BL and Bewick, AJ and Harrison, TL and Greenbaum, E and Gvoždík, V and Kusamba, C and Evans, BJ}, title = {Pan-African phylogeography of a model organism, the African clawed frog 'Xenopus laevis'.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {909-925}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13076}, pmid = {25583226}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Africa South of the Sahara ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Loci ; *Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Inheritance Patterns ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Xenopus laevis/*classification ; }, abstract = {The African clawed frog Xenopus laevis has a large native distribution over much of sub-Saharan Africa and is a model organism for research, a proposed disease vector, and an invasive species. Despite its prominent role in research and abundance in nature, surprisingly little is known about the phylogeography and evolutionary history of this group. Here, we report an analysis of molecular variation of this clade based on 17 loci (one mitochondrial, 16 nuclear) in up to 159 individuals sampled throughout its native distribution. Phylogenetic relationships among mitochondrial DNA haplotypes were incongruent with those among alleles of the putatively female-specific sex-determining gene DM-W, in contrast to the expectation of strict matrilineal inheritance of both loci. Population structure and evolutionarily diverged lineages were evidenced by analyses of molecular variation in these data. These results further contextualize the chronology, and evolutionary relationships within this group, support the recognition of X. laevis sensu stricto, X. petersii, X. victorianus and herein revalidated X. poweri as separate species. We also propose that portions of the currently recognized distributions of X. laevis (north of the Congo Basin) and X. petersii (south of the Congo Basin) be reassigned to X. poweri.}, }
@article {pmid25583098, year = {2015}, author = {Kirkpatrick, M and Barrett, B}, title = {Chromosome inversions, adaptive cassettes and the evolution of species' ranges.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2046-2055}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13074}, pmid = {25583098}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Alleles ; Animals ; Anopheles/genetics/physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; *Chromosome Inversion ; Genetic Fitness ; Genetic Speciation ; Genotype ; Models, Genetic ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {A chromosome inversion can spread when it captures locally adapted alleles or when it is introduced into a species by hybridization with adapted alleles that were previously absent. We present a model that shows how both processes can cause a species range to expand. Introgression of an inversion that carries novel, locally adapted alleles is a particularly powerful mechanism for range expansion. The model supports the earlier proposal that introgression of an inversion triggered a large range expansion of a malaria mosquito. These results suggest a role for inversions as cassettes of genes that can accelerate adaptation by crossing species boundaries, rather than protecting genomes from introgression.}, }
@article {pmid25582953, year = {2015}, author = {Lawrence, DJ and Beauchamp, DA and Olden, JD}, title = {Life-stage-specific physiology defines invasion extent of a riverine fish.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {84}, number = {3}, pages = {879-888}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12332}, pmid = {25582953}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Bass/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Body Size ; Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages/physiology ; Oregon ; Rivers ; Seasons ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Many ecologists have called for mechanism-based investigations to identify the underlying controls on species distributions. Understanding these controls can be especially useful to construct robust predictions of how a species range may change in response to climate change or the extent to which a non-native species may spread in novel environments. Here, we link spatially intensive observations with mechanistic models to illustrate how physiology determines the upstream extent of the aquatic ectotherm smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in two headwater rivers. Our results demonstrate that as temperatures become increasingly cold across a downstream to upstream gradient, food consumption in age 0 bass becomes increasingly constrained, and as a result, these fish become growth limited. Sufficient first summer growth of age 0 bass is essential for overwinter survival because young bass must persist from energy reserves accumulated during the summer, and those reserves are determined by body size. Our field data reveal the upstream extent of adult bass reproduction corresponds to a point in the downstream/upstream gradient where cold temperatures impair growth opportunities in young bass. This pattern was repeated in both study streams and explained why bass positioned nests twice as far upstream in the warm compared to the cold stream in the same basin. Placement of spawning nests by adult bass is likely subject to strong evolutionary selection in temperate systems: if bass spawn too far upstream, their young are unlikely to grow large enough to survive the winter. Consumption and growth in older bass (age 3-4) was far less sensitive to temperature. Based on these data, we suggest that temperature-sensitive age 0 bass constrain the upstream distribution limits of bass within temperate streams. In this study, we investigated how temperature-dependent physiology changed through the life history of a species and, in doing so, identified a climate-sensitive life-history stage that likely sets the distributional limits of all other life-history stages. We anticipate the framework developed here could be employed to identify how similar stage-specific environmental sensitivity determines distribution in many other ectothermic species.}, }
@article {pmid25582863, year = {2015}, author = {Warburton, B and Livingstone, P}, title = {Managing and eradicating wildlife tuberculosis in New Zealand.}, journal = {New Zealand veterinary journal}, volume = {63 Suppl 1}, number = {sup1}, pages = {77-88}, pmid = {25582863}, issn = {0048-0169}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; *Mycobacterium bovis ; New Zealand/epidemiology ; Population Surveillance ; Trichosurus/*microbiology ; Tuberculosis/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Tuberculosis (TB) due to Mycobacterium bovis infection was first identified in brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand in the late 1960s. Since the early 1970s, possums in New Zealand have been controlled as part of an ongoing strategy to manage the disease in livestock. The TB management authority (TBfree New Zealand) currently implements three strategic choices for disease-related possum control: firstly TB eradication in areas selected for eradication of the disease from livestock and wildlife, secondly Free Area Protection in areas in which possums are maintained at low densities, normally along a Vector Risk Area (VRA) boundary, and thirdly Infected Herd Suppression, which includes the remaining parts of VRA where possums are targeted to minimise the infection risk to livestock. Management is primarily through a range of lethal control options. The frequency and intensity of control is driven by a requirement to reduce populations to very low levels (usually to a trap-catch index below 2%), then to hold them at or below this level for 5-10 years to ensure disease eradication.Lethal possum control is implemented using aerial- and ground-based applications, under various regulatory and operational constraints. Extensive research has been undertaken aimed at improving the efficacy and efficiency of control. Aerial applications use sodium fluoroacetate (1080) bait for controlling possums over extensive and rugged areas of forest that are difficult to access by foot. Ground-based control uses a range of toxins (primarily, a potassium cyanide-based product) and traps. In the last 5 years there has been a shift from simple possum population control to the collection of spatial data on possum presence/absence and relative density, using simple possum detection devices using global positioning system-supported data collection tools, with recovery of possum carcasses for diagnostic necropsy. Such data provide information subsequently used in predictive epidemiological models to generate a probability of TB freedom.The strategies for managing TB in New Zealand wildlife now operate on four major principles: firstly a target threshold for possum population reduction is defined and set, secondly an objective methodology is applied for assessing whether target reductions have been achieved, thirdly effective control tools for achieving possum population reductions are used, and fourthly the necessary legislative support is in place to ensure compliance. TBfree New Zealand's possum control programme meets these requirements, providing an excellent example of an effective pest and disease control programme.}, }
@article {pmid25581041, year = {2015}, author = {Kidd, P and Mench, M and Álvarez-López, V and Bert, V and Dimitriou, I and Friesl-Hanl, W and Herzig, R and Janssen, JO and Kolbas, A and Müller, I and Neu, S and Renella, G and Ruttens, A and Vangronsveld, J and Puschenreiter, M}, title = {Agronomic Practices for Improving Gentle Remediation of Trace Element-Contaminated Soils.}, journal = {International journal of phytoremediation}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, pages = {1005-1037}, doi = {10.1080/15226514.2014.1003788}, pmid = {25581041}, issn = {1549-7879}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; *Biodegradation, Environmental ; Plants/*metabolism ; Soil Pollutants/*analysis ; Trace Elements/*analysis ; }, abstract = {The last few decades have seen the rise of Gentle soil Remediation Options (GRO), which notably include in situ contaminant stabilization ("inactivation") and plant-based (generally termed "phytoremediation") options. For trace element (TE)-contaminated sites, GRO aim to either decrease their labile pool and/or total content in the soil, thereby reducing related pollutant linkages. Much research has been dedicated to the screening and selection of TE-tolerant plant species and genotypes for application in GRO. However, the number of field trials demonstrating successful GRO remains well below the number of studies carried out at a greenhouse level. The move from greenhouse to field conditions requires incorporating agronomical knowledge into the remediation process and the ecological restoration of ecosystem services. This review summarizes agronomic practices against their demonstrated or potential positive effect on GRO performance, including plant selection, soil management practices, crop rotation, short rotation coppice, intercropping/row cropping, planting methods and plant densities, harvest and fertilization management, pest and weed control and irrigation management. Potentially negative effects of GRO, e.g., the introduction of potentially invasive species, are also discussed. Lessons learnt from long-term European field case sites are given for aiding the choice of appropriate management practices and plant species.}, }
@article {pmid25581031, year = {2015}, author = {Xie, HJ and Li, H and Liu, D and Dai, WM and He, JY and Lin, S and Duan, H and Liu, LL and Chen, SG and Song, XL and Valverde, BE and Qiang, S}, title = {ICE1 demethylation drives the range expansion of a plant invader through cold tolerance divergence.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {835-850}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13067}, pmid = {25581031}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Ageratina/*genetics/physiology ; China ; *Cold Temperature ; DNA Methylation ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plant Proteins/*genetics ; Plant Weeds/genetics/physiology ; Plants, Genetically Modified/physiology ; Transcription Factors/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Cold tolerance adaption is a crucial determinant for the establishment and expansion of invasive alien plants into new cold environments; however, its evolutionary mechanism is poorly understood. Crofton weed (Ageratina adenophora), a highly invasive alien plant, is continuously spreading across subtropical areas in China, north-eastward from the first colonized south-western tropical regions, through cold tolerance evolution. Close relations between the cold tolerance levels of 34 populations, represented by 147 accessions, and the latitude, extreme lowest temperature, coldest month average temperature, and invasion period have provided direct insight into its cold tolerance divergence. A comparative study of the CBF pathway, associated with the cold tolerance enhancement of cold-susceptible CBF1-transgenic plant, among four geographically distinct crofton weed populations revealed that the CBF pathway plays a key role in the observed cold tolerance divergence. Four epialleles of the cold response regulator ICE1 ranged from 66 to 50 methylated cytosines, representing a 4.4% to 3.3% methylation rate and significantly corresponding to the lowest to highest cold tolerance levels among these different populations. The significant negative relation between the transcription levels of the primary CBF pathway members, except for CBF2, and the methylation levels among the four populations firstly demonstrates that the demethylation-upregulated transcription level of CBF pathway is responsible for this evolution. These facts, combined with the cold tolerance variation and methylation found among three native and two other introduced populations, indicate that the ICE1-demethylated upregulation of cold tolerance may be the underlying evolutionary mechanism allowing crofton weed to expand northward in China.}, }
@article {pmid25580651, year = {2015}, author = {Lau, JA and Schultheis, EH}, title = {When two invasion hypotheses are better than one.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {205}, number = {3}, pages = {958-960}, doi = {10.1111/nph.13260}, pmid = {25580651}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Allelopathy ; *Biological Evolution ; Chromolaena/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Tropical Climate ; }, }
@article {pmid25579021, year = {2015}, author = {Sarabeev, V}, title = {Helminth species richness of introduced and native grey mullets (Teleostei: Mugilidae).}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {64}, number = {4}, pages = {6-17}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2015.01.001}, pmid = {25579021}, issn = {1873-0329}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Helminths/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/*physiology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Mediterranean Sea ; Smegmamorpha/classification/*parasitology ; Trematoda/physiology ; }, abstract = {Quantitative complex analyses of parasite communities of invaders across different native and introduced populations are largely lacking. The present study provides a comparative analysis of species richness of helminth parasites in native and invasive populations of grey mullets. The local species richness differed between regions and host species, but did not differ when compared with invasive and native hosts. The size of parasite assemblages of endohelminths was higher in the Mediterranean and Azov-Black Seas, while monogeneans were the most diverse in the Sea of Japan. The helminth diversity was apparently higher in the introduced population of Liza haematocheilus than that in their native habitat, but this trend could not be confirmed when the size of geographic range and sampling efforts were controlled for. The parasite species richness at the infracommunity level of the invasive host population is significantly lower compared with that of the native host populations that lends support to the enemy release hypothesis. A distribution pattern of the infracommunity richness of acquired parasites by the invasive host can be characterized as aggregated and it is random in native host populations. Heterogeneity in the host susceptibility and vulnerability to acquired helminth species was assumed to be a reason of the aggregation of species numbers in the population of the invasive host.}, }
@article {pmid25576187, year = {2015}, author = {Henry, M and Birceanu, O and Clifford, AM and McClelland, GB and Wang, YS and Wilkie, MP}, title = {Life stage dependent responses to the lampricide, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), provide insight into glucose homeostasis and metabolism in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus).}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology &amp; pharmacology : CBP}, volume = {169}, number = {}, pages = {35-45}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.12.003}, pmid = {25576187}, issn = {1532-0456}, mesh = {Animals ; Glucose/*metabolism ; Homeostasis/*drug effects ; Life Cycle Stages/drug effects ; Nitrophenols/*pharmacology ; Pesticides/*pharmacology ; Petromyzon/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The primary method of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) control in the Great Lakes is the treatment of streams and rivers with the pesticide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), which targets larval sea lamprey. However, less is known about the effects of TFM on other stages of the sea lamprey's complex life cycle. The goal of this study was to determine how TFM affected internal energy stores, metabolites, and ion balance in larval, juvenile (parasitic) and adult sea lamprey. The larvae were more tolerant to TFM than the adults, with a 2-fold higher 12h TFM LC50 and a 1.5-fold higher LC99.9. Acute (3h) exposure of the larvae, parasites and adults to their respective 12h TFM LC99.9 led to marked reductions in glycogen and phosphocreatine in the adult brain, with lesser or no effect in the larvae and parasites. Increased lactate in the brain, at less than the expected stoichiometry, suggested that it was exported to the blood. Kidney glycogen declined after TFM exposure, suggesting that this organ plays an important role in glucose homeostasis. TFM-induced disturbances to ion balance were minimal. In conclusion, TFM perturbs energy metabolism in all major stages of the sea lamprey life cycle in a similar fashion, but the adults appear to be the most sensitive. Thus, the adult stage could be a viable and effective target for TFM treatment, particularly when used in combination with other existing and emerging strategies of sea lamprey control.}, }
@article {pmid25567671, year = {2015}, author = {Kampen, H and Medlock, JM and Vaux, AG and Koenraadt, CJ and van Vliet, AJ and Bartumeus, F and Oltra, A and Sousa, CA and Chouin, S and Werner, D}, title = {Approaches to passive mosquito surveillance in the EU.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {9}, pmid = {25567671}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Culicidae/*classification/*physiology ; Databases, Factual ; *European Union ; Insect Vectors ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control/methods ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The recent emergence in Europe of invasive mosquitoes and mosquito-borne disease associated with both invasive and native mosquito species has prompted intensified mosquito vector research in most European countries. Central to the efforts are mosquito monitoring and surveillance activities in order to assess the current species occurrence, distribution and, when possible, abundance, in order to permit the early detection of invasive species and the spread of competent vectors. As active mosquito collection, e.g. by trapping adults, dipping preimaginal developmental stages or ovitrapping, is usually cost-, time- and labour-intensive and can cover only small parts of a country, passive data collection approaches are gradually being integrated into monitoring programmes. Thus, scientists in several EU member states have recently initiated programmes for mosquito data collection and analysis that make use of sources other than targeted mosquito collection. While some of them extract mosquito distribution data from zoological databases established in other contexts, community-based approaches built upon the recognition, reporting, collection and submission of mosquito specimens by citizens are becoming more and more popular and increasingly support scientific research. Based on such reports and submissions, new populations, extended or new distribution areas and temporal activity patterns of invasive and native mosquito species were found. In all cases, extensive media work and communication with the participating individuals or groups was fundamental for success. The presented projects demonstrate that passive approaches are powerful tools to survey the mosquito fauna in order to supplement active mosquito surveillance strategies and render them more focused. Their ability to continuously produce biological data permits the early recognition of changes in the mosquito fauna that may have an impact on biting nuisance and the risk of pathogen transmission associated with mosquitoes. International coordination to explore synergies and increase efficiency of passive surveillance programmes across borders needs to be established.}, }
@article {pmid25566883, year = {2015}, author = {Wells, K and Brook, BW and Lacy, RC and Mutze, GJ and Peacock, DE and Sinclair, RG and Schwensow, N and Cassey, P and O'Hara, RB and Fordham, DA}, title = {Timing and severity of immunizing diseases in rabbits is controlled by seasonal matching of host and pathogen dynamics.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {12}, number = {103}, pages = {}, pmid = {25566883}, issn = {1742-5662}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia/epidemiology ; Caliciviridae Infections/*epidemiology/*immunology ; Female ; Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/*immunology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Models, Immunological ; Myxomatosis, Infectious ; Rabbits ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {Infectious diseases can exert a strong influence on the dynamics of host populations, but it remains unclear why such disease-mediated control only occurs under particular environmental conditions. We used 16 years of detailed field data on invasive European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Australia, linked to individual-based stochastic models and Bayesian approximations, to test whether (i) mortality associated with rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) is driven primarily by seasonal matches/mismatches between demographic rates and epidemiological dynamics and (ii) delayed infection (arising from insusceptibility and maternal antibodies in juveniles) are important factors in determining disease severity and local population persistence of rabbits. We found that both the timing of reproduction and exposure to viruses drove recurrent seasonal epidemics of RHD. Protection conferred by insusceptibility and maternal antibodies controlled seasonal disease outbreaks by delaying infection; this could have also allowed escape from disease. The persistence of local populations was a stochastic outcome of recovery rates from both RHD and myxomatosis. If susceptibility to RHD is delayed, myxomatosis will have a pronounced effect on population extirpation when the two viruses coexist. This has important implications for wildlife management, because it is likely that such seasonal interplay and disease dynamics has a strong effect on long-term population viability for many species.}, }
@article {pmid25565708, year = {2015}, author = {Rumney, HJ}, title = {Culling of invasive species--a comment.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {56}, number = {1}, pages = {9}, pmid = {25565708}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Agriculture/*economics ; Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid25565141, year = {2015}, author = {de Araújo, WS and Vieira, MC and Lewinsohn, TM and Almeida-Neto, M}, title = {Contrasting effects of land use intensity and exotic host plants on the specialization of interactions in plant-herbivore networks.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {e0115606}, pmid = {25565141}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Herbivory ; Insecta/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Plants/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Human land use tends to decrease the diversity of native plant species and facilitate the invasion and establishment of exotic ones. Such changes in land use and plant community composition usually have negative impacts on the assemblages of native herbivorous insects. Highly specialized herbivores are expected to be especially sensitive to land use intensification and the presence of exotic plant species because they are neither capable of consuming alternative plant species of the native flora nor exotic plant species. Therefore, higher levels of land use intensity might reduce the proportion of highly specialized herbivores, which ultimately would lead to changes in the specialization of interactions in plant-herbivore networks. This study investigates the community-wide effects of land use intensity on the degree of specialization of 72 plant-herbivore networks, including effects mediated by the increase in the proportion of exotic plant species. Contrary to our expectation, the net effect of land use intensity on network specialization was positive. However, this positive effect of land use intensity was partially canceled by an opposite effect of the proportion of exotic plant species on network specialization. When we analyzed networks composed exclusively of endophagous herbivores separately from those composed exclusively of exophagous herbivores, we found that only endophages showed a consistent change in network specialization at higher land use levels. Altogether, these results indicate that land use intensity is an important ecological driver of network specialization, by way of reducing the local host range of herbivore guilds with highly specialized feeding habits. However, because the effect of land use intensity is offset by an opposite effect owing to the proportion of exotic host species, the net effect of land use in a given herbivore assemblage will likely depend on the extent of the replacement of native host species with exotic ones.}, }
@article {pmid25564741, year = {2015}, author = {Heil, M}, title = {Extrafloral nectar at the plant-insect interface: a spotlight on chemical ecology, phenotypic plasticity, and food webs.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {60}, number = {}, pages = {213-232}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020753}, pmid = {25564741}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Insecta/*physiology ; Magnoliopsida/*metabolism ; Mites/*physiology ; Pest Control, Biological ; Plant Nectar/*metabolism ; Spiders/*physiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Plants secrete extrafloral nectar (EFN) as an induced defense against herbivores. EFN contains not only carbohydrates and amino acids but also pathogenesis-related proteins and other protective enzymes, making EFN an exclusive reward. EFN secretion is commonly induced after wounding, likely owing to a jasmonic acid-induced cell wall invertase, and is limited by phloem sucrose availability: Both factors control EFN secretion according to the optimal defense hypothesis. Non-ant EFN consumers include parasitoids, wasps, spiders, mites, bugs, and predatory beetles. Little is known about the relevance of EFN to the nutrition of its consumers and, hence, to the structuring of arthropod communities. The mutualism can be established quickly among noncoevolved (e.g., invasive) species, indicating its easy assembly is due to ecological fitting. Therefore, increasing efforts are directed toward using EFN in biocontrol. However, documentation of the importance of EFN for the communities of plants and arthropods in natural, invasive, and agricultural ecosystems is still limited.}, }
@article {pmid25564019, year = {2015}, author = {Seifert, LI and Weithoff, G and Gaedke, U and Vos, M}, title = {Warming-induced changes in predation, extinction and invasion in an ectotherm food web.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {178}, number = {2}, pages = {485-496}, pmid = {25564019}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Carnivory ; Climate ; Ecology ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; *Global Warming ; Herbivory ; *Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Rotifera ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Climate change will alter the forces of predation and competition in temperate ectotherm food webs. This may increase local extinction rates, change the fate of invasions and impede species reintroductions into communities. Invasion success could be modulated by traits (e.g., defenses) and adaptations to climate. We studied how different temperatures affect the time until extinction of species, using bitrophic and tritrophic planktonic food webs to evaluate the relative importance of predatory overexploitation and competitive exclusion, at 15 and 25 °C. In addition, we tested how inclusion of a subtropical as opposed to a temperate strain in this model food web affects times until extinction. Further, we studied the invasion success of the temperate rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus into the planktonic food web at 15 and 25 °C on five consecutive introduction dates, during which the relative forces of predation and competition differed. A higher temperature dramatically shortened times until extinction of all herbivore species due to carnivorous overexploitation in tritrophic systems. Surprisingly, warming did not increase rates of competitive exclusion among the tested herbivore species in bitrophic communities. Including a subtropical herbivore strain reduced top-down control by the carnivore at high temperature. Invasion attempts of temperate B. calyciflorus into the food web always succeeded at 15 °C, but consistently failed at 25 °C due to voracious overexploitation by the carnivore. Pre-induction of defenses (spines) in B. calyciflorus before the invasion attempt did not change its invasion success at the high temperature. We conclude that high temperatures may promote local extinctions in temperate ectotherms and reduce their chances of successful recovery.}, }
@article {pmid25561679, year = {2015}, author = {Richman, NI and Böhm, M and Adams, SB and Alvarez, F and Bergey, EA and Bunn, JJ and Burnham, Q and Cordeiro, J and Coughran, J and Crandall, KA and Dawkins, KL and DiStefano, RJ and Doran, NE and Edsman, L and Eversole, AG and Füreder, L and Furse, JM and Gherardi, F and Hamr, P and Holdich, DM and Horwitz, P and Johnston, K and Jones, CM and Jones, JP and Jones, RL and Jones, TG and Kawai, T and Lawler, S and López-Mejía, M and Miller, RM and Pedraza-Lara, C and Reynolds, JD and Richardson, AM and Schultz, MB and Schuster, GA and Sibley, PJ and Souty-Grosset, C and Taylor, CA and Thoma, RF and Walls, J and Walsh, TS and Collen, B}, title = {Multiple drivers of decline in the global status of freshwater crayfish (Decapoda: Astacidea).}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {370}, number = {1662}, pages = {20140060}, pmid = {25561679}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Australia ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/trends ; *Endangered Species ; Fresh Water ; Geography ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Rates of biodiversity loss are higher in freshwater ecosystems than in most terrestrial or marine ecosystems, making freshwater conservation a priority. However, prioritization methods are impeded by insufficient knowledge on the distribution and conservation status of freshwater taxa, particularly invertebrates. We evaluated the extinction risk of the world's 590 freshwater crayfish species using the IUCN Categories and Criteria and found 32% of all species are threatened with extinction. The level of extinction risk differed between families, with proportionally more threatened species in the Parastacidae and Astacidae than in the Cambaridae. Four described species were Extinct and 21% were assessed as Data Deficient. There was geographical variation in the dominant threats affecting the main centres of crayfish diversity. The majority of threatened US and Mexican species face threats associated with urban development, pollution, damming and water management. Conversely, the majority of Australian threatened species are affected by climate change, harvesting, agriculture and invasive species. Only a small proportion of crayfish are found within the boundaries of protected areas, suggesting that alternative means of long-term protection will be required. Our study highlights many of the significant challenges yet to come for freshwater biodiversity unless conservation planning shifts from a reactive to proactive approach.}, }
@article {pmid25560653, year = {2015}, author = {Withrow, JR and Smith, EL and Koch, FH and Yemshanov, D}, title = {Managing outbreaks of invasive species--a new method to prioritize preemptive quarantine efforts across large geographic regions.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {150}, number = {}, pages = {367-377}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.11.001}, pmid = {25560653}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention &amp; control ; *Fraxinus ; Geographic Information Systems ; Great Lakes Region ; Humans ; Insect Control ; *Models, Theoretical ; Quarantine/*economics/methods ; United States ; }, abstract = {In pest risk assessment it is frequently necessary to make time-critical decisions regarding management of expanding pest populations. When an invasive pest outbreak is expanding rapidly, preemptive quarantine of areas that are under imminent threat of infestation is one of only a few available management tools that can be implemented quickly to help control the expansion. The preemptive quarantine of locations that surround an infested area also acts as a safeguard to counteract the risk of failed detections of the pest in field surveys. In this paper, we present a method that assesses the suitability of preemptive quarantine measures at the level of small geographical subdivisions (U.S. counties). The cost of a preemptive quarantine in a given county is weighed against the protective benefit of delaying the spread of an outbreak to other neighboring counties. We demonstrate the approach with a decision support model that estimates the suitability of preemptive quarantine across multiple counties that surround areas infested with the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (EAB), Coleoptera: Buprestidae), an emerging major threat to ash tree species (Fraxinus spp.) in North America. The model identifies the U.S. counties where the installation of preemptive quarantine would most effectively slow the spread of EAB populations and reduce risk to high-value areas.}, }
@article {pmid25558898, year = {2015}, author = {Lande, R}, title = {Evolution of phenotypic plasticity in colonizing species.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2038-2045}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13037}, pmid = {25558898}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecology ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Genetic ; *Phenotype ; Population Density ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {I elaborate an hypothesis to explain inconsistent empirical findings comparing phenotypic plasticity in colonizing populations or species with plasticity from their native or ancestral range. Quantitative genetic theory on the evolution of plasticity reveals that colonization of a novel environment can cause a transient increase in plasticity: a rapid initial increase in plasticity accelerates evolution of a new optimal phenotype, followed by slow genetic assimilation of the new phenotype and reduction of plasticity. An association of colonization with increased plasticity depends on the difference in the optimal phenotype between ancestral and colonized environments, the difference in mean, variance and predictability of the environment, the cost of plasticity, and the time elapsed since colonization. The relative importance of these parameters depends on whether a phenotypic character develops by one-shot plasticity to a constant adult phenotype or by labile plasticity involving continuous and reversible development throughout adult life.}, }
@article {pmid25558364, year = {2014}, author = {Hudson, LN and Newbold, T and Contu, S and Hill, SL and Lysenko, I and De Palma, A and Phillips, HR and Senior, RA and Bennett, DJ and Booth, H and Choimes, A and Correia, DL and Day, J and Echeverría-Londoño, S and Garon, M and Harrison, ML and Ingram, DJ and Jung, M and Kemp, V and Kirkpatrick, L and Martin, CD and Pan, Y and White, HJ and Aben, J and Abrahamczyk, S and Adum, GB and Aguilar-Barquero, V and Aizen, MA and Ancrenaz, M and Arbeláez-Cortés, E and Armbrecht, I and Azhar, B and Azpiroz, AB and Baeten, L and Báldi, A and Banks, JE and Barlow, J and Batáry, P and Bates, AJ and Bayne, EM and Beja, P and Berg, &#xc5; and Berry, NJ and Bicknell, JE and Bihn, JH and Böhning-Gaese, K and Boekhout, T and Boutin, C and Bouyer, J and Brearley, FQ and Brito, I and Brunet, J and Buczkowski, G and Buscardo, E and Cabra-García, J and Calviño-Cancela, M and Cameron, SA and Cancello, EM and Carrijo, TF and Carvalho, AL and Castro, H and Castro-Luna, AA and Cerda, R and Cerezo, A and Chauvat, M and Clarke, FM and Cleary, DF and Connop, SP and D'Aniello, B and da Silva, PG and Darvill, B and Dauber, J and Dejean, A and Diekötter, T and Dominguez-Haydar, Y and Dormann, CF and Dumont, B and Dures, SG and Dynesius, M and Edenius, L and Elek, Z and Entling, MH and Farwig, N and Fayle, TM and Felicioli, A and Felton, AM and Ficetola, GF and Filgueiras, BK and Fonte, SJ and Fraser, LH and Fukuda, D and Furlani, D and Ganzhorn, JU and Garden, JG and Gheler-Costa, C and Giordani, P and Giordano, S and Gottschalk, MS and Goulson, D and Gove, AD and Grogan, J and Hanley, ME and Hanson, T and Hashim, NR and Hawes, JE and Hébert, C and Helden, AJ and Henden, JA and Hernández, L and Herzog, F and Higuera-Diaz, D and Hilje, B and Horgan, FG and Horváth, R and Hylander, K and Isaacs-Cubides, P and Ishitani, M and Jacobs, CT and Jaramillo, VJ and Jauker, B and Jonsell, M and Jung, TS and Kapoor, V and Kati, V and Katovai, E and Kessler, M and Knop, E and Kolb, A and Kőrösi, &#xc1; and Lachat, T and Lantschner, V and Le Féon, V and LeBuhn, G and Légaré, JP and Letcher, SG and Littlewood, NA and López-Quintero, CA and Louhaichi, M and Lövei, GL and Lucas-Borja, ME and Luja, VH and Maeto, K and Magura, T and Mallari, NA and Marin-Spiotta, E and Marshall, EJ and Martínez, E and Mayfield, MM and Mikusinski, G and Milder, JC and Miller, JR and Morales, CL and Muchane, MN and Muchane, M and Naidoo, R and Nakamura, A and Naoe, S and Nates-Parra, G and Navarrete Gutierrez, DA and Neuschulz, EL and Noreika, N and Norfolk, O and Noriega, JA and Nöske, NM and O'Dea, N and Oduro, W and Ofori-Boateng, C and Oke, CO and Osgathorpe, LM and Paritsis, J and Parra-H, A and Pelegrin, N and Peres, CA and Persson, AS and Petanidou, T and Phalan, B and Philips, TK and Poveda, K and Power, EF and Presley, SJ and Proença, V and Quaranta, M and Quintero, C and Redpath-Downing, NA and Reid, JL and Reis, YT and Ribeiro, DB and Richardson, BA and Richardson, MJ and Robles, CA and Römbke, J and Romero-Duque, LP and Rosselli, L and Rossiter, SJ and Roulston, TH and Rousseau, L and Sadler, JP and Sáfián, S and Saldaña-Vázquez, RA and Samnegård, U and Schüepp, C and Schweiger, O and Sedlock, JL and Shahabuddin, G and Sheil, D and Silva, FA and Slade, EM and Smith-Pardo, AH and Sodhi, NS and Somarriba, EJ and Sosa, RA and Stout, JC and Struebig, MJ and Sung, YH and Threlfall, CG and Tonietto, R and Tóthmérész, B and Tscharntke, T and Turner, EC and Tylianakis, JM and Vanbergen, AJ and Vassilev, K and Verboven, HA and Vergara, CH and Vergara, PM and Verhulst, J and Walker, TR and Wang, Y and Watling, JI and Wells, K and Williams, CD and Willig, MR and Woinarski, JC and Wolf, JH and Woodcock, BA and Yu, DW and Zaitsev, AS and Collen, B and Ewers, RM and Mace, GM and Purves, DW and Scharlemann, JP and Purvis, A}, title = {The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {24}, pages = {4701-4735}, pmid = {25558364}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species' threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project - and avert - future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups - including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems - http://www.predicts.org.uk). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015.}, }
@article {pmid25558356, year = {2014}, author = {Lander, TA and Klein, EK and Oddou-Muratorio, S and Candau, JN and Gidoin, C and Chalon, A and Roig, A and Fallour, D and Auger-Rozenberg, MA and Boivin, T}, title = {Reconstruction of a windborne insect invasion using a particle dispersal model, historical wind data, and Bayesian analysis of genetic data.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {24}, pages = {4609-4625}, pmid = {25558356}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Understanding how invasive species establish and spread is vital for developing effective management strategies for invaded areas and identifying new areas where the risk of invasion is highest. We investigated the explanatory power of dispersal histories reconstructed based on local-scale wind data and a regional-scale wind-dispersed particle trajectory model for the invasive seed chalcid wasp Megastigmus schimitscheki (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) in France. The explanatory power was tested by: (1) survival analysis of empirical data on M. schimitscheki presence, absence and year of arrival at 52 stands of the wasp's obligate hosts, Cedrus (true cedar trees); and (2) Approximate Bayesian analysis of M. schimitscheki genetic data using a coalescence model. The Bayesian demographic modeling and traditional population genetic analysis suggested that initial invasion across the range was the result of long-distance dispersal from the longest established sites. The survival analyses of the windborne expansion patterns derived from a particle dispersal model indicated that there was an informative correlation between the M. schimitscheki presence/absence data from the annual surveys and the scenarios based on regional-scale wind data. These three very different analyses produced highly congruent results supporting our proposal that wind is the most probable vector for passive long-distance dispersal of this invasive seed wasp. This result confirms that long-distance dispersal from introduction areas is a likely driver of secondary expansion of alien invasive species. Based on our results, management programs for this and other windborne invasive species may consider (1) focusing effort at the longest established sites and (2) monitoring outlying populations remains critically important due to their influence on rates of spread. We also suggest that there is a distinct need for new analysis methods that have the capacity to combine empirical spatiotemporal field data, genetic data, and environmental data to investigate dispersal and invasion.}, }
@article {pmid25558352, year = {2014}, author = {Guo, WY and Lambertini, C and Nguyen, LX and Li, XZ and Brix, H}, title = {Preadaptation and post-introduction evolution facilitate the invasion of Phragmites australis in North America.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {24}, pages = {4567-4577}, pmid = {25558352}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Compared with non-invasive species, invasive plant species may benefit from certain advantageous traits, for example, higher photosynthesis capacity and resource/energy-use efficiency. These traits can be preadapted prior to introduction, but can also be acquired through evolution following introduction to the new range. Disentangling the origins of these advantageous traits is a fundamental and emerging question in invasion ecology. We conducted a multiple comparative experiment under identical environmental condition with the invasive haplotype M lineage of the wetland grass Phragmites australis and compared the ecophysiological traits of this invasive haplotype M in North America with those of the European ancestor and the conspecific North American native haplotype E lineage, P. australis ssp. americanus. The invasive haplotype M differed significantly from the native North American conspecific haplotype E in several ecophysiological and morphological traits, and the European haplotype M had a more efficient photosynthetic apparatus than the native North American P. australis ssp. americanus. Within the haplotype M lineage, the introduced North American P. australis exhibited different biomass allocation patterns and resource/energy-use strategies compared to its European ancestor group. A discriminant analysis of principal components separated the haplotype M and the haplotype E lineages completely along the first canonical axis, highly related to photosynthetic gas-exchange parameters, photosynthetic energy-use efficiency and payback time. The second canonical axis, highly related to photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency and construction costs, significantly separated the introduced P. australis in North America from its European ancestor. Synthesis. We conclude that the European P. australis lineage was preadapted to be invasive prior to its introduction, and that the invasion in North America is further stimulated by rapid post-introduction evolution in several advantageous traits. The multicomparison approach used in this study could be an effective approach for distinguishing preadaptation and post-introduction evolution of invasive species. Further research is needed to link the observed changes in invasive traits to the genetic variation and the interaction with the environment.}, }
@article {pmid25558090, year = {2014}, author = {Leishman, MR and Cooke, J and Richardson, DM and Newman, J}, title = {Evidence for shifts to faster growth strategies in the new ranges of invasive alien plants.}, journal = {The Journal of ecology}, volume = {102}, number = {6}, pages = {1451-1461}, pmid = {25558090}, issn = {0022-0477}, abstract = {Understanding the processes underlying the transition from introduction to naturalization and spread is an important goal of invasion ecology. Release from pests and pathogens in association with capacity for rapid growth is thought to confer an advantage for species in novel regions.We assessed leaf herbivory and leaf-level traits associated with growth strategy in the native and exotic ranges of 13 invasive plant species from 256 populations. Species were native to either the Western Cape region of South Africa, south-western Australia or south-eastern Australia and had been introduced to at least one of the other regions or to New Zealand. We tested for evidence of herbivore release and shifts in leaf traits between native and exotic ranges of the 13 species.Across all species, leaf herbivory, specific leaf area and leaf area were significantly different between native and exotic ranges while there were no significant differences across the 13 species found for leaf mass, assimilation rate, dark respiration or foliar nitrogen.Analysis at the species- and region-level showed that eight out of 13 species had reduced leaf herbivory in at least one exotic region compared to its native range.Six out of 13 species had significantly larger specific leaf area (SLA) in at least one exotic range region and five of those six species experienced reduced leaf herbivory. Increases in SLA were underpinned by increases in leaf area rather than reductions in leaf mass.No species showed differences in the direction of trait shifts from the native range between different exotic regions. This suggests that the driver of selection on these traits in the exotic range is consistent across regions and hence is most likely to be associated with factors linked with introduction to a novel environment, such as release from leaf herbivory, rather than with particular environmental conditions.Synthesis. These results provide evidence that introduction of a plant species into a novel environment commonly results in a reduction in the top-down constraint imposed by herbivores on growth, allowing plants to shift towards a faster growth strategy which may result in an increase in population size and spread and consequently to invasive success.}, }
@article {pmid25557705, year = {2015}, author = {Hulme, PE}, title = {European Union: New law risks release of invasive species.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {517}, number = {7532}, pages = {21}, doi = {10.1038/517021a}, pmid = {25557705}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; *European Union ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Pets ; }, }
@article {pmid25557183, year = {2015}, author = {Mehrabi, Z and Tuck, SL}, title = {Relatedness is a poor predictor of negative plant-soil feedbacks.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {205}, number = {3}, pages = {1071-1075}, pmid = {25557183}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; *Biodiversity ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Feedback ; *Models, Biological ; *Phylogeny ; *Plants ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {Understanding the mechanisms underlying negative plant-soil feedbacks remains a critical challenge in plant ecology. If closely related species are more similar, then phylogeny could be used as a predictor for plant species interactions, simplifying our understanding of how plant-soil feedbacks structure plant communities, underlie invasive species dynamics, or reduce agricultural productivity. Here, we test the utility of phylogeny for predicting plant-soil feedbacks by undertaking a hierarchical Bayesian meta-analysis on all available pairwise plant-soil feedback experiments conducted over the last two decades, including 133 plant species in 329 pairwise interactions. We found that the sign and magnitude of plant-soil feedback effects were not explained by the phylogenetic distance separating interacting species. This result was consistent across different life forms, life cycles, provenances, and phylogenetic scales. Our analysis shows that, contrary to widespread assumption, relatedness is a poor predictor of plant-soil feedback effects.}, }
@article {pmid25556555, year = {2015}, author = {Alofs, KM and Jackson, DA}, title = {The abiotic and biotic factors limiting establishment of predatory fishes at their expanding northern range boundaries in Ontario, Canada.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, pages = {2227-2237}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12853}, pmid = {25556555}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bass/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Ontario ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {There is a poor understanding of the importance of biotic interactions in determining species distributions with climate change. Theory from invasion biology suggests that the success of species introductions outside of their historical ranges may be either positively (biotic acceptance) or negatively (biotic resistance) related to native biodiversity. Using data on fish community composition from two survey periods separated by approximately 28 years during which climate was warming, we examined the factors influencing the establishment of three predatory centrarchids: Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu), Largemouth Bass (M. salmoides), and Rock Bass (Ambloplites rupestris) in lakes at their expanding northern range boundaries in Ontario. Variance partitioning demonstrated that, at a regional scale, abiotic factors play a stronger role in determining the establishment of these species than biotic factors. Pairing lakes within watersheds where each species had established with lakes sharing similar abiotic conditions where the species had not established revealed both positive and negative relationships between the establishment of centrarchids and the historical presence of other predatory species. The establishment of these species near their northern range boundaries is primarily determined by abiotic factors at a regional scale; however, biotic factors become important at the lake-to-lake scale. Studies of exotic species invasions have previously highlighted how spatial scale mediates the importance of abiotic vs. biotic factors on species establishment. Our study demonstrates how concepts from invasion biology can inform our understanding of the factors controlling species distributions with changing climate.}, }
@article {pmid25555674, year = {2015}, author = {Simmons, DR and Lund, J and Levitsky, T and Groden, E}, title = {Ophiocordyceps myrmicarum, a new species infecting invasive Myrmica rubra in Maine.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {125}, number = {}, pages = {23-30}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2014.12.010}, pmid = {25555674}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*microbiology ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry ; Hypocreales/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Myrmica rubra L. (Formicidae: Hymenoptera), an invasive ant species in Maine, has been problematic in coastal communities over the past 15years and the subject of studies on its ecology, effects, and management. In recent years we observed a fungus growing from moribund M. rubra (in vitro) and have isolated multiple cultures of this previously unreported fungus over 2 y. We analyzed morphology and DNA molecular sequences of this fungus and identified it as a member of the genus Hirsutella Pat. (Ophiocordycipitaceae; Hypocreales), the use of which is suppressed in favor of a monophyletic Ophiocordyceps clade. Molecular and morphological characters support the description of this fungus as a new species, O. myrmicarum, which is the first species in this genus to be isolated from North American M. rubra.}, }
@article {pmid25555038, year = {2015}, author = {Brandner, J and Auerswald, K and Schäufele, R and Cerwenka, AF and Geist, J}, title = {Isotope evidence for preferential dispersal of fast-spreading invasive gobies along man-made river bank structures.}, journal = {Isotopes in environmental and health studies}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {80-92}, doi = {10.1080/10256016.2014.993978}, pmid = {25555038}, issn = {1477-2639}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Carbon Isotopes/*analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Germany ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry ; Perciformes/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive round goby Neogobius melanostomus and bighead goby Ponticola kessleri have successfully colonized freshwater and coastal habitats worldwide. The objective was to use stable isotope analyses to study the foraging and movement of both species at small spatial scales in the Upper Danube River, considering 861 samples from two different years, seasons and sides of the river in an area where limited mixing at a confluence occurs. A difference in δ(13)C of 1 ‰ between gobies from both river sides was observed in both species and reflected the isotope spacing in their dominant benthic prey Dikerogammarus villosus. These results suggest an absence of goby movement across the Danube River which was unexpected, given the fast spread of gobies at invasion fronts. It can be concluded that their dispersal is highly preferential with longitudinal movement likely being facilitated by artificial rip-rap structures along river banks, which provide shelter and food.}, }
@article {pmid25551819, year = {2014}, author = {Salyer, A and Bennett, GW and Buczkowski, GA}, title = {Odorous house ants (Tapinoma sessile) as back-seat drivers of localized ant decline in urban habitats.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, pages = {e113878}, pmid = {25551819}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/classification ; Cities/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Pest Control ; }, abstract = {Invasive species and habitat disturbance threaten biodiversity worldwide by modifying ecosystem performance and displacing native organisms. Similar homogenization impacts manifest locally when urbanization forces native species to relocate or reinvade perpetually altered habitat. This study investigated correlations between ant richness and abundance in response to urbanization and the nearby presence of invasive ant species, odorous house ants (Tapinoma sessile), within its native region. Surveying localized ant composition within natural, semi-natural, and urban habitat supported efforts to determine whether T. sessile appear to be primary (drivers) threats as instigators or secondary (passengers) threats as inheritors of indigenous ant decline. Sampling 180 sites, evenly split between all habitats with and without T. sessile present, yielded 45 total species. Although urbanization and T. sessile presence factors were significantly linked to ant decline, their interaction correlated to the greatest reduction of total ant richness (74%) and abundance (81%). Total richness appeared to decrease from 27 species to 18 when natural habitat is urbanized and from 18 species to 7 with T. sessile present in urban plots. Odorous house ant presence minimally influenced ant communities within natural and semi-natural habitat, highlighting the importance of habitat alteration and T. sessile presence interactions. Results suggest urbanization releases T. sessile from unknown constraints by decreasing ant richness and competition. Within urban environment, T. sessile are pre-adapted to quickly exploit new resources and grow to supercolony strength wherein T. sessile drive adjacent biodiversity loss. Odorous house ants act as passengers and drivers of ecological change throughout different phases of urban 'invasion'. This progression through surviving habitat alteration, exploiting new resources, thriving, and further reducing interspecific competition supports a "back-seat driver" role and affects pest management strategies. As demonstrated by T. sessile, this article concludes native species can become back-seat drivers of biodiversity loss and potentially thrive as "metro-invasive" species.}, }
@article {pmid25551223, year = {2014}, author = {Eriksen, RL and Hierro, JL and Eren, &#xd6; and Andonian, K and Török, K and Becerra, PI and Montesinos, D and Khetsuriani, L and Diaconu, A and Kesseli, R}, title = {Dispersal pathways and genetic differentiation among worldwide populations of the invasive weed Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, pages = {e114786}, pmid = {25551223}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Centaurea/*genetics/*physiology ; Databases, Genetic ; Expressed Sequence Tags/metabolism ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Loci/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; *Plant Dispersal ; Plant Weeds/*genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The natural history of introduced species is often unclear due to a lack of historical records. Even when historical information is readily available, important factors of the invasions such as genetic bottlenecks, hybridization, historical relationships among populations and adaptive changes are left unknown. In this study, we developed a set of nuclear, simple sequence repeat markers and used these to characterize the genetic diversity and population structure among native (Eurasian) and non-native (North and South American) populations of Centaurea solstitialis L., (yellow starthistle). We used these data to test hypotheses about the invasion pathways of the species that were based on historical and geographical records, and we make inferences about historical relationships among populations and demographic processes following invasion. We confirm that the center of diversity and the native range of the species is likely the eastern Mediterranean region in the vicinity of Turkey. From this region, the species likely proceeded to colonize other parts of Europe and Asia via a slow, stepwise range expansion. Spanish populations were the primary source of seed to invade South America via human-mediated events, as was evident from historical records, but populations from the eastern Mediterranean region were also important. North American populations were largely derived from South America, but had secondary contributors. We suggest that the introduction history of non-native populations from disparate parts of the native range have allowed not just one, but multiple opportunities first in South America then again in North America for the creation of novel genotypes via intraspecific hybridization. We propose that multiple intraspecific hybridization events may have created especially potent conditions for the selection of a noxious invader, and may explain differences in genetic patterns among North and South America populations, inferred differences in demographic processes, as well as morphological differences previously reported from common garden experiments.}, }
@article {pmid25549809, year = {2015}, author = {James, J and Slater, FM and Vaughan, IP and Young, KA and Cable, J}, title = {Comparing the ecological impacts of native and invasive crayfish: could native species' translocation do more harm than good?.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {178}, number = {1}, pages = {309-316}, pmid = {25549809}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Amphibians ; Animals ; *Astacoidea ; *Biodiversity ; *Biomass ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a principal threat to global biodiversity. Omnivores, such as crayfish, are among the most important groups of invaders. Their introduction often results in biodiversity loss, particularly of their native counterparts. Managed relocations of native crayfish from areas under threat from invasive crayfish into isolated 'ark sites' are sometimes suggested as a conservation strategy for native crayfish; however, such relocations may have unintended detrimental consequences for the recipient ecosystem. Despite this, there have been few attempts to quantify the relative impacts of native and invasive crayfish on aquatic ecosystems. To address this deficiency we conducted a meta-analysis on the effects of native and invasive crayfish on nine ecosystem components: decomposition rate, primary productivity, plant biomass, invertebrate density, biomass and diversity, fish biomass and refuge use, and amphibian larval survival. Native and invasive crayfish significantly reduced invertebrate density and biomass, fish biomass and amphibian survival rate and significantly increased decomposition rates. Invasive crayfish also significantly reduced plant biomass and invertebrate diversity and increased primary productivity. These results show that native and invasive crayfish have wide-ranging impacts on aquatic ecosystems that may be exacerbated for invasive species. Subsequent analysis showed that the impacts of invasive crayfish were significantly greater, in comparison to native crayfish, for decomposition and primary productivity but not invertebrate density, biomass and diversity. Overall, our findings reconfirm the ecosystem altering abilities of both native and invasive crayfish, enforcing the need to carefully regulate managed relocations of native species as well as to develop control programs for invasives.}, }
@article {pmid25549358, year = {2014}, author = {Couto, A and Monceau, K and Bonnard, O and Thiéry, D and Sandoz, JC}, title = {Olfactory attraction of the hornet Vespa velutina to honeybee colony odors and pheromones.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, pages = {e115943}, pmid = {25549358}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*chemistry ; *Odorants ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Predatory Behavior ; Smell ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Since the beginning of the last century, the number of biological invasions has continuously increased worldwide. Due to their environmental and economical consequences, invasive species are now a major concern. Social wasps are particularly efficient invaders because of their distinctive biology and behavior. Among them, the yellow-legged hornet, Vespa velutina, is a keen hunter of domestic honeybees. Its recent introduction to Europe may induce important beekeeping, pollination, and biodiversity problems. Hornets use olfactory cues for the long-range detection of food sources, in this case the location of honeybee colonies, but the exact nature of these cues remains unknown. Here, we studied the orientation behavior of V. velutina workers towards a range of hive products and protein sources, as well as towards prominent chemical substances emitted by these food sources. In a multiple choice test performed under controlled laboratory conditions, we found that hornets are strongly attracted to the odor of some hive products, especially pollen and honey. When testing specific compounds, the honeybee aggregation pheromone, geraniol, proved highly attractive. Pheromones produced by honeybee larvae or by the queen were also of interest to hornet workers, albeit to a lesser extent. Our results indicate that V. velutina workers are selectively attracted towards olfactory cues from hives (stored food, brood, and queen), which may signal a high prey density. This study opens new perspectives for understanding hornets' hunting behavior and paves the way for developing efficient trapping strategies against this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid25547521, year = {2015}, author = {Shackleton, RT and Le Maitre, DC and Richardson, DM}, title = {Stakeholder perceptions and practices regarding Prosopis (mesquite) invasions and management in South Africa.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, pages = {569-581}, pmid = {25547521}, issn = {1654-7209}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Perception ; *Prosopis ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien trees impact the environment and human livelihoods. The human dimensions of such invasions are less well understood than the ecological aspects, and this is hindering the development of effective management strategies. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken to investigate the knowledge and perceptions of Prosopis between different stakeholder groups. Chi-squared tests, Welch ANOVAs, and Principle Component Analyses were run. Factors such as land tenure and proximity to invasions were especially important for explaining differences in perceptions and practices relating to Prosopis among different stakeholder groups. Most respondents were aware of Prosopis and considered it to be invasive (i.e., spreading). Costs associated with Prosopis were perceived to exceed benefits, and most stakeholders wanted to see a reduction in the abundance of Prosopis stands. The mean total cost for the management of Prosopis was US$ 1914 year(-1) per farm, where costs ranged from under US$ 10 to over UD$ 500 per ha based on invasion densities and objectives for control. The findings highlight the need for more effective management interventions.}, }
@article {pmid25544935, year = {2014}, author = {Baral, HO and Bemmann, M}, title = {Hymenoscyphus fraxineus vs. Hymenoscyphus albidus - A comparative light microscopic study on the causal agent of European ash dieback and related foliicolous, stroma-forming species.}, journal = {Mycology}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {228-290}, pmid = {25544935}, issn = {2150-1203}, abstract = {Five species of Hymenoscyphus that fruit on black stromatized parts of dead leaves of deciduous trees are presented, giving details on their morphological and ecological characteristics. Several of these species have previously been misplaced in rutstroemiaceous genera because of the presence of a substratal stroma. However, the heteropolar, scutuloid ascospores with an often hook-like lateral protrusion at the rounded apex and the ascus apical ring of the Hymenoscyphus-type represent two reliable morphological characteristics that, together with molecular data, provide clear evidence for their placement in the genus Hymenoscyphus (Helotiaceae). Among the species treated is Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (=Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus), the causal agent of the European ash dieback disease. Since 1992 this species started within Europe to replace the rather uncommon Hymenoscyphus albidus, which is likewise confined to leaves of Fraxinus. Hy. fraxineus has been recorded already since 1990 in Eastern Asia (Japan, Korea, northeast of China), where it had been initially misidentified as Lambertella albida (≡Hy. albidus). In these regions, it occurs as a harmless saprotroph on Fraxinus mandshurica and Fraxinus rhynchophylla, suggesting that those populations are native while the European ash dieback disease has a recent Eastern Asiatic origin. The distinctly higher genetic diversity found in Japanese Hy. fraxineus in contrast to European Hy. fraxineus supports this view. Genetic similarities between Japanese Hy. fraxineus and European Hy. albidus suggest that also Hy. albidus might be a descendant of Asian Hy. fraxineus, though having invaded Europe much earlier. However, consistent genetic deviation between European and Asian Hy. fraxineus at two nucleotide positions of the ITS region indicates that the European ash disease originates from a region different from the presently known areas in Eastern Asia. Our results underline the importance of detailed morphological studies in combination with molecular work. Hy. fraxineus was described from Europe as a cryptic species that differed from Hy. albidus by molecular data alone. However, the Hy. albidus/Hy. fraxineus species complex represents one of many examples within the ascomycetes in which subtle microscopic differences between closely related species, in this case the presence or absence of croziers at the ascus base, are strictly correlated with molecular characteristics. Two species that closely resemble Hy. albidus and Hy. fraxineus form pseudosclerotia in Aesculus leaves and again differ from each other mainly in the ascus base: Hymenoscyphus aesculi on Aesculus hippocastanum from Europe lacks croziers, whereas Hymenoscyphus honshuanus from Japan on Aesculus turbinata possesses croziers. Other taxa treated here include Hymenoscyphus vacini, a European species growing on stromatized net veins of skeletonized leaves of Acer, and Hymenoscyphus torquatus, a Chinese species on unidentified herbaceous stems. An equivalent stroma-forming North American species on leaves of Fraxinus, Rutstroemia longipes (Rutstroemiaceae), is discussed and compared. A key to the Hymenoscyphus species that form a dark stroma on leaves of Acer, Aesculus, Fraxinus, and Picrasma is provided.}, }
@article {pmid25544588, year = {2015}, author = {Thouvenot, L and Deleu, C and Berardocco, S and Haury, J and Thiébaut, G}, title = {Characterization of the salt stress vulnerability of three invasive freshwater plant species using a metabolic profiling approach.}, journal = {Journal of plant physiology}, volume = {175}, number = {}, pages = {113-121}, doi = {10.1016/j.jplph.2014.11.007}, pmid = {25544588}, issn = {1618-1328}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms ; Biomass ; Carbohydrate Metabolism/drug effects ; Fresh Water ; Hydrocharitaceae/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/drug effects/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Metabolomics ; Onagraceae/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Photosynthesis/drug effects ; Proline/metabolism ; Sodium Chloride/*pharmacology ; *Stress, Physiological ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The effects of salt stress on freshwater plants has been little studied up to now, despite the fact that they are expected to present different levels of salt sensitivity or salt resistance depending on the species. The aim of this work was to assess the effect of NaCl at two concentrations on three invasive freshwater species, Elodea canadensis, Myriophyllum aquaticum and Ludwigia grandiflora, by examining morphological and physiological parameters and using metabolic profiling. The growth rate (biomass and stem length) was reduced for all species, whatever the salt treatment, but the response to salt differed between the three species, depending on the NaCl concentration. For E. canadensis, the physiological traits and metabolic profiles were only slightly modified in response to salt, whereas M. aquaticum and L. grandiflora showed great changes. In both of these species, root number, photosynthetic pigment content, amino acids and carbohydrate metabolism were affected by the salt treatments. Moreover, we are the first to report the salt-induced accumulation of compatible solutes in both species. Indeed, in response to NaCl, L. grandiflora mainly accumulated sucrose. The response of M. aquaticum was more complex, because it accumulated not only sucrose and myo-inositol whatever the level of salt stress, but also amino acids such as proline and GABA, but only at high NaCl concentrations. These responses are the metabolic responses typically found in terrestrial plants.}, }
@article {pmid25544466, year = {2014}, author = {Ward, DF}, title = {Overview and key to the New Zealand Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3878}, number = {6}, pages = {563-579}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3878.6.4}, pmid = {25544466}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Body Size ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Male ; New Zealand ; Organ Size ; Wasps/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {An overview of Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera) in New Zealand is presented with information on families, genera, and when available, species. Notes on their distribution, biology, and a taxonomic key are provided. The New Zealand cynipoid fauna is very poorly known, with only 11 described species, and five genus-only taxa. The fauna is dominated by introduced species; two species have been deliberately introduced as biological control agents, and at least 12 taxa are definitely or probably adventives. Many of these species are widespread and collected from modified and non-native habitats. New generic records of Figitidae for New Zealand include: Xyalaspis (Anacharitinae), Ganaspis, (Eucoilinae), and Thoreauella (Emargininae), all of which are considered adventives. There are no native species of gall forming wasps (Cynipidae) in New Zealand, and only two native species of Figitidae are present: Anacharis zealandica Ashmead, 1900 and Kleidotoma subantarcticana Yoshimoto, 1964.}, }
@article {pmid25543850, year = {2015}, author = {Byun, C and de Blois, S and Brisson, J}, title = {Interactions between abiotic constraint, propagule pressure, and biotic resistance regulate plant invasion.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {178}, number = {1}, pages = {285-296}, pmid = {25543850}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Ecology ; *Floods ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Plants ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; *Seeds ; Soil ; *Stress, Physiological ; *Water ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {With multiple species introductions and rapid global changes, there is a need for comprehensive invasion models that can predict community responses. Evidence suggests that abiotic constraint, propagule pressure, and biotic resistance of resident species each determine plant invasion success, yet their interactions are rarely tested. To understand these interactions, we conducted community assembly experiments simulating situations in which seeds of the invasive grass species Phragmites australis (Poaceae) land on bare soil along with seeds of resident wetland plant species. We used structural equation models to measure both direct abiotic constraint (here moist vs. flooded conditions) on invasion success and indirect constraint on the abundance and, therefore, biotic resistance of resident plant species. We also evaluated how propagule supply of P. australis interacts with the biotic resistance of resident species during invasion. We observed that flooding always directly reduced invasion success but had a synergistic or antagonistic effect on biotic resistance depending on the resident species involved. Biotic resistance of the most diverse resident species mixture remained strong even when abiotic conditions changed. Biotic resistance was also extremely effective under low propagule pressure of the invader. Moreover, the presence of a dense resident plant cover appeared to lower the threshold at which invasion success became stable even when propagule supply increased. Our study not only provides an analytical framework to quantify the effect of multiple interactions relevant to community assembly and species invasion, but it also proposes guidelines for innovative invasion management strategies based on a sound understanding of ecological processes.}, }
@article {pmid25543770, year = {2014}, author = {Wakelin, MD and Larivière, MC}, title = {First New Zealand record of the Australian species Hemiodoecus leai China, 1924 (Hemiptera: Peloridiidae); a hitchhiker on moss.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3884}, number = {1}, pages = {95-100}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3884.1.9}, pmid = {25543770}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Australia ; Bryophyta ; Female ; Hemiptera/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; New Zealand ; *Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The Australian mossbug Hemiodoecus leai China, 1924, is recorded for the first time in New Zealand based on repeated sampling from a self-sustaining population at Opoho Creek, Dunedin (South Island) since 2011. The history of the discovery of H. leai, probably accidentally introduced with moss used to transport fish ova from Tasmania, is summarised. A brief taxonomic treatment accompanied by illustrations and data on distribution, puts this discovery in context with the 2011 taxonomic review of New Zealand Peloridiidae published in the Fauna of New Zealand series. Biological notes based on field and laboratory observations are also provided.}, }
@article {pmid25543095, year = {2015}, author = {Jacobs, GS and Sluckin, TJ}, title = {Long-range dispersal, stochasticity and the broken accelerating wave of advance.}, journal = {Theoretical population biology}, volume = {100C}, number = {}, pages = {39-55}, doi = {10.1016/j.tpb.2014.12.003}, pmid = {25543095}, issn = {1096-0325}, abstract = {Rare long distance dispersal events are thought to have a disproportionate impact on the spread of invasive species. Modelling using integrodifference equations suggests that, when long distance contacts are represented by a fat-tailed dispersal kernel, an accelerating wave of advance can ensue. Invasions spreading in this manner could have particularly dramatic effects. Recently, various authors have suggested that demographic stochasticity disrupts wave acceleration. Integrodifference models have been widely used in movement ecology, and as such a clearer understanding of stochastic effects is needed. Here, we present a stochastic non-linear one-dimensional lattice model in which demographic stochasticity and the dispersal regime can be systematically varied. Extensive simulations show that stochasticity has a profound effect on model behaviour, and usually breaks acceleration for fat-tailed kernels. Exceptions are seen for some power law kernels, K(l)∝|l|[-β] with β<3, for which acceleration persists despite stochasticity. Such kernels lack a second moment and are important in 'accelerating' phenomena such as Lévy flights. Furthermore, for long-range kernels the approach to the continuum limit behaviour as stochasticity is reduced is generally slow. Given that real-world populations are finite, stochastic models may give better predictive power when long-range dispersal is important. Insights from mean-field models such as integrodifference equations should be applied with caution in such circumstances.}, }
@article {pmid25542312, year = {2015}, author = {McGill, BJ and Dornelas, M and Gotelli, NJ and Magurran, AE}, title = {Fifteen forms of biodiversity trend in the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {104-113}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2014.11.006}, pmid = {25542312}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Extinction, Biological ; Geography ; *Human Activities ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Humans are transforming the biosphere in unprecedented ways, raising the important question of how these impacts are changing biodiversity. Here we argue that our understanding of biodiversity trends in the Anthropocene, and our ability to protect the natural world, is impeded by a failure to consider different types of biodiversity measured at different spatial scales. We propose that ecologists should recognize and assess 15 distinct categories of biodiversity trend. We summarize what is known about each of these 15 categories, identify major gaps in our current knowledge, and recommend the next steps required for better understanding of trends in biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid25540688, year = {2014}, author = {Lim, J and Crawley, MJ and De Vere, N and Rich, T and Savolainen, V}, title = {A phylogenetic analysis of the British flora sheds light on the evolutionary and ecological factors driving plant invasions.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {22}, pages = {4258-4269}, pmid = {25540688}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Darwin's naturalization hypothesis predicts that invasive species should perform better in their novel range in the absence of close relatives in the native flora due to reduced competition. Evidence from recent taxonomic and phylogenetic-based studies, however, is equivocal. We test Darwin's naturalization hypothesis at two different spatial scales using a fossil-dated molecular phylogenetic tree of the British native and alien flora (ca. 1600 species) and extensive, fine-scale survey data from the 1998 Countryside Survey. At both landscape and local scales, invasive species were neither significantly more nor less related to the native flora than their non-invasive alien counterparts. Species invasiveness was instead correlated with higher nitrogen and moisture preference, but not other life history traits such as life-form and height. We argue that invasive species spread in Britain is hence more likely determined by changes in land use and other anthropogenic factors, rather than evolutionary history. Synthesis. The transition from non-invasive to invasive is not related to phylogenetic distinctiveness to the native community, but instead to their environmental preferences. Therefore, combating biological invasions in the Britain and other industrialized countries need entirely different strategies than in more natural environments.}, }
@article {pmid25540283, year = {2015}, author = {Prior, KM and Robinson, JM and Meadley Dunphy, SA and Frederickson, ME}, title = {Mutualism between co-introduced species facilitates invasion and alters plant community structure.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {282}, number = {1800}, pages = {20142846}, pmid = {25540283}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Ontario ; *Seed Dispersal ; Seeds/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Generalized mutualisms are often predicted to be resilient to changes in partner identity. Variation in mutualism-related traits between native and invasive species however, can exacerbate the spread of invasive species ('invasional meltdown') if invasive partners strongly interact. Here we show how invasion by a seed-dispersing ant (Myrmica rubra) promotes recruitment of a co-introduced invasive over native ant-dispersed (myrmecochorous) plants. We created experimental communities of invasive (M. rubra) or native ants (Aphaenogaster rudis) and invasive and native plants and measured seed dispersal and plant recruitment. In our mesocosms, and in laboratory and field trials, M. rubra acted as a superior seed disperser relative to the native ant. By contrast, previous studies have found that invasive ants are often poor seed dispersers compared with native ants. Despite belonging to the same behavioural guild, seed-dispersing ants were not functionally redundant. Instead, native and invasive ants had strongly divergent effects on plant communities: the invasive plant dominated in the presence of the invasive ant and the native plants dominated in the presence of the native ant. Community changes were not due to preferences for coevolved partners: variation in functional traits of linked partners drove differences. Here, we show that strongly interacting introduced mutualists can be major drivers of ecological change.}, }
@article {pmid25539620, year = {2015}, author = {Gornish, ES and Aanderud, ZT and Sheley, RL and Rinella, MJ and Svejcar, T and Englund, SD and James, JJ}, title = {Altered snowfall and soil disturbance influence the early life stage transitions and recruitment of a native and invasive grass in a cold desert.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {177}, number = {2}, pages = {595-606}, pmid = {25539620}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Bromus/*growth &amp; development/microbiology ; *Climate Change ; *Cold Temperature ; Germination ; Introduced Species ; North America ; Plants ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Seasons ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Seeds/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; *Snow ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Climate change effects on plants are expected to be primarily mediated through early life stage transitions. Snowfall variability, in particular, may have profound impacts on seedling recruitment, structuring plant populations and communities, especially in mid-latitude systems. These water-limited and frequently invaded environments experience tremendous variation in snowfall, and species in these systems must contend with harsh winter conditions and frequent disturbance. In this study, we examined the mechanisms driving the effects of snowpack depth and soil disturbance on the germination, emergence, and establishment of the native Pseudoroegnaria spicata and the invasive Bromus tectorum, two grass species that are widely distributed across the cold deserts of North America. The absence of snow in winter exposed seeds to an increased frequency and intensity of freeze-thaw cycles and greater fungal pathogen infection. A shallower snowpack promoted the formation of a frozen surface crust, reducing the emergence of both species (more so for P. spicata). Conversely, a deeper snowpack recharged the soil and improved seedling establishment of both species by creating higher and more stable levels of soil moisture availability following spring thaw. Across several snow treatments, experimental disturbance served to decrease the cumulative survival of both species. Furthermore, we observed that, regardless of snowpack treatment, most seed mortality (70-80%) occurred between seed germination and seedling emergence (November-March), suggesting that other wintertime factors or just winter conditions in general limited survival. Our results suggest that snowpack variation and legacy effects of the snowpack influence emergence and establishment but might not facilitate invasion of cold deserts.}, }
@article {pmid25535553, year = {2014}, author = {Ouyang, F and Hui, C and Ge, S and Men, XY and Zhao, ZH and Shi, PJ and Zhang, YS and Li, BL}, title = {Weakening density dependence from climate change and agricultural intensification triggers pest outbreaks: a 37-year observation of cotton bollworms.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {17}, pages = {3362-3374}, pmid = {25535553}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Understanding drivers of population fluctuation, especially for agricultural pests, is central to the provision of agro-ecosystem services. Here, we examine the role of endogenous density dependence and exogenous factors of climate and human activity in regulating the 37-year population dynamics of an important agricultural insect pest, the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), in North China from 1975 to 2011. Quantitative time-series analysis provided strong evidence explaining long-term population dynamics of the cotton bollworm and its driving factors. Rising temperature and declining rainfall exacerbated the effect of agricultural intensification on continuously weakening the negative density dependence in regulating the population dynamics of cotton bollworms. Consequently, ongoing climate change and agricultural intensification unleashed the tightly regulated pest population and triggered the regional outbreak of H. armigera in 1992. Although the negative density dependence can effectively regulate the population change rate to fluctuate around zero at stable equilibrium levels before and after outbreak in the 1992, the population equilibrium jumped to a higher density level with apparently larger amplitudes after the outbreak. The results highlight the possibility for exogenous factors to induce pest outbreaks and alter the population regulating mechanism of negative density dependence and, thus, the stable equilibrium of the pest population, often to a higher level, posing considerable risks to the provision of agro-ecosystem services and regional food security. Efficient and timely measures of pest management in the era of Anthropocene should target the strengthening and revival of weakening density dependence caused by climate change and human activities.}, }
@article {pmid25534627, year = {2015}, author = {Bishop, JD and Wood, CA and Lévêque, L and Yunnie, AL and Viard, F}, title = {Repeated rapid assessment surveys reveal contrasting trends in occupancy of marinas by non-indigenous species on opposite sides of the western English Channel.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {95}, number = {2}, pages = {699-706}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.11.043}, pmid = {25534627}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; England ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; France ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Invertebrates/classification/growth &amp; development ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Rapid assessment surveys of non-indigenous species (NIS) of sessile invertebrates were made at seven marinas in NW France and 10 marinas in SW England in 2010, and repeated in 2013. Fourteen NIS were recorded, 12 of which were seen on both coasts. Site occupancy differed between the opposite sides of the western English Channel. In Brittany, most species occurred at most sites in both 2010 and 2013. In 2010, site occupancy in Devon &amp; Cornwall was distinctly lower; by 2013, the difference compared to Brittany had narrowed considerably, largely because of rapid colonisation of additional sites by species that were infrequent in 2010. Three more of the recent NIS are present in Devon &amp; Cornwall but have still not become widespread. It is concluded that the recently introduced fouling animals studied here are longer established in NW France than in SW England, and have probably spread northwards across the Channel.}, }
@article {pmid25529499, year = {2015}, author = {Banks, NC and Paini, DR and Bayliss, KL and Hodda, M}, title = {The role of global trade and transport network topology in the human-mediated dispersal of alien species.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {188-199}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12397}, pmid = {25529499}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Australia ; *Commerce ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {More people and goods are moving further and more frequently via many different trade and transport networks under current trends of globalisation. These networks can play a major role in the unintended introduction of exotic species to new locations. With the continuing rise in global trade, more research attention is being focused on the role of networks in the spread of invasive species. This represents an emerging field of research in invasion science and the substantial knowledge being generated within other disciplines can provide ecologists with new tools with which to study invasions. For the first time, we synthesise studies from several perspectives, approaches and disciplines to derive the fundamental characteristics of network topology determining the likelihood of spread of organisms via trade and transport networks. These characteristics can be used to identify critical points of vulnerability within these networks and enable the development of more effective strategies to prevent invasions.}, }
@article {pmid25528747, year = {2014}, author = {Moreau, CS and Deyrup, MA and Davis, LR}, title = {Ants of the Florida Keys: species accounts, biogeography, and conservation (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {25528747}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Ants/*classification ; *Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Florida ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {As a tropical archipelago, the Florida Keys provide an ideal environment to examine the historic and short-term processes that structure and influence biological diversity. Through a new survey of the ants of the Florida Keys, we increase our knowledge of the number of species to 94 representing 34 genera and 8 subfamilies. Through detailed collection information, we provide an in depth picture of the distribution of each species across the Keys. On the basis of these data and information on the native and known distributions of each species, we confirm the historical trend toward continued immigration of nonnative species into the Florida Keys and present these findings in the context of the proportion of native to nonnative species. We find a similar number of species introduced from the Old World and Neotropical mainland and discuss the probable immigration of mainland Florida species during the exposure of the Florida Shelf during the last glacial episode and the subsequent isolation of some populations as sea level rose following the last glaciation. Lastly, we discuss the possible threats to these populations due to rapid climate change and other human influences.}, }
@article {pmid25527475, year = {2014}, author = {Stout, JC and Duffy, KJ and Egan, PA and Harbourne, M and Hodkinson, TR}, title = {Genetic diversity and floral width variation in introduced and native populations of a long-lived woody perennial.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {25527475}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Populations of introduced species in their new environments are expected to differ from native populations, due to processes such as genetic drift, founder effects and local adaptation, which can often result in rapid phenotypic change. Such processes can also lead to changes in the genetic structure of these populations. This study investigated the populations of Rhododendron ponticum in its introduced range in Ireland, where it is severely invasive, to determine both genetic and flower width diversity and differentiation. We compared six introduced Irish populations with two populations from R. ponticum's native range in Spain, using amplified fragment length polymorphism and simple sequence repeat genetic markers. We measured flower width, a trait that may affect pollinator visitation, from four Irish and four Spanish populations by measuring both the width at the corolla tip and tube base (nectar holder width). With both genetic markers, populations were differentiated between Ireland and Spain and from each other in both countries. However, populations displayed low genetic diversity (mean Nei's genetic diversity = 0.22), with the largest proportion (76-93 %) of genetic variation contained within, rather than between, populations. Although corolla width was highly variable between individuals within populations, tube width was significantly wider (>0.5 mm) in introduced, compared with native, populations. Our results show that the same species can have genetically distinct populations in both invasive and native regions, and that differences in floral width may occur, possibly in response to ecological sorting processes or local adaptation to pollinator communities.}, }
@article {pmid25525798, year = {2014}, author = {Boivin, F and Simard, A and Peres-Neto, P}, title = {Can wide consultation help with setting priorities for large-scale biodiversity monitoring programs?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, pages = {e113905}, pmid = {25525798}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Faculty ; Humans ; *Public Opinion ; Quebec ; Research Personnel ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Climate and other global change phenomena affecting biodiversity require monitoring to track ecosystem changes and guide policy and management actions. Designing a biodiversity monitoring program is a difficult task that requires making decisions that often lack consensus due to budgetary constrains. As monitoring programs require long-term investment, they also require strong and continuing support from all interested parties. As such, stakeholder consultation is key to identify priorities and make sound design decisions that have as much support as possible. Here, we present the results of a consultation conducted to serve as an aid for designing a large-scale biodiversity monitoring program for the province of Québec (Canada). The consultation took the form of a survey with 13 discrete choices involving tradeoffs in respect to design priorities and 10 demographic questions (e.g., age, profession). The survey was sent to thousands of individuals having expected interests and knowledge about biodiversity and was completed by 621 participants. Overall, consensuses were few and it appeared difficult to create a design fulfilling the priorities of the majority. Most participants wanted 1) a monitoring design covering the entire territory and focusing on natural habitats; 2) a focus on species related to ecosystem services, on threatened and on invasive species. The only demographic characteristic that was related to the type of prioritization was the declared level of knowledge in biodiversity (null to high), but even then the influence was quite small.}, }
@article {pmid25523908, year = {2015}, author = {Montemayor, SI and Dellapé, PM and Melo, MC}, title = {Predicting the potential invasion suitability of regions to cassava lacebug pests (Heteroptera: Tingidae: Vatiga spp.).}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, pages = {173-181}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485314000856}, pmid = {25523908}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Forecasting ; *Herbivory ; *Heteroptera ; *Introduced Species ; *Manihot ; *Models, Theoretical ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the most important staple crops for small farmers in the tropics, feeding about 800 million people worldwide. It is currently cultivated in South and Central America, Africa and Asia. The genus Vatiga is widespread throughout the Neotropical region. Its species are sympatric and feed exclusively on cassava. The main objectives of this paper are: (1) to assess the potential distribution of Vatiga, one of the most relevant pests of cassava; (2) to project the resulting models onto the world; (3) to recognize areas with suitable and optimal climates (and thus, high probability) for future colonization, and (4) to compare this model with the harvested area of cassava analyzing the climatic variables required by both the host and the pest species. Species distribution models were built using Maxent (v3.3.3k) with bioclimatic variables from the WorldClim database in 2.5 arc min resolution across the globe. Our model shows that Vatiga has the potential to expand its current distribution into other suitable areas, and could invade other regions where cassava is already cultivated, e.g., Central Africa and Asia. Considering the results and the high host specificity of Vatiga, its recent appearance in Réunion Island (Africa) poses a serious threat, as nearby areas are potentially suitable for invasion and could serve as dispersal routes enabling Vatiga to reach the continent. The present work may help prevention or early detection of Vatiga spp. in areas where cassava is grown.}, }
@article {pmid25522508, year = {2014}, author = {Rocha-Ramirez, A and Robles-Valderrama, E and Ramirez-Flores, E}, title = {Invasive alien species water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes as abode for macroinvertebrates in hypertrophic Ramsar Site, Lake Xochimilco, Mexico.}, journal = {Journal of environmental biology}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, pages = {1071-1080}, pmid = {25522508}, issn = {0254-8704}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Eichhornia/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; *Lakes ; Mexico ; Population Density ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {This paper presents information on the density, diversity and functional feeding groups of macroinvertebrate assemblages associated with water hyacinth in Antiguo Canal Cuemanco, part of Lake Xochimilco in Mexico City. Rare (low frequency and density) and dominant (high frequency and density) taxa prevailed in the assemblages, with the most predominant being Hyalella azteca, Chironomus plumosus and Ischnura denticollis. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling confirmed two climatic seasons: warm-rainy and cold-dry; the former with the highest diversity and density of taxa. Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that conductivity, nitrates and turbidity explained the density variations of taxa. Antiguo Canal Cuemanco waters are spatially homogeneous with the characteristics of hypertrophic shallow lakes, inhabited by scrapers and gathering-collectors. The species found were tolerant to organic pollution.}, }
@article {pmid25521070, year = {2015}, author = {Whitney, KD and Gering, E}, title = {Five decades of invasion genetics.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {205}, number = {2}, pages = {472-475}, doi = {10.1111/nph.13197}, pmid = {25521070}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Biological Evolution ; Gene Flow ; Genomics ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*genetics ; }, }
@article {pmid25510865, year = {2014}, author = {Schrader, L and Kim, JW and Ence, D and Zimin, A and Klein, A and Wyschetzki, K and Weichselgartner, T and Kemena, C and Stökl, J and Schultner, E and Wurm, Y and Smith, CD and Yandell, M and Heinze, J and Gadau, J and Oettler, J}, title = {Transposable element islands facilitate adaptation to novel environments in an invasive species.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {5495}, pmid = {25510865}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {R01 HG002945/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; BB/K004204/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Ants/*genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Brazil ; DNA Methylation ; *DNA Transposable Elements ; Exons ; Gene Deletion ; Gene Duplication ; *Genes, Insect ; *Genome, Insect ; *Genomic Islands ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Phylogeography ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; }, abstract = {Adaptation requires genetic variation, but founder populations are generally genetically depleted. Here we sequence two populations of an inbred ant that diverge in phenotype to determine how variability is generated. Cardiocondyla obscurior has the smallest of the sequenced ant genomes and its structure suggests a fundamental role of transposable elements (TEs) in adaptive evolution. Accumulations of TEs (TE islands) comprising 7.18% of the genome evolve faster than other regions with regard to single-nucleotide variants, gene/exon duplications and deletions and gene homology. A non-random distribution of gene families, larvae/adult specific gene expression and signs of differential methylation in TE islands indicate intragenomic differences in regulation, evolutionary rates and coalescent effective population size. Our study reveals a tripartite interplay between TEs, life history and adaptation in an invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid25510550, year = {2015}, author = {Costa, EG and Lopes, RM and Singer, JM}, title = {Implications of heterogeneous distributions of organisms on ballast water sampling.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {91}, number = {1}, pages = {280-287}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.11.030}, pmid = {25510550}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Statistical ; Models, Theoretical ; Poisson Distribution ; *Ships ; Water/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Ballast water sampling is one of the problems still needing investigation in order to enforce the D-2 Regulation of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship Ballast Water and Sediments. Although statistical "representativeness" of the sample is an issue usually discussed in the literature, neither a definition nor a clear description of its implications are presented. In this context, we relate it to the heterogeneity of the distribution of organisms in ballast water and show how to specify compliance tests under different models based on the Poisson and negative binomial distributions. We provide algorithms to obtain minimum sample volumes required to satisfy fixed limits on the probabilities of Type I and II errors. We show that when the sample consists of a large number of aliquots, the Poisson model may be employed even under moderate heterogeneity of the distribution of the organisms in the ballast water tank.}, }
@article {pmid25503198, year = {2014}, author = {}, title = {Protect and serve.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {516}, number = {7530}, pages = {144}, doi = {10.1038/516144a}, pmid = {25503198}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Classification ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*trends ; Endangered Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; Extinction, Biological ; Human Activities/statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; Introduced Species/trends ; *Wilderness ; }, }
@article {pmid25502609, year = {2015}, author = {Moulton, MP and Cropper, WP}, title = {A comment on the role of propagule pressure in the establishment success of introduced birds.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {177}, number = {2}, pages = {317-319}, pmid = {25502609}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {In a recent paper, Cassey et al. (Oecologia 175: 417-428, 2014) presented a population model of establishment success among birds introduced to New Zealand. They found that net reproductive rate was more important than propagule pressure in three separate cases involving species that reflect life history type of three avian types. Although Cassey et al. (Oecologia 175: 417-428, 2014) claim this result was unexpected, in fact it supports previous studies that have questioned the role of propagule pressure in determining introduction outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid25502075, year = {2015}, author = {Pautasso, M and Schlegel, M and Holdenrieder, O}, title = {Forest health in a changing world.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {69}, number = {4}, pages = {826-842}, pmid = {25502075}, issn = {1432-184X}, mesh = {Climate Change ; Endophytes ; *Forests ; *Plant Diseases/etiology ; Trees/microbiology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Forest pathology, the science of forest health and tree diseases, is operating in a rapidly developing environment. Most importantly, global trade and climate change are increasing the threat to forest ecosystems posed by new diseases. Various studies relevant to forest pathology in a changing world are accumulating, thus making it necessary to provide an update of recent literature. In this contribution, we summarize research at the interface between forest pathology and landscape ecology, biogeography, global change science and research on tree endophytes. Regional outbreaks of tree diseases are requiring interdisciplinary collaboration, e.g. between forest pathologists and landscape ecologists. When tree pathogens are widely distributed, the factors determining their broad-scale distribution can be studied using a biogeographic approach. Global change, the combination of climate and land use change, increased pollution, trade and urbanization, as well as invasive species, will influence the effects of forest disturbances such as wildfires, droughts, storms, diseases and insect outbreaks, thus affecting the health and resilience of forest ecosystems worldwide. Tree endophytes can contribute to biological control of infectious diseases, enhance tolerance to environmental stress or behave as opportunistic weak pathogens potentially competing with more harmful ones. New molecular techniques are available for studying the complete tree endobiome under the influence of global change stressors from the landscape to the intercontinental level. Given that exotic tree diseases have both ecologic and economic consequences, we call for increased interdisciplinary collaboration in the coming decades between forest pathologists and researchers studying endophytes with tree geneticists, evolutionary and landscape ecologists, biogeographers, conservation biologists and global change scientists and outline interdisciplinary research gaps.}, }
@article {pmid25502045, year = {2014}, author = {Hu, J and Jiang, ZL and Nardi, F and Liu, YY and Luo, XR and Li, HX and Zhang, ZK}, title = {Members of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) cryptic species and the status of two invasive alien species in the Yunnan Province (China).}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {25502045}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Bayes Theorem ; China ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Genetic Speciation ; Hemiptera/*classification/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Mitochondria/enzymology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeography ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; }, abstract = {Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a cryptic species complex that includes some of the most significant pests of agriculture and horticulture worldwide. To understand the diversity and distribution of B. tabaci cryptic species in Yunnan, a famous biodiversity hotspot in China, a large-scale sampling was conducted from year 2010 to 2013 in 10 prefectures. Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene sequences were used to identify different cryptic species. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using Bayesian methods to assess the position of a new B. tabaci cryptic species in the context of the B. tabaci diversity in Asia. The survey indicates at least eight B. tabaci cryptic species are present in Yunnan, two invasive (MEAM1 and MED) and six indigenous (China 2, China3, China 4, Asia I, Asia II 1, and Asia II 6), MEAM1, MED, and Asia I being the three predominant cryptic species in Yunnan. Compared with MEAM1, MED has a wider distribution. Based on molecular data, a new cryptic species, here named China 4, was identified that appears to be related to China 1, China 2, and China 3. Future efforts should focus on the interactions between predominant B. tabaci cryptic species and begomoviruses and on the development of effective control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid25499798, year = {2015}, author = {Polidori, C and Nieves-Aldrey, JL}, title = {Comparative flight morphology in queens of invasive and native Patagonian bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Bombus).}, journal = {Comptes rendus biologies}, volume = {338}, number = {2}, pages = {126-133}, doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2014.11.001}, pmid = {25499798}, issn = {1768-3238}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Body Size ; Body Weight ; Chile ; Competitive Behavior ; Endangered Species ; Female ; *Flight, Animal ; Introduced Species ; Muscles/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Wings, Animal/physiology ; }, abstract = {Since its introduction in Chile, the European Bombus terrestris L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) has progressively reduced the abundance of the native Patagonian bumblebee, Bombus dahlbomii Guérin. Because an important cause of successful invasion of a species may depend on a potentially advantageous phenotype, we studied morphologies related to flight performance (flight muscle ratio (FMR), wing loading (WL), excess power index (EPI, which integrates FMR and WL) and wing aspect ratio (AR)) in the queens of the two species. Previous empirical studies showed that greater FMR, AR and EPI, and lower WL increase flight performance. In the Patagonian Chilean fjord where the study was carried out, B. dahlbomii was 40% heavier than B. terrestris, a difference theoretically allowing the queens of the native species to take off with heavier loads, despite the fact that the two species have virtually identical FMRs. However, FMR negatively depended on body mass at the intra-specific level. The total wing area was 35% greater in B. dahlbomii, but the difference in forewing length was only of 16%. Once taken into account the effect of body size, WL, was significantly lower in B. terrestris. AR increased with body mass and did not differ between species. EPI was weakly but significantly higher in B. terrestris. Experiments formally linking such parameters with flight performance may help to explain the observed quick and wide spread of this alien species in Patagonia in the last few years.}, }
@article {pmid25499240, year = {2015}, author = {Oliveira, C and Vilares, P and Guilhermino, L}, title = {Integrated biomarker responses of the invasive species Corbicula fluminea in relation to environmental abiotic conditions: a potential indicator of the likelihood of clam's summer mortality syndrome.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology}, volume = {182}, number = {}, pages = {27-37}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.12.001}, pmid = {25499240}, issn = {1531-4332}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomarkers/analysis/*metabolism ; Catalase/metabolism ; Corbicula/*physiology ; Environmental Monitoring ; Estuaries ; Geologic Sediments ; Glutathione Transferase/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Mortality ; Seasons ; Spain ; Stress, Physiological ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The aim of this study was to investigate the variation of several biomarkers in wild populations of Corbicula fluminea in relation to abiotic condition changes to identify environmental factors associated with increased stress in this species potentially leading to massive mortality events. The study was carried out from July to October in the freshwater tidal areas of the estuaries of Minho and Lima Rivers (NW Iberian Peninsula). Monthly, 7 biomarkers (biotransformation, energy production, anti-oxidant defenses and lipid peroxidation damages) were determined in C. fluminea and 17 abiotic parameters were determined in water or sediments in 4 sampling sites: M1, M2 and M3 in Minho (up=> downstream); and L in Lima estuaries. The results of biomarkers were integrated using the Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR), Index and also analysed in relation to environmental parameters by Redundancy Analysis (RDA). Overall, the findings of the present study indicate that July and August are particularly stressful months for the studied C. fluminea populations, especially at downstream sites; the increase of nutrients and ammonium water concentrations, water temperature and conductivity are major contributors for this increased stress; the biomarkers indicated that in July/August C. fluminea is exposed to oxidative stress inducers, environmental chemical contaminants biotransformed by esterases and glutathione S-transferase enzymes, and that organisms need additional energy to cope with the chemical and/or thermally-induced stress. The findings of the present study stress the importance of biomonitoring the health condition of C. fluminea because it may allow determining the likelihood of summer/post summer mortality syndrome in this species.}, }
@article {pmid25496191, year = {2015}, author = {Anic, V and Henríquez, CA and Abades, SR and Bustamante, RO}, title = {Number of conspecifics and reproduction in the invasive plant Eschscholzia californica (Papaveraceae): is there a pollinator-mediated Allee effect?.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {720-727}, doi = {10.1111/plb.12293}, pmid = {25496191}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Ecosystem ; Eschscholzia/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Flowers ; Fruit ; *Genetic Fitness ; Insecta ; Introduced Species ; Pollen ; *Pollination ; Reproduction ; Seeds/*growth &amp; development ; Species Specificity ; Wind ; }, abstract = {The component Allee effect has been defined as 'a positive relationship between any measure of individual fitness and the number or density of conspecifics'. Larger plant populations or large patches have shown a higher pollinator visitation rate, which may give rise to an Allee effect in reproduction of the plants. We experimentally tested the effect of number of conspecifics on reproduction and pollinator visitation in Eschscholzia californica Cham., an invasive plant in Chile. We then built patches with two, eight and 16 flowering individuals of E. californica (11 replicates per treatment) in an area characterised by dominance of the study species. We found that E. californica exhibits a component Allee effect, as the number of individuals of this species has a positive effect on individual seed set. However, individual fruit production was not affected by the number of plants examined. Pollinator visitation rate was also independent of the number of plants, so this factor would not explain the Allee effect. This rate was positively correlated with the total number of flowers in the patches. We also found that the number of plants did not affect the seed mass or proportion of germinated seeds in the patches. Higher pollen availability in patches with 16 plants and pollination by wind could explain the Allee effect. The component Allee effect identified could lead to a weak demographic Allee effect that might reduce the rate of spread of E. californica. Knowledge of this would be useful for management of this invasive plant in Chile.}, }
@article {pmid25496038, year = {2015}, author = {Gotzek, D and Axen, HJ and Suarez, AV and Helms Cahan, S and Shoemaker, D}, title = {Global invasion history of the tropical fire ant: a stowaway on the first global trade routes.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {374-388}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13040}, pmid = {25496038}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*genetics ; Bayes Theorem ; China ; Cluster Analysis ; Commerce ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; Multivariate Analysis ; Philippines ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Taiwan ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are largely thought to be contemporary, having recently increased sharply in the wake of globalization. However, human commerce had already become global by the mid-16th century when the Spanish connected the New World with Europe and Asia via their Manila galleon and West Indies trade routes. We use genetic data to trace the global invasion of one of the world's most widespread and invasive pest ants, the tropical fire ant, Solenopsis geminata. Our results reveal a pattern of introduction of Old World populations that is highly consistent with historical trading routes suggesting that Spanish trade introduced the tropical fire ant to Asia in the 16th century. We identify southwestern Mexico as the most likely source for the invasive populations, which is consistent with the use of Acapulco as the major Spanish port on the Pacific Ocean. From there, the Spanish galleons brought silver to Manila, which served as a hub for trade with China. The genetic data document a corresponding spread of S. geminata from Mexico via Manila to Taiwan and from there, throughout the Old World. Our descriptions of the worldwide spread of S. geminata represent a rare documented case of a biological invasion of a highly invasive and globally distributed pest species due to the earliest stages of global commerce.}, }
@article {pmid25495945, year = {2015}, author = {Byrom, AE and Caley, P and Paterson, BM and Nugent, G}, title = {Feral ferrets (Mustela furo) as hosts and sentinels of tuberculosis in New Zealand.}, journal = {New Zealand veterinary journal}, volume = {63 Suppl 1}, number = {sup1}, pages = {42-53}, pmid = {25495945}, issn = {0048-0169}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; Disease Reservoirs/*veterinary ; Ferrets/*microbiology ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand/epidemiology ; *Sentinel Surveillance ; Tuberculosis, Bovine/*epidemiology ; }, abstract = {The control and eventual eradication of bovine tuberculosis (TB) poses major challenges in New Zealand, given the variety of wildlife species susceptible to TB, many of which are capable of onwards transmission of Mycobacterium bovis infection. Here we discuss the role of feral ferrets (Mustela furo), focussing on potential transmission or risk pathways that have implications for management of TB. Firstly inter-specific transmission to ferrets. Ferrets scavenge potentially infected wildlife, including other ferrets, thus prevalence of TB can be amplified through ferrets feeding on tuberculous carcasses, particularly brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). Secondly intra-specific transmission between ferrets. The rate of ferret-ferret transmission depends on population density, and in some places ferret densities exceed the estimated threshold for disease persistence. TB can therefore potentially be maintained independently of other sources of infection. Thirdly transmission from ferrets to other wildlife. These include the main wildlife maintenance host, brushtail possums, that will occasionally scavenge potentially tuberculous ferret carcasses. Fourthly transmission from ferrets to livestock. This is considered to occur occasionally, but the actual rate of transmission has never been measured. Fifthly geographical spread. M. bovis-infected ferrets can travel large distances and cause new outbreaks of TB at locations previously free of TB, which may have caused an expansion of TB-endemic areas. Ferrets play a complex role in the TB cycle in New Zealand; they are capable of contracting, amplifying and transmitting M. bovis infection, sometimes resulting in ferret populations with a high prevalence of TB. However, ferret population densities are usually too low to sustain infection independently, and transmission to other wildlife or livestock appears a rarer event than with possums. Nevertheless, management of ferrets remains a key part of the National Pest Management Strategy for TB. Control is prudent where M. bovis-infected ferret populations exist in high numbers, to reduce the onward transmission risk of any self-sustained infection to livestock. When ferret numbers are well below the theoretical disease maintenance threshold, ferret control is still sometimes warranted because of the animals' ability to acquire infection when young and, through dispersal, transport it outside TB-endemic areas. Ferrets can also be used as disease sentinels for TB, especially in areas where alternative sentinel species are rare or expensive to survey, and when sampling of possums is not cost-effective.}, }
@article {pmid25491729, year = {2015}, author = {Chen, Y and Flint, ML and Coleman, TW and Doccola, JJ and Grosman, DM and Wood, DL and Seybold, SJ}, title = {Impact of the goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus auroguttatus, on the health of coast live oak before and after treatment with two systemic insecticides.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {71}, number = {11}, pages = {1540-1552}, doi = {10.1002/ps.3959}, pmid = {25491729}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Coleoptera ; *Imidazoles ; Insect Control/methods ; Insecticides ; Introduced Species ; Ivermectin/*analogs &amp; derivatives ; Neonicotinoids ; *Nitro Compounds ; Quercus/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The invasive goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus auroguttatus, is threatening the health and survival of oak trees in San Diego County, California. From two sites in the core area of the infestation, we report a 2.5 year investigation of the impact of A. auroguttatus on coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia, before and after treatment with two systemic insecticides, emamectin benzoate (EB) and imidacloprid (IC).<br><br>RESULTS: None of the 446 survey trees died during the study. The crown dieback rating of most trees at both study sites remained unchanged, regardless of insecticide treatment. A higher cumulative increase in the number of A. auroguttatus emergence holes was observed on trees that were previously infested and on trees with larger diameters. Over the 2.5&#x2009;year period, the new infestation rates of initially uninfested trees across the untreated and treated groups were 50% (EB) and 32% (IC), and neither EB nor IC treatment affected cumulative increases in the number of emergence holes. EB-injected trees did not have significant annual increases in the number of A. auroguttatus emergence holes at either 1.5 or 2.5&#x2009;years compared with that at 0.5&#x2009;years, whereas untreated trees had significant annual increases. Although IC-injected trees had a significantly greater annual increment in the number of emergence holes than untreated trees during the last year of the study, treated trees had significant reductions in annual increases in emergence holes at both 1.5 and 2.5&#x2009;years compared with that at 0.5&#x2009;years. Untreated trees had no significant reduction in the annual increase in emergence holes at 1.5 and 2.5&#x2009;years.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: A. auroguttatus preferentially attacked previously infested and larger (diameter at breast height > 15-30&#x2009;cm) oak trees, but the attacks led to very gradual changes in the health of the trees. Both EB and IC provided minor suppressive effects on A. auroguttatus emergence. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.}, }
@article {pmid25491291, year = {2015}, author = {Parsa, S and Hazzi, NA and Chen, Q and Lu, F and Herrera Campo, BV and Yaninek, JS and Vásquez-Ordóñez, AA}, title = {Potential geographic distribution of two invasive cassava green mites.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {65}, number = {2}, pages = {195-204}, pmid = {25491291}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Climate ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Manihot ; Mites/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The cassava green mites Mononychellus tanajoa and M. mcgregori are highly invasive species that rank among the most serious pests of cassava globally. To guide the development of appropriate risk mitigation measures preventing their introduction and spread, this article estimates their potential geographic distribution using the maximum entropy approach to distribution modeling. We compiled 1,232 occurrence records for M. tanajoa and 99 for M. mcgregori, and relied on the WorldClim climate database as a source of environmental predictors. To mitigate the potential impact of uneven sampling efforts, we applied a distance correction filter resulting in 429 occurrence records for M. tanajoa and 55 for M. mcgregori. To test for environmental biases in our occurrence data, we developed models trained and tested with records from different continents, before developing the definitive models using the full record sets. The geographically-structured models revealed good cross-validation for M. tanajoa but not for M. mcgregori, likely reflecting a subtropical bias in M. mcgregori's invasive range in Asia. The definitive models exhibited very good performance and predicted different potential distribution patterns for the two species. Relative to M. tanajoa, M. mcgregori seems better adapted to survive in locations lacking a pronounced dry season, for example across equatorial climates. Our results should help decision-makers assess the site-specific risk of cassava green mite establishment, and develop proportional risk mitigation measures to prevent their introduction and spread. These results should be particularly timely to help address the recent detection of M. mcgregori in Southeast Asia.}, }
@article {pmid25490103, year = {2014}, author = {Burlakova, LE and Tulumello, BL and Karatayev, AY and Krebs, RA and Schloesser, DW and Paterson, WL and Griffith, TA and Scott, MW and Crail, T and Zanatta, DT}, title = {Competitive replacement of invasive congeners may relax impact on native species: interactions among zebra, quagga, and native unionid mussels.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, pages = {e114926}, pmid = {25490103}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/*therapeutic use ; Case-Control Studies ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Grading ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy/pathology ; Neoplasm Staging ; Neoplasms/*drug therapy/pathology ; Prognosis ; Prospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; }, abstract = {Determining when and where the ecological impacts of invasive species will be most detrimental and whether the effects of multiple invaders will be superadditive, or subadditive, is critical for developing global management priorities to protect native species in advance of future invasions. Over the past century, the decline of freshwater bivalves of the family Unionidae has been greatly accelerated by the invasion of Dreissena. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current infestation rates of unionids by zebra (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga (D. rostriformis bugensis) mussels in the lower Great Lakes region 25 years after they nearly extirpated native unionids. In 2011-2012, we collected infestation data for over 4000 unionids from 26 species at 198 nearshore sites in lakes Erie, Ontario, and St. Clair, the Detroit River, and inland Michigan lakes and compared those results to studies from the early 1990 s. We found that the frequency of unionid infestation by Dreissena recently declined, and the number of dreissenids attached to unionids in the lower Great Lakes has fallen almost ten-fold since the early 1990s. We also found that the rate of infestation depends on the dominant Dreissena species in the lake: zebra mussels infested unionids much more often and in greater numbers. Consequently, the proportion of infested unionids, as well as the number and weight of attached dreissenids were lower in waterbodies dominated by quagga mussels. This is the first large-scale systematic study that revealed how minor differences between two taxonomically and functionally related invaders may have large consequences for native communities they invade.}, }
@article {pmid25482898, year = {2015}, author = {Smith, KF and Abbott, CL and Saito, Y and Fidler, AE}, title = {Comparison of whole mitochondrial genome sequences from two clades of the invasive ascidian, Didemnum vexillum.}, journal = {Marine genomics}, volume = {19}, number = {}, pages = {75-83}, doi = {10.1016/j.margen.2014.11.007}, pmid = {25482898}, issn = {1876-7478}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Computational Biology ; DNA Primers/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Urochordata/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The mitochondria are the main source of cellular energy production and have an important role in development, fertility, and thermal limitations. Adaptive mitochondrial DNA mutations have the potential to be of great importance in determining aspects of the life history of an organism. Phylogenetic analyses of the globally invasive marine ascidian Didemnum vexillum using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COX1) coding region, revealed two distinct clades. Representatives of one clade (denoted by 'B') are geographically restricted to D. vexillum's native region (north-west Pacific Ocean, including Japan), whereas members of the other clade (denoted by 'A') have been introduced and become invasive in temperate coastal areas around the world. Persistence of clade B's restricted distribution may reflect it being inherently less invasive than clade A. To investigate this we sought to determine if the two clades differ significantly in other mitochondrial genes of functional significance, specifically, alterations in amino acids encoded in mitochondrial enzyme subunits. Differences in functional mitochondrial genes could indicate an increased ability for clade A colonies to tolerate a wider range of environmental temperature. Full mitochondrial genomic sequences from D. vexillum clades A and B were obtained and they predict significant sequence differences in genes encoding for enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. Diversity levels were relatively high and showed divergence across almost all genes, with p-distance values between the two clades indicating recent divergence. Both clades showed an excess of rare variants, which is consistent with balancing selection or a recent population expansion. Results presented here will inform future research focusing on examining the functional properties of the corresponding mitochondrial respiration enzymes, of A and B clade enzymes. By comparing closely related taxa that have differing distributions it is possible to identify genes and phenotypes suited to particular environments. The examination of mitochondrial genotypes, and associated enzyme functioning, across populations may aid in our understanding of thermal tolerance and environmental adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid25482316, year = {2015}, author = {Stevens, JT and Latimer, AM}, title = {Snowpack, fire, and forest disturbance: interactions affect montane invasions by non-native shrubs.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, pages = {2379-2393}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12824}, pmid = {25482316}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Altitude ; California ; Climate Change ; Cytisus/*growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; *Fires ; *Forests ; Germination ; *Introduced Species ; Seasons ; *Snow ; Spartium ; }, abstract = {Montane regions worldwide have experienced relatively low plant invasion rates, a trend attributed to increased climatic severity, low rates of disturbance, and reduced propagule pressure relative to lowlands. Manipulative experiments at elevations above the invasive range of non-native species can clarify the relative contributions of these mechanisms to montane invasion resistance, yet such experiments are rare. Furthermore, global climate change and land use changes are expected to cause decreases in snowpack and increases in disturbance by fire and forest thinning in montane forests. We examined the importance of these factors in limiting montane invasions using a field transplant experiment above the invasive range of two non-native lowland shrubs, Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) and Spanish broom (Spartium junceum), in the rain-snow transition zone of the Sierra Nevada of California. We tested the effects of canopy closure, prescribed fire, and winter snow depth on demographic transitions of each species. Establishment of both species was most likely at intermediate levels of canopy disturbance, but at this intermediate canopy level, snow depth had negative effects on winter survival of seedlings. We used matrix population models to show that an 86% reduction in winter snowfall would cause a 2.8-fold increase in population growth rates in Scotch broom and a 3.5-fold increase in Spanish broom. Fall prescribed fire increased germination rates, but decreased overall population growth rates by reducing plant survival. However, at longer fire return intervals, population recovery between fires is likely to keep growth rates high, especially under low snowpack conditions. Many treatment combinations had positive growth rates despite being above the current invasive range, indicating that propagule pressure, disturbance, and climate can all strongly affect plant invasions in montane regions. We conclude that projected reductions in winter snowpack and increases in forest disturbance are likely to increase the risk of invasion from lower elevations.}, }
@article {pmid25481818, year = {2015}, author = {Roth, AM and Whitfeld, TJ and Lodge, AG and Eisenhauer, N and Frelich, LE and Reich, PB}, title = {Invasive earthworms interact with abiotic conditions to influence the invasion of common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica).}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {178}, number = {1}, pages = {219-230}, pmid = {25481818}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biomass ; *Environment ; *Forests ; *Germination ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; *Oligochaeta ; Plant Leaves ; Rhamnus/*growth &amp; development ; Seedlings ; Soil ; United States ; }, abstract = {Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.) is one of the most abundant and ecologically harmful non-native plants in forests of the Upper Midwest United States. At the same time, European earthworms are invading previously glaciated areas in this region, with largely anecdotal evidence suggesting they compound the negative effects of buckthorn and influence the invasibility of these forests. Germination and seedling establishment are important control points for colonization by any species, and manipulation of the conditions influencing these life history stages may provide insight into why invasive species are successful in some environments and not others. Using a greenhouse microcosm experiment, we examined the effects of important biotic and abiotic factors on the germination and seedling establishment of common buckthorn. We manipulated light levels, leaf litter depth and earthworm presence to investigate the independent and interactive effects of these treatments on buckthorn establishment. We found that light and leaf litter depth were significant predictors of buckthorn germination but that the presence of earthworms was the most important factor; earthworms interacted with light and leaf litter to increase the number and biomass of buckthorn across all treatments. Path analysis suggested both direct and moisture-mediated indirect mechanisms controlled these processes. The results suggest that the action of earthworms may provide a pathway through which buckthorn invades forests of the Upper Midwest United States. Hence, researchers and managers should consider co-invasion of plants and earthworms when investigating invasibility and creating preemptive or post-invasion management plans.}, }
@article {pmid25479056, year = {2014}, author = {Wooliver, R and Senior, JK and Schweitzer, JA and O'Reilly-Wapstra, JM and Langley, JA and Chapman, SK and Bailey, JK}, title = {Evolutionary history and novel biotic interactions determine plant responses to elevated CO2 and nitrogen fertilization.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, pages = {e114596}, pmid = {25479056}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; *Climate Change ; Eucalyptus/*physiology ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; *Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {A major frontier in global change research is predicting how multiple agents of global change will alter plant productivity, a critical component of the carbon cycle. Recent research has shown that plant responses to climate change are phylogenetically conserved such that species within some lineages are more productive than those within other lineages in changing environments. However, it remains unclear how phylogenetic patterns in plant responses to changing abiotic conditions may be altered by another agent of global change, the introduction of non-native species. Using a system of 28 native Tasmanian Eucalyptus species belonging to two subgenera, Symphyomyrtus and Eucalyptus, we hypothesized that productivity responses to abiotic agents of global change (elevated CO2 and increased soil N) are unique to lineages, but that novel interactions with a non-native species mediate these responses. We tested this hypothesis by examining productivity of 1) native species monocultures and 2) mixtures of native species with an introduced hardwood plantation species, Eucalyptus nitens, to experimentally manipulated soil N and atmospheric CO2. Consistent with past research, we found that N limits productivity overall, especially in elevated CO2 conditions. However, monocultures of species within the Symphyomyrtus subgenus showed the strongest response to N (gained 127% more total biomass) in elevated CO2 conditions, whereas those within the Eucalyptus subgenus did not respond to N. Root:shoot ratio (an indicator of resource use) was on average greater in species pairs containing Symphyomyrtus species, suggesting that functional traits important for resource uptake are phylogenetically conserved and explaining the phylogenetic pattern in plant response to changing environmental conditions. Yet, native species mixtures with E. nitens exhibited responses to CO2 and N that differed from those of monocultures, supporting our hypothesis and highlighting that both plant evolutionary history and introduced species will shape community productivity in a changing world.}, }
@article {pmid25479015, year = {2015}, author = {Beckert, A and Wiesner, J and Baumann, A and Pöppel, AK and Vogel, H and Vilcinskas, A}, title = {Two c-type lysozymes boost the innate immune system of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis.}, journal = {Developmental and comparative immunology}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, pages = {303-312}, doi = {10.1016/j.dci.2014.11.020}, pmid = {25479015}, issn = {1879-0089}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*metabolism ; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/genetics ; Bacillus subtilis/*drug effects ; Calcium/metabolism ; Coleoptera/genetics/*immunology ; Gastrointestinal Tract/enzymology/*immunology ; Gene Expression/genetics/immunology ; Hemolymph/enzymology/metabolism ; Immunity, Innate ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Muramidase/genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; Pichia/enzymology/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Up-Regulation ; }, abstract = {The invasive ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis has a two-layered immune system, featuring the constitutive production of the low-molecular-mass antimicrobial compound harmonine and the inducible production of a broad range of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Here we show that the immune system also features two c-type lysozymes, the acidic c-lys3 (pI = 5.46) and the basic c-lys4 (pI = 8.18). The injection of bacteria into H.axyridis boosted c-lys4 gene expression 8-fold in the gut, whereas the c-lys3 gene was expressed at comparable levels in both naïve and challenged beetles. Both c-lys3 and c-lys4 were expressed in Pichia pastoris and the bacteriolytic activity of the recombinant proteins was found to be calcium-dependent with pH maxima of 6.0 and 6.5, respectively. In a Bacillus subtilis growth inhibition assay, the antimicrobial activity of harmonine and two highly-inducible H.axyridis AMPs (coleoptericins) was potentiated in the presence of c-lys4 but not c-lys3, resulting in 4-fold (harmonine) and up to 16-fold (AMP) lower minimum inhibitory concentrations. Our results suggest that two structurally and functionally distinct lysozymes contribute to innate immune responses of H.axyridis and augment the harmonine and AMP components of the immune response.}, }
@article {pmid25479010, year = {2015}, author = {Manfrin, C and Tom, M and De Moro, G and Gerdol, M and Giulianini, PG and Pallavicini, A}, title = {The eyestalk transcriptome of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii.}, journal = {Gene}, volume = {557}, number = {1}, pages = {28-34}, doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2014.12.001}, pmid = {25479010}, issn = {1879-0038}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*genetics/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Eye/cytology/*metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Male ; Melatonin/metabolism ; Neurosecretory Systems/*metabolism ; Peptide Hormones/genetics/metabolism ; Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Transcriptome/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii, Girard 1852) is among the most economically important freshwater crustacean species, and it is also considered one of the most aggressive invasive species worldwide. Despite its commercial importance and being one of the most studied crayfish species, its genomic and transcriptomic layout has only been partially studied. Illumina RNA-sequencing was applied to characterize the eyestalk transcriptome and identify its most characterizing genes. A collection of 83,170,732 reads from eyestalks was obtained using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. A de novo assembly was performed with the Trinity assembly software generating 119,255 contigs (average length of 1,007 bp) and identifying the first sequenced transcriptome in this species. The eyestalk is a major site for the production of neurohormones and controls a variety of physiological functions such as osmotic regulation, molting, epidermal color patterns and reproduction. Hence, its transcriptomic characterization is interesting and potentially instrumental to the elucidation of genes which have not been comprehensively described yet. Moreover, the availability of such a large amount of information supported the characterization of molecular families which have never been described before. The P. clarkii eyestalk transcriptome reported here provides a resource for improving the knowledge of the still incompletely defined neuroendocrinology of this species and represents an important source of data for all the interested carcinologists.}, }
@article {pmid25478155, year = {2014}, author = {Barnes, I and Wingfield, MJ and Carbone, I and Kirisits, T and Wingfield, BD}, title = {Population structure and diversity of an invasive pine needle pathogen reflects anthropogenic activity.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {18}, pages = {3642-3661}, pmid = {25478155}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Dothistroma septosporum is a haploid fungal pathogen that causes a serious needle blight disease of pines, particularly as an invasive alien species on Pinus radiata in the Southern Hemisphere. During the course of the last two decades, the pathogen has also incited unexpected epidemics on native and non-native pine hosts in the Northern Hemisphere. Although the biology and ecology of the pathogen has been well documented, there is a distinct lack of knowledge regarding its movement or genetic diversity in many of the countries where it is found. In this study we determined the global population diversity and structure of 458 isolates of D. septosporum from 14 countries on six continents using microsatellite markers. Populations of the pathogen in the Northern Hemisphere, where pines are native, displayed high genetic diversities and included both mating types. Most of the populations from Europe showed evidence for random mating, little population differentiation and gene flow between countries. Populations in North America (USA) and Asia (Bhutan) were genetically distinct but migration between these continents and Europe was evident. In the Southern Hemisphere, the population structure and diversity of D. septosporum reflected the anthropogenic history of the introduction and establishment of plantation forestry, particularly with Pinus radiata. Three introductory lineages in the Southern Hemisphere were observed. Countries in Africa, that have had the longest history of pine introductions, displayed the greatest diversity in the pathogen population, indicating multiple introductions. More recent introductions have occurred separately in South America and Australasia where the pathogen population is currently reproducing clonally due to the presence of only one mating type.}, }
@article {pmid25475253, year = {2015}, author = {Masson, G and Vanacker, M and Fox, MG and Beisel, JN}, title = {Impact of the cestode Triaenophorus nodulosus on the exotic Lepomis gibbosus and the autochthonous Perca fluviatilis.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {142}, number = {6}, pages = {745-755}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182014001826}, pmid = {25475253}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Cestoda/*physiology ; Cestode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Fishes ; France/epidemiology ; Host Specificity ; Introduced Species ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {The effects of plerocercoids of the cestode Triaenophorus nodulosus infecting the livers of native Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis and non-native pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus was investigated in 17 sites along the Moselle watershed. With a single exception, infected individuals were not observed in the main channel whether or not northern pike Esox lucius, a final host, was present. In ponds where the pike was present, the prevalence of T. nodulosus averaged 86% in Eurasian perch and 15% in pumpkinseed. The parasite was not present at all in ponds when pike were absent. Parasite load, hepatosomatic index (HSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI) and body condition index (CI) were compared between hosts in one site where parasite prevalence and fish abundance was highest. HSI in infected perch was significantly higher than in uninfected perch, whereas no differences in HSI were detected between infected and uninfected pumpkinseed. While perch were more frequently infected and had a greater average parasite load than pumpkinseed, there were no significant differences in either indicator between the two species. Furthermore, no significant differences in GSI or CI were observed between infected and uninfected fish in either species, by either gender or maturity stage. We hypothesize that pumpkinseed is more resistant to the parasite or less likely to feed upon infected copepods than perch.}, }
@article {pmid25474505, year = {2015}, author = {Bock, DG and Caseys, C and Cousens, RD and Hahn, MA and Heredia, SM and Hübner, S and Turner, KG and Whitney, KD and Rieseberg, LH}, title = {What we still don't know about invasion genetics.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2277-2297}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13032}, pmid = {25474505}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Genetic Drift ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Publication of The Genetics of Colonizing Species in 1965 launched the field of invasion genetics and highlighted the value of biological invasions as natural ecological and evolutionary experiments. Here, we review the past 50 years of invasion genetics to assess what we have learned and what we still don't know, focusing on the genetic changes associated with invasive lineages and the evolutionary processes driving these changes. We also suggest potential studies to address still-unanswered questions. We now know, for example, that rapid adaptation of invaders is common and generally not limited by genetic variation. On the other hand, and contrary to prevailing opinion 50 years ago, the balance of evidence indicates that population bottlenecks and genetic drift typically have negative effects on invasion success, despite their potential to increase additive genetic variation and the frequency of peak shifts. Numerous unknowns remain, such as the sources of genetic variation, the role of so-called expansion load and the relative importance of propagule pressure vs. genetic diversity for successful establishment. While many such unknowns can be resolved by genomic studies, other questions may require manipulative experiments in model organisms. Such studies complement classical reciprocal transplant and field-based selection experiments, which are needed to link trait variation with components of fitness and population growth rates. We conclude by discussing the potential for studies of invasion genetics to reveal the limits to evolution and to stimulate the development of practical strategies to either minimize or maximize evolutionary responses to environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid25473019, year = {2015}, author = {Kovach, RP and Muhlfeld, CC and Boyer, MC and Lowe, WH and Allendorf, FW and Luikart, G}, title = {Dispersal and selection mediate hybridization between a native and invasive species.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {282}, number = {1799}, pages = {20142454}, pmid = {25473019}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genotype ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Oncorhynchus ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Hybridization between native and non-native species has serious biological consequences, but our understanding of how dispersal and selection interact to influence invasive hybridization is limited. Here, we document the spread of genetic introgression between a native (Oncorhynchus clarkii) and invasive (Oncorhynchus mykiss) trout, and identify the mechanisms influencing genetic admixture. In two populations inhabiting contrasting environments, non-native admixture increased rapidly from 1984 to 2007 and was driven by surprisingly consistent processes. Individual admixture was related to two phenotypic traits associated with fitness: size at spawning and age of juvenile emigration. Fish with higher non-native admixture were larger and tended to emigrate at a younger age--relationships that are expected to confer fitness advantages to hybrid individuals. However, strong selection against non-native admixture was evident across streams and cohorts (mean selection coefficient against genotypes with non-native alleles (s) = 0.60; s.e. = 0.10). Nevertheless, hybridization was promoted in both streams by the continuous immigration of individuals with high levels of non-native admixture from other hybrid source populations. Thus, antagonistic relationships between dispersal and selection are mediating invasive hybridization between these fish, emphasizing that data on dispersal and natural selection are needed to fully understand the dynamics of introgression between native and non-native species.}, }
@article {pmid25473007, year = {2015}, author = {Chan, FT and Bradie, J and Briski, E and Bailey, SA and Simard, N and MacIsaac, HJ}, title = {Assessing introduction risk using species' rank-abundance distributions.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {282}, number = {1799}, pages = {20141517}, pmid = {25473007}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Density ; Risk ; Seawater ; Ships ; }, abstract = {Mixed-species assemblages are often unintentionally introduced into new ecosystems. Analysing how assemblage structure varies during transport may provide insights into how introduction risk changes before propagules are released. Characterization of introduction risk is typically based on assessments of colonization pressure (CP, the number of species transported) and total propagule pressure (total PP, the total abundance of propagules released) associated with an invasion vector. Generally, invasion potential following introduction increases with greater CP or total PP. Here, we extend these assessments using rank-abundance distributions to examine how CP : total PP relationships change temporally in ballast water of ocean-going ships. Rank-abundance distributions and CP : total PP patterns varied widely between trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific voyages, with the latter appearing to pose a much lower risk than the former. Responses also differed by taxonomic group, with invertebrates experiencing losses mainly in total PP, while diatoms and dinoflagellates sustained losses mainly in CP. In certain cases, open-ocean ballast water exchange appeared to increase introduction risk by uptake of new species or supplementation of existing ones. Our study demonstrates that rank-abundance distributions provide new insights into the utility of CP and PP in characterizing introduction risk.}, }
@article {pmid25471871, year = {2014}, author = {Driscoll, D and Catford, J}, title = {New pasture plants pose weed risk.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {516}, number = {7529}, pages = {37}, pmid = {25471871}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {*Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; *Crops, Agricultural ; *Government Regulation ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Weeds ; Weed Control/*methods ; }, }
@article {pmid25471679, year = {2014}, author = {Novoa, A and Le Roux, JJ and Robertson, MP and Wilson, JR and Richardson, DM}, title = {Introduced and invasive cactus species: a global review.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {25471679}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Understanding which species are introduced and become invasive, and why, are central questions in invasion science. Comparative studies on model taxa have provided important insights, but much more needs to be done to unravel the context dependencies of these findings. The cactus family (Cactaceae), one of the most popular horticultural plant groups, is an interesting case study. Hundreds of cactus species have been introduced outside their native ranges; a few of them are among the most damaging invasive plant species in the world. We reviewed the drivers of introductions and invasions in the family and seek insights that can be used to minimize future risks. We compiled a list of species in the family and determined which have been recorded as invasive. We also mapped current global distributions and modelled the potential global distributions based on distribution data of known invasive taxa. Finally, we identified whether invasiveness is phylogenetically clustered for cacti and whether particular traits are correlated with invasiveness. Only 57 of the 1922 cactus species recognized in this treatment have been recorded as invasive. There are three invasion hotspots: South Africa (35 invasive species recorded), Australia (26 species) and Spain (24 species). However, there are large areas of the world with climates suitable for cacti that are at risk of future invasion-in particular, parts of China, eastern Asia and central Africa. The invasive taxa represent an interesting subset of the total species pool. There is a significant phylogenetic signal: invasive species occur in 2 of the 3 major phylogenetic clades and in 13 of the 130 genera. This phylogenetic signal is not driven by human preference, i.e. horticultural trade, but all invasive species are from 5 of the 12 cactus growth forms. Finally, invasive species tend to have significantly larger native ranges than non-invasive species, and none of the invasive species are of conservation concern in their native range. These results suggest fairly robust correlates of invasiveness that can be used for proactive management and risk assessments.}, }
@article {pmid25470822, year = {2014}, author = {Sieracki, JL and Bossenbroek, JM and Chadderton, WL}, title = {A spatial modeling approach to predicting the secondary spread of invasive species due to ballast water discharge.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, pages = {e114217}, pmid = {25470822}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Amphipoda ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Bivalvia ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Fishes ; Great Lakes Region ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Models, Statistical ; Ships ; }, abstract = {Ballast water in ships is an important contributor to the secondary spread of invasive species in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Here, we use a model previously created to determine the role ballast water management has played in the secondary spread of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) to identify the future spread of one current and two potential invasive species in the Great Lakes, the Eurasian Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus), killer shrimp (Dikerogammarus villosus), and golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei), respectively. Model predictions for Eurasian Ruffe have been used to direct surveillance efforts within the Great Lakes and DNA evidence of ruffe presence was recently reported from one of three high risk port localities identified by our model. Predictions made for killer shrimp and golden mussel suggest that these two species have the potential to become rapidly widespread if introduced to the Great Lakes, reinforcing the need for proactive ballast water management. The model used here is flexible enough to be applied to any species capable of being spread by ballast water in marine or freshwater ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid25469955, year = {2015}, author = {Gladieux, P and Feurtey, A and Hood, ME and Snirc, A and Clavel, J and Dutech, C and Roy, M and Giraud, T}, title = {The population biology of fungal invasions.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {1969-1986}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13028}, pmid = {25469955}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Ecology ; Fungi/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Silene/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Fungal invasions are increasingly recognized as a significant component of global changes, threatening ecosystem health and damaging food production. Invasive fungi also provide excellent models to evaluate the generality of results based on other eukaryotes. We first consider here the reasons why fungal invasions have long been overlooked: they tend to be inconspicuous, and inappropriate methods have been used for species recognition. We then review the information available on the patterns and mechanisms of fungal invasions. We examine the biological features underlying invasion success of certain fungal species. We review population structure analyses, revealing native source populations and strengths of bottlenecks. We highlight the documented ecological and evolutionary changes in invaded regions, including adaptation to temperature, increased virulence, hybridization, shifts to clonality and association with novel hosts. We discuss how the huge census size of most fungi allows adaptation even in bottlenecked, clonal invaders. We also present new analyses of the invasion of the anther-smut pathogen on white campion in North America, as a case study illustrating how an accurate knowledge of species limits and phylogeography of fungal populations can be used to decipher the origin of invasions. This case study shows that successful invasions can occur even when life history traits are particularly unfavourable to long-distance dispersal and even with a strong bottleneck. We conclude that fungal invasions are valuable models to contribute to our view of biological invasions, in particular by providing insights into the traits as well as ecological and evolutionary processes allowing successful introductions.}, }
@article {pmid25469320, year = {2014}, author = {Lefort, MC and Brown, S and Boyer, S and Worner, S and Armstrong, K}, title = {The PGI enzyme system and fitness response to temperature as a measure of environmental tolerance in an invasive species.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {e676}, pmid = {25469320}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {In the field of invasion ecology, the determination of a species' environmental tolerance, is a key parameter in the prediction of its potential distribution, particularly in the context of global warming. In poikilothermic species such as insects, temperature is often considered the most important abiotic factor that affects numerous life-history and fitness traits through its effect on metabolic rate. Therefore the response of an insect to challenging temperatures may provide key information as to its climatic and therefore spatial distribution. Variation in the phosphoglucose-6-isomerase (PGI) metabolic enzyme-system has been proposed in some insects to underlie their relative fitness, and is recognised as a key enzyme in their thermal adaptation. However, in this context it has not been considered as a potential mechanism contributing to a species invasive cability. The present study aimed to compare the thermal tolerance of an invasive scarabaeid beetle, Costelytra zealandica (White) with that of the closely related, and in part sympatrically occurring, congeneric non-invasive species C. brunneum (Broun), and to consider whether any correlation with particular PGI genotypes was apparent. Third instar larvae of each species were exposed to one of three different temperatures (10, 15 and 20 °C) over six weeks and their fitness (survival and growth rate) measured and PGI phenotyping performed via cellulose acetate electrophoresis. No consistent relationship between PGI genotypes and fitness was detected, suggesting that PGI may not be contributing to the invasion success and pest status of C. zealandica.}, }
@article {pmid25469173, year = {2014}, author = {Sargent, LW and Lodge, DM}, title = {Evolution of invasive traits in nonindigenous species: increased survival and faster growth in invasive populations of rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus).}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {949-961}, pmid = {25469173}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The importance of evolution in enhancing the invasiveness of species is not well understood, especially in animals. To evaluate evolution in crayfish invasions, we tested for differences in growth rate, survival, and response to predators between native and invaded range populations of rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus). We hypothesized that low conspecific densities during introductions into lakes would select for increased investment in growth and reproduction in invasive populations. We reared crayfish from both ranges in common garden experiments in lakes and mesocosms, the latter in which we also included treatments of predatory fish presence and food quality. In both lake and mesocosm experiments, O. rusticus from invasive populations had significantly faster growth rates and higher survival than individuals from the native range, especially in mesocosms where fish were present. There was no influence of within-range collection location on growth rate. Egg size was similar between ranges and did not affect crayfish growth. Our results, therefore, suggest that growth rate, which previous work has shown contributes to strong community-level impacts of this invasive species, has diverged since O. rusticus was introduced to the invaded range. This result highlights the need to consider evolutionary dynamics in invasive species mitigation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid25468383, year = {2015}, author = {Werner, D and Kampen, H}, title = {Aedes albopictus breeding in southern Germany, 2014.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {114}, number = {3}, pages = {831-834}, pmid = {25468383}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/*physiology ; Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Europe ; Germany ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/classification/physiology ; Pupa/classification/physiology ; Reproduction/physiology ; }, abstract = {Larvae, pupae and eggs of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus were found in Freiburg, southern Germany, after submission of an adult mosquito specimen from that area to the 'Mückenatlas', a German instrument of passive mosquito surveillance. While previously collected Ae. albopictus in Germany were trapped on, or close to, service stations on motorways, suggesting introduction by vehicles from southern Europe, these new specimens were out of flight distance from the motorway on the one hand and indicate local reproduction on the other. The findings call for a thorough active and passive surveillance in exposed geographic regions such as the relatively warm German Upper Rhine Valley to prevent Ae. albopictus from establishing.}, }
@article {pmid25467271, year = {2014}, author = {Zaluski, R and Kadri, SM and Souza, EA and Silva, VM and Silva, JR and Rodrigues-Orsi, P and Orsi, Rde O}, title = {Africanized honeybees in urban areas: a public health concern.}, journal = {Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical}, volume = {47}, number = {5}, pages = {659-662}, doi = {10.1590/0037-8682-0254-2013}, pmid = {25467271}, issn = {1678-9849}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Animals ; Bee Venoms/*toxicity ; Bees/classification/*physiology ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Insect Bites and Stings/*epidemiology ; *Introduced Species ; Middle Aged ; Population Dynamics ; Urban Population ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Africanized honeybees in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, and to implement a program to remove such swarms.<br><br>METHODS: The occurrences of Africanized honeybee swarms between 2010 and 2012 were studied and strategies to prevent accidents were developed.<br><br>RESULTS: We noted 1,164 cases of Africanized honeybee occurrences in the city, and 422 swarms were collected. The developed strategies to prevent accidents were disseminated to the population.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We contributed to reducing the risks represented by Africanized honeybee swarms in urban areas, by collecting swarms and disseminating strategic information for preventing accidents.}, }
@article {pmid25466804, year = {2014}, author = {Weber, RW}, title = {Allergen of the month--black wattle.}, journal = {Annals of allergy, asthma &amp; immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, &amp; Immunology}, volume = {113}, number = {6}, pages = {A13}, doi = {10.1016/j.anai.2014.10.017}, pmid = {25466804}, issn = {1534-4436}, mesh = {Acacia/*immunology ; *Allergens ; Australia ; Europe ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; North America ; *Pollen ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/*immunology/physiopathology ; }, }
@article {pmid25466514, year = {2014}, author = {Ramírez-Valiente, JA and Robledo-Arnuncio, JJ}, title = {Adaptive consequences of human-mediated introgression for indigenous tree species: the case of a relict Pinus pinaster population.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {34}, number = {12}, pages = {1376-1387}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpu097}, pmid = {25466514}, issn = {1758-4469}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Crosses, Genetic ; *Droughts ; *Ecosystem ; *Gene Flow ; Genotype ; Humans ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; *Phenotype ; Pinus/*genetics/physiology ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Seedlings ; Selection, Genetic ; Stress, Physiological/genetics ; Trees/genetics/physiology ; Water/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Human-induced gene movement via afforestation and restoration programs is a widespread phenomenon throughout the world. However, its effects on the genetic composition of native populations have received relatively little attention, particularly in forest trees. Here, we examine to what extent gene flow from allochthonous plantations of Pinus pinaster Aiton impacts offspring performance in a neighboring relict natural population and discuss the potential consequences for the long-term genetic composition of the latter. Specifically, we conducted a greenhouse experiment involving two contrasting watering treatments to test for differences in a set of functional traits and mortality rates between P. pinaster progenies from three different parental origins: (i) local native parents, (ii) exotic parents and (iii) intercrosses between local mothers and exotic fathers (intraspecific hybrids). Our results showed differences among crosses in cumulative mortality over time: seedlings of exotic parents exhibited the lowest mortality rates and seedlings of local origin the highest, while intraspecific hybrids exhibited an intermediate response. Linear regressions showed that seedlings with higher water-use efficiency (WUE, δ(13)C) were more likely to survive under drought stress, consistent with previous findings suggesting that WUE has an important role under dry conditions in this species. However, differences in mortality among crosses were only partially explained by WUE. Other non-measured traits and factors such as inbreeding depression in the relict population are more likely to explain the lower performance of native progenies. Overall, our results indicated that intraspecific hybrids and exotic individuals are more likely to survive under stressful conditions than local native individuals, at least during the first year of development. Since summer drought is the most important demographic and selective filter affecting tree establishment in Mediterranean ecosystems, a potential early selective advantage of exotic and hybrid genotypes would enhance initial steps of introgression of non-native genes into the study relict population of P. pinaster.}, }
@article {pmid25465286, year = {2015}, author = {Carlos-Júnior, LA and Barbosa, NP and Moulton, TP and Creed, JC}, title = {Ecological Niche Model used to examine the distribution of an invasive, non-indigenous coral.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {103}, number = {}, pages = {115-124}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.10.004}, pmid = {25465286}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Anthozoa/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {All organisms have a set of ecological conditions (or niche) which they depend on to survive and establish in a given habitat. The ecological niche of a species limits its geographical distribution. In the particular case of non-indigenous species (NIS), the ecological requirements of the species impose boundaries on the potential distribution of the organism in the new receptor regions. This is a theoretical assumption implicit when Ecological Niche Models (ENMs) are used to assess the potential distribution of NIS. This assumption has been questioned, given that in some cases niche shift may occur during the process of invasion. We used ENMs to investigate whether the model fit with data from the native range of the coral Tubastraea coccinea Lesson, 1829 successfully predicts its invasion in the Atlantic. We also identified which factors best explain the distribution of this NIS. The broad native distributional range of T. coccinea predicted the invaded sites well, especially along the Brazilian coast, the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. The occurrence of T. coccinea was positively related to calcite levels and negatively to eutrophy, but was rather unaffected to other variables that often limit other marine organisms, suggesting that this NIS has wide ecological limits, a trait typical of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid25463587, year = {2015}, author = {McCallum, JW and Vasilijević, M and Cuthill, I}, title = {Assessing the benefits of Transboundary Protected Areas: a questionnaire survey in the Americas and the Caribbean.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {149}, number = {}, pages = {245-252}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.10.013}, pmid = {25463587}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Caribbean Region ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Humans ; *International Cooperation ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {There are more than 3000 protected areas (PAs) situated on or near international boundaries, and amongst them there is an increasing trend towards the establishment of transboundary cooperation initiatives. Proponents of Transboundary PAs (TBPAs) highlight the potential for biodiversity protection through spatial, management and socio-economic benefits. However, there have been few formal studies that assess these benefits. It is possible that the relaxation of boundary controls to optimise transboundary connectivity may increase the risk of impacts from invasive species or illegal human incursion. We sought to investigate the validity of these proposed benefits and potential risks through a questionnaire survey of 113 PAs, of which 39 responded and met our inclusion criteria. 82% felt that transboundary cooperation has benefits for biodiversity and, across PAs, the self-reported level of transboundary communication was positively associated with some improved spatial, management and socio-economic benefits. However, 26% of PAs reported that they never communicated with their internationally adjoining protected area, indicating unrealised potential for greater gains.}, }
@article {pmid25463567, year = {2015}, author = {Branco, S and Videira, N and Branco, M and Paiva, MR}, title = {A review of invasive alien species impacts on eucalypt stands and citrus orchards ecosystem services: towards an integrated management approach.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {149}, number = {}, pages = {17-26}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.09.026}, pmid = {25463567}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Agriculture/*economics ; Animals ; Citrus/*growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; Eucalyptus/*growth &amp; development ; *Insecta ; Introduced Species/*economics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Economic ; }, abstract = {Multidisciplinary knowledge on the impact caused by invasive alien species (IAS) on ecosystems is crucial for guiding policy makers in the adoption of sustainable management measures. This research was focused on insect IAS impacts on two managed ecosystems: eucalypt plantations and citrus orchards. It begins with an identification of the wide range of ecosystem services (ES) and disservices provided by each of these managed ecosystems, according to the methodology proposed by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Subsequently, a comprehensive review of studies that promoted the identification and valuation of direct and indirect impacts IAS impacts on these ecosystems was performed. From the synthesis of previous findings, an integrative management framework is advanced. This links the identification of ES, drivers of change and development of IAS management strategies by means of assessment processes that account for multiple dimensions of ES values. The article concludes with a discussion on the challenges underpinning assessment and valuation approaches that inform the design of inclusive strategies and interventions to tackle IAS impacts.}, }
@article {pmid25461033, year = {2015}, author = {Vítková, M and Tonika, J and Müllerová, J}, title = {Black locust--successful invader of a wide range of soil conditions.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {505}, number = {}, pages = {315-328}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.104}, pmid = {25461033}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Czech Republic ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrates/analysis ; Nitrogen/analysis ; North America ; Robinia/*physiology ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia, BL), a species native to North America, has successfully invaded many types of habitats over the world. This study provides an overall assessment of BL soil conditions to determine the range of physical-chemical soil properties it can tolerate. 511 BL stands (for the soil types) and 33 permanent plots (for the soil chemistry) were studied in the Czech Republic. Relationships among different environmental variables (physical-chemical soil properties, vegetation characteristics and habitat conditions) were investigated and variables with the highest effect on species composition were detected. The results were compared with data in the literature for other parts of the secondary and native distributions of this species. This assessment showed that BL is able to tolerate extremely diverse soil physical-chemical conditions, from extremely acid to strongly alkaline, and from medium to highly base saturated soils with a gradient of different subsurface stoniness. Soil nitrate, N mineralization and nitrification rates also varied considerably and the concentrations of exchangeable phosphorus and ammonium were consistently low. N mineralization rate, incubated inorganic nitrogen and nitrates were positively correlated with base saturation and cation exchange capacity. The most common soil types were young soils (Cambisols, Leptosols, Arenosols, and coarsely textured Fluvisols). BL seems to be limited by water supply and soil aeration and prefers well aerated and drained soils, and tolerates desiccation but avoids compact soils and areas where the soils are frequently waterlogged. On steep slopes, BL was less vigorous, stunted and less competitive. By contrast, the tallest BL trees were found on sandy soils in a flat landscape. Number and share of nitrophytes in the herb layer were positively related to basic bedrock, soil reaction and N-NO3/N ratio. Soil reaction was determined as the most important environmental characteristic explaining the variability in BL species composition in the Czech Republic.}, }
@article {pmid25458813, year = {2015}, author = {Jumawan, JC and Herrera, AA}, title = {Histological and ultrastructural characteristics of the testis of the invasive suckermouth sailfin catfish Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (Siluriformes: loricariidae) from Marikina River, Philippines.}, journal = {Tissue &amp; cell}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, pages = {17-26}, doi = {10.1016/j.tice.2014.10.005}, pmid = {25458813}, issn = {1532-3072}, mesh = {Animals ; Catfishes/growth &amp; development ; Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure ; Gonads/*ultrastructure ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Philippines ; Spermatogonia ; Spermatozoa/*ultrastructure ; Testis/growth &amp; development/*ultrastructure ; }, abstract = {The histological and ultrastructural features of the testis of the invasive suckermouth sailfin catfish Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus rapidly proliferating in Marikina River, Philippines were characterized during the fish's 2010-2011 reproductive season. The germinal compartment of the testes was composed of anastomosing tubules with cysts undergoing synchronous development. Spermatogenic cells were along the length of the testes indicate it to be of the unrestricted spermatogonial type. The spermatozoon is classified as type 1 ect aquasperm devoid of acrosome, has rounded nucleus, and a long flagellum - characteristics necessary for external fertilization. Male P. disjunctivus was reproductively active during half of the year-long study with peak spawning during the most rainy months (June-August) and prolonged recrudescence during the dry months (February-May). Results from this study form a histological baseline to describe the gonad dynamics and reproduction of this invasive fish species as well as provide possible means of mechanical control to curb the population of the fish in this river.}, }
@article {pmid25455824, year = {2014}, author = {Bai, J}, title = {Research on the fundamental principles of China's marine invasive species prevention legislation.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {89}, number = {1-2}, pages = {174-179}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.10.005}, pmid = {25455824}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; China ; Community Participation ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Policy/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Water Pollution/economics ; }, abstract = {China's coastal area is severely damaged by marine invasive species. Traditional tort theory resolves issues relevant to property damage or personal injuries, through which plaintiffs cannot cope with the ecological damage caused by marine invasive species. Several defects exist within the current legal regimes, such as imperfect management systems, insufficient unified technical standards, and unsound legal responsibility systems. It is necessary to pass legislation to prevent the ecological damage caused by marine invasive species. This investigation probes the fundamental principles needed for the administration and legislation of an improved legal framework to combat the problem of invasive species within China's coastal waters.}, }
@article {pmid25455814, year = {2015}, author = {Elías, R and Jaubet, ML and Llanos, EN and Sanchez, MA and Rivero, MS and Garaffo, GV and Sandrini-Neto, L}, title = {Effect of the invader Boccardia proboscidea (Polychaeta: Spionidae) on richness, diversity and structure of SW Atlantic epilithic intertidal community.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {91}, number = {2}, pages = {530-536}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.10.007}, pmid = {25455814}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Polychaeta ; Seasons ; *Sewage ; }, abstract = {In Mar del Plata (Argentine, SW Atlantic), a large seaside resort, the sewage discharges impact the littoral ecosystem. The invader polychaete Boccardia proboscidea has developed reefs since spring of 2008. The effect of this species on the richness, diversity and structure of epilithic intertidal community was assessed through an MBACI design in both sewage-impacted and reference sites, and Before/After the invasion. The presence of reefs of B. proboscidea since spring 2008 has caused a significant reduction of total individuals, total taxa and diversity in sewage-impacted sites regarding the reference ones. The species analyzed showed a high variable response because patterns were dominated by small-scale variability. Occasional peaks in abundance were observed on a single sampling site and time and a large variation among replicates. The associated fauna, formerly rich and diverse in impacted sites, shows a tendency to disappear as the ecosystem engineer Brachidontes rodriguezii is replaced by monocultures of B. proboscidea.}, }
@article {pmid25451962, year = {2015}, author = {Landi, P and Hui, C and Dieckmann, U}, title = {Fisheries-induced disruptive selection.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {365}, number = {}, pages = {204-216}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.10.017}, pmid = {25451962}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding/*methods/standards ; Fisheries/*methods/standards ; Fishes/*genetics ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Commercial harvesting is recognized to induce adaptive responses of life-history traits in fish populations, in particular by shifting the age and size at maturation through directional selection. In addition to such evolution of a target stock, the corresponding fishery itself may adapt, in terms of fishing policy, technological progress, fleet dynamics, and adaptive harvest. The aim of this study is to assess how the interplay between natural and artificial selection, in the simplest setting in which a fishery and a target stock coevolve, can lead to disruptive selection, which in turn may cause trait diversification. To this end, we build an eco-evolutionary model for a size-structured population, in which both the stock׳s maturation schedule and the fishery׳s harvest rate are adaptive, while fishing may be subject to a selective policy based on fish size and/or maturity stage. Using numerical bifurcation analysis, we study how the potential for disruptive selection changes with fishing policy, fishing mortality, harvest specialization, life-history tradeoffs associated with early maturation, and other demographic and environmental parameters. We report the following findings. First, fisheries-induced disruptive selection is readily caused by commonly used fishing policies, and occurs even for policies that are not specific for fish size or maturity, provided that the harvest is sufficiently adaptive and large individuals are targeted intensively. Second, disruptive selection is more likely in stocks in which the selective pressure for early maturation is naturally strong, provided life-history tradeoffs are sufficiently consequential. Third, when a fish stock is overexploited, fisheries targeting only large individuals might slightly increase sustainable yield by causing trait diversification (even though the resultant yield always remains lower than the maximum sustainable yield that could be obtained under low fishing mortality, without causing disruptive selection). We discuss the broader implications of our results and highlight how these can be taken into account for designing evolutionarily informed fisheries-management regimes.}, }
@article {pmid25447893, year = {2015}, author = {Ding, X and Ye, J and Wu, X and Huang, L and Zhu, L and Lin, S}, title = {Deep sequencing analyses of pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus microRNAs reveal distinct miRNA expression patterns during the pathological process of pine wilt disease.}, journal = {Gene}, volume = {555}, number = {2}, pages = {346-356}, doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2014.11.030}, pmid = {25447893}, issn = {1879-0038}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Computational Biology ; Conserved Sequence ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Expression Profiling ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/*methods ; MicroRNAs/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nematoda/*genetics ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Pinus/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; RNA/metabolism ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; }, abstract = {Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is known as the causative agent of pine wilt disease with complex life cycles. In this research, four small RNA libraries derived from different infection stages of pine wilt disease were constructed and sequenced. Consequently, we obtained hundreds of evolutionarily conserved miRNAs and novel miRNA candidates. The analysis of miRNA expression patterns showed that most miRNAs were expressed at extraordinarily high levels during the middle stage of pine wilt disease. Functional analysis revealed that expression levels of miR-73 and miR-239 were mutually exclusive with their target GH45 cellulase genes. In addition, another set of atypical miRNAs, termed mirtrons, was also identified in this study. Thus, our research has provided detailed characterization of B. xylophilus miRNA expression patterns during the pathological process of pine wilt disease. These findings would contribute to more in-depth understanding of this devastating plant disease.}, }
@article {pmid25447177, year = {2014}, author = {Pechal, JL and Moore, H and Drijfhout, F and Benbow, ME}, title = {Hydrocarbon profiles throughout adult Calliphoridae aging: A promising tool for forensic entomology.}, journal = {Forensic science international}, volume = {245}, number = {}, pages = {65-71}, doi = {10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.10.019}, pmid = {25447177}, issn = {1872-6283}, mesh = {Aging ; Animals ; Diptera/*chemistry/*growth &amp; development ; Entomology ; Feeding Behavior ; Forensic Sciences ; Hydrocarbons/*analysis ; Postmortem Changes ; }, abstract = {Blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are typically the first insects to arrive at human remains and carrion. Predictable succession patterns and known larval development of necrophagous insects on vertebrate remains can assist a forensic entomologist with estimates of a minimum post-mortem interval (PMImin) range. However, adult blow flies are infrequently used to estimate the PMImin, but rather are used for a confirmation of larval species identification. Cuticular hydrocarbons have demonstrated potential for estimating adult blow fly age, as hydrocarbons are present throughout blow fly development, from egg to adult, and are stable structures. The goal of this study was to identify hydrocarbon profiles associated with the adults of a North American native blow fly species, Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) and a North American invasive species, Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart). Flies were reared at a constant temperature (25°C), a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) (h), and were provided water, sugar and powdered milk ad libitum. Ten adult females from each species were collected at day 1, 5, 10, 20, and 30 post-emergence. Hydrocarbon compounds were extracted and then identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. A total of 37 and 35 compounds were detected from C. macellaria and Ch. rufifacies, respectively. There were 24 and 23 n-alkene and methyl-branched alkane hydrocarbons from C. macellaria and Ch. rufifacies, respectively (10 compounds were shared between species), used for statistical analysis. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis and permutational multivariate analysis of variance were used to analyze the hydrocarbon profiles with significant differences (P<0.001) detected among post-emergence age cohorts for each species, and unique hydrocarbon profiles detected as each adult blow fly species aged. This work provides empirical data that serve as a foundation for future research into improving PMImin estimates made by forensic practitioners and potentially increase the use of adult insects during death investigations.}, }
@article {pmid25445875, year = {2014}, author = {Aronson, J and Murcia, C and Kattan, GH and Moreno-Mateos, D and Dixon, K and Simberloff, D}, title = {The road to confusion is paved with novel ecosystem labels: a reply to Hobbs et al.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {29}, number = {12}, pages = {646-647}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2014.09.011}, pmid = {25445875}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Human Activities ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid25444708, year = {2014}, author = {Dejean, A and Corbara, B}, title = {Reactions by army ant workers to nestmates having had contact with sympatric ant species.}, journal = {Comptes rendus biologies}, volume = {337}, number = {11}, pages = {642-645}, doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2014.08.008}, pmid = {25444708}, issn = {1768-3238}, mesh = {Aggression ; Animals ; Ants/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; *Odorants ; Pheromones ; *Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Sympatry ; }, abstract = {It was recently shown that Pheidole megacephala colonies (an invasive species originating from Africa) counterattack when raided by the army ant, Eciton burchellii. The subsequent contact permits Pheidole cuticular compounds (that constitute the "colony odour") to be transferred onto the raiding Eciton, which are then not recognised by their colony-mates and killed. Using a simple method for transferring cuticular compounds, we tested if this phenomenon occurs for Neotropical ants. Eciton workers rubbed with ants from four sympatric species were released among their colony-mates. Individuals rubbed with Solenopsis saevissima or Camponotus blandus workers were attacked, but not those rubbed with Atta sexdens, Pheidole fallax or with colony-mates (control lot). So, the chemicals of certain sympatric ant species, but not others, trigger intra-colonial aggressiveness in Eciton. We conclude that prey-ant chemicals might have played a role in the evolution of army ant predatory behaviour, likely influencing prey specialization in certain cases.}, }
@article {pmid25442107, year = {2015}, author = {Barrett, SC}, title = {Foundations of invasion genetics: the Baker and Stebbins legacy.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {1927-1941}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13014}, pmid = {25442107}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/genetics ; Botany/history ; Ecology/*history/methods ; England ; *Genetic Variation ; History, 20th Century ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*genetics ; Population Dynamics ; United States ; }, abstract = {Invasion genetics is a relatively new discipline that investigates patterns of genetic variation in populations of invasive species and their ecological and evolutionary consequences. Evolutionary biologists have a long-standing interest in colonizing species, owing to their short life cycles and widespread distributions, but not until publication of The Genetics of Colonizing Species (1965), edited by H.G. Baker and G.L. Stebbins, was a synthesis on the genetics and evolution of colonizers available. Here, I make the case that the Baker and Stebbins volume is the foundational document for invasion genetics, and in conjunction with the increased use of genetic markers and development of invasion biology, resulted in the birth of this new field over the past two decades. I consider the historical origins and legacy of the Baker and Stebbins volume and review some of the key issues that were addressed. I provide biographical sketches of the two editors, emphasizing their contrasting backgrounds and personalities. I review examples from my own work on plant invasions that are relevant to issues discussed by contributors to the volume. These include the following: determinants of invasion success, life history trade-offs, generalist vs. specialist strategies, general-purpose genotypes, adaptive phenotypic plasticity, mating systems and the influence of bottlenecks on genetic variation. I conclude by posing several key questions in invasion genetics and argue that one of the main challenges that the area faces is to integrate experimental field studies of the ecology and demography of populations with the largely descriptive approaches that have tended to dominate most research to date.}, }
@article {pmid25440896, year = {2015}, author = {Feng, D and Shi, J and Sun, D}, title = {Inactivation of microalgae in ballast water with pulse intense light treatment.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {90}, number = {1-2}, pages = {299-303}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.09.006}, pmid = {25440896}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Light ; Microalgae/*radiation effects ; *Ships ; Sterilization/methods ; Water ; Water Purification/*methods ; }, abstract = {The exotic emission of ballast water has threatened the coastal ecological environment and people's health in many countries. This paper firstly introduces pulse intense light to treat ballast water. 99.9 ± 0.09% inactivation of Heterosigma akashiwo and 99.9 ± 0.16% inactivation of Pyramimonas sp. are observed under treatment conditions of 350 V pulse peak voltage, 15 Hz pulse frequency, 5 ms pulse width and 1.78 L/min flow rate. The energy consumption of the self-designed pulse intense light treatment system is about 2.90-5.14 times higher than that of the typical commercial UV ballast water treatment system. The results indicate that pulse intense light is an effective technique for ballast water treatment, while it is only a competitive one when drastic decreasing in energy consumption is accomplished.}, }
@article {pmid25440783, year = {2014}, author = {Rojo, I and Olabarria, C and Santamaria, M and Provan, J and Gallardo, T and Viejo, RM}, title = {Coexistence of congeneric native and invasive species: the case of the green algae Codium spp. in northwestern Spain.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {101}, number = {}, pages = {135-144}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.09.006}, pmid = {25440783}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Chlorophyta/classification/genetics/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Spain ; }, abstract = {We examined the patterns of distribution and abundance, and reproductive traits (presence of gametophytes and size at time of reproduction) in the invasive Codium fragile ssp. fragile and the native C. tomentosum and C. vermilara on intertidal habitats of NW Spain at two dates. All three species coexist in the locations and habitats studied, although abundances were low. We found a greater proportion of C. fragile ssp. fragile towards the east of the Cantabrian coast and on upper levels on the shore, where conditions are more stressful. The proportion of thalli bearing gametangia in C. fragile ssp. fragile was greater than in the native species in all habitats. The presence of gametangia was size-dependent for all species, with the invasive species maturing at a smaller size, which combined with the previous features, might confer competitive advantages to this species over the native species. We also demonstrated that molecular analyses are necessary for the correct identification of C. fragile subspecies.}, }
@article {pmid25440781, year = {2014}, author = {Veiga, P and Rubal, M and Sousa-Pinto, I}, title = {Structural complexity of macroalgae influences epifaunal assemblages associated with native and invasive species.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {101}, number = {}, pages = {115-123}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.09.007}, pmid = {25440781}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Introduced Species ; Multivariate Analysis ; Population Dynamics ; Regression Analysis ; Seaweed/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Habitat structure is a primary factor determining the organism distribution. Here, two native and one invasive macroalgal species, apparently different in morphology, were sampled to examine the effects of habitat complexity on the abundance (N), taxon richness (S) and structure of their associated epifaunal assemblages by means of univariate and multivariate techniques. Dry weight and fractal measures were used as proxies of habitat quantity and habitat architecture respectively. Results revealed significant differences in the complexity and in N, S and the structure of epifaunal assemblages among macroalgae and significant correlations between complexity and epifauna. Results suggested that, beside the effect of habitat quantity, the habitat architecture also seems to play a significant role in shaping epifaunal assemblages. Complexity of the studied invasive macroalga significantly differed from that of native species and hosted also different assemblages. Therefore, our findings suggest that invasive macroalgae, if structurally different from native species, induce changes in the associated epifauna.}, }
@article {pmid25439734, year = {2014}, author = {Hobbs, RJ and Higgs, ES and Harris, JA}, title = {Novel ecosystems: concept or inconvenient reality? A response to Murcia et al.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {29}, number = {12}, pages = {645-646}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2014.09.006}, pmid = {25439734}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Human Activities ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid25439324, year = {2015}, author = {Hulme, PE}, title = {Resolving whether botanic gardens are on the road to conservation or a pathway for plant invasions.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, pages = {816-824}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12426}, pmid = {25439324}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Botany/*methods ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Endangered Species ; Gardening ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Dispersal ; }, abstract = {A global conservation goal is to understand the pathways through which invasive species are introduced into new regions. Botanic gardens are a pathway for the introduction of invasive non-native plants, but a quantitative assessment of the risks they pose has not been performed. I analyzed data on the living collections of over 3000 botanic gardens worldwide to quantify the temporal trend in the representation of non-native species; the relative composition of threatened, ornamental, or invasive non-native plant species; and the frequency with which botanic gardens implement procedures to address invasive species. While almost all of the world's worst invasive non-native plants occurred in one or more living collections (99%), less than one-quarter of red-listed threatened species were cultivated (23%). Even when cultivated, individual threatened species occurred in few living collections (7.3), while non-native species were on average grown in 6 times as many botanic gardens (44.3). As a result, a botanic garden could, on average, cultivate four times as many invasive non-native species (20) as red-listed threatened species (5). Although the risk posed by a single living collection is small, the probability of invasion increases with the number of botanic gardens within a region. Thus, while both the size of living collections and the proportion of non-native species cultivated have declined during the 20th century, this reduction in risk is offset by the 10-fold increase in the number of botanic gardens established worldwide. Unfortunately, botanic gardens rarely implement regional codes of conduct to prevent plant invasions, few have an invasive species policy, and there is limited monitoring of garden escapes. This lack of preparedness is of particular concern given the rapid increase in living collections worldwide since 1950, particularly in South America and Asia, and highlights past patterns of introduction will be a poor guide to determining future invasion risks.}, }
@article {pmid25439241, year = {2015}, author = {Hodgins, KA and Bock, DG and Hahn, MA and Heredia, SM and Turner, KG and Rieseberg, LH}, title = {Comparative genomics in the Asteraceae reveals little evidence for parallel evolutionary change in invasive taxa.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2226-2240}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13026}, pmid = {25439241}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Alleles ; Asteraceae/classification/*genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Comparative Genomic Hybridization ; Founder Effect ; Genes, Plant ; Genomics/methods ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Genetic ; *Selection, Genetic ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Asteraceae, the largest family of flowering plants, has given rise to many notorious invasive species. Using publicly available transcriptome assemblies from 35 Asteraceae, including six major invasive species, we examined evidence for micro- and macro-evolutionary genomic changes associated with invasion. To detect episodes of positive selection repeated across multiple introductions, we conducted comparisons between native and introduced genotypes from six focal species and identified genes with elevated rates of amino acid change (dN/dS). We then looked for evidence of positive selection at a broader phylogenetic scale across all taxa. As invasive species may experience founder events during colonization and spread, we also looked for evidence of increased genetic load in introduced genotypes. We rarely found evidence for parallel changes in orthologous genes in the intraspecific comparisons, but in some cases we identified changes in members of the same gene family. Using among-species comparisons, we detected positive selection in 0.003-0.69% and 2.4-7.8% of the genes using site and stochastic branch-site models, respectively. These genes had diverse putative functions, including defence response, stress response and herbicide resistance, although there was no clear pattern in the GO terms. There was no indication that introduced genotypes have a higher proportion of deleterious alleles than native genotypes in the six focal species, suggesting multiple introductions and admixture mitigated the impact of drift. Our findings provide little evidence for common genomic responses in invasive taxa of the Asteraceae and hence suggest that multiple evolutionary pathways may lead to adaptation during introduction and spread in these species.}, }
@article {pmid25437099, year = {2015}, author = {Masuda, BM and Fisher, P and Beaven, B}, title = {Residue profiles of brodifacoum in coastal marine species following an island rodent eradication.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {113}, number = {}, pages = {1-8}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.11.013}, pmid = {25437099}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {4-Hydroxycoumarins/*analysis ; Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/chemistry ; Fishes ; Invertebrates/chemistry ; Islands ; New Zealand ; Pesticide Residues/*analysis ; Rats ; Rodenticides/*analysis ; Seafood/analysis ; }, abstract = {The second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide brodifacoum is an effective tool for the eradication of invasive rodents from islands and fenced sanctuaries, for biodiversity restoration. However, broadcast application of brodifacoum bait on islands may expose non-target wildlife in coastal marine environments to brodifacoum, with subsequent secondary exposure risk for humans if such marine wildlife is harvested for consumption. We report a case study of monitoring selected marine species following aerial application of brodifacoum bait in August 2011 to eradicate Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Ulva Island, New Zealand. Residual concentrations of brodifacoum were detected in 3 of 10 species of coastal fish or shellfish sampled 43-176d after bait application commenced. Residual brodifacoum concentrations were found in liver, but not muscle tissue, of 2 of 24 samples of blue cod (0.026 and 0.092 µg/g; Parapercis colias) captured live then euthanized for tissue sampling. Residual brodifacoum concentrations were also found in whole-body samples of 4 of 24 mussels (range=0.001-0.022 µg/g, n=4; Mytilus edulis) and 4 of 24 limpets (range=0.001-0.016 µg/g, n=4; Cellana ornata). Measured residue concentrations in all three species were assessed as unlikely to have eventually caused mortality of the sampled individuals. We also conducted a literature review and determined that in eleven previous accounts of residue examination of coastal marine species following aerial applications of brodifacoum bait, including our results from Ulva Island, the overall rate of residue detection was 5.6% for marine invertebrates (11 of 196 samples tested) and 3.1% for fish (2 of 65 samples tested). Furthermore, our results from Ulva Island are the first known detection of brodifacoum residue in fish liver following an aerial application of brodifacoum bait. Although our findings confirm the potential for coastal marine wildlife to be exposed to brodifacoum following island rodent eradications using aerial bait application, the risk of mortality to exposed individual fish or shellfish appears very low. There is also a very low risk of adverse effects on humans that consume fish or shellfish containing residual concentrations in the ranges reported here. Furthermore, any brodifacoum residues that occur in marine wildlife decline to below detectable concentrations over a period of weeks. Thus potential human exposure to brodifacoum through consumption of marine wildlife containing residual brodifacoum could be minimized by defining 'no take' periods for harvest following bait application and regular monitoring to confirm the absence of detectable residues in relevant marine wildlife.}, }
@article {pmid25436968, year = {2014}, author = {Lei, J and Booth, DT}, title = {Temperature, field activity and post-feeding metabolic response in the Asian house gecko, Hemidactylus frenatus.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {45}, number = {}, pages = {175-180}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.09.006}, pmid = {25436968}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; *Basal Metabolism ; *Body Temperature ; Cold Temperature ; Digestion ; *Eating ; Lizards/metabolism/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Temperature has significant effects on physiological activities and geographical distribution of ectotherms. The Asian house gecko Hemidactylus frenatus has become one of the most widely distributed reptiles in the world and is an invasive species in Australia. Since being introduced into northern Australia, Asian house geckos have spread rapidly and expanded into south-east Queensland and northern New South Wales. Despite their rapid spread, there have been few studies that address thermal adaptability of this species. In order to understand how temperature might limit the distribution and feeding behavior of H. frenatus we observed gecko foraging activities in the wild over the winter period, measured the temperature at which voluntary feeding ceases, and assessed the effect of temperature (30, 25, 20, and 18 °C) on post-feeding metabolic rate. Resting metabolic rate and post-feeding peak in metabolic rate decreased with low temperature, while the duration of elevated metabolic rate after feeding increased at lower temperature. The SDA coefficient (a ratio of the energy expended due to the post-feeding rise in metabolic rate to the energy contained within the meal) did not change systematically with ambient temperature. Field observations and voluntary feeding experiments showed that H. frenatus stop feeding when ambient temperature drops below 17 °C, so that persistent night time temperatures below 17 °C may be limiting the distribution of this species.}, }
@article {pmid25435012, year = {2015}, author = {Mathison, BA and Gerth, WJ and Pritt, BS and Baugh, S}, title = {Introduction of the exotic tick Hyalomma truncatum on a human with travel to Ethiopia: a case report.}, journal = {Ticks and tick-borne diseases}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {152-154}, pmid = {25435012}, issn = {1877-9603}, support = {CC999999//Intramural CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ethiopia ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Skin/parasitology ; Tick Infestations/diagnosis/*parasitology ; Travel ; United States ; }, abstract = {An Oregon resident returned from a photography trip to Ethiopia with a male Hyalomma truncatum tick attached to the skin on his lower back. The tick was identified morphologically and deposited in the U.S. National Tick Collection housed at Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia. The public health importance of Hyalomma species of ticks and diagnostic dilemmas with identifying exotic ticks imported into the U.S. are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid25434274, year = {2015}, author = {Hoogenboom, RL and Kotterman, MJ and Hoek-van Nieuwenhuizen, M and van der Lee, MK and Mennes, WC and Jeurissen, SM and van Leeuwen, SP}, title = {Dioxins, PCBs and heavy metals in Chinese mitten crabs from Dutch rivers and lakes.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {123}, number = {}, pages = {1-8}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.055}, pmid = {25434274}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura/*chemistry/metabolism ; Dioxins/*analysis ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Female ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Male ; Metals, Heavy/*analysis ; Netherlands ; Organ Specificity ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/*analysis ; *Rivers ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Chinese mitten crab is an invasive species in many European rivers and lakes. Data from the UK indicated high levels of dioxins and PCBs, in particular in the brown meat in the body. This was confirmed by studies in the Netherlands, showing average levels of dioxins and PCBs in the meat in the body of 43 pg TEQ g(-1) ww in crabs caught in the large rivers. Levels in crab of lakes in the Northern part of the Netherlands were on average 3.7-fold lower. Consumption of crabs from polluted areas results in a relatively high dose of dioxins and dl-PCBs and could significantly increase the intake above the TWI. However, in general consumption of these crabs is low, even in the Asian sub-population in the Netherlands. Cadmium and lead levels were higher in crabs from contaminated areas, but for mercury and arsenic there was no clear difference. Consumption of crabs would not result in significant risks for cadmium and mercury. For lead the daily intake could be raised above the BMDL01 for neurodevelopmental toxicity, but this would only occur on a limited number of days. For arsenic the exposure would exceed the lower end of the BMDL01 values for certain cancers, but again, the infrequent consumption by most consumers reduces this risk. Furthermore, speciation showed that most arsenic in crabs was probably not a toxic inorganic form, but likely to be in an organic form.}, }
@article {pmid25434034, year = {2014}, author = {Sung, IH and Lu, SS and Chao, JT and Yeh, WC and Lee, WJ}, title = {Establishment of Vespa bicolor in Taiwan (Hymenoptera: Vespidae).}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {231}, doi = {10.1093/jisesa/ieu093}, pmid = {25434034}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Female ; Male ; Taiwan ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The establishment of a hornet, Vespa bicolor F., in Taiwan was confirmed based on successful field collection of adults of both sexes and two subterranean colonies. Information on nesting habitat, nest measurement, and colony composition of this species are provided in this article. V. bicolor is the ninth hornet species ever recorded from Taiwan. Possible pathway for the introduction of this alien species is also discussed.}, }
@article {pmid25433327, year = {2015}, author = {Conlon, JM and Mechkarska, M and Coquet, L and Leprince, J and Jouenne, T and Vaudry, H and Measey, GJ}, title = {Evidence from peptidomic analysis of skin secretions that allopatric populations of Xenopus gilli (Anura:Pipidae) constitute distinct lineages.}, journal = {Peptides}, volume = {63}, number = {}, pages = {118-125}, doi = {10.1016/j.peptides.2014.11.005}, pmid = {25433327}, issn = {1873-5169}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Erythrocytes/drug effects ; Hemolysis ; Humans ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Skin/metabolism ; Xenopus ; Xenopus Proteins/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Endangered Cape Platanna Xenopus gilli inhabits disjunct ranges at the tip of Cape Peninsula and near the town of Kleinmond on opposite sides of False Bay in the extreme southwest of Africa. Peptidomic analysis of host-defense peptides in norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions from frogs from the Cape Peninsula range resulted in the identification of two magainins, two peptide glycine-leucine-amide (PGLa) peptides, two xenopsin-precursor fragment (XPF) peptides, nine caerulein-precursor fragment (CPF) peptides, and a peptide related to peptide glycine-glutamine (PGQ) previously found in an extract of Xenopus laevis stomach. The primary structures of the peptides indicate a close phylogenetic relationship between X. gilli and X. laevis but only magainin-1, PGLa and one CPF peptide are identical in both species. Consistent with previous data, the CPF peptides show the greatest antimicrobial potency but are hemolytic. There are appreciable differences in the expression of host-defense peptide genes in frogs from the population of animals sampled near Kleinmond as peptides corresponding to magainin-G2, XPF-G1, XPF-G2, and four CPF peptides, present in secretions from the Cape Peninsula frogs, were not identified in the skin secretions from Kleinmond frogs. Conversely, PGLa-G3, XPF-G3, and three CPF peptides were identified in the Kleinmond frogs but not in the Cape Peninsula animals. The data support the conclusion from morphometric analyses and comparisons of the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial genes that the disjunct populations of X. gilli have undergone appreciable genetic, morphological, and phenotypic divergence.}, }
@article {pmid25432666, year = {2014}, author = {Crook, DJ and Lance, DR and Mastro, VC}, title = {Identification of a potential third component of the male-produced pheromone of Anoplophora glabripennis and its effect on behavior.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {40}, number = {11-12}, pages = {1241-1250}, pmid = {25432666}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropod Antennae/metabolism ; Chemotaxis ; Chromatography, Gas ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Electrophysiology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Ohio ; Olfactometry ; Pheromones/*metabolism ; Sesquiterpenes/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, is considered to be one of the most serious invasive pests of deciduous trees in North America. An efficient monitoring trap is needed to detect and delimit new introductions and assess population densities of established infestations. Previous studies on A. glabripennis have shown that males produce a two-component aggregation pheromone that consists of a 1:1 blend of 4-(n-heptyloxy)butan-1-ol and 4-(n-heptyloxy)butanal. Moderate attraction in field trapping studies suggested that there may be additional chemical cues missing. Volatiles from male A. glabripennis were examined to identify other potential pheromone components. Gas chromatographic / electroantennographic (GC/EAD) analyses of male aerations detected a consistent EAD-active response to a previously unidentified compound. This compound was identified as (3E,6E)-α-farnesene. Both male and female beetles were antennally responsive to this sesquiterpene, and both sexes were attracted to it in olfactometer bioassays at different doses. When (3E,6E)-α-farnesene was combined with 4-(n-heptyloxy)butan-1-ol and 4-(n-heptyloxy)butanal, attraction of both sexes increased compared to assays using 4-(n-heptyloxy)butan-1-ol and 4-(n-heptyloxy)butanal alone.}, }
@article {pmid25430731, year = {2015}, author = {Ruhí, A and Holmes, EE and Rinne, JN and Sabo, JL}, title = {Anomalous droughts, not invasion, decrease persistence of native fishes in a desert river.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {1482-1496}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12780}, pmid = {25430731}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Arizona ; *Biodiversity ; Desert Climate ; *Droughts ; Fishes/*physiology ; Floods ; Fourier Analysis ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Multivariate Analysis ; Population Density ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Changing climate extremes and invasion by non-native species are two of the most prominent threats to native faunas. Predicting the relationships between global change and native faunas requires a quantitative toolkit that effectively links the timing and magnitude of extreme events to variation in species abundances. Here, we examine how discharge anomalies--unexpected floods and droughts--determine covariation in abundance of native and non-native fish species in a highly variable desert river in Arizona. We quantified stochastic variation in discharge using Fourier analyses on >15,000 daily observations. We subsequently coupled maximum annual spectral anomalies with a 15-year time series of fish abundances (1994-2008), using Multivariate Autoregressive State-Space (MARSS) models. Abiotic drivers (discharge anomalies) were paramount in determining long-term fish abundances, whereas biotic drivers (species interactions) played only a secondary role. As predicted, anomalous droughts reduced the abundances of native species, while floods increased them. However, in contrast to previous studies, we observed that the non-native assemblage was surprisingly unresponsive to extreme events. Biological trait analyses showed that functional uniqueness was higher in native than in non-native fishes. We also found that discharge anomalies influenced diversity patterns at the meta-community level, with nestedness increasing after anomalous droughts due to the differential impairment of native species. Overall, our results advance the notion that discharge variation is key in determining community trajectories in the long term, predicting the persistence of native fauna even in the face of invasion. We suggest this variation, rather than biotic interactions, may commonly underlie covariation between native and non-native faunas, especially in highly variable environments. If droughts become increasingly severe due to climate change, and floods increasingly muted due to regulation, fish assemblages in desert rivers may become taxonomically and functionally impoverished and dominated by non-native taxa.}, }
@article {pmid25429445, year = {2014}, author = {Zimmer-Faust, AG and Ambrose, RF and Tamburri, MN}, title = {Evaluation of approaches to quantify total residual oxidants in ballast water management systems employing chlorine for disinfection.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {70}, number = {10}, pages = {1585-1593}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2014.394}, pmid = {25429445}, issn = {0273-1223}, mesh = {Disinfectants/*analysis ; Electric Conductivity ; Environmental Monitoring/instrumentation/*methods ; *Oxidants ; Phenylenediamines/analysis ; Ships ; Wastewater/*analysis/chemistry ; }, abstract = {With the maturation and certification of several ballast water management systems that employ chlorine as biocide to prevent the spread of invasive species, there is a clear need for accurate and reliable total residual oxidants (TRO) technology to monitor treatment dose and assure the environmental safety of treated water discharged from ships. In this study, instruments used to measure TRO in wastewater and drinking water applications were evaluated for their performance in scenarios mimicking a ballast water treatment application (e.g., diverse hold times, temperatures, and salinities). Parameters chosen for testing these technologies in the past do not reflect conditions expected during ballast water treatment. Salinity, temperature, and oxidant concentration all influenced the response of amperometric sensors. Oxidation reduction potential (ORP) sensors performed more consistently than amperometric sensors under different conditions but it may be difficult to correlate ORP and TRO measurements for the multitude of biogeochemical conditions found naturally in ballast water. N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) analyzers and amperometric sensors were also tested under intermittent sampling conditions mimicking a ballasting scenario, with cyclical dosage and discharge operations. When sampling was intermittent, amperometric sensors required excessive response and conditioning times, whereas DPD analyzers provided reasonable estimates of TRO under the ballasting scenario.}, }
@article {pmid25429014, year = {2015}, author = {Natsopoulou, ME and McMahon, DP and Doublet, V and Bryden, J and Paxton, RJ}, title = {Interspecific competition in honeybee intracellular gut parasites is asymmetric and favours the spread of an emerging infectious disease.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {282}, number = {1798}, pages = {20141896}, pmid = {25429014}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*parasitology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Intestines/parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Nosema/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {There is increasing appreciation that hosts in natural populations are subject to infection by multiple parasite species. Yet the epidemiological and ecological processes determining the outcome of mixed infections are poorly understood. Here, we use two intracellular gut parasites (Microsporidia), one exotic and one co-evolved in the western honeybee (Apis mellifera), in an experiment in which either one or both parasites were administered either simultaneously or sequentially. We provide clear evidence of within-host competition; order of infection was an important determinant of the competitive outcome between parasites, with the first parasite significantly inhibiting the growth of the second, regardless of species. However, the strength of this 'priority effect' was highly asymmetric, with the exotic Nosema ceranae exhibiting stronger inhibition of Nosema apis than vice versa. Our results reveal an unusual asymmetry in parasite competition that is dependent on order of infection. When incorporated into a mathematical model of disease prevalence, we find asymmetric competition to be an important predictor of the patterns of parasite prevalence found in nature. Our findings demonstrate the wider significance of complex multi-host-multi-parasite interactions as drivers of host-pathogen community structure.}, }
@article {pmid25428498, year = {2014}, author = {Bardgett, RD and van der Putten, WH}, title = {Belowground biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {515}, number = {7528}, pages = {505-511}, pmid = {25428498}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Soil Microbiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Evidence is mounting that the immense diversity of microorganisms and animals that live belowground contributes significantly to shaping aboveground biodiversity and the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Our understanding of how this belowground biodiversity is distributed, and how it regulates the structure and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, is rapidly growing. Evidence also points to soil biodiversity as having a key role in determining the ecological and evolutionary responses of terrestrial ecosystems to current and future environmental change. Here we review recent progress and propose avenues for further research in this field.}, }
@article {pmid25426856, year = {2014}, author = {Qi, SS and Dai, ZC and Zhai, DL and Chen, SC and Si, CC and Huang, P and Wang, RP and Zhong, QX and Du, DL}, title = {Curvilinear effects of invasive plants on plant diversity: plant community invaded by Sphagneticola trilobata.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {e113964}, pmid = {25426856}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; China ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {The effects of invasive plants on the species diversity of plant communities are controversial, showing either a positive or negative linear relationship. Based on community data collected from forty 5 m×5 m plots invaded by Sphagneticola trilobata in eight cities across Hainan Island, China, we found S. trilobata decreased plant community diversity once its cover was beyond 10%. We demonstrated that the effects of invasive/native plants on the plant diversity of communities invaded by S. trilobata were curvilinear. These effects, which showed peaks under different degrees of vegetation cover, appeared not only for S. trilobata and all invasive plants, but also for all native plants. Invasive plants primarily had negative effects on plant diversity when they became abundant at a much lower cover level (less than 35%), compared with the native plants (over 60%). Thus, it is necessary to distinguish a range for assessing the effects of plants, especially invasive plants. Our results also confirmed that the invasion intensity of invasive alien plants increased with the intensity of local economic development. We highlight and further discuss the critical importance of curvilinear effects of biological invasion to provide ideas regarding the conservation of local biodiversity and the management of invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid25424838, year = {2015}, author = {Hoffmann, GS and Johannesen, J and Griebeler, EM}, title = {Species cross-amplification, identification and genetic variation of 17 species of deer (Cervidae) with microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA from antlers.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {42}, number = {6}, pages = {1059-1067}, pmid = {25424838}, issn = {1573-4978}, mesh = {Animals ; Antlers/*metabolism ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Deer/classification/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/classification/genetics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Strong anthropogenic impact has caused 28 of the currently recognized 55 species of deer (Cervidae) to be listed on the IUCN Red List. Particular threats to vulnerable species include habitat deterioration and hybridization with alien, introduced species. The scarcity of many species has severely hampered genetic analyses of their populations, including the detection of loci for cross-species amplification. Because deer antlers are shed and re-grown annually, antlers offer the possibility for non-invasive genetic sampling of large individual numbers, and may provide material for reference genotyping from historical samples stored in zoos, museums and trophy collections of rare and extinct species/populations. In this paper, we report cross-species amplification of 19 nuclear microsatellite loci and the amplification of 16S mtDNA for barcoding from nearly a third of all deer species worldwide based on high quality DNA extracted from antler bone up to 40 years old. Phylogenetic analysis based on mtDNA of seventeen species and five subspecies corroborate previously published phylogenetic data, thus confirming the specific resolution of the DNA extraction methodology.}, }
@article {pmid25421056, year = {2015}, author = {van Kleunen, M and Dawson, W and Maurel, N}, title = {Characteristics of successful alien plants.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {1954-1968}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13013}, pmid = {25421056}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Ecology ; Environment ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Herbert Baker arguably initiated the search for species characteristics determining alien plant invasion success, with his formulation of the 'ideal weed'. Today, a profusion of studies has tested a myriad of traits for their importance in explaining success of alien plants, but the multiple, not always appropriate, approaches used have led to some confusion and criticism. We argue that a greater understanding of the characteristics explaining alien plant success requires a refined approach that respects the multistage, multiscale nature of the invasion process. We present a schema of questions we can ask regarding the success of alien species, with the answering of one question in the schema being conditional on the answer of preceding questions (thus acknowledging the nested nature of invasion stages). For each question, we identify traits and attributes of species we believe are likely to be most important in explaining species success, and we make predictions as to how we expect successful aliens to differ from natives and from unsuccessful aliens in their characteristics. We organize the findings of empirical studies according to the questions in our schema that they have addressed, to assess the extent to which they support our predictions. We believe that research on plant traits of alien species has already told us a lot about why some alien species become successful after introduction. However, if we ask the right questions at the appropriate scale and use appropriate comparators, research on traits may tell us whether they are really important or not, and if so under which conditions.}, }
@article {pmid25417738, year = {2014}, author = {Jogesh, T and Stanley, MC and Berenbaum, MR}, title = {Evolution of tolerance in an invasive weed after reassociation with its specialist herbivore.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {27}, number = {11}, pages = {2334-2346}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12469}, pmid = {25417738}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Flowers/chemistry/physiology ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; Genetic Fitness ; *Herbivory ; Moths/*physiology ; New Zealand ; Pastinaca/genetics/*physiology ; Plant Weeds/genetics/*physiology ; Pollination ; Selection, Genetic ; United States ; }, abstract = {The interaction between the European wild parsnip Pastinaca sativa and its coevolved florivore the parsnip webworm Depressaria pastinacella, established in North America for over 150 years, has resulted in evolution of local chemical phenotype matching. The recent invasion of New Zealand by webworms, exposing parsnips there to florivore selection for the first time, provided an opportunity to assess rates of adaptive response in a real-time experiment. We planted reciprocal common gardens in the USA and NZ with seeds from (1) US populations with a long history of webworm association; (2) NZ populations that had never been infested and (3) NZ populations infested for 3 years (since 2007) or 6 years (since 2004). We measured impacts of florivory on realized fitness, reproductive effort and pollination success and measured phenotypic changes in infested NZ populations relative to uninfested NZ populations to determine whether rapid adaptive evolution in response to florivory occurred. Irrespective of country of origin or location, webworms significantly reduced plant fitness. Webworms reduced pollination success in small plants but not in larger plants. Although defence chemistry remained unchanged, plants in infested populations were larger after 3-6 years of webworm florivory. As plant size is a strong predictor of realized fitness, evolution of large size as a component of florivore tolerance may occur more rapidly than evolution of enhanced chemical defence.}, }
@article {pmid25415443, year = {2014}, author = {Guan, D and Lu, YY and Liao, XL and Wang, L and Chen, L}, title = {Electroantennogram and behavioral responses of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, to an alarm pheromone component and its analogues.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {62}, number = {49}, pages = {11924-11932}, doi = {10.1021/jf505191s}, pmid = {25415443}, issn = {1520-5118}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/chemistry/*drug effects/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Electrocardiography ; Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; Pheromones/chemistry/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {A characteristic behavior in ants is to move rapidly to emission sources of alarm pheromones. The addition of ant alarm pheromones to bait is expected to enhance its attractiveness. To search for candidate compounds for bait enhancement in fire ant control, 13 related alkylpyrazine analogues in addition to synthetic alarm pheromone component were evaluated for electroantennogram (EAG) and behavioral activities in Solenopsis invicta. Most compounds elicited dose-dependent EAG and behavioral responses. There exists a correlation between the EAG and behavioral responses. Among the 14 tested alkylpyrazines, three compounds, 2-ethyl-3,6(5)-dimethyl pyrazine (1), 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine (7), and 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine (12), elicited significant alarm responses at a dose range of 0.1-1000 ng. Further bait discovery bioassay with the three most active alkylpyrazines demonstrated that food bait accompanied by sample-treated filter paper disk attracted significantly more fire ant workers in the first 15 min period. EAG and behavioral bioassays with pure pheromone isomers accumulated by semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated that 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine was significantly more active than 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine.}, }
@article {pmid25408118, year = {2014}, author = {Chen, J and Rashid, T and Feng, G}, title = {Esterase in imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta and S. richteri (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): activity, kinetics and variation.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {7112}, pmid = {25408118}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*enzymology ; Enzyme Assays ; Esterases/isolation &amp; purification/*metabolism ; Female ; Insect Proteins/isolation &amp; purification/*metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Kinetics ; Male ; Naphthols/chemistry ; Sex Factors ; South America ; Species Specificity ; Stereoisomerism ; Substrate Specificity ; United States ; }, abstract = {Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri are two closely related invasive ants native to South America. Despite their similarity in biology and behavior, S. invicta is a more successful invasive species. Toxic tolerance has been found to be important to the success of some invasive species. Esterases play a crucial role in toxic tolerance of insects. Hence, we hypothesized that the more invasive S. invicta would have a higher esterase activity than S. richteri. Esterase activities were measured for workers and male and female alates of both ant species using α-naphthyl acetate and β-naphthyl acetate as substrates. Esterase activities in S. invicta were always significantly higher than those in S. richteri supporting our hypothesis. In S. invicta, male alates had the highest esterase activities followed by workers then female alates for both substrates. In S. richetri, for α-naphthyl acetate, male alates had the highest activity followed by female alates then workers, while for β-naphthyl acetate, female alates had the highest activity followed by male alates then workers. For workers, S. richteri showed significantly higher levels of variation about the mean esterase activity than S. invicta. However, S. invicta showed significantly higher levels of variation in both female and male alates.}, }
@article {pmid25404070, year = {2015}, author = {Savage, HM and Ledermann, JP and Yug, L and Burkhalter, KL and Marfel, M and Hancock, WT}, title = {Incrimination of Aedes (Stegomyia) hensilli Farner as an epidemic vector of Chikungunya virus on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia, 2013.}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {92}, number = {2}, pages = {429-436}, pmid = {25404070}, issn = {1476-1645}, mesh = {Aedes/*virology ; Animals ; Chikungunya Fever/epidemiology/*transmission ; Chikungunya virus/genetics/*physiology ; DNA, Viral/genetics ; Epidemics ; Female ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*virology ; Male ; Micronesia/epidemiology ; Phylogeny ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; }, abstract = {Two species of Aedes (Stegomyia) were collected in response to the first chikungunya virus (CHIKV) outbreak on Yap Island: the native species Ae. hensilli Farner and the introduced species Ae. aegypti (L.). Fourteen CHIKV-positive mosquito pools were detected. Six pools were composed of female Ae. hensilli, six pools were composed of female Ae. aegypti, one pool was composed of male Ae. hensilli, and one pool contained female specimens identified as Ae. (Stg.) spp. Infection rates were not significantly different between female Ae. hensilli and Ae. aegypti. The occurrence of human cases in all areas of Yap Island and the greater number of sites that yielded virus from Ae. hensilli combined with the ubiquitous distribution of this species incriminate Ae. hensilli as the most important vector of CHIKV during the outbreak. Phylogenic analysis shows that virus strains on Yap are members of the Asia lineage and closely related to strains currently circulating in the Caribbean.}, }
@article {pmid25403767, year = {2014}, author = {Emde, S and Rueckert, S and Kochmann, J and Knopf, K and Sures, B and Klimpel, S}, title = {Nematode eel parasite found inside acanthocephalan cysts--a "Trojan horse" strategy?.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {504}, pmid = {25403767}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; Eels/*parasitology ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; Fishes/*parasitology ; Life Cycle Stages ; Nematoda/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Nematode Infections/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The invasive eel parasite Anguillicoloides crassus (syn. Anguillicola crassus) is considered one of the major causes for the decline of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) panmictic population. It impairs the swim bladder function and reduces swimming performance of its host. The life cycle of this parasite involves different intermediate and paratenic hosts. Despite an efficient immune system of the paratenic fish hosts acting against infections with A. crassus, levels of parasitized eels remain high in European river systems. Recently, the round goby Neogobius melanostomus (Gobiidae) has become dominant in many rivers in Europe and is still spreading at a rapid pace. This highly invasive species might potentially act as an important, so far neglected paratenic fish host for A. crassus.<br><br>METHODS: Based on own observations and earlier single sightings of A. crassus in N. melanostomus, 60 fresh individuals of N. melanostomus were caught in the Rhine River and examined to assess the infection levels with metazoan parasites, especially A. crassus. Glycerin preparations were used for parasite identification.<br><br>RESULTS: The parasite most frequently found in N. melanostomus was the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus sp. (subadult stage) which occurred mainly encysted in the mesenteries and liver. Every third gobiid (P = 31.7%) was infected by A. crassus larvae (L3) which exclusively occurred inside the acanthocephalan cysts. No intact or degenerated larvae of A. crassus were detected elsewhere in the goby, neither in the body cavity and mesenteries nor in other organs. Affected cysts contained the acanthocephalan larvae and 1-12 (mI =3) living A. crassus larvae. Additionally, encysted larvae of the nematode Raphidascaris acus were detected in the gobies, but only in the body cavity and not inside the acanthocephalan cysts.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Based on our observations, we suggest that A. crassus might actively bypass the immune response of N. melanostomus by invading the cysts of acanthocephalan parasites of the genus Pomphorhynchus using them as "Trojan horses". Providing that eels prey on the highly abundant round goby and that the latter transfers viable infective larvae of A. crassus, the new paratenic host might have a strong impact on the epidemiology of A. crassus.}, }
@article {pmid25402206, year = {2014}, author = {Merkes, CM and McCalla, SG and Jensen, NR and Gaikowski, MP and Amberg, JJ}, title = {Persistence of DNA in carcasses, slime and avian feces may affect interpretation of environmental DNA data.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {e113346}, pmid = {25402206}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; DNA/analysis/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Feces/*chemistry ; Water Pollutants/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The prevention of non-indigenous aquatic invasive species spreading into new areas is a goal of many resource managers. New techniques have been developed to survey for species that are difficult to capture with conventional gears that involve the detection of their DNA in water samples (eDNA). This technique is currently used to track the invasion of bigheaded carps (silver carp and bighead carp; Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and H. nobilis) in the Chicago Area Waterway System and Upper Mississippi River. In both systems DNA has been detected from silver carp without the capture of a live fish, which has led to some uncertainty about the source of the DNA. The potential contribution to eDNA by vectors and fomites has not been explored. Because barges move from areas with a high abundance of bigheaded carps to areas monitored for the potential presence of silver carp, we used juvenile silver carp to simulate the barge transport of dead bigheaded carp carcasses, slime residue, and predator feces to determine the potential of these sources to supply DNA to uninhabited waters where it could be detected and misinterpreted as indicative of the presence of live bigheaded carp. Our results indicate that all three vectors are feasible sources of detectable eDNA for at least one month after their deposition. This suggests that current monitoring programs must consider alternative vectors of DNA in the environment and consider alternative strategies to minimize the detection of DNA not directly released from live bigheaded carps.}, }
@article {pmid25401142, year = {2014}, author = {McGranahan, DA and Daigh, AL and Veenstra, JJ and Engle, DM and Miller, JR and Debinski, DM}, title = {Connecting soil organic carbon and root biomass with land-use and vegetation in temperate grassland.}, journal = {TheScientificWorldJournal}, volume = {2014}, number = {}, pages = {487563}, pmid = {25401142}, issn = {1537-744X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biomass ; Carbon/*chemistry ; Cattle ; *Grassland ; *Herbivory ; Plant Roots/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Soils contain much of Earth's terrestrial organic carbon but are sensitive to land-use. Rangelands are important to carbon dynamics and are among ecosystems most widely impacted by land-use. While common practices like grazing, fire, and tillage affect soil properties directly related to soil carbon dynamics, their magnitude and direction of change vary among ecosystems and with intensity of disturbance. We describe variability in soil organic carbon (SOC) and root biomass--sampled from 0-170 cm and 0-100 cm, respectively--in terms of soil properties, land-use history, current management, and plant community composition using linear regression and multivariate ordination. Despite consistency in average values of SOC and root biomass between our data and data from rangelands worldwide, broad ranges in root biomass and SOC in our data suggest these variables are affected by other site-specific factors. Pastures with a recent history of severe grazing had reduced root biomass and greater bulk density. Ordination suggests greater exotic species richness is associated with lower root biomass but the relationship was not apparent when an invasive species of management concern was specifically tested. We discuss how unexplained variability in belowground properties can complicate measurement and prediction of ecosystem processes such as carbon sequestration.}, }
@article {pmid25399668, year = {2015}, author = {Brown, GP and Phillips, BL and Dubey, S and Shine, R}, title = {Invader immunology: invasion history alters immune system function in cane toads (Rhinella marina) in tropical Australia.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {57-65}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12390}, pmid = {25399668}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Blood Bactericidal Activity ; Bufonidae/genetics/*immunology ; Female ; Immune System/*physiology ; Immunity, Cellular ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Neutrophils/immunology ; Phagocytosis ; }, abstract = {Because an individual's investment into the immune system may modify its dispersal rate, immune function may evolve rapidly in an invader. We collected cane toads (Rhinella marina) from sites spanning their 75-year invasion history in Australia, bred them, and raised their progeny in standard conditions. Evolved shifts in immune function should manifest as differences in immune responses among the progeny of parents collected in different locations. Parental location did not affect the offspring's cell-mediated immune response or stress response, but blood from the offspring of invasion-front toads had more neutrophils, and was more effective at phagocytosis and killing bacteria. These latter measures of immune function are negatively correlated with rate of dispersal in free-ranging toads. Our results suggest that the invasion of tropical Australia by cane toads has resulted in rapid genetically based compensatory shifts in the aspects of immune responses that are most compromised by the rigours of long-distance dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid25396768, year = {2014}, author = {Osório, HC and Zé-Zé, L and Amaro, F and Alves, MJ}, title = {Mosquito surveillance for prevention and control of emerging mosquito-borne diseases in Portugal - 2008-2014.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {11583-11596}, pmid = {25396768}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {Animals ; Arboviruses/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Biodiversity ; Culicidae/*virology ; Female ; Flavivirus/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Population Density ; Portugal ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Viral Proteins/genetics ; West Nile virus/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Mosquito surveillance in Europe is essential for early detection of invasive species with public health importance and prevention and control of emerging pathogens. In Portugal, a vector surveillance national program-REVIVE (REde de VIgilância de VEctores)-has been operating since 2008 under the custody of Portuguese Ministry of Health. The REVIVE is responsible for the nationwide surveillance of hematophagous arthropods. Surveillance for West Nile virus (WNV) and other flaviviruses in adult mosquitoes is continuously performed. Adult mosquitoes-collected mainly with Centre for Disease Control light traps baited with CO2-and larvae were systematically collected from a wide range of habitats in 20 subregions (NUTS III). Around 500,000 mosquitoes were trapped in more than 3,000 trap nights and 3,500 positive larvae surveys, in which 24 species were recorded. The viral activity detected in mosquito populations in these years has been limited to insect specific flaviviruses (ISFs) non-pathogenic to humans. Rather than emergency response, REVIVE allows timely detection of changes in abundance and species diversity providing valuable knowledge to health authorities, which may take control measures of vector populations reducing its impact on public health. This work aims to present the REVIVE operation and to expose data regarding mosquito species composition and detected ISFs.}, }
@article {pmid25394910, year = {2015}, author = {Kelehear, C and Saltonstall, K and Torchin, ME}, title = {An introduced pentastomid parasite (Raillietiella frenata) infects native cane toads (Rhinella marina) in Panama.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {142}, number = {5}, pages = {675-679}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182014001759}, pmid = {25394910}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufo marinus/*parasitology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Lung Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Male ; Panama/epidemiology ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Pentastomida/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics ; Prevalence ; Urban Renewal ; }, abstract = {The pentastomid parasite, Raillietiella frenata, is native to Asia where it infects the Asian House gecko, Hemidactylus frenatus. This gecko has been widely introduced and recently R. frenata was found in introduced populations of cane toads (Rhinella marina) in Australia, indicating a host-switch from introduced geckos to toads. Here we report non-native adult R. frenata infecting the lungs of native cane toads in Panama. Eight of 64 toads were infected (median = 2.5, range = 1-80 pentastomids/toad) and pentastomid prevalence was positively associated with the number of buildings at a site, though further sampling is needed to confirm this pattern. We postulate that this pattern is likely due to a host shift of this parasite from an urban-associated introduced gecko. This is the first record of this parasite infecting cane toads in their native range, and the first instance of this parasite occurring in Central America.}, }
@article {pmid25394749, year = {2015}, author = {Gabriel, SI and Mathias, ML and Searle, JB}, title = {Of mice and the 'Age of Discovery': the complex history of colonization of the Azorean archipelago by the house mouse (Mus musculus) as revealed by mitochondrial DNA variation.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {130-145}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12550}, pmid = {25394749}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; Azores ; Bayes Theorem ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; History, 15th Century ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Portugal ; Spain ; Travel/*history ; }, abstract = {Humans have introduced many species onto remote oceanic islands. The house mouse (Mus musculus) is a human commensal and has consequently been transported to oceanic islands around the globe as an accidental stowaway. The history of these introductions can tell us not only about the mice themselves but also about the people that transported them. Following a phylogeographic approach, we used mitochondrial D-loop sequence variation (within an 849- to 864-bp fragment) to study house mouse colonization of the Azores. A total of 239 sequences were obtained from all nine islands, and interpretation was helped by previously published Iberian sequences and 66 newly generated Spanish sequences. A Bayesian analysis revealed presence in the Azores of most of the D-loop clades previously described in the domesticus subspecies of the house mouse, suggesting a complex colonization history of the archipelago as a whole from multiple geographical origins, but much less heterogeneity (often single colonization?) within islands. The expected historical link with mainland Portugal was reflected in the pattern of D-loop variation of some of the islands but not all. A more unexpected association with a distant North European source area was also detected in three islands, possibly reflecting human contact with the Azores prior to the 15th century discovery by Portuguese mariners. Widening the scope to colonization of the Macaronesian islands as a whole, human linkages between the Azores, Madeira, the Canaries, Portugal and Spain were revealed through the sharing of mouse sequences between these areas. From these and other data, we suggest mouse studies may help resolve historical uncertainties relating to the 'Age of Discovery'.}, }
@article {pmid25393396, year = {2014}, author = {Wakie, TT and Evangelista, PH and Jarnevich, CS and Laituri, M}, title = {Mapping current and potential distribution of non-native Prosopis juliflora in the Afar region of Ethiopia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {e112854}, pmid = {25393396}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ethiopia ; *Introduced Species ; Prosopis/*physiology ; }, abstract = {We used correlative models with species occurrence points, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) vegetation indices, and topo-climatic predictors to map the current distribution and potential habitat of invasive Prosopis juliflora in Afar, Ethiopia. Time-series of MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Indices (EVI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI) with 250 m2 spatial resolution were selected as remote sensing predictors for mapping distributions, while WorldClim bioclimatic products and generated topographic variables from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission product (SRTM) were used to predict potential infestations. We ran Maxent models using non-correlated variables and the 143 species- occurrence points. Maxent generated probability surfaces were converted into binary maps using the 10-percentile logistic threshold values. Performances of models were evaluated using area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). Our results indicate that the extent of P. juliflora invasion is approximately 3,605 km2 in the Afar region (AUC = 0.94), while the potential habitat for future infestations is 5,024 km2 (AUC = 0.95). Our analyses demonstrate that time-series of MODIS vegetation indices and species occurrence points can be used with Maxent modeling software to map the current distribution of P. juliflora, while topo-climatic variables are good predictors of potential habitat in Ethiopia. Our results can quantify current and future infestations, and inform management and policy decisions for containing P. juliflora. Our methods can also be replicated for managing invasive species in other East African countries.}, }
@article {pmid25392753, year = {2014}, author = {Crosby, K and Stokes, TO and Latta, RG}, title = {Evolving California genotypes of Avena barbata are derived from multiple introductions but still maintain substantial population structure.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {e633}, pmid = {25392753}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Multiple introductions are thought to enhance the chance of successful colonization, in part because recombination may generate adaptive variation to a new environment. Avena barbata (slender wild oat) is a successful colonist in California, historically noted for striking genetic divergence into two multilocus genotypes, but is still undergoing adaptive change. We sought to understand whether multiple introductions might be contributing to this change. We used cpDNA phylogeography of A. barbata within its home range and in its invaded range in California to determine the minimum number of separate introductions, and the spatial distribution of these introduced lineages. We collected from sites throughout the state of California, where it is an invasive species. Accessions from a representative portion of A. barbata's full native range were obtained from germplasm repositories. We sequenced seven intergenic chloroplast DNA loci for A. barbata individuals both in California (novel geographic range) and its ancestral range. 204 individuals were assayed for chloroplast haplotype within California using single strand conformational polymorphism SSCPs. Genome size was determined by flow cytometry. Californian accessions are tetraploid as expected, but their genome sizes were smaller than the Old World accessions. There were three haplotypes present in California that were identical to haplotypes in the native range. Within California, the presence of multiple haplotypes at a site was observed primarily in Northern and Central populations. Between populations there was still substantial structure with F ST ∼ 0.33, due to a shallow latitudinal cline caused by a preponderance of xeric haplotypes in Southern California. There was a minimum of three seed introductions to California. Recombination is thus likely to occur, and contribute to adaptation in new range in this highly-selfing, invader.}, }
@article {pmid25390765, year = {2015}, author = {Miller, S and Zieger, U and Ganser, C and Satterlee, SA and Bankovich, B and Amadi, V and Hariharan, H and Stone, D and Wisely, SM}, title = {Influence of land use and climate on Salmonella carrier status in the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) in Grenada, West Indies.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {60-68}, doi = {10.7589/2014-02-046}, pmid = {25390765}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carrier State ; Grenada/epidemiology ; Herpestidae/*microbiology ; Salmonella/*isolation &amp; purification ; Salmonella Infections, Animal/*epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive mammals can be important reservoirs for human pathogens. A recent study showed that 12% of mongooses carried Salmonella spp. in their large intestines. We investigated whether anthropogenic, environmental and climatic variables predicted Salmonella status in mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus) in Grenada. Using multivariate logistic regression and contingency table analysis, we found that increased human density, decreased distance from roads, and low monthly precipitation were associated with increased probability of Salmonella carriage. Areas with higher human density likely support a higher abundance of mongooses because of greater food availability. These areas also are a likely source for infection to mongooses due to high densities of livestock and rodents shedding Salmonella. The higher probability of Salmonella carriage in mongooses during drier months and closer to roadsides is likely due to water drainage patterns and limited water availability. Although the overall prevalence of Salmonella in mongooses was moderate, the strong patterns of ecologic correlates, combined with the high density of mongooses throughout Grenada suggest that the small Indian mongoose could be a useful sentinel for Salmonella surveillance. Its affinity for human-associated habitats suggests that the small Indian mongoose is also a risk factor in the maintenance and possible spread of Salmonella species to humans and livestock in Grenada.}, }
@article {pmid25388949, year = {2015}, author = {Gross, N and Liancourt, P and Butters, R and Duncan, RP and Hulme, PE}, title = {Functional equivalence, competitive hierarchy and facilitation determine species coexistence in highly invaded grasslands.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {206}, number = {1}, pages = {175-186}, doi = {10.1111/nph.13168}, pmid = {25388949}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Animals ; Grassland ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; Phenotype ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*metabolism ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Alien and native plant species often differ in functional traits. Trait differences could lead to niche differences that minimize competitive interactions and stabilize coexistence. However, trait differences could also translate into average fitness differences, leading to a competitive hierarchy that prevents coexistence. We tested whether trait differences between alien and native species translated into average fitness or stabilizing niche differences, and whether competition could explain observed coexistence within invaded grassland communities (New Zealand). Trait differences reflected marked competitive hierarchy, suggesting average fitness differences. Species coexistence was determined by a trade-off between species susceptibility to herbivory vs competitive hierarchy and facilitation. Importantly, although aliens and natives differed in their trait values, they did not differ in their competitive response, highlighting the importance of equalizing mechanisms in structuring invaded communities. Only a few alien species with a particular set of traits were able to jeopardize species coexistence when grazing was ceased. Our study explains why some alien species coexist with natives, whereas others have strong impacts on native communities. It highlights that trait differences can underlie several coexistence processes and that the demonstration of trait differences between aliens and natives is only a first step to understanding the role of biotic interactions in structuring invaded communities.}, }
@article {pmid25387751, year = {2014}, author = {Nolan, NE and Kulmatiski, A and Beard, KH and Norton, JM}, title = {Activated carbon decreases invasive plant growth by mediating plant-microbe interactions.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {25387751}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {There is growing appreciation for the idea that plant-soil interactions (e.g. allelopathy and plant-microbe feedbacks) may explain the success of some non-native plants. Where this is the case, native plant restoration may require management tools that change plant-soil interactions. Activated carbon (AC) is one such potential tool. Previous research has shown the potential for high concentrations of AC to restore native plant growth to areas dominated by non-natives on a small scale (1 m × 1 m plots). Here we (i) test the efficacy of different AC concentrations at a larger scale (15 m × 15 m plots), (ii) measure microbial responses to AC treatment and (iii) use a greenhouse experiment to identify the primary mechanism, allelopathy versus microbial changes, through which AC impacts native and non-native plant growth. Three years after large-scale applications, AC treatments decreased non-native plant cover and increased the ratio of native to non-native species cover, particularly at concentrations >400 g m(-2). Activated carbon similarly decreased non-native plant growth in the greenhouse. This effect, however, was only observed in live soils, suggesting that AC effects were microbially mediated and not caused by direct allelopathy. Bacterial community analysis of field soils indicated that AC increased the relative abundance of an unidentified bacterium and an Actinomycetales and decreased the relative abundance of a Flavobacterium, suggesting that these organisms may play a role in AC effects on plant growth. Results support the idea that manipulations of plant-microbe interactions may provide novel and effective ways of directing plant growth and community development (e.g. native plant restoration).}, }
@article {pmid25387455, year = {2015}, author = {Monty, A and Eugène, M and Mahy, G}, title = {Vegetative regeneration capacities of five ornamental plant invaders after shredding.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {55}, number = {2}, pages = {423-430}, pmid = {25387455}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Asteraceae/chemistry/*growth &amp; development ; Biomass ; Europe ; Fallopia japonica/chemistry/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Recycling/*methods ; Waste Management/*methods ; }, abstract = {Vegetation management often involves shredding to dispose of cut plant material or to destroy the vegetation itself. In the case of invasive plants, this can represent an environmental risk if the shredded material exhibits vegetative regeneration capacities. We tested the effect of shredding on aboveground and below-ground vegetative material of five ornamental widespread invaders in Western Europe that are likely to be managed by cutting and shredding techniques: Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush, Scrophulariaceae), Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed, Polygonaceae), Spiraea × billardii Hérincq (Billard's bridewort, Rosaceae), Solidago gigantea (giant goldenrod, Asteraceae), and Rhus typhina L. (staghorn sumac, Anacardiaceae). We looked at signs of vegetative regeneration and biomass production, and analyzed the data with respect to the season of plant cutting (spring vs summer), the type of plant material (aboveground vs below-ground), and the shredding treatment (shredded vs control). All species were capable of vegetative regeneration, especially the below-ground material. We found differences among species, but the regeneration potential was generally still present after shredding despite a reduction of growth rates. Although it should not be excluded in all cases (e.g., destruction of giant goldenrod and staghorn sumac aboveground material), the use of a shredder to destroy woody alien plant material cannot be considered as a general management option without significant environmental risk.}, }
@article {pmid25386723, year = {2015}, author = {Slippers, B and Hurley, BP and Wingfield, MJ}, title = {Sirex woodwasp: a model for evolving management paradigms of invasive forest pests.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {60}, number = {}, pages = {601-619}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-021118}, pmid = {25386723}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; Basidiomycota/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Forestry ; *Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; Pinus/physiology ; Symbiosis ; Tylenchoidea/*physiology ; Wasps/*microbiology/*parasitology/physiology ; }, abstract = {The Sirex woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, and its fungal mutualist, Amylostereum areolatum, together constitute one of the most damaging invasive pests of pine. Despite a century of research and well-established management programs, control remains unpredictable and spread continues to new areas. Variable success in managing this pest has been influenced by complex invasion patterns, the multilayered nature of biological interactions, the varying local ecologies, and microevolutionary population processes in both the biocontrol organisms and in the wasps. Recent research findings are challenging the historical perspectives on methods to manage the Sirex woodwasp, calling for management programs to incorporate the variable local dynamics affecting this pest complex. In this regard, the Sirex woodwasp provides a superb model to illustrate the need for a different approach to develop efficient and sustainable management tools to deal with the growing and global nature of pest invasions in forests and plantations.}, }
@article {pmid25384154, year = {2014}, author = {Moreau, DT}, title = {Ecological risk analysis and genetically modified salmon: management in the face of uncertainty.}, journal = {Annual review of animal biosciences}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {515-533}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114231}, pmid = {25384154}, issn = {2165-8110}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; *Ecosystem ; *Genetic Engineering ; Human Growth Hormone/*genetics ; Salmon/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The commercialization of growth hormone transgenic Atlantic salmon for aquaculture has become a controversial public policy issue. Concerns exist over the potential ecological effects of this biotechnology should animals escape captivity. From within an ecological risk-analysis framework, science has been sought to provide decision makers with evidence upon which to base regulatory decisions pertaining to genetically modified salmon. Here I review the available empirical information on the potential ecological and genetic effects of transgenic salmon and discuss the underlying eco-evolutionary science behind the topic. I conclude that data gaps and irreducible epistemic uncertainties limit the role of scientific inference in support of ecological risk management for transgenic salmon. I argue that predictive uncertainties are pervasive in complex eco-evolutionary systems and that it behooves those involved in the risk-analysis process to accept and communicate these limitations in the interest of timely, clear, and cautious risk-management options.}, }
@article {pmid25383965, year = {2014}, author = {Eichmiller, JJ and Bajer, PG and Sorensen, PW}, title = {The relationship between the distribution of common carp and their environmental DNA in a small lake.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {e112611}, pmid = {25383965}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/*genetics ; Cytochromes b/genetics ; DNA/*analysis ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water/analysis ; Lakes/*analysis ; Minnesota ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Although environmental DNA (eDNA) has been used to infer the presence of rare aquatic species, many facets of this technique remain unresolved. In particular, the relationship between eDNA and fish distribution is not known. We examined the relationship between the distribution of fish and their eDNA (detection rate and concentration) in a lake. A quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for a region within the cytochrome b gene of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio or 'carp'), an ubiquitous invasive fish, was developed and used to measure eDNA in Lake Staring (MN, USA), in which both the density of carp and their distribution have been closely monitored for several years. Surface water, sub-surface water, and sediment were sampled from 22 locations in the lake, including areas frequently used by carp. In water, areas of high carp use had a higher rate of detection and concentration of eDNA, but there was no effect of fish use on sediment eDNA. The detection rate and concentration of eDNA in surface and sub-surface water were not significantly different (p≥0.5), indicating that eDNA did not accumulate in surface water. The detection rate followed the trend: high-use water > low-use water > sediment. The concentration of eDNA in sediment samples that were above the limit of detection were several orders of magnitude greater than water on a per mass basis, but a poor limit of detection led to low detection rates. The patchy distribution of eDNA in the water of our study lake suggests that the mechanisms that remove eDNA from the water column, such as decay and sedimentation, are rapid. Taken together, these results indicate that effective eDNA sampling methods should be informed by fish distribution, as eDNA concentration was shown to vary dramatically between samples taken less than 100 m apart.}, }
@article {pmid25382863, year = {2014}, author = {Dickey, AM and Trease, AJ and Jara-Cavieres, A and Kumar, V and Christenson, MK and Potluri, LP and Morgan, JK and Shatters, RG and Mckenzie, CL and Davis, PH and Osborne, LS}, title = {ESTIMATING BACTERIAL DIVERSITY IN SCIRTOTHRIPS DORSALIS (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) VIA NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING.}, journal = {The Florida entomologist}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, pages = {362-366}, pmid = {25382863}, issn = {0015-4040}, support = {P20 RR016469/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {The last 2 decades have produced a better understanding of insect-microbial associations and yielded some important opportunities for insect control. However, most of our knowledge comes from model systems. Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) have been understudied despite their global importance as invasive species, plant pests and disease vectors. Using a culture and primer independent next-generation sequencing and metagenomics pipeline, we surveyed the bacteria of the globally important pest, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood. The most abundant bacterial phyla identified were Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria and the most abundant genera were Propionibacterium, Stenotrophomonas, and Pseudomonas. A total of 189 genera of bacteria were identified. The absence of any vertically transferred symbiont taxa commonly found in insects is consistent with other studies suggesting that thrips primarilly acquire resident microbes from their environment. This does not preclude a possible beneficial/intimate association between S. dorsalis and the dominant taxa identified and future work should determine the nature of these associations.}, }
@article {pmid25382827, year = {2014}, author = {Tulloch, AI and Tulloch, VJ and Evans, MC and Mills, M}, title = {The value of using feasibility models in systematic conservation planning to predict landholder management uptake.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {28}, number = {6}, pages = {1462-1473}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12403}, pmid = {25382827}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Australia ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/*methods ; Feasibility Studies ; Models, Economic ; }, abstract = {Understanding the social dimensions of conservation opportunity is crucial for conservation planning in multiple-use landscapes. However, factors that influence the feasibility of implementing conservation actions, such as the history of landscape management, and landholders' willingness to engage are often difficult or time consuming to quantify and rarely incorporated into planning. We examined how conservation agencies could reduce costs of acquiring such data by developing predictive models of management feasibility parameterized with social and biophysical factors likely to influence landholders' decisions to engage in management. To test the utility of our best-supported model, we developed 4 alternative investment scenarios based on different input data for conservation planning: social data only; biological data only; potential conservation opportunity derived from modeled feasibility that incurs no social data collection costs; and existing conservation opportunity derived from feasibility data that incurred collection costs. Using spatially explicit information on biodiversity values, feasibility, and management costs, we prioritized locations in southwest Australia to control an invasive predator that is detrimental to both agriculture and natural ecosystems: the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). When social data collection costs were moderate to high, the most cost-effective investment scenario resulted from a predictive model of feasibility. Combining empirical feasibility data with biological data was more cost-effective for prioritizing management when social data collection costs were low (<4% of the total budget). Calls for more data to inform conservation planning should take into account the costs and benefits of collecting and using social data to ensure that limited funding for conservation is spent in the most cost-efficient and effective manner.}, }
@article {pmid25381137, year = {2015}, author = {Moreira, C and Fathalli, A and Vasconcelos, V and Antunes, A}, title = {Phylogeny and biogeography of the invasive cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {197}, number = {1}, pages = {47-52}, doi = {10.1007/s00203-014-1052-5}, pmid = {25381137}, issn = {1432-072X}, mesh = {Africa ; Americas ; Asia ; Cylindrospermopsis/*classification/*genetics/physiology ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics ; Europe ; Fresh Water/*microbiology ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genes, rRNA ; Introduced Species ; Oceania ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/genetics ; }, abstract = {Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a toxic cyanobacterium with an invasive nature. The species is found in all the main continents but its origin and dispersal routes on a worldwide perspective remain yet mostly unknown. In this study, 27 isolates of C. raciborskii gathered worldwide have been used for an in-deep phylogenetic analyses with a concatenated system of three genetic markers (16 rRNA, 16S-23S ITS larger subunit, and RNA polymerase rpoC1) comprehending 3,188 bp. Our results provide support for an origin of C. raciborskii in the American continent. Dispersal routes included afterward a spread into the African continent and then Asia and Australia, being Europe the last continent to be colonized by this species. Our phylogenetic inferences suggest that C. raciborskii seem to have a well-defined dispersal behavior with a well-established population structure around the world.}, }
@article {pmid25380992, year = {2014}, author = {Kajita, Y and Obrycki, JJ and Sloggett, JJ and Evans, EW and Haynes, KF}, title = {Do defensive chemicals facilitate intraguild predation and influence invasion success in ladybird beetles?.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {40}, number = {11-12}, pages = {1212-1219}, pmid = {25380992}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Alkaloids/*metabolism ; Animals ; Coleoptera/drug effects/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Diet ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/drug effects ; Ovum/chemistry ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; United States ; }, abstract = {Egg predation and cannibalism are believed to be common phenomena among many species of aphidophagous predatory ladybird beetles despite the presence of alkaloid based defensive chemicals in all life stages. We identified defensive chemicals from eggs of three congeneric species, one introduced into North America (Coccinella septempunctata L.), and two native (C. transversoguttata richardsoni Brown, and C. novemnotata Herbst), and examined the effects of ingested defensive chemicals on first instars. Ingested congeneric alkaloids were not toxic to first instars, likely because the three congeners produce the same principal alkaloids, precoccinelline and coccinelline, in similar amounts. First instars of the three congeners accumulated alkaloids ingested through egg cannibalism and congeneric predation. Egg consumption doubled the amount of alkaloids in first instars when they fed on conspecific or congeneric eggs, in comparison to a pea aphid diet. No detrimental effects of ingested congeneric alkaloids on development or survival of first instars were observed among these congeners. Chemical defenses of eggs are therefore not likely to be important in favoring the invasive species, C. septempunctata, in interactions with these native congeneric species. Because the invasive species is the most aggressive predator, having the same types of alkaloids may facilitate disproportionate intraguild predation on native congeners by C. septempunctata thereby potentially enhancing the invasion success of this introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid25380551, year = {2015}, author = {Li, H and Lang, KL and Fu, HB and Shen, CP and Wan, FH and Chu, D}, title = {Analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from a normalized cDNA library and isolation of EST simple sequence repeats from the invasive cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {761-767}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12181}, pmid = {25380551}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; Expressed Sequence Tags/*chemistry ; Female ; Gene Library ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats ; }, abstract = {The cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, is a serious and invasive pest. At present, genetic resources for studying P. solenopsis are limited, and this negatively affects genetic research on the organism and, consequently, translational work to improve management of this pest. In the present study, expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were analyzed from a normalized complementary DNA library of P. solenopsis. In addition, EST-derived microsatellite loci (also known as simple sequence repeats or SSRs) were isolated and characterized. A total of 1107 high-quality ESTs were acquired from the library. Clustering and assembly analysis resulted in 785 unigenes, which were classified functionally into 23 categories according to the Gene Ontology database. Seven EST-based SSR markers were developed in this study and are expected to be useful in characterizing how this invasive species was introduced, as well as providing insights into its genetic microevolution.}, }
@article {pmid25380289, year = {2014}, author = {Stevenson-Holt, CD and Watts, K and Bellamy, CC and Nevin, OT and Ramsey, AD}, title = {Defining landscape resistance values in least-cost connectivity models for the invasive grey squirrel: a comparison of approaches using expert-opinion and habitat suitability modelling.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {e112119}, pmid = {25380289}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Expert Testimony ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Sciuridae ; }, abstract = {Least-cost models are widely used to study the functional connectivity of habitat within a varied landscape matrix. A critical step in the process is identifying resistance values for each land cover based upon the facilitating or impeding impact on species movement. Ideally resistance values would be parameterised with empirical data, but due to a shortage of such information, expert-opinion is often used. However, the use of expert-opinion is seen as subjective, human-centric and unreliable. This study derived resistance values from grey squirrel habitat suitability models (HSM) in order to compare the utility and validity of this approach with more traditional, expert-led methods. Models were built and tested with MaxEnt, using squirrel presence records and a categorical land cover map for Cumbria, UK. Predictions on the likelihood of squirrel occurrence within each land cover type were inverted, providing resistance values which were used to parameterise a least-cost model. The resulting habitat networks were measured and compared to those derived from a least-cost model built with previously collated information from experts. The expert-derived and HSM-inferred least-cost networks differ in precision. The HSM-informed networks were smaller and more fragmented because of the higher resistance values attributed to most habitats. These results are discussed in relation to the applicability of both approaches for conservation and management objectives, providing guidance to researchers and practitioners attempting to apply and interpret a least-cost approach to mapping ecological networks.}, }
@article {pmid25379790, year = {2014}, author = {Pec, GJ and Carlton, GC}, title = {Positive effects of non-native grasses on the growth of a native annual in a southern california ecosystem.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {e112437}, pmid = {25379790}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biomass ; Boraginaceae/*growth &amp; development ; California ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fires ; Geography ; Germination ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Fire disturbance is considered a major factor in the promotion of non-native plant species. Non-native grasses are adapted to fire and can alter environmental conditions and reduce resource availability in native coastal sage scrub and chaparral communities of southern California. In these communities persistence of non-native grasses following fire can inhibit establishment and growth of woody species. This may allow certain native herbaceous species to colonize and persist beneath gaps in the canopy. A field manipulative experiment with control, litter, and bare ground treatments was used to examine the impact of non-native grasses on growth and establishment of a native herbaceous species, Cryptantha muricata. C. muricata seedling survival, growth, and reproduction were greatest in the control treatment where non-native grasses were present. C. muricata plants growing in the presence of non-native grasses produced more than twice the number of flowers and more than twice the reproductive biomass of plants growing in the treatments where non-native grasses were removed. Total biomass and number of fruits were also greater in the plants growing in the presence of non-native grasses. Total biomass and reproductive biomass was also greater in late germinants than early germinants growing in the presence of non-native grasses. This study suggests a potential positive effect of non-native grasses on the performance of a particular native annual in a southern California ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid25379785, year = {2014}, author = {Garba, M and Dalecky, A and Kadaoure, I and Kane, M and Hima, K and Veran, S and Gagare, S and Gauthier, P and Tatard, C and Rossi, JP and Dobigny, G}, title = {Spatial segregation between invasive and native commensal rodents in an urban environment: a case study in Niamey, Niger.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {e110666}, pmid = {25379785}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Cities/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Niger ; Public Health ; Rodent Control ; *Rodentia ; *Spatial Analysis ; }, abstract = {Invasive rodents have been responsible for the diffusion worldwide of many zoonotic agents, thus representing major threats for public health. Cities are important hubs for people and goods exchange and are thus expected to play a pivotal role in invasive commensal rodent dissemination. Yet, data about urban rodents' ecology, especially invasive vs. native species interactions, are dramatically scarce. Here, we provide results of an extensive survey of urban rodents conducted in Niamey, Niger, depicting the early stages of rodent bioinvasions within a city. We explore the species-specific spatial distributions throughout the city using contrasted approaches, namely field sampling, co-occurrence analysis, occupancy modelling and indicator geostatistics. We show that (i) two species (i.e. rural-like vs. truly commensal) assemblages can be identified, and that (ii) within commensal rodents, invasive (Rattus rattus and Mus musculus) and native (Mastomys natalensis) species are spatially segregated. Moreover, several pieces of arguments tend to suggest that these exclusive distributions reflect an ongoing native-to-invasive species turn over. The underlying processes as well as the possible consequences for humans are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid25379725, year = {2014}, author = {Nunney, L and Ortiz, B and Russell, SA and Ruiz Sánchez, R and Stouthamer, R}, title = {The complex biogeography of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa: genetic evidence of introductions and Subspecific introgression in Central America.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {e112463}, pmid = {25379725}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Alleles ; Central America ; Citrus/microbiology ; Coffee/microbiology ; Costa Rica ; DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Nerium/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Plants/*microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Vitis/microbiology ; Xylella/classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {The bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is a plant pathogen with a history of economically damaging introductions of subspecies to regions where its other subspecies are native. Genetic evidence is presented demonstrating the introduction of two new taxa into Central America and their introgression into the native subspecies, X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa. The data are from 10 genetic outliers detected by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of isolates from Costa Rica. Six (five from oleander, one from coffee) defined a new sequence type (ST53) that carried alleles at six of the eight loci sequenced (five of the seven MLST loci) diagnostic of the South American subspecies Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca which causes two economically damaging plant diseases, citrus variegated chlorosis and coffee leaf scorch. The two remaining loci of ST53 carried alleles from what appears to be a new South American form of X. fastidiosa. Four isolates, classified as X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa, showed a low level of introgression of non-native DNA. One grapevine isolate showed introgression of an allele from X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca while the other three (from citrus and coffee) showed introgression of an allele with similar ancestry to the alleles of unknown origin in ST53. The presence of X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca in Central America is troubling given its disease potential, and establishes another route for the introduction of this economically damaging subspecies into the US or elsewhere, a threat potentially compounded by the presence of a previously unknown form of X. fastidiosa.}, }
@article {pmid25376303, year = {2015}, author = {Lu, X and Siemann, E and He, M and Wei, H and Shao, X and Ding, J}, title = {Climate warming increases biological control agent impact on a non-target species.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {48-56}, pmid = {25376303}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Amaranthaceae ; Animals ; *Biological Control Agents ; China ; *Climate Change ; *Coleoptera ; Ecosystem ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Climate change may shift interactions of invasive plants, herbivorous insects and native plants, potentially affecting biological control efficacy and non-target effects on native species. Here, we show how climate warming affects impacts of a multivoltine introduced biocontrol beetle on the non-target native plant Alternanthera sessilis in China. In field surveys across a latitudinal gradient covering their full distributions, we found beetle damage on A. sessilis increased with rising temperature and plant life history changed from annual to perennial. Experiments showed that elevated temperature changed plant life history and increased insect overwintering, damage and impacts on seedling recruitment. These results suggest that warming can shift phenologies, increase non-target effect magnitude and increase non-target effect occurrence by beetle range expansion to additional areas where A. sessilis occurs. This study highlights the importance of understanding how climate change affects species interactions for future biological control of invasive species and conservation of native species.}, }
@article {pmid25373172, year = {2014}, author = {Hoffmann, BD and Hagedorn, H}, title = {Quantification of supercolonial traits in the yellow crazy ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {25}, pmid = {25373172}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; *Nesting Behavior ; Northern Territory ; Population Density ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Supercoloniality is a social structure displayed by many invasive ant species, but there has been surprisingly little research quantifying the extent to which individual species display traits underlying such social organisation. This study quantifies three traits for the yellow crazy ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): little or no aggression between workers from different nests; the exchange of workers among nests; and resource exchange among nests, as well as supercolony structure arising from patterns of distribution and density of detections. Supercolonies displayed a structural continuum from being small (< 10 ha) and "aggregated" with great continuity among detections through to being large (>10,000 ha) and "diffuse" with little continuity among detections. Smaller supercolonies had greater ant densities than larger supercolonies. In laboratory trials, no aggression was observed between workers from different nests sourced from different supercolonies, and paired nests merged within 24 hours. Workers lacked nest fidelity by rapidly populating artificial nests containing alien queens. The daily worker turnover rate per nest was estimated to be below 20%. Resources were readily moved among nests, with a resource being detected up to 13 m away from a source within 24 hours, and as far as 32 m after four days. The rate and distance of resource movement increased with increasing worker and nest density. This research has demonstrated that A. gracilipes displays supercoloniality equivalent to that of the well-studied Argentine ant Linepithema humile. Quantification of these traits is required for other supercolonial species to improve our understanding of this social strategy, especially for invasive ants to aid in understanding factors that promote invasion success and to improve management.}, }
@article {pmid25372597, year = {2014}, author = {Starr, J and Schweik, CM and Bush, N and Fletcher, L and Finn, J and Fish, J and Bargeron, CT}, title = {Lights, camera…citizen science: assessing the effectiveness of smartphone-based video training in invasive plant identification.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {e111433}, pmid = {25372597}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Cell Phone ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Light ; *Plants/classification ; }, abstract = {The rapid growth and increasing popularity of smartphone technology is putting sophisticated data-collection tools in the hands of more and more citizens. This has exciting implications for the expanding field of citizen science. With smartphone-based applications (apps), it is now increasingly practical to remotely acquire high quality citizen-submitted data at a fraction of the cost of a traditional study. Yet, one impediment to citizen science projects is the question of how to train participants. The traditional "in-person" training model, while effective, can be cost prohibitive as the spatial scale of a project increases. To explore possible solutions, we analyze three training models: 1) in-person, 2) app-based video, and 3) app-based text/images in the context of invasive plant identification in Massachusetts. Encouragingly, we find that participants who received video training were as successful at invasive plant identification as those trained in-person, while those receiving just text/images were less successful. This finding has implications for a variety of citizen science projects that need alternative methods to effectively train participants when in-person training is impractical.}, }
@article {pmid25372284, year = {2014}, author = {Ilhéu, M and Matono, P and Bernardo, JM}, title = {Invasibility of Mediterranean-climate rivers by non-native fish: the importance of environmental drivers and human pressures.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {e109694}, pmid = {25372284}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Climate ; Cyprinodontiformes/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; Perciformes/*physiology ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are regarded as a biological pressure to natural aquatic communities. Understanding the factors promoting successful invasions is of great conceptual and practical importance. From a practical point of view, it should help to prevent future invasions and to mitigate the effects of recent invaders through early detection and prioritization of management measures. This study aims to identify the environmental determinants of fish invasions in Mediterranean-climate rivers and evaluate the relative importance of natural and human drivers. Fish communities were sampled in 182 undisturbed and 198 disturbed sites by human activities, belonging to 12 river types defined for continental Portugal within the implementation of the European Union's Water Framework Directive. Pumpkinseed sunfish, Lepomis gibbosus (L.), and mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki (Girard), were the most abundant non-native species (NNS) in the southern river types whereas the Iberian gudgeon, Gobio lozanoi Doadrio and Madeira, was the dominant NNS in the north/centre. Small northern mountain streams showed null or low frequency of occurrence and abundance of NNS, while southern lowland river types with medium and large drainage areas presented the highest values. The occurrence of NNS was significantly lower in undisturbed sites and the highest density of NNS was associated with high human pressure. Results from variance partitioning showed that natural environmental factors determine the distribution of the most abundant NNS while the increase in their abundance and success is explained mainly by human-induced disturbance factors. This study stresses the high vulnerability of the warm water lowland river types to non-native fish invasions, which is amplified by human-induced degradation.}, }
@article {pmid25371194, year = {2015}, author = {Catano, CP and Romañach, SS and Beerens, JM and Pearlstine, LG and Brandt, LA and Hart, KM and Mazzotti, FJ and Trexler, JC}, title = {Using scenario planning to evaluate the impacts of climate change on wildlife populations and communities in the Florida Everglades.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {55}, number = {4}, pages = {807-823}, pmid = {25371194}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Florida ; Forecasting ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Rain ; Temperature ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {It is uncertain how climate change will impact hydrologic drivers of wildlife population dynamics in freshwater wetlands of the Florida Everglades, or how to accommodate this uncertainty in restoration decisions. Using projections of climate scenarios for the year 2060, we evaluated how several possible futures could affect wildlife populations (wading birds, fish, alligators, native apple snails, amphibians, threatened and invasive species) across the Everglades landscape and inform planning already underway. We used data collected from prior research and monitoring to parameterize our wildlife population models. Hydrologic data were simulated using a spatially explicit, regional-scale model. Our scenario evaluations show that expected changes in temperature, precipitation, and sea level could significantly alter important ecological functions. All of our wildlife indicators were negatively affected by scenarios with less rainfall and more evapotranspiration. Under such scenarios, habitat suitability was substantially reduced for iconic animals such as wading birds and alligators. Conversely, the increased rainfall scenario benefited aquatic prey productivity and apex predators. Cascading impacts on non-native species is speculative, but increasing temperatures could increase the time between cold events that currently limit expansion and abundance of non-native fishes, amphibians, and reptiles with natural ranges in the tropics. This scenario planning framework underscored the benefits of proceeding with Everglades restoration plans that capture and clean more freshwater with the potential to mitigate rainfall loss and postpone impacts of sea level rise.}, }
@article {pmid25370918, year = {2014}, author = {Yu, Y and Jang, EB and Siderhurst, MS}, title = {Differential field responses of the little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger), to alarm pheromone enantiomers.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {40}, number = {11-12}, pages = {1277-1285}, pmid = {25370918}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Hawaii ; Introduced Species ; Macadamia ; Pheromones/*metabolism ; Pyrazines/*metabolism ; Stereoisomerism ; }, abstract = {The little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), is an invasive ant with negative impacts on both biodiversity and agriculture throughout the tropics and subtropics. Field experiments were conducted in order to elucidate the relative attractiveness of the enantiomers of the alarm pheromones, 2,5-dimethyl-3-(2-methylbutyl)pyrazine and 3-methyl-2-(2-methylbutyl)pyrazine. The enantiomers tested were synthesized from commercially available (S)-2-methylbutan-1-ol or kinetically resolved (R)-2-methylbutan-1-ol, prepared using Pseudomonas cepacia lipase (PCL). Bioassays conducted in a macadamia orchard on the island of Hawaii demonstrated that W. auropunctata were preferentially attracted to the (S)-enantiomers of both alkyl pyrazines over the racemic mixtures in all experiments. To our knowledge, this is the first instance of differential attraction of ants to the enantiomers of chiral pyrazine pheromones despite many examples of these compounds in the literature. In addition, using a chiral column it was determined that (S)-2,5-dimethyl-3-(2-methylbutyl)pyrazine and (S)-3-methyl-2-(2-methylbutyl)pyrazine are the only enantiomers produced by W. auropunctata.}, }
@article {pmid25370175, year = {2015}, author = {Jørgensen, D}, title = {Conservation implications of parasite co-reintroduction.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {602-604}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12421}, pmid = {25370175}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Europe ; Insecta/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Mammals/*parasitology/*physiology ; }, }
@article {pmid25369988, year = {2014}, author = {Lombaert, E and Guillemaud, T and Lundgren, J and Koch, R and Facon, B and Grez, A and Loomans, A and Malausa, T and Nedved, O and Rhule, E and Staverlokk, A and Steenberg, T and Estoup, A}, title = {Complementarity of statistical treatments to reconstruct worldwide routes of invasion: the case of the Asian ladybird Harmonia axyridis.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {24}, pages = {5979-5997}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12989}, pmid = {25369988}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population/*methods ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Statistical ; North America ; }, abstract = {Inferences about introduction histories of invasive species remain challenging because of the stochastic demographic processes involved. Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) can help to overcome these problems, but such method requires a prior understanding of population structure over the study area, necessitating the use of alternative methods and an intense sampling design. In this study, we made inferences about the worldwide invasion history of the ladybird Harmonia axyridis by various population genetics statistical methods, using a large set of sampling sites distributed over most of the species' native and invaded areas. We evaluated the complementarity of the statistical methods and the consequences of using different sets of site samples for ABC inferences. We found that the H. axyridis invasion has involved two bridgehead invasive populations in North America, which have served as the source populations for at least six independent introductions into other continents. We also identified several situations of genetic admixture between differentiated sources. Our results highlight the importance of coupling ABC methods with more traditional statistical approaches. We found that the choice of site samples could affect the conclusions of ABC analyses comparing possible scenarios. Approaches involving independent ABC analyses on several sample sets constitute a sensible solution, complementary to standard quality controls based on the analysis of pseudo-observed data sets, to minimize erroneous conclusions. This study provides biologists without expertise in this area with detailed methodological and conceptual guidelines for making inferences about invasion routes when dealing with a large number of sampling sites and complex population genetic structures.}, }
@article {pmid25369762, year = {2015}, author = {Gallagher, RV and Randall, RP and Leishman, MR}, title = {Trait differences between naturalized and invasive plant species independent of residence time and phylogeny.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {360-369}, pmid = {25369762}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Australia ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; *Phylogeny ; Plant Development ; Plant Dispersal ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The ability to predict which alien plants will transition from naturalized to invasive prior to their introduction to novel regions is a key goal for conservation and has the potential to increase the efficacy of weed risk assessment (WRA). However, multiple factors contribute to plant invasion success (e.g., functional traits, range characteristics, residence time, phylogeny), and they all must be taken into account simultaneously in order to identify meaningful correlates of invasion success. We compiled 146 pairs of phylogenetically paired (congeneric) naturalized and invasive plant species in Australia with similar minimum residence times (i.e., time since introduction in years). These pairs were used to test for differences in 5 functional traits (flowering duration, leaf size, maximum height, specific leaf area [SLA], seed mass) and 3 characteristics of species' native ranges (biome occupancy, mean annual temperature, and rainfall breadth) between naturalized and invasive species. Invasive species, on average, had larger SLA, longer flowering periods, and were taller than their congeneric naturalized relatives. Invaders also exhibited greater tolerance for different environmental conditions in the native range, where they occupied more biomes and a wider breadth of rainfall and temperature conditions than naturalized congeners. However, neither seed mass nor leaf size differed between pairs of naturalized and invasive species. A key finding was the role of SLA in distinguishing between naturalized and invasive pairs. Species with high SLA values were typically associated with faster growth rates, more rapid turnover of leaf material, and shorter lifespans than those species with low SLA. This suite of characteristics may contribute to the ability of a species to transition from naturalized to invasive across a wide range of environmental contexts and disturbance regimes. Our findings will help in the refinement of WRA protocols, and we advocate the inclusion of quantitative traits, in particular SLA, into the WRA schemes.}, }
@article {pmid25369112, year = {2014}, author = {Shewhart, L and McEwan, RW and Benbow, ME}, title = {Evidence for facilitation of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) life history traits by the nonnative invasive shrub Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {43}, number = {6}, pages = {1584-1593}, doi = {10.1603/EN14183}, pmid = {25369112}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Body Size/drug effects/physiology ; Culex/drug effects/*growth &amp; development ; Flowers/chemistry ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages/*physiology ; Lonicera/chemistry/*parasitology ; Ohio ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Mosquitoes are one of the most globally important insect pests and vectors of human pathogens, and their populations may be facilitated or inhibited by anthropogenic environmental change. Invasive plant species are an important management concern and environmental modifier in many ecosystems; these plant invasions have the potential to exacerbate or diminish mosquito populations. The purpose of this study was to assess potential effects of a highly invasive plant, Lonicera maackii, on a common mosquito species Culex pipiens L., which is an important pathogen vector in the United States. Three microcosm assays were conducted to determine the responses of C. pipiens life history attributes of larval survivorship, growth, and pupation when subjected to leachate from two native plant leaves (Platanus occidentalis and Acer saccharum) and both the leaves and flowers of L. maackii. Only C. pipiens larvae exposed to L. maackii leachate pupated and emerged as adults. However, in all three assays there were statistically significant differences in survivorship and body size change among treatments, and in each assay the highest survivorship and maximum larval size was found in the L. maackii leachate treatments, suggesting positive effects on certain life history traits. This study is one of the first to demonstrate the potential facilitative effect of this invasive plant species on an insect vector and suggests that plant invasion could have positive feedbacks into mosquito population dynamics and, ultimately, human disease.}, }
@article {pmid25368175, year = {2014}, author = {Driscoll, DA and Catford, JA and Barney, JN and Hulme, PE and Inderjit,  and Martin, TG and Pauchard, A and Pyšek, P and Richardson, DM and Riley, S and Visser, V}, title = {New pasture plants intensify invasive species risk.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {111}, number = {46}, pages = {16622-16627}, pmid = {25368175}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animal Feed/economics/supply &amp; distribution ; *Animal Husbandry/trends ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Crops, Agricultural ; Environment ; Food Supply ; Government Programs/organization &amp; administration ; *Government Regulation ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species/economics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; *Plant Weeds ; Public Policy ; Risk Reduction Behavior ; Species Specificity ; Weed Control/economics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; }, abstract = {Agricultural intensification is critical to meet global food demand, but intensification threatens native species and degrades ecosystems. Sustainable intensification (SI) is heralded as a new approach for enabling growth in agriculture while minimizing environmental impacts. However, the SI literature has overlooked a major environmental risk. Using data from eight countries on six continents, we show that few governments regulate conventionally bred pasture taxa to limit threats to natural areas, even though most agribusinesses promote taxa with substantial weed risk. New pasture taxa (including species, subspecies, varieties, cultivars, and plant-endophyte combinations) are bred with characteristics typical of invasive species and environmental weeds. By introducing novel genetic and endophyte variation, pasture taxa are imbued with additional capacity for invasion and environmental impact. New strategies to prevent future problems are urgently needed. We highlight opportunities for researchers, agribusiness, and consumers to reduce environmental risks associated with new pasture taxa. We also emphasize four main approaches that governments could consider as they build new policies to limit weed risks, including (i) national lists of taxa that are prohibited based on environmental risk; (ii) a weed risk assessment for all new taxa; (iii) a program to rapidly detect and control new taxa that invade natural areas; and (iv) the polluter-pays principle, so that if a taxon becomes an environmental weed, industry pays for its management. There is mounting pressure to increase livestock production. With foresight and planning, growth in agriculture can be achieved sustainably provided that the scope of SI expands to encompass environmental weed risks.}, }
@article {pmid25368085, year = {2014}, author = {Borges, PA and Guerreiro, O and Ferreira, MT and Borges, A and Ferreira, F and Bicudo, N and Nunes, L and Marcos, RS and Arroz, AM and Scheffrahn, RH and Myles, TG}, title = {Cryptotermes brevis (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) in the Azores: lessons after 2 yr of monitoring in the Archipelago.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {172}, pmid = {25368085}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Azores ; Cities/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Isoptera ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {The dispersal flights of West Indian drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) were surveyed in the major cities of Azores. The sampling device used to estimate termite density consisted of a yellow adhesive trap (size 45 by 24 cm), placed with an artificial or natural light source in a dark attic environment. In addition, data from two other projects were used to improve the knowledge about the geographical distribution of the species. The level of infestation in the two main Azorean towns differed, with high levels in the houses of Angra do Heroísmo, whereas in Ponta Delgada, there are fewer houses with high levels of infestation. The infestation in Ponta Delgada shows a pattern of spreading from the center outward to the city's periphery, whereas in Angra do Heroísmo, there was a pattern of spreading outward from several foci. The heavy infestation observed in Angra do Heroísmo and the clear increase of infestation levels observed from 2010 to 2011 is a reason for concern and calls for an urgent application of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) control strategy.}, }
@article {pmid25368068, year = {2014}, author = {Lü, ZC and Wang, YM and Zhu, SG and Yu, H and Guo, JY and Wan, FH}, title = {Trade-offs between survival, longevity, and reproduction, and variation of survival tolerance in Mediterranean Bemisia tabaci after temperature stress.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {124}, pmid = {25368068}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Fertility ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; Longevity/physiology ; Solanum lycopersicum/parasitology ; Male ; Reproduction/physiology ; Stress, Physiological ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The invasive Mediterranean Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) has emerged as one of the most common agricultural pests in the world. In the present study, we examined the cross-tolerance, fitness costs, and benefits of thermal tolerance and the variation in the responses of life history traits after heat-shock selection. The results showed that survival and longevity of Mediterranean B. tabaci were decreased significantly after direct or cross temperature stress and that the number of eggs per female was not reduced significantly. Furthermore, heat-shock selection dramatically increased the survival of Mediterranean B. tabaci within two generations, and it did not significantly affect the egg number per female within five generations. These results indicated that there was a trade-off between survival, longevity, and reproduction in Mediterranean B. tabaci after temperature stress. The improvement in reproduction was costly in terms of decreased survival and longevity, and there was a fitness consequence to temperature stress. In addition, heat tolerance in Mediterranean B. tabaci increased substantially after selection by heat shock, indicating a considerable variation for survival tolerance in this species. This information could help us better understand the thermal biology of Mediterranean B. tabaci within the context of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid25367824, year = {2015}, author = {Zheng, YL and Feng, YL and Zhang, LK and Callaway, RM and Valiente-Banuet, A and Luo, DQ and Liao, ZY and Lei, YB and Barclay, GF and Silva-Pereyra, C}, title = {Integrating novel chemical weapons and evolutionarily increased competitive ability in success of a tropical invader.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {205}, number = {3}, pages = {1350-1359}, doi = {10.1111/nph.13135}, pmid = {25367824}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Allelopathy ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; Chromolaena/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Sesquiterpenes/analysis/chemistry ; *Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {The evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis and the novel weapons hypothesis (NWH) are two non-mutually exclusive mechanisms for exotic plant invasions, but few studies have simultaneously tested these hypotheses. Here we aimed to integrate them in the context of Chromolaena odorata invasion. We conducted two common garden experiments in order to test the EICA hypothesis, and two laboratory experiments in order to test the NWH. In common conditions, C. odorata plants from the nonnative range were better competitors but not larger than plants from the native range, either with or without the experimental manipulation of consumers. Chromolaena odorata plants from the nonnative range were more poorly defended against aboveground herbivores but better defended against soil-borne enemies. Chromolaena odorata plants from the nonnative range produced more odoratin (Eupatorium) (a unique compound of C. odorata with both allelopathic and defensive activities) and elicited stronger allelopathic effects on species native to China, the nonnative range of the invader, than on natives of Mexico, the native range of the invader. Our results suggest that invasive plants may evolve increased competitive ability after being introduced by increasing the production of novel allelochemicals, potentially in response to naïve competitors and new enemy regimes.}, }
@article {pmid25367789, year = {2014}, author = {Pérez, G and Verdejo, V and Gondim-Porto, C and Orlando, J and Carú, M}, title = {Designing a SCAR molecular marker for monitoring Trichoderma cf. harzianum in experimental communities.}, journal = {Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B}, volume = {15}, number = {11}, pages = {966-978}, pmid = {25367789}, issn = {1862-1783}, mesh = {Base Sequence ; DNA Fingerprinting/*methods ; DNA Primers/*genetics ; DNA, Fungal/*genetics ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique/*methods ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; Species Specificity ; Trichoderma/classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Several species of the fungal genus Trichoderma establish biological interactions with various micro- and macro-organisms. Some of these interactions are relevant in ecological terms and in biotechnological applications, such as biocontrol, where Trichoderma could be considered as an invasive species that colonizes a recipient community. The success of this invasion depends on multiple factors, which can be assayed using experimental communities as study models. Therefore, the aim of this work is to develop a species-specific sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker to monitor the colonization and growth of T. cf. harzianum when it invades experimental communities. For this study, 16 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers of 10-mer were used to generate polymorphic patterns, one of which generated a band present only in strains of T. cf. harzianum. This band was cloned, sequenced, and five primers of 20-23 mer were designed. Primer pairs 2F2/2R2 and 2F2/2R3 successfully and specifically amplified fragments of 278 and 448 bp from the T. cf. harzianum BpT10a strain DNA, respectively. Both primer pairs were also tested against the DNA from 14 strains of T. cf. harzianum and several strains of different fungal genera as specificity controls. Only the DNA from the strains of T. cf. harzianum was successfully amplified. Moreover, primer pair 2F2/2R2 was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using fungal DNA mixtures and DNA extracted from fungal experimental communities as templates. T. cf. harzianum was detectable even when as few as 100 copies of the SCAR marker were available or even when its population represented only 0.1% of the whole community.}, }
@article {pmid25367159, year = {2015}, author = {Yuan, J and Ding, W and Liu, D and Kang, H and Freeman, C and Xiang, J and Lin, Y}, title = {Exotic Spartina alterniflora invasion alters ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of CH4 and N2O and carbon sequestration in a coastal salt marsh in China.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {1567-1580}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12797}, pmid = {25367159}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Air Pollutants/*analysis ; Carbon/*analysis ; *Carbon Sequestration ; China ; Introduced Species ; Methane/*analysis ; Nitrous Oxide/*analysis ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Seasons ; Soil/*chemistry ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Coastal salt marshes are sensitive to global climate change and may play an important role in mitigating global warming. To evaluate the impacts of Spartina alterniflora invasion on global warming potential (GWP) in Chinese coastal areas, we measured CH4 and N2O fluxes and soil organic carbon sequestration rates along a transect of coastal wetlands in Jiangsu province, China, including open water; bare tidal flat; and invasive S. alterniflora, native Suaeda salsa, and Phragmites australis marshes. Annual CH4 emissions were estimated as 2.81, 4.16, 4.88, 10.79, and 16.98 kg CH4 ha(-1) for open water, bare tidal flat, and P. australis, S. salsa, and S. alterniflora marshes, respectively, indicating that S. alterniflora invasion increased CH4 emissions by 57-505%. In contrast, negative N2O fluxes were found to be significantly and negatively correlated (P < 0.001) with net ecosystem CO2 exchange during the growing season in S. alterniflora and P. australis marshes. Annual N2O emissions were 0.24, 0.38, and 0.56 kg N2O ha(-1) in open water, bare tidal flat and S. salsa marsh, respectively, compared with -0.51 kg N2O ha(-1) for S. alterniflora marsh and -0.25 kg N2O ha(-1) for P. australis marsh. The carbon sequestration rate of S. alterniflora marsh amounted to 3.16 Mg C ha(-1) yr(-1) in the top 100 cm soil profile, a value that was 2.63- to 8.78-fold higher than in native plant marshes. The estimated GWP was 1.78, -0.60, -4.09, and -1.14 Mg CO2 eq ha(-1) yr(-1) in open water, bare tidal flat, P. australis marsh and S. salsa marsh, respectively, but dropped to -11.30 Mg CO2 eq ha(-1) yr(-1) in S. alterniflora marsh. Our results indicate that although S. alterniflora invasion stimulates CH4 emissions, it can efficiently mitigate increases in atmospheric CO2 and N2O along the coast of China.}, }
@article {pmid25366770, year = {2014}, author = {Yang, MY and Ren, TH and Yan, BJ and Li, Z and Ren, ZL}, title = {Diversity resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp Tritici in rye chromosome arm 1RS expressed in wheat.}, journal = {Genetics and molecular research : GMR}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {8783-8793}, doi = {10.4238/2014.October.27.20}, pmid = {25366770}, issn = {1676-5680}, mesh = {Basidiomycota/physiology ; Chromosome Banding ; Chromosomes, Plant/*genetics ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA, Plant/analysis/genetics ; Disease Resistance/*genetics ; Genes, Plant/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Hybrid Vigor/genetics ; Hybridization, Genetic ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Plant Diseases/*genetics/microbiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Secale/*genetics/virology ; Transgenes/genetics ; Translocation, Genetic ; Triticum/*genetics/virology ; }, abstract = {The 1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocation contained in the Russian cultivar Aurora has been the most widespread alien translocation in wheat-breeding programs all over the world. However, following the prevalence of new biotypes of the pathogens, disease-resistance genes in this translocation chromosome have been overcome and consequently they have been eliminated in modern wheat-breeding programs. In this paper, we report on 12 new primary 1BL.1RS translocation lines derived from the crosses of a Chinese high yield wheat cv. Mianyang 11 with three rye cultivars collected from China. GISH, C-banding and PCR techniques using the specific primers for 1BS, 1RS and centromeres of wheat and rye were applied to identify the constitution of chromosomes. The results confirmed that all 1BL.1RS chromosomes in the 12 primary translocation lines contained integrated 1RS chromosome arms. In the resistance analysis using five kinds of Pst pathotypes, the 12 primary translocation lines showed diversity resistance to stripe rust, which contained at least five different new genes (alleles), significantly different from the Yr9 gene coming from Russian wheat cultivar Aurora. The results indicated that the chromosome arm 1RS in the rye population carries abundant yet untapped genes (alleles) for resistance to wheat stripe rust, which would originate from the neutral diversity in the natural population of rye. It is suggested that creating more primary translocation lines in genome modification will be extremely important to use the diversity of alien R-genes, which was generated by long-term neutral mutation and maintained in the population of alien species.}, }
@article {pmid25366720, year = {2014}, author = {Chai, SF and Jiang, YS and Zhuang, XY and Shi, YC and Wei, X and Luo, WH and Chen, ZY}, title = {Genetic diversity and differentiation of the endangered and endemic species Sauvagesia rhodoleuca in China as detected by ISSR analysis.}, journal = {Genetics and molecular research : GMR}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {8258-8267}, doi = {10.4238/2014.October.20.2}, pmid = {25366720}, issn = {1676-5680}, mesh = {China ; Endangered Species ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Ochnaceae/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Sauvagesia rhodoleuca (Ochnaceae) is an endangered plant that is endemic to southern China. The levels of genetic variation and patterns of population structure in S. rhodoleuca were investigated using inter-simple sequence repeat markers. Eleven primers were used to amplify DNA samples from 117 individuals, and a total of 92 loci were detected. Our results indicated that genetic diversity was quite low both at the species level (percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) = 41.30%, Nei's gene diversity (h) = 0.1331, and Shannon information index (I) = 0.2028) and the population level (PPB = 16.30-28.26%, h = 0.0496-0.1012, and I = 0.0756-0.1508). A high level of genetic differentiation among populations was detected based on Nei's genetic diversity analysis (0.4344) and analysis of molecular variance (47.03%). The low genetic diversity within population and high population differentiation of S. rhodoleuca were assumed to result largely from limited gene flow, genetic drift, inbreeding, and clonal growth. Conservation strategies for this endangered species are proposed based on the genetic data.}, }
@article {pmid25363633, year = {2014}, author = {Eisenhauer, N and Stefanski, A and Fisichelli, NA and Rice, K and Rich, R and Reich, PB}, title = {Warming shifts 'worming': effects of experimental warming on invasive earthworms in northern North America.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {6890}, pmid = {25363633}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Annelida ; Biomass ; Global Warming ; *Introduced Species ; Minnesota ; Soil/chemistry ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Climate change causes species range shifts and potentially alters biological invasions. The invasion of European earthworm species across northern North America has severe impacts on native ecosystems. Given the long and cold winters in that region that to date supposedly have slowed earthworm invasion, future warming is hypothesized to accelerate earthworm invasions into yet non-invaded regions. Alternatively, warming-induced reductions in soil water content (SWC) can also decrease earthworm performance. We tested these hypotheses in a field warming experiment at two sites in Minnesota, USA by sampling earthworms in closed and open canopy in three temperature treatments in 2010 and 2012. Structural equation modeling revealed that detrimental warming effects on earthworm densities and biomass could indeed be partly explained by warming-induced reductions in SWC. The direction of warming effects depended on the current average SWC: warming had neutral to positive effects at high SWC, whereas the opposite was true at low SWC. Our results suggest that warming limits the invasion of earthworms in northern North America by causing less favorable soil abiotic conditions, unless warming is accompanied by increased and temporally even distributions of rainfall sufficient to offset greater water losses from higher evapotranspiration.}, }
@article {pmid25363272, year = {2015}, author = {García-Díaz, P and Ross, JV and Ayres, C and Cassey, P}, title = {Understanding the biological invasion risk posed by the global wildlife trade: propagule pressure drives the introduction and establishment of Nearctic turtles.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {1078-1091}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12790}, pmid = {25363272}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Commerce ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species/economics ; Models, Biological ; North America ; Risk ; Species Specificity ; Turtles/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a key component of human-induced global change. The continuing increase in global wildlife trade has raised concerns about the parallel increase in the number of new invasive species. However, the factors that link the wildlife trade to the biological invasion process are still poorly understood. Moreover, there are analytical challenges in researching the role of global wildlife trade in biological invasions, particularly issues related to the under-reporting of introduced and established populations in areas with reduced sampling effort. In this work, we use high-quality data on the international trade in Nearctic turtles (1999-2009) coupled with a statistical modelling framework, which explicitly accounts for detection, to investigate the factors that influence the introduction (release, or escape into the wild) of globally traded Nearctic turtles and the establishment success (self-sustaining exotic populations) of slider turtles (Trachemys scripta), the most frequently traded turtle species. We found that the introduction of a species was influenced by the total number of turtles exported to a jurisdiction and the age at maturity of the species, while the establishment success of slider turtles was best associated with the propagule number (number of release events), and the number of native turtles in the jurisdiction of introduction. These results indicate both a direct and indirect association between the wildlife trade and the introduction of turtles and establishment success of slider turtles, respectively. Our results highlight the existence of gaps in the number of globally recorded introduction events and established populations of slider turtles, although the expected bias is low. We emphasize the importance of researching independently the factors that affect the different stages of the invasion pathway. Critically, we observe that the number of traded individuals might not always be an adequate proxy for propagule pressure and establishment success.}, }
@article {pmid25362583, year = {2015}, author = {Li, XM and She, DY and Zhang, DY and Liao, WJ}, title = {Life history trait differentiation and local adaptation in invasive populations of Ambrosia artemisiifolia in China.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {177}, number = {3}, pages = {669-677}, pmid = {25362583}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Ambrosia/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; China ; *Environment ; Flowers/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; *Phenotype ; Pollen ; Reproduction/genetics ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Local adaptation has been suggested to play an important role in range expansion, particularly among invasive species. However, the extent to which local adaptation affects the success of an invasive species and the factors that contribute to local adaptation are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate a case of population divergence that may have contributed to the local adaptation of invasive populations of Ambrosia artemisiifolia in China. Common garden experiments in seven populations indicated clinal variations along latitudinal gradients, with plants from higher latitudes exhibiting earlier flowering and smaller sizes at flowering. In reciprocal transplant experiments, plants of a northern Beijing origin produced more seeds at their home site than plants of a southern Wuhan origin, and the Wuhan-origin plants had grown taller at flowering than the Beijing-origin plants in Wuhan, which is believed to facilitate pollen dispersal. These results suggest that plants of Beijing origin may be locally adapted through female fitness and plants from Wuhan possibly locally adapted through male fitness. Selection and path analysis suggested that the phenological and growth traits of both populations have been influenced by natural selection and that flowering time has played an important role through its direct and indirect effects on the relative fitness of each individual. This study evidences the life history trait differentiation and local adaptation during range expansion of invasive A. artemisiifolia in China.}, }
@article {pmid25360620, year = {2014}, author = {Hart, EM and Avilés, L}, title = {Reconstructing local population dynamics in noisy metapopulations--the role of random catastrophes and Allee effects.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {e110049}, pmid = {25360620}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Artificial Intelligence ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Social Behavior ; Spiders ; Statistics as Topic/*methods ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {Reconstructing the dynamics of populations is complicated by the different types of stochasticity experienced by populations, in particular if some forms of stochasticity introduce bias in parameter estimation in addition to error. Identification of systematic biases is critical when determining whether the intrinsic dynamics of populations are stable or unstable and whether or not populations exhibit an Allee effect, i.e., a minimum size below which deterministic extinction should follow. Using a simulation model that allows for Allee effects and a range of intrinsic dynamics, we investigated how three types of stochasticity--demographic, environmental, and random catastrophes--affect our ability to reconstruct the intrinsic dynamics of populations. Demographic stochasticity aside, which is only problematic in small populations, we find that environmental stochasticity--positive and negative environmental fluctuations--caused increased error in parameter estimation, but bias was rarely problematic, except at the highest levels of noise. Random catastrophes, events causing large-scale mortality and likely to be more common than usually recognized, caused immediate bias in parameter estimates, in particular when Allee effects were large. In the latter case, population stability was predicted when endogenous dynamics were actually unstable and the minimum viable population size was overestimated in populations with small or non-existent Allee effects. Catastrophes also generally increased extinction risk, in particular when endogenous Allee effects were large. We propose a method for identifying data points likely resulting from catastrophic events when such events have not been recorded. Using social spider colonies (Anelosimus spp.) as models for populations, we show that after known or suspected catastrophes are accounted for, reconstructed growth parameters are consistent with intrinsic dynamical instability and substantial Allee effects. Our results are applicable to metapopulation or time series data and are relevant for predicting extinction in conservation applications or the management of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid25360617, year = {2014}, author = {Mychajliw, AM and Harrison, RG}, title = {Genetics reveal the origin and timing of a cryptic insular introduction of muskrats in North America.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {e111856}, pmid = {25360617}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Arvicolinae/*genetics ; Cytochromes b/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Haplotypes/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; North America ; Population Density ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus, is a semiaquatic rodent native to North America that has become a highly successful invader across Europe, Asia, and South America. It can inflict ecological and economic damage on wetland systems outside of its native range. Anecdotal evidence suggests that, in the early 1900s, a population of muskrats was introduced to the Isles of Shoals archipelago, located within the Gulf of Maine, for the purposes of fur harvest. However, because muskrats are native to the northeastern coast of North America, their presence on the Isles of Shoals could be interpreted as part of the native range of the species, potentially obscuring management planning and biogeographic inferences. To investigate their introduced status and identify a historic source population, muskrats from Appledore Island of the Isles of Shoals, and from the adjacent mainland of Maine and New Hampshire, were compared for mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences and allele frequencies at eight microsatellite loci. Appledore Island muskrats consistently exhibited reduced genetic diversity compared with mainland populations, and displayed signatures of a historic bottleneck. The distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes is suggestive of a New Hampshire source population. The data presented here are consistent with a human-mediated introduction that took place in the early 1900s. This scenario is further supported by the zooarchaeological record and island biogeographic patterns. This is the first genetic study of an introduced muskrat population within US borders and of any island muskrat population, and provides an important contrast with other studies of introduced muskrat populations worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid25360264, year = {2014}, author = {Yang, C and Liu, Y and Zeng, L and Liang, W}, title = {Egg color variation, but not egg rejection behavior, changes in a cuckoo host breeding in the absence of brood parasitism.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {11}, pages = {2239-2246}, pmid = {25360264}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Interactions between parasitic cuckoos and their songbird hosts form a classical reciprocal "arms race," and are an excellent model for understanding the process of coevolution. Changes in host egg coloration via the evolution of interclutch variation in egg color or intraclutch consistency in egg color are hypothesized counter adaptations that facilitate egg recognition and thus limit brood parasitism. Whether these antiparasitism strategies are maintained when the selective pressure of parasitism is relaxed remains debated. However, introduced species provide unique opportunities for testing the direction and extent of natural selection on phenotypic trait maintenance and variation. Here, we investigated egg rejection behavior and egg color polymorphism in the red-billed leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea), a common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) host, in a population introduced to Hawaii 100 years ago (breeding without cuckoos) and a native population in China (breeding with cuckoos). We found that egg rejection ability was equally strong in both the native and the introduced populations, but levels of interclutch variation and intraclutch consistency in egg color in the native population were higher than in the introduced population. This suggests that egg rejection behavior in hosts can be maintained in the absence of brood parasitism and that egg appearance is maintained by natural selection as a counter adaptation to brood parasitism. This study provides rare evidence that host antiparasitism strategies can change under parasite-relaxed conditions and reduced selection pressure.}, }
@article {pmid25360253, year = {2014}, author = {Yessoufou, K and Gere, J and Daru, BH and van der Bank, M}, title = {Differences in evolutionary history translate into differences in invasion success of alien mammals in South Africa.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {11}, pages = {2115-2123}, pmid = {25360253}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Attempts to investigate the drivers of invasion success are generally limited to the biological and evolutionary traits distinguishing native from introduced species. Although alien species introduced to the same recipient environment differ in their invasion intensity - for example, some are "strong invaders"; others are "weak invaders" - the factors underlying the variation in invasion success within alien communities are little explored. In this study, we ask what drives the variation in invasion success of alien mammals in South Africa. First, we tested for taxonomic and phylogenetic signal in invasion intensity. Second, we reconstructed predictive models of the variation in invasion intensity among alien mammals using the generalized linear mixed-effects models. We found that the family Bovidae and the order Artiodactyla contained more "strong invaders" than expected by chance, and that such taxonomic signal did not translate into phylogenetic selectivity. In addition, our study indicates that latitude, gestation length, social group size, and human population density are only marginal determinant of the variation in invasion success. However, we found that evolutionary distinctiveness - a parameter characterising the uniqueness of each alien species - is the most important predictive variable. Our results indicate that the invasive behavior of alien mammals may have been "fingerprinted" in their evolutionary past, and that evolutionary history might capture beyond ecological, biological and life-history traits usually prioritized in predictive modeling of invasion success. These findings have applicability to the management of alien mammals in South Africa.}, }
@article {pmid25359973, year = {2014}, author = {Martel, A and Blooi, M and Adriaensen, C and Van Rooij, P and Beukema, W and Fisher, MC and Farrer, RA and Schmidt, BR and Tobler, U and Goka, K and Lips, KR and Muletz, C and Zamudio, KR and Bosch, J and Lötters, S and Wombwell, E and Garner, TW and Cunningham, AA and Spitzen-van der Sluijs, A and Salvidio, S and Ducatelle, R and Nishikawa, K and Nguyen, TT and Kolby, JE and Van Bocxlaer, I and Bossuyt, F and Pasmans, F}, title = {Wildlife disease. Recent introduction of a chytrid fungus endangers Western Palearctic salamanders.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {346}, number = {6209}, pages = {630-631}, pmid = {25359973}, issn = {1095-9203}, support = {//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Chytridiomycota ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/microbiology/*veterinary ; *Endangered Species ; Mycoses/microbiology/*veterinary ; Phylogeny ; Urodela/classification/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Emerging infectious diseases are reducing biodiversity on a global scale. Recently, the emergence of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans resulted in rapid declines in populations of European fire salamanders. Here, we screened more than 5000 amphibians from across four continents and combined experimental assessment of pathogenicity with phylogenetic methods to estimate the threat that this infection poses to amphibian diversity. Results show that B. salamandrivorans is restricted to, but highly pathogenic for, salamanders and newts (Urodela). The pathogen likely originated and remained in coexistence with a clade of salamander hosts for millions of years in Asia. As a result of globalization and lack of biosecurity, it has recently been introduced into naïve European amphibian populations, where it is currently causing biodiversity loss.}, }
@article {pmid25355608, year = {2015}, author = {Tabak, MA and Poncet, S and Passfield, K and Goheen, JR and Martinez Del Rio, C}, title = {Rat eradication and the resistance and resilience of passerine bird assemblages in the Falkland Islands.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {84}, number = {3}, pages = {755-764}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12312}, pmid = {25355608}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Falkland Islands ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Program Evaluation ; *Rats ; }, abstract = {Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) were introduced to the Falkland Islands and are detrimental to native passerines. Rat eradication programmes are being used to help protect the avifauna. This study assesses the effectiveness of eradication programmes while using this conservation practice as a natural experiment to explore the ecological resistance, resilience and homeostasis of bird communities. We conducted bird surveys on 230 islands: 85 in the presence of rats, 108 that were historically free of rats and 37 from which rats had been eradicated. Bird detection data were used to build occupancy models for each species and estimate species-area relationships. Count data were used to estimate relative abundance and community structure. Islands with invasive rats had reduced species richness of passerines and a different community structure than islands on which rats were historically absent. Although the species richness of native passerines was remarkably similar on eradicated and historically rat-free islands, community structure on eradicated islands was more similar to that of rat-infested islands than to historically rat-free islands. The results suggest that in the Falkland Islands, species richness of passerines is not resistant to invasive rats, but seems to be resilient following their removal. In contrast, community structure seems to be neither resistant nor resilient. From a conservation perspective, rat eradication programmes in the Falkland Islands appear to be effective at restoring native species richness, but they are not necessarily beneficial for species of conservation concern. For species that do not recolonize, translocations following eradications may be necessary.}, }
@article {pmid25354270, year = {2014}, author = {Scheidt, SN and Hurlbert, AH}, title = {Range expansion and population dynamics of an invasive species: the Eurasian Collared-Dove (Streptopelia decaocto).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {e111510}, pmid = {25354270}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Columbidae/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {Invasive species offer ecologists the opportunity to study the factors governing species distributions and population growth. The Eurasian Collared-Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) serves as a model organism for invasive spread because of the wealth of abundance records and the recent development of the invasion. We tested whether a set of environmental variables were related to the carrying capacities and growth rates of individual populations by modeling the growth trajectories of individual populations of the Collared-Dove using Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) and Christmas Bird Count (CBC) data. Depending on the fit of our growth models, carrying capacity and growth rate parameters were extracted and modeled using historical, geographical, land cover and climatic predictors. Model averaging and individual variable importance weights were used to assess the strength of these predictors. The specific variables with the greatest support in our models differed between data sets, which may be the result of temporal and spatial differences between the BBS and CBC. However, our results indicate that both carrying capacity and population growth rates are related to developed land cover and temperature, while growth rates may also be influenced by dispersal patterns along the invasion front. Model averaged multivariate models explained 35-48% and 41-46% of the variation in carrying capacities and population growth rates, respectively. Our results suggest that widespread species invasions can be evaluated within a predictable population ecology framework. Land cover and climate both have important effects on population growth rates and carrying capacities of Collared-Dove populations. Efforts to model aspects of population growth of this invasive species were more successful than attempts to model static abundance patterns, pointing to a potentially fruitful avenue for the development of improved invasive distribution models.}, }
@article {pmid25353831, year = {2014}, author = {Ross, JV and Binder, BJ}, title = {Approximating spatially exclusive invasion processes.}, journal = {Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics}, volume = {89}, number = {5}, pages = {052709}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.89.052709}, pmid = {25353831}, issn = {1550-2376}, mesh = {Cell Movement ; Computer Simulation ; Introduced Species ; Markov Chains ; *Models, Biological ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {A number of biological processes, such as invasive plant species and cell migration, are composed of two key mechanisms: motility and reproduction. Due to the spatially exclusive interacting behavior of these processes a cellular automata (CA) model is specified to simulate a one-dimensional invasion process. Three (independence, Poisson, and 2D-Markov chain) approximations are considered that attempt to capture the average behavior of the CA. We show that our 2D-Markov chain approximation accurately predicts the state of the CA for a wide range of motility and reproduction rates.}, }
@article {pmid25352979, year = {2014}, author = {Zimmermann, H and Brandt, P and Fischer, J and Welk, E and von Wehrden, H}, title = {The Human Release Hypothesis for biological invasions: human activity as a determinant of the abundance of invasive plant species.}, journal = {F1000Research}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {109}, pmid = {25352979}, issn = {2046-1402}, abstract = {Research on biological invasions has increased rapidly over the past 30 years, generating numerous explanations of how species become invasive. While the mechanisms of invasive species establishment are well studied, the mechanisms driving abundance patterns (i.e. patterns of population density and population size) remain poorly understood. It is assumed that invasive species typically have higher abundances in their new environments than in their native ranges, and patterns of invasive species abundance differ between invaded regions. To explain differences in invasive species abundance, we propose the Human Release Hypothesis. In parallel to the established Enemy Release Hypothesis, this hypothesis states that the differences in abundance of invasive species are found between regions because population expansion is reduced in some regions through continuous land management and associated cutting of the invasive species. The Human Release Hypothesis does not negate other important drivers of species invasions, but rather should be considered as a potentially important complementary mechanism. We illustrate the hypothesis via a case study on an invasive rose species, and hypothesize which locations globally may be most likely to support high abundances of invasive species. We propose that more extensive empirical work on the Human Release Hypothesis could be useful to test its general applicability.}, }
@article {pmid25351560, year = {2015}, author = {Wu, FZ and Ma, J and Hu, XN and Zeng, L}, title = {Homology difference analysis of invasive mealybug species Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley in Southern China with COI gene sequence variability.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {105}, number = {1}, pages = {32-39}, pmid = {25351560}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics/metabolism ; *Haplotypes ; Hemiptera/*genetics/metabolism ; Insect Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The mealybug species Phenacoccus solenopsis (P. solenopsis) has caused much agricultural damage since its recent invasion in China. However, the source of this invasion remains unclear. This study uses molecular methods to clarify the relationships among different population of P. solenopsis from China, USA, Pakistan, India, and Vietnam to determine the geographic origin of the introduction of this species into China. P. solenopsis samples were collected from 25 different locations in three provinces of Southern China. Samples from the USA, Pakistan, and Vietnam were also obtained. Parts of the mitochondrial genes for cytochrome oxidase I (COI) were sequenced for each sample. Homologous DNA sequences of the samples from the USA and India were downloaded from Gen Bank. Two haplotypes were found in China. The first was from most samples from the Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan populations in the China and Pakistan groups, and the second from a few samples from the Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan populations in the China, Pakistan, India, and Vietnam groups. As shown in the maximum likelihood of trees constructed using the COI sequences, these samples belonged to two clades. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that most P. solenopsis mealybugs in Southern China are probably closely related to populations in Pakistan. The variation, relationship, expansion, and probable geographic origin of P. solenopsis mealybugs in Southern China are also discussed.}, }
@article {pmid25349504, year = {2014}, author = {Cinar, ME and Fauchald, K and Dagli, E}, title = {Occurrence of Diopatramarocensis (Annelida, Onuphidae) in the eastern Mediterranean.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {445}, pages = {1-11}, pmid = {25349504}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The present study deals with the presence of Diopatramarocensis in the eastern Mediterranean. This species is small-sized and inhabited muddy bottom near the opening of rivers or lagoons [salinity range: 33-39‰] in the Aegean and Levantine Seas, and reached a maximum density of 90 ind.m(-2) in Mersin Bay. This species might be an alien species that was introduced from the East Atlantic (near Gibraltar) to the eastern Mediterranean via ballast water of ships, as it has never been reported from the western Mediterranean Sea.}, }
@article {pmid25348574, year = {2015}, author = {Paz Esquivias, M and Zunzunegui, M and Díaz Barradas, MC and Álvarez-Cansino, L}, title = {Competitive effect of a native-invasive species on a threatened shrub in a Mediterranean dune system.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {177}, number = {1}, pages = {133-146}, pmid = {25348574}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; Environment ; Fabaceae/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; *Light ; Mediterranean Region ; Plant Leaves ; Plant Stems ; Plant Transpiration ; Seasons ; Spain ; Thymus Plant/*growth &amp; development ; *Water ; }, abstract = {The canopy shade of the Retama species has been widely reported to ameliorate the environmental conditions in the understory, thus facilitating other species' establishment. The shading effect of the native-invasive leguminous shrub Retama monosperma (L.) Boiss on the endangered Thymus carnosus Boiss was analysed to determine a positive or negative net effect. Data was taken in all four seasons, representing contrasting light and water availability in a Mediterranean coastal dune ecosystem (SW Spain). The morphological and physiological status of sun-exposed T. carnosus plants growing in open areas versus shaded plants growing under R. monosperma were measured seasonally. Leaf mass area, leaf area index and pigment content showed typical sun-shade responses. In contrast, sun-exposed T. carnosus displayed higher stem water potential, transpiration rate and water use efficiency, both intrinsic and integrated, denoting low tolerance to the presence of R. monosperma. Five years after the measurements, canopy cover had decreased and mortality was higher in shaded plants, thus confirming the competitive effect of R. monosperma on T. carnosus. R. monosperma arises as a competitor for endangered T. carnosus communities, consequently reinforcing its invasive behaviour. This species-specific shrub study demonstrates that eventual beneficial effects of Retama canopy may be overridden by competition in the understory, particularly in the case of species well-adapted to high light and low water levels.}, }
@article {pmid25347841, year = {2014}, author = {Stratman, KN and Overholt, WA and Cuda, JP and Mukherjee, A and Diaz, R and Netherland, MD and Wilson, PC}, title = {Temperature-dependent development, cold tolerance, and potential distribution of Cricotopus lebetis (Diptera: Chironomidae), a tip miner of Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae).}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {153}, pmid = {25347841}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Chironomidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Climate ; Hydrocharitaceae/*parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Southeastern United States ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {A chironomid midge, Cricotopus lebetis (Sublette) (Diptera: Chironomidae), was discovered attacking the apical meristems of Hydrilla verticillata (L.f. Royle) in Crystal River, Citrus Co., Florida in 1992. The larvae mine the stems of H. verticillata and cause basal branching and stunting of the plant. Temperature-dependent development, cold tolerance, and the potential distribution of the midge were investigated. The results of the temperature-dependent development study showed that optimal temperatures for larval development were between 20 and 30°C, and these data were used to construct a map of the potential number of generations per year of C. lebetis in Florida. Data from the cold tolerance study, in conjunction with historical weather data, were used to generate a predicted distribution of C. lebetis in the United States. A distribution was also predicted using an ecological niche modeling approach by characterizing the climate at locations where C. lebetis is known to occur and then finding other locations with similar climate. The distributions predicted using the two modeling approaches were not significantly different and suggested that much of the southeastern United States was climatically suitable for C. lebetis.}, }
@article {pmid25347834, year = {2014}, author = {Lü, ZC and Gao, QL and Wan, FH and Yu, H and Guo, JY}, title = {Increased survival and prolonged longevity mainly contribute to the temperature-adaptive evolutionary strategy in invasive Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Middle East Asia Minor 1.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {143}, pmid = {25347834}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; China ; Desert Climate ; Environment ; Female ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; Hot Temperature ; Life Cycle Stages/physiology ; Longevity ; Male ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {With increasing global climate change, analyses of stress-inducing conditions have important significance in ecological adaptation and the biological distribution of species. To reveal the difference in temperature-adaptive strategy between Turpan and Beijing populations of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Middle East Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) under high-temperature stress conditions, we compared thermal tolerance and life history traits between Beijing and Turpan populations of MEAM1 after exposure to different heat shock treatments for different times. The experimental design reflected the nature of heat stress conditions suffered by MEAM1. The results showed that eggs, red-eyed pupae, and adults of the Turpan population were more heat tolerant than those of the Beijing population under the same stress conditions. Additionally, it was found that longevity and F1 adult survival rate were significantly higher in the Turpan population than in the Beijing population after heat shock stress, but egg number and F1 female ratio were not significantly different between Turpan population and Beijing population. Overall, it was suggested that heat tolerance and longevity traits were the most relevant for climate characteristics and not reproductive traits, and improved heat tolerance and prolonged longevity were important adaptive strategies that helped MEAM1 to survive in harsh high-temperature conditions such as Turpan arid desert climate. The present results provided further insight into the modes of heat tolerance and the ways in which survival and longevity traits respond to environmental selection pressures.}, }
@article {pmid25346573, year = {2014}, author = {Fenichel, EP and Richards, TJ and Shanafelt, DW}, title = {The control of invasive species on private property with neighbor-to-neighbor spillovers.}, journal = {Environmental &amp; resource economics}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, pages = {231-255}, pmid = {25346573}, issn = {0924-6460}, support = {R01 GM100471/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Invasive pests cross property boundaries. Property managers may have private incentives to control invasive species despite not having sufficient incentive to fully internalize the external costs of their role in spreading the invasion. Each property manager has a right to future use of his own property, but his property may abut others' properties enabling spread of an invasive species. The incentives for a foresighted property manager to control invasive species have received little attention. We consider the efforts of a foresighted property manager who has rights to future use of a property and has the ability to engage in repeated, discrete control activities. We find that higher rates of dispersal, associated with proximity to neighboring properties, reduce the private incentives for control. Controlling species at one location provides incentives to control at a neighboring location. Control at neighboring locations are strategic complements and coupled with spatial heterogeneity lead to a weaker-link public good problem, in which each property owner is unable to fully appropriate the benefits of his own control activity. Future-use rights and private costs suggest that there is scope for a series of Coase-like exchanges to internalize much of the costs associated with species invasion. Pigouvian taxes on invasive species potentially have qualitatively perverse behavioral effects. A tax with a strong income effect (e.g, failure of effective revenue recycling) can reduce the value of property assets and diminish the incentive to manage insects on one's own property.}, }
@article {pmid25345790, year = {2015}, author = {Dodson, EK and Root, HT}, title = {Native and exotic plant cover vary inversely along a climate gradient 11 years following stand-replacing wildfire in a dry coniferous forest, Oregon, USA.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {666-675}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12775}, pmid = {25345790}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Climate ; Climate Change ; *Fires ; *Forests ; Introduced Species ; Oregon ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Community re-assembly following future disturbances will often occur under warmer and more moisture-limited conditions than when current communities assembled. Because the establishment stage is regularly the most sensitive to climate and competition, the trajectory of recovery from disturbance in a changing environment is uncertain, but has important consequences for future ecosystem functioning. To better understand how ongoing warming and rising moisture limitation may affect recovery, we studied native and exotic plant composition 11 years following complete stand-replacing wildfire in a dry coniferous forest spanning a large gradient in climatic moisture deficit (CMD) from warm and dry low elevation sites to relatively cool and moist higher elevations sites. We then projected future precipitation, temperature and CMD at our study locations for four scenarios selected to encompass a broad range of possible future conditions for the region. Native perennials dominated relatively cool and moist sites 11 years after wildfire, but were very sparse at the warmest and driest (high CMD) sites, particularly when combined with high topographic sun exposure. In contrast, exotic species (primarily annual grasses) were dominant or co-dominant at the warmest and driest sites, especially with high topographic sun exposure. All future scenarios projected increasing temperature and CMD in coming decades (e.g., from 4.5% to 29.5% higher CMD by the 2080's compared to the 1971-2000 average), even in scenarios where growing season (May-September) precipitation increased. These results suggest increasing temperatures and moisture limitation could facilitate longer term (over a decade) transitions toward exotic-dominated communities after severe wildfire when a suitable exotic seed source is present.}, }
@article {pmid25343722, year = {2014}, author = {Chen, HN and Tsang, LM and Chong, VC and Chan, BK}, title = {Worldwide genetic differentiation in the common fouling barnacle, Amphibalanus amphitrite.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {30}, number = {9}, pages = {1067-1078}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2014.967232}, pmid = {25343722}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Animals ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Alignment ; Thoracica/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Amphibalanus amphitrite is a common fouling barnacle distributed globally in tropical and subtropical waters. In the present study, the genetic (mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and morphological differentiation in A. amphitrite from 25 localities around the world were investigated. The results revealed three clades within A. amphitrite with a genetic divergence of ~ 4% among clades, whereas there were no diagnostic morphological differences among clades. Clade 1 is widely distributed in both temperate and tropical waters, whereas Clade 3 is currently restricted to the tropical region. The deep divergence among clades suggests historical isolation within A. amphitrite; thus, the present geographical overlaps are possibly a result of the combined effects of rising sea level and human-mediated dispersals. This study highlights the genetic differentiation that exists in a common, widely distributed fouling organism with great dispersal potential; future antifouling research should take into account the choice of lineages.}, }
@article {pmid25343481, year = {2014}, author = {Goncalves, E and Herrera, I and Duarte, M and Bustamante, RO and Lampo, M and Velásquez, G and Sharma, GP and García-Rangel, S}, title = {Global invasion of Lantana camara: has the climatic niche been conserved across continents?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {e111468}, pmid = {25343481}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Area Under Curve ; Biodiversity ; *Climate ; *Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Lantana/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Lantana camara, a native plant from tropical America, is considered one of the most harmful invasive species worldwide. Several studies have identified potentially invasible areas under scenarios of global change, on the assumption that niche is conserved during the invasion process. Recent studies, however, suggest that many invasive plants do not conserve their niches. Using Principal Components Analyses (PCA), we tested the hypothesis of niche conservatism for L. camara by comparing its native niche in South America with its expressed niche in Africa, Australia and India. Using MaxEnt, the estimated niche for the native region was projected onto each invaded region to generate potential distributions there. Our results demonstrate that while L. camara occupied subsets of its original native niche in Africa and Australia, in India its niche shifted significantly. There, 34% of the occurrences were detected in warmer habitats nonexistent in its native range. The estimated niche for India was also projected onto Africa and Australia to identify other vulnerable areas predicted from the observed niche shift detected in India. As a result, new potentially invasible areas were identified in central Africa and southern Australia. Our findings do not support the hypothesis of niche conservatism for the invasion of L. camara. The mechanisms that allow this species to expand its niche need to be investigated in order to improve our capacity to predict long-term geographic changes in the face of global climatic changes.}, }
@article {pmid25342801, year = {2014}, author = {Stuart, YE and Campbell, TS and Hohenlohe, PA and Reynolds, RG and Revell, LJ and Losos, JB}, title = {Rapid evolution of a native species following invasion by a congener.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {346}, number = {6208}, pages = {463-466}, doi = {10.1126/science.1257008}, pmid = {25342801}, issn = {1095-9203}, support = {P30GM103324/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Florida ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Selection, Genetic ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {In recent years, biologists have increasingly recognized that evolutionary change can occur rapidly when natural selection is strong; thus, real-time studies of evolution can be used to test classic evolutionary hypotheses directly. One such hypothesis is that negative interactions between closely related species can drive phenotypic divergence. Such divergence is thought to be ubiquitous, though well-documented cases are surprisingly rare. On small islands in Florida, we found that the lizard Anolis carolinensis moved to higher perches following invasion by Anolis sagrei and, in response, adaptively evolved larger toepads after only 20 generations. These results illustrate that interspecific interactions between closely related species can drive evolutionary change on observable time scales.}, }
@article {pmid25342785, year = {2014}, author = {Vincent, AC and Harris, JM}, title = {Marine Science. Boundless no more.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {346}, number = {6208}, pages = {420-421}, doi = {10.1126/science.1255923}, pmid = {25342785}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Fisheries/economics/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; *Fishes ; Food Safety ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Marine Biology ; Seafood ; Water Pollution ; Women, Working ; }, }
@article {pmid25340462, year = {2014}, author = {Rodríguez, M and Delibes, M and Fedriani, JM}, title = {Hierarchical levels of seed predation variation by introduced beetles on an endemic Mediterranean palm.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {e109867}, pmid = {25340462}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Arecaceae/*physiology ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Fruit/physiology ; Geography ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Mediterranean Region ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Seeds/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Seed predators can limit plant recruitment and thus profoundly impinge the dynamics of plant populations, especially when diverse seed predators (e.g., native and introduced) attack particular plant populations. Surprisingly, however, we know little concerning the potential hierarchy of spatial scales (e.g., region, population, patch) and coupled ecological correlates governing variation in the overall impact that native and introduced seed predators have on plant populations. We investigated several spatial scales and ecological correlates of pre-dispersal seed predation by invasive borer beetles in Chamaerops humilis (Arecaceae), a charismatic endemic palm of the Mediteranean basin. To this end, we considered 13 palm populations (115 palms) within four geographical regions of the Iberian Peninsula. The observed interregional differences in percentages of seed predation by invasive beetles were not significant likely because of considerable variation among populations within regions. Among population variation in seed predation was largely related to level of human impact. In general, levels of seed predation were several folds higher in human-altered populations than in natural populations. Within populations, seed predation declined significantly with the increase in amount of persisting fruit pulp, which acted as a barrier against seed predators. Our results revealed that a native species (a palm) is affected by the introduction of related species because of the concurrent introduction of seed predators that feed on both the introduced and native palms. We also show how the impact of invasive seed predators on plants can vary across a hierarchy of levels ranging from variation among individuals within local populations to large scale regional divergences.}, }
@article {pmid25339543, year = {2015}, author = {Chuche, J and Desvignes, E and Bonnard, O and Thiéry, D}, title = {Phenological synchrony between Scaphoideus titanus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) hatchings and grapevine bud break: could this explain the insect's expansion?.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {105}, number = {1}, pages = {82-91}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485314000765}, pmid = {25339543}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; France ; Genetic Fitness ; Hemiptera/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Nymph/growth &amp; development ; Ovum/growth &amp; development ; Phloem/physiology ; Phytoplasma/physiology ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Vitis/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Scaphoideus titanus is the invasive vector of the phytoplasma causing the Flavescence dorée in European vineyards. This epidemic is a serious threat to viticulture that has been increasing for more than 60 years in Europe. We studied the effect of synchrony with the plant phenology and the effect of plant-sap quality on the individual fitness. Thus, we conducted laboratory experiments to determine if insect hatchings were synchronized with grapevine bud break. We used two natural populations: one from a cold winter vineyard and one from a mild winter vineyard. In both cases, egg hatching was synchronized with bud break and leaf appearance. The phloem quality of the young and old leaves as a food source was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the effects on S. titanus growth were evaluated. Phloem composition varied with the grapevine cutting's age but also varied between leaves of different ages from the same plant. The older leaves were less nutritious because they had the highest carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and the lowest content of essential amino acids. Despite diverse phloem qualities, no fitness difference was observed. We found that the synchronization of egg hatchings with bud break is well regulated. However, the nymphs are not affected by the phloem-sap quality, suggesting that S. titanus may accept different food qualities and that egg hatching synchrony could contribute to population expansion in vineyards.}, }
@article {pmid25338158, year = {2014}, author = {Emde, S and Kochmann, J and Kuhn, T and Plath, M and Klimpel, S}, title = {Getting what is served? Feeding ecology influencing parasite-host interactions in invasive round goby Neogobius melanostomus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {e109971}, pmid = {25338158}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ascaridida/pathogenicity ; Crustacea ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*parasitology/physiology ; Germany ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Freshwater ecosystems are increasingly impacted by alien invasive species which have the potential to alter various ecological interactions like predator-prey and host-parasite relationships. Here, we simultaneously examined predator-prey interactions and parasitization patterns of the highly invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) in the rivers Rhine and Main in Germany. A total of 350 N. melanostomus were sampled between June and October 2011. Gut content analysis revealed a broad prey spectrum, partly reflecting temporal and local differences in prey availability. For the major food type (amphipods), species compositions were determined. Amphipod fauna consisted entirely of non-native species and was dominated by Dikerogammarus villosus in the Main and Echinogammarus trichiatus in the Rhine. However, the availability of amphipod species in the field did not reflect their relative abundance in gut contents of N. melanostomus. Only two metazoan parasites, the nematode Raphidascaris acus and the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus sp., were isolated from N. melanostomus in all months, whereas unionid glochidia were only detected in June and October in fish from the Main. To analyse infection pathways, we examined 17,356 amphipods and found Pomphorhynchus sp. larvae only in D. villosus in the river Rhine at a prevalence of 0.15%. Dikerogammarus villosus represented the most important amphipod prey for N. melanostomus in both rivers but parasite intensities differed between rivers, suggesting that final hosts (large predatory fishes) may influence host-parasite dynamics of N. melanostomus in its introduced range.}, }
@article {pmid25338112, year = {2014}, author = {Castilla, JC and Manríquez, PH and Delgado, A and Ortiz, V and Jara, ME and Varas, M}, title = {Rocky intertidal zonation pattern in Antofagasta, chile: invasive species and shellfish gathering.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {e110301}, pmid = {25338112}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bays ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; Chile ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Reproduction/physiology ; Urochordata/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biological invasions affecting rocky intertidal zonation patterns, yield information on species interactions. In the Bay of Antofagasta, northern Chile, the non-indigenous tunicate Pyura praeputialis, originally from Australia, has invaded (in the past century or so) and monopolized a major portion of the mid-intertidal rocky shore, displacing upshore the native mussel Perumytilus purpuratus. In Antofagasta the tunicate is subjected to intensive exploitation. Monitoring protocols show that in the past 10 years Antofagasta's tunicate population has experienced a drastic decline, affecting the intertidal zonation pattern.<br><br>A 12.5 km of coastline, on the southern eastern shore of the Bay of Antofagasta, was studied. Eight sites were systematically (1993-1994) or sporadically (2003-2014) monitored for the seaward-shoreward expansion or reduction of the tunicate Pyura praeputialis, and native mussel and barnacle bands. A notable reduction in the mid-intertidal band of P. praeputialis and a seaward expansion of the mussel, Perumytilus purpuratus, and barnacle bands was observed. We suggest that the major cause for the decline in the tunicate is due to its intensive exploitation by rocky shore Pyura-gathers. The rate of extraction of tunicates by professional Pyura-gathers ranged between 256-740 tunicates hour-(1). Between 2009-2014 the density of professional Pyura-gather ranged between 0.5-4.5 km(-1) per low tide. Hence, 10 professional Pyura-gathers working 1 h for 10 low tides per month, during 6 months, will remove between 307-888 m(2) of tunicates. A drastic decline in tunicate recruitment was observed and several P. praeputialis ecosystems services have been lost.<br><br>CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE: In Antofagasta, the continuous and intensive intertidal gathering of the invasive tunicate Pyura praeputialis, has caused a drastic reduction of its population modifying the zonation pattern. Thereby, native mussel Perumytilus purpuratus has regained its ecological center in the intertidal zone. We recorded a Pyura recruitment failure and loss of ecosystem services.}, }
@article {pmid25338087, year = {2014}, author = {Francis, TB and Wolkovich, EM and Scheuerell, MD and Katz, SL and Holmes, EE and Hampton, SE}, title = {Shifting regimes and changing interactions in the Lake Washington, U.S.A., plankton community from 1962-1994.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {e110363}, pmid = {25338087}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate ; Cyanobacteria/*growth &amp; development ; Daphnia/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Lakes ; *Models, Statistical ; Plankton/*physiology ; Washington ; }, abstract = {Understanding how changing climate, nutrient regimes, and invasive species shift food web structure is critically important in ecology. Most analytical approaches, however, assume static species interactions and environmental effects across time. Therefore, we applied multivariate autoregressive (MAR) models in a moving window context to test for shifting plankton community interactions and effects of environmental variables on plankton abundance in Lake Washington, U.S.A. from 1962-1994, following reduced nutrient loading in the 1960s and the rise of Daphnia in the 1970s. The moving-window MAR (mwMAR) approach showed shifts in the strengths of interactions between Daphnia, a dominant grazer, and other plankton taxa between a high nutrient, Oscillatoria-dominated regime and a low nutrient, Daphnia-dominated regime. The approach also highlighted the inhibiting influence of the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria on other plankton taxa in the community. Overall community stability was lowest during the period of elevated nutrient loading and Oscillatoria dominance. Despite recent warming of the lake, we found no evidence that anomalous temperatures impacted plankton abundance. Our results suggest mwMAR modeling is a useful approach that can be applied across diverse ecosystems, when questions involve shifting relationships within food webs, and among species and abiotic drivers.}, }
@article {pmid25337705, year = {2014}, author = {Joyce, AL and White, WH and Nuessly, GS and Solis, MA and Scheffer, SJ and Lewis, ML and Medina, RF}, title = {Geographic population structure of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), in the southern United States.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {e110036}, pmid = {25337705}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; Female ; Florida ; Insect Proteins/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Louisiana ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Moths/classification/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Phylogeography ; Saccharum/parasitology ; Texas ; }, abstract = {The sugarcane borer moth, Diatraea saccharalis, is widespread throughout the Western Hemisphere, and is considered an introduced species in the southern United States. Although this moth has a wide distribution and is a pest of many crop plants including sugarcane, corn, sorghum and rice, it is considered one species. The objective was to investigate whether more than one introduction of D. saccharalis had occurred in the southern United States and whether any cryptic species were present. We field collected D. saccharalis in Texas, Louisiana and Florida in the southern United States. Two molecular markers, AFLPs and mitochondrial COI, were used to examine genetic variation among these regional populations and to compare the sequences with those available in GenBank and BOLD. We found geographic population structure in the southern United States which suggests two introductions and the presence of a previously unknown cryptic species. Management of D. saccharalis would likely benefit from further investigation of population genetics throughout the range of this species.}, }
@article {pmid25336385, year = {2015}, author = {Iwase, SI and Nakahira, K and Tuda, M and Kagoshima, K and Takagi, M}, title = {Host-plant dependent population genetics of the invading weevil Hypera postica.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {105}, number = {1}, pages = {92-100}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485314000728}, pmid = {25336385}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Fabaceae/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; *Genetic Variation ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Elongation Factor 1/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Population Density ; RNA, Transfer, Leu/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Weevils/genetics/microbiology/*physiology ; Wolbachia/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Population genetics of invading pests can be informative for understanding their ecology. In this study, we investigated population genetics of the invasive alfalfa weevil Hypera postica in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. We analyzed mitochondrial tRNALeu-COII, nuclear EF-1α gene fragments, and Wolbachia infection in relation to three leguminous host plants: Vicia angustifolia, Vicia villosa, and a new host Astragalus sinicus cultivated as a honey source and green manure crop. A parsimony network generated from mitochondrial gene sequences uncovered two major haplotypic groups, Western and Egyptian. In contrast to reported Wolbachia infection of the Western strain in the United States, none of our analyzed individuals were infected. The absence of Wolbachia may contribute to the stable coexistence of mitochondrial strains through inter-strain reproductive compatibility. Hypera postica genetic variants for the mitochondrial and nuclear genes were associated neither with host plant species nor with two geographic regions (Hisayama and Kama) within Fukuoka. Mitochondrial haplogroups were incongruent with nuclear genetic variants. Genetic diversity at the nuclear locus was the highest for the populations feeding on V. angustifolia. The nuclear data for A. sinicus-feeding populations indicated past sudden population growth and extended Bayesian skyline plot analysis based on the mitochondrial and nuclear data showed that the growth of A. sinicus-feeding population took place within the past 1000 years. These results suggest a shorter history of A. sinicus as a host plant compared with V. angustifolia and a recent rapid growth of H. postica population using the new host A. sinicus.}, }
@article {pmid25333743, year = {2014}, author = {Sanz-Aguilar, A and Anadón, JD and Edelaar, P and Carrete, M and Tella, JL}, title = {Can establishment success be determined through demographic parameters? A case study on five introduced bird species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {e110019}, pmid = {25333743}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Spain ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; }, abstract = {The dominant criterion to determine when an introduced species is established relies on the maintenance of a self-sustaining population in the area of introduction, i.e. on the viability of the population from a demographic perspective. There is however a paucity of demographic studies on introduced species, and establishment success is thus generally determined by expert opinion without undertaking population viability analyses (PVAs). By means of an intensive five year capture-recapture monitoring program (involving >12,000 marked individuals) we studied the demography of five introduced passerine bird species in southern Spain which are established and have undergone a fast expansion over the last decades. We obtained useful estimates of demographic parameters (survival and reproduction) for one colonial species (Ploceus melanocephalus), confirming the long-term viability of its local population through PVAs. However, extremely low recapture rates prevented the estimation of survival parameters and population growth rates for widely distributed species with low local densities (Estrilda troglodytes and Amandava amandava) but also for highly abundant yet non-colonial species (Estrilda astrild and Euplectes afer). Therefore, determining the establishment success of introduced passerine species by demographic criteria alone may often be troublesome even when devoting much effort to field-work. Alternative quantitative methodologies such as the analysis of spatio-temporal species distributions complemented with expert opinion deserve thus their role in the assessment of establishment success of introduced species when estimates of demographic parameters are difficult to obtain, as is generally the case for non-colonial, highly mobile passerines.}, }
@article {pmid25333619, year = {2014}, author = {Olden, JD and Tamayo, M}, title = {Incentivizing the public to support invasive species management: eurasian milfoil reduces lakefront property values.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {e110458}, pmid = {25333619}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Environment ; Housing/*economics ; *Introduced Species ; Tracheophyta ; Washington ; }, abstract = {Economic evaluations of invasive species are essential for providing comprehensive assessments of the benefits and costs of publicly-funded management activities, yet many previous investigations have focused narrowly on expenditures to control spread and infestation. We use hedonic modeling to evaluate the economic effects of Eurasian milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) invasions on lakefront property values of single-family homes in an urban-suburban landscape. Milfoil often forms dense canopies at the water surface, diminishing the value of ecosystem services (e.g., recreation, fishing) and necessitating expensive control and management efforts. We compare 1,258 lakeshore property sale transactions (1995-2006) in 17 lakes with milfoil and 24 un-invaded lakes in King County, Washington (USA). After accounting for structural (e.g., house size), locational (e.g., boat launch), and environmental characteristics (e.g., water clarity) of lakes, we found that milfoil has a significant negative effect on property sales price ($94,385 USD lower price), corresponding to a 19% decline in mean property values. The aggregate cost of milfoil invading one additional lake in the study area is, on average, $377,542 USD per year. Our study illustrates that invasive aquatic plants can significantly impact property values (and associated losses in property taxes that reduce local government revenue), justifying the need for management strategies that prevent and control invasions. We recommend coordinated efforts across Lake Management Districts to focus institutional support, funding, and outreach to prevent the introduction and spread of milfoil. This effort will limit opportunities for re-introduction from neighboring lakes and incentivize private landowners and natural resource agencies to commit time and funding to invasive species management.}, }
@article {pmid25332403, year = {2015}, author = {Poelchau, M and Childers, C and Moore, G and Tsavatapalli, V and Evans, J and Lee, CY and Lin, H and Lin, JW and Hackett, K}, title = {The i5k Workspace@NAL--enabling genomic data access, visualization and curation of arthropod genomes.}, journal = {Nucleic acids research}, volume = {43}, number = {Database issue}, pages = {D714-9}, pmid = {25332403}, issn = {1362-4962}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/*genetics ; Computer Graphics ; *Databases, Genetic ; Genome ; *Genomics ; Internet ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; }, abstract = {The 5000 arthropod genomes initiative (i5k) has tasked itself with coordinating the sequencing of 5000 insect or related arthropod genomes. The resulting influx of data, mostly from small research groups or communities with little bioinformatics experience, will require visualization, dissemination and curation, preferably from a centralized platform. The National Agricultural Library (NAL) has implemented the i5k Workspace@NAL (http://i5k.nal.usda.gov/) to help meet the i5k initiative's genome hosting needs. Any i5k member is encouraged to contact the i5k Workspace with their genome project details. Once submitted, new content will be accessible via organism pages, genome browsers and BLAST search engines, which are implemented via the open-source Tripal framework, a web interface for the underlying Chado database schema. We also implement the Web Apollo software for groups that choose to curate gene models. New content will add to the existing body of 35 arthropod species, which include species relevant for many aspects of arthropod genomic research, including agriculture, invasion biology, systematics, ecology and evolution, and developmental research.}, }
@article {pmid25331170, year = {2014}, author = {Chailleux, A and Wajnberg, E and Zhou, Y and Amiens-Desneux, E and Desneux, N}, title = {New parasitoid-predator associations: female parasitoids do not avoid competition with generalist predators when sharing invasive prey.}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {101}, number = {12}, pages = {1075-1083}, pmid = {25331170}, issn = {1432-1904}, mesh = {Animals ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Food Chain ; Heteroptera/parasitology/*physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions/physiology ; Hymenoptera/*physiology ; Larva ; Moths/*physiology ; Oviposition/physiology ; }, abstract = {Optimal habitat selection is essential for species survival in ecosystems, and interspecific competition is a key ecological mechanism for many observed species association patterns. Specialized animal species are commonly affected by resource and interference competition with generalist and/or omnivorous competitors, so avoidance behavior could be expected. We hypothesize that specialist species may exploit broad range cues from such potential resource competitors (i.e., cues possibly common to various generalist and/or omnivorous predators) to avoid costly competition regarding food or reproduction, even in new species associations. We tested this hypothesis by studying short-term interactions between a native larval parasitoid and a native generalist omnivorous predator recently sharing the same invasive host/prey, the leaf miner Tuta absoluta. We observed a strong negative effect of kleptoparasitism (food resource stealing) instead of classical intraguild predation on immature parasitoids. There was no evidence that parasitoid females avoided the omnivorous predator when searching for oviposition sites, although we studied both long- and short-range known detection mechanisms. Therefore, we conclude that broad range cue avoidance may not exist in our biological system, probably because it would lead to too much oviposition site avoidance which would not be an efficient and, thus, beneficial strategy. If confirmed in other parasitoids or specialist predators, our findings may have implications for population dynamics, especially in the current context of increasing invasive species and the resulting creation of many new species associations.}, }
@article {pmid25329385, year = {2014}, author = {Peyton, KA and Valentino, LM and Maruska, KP}, title = {Dual roles of an algal farming damselfish as a cultivator and opportunistic browser of an invasive seaweed.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {e109007}, pmid = {25329385}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Coral Reefs ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/growth &amp; development ; Herbivory/physiology ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Seaweed/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Herbivory is a fundamental process determining reef resilience, and while algal farming damselfishes can help shape benthic assemblages, an understanding of their contribution to areas outside of defended territories is relatively unexplored. Here, we demonstrate how the farming damselfish Stegastes marginatus plays a dual role in benthic structuring by 1) contributing to persistence of the invasive macroalga Acanthophora spicifera within a Hawaiian marine protected area, where the macroalga occurred exclusively inside Stegastes territories, and 2) behaving as an opportunistic browser of the exotic alga outside their territorial borders. Greater than 50% of the biomass of tethered A. spicifera was consumed within one-hour when placed outside Stegastes territories, compared to <5% lost from tethers within territories or herbivore exclusion cages. In situ remote video revealed that tethered A. spicifera located outside territories was grazed primarily by the surgeonfish Acanthurus nigrofuscus (∼68% of total bites) and, surprisingly, by S. marginatus (∼27% of total bites) that left their territories to feed on this resource on 107 occasions during 400 min of filming. Further, for over half of those occurrences where S. marginatus grazed on the tethered macroalga outside of territories, they fed alongside conspecifics and other species, displaying little of the aggressiveness that characterizes this damselfish. These results show that S. marginatus plays a wider role in determining benthic assemblages than previously recognized, acting both as cultivators of a canopy-forming invasive macroalga within their territories, and as opportunistic browsers in neighboring sites. Consequently, S. marginatus can affect benthic species composition across their territory borders. These results provide a rare example of interspecific facilitation of an exotic alga by an indigenous marine fish. Accounting for fish behaviors more broadly is important to further our understanding of ecological processes that shape reef ecosystems to improve management of MPAs that often support extensive farming damselfish populations.}, }
@article {pmid25325751, year = {2014}, author = {Hui, C and McGeoch, MA}, title = {Zeta diversity as a concept and metric that unifies incidence-based biodiversity patterns.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {184}, number = {5}, pages = {684-694}, doi = {10.1086/678125}, pmid = {25325751}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Models, Theoretical ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {Patterns in species incidence and compositional turnover are central to understanding what drives biodiversity. Here we propose zeta (ζ) diversity, the number of species shared by multiple assemblages, as a concept and metric that unifies incidence-based diversity measures, patterns, and relationships. Unlike other measures of species compositional turnover, zeta diversity partitioning quantifies the complete set of diversity components for multiple assemblages, comprehensively representing the spatial structure of multispecies distributions. To illustrate the application and ecological value of zeta diversity, we show how it scales with sample number, grain, and distance. Zeta diversity reconciles several different biodiversity patterns, including the species accumulation curve, the species-area relationship, multispecies occupancy patterns, and scaling of species endemism. Exponential and power-law forms of zeta diversity are associated with stochastic versus niche assembly processes. Zeta diversity may provide new insights on biodiversity patterns, the processes driving them, and their response to environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid25324851, year = {2014}, author = {Gioria, M and Osborne, BA}, title = {Resource competition in plant invasions: emerging patterns and research needs.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {501}, pmid = {25324851}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Invasions by alien plants provide a unique opportunity to examine competitive interactions among plants. While resource competition has long been regarded as a major mechanism responsible for successful invasions, given a well-known capacity for many invaders to become dominant and reduce plant diversity in the invaded communities, few studies have measured resource competition directly or have assessed its importance relative to that of other mechanisms, at different stages of an invasion process. Here, we review evidence comparing the competitive ability of invasive species vs. that of co-occurring native plants, along a range of environmental gradients, showing that many invasive species have a superior competitive ability over native species, although invasive congeners are not necessarily competitively superior over native congeners, nor are alien dominants are better competitors than native dominants. We discuss how the outcomes of competition depend on a number of factors, such as the heterogeneous distribution of resources, the stage of the invasion process, as well as phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary adaptation, which may result in increased or decreased competitive ability in both invasive and native species. Competitive advantages of invasive species over natives are often transient and only important at the early stages of an invasion process. It remains unclear how important resource competition is relative to other mechanisms (competition avoidance via phenological differences, niche differentiation in space associated with phylogenetic distance, recruitment and dispersal limitation, indirect competition, and allelopathy). Finally, we identify the conceptual and methodological issues characterizing competition studies in plant invasions, and we discuss future research needs, including examination of resource competition dynamics and the impact of global environmental change on competitive interactions between invasive and native species.}, }
@article {pmid25323486, year = {2015}, author = {Suda, J and Meyerson, LA and Leitch, IJ and Pyšek, P}, title = {The hidden side of plant invasions: the role of genome size.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {205}, number = {3}, pages = {994-1007}, doi = {10.1111/nph.13107}, pmid = {25323486}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; *Genome Size ; *Genome, Plant ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The ecological role of genome size in plant biology, biogeography, and morphology has garnered increasing attention as the methods and technology associated with measuring cytological characteristics have become more reliable and accessible. However, how plant genome size influences plant invasions and at what stage in the invasion this influence occurs have been little explored. Several large-scale analyses of published data have yielded valuable interspecific comparisons, but experimental studies that manipulate environmental factors are needed, particularly below the species level, to fully understand the role that genome size plays in plant invasion. In this review, we summarize the available knowledge, discuss the integration of genome size data into invasion research, and suggest how it can be applied to detect and manage invasive species. We also explore how global climate change could exert selective pressures on plant populations with varying genome sizes, thereby increasing the distribution range and invasiveness of some populations while decreasing others. Finally, we outline avenues for future research, including considerations of large-scale studies of intraspecific variation in genome size of invasive populations, testing the interaction of genome size with other factors in macroecological analyses of invasions, as well as the role this trait may play in plant-enemy interactions.}, }
@article {pmid25320379, year = {2014}, author = {Rollin, BE}, title = {An ethicist’s commentary on culling invasive species.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {55}, number = {10}, pages = {918-919}, pmid = {25320379}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; Environment ; *Ethics ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Zoonoses/prevention &amp; control ; }, }
@article {pmid25319946, year = {2014}, author = {Carthey, AJ and Banks, PB}, title = {Naïveté in novel ecological interactions: lessons from theory and experimental evidence.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {89}, number = {4}, pages = {932-949}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12087}, pmid = {25319946}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {The invasion of alien species into areas beyond their native ranges is having profound effects on ecosystems around the world. In particular, novel alien predators are causing rapid extinctions or declines in many native prey species, and these impacts are generally attributed to ecological naïveté or the failure to recognise a novel enemy and respond appropriately due to a lack of experience. Despite a large body of research concerning the recognition of alien predation risk by native prey, the literature lacks an extensive review of naïveté theory that specifically asks how naïveté between novel pairings of alien predators and native prey disrupts our classical understanding of predator-prey ecological theory. Here we critically review both classic and current theory relating to predator-prey interactions between both predators and prey with shared evolutionary histories, and those that are ecologically 'mismatched' through the outcomes of biological invasions. The review is structured around the multiple levels of naïveté framework of Banks &amp; Dickman (2007), and concepts and examples are discussed as they relate to each stage in the process from failure to recognise a novel predator (Level 1 naïveté), through to appropriate (Level 2) and effective (Level 3) antipredator responses. We discuss the relative contributions of recognition, cue types and the implied risk of cues used by novel alien and familiar native predators, to the probability that prey will recognise a novel predator. We then cover the antipredator response types available to prey and the factors that predict whether these responses will be appropriate or effective against novel alien and familiar native predators. In general, the level of naïveté of native prey can be predicted by the degree of novelty (in terms of appearance, behaviour or habitat use) of the alien predator compared to native predators with which prey are experienced. Appearance in this sense includes cue types, spatial distribution and implied risk of cues, whilst behaviour and habitat use include hunting modes and the habitat domain of the predator. Finally, we discuss whether the antipredator response can occur without recognition per se, for example in the case of morphological defences, and then consider a potential extension of the multiple levels of naïveté framework. The review concludes with recommendations for the design and execution of naïveté experiments incorporating the key concepts and issues covered here. This review aims to critique and combine classic ideas about predator-prey interactions with current naïveté theory, to further develop the multiple levels of naïveté framework, and to suggest the most fruitful avenues for future research.}, }
@article {pmid25318584, year = {2015}, author = {Gidoin, C and Roques, L and Boivin, T}, title = {Linking niche theory to ecological impacts of successful invaders: insights from resource fluctuation-specialist herbivore interactions.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {84}, number = {2}, pages = {396-406}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12303}, pmid = {25318584}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Cedrus/*parasitology ; Diapause, Insect ; Ecosystem ; France ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Statistical ; Population Dynamics ; Seeds/parasitology ; Species Specificity ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Theories of species coexistence and invasion ecology are fundamentally connected and provide a common theoretical framework for studying the mechanisms underlying successful invasions and their ecological impacts. Temporal fluctuations in resource availability and differences in life-history traits between invasive and resident species are considered as likely drivers of the dynamics of invaded communities. Current critical issues in invasion ecology thus relate to the extent to which such mechanisms influence coexistence between invasive and resident species and to the ability of resident species to persist in an invasive-dominated ecosystem. We tested how a fluctuating resource, and species trait differences may explain and help predict long-term impacts of biological invasions in forest specialist insect communities. We used a simple invasion system comprising closely related invasive and resident seed-specialized wasps (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) competing for a well-known fluctuating resource and displaying divergent diapause, reproductive and phenological traits. Based on extensive long-term field observations (1977-2010), we developed a combination of mechanistic and statistical models aiming to (i) obtain a realistic description of the population dynamics of these interacting species over time, and (ii) clarify the respective contributions of fluctuation-dependent and fluctuation-independent mechanisms to long-term impact of invasion on the population dynamics of the resident wasp species. We showed that a fluctuation-dependent mechanism was unable to promote coexistence of the resident and invasive species. Earlier phenology of the invasive species was the main driver of invasion success, enabling the invader to exploit an empty niche. Phenology also had the greatest power to explain the long-term negative impact of the invasive on the resident species, through resource pre-emption. This study provides strong support for the critical role of species differences in interspecific competition outcomes within animal communities. Our mechanistic-statistical approach disentangles the critical drivers of novel species assemblages resulting from intentional and non-intentional introductions of non-native species.}, }
@article {pmid25310866, year = {2014}, author = {Domínguez, E and Romaní, A and Alonso, JL and Parajó, JC and Yáñez, R}, title = {A biorefinery approach based on fractionation with a cheap industrial by-product for getting value from an invasive woody species.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {173}, number = {}, pages = {301-308}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.104}, pmid = {25310866}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {Acacia/*chemistry ; Cellulase/metabolism ; Cellulose/metabolism ; Hydrolysis ; *Introduced Species ; *Wood ; }, abstract = {Acacia dealbata wood (an invasive species) was subjected to fractionation with glycerol (a cheap industrial by-product), and the resulting solid phase was used as a substrate for enzymatic hydrolysis. Glycerol fractionation allowed an extensive delignification while preserving cellulose in solid phase. The solids from the fractionation stage showed high susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis. Solids obtained under selected fractionation conditions (glycerol content of media, 80 wt%; duration, 1h; liquid to solid ratio, 6 g/g; alkaline and neutral washing stages) were subjected to enzymatic saccharification to achieve glucose concentrations up to 85.40 g/L, with almost complete cellulose conversion into glucose. The results confirmed the potential of glycerol as a fractionation agent for biorefineries.}, }
@article {pmid25308372, year = {2014}, author = {Kennedy, R and Allcock, L and Firth, L and Power, AM}, title = {Preface-EMBS 2013.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {102}, number = {}, pages = {1-2}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.09.010}, pmid = {25308372}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; *Biodiversity ; Bivalvia ; Climate Change ; Congresses as Topic ; Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Marine Biology ; Water Pollution/*analysis ; }, }
@article {pmid25304974, year = {2015}, author = {Stark, JM and Norton, JM}, title = {The invasive annual cheatgrass increases nitrogen availability in 24-year-old replicated field plots.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {177}, number = {3}, pages = {799-809}, pmid = {25304974}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Artemisia/*metabolism ; Bromus/*metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Fires ; Introduced Species ; *Nitrification ; Nitrogen/analysis/*metabolism ; *Nitrogen Cycle ; Poaceae/metabolism ; Soil/*chemistry ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Previous studies comparing invaded and non-invaded sites suggest that cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) causes soil N cycling to increase. Unfortunately, these correlative studies fail to distinguish whether cheatgrass caused the differences in N cycling, or if cheatgrass simply invaded sites where N availability was greater. We measured soil C and N concentrations and net and gross N-cycling rates on 24-year-old replicated field plots in a sagebrush-steppe ecosystem that had been plowed, fumigated, and seeded to different plant communities in 1984. Laboratory assays of soil collected throughout the soil profiles (0-60 cm) showed that soil NO3 (-), organic C and N, and net N mineralization, net nitrification, and soil respiration rates were all greater beneath cheatgrass than in sagebrush-perennial grass plots. In surface soils (0-10 cm), field and lab assays on five sampling dates during 2 years showed gross N mineralization, net N mineralization, and net nitrification rates were all faster beneath cheatgrass than in sagebrush-perennial grass plots. Modeling analyses based on soil respiration and gross N-cycling rates suggest that cheatgrass provides soil microbes with lower C:N substrates and that this could explain the faster N-cycling rates beneath cheatgrass. This is the first long-term replicated field study to conclusively show that cheatgrass created greater soil organic N pool sizes and stimulated N-cycling rates compared to similar-aged stands of sagebrush and native perennial grasses. Increased N-cycling rates may represent a positive plant-soil feedback that promotes continued dominance by cheatgrass, even in the absence of soil disturbance or fire.}, }
@article {pmid25303317, year = {2015}, author = {Seastedt, TR}, title = {Biological control of invasive plant species: a reassessment for the Anthropocene.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {205}, number = {2}, pages = {490-502}, doi = {10.1111/nph.13065}, pmid = {25303317}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Weed Control/*methods/trends ; }, abstract = {The science of finding, testing and releasing herbivores and pathogens to control invasive plant species has achieved a level of maturity and success that argues for continued and expanded use of this program. The practice, however, remains unpopular with some conservationists, invasion biologists, and stakeholders. The ecological and economic benefits of controlling densities of problematic plant species using biological control agents can be quantified, but the risks and net benefits of biological control programs are often derived from social or cultural rather than scientific criteria. Management of invasive plants is a 'wicked problem', and local outcomes to wicked problems have both positive and negative consequences differentially affecting various groups of stakeholders. The program has inherent uncertainties; inserting species into communities that are experiencing directional or even transformational changes can produce multiple outcomes due to context-specific factors that are further confounded by environmental change drivers. Despite these uncertainties, biological control could play a larger role in mitigation and adaptation strategies used to maintain biological diversity as well as contribute to human well-being by protecting food and fiber resources.}, }
@article {pmid25303255, year = {2014}, author = {Welsh, JS and Young, J and Gupta, R}, title = {Lionfish on the Loose in the Waters off Saint Vincent.}, journal = {The West Indian medical journal}, volume = {63}, number = {2}, pages = {179-181}, pmid = {25303255}, issn = {0043-3144}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine if the exotic venomous species, Pterois volitans (lionfish) had reached as far south as St Vincent in the Caribbean. This predatory marine fish has successfully invaded the waters of the Western Atlantic and the Caribbean. Such success as an exotic invasive species is rare for a predatory marine fish. It is possible that the fish are growing larger and spreading faster than anticipated, thanks to a lower burden of parasites and a paucity of natural predators in their new environment. But prior to this report, no sightings of this species this far south had been reported.<br><br>METHODS: The authors conducted a search along with the help of local divers and fishermen in the waters of St Vincent.<br><br>RESULTS: Approximately one year after the initiation of the search, a juvenile specimen was positively confirmed and captured off the southern coast of St Vincent.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The exotic predatory and venomous red lionfish, Pterois volitans, has successfully invaded marine waters as far south as the Windward Islands. Fishermen in these regions should be aware of this venomous species in the region and physicians must be aware of how to manage stings from such animals.}, }
@article {pmid25302790, year = {2015}, author = {Ramos-Ascherl, Z and Williams, EH and Bunkley-Williams, L and Tuttle, LJ and Sikkel, PC and Hixon, MA}, title = {Parasitism in Pterois volitans (Scorpaenidae) from coastal waters of Puerto Rico, the Cayman Islands, and the Bahamas.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {101}, number = {1}, pages = {50-56}, doi = {10.1645/13-422.1}, pmid = {25302790}, issn = {1937-2345}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean/epidemiology ; Bahamas/epidemiology ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Gastrointestinal Tract/parasitology ; Gills/parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Perciformes/*parasitology ; Prevalence ; Puerto Rico/epidemiology ; Skin/parasitology ; West Indies/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Recently, Pterois volitans, a Pacific species of lionfish, invaded the Atlantic Ocean, likely via the aquarium trade. We examined for internal and external parasites 188 individuals from 8 municipalities of Puerto Rico collected during 2009-2012, 91 individuals from Little Cayman, Cayman Islands, collected during the summers of 2010 and 2011, and 47 individuals from Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas, collected during the summer of 2009. In total, 27 parasite taxa were found, including 3 previously reported species from lionfish, the digenean Lecithochirium floridense, the leech Trachelobdella lubrica, and an Excorallana sp. isopod. We also report another 24 previously unreported parasite taxa from lionfish, including digeneans, monogeneans, cestodes, nematodes, isopods, a copepod, and an acanthocephalan. Among these parasites, several were previously unreported at their respective geographic origins: We report 5 new locality records from Puerto Rico, 9 from Cayman Islands, 5 from the Bahamas, 5 from the Caribbean, and 3 from the subtropical western Atlantic region. Three parasites are reported to associate with a fish host for the first time. The parasite faunas of P. volitans among our 3 study sites were quite different; most of the species infecting lionfish were generalists and/or species that infect carnivorous fishes. Although our study did not assess the impact of parasites on the fitness of invasive lionfish, it provides an important early step. Our results provide valuable comparative data for future studies at these and other sites throughout the lionfish's invaded range.}, }
@article {pmid25301818, year = {2014}, author = {Joshi, S and Gruntman, M and Bilton, M and Seifan, M and Tielbörger, K}, title = {A comprehensive test of evolutionarily increased competitive ability in a highly invasive plant species.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {114}, number = {8}, pages = {1761-1768}, pmid = {25301818}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Lythrum/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A common hypothesis to explain plants' invasive success is that release from natural enemies in the introduced range selects for reduced allocation to resistance traits and a subsequent increase in resources available for growth and competitive ability (evolution of increased competitive ability, EICA). However, studies that have investigated this hypothesis have been incomplete as they either did not test for all aspects of competitive ability or did not select appropriate competitors.<br><br>METHODS: Here, the prediction of increased competitive ability was examined with the invasive plant Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) in a set of common-garden experiments that addressed these aspects by carefully distinguishing between competitive effect and response of invasive and native plants, and by using both intraspecific and interspecific competition settings with a highly vigorous neighbour, Urtica dioica (stinging nettle), which occurs in both ranges.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: While the intraspecific competition results showed no differences in competitive effect or response between native and invasive plants, the interspecific competition experiment revealed greater competitive response and effect of invasive plants in both biomass and seed production.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The use of both intra- and interspecific competition experiments in this study revealed opposing results. While the first experiment refutes the EICA hypothesis, the second shows strong support for it, suggesting evolutionarily increased competitive ability in invasive populations of L. salicaria. It is suggested that the use of naturally co-occurring heterospecifics, rather than conspecifics, may provide a better evaluation of the possible evolutionary shift towards greater competitive ability.}, }
@article {pmid25300752, year = {2014}, author = {Lapidot, M and Gelbart, D and Gal-On, A and Sela, N and Anfoka, G and Haj Ahmed, F and Abou-Jawada, Y and Sobh, H and Mazyad, H and Aboul-Ata, AA and Kamal El-Attar, A and Ali-Shtayeh, MS and Jamous, RM and Polston, JE and Duffy, S}, title = {Frequent migration of introduced cucurbit-infecting begomoviruses among Middle Eastern countries.}, journal = {Virology journal}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {181}, pmid = {25300752}, issn = {1743-422X}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Begomovirus/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Cucurbita/*virology ; Hemiptera/*physiology/virology ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Middle East ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/*virology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the early 2000s, two cucurbit-infecting begomoviruses were introduced into the eastern Mediterranean basin: the Old World Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV) and the New World Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV). These viruses have been emerging in parallel over the last decade in Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine.<br><br>METHODS: We explored this unique situation by assessing the diversity and biogeography of the DNA-A component of SLCV and WmCSV in these five countries.<br><br>RESULTS: There was fairly low sequence variation in both begomovirus species (SLCV &#x3c0;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.0077; WmCSV &#x3c0;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.0066). Both viruses may have been introduced only once into the eastern Mediterranean basin, but once established, these viruses readily moved across country boundaries. SLCV has been introduced at least twice into each of all five countries based on the absence of monophyletic clades. Similarly, WmCSV has been introduced multiple times into Jordan, Israel and Palestine.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We predict that uncontrolled movement of whiteflies among countries in this region will continue to cause SLCV and WmCSV migration, preventing strong genetic differentiation of these viruses among these countries.}, }
@article {pmid25300374, year = {2014}, author = {Babarro, JM and Comeau, LA}, title = {Byssus attachment strength of two mytilids in mono-specific and mixed-species mussel beds.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {30}, number = {8}, pages = {975-985}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2014.953941}, pmid = {25300374}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofouling ; Estuaries ; Geologic Sediments ; *Introduced Species ; Mytilidae/*physiology ; Mytilus ; Salinity ; Spain ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The mussel Xenostrobus securis is endemic to the brackish waters of New Zealand and Australia, but has successfully invaded the inner Galician Rías of NW Spain, where it coexists with the indigenous mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. In this laboratory study, the plasticity of the byssus attachment strength of two mytilids was compared by manipulating substratum, salinity, and bed assembly. M. galloprovincialis showed stronger byssus detachment strength than X. securis, despite lower byssus coverage. Both species responded similarly to the substratum, with substantially lower byssus strength on methacrylate, which offered the lowest surface free energy. Byssus detachment values for M. galloprovincialis were lower at lower salinity. In mixed beds, a number of mussels moved upwards, eventually colonising the upper layers of the assemblage. This behaviour increased byssus strength but only for X. securis. X. securis is adapted to a wide spectrum of abiotic conditions, a trait that may promote its dissemination within estuarine environments.}, }
@article {pmid25299381, year = {2014}, author = {Nathan, LM and Simmons, M and Wegleitner, BJ and Jerde, CL and Mahon, AR}, title = {Quantifying environmental DNA signals for aquatic invasive species across multiple detection platforms.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {48}, number = {21}, pages = {12800-12806}, doi = {10.1021/es5034052}, pmid = {25299381}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*genetics ; Confidence Intervals ; DNA/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Environment ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/economics/*methods ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The use of molecular surveillance techniques has become popular among aquatic researchers and managers due to the improved sensitivity and efficiency compared to traditional sampling methods. Rapid expansion in the use of environmental DNA (eDNA), paired with the advancement of molecular technologies, has resulted in new detection platforms and techniques. In this study we present a comparison of three eDNA surveillance platforms: traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), and digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) in which water samples were collected over a 24 h time period from mesocosm experiments containing a population gradient of invasive species densities. All platforms reliably detected the presence of DNA, even at low target organism densities within the first hour. The two quantitative platforms (qPCR and ddPCR) produced similar estimates of DNA concentrations. The analyses completed with ddPCR was faster from sample collection through analyses and cost approximately half the expenditure of qPCR. Although a new platform for eDNA surveillance of aquatic species, ddPCR was consistent with more commonly used qPCR and a cost-effective means of estimating DNA concentrations. Use of ddPCR by researchers and managers should be considered in future eDNA surveillance applications.}, }
@article {pmid25298030, year = {2015}, author = {Werner, GDA and Kiers, ET}, title = {Order of arrival structures arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of plants.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {205}, number = {4}, pages = {1515-1524}, doi = {10.1111/nph.13092}, pmid = {25298030}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Colony Count, Microbial ; Desiccation ; Glomeromycota/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Medicago truncatula/*microbiology ; Mycorrhizae/*growth &amp; development ; Plant Development ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Priority effects - the impact of a species' arrival on subsequent community development - have been shown to influence species composition in many organisms. Whether priority effects among arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) structure fungal root communities is not well understood. Here, we investigated whether priority effects influence the success of two closely related AMF species (Rhizophagus irregularis and Glomus aggregatum), hypothesizing that a resident AMF suppresses invader success, this effect is time-dependent and a resident will experience reduced growth when invaded. We performed two glasshouse experiments using modified pots, which permitted direct inoculation of resident and invading AMF on the roots. We quantified intraradical AMF abundances using quantitative PCR and visual colonization percentages. We found that both fungi suppressed the invading species and that this effect was strongly dependent on the time lag between inoculations. In contrast to our expectations, neither resident AMF was negatively affected by invasion. We show that order of arrival can influence the abundance of AMF species colonizing a host. These priority effects can have important implications for AMF ecology and the use of fungal inocula in sustainable agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid25297862, year = {2014}, author = {Brown, GP and Phillips, BL and Shine, R}, title = {The straight and narrow path: the evolution of straight-line dispersal at a cane toad invasion front.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1795}, pages = {}, pmid = {25297862}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Northern Territory ; Telemetry ; }, abstract = {At the edge of a biological invasion, evolutionary processes (spatial sorting, natural selection) often drive increases in dispersal. Although numerous traits influence an individual's displacement (e.g. speed, stamina), one of the most important is path straightness. A straight (i.e. highly correlated) path strongly enhances overall dispersal rate relative to time and energetic cost. Thus, we predict that, if path straightness has a genetic basis, organisms in the invasion vanguard will exhibit straighter paths than those following behind. Our studies on invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) in tropical Australia clearly support this prediction. Radio-tracking of field-collected toads at a single site showed that path straightness steadily decreased over the first 10 years post-invasion. Consistent with an evolved (genetic) basis to that behavioural shift, path straightness of toads reared under common garden conditions varied according to the location of their parents' origin. Offspring produced by toads from the invasion vanguard followed straighter paths than did those produced by parents from long-established populations. At the individual level, offspring exhibited similar path straightness to their parents. The dramatic acceleration of the cane toad invasion through tropical Australia has been driven, in part, by the evolution of a behavioural tendency towards dispersing in a straight line.}, }
@article {pmid25295713, year = {2015}, author = {Nugent, G and Gortazar, C and Knowles, G}, title = {The epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis in wild deer and feral pigs and their roles in the establishment and spread of bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand wildlife.}, journal = {New Zealand veterinary journal}, volume = {63 Suppl 1}, number = {sup1}, pages = {54-67}, pmid = {25295713}, issn = {0048-0169}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Cattle ; Deer/*microbiology ; Introduced Species ; *Mycobacterium bovis ; New Zealand ; Swine/*microbiology ; Tuberculosis, Bovine/*epidemiology ; }, abstract = {In New Zealand, wild deer and feral pigs are assumed to be spillover hosts for Mycobacterium bovis, and so are not targeted in efforts aimed at locally eradicating bovine tuberculosis (TB) from possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), the main wildlife host. Here we review the epidemiology of TB in deer and pigs, and assess whether New Zealand's TB management programme could be undermined if these species sometimes achieve maintenance host status. In New Zealand, TB prevalences of up to 47% have been recorded in wild deer sympatric with tuberculous possums. Patterns of lesion distribution, age-specific prevalences and behavioural observations suggest that deer become infected mainly through exposure to dead or moribund possums. TB can progress rapidly in some deer (<10%), but generalised disease is uncommon in wild deer; conversely some infected animals can survive for many years. Deer-to-deer transmission of M. bovis is rare, but transmission from tuberculous deer carcasses to scavengers, including possums, is likely. That creates a small spillback risk that could persist for a decade after transmission of new infection to wild deer has been halted. Tuberculosis prevalence in New Zealand feral pigs can reach 100%. Infections in lymph nodes of the head and alimentary tract predominate, indicating that TB is mostly acquired through scavenging tuberculous carrion, particularly possums. Infection is usually well contained, and transmission between pigs is rare. Large reductions in local possum density result in gradual declines (over 10 years) in TB prevalence among sympatric wild deer, and faster declines in feral pigs. Elimination of TB from possums (and livestock) therefore results in eventual disappearance of TB from feral pigs and wild deer. However, the risk of spillback infection from deer to possums substantially extends the time needed to locally eradicate TB from all wildlife (compared to that which would be required to eradicate disease from possums alone), while dispersal or translocation of pigs (e.g. by hunters) creates a risk of long-distance spread of disease. The high rate at which pigs acquire M. bovis infection from dead possums makes them useful as sentinels for detecting TB in wildlife. It is unlikely that wild deer and feral pigs act as maintenance hosts anywhere in New Zealand, because unrestricted year-round hunting keeps densities low, with far less aggregation than on New Zealand farms. We conclude that active management of wild deer or feral pigs is not required for local TB eradication in New Zealand.}, }
@article {pmid25294947, year = {2014}, author = {Minoarivelo, HO and Hui, C and Terblanche, JS and Pond, SL and Scheffler, K}, title = {Detecting phylogenetic signal in mutualistic interaction networks using a Markov process model.}, journal = {Oikos (Copenhagen, Denmark)}, volume = {123}, number = {10}, pages = {1250-1260}, pmid = {25294947}, issn = {0030-1299}, support = {DP1 DA034978/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States ; P30 AI036214/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 GM093939/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Ecological interaction networks, such as those describing the mutualistic interactions between plants and their pollinators or between plants and their frugivores, exhibit non-random structural properties that cannot be explained by simple models of network formation. One factor affecting the formation and eventual structure of such a network is its evolutionary history. We argue that this, in many cases, is closely linked to the evolutionary histories of the species involved in the interactions. Indeed, empirical studies of interaction networks along with the phylogenies of the interacting species have demonstrated significant associations between phylogeny and network structure. To date, however, no generative model explaining the way in which the evolution of individual species affects the evolution of interaction networks has been proposed. We present a model describing the evolution of pairwise interactions as a branching Markov process, drawing on phylogenetic models of molecular evolution. Using knowledge of the phylogenies of the interacting species, our model yielded a significantly better fit to 21% of a set of plant - pollinator and plant - frugivore mutualistic networks. This highlights the importance, in a substantial minority of cases, of inheritance of interaction patterns without excluding the potential role of ecological novelties in forming the current network architecture. We suggest that our model can be used as a null model for controlling evolutionary signals when evaluating the role of other factors in shaping the emergence of ecological networks.}, }
@article {pmid25290902, year = {2015}, author = {Nugent, G and Buddle, BM and Knowles, G}, title = {Epidemiology and control of Mycobacterium bovis infection in brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), the primary wildlife host of bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand.}, journal = {New Zealand veterinary journal}, volume = {63 Suppl 1}, number = {sup1}, pages = {28-41}, pmid = {25290902}, issn = {0048-0169}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; Disease Reservoirs/*veterinary ; Introduced Species ; Mycobacterium bovis/*isolation &amp; purification ; New Zealand/epidemiology ; Trichosurus/*microbiology ; Tuberculosis, Bovine/*epidemiology/prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {The introduced Australian brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is a maintenance host for bovine tuberculosis (TB) in New Zealand and plays a central role in the TB problem in this country. The TB-possum problem emerged in the late 1960s, and intensive lethal control of possums is now used to reduce densities to low levels over 8 million ha of the country. This review summarises what is currently known about the pathogenesis and epidemiology of TB in possums, and how the disease responds to possum control. TB in possums is a highly lethal disease, with most possums likely to die within 6 months of becoming infected. The mechanisms of transmission between possums remain unclear, but appear to require some form of close contact or proximity. At large geographic scales, TB prevalence in possum populations is usually low (1-5%), but local prevalence can sometimes reach 60%. Intensive, systematic and uniform population control has been highly effective in breaking the TB cycle in possum populations, and where that control has been sustained for many years the prevalence of TB is now zero or near zero. Although some uncertainties remain, local eradication of TB from possums appears to be straightforward, given that TB managers now have the ability to reduce possum numbers to near zero levels and to maintain them at those levels for extended periods where required. We conclude that, although far from complete, the current understanding of TB-possum epidemiology, and the current management strategies and tactics, are sufficient to achieve local, regional, and even national disease eradication from possums in New Zealand.}, }
@article {pmid25289187, year = {2014}, author = {Van Houtan, KS and Smith, CM and Dailer, ML and Kawachi, M}, title = {Eutrophication and the dietary promotion of sea turtle tumors.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {e602}, pmid = {25289187}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The tumor-forming disease fibropapillomatosis (FP) has afflicted sea turtle populations for decades with no clear cause. A lineage of α-herpesviruses associated with these tumors has existed for millennia, suggesting environmental factors are responsible for its recent epidemiology. In previous work, we described how herpesviruses could cause FP tumors through a metabolic influx of arginine. We demonstrated the disease prevails in chronically eutrophied coastal waters, and that turtles foraging in these sites might consume arginine-enriched macroalgae. Here, we test the idea using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to describe the amino acid profiles of green turtle (Chelonia mydas) tumors and five common forage species of macroalgae from a range of eutrophic states. Tumors were notably elevated in glycine, proline, alanine, arginine, and serine and depleted in lysine when compared to baseline samples. All macroalgae from eutrophic locations had elevated arginine, and all species preferentially stored environmental nitrogen as arginine even at oligotrophic sites. From these results, we estimate adult turtles foraging at eutrophied sites increase their arginine intake 17-26 g daily, up to 14 times the background level. Arginine nitrogen increased with total macroalgae nitrogen and watershed nitrogen, and the invasive rhodophyte Hypnea musciformis significantly outperformed all other species in this respect. Our results confirm that eutrophication substantially increases the arginine content of macroalgae, which may metabolically promote latent herpesviruses and cause FP tumors in green turtles.}, }
@article {pmid25289186, year = {2014}, author = {Burgio, KR and Rubega, MA and Sustaita, D}, title = {Nest-building behavior of Monk Parakeets and insights into potential mechanisms for reducing damage to utility poles.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {e601}, pmid = {25289186}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) commonly uses utility poles as a substrate for building large, bulky nests. These nests often cause fires and electric power outages, creating public safety risks and increasing liability and maintenance costs for electric companies. Previous research has focused on lethal methods and chemical contraception to prevent nesting on utility poles and electrical substations. However, implementation of lethal methods has led to public protests and lawsuits, while chemical contraception may affect other than the targeted species, and must be continually reapplied for effectiveness. One non-lethal alternative, nest removal, is costly and may not be a sustainable measure if Monk Parakeet populations continue to grow. In order to identify cost-effective non-lethal solutions to problems caused by Monk Parakeet nesting, we studied their behavior as they built nests on utility poles. Monk Parakeets initiate nests by attaching sticks at the intersection of the pole and electric lines. We found that parakeets use the electric lines exclusively to gain access to the intersection of lines and pole during nest initiation, and continue to use the lines intensively throughout construction. Monk Parakeets also have more difficulty attaching sticks during the early stages of nest construction than when the nest is nearing completion. These findings suggest that intervention during the earlier stages of nest building, by excluding Monk Parakeets from electric lines adjacent to poles, may be an effective, non-lethal method of reducing or eliminating parakeets nesting on, and damaging, utility poles.}, }
@article {pmid25283736, year = {2014}, author = {Coleman, RR and Gaither, MR and Kimokeo, B and Stanton, FG and Bowen, BW and Toonen, RJ}, title = {Large-scale introduction of the Indo-Pacific damselfish Abudefduf vaigiensis into Hawai'i promotes genetic swamping of the endemic congener A. abdominalis.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {22}, pages = {5552-5565}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12952}, pmid = {25283736}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genetics, Population ; Hawaii ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Introns ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Perciformes/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Hybridization in the ocean was once considered rare, a process prohibited by the rapid evolution of intrinsic reproductive barriers in a high-dispersal medium. However, recent genetic surveys have prompted a reappraisal of marine hybridization as an important demographic and evolutionary process. The Hawaiian Archipelago offers an unusual case history in this arena, due to the recent arrival of the widely distributed Indo-Pacific sergeant (Abudefduf vaigiensis), which is hybridizing with the endemic congener, A. abdominalis. Surveys of mtDNA and three nuclear loci across Hawai'i (N = 396, Abudefduf abdominalis and N = 314, A. vaigiensis) reveal that hybridization is significantly higher in the human-perturbed southeast archipelago (19.8%), tapering off to 5.9% in the pristine northwest archipelago. While densities of the two species varied throughout Hawai'i, hybridization was highest in regions with similar species densities, contradicting the generalization that the rarity of one species promotes interspecific mating. Our finding of later generation hybrids throughout the archipelago invokes the possibility of genetic swamping of the endemic species. Exaptation, an adaptation with unintended consequences, may explain these findings: the endemic species has transient yellow coloration during reproduction, whereas the introduced species has yellow coloration continuously as adults, in effect a permanent signal of reproductive receptivity. Haplotype diversity is higher in Hawaiian A. vaigiensis than in our samples from the native range, indicating large-scale colonization almost certainly facilitated by the historically recent surge of marine debris. In this chain of events, marine debris promotes colonization, exaptation promotes hybridization, and introgression invokes the possible collapse of an endemic species.}, }
@article {pmid25282127, year = {2015}, author = {Clark, GF and Kelaher, BP and Dafforn, KA and Coleman, MA and Knott, NA and Marzinelli, EM and Johnston, EL}, title = {What does impacted look like? High diversity and abundance of epibiota in modified estuaries.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {196}, number = {}, pages = {12-20}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2014.09.017}, pmid = {25282127}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*classification/growth &amp; development ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Estuaries ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Human Activities ; Invertebrates/classification/growth &amp; development ; Metals/analysis ; Polychaeta ; South Australia ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Ecosystems modified by human activities are generally predicted to be biologically impoverished. However, much pollution impact theory stems from laboratory or small-scale field studies, and few studies replicate at the level of estuary. Furthermore, assessments are often based on sediment contamination and infauna, and impacts to epibiota (sessile invertebrates and algae) are seldom considered. We surveyed epibiota in six estuaries in south-east Australia. Half the estuaries were relatively pristine, and half were subject to internationally high levels of contamination, urbanisation, and industrialisation. Contrary to predictions, epibiota in modified estuaries had greater coverage and were similarly diverse as those in unmodified estuaries. Change in epibiota community structure was linearly correlated with sediment-bound copper, and the tubeworm Hydroides elegans showed a strong positive correlation with sediment metals. Stressors such as metal contamination can reduce biodiversity and productivity, but others such as nutrient enrichment and resource provision may obscure signals of impact.}, }
@article {pmid25278504, year = {2014}, author = {Tittensor, DP and Walpole, M and Hill, SL and Boyce, DG and Britten, GL and Burgess, ND and Butchart, SH and Leadley, PW and Regan, EC and Alkemade, R and Baumung, R and Bellard, C and Bouwman, L and Bowles-Newark, NJ and Chenery, AM and Cheung, WW and Christensen, V and Cooper, HD and Crowther, AR and Dixon, MJ and Galli, A and Gaveau, V and Gregory, RD and Gutierrez, NL and Hirsch, TL and Höft, R and Januchowski-Hartley, SR and Karmann, M and Krug, CB and Leverington, FJ and Loh, J and Lojenga, RK and Malsch, K and Marques, A and Morgan, DH and Mumby, PJ and Newbold, T and Noonan-Mooney, K and Pagad, SN and Parks, BC and Pereira, HM and Robertson, T and Rondinini, C and Santini, L and Scharlemann, JP and Schindler, S and Sumaila, UR and Teh, LS and van Kolck, J and Visconti, P and Ye, Y}, title = {A mid-term analysis of progress toward international biodiversity targets.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {346}, number = {6206}, pages = {241-244}, doi = {10.1126/science.1257484}, pmid = {25278504}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Extinction, Biological ; }, abstract = {In 2010, the international community, under the auspices of the Convention on Biological Diversity, agreed on 20 biodiversity-related "Aichi Targets" to be achieved within a decade. We provide a comprehensive mid-term assessment of progress toward these global targets using 55 indicator data sets. We projected indicator trends to 2020 using an adaptive statistical framework that incorporated the specific properties of individual time series. On current trajectories, results suggest that despite accelerating policy and management responses to the biodiversity crisis, the impacts of these efforts are unlikely to be reflected in improved trends in the state of biodiversity by 2020. We highlight areas of societal endeavor requiring additional efforts to achieve the Aichi Targets, and provide a baseline against which to assess future progress.}, }
@article {pmid25276502, year = {2014}, author = {Silliman, BR and Mozdzer, T and Angelini, C and Brundage, JE and Esselink, P and Bakker, JP and Gedan, KB and van de Koppel, J and Baldwin, AH}, title = {Livestock as a potential biological control agent for an invasive wetland plant.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {e567}, pmid = {25276502}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Invasive species threaten biodiversity and incur costs exceeding billions of US$. Eradication efforts, however, are nearly always unsuccessful. Throughout much of North America, land managers have used expensive, and ultimately ineffective, techniques to combat invasive Phragmites australis in marshes. Here, we reveal that Phragmites may potentially be controlled by employing an affordable measure from its native European range: livestock grazing. Experimental field tests demonstrate that rotational goat grazing (where goats have no choice but to graze Phragmites) can reduce Phragmites cover from 100 to 20% and that cows and horses also readily consume this plant. These results, combined with the fact that Europeans have suppressed Phragmites through seasonal livestock grazing for 6,000 years, suggest Phragmites management can shift to include more economical and effective top-down control strategies. More generally, these findings support an emerging paradigm shift in conservation from high-cost eradication to economically sustainable control of dominant invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid25274369, year = {2014}, author = {Bonetti, MF and Wiens, JJ}, title = {Evolution of climatic niche specialization: a phylogenetic analysis in amphibians.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1795}, pages = {}, pmid = {25274369}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Amphibians/*classification/*physiology ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Climate ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The evolution of climatic niche specialization has important implications for many topics in ecology, evolution and conservation. The climatic niche reflects the set of temperature and precipitation conditions where a species can occur. Thus, specialization to a limited set of climatic conditions can be important for understanding patterns of biogeography, species richness, community structure, allopatric speciation, spread of invasive species and responses to climate change. Nevertheless, the factors that determine climatic niche width (level of specialization) remain poorly explored. Here, we test whether species that occur in more extreme climates are more highly specialized for those conditions, and whether there are trade-offs between niche widths on different climatic niche axes (e.g. do species that tolerate a broad range of temperatures tolerate only a limited range of precipitation regimes?). We test these hypotheses in amphibians, using phylogenetic comparative methods and global-scale datasets, including 2712 species with both climatic and phylogenetic data. Our results do not support either hypothesis. Rather than finding narrower niches in more extreme environments, niches tend to be narrower on one end of a climatic gradient but wider on the other. We also find that temperature and precipitation niche breadths are positively related, rather than showing trade-offs. Finally, our results suggest that most amphibian species occur in relatively warm and dry environments and have relatively narrow climatic niche widths on both of these axes. Thus, they may be especially imperilled by anthropogenic climate change.}, }
@article {pmid25273888, year = {2015}, author = {Livingstone, PG and Hancox, N and Nugent, G and de Lisle, GW}, title = {Toward eradication: the effect of Mycobacterium bovis infection in wildlife on the evolution and future direction of bovine tuberculosis management in New Zealand.}, journal = {New Zealand veterinary journal}, volume = {63 Suppl 1}, number = {sup1}, pages = {4-18}, pmid = {25273888}, issn = {0048-0169}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Cattle ; Communicable Disease Control/*trends ; Disease Reservoirs/*veterinary ; New Zealand/*epidemiology ; Tuberculosis, Bovine/*epidemiology/prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {New Zealand's bovine tuberculosis (TB) control programme has greatly reduced the burden of tuberculosis on the farming industry, from 11% of mature cattle found with TB at slaughter in 1905 to <0.003% in 2012/13. New Zealand implemented TB control measures in cattle from the mid-twentieth century, and later in farmed deer. Control was based on established methods of tuberculin testing of herds, slaughter of suspect cases, and livestock movement control. Unexplained regional control failures and serious disease outbreaks were eventually linked to wildlife-vectored infection from the introduced Australian brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), which also triggered a wildlife disease complex involving a range of introduced species. This paper reviews the progressive elucidation of the epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis in New Zealand's wildlife and farmed livestock, and the parallel development of research-led, multi-faceted TB control strategies required to protect New Zealand's livestock industries from damaging infection levels. The adoption of coordinated national pest management strategies, with increasingly ambitious objectives agreed between government and industry funders, has driven a costly but very successful management regime targeted at controlling TB in the possum maintenance host. This success has led to initiation of a strategy designed to eradicate TB from New Zealand's livestock and wildlife, which is considered a realistic long-term prospect.}, }
@article {pmid25269662, year = {2014}, author = {Castells, E and Mulder, PP and Pérez-Trujillo, M}, title = {Diversity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in native and invasive Senecio pterophorus (Asteraceae): implications for toxicity.}, journal = {Phytochemistry}, volume = {108}, number = {}, pages = {137-146}, doi = {10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.09.006}, pmid = {25269662}, issn = {1873-3700}, mesh = {Australia ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Herbivory ; Molecular Structure ; Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids/*analysis/*chemistry/pharmacology ; Senecio/chemistry/*growth &amp; development ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Changes in plant chemical defenses after invasion could have consequences on the invaded ecosystems by modifying the interactions between plants and herbivores and facilitating invasion success. However, no comprehensive biogeographical studies have yet determined the phenotypic levels of plant chemical defenses, as consumed by local herbivores, covering large distributional areas of a species. Senecio pterophorus is a perennial shrub native to Eastern South Africa, expanded into Western South Africa and introduced into Australia and Europe. As other Asteraceae, S. pterophorus contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) toxic to vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores. Here we analyzed S. pterophorus PAs by LC-MS/MS on foliage sampled across its entire distributional range, including the native and all non-native areas. PA concentrations and diversity was very high: we found 57 compounds belonging to 6 distinct necine base-types, including the highly toxic 1,2-unsaturated PAs (retronecine and otonecines) and the less toxic 1,2-saturated PAs (platynecine and rosmarinecines). Plants from different origins diverged in their PA absolute and relative concentrations. Rosmarinine was the most abundant compound in Australia and South Africa, but it was nearly absent in Europe. We characterized three plant chemotypes: retrorsine-senkirkine chemotype in Eastern South Africa, rosmarinine chemotype in Australia and Western South Africa, and acetylseneciphylline chemotype in Europe. PA absolute concentrations were highest in Australia. The increased absolute and relative concentrations of retronecine PAs from Australia and Europe, respectively, indicate that S. pterophorus is potentially more toxic in the invasive range than in the native range.}, }
@article {pmid25269073, year = {2014}, author = {Freeman, ED and Sharp, TR and Larsen, RT and Knight, RN and Slater, SJ and McMillan, BR}, title = {Negative effects of an exotic grass invasion on small-mammal communities.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {e108843}, pmid = {25269073}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biota ; Bromus/*growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Mammals ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Exotic invasive species can directly and indirectly influence natural ecological communities. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) is non-native to the western United States and has invaded large areas of the Great Basin. Changes to the structure and composition of plant communities invaded by cheatgrass likely have effects at higher trophic levels. As a keystone guild in North American deserts, granivorous small mammals drive and maintain plant diversity. Our objective was to assess potential effects of invasion by cheatgrass on small-mammal communities. We sampled small-mammal and plant communities at 70 sites (Great Basin, Utah). We assessed abundance and diversity of the small-mammal community, diversity of the plant community, and the percentage of cheatgrass cover and shrub species. Abundance and diversity of the small-mammal community decreased with increasing abundance of cheatgrass. Similarly, cover of cheatgrass remained a significant predictor of small-mammal abundance even after accounting for the loss of the shrub layer and plant diversity, suggesting that there are direct and indirect effects of cheatgrass. The change in the small-mammal communities associated with invasion of cheatgrass likely has effects through higher and lower trophic levels and has the potential to cause major changes in ecosystem structure and function.}, }
@article {pmid25268214, year = {2014}, author = {Garnas, J and Groden, E and Drummond, FA}, title = {Mechanisms of competitive displacement of native ant fauna by invading Myrmica rubra (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) populations.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {43}, number = {6}, pages = {1496-1506}, doi = {10.1603/EN14079}, pmid = {25268214}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Aggression/physiology ; Analysis of Variance ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Appetitive Behavior/physiology ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Maine ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Exotic ants have become invasive in many regions around the world, with variable ecological impacts. Postinvasion, native ant communities are often found to be depauperate, though the causes of this apparent lack of coexistence are rarely well known. Myrmica rubra (L.), a Palearctic Myrmecine ant, is currently expanding its range as an invasive in North America. This aggressive ant forms dense, patchy local infestations and appears to aggressively displace native ant fauna. We measured behavioral interactions and rates of recruitment in experimental field assays pitting native foragers against captive colonies of M. rubra at tuna-jelly or aphid baits in uninfested areas of Mt. Desert Island, ME. Behavioral interactions were idiosyncratic with respect to the native opponent, but M. rubra generally showed significantly higher levels of recruitment, aggression, and displacement of native foragers. As with other invasive ant species shown to have broken the "dominance-discovery trade-off," M. rubra was consistently faster to discover baits and disproportionately displaced native foragers, providing a plausible proximate mechanism for native ant exclusion. Finally, we surveyed ant recruitment at baits for 24 h in August 2004 at four sites with varying M. rubra abundance but found little evidence of temporal niche partitioning. Taken together, these results indicate competitive superiority by M. rubra with respect to native ant communities of the northeastern North America and suggest direct aggression and competitive exclusion at food resources can lead to local native displacement.}, }
@article {pmid25267846, year = {2014}, author = {Lyons, CL and Coetzee, M and Terblanche, JS and Chown, SL}, title = {Desiccation tolerance as a function of age, sex, humidity and temperature in adults of the African malaria vectors Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {217}, number = {Pt 21}, pages = {3823-3833}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.104638}, pmid = {25267846}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Age Factors ; Animals ; Anopheles/*physiology ; Dehydration/*prevention &amp; control ; Female ; Humidity ; Male ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Sex Factors ; Species Specificity ; Survival Analysis ; Temperature ; Water Loss, Insensible/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Adult mosquito survival is strongly temperature and moisture dependent. Few studies have investigated the interacting effects of these variables on adult survival and how this differs among the sexes and with age, despite the importance of such information for population dynamic models. For these reasons, the desiccation tolerance of Anopheles arabiensis Patton and Anopheles funestus Giles males and females of three different ages was assessed under three combinations of temperature and humidity. Females were more desiccation tolerant than males, surviving for longer periods than males under all experimental conditions. In addition, younger adults were more tolerant of desiccation than older groups. Both species showed reduced water loss rate (WLR) as the primary mechanism by which they tolerate desiccation. Although A. arabiensis is often considered to be the more arid-adapted of the two species, it showed lower survival times and higher WLR than A. funestus. The current information could improve population dynamic models of these vectors, given that adult survival information for such models is relatively sparse.}, }
@article {pmid25266351, year = {2014}, author = {Pedersen, K and Marks, DR and Arsnoe, DM and Bevins, SN and Wang, E and Weaver, SC and Mickley, RM and DeLiberto, TJ}, title = {Short report: Antibody prevalence of select arboviruses in mute swans (Cygnus olor) in the Great Lakes region and Atlantic coast of the United States.}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {91}, number = {6}, pages = {1247-1249}, pmid = {25266351}, issn = {1476-1645}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/*blood ; Arboviruses/*immunology ; Birds/*virology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Mute swans (Cygnus olor) are an invasive species in the United States. The dramatic increase in their populations in localized areas has led to various problems, among them competition with native species and attacks on humans by aggressive swans. However, very little is known about the ability of these swans to transmit pathogens to humans, domestic birds, or wildlife or participate in enzootic maintenance. To learn more about select pathogens that mute swans may harbor, a survey was conducted from April of 2011 to August of 2012 in the Great Lakes region and localized areas of the Atlantic coast, which revealed serologic evidence of arbovirus exposure in mute swans. Of 497 mute swans tested, antibodies were detected for eastern equine encephalitis (4.8%), St. Louis encephalitis (1.4%), West Nile (1.2%), and Turlock (0.6%) viruses. Samples were also tested for evidence of antibodies to La Crosse virus, but none were positive.}, }
@article {pmid25265905, year = {2015}, author = {Paterson, RA and Dick, JT and Pritchard, DW and Ennis, M and Hatcher, MJ and Dunn, AM}, title = {Predicting invasive species impacts: a community module functional response approach reveals context dependencies.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {84}, number = {2}, pages = {453-463}, pmid = {25265905}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Acanthocephala ; Amphipoda/*microbiology/*parasitology/*physiology ; Animals ; Chironomidae ; Ephemeroptera ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Isopoda/physiology ; Pleistophora ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Trout/physiology ; }, abstract = {Predatory functional responses play integral roles in predator-prey dynamics, and their assessment promises greater understanding and prediction of the predatory impacts of invasive species. Other interspecific interactions, however, such as parasitism and higher-order predation, have the potential to modify predator-prey interactions and thus the predictive capability of the comparative functional response approach. We used a four-species community module (higher-order predator; focal native or invasive predators; parasites of focal predators; native prey) to compare the predatory functional responses of native Gammarus duebeni celticus and invasive Gammarus pulex amphipods towards three invertebrate prey species (Asellus aquaticus, Simulium spp., Baetis rhodani), thus, quantifying the context dependencies of parasitism and a higher-order fish predator on these functional responses. Our functional response experiments demonstrated that the invasive amphipod had a higher predatory impact (lower handling time) on two of three prey species, which reflects patterns of impact observed in the field. The community module also revealed that parasitism had context-dependent influences, for one prey species, with the potential to further reduce the predatory impact of the invasive amphipod or increase the predatory impact of the native amphipod in the presence of a higher-order fish predator. Partial consumption of prey was similar for both predators and occurred increasingly in the order A. aquaticus, Simulium spp. and B. rhodani. This was associated with increasing prey densities, but showed no context dependencies with parasitism or higher-order fish predator. This study supports the applicability of comparative functional responses as a tool to predict and assess invasive species impacts incorporating multiple context dependencies.}, }
@article {pmid25263814, year = {2015}, author = {Anderson, DP and Ramsey, DS and de Lisle, GW and Bosson, M and Cross, ML and Nugent, G}, title = {Development of integrated surveillance systems for the management of tuberculosis in New Zealand wildlife.}, journal = {New Zealand veterinary journal}, volume = {63 Suppl 1}, number = {sup1}, pages = {89-97}, pmid = {25263814}, issn = {0048-0169}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Cattle ; Disease Reservoirs/veterinary ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand/epidemiology ; Population Surveillance ; Tuberculosis, Bovine/*epidemiology/prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {Disease surveillance for the management of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in New Zealand has focussed, to a large extent, on the development of tools specific for monitoring Mycobacterium bovis infection in wildlife. Diagnostic techniques have been modified progressively over 30 years of surveillance of TB in wildlife, from initial characterisation of gross TB lesions in a variety of wildlife, through development of sensitive culture techniques to identify viable mycobacteria, to molecular identification of individual M. bovis strains. Of key importance in disease surveillance has been the elucidation of the roles that different wildlife species play in the transmission of infection, specifically defining brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) as true maintenance hosts compared to those that are predominantly spillover hosts, but which may serve as useful sentinel species to indicate TB persistence. Epidemiological modelling has played a major role in TB surveillance, initially providing the theoretical support for large-scale possum population control and setting targets at which control effort should be deployed to ensure disease eradication. As TB prevalence in livestock and wildlife declined throughout the 2000s, more varied field tools were developed to gather surveillance data from the diminishing possum populations, and to provide information on changing TB prevalence. Accordingly, ever more precise (but disparate) surveillance information began to be integrated into multi-faceted decision-assist models to support TB management decisions, particularly to provide informed parameters at which control effort could be halted, culminating in the Proof of Freedom modelling framework that now allows an area to be declared TB-free within chosen confidence limits. As New Zealand moves from large-scale TB control to regional eradication of disease in the coming years, further integrative models will need to be developed to support management decisions, based on combined field data of possum and TB prevalence, sentinel information, risk assessment in relation to financial benefits, and changing political and environmental needs.}, }
@article {pmid25263711, year = {2015}, author = {Pasquali, S and Gilioli, G and Janssen, D and Winter, S}, title = {Optimal Strategies for Interception, Detection, and Eradication in Plant Biosecurity.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {35}, number = {9}, pages = {1663-1673}, doi = {10.1111/risa.12278}, pmid = {25263711}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; Europe ; Hemiptera/pathogenicity/virology ; *Introduced Species/economics ; Models, Statistical ; Plant Diseases/economics/prevention &amp; control/virology ; Population Dynamics ; *Risk Management ; }, abstract = {The introduction of invasive species causes damages from the economic and ecological point of view. Interception of plant pests and eradication of the established populations are two management options to prevent or limit the risk posed by an invasive species. Management options generate costs related to the interception at the point of entry, and the detection and eradication of established field populations. Risk managers have to decide how to allocate resources between interception, field detection, containment, and eradication minimizing the expected total costs. In this work is considered an optimization problem aiming at determining the optimal allocation of resources to minimize the expected total costs of the introduction of Bemisia tabaci-transmitted viruses in Europe. The optimization problem takes into account a probabilistic model for the estimation of the percentage of viruliferous insect populations arriving through the trade of commodities, and a population dynamics model describing the process of the vector populations' establishment and spread. The time of field detection of viruliferous insect populations is considered as a random variable. The solution of the optimization problem allows to determine the optimal allocation of the search effort between interception and detection/eradication. The behavior of the search effort as a function of efficacy or search in interception and in detection is then analyzed. The importance of the vector population growth rate and the probability of virus establishment are also considered in the analysis of the optimization problem.}, }
@article {pmid25263642, year = {2014}, author = {Monroy, M and Maceda-Veiga, A and Caiola, N and De Sostoa, A}, title = {Trophic interactions between native and introduced fish species in a littoral fish community.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {85}, number = {5}, pages = {1693-1706}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.12529}, pmid = {25263642}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Bolivia ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; *Diet ; Ecology/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/physiology ; Peru ; }, abstract = {The trophic interactions between 15 native and two introduced fish species, silverside Odontesthes bonariensis and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, collected in a major fishery area at Lake Titicaca were explored by integrating traditional ecological knowledge and stable-isotope analyses (SIA). SIA suggested the existence of six trophic groups in this fish community based on δ(13)C and δ(15)N signatures. This was supported by ecological evidence illustrating marked spatial segregation between groups, but a similar trophic level for most of the native groups. Based on Bayesian ellipse analyses, niche overlap appeared to occur between small O. bonariensis (<90 mm) and benthopelagic native species (31.6%), and between the native pelagic killifish Orestias ispi and large O. bonariensis (39%) or O. mykiss (19.7%). In addition, Bayesian mixing models suggested that O. ispi and epipelagic species are likely to be the main prey items for the two introduced fish species. This study reveals a trophic link between native and introduced fish species, and demonstrates the utility of combining both SIA and traditional ecological knowledge to understand trophic relationships between fish species with similar feeding habits.}, }
@article {pmid25261495, year = {2015}, author = {Man In 't Veld, WA and Rosendahl, KC and van Rijswick, PC and Meffert, JP and Westenberg, M and van de Vossenberg, BT and Denton, G and van Kuik, FA}, title = {Phytophthora terminalis sp. nov. and Phytophthora occultans sp. nov., two invasive pathogens of ornamental plants in Europe.}, journal = {Mycologia}, volume = {107}, number = {1}, pages = {54-65}, doi = {10.3852/12-371}, pmid = {25261495}, issn = {0027-5514}, mesh = {Europe ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Phytophthora/classification/genetics/growth &amp; development/*isolation &amp; purification ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Plants/*microbiology ; Spores, Fungal/classification/genetics/growth &amp; development/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {In the past decade several Phytophthora strains were isolated from diseased Pachysandra terminalis plants suffering stem base and root rot, originating from the Netherlands and Belgium. All isolates were homothallic and had a felt-like colony pattern, produced semi-papillate sporangia, globose oogonia and had a maximum growth at ~ 27 C. Several additional Phytophthora strains were isolated from diseased Buxus sempervirens plants, originating from the Netherlands and Belgium, which had sustained stem base and root rot; similar strains also were isolated from Acer palmatum, Choisya ternata and Taxus in the United Kingdom. All isolates were homothallic and had a stellate colony pattern, produced larger semi-papillate sporangia and smaller globose oogonia than the isolates from Pa. terminalis and had a maximum growth temperature of ~ 30 C. Phylogenetic analyses of both species using the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuc rDNA (ITS), mt cytochrome oxidases subunit I gene (CoxI) and nuc translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1α) revealed that all sequences of each species were identical at each locus and unique to that species, forming two distinct clusters in subclade 2a. Sequence analysis of partial β-tubulin genes showed that both taxa share an identical sequence that is identical to that of Ph. himalsilva, a species originating from Asia, suggesting a common Asian origin. Pathogenicity trials demonstrated disease symptoms on their respective hosts, and re-isolation and re-identification of the inoculated pathogens confirmed Koch's postulates.}, }
@article {pmid25261179, year = {2014}, author = {Johnston, MW and Purkis, SJ}, title = {Are lionfish set for a Mediterranean invasion? Modelling explains why this is unlikely to occur.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {88}, number = {1-2}, pages = {138-147}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.09.013}, pmid = {25261179}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Models, Theoretical ; Pacific Ocean ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Remote Sensing Technology ; }, abstract = {The Atlantic invasion of Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans/P. miles) has been as swift as it has been disastrous. Lionfish are non-native to the Mediterranean, but an invasion is perhaps even more likely than for the Atlantic. First, as for the Atlantic, there are many major cities on the coast of the Mediterranean (where aquarium-keeping is a common practice and chances of accidental and deliberate releases are high), and second, lionfish are native to the Red Sea, to which the Mediterranean is connected via the Suez Canal. Furthermore, there have already been four records of lionfish in the Mediterranean and so the pretext for an invasion is already in place. Up until now, however, it has been difficult to gauge the likelihood of an infestation of lionfish in the Mediterranean as, unlike the Atlantic, this sea has not been examined in terms of its hydrodynamics, ocean climate, and bathymetry, all factors known to be relevant to assessing the possibility of invasion. Motivated by this knowledge-gap, this study used remote sensing and computer modeling to investigate the connectivity between areas along the Mediterranean coastline that fulfill the necessary physical criteria to serve as potential lionfish habitat. Model results from the Mediterranean were compared and contrasted to those from the Atlantic and eastern Pacific. The Atlantic was considered because the lionfish invasion there has been voracious. Meanwhile, the eastern Pacific is interesting as a site without native lionfish, but with plenty of opportunity for their introduction, but no invasion yet recorded. Results indicated that, unlike in the Atlantic, connectivity among potential lionfish habitats in the Mediterranean was low in the study and comparable to that in the eastern Pacific. Although oceanographic conditions in the Mediterranean were found unfavorable for wide dispersion of lionfish larvae, hotspots where numerous lionfish sightings would forewarn an impending invasion were identified. This paper can therefore serve as a guide to the most efficient monitoring of lionfish in the Mediterranean and to where removal efforts should be concentrated, should the species become established.}, }
@article {pmid25260655, year = {2014}, author = {Souza-Alonso, P and González, L and Cavaleiro, C}, title = {Ambient has become strained. Identification of Acacia dealbata Link volatiles interfering with germination and early growth of native species.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {40}, number = {9}, pages = {1051-1061}, pmid = {25260655}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Acacia/*chemistry/growth &amp; development ; Fabaceae/*growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Flame Ionization ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Germination ; Introduced Species ; Oxidative Stress ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development ; Spain ; Volatile Organic Compounds/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Acacia dealbata Link is a widespread invader in Mediterranean type ecosystems, and traits promoting its invasiveness are currently under investigation. Due to the dense atmosphere below its canopy, we hypothesized that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from flowers, leaves, litter, or a mixture of treatments exert inhibitory effects on the natives Trifolium subterraneum, Lolium multiflorum, Medicago sativa, and also on its own seeds. We reported that VOCs from flowers significantly reduced germination in L. multiflorum and A. dealbata; moreover, root length, stem length, aboveground and belowground biomass were also reduced in all species studied. Volatile organic compounds from flowers and the mixture also increased significantly malondialdehyde content in T. subterraneum and L. multiflorum. The effects of VOCs on antioxidant enzymatic activities were species dependent. Flowers enhanced peroxidase but decreased superoxide dismutase activity in T. subterraneum. In contrast, VOCs released from leaves increased the activity of superoxide dismutase in L. multiflorum. GC/MS analyses revealed 27 VOCs in the volatile fraction from flowers, 12 of which were exclusive to this fraction. Within them, heptadecadiene, n-nonadecane, n-tricosane, and octadecene represent 62% of the fraction. We present evidence that the VOCs released from A. dealbata flowers strongly inhibited germination and seedling growth of selected species, and mainly on its own seedlings. As far as we know, this is the first evidence of phytotoxicity induced by VOCs in invasive species belonging to the Acacia genus.}, }
@article {pmid25259691, year = {2014}, author = {Pezet, J and Elkinton, JS}, title = {Hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) induces twig volatiles of eastern hemlock in a forest setting.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {43}, number = {5}, pages = {1275-1285}, doi = {10.1603/EN13358}, pmid = {25259691}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Forests ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; *Herbivory ; Massachusetts ; Terpenes/metabolism ; Tsuga/*physiology ; Volatile Organic Compounds/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) is an invasive species causing high mortality of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L) Carriere) in the forests of eastern North America. Recent findings revealed that sapling eastern hemlocks artificially infested with hemlock woolly adelgid in a plantation setting responded to the insect with an array of induced resin volatile changes. Here we determine if eastern hemlocks growing beneath a forest canopy respond to hemlock woolly adelgid infestation with the same patterns of constitutive and inducible volatile resin production as those plantation specimens. We inoculated previously uninfested branches of mature and immature hemlocks in a central New England forest with hemlock woolly adelgid. We then sampled twig tissue of infested and uninfested trees in late spring, early summer, and mid-autumn, after known intervals of adelgid activity when an induced response might be expected. We identified and quantified resin volatiles by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Constitutive levels of total monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and combined resin volatiles were all several-fold more abundant in forest trees than those previously measured in a plantation setting, pointing to further study of the influence of site factors on hemlock volatile production. Hemlock woolly adelgid infestation induced an array of changes in eastern hemlock's volatile profile, including many-fold increases in benzyl alcohol and methyl salicylate accumulation. Despite differences in constitutive concentrations of volatiles between the two sites, our findings verify that hemlock woolly adelgid elicits patterns of resin volatile induction in forest-grown eastern hemlocks quite similar to those previously observed in plantation grown trees.}, }
@article {pmid25258173, year = {2014}, author = {Rentería-Solís, Z and Förster, C and Aue, A and Wittstatt, U and Wibbelt, G and König, M}, title = {Canine distemper outbreak in raccoons suggests pathogen interspecies transmission amongst alien and native carnivores in urban areas from Germany.}, journal = {Veterinary microbiology}, volume = {174}, number = {1-2}, pages = {50-59}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.08.034}, pmid = {25258173}, issn = {1873-2542}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cluster Analysis ; Disease Outbreaks/*veterinary ; Distemper/*epidemiology/transmission/virology ; Distemper Virus, Canine/*genetics ; Dogs/virology ; Germany/epidemiology ; Immunohistochemistry/veterinary ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Raccoons/*virology ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/veterinary ; }, abstract = {From December 2012 to May 2013, an outbreak occurred among urban wild carnivores from Berlin. We collected 97 free-ranging raccoons from the city area. PCR assays, histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed canine distemper virus (CDV) infection in 74 raccoons. Phylogenetic analysis of haemagglutinin gene fragments (1767 nucleotides) of CDV isolated from four raccoons showed close relation to CDV isolates from foxes from Germany and a domestic dog from Hungary; all belonging to the "Europe" lineage of CDV. These study results suggest an inter-species transmission of CDV as the origin for the outbreak among the raccoon population. Implications for domestic pets and suggested interspecies transmission between urban wildlife and raccoons are discussed. This is the first major outbreak of CDV amongst free-ranging raccoons in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid25256916, year = {2014}, author = {Ellender, BR and Woodford, DJ and Weyl, OL and Cowx, IG}, title = {Managing conflicts arising from fisheries enhancements based on non-native fishes in southern Africa.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {85}, number = {6}, pages = {1890-1906}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.12512}, pmid = {25256916}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Africa, Southern ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; Fisheries/economics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; *Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Recreation ; }, abstract = {Southern Africa has a long history of non-native fish introductions for the enhancement of recreational and commercial fisheries, due to a perceived lack of suitable native species. This has resulted in some important inland fisheries being based on non-native fishes. Regionally, these introductions are predominantly not benign, and non-native fishes are considered one of the main threats to aquatic biodiversity because they affect native biota through predation, competition, habitat alteration, disease transfer and hybridization. To achieve national policy objectives of economic development, food security and poverty eradication, countries are increasingly looking towards inland fisheries as vehicles for development. As a result, conflicts have developed between economic and conservation objectives. In South Africa, as is the case for other invasive biota, the control and management of non-native fishes is included in the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act. Implementation measures include import and movement controls and, more recently, non-native fish eradication in conservation priority areas. Management actions are, however, complicated because many non-native fishes are important components in recreational and subsistence fisheries that contribute towards regional economies and food security. In other southern African countries, little attention has focussed on issues and management of non-native fishes, and this is cause for concern. This paper provides an overview of introductions, impacts and fisheries in southern Africa with emphasis on existing and evolving legislation, conflicts, implementation strategies and the sometimes innovative approaches that have been used to prioritize conservation areas and manage non-native fishes.}, }
@article {pmid25254475, year = {2014}, author = {Helmus, MR and Mahler, DL and Losos, JB}, title = {Island biogeography of the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {513}, number = {7519}, pages = {543-546}, pmid = {25254475}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Commerce/history/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Geography ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Human Activities/history/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Introduced Species/history/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Islands ; *Lizards/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Models, Economic ; Population Dynamics ; West Indies ; }, abstract = {For centuries, biogeographers have examined the factors that produce patterns of biodiversity across regions. The study of islands has proved particularly fruitful and has led to the theory that geographic area and isolation influence species colonization, extinction and speciation such that larger islands have more species and isolated islands have fewer species (that is, positive species-area and negative species-isolation relationships). However, experimental tests of this theory have been limited, owing to the difficulty in experimental manipulation of islands at the scales at which speciation and long-distance colonization are relevant. Here we have used the human-aided transport of exotic anole lizards among Caribbean islands as such a test at an appropriate scale. In accord with theory, as anole colonizations have increased, islands impoverished in native species have gained the most exotic species, the past influence of speciation on island biogeography has been obscured, and the species-area relationship has strengthened while the species-isolation relationship has weakened. Moreover, anole biogeography increasingly reflects anthropogenic rather than geographic processes. Unlike the island biogeography of the past that was determined by geographic area and isolation, in the Anthropocene--an epoch proposed for the present time interval--island biogeography is dominated by the economic isolation of human populations.}, }
@article {pmid25254469, year = {2014}, author = {Goymer, P}, title = {Biodiversity: Leaping lizards.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {513}, number = {7519}, pages = {492}, pmid = {25254469}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Islands ; *Lizards ; }, }
@article {pmid25254364, year = {2014}, author = {Lü, ZC and Li, Q and Liu, WX and Wan, FH}, title = {Transient receptor potential is essential for high temperature tolerance in invasive Bemisia tabaci Middle East Asia minor 1 cryptic species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {e108428}, pmid = {25254364}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Complementary/chemistry/genetics ; Gene Expression ; Heat-Shock Response/genetics ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; *Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; Stress, Physiological ; Transient Receptor Potential Channels/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Temperature is an important factor in affecting population dynamics and diffusion distribution of organisms. Alien species can successfully invade and colonize to various temperature environments, and one of important reasons is that alien species have a strong resistance to stress temperature. Recently, researchers have focused on the mechanisms of temperature sensing to determine the sensing and regulation mechanisms of temperature adaptation. The transient receptor potential (TRP) is one of the key components of an organism's temperature perception system. TRP plays important roles in perceiving temperature, such as avoiding high temperature, low temperature and choosing the optimum temperature. To assess high temperature sensation and the heat resistance role of the TRP gene, we used 3' and 5' rapid-amplification of cDNA ends to isolate the full-length cDNA sequence of the TRP gene from Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) MEAM1 (Middle East Asia Minor 1), examined the mRNA expression profile under various temperature conditions, and identified the heat tolerance function. This is the first study to characterize the TRP gene of invasive B. tabaci MEAM1 (MEAM1 BtTRP). The full-length cDNA of MEAM1 BtTRP was 3871 bp, and the open reading frames of BtTRP was 3501 bp, encoding 1166 amino acids. Additionally, the BtTRP mRNA expression level was significantly increased at 35°C. Furthermore, compared with control treatments, the survival rate of B. tabaci MEAM1 adults was significantly decreased under high temperature stress conditions after feeding with dsRNA BtTRP. Collectively, these results showed that MEAM1 BtTRP is a key element in sensing high temperature and plays an essential role in B. tabaci MEAM1 heat tolerance ability. Our data improved our understanding of the mechanism of temperature sensation in B. tabaci MEAM1 at the molecular level and could contribute to the understanding of the thermal biology of B. tabaci MEAM1 within the context of global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid25253716, year = {2014}, author = {Douhovnikoff, V and Hazelton, EL}, title = {Clonal growth: invasion or stability? A comparative study of clonal architecture and diversity in native and introduced lineages of Phragmites australis (Poaceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {101}, number = {9}, pages = {1577-1584}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1400177}, pmid = {25253716}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Maine ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Biological ; *Phenotype ; Poaceae/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: •<br><br>PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The characteristics of clonal growth that are advantageous in invasive plants can also result in native plants' ability to resist invasion. In Maine, we compared the clonal architecture and diversity of an invasive lineage (introduced Phragmites) and a noninvasive lineage (native Phragmites) present in much of North America. This study is the first on stand-scale diversity using a sample size and systematic spatial-sampling scheme adequate for characterizing clonal structure in Phragmites. Our questions included: (1) Does the structure and extent of clonal growth suggest that the potential for clonal growth contributes to the invasiveness of the introduced lineage? (2) Is clonal growth common in the native lineage, acting as a possible source of ecological resistance and resilience?&#x2022;<br><br>METHODS: Microsatellite markers were used to measure clonal sizes, architecture, and diversity within each lineage in stands within four marshes in Maine.&#x2022;<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Clonal diversity measures indicated that clonal growth was significantly greater in stands of the native lineage than in the introduced. While lineage was a consistent predictor of clonal diversity relative ranking, the marsh location was a much stronger predictor of the absolute range of these values.&#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate an important role for clonal growth in the space consolidation of native Phragmites and could explain why the introduced lineage, with stronger competitive traits, has not replaced the native where they co-occur. These results with regard to clone size, size distributions, singleton occurrence, and clonal architecture provide some evidence for stand development that follows a genotypic initial floristics model.}, }
@article {pmid25253703, year = {2014}, author = {Osunkoya, OO and Boyne, R and Scharaschkin, T}, title = {Coordination and plasticity in leaf anatomical traits of invasive and native vine species.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {101}, number = {9}, pages = {1423-1436}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1400125}, pmid = {25253703}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Biomass ; *Genetic Fitness ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; *Phenotype ; Photosynthesis ; *Plant Leaves/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Plant Stomata/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Plants/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; Queensland ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: •<br><br>PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Plant invasiveness can be promoted by higher values of adaptive traits (e.g., photosynthetic capacity, biomass accumulation), greater plasticity and coordination of these traits, and by higher and positive relative influence of these functionalities on fitness, such as increasing reproductive output. However, the data set for this premise rarely includes linkages between epidermal-stomatal traits, leaf internal anatomy, and physiological performance.&#x2022;<br><br>METHODS: Three ecological pairs of invasive vs. noninvasive (native) woody vine species of South-East Queensland, Australia were investigated for trait differences in leaf morphology and anatomy under varying light intensity. The linkages of these traits with physiological performance (e.g., water-use efficiency, photosynthesis, and leaf construction cost) and plant adaptive traits of specific leaf area, biomass, and relative growth rates were also explored.&#x2022;<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Except for stomatal size, mean leaf anatomical traits differed significantly between the two groups. Plasticity of traits and, to a very limited extent, their phenotypic integration were higher in the invasive relative to the native species. ANOVA, ordination, and analysis of similarity suggest that for leaf morphology and anatomy, the three functional strategies contribute to the differences between the two groups in the order phenotypic plasticity > trait means > phenotypic integration.&#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The linkages demonstrated in the study between stomatal complex/gross anatomy and physiology are scarce in the ecological literature of plant invasiveness, but the findings suggest that leaf anatomical traits need to be considered routinely as part of weed species assessment and in the worldwide leaf economic spectrum.}, }
@article {pmid25252271, year = {2015}, author = {Wilsey, BJ and Barber, K and Martin, LM}, title = {Exotic grassland species have stronger priority effects than natives regardless of whether they are cultivated or wild genotypes.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {205}, number = {2}, pages = {928-937}, doi = {10.1111/nph.13028}, pmid = {25252271}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Biomass ; Genotype ; Germination ; *Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; Seasons ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {During community assembly, early arriving exotic species might suppress other species to a greater extent than do native species. Because most exotics were intentionally introduced, we hypothesize there was human selection on regeneration traits during introduction. This could have occurred at the across- or within-species level (e.g. during cultivar development). We tested these predictions by seeding a single species that was either native, exotic 'wild-type' (from their native range), or exotic 'cultivated' using 28 grassland species in a glasshouse experiment. Priority effects were assessed by measuring species' effect on establishment of species from a seed mix added 21 d later. Exotic species had higher germination and earlier emergence dates than native species, and differences were found in both 'wild' and 'cultivated' exotics. Exotic species reduced biomass and species diversity of later arriving species much more than native species, regardless of seed source. Results indicate that in situations in which priority effects are likely to be strong, effects will be greater when an exotic species arrives first than when a native species arrives first; and this difference is not merely a result of exotic species cultivation, but might be a general native-exotic difference that deserves further study.}, }
@article {pmid25245198, year = {2015}, author = {Tererai, F and Gaertner, M and Jacobs, SM and Richardson, DM}, title = {Resilience of invaded riparian landscapes: the potential role of soil-stored seed banks.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, pages = {86-99}, pmid = {25245198}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Ecosystem ; Eucalyptus/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development ; Seeds/*growth &amp; development ; Soil/*chemistry ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {We investigated the potential role of soil-stored seed banks in driving vegetation recovery under varying intensities of invasion by the alien tree Eucalyptus camaldulensis along the Berg River in South Africa's Western Cape Province. We asked: How do richness, diversity, and composition of soil-stored seed banks vary with invasion intensity? What is the difference between the seed banks and above-ground vegetation with respect to species richness, diversity, composition, and structure? To what extent do soil-stored seed banks provide reliable sources for restoring native plant communities? Through a seedling-emergence approach, we compared seedling density, richness, and diversity in plots under varying Eucalyptus cover. Seed bank characteristics were also compared with those of the above-ground vegetation. Except in terms of diversity and density, the richness and composition of native species varied significantly among invasion conditions. Despite the paucity of native tree and shrub species in the seed bank, it was more diverse than extant vegetation. Some species occurred exclusively either in the seed bank or in the above-ground vegetation. Although this ecosystem has been degraded by several agents, including Eucalyptus invasion, soil-stored seed banks still offer modest potential for driving regeneration of native plant communities, but secondary invasions need to be managed carefully. Remnant populations of native plants in the above-ground vegetation remaining after E. camaldulensis clearing provide a more promising propagule source for rapid regeneration. Further work is needed to elucidate possible effects of invasion on successional pathways following E. camaldulensis removal and the effects of hydrochory on seed bank dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid25242150, year = {2015}, author = {González-Ortegón, E and Walton, ME and Moghaddam, B and Vilas, C and Prieto, A and Kennedy, HA and Pedro Cañavate, J and Le Vay, L}, title = {Flow regime in a restored wetland determines trophic links and species composition in the aquatic macroinvertebrate community.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {503-504}, number = {}, pages = {241-250}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.002}, pmid = {25242150}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*classification/growth &amp; development ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Invertebrates/*classification/growth &amp; development ; Spain ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {In a restored wetland (South of Spain), where different flow regimes control water exchange with the adjacent Guadalquivir estuary, the native Palaemon varians coexists with an exotic counterpart species Palaemon macrodactylus. This controlled m\acrocosm offers an excellent opportunity to investigate how the effects of water management, through different flow regimes, and the presence of a non-native species affect the aquatic community and the trophic niche (by gut contents and C-N isotopic composition) of the native shrimp Palaemon varians. We found that increased water exchange rate (5% day(-1) in mixed ponds vs. 0.1% day(-1) in extensive ponds) modified the aquatic community of this wetland; while extensive ponds are dominated by isopods and amphipods with low presence of P. macrodactylus, mixed ponds presented high biomass of mysids, corixids, copepods and both shrimp species. An estuarine origin of nutrients and primary production might explain seasonal and spatial differences found among ponds of this wetland. A combined analysis of gut contents and isotopic composition of the native and the exotic species showed that: (1) native P. varians is mainly omnivorous (2) while the non-native P. macrodactylus is more zooplanktivorous and (3) a dietary overlap occurred when both species coexist at mixed ponds where a higher water exchange and high abundance of mysids and copepods diversifies the native species' diet. Thus differences in the trophic ecology of both species are clearly explained by water management. This experimental study is a valuable tool for integrated management between river basin and wetlands since it allows quantification of wetland community changes in response to the flow regime.}, }
@article {pmid25238059, year = {2014}, author = {Horáčková, J and Juřičková, L and Šizling, AL and Jarošík, V and Pyšek, P}, title = {Invasiveness does not predict impact: response of native land snail communities to plant invasions in riparian habitats.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {e108296}, pmid = {25238059}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Snails/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Studies of plant invasions rarely address impacts on molluscs. By comparing pairs of invaded and corresponding uninvaded plots in 96 sites in floodplain forests, we examined effects of four invasive alien plants (Impatiens glandulifera, Fallopia japonica, F. sachalinensis, and F.× bohemica) in the Czech Republic on communities of land snails. The richness and abundance of living land snail species were recorded separately for all species, rare species listed on the national Red List, and small species with shell size below 5 mm. The significant impacts ranged from 16-48% reduction in snail species numbers, and 29-90% reduction in abundance. Small species were especially prone to reduction in species richness by all four invasive plant taxa. Rare snails were also negatively impacted by all plant invaders, both in terms of species richness or abundance. Overall, the impacts on snails were invader-specific, differing among plant taxa. The strong effect of I. glandulifera could be related to the post-invasion decrease in abundance of tall nitrophilous native plant species that are a nutrient-rich food source for snails in riparian habitats. Fallopia sachalinensis had the strongest negative impact of the three knotweeds, which reflects differences in their canopy structure, microhabitat humidity and litter decomposition. The ranking of Fallopia taxa according to the strength of impacts on snail communities differs from ranking by their invasiveness, known from previous studies. This indicates that invasiveness does not simply translate to impacts of invasion and needs to be borne in mind by conservation and management authorities.}, }
@article {pmid25236815, year = {2014}, author = {Roditakis, E and Tsagkarakou, A and Vontas, J}, title = {Insights: The First International Whitefly Symposium.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {70}, number = {10}, pages = {1437}, doi = {10.1002/ps.3869}, pmid = {25236815}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Hemiptera/*classification/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid25236383, year = {2014}, author = {Biasazin, TD and Karlsson, MF and Hillbur, Y and Seyoum, E and Dekker, T}, title = {Identification of host blends that attract the African invasive fruit fly, Bactrocera invadens.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {40}, number = {9}, pages = {966-976}, pmid = {25236383}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropod Antennae/physiology ; Electrophysiological Phenomena ; Ethiopia ; Female ; Fruit/*chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Odorants/*analysis ; *Orientation ; Pheromones/*metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Tephritidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Bactrocera invadens, an invasive fruit fly species in the Afro-tropical region belonging to the Bactrocera dorsalis complex, causes considerable damage to fruit production and productivity. We sought to find attractants from hosts of B. invadens that could serve as baits in traps for monitoring and management of this pest. The attractiveness of volatiles from four different fruit species (mango, guava, banana and orange) at two stages of ripeness (ripe or unripe) was tested in an olfactometer assay. All fruits were attractive against a clean air control. Using hexane extracts of volatile collections of fruits, we demonstrated that male flies preferred the volatiles of ripe guava and orange over unripe fruit extracts. There was a slight difference in preference between females and males; females preferred orange to guava and mango, whereas males preferred mango and guava to orange. Gas chromatography/electroantennographic detection (GC/EAD) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were used to identify compounds to which B. invadens antennae were sensitive. GC/EAD recordings from distal and medio-central parts of the fly antenna showed responses to a number of compounds from each fruit species, with esters dominating the responses. Synthetic blends were made for each fruit species using the shared antennally active compounds in ratios found in the extracts. In the olfactometer, B. invadens was most attracted to the banana and orange blends, followed by the mango and guava blends. The synthetic banana blend was as attractive as the volatile collection of banana, although both were less attractive than the fruit. The results demonstrate that composing attractive blends from GC/EAD-active constituents shared by host fruits can be effective for formulating attractive synthetic host mimics for generalist fruit fly species, such as B. invadens.}, }
@article {pmid25234651, year = {2015}, author = {Rewicz, T and Wattier, RA and Rigaud, T and Bacela-Spychalska, K and Grabowski, M}, title = {Isolation and characterization of 8 microsatellite loci for the "killer shrimp'', an invasive Ponto-Caspian amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus (Crustacea: Amphipoda).}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, pages = {13-17}, pmid = {25234651}, issn = {1573-4978}, mesh = {Alleles ; Amphipoda/*genetics ; Animals ; DNA/*isolation &amp; purification ; Gene Frequency/genetics ; *Genetic Loci ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Dikerogammarus villosus is a freshwater amphipod of the Ponto-Caspian origin recognized as one of the 100 worst alien species in Europe, having negative impact on biodiversity and functioning of the invaded aquatic ecosystems. The species has a wide ecophysiological tolerance and during the last 20 years it has rapidly spread throughout European inland waters. In consequence, it presents a major conservation management problem. We describe eight polymorphic microsatellite loci developed for D. villosus by combining a biotin-enrichment protocol and new generation 454GS-FLX Titanium pyrosequencing technology. When genotyped in 64 individuals from two locations, the loci exhibited a mean diversity of 4.87 alleles per locus (2-13). The mean observed and expected heterozygosities were, respectively, 0.439 (0.091-0.844) and 0.468 (0.089-0.843). Gametic disequilibrium was not detected for any pair of loci. The microsatellite markers will be a valuable tool in assessing the demographic processes associated with invasion of the killer shrimp from a genetic point of view.}, }
@article {pmid25234578, year = {2014}, author = {Hovick, SM and Whitney, KD}, title = {Hybridisation is associated with increased fecundity and size in invasive taxa: meta-analytic support for the hybridisation-invasion hypothesis.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, pages = {1464-1477}, pmid = {25234578}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; *Fertility ; Fungi ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Plants ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {The hypothesis that interspecific hybridisation promotes invasiveness has received much recent attention, but tests of the hypothesis can suffer from important limitations. Here, we provide the first systematic review of studies experimentally testing the hybridisation-invasion (H-I) hypothesis in plants, animals and fungi. We identified 72 hybrid systems for which hybridisation has been putatively associated with invasiveness, weediness or range expansion. Within this group, 15 systems (comprising 34 studies) experimentally tested performance of hybrids vs. their parental species and met our other criteria. Both phylogenetic and non-phylogenetic meta-analyses demonstrated that wild hybrids were significantly more fecund and larger than their parental taxa, but did not differ in survival. Resynthesised hybrids (which typically represent earlier generations than do wild hybrids) did not consistently differ from parental species in fecundity, survival or size. Using meta-regression, we found that fecundity increased (but survival decreased) with generation in resynthesised hybrids, suggesting that natural selection can play an important role in shaping hybrid performance - and thus invasiveness - over time. We conclude that the available evidence supports the H-I hypothesis, with the caveat that our results are clearly driven by tests in plants, which are more numerous than tests in animals and fungi.}, }
@article {pmid25233914, year = {2015}, author = {Yu, X and Yang, J and Liu, L and Tian, Y and Yu, Z}, title = {Effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on biogenic elements in a subtropical coastal mangrove wetland.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {3107-3115}, pmid = {25233914}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Carbon/analysis ; China ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Estuaries ; Geography ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Seasons ; Sulfur/analysis ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The invasion by exotic cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) has become one of the most serious and challenging environmental and ecological problems in coastal China because it can have adverse effects on local native species, thereby changing ecosystem processes, functions, and services. In this study, 300 surface sediments were collected from 15 stations in the Jiulong River Estuary, southeast China, across four different seasons, in order to reveal the spatiotemporal variability of biogenic elements and their influencing factors in the subtropical coastal mangrove wetland. The biogenic elements including carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur (C, N, and S) were determined by an element analyzer, while the phosphorus (P) was determined by a flow injection analyzer. The concentrations of biogenic elements showed no significant differences among four seasons except total phosphorus (TP); however, our ANOVA analyses revealed a distinct spatial pattern which was closely related with the vegetation type and tidal level. Values of total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) in the surface sediment of mangrove vegetation zones were higher than those in the cordgrass and mudflat zones. The concentrations of TC, TN, TP, and total sulfur (TS) in the high tidal zones were higher than those in the middle and low tidal zones. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that tidal level, vegetation type, and season had some significant influence on the distribution of biogenic elements in the Jiulong River Estuary, by explaining 18.2, 7.7, and 4.9 % of total variation in the four biogenic elements, respectively. In conclusion, S. alterniflora invasion had substantial effects on the distributions of biogenic elements in the subtropical coastal wetland. If regional changes in the Jiulong River Estuary are to persist and much of the mangrove vegetation was to be replaced by cordgrass, there would be significant decreases on the overall storage of C and N in this coastal zone. Therefore, the native mangrove reforestation and exotic cordgrass elimination should be a priority in mangrove sustainable management for coastal ecosystem health.}, }
@article {pmid25232143, year = {2014}, author = {Pearse, IS and Hipp, AL}, title = {Native plant diversity increases herbivory to non-natives.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1794}, pages = {20141841}, pmid = {25232143}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Herbivory ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Quercus/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; United States ; }, abstract = {There is often an inverse relationship between the diversity of a plant community and the invasibility of that community by non-native plants. Native herbivores that colonize novel plants may contribute to diversity-invasibility relationships by limiting the relative success of non-native plants. Here, we show that, in large collections of non-native oak trees at sites across the USA, non-native oaks introduced to regions with greater oak species richness accumulated greater leaf damage than in regions with low oak richness. Underlying this trend was the ability of herbivores to exploit non-native plants that were close relatives to their native host. In diverse oak communities, non-native trees were on average more closely related to native trees and received greater leaf damage than those in depauperate oak communities. Because insect herbivores colonize non-native plants that are similar to their native hosts, in communities with greater native plant diversity, non-natives experience greater herbivory.}, }
@article {pmid25230646, year = {2014}, author = {Vitule, JR and Sampaio, FD and Magalhães, AL}, title = {Aquarium trade: Monitor Brazil's fish sampling closely.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {513}, number = {7518}, pages = {315}, pmid = {25230646}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture/*economics ; Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Commerce/*economics ; Conservation of Natural Resources/trends ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Fishes ; Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid25230629, year = {2014}, author = {Hoag, H}, title = {Invasive-species control: Bounty hunters.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {513}, number = {7518}, pages = {294-295}, pmid = {25230629}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Competitive Behavior ; *Coral Reefs ; Fishes/*growth &amp; development ; Florida ; *Introduced Species/economics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Population Growth ; Predatory Behavior ; Seafood/statistics &amp; numerical data/supply &amp; distribution ; Volunteers ; }, }
@article {pmid25230477, year = {2014}, author = {Russell, JC and Sataruddin, NS and Heard, AD}, title = {Over-invasion by functionally equivalent invasive species.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {8}, pages = {2268-2276}, doi = {10.1890/13-1672.1}, pmid = {25230477}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Rats/classification/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Multiple invasive species have now established at most locations around the world, and the rate of new species invasions and records of new invasive species continue to grow. Multiple invasive species interact in complex and unpredictable ways, altering their invasion success and impacts on biodiversity. Incumbent invasive species can be replaced by functionally similar invading species through competitive processes; however the generalized circumstances leading to such competitive displacement have not been well investigated. The likelihood of competitive displacement is a function of the incumbent advantage of the resident invasive species and the propagule pressure of the colonizing invasive species. We modeled interactions between populations of two functionally similar invasive species and indicated the circumstances under which dominance can be through propagule pressure and incumbent advantage. Under certain circumstances, a normally subordinate species can be incumbent and reject a colonizing dominant species, or successfully colonize in competition with a dominant species during simultaneous invasion. Our theoretical results are supported by empirical studies of the invasion of islands by three invasive Rattus species. Competitive displacement is prominent in invasive rats and explains the replacement of R. exulans on islands subsequently invaded by European populations of R. rattus and R. norvegicus. These competition outcomes between invasive species can be found in a broad range of taxa and biomes, and are likely to become more common. Conservation management must consider that removing an incumbent invasive species may facilitate invasion by another invasive species. Under very restricted circumstances of dominant competitive ability but lesser impact, competitive displacement may provide a novel method of biological control.}, }
@article {pmid25230476, year = {2014}, author = {Higgins, SN and Althouse, B and Devlin, SP and Vadeboncoeur, Y and Vander Zanden, MJ}, title = {Potential for large-bodied zooplankton and dreissenids to alter the productivity and autotrophic structure of lakes.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {8}, pages = {2257-2267}, doi = {10.1890/13-2333.1}, pmid = {25230476}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Autotrophic Processes ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; Body Size/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Models, Biological ; Phytoplankton ; Zooplankton/*physiology ; }, abstract = {While limnological studies have emphasized the importance of grazers on algal biomass and primary production in pelagic habitats, few studies have examined their potential role in altering total ecosystem primary production and it's partitioning between pelagic and benthic habitats. We modified an existing ecosystem production model to include biotic feedbacks associated with two groups of large-bodied grazers of phytoplankton (large-bodied zooplankton and dreissenid mussels) and estimated their effects on total ecosystem production (TEP), and the partitioning of TEP between phytoplankton and periphyton (autotrophic structure) across large gradients in lake size and total phosphorus (TP) concentration. Model results indicated that these filter feeders were capable of reducing whole-lake phytoplankton production by 20-70%, and increasing whole-lake benthic production between 0% and 600%. Grazer effects on TEP were constrained by lake size, trophic status, and potential feedbacks between grazing and maximum rates of benthic photosynthesis (BP(MAX)). In small (mean depth Z < 10 m) oligotrophic and mesotrophic (TP < 100 mg P/m2) lakes, both large-bodied zooplankton and dreissenids were capable of increasing the benthic fraction (Bf) by 10-50% of TEP. Small lakes were also the only systems where TEP had the potential to increase in the presence of large-bodied grazers, but such increases only occurred if grazer-induced changes in water clarity, macrophyte coverage, or nutrient availability stimulated specific growth rates of periphyton. In other scenarios, TEP declined by a maximum of 50%. In very large lakes (Z > 100 m), Bf was minor (< 10%) in the presence or absence of grazers, but increases in littoral habitat and the stimulation of benthic production in these ecosystems could be of ecological relevance because littoral zones in large lakes contain a relatively high proportion of within-lake biodiversity and are important for whole-lake food webs.}, }
@article {pmid25230475, year = {2014}, author = {Fey, SB and Herren, CM}, title = {Temperature-mediated biotic interactions influence enemy release of nonnative species in warming environments.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {8}, pages = {2246-2256}, doi = {10.1890/13-1799.1}, pmid = {25230475}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Daphnia/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Hot Temperature ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Predatory Behavior ; United States ; }, abstract = {"Enemy release" occurs when invading species suffer from interactions with pathogens, parasites, herbivores, or predators to a lesser degree than native species due to a lack of shared evolutionary history. Here we provide strong support for the hypothesis that variable thermal sensitivities between a consumer and its resources can generate temperature-dependent enemy release using both a mathematical model and a field experiment. We identify three common scenarios where changes in temperature should alter enemy release based on asymmetric responses among enemies and their resources to changes in temperature: (1) the vital rates of a shared enemy are more sensitive to changes in temperature than its resources, (2) the enemy's thermal maximum for consumption is higher than the resources' maxima for growth, and (3) the invading resource has a higher thermal maximum for growth than its native competitor. Mathematical representations indicated that warming is capable of altering enemy release in each of these three scenarios. We also tested our hypothesis using a mesocosm warming experiment in a system that exhibits variable thermal sensitivities between a predator and its native and nonnative prey. We conducted a six-week experiment manipulating the presence of Lepomis sunfish (present, absent) and water temperature (ambient, heated) using the nonnative crustacean zooplankter, Daphnia lumholtzi, whose morphological defenses reduce predation from juvenile sunfish relative to native Daphnia pulex. Our results indicate that D. lumholtzi benefited to a greater extent from the presence of Lepomis predators as temperatures increase. Taken together, our model and experiment indicate that changes in environmental temperature may directly influence the success of nonnative species and may assist with forecasting the community consequences of biological invasions in a warming world.}, }
@article {pmid25230464, year = {2014}, author = {Moran, MS and Ponce-Campos, GE and Huete, A and McClaran, MP and Zhang, Y and Hamerlynck, EP and Augustine, DJ and Gunter, SA and Kitchen, SG and Peters, DP and Starks, PJ and Hernandez, M}, title = {Functional response of U.S. grasslands to the early 21st-century drought.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {8}, pages = {2121-2133}, doi = {10.1890/13-1687.1}, pmid = {25230464}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Droughts/*history ; *Ecosystem ; History, 21st Century ; Introduced Species ; Rain ; Seasons ; Time Factors ; United States ; }, abstract = {Grasslands across the United States play a key role in regional livelihood and national food security. Yet, it is still unclear how this important resource will respond to the prolonged warm droughts and more intense rainfall events predicted with climate change. The early 21st-century drought in the southwestern United States resulted in hydroclimatic conditions that are similar to those expected with future climate change. We investigated the impact of the early 21st-century drought on aboveground net primary production (ANPP) of six desert and plains grasslands dominated by C4 (warm season) grasses in terms of significant deviations between observed and expected ANPP. In desert grasslands, drought-induced grass mortality led to shifts in the functional response to annual total precipitation (P(T)), and in some cases, new species assemblages occurred that included invasive species. In contrast, the ANPP in plains grasslands exhibited a strong linear function of the current-year P(T) and the previous-year ANPP, despite prolonged warm drought. We used these results to disentangle the impacts of interannual total precipitation, intra-annual precipitation patterns, and grassland abundance on ANPP, and thus generalize the functional response of C4 grasslands to predicted climate change. This will allow managers to plan for predictable shifts in resources associated with climate change related to fire risk, loss of forage, and ecosystem services.}, }
@article {pmid25230454, year = {2014}, author = {Resasco, J and Haddad, NM and Orrock, JL and Shoemaker, D and Brudvig, LA and Damschen, EI and Tewksbury, JJ and Levey, DJ}, title = {Landscape corridors can increase invasion by an exotic species and reduce diversity of native species.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {8}, pages = {2033-2039}, doi = {10.1890/14-0169.1}, pmid = {25230454}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants ; Behavior, Animal ; *Biodiversity ; Demography ; *Introduced Species ; South Carolina ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Landscape corridors are commonly used to mitigate negative effects of habitat fragmentation, but concerns persist that they may facilitate the spread of invasive species. In a replicated landscape experiment of open habitat, we measured effects of corridors on the invasive fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, and native ants. Fire ants have two social forms: polygyne, which tend to disperse poorly but establish at high densities, and monogyne, which disperse widely but establish at lower densities. In landscapes dominated by polygyne fire ants, fire ant abundance was higher and native ant diversity was lower in habitat patches connected by corridors than in unconnected patches. Conversely, in landscapes dominated by monogyne fire ants, connectivity had no influence on fire ant abundance and native ant diversity. Polygyne fire ants dominated recently created landscapes, suggesting that these corridor effects may be transient. Our results suggest that corridors can facilitate invasion and they highlight the importance of considering species' traits when assessing corridor utility.}, }
@article {pmid25230113, year = {2015}, author = {Medley, KA and Jenkins, DG and Hoffman, EA}, title = {Human-aided and natural dispersal drive gene flow across the range of an invasive mosquito.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {284-295}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12925}, pmid = {25230113}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Gene Flow ; Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Genetic ; *Transportation ; }, abstract = {Human-aided transport is responsible for many contemporary species introductions, yet the contribution of human-aided transport to dispersal within non-native regions is less clear. Understanding dispersal dynamics for invasive species can streamline mitigation efforts by targeting routes that contribute disproportionally to spread. Because of its limited natural dispersal ability, rapid spread of the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) has been attributed to human-aided transport, but until now, the relative roles of human-aided and natural movement have not been rigorously evaluated. Here, we use landscape genetics and information-theoretic model selection to evaluate 52 models representing 9240 pairwise dispersal paths among sites across the US range for Ae. albopictus and show that recent gene flow reflects a combination of natural and human-aided dispersal. Highways and water availability facilitate dispersal at a broad spatial scale, but gene flow is hindered by forests at the current distributional limit (range edge) and by agriculture among sites within the mosquito's native climatic niche (range core). Our results show that highways are important to genetic structure between range-edge and range-core pairs, suggesting a role for human-aided mosquito transport to the range edge. In contrast, natural dispersal is dominant at smaller spatial scales, reflecting a shifting dominance to natural movement two decades after introduction. These conclusions highlight the importance of (i) early intervention for species introductions, particularly those with readily dispersed dormant stages and short generation times, and (ii) strict monitoring of commercial shipments for transported immature stages of Ae. albopictus, particularly towards the northern edge of the US range.}, }
@article {pmid25229633, year = {2014}, author = {Gleditsch, JM and Carlo, TA}, title = {Living with aliens: effects of invasive shrub honeysuckles on avian nesting.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {e107120}, pmid = {25229633}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Biodiversity ; *Birds ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Lonicera ; *Nesting Behavior ; Pennsylvania ; }, abstract = {Invasive species have come to the forefront of conservation biology as a major threat to native biodiversity. Habitats dominated by shrub honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.) in the United States have been characterized as "ecological traps" by ecologists. Here we tested this hypothesis by investigating the effects of shrub honeysuckles on the nesting ecology of native birds in seven study sites in central Pennsylvania, USA. We examined how the abundance of shrub honeysuckles influenced the selection of nesting substrates and habitat for a community of common songbirds, and the parental-care behavior and nestling development of gray catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis). We found that birds had a strong bias towards nesting in honeysuckle shrubs, but not necessarily for nesting in honeysuckle-dominated habitats. Nest predation rates were affected by the density of nests in a habitat, but not by the overall abundance of honeysuckles in such habitats. Honeysuckle abundance in the habitat did show significant effects on some parental-care behavioral parameters: catbirds had higher nest visitation rates and shorter visit lengths in areas of high honeysuckle density. On average, Gray catbirds fed fruit 12%±0.31 s.e. of their nestling-feeding bouts, mostly fruits of shrub honeysuckles. Nestlings in sites with high honeysuckle density also showed higher mass:tarsus ratios, suggesting a good (possibly better) physiological condition of catbird nestlings at the time of fledging. Our study shows that honeysuckle-dominated habitats could have equivocal effects on nesting parameters of common species of native birds. We advise more caution in the widespread denomination of novel plant communities with high densities of honeysuckle as "ecological traps" as effects can be null or positive on native birds in certain localities.}, }
@article {pmid25227678, year = {2014}, author = {Palladini, JD and Maron, JL}, title = {Reproduction and survival of a solitary bee along native and exotic floral resource gradients.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {176}, number = {3}, pages = {789-798}, pmid = {25227678}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/parasitology/*physiology ; Coleoptera/physiology ; Female ; Flowers/growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Montana ; *Nesting Behavior ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Native bee abundance has long been assumed to be limited by floral resources. This paradigm has been established in large measure because more bees are often found in areas supporting greater floral abundance. This could result from attraction to resource-rich sites as well as greater local demographic performance in sites supporting high floral abundance; however, demographic performance is usually unknown. Factors other than floral resources such as availability of nest sites, pressure from natural enemies, or whether floral resources are from a mixed native or mostly monodominant exotic assemblage might influence survival or fecundity and hence abundance. We examined how the survival and fecundity of the native solitary bee Osmia lignaria varied along a gradient in floral resource abundance. We released bees alongside a nest block at 27 grassland sites in Montana (USA) that varied in floral abundance and the extent of invasion by exotic forbs. We monitored nest construction and the fate of offspring within each nest. The number of nests established was positively related to native forb abundance and was negatively related to exotic forb species richness. Fecundity was positively related to native forb species richness; however, offspring mortality caused by the brood parasite Tricrania stansburyi was significantly greater in native-dominated sites. These results suggest that native floral resources can positively influence bee populations, but that the relationship between native floral resources and bee population performance is not straightforward. Rather, bees may face a trade-off between high offspring production and low offspring survival in native-dominated sites.}, }
@article {pmid25227153, year = {2014}, author = {Azzurro, E and Tuset, VM and Lombarte, A and Maynou, F and Simberloff, D and Rodríguez-Pérez, A and Solé, RV}, title = {External morphology explains the success of biological invasions.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, pages = {1455-1463}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12351}, pmid = {25227153}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*anatomy &amp; histology ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions have become major players in the current biodiversity crisis, but realistic tools to predict which species will establish successful populations are still unavailable. Here we present a novel approach that requires only a morphometric characterisation of the species. Using fish invasions of the Mediterranean, we show that the abundance of non-indigenous fishes correlates with the location and relative size of occupied morphological space within the receiving pool of species. Those invaders that established abundant populations tended to be added outside or at the margins of the receiving morphospace, whereas non-indigenous species morphologically similar to resident ones failed to develop large populations or even to establish themselves, probably because the available ecological niches were already occupied. Accepting that morphology is a proxy for a species' ecological position in a community, our findings are consistent with ideas advanced since Darwin's naturalisation hypothesis and provide a new warning signal to identify invaders and to recognise vulnerable communities.}, }
@article {pmid25214490, year = {2014}, author = {Hansen, A and Ghosal, R and Caprio, J and Claus, AW and Sorensen, PW}, title = {Anatomical and physiological studies of bigheaded carps demonstrate that the epibranchial organ functions as a pharyngeal taste organ.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {217}, number = {Pt 21}, pages = {3945-3954}, pmid = {25214490}, issn = {1477-9145}, support = {P30 DC004657/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States ; P30 DC 04657/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Branchial Region/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology/ultrastructure ; *Carps ; Electrodiagnosis ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Taste Buds/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Vagus Nerve/physiology ; }, abstract = {The epibranchial organ (EO) is an enigmatic tubular organ found in the pharyngeal cavity of many filter-feeding fishes. We investigated whether it might function as a taste organ that mediates aggregation and ingestion of planktonic food within the buccal cavity. The EO and associated structures of bighead and silver carps, two successful and invasive planktivorous fishes, were examined using histological and electrophysiological techniques. Both species possess finely structured gill rakers that extend directly via a series of protrusions into each of the four blind canals which are organized as the muscular EO, suggesting that the gill rakers and EO probably function in an integrated manner. Both the interior and exterior surfaces of the EOs of both species are covered with high densities of taste buds and solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) as well as mucous cells. Conversely, taste buds are scarce in both the buccal cavities and external portions of the head and mouth of both species. Electrophysiological recordings from a caudal branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) found to innervate the EO showed it to be sensitive to chemicals found in a planktonic diet. l-Amino acids accounted for some, but not all of the neural activity. We conclude that taste buds and SCCs located on the EO and gill rakers probably serve to chemically detect food particles, which the EO then aggregates by mucus secretion before eventually expelling them onto the floor of the pharynx for ingestion. This specialized, pharyngeal chemosensory structure may explain the feeding success of these, and perhaps other planktivorous, filter-feeding fishes.}, }
@article {pmid25212433, year = {2015}, author = {Hoffmann, BD}, title = {Integrating biology into invasive species management is a key principle for eradication success: the case of yellow crazy ant Anoplolepis gracilipes in northern Australia.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, pages = {141-151}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485314000662}, pmid = {25212433}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Female ; *Insect Control ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Nesting Behavior ; Northern Territory ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {The lack of biological knowledge of many invasive species remains as one of the greatest impediments to their management. Here I detail targeted research into the biology of the yellow crazy ant Anoplolepis gracilipes within northern Australia and detail how such knowledge can be used to improve the management outcomes for this species. I quantified nest location and density in three habitats, worker activity over 24 h, infestation expansion rate, seasonal variation of worker abundance and the timing of production of sexuals. Nests were predominantly (up to 68%) located at the bases of large trees, indicating that search efforts should focus around tree bases. Nest density was one nest per 22, 7.1 and 6.3 m2 in the three habitats, respectively. These data form the baselines for quantifying treatment efficacy and set sampling densities for post-treatment assessments. Most (60%) nests were underground, predominantly (89%) occurring in an open area rather than underneath a rock or log. Some seasonality was evident for nests within leaf litter, with most (83%) occurring during the 'wet season' (October-March). Of the underground nests, most were shallow, with 44% being less than 10 cm deep, and 67% being less than 20 cm deep. Such nest location and density information serves many management purposes, for improving detection, mapping and post-treatment assessments, and also provided strong evidence that carbohydrate supply was a major driver of A. gracilipes populations. Just over half of the nests (56%) contained queens. Of the 62 underground nests containing queens, most queens (80%) were located at the deepest chamber. When queens were present, most often (38%) only one queen was present, the most being 16. Queen number per nest was the lowest in July and August just prior to the emergence of virgin queens in September, with queen numbers then remaining steadily high until April. Nothing is known for any ant species about how the queen number per nest/colony affects treatment efficacy, but further research would no doubt yield important breakthroughs for treating ants. Activity occurred predominantly nocturnally, ceasing during mid-day. These activity data determined the critical threshold above which work must be conducted to be considered reliable, and also suggests that treatments are best applied in the afternoon. Total brood production peaked in February and was the lowest around August and September. These abundance data form the baselines for quantifying treatment efficacy, and may have implications for treatment efficacy. Males were found every month, predominantly between August and November. Queen pupae were found in September. The reproductive timing of sexuals determines the treatment schedule. Targeted, site-specific research such as that described here should be an integral part of any eradication program for invasive species to design knowledge-based treatment protocols and determine assessment benchmarks.}, }
@article {pmid25211149, year = {2014}, author = {Prančl, J and Kaplan, Z and Trávníček, P and Jarolímová, V}, title = {Genome size as a key to evolutionary complex aquatic plants: polyploidy and hybridization in Callitriche (Plantaginaceae).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {e105997}, pmid = {25211149}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Evolution, Molecular ; Flow Cytometry ; Flowers/genetics ; *Genome Size ; Genome, Plant/*genetics ; Plantago/*genetics ; Polyploidy ; }, abstract = {Despite their complex evolutionary histories, aquatic plants are highly underrepresented in contemporary biosystematic studies. Of them, the genus Callitriche is particularly interesting because of such evolutionary features as wide variation in chromosome numbers and pollination systems. However, taxonomic difficulties have prevented broader investigation of this genus. In this study we applied flow cytometry to Callitriche for the first time in order to gain an insight into evolutionary processes and genome size differentiation in the genus. Flow cytometry complemented by confirmation of chromosome counts was applied to an extensive dataset of 1077 Callitriche individuals from 495 localities in 11 European countries and the USA. Genome size was determined for 12 taxa. The results suggest that many important processes have interacted in the evolution of the genus, including polyploidization and hybridization. Incongruence between genome size and ploidy level, intraspecific variation in genome size, formation of autotriploid and hybridization between species with different pollination systems were also detected. Hybridization takes place particularly in the diploid-tetraploid complex C. cophocarpa-C. platycarpa, for which the triploid hybrids were frequently recorded in the area of co-occurrence of its parents. A hitherto unknown hybrid (probably C. hamulata × C. cophocarpa) with a unique chromosome number was discovered in the Czech Republic. However, hybridization occurs very rarely among most of the studied species. The main ecological preferences were also compared among the taxa collected. Although Callitriche taxa often grow in mixed populations, the ecological preferences of individual species are distinctly different in some cases. Anyway, flow cytometry is a very efficient method for taxonomic delimitation, determination and investigation of Callitriche species, and is even able to distinguish homoploid taxa and identify introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid25210924, year = {2014}, author = {Novoa, A and González, L}, title = {Impacts of Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.Br. on the germination, establishment and survival of native plants: a clue for assessing its competitive strength.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {e107557}, pmid = {25210924}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Brassicaceae/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Germination ; Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/physiology ; Mediterranean Region ; Seeds/physiology ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Does Carpobrotus edulis have an impact on native plants? How do C. edulis' soil residual effects affect the maintenance of native populations? What is the extent of interspecific competition in its invasion process? In order to answer those questions, we established pure and mixed cultures of native species and C. edulis on soil collected from invaded and native areas of Mediterranean coastal dunes in the Iberian Peninsula. We examined the impact of the invader on the germination, growth and survival of seeds and adult plants of two native plant species (Malcolmia littorea (L.) R.Br, and Scabiosa atropurpurea L.) growing with ramets or seeds of C. edulis. Residual effects of C. edulis on soils affected the germination process and early growth of native plants in different ways, depending on plant species and density. Interspecific competition significantly reduced the germination and early growth of native plants but this result was soil, density, timing and plant species dependent. Also, at any density of adult individuals of C. edulis, established native adult plants were not competitive. Moreover, ramets of C. edulis had a lethal effect on native plants, which died in a short period of time. Even the presence of C. edulis seedlings prevents the recruitment of native species. In conclusion, C. edulis have strong negative impacts on the germination, growth and survival of the native species M. littorea and S. atropurpurea. These impacts were highly depended on the development stages of native and invasive plants. Our findings are crucial for new strategies of biodiversity conservation in coastal habitats.}, }
@article {pmid25210654, year = {2014}, author = {Epps, MJ and Menninger, HL and LaSala, N and Dunn, RR}, title = {Too big to be noticed: cryptic invasion of Asian camel crickets in North American houses.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {e523}, pmid = {25210654}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Despite the rapid expansion of the built environment, we know little about the biology of species living in human-constructed habitats. Camel crickets (Rhaphidophoridae) are commonly observed in North American houses and include a range of native taxa as well as the Asian Diestrammena asynamora (Adelung), a species occasionally reported from houses though considered to be established only in greenhouses. We launched a continental-scale citizen science campaign to better understand the relative distributions and frequency of native and nonnative camel crickets in human homes across North America. Participants contributed survey data about the presence or absence of camel crickets in homes, as well as photographs and specimens of camel crickets allowing us to identify the major genera and/or species in and around houses. Together, these data offer insight into the geographical distribution of camel crickets as a presence in homes, as well as the relative frequency and distribution of native and nonnative camel crickets encountered in houses. In so doing, we show that the exotic Diestrammena asynamora not only has become a common presence in eastern houses, but is found in these environments far more frequently than native camel crickets. Supplemental pitfall trapping along transects in 10 urban yards in Raleigh, NC revealed that D. asynamora can be extremely abundant locally around some homes, with as many as 52 individuals collected from pitfalls in a single yard over two days of sampling. The number of D. asynamora individuals present in a trap was negatively correlated with the trap's distance from a house, suggesting that these insects may be preferentially associated with houses but also are present outside. In addition, we report the establishment in the northeastern United States of a second exotic species, putatively Diestrammena japanica Blatchley, which was previously undocumented in the literature. Our results offer new insight into the relative frequency and distribution of camel crickets living in human homes, and emphasize the importance of the built environment as habitat for two little-known invading species of Orthoptera.}, }
@article {pmid25208249, year = {2014}, author = {Pigneur, LM and Etoundi, E and Aldridge, DC and Marescaux, J and Yasuda, N and Van Doninck, K}, title = {Genetic uniformity and long-distance clonal dispersal in the invasive androgenetic Corbicula clams.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {20}, pages = {5102-5116}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12912}, pmid = {25208249}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Corbicula/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeny ; Reproduction, Asexual/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The clam genus Corbicula is an interesting model system to study the evolution of reproductive modes as it includes both sexual and asexual (androgenetic) lineages. While the sexual populations are restricted to the native Asian areas, the androgenetic lineages are widely distributed being also found in America and Europe where they form a major aquatic invasive pest. We investigated the genetic diversity of native and invasive Corbicula populations through a worldwide sampling. The use of mitochondrial and nuclear (microsatellite) markers revealed an extremely low diversity in the invasive populations with only four, undiversified, genetic lineages distributed across Europe and America. On the contrary, in the native populations, both sexual and androgenetic lineages exhibited much higher genetic diversity. Remarkably, the most abundant and widely distributed invasive forms, the so-called form A and form R found in America and Europe respectively, are fixed for the same single COI (cytochrome c oxydase subunit I) haplotype and same multilocus genotype. This suggests that form R, observed in Europe since the 1980s, derived directly from form A found in America since the 1920s. In addition, this form shares alleles with some Japanese populations, indicating a Japanese origin for this invasive lineage. Finally, our study suggests that few androgenetic Corbicula individuals successfully invaded the non-native range and then dispersed clonally. This is one striking case of genetic paradox raising the issue of invasive and evolutionary success of genetically undiversified populations.}, }
@article {pmid25202626, year = {2014}, author = {Lu, YB and Huang, DL and Wang, X and Wu, ZJ and Tang, SQ}, title = {Microsatellite markers for the invasive species Bidens alba (Asteraceae).}, journal = {Applications in plant sciences}, volume = {2}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {25202626}, issn = {2168-0450}, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Microsatellite markers were developed in the invasive species Bidens alba (Asteraceae) to assess its population structure and to facilitate tracking its expansion in China. •<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Using 454 pyrosequencing, 20 microsatellite primer sets were developed for B. alba. The markers were tested on one population of B. alba (30 individuals) and one population of the closely related B. pilosa (30 individuals) in China. For B. alba, all of the markers were polymorphic, and the number of alleles per locus ranged from three to 32. The expected heterozygosity values were from 0.3787 to 0.9284, and the Shannon-Wiener index was from 0.6796 to 2.8401. &#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These markers will be useful for investigating the genetic structure, genetic diversity, and invasion dynamics of B. alba and will also be useful in studies of B. pilosa.}, }
@article {pmid25199542, year = {2014}, author = {Fraterrigo, JM and Wagner, S and Warren, RJ}, title = {Local-scale biotic interactions embedded in macroscale climate drivers suggest Eltonian noise hypothesis distribution patterns for an invasive grass.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, pages = {1447-1454}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12352}, pmid = {25199542}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; *Biota ; *Climate ; Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; *Models, Biological ; Poaceae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {A hierarchical view of niche relations reconciles the scale-dependent effects of abiotic and biotic processes on species distribution patterns and underlies most current approaches to distribution modeling. A key prediction of this framework is that the effects of biotic interactions will be averaged out at macroscales - an idea termed the Eltonian noise hypothesis (ENH). We test this prediction by quantifying regional variation in local abiotic and biotic niche relations and assess the role of macroclimate in structuring biotic interactions, using a non-native invasive grass, Microstegium vimineum, in its introduced range. Consistent with hierarchical niche relations and the ENH, macroclimate structures local biotic interactions, while local abiotic relations are regionally conserved. Biotic interactions suppress M. vimineum in drier climates but have little effect in wetter climates. A similar approach could be used to identify the macroclimatic conditions under which biotic interactions affect the accuracy of local predictions of species distributions.}, }
@article {pmid25199116, year = {2014}, author = {Smith, L}, title = {Prediction of the geographic distribution of the psyllid, Arytinnis hakani (Homoptera: Psyllidae), a prospective biological control agent of Genista monspessulana, based on the effect of temperature on development, fecundity, and survival.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {43}, number = {5}, pages = {1389-1398}, doi = {10.1603/EN14086}, pmid = {25199116}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Control Agents ; California ; Fertility ; Genista/growth &amp; development ; Hemiptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Longevity ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The psyllid, Arytinnis hakani (Loginova), is a prospective biological control agent of Genista monspessulana (French broom), an invasive shrub originating from western Europe. It is a multivoltine species that is not known to diapause. The insect is established in Australia, where it appears to cause heavy defoliation and mortality of the target weed, except at warm sunny sites. This suggests that bright light or high temperatures may hamper the agent. We measured the effect of temperature on development rate, survival, and fecundity of the psyllid to determine its suitable temperature range. Intrinsic rate of increase was highest near 22°C, and there was no population growth at the extremes of 5°C and 26°C. Net reproductive rate was highest at 16.5°C. Fecundity was highest at 22°C, and decreased to half at 16°C and at 27°C. Adult female longevity decreased with increasing temperature over the range studied. Nymphal survivorship was highest at 16°C and dropped to 0% at 5°C and 26°C. Eggs were able to complete development in 83 d at 5°C, but with only 20% survivorship versus 78-95% survivorship at higher temperatures. For populations with a stable age distribution, only 2-3% of the population is in the adult stage. Climate modeling using CLIMEX indicated that the geographic distribution of the psyllid is constrained by high temperature stress in Australia. The psyllid is predicted to be suitable in coastal California but not in the Sierra foothills.}, }
@article {pmid25198945, year = {2014}, author = {Murdoch, G and Clift, AD and Mansfield, S}, title = {Adoption of exotic plants by an endemic Australian weevil, Orthorhinus cylindrirostris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {43}, number = {5}, pages = {1168-1173}, doi = {10.1603/EN14122}, pmid = {25198945}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Longevity ; Magnoliopsida/*growth &amp; development ; Male ; New South Wales ; Oviposition ; Weevils/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The elephant weevil Orthorhinus cylindrirostris (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is endemic to Australia and has colonized several exotic crops including citrus, blueberries, and grapevines. We compared the life history of this pest on two native and two exotic host plants: hickory wattle Acacia falcata Willdenow, rough-barked apple Angophora floribunda (Smith) Sweet, lemon Citrus limon (L.) Burman, and blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum (L.). Blueberry was attacked more often (22 of the 24 plants) than lemon, rough-barked apple, and hickory wattle (6-8 plants of each species attacked of the 24). Adult emergence followed a similar pattern across hosts but emergence was low overall (58 adults from 176 eggs). Only blueberry had more than one weevil emerge from a single plant. Development from oviposition to adult emergence can take up to 2 yr, particularly on blueberry. Adult life span and weight varied between individuals although no effect of host plant was detected. Similar plant chemistry is unlikely to have triggered host range expansion by this species because the exotic host plants are from different families (Rutaceae, Vitaceae, and Ericaceae) to the native host plants (Myrtaceae, Mimosaceae, and Fabaceae). O. cylindrirostris colonized citrus trees over a century ago, yet it appears to have no preference for lemon over native host plants. In contrast, O. cylindrirostris has developed a preference for blueberry, the higher quality host plant, only a few decades after colonization.}, }
@article {pmid25198370, year = {2014}, author = {Tonini, F and Divino, F and Lasinio, GJ and Hochmair, HH and Scheffrahn, RH}, title = {Predicting the geographical distribution of two invasive termite species from occurrence data.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {43}, number = {5}, pages = {1135-1144}, doi = {10.1603/EN13312}, pmid = {25198370}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Florida ; *Introduced Species ; Isoptera/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Predicting the potential habitat of species under both current and future climate change scenarios is crucial for monitoring invasive species and understanding a species' response to different environmental conditions. Frequently, the only data available on a species is the location of its occurrence (presence-only data). Using occurrence records only, two models were used to predict the geographical distribution of two destructive invasive termite species, Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) and Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. The first model uses a Bayesian linear logistic regression approach adjusted for presence-only data while the second one is the widely used maximum entropy approach (Maxent). Results show that the predicted distributions of both C. gestroi and C. formosanus are strongly linked to urban development. The impact of future scenarios such as climate warming and population growth on the biotic distribution of both termite species was also assessed. Future climate warming seems to affect their projected probability of presence to a lesser extent than population growth. The Bayesian logistic approach outperformed Maxent consistently in all models according to evaluation criteria such as model sensitivity and ecological realism. The importance of further studies for an explicit treatment of residual spatial autocorrelation and a more comprehensive comparison between both statistical approaches is suggested.}, }
@article {pmid25195440, year = {2014}, author = {Hou, Y and Miao, Y and Zhang, Z}, title = {Study on life parameters of the invasive species Octodonta nipae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on different palm species, under laboratory conditions.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {107}, number = {4}, pages = {1486-1495}, doi = {10.1603/ec14119}, pmid = {25195440}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; *Arecaceae ; Coleoptera/*growth &amp; development ; Female ; Fertility ; *Introduced Species ; Life Tables ; Longevity ; Male ; Population Growth ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {In southeastern China, the invasion of the nipa palm hispid Octodonta nipae (Maulik) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) results in devastating damage to palms. Host plants play an important role in the population increases and outbreaks of O. nipae. O. nipae could not complete its development on the Majestic palm (Ravenea rivularis Jumelle &amp; Perrier), and females did not lay eggs on Chinese fan palm (Livistona chinensis R. Brown). However, this insect species both completed development and laid eggs on Chinese windmill palm (Trachycarpus fortunei (Hooker) H. Wendland), Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis Chabaud), and pygmy date palm (Phoenix roebelenii O' Brien). The demographic characteristics of O. nipae reared on Chinese windmill palm, Canary Island date palm, and pygmy date palm were compared with an age-stage, two-sex life table. In this study, the developmental periods from egg to adult varied from 42.1 d on Chinese windmill palm to 49.8 d on pygmy date palm. The survivorship from egg to adult on Chinese windmill palm, Canary Island date palm, and pygmy date palm was 77.5, 79.4, and 66.7%, respectively. Although the adult longevity and the mean fecundity for individuals reared on Chinese windmill palm, Canary Island date palm, and pygmy date palm were not significantly different, there were significant differences in the intrinsic rate of increase, the finite rate, and the mean generation time among palm species, and the values of intrinsic rate of increase and finite rate were higher for populations reared on Chinese windmill palm and Canary Island date palm (0.0313 and 1.0318 d(-1) and 0.0278 and 1.0282 d(-1), respectively) and lower for populations reared on pygmy date palm (0.0192 and 1.0194 d(-1)). However, mean generation time was shorter on Chinese windmill palm (124.11 d) and Canary Island date palm (129.62 d) and longer on pygmy date palm (166.03 d). Our study indicated that different hosts affected life parameters of O. nipae, with the most preferred hosts being the Chinese windmill palm and Canary Island date palm. These results may be useful for the design of culture management strategies for O. nipae.}, }
@article {pmid25195033, year = {2014}, author = {Levy, MA and Cumming, JR}, title = {Development of soils and communities of plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on West Virginia surface mines.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {54}, number = {5}, pages = {1153-1162}, pmid = {25195033}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Likelihood Functions ; *Mining ; Mycorrhizae/*growth &amp; development ; Plant Development/*physiology ; Soil/*chemistry ; West Virginia ; }, abstract = {Surface mining followed by reclamation to pasture is a major driver of land use and cover change in Appalachia. Prior research suggests that many aspects of ecosystem recovery are either slow or incomplete. We examined ecosystem structure-including soil physical and chemical properties, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) infectivity and community composition, and plant diversity and community composition-on a chronosequence of pasture-reclaimed surface mines and a non-mined pasture in northern West Virginia. Surface mining and reclamation dramatically altered ecosystem structure. Some aspects of ecosystem structure, including many measures of soil chemistry and infectivity of AMF, returned rapidly to levels found on the non-mined reference site. Other aspects of ecosystem structure, notably soil physical properties and AMF and plant communities, showed incomplete or no recovery over the short-to-medium term. In addition, invasive plants were prevalent on reclaimed mine sites. The results point to the need for investigation on how reclamation practices could minimize establishment of exotic invasive plant species and reduce the long-term impacts of mining on ecosystem structure and function.}, }
@article {pmid25194478, year = {2015}, author = {Li, M and Lou, Z and Wang, Y and Liu, Q and Zhang, Y and Zhou, J and Qian, G}, title = {Alkali and alkaline earth metallic (AAEM) species leaching and Cu(II) sorption by biochar.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {119}, number = {}, pages = {778-785}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.08.033}, pmid = {25194478}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Charcoal/chemistry/*metabolism ; Copper/*metabolism ; Eichhornia/chemistry ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Metals, Alkali/*metabolism ; Metals, Alkaline Earth/*metabolism ; Poaceae/chemistry ; Principal Component Analysis ; Soil Pollutants/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Alkali and alkaline earth metallic (AAEM) species water leaching and Cu(II) sorption by biochar prepared from two invasive plants, Spartina alterniflora (SA) and water hyacinth (WH), were explored in this work. Significant amounts of Na and K can be released (maximum leaching for Na 59.0 mg g(-1) and K 79.9 mg g(-1)) from SA and WH biochar when they are exposed to contact with water. Cu(II) removal by biochar is highly related with pyrolysis temperature and environmental pH with 600-700 °C and pH of 6 showing best performance (29.4 and 28.2 mg g(-1) for SA and WH biochar). Cu(II) sorption exerts negligible influence on Na/K/Mg leaching but clearly promotes the release of Ca. Biochars from these two plant species provide multiple benefits, including nutrient release (K), heavy metal immobilization as well as promoting the aggregation of soil particles (Ca) for soil amelioration. AAEM and Cu(II) equilibrium concentrations in sorption were analyzed by positive matrix factorization (PMF) to examine the factors underlying the leaching and sorption behavior of biochar. The identified factors can provide insightful understanding on experimental phenomena.}, }
@article {pmid25193551, year = {2015}, author = {Roques, L and Hosono, Y and Bonnefon, O and Boivin, T}, title = {The effect of competition on the neutral intraspecific diversity of invasive species.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, pages = {465-489}, pmid = {25193551}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {Computational Biology ; Computer Simulation ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; }, abstract = {This paper deals with the effect of interspecific competition on the dynamics of neutral genetic diversity in a range-expanding population. The spread of an invasive species in an environment already hosting a resident competitor is described by a traveling wave solution with minimal speed, u(t,x) = U(x - c ∗ t), of a diffusive Lotka-Volterra competition model. The description of the dynamics of neutral genetic fractions in this wave is based on a decomposition of the wave into several components, as proposed by Roques et al. (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(23):8828-8833, 2012). Our analytical results reveal that the wave can be either the pulled type, corresponding to strong erosion of the diversity, or the pushed type, corresponding to maintenance of the initial diversity. The pulled/pushed nature of the wave depends on the linear or nonlinear nature of the speed c *. Our results show that, for sufficiently strong competition, the speed is nonlinear, and therefore all of the genetic diversity in the invasive population is maintained. Conversely, in the absence of competition, or when competition is mild, the speed is linear, which means that only the furthest forward fraction in the initial invasive population eventually remains in the colonization front. Our numerical results also show that the sufficient conditions of Lewis et al. (J Math Biol 45(3):219-233, 2002) and Huang (J Dyn Differ Equ 22(2):285-297, 2010) for the linearity of the speed c * can still be improved, and they show that nonlinear speeds occur across a wide region of the parameter space, providing a counterpoint to recent analytical results suggesting that nonlinear speeds only occur in certain limiting cases.}, }
@article {pmid25193147, year = {2014}, author = {Gérard, A and Jourdan, H and Cugnière, C and Millon, A and Vidal, E}, title = {Is naïveté forever? Alien predator and aggressor recognition by two endemic island reptiles.}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {101}, number = {11}, pages = {921-927}, pmid = {25193147}, issn = {1432-1904}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants ; Cats ; Escape Reaction/*physiology ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; New Caledonia ; Odorants ; Rats ; Reptiles ; }, abstract = {The disproportionate impacts of invasive predators are often attributed to the naïveté (i.e., inefficient or non-existing anti-predator behavior) of island native species having evolved without such predators. Naïveté has long been regarded as a fixed characteristic, but a few recent studies indicate a capacity for behavioral adaptation in native species in contact with alien predators. Here, we tested whether two reptiles endemic to New Caledonia, a skink, Caledoniscincus austrocaledonicus, and a gecko, Bavayia septuiclavis, recognized and responded to the odor of six introduced species (two rodents, the feral cat, and three species of ants). We used an experimental design in which reptiles had a choice of retreat sites with or without the odor of predators or aggressors. Skinks avoided two or three of the predators, whereas geckos avoided at most one. These results suggest that diurnal skinks are more responsive than nocturnal geckos to the odor of introduced predators. Neither skinks nor geckos avoided the three species of ants. Thus, the odors of alien predators are shown to influence retreat site selection by two native island reptiles. Moreover, the study suggests that this loss of naïveté varies among native species, probably as a consequence of the intensity of the threat and of time since introduction. These findings argue for re-thinking the behavioral flexibility of ectothermic reptiles in terms of their responses to biological invasion.}, }
@article {pmid25192006, year = {2014}, author = {Dormontt, EE and Gardner, MG and Breed, MF and Rodger, JG and Prentis, PJ and Lowe, AJ}, title = {Genetic bottlenecks in time and space: reconstructing invasions from contemporary and historical collections.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {e106874}, pmid = {25192006}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Australia ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA, Chloroplast/genetics ; DNA, Plant/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; History, 20th Century ; Introduced Species/*history ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; Phylogeography ; Plant Weeds/*genetics ; Senecio/*genetics ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Herbarium accession data offer a useful historical botanical perspective and have been used to track the spread of plant invasions through time and space. Nevertheless, few studies have utilised this resource for genetic analysis to reconstruct a more complete picture of historical invasion dynamics, including the occurrence of separate introduction events. In this study, we combined nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite analyses of contemporary and historical collections of Senecio madagascariensis, a globally invasive weed first introduced to Australia c. 1918 from its native South Africa. Analysis of nuclear microsatellites, together with temporal spread data and simulations of herbarium voucher sampling, revealed distinct introductions to south-eastern Australia and mid-eastern Australia. Genetic diversity of the south-eastern invasive population was lower than in the native range, but higher than in the mid-eastern invasion. In the invasive range, despite its low resolution, our chloroplast microsatellite data revealed the occurrence of new haplotypes over time, probably as the result of subsequent introduction(s) to Australia from the native range during the latter half of the 20th century. Our work demonstrates how molecular studies of contemporary and historical field collections can be combined to reconstruct a more complete picture of the invasion history of introduced taxa. Further, our study indicates that a survey of contemporary samples only (as undertaken for the majority of invasive species studies) would be insufficient to identify potential source populations and occurrence of multiple introductions.}, }
@article {pmid25188421, year = {2014}, author = {Pizzatto, L and Both, C and Shine, R}, title = {Quantifying anuran microhabitat use to infer the potential for parasite transmission between invasive cane toads and two species of Australian native frogs.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {e106996}, pmid = {25188421}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/*parasitology ; Australia/epidemiology ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Bufo marinus/*parasitology ; *Ecosystem ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Photoperiod ; Rhabditida Infections/epidemiology/*transmission/*veterinary ; Rhabditoidea/pathogenicity/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Telemetry ; }, abstract = {Parasites that are carried by invasive species can infect native taxa, with devastating consequences. In Australia, invading cane toads (Rhinella marina) carry lungworm parasites (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) that (based on previous laboratory studies) can infect native treefrogs (Litoria caerulea and L. splendida). To assess the potential of parasite transmission from the invader to the native species (and from one infected native frog to another), we used surveys and radiotelemetry to quantify anuran microhabitat use, and proximity to other anurans, in two sites in tropical Australia. Unsurprisingly, treefrogs spent much of their time off the ground (especially by day, and in undisturbed forests) but terrestrial activity was common at night (especially in anthropogenically modified habitats). Microhabitat overlap between cane toads and frogs was generally low, except at night in disturbed areas, whereas overlap between the two frog species was high. The situations of highest overlap, and hence with the greatest danger of parasite transmission, involve aggregations of frogs within crevices by day, and use of open ground by all three anuran species at night. Overall, microhabitat divergence between toads and frogs should reduce, but not eliminate, the transmission of lungworms from invasive toads to vulnerable native frogs.}, }
@article {pmid25188026, year = {2014}, author = {Guernier, V and Lagadec, E and LeMinter, G and Licciardi, S and Balleydier, E and Pagès, F and Laudisoit, A and Dellagi, K and Tortosa, P}, title = {Fleas of small mammals on Reunion Island: diversity, distribution and epidemiological consequences.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {e3129}, pmid = {25188026}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Animals ; Flea Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Rats ; Reunion ; Rodent Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Seasons ; Siphonaptera/*classification ; }, abstract = {The diversity and geographical distribution of fleas parasitizing small mammals have been poorly investigated on Indian Ocean islands with the exception of Madagascar where endemic plague has stimulated extensive research on these arthropod vectors. In the context of an emerging flea-borne murine typhus outbreak that occurred recently in Reunion Island, we explored fleas' diversity, distribution and host specificity on Reunion Island. Small mammal hosts belonging to five introduced species were trapped from November 2012 to November 2013 along two altitudinal transects, one on the windward eastern and one on the leeward western sides of the island. A total of 960 animals were trapped, and 286 fleas were morphologically and molecularly identified. Four species were reported: (i) two cosmopolitan Xenopsylla species which appeared by far as the prominent species, X. cheopis and X. brasiliensis; (ii) fewer fleas belonging to Echidnophaga gallinacea and Leptopsylla segnis. Rattus rattus was found to be the most abundant host species in our sample, and also the most parasitized host, predominantly by X. cheopis. A marked decrease in flea abundance was observed during the cool-dry season, which indicates seasonal fluctuation in infestation. Importantly, our data reveal that flea abundance was strongly biased on the island, with 81% of all collected fleas coming from the western dry side and no Xenopsylla flea collected on almost four hundred rodents trapped along the windward humid eastern side. The possible consequences of this sharp spatio-temporal pattern are discussed in terms of flea-borne disease risks in Reunion Island, particularly with regard to plague and the currently emerging murine typhus outbreak.}, }
@article {pmid25187924, year = {2014}, author = {Speziale, KL and Lambertucci, SA and Souto, CP and Hiraldo, F}, title = {Recovering native culture in a world of non-native species.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, pages = {1129-1131}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12251}, pmid = {25187924}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/trends ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid25187501, year = {2016}, author = {Del Río-Portilla, MA and Vargas-Peralta, CE and Machkour-M'Rabet, S and Hénaut, Y and García-De-León, FJ}, title = {Lionfish, Pterois volitans Linnaeus 1758, the complete mitochondrial DNA of an invasive species.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {1423-1424}, doi = {10.3109/19401736.2014.953075}, pmid = {25187501}, issn = {2470-1408}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Composition ; Gene Order ; Genome Size ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Introduced Species ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Perciformes/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; }, abstract = {The lionfish, Pterois volitans, native from the Indo-Pacific, has been found in Atlantic and Caribbean waters and is considered as an invasive species. Here we sequence its mitogenome (Genbank accession number KJ739816), which has a total length of 16,500 bp, and the arrangement consist of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes and 22 transfer RNA similar to other Pteroinae subfamily (family Scorpaenidae). This mitogenome will be useful for phylogenetic and population genetic studies of this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid25186809, year = {2015}, author = {Knebelsberger, T and Dunz, AR and Neumann, D and Geiger, MF}, title = {Molecular diversity of Germany's freshwater fishes and lampreys assessed by DNA barcoding.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {562-572}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12322}, pmid = {25186809}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Fishes/*classification/*genetics ; *Fresh Water ; Germany ; Lampreys/*classification/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeography ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {This study represents the first comprehensive molecular assessment of freshwater fishes and lampreys from Germany. We analysed COI sequences for almost 80% of the species mentioned in the current German Red List. In total, 1056 DNA barcodes belonging to 92 species from all major drainages were used to (i) build a reliable DNA barcode reference library, (ii) test for phylogeographic patterns, (iii) check for the presence of barcode gaps between species and (iv) evaluate the performance of the barcode index number (BIN) system, available on the Barcode of Life Data Systems. For over 78% of all analysed species, DNA barcodes are a reliable means for identification, indicated by the presence of barcode gaps. An overlap between intra- and interspecific genetic distances was present in 19 species, six of which belong to the genus Coregonus. The Neighbour-Joining phenogram showed 60 nonoverlapping species clusters and three singleton species, which were related to 63 separate BIN numbers. Furthermore, Barbatula barbatula, Leucaspius delineatus, Phoxinus phoxinus and Squalius cephalus exhibited remarkable levels of cryptic diversity. In contrast, 11 clusters showed haplotype sharing, or low levels of divergence between species, hindering reliable identification. The analysis of our barcode library together with public data resulted in 89 BINs, of which 56% showed taxonomic conflicts. Most of these conflicts were caused by the use of synonymies, inadequate taxonomy or misidentifications. Moreover, our study increased the number of potential alien species in Germany from 14 to 21 and is therefore a valuable groundwork for further faunistic investigations.}, }
@article {pmid25184624, year = {2014}, author = {Rogers, EE and Backus, EA}, title = {Anterior foregut microbiota of the glassy-winged sharpshooter explored using deep 16S rRNA gene sequencing from individual insects.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {e106215}, pmid = {25184624}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics ; Digestive System/*microbiology ; Hemiptera/*microbiology ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Insect Vectors/*microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Microbiota/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry/*genetics ; Vitis/microbiology ; Wolbachia/classification/genetics ; Xylella/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS) is an invasive insect species that transmits Xylella fastidiosa, the bacterium causing Pierce's disease of grapevine and other leaf scorch diseases. X. fastidiosa has been shown to colonize the anterior foregut (cibarium and precibarium) of sharpshooters, where it may interact with other naturally-occurring bacterial species. To evaluate such interactions, a comprehensive list of bacterial species associated with the sharpshooter cibarium and precibarium is needed. Here, a survey of microbiota associated with the GWSS anterior foregut was conducted. Ninety-six individual GWSS, 24 from each of 4 locations (Bakersfield, CA; Ojai, CA; Quincy, FL; and a laboratory colony), were characterized for bacteria in dissected sharpshooter cibaria and precibaria by amplification and sequencing of a portion of the 16S rRNA gene using Illumina MiSeq technology. An average of approximately 150,000 sequence reads were obtained per insect. The most common genus detected was Wolbachia; sequencing of the Wolbachia ftsZ gene placed this strain in supergroup B, one of two Wolbachia supergroups most commonly associated with arthropods. X. fastidiosa was detected in all 96 individuals examined. By multilocus sequence typing, both X. fastidiosa subspecies fastidiosa and subspecies sandyi were present in GWSS from California and the colony; only subspecies fastidiosa was detected in GWSS from Florida. In addition to Wolbachia and X. fastidiosa, 23 other bacterial genera were detected at or above an average incidence of 0.1%; these included plant-associated microbes (Methylobacterium, Sphingomonas, Agrobacterium, and Ralstonia) and soil- or water-associated microbes (Anoxybacillus, Novosphingobium, Caulobacter, and Luteimonas). Sequences belonging to species of the family Enterobacteriaceae also were detected but it was not possible to assign these to individual genera. Many of these species likely interact with X. fastidiosa in the cibarium and precibarium.}, }
@article {pmid25184250, year = {2014}, author = {Anton, A and Simpson, MS and Vu, I}, title = {Environmental and biotic correlates to lionfish invasion success in Bahamian coral reefs.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {e106229}, pmid = {25184250}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/physiology ; Bahamas ; Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Lionfish (Pterois volitans), venomous predators from the Indo-Pacific, are recent invaders of the Caribbean Basin and southeastern coast of North America. Quantification of invasive lionfish abundances, along with potentially important physical and biological environmental characteristics, permitted inferences about the invasion process of reefs on the island of San Salvador in the Bahamas. Environmental wave-exposure had a large influence on lionfish abundance, which was more than 20 and 120 times greater for density and biomass respectively at sheltered sites as compared with wave-exposed environments. Our measurements of topographic complexity of the reefs revealed that lionfish abundance was not driven by habitat rugosity. Lionfish abundance was not negatively affected by the abundance of large native predators (or large native groupers) and was also unrelated to the abundance of medium prey fishes (total length of 5-10 cm). These relationships suggest that (1) higher-energy environments may impose intrinsic resistance against lionfish invasion, (2) habitat complexity may not facilitate the lionfish invasion process, (3) predation or competition by native fishes may not provide biotic resistance against lionfish invasion, and (4) abundant prey fish might not facilitate lionfish invasion success. The relatively low biomass of large grouper on this island could explain our failure to detect suppression of lionfish abundance and we encourage continuing the preservation and restoration of potential lionfish predators in the Caribbean. In addition, energetic environments might exert direct or indirect resistance to the lionfish proliferation, providing native fish populations with essential refuges.}, }
@article {pmid25184224, year = {2014}, author = {Zhang, Q and Zhang, Y and Peng, S and Zobel, K}, title = {Climate warming may facilitate invasion of the exotic shrub Lantana camara.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {e105500}, pmid = {25184224}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biomass ; Chlorophyll/biosynthesis ; Energy Metabolism/physiology ; Germination/drug effects ; Global Warming ; *Introduced Species ; Lantana/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Lactuca/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Models, Biological ; Photosynthesis/physiology ; Plant Dispersal ; Plant Extracts/*toxicity ; Plant Leaves/chemistry/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Plant Stems/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Seedlings/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Plant species show different responses to the elevated temperatures that are resulting from global climate change, depending on their ecological and physiological characteristics. The highly invasive shrub Lantana camara occurs between the latitudes of 35 °N and 35 °S. According to current and future climate scenarios predicted by the CLIMEX model, climatically suitable areas for L. camara are projected to contract globally, despite expansions in some areas. The objective of this study was to test those predictions, using a pot experiment in which branch cuttings were grown at three different temperatures (22 °C, 26 °C and 30 °C). We hypothesized that warming would facilitate the invasiveness of L. camara. In response to rising temperatures, the total biomass of L. camara did increase. Plants allocated more biomass to stems and enlarged their leaves more at 26 °C and 30 °C, which promoted light capture and assimilation. They did not appear to be stressed by higher temperatures, in fact photosynthesis and assimilation were enhanced. Using lettuce (Lactuca sativa) as a receptor plant in a bioassay experiment, we also tested the phytotoxicity of L. camara leachate at different temperatures. All aqueous extracts from fresh leaves significantly inhibited the germination and seedling growth of lettuce, and the allelopathic effects became stronger with increasing temperature. Our results provide key evidence that elevated temperature led to significant increases in growth along with physiological and allelopathic effects, which together indicate that global warming facilitates the invasion of L. camara.}, }
@article {pmid25182616, year = {2014}, author = {Zeilinger, AR and Olson, DM and Andow, DA}, title = {A likelihood-based biostatistical model for analyzing consumer movement in simultaneous choice experiments.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {977-988}, doi = {10.1603/EN13287}, pmid = {25182616}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Herbivory ; Heteroptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; *Movement ; Nymph/physiology ; Probability ; }, abstract = {Consumer feeding preference among resource choices has critical implications for basic ecological and evolutionary processes, and can be highly relevant to applied problems such as ecological risk assessment and invasion biology. Within consumer choice experiments, also known as feeding preference or cafeteria experiments, measures of relative consumption and measures of consumer movement can provide distinct and complementary insights into the strength, causes, and consequences of preference. Despite the distinct value of inferring preference from measures of consumer movement, rigorous and biologically relevant analytical methods are lacking. We describe a simple, likelihood-based, biostatistical model for analyzing the transient dynamics of consumer movement in a paired-choice experiment. With experimental data consisting of repeated discrete measures of consumer location, the model can be used to estimate constant consumer attraction and leaving rates for two food choices, and differences in choice-specific attraction and leaving rates can be tested using model selection. The model enables calculation of transient and equilibrial probabilities of consumer-resource association, which could be incorporated into larger scale movement models. We explore the effect of experimental design on parameter estimation through stochastic simulation and describe methods to check that data meet model assumptions. Using a dataset of modest sample size, we illustrate the use of the model to draw inferences on consumer preference as well as underlying behavioral mechanisms. Finally, we include a user's guide and computer code scripts in R to facilitate use of the model by other researchers.}, }
@article {pmid25182612, year = {2014}, author = {Badenes-Perez, FR and Castillo, A and Johnson, MT}, title = {Damage to Miconia calvescens and seasonal abundance of Salbia lotanalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Costa Rica.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {877-882}, doi = {10.1603/EN12345}, pmid = {25182612}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Costa Rica ; *Food Chain ; *Herbivory ; Larva/physiology ; Melastomataceae/*physiology ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Miconia calvescens de Candolle (Melastomataceae) is an invasive tree considered the most serious threat to natural ecosystems of Hawaii and other Pacific islands. The success of M. calvescens as an invasive species is greatly owing to its shade tolerance and the shaded habitat it creates, where many native plant species that are light-demanding cannot survive. Salbia lotanalis Druce (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a neotropical leaf roller attacking M. calvescens, was evaluated for two mechanisms by which it reduces leaf area of its host plant: feeding (defoliation), which removes leaf tissue, and tying leaf rolls, which reduces exposed area of leaves. These impacts were quantified over a 1-yr period at a field site in Costa Rica, where densities of S. lotanalis larvae attacking M. calvescens peaked at the end of the rainy season and declined in the dry season. Up to 47.5% of leaves were attacked by S. lotanalis, with cumulative defoliation by an undetermined number of larvae removing an average of ≍30% (253 cm(2)) of each leaf attacked. Defoliation and leaf rolling were compared in a greenhouse experiment in which individual S. lotanalis larvae defoliated an average of 3.7% (17.8 cm(2)) of each attacked leaf, and reduced exposed leaf area as a result of leaf rolling by an average of 12.8% (66.2 cm(2)). Our results complement the findings of previous studies of S. lotanalis and confirm its potential as a biological control agent of M. calvescens.}, }
@article {pmid25182049, year = {2015}, author = {van Slooten, C and Peperzak, L and Buma, AG}, title = {Assessment of didecyldimethylammonium chloride as a ballast water treatment method.}, journal = {Environmental technology}, volume = {36}, number = {1-4}, pages = {435-449}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2014.951401}, pmid = {25182049}, issn = {0959-3330}, mesh = {Animals ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Disinfectants/pharmacology ; Disinfection/*methods ; Plankton/*drug effects/physiology ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry/*pharmacokinetics ; Seawater/*chemistry/microbiology ; Ships ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Water Pollutants/*isolation &amp; purification ; Water Purification/*methods ; }, abstract = {Ballast water-mediated transfer of aquatic invasive species is considered a major threat to marine biodiversity, marine industry and human health. A ballast water treatment is needed to comply with International Maritime Organization (IMO) ballast water discharge regulations. Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) was tested for its applicability as a ballast water treatment method. The treatment of the marine phytoplankton species Tetraselmis suecica, Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros calcitrans showed that at 2.5 µL L(-1) DDAC was able to inactivate photosystem II (PSII) efficiency and disintegrate the cells after 5 days of dark incubation. The treatment of natural marine plankton communities with 2.5 µL L(-1) DDAC did not sufficiently decrease zooplankton abundance to comply with the IMO D-2 standard. Bivalve larvae showed the highest resistance to DDAC. PSII efficiency was inactivated within 5 days but phytoplankton cells remained intact. Regrowth occurred within 2 days of incubation in the light. However, untreated phytoplankton exposed to residual DDAC showed delayed cell growth and reduced PSII efficiency, indicating residual DDAC toxicity. Natural marine plankton communities treated with 5 µL L(-1) DDAC showed sufficient disinfection of zooplankton and inactivation of PSII efficiency. Phytoplankton regrowth was not detected after 9 days of light incubation. Bacteria were initially reduced due to the DDAC treatment but regrowth was observed within 5 days of dark incubation. Residual DDAC remained too high after 5 days to be safely discharged. Two neutralization cycles of 50 mg L(-1) bentonite were needed to inactivate residual DDAC upon discharge. The inactivation of residual DDAC may seriously hamper the practical use of DDAC as a ballast water disinfectant.}, }
@article {pmid25180161, year = {2014}, author = {Lymbery, AJ and Morine, M and Kanani, HG and Beatty, SJ and Morgan, DL}, title = {Co-invaders: The effects of alien parasites on native hosts.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {171-177}, pmid = {25180161}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {We define co-introduced parasites as those which have been transported with an alien host to a new locality, outside of their natural range, and co-invading parasites as those which have been co-introduced and then spread to new, native hosts. Of 98 published studies of co-introductions, over 50% of hosts were freshwater fishes and 49% of parasites were helminths. Although we would expect parasites with simple, direct life cycles to be much more likely to be introduced and establish in a new locality, a substantial proportion (36%) of co-introductions were of parasites with an indirect life cycle. Seventy-eight per cent of co-introduced parasites were found in native host species and can therefore be classed as co-invaders. Host switching was equally common among parasites with direct and indirect life cycles. The magnitude of the threat posed to native species by co-invaders will depend, among other things, on parasite virulence. In 16 cases where co-introduced parasites have switched to native hosts and information was available on relative virulence, 14 (85%) were more virulent in native hosts than in the co-introduced alien host. We argue that this does not necessarily support the naïve host theory that co-invading parasites will have greater pathogenic effects in native hosts with which they have no coevolutionary history, but may instead be a consequence of the greater likelihood for parasites with lower virulence in their natural host to be co-introduced.}, }
@article {pmid25176277, year = {2014}, author = {Steichen, JL and Schulze, A and Brinkmeyer, R and Quigg, A}, title = {All aboard! A biological survey of ballast water onboard vessels spanning the North Atlantic Ocean.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {87}, number = {1-2}, pages = {201-210}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.058}, pmid = {25176277}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Commerce ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/*classification ; Phylogeny ; Seawater/analysis/*microbiology/parasitology ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {Global movement of nonindigenous species, within ballast water tanks across natural barriers, threatens coastal and estuarine ecosystem biodiversity. In 2012, the Port of Houston ranked 10th largest in the world and 2nd in the US (waterborne tonnage). Ballast water was collected from 13 vessels to genetically examine the eukaryotic microorganism diversity being discharged into the Port of Houston, Texas (USA). Vessels took ballast water onboard in North Atlantic Ocean between the Port of Malabo, Africa and Port of New Orleans, Louisiana, (USA). Twenty genera of Protists, Fungi and Animalia were identified from at least 10 phyla. Dinoflagellates were the most diverse and dominant identified (Alexandrium, Exuviaella, Gyrodinium, Heterocapsa, Karlodinium, Pfiesteria and Scrippsiella). We are reporting the first detection of Picobiliphytes, Apusozoa (Amastigomonas) and Sarcinomyces within ballast water. This study supports that global commerce by shipping contributes to long-distance transportation of eukaryotic microorganisms, increasing propagule pressure and invasion supply on ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid25171612, year = {2014}, author = {Rentería-Solís, Z and Min, AM and Alasaad, S and Müller, K and Michler, FU and Schmäschke, R and Wittstatt, U and Rossi, L and Wibbelt, G}, title = {Genetic epidemiology and pathology of raccoon-derived Sarcoptes mites from urban areas of Germany.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {28 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {98-103}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12079}, pmid = {25171612}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Foxes ; Germany/epidemiology ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/veterinary ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Raccoons ; Sarcoptes scabiei/genetics/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Scabies/epidemiology/genetics/pathology/*veterinary ; Seasons ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/veterinary ; }, abstract = {The raccoon, Procyon lotor (Carnivora: Procyonidae), is an invasive species that is spreading throughout Europe, in which Germany represents its core area. Here, raccoons mostly live in rural regions, but some urban populations are already established, such as in the city of Kassel, or are starting to build up, such as in Berlin. The objective of this study was to investigate Sarcoptes (Sarcoptiformes: Sarcoptidae) infections in racoons in these two urban areas and to identify the putative origin of the parasite. Parasite morphology, and gross and histopathological examinations of diseased skin tissue were consistent with Sarcoptes scabiei infection. Using nine microsatellite markers, we genotyped individual mites from five raccoons and compared them with Sarcoptes mites derived from fox, wild boar and Northern chamois, originating from Italy and Switzerland. The raccoon-derived mites clustered together with the fox samples and were clearly differentiated from those of the wild boar and chamois samples, which suggests a fox origin for the raccoon mange infection. These results are evidence of the cross-transmission of S. scabiei among wild carnivores. Although our results cannot elucidate whether raccoons became infected by frequent interaction with endemically or epidemically infected foxes or whether these cases resulted from occasional contacts among these animal species, they do nevertheless show that pathogens can be shared among urban populations of native and invasive carnivores.}, }
@article {pmid25171066, year = {2014}, author = {Stoelting, RE and Measey, GJ and Drewes, RC}, title = {Population genetics of the São Tomé caecilian (Gymnophiona: Dermophiidae: Schistometopum thomense) reveals strong geographic structuring.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {e104628}, pmid = {25171066}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa ; Amphibians/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Islands ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Pigmentation ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Islands provide exciting opportunities for exploring ecological and evolutionary mechanisms. The oceanic island of São Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea exhibits high diversity of fauna including the endemic caecilian amphibian, Schistometopum thomense. Variation in pigmentation, morphology and size of this taxon over its c. 45 km island range is extreme, motivating a number of taxonomic, ecological, and evolutionary hypotheses to explain the observed diversity. We conducted a population genetic study of S. thomense using partial sequences of two mitochondrial DNA genes (ND4 and 16S), together with morphological examination, to address competing hypotheses of taxonomic or clinal variation. Using Bayesian phylogenetic analysis and Spatial Analysis of Molecular Variance, we found evidence of four geographic clades, whose range and approximated age (c. 253 Kya-27 Kya) are consistent with the spread and age of recent volcanic flows. These clades explained 90% of variation in ND4 (φCT = 0.892), and diverged by 4.3% minimum pairwise distance at the deepest node. Most notably, using Mismatch Distributions and Mantel Tests, we identified a zone of population admixture that dissected the island. In the northern clade, we found evidence of recent population expansion (Fu's Fs = -13.08 and Tajima's D = -1.80) and limited dispersal (Mantel correlation coefficient = 0.36, p = 0.01). Color assignment to clades was not absolute. Paired with multinomial regression of chromatic data, our analyses suggested that the genetic groups and a latitudinal gradient together describe variation in color of S. thomense. We propose that volcanism and limited dispersal ability are the likely proximal causes of the observed genetic structure. This is the first population genetic study of any caecilian and demonstrates that these animals have deep genetic divisions over very small areas in accordance with previous speculations of low dispersal abilities.}, }
@article {pmid25170957, year = {2014}, author = {Fischer, A and Selge, S and van der Wal, R and Larson, BM}, title = {The public and professionals reason similarly about the management of non-native invasive species: a quantitative investigation of the relationship between beliefs and attitudes.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {e105495}, pmid = {25170957}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Attitude ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Culture ; Ecology ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Public Opinion ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Despite continued critique of the idea of clear boundaries between scientific and lay knowledge, the 'deficit-model' of public understanding of ecological issues still seems prevalent in discourses of biodiversity management. Prominent invasion biologists, for example, still argue that citizens need to be educated so that they accept scientists' views on the management of non-native invasive species. We conducted a questionnaire-based survey with members of the public and professionals in invasive species management (n = 732) in Canada and the UK to investigate commonalities and differences in their perceptions of species and, more importantly, how these perceptions were connected to attitudes towards species management. Both native and non-native mammal and tree species were included. Professionals tended to have more extreme views than the public, especially in relation to nativeness and abundance of a species. In both groups, species that were perceived to be more abundant, non-native, unattractive or harmful to nature and the economy were more likely to be regarded as in need of management. While perceptions of species and attitudes towards management thus often differed between public and professionals, these perceptions were linked to attitudes in very similar ways across the two groups. This suggests that ways of reasoning about invasive species employed by professionals and the public might be more compatible with each other than commonly thought. We recommend that managers and local people engage in open discussion about each other's beliefs and attitudes prior to an invasive species control programme. This could ultimately reduce conflict over invasive species control.}, }
@article {pmid25170923, year = {2014}, author = {Strong, JS and Leroux, SJ}, title = {Impact of non-native terrestrial mammals on the structure of the terrestrial mammal food web of Newfoundland, Canada.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {e106264}, pmid = {25170923}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Food Chain ; Humans ; Mice ; *Models, Biological ; Newfoundland and Labrador ; Rats ; }, abstract = {The island of Newfoundland is unique because it has as many non-native terrestrial mammals as native ones. The impacts of non-native species on native flora and fauna can be profound and invasive species have been identified as one of the primary drivers of species extinction. Few studies, however, have investigated the effects of a non-native species assemblage on community and ecosystem properties. We reviewed the literature to build the first terrestrial mammal food web for the island of Newfoundland and then used network analyses to investigate how the timing of introductions and trophic position of non-native species has affected the structure of the terrestrial mammal food web in Newfoundland. The first non-native mammals (house mouse and brown rat) became established in Newfoundland with human settlement in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Coyotes and southern red-backed voles are the most recent mammals to establish themselves on the island in 1985 and 1998, respectively. The fraction of intermediate species increased with the addition of non-native mammals over time whereas the fraction of basal and top species declined over time. This increase in intermediate species mediated by non-native species arrivals led to an overall increase in the terrestrial mammal food web connectance and generality (i.e. mean number of prey per predator). This diverse prey base and sources of carrion may have facilitated the natural establishment of coyotes on the island. Also, there is some evidence that the introduction of non-native prey species such as the southern red-backed vole has contributed to the recovery of the threatened American marten. Long-term monitoring of the food web is required to understand and predict the impacts of the diverse novel interactions that are developing in the terrestrial mammal food web of Newfoundland.}, }
@article {pmid25170922, year = {2014}, author = {Dahl, KA and Patterson, WF}, title = {Habitat-specific density and diet of rapidly expanding invasive red lionfish, Pterois volitans, populations in the northern Gulf of Mexico.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {e105852}, pmid = {25170922}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Carbon Isotopes ; Coral Reefs ; Diet ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Geography ; Gulf of Mexico ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/physiology ; Muscles/metabolism ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Invasive Indo-Pacific red lionfish, Pterois volitans, were first reported in the northern Gulf of Mexico (nGOM) in summer 2010. To examine potential impacts on native reef fish communities, lionfish density and size distributions were estimated from fall 2010 to fall 2013 with a remotely operated vehicle at natural (n = 16) and artificial (n = 22) reef sites. Lionfish (n = 934) also were sampled via spearfishing to examine effects of habitat type, season, and fish size on their diet and trophic ecology. There was an exponential increase in lionfish density at both natural and artificial reefs over the study period. By fall 2013, mean lionfish density at artificial reefs (14.7 fish 100 m(-2)) was two orders of magnitude higher than at natural reefs (0.49 fish 100 m(-2)), and already was among the highest reported in the western Atlantic. Lionfish diet was significantly different among habitats, seasons, and size classes, with smaller (<250 mm total length) fish consuming more benthic invertebrates and the diet of lionfish sampled from artificial reefs being composed predominantly of non-reef associated prey. The ontogenetic shift in lionfish feeding ecology was consistent with δ15N values of white muscle tissue that were positively related to total length. Overall, diet results indicate lionfish are generalist mesopredators in the nGOM that become more piscivorous at larger size. However, lionfish diet was much more varied at artificial reef sites where they clearly were foraging on open substrates away from reef structure. These results have important implications for tracking the lionfish invasion in the nGOM, as well as estimating potential direct and indirect impacts on native reef fish communities in this region.}, }
@article {pmid25169113, year = {2015}, author = {Nathan, LR and Jerde, CL and Budny, ML and Mahon, AR}, title = {The use of environmental DNA in invasive species surveillance of the Great Lakes commercial bait trade.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {430-439}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12381}, pmid = {25169113}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; DNA/*analysis ; *Fisheries ; Fishes/classification/genetics/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Population Density ; United States ; }, abstract = {Over 180 non-native species have been introduced in the Laurentian Great Lakes region, many posing threats to native species and ecosystem functioning. One potential pathway for introductions is the commercial bait trade; unknowing or unconcerned anglers commonly release unused bait into aquatic systems. Previous surveillance efforts of this pathway relied on visual inspection of bait stocks in retail shops, which can be time and cost prohibitive and requires a trained individual that can rapidly and accurately identify cryptic species. Environmental DNA (eDNA) surveillance, a molecular tool that has been used for surveillance in aquatic environments, can be used to efficiently detect species at low abundances. We collected and analyzed 576 eDNA samples from 525 retail bait shops throughout the Laurentian Great Lake states. We used eDNA techniques to screen samples for multiple aquatic invasive species (AIS) that could be transported in the bait trade, including bighead (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and silver carp (H. molitrix), round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), tubenose goby (Proterorhinus marmoratus), Eurasian rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus), and goldfish (Carassius auratus). Twenty-seven samples were positive for at least one target species (4.7% of samples), and all target species were found at least once, except bighead carp. Despite current regulations, the bait trade remains a potential pathway for invasive species introductions in the Great Lakes region. Alterations to existing management strategies regarding the collection, transportation, and use of live bait are warranted, including new and updated regulations, to prevent future introductions of invasive species in the Great Lakes via the bait trade.}, }
@article {pmid25168586, year = {2014}, author = {Ioannidis, P and Lu, Y and Kumar, N and Creasy, T and Daugherty, S and Chibucos, MC and Orvis, J and Shetty, A and Ott, S and Flowers, M and Sengamalay, N and Tallon, LJ and Pick, L and Dunning Hotopp, JC}, title = {Rapid transcriptome sequencing of an invasive pest, the brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {738}, pmid = {25168586}, issn = {1471-2164}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Computational Biology/methods ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling/*methods ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Heteroptera/*genetics/microbiology ; Insect Proteins/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, RNA/*methods ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Insecta:Hemiptera;Pentatomidae), commonly known as the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB), is an invasive pest of the mid-Atlantic region of the United States, causing economically important damage to a wide range of crops. Native to Asia, BMSB was first observed in Allentown, PA, USA, in 1996, and this pest is now well-established throughout the US mid-Atlantic region and beyond. In addition to the serious threat BMSB poses to agriculture, BMSB has become a nuisance to homeowners, invading home gardens and congregating in large numbers in human-made structures, including homes, to overwinter. Despite its significance as an agricultural pest with limited control options, only 100 bp of BMSB sequence data was available in public databases when this project began.<br><br>RESULTS: Transcriptome sequencing was undertaken to provide a molecular resource to the research community to inform the development of pest control strategies and to provide molecular data for population genetics studies of BMSB. Using normalized, strand-specific libraries, we sequenced pools of all BMSB life stages on the Illumina HiSeq. Trinity was used to assemble 200,000 putative transcripts in >100,000 components. A novel bioinformatic method that analyzed the strand-specificity of the data reduced this to 53,071 putative transcripts from 18,573 components. By integrating multiple other data types, we narrowed this further to 13,211 representative transcripts.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial endosymbiont genes were identified in this dataset, some of which have a copy number consistent with being lateral gene transfers between endosymbiont genomes and Hemiptera, including ankyrin-repeat related proteins, lysozyme, and mannanase. Such genes and endosymbionts may provide novel targets for BMSB-specific biocontrol. This study demonstrates the utility of strand-specific sequencing in generating shotgun transcriptomes and that rapid sequencing shotgun transcriptomes is possible without the need for extensive inbreeding to generate homozygous lines. Such sequencing can provide a rapid response to pest invasions similar to that already described for disease epidemiology.}, }
@article {pmid25168086, year = {2014}, author = {Uno, T and Kato, T and Seki, Y and Kawakami, E and Hayama, S}, title = {Methods of evaluating the spermatogenic ability of male raccoons (Procyon lotor).}, journal = {The Journal of reproduction and development}, volume = {60}, number = {6}, pages = {421-425}, pmid = {25168086}, issn = {1348-4400}, mesh = {Animals ; Male ; Raccoons/*physiology ; Spermatogenesis/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Feral raccoons (Procyon lotor) have been growing in number in Japan, and they are becoming a problematic invasive species. Consequently, they are commonly captured and killed in pest control programs. For effective population control of feral raccoons, it is necessary to understand their reproductive physiology and ecology. Although the reproductive traits of female raccoons are well known, those of the males are not well understood because specialized knowledge and facilities are required to study them. In this study, we first used a simple evaluation method to assess spermatogenesis and presence of spermatozoa in the tail of the epididymis of feral male raccoons by histologically examining the testis and epididymis. We then evaluated the possibility of using 7 variables-body weight, body length, body mass index, testicular weight, epididymal weight, testicular size and gonadosomatic index (GSI)-to estimate spermatogenesis and presence of spermatozoa in the tail of the epididymis. GSI and body weight were chosen as criteria for spermatogenesis, and GSI was chosen as the criterion for presence of spermatozoa in the tail of the epididymis. Because GSI is calculated from body weight and testicular weight, this model should be able to be used to estimate the reproductive state of male raccoons regardless of season and age when just these two parameters are known. In this study, GSI was demonstrated to be an index of reproductive state in male raccoons. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such a use for GSI in a member of the Carnivora.}, }
@article {pmid25166340, year = {2014}, author = {Cassol, AP and Pereira Filho, W and Oliveira, MA and Domingues, AL and Correa, FS and Buriol, GA}, title = {First record of a bloom of the invasive species Ceratium furcoides (Levander) Langhans 1925 in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, pages = {515-517}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.05413}, pmid = {25166340}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Brazil ; Dinoflagellida/*classification ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fresh Water/analysis ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; }, }
@article {pmid25166313, year = {2014}, author = {Novaes, JL and Moreira, SI and Freire, CE and Sousa, MM and Costa, RS}, title = {Fish assemblage in a semi-arid Neotropical reservoir: composition, structure and patterns of diversity and abundance.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, pages = {290-301}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.14712}, pmid = {25166313}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Fishes/*classification ; Fresh Water ; Population Density ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The aim of this study was to analyse the composition, structure and spatial and temporal patterns of diversity and abundance of the ichthyofauna of the Santa Cruz Reservoir in semi-arid Brazil. Data were collected quarterly at eight sampling locations on the reservoir between February 2010 and November 2011 using gillnets from 12- to 70-mm mesh that were left in the water for 12h00min during the night. We evaluated the composition, structure and assemblage descriptors (Shannon-Wiener diversity index and equitability, respectively) and catch per unit effort by the number (CPUEn) and biomass (CPUEb) of the ichthyofauna. The 6,047 individuals (399,211.6 g) captured represented three orders, ten families and 20 species, of which four belonged to introduced species. The family Characidae was the most abundant with a total of 2,772 (45.8%) individuals captured. The species-abundance curve fit the log-normal model. In the spatial analysis of diversity, there were significant differences between sampling sites in the lacustrine and fluvial regions, and the highest values were found in the lacustrine region. In the temporal analysis of diversity, significant differences were also observed between the rainy and dry seasons, and the higher values were found during the dry season. Equitability followed the same spatiotemporal pattern as diversity. The Spearman correlation was significantly negative between diversity and rainfall. A cluster analysis spatially separated the ichthyofauna into two groups: one group formed by sampling sites in the fluvial region and another group formed by the remainder of the points in the lacustrine region. Both the CPUEn and CPUEb values were higher at point 8 (fluvial region) and during the rainy season. A two-way ANOVA showed that the CPUEn and CPUEb values were spatially and temporally significant. We conclude that the spatial and temporal trends of diversity in the Santa Cruz reservoir differ from those of other Brazilian reservoirs but that the fish community composition and spatiotemporal patterns of abundance were similar.}, }
@article {pmid25165625, year = {2014}, author = {Moulton, MP and Cropper, WP}, title = {A comparison of success rates of introduced passeriform birds in New Zealand, Australia and the United States.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {e509}, pmid = {25165625}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {In this study, we compiled lists of successful and unsuccessful passeriform introductions to nine sites in New Zealand, Australia and the United States. We limited our analysis to introductions during the 19th century to minimize potential variation in transport modes and habitat quality changes, such as those due to increasing urbanization. We compared introduction success rates at three levels. First we included all passeriforms introduced to any of the sites in the three locations, then we compared the fates of just those species with a European origin and finally we compared success rates of just the 13 species released into all three locations. We found that the pattern of success or failure differed significantly across the three locations: Passeriforms introduced by acclimatization organizations to the United States were significantly more likely to fail than those introduced to New Zealand or Australia. Several species that succeeded in either New Zealand or Australia failed in the United States, even after the introduction of seemingly sufficient numbers.}, }
@article {pmid25165531, year = {2014}, author = {Evans, T and Kumschick, S and Dyer, E and Blackburn, T}, title = {Comparing determinants of alien bird impacts across two continents: implications for risk assessment and management.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {14}, pages = {2957-2967}, pmid = {25165531}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive alien species can have serious adverse impacts on both the environment and the economy. Being able to predict the impacts of an alien species could assist in preventing or reducing these impacts. This study aimed to establish whether there are any life history traits consistently correlated with the impacts of alien birds across two continents, Europe and Australia, as a first step toward identifying life history traits that may have the potential to be adopted as predictors of alien bird impacts. A recently established impact scoring system was used in combination with a literature review to allocate impact scores to alien bird species with self-sustaining populations in Australia. These scores were then tested for correlation with a series of life history traits. The results were compared to data from a previous study in Europe, undertaken using the same methodology, in order to establish whether there are any life history traits consistently correlated with impact across both continents. Habitat generalism was the only life history trait found to be consistently correlated with impact in both Europe and Australia. This trait shows promise as a potential predictor of alien bird impacts. The results support the findings of previous studies in this field, and could be used to inform decisions regarding the prevention and management of future invasions.}, }
@article {pmid25165524, year = {2014}, author = {Teske, PR and Sandoval-Castillo, J and Waters, JM and Beheregaray, LB}, title = {Can novel genetic analyses help to identify low-dispersal marine invasive species?.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {14}, pages = {2848-2866}, pmid = {25165524}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Genetic methods can be a powerful tool to resolve the native versus introduced status of populations whose taxonomy and biogeography are poorly understood. The genetic study of introduced species is presently dominated by analyses that identify signatures of recent colonization by means of summary statistics. Unfortunately, such approaches cannot be used in low-dispersal species, in which recently established populations originating from elsewhere in the species' native range also experience periods of low population size because they are founded by few individuals. We tested whether coalescent-based molecular analyses that provide detailed information about demographic history supported the hypothesis that a sea squirt whose distribution is centered on Tasmania was recently introduced to mainland Australia and New Zealand through human activities. Methods comparing trends in population size (Bayesian Skyline Plots and Approximate Bayesian Computation) were no more informative than summary statistics, likely because of recent intra-Tasmanian dispersal. However, IMa2 estimates of divergence between putatively native and introduced populations provided information at a temporal scale suitable to differentiate between recent (potentially anthropogenic) introductions and ancient divergence, and indicated that all three non-Tasmanian populations were founded during the period of European settlement. While this approach can be affected by inaccurate molecular dating, it has considerable (albeit largely unexplored) potential to corroborate nongenetic information in species with limited dispersal capabilities.}, }
@article {pmid25165521, year = {2014}, author = {Preuss, S and Low, M and Cassel-Lundhagen, A and Berggren, A}, title = {Evaluating range-expansion models for calculating nonnative species' expansion rate.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {14}, pages = {2812-2822}, pmid = {25165521}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Species range shifts associated with environmental change or biological invasions are increasingly important study areas. However, quantifying range expansion rates may be heavily influenced by methodology and/or sampling bias. We compared expansion rate estimates of Roesel's bush-cricket (Metrioptera roeselii, Hagenbach 1822), a nonnative species currently expanding its range in south-central Sweden, from range statistic models based on distance measures (mean, median, 95(th) gamma quantile, marginal mean, maximum, and conditional maximum) and an area-based method (grid occupancy). We used sampling simulations to determine the sensitivity of the different methods to incomplete sampling across the species' range. For periods when we had comprehensive survey data, range expansion estimates clustered into two groups: (1) those calculated from range margin statistics (gamma, marginal mean, maximum, and conditional maximum: ˜3 km/year), and (2) those calculated from the central tendency (mean and median) and the area-based method of grid occupancy (˜1.5 km/year). Range statistic measures differed greatly in their sensitivity to sampling effort; the proportion of sampling required to achieve an estimate within 10% of the true value ranged from 0.17 to 0.9. Grid occupancy and median were most sensitive to sampling effort, and the maximum and gamma quantile the least. If periods with incomplete sampling were included in the range expansion calculations, this generally lowered the estimates (range 16-72%), with exception of the gamma quantile that was slightly higher (6%). Care should be taken when interpreting rate expansion estimates from data sampled from only a fraction of the full distribution. Methods based on the central tendency will give rates approximately half that of methods based on the range margin. The gamma quantile method appears to be the most robust to incomplete sampling bias and should be considered as the method of choice when sampling the entire distribution is not possible.}, }
@article {pmid25165061, year = {2014}, author = {Ray, A and Ray, R}, title = {Rapid divergence of ecotypes of an invasive plant.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {25165061}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Invasive species demonstrate rapid evolution within a very short period of time allowing one to understand the underlying mechanism(s). Lantana camara, a highly invasive plant of the tropics and subtropics, has expanded its range and successfully established itself almost throughout India. In order to uncover the processes governing the invasion dynamics, 218 individuals from various locations across India were characterized with six microsatellites. By integrating genetic data with niche modelling, we examined the effect of drift and environmental selection on genetic divergence. We found multiple genetic clusters that were non-randomly distributed across space. Spatial autocorrelation revealed a strong fine-scale structure, i.e. isolation by distance. In addition, we obtained evidence of inhibitory effects of selection on gene flow, i.e. isolation by environmental distance. Perhaps, local adaptation in response to selection is offsetting gene flow and causing the populations to diverge. Niche models suggested that temperature and precipitation play a major role in the observed spatial distribution of this plant. Based on a non-random distribution of clusters, unequal gene flow among them and different bioclimatic niche requirements, we concluded that the emergence of ecotypes represented by two genetic clusters is underway. They may be locally adapted to specific climatic conditions, and perhaps at the very early stages of ecological divergence.}, }
@article {pmid25164772, year = {2014}, author = {Farji-Brener, AG and Amador-Vargas, S}, title = {Hierarchy of hypotheses or cascade of predictions? A comment on Heger et al. (2013).}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {43}, number = {8}, pages = {1112-1114}, pmid = {25164772}, issn = {0044-7447}, mesh = {Ecology/*methods ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid25164698, year = {2015}, author = {Rondoni, G and Athey, KJ and Harwood, JD and Conti, E and Ricci, C and Obrycki, JJ}, title = {Development and application of molecular gut-content analysis to detect aphid and coccinellid predation by Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Italy.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {719-730}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12165}, pmid = {25164698}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids ; Coleoptera/*chemistry ; Gastrointestinal Contents/*chemistry ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/chemistry ; Ovum ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Despite their positive effect in reducing pest populations, exotic generalist predators sometimes become invasive and contribute to the displacement of indigenous species in the same trophic level. Although laboratory experiments have linked intraguild predation (IGP) to these interactions, field evidence and quantification of IGP are still lacking for most systems. The recent establishment of the exotic Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Italy raises concern about the detrimental effect that the ladybird could have on native coccinellids. Here we assessed, under laboratory conditions, the acceptability and suitability of eggs of 2 native ladybirds, Adalia bipunctata L. and Oenopia conglobata (L.), as prey items for H. axyridis larvae. Then we developed primers for molecular gut-content analysis to detect predation by H. axyridis on the 2 ladybirds and on the aphid Eucallipterus tiliae L. Species-specific 16S primers were developed for the 3 species and laboratory feeding trials were conducted to quantify the rate of prey DNA breakdown in the gut of H. axyridis. Moreover, to field evaluate primers, H. axyridis 4th instars (n = 132) were systematically collected from linden trees in northern Italy and screened for the presence of prey DNA. Seventy-three percent and 7% of field collected H. axyridis were positive for aphid and coccinellid DNA, respectively. Predation upon aphid and A. bipunctata was lower than predicted if density dependent consumption was expected, while predation upon O. conglobata was significantly higher. Here, we provided the first evidence of IGP among feral populations of H. axyridis and indigenous ladybird beetles, occurring in Italy.}, }
@article {pmid25164595, year = {2014}, author = {Almeida, A and Calisto, V and Esteves, VI and Schneider, RJ and Soares, AM and Figueira, E and Freitas, R}, title = {Presence of the pharmaceutical drug carbamazepine in coastal systems: effects on bivalves.}, journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {156}, number = {}, pages = {74-87}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.08.002}, pmid = {25164595}, issn = {1879-1514}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Bivalvia/*drug effects ; Carbamazepine/*toxicity ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Glutathione Reductase/metabolism ; Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Carbamazepine (CBZ), an antiepileptic drug, is one of the most commonly detected pharmaceutical drugs in aquatic ecosystems, and is used as a marker of urban pollution. Since CBZ is designed to exert a biological effect, when it reaches aquatic environment high probability exist for toxic effects on non-target organisms. The present study evaluated the acute toxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of CBZ (0.00, 0.03, 0.30, 3.00, 9.00μg/L) in the edible clams Venerupis decussata (a native species) and Venerupis philippinarum (an invasive species) collected from the Ria de Aveiro. The effects on both species were assessed through the use of a battery of biomarkers mainly related with health status and oxidative stress. Furthermore, in this work an alternative and promising tool, the direct competitive immunoassay ELISA, for the direct CBZ quantification in clam's tissues, was applied. The results of the present work showed that CBZ in clam's tissues increased with the exposure concentration and V. decussata gave slightly higher values than V. philippinarum. Although the clams accumulated lower levels of CBZ than the concentration of exposure, these concentrations were enough to impair the health status and induce oxidative stress. However, a different response to CBZ was observed in the two species. While in V. philippinarum the lipid peroxidation levels increased at the highest CBZ concentration (9.00μg/L), in V. decussata a significant decrease was seen. Moreover, glutathionse S-transferase activity was stimulated in V. decussata and decreased in V. philippinarum. Nevertheless, an induction of glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and cytochrome P450 3A4 activities was found in both species as a result of the exposure. The results indicate that, probably, V. philippinarum have a less efficient antioxidant system than V. decussata, and are therefore less capable to neutralize oxidative stress and consequently more sensitive to CBZ. The risk quotient determined for the Ria de Aveiro was higher than 1 indicating that a ecotoxicological risk is suspected. Furthermore, bioaccumulation of CBZ in clams should be taken into consideration since this chemical might be transferred along the food chain and affect non-target organisms.}, }
@article {pmid25163543, year = {2015}, author = {Dawson, J and Oppel, S and Cuthbert, RJ and Holmes, N and Bird, JP and Butchart, SH and Spatz, DR and Tershy, B}, title = {Prioritizing islands for the eradication of invasive vertebrates in the United Kingdom overseas territories.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {143-153}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12347}, pmid = {25163543}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Islands ; Caribbean Region ; Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; *Islands ; Pacific Islands ; United Kingdom ; *Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species are one of the primary threats to native biodiversity on islands worldwide. Consequently, eradicating invasive species from islands has become a mainstream conservation practice. Deciding which islands have the highest priority for eradication is of strategic importance to allocate limited resources to achieve maximum conservation benefit. Previous island prioritizations focused either on a narrow set of native species or on a small geographic area. We devised a prioritization approach that incorporates all threatened native terrestrial vertebrates and all invasive terrestrial vertebrates occurring on 11 U.K. overseas territories, which comprise over 2000 islands ranging from the sub-Antarctic to the tropics. Our approach includes eradication feasibility and distinguishes between the potential and realistic conservation value of an eradication, which reflects the benefit that would accrue following eradication of either all invasive species or only those species for which eradication techniques currently exist. We identified the top 25 priority islands for invasive species eradication that together would benefit extant populations of 155 native species including 45 globally threatened species. The 5 most valuable islands included the 2 World Heritage islands Gough (South Atlantic) and Henderson (South Pacific) that feature unique seabird colonies, and Anegada, Little Cayman, and Guana Island in the Caribbean that feature a unique reptile fauna. This prioritization can be rapidly repeated if new information or techniques become available, and the approach could be replicated elsewhere in the world.}, }
@article {pmid25163128, year = {2014}, author = {Li, Z and Wang, W and Zhang, Y}, title = {Recruitment and herbivory affect spread of invasive Spartina alterniflora in China.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {7}, pages = {1972-1980}, doi = {10.1890/13-2283.1}, pmid = {25163128}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura/*physiology ; China ; Estuaries ; Herbivory/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*classification/*physiology ; Seedlings ; Seeds ; Soil ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {How multiple factors interact to mediate the spread of invasive species is poorly understood. We studied cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, which is invading the entire Chinese coast, occupying mudflats throughout this range, and displacing mangroves in the upper intertidal of southern China. For two years, we studied the roles of propagule pressure, competition, disturbance, and herbivory in the dynamics of this invasion at a typical mangrove habitat, Zhangjiang Estuary, southern China. Seed of cordgrass dispersed to all intertidal habitats. The density of seeds in surficial soils was 20-fold greater in cordgrass than in dense mangrove, the ecotone between mangrove and cordgrass, or the open mudflat. Seed predation or herbivory on seedlings was intense in all habitats. While seeds of cordgrass germinated in all habitats, no unprotected seedlings survived anywhere except on the mudflat in our two-year study. Survival was nil in other habitats where seed predation, herbivory, and shading by dense vegetation killed all seeds and seedlings. Seed dispersal to the mudflat exceeded seed predation and herbivory, however, and a few seedlings survived to grow into large clones of cordgrass. Repeated waves of seed dispersal and rapid clonal growth have transformed the mudflat into cordgrass stands within a decade, despite high consumer pressure. Disturbance by typhoons, freezes, and humans make gaps in mangrove that fill with cordgrass. This process is gradually converting mangrove forests into monospecific intertidal grasslands in China.}, }
@article {pmid25163122, year = {2014}, author = {Roy, BA and Hudson, K and Visser, M and Johnson, BR}, title = {Grassland fires may favor native over introduced plants by reducing pathogen loads.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {7}, pages = {1897-1906}, doi = {10.1890/13-1362.1}, pmid = {25163122}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Fungi/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Diseases ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Reproduction ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Grasslands have been lost and degraded in the United States since Euro-American settlement due to agriculture, development, introduced invasive species, and changes in fire regimes. Fire is frequently used in prairie restoration to control invasion by trees and shrubs, but may have additional consequences. For example, fire might reduce damage by herbivore and pathogen enemies by eliminating litter, which harbors eggs and spores. Less obviously, fire might influence enemy loads differently for native and introduced plant hosts. We used a controlled burn in a Willamette Valley (Oregon) prairie to examine these questions. We expected that, without fire, introduced host plants should have less damage than native host plants because the introduced species are likely to have left many of their enemies behind when they were transported to their new range (the enemy release hypothesis, or ERH). If the ERH holds, then fire, which should temporarily reduce enemies on all species, should give an advantage to the natives because they should see greater total reduction in damage by enemies. Prior to the burn, we censused herbivore and pathogen attack on eight plant species (five of nonnative origin: Bromus hordaceous, Cynosuros echinatus, Galium divaricatum, Schedonorus arundinaceus (= Festuca arundinacea), and Sherardia arvensis; and three natives: Danthonia californica, Epilobium minutum, and Lomatium nudicale). The same plots were monitored for two years post-fire. Prior to the burn, native plants had more kinds of damage and more pathogen damage than introduced plants, consistent with the ERH. Fire reduced pathogen damage relative to the controls more for the native than the introduced species, but the effects on herbivory were negligible. Pathogen attack was correlated with plant reproductive fitness, whereas herbivory was not. These results suggest that fire may be useful for promoting some native plants in prairies due to its negative effects on their pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid25163111, year = {2014}, author = {Eschtruth, AK and Battles, JJ}, title = {Ephemeral disturbances have long-lasting impacts on forest invasion dynamics.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {7}, pages = {1770-1779}, doi = {10.1890/13-1980.1}, pmid = {25163111}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Moths/*physiology ; New Jersey ; Pennsylvania ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Ephemeral disturbances are common in many systems. Often, these brief events are assumed to be a nuisance with little long-term ecological impact. We quantified the impact of the ephemeral forest disturbance caused by gypsy moth canopy defoliation on exotic plant invasion in eight hardwood forests in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, USA. Six years following the gypsy moth disturbance, we were able to predict 59% of the increase in Alliaria petiolata abundance and 42% of the increase in Microstegium vimineum abundance with models incorporating an interaction between disturbance severity and propagule pressure. In addition, we found that the disturbance timing had substantial impacts on the invasion dynamics of Alliaria petiolata. Our results suggest that ephemeral disturbances can have important and long-lasting impacts on plant communities, and highlight the need to account for variations in disturbance characteristics and the role of propagule pressure in determining the disturbance-invasion relationship.}, }
@article {pmid25163110, year = {2014}, author = {Connolly, BM and Pearson, DE and Mack, RN}, title = {Granivory of invasive, naturalized, and native plants in communities differentially susceptible to invasion.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {7}, pages = {1759-1769}, doi = {10.1890/13-1774.1}, pmid = {25163110}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Arvicolinae/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Peromyscus/physiology ; Plants/*classification ; Sciuridae/physiology ; Seeds ; Washington ; }, abstract = {Seed predation is an important biotic filter that can influence abundance and spatial distributions of native species through differential effects on recruitment. This filter may also influence the relative abundance of nonnative plants within habitats and the communities' susceptibility to invasion via differences in granivore identity, abundance, and food preference. We evaluated the effect of postdispersal seed predators on the establishment of invasive, naturalized, and native species within and between adjacent forest and steppe communities of eastern Washington, USA that differ in severity of plant invasion. Seed removal from trays placed within guild-specific exclosures revealed that small mammals were the dominant seed predators in both forest and steppe. Seeds of invasive species (Bromus tectorum, Cirsium arvense) were removed significantly less than the seeds of native (Pseudoroegneria spicata, Balsamorhiza sagittata) and naturalized (Secale cereale, Centaurea cyanus) species. Seed predation limited seedling emergence and establishment in both communities in the absence of competition in a pattern reflecting natural plant abundance: S. cereale was most suppressed, B. tectorum was least suppressed, and P. spicata was suppressed at an intermediate level. Furthermore, seed predation reduced the residual seed bank for all species. Seed mass correlated with seed removal rates in the forest and their subsequent effects on plant recruitment; larger seeds were removed at higher rates than smaller seeds. Our vegetation surveys indicate higher densities and canopy cover of nonnative species occur in the steppe compared with the forest understory, suggesting the steppe may be more susceptible to invasion. Seed predation alone, however, did not result in significant differences in establishment for any species between these communities, presumably due to similar total small-mammal abundance between communities. Consequently, preferential seed predation by small mammals predicts plant establishment for our test species within these communities but not between them. Accumulating evidence suggests that seed predation can be an important biotic filter affecting plant establishment via differences in consumer preferences and abundance with important ramifications for plant invasions and in situ community assembly.}, }
@article {pmid25163106, year = {2014}, author = {DeVore, JL and Maerz, JC}, title = {Grass invasion increases top-down pressure on an amphibian via structurally mediated effects on an intraguild predator.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {7}, pages = {1724-1730}, doi = {10.1890/13-1715.1}, pmid = {25163106}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufonidae/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Spiders/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Plants serve as both basal resources and ecosystem engineers, so plant invasion may exert trophic influences on consumers both via bottom-up processes and by altering the environmental context in which trophic interactions occur. To determine how these mechanisms affect a native predator we used a mark-recapture study in eight pairs of 58-m2 field enclosures to measure the influence of Japanese stilt grass invasion on 3200 recently metamorphosed American toads. Toad survivorship was lower in invaded habitats despite abiotic effects that favor amphibians. Prey densities were also lower in invaded habitats, but growth was unaffected. Frequent spider predation events in invaded habitats led us to use factorial field cage manipulations of stilt grass and lycosid spiders to determine if invasion increases predation rates. Spiders persisted at higher densities in the presence of stilt grass, and toad survival was lowest in cages with both grass and spiders. Invasion alone did not significantly reduce toad survival. Our results demonstrate that despite prey reductions and abiotic effects, it is increased spider persistence that reduces toad survival in invaded habitats. Invasion therefore affects resident forest floor consumers by modifying trophic interactions between native species, causing structurally mediated reductions in intraguild predation rates among spiders, with cascading implications for toad survival.}, }
@article {pmid25162731, year = {2014}, author = {Ostertag, R and Inman-Narahari, F and Cordell, S and Giardina, CP and Sack, L}, title = {Forest structure in low-diversity tropical forests: a study of Hawaiian wet and dry forests.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {e103268}, pmid = {25162731}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Ecological Parameter Monitoring ; *Forests ; Hawaii ; Introduced Species ; Trees/classification/*physiology ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {The potential influence of diversity on ecosystem structure and function remains a topic of significant debate, especially for tropical forests where diversity can range widely. We used Center for Tropical Forest Science (CTFS) methodology to establish forest dynamics plots in montane wet forest and lowland dry forest on Hawai'i Island. We compared the species diversity, tree density, basal area, biomass, and size class distributions between the two forest types. We then examined these variables across tropical forests within the CTFS network. Consistent with other island forests, the Hawai'i forests were characterized by low species richness and very high relative dominance. The two Hawai'i forests were floristically distinct, yet similar in species richness (15 vs. 21 species) and stem density (3078 vs. 3486/ha). While these forests were selected for their low invasive species cover relative to surrounding forests, both forests averaged 5->50% invasive species cover; ongoing removal will be necessary to reduce or prevent competitive impacts, especially from woody species. The montane wet forest had much larger trees, resulting in eightfold higher basal area and above-ground biomass. Across the CTFS network, the Hawaiian montane wet forest was similar to other tropical forests with respect to diameter distributions, density, and aboveground biomass, while the Hawai'i lowland dry forest was similar in density to tropical forests with much higher diversity. These findings suggest that forest structural variables can be similar across tropical forests independently of species richness. The inclusion of low-diversity Pacific Island forests in the CTFS network provides an ∼80-fold range in species richness (15-1182 species), six-fold variation in mean annual rainfall (835-5272 mm yr(-1)) and 1.8-fold variation in mean annual temperature (16.0-28.4°C). Thus, the Hawaiian forest plots expand the global forest plot network to enable testing of ecological theory for links among species diversity, environmental variation and ecosystem function.}, }
@article {pmid25162620, year = {2014}, author = {Coetzee, BW and Gaston, KJ and Chown, SL}, title = {Local scale comparisons of biodiversity as a test for global protected area ecological performance: a meta-analysis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {e105824}, pmid = {25162620}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Forests ; }, abstract = {Terrestrial protected areas (PAs) are cornerstones of global biodiversity conservation. Their efficacy in terms of maintaining biodiversity is, however, much debated. Studies to date have been unable to provide a general answer as to PA conservation efficacy because of their typically restricted geographic and/or taxonomic focus, or qualitative approaches focusing on proxies for biodiversity, such as deforestation. Given the rarity of historical data to enable comparisons of biodiversity before/after PA establishment, many smaller scale studies over the past 30 years have directly compared biodiversity inside PAs to that of surrounding areas, which provides one measure of PA ecological performance. Here we use a meta-analysis of such studies (N = 86) to test if PAs contain higher biodiversity values than surrounding areas, and so assess their contribution to determining PA efficacy. We find that PAs generally have higher abundances of individual species, higher assemblage abundances, and higher species richness values compared with alternative land uses. Local scale studies in combination thus show that PAs retain more biodiversity than alternative land use areas. Nonetheless, much variation is present in the effect sizes, which underscores the context-specificity of PA efficacy.}, }
@article {pmid25160761, year = {2014}, author = {Chen, H and Jin, L and Jiang, X and Yu, Z and Duns, GJ and Shao, R and Xu, W and Chen, J}, title = {A novel mitovirus from Buergenerula spartinae infecting the invasive species Spartina alterniflora.}, journal = {Virologica Sinica}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, pages = {257-260}, pmid = {25160761}, issn = {1995-820X}, mesh = {Ascomycota/*physiology ; Base Sequence ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Poaceae/*microbiology ; RNA Viruses/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, }
@article {pmid25158796, year = {2014}, author = {Adrion, JR and Kousathanas, A and Pascual, M and Burrack, HJ and Haddad, NM and Bergland, AO and Machado, H and Sackton, TB and Schlenke, TA and Watada, M and Wegmann, D and Singh, ND}, title = {Drosophila suzukii: the genetic footprint of a recent, worldwide invasion.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {31}, number = {12}, pages = {3148-3163}, pmid = {25158796}, issn = {1537-1719}, support = {F32 GM097837/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 GM100366/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Drosophila/*genetics ; Genes, Insect ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; Spain ; United States ; }, abstract = {Native to Asia, the soft-skinned fruit pest Drosophila suzukii has recently invaded the United States and Europe. The eastern United States represents the most recent expansion of their range, and presents an opportunity to test alternative models of colonization history. Here, we investigate the genetic population structure of this invasive fruit fly, with a focus on the eastern United States. We sequenced six X-linked gene fragments from 246 individuals collected from a total of 12 populations. We examine patterns of genetic diversity within and between populations and explore alternative colonization scenarios using approximate Bayesian computation. Our results indicate high levels of nucleotide diversity in this species and suggest that the recent invasions of Europe and the continental United States are independent demographic events. More broadly speaking, our results highlight the importance of integrating population structure into demographic models, particularly when attempting to reconstruct invasion histories. Finally, our simulation results illustrate the general challenge in reconstructing invasion histories using genetic data and suggest that genome-level data are often required to distinguish among alternative demographic scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid25158078, year = {2015}, author = {Audsley, N and Down, RE and Isaac, RE}, title = {Genomic and peptidomic analyses of the neuropeptides from the emerging pest, Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Peptides}, volume = {68}, number = {}, pages = {33-42}, doi = {10.1016/j.peptides.2014.08.006}, pmid = {25158078}, issn = {1873-5169}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Drosophila/*chemistry/metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Female ; Genomics ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neuropeptides/*chemistry/metabolism ; Organ Specificity ; Proteome/*chemistry/metabolism ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; }, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii is a highly polyphagous invasive pest which has been recently introduced into Europe and North America, where it is causing severe economic losses through larval infestations of stone and berry fruits. The peptidome of the selected nervous tissues of adult D. suzukii was investigated as a first step in identifying potential targets for the development of novel insecticides. Through in silico analyses of the D. suzukii genome databases 28 neuropeptide families, comprising more than 70 predicted peptides were identified. Using a combination of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of tissue extracts, 33 predicted peptides, representing 15 different peptide families were identified by their molecular masses and a total of 17 peptide sequences were confirmed by ion fragmentation. A comparison between the peptides and precursors of D. suzukii and D. melanogaster shows they are highly conserved, with differences only identified in the amino acid sequences of the peptides encoded in the FMRFamide, hugin and ecydysis triggering hormone precursors. All other peptides predicted and identified from D. suzukii appear to be identical to those previously characterized from D. melanogaster. Adipokinetic hormone was only identified in the corpus cardiacum, other peptides present included short neuropeptide F, a pyrokinin and myosuppressin, the latter of which was the only peptide identified from the crop nerve bundle. Peptides present in extracts of the brain and/or thoracico-abdominal ganglion included allatostatins, cardioacceleratory peptide 2b, corazonin, extended FMRFamides, pyrokinins, myoinihibitory peptides, neuropeptide-like precursor 1, SIFamide, short neuropeptide F, kinin, sulfakinins and tachykinin related peptides.}, }
@article {pmid25157977, year = {2014}, author = {Chen, Y and Seybold, SJ}, title = {Crepuscular flight activity of an invasive insect governed by interacting abiotic factors.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {e105945}, pmid = {25157977}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Circadian Rhythm ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Female ; Flight, Animal ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Seasons ; United States ; }, abstract = {Seasonal and diurnal flight patterns of the invasive walnut twig beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis, were assessed between 2011 and 2014 in northern California, USA in the context of the effects of ambient temperature, light intensity, wind speed, and barometric pressure. Pityophthorus juglandis generally initiated flight in late January and continued until late November. This seasonal flight could be divided approximately into three phases (emergence: January-March; primary flight: May-July; and secondary flight: September-October). The seasonal flight response to the male-produced aggregation pheromone was consistently female-biased (mean of 58.9% females). Diurnal flight followed a bimodal pattern with a minor peak in mid-morning and a major peak at dusk (76.4% caught between 1800 and 2200 h). The primarily crepuscular flight activity had a Gaussian relationship with ambient temperature and barometric pressure but a negative exponential relationship with increasing light intensity and wind speed. A model selection procedure indicated that the four abiotic factors collectively and interactively governed P. juglandis diurnal flight. For both sexes, flight peaked under the following second-order interactions among the factors when: 1) temperature between was 25 and 30 °C and light intensity was less than 2000 lux; 2) temperature was between 25 and 35 °C and barometric pressure was between 752 and 762 mba (and declined otherwise); 3) barometric pressure was between 755 and 761 mba and light intensity was less than 2000 lux (and declined otherwise); and 4) temperature was ca. 30 °C and wind speed was ca. 2 km/h. Thus, crepuscular flight activity of this insect can be best explained by the coincidence of moderately high temperature, low light intensity, moderate wind speed, and low to moderate barometric pressure. The new knowledge provides physical and temporal guidelines for the application of semiochemical-based control techniques as part of an IPM program for this invasive pest.}, }
@article {pmid25156933, year = {2014}, author = {Nishizawa, H and Tabata, R and Hori, T and Mitamura, H and Arai, N}, title = {Feeding kinematics of freshwater turtles: what advantage do invasive species possess?.}, journal = {Zoology (Jena, Germany)}, volume = {117}, number = {5}, pages = {315-318}, doi = {10.1016/j.zool.2014.04.005}, pmid = {25156933}, issn = {1873-2720}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; Turtles/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta) is an invasive turtle species that is displacing the populations of native freshwater turtles in many countries. However, the mechanism that makes red-eared sliders superior competitors has been less well studied. In this study, we compare the feeding kinematics of the red-eared slider with those of Reeves' pond turtle (Mauremys reevesii), a turtle native to East Asia, and offer an explanation as to why red-eared sliders are superior in food competition. Reeves' pond turtles sympatric to red-eared sliders have been reported to have a mainly durophagous diet in contrast to the preference for a soft diet in areas of allopatry to red-eared sliders, indicating the dietary shift resulted from food competition. Maximum neck extension and retraction speed are considered to be indicators of striking ability, but were not found to be superior in red-eared sliders. In fact, maximum neck extension speed was significantly higher in Reeves' pond turtles, though this advantage may be counteracted by the longer neck of Reeves' pond turtles, resulting in similar neck extension times. On the other hand, red-eared sliders had a significantly shorter gape cycle time and neck retraction time, indicating that they can complete feeding in a short time. Therefore, red-eared sliders are suggested to be superior in food competition not due to their striking ability, but due to exploiting preferable food in a shorter time.}, }
@article {pmid25155644, year = {2015}, author = {Magozzi, S and Calosi, P}, title = {Integrating metabolic performance, thermal tolerance, and plasticity enables for more accurate predictions on species vulnerability to acute and chronic effects of global warming.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {181-194}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12695}, pmid = {25155644}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology ; Animals ; Crangonidae/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Energy Metabolism/*physiology ; *Global Warming ; Introduced Species ; Palaemonidae/*physiology ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Predicting species vulnerability to global warming requires a comprehensive, mechanistic understanding of sublethal and lethal thermal tolerances. To date, however, most studies investigating species physiological responses to increasing temperature have focused on the underlying physiological traits of either acute or chronic tolerance in isolation. Here we propose an integrative, synthetic approach including the investigation of multiple physiological traits (metabolic performance and thermal tolerance), and their plasticity, to provide more accurate and balanced predictions on species and assemblage vulnerability to both acute and chronic effects of global warming. We applied this approach to more accurately elucidate relative species vulnerability to warming within an assemblage of six caridean prawns occurring in the same geographic, hence macroclimatic, region, but living in different thermal habitats. Prawns were exposed to four incubation temperatures (10, 15, 20 and 25 °C) for 7 days, their metabolic rates and upper thermal limits were measured, and plasticity was calculated according to the concept of Reaction Norms, as well as Q10 for metabolism. Compared to species occupying narrower/more stable thermal niches, species inhabiting broader/more variable thermal environments (including the invasive Palaemon macrodactylus) are likely to be less vulnerable to extreme acute thermal events as a result of their higher upper thermal limits. Nevertheless, they may be at greater risk from chronic exposure to warming due to the greater metabolic costs they incur. Indeed, a trade-off between acute and chronic tolerance was apparent in the assemblage investigated. However, the invasive species P. macrodactylus represents an exception to this pattern, showing elevated thermal limits and plasticity of these limits, as well as a high metabolic control. In general, integrating multiple proxies for species physiological acute and chronic responses to increasing temperature helps providing more accurate predictions on species vulnerability to warming.}, }
@article {pmid25155507, year = {2014}, author = {Keller-Costa, T and Hubbard, PC and Paetz, C and Nakamura, Y and da Silva, JP and Rato, A and Barata, EN and Schneider, B and Canario, AVM}, title = {Identity of a tilapia pheromone released by dominant males that primes females for reproduction.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {24}, number = {18}, pages = {2130-2135}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2014.07.049}, pmid = {25155507}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Glucuronates/*urine ; Hydroxyprogesterones/*metabolism ; Male ; Olfactory Perception ; Pregnanetriol/*urine ; *Reproduction ; Sex Attractants/*urine ; Social Dominance ; Tilapia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Knowledge of the chemical identity and role of urinary pheromones in fish is scarce, yet it is necessary in order to understand the integration of multiple senses in adaptive responses and the evolution of chemical communication [1]. In nature, Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) males form hierarchies, and females mate preferentially with dominant territorial males, which they visit in aggregations or leks [2]. Dominant males have thicker urinary bladder muscular walls than subordinates or females and store large volumes of urine, which they release at increased frequency in the presence of subordinate males or preovulatory, but not postspawned, females [3-5]. Females exposed to dominant-male urine augment their release of the oocyte maturation-inducing steroid 17α,20β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (17,20β-P) [6]. Here we isolate and identify a male Mozambique tilapia urinary sex pheromone as two epimeric (20α- and 20β-) pregnanetriol 3-glucuronates. We show that both males and females have high olfactory sensitivity to the two steroids, which cross-adapt upon stimulation. Females exposed to both steroids show a rapid, 10-fold increase in production of 17,20β-P. Thus, the identified urinary steroids prime the female endocrine system to accelerate oocyte maturation and possibly promote spawning synchrony. Tilapia are globally important as a food source but are also invasive species, with devastating impact on local freshwater ecosystems [7, 8]. Identifying the chemical cues that mediate reproduction may lead to the development of tools for population control [9-11].}, }
@article {pmid25155068, year = {2015}, author = {Estévez, RA and Anderson, CB and Pizarro, JC and Burgman, MA}, title = {Clarifying values, risk perceptions, and attitudes to resolve or avoid social conflicts in invasive species management.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {19-30}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12359}, pmid = {25155068}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Attitude ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Decision Making ; *Introduced Species ; Sociological Factors ; }, abstract = {Decision makers and researchers recognize the need to effectively confront the social dimensions and conflicts inherent to invasive species research and management. Yet, despite numerous contentious situations that have arisen, no systematic evaluation of the literature has examined the commonalities in the patterns and types of these emergent social issues. Using social and ecological keywords, we reviewed trends in the social dimensions of invasive species research and management and the sources and potential solutions to problems and conflicts that arise around invasive species. We integrated components of cognitive hierarchy theory and risk perceptions theory to provide a conceptual framework to identify, distinguish, and provide understanding of the driving factors underlying disputes associated with invasive species. In the ISI Web of Science database, we found 15,915 peer-reviewed publications on biological invasions, 124 of which included social dimensions of this phenomenon. Of these 124, 28 studies described specific contentious situations. Social approaches to biological invasions have emerged largely in the last decade and have focused on both environmental social sciences and resource management. Despite being distributed in a range of journals, these 124 articles were concentrated mostly in ecology and conservation-oriented outlets. We found that conflicts surrounding invasive species arose based largely on differences in value systems and to a lesser extent stakeholder and decision maker's risk perceptions. To confront or avoid such situations, we suggest integrating the plurality of environmental values into invasive species research and management via structured decision making techniques, which enhance effective risk communication that promotes trust and confidence between stakeholders and decision makers.}, }
@article {pmid25154105, year = {2014}, author = {Marchetto, KM and Shea, K and Kelly, D and Groenteman, R and Sezen, Z and Jongejans, E}, title = {Unrecognized impact of a biocontrol agent on the spread rate of an invasive thistle.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, pages = {1178-1187}, doi = {10.1890/13-1309.1}, pmid = {25154105}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Control Agents ; *Carduus ; Demography ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Seeds ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {Herbivores may significantly reduce plant populations by reducing seed set; however, we know little of their impact on seed movement. We show for the first time that the receptacle-feeding weevil Rhinocyllus conicus not only reduces seed production by the invasive thistle Carduus nutans but also inhibits release and subsequent wind dispersal of seeds. These effects generate large, though different, impacts on spatial spread and local abundance in two populations with differing demography, located in the United States and New Zealand. Furthermore, the mechanism is context dependent, with the largest effects through increased terminal velocity in the United States but through reduced seed production in New Zealand. Our results show that the benefit of biocontrol programs may have been underestimated; screenings of potential biocontrol agents should examine effects on pest dispersal and spread, as well as on abundance.}, }
@article {pmid25152218, year = {2014}, author = {Gilbert, MA and Gaffney, EA and Bullock, JM and White, SM}, title = {Spreading speeds for plant populations in landscapes with low environmental variation.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {363}, number = {}, pages = {436-452}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.08.022}, pmid = {25152218}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Plant Development/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Characterising the spread of biological populations is crucial in responding to both biological invasions and the shifting of habitat under climate change. Spreading speeds can be studied through mathematical models such as the discrete-time integro-difference equation (IDE) framework. The usual approach in implementing IDE models has been to ignore spatial variation in the demographic and dispersal parameters and to assume that these are spatially homogeneous. On the other hand, real landscapes are rarely spatially uniform with environmental variation being very important in determining biological spread. This raises the question of under what circumstances spatial structure need not be modelled explicitly. Recent work has shown that spatial variation can be ignored for the specific case where the scale of landscape variation is much smaller than the spreading population׳s dispersal scale. We consider more general types of landscape, where the spatial scales of environmental variation are arbitrarily large, but the maximum change in environmental parameters is relatively small. We find that the difference between the wave-speeds of populations spreading in a spatially structured periodic landscape and its homogenisation is, in general, proportional to ϵ(2), where ϵ governs the degree of environmental variation. For stochastically generated landscapes we numerically demonstrate that the error decays faster than ϵ. In both cases, this means that for sufficiently small ϵ, the homogeneous approximation is better than might be expected. Hence, in many situations, the precise details of the landscape can be ignored in favour of spatially homogeneous parameters. This means that field ecologists can use the homogeneous IDE as a relatively simple modelling tool--in terms of both measuring parameter values and doing the modelling itself. However, as ϵ increases, this homogeneous approximation loses its accuracy. The change in wave-speed due to the extrinsic (landscape) variation can be positive or negative, which is in contrast to the reduction in wave-speed caused by intrinsic stochasticity. To deal with the loss of accuracy as ϵ increases, we formulate a second-order approximation to the wave-speed for periodic landscapes and compare both approximations against the results of numerical simulation and show that they are both accurate for the range of landscapes considered.}, }
@article {pmid25151267, year = {2014}, author = {Lazzaro, L and Giuliani, C and Fabiani, A and Agnelli, AE and Pastorelli, R and Lagomarsino, A and Benesperi, R and Calamassi, R and Foggi, B}, title = {Soil and plant changing after invasion: the case of Acacia dealbata in a Mediterranean ecosystem.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {497-498}, number = {}, pages = {491-498}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.014}, pmid = {25151267}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Acacia ; Africa ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Mediterranean Region ; Soil ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Acacia dealbata Link (Fabaceae) is one of the most invasive species in the Mediterranean ecosystems of Europe, Africa and America, where it has been proved to exert strong effects on soil and plant communities. In Italy A. dealbata has been largely used for ornamental and forestry purpose and is nowadays spreading in several areas. The present study was addressed to evaluate the impacts on soil chemical properties, soil microbial communities and understory plant communities and to assess the relationships among these compartments after the invasion of A. dealbata in a typical Mediterranean shrubland. Towards these aims, a soil and vegetation sampling was performed in Elba Island where A. dealbata is invading the sclerophyllous native vegetation. Three levels of invasion status were differentiated according to the gradient from invaded, to transitional and non-invaded vegetation. Quantitative and qualitative alterations of soil chemical properties and microbial communities (i.e. bacterial and fungal communities) and above-ground understory plant communities were found. In particular, the invaded soils had lower pH values than both the non-invaded and transitional ones. High differences were detected for both the total N and the inorganic fraction (NH4(+) and NO3(-)) contents, which showed the ranking: invaded>transitional>non-invaded soils. TOC and C/N ratio showed respectively higher and lower values in invaded than in non-invaded soils. Total plant covers, species richness and diversity in both the non-invaded and transitional subplots were higher than those in the invaded ones. The contribution of the nitrophilous species was significantly different among the three invasion statuses, with a strong increase going from native to transitional and invaded subplots. All these data confirm that A. dealbata modifies several compartments of the invaded ecosystems, from soil chemical properties to soil and plant microbial communities determining strong changes in the local ecosystem processes.}, }
@article {pmid25148510, year = {2014}, author = {Nibouche, S and Fartek, B and Mississipi, S and Delatte, H and Reynaud, B and Costet, L}, title = {Low genetic diversity in Melanaphis sacchari aphid populations at the worldwide scale.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {e106067}, pmid = {25148510}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Aphids/*genetics ; Australia ; Caribbean Region ; China ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; South America ; }, abstract = {Numerous studies have examined the genetic diversity and genetic structure of invading species, with contrasting results concerning the relative roles of genetic diversity and phenotypic plasticity in the success of introduced populations. Increasing evidence shows that asexual lineages of aphids are able to occupy a wide geographical and ecological range of habitats despite low genetic diversity. The anholocyclic aphid Melanaphis sacchari is a pest of sugarcane and sorghum which originated in the old world, was introduced into the Americas, and is now distributed worldwide. Our purpose was to assess the genetic diversity and structuring of populations of this species according to host and locality. We used 10 microsatellite markers to genotype 1333 individuals (57 samples, 42 localities, 15 countries) collected mainly on sugarcane or sorghum. Five multilocus lineages (MLL) were defined, grouping multilocus genotypes (MLG) differing by only a few mutations or scoring errors. Analysis of a 658 bp sequence of mitochondrial COI gene on 96 individuals revealed five haplotypes, with a mean divergence of only 0.19 %. The distribution of MLL appeared to be strongly influenced by geography but not by host plant. Each of the five MLL grouped individuals from (A) Africa, (B) Australia, (C) South America, the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean including East Africa, (D) USA, and (E) China. The MLL A and C, with a wide geographic distribution, matched the definition of superclone. Among aphids, M. sacchari has one of the lowest known rates of genetic diversity for such a wide geographical distribution.}, }
@article {pmid25147872, year = {2014}, author = {Li, Y and Yu, J and Ning, K and Du, S and Han, G and Qu, F and Wang, G and Fu, Y and Zhan, C}, title = {Ecological effects of roads on the plant diversity of coastal wetland in the Yellow River Delta.}, journal = {TheScientificWorldJournal}, volume = {2014}, number = {}, pages = {952051}, pmid = {25147872}, issn = {1537-744X}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Plants ; *Rivers ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The 26 sample sites in 7 study plots adjacent to asphalt road and earth road in coastal wetland in the Yellow River Delta were selected to quantify plant diversity using quadrat sampling method in plant bloom phase of July and August 2012. The indice of β T and Jaccard's coefficient were applied to evaluate the species diversity. The results showed that the plant diversities and alien plants were high in the range of 0-20 m to the road verge. There were more exotics and halophytes in plots of asphalt roadside than that of earth roadside. However, proportion of halophytes in habitats of asphalt roadsides was lower than that of earth roadside. By comparing β-diversity, there were more common species in the asphalt roadsides than that in the earth roadsides. The similarity of plant communities in studied plots of asphalt roadsides and earth roadsides increased with increasing the distance to road verge. The effect range of roads for plant diversity in study region was about 20 m to road verge. Our results indicate that the construction and maintenance of roads in wetland could increase the plant species diversities of communities and risk of alien species invasion.}, }
@article {pmid25147839, year = {2014}, author = {Arévalo, JR and Fernández-Lugo, S and García-Domínguez, C and Naranjo-Cigala, A and Grillo, F and Calvo, L}, title = {Prescribed burning and clear-cutting effects on understory vegetation in a Pinus canariensis stand (Gran Canaria).}, journal = {TheScientificWorldJournal}, volume = {2014}, number = {}, pages = {215418}, pmid = {25147839}, issn = {1537-744X}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Fires ; *Pinus ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Prescribed fires are a powerful tool for reducing fire hazards by decreasing amounts of fuel. The main objective is to analyze the effects of prescribed burning on the understory vegetation composition as well as on the soil characteristics of a reforested stand of Pinus canariensis. The study attempts to identify the effects of the preburning treatment of cutting understory vegetation on the floristic parameters of the vegetation community. This study was carried out for two years following a prescribed fire in a Canarian pine stand. Cutting and burning treatment affected species composition and increased diversity. Burnt and cut plots were characterized by a diverse array of herbaceous species and by a lower abundance of Teline microphylla (endemic legume), although burning apparently induced its germination. Cut treatment was more consistently differentiated from the control plots than burnt treatment. Soil K decreased after both treatments, pH slightly decreased after cutting, while P and Ca increased after fire. From an ecological point of view, prescribed burning is a better management practice than cutting the woody species of the understory. However, long-term studies would be necessary to evaluate the effects of fire intensity, season and frequency in which the prescribed burning is applied.}, }
@article {pmid25146768, year = {2014}, author = {Watanabe, Y and Novaes, P and Varela, RM and Molinillo, JM and Kato-Noguchi, H and Macías, FA}, title = {Phytotoxic potential of Onopordum acanthium L. (Asteraceae).}, journal = {Chemistry &amp; biodiversity}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {1247-1255}, doi = {10.1002/cbdv.201400070}, pmid = {25146768}, issn = {1612-1880}, mesh = {Allelopathy ; Apigenin/isolation &amp; purification/toxicity ; Chromones/isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; Flavanones/isolation &amp; purification/toxicity ; *Introduced Species ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Onopordum/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Plant Extracts/chemistry/pharmacology/*toxicity ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; *Secondary Metabolism ; Sesquiterpenes/isolation &amp; purification/toxicity ; Triticum/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Onopordum acanthium L. (Asteraceae) is a plant native to southern Europe and southwestern Asia, but it is invasive in disturbed areas and agricultural fields around the world, causing many agronomic problems by interfering with crops or preventing animals from grazing on pastures. Allelopathy could be one of the reasons that this plant has spread over different continents. The aim of the present study was to bioprospect O. acanthium leaf extracts through the isolation and purification of allelopathic secondary metabolites with phytotoxicity to explain their invasive behavior. Phytotoxic activity was tested using etiolated wheat coleoptiles. The most active extract was selected to perform a bioassay-guided isolation of two flavonoids, pectolarigenin (1) and scutellarein 4'-methyl ether (2), and two sesquiterpene lactones, elemanolide 11(13)-dehydromelitensin β-hydroxyisobutyrate (3) and acanthiolide (4). All compounds were isolated for the first time from O. acanthium, and acanthiolide (4) is described for the first time. Compound 3 strongly inhibited the growth of wheat coleoptiles and 1 showed an intermediate effect. The results indicate that these compounds could contribute to the invasion of O. acanthium in ecological systems and agricultural fields.}, }
@article {pmid25143303, year = {2015}, author = {Cowan, P and Brown, S and Forrester, G and Booth, L and Crowell, M}, title = {Bird-repellent effects on bait efficacy for control of invasive mammal pests.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {71}, number = {8}, pages = {1075-1081}, doi = {10.1002/ps.3887}, pmid = {25143303}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthraquinones ; Cyclohexane Monoterpenes ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Monoterpenes ; New Zealand ; *Pest Control ; *Pesticides ; *Rats ; *Trichosurus ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Repellents to reduce crop damage from birds and mammals have been investigated extensively, but their efficacy in reducing risk to non-target birds in aerial poisoning operations for control of mammal pests is less known. We assessed the impact on bait acceptability, palatability and kill efficacy for captive wild rats (Rattus rattus L.) and possums (Trichosurus vulpecula Kerr) of adding bird repellents (anthraquinone and d-pulegone) to baits used for their control in food choice trials.<br><br>RESULTS: For possums, anthraquinone at 0.25% reduced acceptability and palatability but not the efficacy of poison baits, whereas d-pulegone at 0.17% had no significant effects. Rats showed little response to d-pulegone, but developed a marked aversion to prefeed baits containing anthraquinone at both 0.1 and 0.25%, such that almost no exposed rats ate poison baits and mortality was reduced significantly. The aversion induced by anthraquinone was generalised to the bait, as anthraquinone-exposed rats did not eat bait with only d-pulegone.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Anthraquinone is not suitable for inclusion in bait for rat control at the concentrations tested, and also presents some risk to efficacy for possum control. D-pulegone would be suitable for inclusion in bait for possums and rats, but problems related to its volatility in bait manufacture and storage would need to be overcome. Further studies should focus on an alternative secondary repellent, or on establishing the maximum anthraquinone concentration that does not reduce efficacy for rats and testing whether or not that concentration is sufficient to repel native birds from baits reliably.}, }
@article {pmid25143182, year = {2015}, author = {Versteirt, V and Nagy, ZT and Roelants, P and Denis, L and Breman, FC and Damiens, D and Dekoninck, W and Backeljau, T and Coosemans, M and Van Bortel, W}, title = {Identification of Belgian mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) by DNA barcoding.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {449-457}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12318}, pmid = {25143182}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {Animals ; Belgium ; Culicidae/*classification/*genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Since its introduction in 2003, DNA barcoding has proven to be a promising method for the identification of many taxa, including mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Many mosquito species are potential vectors of pathogens, and correct identification in all life stages is essential for effective mosquito monitoring and control. To use DNA barcoding for species identification, a reliable and comprehensive reference database of verified DNA sequences is required. Hence, DNA sequence diversity of mosquitoes in Belgium was assessed using a 658 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene, and a reference data set was established. Most species appeared as well-supported clusters. Intraspecific Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) distances averaged 0.7%, and the maximum observed K2P distance was 6.2% for Aedes koreicus. A small overlap between intra- and interspecific K2P distances for congeneric sequences was observed. Overall, the identification success using best match and the best close match criteria were high, that is above 98%. No clear genetic division was found between the closely related species Aedes annulipes and Aedes cantans, which can be confused using morphological identification only. The members of the Anopheles maculipennis complex, that is Anopheles maculipennis s.s. and An. messeae, were weakly supported as monophyletic taxa. This study showed that DNA barcoding offers a reliable framework for mosquito species identification in Belgium except for some closely related species.}, }
@article {pmid25143105, year = {2014}, author = {Andreone, F}, title = {Madagascar: Risk review is under way for invasive toad.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {512}, number = {7514}, pages = {253}, doi = {10.1038/512253c}, pmid = {25143105}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Bufonidae/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid25143103, year = {2014}, author = {Durant, S}, title = {Non-native species: UK bill could prompt biodiversity loss.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {512}, number = {7514}, pages = {253}, doi = {10.1038/512253a}, pmid = {25143103}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Extinction, Biological ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/statistics &amp; numerical data ; United Kingdom ; }, }
@article {pmid25143076, year = {2014}, author = {Johnson, BL and Willacker, JJ and Eagles-Smith, CA and Pearl, CA and Adams, MJ}, title = {Invasive crayfish as vectors of mercury in freshwater food webs of the Pacific Northwest.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {33}, number = {11}, pages = {2639-2645}, doi = {10.1002/etc.2727}, pmid = {25143076}, issn = {1552-8618}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*drug effects/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Female ; *Food Chain ; Fresh Water ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mercury/*analysis ; Northwestern United States ; Oregon ; United States ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are important drivers of environmental change in aquatic ecosystems and can alter habitat characteristics, community composition, and ecosystem energetics. Such changes have important implications for many ecosystem processes, including the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of contaminants through food webs. Mercury concentrations were measured in 2 nonnative and 1 native crayfish species from western Oregon (USA). Nonnative red swamp crayfish had mercury concentrations similar to those in native signal crayfish (0.29 ± 0.05 µg/g dry wt and 0.36 ± 0.06 µg/g dry wt, respectively), whereas the nonnative ringed crayfish had lower mercury concentrations (0.10 ± 0.02 µg/g dry wt) than either of the other species. The mean energy content of muscle was similar between the native signal crayfish and nonnative ringed crayfish but was significantly higher in the nonnative red swamp crayfish. Across species, mercury concentrations were negatively correlated with energy density. Such energetic differences could exacerbate changes in mercury transfer through trophic pathways of food webs, especially via alterations to the growth dynamics of consumers. Thus, it is important to consider the role of energy content in determining effective mercury exposure even when mercury concentrations on a per-unit mass basis do not differ between species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2639-2645. Published 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US Government work and as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.}, }
@article {pmid25143033, year = {2014}, author = {Szűcs, M and Melbourne, BA and Tuff, T and Hufbauer, RA}, title = {The roles of demography and genetics in the early stages of colonization.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1792}, pages = {}, pmid = {25143033}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Demography ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; *Genetics, Population ; Inbreeding ; Introduced Species ; Tribolium/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Colonization success increases with the size of the founding group. Both demographic and genetic factors underlie this relationship, yet because genetic diversity normally increases with numbers of individuals, their relative importance remains unclear. Furthermore, their influence may depend on the environment and may change as colonization progresses from establishment through population growth and then dispersal. We tested the roles of genetics, demography and environment in the founding of Tribolium castaneum populations. Using three genetic backgrounds (inbred to outbred), we released individuals of four founding sizes (2-32) into two environments (natal and novel), and measured establishment success, initial population growth and dispersal. Establishment increased with founding size, whereas population growth was shaped by founding size, genetic background and environment. Population growth was depressed by inbreeding at small founding sizes, but growth rates were similar across genetic backgrounds at large founding size, an interaction indicating that the magnitude of the genetic effects depends upon founding population size. Dispersal rates increased with genetic diversity. These results suggest that numbers of individuals may drive initial establishment, but that subsequent population growth and spread, even in the first generation of colonization, can be driven by genetic processes, including both reduced growth owing to inbreeding depression, and increased dispersal with increased genetic diversity.}, }
@article {pmid25142201, year = {2014}, author = {Miravete, V and Roura-Pascual, N and Dunn, RR and Gómez, C}, title = {How many and which ant species are being accidentally moved around the world?.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {25142201}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Climate ; Commerce ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Netherlands ; New Zealand ; United States ; }, abstract = {Human transportation facilitates the dispersal of exotic ants, but few studies have quantified the magnitude and geography of these movements. We used several non-parametric indices to estimate the number of species successfully introduced to or established in new regions. We also compared their source biogeographic realms to assess the importance of geographical origin in determining the likelihood of establishment after introduction. Occurrence data on exotic ants derive from studies of three temperate regions. Our results suggest that the numbers of introduced or established ants may be much larger than the numbers so far documented. Ants introduced or established in new regions tend to arrive from the same or neighbouring realms, as would be expected if exotic species tend to match climates and if arrival/establishment is dependent upon higher trade rates from neighbouring countries.}, }
@article {pmid25142018, year = {2015}, author = {Kuebbing, SE and Nuñez, MA}, title = {Negative, neutral, and positive interactions among nonnative plants: patterns, processes, and management implications.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {926-934}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12711}, pmid = {25142018}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Dispersal ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {The movement of species is one of the most pervasive forms of global change, and few ecosystems remain uninvaded by nonnative species. Studying species interactions is crucial for understanding their distribution and abundance, particularly for nonnative species because interactions may influence the probability of invasion and consequent ecological impact. Interactions among nonnatives are relatively understudied, though the likelihood of nonnative species co-occurrence is high. We quantify and describe the types of interactions among nonnative plants and determine what factors affect interaction outcomes for ecosystems globally. We reviewed 65 studies comprising 201 observations and recorded the interaction type, traits of the interacting species, and study characteristics. We conducted a census of interaction types and a meta-analysis of experiments that tested nonnative competition intensity. Both methods showed that negative and neutral interactions prevailed, and a number of studies reported that the removal of a dominant nonnative led to competitive release of other nonnatives. Positive interactions were less frequently reported and positive mean effect sizes were rare, but the plant characteristics nitrogen fixation, life cycle (annual or perennial), and functional group significantly influenced positive interactions. Positive interactions were three times more frequent when a neighboring nonnative was a nitrogen fixer and 3.5 times lower when a neighboring nonnative was an annual. Woody plants were two or four times more likely to have positive interactions relative to grasses or herbs, respectively. The prevalence of negative interactions suggests that managers should prepare for reinvasion of sites when treating dominant nonnatives. Though positive interactions were infrequent, managers may be able to anticipate positive interactions among nonnatives based upon traits of the co-occurring invaders. Predicting positive nonnative interactions is an important tool for determining habitat susceptibility to a particular invasion and for prioritizing management of nonnatives with a higher likelihood of positive interactions.}, }
@article {pmid25141916, year = {2014}, author = {Walleser, LR and Howard, DR and Sandheinrich, MB and Gaikowski, MP and Amberg, JJ}, title = {Confocal microscopy as a useful approach to describe gill rakers of Asian species of carp and native filter-feeding fishes of the upper Mississippi River system.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {85}, number = {5}, pages = {1777-1784}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.12504}, pmid = {25141916}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyprinidae/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Diet ; Gills/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Illinois ; Indiana ; Introduced Species ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Rivers ; South Dakota ; }, abstract = {To better understand potential diet overlap among exotic Asian species of carp and native species of filter-feeding fishes of the upper Mississippi River system, microscopy was used to document morphological differences in the gill rakers. Analysing samples first with light microscopy and subsequently with confocal microscopy, the three-dimensional structure of gill rakers in Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and Dorosoma cepedianum was more thoroughly described and illustrated than previous work with traditional microscopy techniques. The three-dimensional structure of gill rakers in Ictiobus cyprinellus was described and illustrated for the first time.}, }
@article {pmid25140499, year = {2014}, author = {Barbosa, FG}, title = {The scientific literature on Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker 1857) from 1982 to 2012.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {86}, number = {3}, pages = {1373-1384}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765201420130281}, pmid = {25140499}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Bibliometrics ; Bivalvia/*classification ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; *Periodicals as Topic ; }, abstract = {Limnoperna fortunei (golden mussel) is a freshwater bivalve native to Southeast Asia, but is becoming an invasive species in several aquatic ecosystems in the world. In this study, a scientometric analysis was performed to identify the patterns, trends and gaps of knowledge for this invasive species. A survey of the published literature was conducted using the database of the Thomson Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). A total of 107 papers were surveyed that were published between 1982 and 2012 in 60 journals. The number of papers on L. fortunei over the years has increased, especially within the last eight years of the study period. Argentina, Brazil, and Japan are the countries that contributed the most papers to the literature on invasive bivalve. The majority of papers were field-observational studies. Among some important gaps that need to be addressed are the relatively small number and/or lack of studies conducted in the native countries and in countries invaded by L. fortunei, the lack of internationally collaborative publications in these countries, as well as a low number of internationally collaborative studies.}, }
@article {pmid25138920, year = {2014}, author = {McCarthy, MA}, title = {Contending with uncertainty in conservation management decisions.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {1322}, number = {1}, pages = {77-91}, pmid = {25138920}, issn = {1749-6632}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Decision Making ; *Decision Support Systems, Management ; Introduced Species ; Probability ; *Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Efficient conservation management is particularly important because current spending is estimated to be insufficient to conserve the world's biodiversity. However, efficient management is confounded by uncertainty that pervades conservation management decisions. Uncertainties exist in objectives, dynamics of systems, the set of management options available, the influence of these management options, and the constraints on these options. Probabilistic and nonprobabilistic quantitative methods can help contend with these uncertainties. The vast majority of these account for known epistemic uncertainties, with methods optimizing the expected performance or finding solutions that achieve minimum performance requirements. Ignorance and indeterminacy continue to confound environmental management problems. While quantitative methods to account for uncertainty must aid decisions if the underlying models are sufficient approximations of reality, whether such models are sufficiently accurate has not yet been examined.}, }
@article {pmid25138432, year = {2014}, author = {Fortuna, TM and Eckert, S and Harvey, JA and Vet, LE and Müller, C and Gols, R}, title = {Variation in plant defences among populations of a range-expanding plant: consequences for trophic interactions.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {204}, number = {4}, pages = {989-999}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12983}, pmid = {25138432}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Animals ; Brassicaceae/*physiology ; Butterflies ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Glucosinolates/metabolism ; Herbivory/*physiology ; *Hymenoptera ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Moths/parasitology ; Plant Leaves/chemistry/*metabolism/physiology ; Plant Weeds/physiology ; }, abstract = {Although plant-herbivore-enemy interactions have been studied extensively in cross-continental plant invasions, little is known about intra-continental range expanders, despite their rapid spread globally. Using an ecological and metabolomics approach, we compared the insect performance of a generalist and specialist herbivore and a parasitoid, as well as plant defence traits, among native, exotic invasive and exotic non-invasive populations of the Turkish rocket, Bunias orientalis, a range-expanding species across parts of Eurasia. In the glasshouse, the generalist herbivore, Mamestra brassicae, and its parasitoid, Microplitis mediator, performed better on non-native than on native plant populations. Insect performance did not differ between the two non-native origins. By contrast, the specialist herbivore, Pieris brassicae, developed poorly on all populations. Differences in trichome densities and in the metabolome, particularly in the family-specific secondary metabolites (i.e. glucosinolates), may explain population-related variation in the performance of the generalist herbivore and its parasitoid. Total glucosinolate concentrations were significantly induced by herbivory, particularly in native populations. Native populations of B. orientalis are generally better defended than non-native populations. The role of insect herbivores and dietary specialization as a selection force on defence traits in the range-expanding B. orientalis is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid25137175, year = {2014}, author = {Peña-Gómez, FT and Guerrero, PC and Bizama, G and Duarte, M and Bustamante, RO}, title = {Climatic niche conservatism and biogeographical non-equilibrium in Eschscholzia californica (Papaveraceae), an invasive plant in the Chilean Mediterranean region.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {e105025}, pmid = {25137175}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Altitude ; Chile ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Eschscholzia ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Plant Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Species climate requirements are useful for predicting their geographic distribution. It is often assumed that the niche requirements for invasive plants are conserved during invasion, especially when the invaded regions share similar climate conditions. California and central Chile have a remarkable degree of convergence in their vegetation structure, and a similar Mediterranean climate. Such similarities make these geographic areas an interesting natural experiment for testing climatic niche dynamics and the equilibrium of invasive species in a new environment. We tested to see if the climatic niche of Eschscholzia californica is conserved in the invaded range (central Chile), and we assessed whether the invasion process has reached a biogeographical equilibrium, i.e., occupy all the suitable geographic locations that have suitable conditions under native niche requirements. We compared the climatic niche in the native and invaded ranges as well as the projected potential geographic distribution in the invaded range. In order to compare climatic niches, we conducted a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Species Distribution Models (SDMs), to estimate E. californica's potential geographic distribution. We also used SDMs to predict altitudinal distribution limits in central Chile. Our results indicated that the climatic niche occupied by E. californica in the invaded range is firmly conserved, occupying a subset of the native climatic niche but leaving a substantial fraction of it unfilled. Comparisons of projected SDMs for central Chile indicate a similarity, yet the projection from native range predicted a larger geographic distribution in central Chile compared to the prediction of the model constructed for central Chile. The projected niche occupancy profile from California predicted a higher mean elevation than that projected from central Chile. We concluded that the invasion process of E. californica in central Chile is consistent with climatic niche conservatism but there is potential for further expansion in Chile.}, }
@article {pmid25137048, year = {2014}, author = {Oliveira, MT and Matzek, V and Dias Medeiros, C and Rivas, R and Falcão, HM and Santos, MG}, title = {Stress tolerance and ecophysiological ability of an invader and a native species in a seasonally dry tropical forest.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {e105514}, pmid = {25137048}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Brazil ; Carotenoids/metabolism ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Chlorophyll A ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fabaceae/metabolism/*physiology ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/metabolism/physiology ; Prosopis/metabolism/*physiology ; Seasons ; Stress, Physiological/*physiology ; Trees/metabolism/*physiology ; Tropical Climate ; Water ; }, abstract = {Ecophysiological traits of Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. and a phylogenetically and ecologically similar native species, Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan, were studied to understand the invasive species' success in caatinga, a seasonally dry tropical forest ecosystem of the Brazilian Northeast. To determine if the invader exhibited a superior resource-capture or a resource-conservative strategy, we measured biophysical and biochemical parameters in both species during dry and wet months over the course of two years. The results show that P. juliflora benefits from a flexible strategy in which it frequently outperforms the native species in resource capture traits under favorable conditions (e.g., photosynthesis), while also showing better stress tolerance (e.g., antioxidant activity) and water-use efficiency in unfavorable conditions. In addition, across both seasons the invasive has the advantage over the native with higher chlorophyll/carotenoids and chlorophyll a/b ratios, percent N, and leaf protein. We conclude that Prosopis juliflora utilizes light, water and nutrients more efficiently than Anadenanthera colubrina, and suffers lower intensity oxidative stress in environments with reduced water availability and high light radiation.}, }
@article {pmid25135455, year = {2014}, author = {Posavi, M and Gelembiuk, GW and Larget, B and Lee, CE}, title = {Testing for beneficial reversal of dominance during salinity shifts in the invasive copepod Eurytemora affinis, and implications for the maintenance of genetic variation.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {68}, number = {11}, pages = {3166-3183}, doi = {10.1111/evo.12502}, pmid = {25135455}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {Animals ; Copepoda/*genetics/physiology ; Fresh Water ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Salinity ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Maintenance of genetic variation at loci under selection has profound implications for adaptation under environmental change. In temporally and spatially varying habitats, non-neutral polymorphism could be maintained by heterozygote advantage across environments (marginal overdominance), which could be greatly increased by beneficial reversal of dominance across conditions. We tested for reversal of dominance and marginal overdominance in salinity tolerance in the saltwater-to-freshwater invading copepod Eurytemora affinis. We compared survival of F1 offspring generated by crossing saline and freshwater inbred lines (between-salinity F1 crosses) relative to within-salinity F1 crosses, across three salinities. We found evidence for both beneficial reversal of dominance and marginal overdominance in salinity tolerance. In support of reversal of dominance, survival of between-salinity F1 crosses was not different from that of freshwater F1 crosses under freshwater conditions and saltwater F1 crosses under saltwater conditions. In support of marginal overdominance, between-salinity F1 crosses exhibited significantly higher survival across salinities relative to both freshwater and saltwater F1 crosses. Our study provides a rare empirical example of complete beneficial reversal of dominance associated with environmental change. This mechanism might be crucial for maintaining genetic variation in salinity tolerance in E. affinis populations, allowing rapid adaptation to salinity changes during habitat invasions.}, }
@article {pmid25132396, year = {2015}, author = {Wittmann, ME and Cooke, RM and Rothlisberger, JD and Rutherford, ES and Zhang, H and Mason, DM and Lodge, DM}, title = {Use of structured expert judgment to forecast invasions by bighead and silver carp in Lake Erie.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {187-197}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12369}, pmid = {25132396}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Fisheries ; Fishes/physiology ; Forecasting ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Ontario ; Population Dynamics ; Recreation ; Risk Assessment ; United States ; }, abstract = {Identifying which nonindigenous species will become invasive and forecasting the damage they will cause is difficult and presents a significant problem for natural resource management. Often, the data or resources necessary for ecological risk assessment are incomplete or absent, leaving environmental decision makers ill equipped to effectively manage valuable natural resources. Structured expert judgment (SEJ) is a mathematical and performance-based method of eliciting, weighting, and aggregating expert judgments. In contrast to other methods of eliciting and aggregating expert judgments (where, for example, equal weights may be assigned to experts), SEJ weights each expert on the basis of his or her statistical accuracy and informativeness through performance measurement on a set of calibration variables. We used SEJ to forecast impacts of nonindigenous Asian carp (Hypophthalmichthys spp.) in Lake Erie, where it is believed not to be established. Experts quantified Asian carp biomass, production, and consumption and their impact on 4 fish species if Asian carp were to become established. According to experts, in Lake Erie Asian carp have the potential to achieve biomass levels that are similar to the sum of biomasses for several fishes that are harvested commercially or recreationally. However, the impact of Asian carp on the biomass of these fishes was estimated by experts to be small, relative to long term average biomasses, with little uncertainty. Impacts of Asian carp in tributaries and on recreational activities, water quality, or other species were not addressed. SEJ can be used to quantify key uncertainties of invasion biology and also provide a decision-support tool when the necessary information for natural resource management and policy is not available.}, }
@article {pmid25131382, year = {2015}, author = {Vilcinskas, A and Schmidtberg, H and Estoup, A and Tayeh, A and Facon, B and Vogel, H}, title = {Evolutionary ecology of microsporidia associated with the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {313-324}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12159}, pmid = {25131382}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Coleoptera/*microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Larva/microbiology ; Microsporidia/*isolation &amp; purification ; Ovum/microbiology ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are characterized by the rapid growth and spread of their populations after establishing a foothold in new habitats, and there are now many examples of such species negatively affecting biodiversity and the economy. It is unclear why some species can become successful invaders, whereas most (even if closely related) remain noninvasive. We previously proposed a hypothesis that parasites associated with invading species can promote their invasive success if they are harmless toward the invaders but harmful to their competitors and/or predators in the newly colonized habitat. Here we discuss whether microsporidia that have recently been discovered in the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis contribute to its invasive success. We show that all H. axyridis beetles sourced from diverse collection sites all over the world carry abundant microsporidia. This suggests that both native and invasive H. axyridis populations are associated with these tolerated parasites, which were likely to have existed in native populations before expansion rather than being acquired in newly colonized areas. We describe the pathogenesis of the microsporidia during different developmental stages of H. axyridis and we address the possibility that the predation of its infected eggs and larvae by competing native ladybird species may lead to their infection and ultimately to their decline. Finally, we discuss our initial hypothesis: microsporidia that are tolerated by an invasive vector insect can be active against susceptible native competitors and/or predator species.}, }
@article {pmid25130059, year = {2014}, author = {Catford, JA and Jansson, R}, title = {Drowned, buried and carried away: effects of plant traits on the distribution of native and alien species in riparian ecosystems.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {204}, number = {1}, pages = {19-36}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12951}, pmid = {25130059}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; *Ecosystem ; Floods ; *Introduced Species ; Multifactorial Inheritance ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; }, abstract = {Riparian vegetation is exposed to stress from inundation and hydraulic disturbance, and is often rich in native and alien plant species. We describe 35 traits that enable plants to cope with riparian conditions. These include traits for tolerating or avoiding anoxia and enabling underwater photosynthesis, traits that confer resistance and resilience to hydraulic disturbance, and attributes that facilitate dispersal, such as floating propagules. This diversity of life-history strategies illustrates that there are many ways of sustaining life in riparian zones, which helps to explain high riparian biodiversity. Using community assembly theory, we examine how adaptations to inundation, disturbance and dispersal shape plant community composition along key environmental gradients, and how human actions have modified communities. Dispersal-related processes seem to explain many patterns, highlighting the influence of regional processes on local species assemblages. Using alien plant invasions like an (uncontrolled) experiment in community assembly, we use an Australian and a global dataset to examine possible causes of high degrees of riparian invasion. We found that high proportions of alien species in the regional species pools have invaded riparian zones, despite not being riparian specialists, and that riparian invaders disperse in more ways, including by water and humans, than species invading other ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid25125285, year = {2014}, author = {Çinar, ME and Bakir, K}, title = {ALien Biotic IndEX (ALEX) - a new index for assessing impacts of alien species on benthic communities.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {87}, number = {1-2}, pages = {171-179}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.061}, pmid = {25125285}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; *Oceans and Seas ; *Rivers ; Turkey ; }, abstract = {Biotic indices are mainly aimed at assessing levels of deterioration caused by chemical or organic pollution. However, no biotic index to date has been developed to detect impacts of alien species on benthic communities. In this paper, a new biotic index, namely ALEX, is proposed to address the objectives of the Water Framework Directive and was tested in Mersin Bay (Levantine Sea, Turkey). Species were divided into four biogeographic groups, namely native species, casual species, established species and invasive species, and the metric considers the relative importance of these groups in samples. The index classified the ecological status of some stations which are shallow, and close to harbor and river mouths as bad or poor in February and October. The ALEX values were positively and significantly correlated with total nitrogen, silicate and silt percentage in sediment, and negatively correlated with depth and the distance from the harbor.}, }
@article {pmid25122739, year = {2014}, author = {MacNeil, C and Dick, JT}, title = {The enemy of my enemy is my friend: intraguild predation between invaders and natives facilitates coexistence with shared invasive prey.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {25122739}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*physiology ; Animals ; *Cannibalism ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Understanding and predicting the outcomes of biological invasions is challenging where multiple invader and native species interact. We hypothesize that antagonistic interactions between invaders and natives could divert their impact on subsequent invasive species, thus facilitating coexistence. From field data, we found that, when existing together in freshwater sites, the native amphipod Gammarus duebeni celticus and a previous invader G. pulex appear to facilitate the establishment of a second invader, their shared prey Crangonyx pseudogracilis. Indeed, the latter species was rarely found at sites where each Gammarus species was present on its own. Experiments indicated that this may be the result of G. d. celticus and G. pulex engaging in more intraguild predation (IGP) than cannibalism; when the 'enemy' of either Gammarus species was present, that is, the other Gammarus species, C. pseudogracilis significantly more often escaped predation. Thus, the presence of mutual enemies and the stronger inter- than intraspecific interactions they engage in can facilitate other invaders. With some invasive species such as C. pseudogracilis having no known detrimental effects on native species, and indeed having some positive ecological effects, we also conclude that some invasions could promote biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.}, }
@article {pmid25122655, year = {2014}, author = {Feng, Y and van Kleunen, M}, title = {Responses to shading of naturalized and non-naturalized exotic woody species.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {114}, number = {5}, pages = {981-989}, pmid = {25122655}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Biomass ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; Cell Respiration ; Introduced Species ; Light ; Phenotype ; Photosynthesis/*physiology ; *Plant Development ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development/physiology/radiation effects ; Plants/*radiation effects ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Recent studies have suggested that responses to shading gradients may play an important role in establishment success of exotic plants, but hitherto few studies have tested this. Therefore, a common-garden experiment was conducted using multiple Asian woody plant species that were introduced to Europe >100 years ago in order to test whether naturalized and non-naturalized species differ in their responses to shading. Specifically, a test was carried out to determine whether naturalized exotic woody species maintained better growth under shaded conditions, and whether they expressed greater (morphological and physiological) adaptive plasticity in response to shading, relative to non-naturalized species.<br><br>METHODS: Nineteen naturalized and 19 non-naturalized exotic woody species were grown under five light levels ranging from 100 to 7 % of ambient light. For all plants, growth performance (i.e. biomass), morphological and CO2 assimilation characteristics were measured. For the CO2 assimilation characteristics, CO2 assimilation rate was measured at 1200 &#x3bc;mol m(-2) s(-1) (i.e. saturated light intensity, A1200), 50 &#x3bc;mol m(-2) s(-1) (i.e. low light intensity, A50) and 0 &#x3bc;mol m(-2) s(-1) (A0, i.e. dark respiration).<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Overall, the naturalized and non-naturalized species did not differ greatly in biomass production and measured morphological and CO2 assimilation characteristics across the light gradient. However, it was found that naturalized species grew taller and reduced total leaf area more than non-naturalized species in response to shading. It was also found that naturalized species were more capable of maintaining a high CO2 assimilation rate at low light intensity (A50) when grown under shading.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that there is no clear evidence that the naturalized species possess a superior response to shading over non-naturalized species, at least not at the early stage of their growth. However, the higher CO2 assimilation capacity of the naturalized species under low-light conditions might facilitate early growth and survival, and thereby ultimately favour their initial population establishment over the non-naturalized species.}, }
@article {pmid25122457, year = {2014}, author = {York, EM and Butler, CJ and Lord, WD}, title = {Global decline in suitable habitat for Angiostrongylus (= Parastrongylus) cantonensis: the role of climate change.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {e103831}, pmid = {25122457}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Angiostrongylus/*physiology ; Animals ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Climate change is implicated in the alteration of the ranges of species worldwide. Such shifts in species distributions may introduce parasites/pathogens, hosts, and vectors associated with disease to new areas. The parasite Angiostrongylus (= Parastrongylus) cantonensis is an invasive species that causes eosinophilic meningitis in humans and neurological abnormalities in domestic/wild animals. Although native to southeastern Asia, A. cantonensis has now been reported from more than 30 countries worldwide. Given the health risks, it is important to describe areas with potentially favorable climate for the establishment of A. cantonensis, as well as areas where this pathogen might become established in the future. We used the program Maxent to develop an ecological niche model for A. cantonensis based on 86 localities obtained from published literature. We then modeled areas of potential A. cantonensis distribution as well as areas projected to have suitable climatic conditions under four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios by the 2050s and the 2070s. The best model contained three bioclimatic variables: mean diurnal temperature range, minimum temperature of coldest month and precipitation of warmest quarter. Potentially suitable habitat for A. cantonensis was located worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions. Under all climate change RCP scenarios, the center of the projected distribution shifted away from the equator at a rate of 68-152 km per decade. However, the extent of areas with highly suitable habitat (>50%) declined by 10.66-15.66% by the 2050s and 13.11-16.11% by the 2070s. These results conflict with previous studies, which have generally found that the prevalence of tropical pathogens will increase during the 21st century. Moreover, it is likely that A. cantonensis will continue to expand its current range in the near future due to introductions and host expansion, whereas climate change will reduce the total geographic area of most suitable climatic conditions during the coming decades.}, }
@article {pmid25119899, year = {2014}, author = {Burg, NA and Pradhan, A and Gonzalez, RM and Morban, EZ and Zhen, EW and Sakchoowong, W and Lohman, DJ}, title = {Inferring the provenance of an alien species with DNA barcodes: the neotropical butterfly Dryas iulia in Thailand.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {e104076}, pmid = {25119899}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Biodiversity ; Butterflies/classification/*genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics/physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Thailand ; }, abstract = {The Neotropical butterfly Dryas iulia has been collected from several locations in Thailand and Malaysia since 2007, and has been observed breeding in the wild, using introduced Passiflora foetida as a larval host plant. The butterfly is bred by a butterfly house in Phuket, Thailand, for release at weddings and Buddhist ceremonies, and we hypothesized that this butterfly house was the source of wild, Thai individuals. We compared wing patterns and COI barcodes from two, wild Thai populations with individuals obtained from this butterfly house. All Thai individuals resemble the subspecies D. iulia modesta, and barcodes from wild and captive Thai specimens were identical. This unique, Thai barcode was not found in any of the 30 specimens sampled from the wild in the species' native range, but is most similar to specimens from Costa Rica, where many exporting butterfly farms are located. These data implicate the butterfly house as the source of Thailand's wild D. iulia populations, which are currently so widespread that eradication efforts are unlikely to be successful.}, }
@article {pmid25119350, year = {2014}, author = {Georgiev, BB and Angelov, A and Vasileva, GP and Sánchez, MI and Hortas, F and Mutafchiev, Y and Pankov, P and Green, AJ}, title = {Larval helminths in the invasive American brine shrimp Artemia franciscana throughout its annual cycle.}, journal = {Acta parasitologica}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, pages = {380-389}, doi = {10.2478/s11686-014-0255-x}, pmid = {25119350}, issn = {1896-1851}, mesh = {Animals ; Artemia/*parasitology ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Birds ; Cestoda/classification/cytology/*isolation &amp; purification ; Cestode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Female ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Life Cycle Stages ; Male ; Prevalence ; Seasons ; Spain/epidemiology ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {One of the best examples of rapid displacement of native species by an invader is the eradication of native Artemia salina and A. parthenogenetica in the Mediterranean by the introduced American A. franciscana. Previous studies based on sampling from limited time periods suggest that the success of the American species as a competitor may be due partly to different parasite burden, since native Artemia spp. have high cestode infection rates regulating their density. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that the helminth infection in A. franciscana in its invasive range is low throughout its annual life cycle. Samples of A. franciscana were collected every second month from La Tapa saltern (Andalusia) during one year. Five helminth species were recorded: cestodes Flamingolepis liguloides, F. flamingo, Gynandrotaenia stammeri (all flamingo parasites), Eurycestus avoceti (a shorebird parasite) and larval spirurids of the Acuariinae (the first record of nematodes in Artemia). The overall infection rate was low, with total prevalence 5.9% and prevalence of individual parasite species between 0.2 and 3.2%. The mean abundance of helminths was 0.005-0.155 (av. 0.068), 5-13 times lower than in native congeners. Waterbird counts indicate that the low infection rates cannot be explained by lack of definitive hosts. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that helminths have no regulating effect on the invasive brine shrimp in the Mediterranean. The replacement of the native populations by the invader can be partially explained by a competition mediated by parasites/predators through a differential impact on host fitness.}, }
@article {pmid25119217, year = {2014}, author = {Witze, A}, title = {Native ecosystems blitzed by drought.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {512}, number = {7513}, pages = {121-122}, doi = {10.1038/512121a}, pmid = {25119217}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; California ; *Droughts ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid25116809, year = {2014}, author = {Chen, H and Jin, L and Jiang, X and Yu, Z and Duns, GJ and Shao, R and Xu, W and Chen, J}, title = {A novel mitovirus from Buergenerula spartinae infecting the invasive species Spartina alterniflora.}, journal = {Virologica Sinica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s12250-015-3470-1}, pmid = {25116809}, issn = {1995-820X}, }
@article {pmid25116626, year = {2014}, author = {Ramaswami, G and Sukumar, R}, title = {Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) invasion along streams in a heterogeneous landscape.}, journal = {Journal of biosciences}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, pages = {717-726}, pmid = {25116626}, issn = {0973-7138}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Fires ; Geography ; India ; *Introduced Species ; Lantana/*physiology ; Likelihood Functions ; Photoperiod ; Population Dynamics ; Rain ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Streams are periodically disturbed due to flooding, act as edges between habitats and also facilitate the dispersal of propagules, thus being potentially more vulnerable to invasions than adjoining regions. We used a landscape-wide transect-based sampling strategy and a mixed effects modelling approach to understand the effects of distance from stream, a rainfall gradient, light availability and fire history on the distribution of the invasive shrub Lantana camara L.(lantana) in the tropical dry forests of Mudumalai in southern India. The area occupied by lantana thickets and lantana stem abundance were both found to be highest closest to streams across this landscape with a rainfall gradient. There was no advantage in terms of increased abundance or area occupied by lantana when it grew closer to streams in drier areas as compared to moister areas. On an average, the area covered by lantana increased with increasing annual rainfall. Areas that experienced greater number of fires during 1989-2010 had lower lantana stem abundance irrespective of distance from streams. In this landscape, total light availability did not affect lantana abundance. Understanding the spatially variable environmental factors in a heterogeneous landscape influencing the distribution of lantana would aid in making informed management decisions at this scale.}, }
@article {pmid25115896, year = {2014}, author = {Haddad, NM and Brudvig, LA and Damschen, EI and Evans, DM and Johnson, BL and Levey, DJ and Orrock, JL and Resasco, J and Sullivan, LL and Tewksbury, JJ and Wagner, SA and Weldon, AJ}, title = {Potential negative ecological effects of corridors.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, pages = {1178-1187}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12323}, pmid = {25115896}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Despite many studies showing that landscape corridors increase dispersal and species richness for disparate taxa, concerns persist that corridors can have unintended negative effects. In particular, some of the same mechanisms that underlie positive effects of corridors on species of conservation interest may also increase the spread and impact of antagonistic species (e.g., predators and pathogens), foster negative effects of edges, increase invasion by exotic species, increase the spread of unwanted disturbances such as fire, or increase population synchrony and thus reduce persistence. We conducted a literature review and meta-analysis to evaluate the prevalence of each of these negative effects. We found no evidence that corridors increase unwanted disturbance or non-native species invasion; however, these have not been well-studied concerns (1 and 6 studies, respectively). Other effects of corridors were more often studied and yielded inconsistent results; mean effect sizes were indistinguishable from zero. The effect of edges on abundances of target species was as likely to be positive as negative. Corridors were as likely to have no effect on antagonists or population synchrony as they were to increase those negative effects. We found 3 deficiencies in the literature. First, despite studies on how corridors affect predators, there are few studies of related consequences for prey population size and persistence. Second, properly designed studies of negative corridor effects are needed in natural corridors at scales larger than those achievable in experimental systems. Third, studies are needed to test more targeted hypotheses about when corridor-mediated effects on invasive species or disturbance may be negative for species of management concern. Overall, we found no overarching support for concerns that construction and maintenance of habitat corridors may result in unintended negative consequences. Negative edge effects may be mitigated by widening corridors or softening edges between corridors and the matrix. Other negative effects are relatively small and manageable compared with the large positive effects of facilitating dispersal and increasing diversity of native species.}, }
@article {pmid25111508, year = {2014}, author = {Ornano, L and Donno, Y and Sanna, C and Ballero, M and Serafini, M and Bianco, A}, title = {Phytochemical study of Caulerpa racemosa (Forsk.) J. Agarth, an invading alga in the habitat of La Maddalena Archipelago.}, journal = {Natural product research}, volume = {28}, number = {20}, pages = {1795-1799}, doi = {10.1080/14786419.2014.945928}, pmid = {25111508}, issn = {1478-6427}, mesh = {Caulerpa/*chemistry ; Diterpenes/chemistry ; Indole Alkaloids/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Molecular Structure ; Phytosterols/chemistry ; Secondary Metabolism ; Sesquiterpenes/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Caulerpa racemosa is a marine Chlorophyta widely distributed in tropical areas, introduced into the Mediterranean Sea since 1990. It has been invading the Mediterranean Sea causing ecological problems. This invasive event can be considered as one of the most serious in the history of species introduced into the Mediterranean Sea, even if C. racemosa has not triggered as much attention as the famous 'killer alga' Caulerpa taxifolia. The aim of this work is to analyse phytochemically C. racemosa in the northern Sardinia area for secondary metabolites. Marine algae shows the molecular pattern of bis-indole alkaloids, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and sterols. The intention is to expand phytochemical analysis in order to understand just how significant the anti-tumour, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions can be.}, }
@article {pmid25110340, year = {2014}, author = {Johny, S and Kyei-Poku, G}, title = {A molecular tool for detection and tracking of a potential indigenous Beauveria bassiana strain for managing emerald ash borer populations in Canada.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {122}, number = {}, pages = {16-21}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2014.07.005}, pmid = {25110340}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Beauveria/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Canada ; Coleoptera/*microbiology ; Fraxinus/microbiology ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; }, abstract = {Emerald ash borer is an invasive species from Asia. Beauveria bassiana strain L49-1AA is being tested for the control of emerald ash borer in Canada, using an autocontamination trapping system. We have developed a simplified allele discrimination polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to screen B. bassiana strain, L49-1AA from other Beauveria species by targeting the inter-strain genetic differences in 5' end of EF1-α gene of the genus Beauveria. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, T→C was identified only in L49-1AA and was used to develop a simplified allele discrimination polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay based on a modified allelic inhibition of displacement activity (AIDA) approach for distinguishing B. bassiana L49-1AA from all background Beauveria isolates. The SNP site was employed to design inner primers but with a deliberate mismatch introduced at the 3' antepenultimate from the mutation site in order to maximize specificity and detection efficiency. Amplification was specific to L49-1AA without cross-reaction with DNA from other Beauveria strains. In addition, the designed primers were also tested against environmental samples in L49-1AA released plots and observed to be highly efficient in detecting and discriminating the target strain, L49-1AA from both pure and crude DNA samples. This new method can potentially allow for more discriminatory tracking and monitoring of released L49-1AA in our autocontamination and dissemination projects for managing EAB populations. Additionally, the modified-AIDA format has potential as a tool for simultaneously identifying and differentiating closely related Beauveria species, strains/isolates as well as general classification of other pathogens or organisms.}, }
@article {pmid25110047, year = {2014}, author = {Drake, LA and Tamburri, MN and First, MR and Smith, GJ and Johengen, TH}, title = {How many organisms are in ballast water discharge? A framework for validating and selecting compliance monitoring tools.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {86}, number = {1-2}, pages = {122-128}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.034}, pmid = {25110047}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Aquatic Organisms ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Fluorometry/methods ; Introduced Species ; Pilot Projects ; Population Density ; Ships ; Water ; }, abstract = {As regulations governing the discharge of living organisms in ships' ballast water enter into force, tools to rapidly and easily measure compliance with the discharge standards will be essential. To assess, validate, and select compliance tools, a framework-consisting of three parts-is presented: proof-of-concept, validation and verification, and final selection stages. Next, a case study describing the proof-of-concept stage is discussed. Specifically, variable fluorescence was evaluated as an approach for determining compliance with the discharge standard for living organisms ⩾10 μm and <50 μm (typically protists). Preliminary laboratory experiments were conducted, which were followed by an expert workshop to gauge the feasibility of this approach and propose hypothetical thresholds indicating when the discharge standard is undoubtedly exceeded. Subsequently, field trials were conducted to assess this approach and recommended thresholds. All results were favorable, indicating the validation and verification stages are merited to further evaluate fluorometers as compliance monitoring tools.}, }
@article {pmid25108183, year = {2014}, author = {Hoyer, AB and Wittmann, ME and Chandra, S and Schladow, SG and Rueda, FJ}, title = {A 3D individual-based aquatic transport model for the assessment of the potential dispersal of planktonic larvae of an invasive bivalve.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {145}, number = {}, pages = {330-340}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.011}, pmid = {25108183}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Corbicula/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Lakes ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Models, Biological ; Plankton/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Population Density ; United States ; Wind ; }, abstract = {The unwanted impacts of non-indigenous species have become one of the major ecological and economic threats to aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Assessing the potential dispersal and colonization of non-indigenous species is necessary to prevent or reduce deleterious effects that may lead to ecosystem degradation and a range of economic impacts. A three dimensional (3D) numerical model has been developed to evaluate the local dispersal of the planktonic larvae of an invasive bivalve, Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea), by passive hydraulic transport in Lake Tahoe, USA. The probability of dispersal of Asian clam larvae from the existing high density populations to novel habitats is determined by the magnitude and timing of strong wind events. The probability of colonization of new near-shore areas outside the existing beds is low, but sensitive to the larvae settling velocity ws. High larvae mortality was observed due to settling in unsuitable deep habitats. The impact of UV-radiation during the pelagic stages, on the Asian clam mortality was low. This work provides a quantification of the number of propagules that may be successfully transported as a result of natural processes and in function of population size. The knowledge and understanding of the relative contribution of different dispersal pathways, may directly inform decision-making and resource allocation associated with invasive species management.}, }
@article {pmid25106778, year = {2014}, author = {McLaughlan, C and Rose, P and Aldridge, DC}, title = {Making the best of a pest: the potential for using invasive zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) biomass as a supplement to commercial chicken feed.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {54}, number = {5}, pages = {1102-1109}, pmid = {25106778}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animal Feed/*analysis ; Animal Husbandry/*methods ; *Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Calcium/analysis ; Chickens/*physiology ; *Dietary Supplements ; Dreissena/*chemistry ; Feces/chemistry ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Lipids/analysis ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Spectrophotometry, Atomic ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Invasive non-native species frequently occur in very high densities. When such invaders present an economic or ecological nuisance, this biomass is typically removed and landfill is the most common destination, which is undesirable from both an economic and ecological perspective. The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, has invaded large parts of Europe and North America, and is routinely removed from raw water systems where it creates a biofouling nuisance. We investigated the suitability of dried, whole zebra mussels as a supplement to poultry feed, thus providing a more attractive end-use than disposal to landfill. Measurable outcomes were nutrient and energy composition analyses of the feeds and production parameters of the birds over a 14 day period. Zebra mussels were a palatable feed supplement for chickens. The mussel meal contained high levels of calcium (344.9 g kg(-1)), essential for egg shell formation, which was absorbed and retained easily by the birds. Compared with standard feed, a mussel-supplemented diet caused no significant effects on production parameters such as egg weight and feed conversion ratio during the study period. However, protein and energy levels in the zebra mussel feed were much lower than expected from the literature. In order for zebra mussels to be a viable long-term feed supplement for poultry, flesh would need to be separated from the shells in an economically viable way. If zebra mussels were to be used with the shells remaining, it seems that the resultant mussel meal would be more suitable as a calcium supplement.}, }
@article {pmid25105975, year = {2014}, author = {Smith, MS and Fridley, JD and Goebel, M and Bauerle, TL}, title = {Links between belowground and aboveground resource-related traits reveal species growth strategies that promote invasive advantages.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {e104189}, pmid = {25105975}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Lonicera/metabolism/*physiology ; Nitrogen Isotopes/pharmacokinetics ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development ; Plant Roots/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Rhamnus/metabolism/*physiology ; *Seasons ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Belowground processes are rarely considered in comparison studies of native verses invasive species. We examined relationships between belowground fine root production and lifespan, leaf phenology, and seasonal nitrogen dynamics of Lonicera japonica (non-native) versus L. sempervirens (native) and Frangula alnus (non-native) versus Rhamnus alnifolia (native), over time. First and second order fine roots were monitored from 2010 to 2012 using minirhizotron technology and rhizotron windows. 15N uptake of fine roots was measured across spring and fall seasons. Significant differences in fine root production across seasons were seen between Lonicera species, but not between Frangula and Rhamnus, with both groups having notable asynchrony in regards to the timing of leaf production. Root order and the number of root neighbors at the time of root death were the strongest predictors of root lifespan of both species pairs. Seasonal 15N uptake was higher in spring than in the fall, which did not support the need for higher root activity to correspond with extended leaf phenology. We found higher spring 15N uptake in non-native L. japonica compared to native L. sempervirens, although there was no difference in 15N uptake between Frangula and Rhamnus species. Our findings indicate the potential for fast-growing non-native Lonicera japonica and Frangula alnus to outcompete native counterparts through differences in biomass allocation, root turnover, and nitrogen uptake, however evidence that this is a general strategy of invader dominance is limited.}, }
@article {pmid25105414, year = {2014}, author = {Ramanantoanina, A and Ouhinou, A and Hui, C}, title = {Spatial assortment of mixed propagules explains the acceleration of range expansion.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {e103409}, pmid = {25105414}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Range expansion of spreading organisms has been found to follow three types: (i) linear expansion with a constant rate of spread; (ii) bi-phase expansion with a faster linear expansion following a slower linear expansion; and (iii) accelerating expansion with a continuously increasing rate of spread. To date, no overarching formula exists that can be applied to all three types of range expansion. We investigated how propagule pressure, i.e., the initial number of individuals and their composition in terms of dispersal ability, affects the spread of a population. A system of integrodifference equations was then used to model the spatiotemporal dynamics of the population. We studied the dynamics of dispersal ability as well as the instantaneous and asymptotic rate of spread. We found that individuals with different dispersal abilities were spatially sorted with the stronger dispersers situated at the expanding range front, causing the velocity of expansion to accelerate. The instantaneous rate of spread was found to be fully determined by the growth and dispersal abilities of the population at the advancing edge of the invasion. We derived a formula for the asymptotic rate of spread under different scenarios of propagule pressure. The results suggest that data collected from the core of the invasion may underestimate the spreading rate of the population. Aside from better managing of invasive species, the derived formula could conceivably also be applied to conservation management of relocated, endangered or extra-limital species.}, }
@article {pmid25104754, year = {2014}, author = {Esterhuizen, N and Clusella-Trullas, S and van Daalen, CE and Schoombie, RE and Boardman, L and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Effects of within-generation thermal history on the flight performance of Ceratitis capitata: colder is better.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {217}, number = {Pt 19}, pages = {3545-3556}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.106526}, pmid = {25104754}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Ceratitis capitata/*growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Electron Transport Complex IV/metabolism ; Energy Metabolism/*physiology ; Female ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Male ; Phenotype ; Regression Analysis ; Sex Factors ; *Temperature ; Wings, Animal/*growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The influence of thermal history on temperature-dependent flight performance was investigated in an invasive agricultural pest insect, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Flies were exposed to one of four developmental acclimation temperatures (Tacc: 15, 20, 25, 30°C) during their pupal stage and tested at these temperatures (Ttest) as adults using a full-factorial study design. Major factors influencing flight performance included sex, body mass, Ttest and the interaction between Ttest and Tacc. Successful flight performance increased with increasing Ttest across all acclimation groups (from 10% at 15°C to 77% at 30°C). Although Tacc did not affect flight performance independently, it did have a significant interaction effect with Ttest. Multiple comparisons showed that flies which had been acclimated to 15°C and 20°C performed better than those acclimated to 25°C and 30°C when tested at cold temperatures, but warm-acclimated flies did not outperform cold-acclimated flies at warmer temperatures. This provides partial support for the 'colder is better' hypothesis. To explain these results, several flight-related traits were examined to determine whether Tacc influenced flight performance as a consequence of changes in body or wing morphology, whole-animal metabolic rate or cytochrome c oxidase enzyme activity. Although significant effects of Tacc could be detected in several of the traits examined, with an emphasis on sex-related differences, increased flight performance could not be explained solely on the basis of changes in any of these traits. Overall, these results are important for understanding dispersal physiology despite the fact that the mechanisms of acclimation-related changes in flight performance remain unresolved.}, }
@article {pmid25103469, year = {2015}, author = {Walsh, JC and Dicks, LV and Sutherland, WJ}, title = {The effect of scientific evidence on conservation practitioners' management decisions.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {88-98}, pmid = {25103469}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Birds/*physiology ; *Choice Behavior ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Decision Making ; New Zealand ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {A major justification of environmental management research is that it helps practitioners, yet previous studies show it is rarely used to inform their decisions. We tested whether conservation practitioners focusing on bird management were willing to use a synopsis of relevant scientific literature to inform their management decisions. This allowed us to examine whether the limited use of scientific information in management is due to a lack of access to the scientific literature or whether it is because practitioners are either not interested or unable to incorporate the research into their decisions. In on-line surveys, we asked 92 conservation managers, predominantly from Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, to provide opinions on 28 management techniques that could be applied to reduce predation on birds. We asked their opinions before and after giving them a summary of the literature about the interventions' effectiveness. We scored the overall effectiveness and certainty of evidence for each intervention through an expert elicitation process-the Delphi method. We used the effectiveness scores to assess the practitioners' level of understanding and awareness of the literature. On average, each survey participant changed their likelihood of using 45.7% of the interventions after reading the synopsis of the evidence. They were more likely to implement effective interventions and avoid ineffective actions, suggesting that their intended future management strategies may be more successful than current practice. More experienced practitioners were less likely to change their management practices than those with less experience, even though they were not more aware of the existing scientific information than less experienced practitioners. The practitioners' willingness to change their management choices when provided with summarized scientific evidence suggests that improved accessibility to scientific information would benefit conservation management outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid25103423, year = {2016}, author = {Zhou, N and Shen, H and Chen, C and Sun, B and Zheng, P and Wang, C}, title = {Genetic structure of Onchidium "struma" (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Eupulmonata) from the coastal area of China based on mtCO I.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {1319-1323}, doi = {10.3109/19401736.2014.945575}, pmid = {25103423}, issn = {2470-1408}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Ecosystem ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; Gastropoda/*genetics ; Genetic Speciation ; *Genome ; Haplotypes ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; }, abstract = {The genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Onchidium "struma" were investigated using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO I) gene sequences. A total of 240 individuals representing 10 collection sites from across a large portion of its known range were included in the analysis. Overall, 42 haplotypes were defined and 97 polymorphic sites were observed. The O. "struma" populations had high haplotype diversity (0.9280) and nucleotide diversity (0.0404). We inferred that the early maturity and extensive survival habitat led to high genetic diversity of O. "struma" populations in China. Bayesian analysis and SAMOVA analysis showed significant genetic differentiation among populations and all populations were divided into two groups, (HK and HN) versus (GY, DF, CX, CN, ND and XM). The Mantel test revealed no significant correlation between geographic distance and genetic distance (r = 0.251; p = 0.058). Restricted gene flow caused by a shorter term pelagic veliger stage and limited dispersal potential were inferred to result in genetic differentiation among populations based on nested analysis. HK population might be an invasive species by artificial transplantation.}, }
@article {pmid25103212, year = {2014}, author = {Goyal, N and Pardha-Saradhi, P and Sharma, GP}, title = {Can adaptive modulation of traits to urban environments facilitate Ricinus communis L. invasiveness?.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {186}, number = {11}, pages = {7941-7948}, pmid = {25103212}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Environmental Monitoring ; India ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Proline/analysis ; Ricinus/*growth &amp; development ; Seeds/chemistry ; }, abstract = {This paper addresses the phenotypic variation among Ricinus communis L. populations in four urban habitat types (road verges, garbage dumps, construction debris, and natural area) in Delhi, India, by evaluating important traits such as plant height, basal circumference, seeds per plant, seed size, seed weight, specific leaf area, and reproductive index. An important biochemical marker, proline, considered as a good plant performance indicator under stress was also quantified in leaves of R. communis to evaluate its response in different habitats. Interestingly, the species showed significant variation in plant height, specific leaf area, seed size, seed weight, and leaf proline content in different habitat types. Leaf proline content was positively related to plant height, specific leaf area, and seed size while negatively related to the total number of seeds/plant. Interestingly, reproductive index, calculated as a ratio of the total number of seeds to the plant height also showed a negative relation with leaf proline content. Results indicated that R. communis exhibits adaptive modulation of growth, reproductive traits, and leaf proline content in various urban habitats which contributes to invasiveness, range expansion, and establishment of the species. The study also gives evidence of how morphological and physiological traits could directly affect invasiveness of R. communis.}, }
@article {pmid25103085, year = {2015}, author = {Persson, S and Magnusson, U}, title = {Environmental pollutants and alterations in the reproductive system in wild male mink (Neovison vison) from Sweden.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {120}, number = {}, pages = {237-245}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.009}, pmid = {25103085}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Pollutants/*toxicity ; Genitalia, Male/*drug effects ; Hydrocarbons, Halogenated/*toxicity ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mink/*metabolism ; Pesticides/*toxicity ; Sweden ; }, abstract = {The wild American mink, a semi-aquatic top predator, is exposed to high levels of environmental pollutants that may affect its reproductive system. In this study, the reproductive organs from 101 wild male mink collected in Sweden were examined during necropsy. Potential associations between various variables of the reproductive system and fat concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) and other organochlorine pesticides and liver concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) were investigated using multiple regression models. The anogenital distance was negatively associated (p<0.05) with concentration of p,p'-DDE and some PFAAs (perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) and ∑PFAA). Penis length was positively associated with PCB 28, PCB 47/48, PCB 52 and PCB 110 (p<0.05), and some of these congeners were also associated with baculum length and penis weight. In contrast, penile length tended (p<0.1) to be shorter in mink with high concentrations of p,p'-DDE. These data may help to improve the understanding of how environmental pollution affects male reproduction in both wildlife and humans. Overall, the study suggests endocrine disrupting effects in wild mink and identifies potentially important pollutants in the complex mixture of contaminants in the environment. In addition, the results suggest that the variables of the reproductive system of male mink used in this study are good candidates for use as indicators of environmental pollution affecting the mammalian reproductive system.}, }
@article {pmid25102654, year = {2014}, author = {Fuentes, SA and Gallegos, ME and Mandujano, MC}, title = {[Demography of Caulerpa paspaloides var. wudermanni (Bryopsidales: Caulerpaceae) in the coastal zone of Campeche, México].}, journal = {Revista de biologia tropical}, volume = {62}, number = {2}, pages = {729-741}, doi = {10.15517/rbt.v62i2.10446}, pmid = {25102654}, issn = {0034-7744}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Caulerpa/*classification ; Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Demography of Caulerpa paspaloides var. wudermanni (Bryopsidales: Caulerpaceae) in the coastal zone of Campeche, México. The subaquatic vegetation of Los Petenes, Campeche, Mexico, stands out due to its considerable floristic diversity, composed of a great variety of sea grasses and several species of the genus Caulerpa sp. This is a genus of ecological relevance, with the invasive species in the Mediterranean, with negative impact on several native sub-aquatic plants; nevertheless, little is known about the demography and population dynamics of Caulerpa species and their contribution to food webs. Thus the main objective of this study was to describe the demographics of Caulerpa paspaloides var. wudermanni, using the number of stolons, complete and incomplete fronds, the diameter of the stolons and the biomass. The information was used to determine the growth rate (lambda) of this species. The study was conducted in the Biosphere Reserve of Los Petenes, which is located in the Northwest of the state of Campeche. The submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in the Petenes Biosphere consists of monospecific and mixed populations of seagrass species (Thalassia testudinum, Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme). Although chlorophytes, brown algae and red algae, are fundamental elements in the specific composition of the SAV in Petenes, several species of Caulerpa are prominent because of their coverage and abundance. In May and June of 2010, significant differences in the quantity of stolons, their diameter, incomplete and complete fronds, and the size of the stolons and rhizomes, were observed. In 2010, the finite population growth rate (lambda) was 2.38 +/- 0.1571 for individuals and 1.20 +/- 0.1356 for the population, and in 2011 the values of lambda were 1.80 +/- 0.3608 and 1.35 +/- 0.1571, respectively. From these results it can be concluded that the population is growing; however, growth is controlled by biotic and abiotic factors. Despite there was no apparent threat, we suggest continuing the demographic studies of C. paspaloides var. wurdemannii, as well as of other species of the same genus, not only to detect invasion or explosive growth, but also their presence indicated low oxygen levels and high sulphates.}, }
@article {pmid25101969, year = {2014}, author = {Faraji, A and Egizi, A and Fonseca, DM and Unlu, I and Crepeau, T and Healy, SP and Gaugler, R}, title = {Comparative host feeding patterns of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, in urban and suburban Northeastern USA and implications for disease transmission.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {e3037}, pmid = {25101969}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {*Aedes/virology ; Animals ; Cats ; Chikungunya Fever/*transmission ; Culex ; Dengue/*transmission ; Dogs ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; *Insect Vectors ; North America ; Public Health ; Zoonoses/*transmission ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes albopictus is an invasive species which continues expanding its geographic range and involvement in mosquito-borne diseases such as chikungunya and dengue. Host selection patterns by invasive mosquitoes are critically important because they increase endemic disease transmission and drive outbreaks of exotic pathogens. Traditionally, Ae. albopictus has been characterized as an opportunistic feeder, primarily feeding on mammalian hosts but occasionally acquiring blood from avian sources as well. However, limited information is available on their feeding patterns in temperate regions of their expanded range. Because of the increasing expansion and abundance of Ae. albopictus and the escalating diagnoses of exotic pathogens in travelers returning from endemic areas, we investigated the host feeding patterns of this species in newly invaded areas to further shed light on its role in disease ecology and assess the public health threat of an exotic arbovirus outbreak.<br><br>We identified the vertebrate source of 165 blood meals in Ae. albopictus collected between 2008 and 2011 from urban and suburban areas in northeastern USA. We used a network of Biogents Sentinel traps, which enhance Ae. albopictus capture counts, to conduct our collections of blooded mosquitoes. We also analyzed blooded Culex mosquitoes collected alongside Ae. albopictus in order to examine the composition of the community of blood sources. We found no evidence of bias since as expected Culex blood meals were predominantly from birds (n = 149, 93.7%) with only a small proportion feeding on mammals (n = 10, 6.3%). In contrast, Aedes albopictus fed exclusively on mammalian hosts with over 90% of their blood meals derived from humans (n = 96, 58.2%) and domesticated pets (n = 38, 23.0% cats; and n = 24, 14.6% dogs). Aedes albopictus fed from humans significantly more often in suburban than in urban areas (&#x3c7;(2), p = 0.004) and cat-derived blood meals were greater in urban habitats (&#x3c7;(2), p = 0.022). Avian-derived blood meals were not detected in any of the Ae. albopictus tested.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The high mammalian affinity of Ae. albopictus suggests that this species will be an efficient vector of mammal- and human-driven zoonoses such as La Crosse, dengue, and chikungunya viruses. The lack of blood meals obtained from birds by Ae. albopictus suggest that this species may have limited exposure to endemic avian zoonoses such as St. Louis encephalitis and West Nile virus, which already circulate in the USA. However, growing populations of Ae. albopictus in major metropolitan urban and suburban centers, make a large autochthonous outbreak of an arbovirus such as chikungunya or dengue viruses a clear and present danger. Given the difficulties of Ae. albopictus suppression, we recommend that public health practitioners and policy makers install proactive measures for the imminent mitigation of an exotic pathogen outbreak.}, }
@article {pmid25099535, year = {2014}, author = {Pearson, DE and Icasatti, NS and Hierro, JL and Bird, BJ}, title = {Are local filters blind to provenance? Ant seed predation suppresses exotic plants more than natives.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {e103824}, pmid = {25099535}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*psychology ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; *Seeds ; }, abstract = {The question of whether species' origins influence invasion outcomes has been a point of substantial debate in invasion ecology. Theoretically, colonization outcomes can be predicted based on how species' traits interact with community filters, a process presumably blind to species' origins. Yet, exotic plant introductions commonly result in monospecific plant densities not commonly seen in native assemblages, suggesting that exotic species may respond to community filters differently than natives. Here, we tested whether exotic and native species differed in their responses to a local community filter by examining how ant seed predation affected recruitment of eighteen native and exotic plant species in central Argentina. Ant seed predation proved to be an important local filter that strongly suppressed plant recruitment, but ants suppressed exotic recruitment far more than natives (89% of exotic species vs. 22% of natives). Seed size predicted ant impacts on recruitment independent of origins, with ant preference for smaller seeds resulting in smaller seeded plant species being heavily suppressed. The disproportionate effects of provenance arose because exotics had generally smaller seeds than natives. Exotics also exhibited greater emergence and earlier peak emergence than natives in the absence of ants. However, when ants had access to seeds, these potential advantages of exotics were negated due to the filtering bias against exotics. The differences in traits we observed between exotics and natives suggest that higher-order introduction filters or regional processes preselected for certain exotic traits that then interacted with the local seed predation filter. Our results suggest that the interactions between local filters and species traits can predict invasion outcomes, but understanding the role of provenance will require quantifying filtering processes at multiple hierarchical scales and evaluating interactions between filters.}, }
@article {pmid25093716, year = {2014}, author = {Gao, RR and Zhang, WP and Wu, HT and Zhang, RM and Zhou, HX and Pan, HP and Zhang, YJ and Brown, JK and Chu, D}, title = {Population structure of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), an invasive species from the Americas, 60 years after invading China.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {13514-13528}, pmid = {25093716}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Americas ; Animals ; China ; Cluster Analysis ; Genetic Loci ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; }, abstract = {Though the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) was introduced into China more than 60 years ago, the genetic diversity and structure of this exotic insect pest and virus vector have not been studied. To investigate the population genetic characteristics of this invasive species and to identify potential invasion routes, the genetic diversity and population structure of 17 collections of T. vaporariorum from nine provinces in China were analyzed using seven microsatellite loci. The results of the analyses indicated that the genetic diversity for the populations examined from the four provinces: Jilin, Ningxia, Guizhou and Qinghai, was lower than the genetic diversity of populations from the five provinces: Yunnan, Shandong, Shanxi, Liaoning, and Gansu. The T. vaporariorum populations analyzed in this study grouped as two distinct genetic clusters based on the analysis using STRUCTURE, whereas, 8 clusters were identified based on the BAPS analysis. Of the 136 genetic distance (Fst) values, 128 (94%) were associated with a significant exact test. However, there was no significant relationship between Fst and geographical distance. These results demonstrate that populations of T. vaporariorum in China exhibit significant genetic differentiation, indicating the likelihood that multiple introductions of T. vaporariorum into China have occurred. Also, the populations collected from the provinces of Jilin, Ningxia, Guizhou and Qinghai appear to represent secondary introductions originating from other Chinese provinces.}, }
@article {pmid25091907, year = {2014}, author = {Johnson, WE and Koepfli, K}, title = {The role of genomics in conservation and reproductive sciences.}, journal = {Advances in experimental medicine and biology}, volume = {753}, number = {}, pages = {71-96}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-0820-2_5}, pmid = {25091907}, issn = {0065-2598}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Genomics ; *Reproduction ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Genomics, the study of an organism's genome through DNA analyses, is a central part of the biological sciences and is rapidly changing approaches to animal conservation. The genomes of thousands of organisms, including vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants have been sequenced and the results annotated, augmented and refined through the application of new approaches in transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics that enhance the characterization of messenger RNA, proteins, and metabolites. The same computational advances that are catalyzing "-omic" technologies and novel approaches to address fundamental research questions are facilitating bioinformatic analysis and enabling access of primary and derivative data and results in public and private databases (Zhao and Grant. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 12:293-305, 2011). These tools will be used to provide fundamental advances in our understanding of reproductive biology across vertebrate species and promise to revolutionize our approach to conservation biology.The vulnerability of animal populations and their genetic diversity is well documented, as are the myriad of causes and threats to their persistence, including habitat degradation and loss, overexploitation, pollution, invasive alien species, and climate change. Of the 64,283 vertebrates assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in their 2012 Red List of Threatened Species, 7,250 or ~11 % are threatened with extinction, a percentage that has been increasing steadily for at least the last decade (www.iucnredlist.org). Among many of these species, important genetic diversity has been lost, thereby increasing their vulnerability as genetically diverse populations have higher fitness, generally are more resilient to environmental challenges, and have more adaptive potential (Reed and Frankham Conserv Biol 17:230-237, 2003; Luikart et al. Nat Rev Genet 4:981-994, 2003). In turn, genetic variation within and among populations may be essential to maintaining functional ecosystems, evolutionary process and will impact future food supplies, human health, biomaterial development and geopolitics (Myers and Knoll Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:5389-5392, 2001; Templeton et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:5426-5432, 2001). Therefore, conservation of genetic diversity is a social, cultural, scientific, and economic prerogative and is the key to adaptation in the uncertain future of a human-dominated environment. Once lost, genetic resources are nearly impossible to regain, increasing the urgency of fundamental global approaches (e.g. www.cbd.int/sp/targets).In this chapter we provide a review of current research and recent advances in biotechnology and genomic approaches for animal conservation and the management of genetic resources, with an emphasis on reproductive sciences. It is intended to provide information and insights for research and to provoke thoughts on how to take advantage of these opportunities.}, }
@article {pmid25088744, year = {2014}, author = {Murcia, C and Aronson, J and Kattan, GH and Moreno-Mateos, D and Dixon, K and Simberloff, D}, title = {A critique of the 'novel ecosystem' concept.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {29}, number = {10}, pages = {548-553}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2014.07.006}, pmid = {25088744}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Human Activities ; *Introduced Species ; Policy Making ; }, abstract = {The 'novel ecosystem' concept has captured the attention of scientists, managers, and science journalists, and more recently of policymakers, before it has been subjected to the scrutiny and empirical validation inherent to science. Lack of rigorous scrutiny can lead to undesirable outcomes in ecosystem management, environmental law, and policy. Contrary to the contentions of its proponents, no explicit, irreversible ecological thresholds allow distinctions between 'novel ecosystems' and 'hybrid' or 'historic' ones. Further, there is no clear message as to what practitioners should do with a 'novel ecosystem'. In addition, ecosystems of many types are being conserved, or restored to trajectories within historical ranges of variation, despite severe degradation that could have led to their being pronounced 'novel'.}, }
@article {pmid25088075, year = {2014}, author = {Rezinciuc, S and Galindo, J and Montserrat, J and Diéguez-Uribeondo, J}, title = {AFLP-PCR and RAPD-PCR evidences of the transmission of the pathogen Aphanomyces astaci (Oomycetes) to wild populations of European crayfish from the invasive crayfish species, Procambarus clarkii.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {118}, number = {7}, pages = {612-620}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2013.10.007}, pmid = {25088075}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {*Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Animals ; Aphanomyces/*isolation &amp; purification ; Astacoidea/*parasitology ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA Fingerprinting ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry/genetics ; Europe ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology/*transmission ; Genotype ; Infections/microbiology/transmission/*veterinary ; North America ; Phylogeny ; *Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; }, abstract = {Aphanomyces astaci (Oomycetes) is responsible for the crayfish plague disease. This species is endemic of North America and five genotypes have been described using RAPD-PCR. The red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, is one of the most widely spread North American species and invasive in the world. However, no outbreaks on its specific genotype, i.e., genotype D, have ever been described in nature. We investigated three major series of crayfish plague outbreaks in indigenous crayfish populations of Austropotamobius pallipes, located in the areas of influence of P. clarkii. All samples collected tested positive for A. astaci using a rnDNA ITS-PCR test. We also performed an AFLP-PCR analysis on 19 isolates, and found that all isolates belong to genotype D. These isolates exhibited similar properties, i.e., adaptation to warm temperatures. We demonstrate, for the first time, the transmission of A. astaci genotype D to indigenous European populations of crayfish, and confirm that the properties of adaptation to warm water temperatures seem to be a specific character of genotype D. The results of this work emphasize once more the need of controlling invasive species and its trade, since they can carry harmful pathogens with specific adaptations or increased virulence in new environments.}, }
@article {pmid25083704, year = {2014}, author = {Friedlander, AM and Ballesteros, E and Fay, M and Sala, E}, title = {Marine communities on oil platforms in Gabon, West Africa: high biodiversity oases in a low biodiversity environment.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {e103709}, pmid = {25083704}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa, Western ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Gabon ; *Marine Biology ; Seawater ; }, abstract = {The marine biodiversity of Gabon, West Africa has not been well studied and is largely unknown. Our examination of marine communities associated with oil platforms in Gabon is the first scientific investigation of these structures and highlights the unique ecosystems associated with them. A number of species previously unknown to Gabonese waters were recorded during our surveys on these platforms. Clear distinctions in benthic communities were observed between older, larger platforms in the north and newer platforms to the south or closer to shore. The former were dominated by a solitary cup coral, Tubastraea sp., whereas the latter were dominated by the barnacle Megabalanus tintinnabulum, but with more diverse benthic assemblages compared to the northerly platforms. Previous work documented the presence of limited zooxanthellated scleractinian corals on natural rocky substrate in Gabon but none were recorded on platforms. Total estimated fish biomass on these platforms exceeded one ton at some locations and was dominated by barracuda (Sphyraena spp.), jacks (Carangids), and rainbow runner (Elagatis bipinnulata). Thirty-four percent of fish species observed on these platforms are new records for Gabon and 6% are new to tropical West Africa. Fish assemblages closely associated with platforms had distinct amphi-Atlantic affinities and platforms likely extend the distribution of these species into coastal West Africa. At least one potential invasive species, the snowflake coral (Carijoa riisei), was observed on the platforms. Oil platforms may act as stepping stones, increasing regional biodiversity and production but they may also be vectors for invasive species. Gabon is a world leader in terrestrial conservation with a network of protected areas covering >10% of the country. Oil exploration and biodiversity conservation currently co-exist in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems in Gabon. Efforts to increase marine protection in Gabon may benefit by including oil platforms in the marine protected area design process.}, }
@article {pmid25083170, year = {2014}, author = {Watson, G and Marler, TE}, title = {Does cycad aulacaspis scale (Aulacaspis yasumatsui, Hemiptera: Diaspididae) play a direct role in causing soil phytotoxicity?.}, journal = {Communicative &amp; integrative biology}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e27881}, pmid = {25083170}, issn = {1942-0889}, abstract = {Cycad aulacaspis scale (CAS, Aulacaspis yasumatsui, Hemiptera: Diaspididae) was accidentally introduced to Guam in 2003, and has caused acute mortality of the dominant, endemic forest tree Cycas micronesica. A phytotoxic legacy in the soils beneath cycad trees killed by CAS over a period of about three years has been demonstrated. The origin of the toxicity may be large quantities of CAS-encrusted cycad leaf litter. We explore the possibility that a major contribution to this toxic legacy may come from the scale insects, not just from the plant material.}, }
@article {pmid25082451, year = {2016}, author = {Keskin, E}, title = {Molecular evidence for the predation of Critically Endangered endemic Aphanius transgrediens from the stomach contents of world wide invasive Gambusia affinis.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {1210-1215}, doi = {10.3109/19401736.2014.945526}, pmid = {25082451}, issn = {2470-1408}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; *Cyprinodontiformes ; *Endangered Species ; Fish Proteins/genetics ; *Food Chain ; Genome, Mitochondrial/*physiology ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; RNA/genetics ; RNA, Mitochondrial ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; RNA, Transfer/genetics ; Stomach ; }, abstract = {Predation and competition among native and invasive species are difficult to study in aquatic environments. Identification of preys from semi-digested body parts sampled from stomach contents of the predator is very challenging. Recent studies were mainly based on use of DNA extracted from stomach content to identify the prey species. This study presents the molecular evidence that reveals the predation of critically endangered Aphanius transgrediens by world-wide invasive Gambusia affinis for a better understanding of the link between the invasion and the extinction of native species in freshwater ecosystems. DNA samples were extracted from semi-digested stomach contents of the invader and short fragments of mitochondrial NADH1 gene were amplified using species-specific primers designed in this study to make identification at species level. Existence of both the prey and the predator species were also confirmed using environmental DNA extracted from water samples.}, }
@article {pmid25081517, year = {2014}, author = {Hardion, L and Verlaque, R and Saltonstall, K and Leriche, A and Vila, B}, title = {Origin of the invasive Arundo donax (Poaceae): a trans-Asian expedition in herbaria.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {114}, number = {3}, pages = {455-462}, pmid = {25081517}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Asia ; Biological Evolution ; DNA, Plant/*genetics ; Ecosystem ; *Founder Effect ; Genetic Markers ; *Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; *Plant Dispersal ; Poaceae/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/*physiology ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Reproduction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The hypothesis of an ancient introduction, i.e. archaeophyte origin, is one of the most challenging questions in phylogeography. Arundo donax (Poaceae) is currently considered to be one of the worst invasive species globally, but it has also been widely utilzed by man across Eurasia for millennia. Despite a lack of phylogenetic data, recent literature has often speculated on its introduction to the Mediterranean region.<br><br>METHODS: This study tests the hypothesis of its ancient introduction from Asia to the Mediterranean by using plastid DNA sequencing and morphometric analysis on 127 herbarium specimens collected across sub-tropical Eurasia. In addition, a bioclimatic species distribution model calibrated on 1221 Mediterranean localities was used to identify similar ecological niches in Asia.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Despite analysis of several plastid DNA hypervariable sites and the identification of 13 haplotypes, A. donax was represented by a single haplotype from the Mediterranean to the Middle East. This haplotype is shared with invasive samples worldwide, and its nearest phylogenetic relatives are located in the Middle East. Morphometric data characterized this invasive clone by a robust morphotype distinguishable from all other Asian samples. The ecological niche modelling designated the southern Caspian Sea, southern Iran and the Indus Valley as the most suitable regions of origin in Asia for the invasive clone of A. donax.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Using an integrative approach, an ancient dispersion of this robust, polyploid and non-fruiting clone is hypothesized from the Middle East to the west, leading to its invasion throughout the Mediterranean Basin.}, }
@article {pmid25079546, year = {2014}, author = {Mecke, S}, title = {Invasive species: Review risks before eradicating toads.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {511}, number = {7511}, pages = {534}, pmid = {25079546}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Bufonidae/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid25077675, year = {2015}, author = {Parra-Tabla, V and Munguía-Rosas, M and Campos-Navarrete, MJ and Ramos-Zapata, JA}, title = {Effects of flower dimorphism and light environment on arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation in a cleistogamous herb.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {163-168}, doi = {10.1111/plb.12223}, pmid = {25077675}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Acanthaceae/*anatomy &amp; histology/microbiology/radiation effects ; Flowers/*anatomy &amp; histology/microbiology/radiation effects ; Inbreeding ; Introduced Species ; Light ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology/radiation effects ; Plant Roots/anatomy &amp; histology/microbiology/radiation effects ; Pollination ; Reproduction ; Seeds/anatomy &amp; histology/microbiology/radiation effects ; Self-Fertilization ; }, abstract = {Although it is known that floral dimorphism contributes to the maintenance of mixed breeding systems, the consequences of producing progeny of a contrasting genetic background and seeds with differential resource allocation has been practically ignored regarding establishment of belowground organisms-plant interactions. This article evaluates the combined effect of floral dimorphism with cross type and light environment on interactions between Ruellia nudiflora and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). R. nudiflora produces cleistogamous (CL) flowers that exhibit obligate self-pollination and chasmogamous (CH) flowers with facultative self- (CHs) or cross- (CHc) pollination. We evaluated the establishment of the plant-AMF interaction in progeny derived from each floral type, under two light conditions (shaded versus open). We established different scenarios depending on the existence of inbreeding depression (ID) and whether the differential resource allocation (DRA) to CH and CL flowers affected the R. nudiflora-AMF interaction. We predicted that under shaded light conditions there might be an intensification of ID, having a negative effect on AMF colonisation. The percentages of hyphae and vesicles in the harvested roots was significantly higher in the shaded plants (F ≥ 4.11, P < 0.05), while progeny of CHc and CHs presented a higher percentage of hyphae and vesicle colonisation compared to CL progeny (F = 15.26, P < 0.01). The results show that DRA to CH flowers and light availability both determines the establishment of R. nudiflora-AMF interaction. The results also suggest that even under stressful light conditions, endogamy does not affect this interaction, which may explain the success of R. nudiflora as an invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid25077448, year = {2014}, author = {McKenzie, LJ and Yoshida, RL and Unsworth, RKF}, title = {Disturbance influences the invasion of a seagrass into an existing meadow.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {86}, number = {1-2}, pages = {186-196}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.019}, pmid = {25077448}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Alismatales/*growth &amp; development ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Grassland ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Future impacts from climate change and human activities may increase the likelihood of invasions of native marine species into existing habitats as a result of range shifts. To provide an understanding of the invasion of a native seagrass species (Syringodium isoetifolium) into a tropical multi-species meadow, detailed field assessments were conducted over a six year period. After establishing in a discrete patch, the extent and standing crop of S.isoetifolium increased 800 and 7000 fold, respectively, between 1988 and 2003 (∼300-260,000 m(2) and<1 kg DW to 7596±555 kg DW). The expansion of S.isoetifolium was confined to subtidal areas and appears primarily from clonal growth. The observed expansion of this species into a new locality was found to be clearly influenced by cumulative impacts and chronic small-scale physical disturbances. This study has immediate relevance to managing impacts which influence the spread of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid25077027, year = {2014}, author = {Brodie, J and Williamson, CJ and Smale, DA and Kamenos, NA and Mieszkowska, N and Santos, R and Cunliffe, M and Steinke, M and Yesson, C and Anderson, KM and Asnaghi, V and Brownlee, C and Burdett, HL and Burrows, MT and Collins, S and Donohue, PJ and Harvey, B and Foggo, A and Noisette, F and Nunes, J and Ragazzola, F and Raven, JA and Schmidt, DN and Suggett, D and Teichberg, M and Hall-Spencer, JM}, title = {The future of the northeast Atlantic benthic flora in a high CO2 world.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {13}, pages = {2787-2798}, pmid = {25077027}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Seaweed and seagrass communities in the northeast Atlantic have been profoundly impacted by humans, and the rate of change is accelerating rapidly due to runaway CO2 emissions and mounting pressures on coastlines associated with human population growth and increased consumption of finite resources. Here, we predict how rapid warming and acidification are likely to affect benthic flora and coastal ecosystems of the northeast Atlantic in this century, based on global evidence from the literature as interpreted by the collective knowledge of the authorship. We predict that warming will kill off kelp forests in the south and that ocean acidification will remove maerl habitat in the north. Seagrasses will proliferate, and associated epiphytes switch from calcified algae to diatoms and filamentous species. Invasive species will thrive in niches liberated by loss of native species and spread via exponential development of artificial marine structures. Combined impacts of seawater warming, ocean acidification, and increased storminess may replace structurally diverse seaweed canopies, with associated calcified and noncalcified flora, with simple habitats dominated by noncalcified, turf-forming seaweeds.}, }
@article {pmid25076531, year = {2014}, author = {Yu, Q and Ma, A and Cui, M and Zhuang, X and Zhuang, G}, title = {Immigrant Pantoea agglomerans embedded within indigenous microbial aggregates: a novel spatial distribution of epiphytic bacteria.}, journal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {398-403}, doi = {10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60420-9}, pmid = {25076531}, issn = {1001-0742}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Microbial Interactions ; Pantoea/*physiology ; Plant Leaves/*microbiology ; Pseudomonas stutzeri/*physiology ; Nicotiana ; }, abstract = {Immigrant bacteria located on leaf surfaces are important to the health of plants as well as to people who consume fresh fruits and vegetables. However, the spatial distribution and organization of these immigrant bacteria on leaf surfaces are still poorly understood. To examine the spatial organization of these strains, two bacterial strains on tobacco leaves: (1) an indigenous strain, Pseudomonas stutzeri Nov. Y2011 labeled with green fluorescent protein, and (2) an immigrant strain Pantoea agglomerans labeled with cyan fluorescent protein isolated from pear, were studied. Under moist conditions, P. agglomerans cells quickly disappeared from direct observation by laser-scanning confocal microscopy, although elution results indicated that large amounts of live cells were still present on the leaves. Following exposure to desiccation stress, particles of cyan fluorescent protein-labeled P. agglomerans were visible within cracked aggregates of P. stutzeri Nov. Y2011. Detailed observation of sectioned aggregates showed that colonies of immigrant P. agglomerans were embedded within aggregates of P. stutzeri Nov. Y2011. Furthermore, carbon-resource partitioning studies suggested that these two species could coexist without significant nutritional competition. This is the first observation of an immigrant bacterium embedding within aggregates of indigenous bacteria on leaves to evade harsh conditions in the phyllosphere.}, }
@article {pmid25071995, year = {2014}, author = {Peterson, BJ and Fournier, AM and Furman, BT and Carroll, JM}, title = {Hemigrapsus sanguineus in Long Island salt marshes: experimental evaluation of the interactions between an invasive crab and resident ecosystem engineers.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {e472}, pmid = {25071995}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The invasive Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, has recently been observed occupying salt marshes, a novel environment for this crab species. As it invades this new habitat, it is likely to interact with a number of important salt marsh species. To understand the potential effects of H. sanguineus on this ecosystem, interactions between this invasive crab and important salt marsh ecosystem engineers were examined. Laboratory experiments demonstrated competition for burrows between H. sanguineus and the native fiddler crab, Uca pugilator. Results indicate that H. sanguineus is able to displace an established fiddler crab from its burrow. Feeding experiments revealed that the presence of H. sanguineus has a significantly negative impact on the number as well as the biomass of ribbed mussels (Geukensia demissa) consumed by the green crab, Carcinus maenas, although this only occurred at high predator densities. In addition, when both crabs foraged together, there was a significant shift in the size of mussels consumed. These interactions suggests that H. sanguineus may have long-term impacts and wide-ranging negative effects on the saltmarsh ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid25070411, year = {2014}, author = {Stabili, L and Licciano, M and Lezzi, M and Giangrande, A}, title = {Microbiological accumulation by the Mediterranean invasive alien species Branchiomma bairdi (Annelida, Sabellidae): potential tool for bioremediation.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {86}, number = {1-2}, pages = {325-331}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.047}, pmid = {25070411}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*growth &amp; development ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Oceans and Seas ; Polychaeta/*microbiology ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {We examined the bacterial accumulation and digestion in the alien polychaete Branchiomma bairdi. Microbiological analyses were performed on worm homogenates from "unstarved" and "starved" individuals and on seawater from the same sampling site (Ionian Sea, Italy). Densities of culturable heterotrophic bacteria (22 °C), total culturable bacteria (37 °C) and vibrios were measured on Marine Agar 2216, Plate Count Agar and TCBS Agar, respectively. Microbial pollution indicators were determined by the most probable number method. B. bairdi was able to accumulate all the six considered microbiological groups which, however, differ in their resistance to digestion. B. bairdi results more efficient than the other two co-occurring sabellids in removing bacteria suggesting that it may counteract the effects of microbial pollution playing a potential role for in situ bioremediation. Thus a potential risk, such as the invasion of an alien species, could be transformed into a benefit with high potential commercial gain and economic feasibility.}, }
@article {pmid25068397, year = {2014}, author = {Liu, W and Xie, Y and Dong, J and Xue, J and Zhang, Y and Lu, Y and Wu, J}, title = {Pathogenicity of three entomopathogenic fungi to Matsucoccus matsumurae.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {e103350}, pmid = {25068397}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Fusarium/*pathogenicity ; Hemiptera/*microbiology/physiology/ultrastructure ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Hypocreales/classification/*pathogenicity ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Nymph/microbiology/physiology/ultrastructure ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Pinus/parasitology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Species Specificity ; Virulence ; }, abstract = {Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Matsucoccidae) is an invasive alien species and a destructive pest of two native Chinese pines, Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. and P. massoniana Lamb., throughout the eastern regions of China. The pathogenicity of three entomopathogenic fungi, Lecanicillium lecanii strain V3.4504 and V3.4505, Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti strain HEB01 and Lecanicillium fungicola strain HEB02, against M. matsumurae was tested in four instars, to evaluate their potential as a biological control agent. The results showed that the four strains caused disease and death of the scale insect, among which the L. lecanii strains V3.4504 and V3.4505 displayed stronger virulence than the F. incarnatum-equiseti strains HEB01 and L. fungicola strain HEB02 to M. matsumurae in the 2nd-instar nymphs and the adult females. Furthermore, L. lecanii V3.4505 was most virulent to M. matsumurae. The adult females and the male 3rd-instar nymphs of M. matsumurae were susceptible to L. lecanii V3.4505; the adult females were more susceptible at LT50 = 1.96 than the 3rd-instar nymphs at LT50 = 5.67. The body surface structure, cuticle thickness and wax secretions of M. matsumurae impacted the fungal infection. L. lecanii is a promising biocontrol agent, and newly emerged male 3rd-instar nymphs and adult females are a crucial period of the insect's life cycle for M. matsumurae biocontrol.}, }
@article {pmid25066106, year = {2014}, author = {Puzey, J and Vallejo-Marín, M}, title = {Genomics of invasion: diversity and selection in introduced populations of monkeyflowers (Mimulus guttatus).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {18}, pages = {4472-4485}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12875}, pmid = {25066106}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {DNA, Plant/genetics ; Genes, Plant ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Mimulus/*genetics ; North America ; Principal Component Analysis ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Global trade and travel is irreversibly changing the distribution of species around the world. Because introduced species experience drastic demographic events during colonization and often face novel environmental challenges from their native range, introduced populations may undergo rapid evolutionary change. Genomic studies provide the opportunity to investigate the extent to which demographic, historical and selective processes shape the genomic structure of introduced populations by analysing the signature that these processes leave on genomic variation. Here, we use next-generation sequencing to compare genome-wide relationships and patterns of diversity in native and introduced populations of the yellow monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus). Genome resequencing data from 10 introduced populations from the United Kingdom (UK) and 12 native M. guttatus populations in North America (NA) demonstrated reduced neutral genetic diversity in the introduced range and showed that UK populations are derived from a geographic region around the North Pacific. A selective-sweep analysis revealed site frequency changes consistent with selection on five of 14 chromosomes, with genes in these regions showing reduced silent site diversity. While the target of selection is unknown, genes associated with flowering time and biotic and abiotic stresses were located within the swept regions. The future identification of the specific source of origin of introduced UK populations will help determining whether the observed selective sweeps can be traced to unsampled native populations or occurred since dispersal across the Atlantic. Our study demonstrates the general potential of genome-wide analyses to uncover a range of evolutionary processes affecting invasive populations.}, }
@article {pmid25065640, year = {2014}, author = {Litt, AR and Cord, EE and Fulbright, TE and Schuster, GL}, title = {Effects of invasive plants on arthropods.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {28}, number = {6}, pages = {1532-1549}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12350}, pmid = {25065640}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Viridiplantae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Non-native plants have invaded nearly all ecosystems and represent a major component of global ecological change. Plant invasions frequently change the composition and structure of vegetation communities, which can alter animal communities and ecosystem processes. We reviewed 87 articles published in the peer-reviewed literature to evaluate responses of arthropod communities and functional groups to non-native invasive plants. Total abundance of arthropods decreased in 62% of studies and increased in 15%. Taxonomic richness decreased in 48% of studies and increased in 13%. Herbivorous arthropods decreased in response to plant invasions in 48% of studies and increased in 17%, likely due to direct effects of decreased plant diversity. Predaceous arthropods decreased in response to invasive plants in 44% of studies, which may reflect indirect effects due to reductions in prey. Twenty-two percent of studies documented increases in predators, which may reflect changes in vegetation structure that improved mobility, survival, or web-building for these species. Detritivores increased in 67% of studies, likely in response to increased litter and decaying vegetation; no studies documented decreased abundance in this functional group. Although many researchers have examined effects of plant invasions on arthropods, sizeable information gaps remain, specifically regarding how invasive plants influence habitat and dietary requirements. Beyond this, the ability to predict changes in arthropod populations and communities associated with plant invasions could be improved by adopting a more functional and mechanistic approach. Understanding responses of arthropods to invasive plants will critically inform conservation of virtually all biodiversity and ecological processes because so many organisms depend on arthropods as prey or for their functional roles, including pollination, seed dispersal, and decomposition. Given their short generation times and ability to respond rapidly to ecological change, arthropods may be ideal targets for restoration and conservation activities.}, }
@article {pmid25064466, year = {2014}, author = {Redmond, MD and Zelikova, TJ and Barger, NN}, title = {Limits to understory plant restoration following fuel-reduction treatments in a piñon-juniper woodland.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {54}, number = {5}, pages = {1139-1152}, pmid = {25064466}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; *Biota ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Fires ; *Forests ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Juniperus ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Utah ; }, abstract = {National fuel-reduction programs aim to reduce the risk of wildland fires to human communities and to restore forest and rangeland ecosystems to resemble their historical structure, function, and diversity. There are a number of factors, such as seed bank dynamics, post-treatment climate, and herbivory, which determine whether this latter goal may be achieved. Here, we examine the short-term (2 years) vegetation response to fuel-reduction treatments (mechanical mastication, broadcast burn, and pile burn) and seeding of native grasses on understory vegetation in an upland piñon-juniper woodland in southeast Utah. We also examine how wildlife herbivory affects the success of fuel-reduction treatments. Herbaceous cover increased in response to fuel-reduction treatments in all seeded treatments, with the broadcast burn and mastication having greater increases (234 and 160 %, respectively) in herbaceous cover than the pile burn (32 %). In the absence of seeding, herbaceous cover only increased in the broadcast burn (32 %). Notably, fuel-reduction treatments, but not seeding, strongly affected herbaceous plant composition. All fuel-reduction treatments increased the relative density of invasive species, especially in the broadcast burn, which shifted the plant community composition from one dominated by perennial graminoids to one dominated by annual forbs. Herbivory by wildlife reduced understory plant cover by over 40 % and altered plant community composition. If the primary management goal is to enhance understory cover while promoting native species abundance, our study suggests that mastication may be the most effective treatment strategy in these upland piñon-juniper woodlands. Seed applications and wildlife exclosures further enhanced herbaceous cover following fuel-reduction treatments.}, }
@article {pmid25063854, year = {2014}, author = {Groenewald, B and Chown, SL and Terblanche, JS}, title = {A hierarchy of factors influence discontinuous gas exchange in the grasshopper Paracinema tricolor (Orthoptera: Acrididae).}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {217}, number = {Pt 19}, pages = {3407-3415}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.102814}, pmid = {25063854}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Carbon Dioxide/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Dehydration ; Gases/chemistry/metabolism ; Grasshoppers/*metabolism ; Hemolymph/*chemistry ; Humidity ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oxygen/chemistry/*metabolism ; Oxygen Consumption ; Respiration ; Water/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The evolutionary origin and maintenance of discontinuous gas exchange (DGE) in tracheate arthropods are poorly understood and highly controversial. We investigated prioritization of abiotic factors in the gas exchange control cascade by examining oxygen, water and haemolymph pH regulation in the grasshopper Paracinema tricolor. Using a full-factorial design, grasshoppers were acclimated to hypoxic or hyperoxic (5% O2, 40% O2) gas conditions, or dehydrated or hydrated, whereafter their CO2 release was measured under a range of O2 and relative humidity (RH) conditions (5%, 21%, 40% O2 and 5%, 60%, 90% RH). DGE was significantly less common in grasshoppers acclimated to dehydrating conditions compared with the other acclimations (hypoxia, 98%; hyperoxia, 100%; hydrated, 100%; dehydrated, 67%). Acclimation to dehydrating conditions resulted in a significant decrease in haemolymph pH from 7.0±0.3 to 6.6±0.1 (mean ± s.d., P=0.018) and also significantly increased the open (O)-phase duration under 5% O2 treatment conditions (5% O2, 44.1±29.3 min; 40% O2, 15.8±8.0 min; 5% RH, 17.8±1.3 min; 60% RH, 24.0±9.7 min; 90% RH, 20.6±8.9 min). The observed acidosis could potentially explain the extension of the O-phase under low RH conditions, when it would perhaps seem more useful to reduce the O-phase to lower respiratory water loss. The results confirm that DGE occurrence and modulation are affected by multiple abiotic factors. A hierarchical framework for abiotic factors influencing DGE is proposed in which the following stressors are prioritized in decreasing order of importance: oxygen supply, CO2 excretion and pH modulation, oxidative damage protection and water savings.}, }
@article {pmid25063397, year = {2014}, author = {Jessop, TS and Dempster, T and Letnic, M and Webb, JK}, title = {Interplay among nocturnal activity, melatonin, corticosterone and performance in the invasive cane toad (Rhinella marinus).}, journal = {General and comparative endocrinology}, volume = {206}, number = {}, pages = {43-50}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.07.013}, pmid = {25063397}, issn = {1095-6840}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/blood/pharmacology ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology ; Corticosterone/blood/*pharmacology ; *Introduced Species ; Melatonin/blood/*pharmacology ; Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/*drug effects ; Stress, Physiological/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Most animals conduct daily activities exclusively either during the day or at night. Here, hormones such as melatonin and corticosterone, greatly influence the synchronization or regulation of physiological and behavioral cycles needed for daily activity. How then do species that exhibit more flexible daily activity patterns, responses to ecological, environmental or life-history processes, regulate daily hormone profiles important to daily performance? This study examined the consequences of (1) nocturnal activity on diel profiles of melatonin and corticosterone and (2) the effects of experimentally increased acute melatonin levels on physiological and metabolic performance in the cane toad (Rhinella marinus). Unlike inactive captive toads that had a distinct nocturnal melatonin profile, nocturnally active toads sampled under field and captive conditions, exhibited decreased nocturnal melatonin profiles with no evidence for any phase shift. Nocturnal corticosterone levels were significantly higher in field active toads than captive toads. In toads with experimentally increased melatonin levels, plasma lactate and glucose responses following recovery post exercise were significantly different from control toads. However, exogenously increased melatonin did not affect resting metabolism in toads. These results suggest that toads could adjust daily hormone profiles to match nocturnal activity requirements, thereby avoiding performance costs induced by high nocturnal melatonin levels. The ability of toads to exhibit plasticity in daily hormone cycles, could have broad implications for how they and other animals utilize behavioral flexibility to optimize daily activities in response to natural and increasingly human mediated environmental variation.}, }
@article {pmid25061360, year = {2014}, author = {Adams, BJ and Wall, DH and Virginia, RA and Broos, E and Knox, MA}, title = {Ecological biogeography of the terrestrial nematodes of victoria land, antarctica.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {419}, pages = {29-71}, pmid = {25061360}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The terrestrial ecosystems of Victoria Land, Antarctica are characteristically simple in terms of biological diversity and ecological functioning. Nematodes are the most commonly encountered and abundant metazoans of Victoria Land soils, yet little is known of their diversity and distribution. Herein we present a summary of the geographic distribution, habitats and ecology of the terrestrial nematodes of Victoria Land from published and unpublished sources. All Victoria Land nematodes are endemic to Antarctica, and many are common and widely distributed at landscape scales. However, at smaller spatial scales, populations can have patchy distributions, with the presence or absence of each species strongly influenced by specific habitat requirements. As the frequency of nematode introductions to Antarctica increases, and soil habitats are altered in response to climate change, our current understanding of the environmental parameters associated with the biogeography of Antarctic nematofauna will be crucial to monitoring and possibly mitigating changes to these unique soil ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid25060780, year = {2014}, author = {Lejeusne, C and Saunier, A and Petit, N and Béguer, M and Otani, M and Carlton, JT and Rico, C and Green, AJ}, title = {High genetic diversity and absence of founder effects in a worldwide aquatic invader.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {5808}, pmid = {25060780}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Founder Effect ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Palaemonidae/*genetics ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {The introduced oriental shrimp Palaemon macrodactylus has recently become widespread in temperate estuaries worldwide. However, this recent worldwide spread outside of its native range arises after a previous introduction to the US Pacific coast, where it was restricted for more than 30 years. Using a phylogeographic approach, the present work investigates the genetic history of the invasion of this decapod worldwide. Japan acted as the main native source area for worldwide introduced populations, but other native areas (likely South Korea and China) may act as source populations as well. The recently introduced European and NW Atlantic populations result from colonization from both Japan and an unknown area of the native range, although colonization from the NE Pacific could not be ruled out. Most introduced populations had higher haplotypic diversity than most native populations. P. macrodactylus has a strong potential to become one of the most widespread introduced species and may become the dominant estuarine shrimp in Europe. The ecological and economic consequences of this invasion remain to be thoroughly evaluated.}, }
@article {pmid25060067, year = {2014}, author = {Ros, M and Ashton, GV and Lacerda, MB and Carlton, JT and Vázquez-Luis, M and Guerra-García, JM and Ruiz, GM}, title = {The Panama Canal and the transoceanic dispersal of marine invertebrates: evaluation of the introduced amphipod Paracaprella pusilla Mayer, 1890 in the Pacific Ocean.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {99}, number = {}, pages = {204-211}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.07.001}, pmid = {25060067}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*physiology ; Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Models, Statistical ; Oceans and Seas ; Panama Canal Zone ; Salinity ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {Although the Panama Canal is one of the major corridors for shipping and potential dispersal of marine invaders in the tropics, little is known about the effect that the Canal has had on the distribution of marine biota. In this study, we (a) document the existence of established populations of the Western Atlantic caprellid amphipod Paracaprella pusilla, Mayer, 1890 for the first time at the Pacific entrance to the Canal, (b) review its distribution in the Pacific Ocean, and (c) evaluate possible mechanisms of introduction. The confirmed distribution of P. pusilla in the Pacific Ocean is limited to Australia, Hawaii, and Panama, despite earlier published reports from Chile and China. Laboratory experiments demonstrated intolerance of P. pusilla to freshwater, causing 100% mortality, and suggest invasion of the Pacific coast of Panama occurred through the Canal via ships' ballast water or by secondary spread via ships (ballast water or hull fouling) from another Pacific region.}, }
@article {pmid25059468, year = {2014}, author = {Bardon, C and Piola, F and Bellvert, F and Haichar, FEZ and Comte, G and Meiffren, G and Pommier, T and Puijalon, S and Tsafack, N and Poly, F}, title = {Evidence for biological denitrification inhibition (BDI) by plant secondary metabolites.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {204}, number = {3}, pages = {620-630}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12944}, pmid = {25059468}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Aerobiosis ; Anaerobiosis ; Biological Assay ; Denitrification/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Kinetics ; Molecular Structure ; Oxygen Consumption ; Plant Extracts/*chemistry ; Plant Weeds ; Polygonaceae/*metabolism ; Pseudomonas/classification/*drug effects/genetics ; Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Previous studies on the effect of secondary metabolites on the functioning of rhizosphere microbial communities have often focused on aspects of the nitrogen (N) cycle but have overlooked biological denitrification inhibition (BDI), which can affect plant N-nutrition. Here, we investigated the BDI by the compounds of Fallopia spp., an invasive weed shown to be associated with a low potential denitrification of the soil. Fallopia spp. extracts were characterized by chromatographic analysis and were used to test the BDI effects on the metabolic and respiratory activities of denitrifying bacteria, under aerobic and anaerobic (denitrification) conditions. The BDI of Fallopia spp. extracts was tested on a complex soil community by measuring denitrification enzyme activity (DEA), substrate induced respiration (SIR), as well as abundances of denitrifiers and total bacteria. In 15 strains of denitrifying bacteria, extracts led to a greater BDI (92%) than respiration inhibition (50%). Anaerobic metabolic activity reduction was correlated with catechin concentrations and the BDI was dose dependent. In soil, extracts reduced the DEA/SIR ratio without affecting the denitrifiers: total bacteria ratio. We show that secondary metabolite(s) from Fallopia spp. inhibit denitrification. This provides new insight into plant-soil interactions and improves our understanding of a plant's ability to shape microbial soil functioning.}, }
@article {pmid25058932, year = {2014}, author = {Manusadžianas, L and Darginavičienė, J and Gylytė, B and Jurkonienė, S and Krevš, A and Kučinskienė, A and Mačkinaitė, R and Pakalnis, R and Sadauskas, K and Sendžikaitė, J and Vitkus, R}, title = {Ecotoxicity effects triggered in aquatic organisms by invasive Acer negundo and native Alnus glutinosa leaf leachates obtained in the process of aerobic decomposition.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {496}, number = {}, pages = {35-44}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.005}, pmid = {25058932}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Acer/*chemistry ; Aerobiosis ; Alnus/*chemistry ; Aquatic Organisms/*drug effects ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Introduced Species ; Lithuania ; Plant Extracts/toxicity ; Plant Leaves/chemistry/*toxicity ; Toxicity Tests ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {The replacement of autochthonous tree species by invasive ones in coastal zones of freshwater bodies induces additional alteration of hydrochemical and microbiological characteristics due to decomposition of fallen leaves of non-indigenous species, which can lead to ecotoxic response of the littoral biota. Leaves of invasive to Lithuania boxelder maple (Acer negundo) and autochthonous black alder (Alnus glutinosa) lost more than half of biomass and released stable amount of DOC (60-70 mg/L) throughout 90-day mesocosm experiment under aerobic conditions. This, along with the relatively small BOD7 values detected after some variation within the first month confirms effective biodegradation by fungi and bacteria. The ambient water was more enriched with different forms of N and P by decomposing boxelder maple than by alder leaves. During the first month, both leachates were more toxic to charophyte (Nitellopsis obtusa) at mortality and membrane depolarization levels, while later to two crustacean species. Biomarker response, H(+)-ATPase activity in membrane preparations from N. obtusa, was stronger for A. negundo. Generally, boxelder maple leaf leachates were more toxic to tested hydrobionts and this coincides with previous study on leaves of the same pair of tree species conducted under microaerobic conditions (Krevš et al., 2013).}, }
@article {pmid25055097, year = {2014}, author = {Silva Matos, DM and Xavier, RO and Tiberio, FC and Marrs, RH}, title = {A comparative study of resource allocation in Pteridium in different Brazilian ecosystems and its relationship with European studies.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {74}, number = {1}, pages = {156-165}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.22012}, pmid = {25055097}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {*Biomass ; Brazil ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Pteridium/*physiology ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Pteridium is a cosmopolitan genus that acts as an invasive species in many parts of the world. Most research on this genus has occurred in Europe, and there is a lack of data on it from South America, in spite of causing considerable conservation problems. We compared the biomass allocation of P. esculentum subsp. arachnoideum in two ecosystems in Brazil - Atlantic forest and Brazilian savanna. We measured the biomass of fronds, rhizomes and above-ground litter. We also compared the density, length and biomass of fronds from this Brazilian study with similar data of P. esculentum subsp. arachnoideum derived from Venezuela and P. aquilinum from Europe. P. esculentum subsp. arachnoideum showed a wide response range. We found a negative relationship between frond and necromass, indicating a negative feedback effect, while a positive relationship was observed between frond and rhizome biomass. The continental comparison of relationships showed that Pteridium responds in a different way in both Brazil and Europe, and that in Brazil fronds tend to be longer and heavier, presumably as a result of the continuous growing season in South America while is shortened in Europe by frost. The paper shows the ability of Pteridium to adapt to different ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid25054554, year = {2014}, author = {Ma, FZ and Lü, ZC and Wang, R and Wan, FH}, title = {Heritability and evolutionary potential in thermal tolerance traits in the invasive Mediterranean cryptic species of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {e103279}, pmid = {25054554}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; China ; Climate Change ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Hemiptera/genetics/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {With advancing global climate change, the analysis of thermal tolerance and evolutionary potential is important in explaining the ecological adaptation and changes in the distribution of invasive species. To reveal the variation of heat resistance and evolutionary potential in the invasive Mediterranean cryptic species of Bemisia tabaci, we selected two Chinese populations-one from Harbin, N China, and one from Turpan, S China-that experience substantial heat and cold stress and conducted knockdown tests under static high- and low-temperature conditions. ANOVAs indicated significant effects of populations and sex on heat knockdown time and chill coma recovery time. The narrow-sense heritability (h2) estimates of heat tolerance based on a parental half-sibling breeding design ranged from 0.47 ± 0.03 to 0.51 ± 0.06, and the estimates of cold tolerance varied from 0.33 ± 0.07 to 0.36 ± 0.06. Additive genetic variances were significantly different from zero for both heat and cold tolerance. These results suggest that invasive B. tabaci Mediterranean cryptic species possesses a strong ability to respond to thermal selection and develops rapid resistance to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid25052348, year = {2014}, author = {Matsukura, K and Izumi, Y and Kumashiro, S and Matsumura, M}, title = {Cold tolerance of the maize orange leafhopper, Cicadulina bipunctata.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {67}, number = {}, pages = {114-119}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.05.021}, pmid = {25052348}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; Cold Temperature/*adverse effects ; Female ; Freezing/*adverse effects ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Male ; Sex Factors ; }, abstract = {Cicadulina bipunctata was originally distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. This leafhopper recently expanded its distribution area to southern parts of temperate Japan. In this study, factors affecting the overwintering ability of C. bipunctata were examined. A series of laboratory experiments revealed that cold acclimation at 15°C for 7days enhanced the cold tolerance of C. bipunctata to the same level as an overwintering population, adult females were more tolerant of cold temperature than adult males, and survival of acclimated adult females was highly dependent on temperature from -5 to 5°C and exposure duration to the temperature. The temperature of crystallization of adult females was approximately -19°C but temperatures in southern temperate Japan rarely dropped below -10°C in the winter, indicating that overwintering C. bipunctata adults in temperate Japan are not killed by freezing injury but by indirect chilling injury caused by long-term exposure to moderately low temperatures. An overwintering generation of C. bipunctata had extremely low overwinter survival (<1%) in temperate Japan; however, based on winter temperature ranges, there are additional areas amenable to expansion of C. bipunctata in temperate Japan.}, }
@article {pmid25052250, year = {2015}, author = {Li, X and Zhang, F and Zhao, D}, title = {Lab on upconversion nanoparticles: optical properties and applications engineering via designed nanostructure.}, journal = {Chemical Society reviews}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, pages = {1346-1378}, doi = {10.1039/c4cs00163j}, pmid = {25052250}, issn = {1460-4744}, abstract = {Over the past decade, high-quality lanthanide doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) have been successfully synthesized with the rapid development of nanotechnology. Due to the unique electron configuration of lanthanide ions, there are rich energy level structures in the near-infrared, visible and ultraviolet spectral range. However, for UCNPs, only a limited number of efficient upconversion excitation and emission have been generated due to the limited number of sensitizer (Yb(3+)) and activator (Tm(3+), Er(3+), and Ho(3+)) ions, and the application is mainly focused on the bio-imaging by using the upconversion luminescence of UCNPs. Recently, more and more researchers have started to focus on tuning of upconversion optical properties and developing of multi-functional UCNPs by using the combination of sub-lattice mediated energy migration, core@shell structural engineering and UCNPs based nanocomposites which greatly expands the range of applications for lanthanide-doped UCNPs. Therefore, a "nanolab" can be created on UCNPs, where the property modulation can be realized via the designed host-dopants combinations, core@shell nanostructure, energy exchange with "alien species" (organic dyes, quantum dots, etc.), and so on. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of the latest advances made in developing lanthanide-doped UCNPs, which include excitation and emission energy levels guided designing of the UCNP nanostructure, the synthesis techniques to fabricate the nanostructure with optimum energy level structure and optical properties, the fabrication of UCNPs-based nanocomposites to extend the applications by introducing the additional functional components, or integrating the functional moiety into one nanocomposite.}, }
@article {pmid25048914, year = {2014}, author = {Werschkun, B and Banerji, S and Basurko, OC and David, M and Fuhr, F and Gollasch, S and Grummt, T and Haarich, M and Jha, AN and Kacan, S and Kehrer, A and Linders, J and Mesbahi, E and Pughiuc, D and Richardson, SD and Schwarz-Schulz, B and Shah, A and Theobald, N and von Gunten, U and Wieck, S and Höfer, T}, title = {Emerging risks from ballast water treatment: the run-up to the International Ballast Water Management Convention.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {112}, number = {}, pages = {256-266}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.135}, pmid = {25048914}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Animals ; Disinfection ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects/analysis ; Humans ; Risk Assessment ; *Ships ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Uptake and discharge of ballast water by ocean-going ships contribute to the worldwide spread of aquatic invasive species, with negative impacts on the environment, economies, and public health. The International Ballast Water Management Convention aims at a global answer. The agreed standards for ballast water discharge will require ballast water treatment. Systems based on various physical and/or chemical methods were developed for on-board installation and approved by the International Maritime Organization. Most common are combinations of high-performance filters with oxidizing chemicals or UV radiation. A well-known problem of oxidative water treatment is the formation of disinfection by-products, many of which show genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, or other long-term toxicity. In natural biota, genetic damages can affect reproductive success and ultimately impact biodiversity. The future exposure towards chemicals from ballast water treatment can only be estimated, based on land-based testing of treatment systems, mathematical models, and exposure scenarios. Systematic studies on the chemistry of oxidants in seawater are lacking, as are data about the background levels of disinfection by-products in the oceans and strategies for monitoring future developments. The international approval procedure of ballast water treatment systems compares the estimated exposure levels of individual substances with their experimental toxicity. While well established in many substance regulations, this approach is also criticised for its simplification, which may disregard critical aspects such as multiple exposures and long-term sub-lethal effects. Moreover, a truly holistic sustainability assessment would need to take into account factors beyond chemical hazards, e.g. energy consumption, air pollution or waste generation.}, }
@article {pmid25047650, year = {2014}, author = {Uliano-Silva, M and Americo, JA and Brindeiro, R and Dondero, F and Prosdocimi, F and Rebelo, Mde F}, title = {Gene discovery through transcriptome sequencing for the invasive mussel Limnoperna fortunei.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {e102973}, pmid = {25047650}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Gene Expression Profiling ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Introduced Species ; Mytilidae/*genetics ; Phenotype ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {The success of the Asian bivalve Limnoperna fortunei as an invader in South America is related to its high acclimation capability. It can inhabit waters with a wide range of temperatures and salinity and handle long-term periods of air exposure. We describe the transcriptome of L. fortunei aiming to give a first insight into the phenotypic plasticity that allows non-native taxa to become established and widespread. We sequenced 95,219 reads from five main tissues of the mussel L. fortunei using Roche's 454 and assembled them to form a set of 84,063 unigenes (contigs and singletons) representing partial or complete gene sequences. We annotated 24,816 unigenes using a BLAST sequence similarity search against a NCBI nr database. Unigenes were divided into 20 eggNOG functional categories and 292 KEGG metabolic pathways. From the total unigenes, 1,351 represented putative full-length genes of which 73.2% were functionally annotated. We described the first partial and complete gene sequences in order to start understanding bivalve invasiveness. An expansion of the hsp70 gene family, seen also in other bivalves, is present in L. fortunei and could be involved in its adaptation to extreme environments, e.g. during intertidal periods. The presence of toll-like receptors gives a first insight into an immune system that could be more complex than previously assumed and may be involved in the prevention of disease and extinction when population densities are high. Finally, the apparent lack of special adaptations to extremely low O2 levels is a target worth pursuing for the development of a molecular control approach.}, }
@article {pmid25047274, year = {2014}, author = {Marcelino, JA and Weber, E and Silva, L and Garcia, PV and Soares, AO}, title = {Expedient metrics to describe plant community change across gradients of anthropogenic influence.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {54}, number = {5}, pages = {1121-1130}, pmid = {25047274}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Azores ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Ecology/methods ; Human Activities/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Plant Development ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Human influence associated with land use may cause considerable biodiversity losses, namely in oceanic islands such as the Azores. Our goal was to identify plant indicator species across two gradients of increasing anthropogenic influence and management (arborescent and herbaceous communities) and determine similarity between plant communities of uncategorized vegetation plots to those in reference gradients using metrics derived from R programming. We intend to test and provide an expedient way to determine the conservation value of a given uncategorized vegetation plot based on the number of native, endemic, introduced, and invasive indicator species present. Using the metric IndVal, plant taxa with a significant indicator value for each community type in the two anthropogenic gradients were determined. A new metric, ComVal, was developed to assess the similarity of an uncategorized vegetation plot toward a reference community type, based on (i) the percentage of pre-defined indicator species from reference communities present in the vegetation plots, and (ii) the percentage of indicator species, specific to a given reference community type, present in the vegetation plot. Using a data resampling approach, the communities were randomly used as training or validation sets to classify vegetation plots based on ComVal. The percentage match with reference community types ranged from 77 to 100 % and from 79 to 100 %, for herbaceous and arborescent vegetation plots, respectively. Both IndVal and ComVal are part of a suite of useful tools characterizing plant communities and plant community change along gradients of anthropogenic influence without a priori knowledge of their biology and ecology.}, }
@article {pmid25047099, year = {2014}, author = {Mineur, F and Le Roux, A and Maggs, CA and Verlaque, M}, title = {Positive feedback loop between introductions of non-native marine species and cultivation of oysters in Europe.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {28}, number = {6}, pages = {1667-1676}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12363}, pmid = {25047099}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquaculture ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Crassostrea/physiology ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Ostreidae/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {With globalization, agriculture and aquaculture activities are increasingly affected by diseases that are spread through movement of crops and stock. Such movements are also associated with the introduction of non-native species via hitchhiking individual organisms. The oyster industry, one of the most important forms of marine aquaculture, embodies these issues. In Europe disease outbreaks affecting cultivated populations of the naturalized oyster Crassostrea gigas caused a major disruption of production in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Mitigation procedures involved massive imports of stock from the species' native range in the northwestern Pacific from 1971 to 1977. We assessed the role stock imports played in the introduction of non-native marine species (including pathogens) from the northwestern Pacific to Europe through a methodological and critical appraisal of record data. The discovery rate of non-native species (a proxy for the introduction rate) from 1966 to 2012 suggests a continuous vector activity over the entire period. Disease outbreaks that have been affecting oyster production since 2008 may be a result of imports from the northwestern Pacific, and such imports are again being considered as an answer to the crisis. Although successful as a remedy in the short and medium terms, such translocations may bring new diseases that may trigger yet more imports (self-reinforcing or positive feedback loop) and lead to the introduction of more hitchhikers. Although there is a legal framework to prevent or reduce these introductions, existing procedures should be improved.}, }
@article {pmid25047072, year = {2015}, author = {Norton, DA and Warburton, B}, title = {The potential for biodiversity offsetting to fund effective invasive species control.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {5-11}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12345}, pmid = {25047072}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Mammals/*physiology ; New Zealand ; Pest Control/*economics/*methods ; }, abstract = {Compensating for biodiversity losses in 1 location by conserving or restoring biodiversity elsewhere (i.e., biodiversity offsetting) is being used increasingly to compensate for biodiversity losses resulting from development. We considered whether a form of biodiversity offsetting, enhancement offsetting (i.e., enhancing the quality of degraded natural habitats through intensive ecological management), can realistically secure additional funding to control biological invaders at a scale and duration that results in enhanced biodiversity outcomes. We suggest that biodiversity offsetting has the potential to enhance biodiversity values through funding of invasive species control, but it needs to meet 7 key conditions: be technically possible to reduce invasive species to levels that enhance native biodiversity; be affordable; be sufficiently large to compensate for the impact; be adaptable to accommodate new strategic and tactical developments while not compromising biodiversity outcomes; acknowledge uncertainties associated with managing pests; be based on an explicit risk assessment that identifies the cost of not achieving target outcomes; and include financial mechanisms to provide for in-perpetuity funding. The challenge then for conservation practitioners, advocates, and policy makers is to develop frameworks that allow for durable and effective partnerships with developers to realize the full potential of enhancement offsets, which will require a shift away from traditional preservation-focused approaches to biodiversity management.}, }
@article {pmid25047026, year = {2014}, author = {Bruckman, D and Campbell, DR}, title = {Floral neighborhood influences pollinator assemblages and effective pollination in a native plant.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {176}, number = {2}, pages = {465-476}, pmid = {25047026}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Brassica ; California ; Flowers/*physiology ; Genetic Fitness ; Hydrophyllaceae/*physiology ; *Insecta ; Introduced Species ; Pollen ; *Pollination ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Pollinators represent an important intermediary by which different plant species can influence each other's reproductive fitness. Floral neighbors can modify the quantity of pollinator visits to a focal species but may also influence the composition of visitor assemblages that plants receive leading to potential changes in the average effectiveness of floral visits. We explored how the heterospecific floral neighborhood (abundance of native and non-native heterospecific plants within 2 m × 2 m) affects pollinator visitation and composition of pollinator assemblages for a native plant, Phacelia parryi. The relative effectiveness of different insect visitors was also assessed to interpret the potential effects on plant fitness of shifts in pollinator assemblage composition. Although the common non-native Brassica nigra did not have a significant effect on overall pollinator visitation rate to P. parryi, the proportion of flower visits that were made by native pollinators increased with increasing abundance of heterospecific plant species in the floral neighborhood other than B. nigra. Furthermore, native pollinators deposited twice as many P. parryi pollen grains per visit as did the nonnative Apis mellifera, and visits by native bees also resulted in more seeds than visits by A. mellifera. These results indicate that the floral neighborhood can influence the composition of pollinator assemblages that visit a native plant and that changes in local flower communities have the potential to affect plant reproductive success through shifts in these assemblages towards less effective pollinators.}, }
@article {pmid25046685, year = {2014}, author = {Osborne, CP and Salomaa, A and Kluyver, TA and Visser, V and Kellogg, EA and Morrone, O and Vorontsova, MS and Clayton, WD and Simpson, DA}, title = {A global database of C4 photosynthesis in grasses.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {204}, number = {3}, pages = {441-446}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12942}, pmid = {25046685}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; *Databases, Factual ; Ecosystem ; Photosynthesis/*physiology ; Poaceae/classification/genetics/*physiology ; }, }
@article {pmid25044959, year = {2015}, author = {Pearson, RG}, title = {Asian common toads in Madagascar: an urgent effort to inform surveys and eradication efforts.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {9}, pmid = {25044959}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufonidae/*physiology ; *Climate ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Madagascar ; }, }
@article {pmid25044130, year = {2014}, author = {Cooke, RM and Wittmann, ME and Lodge, DM and Rothlisberger, JD and Rutherford, ES and Zhang, H and Mason, DM}, title = {Out-of-sample validation for structured expert judgment of Asian carp establishment in Lake Erie.}, journal = {Integrated environmental assessment and management}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {522-528}, pmid = {25044130}, issn = {1551-3793}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Lakes ; Models, Statistical ; Risk Assessment/*methods ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Structured expert judgment (SEJ) is used to quantify the uncertainty of nonindigenous fish (bighead carp [Hypophthalmichthys nobilis] and silver carp [H. molitrix]) establishment in Lake Erie. The classical model for structured expert judgment model is applied. Forming a weighted combination (called a decision maker) of experts' distributions, with weights derived from performance on a set of calibration variables from the experts' field, exhibits greater statistical accuracy and greater informativeness than simple averaging with equal weights. New methods of cross validation are applied and suggest that performance characteristics relative to equal weighting could be predicted with a small number (1-2) of calibration variables. The performance-based decision maker is somewhat degraded on out-of-sample prediction, but remained superior to the equal weight decision maker in terms of statistical accuracy and informativeness.}, }
@article {pmid25042458, year = {2015}, author = {Brandl, S and Schumer, G and Schreier, BM and Conrad, JL and May, B and Baerwald, MR}, title = {Ten real-time PCR assays for detection of fish predation at the community level in the San Francisco Estuary-Delta.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {278-284}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12305}, pmid = {25042458}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Estuaries ; Fishes/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Predatory Behavior ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; San Francisco ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The effect of predation on native fish by introduced species in the San Francisco Estuary-Delta (SFE) has not been thoroughly studied despite its potential to impact species abundances. Species-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) is an accurate method for identifying species from exogenous DNA samples. Quantitative PCR assays can be used for detecting prey in gut contents or faeces, discriminating between cryptic species, or detecting rare aquatic species. We designed ten TaqMan qPCR assays for fish species from the SFE watershed most likely to be affected by non-native piscivores. The assays designed are highly specific, producing no signal from co-occurring or related species, and sensitive, with a limit of detection between 3.2 and 0.013 pg/μL of target DNA. These assays will be used in conjunction with a high-throughput qPCR platform to compare predation rates between native and non-native piscivores and assess the impacts of predation in the system.}, }
@article {pmid25042453, year = {2014}, author = {Zhang, Y and Li, L and Yan, TL and Liu, Q}, title = {Complete chloroplast genome sequences of Praxelis (Eupatorium catarium Veldkamp), an important invasive species.}, journal = {Gene}, volume = {549}, number = {1}, pages = {58-69}, doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2014.07.041}, pmid = {25042453}, issn = {1879-0038}, mesh = {Asteraceae/classification/genetics ; Chloroplast Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; DNA, Chloroplast/genetics ; Eupatorium/*classification/*genetics/metabolism ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Plant ; *Genome, Chloroplast ; Genome, Plant ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeny ; Plant Leaves/genetics ; }, abstract = {Praxelis (Eupatorium catarium Veldkamp) is a new hazardous invasive plant species that has caused serious economic losses and environmental damage in the Northern hemisphere tropical and subtropical regions. Although previous studies focused on detecting the biological characteristics of this plant to prevent its expansion, little effort has been made to understand the impact of Praxelis on the ecosystem in an evolutionary process. The genetic information of Praxelis is required for further phylogenetic identification and evolutionary studies. Here, we report the complete Praxelis chloroplast (cp) genome sequence. The Praxelis chloroplast genome is 151,410 bp in length including a small single-copy region (18,547 bp) and a large single-copy region (85,311 bp) separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs; 23,776 bp). The genome contains 85 unique and 18 duplicated genes in the IR region. The gene content and organization are similar to other Asteraceae tribe cp genomes. We also analyzed the whole cp genome sequence, repeat structure, codon usage, contraction of the IR and gene structure/organization features between native and invasive Asteraceae plants, in order to understand the evolution of organelle genomes between native and invasive Asteraceae. Comparative analysis identified the 14 markers containing greater than 2% parsimony-informative characters, indicating that they are potential informative markers for barcoding and phylogenetic analysis. Moreover, a sister relationship between Praxelis and seven other species in Asteraceae was found based on phylogenetic analysis of 28 protein-coding sequences. Complete cp genome information is useful for plant phylogenetic and evolutionary studies within this invasive species and also within the Asteraceae family.}, }
@article {pmid25041373, year = {2014}, author = {Tsuchida, K and Kudô, K and Ishiguro, N}, title = {Genetic structure of an introduced paper wasp, Polistes chinensis antennalis (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in New Zealand.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {16}, pages = {4018-4034}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12852}, pmid = {25041373}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; New Zealand ; Phylogeny ; Ploidies ; Republic of Korea ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Wasps/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Several eusocial wasps are prominent invaders to remote islands. The paper wasp Polistes chinensis antennalis is native to East Asia, was introduced to New Zealand in 1979 and has expanded its distribution there. This provides an excellent opportunity to examine the impacts of an initial bottleneck and subsequent expansion on genetic structure. We analysed and compared the genetic population structures of the native (Japan and South Korea) and invasive New Zealand populations. Although 94% of individuals had shared haplotypes detected across both populations, the remaining 6% had private haplotypes identified in only one of the three countries. The genetic variation at microsatellite loci was lower in New Zealand than in native countries, and the genetic structure in New Zealand was clearly distinct from that in its native range. Higher frequencies of diploid-male- and triploid-female-producing colonies were detected in New Zealand than in the native countries, showing the reduction in genetic variation via a genetic bottleneck. At least two independent introductions were suggested, and the putative source regions for New Zealand were assigned as Kanto (central island) and Kyushu (south island) in Japan. Serial founder events following the initial introduction were also indicated. The estimated dispersal distance between mother and daughter in New Zealand was twice that in Japan. Thus, the introduction history of P. chinensis antennalis in New Zealand is probably the result of at least two independent introductions, passing through a bottleneck during introduction, followed by population expansion from the point of introduction.}, }
@article {pmid25039698, year = {2014}, author = {Power, DJ and Holman, L}, title = {Polyandrous females found fitter populations.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {27}, number = {9}, pages = {1948-1955}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12448}, pmid = {25039698}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/genetics/*physiology ; Eggs ; Female ; *Genetic Fitness ; Inbreeding ; Male ; Sex Ratio ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {Multiple mating by females (polyandry) requires an evolutionary explanation, because it carries fitness costs in many species. When mated females disperse alone to a new habitat, their offspring may have no option but to mate with their siblings and incur inbreeding depression. However, some of the offspring of polyandrous females may only be half siblings, reducing inbreeding depression when isolated groups of siblings only have each other as mates. We investigated this putative benefit of polyandry over monandry by initiating multiple genetically isolated populations of Callosobruchus maculatus beetles, each founded by a single female, who received a complete ejaculate from either one or two males. The early generations had comparable fitness, but the F4 and F5 descendants of doubly inseminated females were more numerous and had higher egg-to-adult survival than the descendants of singly inseminated females. This fitness benefit was of similar magnitude whether beetles were reared on their standard food plant, or on a less favourable food source. Our results suggest that polyandrous females produce fitter descendants in inbred founder populations and therefore that polyandry may affect movement ecology and invasion biology.}, }
@article {pmid25039384, year = {2015}, author = {Hendrichsen, DK and Kristoffersen, R and Gjelland, K&#xd8; and Knudsen, R and Kusterle, S and Rikardsen, AH and Henriksen, EH and Smalås, A and Olstad, K}, title = {Transmission dynamics of the monogenean Gyrodactylus salaris under seminatural conditions.}, journal = {Journal of fish diseases}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, pages = {541-550}, doi = {10.1111/jfd.12263}, pmid = {25039384}, issn = {1365-2761}, mesh = {Animals ; Fish Diseases/mortality/*transmission ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Prevalence ; Rivers ; Salmo salar ; Seasons ; Survival Analysis ; Temperament ; Trematoda/physiology ; Trematode Infections/mortality/transmission/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Tracking individual variation in the dynamics of parasite infections in wild populations is often complicated by lack of knowledge of the epidemiological history of hosts. Whereas the dynamics and development of Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957, on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., are known from laboratory studies, knowledge about infection development on individual wild fishes is currently sparse. In this study, the dynamics of an infection of G. salaris on individually marked Atlantic salmon parr was followed in a section of a natural stream. During the 6-week experiment, the prevalence increased from 3.3 to 60.0%, with an average increase in intensity of 4.1% day(-1) . Survival analyses showed an initially high probability (93.6%) of staying uninfected by G. salaris, decreasing significantly to 37% after 6 weeks. The results showed that even at subarctic water temperatures and with an initially low risk of infection, the parasite spread rapidly in the Atlantic salmon population, with the capacity to reach 100% prevalence within a short summer season. The study thus track individual infection trajectories of Atlantic salmon living under near-natural conditions, providing an integration of key population parameters from controlled experiments with the dynamics of the epizootic observed in free-living living populations.}, }
@article {pmid25039257, year = {2015}, author = {Walter, JA and Meixler, MS and Mueller, T and Fagan, WF and Tobin, PC and Haynes, KJ}, title = {How topography induces reproductive asynchrony and alters gypsy moth invasion dynamics.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {84}, number = {1}, pages = {188-198}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12272}, pmid = {25039257}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Altitude ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Female ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Moths/*physiology ; Population Growth ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Time Factors ; Virginia ; West Virginia ; }, abstract = {Reproductive asynchrony, a temporal mismatch in reproductive maturation between an individual and potential mates, may contribute to mate-finding failure and Allee effects that influence the establishment and spread of invasive species. Variation in elevation is likely to promote variability in maturation times for species with temperature-dependent development, but it is not known how strongly this influences reproductive asynchrony or the population growth of invasive species. We examined whether spatial variation in reproductive asynchrony, due to differences in elevation and local heterogeneity in elevation (hilliness), can explain spatial heterogeneity in the population growth rate of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), along its invasion front in Virginia and West Virginia, USA. We used a spatially explicit model of the effects of reproductive asynchrony on mating success to develop predictions of the influences of elevation and elevational heterogeneity on local population growth rates. Population growth rates declined with increased elevation and more modestly with increased elevational heterogeneity. As in earlier work, we found a positive relationship between the population growth rate and the number of introduced egg masses, indicating a demographic Allee effect. At high elevations and high heterogeneity in elevation, the population growth rate was lowest and the density at which the population tended to replace itself (i.e. the Allee threshold) was highest. An analysis of 22 years of field data also showed decreases in population growth rates with elevation and heterogeneity in elevation that were largely consistent with the model predictions. These results highlight how topographic characteristics can affect reproductive asynchrony and influence mate-finding Allee effects in an invading non-native insect population. Given the dependence of developmental rates on temperature in poikilotherms, topographic effects on reproductive success could potentially be important to the population dynamics of many organisms.}, }
@article {pmid25039228, year = {2014}, author = {Cook-Patton, SC and Agrawal, AA}, title = {Exotic plants contribute positively to biodiversity functions but reduce native seed production and arthropod richness.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {6}, pages = {1642-1650}, doi = {10.1890/13-0782.1}, pmid = {25039228}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/*classification ; Biodiversity ; Biomarkers ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; New York ; Plants/*classification ; Seeds/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Although exotic plants comprise a substantial portion of floristic biodiversity, their contributions to community and ecosystem processes are not well understood. We manipulated plant species richness in old-field communities to compare the impacts of native vs. exotic species on plant biomass, seed production, and arthropod community structure. Plants within diverse communities, regardless of whether they were native or exotic, had higher biomass and seed production than in monocultures and displayed positive complementarity. Increasing native or exotic plant richness also enhanced the richness of arthropods on plants, but exotics attracted fewer arthropod species for a given arthropod abundance than did natives. Additionally, when exotic and native plants grew together, exotics suppressed seed production of native species. Thus, exotic plants appear to contribute positively to some biodiversity functions, but may impact native communities over longer time frames by reducing native seed production and recruiting fewer arthropod species.}, }
@article {pmid25039226, year = {2014}, author = {Hanna, C and Foote, D and Kremeni, C}, title = {Competitive impacts of an invasive nectar thief on plant-pollinator mutualisms.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {6}, pages = {1622-1632}, doi = {10.1890/13-1276.1}, pmid = {25039226}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Competitive Behavior ; Energy Metabolism ; Flowers ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Myrtaceae/*physiology ; Plant Nectar/*physiology ; Pollination/*physiology ; Symbiosis ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Plant-pollinator mutualisms are disrupted by a variety of competitive interactions between introduced and native floral visitors. The invasive western yellowjacket wasp, Vespula pensylvanica, is an aggressive nectar thief of the dominant endemic Hawaiian tree species, Metrosideros polymorpha. We conducted a large-scale, multiyear manipulative experiment to investigate the impacts of V. pensylvanica on the structure and behavior of the M. polymorpha pollinator community, including competitive mechanisms related to resource availability. Our results demonstrate that V. pensylvanica, through both superior exploitative and interference competition, influences resource partitioning and displaces native and nonnative M. polymorpha pollinators. Furthermore, the restructuring of the pollinator community due to V. pensylvanica competition and predation results in a significant decrease in the overall pollinator effectiveness and fruit set of M. polymorpha. This research highlights both the competitive mechanisms and contrasting effects of social insect invaders on plant-pollinator mutualisms and the role of competition in pollinator community structure.}, }
@article {pmid25039217, year = {2014}, author = {Nunes, AL and Orizaola, G and Laurila, A and Rebelo, R}, title = {Rapid evolution of constitutive and inducible defenses against an invasive predator.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {6}, pages = {1520-1530}, doi = {10.1890/13-1380.1}, pmid = {25039217}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Ranidae/genetics/*physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien predators can impose strong selection on native prey populations and induce rapid evolutionary change in the invaded communities. However, studies on evolutionary responses to invasive predators are often complicated by the lack of replicate populations differing in coexistence time with the predator, which would allow the determination of how prey traits change during the invasion. The red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii has invaded many freshwater areas worldwide, with negative impacts for native fauna. Here, we examined how coexistence time shapes antipredator responses of the Iberian waterfrog (Pelophylax perezi) to the invasive crayfish by raising tadpoles from five populations differing in historical exposure to P. clarkii (30 years, 20 years, or no coexistence). Tadpoles from non-invaded populations responded to the presence of P. clarkii with behavioral plasticity (reduced activity), whereas long-term invaded populations showed canalized antipredator behavior (constant low activity level). Tadpoles from one of the long-term invaded populations responded to the crayfish with inducible morphological defenses (deeper tails), reflecting the use of both constitutive and inducible antipredator defenses against the exotic predator by this population. Our results suggest that, while naive P. perezi populations responded behaviorally to P. clarkii, the strong predation pressure imposed by the crayfish has induced the evolution of qualitatively different antipredator defenses in populations with longer coexistence time. These responses suggest that strong selection by invasive predators may drive rapid evolutionary change in invaded communities. Examining responses of prey species to biological invasions using multiple populations will help us better forecast the impact of invasive predators in natural communities.}, }
@article {pmid25039212, year = {2014}, author = {Baer, CS and Marquis, RJ}, title = {Native leaf-tying caterpillars influence host plant use by the invasive Asiatic oak weevil through ecosystem engineering.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {6}, pages = {1472-1478}, doi = {10.1890/13-1689.1}, pmid = {25039212}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Missouri ; Moths/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Weevils/*physiology ; }, abstract = {We tested the effect of leaf-tying caterpillars, native ecosystem engineers, on the abundance and host feeding of an invasive insect, the Asiatic oak weevil, Cyrtepistomus castaneus (Roelofs). Leaf quality was previously thought to be the sole factor determining host use by C. castaneus, but adult weevils congregate in leaf ties made by lepidopteran larvae (caterpillars). Adult weevil abundance was naturally higher on Quercus alba and Q. velutina compared to four other tree species tested (Acer rubrum, Carya ovata, Cornus florida, and Sassafras albidum). These differences were associated with more natural leaf ties on the two Quercus species. In the laboratory, weevils fed on all six species but again preferred Q. alba and Q. velutina. When artificial ties were added to all six tree species, controlling for differences in leaf-tie density, adult weevil density increased on all six tree species, damage increased on all species but A. rubrum, and host ranking changed based on both abundance and damage. We conclude that leaf ties increase the local abundance of C. castaneus adults and their feeding. Thus, these native leaf-tying caterpillars engender the success of an invasive species via structural modification of potential host plants, the first described example of this phenomenon.}, }
@article {pmid25036162, year = {2014}, author = {Liu, JB and Yue, YJ and Lang, X and Wang, F and Zha, X and Guo, J and Feng, RL and Guo, TT and Yang, BH and Sun, XP}, title = {Analysis of geographic and pairwise distances among sheep populations.}, journal = {Genetics and molecular research : GMR}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {4177-4186}, doi = {10.4238/2014.June.9.4}, pmid = {25036162}, issn = {1676-5680}, mesh = {Animals ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Drift ; Genetic Markers ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeography ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sheep/blood/*genetics ; }, abstract = {This study investigated geographic and pairwise distances among seven Chinese local and four introduced sheep populations via analysis of 26 microsatellite DNA markers. Genetic polymorphism was rich, and the following was discovered: 348 alleles in total were detected, the average allele number was 13.38, the polymorphism information content (PIC) of loci ranged from 0.717 to 0.788, the number of effective alleles ranged from 7.046 to 7.489, and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.700 to 0.768 for the practical sample, and from 0.712 to 0.794 for expected heterozygosity. The Wright's F-statistic of subpopulations within the total (FST) was 0.128, the genetic differentiation coefficient (GST) was 0.115, and the average gene flow (Nm) was 1.703. The phylogenetic trees based on the neighbor-joining method by Nei's genetic distance (DA) and Nei's standard genetic distance (DS) were similar. Sheep populations clustered into group 1 (Ta, M, L, H, O, G, and Q breeds) and group 2 (PD, WS, B, and T breeds). These results will have an important value applied and directive significance for sheep breeding in the future.}, }
@article {pmid25035423, year = {2014}, author = {Esvelt, KM and Smidler, AL and Catteruccia, F and Church, GM}, title = {Concerning RNA-guided gene drives for the alteration of wild populations.}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {25035423}, issn = {2050-084X}, mesh = {Animals ; CRISPR-Associated Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Gene Drive Technology/adverse effects ; Gene Editing/*methods ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/*genetics/metabolism ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Gene drives may be capable of addressing ecological problems by altering entire populations of wild organisms, but their use has remained largely theoretical due to technical constraints. Here we consider the potential for RNA-guided gene drives based on the CRISPR nuclease Cas9 to serve as a general method for spreading altered traits through wild populations over many generations. We detail likely capabilities, discuss limitations, and provide novel precautionary strategies to control the spread of gene drives and reverse genomic changes. The ability to edit populations of sexual species would offer substantial benefits to humanity and the environment. For example, RNA-guided gene drives could potentially prevent the spread of disease, support agriculture by reversing pesticide and herbicide resistance in insects and weeds, and control damaging invasive species. However, the possibility of unwanted ecological effects and near-certainty of spread across political borders demand careful assessment of each potential application. We call for thoughtful, inclusive, and well-informed public discussions to explore the responsible use of this currently theoretical technology.}, }
@article {pmid25030985, year = {2014}, author = {Bitume, EV and Bonte, D and Ronce, O and Olivieri, I and Nieberding, CM}, title = {Dispersal distance is influenced by parental and grand-parental density.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1790}, pages = {}, pmid = {25030985}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Body Size ; Female ; Life Cycle Stages ; Male ; *Maternal Exposure ; Phenotype ; *Population Density ; Tetranychidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Non-genetic transmission of information across generations, so-called parental effects, can have significant impacts on offspring morphology, physiology, behaviour and life-history traits. In previous experimental work using the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch, we demonstrated that dispersal distances increase with local density and levels of genetic relatedness. We here show that manipulation of parental and grand-parental density has a significant effect on offspring dispersal distance, of the same order of magnitude as manipulation of offspring density. We demonstrate that offspring exposed to the same density disperse further if they were born to parents exposed to higher density compared with parents exposed to low density. Offspring dispersal distance also increases when grand-parents were exposed to higher density, except for offspring exposed to low densities, which disperse at shorter distances whatever the grand-parental density. We also show that offspring from mothers exposed to higher densities were overall larger, which suggests that parents in high densities invest more in individual offspring, enabling them to disperse further. We propose that our findings should be included in models investigating the spread rate of invasive species or when predicting the success of conservation measures of species attempting to track changing climates.}, }
@article {pmid25020136, year = {2014}, author = {Vargo, EL and Crissman, JR and Booth, W and Santangelo, RG and Mukha, DV and Schal, C}, title = {Hierarchical genetic analysis of German cockroach (Blattella germanica) populations from within buildings to across continents.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {e102321}, pmid = {25020136}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Blattellidae/*genetics ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; *Housing ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Spatial Analysis ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Understanding the population structure of species that disperse primarily by human transport is essential to predicting and controlling human-mediated spread of invasive species. The German cockroach (Blattella germanica) is a widespread urban invader that can actively disperse within buildings but is spread solely by human-mediated dispersal over longer distances; however, its population structure is poorly understood. Using microsatellite markers we investigated population structure at several spatial scales, from populations within single apartment buildings to populations from several cities across the U.S. and Eurasia. Both traditional measures of genetic differentiation and Bayesian clustering methods revealed increasing levels of genetic differentiation at greater geographic scales. Our results are consistent with active dispersal of cockroaches largely limited to movement within a building. Their low levels of genetic differentiation, yet limited active spread between buildings, suggests a greater likelihood of human-mediated dispersal at more local scales (within a city) than at larger spatial scales (within and between continents). About half the populations from across the U.S. clustered together with other U.S. populations, and isolation by distance was evident across the U.S. Levels of genetic differentiation among Eurasian cities were greater than those in the U.S. and greater than those between the U.S. and Eurasia, but no clear pattern of structure at the continent level was detected. MtDNA sequence variation was low and failed to reveal any geographical structure. The weak genetic structure detected here is likely due to a combination of historical admixture among populations and periodic population bottlenecks and founder events, but more extensive studies are needed to determine whether signatures of global movement may be present in this species.}, }
@article {pmid25019975, year = {2014}, author = {Eimanifar, A and Van Stappen, G and Marden, B and Wink, M}, title = {Artemia biodiversity in Asia with the focus on the phylogeography of the introduced American species Artemia franciscana Kellogg, 1906.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {79}, number = {}, pages = {392-403}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.027}, pmid = {25019975}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; Artemia/*classification/genetics ; Asia ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biodiversity ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Genetic ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Asia harbors a diverse group of sexual and asexual Artemia species, including the invasive Artemia franciscana, which is native to the Americas. The phylogeny of Asian Artemia species and the phylogeography of the introduced A. franciscana from 81 sampling localities in Eurasia, Africa and America were elucidated using mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear DNA (ITS1) sequences. According to a COI phylogeny, 6 distinctive genetic groups were recognized, with a complex phylogeographic structure among Asian Artemia. A haplotype complex which includes parthenogenetic lineages is distributed in 39 inland geographical localities in Asia, illustrating a wide distribution with a narrow genetic structure on this continent. The invasive A. franciscana was discovered in 31 geographical localities along the southern and eastern coastal regions of Asia. Three sexual species (A. sinica, A. tibetiana and A. urmiana) have a restricted distribution in certain geographical localities in Asia. In contrast to COI phylogeny reconstruction, ITS1 sequences showed inconsistency with the COI tree, indicating incomplete lineage sorting which provided the low genetic divergence in the Asian clade. Asian A. franciscana showed higher haplotype diversity as compared to the source population from the Great Salt Lake (USA), which could be attributed to multiple introductions by mass dispersal in Asia via human activities. The invasive success of A. franciscana in Asia could lead to a long-term biodiversity disturbance of the autochthonous Artemia species on the continent.}, }
@article {pmid25019621, year = {2014}, author = {Wang, O and Zachmann, LJ and Sesnie, SE and Olsson, AD and Dickson, BG}, title = {An iterative and targeted sampling design informed by habitat suitability models for detecting focal plant species over extensive areas.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {e101196}, pmid = {25019621}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Prioritizing areas for management of non-native invasive plants is critical, as invasive plants can negatively impact plant community structure. Extensive and multi-jurisdictional inventories are essential to prioritize actions aimed at mitigating the impact of invasions and changes in disturbance regimes. However, previous work devoted little effort to devising sampling methods sufficient to assess the scope of multi-jurisdictional invasion over extensive areas. Here we describe a large-scale sampling design that used species occurrence data, habitat suitability models, and iterative and targeted sampling efforts to sample five species and satisfy two key management objectives: 1) detecting non-native invasive plants across previously unsampled gradients, and 2) characterizing the distribution of non-native invasive plants at landscape to regional scales. Habitat suitability models of five species were based on occurrence records and predictor variables derived from topography, precipitation, and remotely sensed data. We stratified and established field sampling locations according to predicted habitat suitability and phenological, substrate, and logistical constraints. Across previously unvisited areas, we detected at least one of our focal species on 77% of plots. In turn, we used detections from 2011 to improve habitat suitability models and sampling efforts in 2012, as well as additional spatial constraints to increase detections. These modifications resulted in a 96% detection rate at plots. The range of habitat suitability values that identified highly and less suitable habitats and their environmental conditions corresponded to field detections with mixed levels of agreement. Our study demonstrated that an iterative and targeted sampling framework can address sampling bias, reduce time costs, and increase detections. Other studies can extend the sampling framework to develop methods in other ecosystems to provide detection data. The sampling methods implemented here provide a meaningful tool when understanding the potential distribution and habitat of species over multi-jurisdictional and extensive areas is needed for achieving management objectives.}, }
@article {pmid25019408, year = {2014}, author = {Estay, SA and Labra, FA and Sepulveda, RD and Bacigalupe, LD}, title = {Evaluating habitat suitability for the establishment of Monochamus spp. through climate-based niche modeling.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {e102592}, pmid = {25019408}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Chile ; *Climate ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Pinus ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Pine sawyer beetle species of the genus Monochamus are vectors of the nematode pest Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The introduction of these species into new habitats is a constant threat for those regions where the forestry industry depends on conifers, and especially on species of Pinus. To obtain information about the potential risk of establishment of these insects in Chile, we performed climate-based niche modeling using data for five North American and four Eurasian Monochamus species using a Maxent approach. The most important variables that account for current distribution of these species are total annual precipitation and annual and seasonal average temperatures, with some differences between North American and Eurasian species. Projections of potential geographic distribution in Chile show that all species could occupy at least 37% of the area between 30° and 53°S, where industrial plantations of P. radiata are concentrated. Our results indicated that Chile seems more suitable for Eurasian than for North American species.}, }
@article {pmid25018558, year = {2014}, author = {Hui, A and Pinter-Wollman, N}, title = {Individual variation in exploratory behaviour improves speed and accuracy of collective nest selection by Argentine ants.}, journal = {Animal behaviour}, volume = {93}, number = {}, pages = {261-266}, pmid = {25018558}, issn = {0003-3472}, support = {P50 GM085764/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Collective behaviours are influenced by the behavioural composition of the group. For example, a collective behaviour may emerge from the average behaviour of the group's constituents, or be driven by a few key individuals that catalyse the behaviour of others in the group. When ant colonies collectively relocate to a new nest site, there is an inherent trade-off between the speed and accuracy of their decision of where to move due to the time it takes to gather information. Thus, variation among workers in exploratory behaviour, which allows gathering information about potential new nest sites, may impact the ability of a colony to move quickly into a suitable new nest. The invasive Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, expands its range locally through the dispersal and establishment of propagules: groups of ants and queens. We examine whether the success of these groups in rapidly finding a suitable nest site is affected by their behavioural composition. We compared nest choice speed and accuracy among groups of all-exploratory, all-nonexploratory and half-exploratory-half-nonexploratory individuals. We show that exploratory individuals improve both the speed and accuracy of collective nest choice, and that exploratory individuals have additive, not synergistic, effects on nest site selection. By integrating an examination of behaviour into the study of invasive species we shed light on the mechanisms that impact the progression of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid25017714, year = {2014}, author = {Ismail, NS and Müller, CE and Morgan, RR and Luthy, RG}, title = {Uptake of contaminants of emerging concern by the bivalves Anodonta californiensis and Corbicula fluminea.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {48}, number = {16}, pages = {9211-9219}, doi = {10.1021/es5011576}, pmid = {25017714}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; Anodonta/*metabolism ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Corbicula/*metabolism ; Feces/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Organic Chemicals/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Uptake of seven contaminants regularly detected in surface waters and spanning a range of hydrophobicities (log D(ow) -1 to 5) was studied for two species of freshwater bivalves, the native mussel Anodonta californiensis and the invasive clam Corbicula fluminea. Batch systems were utilized to determine compound partitioning, and flow-through systems, comparable to environmental conditions in effluent dominated surface waters, were used to determine uptake and depuration kinetics. Uptake of compounds was independent of bivalve type. Log bioconcentration factor (BCF) values were correlated with log D(ow) for nonionized compounds with the highest BCF value obtained for triclocarban (TCC). TCC concentrations were reduced in the water column due to bivalve activity. Anionic compounds with low D(ow) values, i.e., clofibric acid and ibuprofen, were not removed from water, while the organic cation propranolol showed biouptake similar to that of TCC. Batch experiments supported compound uptake patterns observed in flow-through experiments. Contaminant removal from water was observed through accumulation in tissue or settling as excreted pseudofeces or feces. The outcomes of this study indicate the potential utility of bivalve augmentation to improve water quality by removing hydrophobic trace organic compounds found in natural systems.}, }
@article {pmid25016006, year = {2014}, author = {Shirk, RY and Hamrick, JL}, title = {High but variable outcrossing rates in the invasive Geranium carolinianum (Geraniaceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {101}, number = {7}, pages = {1200-1206}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1400224}, pmid = {25016006}, issn = {1537-2197}, abstract = {• Premise of the study: Mating system plays an important role in population establishment and persistence, maintenance of genetic variation, and adaptive ability, especially for invasive species that colonize new environments to which they may be poorly adapted. In mixed-mating species, population differences in self-fertilization rates often arise due to variation in local ecological conditions (e.g., pollinator or mate availability) or genetic variation in traits promoting selfing or outcrossing. Knowledge of how and why selfing rates vary can help us understand how populations respond to different environments, how this affects patterns of genetic variation, and the role of mating systems in biological invasions.• Methods: We determined outcrossing rates in invasive (China) and native (US) populations of the weedy annual Geranium carolinianum in natural populations and an open-pollinated common garden to answer the following questions: To what extent do populations vary in mating system? Do invasive populations differ from native populations? Is interpopulation variation in mating system under genetic control?• Key results: Despite having many characteristics of selfing species, we found high variation in outcrossing rates (tm from 0.1 to 1.0) resulting from both environmental and genetic variation. Outcrossing rates were generally high and plastic in the Chinese populations.• Conclusions: A delayed selfing mechanism provides reproductive assurance while allowing facultative outcrossing when mates are not limiting. In invasive populations, high outcrossing rates were facilitated by large admixed founding populations, promoting local adaptation and the maintenance of genetic diversity.}, }
@article {pmid25015121, year = {2014}, author = {Stireman, JO and Devlin, H and Doyle, AL}, title = {Habitat fragmentation, tree diversity, and plant invasion interact to structure forest caterpillar communities.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {176}, number = {1}, pages = {207-224}, pmid = {25015121}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Lepidoptera/*physiology ; Lonicera/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Ohio ; Population Dynamics ; Trees/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Habitat fragmentation and invasive species are two of the most prominent threats to terrestrial ecosystems. Few studies have examined how these factors interact to influence the diversity of natural communities, particularly primary consumers. Here, we examined the effects of forest fragmentation and invasion of exotic honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii, Caprifoliaceae) on the abundance and diversity of the dominant forest herbivores: woody plant-feeding Lepidoptera. We systematically surveyed understory caterpillars along transects in 19 forest fragments over multiple years in southwestern Ohio and evaluated how fragment area, isolation, tree diversity, invasion by honeysuckle and interactions among these factors influence species richness, diversity and abundance. We found strong seasonal variation in caterpillar communities, which responded differently to fragmentation and invasion. Abundance and richness increased with fragment area, but these effects were mitigated by high levels of honeysuckle, tree diversity, landscape forest cover, and large recent changes in area. Honeysuckle infestation was generally associated with decreased caterpillar abundance and diversity, but these effects were strongly dependent on other fragment traits. Effects of honeysuckle on abundance were moderated when fragment area, landscape forest cover and tree diversity were high. In contrast, negative effects of honeysuckle invasion on caterpillar diversity were most pronounced in fragments with high tree diversity and large recent increases in area. Our results illustrate the complex interdependencies of habitat fragmentation, plant diversity and plant invasion in their effects on primary consumers and emphasize the need to consider these processes in concert to understand the consequences of anthropogenic habitat change for biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid25015069, year = {2014}, author = {Tozer, MG and Ooi, MK}, title = {Humidity-regulated dormancy onset in the Fabaceae: a conceptual model and its ecological implications for the Australian wattle Acacia saligna.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {114}, number = {3}, pages = {579-590}, pmid = {25015069}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Acacia/*growth &amp; development ; *Climate Change ; Humidity ; Models, Biological ; New South Wales ; *Plant Dormancy ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Seed dormancy enhances fitness by preventing seeds from germinating when the probability of seedling survival and recruitment is low. The onset of physical dormancy is sensitive to humidity during ripening; however, the implications of this mechanism for seed bank dynamics have not been quantified. This study proposes a model that describes how humidity-regulated dormancy onset may control the accumulation of a dormant seed bank, and seed experiments are conducted to calibrate the model for an Australian Fabaceae, Acacia saligna. The model is used to investigate the impact of climate on seed dormancy and to forecast the ecological implications of human-induced climate change.<br><br>METHODS: The relationship between relative humidity and dormancy onset was quantified under laboratory conditions by exposing freshly matured non-dormant seeds to constant humidity levels for fixed durations. The model was field-calibrated by measuring the response of seeds exposed to naturally fluctuating humidity. The model was applied to 3-hourly records of humidity spanning the period 1972-2007 in order to estimate both temporal variability in dormancy and spatial variability attributable to climatic differences among populations. Climate change models were used to project future changes in dormancy onset.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: A sigmoidal relationship exists between dormancy and humidity under both laboratory and field conditions. Seeds ripened under field conditions became dormant following very short exposure to low humidity (<20 %). Prolonged exposure at higher humidity did not increase dormancy significantly. It is predicted that populations growing in a temperate climate produce 33-55 % fewer dormant seeds than those in a Mediterranean climate; however, dormancy in temperate populations is predicted to increase as a result of climate change.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Humidity-regulated dormancy onset may explain observed variation in physical dormancy. The model offers a systematic approach to modelling this variation in population studies. Forecast changes in climate have the potential to alter the seed bank dynamics of species with physical dormancy regulated by this mechanism, with implications for their capacity to delay germination and exploit windows for recruitment.}, }
@article {pmid25012598, year = {2014}, author = {Lehmann, P and Lyytinen, A and Piiroinen, S and Lindström, L}, title = {Northward range expansion requires synchronization of both overwintering behaviour and physiology with photoperiod in the invasive Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata).}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {176}, number = {1}, pages = {57-68}, pmid = {25012598}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Diapause, Insect/physiology ; Environment ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; *Photoperiod ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {Photoperiodic phenological adaptations are prevalent in many organisms living in seasonal environments. As both photoperiod and growth season length change with latitude, species undergoing latitudinal range expansion often need to synchronize their life cycle with a changing photoperiod and growth season length. Since adaptive synchronization often involves a large number of time-consuming genetic changes, behavioural plasticity might be a faster way to adjust to novel conditions. We compared behavioural and physiological traits in overwintering (diapause) preparation in three latitudinally different European Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) populations reared under two photoperiods. Our aim was to study whether behavioural plasticity could play a role in rapid range expansion into seasonal environments. Our results show that while burrowing into the soil occurred in the southernmost studied population also under a non-diapause-inducing long photoperiod, the storage lipid content of these beetles was very low compared to the northern populations. However, similar behavioural plasticity was not found in the northern populations. Furthermore, the strongest suppression of energy metabolism was seen in pre-diapause beetles from the northernmost population. These results could indicate accelerated diapause preparation and possibly energetic adjustments due to temporal constraints imposed by a shorter, northern, growth season. Our results indicate that behavioural plasticity in burrowing may have facilitated initial range expansion of L. decemlineata in Europe. However, long-term persistence at high latitudes has required synchronization of burrowing behaviour with physiological traits. The results underline that eco-physiological life-history traits of insects, such as diapause, should be included in studies on range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid25010705, year = {2014}, author = {Karatayev, VA and Karatayev, AY and Burlakova, LE and Rudstam, LG}, title = {Eutrophication and Dreissena invasion as drivers of biodiversity: a century of change in the mollusc community of Oneida Lake.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {e101388}, pmid = {25010705}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Dreissena/*growth &amp; development ; *Eutrophication ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Lakes ; }, abstract = {Changes in nutrient loading and invasive species are among the strongest human-driven disturbances in freshwater ecosystems, but our knowledge on how they affect the biodiversity of lakes is still limited. We conducted a detailed historical analysis of the mollusc community of Oneida Lake based on our comprehensive lakewide study in 2012 and previous surveys dating back to 1915. In the early 20th century, the lake had a high water clarity, with abundant macrophytes and benthic algae, and hosted the most diverse molluscan community in New York State, including 32 gastropod and 9 unionid species. By the 1960s, lake turbidity increased during a period of anthropogenic eutrophication, resulting in a 38% decline in species richness and a 95% reduction in abundance of native gastropods grazing on benthic algae. Following the invasion of Dreissena spp. in 1991 and subsequent increases in water clarity, native gastropod species richness expanded by 37% and abundance increased 20-fold by 2012. In contrast, filter-feeding unionids were unaffected by increased turbidity during the period of eutrophication but were extirpated by dreissenids. Through contrasting effects on turbidity, eutrophication and Dreissena spp. have likely driven the observed changes in native grazing gastropods by affecting the abundance of light-limited benthic algae. Given the high species richness and ecological importance of benthic grazers, monitoring and managing turbidity is important in preserving molluscan diversity.}, }
@article {pmid25009148, year = {2014}, author = {Wittmann, MJ and Gabriel, W and Metzler, D}, title = {Population genetic consequences of the Allee effect and the role of offspring-number variation.}, journal = {Genetics}, volume = {198}, number = {1}, pages = {311-320}, pmid = {25009148}, issn = {1943-2631}, mesh = {Animals ; Founder Effect ; *Genetic Variation ; *Models, Genetic ; Population/genetics ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {A strong demographic Allee effect in which the expected population growth rate is negative below a certain critical population size can cause high extinction probabilities in small introduced populations. But many species are repeatedly introduced to the same location and eventually one population may overcome the Allee effect by chance. With the help of stochastic models, we investigate how much genetic diversity such successful populations harbor on average and how this depends on offspring-number variation, an important source of stochastic variability in population size. We find that with increasing variability, the Allee effect increasingly promotes genetic diversity in successful populations. Successful Allee-effect populations with highly variable population dynamics escape rapidly from the region of small population sizes and do not linger around the critical population size. Therefore, they are exposed to relatively little genetic drift. It is also conceivable, however, that an Allee effect itself leads to an increase in offspring-number variation. In this case, successful populations with an Allee effect can exhibit less genetic diversity despite growing faster at small population sizes. Unlike in many classical population genetics models, the role of offspring-number variation for the population genetic consequences of the Allee effect cannot be accounted for by an effective-population-size correction. Thus, our results highlight the importance of detailed biological knowledge, in this case on the probability distribution of family sizes, when predicting the evolutionary potential of newly founded populations or when using genetic data to reconstruct their demographic history.}, }
@article {pmid25009147, year = {2014}, author = {Wittmann, MJ and Gabriel, W and Metzler, D}, title = {Genetic diversity in introduced populations with an Allee effect.}, journal = {Genetics}, volume = {198}, number = {1}, pages = {299-310}, pmid = {25009147}, issn = {1943-2631}, mesh = {Animals ; Founder Effect ; *Genetic Variation ; *Models, Genetic ; Population/genetics ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {A phenomenon that strongly influences the demography of small introduced populations and thereby potentially their genetic diversity is the demographic Allee effect, a reduction in population growth rates at small population sizes. We take a stochastic modeling approach to investigate levels of genetic diversity in populations that successfully overcame either a strong Allee effect, in which populations smaller than a certain critical size are expected to decline, or a weak Allee effect, in which the population growth rate is reduced at small sizes but not negative. Our results indicate that compared to successful populations without an Allee effect, successful populations with a strong Allee effect tend to (1) derive from larger founder population sizes and thus have a higher initial amount of genetic variation, (2) spend fewer generations at small population sizes where genetic drift is particularly strong, and (3) spend more time around the critical population size and thus experience more genetic drift there. In the case of multiple introduction events, there is an additional increase in diversity because Allee-effect populations tend to derive from a larger number of introduction events than other populations. Altogether, a strong Allee effect can either increase or decrease genetic diversity, depending on the average founder population size. By contrast, a weak Allee effect tends to decrease genetic diversity across the entire range of founder population sizes. Finally, we show that it is possible in principle to infer critical population sizes from genetic data, although this would require information from many independently introduced populations.}, }
@article {pmid25008194, year = {2014}, author = {Kleynhans, E and Conlong, DE and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Direct and indirect effects of development temperature on adult water balance traits of Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {68}, number = {}, pages = {69-75}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.06.018}, pmid = {25008194}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Animals ; *Body Water ; Body Weight ; Female ; Male ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Sex Factors ; *Temperature ; Water-Electrolyte Balance/*physiology ; }, abstract = {For water balance physiology, prior thermal history may pre-condition individuals to be more sparing in their water consumption at a given temperature upon subsequent exposure, or alternatively, may relax constraints on water economy leading to more frivolous use of water at a later stage. Here we test these two major alternative hypotheses on the adult life stage of Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by exposing them to different rearing temperatures (acclimation treatments) during immature stage development and comparing adult physiological performance (water loss rates, time to death) and water-balance related traits (body size, water content). Developmental acclimation at 20°C, 25°C or 30°C throughout the larval and pupal stage resulted in significant effects on water balance traits of two-day old adult male and female E. saccharina. In summary, lower developmental acclimation resulted in a 61% increase in water loss rate (range: 0.78mg/h) and a 26% reduction in survival time (6.8h). Initial body water content and initial body mass generally remained similar across male acclimation groups while higher developmental acclimation reduced female body mass significantly. High developmental acclimation resulted in significantly higher (∼23%) body water content at death possibly indicating a better overall ability to withstand desiccating conditions, although there was no difference in time to death compared to the intermediate group. The relationship between time to death and body mass was altered from negative at 25°C and 30°C acclimation, to positive at 20°C acclimation. These results show pervasive effects of rearing temperature on adult physiological performance, with low temperature relaxing what appear to be substantial constraints on water economy at higher temperatures for E. saccharina. Furthermore, they are significant for understanding the recent range expansion of E. saccharina into cooler environments in southern Africa and for management of the species.}, }
@article {pmid25007186, year = {2014}, author = {Koch, FH and Yemshanov, D and Haack, RA and Magarey, RD}, title = {Using a network model to assess risk of forest pest spread via recreational travel.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {e102105}, pmid = {25007186}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Camping ; Canada ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Forests ; Humans ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; North America ; *Parks, Recreational ; Transportation ; United States ; }, abstract = {Long-distance dispersal pathways, which frequently relate to human activities, facilitate the spread of alien species. One pathway of concern in North America is the possible spread of forest pests in firewood carried by visitors to campgrounds or recreational facilities. We present a network model depicting the movement of campers and, by extension, potentially infested firewood. We constructed the model from US National Recreation Reservation Service data documenting more than seven million visitor reservations (including visitors from Canada) at campgrounds nationwide. This bi-directional model can be used to identify likely origin and destination locations for a camper-transported pest. To support broad-scale decision making, we used the model to generate summary maps for 48 US states and seven Canadian provinces that depict the most likely origins of campers traveling from outside the target state or province. The maps generally showed one of two basic spatial patterns of out-of-state (or out-of-province) origin risk. In the eastern United States, the riskiest out-of-state origin locations were usually found in a localized region restricted to portions of adjacent states. In the western United States, the riskiest out-of-state origin locations were typically associated with major urban areas located far from the state of interest. A few states and the Canadian provinces showed characteristics of both patterns. These model outputs can guide deployment of resources for surveillance, firewood inspections, or other activities. Significantly, the contrasting map patterns indicate that no single response strategy is appropriate for all states and provinces. If most out-of-state campers are traveling from distant areas, it may be effective to deploy resources at key points along major roads (e.g., interstate highways), since these locations could effectively represent bottlenecks of camper movement. If most campers are from nearby areas, they may have many feasible travel routes, so a more widely distributed deployment may be necessary.}, }
@article {pmid25004751, year = {2014}, author = {Chiu, YW and Wu, JP and Hsieh, TC and Liang, SH and Chen, CM and Huang, DJ}, title = {Alterations of biochemical indicators in hepatopancreas of the golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, from paddy fields in Taiwan.}, journal = {Journal of environmental biology}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, pages = {667-673}, pmid = {25004751}, issn = {0254-8704}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Biomarkers/blood/metabolism ; Creatinine/metabolism ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Hepatopancreas/enzymology/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Oryza/growth &amp; development ; Snails/*drug effects/enzymology/metabolism ; Urea/metabolism ; Vitellogenins/blood ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The freshwater golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, is one of the world's 100 worst invasive alien species. The snails' wide distribution, high abundance, and sensitivity to environmental pollution make them a potential bioindicator for environmental contamination. In this study, the biochemical status of golden apple snails collected from paddy fields throughout the island of Taiwan was examined. This study found that the biochemical status of apple snails collected from paddy fields differed from that of animals bred and maintained in the laboratory. Furthermore, certain biochemical endpoints of the snails collected from the paddy fields before and after agricultural activities were also different-hemolymphatic vitellogenin protein was induced in male snail after exposure to estrogen-like chemicals, the hepatic monooxygenase (1.97 +/- 0.50 deltaA(650mm) 30 min(-1) mg(-1) protein in control group) and glutathione S transferase (0.02 +/- 0.01 delta A(340mm) 30 min(-1) mg(-1) protein in control group) snails exposed to pesticides, as well as the hepatopancreatic levels of aspartate aminotransferase (450.00 +/- 59.40 U mg(-1) mg(-1) protein in control group) and alanine aminotransferase (233.27 +/- 42.09 U mg(-1) mg(-1) protein in control group) decreased the indicating that xenobiotics destroyed hepatopancreatic. The above findings reveal that apple snail could be used as a practical bioindicator to monitor anthropogenic environmental pollution.}, }
@article {pmid25004743, year = {2014}, author = {Ponmani, S and Udayasoorian, C and Jayabalakrishnan, RM and Kumar, KV}, title = {Vermicomposting of paper mill solid waste using epigeic earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae.}, journal = {Journal of environmental biology}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, pages = {617-622}, pmid = {25004743}, issn = {0254-8704}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Book Industry ; Environmental Pollution/analysis/*prevention &amp; control ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*methods ; India ; Industrial Waste/analysis ; Introduced Species ; Oligochaeta/*metabolism ; Refuse Disposal/methods ; Soil Pollutants/analysis/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {A 90 day study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of an exotic earthworm species (Eudrilus eugeniae) for decomposition of different types of organic substrates (mixed liquor suspended solids, cow dung and leaf litter) into valuable vermicompost. Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and leaf litter (LL) were mixed with cow dung (CD) in eight different ratios with three replicates for each treatment. All vermibeds expressed a significant decrease in pH, organic carbon, C:N ratio and an increase in total nitrogen, phosphorus and potash. Overall, earthworms could maximize decomposition and mineralization efficiency in bedding with lower proportions of MLSS. Maximum value for earth worm zoo mass and higher concentration of nutrient content was observed in CD + MLSS + LL in 1:1:2 ratios. Earthworm mortality tended to increase with increasing proportion of MLSS and maximum mortality in E. eugeniae was recorded for MLSS treatment alone. Results indicate that vermicomposting might be useful for managing the energy and nutrient of MLSS on a low-input basis. Products of this process can be used for sustainable land restoration practices.}, }
@article {pmid25004439, year = {2014}, author = {Faulde, MK and Rueda, LM and Khaireh, BA}, title = {First record of the Asian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi and its possible role in the resurgence of malaria in Djibouti, Horn of Africa.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {139}, number = {}, pages = {39-43}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.06.016}, pmid = {25004439}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Animals ; Anopheles/*classification/parasitology ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Disease Outbreaks ; Djibouti ; Female ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/classification/parasitology ; Malaria/*epidemiology ; Male ; }, abstract = {Anopheles stephensi is an important vector of urban malaria in India and the Persian Gulf area. Its previously known geographical range includes southern Asia and the Arab Peninsula. For the first time, we report A. stephensi from the African continent, based on collections made in Djibouti, on the Horn of Africa, where this species' occurrence was linked to an unusual urban outbreak of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, with 1228 cases reported from February to May 2013, and a second, more severe epidemic that emerged in November 2013 and resulted in 2017 reported malaria cases between January and February 2014. Anopheles stephensi was initially identified using morphological identification keys, followed by sequencing of the Barcode cytochrome c-oxidase I (COI) gene and the rDNA second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2). Positive tests for P. falciparum circumsporozoite antigen in two of six female A. stephensi trapped in homes of malaria patients in March 2013 are evidence that autochthonous urban malaria transmission by A. stephensi has occurred. Concurrent with the second malaria outbreak, P. falciparum-positive A. stephensi females were detected in Djibouti City starting in November 2013. In sub-Saharan Africa, newly present A. stephensi may pose a significant future health threat because of this species' high susceptibility to P. falciparum infection and its tolerance of urban habitats. This may lead to increased malaria outbreaks in African cities. Rapid interruption of the urban malaria transmission cycle, based on integrated vector surveillance and control programs aimed at the complete eradication of A. stephensi from the African continent, is strongly recommended.}, }
@article {pmid25004088, year = {2014}, author = {Graziosi, I and Rieske, LK}, title = {Potential fecundity of a highly invasive gall maker, Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {1053-1058}, doi = {10.1603/EN14047}, pmid = {25004088}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Aging ; Animals ; Fagaceae/growth &amp; development ; Fertility ; *Introduced Species ; Kentucky ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Fecundity is a key factor in modulating population growth rate, and is of particular significance when considering the invasiveness of introduced species. In insects, fecundity is affected by body size, age, and nutrition. We investigated the potential fecundity of the invasive Asian chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), an introduced parthenogenetic gall former of Asian origin and a global pest of chestnut (Castanea spp.), to better understand its invasiveness. We compared ovarian, egg, and body metrics of adult wasps of different age. We evaluated insect weight, body length, mesosomal and metasomal lengths and widths, hind femur length, number of eggs, and size of eggs in wasps from four age cohorts. Adult weight and metasomal width were positively correlated with number of eggs. Egg load decreased with wasp age, and egg size initially increased before decreasing. Our findings suggest that adult D. kuriphilus, previously reported as proovigenic, may be resorping eggs in the absence of suitable hosts, and reallocating nutritive resources for body maintenance and egg quality to increase fitness, implicating a plasticity in its reproductive strategy. D. kuriphilus may be able to vary its potential fecundity in response to nutrition and host availability, thus increasing its invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid25003195, year = {2014}, author = {Humair, F and Kueffer, C and Siegrist, M}, title = {Are non-native plants perceived to be more risky? Factors influencing horticulturists' risk perceptions of ornamental plant species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {e102121}, pmid = {25003195}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environment ; Gardening ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Perception ; *Plants ; Risk ; Risk Management ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {Horticultural trade is recognized as an important vector in promoting the introduction and dispersal of harmful non-native plant species. Understanding horticulturists' perceptions of biotic invasions is therefore important for effective species risk management. We conducted a large-scale survey among horticulturists in Switzerland (N = 625) to reveal horticulturists' risk and benefit perceptions from ornamental plant species, their attitudes towards the regulation of non-native species, as well as the factors decisive for environmental risk perceptions and horticulturists' willingness to engage in risk mitigation behavior. Our results suggest that perceived familiarity with a plant species had a mitigating effect on risk perceptions, while perceptions of risk increased if a species was perceived to be non-native. However, perceptions of the non-native origin of ornamental plant species were often not congruent with scientific classifications. Horticulturists displayed positive attitudes towards mandatory trade regulations, particularly towards those targeted against known invasive species. Participants also expressed their willingness to engage in risk mitigation behavior. Yet, positive effects of risk perceptions on the willingness to engage in risk mitigation behavior were counteracted by perceptions of benefits from selling non-native ornamental species. Our results indicate that the prevalent practice in risk communication to emphasize the non-native origin of invasive species can be ineffective, especially in the case of species of high importance to local industries and people. This is because familiarity with these plants can reduce risk perceptions and be in conflict with scientific concepts of non-nativeness. In these cases, it might be more effective to focus communication on well-documented environmental impacts of harmful species.}, }
@article {pmid25003123, year = {2014}, author = {Talamás-Lara, D and Chávez-Munguía, B and González-Robles, A and Talamás-Rohana, P and Salazar-Villatoro, L and Durán-Díaz, &#xc1; and Martínez-Palomo, A}, title = {Erythrophagocytosis in Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar: a comparative study.}, journal = {BioMed research international}, volume = {2014}, number = {}, pages = {626259}, pmid = {25003123}, issn = {2314-6141}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; Computer Systems ; Entamoeba/*cytology ; Entamoeba histolytica/*cytology ; Erythrocytes/*parasitology ; Hemoglobins/metabolism ; Humans ; Microscopy, Video ; Oxides/metabolism ; *Phagocytosis ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of human intestinal and liver amebiasis. The extraordinary phagocytic activity of E. histolytica trophozoites has been accepted as one of the virulence mechanisms responsible for their invasive capacity. The recognition of the noninvasive Entamoeba dispar as a different species has raised the question as to whether the lack of pathogenic potential of this ameba correlates with a limited phagocytic capacity. We have therefore compared the process of erythrophagocytosis in both species by means of light and video microscopy, hemoglobin measurement, and the estimation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, we confirmed that E. dispar has lower erythrophagocytic capacity. We also observed by video microscopy a new event of erythrocyte opsonization-like in both species, being more characteristic in E. histolytica. Moreover, E. dispar showed a lower capacity to produce ROS compared with the invasive species and also showed a large population of amoebae that did not engulf any erythrocyte over time. Our results demonstrate that E. histolytica has a higher phagocytic capacity than E. dispar, including a higher rate of production of ROS in the course of ingesting red blood cells.}, }
@article {pmid25000771, year = {2014}, author = {Fritschie, KJ and Cardinale, BJ and Alexandrou, MA and Oakley, TH}, title = {Evolutionary history and the strength of species interactions: testing the phylogenetic limiting similarity hypothesis.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {5}, pages = {1407-1417}, doi = {10.1890/13-0986.1}, pmid = {25000771}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Models, Biological ; *Phylogeny ; Phytoplankton/*genetics/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {A longstanding concept in community ecology is that closely related species compete more strongly than distant relatives. Ecologists have invoked this "limiting similarity hypothesis" to explain patterns in the structure and function of biological communities and to inform conservation, restoration, and invasive-species management. However, few studies have empirically tested the validity of the limiting similarity hypothesis. Here we report the results of a laboratory microcosm experiment in which we used a model system of 23 common, co-occurring North American freshwater green algae to quantify the strength of 216 pairwise species' interactions (the difference in population density when grown alone vs. in the presence of another species) along a manipulated gradient of evolutionary relatedness (phylogenetic distance, as the sum of branch lengths separating species on a molecular phylogeny). Interspecific interactions varied widely in these bicultures of phytoplankton, ranging from strong competition (ratio of relative yield in polyculture vs. monoculture << 1) to moderate facilitation (relative yield > 1). Yet, we found no evidence that the strength of species' interactions was influenced by their evolutionary relatedness. There was no relationship between phylogenetic distance and the average, minimum (inferior competitor), nor maximum (superior competitor) interaction strength across all biculture communities (respectively, P = 0.19, P = 0.17, P = 0.14; N = 428). When we examined each individual species, only 17% of individual species' interactions strengths varied as a function of phylogenetic distance, and none of these relationships remained significant after Bonferoni correction for multiple tests (N = 23). Last, when we grouped interactions into five qualitatively different types, the frequency of these types was not related to phylogenetic distance among species pairs (F4,422 = 1.63, P = 0.15). Our empirical study adds to several others that suggest the biological underpinnings of competition may not be evolutionarily conserved, and thus, ecologists may need to re-evaluate the previously assumed generality of the limiting similarity hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid25000766, year = {2014}, author = {Beals, SC and Hartley, LM and Prevéy, JS and Seastedt, TR}, title = {The effects of black-tailed prairie dogs on plant communities within a complex urban landscape: an ecological surprise?.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {5}, pages = {1349-1359}, doi = {10.1890/13-0984.1}, pmid = {25000766}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cities ; Colorado ; Dogs ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; Sciuridae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Historically, prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) have been considered essential keystone species of western United States grassland ecosystems because they provide unique services and increase vegetation community richness, evenness, and diversity. However, the effects of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) on lands adjacent to or surrounded by urban areas may not result in the same ecosystem benefits historically associated with their presence. An urban landscape presents prairie dogs with movement challenges unparalleled in natural landscapes, as well as suites of nonnative plant species that are more common in disturbed areas. This study examined a complex ecosystem where vegetation communities are being influenced by directional environmental change, and quantified the synergistic effects resulting from the protective management of a native keystone species. The data set for this analysis was comprised of 71 paired (occupied by prairie dogs vs. unoccupied) vegetation surveys and 156 additional unpaired surveys collected from around the city of Boulder, Colorado, USA for 14 yr. Linear mixed models were used to compare data from transects occupied and unoccupied by prairie dogs, as well as to evaluate the effect of prairie dog occupation duration. In the absence of prairie dogs, vegetation in this region exhibited declines in native grasses, no changes in introduced grasses, and increases in native and nonnative forbs and bare soil over the study interval. In the presence of prairie dogs, these observed directional changes were nearly all amplified at rates four to 10 times greater than when prairie dogs were absent. Areas in Boulder occupied by prairie dogs also had significantly lower richness, evenness, and diversity of plant species, compared to unoccupied areas. Analysis of plant functional groups revealed the significant reduction of perennial native grasses, as well as a significantly higher cover of introduced forbs in occupied areas. Prairie dogs amplified the effects of low-impact environmental directional changes, creating more novel vegetation communities than the environmental factors alone. Results from this research provide insight regarding the synergistic effects of a native keystone species within a complex human-impacted 21st century landscape.}, }
@article {pmid25000756, year = {2014}, author = {Turschak, BA and Bunnell, D and Czesny, S and Höök, TO and Janssen, J and Warner, D and Bootsma, HA}, title = {Nearshore energy subsidies support Lake Michigan fishes and invertebrates following major changes in food web structure.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {5}, pages = {1243-1252}, doi = {10.1890/13-0329.1}, pmid = {25000756}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Anseriformes/physiology ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; Lakes/*chemistry ; Population ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Aquatic food webs that incorporate multiple energy channels (e.g., nearshore benthic and pelagic) with varying productivity and turnover rates convey stability to biological communities by providing independent energy sources. Within the Lake Michigan food web, invasive dreissenid mussels have caused rapid changes to food web structure and potentially altered the channels through which consumers acquire energy. We used stable C and N isotopes to determine how Lake Michigan food web structure has changed in the past decade, coincident with the expansion of dreissenid mussels, decreased pelagic phytoplankton production, and increased nearshore benthic algal production. Fish and invertebrate samples collected from sites around Lake Michigan were analyzed to determine taxa-specific 13C:12C (delta13C) and 15N:14N (delta15N) ratios. Sampling took place during two distinct periods, 2002-2003 and 2010-2012, that spanned the period of dreissenid expansion, and included nearshore, pelagic and profundal fish and invertebrate taxa. The magnitude and direction of the delta13C shift indicated significantly greater reliance upon nearshore benthic energy sources among nearly all fish taxa as well as profundal invertebrates following dreissenid expansion. Although the mechanisms underlying this delta13C shift likely varied among species, possible causes include the transport of benthic algal production to offshore waters and increased feeding on nearshore prey items by pelagic and profundal species. delta15N shifts were more variable and of smaller magnitude across taxa, although declines in delta15N among some pelagic fishes suggest a shift to alternative prey resources. Lake Michigan fishes and invertebrates appear to have responded to dreissenid-induced changes in nutrient and energy pathways by switching from pelagic to alternative nearshore energy subsidies. Although large shifts in energy allocation (i.e., pelagic to nearshore benthic) resulting from invasive species appear to affect total production at upper trophic levels, changes in trophic structure and utilization of novel energy pathways may help to stabilize food webs following species invasions.}, }
@article {pmid25000751, year = {2014}, author = {Ordonez, A}, title = {Functional and phylogenetic similarity of alien plants to co-occurring natives.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {5}, pages = {1191-1202}, doi = {10.1890/13-1002.1}, pmid = {25000751}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Databases, Factual ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Phylogeny ; Plants/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Over the years, several arguments have been proposed to explain the invasibility of a given community based on the properties of the recipient community. Here, I assessed whether the balance between native species' phylogenetic and functional variability determines vulnerability to invasion. I explored this hypothesis using a consensus phylogenetic tree and a database of leaf, height, and seed traits of alien and native species co-occurring over 83 sites worldwide. An analysis of contrasts between aliens and natives indicates that aliens are as phylogenetically close to the incumbent native community as natives are among themselves (aliens are nested within the native community phylogeny), but functionally distinct to the native community (aliens are more functionally distant to the community of native taxa than natives are among themselves). These contrasting trends are consistent for different comparison criteria (comparisons to all natives or to the nearest native) and comparisons both within and across communities, habitats, and continents. Furthermore, aliens are more functionally divergent than the native community and the closest native relative in both phylogenetically poor and rich communities. The phylogenetic similarity and functional distinctiveness of aliens with respect to the incumbent native community may explain why certain species succeed in some communities and not others. This is a step forward in resolving the long-standing debate on the role diversity--both phylogenetic and functional--plays in determining the success of introduced plants.}, }
@article {pmid24999859, year = {2014}, author = {Schwindt, E and López Gappa, J and Raffo, MP and Tatián, M and Bortolus, A and Orensanz, JM and Alonso, G and Diez, ME and Doti, B and Genzano, G and Lagger, C and Lovrich, G and Piriz, ML and Mendez, MM and Savoya, V and Sueiro, MC}, title = {Marine fouling invasions in ports of Patagonia (Argentina) with implications for legislation and monitoring programs.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {99}, number = {}, pages = {60-68}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.06.006}, pmid = {24999859}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Chlorophyta ; Environmental Monitoring/methods/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Geography ; Introduced Species/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Invertebrates ; *Rhodophyta ; *Ships ; *Stramenopiles ; }, abstract = {Ports are a key factor in the understanding and solving of most problems associated with marine invasive species across regional and global scales. Yet many regions with active ports remain understudied. The aim of this work was to (a) identify and quantify the marine fouling organisms in all Patagonian ports of Argentina classifying them as native, exotic or cryptogenic species through a rapid assessment survey and experimental studies, (b) survey the environmental and anthropogenic variables of these ports and (c) analyze and discuss these results in the light of the South America context for the study of marine invasive species, legislation and commerce. We found 247 fouling species, including 17 introduced, one of which is a new record for the region, and other 15 species currently considered cryptogenic species that will need further attention to clarify their status. The analysis of mobile and sessile taxa, together with the environmental variables measured in this study and the port movement, allow us to discuss individual ports' vulnerability to future introductions. This is the first large scale study performed for this region on this topic, and it will help in developing monitoring programs and early detection plans to minimize new species introductions along the marine coastline of southern South America.}, }
@article {pmid24993795, year = {2014}, author = {Keller, DL and Laub, BG and Birdsey, P and Dean, DJ}, title = {Effects of flooding and tamarisk removal on habitat for sensitive fish species in the San Rafael River, Utah: implications for fish habitat enhancement and future restoration efforts.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, pages = {465-478}, pmid = {24993795}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; *Floods ; *Introduced Species ; Rivers ; *Tamaricaceae ; Utah ; Water Movements ; Wood ; }, abstract = {Tamarisk removal is a widespread restoration practice on rivers in the southwestern USA, but impacts of removal on fish habitat have rarely been investigated. We examined whether tamarisk removal, in combination with a large spring flood, had the potential to improve fish habitat on the San Rafael River in southeastern Utah. We quantified habitat complexity and the distribution of wood accumulation in a tamarisk removal site (treated) and a non-removal site (untreated) in 2010, 1 year prior to a large magnitude and long-duration spring flood. We used aerial imagery to analyze river changes in the treated and untreated sites. Areas of channel movement were significantly larger in the treated site compared to the untreated site, primarily because of geomorphic characteristics of the channel, including higher sinuosity and the presence of an ephemeral tributary. However, results suggest that tamarisk removal on the outside of meander bends, where it grows directly on the channel margins, can promote increased channel movement. Prior to the flood, wood accumulations were concentrated in sections of channel where tamarisk had been removed. Pools, riffles, and backwaters occurred more frequently within 30 m upstream and downstream of wood accumulations compared to areas within 30 m of random points. Pools associated with wood accumulations were also significantly larger and deeper than those associated with random points. These results suggest that the combination of tamarisk removal and wood input can increase the potential for channel movement during spring floods thereby diversifying river habitat and improving conditions for native fish.}, }
@article {pmid24992713, year = {2014}, author = {Hu, JT and Chen, B and Li, ZH}, title = {Thermal plasticity is related to the hardening response of heat shock protein expression in two Bactrocera fruit flies.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {67}, number = {}, pages = {105-113}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.06.009}, pmid = {24992713}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; China ; *Gene Expression ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Heat-Shock Response/*physiology ; Hot Temperature ; Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Pupa/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Tephritidae/*genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {It is generally believed that widely distributed species differ in their thermal plasticity from narrowly distributed species, but how differences in thermal plasticity are regulated at the molecular level remains largely unknown. Here, we conducted a comparative study of two closely related invasive fruit fly species, Bactrocera correcta and Bactroceradorsalis, in China. The two species had overlapping distributions, but B. dorsalis had a much wider range throughout the country and a longer invasive history than B. correcta. We first examined the effects of thermal acclimation on the ability of the two fruit flies to survive heat stress. The heat shock tolerance of B. dorsalis was significantly enhanced by heat hardening at 35, 37, 39 and 41°C, but that of B. correcta was only enhanced by heat hardening at 39°C and 41°C. Thus, the more widespread species has a higher thermal plasticity than the narrowly distributed species. We then determined the expression of Hsp70 and Hsp90 during different developmental stages and their responses to thermal hardening. The expression of both Hsp70 and Hsp90 in larvae was upregulated in response to heat hardening, starting at 35°C for B. dorsalis and at 39°C for B. correcta. The two species exhibited a highly consistent pattern of thermal response in terms of their heat shock survival rates and levels of Hsp gene expression. The results suggest that the difference in thermal plasticity may be responsible for the different distributions of the two species and that Hsp expression may be involved in the regulation of thermal plasticity. Our findings have important implications for the prediction of the thermal limits and ecological responses of related species in nature.}, }
@article {pmid24992470, year = {2014}, author = {Zielke, DE and Werner, D and Schaffner, F and Kampen, H and Fonseca, DM}, title = {Unexpected patterns of admixture in German populations of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) underscore the importance of human intervention.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {e99093}, pmid = {24992470}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; Animals ; *Genetic Loci ; *Genotype ; Germany ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; }, abstract = {The mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus, originally restricted to temperate East Asia, is now widespread in North America and more recently has become established in Europe. To ascertain the putative number of separate introductions to Europe and examine patterns of expansion we analyzed the genetic makeup of Ae. j. japonicus populations from five cemeteries in North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate, two western German federal states, as well as of specimens from populations in Belgium, Switzerland, and Austria/Slovenia. To do so, we genotyped individual specimens at seven pre-existing polymorphic microsatellite loci and sequenced part of the nad4 mitochondrial locus. We found evidence of two different genotypic signatures associated with different nad4 mitochondrial haplotypes, indicating at least two genetically differentiated populations of Ae. j. japonicus in Europe (i.e. two distinct genotypes). Belgian, Swiss, and Austrian/Slovenian populations all share the same genotypic signature although they have become differentiated since isolation. Contrary to expectations, the German Ae. j. japonicus are not closely related to those in Belgium which are geographically nearest but are also highly inbred. German populations have a unique genotype but also evidence of mixing between the two genotypes. Also unexpectedly, the populations closest to the center of the German infestation had the highest levels of admixture indicating that separate introductions did not expand and merge but instead their expansion was driven by punctuated human-mediated transport. Critically, the resulting admixed populations have higher genetic diversity and appear invasive as indicated by their increased abundance and recent spread across western Germany.}, }
@article {pmid24991934, year = {2014}, author = {Vorsino, AE and Fortini, LB and Amidon, FA and Miller, SE and Jacobi, JD and Price, JP and 'Ohukani'ohi'a Gon, S and Koob, GA}, title = {Modeling Hawaiian ecosystem degradation due to invasive plants under current and future climates.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {e102400}, pmid = {24991934}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Area Under Curve ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {Occupation of native ecosystems by invasive plant species alters their structure and/or function. In Hawaii, a subset of introduced plants is regarded as extremely harmful due to competitive ability, ecosystem modification, and biogeochemical habitat degradation. By controlling this subset of highly invasive ecosystem modifiers, conservation managers could significantly reduce native ecosystem degradation. To assess the invasibility of vulnerable native ecosystems, we selected a proxy subset of these invasive plants and developed robust ensemble species distribution models to define their respective potential distributions. The combinations of all species models using both binary and continuous habitat suitability projections resulted in estimates of species richness and diversity that were subsequently used to define an invasibility metric. The invasibility metric was defined from species distribution models with <0.7 niche overlap (Warrens I) and relatively discriminative distributions (Area Under the Curve >0.8; True Skill Statistic >0.75) as evaluated per species. Invasibility was further projected onto a 2100 Hawaii regional climate change scenario to assess the change in potential habitat degradation. The distribution defined by the invasibility metric delineates areas of known and potential invasibility under current climate conditions and, when projected into the future, estimates potential reductions in native ecosystem extent due to climate-driven invasive incursion. We have provided the code used to develop these metrics to facilitate their wider use (Code S1). This work will help determine the vulnerability of native-dominated ecosystems to the combined threats of climate change and invasive species, and thus help prioritize ecosystem and species management actions.}, }
@article {pmid24991801, year = {2014}, author = {Khedkar, GD and Jamdade, R and Naik, S and David, L and Haymer, D}, title = {DNA barcodes for the fishes of the Narmada, one of India's longest rivers.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {e101460}, pmid = {24991801}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Computational Biology ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Databases, Genetic ; Fishes/classification/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; India ; Phylogeny ; Rivers ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {This study describes the species diversity of fishes of the Narmada River in India. A total of 820 fish specimens were collected from 17 sampling locations across the whole river basin. Fish were taxonomically classified into one of 90 possible species based on morphological characters, and then DNA barcoding was employed using COI gene sequences as a supplemental identification method. A total of 314 different COI sequences were generated, and specimens were confirmed to belong to 85 species representing 63 genera, 34 families and 10 orders. Findings of this study include the identification of five putative cryptic or sibling species and 43 species not previously known from the Narmada River basin. Five species are endemic to India and three are introduced species that had not been previously reported to occur in the Narmada River. Conversely, 43 species previously reported to occur in the Narmada were not found. Genetic diversity and distance values were generated for all of the species within genera, families and orders using Kimura's 2 parameter distance model followed by the construction of a Neighbor Joining tree. High resolution clusters generated in NJ trees aided the groupings of species corresponding to their genera and families which are in confirmation to the values generated by Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery bioinformatics platform. This aided to decide a threshold value for the discrimination of species boundary from the Narmada River. This study provides an important validation of the use of DNA barcode sequences for monitoring species diversity and changes within complex ecosystems such as the Narmada River.}, }
@article {pmid24990058, year = {2014}, author = {Yus-Ramos, R and Ventura, D and Bensusan, K and Coello-García, P and György, Z and Stojanova, A}, title = {Alien seed beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) in Europe.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3826}, number = {3}, pages = {401-448}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3826.3.1}, pmid = {24990058}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Body Size ; Climate Change ; Coleoptera/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; }, abstract = {Under the framework of the DAISIE consortium, whose main mission is to make an inventory of the alien invasive species of Europe and its islands, we review the current state of knowledge and provide an up-to-date catalogue and distributional status for alien seed beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) in Europe. This work is based on studies of the species detected from the last century to the present, but with greater emphasis on the beginning of the 21st century, during which new biological studies have been carried out and findings made in European countries. The main objective of this paper is to focus on this last fact, which has promoted new views on the existing and potential threat of exotic bruchids in relation to climate change. This must now be regarded as a matter of concern for European agricultural and environmental policies. Only species of exotic origin introduced in European regions outside their native range were considered. Therefore, species of European origin spreading to new countries within Europe are not treated. Also, we provide a new approach to classifying alien seed beetle species according to their ability to become established, distinguishing between the well-established and those that may appear in seed stores but are not capable of invading natural and agricultural ecosystems. We present a taxonomic characterization of the alien bruchids found in Europe, providing an illustrated key based on external morphological characters of adults. The key facilitates the identification of the sixteen most frequently recorded genera, which represent 37 of the 42 species of exotic species recorded in Europe up to the present, whether established, not established or occasional. Finally, we provide a summary of the state of knowledge of the taxonomy and biology of the 20 most worrying species as pests, both established and non-established. This includes, where appropriate, an illustrated key for the identification of species. The study reveals that the majority of exotic bruchid species in Europe originate in Asia and Africa, from host plant species imported for ornamental or forestry purposes, and that a greater effort in European customs control is advisable.}, }
@article {pmid24989755, year = {2014}, author = {Nagler, C and Geist, J and Matzke-Karasz, R}, title = {Revision of the genus Tanycypris (Ostracoda, Cypricercinae) with the description of Tanycypris alfonsi n. sp., and an identification key to the genus.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3821}, number = {4}, pages = {401-424}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3821.4.1}, pmid = {24989755}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Body Size ; Crustacea/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/growth &amp; development ; Female ; Germany ; Male ; Organ Size ; }, abstract = {Specimens of a new species of the non-marine ostracod genus, Tanycypris Triebel, 1959 were found in samples from water plant containers, displayed in a greenhouse of the botanical garden in Munich, Germany. Beside the ubiquitous species Cypridopsis vidua O.F. Müller, 1776, the samples contained four alien species of the subfamily Cypricercinae, namely Chlamydotheca arcuata Sars, 1901, Strandesia bicuspis Claus, 1892, Tanycypris centa Chang et al., 2012, and Tanycypris alfonsi n. sp.. The genus Tanycypris has mainly been reported (native) from Asia, and (invasive) from Italian rice fields. The Cypricercinae unite all species possessing a Triebel loop, a character of the caudal rami attachment. The subfamily is split into the tribes Cypricercini McKenzie, 1971, Bradleystrandesiini Savatenalinton &amp; Martens, 2009 and Nealecypridini Savatenalinton &amp; Martens, 2009, the latter of which comprises the genera Tanycypris Triebel, 1959, Astenocypris G.W. Müller, 1912, Diaphanocypris Würdig &amp; Pinto, 1990 and Nealecypris Savatenalinton &amp; Martens, 2009. During the process of describing the new species, a number of taxonomic uncertainties were detected within the genus Tanycypris, leading to a revision of the nine species currently ascribed to it: Tanycypris camaguinensis (Tressler, 1937), Tanycypris centa Chang et al., 2012 Tanycypris clavigera (G.W. Müller, 1898) (now: Nealecypris clavigera nov. comb.), Tanycypris madagascarensis (G.W. Müller, 1898), Tanycypris marina (Hartmann, 1965) (now: Dolerocypris marina nov. comb.), Tanycypris pedroensis (Tressler, 1950) (now: Diaphanocypris pedroensis nov. comb.), Tanycypris pellucida (Klie, 1932), Tanycypris siamensis Savatenalinton &amp; Martens, 2009a, and Tanycypris telavivensis (Krampner, 1928) (now: Herpetocypris telavivensis). An identification key has been developed to the species of the genus Tanycypris.}, }
@article {pmid24989502, year = {2014}, author = {Higgins, SI and Richardson, DM}, title = {Invasive plants have broader physiological niches.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {111}, number = {29}, pages = {10610-10614}, pmid = {24989502}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Acacia/*physiology ; Australia ; *Ecosystem ; Eucalyptus/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive species cost the global economy billions of dollars each year, but ecologists have struggled to predict the risk of an introduced species naturalizing and invading. Although carefully designed experiments are needed to fully elucidate what makes some species invasive, much can be learned from unintentional experiments involving the introduction of species beyond their native ranges. Here, we assess invasion risk by linking a physiologically based species distribution model with data on the invasive success of 749 Australian acacia and eucalypt tree species that have, over more than a century, been introduced around the world. The model correctly predicts 92% of occurrences observed outside of Australia from an independent dataset. We found that invasiveness is positively associated with the projection of physiological niche volume in geographic space, thereby illustrating that species tolerant of a broader range of environmental conditions are more likely to be invasive. Species achieve this broader tolerance in different ways, meaning that the traits that define invasive success are context-specific. Hence, our study reconciles studies that have failed to identify the traits that define invasive success with the urgent and pragmatic need to predict invasive success.}, }
@article {pmid24989119, year = {2014}, author = {Jogesh, T and Wong, JC and Stanley, MC and Berenbaum, MR}, title = {Impact of reassociation with a coevolved herbivore on oviposition deterrence in a hostplant.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {176}, number = {1}, pages = {117-127}, pmid = {24989119}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Chromatography, Gas ; Furocoumarins/metabolism ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Illinois ; *Introduced Species ; Moths/*physiology ; New Zealand ; Oviposition/*physiology ; Pastinaca/*parasitology ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Sesquiterpenes/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Although selection by herbivores for increased feeding deterrence in hostplants is well documented, selection for increased oviposition deterrence is rarely examined. We investigated chemical mediation of oviposition by the parsnip webworm (Depressaria pastinacella) on its principal hostplant Pastinaca sativa to determine whether ovipositing adults choose hostplants based on larval suitability and whether hostplants experience selection for increased oviposition deterrence. Webworms consume floral tissues and florivory selects for increased feeding deterrents; moths, however, oviposit on leaves of pre-bolting plants. Exclusive use of different plant parts for oviposition and larval feeding suggests oviposition should select for increased foliar deterrents. Recent webworm colonization of New Zealand (NZ) allowed us to assess phenotypic changes in foliar chemicals in response to webworm oviposition. In a common garden experiment, we compared NZ populations with and without a history of infestation from 2004 to 2006 for changes in leaf chemistry in response to oviposition. Three leaf volatiles, cis- and trans-ocimene, and β-farnesene, elicit strong responses in female moth antennae; these compounds were negatively associated with oviposition and are likely oviposition deterrents. Leaf β-farnesene was positively correlated with floral furanocoumarins that deter florivory; greater oviposition on plants with low floral furanocoumarins indicates that moths preferentially oviposit on parsnips most suitable for larval growth. Unlike florivory, high oviposition on leaves did not lower plant fitness, consistent with the fact that NZ parsnip foliar chemistry was unaffected by 3-6 years of webworm infestation. Thus, in this system, selection by ovipositing moths on foliar chemistry is weaker than selection by larvae on floral chemistry.}, }
@article {pmid24988784, year = {2014}, author = {Lawrence, DJ and Stewart-Koster, B and Olden, JD and Ruesch, AS and Torgersen, CE and Lawler, JJ and Butcher, DP and Crown, JK}, title = {The interactive effects of climate change, riparian management, and a nonnative predator on stream-rearing salmon.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {895-912}, doi = {10.1890/13-0753.1}, pmid = {24988784}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Bass/*physiology ; *Climate Change ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Oregon ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Rivers ; Salmon/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Predicting how climate change is likely to interact with myriad other stressors that threaten species of conservation concern is an essential challenge in aquatic ecosystems. This study provides a framework to accomplish this task in salmon-bearing streams of the northwestern United States, where land-use-related reductions in riparian shading have caused changes in stream thermal regimes, and additional warming from projected climate change may result in significant losses of coldwater fish habitat over the next century. Predatory, nonnative smallmouth bass have also been introduced into many northwestern streams, and their range is likely to expand as streams warm, presenting an additional challenge to the persistence of threatened Pacific salmon. The goal of this work was to forecast the interactive effects of climate change, riparian management, and nonnative species on stream-rearing salmon and to evaluate the capacity of restoration to mitigate these effects. We intersected downscaled global climate forecasts with a local-scale water temperature model to predict mid- and end-of-century temperatures in streams in the Columbia River basin. We compared one stream that is thermally impaired due to the loss of riparian vegetation and another that is cooler and has a largely intact riparian corridor. Using the forecasted stream temperatures in conjunction with fish-habitat models, we predicted how stream-rearing chinook salmon and bass distributions would change as each stream warmed. In the highly modified stream, end-of-century warming may cause near total loss of chinook salmon-rearing habitat and a complete invasion of the upper watershed by bass. In the less modified stream, bass were thermally restricted from the upstream-most areas. In both systems, temperature increases resulted in higher predicted spatial overlap between stream-rearing chinook salmon and potentially predatory bass in the early summer (two- to fourfold increase) and greater abundance of bass. We found that riparian restoration could prevent the extirpation of chinook salmon from the more altered stream and could also restrict bass from occupying the upper 31 km of salmon-rearing habitat. The proposed methodology and model predictions are critical for prioritizing climate-change adaptation strategies before salmonids are exposed to both warmer water and greater predation risk by nonnative species.}, }
@article {pmid24988774, year = {2014}, author = {Desurmont, GA and Agrawal, AA}, title = {Do plant defenses predict damage by an invasive herbivore? A comparative study of the viburnum leaf beetle.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {759-769}, doi = {10.1890/13-0157.1}, pmid = {24988774}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Female ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Oviposition/physiology ; Plant Leaves/*physiology ; Viburnum/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The impact of plant defenses on insect herbivores is widely accepted, but their relative effects on oviposition choice, survival, and larval growth in preventing pest damage, especially for invasive insects, is not fully understood. Here, we examined the potential for plant defenses to reduce the economic and environmental impacts of an invasive herbivore, the viburnum leaf beetle, VLB (Pyrrhalta viburni), on Viburnum species in North America. We used a common garden with 15 host Viburnum species of North American, European, and Asian origin and evaluated oviposition preferences, twig defense against oviposition (a reaction that crushes VLB eggs), larval performance in the lab and field, and foliar damage to mature shrubs in two consecutive years. VLB oviposition preference was the strongest predictor of plant damage, with twig defense and larval performance explaining little of the defoliation patterns. In particular, we showed that VLB females evade key defenses by choosing poorly defended twigs for oviposition; assays on the 15 Viburnum species revealed that adults laid over four times more eggs on dead (undefended) twigs than on living twigs. We additionally tested the hypothesis that shrubs with a higher proportion of dead twigs are preferentially chosen for oviposition, leading to more defoliation by larvae and increased dieback in the following year. We term this the infestation feedback hypothesis. Indeed, we report consistent positive correlations between percentage dieback, oviposition, and percentage defoliation across Viburnum species, and among individuals within two species tested separately (V. dentatum and V. opulus). Our results demonstrate that oviposition preference plays a major role in the susceptibility of Viburnum shrubs to the invasive VLB through adults choosing high-quality species for their larvae (a strong preference-performance correlation) and avoiding well-defended twigs among preferred species. More generally, where invasive insects can avoid plant defenses and when preference and performance are positively correlated, an infestation feedback loop can lead to persistent pest problems. Because dieback weakens Viburnum defenses by providing optimal oviposition sites, we recommend that Viburnum growers mechanically remove dead twigs from susceptible shrubs at the end of the growing season, especially in the early stages of VLB colonization.}, }
@article {pmid24988770, year = {2014}, author = {Hughes, RF and Asner, GP and Mascaro, J and Uowolo, A and Baldwin, J}, title = {Carbon storage landscapes of lowland Hawaii: the role of native and invasive species through space and time.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {716-731}, doi = {10.1890/12-2253.1}, pmid = {24988770}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon/*chemistry/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Time Factors ; Trees/physiology ; }, abstract = {Tropical forests are important storehouses of carbon and biodiversity. In isolated island ecosystems such as the Hawaiian Islands, relative dominance of native and nonnative tree species may influence patterns of forest carbon stocks and biodiversity. We determined aboveground carbon density (ACD) across a matrix of lava flows differing in age, texture, and vegetation composition (i.e., native or nonnative dominated) in wet lowland forests of Hawaii Island. To do this at the large scales necessary to accurately capture the inherent heterogeneity of these forests, we collected LiDAR data across areas of interest and developed relationships between LiDAR metrics and field-based estimates of forest ACD. This approach enabled us to inventory, rather than merely sample, the entire populations (i.e., forests) of interest. Native Hawaiian wet lowland forests exhibited ACD values similar to those of intact tropical forests elsewhere. In general, ACD of these forests increased with increasing lava flow age, but patterns differed between native and nonnative forest stands. On the youngest lavas, native-dominated forest ACD averaged < 60 Mg/ha, compared to -100 Mg C/ha for nonnative-dominated forests. This difference was due to the presence of the nonnative, N2-fixing trees F. moluccana and C. equisetifolia in the nonnative-dominated forest stands, as well as the corresponding absence of N2-fixing trees in native-dominated forest stands. Following -500 years of primary succession and thereafter, however, both forest types exhibited ACD values averaging -130 Mg C/ha, although it took nonnative forests only 75 80 years of post-establishment succession to reach those values. Given the large areas of early-successional M. polymorpha-dominated forest on young lava flows, further spread of F. moluccana and C. equisetifolia populations would likely increase ACD stocks but would constitute a significant erosion of the invaluable contribution of Hawaii's native ecosystems to global biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid24987989, year = {2014}, author = {Williams, GR and Shutler, D and Burgher-MacLellan, KL and Rogers, RE}, title = {Infra-population and -community dynamics of the parasites Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, and consequences for honey bee (Apis mellifera) hosts.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {e99465}, pmid = {24987989}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*microbiology ; DNA, Fungal/analysis ; Eating ; Intestines/microbiology ; Microsporidiosis/microbiology/mortality/veterinary ; Nosema/*physiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Spores, Fungal/genetics ; }, abstract = {Nosema spp. fungal gut parasites are among myriad possible explanations for contemporary increased mortality of western honey bees (Apis mellifera, hereafter honey bee) in many regions of the world. Invasive Nosema ceranae is particularly worrisome because some evidence suggests it has greater virulence than its congener N. apis. N. ceranae appears to have recently switched hosts from Asian honey bees (Apis cerana) and now has a nearly global distribution in honey bees, apparently displacing N. apis. We examined parasite reproduction and effects of N. apis, N. ceranae, and mixed Nosema infections on honey bee hosts in laboratory experiments. Both infection intensity and honey bee mortality were significantly greater for N. ceranae than for N. apis or mixed infections; mixed infection resulted in mortality similar to N. apis parasitism and reduced spore intensity, possibly due to inter-specific competition. This is the first long-term laboratory study to demonstrate lethal consequences of N. apis and N. ceranae and mixed Nosema parasitism in honey bees, and suggests that differences in reproduction and intra-host competition may explain apparent heterogeneous exclusion of the historic parasite by the invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid24983154, year = {2016}, author = {Liu, F and Pang, S}, title = {Complete mitochondrial genome of the invasive brown alga Sargassum muticum (Sargassaceae, Phaeophyceae).}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {1129-1130}, doi = {10.3109/19401736.2014.933333}, pmid = {24983154}, issn = {2470-1408}, mesh = {Base Sequence ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Mitochondrial/*physiology ; Genome, Mitochondrial/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; RNA/genetics ; RNA, Mitochondrial ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; RNA, Transfer/genetics ; Sargassum/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt is an invasive canopy-forming brown alga, expanding its presence from Northeast Asia to North America and Europe. The complete mitochondrial genome of S. muticum is characterized as a circular molecule of 34,720 bp. The overall AT content of S. muticum mitogenome is 63.41%. This mitogenome contains 65 genes typically found in brown algae, including 3 ribosomal RNA genes, 25 transfer RNA genes, 35 protein-coding genes, and 2 conserved open reading frames (ORFs). The gene order of mitogenome for S. muticum is identical to that for Sargassum horneri, Fucus vesiculosus and Desmarestia viridis. Phylogenetic analyses based on 35 protein-coding genes reveal that S. muticum has a close evolutionary relationship with S. horneri and a distant relationship with Dictyota dichotoma, supporting current taxonomic systems. The present investigation provides new molecular data for studies of S. muticum population diversity as well as comparative genomics in the Phaeophyceae.}, }
@article {pmid24982155, year = {2014}, author = {Tingley, R and Vallinoto, M and Sequeira, F and Kearney, MR}, title = {Realized niche shift during a global biological invasion.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {111}, number = {28}, pages = {10233-10238}, pmid = {24982155}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Accurate forecasts of biological invasions are crucial for managing invasion risk but are hampered by niche shifts resulting from evolved environmental tolerances (fundamental niche shifts) or the presence of novel biotic and abiotic conditions in the invaded range (realized niche shifts). Distinguishing between these kinds of niche shifts is impossible with traditional, correlative approaches to invasion forecasts, which exclusively consider the realized niche. Here we overcome this challenge by combining a physiologically mechanistic model of the fundamental niche with correlative models based on the realized niche to study the global invasion of the cane toad Rhinella marina. We find strong evidence that the success of R. marina in Australia reflects a shift in the species' realized niche, as opposed to evolutionary shifts in range-limiting traits. Our results demonstrate that R. marina does not fill its fundamental niche in its native South American range and that areas of niche unfilling coincide with the presence of a closely related species with which R. marina hybridizes. Conversely, in Australia, where coevolved taxa are absent, R. marina largely fills its fundamental niche in areas behind the invasion front. The general approach taken here of contrasting fundamental and realized niche models provides key insights into the role of biotic interactions in shaping range limits and can inform effective management strategies not only for invasive species but also for assisted colonization under climate change.}, }
@article {pmid24976033, year = {2014}, author = {Stern, N and Levitt, Y and Galil, BS and Diamant, A and Yokeş, MB and Goren, M}, title = {Distribution and population structure of the alien Indo-Pacific Randall's threadfin bream Nemipterus randalli in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {85}, number = {2}, pages = {394-406}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.12421}, pmid = {24976033}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; *Fisheries ; Israel ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Perciformes ; Turkey ; }, abstract = {As part of a comprehensive study of trawl fishery catch off Israel (Ashdod) and Turkey (Iskenderun and Antalya) conducted during 2008-2011, the population explosion of Nemipterus randalli, first recorded in the Mediterranean Sea in the beginning of 2005, was documented. The smallest individuals occurred on deeper bottoms (120 m), significantly more individuals were collected at night, and juvenile recruitment to the commercial fishery occurred during November and December at 40 m depth.}, }
@article {pmid24975563, year = {2014}, author = {Brouat, C and Tollenaere, C and Estoup, A and Loiseau, A and Sommer, S and Soanandrasana, R and Rahalison, L and Rajerison, M and Piry, S and Goodman, SM and Duplantier, JM}, title = {Invasion genetics of a human commensal rodent: the black rat Rattus rattus in Madagascar.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {16}, pages = {4153-4167}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12848}, pmid = {24975563}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genetics, Population ; Islands ; Madagascar ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeography ; Rats/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Studies focusing on geographical genetic patterns of commensal species and on human history complement each other and provide proxies to trace common colonization events. On Madagascar, the unintentional introduction and spread of the commensal species Rattus rattus by people may have left a living clue of human colonization patterns and history. In this study, we addressed this question by characterizing the genetic structure of natural populations of R. rattus using both microsatellites and mitochondrial sequences, on an extensive sampling across the island. Such data sets were analysed by a combination of methods using population genetics, phylogeography and approximate Bayesian computation. Our results indicated two introduction events to Madagascar from the same ancestral source of R. rattus, one in the extreme north of the island and the other further south. The latter was the source of a large spatial expansion, which may have initially started from an original point located on the southern coast. The inferred timing of introduction events-several centuries ago-is temporally congruent with the Arabian trade network in the Indian Ocean, which was flourishing from the middle of the first millennium.}, }
@article {pmid24975092, year = {2014}, author = {Costa, TJ and Pinheiro, HT and Teixeira, JB and Mazzei, EF and Bueno, L and Hora, MS and Joyeux, JC and Carvalho-Filho, A and Amado-Filho, G and Sampaio, CL and Rocha, LA}, title = {Expansion of an invasive coral species over Abrolhos Bank, Southwestern Atlantic.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {85}, number = {1}, pages = {252-253}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.002}, pmid = {24975092}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Anthozoa/*drug effects ; Atlantic Ocean ; Brazil ; Coral Reefs ; Environment ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Oil and Gas Industry ; }, abstract = {Invasive coral species of the genus Tubastraea have been increasingly recorded in Southwestern Atlantic waters since the 1980s. Their invasion and infestation are mainly related to port and oil exploration activities. For the first time the presence of Tubastraea tagusensis colonies is reported in Espírito Santo State, colonizing a port shore area, and incrusting oil/gas platform structures situated in the southern Abrolhos Bank, which is part of the most important coral reef system of the South Atlantic Ocean. Tubastraea colonies exhibit fast growth and high recruitment rates, and colonized 40% of the analyzed structures in just four years. The projection of port and oil/gas industry growth for the Espírito Santo State (more than 300%) highlights an alert to the dispersal of this alien species to natural areas.}, }
@article {pmid24972839, year = {2014}, author = {Kapuscinski, KL and Farrell, JM and Paterson, G and Wilkinson, MA and Skinner, LC and Richter, W and Gudlewski, AJ}, title = {Low concentrations of contaminants in an invasive cyprinid, the rudd, in a Great Lakes Area of Concern.}, journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {93}, number = {5}, pages = {567-573}, doi = {10.1007/s00128-014-1325-3}, pmid = {24972839}, issn = {1432-0800}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyprinidae/*metabolism ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Food Chain ; Great Lakes Region ; *Introduced Species ; Organic Chemicals/*metabolism ; Rivers ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The invasive, omnivorous rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus is abundant in the upper Niagara River, a Great Lakes Area of Concern. Invasive species can alter trophic and contaminant pathways, but complex ontogenetic and seasonal diet shifts by rudds make it difficult to predict their chemical burdens relative to other fishes. We quantified concentrations of chemical residues in rudds and compared them to six fish species from various trophic levels. Rudds contained low concentrations of total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (mean = 0.02 μg/g), Hg (mean = 0.03 μg/g), and polychlorinated biphenyls (mean = 0.06 μg/g); these concentrations were among the lowest for all species examined. Concentrations of aldrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, total hexachlorocyclohexanes, mirex, and total chlordanes were less than the method detection limit for all rudds examined. If reducing rudd biomass is determined to be beneficial, resource managers could consider targeted harvest, given the low concentrations of contaminant in rudds and their susceptibility to capture.}, }
@article {pmid24970068, year = {2014}, author = {Kelly, RP and Port, JA and Yamahara, KM and Martone, RG and Lowell, N and Thomsen, PF and Mach, ME and Bennett, M and Prahler, E and Caldwell, MR and Crowder, LB}, title = {Environmental monitoring. Harnessing DNA to improve environmental management.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {344}, number = {6191}, pages = {1455-1456}, doi = {10.1126/science.1251156}, pmid = {24970068}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms/genetics ; DNA/*analysis ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Environmental Policy/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid24970059, year = {2014}, author = {Pennisi, E}, title = {Ecology. Daring to live on the edge.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {344}, number = {6191}, pages = {1439}, doi = {10.1126/science.344.6191.1439}, pmid = {24970059}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Feeding Behavior ; Food Preferences ; *Introduced Species ; Kenya ; *Sparrows/immunology/physiology ; }, }
@article {pmid24969502, year = {2014}, author = {Svriz, M and Damascos, MA and Lediuk, KD and Varela, SA and Barthélémy, D}, title = {Effect of light on the growth and photosynthesis of an invasive shrub in its native range.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {24969502}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Invasive species success may depend on ecophysiological attributes present in their native area or derived from changes that took place in the invaded environment. We studied the growth and photosynthetic capacity of Berberis darwinii shrubs growing under different light conditions (gap, forest edge and below the canopy) in their native area of Patagonia, Argentina. Leaf photosynthesis results determined in the native area were discussed in relation to information provided by studies carried out under the same light conditions in an invaded area in New Zealand. Shoot elongation, leaf production, stem and leaf biomass per shoot and specific leaf area (SLA, cm[2] g[-1]) were determined in five adult plants, randomly selected in each of three light conditions in two forest sites. Net photosynthesis as a function of PPFD (Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density), stomatal conductance (gs), maximum light-saturated photosynthesis rate (Pmax), Pmass (on mass bases) and water-use efficiency (WUEi) were determined in plants of one site. We predicted that functional traits would differ between populations of native and invasive ranges. In their native area, plants growing under the canopy produced the longest shoots and had the lowest values for shoot emergence and foliar biomass per shoot, while their SLA was higher than gap and forest edge plants. Leaf number and stem biomass per shoot were independent of light differences. Leaves of gap plants showed higher Pmax, Pmass and gs but lower WUEi than plants growing at the forest edge. In its native range B. darwinii grows under different light conditions by adjusting shoot and leaf morphology and physiology. Plants of B. darwinii growing under the same light conditions show similar physiology in native and invasive ranges. This means that for B. darwinii, intra-specific variation of the functional traits studied here do not condition successful spread in new areas.}, }
@article {pmid24968307, year = {2014}, author = {Rattner, BA and Lazarus, RS and Elliott, JE and Shore, RF and van den Brink, N}, title = {Adverse outcome pathway and risks of anticoagulant rodenticides to predatory wildlife.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {48}, number = {15}, pages = {8433-8445}, doi = {10.1021/es501740n}, pmid = {24968307}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; Anticoagulants/*toxicity ; Europe ; Food Chain ; North America ; Risk Assessment ; Rodenticides/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Despite a long history of successful use, routine application of some anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) may be at a crossroad due to new regulatory guidelines intended to mitigate risk. An adverse outcome pathway for ARs was developed to identify information gaps and end points to assess the effectiveness of regulations. This framework describes chemical properties of ARs, established macromolecular interactions by inhibition of vitamin K epoxide reductase, cellular responses including altered clotting factor processing and coagulopathy, organ level effects such as hemorrhage, organism responses with linkages to reduced fitness and mortality, and potential consequences to predator populations. Risk assessments have led to restrictions affecting use of some second-generation ARs (SGARs) in North America. While the European regulatory community highlighted significant or unacceptable risk of ARs to nontarget wildlife, use of SGARs in most EU member states remains authorized due to public health concerns and the absence of safe alternatives. For purposes of conservation and restoration of island habitats, SGARs remain a mainstay for eradication of invasive species. There are significant data gaps related to exposure pathways, comparative species sensitivity, consequences of sublethal effects, potential hazards of greater AR residues in genetically resistant prey, effects of low-level exposure to multiple rodenticides, and quantitative data on the magnitude of nontarget wildlife mortality.}, }
@article {pmid24964204, year = {2014}, author = {Rose, JP and Todd, BD}, title = {Projecting invasion risk of non-native watersnakes (Nerodia fasciata and Nerodia sipedon) in the western United States.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e100277}, pmid = {24964204}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Colubridae ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Statistical ; Risk Assessment ; United States ; }, abstract = {Species distribution models (SDMs) are increasingly used to project the potential distribution of introduced species outside their native range. Such studies rarely explicitly evaluate potential conflicts with native species should the range of introduced species expand. Two snake species native to eastern North America, Nerodia fasciata and Nerodia sipedon, have been introduced to California where they represent a new stressor to declining native amphibians, fish, and reptiles. To project the potential distributions of these non-native watersnakes in western North America, we built ensemble SDMs using MaxEnt, Boosted Regression Trees, and Random Forests and habitat and climatic variables. We then compared the overlap between the projected distribution of invasive watersnakes and the distributions of imperiled native amphibians, fish, and reptiles that can serve as prey or competitors for the invaders, to estimate the risk to native species posed by non-native watersnakes. Large areas of western North America were projected to be climatically suitable for both species of Nerodia according to our ensemble SDMs, including much of central California. The potential distributions of both N. fasciata and N. sipedon overlap extensively with the federally threatened Giant Gartersnake, Thamnophis gigas, which inhabits a similar ecological niche. N. fasciata also poses risk to the federally threatened California Tiger Salamander, Ambystoma californiense, whereas N. sipedon poses risk to some amphibians of conservation concern, including the Foothill Yellow-legged Frog, Rana boylii. We conclude that non-native watersnakes in California can likely inhabit ranges of several native species of conservation concern that are expected to suffer as prey or competing species for these invaders. Action should be taken now to eradicate or control these invasions before detrimental impacts on native species are widespread. Our methods can be applied broadly to quantify the risk posed by incipient invasions to native biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid24963992, year = {2014}, author = {Khrimian, A and Zhang, A and Weber, DC and Ho, HY and Aldrich, JR and Vermillion, KE and Siegler, MA and Shirali, S and Guzman, F and Leskey, TC}, title = {Discovery of the aggregation pheromone of the brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) through the creation of stereoisomeric libraries of 1-bisabolen-3-ols.}, journal = {Journal of natural products}, volume = {77}, number = {7}, pages = {1708-1717}, doi = {10.1021/np5003753}, pmid = {24963992}, issn = {1520-6025}, mesh = {Animals ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Female ; Heteroptera/*chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Molecular Conformation ; Molecular Structure ; Pheromones/chemistry/*isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; Sesquiterpenes/chemistry/*isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; Stereoisomerism ; }, abstract = {We describe a novel and straightforward route to all stereoisomers of 1,10-bisaboladien-3-ol and 10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol via the rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric addition of trimethylaluminum to diastereomeric mixtures of cyclohex-2-enones 1 and 2. The detailed stereoisomeric structures of many natural sesquiterpenes with the bisabolane skeleton were previously unknown because of the absence of stereoselective syntheses of individual stereoisomers. Several of the bisabolenols are pheromones of economically important pentatomid bug species. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography of underivatized triol 13 provided unequivocal proof of the relative and absolute configurations. Two of the epoxides, (3S,6S,7R,10S)-10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol (3) and (3R,6S,7R,10S)-10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol (4), were identified as the main components of a male-produced aggregation pheromone of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, using GC analyses on enantioselective columns. Both compounds attracted female, male, and nymphal H. halys in field trials. Moreover, mixtures of stereoisomers containing epoxides 3 and 4 were also attractive to H. halys, signifying that the presence of additional stereoisomers did not hinder attraction of H. halys and relatively inexpensive mixtures can be used in monitoring, as well as control strategies. H. halys is a polyphagous invasive species in the U.S. and Europe that causes severe injury to fruit, vegetables, and field crops and is also a serious nuisance pest.}, }
@article {pmid24963664, year = {2014}, author = {Leite, RN and Kolokotronis, SO and Almeida, FC and Werneck, FP and Rogers, DS and Weksler, M}, title = {In the wake of invasion: tracing the historical biogeography of the South American cricetid radiation (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e100687}, pmid = {24963664}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeography ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Sigmodontinae/genetics ; South America ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI) was greatly influenced by the completion of the Isthmus of Panama and impacted the composition of modern faunal assemblages in the Americas. However, the contribution of preceding events has been comparatively less explored, even though early immigrants in the fossil records are evidence for waif dispersals. The cricetid rodents of the subfamily Sigmodontinae are a classic example of a species-rich South American radiation resulting from an early episode of North American invasion. Here, we provide a temporal and spatial framework to address key aspects of the historical biogeography and diversification of this diverse mammal group by using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA datasets coupled with methods of divergence time estimation, ancestral area reconstruction and comparative phylogenetics. Relaxed-clock time estimates indicate that divergence of the Sigmodontinae began in the middle-late Miocene (ca. 12-9 Ma). Dispersal-vicariance analyses point to the arrival of a single lineage of northern invaders with a widespread ancestral distribution and imply that the initial differentiation between Central and South America gave rise to the most basal groups within the subfamily. These two major clades diversified in the late Miocene followed by the radiation of main tribes until the early Pliocene. Within the Oryzomyalia, tribes diverged initially in eastern South America whereas multiple dispersals into the Andes promoted further diversification of the majority of modern genera. A comparatively uniform background tempo of diversification explains the species richness of sigmodontines across most nodes, except for two akodontine genera with recent increases in diversification rates. The bridging of the Central American seaway and episodes of low sea levels likely facilitated the invasion of South America long before the onset of the post-Isthmian phase of the GABI.}, }
@article {pmid24963374, year = {2014}, author = {Guillera-Arroita, G and Hauser, CE and McCarthy, MA}, title = {Optimal surveillance strategy for invasive species management when surveys stop after detection.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {10}, pages = {1751-1760}, pmid = {24963374}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive species are a cause for concern in natural and economic systems and require both monitoring and management. There is a trade-off between the amount of resources spent on surveying for the species and conducting early management of occupied sites, and the resources that are ultimately spent in delayed management at sites where the species was present but undetected. Previous work addressed this optimal resource allocation problem assuming that surveys continue despite detection until the initially planned survey effort is consumed. However, a more realistic scenario is often that surveys stop after detection (i.e., follow a "removal" sampling design) and then management begins. Such an approach will indicate a different optimal survey design and can be expected to be more efficient. We analyze this case and compare the expected efficiency of invasive species management programs under both survey methods. We also evaluate the impact of mis-specifying the type of sampling approach during the program design phase. We derive analytical expressions that optimize resource allocation between monitoring and management in surveillance programs when surveys stop after detection. We do this under a scenario of unconstrained resources and scenarios where survey budget is constrained. The efficiency of surveillance programs is greater if a "removal survey" design is used, with larger gains obtained when savings from early detection are high, occupancy is high, and survey costs are not much lower than early management costs at a site. Designing a surveillance program disregarding that surveys stop after detection can result in an efficiency loss. Our results help guide the design of future surveillance programs for invasive species. Addressing program design within a decision-theoretic framework can lead to a better use of available resources. We show how species prevalence, its detectability, and the benefits derived from early detection can be considered.}, }
@article {pmid24956465, year = {2014}, author = {Ansong, M and Pickering, C}, title = {Weed seeds on clothing: a global review.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {144}, number = {}, pages = {203-211}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.026}, pmid = {24956465}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Clothing ; *Plant Dispersal ; Plant Weeds/*classification/*physiology ; Seeds/physiology ; }, abstract = {Weeds are a major threat to biodiversity including in areas of high conservation value. Unfortunately, people may be unintentionally introducing and dispersing weed seeds on their clothing when they visit these areas. To inform the management of these areas, we conducted a systematic quantitative literature review to determine the diversity and characteristics of species with seeds that can attach and be dispersed from clothing. Across 21 studies identified from systematic literature searches on this topic, seeds from 449 species have been recorded on clothing, more than double the diversity found in a previous review. Nearly all of them, 391 species, are listed weeds in one or more countries, with 58 classified as internationally-recognised environmental weeds. When our database was compared with weed lists from different countries and continents we found that clothing can carry the seeds of important regional weeds. A total of 287 of the species are listed as aliens in one or more countries in Europe, 156 are invasive species/noxious weeds in North America, 211 are naturalized alien plants in Australia, 97 are alien species in India, 33 are invasive species in China and 5 are declared weeds/invaders in South Africa. Seeds on the clothing of hikers can be carried to an average distance of 13 km, and where people travel in cars, trains, planes and boats, the seeds on their clothing can be carried much further. Factors that affect this type of seed dispersal include the type of clothing, the type of material the clothing is made from, the number and location of the seeds on plants, and seed traits such as adhesive and attachment structures. With increasing use of protected areas by tourists, including in remote regions, popular protected areas may be at great risk of biological invasions by weeds with seeds carried on clothing.}, }
@article {pmid24955824, year = {2014}, author = {McDevitt, AD and Montgomery, WI and Tosh, DG and Lusby, J and Reid, N and White, TA and McDevitt, CD and O'Halloran, J and Searle, JB and Yearsley, JM}, title = {Invading and expanding: range dynamics and ecological consequences of the greater white-toothed shrew (Crocidura russula) invasion in Ireland.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e100403}, pmid = {24955824}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Ireland ; Shrews/*classification/*growth &amp; development ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Establishing how invasive species impact upon pre-existing species is a fundamental question in ecology and conservation biology. The greater white-toothed shrew (Crocidura russula) is an invasive species in Ireland that was first recorded in 2007 and which, according to initial data, may be limiting the abundance/distribution of the pygmy shrew (Sorex minutus), previously Ireland's only shrew species. Because of these concerns, we undertook an intensive live-trapping survey (and used other data from live-trapping, sightings and bird of prey pellets/nest inspections collected between 2006 and 2013) to model the distribution and expansion of C. russula in Ireland and its impacts on Ireland's small mammal community. The main distribution range of C. russula was found to be approximately 7,600 km2 in 2013, with established outlier populations suggesting that the species is dispersing with human assistance within the island. The species is expanding rapidly for a small mammal, with a radial expansion rate of 5.5 km/yr overall (2008-2013), and independent estimates from live-trapping in 2012-2013 showing rates of 2.4-14.1 km/yr, 0.5-7.1 km/yr and 0-5.6 km/yr depending on the landscape features present. S. minutus is negatively associated with C. russula. S. minutus is completely absent at sites where C. russula is established and is only present at sites at the edge of and beyond the invasion range of C. russula. The speed of this invasion and the homogenous nature of the Irish landscape may mean that S. minutus has not had sufficient time to adapt to the sudden appearance of C. russula. This may mean the continued decline/disappearance of S. minutus as C. russula spreads throughout the island.}, }
@article {pmid24950182, year = {2014}, author = {Rubio-Portillo, E and Souza-Egipsy, V and Ascaso, C and de Los Rios Murillo, A and Ramos-Esplá, AA and Antón, J}, title = {Eukarya associated with the stony coral Oculina patagonica from the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Marine genomics}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {17-23}, doi = {10.1016/j.margen.2014.06.002}, pmid = {24950182}, issn = {1876-7478}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*microbiology/*parasitology ; DNA Primers/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics ; Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ; Dinoflagellida/*genetics ; Haptophyta/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Mediterranean Sea ; Microscopy, Electron ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Porifera/*genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Spain ; Thoracica/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Oculina patagonica is a putative alien scleractinian coral from the Southwest Atlantic that inhabits across the Mediterranean Sea. Here, we have addressed the diversity of Eukarya associated with this coral and its changes related to the environmental conditions and coral status. A total of 46 colonies of O. patagonica were taken from Alicante coast (Spain) and Pietra Ligure coast (Italy) and analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the small-subunit 18S rRNA and 16S plastid rRNA genes, internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS 2) analyses, and electron microscopy. Our results show that Eukarya and plastid community associated to O. patagonica change with environmental conditions and coral status. Cryptic species, which can be difficult to identify by optical methods, were distinguished by 18S rRNA gene DGGE: the barnacle Megatrema anglicum, which was detected at two locations, and two boring sponges related to Cliona sp. and Siphonodictyon coralliphagum detected in samples from Tabarca and Alicante Harbour, respectively. Eukaryotic phototrophic community from the skeletal matrix of healthy corals was dominated by Ochrosphaera sp. while bleached corals from the Harbour and Tabarca were associated to different uncultured phototrophic organism. Differences in ultrastructural morphologies of the zooxanthellae between healthy and bleached corals were observed. Nevertheless, no differences were found in Symbiodinium community among time, environments, coral status and location, showing that O. patagonica hosted only one genotype of Symbiodinium belonging to clade B2. The fact that this clade has not been previously detected in other Mediterranean corals and is more frequent in the tropical Western Atlantic, is a new evidence that O. patagonica is an alien species in the Mediterranean Sea.}, }
@article {pmid24949735, year = {2014}, author = {Winterbach, HE and Winterbach, CW and Somers, MJ}, title = {Landscape suitability in Botswana for the conservation of its six large African carnivores.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e100202}, pmid = {24949735}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; *Body Size ; Botswana ; Carnivora/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Feasibility Studies ; Livestock ; }, abstract = {Wide-ranging large carnivores often range beyond the boundaries of protected areas into human-dominated areas. Mapping out potentially suitable habitats on a country-wide scale and identifying areas with potentially high levels of threats to large carnivore survival is necessary to develop national conservation action plans. We used a novel approach to map and identify these areas in Botswana for its large carnivore guild consisting of lion (Panthera leo), leopard (Panthera pardus), spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta), brown hyaena (Hyaena brunnea), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and African wild dog (Lycaon pictus). The habitat suitability for large carnivores depends primarily on prey availability, interspecific competition, and conflict with humans. Prey availability is most likely the strongest natural determinant. We used the distribution of biomass of typical wild ungulate species occurring in Botswana which is preyed upon by the six large carnivores to evaluate the potential suitability of the different management zones in the country to sustain large carnivore populations. In areas where a high biomass of large prey species occurred, we assumed interspecific competition between dominant and subordinated competitors to be high. This reduced the suitability of these areas for conservation of subordinate competitors, and vice versa. We used the percentage of prey biomass of the total prey and livestock biomass to identify areas with potentially high levels of conflict in agricultural areas. High to medium biomass of large prey was mostly confined to conservation zones, while small prey biomass was more evenly spread across large parts of the country. This necessitates different conservation strategies for carnivores with a preference for large prey, and those that can persist in the agricultural areas. To ensure connectivity between populations inside Botswana and also with its neighbours, a number of critical areas for priority management actions exist in the agricultural zones.}, }
@article {pmid24949248, year = {2014}, author = {Ward, D and Morgan, F}, title = {Modelling the impacts of an invasive species across landscapes: a step-wise approach.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {e435}, pmid = {24949248}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {We estimate the extent of ecological impacts of the invasive Asian paper wasp across different landscapes in New Zealand. We used: (i) a baseline distribution layer (modelled via MaxEnt); (ii) Asian paper wasp nest density (from >460 field plots, related to their preferences for specific land cover categories); and (iii) and their foraging intensity (rates of foraging success, and the time available to forage on a seasonal basis). Using geographic information systems this information is combined and modelled across different landscapes in New Zealand in a step-wise selection process. The highest densities of Asian paper wasps were in herbaceous saline vegetation, followed closely by built-up areas, and then scrub and shrubland. Nest densities of 34 per ha, and occupancy rates of 0.27 were recorded for herbaceous saline vegetation habitats. However, the extent of impacts of the Asian paper wasp remains relatively restricted because of narrow climate tolerances and spatial restriction of preferred habitats. A step-wise process based on geographic information systems and species distribution models, in combination with factors such as distribution, density, and predation, create a useful tool that allows the extent of impacts of invasive species to be assessed across large spatial scales. These models will be useful for conservation managers as they provide easy visual interpretation of results, and can help prioritise where direct conservation action or control of the invader are required.}, }
@article {pmid24949245, year = {2014}, author = {Alvarez-Presas, M and Mateos, E and Tudó, A and Jones, H and Riutort, M}, title = {Diversity of introduced terrestrial flatworms in the Iberian Peninsula: a cautionary tale.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {e430}, pmid = {24949245}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Many tropical terrestrial planarians (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) have been introduced around the globe. One of these species is known to cause significant decline in earthworm populations, resulting in a reduction of ecological functions that earthworms provide. Flatworms, additionally, are a potential risk to other species that have the same dietary needs. Hence, the planarian invasion might cause significant economic losses in agriculture and damage to the ecosystem. In the Iberian Peninsula only Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878 had been cited till 2007. From that year on, four more species have been cited, and several reports of the presence of these animals in particular gardens have been received. In the present study we have: (1) analyzed the animals sent by non-specialists and also the presence of terrestrial planarians in plant nurseries and garden centers; (2) identified their species through morphological and phylogenetic molecular analyses, including representatives of their areas of origin; (3) revised their dietary sources and (4) used Species Distribution Modeling (SDM) for one species to evaluate the risk of its introduction to natural areas. The results have shown the presence of at least ten species of alien terrestrial planarians, from all its phylogenetic range. International plant trade is the source of these animals, and many garden centers are acting as reservoirs. Also, landscape restoration to reintroduce autochthonous plants has facilitated their introduction close to natural forests and agricultural fields. In conclusion, there is a need to take measures on plant trade and to have special care in the treatment of restored habitats.}, }
@article {pmid24947077, year = {2014}, author = {Brickman, D}, title = {Could ocean currents be responsible for the west to east spread of aquatic invasive species in Maritime Canadian waters?.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {85}, number = {1}, pages = {235-243}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.034}, pmid = {24947077}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Algorithms ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Brachyura/*physiology ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Maine ; Models, Theoretical ; Nova Scotia ; *Oceans and Seas ; Regression Analysis ; *Water Movements ; }, abstract = {The circulation in the shelf seas of Maritime Canada is predominantly in the northeast-southwest direction. Despite the mean northeast-southwest flow, a number of AIS invasions have been observed to proceed in the opposite direction - from the Gulf of Maine, around Nova Scotia, and into the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Flow fields from a numerical circulation model are used to investigate whether these invasions could be due to drift in ocean currents. Particle tracking experiments are performed and probability density functions (PDFs) derived that describe the probability of drifting a given upstream distance in a given drift time. Analysis of these PDFs revealed that for invasions that took 20-40 y to occur, propagule drift in ocean currents could be responsible for the upstream spread, while this was not the case for short timescale invasions (<10 y). Rafting could be responsible for both short and long timescale invasions.}, }
@article {pmid24946989, year = {2014}, author = {Hulme, PE}, title = {Alien plants confront expectations of climate change impacts.}, journal = {Trends in plant science}, volume = {19}, number = {9}, pages = {547-549}, doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2014.05.003}, pmid = {24946989}, issn = {1878-4372}, mesh = {Climate ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Dispersal/*physiology ; Plant Physiological Phenomena/*physiology ; Plants/*classification ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The success of alien plants in novel environments questions basic assumptions about the fate of native species under climate change. Aliens generally spread faster than the velocity of climate change, display considerable phenotypic plasticity as well as adaptation to new selection pressures, and their ranges are often shaped by biotic rather than climatic factors. Given that many native species also exhibit these attributes, their risk of extinction as a result of climate change might be overestimated.}, }
@article {pmid24945699, year = {2014}, author = {Fang, YW and Liu, LY and Zhang, HL and Jiang, DF and Chu, D}, title = {Competitive ability and fitness differences between two introduced populations of the invasive whitefly Bemisia tabaci Q in China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e100423}, pmid = {24945699}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteroidetes/physiology ; China ; *Competitive Behavior ; Crosses, Genetic ; Female ; Genes, Insect ; *Genetic Fitness ; Hemiptera/genetics/growth &amp; development/microbiology/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages ; Male ; Reproduction ; Sex Ratio ; Survival Analysis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Our long-term field survey revealed that the Cardinium infection rate in Bemisia tabaci Q (also known as biotype Q) population was low in Shandong, China over the past few years. We hypothesize that (1) the Cardinium-infected (C+) B. tabaci Q population cannot efficiently compete with the Cardinium-uninfected (C-) B. tabaci Q population; (2) no reproductive isolation may have occurred between C+ and C-; and (3) the C- population has higher fitness than the C+ population.<br><br>METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS: To reveal the differences in competitive ability and fitness between the two introduced populations (C+ and C-), competition between C+ and C- was examined over several generations. Subsequently, the reproductive isolation between C+ and C- was studied by crossing C+ with C- individuals, and the fitnesses of C+ and C- populations were compared using a two-sex life table method. Our results demonstrate that the competitive ability of the C+ whiteflies was weaker than that of C-. There is that no reproductive isolation occurred between the two populations and the C- population had higher fitness than the C+ population.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The competitive ability and fitness differences of two populations may explain why C- whitefly populations have been dominant during the past few years in Shandong, China. However, the potential role Cardinium plays in whitefly should be further explored.}, }
@article {pmid24945629, year = {2014}, author = {Dreon, MS and Fernández, PE and Gimeno, EJ and Heras, H}, title = {Insights into embryo defenses of the invasive apple snail Pomacea canaliculata: egg mass ingestion affects rat intestine morphology and growth.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {e2961}, pmid = {24945629}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Animals ; Caco-2 Cells ; Diet ; Hemagglutination ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Intestinal Mucosa/growth &amp; development/pathology ; Intestine, Small/growth &amp; development/*pathology ; Introduced Species ; Lectins/toxicity ; Male ; Ovum/*chemistry/parasitology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; *Snails ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The spread of the invasive snail Pomacea canaliculata is expanding the rat lungworm disease beyond its native range. Their toxic eggs have virtually no predators and unusual defenses including a neurotoxic lectin and a proteinase inhibitor, presumably advertised by a warning coloration. We explored the effect of egg perivitellin fluid (PVF) ingestion on the rat small intestine morphology and physiology.<br><br>Through a combination of biochemical, histochemical, histopathological, scanning electron microscopy, cell culture and feeding experiments, we analyzed intestinal morphology, growth rate, hemaglutinating activity, cytotoxicity and cell proliferation after oral administration of PVF to rats. PVF adversely affects small intestine metabolism and morphology and consequently the standard growth rate, presumably by lectin-like proteins, as suggested by PVF hemaglutinating activity and its cytotoxic effect on Caco-2 cell culture. Short-term effects of ingested PVF were studied in growing rats. PVF-supplemented diet induced the appearance of shorter and wider villi as well as fused villi. This was associated with changes in glycoconjugate expression, increased cell proliferation at crypt base, and hypertrophic mucosal growth. This resulted in a decreased absorptive surface after 3 days of treatment and a diminished rat growth rate that reverted to normal after the fourth day of treatment. Longer exposure to PVF induced a time-dependent lengthening of the small intestine while switching to a control diet restored intestine length and morphology after 4 days.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Ingestion of PVF rapidly limits the ability of potential predators to absorb nutrients by inducing large, reversible changes in intestinal morphology and growth rate. The occurrence of toxins that affect intestinal morphology and absorption is a strategy against predation not recognized among animals before. Remarkably, this defense is rather similar to the toxic effect of plant antipredator strategies. This defense mechanism may explain the near absence of predators of apple snail eggs.}, }
@article {pmid24945439, year = {2014}, author = {Hernández-Brito, D and Carrete, M and Popa-Lisseanu, AG and Ibáñez, C and Tella, JL}, title = {Crowding in the city: losing and winning competitors of an invasive bird.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e100593}, pmid = {24945439}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aggression ; Animals ; Breeding ; *Cities ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; *Crowding ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Parakeets/*physiology ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can take advantage of resources unexploited by natives (opportunism hypothesis) or they can exploit the same resources but more aggressively or efficiently (competition hypothesis), thus impacting native species. However, invasive species tend to exploit anthropogenic habitats that are inefficiently used by natives such as urban environments. Focusing on the ring-necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri), one of the most invasive birds worldwide, we combined observations of interspecific aggressions, species-specific cavity-nest preferences and the spatial distribution of the native cavity-nesting vertebrate community to determine the invasion process as well as its potential impacts on native species in a Mediterranean city. Our results support the competition hypothesis, suggesting that ring-necked parakeets are outcompeting native species sharing nest-site preferences. Parakeets initiated and won most interspecific aggressions, which were directed towards competitors but also towards predators. This behaviour could explain the spatial arrangement of natives, with most bird species breeding close to parakeets possibly to take advantage of their effective antipredatory behaviour. However, temporal and spatial patterns of segregation suggest that a threatened bat species is negatively affected by parakeets. This demonstrates that common species gain benefits and threatened ones (in this study, a bat and possibly a falcon) lose nest sites due to invaders. Therefore, the conservation status of the native species that pay the costs of competition with invaders should be considered. This scenario of winners and losers may, however, shift towards more losers if the ring-necked parakeet population continues to grow, thus requiring close monitoring and control/eradication programs to avoid further impacts.}, }
@article {pmid24945155, year = {2014}, author = {Boes, KE and Ribeiro, JM and Wong, A and Harrington, LC and Wolfner, MF and Sirot, LK}, title = {Identification and characterization of seminal fluid proteins in the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {e2946}, pmid = {24945155}, issn = {1935-2735}, support = {P30 CA016058/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI095491/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; ZIA AI000810//Intramural NIH HHS/United States ; R01- AI09549/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*chemistry/classification ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Databases, Protein ; Evolution, Molecular ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Insect Proteins/*chemistry ; Isotope Labeling ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Proteomics ; Seminal Plasma Proteins/*chemistry ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) is an important vector for pathogens that affect human health, including the viruses that cause dengue and Chikungunya fevers. It is also one of the world's fastest-spreading invasive species. For these reasons, it is crucial to identify strategies for controlling the reproduction and spread of this mosquito. During mating, seminal fluid proteins (Sfps) are transferred from male mosquitoes to females, and these Sfps modulate female behavior and physiology in ways that influence reproduction. Despite the importance of Sfps on female reproductive behavior in mosquitoes and other insects, the identity of Sfps in Ae. albopictus has not previously been reported. We used transcriptomics and proteomics to identify 198 Sfps in Ae. albopictus. We discuss possible functions of these Sfps in relation to Ae. albopictus reproduction-related biology. We additionally compare the sequences of these Sfps with proteins (including reported Sfps) in several other species, including Ae. aegypti. While only 72 (36.4%) of Ae. albopictus Sfps have putative orthologs in Ae. aegypti, suggesting low conservation of the complement of Sfps in these species, we find no evidence for an elevated rate of evolution or positive selection in the Sfps that are shared between the two Aedes species, suggesting high sequence conservation of those shared Sfps. Our results provide a foundation for future studies to investigate the roles of individual Sfps on feeding and reproduction in this mosquito. Functional analysis of these Sfps could inform strategies for managing the rate of pathogen transmission by Ae. albopictus.}, }
@article {pmid24945154, year = {2014}, author = {Hager, HA and Sinasac, SE and Gedalof, Z and Newman, JA}, title = {Predicting potential global distributions of two Miscanthus grasses: implications for horticulture, biofuel production, and biological invasions.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e100032}, pmid = {24945154}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biofuels ; Climate ; *Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Poaceae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {In many regions, large proportions of the naturalized and invasive non-native floras were originally introduced deliberately by humans. Pest risk assessments are now used in many jurisdictions to regulate the importation of species and usually include an estimation of the potential distribution in the import area. Two species of Asian grass (Miscanthus sacchariflorus and M. sinensis) that were originally introduced to North America as ornamental plants have since escaped cultivation. These species and their hybrid offspring are now receiving attention for large-scale production as biofuel crops in North America and elsewhere. We evaluated their potential global climate suitability for cultivation and potential invasion using the niche model CLIMEX and evaluated the models' sensitivity to the parameter values. We then compared the sensitivity of projections of future climatically suitable area under two climate models and two emissions scenarios. The models indicate that the species have been introduced to most of the potential global climatically suitable areas in the northern but not the southern hemisphere. The more narrowly distributed species (M. sacchariflorus) is more sensitive to changes in model parameters, which could have implications for modelling species of conservation concern. Climate projections indicate likely contractions in potential range in the south, but expansions in the north, particularly in introduced areas where biomass production trials are under way. Climate sensitivity analysis shows that projections differ more between the selected climate change models than between the selected emissions scenarios. Local-scale assessments are required to overlay suitable habitat with climate projections to estimate areas of cultivation potential and invasion risk.}, }
@article {pmid24944571, year = {2014}, author = {Feau, N and Dutech, C and Brusini, J and Rigling, D and Robin, C}, title = {Multiple introductions and recombination in Cryphonectria hypovirus 1: perspective for a sustainable biological control of chestnut blight.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, pages = {580-596}, pmid = {24944571}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) is a mycovirus which decreases the virulence of its fungal host Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight recently introduced in Europe. The understanding of the evolutionary processes which have shaped CHV1 populations in Europe is required to develop a sustainable biocontrol strategy targeting chestnut blight and effective in European chestnut forests. To retrace the evolutionary history of CHV1, we analyzed sequences from two genomic regions on a collection of 55 CHV1 strains from France and northern Spain, two countries where multiple introductions of C. parasitica occurred. Several recombination events and variable selection pressures contributed to CHV1 evolution, agreeing with a non-clock-like diversification rate. These two mechanisms may be at the origin of CHV1 population diversity observed in western Europe. Considering the actual prevalence of CHV1 and its association with host genotypes, multiple introductions of CHV1 may have occurred in Europe, some of them directly from Asia and some of them through North America. Although some viral strains remained with low frequency in their introduction area, multiple infections might have allowed homologous recombination within parental sequences. Some of these recombinant lineages are associated with the spread of CHV1 in European regions.}, }
@article {pmid24943887, year = {2014}, author = {Engeman, R and Avery, ML and Jacobson, E}, title = {Weighing empirical and hypothetical evidence for assessing potential invasive species range limits: a review of the case of Burmese pythons in the USA.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {21}, number = {20}, pages = {11973-11978}, pmid = {24943887}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Boidae/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Empirical Research ; *Introduced Species ; Myanmar ; United States ; }, abstract = {Range expansion potential is an important consideration for prioritizing management actions against an invasive species. Understanding the potential for range expansion by invasive reptiles such as the Burmese python can be challenging, because the lack of knowledge on fundamental physiological and behavioral constraints initially forces reliance on modeling to predict hypothetical invasive range potential. Hypothetical predictions for Burmese python range limits in the USA have been highly divergent, from only extreme South Florida and the extreme southern Gulf edge of Texas to a broad swath over the southern third of the continental USA. Empirical observations on python thermal tolerances and behavioral abilities to cope with more temperate temperatures became evident during a cold spell in December 2009-January 2010. We review and highlight important considerations for improving invasive range estimation methodology, deciding between competing range predictions, and the importance of having, and applying, empirical data to aid in decision making.}, }
@article {pmid24943652, year = {2014}, author = {Eagles, D and Melville, L and Weir, R and Davis, S and Bellis, G and Zalucki, MP and Walker, PJ and Durr, PA}, title = {Long-distance aerial dispersal modelling of Culicoides biting midges: case studies of incursions into Australia.}, journal = {BMC veterinary research}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {135}, pmid = {24943652}, issn = {1746-6148}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Australia/epidemiology ; Bluetongue/*epidemiology/transmission ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/*epidemiology ; Ceratopogonidae/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Previous studies investigating long-distance, wind-borne dispersal of Culicoides have utilised outbreaks of clinical disease (passive surveillance) to assess the relationship between incursion and dispersal event. In this study, species of exotic Culicoides and isolates of novel bluetongue viruses, collected as part of an active arbovirus surveillance program, were used for the first time to assess dispersal into an endemic region.<br><br>RESULTS: A plausible dispersal event was determined for five of the six cases examined. These include exotic Culicoides specimens for which a possible dispersal event was identified within the range of two days--three weeks prior to their collection and novel bluetongue viruses for which a dispersal event was identified between one week and two months prior to their detection in cattle. The source location varied, but ranged from Lombok, in eastern Indonesia, to Timor-Leste and southern Papua New Guinea.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Where bluetongue virus is endemic, the concurrent use of an atmospheric dispersal model alongside existing arbovirus and Culicoides surveillance may help guide the strategic use of limited surveillance resources as well as contribute to continued model validation and refinement. Further, the value of active surveillance systems in evaluating models for long-distance dispersal is highlighted, particularly in endemic regions where knowledge of background virus and vector status is beneficial.}, }
@article {pmid24943509, year = {2014}, author = {Sarre, SD and Aitken, N and Adamack, AT and MacDonald, AJ and Gruber, B and Cowan, P}, title = {Creating new evolutionary pathways through bioinvasion: the population genetics of brushtail possums in New Zealand.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {14}, pages = {3419-3433}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12834}, pmid = {24943509}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Australia ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; New Zealand ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Trichosurus/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Rapid increases in global trade and human movement have created novel mixtures of organisms bringing with them the potential to rapidly accelerate the evolution of new forms. The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), introduced into New Zealand from Australia in the 19th century, is one such species having been sourced from multiple populations in its native range. Here, we combine microsatellite DNA- and GIS-based spatial data to show that T. vulpecula originating from at least two different Australian locations exhibit a population structure that is commensurate with their introduction history and which cannot be explained by landscape features alone. Most importantly, we identify a hybrid zone between the two subspecies which appears to function as a barrier to dispersal. When combined with previous genetic, morphological and captive studies, our data suggest that assortative mating between the two subspecies may operate at a behavioural or species recognition level rather than through fertilization, genetic incompatibility or developmental inhibition. Nevertheless, hybridization between the two subspecies of possum clearly occurs, creating the opportunity for novel genetic combinations that would not occur in their natural ranges and which is especially likely given that multiple contact zones occur in New Zealand. This discovery has implications for wildlife management in New Zealand because multiple contact zones are likely to influence the dispersal patterns of possums and because differential susceptibility to baiting with sodium fluoroacetate between possums of different origins may promote novel genetic forms.}, }
@article {pmid24943368, year = {2014}, author = {Albrecht, M and Padrón, B and Bartomeus, I and Traveset, A}, title = {Consequences of plant invasions on compartmentalization and species' roles in plant-pollinator networks.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1788}, pages = {20140773}, pmid = {24943368}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biota ; Extinction, Biological ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Dispersal ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {Compartmentalization-the organization of ecological interaction networks into subsets of species that do not interact with other subsets (true compartments) or interact more frequently among themselves than with other species (modules)-has been identified as a key property for the functioning, stability and evolution of ecological communities. Invasions by entomophilous invasive plants may profoundly alter the way interaction networks are compartmentalized. We analysed a comprehensive dataset of 40 paired plant-pollinator networks (invaded versus uninvaded) to test this hypothesis. We show that invasive plants have higher generalization levels with respect to their pollinators than natives. The consequences for network topology are that-rather than displacing native species from the network-plant invaders attracting pollinators into invaded modules tend to play new important topological roles (i.e. network hubs, module hubs and connectors) and cause role shifts in native species, creating larger modules that are more connected among each other. While the number of true compartments was lower in invaded compared with uninvaded networks, the effect of invasion on modularity was contingent on the study system. Interestingly, the generalization level of the invasive plants partially explains this pattern, with more generalized invaders contributing to a lower modularity. Our findings indicate that the altered interaction structure of invaded networks makes them more robust against simulated random secondary species extinctions, but more vulnerable when the typically highly connected invasive plants go extinct first. The consequences and pathways by which biological invasions alter the interaction structure of plant-pollinator communities highlighted in this study may have important dynamical and functional implications, for example, by influencing multi-species reciprocal selection regimes and coevolutionary processes.}, }
@article {pmid24943365, year = {2014}, author = {Li, B and Belasen, A and Pafilis, P and Bednekoff, P and Foufopoulos, J}, title = {Effects of feral cats on the evolution of anti-predator behaviours in island reptiles: insights from an ancient introduction.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1788}, pages = {20140339}, pmid = {24943365}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cats/genetics/*physiology ; *Escape Reaction ; Female ; Food Chain ; Greece ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Lizards/genetics/*physiology ; Male ; Population Density ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Exotic predators have driven the extinction of many island species. We examined impacts of feral cats on the abundance and anti-predator behaviours of Aegean wall lizards in the Cyclades (Greece), where cats were introduced thousands of years ago. We compared populations with high and low cat density on Naxos Island and populations on surrounding islets with no cats. Cats reduced wall lizard populations by half. Lizards facing greater risk from cats stayed closer to refuges, were more likely to shed their tails in a standardized assay, and fled at greater distances when approached by either a person in the field or a mounted cat decoy in the laboratory. All populations showed phenotypic plasticity in flight initiation distance, suggesting that this feature is ancient and could have helped wall lizards survive the initial introduction of cats to the region. Lizards from islets sought shelter less frequently and often initially approached the cat decoy. These differences reflect changes since islet isolation and could render islet lizards strongly susceptible to cat predation.}, }
@article {pmid24942606, year = {2014}, author = {Park, SN and Lim, YK and Kook, JK}, title = {Development of species-specific quantitative real-time PCR primers for detecting anginosus group streptococci based on the rpoB.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {196}, number = {9}, pages = {661-666}, doi = {10.1007/s00203-014-1007-x}, pmid = {24942606}, issn = {1432-072X}, mesh = {Bacterial Typing Techniques/*methods ; DNA Primers/*genetics ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics ; *Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Species Specificity ; Streptococcus anginosus/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {In this study, we introduced species-specific quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) primers designed based on a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase beta-subunit gene for detecting anginosus group streptococci (AGS), Streptococcus anginosus, S. constellatus, and S. intermedius. The specificity of the qPCR primers was confirmed by conventional PCR with the genomic DNAs of 76 strains regarding 44 bacterial species including the type strain for the target species. The standard curves revealed the lower detection limits of these species-specific qPCR primers was 40 fg at below a cycle threshold (CT) value of 35. These results suggest that AGS species-specific qPCR primers are suitable for applications in epidemiological studies associated with infectious diseases related to AGS.}, }
@article {pmid24942529, year = {2014}, author = {Le Roux, JJ and Strasberg, D and Rouget, M and Morden, CW and Koordom, M and Richardson, DM}, title = {Relatedness defies biogeography: the tale of two island endemics (Acacia heterophylla and A. koa).}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {204}, number = {1}, pages = {230-242}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12900}, pmid = {24942529}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Acacia/genetics/*physiology ; Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Australia ; Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genome Size ; Genome, Plant ; Hawaii ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {Despite the normally strong link between geographic proximity and relatedness of recently diverged taxa, truly puzzling biogeographic anomalies to this expectation exist in nature. Using a dated phylogeny, population genetic structure and estimates of ecological niche overlap, we tested the hypothesis that two geographically very disjunct, but morphologically very similar, island endemics (Acacia heterophylla from Réunion Island and A. koa from the Hawaiian archipelago) are the result of dispersal between these two island groups, rather than independent colonization events from Australia followed by convergent evolution. Our genetic results indicated that A. heterophylla renders A. koa paraphyletic and that the former colonized the Mascarene archipelago directly from the Hawaiian Islands ≤ 1.4 million yr ago. This colonization sequence was corroborated by similar ecological niches between the two island taxa, but not between A. melanoxylon from Australia (a sister, and presumed ancestral, taxon to A. koa and A. heterophylla) and Hawaiian A. koa. It is widely accepted that the long-distance dispersal of plants occurs more frequently than previously thought. Here, however, we document one of the most exceptional examples of such dispersal. Despite c. 18 000 km separating A. heterophylla and A. koa, these two island endemics from two different oceans probably represent a single taxon as a result of recent extreme long-distance dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid24940920, year = {2014}, author = {Coon, CA and Brace, AJ and McWilliams, SR and McCue, MD and Martin, LB}, title = {Introduced and native congeners use different resource allocation strategies to maintain performance during infection.}, journal = {Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ}, volume = {87}, number = {4}, pages = {559-567}, doi = {10.1086/676310}, pmid = {24940920}, issn = {1537-5293}, mesh = {Adipose Tissue ; Animals ; *Coccidiosis ; Flight, Animal ; Introduced Species ; Kenya ; Pectoralis Muscles/anatomy &amp; histology ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Sparrows/*parasitology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Abstract Hosts can manage parasitic infections using an array of tactics, which are likely to vary contingent on coevolutionary history between the host and the parasite. Here we asked whether coping ability of congeners that differ in host-parasite coevolutionary history differed in response to experimental infections with a coccidian parasite. House sparrows (Passer domesticus) and gray-headed sparrows (Passer griseus) are sympatric and ecologically similar, but house sparrows are recent colonizers of Kenya, the site of our comparison, whereas gray-headed sparrows are native. We evaluated three variables as barometers of infection coping ability: vertical flight, pectoral muscle size, and fat score. We also measured routing of a dose of (13)C-labeled leucine, an essential amino acid, among tissues to compare resource allocation strategies in response to infection. We found that burden effects on performance were minimal in both species, but house sparrows maintained considerably higher burdens than gray-headed sparrows regardless of exposure. House sparrows also had more exogeneous leucine tracer in all tissues after 24 h, demonstrating a difference in the way the two species allocate or distribute resources. We argue that house sparrows may be maintaining larger resource reserves to mitigate costs associated with exposure and infection. Additionally, in response to increased parasite exposure, gray-headed sparrows had less leucine tracer in their spleens and more in their gonads, whereas house sparrows did not change allocation, perhaps indicating a trade-off that is not experienced by the introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid24938834, year = {2014}, author = {Hiltbrunner, E and Aerts, R and Bühlmann, T and Huss-Danell, K and Magnusson, B and Myrold, DD and Reed, SC and Sigurdsson, BD and Körner, C}, title = {Ecological consequences of the expansion of N2-fixing plants in cold biomes.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {176}, number = {1}, pages = {11-24}, pmid = {24938834}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Alnus/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; *Biodiversity ; *Cold Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Lupinus/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Nitrogen Fixation/*physiology ; Symbiosis ; Water Cycle ; }, abstract = {Research in warm-climate biomes has shown that invasion by symbiotic dinitrogen (N2)-fixing plants can transform ecosystems in ways analogous to the transformations observed as a consequence of anthropogenic, atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition: declines in biodiversity, soil acidification, and alterations to carbon and nutrient cycling, including increased N losses through nitrate leaching and emissions of the powerful greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). Here, we used literature review and case study approaches to assess the evidence for similar transformations in cold-climate ecosystems of the boreal, subarctic and upper montane-temperate life zones. Our assessment focuses on the plant genera Lupinus and Alnus, which have become invasive largely as a consequence of deliberate introductions and/or reduced land management. These cold biomes are commonly located in remote areas with low anthropogenic N inputs, and the environmental impacts of N2-fixer invasion appear to be as severe as those from anthropogenic N deposition in highly N polluted areas. Hence, inputs of N from N2 fixation can affect ecosystems as dramatically or even more strongly than N inputs from atmospheric deposition, and biomes in cold climates represent no exception with regard to the risk of being invaded by N2-fixing species. In particular, the cold biomes studied here show both a strong potential to be transformed by N2-fixing plants and a rapid subsequent saturation in the ecosystem's capacity to retain N. Therefore, analogous to increases in N deposition, N2-fixing plant invasions must be deemed significant threats to biodiversity and to environmental quality.}, }
@article {pmid24937651, year = {2014}, author = {Castro-Díez, P and Valle, G and González-Muñoz, N and Alonso, &#xc1;}, title = {Can the life-history strategy explain the success of the exotic trees Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia in Iberian floodplain forests?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e100254}, pmid = {24937651}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ailanthus/*growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; *Forests ; Fruit/*growth &amp; development ; Pollination/*physiology ; Reproduction ; Robinia/*growth &amp; development ; Seedlings ; Trees/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Ailanthus altissima and Robina pseudoacacia are two successful invasive species of floodplains in central Spain. We aim to explain their success as invaders in this habitat by exploring their phenological pattern, vegetative and sexual reproductive growth, and allometric relations, comparing them with those of the dominant native tree Populus alba. During a full annual cycle we follow the timing of vegetative growth, flowering, fruit set, leaf abscission and fruit dispersal. Growth was assessed by harvesting two-year old branches at the peaks of vegetative, flower and fruit production and expressing the mass of current-year leaves, stems, inflorescences and infrutescences per unit of previous-year stem mass. Secondary growth was assessed as the increment of trunk basal area per previous-year basal area. A. altissima and R. pseudoacacia showed reproductive traits (late flowering phenology, insect pollination, late and long fruit set period, larger seeds) different from P. alba and other native trees, which may help them to occupy an empty reproductive niche and benefit from a reduced competition for the resources required by reproductive growth. The larger seeds of the invaders may make them less dependent on gaps for seedling establishment. If so, these invaders may benefit from the reduced gap formation rate of flood-regulated rivers of the study region. The two invasive species showed higher gross production than the native, due to the higher size of pre-existing stems rather than to a faster relative growth rate. The latter was only higher in A. altissima for stems, and in R. pseudoacacia for reproductive organs. A. altissima and R. pseudoacacia showed the lowest and highest reproductive/vegetative mass ratio, respectively. Therefore, A. altissima may outcompete native P. alba trees thanks to a high potential to overtop coexisting plants whereas R. pseudoacacia may do so by means of a higher investment in sexual reproduction.}, }
@article {pmid24937124, year = {2014}, author = {Turnipseed, RK and Ugine, TA and Losey, JE}, title = {Effect of prey limitation on competitive interactions between a native lady beetle, Coccinella novemnotata, and an invasive lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {969-976}, doi = {10.1603/EN14043}, pmid = {24937124}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*physiology ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Female ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Male ; Population Density ; *Predatory Behavior ; United States ; }, abstract = {The size and geographic distribution of Coccinella novemnotata Herbst populations have been decreasing rapidly across North America closely following the establishment, spread, and population growth of the invasive seven-spotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L. To determine whether intraguild predation and competition for prey may be partially responsible for the decline, we paired first-instar larvae of two populations of C. novemnotata (eastern and western) with first-instar C. septempunctata at low or high aphid densities. Survival of both C. novemnotata populations was significantly lower when larvae were paired with C. septempunctata, and western C. novemnotata exhibited significantly lower survival compared with the eastern population. This relationship depended on aphid density with the greatest survival of both C. novemnotata populations occurring at the high aphid density. Both male and female C. novemnotata weighed less on the day of eclosion when paired with C. septempunctata as compared with pairings with conspecifics. In a second test, C. septempunctata and C. novemnotata instars were varied at the start of the trial and C. novemnotata survival to adulthood in the presence of C. septempunctata was dependent of the instar of C. novemnotata used to initiate the experiment. C. novemnotata exhibited higher rates of survival and weighed significantly more on the day of eclosion when C. novemnotata was older than its C. septempunctata partner. These results suggest that interspecific competition including intraguild predation by C. septempunctata may contribute to C. novemnotata population declines, but that the intensity of this impact may vary across C. novemnotata populations.}, }
@article {pmid24936876, year = {2014}, author = {Brown, GP and Shine, R}, title = {Immune response varies with rate of dispersal in invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e99734}, pmid = {24936876}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Australia ; Bufonidae/*immunology ; Corticosterone/blood ; Escherichia coli/immunology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Leukocyte Count ; Leukocytes/immunology/microbiology ; Male ; Phagocytosis ; Skin/immunology ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {What level of immunocompetence should an animal maintain while undertaking long-distance dispersal? Immune function (surveillance and response) might be down-regulated during prolonged physical exertion due to energy depletion, and/or to avoid autoimmune reactions arising from damaged tissue. On the other hand, heightened immune vigilance might be favored if the organism encounters novel pathogens as it enters novel environments. We assessed the links between immune defense and long-distance movement in a population of invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) in Australia. Toads were radio-tracked for seven days to measure their activity levels and were then captured and subjected to a suite of immune assays. Toads that moved further showed decreased bacteria-killing ability in their plasma and decreased phagocytic activity in their whole blood, but a heightened skin-swelling response to phytohemagglutinin. Baseline and post-stress corticosterone levels were unrelated to distance moved. Thus, long-distance movement in cane toads is associated with a dampened response in some systems and enhanced response in another. This pattern suggests that sustained activity is accompanied by trade-offs among immune components rather than an overall down or up-regulation. The finding that high mobility is accompanied by modification of the immune system has important implications for animal invasions.}, }
@article {pmid24933811, year = {2014}, author = {Miller, AL and Diez, JM and Sullivan, JJ and Wangen, SR and Wiser, SK and Meffin, R and Duncan, RP}, title = {Quantifying invasion resistance: the use of recruitment functions to control for propagule pressure.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {4}, pages = {920-929}, doi = {10.1890/13-0655.1}, pmid = {24933811}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Invasive species distributions tend to be biased towards some habitats compared to others due to the combined effects of habitat-specific resistance to invasion and non-uniform propagule pressure. These two factors may also interact, with habitat resistance varying as a function of propagule supply rate. Recruitment experiments, in which the number of individuals recruiting into a population is measured under different propagule supply rates, can help us understand these interactions and quantify habitat resistance to invasion while controlling for variation in propagule supply rate. Here, we constructed recruitment functions for the invasive herb Hieracium lepidulum by sowing seeds at five different densities into six different habitat types in New Zealand's Southern Alps repeated over two successive years, and monitored seedling recruitment and survival over a four year period. We fitted recruitment functions that allowed us to estimate the total number of safe sites available for plants to occupy, which we used as a measure of invasion resistance, and tested several hypotheses concerning how invasion resistance differed among habitats and over time. We found significant differences in levels of H. lepidulum recruitment among habitats, which did not match the species' current distribution in the landscape. Local biotic and abiotic characteristics helped explain some of the between-habitat variation, with vascular plant species richness, vascular plant cover, and light availability, all positively correlated with the number of safe sites for recruitment. Resistance also varied over time however, with cohorts sown in successive years showing different levels of recruitment in some habitats but not others. These results show that recruitment functions can be used to quantify habitat resistance to invasion and to identify potential mechanisms of invasion resistance.}, }
@article {pmid24933437, year = {2014}, author = {Oganjan, K and Lauringson, V}, title = {Grazing rate of zebra mussel in a shallow eutrophicated bay of the Baltic Sea.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {102}, number = {}, pages = {43-50}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.05.003}, pmid = {24933437}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Bays ; Bivalvia ; Dreissena/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Latvia ; Models, Theoretical ; Oceans and Seas ; Pigments, Biological/analysis ; Regression Analysis ; }, abstract = {Benthic suspension feeding is an important process in coastal ecosystems. Among all the World's oceans, coastal ecosystems are the most modified by human impact and changing at accelerating pace. It is complicated to understand, how various environmental factors affect feeding rates of suspension feeders in their natural habitats. Thus, shapes of such relationships are poorly described for several intersections of environmental gradients. In this study, relationships between grazing rates of an invasive bivalve Dreissena polymorpha and ambient environmental factors were investigated in a turbid eutrophic bay of the central Baltic Sea using a novel modelling method of Boosted Regression Trees (BRT), a statistical tool able to handle non-normal distributions, complex relationships, and interactive effects. Feeding rates of mussels were derived from field populations by measuring the content of algal pigments in specimens collected from their natural habitat. The content of pigments was converted to feeding rate separately each time using field experiments measuring simultaneously the content of pigments and biodeposition of mussels. The results suggest that feeding rates of D. polymorpha are related to several environmental factors which gradients outreach the optimal range for the local mussel population. All the observed effects were non-linear with complex shapes. Variability along the resource gradient was the most important predictor of mussel feeding, followed by salinity and disturbance caused by wind. The most important interaction occurred between disturbance and resource gradient, while feeding function showed more plasticity along the latter. Mapping of environmental tipping points with the aid of machine learning methods may enable to concentrate the most relevant information about ecological functions worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid24933435, year = {2014}, author = {Arula, T and Ojaveer, H and Klais, R}, title = {Impact of extreme climate and bioinvasion on temporal coupling of spring herring (Clupea harengus m.) larvae and their prey.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {102}, number = {}, pages = {102-109}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.05.001}, pmid = {24933435}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Copepoda/physiology ; Estuaries ; Fishes/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Latvia ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Zooplankton ; }, abstract = {We used weekly observational data from mid-May to end of July in 1958-2012 in Gulf of Riga to investigate temporal coupling between spring herring larvae and their first prey - copepod nauplii, under the extreme hydroclimatic conditions. We focused on a small shallow estuary that is important nursery ground for larvae of the Gulf of Riga (Baltic Sea) herring population. We quantified the effect of extreme values of the winter air temperatures, time of ice retreat and spring water temperatures on the timing of peak abundance of herring larvae and copepod nauplii. We also assessed whether the invasion of the non-native cladoceran Cercopagis pengoi had notable effect on timing and abundance of copepod nauplii during the peak occurrence of herring larvae. In the years of earliest ice retreat the peak abundance of herring larvae was five weeks earlier than in the years of latest ice retreat, while the timing of nauplii remained unchanged. Abundant presence of the C. pengoi affected neither timing nor maximum abundance of copepod nauplii during the herring larvae first feeding period. Thus, we conclude that processes induced by climate variability are superior to invasion of C. pengoi in determining the timing and coupling of larval herring and copepod nauplii.}, }
@article {pmid24932498, year = {2014}, author = {Lenda, M and Skórka, P and Knops, JM and Moroń, D and Sutherland, WJ and Kuszewska, K and Woyciechowski, M}, title = {Effect of the internet commerce on dispersal modes of invasive alien species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e99786}, pmid = {24932498}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Commerce ; *Internet ; *Introduced Species ; Movement ; Poland ; Seed Dispersal/*physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The spread of invasive alien plants has considerable environmental and economic consequences, and is one of the most challenging ecological problems. The spread of invasive alien plant species depends largely on long-distance dispersal, which is typically linked with human activity. The increasing domination of the internet will have impacts upon almost all components of our lives, including potential consequences for the spread of invasive species. To determine whether the rise of Internet commerce has any consequences for the spread of invasive alien plant species, we studied the sale of thirteen of some of the most harmful Europe invasive alien plant species sold as decorative plants from twenty-eight large, well known gardening shops in Poland that sold both via the Internet and through traditional customer sales. We also analyzed temporal changes in the number of invasive plants sold in the largest Polish internet auction portal. When sold through the Internet invasive alien plant species were transported considerably longer distances than for traditional sales. For internet sales, seeds of invasive alien plant species were transported further than were live plants saplings; this was not the case for traditional sales. Also, with e-commerce the shape of distance distribution were flattened with low skewness comparing with traditional sale where the distributions were peaked and right-skewed. Thus, e-commerce created novel modes of long-distance dispersal, while traditional sale resembled more natural dispersal modes. Moreover, analysis of sale in the biggest Polish internet auction portal showed that the number of alien specimens sold via the internet has increased markedly over recent years. Therefore internet commerce is likely to increase the rate at which ecological communities become homogenized and increase spread of invasive species by increasing the rate of long distance dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid24931621, year = {2014}, author = {Shirk, RY and Hamrick, JL}, title = {Multivariate adaptation but no increase in competitive ability in invasive Geranium carolinianum L. (Geraniaceae).}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {68}, number = {10}, pages = {2945-2959}, doi = {10.1111/evo.12474}, pmid = {24931621}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; China ; Climate ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Loci ; Genetic Variation ; Geranium/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; United States ; }, abstract = {Adaptive evolution can affect the successful establishment of invasive species, but changes in selective pressures, loss of genetic variation in relevant traits, and/or altered trait correlations can make adaptation difficult to predict. We used a common-garden experiment to assess trait correlations and patterns of adaptation in the invasive plant, Geranium carolinianum, sampled across 20 populations in its native (United States) and invasive (China) ranges. We used multivariate QST - FST tests to determine if phenotypic differences between countries are attributable to adaptation. We also compared population-level variation within each country to assess whether local adaptation resulted in similar multivariate phenotypes in the United States and China. Between countries, most phenotypic differences are indistinguishable from genetic drift, although we detected a signature of adaptation to the colder, drier winters in China. There was no evidence for increases in invasive traits in China. Within countries, strong multivariate adaptation appears to be driven by latitudinal climatic variation in the United States, but not in China. Additionally, adaptive trait combinations as well as their underlying correlations differ between the two countries, indicating that adaptation in invasive populations does not parallel patterns in native populations due to differences in selection pressures, genetic constraints, or both.}, }
@article {pmid24930241, year = {2014}, author = {Pojmańska, T and Niewiadomska, K}, title = {Alien species of parasites--some questions concerning terminology.}, journal = {Annals of parasitology}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, pages = {5-17}, pmid = {24930241}, issn = {2299-0631}, mesh = {Animals ; Demography ; Europe ; Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; Parasites/*classification/physiology ; }, abstract = {The article deals with some terms proposed by the proper institutions of the Council of Europe for describing the phenomenon of invasion of living organisms into new habitats. As these terms were elaborated mainly from the point of view of free leaving creatures, the goal of the authors was to discuss the possibility to adapt them for parasites species. Several propositions of resolving some difficulties have been presented'.}, }
@article {pmid26069356, year = {2014}, author = {Trouvé, R and Drapela, T and Frank, T and Hadacek, F and Zaller, JG}, title = {Herbivory of an invasive slug in a model grassland community can be affected by earthworms and mycorrhizal fungi.}, journal = {Biology and fertility of soils}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {13-23}, pmid = {26069356}, issn = {0178-2762}, support = {P 20171/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, abstract = {Invasion of non-native species is among the top threats for the biodiversity and functioning of native and agricultural ecosystems worldwide. We investigated whether the herbivory of the slug Arion vulgaris (formerly Arion lusitanicus; Gastropoda), that is listed among the 100 worst alien species in Europe, is affected by soil organisms commonly present in terrestrial ecosystems (i.e. earthworms-Annelida: Lumbricidae and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-AMF, Glomerales). We hypothesized that slug herbivory would be affected by soil organisms via altered plant nutrient availability and plant quality. In a greenhouse experiment, we created a simple plant community consisting of a grass, a forb, and a legume species and inoculated these systems with either two earthworm species and/or four AMF taxa. Slugs were introduced after plants were established. Earthworms significantly reduced total slug herbivory in AMF-inoculated plant communities (P = 0.013). Across plant species, earthworms increased leaf total N and secondary metabolites, AMF decreased leaf thickness. Mycorrhizae induced a shift in slug feeding preference from non-legumes to legumes; the grass was generally avoided by slugs. AMF effects on legume herbivory can partly be explained by the AMF-induced increase in total N and decrease in C/N ratio; earthworm effects are less clear as no worm-induced alterations of legume plant chemistry were observed. The presence of earthworms increased average AMF colonization of plant roots by 140 % (P < 0.001). Total shoot mass was significantly increased by AMF (P < 0.001). These data suggest that the feeding behavior of this invasive slug is altered by a belowground control of plant chemical quality and community structure.}, }
@article {pmid25954596, year = {2014}, author = {Zarif, JC and Taichman, RS and Pienta, KJ}, title = {TAM macrophages promote growth and metastasis within the cancer ecosystem.}, journal = {Oncoimmunology}, volume = {3}, number = {7}, pages = {e941734}, pmid = {25954596}, issn = {2162-4011}, support = {P01 CA093900/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; U01 CA143055/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; U54 CA143803/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; U54 CA163124/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Cancer continues to be the major cause of morbidity and death of more than 500,000 people in the US annually. Alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages or TAMs) can facilitate tumor invasiveness and metastasis. As an invasive species in the tumor microenvironment, they provide an ideal therapeutic target.}, }
@article {pmid25936213, year = {2014}, author = {Martelloni, G and Santarlasci Alisa,  and Bagnoli, F and Santini, G}, title = {Modeling ant battles by means of a diffusion-limited Gillespie algorithm.}, journal = {Theoretical biology forum}, volume = {107}, number = {1-2}, pages = {57-76}, pmid = {25936213}, issn = {2282-2593}, mesh = {*Aggression ; *Algorithms ; Animals ; Ants/classification/*physiology ; *Behavior, Animal ; Locomotion ; Markov Chains ; *Models, Biological ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Population Dynamics ; Reaction Time ; Spatial Behavior ; Species Specificity ; Stochastic Processes ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {We propose two modeling approaches to describe the dynamics of ant battles, starting from laboratory experiments on the behavior of two ant species, the invasive Lasius neglectus and the authocthonus Lasius paralienus. This work is mainly motivated by the need to have realistic models to predict the interaction dynamics of invasive species. The two considered species exhibit different fighting strategies. In order to describe the observed battle dynamics, we start by building a chemical model considering the ants and the fighting groups (for instance two ants of a species and one of the other one) as a chemical species. From the chemical equations we deduce a system of differential equations, whose parameters are estimated by minimizing the difference between the experimental data and the model output. We model the fluctuations observed in the experiments by means of a standard Gillespie algorithm. In order to better reproduce the observed behavior, we adopt a spatial agent-based model, in which ants not engaged in fighting groups move randomly (diffusion) among compartments, and the Gillespie algorithm is used to model the reactions inside a compartment.}, }
@article {pmid25864337, year = {2014}, author = {Sadeghi, R and Zarkami, R and Sabetraftar, K and Van Damme, P}, title = {Habitat suitability modelling in auto-ecology analysis of Azolla filiculoides (Lam.) azollaceae in Selkeh wildlife refuge (Iran).}, journal = {Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences}, volume = {79}, number = {1}, pages = {193-198}, pmid = {25864337}, issn = {1379-1176}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Ferns/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Iran ; Models, Biological ; }, }
@article {pmid25202520, year = {2013}, author = {Fox, SE and Preece, J and Kimbrel, JA and Marchini, GL and Sage, A and Youens-Clark, K and Cruzan, MB and Jaiswal, P}, title = {Sequencing and de novo transcriptome assembly of Brachypodium sylvaticum (Poaceae).}, journal = {Applications in plant sciences}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {25202520}, issn = {2168-0450}, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: We report the de novo assembly and characterization of the transcriptomes of Brachypodium sylvaticum (slender false-brome) accessions from native populations of Spain and Greece, and an invasive population west of Corvallis, Oregon, USA. •<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: More than 350 million sequence reads from the mRNA libraries prepared from three B. sylvaticum genotypes were assembled into 120,091 (Corvallis), 104,950 (Spain), and 177,682 (Greece) transcript contigs. In comparison with the B. distachyon Bd21 reference genome and GenBank protein sequences, we estimate >90% exome coverage for B. sylvaticum. The transcripts were assigned Gene Ontology and InterPro annotations. Brachypodium sylvaticum sequence reads aligned against the Bd21 genome revealed 394,654 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and >20,000 simple sequence repeat (SSR) DNA sites. &#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report of transcriptome sequencing of invasive plant species with a closely related sequenced reference genome. The sequences and identified SNP variant and SSR sites will provide tools for developing novel genetic markers for use in genotyping and characterization of invasive behavior of B. sylvaticum.}, }
@article {pmid25540676, year = {2013}, author = {Skelsey, P and With, KA and Garrett, KA}, title = {Why dispersal should be maximized at intermediate scales of heterogeneity.}, journal = {Theoretical ecology}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {203-211}, pmid = {25540676}, issn = {1874-1738}, abstract = {Dispersal is a fundamental biological process that results in the redistribution of organisms due to the interplay between the mode of dispersal, the range of scales over which movement occurs, and the scale of spatial heterogeneity, in which patchiness may occur across a broad range of scales. Despite the diversity of dispersal mechanisms and dispersal length scales in nature, we posit that a fundamental scaling relationship should exist between dispersal and spatial heterogeneity. We present both a conceptual model and mathematical formalization of this expected relationship between the scale of dispersal and the scale of patchiness, which predicts that the magnitude of dispersal (number of individuals) among patches should be maximized when the scale of spatial heterogeneity (defined in terms of patch size and isolation) is neither too fine nor too coarse relative to the gap-crossing abilities of a species. We call this the "dispersal scaling hypothesis" (DSH). We demonstrate congruence in the functional form of this relationship under fundamentally different dispersal assumptions, using well-documented isotropic dispersal kernels and empirically derived dispersal parameters from diverse species, in order to explore the generality of this finding. The DSH generates testable hypotheses as to when and under what landscape scenarios dispersal is most likely to be successful. This provides insights into what management scenarios might be necessary to either restore landscape connectivity, as in certain conservation applications, or disrupt connectivity, as when attempting to manage landscapes to impede the spread of an invasive species, pest, or pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid25408891, year = {2013}, author = {Mach, ME and Chan, KM}, title = {Trading green backs for green crabs: evaluating the commercial shellfish harvest at risk from European green crab invasion.}, journal = {F1000Research}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {66}, pmid = {25408891}, issn = {2046-1402}, abstract = {Nonnative species pose a threat to native biodiversity and can have immense impacts on biological communities, altering the function of ecosystems. How much value is at risk from high-impact invasive species, and which parameters determine variation in that value, constitutes critical knowledge for directing both management and research, but it is rarely available. We evaluated the value of the commercial shellfish harvest that is at risk in nearshore ecosystems of Puget Sound, Washington State, USA, from the invasive European green crab, Carcinus maenas. We assessed this value using a simple static ecological model combined with an economic model using data from Puget Sound's shellfish harvest and revenue and the relationship between C. maenas abundance and the consumption rate of shellfish. The model incorporates a range in C. maenas diet preference, calories consumed per year, and crab densities. C. maenas is likely to prey on commercially harvested hardshell clams, oysters, and mussels, which would likely reduce additional revenue from processing and distribution, and the number of jobs associated with these fisheries. The model results suggest possible revenue losses of these shellfish ranging from $1.03-23.8 million USD year [-1] (2.8-64% losses), with additional processing and distribution losses up to $17.6 million USD and 442 job positions each year associated with a range of plausible parameter values. The broad range of values reflects the uncertainty in key factors underlying impacts, factors that are highly variable across invaded regions and so not knowable a priori. However, future research evaluating species invasions can reduce the uncertainty of impacts by characterizing several key parameters: density of individuals, number of arrivals, predation and competition interactions, and economic impacts. This study therefore provides direction for research to inform more accurate estimates of value-at-risk, and suggests substantial motivation for strong measures to prevent, monitor, and manage the possible invasion of C. maenas.}, }
@article {pmid25250457, year = {2013}, author = {Fischer, G and Fisher, BL}, title = {A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidole megacephala.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3683}, number = {}, pages = {301-356}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1}, pmid = {25250457}, issn = {1175-5326}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Female ; Indian Ocean Islands ; Introduced Species ; Male ; }, abstract = {The myrmicine genus Pheidole Westwood is revised for the smaller islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean: Comoros, Juan de Nova Island, Mauritius, Mayotte, Reunion, and the Seychelles. Descriptions and keys are provided for the thirteen species on these islands of which seven are newly described: P. decepticon sp. n., P. dodo sp. n., P. komori sp. n, P. loki sp. n., P. megatron sp. n., P. ragnax sp. n., P. vulcan sp. n.; and six were previously described: P. braueri Forel, P. fervens Smith, F., P. jonas Forel, P. megacephala (Fabricius), P. parva Forel, and P. teneriffana Forel. New synonymies (with the senior synonym listed first) include P. parva Mayr = P. flavens var. farquharensis Forel, P. parva Mayr = P. tarda Donisthorpe, P. megacephala (Fabricius) = P. picata Forel, P. megacephala (Fabricius) = P. punctulata r. gietleni Forel, 1905, P. megacephala (Fabricius) = P. picata var. bernhardae Emery, 1915, P. megacephala (Fabricius) = P megacephala r. scabrior Forel, and P. teneriffana Forel = P. voeltzkowii Forel. Furthermore, lectotypes are designated from the syntypes of P. braueri, P. fervens, P. jonas, P. parva, and P. teneriffana in order to provide a single name-bearing specimen and to facilitate future taxonomic studies. Finally, a neotype is provided for the untraceable or possibly lost type of the cosmopolitan and invasive P. megacephala, which was originally described by Fabricius from Mauritius (the former 'Ile de France').}, }
@article {pmid25202479, year = {2013}, author = {Guo, W and Huang, Y and He, Z and Yan, Y and Zhou, R and Shi, S}, title = {Development and characterization of microsatellite loci for smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae).}, journal = {Applications in plant sciences}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {25202479}, issn = {2168-0450}, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Spartina alterniflora is one of the nine most notoriously invasive plants in China. Microsatellite markers were developed for this species to investigate its invasiveness and genetic diversity. •<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifteen polymorphic and seven monomorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers derived from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were identified and screened in 60 samples of S. alterniflora. The number of alleles per polymorphic locus ranged from two to eight, with an average of 3.8 alleles per polymorphic locus. The expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity based on seven disomic loci ranged from 0.27 to 0.46 and 0.21 to 0.51, respectively. The average Shannon index ranged from 0.26 to 0.94 in eight nondisomic loci. &#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The SSR markers described here may be useful for further investigation of population genetics and invasion dynamics of S. alterniflora.}, }
@article {pmid25568058, year = {2012}, author = {Ward, JL and Blum, MJ and Walters, DM and Porter, BA and Burkhead, N and Freeman, B}, title = {Discordant introgression in a rapidly expanding hybrid swarm.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {380-392}, pmid = {25568058}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The erosion of species boundaries can involve rapid evolutionary change. Consequently, many aspects of the process remain poorly understood, including the formation, expansion, and evolution of hybrid swarms. Biological invasions involving hybridization present exceptional opportunities to study the erosion of species boundaries because timelines of interactions and outcomes are frequently well known. Here, we examined clinal variation across codominant and maternally inherited genetic markers as well as phenotypic traits to characterize the expansion and evolution of a hybrid swarm between native Cyprinella venusta and invasive Cyprinella lutrensis minnows. Discordant introgression of phenotype, microsatellite multilocus genotype, and mtDNA haplotype indicates that the observable expansion of the C. venusta × C. lutrensis hybrid swarm is a false invasion front. Both parental and hybrid individuals closely resembling C. lutrensis are numerically dominant in the expansion wake, indicating that the non-native parental phenotype may be selectively favored. These findings show that cryptic introgression can extend beyond the phenotypic boundaries of hybrid swarms and that hybrid swarms likely expand more rapidly than can be documented from phenotypic variation alone. Similarly, dominance of a single parental phenotype following an introduction event may lead to instances of species erosion being mistaken for species displacement without hybridization.}, }
@article {pmid25568054, year = {2012}, author = {Nituch, LA and Bowman, J and Wilson, P and Schulte-Hostedde, AI}, title = {Molecular epidemiology of Aleutian disease virus in free-ranging domestic, hybrid, and wild mink.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {330-340}, pmid = {25568054}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Aleutian mink disease (AMD) is a prominent infectious disease in mink farms. The AMD virus (AMDV) has been well characterized in Europe where American mink (Neovison vison) are an introduced species; however, in North America, where American mink are native and the disease is thought to have originated, the virus' molecular epidemiology is unknown. As such, we characterized viral isolates from Ontario free-ranging mink of domestic, hybrid, and wild origin at two proteins: NS1, a nonstructural protein, and VP2, a capsid protein. AMDV DNA was detected in 25% of free-ranging mink (45 of 183), indicating prevalent active infection. Median-joining networks showed that Ontario AMDV isolates formed two subgroups in the NS1 region and three in the VP2 region, which were somewhat separate from, but closely related to, AMDVs circulating in domestic mink worldwide. Molecular analyses showed evidence of AMDV crossing from domestic to wild mink. Our results suggest that AMDV isolate grouping is linked to both wild endogenous reservoirs and the long-term global trade in domestic mink, and that AMD spills back and forth between domestic and wild mink. As such, biosecurity on mink farms is warranted to prevent transmission of the disease between mink farms and the wild.}, }
@article {pmid25363577, year = {2012}, author = {Kerfoot, JR}, title = {Thermal tolerance of the invasive Belonesox belizanus, pike killifish, throughout ontogeny.}, journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological genetics and physiology}, volume = {317}, number = {5}, pages = {266-274}, doi = {10.1002/jez.1720}, pmid = {25363577}, issn = {1932-5231}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Animals ; Cyprinodontiformes/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The goal of this study was to characterize the variability of thermal tolerances between life-history stages of the invasive Belonesox belizanus and attempt to describe the most likely stage of dispersal across south Florida. In the laboratory, individuals were acclimated to three temperatures (20, 25, or 30°C). Upper and lower lethal thermal limits and temperatures at which feeding ceased were measured for neonates, juveniles, and adults. Thermal tolerance polygons were developed to represent the thermal tolerance range of each life-history stage. Results indicated that across acclimation temperatures upper lethal thermal limits were similar for all three stages (38°C). However, minimum lethal thermal limits were significantly different at the 30°C acclimation temperature, where juveniles (9°C) had an approximately 2.0°C and 4.0°C lower minimum lethal thermal limit compared with adults and neonates, respectively. According to thermal tolerance polygons, juveniles had an average tolerance polygonal area almost 20°C(2) larger than adults, indicating the greatest thermal tolerance of the three life-history stages. Variation in cessation of feeding temperatures indicated no significant difference between juveniles and adults. Overall, results of this study imply that juvenile B. belizanus may be equipped with the physiological flexibility to exercise habitat choice and reduce potential intraspecific competition with adults for limited food resources. Given its continued dispersal, the minimum thermal limit of juveniles may aid in continued dispersal of this species, especially during average winter temperatures throughout Florida where juveniles could act to preserve remnant populations until seasonal temperatures increase.}, }
@article {pmid25568050, year = {2012}, author = {Miehls, AL and Peacor, SD and McAdam, AG}, title = {Genetic and maternal effects on tail spine and body length in the invasive spiny water flea (Bythotrephes longimanus).}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {306-316}, pmid = {25568050}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Interest in the evolution of invasive species has grown in recent years, yet few studies have investigated sources of variation in invasive species traits experiencing natural selection. The spiny water flea, Bythotrephes longimanus, is an invasive zooplankton in the Great Lakes that exhibits seasonal changes in tail spine and body length consistent with natural selection. Evolution of Bythotrephes traits, however, depends on the presence and magnitude of quantitative genetic variation, which could change within or across years. Clonal analysis of wild-captured Bythotrephes indicated that variance components for distal spine length were variable among but not within years. Spine length was always heritable but was not always influenced by maternal effects. In contrast, variance components for body length varied both within and among years, but likewise body length was always heritable and not always influenced by maternal effects. Results indicate that important Bythotrephes traits have heritable variation comparable to native species and other invasive species that would enable an evolutionary response to natural selection. This evolutionary capacity could contribute to the widespread success and dramatic effects of Bythotrephes invasion in systems with diverse biotic and abiotic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid25568047, year = {2012}, author = {Lankau, RA}, title = {Interpopulation variation in allelopathic traits informs restoration of invaded landscapes.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {270-282}, pmid = {25568047}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Invasive species can show substantial genetic variation in ecologically important traits, across ranges as well within the introduced range. If these traits affect competition with native species, then management may benefit from considering the genetic landscape of the invader. Across their introduced range, Alliaria petiolata populations vary in their investment in allelopathic traits according to invasion history, which could lead to gradients of impact on native species. Red oak (Quercus rubra) seedlings were transplanted into eight A. petiolata-invaded sites that varied in their invasion history and allelochemical concentrations. At each site, an invader removal treatment was crossed with experimental inoculations of native soil biota, to test whether the benefits of these restoration actions differed across invader populations. Q. rubra seedlings grew faster in invader populations with a longer invasion history and lower allelochemical concentrations. Invader removal and soil inoculation interacted to determine seedling growth, with the benefits of soil inoculation increasing in younger and more highly allelopathic invader populations. A greenhouse experiment using soils collected from experimentally inoculated field plots found similar patterns. These results suggest that the impact of this invader varies across landscapes and that knowledge of this variation could improve the efficacy and efficiency of restoration activities.}, }
@article {pmid25568046, year = {2012}, author = {Hernández-López, A and Rougerie, R and Augustin, S and Lees, DC and Tomov, R and Kenis, M and Çota, E and Kullaj, E and Hansson, C and Grabenweger, G and Roques, A and López-Vaamonde, C}, title = {Host tracking or cryptic adaptation? Phylogeography of Pediobius saulius (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), a parasitoid of the highly invasive horse-chestnut leafminer.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {256-269}, pmid = {25568046}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Classical biological control is often advocated as a tool for managing invasive species. However, accurate evaluations of parasitoid species complexes and assessment of host specificity are impeded by the lack of morphological variation. Here, we study the possibility of host races/species within the eulophid wasp Pediobius saulius, a pupal generalist parasitoid that parasitize the highly invasive horse-chestnut leaf-mining moth Cameraria ohridella. We analysed the population genetic structure, host associations and phylogeographic patterns of P. saulius in Europe using the COI mitochondrial gene. This marker strongly supports a division into at least five highly differentiated parasitoid complexes, within two of which clades with differing degrees of host specialization were found: a Balkan clade that mainly (but not only) attacks C. ohridella and a more generalist European group that attacks many hosts, including C. ohridella. The divergence in COI (up to 7.6%) suggests the existence of cryptic species, although this is neither confirmed by nuclear divergence nor morphology. We do not find evidence of host tracking. The higher parasitism rates observed in the Balkans and the scarcity of the Balkan-Cameraria haplotypes out of the Balkans open the possibility of using these Balkan haplotypes as biological control agents of C. ohridella elsewhere in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid25568043, year = {2012}, author = {Kjær, ED and McKinney, LV and Nielsen, LR and Hansen, LN and Hansen, JK}, title = {Adaptive potential of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) populations against the novel emerging pathogen Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {219-228}, pmid = {25568043}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {An emerging infectious pathogen Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus has spread across much of Europe within recent years causing devastating damage on European common ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior) and associated plant communities. The present study demonstrates the presence of additive genetic variation in susceptibility of natural F. excelsior populations to the new invasive disease. We observe high levels of additive variation in the degree of susceptibility with relatively low influence of environmental factors (narrow-sense heritability = 0.37-0.52). Most native trees are found to be highly susceptible, and we estimate that only around 1% has the potential of producing offspring with expected crown damage of <10% under the present disease pressure. The results suggest that the presence of additive genetic diversity in natural F. excelsior populations can confer the species with important ability to recover, but that low resistance within natural European populations is to be expected because of a low frequency of the hypo-sensitive trees. Large effective population sizes will be required to avoid genetic bottlenecks. The role of artificial selection and breeding for protection of the species is discussed based on the findings.}, }
@article {pmid25568034, year = {2012}, author = {Shine, R}, title = {Invasive species as drivers of evolutionary change: cane toads in tropical Australia.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {107-116}, pmid = {25568034}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The arrival of an invasive species can have wide-ranging ecological impacts on native taxa, inducing rapid evolutionary responses in ways that either reduce the invader's impact or exploit the novel opportunity that it provides. The invasion process itself can cause substantial evolutionary shifts in traits that influence the invader's dispersal rate (via both adaptive and non-adaptive mechanisms) and its ability to establish new populations. I briefly review the nature of evolutionary changes likely to be set in train by a biological invasion, with special emphasis on recent results from my own research group on the invasion of cane toads (Rhinella marina) through tropical Australia. The toads' invasion has caused evolutionary changes both in the toads and in native taxa. Many of those changes are adaptive, but others may result from non-adaptive evolutionary processes: for example, the evolved acceleration in toad dispersal rates may be due to spatial sorting of dispersal-enhancing genes, rather than fitness advantages to faster-dispersing individuals. Managers need to incorporate evolutionary dynamics into their conservation planning, because biological invasions can affect both the rates and the trajectories of evolutionary change.}, }
@article {pmid25568032, year = {2012}, author = {Hufbauer, RA and Facon, B and Ravigné, V and Turgeon, J and Foucaud, J and Lee, CE and Rey, O and Estoup, A}, title = {Anthropogenically induced adaptation to invade (AIAI): contemporary adaptation to human-altered habitats within the native range can promote invasions.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {89-101}, pmid = {25568032}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Adaptive evolution is currently accepted as playing a significant role in biological invasions. Adaptations relevant to invasions are typically thought to occur either recently within the introduced range, as an evolutionary response to novel selection regimes, or within the native range, because of long-term adaptation to the local environment. We propose that recent adaptation within the native range, in particular adaptations to human-altered habitat, could also contribute to the evolution of invasive populations. Populations adapted to human-altered habitats in the native range are likely to increase in abundance within areas frequented by humans and associated with human transport mechanisms, thus enhancing the likelihood of transport to a novel range. Given that habitats are altered by humans in similar ways worldwide, as evidenced by global environmental homogenization, propagules from populations adapted to human-altered habitats in the native range should perform well within similarly human-altered habitats in the novel range. We label this scenario 'Anthropogenically Induced Adaptation to Invade'. We illustrate how it differs from other evolutionary processes that may occur during invasions, and how it can help explain accelerating rates of invasions.}, }
@article {pmid25568018, year = {2011}, author = {Calsbeek, B and Lavergne, S and Patel, M and Molofsky, J}, title = {Comparing the genetic architecture and potential response to selection of invasive and native populations of reed canary grass.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {726-735}, pmid = {25568018}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Evolutionary processes such as migration, genetic drift, and natural selection are thought to play a prominent role in species invasions into novel environments. However, few empirical studies have explored the mechanistic basis of invasion in an evolutionary framework. One promising tool for inferring evolutionarily important changes in introduced populations is the genetic variance-covariance matrix (G matrix). G matrix comparisons allow for the inference of changes in the genetic architecture of introduced populations relative to their native counterparts that may facilitate invasion. Here, we compare the G matrices of reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) populations across native and invasive ranges, and between populations along a latitudinal gradient within each range. We find that the major differences in genetic architecture occur between populations at the Northern and Southern margins within each range, not between native and invasive populations. Previous studies have found that multiple introductions in introduced populations caused an increase in genetic variance on which selection could act. In addition, we find that differences in the evolutionary potential of Phalaris populations are driven by differences in latitude, suggesting that selection also shapes the evolutionary trajectory of invasive populations.}, }
@article {pmid25567998, year = {2011}, author = {Muller, MH and Latreille, M and Tollon, C}, title = {The origin and evolution of a recent agricultural weed: population genetic diversity of weedy populations of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Spain and France.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {499-514}, pmid = {25567998}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The recurrent evolution of crop-related weeds during agricultural history raises serious economic problems and challenging scientific questions. Weedy forms of sunflower, a species native from America, have been reported in European sunflower fields for a few decades. In order to understand their origin, we analysed the genetic diversity of a sample of weedy populations from France and Spain, and of conventional and ornamental varieties. A crop-specific maternally inherited marker was present in all weeds. At 16 microsatellite loci, the weedy populations shared most of their diversity with the conventional varieties. But they showed a large number of additional alleles absent from the cultivated pool. European weedy populations thus most probably originated from the unintentional pollination of maternal lines in seed production fields by wild plants growing nearby, resulting in the introduction of crop-wild hybrids into the farmers' fields. The wide diversity and the low population structure detected were indicative of a multiplicity of introductions events rather than of field-to-field propagation. Further studies are required to understand the local evolutionary dynamics of a weedy population, and especially the respective roles of crop-to-weed gene flow and selection in the fate of an initial source of crop-wild hybrids.}, }
@article {pmid25567997, year = {2011}, author = {Rowe, CL and Leger, EA}, title = {Competitive seedlings and inherited traits: a test of rapid evolution of Elymus multisetus (big squirreltail) in response to cheatgrass invasion.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {485-498}, pmid = {25567997}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Widespread invasion by Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) in the Intermountain West has drastically altered native plant communities. We investigated whether Elymus multisetus (big squirreltail) is evolving in response to invasion and what traits contribute to increased performance. Seedlings from invaded areas exhibited significantly greater tolerance to B. tectorum competition and a greater ability to suppress B. tectorum biomass than seedlings from adjacent uninvaded areas. To identify potentially adaptive traits, we examined which phenological and phenotypic traits were correlated with seedling performance within the uninvaded area, determined their genetic variation by measuring sibling resemblance, and asked whether trait distribution had shifted in invaded areas. Increased tolerance to competition was correlated with early seedling root to shoot ratio, root fork number, and fine root length. Root forks differed among families, but none of these traits differed significantly across invasion status. Additionally, we surveyed more broadly for traits that varied between invaded and uninvaded areas. Elymus multisetus plants collected from invaded areas were smaller, allocated more biomass to roots, and produced a higher percentage of fine roots than plants from uninvaded areas. The ability of native populations to evolve in response to invasion has significant implications for the management and restoration of B. tectorum-invaded communities.}, }
@article {pmid25567958, year = {2011}, author = {Drown, DM and Levri, EP and Dybdahl, MF}, title = {Invasive genotypes are opportunistic specialists not general purpose genotypes.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {132-143}, pmid = {25567958}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {It is not clear which forms of plasticity in fitness-related traits are associated with invasive species. On one hand, it may be better to have a robust performance across environments. On the other, it may be beneficial to take advantage of limited favorable conditions. We chose to study a worldwide invasive species, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, and compare the plasticity of life-history traits of a sample of invasive genotypes to a sample of ancestral-range genotypes. We examined the responses to salinity in this freshwater snail because it varies spatially and temporally in the introduced range and contributes to variation in fitness in our system. We used a recently developed statistical method that quantifies aspects of differences in the shape among reaction norms. We found that the invasive lineages survived and reproduced with an increased probability at the higher salinities, and were superior to ancestral-range lineages in only two traits related to reproduction. Moreover, we found that in terms of traits related to growth, the invasive lineages have a performance optimum that is shifted to higher salinities than the ancestral-range lineages as well as having a narrower niche breadth. Contrary to the prediction of the general purpose genotype hypothesis, we found that invasive lineages tended to be opportunistic specialists.}, }
@article {pmid25567954, year = {2011}, author = {Facon, B and Crespin, L and Loiseau, A and Lombaert, E and Magro, A and Estoup, A}, title = {Can things get worse when an invasive species hybridizes? The harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in France as a case study.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {71-88}, pmid = {25567954}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {So far, only a few studies have explicitly investigated the consequences of admixture for the adaptative potential of invasive populations. We addressed this question in the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis. After decades of use as a biological control agent against aphids in Europe and North America, H. axyridis recently became invasive in four continents and has now spread widely in Europe. Despite this invasion, a flightless strain is still sold as a biological control agent in Europe. However, crosses between flightless and invasive individuals yield individuals able to fly, as the flightless phenotype is caused by a single recessive mutation. We investigated the potential consequences of admixture between invasive and flightless biological control individuals on the invasion in France. We used three complementary approaches: (i) population genetics, (ii) a mate-choice experiment, and (iii) a quantitative genetics experiment. The invasive French population and the biological control strain showed substantial genetic differentiation, but there are no reproductive barriers between the two. Hybrids displayed a shorter development time, a larger size and a higher genetic variance for survival in starvation conditions than invasive individuals. We discuss the potential consequences of our results with respect to the invasion of H. axyridis in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid25567953, year = {2011}, author = {Ciosi, M and Miller, NJ and Toepfer, S and Estoup, A and Guillemaud, T}, title = {Stratified dispersal and increasing genetic variation during the invasion of Central Europe by the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {54-70}, pmid = {25567953}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Invasive species provide opportunities for investigating evolutionary aspects of colonization processes, including initial foundations of populations and geographic expansion. Using microsatellite markers and historical information, we characterized the genetic patterns of the invasion of the western corn rootworm (WCR), a pest of corn crops, in its largest area of expansion in Europe: Central and South-Eastern (CSE) Europe. We found that the invaded area probably corresponds to a single expanding population resulting from a single introduction of WCR and that gene flow is geographically limited within the population. In contrast to what is expected in classical colonization processes, an increase in genetic variation was observed from the center to the edge of the outbreak. Control measures against WCR at the center of the outbreak may have decreased effective population size in this area which could explain this observed pattern of genetic variation. We also found that small remote outbreaks in southern Germany and north-eastern Italy most likely originated from long-distance dispersal events from CSE Europe. We conclude that the large European outbreak is expanding by stratified dispersal, involving both continuous diffusion and discontinuous long-distance dispersal. This latter mode of dispersal may accelerate the expansion of WCR in Europe in the future.}, }
@article {pmid25567942, year = {2010}, author = {Ellstrand, NC and Heredia, SM and Leak-Garcia, JA and Heraty, JM and Burger, JC and Yao, L and Nohzadeh-Malakshah, S and Ridley, CE}, title = {Crops gone wild: evolution of weeds and invasives from domesticated ancestors.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {3}, number = {5-6}, pages = {494-504}, pmid = {25567942}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The evolution of problematic plants, both weeds and invasives, is a topic of increasing interest. Plants that have evolved from domesticated ancestors have certain advantages for study. Because of their economic importance, domesticated plants are generally well-characterized and readily available for ecogenetic comparison with their wild descendants. Thus, the evolutionary history of crop descendants has the potential to be reconstructed in some detail. Furthermore, growing crop progenitors with their problematic descendants in a common environment allows for the identification of significant evolutionary differences that correlate with weediness or invasiveness. We sought well-established examples of invasives and weeds for which genetic and/or ethnobotanical evidence has confirmed their evolution from domesticates. We found surprisingly few cases, only 13. We examine our list for generalizations and then some selected cases to reveal how plant pests have evolved from domesticates. Despite their potential utility, crop descendants remain underexploited for evolutionary study. Promising evolutionary research opportunities for these systems are abundant and worthy of pursuit.}, }
@article {pmid25567926, year = {2010}, author = {Arnaud, JF and Fénart, S and Cordellier, M and Cuguen, J}, title = {Populations of weedy crop-wild hybrid beets show contrasting variation in mating system and population genetic structure.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, pages = {305-318}, pmid = {25567926}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Reproductive traits are key parameters for the evolution of invasiveness in weedy crop-wild hybrids. In Beta vulgaris, cultivated beets hybridize with their wild relatives in the seed production areas, giving rise to crop-wild hybrid weed beets. We investigated the genetic structure, the variation in first-year flowering and the variation in mating system among weed beet populations occurring within sugar beet production fields. No spatial genetic structure was found for first-year populations composed of F1 crop-wild hybrid beets. In contrast, populations composed of backcrossed weed beets emerging from the seed bank showed a strong isolation-by-distance pattern. Whereas gametophytic self-incompatibility prevents selfing in wild beet populations, all studied weed beet populations had a mixed-mating system, plausibly because of the introgression of the crop-derived Sf gene that disrupts self-incompatibility. No significant relationship between outcrossing rate and local weed beet density was found, suggesting no trends for a shift in the mating system because of environmental effects. We further reveal that increased invasiveness of weed beets may stem from positive selection on first-year flowering induction depending on the B gene inherited from the wild. Finally, we discuss the practical and applied consequences of our findings for crop-weed management.}, }
@article {pmid25567920, year = {2010}, author = {Marsico, TD and Burt, JW and Espeland, EK and Gilchrist, GW and Jamieson, MA and Lindström, L and Roderick, GK and Swope, S and Szűcs, M and Tsutsui, ND}, title = {Underutilized resources for studying the evolution of invasive species during their introduction, establishment, and lag phases.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {203-219}, pmid = {25567920}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The early phases of biological invasions are poorly understood. In particular, during the introduction, establishment, and possible lag phases, it is unclear to what extent evolution must take place for an introduced species to transition from established to expanding. In this study, we highlight three disparate data sources that can provide insights into evolutionary processes associated with invasion success: biological control organisms, horticultural introductions, and natural history collections. All three data sources potentially provide introduction dates, information about source populations, and genetic and morphological samples at different time points along the invasion trajectory that can be used to investigate preadaptation and evolution during the invasion process, including immediately after introduction and before invasive expansion. For all three data sources, we explore where the data are held, their quality, and their accessibility. We argue that these sources could find widespread use with a few additional pieces of data, such as voucher specimens collected at certain critical time points during biocontrol agent quarantine, rearing, and release and also for horticultural imports, neither of which are currently done consistently. In addition, public access to collected information must become available on centralized databases to increase its utility in ecological and evolutionary research.}, }
@article {pmid25567919, year = {2010}, author = {Vanderhoeven, S and Brown, CS and Tepolt, CK and Tsutsui, ND and Vanparys, V and Atkinson, S and Mahy, G and Monty, A}, title = {Linking concepts in the ecology and evolution of invasive plants: network analysis shows what has been most studied and identifies knowledge gaps.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {193-202}, pmid = {25567919}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {In recent decades, a growing number of studies have addressed connections between ecological and evolutionary concepts in biologic invasions. These connections may be crucial for understanding the processes underlying invaders' success. However, the extent to which scientists have worked on the integration of the ecology and evolution of invasive plants is poorly documented, as few attempts have been made to evaluate these efforts in invasion biology research. Such analysis can facilitate recognize well-documented relationships and identify gaps in our knowledge. In this study, we used a network-based method for visualizing the connections between major aspects of ecology and evolution in the primary research literature. Using the family Poaceae as an example, we show that ecological concepts were more studied and better interconnected than were evolutionary concepts. Several possible connections were not documented at all, representing knowledge gaps between ecology and evolution of invaders. Among knowledge gaps, the concepts of plasticity, gene flow, epigenetics and human influence were particularly under-connected. We discuss five possible research avenues to better understand the relationships between ecology and evolution in the success of Poaceae, and of alien plants in general.}, }
@article {pmid25567917, year = {2010}, author = {Leger, EA and Espeland, EK}, title = {Coevolution between native and invasive plant competitors: implications for invasive species management.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {169-178}, pmid = {25567917}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Invasive species may establish in communities because they are better competitors than natives, but in order to remain community dominants, the competitive advantage of invasive species must be persistent. Native species that are not extirpated when highly invasive species are introduced are likely to compete with invaders. When population sizes and genetic diversity of native species are large enough, natives may be able to evolve traits that allow them to co-occur with invasive species. Native species may also evolve to become significant competitors with invasive species, and thus affect the fitness of invaders. Invasive species may respond in turn, creating either transient or continuing coevolution between competing species. In addition to demographic factors such as population size and growth rates, a number of factors including gene flow, genetic drift, the number of selection agents, encounter rates, and genetic diversity may affect the ability of native and invasive species to evolve competitive ability against one another. We discuss how these factors may differ between populations of native and invasive plants, and how this might affect their ability to respond to selection. Management actions that maintain genetic diversity in native species while reducing population sizes and genetic diversity in invasive species could promote the ability of natives to evolve improved competitive ability.}, }
@article {pmid25567916, year = {2010}, author = {Zalapa, JE and Brunet, J and Guries, RP}, title = {The extent of hybridization and its impact on the genetic diversity and population structure of an invasive tree, Ulmus pumila (Ulmaceae).}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {157-168}, pmid = {25567916}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Ulmus pumila is considered an invasive tree in 41 of the United States. In this study, we examined the extent of hybridization in naturalized populations of U. pumila, its impact on genetic diversity and genetic structure and its potential role in explaining the invasion process of U. pumila. Genetic analyses indicated widespread hybridization with native Ulmus rubra in naturalized U. pumila populations. Hybridization increased the genetic diversity of U. pumila populations and affected their genetic structure. The level of genetic diversity in 'mature' accessions, many of which may represent original plantings throughout the USA, was high and similar to the diversity of East Asian accessions. Hybridization with the native red elm may play an important role in the success of Siberian elm as an invader in temperate regions of the USA.}, }
@article {pmid25567914, year = {2010}, author = {Van Wilgenburg, E and Torres, CW and Tsutsui, ND}, title = {The global expansion of a single ant supercolony.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {136-143}, pmid = {25567914}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Ants are among the most damaging invasive species, and their success frequently arises from the widespread cooperation displayed by introduced populations, often across hundreds of kilometers. Previous studies of the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) have shown that introduced populations on different continents each contain a single, vast supercolony and, occasionally, smaller secondary colonies. Here, we perform inter-continental behavioral analyses among supercolonies in North America, Europe, Asia, Hawaii, New Zealand and Australia and show that these far-flung supercolonies also recognize and accept each other as if members of a single, globally distributed supercolony. Furthermore, populations also possess similar genetic and chemical profiles. However, these ants do show aggression toward ants from South Africa and the smaller secondary colonies that occur in Hawaii and California. Thus, the largest and most dominant introduced populations are likely descended from the same ancestral colony and, despite having been established more than 100 years ago, have diverged very little. This apparent evolutionary stasis is surprising because, in other species, some of the most rapid rates of evolutionary change have occurred in introduced populations. Given the spatial extent of the Argentine ant society we report here, there can be little doubt that this intercontinental supercolony represents the most populous known animal society.}, }
@article {pmid25567913, year = {2010}, author = {Kanarek, AR and Webb, CT}, title = {Allee effects, adaptive evolution, and invasion success.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {122-135}, pmid = {25567913}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The mechanisms that facilitate success of an invasive species include both ecological and evolutionary processes. Investigating the evolutionary dynamics of founder populations can enhance our understanding of patterns of invasiveness and provide insight into management strategies for controlling further establishment of introduced populations. Our aim is to analyze the evolutionary consequences of ecological processes (i.e., propagule pressure and threshold density effects) that impact successful colonization. We address our questions using a spatially-explicit modeling approach that incorporates dispersal, density dependent population growth, and selection. Our results show that adaptive evolution may occur in small or sparse populations, providing a means of mitigating or avoiding inverse density dependent effects (i.e., Allee effects). The rate at which this adaptation occurs is proportional to the amount of genetic variance and is a crucial component in assessing whether natural selection can rescue a population from extinction. We provide theoretical evidence for the importance of recognizing evolution in predicting and explaining successful biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid25567910, year = {2010}, author = {Schierenbeck, KA and Lee, CE and Holt, RD}, title = {Synthesizing ecology and evolution for the study of invasive species.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {96}, doi = {10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00123.x}, pmid = {25567910}, issn = {1752-4571}, }
@article {pmid25567898, year = {2009}, author = {Hodgins, KA and Rieseberg, L and Otto, SP}, title = {Genetic control of invasive plants species using selfish genetic elements.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {555-569}, pmid = {25567898}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Invasive plants cause substantial environmental damage and economic loss. Here, we explore the possibility that a selfish genetic element found in plants called cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) could be exploited for weed control. CMS is caused by mutations in the mitochondrial genome that sterilize male reproductive organs. We developed an analytical model and a spatial simulation to assess the use of CMS alleles to manage weed populations. Specifically, we examined how fertility, selfing, pollen limitation and dispersal influenced extinction rate and time until extinction in populations where CMS arises. We found that the introduction of a CMS allele can cause rapid population extinction, but only under a restricted set of conditions. Both models suggest that the CMS strategy will be appropriate for species where pollen limitation is negligible, inbreeding depression is high and the fertility advantage of females over hermaphrodites is substantial. In general, spatial structure did not have a strong influence on the simulation outcome, although low pollen dispersal and intermediate levels of seed dispersal tended to reduce population extinction rates. Given these results, the introduction of CMS alleles into a population of invasive plants probably represents an effective control method for only a select number of species.}, }
@article {pmid25567860, year = {2009}, author = {Colautti, RI and Maron, JL and Barrett, SC}, title = {Common garden comparisons of native and introduced plant populations: latitudinal clines can obscure evolutionary inferences.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {187-199}, pmid = {25567860}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Common garden studies are increasingly used to identify differences in phenotypic traits between native and introduced genotypes, often ignoring sources of among-population variation within each range. We re-analyzed data from 32 common garden studies of 28 plant species that tested for rapid evolution associated with biological invasion. Our goals were: (i) to identify patterns of phenotypic trait variation among populations within native and introduced ranges, and (ii) to explore the consequences of this variation for how differences between the ranges are interpreted. We combined life history and physiologic traits into a single principal component (PCALL) and also compared subsets of traits related to size, reproduction, and defense (PCSIZE, PCREP, and PCDEF, respectively). On average, introduced populations exhibited increased growth and reproduction compared to native conspecifics when latitude was not included in statistical models. However, significant correlations between PC-scores and latitude were detected in both the native and introduced ranges, indicating population differentiation along latitudinal gradients. When latitude was explicitly incorporated into statistical models as a covariate, it reduced the magnitude and reversed the direction of the effect for PCALL and PCSIZE. These results indicate that unrecognized geographic clines in phenotypic traits can confound inferences about the causes of evolutionary change in invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid25567845, year = {2009}, author = {Brown, SP and Fredrik Inglis, R and Taddei, F}, title = {Evolutionary ecology of microbial wars: within-host competition and (incidental) virulence.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {32-39}, pmid = {25567845}, issn = {1752-4571}, support = {//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Invading an occupied niche is a formidable ecological challenge, and one of particular human importance in the context of food-borne microbial pathogens. We discuss distinct categories of invader-triggered environmental change that facilitate invasion by emptying their niche of competitors. Evidence is reviewed that gut bacteria use such strategies to manipulate their environment (via bacteriocins, temperate phage viruses or immuno-manipulation) at the expense of their competitors are reviewed. The possible virulence implications of microbial warfare among multiple co-infecting strains are diverse. Killing competitors can reduce virulence by reducing overall microbial densities, or increase virulence if for example the allelopathic mechanism involves immuno-manipulation. Finally, we place microbial anti-competitor strategies in a social evolution framework, highlighting how costly anti-competitor strategies can be understood as examples of microbial spite. We conclude by discussing other invasive species that have also developed such proactive strategies of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid25567800, year = {2008}, author = {Friedman, JM and Roelle, JE and Gaskin, JF and Pepper, AE and Manhart, JR}, title = {Latitudinal variation in cold hardiness in introduced Tamarix and native Populus.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {598-607}, pmid = {25567800}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {To investigate the evolution of clinal variation in an invasive plant, we compared cold hardiness in the introduced saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima, Tamarix chinensis, and hybrids) and the native plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera). In a shadehouse in Colorado (41°N), we grew plants collected along a latitudinal gradient in the central United States (29-48°N). On 17 occasions between September 2005 and June 2006, we determined killing temperatures using freeze-induced electrolyte leakage and direct observation. In midwinter, cottonwood survived cooling to -70°C, while saltcedar was killed at -33 to -47°C. Frost sensitivity, therefore, may limit northward expansion of saltcedar in North America. Both species demonstrated inherited latitudinal variation in cold hardiness. For example, from September through January killing temperatures for saltcedar from 29.18°N were 5-21°C higher than those for saltcedar from 47.60°N, and on September 26 and October 11, killing temperatures for cottonwood from 33.06°N were >43°C higher than those for cottonwood from 47.60°N. Analysis of nine microsatellite loci showed that southern saltcedars are more closely related to T. chinensis while northern plants are more closely related to T. ramosissima. Hybridization may have introduced the genetic variability necessary for rapid evolution of the cline in saltcedar cold hardiness.}, }
@article {pmid25567732, year = {2008}, author = {Gilchrist, GW and Jeffers, LM and West, B and Folk, DG and Suess, J and Huey, RB}, title = {Clinal patterns of desiccation and starvation resistance in ancestral and invading populations of Drosophila subobscura.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, pages = {513-523}, pmid = {25567732}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {As invading species expand, they eventually encounter physical and biotic stressors that limit their spread. We examine latitudinal and climatic variation in physiological tolerance in one native and two invading populations of Drosophila subobscura. These flies are native to the Palearctic region, but invaded both South and North America around 1980 and spread rapidly across 15° of latitude on each continent. Invading flies rapidly evolved latitudinal clines in chromosome inversion frequencies and in wing size that parallel those of native populations in the Old World. Here we investigate whether flies on all three continents have evolved parallel clines in desiccation and starvation tolerance, such that flies in low-latitude regions (hot, dry) might have increased stress resistance. Starvation tolerance does not vary with latitude or climate on any continent. In contrast, desiccation tolerance varies clinally with latitude on all three continents, although not in parallel. In North American and Europe, desiccation tolerance is inversely related to latitude, as expected. But in South America, desiccation tolerance increases with latitude and is greatest in relatively cool and wet areas. Differences among continents in latitudinal patterns of interspecific-competition potentially influence clinal selection for physiological resistance, but no simple pattern is evident on these continents.}, }
@article {pmid25567635, year = {2008}, author = {Miller, MP and Vincent, ER}, title = {Rapid natural selection for resistance to an introduced parasite of rainbow trout.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, pages = {336-341}, pmid = {25567635}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Introduced species and infectious diseases both independently pose challenges for the preservation of existing biodiversity. However, native species or disease hosts are by no means 'unarmed' when faced with novel environmental challenges, provided that adequate adaptive genetic variation exists to mount effective evolutionary responses. In this study, we examined the consequences of the recently introduced parasite and causative agent of whirling disease (Myxobolus cerebralis) in a wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) population from Harrison Lake, Montana (USA). Consistent with the parasite's age-specific effects, juvenile rainbow trout recruitment into Harrison Lake was substantially reduced following parasite detection in 1995. However, experimental data suggest that natural selection has rapidly reduced whirling disease susceptibility within the population over time. The rapid observed temporal change in resistance patterns argues that the standing genetic variation for parasite resistance facilitated this process. Our findings ultimately underscore the importance of preserving genetic diversity to ensure that species of economic importance or of conservation concern have maximal chances for persistence in future changing environments.}, }
@article {pmid24929349, year = {2014}, author = {Fenesi, A and Dyer, AR and Geréd, J and Sándor, D and Ruprecht, E}, title = {Can transgenerational plasticity contribute to the invasion success of annual plant species?.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {176}, number = {1}, pages = {95-106}, pmid = {24929349}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology ; Amaranthus/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Asteraceae/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; *Environment ; Inheritance Patterns/genetics/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; *Phenotype ; Population Dynamics ; Water ; }, abstract = {Adaptive transgenerational plasticity (TGP), i.e., significantly higher fitness when maternal and offspring conditions match, might contribute to the population growth of non-native species in highly variable environments. However, comparative studies that directly test this hypothesis are lacking. Therefore, we performed a reciprocal split-brood experiment to compare TGP in response to N and water availability in single populations of two invasive (Amaranthus retroflexus, Galinsoga parviflora) and two congeneric non-invasive introduced species (Amaranthus albus, Galinsoga ciliata). We hypothesized that the transgenerational effect is adaptive: (1) in invasive species compared with non-invasive adventives, and (2) in stressful conditions compared with resource-rich environments. The phenotypic variation among offspring was generated, in large part, by our experimental treatments in the maternal generation; therefore, we demonstrated a direct TGP effect on the offspring's adult fitness. We found evidence, for the first time, that invasive and non-invasive adventive species differ regarding the expression of TGP in the adult stage, as adaptive responses were found exclusively in the invasive species. The manifestation of TGP was more explicit under resource-rich conditions; therefore, it might contribute to the population dynamics of non-native species in resource-rich sites rather than to their ecological tolerance spectra.}, }
@article {pmid24929337, year = {2015}, author = {Maxin, D and Berec, L and Bingham, A and Molitor, D and Pattyson, J}, title = {Is more better? Higher sterilization of infected hosts need not result in reduced pest population size.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {70}, number = {6}, pages = {1381-1409}, pmid = {24929337}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {Animals ; Contraception, Immunologic/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention &amp; control/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Epidemics/prevention &amp; control/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Female ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/*prevention &amp; control/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Male ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Pest Control, Biological/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Population Density ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {We analyze the effect of sterilization in the infected hosts in several epidemiological models involving infectious diseases that can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally. Sterilizing pathogens can be used as pest control agents by intentionally inoculating the target population, with the goal of reducing or eliminating it completely. Contrary to previous models that did not include vertical transmission we found that the population size at the endemic equilibrium may actually increase with higher levels of sterility. This effect is proved to exist for low to high efficiencies of vertical transmission. On the other hand, if the disease is sexually transmitted and the host reproduction and disease transmission are both consistently mediated by mating, we do not observe such a counter-intuitive effect and the population size in the stable endemic equilibrium is decreasing with higher levels of sterility. We suggest that models of the pest control techniques involving the release of sterilizing pathogens have to carefully consider the routes such pathogens use for transmission.}, }
@article {pmid24928458, year = {2014}, author = {Pereira, NN and Botter, RC and Folena, RD and Pereira, JP and da Cunha, AC}, title = {Ballast water: a threat to the Amazon Basin.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {84}, number = {1-2}, pages = {330-338}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.03.053}, pmid = {24928458}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Introduced Species ; Seawater/analysis ; *Ships ; *Water Pollutants ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Ballast water exchange (BWE) is the most efficient measure to control the invasion of exotic species from ships. This procedure is being used for merchant ships in national and international voyages. The ballast water (BW) salinity is the main parameter to evaluate the efficacy of the mid-ocean ballast water exchange. The vessels must report to the Port State Control (PSC), via ballast water report (BWR), where and how the mid-ocean BWE was performed. This measure allows the PSC to analyze this information before the ship arrives at the port, and to decide whether or not it should berth. Ship BW reporting forms were collected from the Captaincy of Santana and some ships were visited near the Port of Santana, located in Macapá (Amazon River), to evaluate the BW quality onboard. We evaluated data submitted in these BWR forms and concluded that the BWE efficacy might be compromised, because data contained in these BWR indicate that some ships did not change their BW. We found mistakes in filling the BWR forms and lack of information. Moreover, these ships had discharged BW with high level of salinity, Escherichia coli and total coliforms into the Amazon River. We concluded that the authorities of the Amazon Region need to develop more efficient proceedings to evaluate the ballast water reporting forms and BW quality, as there is potential risk of future invasion of exotic species in Brazilian ports.}, }
@article {pmid24927392, year = {2014}, author = {Meehan, S and Shannon, A and Gruber, B and Rackl, SM and Lucy, FE}, title = {Ecotoxicological impact of Zequanox®, a novel biocide, on selected non-target Irish aquatic species.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {107}, number = {}, pages = {148-153}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.05.017}, pmid = {24927392}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {Animals ; *Astacoidea ; *Chironomidae ; *Dreissena ; Ecotoxicology ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Ireland ; Larva ; Pest Control, Biological ; Pesticides/*toxicity ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; Toxicity Tests ; *Unionidae ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Effective, species-specific zebra mussel control is needed urgently for Ireland׳s freshwater bodies, which became infested with non-native zebra mussels in the 1990s. Zequanox®, a newly commercialized product for zebra and quagga mussel control, is composed of dead Pseudomonas fluorescens CL 145A cells. This paper describes ecotoxicology tests on three representative native Irish freshwater species: Anodonta (duck mussel), Chironomus plumosus (non-biting midge), and Austropotamobius pallipes (white-clawed crayfish). The species were exposed to Zequanox in a 72-h static renewal toxicity test at concentrations of 100-750mg active ingredient per liter (mga.i./L). Water quality parameters were measured every 12-24h before and after water and product renewal. After 72h, endpoints were reported as LC10, LC50, and LC100. The LC50 values derived were (1) Anodonta: ≥500mga.i./L (2) C. plumosus: 1075mga.i./L, and (3) A. pallipes: ≥750mga.i./L. These results demonstrate that Zequanox does not negatively affect these organisms at the concentration required for >80percent zebra mussel mortality (150mg a.i/L) and the maximum allowable treatment concentration in the United Sates (200mga.i./L). They also show the overall species-specificity of Zequanox, and support its use in commercial facilities and open waters.}, }
@article {pmid24925225, year = {2014}, author = {Deacon, AE and Barbosa, M and Magurran, AE}, title = {Forced monogamy in a multiply mating species does not impede colonisation success.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {18}, pmid = {24925225}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Poecilia/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction/*physiology ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The guppy (Poecilia reticulata) is a successful invasive species. It is also a species that mates multiply; previous studies have demonstrated that this strategy carries fitness benefits. Guppies are routinely introduced to tanks and troughs in regions outside their native range for mosquito-control purposes, and often spread beyond these initial confines into natural water bodies with negative ecological consequences. Here, using a mesocosm set up that resembles the containers into which single guppies are typically introduced for mosquito control, we ask whether singly-mated females are at a disadvantage, relative to multiply-mated females, when it comes to founding a population. Treatments were monitored for one year.<br><br>RESULTS: A key finding was that mating history did not predict establishment success, which was 88% in both treatments. Furthermore, analysis of behavioural traits revealed that the descendants of singly-mated females retained antipredator behaviours, and that adult males showed no decrease in courtship vigour. Also, we detected no differences in behavioural variability between treatments.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that even when denied the option of multiple mating, singly-mated female guppies can produce viable populations, at least at the founder stage. This may prove to be a critical advantage in typical introduction scenarios where few individuals are released into enclosed water bodies before finding their way into natural ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid24924142, year = {2014}, author = {Lehmann, P and Piiroinen, S and Kankare, M and Lyytinen, A and Paljakka, M and Lindström, L}, title = {Photoperiodic effects on diapause-associated gene expression trajectories in European Leptinotarsa decemlineata populations.}, journal = {Insect molecular biology}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, pages = {566-578}, doi = {10.1111/imb.12104}, pmid = {24924142}, issn = {1365-2583}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/genetics/*physiology ; *Diapause, Insect ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Insect Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Photoperiod ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Behavioural and physiological changes during diapause, an important strategy of insects for surviving harsh seasonal conditions, have been intensively studied. The genetic and molecular mechanisms underpinning diapause development are less well known. We took a candidate gene approach to study prediapause gene expression patterns in the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), an invasive insect that has rapidly spread northwards to high seasonality environments. Newly eclosed beetles originating from southern (Italy) and northern (Russia) Europe were reared under short- [12 h light (L):12 h dark (D)] and long-day (18L:6D) photoperiods for 10 days. This time period includes the sensitive period for the photoperiodic induction and initiation of diapause. Gene expression trajectories of 12 diapause-related genes (regulatory, metabolic and stress-resistance) were analysed from 0-, 5- and 10-day-old beetles. Gene expression differences increased with age, deviating significantly between populations and photoperiods in 10-day-old beetles. The gene expression profiles, particularly those related to energy metabolism and stress-resistance, indicate that beetles originating from Russia also prepare for diapause under the long-day photoperiod and show qualitative differences in the diapausing phenotype. Our study shows that population-dependent differences seen in behavioural and physiological traits connected with diapause in L. decemlineata are also evident in the expression trajectories of diapause-related genes.}, }
@article {pmid24923423, year = {2014}, author = {Kizuka, T and Akasaka, M and Kadoya, T and Takamura, N}, title = {Visibility from roads predict the distribution of invasive fishes in agricultural ponds.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e99709}, pmid = {24923423}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Agriculture/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Animals ; Demography ; Environment ; *Fishes/growth &amp; development ; Fresh Water ; Geography ; Humans ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Perciformes/growth &amp; development ; *Ponds ; Population Forecast/*methods ; Transportation ; }, abstract = {Propagule pressure and habitat characteristics are important factors used to predict the distribution of invasive alien species. For species exhibiting strong propagule pressure because of human-mediated introduction of species, indicators of introduction potential must represent the behavioral characteristics of humans. This study examined 64 agricultural ponds to assess the visibility of ponds from surrounding roads and its value as a surrogate of propagule pressure to explain the presence and absence of two invasive fish species. A three-dimensional viewshed analysis using a geographic information system quantified the visual exposure of respective ponds to humans. Binary classification trees were developed as a function of their visibility from roads, as well as five environmental factors: river density, connectivity with upstream dam reservoirs, pond area, chlorophyll a concentration, and pond drainage. Traditional indicators of human-mediated introduction (road density and proportion of urban land-use area) were alternatively included for comparison instead of visual exposure. The presence of Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) was predicted by the ponds' higher visibility from roads and pond connection with upstream dam reservoirs. Results suggest that fish stocking into ponds and their dispersal from upstream sources facilitated species establishment. Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) distribution was constrained by chlorophyll a concentration, suggesting their lower adaptability to various environments than that of Bluegill. Based on misclassifications from classification trees for Bluegill, pond visual exposure to roads showed greater predictive capability than traditional indicators of human-mediated introduction. Pond visibility is an effective predictor of invasive species distribution. Its wider use might improve management and mitigate further invasion. The visual exposure of recipient ecosystems to humans is important for many invasive species that spread with frequent instances of human-mediated introduction.}, }
@article {pmid24923367, year = {2015}, author = {Fischbein, D and Corley, JC}, title = {Classical biological control of an invasive forest pest: a world perspective of the management of Sirex noctilio using the parasitoid Ibalia leucospoides (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae).}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {105}, number = {1}, pages = {1-12}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485314000418}, pmid = {24923367}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; *Forests ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/parasitology/physiology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Wasps/growth &amp; development/*parasitology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Classical biological control is a key method for managing populations of pests in long-lived crops such as plantation forestry. The execution of biological control programmes in general, as the evaluation of potential natural enemies remains, to a large extent, an empirical endeavour. Thus, characterizing specific cases to determine patterns that may lead to more accurate predictions of success is an important goal of the much applied ecological research. We review the history of introduction, ecology and behaviour of the parasitoid Ibalia leucospoides. The species is a natural enemy of Sirex noctilio, one of the most important pests of pine afforestation worldwide. We use an invasion ecology perspective given the analogy between the main stages involved in classical biological control and the biological invasion processes. We conclude that success in the establishment, a common reason of failure in biocontrol, is not a limiting factor of success by I. leucospoides. A mismatch between the spread capacity of the parasitoid and that of its host could nevertheless affect control at a regional scale. In addition, we suggest that given its known life history traits, this natural enemy may be a better regulator than suppressor of the host population. Moreover, spatial and temporal refuges of the host population that may favour the local persistence of the interaction probably reduce the degree to which S. noctilio population is suppressed by the parasitoid. We emphasize the fact that some of the biological attributes that promote establishment may negatively affect suppression levels achieved. Studies on established non-native pest-parasitoid interactions may contribute to defining selection criteria for classical biological control which may prove especially useful in integrated pest management IPM programmes of invasive forest insects.}, }
@article {pmid24921606, year = {2014}, author = {Poe, S}, title = {Comparison of natural and nonnative two-species communities of Anolis lizards.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {184}, number = {1}, pages = {132-140}, doi = {10.1086/676523}, pmid = {24921606}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Florida ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/*anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; Phenotype ; *Phylogeny ; West Indies ; }, abstract = {Human-mediated colonizations present an informative model system for understanding assembly of organismal communities. However, it is unclear whether communities including naturalized species are accurate analogs of natural communities or unique combinations not present in nature. I compared morphology and phylogenetic structure of natural and naturalized two-species communities of Anolis lizards. Natural communities are phylogenetically clustered, whereas naturalized communities show no significant phylogenetic structure. This result likely reflects differences in colonization pools for these communities-that is, invasion from anywhere for naturalized communities but from proximal and thus phylogenetically close lineages in natural communities. Both natural and naturalized communities each include pairs of species that are significantly similar to each other in morphology, and both sets of communities are composed of species that possess traits of good colonizers. These similarities suggest that the formation of natural and naturalized communities may be at least partially governed by similar processes. Human-mediated invasions may be credibly viewed as modern incarnations of natural colonizations in this case.}, }
@article {pmid24920382, year = {2014}, author = {Pinto-Sánchez, NR and Crawford, AJ and Wiens, JJ}, title = {Using historical biogeography to test for community saturation.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {17}, number = {9}, pages = {1077-1085}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12310}, pmid = {24920382}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/physiology ; *Biodiversity ; Central America ; Geography ; *Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; South America ; }, abstract = {Saturation is the idea that a community is effectively filled with species, such that no more can be added without extinctions. This concept has important implications for many areas of ecology, such as species richness, community assembly, invasive species and climate change. Here, we illustrate how biogeography can be used to test for community saturation, when combined with data on local species richness, phylogeny and climate. We focus on a clade of frogs (Terrarana) and the impact of the Great American Biotic Interchange on patterns of local richness in Lower Middle America and adjacent regions. We analyse data on species richness at 83 sites and a time-calibrated phylogeny for 363 species. We find no evidence for saturation, and show instead that biotic interchange dramatically increased local richness in the region. We suggest that historical biogeography offers thousands of similar long-term natural experiments that can be used to test for saturation.}, }
@article {pmid24920187, year = {2015}, author = {Crespo-Pérez, V and Régnière, J and Chuine, I and Rebaudo, F and Dangles, O}, title = {Changes in the distribution of multispecies pest assemblages affect levels of crop damage in warming tropical Andes.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {82-96}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12656}, pmid = {24920187}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {*Altitude ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Climate Change ; Crops, Agricultural/parasitology ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Models, Theoretical ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Population Dynamics ; Solanum tuberosum/*parasitology ; South America ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Climate induced species range shifts might create novel interactions among species that may outweigh direct climatic effects. In an agricultural context, climate change might alter the intensity of competition or facilitation interactions among pests with, potentially, negative consequences on the levels of damage to crop. This could threaten the productivity of agricultural systems and have negative impacts on food security, but has yet been poorly considered in studies. In this contribution, we constructed and evaluated process-based species distribution models for three invasive potato pests in the Tropical Andean Region. These three species have been found to co-occur and interact within the same potato tuber, causing different levels of damage to crop. Our models allowed us to predict the current and future distribution of the species and therefore, to assess how damage to crop might change in the future due to novel interactions. In general, our study revealed the main challenges related to distribution modeling of invasive pests in highly heterogeneous regions. It yielded different results for the three species, both in terms of accuracy and distribution, with one species surviving best at lower altitudes and the other two performing better at higher altitudes. As to future distributions our results suggested that the three species will show different responses to climate change, with one of them expanding to higher altitudes, another contracting its range and the other shifting its distribution to higher altitudes. These changes will result in novel areas of co-occurrence and hence, interactions of the pests, which will cause different levels of damage to crop. Combining population dynamics and species distribution models that incorporate interspecific trade-off relationships in different environments revealed a powerful approach to provide predictions about the response of an assemblage of interacting species to future environmental changes and their impact on process rates.}, }
@article {pmid24918204, year = {2014}, author = {Mráz, P and Tarbush, E and Müller-Schärer, H}, title = {Drought tolerance and plasticity in the invasive knapweed Centaurea stoebe s.l. (Asteraceae): effect of populations stronger than those of cytotype and range.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {114}, number = {2}, pages = {289-299}, pmid = {24918204}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Biomass ; Centaurea/*physiology ; Climate ; *Droughts ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Population Dynamics ; Regression Analysis ; Water ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe s.l., Asteraceae) is native to Europe, where it occurs as a diploid (2xEU) and tetraploid cytotype (4xEU), but so far only the tetraploid has been reported in the introduced range in North America (4xNA). In previous studies, significant range shifts have been found towards drier climates in 4xEU compared with 2xEU, and in 4xNA when compared with the native range. In addition, 4x plants showed thicker leaves and reduced specific leaf area compared with 2x plants, suggesting higher drought tolerance in 4x plants. It is thus hypothesized that the 4x cytotype might be better pre-adapted to drought than the 2x, and the 4xNA better adapted than the 4xEU due to post-introduction selection.<br><br>METHODS: Plants of the three geocytotypes (2xEU, 4xEU and 4xNA), each represented by six populations, were subjected to three water treatments over 6 weeks in a greenhouse experiment. Plasticity and reaction norms of above- and below-ground biomasses and their ratio, survival rate, stomatal conductance and carbon isotope discrimination were analysed using linear and generalized linear mixed effect models.<br><br>KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Above-ground and total biomasses of European tetraploids were slightly less affected by drought than those of European diploids, and 4xEU plants maintained higher levels of stomatal conductance under moderate drought than 4xNA plants, thus supporting the pre-adaptation but not the post-introduction evolution hypothesis. Plasticity indexes for most of the traits were generally higher in 2xEU and 4xNA than in 4xEU plants, but these differences were not or were only marginally significant. Interestingly, the effect of population origin and its interaction with treatment was more important than the effects of geocytotype and range. Population means for the control treatment showed several significant associations either with latitude or some aspect of climatic data, suggesting evolution of local adaptations, especially within the 2xEU and 4xEU geocytotypes.}, }
@article {pmid24916281, year = {2014}, author = {Miehls, AL and Peacor, SD and McAdam, AG}, title = {Gape-limited predators as agents of selection on the defensive morphology of an invasive invertebrate.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {68}, number = {9}, pages = {2633-2643}, doi = {10.1111/evo.12472}, pmid = {24916281}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; Cladocera/*anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; *Fishes ; Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Invasive species have widespread and pronounced effects on ecosystems and adaptive evolution of invaders is often considered responsible for their success. Despite the potential importance of adaptation to invasion, we still have limited knowledge of the agents of natural selection on invasive species. Bythotrephes longimanus, a cladoceran zooplankton, invaded multiple Canadian Shield lakes over the past several decades. Bythotrephes have a conspicuous caudal process (tail spine) that provides a morphological defense against fish predation. We measured viability selection on the longest component of the Bythotrephes spine, the distal spine segment, through a comparison of the lengths of first and second instar Bythotrephes collected from lakes differing in the dominance of gape-limited predation (GLP) and nongape-limited predation (NGLP) by fish. We found that natural selection varied by predator gape-limitation, with strong selection (selection intensity: 0.20-0.79) for increased distal spine length in lakes dominated by GLP, and no significant selection in lakes dominated by NGLP. Further, distal spine length was 17% longer in lakes dominated by GLP, suggesting the possibility of local adaptation. As all study lakes were invaded less than 20 years prior to our collections, our results suggest rapid divergence in defensive morphology in response to selection from fish predators.}, }
@article {pmid24915290, year = {2014}, author = {Han, X and Hui, C}, title = {Niche construction on environmental gradients: the formation of fitness valley and stratified genotypic distributions.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e99775}, pmid = {24915290}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Genetic Fitness ; Genetic Loci ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; }, abstract = {The process of niche construction can alter the trajectory of natural selection through organism-environment feedback. As such, the mechanism and impact of niche construction can be better investigated along environmental gradients. Here we investigate how the process of niche construction affects the distribution of genotypes and fitness landscape along an environmental gradient under three selection regimes, namely heterozygote superiority, genetic loci which dictates niche construction ability being either selectively neutral or non-neutral. Using a spatially explicit cellular automaton, we show that niche construction can stratify genetic diversity by forming band-like distributions consisting of different genotypic compositions and promote reproduction isolation by forming a divide with reduced average fitness along the gradients, termed a fitness valley. The band structure and the presence of a fitness valley depend on heterogeneous environments, resource-dependent fitness and the selection acting on the gene loci affecting the niche-constructing ability. Our work adds to the growing body of evidence on criticizing species distribution models which assume that the environment alone can determine species distributions. Based on the results, we argue that conservation planning should target preserving or restoring environmental gradients.}, }
@article {pmid24915194, year = {2014}, author = {Serrao, NR and Steinke, D and Hanner, RH}, title = {Calibrating snakehead diversity with DNA barcodes: expanding taxonomic coverage to enable identification of potential and established invasive species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e99546}, pmid = {24915194}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Calibration ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Fishes/*classification/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Reference Standards ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Detecting and documenting the occurrence of invasive species outside their native range requires tools to support their identification. This can be challenging for taxa with diverse life stages and/or problematic or unresolved morphological taxonomies. DNA barcoding provides a potent method for identifying invasive species, as it allows for species identification at all life stages, including fragmentary remains. It also provides an efficient interim taxonomic framework for quantifying cryptic genetic diversity by parsing barcode sequences into discontinuous haplogroup clusters (typical of reproductively isolated species) and labelling them with unique alphanumeric identifiers. Snakehead fishes are a diverse group of opportunistic predators endemic to Asia and Africa that may potentially pose significant threats as aquatic invasive species. At least three snakehead species (Channa argus, C. maculata, and C. marulius) are thought to have entered North America through the aquarium and live-food fish markets, and have established populations, yet their origins remain unclear. The objectives of this study were to assemble a library of DNA barcode sequences derived from expert identified reference specimens in order to determine the identity and aid invasion pathway analysis of the non-indigenous species found in North America using DNA barcodes. Sequences were obtained from 121 tissue samples representing 25 species and combined with public records from GenBank for a total of 36 putative species, which then partitioned into 49 discrete haplogroups. Multiple divergent clusters were observed within C. gachua, C. marulius, C. punctata and C. striata suggesting the potential presence of cryptic species diversity within these lineages. Our findings demonstrate that DNA barcoding is a valuable tool for species identification in challenging and under-studied taxonomic groups such as snakeheads, and provides a useful framework for inferring invasion pathway analysis.}, }
@article {pmid24915009, year = {2014}, author = {Chen, J and Rashid, T and Feng, G}, title = {A comparative study between Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri on tolerance to heat and desiccation stresses.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e96842}, pmid = {24915009}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Desiccation ; *Heat-Shock Response ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri are two very closely related invasive ant species; however, S. invicta is a much more successful invader. Physiological tolerance to abiotic stress has been hypothesized to be important to the success of an invasive species. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that S. invicta is more tolerant to heat and desiccation stress than S. richteri. The data strongly support our hypothesis. S. invicta was found to be significantly less vulnerable than S. richteri to both heat and desiccation stress. Despite S. richteri having significantly higher body water content, S. invicta was less sensitive to desiccation stress due to its significantly lower water loss rate (higher desiccation resistance). After the cuticular lipid was removed, S. invicta still had a significantly lower water loss rate than S. richteri, indicating that cuticular lipids were not the only factors accounting for difference in the desiccation resistance between these two species. Since multiple biological and/or ecological traits can contribute to the invasion success of a particular species, whether the observed difference in tolerance to heat and desiccation stresses is indeed associated with the variation in invasion success between these two species can only be confirmed by further extensive comparative study.}, }
@article {pmid24914934, year = {2014}, author = {Everatt, KT and Andresen, L and Somers, MJ}, title = {Trophic scaling and occupancy analysis reveals a lion population limited by top-down anthropogenic pressure in the Limpopo National Park, Mozambique.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e99389}, pmid = {24914934}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Buffaloes ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; Lions/*growth &amp; development ; Models, Theoretical ; Mozambique ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The African lion (Panthera Leo) has suffered drastic population and range declines over the last few decades and is listed by the IUCN as vulnerable to extinction. Conservation management requires reliable population estimates, however these data are lacking for many of the continent's remaining populations. It is possible to estimate lion abundance using a trophic scaling approach. However, such inferences assume that a predator population is subject only to bottom-up regulation, and are thus likely to produce biased estimates in systems experiencing top-down anthropogenic pressures. Here we provide baseline data on the status of lions in a developing National Park in Mozambique that is impacted by humans and livestock. We compare a direct density estimate with an estimate derived from trophic scaling. We then use replicated detection/non-detection surveys to estimate the proportion of area occupied by lions, and hierarchical ranking of covariates to provide inferences on the relative contribution of prey resources and anthropogenic factors influencing lion occurrence. The direct density estimate was less than 1/3 of the estimate derived from prey resources (0.99 lions/100 km[2] vs. 3.05 lions/100 km[2]). The proportion of area occupied by lions was Ψ = 0.439 (SE = 0.121), or approximately 44% of a 2,400 km2 sample of potential habitat. Although lions were strongly predicted by a greater probability of encountering prey resources, the greatest contributing factor to lion occurrence was a strong negative association with settlements. Finally, our empirical abundance estimate is approximately 1/3 of a published abundance estimate derived from opinion surveys. Altogether, our results describe a lion population held below resource-based carrying capacity by anthropogenic factors and highlight the limitations of trophic scaling and opinion surveys for estimating predator populations exposed to anthropogenic pressures. Our study provides the first empirical quantification of a population that future change can be measured against.}, }
@article {pmid24914550, year = {2014}, author = {Caron, V and Ede, FJ and Sunnucks, P}, title = {Unravelling the paradox of loss of genetic variation during invasion: superclones may explain the success of a clonal invader.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e97744}, pmid = {24914550}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Hymenoptera/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeography ; Salix/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Clonality is a common characteristic of successful invasive species, but general principles underpinning the success of clonal invaders are not established. A number of mechanisms could contribute to invasion success including clones with broad tolerances and preferences, specialist clones and adaptation in situ. The majority of studies to date have been of plants and some invertebrate parthenogens, particularly aphids, and have not necessarily caught invasion at very early stages. Here we describe the early stages of an invasion by a Northern Hemisphere Hymenopteran model in three different land masses in the Southern Hemisphere. Nematus oligospilus Förster (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), a sawfly feeding on willows (Salix spp.), was recently introduced to the Southern Hemisphere where it has become invasive and is strictly parthenogenetic. In this study, the number of N. oligospilus clones, their distribution in the landscape and on different willow hosts in South Africa, New Zealand and Australia were assessed using 25 microsatellite markers. Evidence is presented for the presence of two very common and widespread multilocus genotypes (MLGs) or 'superclones' dominating in the three countries. Rarer MLGs were closely related to the most widespread superclone; it is plausible that all N. oligospilus individuals were derived from a single clone. A few initial introductions to Australia and New Zealand seemed to have occurred. Our results point towards a separate introduction in Western Australia, potentially from South Africa. Rarer clones that were dominant locally putatively arose in situ, and might be locally favoured, or simply have not yet had time to spread. Data presented represent rare baseline data early in the invasion process for insights into the mechanisms that underlie the success of a global invader, and develop Nematus oligospilus as a valuable model to understand invasion genetics of clonal pests.}, }
@article {pmid24913905, year = {2014}, author = {Jones, AC and Mullins, DE and Jones, TH and Salom, SM}, title = {Characterization of physical and chemical defenses in the hemlock woolly adelgid.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {40}, number = {6}, pages = {560-568}, pmid = {24913905}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthracenes/analysis ; Anthraquinones/analysis/chemistry ; Biological Control Agents ; Coleoptera/physiology ; Hemiptera/chemistry/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages ; Predatory Behavior ; Tsuga ; Waxes/analysis/*chemistry/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The invasive hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand, Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Adelgidae) causes significant mortality to eastern and Carolina hemlock (Tsuga canadensis Carrière and T. caroliniana Engelmann, respectively) throughout the eastern United States. Adelges tsugae produces vast quantities of a wax covering that surrounds most of the instars as well as the adult and eggs. Using direct probe EI mass spectrometry, this wax covering was characterized as a diketoester wax, 17-oxohexatriacontanyl 11-oxotriacontanoate, and accounted for ≈ 42 % of A. tsugae total biomass. The presence of the anthraquinone, chrysophanol, and its precursor anthrone, chrysarobin, in A. tsugae has only been briefly described. Further study confirmed these compounds in all A. tsugae life stages. Additionally, several predatory beetles in use or under consideration as biological control agents for this species appear to ingest and excrete these compounds when feeding on A. tsugae. The production of both a physical and a chemical defense may represent a significant energy investment by A. tsugae.}, }
@article {pmid24910185, year = {2014}, author = {Veiga, P and Torres, AC and Rubal, M and Troncoso, J and Sousa-Pinto, I}, title = {The invasive kelp Undaria pinnatifida (Laminariales, Ochrophyta) along the north coast of Portugal: distribution model versus field observations.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {84}, number = {1-2}, pages = {363-365}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.038}, pmid = {24910185}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Atlantic Ocean ; Demography ; Introduced Species ; *Kelp ; Models, Biological ; Portugal ; *Undaria ; }, abstract = {After the first report of Undaria pinnatifida in north Portugal (between 1999 and 2007), a rapid spread of this species could be expected due to the presence of a stable population and the favourable environmental conditions proposed by distribution models. However, field surveys showed that U. pinnatifida was not present in most of the rocky shores in north Portugal. It seems that U. pinnatifida cannot outcompete native species outside of marinas in north Portugal. The only population in natural rocky shores was found in Buarcos, where this species was frequent. This study provides density data of U. pinnatifida that will be useful in the future to monitor changes on its abundance and distribution in the centre and south of Portugal.}, }
@article {pmid24909756, year = {2014}, author = {Cotto, O and Ronce, O}, title = {Maladaptation as a source of senescence in habitats variable in space and time.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {68}, number = {9}, pages = {2481-2493}, doi = {10.1111/evo.12462}, pmid = {24909756}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Aging/*genetics ; Animal Migration/*physiology ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Genetic Variation ; Phenotype ; *Time Factors ; }, abstract = {In this study, we use a quantitative genetics model of structured populations to investigate the evolution of senescence in a variable environment. Adaptation to local environments depends on phenotypic traits whose optimal values vary with age and with environmental conditions. We study different scenarios of environmental heterogeneity, where the environment changes abruptly, gradually, or cyclically with time and where the environment is heterogeneous in space with different populations connected by migration. The strength of selection decreases with age, which predicts slower adaptation of traits expressed late in the life cycle, potentially generating stronger senescence in habitats where selection changes in space or in time. This prediction is however complicated by the fact that the genetic variance also increases with age. Using numerical calculations, we found that the rate of senescence is generally increased when the environment varies. In particular, migration between different habitats is a source of senescence in heterogeneous landscapes. We also show that the rate of senescence can vary transiently when the population is not at equilibrium, with possible implications for experimental evolution and the study of invasive species. Our results highlight the need to study age-specific adaptation, as a changing environment can have a different impact on different age classes.}, }
@article {pmid24908553, year = {2014}, author = {Olsen, CE and Møller, BL and Motawia, MS}, title = {Synthesis of the allelochemical alliarinoside present in garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), an invasive plant species in North America.}, journal = {Carbohydrate research}, volume = {394}, number = {}, pages = {13-16}, doi = {10.1016/j.carres.2014.05.006}, pmid = {24908553}, issn = {1873-426X}, mesh = {Brassicaceae/*chemistry ; Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic ; Cyanides/chemistry ; Glucosides/*chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Nitriles/*chemical synthesis/chemistry ; North America ; Stereoisomerism ; Trimethylsilyl Compounds/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The allelochemical alliarinoside present in garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), an invasive plant species in North America, was chemically synthesized using an efficient and practical synthetic strategy based on a simple reaction sequence. Commercially available 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranose was converted into prop-2-enyl 2',3',4',6'-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside and subjected to epoxidation. In a one-pot reaction, ring-opening of the epoxide using TMSCN under solvent free conditions followed by treatment of the formed trimethylsilyloxy nitrile with pyridine and phosphoryl chloride, afforded the acetylated β-unsaturated nitriles (Z)-4-(2',3',4',6'-tetra-O-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)but-2-enenitrile and its isomer (E)-4-(2',3',4',6'-tetra-O-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)but-2-enenitrile. Deacetylation of Z- and/or E-isomers afforded the target molecules alliarinoside and its isomer.}, }
@article {pmid24908276, year = {2014}, author = {Wernike, K and Eschbaumer, M and Breithaupt, A and Maltzan, J and Wiesner, H and Beer, M and Hoffmann, B}, title = {Experimental infection of sheep and goats with a recent isolate of peste des petits ruminants virus from Kurdistan.}, journal = {Veterinary microbiology}, volume = {172}, number = {1-2}, pages = {140-145}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.05.010}, pmid = {24908276}, issn = {1873-2542}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/*blood ; Germany ; Goat Diseases/immunology/*pathology/virology ; Goats ; Host Specificity ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants/immunology/*pathology/virology ; Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Pharynx/pathology/virology ; Sheep ; Sheep Diseases/immunology/*pathology/virology ; Sheep, Domestic ; Turkey ; }, abstract = {Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious viral disease of sheep and goats common in Africa and Asia. Its high morbidity and mortality has a devastating impact on agriculture in developing countries. As an example, an Asian lineage IV strain of PPRV was responsible for mass fatalities among wild goats in Kurdistan in 2010/2011. In separate experiments, three sheep and three goats of German domestic breeds were subcutaneously inoculated with the Kurdish virus isolate; three uninfected sheep and goats were housed together with the inoculated animals. All inoculated animals, all in-contact goats and two in-contact sheep developed high fever (up to 41.7 °C), depression, severe diarrhea, ocular and nasal discharge as well as ulcerative stomatitis and pharyngitis. Infected animals seroconverted within a few days of the first detection of viral genome. Clinical signs were more pronounced in goats; four out of six goats had to be euthanized. Necropsy revealed characteristic lesions in the alimentary tract. Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) RNA was detected in blood as well as nasal, oral and fecal swabs and tissues. The 2011 Kurdish strain of PPRV is highly virulent in European goats and spreads easily to in-contact animals, while disease severity and contagiosity in sheep are slightly lower. PPRV strains like the tested recent isolate can have a high impact on small ruminants in the European Union, and therefore, both early detection methods and intervention strategies have to be improved and updated regularly.}, }
@article {pmid24907669, year = {2014}, author = {Wolf, ID and Croft, DB}, title = {Impacts of tourism hotspots on vegetation communities show a higher potential for self-propagation along roads than hiking trails.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {143}, number = {}, pages = {173-185}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.04.006}, pmid = {24907669}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; *Recreation ; Soil ; South Australia ; }, abstract = {Vegetation communities along recreational tracks may suffer from substantial edge-effects through the impacts of trampling, modified environmental conditions and competition with species that benefit from disturbance. We assessed impacts on trackside vegetation by comparing high and low usage tourism sites at a 1-10 m distance from recreational tracks in a popular arid-lands tourism destination in South Australia. The central aim was quantification of the strengths and spatial extent of tourism impacts along recreational tracks with a qualitative comparison of roads and trails. Track-distance gradients were most prevalent at high usage sites. There, species community composition was altered, total plant cover decreased, non-native species cover increased, plant diversity increased or decreased (depending on the distance) and soil compaction increased towards recreational tracks. Roadside effects were greater and more pervasive than trailside effects. Further, plant diversity did not continuously increase towards the road verge as it did along trails but dropped sharply in the immediate road shoulder which indicated high disturbance conditions that few species were able to tolerate. To our knowledge, we are the first to demonstrate that the access mode to a recreation site influences the potential of certain impacts, such as the increase of non-native species, to self-perpetuate from their points of introduction to disjointed sites with a predisposition to disturbance. Due to this propulsion of impacts, the overall spatial extent of roadside impacts was far greater than initially apparent from assessments at the road verge. We discuss possible means of mitigating these impacts.}, }
@article {pmid24907526, year = {2014}, author = {Oliveira, MT and Medeiros, CD and Frosi, G and Santos, MG}, title = {Different mechanisms drive the performance of native and invasive woody species in response to leaf phosphorus supply during periods of drought stress and recovery.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {82}, number = {}, pages = {66-75}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.05.006}, pmid = {24907526}, issn = {1873-2690}, mesh = {Chlorophyll/metabolism ; *Droughts ; Introduced Species ; Phosphorus/*metabolism ; Photosynthesis/physiology ; Plant Leaves/*metabolism/physiology ; Plant Transpiration/physiology ; }, abstract = {The effects of drought stress and leaf phosphorus (Pi) supply on photosynthetic metabolism in woody tropical species are not known, and given the recent global environmental change models that forecast lower precipitation rates and periods of prolonged drought in tropical areas, this type of study is increasingly important. The effects of controlled drought stress and Pi supply on potted young plants of two woody species, Anadenanthera colubrina (native) and Prosopis juliflora (invasive), were determined by analyzing leaf photosynthetic metabolism, biochemical properties and water potential. In the maximum stress, both species showed higher leaf water potential (Ψl) in the treatment drought +Pi when compared with the respective control -Pi. The native species showed higher gas exchange under drought +Pi than under drought -Pi conditions, while the invasive species showed the same values between drought +Pi and -Pi. Drought affected the photochemical part of photosynthetic machinery more in the invasive species than in the native species. The invasive species showed higher leaf amino acid content and a lower leaf total protein content in both Pi treatments with drought. The two species showed different responses to the leaf Pi supply under water stress for several variables measured. In addition, the strong resilience of leaf gas exchange in the invasive species compared to the native species during the recovery period may be the result of higher efficiency of Pi use. The implications of this behavior for the success of this invasive species in semiarid environments are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid24906119, year = {2014}, author = {Wang, H and Reitz, SR and Xiang, J and Smagghe, G and Lei, Z}, title = {Does temperature-mediated reproductive success drive the direction of species displacement in two invasive species of leafminer fly?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e98761}, pmid = {24906119}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Competitive Behavior ; Diptera/*physiology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Liriomyza sativae and L. trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) are two highly invasive species of leafmining flies, which have become established as pests of horticultural crops throughout the world. In certain regions where both species have been introduced, L. sativae has displaced L. trifolii, whereas the opposite has occurred in other regions. These opposing outcomes suggest that neither species is an inherently superior competitor. The regions where these displacements have been observed (southern China, Japan and western USA) are climatically different. We determined whether temperature differentially affects the reproductive success of these species and therefore if climatic differences could affect the outcome of interspecific interactions where these species are sympatric. The results of life table parameters indicate that both species can develop successfully at all tested temperatures (20, 25, 31, 33°C). L. sativae had consistently higher fecundities at all temperatures, but L. trifolii developed to reproductive age faster. Age-stage specific survival rates were higher for L. sativae at low temperatures, but these were higher for L. trifolii at higher temperatures. We then compared the net reproductive rates (R0) for both species in pure and mixed cultures maintained at the same four constant temperatures. Both species had significantly lower net reproductive rates in mixed species cultures compared with their respective pure species cultures, indicating that both species are subject to intense interspecific competition. Net reproductive rates were significantly greater for L. sativae than for L. trifolii in mixed species groups at the lower temperatures, whereas the opposite occurred at the higher temperature. Therefore, interactions between the species are temperature dependent and small differences could shift the competitive balance between the species. These temperature mediated effects may contribute to the current ongoing displacement of L. sativae by the more recent invader L. trifolii in warm climatic areas of China.}, }
@article {pmid24899835, year = {2014}, author = {Griswold, T and Gonzalez, VH and Ikerd, H}, title = {AnthWest, occurrence records for wool carder bees of the genus Anthidium (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Anthidiini) in the Western Hemisphere.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {408}, pages = {31-49}, pmid = {24899835}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {This paper describes AnthWest, a large dataset that represents one of the outcomes of a comprehensive, broadly comparative study on the diversity, biology, biogeography, and evolution of Anthidium Fabricius in the Western Hemisphere. In this dataset a total of 22,648 adult occurrence records comprising 9657 unique events are documented for 92 species of Anthidium, including the invasive range of two introduced species from Eurasia, A. oblongatum (Illiger) and A. manicatum (Linnaeus). The geospatial coverage of the dataset extends from northern Canada and Alaska to southern Argentina, and from below sea level in Death Valley, California, USA, to 4700 m a.s.l. in Tucumán, Argentina. The majority of records in the dataset correspond to information recorded from individual specimens examined by the authors during this project and deposited in 60 biodiversity collections located in Africa, Europe, North and South America. A fraction (4.8%) of the occurrence records were taken from the literature, largely California records from a taxonomic treatment with some additional records for the two introduced species. The temporal scale of the dataset represents collection events recorded between 1886 and 2012. The dataset was developed employing SQL server 2008 r2. For each specimen, the following information is generally provided: scientific name including identification qualifier when species status is uncertain (e.g. "Questionable Determination" for 0.4% of the specimens), sex, temporal and geospatial details, coordinates, data collector, host plants, associated organisms, name of identifier, historic identification, historic identifier, taxonomic value (i.e., type specimen, voucher, etc.), and repository. For a small portion of the database records, bees associated with threatened or endangered plants (~ 0.08% of total records) as well as specimens collected as part of unpublished biological inventories (~17%), georeferencing is presented only to nearest degree and the information on floral host, locality, elevation, month, and day has been withheld. This database can potentially be used in species distribution and niche modeling studies, as well as in assessments of pollinator status and pollination services. For native pollinators, this large dataset of occurrence records is the first to be simultaneously developed during a species-level systematic study.}, }
@article {pmid24899770, year = {2014}, author = {Galil, BS and Marchini, A and Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A and Minchin, D and Narščius, A and Ojaveer, H and Olenin, S}, title = {International arrivals: widespread bioinvasions in European Seas.}, journal = {Ethology, ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {26}, number = {2-3}, pages = {152-171}, pmid = {24899770}, issn = {0394-9370}, abstract = {The European Union lacks a comprehensive framework to address the threats posed by the introduction and spread of marine non-indigenous species (NIS). Current efforts are fragmented and suffer substantial gaps in coverage. In this paper we identify and discuss issues relating to the assessment of spatial and temporal patterns of introductions in European Seas (ES), based on a scientifically validated information system of aquatic non-indigenous and cryptogenic species, AquaNIS. While recognizing the limitations of the existing data, we extract information that can be used to assess the relative risk of introductions for different taxonomic groups, geographic regions and likely vectors. The dataset comprises 879 multicellular NIS. We applied a country-based approach to assess patterns of NIS richness in ES, and identify the principal introduction routes and vectors, the most widespread NIS and their spatial and temporal spread patterns. Between 1970 and 2013, the number of recorded NIS has grown by 86, 173 and 204% in the Baltic, Western European margin and the Mediterranean, respectively; 52 of the 879 NIS were recorded in 10 or more countries, and 25 NIS first recorded in European seas since 1990 have since been reported in five or more countries. Our results highlight the ever-rising role of shipping (commercial and recreational) as a vector for the widespread and recently spread NIS. The Suez Canal, a corridor unique to the Mediterranean, is responsible for the increased introduction of new thermophilic NIS into this warming sea. The 2020 goal of the EU Biodiversity Strategy concerning marine Invasive Alien Species may not be fully attainable. The setting of a new target date should be accompanied by scientifically robust, sensible and pragmatic plans to minimize introductions of marine NIS and to study those present.}, }
@article {pmid24899150, year = {2014}, author = {Shackleton, RT and Le Maitre, DC and Pasiecznik, NM and Richardson, DM}, title = {Prosopis: a global assessment of the biogeography, benefits, impacts and management of one of the world's worst woody invasive plant taxa.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {24899150}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Invasive species cause ecological, economic and social impacts and are key drivers of global change. This is the case for the genus Prosopis (mesquite; Fabaceae) where several taxa are among the world's most damaging invasive species. Many contentious issues ('conflicts of interest') surround these taxa, and management interventions have not yet sustainably reduced the negative impacts. There is an urgent need to better understand the factors that drive invasions and shape management actions, and to compare the effectiveness of different management approaches. This paper presents a global review of Prosopis, focusing on its distribution, impacts, benefits and approaches to management. Prosopis was found to occur in a 129 countries globally and many more countries are climatically suitable. All areas with naturalized or invasive Prosopis species at present are suitable for more taxa and many Asian and Mediterranean countries with no records of Prosopis are bioclimatically suitable. Several Prosopis species have substantial impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem services, and local and regional economies in their native and even more so in their invasive ranges; others provide multiple benefits to local communities. Management efforts are underway in only a small part of the invaded range. Countries where more research has been done are more likely to implement formal management than those where little published research is available. Management strategies differ among countries; developed nations use mainly mechanical and chemical control whereas developing nations tend to apply control through utilization approaches. A range of countries are also using biological control. Key gaps in knowledge and promising options for management are highlighted.}, }
@article {pmid24898374, year = {2014}, author = {Lakeman-Fraser, P and Ewers, RM}, title = {Untangling interactions: do temperature and habitat fragmentation gradients simultaneously impact biotic relationships?.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1787}, pages = {}, pmid = {24898374}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/parasitology/physiology ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*parasitology/*physiology ; New Zealand ; Piperaceae/*growth &amp; development ; *Temperature ; Wasps/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Gaining insight into the impact of anthropogenic change on ecosystems requires investigation into interdependencies between multiple drivers of ecological change and multiple biotic responses. Global environmental change drivers can act simultaneously to impact the abundance and diversity of biota, but few studies have also measured the impact across trophic levels. We firstly investigated whether climate (using temperature differences across a latitudinal gradient as a surrogate) interacts with habitat fragmentation (measured according to fragment area and distance to habitat edges) to impact a New Zealand tri-trophic food chain (plant, herbivore and natural enemy). Secondly, we examined how these interactions might differentially impact both the density and biotic processes of species at each of the three trophic levels. We found evidence to suggest that these drivers act non-additively across trophic levels. The nature of these interactions however varied: location synergistically interacted with fragmentation measures to exacerbate the detrimental effects on consumer density; and antagonistically interacted to ameliorate the impact on plant density and on the interactions between trophic levels (herbivory and parasitoid attack rate). Our findings indicate that the ecological consequences of multiple global change drivers are strongly interactive and vary according to the trophic level studied and whether density or ecological processes are investigated.}, }
@article {pmid24896638, year = {2014}, author = {Darnell, AM and Graf, JA and Somers, MJ and Slotow, R and Szykman Gunther, M}, title = {Space use of African wild dogs in relation to other large carnivores.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e98846}, pmid = {24896638}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carnivora ; Dogs ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Interaction among species through competition is a principle process structuring ecological communities, affecting behavior, distribution, and ultimately the population dynamics of species. High competition among large African carnivores, associated with extensive diet overlap, manifests in interactions between subordinate African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) and dominant lions (Panthera leo) and spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). Using locations of large carnivores in Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, South Africa, we found different responses from wild dogs to their two main competitors. Wild dogs avoided lions, particularly during denning, through a combination of spatial and temporal avoidance. However, wild dogs did not exhibit spatial or temporal avoidance of spotted hyenas, likely because wild dog pack sizes were large enough to adequately defend their kills. Understanding that larger carnivores affect the movements and space use of other carnivores is important for managing current small and fragmented carnivore populations, especially as reintroductions and translocations are essential tools used for the survival of endangered species, as with African wild dogs.}, }
@article {pmid24895303, year = {2014}, author = {Hossain, MJ and Sun, D and McGarey, DJ and Wrenn, S and Alexander, LM and Martino, ME and Xing, Y and Terhune, JS and Liles, MR}, title = {An Asian origin of virulent Aeromonas hydrophila responsible for disease epidemics in United States-farmed catfish.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {e00848-14}, pmid = {24895303}, issn = {2150-7511}, mesh = {Aeromonas hydrophila/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Agriculture ; Animals ; Catfishes/*virology ; Databases, Genetic ; Fish Diseases/*epidemiology ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/*veterinary ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Phylogeny ; United States/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Since 2009, catfish farming in the southeastern United States has been severely impacted by a highly virulent and clonal population of Aeromonas hydrophila causing motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS) in catfish. The possible origin of this newly emerged highly virulent A. hydrophila strain is unknown. In this study, we show using whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics that A. hydrophila isolates from diseased grass carp in China and catfish in the United States have highly similar genomes. Our phylogenomic analyses suggest that U.S. catfish isolates emerged from A. hydrophila populations of Asian origin. Furthermore, we identified an A. hydrophila strain isolated in 2004 from a diseased catfish in Mississippi, prior to the onset of the major epidemic outbreaks in Alabama starting in 2009, with genomic characteristics that are intermediate between those of the Asian and Alabama fish isolates. Investigation of A. hydrophila strain virulence demonstrated that the isolate from the U.S. catfish epidemic is significantly more virulent to both channel catfish and grass carp than is the Chinese carp isolate. This study implicates the importation of fish or fishery products into the United States as the source of highly virulent A. hydrophila that has caused severe epidemic outbreaks in United States-farmed catfish and further demonstrates the potential for invasive animal species to disseminate bacterial pathogens worldwide.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Catfish aquaculture farming in the southeastern United States has been severely affected by the emergence of virulent Aeromonas&#xa0;hydrophila responsible for epidemic disease outbreaks, resulting in the death of over 10 million&#xa0;pounds of catfish. Because the origin of this newly emerged A.&#xa0;hydrophila strain is unknown, this study used a comparative genomics approach to conduct a phylogenomic analysis of A.&#xa0;hydrophila isolates obtained from the United States and Asia. Our results suggest that the virulent isolates from United States-farmed catfish have a recent common ancestor with A.&#xa0;hydrophila isolates from diseased Asian carp. We have also observed that an Asian carp isolate, like recent U.S. catfish isolates, is virulent in catfish. The results from this study suggest that the highly virulent U.S. epidemic isolates emerged from an Asian source and provide another example of the threat that invasive species pose in the dissemination of bacterial pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid24894755, year = {2014}, author = {Satir, T}, title = {Ballast water treatment systems: design, regulations, and selection under the choice varying priorities.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {21}, number = {18}, pages = {10686-10695}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-014-3087-1}, pmid = {24894755}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Marine Biology ; Ships/*instrumentation/methods ; Water/*chemistry ; Water Purification/economics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; }, abstract = {This paper investigates the role of ballast water treatment systems (BWTSs) and proposes a selection procedure for conventional merchant ships based on the financial, legal, and operational circumstances. Through the metallurgical revolution of the nineteenth century, commercial ships are converted to steel hull from wooden structures. By this innovative shift, use of ballast water became an essential part of ships for improving propulsion and stability while reducing stress on hull (instead of rocks). However, the content of ballast water is emerged since it relocates marine species from an ecological composition (usually cargo discharging port) to another one (loading port). Uncontrolled relocation of marine species may cause severe damage to existing ecological basis on ballast discharging area. BWTSs are developed for ships to eliminate marine species (i.e., aquatic invasive species) content by using a filtering device. It ensures an eco-friendly ballasting and de-ballasting process. The selection of proper BWTS is another debate since the BWTSs are designed with cost-quality and cost (eco)-performance variations. The proposed approach denoted that both tonnage and the age of ship are indicative factors on selection. The cost of installation varies based on installation space and active vs. project vessel cases.}, }
@article {pmid24892066, year = {2014}, author = {Wan, H and Wang, Q and Jiang, D and Fu, J and Yang, Y and Liu, X}, title = {Monitoring the invasion of Spartina alterniflora using very high resolution unmanned aerial vehicle imagery in Beihai, Guangxi (China).}, journal = {TheScientificWorldJournal}, volume = {2014}, number = {}, pages = {638296}, pmid = {24892066}, issn = {1537-744X}, mesh = {China ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; *Remote Sensing Technology ; }, abstract = {Spartina alterniflora was introduced to Beihai, Guangxi (China), for ecological engineering purposes in 1979. However, the exceptional adaptability and reproductive ability of this species have led to its extensive dispersal into other habitats, where it has had a negative impact on native species and threatens the local mangrove and mudflat ecosystems. To obtain the distribution and spread of Spartina alterniflora, we collected HJ-1 CCD imagery from 2009 and 2011 and very high resolution (VHR) imagery from the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The invasion area of Spartina alterniflora was 357.2 ha in 2011, which increased by 19.07% compared with the area in 2009. A field survey was conducted for verification and the total accuracy was 94.0%. The results of this paper show that VHR imagery can provide details on distribution, progress, and early detection of Spartina alterniflora invasion. OBIA, object based image analysis for remote sensing (RS) detection method, can enable control measures to be more effective, accurate, and less expensive than a field survey of the invasive population.}, }
@article {pmid24889907, year = {2015}, author = {Durieux, D and Fassotte, B and Deneubourg, JL and Brostaux, Y and Vandereycken, A and Joie, E and Haubruge, E and Verheggen, FJ}, title = {Aggregation behavior of Harmonia axyridis under non-wintering conditions.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {22}, number = {5}, pages = {670-678}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12144}, pmid = {24889907}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Choice Behavior ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Color ; Introduced Species ; Seasons ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {The invasive multicolored Asian ladybeetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), aggregates inside dwellings during winter to avoid cold weather. This adaptive behavior disturbs homeowners, because of the large numbers of individuals that aggregate, which induces allergic reactions. The migratory flight patterns of this species have been well documented, with individuals preferentially moving toward prominent and high color contrast elements. However, the factors involved in the selection of aggregation sites by this species have yet to be elucidated. Here, we evaluated the influence of (i) the density of individuals and (ii) the type of available shelters on decisions by H. axyridis to settle and aggregate under shelters. A dual choice bioassay conducted in the laboratory demonstrated the presence of mutual attraction to conspecifics. We also found that individuals preferentially settled under red covered shelters compared to transparent shelters, and that the type of shelter outweighed the effect of social interactions among conspecifics. Moreover, this experiment was performed under non-wintering conditions, providing the first evidence that aggregative behavior in this species can also occur under those specific conditions.}, }
@article {pmid24889361, year = {2014}, author = {Dornbush, ME}, title = {The myriad surprises of unwanted guests: invasive plants and dynamic soil carbon pools.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {203}, number = {1}, pages = {1-3}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12837}, pmid = {24889361}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Carbon/*analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Fallopia japonica/*growth &amp; development ; Pueraria/*growth &amp; development ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, }
@article {pmid24886916, year = {2014}, author = {Zhu, B and Ellis, MS and Fancher, KL and Rudstam, LG}, title = {Shading as a control method for invasive European frogbit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e98488}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0098488}, pmid = {24886916}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biomass ; Hydrocharitaceae/*growth &amp; development ; *Light ; New York ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Invasive European frogbit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.) has negative environmental and economic impacts in North American water bodies. It is therefore important to develop effective management tools to control this invasive species. This study investigated shading as a control method for European frogbit in both greenhouse and lake mesocosm experiments. A series of shade treatments (0%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 100%) were tested in the greenhouse for three weeks. Results showed that the 100% shade was most effective at controlling European frogbit, and other shade treatments greater than 50% were less effective, reducing frogbit biomass up to 38.2%. There were no differences found in temperature between treatments, but dissolved oxygen decreased as shading increased. A lake mesocosm experiment utilizing 0% shade, 70% shade, and 100% shade treatments was performed in a sheltered inlet of Oneida Lake in New York State for over one month. Resulting European frogbit biomass was significantly (25 times) less in areas treated with the 70% shade and nearly zero with the 100% shade. Shading did not affect temperature but improved DO conditions. Results on the shading effects on submerged macrophytes were not conclusive: no significant differences in changes in species richness and abundance between the three groups at the end of studied period suggested no shading effects; significant differences between the beginning and end communities in the 70% shade and the 100% shade but not in the control group indicated significant impacts of shading. This study is the first one to investigate shading as a control method for European frogbit and it is concluded that a moderately high density shade can effective remove European frogbit likely with minor impacts on the environment. More experiments with larger scales and longer time periods are recommended for further investigation.}, }
@article {pmid24885120, year = {2014}, author = {Ye, XD and Su, YL and Zhao, QY and Xia, WQ and Liu, SS and Wang, XW}, title = {Transcriptomic analyses reveal the adaptive features and biological differences of guts from two invasive whitefly species.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {370}, pmid = {24885120}, issn = {1471-2164}, mesh = {Animals ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Genetic Variation ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Insecticide Resistance/genetics ; Intestinal Mucosa/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The gut of phloem feeding insects is critical for nutrition uptake and xenobiotics degradation. However, partly due to its tiny size, genomic information for the gut of phloem feeding insects is limited.<br><br>RESULTS: In this study, the gut transcriptomes of two species of invasive whiteflies in the Bemisia tabaci complex, Middle East Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED), were analyzed using the Illumina sequencing. A total of 12,879 MEAM1 transcripts and 11,246 MED transcripts were annotated with a significant Blastx hit. In addition, 7,000 and 5,771 gut specific genes were respectively identified for MEAM1 and MED. Functional analyses on these gut specific genes demonstrated the important roles of gut in metabolism of insecticides and secondary plant chemicals. To reveal the molecular difference between guts of MEAM1 and MED, a comparison between gut transcriptomes of the two species was conducted and 3,910 pairs of orthologous genes were identified. Based on the ratio of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions, 15 genes were found evolving under positive selection. Many of those genes are predicted to be involved in metabolism and insecticide resistance. Furthermore, many genes related to detoxification were expressed at an elevated level in the gut of MED compared to MEAM1, which might be responsible for the MED's higher resistance to insecticides and environmental stresses.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The sequencing of MED and MEAM1 gut transcriptomes and extensive comparisons of MEAM1 and MED gut transcripts provide substantial sequence information for revealing the role of gut in whiteflies.}, }
@article {pmid24883257, year = {2014}, author = {Bayraktarov, E and Alarcón-Moscoso, J and Polanco F, A and Wild, C}, title = {Spatial and temporal distribution of the invasive lionfish Pterois volitans in coral reefs of Tayrona National Natural Park, Colombian Caribbean.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {e397}, pmid = {24883257}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The lionfish Pterois volitans is an invasive species throughout the Western Atlantic that disturbs functioning of local ecosystems such as coral reefs via fast and intense consumption of small fish and invertebrates. In 2009, lionfish populated the bays of Tayrona National Natural Park (TNNP), a biodiversity hotspot in the Colombian Caribbean that is strongly influenced by changing environmental conditions due to a rainy and dry season. So far, the spatial and temporal distribution of P. volitans in the bays of TNNP is unknown. Therefore, this study assessed the abundance and body lengths of P. volitans during monthly surveys throughout the year 2012 in four bays (thereof two bays where lionfish removals were undertaken) of TNNP at 10 m water depth in coral reefs using transect tools. Findings revealed lionfish abundances of 2.9 ± 0.9 individuals ha(-1) with lengths of 20-25 cm for TNNP, hinting to an established, mostly adult local population. Actual TNNP lionfish abundances are thereby very similar to those at Indo-Pacific reef locations where the invasive lionfish formerly originated from. Significant spatial differences for lionfish abundances and body lengths between different bays in TNNP suggest habitat preferences of P. volitans depending on age. Lionfish abundances were highly variable over time, but without significant differences between seasons. Removals could not reduce lionfish abundances significantly during the period of study. This study therefore recommends improved management actions in order to control the already established invasive lionfish population in TNNP.}, }
@article {pmid24882016, year = {2014}, author = {Guo, Y and He, H}, title = {Identification and characterization of a goose-type lysozyme from sewage snail Physa acuta.}, journal = {Fish &amp; shellfish immunology}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, pages = {321-325}, doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2014.05.029}, pmid = {24882016}, issn = {1095-9947}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; DNA Primers ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Hepatopancreas/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Micrococcus/*immunology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muramidase/*metabolism ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Snails/*enzymology/*immunology/microbiology ; Subtractive Hybridization Techniques ; }, abstract = {Freshwater snail Physa acuta has been considered as an important invasive species and medical mollusc. Field investigation has shown that this snail could survive better than other snails in polluted water bodies. To understand the immune mechanisms of P. acuta, suppression subtractive hybridization hepatopancreas cDNA library has been constructed with bacterial challenge. In this study, a full-length cDNA of a novel goose-type lysozyme (PALysG) has been identified from P. acuta by EST and RACE technique. The conservative structure domains share high homology with other molluscan g-type lysozymes including the SLT domain, the substrate binding sites, the catalytic residues, three alpha-helices structures and six molluscan specific cysteines. Meanwhile, PALysG is the first record of goose-type lysozyme in Gastropoda. Real-time PCR indicated that PALysG mRNA had been expressed significantly at high levels in hepatopancreas for 8-48 h. PALysG recombinant protein displayed the lytic activity of g-type lysozyme with other organisms against Micrococcus lysodikicus.}, }
@article {pmid24878928, year = {2014}, author = {Bhattarai, GP and Cronin, JT}, title = {Hurricane activity and the large-scale pattern of spread of an invasive plant species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {e98478}, pmid = {24878928}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Climate Change ; Cyclonic Storms ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; United States ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Disturbances are a primary facilitator of the growth and spread of invasive species. However, the effects of large-scale disturbances, such as hurricanes and tropical storms, on the broad geographic patterns of invasive species growth and spread have not been investigated. We used historical aerial imagery to determine the growth rate of invasive Phragmites australis patches in wetlands along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States. These were relatively undisturbed wetlands where P. australis had room for unrestricted growth. Over the past several decades, invasive P. australis stands expanded in size by 6-35% per year. Based on tropical storm and hurricane activity over that same time period, we found that the frequency of hurricane-force winds explained 81% of the variation in P. australis growth over this broad geographic range. The expansion of P. australis stands was strongly and positively correlated with hurricane frequency. In light of the many climatic models that predict an increase in the frequency and intensity of hurricanes over the next century, these results suggest a strong link between climate change and species invasion and a challenging future ahead for the management of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid24876497, year = {2014}, author = {Lampert, A and Hastings, A and Grosholz, ED and Jardine, SL and Sanchirico, JN}, title = {Optimal approaches for balancing invasive species eradication and endangered species management.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {344}, number = {6187}, pages = {1028-1031}, doi = {10.1126/science.1250763}, pmid = {24876497}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; Chimera ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Endangered Species ; *Introduced Species ; Nesting Behavior ; *Poaceae ; }, abstract = {Resolving conflicting ecosystem management goals-such as maintaining fisheries while conserving marine species or harvesting timber while preserving habitat-is a widely recognized challenge. Even more challenging may be conflicts between two conservation goals that are typically considered complementary. Here, we model a case where eradication of an invasive plant, hybrid Spartina, threatens the recovery of an endangered bird that uses Spartina for nesting. Achieving both goals requires restoration of native Spartina. We show that the optimal management entails less intensive treatment over longer time scales to fit with the time scale of natural processes. In contrast, both eradication and restoration, when considered separately, would optimally proceed as fast as possible. Thus, managers should simultaneously consider multiple, potentially conflicting goals, which may require flexibility in the timing of expenditures.}, }
@article {pmid24876482, year = {2014}, author = {Buckley, YM and Han, Y}, title = {Ecology. Managing the side effects of invasion control.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {344}, number = {6187}, pages = {975-976}, doi = {10.1126/science.1254662}, pmid = {24876482}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Endangered Species ; *Introduced Species ; *Poaceae ; }, }
@article {pmid24876295, year = {2014}, author = {Wolkovich, EM and Cleland, EE}, title = {Phenological niches and the future of invaded ecosystems with climate change.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {24876295}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {In recent years, research in invasion biology has focused increasing attention on understanding the role of phenology in shaping plant invasions. Multiple studies have found non-native species that tend to flower distinctly early or late in the growing season, advance more with warming or have shifted earlier with climate change compared with native species. This growing body of literature has focused on patterns of phenological differences, but there is a need now for mechanistic studies of how phenology contributes to invasions. To do this, however, requires understanding how phenology fits within complex functional trait relationships. Towards this goal, we review recent literature linking phenology with other functional traits, and discuss the role of phenology in mediating how plants experience disturbance and stress-via climate, herbivory and competition-across the growing season. Because climate change may alter the timing and severity of stress and disturbance in many systems, it could provide novel opportunities for invasion-depending upon the dominant climate controller of the system, the projected climate change, and the traits of native and non-native species. Based on our current understanding of plant phenological and growth strategies-especially rapid growing, early-flowering species versus later-flowering species that make slower-return investments in growth-we project optimal periods for invasions across three distinct systems under current climate change scenarios. Research on plant invasions and phenology within this predictive framework would provide a more rigorous test of what drives invader success, while at the same time testing basic plant ecological theory. Additionally, extensions could provide the basis to model how ecosystem processes may shift in the future with continued climate change.}, }
@article {pmid24875063, year = {2014}, author = {Ashley, S and Brown, S and Ledford, J and Martin, J and Nash, AE and Terry, A and Tristan, T and Warwick, C}, title = {Morbidity and mortality of invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals at a major exotic companion animal wholesaler.}, journal = {Journal of applied animal welfare science : JAAWS}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {308-321}, doi = {10.1080/10888705.2014.918511}, pmid = {24875063}, issn = {1532-7604}, mesh = {*Amphibians ; Animal Diseases/epidemiology/mortality ; *Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Commerce ; Crime ; Crowding ; *Invertebrates ; *Pets ; *Reptiles ; Texas ; }, abstract = {The authors formally investigated a major international wildlife wholesaler and subsequently confiscated more than 26,400 nonhuman animals of 171 species and types. Approximately 80% of the nonhuman animals were identified as grossly sick, injured, or dead, with the remaining in suspected suboptimal condition. Almost 3,500 deceased or moribund animals (12% of stock), mostly reptiles, were being discarded on a weekly basis. Mortality during the 6-week "stock turnover" period was determined to be 72%. During a 10-day period after confiscation, mortality rates (including euthanasia for humane reasons) for the various taxa were 18% for invertebrates, 44.5% for amphibians, 41.6% for reptiles, and 5.5% for mammals. Causes of morbidity and mortality included cannibalism, crushing, dehydration, emaciation, hypothermic stress, infection, parasite infestation, starvation, overcrowding, stress/injuries, euthanasia on compassionate grounds, and undetermined causes. Contributing factors for disease and injury included poor hygiene; inadequate, unreliable, or inappropriate provision of food, water, heat, and humidity; presumed high levels of stress due to inappropriate housing leading to intraspecific aggression; absent or minimal environmental enrichment; and crowding. Risks for introduction of invasive species through escapes and/or spread of pathogens to naive populations also were identified.}, }
@article {pmid24872050, year = {2014}, author = {Shahdadi, A and Sari, A and Naderloo, R}, title = {A checklist of the barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman with nine new records.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3784}, number = {}, pages = {201-223}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3784.3.1}, pmid = {24872050}, issn = {1175-5326}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology ; Animals ; Checklist ; Ecosystem ; Indian Ocean ; Thoracica/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; }, abstract = {The present annotated checklist contains 43 species of thoracican barnacles known to date from the area, 33 and 26 from the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, respectively. Nine species are new records for the area including Amphibalunus subalbidus (Henry, 1973), Armatobalanus allium (Darwin, 1854), Chelonibia patula (Ranzani, 1818), Conchoderma hunteri (Owen, 1830), Lepas anserifera Linnaeus, 1767, Lithotrya valentiana Reinhardt, 1850, Megabalanus coccopoma (Darwin, 1854), Megabalanus occator (Darwin, 1854) and Platylepas hexastylos (Fabricius, 1798), of which A. subalbidus and M. coccopoma are reported as alien species from the region.}, }
@article {pmid24871407, year = {2014}, author = {Clark, SM and Rattu, A and Cillo, D}, title = {Monoxia obesula Blake, 1939, a species native to the U.S.A. and adventive to Sardinia, Italy (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Galerucini).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3774}, number = {}, pages = {83-89}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3774.1.6}, pmid = {24871407}, issn = {1175-5326}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Male ; United States ; }, abstract = {Monoxia obesula Blake, 1939, a species native to North America, is newly found in Sardinia, Italy. This discovery constitutes the first report of the species from Europe, as well as the first report from outside of the U.S.A. The species is redescribed and illustrated, and errors in the original description are corrected. Host plants are species of Atriplex and Chenopodium occurring in saline habitats.}, }
@article {pmid24871282, year = {2014}, author = {Sartori, AF and Gargominy, O and Fontaine, B}, title = {Radiation and decline of endodontid land snails in Makatea, French Polynesia.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3772}, number = {}, pages = {1-68}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3772.1.1}, pmid = {24871282}, issn = {1175-5326}, mesh = {Animal Shells/anatomy &amp; histology ; Animals ; Polynesia ; Population Dynamics ; Snails/*classification/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The family Endodontidae Pilsbry, 1895 comprised one of the most diverse groups of indigenous land snails of Pacific Islands. However, due to anthropogenic degradation of their habitats and predation by or competition with introduced species, most members of the family are now extinct or severely endangered. Based on limited and sporadic collections, the endodontid fauna of the raised coral island of Makatea in the western Tuamotu Archipelago was known to consist of four valid species, Mautodontha (Mautodontha) daedalea (Gould, 1846), Kleokyphus callimus Solem, 1976, K. hypsus Solem, 1976 and Pseudolibera lillianae Solem, 1976, the last three of which were endemic. To these, we add 18 new species based on a reappraisal of museum collections and analysis of abundant new material collected in 2005: M. (M.) domaneschii, M. (M.) virginiae, M. (M.) harperae, M. (Garrettoconcha) aurora, M. (G.) occidentalis, M. (G.) temaoensis, M. (G.) makateaensis, M. (G.) passosi, M. (G.) spelunca, K. cowiei, P. solemi, P. matthieui, P. cookei, P. aubertdelaruei, P. extincta, P. paraminderae, P. elieporoii, and P. parva. The recently collected material also revealed new information on the morphology, intraspecific variation and distribution of the four previously known species, which are here revised and re-described. With 22 recognized taxa, the radiation of endodontids in Makatea is second in species richness only to that of Rapa Iti in the Austral Islands, from where 24 endodontids have been described. Despite intensive field work in Makatea in 2005, only M. (M.) daedalea was found alive. All other Makatean endodontids were represented solely by empty and worn shells and are probably extinct.}, }
@article {pmid24871150, year = {2014}, author = {Smith-Vaniz, WF and Jelks, HL}, title = {Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {}, number = {3803}, pages = {1-120}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1}, pmid = {24871150}, issn = {1175-5326}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Checklist ; Female ; *Fishes ; Geography ; Male ; United States Virgin Islands ; }, abstract = {An historical account is given for the ichthyological research at St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands, followed by an annotated list of 544 species of mostly marine shore fishes known or reported from the island to depths of 200 m. Color photographs are included for 103 of these species. Collections made at Buck Island Reef National Monument with the ichthyocide rotenone in 2001 and 2005 increased the known ichthyofauna by about 80 species. The rational for inclusion of each species in the checklist is given, with remarks for those species for which additional documentation or voucher specimens are needed. Reports of species known or presumed to have been based on misidentifications are discussed. Of the total marine fish fauna of the island, 404 species (75%) are restricted to the western Atlantic Ocean, (223 of these species are essentially Caribbean endemics that do not occur south of the Amazon River outflow), and no St. Croix endemic species are known. An additional 17 species (3.2%) also occur at mid-Atlantic islands, 57 species (10.6 %) are limited to both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, and 40 species (7.4%) have circumtropical distributions. The four most species-rich families are the Gobiidae (47 species), Serranidae (groupers and sea basses, 41), Labridae (wrasses and parrotfishes, 31), and Labrisomidae (scaly blennies, 27). Literature reports of Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., from St. Croix apparently were based on misidentifications of a different introduced poeciliid genus. Four species of the amphidromus goby genus Sicydium occur in St. Croix inland waters, together with three established introduced species (one cichlid and two poeciliids). Also included are one catfish (Ictaluridae) and three sunfishes (Centrarchidae) known only from ponds. The Lionfish, Pterois volitans, the only introduced marine species, was first reported from St. Croix in 2008 and is now common despite control efforts.}, }
@article {pmid24871135, year = {2014}, author = {Kleinhesselink, AR and Magnoli, SM and Cushman, JH}, title = {Shrubs as ecosystem engineers across an environmental gradient: effects on species richness and exotic plant invasion.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {175}, number = {4}, pages = {1277-1290}, pmid = {24871135}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {California ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Development ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Ecosystem-engineering plants modify the physical environment and can increase species diversity and exotic species invasion. At the individual level, the effects of ecosystem engineers on other plants often become more positive in stressful environments. In this study, we investigated whether the community-level effects of ecosystem engineers also become stronger in more stressful environments. Using comparative and experimental approaches, we assessed the ability of a native shrub (Ericameria ericoides) to act as an ecosystem engineer across a stress gradient in a coastal dune in northern California, USA. We found increased coarse organic matter and lower wind speeds within shrub patches. Growth of a dominant invasive grass (Bromus diandrus) was facilitated both by aboveground shrub biomass and by growing in soil taken from shrub patches. Experimental removal of shrubs negatively affected species most associated with shrubs and positively affected species most often found outside of shrubs. Counter to the stress-gradient hypothesis, the effects of shrubs on the physical environment and individual plant growth did not increase across the established stress gradient at this site. At the community level, shrub patches increased beta diversity, and contained greater rarified richness and exotic plant cover than shrub-free patches. Shrub effects on rarified richness increased with environmental stress, but effects on exotic cover and beta diversity did not. Our study provides evidence for the community-level effects of shrubs as ecosystem engineers in this system, but shows that these effects do not necessarily become stronger in more stressful environments.}, }
@article {pmid24870899, year = {2014}, author = {Vierbergen, G}, title = {Thysanoptera intercepted in the Netherlands on plant products from Ethiopia, with description of two new species of the genus Thrips.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3765}, number = {}, pages = {269-278}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3765.3.3}, pmid = {24870899}, issn = {1175-5326}, mesh = {Animals ; Commerce ; Ethiopia ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Netherlands ; Plant Preparations ; Plants ; Species Specificity ; Thysanoptera/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Vegetables ; }, abstract = {An overview is given of 18 Thysanoptera species found on Ethiopian cut flowers, cuttings and vegetables during import inspection in the Netherlands. Consignments consisted mostly of cut flowers, in total belonging to twelve plant genera. Details on geographical distribution and host plants of the thrips encountered are given, and two are newly described: T. cacuminis sp. n. and T. dezeeuwi sp. n. The results do not give any serious indication of increased invasiveness by Ethiopian Thysanoptera.}, }
@article {pmid24870689, year = {2014}, author = {Haddad, MA and Bettim, AL and Miglietta, MP}, title = {Podocoryna loyola, n. sp. (Hydrozoa, Hydractiniidae): a probably introduced species on artificial substrate from southern Brazil.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {}, number = {3796}, pages = {494-506}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3796.3.5}, pmid = {24870689}, issn = {1175-5326}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Hydrozoa/*anatomy &amp; histology/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Podocoryna loyola, a new hydractiniid species, has been found on artificial substrates in Baía de Paranaguá, southern coast of Brazil, since April 2007. Its main morphological characteristics are: (1) polymorphic colonies with reticular stolons or encrusting hydrorhiza not covered by periderm and smooth chitinous spines; (2) newly-released medusae with eight tentacles and small interradial gonads; (3) mature medusae with eight tentacles and unbranched oral lips; gastric peduncle absent. Molecular data show that P. loyola is distinct from all other examined species of Podocoryna, and from P. hayamaensis Hirohito (1988), its sister species from Japan. As the polyps having been noted only quite recently, and in having been found only on man-made objects in port areas and estuaries, the species is most likely exotic to the region.}, }
@article {pmid24870534, year = {2014}, author = {Kolby, JE}, title = {Ecology: Stop Madagascar's toad invasion now.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {509}, number = {7502}, pages = {563}, doi = {10.1038/509563a}, pmid = {24870534}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Bufonidae/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Food Chain ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Madagascar ; }, }
@article {pmid24865979, year = {2014}, author = {Plieninger, T and Hui, C and Gaertner, M and Huntsinger, L}, title = {The impact of land abandonment on species richness and abundance in the Mediterranean Basin: a meta-analysis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {e98355}, pmid = {24865979}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Biota ; Birds/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Climate ; Endangered Species/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Lichens/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Oceans and Seas ; *Plant Development ; Plants/classification ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Land abandonment is common in the Mediterranean Basin, a global biodiversity hotspot, but little is known about its impacts on biodiversity. To upscale existing case-study insights to the Pan-Mediterranean level, we conducted a meta-analysis of the effects of land abandonment on plant and animal species richness and abundance in agroforestry, arable land, pastures, and permanent crops of the Mediterranean Basin. In particular, we investigated (1) which taxonomic groups (arthropods, birds, lichen, vascular plants) are more affected by land abandonment; (2) at which spatial and temporal scales the effect of land abandonment on species richness and abundance is pronounced; (3) whether previous land use and current protected area status affect the magnitude of changes in the number and abundance of species; and (4) how prevailing landforms and climate modify the impacts of land abandonment. After identifying 1240 potential studies, 154 cases from 51 studies that offered comparisons of species richness and abundance and had results relevant to our four areas of investigation were selected for meta-analysis. Results are that land abandonment showed slightly increased (effect size = 0.2109, P<0.0001) plant and animal species richness and abundance overall, though results were heterogeneous, with differences in effect size between taxa, spatial-temporal scales, land uses, landforms, and climate. In conclusion, there is no "one-size-fits-all" conservation approach that applies to the diverse contexts of land abandonment in the Mediterranean Basin. Instead, conservation policies should strive to increase awareness of this heterogeneity and the potential trade-offs after abandonment. The strong role of factors at the farm and landscape scales that was revealed by the analysis indicates that purposeful management at these scales can have a powerful impact on biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid24865393, year = {2014}, author = {Pires, MM and Galetti, M and Donatti, CI and Pizo, MA and Dirzo, R and Guimarães, PR}, title = {Reconstructing past ecological networks: the reconfiguration of seed-dispersal interactions after megafaunal extinction.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {175}, number = {4}, pages = {1247-1256}, pmid = {24865393}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Mammals ; Seed Dispersal ; Seeds/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The late Quaternary megafaunal extinction impacted ecological communities worldwide, and affected key ecological processes such as seed dispersal. The traits of several species of large-seeded plants are thought to have evolved in response to interactions with extinct megafauna, but how these extinctions affected the organization of interactions in seed-dispersal systems is poorly understood. Here, we combined ecological and paleontological data and network analyses to investigate how the structure of a species-rich seed-dispersal network could have changed from the Pleistocene to the present and examine the possible consequences of such changes. Our results indicate that the seed-dispersal network was organized into modules across the different time periods but has been reconfigured in different ways over time. The episode of megafaunal extinction and the arrival of humans changed how seed dispersers were distributed among network modules. However, the recent introduction of livestock into the seed-dispersal system partially restored the original network organization by strengthening the modular configuration. Moreover, after megafaunal extinctions, introduced species and some smaller native mammals became key components for the structure of the seed-dispersal network. We hypothesize that such changes in network structure affected both animal and plant assemblages, potentially contributing to the shaping of modern ecological communities. The ongoing extinction of key large vertebrates will lead to a variety of context-dependent rearranged ecological networks, most certainly affecting ecological and evolutionary processes.}, }
@article {pmid24862566, year = {2014}, author = {Hulme, PE}, title = {Invasive species challenge the global response to emerging diseases.}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, pages = {267-270}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2014.03.005}, pmid = {24862566}, issn = {1471-5007}, mesh = {Animals ; *Communicable Diseases, Emerging ; Europe ; Global Health/trends ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Parasitic Diseases/epidemiology ; Zoonoses/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Forecasts of emerging zoonoses neglect the threat alien species pose in disease transmission to humans. A review of alien parasites, hosts, and vectors introduced to Europe highlights the wide range of potential public health risks, the need for better surveillance and risk assessment, and major policy gaps in global preparedness.}, }
@article {pmid24861366, year = {2014}, author = {Green, SJ and Côté, IM}, title = {Trait-based diet selection: prey behaviour and morphology predict vulnerability to predation in reef fish communities.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {83}, number = {6}, pages = {1451-1460}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12250}, pmid = {24861366}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Bahamas ; Coral Reefs ; Diet ; Fishes/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; *Motor Activity ; Perciformes/physiology ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Understanding how predators select their prey can provide important insights into community structure and dynamics. However, the suite of prey species available to a predator is often spatially and temporally variable. As a result, species-specific selectivity data are of limited use for predicting novel predator-prey interactions because they are assemblage specific. We present a method for predicting diet selection that is applicable across prey assemblages, based on identifying general morphological and behavioural traits of prey that confer vulnerability to predation independent of species identity. We apply this trait-based approach to examining prey selection by Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans and Pterois miles), invasive predators that prey upon species-rich reef fish communities and are rapidly spreading across the western Atlantic. We first generate hypotheses about morphological and behavioural traits recurring across fish species that could facilitate or deter predation by lionfish. Constructing generalized linear mixed-effects models that account for relatedness among prey taxa, we test whether these traits predict patterns of diet selection by lionfish within two independent data sets collected at different spatial scales: (i) in situ visual observations of prey consumption and availability for individual lionfish and (ii) comparisons of prey abundance in lionfish stomach contents to availability on invaded reefs at large. Both analyses reveal that a number of traits predicted to affect vulnerability to predation, including body size, body shape, position in the water column and aggregation behaviour, are important determinants of diet selection by lionfish. Small, shallow-bodied, solitary fishes found resting on or just above reefs are the most vulnerable. Fishes that exhibit parasite cleaning behaviour experience a significantly lower risk of predation than non-cleaning fishes, and fishes that are nocturnally active are at significantly greater risk. Together, vulnerable traits heighten the risk of predation by a factor of nearly 200. Our study reveals that a trait-based approach yields insights into predator-prey interactions that are robust across prey assemblages. Importantly, in situ observations of selection yield similar results to broadscale comparisons of prey use and availability, which are more typically gathered for predator species. A trait-based approach could therefore be of use across predator species and ecosystems to predict the outcomes of changing predator-prey interactions on community dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid24860790, year = {2014}, author = {Minard, G and Tran, FH and Dubost, A and Tran-Van, V and Mavingui, P and Moro, CV}, title = {Pyrosequencing 16S rRNA genes of bacteria associated with wild tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus: a pilot study.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {59}, pmid = {24860790}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology ; Animals ; Bacteria/classification/*genetics ; Biodiversity ; Computational Biology ; Female ; Microbiota ; Pilot Projects ; RNA, Bacterial ; *RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes (Stegomya) albopictus is an invasive species that has spread across the world in the last two decades, showing a great capacity to adapt to contrasting climates and environments. While demonstrated in many insects, the contribution of bacterial symbionts in Aedes ecology is a challenging aspect that needs to be investigated. Also some bacterial species have already been identified in Ae. albopictus using classical methods, but a more accurate survey of mosquito-associated bacterial diversity is needed to decipher the potential biological functions of bacterial symbionts in mediating or constraining insect adaptation. We surveyed the bacteria associated with field populations of Ae. albopictus from Madagascar by pyrosequencing 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Different aspects of amplicon preparation and sequencing depth were tested to optimize the breadth of bacterial diversity identified. The results revealed that all mosquitoes collected from different sites have a bacterial microbiota dominated by a single taxon, Wolbachia pipientis, which accounted for about 99% of all 92,615 sequences obtained. As Ae. albopictus is known to harbor two Wolbachia strains (wAlbA and wAlbB), a quantitative PCR was used to estimate the relative densities, (i.e., the bacteria-to-host gene ratios) of each strains in individual mosquitoes. Relative densities were between 6.25 × 10(0.01) and 5.47 × 10(0.1) for wAlbA and between 2.03 × 10(0.1) and 1.4 × 10(1) for wAlbB. Apart from Wolbachia, a total of 31 bacterial taxa were identified at the genus level using different method variations. Diversity index values were low and probably underestimated the true diversity due to the high abundance of Wolbachia sequences vastly outnumbering sequences from other taxa. Further studies should implement alternative strategies to specifically discard from analysis any sequences from Wolbachia, the dominant endosymbiotic bacterium in Ae. albopictus from this area.}, }
@article {pmid24857979, year = {2014}, author = {Arca, M and Papachristoforou, A and Mougel, F and Rortais, A and Monceau, K and Bonnard, O and Tardy, P and Thiéry, D and Silvain, JF and Arnold, G}, title = {Defensive behaviour of Apis mellifera against Vespa velutina in France: testing whether European honeybees can develop an effective collective defence against a new predator.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {106}, number = {}, pages = {122-129}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2014.05.002}, pmid = {24857979}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; France ; Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; *Social Behavior ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {We investigated the prey-predator interactions between the European honeybee, Apis mellifera, and the invasive yellow-legged hornet, Vespa velutina, which first invaded France in 2004 and thereafter spread to neighbouring European countries (Spain, Portugal and Italy). Our goal was to determine how successfully honeybees are able to defend their colonies against their new predator in Europe. Experiments were conducted in the southwest of France-the point of entry of the hornet in Europe-under natural and semi-controlled field conditions. We investigated a total of eight apiaries and 95 colonies subjected to either low or high levels of predation. We analyzed hornet predatory behaviour and collective response of colonies under attack. The results showed that A. mellifera in France exhibit an inefficient and unorganized defence against V. velutina, unlike in other regions of Europe and other areas around the globe where honeybees have co-evolved with their natural Vespa predators.}, }
@article {pmid24855439, year = {2014}, author = {Moore, A and Watson, GW and Bamba, J}, title = {First record of Eggplant Mealybug, Coccidohystrixinsolita (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), on Guam: Potentially a major pest.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {}, number = {2}, pages = {e1042}, doi = {10.3897/BDJ.2.e1042}, pmid = {24855439}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {The eggplant mealybug, Coccidohystrixinsolita (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is recorded from the island of Guam in the Mariana Islands for the first time. Factors indicating that this introduced mealybug has the potential to become a pest of economic importance for agriculture and horticulture on Guam are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid24852942, year = {2014}, author = {Süld, K and Valdmann, H and Laurimaa, L and Soe, E and Davison, J and Saarma, U}, title = {An invasive vector of zoonotic disease sustained by anthropogenic resources: the raccoon dog in northern Europe.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {e96358}, pmid = {24852942}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Carnivory ; Diet ; Echinococcosis/transmission ; Echinococcus multilocularis/isolation &amp; purification ; Estonia ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Foxes/physiology ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Raccoon Dogs/*parasitology/*physiology ; Zoonoses/*transmission ; }, abstract = {The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is an introduced species in Europe with a continually expanding range. Since the species is capable of affecting local ecosystems and is a vector for a number of severe zoonotic diseases, it is important to understand its food habits. Raccoon dog diet was studied in Estonia by examining the contents of 223 stomach samples collected during the coldest period of the year, August to March, in 2010-2012. The most frequently consumed food categories were anthropogenic plants (e.g. cereals, fruits; FO = 56.1%) and carrion (e.g. carcasses of artiodactyls and carnivores; FO = 48.4%). Carrion was also the only food category that was consumed significantly more frequently by raccoon dogs exhibiting symptoms of sarcoptic mange than by uninfected animals. Small mammals, which represent intermediate hosts for the zoonotic tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, were more commonly recorded in samples also containing anthropogenic plants than expected by chance. Comparison of raccoon dog and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) diet in Estonia revealed higher overlap than found elsewhere in Europe, with 'carrion' and 'anthropogenic plants' making up the bulk of both species' diet; however, raccoon dogs were more omnivorous than red foxes. Our results suggest that while the use of most food categories reflects the phenology of natural food sources, 'anthropogenic plants' and 'carrion' provide an essential resource for raccoon dogs during the coldest period of the year, with the latter resource especially important for individuals infected with sarcoptic mange. Since both of these food categories and small mammals are often found at supplementary feeding sites for wild boar (Sus scrofa), this game management practice may facilitate high densities of mesocarnivores and promote the spread of some severe zoonotic diseases, including alveolar echinococcosis, trichinellosis, rabies and sarcoptic mange.}, }
@article {pmid24849170, year = {2014}, author = {Kerdelhué, C and Boivin, T and Burban, C}, title = {Contrasted invasion processes imprint the genetic structure of an invasive scale insect across southern Europe.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {113}, number = {5}, pages = {390-400}, pmid = {24849170}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Europe ; Founder Effect ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; Pinus ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Deciphering the colonization processes by which introduced pests invade new areas is essential to limit the risk of further expansion and/or multiple introductions. We here studied the invasion history of the maritime pine bast scale Matsucoccus feytaudi. This host-specific insect does not cause any damage in its native area, but it devastated maritime pine forests of South-Eastern France where it was detected in the 1960s, and since then reached Italy and Corsica. We used population genetic approaches to infer the populations' recent evolutionary history from microsatellite markers and Approximate Bayesian Computation. Consistent with previous mitochondrial data, we showed that the native range is geographically strongly structured, which is probably due to the patchy distribution of the obligate host and the limited dispersal capacity of the scale. Our results show that the invasion history can be described in three successive steps involving different colonization and dispersal processes. During the mid-XXth century, massive introductions occurred from the Landes planted forest to South-Eastern France, probably due to transportation of infested wood material after World War II. Stepping-stone expansion, consistent with natural dispersal, then allowed M. feytaudi to reach the maritime pine forests of Liguria and Tuscany in Italy. The island of Corsica was accidentally colonized in the 1990s, and the most plausible scenario involves the introduction of a limited number of migrants from the forests of South-Eastern France and Liguria, which is consistent with an aerial dispersal due to the dominant winds that blow in spring in this region.}, }
@article {pmid24844914, year = {2014}, author = {Peh, KS and Sonké, B and Séné, O and Djuikouo, MN and Nguembou, CK and Taedoumg, H and Begne, SK and Lewis, SL}, title = {Mixed-forest species establishment in a monodominant forest in central Africa: implications for tropical forest invasibility.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {e97585}, pmid = {24844914}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Cameroon ; Fabaceae/*physiology ; *Forests ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Traits of non-dominant mixed-forest tree species and their synergies for successful co-occurrence in monodominant Gilbertiodendron dewevrei forest have not yet been investigated. Here we compared the tree species diversity of the monodominant forest with its adjacent mixed forest and then determined which fitness proxies and life history traits of the mixed-forest tree species were most associated with successful co-existence in the monodominant forest.<br><br>We sampled all trees (diameter in breast height [dbh]&#x2265;10 cm) within 6&#xd7;1 ha topographically homogenous areas of intact central African forest in SE Cameroon, three independent patches of G. dewevrei-dominated forest and three adjacent areas (450-800 m apart). Monodominant G. dewevrei forest had lower sample-controlled species richness, species density and population density than its adjacent mixed forest in terms of stems with dbh&#x2265;10 cm. Analysis of a suite of population-level characteristics, such as relative abundance and geographical distribution, and traits such as wood density, height, diameter at breast height, fruit/seed dispersal mechanism and light requirement-revealed after controlling for phylogeny, species that co-occur with G. dewevrei tend to have higher abundance in adjacent mixed forest, higher wood density and a lower light requirement.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggest that certain traits (wood density and light requirement) and population-level characteristics (relative abundance) may increase the invasibility of a tree species into a tropical closed-canopy system. Such knowledge may assist in the pre-emptive identification of invasive tree species.}, }
@article {pmid24844226, year = {2014}, author = {Guo, Q and Olden, JD}, title = {Spatial scaling of non-native fish richness across the United States.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {e97727}, pmid = {24844226}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; United States ; }, abstract = {A major goal and challenge of invasion ecology is to describe and interpret spatial and temporal patterns of species invasions. Here, we examined fish invasion patterns at four spatially structured and hierarchically nested scales across the contiguous United States (i.e., from large to small: region, basin, watershed, and sub-watershed). All spatial relationships in both richness and fraction between species groups (e.g., natives vs. exotics) were positive at large scales. However, contrary to predictions using null/neutral models, the patterns at small scales were hump-shaped (unimodal), not simply negative. The fractions of both domestic (introduced among watersheds within the USA) and foreign (introduced from abroad) exotics increased with area across scales but decreased within each scale. The foreign exotics exhibited the highest dominance (lowest evenness) and spatial variation in distribution, followed by domestic exotics and natives, although on average natives still occupy larger areas than domestic and foreign exotics. The results provide new insight into patterns and mechanisms of fish species invasions at multiple spatial scales in the United States.}, }
@article {pmid24843937, year = {2013}, author = {Armstrong, PM and Anderson, JF and Farajollahi, A and Healy, SP and Unlu, I and Crepeau, TN and Gaugler, R and Fonseca, DM and Andreadis, TG}, title = {Isolations of Cache Valley virus from Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in New Jersey and evaluation of its role as a regional arbovirus vector.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {6}, pages = {1310-1314}, doi = {10.1603/me13099}, pmid = {24843937}, issn = {0022-2585}, support = {U50/CCU116806-01-1/CC/ODCDC CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*virology ; Animals ; Bunyamwera virus/*isolation &amp; purification ; Bunyaviridae Infections/*epidemiology/virology ; Chlorocebus aethiops ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; New Jersey/epidemiology ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Seasons ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Vero Cells ; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/virology ; West Nile virus/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is an invasive species and a major pest problem in urban and suburban locales in New Jersey. To assess its potential role as an arbovirus vector, we sampled Ae. albopictus from two New Jersey counties over a 3-yr period and estimated the prevalence of virus infection by Vero cell culture and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays. Three virus isolates were obtained from 34,567 field-collected Ae. albopictus, and all were identified as Cache Valley virus by molecular methods. Ae. albopictus (N = 3,138), collected in Mercer County from late July through early September 2011, also were retested for West Nile virus (WNV) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and all were negative. These results corroborate previous findings showing that Ae. albopictus may occasionally acquire Cache Valley virus, a deer-associated arbovirus, in nature. In contrast, we did not detect WNV infection in Ae. albopictus despite concurrent WNV amplification in this region.}, }
@article {pmid24843249, year = {2014}, author = {Salles, FF and Gattolliat, JL and Angeli, KB and De-Souza, MR and Gonçalves, IC and Nessimian, JL and Sartori, M}, title = {Discovery of an alien species of mayfly in South America (Ephemeroptera).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {399}, pages = {1-16}, pmid = {24843249}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Despite its wide, almost worldwide distribution, the mayfly genus Cloeon Leach, 1815 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) is restricted in the Western hemisphere to North America, where a single species is reported. In the Neotropics, except for some species wrongly attributed to the genus in the past, there are no records of Cloeon. Recently, however, specimens of true Cloeon were collected along the coast of Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil. In order to verify the hypothesis that this species was recently introduced to Brazil, our aim was to identify the species based on morphological and molecular characters and to confirm the presence of true representatives of the genus in the Neotropics. Our results revealed that the specimens found in Brazil belong to the Afrotropical species C. smaeleni Lestage, 1924. The identity of the species, its distribution, along with its previous absence in regularly sampled sites, is a clear sign that the specimens of C. smaeleni found in Espírito Santo are introduced, well established, and that the colonization took place very recently.}, }
@article {pmid24841715, year = {2014}, author = {Liu, L and Li, F and Yang, Q and Tam, NF and Liao, W and Zan, Q}, title = {Long-term differences in annual litter production between alien (Sonneratia apetala) and native (Kandelia obovata) mangrove species in Futian, Shenzhen, China.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {85}, number = {2}, pages = {747-753}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.04.047}, pmid = {24841715}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {China ; Climate ; Ecology ; Forests ; Humidity ; *Introduced Species ; Lythraceae/*physiology ; Plant Leaves/*physiology ; Rhizophoraceae/*physiology ; Seasons ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Annual litter production in alien (Sonneratia apetala) and native (Kandelia obovata) mangrove forests in Shenzhen, China were compared from 1999 to 2010. S. apetala had significantly higher litter production than K. obovata, with mean annual total litter of 18.1 t ha(-1) yr(-1) and 15.2 t ha(-1) yr(-1), respectively. The higher litter production in S. apetala forest indicates higher productivity and consequently more nutrient supply to the estuarine ecosystems but may be more invasive due to positive plant-soil feedbacks and nutrient availability to this alien species. Two peaks were recorded in S. apetala (May and October), while only one peak was observed in K. obovata, in early spring (March and April). Leaf and reproductive materials were the main contributors to litter production (>80%) in both forests. These results suggest that the ecological function of S. apetala and its invasive potential can be better understood based on a long-term litter fall analysis.}, }
@article {pmid24839235, year = {2014}, author = {Roy, HE and Peyton, J and Aldridge, DC and Bantock, T and Blackburn, TM and Britton, R and Clark, P and Cook, E and Dehnen-Schmutz, K and Dines, T and Dobson, M and Edwards, F and Harrower, C and Harvey, MC and Minchin, D and Noble, DG and Parrott, D and Pocock, MJ and Preston, CD and Roy, S and Salisbury, A and Schönrogge, K and Sewell, J and Shaw, RH and Stebbing, P and Stewart, AJ and Walker, KJ}, title = {Horizon scanning for invasive alien species with the potential to threaten biodiversity in Great Britain.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {20}, number = {12}, pages = {3859-3871}, pmid = {24839235}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; *Risk Assessment ; Species Specificity ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) are considered one of the greatest threats to biodiversity, particularly through their interactions with other drivers of change. Horizon scanning, the systematic examination of future potential threats and opportunities, leading to prioritization of IAS threats is seen as an essential component of IAS management. Our aim was to consider IAS that were likely to impact on native biodiversity but were not yet established in the wild in Great Britain. To achieve this, we developed an approach which coupled consensus methods (which have previously been used for collaboratively identifying priorities in other contexts) with rapid risk assessment. The process involved two distinct phases: Preliminary consultation with experts within five groups (plants, terrestrial invertebrates, freshwater invertebrates, vertebrates and marine species) to derive ranked lists of potential IAS. Consensus-building across expert groups to compile and rank the entire list of potential IAS. Five hundred and ninety-one species not native to Great Britain were considered. Ninety-three of these species were agreed to constitute at least a medium risk (based on score and consensus) with respect to them arriving, establishing and posing a threat to native biodiversity. The quagga mussel, Dreissena rostriformis bugensis, received maximum scores for risk of arrival, establishment and impact; following discussions the unanimous consensus was to rank it in the top position. A further 29 species were considered to constitute a high risk and were grouped according to their ranked risk. The remaining 63 species were considered as medium risk, and included in an unranked long list. The information collated through this novel extension of the consensus method for horizon scanning provides evidence for underpinning and prioritizing management both for the species and, perhaps more importantly, their pathways of arrival. Although our study focused on Great Britain, we suggest that the methods adopted are applicable globally.}, }
@article {pmid24837300, year = {2014}, author = {Mulcahy, DG and Martínez-Gómez, JE and Aguirre-León, G and Cervantes-Pasqualli, JA and Zug, GR}, title = {Rediscovery of an endemic vertebrate from the remote Islas Revillagigedo in the eastern Pacific Ocean: the Clarión nightsnake lost and found.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {e97682}, pmid = {24837300}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; California ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Genome, Mitochondrial ; Islands ; Mexico ; Pacific Ocean ; Phylogeny ; Snakes/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Vertebrates are currently going extinct at an alarming rate, largely because of habitat loss, global warming, infectious diseases, and human introductions. Island ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to invasive species and other ecological disturbances. Properly documenting historic and current species distributions is critical for quantifying extinction events. Museum specimens, field notes, and other archived materials from historical expeditions are essential for documenting recent changes in biodiversity. The Islas Revillagigedo are a remote group of four islands, 700-1100 km off the western coast of mainland México. The islands are home to many endemic plants and animals recognized at the specific- and subspecific-levels, several of which are currently threatened or have already gone extinct. Here, we recount the initial discovery of an endemic snake Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha unaocularus Tanner on Isla Clarión, the later dismissal of its existence, its absence from decades of field surveys, our recent rediscovery, and recognition of it as a distinct species. We collected two novel complete mitochondrial (mt) DNA genomes and up to 2800 base-pairs of mtDNA from several other individuals, aligned these with previously published mt-genome data from samples throughout the range of Hypsiglena, and conducted phylogenetic analyses to infer the biogeographic origin and taxonomic status of this population. We found the Isla Clarión population to be most closely related to populations in the Sonora-Sinaloa state border area of mainland México and Isla Santa Catalina, in the Gulf of California. Based on genetics, morphology, and geographic distributions, we also recognize these two other lineages as distinct species. Our study shows the importance of museum specimens, field notes, and careful surveys to accurately document biodiversity and brings these island endemics (Clarión and Santa Catalina nightsnakes) and mainland population near the Sonora-Sinaloa state border to the attention of conservation biologists currently monitoring biodiversity in these fragile subtropical ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid24835486, year = {2014}, author = {Anacleto, P and Maulvault, AL and Lopes, VM and Repolho, T and Diniz, M and Nunes, ML and Marques, A and Rosa, R}, title = {Ecophysiology of native and alien-invasive clams in an ocean warming context.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology}, volume = {175}, number = {}, pages = {28-37}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.05.003}, pmid = {24835486}, issn = {1531-4332}, mesh = {Animals ; Antioxidants/metabolism ; Bivalvia/genetics/*metabolism/physiology ; Catalase/metabolism ; *Climate Change ; Environmental Monitoring ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/biosynthesis ; Heat-Shock Response ; Lipid Peroxidation/genetics ; *Oceans and Seas ; *Oxidative Stress ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Both climate change and biological invasions are among the most serious global environmental threats. Yet mechanisms underlying these eventual interactions remain unclear. The aim of this study was to undertake a comprehensive examination of the physiological and biochemical responses of native (Ruditapes decussatus) and alien-invasive (Ruditapes philippinarum) clams to environmental warming. We evaluated thermal tolerance limits (CTMax), routine metabolic rates (RMRs) and respective thermal sensitivity (Q10 values), critical oxygen partial pressure (Pcrit), heat shock response (HSP70/HSC70 levels), lipid peroxidation (MDA build-up) and antioxidant enzyme [glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] activities. Contrary to most studies that show that invasive species have a higher thermal tolerance than native congeners, here we revealed that the alien-invasive and native species had similar CTMax values. However, warming had a stronger effect on metabolism and oxidative status of the native R. decussatus, as indicated by the higher RMRs and HSP70/HSC70 and MDA levels, as well as GST, CAT and SOD activities. Moreover, we argue that the alien-invasive clams, instead of up-regulating energetically expensive cellular responses, have evolved a less demanding strategy to cope with short-term environmental (oxidative) stress-pervasive valve closure. Although efficient during stressful short-term periods to ensure isolation and guarantee longer survival, such adaptive behavioural strategy entails metabolic arrest (and the enhancement of anaerobic pathways), which to some extent will not be advantageous under the chronically warming conditions predicted in the future.}, }
@article {pmid24834735, year = {2014}, author = {Hansen, AJ and Piekielek, N and Davis, C and Haas, J and Theobald, DM and Gross, JE and Monahan, WB and Olliff, T and Running, SW}, title = {Exposure of U.S. National Parks to land use and climate change 1900-2100.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {484-502}, doi = {10.1890/13-0905.1}, pmid = {24834735}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Time Factors ; United States ; }, abstract = {Many protected areas may not be adequately safeguarding biodiversity from human activities on surrounding lands and global change. The magnitude of such change agents and the sensitivity of ecosystems to these agents vary among protected areas. Thus, there is a need to assess vulnerability across networks of protected areas to determine those most at risk and to lay the basis for developing effective adaptation strategies. We conducted an assessment of exposure of U.S. National Parks to climate and land use change and consequences for vegetation communities. We first defined park protected-area centered ecosystems (PACEs) based on ecological principles. We then drew on existing land use, invasive species, climate, and biome data sets and models to quantify exposure of PACEs from 1900 through 2100. Most PACEs experienced substantial change over the 20th century (> 740% average increase in housing density since 1940, 13% of vascular plants are presently nonnative, temperature increase of 1 degree C/100 yr since 1895 in 80% of PACEs), and projections suggest that many of these trends will continue at similar or increasingly greater rates (255% increase in housing density by 2100, temperature increase of 2.5 degrees-4.5 degrees C/100 yr, 30% of PACE areas may lose their current biomes by 2030). In the coming century, housing densities are projected to increase in PACEs at about 82% of the rate of since 1940. The rate of climate warming in the coming century is projected to be 2.5-5.8 times higher than that measured in the past century. Underlying these averages, exposure of individual park PACEs to change agents differ in important ways. For example, parks such as Great Smoky Mountains exhibit high land use and low climate exposure, others such as Great Sand Dunes exhibit low land use and high climate exposure, and a few such as Point Reyes exhibit high exposure on both axes. The cumulative and synergistic effects of such changes in land use, invasives, and climate are expected to dramatically impact ecosystem function and biodiversity in national parks. These results are foundational to developing effective adaptation strategies and suggest policies to better safeguard parks under broad-scale environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid24834734, year = {2014}, author = {Iannone, BV and Zellner, ML and Wise, DH}, title = {Modeling the impacts of life-history traits, canopy gaps, and establishment location on woodland shrub invasions.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {467-483}, doi = {10.1890/13-0833.1}, pmid = {24834734}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Plant Development ; Plants/*classification ; }, abstract = {We used an individual-based model to identify how localized patterns of woodland invasions by exotic shrubs are likely influenced by (1) observed variation in age at first reproduction and fecundity, (2) hypothesized effects of canopy gaps on these life-history traits and dispersal, and (3) initial establishment location. Rates of spread accelerated nearly twofold as age at first reproduction decreased from eight to three years or fecundity increased from 3 to 20 offspring per year, illustrating the need to better understand the factors that influence these life-history traits. Canopy gaps facilitated spread by influencing these life-history traits, but not through their effects on dispersal. Invasions starting at the woodland center spread more rapidly than do those starting along the woodland edge. These findings suggest that managers should not only prioritize the removal of shrubs that reproduce the earliest or produce the most offspring, but they should also focus on the invasions in woodlands with high canopy openness and/or that are located in woodland interiors. Investigated factors also affected other invasion characteristics, often in surprising ways. For example, those changes in age at first reproduction and fecundity that increased the rate of spread produced nonparallel patterns of change in the proportions of invasion reproducing, whether or not invasions exhibited clumped or scattered spatial arrangements, and invasional lag. Additionally, canopy gaps influenced these characteristics by increasing fecundity, but not by decreasing age at first reproduction or altering dispersal, suggesting that canopy gaps affect local patterns of exotic-shrub invasions primarily through their positive effects on fruit production.}, }
@article {pmid24834343, year = {2014}, author = {Nunes, AL and Orizaola, G and Laurila, A and Rebelo, R}, title = {Morphological and life-history responses of anurans to predation by an invasive crayfish: an integrative approach.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {8}, pages = {1491-1503}, pmid = {24834343}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Predator-induced phenotypic plasticity has been widely documented in response to native predators, but studies examining the extent to which prey can respond to exotic invasive predators are scarce. As native prey often do not share a long evolutionary history with invasive predators, they may lack defenses against them. This can lead to population declines and even extinctions, making exotic predators a serious threat to biodiversity. Here, in a community-wide study, we examined the morphological and life-history responses of anuran larvae reared with the invasive red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, feeding on conspecific tadpoles. We reared tadpoles of nine species until metamorphosis and examined responses in terms of larval morphology, growth, and development, as well as their degree of phenotypic integration. These responses were compared with the ones developed in the presence of a native predator, the larval dragonfly Aeshna sp., also feeding on tadpoles. Eight of the nine species altered their morphology or life history when reared with the fed dragonfly, but only four when reared with the fed crayfish, suggesting among-species variation in the ability to respond to a novel predator. While morphological defenses were generally similar across species (deeper tails) and almost exclusively elicited in the presence of the fed dragonfly, life-history responses were very variable and commonly elicited in the presence of the invasive crayfish. Phenotypes induced in the presence of dragonfly were more integrated than in crayfish presence. The lack of response to the presence of the fed crayfish in five of the study species suggests higher risk of local extinction and ultimately reduced diversity of the invaded amphibian communities. Understanding how native prey species vary in their responses to invasive predators is important in predicting the impacts caused by newly established predator-prey interactions following biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid24834323, year = {2014}, author = {Seymour, M and Altermatt, F}, title = {Active colonization dynamics and diversity patterns are influenced by dendritic network connectivity and species interactions.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {8}, pages = {1243-1254}, pmid = {24834323}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Habitat network connectivity influences colonization dynamics, species invasions, and biodiversity patterns. Recent theoretical work suggests dendritic networks, such as those found in rivers, alter expectations regarding colonization and dispersal dynamics compared with other network types. As many native and non-native species are spreading along river networks, this may have important ecological implications. However, experimental studies testing the effects of network structure on colonization and diversity patterns are scarce. Up to now, experimental studies have only considered networks where sites are connected with small corridors, or dispersal was experimentally controlled, which eliminates possible effects of species interactions on colonization dynamics. Here, we tested the effect of network connectivity and species interactions on colonization dynamics using continuous linear and dendritic (i.e., river-like) networks, which allow for active dispersal. We used a set of six protist species and one rotifer species in linear and dendritic microcosm networks. At the start of the experiment, we introduced species, either singularly or as a community within the networks. Species subsequently actively colonized the networks. We periodically measured densities of species throughout the networks over 2 weeks to track community dynamics, colonization, and diversity patterns. We found that colonization of dendritic networks was faster compared with colonization of linear networks, which resulted in higher local mean species richness in dendritic networks. Initially, community similarity was also greater in dendritic networks compared with linear networks, but this effect vanished over time. The presence of species interactions increased community evenness over time, compared with extrapolations from single-species setups. Our experimental findings confirm previous theoretical work and show that network connectivity, species-specific dispersal ability, and species interactions greatly influence the dispersal and colonization of dendritic networks. We argue that these factors need to be considered in empirical studies, where effects of network connectivity on colonization patterns have been largely underestimated.}, }
@article {pmid24831877, year = {2015}, author = {Monceau, K and Moreau, J and Poidatz, J and Bonnard, O and Thiéry, D}, title = {Behavioral syndrome in a native and an invasive hymenoptera species.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {541-548}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12140}, pmid = {24831877}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Female ; France ; *Introduced Species ; Nesting Behavior ; Social Behavior ; Species Specificity ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Recent studies have focused on the role of behavior in biological invasions. Individuals may differ consistently in time for several behavioral traits (personality) which covary (behavioral syndrome) resulting in different behavioral types, some of them favoring invasion. Social hymenopterans have a strong potential to be invaders and their success depends primarily on the foundresses' ability to found viable colonies. They are expected to be active, explorative and bold for optimally establishing their nest. In Europe, 2 hornet species coexist: the native Vespa crabro and the invasive Vespa velutina. These 2 species may compete for nesting sites and we suggest that the initial success of V. velutina has been favored by its behavior in outperforming V. crabro for the traits involved in nest initiation. Here, we (i) defined the personality of V. crabro and V. velutina, (ii) tested for the existence of behavioral syndrome in these species, and (iii) compared their performances using an open-field test. Our results show that V. crabro foundresses behave consistently but not V. velutina; this lack of consistency being mainly due to reduced variance among individuals. This result questions the possibility of detecting consistent behavioral differences in species having recently undergone a strong bottleneck. Both species exhibit the same correlations between activity, boldness and exploration and V. velutina clearly outperforms V. crabro for all traits. Our results suggest that activity, boldness, and exploration are implicated in both hornet nest initiation and invasion process which contributed to explain why social hymenopterans are so successful at colonization.}, }
@article {pmid24828156, year = {2014}, author = {Minteer, B}, title = {Is it right to reverse extinction?.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {509}, number = {7500}, pages = {261}, doi = {10.1038/509261a}, pmid = {24828156}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Cloning, Organism/*ethics ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/trends ; Contraindications ; *Extinction, Biological ; Human Characteristics ; *Introduced Species ; Morals ; }, }
@article {pmid24827835, year = {2014}, author = {Frosch, C and Kraus, RH and Angst, C and Allgöwer, R and Michaux, J and Teubner, J and Nowak, C}, title = {The genetic legacy of multiple beaver reintroductions in Central Europe.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {e97619}, pmid = {24827835}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Europe ; Female ; *Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Rodentia/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The comeback of the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) throughout western and central Europe is considered a major conservation success. Traditionally, several subspecies are recognised by morphology and mitochondrial haplotype, each linked to a relict population. During various reintroduction programs in the 20th century, beavers from multiple source localities were released and now form viable populations. These programs differed in their reintroduction strategies, i.e., using pure subspecies vs. mixed source populations. This inhomogeneity in management actions generated ongoing debates regarding the origin of present beaver populations and appropriate management plans for the future. By sequencing of the mitochondrial control region and microsatellite genotyping of 235 beaver individuals from five selected regions in Germany, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and Belgium we show that beavers from at least four source origins currently form admixed, genetically diverse populations that spread across the study region. While regional occurrences of invasive North American beavers (n = 20) were found, all but one C. fiber bore the mitochondrial haplotype of the autochthonous western Evolutionary Significant Unit (ESU). Considering this, as well as the viability of admixed populations and the fact that the fusion of different lineages is already progressing in all studied regions, we argue that admixture between different beaver source populations should be generally accepted.}, }
@article {pmid24827433, year = {2014}, author = {Atobe, T and Osada, Y and Takeda, H and Kuroe, M and Miyashita, T}, title = {Habitat connectivity and resident shared predators determine the impact of invasive bullfrogs on native frogs in farm ponds.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1786}, pages = {}, pmid = {24827433}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Carps/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; *Ponds ; Rana catesbeiana/physiology ; Ranidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Habitat connectivity is considered to have an important role on the persistence of populations in the face of habitat fragmentation, in particular, for species with conservation concern. However, it can also impose indirect negative effects on native species through the spread of invasive species. Here, we investigated direct and indirect effects of habitat connectivity on populations of invasive bullfrogs and native wrinkled frogs and how these effects are modified by the presence of common carp, a resident shared predator, in a farm pond system in Japan. The distribution pattern analysis using a hierarchical Bayesian modelling indicated that bullfrogs had negative effects on wrinkled frogs, and that these negative effects were enhanced with increasing habitat connectivity owing to the metapopulation structure of bullfrogs. The analysis also suggested that common carp mitigated these impacts, presumably owing to a top-down trophic cascade through preferential predation on bullfrog tadpoles. These presumed interspecific interactions were supported by evidence from laboratory experiments, i.e. predation by carp was more intense on bullfrog tadpoles than on wrinkled frog tadpoles owing to the difference in refuge use. Our results indicate that metacommunity perspectives could provide useful insights for establishing effective management strategies of invasive species living in patchy habitats.}, }
@article {pmid24825725, year = {2014}, author = {Leis, M and Manfra, L and Taddia, L and Chicca, M and Trentini, P and Savorelli, F}, title = {A comparative toxicity study between an autochthonous Artemia and a non native invasive species.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)}, volume = {23}, number = {6}, pages = {1143-1145}, pmid = {24825725}, issn = {1573-3017}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Artemia/*drug effects ; Introduced Species ; Metals, Heavy/*toxicity ; Species Specificity ; Toxicity Tests ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Acute heavy metal toxicity was compared in nauplii of an autochthonous Artemia parthenogenetica (Branchiopoda, Anostraca) from Saline di Cervia (Ravenna, Italy) and of a non native commercially available A. franciscana. No significant difference in sensitivity was detected between two species.}, }
@article {pmid24823827, year = {2014}, author = {Bateman, AW and Vos, M and Anholt, BR}, title = {When to defend: antipredator defenses and the predation sequence.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {183}, number = {6}, pages = {847-855}, doi = {10.1086/675903}, pmid = {24823827}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Some authors have suggested that prey species stand to benefit most by defending as early as possible during predator-prey encounters, but species in nature employ antipredator defenses at various stages of interactions with their predators. Whether it is generally most advantageous to defend early or late during such encounters is an open theoretical question. We model conditions under which a prey species might evolve early or late defenses in response to predation. Adapting a two-prey, one-predator Rosenzweig-MacArthur system of differential equations, we analyze the effects of modified antipredator defenses (and their associated costs) on the ability of a new prey type to invade the one-prey, one-predator limiting system at equilibrium. We show that the outcome, in terms of invasion potential, is crucially dependent on the ratio of the prey's proportional population growth rate to the cost of predator encounters.}, }
@article {pmid24822022, year = {2014}, author = {Peck, HL and Pringle, HE and Marshall, HH and Owens, IP and Lord, AM}, title = {Experimental evidence of impacts of an invasive parakeet on foraging behavior of native birds.}, journal = {Behavioral ecology : official journal of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {582-590}, pmid = {24822022}, issn = {1045-2249}, abstract = {Resource competition is one potential behavioral mechanism by which invasive species can impact native species, but detecting this competition can be difficult due to the interactions that variable environmental conditions can have on species behavior. This is particularly the case in urban habitats where the disturbed environment can alter natural behavior from that in undisturbed habitats. The rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri), is an increasingly common invasive species, predominantly associated with large urban centers. Using an experimental approach, we tested the behavioral responses of native garden birds in response to the presence of a rose-ringed parakeet versus the presence of a similarly sized and dominant native bird, the great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major). Parakeet presence significantly reduced feeding rates and increased vigilance among native birds compared with our control treatments. Of visits made by native birds in the presence of a parakeet, feeding was more likely to occur in sites within the parakeet range compared with sites outside, suggesting some habituation of native birds has occurred following prior exposure to parakeets but overall foraging behavior is still disrupted. The results of our study suggest that nonnative species can have complex and subtle impacts on native fauna and show that a nonnative competitor can impact native species simply through their presence near resources.}, }
@article {pmid24820642, year = {2014}, author = {Laporte, M and Shao, Z and Berrebi, P and Laabir, M and Abadie, E and Faivre, N and Rieuvilleneuve, F and Masseret, E}, title = {Isolation of 12 microsatellite markers following a pyrosequencing procedure and cross-priming in two invasive cryptic species, Alexandrium catenella (group IV) and A. tamarense (group III) (Dinophyceae).}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {83}, number = {1}, pages = {302-305}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.04.017}, pmid = {24820642}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Dinoflagellida/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phytoplankton ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Alexandrium catenella (group IV) and Alexandrium tamarense (group III) (Dinophyceae) are two cryptic invasive phytoplankton species belonging to the A. tamarense species complex. Their worldwide spread is favored by the human activities, transportation and climate change. In order to describe their diversity in the Mediterranean Sea and understand their settlements and maintenances in this area, new microsatellite markers were developed based on Thau lagoon (France) samples of A. catenella and A. tamarense strains. In this study twelve new microsatellite markers are proposed. Five of these microsatellite markers show amplifications on A. tamarense and ten on A. catenella. Three of these 12 microsatellite markers allowed amplifications on both cryptic species. Finally, the haplotypic diversity ranged from 0.000 to 0.791 and 0.000 to 0.942 for A. catenella and A. tamarense respectively.}, }
@article {pmid24819666, year = {2014}, author = {Gross, A and Hosoya, T and Queloz, V}, title = {Population structure of the invasive forest pathogen Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {12}, pages = {2943-2960}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12792}, pmid = {24819666}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Ascomycota/*genetics ; Bayes Theorem ; Cluster Analysis ; Europe ; Fraxinus/*microbiology ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {Understanding the genetic diversity and structure of invasive pathogens in source and in introduced areas is crucial to the revelation of hidden biological features of an organism, to the reconstruction of the course of invasions and to the establishment of effective control measures. Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus (anamorph: Chalara fraxinea) is an invasive and highly destructive fungal pathogen found on common ash Fraxinus excelsior in Europe and is native to East Asia. To gain insights into its dispersal mechanisms and history of invasion, we used microsatellite markers and characterized the genetic structure and diversity of H. pseudoalbidus populations at three spatial levels: (i) between Europe and Japan, (ii) in Europe and (iii) at the epidemic's front in Switzerland. Phylogenetic and network analysis demonstrated that individuals from both regions are conspecific. However, populations from Japan harboured a higher genetic diversity and were genetically differentiated from European ones. No evident population structure was found among the 1208 European strains using Bayesian and multivariate clustering analysis. Only the distribution of genetic diversity in space, pairwise population differentiation (GST) and the spatial analysis of principal components revealed a faint geographical pattern around Europe. A significant allele deficiency in most European populations pointed to a recent genetic bottleneck, whereas no pattern of isolation by distance was found. Our data suggest that H. pseudoalbidus was introduced just once by at least two individuals. The potential source region of H. pseudoalbidus is vast, and further investigations are required for a more accurate localization of the source population.}, }
@article {pmid24817325, year = {2014}, author = {Yuan, Y and Tang, J and Leng, D and Hu, S and Yong, JW and Chen, X}, title = {An invasive plant promotes its arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses and competitiveness through its secondary metabolites: indirect evidence from activated carbon.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {e97163}, pmid = {24817325}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Absorption, Physicochemical ; Base Sequence ; Charcoal ; China ; Computational Biology ; Fabaceae/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Secondary Metabolism/*physiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Soil Microbiology ; Solidago/growth &amp; development/*metabolism/*microbiology ; Species Specificity ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Secondary metabolites released by invasive plants can increase their competitive ability by affecting native plants, herbivores, and pathogens at the invaded land. Whether these secondary metabolites affect the invasive plant itself, directly or indirectly through microorganisms, however, has not been well documented. Here we tested whether activated carbon (AC), a well-known absorbent for secondary metabolites, affect arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses and competitive ability in an invasive plant. We conducted three experiments (experiments 1-3) with the invasive forb Solidago canadensis and the native Kummerowia striata. Experiment 1 determined whether AC altered soil properties, levels of the main secondary metabolites in the soil, plant growth, and AMF communities associated with S. canadensis and K. striata. Experiment 2 determined whether AC affected colonization of S. canadensis by five AMF, which were added to sterilized soil. Experiment 3 determined the competitive ability of S. canadensis in the presence and absence of AMF and AC. In experiment 1, AC greatly decreased the concentrations of the main secondary metabolites in soil, and the changes in concentrations were closely related with the changes of AMF in S. canadensis roots. In experiment 2, AC inhibited the AMF Glomus versiforme and G. geosporum but promoted G. mosseae and G. diaphanum in the soil and also in S. canadensis roots. In experiment 3, AC reduced S. canadensis competitive ability in the presence but not in the absence of AMF. Our results provided indirect evidence that the secondary metabolites (which can be absorbed by AC) of the invasive plant S. canadensis may promote S. canadensis competitiveness by enhancing its own AMF symbionts.}, }
@article {pmid24816849, year = {2014}, author = {You, W and Fan, S and Yu, D and Xie, D and Liu, C}, title = {An invasive clonal plant benefits from clonal integration more than a co-occurring native plant in nutrient-patchy and competitive environments.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {e97246}, pmid = {24816849}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Amaranthaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Analysis of Variance ; Biomass ; China ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Onagraceae/*growth &amp; development ; Photosynthesis/physiology ; Reproduction, Asexual/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Many notorious invasive plants are clonal, however, little is known about the different roles of clonal integration effects between invasive and native plants. Here, we hypothesize that clonal integration affect growth, photosynthetic performance, biomass allocation and thus competitive ability of invasive and native clonal plants, and invasive clonal plants benefit from clonal integration more than co-occurring native plants in heterogeneous habitats. To test these hypotheses, two stoloniferous clonal plants, Alternanthera philoxeroides (invasive), Jussiaea repens (native) were studied in China. The apical parts of both species were grown either with or without neighboring vegetation and the basal parts without competitors were in nutrient- rich or -poor habitats, with stolon connections were either severed or kept intact. Competition significantly reduced growth and photosynthetic performance of the apical ramets in both species, but not the biomass of neighboring vegetation. Without competition, clonal integration greatly improved the growth and photosynthetic performance of both species, especially when the basal parts were in nutrient-rich habitats. When grown with neighboring vegetation, growth of J. repens and photosynthetic performance of both species were significantly enhanced by clonal integration with the basal parts in both nutrient-rich and -poor habitats, while growth and relative neighbor effect (RNE) of A. philoxeroides were greatly improved by clonal integration only when the basal parts were in nutrient-rich habitats. Moreover, clonal integration increased A. philoxeroides's biomass allocation to roots without competition, but decreased it with competition, especially when the basal ramets were in nutrient-rich sections. Effects of clonal integration on biomass allocation of J. repens was similar to that of A. philoxeroides but with less significance. These results supported our hypothesis that invasive clonal plants A. philoxeroides benefits from clonal integration more than co-occurring native J. repens, suggesting that the invasiveness of A. philoxeroides may be closely related to clonal integration in heterogeneous environments.}, }
@article {pmid24812110, year = {2014}, author = {Fajardo, A and Piper, FI}, title = {An experimental approach to explain the southern Andes elevational treeline.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {101}, number = {5}, pages = {788-795}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1400166}, pmid = {24812110}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Altitude ; Biomass ; Carbon ; Chile ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Pinus/*growth &amp; development ; Temperature ; Trees/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: •<br><br>PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The growth limitation hypothesis (GLH) is the most accepted mechanistic explanation for treeline formation, although it is still uncertain whether it applies across taxa. The successful establishment of Pinus contorta--an exotic conifer species in the southern hemisphere--above the Nothofagus treeline in New Zealand may suggest a different mechanism. We tested the GLH in Nothofagus pumilio and Pinus contorta by comparing seedling performance and carbon (C) balance in response to low temperatures.&#x2022;<br><br>METHODS: At a southern Chilean treeline, we grew seedlings of both species 2 m above ground level, to simulate coupling between temperatures at the meristem and in the air (colder), and at ground level, i.e., decoupling air temperature (relatively milder). We recorded soil and air temperatures as well. After 3 yr, we measured seedling survival and biomass (as a surrogate of growth) and determined nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC).&#x2022;<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Nothofagus and Pinus did not differ in survival, which, as a whole, was higher at ground level than at the 2-m height. The root-zone temperature for the growing season was 6.6&#xb0;C. While biomass and NSC decreased significantly for Nothofagus at the 2-m height compared with ground level (C limitation), these trends were not significant for Pinus&#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The treeline for Nothofagus pumilio is located at an isotherm that fully matches global patterns; however, its physiological responses to low temperatures differed from those of other treeline species. Support for C limitation in N. pumilio but not in P. contorta indicates that the physiological mechanism explaining their survival and growth at treeline may be taxon-dependent.}, }
@article {pmid24811511, year = {2014}, author = {Thresher, R and van de Kamp, J and Campbell, G and Grewe, P and Canning, M and Barney, M and Bax, NJ and Dunham, R and Su, B and Fulton, W}, title = {Sex-ratio-biasing constructs for the control of invasive lower vertebrates.}, journal = {Nature biotechnology}, volume = {32}, number = {5}, pages = {424-427}, pmid = {24811511}, issn = {1546-1696}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Models, Biological ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Sex Distribution ; Zebrafish ; }, }
@article {pmid24811366, year = {2015}, author = {Attwood, SW and Huo, GN and Qiu, JW}, title = {Update on the distribution and phylogenetics of Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) populations in Guangdong Province, China.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {141}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {258-270}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.04.032}, pmid = {24811366}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Biomphalaria/*genetics/parasitology ; Brazil ; China/epidemiology ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; *Phylogeny ; *Schistosoma mansoni ; Schistosomiasis/epidemiology ; *Ships ; South America ; Transportation ; Venezuela ; }, abstract = {In 1973 planorbid snails then identified as Biomphalaria straminea were discovered in Hong Kong, China. It was assumed that these snails had been introduced to Hong Kong via the import of tropical fish by air from South America. In 2012 Biomphalaria were found for the first time in Guangdong Province, China. In view of the renewed interest in these invasive snails, a morphological and DNA-sequence based phylogenetic study was undertaken for seven populations of Biomphalaria snails collected in Guangdong. Morphologically and phylogenetically, five of the populations clustered more closely with Biomphalaria kuhniana than with B. straminea. Levels of genetic diversity among the populations were about half those of autochthonous populations in Brazil, the phylogenetic relationships did not correlate with a radiation from any one international port in China, and different lineages appeared associated with different ports. Consequently in explaining the current distribution of the snails, multiple colonization events, each establishing a new local snail population near to maritime international container ports, were considered more likely than the spread of snails from Hong Kong to China. The displacement of B. straminea by B. kuhniana in Guangdong is considered as an explanation for the habitat changes observed among the snails between Hong Kong in the 1980s and the present. The conclusions of the study are that any risk of Schistosoma mansoni transmission in China is more likely to come from parasite importation in the intramolluscan stage, than from transmission by migrant workers from South America or Africa. In addition, although likely to be rare, sporadic outbreaks of imported schistosomiasis (caused by invading infected snails) could be a threat to public health in the vicinity of International container ports (not only in Guangdong Province). Further work is called for to investigate further the presence of B. kuhniana and its potential interactions with B. straminea (the former is thought to be incompatible with S. mansoni), and the responses of Chinese Biomphalaria to potential competitors such as Thiaridae. The current expansion of container ports in Brazil and Venezuela, and the increase in trade with China, is likely to accentuate any current risk of imported schistosomiasis, and surveillance around ports in China, together with further research, are necessary.}, }
@article {pmid24810363, year = {2014}, author = {Zhao, L and Mota, M and Vieira, P and Butcher, RA and Sun, J}, title = {Interspecific communication between pinewood nematode, its insect vector, and associated microbes.}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, pages = {299-308}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2014.04.007}, pmid = {24810363}, issn = {1471-5007}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Coleoptera/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Fungi/*physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Nematoda/*microbiology/*physiology ; Pinus/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Pine wilt disease (PWD) is perhaps the most serious threat to pine forests worldwide. The causative agent of PWD, the pinewood nematode (PWN), engages in a symbiotic partnership with its insect vector, the Monochamus beetle, as well as associated bacteria and ophiostomatoid fungi, in order to successfully infect and kill its host pine tree. This review focuses on the interspecific communication between PWN and its associated partners, and the potential role of this communication in promoting pathogenicity and invasiveness of PWN. We describe the chemical and molecular signals positively influencing the survival, reproduction, and spread of PWN. Knowledge of these signals could potentially be used to interfere with the proliferation and dispersal of PWN.}, }
@article {pmid24806945, year = {2014}, author = {Dickie, IA and Tjoelker, MG}, title = {Changing ecology.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {202}, number = {4}, pages = {1118-1121}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12724}, pmid = {24806945}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Australia ; Climate Change ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Plants ; Societies, Scientific ; }, }
@article {pmid24806527, year = {2014}, author = {Nel, JL and Le Maitre, DC and Nel, DC and Reyers, B and Archibald, S and van Wilgen, BW and Forsyth, GG and Theron, AK and O'Farrell, PJ and Kahinda, JM and Engelbrecht, FA and Kapangaziwiri, E and van Niekerk, L and Barwell, L}, title = {Natural hazards in a changing world: a case for ecosystem-based management.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {e95942}, pmid = {24806527}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Disasters/*prevention &amp; control ; Droughts ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fires ; Floods ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Communities worldwide are increasingly affected by natural hazards such as floods, droughts, wildfires and storm-waves. However, the causes of these increases remain underexplored, often attributed to climate changes or changes in the patterns of human exposure. This paper aims to quantify the effect of climate change, as well as land cover change, on a suite of natural hazards. Changes to four natural hazards (floods, droughts, wildfires and storm-waves) were investigated through scenario-based models using land cover and climate change drivers as inputs. Findings showed that human-induced land cover changes are likely to increase natural hazards, in some cases quite substantially. Of the drivers explored, the uncontrolled spread of invasive alien trees was estimated to halve the monthly flows experienced during extremely dry periods, and also to double fire intensities. Changes to plantation forestry management shifted the 1:100 year flood event to a 1:80 year return period in the most extreme scenario. Severe 1:100 year storm-waves were estimated to occur on an annual basis with only modest human-induced coastal hardening, predominantly from removal of coastal foredunes and infrastructure development. This study suggests that through appropriate land use management (e.g. clearing invasive alien trees, re-vegetating clear-felled forests, and restoring coastal foredunes), it would be possible to reduce the impacts of natural hazards to a large degree. It also highlights the value of intact and well-managed landscapes and their role in reducing the probabilities and impacts of extreme climate events.}, }
@article {pmid24806426, year = {2014}, author = {Fordham, DA and Shoemaker, KT and Schumaker, NH and Akçakaya, HR and Clisby, N and Brook, BW}, title = {How interactions between animal movement and landscape processes modify local range dynamics and extinction risk.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {20140198}, pmid = {24806426}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Endangered Species ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Models, Theoretical ; Risk Assessment ; Swine ; *Turtles ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Forecasts of range dynamics now incorporate many of the mechanisms and interactions that drive species distributions. However, connectivity continues to be simulated using overly simple distance-based dispersal models with little consideration of how the individual behaviour of dispersing organisms interacts with landscape structure (functional connectivity). Here, we link an individual-based model to a niche-population model to test the implications of this omission. We apply this novel approach to a turtle species inhabiting wetlands which are patchily distributed across a tropical savannah, and whose persistence is threatened by two important synergistic drivers of global change: predation by invasive species and overexploitation. We show that projections of local range dynamics in this study system change substantially when functional connectivity is modelled explicitly. Accounting for functional connectivity in model simulations causes the estimate of extinction risk to increase, and predictions of range contraction to slow. We conclude that models of range dynamics that simulate functional connectivity can reduce an important source of bias in predictions of shifts in species distributions and abundances, especially for organisms whose dispersal behaviours are strongly affected by landscape structure.}, }
@article {pmid24805254, year = {2014}, author = {Vorsino, AE and Fortini, LB and Amidon, FA and Miller, SE and Jacobi, JD and Price, JP and Gon, S' and Koob, GA}, title = {Modeling Hawaiian ecosystem degradation due to invasive plants under current and future climates.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {e95427}, pmid = {24805254}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Occupation of native ecosystems by invasive plant species alters their structure and/or function. In Hawaii, a subset of introduced plants is regarded as extremely harmful due to competitive ability, ecosystem modification, and biogeochemical habitat degradation. By controlling this subset of highly invasive ecosystem modifiers, conservation managers could significantly reduce native ecosystem degradation. To assess the invasibility of vulnerable native ecosystems, we selected a proxy subset of these invasive plants and developed robust ensemble species distribution models to define their respective potential distributions. The combinations of all species models using both binary and continuous habitat suitability projections resulted in estimates of species richness and diversity that were subsequently used to define an invasibility metric. The invasibility metric was defined from species distribution models with <0.7 niche overlap (Warrens I) and relatively discriminative distributions (Area Under the Curve >0.8; True Skill Statistic >0.75) as evaluated per species. Invasibility was further projected onto a 2100 Hawaii regional climate change scenario to assess the change in potential habitat degradation. The distribution defined by the invasibility metric delineates areas of known and potential invasibility under current climate conditions and, when projected into the future, estimates potential reductions in native ecosystem extent due to climate-driven invasive incursion. We have provided the code used to develop these metrics to facilitate their wider use (Code S1). This work will help determine the vulnerability of native-dominated ecosystems to the combined threats of climate change and invasive species, and thus help prioritize ecosystem and species management actions.}, }
@article {pmid24804922, year = {2014}, author = {Valente, R and Ibañez, LM and Lorenti, E and Fiorini, VD and Montalti, D and Diaz, JI}, title = {Helminth parasites of the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) (Aves, Sturnidae), an invasive bird in Argentina.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {113}, number = {7}, pages = {2719-2724}, pmid = {24804922}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Acanthocephala/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; Animals ; Argentina ; Europe ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Nematoda/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; North America ; Phylogeography ; Starlings/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {The aim of this work is to contribute to the knowledge of gastrointestinal parasites of the European starling Sturnus vulgaris, an invasive bird from Argentina. Seventy-six birds were collected during the spring of 2007 and were examined for helminths. Six parasite species were found: one trematoda of the Echinostoma revolutum "group," four nematodes (Synhimantus nasuta, Microtetrameres sp., Pterothominx exilis, and Ornithocapillaria ovopunctata), and one acanthocephalan (Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus). All species found have been recorded in Eurasia and/or North America previously, although present reports enlarge their geographical distribution. As expected in an invasive host, the parasite community shows much lower species richness (n = 6) than those observed in their native area (79 and 35 in the Eurasia and North America, respectively).}, }
@article {pmid24804456, year = {2014}, author = {Godoy, O and Levine, JM}, title = {Phenology effects on invasion success: insights from coupling field experiments to coexistence theory.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {3}, pages = {726-736}, doi = {10.1890/13-1157.1}, pmid = {24804456}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {California ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Plants/*classification ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Ecologists have identified a growing number of functional traits that promote invasion. However, whether trait differences between exotic and native species promote invasion success by enhancing niche differences or giving invaders competitive advantages is poorly understood. We explored the mechanisms by which phenology determines invasion success in a California annual plant community by quantifying how the seasonal timing of growth relates to niche differences that stabilize coexistence, and the competitive ability differences that drive dominance and exclusion. We parameterized models of community dynamics from experimentally assembled annual communities in which exotic plants displayed earlier, coincident, or later phenology than native residents. Using recent theoretical advances from the coexistence literature, we found that differences in phenology promote stabilizing niche differences between exotic and native species. However, phenology was more strongly related to competitive ability differences, allowing later invaders to outcompete earlier native competitors and native residents to outcompete earlier invaders in field experiments. Few of these insights could be inferred by comparing the competitive outcomes across invaders, highlighting the need to quantify niche and competitive ability differences when disentangling how species differences drive invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid24804452, year = {2014}, author = {Eskelinen, A and Harrison, S}, title = {Exotic plant invasions under enhanced rainfall are constrained by soil nutrients and competition.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {3}, pages = {682-692}, doi = {10.1890/13-0288.1}, pmid = {24804452}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification/metabolism ; Poaceae ; *Rain ; Seasons ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {To predict the net impact of climate change on invasions, it is critical to understand how its effects interact with environmental and biotic context. In a factorial field experiment, we examined how increased late-season rainfall influences the growth and reproductive success of two widespread invasive species (Centaurea solstitialis and Aegilops triuncialis) in heterogeneous Californian grasslands, and, in particular, how its impact depends on habitat type, nutrient addition, and competition with resident species. Rainfall enhancement alone exhibited only weak effects, especially in naturally infertile and relatively uninvaded grasslands. In contrast, watering and fertilization together exhibited highly synergistic effects on both invasive species. However, the benefits of the combined treatment were greatly reduced or offset by the presence of surrounding competitors. Our results highlight the roles of nutrient limitation and biotic resistance by resident competitors in constraining the responses of invasive species to changes in rainfall. In systems with strong environmental control by precipitation, enhanced rainfall may promote invasions mainly under nutrient-rich and disturbed conditions, while having lesser effects on nutrient-poor, native "refuges".}, }
@article {pmid24804438, year = {2014}, author = {Brockerhoff, EG and Kimberley, M and Liebhold, AM and Haack, RA and Cavey, JF}, title = {Predicting how altering propagule pressure changes establishment rates of biological invaders across species pools.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {3}, pages = {594-601}, doi = {10.1890/13-0465.1}, pmid = {24804438}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; Species Specificity ; United States ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions resulting from international trade can cause major environmental and economic impacts. Propagule pressure is perhaps the most important factor influencing establishment, although actual arrival rates of species are rarely recorded. Furthermore, the pool of potential invaders includes many species that vary in their arrival rate and establishment potential. Therefore, we stress that it is essential to consider the size and composition of species pools arriving from source regions when estimating probabilities of establishment and effects of pathway infestation rates. To address this, we developed a novel framework and modeling approach to enable prediction of future establishments in relation to changes in arrival rate across entire species pools. We utilized 13 828 border interception records from the United States and New Zealand for 444 true bark beetle (Scolytinae) and longhorned beetle (Cerambycidae) species detected between 1949 and 2008 as proxies for arrival rates to model the relationship between arrival and establishment rates. Nonlinearity in this relationship implies that measures intended to reduce the unintended transport of potential invaders (such as phytosanitary treatments) must be highly effective in order to substantially reduce the rate of future invasions, particularly if trade volumes continue to increase.}, }
@article {pmid24802728, year = {2015}, author = {Coughlan, NE and Kelly, TC and Jansen, MA}, title = {Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)-mediated dispersal of Lemnaceae: a contributing factor in the spread of invasive Lemna minuta?.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {17 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {108-114}, doi = {10.1111/plb.12182}, pmid = {24802728}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Animals ; Araceae/*growth &amp; development ; Biomass ; Desiccation ; Droughts ; Ducks/*physiology ; Feathers ; Humidity ; *Introduced Species ; Seed Dispersal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Our ability to predict and manage the spread of alien, invasive plants is limited by a lack of understanding of dispersal potential. Invasive Lemna minuta has spread within a few decennia throughout Europe. However, the mechanism by which the species continues to spread remains a matter of speculation. In this study, hypothesised epizoochorous transport of L. minuta propagules by mallard ducks was investigated. Landolt (Biosystematic investigations in the family of duckweeds (Lemnaceae) (Vol. 2), The family of Lemnaceae - a monographic study (Vol. 1), 1986, Veröffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes Der Eidg. Techniasche Hochschule, Stiftung Rübel, Zürich, Switzerland) referred to desiccation as the key limitation of the "colonization capability" of Lemnaceae. Therefore, we analysed retention of viability in L. minuta kept outside the liquid growth medium. Our data show prolonged viability of L. minuta fronds inserted between the feathers of a mallard duck. Consistently, the relative humidity between feathers ranged between 65% and 90%. Taking together evidence of entanglement and retention of L. minuta between the feathers of live ducks, with retention of viability, we consider it likely that mallards contribute to L. minuta dispersal. These data have implications for the management strategy of this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid24802715, year = {2014}, author = {Blackburn, TM and Essl, F and Evans, T and Hulme, PE and Jeschke, JM and Kühn, I and Kumschick, S and Marková, Z and Mrugała, A and Nentwig, W and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and Rabitsch, W and Ricciardi, A and Richardson, DM and Sendek, A and Vilà, M and Wilson, JR and Winter, M and Genovesi, P and Bacher, S}, title = {A unified classification of alien species based on the magnitude of their environmental impacts.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {e1001850}, pmid = {24802715}, issn = {1545-7885}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Environment ; Extinction, Biological ; Food Chain ; Herbivory/physiology ; Human Activities/trends ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Plant Dispersal/*physiology ; Plants/microbiology/parasitology/virology ; Population Dynamics/trends ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Soil/chemistry ; Species Specificity ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Species moved by human activities beyond the limits of their native geographic ranges into areas in which they do not naturally occur (termed aliens) can cause a broad range of significant changes to recipient ecosystems; however, their impacts vary greatly across species and the ecosystems into which they are introduced. There is therefore a critical need for a standardised method to evaluate, compare, and eventually predict the magnitudes of these different impacts. Here, we propose a straightforward system for classifying alien species according to the magnitude of their environmental impacts, based on the mechanisms of impact used to code species in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Global Invasive Species Database, which are presented here for the first time. The classification system uses five semi-quantitative scenarios describing impacts under each mechanism to assign species to different levels of impact-ranging from Minimal to Massive-with assignment corresponding to the highest level of deleterious impact associated with any of the mechanisms. The scheme also includes categories for species that are Not Evaluated, have No Alien Population, or are Data Deficient, and a method for assigning uncertainty to all the classifications. We show how this classification system is applicable at different levels of ecological complexity and different spatial and temporal scales, and embraces existing impact metrics. In fact, the scheme is analogous to the already widely adopted and accepted Red List approach to categorising extinction risk, and so could conceivably be readily integrated with existing practices and policies in many regions.}, }
@article {pmid24801964, year = {2014}, author = {Liu, WY and Ridgway, HJ and James, TK and James, EK and Chen, WM and Sprent, JI and Young, JP and Andrews, M}, title = {Burkholderia sp. induces functional nodules on the South African invasive legume Dipogon lignosus (Phaseoleae) in New Zealand soils.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, pages = {542-555}, pmid = {24801964}, issn = {1432-184X}, mesh = {Burkholderia/genetics/*physiology ; Fabaceae/*microbiology ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Phylogeny ; *Plant Root Nodulation ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {The South African invasive legume Dipogon lignosus (Phaseoleae) produces nodules with both determinate and indeterminate characteristics in New Zealand (NZ) soils. Ten bacterial isolates produced functional nodules on D. lignosus. The 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences identified one isolate as Bradyrhizobium sp., one isolate as Rhizobium sp. and eight isolates as Burkholderia sp. The Bradyrhizobium sp. and Rhizobium sp. 16S rRNA sequences were identical to those of strains previously isolated from crop plants and may have originated from inocula used on crops. Both 16S rRNA and DNA recombinase A (recA) gene sequences placed the eight Burkholderia isolates separate from previously described Burkholderia rhizobial species. However, the isolates showed a very close relationship to Burkholderia rhizobial strains isolated from South African plants with respect to their nitrogenase iron protein (nifH), N-acyltransferase nodulation protein A (nodA) and N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase nodulation protein C (nodC) gene sequences. Gene sequences and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) PCR and repetitive element palindromic PCR (rep-PCR) banding patterns indicated that the eight Burkholderia isolates separated into five clones of one strain and three of another. One strain was tested and shown to produce functional nodules on a range of South African plants previously reported to be nodulated by Burkholderia tuberum STM678(T) which was isolated from the Cape Region. Thus, evidence is strong that the Burkholderia strains isolated here originated in South Africa and were somehow transported with the plants from their native habitat to NZ. It is possible that the strains are of a new species capable of nodulating legumes.}, }
@article {pmid24801190, year = {2014}, author = {Kronauer, DJ}, title = {Invasive species: old foes meet again.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {R372-4}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.045}, pmid = {24801190}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {*Animal Communication ; Animals ; Ant Venoms/*metabolism ; Ants/*physiology ; Exocrine Glands/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Tawny crazy ants are spreading across the southern U.S., replacing one of the most notorious invasive pests, the red imported fire ant. A crucial factor in this process is that tawny crazy ants are able to efficiently detoxify fire ant venom.}, }
@article {pmid24800647, year = {2014}, author = {Díaz, F and Muñoz-Valencia, V and Juvinao-Quintero, DL and Manzano-Martínez, MR and Toro-Perea, N and Cárdenas-Henao, H and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {Evidence for adaptive divergence of thermal responses among Bemisia tabaci populations from tropical Colombia following a recent invasion.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {1160-1171}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12387}, pmid = {24800647}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Colombia ; Female ; Fertility ; Heat-Shock Response ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {There is an increasing evidence that populations of ectotherms can diverge genetically in response to different climatic conditions, both within their native range and (in the case of invasive species) in their new range. Here, we test for such divergence in invasive whitefly Bemisia tabaci populations in tropical Colombia, by considering heritable variation within and between populations in survival and fecundity under temperature stress, and by comparing population differences with patterns established from putatively neutral microsatellite markers. We detected significant differences among populations linked to mean temperature (for survival) and temperature variation (for fecundity) in local environments. A QST - FST analysis indicated that phenotypic divergence was often larger than neutral expectations (QST > FST). Particularly, for survival after a sublethal heat shock, this divergence remained linked to the local mean temperature after controlling for neutral divergence. These findings point to rapid adaptation in invasive whitefly likely to contribute to its success as a pest species. Ongoing evolutionary divergence also provides challenges in predicting the likely impact of Bemisia in invaded regions.}, }
@article {pmid24799358, year = {2015}, author = {Groom, SV and Tuiwawa, MV and Stevens, MI and Schwarz, MP}, title = {Recent introduction of an allodapine bee into Fiji: A new model system for understanding biological invasions by pollinators.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {532-540}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12136}, pmid = {24799358}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Fiji ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Nesting Behavior ; Pollination ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Morphology-based studies have suggested a very depauperate bee fauna for islands in the South West Pacific, and recent genetic studies since have indicated an even smaller endemic fauna with many bee species in this region resulting from human-aided dispersal. These introduced species have the potential to both disrupt native pollinator suites as well as augment crop pollination, but for most species the timings of introduction are unknown. We examined the distribution and nesting biology of the long-tongued bee Braunsapis puangensis that was first recorded from Fiji in 2007. This bee has now become widespread in Fiji and both its local abundance and geographical range are likely to increase dramatically. The impacts of this invasion are potentially enormous for agriculture and native ecosystems, but they also provide opportunities for understanding how social insect species adapt to new environments. We outline the major issues associated with this recent invasion and argue that a long-term monitoring study is needed.}, }
@article {pmid24796701, year = {2014}, author = {Sikkel, PC and Tuttle, LJ and Cure, K and Coile, AM and Hixon, MA}, title = {Low susceptibility of invasive red lionfish (Pterois volitans) to a generalist ectoparasite in both its introduced and native ranges.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {e95854}, pmid = {24796701}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ectoparasitic Infestations ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; *Isopoda ; Perciformes/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Escape from parasites in their native range is one of many mechanisms that can contribute to the success of an invasive species. Gnathiid isopods are blood-feeding ectoparasites that infest a wide range of fish hosts, mostly in coral reef habitats. They are ecologically similar to terrestrial ticks, with the ability to transmit blood-borne parasites and cause damage or even death to heavily infected hosts. Therefore, being highly resistant or highly susceptible to gnathiids can have significant fitness consequences for reef-associated fishes. Indo-Pacific red lionfish (Pterois volitans) have invaded coastal habitats of the western tropical and subtropical Atlantic and Caribbean regions. We assessed the susceptibility of red lionfish to parasitic gnathiid isopods in both their native Pacific and introduced Atlantic ranges via experimental field studies during which lionfish and other, ecologically-similar reef fishes were caged and exposed to gnathiid infestation on shallow coral reefs. Lionfish in both ranges had very few gnathiids when compared with other species, suggesting that lionfish are not highly susceptible to infestation by generalist ectoparasitic gnathiids. While this pattern implies that release from gnathiid infestation is unlikely to contribute to the success of lionfish as invaders, it does suggest that in environments with high gnathiid densities, lionfish may have an advantage over species that are more susceptible to gnathiids. Also, because lionfish are not completely resistant to gnathiids, our results suggest that lionfish could possibly have transported blood parasites between their native Pacific and invaded Atlantic ranges.}, }
@article {pmid24795845, year = {2014}, author = {Lefort, MC and Boyer, S and De Romans, S and Glare, T and Armstrong, K and Worner, S}, title = {Invasion success of a scarab beetle within its native range: host range expansion versus host-shift.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {e262}, pmid = {24795845}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Only recently has it been formally acknowledged that native species can occasionally reach the status of 'pest' or 'invasive species' within their own native range. The study of such species has potential to help unravel fundamental aspects of biological invasions. A good model for such a study is the New Zealand native scarab beetle, Costelytra zealandica (White), which even in the presence of its natural enemies has become invasive in exotic pastures throughout the country. Because C. zealandica still occurs widely within its native habitat, we hypothesised that this species has only undergone a host range expansion (ability to use equally both an ancestral and new host) onto exotic hosts rather than a host shift (loss of fitness on the ancestral host in comparison to the new host). Moreover, this host range expansion could be one of the main drivers of its invasion success. In this study, we investigated the fitness response of populations of C. zealandica from native and exotic flora, to several feeding treatments comprising its main exotic host plant as well as one of its ancestral hosts. Our results suggest that our initial hypothesis was incorrect and that C. zealandica populations occurring in exotic pastures have experienced a host-shift rather than simply a host-range expansion. This finding suggests that an exotic plant introduction can facilitate the evolution of a distinct native host-race, a phenomenon often used as evidence for speciation in phytophagous insects and which may have been instrumental to the invasion success of C. zealandica.}, }
@article {pmid24793937, year = {2014}, author = {Hammock, BG and Johnson, ML}, title = {Trout reverse the effect of water temperature on the foraging of a mayfly.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {175}, number = {3}, pages = {997-1003}, pmid = {24793937}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Diptera/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Feeding Behavior ; Introduced Species ; *Temperature ; *Trout ; *Water ; }, abstract = {Climate change is likely to increase the metabolisms of ectothermic animals living below their thermal optimum. While ectothermic top predators may compensate by increasing foraging, ectothermic prey may be unable to increase foraging because of increased predation risk from ectothermic predators. We examined how the diurnal drift behavior (i.e., the downstream movement associated with foraging) of the mayfly Baetis, an ectothermic herbivore, responds to changing temperature in the implied presence and absence of trout, an ectothermic predator. In an experiment replicated at the catchment scale, water temperature and trout presence strongly interacted to affect the diurnal drift of Baetis from artificial channels lacking periphyton over a water temperature range of 4.2-14.8 °C. In fishless streams, daytime drift increased with increasing water temperature, likely because of increased metabolic demand for food. However, in trout-bearing streams, daytime drift decreased with increasing water temperature. Our interpretation is that the perceived threat of trout rose with increasing water temperature, causing mayflies to reduce foraging despite heightened metabolic demand. These results suggest that anticipated increases in stream temperature due to climate change may further escalate divergence in structure and process between fishless and trout-bearing streams. Similar dynamics may occur in other ecosystems with ectothermic predators and prey living below their thermal optima.}, }
@article {pmid24793074, year = {2014}, author = {Leignel, V and Stillman, JH and Baringou, S and Thabet, R and Metais, I}, title = {Overview on the European green crab Carcinus spp. (Portunidae, Decapoda), one of the most famous marine invaders and ecotoxicological models.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {21}, number = {15}, pages = {9129-9144}, pmid = {24793074}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Brachyura/classification/*growth &amp; development ; *Ecotoxicology ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Green crabs (Carcinus, Portunidae) include two species native to Europe--Carcinus aestuarii (Mediterranean species) and Carcinus maenas (Atlantic species). These small shore crabs (maximal length carapace, approximately 10 cm) show rapid growth, high fecundity, and long planktonic larval stages that facilitate broad dispersion. Carcinus spp. have a high tolerance to fluctuations of environmental factors including oxygen, salinity, temperature, xenobiotic compounds, and others. Shipping of Carcinus spp. over the past centuries has resulted in its invasions of America, Asia, and Australia. Classified as one of the world's 100 worst invaders by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, Carcinus spp. are the most widely distributed intertidal crabs in the world. Their voracious predatory activity makes them strong interactors in local communities, and they are recognized as a model for invasiveness in marine systems as well as a sentinel species in ecotoxicology. This review shows an exhaustive analysis of the literature on the life cycle, diversity, physiological tolerance, genomic investigations, ecotoxicological use, historical invasion, control programs, and putative economical valorization of shore crabs.}, }
@article {pmid24790122, year = {2014}, author = {Hazelton, EL and Mozdzer, TJ and Burdick, DM and Kettenring, KM and Whigham, DF}, title = {Phragmites australis management in the United States: 40 years of methods and outcomes.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {6}, number = {0}, pages = {}, pmid = {24790122}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Studies on invasive plant management are often short in duration and limited in the methods tested, and lack an adequate description of plant communities that replace the invader following removal. Here we present a comprehensive review of management studies on a single species, in an effort to elucidate future directions for research in invasive plant management. We reviewed the literature on Phragmites management in North America in an effort to synthesize our understanding of management efforts, identify gaps in knowledge and improve the efficacy of management. Additionally, we assessed recent ecological findings concerning Phragmites mechanisms of invasion and integrated these findings into our recommendations for more effective management. Our overall goal is to examine whether or not current management approaches can be improved and whether they promote reestablishment of native plant communities. We found: (i) little information on community-level recovery of vegetation following removal of Phragmites; and (ii) most management approaches focus on the removal of Phragmites from individual stands or groups of stands over a relatively small area. With a few exceptions, recovery studies did not monitor vegetation for substantial durations, thus limiting adequate evaluation of the recovery trajectory. We also found that none of the recovery studies were conducted in a landscape context, even though it is now well documented that land-use patterns on adjacent habitats influence the structure and function of wetlands, including the expansion of Phragmites. We suggest that Phragmites management needs to shift to watershed-scale efforts in coastal regions, or larger management units inland. In addition, management efforts should focus on restoring native plant communities, rather than simply eradicating Phragmites stands. Wetlands and watersheds should be prioritized to identify ecosystems that would benefit most from Phragmites management and those where the negative impact of management would be minimal.}, }
@article {pmid24789900, year = {2014}, author = {Pringle, RM and Goheen, JR and Palmer, TM and Charles, GK and DeFranco, E and Hohbein, R and Ford, AT and Tarnita, CE}, title = {Low functional redundancy among mammalian browsers in regulating an encroaching shrub (Solanum campylacanthum) in African savannah.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1785}, pages = {20140390}, pmid = {24789900}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Food Chain ; *Grassland ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Kenya ; Mammals/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Solanum/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Large herbivorous mammals play an important role in structuring African savannahs and are undergoing widespread population declines and local extinctions, with the largest species being the most vulnerable. The impact of these declines on key ecological processes hinges on the degree of functional redundancy within large-herbivore assemblages, a subject that has received little study. We experimentally quantified the effects of three browser species (elephant, impala and dik-dik) on individual- and population-level attributes of Solanum campylacanthum (Solanum incanum sensu lato), an encroaching woody shrub, using semi-permeable exclosures that selectively removed different-sized herbivores. After nearly 5 years, shrub abundance was lowest where all browser species were present and increased with each successive species deletion. Different browsers ate the same plant species in different ways, thereby exerting distinct suites of direct and indirect effects on plant performance and density. Not all of these effects were negative: elephants and impala also dispersed viable seeds and indirectly reduced seed predation by rodents and insects. We integrated these diffuse positive effects with the direct negative effects of folivory using a simple population model, which reinforced the conclusion that different browsers have complementary net effects on plant populations, and further suggested that under some conditions, these net effects may even differ in direction.}, }
@article {pmid24788945, year = {2014}, author = {Caley, P and Barry, SC}, title = {Quantifying extinction probabilities from sighting records: inference and uncertainties.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {e95857}, pmid = {24788945}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Extinction, Biological ; Models, Theoretical ; *Probability ; *Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Methods are needed to estimate the probability that a population is extinct, whether to underpin decisions regarding the continuation of a invasive species eradication program, or to decide whether further searches for a rare and endangered species could be warranted. Current models for inferring extinction probability based on sighting data typically assume a constant or declining sighting rate. We develop methods to analyse these models in a Bayesian framework to estimate detection and survival probabilities of a population conditional on sighting data. We note, however, that the assumption of a constant or declining sighting rate may be hard to justify, especially for incursions of invasive species with potentially positive population growth rates. We therefore explored introducing additional process complexity via density-dependent survival and detection probabilities, with population density no longer constrained to be constant or decreasing. These models were applied to sparse carcass discoveries associated with the recent incursion of the European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) into Tasmania, Australia. While a simple model provided apparently precise estimates of parameters and extinction probability, estimates arising from the more complex model were much more uncertain, with the sparse data unable to clearly resolve the underlying population processes. The outcome of this analysis was a much higher possibility of population persistence. We conclude that if it is safe to assume detection and survival parameters are constant, then existing models can be readily applied to sighting data to estimate extinction probability. If not, methods reliant on these simple assumptions are likely overstating their accuracy, and their use to underpin decision-making potentially fraught. Instead, researchers will need to more carefully specify priors about possible population processes.}, }
@article {pmid24787669, year = {2014}, author = {Marohn, L and Prigge, E and Hanel, R}, title = {Introduced American eels Anguilla rostrata in European waters: life-history traits in a non-native environment.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {84}, number = {6}, pages = {1740-1747}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.12394}, pmid = {24787669}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Air Sacs/parasitology ; Anguilla/growth &amp; development/parasitology/*physiology ; Animals ; Dracunculoidea ; Europe ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {This study investigated growth, condition and development of American eels Anguilla rostrata that were introduced into a European river to estimate their competitive potential in a non-native habitat. Results demonstrate that A. rostrata develops normally in European waters and successfully competes with the native European eel Anguilla anguilla. In addition, A. rostrata appears to be more susceptible to the Asian swimbladder nematode Anguillicola crassus than A. anguilla and could support the further propagation of this parasite. Detected differences in fat content and gonad mass between Anguilla species are assumed to reflect species-specific adaptations to spawning migration distances. This study indicates that A. rostrata is a potential competitor for the native fauna in European fresh waters and suggests strict import regulations to prevent additional pressure on A. anguilla and a potential further deterioration of its stock situation.}, }
@article {pmid24787576, year = {2014}, author = {Wallner, AM and Hamilton, GC and Nielsen, AL and Hahn, N and Green, EJ and Rodriguez-Saona, CR}, title = {Landscape factors facilitating the invasive dynamics and distribution of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), after arrival in the United States.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {e95691}, pmid = {24787576}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Environment ; Female ; Geography ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; New Jersey ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; United States ; }, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, a native of Asia, has become a serious invasive pest in the USA. H. halys was first detected in the USA in the mid 1990s, dispersing to over 41 other states. Since 1998, H. halys has spread throughout New Jersey, becoming an important pest of agriculture, and a major nuisance in urban developments. In this study, we used spatial analysis, geostatistics, and Bayesian linear regression to investigate the invasion dynamics and colonization processes of this pest in New Jersey. We present the results of monitoring H. halys from 51 to 71 black light traps that were placed on farms throughout New Jersey from 2004 to 2011 and examined relationships between total yearly densities of H. halys and square hectares of 48 landscape/land use variables derived from urban, wetland, forest, and agriculture metadata, as well as distances to nearest highways. From these analyses we propose the following hypotheses: (1) H. halys density is strongly associated with urban developments and railroads during its initial establishment and dispersal from 2004 to 2006; (2) H. halys overwintering in multiple habitats and feeding on a variety of plants may have reduced the Allee effect, thus facilitating movement into the southernmost regions of the state by railroads from 2005 to 2008; (3) density of H. halys contracted in 2009 possibly from invading wetlands or sampling artifact; (4) subsequent invasion of H. halys from the northwest to the south in 2010 may conform to a stratified-dispersal model marked by rapid long-distance movement, from railroads and wetland rights-of-way; and (5) high densities of H. halys may be associated with agriculture in southern New Jersey in 2011. These landscape features associated with the invasion of H. halys in New Jersey may predict its potential rate of invasion across the USA and worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid24787281, year = {2014}, author = {Orsi, ML and Britton, JR}, title = {Long-term changes in the fish assemblage of a neotropical hydroelectric reservoir.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {84}, number = {6}, pages = {1964-1970}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.12392}, pmid = {24787281}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Body Size ; Brazil ; *Fishes ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Power Plants ; }, abstract = {The changes in the fish assemblage of the Capivara Reservoir, Brazil, were assessed over a 20 year period. Of 50 native fishes present in the initial samples, 27 were no longer present in the final samples, but there had been an addition of 11 invasive fishes, suggesting the occurrence of substantial shifts in fish diversity and abundance.}, }
@article {pmid24786569, year = {2013}, author = {Cock, MJ}, title = {Batrachedra nuciferae, an inflorescence-feeding moth associated with coconut, Cocos nucifera, and palmiste, Roystonea oleracea, in Trinidad, West Indies.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {124}, doi = {10.1673/031.013.12401}, pmid = {24786569}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Arecaceae/*physiology ; Cocos/physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Food Chain ; Larva/anatomy &amp; histology/parasitology/physiology ; Male ; Moths/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/parasitology/*physiology ; Pupa/anatomy &amp; histology/parasitology/physiology ; Trinidad and Tobago ; Wasps/physiology ; }, abstract = {In 2006, Batrachedra nuciferae Hodges (Lepidoptera: Batrachedridae) was the first phytophagous insect to be reported from inflorescences of coconut, Cocos nucifera L. (Arecales: Arecaceae), in Trinidad, West Indies. At that time, it was suggested to be an introduced species contributing to decreasing coconut yields on the island and potentially a threat to other palms. In this preliminary study, inflorescences of coconut, seven indigenous palms, and six exotic ornamental palms were surveyed in several areas of Trinidad. Caterpillars of more than 10 species of Lepidoptera were found and reared through to the adult stage. Batrachedra nuciferae was positively identified. It was concluded that the caterpillars of B. nuciferae feed on pollen in the male flowers of coconut and palmiste or royal palm, Roystonea oleracea (Jacquin) O.F. Cook. There was no evidence that B. nuciferae bred on any of the other palms surveyed, but it is not conclusive that they do not do so. A parasitoid, Apanteles (sensu lato) sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), of B. nuciferae was reared. On available information, B. nuciferae is more likely to be an indigenous species that has hitherto been overlooked than an introduced species. In view of what is known about damage-yield relationships and biological control agents, B. nuciferae is unlikely to cause yield losses to coconut, so control measures are not justified.}, }
@article {pmid24785375, year = {2013}, author = {Vandereycken, A and Durieux, D and Joie, E and Sloggett, JJ and Haubruge, E and Verheggen, FJ}, title = {Is the multicolored Asian ladybeetle, Harmonia axyridis, the most abundant natural enemy to aphids in agroecosystems?.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {158}, pmid = {24785375}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*physiology ; Belgium ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; *Crops, Agricultural/growth &amp; development ; Diptera/physiology ; *Food Chain ; Insecta/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The multicolored Asian ladybeetle, Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), was introduced into Western Europe in the late 1990s. Since the late 2000s, this species has been commonly considered one of the most abundant aphid predators in most Western European countries. In spite of the large amount of research on H. axyridis, information concerning its relative abundance in agroecosystems is lacking. This study aims to evaluate the abundance of H. axyridis within the aphidophage community in four crops situated in southern Belgium: wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poales: Poaceae), corn, Zea mays, potato, Solanum tuberosum (Solanales: Solanaceae), and broad bean Vicia faba (Fabales: Fabaceae). In order to assess the species diversity, the collected data were analyzed by considering (1) the species richness and (2) the evenness according to the Shannon diversity index. Eleven aphidophages were observed in every inventoried agroecosystem, including five abundant species: three coccinellids, the seven-spotted ladybug, Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), the 14-spotted Ladybird, Propylea quatuordecimpunctata, and H. axyridis; one hoverfly, the marmalade hoverfly, Episyrphus balteatus De Geer (Diptera: Syrphidae); and one lacewing, the common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea Stephens sensu lato (= s.l.) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Harmonia axyridis has been observed to thrive, breed, and reproduce on the four studied crops. Harmonia axyridis is the most abundant predator of aphids in corn followed by C. septempunctata, which is the main aphid predator observed in the three other inventoried crops. In wheat and potato fields, H. axyridis occurs in low numbers compared to other aphidophage. These observations suggest that H. axyridis could be considered an invasive species of agrosystems, and that potato and wheat may intermittently act as refuges for other aphidophages vulnerable to intraguild predation by this invader. Harmonia axyridis is not the most abundant aphid predator in the main Belgian crops.}, }
@article {pmid24785293, year = {2014}, author = {Buckland, S and Cole, NC and Aguirre-Gutiérrez, J and Gallagher, LE and Henshaw, SM and Besnard, A and Tucker, RM and Bachraz, V and Ruhomaun, K and Harris, S}, title = {Ecological effects of the invasive giant madagascar day gecko on endemic mauritian geckos: applications of binomial-mixture and species distribution models.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {e88798}, pmid = {24785293}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; *Lizards ; Models, Theoretical ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The invasion of the giant Madagascar day gecko Phelsuma grandis has increased the threats to the four endemic Mauritian day geckos (Phelsuma spp.) that have survived on mainland Mauritius. We had two main aims: (i) to predict the spatial distribution and overlap of P. grandis and the endemic geckos at a landscape level; and (ii) to investigate the effects of P. grandis on the abundance and risks of extinction of the endemic geckos at a local scale. An ensemble forecasting approach was used to predict the spatial distribution and overlap of P. grandis and the endemic geckos. We used hierarchical binomial mixture models and repeated visual estimate surveys to calculate the abundance of the endemic geckos in sites with and without P. grandis. The predicted range of each species varied from 85 km2 to 376 km2. Sixty percent of the predicted range of P. grandis overlapped with the combined predicted ranges of the four endemic geckos; 15% of the combined predicted ranges of the four endemic geckos overlapped with P. grandis. Levin's niche breadth varied from 0.140 to 0.652 between P. grandis and the four endemic geckos. The abundance of endemic geckos was 89% lower in sites with P. grandis compared to sites without P. grandis, and the endemic geckos had been extirpated at four of ten sites we surveyed with P. grandis. Species Distribution Modelling, together with the breadth metrics, predicted that P. grandis can partly share the equivalent niche with endemic species and survive in a range of environmental conditions. We provide strong evidence that smaller endemic geckos are unlikely to survive in sympatry with P. grandis. This is a cause of concern in both Mauritius and other countries with endemic species of Phelsuma.}, }
@article {pmid24783804, year = {2014}, author = {Mintesnot, B and Ayalew, A and Kebede, A}, title = {Evaluation of biomass of some invasive weed species as substrate for oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) cultivation.}, journal = {Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, pages = {213-219}, doi = {10.3923/pjbs.2014.213.219}, pmid = {24783804}, issn = {1028-8880}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Biomass ; Culture Media/*metabolism ; Fungal Proteins/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Plant Weeds/*metabolism ; Pleurotus/*growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Triticum/metabolism ; }, abstract = {This study assessed the bioconversion of Agriculture wastes like invasive weeds species (Lantana camara, Prosopis juliflora, Parthenium hysterophorus) as a substrate for oyster mushroom (Pleurotus species) cultivation together with wheat straw as a control. The experiment was laid out in factorial combination of substrates and three edible oyster mushroom species in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Pleurotus ostreatus gave significantly (p < 0.01) total yield of 840 g kg(-1) on P. hysterophorus, Significantly (p < 0.01) biological efficiency (83.87%) and production rate of 3.13 was recorded for P. ostreatus grown on P. hysterophorus. The highest total ash content (13.90%) was recorded for P. florida grown on L. camara. while the lowest (6.92%) was for P. sajor-caju grown on the P. juliflora. Crude protein ranged from 40.51-41.48% for P. florida grown on P. hysterophorus and L. camara. Lowest crude protein content (30.11%) was recorded for P. ostreatus grown on wheat straw. The crude fiber content (12.73%) of P. sajor-caju grown on wheat straw was the highest. The lowest crude fiber (5.19%) was recorded for P. ostreatus on P. juliflora. Total yield had a positive and significant correlation with biological efficiency and production. Utilization of the plant biomass for mushroom cultivation could contribute to alleviating ecological impact of invasive weed species while offering practical option to mitigating hunger and malnutrition in areas where the invasive weeds became dominant.}, }
@article {pmid24781913, year = {2014}, author = {Frank, C and Faber, M and Hellenbrand, W and Wilking, H and Stark, K}, title = {[Important vector-borne infectious diseases among humans in Germany. Epidemiological aspects].}, journal = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz}, volume = {57}, number = {5}, pages = {557-567}, doi = {10.1007/s00103-013-1925-9}, pmid = {24781913}, issn = {1437-1588}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Outbreaks/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Disease Vectors ; Germany/epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Risk Factors ; Zoonoses/*epidemiology/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Vector-borne infections pathogenic to humans play an important role in Germany. The relevant zoonotic pathogens are either endemic throughout Germany (e.g. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu latu) or only in specific regions, e.g. tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus and hantavirus. They cause a substantial burden of disease. Prevention and control largely rely on public advice and the application of personal protective measures (e.g. TBE virus vaccination and protection against vectors). High quality surveillance and targeted epidemiological studies are fundamental for the evaluation of temporal and spatial risks of infection and the effectiveness of preventive measures. Aside from endemic pathogens, vector-borne infections acquired abroad, mostly transmitted by mosquitoes, have to be systematically and intensively monitored as well, to assess the risk of infection for German residents traveling abroad and to adequately evaluate the risk of autochthonous transmission. Related issues, such as invasive species of mosquitoes in Germany and climate change, have to be taken into consideration. Such pathogens include West Nile, dengue and chikungunya viruses, as well as malaria parasites (Plasmodium species). The article presents an overview of the epidemiological situation of selected relevant vector-borne infections in Germany.}, }
@article {pmid24781910, year = {2014}, author = {Becker, N and Krüger, A and Kuhn, C and Plenge-Bönig, A and Thomas, SM and Schmidt-Chanasit, J and Tannich, E}, title = {[Mosquitoes as vectors for exotic pathogens in Germany].}, journal = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz}, volume = {57}, number = {5}, pages = {531-540}, doi = {10.1007/s00103-013-1918-8}, pmid = {24781910}, issn = {1437-1588}, mesh = {Animals ; Culicidae/*pathogenicity ; *Disease Vectors ; Germany ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Parasitic Diseases/*parasitology ; Virus Diseases/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {As a result of intensified globalization of international trade and of substantial travel activities, mosquito-borne exotic pathogens are becoming an increasing threat for Europe. In Germany some 50 different mosquito species are known, several of which have vector competence for pathogens. During the last few years a number of zoonotic arboviruses that are pathogenic for humans have been isolated from mosquitoes in Germany including Usutu, Sindbis and Batai viruses. In addition, filarial worms, such as Dirofilaria repens have been repeatedly detected in mosquitoes from the federal state of Brandenburg. Other pathogens, in particular West Nile virus, are expected to emerge sooner or later in Germany as the virus is already circulating in neighboring countries, e.g. France, Austria and the Czech Republic. In upcoming years the risk for arbovirus transmission might increase in Germany due to increased occurrence of new so-called "invasive" mosquito species, such as the Asian bush mosquito Ochlerotatus japonicus or the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus. These invasive species are characterized by high vector competence for a broad range of pathogens and a preference for human blood meals. For risk assessment, a number of mosquito and pathogen surveillance projects have been initiated in Germany during the last few years; however, mosquito control strategies and plans of action have to be developed and put into place to allow early and efficient action against possible vector-borne epidemics.}, }
@article {pmid24781795, year = {2014}, author = {Diamant, A and Rothman, SB and Goren, M and Galil, BS and Yokes, MB and Szitenberg, A and Huchon, D}, title = {Biology of a new xenoma-forming gonadotropic microsporidium in the invasive blotchfin dragonet Callionymus filamentosus.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {109}, number = {1}, pages = {35-54}, doi = {10.3354/dao02718}, pmid = {24781795}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Mediterranean Sea/epidemiology ; Microsporidia/*classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/ultrastructure ; Microsporidiosis/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {A gonadotropic microsporidian parasite, Obruspora papernae gen. et sp. nov. (Microsporidia: Enterocytozoonidae), is described from Callionymus filamentosus (Teleostei: Callionymidae) in the Mediterranean Sea. The host, a Red Sea invasive species which entered the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal, was first collected in the Levant Basin in 1953, whereas its parasite went unobserved until 2008. Analysis of partial small subunit ribosomal gene sequences (SSU rDNA) placed the new species within the Nucleospora, Desmozoon, and Paranucleospora clade, and as it differs from each of them, it is assigned to a new genus. The development of the parasite is described, and the biological mechanisms underlying this parasite-host system are analyzed. Prevalence of infection approached 80% in female samples throughout most of the year. Males showed no signs of infection, but parasite rDNA was detected in male internal organs. The parasite-induced xenomas progressively occupied and eventually replaced much of the ovary, in some cases producing effective castration. Despite high levels of parasite infection, current trawl fishery statistics indicate that the abundance of Mediterranean populations of the host remains high. The parasite impact on the host population dynamics is unclear. Possible effects of the new microsporidian parasite on the reproductive effort of C. filamentosus and the potential role of another parasite, the ectoparasitic copepod Lernanthropus callionymicola, as an additional host in the life cycle of O. papernae, require further investigation.}, }
@article {pmid24779459, year = {2014}, author = {Leo, SS and Samuel, WM and Pybus, MJ and Sperling, FA}, title = {Origin of Dermacentor albipictus (Acari: Ixodidae) on elk in the Yukon, Canada.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {50}, number = {3}, pages = {544-551}, doi = {10.7589/2013-03-078}, pmid = {24779459}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; Deer/*parasitology ; Dermacentor/*genetics ; Genotype ; Host Specificity ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Yukon Territory/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Winter ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) on elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) have recently increased in numbers in the Yukon, Canada, potentially posing risks to other indigenous host species in the region. To evaluate the regional source of winter ticks in the Yukon, we sequenced one nuclear (ITS-2) and two mitochondrial (16SrRNA and COI) genes, and genotyped 14 microsatellite loci from 483 winter tick specimens collected across North America. We analyzed genetic variation across the geographic and host ranges of this tick species with the use of variance partitioning, Bayesian clustering, and standard population genetic analyses. Based on our results, winter ticks on elk in the Yukon could have originated either by translocation from central Alberta or by northward range expansion of more geographically proximate populations in northern Alberta and British Columbia. Although there was some genetic structuring of winter ticks on different hosts in the same region, we found little evidence of host specificity in winter ticks from five ungulate host species, suggesting that the winter ticks on elk in the Yukon could potentially become established on other locally available host species such as moose (Alces alces).}, }
@article {pmid24779412, year = {2014}, author = {Jeschke, JM and Bacher, S and Blackburn, TM and Dick, JT and Essl, F and Evans, T and Gaertner, M and Hulme, PE and Kühn, I and Mrugała, A and Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and Rabitsch, W and Ricciardi, A and Richardson, DM and Sendek, A and Vilà, M and Winter, M and Kumschick, S}, title = {Defining the impact of non-native species.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, pages = {1188-1194}, pmid = {24779412}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Non-native species cause changes in the ecosystems to which they are introduced. These changes, or some of them, are usually termed impacts; they can be manifold and potentially damaging to ecosystems and biodiversity. However, the impacts of most non-native species are poorly understood, and a synthesis of available information is being hindered because authors often do not clearly define impact. We argue that explicitly defining the impact of non-native species will promote progress toward a better understanding of the implications of changes to biodiversity and ecosystems caused by non-native species; help disentangle which aspects of scientific debates about non-native species are due to disparate definitions and which represent true scientific discord; and improve communication between scientists from different research disciplines and between scientists, managers, and policy makers. For these reasons and based on examples from the literature, we devised seven key questions that fall into 4 categories: directionality, classification and measurement, ecological or socio-economic changes, and scale. These questions should help in formulating clear and practical definitions of impact to suit specific scientific, stakeholder, or legislative contexts.}, }
@article {pmid24773121, year = {2014}, author = {Kleynhans, E and Mitchell, KA and Conlong, DE and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Evolved variation in cold tolerance among populations of Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in South Africa.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {1149-1159}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12390}, pmid = {24773121}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Cold Temperature ; Female ; Geography ; Male ; Moths/*physiology ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Among-population variation in chill-coma onset temperature (CTmin) is thought to reflect natural selection for local microclimatic conditions. However, few studies have investigated the evolutionary importance of cold tolerance limits in natural populations. Here, using a common-environment approach, we show pronounced variation in CTmin (± 4 °C) across the geographic range of a nonoverwintering crop pest, Eldana saccharina. The outcomes of this study provide two notable results in the context of evolved chill-coma variation: (1) CTmin differs significantly between geographic lines and is significantly positively correlated with local climates, and (2) there is a stable genetic architecture underlying CTmin trait variation, likely representing four key genes. Crosses between the most and least cold-tolerant geographic lines confirmed a genetic component to CTmin trait variation. Slower developmental time in the most cold-tolerant population suggests that local adaptation involves fitness costs; however, it confers fitness benefits in that environment. A significant reduction in phenotypic plasticity in the laboratory population suggests that plasticity of this trait is costly to maintain but also likely necessary for field survival. These results are significant for understanding field population adaption to novel environments, whereas further work is needed to dissect the underlying mechanism and gene(s) responsible.}, }
@article {pmid24772526, year = {2014}, author = {Stouthamer, R and Nunney, L}, title = {Can neutral molecular markers be used to determine the success of an introduction of a "better" strain into an established population of a biocontrol parasitoid?.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {107}, number = {2}, pages = {483-495}, doi = {10.1603/ec13444}, pmid = {24772526}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Control Agents ; Biomarkers ; Crosses, Genetic ; Genetic Fitness ; Genetic Linkage ; *Genetic Markers ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Insecta/genetics/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Neutral molecular markers are gene sequences where variants are considered to confer no fitness advantage, such as microsatellites and mitochondrial haplotypes. Several types of neutral marker are easy to develop, cheap to use, and have found extensive application for addressing ecological questions. In biocontrol, these markers are used to simplify identification of cryptic species and of prey remains in predators. Here, we address the potential of neutral molecular markers for determining the relative performance of a "superior" strain of a species after release into an already established conspecific population. We used modeling to show that only under very limited conditions can traditional neutral markers be used to demonstrate that beneficial genetic variation was successfully introgressed into the existing population. However, new population genomic methods do make it possible to track alleles at a large number of loci and consequently make it possible to show if alleles from a superior strain spread in an already established conspecific population.}, }
@article {pmid24772269, year = {2014}, author = {Molofsky, J and Keller, SR and Lavergne, S and Kaproth, MA and Eppinga, MB}, title = {Human-aided admixture may fuel ecosystem transformation during biological invasions: theoretical and experimental evidence.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {7}, pages = {899-910}, pmid = {24772269}, issn = {2045-7758}, support = {281422/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions can transform our understanding of how the interplay of historical isolation and contemporary (human-aided) dispersal affects the structure of intraspecific diversity in functional traits, and in turn, how changes in functional traits affect other scales of biological organization such as communities and ecosystems. Because biological invasions frequently involve the admixture of previously isolated lineages as a result of human-aided dispersal, studies of invasive populations can reveal how admixture results in novel genotypes and shifts in functional trait variation within populations. Further, because invasive species can be ecosystem engineers within invaded ecosystems, admixture-induced shifts in the functional traits of invaders can affect the composition of native biodiversity and alter the flow of resources through the system. Thus, invasions represent promising yet under-investigated examples of how the effects of short-term evolutionary changes can cascade across biological scales of diversity. Here, we propose a conceptual framework that admixture between divergent source populations during biological invasions can reorganize the genetic variation underlying key functional traits, leading to shifts in the mean and variance of functional traits within invasive populations. Changes in the mean or variance of key traits can initiate new ecological feedback mechanisms that result in a critical transition from a native ecosystem to a novel invasive ecosystem. We illustrate the application of this framework with reference to a well-studied plant model system in invasion biology and show how a combination of quantitative genetic experiments, functional trait studies, whole ecosystem field studies and modeling can be used to explore the dynamics predicted to trigger these critical transitions.}, }
@article {pmid24768839, year = {2014}, author = {Vithanage, M and Rajapaksha, AU and Tang, X and Thiele-Bruhn, S and Kim, KH and Lee, SE and Ok, YS}, title = {Sorption and transport of sulfamethazine in agricultural soils amended with invasive-plant-derived biochar.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {141}, number = {}, pages = {95-103}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.02.030}, pmid = {24768839}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Adsorption ; Agriculture ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/analysis/*chemistry ; *Charcoal ; *Cucurbitaceae ; Introduced Species ; Soil Pollutants/analysis/*chemistry ; Sulfamethazine/analysis/*chemistry ; Temperature ; Waste Management/*methods ; }, abstract = {Sulfonamides (SAs) are one of the most frequently used antibiotics in the veterinary industry, showing high mobility in soils. Objectives of this research were to determine the sorption, distribution coefficients and involvement of different ionic forms of sulfamethazine (SMZ), a representative SAs, and to evaluate the transport of SMZ in biochar treated soils. Biochars were produced from an invasive plant, burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus L.), under slow pyrolysis conditions at peak temperatures of 300 °C (biochar-300) and 700 °C (biochar-700), respectively. The abilities of the biochars to retain SMZ in loamy sand and sandy loam soils were examined under different pHs and SMZ loadings. Soil column experiments were performed with and without biochars addition. Results showed that biochar-700 had a high degree of SMZ retention, with resultant decreased pH in both soils. Modeled effective sorption coefficients (KD,eff) values indicated that the observed high SMZ retention at pH 3 could be attributed to the π-π electron donor-acceptor interaction and electrostatic cation exchange, whereas at pH 5 and 7, cation exchange was the main mechanisms responsible. There was no temporal retardation of SMZ in biochar treated soil as compared to the untreated soil. However, biochar-700 treatment achieved up to 89% and 82% increase in the SMZ retention in sandy loam and loamy sand soils, respectively. The overall results demonstrated that burcucumber biochar produced at higher temperature was effective in reducing the mobility of SMZ in the studied soils.}, }
@article {pmid24766783, year = {2014}, author = {Deblauwe, I and Sohier, C and Schaffner, F and Rakotoarivony, LM and Coosemans, M}, title = {Implementation of surveillance of invasive mosquitoes in Belgium according to the ECDC guidelines.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {201}, pmid = {24766783}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Belgium ; Culicidae/*classification/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In 2012, the new guidelines for the surveillance of IMS in Europe, produced by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), were tested in Belgium. This study aimed at (1) testing the usefulness and applicability in the field of the ECDC guidelines for the surveillance of IMS in Europe and (2) surveying IMS throughout Belgium.<br><br>METHODS: First, the scenarios, which Belgium is facing, were identified according to the ECDC guidelines. Second, the surveillance strategy and the methods were identified based on the guidelines and adjusted to the Belgium context. Two areas colonised by IMS and 20 potential points of entry (PoE) were selected. Mosquito Magnet Liberty Plus (CO2-baited) traps (23) and oviposition traps (147) were set-up, and larval sampling was performed monthly or bi-monthly from July till October 2012. Finally, the costs and workload of the surveillance activities were compared to the estimates provided by the ECDC guidelines.<br><br>RESULTS: Surveillance at 20 potential PoE (complying with scenario 1) revealed that no new IMS were established in Belgium. Surveillance at two sites colonised by IMS (scenario 2) indicated that although control measures have drastically reduced the Ae. j. japonicus population this species is still present. Furthermore, Ae. koreicus is permanently established. For both scenarios, the problems encountered are discussed and recommendations are given. In addition, the actual workload was lower than the estimated workload, while the actual costs were higher than the estimated ones.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The ECDC guidelines are helpful, applicable and efficient to implement surveillance of IMS in Belgium. Recommendations were customised to the local context (political demands, salary and investment costs, and existing expertise). The workload and costs related to the preparatory phase (i.e., planning, contacts with the PoE, writing a protocol) were found to be missing in the cost evaluation suggested in the guidelines. Updates on the occurrence of IMS in Belgium and the related risk for disease agents they can transmit will only be available once a structured and permanent surveillance system is implemented.}, }
@article {pmid24766630, year = {2014}, author = {Hodgins, K}, title = {Unearthing the impact of human disturbance on a notorious weed.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {9}, pages = {2141-2143}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12717}, pmid = {24766630}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Ambrosia/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Large-scale anthropogenic changes in the environment are reshaping global biodiversity and the evolutionary trajectory of many species. Evolutionary mechanisms that allow organisms to thrive in this rapidly changing environment are just beginning to be investigated (Hoffmann &amp; Sgrò 2011; Colautti &amp; Barrett 2013). Weedy and invasive species represent 'success stories' for how species can cope with human modified environments. As introduced species have spread within recent times, they provide the unique opportunity to track the genetic consequences of rapid range expansion through time and space using historic DNA samples. Using modern collections and herbarium specimens dating back to 1873, Martin et al. (2014) have provided a more complete understanding of the population history of the invasive, agricultural weed, common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia; Fig. 1) in its native range with surprising results. They find that the recent population explosion of common ragweed in North America coincided with substantial shifts in population genetic structure with implications for invasion.}, }
@article {pmid24766629, year = {2014}, author = {Franks, SJ and Munshi-South, J}, title = {Go forth, evolve and prosper: the genetic basis of adaptive evolution in an invasive species.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {9}, pages = {2137-2140}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12718}, pmid = {24766629}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Brassicaceae/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive species stand accused of a familiar litany of offences, including displacing native species, disrupting ecological processes and causing billions of dollars in ecological damage (Cox 1999). Despite these transgressions, invasive species have at least one redeeming virtue--they offer us an unparalleled opportunity to investigate colonization and responses of populations to novel conditions in the invaded habitat (Elton 1958; Sakai et al. 2001). Invasive species are by definition colonists that have arrived and thrived in a new location. How they are able to thrive is of great interest, especially considering a paradox of invasion (Sax &amp; Brown 2000): if many populations are locally adapted (Leimu &amp; Fischer 2008), how could species introduced into new locations become so successful? One possibility is that populations adjust to the new conditions through plasticity--increasing production of allelopathic compounds (novel weapons), or taking advantage of new prey, for example. Alternatively, evolution could play a role, with the populations adapting to the novel conditions of the new habitat. There is increasing evidence, based on phenotypic data, for rapid adaptive evolution in invasive species (Franks et al. 2012; Colautti &amp; Barrett 2013; Sultan et al. 2013). Prior studies have also demonstrated genetic changes in introduced populations using neutral markers, which generally do not provide information on adaptation. Thus, the genetic basis of adaptive evolution in invasive species has largely remained unknown. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Vandepitte et al. (2014) provide some of the first evidence in invasive populations for molecular genetic changes directly linked to adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid24766299, year = {2014}, author = {Laughlin, DC}, title = {Applying trait-based models to achieve functional targets for theory-driven ecological restoration.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {17}, number = {7}, pages = {771-784}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12288}, pmid = {24766299}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Competitive Behavior ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Manipulating community assemblages to achieve functional targets is a key component of restoring degraded ecosystems. The response-and-effect trait framework provides a conceptual foundation for translating restoration goals into functional trait targets, but a quantitative framework has been lacking for translating trait targets into assemblages of species that practitioners can actually manipulate. This study describes new trait-based models that can be used to generate ranges of species abundances to test theories about which traits, which trait values and which species assemblages are most effective for achieving functional outcomes. These models are generalisable, flexible tools that can be widely applied across many terrestrial ecosystems. Examples illustrate how the framework generates assemblages of indigenous species to (1) achieve desired community responses by applying the theories of environmental filtering, limiting similarity and competitive hierarchies, or (2) achieve desired effects on ecosystem functions by applying the theories of mass ratios and niche complementarity. Experimental applications of this framework will advance our understanding of how to set functional trait targets to achieve the desired restoration goals. A trait-based framework provides restoration ecology with a robust scaffold on which to apply fundamental ecological theory to maintain resilient and functioning ecosystems in a rapidly changing world.}, }
@article {pmid24766190, year = {2014}, author = {Lucek, K and Sivasundar, A and Seehausen, O}, title = {Disentangling the role of phenotypic plasticity and genetic divergence in contemporary ecotype formation during a biological invasion.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {68}, number = {9}, pages = {2619-2632}, doi = {10.1111/evo.12443}, pmid = {24766190}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Ecotype ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Male ; Phenotype ; Rivers ; Smegmamorpha/*anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {The occurrence of contemporary ecotype formation through adaptive divergence of populations within the range of an invasive species typically requires standing genetic variation but can be facilitated by phenotypic plasticity. The relative contributions of both of these to adaptive trait differentiation have rarely been simultaneously quantified in recently diverging vertebrate populations. Here we study a case of intraspecific divergence into distinct lake and stream ecotypes of threespine stickleback that evolved in the past 140 years within the invasive range in Switzerland. Using a controlled laboratory experiment with full-sib crosses and treatments mimicking a key feature of ecotypic niche divergence, we test if the phenotypic divergence that we observe in the wild results from phenotypic plasticity or divergent genetic predisposition. Our experimental groups show qualitatively similar phenotypic divergence as those observed among wild adults. The relative contribution of plasticity and divergent genetic predisposition differs among the traits studied, with traits related to the biomechanics of feeding showing a stronger genetic predisposition, whereas traits related to locomotion are mainly plastic. These results implicate that phenotypic plasticity and standing genetic variation interacted during contemporary ecotype formation in this case.}, }
@article {pmid24765582, year = {2014}, author = {Valdivia, A and Bruno, JF and Cox, CE and Hackerott, S and Green, SJ}, title = {Re-examining the relationship between invasive lionfish and native grouper in the Caribbean.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {e348}, pmid = {24765582}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Biotic resistance is the idea that native species negatively affect the invasion success of introduced species, but whether this can occur at large spatial scales is poorly understood. Here we re-evaluated the hypothesis that native large-bodied grouper and other predators are controlling the abundance of exotic lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) on Caribbean coral reefs. We assessed the relationship between the biomass of lionfish and native predators at 71 reefs in three biogeographic regions while taking into consideration several cofactors that may affect fish abundance, including among others, proxies for fishing pressure and habitat structural complexity. Our results indicate that the abundance of lionfish, large-bodied grouper and other predators were not negatively related. Lionfish abundance was instead controlled by several physical site characteristics, and possibly by culling. Taken together, our results suggest that managers cannot rely on current native grouper populations to control the lionfish invasion.}, }
@article {pmid24759512, year = {2014}, author = {Whitfield, AK and Becker, A}, title = {Impacts of recreational motorboats on fishes: a review.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {83}, number = {1}, pages = {24-31}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.03.055}, pmid = {24759512}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Pollution ; *Fishes ; Introduced Species ; Metals, Heavy ; Paint ; Plants ; Recreation ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {A considerable amount of research has been conducted on the impacts of recreational boating activities on fishes but little or no synthesis of the information has been undertaken. This review shows that motor boats impact on the biology and ecology of fishes but the effects vary according to the species and even particular size classes. Direct hits on fishes by propellers are an obvious impact but this aspect has been poorly documented. Alterations in the wave climate and water turbidity may also influence fishes and their habitats, especially submerged and emergent plant beds. Sound generated by boat motors can also influence the communication and behaviour of certain species. Pollution arising from fuel spillages, exhaust emissions and antifouling paints all have detrimental effects on fishes. Finally, the use of recreational boats as vectors of aquatic invasive organisms is very real and has created major problems to the ecology of aquatic systems.}, }
@article {pmid24755194, year = {2014}, author = {Coleman, TW and Chen, Y and Graves, AD and Hishinuma, SM and Grulke, NE and Flint, ML and Seybold, SJ}, title = {Developing monitoring techniques for the invasive goldspotted oak borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in California.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {729-743}, doi = {10.1603/EN13162}, pmid = {24755194}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; California ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Color ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Female ; *Flight, Animal ; Insect Control ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Pheromones/pharmacology ; Population Density ; Quercus ; }, abstract = {The goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus auroguttatus Schaeffer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is an invasive species that has colonized oak woodlands in southern California. To better define its seasonal flight activity, assist with forest and integrated pest management activities, and define the current distribution in California, an effective monitoring technique for A. auroguttatus is necessary. We assessed the efficacy of two colors of flight-intercept prism traps, the placement of these traps at three heights, and several commercially available lures [Manuka oil, Phoebe oil, and a green leaf volatile, (3Z)-hexenol] for monitoring the flight of adult A. auroguttatus. Landing rates and the densities of D-shaped emergence holes of A. auroguttatus adults were assessed on the lower stems of coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia Née, of varying size and crown health classes. Purple flight-intercept prism traps placed at heights of 3 m and 4.5 m caught significantly more female A. auroguttatus than green prism traps. In one experiment, males also responded at a significantly higher level to purple than to green prism traps placed at 3 m height. The addition of commercially available lures significantly enhanced male, but not female, A. auroguttatus trap catch when compared with unbaited control traps. There were no differences among male flight responses to the three lures. A. auroguttatus landing rates and emergence hole densities were significantly greater on the largest-diameter trees (>76.2 cm diameter at breast height) and on trees with severe crown thinning or complete crown collapse. The annual increment in emergence hole densities was also significantly greater on trees with severe crown thinning or complete crown collapse. In three trapping studies over multiple years in southern California, the adult flight period began as early as mid-May, peaked in mid-June to early July, and ended in early- to mid-September. To demonstrate the efficacy of the detection method for A. auroguttatus (unbaited purple traps at 3 m height), a delimitation survey conducted from 2009 to 2012 confirmed that the species was only present in San Diego Co., but that the distribution was expanding northward.}, }
@article {pmid24753322, year = {2015}, author = {Díaz, F and Endersby, NM and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {Genetic structure of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci populations in Colombia following a recent invasion.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {483-494}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12129}, pmid = {24753322}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; Colombia ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Hemiptera/classification/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; }, abstract = {The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is one of the most important pests causing economic losses in a variety of cropping systems around the world. This species was recently found in a coastal region of Colombia and has now spread inland. To investigate this invasive process, the genetic structure of B. tabaci was examined in 8 sampling locations from 2 infested regions (coastal, inland) using 9 microsatellite markers and the mitochondrial COI gene. The mitochondrial analysis indicated that only the invasive species of the B. tabaci complex Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM 1 known previously as biotype B) was present. The microsatellite data pointed to genetic differences among the regions and no isolation by distance within regions. The coastal region in the Caribbean appears to have been the initial point of invasion, while the inland region in the Southwest showed genetic variation among populations most likely reflecting founder events and ongoing changes associated with climatic and topographical heterogeneity. These findings have implications for tracking and managing B. tabaci.}, }
@article {pmid24752857, year = {2014}, author = {Kuhns, EH and Martini, X and Tribuiani, Y and Coy, M and Gibbard, C and Peña, J and Hulcr, J and Stelinski, LL}, title = {Eucalyptol is an attractant of the Redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {355-362}, pmid = {24752857}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; *Chemotaxis ; Cyclohexanols/*metabolism ; Eucalyptol ; Feeding Behavior ; Florida ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Introduced Species ; Lauraceae/metabolism ; Monoterpenes/*metabolism ; Odorants/analysis ; Oils, Volatile/*metabolism ; Pheromones/*metabolism ; Solid Phase Microextraction ; Species Specificity ; Weevils/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, is an invasive wood-boring beetle that has become established in the southeastern United States. The beetle transmits the causal pathogen of lethal laurel wilt to susceptible host trees, which include redbay, an important forest community species, and avocado, a valuable food crop. By examining odors of redbay wood, we developed an artificial lure that captured X. glabratus in redbay forests. Eucalyptol was a critical component of the blend for beetle attraction, and eucalyptol alone in large quantities attracted X. glabratus. Furthermore, eucalyptol stimulated boring by X. glabratus into paper arenas. The results suggest that eucalyptol contributes to host selection behavior of X. glabratus and may be useful for management of this pathogen vector.}, }
@article {pmid24752856, year = {2014}, author = {Huberty, M and Tielbörger, K and Harvey, JA and Müller, C and Macel, M}, title = {Chemical defenses (glucosinolates) of native and invasive populations of the range expanding invasive plant Rorippa austriaca.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {363-370}, pmid = {24752856}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Butterflies/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Europe ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Glucosinolates/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Mass Spectrometry ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Rorippa/*metabolism ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Due to global warming, species are expanding their range to higher latitudes. Some range expanding plants have become invasive in their new range. The Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis and the Shifting Defense Hypothesis (SDH) predict altered selection on plant defenses in the introduced range of invasive plants due to changes in herbivore pressures and communities. Here, we investigated chemical defenses (glucosinolates) of five native and seven invasive populations of the Eurasian invasive range expanding plant, Rorippa austriaca. Further, we studied feeding preferences of a generalist and a specialist herbivore among the populations. We detected eight glucosinolates in the leaves of R. austriaca. 8-Methylsulfinyloctyl glucosinolate was the most abundant glucosinolate in all plants. There were no overall differences between native and invasive plants in concentrations of glucosinolates. However, concentrations among populations within each range differed significantly. Feeding preference between the populations by a generalist herbivore was negatively correlated with glucosinolate concentrations. Feeding by a specialist did not differ between the populations and was not correlated with glucosinolates. Possibly, local differences in herbivore communities within each range may explain the differences in concentrations of glucosinolates among populations. Little support for the predictions of the EICA hypothesis or the SDH was found for the glucosinolate defenses of the studied native and invasive R. austriaca populations.}, }
@article {pmid24752816, year = {2014}, author = {Monzón-Argüello, C and Garcia de Leaniz, C and Gajardo, G and Consuegra, S}, title = {Eco-immunology of fish invasions: the role of MHC variation.}, journal = {Immunogenetics}, volume = {66}, number = {6}, pages = {393-402}, pmid = {24752816}, issn = {1432-1211}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Chile ; Ecosystem ; Falkland Islands ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Drift ; *Genetic Variation ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/classification/*genetics/immunology ; Introduced Species ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/*genetics/immunology ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {The relationship between invaders and the pathogens encountered in their new environment can have a large effect on invasion success. Invaders can become free from their natural pathogens and reallocate costly immune resources to growth and reproduction, thereby increasing invasion success. Release from enemies and relaxation of selective pressures could render newly founded populations more variable at immune-related genes, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), particularly when they have different origins. Using rainbow and brown trout, two of the world's most successful fish invaders, we tested the general hypothesis that invaders should display high intrapopulation immunogenetic diversity and interpopulation divergence, due to the interplay between genetic drift and successive waves of genetically divergent introductions. We analysed genetic diversity and signatures of selection at the MHC class II β immune-related locus. In both species, MHC diversity (allelic richness and heterozygosity) for southern hemisphere populations was similar to values reported for populations at their native range. However, MHC functional diversity was limited, and population immunogenetic structuring weaker than that observed using neutral markers. Depleted MHC functional diversity could reflect a decrease in immune response, immune-related assortative mating or selection for resistance to newly encountered parasites. Given that the role of MHC diversity in the survival of these populations remains unclear, depleted functional diversity of invasive salmonids could compromise their long-term persistence. A better understanding of the eco-immunology of invaders may help in managing and preventing the impact of biological invasions, a major cause of loss of biodiversity worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid24750500, year = {2014}, author = {Liu, X and Li, X and Liu, Z and Tingley, R and Kraus, F and Guo, Z and Li, Y}, title = {Congener diversity, topographic heterogeneity and human-assisted dispersal predict spread rates of alien herpetofauna at a global scale.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {17}, number = {7}, pages = {821-829}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12286}, pmid = {24750500}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Amphibians/*physiology ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; *Models, Biological ; Population Growth ; Reptiles/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Understanding the factors that determine rates of range expansion is not only crucial for developing risk assessment schemes and management strategies for invasive species, but also provides important insight into the ability of species to disperse in response to climate change. However, there is little knowledge on why some invasions spread faster than others at large spatiotemporal scales. Here, we examine the effects of human activities, species traits and characteristics of the invaded range on spread rates using a global sample of alien reptile and amphibian introductions. We show that spread rates vary remarkably among invaded locations within a species, and differ across biogeographical realms. Spread rates are positively related to the richness of native congeneric species and human-assisted dispersal in the invaded range but are negatively correlated with topographic heterogeneity. Our findings highlight the importance of environmental characteristics and human-assisted dispersal in developing robust frameworks for predicting species' range shifts.}, }
@article {pmid24750181, year = {2014}, author = {Mueller, JC and Edelaar, P and Carrete, M and Serrano, D and Potti, J and Blas, J and Dingemanse, NJ and Kempenaers, B and Tella, JL}, title = {Behaviour-related DRD4 polymorphisms in invasive bird populations.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {11}, pages = {2876-2885}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12763}, pmid = {24750181}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Exons ; *Exploratory Behavior ; Female ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Passeriformes/*genetics ; Personality/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Portugal ; Receptors, Dopamine D4/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spain ; }, abstract = {It has been suggested that individual behavioural traits influence the potential to successfully colonize new areas. Identifying the genetic basis of behavioural variation in invasive species thus represents an important step towards understanding the evolutionary potential of the invader. Here, we sequenced a candidate region for neophilic/neophobic and activity behaviour - the complete exon 3 of the DRD4 gene - in 100 Yellow-crowned bishops (Euplectes afer) from two invasive populations in Spain and Portugal. The same birds were scored twice for activity behaviour while exposed to novel objects (battery or slice of apple) in captivity. Response to novel objects was repeatable (r = 0.41) within individuals. We identified two synonymous DRD4 SNPs that explained on average between 11% and 15% of the phenotypic variance in both populations, indicating a clear genetic component to the neophilic/neophobic/activity personality axis in this species. This consistently high estimated effect size was mainly due to the repeated measurement design, which excludes part of the within-individual nongenetic variance in the response to different novel objects. We suggest that the alternative alleles of these SNPs are likely introduced from the original population and maintained by weak or antagonistic selection during different stages of the invasion process. The identified genetic variants have not only the potential to serve as genetic markers of the neophobic/neophilic/activity personality axis, but may also help to understand the evolution of behaviour in these invasive bird populations.}, }
@article {pmid24749667, year = {2014}, author = {García, D and Martínez, D and Stouffer, DB and Tylianakis, JM}, title = {Exotic birds increase generalization and compensate for native bird decline in plant-frugivore assemblages.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {83}, number = {6}, pages = {1441-1450}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12237}, pmid = {24749667}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Fruit ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; *Seed Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Exotic species are thought to alter the structure of natural communities and disrupt ecosystem functioning through invasion. Nevertheless, exotic species may also provide ecological insurance when they contribute to maintain ecosystem functions after the decline of native species following anthropogenic disturbance. Here, this hypothesis is tested with the assemblage of frugivorous birds and fleshy-fruited plants of New Zealand, which has suffered strong historical declines in native birds while simultaneously gaining new frugivores introduced by European settlers. We studied the plant-frugivore assemblage from measures of fruit and bird abundances and fruit consumption in nine forest patches, and tested how this changed across a gradient of relative abundance of exotic birds. We then examined how each bird species' role in the assemblage (the proportion of fruits and the number of plant species consumed) varied with their relative abundance, body size and native/exotic status. The more abundant and, to a lesser extent, larger birds species consumed a higher proportion of fruits from more plant species. Exotic birds consumed fruits less selectively and more proportionate to the local availability than did native species. Interaction networks in which exotic birds had a stronger role as frugivores had higher generalization, higher nestedness and higher redundancy of plants. Exotic birds maintained frugivory when native birds became rarer, and diversified the local spectrum of frugivores for co-occurring native plants. These effects seemed related to the fact that species abundances, rather than trait-matching constraints, ultimately determined the patterns of interactions between birds and plants. By altering the structure of plant-frugivore assemblages, exotic birds likely enhance the stability of the community-wide seed dispersal in the face of continued anthropogenic impact.}, }
@article {pmid24749545, year = {2014}, author = {Jones, CM and Brown, MJ}, title = {Parasites and genetic diversity in an invasive bumblebee.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {83}, number = {6}, pages = {1428-1440}, pmid = {24749545}, issn = {1365-2656}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*genetics/*parasitology ; England ; Feces/parasitology ; Female ; *Genetic Fitness ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are facilitated by the global transportation of species and climate change. Given that invasions may cause ecological and economic damage and pose a major threat to biodiversity, understanding the mechanisms behind invasion success is essential. Both the release of non-native populations from natural enemies, such as parasites, and the genetic diversity of these populations may play key roles in their invasion success. We investigated the roles of parasite communities, through enemy release and parasite acquisition, and genetic diversity in the invasion success of the non-native bumblebee, Bombus hypnorum, in the United Kingdom. The invasive B. hypnorum had higher parasite prevalence than most, or all native congeners for two high-impact parasites, probably due to higher susceptibility and parasite acquisition. Consequently parasites had a higher impact on B. hypnorum queens' survival and colony-founding success than on native species. Bombus hypnorum also had lower functional genetic diversity at the sex-determining locus than native species. Higher parasite prevalence and lower genetic diversity have not prevented the rapid invasion of the United Kingdom by B. hypnorum. These data may inform our understanding of similar invasions by commercial bumblebees around the world. This study suggests that concerns about parasite impacts on the small founding populations common to re-introduction and translocation programs may be less important than currently believed.}, }
@article {pmid24744374, year = {2014}, author = {Dornelas, M and Gotelli, NJ and McGill, B and Shimadzu, H and Moyes, F and Sievers, C and Magurran, AE}, title = {Assemblage time series reveal biodiversity change but not systematic loss.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {344}, number = {6181}, pages = {296-299}, doi = {10.1126/science.1248484}, pmid = {24744374}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Birds ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; *Fishes ; Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates ; *Mammals ; *Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The extent to which biodiversity change in local assemblages contributes to global biodiversity loss is poorly understood. We analyzed 100 time series from biomes across Earth to ask how diversity within assemblages is changing through time. We quantified patterns of temporal α diversity, measured as change in local diversity, and temporal β diversity, measured as change in community composition. Contrary to our expectations, we did not detect systematic loss of α diversity. However, community composition changed systematically through time, in excess of predictions from null models. Heterogeneous rates of environmental change, species range shifts associated with climate change, and biotic homogenization may explain the different patterns of temporal α and β diversity. Monitoring and understanding change in species composition should be a conservation priority.}, }
@article {pmid24743447, year = {2014}, author = {Driscoll, DA and Banks, SC and Barton, PS and Ikin, K and Lentini, P and Lindenmayer, DB and Smith, AL and Berry, LE and Burns, EL and Edworthy, A and Evans, MJ and Gibson, R and Heinsohn, R and Howland, B and Kay, G and Munro, N and Scheele, BC and Stirnemann, I and Stojanovic, D and Sweaney, N and Villaseñor, NR and Westgate, MJ}, title = {The trajectory of dispersal research in conservation biology. Systematic review.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {e95053}, pmid = {24743447}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecology/history/*methods/*trends ; *Empirical Research ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Dispersal knowledge is essential for conservation management, and demand is growing. But are we accumulating dispersal knowledge at a pace that can meet the demand? To answer this question we tested for changes in dispersal data collection and use over time. Our systematic review of 655 conservation-related publications compared five topics: climate change, habitat restoration, population viability analysis, land planning (systematic conservation planning) and invasive species. We analysed temporal changes in the: (i) questions asked by dispersal-related research; (ii) methods used to study dispersal; (iii) the quality of dispersal data; (iv) extent that dispersal knowledge is lacking, and; (v) likely consequences of limited dispersal knowledge. Research questions have changed little over time; the same problems examined in the 1990s are still being addressed. The most common methods used to study dispersal were occupancy data, expert opinion and modelling, which often provided indirect, low quality information about dispersal. Although use of genetics for estimating dispersal has increased, new ecological and genetic methods for measuring dispersal are not yet widely adopted. Almost half of the papers identified knowledge gaps related to dispersal. Limited dispersal knowledge often made it impossible to discover ecological processes or compromised conservation outcomes. The quality of dispersal data used in climate change research has increased since the 1990s. In comparison, restoration ecology inadequately addresses large-scale process, whilst the gap between knowledge accumulation and growth in applications may be increasing in land planning. To overcome apparent stagnation in collection and use of dispersal knowledge, researchers need to: (i) improve the quality of available data using new approaches; (ii) understand the complementarities of different methods and; (iii) define the value of different kinds of dispersal information for supporting management decisions. Ambitious, multi-disciplinary research programs studying many species are critical for advancing dispersal research.}, }
@article {pmid24742062, year = {2014}, author = {Giles, JR and Peterson, AT and Busch, JD and Olafson, PU and Scoles, GA and Davey, RB and Pound, JM and Kammlah, DM and Lohmeyer, KH and Wagner, DM}, title = {Invasive potential of cattle fever ticks in the southern United States.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {189}, pmid = {24742062}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Climate Change ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Rhipicephalus/*classification/*physiology ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; United States/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {ABSTRACT' BACKGROUND: For >100 years cattle production in the southern United States has been threatened by cattle fever. It is caused by an invasive parasite-vector complex that includes the protozoan hemoparasites Babesia bovis and B. bigemina, which are transmitted among domestic cattle via Rhipicephalus tick vectors of the subgenus Boophilus. In 1906 an eradication effort was started and by 1943 Boophilus ticks had been confined to a narrow tick eradication quarantine area (TEQA) along the Texas-Mexico border. However, a dramatic increase in tick infestations in areas outside the TEQA over the last decade suggests these tick vectors may be poised to re-invade the southern United States. We investigated historical and potential future distributions of climatic habitats of cattle fever ticks to assess the potential for a range expansion.<br><br>METHODS: We built robust spatial predictions of habitat suitability for the vector species Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and R. (B.) annulatus across the southern United States for three time periods: 1906, present day (2012), and 2050. We used analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) to identify persistent tick occurrences and analysis of bias in the climate proximate to these occurrences to identify key environmental parameters associated with the ecology of both species. We then used ecological niche modeling algorithms GARP and Maxent to construct models that related known occurrences of ticks in the TEQA during 2001-2011 with geospatial data layers that summarized important climate parameters at all three time periods.<br><br>RESULTS: We identified persistent tick infestations and specific climate parameters that appear to be drivers of ecological niches of the two tick species. Spatial models projected onto climate data representative of climate in 1906 reproduced historical pre-eradication tick distributions. Present-day predictions, although constrained to areas near the TEQA, extrapolated well onto climate projections for 2050.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our models indicate the potential for range expansion of climate suitable for survival of R. microplus and R. annulatus in the southern United States by mid-century, which increases the risk of reintroduction of these ticks and cattle tick fever into major cattle producing areas.}, }
@article {pmid24742041, year = {2014}, author = {Busch, JD and Stone, NE and Nottingham, R and Araya-Anchetta, A and Lewis, J and Hochhalter, C and Giles, JR and Gruendike, J and Freeman, J and Buckmeier, G and Bodine, D and Duhaime, R and Miller, RJ and Davey, RB and Olafson, PU and Scoles, GA and Wagner, DM}, title = {Widespread movement of invasive cattle fever ticks (Rhipicephalus microplus) in southern Texas leads to shared local infestations on cattle and deer.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {188}, pmid = {24742041}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Deer/*parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Rhipicephalus/*physiology ; Texas/epidemiology ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a highly-invasive tick that transmits the cattle parasites (Babesia bovis and B. bigemina) that cause cattle fever. R. microplus and Babesia are endemic in Mexico and ticks persist in the United States inside a narrow tick eradication quarantine area (TEQA) along the Rio Grande. This containment area is threatened by unregulated movements of illegal cattle and wildlife like white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus).<br><br>METHODS: Using 11 microsatellite loci we genotyped 1,247 R. microplus from 63 Texas collections, including outbreak infestations from outside the TEQA. We used population genetic analyses to test hypotheses about ecological persistence, tick movement, and impacts of the eradication program in southern Texas. We tested acaricide resistance with larval packet tests (LPTs) on 47 collections.<br><br>RESULTS: LPTs revealed acaricide resistance in 15/47 collections (32%); 11 were outside the TEQA and three were resistant to multiple acaricides. Some collections highly resistant to permethrin were found on cattle and WTD. Analysis of genetic differentiation over time at seven properties revealed local gene pools with very low levels of differentiation (FST 0.00-0.05), indicating persistence over timespans of up to 29 months. However, in one neighborhood differentiation varied greatly over a 12-month period (FST 0.03-0.13), suggesting recurring immigration from distinct sources as another persistence mechanism. Ticks collected from cattle and WTD at the same location are not differentiated (FST = 0), implicating ticks from WTD as a source of ticks on cattle (and vice versa) and emphasizing the importance of WTD to tick control strategies. We identified four major genetic groups (K = 4) using Bayesian population assignment, suggesting multiple introductions to Texas.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Two dispersal mechanisms give rise to new tick infestations: 1) frequent short-distance dispersal from the TEQA; and 2) rare long-distance, human-mediated dispersal from populations outside our study area, probably Mexico. The threat of cattle fever tick transport into Texas is increased by acaricide resistance and the ability of R. microplus to utilize WTD as an alternate host. Population genetic analyses may provide a powerful tool for tracking invasions in other parts of the world where these ticks are established.}, }
@article {pmid24739334, year = {2014}, author = {Petrić, D and Bellini, R and Scholte, EJ and Rakotoarivony, LM and Schaffner, F}, title = {Monitoring population and environmental parameters of invasive mosquito species in Europe.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {187}, pmid = {24739334}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Culicidae/*physiology ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {To enable a better understanding of the overwhelming alterations in the invasive mosquito species (IMS), methodical insight into the population and environmental factors that govern the IMS and pathogen adaptations are essential. There are numerous ways of estimating mosquito populations, and usually these describe developmental and life-history parameters. The key population parameters that should be considered during the surveillance of invasive mosquito species are: (1) population size and dynamics during the season, (2) longevity, (3) biting behaviour, and (4) dispersal capacity. Knowledge of these parameters coupled with vector competence may help to determine the vectorial capacity of IMS and basic disease reproduction number (R0) to support mosquito borne disease (MBD) risk assessment. Similarly, environmental factors include availability and type of larval breeding containers, climate change, environmental change, human population density, increased human travel and goods transport, changes in living, agricultural and farming habits (e.g. land use), and reduction of resources in the life cycle of mosquitoes by interventions (e.g. source reduction of aquatic habitats). Human population distributions, urbanisation, and human population movement are the key behavioural factors in most IMS-transmitted diseases. Anthropogenic issues are related to the global spread of MBD such as the introduction, reintroduction, circulation of IMS and increased exposure to humans from infected mosquito bites. This review addresses the population and environmental factors underlying the growing changes in IMS populations in Europe and confers the parameters selected by criteria of their applicability. In addition, overview of the commonly used and newly developed tools for their monitoring is provided.}, }
@article {pmid24739195, year = {2014}, author = {Nishijima, S and Takimoto, G and Miyashita, T}, title = {Roles of alternative prey for mesopredators on trophic cascades in intraguild predation systems: a theoretical perspective.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {183}, number = {5}, pages = {625-637}, doi = {10.1086/675691}, pmid = {24739195}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; Appetitive Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; *Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Declines of apex predators can cause dramatic increases of smaller predators and ensuing collapses of their prey. However, recent empirical evidence finds that the disappearance of apex predators does not reduce but can increase prey populations. This poses a great challenge in managing species interactions involving mesopredator release. Here we analyze a mathematical model to explain variable consequences of apex predator loss and to develop management guidelines for prey conservation. The model formulates an intraguild predation system (apex predators, mesopredators, and their shared prey) with mesopredators supplied with additional alternative prey. We show that apex predator loss causes only negative effects on shared prey without alternative prey but has either negative or positive effects with alternative prey. Moreover, when alternative prey is highly abundant, apex predator loss causes strong mesopredator release and reduces shared prey greatly. Finally, the model suggests that a viable management strategy to restore shared prey under much uncertainty about a target system is to allocate a limited control effort not only to both predators but also to alternative prey. Alternative prey for mesopredators may be a crucial ingredient that controls the cascading dynamics of intraguild predation systems and should be considered as an important management target.}, }
@article {pmid24738221, year = {2014}, author = {Bezzhonova, OV and Patraman, IV and Ganushkina, LA and Vyshemirskiĭ, OI and Sergiev, VP}, title = {[The first finding of invasive species Aedes (Finlaya) koreicus (Edwards, 1917) in European Russia].}, journal = {Meditsinskaia parazitologiia i parazitarnye bolezni}, volume = {}, number = {1}, pages = {16-19}, pmid = {24738221}, issn = {0025-8326}, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/physiology/ultrastructure ; Animal Migration ; Animals ; Female ; Insect Vectors/*classification/physiology/ultrastructure ; Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology/ultrastructure ; Male ; Phylogeography ; Pupa/physiology/ultrastructure ; Russia ; }, abstract = {For the first time mosquito Aedes koreicus were identified by morphology and molecular genetics in the south of European Russia (Sochi city) in 2013.}, }
@article {pmid24737770, year = {2014}, author = {Gaitán-Espitia, JD and Nespolo, R}, title = {Is there metabolic cold adaptation in terrestrial ectotherms? Exploring latitudinal compensation in the invasive snail Cornu aspersum.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {217}, number = {Pt 13}, pages = {2261-2267}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.101261}, pmid = {24737770}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Basal Metabolism ; Chile ; Cold Temperature ; Introduced Species ; Seasons ; Snails/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Lower temperatures, extreme seasonality and shorter growing seasons at higher latitudes are expected to cause a decline in metabolic rates and annual growth rates of ectotherms. If a reduction in the rates of these biological processes involves a reduction in fitness, then organisms may evolve compensatory responses for the constraints imposed by high-latitude habitats. To test the existence of a latitudinal compensation in ectotherms, we used a common-garden experiment to investigate the extent to which the level of energy turnover (measured as standard metabolic rate, SMR) and the energy budget (energy allocation to growth) are affected by climatic constraints in three populations of the land snail Cornu aspersum, distributed across a latitudinal gradient of 1300 km in Chile. Our results did not support the existence of a latitudinal compensation in metabolic rates (metabolic cold adaptation). However, there was a countergradient variation (CnGV) for growth rate in which the highest latitudinal population exhibited greater growth rates than their counterparts from lower latitudes. Surprisingly, this CnGV pattern was accompanied by a lower apparent dry-matter digestibility, which could highlight a differential assimilation of ingested nutrients into somatic tissue, revealing enhanced growth efficiency in snails from the highest latitudinal habitat. Our evidence highlights that adjustments in energy allocation to the digestive machinery and to protein storage could act as a latitudinal compensation for enhanced growth efficiency in snails from the highest latitudinal population.}, }
@article {pmid24736559, year = {2014}, author = {Hoffmann, BD and Auina, S and Stanley, MC}, title = {Targeted research to improve invasive species management: yellow crazy ant Anoplolepis gracilipes in Samoa.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {e95301}, pmid = {24736559}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/drug effects/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Carbohydrates/pharmacology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Male ; Nesting Behavior/drug effects ; Reproduction/drug effects ; *Research ; Samoa ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Lack of biological knowledge of invasive species is recognised as a major factor contributing to eradication failure. Management needs to be informed by a site-specific understanding of the invasion system. Here, we describe targeted research designed to inform the potential eradication of the invasive yellow crazy ant Anoplolepis gracilipes on Nu'utele island, Samoa. First, we assessed the ant's impacts on invertebrate biodiversity by comparing invertebrate communities between infested and uninfested sites. Second, we investigated the timing of production of sexuals and seasonal variation of worker abundance and nest density. Third, we investigated whether an association existed between A. gracilipes and carbohydrate sources. Within the infested area there were few other ants larger than A. gracilipes, as well as fewer spiders and crabs, indicating that A. gracilipes is indeed a significant conservation concern. The timing of male reproduction appears to be consistent with places elsewhere in the world, but queen reproduction was outside of the known reproductive period for this species in the region, indicating that the timing of treatment regimes used elsewhere are not appropriate for Samoa. Worker abundance and nest density were among the highest recorded in the world, being greater in May than in October. These abundance and nest density data form baselines for quantifying treatment efficacy and set sampling densities for post-treatment assessments. The number of plants and insects capable of providing a carbohydrate supply to ants were greatest where A. gracilipes was present, but it is not clear if this association is causal. Regardless, indirectly controlling ant abundance by controlling carbohydrate supply appears to be promising avenue for research. The type of targeted, site-specific research such as that described here should be an integral part of any eradication program for invasive species to design knowledge-based treatment protocols and determine assessment benchmarks to achieve eradication.}, }
@article {pmid24735126, year = {2014}, author = {Moreira, PL and Ribeiro, FV and Creed, JC}, title = {Control of invasive marine invertebrates: an experimental evaluation of the use of low salinity for managing pest corals (Tubastraea spp.).}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {30}, number = {5}, pages = {639-650}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2014.906583}, pmid = {24735126}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*physiology ; Biofouling/*prevention &amp; control ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control/methods ; *Salinity ; }, abstract = {This study investigated the use of low salinity as a killing agent for the invasive pest corals Tubastraea coccinea and Tubastraea tagusensis (Dendrophylliidae). Experiments investigated the efficacy of different salinities, the effect of colony size on susceptibility and the influence of length of exposure. Experimental treatments of colonies were carried out in aquaria. Colonies were then fixed onto experimental plates and monitored in the field periodically over a period of four weeks. The killing effectiveness of low salinity depended on the test salinity and the target species, but was independent of colony size. Low salinity was fast acting and prejudicial to survival: discoloration, necrosis, fragmenting and sloughing, exposure of the skeleton and cover by biofoulers occurred post treatment. For T. tagusensis, 50% mortality (LC50) after three days occurred at eight practical salinity units (PSU); for T. coccinea the LC50 was 2 PSU. Exposure to freshwater for 45-120 min resulted in 100% mortality for T. tagusensis, but only the 120 min period was 100% effective in killing T. coccinea. Freshwater is now routinely used for the post-border management of Tubastraea spp. This study also provides insights as to how freshwater may be used as a routine biosecurity management tool when applied pre-border to shipping vectors potentially transporting non-indigenous marine biofouling species.}, }
@article {pmid24733947, year = {2014}, author = {Clark, J and Wang, Y and August, PV}, title = {Assessing current and projected suitable habitats for tree-of-heaven along the Appalachian Trail.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {369}, number = {1643}, pages = {20130192}, pmid = {24733947}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Ailanthus/*growth &amp; development ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Satellite Imagery/*methods ; United States ; }, abstract = {The invasion of ecosystems by non-native species is a major driver of biodiversity loss worldwide. A critical component of effective land management to control invasion is the identification and active protection of areas at high risk of future invasion. The Appalachian Trail Decision Support System (A.T.-DSS) was developed to inform regional natural resource management by integrating remote sensing data, ground-based measurements and predictive modelling products. By incorporating NASA's remote sensing data and modelling capacities from the Terrestrial Observation and Prediction System (TOPS), this study examined the current habitat suitability and projected suitable habitat for the invasive species tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) as a prototype application of the A.T.-DSS. Species observations from forest surveys, geospatial data, climatic projections and maximum entropy modelling were used to identify regions potentially susceptible to tree-of-heaven invasion. The modelling result predicted a 48% increase in suitable area over the study area, with significant expansion along the northern extremes of the Appalachian Trail.}, }
@article {pmid24733691, year = {2014}, author = {Finlayson, BJ and Eilers, JM and Huchko, HA}, title = {Fate and behavior of rotenone in Diamond Lake, Oregon, USA following invasive tui chub eradication.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {33}, number = {7}, pages = {1650-1655}, doi = {10.1002/etc.2608}, pmid = {24733691}, issn = {1552-8618}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyanobacteria/metabolism ; Cyprinidae/*physiology ; *Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Half-Life ; Insecticides/*analysis/metabolism/toxicity ; Introduced Species ; Lakes/*analysis ; Oregon ; Phytoplankton/metabolism ; Rotenone/*analogs &amp; derivatives/analysis/metabolism/toxicity ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis/metabolism/toxicity ; }, abstract = {In September 2006, Diamond Lake (OR, USA) was treated by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife with a mixture of powdered and liquid rotenone in the successful eradication of invasive tui chub Gila bicolor. During treatment, the lake was in the middle of a phytoplankton (including cyanobacteria Anabaena sp.) bloom, resulting in an elevated pH of 9.7. Dissipation of rotenone and its major metabolite rotenolone from water, sediment, and macrophytes was monitored. Rotenone dissipated quickly from Diamond Lake water; approximately 75% was gone within 2 d, and the average half-life (t½) value, estimated by using first-order kinetics, was 4.5 d. Rotenolone persisted longer (>46 d) with a short-term t½ value of 16.2 d. Neither compound was found in groundwater, sediments, or macrophytes. The dissipation of rotenone and rotenolone appeared to occur in 2 stages, which was possibly the result of a release of both compounds from decaying phytoplankton following their initial dissipation. Fisheries managers applying rotenone for fish eradication in lentic environments should consider the following to maximize efficacy and regulatory compliance: 1) treat at a minimum of twice the minimum dose demonstrated for complete mortality of the target species and possibly higher depending on the site's water pH and algae abundance, and 2) implement a program that closely monitors rotenone concentrations in the posttreatment management of a treated water body.}, }
@article {pmid24728943, year = {2014}, author = {Sagerman, J and Enge, S and Pavia, H and Wikström, SA}, title = {Divergent ecological strategies determine different impacts on community production by two successful non-native seaweeds.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {175}, number = {3}, pages = {937-946}, pmid = {24728943}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biomass ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Rhodophyta/classification/*physiology ; Seaweed/classification/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The consequences of plant introductions into ecosystems are frequently reported from terrestrial environments, but little is known about the effects on ecosystem functioning caused by non-native primary producers in marine systems. In this study we explored the effects of the invasion by the two filamentous red algae Heterosiphonia japonica and Bonnemaisonia hamifera on the primary production of seaweed communities by using single and mixed cultures of non-native and native red algae. The experiments were conducted both in the presence and absence of herbivores. Biomass production of the invaded community increased more than four times in mixed cultures with H. japonica, while introduction by B. hamifera had no significant effect. The different impact on community production could be explained by differences in life history strategies between the invaders; H. japonica grew considerably faster than the native seaweeds which directly increased the community production, while B. hamifera showed a relatively slow growth rate and therefore had no effect. From previous studies it is known that B. hamifera produces a highly deterrent, but also costly, chemical defence. The assessment of survival and growth of a native generalist herbivore further corroborated that the biomass produced by B. hamifera constitutes a very low-quality food, whereas the performance of herbivores on a diet of H. japonica was comparable to that on native algal diets. In summary, this study demonstrates that successful invaders belonging to the same functional group (filamentous red algae) may have distinctly different impacts on productivity in the recipient community, depending on their specific life history traits.}, }
@article {pmid24728276, year = {2014}, author = {Lacerda, LD and Costa, BG and Lopes, DN and Oliveira, K and Bezerra, MF and Bastos, WR}, title = {Mercury in indigenous, introduced and farmed fish from the semiarid region of the Jaguaribe river Basin, NE Brazil.}, journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {93}, number = {1}, pages = {31-35}, doi = {10.1007/s00128-014-1263-0}, pmid = {24728276}, issn = {1432-0800}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Cichlids ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fisheries ; Fishes/*physiology ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Mercury/*analysis ; Muscle, Skeletal/chemistry ; Rivers/*chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Indigenous, introduced and farmed fish species were collected from the Jaguaribe Basin, NE Brazil to assess total and methyl mercury concentrations in muscle tissue and to determine its relationship with fish origin. The results obtained from introduced species were compared to the Hg content of their original area of occurrence, which is located in the Amazon region. Farmed and wild individuals of Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia) were also compared. Introduced species presented lower Hg contents compared to their Amazonian counterparts. Wild individuals of O. niloticus also presented higher Hg contents than farmed individuals with similar sizes. However, methyl Hg concentrations were not significantly different between the two groups. Total Hg and methyl Hg concentrations were higher in carnivorous species, especially those from the Amazon region, and surpassed the Brazilian guidelines for fish consumption. Based on their Hg content, Jaguaribe basin fish do not pose a significant threat to human consumption.}, }
@article {pmid24724940, year = {2014}, author = {Meretsky, VJ and Fischman, RL}, title = {Learning from conservation planning for the U.S. National Wildlife Refuges.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, pages = {1415-1427}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12292}, pmid = {24724940}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; *Decision Making ; Environment ; Introduced Species ; Planning Techniques ; Plants ; United States ; }, abstract = {The U.S. National Wildlife Refuge System has nearly completed its first round of unit-level, comprehensive conservation plans (CCPs) and will soon begin required revisions. Laws and policies governing refuge planning emphasize ecological integrity, landscape-scale conservation, and adaptive management. We evaluated 185 CCPs completed during 2005-2011, which cover 324 of 555 national wildlife refuges. We reviewed CCP prescriptions addressing 5 common conservation issues (habitat and game, nongame, imperiled, and invasive species) and 3 specialized topics (landscape-scale conservation, climate change, and environmental quality). Common conservation issues received prescriptions in >90% of CCPs. Specialized topics received more variable treatment. Prescriptions for aquatic connectivity, water quantity, and climate-change impacts increased over the study period. Except for climate change, direct actions were the most common type of management prescription, followed by plans or studies. Most CCPs stated a commitment to adaptive management and prescribed monitoring for common conservation objectives; other aspects of planning for adaptive management were often lacking, despite strong support for adaptive management in the conservation planning literature. To better address refuge-specific threats, we recommend that revised plans explicitly match identified refuge issues with prescriptions, particularly for under-represented concerns such as novel pests and pathogens. We recommend incorporating triggers into monitoring frameworks and specifying actions that will occur when threshold values are reached to improve support for adaptive management. Revised CCPs should better reflect work that refuges already undertake to extend conservation objectives beyond their borders and better engage with regional conservation efforts to continue this work. More thorough landscape-scale threat assessments and explicit prioritization of planned actions would further improve conservation effectiveness. Excellent examples of all recommended practices exist within the CCPs we examined; sharing best planning practices would improve planning efficiency within the refuge system.}, }
@article {pmid24723445, year = {2014}, author = {Luo, FL and Chen, Y and Huang, L and Wang, A and Zhang, MX and Yu, FH}, title = {Shifting effects of physiological integration on performance of a clonal plant during submergence and de-submergence.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {113}, number = {7}, pages = {1265-1274}, pmid = {24723445}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Amaranthaceae/*physiology ; *Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Immersion ; Introduced Species ; Light ; *Photosynthesis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Submergence and de-submergence are common phenomena encountered by riparian plants due to water level fluctuations, but little is known about the role of physiological integration in clonal plants (resource sharing between interconnected ramets) in their adaptation to such events. Using Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) as an example, this study tested the hypotheses that physiological integration will improve growth and photosynthetic capacity of submerged ramets during submergence and will promote their recovery following de-submergence.<br><br>METHODS: Connected clones of A. philoxeroides, each consisting of two ramet systems and a stolon internode connecting them, were grown under control (both ramet systems untreated), half-submerged (one ramet system submerged and the other not submerged), fully submerged (both ramet systems submerged), half-shaded (one ramet system shaded and the other not shaded) and full-shaded (both ramet systems shaded) conditions for 30 d and then de-submerged/de-shaded for 20 d. The submerged plants were also shaded to very low light intensities, mimicking typical conditions in turbid floodwater.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: After 30 d of submergence, connections between submerged and non-submerged ramets significantly increased growth and carbohydrate accumulation of the submerged ramets, but decreased the growth of the non-submerged ramets. After 20 d of de-submergence, connections did not significantly affect the growth of either de-submerged or non-submerged ramets, but de-submerged ramets had high soluble sugar concentrations, suggesting high metabolic activities. The shift from significant effects of integration on both submerged and non-submerged ramets during the submergence period to little effect during the de-submergence period was due to the quick recovery of growth and photosynthesis. The effects of physiological integration were not found to be any stronger under submergence/de-submergence than under shading/de-shading.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that it is not just the beneficial effects of physiological integration that are crucial to the survival of riparian clonal plants during periods of submergence, but also the ability to recover growth and photosynthesis rapidly after de-submergence, which thus allows them to spread.}, }
@article {pmid24722883, year = {2014}, author = {Ruckli, R and Hesse, K and Glauser, G and Rusterholz, HP and Baur, B}, title = {Inhibitory potential of naphthoquinones leached from leaves and exuded from roots of the invasive plant Impatiens glandulifera.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {371-378}, pmid = {24722883}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Asteraceae/drug effects ; Basidiomycota/drug effects ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Fungi/drug effects ; Impatiens/*chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Laccaria/drug effects ; Mycelium/drug effects ; Mycorrhizae/*drug effects ; Naphthoquinones/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Plant Development/*drug effects ; Plant Extracts/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Plant Roots/chemistry ; Scrophularia/drug effects ; Species Specificity ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {Exploring the effects of allelopathic plant chemicals on the growth of native vegetation is essential to understand their ecological roles and importance in exotic plant invasion. Naphthoquinones have been identified as potential growth inhibitors produced by Impatiens glandulifera, an exotic annual plant that recently invaded temperate forests in Europe. However, naphthoquinone release and inhibitory potential have not been examined. We quantified the naphthoquinone content in cotyledons, leaves, stems, and roots from plants of different ages of both the invasive I. glandulifera and native Impatiens noli-tangere as well as in soil extracts and rainwater rinsed from leaves of either plant species by using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). We identified the compound 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (2-MNQ) exclusively in plant organs of I. glandulifera, in resin bags buried into the soil of patches invaded by I. glandulifera, and in rainwater rinsed from its leaves. This indicates that 2-MNQ is released from the roots of I. glandulifera and leached from its leaves by rain. Specific bioassays using aqueous shoot and root extracts revealed a strong inhibitory effect on the germination of two native forest herbs and on the mycelium growth of three ectomycorrhiza fungi. These findings suggest that the release of 2-MNQ may contribute to the invasion success of I. glandulifera and support the novel weapons hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid24722140, year = {2014}, author = {Shabani, F and Kumar, L}, title = {Sensitivity analysis of CLIMEX parameters in modeling potential distribution of Phoenix dactylifera L.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {e94867}, pmid = {24722140}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Climate ; Introduced Species ; Iran ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Phoeniceae ; *Plant Dispersal ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Using CLIMEX and the Taguchi Method, a process-based niche model was developed to estimate potential distributions of Phoenix dactylifera L. (date palm), an economically important crop in many counties. Development of the model was based on both its native and invasive distribution and validation was carried out in terms of its extensive distribution in Iran. To identify model parameters having greatest influence on distribution of date palm, a sensitivity analysis was carried out. Changes in suitability were established by mapping of regions where the estimated distribution changed with parameter alterations. This facilitated the assessment of certain areas in Iran where parameter modifications impacted the most, particularly in relation to suitable and highly suitable locations. Parameter sensitivities were also evaluated by the calculation of area changes within the suitable and highly suitable categories. The low temperature limit (DV2), high temperature limit (DV3), upper optimal temperature (SM2) and high soil moisture limit (SM3) had the greatest impact on sensitivity, while other parameters showed relatively less sensitivity or were insensitive to change. For an accurate fit in species distribution models, highly sensitive parameters require more extensive research and data collection methods. Results of this study demonstrate a more cost effective method for developing date palm distribution models, an integral element in species management, and may prove useful for streamlining requirements for data collection in potential distribution modeling for other species as well.}, }
@article {pmid24720813, year = {2014}, author = {Tamura, M and Tharayil, N}, title = {Plant litter chemistry and microbial priming regulate the accrual, composition and stability of soil carbon in invaded ecosystems.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {203}, number = {1}, pages = {110-124}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12795}, pmid = {24720813}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Biomass ; Carbon/*analysis ; Carbon Cycle ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Fallopia japonica/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Massachusetts ; Pueraria/*growth &amp; development ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; South Carolina ; }, abstract = {Soil carbon (C) sequestration, as an ecosystem property, may be strongly influenced by invasive plants capable of depositing disproportionately high quantities of chemically distinct litter that disrupt ecosystem processes. However, a mechanistic understanding of the processes that regulate soil C storage in invaded ecosystems remains surprisingly elusive. Here, we studied the impact of the invasion of two noxious nonnative species, Polygonum cuspidatum, which produces recalcitrant litter, and Pueraria lobata, which produces labile litter, on the quantity, molecular composition, and stability of C in the soils they invade. Compared with an adjacent noninvaded old-field, P. cuspidatum-invaded soils exhibited a 26% increase in C, partially through selective preservation of plant polymers. Despite receiving a 22% higher litter input, P. lobata-invaded Pinus stands exhibited a 28% decrease in soil C and a twofold decrease in plant biomarkers, indicating microbial priming of native soil C. The stability of C exhibited an opposite trend: the proportion of C that was resistant to oxidation was 21% lower in P. cuspidatum-invaded soils and 50% higher in P. lobata-invaded soils. Our results highlight the capacity of invasive plants to feed back to climate change by destabilizing native soil C stocks and indicate that environments that promote the biochemical decomposition of plant litter would enhance the long-term storage of soil C. Further, our study highlights the concurrent influence of dominant plant species on both selective preservation and humification of soil organic matter.}, }
@article {pmid24719577, year = {2014}, author = {Romero, D and Báez, JC and Ferri-Yáñez, F and Bellido, JJ and Real, R}, title = {Modelling favourability for invasive species encroachment to identify areas of native species vulnerability.}, journal = {TheScientificWorldJournal}, volume = {2014}, number = {}, pages = {519710}, pmid = {24719577}, issn = {1537-744X}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Spain ; Turtles/*physiology ; }, abstract = {We assessed the vulnerability of the native Mediterranean pond turtle to encroachment by the invasive red-eared slider in southern Spain. We first obtained an ecogeographical favourability model for the Mediterranean pond turtle. We then modelled the presence/absence of the red-eared slider in the Mediterranean pond turtle range and obtained an encroachment favourability model. We also obtained a favourability model for the red-eared slider using the ecogeographical favourability for the Mediterranean pond turtle as a predictor. When favourability for the Mediterranean pond turtle was high, favourability for the red-eared slider was low, suggesting that in these areas the Mediterranean pond turtle may resist encroachment by the red-eared slider. We also calculated favourability overlap between the two species, which is their simultaneous favourability. Grids with low overlap had higher favourability values for the Mediterranean pond turtle and, consequently, were of lesser conservation concern. A few grids had high values for both species, being potentially suitable for coexistence. Grids with intermediate overlap had similar intermediate favourability values for both species and were therefore areas where the Mediterranean pond turtle was more vulnerable to encroachment by the red-eared slider. We mapped the favourability overlap to provide a map of vulnerability of the Mediterranean pond turtle to encroachment by the red-eared slider.}, }
@article {pmid24718023, year = {2014}, author = {Byers, JE and Smith, RS and Weiskel, HW and Robertson, CY}, title = {A non-native prey mediates the effects of a shared predator on an ecosystem service.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {e93969}, pmid = {24718023}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura/classification/*physiology ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; Chlorophyll A ; Crassostrea/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Estuaries ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Food Chain ; Georgia ; *Introduced Species ; Mercenaria/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Species Specificity ; *Water ; }, abstract = {Non-native species can alter ecosystem functions performed by native species often by displacing influential native species. However, little is known about how ecosystem functions may be modified by trait-mediated indirect effects of non-native species. Oysters and other reef-associated filter feeders enhance water quality by controlling nutrients and contaminants in many estuarine environments. However, this ecosystem service may be mitigated by predation, competition, or other species interactions, especially when such interactions involve non-native species that share little evolutionary history. We assessed trophic and other interference effects on the critical ecosystem service of water filtration in mesocosm experiments. In single-species trials, typical field densities of oysters (Crassostrea virginica) reduced water-column chlorophyll a more strongly than clams (Mercenaria mercenaria). The non-native filter-feeding reef crab Petrolisthes armatus did not draw down chlorophyll a. In multi-species treatments, oysters and clams combined additively to influence chlorophyll a drawdown. Petrolisthes did not affect net filtration when added to the bivalve-only treatments. Addition of the predatory mud crab Panopeus herbstii did not influence oyster feeding rates, but it did stop chlorophyll a drawdown by clams. However, when Petrolisthes was also added in with the clams, the clams filtered at their previously unadulterated rates, possibly because Petrolisthes drew the focus of predators or habituated the clams to crab stimuli. In sum, oysters were the most influential filter feeder, and neither predators nor competitors interfered with their net effect on water-column chlorophyll. In contrast, clams filtered less, but were more sensitive to predators as well as a facilitative buffering effect of Petrolisthes, illustrating that non-native species can indirectly affect an ecosystem service by aiding the performance of a native species.}, }
@article {pmid24717734, year = {2014}, author = {Lee, DH and Cullum, JP and Anderson, JL and Daugherty, JL and Beckett, LM and Leskey, TC}, title = {Characterization of overwintering sites of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug in natural landscapes using human surveyors and detector canines.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {e91575}, pmid = {24717734}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; *Ecosystem ; Heteroptera/*physiology ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Bark/physiology ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Prunus/physiology ; *Seasons ; Trees/physiology ; }, abstract = {Halyomorpha halys is an invasive species from Asia causing major economic losses in agricultural production in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Unlike other crop pests, H. halys is also well-known for nuisance problems in urban, suburban, and rural areas, as massive numbers of adults often invade human-made structures to overwinter inside protected environments. Research efforts have focused on populations in human-made structures while overwintering ecology of H. halys in natural landscapes is virtually unknown. We explored forested landscapes in the mid-Atlantic region to locate and characterize natural overwintering structures used by H. halys. We also evaluated the use of detector canines to locate overwintering H. halys to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of surveys. From these studies, we indentified shared characteristics of overwintering sites used by H. halys in natural landscapes. Overwintering H. halys were recovered from dry crevices in dead, standing trees with thick bark, particularly oak (Quercus spp.) and locust (Robinia spp.); these characteristics were shared by 11.8% of all dead trees in surveyed landscapes. For trees with favorable characteristics, we sampled ∼20% of the total above-ground tree area and recovered 5.9 adults per tree from the trees with H. halys present. Two detector canines were successfully trained to recognize and detect the odor of adult H. halys yielding >84% accuracy in laboratory and semi-field trials. Detector canines also found overwintering H. halys under field conditions. In particular, overwintering H. halys were recovered only from dead trees that yielded positive indications from the canines and shared key tree characteristics established by human surveyors. The identified characteristics of natural overwintering sites of H. halys will serve as baseline information to establish crop economic risk levels posed by overwintering populations, and accordingly develop sustainable management programs.}, }
@article {pmid24717714, year = {2014}, author = {Anderson, LG and White, PC and Stebbing, PD and Stentiford, GD and Dunn, AM}, title = {Biosecurity and vector behaviour: evaluating the potential threat posed by anglers and canoeists as pathways for the spread of invasive non-native species and pathogens.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {e92788}, pmid = {24717714}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biohazard Release ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Fisheries ; Fishes/physiology ; Fresh Water ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Species Specificity ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Invasive non-native species (INNS) endanger native biodiversity and are a major economic problem. The management of pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment is a key target in the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi biodiversity targets for 2020. Freshwater environments are particularly susceptible to invasions as they are exposed to multiple introduction pathways, including non-native fish stocking and the release of boat ballast water. Since many freshwater INNS and aquatic pathogens can survive for several days in damp environments, there is potential for transport between water catchments on the equipment used by recreational anglers and canoeists. To quantify this biosecurity risk, we conducted an online questionnaire with 960 anglers and 599 canoeists to investigate their locations of activity, equipment used, and how frequently equipment was cleaned and/or dried after use. Anglers were also asked about their use and disposal of live bait. Our results indicate that 64% of anglers and 78.5% of canoeists use their equipment/boat in more than one catchment within a fortnight, the survival time of many of the INNS and pathogens considered in this study and that 12% of anglers and 50% of canoeists do so without either cleaning or drying their kit between uses. Furthermore, 8% of anglers and 28% of canoeists had used their equipment overseas without cleaning or drying it after each use which could facilitate both the introduction and secondary spread of INNS in the UK. Our results provide a baseline against which to evaluate the effectiveness of future biosecurity awareness campaigns, and identify groups to target with biosecurity awareness information. Our results also indicate that the biosecurity practices of these groups must improve to reduce the likelihood of inadvertently spreading INNS and pathogens through these activities.}, }
@article {pmid24712882, year = {2014}, author = {Horn, K and Parker, IM and Malek, W and Rodríguez-Echeverría, S and Parker, MA}, title = {Disparate origins of Bradyrhizobium symbionts for invasive populations of Cytisus scoparius (Leguminosae) in North America.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {1}, pages = {89-98}, doi = {10.1111/1574-6941.12335}, pmid = {24712882}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {Base Sequence ; Bayes Theorem ; Bradyrhizobium/classification/*genetics ; Cytisus/*microbiology ; Europe ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genes, Essential ; Genomic Islands ; Introduced Species ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Symbiosis/genetics ; United States ; }, abstract = {To identify the geographic origin of nodule bacteria associated with invasion of the European legume Cytisus scoparius in the United States, isolates from 15 sites in six states were compared to > 200 Bradyrhizobium strains from indigenous legumes in the U.S., Mexico, Europe (six countries), Morocco, and Australia. Portions of five housekeeping loci (2849 bp) were sequenced, along with the nifD locus in the symbiosis island (SI) portion of the Bradyrhizobium chromosome. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis showed that North American C. scoparius symbionts had highly heterogeneous ancestry. Some were grouped into three distinct clades of European C. scoparius symbionts. One isolate had both housekeeping and SI genes belonging to a Bradyrhizobium clade from native legumes in western North America. Two other clades had mosaic ancestry: sequences for nifD as well as two other SI genes (nifH, nodC) were highly similar or identical to a C. scoparius strain from Spain, while their housekeeping loci belonged to American Bradyrhizobium clades. Thus, it appears that bacteria ancestrally associated with other North American legumes have evolved to utilize C. scoparius, by acquiring SI-region genes from European C. scoparius symbionts. Inoculation assays indicated that North American isolates were as competent as European strains in promoting plant growth, consistent with the findings on symbiont ancestry.}, }
@article {pmid24712112, year = {2014}, author = {Nuwer, R}, title = {Cockroach homecoming. Once thought to be invasive, a bug reveals its American roots.}, journal = {Scientific American}, volume = {310}, number = {4}, pages = {21}, doi = {10.1038/scientificamerican0414-21a}, pmid = {24712112}, issn = {0036-8733}, mesh = {Animals ; Cockroaches/*classification ; Fossils ; *Introduced Species ; United States ; }, }
@article {pmid24712050, year = {2013}, author = {Oduor, AM}, title = {Evolutionary responses of native plant species to invasive plants: a review.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {200}, number = {4}, pages = {986-992}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12429}, pmid = {24712050}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Plant Development/genetics ; Plants/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Strong competition from invasive plant species often leads to declines in abundances and may, in certain cases, cause localized extinctions of native plant species. Nevertheless, studies have shown that certain populations of native plant species can co-exist with invasive plant species,suggesting the possibility of adaptive evolutionary responses of those populations to the invasive plants. Empirical inference of evolutionary responses of the native plant species to invasive plants has involved experiments comparing two conspecific groups of native plants for differences in expression of growth/reproductive traits: populations that have experienced competition from the invasive plant species (i.e. experienced natives) versus populations with no known history of interactions with the invasive plant species (i.e. naıve natives). Here, I employ a meta-analysis to obtain a general pattern of inferred evolutionary responses of native plant species from 53 such studies. In general, the experienced natives had significantly higher growth/reproductive performances than naıve natives, when grown with or without competition from invasive plants.While the current results indicate that certain populations of native plant species could potentially adapt evolutionarily to invasive plant species, the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that probably underlie such evolutionary responses remain unexplored and should be the focus of future studies.}, }
@article {pmid24710690, year = {2014}, author = {Sargent, LW and Baldridge, AK and Vega-Ross, M and Towle, KM and Lodge, DM}, title = {A trematode parasite alters growth, feeding behavior, and demographic success of invasive rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus).}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {175}, number = {3}, pages = {947-958}, pmid = {24710690}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/growth &amp; development/*parasitology/physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Population Dynamics ; Snails/parasitology ; Trematoda/*physiology ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {Nonindigenous species can cause major changes to community interactions and ecosystem processes. The strong impacts of these species are often attributed to their high demographic success. While the importance of enemy release in facilitating invasions has often been emphasized, few studies have addressed the role of parasites in the invasive range in controlling demographic success of potential invaders. Here we examine whether a trematode parasite (Microphallus spp.) can contribute to previously documented alternate states in the abundance of invasive rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) in north temperate lakes in Wisconsin, USA. Microphallus infect O. rusticus after emerging from their first intermediate host, a hydrobiid snail. As previously documented, O. rusticus reduce densities of hydrobiid snails through direct predation and destruction of macrophyte habitat. Therefore, if Microphallus substantially reduce O. rusticus fitness, these parasites may reinforce a state of low crayfish abundance, and, at the other extreme, abundant crayfish may repress these parasites, reinforcing a state of high crayfish abundance. From samples collected from 109 sites in 16 lakes, we discovered (1) a positive relationship between crayfish infection intensity and hydrobiid snail abundance, (2) a negative relationship between parasite prevalence and crayfish abundance, and (3) a negative relationship between parasite prevalence and crayfish population growth. With experiments, we found that infection with Microphallus reduced foraging behavior and growth in O. rusticus, which may be the mechanisms responsible for the population reductions we observed. Overall results are consistent with the hypothesis that Microphallus contributes to alternate states in the abundance and impacts of O. rusticus.}, }
@article {pmid24708125, year = {2016}, author = {Gibson, JD and Hunt, GJ}, title = {The complete mitochondrial genome of the invasive Africanized Honey Bee, Apis mellifera scutellata (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apidae).}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {561-562}, doi = {10.3109/19401736.2014.905858}, pmid = {24708125}, issn = {2470-1408}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Pairing/genetics ; Bees/*genetics ; DNA, Circular/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Genome, Insect ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The complete mitochondrial genome from an Africanized honey bee population (AHB, derived from Apis mellifera scutellata) was assembled and analyzed. The mitogenome is 16,411 bp long and contains the same gene repertoire and gene order as the European honey bee (13 protein coding genes, 22 tRNA genes and 2 rRNA genes). ND4 appears to use an alternate start codon and the long rRNA gene is 48 bp shorter in AHB due to a deletion in a terminal AT dinucleotide repeat. The dihydrouracil arm is missing from tRNA-Ser (AGN) and tRNA-Glu is missing the TV loop. The A + T content is comparable to the European honey bee (84.7%), which increases to 95% for the 3rd position in the protein coding genes.}, }
@article {pmid24706366, year = {2014}, author = {Medd, NC and GreatRex, RM}, title = {An evaluation of three predatory mite species for the control of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum).}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {70}, number = {10}, pages = {1492-1496}, doi = {10.1002/ps.3794}, pmid = {24706366}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Acari/*physiology ; Animals ; Cucumis sativus ; *Hemiptera ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Plant Leaves ; Population Density ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Within integrated pest control programmes, the use of high mite inoculations to control hot spots of whitefly is desirable for many growers. In this experiment, two species of predatory mites established as commercial biological control agents, Typhlodromips montdorensis and Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae), were compared with another, more recently introduced species, Amblydromalus limonicus, for their ability to control dense populations of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) on cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus).<br><br>RESULTS: Mite formulation type had a significant effect on the number of mites found on plants, but this did not correspond to increased whitefly control. Plots treated with A. limonicus or T. montdorensis, applied as loose product, had significantly reduced whitefly populations throughout the trial. Analysis showed that no species was observed more often on leaves with higher whitefly densities than on those with lower densities.<br><br>CONCLUSION: No species was clearly identified as a suitable candidate for treatment of high-density whitefly colonies, but results suggest the highest level of predation in A. limonicus. Strategies for the effective use of these predatory mite species in control programmes are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid24705447, year = {2014}, author = {Côté, IM and Darling, ES and Malpica-Cruz, L and Smith, NS and Green, SJ and Curtis-Quick, J and Layman, C}, title = {What doesn't kill you makes you wary? Effect of repeated culling on the behaviour of an invasive predator.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {e94248}, pmid = {24705447}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bahamas ; Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Oceanography ; *Perciformes ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {As a result of being hunted, animals often alter their behaviour in ways that make future encounters with predators less likely. When hunting is carried out for conservation, for example to control invasive species, these behavioural changes can inadvertently impede the success of future efforts. We examined the effects of repeated culling by spearing on the behaviour of invasive predatory lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) on Bahamian coral reef patches. We compared the extent of concealment and activity levels of lionfish at dawn and midday on 16 coral reef patches off Eleuthera, The Bahamas. Eight of the patches had been subjected to regular daytime removals of lionfish by spearing for two years. We also estimated the distance at which lionfish became alert to slowly approaching divers on culled and unculled reef patches. Lionfish on culled reefs were less active and hid deeper within the reef during the day than lionfish on patches where no culling had occurred. There were no differences at dawn when removals do not take place. Lionfish on culled reefs also adopted an alert posture at a greater distance from divers than lionfish on unculled reefs. More crepuscular activity likely leads to greater encounter rates by lionfish with more native fish species because the abundance of reef fish outside of shelters typically peaks at dawn and dusk. Hiding deeper within the reef could also make remaining lionfish less likely to be encountered and more difficult to catch by spearfishers during culling efforts. Shifts in the behaviour of hunted invasive animals might be common and they have implications both for the impact of invasive species and for the design and success of invasive control programs.}, }
@article {pmid24703489, year = {2014}, author = {Zenni, RD and Bailey, JK and Simberloff, D}, title = {Rapid evolution and range expansion of an invasive plant are driven by provenance-environment interactions.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {727-735}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12278}, pmid = {24703489}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; *Environment ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Pinus taeda/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {To improve our ability to prevent and manage biological invasions, we must understand their ecological and evolutionary drivers. We are often able to explain invasions after they happen, but our predictive ability is limited. Here, we show that range expansions of introduced Pinus taeda result from an interaction between genetic provenance and climate and that temperature and precipitation clines predict the invasive performance of particular provenances. Furthermore, we show that genotypes can occupy climate niche spaces different from those observed in their native ranges and, at least in our case, that admixture is not a main driver of invasion. Genotypes respond to climate in distinct ways, and these interactions affect the ability of populations to expand their ranges. While rapid evolution in introduced ranges is a mechanism at later stages of the invasion process, the introduction of adapted genotypes is a key driver of naturalisation of populations of introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid24702202, year = {2014}, author = {Rodewald, AD and Rohr, RP and Fortuna, MA and Bascompte, J}, title = {Community-level demographic consequences of urbanization: an ecological network approach.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {83}, number = {6}, pages = {1409-1417}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12224}, pmid = {24702202}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds/*physiology ; Cities ; Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Forests ; *Nesting Behavior ; Ohio ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Population Dynamics ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Ecological networks are known to influence ecosystem attributes, but we poorly understand how interspecific network structure affect population demography of multiple species, particularly for vertebrates. Establishing the link between network structure and demography is at the crux of being able to use networks to understand population dynamics and to inform conservation. We addressed the critical but unanswered question, does network structure explain demographic consequences of urbanization? We studied 141 ecological networks representing interactions between plants and nesting birds in forests across an urbanization gradient in Ohio, USA, from 2001 to 2011. Nest predators were identified by video-recording nests and surveyed from 2004 to 2011. As landscapes urbanized, bird-plant networks were more nested, less compartmentalized and dominated by strong interactions between a few species (i.e. low evenness). Evenness of interaction strengths promoted avian nest survival, and evenness explained demography better than urbanization, level of invasion, numbers of predators or other qualitative network metrics. Highly uneven networks had approximately half the nesting success as the most even networks. Thus, nest survival reflected how urbanization altered species interactions, particularly with respect to how nest placement affected search efficiency of predators. The demographic effects of urbanization were not direct, but were filtered through bird-plant networks. This study illustrates how network structure can influence demography at the community level and further, that knowledge of species interactions and a network approach may be requisite to understanding demographic responses to environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid24700698, year = {2014}, author = {Yang, KR and Mooney, SM and Zarif, JC and Coffey, DS and Taichman, RS and Pienta, KJ}, title = {Niche inheritance: a cooperative pathway to enhance cancer cell fitness through ecosystem engineering.}, journal = {Journal of cellular biochemistry}, volume = {115}, number = {9}, pages = {1478-1485}, pmid = {24700698}, issn = {1097-4644}, support = {U01 CA143055/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; U54 CA143803/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; CA163124/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; CA093900/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; CA143055/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM008752/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; P50 CA069568/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; U54 CA163124/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; P01 CA093900/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; P30 AR046024/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United States ; U54CA143803/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Cell Survival ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Heterogeneity ; Genomic Instability ; Humans ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neoplasms/*genetics/*pathology ; Tumor Microenvironment ; }, abstract = {Cancer cells can be described as an invasive species that is able to establish itself in a new environment. The concept of niche construction can be utilized to describe the process by which cancer cells terraform their environment, thereby engineering an ecosystem that promotes the genetic fitness of the species. Ecological dispersion theory can then be utilized to describe and model the steps and barriers involved in a successful diaspora as the cancer cells leave the original host organ and migrate to new host organs to successfully establish a new metastatic community. These ecological concepts can be further utilized to define new diagnostic and therapeutic areas for lethal cancers.}, }
@article {pmid24699685, year = {2014}, author = {Levri, EP and Krist, AC and Bilka, R and Dybdahl, MF}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity of the introduced New Zealand mud snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, compared to sympatric native snails.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {e93985}, pmid = {24699685}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Electrolytes/chemistry ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Snails/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Sympatry ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity is likely to be important in determining the invasive potential of a species, especially if invasive species show greater plasticity or tolerance compared to sympatric native species. Here in two separate experiments we compare reaction norms in response to two environmental variables of two clones of the New Zealand mud snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, isolated from the United States, (one invasive and one not yet invasive) with those of two species of native snails that are sympatric with the invader, Fossaria bulimoides group and Physella gyrina group. We placed juvenile snails in environments with high and low conductivity (300 and 800 mS) in one experiment, and raised them at two different temperatures (16 °C and 22 °C) in a second experiment. Growth rate and mortality were measured over the course of 8 weeks. Mortality rates were higher in the native snails compared to P. antipodarum across all treatments, and variation in conductivity influenced mortality. In both experiments, reaction norms did not vary significantly between species. There was little evidence that the success of the introduced species is a result of greater phenotypic plasticity to these variables compared to the sympatric native species.}, }
@article {pmid24698741, year = {2014}, author = {Pérez-López, P and Balboa, EM and González-García, S and Domínguez, H and Feijoo, G and Moreira, MT}, title = {Comparative environmental assessment of valorization strategies of the invasive macroalgae Sargassum muticum.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {161}, number = {}, pages = {137-148}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.013}, pmid = {24698741}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {Alginates/economics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Antioxidants/economics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Biomass ; Glucuronic Acid/economics/isolation &amp; purification ; Hexuronic Acids/economics/isolation &amp; purification ; Introduced Species/*economics ; Sargassum/*chemistry ; Xanthophylls/economics/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {The invasive brown seaweed Sargassum muticum (Yendo) exhibits a significant content of phenolic compounds, polysaccharides and fucoxanthin, with potential biological activities. In this study, four valorization strategies for S. muticum biomass were compared under a life cycle perspective. Depending on the alternative, three products were obtained: sodium alginate, antioxidant extract and fucoxanthin-containing extract. Regardless of the approach, the combined extraction of alginate and antioxidant from wet algae constituted the most efficient scenario. Among the stages, supercritical extraction of fucoxanthin and non-isothermal autohydrolysis were identified as the major environmental burdens due to electricity consumption. Although changes in product distribution fairly affected the environmental impacts of the scenarios, the single extraction of antioxidant fraction and the integral valorization to obtain fucoxanthin, alginate and antioxidant were only competitive when considering a functional unit based on the value of the products through an economic allocation approach instead of the amount of valorized algae.}, }
@article {pmid24698312, year = {2015}, author = {Lamers, LP and Vile, MA and Grootjans, AP and Acreman, MC and van Diggelen, R and Evans, MG and Richardson, CJ and Rochefort, L and Kooijman, AM and Roelofs, JG and Smolders, AJ}, title = {Ecological restoration of rich fens in Europe and North America: from trial and error to an evidence-based approach.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {90}, number = {1}, pages = {182-203}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12102}, pmid = {24698312}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*methods ; Europe ; North America ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Fens represent a large array of ecosystem services, including the highest biodiversity found among wetlands, hydrological services, water purification and carbon sequestration. Land-use change and drainage has severely damaged or annihilated these services in many parts of North America and Europe; restoration plans are urgently needed at the landscape level. We review the major constraints on the restoration of rich fens and fen water bodies in agricultural areas in Europe and disturbed landscapes in North America: (i) habitat quality problems: drought, eutrophication, acidification, and toxicity, and (ii) recolonization problems: species pools, ecosystem fragmentation and connectivity, genetic variability, and invasive species; and here provide possible solutions. We discuss both positive and negative consequences of restoration measures, and their causes. The restoration of wetland ecosystem functioning and services has, for a long time, been based on a trial-and-error approach. By presenting research and practice on the restoration of rich fen ecosystems within agricultural areas, we demonstrate the importance of biogeochemical and ecological knowledge at different spatial scales for the management and restoration of biodiversity, water quality, carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services, especially in a changing climate. We define target processes that enable scientists, nature managers, water managers and policy makers to choose between different measures and to predict restoration prospects for different types of deteriorated fens and their starting conditions.}, }
@article {pmid24697788, year = {2014}, author = {Pandit, MK and White, SM and Pocock, MJO}, title = {The contrasting effects of genome size, chromosome number and ploidy level on plant invasiveness: a global analysis.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {203}, number = {2}, pages = {697-703}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12799}, pmid = {24697788}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Chromosomes, Plant ; *Genome Size ; *Genome, Plant ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; *Ploidies ; }, abstract = {Understanding how species' traits relate to their status (e.g. invasiveness or rarity) is important because it can help to efficiently focus conservation and management effort and infer mechanisms affecting plant status. This is particularly important for invasiveness, in which proactive action is needed to restrict the establishment of potentially invasive plants. We tested the ability of genome size (DNA 1C-values) to explain invasiveness and compared it with cytogenetic traits (chromosome number and ploidy level). We considered 890 species from 62 genera, from across the angiosperm phylogeny and distributed from tropical to boreal latitudes. We show that invasiveness was negatively related to genome size and positively related to chromosome number (and ploidy level), yet there was a positive relationship between genome size and chromosome number; that is, our result was not caused by collinearity between the traits. Including both traits in explanatory models greatly increased the explanatory power of each. This demonstrates the potential unifying role that genome size, chromosome number and ploidy have as species' traits, despite the diverse impacts they have on plant physiology. It provides support for the continued cataloguing of cytogenetic traits and genome size of the world's flora.}, }
@article {pmid24695495, year = {2014}, author = {Matesanz, S and Theiss, KE and Holsinger, KE and Sultan, SE}, title = {Genetic diversity and population structure in Polygonum cespitosum: insights to an ongoing plant invasion.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {e93217}, pmid = {24695495}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {//Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; }, mesh = {Genetic Variation/*physiology ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Polygonum/*genetics ; United States ; }, abstract = {Molecular markers can help elucidate how neutral evolutionary forces and introduction history contribute to genetic variation in invaders. We examined genetic diversity, population structure and colonization patterns in the invasive Polygonum cespitosum, a highly selfing, tetraploid Asian annual introduced to North America. We used nine diploidized polymorphic microsatellite markers to study 16 populations in the introduced range (northeastern North America), via the analyses of 516 individuals, and asked the following questions: 1) Do populations have differing levels of within-population genetic diversity? 2) Do populations form distinct genetic clusters? 3) Does population structure reflect either geographic distances or habitat similarities? We found low heterozygosity in all populations, consistent with the selfing mating system of P. cespitosum. Despite the high selfing levels, we found substantial genetic variation within and among P. cespitosum populations, based on the percentage of polymorphic loci, allelic richness, and expected heterozygosity. Inferences from individual assignment tests (Bayesian clustering) and pairwise FST values indicated high among-population differentiation, which indicates that the effects of gene flow are limited relative to those of genetic drift, probably due to the high selfing rates and the limited seed dispersal ability of P. cespitosum. Population structure did not reflect a pattern of isolation by distance nor was it related to habitat similarities. Rather, population structure appears to be the result of the random movement of propagules across the introduced range, possibly associated with human dispersal. Furthermore, the high population differentiation, genetic diversity, and fine-scale genetic structure (populations founded by individuals from different genetic sources) in the introduced range suggest that multiple introductions to this region may have occurred. High genetic diversity may further contribute to the invasive success of P. cespitosum in its introduced range.}, }
@article {pmid24694576, year = {2014}, author = {Damiens, D and Ayrinhac, A and Van Bortel, W and Versteirt, V and Dekoninck, W and Hance, T}, title = {Invasive process and repeated cross-sectional surveys of the mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus establishment in Belgium.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {e89358}, pmid = {24694576}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; Belgium ; Female ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Male ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; }, abstract = {When accidentally introduced in a new location, a species does not necessarily readily become invasive, but it usually needs several years to adapt to its new environment. In 2009, a national mosquito survey (MODIRISK) reported the introduction and possible establishment of an invasive mosquito species, Aedes j. japonicus, in Belgium. First collected in 2002 in the village of Natoye from a second-hand tire company, then sampled in 2003 and 2004, the presence of adults and larvae was confirmed in 2007 and 2008. A repeated cross-sectional survey of Ae. j. japonicus was then conducted in 2009 in Natoye to study the phenology of the species on two different sites using three kinds of traps: Mosquito Magnet Liberty Plus traps, BG sentinel traps and CDC Gravid traps. An analysis of the blood meals was done on females to assess the epidemiological risks. Five species of mosquitos were caught using the different kind of traps: Culex pipiens, Cx. torrentium, Anopheles claviger, Aedes geniculatus and Ae. j. japonicus, Cx. pipiens being the most abundant. The CDC gravid traps gave the best results. Surprisingly Ae. j. japonicus was only found on one site although both sites seem similar and are only distant of 2.5 km. Its population peak was reached in July. Most of the engorged mosquitoes tested acquired blood meals from humans (60%). No avian blood meals were unambiguously identified. Larvae were also collected, mostly from tires but also from buckets and from one tree hole. Only one larva was found in a puddle at 100 m of the tire storage. A first local treatment of Ae. j. japonicus larvae population was done in May 2012 using Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) and was followed by preventive actions and public information. A monitoring is also presently implemented.}, }
@article {pmid24692053, year = {2014}, author = {Kaczorowski, RL and Koplovich, A and Sporer, F and Wink, M and Markman, S}, title = {Immediate effects of nectar robbing by Palestine sunbirds (Nectarinia osea) on nectar alkaloid concentrations in tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca).}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {325-330}, pmid = {24692053}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Alkaloids/analysis/*metabolism ; Animals ; *Appetitive Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Introduced Species ; Israel ; Plant Nectar/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Songbirds/*physiology ; Nicotiana/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs), such as alkaloids, are often found in many parts of a plant, including flowers, providing protection to the plant from various types of herbivores or microbes. PSMs are also present in the floral nectar of many species, but typically at lower concentrations than in other parts of the plant. Nectar robbers often damage floral tissue to access the nectar. By doing so, these nectar robbers may initiate an increase of PSMs in the floral nectar. It is often assumed that it takes at least a few hours before the plant demonstrates an increase in PSMs. Here, we addressed the question of whether PSMs in the floral tissue are immediately being released into the floral nectar following nectar robbing. To address this research question, we investigated whether there was an immediate effect of nectar robbing by the Palestine Sunbird (Nectarinia osea) on the concentration of nectar alkaloids, nicotine and anabasine, in Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca). We found that the concentration of anabasine, but not nicotine, significantly increased in floral nectar immediately following simulated nectar robbing. These findings suggest that nectar robbers could be ingesting greater amounts of PSMs than they would if they visit flowers legitimately. As a consequence, increased consumption of neurotoxic nectar alkaloids or other PSMs could have negative effects on the nectar robber.}, }
@article {pmid24690386, year = {2014}, author = {Jiang, F and Jin, Q and Liang, L and Zhang, AB and Li, ZH}, title = {Existence of species complex largely reduced barcoding success for invasive species of Tephritidae: a case study in Bactrocera spp.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {1114-1128}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12259}, pmid = {24690386}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {Animals ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Tephritidae/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Fruit flies in the family Tephritidae are the economically important pests that have many species complexes. DNA barcoding has gradually been verified as an effective tool for identifying species in a wide range of taxonomic groups, and there are several publications on rapid and accurate identification of fruit flies based on this technique; however, comprehensive analyses of large and new taxa for the effectiveness of DNA barcoding for fruit flies identification have been rare. In this study, we evaluated the COI barcode sequences for the diagnosis of fruit flies using 1426 sequences for 73 species of Bactrocera distributed worldwide. Tree-based [neighbour-joining (NJ)]; distance-based, such as Best Match (BM), Best Close Match (BCM) and Minimum Distance (MD); and character-based methods were used to evaluate the barcoding success rates obtained with maintaining the species complex in the data set, treating a species complex as a single taxon unit, and removing the species complex. Our results indicate that the average divergence between species was 14.04% (0.00-25.16%), whereas within a species this was 0.81% (0.00-9.71%); the existence of species complexes largely reduced the barcoding success for Tephritidae, for example relatively low success rates (74.4% based on BM and BCM and 84.8% based on MD) were obtained when the sequences from species complexes were included in the analysis, whereas significantly higher success rates were achieved if the species complexes were treated as a single taxon or removed from the data set - BM (98.9%), BCM (98.5%) and MD (97.5%), or BM (98.1%), BCM (97.4%) and MD (98.2%).}, }
@article {pmid24690169, year = {2014}, author = {Gandhi, KJ and Smith, A and Hartzler, DM and Herms, DA}, title = {Indirect effects of emerald ash borer-induced ash mortality and canopy gap formation on epigaeic beetles.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {546-555}, doi = {10.1603/EN13227}, pmid = {24690169}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biota ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; *Forests ; Fraxinus/*growth &amp; development ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Michigan ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Exotic herbivorous insects have drastically and irreversibly altered forest structure and composition of North American forests. For example, emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) from Asia has caused wide-scale mortality of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in eastern United States and Canada. We studied the effects of forest changes resulting from emerald ash borer invasion on epigaeic or ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) along a gradient of ash dieback and gap sizes in southeastern Michigan. Ground beetles were sampled in hydric, mesic, and xeric habitats in which black (Fraxinus nigra Marshall), green (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall), and white (Fraxinus americana L.) ash were the most common species, respectively. During 2006-2007, we trapped 2,545 adult ground beetles comprising 52 species. There was a negative correlation between percent ash tree mortality in 2006 and catches of all beetles. Catches of Agonum melanarium Dejean (in 2006) and Pterostichus mutus (Say) (in 2006-2007) were negatively correlated with tree mortality and gap size, respectively. However, catches of Pterostichus corvinus Dejean were positively correlated with gap size in 2006. As ash mortality and average gap size increased from 2006 to 2007, catches of all beetles as well as P. mutus and Pterostichus stygicus (Say) increased (1.3-3.9 times), while species diversity decreased, especially in mesic and xeric stands. Cluster analysis revealed that beetle assemblages in hydric and mesic stand diverged (25 and 40%, respectively) in their composition from 2006 to 2007, and that hydric stands had the most unique beetle assemblages. Overall, epigaeic beetle assemblages were altered in ash stands impacted by emerald ash borer; however, these impacts may dissipate as canopy gaps close.}, }
@article {pmid24689553, year = {2014}, author = {Desurmont, GA and Harvey, J and van Dam, NM and Cristescu, SM and Schiestl, FP and Cozzolino, S and Anderson, P and Larsson, MC and Kindlmann, P and Danner, H and Turlings, TC}, title = {Alien interference: disruption of infochemical networks by invasive insect herbivores.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {37}, number = {8}, pages = {1854-1865}, doi = {10.1111/pce.12333}, pmid = {24689553}, issn = {1365-3040}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Herbivory ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*chemistry ; Pollination ; Volatile Organic Compounds/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Insect herbivores trigger various biochemical changes in plants, and as a consequence, affect other organisms that are associated with these plants. Such plant-mediated indirect effects often involve herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that can be used as cues for foraging herbivores and their natural enemies, and are also known to affect pollinator attraction. In tightly co-evolved systems, the different trophic levels are expected to display adaptive response to changes in HIPVs caused by native herbivores. But what if a new herbivore invades such a system? Current literature suggests that exotic herbivores have the potential to affect HIPV production, and that plant responses to novel herbivores are likely to depend on phylogenetic relatedness between the invader and the native species. Here we review the different ways exotic herbivores can disrupt chemically mediated interactions between plants and the key users of HIPVs: herbivores, pollinators, and members of the third (i.e. predators and parasitoids) and fourth (i.e. hyperparasitoids) trophic levels. Current theory on insect invasions needs to consider that disruptive effects of invaders on infochemical networks can have a short-term impact on the population dynamics of native insects and plants, as well as exerting potentially negative consequences for the functioning of native ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid24689151, year = {2014}, author = {Richardson, BA and Kitchen, SG and Pendleton, RL and Pendleton, BK and Germino, MJ and Rehfeldt, GE and Meyer, SE}, title = {Adaptive responses reveal contemporary and future ecotypes in a desert shrub.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {413-427}, doi = {10.1890/13-0587.1}, pmid = {24689151}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Rosaceae/*classification/*physiology ; Temperature ; Water ; }, abstract = {Interacting threats to ecosystem function, including climate change, wildfire, and invasive species necessitate native plant restoration in desert ecosystems. However, native plant restoration efforts often remain unguided by ecological genetic information. Given that many ecosystems are in flux from climate change, restoration plans need to account for both contemporary and future climates when choosing seed sources. In this study we analyze vegetative responses, including mortality, growth, and carbon isotope ratios in two blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima) common gardens that included 26 populations from a range-wide collection. This shrub occupies ecotones between the warm and cold deserts of Mojave and Colorado Plateau ecoregions in western North America. The variation observed in the vegetative responses of blackbrush populations was principally explained by grouping populations by ecoregions and by regression with site-specific climate variables. Aridity weighted by winter minimum temperatures best explained vegetative responses; Colorado Plateau sites were usually colder and drier than Mojave sites. The relationship between climate and vegetative response was mapped within the boundaries of the species-climate space projected for the contemporary climate and for the decade surrounding 2060. The mapped ecological genetic pattern showed that genetic variation could be classified into cool-adapted and warm-adapted ecotypes, with populations often separated by steep dines. These transitions are predicted to occur in both the Mojave Desert and Colorado Plateau ecoregions. While under contemporary conditions the warm-adapted ecotype occupies the majority of climate space, climate projections predict that the cool-adapted ecotype could prevail as the dominant ecotype as the climate space of blackbrush expands into higher elevations and latitudes. This study provides the framework for delineating climate change-responsive seed transfer guidelines, which are needed to inform restoration and management planning. We propose four transfer zones in blackbrush that correspond to areas currently dominated by cool-adapted and warm-adapted ecotypes in each of the two ecoregions.}, }
@article {pmid24688873, year = {2014}, author = {Justine, JL and Winsor, L and Gey, D and Gros, P and Thévenot, J}, title = {The invasive New Guinea flatworm Platydemus manokwari in France, the first record for Europe: time for action is now.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {e297}, pmid = {24688873}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Non-indigenous terrestrial flatworms (Platyhelminthes) have been recorded in thirteen European countries. They include Bipalium kewense and Dolichoplana striata that are largely restricted to hothouses and may be regarded as non-invasive species. In addition there are species from the southern hemisphere such as the invasive New Zealand flatworm Arthurdendyus triangulatus in the United Kingdom, Eire and the Faroe Islands, the Australian flatworm Australoplana sanguinea alba in Eire and the United Kingdom, and the Australian Blue Garden flatworm Caenoplana coerulea in France, Menorca and the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom has some twelve or more non-indigenous species most of which are Australian and New Zealand species. These species may move to an invasive stage when optimum environmental and other conditions occur, and the flatworms then have the potential to cause economic or environmental harm. In this paper, we report the identification (from morphology and molecular analysis of COI sequences) of non-indigenous terrestrial flatworms found in a hothouse in Caen (France) as the New Guinea flatworm Platydemus manokwari de Beauchamp, 1963 (Platyhelminthes, Continenticola, Geoplanidae, Rhynchodeminae). Platydemus manokwari is among the "100 World's Worst Invader Alien Species". Lists of World geographic records, prey in the field and prey in laboratories of P. manokwari are provided. This species is considered a threat to native snails wherever it is introduced. The recent discovery of P. manokwari in France represents a significant extension of distribution of this Invasive Alien Species from the Indo-Pacific region to Europe. If it escaped the hothouse, the flatworm might survive winters and become established in temperate countries. The existence of this species in France requires an early warning of this incursion to State and European Union authorities, followed by the eradication of the flatworm in its locality, tightening of internal quarantine measures to prevent further spread of the flatworm to and from this site, identifying if possible the likely primary source of the flatworm, and tracing other possible incursions that may have resulted from accidental dispersal of plants and soil from the site.}, }
@article {pmid24687625, year = {2015}, author = {Ruffino, L and Krebs, E and Passetti, A and Aboucaya, A and Affre, L and Fourcy, D and Lorvelec, O and Barcelo, A and Berville, L and Bigeard, N and Brousset, L and Méringo, HD and Gillet, P and Quilliec, PL and Limouzin, Y and Médail, F and Meunier, JY and Pascal, M and Pascal, M and Ponel, P and Rifflet, F and Santelli, C and Buisson, E and Vidal, E}, title = {Eradications as scientific experiments: progress in simultaneous eradications of two major invasive taxa from a Mediterranean island.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, pages = {189-198}, doi = {10.1002/ps.3786}, pmid = {24687625}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {*Aizoaceae ; Animals ; France ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Islands ; Mesembryanthemum ; *Pest Control ; *Rats ; *Weed Control ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Black rats, Rattus rattus, and mat-forming iceplants, Carpobrotus aff. acinaciformis and Carpobrotus edulis, are pervasive pests on Mediterranean islands. Their cumulative impacts on native biotas alter the functioning of island ecosystems and threaten biodiversity. A report is given here of the first attempt to eradicate both taxa from a protected nature reserve in south-eastern France (Bagaud Island). In order to minimise unwanted hazardous outcomes and produce scientific knowledge, the operations were embedded in a four-step strategy including initial site assessment, planning, restoration and monitoring.<br><br>RESULTS: Trapping, which resulted in the removal of 1923 rats in 21&#x2009;045 trap-nights, made it possible to eliminate a substantial proportion of the resident rat population and to reduce the amount of rodenticide delivered in the second stage of the operation. Forty tons of Carpobrotus spp. were manually uprooted from a total area of 18&#x2009;000 m(2) ; yet careful monitoring over a decade is still required to prevent germinations from the seed bank.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Two years after the beginning of the interventions, both eradication operations are still ongoing. Biosecurity measures have been implemented to reduce reinvasion risks of both taxa. With the long-term monitoring of various native plants and animals, Bagaud Island will become a reference study site for scientific purposes.}, }
@article {pmid24685094, year = {2014}, author = {Schaffner, F and Kaufmann, C and Pflüger, V and Mathis, A}, title = {Rapid protein profiling facilitates surveillance of invasive mosquito species.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {142}, pmid = {24685094}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; Culicidae/*classification/*genetics ; Female ; Insect Proteins/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control ; Oviposition ; Ovum/classification ; Population Surveillance ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive aedine mosquito species have become a major issue in many parts of the world as most of them are recognised vectors or potentially involved in transmission of pathogens. Surveillance of these mosquitoes (e.g. Ae. aegypti, Yellow fever mosquito, Aedes albopictus, Asian tiger mosquito) is mainly done by collecting eggs using ovitraps and by identification of the larvae hatched in the laboratory. In order to replace this challenging and laborious procedure, we have evaluated matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for easy and rapid species identification.<br><br>METHODS: Individual protein profiles were generated using five eggs each of nine aedine species (Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. atropalpus, Ae. cretinus, Ae. geniculatus, Ae. japonicus, Ae. koreicus, Ae. phoeniciae, Ae. triseriatus) from various geographical origins, and species-specific biomarker mass sets could be generated. A blinded validation using our reference data base for automated egg identification was performed. In addition, pools of 10 aedine eggs (132 two-species and 18 three-species pools) in different ratios were evaluated.<br><br>RESULTS: Specific biomarker mass sets comprising 18 marker masses could be generated for eggs of nine container-inhabiting aedine species, including all the major invasive and indigenous species of Europe and North America. Two additional masses shared by all investigated aedine species are used as internal calibrators. Identification of single eggs was highly accurate (100% specificity, 98.75% sensitivity), and this method is also of value for the identification of species in pools of ten eggs. When mixing two or three species, all were identified in all pools in at least 2 or 1 of the 4 loaded replicates, respectively, if the "lesser abundant" species in the pool accounted for three or more eggs.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: MALDI-TOF MS, which is widely applied for routine identification of microorganisms in clinical microbiology laboratories, is also suited for robust, low-cost and high throughput identification of mosquito vectors in surveillance programmes. This tool can further be developed to include a wide spectrum of arthropods but also other Metazoa for which surveillance is required, and might become the method of choice for their centralised identification via online platforms.}, }
@article {pmid24678891, year = {2014}, author = {Gandhi, N and Tang, RW and Bhavsar, SP and Arhonditsis, GB}, title = {Fish mercury levels appear to be increasing lately: a report from 40 years of monitoring in the province of Ontario, Canada.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {48}, number = {10}, pages = {5404-5414}, doi = {10.1021/es403651x}, pmid = {24678891}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Esocidae/metabolism ; Fishes/*metabolism ; Lakes/chemistry ; Mercury/*analysis ; Models, Theoretical ; Ontario ; Perches/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Trout/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Recent mercury levels and trends reported for North America suggest a mixed (positive/negative) outlook for the environmental mercury problem. Using one of the largest consistent monitoring data sets in the world, here we present long-term and recent mercury trends in Walleye, Northern Pike, and Lake Trout from the Province of Ontario, Canada, which contains about one-third of the world's fresh water and covers a wide geographical area (1.5 and 3 times larger than France and Germany, respectively). Overall, the results indicate that the fish mercury levels either declined (0.01-0.07 μg/g decade) or remained stable between the 1970s and 2012. The rates of mercury decline were substantially greater (mostly 0.05-0.31 μg/g decade) during the 1970s/80s possibly in response to reductions in mercury emissions. However, Walleye and Pike levels have generally increased (0.01-0.27 μg/g decade) in recent years (1995-2012), especially for northern Ontario (effect sizes for differences between the two periods ranged from 0.39 to 1.04). Proportions of Walleye and Pike locations showing a flat or increasing trend increased from 26-44% to 59-73% between the 1970s/80s and 1995-2012. Mercury emissions in North America have declined over the last few decades, and as such it is logical to expect recovery in fish mercury levels; however, other factors such as global emissions, climate change, invasive species, and local geochemistry are likely affecting the response time and magnitude.}, }
@article {pmid24674649, year = {2014}, author = {Grossman, JD and Rice, KJ}, title = {Contemporary evolution of an invasive grass in response to elevated atmospheric CO(2) at a Mojave Desert FACE site.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {710-716}, pmid = {24674649}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Bromus/metabolism/*physiology ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; Desert Climate ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {Elevated atmospheric CO2 has been shown to rapidly alter plant physiology and ecosystem productivity, but contemporary evolutionary responses to increased CO2 have yet to be demonstrated in the field. At a Mojave Desert FACE (free-air CO2 enrichment) facility, we tested whether an annual grass weed (Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens) has evolved in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 . Within 7 years, field populations exposed to elevated CO2 evolved lower rates of leaf stomatal conductance; a physiological adaptation known to conserve water in other desert or water-limited ecosystems. Evolution of lower conductance was accompanied by reduced plasticity in upregulating conductance when CO2 was more limiting; this reduction in conductance plasticity suggests that genetic assimilation may be ongoing. Reproductive fitness costs associated with this reduction in phenotypic plasticity were demonstrated under ambient levels of CO2 . Our findings suggest that contemporary evolution may facilitate this invasive species' spread in this desert ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid24671964, year = {2014}, author = {Tepolt, CK and Somero, GN}, title = {Master of all trades: thermal acclimation and adaptation of cardiac function in a broadly distributed marine invasive species, the European green crab, Carcinus maenas.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {217}, number = {Pt 7}, pages = {1129-1138}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.093849}, pmid = {24671964}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Brachyura/*physiology ; Canada ; Female ; Heart/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Norway ; Oceans and Seas ; Portugal ; United States ; }, abstract = {As global warming accelerates, there is increasing concern about how ecosystems may change as a result of species loss and replacement. Here, we examined the thermal physiology of the European green crab (Carcinus maenas Linnaeus 1758), a globally invasive species, along three parallel thermal gradients in its native and invasive ranges. At each site, we assessed cardiac physiology to determine heat and cold tolerance and acclimatory plasticity. We found that, overall, the species is highly tolerant of both heat and cold, and that it survives higher temperatures than co-occurring native marine crustaceans. Further, we found that both heat and cold tolerance are plastic in response to short-term acclimation (18-31 days at either 5 or 25°C). Comparing patterns within ranges, we found latitudinal gradients in thermal tolerance in the native European range and in the invasive range in eastern North America. This pattern is strongest in the native range, and likely evolved there. Because of a complicated invasion history, the latitudinal pattern in the eastern North American invasive range may be due either to rapid adaptation post-invasion or to adaptive differences between the ancestral populations that founded the invasion. Overall, the broad thermal tolerance ranges of green crabs, which may facilitate invasion of novel habitats, derive from high inherent eurythermality and acclimatory plasticity and potentially adaptive differentiation among populations. The highly flexible physiology that results from these capacities may represent the hallmark of a successful invasive species, and may provide a model for success in a changing world.}, }
@article {pmid24671147, year = {2014}, author = {Allison, JD and Bhandari, BD and McKenney, JL and Millar, JG}, title = {Design factors that influence the performance of flight intercept traps for the capture of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from the subfamilies Lamiinae and Cerambycinae.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {e93203}, pmid = {24671147}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Female ; Insect Control/*instrumentation ; Introduced Species ; Louisiana ; Male ; }, abstract = {In North America, cerambycid beetles can have significant ecological and economic effects on forest ecosystems, and the rate of introduction and/or detection of exotic species is increasing. Detection and survey programs rely on semiochemical-baited intercept traps which are often ineffective for large woodborers like cerambycid beetles. This study examined the effects of flight intercept trap design on the capture of cerambycid beetles in the subfamilies Lamiinae and Cerambycinae. These subfamilies are the two largest in the Cerambycidae and they include many of the most damaging cerambycid pests and species on regulatory watch lists in North America. This study demonstrates that intercept trap design, treatment of trap surfaces with a lubricant, and the type of collection cup all influence the capture of beetles from the subfamilies Lamiinae and Cerambycinae. It also demonstrates that the addition of a large lubricant-treated collar to the bottom funnel of a multiple-funnel trap significantly increases the capture of some Lamiinae. The best trap design for both subfamilies was a lubricant treated multiple-funnel [MF] trap equipped with a wet cup and lubricant treated large collar on the bottom funnel. This design captured between 4 and 14 times more Lamiinae and Cerambycinae than commercially-available MF and panel traps.}, }
@article {pmid24670060, year = {2014}, author = {Eibl, JK and Corcoran, JD and Senhorinho, GN and Zhang, K and Hosseini, NS and Marsden, J and Laamanen, CA and Scott, JA and Ross, GM}, title = {Bioprospecting for acidophilic lipid-rich green microalgae isolated from abandoned mine site water bodies.}, journal = {AMB Express}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {7}, pmid = {24670060}, issn = {2191-0855}, abstract = {With fossil fuel sources in limited supply, microalgae show tremendous promise as a carbon neutral source of biofuel. Current microalgae biofuel strategies typically rely on growing high-lipid producing laboratory strains of microalgae in open raceways or closed system photobioreactors. Unfortunately, these microalgae species are found to be sensitive to environmental stresses or competition by regional strains. Contamination by invasive species can diminish productivity of commercial algal processes. A potential improvement to current strategies is to identify high-lipid producing microalgae, which thrive in selected culture conditions that reduce the risk of contamination, such as low pH. Here we report the identification of a novel high-lipid producing microalgae which can tolerate low pH growth conditions. Lig 290 is a Scenedesmus spp. isolated from a low pH waterbody (pH = 4.5) in proximity to an abandoned lignite mine in Northern Ontario, Canada. Compared to a laboratory strain of Scendesmus dimorphus, Lig 290 demonstrated robust growth rates, a strong growth profile, and high lipid production. As a consequence, Lig 290 may have potential application as a robust microalgal species for use in biofuel production.}, }
@article {pmid24669738, year = {2014}, author = {Ortega, YK and Benson, A and Greene, E}, title = {Invasive plant erodes local song diversity in a migratory passerine.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {2}, pages = {458-465}, doi = {10.1890/12-1733.1}, pmid = {24669738}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Plants/*classification ; Sparrows/*physiology ; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Exotic plant invasions threaten ecosystems globally, but we still know little about the specific consequences for animals. Invasive plants can alter the quality of breeding habitat for songbirds, thereby impacting important demographic traits such as dispersal, philopatry, and age structure. These demographic effects may in turn alter song-learning conditions to affect song structure and diversity. We studied Chipping Sparrows (Spizella passerina) breeding in six savannas that were either dominated by native vegetation or invaded by spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe), an exotic forb known to diminish food resources and reproductive success. Here, we report that the prevalence of older birds was relatively low in knapweed-invaded habitat, where recruitment of yearlings compensated for diminished site fidelity to sustain territory abundance. In both habitat types, yearling males tended to adopt songs similar to their neighbors and match the songs of older birds rather than introducing new song types, a pattern seen in many songbird species. As a consequence, in invaded habitat where age structure was skewed away from older birds serving as potential song models, yearlings converged on fewer song types. Similarity of songs among individuals was significantly higher and the overall number of song types averaged nearly 20% lower in invaded relative to native habitat. Degradation of habitat quality generally impacts site fidelity and age ratios in migratory songbirds and hence may commonly alter song-learning conditions. Associated shifts in song attributes known to influence reproductive success could in turn enforce demographic declines driven by habitat degradation. Local song structure may serve as an important indicator of habitat quality and population status for songbirds.}, }
@article {pmid24669735, year = {2014}, author = {Goldstein, LJ and Suding, KN}, title = {Intra-annual rainfall regime shifts competitive interactions between coastal sage scrub and invasive grasses.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {2}, pages = {425-435}, doi = {10.1890/12-0651.1}, pmid = {24669735}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Biomass ; California ; Climate Change ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*physiology ; *Rain ; Soil/chemistry ; Time Factors ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Changes in rainfall distribution, generally predicted by many climate models, can affect resource dynamics and ecosystem function. While little studied, intra-annual rainfall distribution may have particularly strong effects on competitive interactions. Here, we test whether increased rainfall event size and decreased frequency within a growing season can influence competitive dynamics related to the invasion of exotic annual grasses in California coastal sage scrub (CSS). We hypothesized that larger rainfall events and decreased frequency will increase the competitive ability of native CSS species: a deeper root system will permit greater water use during dry periods between pulses and enhance their resource depletion effect on more shallow-rooted grasses. We planted grass and CSS seedlings in an additive competition design under three rainfall treatments: frequent small events, infrequent large events, and infrequent small events. The first two treatments had the same total rainfall but different frequency, while the second and third treatments had the same frequency but different total rainfall. Rainfall treatment altered the competitive interactions between CSS and grasses. In the first year, the competitive effect of annual grasses on shrub seedlings was strongest under the frequent small rainfall regime where they reduced deep soil moisture and light. In year two, the established shrubs began to exert strong competitive effects on grasses, and these effects were strongest under the infrequent small rainfall regime (low total rain) where they reduced shallow soil moisture and decreased grass stomatal conductance. Results suggest that reductions in both rainfall frequency and total rainfall may be important to competitive interactions, and can alter plant community composition and invasion when species have different rooting depths and different responses to soil moisture.}, }
@article {pmid24669724, year = {2014}, author = {Leffler, AJ and James, JJ and Monaco, TA and Sheley, RL}, title = {A new perspective on trait differences between native and invasive exotic plants.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {2}, pages = {298-305}, doi = {10.1890/13-0102.1}, pmid = {24669724}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*classification ; }, abstract = {Functional differences between native and exotic species potentially constitute one factor responsible for plant invasion. Differences in trait values between native and exotic invasive species, however, should not be considered fixed and may depend on the context of the comparison. Furthermore, the magnitude of difference between native and exotic species necessary to trigger invasion is unknown. We propose a criterion that differences in trait values between a native and exotic invasive species must be greater than differences between co-occurring natives for this difference to be ecologically meaningful and a contributing factor to plant invasion. We used a meta-analysis to quantify the difference between native and exotic invasive species for various traits examined in previous studies and compared this value to differences among native species reported in the same studies. The effect size between native and exotic invasive species was similar to the effect size between co-occurring natives except for studies conducted in the field; in most instances, our criterion was not met although overall differences between native and exotic invasive species were slightly larger than differences between natives. Consequently, trait differences may be important in certain contexts, but other mechanisms of invasion are likely more important in most cases. We suggest that using trait values as predictors of invasion will be challenging.}, }
@article {pmid24667974, year = {2014}, author = {Gupta, S and Preet, S}, title = {Genetic differentiation of invasive Aedes albopictus by RAPD-PCR: implications for effective vector control.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {113}, number = {6}, pages = {2137-2142}, pmid = {24667974}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; Animals ; DNA/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; India ; Insect Vectors/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Phylogeny ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique/methods ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus is an invasive mosquito species of great concern to public health as it is responsible for the biological transmission of several pathogens causing dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, etc. In 2009, this mosquito was detected for the first time in Agra City. This study represents the first genetic analysis of A. albopictus from India. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to study the genetic structure of A. albopictus in four populations from different larval habitats. Seven RAPD primers produced 141 loci. The results displayed rich genetic variation among larval populations which is evident from high value of genetic differentiation (G ST), i.e. 0.280, indicating a very great genetic differentiation. Effective migration rates were observed to be 1.28, depicting a limited gene flow. According to analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), the genetic distance between populations was significant (P < 0.05), showing a very high intrapopulation variation (96%) with only 4% variation among populations. Average genetic distances between populations were also calculated using PopGene software. Nei's average genetic distance between these populations was 0.112 (0.05-0.18). The cluster analysis technique of unweighted pair-group mean analysis (UPGMA) method of arithmetic averages was used to develop the phylogenetic tree which clearly shows two clusters of different larval habitats. The findings highlight high genetic differentiation indicating a slight migration rate confirming the recent introduction of this species in Agra region.}, }
@article {pmid24666751, year = {2014}, author = {Tavares, C and Jactel, H and van Halder, I and Mendel, Z and Branco, M}, title = {A case of ecological specialization in ladybirds: Iberorhyzobius rondensis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), potential biocontrol agent of Matsucoccus feytaudi (Hemiptera: Matsucoccidae).}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {104}, number = {3}, pages = {367-375}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485314000182}, pmid = {24666751}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Control Agents ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Hemiptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Larva/physiology ; Moths/growth &amp; development ; Ovum/physiology ; Pinus/growth &amp; development ; Portugal ; Predatory Behavior ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Specialization is an important attribute of a biological control agent. The maritime pine bast scale, Matsucoccus feytaudi Ducasse (Hemiptera Matsucoccidae), is an invasive species in Southeast France and the North of Italy. Iberorhyzobius rondensis Eizaguirre (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), is a recently described ladybird species. Both adults and larvae are predaceous, feeding on egg masses of M. feytaudi, and are strongly attracted to M. feytaudi's sex pheromone. To evaluate the potential of I. rondensis as a biocontrol agent of the scale, we studied its niche breadth and prey range with emphasis on pine forests and hemipterans as tested prey. In this study, I. rondensis was found to achieve complete development only when fed on M. feytaudi egg masses (92.9% survival) and an artificial prey: eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (27.6% survival). From the 2nd instar onwards, complete development could be achieved using other prey species, although larvae had significantly higher mortality and slower development. In choice tests, M. feytaudi was the preferred prey. Surveys of the ladybird populations in the Iberian Peninsula revealed that it was found exclusively on Pinus pinaster Aiton, the sole host of M. feytaudi. The unusual specialization of I. rondensis, among other predaceous ladybirds, makes it an appropriate candidate for classical biological control of M. feytaudi.}, }
@article {pmid24666136, year = {2014}, author = {Ralston, EA and Swain, GW}, title = {The ghost of fouling communities past: the effect of original community on subsequent recruitment.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {459-471}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2014.894984}, pmid = {24666136}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {*Biofouling ; Ships ; Silicones ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Biofouling on ships has been linked to the spread of invasive species, which has been identified as one of the current primary threats to the environment. Previous research on antifouling coatings suggested that the quantity of fouling, as well as community composition, on biocidal coatings was modified by prior fouling settlement. The experiment reported in this paper was designed to determine how preconditioning affected the rate and composition of subsequent fouling on transplanted silicone coatings. A series of 10 × 20 cm panels coated with Intersleek 700 or DC3140 were placed at three locations in Florida (Ponce Inlet, Sebastian Inlet, and Port of Miami), which were characterized by distinct fouling communities. Panels were immersed for four months, cleaned, and reciprocally transplanted among the three sites. Fouling community composition and coverage were characterized at bimonthly intervals both before and after transplantation. The original fouling community affected the subsequent fouling composition and recolonization by tunicates, sea anemones, barnacles, sponges, hydroids, and arborescent bryozoans. The community-level effects were short-term, lasting 2-4 months, but specific responses lasted up to 14 months post-transplant.}, }
@article {pmid24665694, year = {2014}, author = {Hoddle, MS and Pandey, R}, title = {Host range testing of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) sourced from the Punjab of Pakistan for classical biological control of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae: Euphyllurinae: Diaphorinini) in California.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {107}, number = {1}, pages = {125-136}, doi = {10.1603/ec13318}, pmid = {24665694}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Hemiptera/*parasitology ; *Host Specificity ; Pakistan ; *Pest Control, Biological ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Tests evaluating the host range of Tamarixia radiata (Waterson) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid of the pestiferous Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), sourced from the Punjab of Pakistan, were conducted in quarantine at the University of California, Riverside, CA. Seven nontarget psyllid species (five native and two self-introduced species) representing five families were exposed to T radiata under the following three different exposure scenarios: 1) sequential no-choice tests, 2) static no-choice tests, and 3) choice tests. Nontarget species were selected for testing based on the following criteria: 1) taxonomic relatedness to the target, D. citri; 2) native psyllids inhabiting native host plants related to citrus that could release volatiles attractive to T. radiata; 3) native psyllids with a high probability of occurrence in native vegetation surrounding commercial citrus groves that could be encountered by T. radiata emigrating from D. citri-infested citrus orchards; 4) a common native pest psyllid species; and 5) a beneficial psyllid attacking a noxious weed. The results of host range testing were unambiguous; T radiata exhibited a narrow host range and high host specificity, with just one species of nontarget psyllid, the abundant native pest Bactericera cockerelli Sulc, being parasitized at low levels (< 5%). These results suggest that the likelihood of significant nontarget impacts is low, and the establishment of T. radiata in southern California for the classical biological control of D. citri poses negligible environmental risk.}, }
@article {pmid24665690, year = {2014}, author = {Zhang, WM and Fu, HB and Wang, WH and Piao, CS and Tao, YL and Guo, D and Chu, D}, title = {Rapid spread of a recently introduced virus (tomato yellow leaf curl virus) and its vector Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Liaoning Province, China.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {107}, number = {1}, pages = {98-104}, doi = {10.1603/ec13348}, pmid = {24665690}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Begomovirus/*isolation &amp; purification ; China ; *Crops, Agricultural ; Geography ; Hemiptera/*virology ; Insect Vectors/*virology ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Diseases/virology ; }, abstract = {In Liaoning Province, China, tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) was first detected in 2009 and in only four counties. To quantify the spread of TYLCV and to identify potential factors influencing its spread in Liaoning Province, we assayed for TYLCV within 1,055 whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) complex) from 74 populations and 29 counties in 2011. The B. tabaci species of these individuals was determined based on molecular markers. TYLCV was found in 13 counties (Donggang, Liaoyang, Kazuo, Lingyuan, Heishan, Liaozhong, Kaiyuan, Taian, Dawa, Dashiqiao, Beizhen, Linghai, and Xingcheng) and was most frequently detected in the central plain. In addition, the percentage of whiteflies with TYLCV was significantly higher in B. tabaci Q than in B. tabaci B but was unrelated to the hosts (pepper, eggplant, tomato, cucumber, and kidney bean) on which the whiteflies had been collected. These results demonstrate that TYLCV has spread rapidly in Liaoning Province since its first detection and suggest that its spread is more closely associated with the introduction of B. tabaci Q than with the species of host plant. These findings also indicate that controls are now needed to reduce the further spread of TYLCV and that these controls should include the management of B. tabaci Q populations.}, }
@article {pmid24664236, year = {2014}, author = {Holder, PW and Armstrong, K and Van Hale, R and Millet, MA and Frew, R and Clough, TJ and Baker, JA}, title = {Isotopes and trace elements as natal origin markers of Helicoverpa armigera--an experimental model for biosecurity pests.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {e92384}, pmid = {24664236}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomarkers/analysis ; *Introduced Species ; Isotopes/analysis ; Lepidoptera/*chemistry ; Multivariate Analysis ; Trace Elements/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Protecting a nation's primary production sector and natural estate is heavily dependent on the ability to determine the risk presented by incursions of exotic insect species. Identifying the geographic origin of such biosecurity breaches can be crucial in determining this risk and directing the appropriate operational responses and eradication campaigns, as well as ascertaining incursion pathways. Reading natural abundance biogeochemical markers using mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for tracing ecological pathways as well as provenance determination of commercial products and items of forensic interest. However, application of these methods to trace insects has been underutilised to date and our understanding in this field is still in a phase of basic development. In addition, biogeochemical markers have never been considered in the atypical situation of a biosecurity incursion, where sample sizes are often small, and of unknown geographic origin and plant host. These constraints effectively confound the interpretation of the one or two isotope geo-location markers systems that are currently used, which are therefore unlikely to achieve the level of provenance resolution required in biosecurity interceptions. Here, a novel approach is taken to evaluate the potential for provenance resolution of insect samples through multiple biogeochemical markers. The international pest, Helicoverpa armigera, has been used as a model species to assess the validity of using naturally occurring δ2H, 87Sr/86Sr, 207Pb/206Pb and 208Pb/206Pb isotope ratios and trace element concentration signatures from single moth specimens for regional assignment to natal origin. None of the biogeochemical markers selected were individually able to separate moths from the different experimental regions (150-3000 km apart). Conversely, using multivariate analysis, the region of origin was correctly identified for approximately 75% of individual H. armigera samples. The geographic resolution demonstrated with this approach has considerable potential for biosecurity as well as other disciplines including forensics, ecology and pest management.}, }
@article {pmid24661501, year = {2014}, author = {Wang, P and Xu, YS and Dong, BC and Xue, W and Yu, FH}, title = {Effects of clonal fragmentation on intraspecific competition of a stoloniferous floating plant.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {1121-1126}, doi = {10.1111/plb.12170}, pmid = {24661501}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Araceae/*genetics/*physiology ; *Genetic Variation ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {Disturbance is common and can fragment clones of plants. Clonal fragmentation may affect the density and growth of ramets so that it could alter intraspecific competition. To test this hypothesis, we grew one (low density), five (medium density) or nine (high density) parent ramets of the floating invasive plant Pistia stratiotes in buckets, and newly produced offspring ramets were either severed (with fragmentation) or remained connected to parent ramets (no fragmentation). Increasing density reduced biomass of the whole clone (i.e. parent ramet plus its offspring ramets), showing intense intraspecific competition. Fragmentation decreased biomass of offspring ramets, but increased biomass of parent ramets and the whole clone, suggesting significant resource translocation from parent to offspring ramets when clones were not fragmented. There was no interaction effect of density x fragmentation on biomass of the whole clone, and fragmentation did not affect competition intensity index. We conclude that clonal fragmentation does not alter intraspecific competition between clones of P. stratiotes, but increases biomass production of the whole clone. Thus, fragmentation may contribute to its interspecific competitive ability and invasiveness, and intentional fragmentation should not be recommended as a measure to stop the rapid growth of this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid24661441, year = {2014}, author = {Cole, RA and Choudhury, A and Nico, LG and Griffin, KM}, title = {Gnathostoma spinigerum in live Asian swamp eels (Monopterus spp.) from food markets and wild populations, United States.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {634-642}, pmid = {24661441}, issn = {1080-6059}, mesh = {Animals ; Asian People ; Fish Diseases/parasitology ; Gastrointestinal Tract/parasitology ; Gnathostoma/*isolation &amp; purification ; Gnathostomiasis/*parasitology ; Humans ; Kidney/parasitology ; Liver/parasitology ; Muscles/parasitology ; Smegmamorpha/*parasitology ; United States ; Zoonoses/parasitology ; }, abstract = {In Southeast Asia, swamp eels (Synbranchidae: Monopterus spp.) are a common source of human gnathostomiasis, a foodborne zoonosis caused by advanced third-stage larvae (AL3) of Gnathostoma spp. nematodes. Live Asian swamp eels are imported to US ethnic food markets, and wild populations exist in several states. To determine whether these eels are infected, we examined 47 eels from markets and 67 wild-caught specimens. Nematodes were identified by morphologic features and ribosomal intergenic transcribed spacer-2 gene sequencing. Thirteen (27.7%) M. cuchia eels from markets were infected with 36 live G. spinigerum AL3: 21 (58.3%) in liver; 7 (19.4%) in muscle; 5 (13.8%) in gastrointestinal tract, and 3 (8.3%) in kidneys. Three (4.5%) wild-caught M. albus eels were infected with 5 G. turgidum AL3 in muscle, and 1 G. lamothei AL3 was found in a kidney (both North American spp.). Imported live eels are a potential source of human gnathostomiasis in the United States.}, }
@article {pmid24661307, year = {2014}, author = {Spatz, DR and Newton, KM and Heinz, R and Tershy, B and Holmes, ND and Butchart, SH and Croll, DA}, title = {The biogeography of globally threatened seabirds and island conservation opportunities.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, pages = {1282-1290}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12279}, pmid = {24661307}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Birds/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Endangered Species ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; }, abstract = {Seabirds are the most threatened group of marine animals; 29% of species are at some risk of extinction. Significant threats to seabirds occur on islands where they breed, but in many cases, effective island conservation can mitigate these threats. To guide island-based seabird conservation actions, we identified all islands with extant or extirpated populations of the 98 globally threatened seabird species, as recognized on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, and quantified the presence of threatening invasive species, protected areas, and human populations. We matched these results with island attributes to highlight feasible island conservation opportunities. We identified 1362 threatened breeding seabird populations on 968 islands. On 803 (83%) of these islands, we identified threatening invasive species (20%), incomplete protected area coverage (23%), or both (40%). Most islands with threatened seabirds are amenable to island-wide conservation action because they are small (57% were <1 km(2)), uninhabited (74%), and occur in high- or middle-income countries (96%). Collectively these attributes make islands with threatened seabirds a rare opportunity for effective conservation at scale.}, }
@article {pmid24658143, year = {2014}, author = {Awan, TH and Chauhan, BS and Sta Cruz, PC}, title = {Influence of environmental factors on the germination of Urena lobata L. and its response to herbicides.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {e90305}, pmid = {24658143}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/*pharmacology ; Biomass ; Germination/*drug effects ; Herbicides/*pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Malvaceae/drug effects/*growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; Osmotic Pressure ; Plant Shoots/drug effects/growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; Sodium Chloride/pharmacology ; *Weed Control ; }, abstract = {Urena lobata is becoming a noxious and invasive weed in rangelands, pastures, and undisturbed areas in the Philippines. This study determined the effects of seed scarification, light, salt and water stress, amount of rice residue, and seed burial depth on seed germination and emergence of U. lobata; and evaluated the weed's response to post-emergence herbicides. Germination was stimulated by both mechanical and chemical seed scarifications. The combination of the two scarification methods provided maximum (99%) seed germination. Germination was slightly stimulated when seeds were placed in light (65%) compared with when seeds were kept in the dark (46%). Sodium chloride concentrations ranging from 0 to 200 mM and osmotic potential ranging from 0 to -1.6 MPa affected the germination of U. lobata seeds significantly. The osmotic potential required for 50% inhibition of the maximum germination was -0.1 MPa; however, some seeds germinated at -0.8 MPa, but none germinated at -1.6 MPa. Seedling emergence and biomass increased with increase in rice residue amount up to 4 t ha(-1), but declined beyond this amount. Soil surface placement of weed seeds resulted in the highest seedling emergence (84%), which declined with increase in burial depth. The burial depth required for 50% inhibition of maximum emergence was 2 cm; emergence was greatly reduced (93%) at burial depth of 4 cm or more. Weed seedling biomass also decreased with increase in burial depth. Bispyribac-sodium, a commonly used herbicide in rice, sprayed at the 4-leaf stage of the weed, provided 100% control, which did not differ much with 2,4-D (98%), glyphosate (97%), and thiobencarb + 2,4-D (98%). These herbicides reduced shoot and root biomass by 99-100%.}, }
@article {pmid24656829, year = {2014}, author = {Hartikainen, H and Stentiford, GD and Bateman, KS and Berney, C and Feist, SW and Longshaw, M and Okamura, B and Stone, D and Ward, G and Wood, C and Bass, D}, title = {Mikrocytids are a broadly distributed and divergent radiation of parasites in aquatic invertebrates.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {24}, number = {7}, pages = {807-812}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2014.02.033}, pmid = {24656829}, issn = {1879-0445}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; Brachyura/*parasitology ; Genes, Protozoan ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Ostreidae/*parasitology ; Phylogeny ; Rhizaria/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Microcell parasites have independently evolved in several eukaryotic lineages and are increasingly recognized as important and emerging pathogens of diverse hosts, including species of economic importance subject to international legislation concerning the trading of aquatic animals [1-3]. The microcell Mikrocytos mackini causes Denman Island disease of oysters and represents one of the most genetically divergent eukaryotes known. Mikrocytos has remained an isolated lineage with a limited distribution. We investigated two emerging diseases of juvenile crabs and oysters from the UK using massively parallel sequencing and targeted primer approaches to reveal that their causative agents are highly divergent lineages related to M. mackini (Paramikrocytos canceri n. gen. et n. sp. and M. mimicus sp. nov., respectively). We demonstrate a major new globally distributed parasite radiation (Mikrocytida ord. nov.) with phylogenetic affinities to the commercially important haplosporidian parasites of invertebrates. Mikrocytids have eluded detection because of their small size, intracellular habit, and extreme sequence divergence. P. canceri was frequently detected in a range of shoreline invertebrates, demonstrating that these newly recognized parasites are in fact common, diverse, and widespread and should be considered when assessing the risks of aquaculture activities, invasive species spread, and movements of ballast water and sediments with associated invertebrates.}, }
@article {pmid24656621, year = {2014}, author = {Guisan, A and Petitpierre, B and Broennimann, O and Daehler, C and Kueffer, C}, title = {Unifying niche shift studies: insights from biological invasions.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {29}, number = {5}, pages = {260-269}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2014.02.009}, pmid = {24656621}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Climate ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Assessing whether the climatic niche of a species may change between different geographic areas or time periods has become increasingly important in the context of ongoing global change. However, approaches and findings have remained largely controversial so far, calling for a unification of methods. Here, we build on a review of empirical studies of invasion to formalize a unifying framework that decomposes niche change into unfilling, stability, and expansion situations, taking both a pooled range and range-specific perspective on the niche, while accounting for climatic availability and climatic analogy. This framework provides new insights into the nature of climate niche shifts and our ability to anticipate invasions, and may help in guiding the design of experiments for assessing causes of niche changes.}, }
@article {pmid24655832, year = {2014}, author = {Wu, ZZ and Li, HM and Bin, SY and Ma, J and He, HL and Li, XF and Gong, FL and Lin, JT}, title = {Sequence analysis of mitochondrial ND1 gene can reveal the genetic structure and origin of Bactrocera dorsalis s.s.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {55}, pmid = {24655832}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Asia, Southeastern ; China ; Gene Flow ; *Genes, Mitochondrial ; Genetic Structures ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Molecular Sequence Data ; NADH Dehydrogenase/genetics ; *Phylogeography ; Tephritidae/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis s.s., is one of the most important quarantine pests in many countries, including China. Although the oriental fruit fly has been investigated extensively, its origins and genetic structure remain disputed. In this study, the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) gene was used as a genetic marker to examine the genetic diversity, population structure, and gene flow of B. dorsalis s.s. throughout its range in China and southeast Asia.<br><br>RESULTS: Haplotype networks and phylogenetic analysis indicated two distinguishable lineages of the fly population but provided no strong support for geographical subdivision in B. philippinensis. Demographic analysis revealed rapid expansion of B. dorsalis s.s. populations in China and Southeast Asia in the recent years. The greatest amount of genetic diversity was observed in Manila, Pattaya, and Bangkok, and asymmetric migration patterns were observed in different parts of China. The data collected here further show that B. dorsalis s.s. in Yunnan, Guangdong, and Fujian Provinces, and in Taiwan might have different origins within southeast Asia.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Using the mitochondrial ND1 gene, the results of the present study showed B. dorsalis s.s. from different parts of China to have different genetic structures and origins. B. dorsalis s.s. in China and southeast Asia was found to have experienced rapid expansion in recent years. Data further support the existence of two distinguishable lineages of B. dorsalis s.s. in China and indicate genetic diversity and gene flow from multiple origins.The sequences in this paper have been deposited in GenBank/NCBI under accession numbers KC413034-KC413367.}, }
@article {pmid24651465, year = {2014}, author = {Gao, Y and Reitz, SR and Wei, Q and Yu, W and Zhang, Z and Lei, Z}, title = {Local crop planting systems enhance insecticide-mediated displacement of two invasive leafminer fly.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {e92625}, pmid = {24651465}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; China ; *Crops, Agricultural ; *Diptera ; Geography ; *Insect Control ; *Insecticides ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Liriomyza sativae and L. trifolii are highly invasive leafminer pests of vegetable crops that have invaded southern China in recent years. Liriomyza sativae was the first of these species to invade China, but it is now being displaced by L. trifolii. The rate and extent of this displacement vary across southern China. In Hainan, monocultures of highly valuable cowpea are planted and treated extensively with insecticides in attempts to control leafminer damage. In Guangdong, cowpea fields are interspersed with other less valuable crops, such as towel gourd (Luffa cylindrica), which receive significantly fewer insecticide applications than cowpea. To determine how differences in cropping systems influence the Liriomyza species composition, we conducted field trials in 2011 and 2012 in Guangdong where both species were present. We replicated conditions in Hainan by planting cowpea monocultures that were isolated from other agricultural fields, and we replicated conditions in Guangdong by planting cowpea in a mixed crop environment with towel gourd planted in neighboring plots. We then compared leafminer populations in cowpea treated with the insecticide avermectin and untreated cowpea. We also monitored leafminer populations in the untreated towel gourd. Untreated cowpea and towel gourd had comparatively low proportions of L. trifolii, which remained relatively stable over the course of each season. Avermectin applications led to increases in the proportions of L. trifolii, and after three weekly applications populations were >95% L. trifolii in both crop systems. However, the rate of change and persistence of L. trifolii in the mixed crop system were less than in the monocrop. These results indicate that L. trifolii is much less susceptible to avermectin than is L. sativae. Further, L. sativae was able to persist in the untreated towel gourd, which probably enabled it to recolonize treated cowpea.}, }
@article {pmid24649648, year = {2014}, author = {Barnagaud, JY and Barbaro, L and Papaïx, J and Deconchat, M and Brockerhoff, EG}, title = {Habitat filtering by landscape and local forest composition in native and exotic New Zealand birds.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {1}, pages = {78-87}, doi = {10.1890/13-0791.1}, pmid = {24649648}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*classification/physiology ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Untangling the relative influences of environmental filtering and biotic interactions on species coexistence at various spatial scales is a long-held issue in community ecology. Separating these processes is especially important to understand the influences of introduced exotic species on the composition of native communities. For this aim, we investigated coexistence patterns in New Zealand exotic and native birds along multiple-scale habitat gradients. We built a Bayesian hierarchical model, contrasting the abundance variations of 10 native and 11 exotic species in 501 point counts spread along landscape and local-scale gradients of forest structure and composition. Although native and exotic species both occurred in a wide range of habitats, they were separated by landscape-level variables. Exotic species were most abundant in exotic conifer plantations embedded in farmland matrices, while native birds predominated in areas dominated by continuous native forest. In exotic plantation forests, and to a lesser extent in native forests, locally co-occurring exotic and native species were segregated along a gradient of vegetation height. These results support the prediction that exotic and native bird species are segregated along gradients related to anthropogenic disturbance and habitat availability. In addition, native and exotic species overlapped little in a multivariate functional space based on 10 life history traits associated with habitat selection. Hence, habitat segregation patterns were probably mediated more by environmental filtering processes than by competition at landscape and local scales.}, }
@article {pmid24649643, year = {2014}, author = {Radville, L and Gonda-King, L and Gómez, S and Kaplan, I and Preisser, EL}, title = {Are exotic herbivores better competitors? A meta-analysis.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {1}, pages = {30-36}, doi = {10.1890/13-0728.1}, pmid = {24649643}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Reproduction/physiology ; }, abstract = {Competition plays an important role in structuring the community dynamics of phytophagous insects. As the number and impact of biological invasions increase, it has become increasingly important to determine whether competitive differences exist between native and exotic insects. We conducted a meta-analysis to test the hypothesis that native/ exotic status affects the outcome of herbivore competition. Specifically, we used data from 160 published studies to assess plant-mediated competition in phytophagous insects. For each pair of competing herbivores, we determined the native range and coevolutionary history of each herbivore and host plant. Plant-mediated competition occurred frequently, but neither native nor exotic insects were consistently better competitors. Spatial separation reduced competition in native insects but showed little effect on exotics. Temporal separation negatively impacted native insects but did not affect competition in exotics. Insects that coevolved with their host plant were more affected by interspecific competition than herbivores that lacked a coevolutionary history. Insects that have not coevolved with their host plant may be at a competitive advantage if they overcome plant defenses. As native/exotic status does not consistently predict outcomes of competitive interactions, plant-insect coevolutionary history should be considered in studies of competition.}, }
@article {pmid24648393, year = {2015}, author = {Merrill, SC and Holtzer, TO and Peairs, FB and Lester, PJ}, title = {Validating spatiotemporal predictions of an important pest of small grains.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {71}, number = {1}, pages = {131-138}, doi = {10.1002/ps.3778}, pmid = {24648393}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aphids ; Forecasting ; Insect Control ; *Models, Biological ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Arthropod pests are typically managed using tactics applied uniformly to the whole field. Precision pest management applies tactics under the assumption that within-field pest pressure differences exist. This approach allows for more precise and judicious use of scouting resources and management tactics. For example, a portion of a field delineated as attractive to pests may be selected to receive extra monitoring attention. Likely because of the high variability in pest dynamics, little attention has been given to developing precision pest prediction models. Here, multimodel synthesis was used to develop a spatiotemporal model predicting the density of a key pest of wheat, the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov).<br><br>RESULTS: Spatially implicit and spatially explicit models were synthesized to generate spatiotemporal pest pressure predictions. Cross-validation and field validation were used to confirm model efficacy. A strong within-field signal depicting aphid density was confirmed with low prediction errors.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Results show that the within-field model predictions will provide higher-quality information than would be provided by traditional field scouting. With improvements to the broad-scale model component, the model synthesis approach and resulting tool could improve pest management strategy and provide a template for the development of spatially explicit pest pressure models.}, }
@article {pmid24647914, year = {2014}, author = {Hanley, ME and Awbi, AJ and Franco, M}, title = {Going native? Flower use by bumblebees in English urban gardens.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {113}, number = {5}, pages = {799-806}, pmid = {24647914}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Animals ; Appetitive Behavior/physiology ; Bees/*physiology ; *Cities ; England ; Flowers/classification/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; *Magnoliopsida/classification/genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Pollination ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Although urban gardens provide opportunities for pollinators in an otherwise inhospitable environment, most garden plants are not native to the recipient biogeographical region and their value to local pollinators is disputed. This study tested the hypothesis that bumblebees foraging in English urban gardens preferentially visited sympatric Palaearctic-range plants over species originating outside their native range.<br><br>METHODS: Twenty-seven surveys of flower availability and bumblebee visitation (Bombus spp.) were conducted over a 3-month summer period. Plants were categorized according to whether they were native British, Palaearctic or non-Palaearctic in origin. A phylogeny of the 119 plant species recorded was constructed and the relationship between floral abundance and the frequency of pollinator visits investigated by means of phylogenetically independent contrasts. Differentiation in utilization of plant species by the five bumblebee species encountered was investigated using niche overlap analyses.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: There was conflicting evidence for preferential use of native-range Palaearctic plant species by bumblebees depending on which plants were included in the analysis. Evidence was also found for niche partitioning between species based on respective preferences for native and non-native biogeographical range plants. Two bumblebees (Bombus terrestris and B. pratorum) concentrated their foraging activity on non-Palaearctic plants, while two others (B. hortorum and B. pascourum) preferred Palaearctic species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The long-running debate about the value of native and non-native garden plants to pollinators probably stems from a failure to properly consider biogeographical overlap between plant and pollinator ranges. Gardeners can encourage pollinators without consideration of plant origin or bias towards 'local' biogeographical species. However, dietary specialist bumblebees seem to prefer plants sympatric with their own biogeographical range and, in addition to the cultivation of these species in gardens, provision of native non-horticultural ('weed') species may also be important for pollinator conservation.}, }
@article {pmid24647727, year = {2014}, author = {Pittman, SE and Hart, KM and Cherkiss, MS and Snow, RW and Fujisaki, I and Smith, BJ and Mazzotti, FJ and Dorcas, ME}, title = {Homing of invasive Burmese pythons in South Florida: evidence for map and compass senses in snakes.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {20140040}, pmid = {24647727}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Boidae/*physiology ; Florida ; *Homing Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; *Orientation ; Telemetry ; }, abstract = {Navigational ability is a critical component of an animal's spatial ecology and may influence the invasive potential of species. Burmese pythons (Python molurus bivittatus) are apex predators invasive to South Florida. We tracked the movements of 12 adult Burmese pythons in Everglades National Park, six of which were translocated 21-36 km from their capture locations. Translocated snakes oriented movement homeward relative to the capture location, and five of six snakes returned to within 5 km of the original capture location. Translocated snakes moved straighter and faster than control snakes and displayed movement path structure indicative of oriented movement. This study provides evidence that Burmese pythons have navigational map and compass senses and has implications for predictions of spatial spread and impacts as well as our understanding of reptile cognitive abilities.}, }
@article {pmid24647312, year = {2014}, author = {Zhang, L and Wang, H and Zou, J and Rogers, WE and Siemann, E}, title = {Non-native plant litter enhances soil carbon dioxide emissions in an invaded annual grassland.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {e92301}, pmid = {24647312}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Plants/*metabolism ; Poaceae/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Litter decomposition is a fundamental ecosystem process in which breakdown and decay of plant detritus releases carbon and nutrients. Invasive exotic plants may produce litter that differs from native plant litter in quality and quantity. Such differences may impact litter decomposition and soil respiration in ways that depend on whether exotic and native plant litters decompose in mixtures. However, few field experiments have examined how exotic plants affect soil respiration via litter decomposition. Here, we conducted an in situ study of litter decomposition of an annual native grass (Eragrostis pilosa), a perennial exotic forb (Alternanthera philoxeroides), and their mixtures in an annual grassland in China to examine potential invasion effects on soil respiration. Alternanthera litter decomposed faster than Eragrostis litter when each was incubated separately. Mass loss in litter mixes was more rapid than predicted from rates in single species bags (only 35% of predicted mass remained at 8 months) showing synergistic effects. Notably, exotic plant litter decomposition rate was unchanged but native plant litter decomposition rate was accelerated in mixtures (decay constant k = 0.20 month(-1)) compared to in isolation (k = 0.10 month(-1)). On average, every litter type increased soil respiration compared to bare soil from which litter was removed. However, the increases were larger for mixed litter (1.82 times) than for Alternanthera litter (1.58 times) or Eragrostis litter (1.30 times). Carbon released as CO2 relative to litter carbon input was also higher for mixed litter (3.34) than for Alternathera litter (2.29) or Eragrostis litter (1.19). Our results indicated that exotic Alternanthera produces rapidly decomposing litter which also accelerates the decomposition of native plant litter in litter mixtures and enhances soil respiration rates. Thus, this exotic invasive plant species will likely accelerate carbon cycling and increase soil respiration even at intermediate stages of invasion in these annual grasslands.}, }
@article {pmid24646515, year = {2014}, author = {Wilder, BT and Betancourt, JL and Epps, CW and Crowhurst, RS and Mead, JI and Ezcurra, E}, title = {Local extinction and unintentional rewilding of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) on a desert island.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {e91358}, pmid = {24646515}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/classification/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Extinction, Biological ; Feces/chemistry ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Male ; Mexico ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; Sheep, Bighorn/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) were not known to live on Tiburón Island, the largest island in the Gulf of California and Mexico, prior to the surprisingly successful introduction of 20 individuals as a conservation measure in 1975. Today, a stable island population of ∼500 sheep supports limited big game hunting and restocking of depleted areas on the Mexican mainland. We discovered fossil dung morphologically similar to that of bighorn sheep in a dung mat deposit from Mojet Cave, in the mountains of Tiburón Island. To determine the origin of this cave deposit we compared pellet shape to fecal pellets of other large mammals, and extracted DNA to sequence mitochondrial DNA fragments at the 12S ribosomal RNA and control regions. The fossil dung was 14C-dated to 1476-1632 calendar years before present and was confirmed as bighorn sheep by morphological and ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis. 12S sequences closely or exactly matched known bighorn sheep sequences; control region sequences exactly matched a haplotype described in desert bighorn sheep populations in southwest Arizona and southern California and showed subtle differentiation from the extant Tiburón population. Native desert bighorn sheep previously colonized this land-bridge island, most likely during the Pleistocene, when lower sea levels connected Tiburón to the mainland. They were extirpated sometime in the last ∼1500 years, probably due to inherent dynamics of isolated populations, prolonged drought, and (or) human overkill. The reintroduced population is vulnerable to similar extinction risks. The discovery presented here refutes conventional wisdom that bighorn sheep are not native to Tiburón Island, and establishes its recent introduction as an example of unintentional rewilding, defined here as the introduction of a species without knowledge that it was once native and has since gone locally extinct.}, }
@article {pmid24645781, year = {2014}, author = {van der Putten, WH}, title = {Introduced tree species released from negative soil biota.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {202}, number = {2}, pages = {341-343}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12753}, pmid = {24645781}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; Pinus/*microbiology ; Seedlings/*microbiology ; *Soil ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, }
@article {pmid24640532, year = {2014}, author = {Ibáñez, I and Diez, JM and Miller, LP and Olden, JD and Sorte, CJ and Blumenthal, DM and Bradley, BA and D'Antonio, CM and Dukes, JS and Early, RI and Grosholz, ED and Lawler, JJ}, title = {Integrated assessment of biological invasions.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {25-37}, doi = {10.1890/13-0776.1}, pmid = {24640532}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/physiology ; Celastrus/physiology ; Demography ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Models, Statistical ; Mytilus/physiology ; United States ; }, abstract = {As the main witnesses of the ecological and economic impacts of invasions on ecosystems around the world, ecologists seek to provide the relevant science that informs managers about the potential for invasion of specific organisms in their region(s) of interest. Yet, the assorted literature that could inform such forecasts is rarely integrated to do so, and further, the diverse nature of the data available complicates synthesis and quantitative prediction. Here we present a set of analytical tools for synthesizing different levels of distributional and/or demographic data to produce meaningful assessments of invasion potential that can guide management at multiple phases of ongoing invasions, from dispersal to colonization to proliferation. We illustrate the utility of data-synthesis and data-model assimilation approaches with case studies of three well-known invasive species--a vine, a marine mussel, and a freshwater crayfish--under current and projected future climatic conditions. Results from the integrated assessments reflect the complexity of the invasion process and show that the most relevant climatic variables can have contrasting effects or operate at different intensities across habitat types. As a consequence, for two of the study species climate trends will increase the likelihood of invasion in some habitats and decrease it in others. Our results identified and quantified both bottlenecks and windows of opportunity for invasion, mainly related to the role of human uses of the landscape or to disruption of the flow of resources. The approach we describe has a high potential to enhance model realism, explanatory insight, and predictive capability, generating information that can inform management decisions and optimize phase-specific prevention and control efforts for a wide range of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid24637851, year = {2014}, author = {Chu, D and Guo, D and Tao, Y and Jiang, D and Li, J and Zhang, Y}, title = {Evidence for rapid spatiotemporal changes in genetic structure of an alien whitefly during initial invasion.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {4396}, pmid = {24637851}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; China ; *Gene Flow ; Gene Frequency ; *Genes, Insect ; *Genetic Variation ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Ipomoea batatas/parasitology ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Multigene Family ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; }, abstract = {The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci Q species is a recent invader and important pest of agricultural crops in China. This research tested the hypothesis that the Q populations that establish in agricultural fields in northern China each year are derived from multiple secondary introductions and/or local populations that overwinter in greenhouses (the pest cannot survive winters in the field in northern China). Here, we report the evidence that the Q populations in agricultural fields mainly derive from multiple secondary introductions. In addition, the common use of greenhouses during the winter in certain locations in northern China helps increase the genetic diversity and the genetic structure of the pest. The genetic structure information generated from this long-term and large-scale field analysis increases our understanding of B. tabaci Q as an invasive pest and has important implications for B. tabaci Q management.}, }
@article {pmid24636857, year = {2014}, author = {Accorsi, A and Ottaviani, E and Malagoli, D}, title = {Effects of repeated hemolymph withdrawals on the hemocyte populations and hematopoiesis in Pomacea canaliculata.}, journal = {Fish &amp; shellfish immunology}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {56-64}, doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2014.03.003}, pmid = {24636857}, issn = {1095-9947}, mesh = {Animals ; Hematopoiesis/physiology ; Hemocytes/*physiology ; Hemolymph/*cytology/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Snails/*cytology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Pomacea canaliculata is a freshwater gastropod considered an invasive pest by several European, North American and Asiatic countries. This snail presents a considerable resistance to pollutants and may successfully face stressful events. Thanks to the unusual possibility to perform several hemolymph collections without affecting its survival, P. canaliculata is a good model to study the hematopoietic process and the hemocyte turnover in molluscs. Here we have analyzed the effects of repeated hemolymph withdrawals on circulating hemocyte populations and pericardial organs, i.e., the heart, the main vessels entering and leaving the heart and the ampulla, of P. canaliculata. Our experiments revealed that the circulating hemocyte populations were maintained constant after 3 collections performed in 48 h. The tissue organization of the heart and the vessels remained unaltered, whereas the ampulla buffered the effects of hemolymph collections acting as hemocyte reservoir, and its original organization was progressively lost by the repeated hemolymph withdrawals. The hematopoietic tissue of P. canaliculata was evidenced here for the first time. It is positioned within the pericardial cavity, in correspondence of the principle veins. Mitoses within the hematopoietic tissue were not influenced by hemolymph collections, and circulating hemocytes never presented mitotic activity.}, }
@article {pmid24634733, year = {2014}, author = {Moorhouse, TP and Poole, AE and Evans, LC and Bradley, DC and Macdonald, DW}, title = {Intensive removal of signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) from rivers increases numbers and taxon richness of macroinvertebrate species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {494-504}, pmid = {24634733}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive species are a major cause of species extinction in freshwater ecosystems, and crayfish species are particularly pervasive. The invasive American signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus has impacts over a range of trophic levels, but particularly on benthic aquatic macroinvertebrates. Our study examined the effect on the macroinvertebrate community of removal trapping of signal crayfish from UK rivers. Crayfish were intensively trapped and removed from two tributaries of the River Thames to test the hypothesis that lowering signal crayfish densities would result in increases in macroinvertebrate numbers and taxon richness. We removed 6181 crayfish over four sessions, resulting in crayfish densities that decreased toward the center of the removal sections. Conversely in control sections (where crayfish were trapped and returned), crayfish density increased toward the center of the section. Macroinvertebrate numbers and taxon richness were inversely correlated with crayfish densities. Multivariate analysis of the abundance of each taxon yielded similar results and indicated that crayfish removals had positive impacts on macroinvertebrate numbers and taxon richness but did not alter the composition of the wider macroinvertebrate community. Synthesis and applications: Our results demonstrate that non-eradication-oriented crayfish removal programmes may lead to increases in the total number of macroinvertebrates living in the benthos. This represents the first evidence that removing signal crayfish from riparian systems, at intensities feasible during control attempts or commercial crayfishing, may be beneficial for a range of sympatric aquatic macroinvertebrates.}, }
@article {pmid24634438, year = {2014}, author = {Uddin, MN and Robinson, RW and Caridi, D and Al Harun, MA}, title = {Suppression of native Melaleuca ericifolia by the invasive Phragmites australis through allelopathic root exudates.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {101}, number = {3}, pages = {479-487}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1400021}, pmid = {24634438}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Allelopathy ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Carbon/metabolism ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Germination ; Introduced Species ; Melaleuca/*drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Plant Exudates/*pharmacology ; Plant Roots/chemistry ; Plant Shoots/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Plant Stems/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Poaceae/*chemistry ; Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Invasive plants are a great threat to the conservation of natural ecosystems and biodiversity. Allelopathy as a mechanism for invasion of plants such as Phragmites australis, one of the most aggressive invaders, has the potential to suppress neighboring plant species. Allelopathic interference, through root exudates of P. australis on native Melaleuca ericifolia, was investigated to find out the underlying invasion mechanisms.<br><br>METHODS: Germination and growth effects of P. australis on M. ericifolia were studied in the greenhouse using potting mix both with and without activated carbon, and a combination of single and repeated cuttings of P. australis as the management tool.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: P. AUSTRALIS had significant negative effects on germination and growth of M. ericifolia by inhibiting germination percentage, maximum root length and plant height, biomass, stem diameter, and number of growth points with little effect on leaf physiology. Activated carbon (AC) in turn moderately counteracted these effects. The cutting of P. australis shoots significantly reduced the suppressive effects on M. ericifolia compared to the addition of AC to soil. Furthermore, significant changes in soil such as pH, electrical conductivity, osmotic potential, phenolics, and dehydrogenase activity were identified among cutting treatments with little variation between AC treatments.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that allelopathy through root exudates of P. australis had relatively low contribution in suppressing M. ericifolia in comparison to other competitive effects. Management tools combining repeated cutting of P. australis shoots with AC treatments may assist partly in the restoration of native ecosystems invaded by P. australis.}, }
@article {pmid24633786, year = {2014}, author = {Jaryan, V and Uniyal, SK and Gupta, RC and Singh, RD}, title = {Phenological documentation of an invasive species, Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {186}, number = {7}, pages = {4423-4429}, pmid = {24633786}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Animals ; Documentation ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development ; Sapium/*physiology ; Seasons ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Phenological documentation and plant invasion are key contemporary issues in the biological sciences. Recognizing this, the present paper describes the phenological stages of an invasive species, Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb. A tree of the species was marked, and daily visits were made for recording its phenology. The Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and CHemical industry (BBCH) scale was used for documenting the same. Of the total ten principal stages, eight were observed in the species. These stages started with bud development (stage 01) in the month of March and ended with leaf fall (stage 97) in the month of December. Descriptions of the phenological stages and their dates are provided in the text. It is hoped that such a phenological scale will be helpful in managing plant invasion.}, }
@article {pmid24631607, year = {2014}, author = {De La Riva, DG and Vindiola, BG and Castañeda, TN and Parker, DR and Trumble, JT}, title = {Impact of selenium on mortality, bioaccumulation and feeding deterrence in the invasive Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {481}, number = {}, pages = {446-452}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.060}, pmid = {24631607}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Feeding Behavior/drug effects ; Introduced Species ; North America ; Selenium/metabolism/*toxicity ; Trace Elements/metabolism/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Ants are known for the important roles they play in processes contributing to ecosystem functioning in many habitats. However, pollutants can impact the ecosystem services provided by ants. The Argentine ant, an invasive species in North America, was investigated for the potential impact selenium (Se) may have on ants residing within a contaminated habitat. Mortality tests were conducted using worker ants fed an artificial nectar source containing 1-of-4 environmentally common Se compounds (forms): seleno-l-methionine, methylselenocysteine, selenate or selenite. Accumulation of Se in ant bodies at the end of two weeks was quantified with the use of hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy. Lastly, we conducted choice tests using dyes to determine whether ants might avoid a carbohydrate diet containing Se by providing them a choice between sucrose with or without Se. Choice tests also tested the responses of ants to selenium when provided in different background sucrose concentrations. The results of this study indicated that form and quantity of Se, as well as time of exposure, impact mortality in Argentine ant workers. Methylselenocysteine and selenate were found to be the most toxic among the 4 chemical forms when presented in sucrose solutions, whereas seleno-l-methionine and selenite caused greater Se body burdens. Furthermore, choice tests showed that ants did not prefer control sucrose solution to sucrose treated with Se regardless of the background sucrose concentration. These findings serve as first look into the possible detrimental impacts these contaminants may pose for ants that frequent sugary nectar sources.}, }
@article {pmid24628030, year = {2014}, author = {Hayden, B and Massa-Gallucci, A and Harrod, C and O'grady, M and Caffrey, J and Kelly-Quinn, M}, title = {Trophic flexibility by roach Rutilus rutilus in novel habitats facilitates rapid growth and invasion success.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {84}, number = {4}, pages = {1099-1116}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.12351}, pmid = {24628030}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; Cyprinidae/*growth &amp; development ; Diet/*veterinary ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Gastrointestinal Contents ; *Introduced Species ; Ireland ; Lakes ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; }, abstract = {Stable isotope and gut content analyses, in conjunction with backcalculated length-at-age estimates of growth, were employed to examine the relationship between trophic ecology and growth rate of a successful invader, Rutilus rutilus, in eight lakes in Ireland. The data revealed that R. rutilus was a trophic generalist in Irish lakes. It utilized a greater proportion of pelagic resources in mesotrophic lakes than in eutrophic lakes, potentially due to a greater density of benthic macroinvertebrates in eutrophic systems. The species was characterized by a large dietary and isotopic niche width and high temporal and spatial variations in diet. Growth rates were typical of those found in the native range of the species and were unrelated to either lake productivity or fish's diet. A generalist trophic ecology confers significant advantages on an invasive species, allowing it to exploit a variety of novel resources and fluctuations in prey availability.}, }
@article {pmid24626131, year = {2014}, author = {Bhat, S and Amundsen, PA and Knudsen, R and Gjelland, K&#xd8; and Fevolden, SE and Bernatchez, L and Præbel, K}, title = {Speciation reversal in European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus (L.)) caused by competitor invasion.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {e91208}, pmid = {24626131}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetic Speciation ; Genotype ; Geography ; Gills/anatomy &amp; histology ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Phenotype ; *Reproductive Isolation ; Salmonidae/*genetics/physiology ; Sympatry ; }, abstract = {Invasion of exotic species has caused the loss of biodiversity and imparts evolutionary and ecological changes in the introduced systems. In northern Fennoscandia, European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus (L.)) is a highly polymorphic species displaying adaptive radiations into partially reproductively isolated and thus genetically differentiated sympatric morphs utilizing the planktivorous and benthivorous food niche in many lakes. In 1993, Lake Skrukkebukta was invaded by vendace (Coregonus albula (L.)) which is a zooplanktivorous specialist. The vendace displaced the densely rakered whitefish from its preferred pelagic niche to the benthic habitat harbouring the large sparsely rakered whitefish. In this study, we investigate the potential influence of the vendace invasion on the breakdown of reproductive isolation between the two whitefish morphs. We inferred the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation between the two morphs collected at the arrival (1993) and 15 years after (2008) the vendace invasion using 16 microsatellite loci and gill raker numbers, the most distinctive adaptive phenotypic trait between them. The comparison of gill raker number distributions revealed two modes growing closer over 15 years following the invasion. Bayesian analyses of genotypes revealed that the two genetically distinct whitefish morphs that existed in 1993 had collapsed into a single population in 2008. The decline in association between the gill raker numbers and admixture values over 15 years corroborates the findings from the Bayesian analysis. Our study thus suggests an apparent decrease of reproductive isolation in a morph-pair of European whitefish within 15 years (≃ 3 generations) following the invasion of a superior trophic competitor (vendace) in a subarctic lake, reflecting a situation of "speciation in reverse".}, }
@article {pmid24622991, year = {2014}, author = {Engeman, R and Hershberger, T and Orzell, S and Felix, R and Killian, G and Woolard, J and Cornman, J and Romano, D and Huddleston, C and Zimmerman, P and Barre, C and Tillman, E and Avery, M}, title = {Impacts from control operations on a recreationally hunted feral swine population at a large military installation in Florida.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {21}, number = {12}, pages = {7689-7697}, pmid = {24622991}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Coyotes ; Ecosystem ; Florida ; *Military Facilities ; Population Control/methods ; Recreation ; Seasons ; *Swine ; }, abstract = {Feral swine were targeted for control at Avon Park Air Force Range in south-central Florida to avert damage to sensitive wetland habitats on the 40,000-ha base. We conducted a 5-year study to assess impacts from control to this population that had been recreationally hunted for many years. Control was initiated in early 2009. The feral swine population was monitored from 2008 to 2012 using a passive tracking index (PTI) during the dry and wet seasons and using recreational hunter take rates from the dry season. All three indices showed substantial feral swine declines after implementing control, with indices leveling for the final two study years. Military missions and recreational hunting seasons impacted temporal and spatial consistency of control application, thereby limiting further impacts of control efforts on the feral swine population. The PTI was also able to monitor coyotes, another invasive species on the base, and detect Florida black bear and Florida panther, species of particular concern.}, }
@article {pmid24621926, year = {2014}, author = {Vincent, SJ and Coutts, BA and Jones, RA}, title = {Effects of introduced and indigenous viruses on native plants: exploring their disease causing potential at the agro-ecological interface.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {e91224}, pmid = {24621926}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Biomass ; *Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Development ; Plant Diseases/*virology ; Plants/*virology ; *Virus Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {The ever increasing movement of viruses around the world poses a major threat to plants growing in cultivated and natural ecosystems. Both generalist and specialist viruses move via trade in plants and plant products. Their potential to damage cultivated plants is well understood, but little attention has been given to the threat such viruses pose to plant biodiversity. To address this, we studied their impact, and that of indigenous viruses, on native plants from a global biodiversity hot spot in an isolated region where agriculture is very recent (<185 years), making it possible to distinguish between introduced and indigenous viruses readily. To establish their potential to cause severe or mild systemic symptoms in different native plant species, we used introduced generalist and specialist viruses, and indigenous viruses, to inoculate plants of 15 native species belonging to eight families. We also measured resulting losses in biomass and reproductive ability for some host-virus combinations. In addition, we sampled native plants growing over a wide area to increase knowledge of natural infection with introduced viruses. The results suggest that generalist introduced viruses and indigenous viruses from other hosts pose a greater potential threat than introduced specialist viruses to populations of native plants encountered for the first time. Some introduced generalist viruses infected plants in more families than others and so pose a greater potential threat to biodiversity. The indigenous viruses tested were often surprisingly virulent when they infected native plant species they were not adapted to. These results are relevant to managing virus disease in new encounter scenarios at the agro-ecological interface between managed and natural vegetation, and within other disturbed natural vegetation situations. They are also relevant for establishing conservation policies for endangered plant species and avoiding spread of damaging viruses to undisturbed natural vegetation beyond the agro-ecological interface.}, }
@article {pmid24621592, year = {2014}, author = {Leisnham, PT and LaDeau, SL and Juliano, SA}, title = {Spatial and temporal habitat segregation of mosquitoes in urban Florida.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {e91655}, pmid = {24621592}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {R01 AI044793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01- AI-44793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Aedes ; Agriculture ; Animals ; *Culex ; Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; Florida ; Seasons ; *Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; }, abstract = {Understanding mechanisms fostering coexistence between invasive and resident species is important in predicting ecological, economic, or health impacts of invasive species. The non-native mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus have been resident in the southeastern United States for over a century. They coexist at some urban sites with the more recent invasive Aedes albopictus, which is usually superior in interspecific competition. We tested predictions of temporal and spatial habitat segregation that foster coexistence of these resident species with the superior invasive competitor. We measured spatial and temporal patterns of site occupancy and abundance for all three species among standard oviposition traps in metropolitan Tampa, Florida. Consistent with the condition-specific competition hypothesis, A. albopictus and A. aegypti abundances were greater and C. quinquefasciatus abundance was lower late (September) versus early (June) in the rainy season, and the proportional increase of A. albopictus abundance was greater than that of A. aegypti. These results are postulated to result from greater dry-season egg mortality and associated greater rainy-season competitive superiority of larvae of A. albopictus, followed by A. aegypti, and C. quinquefasciatus. Spatial partitioning among landscape variables was also evident among species, with A. albopictus more likely to oviposit across a range of open grass landscapes whereas A. aegypti were mostly restricted to cemeteries. Culex quinquefasciatus showed a shift in abundance from cemeteries early in the rainy season to developed areas characterized by built environments with large proportions of impervious surfaces late in the rainy season, where A. albopictus was not in its highest abundance. These results suggest that both temporal and spatial variation, and their interaction, may contribute to local coexistence between Aedes and Culex mosquito species in urban areas.}, }
@article {pmid24620572, year = {2013}, author = {Vennila, S and Prasad, YG and Prabhakar, M and Agarwal, M and Sreedevi, G and Bambawale, OM}, title = {Weed hosts of cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).}, journal = {Journal of environmental biology}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {153-158}, pmid = {24620572}, issn = {0254-8704}, mesh = {Animals ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; India ; Introduced Species ; Plant Weeds/*classification ; }, abstract = {The exotic cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) invaded India during 2006, and caused widespread infestation across all nine cotton growing states. P. solenopsis also infested weeds that aided its faster spread and increased severity across cotton fields. Two year survey carried out to document host plants of P. solenopsis between 2008 and 2010 revealed 27, 83, 59 and 108 weeds belonging to 8, 18, 10 and 32 families serving as alternate hosts at North, Central, South and All India cotton growing zones, respectively. Plant species of four families viz., Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Malvaceae and Lamiaceae constituted almost 50% of the weed hosts. While 39 weed species supported P. solenopsis multiplication during the cotton season, 37 were hosts during off season. Higher number of weeds as off season hosts (17) outnumbering cotton season (13) at Central over other zones indicated the strong carryover of the pest aided by weeds between two cotton seasons. Six, two and seven weed hosts had the extreme severity of Grade 4 during cotton, off and cotton + off seasons, respectively. Higher number of weed hosts of P. solenopsis were located at roadside: South (12) > Central (8) > North (3) zones. Commonality of weed hosts was higher between C+S zones, while no weed host was common between N+S zones. Paper furnishes the wide range of weed hosts of P. solenopsis, discusses their significance, and formulated general and specific cultural management strategies for nationwide implementation to prevent its outbreaks.}, }
@article {pmid24619863, year = {2015}, author = {Mathenge, CW and Riegler, M and Beattie, GA and Spooner-Hart, RN and Holford, P}, title = {Genetic variation amongst biotypes of Dactylopius tomentosus.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {360-374}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12120}, pmid = {24619863}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents ; Cactaceae/classification/*parasitology ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; Genetic Variation ; Hemiptera/*genetics/*microbiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Phylogeny ; Wolbachia/genetics ; }, abstract = {The tomentose cochineal scale insect, Dactylopius tomentosus (Lamarck) (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae), is an important biological control agent against invasive species of Cylindropuntia (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae). Recent studies have demonstrated that this scale is composed of host-affiliated biotypes with differential host specificity and fitness on particular host species. We investigated genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships among D. tomentosus biotypes and provenances to examine the possibility that genetic diversity may be related to their host-use pattern, and whether their phylogenetic relationships would give insights into taxonomic relatedness of their host plants. Nucleotide sequence comparison was accomplished using sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. Sequences of individuals from the same host plant within a region were identical and characterized by a unique haplotype. Individuals belonging to the same biotype but from different regions had similar haplotypes. However, haplotypes were not shared between different biotypes. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the monophyletic D. tomentosus into 3 well-resolved clades of biotypes. The phylogenetic relationships and clustering of biotypes corresponded with known taxonomic relatedness of their hosts. Two biotypes, Fulgida and Mamillata, tested positive for Wolbachia (α-Proteobacteria), a common endosymbiont of insects. The Wolbachia sequences were serendipitously detected by using insect-specific COI DNA barcoding primers and are most similar to Wolbachia Supergroup F strains. This study is the first molecular characterization of cochineal biotypes that, together with Wolbachia sequences, contribute to the better identification of the biotypes of cochineal insects and to the biological control of cacti using host-specific biotypes of the scale.}, }
@article {pmid24619439, year = {2014}, author = {Carey, JR and Plant, RE and Papadopoulos, NT}, title = {Response to commentary by Gutierrez et al.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1782}, pages = {20132989}, pmid = {24619439}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Tephritidae/*physiology ; }, }
@article {pmid24619436, year = {2014}, author = {Gutierrez, AP and Ponti, L and Gilioli, G}, title = {Comments on the concept of ultra-low, cryptic tropical fruit fly populations.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1782}, pages = {20132825}, pmid = {24619436}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Tephritidae/*physiology ; }, }
@article {pmid24619184, year = {2014}, author = {Fuentes-Utrilla, P and Valbuena-Carabaña, M and Ennos, R and Gil, L}, title = {Population clustering and clonal structure evidence the relict state of Ulmus minor Mill. in the Balearic Islands.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {113}, number = {1}, pages = {21-31}, pmid = {24619184}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; Cluster Analysis ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Plant Dispersal/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Principal Component Analysis ; Spain ; Ulmus/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Field elm (Ulmus minor) is a riparian tree that grows in rare, small populations scattered along temporary watercourses in the Balearic Islands, nowadays mostly covered with Mediterranean vegetation. Agriculture and farming on the fertile land along the periodically flooded plains have reduced the elm populations to sparse tree lines along the creek beds. The presence of field elm in this very anthropic landscape has led some authors to consider it as an introduced species in the Balearics. However, pollen data suggest these elms may be the remains of larger populations experiencing continuous population shrinkage during the Holocene, and hence be native to the isles. In this paper, we apply genetic markers to assess whether field elm is or is not indigenous to the Balearic Islands. We compare the genetic variation in nine nuclear microsatellites of six Balearic populations (three in each of the largest islands, Majorca and Minorca) with that of three natural Iberian populations located in two regions, one geologically (Baetic mountains, SE Iberia) and another historically (Catalonia, NE Iberia) related to the islands. Principal coordinates analysis and Bayesian clustering methods reveal a strong genetic differentiation of the Balearic populations from the Iberian ones, and even among islands, which support their native origin. Genotypic variation in the islands is very low and clonal reproduction is very high compared with the mainland, as it is frequently observed in populations of clonal species where sexual reproduction is limited. We discuss the practical implications of these findings for the conservation of elm genetic resources of these findings.}, }
@article {pmid24617944, year = {2014}, author = {Zhang, B and Edwards, O and Kang, L and Fuller, S}, title = {A multi-genome analysis approach enables tracking of the invasion of a single Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) clone throughout the New World.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {8}, pages = {1940-1951}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12714}, pmid = {24617944}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*genetics ; Buchnera/genetics ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Kenya ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Russia ; South Africa ; Symbiosis ; Syria ; Triticum ; Turkey ; }, abstract = {This study investigated the population genetics, demographic history and pathway of invasion of the Russian wheat aphid (RWA) from its native range in Central Asia, the Middle East and Europe to South Africa and the Americas. We screened microsatellite markers, mitochondrial DNA and endosymbiont genes in 504 RWA clones from nineteen populations worldwide. Following pathway analyses of microsatellite and endosymbiont data, we postulate that Turkey and Syria were the most likely sources of invasion to Kenya and South Africa, respectively. Furthermore, we found that one clone transferred between South Africa and the Americas was most likely responsible for the New World invasion. Finally, endosymbiont DNA was found to be a high-resolution population genetic marker, extremely useful for studies of invasion over a relatively short evolutionary history time frame. This study has provided valuable insights into the factors that may have facilitated the recent global invasion by this damaging pest.}, }
@article {pmid24616522, year = {2014}, author = {Kalisz, S and Spigler, RB and Horvitz, CC}, title = {In a long-term experimental demography study, excluding ungulates reversed invader's explosive population growth rate and restored natives.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {111}, number = {12}, pages = {4501-4506}, pmid = {24616522}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Deer/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Development ; Population Growth ; }, abstract = {A major goal in ecology is to understand mechanisms that increase invasion success of exotic species. A recent hypothesis implicates altered species interactions resulting from ungulate herbivore overabundance as a key cause of exotic plant domination. To test this hypothesis, we maintained an experimental demography deer exclusion study for 6 y in a forest where the native ungulate Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer) is overabundant and Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) is aggressively invading. Because population growth is multiplicative across time, we introduce metrics that correctly integrate experimental effects across treatment years, the cumulative population growth rate, λc, and its geometric mean, λper-year, the time-averaged annual population growth rate. We determined λc and λper-year of the invader and of a common native, Trillium erectum. Our results conclusively demonstrate that deer are required for the success of Alliaria; its projected population trajectory shifted from explosive growth in the presence of deer (λper-year = 1.33) to decline toward extinction where deer are excluded (λper-year = 0.88). In contrast, Trillium's λper-year was suppressed in the presence of deer relative to deer exclusion (λper-year = 1.04 vs. 1.20, respectively). Retrospective sensitivity analyses revealed that the largest negative effect of deer exclusion on Alliaria came from rosette transitions, whereas the largest positive effect on Trillium came from reproductive transitions. Deer exclusion lowered Alliaria density while increasing Trillium density. Our results provide definitive experimental support that interactions with overabundant ungulates enhance demographic success of invaders and depress natives' success, with broad implications for biodiversity and ecosystem function worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid24616144, year = {2014}, author = {Rodolfo-Metalpa, R and Hoogenboom, MO and Rottier, C and Ramos-Esplá, A and Baker, AC and Fine, M and Ferrier-Pagès, C}, title = {Thermally tolerant corals have limited capacity to acclimatize to future warming.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {20}, number = {10}, pages = {3036-3049}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12571}, pmid = {24616144}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; Anthozoa/*physiology ; Dinoflagellida/genetics/*physiology ; Global Warming ; Hot Temperature/*adverse effects ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Photosynthesis/physiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Thermal stress affects organism performance differently depending on the ambient temperature to which they are acclimatized, which varies along latitudinal gradients. This study investigated whether differences in physiological responses to temperature are consistent with regional differences in temperature regimes for the stony coral Oculina patagonica. To resolve this question, we experimentally assessed how colonies originating from four different locations characterized by >3 °C variation in mean maximum annual temperature responded to warming from 20 to 32 °C. We assessed plasticity in symbiont identity, density, and photosynthetic properties, together with changes in host tissue biomass. Results show that, without changes in the type of symbiont hosted by coral colonies, O. patagonica has limited capacity to acclimatize to future warming. We found little evidence of variation in overall thermal tolerance, or in thermal optima, in response to spatial variation in ambient temperature. Given that the invader O. patagonica is a relatively new member of the Mediterranean coral fauna, our results also suggest that coral populations may need to remain isolated for a long period of time for thermal adaptation to potentially take place. Our study indicates that for O. patagonica, mortality associated with thermal stress manifests primarily through tissue breakdown under moderate but prolonged warming (which does not impair symbiont photosynthesis and, therefore, does not lead to bleaching). Consequently, projected global warming is likely to cause repeat incidents of partial and whole colony mortality and might drive a gradual range contraction of Mediterranean corals.}, }
@article {pmid24614821, year = {2014}, author = {Rathé, AA and Pilkington, LJ and Hoddle, MS and Spohr, LJ and Daugherty, MP and Gurr, GM}, title = {Feeding and development of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis, on Australian native plant species and implications for Australian biosecurity.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {e90410}, pmid = {24614821}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Choice Behavior ; *Feeding Behavior ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Life Cycle Stages ; Ovum/growth &amp; development ; Plants/*parasitology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Wings, Animal ; }, abstract = {In any insect invasion the presence or absence of suitable food and oviposition hosts in the invaded range is a key factor determining establishment success. The glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis, is an important insect vector of the xylem-limited bacterial plant pathogen, Xylella fastidiosa, which causes disease in numerous host plants including food and feedstock crops, ornamentals and weeds. Both the pathogen and the vector are native to the Americas and are considered to be highly invasive. Neither has been detected in Australia. Twelve Australian native plant species present in the USA were observed over two years for suitability as H. vitripennis feeding, oviposition and nymph development hosts. Hosts providing evidence of adult or nymph presence were Leptospermum laevigatum, Acacia cowleana, Eremophila divaricata, Eucalyptus wandoo, Hakea laurina, Melaleuca laterita and Swainsona galegifolia. An oviposition-suitability field study was conducted with citrus, a favoured oviposition host, as a positive control. Citrus and L. laevigatum, A. cowleana, B. ericifolia×B. spinulosa, C. pulchella, E. divaricata, E. wandoo, H. laurina, and S. galegifolia were found to be oviposition hosts. Egg parasitism by the mymarid parasitoid Gonatocerus ashmeadi was observed on all Australian plants. A number of Australian plants that may facilitate H. vitripennis invasion have been identified and categorised as 'high risk' due to their ability to support all three life stages (egg, nymph and adult) of the insect in the field (L. laevigatum, A. cowleana, E. divaricata, H. laurina, and S. galegifolia). The implications of these host status and natural enemy research findings are discussed and placed in an Australian invasion context.}, }
@article {pmid24614330, year = {2014}, author = {Tang, B and Chen, J and Hou, Y and Meng, E}, title = {Transcriptome immune analysis of the invasive beetle Octodonta nipae (Maulik) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) parasitized by Tetrastichus brontispae Ferrière (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {e91482}, pmid = {24614330}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Cluster Analysis ; Coleoptera/*genetics/*immunology/parasitology ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Ontology ; Genes, Insect ; Host-Parasite Interactions/genetics ; Hymenoptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Pupa/genetics/parasitology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Transcription, Genetic ; }, abstract = {The beetle Octodonta nipae (Maulik) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a serious invasive insect pest of palm plants in southern China, and the endoparasitoid Tetrastichus brontispae Ferrière (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a natural enemy of this pest that exhibits great ability in the biocontrol of O. nipae. For successful parasitism, endoparasitoids often introduce or secrete various virulence factors to suppress host immunity. To investigate the effects of parasitization by T. brontispae on the O. nipae immune system, the transcriptome of O. nipae pupae was analyzed with a focus on immune-related genes through Illumina sequencing. De novo assembly generated 49,919 unigenes with a mean length of 598 bp. Of these genes, 27,490 unigenes (55.1% of all unigenes) exhibited clear homology to known genes in the NCBI nr database. Parasitization had significant effects on the transcriptome profile of O. nipae pupae, and most of these differentially expressed genes were down-regulated. Importantly, the expression profiles of immune-related genes were significantly regulated after parasitization. Taken together, these transcriptome sequencing efforts shed valuable light on the host (O. nipae) manipulation mechanisms induced by T. brontispae, which will pave the way for the development of novel immune defense-based management strategies of O. nipae, and provide a springboard for further molecular analyses, particularly of O. nipae invasion.}, }
@article {pmid24612883, year = {2014}, author = {Galgani, F and Claro, F and Depledge, M and Fossi, C}, title = {Monitoring the impact of litter in large vertebrates in the Mediterranean Sea within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD): constraints, specificities and recommendations.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {100}, number = {}, pages = {3-9}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.02.003}, pmid = {24612883}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Exposure ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; European Union ; Mediterranean Sea ; Vertebrates/*metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {In its decision (2010/477/EU) relating to the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008/56/EC), the European Commission identified the following points as focuses for monitoring: (i) 10.1.1: Trends in the amount, source and composition of litter washed ashore and/or deposited on coastlines, (ii) 10.1.2: Trends in the amount and composition of litter in the water column and accumulation on the sea floor, (iii) 10.1.3: Trends in the amount, distribution and composition of micro-particles (mainly microplastics), and (iv) 10.2.1: Trends in the amount and composition of litter ingested by marine animals. Monitoring the impacts of litter will be considered further in 2014. At that time, the strategy will be discussed in the context of the Mediterranean Sea, providing information on constraints, protocols, existing harm and research needed to support monitoring efforts. The definition of targets and acceptable levels of harm must take all factors into account, whether entanglement, ingestion, the transport and release of pollutants, the transport of alien species and socio-economic impacts. It must also reflect on the practical deployment of "ingestion" measures (10.2.1). The analysis of existing data will reveal the potential and suitability of some higher trophic level organisms (fish, turtles, birds and mammals) for monitoring the adverse effects of litter. Sea turtles appear to be useful indicator species, but the definition of an ecological quality objective is still needed, as well as research on alternative potential indicator species.}, }
@article {pmid24612028, year = {2014}, author = {Moran, EV and Alexander, JM}, title = {Evolutionary responses to global change: lessons from invasive species.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {17}, number = {5}, pages = {637-649}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12262}, pmid = {24612028}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Biologists have recently devoted increasing attention to the role of rapid evolution in species' responses to environmental change. However, it is still unclear what evolutionary responses should be expected, at what rates, and whether evolution will save populations at risk of extinction. The potential of biological invasions to provide useful insights has barely been realised, despite the close analogies to species responding to global change, particularly climate change; in both cases, populations encounter novel climatic and biotic selection pressures, with expected evolutionary responses occurring over similar timescales. However, the analogy is not perfect, and invasive species are perhaps best used as an upper bound on expected change. In this article, we review what invasive species can and cannot teach us about likely evolutionary responses to global change and the constraints on those responses. We also discuss the limitations of invasive species as a model and outline directions for future research.}, }
@article {pmid24610752, year = {2014}, author = {Wang, J and He, WB and Su, YL and Bing, XL and Liu, SS}, title = {Molecular characterization of soluble and membrane-bound trehalases of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci.}, journal = {Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {85}, number = {4}, pages = {216-233}, doi = {10.1002/arch.21155}, pmid = {24610752}, issn = {1520-6327}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Begomovirus ; Female ; Gossypium ; Hemiptera/*enzymology/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nymph ; Oocytes ; Ovary ; Pupa ; Salivary Glands/*enzymology ; Nicotiana/microbiology ; Trehalase/*chemistry/metabolism ; Trehalose/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Trehalases (Tres) have been demonstrated to be the key enzymes that are involved in various trehalose-associated physiological processes in insects. However, little attention has been devoted to the Tres in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. In this study, a soluble Tre (BtTre-1) and a membrane-bound Tre (BtTre-2) were cloned in the invasive cryptic species Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) of the whitefly B. tabaci complex. Alignment of deduced amino acids sequences of both BtTres revealed that they share common consensus regions and residues with Tres of other insect species. Levels of BtTres expression in various stages and tissues of the whitefly suggested that BtTre-2 may play a key role in trehalose catabolism during development of the whitefly, especially for oocyte development, while BtTre-1 may prevent trehalose in salivary gland from leaking and entering into plants along with saliva. Potential roles of trehalose catabolism in response to direct and/or plant-mediated indirect effects of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl China Virus (TYLCCNV) were also detected. Whiteflies feeding on virus-infected tobacco plants showed higher BtTres expressions and accordingly higher BtTres activity but lower trehalose content than those feeding on uninfected plants. The enhanced trehalose catabolism may be beneficial to oocyte development in ovary and attenuate plant defensive responses induced by trehalose in saliva. Viruliferous and nonviruliferous whiteflies feeding on cotton, a nonhost plant for TYLCCNV, differed significantly only in trehalose content. The higher trehalose content in viruliferous whiteflies may be conducive to resisting the stress inflicted by TYLCCNV.}, }
@article {pmid24609233, year = {2014}, author = {Kvach, Y and Kornyychuk, Y and Mierzejewska, K and Rubtsova, N and Yurakhno, V and Grabowska, J and Ovcharenko, M}, title = {Parasitization of invasive gobiids in the eastern part of the Central trans-European corridor of invasion of Ponto-Caspian hydrobionts.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {113}, number = {5}, pages = {1605-1624}, pmid = {24609233}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Black Sea ; *Introduced Species ; Parasite Load ; Parasites/*classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Perciformes/classification/*parasitology ; Poland ; Rivers ; Ukraine ; }, abstract = {Four gobiid species, Babka gymnotrachelus, Neogobius melanostomus, Neogobius fluviatilis, and Proterorhinus semilunaris, were parasitologically studied in different localities of the Dnieper and Vistula river basins. The highest number of parasitic species was found in N. fluviatilis (35 taxa). The parasite fauna of N. melanostomus, B. gymnotrachelus, and P. semilunaris consists of 23, 22, and 15 taxa, respectively. The species accumulation curves show stable accumulation of parasite species by all four fish hosts along the studied part of the corridor, from the Dnieper Estuary to the Vistula River delta. The plot reveals also that the studied gobies lose the parasites common in the host native range and accept new parasites from the colonized area. In the case of N. melanostomus, it complies with the enemy release hypothesis, as the parasite load was low in the invaded area if compared to the native range. The three other alien gobies are vector for Gyrodactylus proterorhini in the Baltic basin. Moreover, populations of this alien monogenean tend to be more abundant in their new range in comparison with the Black Sea basin. In general, the number of parasite species in the colonized area was of the same rank as in the native one for N. fluviatilis, and even higher for B. gymnotrachelus. This results from accumulating new parasite species along the gobiid invasion route. In particular, the N. fluviatilis, B. gymnotrachelus, and P. semilunaris lost some of their native parasites and gained the local ones after entering the post-dam part of the Vistula River; it can be interpreted as a partial escape from parasites.}, }
@article {pmid24608258, year = {2014}, author = {DiTommaso, A and Morris, SH and Parker, JD and Cone, CL and Agrawal, AA}, title = {Deer browsing delays succession by altering aboveground vegetation and belowground seed banks.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {e91155}, pmid = {24608258}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Deer/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Linear Models ; New York ; Seeds/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Soil seed bank composition is important to the recovery of natural and semi-natural areas from disturbance and serves as a safeguard against environmental catastrophe. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations have increased dramatically in eastern North America over the past century and can have strong impacts on aboveground vegetation, but their impacts on seed bank dynamics are less known. To document the long-term effects of deer browsing on plant successional dynamics, we studied the impacts of deer on both aboveground vegetation and seed bank composition in plant communities following agricultural abandonment. In 2005, we established six 15 × 15 m fenced enclosures and paired open plots in recently followed agricultural fields near Ithaca, NY, USA. In late October of each of six years (2005-2010), we collected soil from each plot and conducted seed germination cycles in a greenhouse to document seed bank composition. These data were compared to measurements of aboveground plant cover (2005-2008) and tree density (2005-2012). The impacts of deer browsing on aboveground vegetation were severe and immediate, resulting in significantly more bare soil, reduced plant biomass, reduced recruitment of woody species, and relatively fewer native species. These impacts persisted throughout the experiment. The impacts of browsing were even stronger on seed bank dynamics. Browsing resulted in significantly decreased overall species richness (but higher diversity), reduced seed bank abundance, relatively more short-lived species (annuals and biennials), and fewer native species. Both seed bank richness and the relative abundance of annuals/biennials were mirrored in the aboveground vegetation. Thus, deer browsing has long-term and potentially reinforcing impacts on secondary succession, slowing succession by selectively consuming native perennials and woody species and favoring the persistence of short-lived, introduced species that continually recruit from an altered seed bank.}, }
@article {pmid24607524, year = {2014}, author = {Fisher, D and Yonkos, L and Ziegler, G and Friedel, E and Burton, D}, title = {Acute and chronic toxicity of selected disinfection byproducts to Daphnia magna, Cyprinodon variegatus, and Isochrysis galbana.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {55}, number = {}, pages = {233-244}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.056}, pmid = {24607524}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {Animals ; Bromates/toxicity ; Daphnia/*drug effects ; Environmental Monitoring ; Haptophyta/drug effects ; Killifishes ; Sodium Compounds/toxicity ; Trihalomethanes/toxicity ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; Water Purification/standards ; }, abstract = {Ballast water treatment has become a major issue in the last decade due to the problem of invasive species transported and released by the uptake and discharge of ballast water for shipping operations. One of the important issues considering ballast water treatment is to determine whether treated ballast water, once discharged, is safe to the aquatic environment. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) Marine Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC) has determined that prior to approval of a ballast water management system, aquatic toxicity data must be available for both the active substance and relevant byproducts. Many proposed ballast water treatment systems use chlorine as the active ingredient. Although there are sufficient toxicity data concerning active substances such as chlorine, there are limited toxicity data concerning disinfection (halogenated) byproducts including dibromochloromethane, four haloacetic acids and sodium bromate. Acute and chronic toxicity were determined for these disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Acute toxicity values ranged from 96-h LC50s of 46.8 mg/l for Daphnia magna for both dibromochloromethane and sodium bromate to a 96-h LC50 of 376.4 mg/l for Cyprinodon variegatus for tribromoacetic acid. Acute Isochrysis galbana population growth effect values ranged from a 72-h EC10 of 39.9 mg/l for dichloroacetic acid to a 72-h EC50 of 15,954 mg/l for sodium bromate. Chronic toxicity mortality/reproduction effects values for D. magna ranged from a 21-d IC25 of 160.9 mg/l for tribromoacetic acid to a 21-d LOEC of 493.0 mg/l for trichloroacetic acid. Chronic toxicity mortality/growth values for C. variegatus ranged from a 32-d IC25 of 246.8 mg/l for trichloroacetic acid to a 32-d LOEC of 908.1 mg/l for tribromoacetic acid. I. galbana 96-h chronic population growth effects values ranged from an EC10 of 38.5 mg/l for trichloroacetic acid to an LOEC of 500.0 mg/l for tribromoacetic acid. Acute to chronic ratios for all of these DBPs ranged from 0.8 to 3.0. Based on toxicity/ecorisk categories generated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, these disinfection byproducts would be considered either slightly toxic or practically nontoxic to the aquatic organisms tested.}, }
@article {pmid24607513, year = {2014}, author = {Castillo, JM and Grewell, BJ and Pickart, A and Bortolus, A and Peña, C and Figueroa, E and Sytsma, M}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity of invasive Spartina densiflora (Poaceae) along a broad latitudinal gradient on the Pacific Coast of North America.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {101}, number = {3}, pages = {448-458}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1400014}, pmid = {24607513}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Carbon/metabolism ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Climate Change ; Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; Introduced Species ; North America ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/*metabolism ; Phenotype ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Salinity ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Phenotypic acclimation of individual plants and genetic differentiation by natural selection within invasive populations are two potential mechanisms that may confer fitness advantages and allow plants to cope with environmental variation. The invasion of Spartina densiflora across a wide latitudinal gradient from California (USA) to British Columbia (Canada) provides a natural model system to study the potential mechanisms underlying the response of invasive populations to substantial variation in climate and other environmental variables.<br><br>METHODS: We examined morphological and physiological leaf traits of Spartina densiflora plants in populations from invaded estuarine sites across broad latitudinal and climate gradients along the Pacific west coast of North America and in favorable conditions in a common garden experiment.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Our results show that key foliar traits varied widely among populations. Most foliar traits measured in the field were lower than would be expected under ideal growing conditions. Photosynthetic pigment concentrations at higher latitudes were lower than those observed at lower latitudes. Greater leaf rolling, reduced leaf lengths, and lower chlorophyll and higher carbon concentrations were observed with anoxic sediments. Lower chlorophyll to carotenoids ratios and reduced nitrogen concentrations were correlated with sediment salinity. Our results suggest that the variations of foliar traits recorded in the field are a plastic phenotypic response that was not sustained under common garden conditions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: SPARTINA DENSIFLORA shows wide differences in its foliar traits in response to environmental heterogeneity in salt marshes, which appears to be the result of phenotypic plasticity rather than genetic differentiation.}, }
@article {pmid24605457, year = {2014}, author = {Yee, DA and Skiff, JF}, title = {Interspecific competition of a new invasive mosquito, Culex coronator, and two container mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae), across different detritus environments.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {89-96}, pmid = {24605457}, issn = {0022-2585}, support = {R15 AI092404/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R15 AI-92404-01A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Competitive Behavior ; Culex/*growth &amp; development ; Environment ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; }, abstract = {The mosquito Culex coronator (Dyar and Knab) (Diptera: Culicidae) has undergone rapid range expansion in the United States since 2003, with its historical distribution in the southwest expanding eastward to the Atlantic coast. Although Cx. coronator nominally use small natural aquatic habitats for development, the use of containers (e.g., tires) makes it potentially important as container invasive. To determine the potential ecological effects of Cx. coronator on resident container species, we conducted a laboratory experiment to assess its competitive ability with two common tire-inhabiting species, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae). Larvae were reared under a factorial design with each species alone and in combination (Cx. coronator + Ae. albopictus, Cx. coronator + Cx. quinquefasciatus) across three different resource environments (leaf detritus only, animal detritus only, animal + leaf). Mosquito performance (survival, adult male and female mass, and development time) was measured for each species across treatments. Female Cx. coronator developed slowest when grown with Ae. albopictus, or when grown with leaves only regardless of species combinations; similar patterns emerged for males although species effects were restricted to mass. Few differences were evident in performance for male and female Cx. coronator across detritus environments when grown with Cx. quinquefasciatus. Cx. quinquefasciatus did not vary in mass or development time in the presence of Cx. coronator compared with when grown alone. Ae. albopictus female mass was 15% lower in the presence of Cx. coronator. Survival of Cx. coronator was highest in animal and leaf detritus containers, although survival was generally lower when larvae were grown with Ae. albopictus. These findings suggest that the performance of Cx. coronator is similar to that of Cx. quinquefasciatus but it suffers in the presence of Ae. albopictus under some resource environments.}, }
@article {pmid24604545, year = {2014}, author = {Sepúlveda, MA and Singer, RS and Silva-Rodríguez, EA and Eguren, A and Stowhas, P and Pelican, K}, title = {Invasive American mink: linking pathogen risk between domestic and endangered carnivores.}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {409-419}, pmid = {24604545}, issn = {1612-9210}, mesh = {Animal Diseases/*epidemiology/*transmission ; Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Chile/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Distemper/*epidemiology/*transmission ; *Distemper Virus, Canine ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology/transmission ; Dogs ; Mink ; Otters ; }, abstract = {Infectious diseases, in particular canine distemper virus (CDV), are an important threat to the viability of wild carnivore populations. CDV is thought to be transmitted by direct contact between individuals; therefore, the study of species interactions plays a pivotal role in understanding CDV transmission dynamics. However, CDV often appears to move between populations that are ecologically isolated, possibly through bridge hosts that interact with both species. This study investigated how an introduced species could alter multihost interactions and act as a bridge host in a novel carnivore assemblage of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), invasive American mink (Neovison vison), and threatened river otters (Lontra provocax) in southern Chile. We found that rural dogs interact with mink near farms whereas in riparian habitats, minks and river otters shared the same latrines with both species visiting sites frequently within time intervals well within CDV environmental persistence. No interactions were observed between dogs and otters at either location. Both dog and mink populations were serologically positive for CDV, making the pathogen transfer risk to otters a conservation concern. Altogether, introduced mink in this ecosystem have the potential to act as bridge hosts between domestic dogs and endangered carnivores.}, }
@article {pmid24604540, year = {2014}, author = {Carnell, PE and Keough, MJ}, title = {Spatially variable synergistic effects of disturbance and additional nutrients on kelp recruitment and recovery.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {175}, number = {1}, pages = {409-416}, pmid = {24604540}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Australia ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Kelp/*growth &amp; development ; Nitrogen/chemistry ; Seasons ; Seawater/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Understanding the impact of multiple stressors on ecosystems is of pronounced importance, particularly when one or more of those stressors is anthropogenic. Here we investigated the role of physical disturbance and increased nutrients on reefs dominated by the canopy-forming kelp Ecklonia radiata. We combined experimental kelp canopy removals and additional nutrient at three different locations in a large embayment in temperate southeastern Australia. Over the following winter recruitment season, Ecklonia recruitment was unaffected by increased nutrients alone, but tripled at all sites where the canopy had been removed. At one site, the combination of disturbance and increased nutrients resulted in more than four times the recruitment of the introduced kelp Undaria pinnatifida. Six months after disturbance, the proliferation of the Undaria canopy in the canopy-removal and nutrient-addition treatment negatively influenced the recovery of the native kelp Ecklonia. Given the otherwise competitive dominance of adult Ecklonia, this provides a mechanism whereby Undaria could maintain open space for the following recruitment season. This interplay between disturbance, nutrients and the response of native and invasive species makes a compelling case for how a combination of factors can influence species dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid24603832, year = {2014}, author = {Wilson, HE and Carroll, GC and Roy, BA and Blaisdell, GK}, title = {Tall fescue is a potential spillover reservoir host for Alternaria species.}, journal = {Mycologia}, volume = {106}, number = {1}, pages = {22-31}, doi = {10.3852/12-330}, pmid = {24603832}, issn = {0027-5514}, mesh = {Alternaria/*physiology ; Disease Reservoirs/*microbiology ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Poaceae/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {The spread of invasive species is complicated and multifaceted. Enemy spillover (i.e. the transfer of a natural enemy from a reservoir host to a novel host) is one mechanism that facilitates the spread of non-native species. The reservoir host is a species that harbors high abundance of the enemy with little cost to fitness. We asked whether Schedonorus arundinaceus (tall fescue), a highly invasive grass species in North America, is a potential reservoir host for the ubiquitous genus of fungi, Alternaria. We also asked whether spillover of Alternaria is possible among grasses that commonly occur with S. arundinaceus in grassland ecosystems. We performed a greenhouse cross inoculation of three isolates of Alternaria and six grass species (three native, three invasive, including S. arundinaceus). We determined that spillover is possible because the fungal isolates infected and caused disease symptoms on all six grasses and decreased biomass in two of the grass species. We also determined that the invasive grass species appear to be more competent hosts than the native species and that S. arundinaceus could be a likely reservoir host for Alternaria spp. because it can harbor the pathogen with no apparent fitness cost.}, }
@article {pmid24603596, year = {2014}, author = {Wang, H and Fan, X and Owada, M and Wang, M and Nylin, S}, title = {Phylogeny, systematics and biogeography of the genus panolis (lepidoptera: noctuidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e90598}, pmid = {24603596}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; China ; Female ; Genetic Speciation ; Male ; Models, Genetic ; Moths/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The genus Panolis is a small group of noctuid moths with six recognized species distributed from Europe to East Asia, and best known for containing the widespread Palearctic pest species P. flammea, the pine beauty moth. However, a reliable classification and robust phylogenetic framework for this group of potentially economic importance are currently lacking. Here, we use morphological and molecular data (mitochondrial genes cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S ribosomal RNA, nuclear gene elongation factor-1 alpha) to reconstruct the phylogeny of this genus, with a comprehensive systematic revision of all recognized species and a new one, P. ningshan sp. nov. The analysis results of maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inferring methods for the combined morphological and molecular data sets are highly congruent, resulting in a robust phylogeny and identification of two clear species groups, i.e., the P. flammea species group and the P. exquisita species group. We also estimate the divergence times of Panolis moths using two conventional mutation rates for the arthropod mitochondrial COI gene with a comparison of two molecular clock models, as well as reconstruct their ancestral areas. Our results suggest that 1) Panolis is a young clade, originating from the Oriental region in China in the Late Miocene (6-10Mya), with an ancestral species in the P. flammea group extending northward to the Palearctic region some 3-6 Mya; 2) there is a clear possibility for a representative of the Palearctic clade to become established as an invasive species in the Nearctic taiga.}, }
@article {pmid24601780, year = {2014}, author = {Nishikawa, T and Oohara, I and Saitoh, K and Shigenobu, Y and Hasegawa, N and Kanamori, M and Baba, K and Turon, X and Bishop, JD}, title = {Molecular and morphological discrimination between an invasive ascidian, Ascidiella aspersa, and its congener A. scabra (Urochordata: Ascidiacea).}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {180-185}, doi = {10.2108/zsj.31.180}, pmid = {24601780}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Phylogeny ; Sweden ; Urochordata/*anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The solitary ascidian Ascidiella aspersa (Müller, 1776) has sometimes been regarded as conspecific with A. scabra (Müller, 1776), although previous detailed morphological comparisons have indicated that the two are distinguishable by internal structures. Resolution of this taxonomic issue is important because A. aspersa has been known as a notoriously invasive ascidian, doing much damage to aquaculture e.g. in Hokkaido, Japan. We collected many specimens from European waters (including the Swedish coast, near the type localities of these two species) and Hokkaido, Japan (as an alien population) and made molecular phylogenetic analyses using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, and found that in terms of COI sequences all the analyzed specimens were clustered into two distinct groups, one of which is morphologically referable to A. aspersa and the other to A. scabra. Thus, these two species should be regarded as distinct from each other.}, }
@article {pmid24599894, year = {2014}, author = {Mavengere, NR and Ellis, AG and Le Roux, JJ}, title = {Burkholderia aspalathi sp. nov., isolated from root nodules of the South African legume Aspalathus abietina Thunb.}, journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology}, volume = {64}, number = {Pt 6}, pages = {1906-1912}, doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.057067-0}, pmid = {24599894}, issn = {1466-5034}, mesh = {Aspalathus/*microbiology ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Base Composition ; Burkholderia/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Fatty Acids/chemistry ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rec A Recombinases/genetics ; Root Nodules, Plant/*microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; South Africa ; Ubiquinone/chemistry ; }, abstract = {During a study to investigate the diversity of rhizobia associated with native legumes in South Africa's Cape Floristic Region, a Gram-negative bacterium designated VG1C(T) was isolated from the root nodules of Aspalathus abietina Thunb. Based on phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA and recA genes, VG1C(T) belongs to the genus Burkholderia, with the highest degree of sequence similarity to the type strain of Burkholderia sediminicola (98.5% and 98%, respectively). The DNA G+C content of strain VG1C(T) was 60.1 mol%, and DNA-DNA relatedness values to the type strain of closely related species were found to be substantially lower than 70%. As evidenced by results of genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic tests provided here, we conclude that isolate VG1C(T) represents a novel rhizosphere-associated species in the genus Burkholderia, for which the name Burkholderia aspalathi sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain VG1C(T) (= DSM 27239(T) = LMG 27731(T)).}, }
@article {pmid24599347, year = {2014}, author = {Miller, NA and Chen, X and Stillman, JH}, title = {Metabolic physiology of the invasive clam, Potamocorbula amurensis: the interactive role of temperature, salinity, and food availability.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {e91064}, pmid = {24599347}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Bivalvia/enzymology/*metabolism/*physiology ; Citrate (si)-Synthase/metabolism ; *Food ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Pyruvate Kinase/metabolism ; *Salinity ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {In biological systems energy serves as the ultimate commodity, often determining species distributions, abundances, and interactions including the potential impact of invasive species on native communities. The Asian clam Potamocorbula amurensis invaded the San Francisco Estuary (SFE) in 1986 and is implicated in the decline of native fish species through resource competition. Using a combined laboratory/field study we examined how energy expenditure in this clam is influenced by salinity, temperature and food availability. Measures of metabolism were made at whole organism (metabolic rate) and biochemical (pyruvate kinase (PK) and citrate synthase (CS) enzyme activities) levels. We found in the field, over the course of a year, the ratio of PK to CS was typically 1.0 suggesting that aerobic and fermentative metabolism were roughly equivalent, except for particular periods characterized by low salinity, higher temperatures, and intermediate food availabilities. In a 30-day laboratory acclimation experiment, however, neither metabolic rate nor PK:CS ratio was consistently influenced by the same variables, though the potential for fermentative pathways did predominate. We conclude that in field collected animals, the addition of biochemical measures of energetic state provide little additional information to the previously measured whole organism metabolic rate. In addition, much of the variation in the laboratory remained unexplained and additional variables, including reproductive stage or body condition may influence laboratory-based results. Further study of adult clams must consider the role of organismal condition, especially reproductive state, in comparisons of laboratory experiments and field observations.}, }
@article {pmid24599307, year = {2014}, author = {Rendall, AR and Sutherland, DR and Cooke, R and White, J}, title = {Camera trapping: a contemporary approach to monitoring invasive rodents in high conservation priority ecosystems.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {e86592}, pmid = {24599307}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Mice ; Photography ; Population Density ; Rats ; }, abstract = {Invasive rodent species have established on 80% of the world's islands causing significant damage to island environments. Insular ecosystems support proportionally more biodiversity than comparative mainland areas, highlighting them as critical for global biodiversity conservation. Few techniques currently exist to adequately detect, with high confidence, species that are trap-adverse such as the black rat, Rattus rattus, in high conservation priority areas where multiple non-target species persist. This study investigates the effectiveness of camera trapping for monitoring invasive rodents in high conservation areas, and the influence of habitat features and density of colonial-nesting seabirds on rodent relative activity levels to provide insights into their potential impacts. A total of 276 camera sites were established and left in situ for 8 days. Identified species were recorded in discrete 15 min intervals, referred to as 'events'. In total, 19 804 events were recorded. From these, 31 species were identified comprising 25 native species and six introduced. Two introduced rodent species were detected: the black rat (90% of sites), and house mouse Mus musculus (56% of sites). Rodent activity of both black rats and house mice were positively associated with the structural density of habitats. Density of seabird burrows was not strongly associated with relative activity levels of rodents, yet rodents were still present in these areas. Camera trapping enabled a large number of rodents to be detected with confidence in site-specific absences and high resolution to quantify relative activity levels. This method enables detection of multiple species simultaneously with low impact (for both target and non-target individuals); an ideal strategy for monitoring trap-adverse invasive rodents in high conservation areas.}, }
@article {pmid24598426, year = {2014}, author = {Péréfarres, F and Thébaud, G and Lefeuvre, P and Chiroleu, F and Rimbaud, L and Hoareau, M and Reynaud, B and Lett, JM}, title = {Frequency-dependent assistance as a way out of competitive exclusion between two strains of an emerging virus.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1781}, pages = {20133374}, pmid = {24598426}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Begomovirus/genetics/*physiology ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*virology ; Hemiptera/virology ; Insect Vectors/virology ; *Introduced Species ; Solanum lycopersicum/*virology ; Microbial Interactions/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reunion ; Selection, Genetic ; Species Specificity ; Viral Load ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are the main causes of emerging viral diseases and they favour the co-occurrence of multiple species or strains in the same environment. Depending on the nature of the interaction, co-occurrence can lead to competitive exclusion or coexistence. The successive fortuitous introductions of two strains of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV-Mld and TYLCV-IL) in Réunion Island provided an ideal opportunity to study the invasion of, and competition between, these worldwide emerging pathogens. During a 7-year field survey, we observed a displacement of the resident TYLCV-Mld by the newcomer TYLCV-IL, with TYLCV-Mld remaining mostly in co-infected plants. To understand the factors associated with this partial displacement, biological traits related to fitness were measured. The better ecological aptitude of TYLCV-IL in single infections was demonstrated, which explains its rapid spread. However, we demonstrate that the relative fitness of virus strains can drastically change between single infections and co-infections. An epidemiological model parametrized with our experimental data predicts that the two strains will coexist in the long run through assistance by the fitter strain. This rare case of unilateral facilitation between two pathogens leads to frequency-dependent selection and maintenance of the less fit strain.}, }
@article {pmid24597228, year = {2013}, author = {Crumsey, JM and Le Moine, JM and Capowiez, Y and Goodsitt, MM and Larson, SC and Kling, GW and Nadelhoffer, KJ}, title = {Community-specific impacts of exotic earthworm invasions on soil carbon dynamics in a sandy temperate forest.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {12}, pages = {2827-2837}, doi = {10.1890/12-1555.1}, pmid = {24597228}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon/*chemistry/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Oligochaeta/*classification/*physiology ; Silicon Dioxide ; Soil/*chemistry ; Time Factors ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Exotic earthworm introductions can alter above- and belowground properties of temperate forests, but the net impacts on forest soil carbon (C) dynamics are poorly understood. We used a mesocosm experiment to examine the impacts of earthworm species belonging to three different ecological groups (Lumbricus terrestris [anecic], Aporrectodea trapezoides [endogeic], and Eisenia fetida [epigeic]) on C distributions and storage in reconstructed soil profiles from a sandy temperate forest soil by measuring CO2 and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) losses, litter C incorporation into soil, and soil C storage with monospecific and species combinations as treatments. Soil CO2 loss was 30% greater from the Endogeic x Epigeic treatment than from controls (no earthworms) over the first 45 days; CO2 losses from monospecific treatments did not differ from controls. DOC losses were three orders of magnitude lower than CO2 losses, and were similar across earthworm community treatments. Communities with the anecic species accelerated litter C mass loss by 31-39% with differential mass loss of litter types (Acer rubrum > Populus grandidentata > Fagus grandifolia > Quercus rubra > or = Pinus strobus) indicative of leaf litter preference. Burrow system volume, continuity, and size distribution differed across earthworm treatments but did not affect cumulative CO2 or DOC losses. However, burrow system structure controlled vertical C redistribution by mediating the contributions of leaf litter to A-horizon C and N pools, as indicated by strong correlations between (1) subsurface vertical burrows made by anecic species, and accelerated leaf litter mass losses (with the exception of P. strobus); and (2) dense burrow networks in the A-horizon and the C and N properties of these pools. Final soil C storage was slightly lower in earthworm treatments, indicating that increased leaf litter C inputs into soil were more than offset by losses as CO2 and DOC across earthworm community treatments.}, }
@article {pmid24597227, year = {2013}, author = {Zhao, L and Lu, M and Niu, H and Fang, G and Zhang, S and Sun, J}, title = {A native fungal symbiont facilitates the prevalence and development of an invasive pathogen-native vector symbiosis.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {12}, pages = {2817-2826}, doi = {10.1890/12-2229.1}, pmid = {24597227}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Fungi/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Nematoda ; Pinus/*parasitology ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Invasive pathogen-insect symbioses have been extensively studied in many different ecological niches. Whether the damage of symbioses in different introduced regions might be influenced by other microorganisms has, however, received little attention. Eight years of field data showed that the varied levels of the nematode and beetle populations and infested trees of the invasive Bursaphelenchus xylophilus--Monochamus alternatus symbiosis were correlated with patterns in the isolation frequencies of ophiostomatoid fungi at six sites, while the laboratory experiments showed that the nematode produced greater numbers of offspring with a female-biased sex ratio and developed faster in the presence of one native symbiotic ophiostomatoid fungus, Sporothrix sp. 1. Diacetone alcohol (DAA) from xylem inoculated with Sporothrix sp. 1 induced B. xylophilus to produce greater numbers of offspring. Its presence also significantly increased the growth and survival rate of M. alternatus, and possibly explains the prevalence of the nematode-vector symbiosis when Sporothrix sp. 1 was dominant in the fungal communities. Studying the means by which multispecies interactions contributed to biogeographical dynamics allowed us to better understand the varied levels of damage caused by biological invasion across the invaded range.}, }
@article {pmid24597221, year = {2013}, author = {Mordecai, EA}, title = {Despite spillover, a shared pathogen promotes native plant persistence in a cheatgrass-invaded grassland.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {12}, pages = {2744-2753}, doi = {10.1890/13-0086.1}, pmid = {24597221}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Poaceae/*microbiology/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {How pathogen spillover influences host community diversity and composition is poorly understood. Spillover occurs when transmission from a reservoir host species drives infection in another host species. In cheatgrass-invaded grasslands in the western United States, a fungal seed pathogen, black fingers of death (Pyrenophora semeniperda), spills over from exotic cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) to native perennial bunchgrasses such as squirreltail (Elymus elymoides). Previous theoretical work based on this system predicts that pathogens that spill over can favor either host coexistence, the exclusion of either host species, or priority effects, depending on species-specific transmission rates and pathogen tolerance. Here, these model predictions were tested by parameterizing a population growth model with field data from Skull Valley, Utah, USA. The model suggests that, across the observed range of demographic variation, the pathogen is most likely to provide a net benefit to squirreltail and a net cost to cheatgrass, though both effects are relatively weak. Although cheatgrass (the reservoir host) is more tolerant, squirreltail is far less susceptible to infection, and its long-lived adult stage buffers population growth against seed losses to the pathogen. This work shows that, despite pathogen spillover, the shared pathogen promotes native grass persistence by reducing exotic grass competition. Counterintuitively, the reservoir host does not necessarily benefit from the presence of the pathogen, and may even suffer greater costs than the nonreservoir host. Understanding the consequences of shared pathogens for host communities requires weighing species differences in susceptibility, transmission, and tolerance using quantitative models.}, }
@article {pmid24596263, year = {2014}, author = {Bansal, R and Mian, MA and Michel, AP}, title = {Microbiome diversity of Aphis glycines with extensive superinfection in native and invasive populations.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology reports}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {57-69}, doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12108}, pmid = {24596263}, issn = {1758-2229}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*microbiology ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Biodiversity ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; *Microbiota ; North America ; Phylogeny ; Republic of Korea ; }, abstract = {Associations among insects and microbes can lead to beneficial or parasitic interactions. Using 454 sequencing of 16S RNA genes, we compared microbiome diversity and abundance among field-collected (F) and laboratory-reared (L) populations of the invasive soybean aphid (Aphis glycines), a pest of soybean. Additionally, we screened A. glycines populations from native (Japan, South Korea and China) and invasive regions (North America) to broadly determine the microbiome diversity. Our results suggested that Arsenophonus (relative abundance of 54.6%), Buchnera (38.7%) and Wolbachia (3.7%) were the major bacteria associated with A. glycines. Arsenophonus was the most abundant in F populations but was significantly reduced in L populations; additional bacteria species also had lower relative abundances in L populations. Native and invasive populations were largely similar in bacteria communities and revealed substantial superinfection of Arsenophonus and Wolbachia. The lone exception was a lack of Arsenophonus in A. glycines from Japan. Divergent selection pressures among natural and laboratory populations were inferred as factors driving the differential bacterial communities observed. Our results will allow for improved comparative aphid-symbiont research and broaden our understanding of the interactions among insects, endosymbionts and their environments.}, }
@article {pmid24595882, year = {2014}, author = {Lu, F and Chen, Q and Chen, Z and Lu, H and Xu, X and Jing, F}, title = {Effects of heat stress on development, reproduction and activities of protective enzymes in Mononychellus mcgregori.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {63}, number = {2}, pages = {267-284}, pmid = {24595882}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Catechol Oxidase/metabolism ; Female ; Fertility ; *Hot Temperature ; Introduced Species ; Longevity ; Male ; Mites/*enzymology/growth &amp; development ; Ovum/physiology ; Peroxidases/*metabolism ; Sex Ratio ; *Stress, Physiological ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Mononychellus mcgregori is a pest mite of cassava. Since its invasion into China in 2008 it has spread rapidly. In order to determine the potential distribution and to analyze its invasion, diffusion and ecological adaptation mechanisms, we investigated the effect of high-temperature stress (30, 33, 36, 39 and 42 °C) on its development and reproduction, and the activity of protective enzymes in the mite. The results indicated significant influences: (1) adults could not lay eggs after they had been exposed to 42 °C for 4 h or longer; (2) egg development was slower and egg hatchability decreased after exposure of adults to 33-42 °C for 1 h; (3) offspring development (all stages) was slower after exposure of adults to 33-42 °C for 2 h or more; and (4) polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) activities in the adults increased to high levels after exposure to 33-42 °C for 1 h, and superoxide dismutase activity increased only after exposure to 42 °C for 1 h. In conclusion, exposure to high temperatures for only 1 h probably has an important impact on the mite's population growth. The significant increase of PPO, POD, APX, and CAT activities in adults may partially explain how M. mcgregori survive exposure to a relatively high temperature.}, }
@article {pmid24595309, year = {2014}, author = {Muster, C and Meyer, M and Sattler, T}, title = {Spatial arrangement overrules environmental factors to structure native and non-native assemblages of synanthropic harvestmen.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {e90474}, pmid = {24595309}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Humans ; Luxembourg ; Species Specificity ; Spiders/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Understanding how space affects the occurrence of native and non-native species is essential for inferring processes that shape communities. However, studies considering spatial and environmental variables for the entire community - as well as for the native and non-native assemblages in a single study - are scarce for animals. Harvestmen communities in central Europe have undergone drastic turnovers during the past decades, with several newly immigrated species, and thus provide a unique system to study such questions. We studied the wall-dwelling harvestmen communities from 52 human settlements in Luxembourg and found the assemblages to be largely dominated by non-native species (64% of specimens). Community structure was analysed using Moran's eigenvector maps as spatial variables, and landcover variables at different radii (500 m, 1000 m, 2000 m) in combination with climatic parameters as environmental variables. A surprisingly high portion of pure spatial variation (15.7% of total variance) exceeded the environmental (10.6%) and shared (4%) components of variation, but we found only minor differences between native and non-native assemblages. This could result from the ecological flexibility of both, native and non-native harvestmen that are not restricted to urban habitats but also inhabit surrounding semi-natural landscapes. Nevertheless, urban landcover variables explained more variation in the non-native community, whereas coverage of semi-natural habitats (forests, rivers) at broader radii better explained the native assemblage. This indicates that some urban characteristics apparently facilitate the establishment of non-native species. We found no evidence for competitive replacement of native by invasive species, but a community with novel combination of native and non-native species.}, }
@article {pmid24594739, year = {2014}, author = {de Souza Nascimento, CE and Tabarelli, M and da Silva, CA and Leal, IR and de Souza Tavares, W and Serrão, JE and Zanuncio, JC}, title = {The introduced tree Prosopis juliflora is a serious threat to native species of the Brazilian Caatinga vegetation.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {481}, number = {}, pages = {108-113}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.019}, pmid = {24594739}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Forestry ; *Introduced Species ; Prosopis/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Despite its economic importance in the rural context, the Prosopis juliflora tree species has already invaded millions of hectares globally (particularly rangelands), threatening native biodiversity and rural sustainability. Here we examine seedling growth (leaf area, stem diameter, plant height) and seedling mortality across five native plant species of the Caatinga vegetation in response to competition with P. juliflora. Two sowing treatments with 10 replications were adopted within a factorial 2 × 5 randomized block design. Treatments consisted of P. juliflora seeds sowed with seeds of Caesalpinia ferrea, Caesalpinia microphylla, Erythrina velutina, Mimosa bimucronata and Mimosa tenuiflora (one single native species per treatment), while seeds of native species sowed without P. juliflora were adopted as controls. Overall, our results suggest that P. juliflora can reduce seedling growth by half and cause increased seedling mortality among woody plant species. Moreover, native species exhibit different levels of susceptibility to competition with P. juliflora, particularly in terms of plant growth. Such a superior competitive ability apparently permits P. juliflora to establish monospecific stands of adult trees, locally displacing native species or limiting their recruitment. The use of less sensitive species, such as C. ferrea and M. tenuiflora, to restore native vegetation before intensive colonization by P. juliflora should be investigated as an effective approach for avoiding its continuous spread across the Caatinga region.}, }
@article {pmid24594633, year = {2014}, author = {Westermann, FL and Suckling, DM and Lester, PJ}, title = {Disruption of foraging by a dominant invasive species to decrease its competitive ability.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {e90173}, pmid = {24594633}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aggression ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Competitive Behavior ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a major threat to biodiversity when dominant within their newly established habitat. The globally distributed Argentine ant Linepithema humile has been reported to break the trade-off between interference and exploitative competition, achieve high population densities, and overpower nests of many endemic ant species. We have used the sensitivity of the Argentine ant to the synthetic trail pheromone (Z)-9-hexadecanal to investigate species interactions for the first time. We predicted that disrupting Argentine ant trail following behaviour would reduce their competitive ability and create an opportunity for three other resident species to increase their foraging success. Argentine ant success in the control was reduced with increasing pheromone concentration, as predicted, but interactions varied among competing resident species. These behavioural variations provide an explanation for observed differences in foraging success of the competing resident species and how much each of these individual competitors can increase their foraging if the competitive ability of the dominant invader is decreased. The mechanism for the observed increase in resource acquisition of resident species appears to be a decrease in aggressive behaviour displayed by the Argentine ant, which may create an opportunity for other resident species to forage more successfully. Our demonstration of species interactions with trail pheromone disruption is the first known case of reduced dominance under a pheromone treatment in ants.}, }
@article {pmid24587263, year = {2014}, author = {Sheffer, E and Canham, CD and Kigel, J and Perevolotsky, A}, title = {An integrative analysis of the dynamics of landscape- and local-scale colonization of Mediterranean woodlands by Pinus halepensis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {e90178}, pmid = {24587263}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Israel ; Likelihood Functions ; Mediterranean Region ; Pinus/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Seed Dispersal/*physiology ; Seeds/*physiology ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Afforestation efforts have resulted in extensive plantations of either native or non-native conifers, which in many regions has led to the spread of those conifers into surrounding natural vegetation. This process of species colonization can trigger profound changes in both community dynamics and ecosystem processes. Our study disentangled the complexity of a process of colonization in a heterogeneous landscape into a simple set of rules. We analyzed the factors that control the colonization of natural woodland ecosystems by Pinus halepensis dispersing from plantations in the Mediterranean region of Israel. We developed maximum-likelihood models to explain the densities of P. halepensis colonizing natural woodlands. Our models unravel how P. halepensis colonization is controlled by factors that determine colonization pressure by dispersing seeds and by factors that control resistance to colonization of the natural ecosystems. Our models show that the combination of different seed arrival processes from local, landscape, and regional scales determine pine establishment potential, but the relative importance of each component varied according to seed source distribution. Habitat resistance, determined by abiotic and biotic conditions, was as important as propagule input in determining the density of pine colonization. Thus, despite the fact that pine propagules disperse throughout the landscape, habitat heterogeneity within the natural ecosystems generates significant variation in the actual densities of colonized pine. Our approach provides quantitative measures of how processes at different spatial scales affect the distribution and densities of colonizing species, and a basis for projection of expected distributions. Variation in colonization rates, due to landscape-scale heterogeneity in both colonization pressure and resistance to colonization, can be expected to produce a diversity of new ecosystems. This work provides a template for understanding species colonization processes, especially in light of anthropogenic impacts, and predicting future transformation of natural ecosystems by species invasion.}, }
@article {pmid24587234, year = {2014}, author = {Hill, MP and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Niche overlap of congeneric invaders supports a single-species hypothesis and provides insight into future invasion risk: implications for global management of the Bactrocera dorsalis complex.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {e90121}, pmid = {24587234}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; *Tephritidae ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The invasive fruit fly, Bactrocera invadens, has expanded its range rapidly over the past 10 years. Here we aimed to determine if the recent range expansion of Bactrocera invadens into southern Africa can be better understood through niche exploration tools, ecological niche models (ENMs), and through incorporating information about Bactrocera dorsalis s.s., a putative conspecific species from Asia. We test for niche overlap of environmental variables between Bactrocera invadens and Bactrocera dorsalis s.s. as well as two other putative conspecific species, Bactrocera philippinensis and B. papayae. We examine overlap and similarity in the geographical expression of each species' realised niche through reciprocal distribution models between Africa and Asia. We explore different geographical backgrounds, environmental variables and model complexity with multiple and single Bactrocera species hypotheses in an attempt to predict the recent range expansion of B. invadens into northern parts of South Africa.<br><br>PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Bactrocera invadens has a high degree of niche overlap with B. dorsalis s.s. (and B. philippinensis and B. papayae). Ecological niche models built for Bactrocera dorsalis s.s. have high transferability to describe the range of B. invadens, and B. invadens is able to project to the core range of B. dorsalis s.s. The ENMs of both Bactrocera dorsalis and B. dorsalis combined with B. philipenesis and B. papayae have significantly higher predictive ability to capture the distribution points in South Africa than for B. invadens alone.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Consistent with other studies proposing these Bactrocera species as conspecific, niche similarity and overlap between these species is high. Considering these other Bactrocera dorsalis complex species simultaneously better describes the range expansion and invasion potential of B. invadens in South Africa. We suggest that these species should be considered the same-at least functionally-and global quarantine and management strategies applied equally to these Bactrocera species.}, }
@article {pmid24586947, year = {2014}, author = {Lembrechts, JJ and Milbau, A and Nijs, I}, title = {Alien roadside species more easily invade alpine than lowland plant communities in a subarctic mountain ecosystem.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {e89664}, pmid = {24586947}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Altitude ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Environmental Policy ; *Introduced Species ; Norway ; *Plants ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Effects of roads on plant communities are not well known in cold-climate mountain ecosystems, where road building and development are expected to increase in future decades. Knowledge of the sensitivity of mountain plant communities to disturbance by roads is however important for future conservation purposes. We investigate the effects of roads on species richness and composition, including the plant strategies that are most affected, along three elevational gradients in a subarctic mountain ecosystem. We also examine whether mountain roads promote the introduction and invasion of alien plant species from the lowlands to the alpine zone. Observations of plant community composition were made together with abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic factors in 60 T-shaped transects. Alpine plant communities reacted differently to road disturbances than their lowland counterparts. On high elevations, the roadside species composition was more similar to that of the local natural communities. Less competitive and ruderal species were present at high compared with lower elevation roadsides. While the effects of roads thus seem to be mitigated in the alpine environment for plant species in general, mountain plant communities are more invasible than lowland communities. More precisely, relatively more alien species present in the roadside were found to invade into the surrounding natural community at high compared to low elevations. We conclude that effects of roads and introduction of alien species in lowlands cannot simply be extrapolated to the alpine and subarctic environment.}, }
@article {pmid24586845, year = {2014}, author = {Collins, LM and Warnock, ND and Tosh, DG and McInnes, C and Everest, D and Montgomery, WI and Scantlebury, M and Marks, N and Dick, JT and Reid, N}, title = {Squirrelpox virus: assessing prevalence, transmission and environmental degradation.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {e89521}, pmid = {24586845}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Chordopoxvirinae/*genetics/immunology ; DNA, Viral/genetics ; Disease Reservoirs/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Environment ; Feces/virology ; Introduced Species ; Microbial Viability ; Northern Ireland/epidemiology ; Poxviridae Infections/blood/epidemiology/transmission/*veterinary ; Prevalence ; Sciuridae/*virology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Viral Load ; }, abstract = {Red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) declined in Great Britain and Ireland during the last century, due to habitat loss and the introduction of grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), which competitively exclude the red squirrel and act as a reservoir for squirrelpox virus (SQPV). The disease is generally fatal to red squirrels and their ecological replacement by grey squirrels is up to 25 times faster where the virus is present. We aimed to determine: (1) the seropositivity and prevalence of SQPV DNA in the invasive and native species at a regional scale; (2) possible SQPV transmission routes; and, (3) virus degradation rates under differing environmental conditions. Grey (n = 208) and red (n = 40) squirrel blood and tissues were sampled. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) techniques established seropositivity and viral DNA presence, respectively. Overall 8% of squirrels sampled (both species combined) had evidence of SQPV DNA in their tissues and 22% were in possession of antibodies. SQPV prevalence in sampled red squirrels was 2.5%. Viral loads were typically low in grey squirrels by comparison to red squirrels. There was a trend for a greater number of positive samples in spring and summer than in winter. Possible transmission routes were identified through the presence of viral DNA in faeces (red squirrels only), urine and ectoparasites (both species). Virus degradation analyses suggested that, after 30 days of exposure to six combinations of environments, there were more intact virus particles in scabs kept in warm (25 °C) and dry conditions than in cooler (5 and 15 °C) or wet conditions. We conclude that SQPV is present at low prevalence in invasive grey squirrel populations with a lower prevalence in native red squirrels. Virus transmission could occur through urine especially during warm dry summer conditions but, more notably, via ectoparasites, which are shared by both species.}, }
@article {pmid24584284, year = {2014}, author = {Martin, LM and Polley, HW and Daneshgar, PP and Harris, MA and Wilsey, BJ}, title = {Biodiversity, photosynthetic mode, and ecosystem services differ between native and novel ecosystems.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {175}, number = {2}, pages = {687-697}, pmid = {24584284}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Photosynthesis ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Human activities have caused non-native plant species with novel ecological interactions to persist on landscapes, and it remains controversial whether these species alter multiple aspects of communities and ecosystems. We tested whether native and exotic grasslands differ in species diversity, ecosystem services, and an important aspect of functional diversity (C3:C4 proportions) by sampling 42 sites along a latitudinal gradient and conducting a controlled experiment. Exotic-dominated grasslands had drastically lower plant diversity and slightly higher tissue N concentrations and forage quality compared to native-dominated sites. Exotic sites were strongly dominated by C4 species at southern and C3 species at northern latitudes with a sharp transition at 36-38°, whereas native sites contained C3:C4 mixtures. Large differences in C3:C4 proportions and temporal niche partitioning were found between native and exotic mixtures in the experiment, implying that differences in C3:C4 proportions along the latitudinal gradient are caused partially by species themselves. Our results indicate that the replacement of native- by exotic-dominated grasslands has created a management tradeoff (high diversity versus high levels of certain ecosystem services) and that models of global change impacts and C3/C4 distribution should consider effects of exotic species.}, }
@article {pmid24582326, year = {2014}, author = {Gorbi, S and Giuliani, ME and Pittura, L and d'Errico, G and Terlizzi, A and Felline, S and Grauso, L and Mollo, E and Cutignano, A and Regoli, F}, title = {Could molecular effects of Caulerpa racemosa metabolites modulate the impact on fish populations of Diplodus sargus?.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {96}, number = {}, pages = {2-11}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.01.010}, pmid = {24582326}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Caulerpa/*chemistry ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics/metabolism ; *Environmental Exposure ; Environmental Monitoring ; Female ; Fish Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; *Food Chain ; Indoles/*pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Liver/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; PPAR alpha/genetics/metabolism ; Perciformes/*genetics/*metabolism ; Seasons ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Vitellogenins/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The green alga Caulerpa racemosa is a non-native, invasive species in the Mediterranean, and an important stressor for several native organisms. The algal capacity to produce secondary metabolites has been suggested to modulate success of the C. racemosa invasion, although many of potentially involved biological pathways still remain unexplored. In this respect, the aim of the present study was to investigate some molecular and cellular effects in the white seabream Diplodus sargus, an ecologically key species, which included the alien C. racemosa in its diet. Organisms were sampled in 2 seasonal periods from 3 locations of Southern Italy, each characterized by different levels of algal abundance. The level of caulerpin, one of the main secondary algal metabolites, in fish tissues has been used as an indicator of the trophic exposure to the seaweed and related with molecular and cellular responses. Chemical analyses indicated that fish from invaded sites can accumulate caulerpin, with liver concentrations ranging from a few up to hundreds of μg/g. Biomarkers analyses revealed only limited alterations of the main antioxidant defences, such as glutathione reductase and levels of glutathione; on the other hand, increased enzymatic activities of cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferases and acyl CoA oxidase, as well as enhanced gene transcription for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, cytochrome P4501A and vitellogenin 1 were observed in fish more exposed to C. racemosa as indicated by liver concentrations of caulerpin higher than 50 μg/g. Despite a direct molecular relationship with this algal metabolite could not be established, our results suggest that a C. racemosa enriched diet can modulate biotransformation and fatty acids metabolism of D. sargus. Assessing whether similar effects represent short- or long-term effects will be of crucial importance to understand consequences on the general health status and reproductive performance of exposed key fish species in the Mediterranean region.}, }
@article {pmid24573846, year = {2014}, author = {Atallah, J and Teixeira, L and Salazar, R and Zaragoza, G and Kopp, A}, title = {The making of a pest: the evolution of a fruit-penetrating ovipositor in Drosophila suzukii and related species.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1781}, pages = {20132840}, pmid = {24573846}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {R01GM082843/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Drosophila/*anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Fruit/*parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Oviposition ; Species Specificity ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; }, abstract = {Evolutionary innovation can allow a species access to a new ecological niche, potentially reducing competition with closely related species. While the vast majority of Drosophila flies feed on rotting fruit and other decaying matter, and are harmless to human activity, Drosophila suzukii, which has a morphologically modified ovipositor, is capable of colonizing live fruit that is still in the process of ripening, causing massive agricultural damage. Here, we conducted the first comparative analysis of this species and its close relatives, analysing both ovipositor structure and fruit susceptibility. We found that the ovipositor of the species most closely related to D. suzukii, Drosophila subpulchrella, has a similar number of enlarged, evolutionarily derived bristles, but a notably different overall shape. Like D. suzukii, D. subpulchrella flies are capable of puncturing the skin of raspberries and cherries, but we found no evidence that they could penetrate the thicker skin of two varieties of grapes. More distantly related species, one of which has previously been mistaken for D. suzukii, have blunt ovipositors with small bristles. While they did not penetrate fruit skin in any of the assays, they readily colonized fruit interiors where the skin was broken. Our results suggest that considering evolutionary context may be beneficial to the management of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid24573166, year = {2014}, author = {Davies, KW and Bates, JD and Madsen, MD and Nafus, AM}, title = {Restoration of mountain big sagebrush steppe following prescribed burning to control western juniper.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {53}, number = {5}, pages = {1015-1022}, pmid = {24573166}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Artemisia/*growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*methods ; *Fires ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Juniperus/*growth &amp; development ; Oregon ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis ssp. occidentalis Hook) encroachment into mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata spp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle) steppe has reduced livestock forage production, increased erosion risk, and degraded sagebrush-associated wildlife habitat. Western juniper has been successfully controlled with partial cutting followed by prescribed burning the next fall, but the herbaceous understory and sagebrush may be slow to recover. We evaluated the effectiveness of seeding perennial herbaceous vegetation and sagebrush at five sites where juniper was controlled by partially cutting and prescribed burning. Treatments tested at each site included an unseeded control, herbaceous seed mix (aerially seeded), and the herbaceous seed mix plus sagebrush seed. In the third year post-treatment, perennial grass cover and density were twice as high in plots receiving the herbaceous seed mix compared to the control plots. Sagebrush cover and density in the sagebrush seeded plots were between 74- and 290-fold and 62- and 155-fold greater than the other treatments. By the third year after treatment, sagebrush cover was as high as 12 % in the sagebrush seeded plots and between 0 % and 0.4 % where it was not seeded. These results indicate that aerial seeding perennial herbaceous vegetation can accelerate the recovery of perennial grasses which likely stabilize the site. Our results also suggest that seeding mountain big sagebrush after prescribed burning encroaching juniper can rapidly recover sagebrush cover and density. In areas where sagebrush habitat is limited, seeding sagebrush after juniper control may increase sagebrush habitat and decrease the risks to sagebrush-associated species.}, }
@article {pmid24573152, year = {2014}, author = {Webb, JK and Letnic, M and Jessop, TS and Dempster, T}, title = {Behavioural flexibility allows an invasive vertebrate to survive in a semi-arid environment.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {20131014}, pmid = {24573152}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Bufo marinus/genetics/*physiology ; Desert Climate ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Northern Territory ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Plasticity or evolution in behavioural responses are key attributes of successful animal invasions. In northern Australia, the invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina) recently invaded semi-arid regions. Here, cane toads endure repeated daily bouts of severe desiccation and thermal stress during the long dry season (April-October). We investigated whether cane toads have shifted their ancestral nocturnal rehydration behaviour to one that exploits water resources during the day. Such a shift in hydration behaviour could increase the fitness of individual toads by reducing exposure to desiccation and thermal stress suffered during the day even within terrestrial shelters. We used a novel method (acoustic tags) to monitor the daily hydration behaviour of 20 toads at two artificial reservoirs on Camfield station, Northern Territory. Remarkably, cane toads visited reservoirs to rehydrate during daylight hours, with peaks in activity between 9.00 and 17.00. This diurnal pattern of rehydration activity contrasts with nocturnal rehydration behaviour exhibited by adult toads in their native geographical range and more mesic parts of Australia. Our results demonstrate that cane toads phase shift a key behaviour to survive in a harsh semi-arid landscape. Behavioural phase shifts have rarely been reported in invasive species but could facilitate ongoing invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid24572033, year = {2014}, author = {Mariscotti, JF and Quereda, JJ and García-Del Portillo, F and Pucciarelli, MG}, title = {The Listeria monocytogenes LPXTG surface protein Lmo1413 is an invasin with capacity to bind mucin.}, journal = {International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM}, volume = {304}, number = {3-4}, pages = {393-404}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.01.003}, pmid = {24572033}, issn = {1618-0607}, mesh = {Adhesins, Bacterial/genetics/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Cell Line ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endocytosis ; Gene Deletion ; Humans ; Listeria monocytogenes/genetics/*metabolism ; Listeriosis/microbiology ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mucins/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; }, abstract = {Many Gram-positive bacterial pathogens use surface proteins covalently anchored to the peptidoglycan to cause disease. Bacteria of the genus Listeria have the largest number of surface proteins of this family. Every Listeria genome sequenced to date contains more than forty genes encoding surface proteins bearing anchoring-domains with an LPXTG motif that is recognized for covalent linkage to the peptidoglycan. About one-third of these proteins are present exclusively in pathogenic Listeria species, with some of them acting as adhesins or invasins that promote bacterial entry into eukaryotic cells. Here, we investigated two LPXTG surface proteins of the pathogen L. monocytogenes, Lmo1413 and Lmo2085, of unknown function and absent in non-pathogenic Listeria species. Lack of these two proteins does not affect bacterial adhesion or invasion of host cells using in vitro infection models. However, expression of Lmo1413 promotes entry of the non-invasive species L. innocua into non-phagocytic host cells, an effect not observed with Lmo2085. Moreover, overproduction of Lmo1413, but not Lmo2085, increases the invasion rate in non-phagocytic eukaryotic cells of an L. monocytogenes mutant deficient in the acting-binding protein ActA. Unexpectedly, production of full-length Lmo1413 and InlA exhibited opposite trends in a high percentage of L. monocytogenes isolates obtained from different sources. The idea of Lmo1413 playing a role as a new auxiliary invasin was also sustained by assays revealing that purified Lmo1413 binds to mucin via its MucBP domains. Taken together, these data indicate that Lmo1413, which we rename LmiA, for Listeria-mucin-binding invasin-A, may promote interaction of bacteria with adhesive host protective components and, in this manner, facilitate bacterial entry.}, }
@article {pmid24571691, year = {2014}, author = {Guy, RD}, title = {The early bud gets to warm.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {202}, number = {1}, pages = {7-9}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12728}, pmid = {24571691}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/*physiology ; }, }
@article {pmid24569942, year = {2014}, author = {Freed, TZ and Leisnham, PT}, title = {Roles of spatial partitioning, competition, and predation in the North American invasion of an exotic mosquito.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {175}, number = {2}, pages = {601-611}, pmid = {24569942}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Competitive Behavior ; Culicidae ; District of Columbia ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Trees ; United States ; }, abstract = {Invasion success and species coexistence are often mediated by species interactions across patchily distributed habitats and resources. The invasive mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus has established in the North American range of the competitively superior resident congener, Aedes albopictus, and the predatory native mosquito Toxorhynchites rutilus. We tested predictions for two hypotheses of invasion success and species coexistence: keystone predation and spatial partitioning. We tested competition between A. japonicus japonicus and A. albopictus with or without T. rutilus in laboratory microcosms, and measured abundances of A. japonicus japonicus, A. albopictus, other resident competing mosquito species, and the presence of T. rutilus among tree holes and tires in metropolitan Washington, DC. In laboratory microcosms, A. albopictus was competitively dominant over A. japonicus japonicus, which is consistent with the few prior studies of competition between these two Aedes species. T. rutilus predation severely lowered performances of both Aedes species but more severely lowered A. japonicus japonicus performance than A. albopictus performance when all three species co-occurred, thus yielding no evidence for keystone predation. Consistent with the spatial partitioning hypothesis, A. japonicus japonicus was negatively correlated and independently aggregated with A. albopictus and all combined resident mosquito competitors and was not associated with T. rutilus among field containers. These results suggest that predation from T. rutilus and competition from A. albopictus are barriers to the spread of A. japonicus japonicus, but that A. japonicus japonicus may escape these interspecific effects by utilizing spatially partitioned container habitats.}, }
@article {pmid24568841, year = {2014}, author = {Muñoz, I and Cepero, A and Pinto, MA and Martín-Hernández, R and Higes, M and De la Rúa, P}, title = {Presence of Nosema ceranae associated with honeybee queen introductions.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {23}, number = {}, pages = {161-168}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2014.02.008}, pmid = {24568841}, issn = {1567-7257}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*microbiology/*physiology ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; Ecotype ; Introduced Species ; Nosema/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Microsporidiosis caused by Nosema species is one of the factors threatening the health of the honeybee (Apis mellifera), which is an essential element in agriculture mainly due to its pollination function. The dispersion of this pathogen may be influenced by many factors, including various aspects of beekeeping management such as introduction of queens with different origin. Herein we study the relation of the presence and distribution of Nosema spp. and the replacement of queens in honeybee populations settled on the Atlantic Canary Islands. While Nosema apis has not been detected, an increase of the presence and distribution of Nosema ceranae during the last decade has been observed in parallel with a higher frequency of foreign queens. On the other hand, a reduction of the number of N. ceranae positive colonies was observed on those islands with continued replacement of queens. We suggest that such replacement could help maintaining low rates of Nosema infection, but healthy queens native to these islands should be used in order to conserve local honeybee diversity.}, }
@article {pmid24567824, year = {2013}, author = {Koop, JA and Owen, JP and Knutie, SA and Aguilar, MA and Clayton, DH}, title = {Experimental demonstration of a parasite-induced immune response in wild birds: Darwin's finches and introduced nest flies.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {8}, pages = {2514-2523}, pmid = {24567824}, issn = {2045-7758}, support = {K12 GM000708/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Ecological immunology aims to explain variation among hosts in the strength and efficacy of immunological defenses. However, a shortcoming has been the failure to link host immune responses to actual parasites under natural conditions. Here, we present one of the first experimental demonstrations of a parasite-induced immune response in a wild bird population. The recently introduced ectoparasitic nest fly Philornis downsi severely impacts the fitness of Darwin's finches and other land birds in the Galápagos Islands. An earlier study showed that female medium ground finches (Geospiza fortis) had P. downsi-binding antibodies correlating with presumed variation in fly exposure over time. In the current study, we experimentally manipulated fly abundance to test whether the fly does, in fact, cause changes in antibody levels. We manipulated P. downsi abundance in nests and quantified P. downsi-binding antibody levels of medium ground finch mothers, fathers, and nestlings. We also quantified host behaviors, such as preening, which can integrate with antibody-mediated defenses against ectoparasites. Philornis downsi-binding antibody levels were significantly higher among mothers at parasitized nests, compared to mothers at (fumigated) nonparasitized nests. Mothers with higher antibody levels tended to have fewer parasites in their nests, suggesting that antibodies play a role in defense against parasites. Mothers showed no behavioral changes that would enhance the effectiveness of the immune response. Neither adult males, nor nestlings, had P. downsi-induced immunological or behavioral responses that would enhance defense against flies. None of the parasitized nests fledged any offspring, despite the immune response by mothers. Thus, this study shows that, while the immune response of mothers appeared to be defensive, it was not sufficient to rescue current reproductive fitness. This study further shows the importance of testing the fitness consequences of immune defenses, rather than assuming that such responses increase host fitness. Host immune responses can protect against the negative fitness consequences of parasitism; however, the strength and effectiveness of these responses vary among hosts. Strong host immune responses are often assumed to correlate with greater host fitness. This study investigates the relationship between host immune response, parasite load, and host fitness using Darwin's finches and an invasive nest parasite. We found that while the immune response of mothers appeared defensive, it did not rescue current reproductive fitness.}, }
@article {pmid24567778, year = {2013}, author = {Marler, TE}, title = {The intersection of a military culture and indigenous peoples in conservation issues.}, journal = {Communicative &amp; integrative biology}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, pages = {e26665}, pmid = {24567778}, issn = {1942-0889}, abstract = {Military operations impose various positive and negative consequences on the environment. Three case studies are presented illuminating how local indigenous peoples as stakeholders may be vulnerable to being disenfranchised from important discussions concerning military activities. The study of ecological issues associated with sustaining a military footprint may be particularly useful for informing the global debate that pits strict conservation against human well-being.}, }
@article {pmid24567221, year = {2014}, author = {Harvey, JB}, title = {A 96-well plate format for detection of marine zooplankton with the sandwich hybridization assay.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, volume = {1128}, number = {}, pages = {263-276}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-62703-974-1_18}, pmid = {24567221}, issn = {1940-6029}, mesh = {Animals ; Filtration ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; In Situ Hybridization ; Introduced Species ; RNA, Ribosomal/*genetics ; Zooplankton/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The sandwich hybridization assay (SHA) is a ribosomal RNA (rRNA) targeted molecular method used to detect specific target organisms from diverse communities found in environmental water samples. This sensitive, robust assay is particularly useful for detecting zooplankton, including copepod grazers or reproductive propagules from broadcast spawning invertebrates. Herein, I describe the most basic application of this flexible methodology-a 96-well plate format for analysis of water samples in the laboratory. A microarray format SHA is also available and uses the same basic chemistry for remote, robotically mediated, in situ target detection. Traditionally produced only in the laboratory, preassembled SHA reagents and consumables are now also available for purchase.}, }
@article {pmid24567127, year = {2014}, author = {Groeneveld, E and Belzile, F and Lavoie, C}, title = {Sexual reproduction of Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica s.l.) at its northern distribution limit: new evidence of the effect of climate warming on an invasive species.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {101}, number = {3}, pages = {459-466}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1300386}, pmid = {24567127}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Climate Change ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Germination ; Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Polygonum/genetics/*physiology ; Quebec ; Reproduction ; Seed Dispersal ; Seeds/genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: In response to climate warming, plant species may shift their distribution northward, but such a process is slow and hard to detect. Alternatively, phenological changes (earlier flowering) are expected as first adaptations for populations located near their distribution limit. That could be the case for the invasive Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica s.l., including the hybrid Bohemian knotweed F. ×bohemica). We hypothesized that climate warming now allows the species to produce viable seeds in the northernmost populations.<br><br>METHODS: Seeds were collected along a 550 km long transect in Quebec, Canada, and tested for germination. The genetic diversity of a population was determined using polymorphic microsatellite markers to verify whether the species is actually producing new individuals through sexual reproduction.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Japanese knotweed produces, in Quebec, a large number of seeds with a high germination rate (up to 93%). The geographical limit for viable seed production in North America has been extended to Quebec City, about 500 km north of the formerly reported limit. Bohemian knotweeds are genetically diverse, while true Japanese knotweeds all share a common multilocus genotype. This suggests that Bohemian knotweed stands mostly arose from seed, while true Japanese knotweeds result only from the propagation of rhizome or stem fragments.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The effect of climate change is already palpable on the phenology of invasive plant species at their northern distribution limit. Bohemian knotweed, which until recently was rare in Quebec, could rapidly spread in the near future with the help of an additional diaspore type (seeds).}, }
@article {pmid24566638, year = {2014}, author = {Cassey, P and Prowse, TA and Blackburn, TM}, title = {A population model for predicting the successful establishment of introduced bird species.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {175}, number = {1}, pages = {417-428}, pmid = {24566638}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Environment ; Female ; Inbreeding ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {One of the strongest generalities in invasion biology is the positive relationship between probability of establishment and the numbers of individuals introduced. Nevertheless, a number of significant questions remain regarding: (1) the relative importance of different processes during introduction (e.g., demographic, environmental, and genetic stochasticity, and Allee effects); (2) the relative effects of propagule pressure (e.g., number of introductions, size of introductions, and lag between introductions); and (3) different life history characteristics of the species themselves. Here, we adopt an individual-based simulation modeling approach to explore a range of such details in the relationship between establishment success and numbers of individuals introduced. Our models are developed for typical exotic bird introductions, for which the relationship between probability of establishment and the numbers of individuals introduced has been particularly well documented. For both short-lived and long-lived species, probability of establishment decreased across multiple introductions (compared with a single introduction of the same total size), and this decrease was greater when inbreeding depression was included. Sensitivity analyses revealed four predictors that together accounted for >95% of model performance. Of these, R 0 (the average number of daughters produced per female over her lifetime) and propagule pressure were of primary importance, while random environmental effects and inbreeding depression exerted lesser influence. Initial founder size is undoubtedly going to be important for ensuring the persistence of introduced populations. However, we found the demographic traits, which influence how introduced individuals behave, to have the greatest effect on establishment success.}, }
@article {pmid24565323, year = {2014}, author = {Baldwin, RL and Zhang, A and Fultz, SW and Abubeker, S and Harris, C and Connor, EE and Van Hekken, DL}, title = {Hot topic: Brown marmorated stink bug odor compounds do not transfer into milk by feeding bug-contaminated corn silage to lactating dairy cattle.}, journal = {Journal of dairy science}, volume = {97}, number = {4}, pages = {1877-1884}, doi = {10.3168/jds.2013-7545}, pmid = {24565323}, issn = {1525-3198}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle/*physiology ; *Dairying ; Female ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Heteroptera/*chemistry/growth &amp; development ; Lactation ; Male ; Milk/*chemistry ; Nymph/chemistry/growth &amp; development ; Odorants/*analysis ; Silage/*analysis ; Solid Phase Microextraction ; Volatile Organic Compounds/*analysis ; Zea mays/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB; Halyomorpha halys) is an emerging invasive species of grave concern to agriculture as a polyphagous plant pest with potential negative effects on the dairy industry. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of including BMSB-contaminated silage in lactating dairy cow rations. First, 6 dairies, either highly infested (n=3; 30 to 100 bugs per stalk) or not infested (n=3), were sampled to assess the prevalence of bug secretion compounds tridecane (major component) and E-2-decenal (stink odor component) in silage and milk. Second, using wild BMSB, a mini-silo dose-response experiment (adding 100, 50, 25, 10, and 1 freshly crushed bugs/0.5kg of chopped corn) was conducted to assess the effect of ensiling on BMSB stink odor compounds. Finally, synthetic BMSB stink odor compounds (10g of tridecane and 5g of E-2-decenal) were ruminally infused twice daily over 3 d, and samples of milk, urine, and rumen fluid were collected to evaluate disposition. Bug stink odor compounds were sampled by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Milk production and feed composition were unaffected when BMSB-contaminated silage was fed. Moreover, no E-2-decenal was detected in silage or milk (detection threshold = 0.00125μg/mL). The dose-response of tridecane in mini-silo samples exhibited a linear relationship (R(2)=0.78) with the amount of BMSB added; however, E-2-decenal was completely decomposed and undetectable in spiked mini-silos after ensiling. Both synthetic secretion compounds infused into rumen were undetectable in all milk and urine samples. E-2-Decenal was not detectable in rumen fluid, whereas tridecane was detected only at 15 min postinfusion but not present thereafter. Feed intake was unaffected by infusion treatment and BMSB secretion compounds (E-2-decenal and tridecane) were not observed in milk. E-2-Decenal and tridecane from the metathoracic gland of BMSB are not able to contaminate milk either due to the ensiling process or because of metabolism within the rumen. Concern over BMSB stink odor compounds contaminating the fluid milk supply, even on highly infested farms, is not warranted.}, }
@article {pmid24563646, year = {2014}, author = {Manoukis, NC and Hoffman, K}, title = {An agent-based simulation of extirpation of Ceratitis capitata applied to invasions in California.}, journal = {Journal of pest science}, volume = {87}, number = {1}, pages = {39-51}, pmid = {24563646}, issn = {1612-4758}, abstract = {We present an agent-based simulation (ABS) of Ceratitis capitata ("Medfly") developed for estimating the time to extirpation of this pest in areas where quarantines and eradication treatments were immediately imposed. We use the ABS, implemented in the program MED-FOES, to study seven different outbreaks that occurred in Southern California from 2008 to 2010. Results are compared with the length of intervention and quarantine imposed by the State, based on a linear developmental model (thermal unit accumulation, or "degree-day"). MED-FOES is a useful tool for invasive species managers as it incorporates more information from the known biology of the Medfly, and includes the important feature of being demographically explicit, providing significant improvements over simple degree-day calculations. While there was general agreement between the length of quarantine by degree-day and the time to extirpation indicated by MED-FOES, the ABS suggests that the margin of safety varies among cases and that in two cases the quarantine may have been excessively long. We also examined changes in the number of individuals over time in MED-FOES and conducted a sensitivity analysis for one of the outbreaks to explore the role of various input parameters on simulation outcomes. While our implementation of the ABS in this work is motivated by C. capitata and takes extirpation as a postulate, the simulation is very flexible and can be used to study a variety of questions on the invasion biology of pest insects and methods proposed to manage or eradicate such species.}, }
@article {pmid24562814, year = {2015}, author = {Li, B and Fagan, WF and Meyer, KI}, title = {Success, failure, and spreading speeds for invasions on spatial gradients.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {70}, number = {1-2}, pages = {265-287}, pmid = {24562814}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {We study a model that describes the spatial spread of a species along a habitat gradient on which the species' growth increases. Mathematical analysis is provided to determine the spreading dynamics of the model. We demonstrate that the species may succeed or fail in local invasion depending on the species' growth function and dispersal kernel. We delineate the conditions under which a spreading species may be stopped by poor quality habitat, and demonstrate how a species can escape a region of poor quality habitat by climbing a resource gradient to good quality habitat where it spreads at a constant spreading speed. We show that dispersal may take the species from a good quality region to a poor quality region where the species becomes extinct. We also provide formulas for spreading speeds for the model that are determined by the dispersal kernel and linearized growth rates in both directions.}, }
@article {pmid24562470, year = {2014}, author = {Locke, SA and Bulté, G and Marcogliese, DJ and Forbes, MR}, title = {Altered trophic pathway and parasitism in a native predator (Lepomis gibbosus) feeding on introduced prey (Dreissena polymorpha).}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {175}, number = {1}, pages = {315-324}, pmid = {24562470}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; Diet ; *Dreissena ; *Food Chain ; Gastrointestinal Contents ; Great Lakes Region ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; Nutritional Status ; Parasites ; Perciformes/parasitology/*physiology ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Populations of invasive species tend to have fewer parasites in their introduced ranges than in their native ranges and are also thought to have fewer parasites than native prey. This 'release' from parasites has unstudied implications for native predators feeding on exotic prey. In particular, shifts from native to exotic prey should reduce levels of trophically transmitted parasites. We tested this hypothesis in native populations of pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) in Lake Opinicon, where fish stomach contents were studied intensively in the 1970s, prior to the appearance of exotic zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in the mid-1990s. Zebra mussels were common in stomachs of present-day pumpkinseeds, and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen confirmed their importance in long-term diets. Because historical parasite data were not available in Lake Opinicon, we also surveyed stomach contents and parasites in pumpkinseed in both Lake Opinicon and an ecologically similar, neighboring lake where zebra mussels were absent. Stomach contents of pumpkinseed in the companion lake did not differ from those of pre-invasion fish from Lake Opinicon. The companion lake, therefore, served as a surrogate "pre-invasion" reference to assess effects of zebra mussel consumption on parasites in pumpkinseed. Trophically transmitted parasites were less species-rich and abundant in Lake Opinicon, where fish fed on zebra mussels, although factors other than zebra mussel consumption may contribute to these differences. Predation on zebra mussels has clearly contributed to a novel trophic coupling between littoral and pelagic food webs in Lake Opinicon.}, }
@article {pmid24558574, year = {2014}, author = {Gibson, DJ and Dewey, J and Goossens, H and Dodd, MM}, title = {Intraspecific variation among clones of a naïve rare grass affects competition with a nonnative, invasive forb.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, pages = {186-199}, pmid = {24558574}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Intraspecific variation can have a major impact on plant community composition yet there is little information available on the extent that such variation by an already established species affects interspecific interactions of an invading species. The current research examined the competitiveness of clones of a globally rare but locally common native grass, Calamagrostis porteri ssp. insperata to invasion by Alliaria petiolata, a non-native invasive species. A greenhouse experiment was conducted twice over consecutive years in which 15 clones from three populations of Calamagrostis were paired with rosettes of Alliaria in pots containing native forest soil previously uninvaded by Alliaria. Both species showed a negative response to the presence of the other species, although Alliaria more so than Calamagrostis. Moreover, the effect of Calamagrostis depended upon population, and, to a lesser extent, the individual clone paired with Alliaria. Competitive effects were stronger in the first experiment compared with when the experiment was repeated in the second year. The influence of Calamagrostis clones on the outcome of the experiment varied among populations and among clones, but also between years. Clones from one of the three populations were more influential than clones from the other two populations. Only one of 15 clones, both from the same population, was influential in both experiments. This research supports a growing literature indicating that intraspecific variability among clones of a dominant species can affect interspecific interactions and that such variability in a native species can affect performance of an invading species.}, }
@article {pmid24557607, year = {2014}, author = {Silva, FM and Donega, MA and Cerdeira, AL and Corniani, N and Velini, ED and Cantrell, CL and Dayan, FE and Coelho, MN and Shea, K and Duke, SO}, title = {Roots of the invasive species Carduus nutans L. and C. acanthoides L. produce large amounts of aplotaxene, a possible allelochemical.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, pages = {276-284}, pmid = {24557607}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Carduus/*chemistry/metabolism ; Cotyledon/cytology/drug effects ; Cucumis sativus/growth &amp; development ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Introduced Species ; Pheromones/analysis/*metabolism/toxicity ; Plant Leaves/chemistry/metabolism ; Plant Roots/chemistry/metabolism ; Polyenes/analysis/*metabolism/toxicity ; }, abstract = {The invasive thistle Carduus nutans has been reported to be allelopathic, yet no allelochemicals have been identified from the species. In a search for allelochemicals from C. nutans and the closely related invasive species C. acanthoides, bioassay-guided fractionation of roots and leaves of each species were conducted. Only dichloromethane extracts of the roots of both species contained a phytotoxin (aplotaxene, (Z,Z,Z)-heptadeca-1,8,11,14-tetraene) with sufficient total activity to potentially act as an allelochemical. Aplotaxene made up 0.44 % of the weight of greenhouse-grown C. acanthoides roots (ca. 20 mM in the plant) and was not found in leaves of either species. It inhibited growth of lettuce 50 % (I 50) in soil at a concentration of ca. 0.5 mg g(-1) of dry soil (ca. 6.5 mM in soil moisture). These values gave a total activity in soil value (molar concentration in the plant divided by the molarity required for 50 % growth inhibition in soil = 3.08) similar to those of some established allelochemicals. The aplotaxene I 50 for duckweed (Lemna paucicostata) in nutrient solution was less than 0.333 mM, and the compound caused cellular leakage of cucumber cotyledon discs in darkness and light at similar concentrations. Soil in which C. acanthoides had grown contained aplotaxene at a lower concentration than necessary for biological activity in our short-term soil bioassays, but these levels might have activity over longer periods of time and might be an underestimate of concentrations in undisturbed and/or rhizosphere soil.}, }
@article {pmid24556349, year = {2014}, author = {Fischer, D and Thomas, SM and Neteler, M and Tjaden, NB and Beierkuhnlein, C}, title = {Climatic suitability of Aedes albopictus in Europe referring to climate change projections: comparison of mechanistic and correlative niche modelling approaches.}, journal = {Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin}, volume = {19}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.6.20696}, pmid = {24556349}, issn = {1560-7917}, mesh = {Aedes/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Climate Change ; Computer Simulation ; Europe ; Insect Vectors/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Models, Theoretical ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is capable of transmitting a broad range of viruses to humans. Since its introduction at the end of the 20th century, it has become well established in large parts of southern Europe. As future expansion as a result of climate change can be expected, determining the current and projected future climatic suitability of this invasive mosquito in Europe is of interest. Several studies have tried to detect the potential habitats for this species, but differing data sources and modelling approaches must be considered when interpreting the findings. Here, various modelling methodologies are compared with special emphasis on model set-up and study design. Basic approaches and model algorithms for the projection of spatio-temporal trends within the 21st century differ substantially. Applied methods range from mechanistic models (e.g. overlay of climatic constraints based on geographic information systems or rather process-based approaches) to correlative niche models. We conclude that spatial characteristics such as introduction gateways and dispersal pathways need to be considered. Laboratory experiments addressing the climatic constraints of the mosquito are required for improved modelling results. However, the main source of uncertainty remains the insufficient knowledge about the species' ability to adapt to novel environments.}, }
@article {pmid24556070, year = {2014}, author = {Carregosa, V and Figueira, E and Gil, AM and Pereira, S and Pinto, J and Soares, AM and Freitas, R}, title = {Tolerance of Venerupis philippinarum to salinity: osmotic and metabolic aspects.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology}, volume = {171}, number = {}, pages = {36-43}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.02.009}, pmid = {24556070}, issn = {1531-4332}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Bivalvia/*metabolism ; Cell Extracts ; Elements ; Environment ; Glycogen/metabolism ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; *Metabolomics ; *Osmosis ; Proteins/metabolism ; *Salinity ; }, abstract = {In the last few decades, attention has been focused on the impacts of contamination in marine benthic populations, while the responses of aquatic organisms to natural alterations, namely changes in salinity, have received little attention. In fact, salinity is one of the dominant environmental factors affecting marine bivalves. The ebb and flood of the tide, combined with fresh water inputs from rivers or heavy rainy events, and with extremely dry and hot seasons, can dramatically alter water salinity. Therefore, the salinity of a certain environment can restrict the spatial distribution of a given population, which is especially important when assessing the spread of an invasive species into a new environment. In the present study, the main objective was to understand how clam Venerupis philippinarum copes with salinity changes and, hence biochemical and metabolomic alterations, taking place in individuals submitted to a wide range of salinities were investigated. The results showed that V. philippinarum presented high mortality at lower salinities (0 and 7 g/L) but tolerated high salinities (35 and 42 g/L). The quantification of ionic content revealed that, clams had the capacity to maintain ionic homeostasis along the salinity gradient, mainly changing the concentration of Na, but also with the influence of Mg and Ca. The results showed a decrease in protein content at lower salinities (0 to 21 g/L). Glycogen and glucose increased with increasing salinity gradient. (1)H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra of clam aqueous extracts revealed different metabolite profiles at 7, 28 and 42 g/L salinities, thus enabling metabolite changes to be measured in relation to salinity.}, }
@article {pmid24555318, year = {2013}, author = {Woodford, DJ and Hui, C and Richardson, DM and Weyl, OL}, title = {Propagule pressure drives establishment of introduced freshwater fish: quantitative evidence from an irrigation network.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {8}, pages = {1926-1937}, doi = {10.1890/12-1262.1}, pmid = {24555318}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Agricultural Irrigation ; Animals ; Carps/*physiology ; Cyprinodontiformes/*physiology ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Tilapia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Propagule pressure is recognized as a fundamental driver of freshwater fish invasions, though few studies have quantified its role. Natural experiments can be used to quantify the role of this factor relative to others in driving establishment success. An irrigation network in South Africa takes water from an inter-basin water transfer (IBWT) scheme to supply multiple small irrigation ponds. We compared fish community composition upstream, within, and downstream of the irrigation network, to show that this system is a unidirectional dispersal network with a single immigration source. We then assessed the effect of propagule pressure and biological adaptation on the colonization success of nine fish species across 30 recipient ponds of varying age. Establishing species received significantly more propagules at the source than did incidental species, while rates of establishment across the ponds displayed a saturation response to propagule pressure. This shows that propagule pressure is a significant driver of establishment overall. Those species that did not establish were either extremely rare at the immigration source or lacked the reproductive adaptations to breed in the ponds. The ability of all nine species to arrive at some of the ponds illustrates how long-term continuous propagule pressure from IBWT infrastructure enables range expansion of fishes. The quantitative link between propagule pressure and success and rate of population establishment confirms the driving role of this factor in fish invasion ecology.}, }
@article {pmid24555315, year = {2013}, author = {Shyu, E and Pardini, EA and Knight, TM and Caswell, H}, title = {A seasonal, density-dependent model for the management of an invasive weed.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {8}, pages = {1893-1905}, doi = {10.1890/12-1712.1}, pmid = {24555315}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Brassicaceae/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Pest Control, Biological ; *Plant Weeds ; Population Density ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {The population effects of harvest depend on complex interactions between density dependence, seasonality, stage structure, and management timing. Here we present a periodic nonlinear matrix population model that incorporates seasonal density dependence with stage-selective and seasonally selective harvest. To this model, we apply newly developed perturbation analyses to determine how population densities respond to changes in harvest and demographic parameters. We use the model to examine the effects of popular control strategies and demographic perturbations on the invasive weed garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata). We find that seasonality is a major factor in harvest outcomes, because population dynamics may depend significantly on both the season of management and the season of observation. Strategies that reduce densities in one season can drive increases in another, with strategies giving positive sensitivities of density in the target seasons leading to compensatory effects that invasive species managers should avoid. Conversely, demographic parameters to which density is very elastic (e.g., seeding survival, second-year rosette spring survival, and the flowering to fruiting adult transition for maximum summer densities) may indicate promising management targets.}, }
@article {pmid24555314, year = {2013}, author = {Fletcher, CS and Westcott, DA}, title = {Dispersal and the design of effective management strategies for plant invasions: matching scales for success.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {8}, pages = {1881-1892}, doi = {10.1890/12-2059.1}, pmid = {24555314}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; Demography ; Forestry/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Melastomataceae/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Queensland ; Trees ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Dispersal of propagules makes invasions a fundamentally spatial phenomenon, and to be effective, management actions to control or eradicate invasive species must take this spatial structure into account. While there is a vibrant literature linking detailed dispersal measurements to the rate of invasive spread, and a separate literature focused on incorporating management into invasive models in order to improve the control of weeds, there are relatively fewer manuscripts incorporating state-of-the-art dispersal modeling and management modeling together to provide on-ground recommendations for structuring effective management. In this paper, we perform a generalized analysis of a spatially explicit, individual-based simulation model of invasion management with empirically determined dispersal processes, illustrated with the example of Miconia calvescens in the Australian Wet Tropics rain forest, to explore how matching the spatial scale of management to the spatial scale of the dispersal processes underpinning invasion influences the success of management. We find that management strategies designed to maximize the number of weeds removed from the management region, either in the first year of management or over longer periods, provide a poor estimate of the spatial scale of management that maximizes the probability of eradication. We show that achieving a goal of certainty of eradication requires exceeding a minimal spatial scale of management and total management resourcing. We generalize these results to examine how the spatial scale of dispersal drives the spatial scale of effective management strategies. These results show that to be effective, management of dispersal-driven invasions must occur at spatial scales determined by the scale of dispersal processes, and resourced accordingly. It illustrates how those scales might be calculated for a specific case for which detailed dispersal data are available and generalizes the result to highlight how dispersal scale drives the scale of effective management. The results highlight the importance of understanding the ecological drivers of invasion to structure effective management.}, }
@article {pmid24551228, year = {2014}, author = {Hosokawa, T and Nikoh, N and Fukatsu, T}, title = {Fine-scale geographical origin of an insect pest invading North America.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {e89107}, pmid = {24551228}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Biological Control Agents ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*classification/genetics ; Female ; Haplotypes ; Heteroptera/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; North America ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {Invasive species may rapidly spread throughout new areas once introduced, which may potentially lead to serious damage to local fauna and flora. Information on geographical origins, introduction routes, and biology in native regions of such invasive species is of critical importance in identifying means of transport, preventing reintroduction, and establishing control/eradication methods. The plataspid stinkbug Megacopta cribraria, known as kudzu bug, recently invaded North America and now has become not only an agricultural pest of soybean but also a nuisance pest. Here we investigate the geographical origin of the invasive M. cribraria populations. Phylogeographical analyses based on 8.7 kb mitochondrial DNA sequences of the introduced and East Asian native Megacopta populations identified a well-supported clade consisting of the introduced populations and M. punctatissima populations in the Kyushu region of Japan, which strongly suggests that the invading M. cribraria populations are derived from a M. punctatissima population in the Kyushu region. Therefore, the region is proposed as a promising source of natural enemies for biological control of the invasive pest. Based on the phylogenetic information, relationship and treatment of the two Megacopta species are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid24551195, year = {2014}, author = {Krushelnycky, PD}, title = {Evaluating the interacting influences of pollination, seed predation, invasive species and isolation on reproductive success in a threatened alpine plant.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {e88948}, pmid = {24551195}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Asteraceae/*physiology ; Bees ; Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; Geography ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Pollen/physiology ; Pollination/*physiology ; *Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction/physiology ; *Reproductive Isolation ; Seeds/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Reproduction in rare plants may be influenced and limited by a complex combination of factors. External threats such as invasive species and landscape characteristics such as isolation may impinge on both pollination and seed predation dynamics, which in turn can strongly affect reproduction. I assessed how patterns in floral visitation, seed predation, invasive ant presence, and plant isolation influenced one another and ultimately affected viable seed production in Haleakalā silverswords (Argyroxiphium sandwicense subsp. macrocephalum) of Hawai'i. Floral visitation was dominated by endemic Hylaeus bees, and patterns of visitation were influenced by floral display size and number of plants clustered together, but not by floral herbivory or nearest flowering neighbor distance. There was also some indication that Argentine ant presence impacted floral visitation, but contradictory evidence and limitations of the study design make this result uncertain. Degree of seed predation was associated only with plant isolation, with the two main herbivores partitioning resources such that one preferentially attacked isolated plants while the other attacked clumped plants; total seed predation was greater in more isolated plants. Net viable seed production was highly variable among individuals (0-55% seed set), and was affected mainly by nearest neighbor distance, apparently owing to low cross-pollination among plants separated by even short distances (>10-20 m). This isolation effect dominated net seed set, with no apparent influence from floral visitation rates, percent seed predation, or invasive ant presence. The measured steep decline in seed set with isolation distance may not be typical of the entire silversword range, and may indicate that pollinators in addition to Hylaeus bees could be important for greater gene flow. Management aimed at maintaining or maximizing silversword reproduction should focus on the spatial context of field populations and outplanting efforts, as well as on conserving the widest possible range of pollinator taxa.}, }
@article {pmid24548283, year = {2014}, author = {Shah, MA and Callaway, RM and Shah, T and Houseman, GR and Pal, RW and Xiao, S and Luo, W and Rosche, C and Reshi, ZA and Khasa, DP and Chen, S}, title = {Conyza canadensis suppresses plant diversity in its nonnative ranges but not at home: a transcontinental comparison.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {202}, number = {4}, pages = {1286-1296}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12733}, pmid = {24548283}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Conyza/*physiology ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {The impact of invasive species across their native and nonnative ranges is poorly quantified and this impedes a complete understanding of biological invasions. We compared the impact of the native North American plant, Conyza canadensis, which is invasive to Eurasia, on species richness at home and in a number of introduced regions through well replicated transcontinental field studies, glasshouse experiments and individual-based models. Our results demonstrated mostly negative relationships between C. canadensis abundance and native species richness in nonnative ranges, but either positive or no relationships in its native North American range. In glasshouse experiments, the total biomass of Conyza was suppressed more by species from its native range than by species from regions where it is nonnative, but the effects of Conyza on other species did not show a consistent biogeographical pattern. Finally, individual-based models led to the exclusion of Conyza from North American scenarios but to high abundances in scenarios with species from the nonnative ranges of Conyza. We illustrate biogeographical differences in the impact of an invader across regional scales and suggest that inherent differences in one specific aspect of competitive ability, tolerance to the effects of other species, may play some role in these differences.}, }
@article {pmid24535683, year = {2014}, author = {Ahmed, MZ and Naveed, M and Noor ul Ane, M and Ren, SX and De Barro, P and Qiu, BL}, title = {Host suitability comparison between the MEAM1 and AsiaII 1 cryptic species of Bemisia tabaci in cotton-growing zones of Pakistan.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {70}, number = {10}, pages = {1531-1537}, doi = {10.1002/ps.3716}, pmid = {24535683}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Fertility ; Gossypium/*parasitology ; Hemiptera/*growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Longevity ; Pakistan ; Population Dynamics ; Vegetables/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bemisia tabaci is a cryptic species complex. In Pakistan, members of the complex, MEAM1 and AsiaII 1, are the predominant species infesting cotton. The biology of the two on cotton, collard, cucumber and tomato was studied.<br><br>RESULTS: In all cases there were significant interactions between species and host. MEAM1 developmental periods did not differ significantly across hosts, whereas AsiaII 1 developed more slowly on vegetables than on cotton. MEAM1 survival was highest on tomato (53.5 &#xb1; 1.1%), while AsiaII 1 survived best on cotton (67.3 &#xb1; 11.6%). MEAM1 longevity and fecundity were highest on tomato (14.7 &#xb1; 1.7&#x2009;days and 82.4 &#xb1; 9.9 eggs), while AsiaII 1 longevity and fecundity were highest on cotton (23.7 &#xb1; 2.5&#x2009;days and 135.2 &#xb1; 13.6 eggs). The MEAM1 intrinsic rates of increase (r(m)) on cotton and vegetable were similar (0.08-0.10), whereas the AsiaII 1 r(m) on cotton (0.15) was higher than on vegetables (0.11-0.13). The biology of MEAM1 from Pakistan was compared with published studies; it had a consistently slower rate of development, lower percentage survival, lower adult longevity, longer generation time, lower net reproductive rate and lower r(m).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: MEAM1 performed similarly across all hosts, whereas AsiaII 1 performed better on cotton. The comparison between the Pakistani MEAM1 with published studies suggests that the invasive MEAM1 may have higher performance.}, }
@article {pmid24535172, year = {2014}, author = {Sattmann, H and Hörweg, C and Gaub, L and Feix, AS and Haider, M and Walochnik, J and Rabitsch, W and Prosl, H}, title = {Wherefrom and whereabouts of an alien: the American liver fluke Fascioloides magna in Austria: an overview.}, journal = {Wiener klinische Wochenschrift}, volume = {126 Suppl 1}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {S23-31}, pmid = {24535172}, issn = {1613-7671}, mesh = {Animals ; Austria ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*epidemiology/prevention &amp; control/*veterinary ; Deer/*parasitology ; Fasciola hepatica/*pathogenicity ; Fascioliasis/*epidemiology/prevention &amp; control/*veterinary ; North America ; United States ; }, abstract = {The giant liver fluke Fascioloides magna, an invasive species originating from North America, was recorded in Austria in the wild for the first time in 2000. Since then, various data concerning the epidemiology in snail intermediate hosts and cervid final hosts have been reported. Galba truncatula acts as snail intermediate host, and red deer, roe deer and fallow deer act as final hosts. G. truncatula is abundant throughout the region, especially along muddy shores of slow-flowing branches of the river system. Prevalence in deer (20-100 %) is much higher than in snails (0.03-0.2 %). Despite medical treatment of parts of the deer population, the parasite has successfully established itself on both sides of the Danube floodplain environments southeast of Vienna. Genetic analysis revealed that the infection of Austrian deer populations apparently originated from foci in the Czech Republic or from populations of Danube tributaries. Areas adjacent southwards, which will soon be joined through wildlife crossings, have not yet evidenced F. magna. Nonetheless, these environments are inhabited by host snails and deer and therefore constitute suitable habitats for F. magna. Invading alien parasites not only threaten native individual hosts but also influence host populations, thus potentially also modifying parasite communities and interactions. The host range of F. magna includes a variety of potential hosts, notably other Lymnaeidae as potential intermediate hosts and various ungulates, including sheep and cattle, as final hosts. Because eradication after medical treatment was unsuccessful, and due to the risk of further spread of the parasite into unaffected regions, enhanced control strategies need to be developed. We recommend assessment of introduction pathways and dispersal, continuous monitoring of host abundance and distribution and the prevalence of flukes in intermediate and final hosts, as well as coordinated and concerted actions with neighbouring countries. This strategy could help to reduce potential negative impacts of this and other invasive parasites on host populations in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid24533330, year = {2013}, author = {Lettoof, DC and Greenlees, MJ and Stockwell, M and Shine, R}, title = {Do invasive cane toads affect the parasite burdens of native Australian frogs?.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {155-164}, pmid = {24533330}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {One of the most devastating impacts of an invasive species is the introduction of novel parasites or diseases to native fauna. Invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) in Australia contain several types of parasites, raising concern that the toads may increase rates of parasitism in local anuran species. We sampled cane toads and sympatric native frogs (Limnodynastes peronii, Litoria latopalmata, and Litoria nasuta) at the southern invasion front of cane toads in north-eastern New South Wales (NSW). We dissected and swabbed these anurans to score the presence and abundance of nematodes (Rhabdias lungworms, and gastric encysting nematodes), myxozoans, and chytrid fungus. To determine if cane toad invasion influences rates of parasitism in native frogs, we compared the prevalence and intensity of parasites in frogs from areas with toads, to frogs from areas without toads. Contrary to the situation on the (rapidly-expanding) tropical invasion front, cane toads on the slowly-expanding southern front were heavily infected with rhabditoid lungworms. Toads also contained gastric-encysting nematodes, and one toad was infected by chytrid fungus, but we did not find myxozoans in any toads. All parasite groups were recorded in native frogs, but were less common in areas invaded by toads than in nearby yet to be invaded areas. Contrary to our predictions, toad invasion was associated with a reduced parasite burden in native frogs. Thus, cane toads do not appear to transfer novel parasites to native frog populations, or act as a reservoir for native parasites to 'spill-back' into native frogs. Instead, cane toads may reduce frog-parasite numbers by taking up native parasites that are then killed by the toad's immune defences.}, }
@article {pmid24533328, year = {2013}, author = {Al-Sabi, MN and Chriél, M and Jensen, TH and Enemark, HL}, title = {Endoparasites of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Denmark 2009-2012 - A comparative study.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {144-151}, pmid = {24533328}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {Invasive species negatively influence the biodiversity of the ecosystems they invade and may introduce pathogens to native species. Raccoon dogs have very successfully invaded Europe, including, recently, Denmark. This study included analyses of gastrointestinal helminths and Trichinella spp. from 99 raccoon dogs and 384 native red foxes collected from October 2009 to March 2012. The sedimentation and counting method used revealed that raccoon dogs and foxes harboured 9 and 13 different helminth species, respectively, of which several known to be zoonotic. Significantly more nematode and cestode species were found in foxes while raccoon dogs had more trematode species. Rodent transmitted parasites were more prevalent in foxes, while amphibian transmitted parasites were more prevalent in raccoon dogs. One fox was infected with Echinococcus multilocularis (0.3%), while no Trichinella spp. were detected in raccoon dogs or foxes. The trematode Brachylaima tokudai was detected for the first time in Denmark in five of 384 foxes (1.3%). Prevalences of Pygidiopsis summa (3.0% and 3.4%) and Cryptocotyle spp. (15.2% and 15.4%) were comparable in raccoon dogs and foxes, respectively. Four helminth species were more prevalent in foxes than in raccoon dogs: Toxocara canis (60.9% and 13.1%); Uncinaria stenocephala (84.1% and 48.5%); Mesocestoides spp. (42.7% and 23.2%); and Taenia spp. (30.7% and 2.0%), respectively. Three helminth species were more prevalent in raccoon dogs than in foxes: Dipylidium caninum (5.1% and 0.3%); Mesorchis denticulatus (38.4% and 4.2%); and Alaria alata (69.7% and 34.4%), respectively. T. canis was more abundant in foxes while A. alata was more abundant in raccoon dogs. The intestinal distribution of a number of helminth species was comparable between hosts, but highly variable between parasite species. Inherent biological factors and host invasion of new areas might have shaped these marked differences in helminth fauna between the invasive raccoon dog and the native red fox.}, }
@article {pmid24533071, year = {2014}, author = {Storkey, J and Stratonovitch, P and Chapman, DS and Vidotto, F and Semenov, MA}, title = {A process-based approach to predicting the effect of climate change on the distribution of an invasive allergenic plant in Europe.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {e88156}, pmid = {24533071}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Ambrosia/*growth &amp; development ; *Climate Change ; Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Geography ; Hypersensitivity, Immediate/prevention &amp; control ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Pollen ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Ambrosia artemisiifolia is an invasive weed in Europe with highly allergenic pollen. Populations are currently well established and cause significant health problems in the French Rhône valley, Austria, Hungary and Croatia but transient or casual introduced populations are also found in more Northern and Eastern European countries. A process-based model of weed growth, competition and population dynamics was used to predict the future potential for range expansion of A.artemisiifolia under climate change scenarios. The model predicted a northward shift in the available climatic niche for populations to establish and persist, creating a risk of increased health problems in countries including the UK and Denmark. This was accompanied by an increase in relative pollen production at the northern edge of its range. The southern European limit for A.artemisiifolia was not expected to change; populations continued to be limited by drought stress in Spain and Southern Italy. The process-based approach to modelling the impact of climate change on plant populations has the advantage over correlative species distribution models of being able to capture interactions of climate, land use and plant competition at the local scale. However, for this potential to be fully realised, additional empirical data are required on competitive dynamics of A.artemisiifolia in different crops and ruderal plant communities and its capacity to adapt to local conditions.}, }
@article {pmid24532212, year = {2014}, author = {Kornis, MS and Carlson, J and Lehrer-Brey, G and Vander Zanden, MJ}, title = {Experimental evidence that ecological effects of an invasive fish are reduced at high densities.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {175}, number = {1}, pages = {325-334}, pmid = {24532212}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Competitive Behavior ; *Ecosystem ; Gastrointestinal Contents ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; Perciformes/*growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Understanding the relationship between invasive species density and ecological impact is a pressing topic in ecology, with implications for environmental management and policy. Although it is widely assumed that invasive species impact will increase with density, theory suggests interspecific competition may diminish at high densities due to increased intraspecific interactions. To test this theory, we experimentally examined intra- and interspecific interactions between a globally invasive fish, round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), and three native species at different round goby densities in a tributary of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Eighteen 2.25 m(2) enclosures were stocked with native fish species at natural abundances, while round gobies were stocked at three different densities: 0 m(-2), 2.7 m(-2), and 10.7 m(-2). After 52 days, native fish growth rate was significantly reduced in the low density goby treatment, while growth in the high density goby treatment mirrored the goby-free treatment for two of three native species. Invertebrate density and gut content weight of native fishes did not differ among treatments. Conversely, gut content weight and growth of round gobies were lower in the high goby density treatment, suggesting interactions between round gobies and native fishes are mediated by interference competition amongst gobies. Our experiment provides evidence that invasive species effects may diminish at high densities, possibly due to increased intraspecific interactions. This is consistent with some ecological theory, and cautions against the assumption that invasive species at moderate densities have low impact.}, }
@article {pmid24531297, year = {2014}, author = {Kuehne, C and Nosko, P and Horwath, T and Bauhus, J}, title = {A comparative study of physiological and morphological seedling traits associated with shade tolerance in introduced red oak (Quercus rubra) and native hardwood tree species in southwestern Germany.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {184-193}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpt124}, pmid = {24531297}, issn = {1758-4469}, mesh = {Acer/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology/radiation effects ; *Adaptation, Physiological/radiation effects ; Betulaceae/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology/radiation effects ; Germany ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; Phenotype ; Photosynthesis/radiation effects ; Plant Leaves/physiology/radiation effects ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Quercus/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology/radiation effects ; Seedlings/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Trees/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), a moderately shade-tolerant tree species, is failing to regenerate throughout its native North American range, while successful recruitment in Central Europe has been observed since its introduction. To examine whether comparative photosynthetic performance could explain the regeneration success of this non-native species in Central Europe, we compared the physiological and morphological seedling traits of red oak with three co-occurring tree species under three canopy types in southwestern Germany. Native species included a moderately shade-tolerant native oak (Quercus robur L.) and two shade-tolerant species (Acer pseudoplatanus L. and Carpinus betulus L.). The photosynthetic traits of non-native red oak seedlings were similar to those reported for this species in the native range, where shade-tolerant competitors readily outperform red oak under low light conditions. However, compared with native shade-tolerant species in Europe, red oak seedlings photosynthesized efficiently, especially under closed canopies and in small canopy gaps, exhibiting high photosynthetic capacity, low leaf dark respiration and leaf-level light compensation points that were similar to the more shade-tolerant species. The superior net carbon gain of red oak seedlings at low and moderate light levels was likely facilitated by high leaf areas and reflected by seedling dry masses that were greater than the observed native European species. A competitive advantage for red oak was not evident because relative height growth was inferior to seedlings of co-occurring species. In North America, the inability of seedlings to compete with shade-tolerant tree species in deeply shaded understories is central to the problem of poor oak recruitment. Our study suggests that the ability of non-native red oak to perform equally well to native shade-tolerant species under a variety of light conditions could contribute to the consistent success of red oak regeneration in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid24528641, year = {2014}, author = {Peters, FS and Busskamp, J and Prospero, S and Rigling, D and Metzler, B}, title = {Genetic diversification of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica and its associated hypovirus in Germany.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {118}, number = {2}, pages = {193-210}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2013.11.009}, pmid = {24528641}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {Ascomycota/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*virology ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry/genetics ; Fagaceae/microbiology ; Genes, Mating Type, Fungal ; *Genetic Variation ; Germany ; Haplotypes ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Viruses/*classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {Chestnut blight in south-western Germany was first reported in 1992 and is since expanding in distribution. Here we investigated the invasion history of Cryphonectria parasitica and its associated hypovirus. For this, we characterized 284 isolates collected between 1992 and 2012 for hypovirulence, vegetative compatibility (vc), mating type, and microsatellite haplotype. A total of 27 haplotypes and 15 vc types were observed, although the C. parasitica population analyzed is currently dominated to 50 % by one haplotype and to 64 % by the vc type EU-2. Structure analysis indicated two divergent genetic pools. Over 66 % of the haplotypes belonged to a pool probably originating from northern Italy. Further diversification is expected due to ongoing sexual recombination, but also to new migration and additional introductions. Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1) was found in four of five C. parasitica populations from Baden-Württemberg. Genetic analysis of the 35 CHV-1 isolates obtained revealed that they all belong to the German subtype, although they have clearly diverged from the first German hypovirus isolated in 1992. Our study suggests that C. parasitica has been introduced into Germany several times from two different gene pools, whereas the hypovirus most probably has a single origin.}, }
@article {pmid24526612, year = {2014}, author = {Singh, AK and Srivastava, SC and Verma, P and Ansari, A and Verma, A}, title = {Hazard assessment of metals in invasive fish species of the Yamuna River, India in relation to bioaccumulation factor and exposure concentration for human health implications.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {186}, number = {6}, pages = {3823-3836}, pmid = {24526612}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Exposure/*analysis/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Humans ; India ; *Introduced Species ; Metals/analysis/*metabolism ; Risk Assessment ; Rivers/chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Monitoring of heavy metals was conducted in the Yamuna River considering bioaccumulation factor, exposure concentration, and human health implications which showed contamination levels of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr) and their dispersion patterns along the river. Largest concentration of Pb in river water was 392 μg L(-1); Cu was 392 μg L(-1) at the extreme downstream, Allahabad and Ni was 146 μg L(-1) at midstream, Agra. Largest concentration of Cu was 617 μg kg(-1), Ni 1,621 μg kg(-1) at midstream while Pb was 1,214 μg kg(-1) at Allahabad in surface sediment. The bioconcentration of Cu, Pb, Ni, and Cr was observed where the largest accumulation of Pb was 2.29 μg kg(-1) in Oreochromis niloticus and 1.55 μg kg(-1) in Cyprinus carpio invaded at Allahabad while largest concentration of Ni was 174 μg kg(-1) in O. niloticus and 124 μg kg(-1) in C. carpio in the midstream of the river. The calculated values of hazard index (HI) for Pb was found more than one which indicated human health concern. Carcinogenic risk value for Ni was again high i.e., 17.02 × 10(-4) which was larger than all other metals studied. The results of this study indicated bioconcentration in fish due to their exposures to heavy metals from different routes which had human health risk implications. Thus, regular environmental monitoring of heavy metal contamination in fish is advocated for assessing food safety since health risk may be associated with the consumption of fish contaminated through exposure to a degraded environment.}, }
@article {pmid24526591, year = {2014}, author = {Pitt, WC and Witmer, GW and Jojola, SM and Sin, H}, title = {Potential citric acid exposure and toxicity to Hawaiian hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus semotus) associated with Eleutherodactylus frog control.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {429-436}, pmid = {24526591}, issn = {1573-3017}, mesh = {Administration, Oral ; Animals ; *Chiroptera ; Citric Acid/*administration &amp; dosage/*toxicity ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Endangered Species ; Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects ; Female ; Hawaii ; Introduced Species ; Ranidae ; Risk Assessment ; Toxicity Tests ; }, abstract = {We examined potential exposure of Hawaiian hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus semotus) to citric acid, a minimum risk pesticide registered for control of invasive Eleutherodactylus frog populations. Hoary bats are nocturnal insectivores that roost solitarily in foliage, federally listed as endangered, and are endemic to Hawaii. Oral ingestion during grooming of contaminated fur appears to be the principal route by which these bats might be exposed to citric acid. We made assessments of oral toxicity, citric acid consumption, retention of material on fur, and grooming using big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) as a surrogate species. We evaluated both ground application and aerial application of 16 % solutions of citric acid during frog control operations. Absorbent bat effigies exposed to ground and aerial operational spray applications retained means of 1.54 and 0.02 g, respectively, of dry citric acid, although retention by the effigies was much higher than bat carcasses drenched in citric acid solutions. A high dose delivered orally (2,811 mg/kg) was toxic to the big brown bats and emesis occurred in 1 bat dosed as low as the 759 mg/kg level. No effect was observed with the lower doses examined (≤ 542 mg/kg). Bats sprayed with 5 ml of 16 % (w/w) citric acid solution showed no evidence of intoxication. In field situations, it is unlikely that bats would be sprayed directly or ingest much citric acid retained by fur. Based on our observations, we believe Hawaiian hoary bats to be at very low risk from harmful exposure to a toxic dose of citric acid during frog control operations.}, }
@article {pmid24526031, year = {2014}, author = {Xie, W and Guo, L and Jiao, X and Yang, N and Yang, X and Wu, Q and Wang, S and Zhou, X and Zhang, Y}, title = {Transcriptomic dissection of sexual differences in Bemisia tabaci, an invasive agricultural pest worldwide.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {4088}, pmid = {24526031}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Hemiptera/classification/*genetics/*metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Ribonucleoproteins/chemistry/classification/genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Sex Factors ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Sex difference involving chromosomes and gene expression has been extensively documented. In this study, the gender difference in the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci was investigated using Illumina-based transcriptomic analysis. Gender-based RNAseq data produced 27 Gb reads, and subsequent de novo assembly generated 93,948 transcripts with a N50 of 1,853 bp. A total of 1,351 differentially expressed genes were identified between male and female B. tabaci, and majority of them were female-biased. Pathway and GO enrichment experiments exhibited a gender-specific expression, including enriched translation in females, and enhanced structural constituent of cuticle in male whiteflies. In addition, a putative transformer2 gene (tra2) was cloned, and the structural feature and expression profile of tra2 were investigated. Sexually dimorphic transcriptome is an uncharted territory for the agricultural insect pests. Molecular understanding of sex determination in B. tabaci, an emerging invasive insect pest worldwide, will provide potential molecular target(s) for genetic pest control alternatives.}, }
@article {pmid24523913, year = {2014}, author = {Grabner, DS and Mohamed, FA and Nachev, M and Méabed, EM and Sabry, AH and Sures, B}, title = {Invasion biology meets parasitology: a case study of parasite spill-back with Egyptian Fasciola gigantica in the invasive snail Pseudosuccinea columella.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {e88537}, pmid = {24523913}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Primers/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/analysis ; Disease Vectors ; Egypt ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Fasciola/*physiology ; Fasciola hepatica/*physiology ; Fascioliasis/*parasitology/*transmission ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence ; Snails/*parasitology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The liver fluke Fasciola gigantica is a trematode parasite of ruminants and humans that occurs naturally in Africa and Asia. Cases of human fascioliasis, attributable at least in part to F. gigantica, are significantly increasing in the last decades. The introduced snail species Galba truncatula was already identified to be an important intermediate host for this parasite and the efficient invader Pseudosuccinea columella is another suspect in this case. Therefore, we investigated snails collected in irrigation canals in Fayoum governorate in Egypt for prevalence of trematodes with focus on P. columella and its role for the transmission of F. gigantica. Species were identified morphologically and by partial sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI). Among all 689 snails found at the 21 sampling sites, P. columella was the most abundant snail with 296 individuals (42.96%) and it was also the most dominant species at 10 sites. It was not found at 8 sites. Molecular detection by PCR and sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) revealed infections with F. gigantica (3.38%), Echinostoma caproni (2.36%) and another echinostome (7.09%) that could not be identified further according to its sequence. No dependency of snail size and trematode infection was found. Both high abundance of P. columella in the Fayoum irrigation system and common infection with F. gigantica might be a case of parasite spill-back (increased prevalence in local final hosts due to highly susceptible introduced intermediate host species) from the introduced P. columella to the human population, explaining at least partly the observed increase of reported fascioliasis-cases in Egypt. Eichhornia crassipes, the invasive water hyacinth, which covers huge areas of the irrigation canals, offers safe refuges for the amphibious P. columella during molluscicide application. As a consequence, this snail dominates snail communities and efficiently transmits F. gigantica.}, }
@article {pmid24523273, year = {2014}, author = {Rando, JC and Pieper, H and Alcover, JA}, title = {Radiocarbon evidence for the presence of mice on Madeira Island (North Atlantic) one millennium ago.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1780}, pages = {20133126}, pmid = {24523273}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Fossils ; Humans ; Mice/*physiology ; Population Density ; Portugal ; Radiometric Dating ; }, abstract = {Owing to the catastrophic extinction events that occurred following the Holocene arrival of alien species, extant oceanic island biotas are a mixture of recently incorporated alien fauna and remnants of the original fauna. Knowledge of the Late Quaternary pristine island faunas and a reliable chronology of the earliest presence of alien species on each archipelago are critical in understanding the magnitude and tempo of Quaternary island extinctions. Until now, two successive waves of human arrivals have been identified in the North Atlantic Macaronesian archipelagos (Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canary and Cape Verde Islands): 'aboriginal', which is limited to the Canary Islands around two millennia ago, and 'colonial', from the fourteenth century onwards. New surveys in Ponta de São Lourenço (Madeira Island) have allowed us to obtain and date ancient bones of mice. The date obtained (1033 ± 28 BP) documents the earliest evidence for the presence of mice on the island. This date extends the time frame in which the most significant ecological changes occurred on the island. It also suggests that humans could have reached Madeira before 1036 cal AD, around four centuries before Portugal officially took possession of the island.}, }
@article {pmid24522629, year = {2014}, author = {Alexander, ME and Dick, JT and Weyl, OL and Robinson, TB and Richardson, DM}, title = {Existing and emerging high impact invasive species are characterized by higher functional responses than natives.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {20130946}, pmid = {24522629}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Predatory Behavior ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Predicting ecological impacts of invasive species and identifying potentially damaging future invaders are research priorities. Since damage by invaders is characterized by their depletion of resources, comparisons of the 'functional response' (FR; resource uptake rate as a function of resource density) of invaders and natives might predict invader impact. We tested this by comparing FRs of the ecologically damaging 'world's worst' invasive fish, the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), with a native equivalent, the Cape kurper (Sandelia capensis), and an emerging invader, the sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus), with the native river goby (Glossogobius callidus), in South Africa, a global invasion hotspot. Using tadpoles (Hyperolius marmoratus) as prey, we found that the invaders consumed significantly more than natives. Attack rates at low prey densities within invader/native comparisons reflected similarities in predatory strategies; however, both invasive species displayed significantly higher Type II FRs than the native comparators. This was driven by significantly lower prey handling times by invaders, resulting in significantly higher maximum feeding rates. The higher FRs of these invaders are thus congruent with, and can predict, their impacts on native communities. Comparative FRs may be a rapid and reliable method for predicting ecological impacts of emerging and future invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid24521733, year = {2014}, author = {Sun, DB and Li, J and Liu, YQ and Crowder, DW and Liu, SS}, title = {Effects of reproductive interference on the competitive displacement between two invasive whiteflies.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {104}, number = {3}, pages = {334-346}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485314000108}, pmid = {24521733}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; China ; Competitive Behavior ; Female ; Hemiptera/genetics/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Reproduction ; Species Specificity ; Sympatry ; }, abstract = {Reproductive interference is one of the major factors mediating species exclusion among insects. The cryptic species Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci complex have invaded many parts of the world and often exhibit niche overlap and reproductive interference. However, contrasting patterns of competitive displacement between the two invaders have been observed between regions such as those in USA and China. Understanding the roles of reproductive interference in competitive interactions between populations of the two species in different regions will help unravel other factors related to their invasion. We integrated laboratory population experiments, behavioural observations and simulation modelling to investigate the role of reproductive interference on species exclusion between MEAM1 and MED in China. In mixed cohorts of the two species MEAM1 always excluded MED in a few generations when the initial proportion of MEAM1 was ⩾0.25. Even when the initial proportion of MEAM1 was only 0.10, however, MEAM1 still had a higher probability of excluding MED than that for MED to exclude MEAM1. Importantly, we show that as MEAM1 increased in relative abundance, MED populations became increasingly male-biased. Detailed behavioural observations confirmed that MEAM1 showed a stronger reproductive interference than MED, leading to reduced frequency of copulation and female progeny production in MED. Using simulation modelling, we linked our behavioural observations with exclusion experiments to show that interspecific asymmetric reproductive interference predicts the rate of species exclusion of MED by MEAM1. These findings not only reveal the importance of reproductive interference in the competitive interactions between the two invasive whiteflies as well as the detailed behavioural mechanisms, but also provide a valuable framework against which the effects of other factors mediating species exclusion can be explored.}, }
@article {pmid24521661, year = {2014}, author = {Meier, CM and Bonte, D and Kaitala, A and Ovaskainen, O}, title = {Invasion rate of deer ked depends on spatiotemporal variation in host density.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {104}, number = {3}, pages = {314-322}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485314000042}, pmid = {24521661}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Deer/growth &amp; development/*parasitology/*physiology ; Diptera/*physiology ; Finland ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Spatial Analysis ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Invasive parasites are of great global concern. Understanding the factors influencing the spread of invading pest species is a first step in developing effective countermeasures. Growing empirical evidence suggests that spread rates are essentially influenced by spatiotemporal dynamics of host-parasite interactions, yet approaches modelling spread rate have typically assumed static environmental conditions. We analysed invasion history of the deer ked (Lipoptena cervi) in Finland with a diffusion-reaction model, which assumed either the movement rate, the population growth rate, or both rates may depend on spatial and temporal distribution of moose (Alces alces), the main host of deer ked. We fitted the model to the data in a Bayesian framework, and used the Bayesian information criterion to show that accounting for the variation in local moose density improved the model's ability to describe the pattern of the invasion. The highest ranked model predicted higher movement rate and growth rate of deer ked with increasing moose density. Our results suggest that the historic increase in host density has facilitated the spread of the deer ked. Our approach illustrates how information about the ecology of an invasive species can be extracted from the spatial pattern of spread even with rather limited data.}, }
@article {pmid24520913, year = {2014}, author = {Borges, LM and Merckelbach, LM and Sampaio, I and Cragg, SM}, title = {Diversity, environmental requirements, and biogeography of bivalve wood-borers (Teredinidae) in European coastal waters.}, journal = {Frontiers in zoology}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {13}, pmid = {24520913}, issn = {1742-9994}, support = {BB/H531543/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bivalve teredinids inflict great destruction to wooden maritime structures. Yet no comprehensive study was ever carried out on these organisms in European coastal waters. Thus, the aims of this study were to: investigate the diversity of teredinids in European coastal waters; map their past and recent distributions to detect range expansion or contraction; determine salinity-temperature (S-T) requirements of species; flag, for future monitoring, the species that pose the greatest hazard for wooden structures.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of nine teredinid species were found established in European coastal waters. Seven were considered cryptogenic, of unknown origin, and two were considered alien species. Teredo navalis and Nototeredo norvagica were the species with the widest distribution in European waters. Recently, T. navalis has been reported occurring further east in the Baltic Sea but it was not found at a number of sites on the Atlantic coast of southern Europe. The Atlantic lineage of Lyrodus pedicellatus was the dominant teredinid in the southern Atlantic coast of Europe. In the Mediterranean six teredinid species occurred in sympatry, whereas only three of these occurred in the Black Sea. The species that pose the greatest hazard to wooden maritime structures in European coastal areas are T. navalis and the two lineages of L. pedicellatus.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Combined data from field surveys and from the literature made it possible to determine the diversity of established teredinid species and their past and recent distribution in Europe. The environmental requirements of species, determined using climatic envelopes, produced valuable information that assisted on the explanation of species distribution. In addition, the observed trends of species range extension or contraction in Teredo navalis and in the two lineages of Lyrodus pedicellatus seem to emphasise the importance of temperature and salinity as determinants of the distribution of teredinids, whereas their life history strategy seems to play an important role on competition.Teredo navalis and pedicellatus-like Lyrodus species should be monitored due to their destructive capability. The two alien species may expand further their distribution range in Europe, becoming invasive, and should also be monitored.}, }
@article {pmid24517626, year = {2014}, author = {Bebber, DP and Holmes, T and Smith, D and Gurr, SJ}, title = {Economic and physical determinants of the global distributions of crop pests and pathogens.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {202}, number = {3}, pages = {901-910}, pmid = {24517626}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Crops, Agricultural/*economics/growth &amp; development/*microbiology/parasitology ; Geography ; Gross Domestic Product ; *Internationality ; Publications ; }, abstract = {Crop pests and pathogens pose a significant and growing threat to food security, but their geographical distributions are poorly understood. We present a global analysis of pest and pathogen distributions, to determine the roles of socioeconomic and biophysical factors in determining pest diversity, controlling for variation in observational capacity among countries. Known distributions of 1901 pests and pathogens were obtained from CABI. Linear models were used to partition the variation in pest species per country amongst predictors. Reported pest numbers increased with per capita gross domestic product (GDP), research expenditure and research capacity, and the influence of economics was greater in micro-organisms than in arthropods. Total crop production and crop diversity were the strongest physical predictors of pest numbers per country, but trade and tourism were insignificant once other factors were controlled. Islands reported more pests than mainland countries, but no latitudinal gradient in species richness was evident. Country wealth is likely to be a strong indicator of observational capacity, not just trade flow, as has been interpreted in invasive species studies. If every country had US levels of per capita GDP, then 205 ± 9 additional pests per country would be reported, suggesting that enhanced investment in pest observations will reveal the hidden threat of crop pests and pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid24516672, year = {2014}, author = {Harris, MR and Siefferman, L}, title = {Interspecific competition influences fitness benefits of assortative mating for territorial aggression in eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {e88668}, pmid = {24516672}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aggression/*physiology ; Animals ; Body Size ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; *Genetic Fitness ; Nesting Behavior ; Passeriformes/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; *Territoriality ; }, abstract = {Territorial aggression influences fitness and, in monogamous pairs, the behavior of both individuals could impact reproductive success. Moreover, territorial aggression is particularly important in the context of interspecific competition. Tree swallows and eastern bluebirds are highly aggressive, secondary cavity-nesting birds that compete for limited nesting sites. We studied eastern bluebirds at a field site in the southern Appalachian Mountains that has been recently colonized (<40 yr) by tree swallows undergoing a natural range expansion. The field site is composed of distinct areas where bluebirds compete regularly with tree swallows and areas where there is little interaction between the two species. Once birds had settled, we measured how interspecific competition affects the relationship between assortative mating (paired individuals that behave similarly) and reproductive success in eastern bluebirds. We found a strong tendency toward assortative mating throughout the field site. In areas of high interspecific competition, pairs that behaved the most similarly and displayed either extremely aggressive or extremely non-aggressive phenotypes experienced higher reproductive success. Our data suggest that interspecific competition with tree swallows may select for bluebirds that express similar behavior to that of their mate. Furthermore, animal personality may be an important factor influencing the outcome of interactions between native and aggressive, invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid24505426, year = {2014}, author = {Maciejewski, K and Kerley, GI}, title = {Understanding tourists' preference for mammal species in private protected areas: is there a case for extralimital species for ecotourism?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {e88192}, pmid = {24505426}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acinonyx ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/methods ; Data Collection ; Ecosystem ; Elephants ; Humans ; Introduced Species/economics ; *Leisure Activities/economics ; Lions ; Panthera ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Private Protected Areas (PPAs) often use wildlife-based ecotourism as their primary means of generating business. Achieving tourist satisfaction has become a strong driving goal in the management of many PPAs, often at the expense of biodiversity. Many extralimitral species, those which historically did not occur in an area, are stocked in PPAs with the intention of increasing ecotourism attractions. Even though the ecological and economic costs of stocking these species are high, the social benefits are not understood and little information exists globally on the ecotourism role of extralimital species. This study assessed the value of stocking extralimital species using questionnaire-based surveys and observing tourists in Shamwari Private Game Reserve in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. No difference was found between indigenous and extralimital species with regards to the tourists' weighted scoring system, average amount tourists were willing to pay, total viewing time, average viewing time or the likelihood of stopping to view species when encountered on game drives. During game drives a strong preference was found for the elephant (Loxodonta africana), lion (Panthera leo), leopard (Panthera pardus) and cheetah (Acynonix jubatus). With the exception of the cheetah, these species are all members of the "big five" and are indigenous. Species availability and visibility, however, may influence the amount of time tourists spend at an animal sighting. Our analysis suggests that certain extralimital species (typically larger and charismatic species) contribute to tourist satisfaction, while particularly the smaller extralimital species add little to the game viewing experience, but add to the costs and risks of the PPAs. We recommend that extralimital species introductions for ecotourism purposes should be approached with caution with regards to the risks to the sustainability of PPAs.}, }
@article {pmid24505367, year = {2014}, author = {Almeida, D and Merino-Aguirre, R and Vilizzi, L and Copp, GH}, title = {Interspecific aggressive behaviour of invasive pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus in Iberian fresh waters.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {e88038}, pmid = {24505367}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aggression ; Animals ; Biomass ; Competitive Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior ; Rivers ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus (L.) are successful invaders in Europe, where this species exerts multiple ecological effects, mainly through trophic interactions. Behavioural interference represents a potential impact for native fauna and this is of particular conservation concern in the Iberian Peninsula because of the highly valuable endemic fauna inhabiting streams of this region. However, aggressive interactions have not previously been examined under natural conditions in Iberian fresh waters. To address this gap in knowledge, the aim of the present study was to assess the effect of pumpkinseed aggression on endemic fauna of an Iberian stream, the River Bullaque (central Spain). In September 2009, we analysed the aggression and environmental contexts of these behavioural interactions by snorkelling: aggressor size, aggression type, shoal size, previous activity to aggression, recipient species, response to aggression, microhabitat structure and prey availability. Small pumpkinseed displayed more threat and fewer pursuit behaviours relative to medium and large individuals, reflecting an ontogenetic behavioural shift from low to high aggression intensity. Small aggressors came from large shoals, with bottom feeding being the most frequently observed activity prior to an aggressive interaction; whereas large pumpkinseed were less gregarious and they were mostly ambulating within the water column prior to aggression. Recipient species of aggression included non-native crayfish and fishes, and more importantly, endemic fishes and frogs. Retreat was the most common response to aggression, irrespective of aggressor size. Small pumpkinseed displayed aggressive behaviours over coarse substrata containing elevated macrobenthos biomass; whereas aggression by large individuals was observed in deeper waters. These findings suggest that small and large pumpkinseed exert a high impact on other stream residents through aggression in competition for food and territory defence, respectively. This study highlights the usefulness of direct observations in the wild for assessing the effects of behavioural interference of invasive fishes on Iberian aquatic communities.}, }
@article {pmid24505366, year = {2014}, author = {Zhu, F and Rypel, AL and Murphy, BR and Li, Z and Zhang, T and Yuan, J and Guo, Z and Tang, J and Liu, J}, title = {Rapid life-history diversification of an introduced fish species across a localized thermal gradient.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {e88033}, pmid = {24505366}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size/physiology ; China ; *Climate ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Life Cycle Stages/*physiology ; *Temperature ; *Water ; }, abstract = {Climatic variations are known to engender life-history diversification of species and populations at large spatial scales. However, the extent to which microgeographic variations in climate (e.g., those occurring within a single large ecosystem) can also drive life-history divergence is generally poorly documented. We exploited a spatial gradient in water temperatures at three sites across a large montane lake in southwest China (Lake Erhai) to examine the extent to which life histories of a short-lived fish species (icefish, Neosalanx taihuensis) diversified in response to thermal regime following introduction 25 y prior. In general, warmwater icefish variants grew faster, had larger adult body size and higher condition and fecundity, but matured at smaller sizes. Conversely, coldwater variants had smaller adult body size and lower condition, but matured at larger sizes and had larger eggs. These life-history differences strongly suggest that key ecological trade-offs exist for icefish populations exposed to different thermal regimes, and these trade-offs have driven relatively rapid diversification in the life histories of icefish within Lake Erhai. Results are surprisingly concordant with current knowledge on life-history evolution at macroecological scales, and suggest that improved conservation management might be possible by focusing on patterns operating at microgeographical, including, within-ecosystem scales.}, }
@article {pmid24505348, year = {2014}, author = {Romeo, C and Wauters, LA and Ferrari, N and Lanfranchi, P and Martinoli, A and Pisanu, B and Preatoni, DG and Saino, N}, title = {Macroparasite fauna of alien grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis): composition, variability and implications for native species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {e88002}, pmid = {24505348}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Helminths ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; *Phthiraptera ; Sciuridae/*parasitology ; *Siphonaptera ; }, abstract = {Introduced hosts populations may benefit of an "enemy release" through impoverishment of parasite communities made of both few imported species and few acquired local ones. Moreover, closely related competing native hosts can be affected by acquiring introduced taxa (spillover) and by increased transmission risk of native parasites (spillback). We determined the macroparasite fauna of invasive grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in Italy to detect any diversity loss, introduction of novel parasites or acquisition of local ones, and analysed variation in parasite burdens to identify factors that may increase transmission risk for native red squirrels (S. vulgaris). Based on 277 grey squirrels sampled from 7 populations characterised by different time scales in introduction events, we identified 7 gastro-intestinal helminths and 4 parasite arthropods. Parasite richness is lower than in grey squirrel's native range and independent from introduction time lags. The most common parasites are Nearctic nematodes Strongyloides robustus (prevalence: 56.6%) and Trichostrongylus calcaratus (6.5%), red squirrel flea Ceratophyllus sciurorum (26.0%) and Holarctic sucking louse Neohaematopinus sciuri (17.7%). All other parasites are European or cosmopolitan species with prevalence below 5%. S. robustus abundance is positively affected by host density and body mass, C. sciurorum abundance increases with host density and varies with seasons. Overall, we show that grey squirrels in Italy may benefit of an enemy release, and both spillback and spillover processes towards native red squirrels may occur.}, }
@article {pmid24504533, year = {2014}, author = {Spyra, A and Strzelec, M}, title = {Identifying factors linked to the occurrence of alien gastropods in isolated woodland water bodies.}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {101}, number = {3}, pages = {229-239}, pmid = {24504533}, issn = {1432-1904}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Cluster Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; Gastropoda/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a significant component of human-caused global change and is widely regarded as one of the main threats to natural biodiversity. Isolated anthropogenic water bodies created in the areas that are deprived of natural freshwater habitats allow the survival and reproduction of alien species on newly settled sites. They are often small with water level fluctuations causing frequent environmental disturbances. The colonisation success may be the result of the rate of their degradation. The aims of the study were to determine the environmental conditions that affect the existence of alien species of gastropods in this type of aquatic environment and to examine whether the occurrence of non-native species affects the community structure of the native species. This study made it possible to group woodland ponds according to the occurrence of the three invasive species in snail communities and discuss the environmental conditions present in these pond types. Analysis of water properties emphasised the distinctiveness of the selected pond types. In ponds of the Potamopyrgus antipodarum type, we found the highest values of some parameters mainly hardness, conductivity, and content of calcium and chlorides, in contrast with the Physella acuta type, which were characterised by the lowest values except for phosphates and nitrites. In the Ferrissia fragilis type, we found the highest nitrate content. Data on the occurrence of alien species in different water environments play an important role in actions which are taken to prevent new invasions and spread of non-native species as well as to reduce future impacts of invaders.}, }
@article {pmid24503836, year = {2014}, author = {Hulme, PE}, title = {Maritime biosecurity adrift.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {343}, number = {6171}, pages = {611-612}, doi = {10.1126/science.343.6171.611-c}, pmid = {24503836}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Environment ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology/parasitology ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Safety Management/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Ships/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Water/parasitology ; Water Microbiology ; }, }
@article {pmid24503828, year = {2014}, author = {Pala, C}, title = {Marine ecology. As lionfish invade, divers defend threatened ecosystems.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {343}, number = {6171}, pages = {591}, doi = {10.1126/science.343.6171.591}, pmid = {24503828}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Coral Reefs ; Diving ; Food Chain ; *Gnathostoma ; *Introduced Species ; Marine Biology ; Predatory Behavior ; }, }
@article {pmid24502726, year = {2013}, author = {Davidson, RK and Øines, &#xd8; and Hamnes, IS and Schulze, JE}, title = {Illegal wildlife imports more than just animals--Baylisascaris procyonis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Norway.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, pages = {986-990}, doi = {10.7589/2012-06-154}, pmid = {24502726}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Ascaridida Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Ascaridoidea/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Commerce ; Crime ; Norway/epidemiology ; Procyonidae ; Raccoon Dogs ; *Raccoons ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {In autumn 2011, 11 illegally imported animals were seized from a farm in southern Norway. These included four raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), four raccoons (Procyon lotor), and three South American coatis (Nasua nasua), all considered alien species in Norway. An additional two raccoons had escaped from the farm prior to seizure. The seized animals were euthanized and postmortem examination revealed that the four raccoons had moderate to high numbers of the zoonotic nematode Baylisascaris procyonis in their intestines, ranging from 11 to 115 nematodes per small intestine, with a mean of 53. The identity of the nematodes was confirmed using molecular analysis of ITS-1, ITS-2, cytochrome C oxidase 1, and 18S. Echinococcus multilocularis was not detected in any of the 11 animals. Toxocara and Toxascaris sp. eggs were detected in the feces of two raccoons, and two coatis had coccidia oocysts (80 and 360 oocysts per gram). Domestic dogs and other wildlife on the farm had potential access to the animal pens. Given that the eggs can remain infective for years in the environment, local veterinary and health authorities will need to remain vigilant for symptoms relating to infection with B. procyonis.}, }
@article {pmid24499569, year = {2013}, author = {Standley, CJ and Prepelitchi, L and Pietrokovsky, SM and Issia, L and Stothard, JR and Wisnivesky-Colli, C}, title = {Molecular characterization of cryptic and sympatric lymnaeid species from the Galba/Fossaria group in Mendoza Province, Northern Patagonia, Argentina.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {304}, pmid = {24499569}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Cluster Analysis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeography ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Snails/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Freshwater lymnaeid snails can act as the intermediate hosts for trematode parasites such as the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, that cause significant economic and biomedical burden worldwide, particularly through bovine fascioliasis. Transmission potential is tightly coupled to local compatibility with snail hosts, so accurate identification of lymnaeid species is crucial for understanding disease risk, especially when invasive species are encountered. Mendoza Province, in Argentina, is a center of livestock production and also an area of endemic fascioliasis transmission. However, the distribution of lymnaeid species in the region is not well known.<br><br>METHODS: This study examined lymnaeid snails from seven localities in the Department of Malargu&#xeb;, Mendoza Province, using morphological and molecular analyses and also describing ecological variables associated with snail presence.<br><br>RESULTS: While morphological characters identified two species of lymnaeid, Galba truncatula and G. viatrix, molecular data revealed a third, cryptic species, G. neotropica, which was sympatric with G. viatrix. G. truncatula was exclusively found in high altitude (>1900 meters above sea level [masl]) sites, whereas mixed G. neotropica/G. viatrix localities were at middle elevations (1300-1900 masl), and G. viatrix was found alone at the lowest altitude sites (<1300 masl). Phylogenetic analysis using two mitochondrial markers revealed G. neotropica and G. viatrix to be closely related, and given their morphological similarities, their validities as separate taxonomic entities should be questioned.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the need of a robust taxonomic framework for the identification of lymnaeid snails, incorporating molecular, morphological and ecological variables while avoiding nomenclature redundancy. As the three species observed here, including one alien invasive species, are considered hosts of varying susceptibility to Fasciola parasites, and given the economic importance of fascioliasis for livestock production, this research has critical importance for the ultimate aim of controlling disease transmission.}, }
@article {pmid24498747, year = {2013}, author = {Seiter, NJ and Benson, EP and Reay-Jones, FP and Greene, JK and Zungoli, PA}, title = {Residual efficacy of insecticides applied to exterior building material surfaces for control of nuisance infestations of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {106}, number = {6}, pages = {2448-2456}, doi = {10.1603/ec13309}, pmid = {24498747}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Construction Materials ; Heteroptera/*drug effects ; Insect Control ; Insecticides/*toxicity ; Introduced Species ; Pesticide Residues/*toxicity ; South Carolina ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The plataspid Megacopta cribraria (F.), which was recently introduced to the United States, forms nuisance aggregations on the exteriors of homes when it seeks overwintering sites in the fall. Little to no published information is available on the efficacy of insecticides labeled for professional use and exterior applications on homes and other structures against this insect. In a series of three experiments, we evaluated the residual efficacy of nine insecticides incorporating pyrethroid, neonicotinoid, and oxadiazine active ingredients on surfaces composed of five exterior building materials (vinyl soffit, brick, painted and unfinished plywood, and metal) at rates labeled for use in structural perimeter applications. Pyrethroids and pyrethroid-neonicotinoid mixes were broadly effective, resulting in 100% mortality or knockdown within 24 h in most cases. The neonicotinoid dinotefuran performed similarly on metal and vinyl surfaces, but its residual efficacy was reduced on more porous brick and wood surfaces. The oxadiazine indoxacarb acted more slowly than the other materials, but its performance was maintained on porous surfaces. Overwintering adults of M. cribraria were generally susceptible to the broad-spectrum insecticides most commonly used for exterior applications to homes and other structures.}, }
@article {pmid24498744, year = {2013}, author = {Kim, T and Rust, MK}, title = {Life history and biology of the invasive Turkestan cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {106}, number = {6}, pages = {2428-2432}, doi = {10.1603/ec13052}, pmid = {24498744}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Cockroaches/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Ovum/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Reproduction ; Sex Characteristics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The Turkestan cockroach, Blatta lateralis (Walker), has become an important invasive species throughout the southwestern United States and has been reported in the southern United States. It is rapidly replacing the oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis (L.), in urban areas of the southwestern United States as the most important peri-domestic species. They typically inhabit in-ground containers such as water meter, irrigation, and electrical boxes, raises of concrete, cracks and crevices, and hollow block walls. On occasion, they will invade dwellings. At 26.7 degrees C, male and female nymphs developed into adults in an average of 222 and 224 d, respectively. Both males and females had five nymphal instars. Adult females deposited up to 25 oothecae. The oothecae averaged 16.8 eggs and 13.9 nymphs emerged per egg capsule, resulting in an 82.7% hatch rate. Adults lived for at least 612 d. Two parameters that might contribute to the success of Turkestan cockroaches compared with oriental cockroaches are that the developmental period of the nymphs of Turkestan cockroaches are shorter and adult female Turkestan cockroaches produce considerably more oothecae than do oriental cockroaches. These may explain the observations by Pest Management Professionals that Turkestan cockroaches are displacing oriental cockroaches in outdoor habitats throughout the southwestern United States.}, }
@article {pmid24498724, year = {2013}, author = {Evangelista, D and Buss, L and Ware, JL}, title = {Using DNA barcodes to confirm the presence of a new invasive cockroach pest in New York City.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {106}, number = {6}, pages = {2275-2279}, doi = {10.1603/ec13402}, pmid = {24498724}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; New York City ; Periplaneta/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/*genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; }, abstract = {Recently, specimens of a Periplaneta sp. were discovered in New York, NY, that did not match the typical morphology of Periplaneta americana L., the ubiquitous American cockroach. Here, we used DNA barcoding and morphological identification to confirm that this newly invasive pest species was indeed Periplaneta japonica Karny, 1908. We discuss this recent invasion in light of known life history traits of this species, with specific predictions for its impact in the urban northeastern United States.}, }
@article {pmid24497994, year = {2014}, author = {Hall, SL and McCulley, RL and Barney, RJ and Phillips, TD}, title = {Does fungal endophyte infection improve tall fescue's growth response to fire and water limitation?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {e86904}, pmid = {24497994}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Biomass ; Ecosystem ; Endophytes/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Environment, Controlled ; Festuca/*growth &amp; development/microbiology ; *Fires ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Neotyphodium/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development ; Soil/chemistry ; Symbiosis ; Water/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Invasive species may owe some of their success in competing and co-existing with native species to microbial symbioses they are capable of forming. Tall fescue is a cool-season, non-native, invasive grass capable of co-existing with native warm-season grasses in North American grasslands that frequently experience fire, drought, and cold winters, conditions to which the native species should be better-adapted than tall fescue. We hypothesized that tall fescue's ability to form a symbiosis with Neotyphodium coenophialum, an aboveground fungal endophyte, may enhance its environmental stress tolerance and persistence in these environments. We used a greenhouse experiment to examine the effects of endophyte infection (E+ vs. E-), prescribed fire (1 burn vs. 2 burn vs. unburned control), and watering regime (dry vs. wet) on tall fescue growth. We assessed treatment effects for growth rates and the following response variables: total tiller length, number of tillers recruited during the experiment, number of reproductive tillers, tiller biomass, root biomass, and total biomass. Water regime significantly affected all response variables, with less growth and lower growth rates observed under the dry water regime compared to the wet. The burn treatments significantly affected total tiller length, number of reproductive tillers, total tiller biomass, and total biomass, but treatment differences were not consistent across parameters. Overall, fire seemed to enhance growth. Endophyte status significantly affected total tiller length and tiller biomass, but the effect was opposite what we predicted (E->E+). The results from our experiment indicated that tall fescue was relatively tolerant of fire, even when combined with dry conditions, and that the fungal endophyte symbiosis was not important in governing this ecological ability. The persistence of tall fescue in native grassland ecosystems may be linked to other endophyte-conferred abilities not measured here (e.g., herbivory release) or may not be related to this plant-microbial symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid24495338, year = {2014}, author = {Tayeh, A and Estoup, A and Lombaert, E and Guillemaud, T and Kirichenko, N and Lawson-Handley, L and De Clercq, P and Facon, B}, title = {Cannibalism in invasive, native and biocontrol populations of the harlequin ladybird.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {15}, pmid = {24495338}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents ; *Cannibalism ; Coleoptera/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Environment ; Europe ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cannibalism is widespread in both vertebrates and invertebrates but its extent is variable between and within species. Cannibalism depends on population density and nutritional conditions, and could be beneficial during colonisation of new environments. Empirical studies are needed to determine whether this trait might facilitate invasion of a new area in natural systems. We investigated whether the propensity for cannibalism in H. axyridis differs both between native and invasive populations and between invasive populations from the core and from the front of the invasive area in Western Europe. We also compared the propensity for cannibalism of these natural populations with that of laboratory-reared biocontrol populations. We measured the cannibalism rates of eggs by first instar larvae and adult females at two different individual densities of ladybirds from three types of population (invasive, native and biocontrol), in laboratory-controlled conditions.<br><br>RESULTS: Cannibalism was significantly greater in larvae from invasive populations compared to native or biocontrol populations, but there was no difference in cannibalism rates between populations from the core or front of the invaded range. Cannibalism was significantly lower in larvae from biocontrol populations compared to wild (invasive and native) populations. No differences in cannibalism rates of adult females were found between any populations. While high population density significantly increased cannibalism in both larvae and adults, the norm of reaction of cannibalism to individual density did not change significantly during the invasion and/or laboratory rearing processes.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study is the first to provide evidence for a higher propensity for cannibalism in invasive populations compared to native ones. Our experiments also shed light on the difference in cannibalism evolution with respect to life stages. However, we are still at an early stage in understanding the underlying mechanisms and several different research perspectives are needed to determine whether the higher propensity for cannibalism is a general feature of the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid24494694, year = {2014}, author = {Kuester, A and Conner, JK and Culley, T and Baucom, RS}, title = {How weeds emerge: a taxonomic and trait-based examination using United States data.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {202}, number = {3}, pages = {1055-1068}, pmid = {24494694}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; *Databases as Topic ; Genome Size ; Genome, Plant/genetics ; Herbicide Resistance ; Introduced Species ; Logistic Models ; Phenotype ; Plant Weeds/*classification/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Reproduction ; Species Specificity ; United States ; }, abstract = {Weeds can cause great economic and ecological harm to ecosystems. Despite their importance, comparisons of the taxonomy and traits of successful weeds often focus on a few specific comparisons - for example, introduced versus native weeds. We used publicly available inventories of US plant species to make comprehensive comparisons of the factors that underlie weediness. We quantitatively examined taxonomy to determine if certain genera are overrepresented by introduced, weedy or herbicide-resistant species, and we compared phenotypic traits of weeds to those of nonweeds, whether introduced or native. We uncovered genera that have more weeds and introduced species than expected by chance and plant families that have more herbicide-resistant species than expected by chance. Certain traits, generally related to fast reproduction, were more likely to be associated with weedy plants regardless of species' origins. We also found stress tolerance traits associated with either native or introduced weeds compared with native or introduced nonweeds. Weeds and introduced species have significantly smaller genomes than nonweeds and native species. These results support trends for weedy plants reported from other floras, suggest that native and introduced weeds have different stress adaptations, and provide a comprehensive survey of trends across weeds within the USA.}, }
@article {pmid24488227, year = {2014}, author = {Aschehoug, ET and Callaway, RM and Newcombe, G and Tharayil, N and Chen, S}, title = {Fungal endophyte increases the allelopathic effects of an invasive forb.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {175}, number = {1}, pages = {285-291}, pmid = {24488227}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Allelopathy ; Alternaria/physiology ; Centaurea/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Endophytes/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Endophytic plant symbionts can have powerful effects on the way their hosts interact with pathogens, competitors, and consumers. The presence of endophytes in plants can alter food webs, community composition and ecosystem processes, suggesting that endophyte-plant symbioses may represent unique forms of extended phenotypes. We tested the impact of the fungal endophyte Alternaria alternata (phylotype CID 120) on the allelopathic effect of the invasive forb Centaurea stoebe when in competition with the North American native bunchgrass Koeleria macrantha in a greenhouse competition experiment. The allelopathic effect of C. stoebe on K. macrantha when infected with the fungal endophyte was more than twice that of endophyte-free C. stoebe. However, this allelopathic effect was a small part of the very large competitive effect of C. stoebe on K. macrantha in all treatments, likely because of the priority effects in our experimental design. To our knowledge, these results are the first experimental evidence for a symbiotic relationship between plants and fungal endophytes affecting allelopathic interactions between competing plants, and thus provide insight into the mechanisms by which fungal endophytes may increase the competitive ability of their hosts.}, }
@article {pmid24486999, year = {2014}, author = {Landaeta-Aqueveque, C and Henríquez, A and Cattan, PE}, title = {Introduced species: domestic mammals are more significant transmitters of parasites to native mammals than are feral mammals.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {44}, number = {3-4}, pages = {243-249}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.12.002}, pmid = {24486999}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Domestic/*parasitology ; Animals, Wild/*parasitology ; Chile ; Ecosystem ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Mammals/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {The study of parasitism related to biological invasion has focused on attributes and impacts of parasites as invaders and the impact of introduced hosts on endemic parasitism. Thus, there is currently no study of the attributes of hosts which influence the invasiveness of parasites. We aimed to determine whether the degree of domestication of introduced mammalian species - feral introduced mammals, livestock or pets, hereafter 'D' - is important in the spillover of introduced parasites. The literature on introduced parasites of mammals in Chile was reviewed. We designed an index for estimating the relevance of the introduced host species to parasite spillover and determined whether the D of introduced mammals predicted this index. A total of 223 introduced parasite species were found. Our results indicate that domestic mammals have a higher number of introduced parasites and spillover parasites, and the index indicates that these mammals, particularly pets, are more relevant introducers than introduced feral mammals. Further analyses indicated that the higher impact is due to higher parasite richness, a longer time since introduction and wider dispersal, as well as how these mammals are maintained. The greater relevance of domestic mammals is important given that they are basically the same species distributed worldwide and can become the main transmitters of parasites to native mammals elsewhere. This finding also underlines the feasibility of management in order to reduce the transmission of parasites to native fauna through anti-parasitic treatment of domestic mammals, animal-ownership education and the prevention of importing new parasite species.}, }
@article {pmid24485004, year = {2014}, author = {Geurts, K and Mwatawala, MW and De Meyer, M}, title = {Dominance of an invasive fruit fly species, Bactrocera invadens, along an altitudinal transect in Morogoro, Eastern Central Tanzania.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {104}, number = {3}, pages = {288-294}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485313000722}, pmid = {24485004}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {*Altitude ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Environment ; Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; Tanzania ; Tephritidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Bactrocera invadens, a fruit fly from Asia, is an invasive pest species across Africa. It appears to continue spreading, not only in latitude but also in altitude. To assess its capacity to infest a large variety of hosts and its competition with other fruit fly species, a study along an altitudinal gradient was conducted. At low altitudes, the high abundance in the field and high infestation of B. invadens in different fruit species make it a serious pest. At high altitudes, colonization has started and B. invadens occurs in low numbers by reproducing successfully in high altitude fruits. Overall the abundance and infestation of B. invadens is influenced by its direct competitor Ceratitis rosa and the presence of its preferred host species. C. rosa is still the dominant species in temperate fruits grown at high altitude. Ceratitis cosyra, however, is negatively affected by B. invadens, this species seems to have shifted hosts to avoid competition. The broad host range and competitive potential of B. invadens increase the risk for further spread not only to higher areas, but also to subtropical regions.}, }
@article {pmid24481904, year = {2014}, author = {Tizzani, P and Catalano, S and Rossi, L and Duignan, PJ and Meneguz, PG}, title = {Invasive species and their parasites: eastern cottontail rabbit Sylvilagus floridanus and Trichostrongylus affinis (Graybill, 1924) from Northwestern Italy.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {113}, number = {4}, pages = {1301-1303}, pmid = {24481904}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/*veterinary ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Male ; Rabbits/*parasitology ; Trichostrongylosis/*veterinary ; Trichostrongylus/anatomy &amp; histology/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {The eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus is a native American lagomorph. Within the genus Sylvilagus, the eastern cottontail is the species with the widest distribution. From 1950s, the species was introduced to several European countries. A rapid territorial expansion of the introduced eastern cottontails has been observed in many areas of Italy. The eastern cottontail has been demonstrated to play a main role as carrier of exotic parasites. To date, three nematode species, exotic in Italian ecosystems, have been reported from introduced S. floridanus. However, its parasite fauna biodiversity is richer in native populations of the American continent. The aim of this work was to further investigate the gastrointestinal parasites of S. floridanus, to evaluate the potential presence of other exotic species. During 2010, 101 hosts were examined, and three nematodes were collected from their digestive tract. Two parasite species (Obeliscoides cuniculi, Trichostrongylus calcaratus) were already reported in Italy; the isolation of Trichostrongylus affinis is instead the first report of this nematode in Italy and in Europe as a whole. This study wants to highlight the great risks related to the introduction of allochthonous species. The impact of the invasion by alien animal species may be particularly severe for public and animal health, due to the potential introduction of new pathogens. The good number of exotic parasites found in introduced eastern cottontails, together with the few sanitary surveys carried out, suggests that an epidemiological survey, with specimens from multiple localities on a wider geographic range, could lead to interesting findings on parasites of native and alien lagomorphs in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid24479960, year = {2014}, author = {Vandepitte, K and de Meyer, T and Helsen, K and van Acker, K and Roldán-Ruiz, I and Mergeay, J and Honnay, O}, title = {Rapid genetic adaptation precedes the spread of an exotic plant species.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {9}, pages = {2157-2164}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12683}, pmid = {24479960}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Brassicaceae/*genetics/physiology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Flowers/physiology ; Gene Pool ; *Introduced Species ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Human activities have increasingly introduced plant species far outside their native ranges under environmental conditions that can strongly differ from those originally met. Therefore, before spreading, and potentially causing ecological and economical damage, non-native species may rapidly evolve. Evidence of genetically based adaptation during the process of becoming invasive is very scant, however, which is due to the lack of knowledge regarding the historical genetic makeup of the introduced populations and the lack of genomic resources. Capitalizing on the availability of old non-native herbarium specimens, we examined frequency shifts in genic SNPs of the Pyrenean Rocket (Sisymbrium austriacum subsp. chrysanthum), comparing the (i) native, (ii) currently spreading non-native and (iii) historically introduced gene pool. Results show strong divergence in flowering time genes during the establishment phase, indicating that rapid genetic adaptation preceded the spread of this species and possibly assisted in overcoming environmental constraints.}, }
@article {pmid24478201, year = {2014}, author = {Stohlgren, TJ and Rejmánek, M}, title = {No universal scale-dependent impacts of invasive species on native plant species richness.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {20130939}, pmid = {24478201}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; Trees ; United States ; }, abstract = {A growing number of studies seeking generalizations about the impact of plant invasions compare heavily invaded sites to uninvaded sites. But does this approach warrant any generalizations? Using two large datasets from forests, grasslands and desert ecosystems across the conterminous United States, we show that (i) a continuum of invasion impacts exists in many biomes and (ii) many possible species-area relationships may emerge reflecting a wide range of patterns of co-occurrence of native and alien plant species. Our results contradict a smaller recent study by Powell et al. 2013 (Science 339, 316-318. (doi:10.1126/science.1226817)), who compared heavily invaded and uninvaded sites in three biomes and concluded that plant communities invaded by non-native plant species generally have lower local richness (intercepts of log species richness-log area regression lines) but steeper species accumulation with increasing area (slopes of the regression lines) than do uninvaded communities. We conclude that the impacts of plant invasions on plant species richness are not universal.}, }
@article {pmid24477614, year = {2014}, author = {Singh, HP and Batish, DR and Dogra, KS and Kaur, S and Kohli, RK and Negi, A}, title = {Negative effect of litter of invasive weed Lantana camara on structure and composition of vegetation in the lower Siwalik Hills, northern India.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {186}, number = {6}, pages = {3379-3389}, pmid = {24477614}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Biomass ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; India ; *Introduced Species ; Lantana/*growth &amp; development ; Plant Weeds/*growth &amp; development ; Rhizosphere ; Soil/chemistry ; Trees/*classification ; }, abstract = {Lantana camara, an aromatic shrub, native to tropical America, was introduced into India for ornamental hedging, but later escaped and became a serious invasive weed. This study assessed the quantitative and qualitative status of plant community richness and diversity in areas invaded by L. camara in the Siwalik Hills (Himachal Pradesh, India), and explored allelopathy as a possible mechanism of interference. We measured species diversity, richness and evenness of the vegetation in areas invaded and uninvaded by L. camara. Allelopathic effects of L. camara rhizosphere soil and litter were assessed against two native plants-Achyranthes aspera (a herb) and Albizia lebbeck (a tree). Density, biomass and indices of diversity, richness and evenness were reduced by L. camara, indicating a significant alteration in composition and structure of native communities. Seedling growth of the test species was reduced in L. camara rhizosphere- and litter-amended soil. The inhibitory effect was ameliorated by the addition of activated charcoal, indicating the presence of organic inhibitors (quantified as phenolics) in the soil. Lantana invasion greatly reduces the density and diversity of the vegetation in the invaded area, and chemical interference of its litter plays an important role in invasion.}, }
@article {pmid24475145, year = {2014}, author = {Slabbert, E and Jacobs, SM and Jacobs, K}, title = {The soil bacterial communities of South African fynbos riparian ecosystems invaded by Australian Acacia species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {e86560}, pmid = {24475145}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acacia/*physiology ; Bacteria/classification/*genetics ; *Ecosystem ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Introduced Species ; Microbial Consortia/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*genetics ; Rivers ; Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Riparian ecosystem along rivers and streams are characterised by lateral and longitudinal ecological gradients and, as a result, harbour unique biodiversity. Riparian ecosystems in the fynbos of the Western Cape, South Africa, are characterised by seasonal dynamics, with summer droughts followed by high flows during winter. The unique hydrology and geomorphology of riparian ecosystems play an important role in shaping these ecosystems. The riparian vegetation in the Western Cape has, however, largely been degraded due to the invasion of non-indigenous plants, in particular Acacia mearnsii, A. saligna and A. dealbata. This study investigated the effect of hydrology and invasion on the bacterial communities associated with fynbos riparian ecosystems. Bacterial communities were characterised with automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) and 454 16S rDNA pyrosequencing. Chemical and physical properties of soil within sites were also determined and correlated with community data. Sectioning across the lateral zones revealed significant differences in community composition, and the specific bacterial taxa influenced. Results also showed that the bacterial community structure could be linked to Acacia invasion. The presence of invasive Acacia was correlated with specific bacterial phyla. However, high similarity between cleared and pristine sites suggests that the effect of Acacia on the soil bacterial community structure may not be permanent. This study demonstrates how soil bacterial communities are influenced by hydrological gradients associated with riparian ecosystems and the impact of Acacia invasion on these communities.}, }
@article {pmid24475097, year = {2014}, author = {Bezzina, CN and Amiel, JJ and Shine, R}, title = {Does invasion success reflect superior cognitive ability? A case study of two congeneric lizard species (Lampropholis, Scincidae).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {e86271}, pmid = {24475097}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; *Lizards ; Male ; Maze Learning ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; *Sympatry ; }, abstract = {A species' intelligence may reliably predict its invasive potential. If this is true, then we might expect invasive species to be better at learning novel tasks than non-invasive congeners. To test this hypothesis, we exposed two sympatric species of Australian scincid lizards, Lampropholis delicata (invasive) and L. guichenoti (non-invasive) to standardized maze-learning tasks. Both species rapidly decreased the time they needed to find a food reward, but latencies were always higher for L. delicata than L. guichenoti. More detailed analysis showed that neither species actually learned the position of the food reward; they were as likely to turn the wrong way at the end of the study as at the beginning. Instead, their times decreased because they spent less time immobile in later trials; and L. guichenoti arrived at the reward sooner because they exhibited "freezing" (immobility) less than L. delicata. Hence, our data confirm that the species differ in their performance in this standardized test, but neither the decreasing time to find the reward, nor the interspecific disparity in those times, are reflective of cognitive abilities. Behavioural differences may well explain why one species is invasive and one is not, but those differences do not necessarily involve cognitive ability.}, }
@article {pmid24467555, year = {2014}, author = {Wittmann, ME and Cooke, RM and Rothlisberger, JD and Lodge, DM}, title = {Using structured expert judgment to assess invasive species prevention: Asian carp and the Mississippi-Great Lakes hydrologic connection.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {2150-2156}, pmid = {24467555}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; Calibration ; Carps/*physiology ; Geography ; *Hydrology ; *Introduced Species ; *Judgment ; *Lakes ; Mississippi ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Recently, authors have theorized that invasive species prevention is more cost-effective than control in protecting ecosystem services. However, quantification of the effectiveness of prevention is rare because experiments at field scales are expensive or infeasible. We therefore used structured expert judgment to quantify the efficacy of 17 proposed strategies to prevent Asian carp invasion of the Laurentian Great Lakes via the hydrologic connection between the Mississippi and Great Lakes watersheds. Performance-weighted expert estimates indicated that hydrologic separation would prevent 99% (95,100; median, 5th and 95th percentiles) of Asian carp access, while electric and acoustic-bubble-strobe barriers would prevent 92% (85,95) and 92% (75,95), respectively. For all other strategies, estimated effectiveness was lower, with greater uncertainty. When potential invasions by other taxa are considered, the effectiveness of hydrologic separation increases relative to strategies that are effective primarily for fishes. These results could help guide invasive species management in many waterways globally.}, }
@article {pmid24467348, year = {2014}, author = {Maron, JL and Auge, H and Pearson, DE and Korell, L and Hensen, I and Suding, KN and Stein, C}, title = {Staged invasions across disparate grasslands: effects of seed provenance, consumers and disturbance on productivity and species richness.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {499-507}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12250}, pmid = {24467348}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; California ; *Ecosystem ; Germany ; *Introduced Species ; Montana ; Plants ; Rodentia/physiology ; Seeds/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Exotic plant invasions are thought to alter productivity and species richness, yet these patterns are typically correlative. Few studies have experimentally invaded sites and asked how addition of novel species influences ecosystem function and community structure and examined the role of competitors and/or consumers in mediating these patterns. We invaded disturbed and undisturbed subplots in and out of rodent exclosures with seeds of native or exotic species in grasslands in Montana, California and Germany. Seed addition enhanced aboveground biomass and species richness compared with no-seeds-added controls, with exotics having disproportionate effects on productivity compared with natives. Disturbance enhanced the effects of seed addition on productivity and species richness, whereas rodents reduced productivity, but only in Germany and California. Our results demonstrate that experimental introduction of novel species can alter ecosystem function and community structure, but that local filters such as competition and herbivory influence the magnitude of these impacts.}, }
@article {pmid24466227, year = {2014}, author = {Bugnot, AB and Coleman, RA and Figueira, WF and Marzinelli, EM}, title = {Patterns of the non-indigenous isopod Cirolana harfordi in Sydney Harbour.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {e86765}, pmid = {24466227}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Isopoda/*physiology ; New South Wales ; Ostreidae/*parasitology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Biological introductions can alter the ecology of local assemblages and are an important driver of global environmental change. The first step towards understanding the impact of a non-indigenous species is to study its distribution and associations in the invaded area. In Sydney Harbour, the non-indigenous isopod Cirolana harfordi has been reported in densities up to 0.5 individuals per cm(2) in mussel-beds. Abundances of this species have, however, been largely overlooked in other key habitats. The first aim of this study was to evaluate the abundances and distribution of C. harfordi across different habitats representative of Sydney Harbour. Results showed that C. harfordi occurred in oyster and mussel-beds, being particularly abundant in oyster-beds. We also aimed to determine the role of C. harfordi as a predator, scavenger and detritus feeder by investigating the relationships between densities of C. harfordi and (i) the structure of the resident assemblages, and (ii) deposited organic matter in oyster-beds. Densities of C. harfordi were not related to the structure of the assemblages, nor amounts of deposited organic matter. These findings suggested little or no ecological impacts of C. harfordi in oyster-beds. These relationships may, however, affect other variables such as growth of individuals, or be disguised by high variability of assemblages among different locations. Future studies should, therefore, test the impacts of C. harfordi on the size of organisms in the assemblage and use manipulative experiments to control for spatial variation. This study is the first published work on the ecology of the invasion of C. harfordi and provides the starting-point for the study of the impacts of this species in Sydney Harbour.}, }
@article {pmid24466050, year = {2014}, author = {Leong, M and Kremen, C and Roderick, GK}, title = {Pollinator interactions with yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) across urban, agricultural, and natural landscapes.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {e86357}, pmid = {24466050}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; California ; Centaurea/*physiology ; *Cities ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Pollination/*physiology ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Pollinator-plant relationships are found to be particularly vulnerable to land use change. Yet despite extensive research in agricultural and natural systems, less attention has focused on these interactions in neighboring urban areas and its impact on pollination services. We investigated pollinator-plant interactions in a peri-urban landscape on the outskirts of the San Francisco Bay Area, California, where urban, agricultural, and natural land use types interface. We made standardized observations of floral visitation and measured seed set of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis), a common grassland invasive, to test the hypotheses that increasing urbanization decreases 1) rates of bee visitation, 2) viable seed set, and 3) the efficiency of pollination (relationship between bee visitation and seed set). We unexpectedly found that bee visitation was highest in urban and agricultural land use contexts, but in contrast, seed set rates in these human-altered landscapes were lower than in natural sites. An explanation for the discrepancy between floral visitation and seed set is that higher plant diversity in urban and agricultural areas, as a result of more introduced species, decreases pollinator efficiency. If these patterns are consistent across other plant species, the novel plant communities created in these managed landscapes and the generalist bee species that are favored by human-altered environments will reduce pollination services.}, }
@article {pmid24465851, year = {2014}, author = {Nash, WJ and Chapman, T}, title = {Effect of dietary components on larval life history characteristics in the medfly (Ceratitis capitata: Diptera, Tephritidae).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {e86029}, pmid = {24465851}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {BB/K000489/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Body Weight ; Ceratitis capitata/anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development ; *Diet ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Pupa/growth &amp; development ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The ability to respond to heterogenous nutritional resources is an important factor in the adaptive radiation of insects such as the highly polyphagous Medfly. Here we examined the breadth of the Medfly's capacity to respond to different developmental conditions, by experimentally altering diet components as a proxy for host quality and novelty.<br><br>We tested responses of larval life history to diets containing protein and carbohydrate components found in and outside the natural host range of this species. A 40% reduction in the quantity of protein caused a significant increase in egg to adult mortality by 26.5%&#xb1;6% in comparison to the standard baseline diet. Proteins and carbohydrates had differential effects on larval versus pupal development and survival. Addition of a novel protein source, casein (i.e. milk protein), to the diet increased larval mortality by 19.4%&#xb1;3% and also lengthened the duration of larval development by 1.93&#xb1;0.5 days in comparison to the standard diet. Alteration of dietary carbohydrate, by replacing the baseline starch with simple sugars, increased mortality specifically within the pupal stage (by 28.2%&#xb1;8% and 26.2%&#xb1;9% for glucose and maltose diets, respectively). Development in the presence of the novel carbohydrate lactose (milk sugar) was successful, though on this diet there was a decrease of 29.8&#xb1;1.6 &#xb5;g in mean pupal weight in comparison to pupae reared on the baseline diet.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm that laboratory reared Medfly retain the ability to survive development through a wide range of fluctuations in the nutritional environment. We highlight new facets of the responses of different stages of holometabolous life histories to key dietary components. The results are relevant to colonisation scenarios and key to the biology of this highly invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid24465841, year = {2014}, author = {Kumar, A and Congiu, L and Lindström, L and Piiroinen, S and Vidotto, M and Grapputo, A}, title = {Sequencing, De Novo assembly and annotation of the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Transcriptome.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {e86012}, pmid = {24465841}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Actins/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Coleoptera/*genetics/metabolism ; Diapause, Insect/genetics ; Drug Resistance ; Gene Ontology ; Genes, Insect ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Insect Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics/metabolism ; MicroRNAs/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Serpins/genetics/metabolism ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) is a major pest and a serious threat to potato cultivation throughout the northern hemisphere. Despite its high importance for invasion biology, phenology and pest management, little is known about L. decemlineata from a genomic perspective. We subjected European L. decemlineata adult and larval transcriptome samples to 454-FLX massively-parallel DNA sequencing to characterize a basal set of genes from this species. We created a combined assembly of the adult and larval datasets including the publicly available midgut larval Roche 454 reads and provided basic annotation. We were particularly interested in diapause-specific genes and genes involved in pesticide and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) resistance.<br><br>RESULTS: Using 454-FLX pyrosequencing, we obtained a total of 898,048 reads which, together with the publicly available 804,056 midgut larval reads, were assembled into 121,912 contigs. We established a repository of genes of interest, with 101 out of the 108 diapause-specific genes described in Drosophila montana; and 621 contigs involved in insecticide resistance, including 221 CYP450, 45 GSTs, 13 catalases, 15 superoxide dismutases, 22 glutathione peroxidases, 194 esterases, 3 ADAM metalloproteases, 10 cadherins and 98 calmodulins. We found 460 putative miRNAs and we predicted a significant number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (29,205) and microsatellite loci (17,284).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This report of the assembly and annotation of the transcriptome of L. decemlineata offers new insights into diapause-associated and insecticide-resistance-associated genes in this species and provides a foundation for comparative studies with other species of insects. The data will also open new avenues for researchers using L. decemlineata as a model species, and for pest management research. Our results provide the basis for performing future gene expression and functional analysis in L. decemlineata and improve our understanding of the biology of this invasive species at the molecular level.}, }
@article {pmid24465640, year = {2014}, author = {Ricotta, C and Celesti-Grapow, L and Kühn, I and Rapson, G and Pyšek, P and La Sorte, FA and Thompson, K}, title = {Geographical constraints are stronger than invasion patterns for European urban floras.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {e85661}, pmid = {24465640}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Cities ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/classification/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/classification ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Understanding the mechanisms that affect invasion success of alien species is an important prerequisite for the effective management of present and future aliens. To gain insight into this matter we asked the following questions: Are the geographical patterns of species distributions in urban floras different for native compared with alien plant species? Does the introduction of alien species contribute to the homogenization of urban floras? We used a Mantel test on Jaccard dissimilarity matrices of 30 urban floras across the British Isles, Italy and central Europe to compare the spatial distribution of native species with four classes of alien species: archaeophytes, all neophytes, non-invasive neophytes, and invasive neophytes. Archaeophytes and neophytes are species that were introduced into Europe before and after 1500 AD, respectively. To analyze the homogenizing effect of alien species on the native urban floras, we tested for differences in the average dissimilarity of individual cities from their group centroid in ordination space. Our results show that the compositional patterns of native and alien species seem to respond to the same environmental drivers, such that all four classes of alien species were significantly related to native species across urban floras. In this framework, alien species may have an impact on biogeographic patterns of urban floras in ways that reflect their history of introduction and expansion: archaeophytes and invasive neophytes tended to homogenize, while non-invasive neophytes tended to differentiate urban floras.}, }
@article {pmid24462573, year = {2014}, author = {Abril, S and Gómez, C}, title = {Strength in numbers: large and permanent colonies have higher queen oviposition rates in the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile, Mayr).}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {62}, number = {}, pages = {21-25}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.01.004}, pmid = {24462573}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/chemistry/*physiology ; Female ; Kinetics ; Male ; *Oviposition ; Seasons ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Polydomy associated with unicoloniality is a common trait of invasive species. In the invasive Argentine ant, colonies are seasonally polydomous. Most follow a seasonal fission-fussion pattern: they disperse in the spring and summer and aggregate in the fall and winter. However, a small proportion of colonies do not migrate; instead, they inhabit permanent nesting sites. These colonies are large and highly polydomous. The aim of this study was to (1) search for differences in the fecundity of queens between mother colonies (large and permanent) and satellite colonies (small and temporal), (2) determine if queens in mother and satellite colonies have different diets to clarify if colony size influences social organization and queen feeding, and (3) examine if colony location relative to the invasion front results in differences in the queen's diet. Our results indicate that queens from mother nests are more fertile than queens from satellite nests and that colony location does not affect queen oviposition rate. Ovarian dissections suggest that differences in ovarian morphology are not responsible for the higher queen oviposition rate in mother vs. satellite nests, since there were no differences in the number and length of ovarioles in queens from the two types of colonies. In contrast, the higher δ(15)N values of queens from mother nests imply that greater carnivorous source intake accounts for the higher oviposition rates.}, }
@article {pmid24461692, year = {2014}, author = {Hutchings, P}, title = {Marine Pollution Bulletin. Editorial.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {79}, number = {1-2}, pages = {1-2}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.022}, pmid = {24461692}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/*classification ; Australia ; Classification ; Endangered Species ; Environmental Policy ; Introduced Species ; Water Pollution, Chemical/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, }
@article {pmid24460729, year = {2014}, author = {Mari, L and Casagrandi, R and Bertuzzo, E and Rinaldo, A and Gatto, M}, title = {Metapopulation persistence and species spread in river networks.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {426-434}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12242}, pmid = {24460729}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Computer Simulation ; Dreissena/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; *Rivers ; Urodela/physiology ; }, abstract = {River networks define ecological corridors characterised by unidirectional streamflow, which may impose downstream drift to aquatic organisms or affect their movement. Animals and plants manage to persist in riverine ecosystems, though, which in fact harbour high biological diversity. Here, we study metapopulation persistence in river networks analysing stage-structured populations that exploit different dispersal pathways, both along-stream and overland. Using stability analysis, we derive a novel criterion for metapopulation persistence in arbitrarily complex landscapes described as spatial networks. We show how dendritic geometry and overland dispersal can promote population persistence, and that their synergism provides an explanation of the so-called `drift paradox'. We also study the geography of the initial spread of a species and place it in the context of biological invasions. Applications concerning the persistence of stream salamanders in the Shenandoah river, and the spread of two invasive species in the Mississippi-Missouri are also discussed.}, }
@article {pmid24458692, year = {2014}, author = {Gilioli, G and Pasquali, S and Parisi, S and Winter, S}, title = {Modelling the potential distribution of Bemisia tabaci in Europe in light of the climate change scenario.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {70}, number = {10}, pages = {1611-1623}, doi = {10.1002/ps.3734}, pmid = {24458692}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Europe ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bemisia tabaci is a serious pest of agricultural and horticultural crops in greenhouses and fields around the world. This paper deals with the distribution of the pest under field conditions. In Europe, the insect is currently found in coastal regions of Mediterranean countries where it is subject to quarantine regulations. To assess the risk presented by B. tabaci to Europe, the area of potential establishment of this insect, in light of the climate change scenario, was assessed by a temperature-dependent physiologically based demographic model (PBDM).<br><br>RESULTS: The simulated potential distribution under current climate conditions has been successfully validated with the available field records of B. tabaci in Europe. Considering climate change scenarios of +1 and +2 &#xb0;C, range expansion by B. tabaci is predicted, particularly in Spain, France, Italy, Greece and along the Adriatic coast of the Balkans. Nonetheless, even under the scenario of +2 &#xb0;C, northern European countries are not likely to be at risk of B. tabaci establishment because of climatic limitations.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Model validation with field observations and evaluation of uncertainties associated with model parameter variability support the reliability of model results. The PBDM developed here can be applied to other organisms and offers significant advantages for assessing the potential distribution of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid24458534, year = {2014}, author = {Barbosa, Lda F and Marubayashi, JM and De Marchi, BR and Yuki, VA and Pavan, MA and Moriones, E and Navas-Castillo, J and Krause-Sakate, R}, title = {Indigenous American species of the Bemisia tabaci complex are still widespread in the Americas.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {70}, number = {10}, pages = {1440-1445}, doi = {10.1002/ps.3731}, pmid = {24458534}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Americas ; Animals ; Hemiptera/*classification/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; *Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Bemisia tabaci is a complex of at least 36 putative cryptic species. Since the late 1980s, the Middle East-Asia Minor 1 species (MEAM1, formerly known as the B biotype), has emerged in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world and in some areas has displaced the indigenous populations of B. tabaci. Based on analysis of the mtCOI gene, two indigenous species native to America have been reported: New World (NW, formerly the A biotype) and New World 2 (NW2). NW is present at least in Argentina, Brazil, Martinique, Mexico, Texas and Venezuela, and NW2 in Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil. Wild plants (Euphorbia sp. and Ipomoea sp.), as well as important crops such as tomato, bean and cotton, are still hosts for native B. tabaci populations in the Americas. MEAM1 has not completely displaced the native B. tabaci from the Americas.}, }
@article {pmid24457924, year = {2014}, author = {Kolbe, JJ and Ehrenberger, JC and Moniz, HA and Angilletta, MJ}, title = {Physiological variation among invasive populations of the brown anole (Anolis sagrei).}, journal = {Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ}, volume = {87}, number = {1}, pages = {92-104}, doi = {10.1086/672157}, pmid = {24457924}, issn = {1537-5293}, mesh = {Animals ; *Basal Metabolism ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cuba ; Female ; Florida ; Georgia ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/genetics/*physiology ; Male ; *Motor Activity ; *Water Loss, Insensible ; }, abstract = {Invasive species often encounter novel climatic conditions when they spread outside of their native ranges. Invading populations can respond to novel conditions by acclimation or adaptation of physiological capacities, which may facilitate their spread. We investigated differences in physiological traits among three populations of an invasive lizard, the brown anole (Anolis sagrei), along the latitudinal extent of its invasion in the southeastern United States. We predicted latitudinal clines for most traits based on models of adaptation to climate. Consistent with the latitudinal cline in temperature and moisture, the mean critical thermal minimum and the mean rate of water loss were lowest for lizards in the northern population. Furthermore, these traits acclimated to either temperature or humidity in a direction consistent with adaptive phenotypic plasticity. By contrast, metabolic rates varied among populations but did not conform to our prediction based on a latitudinal cline in temperature. Critical thermal maxima, endurances, and sprint speeds were similar among populations. Despite the idea that tropical lizards have limited capacity for acclimation, we found variation among invasive populations of brown anoles, which could have partially resulted from acclimation. This physiological variation within the invasive range raises questions about the roles of plasticity and adaptation in the success of the invasion.}, }
@article {pmid24457085, year = {2013}, author = {Montarsi, F and Martini, S and Dal Pont, M and Delai, N and Ferro Milone, N and Mazzucato, M and Soppelsa, F and Cazzola, L and Cazzin, S and Ravagnan, S and Ciocchetta, S and Russo, F and Capelli, G}, title = {Distribution and habitat characterization of the recently introduced invasive mosquito Aedes koreicus [Hulecoeteomyia koreica], a new potential vector and pest in north-eastern Italy.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {292}, pmid = {24457085}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/genetics/*physiology ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Insect Vectors ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Legislation as Topic ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The container breeding species belonging to the genus Aedes (Meigen) are frequently recorded out of their place of origin. Invasive Aedes species are proven or potential vectors of important Arboviruses and their establishment in new areas pose a threat for human and animal health. A new species of exotic mosquito was recorded in 2011 in north-eastern Italy: Aedes (Finlaya) koreicus [Hulecoeteomyia koreica]. The aim of this study was to characterize the biology, the environment and the current distribution of this mosquito in north-eastern Italy. Morphological details useful to discriminate this species from other invasive Aedes mosquitoes are also given (see Additional files).<br><br>METHODS: All possible breeding sites for larval development were monitored. In addition, ovitraps and traps for adults were used to collect eggs and adults. The mosquitoes (larvae and adults) were identified morphologically and molecularly. Environmental data and climatic variables during the period of mosquito activity (from April to October) were considered.<br><br>RESULTS: Aedes koreicus was found in 37 municipalities (39.4%) and was detected in 40.2% of places and in 37.3% of larval habitats monitored, in a range of altitude from 173 to 1250&#xa0;m.a.s.l.. Garden centres were the most common locations (66.7%), followed by streets/squares (57.1%), private gardens (46.4%) and cemeteries (21.1%) (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01). The main larval habitats were catch basins (48.5%) and artificial water containers (41.8%). As for Aedes albopictus [Stegomyia albopicta], ovitraps were attractive for adult females resulting in the higher rate of positivity (15/21; 71.4%) among breeding sites. The period of Ae. koreicus activity ranged from March 29 to October 29.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The species is clearly established in the area and is now overlapping with other vectors such as Ae. albopictus and colonizing areas over 800&#xa0;m.a.s.l, not yet or sporadically reached by the tiger mosquito. The data collected are essential to assess the risk of colonization of other parts of Italy and Europe, as well as the risk of spreading of pathogens transmitted. These findings stress the importance of implementing entomological surveillance for early detection of invasive species, which is necessary for eradication or limitation of its further spread.}, }
@article {pmid24456226, year = {2014}, author = {Lindholm, AK and Head, ML and Brooks, RC and Rollins, LA and Ingleby, FC and Zajitschek, SR}, title = {Causes of male sexual trait divergence in introduced populations of guppies.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {437-448}, pmid = {24456226}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; Color ; Female ; Genetic Drift ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Mating Preference, Animal ; Poecilia/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Queensland ; }, abstract = {Males from different populations of the same species often differ in their sexually selected traits. Variation in sexually selected traits can be attributed to sexual selection if phenotypic divergence matches the direction of sexual selection gradients among populations. However, phenotypic divergence of sexually selected traits may also be influenced by other factors, such as natural selection and genetic constraints. Here, we document differences in male sexual traits among six introduced Australian populations of guppies and untangle the forces driving divergence in these sexually selected traits. Using an experimental approach, we found that male size, area of orange coloration, number of sperm per ejaculate and linear sexual selection gradients for male traits differed among populations. Within populations, a large mismatch between the direction of selection and male traits suggests that constraints may be important in preventing male traits from evolving in the direction of selection. Among populations, however, variation in sexual selection explained more than half of the differences in trait variation, suggesting that, despite within-population constraints, sexual selection has contributed to population divergence of male traits. Differences in sexual traits were also associated with predation risk and neutral genetic distance. Our study highlights the importance of sexual selection in trait divergence in introduced populations, despite the presence of constraining factors such as predation risk and evolutionary history.}, }
@article {pmid24455152, year = {2013}, author = {Mestre, A and Aguilar-Alberola, JA and Baldry, D and Balkis, H and Ellis, A and Gil-Delgado, JA and Grabow, K and Klobučar, G and Kouba, A and Maguire, I and Martens, A and Mülayim, A and Rueda, J and Scharf, B and Soes, M and S Monrós, J and Mesquita-Joanes, F}, title = {Invasion biology in non-free-living species: interactions between abiotic (climatic) and biotic (host availability) factors in geographical space in crayfish commensals (Ostracoda, Entocytheridae).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {16}, pages = {5237-5253}, pmid = {24455152}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {In invasion processes, both abiotic and biotic factors are considered essential, but the latter are usually disregarded when modeling the potential spread of exotic species. In the framework of set theory, interactions between biotic (B), abiotic (A), and movement-related (M) factors in the geographical space can be hypothesized with BAM diagrams and tested using ecological niche models (ENMs) to estimate A and B areas. The main aim of our survey was to evaluate the interactions between abiotic (climatic) and biotic (host availability) factors in geographical space for exotic symbionts (i.e., non-free-living species), using ENM techniques combined with a BAM framework and using exotic Entocytheridae (Ostracoda) found in Europe as model organisms. We carried out an extensive survey to evaluate the distribution of entocytherids hosted by crayfish in Europe by checking 94 European localities and 12 crayfish species. Both exotic entocytherid species found, Ankylocythere sinuosa and Uncinocythere occidentalis, were widely distributed in W Europe living on the exotic crayfish species Procambarus clarkii and Pacifastacus leniusculus, respectively. No entocytherids were observed in the remaining crayfish species. The suitable area for A. sinuosa was mainly restricted by its own limitations to minimum temperatures in W and N Europe and precipitation seasonality in circum-Mediterranean areas. Uncinocythere occidentalis was mostly restricted by host availability in circum-Mediterranean regions due to limitations of P. leniusculus to higher precipitation seasonality and maximum temperatures. The combination of ENMs with set theory allows studying the invasive biology of symbionts and provides clues about biogeographic barriers due to abiotic or biotic factors limiting the expansion of the symbiont in different regions of the invasive range. The relative importance of abiotic and biotic factors on geographical space can then be assessed and applied in conservation plans. This approach can also be implemented in other systems where the target species is closely interacting with other taxa.}, }
@article {pmid24455149, year = {2013}, author = {Clements, CF and Warren, PH and Collen, B and Blackburn, T and Worsfold, N and Petchey, O}, title = {Interactions between assembly order and temperature can alter both short- and long-term community composition.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {16}, pages = {5201-5208}, pmid = {24455149}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Both the order in which species arrive in a community, and environmental conditions, such as temperature, are known to affect community structure. Little is known, however, about the potential for, and occurrence of, interactions between assembly history and the environment. Of particular, interest may be the interaction between temperature and community assembly dynamics, especially in the light of predicted global climatic change and the fundamental processes that are governed, through metabolic rate, by an individual's environmental temperature. We present, to our knowledge, the first experimental exploration of how the influence of assembly history, temperature, and the interaction between the two alters the structure of communities of competitors, using small-scale protist microcosm communities where temperature and assembly order were manipulated factorially. In our experiment, the most important driver of long-term abundance was temperature but long-lasting assembly order effects influenced the relationship between temperature and abundance. Any advantage of early colonization proved to be short-lived, and there was rarely any long-term advantage to colonizing a habitat before other species. The results presented here suggest that environmental conditions shape community composition, but that occasionally temperature could interact with the stochastic nature of community assembly to significantly alter future community composition, especially where temperature change has been large. This could have important implications for the dynamics of both rare and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid24455140, year = {2013}, author = {Bacigalupe, LD and Barrientos, K and Beckerman, AP and Carter, MJ and Figueroa, CC and Foster, SP and Moore, AJ and Silva, AX and Nespolo, RF}, title = {Can invasions occur without change? A comparison of G-matrices and selection in the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {15}, pages = {5109-5118}, pmid = {24455140}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Most evolutionary research on biological invasions has focused on changes seen between the native and invaded range for a particular species. However, it is likely that species that live in human-modified habitats in their native range might have evolved specific adaptations to those environments, which increase the likelihood of establishment and spread in similar human-altered environments. From a quantitative genetic perspective, this hypothesis suggests that both native and introduced populations should reside at or near the same adaptive peak. Therefore, we should observe no overall changes in the G (genetic variance-covariance) matrices between native and introduced ranges, and stabilizing selection on fitness-related traits in all populations. We tested these predictions comparing three populations of the worldwide pest Myzus persicae from the Middle East (native range) and the UK and Chile (separately introduced ranges). In general, our results provide mixed support for this idea, but further comparisons of other species are needed. In particular, we found that there has been some limited evolution in the studied traits, with the Middle East population differing from the UK and Chilean populations. This was reflected in the structure of the G-matrices, in which Chile differed from both UK and Middle East populations. Furthermore, the amount of genetic variation was massively reduced in Chile in comparison with UK and Middle East populations. Finally, we found no detectable selection on any trait in the three populations, but clones from the introduced ranges started to reproduce later, were smaller, had smaller offspring, and had lower reproductive fitness than clones from the native range.}, }
@article {pmid24454936, year = {2014}, author = {Krist, AC and Kay, AD and Larkin, K and Neiman, M}, title = {Response to phosphorus limitation varies among lake populations of the freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {e85845}, pmid = {24454936}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Diet ; Lakes ; Phosphorus/*deficiency ; Snails/genetics/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Stress, Physiological ; Triploidy ; }, abstract = {Local adaptation--typically recognized as higher values of fitness-related traits for native vs. non-native individuals when measured in the native environment--is common in natural populations because of pervasive spatial variation in the intensity and type of natural selection. Although local adaptation has been primarily studied in the context of biotic interactions, widespread variation in abiotic characteristics of environments suggests that local adaptation in response to abiotic factors should also be common. Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a freshwater New Zealand snail that is an important model system for invasion biology and the maintenance of sexual reproduction, exhibits local adaptation to parasites and rate of water flow. As an initial step to determining whether P. antipodarum are also locally adapted to phosphorus availability, we examined whether populations differ in their responses to phosphorus limitation. We found that field-collected juvenile P. antipodarum grew at a lower rate and reached an important size threshold more slowly when fed a relatively low vs. a relatively high-phosphorus diet. We also detected significant across-population variation in individual growth rate. A marginally significant population-by-dietary phosphorus interaction along with a two-fold difference across populations in the extent of suppression of growth by low phosphorus suggests that populations of P. antipodarum may differ in their response to phosphorus limitation. Local adaptation may explain this variation, with the implication that snails from lakes with relatively low phosphorus availability should be less severely affected by phosphorus limitation than snails from lakes with higher phosphorus availability.}, }
@article {pmid24454840, year = {2014}, author = {Kalwij, JM and Robertson, MP and Ronk, A and Zobel, M and Pärtel, M}, title = {Spatially-explicit estimation of geographical representation in large-scale species distribution datasets.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {e85306}, pmid = {24454840}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Datasets as Topic ; Europe ; *Geography ; Plants/*classification ; }, abstract = {Much ecological research relies on existing multispecies distribution datasets. Such datasets, however, can vary considerably in quality, extent, resolution or taxonomic coverage. We provide a framework for a spatially-explicit evaluation of geographical representation within large-scale species distribution datasets, using the comparison of an occurrence atlas with a range atlas dataset as a working example. Specifically, we compared occurrence maps for 3773 taxa from the widely-used Atlas Florae Europaeae (AFE) with digitised range maps for 2049 taxa of the lesser-known Atlas of North European Vascular Plants. We calculated the level of agreement at a 50-km spatial resolution using average latitudinal and longitudinal species range, and area of occupancy. Agreement in species distribution was calculated and mapped using Jaccard similarity index and a reduced major axis (RMA) regression analysis of species richness between the entire atlases (5221 taxa in total) and between co-occurring species (601 taxa). We found no difference in distribution ranges or in the area of occupancy frequency distribution, indicating that atlases were sufficiently overlapping for a valid comparison. The similarity index map showed high levels of agreement for central, western, and northern Europe. The RMA regression confirmed that geographical representation of AFE was low in areas with a sparse data recording history (e.g., Russia, Belarus and the Ukraine). For co-occurring species in south-eastern Europe, however, the Atlas of North European Vascular Plants showed remarkably higher richness estimations. Geographical representation of atlas data can be much more heterogeneous than often assumed. Level of agreement between datasets can be used to evaluate geographical representation within datasets. Merging atlases into a single dataset is worthwhile in spite of methodological differences, and helps to fill gaps in our knowledge of species distribution ranges. Species distribution dataset mergers, such as the one exemplified here, can serve as a baseline towards comprehensive species distribution datasets.}, }
@article {pmid24454755, year = {2014}, author = {Suckling, DM and Sforza, RF}, title = {What magnitude are observed non-target impacts from weed biocontrol?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {e84847}, pmid = {24454755}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Insecta/physiology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Plant Weeds/*physiology ; Plants ; }, abstract = {A systematic review focused by plant on non-target impacts from agents deliberately introduced for the biological control of weeds found significant non-target impacts to be rare. The magnitude of direct impact of 43 biocontrol agents on 140 non-target plants was retrospectively categorized using a risk management framework for ecological impacts of invasive species (minimal, minor, moderate, major, massive). The vast majority of agents introduced for classical biological control of weeds (>99% of 512 agents released) have had no known significant adverse effects on non-target plants thus far; major effects suppressing non-target plant populations could be expected to be detectable. Most direct non-target impacts on plants (91.6%) were categorized as minimal or minor in magnitude with no known adverse long-term impact on non-target plant populations, but a few cacti and thistles are affected at moderate (n = 3), major (n = 7) to massive (n = 1) scale. The largest direct impacts are from two agents (Cactoblastis cactorum on native cacti and Rhinocyllus conicus on native thistles), but these introductions would not be permitted today as more balanced attitudes exist to plant biodiversity, driven by both society and the scientific community. Our analysis shows (as far as is known), weed biological control agents have a biosafety track record of >99% of cases avoiding significant non-target impacts on plant populations. Some impacts could have been overlooked, but this seems unlikely to change the basic distribution of very limited adverse effects. Fewer non-target impacts can be expected in future because of improved science and incorporation of wider values. Failure to use biological control represents a significant opportunity cost from the certainty of ongoing adverse impacts from invasive weeds. It is recommended that a simple five-step scale be used to better communicate the risk of consequences from both action (classical biological control) and no action (ongoing impacts from invasive weeds).}, }
@article {pmid24452027, year = {2014}, author = {Strecker, AL and Olden, JD}, title = {Fish species introductions provide novel insights into the patterns and drivers of phylogenetic structure in freshwaters.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1778}, pages = {20133003}, pmid = {24452027}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Fishes/*classification/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Population Dynamics ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Despite long-standing interest of terrestrial ecologists, freshwater ecosystems are a fertile, yet unappreciated, testing ground for applying community phylogenetics to uncover mechanisms of species assembly. We quantify phylogenetic clustering and overdispersion of native and non-native fishes of a large river basin in the American Southwest to test for the mechanisms (environmental filtering versus competitive exclusion) and spatial scales influencing community structure. Contrary to expectations, non-native species were phylogenetically clustered and related to natural environmental conditions, whereas native species were not phylogenetically structured, likely reflecting human-related changes to the basin. The species that are most invasive (in terms of ecological impacts) tended to be the most phylogenetically divergent from natives across watersheds, but not within watersheds, supporting the hypothesis that Darwin's naturalization conundrum is driven by the spatial scale. Phylogenetic distinctiveness may facilitate non-native establishment at regional scales, but environmental filtering restricts local membership to closely related species with physiological tolerances for current environments. By contrast, native species may have been phylogenetically clustered in historical times, but species loss from contemporary populations by anthropogenic activities has likely shaped the phylogenetic signal. Our study implies that fundamental mechanisms of community assembly have changed, with fundamental consequences for the biogeography of both native and non-native species.}, }
@article {pmid24450363, year = {2014}, author = {Martin, MD and Zimmer, EA and Olsen, MT and Foote, AD and Gilbert, MT and Brush, GS}, title = {Herbarium specimens reveal a historical shift in phylogeographic structure of common ragweed during native range disturbance.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {7}, pages = {1701-1716}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12675}, pmid = {24450363}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Ambrosia/*genetics ; Bayes Theorem ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Chloroplast/genetics ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics ; Europe ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeography ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants provide ample opportunity to study evolutionary shifts that occur after introduction to novel environments. However, although genetic characters pre-dating introduction can be important determinants of later success, large-scale investigations of historical genetic structure have not been feasible. Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is an invasive weed native to North America that is known for its allergenic pollen. Palynological records from sediment cores indicate that this species was uncommon before European colonization of North America, and ragweed populations expanded rapidly as settlers deforested the landscape on a massive scale, later becoming an aggressive invasive with populations established globally. Towards a direct comparison of genetic structure now and during intense anthropogenic disturbance of the late 19th century, we sampled 45 natural populations of common ragweed across its native range as well as historical herbarium specimens collected up to 140 years ago. Bayesian clustering analyses of 453 modern and 473 historical samples genotyped at three chloroplast spacer regions and six nuclear microsatellite loci reveal that historical ragweed's spatial genetic structure mirrors both the palaeo-record of Ambrosia pollen deposition and the historical pattern of agricultural density across the landscape. Furthermore, for unknown reasons, this spatial genetic pattern has changed substantially in the intervening years. Following on previous work relating morphology and genetic expression between plants collected from eastern North America and Western Europe, we speculate that the cluster associated with humans' rapid transformation of the landscape is a likely source of these aggressive invasive populations.}, }
@article {pmid24449921, year = {2013}, author = {McCann, LD and Holzer, KK and Davidson, IC and Ashton, GV and Chapman, MD and Ruiz, GM}, title = {Promoting invasive species control and eradication in the sea: options for managing the tunicate invader Didemnum vexillum in Sitka, Alaska.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {77}, number = {1-2}, pages = {165-171}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.10.011}, pmid = {24449921}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Alaska ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Population Control ; Urochordata/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Bioinvasions are a significant force of change--and economic and ecological threat--in marine ecosystems. The threat now encroaches on Alaska, which has had relatively few invasions compared to other global regions, prompting need to develop new incursion response tools. We appraised five 'eco-friendly' immersion treatment options (dilute acetic acid, dilute bleach, freshwater, brine and hypoxia) at either minute- or hour-scale exposures to kill the invasive tunicate Didemnum vexillum. Data revealed 100% treatment efficacy after two minutes in acetic acid, ten minutes in bleach, four hours in freshwater and over four hours in brine solution. We also demonstrated the importance of monitoring D. vexillum recovery for at least three weeks, since seemingly destroyed colonies rebounded during this timeframe. Combined, these findings provide insights towards a bay-scale eradication and post-border management plan applicable to the recent D. vexillum incursion in Whiting Harbor, Alaska and other shallow, inshore invasion sites.}, }
@article {pmid24449913, year = {2014}, author = {Sol, D and Lapiedra, O and Vilà, M}, title = {Do close relatives make bad neighbors?.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {111}, number = {5}, pages = {E534-5}, pmid = {24449913}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*physiology ; Asteraceae/*genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Phylogeny ; }, }
@article {pmid24449911, year = {2014}, author = {Cadotte, MW}, title = {Including distantly related taxa can bias phylogenetic tests.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {111}, number = {5}, pages = {E536}, pmid = {24449911}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*physiology ; Asteraceae/*genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Phylogeny ; }, }
@article {pmid24449896, year = {2014}, author = {Smith, R and Tan, C and Srimani, JK and Pai, A and Riccione, KA and Song, H and You, L}, title = {Programmed Allee effect in bacteria causes a tradeoff between population spread and survival.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {111}, number = {5}, pages = {1969-1974}, pmid = {24449896}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {R01 GM098642/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; 1R01GM098642/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Escherichia coli/*growth &amp; development ; *Genetic Engineering ; *Microbial Viability ; *Models, Biological ; Movement ; }, abstract = {Dispersal is necessary for spread into new habitats, but it has also been shown to inhibit spread. Theoretical studies have suggested that the presence of a strong Allee effect may account for these counterintuitive observations. Experimental demonstration of this notion is lacking due to the difficulty in quantitative analysis of such phenomena in a natural setting. We engineered Escherichia coli to exhibit a strong Allee effect and examined how the Allee effect would affect the spread of the engineered bacteria. We showed that the Allee effect led to a biphasic dependence of bacterial spread on the dispersal rate: spread is promoted for intermediate dispersal rates but inhibited at low or high dispersal rates. The shape of this dependence is contingent upon the initial density of the source population. Moreover, the Allee effect led to a tradeoff between effectiveness of population spread and survival: increasing the number of target patches during dispersal allows more effective spread, but it simultaneously increases the risk of failing to invade or of going extinct. We also observed that total population growth is transiently maximized at an intermediate number of target patches. Finally, we demonstrate that fluctuations in cell growth may contribute to the paradoxical relationship between dispersal and spread. Our results provide direct experimental evidence that the Allee effect can explain the apparently paradoxical effects of dispersal on spread and have implications for guiding the spread of cooperative organisms.}, }
@article {pmid24446429, year = {2014}, author = {Sheppard, CS and Burns, BR and Stanley, MC}, title = {Predicting plant invasions under climate change: are species distribution models validated by field trials?.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {20}, number = {9}, pages = {2800-2814}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12531}, pmid = {24446429}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Araliaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Arecaceae/*growth &amp; development ; *Climate Change ; Demography ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; Pesticides/toxicity ; Psidium/*growth &amp; development ; Seedlings/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Climate change may facilitate alien species invasion into new areas, particularly for species from warm native ranges introduced into areas currently marginal for temperature. Although conclusions from modelling approaches and experimental studies are generally similar, combining the two approaches has rarely occurred. The aim of this study was to validate species distribution models by conducting field trials in sites of differing suitability as predicted by the models, thus increasing confidence in their ability to assess invasion risk. Three recently naturalized alien plants in New Zealand were used as study species (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana, Psidium guajava and Schefflera actinophylla): they originate from warm native ranges, are woody bird-dispersed species and of concern as potential weeds. Seedlings were grown in six sites across the country, differing both in climate and suitability (as predicted by the species distribution models). Seedling growth and survival were recorded over two summers and one or two winter seasons, and temperature and precipitation were monitored hourly at each site. Additionally, alien seedling performances were compared to those of closely related native species (Rhopalostylis sapida, Lophomyrtus bullata and Schefflera digitata). Furthermore, half of the seedlings were sprayed with pesticide, to investigate whether enemy release may influence performance. The results showed large differences in growth and survival of the alien species among the six sites. In the more suitable sites, performance was frequently higher compared to the native species. Leaf damage from invertebrate herbivory was low for both alien and native seedlings, with little evidence that the alien species should have an advantage over the native species because of enemy release. Correlations between performance in the field and predicted suitability of species distribution models were generally high. The projected increase in minimum temperature and reduced frosts with climate change may provide more suitable habitats and enable the spread of these species.}, }
@article {pmid24444123, year = {2014}, author = {Gundale, MJ and Kardol, P and Nilsson, MC and Nilsson, U and Lucas, RW and Wardle, DA}, title = {Interactions with soil biota shift from negative to positive when a tree species is moved outside its native range.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {202}, number = {2}, pages = {415-421}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12699}, pmid = {24444123}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Canada ; *Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; Pinus/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; *Soil ; *Soil Microbiology ; Sweden ; Trees/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Studies evaluating plant-soil biota interactions in both native and introduced plant ranges are rare, and thus far have lacked robust experimental designs to account for several potential confounding factors. Here, we investigated the effects of soil biota on growth of Pinus contorta, which has been introduced from Canada to Sweden. Using Swedish and Canadian soils, we conducted two glasshouse experiments. The first experiment utilized unsterilized soil from each country, with a full-factorial cross of soil origin, tree provenance, and fertilizer addition. The second experiment utilized gamma-irradiated sterile soil from each country, with a full-factorial cross of soil origin, soil biota inoculation treatments, tree provenance, and fertilizer addition. The first experiment showed higher seedling growth on Swedish soil relative to Canadian soil. The second experiment showed this effect was due to differences in soil biotic communities between the two countries, and occurred independently of all other experimental factors. Our results provide strong evidence that plant interactions with soil biota can shift from negative to positive following introduction to a new region, and are relevant for understanding the success of some exotic forest plantations, and invasive and range-expanding native species.}, }
@article {pmid24444045, year = {2014}, author = {Lombaert, E and Estoup, A and Facon, B and Joubard, B and Grégoire, JC and Jannin, A and Blin, A and Guillemaud, T}, title = {Rapid increase in dispersal during range expansion in the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {508-517}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12316}, pmid = {24444045}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Flight, Animal ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; }, abstract = {The evolutionary trajectories associated with demographic, genetic and spatial disequilibrium have become an issue of growing interest in population biology. Invasive species provide unique opportunities to explore the impact of recent range expansion on life-history traits, making it possible to test for a spatial arrangement of dispersal abilities along the expanding range, in particular. We carried out controlled experiments in laboratory conditions to test the hypothesis of an increase in dispersal capacity with range expansion in Harmonia axyridis, a ladybird that has been invading Europe since 2001. We found a marked increase in the flight speed of the insects from the core to the front of the invasion range in two independent sampling transects. By contrast, we found that two other traits associated with dispersal (endurance and motivation to fly off) did not follow the same spatial gradient. Our results provide a striking illustration of the way in which predictable directional genetic changes may occur rapidly for some traits associated with dispersal during biological invasions. We discuss the consequences of our results for invasion dynamics and the evolutionary outcomes of spatially expanding populations.}, }
@article {pmid24439792, year = {2014}, author = {Turner, KG and Smith, MJ and Ridenhour, BJ}, title = {Whirling disease dynamics: an analysis of intervention strategies.}, journal = {Preventive veterinary medicine}, volume = {113}, number = {4}, pages = {457-468}, doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.12.008}, pmid = {24439792}, issn = {1873-1716}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Fish Diseases/*prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Models, Biological ; Myxobolus/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Oligochaeta/parasitology ; *Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/*prevention &amp; control/transmission ; }, abstract = {Whirling disease (WD), a severe and widespread disease of salmonids, is caused by the myxosporean parasite Myxobolus cerebralis. It is further characterized by a unique two-host life cycle, utilizing the oligochaete Tubifex tubifex as an intermediate host. M. cerebralis is an invasive species that has been affecting populations in the United States including epidemics that killed in excess of 90% of populations in Colorado and Montana streams within the past 20 years. Currently, there is no known cure for WD, and the accepted method of control is removal of infected fish from the population. We have created a compartmental model of the WD system in order to assess more efficient means of control and management of the disease. Using data gathered from the literature, we used Bayesian model fitting to estimate model parameters and estimated that R0≈1.51 (95% CI: 1.39, 1.72), a value which implies that WD can be controlled using available strategies. To this end, we posit several parameters that we expect to be most influential to WD propagation, namely: release of triactinomyxons by T. tubifex, release of spores by salmonids, and infectious particle loads in each respective host. Based on currently available control strategies, approaches targeting the infectious particles and the oligochaete host appear the most effective alternative strategies for management and control of WD.}, }
@article {pmid24438286, year = {2015}, author = {Claytor, SC and Muchlinski, AE and Torres, E}, title = {Multiple introductions of the eastern fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) in California.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {583-592}, doi = {10.3109/19401736.2013.878903}, pmid = {24438286}, issn = {1940-1744}, support = {GM61331/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Homing Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeography ; Sciuridae/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Eastern fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) have been introduced into California within the past 130 years. Recently, their range has been expanding at an alarming rate. Genetic diversity was assessed in 101 control region sequences of eastern fox squirrels from three geographic regions within California (Los Angeles County, Alameda and Contra Costa counties and Sacramento County) to determine if a single or multiple introductions occurred within California, as indicated by the detection of multiple haplotypes. A total of 11 haplotypes were discovered, with haplotypes rarely shared among geographic regions and no clustering by region in a haplotype network. This suggests that the introduction to different regions within California came from different source populations within the native range of the species. Haplotype diversity was highest in Los Angeles County. Due to a lack of phylogeographic structure in fox squirrels in their native range, it is difficult to identify the sources of all introductions.}, }
@article {pmid24430847, year = {2014}, author = {Sanford, E and Gaylord, B and Hettinger, A and Lenz, EA and Meyer, K and Hill, TM}, title = {Ocean acidification increases the vulnerability of native oysters to predation by invasive snails.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1778}, pages = {20132681}, pmid = {24430847}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Oceans and Seas ; Ostreidae/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Snails/*physiology ; }, abstract = {There is growing concern that global environmental change might exacerbate the ecological impacts of invasive species by increasing their per capita effects on native species. However, the mechanisms underlying such shifts in interaction strength are poorly understood. Here, we test whether ocean acidification, driven by elevated seawater pCO2, increases the susceptibility of native Olympia oysters to predation by invasive snails. Oysters raised under elevated pCO2 experienced a 20% increase in drilling predation. When presented alongside control oysters in a choice experiment, 48% more high-CO2 oysters were consumed. The invasive snails were tolerant of elevated CO2 with no change in feeding behaviour. Oysters raised under acidified conditions did not have thinner shells, but were 29-40% smaller than control oysters, and these smaller individuals were consumed at disproportionately greater rates. Reduction in prey size is a common response to environmental stress that may drive increasing per capita effects of stress-tolerant invasive predators.}, }
@article {pmid24430731, year = {2014}, author = {Lam, KY and Lou, Y}, title = {Evolutionarily stable and convergent stable strategies in reaction-diffusion models for conditional dispersal.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {76}, number = {2}, pages = {261-291}, doi = {10.1007/s11538-013-9901-y}, pmid = {24430731}, issn = {1522-9602}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Extinction, Biological ; Introduced Species ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Movement ; Mutation ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {We consider a mathematical model of two competing species for the evolution of conditional dispersal in a spatially varying, but temporally constant environment. Two species are different only in their dispersal strategies, which are a combination of random dispersal and biased movement upward along the resource gradient. In the absence of biased movement or advection, Hastings showed that the mutant can invade when rare if and only if it has smaller random dispersal rate than the resident. When there is a small amount of biased movement or advection, we show that there is a positive random dispersal rate that is both locally evolutionarily stable and convergent stable. Our analysis of the model suggests that a balanced combination of random and biased movement might be a better habitat selection strategy for populations.}, }
@article {pmid24427306, year = {2014}, author = {Molnár, PK and Lewis, MA and Derocher, AE}, title = {Estimating Allee dynamics before they can be observed: polar bears as a case study.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {e85410}, pmid = {24427306}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Female ; Male ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Ursidae/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Allee effects are an important component in the population dynamics of numerous species. Accounting for these Allee effects in population viability analyses generally requires estimates of low-density population growth rates, but such data are unavailable for most species and particularly difficult to obtain for large mammals. Here, we present a mechanistic modeling framework that allows estimating the expected low-density growth rates under a mate-finding Allee effect before the Allee effect occurs or can be observed. The approach relies on representing the mechanisms causing the Allee effect in a process-based model, which can be parameterized and validated from data on the mechanisms rather than data on population growth. We illustrate the approach using polar bears (Ursus maritimus), and estimate their expected low-density growth by linking a mating dynamics model to a matrix projection model. The Allee threshold, defined as the population density below which growth becomes negative, is shown to depend on age-structure, sex ratio, and the life history parameters determining reproduction and survival. The Allee threshold is thus both density- and frequency-dependent. Sensitivity analyses of the Allee threshold show that different combinations of the parameters determining reproduction and survival can lead to differing Allee thresholds, even if these differing combinations imply the same stable-stage population growth rate. The approach further shows how mate-limitation can induce long transient dynamics, even in populations that eventually grow to carrying capacity. Applying the models to the overharvested low-density polar bear population of Viscount Melville Sound, Canada, shows that a mate-finding Allee effect is a plausible mechanism for slow recovery of this population. Our approach is generalizable to any mating system and life cycle, and could aid proactive management and conservation strategies, for example, by providing a priori estimates of minimum conservation targets for rare species or minimum eradication targets for pests and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid24423659, year = {2014}, author = {Drake, LA and Moser, CS and Robbins-Wamsley, SH and Riley, SC and Wier, TP and Grant, JF and Herring, PR and First, MR}, title = {Validation trials of a shipboard filter skid (p3SFS) demonstrate its utility for collecting living zooplankton.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {79}, number = {1-2}, pages = {77-86}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.044}, pmid = {24423659}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Filtration/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Ships/*methods ; Water Purification/*methods ; Zooplankton/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Relatively large volumes of water-on the order of cubic meters-must be sampled and analyzed to generate statistically valid estimates of sparsely concentrated organisms, such as in treated ballast water. To this end, a third prototype of a shipboard filter skid (p3SFS) was designed and constructed. It consisted of two housings (each containing a 35 μm mesh filter bag) and its own pump and computer controller. Additionally, the skid had a drip sampler, which collected a small volume (∼ 10 L) of whole (unfiltered) water immediately upstream of the housings. Validation of the p3SFS occurred in two segments: (1) land-based trials, in which the collection of organisms ⩾ 50 μm (nominally zooplankton) by the p3SFS was compared to a plankton net, and (2) shipboard trials, in which ballast water was sampled aboard a ship. In both types of trials, the data collected showed the filter skid to be an appropriate flow-through sampling device.}, }
@article {pmid24422641, year = {2014}, author = {Barry, J and McLeish, J and Dodd, JA and Turnbull, JF and Boylan, P and Adams, CE}, title = {Introduced parasite Anguillicola crassus infection significantly impedes swim bladder function in the European eel Anguilla anguilla (L.).}, journal = {Journal of fish diseases}, volume = {37}, number = {10}, pages = {921-924}, doi = {10.1111/jfd.12215}, pmid = {24422641}, issn = {1365-2761}, mesh = {Air Sacs/*physiopathology ; Anguilla/*parasitology ; Animals ; Dracunculoidea/*physiology ; Female ; Fish Diseases/parasitology/*physiopathology ; *Introduced Species ; Spirurida Infections/physiopathology/*veterinary ; }, }
@article {pmid24417101, year = {2013}, author = {Xiang, XX and Wu, ZL and Luo, K and Ding, HB and Zhang, HY}, title = {[Impacts of human disturbance on the species composition of higher plants in the wetlands around Dianchi Lake, Yunnan Province of Southwest China].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {2457-2463}, pmid = {24417101}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; China ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*methods ; *Human Activities ; Lakes ; *Plant Development ; Plants/*classification ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Introducing higher plants to build semi-natural wetland ecosystem is one of the key approaches to restore the wetlands and lakes that suffered from serious pollution and destruction. Based on the investigation data from 128 quadrats at 26 sampling sites in the wetlands around Dianchi Lake in December 2011-October 2012, and in combining with the references published in the 1960s, this paper discussed the impacts of human activities on the species composition of higher plants in the wetlands around the Lake. In 2012, there were 299 species of 88 families in the wetlands, of which, 181 species were native species, and 118 species were alien ones (including 32 invasive species). Of the 42 species of hydrophytes in the total species, 13 species were alien ones (including 2 invasive species). In comparing with the species data recorded in the 1960s, 232 plants were newly recorded and 43 species disappeared in 2012. Aquatic plants changed obviously. The decreased species were 2 submerged plants, 2 floating plants, and 5 floating leaved plants, and the increased species were 8 emergent plants. Fourteen community types were identified by cluster analysis, of which, the main communities were those dominated by alien species including Pistia stratiotes and Alternanthera philoxeroides. As compared with the data in the 1960s, the plant communities dominated by native species such as Ottelia acuminate and Vallisneria natans were not found presently. Therefore, in the practice of introducing higher plants to restore the degraded wetlands and lakes, it would be necessary to scientifically and appropriately select and blend plant species to avoid the wetland degradation by human activities.}, }
@article {pmid24416155, year = {2014}, author = {McGowan, NE and Marks, NJ and McInnes, CJ and Deane, D and Maule, AG and Scantlebury, M}, title = {Effects of parasitism and morphology on squirrelpox virus seroprevalence in grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {e83106}, pmid = {24416155}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Ireland/epidemiology ; Male ; Models, Statistical ; Organ Size ; Parasites/*physiology ; Rodent Diseases/*epidemiology/*parasitology/virology ; Sciuridae/*parasitology/*virology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Sex Characteristics ; Spleen/pathology/virology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species have been cited as major causes of population extinctions in several animal and plant classes worldwide. The North American grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) has a major detrimental effect on native red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) populations across Britain and Ireland, in part because it can be a reservoir host for the deadly squirrelpox virus (SQPV). Whilst various researchers have investigated the epizootiology of SQPV disease in grey squirrels and have modelled the consequent effects on red squirrel populations, less work has examined morphological and physiological characteristics that might make individual grey squirrels more susceptible to contracting SQPV. The current study investigated the putative relationships between morphology, parasitism, and SQPV exposure in grey squirrels. We found geographical, sex, and morphological differences in SQPV seroprevalence. In particular, larger animals, those with wide zygomatic arch widths (ZAW), males with large testes, and individuals with concurrent nematode and/or coccidial infections had an increased seroprevalence of SQPV. In addition, males with larger spleens, particularly those with narrow ZAW, were more likely to be exposed to SQPV. Overall these results show that there is variation in SQPV seroprevalence in grey squirrels and that, consequently, certain individual, or populations of, grey squirrels might be more responsible for transmitting SQPV to native red squirrel populations.}, }
@article {pmid24415703, year = {2013}, author = {Zheng, LP and Chen, XY and Yang, JX}, title = {[Status and conservation of fishes in the middle and lower Langcangjiang River].}, journal = {Dong wu xue yan jiu = Zoological research}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, pages = {680-686}, pmid = {24415703}, issn = {0254-5853}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; China ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Fishes/*classification/growth &amp; development ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {According to the extant records, there are a total of 165 species of fish along the middle and lower Langcangjiang River. However, in recent years, only 71 of these species have been be collected, indicating that fish resources of the middle and lower Langcangjiang River are declining, especially the medium-large and rare-endemic species. Accordingly, this study suggests several new initiatives, including controlling introduced species, restricting fishing intensity and implementing fish reproduction and release.}, }
@article {pmid24415680, year = {2014}, author = {Cotterill, FP and Taylor, PJ and Gippoliti, S and Bishop, JM and Groves, CP}, title = {Why one century of phenetics is enough: response to "Are there really twice as many bovid species as we thought?".}, journal = {Systematic biology}, volume = {63}, number = {5}, pages = {819-832}, doi = {10.1093/sysbio/syu003}, pmid = {24415680}, issn = {1076-836X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Genetic Speciation ; Ruminants/*classification/*genetics ; }, }
@article {pmid24405105, year = {2014}, author = {Ma, Z and Gan, X and Choi, CY and Li, B}, title = {Effects of invasive cordgrass on presence of Marsh Grassbird in an area where it is not native.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {150-158}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12172}, pmid = {24405105}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; China ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Diet ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Reproduction ; Songbirds/*physiology ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The threatened Marsh Grassbird (Locustella pryeri) first appeared in the salt marsh in east China after the salt marsh was invaded by cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), a non-native invasive species. To understand the dependence of non-native Marsh Grassbird on the non-native cordgrass, we quantified habitat use, food source, and reproductive success of the Marsh Grassbird at the Chongming Dongtan (CMDT) salt marsh. In the breeding season, we used point counts and radio-tracking to determine habitat use by Marsh Grassbirds. We analyzed basal food sources of the Marsh Grassbirds by comparing the δ(13) C isotope signatures of feather and fecal samples of birds with those of local plants. We monitored the nests through the breeding season and determined the breeding success of the Marsh Grassbirds at CMDT. Density of Marsh Grassbirds was higher where cordgrass occurred than in areas of native reed (Phragmites australis) monoculture. The breeding territory of the Marsh Grassbird was composed mainly of cordgrass stands, and nests were built exclusively against cordgrass stems. Cordgrass was the major primary producer at the base of the Marsh Grassbird food chain. Breeding success of the Marsh Grassbird at CMDT was similar to breeding success within its native range. Our results suggest non-native cordgrass provides essential habitat and food for breeding Marsh Grassbirds at CMDT and that the increase in Marsh Grassbird abundance may reflect the rapid spread of cordgrass in the coastal regions of east China. Our study provides an example of how a primary invader (i.e., cordgrass) can alter an ecosystem and thus facilitate colonization by a second non-native species.}, }
@article {pmid24402131, year = {2014}, author = {Eckberg, JO and Tenhumberg, B and Louda, SM}, title = {Native insect herbivory limits population growth rate of a non-native thistle.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {175}, number = {1}, pages = {129-138}, pmid = {24402131}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Cirsium/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Fertility ; *Herbivory ; *Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Nebraska ; Population Growth ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The influence of native fauna on non-native plant population growth, size, and distribution is not well documented. Previous studies have shown that native insects associated with tall thistle (Cirsium altissimum) also feed on the leaves, stems, and flower heads of the Eurasian congener C. vulgare, thus limiting individual plant performance. In this study, we tested the effects of insect herbivores on the population growth rate of C. vulgare. We experimentally initiated invasions by adding seeds at four unoccupied grassland sites in eastern Nebraska, USA, and recorded plant establishment, survival, and reproduction. Cumulative foliage and floral herbivory reduced C. vulgare seedling density, and prevented almost any reproduction by C. vulgare in half the sites. The matrix model we constructed showed that this herbivory resulted in a reduction of the asymptotic population growth rate (λ), from an 88% annual increase to a 54% annual decline. These results provide strong support for the hypothesis that indigenous herbivores limit population invasion of this non-native plant species into otherwise suitable grassland habitat.}, }
@article {pmid24401327, year = {2014}, author = {Saltonstall, K and Castillo, HE and Blossey, B}, title = {Confirmed field hybridization of native and introduced Phragmites australis (Poaceae) in North America.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {101}, number = {1}, pages = {211-215}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1300298}, pmid = {24401327}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Alleles ; Genetic Loci/genetics ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; North America ; Poaceae/*genetics ; Principal Component Analysis ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Intraspecific hybridization between native and introduced lineages of a species can increase invasiveness and may lead to the decline of native lineages. The introduction of Eurasian Phragmites australis has caused profound changes to wetland habitats across North America, yet evidence for hybridization between native and introduced Phragmites australis in North America is lacking and has puzzled researchers for over a decade. Here we present the first confirmed field hybridization event between the two lineages.<br><br>METHODS: Hybrid plants were initially recognized during field surveys by their intermediate morphology and distinct herbivore community. We verified hybrid status using chloroplast DNA haplotypes and microsatellite markers.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Confirmed hybrid stems were restricted to one site and displayed morphological characteristics of both native and introduced P. australis. Based on their microsatellite profiles, all samples likely represent a single clone of a first generation hybrid. Sequencing of cpDNA indicates that the maternal parent is from the introduced lineage.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Identification of hybrid P. australis in the field is complex and requires multiple characters. All suspected hybrids should be verified using genetic techniques. Preventing the spread of introduced genes and genotypes through North America will require recognition and rapid management response to hybrid plants.}, }
@article {pmid24400902, year = {2014}, author = {Erbilgin, N and Ma, C and Whitehouse, C and Shan, B and Najar, A and Evenden, M}, title = {Chemical similarity between historical and novel host plants promotes range and host expansion of the mountain pine beetle in a naïve host ecosystem.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {201}, number = {3}, pages = {940-950}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12573}, pmid = {24400902}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Flight, Animal ; Geography ; Host Specificity/*physiology ; Monoterpenes/analysis ; North America ; Pheromones/analysis ; Pinus/*chemistry/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Host plant secondary chemistry can have cascading impacts on host and range expansion of herbivorous insect populations. We investigated the role of host secondary compounds on pheromone production by the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) (MPB) and beetle attraction in response to a historical (lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia) and a novel (jack pine, Pinus banksiana) hosts, as pheromones regulate the host colonization process. Beetles emit the same pheromones from both hosts, but more trans-verbenol, the primary aggregation pheromone, was emitted by female beetles on the novel host. The phloem of the novel host contains more α-pinene, a secondary compound that is the precursor for trans-verbenol production in beetle, than the historical host. Beetle-induced emission of 3-carene, another secondary compound found in both hosts, was also higher from the novel host. Field tests showed that the addition of 3-carene to the pheromone mixture mimicking the aggregation pheromones produced from the two host species increased beetle capture. We conclude that chemical similarity between historical and novel hosts has facilitated host expansion of MPB in jack pine forests through the exploitation of common host secondary compounds for pheromone production and aggregation on the hosts. Furthermore, broods emerging from the novel host were larger in terms of body size.}, }
@article {pmid24400507, year = {2013}, author = {Britton, JR and Gozlan, RE}, title = {How many founders for a biological invasion? Predicting introduction outcomes from propagule pressure.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {11}, pages = {2558-2566}, doi = {10.1890/13-0527.1}, pmid = {24400507}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Ecological theory on biological invasions attempts to characterize the predictors of invasion success and the relative importance of the different drivers of population establishment. An outstanding question is how propagule pressure determines the probability of population establishment, where propagule pressure is the number of individuals of a species introduced into a specific location (propagule size) and their frequency of introduction (propagule number). Here, we used large-scale replicated mesocosm ponds over three reproductive seasons to identify how propagule size and number predict the probability of establishment of one of world's most invasive fish, Pseudorasbora parva, as well as its effect on the somatic growth of individuals during establishment. We demonstrated that, although a threshold of 11 introduced pairs of fish (a pair is 1 male, 1 female) was required for establishment probability to exceed 95%, establishment also occurred at low propagule size (1-5 pairs). Although single introduction events were as effective as multiple events at enabling establishment, the propagule sizes used in the multiple introductions were above the detected threshold for establishment. After three reproductive seasons, population abundance was also a function of propagule size, with rapid increases in abundance only apparent when propagule size exceeded 25 pairs. This was initially assisted by adapted biological traits, including rapid individual somatic growth that helped to overcome demographic bottlenecks.}, }
@article {pmid24400498, year = {2013}, author = {Matesanz, S and Sultan, SE}, title = {High-performance genotypes in an introduced plant: insights to future invasiveness.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {11}, pages = {2464-2474}, doi = {10.1890/12-1359.1}, pmid = {24400498}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Genetic Fitness ; Genetic Variation ; *Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Polygonum/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Reproduction ; Seedlings ; }, abstract = {Maintaining high reproductive output in diverse conditions has consistently been found to promote invasiveness in introduced taxa. Following on this key observation, studies have compared the performance across environments of invasive vs. native congeners, and of introduced vs. native populations within invasive species. Performance differences among genotypes within introduced species have received far less attention, although such genetic variation could be critical to invasive potential. If an introduced species contains genotypes that can maintain high fitness across contrasting environments, such broadly adaptive, high-performance genotypes could promote and shape the species' immediate spread across multiple habitats. Furthermore, their presence could lead to the evolution of greater aggressiveness in the species, as these high performers increase in frequency. We investigated the existence and distribution of high-performance genotypes in Polygonum cespitosum, a newly invasive Asian annual. We raised 416 genotypes, collected from 14 North American populations, under resource-rich conditions to identify potential high-performance genotypes (the top 5% in total reproductive output). We then compared their fitness, life history, and functional traits to a random group of the remaining genotypes in three contrasting environments to ask the following: (1) Do consistently high-performance genotypes (i.e., genotypes with high relative fitness in diverse conditions) exist within introduced-range populations? (2) If so, do these high-performance genotypes possess distinctive life history and/or functional traits? (3) Do these genotypes occur in all populations or in only a subset of populations? Genotypes initially identified as high-performance in favorable conditions also had higher reproductive output in resource-limited environments. Their fitness advantage compared with control genotypes varied in magnitude from one environment to another but was significant within all three test environments. High-performance genotypes shared a developmental syndrome characterized by rapid and high germination, fast seedling growth, early reproductive onset, and high reproductive allocation, but they did not differ in other functional traits. P. cespitosum includes a subset of genotypes with accelerated development and significantly greater fitness in both favorable and stressful conditions. The nonrandom distribution of these high-performance genotypes among populations in the species' introduced range highlights the importance of genotypic and population-level variation for invasion dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid24399746, year = {2014}, author = {Mok, HF and Stepien, CC and Kaczmarek, M and Albelo, LR and Sequeira, AS}, title = {Genetic status and timing of a weevil introduction to Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos.}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {105}, number = {3}, pages = {365-380}, pmid = {24399746}, issn = {1465-7333}, support = {52006325//Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Demography ; Ecuador ; Gene Flow/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Genotyping Techniques ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Weevils/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Successful invasive species can overcome or circumvent the potential genetic loss caused by an introduction bottleneck through a rapid population expansion and admixture from multiple introductions. We explore the genetic makeup and the timing of a species introduction to Santa Cruz Island in the Galápagos archipelago. We investigate the presence of processes that can maintain genetic diversity in populations of the broad-nosed weevil Galapaganus howdenae howdenae. Analyses of combined genotypes for 8 microsatellite loci showed evidence of past population size reductions through moment and likelihood-based estimators. No evidence of admixture through multiple introductions was found, but substantial current population sizes (N0 298, 95% credible limits 50-2300), genetic diversity comparable with long-established endemics (Mean number of alleles = 3.875), and lack of genetic structure across the introduced range (F ST = 0.01359) could suggest that foundations are in place for populations to rapidly recover any loss of genetic variability. The time estimates for the introduction into Santa Cruz support an accidental transfer during the colonization period (1832-1959) predating the spurt in human population growth. Our evaluation of the genetic status of G. h. howdenae suggests potential for population growth in addition to our field observations of a concurrent expansion in range and feeding preferences towards protected areas and endemic host plants.}, }
@article {pmid24399484, year = {2014}, author = {Atwood, TB and Hammill, E and Srivastava, DS and Richardson, JS}, title = {Competitive displacement alters top-down effects on carbon dioxide concentrations in a freshwater ecosystem.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {175}, number = {1}, pages = {353-361}, pmid = {24399484}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Bromeliaceae ; Carbon Dioxide/*chemistry ; *Coleoptera ; Competitive Behavior ; *Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; Larva ; Models, Biological ; *Odonata ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Climate change and invasive species have the potential to alter species diversity, creating novel species interactions. Interspecific competition and facilitation between predators may either enhance or dampen trophic cascades, ultimately influencing total predator effects on communities and biogeochemical cycling of ecosystems. However, previous studies have only investigated the effects of a single predator species on CO2 flux of aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we measured and compared the individual and joint effects of predatory damselfly larvae and diving beetles on total prey biomass, leaf litter processing, and dissolved CO2 concentrations of experimental bromeliad ecosystems. Damselfly larvae created strong trophic cascades that reduced CO2 concentrations by ~46% relative to no-predator treatments. Conversely, the effects of diving beetles on prey biomass, leaf litter processing, and dissolved CO2 were not statistically different to no-predator treatments. Relative to multiplicative null models, the presence of damselfly larvae and diving beetles together resulted in antagonistic relations that eliminated trophic cascades and top-down influences on CO2 concentrations. Furthermore, we showed that the antagonistic interactions between predators occurred due to a tactile response that culminated in competitive displacement of damselfly larvae. Our results demonstrate that predator identity and predator-predator interactions can influence CO2 concentrations of an aquatic ecosystem. We suggest that predator effects on CO2 fluxes may depend on the particular predator species removed or added to the ecosystem and their interactions with other predators.}, }
@article {pmid24399482, year = {2014}, author = {Meyer, SE and Merrill, KT and Allen, PS and Beckstead, J and Norte, AS}, title = {Indirect effects of an invasive annual grass on seed fates of two native perennial grass species.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {174}, number = {4}, pages = {1401-1413}, pmid = {24399482}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Ascomycota/pathogenicity ; *Bromus ; *Ecosystem ; Elymus/microbiology/*physiology ; Germination ; *Introduced Species ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development ; Seeds/*physiology ; Utah ; Washington ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants exhibit both direct and indirect negative effects on recruitment of natives following invasion. We examined indirect effects of the invader Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) on seed fates of two native grass species, Elymus elymoides and Pseudoroegneria spicata, by removing B. tectorum and by adding inoculum of the shared seed pathogen Pyrenophora semeniperda in factorial experiments at xeric and mesic field sites. We also included a supplemental watering treatment to increase emergence and also the potential for pathogen escape. We recorded emergence and survival of native seedlings and also determined the fate of unemerged seeds. At the xeric site, Pyrenophora-caused mortality was high (34%), and effects of other pathogens and failed emergence of germinants were smaller. Cheatgrass removal negatively affected both emergence (35 vs. 25%) and spring survival (69 vs. 42%). Pyrenophora-caused seed mortality increased with inoculum augmentation for both species (22 vs. 47% overall), but emergence was negatively impacted only for P. spicata (20 vs. 34%). At the mesic site, Pyrenophora-caused mortality was low (6%). Cheatgrass removal doubled emergence (26 vs. 14%). Seed mortality increased significantly with inoculum augmentation for P. spicata (12 vs. 5%) but not E. elymoides, while emergence was not significantly affected in either species. A large fraction of seeds produced germinants that failed to emerge (37%), while another large fraction (35%) was killed by other pathogens. We conclude that facilitation by cheatgrass at the xeric site but interference at the mesic site was probably mediated through litter effects that could be ameliorative or suppressive. Apparent competition between cheatgrass and native grasses could occur through Pyrenophora, especially in a xeric environment, but effects were weak or absent at emergence. This was probably because Pyrenophora attacks the same slow-germinating fraction that is subject to pre-emergence mortality from other causes, including attack by other pathogens such as Fusarium.}, }
@article {pmid24397520, year = {2014}, author = {Kaufman, MG and Fonseca, DM}, title = {Invasion biology of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae).}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {59}, number = {}, pages = {31-49}, pmid = {24397520}, issn = {1545-4487}, support = {R01 AI021884/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R37 AI021884/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R56 AI021884/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI21884/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Insect Vectors/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; North America ; Pupa/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae) has recently expanded beyond its native range of Japan and Korea into large parts of North America and Central Europe. Population genetic studies begun immediately after the species was detected in North America revealed genetically distinct introductions that subsequently merged, likely contributing to the successful expansion. Interactions, particularly in the larval stage, with other known disease vectors give this invasive subspecies the potential to influence local disease dynamics. Its successful invasion likely does not involve superior direct competitive abilities, but it is associated with the use of diverse larval habitats and a cold tolerance that allows an expanded seasonal activity range in temperate climates. We predict a continued but slower expansion of Ae. j. japonicus in North America and a continued rapid expansion into other areas as this mosquito will eventually be considered a permanent resident of much of North America, Europe, Asia, and parts of Hawaii.}, }
@article {pmid24392015, year = {2013}, author = {Si, C and Liu, X and Wang, C and Wang, L and Dai, Z and Qi, S and Du, D}, title = {Different degrees of plant invasion significantly affect the richness of the soil fungal community.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {e85490}, pmid = {24392015}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Bacteria/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Fungi/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; Wedelia/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Several studies have shown that soil microorganisms play a key role in the success of plant invasion. Thus, ecologists have become increasingly interested in understanding the ecological effects of biological invasion on soil microbial communities given continuing increase in the effects of invasive plants on native ecosystems. This paper aims to provide a relatively complete depiction of the characteristics of soil microbial communities under different degrees of plant invasion. Rhizospheric soils of the notorious invasive plant Wedelia trilobata with different degrees of invasion (uninvaded, low-degree, and high-degree using its coverage in the invaded ecosystems) were collected from five discrete areas in Hainan Province, P. R. China. Soil physicochemical properties and community structure of soil microorganisms were assessed. Low degrees of W. trilobata invasion significantly increased soil pH values whereas high degrees of invasion did not significantly affected soil pH values. Moreover, the degree of W. trilobata invasion exerted significant effects on soil Ca concentration but did not significantly change other indices of soil physicochemical properties. Low and high degrees of W. trilobata invasion increased the richness of the soil fungal community but did not pose obvious effects on the soil bacterial community. W. trilobata invasion also exerted obvious effects on the community structure of soil microorganisms that take part in soil nitrogen cycling. These changes in soil physicochemical properties and community structure of soil microbial communities mediated by different degrees of W. trilobata invasion may present significant functions in further facilitating the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid24391284, year = {2013}, author = {Smietanka, B and Zbawicka, M and Sańko, T and Wenne, R and Burzyński, A}, title = {Molecular population genetics of male and female mitochondrial genomes in subarctic Mytilus trossulus.}, journal = {Marine biology}, volume = {160}, number = {7}, pages = {1709-1721}, pmid = {24391284}, issn = {0025-3162}, abstract = {The doubly uniparental inheritance system allows for the use of two independent mitochondrial genomes for population history investigations. Under this system, two lineages of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) exist and males are typically heteroplasmic, having the additional, usually divergent, mitochondrial genome inherited from their male parent. This additional mtDNA typically evolves faster, potentially allowing for insight into more recent events in population history. Few studies did explore this possibility in marine mussels Mytilus showing its usefulness. Recent observations of the Mytilus trossulus mussels who have retained their native mtDNA in European waters posed the question of their origin. Are they part of a population present, but previously undetected, or is this a potentially human mediated, ongoing spread of an invasive species? To tackle this question, we amplified with species-specific primers and sequenced an approximately 1,200-bp-long fragment spanning COIII and ND2 genes from both mitochondrial genomes of mussels sampled at five locations worldwide, covering the whole M. trossulus range. The overall pattern of polymorphisms is compatible with the entirely postglacial history of the whole species, indicating a very deep bottleneck at last glacial maximum, with possible retention of the whole species in a single refugium, and the effective population size of no more than a few thousands. Both analyses of molecular variance and isolation with migration (IM) models point at the West Atlantic as the source of the European M. trossulus mussels, at least the ones who retained their native mtDNA. The hypothesis that this is an ongoing, human-mediated process was considered. To this end, comparison with the well-known case: the introduction of congeneric mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, from Mediterranean Sea to Asia was used. This introduction occurred within the last 100 years. The results inferred by the IM model suggest that the timing and structure of transatlantic migration of M. trossulus differs significantly from the M. galloprovincialis case: it is more than 1,000 years old and involves a much larger fraction of the ancestral population. Therefore, most likely, this invasion is not a human-mediated process.}, }
@article {pmid24390480, year = {2014}, author = {Heavener, SJ and Carthey, AJ and Banks, PB}, title = {Competitive naïveté between a highly successful invader and a functionally similar native species.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {175}, number = {1}, pages = {73-84}, pmid = {24390480}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Behavior, Animal ; *Competitive Behavior ; *Environment ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Odorants ; Rats/*physiology ; *Smell ; }, abstract = {Naïveté can occur within any novel antagonistic interaction, and competitive forces play a fundamental role in shaping community structure, yet competitive naïveté has received very little attention in the literature to date. Naïveté towards a novel competitor is unlikely to result in immediate mortality, but could potentially affect access to resources and hence population growth and survival. In cases where only one species (either native or alien) remains naïve to the other, the species that recognizes the other will gain advantage, with implications for both the persistence of the native species and the establishment and spread of the invasive. The invasive black rat (Rattus rattus) has spread throughout many coastal areas of Australia, and competes with the native bush rat (Rattus fuscipes) wherever they coexist. As these rats have now been interacting for approximately 200 years, and multi-species rodent communities generally maintain their structure through olfactory communication, our aim was to determine whether these two very closely related species recognize one another's odors and use them to mediate their interactions. We used remote-sensing cameras deployed in single- and mixed-species sites to record the behavioral responses of each species to conspecific, heterospecific and control odors. Black rats investigated bush rat odors but not vice versa, suggesting that bush rats may remain naïve towards their new competitor. Highly successful invaders such as black rats may possess traits such as broad recognition templates and rapid learning capabilities that contribute to their ongoing success in invading new environments.}, }
@article {pmid24390414, year = {2014}, author = {Ramula, S}, title = {Linking vital rates to invasiveness of a perennial herb.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {174}, number = {4}, pages = {1255-1264}, pmid = {24390414}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Fertility ; Finland ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Lupinus/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invaders generally show better individual performance than non-invaders and, therefore, vital rates (survival, growth, fecundity) could potentially be used to predict species invasiveness outside their native range. Comparative studies have usually correlated vital rates with the invasiveness status of species, while few studies have investigated them in relation to population growth rate. Here, I examined the influence of five vital rates (plant establishment, survival, growth, flowering probability, seed production) and their variability (across geographic regions, habitat types, population sizes and population densities) on population growth rate (λ) using data from 37 populations of an invasive, iteroparous herb (Lupinus polyphyllus) in a part of its invaded range in Finland. Variation in vital rates was often related to habitat type and population density. The performance of the populations varied from declining to rapidly increasing independently of habitat type, population size or population density, but differed between regions. The population growth rate increased linearly with plant establishment, and with the survival and growth of vegetative individuals, while the survival of flowering individuals and annual seed production were not related to λ. The vital rates responsible for rapid population growth varied among populations. These findings highlight the importance of both regional and local conditions to plant population dynamics, demonstrating that individual vital rates do not necessarily correlate with λ. Therefore, to understand the role of individual vital rates in a species ability to invade, it is necessary to quantify their effect on population growth rate.}, }
@article {pmid24389688, year = {2014}, author = {Enquist, CA and Kellermann, JL and Gerst, KL and Miller-Rushing, AJ}, title = {Phenology research for natural resource management in the United States.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {58}, number = {4}, pages = {579-589}, pmid = {24389688}, issn = {1432-1254}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Food Chain ; Forecasting ; Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Research ; United States ; }, abstract = {Natural resource professionals in the United States recognize that climate-induced changes in phenology can substantially affect resource management. This is reflected in national climate change response plans recently released by major resource agencies. However, managers on-the-ground are often unclear about how to use phenological information to inform their management practices. Until recently, this was at least partially due to the lack of broad-based, standardized phenology data collection across taxa and geographic regions. Such efforts are now underway, albeit in very early stages. Nonetheless, a major hurdle still exists: phenology-linked climate change research has focused more on describing broad ecological changes rather than making direct connections to local to regional management concerns. To help researchers better design relevant research for use in conservation and management decision-making processes, we describe phenology-related research topics that facilitate "actionable" science. Examples include research on evolution and phenotypic plasticity related to vulnerability, the demographic consequences of trophic mismatch, the role of invasive species, and building robust ecological forecast models. Such efforts will increase phenology literacy among on-the-ground resource managers and provide information relevant for short- and long-term decision-making, particularly as related to climate response planning and implementing climate-informed monitoring in the context of adaptive management. In sum, we argue that phenological information is a crucial component of the resource management toolbox that facilitates identification and evaluation of strategies that will reduce the vulnerability of natural systems to climate change. Management-savvy researchers can play an important role in reaching this goal.}, }
@article {pmid24386875, year = {2014}, author = {Kleynhans, E and Clusella-Trullas, S and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Impacts of environmental variability on desiccation rate, plastic responses and population dynamics of Glossina pallidipes.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {337-348}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12297}, pmid = {24386875}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Desiccation ; Environment ; Humidity ; Population Dynamics ; Pupa/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Temperature ; Tsetse Flies/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Physiological responses to transient conditions may result in costly responses with little fitness benefits, and therefore, a trade-off must exist between the speed of response and the duration of exposure to new conditions. Here, using the puparia of an important insect disease vector, Glossina pallidipes, we examine this potential trade-off using a novel combination of an experimental approach and a population dynamics model. Specifically, we explore and dissect the interactions between plastic physiological responses, treatment-duration and -intensity using an experimental approach. We then integrate these experimental results from organismal water-balance data and their plastic responses into a population dynamics model to examine the potential relative fitness effects of simulated transient weather conditions on population growth rates. The results show evidence for the predicted trade-off for plasticity of water loss rate (WLR) and the duration of new environmental conditions. When altered environmental conditions lasted for longer durations, physiological responses could match the new environmental conditions, and this resulted in a lower WLR and lower rates of population decline. At shorter time-scales however, a mismatch between acclimation duration and physiological responses was reflected by reduced overall population growth rates. This may indicate a potential fitness cost due to insufficient time for physiological adjustments to take place. The outcomes of this work therefore suggest plastic water balance responses have both costs and benefits, and these depend on the time-scale and magnitude of variation in environmental conditions. These results are significant for understanding the evolution of plastic physiological responses and changes in population abundance in the context of environmental variability.}, }
@article {pmid24386399, year = {2013}, author = {Thorpe, AS and Perakis, S and Catricala, C and Kaye, TN}, title = {Nutrient limitation of native and invasive N2-fixing plants in northwest prairies.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {e84593}, pmid = {24386399}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Grassland ; *Introduced Species ; Lupinus/*physiology ; Micronutrients/metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation/*physiology ; Oregon ; Vicia sativa/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Nutrient rich conditions often promote plant invasions, yet additions of non-nitrogen (N) nutrients may provide a novel approach for conserving native symbiotic N-fixing plants in otherwise N-limited ecosystems. Lupinus oreganus is a threatened N-fixing plant endemic to prairies in western Oregon and southwest Washington (USA). We tested the effect of non-N fertilizers on the growth, reproduction, tissue N content, and stable isotope δ(15)N composition of Lupinus at three sites that differed in soil phosphorus (P) and N availability. We also examined changes in other Fabaceae (primarily Vicia sativa and V. hirsuta) and cover of all plant species. Variation in background soil P and N availability shaped patterns of nutrient limitation across sites. Where soil P and N were low, P additions increased Lupinus tissue N and altered foliar δ(15)N, suggesting P limitation of N fixation. Where soil P was low but N was high, P addition stimulated growth and reproduction in Lupinus. At a third site, with higher soil P, only micro- and macronutrient fertilization without N and P increased Lupinus growth and tissue N. Lupinus foliar δ(15)N averaged -0.010‰ across all treatments and varied little with tissue N, suggesting consistent use of fixed N. In contrast, foliar δ(15)N of Vicia spp. shifted towards 0‰ as tissue N increased, suggesting that conditions fostering N fixation may benefit these exotic species. Fertilization increased cover, N fixation, and tissue N of non-target, exotic Fabaceae, but overall plant community structure shifted at only one site, and only after the dominant Lupinus was excluded from analyses. Our finding that non-N fertilization increased the performance of Lupinus with few community effects suggests a potential strategy to aid populations of threatened legume species. The increase in exotic Fabaceae species that occurred with fertilization further suggests that monitoring and adaptive management should accompany any large scale applications.}, }
@article {pmid24386383, year = {2013}, author = {Smith, CA and Gardiner, MM}, title = {Biodiversity loss following the introduction of exotic competitors: does intraguild predation explain the decline of native lady beetles?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {e84448}, pmid = {24386383}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Exotic species are widely accepted as a leading cause of biodiversity decline. Lady beetles (Coccinellidae) provide an important model to study how competitor introductions impact native communities since several native coccinellids have experienced declines that coincide with the establishment and spread of exotic coccinellids. This study tested the central hypothesis that intraguild predation by exotic species has caused these declines. Using sentinel egg experiments, we quantified the extent of predation on previously-common (Hippodamia convergens) and common (Coleomegilla maculata) native coccinellid eggs versus exotic coccinellid (Harmonia axyridis) eggs in three habitats: semi-natural grassland, alfalfa, and soybean. Following the experiments quantifying egg predation, we used video surveillance to determine the composition of the predator community attacking the eggs. The extent of predation varied across habitats, and egg species. Native coccinellids often sustained greater egg predation than H. axyridis. We found no evidence that exotic coccinellids consumed coccinellid eggs in the field. Harvestmen and slugs were responsible for the greatest proportion of attacks. This research challenges the widely-accepted hypothesis that intraguild predation by exotic competitors explains the loss of native coccinellids. Although exotic coccinellids may not be a direct competitor, reduced egg predation could indirectly confer a competitive advantage to these species. A lower proportion of H. axyridis eggs removed by predators may have aided its expansion and population increase and could indirectly affect native species via exploitative or apparent competition. These results do not support the intraguild predation hypothesis for native coccinellid decline, but do bring to light the existence of complex interactions between coccinellids and the guild of generalist predators in coccinellid foraging habitats.}, }
@article {pmid24386353, year = {2013}, author = {Duursma, DE and Gallagher, RV and Roger, E and Hughes, L and Downey, PO and Leishman, MR}, title = {Next-generation invaders? Hotspots for naturalised sleeper weeds in Australia under future climates.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {e84222}, pmid = {24386353}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Australia ; *Climate ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Statistical ; Plant Weeds/*growth &amp; development ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Naturalised, but not yet invasive plants, pose a nascent threat to biodiversity. As climate regimes continue to change, it is likely that a new suite of invaders will emerge from the established pool of naturalised plants. Pre-emptive management of locations that may be most suitable for a large number of potentially invasive plants will help to target monitoring, and is vital for effective control. We used species distribution models (SDM) and invasion-hotspot analysis to determine where in Australia suitable habitat may occur for 292 naturalised plants. SDMs were built in MaxEnt using both climate and soil variables for current baseline conditions. Modelled relationships were projected onto two Representative Concentration Pathways for future climates (RCP 4.5 and 8.5), based on seven global climate models, for two time periods (2035, 2065). Model outputs for each of the 292 species were then aggregated into single 'hotspot' maps at two scales: continental, and for each of Australia's 37 ecoregions. Across Australia, areas in the south-east and south-west corners of the continent were identified as potential hotspots for naturalised plants under current and future climates. These regions provided suitable habitat for 288 and 239 species respectively under baseline climates. The areal extent of the continental hotspot was projected to decrease by 8.8% under climates for 2035, and by a further 5.2% by 2065. A similar pattern of hotspot contraction under future climates was seen for the majority of ecoregions examined. However, two ecoregions - Tasmanian temperate forests and Australian Alps montane grasslands - showed increases in the areal extent of hotspots of >45% under climate scenarios for 2065. The alpine ecoregion also had an increase in the number of naturalised plant species with abiotically suitable habitat under future climate scenarios, indicating that this area may be particularly vulnerable to future incursions by naturalised plants.}, }
@article {pmid24386236, year = {2013}, author = {Fan, S and Yu, D and Liu, C}, title = {The invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides was suppressed more intensively than its native congener by a native generalist: implications for the biotic resistance hypothesis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {e83619}, pmid = {24386236}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Grasshoppers ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Prior studies on preferences of native herbivores for native or exotic plants have tested both the enemy release hypothesis and the biotic resistance hypothesis and have reported inconsistent results. The different levels of resistance of native and exotic plants to native herbivores could resolve this controversy, but little attention has been paid to this issue. In this study, we investigated population performance, photosynthesis, leaf nitrogen concentration, and the constitutive and induced resistances of the successful invasive plant, Alternanthera philoxeroides, and its native congener, Alternanthera sessilis, in the presence of three population densities of the grasshopper, Atractomorpha sinensis. When the grasshopper was absent, leaf biomass, total biomass, photosynthesis, and leaf nitrogen concentration of A. philoxeroides were higher than those of A. sessilis. However, the morphological and physiological performances of A. philoxeroides were all decreased more intensively than A. sessilis after herbivory by grasshoppers. Especially as the concentrations of constitutive lignin and cellulose in leaf of A. philoxeroides were higher than A. sessilis, A. philoxeroides exhibited increased leaf lignin concentration to reduce its palatability only at severe herbivore load, whereas, leaf lignin, cellulose, and polyphenolic concentrations of A. sessilis all increased with increasing herbivory pressure, and cellulose and polyphenolic concentrations were higher in A. sessilis than in A. philoxeroides after herbivory. Our study indicated that the capability of the invasive plant to respond to native insect damage was lower than the native plant, and the invasive plant was suppressed more intensively than its native congener by the native insect. Our results support the biotic resistance hypothesis and suggest that native herbivores can constrain the abundance and reduce the adverse effects of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid24382291, year = {2014}, author = {Avery, ML and Tillman, EA and Spurfeld, C and Engeman, RM and Maciejewski, KP and Brown, JD and Fetzer, EA}, title = {Invasive black spiny-tailed iguanas (Ctenosaura similis) on Gasparilla Island, Florida, USA.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {590-597}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12085}, pmid = {24382291}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; Clutch Size ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Female ; Florida ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; *Lizards ; Male ; }, abstract = {The native range of Ctenosaura similis extends from southern Mexico through Panama. From an initial introduction of 3 animals in 1979, the species now numbers in the thousands on Gasparilla Island in southwest Florida. In response to complaints of property damage from residents and threats to native species, local officials and the US Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services began a removal program in 2008. Through 2011, trappers removed 9467 ctenosaurs. The number removed declined from 32 iguanas/day in 2008 to 1.9 iguanas/day in 2011 despite no easing of the control effort. We necropsied 2757 ctenosaurs to document aspects of their natural history. Females outnumbered males overall, although the largest size class (>300 mm snout-vent length) included 32 males and just 2 females. Reproduction was seasonal. We found oviducal eggs in females from early Apr to early Jun, approximately 2 months later than C. similis in its native range. We trapped hatchlings from late Jul to early Oct coincident with the summer rainy season. Clutch size increased with female body size, with 62 being the largest clutch size recorded. In general, the biology of the invasive population on Gasparilla Island resembles native C. similis populations in Central America, except for the lack of large individuals. We suggest that shorter day length and colder temperatures create environmental conditions that are suboptimal for individual growth compared to those in the native range.}, }
@article {pmid24380810, year = {2014}, author = {Ammunét, T and Klemola, T and Parvinen, K}, title = {Consequences of asymmetric competition between resident and invasive defoliators: a novel empirically based modelling approach.}, journal = {Theoretical population biology}, volume = {92}, number = {}, pages = {107-117}, doi = {10.1016/j.tpb.2013.12.006}, pmid = {24380810}, issn = {1096-0325}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can have profound effects on a resident community via indirect interactions among community members. While long periodic cycles in population dynamics can make the experimental observation of the indirect effects difficult, modelling the possible effects on an evolutionary time scale may provide the much needed information on the potential threats of the invasive species on the ecosystem. Using empirical data from a recent invasion in northernmost Fennoscandia, we applied adaptive dynamics theory and modelled the long term consequences of the invasion by the winter moth into the resident community. Specifically, we investigated the outcome of the observed short-term asymmetric preferences of generalist predators and specialist parasitoids on the long term population dynamics of the invasive winter moth and resident autumnal moth sharing these natural enemies. Our results indicate that coexistence after the invasion is possible. However, the outcome of the indirect interaction on the population dynamics of the moth species was variable and the dynamics might not be persistent on an evolutionary time scale. In addition, the indirect interactions between the two moth species via shared natural enemies were able to cause asynchrony in the population cycles corresponding to field observations from previous sympatric outbreak areas. Therefore, the invasion may cause drastic changes in the resident community, for example by prolonging outbreak periods of birch-feeding moths, increasing the average population densities of the moths or, alternatively, leading to extinction of the resident moth species or to equilibrium densities of the two, formerly cyclic, herbivores.}, }
@article {pmid24374052, year = {2014}, author = {Vaz-Pinto, F and Torrontegi, O and Prestes, AC and Alvaro, NV and Neto, AI and Martins, GM}, title = {Invasion success and development of benthic assemblages: effect of timing, duration of submersion and substrate type.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {94}, number = {}, pages = {72-79}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.12.007}, pmid = {24374052}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Several studies have suggested that communities associated with artificial substrata support more non-indigenous species (NIS) than natural habitats, and may function as corridors for their expansion. Our study focused on the role of substrate type, timing and duration of submersion as determinants of fouling assemblage. We used plates made of basalt, concrete or fibreglass, to assess early, i.e., 3 months, and late, i.e., 12 months, succession in benthic communities. To assess spatial and temporal variability of the results, sampling was performed at 2 locations and the experiment was repeated in two seasons of the year. Our results showed that the timing and duration of submersion affected the number and percent cover of natives and NIS, as well as assemblage composition. Moreover, the present study showed no support for the hypothesis that marine NIS are more abundant on artificial substrata, as neither of the two artificial substrata tested supported a greater number of NIS compared to basalt (the natural substratum). Overall, fibreglass presented the most different benthic assemblage composition, supporting the fact that the extent and nature of the observed differences varied not only between natural and artificial substrata, but also according to the type of artificial habitat considered. Thus, our results are in agreement with previous studies that stated that appropriate strategies for environmental management should integrate ecological assessment in order to maintain natural patterns of distribution and abundance of organisms, scales of variability and relevant ecological processes.}, }
@article {pmid24373118, year = {2014}, author = {Vernière, C and Bui Thi Ngoc, L and Jarne, P and Ravigné, V and Guérin, F and Gagnevin, L and Le Mai, N and Chau, NM and Pruvost, O}, title = {Highly polymorphic markers reveal the establishment of an invasive lineage of the citrus bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas citri pv. citri in its area of origin.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {2226-2237}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12369}, pmid = {24373118}, issn = {1462-2920}, mesh = {Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Citrus/*microbiology ; Genetic Markers ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; *Inverted Repeat Sequences ; Multigene Family ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Vietnam ; Xanthomonas/*classification/*genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Investigating the population biology of plant pathogens in their native areas is essential to understand the factors that shape their population structure and favour their spread. Monomorphic pathogens dispatch extremely low genetic diversity in invaded areas, and native areas constitute a major reservoir for future emerging strains. One of these, the gammaproteobacterium Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, causes Asiatic canker and is a considerable threat to citrus worldwide. We studied its population genetic structure by genotyping 555 strains from 12 Vietnam provinces at 14 tandem repeat loci and insertion sequences. Discriminant analysis of principal components identified six clusters. Five of them were composed of endemic strains distributed heterogeneously across sampled provinces. A sixth cluster, VN6, displayed a much lower diversity and a clonal expansion structure, suggesting recent epidemic spread. No differences in aggressiveness on citrus or resistance to bactericides were detected between VN6 and other strains. VN6 likely represents a case of bioinvasion following introduction in a native area likely through contaminated plant propagative material. Highly polymorphic markers are useful for revealing migration patterns of recently introduced populations of a monomorphic bacterial plant pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid24372761, year = {2014}, author = {Aslan, CE and Zavaleta, ES and Tershy, B and Croll, D and Robichaux, RH}, title = {Imperfect replacement of native species by non-native species as pollinators of endemic Hawaiian plants.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, pages = {478-488}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12193}, pmid = {24372761}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Appetitive Behavior ; Campanulaceae/*physiology ; Food Chain ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; *Pollination ; *Seed Dispersal ; Songbirds/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Native plant species that have lost their mutualist partners may require non-native pollinators or seed dispersers to maintain reproduction. When natives are highly specialized, however, it appears doubtful that introduced generalists will partner effectively with them. We used visitation observations and pollination treatments (experimental manipulations of pollen transfer) to examine relationships between the introduced, generalist Japanese White-eye (Zosterops japonicus) and 3 endemic Hawaiian plant species (Clermontia parviflora, C. montis-loa, and C. hawaiiensis). These plants are characterized by curved, tubular flowers, apparently adapted for pollination by curve-billed Hawaiian honeycreepers. Z. japonicus were responsible for over 80% of visits to flowers of the small-flowered C. parviflora and the midsize-flowered C. montis-loa. Z. japonicus-visited flowers set significantly more seed than did bagged flowers. Z. japonicus also demonstrated the potential to act as an occasional Clermontia seed disperser, although ground-based frugivory by non-native mammals likely dominates seed dispersal. The large-flowered C. hawaiiensis received no visitation by any birds during observations. Unmanipulated and bagged C. hawaiiensis flowers set similar numbers of seeds. Direct examination of Z. japonicus and Clermontia morphologies suggests a mismatch between Z. japonicus bill morphology and C. hawaiiensis flower morphology. In combination, our results suggest that Z. japonicus has established an effective pollination relationship with C. parviflora and C. montis-loa and that the large flowers of C. hawaiiensis preclude effective visitation by Z. japonicus.}, }
@article {pmid24372671, year = {2014}, author = {Hartman, R and Pope, K and Lawler, S}, title = {Factors mediating co-occurrence of an economically valuable introduced fish and its native frog prey.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {763-772}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12218}, pmid = {24372671}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufonidae/physiology ; California ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Ranidae/*physiology ; Trout/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Habitat characteristics mediate predator-prey coexistence in many ecological systems but are seldom considered in species introductions. When economically important introduced predators are stocked despite known negative impacts on native species, understanding the role of refuges, landscape configurations, and community interactions can inform habitat management plans. We measured these factors in basins with introduced trout (Salmonidae) and the Cascades frog (Rana cascadae) to determine, which are responsible for observed patterns of co-occurrence of this economically important predator and its native prey. Large, vegetated shallows were strongly correlated to co-occurrence, and R. cascadae larvae occur in shallower water when fish are present, presumably to escape predation. The number of nearby breeding sites of R. cascadae was also correlated to co-occurrence, but only when the western toad (Anaxyrus boreas) was present. Because A. boreas larvae are unpalatable to fish and resemble R. cascadae, they may provide protection from trout via Batesian mimicry. Although rescue-effect dispersal from nearby populations may maintain co-occurrence, within-lake factors proved more important for predicting co-occurrence. Learning which factors allow co-occurrence between economically important introduced species and their native prey enables managers to make better-informed stocking decisions.}, }
@article {pmid24372373, year = {2014}, author = {Polgar, C and Gallinat, A and Primack, RB}, title = {Drivers of leaf-out phenology and their implications for species invasions: insights from Thoreau's Concord.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {202}, number = {1}, pages = {106-115}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12647}, pmid = {24372373}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Cold Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Massachusetts ; Plant Leaves/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {To elucidate climate-driven changes in leaf-out phenology and their implications for species invasions, we observed and experimentally manipulated leaf out of invasive and native woody plants in Concord, MA, USA. Using observations collected by Henry David Thoreau (1852-1860) and our own observations (2009-2013), we analyzed changes in leaf-out timing and sensitivity to temperature for 43 woody plant species. We experimentally tested winter chilling requirements of 50 species by exposing cut branches to warm indoor temperatures (22°C) during the winter and spring of 2013. Woody species are now leafing out an average of 18 d earlier than they did in the 1850s, and are advancing at a rate of 5 ± 1 d °C(-1) . Functional groups differ significantly in the duration of chilling they require to leaf out: invasive shrubs generally have weaker chilling requirements than native shrubs and leaf out faster in the laboratory and earlier in the field; native trees have the strongest chilling requirements. Our results suggest that invasive shrub species will continue to have a competitive advantage as the climate warms, because native plants are slower to respond to warming spring temperatures and, in the future, may not meet their chilling requirements.}, }
@article {pmid24367686, year = {2013}, author = {Li, X and Shen, Y and Huang, Q and Fan, Z and Huang, D}, title = {Regeneration capacity of small clonal fragments of the invasive Mikania micrantha H.B.K.: effects of burial depth and stolon internode length.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {e84657}, pmid = {24367686}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Biomass ; China ; *Introduced Species ; Mikania/anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development ; Plant Roots/anatomy &amp; histology ; Plant Shoots/*anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The perennial stoloniferous herbaceous vine Mikania micrantha H.B.K. is among the most noxious exotic invaders in China and the world. Disturbance can fragment stolons of M. micrantha and disperse these fragments over long distances or bury them in soils at different depths. To test their regeneration capacity, single-node stolon fragments with stolon internode lengths of 0, 3, 6 and 12 cm were buried in soil at 0, 2, 5 and 8 cm depths, respectively. The fragments were growing for nine weeks, and their emergence status, growth and morphological traits were measured. The results indicated that increasing burial depth significantly decreased survival rate and increased the emergence time of the M. micrantha plants. At an 8-cm burial depth, very few fragments (2.19%) emerged and survived. Burial did not affect the total biomass and root to shoot ratio of the surviving M. micrantha plants that emerged from the 0- and 2-cm burial depths. Increasing internode length significantly increased survival rate and growth measures, but there was no interaction effect with burial depth for any traits measured. These results suggest that M. micrantha can regenerate from buried stolon fragments, and thus, disturbance may contribute to the spread of this exotic invader. Any human activities producing stolon fragments or facilitating dispersal should be avoided.}, }
@article {pmid24367655, year = {2013}, author = {Liu, F and Archer, SR and Gelwick, F and Bai, E and Boutton, TW and Wu, XB}, title = {Woody plant encroachment into grasslands: spatial patterns of functional group distribution and community development.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {e84364}, pmid = {24367655}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Introduced Species ; *Poaceae ; Social Change ; Soil/chemistry ; *Spatial Analysis ; Texas ; Wood/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Woody plant encroachment into grasslands has been globally widespread. The woody species invading grasslands represent a variety of contrasting plant functional groups and growth forms. Are some woody plant functional types (PFTs) better suited to invade grasslands than others? To what extent do local patterns of distribution and abundance of woody PFTs invading grasslands reflect intrinsic topoedaphic properties versus plant-induced changes in soil properties? We addressed these questions in the Southern Great Plains, United States at a subtropical grassland known to have been encroached upon by woody species over the past 50-100 years. A total of 20 woody species (9 tree-statured; 11 shrub-statured) were encountered along a transect extending from an upland into a playa basin. About half of the encroaching woody plants were potential N2-fixers (55% of species), but they contributed only 7% to 16 % of the total basal area. Most species and the PFTs they represent were ubiquitously distributed along the topoedaphic gradient, but with varying abundances. Overstory-understory comparisons suggest that while future species composition of these woody communities is likely to change, PFT composition is not. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) ordination and variance partitioning (Partial CCA) indicated that woody species and PFT composition in developing woody communities was primarily influenced by intrinsic landscape location variables (e.g., soil texture) and secondarily by plant-induced changes in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content. The ubiquitous distribution of species and PFTs suggests that woody plants are generally well-suited to a broad range of grassland topoedaphic settings. However, here we only examined categorical and non-quantitative functional traits. Although intrinsic soil properties exerted more control over the floristics of grassland-to-woodland succession did plant modifications of soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations, the latter are likely to influence productivity and nutrient cycling and may, over longer time-frames, feed back to influence PFT distributions.}, }
@article {pmid24367634, year = {2013}, author = {Yu, Y and Heinrichs, J and Zhu, RL and Schneider, H}, title = {Empirical evidence supporting frequent cryptic speciation in epiphyllous liverworts: a case study of the Cololejeunea lanciloba complex.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {e84124}, pmid = {24367634}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Genetic Speciation ; Genetic Variation ; Hepatophyta/*genetics/physiology ; *Phylogeny ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Cryptic species are frequently recovered in plant lineages, and considered an important cause for divergent of morphological disparity and species diversity. The identification of cryptic species has important implications for the assessment of conservation needs of species aggregates. The mechanisms and processes of the origin of cryptic species diversity are still poorly understand based on the lack of studies especially in context of environment factors. Here we explored evidence for cryptic species within the epiphyllous liverworts Cololejeunea lanciloba complex based on two loci, the plastid trnL-F region and the nuclear ribosomal ITS region. Several analytic approaches were employed to delimit species based on DNA sequence variation including phylogenetic reconstruction, statistical parsimony networks analysis and two recently introduced species delimitation criteria: Rosenberg's reciprocal monophyly and Rodrigo's randomly distinct. We found evidence for thirteen genetically distinct putative species, each consisting of more than one haplotype, rather than four morphologically-circumscribed species. The results implied that the highly conserved phenotypes are not congruent with the genetic differentiation, contributing to incorrect assessments of the biodiversity of epiphyllous liverworts. We hypothesize that evolution of cryptic species recovered may be caused by selection of traits critical to the survival in epiphyllous habitats combined with limited developmental options designed in the small body.}, }
@article {pmid24367109, year = {2014}, author = {Forsman, A}, title = {Effects of genotypic and phenotypic variation on establishment are important for conservation, invasion, and infection biology.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {111}, number = {1}, pages = {302-307}, pmid = {24367109}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Communicable Disease Control ; Communicable Diseases/transmission ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Phenotype ; Regression Analysis ; }, abstract = {There is abundant evidence that the probability of successful establishment in novel environments increases with number of individuals in founder groups and with number of repeated introductions. Theory posits that the genotypic and phenotypic variation among individuals should also be important, but few studies have examined whether founder diversity influences establishment independent of propagule pressure, nor whether the effect is model or context dependent. I summarize the results of 18 experimental studies and report on a metaanalysis that provides strong evidence that higher levels of genotypic and phenotypic diversity in founder groups increase establishment success in plants and animals. The effect of diversity is stronger in experiments carried out under natural conditions in the wild than under seminatural or standardized laboratory conditions. The realization that genetic and phenotypic variation is key to successful establishment may improve the outcome of reintroduction and translocation programs used to vitalize or restore declining and extinct populations. Founder diversity may also improve the ability of invasive species to establish and subsequently spread in environments outside of their native community, and enhance the ability of pathogens and parasites to colonize and invade the environment constituted by their hosts. It is argued that exchange of ideas, methodological approaches, and insights of the role of diversity for establishment in different contexts may further our knowledge, vitalize future research, and improve management plans in different disciplines.}, }
@article {pmid24367086, year = {2014}, author = {Giometto, A and Rinaldo, A and Carrara, F and Altermatt, F}, title = {Emerging predictable features of replicated biological invasion fronts.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {111}, number = {1}, pages = {297-301}, pmid = {24367086}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {227612/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Bacillus subtilis/metabolism ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Normal Distribution ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Serratia/metabolism ; Stochastic Processes ; Tetrahymena/*physiology ; Video Recording ; }, abstract = {Biological dispersal shapes species' distribution and affects their coexistence. The spread of organisms governs the dynamics of invasive species, the spread of pathogens, and the shifts in species ranges due to climate or environmental change. Despite its relevance for fundamental ecological processes, however, replicated experimentation on biological dispersal is lacking, and current assessments point at inherent limitations to predictability, even in the simplest ecological settings. In contrast, we show, by replicated experimentation on the spread of the ciliate Tetrahymena sp. in linear landscapes, that information on local unconstrained movement and reproduction allows us to predict reliably the existence and speed of traveling waves of invasion at the macroscopic scale. Furthermore, a theoretical approach introducing demographic stochasticity in the Fisher-Kolmogorov framework of reaction-diffusion processes captures the observed fluctuations in range expansions. Therefore, predictability of the key features of biological dispersal overcomes the inherent biological stochasticity. Our results establish a causal link from the short-term individual level to the long-term, broad-scale population patterns and may be generalized, possibly providing a general predictive framework for biological invasions in natural environments.}, }
@article {pmid24365711, year = {2014}, author = {van Wilgen, BW and Govender, N and Smit, IP and MacFadyen, S}, title = {The ongoing development of a pragmatic and adaptive fire management policy in a large African savanna protected area.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {132}, number = {}, pages = {358-368}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.11.003}, pmid = {24365711}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Environmental Policy ; *Fires ; Retrospective Studies ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {This paper describes recent changes to the fire management policy of the 1.9 million ha Kruger National Park in South Africa. It provides a real-life example of adaptive learning in an environment where understanding is incomplete, but where management nonetheless has to proceed. The previous policy called for the application of fire to meet burnt area targets that were set for administrative subdivisions, and that were assessed at the scale of the entire park. This was problematic because the park is large and heterogeneous, and because sound ecological motivations that could link burning prescriptions to ecological objectives were missing. The new policy divides the park into five fire management zones on the basis of differences in mean annual rainfall, historic fire return periods, and geology. In addition, it proposes fire management actions designed to achieve specified ecological objectives in each zone, and includes fire-regime related thresholds and associated ecological outcomes against which to assess the effectiveness of management. The new policy is an improvement over previous iterations, but several challenges remain. Most important among these would be to continually improve the understanding of the effects of fire, and to develop frameworks for assessing the impacts of fire together with other ecosystem drivers that interact strongly with fire to influence the attainment of ecological objectives.}, }
@article {pmid24363907, year = {2013}, author = {Saenz, D and Fucik, EM and Kwiatkowski, MA}, title = {Synergistic effects of the invasive Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera) and climate change on aquatic amphibian survival.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {14}, pages = {4828-4840}, pmid = {24363907}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Changes in climate and the introduction of invasive species are two major stressors to amphibians, although little is known about the interaction between these two factors with regard to impacts on amphibians. We focused our study on an invasive tree species, the Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera), that annually sheds its leaves and produces leaf litter that is known to negatively impact aquatic amphibian survival. The purpose of our research was to determine whether the timing of leaf fall from Chinese tallow and the timing of amphibian breeding (determined by weather) influence survival of amphibian larvae. We simulated a range of winter weather scenarios, ranging from cold to warm, by altering the relative timing of when leaf litter and amphibian larvae were introduced into aquatic mesocosms. Our results indicate that amphibian larvae survival was greatly affected by the length of time Chinese tallow leaf litter decomposes in water prior to the introduction of the larvae. Larvae in treatments simulating warm winters (early amphibian breeding) were introduced to the mesocosms early in the aquatic decomposition process of the leaf litter and had significantly lower survival compared with cold winters (late amphibian breeding), likely due to significantly lower dissolved oxygen levels. Shifts to earlier breeding phenology, linked to warming climate, have already been observed in many amphibian taxa, and with most climate models predicting a significant warming trend over the next century, the trend toward earlier breeding should continue if not increase. Our results strongly suggest that a warming climate can interact with the effects of invasive plant species, in ways we have not previously considered, to reduce the survival of an already declining group of organisms.}, }
@article {pmid24363899, year = {2013}, author = {Watari, Y and Nishijima, S and Fukasawa, M and Yamada, F and Abe, S and Miyashita, T}, title = {Evaluating the "recovery level" of endangered species without prior information before alien invasion.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {14}, pages = {4711-4721}, pmid = {24363899}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {For maintaining social and financial support for eradication programs of invasive species, quantitative assessment of recovery of native species or ecosystems is important because it provides a measurable parameter of success. However, setting a concrete goal for recovery is often difficult owing to lack of information prior to the introduction of invaders. Here, we present a novel approach to evaluate the achievement level of invasive predator management based on the carrying capacity of endangered species estimated using long-term monitoring data. In Amami-Oshima Island, Japan, where the eradication project of introduced small Indian mongoose is ongoing since 2000, we surveyed the population densities of four endangered species threatened by the mongoose (Amami rabbit, the Otton frog, Amami tip-nosed frog, and Amami Ishikawa's frog) at four time points ranging from 2003 to 2011. We estimated the carrying capacities of these species using the logistic growth model combined with the effects of mongoose predation and environmental heterogeneity. All species showed clear tendencies toward increasing their density in line with decreased mongoose density, and they exhibited density-dependent population growth. The estimated carrying capacities of three endangered species had small confidence intervals enough to measure recovery levels by the mongoose management. The population density of each endangered species has recovered to the level of the carrying capacity at about 20-40% of all sites, whereas no individuals were observed at more than 25% of all sites. We propose that the present approach involving appropriate monitoring data of native organism populations will be widely applicable to various eradication projects and provide unambiguous goals for management of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid24358714, year = {2013}, author = {Oduor, AM and Strauss, SY and García, Y and Cascales, MB and Gómez, JM}, title = {Herbivores mediate different competitive and facilitative responses of native and invader populations of Brassica nigra.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {10}, pages = {2288-2298}, doi = {10.1890/12-2021.1}, pmid = {24358714}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Mustard Plant/*physiology ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Differences in plant and herbivore community assemblages between exotic and native ranges may select for different levels of plant traits in invasive and native populations of plant species. Little is currently known of how herbivores may mediate competitive and facilitative interactions between invasive and native populations of plant species and their plant neighbors. Here, we conducted a common-garden field experiment to test whether invasive and native populations of Brassica nigra differ in phenotypic expressions of growth (biomass and plant height) and reproductive (seed yield) traits under different plant neighbor treatments and ambient vs. reduced level of insect herbivore damage on the B. nigra plants. We found significant interactive effects of plant neighbor treatments, level of insect herbivore damage on B. nigra plants, and invasive status of B. nigra on the phenotypic trait expressions. Plant neighbor treatments had minimal effects on phenotypic trait expressions by invasive populations of B. nigra under either level of insect herbivore damage. In contrast, for native populations of B. nigra, ambient level of insect herbivore damage resulted in plant neighbors facilitating expression of the traits above, while reduced damage resulted in plant neighbors competitively suppressing trait expression. Our results suggest that insect herbivores and plant neighbors interactively shape expression of plant traits in native and exotic ranges of invasive plants. Such interactions could potentially lead to different selection pressures on traits that determine antiherbivore defenses and plant-plant interactions.}, }
@article {pmid24358707, year = {2013}, author = {Hansen, GJ and Ives, AR and Vander Zanden, MJ and Carpenter, SR}, title = {Are rapid transitions between invasive and native species caused by alternative stable states, and does it matter?.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {10}, pages = {2207-2219}, doi = {10.1890/13-0093.1}, pmid = {24358707}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*classification/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; *Models, Biological ; Perciformes/*classification/physiology ; }, abstract = {Rapid transitions in ecosystem structure, or regime shifts, are a hallmark of alternative stable states (ASS). However, regime shifts can occur even when feedbacks are not strong enough to cause ASS. We investigated the potential for ASS to explain transitions between dominance of an invasive species, rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus), and native sunfishes (Lepomis spp.) in northern Wisconsin (USA) lakes. A rapid transition from Lepomis to rusty crayfish dominance occurred as rusty crayfish invaded Trout Lake, and the reverse transition resulted from an eight-year experimental removal of rusty crayfish from Sparkling Lake. We fit a stage-structured population model of species interactions to 31 years of time-series data from each lake. The model identified water level as an important driver, with drought conditions reducing rusty crayfish recruitment and allowing Lepomis dominance. The maximum-likelihood parameter estimates of the negative interaction between rusty crayfish and Lepomis led to ASS in the model, where each species was capable of excluding the other within a narrow range of environmental conditions. However, uncertainty in parameter estimates made it impossible to exclude the potential that rapid transitions were caused by a simpler threshold response lacking alternative equilibria. Simulated forward and backward transitions between species dominance occurred at different environmental conditions (i.e., hysteresis), even when the parameters used for simulation did not predict ASS as a result of slow species responses to environmental drivers. Thus, ASS are possible, but by no means certain, explanations for rapid transitions in this system, and our results highlight the difficulties associated with distinguishing ASS from other types of threshold responses. However, whether regime shifts are caused by ASS may be relatively unimportant in this system, as the range of conditions over which transitions occur is narrow, and under most conditions, the system is predicted to exist in only a single state.}, }
@article {pmid24358696, year = {2013}, author = {Sun, Y and Collins, AR and Schaffner, U and Müller-Schärer, H}, title = {Dissecting impact of plant invaders: do invaders behave differently in the new range?.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {10}, pages = {2124-2130}, doi = {10.1890/12-1910.1}, pmid = {24358696}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Biomass ; Centaurea/*physiology ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Soil/chemistry ; Species Specificity ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Knowledge from basic plant ecology suggests that impact of one plant species on another is driven by either competition for the same limiting resources, or by unique plant traits. These processes might be context specific, explaining a differential impact of exotic plant invaders in the native vs. introduced range. With the help of a conceptual framework, we aimed at identifying the relationship between invader biomass and impact in the invasive Centaurea stoebe by conducting pairwise competition experiments with 15 European (old) and 15 North American (new) neighboring species. Old neighbors grew larger and could use available soil moisture more efficiently for growth than new neighbors. Interestingly, biomass of C. stoebe explained a substantial amount of the variation in biomass of the coevolved neighbors, but not of the new "naive" neighbors. Thus, impact in the home range appears to be driven by competition for the same limiting resources, but by other factors in the introduced range, possibly by exploitation of resources that are not used by the new neighbors or by interference competition. This distinction has important consequences for the management of invasive species, as in our study ecosystem recovery is less likely after simple biomass reduction.}, }
@article {pmid24358194, year = {2013}, author = {Díez-del-Molino, D and Carmona-Catot, G and Araguas, RM and Vidal, O and Sanz, N and García-Berthou, E and García-Marín, JL}, title = {Gene flow and maintenance of genetic diversity in invasive mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {e82501}, pmid = {24358194}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyprinodontiformes/*genetics ; *Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Rivers ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Genetic analyses contribute to studies of biological invasions by mapping the origin and dispersal patterns of invasive species occupying new territories. Using microsatellite loci, we assessed the genetic diversity and spatial population structure of mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) that had invaded Spanish watersheds, along with the American locations close to the suspected potential source populations. Mosquitofish populations from the Spanish streams that were studied had similar levels of genetic diversity to the American samples; therefore, these populations did not appear to have undergone substantial losses of genetic diversity during the invasion process. Population structure analyses indicated that the Spanish populations fell into four main clusters, which were primarily associated with hydrography. Dispersal patterns indicated that local populations were highly connected upstream and downstream through active dispersal, with an average of 21.5% fish from other locations in each population. After initially introducing fish to one location in a given basin, such dispersal potential might contribute to the spread and colonization of suitable habitats throughout the entire river basin. The two-dimension isolation-by-distance pattern here obtained, indicated that the human-mediated translocation of mosquitofish among the three study basins is a regular occurrence. Overall, both phenomena, high natural dispersal and human translocation, favor gene flow among river basins and the retention of high genetic diversity, which might help retain the invasive potential of mosquitofish populations.}, }
@article {pmid24358163, year = {2013}, author = {García, Y and Callaway, RM and Diaconu, A and Montesinos, D}, title = {Invasive and non-invasive congeners show similar trait shifts between their same native and non-native ranges.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {e82281}, pmid = {24358163}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; Centaurea/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Differences in morphological or ecological traits expressed by exotic species between their native and non-native ranges are often interpreted as evidence for adaptation to new conditions in the non-native ranges. In turn this adaptation is often hypothesized to contribute to the successful invasion of these species. There is good evidence for rapid evolution by many exotic invasives, but the extent to which these evolutionary changes actually drive invasiveness is unclear. One approach to resolving the relationship between adaptive responses and successful invasion is to compare traits between populations from the native and non-native ranges for both exotic invaders and congeners that are exotic but not invasive. We compared a suite of morphological traits that are commonly tested in the literature in the context of invasion for three very closely related species of Centaurea, all of which are sympatric in the same native and non-native ranges in Europe and North America. Of these, C. solstitialis is highly invasive whereas C. calcitrapa and C. sulphurea are not. For all three species, plants from non-native populations showed similar shifts in key traits that have been identified in other studies as important putative adaptive responses to post-introduction invasion. For example, for all three species plants from populations in non-native ranges were (i) larger and (ii) produced seeds that germinated at higher rates. In fact, the non-invasive C. calcitrapa showed the strongest trait shift between ranges. Centaurea solstitialis was the only species for which plants from the non-native range increased allocation to defensive spines, and allocated proportionally less resources to reproduction, patterns contrary to what would be predicted by theory and other empirical studies to enhance invasion. Our results suggest caution when interpreting the commonly observed increase in size and reproductive capacity as factors that cause exotics to become invaders.}, }
@article {pmid24354201, year = {2013}, author = {Luis, A and Cruz, C and Duarte, AP and Domingues, F}, title = {An alkenylresorcinol derivative from Hakea sericea fruits and their antimicrobial activity.}, journal = {Natural product communications}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {1459-1462}, pmid = {24354201}, issn = {1934-578X}, mesh = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/*isolation &amp; purification ; Fruit/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Molecular Structure ; Proteaceae/*chemistry ; Resorcinols/chemistry/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Hakea sericea has been introduced to Portugal for ornamental purposes. The phytochemical composition and the antioxidant, antibacterial, antibiofilm and cytotoxic properties of this shrub species have been previously reported. The present work describes the bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude methanolic extract of H. sericea fruits and the isolation of 9-(3,5-dihydroxy-4-methylphenyl)nona-3(Z)-enoic acid. The structure of this new compound was established by one- and two-dimensional NMR and IR spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The antibacterial properties of the new alkenylresorcinolwere studied by determining its MIC values against several strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using the resazurin microtiter assay. The new alkenylresorcinol inhibited the growth of Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus with MIC values of 0.31, 0.02 and 0.16 mg/mL, respectively. Good MIC values were obtained against Staphylococcus aureus strains (0.005 - 0.16 mg/mL), including the clinical isolates (SA 01/10, SA 02/10 and SA 03/10) and MRSA strains.}, }
@article {pmid24352844, year = {2014}, author = {Keser, LH and Dawson, W and Song, YB and Yu, FH and Fischer, M and Dong, M and van Kleunen, M}, title = {Invasive clonal plant species have a greater root-foraging plasticity than non-invasive ones.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {174}, number = {3}, pages = {1055-1064}, pmid = {24352844}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Biomass ; Clone Cells ; *Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*growth &amp; development ; Plant Roots/*growth &amp; development ; Soil ; United States ; }, abstract = {Clonality is frequently positively correlated with plant invasiveness, but which aspects of clonality make some clonal species more invasive than others is not known. Due to their spreading growth form, clonal plants are likely to experience spatial heterogeneity in nutrient availability. Plasticity in allocation of biomass to clonal growth organs and roots may allow these plants to forage for high-nutrient patches. We investigated whether this foraging response is stronger in species that have become invasive than in species that have not. We used six confamilial pairs of native European clonal plant species differing in invasion success in the USA. We grew all species in large pots under homogeneous or heterogeneous nutrient conditions in a greenhouse, and compared their nutrient-foraging response and performance. Neither invasive nor non-invasive species showed significant foraging responses to heterogeneity in clonal growth organ biomass or in aboveground biomass of clonal offspring. Invasive species had, however, a greater positive foraging response in terms of root and belowground biomass than non-invasive species. Invasive species also produced more total biomass. Our results suggest that the ability for strong root foraging is among the characteristics promoting invasiveness in clonal plants.}, }
@article {pmid24352672, year = {2014}, author = {Lacroix, C and Jolles, A and Seabloom, EW and Power, AG and Mitchell, CE and Borer, ET}, title = {Non-random biodiversity loss underlies predictable increases in viral disease prevalence.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {11}, number = {92}, pages = {20130947}, pmid = {24352672}, issn = {1742-5662}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/physiology/virology ; *Biodiversity ; British Columbia ; California ; Fertility/physiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/*physiology ; Insect Vectors/*virology ; Linear Models ; Luteovirus/physiology ; Oregon ; Plant Diseases/*virology ; Poaceae/*virology ; Prevalence ; }, abstract = {Disease dilution (reduced disease prevalence with increasing biodiversity) has been described for many different pathogens. Although the mechanisms causing this phenomenon remain unclear, the disassembly of communities to predictable subsets of species, which can be caused by changing climate, land use or invasive species, underlies one important hypothesis. In this case, infection prevalence could reflect the competence of the remaining hosts. To test this hypothesis, we measured local host species abundance and prevalence of four generalist aphid-vectored pathogens (barley and cereal yellow dwarf viruses) in a ubiquitous annual grass host at 10 sites spanning 2000 km along the North American West Coast. In laboratory and field trials, we measured viral infection as well as aphid fecundity and feeding preference on several host species. Virus prevalence increased as local host richness declined. Community disassembly was non-random: ubiquitous hosts dominating species-poor assemblages were among the most competent for vector production and virus transmission. This suggests that non-random biodiversity loss led to increased virus prevalence. Because diversity loss is occurring globally in response to anthropogenic changes, such work can inform medical, agricultural and veterinary disease research by providing insights into the dynamics of pathogens nested within a complex web of environmental forces.}, }
@article {pmid24349596, year = {2013}, author = {Kamgang, B and Ngoagouni, C and Manirakiza, A and Nakouné, E and Paupy, C and Kazanji, M}, title = {Temporal patterns of abundance of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and mitochondrial DNA analysis of Ae. albopictus in the Central African Republic.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {e2590}, pmid = {24349596}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Central African Republic ; Cities ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeography ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The invasive Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) was first reported in central Africa in 2000, in Cameroon, with the indigenous mosquito species Ae. aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Today, this invasive species is present in almost all countries of the region, including the Central African Republic (CAR), where it was first recorded in 2009. As invasive species of mosquitoes can affect the distribution of native species, resulting in new patterns of vectors and concomitant risk for disease, we undertook a comparative study early and late in the wet season in the capital and the main cities of CAR to document infestation and the ecological preferences of the two species. In addition, we determined the probable geographical origin of invasive populations of Ae. albopictus with two mitochondrial DNA genes, COI and ND5. Analysis revealed that Ae. aegypti was more abundant earlier in the wet season and Ae. albopictus in the late wet season. Used tyres were the most heavily colonized productive larval habitats for both species in both seasons. The invasive species Ae. albopictus predominated over the resident species at all sites in which the two species were sympatric. Mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed broad low genetic diversity, confirming recent introduction of Ae. albopictus in CAR. Phylogeographical analysis based on COI polymorphism indicated that the Ae. albopictus haplotype in the CAR population segregated into two lineages, suggesting multiple sources of Ae. albopictus. These data may have important implications for vector control strategies in central Africa.}, }
@article {pmid24349228, year = {2013}, author = {Forrest, BM and Fletcher, LM and Atalah, J and Piola, RF and Hopkins, GA}, title = {Predation limits spread of Didemnum vexillum into natural habitats from refuges on anthropogenic structures.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {e82229}, pmid = {24349228}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Human Activities ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Seasons ; Urochordata/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Non-indigenous species can dominate fouling assemblages on artificial structures in marine environments; however, the extent to which infected structures act as reservoirs for subsequent spread to natural habitats is poorly understood. Didemnum vexillum is one of few colonial ascidian species that is widely reported to be highly invasive in natural ecosystems, but which in New Zealand proliferates only on suspended structures. Experimental work revealed that D. vexillum established equally well on suspended artificial and natural substrata, and was able to overgrow suspended settlement plates that were completely covered in other cosmopolitan fouling species. Fragmentation led to a level of D. vexillum cover that was significantly greater than was achieved as a result of ambient larval recruitment. The species failed to establish following fragment transplants onto seabed cobbles and into beds of macroalgae. The establishment success of D. vexillum was greatest in summer compared with autumn, and on the underside of experimental settlement plates that were suspended off the seabed to avoid benthic predators. Where benthic predation pressure was reduced by caging, D. vexillum establishment success was broadly comparable to suspended treatments; by contrast, the species did not establish on the face-up aspect of uncaged plates. This study provides compelling evidence that benthic predation was a key mechanism that prevented D. vexillum's establishment in the cobble habitats of the study region. The widespread occurrence of D. vexillum on suspended anthropogenic structures is consistent with evidence for other sessile invertebrates that such habitats provide a refuge from benthic predation. For invasive species generally, anthropogenic structures are likely to be most important as propagule reservoirs for spread to natural habitats in situations where predation and other mechanisms do not limit their subsequent proliferation.}, }
@article {pmid24349190, year = {2013}, author = {Neteler, M and Metz, M and Rocchini, D and Rizzoli, A and Flacio, E and Engeler, L and Guidi, V and Lüthy, P and Tonolla, M}, title = {Is Switzerland suitable for the invasion of Aedes albopictus [corrected]?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {e82090}, pmid = {24349190}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Seasons ; Switzerland ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Over the last 30 years, the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, has rapidly spread around the world. The European distribution comprises the Mediterranean basin with a first appearance in Switzerland in 2003. Early identification of the most suitable areas in Switzerland allowing progressive invasion by this species is considered crucial to suggest adequate surveillance and control plans.<br><br>We identified the most suitable areas for invasion and establishment of Ae. albopictus in Switzerland. The potential distribution areas linked to the current climatic suitability were assessed using remotely sensed land surface temperature data recorded by the MODIS satellite sensors. Suitable areas for adult survival and overwintering of diapausing eggs were also identified for future climatic conditions, considering two different climate change scenarios (A1B, A2) for the periods 2020-2049 and 2045-2074. At present, the areas around Lake Geneva in western Switzerland provide suitable climatic conditions for Ae. albopictus. In northern Switzerland, parts of the Rhine valley, around Lake Constance, as well as the surroundings of Lake Neuch&#xe2;tel, appear to be suitable for the survival at least of adult Ae. albopictus. However, these areas are characterized by winters currently being too cold for survival and development of diapausing eggs. In southern Switzerland, Ae. albopictus is already well-established, especially in the Canton of Ticino. For the years 2020-2049, the predicted possible spread of the tiger mosquito does not differ significantly from its potential current distribution. However, important expansions are obtained if the period is extended to the years 2045-2074, when Ae. albopictus may invade large new areas.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Several parts of Switzerland provide suitable climatic conditions for invasion and establishment of Ae. albopictus. The current distribution and rapid spread in other European countries suggest that the tiger mosquito will colonize new areas in Switzerland in the near future.}, }
@article {pmid24348725, year = {2013}, author = {Stampella, PC and Lambaré, DA and Hilgert, NI and Pochettino, ML}, title = {What the iberian conquest bequeathed to us: the fruit trees introduced in argentine subtropic-their history and importance in present traditional medicine.}, journal = {Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM}, volume = {2013}, number = {}, pages = {868394}, pmid = {24348725}, issn = {1741-427X}, abstract = {This contribution presents information about the history of introduction, establishment, and local appropriation of Eurasian fruit trees-species and varieties of the genera Prunus and Citrus-from 15th century in two rural areas of Northern Argentina. By means of an ethnobotanical and ethnohistorical approach, our study was aimed at analysing how this process influenced local medicine and the design of cultural landscape that they are still part of. As a first step, local diversity, knowledge, and management practices of these fruit tree species were surveyed. In a second moment, medicinal properties attributed to them were documented. A historical literature was consulted referring to different aspects on introduction of peaches and citric species into America and their uses in the past. The appropriation of these fruit-trees gave place to new applications and a particular status for introduced species that are seen as identitary and contribute to the definition of the communities and daily life landscapes. Besides, these plants, introduced in a relatively short period and with written record, allow the researcher to understand and to design landscape domestication, as a multidimensional result of physical, social, and symbolic environment.}, }
@article {pmid24346497, year = {2014}, author = {Shirk, RY and Hamrick, JL and Zhang, C and Qiang, S}, title = {Patterns of genetic diversity reveal multiple introductions and recurrent founder effects during range expansion in invasive populations of Geranium carolinianum (Geraniaceae).}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {112}, number = {5}, pages = {497-507}, pmid = {24346497}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; China ; *Founder Effect ; Gene Frequency ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Geography ; Geranium/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; North America ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Genetic diversity, and thus the adaptive potential of invasive populations, is largely based on three factors: patterns of genetic diversity in the species' native range, the number and location of introductions and the number of founding individuals per introduction. Specifically, reductions in genetic diversity ('founder effects') should be stronger for species with low within-population diversity in their native range and few introductions of few individuals to the invasive range. We test these predictions with Geranium carolinianum, a winter annual herb native to North America and invasive in China. We measure the extent of founder effects using allozymes and microsatellites, and ask whether this is consistent with its colonization history and patterns of diversity in the native range. In the native range, genetic diversity is higher and structure is lower than expected based on life history traits. In China, our results provide evidence for multiple introductions near Nanjing, Jiangsu province, with subsequent range expansion to the west and south. Patterns of genetic diversity across China reveal weak founder effects that are driven largely by low-diversity populations at the expansion front, away from the introduction location. This suggests that reduced diversity in China has resulted from successive founder events during range expansion, and that the loss of genetic diversity in the Nanjing area was mitigated by multiple introductions from diverse source populations. This has implications for the future of G. carolinianum in China, as continued gene flow among populations should eventually increase genetic diversity within the more recently founded populations.}, }
@article {pmid24344138, year = {2014}, author = {Molins, MP and Corral, JM and Aliyu, OM and Koch, MA and Betzin, A and Maron, JL and Sharbel, TF}, title = {Biogeographic variation in genetic variability, apomixis expression and ploidy of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) across its native and introduced range.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {113}, number = {3}, pages = {417-427}, pmid = {24344138}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Apomixis/*genetics ; Bayes Theorem ; Europe ; Flow Cytometry ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Hypericum/*genetics/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; North America ; Phylogeography ; Ploidies ; Reproduction ; Seeds/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) is becoming an important model plant system for investigations into ecology, reproductive biology and pharmacology. This study investigates biogeographic variation for population genetic structure and reproduction in its ancestral (European) and introduced (North America) ranges.<br><br>METHODS: Over 2000 individuals from 43 localities were analysed for ploidy, microsatellite variation (19 loci) and reproduction (flow cytometric seed screen). Most individuals were tetraploid (93%), while lower frequencies of hexaploid (6%), diploid (<1%) and triploid (<1%) individuals were also identified.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: A flow cytometric analysis of 24 single seeds per individual, and five individuals per population demonstrated opposite patterns between ploidy types, with tetraploids producing more apomictic (73%) than sexual (24%) seed, while hexaploids produced more sexual (73%) than apomictic (23%) seed. As hexaploids are derived from tetraploids, these data imply that gene dosage, in addition to the effects of hybridization, influences the switch from apomictic to sexual reproduction. No significant differences in seed production were found between Europe and North America. An analysis of population structure based upon microsatellite profiling demonstrated three major genetic clusters in Europe, whose distribution was reflective of Pleistocene glaciation (e.g. refugia) and post-glacial recolonization of Europe.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The presence of pure and mixed populations representing all three genetic clusters in North America demonstrates that H. perforatum was introduced multiple times onto the continent, followed by gene flow between the different gene pools. Taken together, the data presented here suggest that plasticity in reproduction has no influence on the invasive potential of H. perforatum.}, }
@article {pmid24343918, year = {2014}, author = {Donaldson, JE and Hui, C and Richardson, DM and Robertson, MP and Webber, BL and Wilson, JR}, title = {Invasion trajectory of alien trees: the role of introduction pathway and planting history.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, pages = {1527-1537}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12486}, pmid = {24343918}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Acacia/*physiology ; Australia ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Forestry ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Plant Dispersal ; South Africa ; Species Specificity ; Trees/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Global change is driving a massive rearrangement of the world's biota. Trajectories of distributional shifts are shaped by species traits, the recipient environment and driving forces with many of the driving forces directly due to human activities. The relative importance of each in determining the distributions of introduced species is poorly understood. We consider 11 Australian Acacia species introduced to South Africa for different reasons (commercial forestry, dune stabilization and ornamentation) to determine how features of the introduction pathway have shaped their invasion history. Projections from species distribution models (SDMs) were developed to assess how the reason for introduction influences the similarity between climatic envelopes in native and alien ranges. A lattice model for an idealized invasion was developed to assess the relative contribution of intrinsic traits and introduction dynamics on the abundance and extent over the course of simulated invasions. SDMs show that alien populations of ornamental species in South Africa occupy substantially different climate space from their native ranges, whereas species introduced for forestry occupy a similar climate space in native and introduced ranges. This may partly explain the slow spread rates observed for some alien ornamental plants. Such mismatches are likely to become less pronounced with the current drive towards 'eco gardens' resulting in more introductions of ornamental species with a close climate match between native and newly introduced regions. The results from the lattice model showed that the conditions associated with the introduction pathway (especially introduction pressure) dominate early invasion dynamics. The placement of introduction foci in urban areas limited the extent and abundance of invasive populations. Features of introduction events appear to initially mask the influence of intrinsic species traits on invasions and help to explain the relative success of species introduced for different purposes. Introduction dynamics therefore can have long-lasting influences on the outcomes of species redistributions, and must be explicitly considered in management plans.}, }
@article {pmid24341983, year = {2014}, author = {Lampert, A and Hastings, A}, title = {Optimal control of population recovery--the role of economic restoration threshold.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {28-35}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12199}, pmid = {24341983}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*economics ; *Models, Biological ; *Models, Economic ; Population Growth ; }, abstract = {A variety of ecological systems around the world have been damaged in recent years, either by natural factors such as invasive species, storms and global change or by direct human activities such as overfishing and water pollution. Restoration of these systems to provide ecosystem services entails significant economic benefits. Thus, choosing how and when to restore in an optimal fashion is important, but has not been well studied. Here we examine a general model where population growth can be induced or accelerated by investing in active restoration. We show that the most cost-effective method to restore an ecosystem dictates investment until the population approaches an 'economic restoration threshold', a density above which the ecosystem should be left to recover naturally. Therefore, determining this threshold is a key general approach for guiding efficient restoration management, and we demonstrate how to calculate this threshold for both deterministic and stochastic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid24341943, year = {2014}, author = {Huge, DH and Schofield, PJ and Jacoby, CA and Frazer, TK}, title = {Total mercury concentrations in lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) from the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, USA.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {78}, number = {1-2}, pages = {51-55}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.019}, pmid = {24341943}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring ; Florida ; *Introduced Species ; Mercury/*metabolism ; Perciformes/*metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Strategies to control invasive lionfish in the western Atlantic and Caribbean are likely to include harvest and consumption. Until this report, total mercury concentrations had been documented only for lionfish from Jamaica, and changes in concentrations with increasing fish size had not been evaluated. In the Florida Keys, total mercury concentrations in dorsal muscle tissue from 107 lionfish ranged from 0.03 to 0.48 ppm, with all concentrations being less than the regulatory threshold for limited consumption. Mercury concentrations did not vary consistently with standard lengths or wet weights of lionfish. In 2010, lionfish from the upper Keys had mean concentrations that were 0.03-0.04 ppm higher than lionfish from the middle Keys, but mean concentrations did not differ consistently among years and locations. Overall, total mercury concentrations in lionfish were lower than those in several predatory fishes that support commercial and recreational fisheries in Florida.}, }
@article {pmid24340182, year = {2013}, author = {Ward, DF and Ramón-Laca, A}, title = {Molecular identification of the prey range of the invasive Asian paper wasp.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {13}, pages = {4408-4414}, pmid = {24340182}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The prey range of the invasive Asian paper wasp, Polistes chinensis antennalis, was studied using molecular diagnostics. Nests of paper wasps were collected from urban residential and salt marsh habitats, larvae were removed and dissected, and DNA in the gut of the paper wasp larvae was amplified and sequenced with cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). Seventy percent of samples (211/299) yielded medium-to high-quality sequences, and prey identification was achieved using BLAST searches in BOLD. A total of 42 taxa were identified from 211 samples. Lepidoptera were the majority of prey, with 39 taxa from 91% of samples. Diptera was a relatively small component of prey (three taxa, 19 samples). Conclusive species-level identification of prey was possible for 67% of samples, and genus-level identification, for another 12% of samples. The composition of prey taken was different between the two habitats, with 2.5× more native prey species being taken in salt marsh compared with urban habitats. The results greatly extend the prey range of this invasive species. The technique is a more effective and efficient approach than relying on the collection of "prey balls", or morphological identification of prey, for the study of paper wasps.}, }
@article {pmid24336863, year = {2014}, author = {Schrey, AW and Liebl, AL and Richards, CL and Martin, LB}, title = {Range expansion of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in Kenya: evidence of genetic admixture and human-mediated dispersal.}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {105}, number = {1}, pages = {60-69}, doi = {10.1093/jhered/est085}, pmid = {24336863}, issn = {1465-7333}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Cluster Analysis ; Founder Effect ; Genetic Loci ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Kenya ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phenotype ; Phylogeography ; Sparrows/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Introduced species offer an opportunity to study the ecological process of range expansions. Recently, 3 mechanisms have been identified that may resolve the genetic paradox (the seemingly unlikely success of introduced species given the expected reduction in genetic diversity through bottlenecks or founder effects): multiple introductions, high propagule pressure, and epigenetics. These mechanisms are probably also important in range expansions (either natural or anthropogenic), yet this possibility remains untested in vertebrates. We used microsatellite variation (7 loci) in house sparrows (Passer domesticus), an introduced species that has been spreading across Kenya for ~60 years, to determine if patterns of variation could explain how this human commensal overcame the genetic paradox and expresses such considerable phenotypic differentiation across this new range. We note that in some cases, polygenic traits and epistasis among genes, for example, may not have negative effects on populations. House sparrows arrived in Kenya by a single introduction event (to Mombasa, ~1950) and have lower genetic diversity than native European and introduced North American populations. We used Bayesian clustering of individuals (n = 233) to detect that at least 2 types of range expansion occurred in Kenya: one with genetic admixture and one with little to no admixture. We also found that genetic diversity increased toward a range edge, and the range expansion was consistent with long-distance dispersal. Based on these data, we expect that the Kenyan range expansion was anthropogenically influenced, as the expansions of other introduced human commensals may also be.}, }
@article {pmid24335663, year = {2014}, author = {Soltis, NE and Gomez, S and Leisk, GG and Sherwood, P and Preisser, EL and Bonello, P and Orians, CM}, title = {Failure under stress: the effect of the exotic herbivore Adelges tsugae on biomechanics of Tsuga canadensis.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {113}, number = {4}, pages = {721-730}, pmid = {24335663}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Lignin/metabolism ; Linear Models ; Plant Leaves/anatomy &amp; histology/parasitology/physiology ; Plant Stems/anatomy &amp; histology/parasitology/physiology ; Stress, Physiological ; Trees ; Tsuga/anatomy &amp; histology/*parasitology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Exotic herbivores that lack a coevolutionary history with their host plants can benefit from poorly adapted host defences, potentially leading to rapid population growth of the herbivore and severe damage to its plant hosts. The hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) is an exotic hemipteran that feeds on the long-lived conifer eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), causing rapid mortality of infested trees. While the mechanism of this mortality is unknown, evidence indicates that A. tsugae feeding causes a hypersensitive response and alters wood anatomy. This study investigated the effect of A. tsugae feeding on biomechanical properties at different spatial scales: needles, twigs and branches.<br><br>METHODS: Uninfested and A. tsugae-infested samples were collected from a common garden experiment as well as from naturally infested urban and rural field sites. Tension and flexure mechanical tests were used to quantify biomechanical properties of the different tissues. In tissues that showed a significant effect of herbivory, the potential contributions of lignin and tissue density on the results were quantified.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Adelges tsugae infestation decreased the abscission strength, but not flexibility, of needles. A. tsugae feeding also decreased mechanical strength and flexibility in currently attacked twigs, but this effect disappeared in older, previously attacked branches. Lignin and twig tissue density contributed to differences in mechanical strength but were not affected by insect treatment.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Decreased strength and flexibility in twigs, along with decreased needle strength, suggest that infested trees experience resource stress. Altered growth patterns and cell wall chemistry probably contribute to these mechanical effects. Consistent site effects emphasize the role of environmental variation in mechanical traits. The mechanical changes measured here may increase susceptibility to abiotic physical stressors in hemlocks colonized by A. tsugae. Thus, the interaction between herbivore and physical stresses is probably accelerating the decline of eastern hemlock, as HWA continues to expand its range.}, }
@article {pmid24333522, year = {2014}, author = {Chislock, MF and Sharp, KL and Wilson, AE}, title = {Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii dominates under very low and high nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {49}, number = {}, pages = {207-214}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.11.022}, pmid = {24333522}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {Biomass ; Cylindrospermopsis/*drug effects/*growth &amp; development ; Microcystins/toxicity ; Nitrogen/*pharmacology ; Phosphorus/*pharmacology ; Phytoplankton/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Saxitoxin/toxicity ; Temperature ; Water ; }, abstract = {In freshwater ecosystems, a variety of factors mediate phytoplankton community structure, including herbivore community structure, light availability, temperature, mixing, and absolute and relative nutrient concentrations (total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP)). Ecological stoichiometry examines how the nutrient content of organisms and their environment may mediate population-, community-, and ecosystem-level processes. The manipulation of N:P ratios is a widely regarded tool for managing phytoplankton species composition given that nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria should dominate algal communities under relatively low N:P (<64:1, by atoms) given their ability to convert dissolved dinitrogen gas into organic nitrogen. However, due to the physiological expense of nitrogen fixation, diazotrophs should be outcompeted by non-nitrogen fixing phytoplankton under higher N:P when other environmental factors are similar. We tested this hypothesis in a field experiment using 2500-L limnocorrals installed in a eutrophic lake (ambient N:P ∼40:1 (by atoms); TN ∼1360 μgL(-1); TP ∼75 μgL(-1)). At the start of the experiment, we randomly assigned limnocorrals among the ambient (40:1) and low (7:1) or high (122:1) N:P treatments (n = 4 replicates/treatment), which were established by adding P or N at the start of the experiment, respectively. The phytoplankton community in the enclosures at the start of the experiment was diverse (i.e., 18 phytoplankton genera) and dominated by chlorophytes (including Coelastrum and Scenedesmus (30% and 13% of total biomass, respectively)) and cyanobacteria (including Anabaena and Cylindrospermopsis (23% and 17% of total biomass, respectively)). In contrast to predictions based on ecological stoichiometry, the phytoplankton community in all N:P treatments increased in abundance and was almost entirely composed of the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, by the conclusion of the study. Moreover, concentrations of the cyanobacterial neurotoxin, saxitoxin, were enhanced under the two highest N:P conditions. The ability of C. raciborskii to dominate phytoplankton communities under such extreme N:P shows that short-term management of nutrient stoichiometry through fertilization is not likely to be effective for controlling blooms of this noxious cyanobacterium and may help to explain the rapid expansion of this invasive species to temperate latitudes.}, }
@article {pmid24332318, year = {2014}, author = {Sutherland, WJ and Aveling, R and Brooks, TM and Clout, M and Dicks, LV and Fellman, L and Fleishman, E and Gibbons, DW and Keim, B and Lickorish, F and Monk, KA and Mortimer, D and Peck, LS and Pretty, J and Rockström, J and Rodríguez, JP and Smith, RK and Spalding, MD and Tonneijck, FH and Watkinson, AR}, title = {A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2014.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {15-22}, pmid = {24332318}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Communicable Diseases/*transmission ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/trends ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {This paper presents the output of our fifth annual horizon-scanning exercise, which aims to identify topics that increasingly may affect conservation of biological diversity, but have yet to be widely considered. A team of professional horizon scanners, researchers, practitioners, and a journalist identified 15 topics which were identified via an iterative, Delphi-like process. The 15 topics include a carbon market induced financial crash, rapid geographic expansion of macroalgal cultivation, genetic control of invasive species, probiotic therapy for amphibians, and an emerging snake fungal disease.}, }
@article {pmid24331604, year = {2013}, author = {Pratt, PD and Rayamajhi, MB and Tipping, PW and Center, TD and Wright, SA and Purcell, M}, title = {Establishment, population increase, spread, and ecological host range of Lophodiplosis trifida (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a biological control agent of the invasive tree Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtales: Myrtaceae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, pages = {925-935}, doi = {10.1603/EN13058}, pmid = {24331604}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Biological Control Agents ; Diptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Female ; Florida ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; Melaleuca/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The Australian tree Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cavanilles) Blake is an invasive weed in wetland systems of Florida. A biological control program targeting M. quinquenervia has resulted in the release of the gall forming midge Lophodiplosis trifida Gagné (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Populations of the introduced herbivore readily established at all 24 release sites across the weed's range in Florida, and there was no evidence that founding colony size (100, 2,000, or 6,000 adults) influenced herbivore establishment or local population growth rates. Landscape level spread of L. trifida from release sites averaged nearly 6 km/yr, ranging as high as 14.4 km/yr. Prerelease host range testing predicted that L. trifida oviposits indiscriminately on test plant species but does not complete development on any of the test species, including congeners present in Florida. To test the predictability of these host range tests, L. trifida was released in a common garden consisting of 18 test plant species that were interplanted with M. quinquenervia. Plant species postulated to be at risk experienced no gall development by L. trifida while intermingled M. quinquenervia trees supported 704.8 (± 158.5) galls per plant. Historically, many introduced Cecidomyiidae have limited effect on plant performance of target weeds because of recruitment of native parasitoids that disrupt biological control efficacy. In contrast to this trend, there has been no evidence to date that parasitoids are exploiting L. trifida in Florida.}, }
@article {pmid24331602, year = {2013}, author = {Barker, GM}, title = {Biology of the introduced biocontrol agent Microctonus hyperodae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its host Listronotus bonariensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in northern New Zealand.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, pages = {902-914}, doi = {10.1603/EN11248}, pmid = {24331602}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Control Agents ; Introduced Species ; Larva/parasitology/physiology ; New Zealand ; Ovum/parasitology/physiology ; Pest Control, Biological ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; Wasps/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Weevils/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {The South American weevil Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel) is an important pest of pastures in New Zealand. As a component of management strategies for this pest, the South American parasitoid Microctonus hyperodae Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was released in northern New Zealand during 1991 as a biological control agent. Over the subsequent 5-6 yr, the reproductive biology of M. hyperodae and its relationship to, and effects on, the reproductive phenology and fitness of L. bonariensis were studied at three sites. M. hyperodae was first recovered in the field in December 1991. Subsequently, the incidence of parasitism in L. bonariensis increased to seasonal maxima of 75-90%. There was variable synchrony between parasitoid generations and the two generations of its host, leading to marked seasonal variation in rates of parasitism and parasitoid abundance. Despite marked inter-year variation, abundance of host adult and egg populations declined in the presence of parasitoids. Parasitized host females had lower ovarian maturity scores, had lower egg loads, and exhibited less investment in wing muscle development than females that had escaped parasitism. There was almost complete elimination of egg maturation in parasitized females and these hosts contributed little to population recruitment. Rate of buildup and seasonal maxima in parasitism, frequency of superparasitism, adult abundances, and wing muscle development in adult L. bonariensis varied among the three sites in a manner that was only partially related to climate differences across the 1.83° gradient of latitude. Site effects were weak to absent in measures of reproductive condition in L. bonariensis females.}, }
@article {pmid24331597, year = {2013}, author = {Ballard, M and Hough-Goldstein, J and Tallamy, D}, title = {Arthropod communities on native and nonnative early successional plants.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, pages = {851-859}, doi = {10.1603/EN12315}, pmid = {24331597}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Arachnida/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; Delaware ; *Food Chain ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Early successional ruderal plants in North America include numerous native and nonnative species, and both are abundant in disturbed areas. The increasing presence of nonnative plants may negatively impact a critical component of food web function if these species support fewer or a less diverse arthropod fauna than the native plant species that they displace. We compared arthropod communities on six species of common early successional native plants and six species of nonnative plants, planted in replicated native and nonnative plots in a farm field. Samples were taken twice each year for 2 yr. In most arthropod samples, total biomass and abundance were substantially higher on the native plants than on the nonnative plants. Native plants produced as much as five times more total arthropod biomass and up to seven times more species per 100 g of dry leaf biomass than nonnative plants. Both herbivores and natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) predominated on native plants when analyzed separately. In addition, species richness was about three times greater on native than on nonnative plants, with 83 species of insects collected exclusively from native plants, and only eight species present only on nonnatives. These results support a growing body of evidence suggesting that nonnative plants support fewer arthropods than native plants, and therefore contribute to reduced food resources for higher trophic levels.}, }
@article {pmid24326694, year = {2014}, author = {Liao, ZY and Zheng, YL and Lei, YB and Feng, YL}, title = {Evolutionary increases in defense during a biological invasion.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {174}, number = {4}, pages = {1205-1214}, pmid = {24326694}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Asteraceae/genetics/*physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants generally escape from specialist herbivores of their native ranges but may experience serious damage from generalists. As a result, invasive plants may evolve increased resistance to generalists and tolerance to damage. To test these hypotheses, we carried out a common garden experiment comparing 15 invasive populations with 13 native populations of Chromolaena odorata, including putative source populations identified with molecular methods and binary choice feeding experiments using three generalist herbivores. Plants from invasive populations of C. odorata had both higher resistance to three generalists and higher tolerance to simulated herbivory (shoot removal) than plants from native populations. The higher resistance of plants from invasive populations was associated with higher leaf C content and densities of leaf trichomes and glandular scales, and lower leaf N and water contents. Growth costs were detected for tolerance but not for resistance, and plants from invasive populations of C. odorata showed lower growth costs of tolerance. Our results suggest that invasive plants may evolve to increase both resistance to generalists and tolerance to damage in introduced ranges, especially when the defense traits have low or no fitness costs. Greater defenses in invasive populations may facilitate invasion by C. odorata by reducing generalist impacts and increasing compensatory growth after damage has occurred.}, }
@article {pmid24325821, year = {2014}, author = {Vivian, LM and Marshall, DJ and Godfree, RC}, title = {Response of an invasive native wetland plant to environmental flows: implications for managing regulated floodplain ecosystems.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {132}, number = {}, pages = {268-277}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.11.015}, pmid = {24325821}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Longevity ; Magnoliopsida/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Victoria ; *Water Movements ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The natural flow regimes of rivers underpin the health and function of floodplain ecosystems. However, infrastructure development and the over-extraction of water has led to the alteration of natural flow regimes, resulting in the degradation of river and floodplain habitats globally. In many catchments, including Australia's Murray-Darling Basin, environmental flows are seen as a potentially useful tool to restore natural flow regimes and manage the degradation of rivers and their associated floodplains. In this paper, we investigated whether environmental flows can assist in controlling an invasive native floodplain plant in Barmah Forest, south-eastern Australia. We experimentally quantified the effects of different environmental flow scenarios, including a shallow (20 cm) and deeper (50 cm) flood of different durations (12 and 20 weeks), as well as drought and soil-saturated conditions, on the growth and survival of seedlings of Juncus ingens, a native emergent macrophyte that has become invasive in some areas of Barmah Forest following river regulation and alteration of natural flow regimes. Three height classes of J. ingens (33 cm, 17 cm and 12 cm) were included in the experiment to explicitly test for relationships between treatments, plant survival and growth, and plant height. We found that seedling mortality occurred in the drought treatment and in the 20-week flood treatments of both depths; however, mortality rates in the flood treatments depended on initial plant height, with medium and short plants (initial heights of ≤17 cm) exhibiting the highest mortality rates. Both the 20 cm and 50 cm flood treatments of only 12 weeks duration were insufficient to cause mortality in any of the height classes; indeed, shoots of plants in the 20 cm flood treatment were able to elongate through the water surface at rapid rates. Our findings have important implications for management of Barmah Forest and floodplain ecosystems elsewhere, as it demonstrates the potential for using environmental flows to limit the spread of invasive plants by targeting a life-stage that is particularly sensitive to prolonged submergence. However, there may be narrow thresholds between the conditions that provide effective control of an invasive species, and those that instead facilitate growth and may promote further invasion.}, }
@article {pmid24325664, year = {2014}, author = {Wilsey, BJ and Daneshgar, PP and Hofmockel, K and Polley, HW}, title = {Invaded grassland communities have altered stability-maintenance mechanisms but equal stability compared to native communities.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {92-100}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12213}, pmid = {24325664}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Agricultural Irrigation ; *Ecosystem ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Theory predicts that stability should increase with diversity via several mechanisms. We tested predictions in a 5-year experiment that compared low-diversity exotic to high-diversity native plant mixtures under two irrigation treatments. The study included both wet and dry years. Variation in biomass across years (CV) was 50% lower in mixtures than monocultures of both native and exotic species. Growth among species was more asynchronous and overyielding values were greater during and after a drought in native than exotic mixtures. Mean-variance slopes indicated strong portfolio effects in both community types, but the intercept was higher for exotics than for natives, suggesting that exotics were inherently more variable than native species. However, this failed to result in higher CV's in exotic communities because species that heavily dominated plots tended to have lower than expected variance. Results indicate that diversity-stability mechanisms are altered in invaded systems compared to native ones they replaced.}, }
@article {pmid24324859, year = {2013}, author = {Ando, H and Setsuko, S and Horikoshi, K and Suzuki, H and Umehara, S and Inoue-Murayama, M and Isagi, Y}, title = {Diet analysis by next-generation sequencing indicates the frequent consumption of introduced plants by the critically endangered red-headed wood pigeon (Columba janthina nitens) in oceanic island habitats.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {12}, pages = {4057-4069}, pmid = {24324859}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Oceanic island ecosystems are vulnerable to the introduction of alien species, and they provide a habitat for many endangered species. Knowing the diet of an endangered animal is important for appropriate nature restoration efforts on oceanic islands because introduced species may be a major component of the diets of some endangered species. DNA barcoding techniques together with next-generation sequencing may provide more detailed information on animal diets than other traditional methods. We performed a diet analysis using 48 fecal samples from the critically endangered red-headed wood pigeon that is endemic to the Ogasawara Islands based on chloroplast trnL P6 loop sequences. The frequency of each detected plant taxa was compared with a microhistological analysis of the same sample set. The DNA barcoding approach detected a much larger number of plants than the microhistological analysis. Plants that were difficult to identify by microhistological analysis after being digested in the pigeon stomachs were frequently identified only by DNA barcoding. The results of the barcoding analysis indicated the frequent consumption of introduced species, in addition to several native species, by the red-headed wood pigeon. The rapid eradication of specific introduced species may reduce the food resources available to this endangered bird; thus, balancing eradication efforts with the restoration of native food plants should be considered. Although some technical problems still exist, the trnL approach to next-generation sequencing may contribute to a better understanding of oceanic island ecosystems and their conservation.}, }
@article {pmid24323535, year = {2014}, author = {Laube, J and Sparks, TH and Estrella, N and Höfler, J and Ankerst, DP and Menzel, A}, title = {Chilling outweighs photoperiod in preventing precocious spring development.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {170-182}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12360}, pmid = {24323535}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Cold Temperature ; Introduced Species ; Photoperiod ; Plant Development ; Seasons ; Trees/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {It is well known that increased spring temperatures cause earlier onset dates of leaf unfolding and flowering. However, a temperature increase in winter may be associated with delayed development when species' chilling requirements are not fulfilled. Furthermore, photosensitivity is supposed to interfere with temperature triggers. To date, neither the relative importance nor possible interactions of these three factors have been elucidated. In this study, we present a multispecies climate chamber experiment to test the effects of chilling and photoperiod on the spring phenology of 36 woody species. Several hypotheses regarding their variation with species traits (successional strategy, floristic status, climate of their native range) were tested. Long photoperiods advanced budburst for one-third of the studied species, but magnitudes of these effects were generally minor. In contrast to prior hypotheses, photosensitive responses were not restricted to climax or oceanic species. Increased chilling length advanced budburst for almost all species; its effect greatly exceeding that of photoperiod. Moreover, we suggest that photosensitivity and chilling effects have to be rigorously disentangled, as the response to photoperiod was restricted to individuals that had not been fully chilled. The results indicate that temperature requirements and successional strategy are linked, with climax species having higher chilling and forcing requirements than pioneer species. Temperature requirements of invasive species closely matched those of native species, suggesting that high phenological concordance is a prerequisite for successful establishment. Lack of chilling not only led to a considerable delay in budburst but also caused substantial changes in the chronological order of species' budburst. The results reveal that increased winter temperatures might impact forest ecosystems more than formerly assumed. Species with lower chilling requirements, such as pioneer or invasive species, might profit from warming winters, if late spring frost events would in parallel occur earlier.}, }
@article {pmid24320555, year = {2014}, author = {Turner, KG and Hufbauer, RA and Rieseberg, LH}, title = {Rapid evolution of an invasive weed.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {202}, number = {1}, pages = {309-321}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12634}, pmid = {24320555}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Centaurea/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Confidence Intervals ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Plant Weeds/*physiology ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Trade-offs between performance and the ability to tolerate abiotic and biotic stress have been suggested to explain both the success of invasive species and phenotypic differentiation between native and invasive populations. It is critical to sample broadly across both ranges and to account for latitudinal clines and maternal effects when testing this premise. Wild-collected Centaurea diffusa seeds were grown in benign and stressful conditions (drought, flooding, nutrient stress and simulated herbivory), to evaluate whether native and introduced individuals differ in performance or life history phenotypes. A second experiment used glasshouse-grown seeds to evaluate whether patterns remain comparable when maternal environment is consistent. Many traits differed between ranges, and in all cases but one, invasive individuals grew larger, performed better, or matured later. No trade-off in performance with herbivore defense was evident. Invasive populations may have been released from a trade-off between growth and drought tolerance apparent in the native range. Larger individuals with delayed maturity and greater reproductive potential have evolved in invasive populations, a pattern evident across broad population sampling, and after latitude and maternal environment were considered. Release from abiotic stress tolerance trade-offs may be important for the invasion success of Centaurea diffusa.}, }
@article {pmid24314263, year = {2013}, author = {Dávalos, A and Nuzzo, V and Stark, J and Blossey, B}, title = {Unexpected earthworm effects on forest understory plants.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {48}, pmid = {24314263}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Carex Plant/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; New York ; *Oligochaeta ; Trees/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Introduced earthworms are widespread in forests of North America creating significant negative impacts on forest understory communities. However, much of the reported evidence for negative earthworm effects comes from field investigations either comparing invaded and non-invaded forests or across invasion fronts. While important, such work is rarely able to capture the true effect of earthworms on individual plant species because most forests in North America simultaneously face multiple stressors which may confound earthworm impacts.We used a mesocosm experiment to isolate effects of the anecic introduced earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L. on seedlings of 14 native plant species representing different life form groups (perennial herb, graminoid, and tree).<br><br>RESULTS: Earthworm presence did not affect survival, fertility or biomass of any of the seedling plant species tested over a 17-week period. However, L. terrestris presence significantly decreased growth of two sedges (Carex retroflexa Muhl. ex Willd. and Carex radiata (Wahlenb.) Small) by decreasing the number of culms.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our mesocosm results with seedlings contrast with field reports indicating extensive and significant negative effects of introduced earthworms on many mature native forbs, and positive effects on sedges. We suggest that earthworm impacts are context- and age-specific and that generalizations about their impacts are potentially misleading without considering and manipulating other associated factors.}, }
@article {pmid24313455, year = {2013}, author = {Zhang, Q and Peng, J and Chen, Q and Yang, X and Hong, Y and Su, J}, title = {Abundance and composition of denitrifiers in response to Spartina alterniflora invasion in estuarine sediment.}, journal = {Canadian journal of microbiology}, volume = {59}, number = {12}, pages = {825-836}, doi = {10.1139/cjm-2013-0516}, pmid = {24313455}, issn = {1480-3275}, mesh = {Bacteria/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; China ; Cyperus/physiology ; *Denitrification ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Microbial Consortia ; Nitrates/*metabolism ; Nitrite Reductases/*genetics ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Rhizophoraceae/physiology ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Nitrite reduction is regulated by nitrite reductase encoded by nirK and nirS genes. This study aimed to investigate the abundance and composition of nirK- and nirS-containing denitrifiers in response to Spartina alterniflora invasion at the Jiulong River estuary, China. The sediment samples (depth: 0-5.0 and 5.1-20 cm) were collected from 3 vegetation zones, 1 dominated by the exotic plant S. alterniflora, 1 dominated by the native plant Kandelia candel, and 1 dominated by the native plant Cyperus malaccensis, and from an unvegetated flat zone. nirK- and nirS-containing denitrifier population sizes were lower in the invaded and nonvegetated zones than in those dominated by native K. candel and C. malaccensis, which were impacted by depth - vegetation species interaction. The ratios of nirS to nirK abundance ranged from 42.10 to 677.27, with the lowest ratio found for the upper layer in the invaded zone. The nirK-containing denitrifier compositions showed a 35% similarity between invaded zone and others. Most of the sequences of nirK genes recovered from the S. alterniflora zone were specific and distinct from those of nirK genes recovered from other vegetation types; nirS genes in the invaded zone were highly divergent. These results reveal that S. alterniflora invasion has a significant effect on the abundance and composition of both nirK- and nirS-containing denitrifiers, and nirS-containing denitrifiers were less responsive to invasion than nirK-containing denitrifiers.}, }
@article {pmid24312432, year = {2013}, author = {Winandy, L and Denoël, M}, title = {Introduced goldfish affect amphibians through inhibition of sexual behaviour in risky habitats: an experimental approach.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, pages = {e82736}, pmid = {24312432}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Amphibians/*physiology ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Goldfish/*physiology ; Male ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {The introduction of alien species is one of the major causes of current and global biodiversity loss. The introduction of fish can be a particular threat to native amphibian populations, which are declining worldwide. One way for amphibians to persist in such altered environments is to adopt anti-predator strategies especially at the behavioural level. However, although it has been shown that avoidance behaviour may decrease the probability of being detected by a potential predator, little is known on the consequences on sexual behaviour. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that adult Alpine newts (Ichthyosaura alpestris) use shelters more often and exhibit less sexual activity in the presence of goldfish (Carassius auratus) and that they reduce sexual activity more in risky micro-habitats than in safe environments. To this end, we assessed behavioural patterns of adult newts in a replicated laboratory design. Goldfish were present in direct contact with newts in half of the tanks. Consistently throughout the study period, significantly more newts used shelter in the presence of fish than in their absence. Newts also significantly decreased their sexual activity level overall, but specially outside the shelter when they were in direct contact with fish. These results show that fish presence can affect newts in complex ways, such as through inhibition of their reproduction. Our work highlights that integrating behaviour in conservation studies is essential to understanding the patterns of coexistence and exclusion between introduced fish and amphibians.}, }
@article {pmid24311659, year = {2013}, author = {Stokstad, E}, title = {Island of the snakes.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {342}, number = {6163}, pages = {1166-1167}, doi = {10.1126/science.342.6163.1166}, pmid = {24311659}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Colubridae/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Guam ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Mice ; Pest Control ; Population Density ; }, }
@article {pmid24308303, year = {2014}, author = {Omondi, BA and van den Berg, J and Masiga, D and Schulthess, F}, title = {Molecular markers reveal narrow genetic base and culturing-associated genetic drift in Teretrius nigrescens Lewis populations released for the biological control of the larger grain borer in Africa.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, pages = {143-154}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485313000552}, pmid = {24308303}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; *Genetic Drift ; *Genetic Variation ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {In biological control, successful establishment of a natural enemy species depends on its adaptability in the introduced range including its ability to re-establish desired ecological interactions with the pest. These are affected by genetic parameters hitherto largely unresolved in biological control. The larger grain borer (LGB), Prostephanus truncatus, an invasive species from meso-America, is the most important post-harvest pest of maize in Africa. We studied the genetic structure of Teretrius nigrescens, a predatory beetle previously released for the control of the pest in Africa, to test the hypothesis that establishment patterns were a result of ecotype-environment mismatch and to follow up on our earlier reports of distinct lineages of the predator. We studied 13 populations of T. nigrescens, using 16 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Five genetic populations with a hierarchical structure and significant isolation by distance were detected. The most diverse population was found in southern Mexico, consistent with earlier lineage coexistence observations. Populations introduced to Africa maintained genetic similarity to local geographic populations of their area of origin. The more successful Benin releases were also more genetically diverse. Loss of rare alleles and a higher frequency of existing private alleles in some populations indicated population expansions following bottleneck events. Sustainable biological control should accommodate pest and natural enemy species, and monitor genetic changes associated with introduction and release.}, }
@article {pmid24307667, year = {2014}, author = {Wielgoss, A and Tscharntke, T and Rumede, A and Fiala, B and Seidel, H and Shahabuddin, S and Clough, Y}, title = {Interaction complexity matters: disentangling services and disservices of ant communities driving yield in tropical agroecosystems.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1775}, pages = {20132144}, pmid = {24307667}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cacao/*physiology ; Crops, Agricultural/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Herbivory ; Insect Vectors/microbiology/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; *Social Behavior ; *Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Owing to complex direct and indirect effects, impacts of higher trophic levels on plants is poorly understood. In tropical agroecosystems, ants interact with crop mutualists and antagonists, but little is known about how this integrates into the final ecosystem service, crop yield. We combined ant exclusion and introduction of invasive and native-dominant species in cacao agroecosystems to test whether (i) ant exclusion reduces yield, (ii) dominant species maximize certain intermediate ecosystem services (e.g. control of specific pests) rather than yield, which depends on several, cascading intermediate services and (iii) even, species-rich ant communities result in highest yields. Ants provided services, including reduced leaf herbivory and fruit pest damage and indirect pollination facilitation, but also disservices, such as increased mealybug density, phytopathogen dissemination and indirect pest damage enhancement. Yields were highest with unmanipulated, species-rich, even communities, whereas ant exclusion decreased yield by 27%. Introduction of an invasive-dominant ant decreased species density and evenness and resulted in 34% lower yields, whereas introduction of a non-invasive-dominant species resulted in similar species density and yields as in the unmanipulated control. Species traits and ant community structure affect services and disservices for agriculture in surprisingly complex ways, with species-rich and even communities promoting highest yield.}, }
@article {pmid24307287, year = {2014}, author = {Rosa García, R and Somoano, A and Moreno, A and Burckhardt, D and Luiz de Queiroz, D and Miñarro, M}, title = {The occurrence and abundance of two alien eucalypt psyllids in apple orchards.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {70}, number = {11}, pages = {1676-1683}, doi = {10.1002/ps.3701}, pmid = {24307287}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Eucalyptus ; Hemiptera/physiology ; Insect Vectors/microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Malus/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Phytoplasma/physiology ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Spain ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The arrival of alien insects is frequently associated with the introduction of alien plants. Two exotic Psylloidea native to Australia [Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Maskell, 1890) and Ctenarytaina spatulata Taylor, 1997] were recorded during a two-year survey in five apple orchards located in Asturias, on the northern coast of Spain. Both species develop on Eucalyptus, but our results suggest that the adults feed also on apple.<br><br>RESULTS: The captures of adult Ctenarytaina, particularly C. spatulata (2191 individuals vs 100 of C. eucalypti) were higher than those of the psyllids that develop on apple. Both species occurred in all sites, including those most distant from the eucalypt plantations. Their abundance peaks matched with two crucial periods in the apple tree cycle: sprouting and leaf drop. The hypothesis that the adult eucalypt psyllids feed on apple is supported by the presence of a phytoplasma, the causal agent of the apple proliferation disease, in one specimen of each species. This phytoplasma can be only acquired after feeding on an infected apple tree. This is the first report of continuous captures of these psyllids in apple orchards.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that adults of the two Ctenarytaina species feed in apple orchards in Asturias.}, }
@article {pmid24303048, year = {2013}, author = {Chen, Y and Zhou, Y and Yin, TF and Liu, CX and Luo, FL}, title = {The invasive wetland plant Alternanthera philoxeroides shows a higher tolerance to waterlogging than its native Congener Alternanthera sessilis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, pages = {e81456}, pmid = {24303048}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Amaranthaceae/growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Plant invasion is one of the major threats to natural ecosystems. Phenotypic plasticity is considered to be important for promoting plant invasiveness. High tolerance of stress can also increase survival of invasive plants in adverse habitats. Limited growth and conservation of carbohydrate are considered to increase tolerance of flooding in plants. However, few studies have examined whether invasive species shows a higher phenotypic plasticity in response to waterlogging or a higher tolerance of waterlogging (lower plasticity) than native species. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to compare the growth and morphological and physiological responses to waterlogging of the invasive, clonal, wetland species Alternanthera philoxeroides with those of its co-occurring, native, congeneric, clonal species Alternanthera sessilis. Plants of A. philoxeroides and A. sessilis were subjected to three treatments (control, 0 and 60 cm waterlogging). Both A. philoxeroides and A. sessilis survived all treatments. Overall growth was lower in A. philoxeroides than in A. sessilis, but waterlogging negatively affected the growth of A. philoxeroides less strongly than that of A. sessilis. Alternanthera philoxeroides thus showed less sensitivity of growth traits (lower plasticity) and higher waterlogging tolerance. Moreover, the photosynthetic capacity of A. philoxeroides was higher than that of A. sessilis during waterlogging. Alternanthera philoxeroides also had higher total non-structural and non-soluble carbohydrate concentrations than A. sessilis at the end of treatments. Our results suggest that higher tolerance to waterlogging and higher photosynthetic capacity may partly explain the invasion success of A. philoxeroides in wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid24302995, year = {2013}, author = {Chu, D and Pan, HP and Li, XC and Guo, D and Tao, YL and Liu, BM and Zhang, YJ}, title = {Spatial genetic heterogeneity in populations of a newly invasive whitefly in china revealed by a nation-wide field survey.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, pages = {e79997}, pmid = {24302995}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Cluster Analysis ; *Genetic Heterogeneity ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; *Spatial Analysis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Even though introductions of exotic species provide ready-made experiments of rapid evolution, few studies have examined the genetic structure of an exotic species shortly after its initial introduction and subsequent spread. To determine the genetic structure of its populations during the initial introduction, we investigated the invasive sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Q, commonly known as B. tabaci biotype Q) in China, which was introduced in approximately 2003. A total of 619 B. tabaci Q individuals in 20 provinces throughout China were collected and analyzed using five microsatellite loci.<br><br>RESULTS: The introduced populations of B. tabaci Q in China represent eight genetic clusters with different geographic distributions. The populations in Yunnan Province, where B. tabaci Q was first detected, are genetically different from the other populations in China.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The introduced populations of B. tabaci Q in China have high spatial genetic heterogeneity. Additional research is required to determine whether the heterogeneity results from multiple introductions, rapid evolution following one or few introductions, or some combination of multiple introductions and rapid evolution. The heterogeneity, however, is inconsistent with a single introduction at Yunnan Province, where B. tabaci Q was first detected, followed by spread.}, }
@article {pmid24297938, year = {2013}, author = {Jones, EI and Nuismer, SL and Gomulkiewicz, R}, title = {Revisiting Darwin's conundrum reveals a twist on the relationship between phylogenetic distance and invasibility.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {110}, number = {51}, pages = {20627-20632}, pmid = {24297938}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Models, Biological ; *Phenotype ; *Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {A key goal of invasion biology is to identify the factors that favor species invasions. One potential indicator of invasiveness is the phylogenetic distance between a nonnative species and species in the recipient community. However, predicting invasiveness using phylogenetic information relies on an untested assumption: that both biotic resistance and facilitation weaken with increasing phylogenetic distance. We test the validity of this key assumption using a mathematical model in which a novel species is introduced into communities with varying ecological and phylogenetic relationships. Contrary to what is generally assumed, we find that biotic resistance and facilitation can either weaken or intensify with phylogenetic distance, depending on the mode of interspecific interactions (phenotype matching or phenotype differences) and the resulting evolutionary trajectory of the recipient community. Thus, we demonstrate that considering the mechanisms that drive phenotypic divergence between native and nonnative species can provide critical insight into the relationship between phylogenetic distance and invasibility.}, }
@article {pmid24293246, year = {2014}, author = {Ogaugwu, CE}, title = {Towards area-wide control of Bactrocera invadens: prospects of the sterile insect technique and molecular entomology.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, pages = {524-527}, doi = {10.1002/ps.3691}, pmid = {24293246}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Africa South of the Sahara ; Animals ; Fruit ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Tephritidae/*genetics ; Transgenes ; }, abstract = {It is 10 years since the first detection of the invader fruit fly, Bactrocera invadens, in sub-Saharan Africa. The pest continues to hamper fruit production and create barriers to trade. Strategies currently employed to control B. invadens are insufficient, and more effective area-wide strategies are needed. The sterile insect technique and molecular entomology approaches have high potential and could help to bring about effective area-wide control of the pest if adopted and used as components of area-wide integrated pest management.}, }
@article {pmid24292716, year = {2014}, author = {Osone, Y and Yazaki, K and Masaki, T and Ishida, A}, title = {Responses to nitrogen pulses and growth under low nitrogen availability in invasive and native tree species with differing successional status.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {127}, number = {2}, pages = {315-328}, pmid = {24292716}, issn = {1618-0860}, mesh = {Elaeocarpaceae/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/physiology/radiation effects ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Japan ; Light ; Magnoliopsida/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/*physiology/radiation effects ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Pacific Ocean ; Phenotype ; *Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/physiology/radiation effects ; Plant Roots/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/physiology/radiation effects ; Plant Transpiration ; Seedlings/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/physiology/radiation effects ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; Trees ; Trema/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/physiology/radiation effects ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are frequently found in recently disturbed sites. To examine how these disturbance-dependent invasive species exploit resource pulses resulting from disturbance, twelve physiological and morphological traits, including age-dependent responsiveness in leaf traits to nitrogen pulse, were compared between Bischofia javanica, an invasive tree species in Ogasawara islands, and three native Ogasawara species, each having a different successional status. When exposed to a nitrogen pulse, invasive B. javanica showed higher increases in photosynthetic capacity, leaf area, epidermal cell number and cell size in leaves of broad age classes, and root nitrogen absorption ability than two native mid-/late or late-successional species, but showed no particular superiority to a native pioneer species in these responses. Under low nitrogen, however, it showed the largest relative growth rate among the four species, while the native pioneer showed the lowest growth. From these results, we concluded that the combination of moderately high responsiveness to resource pulses and the ability to maintain steady growth under resource limitations may give B. javanica a competitive advantage over a series of native species with different successional status from early to late-successional stages.}, }
@article {pmid24291422, year = {2014}, author = {Pasquevich, MY and Dreon, MS and Heras, H}, title = {The major egg reserve protein from the invasive apple snail Pomacea maculata is a complex carotenoprotein related to those of Pomacea canaliculata and Pomacea scalaris.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry &amp; molecular biology}, volume = {169}, number = {}, pages = {63-71}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.11.008}, pmid = {24291422}, issn = {1879-1107}, mesh = {Animals ; Carotenoids/*chemistry/metabolism ; Egg Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Snails/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Snails from the genus Pomacea lay conspicuous masses of brightly colored eggs above the water. Coloration is given by carotenoproteins that also which play important roles in protection against sun radiation, stabilizing and transporting antioxidant molecules and helping to protect embryos from desiccation and predators. They seem a key acquisition, but have been little studied. Here we report the characteristics of the major carotenoprotein from Pomacea maculata and the first comparison among these egg proteins. This particle, hereafter PmPV1, represents ~52% of perivitellin fluid protein. It is a glyco-lipo-carotenoprotein responsible for the bright reddish egg coloration. With VHDL characteristics, PmPV1 apparent molecular mass is 294kDa, composed of five non-covalently bound subunits of pI 4.7-9.8 and masses between 26 and 36kDa whose N-terminal sequences were obtained. It is a glyco-lipo-carotenoprotein scarcely lipidated (<1%) but highly glycosilated (13% by wt). Lipids include phospholipids, free fatty acids and carotenoids; mannose and galactose predominate over other monosaccharides. Main carotenoids are esterified and non-esterified astaxanthin (71 and 25%, respectively). Carotenoid removal does not seem to affect the structural characteristics of the oligomer, while deglycosilation reduces subunit number from five to a single one. The carotenoid-protein association protected the former against oxidation. PmPV1 cross reacts with polyclonal antibodies against the PcOvo, the major carotenoprotein from Pomacea canaliculata. The characterization of PmPV1 allows the first comparisons among snail carotenoproteins and further highlights the importance of these perivitellins in the reproductive strategy of Pomacea.}, }
@article {pmid24284816, year = {2014}, author = {Bystriakova, N and Ansell, SW and Russell, SJ and Grundmann, M and Vogel, JC and Schneider, H}, title = {Present, past and future of the European rock fern Asplenium fontanum: combining distribution modelling and population genetics to study the effect of climate change on geographic range and genetic diversity.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {113}, number = {3}, pages = {453-465}, pmid = {24284816}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Chloroplast/genetics ; Demography ; Ferns/*genetics ; Genetic Loci ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Isoenzymes/genetics ; *Models, Statistical ; Phylogeography ; Plant Leaves/genetics ; Plant Proteins/genetics ; Reproduction ; Software ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Climate change is expected to alter the geographic range of many plant species dramatically. Predicting this response will be critical to managing the conservation of plant resources and the effects of invasive species. The aim of this study was to predict the response of temperate homosporous ferns to climate change.<br><br>METHODS: Genetic diversity and changes in distribution range were inferred for the diploid rock fern Asplenium fontanum along a South-North transect, extending from its putative last glacial maximum (LGM) refugia in southern France towards southern Germany and eastern-central France. This study reconciles observations from distribution models and phylogeographic analyses derived from plastid and nuclear diversity.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Genetic diversity distribution and niche modelling propose that genetic diversity accumulates in the LGM climate refugium in southern France with the formation of a diversity gradient reflecting a slow, post-LGM range expansion towards the current distribution range. Evidence supports the fern's preference for outcrossing, contradicting the expectation that homosporous ferns would populate new sites by single-spore colonization. Prediction of climate and distribution range change suggests that a dramatic loss of range and genetic diversity in this fern is possible. The observed migration is best described by the phalanx expansion model.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that homosporous ferns reproducing preferentially by outcrossing accumulate genetic diversity primarily in LGM climate refugia and may be threatened if these areas disappear due to global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid24284711, year = {2013}, author = {Qiu, J}, title = {China battles army of invaders.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {503}, number = {7477}, pages = {450-451}, doi = {10.1038/503450a}, pmid = {24284711}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Coleoptera/microbiology ; Commerce ; Hemiptera/physiology ; Internationality ; Introduced Species/*trends ; *Pest Control ; }, }
@article {pmid24284560, year = {2013}, author = {Fea, MP and Stanley, MC and Holwell, GI}, title = {Fatal attraction: sexually cannibalistic invaders attract naive native mantids.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {20130746}, pmid = {24284560}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cannibalism ; Competitive Behavior ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mantodea/*physiology ; Mating Preference, Animal ; New Zealand ; Pheromones/physiology ; *Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction/physiology ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Overlap in the form of sexual signals such as pheromones raises the possibility of reproductive interference by invasive species on similar, yet naive native species. Here, we test the potential for reproductive interference through heterospecific mate attraction and subsequent predation of males by females of a sexually cannibalistic invasive praying mantis. Miomantis caffra is invasive in New Zealand, where it is widely considered to be displacing the only native mantis species, Orthodera novaezealandiae, and yet mechanisms behind this displacement are unknown. We demonstrate that native males are more attracted to the chemical cues of introduced females than those of conspecific females. Heterospecific pairings also resulted in a high degree of mortality for native males. This provides evidence for a mechanism behind displacement that has until now been undetected and highlights the potential for reproductive interference to greatly influence the impact of an invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid24279265, year = {2013}, author = {Bertness, MD and Coverdale, TC}, title = {An invasive species facilitates the recovery of salt marsh ecosystems on Cape Cod.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {9}, pages = {1937-1943}, doi = {10.1890/12-2150.1}, pmid = {24279265}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Massachusetts ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {With global increases in human impacts, invasive species have become a major threat to ecosystems worldwide. While they have been traditionally viewed as harmful, invasive species may facilitate the restoration of degraded ecosystems outside their native ranges. In New England (USA) overfishing has depleted salt marsh predators, allowing the herbivorous crab Sesarma reticulatum to denude hundreds of hectares of low marsh. Here, using multiple site surveys and field caging experiments, we show that the subsequent invasion of green crabs, Carcinus maenas, into heavily burrowed marshes partially reverses decades of cordgrass die-off. By consuming Sesarma, eliciting a nonlethal escape response, and evicting Sesarma from burrows, Carcinus reduces Sesarma herbivory and promotes cordgrass recovery. These results suggest that invasive species can contribute to restoring degraded ecosystems and underscores the potential for invasive species to return ecological functions lost to human impacts.}, }
@article {pmid24276771, year = {2014}, author = {Wang, XY and Miao, Y and Yu, S and Chen, XY and Schmid, B}, title = {Genotypic diversity of an invasive plant species promotes litter decomposition and associated processes.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {174}, number = {3}, pages = {993-1005}, pmid = {24276771}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Acari ; Animals ; China ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/*chemistry ; Soil/*parasitology ; Solidago/chemistry/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Following studies that showed negative effects of species loss on ecosystem functioning, newer studies have started to investigate if similar consequences could result from reductions of genetic diversity within species. We tested the influence of genotypic richness and dissimilarity (plots containing one, three, six or 12 genotypes) in stands of the invasive plant Solidago canadensis in China on the decomposition of its leaf litter and associated soil animals over five monthly time intervals. We found that the logarithm of genotypic richness was positively linearly related to mass loss of C, N and P from the litter and to richness and abundance of soil animals on the litter samples. The mixing proportion of litter from two sites, but not genotypic dissimilarity of mixtures, had additional effects on measured variables. The litter diversity effects on soil animals were particularly strong under the most stressful conditions of hot weather in July: at this time richness and abundance of soil animals were higher in 12-genotype litter mixtures than even in the highest corresponding one-genotype litter. The litter diversity effects on decomposition were in part mediated by soil animals: the abundance of Acarina, when used as covariate in the analysis, fully explained the litter diversity effects on mass loss of N and P. Overall, our study shows that high genotypic richness of S. canadensis leaf litter positively affects richness and abundance of soil animals, which in turn accelerate litter decomposition and P release from litter.}, }
@article {pmid24276537, year = {2014}, author = {Mei, L and Zhu, M and Zhang, DZ and Wang, YZ and Guo, J and Zhang, HB}, title = {Geographical and temporal changes of foliar fungal endophytes associated with the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {67}, number = {2}, pages = {402-409}, pmid = {24276537}, issn = {1432-184X}, mesh = {Ascomycota/classification/growth &amp; development/*isolation &amp; purification ; Asteraceae/*microbiology ; Biodiversity ; China ; Colletotrichum/genetics/growth &amp; development/*isolation &amp; purification ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; Endophytes/genetics/growth &amp; development/*isolation &amp; purification ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Plant Leaves/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Endophytes may gradually accumulate in the new geographic range of a non-native plant, just as pathogens do. To test this hypothesis, the dynamics of colonization and diversity of foliar fungal endophytes of non-native Ageratina adenophora were investigated. Previous reports showed that the time since the initial introduction (1930s) of A. adenophora into China varied among populations. Endophytes were sampled in three provinces of Southwest China in 21 sites that varied from 20 to 70 years since the introduction of A. adenophora from its native Central America. Endophyte isolation frequencies varied from 1.87% to 60.23% overall in a total of 4,032 leaf fragments. Based on ITS sequence variations, 463 fungal endophytes were distinguished as 112 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to the Sordariomycetes (77 OTUs, 373 isolates), Dothideomycetes (18 OTUs, 38 isolates), and Agaricomycetes (17 OTUs, 52 strains) classes. Colletotrichum (28.51%), Nemania (14.90%), Phomopsis (13.17%), and Xylaria (4.97%) were the most abundant genera. Both endophyte diversity and overall isolation frequency increased with time since introduction. The genetic differentiation of the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides indicated that the dispersal of endophytes was likely affected by a combination of geographic factors and the invasion history of the host A. adenophora.}, }
@article {pmid24274093, year = {2015}, author = {Quilang, JP and Yu, SC}, title = {DNA barcoding of commercially important catfishes in the Philippines.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {435-444}, doi = {10.3109/19401736.2013.855897}, pmid = {24274093}, issn = {1940-1744}, mesh = {Animals ; Catfishes/classification/*genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA, Mitochondrial/analysis/*genetics/metabolism ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Philippines ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Many species of catfish are important resources for human consumption, for sport fishing and for use in aquarium industry. In the Philippines, some species are cultivated and some are caught in the wild for food and a few introduced species have become invasive. In this study, DNA barcoding using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene was done on commercially and economically important Philippine catfishes. A total of 75 specimens belonging to 11 species and 5 families were DNA barcoded. The genetic distances were computed and Neighbor-Joining (NJ) trees were constructed based on the Kimura 2-Parameter (K2P) method. The average K2P distances within species, genus, family and order were 0.2, 8.2, 12.7 and 21.9%, respectively. COI sequences clustered according to their species designation for 7 of the 11 catfishes. DNA barcoding was not able to discriminate between Arius dispar and A. manillensis and between Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus and P. pardalis. The morphological characters that are used to distinguish between these species do not complement molecular identification through DNA barcoding. DNA barcoding also showed that Clarias batrachus from the Philippines is different from the species found in India and Thailand, which supports earlier suggestions based on morphology that those found in India should be designated as C. magur and those in mainland Southeast Asia as C. aff. batrachus "Indochina". This study has shown that DNA barcoding can be used for species delineation and for tagging some species for further taxonomic investigation, which has implications on proper management and conservation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid24272954, year = {2014}, author = {Chen, YH and Liu, LY and Tsai, WH and Haymer, DS and Lu, KH}, title = {Using DNA chips for identification of tephritid pest species.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {70}, number = {8}, pages = {1254-1261}, doi = {10.1002/ps.3687}, pmid = {24272954}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Primers/genetics ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/*methods ; Tephritidae/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The ability correctly to identify species in a rapid and reliable manner is critical in many situations. For insects in particular, the primary tools for such identification rely on adult-stage morphological characters. For a number of reasons, however, there is a clear need for alternatives. This paper reports on the development of a new method employing DNA biochip technology for the identification of pest species within the family Tephritidae.<br><br>RESULTS: The DNA biochip developed and tested here quickly and efficiently identifies and discriminates between several tephritid species, except for some that are members of a complex of closely related taxa and that may in fact not represent distinct biological species. The use of these chips offers a number of potential advantages over current methods. Results can be obtained in less than 5&#x2009;h using material from any stage of the life cycle and with greater sensitivity than other methods currently available.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This technology provides a novel tool for the rapid and reliable identification of several major pest species that may be intercepted in imported fruits or other commodities. The existing chips can also easily be expanded to incorporate additional markers and species as needed.}, }
@article {pmid24272923, year = {2014}, author = {Parrella, G and Nappo, AG and Manco, E and Greco, B and Giorgini, M}, title = {Invasion of the Q2 mitochondrial variant of Mediterranean Bemisia tabaci in southern Italy: possible role of bacterial endosymbionts.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {70}, number = {10}, pages = {1514-1523}, doi = {10.1002/ps.3686}, pmid = {24272923}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Hemiptera/*genetics/*microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Male ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; *Sex Ratio ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a complex of cryptic species, some of which, namely the Mediterranean (MED) and the Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), are highly invasive and injurious crop pests worldwide and able to displace local genotypes. Invasiveness of B. tabaci may depend on the phenotype of inherited bacterial endosymbionts. Here, the B. tabaci genetic diversity variation that has occurred in recent years in southern Italy was examined. Whitefly was genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of polymerase-chain-reaction-amplified fragments (PCR-RFLP) of the COI gene and molecular identification of endosymbionts. Possible factors leading to the observed genetic diversity were examined.<br><br>RESULTS: Q1 and Q2 mitochondrial types of MED, the only species found, coexisted in the field, while MEAM1 disappeared. A large spreading of Q2 (70% of individuals) was observed for the first time in Italy. Q2 showed a significant female-biased sex ratio and largely outnumbered Q1 on solanaceous hosts, in greenhouses and on insecticide-treated plants. Q1, with an even sex ratio, slightly prevailed on non-solanaceous hosts, especially on wild and untreated plants. Endosymbiont composition was associated with the mitochondrial type. Hamiltonella and Rickettsia were found at near fixation in Q1 and Q2 respectively; Arsenophonus, Cardinium and Wolbachia were found in both types, although at different frequencies.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Q2 invasion seems to have been favoured by the agroecological conditions of southern Italy and by the female-biased sex ratio. Endosymbionts may have a role in Q2 invasiveness, acting as sex-ratio manipulators (e.g. Rickettsia) and possibly by benefiting the host fitness.}, }
@article {pmid24270852, year = {2014}, author = {Sumiyama, D and Izumiya, H and Kanazawa, T and Murata, K}, title = {Salmonella infection in green anoles (Anolis carolinensis), an invasive alien species on Chichi Island of the Ogasawara archipelago in Japan.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, pages = {461-465}, pmid = {24270852}, issn = {1347-7439}, mesh = {Animals ; Goats/microbiology ; *Introduced Species ; Japan/epidemiology ; Lizards/*microbiology ; Salmonella/*genetics ; Salmonella Infections, Animal/*epidemiology ; Serogroup ; Toilet Facilities/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {We investigated the presence of Salmonella in the green anole (Anolis carolinensis), an invasive alien species on Chichi Island, Japan. Samples were also collected from feral goats and public toilets on the island to examine infectious routes. Salmonellae were isolated from 27.1% of 199 samples; 32.6% of 141 cloacal samples from anoles, 62.5% of 8 intestinal samples from anole carcasses, 16.7% of 12 fecal samples from goats and 2.6% of 38 toilet bowl swabs. The serotype of most isolates was Salmonella Oranienburg (94.4% of 54). Although we did not confirm the infection pathways, our results indicated that green anoles are a risk factor as a source of Salmonella for public health. It is important to consider endemic pathogens that may be amplified by alien species within their introduced areas.}, }
@article {pmid24270025, year = {2013}, author = {Villarroel, L and García, CZ and Nava-González, F and Lampo, M}, title = {Susceptibility of the endangered frog Dendropsophus meridensis to the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {107}, number = {1}, pages = {69-75}, doi = {10.3354/dao02669}, pmid = {24270025}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Animals ; Chytridiomycota/*pathogenicity ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Larva/microbiology ; Mycoses/genetics/microbiology/*veterinary ; *Ranidae ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Chytridiomycosis is an emerging disease that has driven some amphibian species to extinction while leaving others apparently unharmed. Its causative agent, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), now persists endemically in many amphibian communities. Understanding host species response to Bd infection is critical for managing chytridiomycosis because the epidemiology of this disease is host-specific. Dendropsophus meridensis is an endangered hylid frog endemic to the Venezuelan Andes. This species is sympatric with the American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus, an introduced species known to act as a reservoir for Bd. High prevalence of infection and high zoospore burdens in wild populations of D. meridensis in the Venezuelan Andes suggested some tolerance for Bd. However, experimental exposure of post-metamorphic frogs resulted in 53% mortality, a value that represents a 14-fold increase in the odds of dying compared to control frogs. Repeated diagnostics using real-time polymerase chain reaction assays demonstrated that individuals that died accumulated a higher number of zoospores than those that survived, although this value was lower than the mean zoospore burdens observed in natural populations. Given the susceptibility of D. meridensis to a strain of Bd isolated from a nearby population of bullfrogs, we emphasize the need to limit the dispersion of this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid24270022, year = {2013}, author = {Silbernagel, C and Clifford, DL and Bettaso, J and Worth, S and Foley, J}, title = {Prevalence of selected pathogens in western pond turtles and sympatric introduced red-eared sliders in California, USA.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {107}, number = {1}, pages = {37-47}, doi = {10.3354/dao02663}, pmid = {24270022}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Animals ; California/epidemiology ; DNA Virus Infections/epidemiology/*veterinary/virology ; Herpesviridae/*isolation &amp; purification ; Introduced Species ; Mycoplasma ; Ranavirus/*isolation &amp; purification ; Salmonella/*isolation &amp; purification ; Salmonella Infections, Animal/epidemiology/*microbiology ; Species Specificity ; *Turtles ; }, abstract = {Pathogen introduction by invasive species has been speculated to be a cause of declining western pond turtle Emys marmorata populations in California, USA. This study determined the prevalence of Ranavirus spp., Herpesvirus spp., Mycoplasma spp. (via polymerase chain reaction of blood and nasal flush contents), and Salmonella spp. infection (via fecal culture) in native E. marmorata and invasive red-eared sliders Trachemys scripta elegans and compared infection prevalence in E. marmorata populations sympatric with T. scripta elegans to E. marmorata populations that were not sympatric by sampling 145 E. marmorata and 33 T. scripta elegans at 10 study sites throughout California. Mycoplasma spp. were detected in both species: prevalence in E. marmorata was 7.8% in the northern, 9.8% in the central, and 23.3% in the southern California regions. In T. scripta elegans, Mycoplasma spp. were not detected in the northern California region but were detected at 4.5 and 14.3% in the central and southern regions, respectively. All turtles tested negative for Herpesvirus spp. and Ranavirus spp. Enteric bacteria but not Salmonella spp. were isolated from feces. E. marmorata populations that were sympatric with T. scripta elegans did not have increased risk of Mycoplasma spp. infection. For E. marmorata, there was a significant association between Mycoplasma spp. infection and lower body weight and being located in the southern California region. This study is the first of its kind to document pathogen prevalence in native E. marmorata habitats and those sympatric with T. scripta elegans in California.}, }
@article {pmid24269687, year = {2014}, author = {Liao, F and Wang, Y and Huang, Y and Mo, Q and Tan, H and Wei, Y and Hu, Y}, title = {Isolation and identification of bacteria capable of degrading euptox A from Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.}, journal = {Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology}, volume = {77}, number = {}, pages = {87-92}, doi = {10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.11.002}, pmid = {24269687}, issn = {1879-3150}, mesh = {Ageratina/*chemistry ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; China ; Goats ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Klebsiella ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Leaves/*chemistry ; Pseudomonas ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rumen/*chemistry ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sesquiterpenes/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/*metabolism ; Soil/*chemistry ; Stenotrophomonas ; }, abstract = {Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng (E. adenophorum), an invasive plant which has caused widespread poisoning of livestock and crop failures in China. 9-oxo-10, 11-dehydroageraphorone (known as euptox A) is the main toxin causing a series of respiratory and digestive system diseases in animals. The purpose of the research is to isolate and identify the bacteria with the capacity of degrading euptox A, in which way could we lay the foundation in the utilization and prevention for E. adenophorum. Three strains of bacteria with the degradative characteristic are screened from E. adenophorum leaves, soil and goat's rumen respectively by nutrition enrichment. The 16S rDNA sequence of the three isolated strains (XC-07, XC-08, XC-09) were shown to be 97%, 100%, 100% similar to Stenotrophmonas sp., Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp., respectively, named as Stenotrophomonas sp. XC-07, Klebsiella sp. XC-08 and Pseudomonas sp. XC-09. The degradation rates of 3 strains to euptox A (45 mg/L) in 24 h are 91.2%, 94.3% and 93.2%, respectively, which are determined by HPLC.}, }
@article {pmid24266040, year = {2013}, author = {Bates, AE and McKelvie, CM and Sorte, CJ and Morley, SA and Jones, NA and Mondon, JA and Bird, TJ and Quinn, G}, title = {Geographical range, heat tolerance and invasion success in aquatic species.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {280}, number = {1772}, pages = {20131958}, pmid = {24266040}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; Geography ; Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Species with broader geographical ranges are expected to be ecological generalists, while species with higher heat tolerances may be relatively competitive at more extreme and increasing temperatures. Thus, both traits are expected to relate to increased survival during transport to new regions of the globe, and once there, establishment and spread. Here, we explore these expectations using datasets of latitudinal range breadth and heat tolerance in freshwater and marine invertebrates and fishes. After accounting for the latitude and hemisphere of each species’ native range, we find that species introduced to freshwater systems have broader geographical ranges in comparison to native species. Moreover, introduced species are more heat tolerant than related native species collected from the same habitats. We further test for differences in range breadth and heat tolerance in relation to invasion success by comparing species that have established geographically restricted versus extensive introduced distributions. We find that geographical range size is positively related to invasion success in freshwater species only. However, heat tolerance is implicated as a trait correlated to widespread occurrence of introduced populations in both freshwater and marine systems. Our results emphasize the importance of formal risk assessments before moving heat tolerant species to novel locations.}, }
@article {pmid24266038, year = {2013}, author = {Barbieri, RF and Lester, PJ and Miller, AS and Ryan, KG}, title = {A neurotoxic pesticide changes the outcome of aggressive interactions between native and invasive ants.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {280}, number = {1772}, pages = {20132157}, pmid = {24266038}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Aggression/drug effects ; Animals ; Ants/*drug effects/*physiology ; Imidazoles/toxicity ; Insecticides/toxicity ; *Introduced Species ; Neonicotinoids ; New Zealand ; Nitro Compounds/toxicity ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Neurotoxic pesticides, such as neonicotinoids, negatively affect the cognitive capacity and fitness of non-target species, and could also modify interspecific interactions. We tested whether sublethal contamination with neonicotinoid could affect foraging, colony fitness and the outcome of behavioural interactions between a native (Monomorium antarcticum) and an invasive ant species (Linepithema humile). The foraging behaviour of both ants was not affected by neonicotinoid exposure. Colonies of the invasive species exposed to the neonicotinoid produced significantly fewer brood. In interspecific confrontations, individuals of the native species exposed to the neonicotinoid lowered their aggression towards the invasive species, although their survival probability was not affected. Exposed individuals of the invasive species interacting with non-exposed native ants displayed increased aggression and had their survival probability reduced. Non-exposed individuals of the invasive species were less aggressive but more likely to survive when interacting with exposed native ants. These results suggest that non-target exposure of invaders to neonicotinoids could either increase or decrease the probability of survival according to the exposure status of the native species. Given that, in any community, different species have different food preferences, and thus different exposure to pesticides, non-target exposure could potentially change the dynamics of communities and influence invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid24266036, year = {2013}, author = {Bliege Bird, R and Tayor, N and Codding, BF and Bird, DW}, title = {Niche construction and Dreaming logic: aboriginal patch mosaic burning and varanid lizards (Varanus gouldii) in Australia.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {280}, number = {1772}, pages = {20132297}, pmid = {24266036}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Biota ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/*physiology ; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander ; Population Density ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic fire is a form of ecosystem engineering that creates greater landscape patchiness at small spatial scales: such rescaling of patch diversity through mosaic burning has been argued to be a form of niche construction, the loss of which may have precipitated the decline and extinction of many endemic species in the Western Desert of Australia. We find evidence to support this hypothesis relative to one keystone species, the sand monitor lizard (Varanus gouldii). Paradoxically, V. gouldii populations are higher where Aboriginal hunting is most intense. This effect is driven by an increase in V. gouldii densities near successional edges, which is higher in landscapes that experience extensive human burning. Over time, the positive effects of patch mosaic burning while hunting overwhelm the negative effects of predation in recently burned areas to produce overall positive impacts on lizard populations. These results offer critical insights into the maintenance of animal communities in the desert, supporting the hypothesis that the current high rate of endemic species decline among small animals may be linked to the interaction between invasive species and mid-century removal of Aboriginal niche construction through hunting and patch mosaic burning.}, }
@article {pmid24265803, year = {2013}, author = {Ansong, M and Pickering, C}, title = {Are weeds hitchhiking a ride on your car? A systematic review of seed dispersal on cars.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, pages = {e80275}, pmid = {24265803}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; *Plant Weeds/growth &amp; development ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; *Seed Dispersal ; *Travel ; }, abstract = {When traveling in cars, we can unintentionally carry and disperse weed seed; but which species, and where are they a problem? To answer these questions, we systematically searched the scientific literature to identify all original research studies that assess seed transported by cars and listed the species with seed on/in cars. From the 13 studies that fit these criteria, we found 626 species from 75 families that have seed that can be dispersed by cars. Of these, 599 are listed as weeds in some part of the world, with 439 listed as invasive or naturalized alien species in one or more European countries, 248 are invasive/noxious weeds in North America, 370 are naturalized alien species in Australia, 167 are alien species in India, 77 are invasive species in China and 23 are declared weeds/invaders in South Africa. One hundred and one are classified as internationally important environmental weeds. Although most (487) were only recorded once, some species such as Chenopodium album, Poa pratensis and Trifolium repens were common among studies. Perennial graminoids seem to be favoured over annual graminoids while annual forbs are favoured over perennial forbs. Species characteristics including seed size and morphology and where the plants grew affected the probability that their seed was transported by cars. Seeds can be found in many different places on cars including under the chassis, front and rear bumpers, wheel wells and rims, front and back mudguards, wheel arches, tyres and on interior floor mats. With increasing numbers of cars and expanding road networks in many regions, these results highlight the importance of cars as a dispersal mechanism, and how it may favour invasions by some species over others. Strategies to reduce the risk of seed dispersal by cars include reducing seed on cars by mowing road verges and cleaning cars.}, }
@article {pmid24265701, year = {2013}, author = {Xiao, S and Ni, G and Callaway, RM}, title = {Models of experimentally derived competitive effects predict biogeographical differences in the abundance of invasive and native plant species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, pages = {e78625}, pmid = {24265701}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*growth &amp; development ; Biodiversity ; Extinction, Biological ; *Geography ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Biological ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Mono-dominance by invasive species provides opportunities to explore determinants of plant distributions and abundance; however, linking mechanistic results from small scale experiments to patterns in nature is difficult. We used experimentally derived competitive effects of an invader in North America, Acroptilon repens, on species with which it co-occurs in its native range of Uzbekistan and on species with which it occurs in its non-native ranges in North America, in individual-based models. We found that competitive effects yielded relative abundances of Acroptilon and other species in models that were qualitatively similar to those observed in the field in the two ranges. In its non-native range, Acroptilon can occur in nearly pure monocultures at local scales, whereas such nearly pure stands of Acroptilon appear to be much less common in its native range. Experimentally derived competitive effects of Acroptilon on other species predicted Acroptilon to be 4-9 times more proportionally abundant than natives in the North American models, but proportionally equal to or less than the abundance of natives in the Eurasian models. Our results suggest a novel way to integrate complex combinations of interactions simultaneously, and that biogeographical differences in the competitive effects of an invader correspond well with biogeographical differences in abundance and impact.}, }
@article {pmid24265421, year = {2014}, author = {Parkash, R and Singh, D and Lambhod, C}, title = {Divergent strategies for adaptations to stress resistance in two tropical Drosophila species: effects of developmental acclimation in D. bipectinata and the invasive species D. malerkotliana.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {217}, number = {Pt 6}, pages = {924-934}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.096818}, pmid = {24265421}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; *Cold-Shock Response ; *Desiccation ; Drosophila/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Female ; India ; *Introduced Species ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Previous studies on two tropical Drosophila species (D. malerkotliana and D. bipectinata) have shown lower resistance to stress-related traits but the rapid colonization of D. malerkotliana in the past few decades is not consistent with its sensitivity to desiccation and cold stress. We tested the hypothesis that developmental acclimation at two growth temperatures (17 and 25°C) can confer adaptations to desiccation and thermal stresses. We found divergence in developmental plastic effects on cuticular traits, i.e. a significant increase of body melanisation (~2-fold) and of cuticular lipid mass (~3-fold) in D. malerkotliana but only 1.5-fold higher cuticular lipid mass in D. bipectinata when grown at 17°C compared with 25°C. A comparison of the water budget of these two species showed significantly higher effects of developmental acclimation on body water content, rate of water loss and dehydration tolerance resulting in higher desiccation resistance in D. malerkotliana than in D. bipectinata. When grown in cooler conditions (17°C), D. malerkotliana had greater resistance to cold as well as desiccation stress. In contrast, heat resistance of D. bipectinata was higher when grown at 25°C. These laboratory observations are supported by data on seasonally varying populations. Furthermore, adult D. malerkotliana acclimated to different stresses showed greater resistance to those stresses than D. bipectinata adults. Thus, significant increase in stress resistance of D. malerkotliana through developmental acclimation may be responsible for its invasion and ecological success on different continents compared with D. bipectinata.}, }
@article {pmid24265121, year = {2014}, author = {Murphy, TE and Macon, K and Berberoglu, H}, title = {Rapid algal culture diagnostics for open ponds using multispectral image analysis.}, journal = {Biotechnology progress}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {233-240}, doi = {10.1002/btpr.1843}, pmid = {24265121}, issn = {1520-6033}, mesh = {Anabaena variabilis/chemistry/growth &amp; development ; Biomass ; Cell Culture Techniques/*methods ; *Chlorella/chemistry/growth &amp; development ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/*methods ; Optical Imaging/*methods ; Spectrophotometry/*methods ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {This article presents a multispectral image analysis approach for probing the spectral backscattered irradiance from algal cultures. It was demonstrated how this spectral information can be used to measure algal biomass concentration, detect invasive species, and monitor culture health in real time. To accomplish this, a conventional RGB camera was used as a three band photodetector for imaging cultures of the green alga Chlorella sp. and the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. A novel floating reference platform was placed in the culture, which enhanced the sensitivity of image color intensity to biomass concentration. Correlations were generated between the RGB color vector of culture images and the biomass concentrations for monocultures of each strain. These correlations predicted the biomass concentrations of independently prepared cultures with average errors of 22 and 14%, respectively. Moreover, the difference in spectral signatures between the two strains was exploited to detect the invasion of Chlorella sp. cultures by A. variabilis. Invasion was successfully detected for A. variabilis to Chlorella sp. mass ratios as small as 0.08. Finally, a method was presented for using multispectral imaging to detect thermal stress in A. variabilis. These methods can be extended to field applications to provide delay free process control feedback for efficient operation of large scale algae cultivation systems.}, }
@article {pmid24264976, year = {2013}, author = {Carboneras, C and Walton, P and Vilà, M}, title = {Capping progress on invasive species?.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {342}, number = {6161}, pages = {930-931}, doi = {10.1126/science.342.6161.930-b}, pmid = {24264976}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe ; European Union ; Introduced Species/economics/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Social Control, Formal ; }, }
@article {pmid24261528, year = {2014}, author = {Reponen, SE and Brown, SK and Barnett, BD and Sacks, BN}, title = {Genetic and morphometric evidence on a Galápagos Island exposes founder effects and diversification in the first-known (truly) feral western dog population.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {269-283}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12595}, pmid = {24261528}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Dogs/*genetics ; Ecuador ; *Founder Effect ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Skull/anatomy &amp; histology ; Y Chromosome ; }, abstract = {Domesticated animals that revert to a wild state can become invasive and significantly impact native biodiversity. Although dogs can be problematic locally, only the Australasian dingo is known to occur in isolation from humans. Western dogs have experienced more intense artificial selection, which potentially limits their invasiveness. However, feral dogs eradicated from Isabela Island, Galápagos in the 1980s could be the first-known exception. We used DNA and morphometric data from 92 of these dogs to test the hypotheses that (i) these dogs persisted independently of humans for up to a century and a half since descending from a handful of dogs introduced in the early 1800s, vs. (ii) similarly to other western feral dog populations, they reflected continuous recruitment of strays from human settlements on a portion of the Island. We detected one dominant maternal lineage and one dominant paternal lineage shared by the three subpopulations, along with low autosomal genetic diversity, consistent with the hypothesized common origins from a small founder population. Genetic diversity patterns among the three island subpopulations were consistent with stepping-stone founder effects, while morphometric differentiation suggested rapid phenotypic divergence, possibly due to drift and reinforced by selection corresponding to distinct microclimates and habitats on Isabela. Despite the continued presence of free-ranging dogs in the vicinity of settlements on Isabela and other Galápagos Islands, feral populations have not reestablished in remote areas since the 1980s, emphasizing the rarity of conditions necessary for feralization of modern western dogs.}, }
@article {pmid24261050, year = {2013}, author = {Norbury, G and Byrom, A and Pech, R and Smith, J and Clarke, D and Anderson, D and Forrester, G}, title = {Invasive mammals and habitat modification interact to generate unforeseen outcomes for indigenous fauna.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {7}, pages = {1707-1721}, doi = {10.1890/12-1958.1}, pmid = {24261050}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/physiology ; *Mammals ; Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Biotic invasions and habitat modification are two drivers of global change predicted to have detrimental impacts on the persistence of indigenous biota worldwide. Few studies have investigated how they operate synergistically to alter trophic interactions among indigenous and nonindigenous species in invaded ecosystems. We experimentally manipulated a suite of interacting invasive mammals, including top predators (cat Felis catus, ferret Mustela furo, stoat M. erminea), herbivores (rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus, hare Lepus europaeus), and an insectivore (hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus occidentalis), and measured their effects on indigenous lizards and invertebrates and on an invasive mesopredator (house mouse Mus musculus). The work was carried out in a grassland/shrubland ecosystem that had been subjected to two types of habitat modification (widespread introduction of high-seed-producing pasture species, and areas of land use intensification by fertilization and livestock grazing). We also quantified food productivity for indigenous and invasive fauna by measuring pasture biomass, as well as seed and fruit production by grasses and shrubs. Indigenous fauna did not always increase following top-predator suppression: lizards increased on one of two sites; invertebrates did not increase on either site. Mesopredator release of mice was evident at the site where lizards did not increase, suggesting negative effects of mice on lizard populations. High mouse abundance occurred only on the predator-suppression site with regular production of pasture seed, indicating that this food resource was the main driver of mouse populations. Removal of herbivores increased pasture and seed production, which further enhanced ecological release of mice, particularly where pasture swards were overtopped by shrubs. An effect of landscape supplementation was also evident where nearby fertilized pastures boosted rabbit numbers and the associated top predators. Other studies have shown that both suppression of invasive predators and retiring land from grazing can benefit indigenous species, but our results suggest that the ensuing vegetation changes and complex interactions among invasive species can block recovery of indigenous fauna vulnerable to mesopredators. Top-down and bottom-up ecological release of mesopredators and landscape supplementation of top predators are key processes to consider when managing invaded communities in complex landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid24261049, year = {2013}, author = {Wonham, MJ and Byers, JE and Grosholz, ED and Leung, B}, title = {Modeling the relationship between propagule pressure and invasion risk to inform policy and management.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {7}, pages = {1691-1706}, doi = {10.1890/12-1985.1}, pmid = {24261049}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Plants/*classification ; Population Dynamics ; Public Policy ; Risk Factors ; Seeds ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Predicting population establishment based on initial population size is a theoretically and empirically challenging problem whose resolution informs a multitude of applications. Indeed, it is a central problem in the management of introduced, endangered, harvested, and pathogenic organisms. We focus here on introduced species. We synthesize the current state of modeling in this predictive enterprise and outline future directions in the application of these models to developing regulations intended to prevent the establishment of invaders. Descriptive and mechanistic models of single-population introductions are fairly well developed and have provided insight into invasion risk in laboratory and field conditions. However, many invasions stem from large-scale and repeated releases of a multitude of species from relatively indiscriminate invasion vectors associated with international trade and travel. Vector-scale models of invasion risk are less well developed and are characterized largely by the use of untested proxy variables for propagule pressure. We illustrate the problems associated with proxy variables and introduce a more mechanistic theoretical formulation characterizing vector-scale invasion pressure in terms of propagule pressure (number of introduced individuals) and colonization pressure (number of introduced species). We outline key questions to be addressed in applying both single-population and vector-scale models to the development of threshold-based invasion regulations. We illustrate these ecological and applied questions using examples from terrestrial, aquatic, and marine systems. We develop in detail examples from ballast-water transport that, as one of the best-characterized global invasion vectors and one that is subject to emerging international threshold-based biosecurity regulations, provides a rich case study.}, }
@article {pmid24261039, year = {2013}, author = {Beaty, LE and Salice, CJ}, title = {Size matters: insights from an allometric approach to evaluate control methods for invasive Australian Rhinella marina.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {7}, pages = {1544-1553}, doi = {10.1890/12-1298.1}, pmid = {24261039}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Pest Control/*methods ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are costly and difficult to control. In order to gain a mechanistic understanding of potential control measures, individual-based models uniquely parameterized to reflect the salient life-history characteristics of invasive species are useful. Using invasive Australian Rhinella marina as a case study, we constructed a cohort- and individual-based population simulation that incorporates growth and body size of terrestrial stages. We used this allometric approach to examine the efficacy of nontraditional control methods (i.e., tadpole alarm chemicals and native meat ants) that may have indirect effects on population dynamics mediated by effects on body size. We compared population estimates resulting from these control methods with traditional hand removal. We also conducted a sensitivity analysis to investigate the effect that model parameters, specifically those associated with growth and body size, had on adult population estimates. Incremental increases in hand removal of adults and juveniles caused nonlinear decreases in adult population estimates, suggesting less return with increased investment in hand-removal efforts. Applying tadpole alarm chemicals or meat ants decreased adult population estimates on the same level as removing 15-25% of adults and juveniles by hand. The combined application of tadpole alarm chemicals and meat ants resulted in approximately 80% decrease in adult abundance, the largest of any applied control method. In further support of the nontraditional control methods, which greatly affected the metamorph stage, our model was most sensitive to changes in metamorph survival, juvenile survival, metamorph growth rate, and adult survival. Our results highlight the use and insights that can be gained from individual-based models that incorporate growth and body size and the potential success that nontraditional control methods could have in controlling established, invasive Rhinella marina populations.}, }
@article {pmid24260385, year = {2013}, author = {Westley, PA and Stanley, R and Fleming, IA}, title = {Experimental tests for heritable morphological color plasticity in non-native brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, pages = {e80401}, pmid = {24260385}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Color ; Environment ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Phenotype ; Trout/*genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The success of invasive species is frequently attributed to phenotypic plasticity, which facilitates persistence in novel environments. Here we report on experimental tests to determine whether the intensity of cryptic coloration patterns in a global invader (brown trout, Salmo trutta) was primarily the result of plasticity or heritable variation. Juvenile F1 offspring were created through experimental crosses of wild-caught parents and reared for 30 days in the laboratory in a split-brood design on either light or dark-colored gravel substrate. Skin and fin coloration quantified with digital photography and image analysis indicated strong plastic effects in response to substrate color; individuals reared on dark substrate had both darker melanin-based skin color and carotenoid-based fin colors than other members of their population reared on light substrate. Slopes of skin and fin color reaction norms were parallel between environments, which is not consistent with heritable population-level plasticity to substrate color. Similarly, we observed weak differences in population-level color within an environment, again suggesting little genetic control on the intensity of skin and fin colors. Taken as whole, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that phenotypic plasticity may have facilitated the success of brown trout invasions and suggests that plasticity is the most likely explanation for the variation in color intensity observed among these populations in nature.}, }
@article {pmid24260376, year = {2013}, author = {Atalah, J and Hopkins, GA and Forrest, BM}, title = {Augmentative biocontrol in natural marine habitats: persistence, spread and non-target effects of the sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, pages = {e80365}, pmid = {24260376}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; New Zealand ; Oceans and Seas ; *Population Density ; *Population Dynamics ; Sea Urchins/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Augmentative biocontrol aims to control established pest populations through enhancement of their indigenous enemies. To our knowledge, this approach has not been applied at an operational scale in natural marine habitats, in part because of the perceived risk of adverse non-target effects on native ecosystems. In this paper, we focus on the persistence, spread and non-target effects of the sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus when used as biocontrol agent to eradicate an invasive kelp from Fiordland, New Zealand. Rocky reef macrobenthic assemblages were monitored over 17 months in areas where the indigenous algal canopy was either removed or left intact prior to the translocation of a large number of urchins (>50 ind.·m(-2)). Urchin densities in treated areas significantly declined ∼9 months after transplant, and began spreading to adjacent sites. At the end of the 17-month study, densities had declined to ∼5 ind.·m(-2). Compared to controls, treatment sites showed persistent shifts from kelp forest to urchin barrens, which were accompanied by significant reductions in taxa richness. Although these non-target effects were pronounced, they were considered to be localised and reversible, and arguably outweigh the irreversible and more profound ecological impacts associated with the establishment of an invasive species in a region of high conservation value. Augmentative biocontrol, used in conjunction with traditional control methods, represents a promising tool for the integrated management of marine pests.}, }
@article {pmid24258878, year = {2013}, author = {Alonso-Carné, J and García-Martín, A and Estrada-Peña, A}, title = {Systematic errors in temperature estimates from MODIS data covering the western Palearctic and their impact on a parasite development model.}, journal = {Geospatial health}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {1-12}, doi = {10.4081/gh.2013.49}, pmid = {24258878}, issn = {1970-7096}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Climate Change ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Europe ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Parasites ; Population Dynamics ; *Remote Sensing Technology ; *Satellite Imagery ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The modelling of habitat suitability for parasites is a growing area of research due to its association with climate change and ensuing shifts in the distribution of infectious diseases. Such models depend on remote sensing data and require accurate, high-resolution temperature measurements. The temperature is critical for accurate estimation of development rates and potential habitat ranges for a given parasite. The MODIS sensors aboard the Aqua and Terra satellites provide high-resolution temperature data for remote sensing applications. This paper describes comparative analysis of MODIS-derived temperatures relative to ground records of surface temperature in the western Palaearctic. The results show that MODIS overestimated maximum temperature values and underestimated minimum temperatures by up to 5-6 °C. The combined use of both Aqua and Terra datasets provided the most accurate temperature estimates around latitude 35-44° N, with an overestimation during spring-summer months and an underestimation in autumn-winter. Errors in temperature estimation were associated with specific ecological regions within the target area as well as technical limitations in the temporal and orbital coverage of the satellites (e.g. sensor limitations and satellite transit times). We estimated error propagation of temperature uncertainties in parasite habitat suitability models by comparing outcomes of published models. Error estimates reached 36% of annual respective measurements depending on the model used. Our analysis demonstrates the importance of adequate image processing and points out the limitations of MODIS temperature data as inputs into predictive models concerning parasite lifecycles.}, }
@article {pmid24258722, year = {2014}, author = {Martin, LB and Coon, CA and Liebl, AL and Schrey, AW}, title = {Surveillance for microbes and range expansion in house sparrows.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1774}, pages = {20132690}, pmid = {24258722}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Disease Resistance/genetics ; Gene Expression ; Geography ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Passeriformes/genetics/*microbiology/physiology ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Interactions between hosts and parasites influence the success of host introductions and range expansions post-introduction. However, the physiological mechanisms mediating these outcomes are little known. In some vertebrates, variation in the regulation of inflammation has been implicated, perhaps because inflammation imparts excessive costs, including high resource demands and collateral damage upon encounter with novel parasites. Here, we tested the hypothesis that variation in the regulation of inflammation contributed to the spread of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) across Kenya, one of the world's most recent invasions of this species. Specifically, we asked whether inflammatory gene expression declines with population age (i.e. distance from Mombasa (dfM), the site of introduction around 1950). We compared expression of two microbe surveillance molecules (Toll-like receptors, TLRs-2 and 4) and a proinflammatory cytokine (interleukin-6, IL-6) before and after an injection of an immunogenic component of Gram-negative bacteria (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) among six sparrow populations. We then used a best-subset model selection approach to determine whether population age (dfM) or other factors (e.g. malaria or coccidian infection, sparrow density or genetic group membership) best-explained gene expression. For baseline expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4, population age tended to be the best predictor with expression decreasing with population age, although other factors were also important. Induced expression of TLRs was affected by LPS treatment alone. For induced IL-6, only LPS treatment reliably predicted expression; baseline expression was not explained by any factor. These data suggest that changes in microbe surveillance, more so than downstream control of inflammation via cytokines, might have been important to the house sparrow invasion of Kenya.}, }
@article {pmid24256725, year = {2013}, author = {Suding, KN}, title = {Ecology: A leak in the loop.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {503}, number = {7477}, pages = {472-473}, pmid = {24256725}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*physiology ; }, }
@article {pmid24256723, year = {2013}, author = {Yelenik, SG and D'Antonio, CM}, title = {Self-reinforcing impacts of plant invasions change over time.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {503}, number = {7477}, pages = {517-520}, pmid = {24256723}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Feedback, Physiological ; Fires ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development/metabolism/*physiology ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development ; Soil/chemistry ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; Volcanic Eruptions ; }, abstract = {Returning native species to habitats degraded by biological invasions is a critical conservation goal. A leading hypothesis poses that exotic plant dominance is self-reinforced by impacts on ecosystem processes, leading to persistent stable states. Invaders have been documented to modify fire regimes, alter soil nutrients or shift microbial communities in ways that feed back to benefit themselves over competitors. However, few studies have followed invasions through time to ask whether ecosystem impacts and feedbacks persist. Here we return to woodland sites in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park that were invaded by exotic C4 grasses in the 1960s, the ecosystem impacts of which were studied intensively in the 1990s. We show that positive feedbacks between exotic grasses and soil nitrogen cycling have broken down, but rather than facilitating native vegetation, the weakening feedbacks facilitate new exotic species. Data from the 1990s showed that exotic grasses increased nitrogen-mineralization rates by two- to fourfold, but were nitrogen-limited. Thus, the impacts of the invader created a positive feedback early in the invasion. We now show that annual net soil nitrogen mineralization has since dropped to pre-invasion levels. In addition, a seedling outplanting experiment that varied soil nitrogen and grass competition demonstrates that the changing impacts of grasses do not favour native species re-establishment. Instead, decreased nitrogen availability most benefits another aggressive invader, the nitrogen-fixing tree Morella faya. Long-term studies of invasions may reveal that ecosystem impacts and feedbacks shift over time, but that this may not benefit native species recovery.}, }
@article {pmid24256429, year = {2014}, author = {Schmid-Hempel, R and Eckhardt, M and Goulson, D and Heinzmann, D and Lange, C and Plischuk, S and Escudero, LR and Salathé, R and Scriven, JJ and Schmid-Hempel, P}, title = {The invasion of southern South America by imported bumblebees and associated parasites.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {83}, number = {4}, pages = {823-837}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12185}, pmid = {24256429}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Argentina ; Bees/*parasitology/*physiology ; Chile ; Crithidia/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; DNA, Protozoan/genetics ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nosema/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The Palaearctic Bombus ruderatus (in 1982/1983) and Bombus terrestris (1998) have both been introduced into South America (Chile) for pollination purposes. We here report on the results of sampling campaigns in 2004, and 2010-2012 showing that both species have established and massively expanded their range. Bombus terrestris, in particular, has spread by some 200 km year(-1) and had reached the Atlantic coast in Argentina by the end of 2011. Both species, and especially B. terrestris, are infected by protozoan parasites that seem to spread along with the imported hosts and spillover to native species. Genetic analyses by polymorphic microsatellite loci suggest that the host population of B. terrestris is genetically diverse, as expected from a large invading founder population, and structured through isolation by distance. Genetically, the populations of the trypanosomatid parasite, Crithidia bombi, sampled in 2004 are less diverse, and distinct from the ones sampled later. Current C. bombi populations are highly heterozygous and also structured through isolation by distance correlating with the genetic distances of B. terrestris, suggesting the latter's expansion to be a main structuring factor for the parasite. Remarkably, wherever B. terrestris spreads, the native Bombus dahlbomii disappears although the reasons remain unclear. Our ecological and genetic data suggest a major invasion event that is currently unfolding in southern South America with disastrous consequences for the native bumblebee species.}, }
@article {pmid24255703, year = {2013}, author = {Cabrera-Guzmán, E and Crossland, MR and González-Bernal, E and Shine, R}, title = {The interacting effects of ungulate hoofprints and predatory native ants on metamorph cane toads in tropical Australia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, pages = {e79496}, pmid = {24255703}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Australia ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; Cattle ; *Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; Ecosystem ; *Hoof and Claw ; *Horses ; Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; Survival Analysis ; Temperature ; *Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Many invasive species exploit the disturbed habitats created by human activities. Understanding the effects of habitat disturbance on invasion success, and how disturbance interacts with other factors (such as biotic resistance to the invaders from the native fauna) may suggest new ways to reduce invader viability. In tropical Australia, commercial livestock production can facilitate invasion by the cane toad (Rhinella marina), because hoofprints left by cattle and horses around waterbody margins provide distinctive (cool, moist) microhabitats; nevertheless the same microhabitat can inhibit the success of cane toads by increasing the risks of predation or drowning. Metamorph cane toads actively select hoofprints as retreat-sites to escape dangerous thermal and hydric conditions in the surrounding landscape. However, hoofprint geometry is important: in hoofprints with steep sides the young toads are more likely to be attacked by predatory ants (Iridomyrmex reburrus) and are more likely to drown following heavy rain. Thus, anthropogenic changes to the landscape interact with predation by native taxa to affect the ability of cane toads in this vulnerable life-history stage to thrive in the harsh abiotic conditions of tropical Australia.}, }
@article {pmid24251685, year = {2013}, author = {Hanafiah, MM and Leuven, RS and Sommerwerk, N and Tockner, K and Huijbregts, MA}, title = {Including the introduction of exotic species in life cycle impact assessment: the case of inland shipping.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {47}, number = {24}, pages = {13934-13940}, doi = {10.1021/es403870z}, pmid = {24251685}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecology/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; Fishes/physiology ; Germany ; Greenhouse Effect ; *Introduced Species ; Rivers ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {While the ecological impact of anthropogenically introduced exotic species is considered a major threat for biodiversity and ecosystems functioning, it is generally not accounted for in the environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of products. In this article, we propose a framework that includes exotic species introduction in an LCA context. We derived characterization factors for exotic fish species introduction related to the transport of goods across the Rhine-Main-Danube canal. These characterization factors are expressed as the potentially disappeared fraction (PDF) of native freshwater fish species in the rivers Rhine and Danube integrated over space and time per amount of goods transported (PDF·m(3)·yr·kg(-1)). Furthermore, we quantified the relative importance of exotic fish species introduction compared to other anthropogenic stressors in the freshwater environment (i.e., eutrophication, ecotoxicity, greenhouse gases, and water consumption) for transport of goods through the Rhine-Main-Danube waterway. We found that the introduction of exotic fish species contributed to 70-85% of the total freshwater ecosystem impact, depending on the distance that goods were transported. Our analysis showed that it is relevant and feasible to include the introduction of exotic species in an LCA framework. The proposed framework can be further extended by including the impacts of other exotic species groups, types of water bodies and pathways for introduction.}, }
@article {pmid24249116, year = {2014}, author = {Carrillo, J and McDermott, D and Siemann, E}, title = {Loss of specificity: native but not invasive populations of Triadica sebifera vary in tolerance to different herbivores.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {174}, number = {3}, pages = {863-871}, pmid = {24249116}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Nectar ; Sapium/*physiology ; }, abstract = {During introduction, invasive plants can be released from specialist herbivores, but may retain generalist herbivores and encounter novel enemies. For fast-growing invasive plants, tolerance of herbivory via compensatory regrowth may be an important defense against generalist herbivory, but it is unclear whether tolerance responses are specifically induced by different herbivores and whether specificity differs among native and invasive plant populations. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to examine the variation among native and invasive populations of Chinese tallow tree, Triadica sebifera, in their specificity of tolerance responses to herbivores by exposing plants to herbivory from either one of two generalist caterpillars occurring in the introduced range of Triadica. Simultaneously, we measured the specificity of another defensive trait, extrafloral nectar (EFN) production, to detect potential tradeoffs between resistance and tolerance of herbivores. Invasive populations had higher aboveground biomass tolerance than native populations, and responded non-specifically to either herbivore, while native populations had significantly different and specific aboveground biomass responses to the two herbivores. Both caterpillar species similarly induced EFN in native and invasive populations. Plant tolerance and EFN were positively correlated or had no relationship and biomass in control and herbivore-damaged plants was positively correlated, suggesting little costs of tolerance. Relationships among these vegetative traits depended on herbivore type, suggesting that some defense traits may have positive associations with growth-related processes that are differently induced by herbivores. Importantly, loss of specificity in invasive populations indicates subtle evolutionary changes in defenses in invasive plants that may relate to and enhance their invasive success.}, }
@article {pmid24245632, year = {2013}, author = {Feng, Z and Huang, W and DeAngelis, DL}, title = {Spatially heterogeneous invasion of toxic plant mediated by herbivory.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE}, volume = {10}, number = {5-6}, pages = {1519-1538}, doi = {10.3934/mbe.2013.10.1519}, pmid = {24245632}, issn = {1551-0018}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Climate Change ; Diffusion ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Plants, Toxic/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Spatially homogeneous (ODE) and reaction-diffusion models for plant-herbivore interactions with toxin-determined functional response are analyzed. The models include two plant species that have different levels of toxicity. The plant species with a higher level of toxicity is assumed to be less preferred by the herbivore and to have a relatively lower intrinsic growth rate than the less toxic plant species. Two of the equilibrium points of the system representing significant ecological interests are E1, in which only the less toxic plant is present, and E2, in which the more toxic plant and herbivore coexist while the less toxic plant has gone to extinction. Under certain conditions it is shown that, for the spatially homogeneous system all solutions will converge to the equilibrium E2, whereas for the reaction-diffusion model there exist traveling wave solutions connecting E1 and E2.}, }
@article {pmid24245623, year = {2013}, author = {Castillo-Chavez, C and Li, B and Wang, H}, title = {Some recent developments on linear determinacy.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE}, volume = {10}, number = {5-6}, pages = {1419-1436}, doi = {10.3934/mbe.2013.10.1419}, pmid = {24245623}, issn = {1551-0018}, support = {1R01GM100471-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Ecology ; Environment ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Nonlinear Dynamics ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The process of invasion is fundamental to the study of the dynamics of ecological and epidemiological systems. Quantitatively, a crucial measure of species' invasiveness is given by the rate at which it spreads into new open environments. The so-called ''linear determinacy'' conjecture equates full nonlinear model spread rates with the spread rates computed from linearized systems with the linearization carried out around the leading edge of the invasion. A survey that accounts for recent developments in the identification of conditions under which linear determinacy gives the ``right" answer, particularly in the context of non-compact and non-cooperative systems, is the thrust of this contribution. Novel results that extend some of the research linked to some the contributions covered in this survey are also discussed.}, }
@article {pmid24244443, year = {2013}, author = {Arianoutsou, M and Delipetrou, P and Vilà, M and Dimitrakopoulos, PG and Celesti-Grapow, L and Wardell-Johnson, G and Henderson, L and Fuentes, N and Ugarte-Mendes, E and Rundel, PW}, title = {Comparative patterns of plant invasions in the Mediterranean biome.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, pages = {e79174}, pmid = {24244443}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {The objective of this work was to compare and contrast the patterns of alien plant invasions in the world's five mediterranean-climate regions (MCRs). We expected landscape age and disturbance history to have bearing on levels of invasion. We assembled a database on naturalized alien plant taxa occurring in natural and semi-natural terrestrial habitats of all five regions (specifically Spain, Italy, Greece and Cyprus from the Mediterranean Basin, California, central Chile, the Cape Region of South Africa and Southwestern - SW Australia). We used multivariate (hierarchical clustering and NMDS ordination) trait and habitat analysis to compare characteristics of regions, taxa and habitats across the mediterranean biome. Our database included 1627 naturalized species with an overall low taxonomic similarity among the five MCRs. Herbaceous perennials were the most frequent taxa, with SW Australia exhibiting both the highest numbers of naturalized species and the highest taxonomic similarity (homogenization) among habitats, and the Mediterranean Basin the lowest. Low stress and highly disturbed habitats had the highest frequency of invasion and homogenization in all regions, and high natural stress habitats the lowest, while taxonomic similarity was higher among different habitats in each region than among regions. Our analysis is the first to describe patterns of species characteristics and habitat vulnerability for a single biome. We have shown that a broad niche (i.e. more than one habitat) is typical of naturalized plant species, regardless of their geographical area of origin, leading to potential for high homogenization within each region. Habitats of the Mediterranean Basin are apparently the most resistant to plant invasion, possibly because their landscapes are generally of relatively recent origin, but with a more gradual exposure to human intervention over a longer period.}, }
@article {pmid24237450, year = {2013}, author = {Andres, JA and Thampy, PR and Mathieson, MT and Loye, J and Zalucki, MP and Dingle, H and Carroll, SP}, title = {Hybridization and adaptation to introduced balloon vines in an Australian soapberry bug.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {22}, number = {24}, pages = {6116-6130}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12553}, pmid = {24237450}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Animals ; Australia ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genetic Markers ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; *Herbivory ; Heteroptera/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; *Sapindaceae ; }, abstract = {Contemporary adaptation of plant feeding insects to introduced hosts provides clear cases of ecologically based population divergence. In most cases the mechanisms permitting rapid differentiation are not well known. Here we study morphological and genetic variation associated with recent shifts by the Australian soapberry bug Leptocoris tagalicus onto two naturalized Neotropical balloon vines, Cardiospermum halicacabum and C. grandiflorum that differ in time since introduction. Our results show that these vines have much larger fruits than the native hosts (Whitewood tree -Atalaya hemiglauca- and Woolly Rambutan -Alectryon tomentosus-) and that bugs living on them have evolved significantly longer beaks and new allometries. Genetic analyses of mitochondrial haplotypes and amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) markers indicate that the lineage of bugs on the annual vine C. halicacabum, the older introduction, is intermediate between the two subspecies of L. tagalicus found on native hosts. Moreover, where the annual vine and Whitewood tree co-occur, the morphology and genomic composition of the bugs are similar to those occurring in allopatry. These results show that hybridization provided the genetic elements underlying the strongly differentiated 'Halicacabum bugs'. In contrast, the bugs feeding on the recently introduced perennial balloon vine (C. grandiflorum) showed no evidence of admixture, and are genetically indistinguishable from the nearby populations on a native host.}, }
@article {pmid24233727, year = {2013}, author = {Boyd, IL and Freer-Smith, PH and Gilligan, CA and Godfray, HC}, title = {The consequence of tree pests and diseases for ecosystem services.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {342}, number = {6160}, pages = {1235773}, doi = {10.1126/science.1235773}, pmid = {24233727}, issn = {1095-9203}, support = {BB/B502379/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology/*parasitology/prevention &amp; control ; Trees/*microbiology/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Trees and forests provide a wide variety of ecosystem services in addition to timber, food, and other provisioning services. New approaches to pest and disease management are needed that take into account these multiple services and the different stakeholders they benefit, as well as the likelihood of greater threats in the future resulting from globalization and climate change. These considerations will affect priorities for both basic and applied research and how trade and phytosanitary regulations are formulated.}, }
@article {pmid24224805, year = {2013}, author = {Vilchis-Nestor, CA and Machkour-M'rabet, S and de Los A Barriga-Sosa, I and Winterton, P and Hénaut, Y}, title = {Morphological and color differences between island and mainland populations in the Mexican red rump tarantula, Brachypelma vagans.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {95}, pmid = {24224805}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Male ; Mexico ; *Phenotype ; Pigmentation ; Spiders/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The introduction of species into new ecosystems, especially in small and isolated regions such as islands, offers an excellent opportunity to answer questions of the evolutionary processes occurring in natural conditions on a scale that could never be achieved in laboratory conditions. In this study, we examined the Mexican red rump tarantula Brachypelma vagans Ausserer (Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae), a species that was introduced to Cozumel Island, Mexico, 40 years ago. This introduction provides an exceptional model to study effects such as morphological variation between island populations and those on the mainland in open habitats facing the island. Intraspecific variation related to the color polymorphism was compared. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic differences between continental populations of B. vagans and the introduced population on Cozumel Island. Phenotypic difference was evaluated using two approaches: 1) comparison of the morphometric measurements of adult and juvenile individuals at the local scale and between continental and island populations, and 2) comparison of individual color polymorphism between mainland and island populations. Two locations were sampled within the continental part of the Yucatan peninsula and two on the island of Cozumel. The number of samples analyzed at each site was 30 individuals. The morphometric results showed significant differences between continental and island populations, with bigger individuals on the island. In addition, three new variations of the typical color pattern of B. vagans recorded so far were observed. This study opens the door to further investigations to elucidate the origin of the phenotypic variation of the isolated individuals on Cozumel Island. Also, the widest range of color morphs found for a tarantula species is reported.}, }
@article {pmid24224267, year = {2013}, author = {Perdereau, E and Velonà, A and Dupont, S and Labédan, M and Luchetti, A and Mantovani, B and Bagnères, AG}, title = {Colony breeding structure of the invasive termite Reticulitermes urbis (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {106}, number = {5}, pages = {2216-2224}, doi = {10.1603/ec13157}, pmid = {24224267}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; France ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Isoptera/*genetics/physiology ; Italy ; Male ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Invasive species cause severe environmental and economic problems. The invasive success of social insects often appears to be related to their ability to adjust their social organization to new environments. To gain a better understanding of the biology of invasive termites, this study investigated the social organization of the subterranean termite, Reticulitermes urbis, analyzing the breeding structure and the number of reproductives within colonies from three introduced populations. By using eight microsatellite loci to determine the genetic structure, it was found that all the colonies from the three populations were headed by both primary reproductives (kings and queens) and secondary reproductives (neotenics) to form extended-family colonies. R. urbis appears to be the only Reticulitermes species with a social organization based solely on extended-families in both native and introduced populations, suggesting that there is no change in their social organization on introduction. F-statistics indicated that there were few neotenics within the colonies from urban areas, which did not agree with results from previous studies and field observations. This suggests that although several neotenics may be produced, only few become active reproductives. The results also imply that the invasive success of R. urbis may be based on different reproductive strategies in urban and semiurbanized areas. The factors influencing an individual to differentiate into a neotenic in Reticulitermes species are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid24223999, year = {2013}, author = {Otieno, C and Spada, H and Renkl, A}, title = {Effects of news frames on perceived risk, emotions, and learning.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, pages = {e79696}, pmid = {24223999}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Emotions ; Female ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Learning ; Male ; *Mass Media ; Risk ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {The media play a key role in forming opinions by influencing people´s understanding and perception of a topic. People gather information about topics of interest from the internet and print media, which employ various news frames to attract attention. One example of a common news frame is the human-interest frame, which emotionalizes and dramatizes information and often accentuates individual affectedness. Our study investigated effects of human-interest frames compared to a neutral-text condition with respect to perceived risk, emotions, and knowledge acquisition, and tested whether these effects can be "generalized" to common variants of the human-interest frame. Ninety-one participants read either one variant of the human-interest frame or a neutrally formulated version of a newspaper article describing the effects of invasive species in general and the Asian ladybug (an invasive species) in particular. The framing was achieved by varying the opening and concluding paragraphs (about invasive species), as well as the headline. The core text (about the Asian ladybug) was the same across all conditions. All outcome variables on framing effects referred to this common core text. We found that all versions of the human-interest frame increased perceived risk and the strength of negative emotions compared to the neutral text. Furthermore, participants in the human-interest frame condition displayed better (quantitative) learning outcomes but also biased knowledge, highlighting a potential dilemma: Human-interest frames may increase learning, but they also lead to a rather unbalanced view of the given topic on a "deeper level".}, }
@article {pmid24223282, year = {2013}, author = {Nelson, MF and Anderson, NO}, title = {How many marker loci are necessary? Analysis of dominant marker data sets using two popular population genetic algorithms.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {10}, pages = {3455-3470}, pmid = {24223282}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The number of marker loci required to answer a given research question satisfactorily is especially important for dominant markers since they have a lower information content than co-dominant marker systems. In this study, we used simulated dominant marker data sets to determine the number of dominant marker loci needed to obtain satisfactory results from two popular population genetic analyses: STRUCTURE and AMOVA (analysis of molecular variance). Factors such as migration, level of population differentiation, and unequal sampling were varied in the data sets to mirror a range of realistic research scenarios. AMOVA performed well under all scenarios with a modest quantity of markers while STRUCTURE required a greater number, especially when populations were closely related. The popular ΔK method of determining the number of genetically distinct groups worked well when sampling was balanced, but underestimated the true number of groups with unbalanced sampling. These results provide a window through which to interpret previous work with dominant markers and we provide a protocol for determining the number of markers needed for future dominant marker studies.}, }
@article {pmid24223274, year = {2013}, author = {Monzón-Argüello, C and Garcia de Leaniz, C and Gajardo, G and Consuegra, S}, title = {Less can be more: loss of MHC functional diversity can reflect adaptation to novel conditions during fish invasions.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {10}, pages = {3359-3368}, pmid = {24223274}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The ability of invasive species to adapt to novel conditions depends on population size and environmental mismatch, but also on genetic variation. Away from their native range, invasive species confronted with novel selective pressures may display different levels of neutral versus functional genetic variation. However, the majority of invasion studies have only examined genetic variation at neutral markers, which may reveal little about how invaders adapt to novel environments. Salmonids are good model systems to examine adaptation to novel pressures because they have been translocated all over the world and represent major threats to freshwater biodiversity in the Southern Hemisphere, where they have become invasive. We examined patterns of genetic differentiation at seven putatively neutral (microsatellites) loci and one immune-related major histocompatibility complex (MHC class II-β) locus among introduced rainbow trout living in captivity (farmed) or under natural conditions (naturalized) in Chilean Patagonia. A significant positive association was found between differentiation at neutral and functional markers, highlighting the role of neutral evolutionary forces in shaping genetic variation at immune-related genes in salmonids. However, functional (MHC) genetic diversity (but not microsatellite diversity) decreased with time spent in the wild since introduction, suggesting that there was selection against alleles associated with captive rearing of donor populations that do not provide an advantage in the wild. Thus, although high genetic diversity may initially enhance fitness in translocated populations, it does not necessarily reflect invasion success, as adaptation to novel conditions may result in rapid loss of functional MHC diversity.}, }
@article {pmid24223268, year = {2013}, author = {Clark, MS and Thorne, MA and Amaral, A and Vieira, F and Batista, FM and Reis, J and Power, DM}, title = {Identification of molecular and physiological responses to chronic environmental challenge in an invasive species: the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {10}, pages = {3283-3297}, pmid = {24223268}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Understanding the environmental responses of an invasive species is critical in predicting how ecosystem composition may be transformed in the future, especially under climate change. In this study, Crassostrea gigas, a species well adapted to the highly variable intertidal environment, was exposed to the chronic environmental challenges of temperature (19 and 24°C) and pH (ambient seawater and a reduction of 0.4 pH units) in an extended 3-month laboratory-based study. Physiological parameters were measured (condition index, shell growth, respiration, excretion rates, O:N ratios, and ability to repair shell damage) alongside molecular analyses. Temperature was by far the most important stressor, as demonstrated by reduced condition indexes and shell growth at 24°C, with relatively little effect detected for pH. Transcriptional profiling using candidate genes and SOLiD sequencing of mantle tissue revealed that classical "stress" genes, previously reported to be upregulated under acute temperature challenges, were not significantly expressed in any of the treatments, emphasizing the different response between acute and longer term chronic stress. The transcriptional profiling also elaborated on the cellular responses underpinning the physiological results, including the identification of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway as a potentially novel marker for chronic environmental challenge. This study represents a first attempt to understand the energetic consequences of cumulative thermal stress on the intertidal C. gigas which could significantly impact on coastal ecosystem biodiversity and function in the future.}, }
@article {pmid24223261, year = {2013}, author = {Hayman, DT and McDonald, KD and Kosoy, MY}, title = {Evolutionary history of rat-borne Bartonella: the importance of commensal rats in the dissemination of bacterial infections globally.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {10}, pages = {3195-3203}, pmid = {24223261}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Emerging pathogens that originate from invasive species have caused numerous significant epidemics. Some bacteria of genus Bartonella are rodent-borne pathogens that can cause disease in humans and animals alike. We analyzed gltA sequences of 191 strains of rat-associated bartonellae from 29 rodent species from 17 countries to test the hypotheses that this bacterial complex evolved and diversified in Southeast Asia before being disseminated by commensal rats Rattus rattus (black rat) and Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) to other parts of the globe. The analysis suggests that there have been numerous dispersal events within Asia and introductions from Asia to other regions, with six major clades containing Southeast Asian isolates that appear to have been dispersed globally. Phylogeographic analyses support the hypotheses that these bacteria originated in Southeast Asia and commensal rodents (R. rattus and R. norvegicus) play key roles in the evolution and dissemination of this Bartonella complex throughout the world.}, }
@article {pmid24219427, year = {2013}, author = {Inghilesi, AF and Mazza, G and Cervo, R and Gherardi, F and Sposimo, P and Tricarico, E and Zapparoli, M}, title = {Alien insects in Italy: comparing patterns from the regional to European level.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {73}, pmid = {24219427}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; }, abstract = {The introduction of species outside their native range contributes to the loss of biodiversity, alters the structure and functioning of ecosystems, and damages economy and human health. Insects are one of the taxa with the highest frequency of introduction due to their high diversity, biological properties, and close association with human activities. Here, the allodiversity of Italian entomofauna was analyzed, with a focus on Tuscany (Central Italy). A list of alien insects in Tuscany is included. The status of the alien entomofauna in Italy was updated. The number of alien insects amounts to 122 in Tuscany and 923 in Italy. An introduction rate of 98 species per decade was estimated in Italy. In Tuscany, alien insects belong to 10 orders, mostly Coleoptera (38%), Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha) (23%), and Hymenoptera (13%). They have been most often introduced through vegetable items (ornamental plants or crops). Most species come from the Nearctic region (26%) and are both phytophagous (63%) and amphigonic (80%). Differences and similarities in introduction patterns and in insect abundances across orders among regional, national, and European scales, also considering worldwide abundances, are discussed. Finally, a paucity of information regarding the negative impacts of many species, except for economic pests, phytosanitary threats, and vectors of disease, is underlined. A deeper understanding of the alien insects' ecological impact might help designate policies aimed at preventing further introductions and control the invasive populations of already established species.}, }
@article {pmid24217797, year = {2014}, author = {Zou, XH and Xie, HQ and Zha, GC and Chen, VP and Sun, YJ and Zheng, YZ and Tsim, KW and Dong, TT and Choi, RC and Luk, WK}, title = {Characterizations of cholinesterases in golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata).}, journal = {Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, pages = {424-428}, pmid = {24217797}, issn = {1559-1166}, mesh = {Acetylcholinesterase/*metabolism ; Animals ; Butyrylcholinesterase/*metabolism ; Intestines/enzymology ; Organ Specificity ; Snails/*enzymology ; }, abstract = {Cholinesterases (ChEs) have been identified in vertebrates and invertebrates. Inhibition of ChE activity in invertebrates, such as bivalve molluscs, has been used to evaluate the exposure of organophosphates, carbamate pesticides, and heavy metals in the marine system. The golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) is considered as one of the worst invasive alien species harmful to rice and other crops. The ChE(s) in this animal, which has been found recently, but poorly characterized thus far, could serve as biomarker(s) for environmental surveillance as well as a potential target for the pest control. In this study, the tissue distribution, substrate preference, sensitivity to ChE inhibitors, and molecular species of ChEs in P. canaliculata were investigated. It was found that the activities of both AChE and BChE were present in all test tissues. The intestine had the most abundant ChE activities. Both enzymes had fair activities in the head, kidney, and gills. The BChE activity was more sensitive to tetra-isopropylpyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA) than the AChE. Only one BChE molecular species, 5.8S, was found in the intestine and head, whereas two AChE species, 5.8S and 11.6S, were found there. We propose that intestine ChEs of this snail may be potential biomarkers for manipulating pollutions.}, }
@article {pmid24214934, year = {2013}, author = {Pahl, AT and Kollmann, J and Mayer, A and Haider, S}, title = {No evidence for local adaptation in an invasive alien plant: field and greenhouse experiments tracing a colonization sequence.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {112}, number = {9}, pages = {1921-1930}, pmid = {24214934}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Impatiens/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; Soil ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Local adaptation enables plant species to persist under different environmental conditions. Evolutionary change can occur rapidly in invasive annual species and has been shown to lead to local adaptation. However, the patterns and mechanisms of local adaptation in invasive species along colonization sequences are not yet understood. Thus, in this study the alien annual Impatiens glandulifera was used to investigate local adaptation to distinct habitats that have been consecutively invaded in central Europe.<br><br>METHODS: A reciprocal transplant experiment was performed using 15 populations from alluvial deciduous forests, fallow meadows and coniferous upland forests, and a greenhouse experiment was performed in which plants from these habitats were grown under treatments reflecting the main habitat differentiators (shade, soil acidity, competition).<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Biomass production, specific leaf area, plant height and relative growth rate differed between habitats in the field experiment and between treatments in the greenhouse, but not between seed origins. Overall, there was no indication of local adaptation in either experiment.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Since I. glandulifera is a successful invader in many habitats without showing local adaptation, it is suggested that the species is coping with environmental variation by means of high phenotypic plasticity. The species seems to follow a 'jack-and-master' strategy, i.e. it is able to maintain high fitness under a wide range of environmental conditions, but performs particularly well in favourable habitats. Therefore, the proposed colonization sequence is likely to be based primarily on changes in propagule pressure. It is concluded that invasive alien plants can become dominant in distinct habitats without local adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid24210499, year = {2013}, author = {Li, S and Wang, P and Deng, G and Yuan, W and Su, Z}, title = {Cytotoxic compounds from invasive giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta) against human tumor cells.}, journal = {Bioorganic &amp; medicinal chemistry letters}, volume = {23}, number = {24}, pages = {6682-6687}, doi = {10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.040}, pmid = {24210499}, issn = {1464-3405}, mesh = {Abietanes/*chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/*toxicity ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/*toxicity ; Benzofurans/*chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/toxicity ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Diterpenes/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/toxicity ; Glucosides/*chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/toxicity ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Macrolides/*chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/toxicity ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Menthol/chemistry ; Molecular Conformation ; Plant Extracts/*toxicity ; Tracheophyta/*chemistry/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta) is one of the most noxious invasive species in the world. Our bioactivity-guided fractionation of ethanol extract of giant salvinia led to the isolation of 50 compounds. Of the six new compounds (1-6), salviniol (1) is a rare abietane diterpene with a new ferruginol-menthol coupled skeleton and both salviniside I (2) and salviniside II (3) are novel benzofuran glucose conjugates with unique 10-membered macrodiolide structures. Sixteen abietane diterpenes (1, 7-17, and 19-22) demonstrated in vitro activities against human tumor cells, and 7 and 8 showed selective cytotoxicity to tumor cells over normal cells.}, }
@article {pmid24210010, year = {2013}, author = {Masson, D and Thomas, G and Genauzeau, S and Le Moine, O and Derrien, A}, title = {Merchant ships discharging unwanted marine species in close proximity of a French aquaculture area: risks involved.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {77}, number = {1-2}, pages = {315-319}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.09.028}, pmid = {24210010}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquaculture ; Bacteria/growth &amp; development ; Dinoflagellida/growth &amp; development ; France ; *Introduced Species ; Ostreidae/growth &amp; development ; Risk Assessment ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {The most important oyster farming area in Europe is in a close proximity of two medium size merchant ports. Cargo ships deballast in this area before loading, releasing unwanted or noxious marine species. During a sampling campaign aboard these arriving ships, we found in some ballast water samples a huge number of potentially toxic dinoflagellates and some potentially pathogenic bacteria. A model was applied to find the potential geographical spread of the discharged ballast water. This model predicts the water to reach highly vulnerable shellfish farmed areas in six to eight days.}, }
@article {pmid24209709, year = {2013}, author = {Martínez, JJ and de Aranzamendi, MC and Masello, JF and Bucher, EH}, title = {Genetic evidence of extra-pair paternity and intraspecific brood parasitism in the monk parakeet.}, journal = {Frontiers in zoology}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {68}, pmid = {24209709}, issn = {1742-9994}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) is a widespread invasive species native to southern South America that has become established in many regions of the world. Monk parakeets breed in a large, fully enclosed structure built from twigs, which consist of one to many individual brooding chambers. The species has been considered to be socially and genetically monogamous. However, genetic relatedness of adults to juveniles in the native area was found to be lower than expected for monogamy. To assess the significance of this discrepancy, we examined individual and population genetic patterns of microsatellite loci at two sites in Córdoba province, Argentina.<br><br>RESULTS: We sampled 154 nestlings and 42 adults in C&#xf3;rdoba, Argentina. Mean value of pairwise relatedness of nestlings within chambers was about 0.40. Contrarily, relatedness of nestlings between chambers was close to zero. We found a considerable degree of variation in nestling pairwise relatedness and parentage within chambers, including chambers with combinations of unrelated, half-sib, and full-sib nestlings. The proportion of sibling relatedness indicated monogamy in 47% and extra pair-paternity in 40% of the chambers. We also found intra-brood parasitism in 3% of the chambers.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the monk parakeet is sexually polygamous in its native range in Argentina, which is consistent with the observed mean value of relatedness of adults to juveniles of about 0.4. We also confirm the existence of intra-brood parasitism. High density of monk parakeets may favor occurrence of extra-pair paternity and intra-brood parasitism in the native sites.}, }
@article {pmid24206057, year = {2014}, author = {Voshell, SM and Hilu, KW}, title = {Canary grasses (Phalaris, Poaceae): biogeography, molecular dating and the role of floret structure in dispersal.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {212-224}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12575}, pmid = {24206057}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics ; Flowers/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phalaris/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Phylogeography ; *Polyploidy ; }, abstract = {Canary grasses (Phalaris, Poaceae) include 21 species, widely spread throughout the temperate and subtropical regions of the world with two centres of diversity: the Mediterranean Basin and western North America. The genus contains annual and perennial, endemic, cosmopolitan, wild, and invasive species with diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid cytotypes. As such, Phalaris presents an ideal platform to study diversification via historic hybridization and polyploidy events, and geographical dispersal in grasses. We present the first empirical phylogeographic study for Phalaris testing current, intuitive hypotheses on the centres of origin, historic dispersal events and diversification within a geological timeframe. Bayesian methods (beast, version 1.6.2) were used to establish divergence dates, and dispersal-vicariance analyses (rasp, version 2.1b) were implemented for ancestral node reconstructions. Our phylogeographic results indicate that the genus emerged during the Miocene epoch [20.6-8.4 Ma (million years ago)] in the Mediterranean basin followed by dispersal and vicariance events to Africa, Asia and the Americas. We propose that a diploid ancestor of P. arundinacea migrated to western North America via the Bering Strait, where further diversification emerged in the New World. It appears that polyploidy played a major role in the evolution of the genus in the Old World, while diversification in the New World followed a primarily diploid pathway. Dispersal to various parts of the Americas followed different routes. Fertile florets with hairy protruding sterile lemmas showed significant correlation with wider geographical distribution.}, }
@article {pmid24205271, year = {2013}, author = {van der Wal, JE and Dorenbosch, M and Immers, AK and Vidal Forteza, C and Geurts, JJ and Peeters, ET and Koese, B and Bakker, ES}, title = {Invasive crayfish threaten the development of submerged macrophytes in lake restoration.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {e78579}, pmid = {24205271}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*growth &amp; development ; *Astacoidea ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Diet ; Germination ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; }, abstract = {Submerged macrophytes enhance water transparency and aquatic biodiversity in shallow water ecosystems. Therefore, the return of submerged macrophytes is the target of many lake restoration projects. However, at present, north-western European aquatic ecosystems are increasingly invaded by omnivorous exotic crayfish. We hypothesize that invasive crayfish pose a novel constraint on the regeneration of submerged macrophytes in restored lakes and may jeopardize restoration efforts. We experimentally investigated whether the invasive crayfish (Procambarus clarkii Girard) affects submerged macrophyte development in a Dutch peat lake where these crayfish are expanding rapidly. Seemingly favourable abiotic conditions for macrophyte growth existed in two 0.5 ha lake enclosures, which provided shelter and reduced turbidity, and in one lake enclosure iron was added to reduce internal nutrient loading, but macrophytes did not emerge. We transplanted three submerged macrophyte species in a full factorial exclosure experiment, where we separated the effect of crayfish from large vertebrates using different mesh sizes combined with a caging treatment stocked with crayfish only. The three transplanted macrophytes grew rapidly when protected from grazing in both lake enclosures, demonstrating that abiotic conditions for growth were suitable. Crayfish strongly reduced biomass and survival of all three macrophyte species while waterfowl and fish had no additive effects. Gut contents showed that crayfish were mostly carnivorous, but also consumed macrophytes. We show that P. clarkii strongly inhibit macrophyte development once favourable abiotic conditions for macrophyte growth are restored. Therefore, expansion of invasive crayfish poses a novel threat to the restoration of shallow water bodies in north-western Europe. Prevention of introduction and spread of crayfish is urgent, as management of invasive crayfish populations is very difficult.}, }
@article {pmid24205124, year = {2013}, author = {Taerum, SJ and Duong, TA and de Beer, ZW and Gillette, N and Sun, JH and Owen, DR and Wingfield, MJ}, title = {Large shift in symbiont assemblage in the invasive red turpentine beetle.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {e78126}, pmid = {24205124}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Coleoptera/metabolism/microbiology/*physiology ; Electron Transport Complex IV/metabolism ; Fungi/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Ophiostoma/physiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Changes in symbiont assemblages can affect the success and impact of invasive species, and may provide knowledge regarding the invasion histories of their vectors. Bark beetle symbioses are ideal systems to study changes in symbiont assemblages resulting from invasions. The red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens) is a bark beetle species that recently invaded China from its native range in North America. It is associated with ophiostomatalean fungi in both locations, although the fungi have previously been well-surveyed only in China. We surveyed the ophiostomatalean fungi associated with D. valens in eastern and western North America, and identified the fungal species using multi-gene phylogenies. From the 307 collected isolates (147 in eastern North America and 160 in western North America), we identified 20 species: 11 in eastern North America and 13 in western North America. Four species were shared between eastern North America and western North America, one species (Ophiostoma floccosum) was shared between western North America and China, and three species (Grosmannia koreana, Leptographium procerum, and Ophiostoma abietinum) were shared between eastern North America and China. Ophiostoma floccosum and O. abietinum have worldwide distributions, and were rarely isolated from D. valens. However, G. koreana and L. procerum are primarily limited to Asia and North America respectively. Leptographium procerum, which is thought to be native to North America, represented >45% of the symbionts of D. valens in eastern North America and China, suggesting D. valens may have been introduced to China from eastern North America. These results are surprising, as previous population genetics studies on D. valens based on the cytochrome oxidase I gene have suggested that the insect was introduced into China from western North America.}, }
@article {pmid24204741, year = {2013}, author = {Laugier, GJ and Le Moguédec, G and Tayeh, A and Loiseau, A and Osawa, N and Estoup, A and Facon, B}, title = {Increase in male reproductive success and female reproductive investment in invasive populations of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {e77083}, pmid = {24204741}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Female ; Fertility/physiology ; Inbreeding ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction/physiology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Reproductive strategy affects population dynamics and genetic parameters that can, in turn, affect evolutionary processes during the course of biological invasion. Life-history traits associated with reproductive strategy are therefore potentially good candidates for rapid evolutionary shifts during invasions. In a series of mating trials, we examined mixed groups of four males from invasive and native populations of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis mating freely during 48 hours with one female of either type. We recorded the identity of the first male to copulate and after the 48 h-period, we examined female fecundity and share of paternity, using molecular markers. We found that invasive populations have a different profile of male and female reproductive output. Males from invasive populations are more likely to mate first and gain a higher proportion of offspring with both invasive and native females. Females from invasive populations reproduce sooner, lay more eggs, and have offspring sired by a larger number of fathers than females from native populations. We found no evidence of direct inbreeding avoidance behaviour in both invasive and native females. This study highlights the importance of investigating evolutionary changes in reproductive strategy and associated traits during biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid24204684, year = {2013}, author = {Downing, AS and Galic, N and Goudswaard, KP and van Nes, EH and Scheffer, M and Witte, F and Mooij, WM}, title = {Was Lates late? A null model for the Nile perch boom in Lake Victoria.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {e76847}, pmid = {24204684}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Algorithms ; Animal Migration ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; *Models, Biological ; Perches/*growth &amp; development ; Population Density ; Time Factors ; Uganda ; }, abstract = {Nile perch (Lates niloticus) suddenly invaded Lake Victoria between 1979 and 1987, 25 years after its introduction in the Ugandan side of the lake. Nile perch then replaced the native fish diversity and irreversibly altered the ecosystem and its role to lakeshore societies: it is now a prised export product that supports millions of livelihoods. The delay in the Nile perch boom led to a hunt for triggers of the sudden boom and generated several hypotheses regarding its growth at low abundances--all hypotheses having important implications for the management of Nile perch stocks. We use logistic growth as a parsimonious null model to predict when the Nile perch invasion should have been expected, given its growth rate, initial stock size and introduction year. We find the first exponential growth phase can explain the timing of the perch boom at the scale of Lake Victoria, suggesting that complex mechanisms are not necessary to explain the Nile perch invasion or its timing. However, the boom started in Kenya before Uganda, indicating perhaps that Allee effects act at smaller scales than that of the whole Lake. The Nile perch invasion of other lakes indicates that habitat differences may also have an effect on invasion success. Our results suggest there is probably no single management strategy applicable to the whole lake that would lead to both efficient and sustainable exploitation of its resources.}, }
@article {pmid24204626, year = {2013}, author = {Molina-Montenegro, MA and Salgado-Luarte, C and Oses, R and Torres-Díaz, C}, title = {Is physiological performance a good predictor for fitness? Insights from an invasive plant species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {e76432}, pmid = {24204626}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Environment ; *Genetic Fitness ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Seeds ; Taraxacum/physiology ; }, abstract = {Is physiological performance a suitable proxy of fitness in plants? Although, several studies have been conducted to measure some fitness-related traits and physiological performance, direct assessments are seldom found in the literature. Here, we assessed the physiology-fitness relationship using second-generation individuals of the invasive plant species Taraxacum officinale from 17 localities distributed in five continents. Specifically, we tested if i) the maximum quantum yield is a good predictor for seed-output ii) whether this physiology-fitness relationship can be modified by environmental heterogeneity, and iii) if this relationship has an adaptive consequence for T. officinale individuals from different localities. Overall, we found a significant positive relationship between the maximum quantum yield and fitness for all localities evaluated, but this relationship decreased in T. officinale individuals from localities with greater environmental heterogeneity. Finally, we found that those individuals from localities where environmental conditions are highly seasonal performed better under heterogeneous environmental conditions. Contrarily, under homogeneous controlled conditions, those individuals from localities with low environmental seasonality performed much better. In conclusion, our results suggest that the maximum quantum yield seem to be good predictors for plant fitness. We suggest that rapid measurements, such as those obtained from the maximum quantum yield, could provide a straightforward proxy of individual's fitness in changing environments.}, }
@article {pmid24199864, year = {2013}, author = {Kajihara, H and Sun, SC and Chernyshev, AV and Chen, HX and Ito, K and Asakawa, M and Maslakova, SA and Norenburg, JL and Strand, M and Sundberg, P and Iwata, F}, title = {Taxonomic identity of a tetrodotoxin-accumulating ribbon-worm Cephalothrix simula (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea): a species artificially introduced from the Pacific to Europe.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {985-997}, doi = {10.2108/zsj.30.985}, pmid = {24199864}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/metabolism ; Pacific Ocean ; Species Specificity ; Tetrodotoxin/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {We compared the anatomy of the holotype of the palaeonemertean Cephalothrix simula (Iwata, 1952) with that of the holotypes of Cephalothrix hongkongiensis Sundberg, Gibson and Olsson, 2003 and Cephalothrix fasciculus (Iwata, 1952), as well as additional specimens from Fukue (type locality of C. simula) and Hiroshima, Japan. While there was no major morphological discordance between these specimens, we found discrepancies between the actual morphology and some statements in the original description of C. simula with respect to supposedly species-specific characters. Our observation indicates that these three species cannot be discriminated by the anatomical characters so far used to distinguish congeners. For objectivity of scientific names, topogenetypes of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences are designated for C. simula, C. hongkongiensis, and C. fasciculus. Analysis of COI sequence showed that the Hiroshima population can be identified as C. simula, which has been found in previous studies from Trieste, Italy, and also from both the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of the Iberian Peninsula, indicating an artificial introduction via (1) ballast water, (2) ship-fouling communities, or (3) the commercially cultured oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) brought from Japan to France in 1970s. Cephalothrix simula is known to be toxic, as it contains large amounts of tetrodotoxin (TTX). We report here that the grass puffer Takifugu niphobles (Jordan and Snyder, 1901)-also known to contain TTX- consumes C. simula. We suggest that the puffer may be able to accumulate TTX by eating C. simula.}, }
@article {pmid24199495, year = {2013}, author = {Farajollahi, A and Price, DC}, title = {A rapid identification guide for larvae of the most common North American container-inhabiting Aedes species of medical importance.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, pages = {203-221}, doi = {10.2987/11-6198R.1}, pmid = {24199495}, issn = {8756-971X}, mesh = {Aedes/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Animals ; Insect Vectors/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Introduced Species ; Larva/anatomy &amp; histology/classification ; North America ; }, abstract = {Mosquitoes are the single most important taxon of arthropods affecting human health globally, and container-inhabiting Aedes are important vectors of arthropod-borne viruses. Desiccation-resistant eggs of container Aedes have facilitated their invasion into new areas, primarily through transportation via the international trade in used tires. The public health threat from an introduced exotic species into a new area is imminent, and proactive measures are needed to identify significant vectors before onset of epidemic disease. In many cases, vector control is the only means to combat exotic diseases. Accurate identification of vectors is crucial to initiate aggressive control measures; however, many vector control personnel are not properly trained to identify introduced species in new geographic areas. We provide updated geographical ranges and a rapid identification guide with detailed larval photographs of the most common container-inhabiting Aedes in North America. Our key includes 5 native species (Aedes atropalpus, Ae. epactius, Ae. hendersoni, Ae. sierrensis, Ae. triseriatus) and 3 invasive species (Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. japonicus).}, }
@article {pmid24198955, year = {2013}, author = {David, AS and Kaser, JM and Morey, AC and Roth, AM and Andow, DA}, title = {Release of genetically engineered insects: a framework to identify potential ecological effects.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {11}, pages = {4000-4015}, pmid = {24198955}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Genetically engineered (GE) insects have the potential to radically change pest management worldwide. With recent approvals of GE insect releases, there is a need for a synthesized framework to evaluate their potential ecological and evolutionary effects. The effects may occur in two phases: a transitory phase when the focal population changes in density, and a steady state phase when it reaches a new, constant density. We review potential effects of a rapid change in insect density related to population outbreaks, biological control, invasive species, and other GE organisms to identify a comprehensive list of potential ecological and evolutionary effects of GE insect releases. We apply this framework to the Anopheles gambiae mosquito - a malaria vector being engineered to suppress the wild mosquito population - to identify effects that may occur during the transitory and steady state phases after release. Our methodology reveals many potential effects in each phase, perhaps most notably those dealing with immunity in the transitory phase, and with pathogen and vector evolution in the steady state phase. Importantly, this framework identifies knowledge gaps in mosquito ecology. Identifying effects in the transitory and steady state phases allows more rigorous identification of the potential ecological effects of GE insect release.}, }
@article {pmid24198931, year = {2013}, author = {Deck, A and Muir, A and Strauss, S}, title = {Transgenerational soil-mediated differences between plants experienced or naïve to a grass invasion.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {11}, pages = {3663-3671}, pmid = {24198931}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive species may undergo rapid change as they invade. Native species persisting in invaded areas may also experience rapid change over this short timescale relative to native populations in uninvaded areas. We investigated the response of the native Achillea millefolium to soil from Holcus lanatus-invaded and uninvaded areas, and we sought to determine whether differential responses between A. millefolium from invaded (invader experienced) and uninvaded (invader naïve) areas were mediated by soil community changes. Plants grown from seed from experienced and naïve areas responded differently to invaded and uninvaded soil with respect to germination time, biomass, and height. Overall, experienced plants grew faster and taller than their naïve counterparts. Naïve native plants showed negative feedbacks with their home soil and positive feedbacks with invaded soil; experienced plants were less responsive to soil differences. Our results suggest that native plants naïve to invasion may be more sensitive to soil communities than experienced plants, consistent with recent studies. While differences between naïve and experienced plants are transgenerational, our design cannot differentiate between differences that are genetically based, plastic, or both. Regardless, our results highlight the importance of seed source and population history in restoration, emphasizing the restoration potential of experienced seed sources.}, }
@article {pmid24198255, year = {2014}, author = {Abuhagr, AM and Blindert, JL and Nimitkul, S and Zander, IA and Labere, SM and Chang, SA and Maclea, KS and Chang, ES and Mykles, DL}, title = {Molt regulation in green and red color morphs of the crab Carcinus maenas: gene expression of molt-inhibiting hormone signaling components.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {217}, number = {Pt 5}, pages = {796-808}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.093385}, pmid = {24198255}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arthropod Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Brachyura/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; California ; Ecdysteroids/*blood ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Guanylate Cyclase/genetics/metabolism ; Hemolymph/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Molting ; Nervous System/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics/metabolism ; Peptide Elongation Factor 2/genetics/metabolism ; Pigmentation ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Alignment ; *Signal Transduction ; }, abstract = {In decapod crustaceans, regulation of molting is controlled by the X-organ/sinus gland complex in the eyestalks. The complex secretes molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH), which suppresses production of ecdysteroids by the Y-organ (YO). MIH signaling involves nitric oxide and cGMP in the YO, which expresses nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (GC-I). Molting can generally be induced by eyestalk ablation (ESA), which removes the primary source of MIH, or by multiple leg autotomy (MLA). In our work on Carcinus maenas, however, ESA has limited effects on hemolymph ecdysteroid titers and animals remain in intermolt at 7 days post-ESA, suggesting that adults are refractory to molt induction techniques. Consequently, the effects of ESA and MLA on molting and YO gene expression in C. maenas green and red color morphotypes were determined at intermediate (16 and 24 days) and long-term (~90 days) intervals. In intermediate-interval experiments, ESA of intermolt animals caused transient twofold to fourfold increases in hemolymph ecdysteroid titers during the first 2 weeks. In intermolt animals, long-term ESA increased hemolymph ecdysteroid titers fourfold to fivefold by 28 days post treatment, but there was no late premolt peak (>400 pg μl(-1)) characteristic of late premolt animals and animals did not molt by 90 days post-ESA. There was no effect of ESA or MLA on the expression of Cm-elongation factor 2 (EF2), Cm-NOS, the beta subunit of GC-I (Cm-GC-Iβ), a membrane receptor GC (Cm-GC-II) and a soluble NO-insensitive GC (Cm-GC-III) in green morphs. Red morphs were affected by prolonged ESA and MLA treatments, as indicated by large decreases in Cm-EF2, Cm-GC-II and Cm-GC-III mRNA levels. ESA accelerated the transition of green morphs to the red phenotype in intermolt animals. ESA delayed molting in premolt green morphs, whereas intact and MLA animals molted by 30 days post treatment. There were significant effects on YO gene expression in intact animals: Cm-GC-Iβ mRNA increased during premolt and Cm-GC-III mRNA decreased during premolt and increased during postmolt. Cm-MIH transcripts were detected in eyestalk ganglia, the brain and the thoracic ganglion from green intermolt animals, suggesing that MIH in the brain and thoracic ganglion prevents molt induction in green ESA animals.}, }
@article {pmid24197990, year = {2014}, author = {Leiblein-Wild, MC and Kaviani, R and Tackenberg, O}, title = {Germination and seedling frost tolerance differ between the native and invasive range in common ragweed.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {174}, number = {3}, pages = {739-750}, pmid = {24197990}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Ambrosia/*physiology ; Biomass ; Europe ; *Freezing ; *Germination ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Seedlings/*physiology ; Seeds ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Germination characteristics and frost tolerance of seedlings are crucial parameters for establishment and invasion success of plants. The characterization of differences between populations in native and invasive ranges may improve our understanding of range expansion and adaptation. Here, we investigated germination characteristics of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., a successful invader in Europe, under a temperature gradient between 5 and 25 °C. Besides rate and speed of germination we determined optimal, minimal and maximal temperature for germination of ten North American and 17 European populations that were sampled along major latitudinal and longitudinal gradients. We furthermore investigated the frost tolerance of seedlings. Germination rate was highest at 15 °C and germination speed was highest at 25 °C. Germination rate, germination speed, frost tolerance of seedlings, and the temperature niche width for germination were significantly higher and broader, respectively, for European populations. This was partly due to a higher seed mass of these populations. Germination traits lacked evidence for adaptation to climatic variables at the point of origin for both provenances. Instead, in the native range, seedling frost tolerance was positively correlated with the risk of frosts which supports the assumption of local adaptation. The increased frost tolerance of European populations may allow germination earlier in the year which may subsequently lead to higher biomass allocation--due to a longer growing period--and result in higher pollen and seed production. The increase in germination rates, germination speed and seedling frost tolerance might result in a higher fitness of the European populations which may facilitate further successful invasion and enhance the existing public health problems associated with this species.}, }
@article {pmid24197409, year = {2013}, author = {Fukasawa, K and Miyashita, T and Hashimoto, T and Tatara, M and Abe, S}, title = {Differential population responses of native and alien rodents to an invasive predator, habitat alteration and plant masting.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {280}, number = {1773}, pages = {20132075}, pmid = {24197409}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Herpestidae/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Rats/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species and anthropogenic habitat alteration are major drivers of biodiversity loss. When multiple invasive species occupy different trophic levels, removing an invasive predator might cause unexpected outcomes owing to complex interactions among native and non-native prey. Moreover, external factors such as habitat alteration and resource availability can affect such dynamics. We hypothesized that native and non-native prey respond differently to an invasive predator, habitat alteration and bottom-up effects. To test the hypothesis, we used Bayesian state-space modelling to analyse 8-year data on the spatio-temporal patterns of two endemic rat species and the non-native black rat in response to the continual removal of the invasive small Indian mongoose on Amami Island, Japan. Despite low reproductive potentials, the endemic rats recovered better after mongoose removal than did the black rat. The endemic species appeared to be vulnerable to predation by mongooses, whose eradication increased the abundances of the endemic rats, but not of the black rat. Habitat alteration increased the black rat's carrying capacity, but decreased those of the endemic species. We propose that spatio-temporal monitoring data from eradication programmes will clarify the underlying ecological impacts of land-use change and invasive species, and will be useful for future habitat management.}, }
@article {pmid24194883, year = {2013}, author = {Hansen, GJ and Vander Zanden, MJ and Blum, MJ and Clayton, MK and Hain, EF and Hauxwell, J and Izzo, M and Kornis, MS and McIntyre, PB and Mikulyuk, A and Nilsson, E and Olden, JD and Papeş, M and Sharma, S}, title = {Commonly rare and rarely common: comparing population abundance of invasive and native aquatic species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {e77415}, pmid = {24194883}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Invertebrates ; Likelihood Functions ; Markov Chains ; Monte Carlo Method ; *Plants ; Population Density ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are leading drivers of environmental change. Their impacts are often linked to their population size, but surprisingly little is known about how frequently they achieve high abundances. A nearly universal pattern in ecology is that species are rare in most locations and abundant in a few, generating right-skewed abundance distributions. Here, we use abundance data from over 24,000 populations of 17 invasive and 104 native aquatic species to test whether invasive species differ from native counterparts in statistical patterns of abundance across multiple sites. Invasive species on average reached significantly higher densities than native species and exhibited significantly higher variance. However, invasive and native species did not differ in terms of coefficient of variation, skewness, or kurtosis. Abundance distributions of all species were highly right skewed (skewness>0), meaning both invasive and native species occurred at low densities in most locations where they were present. The average abundance of invasive and native species was 6% and 2%, respectively, of the maximum abundance observed within a taxonomic group. The biological significance of the differences between invasive and native species depends on species-specific relationships between abundance and impact. Recognition of cross-site heterogeneity in population densities brings a new dimension to invasive species management, and may help to refine optimal prevention, containment, control, and eradication strategies.}, }
@article {pmid24192018, year = {2013}, author = {Berthouly-Salazar, C and Hui, C and Blackburn, TM and Gaboriaud, C and van Rensburg, BJ and van Vuuren, BJ and Le Roux, JJ}, title = {Long-distance dispersal maximizes evolutionary potential during rapid geographic range expansion.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {22}, number = {23}, pages = {5793-5804}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12538}, pmid = {24192018}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Population Dynamics ; Selection, Genetic ; South Africa ; Starlings/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Conventional wisdom predicts that sequential founder events will cause genetic diversity to erode in species with expanding geographic ranges, limiting evolutionary potential at the range margin. Here, we show that invasive European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in South Africa preserve genetic diversity during range expansion, possibly as a result of frequent long-distance dispersal events. We further show that unfavourable environmental conditions trigger enhanced dispersal, as indicated by signatures of selection detected across the expanding range. This brings genetic variation to the expansion front, counterbalancing the cumulative effects of sequential founding events and optimizing standing genetic diversity and thus evolutionary potential at range margins during spread. Therefore, dispersal strategies should be highlighted as key determinants of the ecological and evolutionary performances of species in novel environments and in response to global environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid24192001, year = {2013}, author = {Bojko, J and Stebbing, PD and Bateman, KS and Meatyard, JE and Bacela-Spychalska, K and Dunn, AM and Stentiford, GD}, title = {Baseline histopathological survey of a recently invading island population of 'killer shrimp', Dikerogammarus villosus.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {106}, number = {3}, pages = {241-253}, doi = {10.3354/dao02658}, pmid = {24192001}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Animals ; Apicomplexa/classification/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Ciliophora/classification/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Crustacea/*parasitology ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Microsporidia/classification/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Trematoda/classification/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Dikerogammarus villosus, an invasive amphipod, has recently been detected in UK freshwaters. To assess the potential for pathogen introduction with the invader, a year-long histopathology survey of the D. villosus population inhabiting the initial site of detection (Grafham Water, Cambridgeshire, UK) was conducted. Additional samples were collected from 2 other subsequently identified populations within the UK (Cardiff Bay and Norfolk Broads), and from established populations in France (River Rhine) and Poland (River Vistula). The data revealed a range of pathogens and commensals. Several pathogens occurring within continental populations were not present within the UK populations. Microsporidian parasites and a novel viral pathogen were amongst those not observed in the UK. The absence of these pathogens at UK sites may therefore impart significant survival advantages to D. villosus over native fauna, thereby increasing its success as an invader. The contrast in pathogen profile between UK and continental-invasive populations of D. villosus provides preliminary evidence for so-called 'enemy release' in UK populations of D. villosus and is suggestive of single-point introductions, rather than continual incursion events as previously observed throughout its continental invasive range. This baseline survey provides important data on the pathogen and commensal profile of a high-impact, invasive species early in its invasion history of the UK. It can be utilised to assess potential for temporal pathogen acquisition by non-native invasive aquatic species and to investigate competitive advantages placed upon this invader due to absence of important pathogens experienced within its native range.}, }
@article {pmid24187588, year = {2013}, author = {Rohfritsch, A and Bierne, N and Boudry, P and Heurtebise, S and Cornette, F and Lapègue, S}, title = {Population genomics shed light on the demographic and adaptive histories of European invasion in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {6}, number = {7}, pages = {1064-1078}, pmid = {24187588}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Crassostrea gigas originated from the Pacific coast of Asia, but was introduced into several European countries in the early 1970s. Natural populations have now spread across the length of the western seaboard of Europe. To elucidate the demographic and selective processes at play during this rapid expansion, genome-scan analysis was performed on different populations. High diversities and low differentiation were observed overall, but significant genetic differentiation was found among newly established populations and between the newly established northern group and a nearly panmictic group composed of southern European populations and a population from Japan. Loss of genetic diversity was also seen in the north, likely caused by founder events during colonization. The few strongly supported outlier loci revealed a genetic structure uncorrelated with the north/south differentiation, but grouping two samples from the Danish fjords (northern group) and one from the Dutch Scheldt estuary (southern group) with the one from Japan. These findings might reflect the following: (i) parallel adaptation to similar environmental pressures (fjord-like environment) within each of the two groups or (ii) a footprint of a secondary introduction of an alternative genomic background maintained by multifarious isolation factors. Our results call for a closer examination of adaptive genetic structure in the area of origin.}, }
@article {pmid24182900, year = {2013}, author = {Blakeslee, AM and Fowler, AE and Keogh, CL}, title = {Marine invasions and parasite escape: updates and new perspectives.}, journal = {Advances in marine biology}, volume = {66}, number = {}, pages = {87-169}, doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-408096-6.00002-X}, pmid = {24182900}, issn = {0065-2881}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Demography ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; *Fishes ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Mollusca/*parasitology ; Multivariate Analysis ; Oceans and Seas ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Marine invasions have risen over time with enhanced globalization, and so has the introduction of non-native hosts and their parasites. An important and well-supported paradigm of invasion biology is the significant loss of parasites that hosts enjoy in introduced regions compared to native regions (i.e. parasite escape), yet less is known about the factors that influence parasite escape in marine systems. Here, we compile an up-to-date review of marine parasite invasions and test several hypotheses related to host invasion pathway that we suspected could influence parasite escape across the 31 host-parasite systems included in our investigation. In general, we continued to show significant support for parasite escape; however, escape varied among parasite taxa, with most taxa demonstrating moderate levels of escape and a few showing complete or no escape. Moreover, we revealed several important factors related to host taxa, geography, time, and vector of introduction that influenced parasite escape, and in some cases demonstrated significant interactions, revealing the complexity of the invasion pathway in filtering parasites from native to introduced regions. In some (but not all) cases, there was also evidence of invasive host advantages due to parasite escape, but more evidence is required to demonstrate clear support for the enemy release hypothesis. In general, our study revealed the need for further research across systems, especially in understudied regions of the world.}, }
@article {pmid24177273, year = {2014}, author = {Birceanu, O and Sorensen, LA and Henry, M and McClelland, GB and Wang, YS and Wilkie, MP}, title = {The effects of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) on fuel stores and ion balance in a non-target fish, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology &amp; pharmacology : CBP}, volume = {160}, number = {}, pages = {30-41}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2013.10.002}, pmid = {24177273}, issn = {1532-0456}, mesh = {Animals ; Brain/drug effects/metabolism ; Gills/drug effects/*metabolism ; Ion Transport/drug effects/physiology ; Kidney/drug effects/metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects/*metabolism ; Nitrophenols/*toxicity ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Petromyzon ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The pesticide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) is used to control sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) populations in the Great Lakes through its application to nursery streams containing larval sea lampreys. TFM uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, impairing mitochondrial ATP production in sea lampreys and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). However, little else is known about its sub-lethal effects on non-target aquatic species. The present study tested the hypotheses that TFM exposure in hard water leads to (i) marked depletion of energy stores in metabolically active tissues (brain, muscle, kidney, liver) and (ii) disruption of active ion transport across the gill, adversely affecting electrolyte homeostasis in trout. Exposure of trout to 11.0mgl(-1) TFM (12-h LC50) led to increases in muscle TFM and TFM-glucuronide concentrations, peaking at 9h and 12h, respectively. Muscle and brain glycogen was reduced by 50%, while kidney and muscle lactate increased with TFM exposure. Kidney ATP and phosphocreatine decreased by 50% and 70%, respectively. TFM exposure caused no changes in whole body ion (Na(+), Cl(-), Ca(2+), K(+)) concentrations, gill Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activity, or unidirectional Na(+) movements across the gills. We conclude that TFM causes a mismatch between ATP supply and demand in trout, leading to increased reliance on glycolysis, but it does not have physiologically relevant effects on ion balance in hard water.}, }
@article {pmid24172969, year = {2013}, author = {Simberloff, D and Genovesi, P}, title = {Anthropocene: action makes sense.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {502}, number = {7473}, pages = {624}, pmid = {24172969}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid24172967, year = {2013}, author = {Caro, T}, title = {Anthropocene: keep the guard up.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {502}, number = {7473}, pages = {624}, pmid = {24172967}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid24171273, year = {2013}, author = {Vicente, IS and Fonseca-Alves, CE}, title = {Impact of introduced Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on non-native aquatic ecosystems.}, journal = {Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {121-126}, doi = {10.3923/pjbs.2013.121.126}, pmid = {24171273}, issn = {1028-8880}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; Biodiversity ; Cichlids/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Phytoplankton/metabolism ; Rivers ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry ; Zooplankton/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The global invasion of non-native aquatic ecosystems by Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is well documented and coincides with their increased use as an aquaculture species. Aquaculture can be defined as the farming of fish or other aquatic organisms and it varies considerably in terms of production practices. Generally, freshwater finfish, such as Nile tilapia, are reared in inland ponds (closed systems). However, in several countries, floating cages are increasingly used to rear Nile tilapia in open water bodies. In such systems, escape is inevitable. The Nile tilapia is considered an omnivorous species and it ingests zooplankton, phytoplankton, or debris present in rivers. As a consequence, the release of Nile tilapia into non-native aquatic ecosystems may result in competition for food and space, thereby damaging native species. The wide environmental tolerance and high reproductive rate of Nile tilapia facilitate its use for aquaculture, but also render the species highly invasive. Here, we review the high frequency of Nile tilapia in non-native biodiversity and indicate the existence of the species under feral conditions in every country in which it has been introduced through farming systems.}, }
@article {pmid24169594, year = {2013}, author = {Love, HM and Maggs, CA and Murray, TE and Provan, J}, title = {Genetic evidence for predominantly hydrochoric gene flow in the invasive riparian plant Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam).}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {112}, number = {9}, pages = {1743-1750}, pmid = {24169594}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Animals ; *Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; Impatiens/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; *Rivers ; *Seed Dispersal ; Wales ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Riparian systems are prone to invasion by alien plant species. The spread of invasive riparian plants may be facilitated by hydrochory, the transport of seeds by water, but while ecological studies have highlighted the possible role of upstream source populations in the establishment and persistence of stands of invasive riparian plant species, population genetic studies have as yet not fully addressed the potential role of hydrochoric dispersal in such systems.<br><br>METHODS: A population genetics approach based on a replicated bifurcate sampling design is used to test hypotheses consistent with patterns of unidirectional, linear gene flow expected under hydrochoric dispersal of the invasive riparian plant Impatiens glandulifera in two contrasting river systems.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: A significant increase in levels of genetic diversity downstream was observed, consistent with the accumulation of propagules from upstream source populations, and strong evidence was found for organization of this diversity between different tributaries, reflecting the dendritic organization of the river systems studied.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that hydrochory, rather than anthropogenic dispersal, is primarily responsible for the spread of I. glandulifera in these river systems, and this is relevant to potential approaches to the control of invasive riparian plant species.}, }
@article {pmid24167565, year = {2013}, author = {Wang, J and Ge, Y and Zhang, CB and Bai, Y and Du, ZK}, title = {Dominant functional group effects on the invasion resistance at different resource levels.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {e77220}, pmid = {24167565}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Functional group composition may affect invasion in two ways the effect of abundance, i.e. dominance of functional group; and the effect of traits, i.e. identity of functional groups. However, few studies have focused on the role of abundance of functional group on invasion resistance. Moreover, how resource availability influences the role of the dominant functional group in invasion resistance is even less understood.<br><br>In this experiment, we established experimental pots using four different functional groups (annual grass, perennial grass, deciduous shrub or arbor and evergreen shrub or arbor), and the dominant functional group was manipulated. These experimental pots were respectively constructed at different soil nitrogen levels (control and fertilized). After one year of growth, we added seeds of 20 different species (five species per functional group) to the experimental pots. Fertilization significantly increased the overall invasion success, while dominant functional group had little effect on overall invasion success. When invaders were grouped into functional groups, invaders generally had lower success in pots dominated by the same functional group in the control pots. However, individual invaders of the same functional group exhibited different invasion patterns. Fertilization generally increased success of invaders in pots dominated by the same than by another functional group. However, fertilization led to great differences for individual invaders.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The results showed that the dominant functional group, independent of functional group identity, had a significant effect on the composition of invaders. We suggest that the limiting similarity hypothesis may be applicable at the functional group level, and limiting similarity may have a limited role for individual invaders as shown by the inconsistent effects of dominant functional group and fertilization.}, }
@article {pmid24167555, year = {2013}, author = {Ramaswami, G and Sukumar, R}, title = {Long-term environmental correlates of invasion by Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) in a seasonally dry tropical forest.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {e76995}, pmid = {24167555}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Lantana/*physiology ; *Trees ; *Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Invasive species, local plant communities and invaded ecosystems change over space and time. Quantifying this change may lead to a better understanding of the ecology and the effective management of invasive species. We used data on density of the highly invasive shrub Lantana camara (lantana) for the period 1990-2008 from a 50 ha permanent plot in a seasonally dry tropical forest of Mudumalai in southern India. We used a cumulative link mixed-effects regression approach to model the transition of lantana from one qualitative density state to another as a function of biotic factors such as indicators of competition from local species (lantana itself, perennial grasses, invasive Chromolaena odorata, the native shrub Helicteres isora and basal area of native trees) and abiotic factors such as fire frequency, inter-annual variability of rainfall and relative soil moisture. The density of lantana increased substantially during the study period. Lantana density was negatively associated with the density of H. isora, positively associated with basal area of native trees, but not affected by the presence of grasses or other invasive species. In the absence of fire, lantana density increased with increasing rainfall. When fires occurred, transitions to higher densities occurred at low rainfall values. In drier regions, lantana changed from low to high density as rainfall increased while in wetter regions of the plot, lantana persisted in the dense category irrespective of rainfall. Lantana seems to effectively utilize resources distributed in space and time to its advantage, thus outcompeting local species and maintaining a population that is not yet self-limiting. High-risk areas and years could potentially be identified based on inferences from this study for facilitating management of lantana in tropical dry forests.}, }
@article {pmid24167421, year = {2013}, author = {Landry, JF and Hebert, PD}, title = {Plutella australiana (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae), an overlooked diamondback moth revealed by DNA barcodes.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {327}, pages = {43-63}, pmid = {24167421}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The genus Plutella was thought to be represented in Australia by a single introduced species, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), the diamondback moth. Its status as a major pest of cruciferous crops, and the difficulty in developing control strategies has motivated broad-ranging studies on its biology. Prior genetic work has generally supported the conclusion that populations of this migratory species are connected by substantial gene flow. However, the present study reveals the presence of two genetically divergent lineages of this taxonin Australia. One shows close genetic and morphological similarity with the nearly cosmopolitan Plutella xylostella. The second lineage possesses a similar external morphology, but marked sequence divergence in the barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase I gene, coupled with clear differences in genitalia. As a consequence, members of this lineage are described as a new species, Plutella australiana Landry &amp; Hebert, which is broadly distributed in the eastern half of Australia.}, }
@article {pmid24164658, year = {2013}, author = {Lucek, K and Sivasundar, A and Roy, D and Seehausen, O}, title = {Repeated and predictable patterns of ecotypic differentiation during a biological invasion: lake-stream divergence in parapatric Swiss stickleback.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {26}, number = {12}, pages = {2691-2709}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12267}, pmid = {24164658}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Smegmamorpha/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The relative importance of ecological selection and geographical isolation in promoting and constraining genetic and phenotypic differentiation among populations is not always obvious. Interacting with divergent selection, restricted opportunity for gene flow may in some cases be as much a cause as a consequence of adaptation, with the latter being a hallmark of ecological speciation. Ecological speciation is well studied in parts of the native range of the three-spined stickleback. Here, we study this process in a recently invaded part of its range. Switzerland was colonized within the past 140 years from at least three different colonization events involving different stickleback lineages. They now occupy diverse habitats, ranging from small streams to the pelagic zone of large lakes. We use replicated systems of parapatric lake and stream populations, some of which trace their origins to different invasive lineages, to ask (i) whether phenotypic divergence occurred among populations inhabiting distinct habitats, (ii) whether trajectories of phenotypic divergence follow predictable parallel patterns and (iii) whether gene flow constrains divergent adaptation or vice versa. We find consistent phenotypic divergence between populations occupying distinct habitats. This involves parallel evolution in several traits with known ecological relevance in independent evolutionary lineages. Adaptive divergence supersedes homogenizing gene flow even at a small spatial scale. We find evidence that adaptive phenotypic divergence places constraints on gene flow over and above that imposed by geographical distance, signalling the early onset of ecological speciation.}, }
@article {pmid24164624, year = {2013}, author = {Seiter, S and Ohsaki, N and Kingsolver, J}, title = {Parallel invasions produce heterogenous patterns of life history adaptation: rapid divergence in an invasive insect.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {26}, number = {12}, pages = {2721-2728}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12263}, pmid = {24164624}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Butterflies/growth &amp; development/immunology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Biotic invasions provide a natural experiment in evolution: when invasive species colonize new ranges, they may evolve new clines in traits in response to environmental gradients. Yet it is not clear how rapidly such patterns can evolve and whether they are consistent between regions. We compare four populations of the invasive cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) from North America and Japan, independently colonized by P. rapae 150 years ago and 300 years ago, respectively. On each continent, we employed a northern and southern population to compare the effects of latitude on body mass, development rate and immune function. For each population, we used a split-sibling family design in which siblings were reared at either warm (26.7 °C) or cool (20 °C) temperatures to determine reaction norms for each trait. Latitudinal patterns in development time were similar between the two continents. In contrast, there were strong geographical differences in reaction norms for body size, but no consistent effects of latitude; there were no detectable effects of latitude or continent on immune function. These results imply that some life history traits respond consistently to selection along climatic gradients, whereas other traits may respond to local environmental factors, or not at all.}, }
@article {pmid24162797, year = {2013}, author = {Martel, A and Adriaensen, C and Sharifian-Fard, M and Spitzen-van der Sluijs, A and Louette, G and Baert, K and Crombaghs, B and Dewulf, J and Pasmans, F}, title = {The absence of zoonotic agents in invasive bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) in Belgium and The Netherlands.}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {344-347}, pmid = {24162797}, issn = {1612-9210}, mesh = {Animals ; Belgium/epidemiology ; Campylobacter/isolation &amp; purification ; Chytridiomycota/isolation &amp; purification ; Coxiella burnetii/isolation &amp; purification ; Disease Reservoirs ; Escherichia coli/isolation &amp; purification ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Leptospira/isolation &amp; purification ; Mycoplasma/isolation &amp; purification ; Neospora/isolation &amp; purification ; Netherlands/epidemiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rana catesbeiana/*microbiology/parasitology/virology ; Salmonella/isolation &amp; purification ; Toxoplasma/isolation &amp; purification ; Zoonoses/*epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Exotic invasive bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) are considered to exert a considerable negative impact on native amphibian communities. This can be due to competition and predation, but they are also a notorious source of the infectious diseases chytridiomycosis and ranavirosis, affecting amphibian populations globally. Little is known regarding their carriage of other microbial agents that might be transferred to humans or other animals. In this study we determined the occurrence of the amphibian pathogens Ranavirus and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and of the zoonotic agents Coxiella burnetii, Neospora caninum, Leptospira sp., Toxoplasma gondii, Mycoplasma sp., Campylobacter sp., Salmonella sp. and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in 164 bullfrogs from three populations in Belgium and The Netherlands. Although B. dendrobatidis was present at a high prevalence of 63%, mean infection loads were low with an average of 10.9 genomic equivalents (SD 35.5), confirming the role of bullfrogs as B. dendrobatidis carriers, but questioning their role as primary reservoirs for B. dendrobatidis transmission to native amphibian communities. All tested samples were negative for the other infectious agents examined. These results suggest a limited role of bullfrogs as carrier of these pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid24160427, year = {2014}, author = {Denlinger, DL and Armbruster, PA}, title = {Mosquito diapause.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {59}, number = {}, pages = {73-93}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162023}, pmid = {24160427}, issn = {1545-4487}, support = {R21 AI081041/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; 5R21AI081041-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI1058279/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Culicidae/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Diapause, Insect ; Insect Hormones/physiology ; Larva/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Ovum/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Pupa/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {Diapause, a dominant feature in the life history of many mosquito species, offers a mechanism for bridging unfavorable seasons in both temperate and tropical environments and serves to synchronize development within populations, thus directly affecting disease transmission cycles. The trait appears to have evolved independently numerous times within the Culicidae, as exemplified by the diverse developmental stages of diapause in closely related species. Its impact is pervasive, not only influencing the arrested stage, but also frequently altering physiological processes both before and after diapause. How the diapause response can be molded evolutionarily is critical for understanding potential range expansions of native and newly introduced species. The study of hormonal regulation of mosquito diapause has focused primarily on adult diapause, with little current information available on larval diapause or the intriguing maternal effects that regulate egg diapause. Recent quantitative trait locus, transcriptome, and RNA interference studies hold promise for interpreting the complex suite of genes that subserve the diapause phenotype.}, }
@article {pmid24160425, year = {2014}, author = {Bezemer, TM and Harvey, JA and Cronin, JT}, title = {Response of native insect communities to invasive plants.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {59}, number = {}, pages = {119-141}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162104}, pmid = {24160425}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; Biota ; *Food Chain ; Herbivory ; Insecta/parasitology/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Pollination ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants can disrupt a range of trophic interactions in native communities. As a novel resource they can affect the performance of native insect herbivores and their natural enemies such as parasitoids and predators, and this can lead to host shifts of these herbivores and natural enemies. Through the release of volatile compounds, and by changing the chemical complexity of the habitat, invasive plants can also affect the behavior of native insects such as herbivores, parasitoids, and pollinators. Studies that compare insects on related native and invasive plants in invaded habitats show that the abundance of insect herbivores is often lower on invasive plants, but that damage levels are similar. The impact of invasive plants on the population dynamics of resident insect species has been rarely examined, but invasive plants can influence the spatial and temporal dynamics of native insect (meta)populations and communities, ultimately leading to changes at the landscape level.}, }
@article {pmid24155981, year = {2013}, author = {Qiu, X and Wu, X and Huang, L and Tian, M and Ye, J}, title = {Specifically expressed genes of the nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus involved with early interactions with pine trees.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {e78063}, pmid = {24155981}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Botrytis ; Cell Wall/parasitology ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Pinus/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Tylenchida/*genetics ; }, abstract = {As the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD), the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causes huge economic losses by devastating pine forests worldwide. However, the pathogenesis-related genes of B. xylophilus are not well characterized. Thus, DNA microarrays were used to investigate differential gene expression in PWN where Pinus thunbergii was inoculated with nematodes, compared with those cultured on Botrytis cinerea. The microarrays comprised 31121 probes, 1310 (4.2%) of which were differentially regulated (changes of >2-fold, P < 0.01) in the two growth conditions. Of these 1310 genes, 633 genes were upregulated, whereas 677 genes were downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) categories were assigned to the classes Cellular Component, Molecular Function, and Biological Process. The comparative gene expression analysis showed that a large number of the pathogenesis-related genes of B. xylophilus, such as pectate lyase genes, cytochrome P450s, UGTs, and ABC transporter genes, were highly expressed when B. xylophilus infected P. thunbergii. Annotation analysis indicated that these genes contributed to cell wall degradation, detoxification, and the reproduction process. The microarray results were validated using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The microarray data confirmed the specific expression of B. xylophilus genes during infection of P. thunbergii, which provides basic information that facilitates a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of PWD.}, }
@article {pmid24155940, year = {2013}, author = {Llusia, D and Gómez, M and Penna, M and Márquez, R}, title = {Call transmission efficiency in native and invasive anurans: competing hypotheses of divergence in acoustic signals.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {e77312}, pmid = {24155940}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Acoustics ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Anura/*physiology ; Audiometry, Pure-Tone ; Europe ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Soil ; Sound Spectrography ; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology ; Water ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a leading cause of the current biodiversity decline, and hence examining the major traits favouring invasion is a key and long-standing goal of invasion biology. Despite the prominent role of the advertisement calls in sexual selection and reproduction, very little attention has been paid to the features of acoustic communication of invasive species in nonindigenous habitats and their potential impacts on native species. Here we compare for the first time the transmission efficiency of the advertisement calls of native and invasive species, searching for competitive advantages for acoustic communication and reproduction of introduced taxa, and providing insights into competing hypotheses in evolutionary divergence of acoustic signals: acoustic adaptation vs. morphological constraints. Using sound propagation experiments, we measured the attenuation rates of pure tones (0.2-5 kHz) and playback calls (Lithobates catesbeianus and Pelophylax perezi) across four distances (1, 2, 4, and 8 m) and over two substrates (water and soil) in seven Iberian localities. All factors considered (signal type, distance, substrate, and locality) affected transmission efficiency of acoustic signals, which was maximized with lower frequency sounds, shorter distances, and over water surface. Despite being broadcast in nonindigenous habitats, the advertisement calls of invasive L. catesbeianus were propagated more efficiently than those of the native species, in both aquatic and terrestrial substrates, and in most of the study sites. This implies absence of optimal relationship between native environments and propagation of acoustic signals in anurans, in contrast to what predicted by the acoustic adaptation hypothesis, and it might render these vertebrates particularly vulnerable to intrusion of invasive species producing low frequency signals, such as L. catesbeianus. Our findings suggest that mechanisms optimizing sound transmission in native habitat can play a less significant role than other selective forces or biological constraints in evolutionary design of anuran acoustic signals.}, }
@article {pmid24147409, year = {2013}, author = {Holitzki, TM and MacKenzie, RA and Wiegner, TN and McDermid, KJ}, title = {Differences in ecological structure, function, and native species abundance between native and invaded Hawaiian streams.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {6}, pages = {1367-1383}, doi = {10.1890/12-0529.1}, pmid = {24147409}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Nitrogen ; Poecilia/*physiology ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Poeciliids, one of the most invasive species worldwide, are found on almost every continent and have been identified as an "invasive species of concern" in the United States, New Zealand, and Australia. Despite their global prevalence, few studies have quantified their impacts on tropical stream ecosystem structure, function, and biodiversity. Utilizing Hawaiian streams as model ecosystems, we documented how ecological structure, function, and native species abundance differed between poeciliid-free and poeciliid-invaded tropical streams. Stream nutrient yields, benthic biofilm biomass, densities of macroinvertebrates and fish, and community structures of benthic algae, macroinvertebrates, and fish were compared between streams with and without established poeciliid populations on the island of Hawai'i, Hawaii, USA. Sum nitrate (sigmaNO3(-) = NO3(-) + NO2(-)), total nitrogen, and total organic carbon yields were eight times, six times, and five times higher, respectively, in poeciliid streams than in poeciliid-free streams. Benthic biofilm ash-free dry mass was 1.5x higher in poeciliid streams than in poeciliid-free streams. Percentage contributions of chironomids and hydroptilid caddisflies to macroinvertebrate densities were lower in poeciliid streams compared to poeciliid-free streams, while percentage contributions of Cheumatopsyche analis caddisflies, Dugesia sp. flatworms, and oligochaetes were higher. Additionally, mean densities of native gobies were two times lower in poeciliid streams than in poeciliid-free ones, with poeciliid densities being approximately eight times higher than native fish densities. Our results, coupled with the wide distribution of invasive poeciliids across Hawaii and elsewhere in the tropics, suggest that poeciliids may negatively impact the ecosystem structure, function, and native species abundance of tropical streams they invade. This underscores the need for increased public awareness to prevent future introductions and for developing and implementing effective eradication and restoration strategies.}, }
@article {pmid24147407, year = {2013}, author = {Silva, LC and Corrêa, RS and Doane, TA and Pereira, EI and Horwath, WR}, title = {Unprecedented carbon accumulation in mined soils: the synergistic effect of resource input and plant species invasion.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {6}, pages = {1345-1356}, doi = {10.1890/12-1957.1}, pmid = {24147407}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Brazil ; Carbon/*chemistry/metabolism ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; Mining ; Plants/*classification ; Soil/*chemistry ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Opencast mining causes severe impacts on natural environments, often resulting in permanent damage to soils and vegetation. In the present study we use a 14-year restoration chronosequence to investigate how resource input and spontaneous plant colonization promote the revegetation and reconstruction of mined soils in central Brazil. Using a multi-proxy approach, combining vegetation surveys with the analysis of plant and soil isotopic abundances (delta13C and delta15N) and chemical and physical fractionation of organic matter in soil profiles, we show that: (1) after several decades without vegetation cover, the input of nutrient-rich biosolids into exposed regoliths prompted the establishment of a diverse plant community (> 30 species); (2) the synergistic effect of resource input and plant colonization yielded unprecedented increases in soil carbon, accumulating as chemically stable compounds in occluded physical fractions and reaching much higher levels than observed in undisturbed ecosystems; and (3) invasive grasses progressively excluded native species, limiting nutrient availability, but contributing more than 65% of the total accumulated soil organic carbon. These results show that soil-plant feedbacks regulate the amount of available resources, determining successional trajectories and alternative stable equilibria in degraded areas undergoing restoration. External inputs promote plant colonization, soil formation, and carbon sequestration, at the cost of excluding native species. The introduction of native woody species would suppress invasive grasses and increase nutrient availability, bringing the system closer to its original state. However, it is difficult to predict whether soil carbon levels could be maintained without the exotic grass cover. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of these findings, describing how the combination of resource manipulation and management of invasive species could be used to optimize restoration strategies, counteracting soil degradation while maintaining species diversity.}, }
@article {pmid24147406, year = {2013}, author = {Shackelford, N and Renton, M and Perring, MP and Hobbs, RJ}, title = {Modeling disturbance-based native invasive species control and its implications for management.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {6}, pages = {1331-1344}, doi = {10.1890/12-1881.1}, pmid = {24147406}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Fires ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Trees/classification/physiology ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {Shifts in disturbance regime have often been linked to invasion in systems by native and nonnative species. This process can have negative effects on biodiversity and ecosystem function. Degradation may be ameliorated by the reinstatement of the disturbance regimes, such as the reintroduction of fire in pyrogenic systems. Modeling is one method through which potential outcomes of different regimes can be investigated. We created a population model to examine the control of a native invasive that is expanding and increasing in abundance due to suppressed fire. Our model, parameterized with field data from a case study of the tree Allocasuarina huegeliana in Australian sandplain heath, simulated different fire return intervals with and without the additional management effort of mechanical removal of the native invader. Population behavior under the different management options was assessed, and general estimates of potential biodiversity impacts were compared. We found that changes in fire return intervals made no significant difference in the increase and spread of the population. However, decreased fire return intervals did lower densities reached in the simulated heath patch as well as the estimated maximum biodiversity impacts. When simulating both mechanical removal and fire, we found that the effects of removal depended on the return intervals and the strategy used. Increase rates were not significantly affected by any removal strategy. However, we found that removal, particularly over the whole patch rather than focusing on satellite populations, could decrease average and maximum densities reached and thus decrease the predicted biodiversity impacts. Our simulation model shows that disturbance-based management has the potential to control native invasion in cases where shifted disturbance is the likely driver of the invasion. The increased knowledge gained through the modeling methods outlined can inform management decisions in fire regime planning that takes into consideration control of an invasive species. Although particularly applicable to native invasives, when properly informed by empirical knowledge these techniques can be expanded to management of invasion by nonnative species, either by restoring historic disturbance regimes or by instating novel regimes in innovative ways.}, }
@article {pmid24147069, year = {2013}, author = {Kyle, CH and Plantz, AL and Shelton, T and Burks, RL}, title = {Count your eggs before they invade: identifying and quantifying egg clutches of two invasive apple snail species (Pomacea).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {e77736}, pmid = {24147069}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Malus/parasitology ; Oviposition/physiology ; Snails/pathogenicity/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Winning the war against invasive species requires early detection of invasions. Compared to terrestrial invaders, aquatic species often thrive undetected under water and do not garner notice until too late for early action. However, fortunately for managers, apple snails (Family Ampullariidae, Genus Pomacea) provide their own conspicuous sign of invasion in the form of vibrantly colored egg clutches. Managers can potentially use egg clutches laid in the riparian zone as a means of early detection and species identification. To facilitate such efforts, we quantified differences in characteristics (length, width, depth, mass, egg number) of field-laid clutches for the two most common invasive species of apple snail, P. canaliculata and P. maculata, in native and non-native populations. Pomacea canaliculata native and non-native populations differed noticeably only in width. Native P. maculata clutches possessed significantly greater width, mass and eggs numbers compared with native P. canaliculata. Non-native P. maculata clutches significantly exceeded all other populations in all measured characteristics. Consequently, these traits may successfully distinguish between species. Fecundity data also allowed us to develop models that accurately estimated the number of eggs per clutch for each species based on clutch dimensions. We tested one, two and three dimensional models of clutches, including rendering a clutch as either a complete ellipsoid or an ellipsoid intersected by a cylinder to represent the oviposition site. Model comparisons found the product of length and depth, with a different function for each population, best predicted egg number for both species. Comparisons of egg number to clutch volume and mass implied non-native P. canaliculata may be food limited, while non-native P. maculata appeared to produce such enormous clutches by having access to greater nutrients than the native population. With these new tools, researchers and managers can quickly identify, quantify and begin eradication of new non-native apple snail populations.}, }
@article {pmid24146775, year = {2013}, author = {Lönnstedt, OM and McCormick, MI}, title = {Ultimate predators: lionfish have evolved to circumvent prey risk assessment abilities.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {e75781}, pmid = {24146775}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Caribbean Region ; Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; Escape Reaction/*physiology ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Population Dynamics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Invasive species cause catastrophic alterations to communities worldwide by changing the trophic balance within ecosystems. Ever since their introduction in the mid 1980's common red lionfish, Pterois volitans, are having dramatic impacts on the Caribbean ecosystem by displacing native species and disrupting food webs. Introduced lionfish capture prey at extraordinary rates, altering the composition of benthic communities. Here we demonstrate that the extraordinary success of the introduced lionfish lies in its capacity to circumvent prey risk assessment abilities as it is virtually undetectable by prey species in its native range. While experienced prey damselfish, Chromis viridis, respond with typical antipredator behaviours when exposed to a common predatory rock cod (Cephalopholis microprion) they fail to visibly react to either the scent or visual presentation of the red lionfish, and responded only to the scent (not the visual cue) of a lionfish of a different genus, Dendrochirus zebra. Experienced prey also had much higher survival when exposed to the two non-invasive predators compared to P. volitans. The cryptic nature of the red lionfish has enabled it to be destructive as a predator and a highly successful invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid24146323, year = {2014}, author = {Yang, X and Chen, S and Zhang, R}, title = {Utilization of two invasive free-floating aquatic plants (Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes) as sorbents for oil removal.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {781-786}, pmid = {24146323}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Adsorption ; Araceae/*physiology ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Eichhornia/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Petroleum/*analysis ; *Petroleum Pollution ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Free-floating aquatic plants Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes are well-known invasive species in the tropics and subtropics. The aim of this study was to utilize the plants as cost-effective and environmentally friendly oil sorbents. Multilevel wrinkle structure of P. stratiotes leaf (PL), rough surface of E. crassipes leaf (EL), and box structure of E. crassipes stalk (ES) were observed using the scanning electron microscope. The natural hydrophobic structures and capillary rise tests supported the idea to use P. stratiotes and E. crassipes as oil sorbents. Experiments indicated that the oil sorption by the plants was a fast process. The maximum sorption capacities for different oils reached 5.1-7.6, 3.1-4.8, and 10.6-11.7 g of oil per gram of sorbent for PL, EL, and ES, respectively. In the range of 5-35 °C, the sorption capacities of the plants were not significantly different. These results suggest that the plants can be used as efficient oil sorbents.}, }
@article {pmid24146289, year = {2014}, author = {Korobenko, L and Braverman, E}, title = {On evolutionary stability of carrying capacity driven dispersal in competition with regularly diffusing populations.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, pages = {1181-1206}, pmid = {24146289}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Two competing populations in spatially heterogeneous but temporarily constant environment are investigated: one is subject to regular movements to lower density areas (random diffusion) while the dispersal of the other is in the direction of the highest per capita available resources (carrying capacity driven diffusion). The growth of both species is subject to the same general growth law which involves Gilpin-Ayala, Gompertz and some other equations as particular cases. The growth rate, carrying capacity and dispersal rate are the same for both population types, the only difference is the dispersal strategy. The main result of the paper is that the two species cannot coexist (unless the environment is spatially homogeneous), and the carrying capacity driven diffusion strategy is evolutionarily stable in the sense that the species adopting this strategy cannot be invaded by randomly diffusing population. Moreover, once the invasive species inhabits some open nonempty domain, it would spread over any available area bringing the native species diffusing randomly to extinction. One of the important technical results used in the proofs can be interpreted in the form that the limit solution of the equation with a regular diffusion leads to lower total population fitness than the ideal free distribution.}, }
@article {pmid24143263, year = {2013}, author = {Rugman-Jones, PF and Hoddle, CD and Hoddle, MS and Stouthamer, R}, title = {The lesser of two weevils: molecular-genetics of pest palm weevil populations confirm Rhynchophorus vulneratus (Panzer 1798) as a valid species distinct from R. ferrugineus (Olivier 1790), and reveal the global extent of both.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {e78379}, pmid = {24143263}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; *Molecular Biology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Weevils/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The red palm weevil (RPW) is a major pest of palms. It is native to southeast Asia and Melanesia, but in recent decades has vastly expanded its range as the result of multiple accidental anthropogenic introductions into the Middle East, Mediterranean Basin, Caribbean, and U.S.A. Currently regarded as a single species, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), RPW displays remarkable color variation across its range, and consequently has a taxonomic history littered with new species descriptions and synonymization. We compared DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene from RPW populations throughout the native and invaded ranges, to investigate the specific status and invasion history of this serious economic pest, and to identify possible common routes of entry. Analyses of COI haplotype data provide conclusive support, corroborated by sequences of additional nuclear gene regions, for the existence of at least two predominantly allopatric species. The true R. ferrugineus is native only to the northern and western parts of continental southeast Asia, Sri Lanka and the Philippines, and is responsible for almost all invasive populations worldwide. In contrast, the second species, which is currently synonymized under R. ferrugineus and should be resurrected under the name R. vulneratus (Panzer), has a more southern distribution across Indonesia, and is responsible for only one invasive population; that in California, U.S.A. The distribution of COI haplotypes is used to discuss the possible existence of further cryptic species, sources and routes of entry of different invasive populations, and the implications of our findings for current control methods.}, }
@article {pmid24143222, year = {2013}, author = {Kolanowska, M}, title = {Niche conservatism and the future potential range of Epipactis helleborine (Orchidaceae).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {e77352}, pmid = {24143222}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Orchidaceae/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {The aim of the present study was to evaluate the current distribution of suitable niches for the invasive orchid species, Epipactis helleborine, and to estimate the possibility of its further expansion. Moreover, niche modeling tools were used to explain its rapid expansion in North America and to test the niche conservatism of the species. The maximum entropy method was used to create models of the suitable niche distribution. A database of E. helleborine localities was prepared based on the examination of herbarium specimens, information from electronic databases as well as data gathered during field works. The differences between the niches occupied by native and invasive populations were evaluated using the niche overlap and niche identity test indexes. Moreover, the coverage of the most suitable habitats for the species was measured for three future scenarios as well as for the present time model. Populations of E. helleborine occupy North American west coast habitats very similar to those preferred by native, Eurasian populations, while the expansion in the east coast is related to the niche shift. The created models of suitable niche distribution indicate that the species does not realize its potential niche in the native range. The total surface of the habitats potentially available for E. helleborine will decrease in all climate change scenarios created for 2080.}, }
@article {pmid24142264, year = {2013}, author = {Knerl, A and Bowers, MD}, title = {Incorporation of an introduced weed into the diet of a native butterfly: consequences for preference, performance and chemical defense.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {39}, number = {10}, pages = {1313-1321}, pmid = {24142264}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Butterflies/growth &amp; development/metabolism/*physiology ; Diet/*veterinary ; Female ; *Food Preferences ; *Introduced Species ; Iridoid Glucosides/metabolism ; Larva/growth &amp; development/metabolism/physiology ; *Plant Weeds ; *Plantago ; }, abstract = {The introduction of exotic plants, animals, and pathogens into non-native ecosystems can have profound effects on native organisms. Plantago lanceolata, narrow-leaf or ribwort plantain (Plantaginaceae), is a weed that was introduced to North America from Eurasia approximately 200 years ago and that has been incorporated into the diet of a variety of native North American herbivores. Plantain contains two iridoid glycosides, aucubin and catalpol, that can be toxic or deterrent to non-specialized herbivores or herbivores that have recently incorporated this species into their diet. Anartia jatrophae (Nymphalidae), the white peacock, feeds on plants in five families including the Plantaginaceae, and was recently observed feeding on plantain; however, the effects of feeding on this novel host plant are unknown. In this study, we performed a series of experiments to assess larval preference and performance on the introduced P. lanceolata and on a native host plant that does not contain iridoid glycosides, water hyssop, Bacopa monnieri (Plantaginaceae). We also tested whether or not white peacocks were able to sequester iridoid glycosides and compared this ability with an iridoid specialist, the buckeye, Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae). White peacocks successfully developed to the adult stage on plantain; larvae grew more slowly but pupae were heavier when compared with larvae and pupae reared on the native host plant. Larvae showed induced feeding preferences for the host plant on which they were reared. Furthermore, larvae sequestered small amounts of iridoids that were also retained in pupae and adults. These results suggest that incorporation of the introduced weed, plantain, into the diet of the white peacock may have important consequences for larval performance and preference, as well as for interactions with natural enemies.}, }
@article {pmid24141380, year = {2014}, author = {Bohl Stricker, K and Stiling, P}, title = {Release from herbivory does not confer invasion success for Eugenia uniflora in Florida.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {174}, number = {3}, pages = {817-826}, pmid = {24141380}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Florida ; *Herbivory ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Seedlings/*growth &amp; development ; Syzygium/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {One of the most commonly cited hypotheses explaining invasion success is the enemy release hypothesis (ERH), which maintains that populations are regulated by coevolved natural enemies where they are native but are relieved of this pressure in the new range. However, the role of resident enemies in plant invasion remains unresolved. We conducted a field experiment to test predictions of the ERH empirically using a system of native, introduced invasive, and introduced non-invasive Eugenia congeners in south Florida. Such experiments are rarely undertaken but are particularly informative in tests of the ERH, as they simultaneously identify factors allowing invasive species to replace natives and traits determining why most introduced species are unsuccessful invaders. We excluded insect herbivores from seedlings of Eugenia congeners where the native and invasive Eugenia co-occur, and compared how herbivore exclusion affected foliar damage, growth, and survival. We found no evidence to support the ERH in this system, instead finding that the invasive E. uniflora sustained significantly more damage than the native and introduced species. Interestingly, E. uniflora performed better than, or as well as, its congeners in terms of growth and survival, in spite of higher damage incidence. Further, although herbivore exclusion positively influenced Eugenia seedling survival, there were few differences among species and no patterns in regard to invasion status or origin. We conclude that the ability of E. uniflora to outperform its native and introduced non-invasive congeners, and not release from insect herbivores, contributes to its success as an invader in Florida.}, }
@article {pmid24140540, year = {2013}, author = {Smith, M and Cecchi, L and Skjøth, CA and Karrer, G and Šikoparija, B}, title = {Common ragweed: a threat to environmental health in Europe.}, journal = {Environment international}, volume = {61}, number = {}, pages = {115-126}, doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2013.08.005}, pmid = {24140540}, issn = {1873-6750}, mesh = {Ambrosia/chemistry/immunology/*physiology/toxicity ; Environmental Health/*trends ; Europe ; Global Warming ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; *Introduced Species/history ; Pollen/cytology/immunology ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Common or short ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is an annual herb belonging to the Asteraceae family that was described by Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century. It is a noxious invasive species that is an important weed in agriculture and a source of highly allergenic pollen. The importance placed on A. artemisiifolia is reflected by the number of international projects that have now been launched by the European Commission and the increasing number of publications being produced on this topic. This review paper examines existing knowledge about ragweed ecology, distribution and flowering phenology and the environmental health risk that this noxious plant poses in Europe. The paper also examines control measures used in the fight against it and state of the art methods for modelling atmospheric concentrations of this important aeroallergen. Common ragweed is an environmental health threat, not only in its native North America but also in many parts of the world where it has been introduced. In Europe, where the plant has now become naturalised and frequently forms part of the flora, the threat posed by ragweed has been identified and steps are being taken to reduce further geographical expansion and limit increases in population densities of the plant in order to protect the allergic population. This is particularly important when one considers possible range shifts, changes in flowering phenology and increases in the amount of pollen and allergenic potency that could be brought about by changes in climate.}, }
@article {pmid24138467, year = {2014}, author = {Santín-Montanyá, MI and Jimenéz, J and Vilán, XM and Ocaña, L}, title = {Effects of size and moisture of rhizome on initial invasiveness ability of giant reed.}, journal = {Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B, Pesticides, food contaminants, and agricultural wastes}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, pages = {41-44}, doi = {10.1080/03601234.2013.836881}, pmid = {24138467}, issn = {1532-4109}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Rhizome/growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {Studies were conducted under controlled conditions to determine growth and reproductive capabilities of Arundo donax L. (giant reed), a riparian invasive perennial plant that has spread widely. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the influence of rhizome size and moisture content in the early invasiveness ability of giant reed. We tested different sizes of rhizomes: rhizome size of 1 cm, 3 cm, 5 cm and shredded rhizome. (fragments < 1 cm). These rhizomes were observed at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after planting (DAP). To test the effect of moisture content we used fresh rhizome fragments; rhizomes with moderate dehydration (50%); rhizomes with high dehydration (over 70%) with 48 hours of rehydration and rhizomes with high dehydration (70-90%). The rhizomes monitored for moisture content and biomass increase were between 3 and 5 cm, and were observed 60 DAP. The initial size of rhizomes affected the level of sprouting. Rhizomes with low moisture content (due to dehydration) showed high increase in biomass compared with the rhizomes that had not been treated or had been dehydrated and then rehydrated. Our results indicated that size of rhizomes is related to regrowth and low moisture (dehydration) content can be overcome by this species. This could be linked to high rates of colonization and early establishment ability of this species even after mechanical treatment of rhizomes, in riparian environments.}, }
@article {pmid24138220, year = {2013}, author = {Boykin, LM and Bell, CD and Evans, G and Small, I and De Barro, PJ}, title = {Is agriculture driving the diversification of the Bemisia tabaci species complex (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae)?: Dating, diversification and biogeographic evidence revealed.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {228}, pmid = {24138220}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Genetic Variation ; Hemiptera/*classification/*genetics ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Humans and insect herbivores are competing for the same food crops and have been for thousands of years. Despite considerable advances in crop pest management, losses due to insects remain considerable. The global homogenisation of agriculture has supported the range expansion of numerous insect pests and has been driven in part by human-assisted dispersal supported through rapid global trade and low-cost air passenger transport. One of these pests, is the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, a cryptic species complex that contains some of the world's most damaging pests of agriculture. The complex shows considerable genetic diversity and strong phylogeographic relationships. One consequence of the considerable impact that members of the B. tabaci complex have on agriculture, is the view that human activity, particularly in relation to agricultural practices, such as use of insecticides, has driven the diversification found within the species complex. This has been particularly so in the case of two members of the complex, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED), which have become globally distributed invasive species. An alternative hypothesis is that diversification is due to paleogeographic and paleoclimatological changes.<br><br>RESULTS: The idea that human activity is driving speciation within the B. tabaci complex has never been tested, but the increased interest in fossil whiteflies and the growth in molecular data have enabled us to apply a relaxed molecular clock and so estimate divergence dates for the major lineages within the B. tabaci species complex. The divergence estimates do not support the view that human activity has been a major driver of diversification.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis suggests that the major lineages within the complex arose approximately 60-30 mya and the highly invasive MED and MEAM1 split from the rest of the species complex around 12 mya well before the evolution of Homo sapiens and agriculture. Furthermore, the divergence dates coincide with a period of global diversification that occurred broadly across the plant and animal kingdoms and was most likely associated with major climatic and tectonic events.}, }
@article {pmid24138027, year = {2013}, author = {Raymond, L and Plantegenest, M and Vialatte, A}, title = {Migration and dispersal may drive to high genetic variation and significant genetic mixing: the case of two agriculturally important, continental hoverflies (Episyrphus balteatus and Sphaerophoria scripta).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {22}, number = {21}, pages = {5329-5339}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12483}, pmid = {24138027}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Animal Distribution ; *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Cluster Analysis ; Diptera/*genetics/physiology ; Europe ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Population structure of pests and beneficial species is an important issue when designing management strategies to optimize ecosystem services. In this study, we investigated for the first time the population structure at a continental scale of two migratory species of hoverflies providing both pest regulation and pollination services [Episyrphus balteatus and Sphaerophoria scripta (Diptera: Syrphidae)]. To achieve this objective, we used two sets of 12 species-specific microsatellite markers on a large-scale sampling from all over Europe. Our findings showed a high level of genetic mixing resulting in a lack of genetic differentiation at a continental scale and a great genetic diversity in the two species. All the pairwise FST values between European localities were less 0.05 in the two species. These low values reflect a large-scale genetic mixing probably caused by the existence of frequent migratory movements in the two species. Mantel tests revealed isolation-by-distance pattern on the East-West axis, but not on the North-South axis. This isolation-by-distance pattern confirms the existence of North-South migratory movements in both directions and suggests an important step by step dispersal. Population features shown by this study are common in invasive species and pests, but are not often observed in beneficial species. They reflect great colonization abilities and a high adaptive potential when dealing with a changing environment. Our results highlight the two studied species as particularly interesting beneficial insects for pollination and pest predation in the current context of global change.}, }
@article {pmid24135318, year = {2014}, author = {Bacela-Spychalska, K and Rigaud, T and Wattier, RA}, title = {A co-invasive microsporidian parasite that reduces the predatory behaviour of its host Dikerogammarus villosus (Crustacea, Amphipoda).}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {141}, number = {2}, pages = {254-258}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182013001510}, pmid = {24135318}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*parasitology/physiology ; Animals ; Female ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Microsporidia/*physiology ; Poland ; Predatory Behavior ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Parasites are known to affect the predatory behaviour or diet of their hosts. In relation to biological invasions, parasites may significantly influence the invasiveness of the host population and/or mediate the relationships between the invader and the invaded community. Dikerogammarus villosus, a recently introduced species, has had a major impact in European rivers. Notably, its high position in trophic web and high predatory behaviour, have both facilitated its invasive success, and affected other macroinvertebrate taxa in colonized habitats. The intracellular parasite Cucumispora dikerogammari, specific to D. villosus, has successfully dispersed together with this amphipod. Data presented here have shown that D. villosus infected by this parasite have a reduced predatory behaviour compared with healthy individuals, and are much more active suggesting that the co-invasive parasite may diminish the predatory pressure of D. villosus on newly colonized communities.}, }
@article {pmid24134719, year = {2014}, author = {Kasson, MT and Short, DP and O'Neal, ES and Subbarao, KV and Davis, DD}, title = {Comparative pathogenicity, biocontrol efficacy, and multilocus sequence typing of Verticillium nonalfalfae from the invasive Ailanthus altissima and other hosts.}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {104}, number = {3}, pages = {282-292}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-06-13-0148-R}, pmid = {24134719}, issn = {0031-949X}, mesh = {Ailanthus/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; Base Sequence ; Biological Control Agents ; *Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Mycological Typing Techniques ; Pennsylvania ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Plant Stems/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Trees ; Verticillium/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*pathogenicity/physiology ; }, abstract = {Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium nonalfalfae, is currently killing tens of thousands of highly invasive Ailanthus altissima trees within the forests in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Virginia and is being considered as a biological control agent of Ailanthus. However, little is known about the pathogenicity and virulence of V. nonalfalfae isolates from other hosts on Ailanthus, or the genetic diversity among V. nonalfalfae from confirmed Ailanthus wilt epicenters and from locations and hosts not associated with Ailanthus wilt. Here, we compared the pathogenicity and virulence of several V. nonalfalfae and V. alfalfae isolates, evaluated the efficacy of the virulent V. nonalfalfae isolate VnAa140 as a biocontrol agent of Ailanthus in Pennsylvania, and performed multilocus sequence typing of V. nonalfalfae and V. alfalfae. Inoculations of seven V. nonalfalfae and V. alfalfae isolates from six plant hosts on healthy Ailanthus seedlings revealed that V. nonalfalfae isolates from hosts other than Ailanthus were not pathogenic on Ailanthus. In the field, 100 canopy Ailanthus trees were inoculated across 12 stands with VnAa140 from 2006 to 2009. By 2011, natural spread of the fungus had resulted in the mortality of >14,000 additional canopy Ailanthus trees, 10,000 to 15,000 Ailanthus sprouts, and nearly complete eradication of Ailanthus from several smaller inoculated stands, with the exception of a few scattered vegetative sprouts that persisted in the understory for several years before succumbing. All V. nonalfalfae isolates associated with the lethal wilt of Ailanthus, along with 18 additional isolates from 10 hosts, shared the same multilocus sequence type (MLST), MLST 1, whereas three V. nonalfalfae isolates from kiwifruit shared a second sequence type, MLST 2. All V. alfalfae isolates included in the study shared the same MLST and included the first example of V. alfalfae infecting a non-lucerne host. Our results indicate that V. nonalfalfae is host adapted and highly efficacious against Ailanthus and, thus, is a strong candidate for use as a biocontrol agent.}, }
@article {pmid24134461, year = {2014}, author = {Castro-Díez, P and Godoy, O and Alonso, A and Gallardo, A and Saldaña, A}, title = {What explains variation in the impacts of exotic plant invasions on the nitrogen cycle? A meta-analysis.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {1-12}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12197}, pmid = {24134461}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Climate ; *Introduced Species ; *Nitrogen Cycle ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Phylogeny ; Plants/genetics/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Exotic plant invasions can notably alter the nitrogen (N) cycle of ecosystems. However, there is large variation in the magnitude and direction of their impact that remains unexplained. We present a structured meta-analysis of 100 papers, covering 113 invasive plant species with 345 cases of invasion across the globe and reporting impacts on N cycle-related metrics. We aim to explain heterogeneity of impacts by considering methodological aspects, properties of the invaded site and phylogenetic and functional characteristics of the invaders and the natives. Overall, plant invasions increased N pools and accelerated fluxes, even when excluding N-fixing invaders. The impact on N pools depended mainly on functional differences and was greater when the invasive plants and the natives differed in N-fixation ability, plant height and plant/leaf habit. Furthermore, the impact on N fluxes was related mainly to climate, being greater under warm and moist conditions. Our findings show that more functionally distant invaders occurring in mild climates are causing the strongest alterations to the N cycle.}, }
@article {pmid24132079, year = {2014}, author = {Ye, L and Amberg, J and Chapman, D and Gaikowski, M and Liu, WT}, title = {Fish gut microbiota analysis differentiates physiology and behavior of invasive Asian carp and indigenous American fish.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {541-551}, pmid = {24132079}, issn = {1751-7370}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteroidetes/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Carps/*classification/*microbiology/physiology ; Cyanobacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology ; Genes, rRNA ; Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; Phylogeny ; Proteobacteria/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rivers ; United States ; }, abstract = {Gut microbiota of invasive Asian silver carp (SVCP) and indigenous planktivorous gizzard shad (GZSD) in Mississippi river basin were compared using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Analysis of more than 440 000 quality-filtered sequences obtained from the foregut and hindgut of GZSD and SVCP revealed high microbial diversity in these samples. GZSD hindgut (GZSD_H) samples (n=23) with >7000 operational taxonomy units (OTUs) exhibited the highest alpha-diversity indices followed by SVCP foregut (n=15), GZSD foregut (n=9) and SVCP hindgut (SVCP_H) (n=24). UniFrac distance-based non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis showed that the microbiota of GZSD_H and SVCP_H were clearly separated into two clusters: samples in the GZSD cluster were observed to vary by sampling location and samples in the SVCP cluster by sampling date. NMDS further revealed distinct microbial community between foregut to hindgut for individual GZSD and SVCP. Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were detected as the predominant phyla regardless of fish or gut type. The high abundance of Cyanobacteria observed was possibly supported by their role as the fish's major food source. Furthermore, unique and shared OTUs and OTUs in each gut type were identified, three OTUs from the order Bacteroidales, the genus Bacillariophyta and the genus Clostridium were found significantly more abundant in GZSD_H (14.9-22.8%) than in SVCP_H (0.13-4.1%) samples. These differences were presumably caused by the differences in the type of food sources including bacteria ingested, the gut morphology and digestion, and the physiological behavior between GZSD and SVCP.}, }
@article {pmid24131520, year = {2014}, author = {Melkonian, R and Moulin, L and Béna, G and Tisseyre, P and Chaintreuil, C and Heulin, K and Rezkallah, N and Klonowska, A and Gonzalez, S and Simon, M and Chen, WM and James, EK and Laguerre, G}, title = {The geographical patterns of symbiont diversity in the invasive legume Mimosa pudica can be explained by the competitiveness of its symbionts and by the host genotype.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {2099-2111}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12286}, pmid = {24131520}, issn = {1462-2920}, mesh = {Burkholderia/*classification/genetics ; Cupriavidus/*classification/genetics ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Mimosa/*microbiology/physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Plant Root Nodulation/physiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*genetics ; Reproducibility of Results ; Rhizobium/*classification/genetics ; *Symbiosis ; Taiwan ; }, abstract = {Variations in the patterns of diversity of symbionts have been described worldwide on Mimosa pudica, a pan-tropical invasive species that interacts with both α and β-rhizobia. In this study, we investigated if symbiont competitiveness can explain these variations and the apparent prevalence of β- over α-rhizobia. We developed an indirect method to measure the proportion of nodulation against a GFP reference strain and tested its reproducibility and efficiency. We estimated the competitiveness of 54 strains belonging to four species of β-rhizobia and four of α-rhizobia, and the influence of the host genotype on their competitiveness. Our results were compared with biogeographical patterns of symbionts and host varieties. We found: (i) a strong strain effect on competitiveness largely explained by the rhizobial species, with Burkholderia phymatum being the most competitive species, followed by B. tuberum, whereas all other species shared similar and reduced levels of competitiveness; (ii) plant genotype can increase the competitiveness of Cupriavidus taiwanensis. The latter data support the likelihood of the strong adaptation of C. taiwanensis with the M. pudica var. unijuga and help explain its prevalence as a symbiont of this variety over Burkholderia species in some environments, most notably in Taiwan.}, }
@article {pmid24128047, year = {2013}, author = {Madenjian, CP and Rutherford, ES and Stow, CA and Roseman, EF and He, JX}, title = {Trophic shift, not collapse.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {47}, number = {21}, pages = {11915-11916}, doi = {10.1021/es404089y}, pmid = {24128047}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; }, }
@article {pmid24127587, year = {2013}, author = {Park, DS and Potter, D}, title = {A test of Darwin's naturalization hypothesis in the thistle tribe shows that close relatives make bad neighbors.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {110}, number = {44}, pages = {17915-17920}, pmid = {24127587}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*physiology ; Asteraceae/*genetics/physiology ; Base Sequence ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; California ; *Introduced Species ; Likelihood Functions ; *Models, Biological ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Invasive species have great ecological and economic impacts and are difficult to control once established, making the ability to understand and predict invasive behavior highly desirable. Preemptive measures to prevent potential invasive species from reaching new habitats are the most economically and environmentally efficient form of management. Darwin's naturalization hypothesis predicts that invaders less related to native flora are more likely to be successful than those that are closely related to natives. Here we test this hypothesis, using the weed-rich thistle tribe, Cardueae, in the California Floristic Province, a biodiversity hotspot, as our study system. An exhaustive molecular phylogenetic approach was used, generating and examining more than 100,000 likely phylogenies of the tribe based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers, representing the most in-depth reconstruction of the clade to date. Branch lengths separating invasive and noninvasive introduced taxa from native California taxa were used to represent phylogenetic distances between these groups and were compared at multiple biogeographical scales to ascertain whether invasive thistles are more or less closely related to natives than noninvasive introduced thistles are. Patterns within this highly supported clade show that not only are introduced thistles more closely related to natives more likely to be invasive, but these invasive species are also evolutionarily closer to native flora than by chance. This suggests that preadaptive traits are important in determining an invader's success. Such rigorous molecular phylogenetic analyses may prove a fruitful means for furthering our understanding of biological invasions and developing predictive frameworks for screening potential invasive taxa.}, }
@article {pmid24122099, year = {2014}, author = {Allen, W and Ogilvie, S and Blackie, H and Smith, D and Sam, S and Doherty, J and McKenzie, D and Ataria, J and Shapiro, L and MacKay, J and Murphy, E and Jacobson, C and Eason, C}, title = {Bridging disciplines, knowledge systems and cultures in pest management.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {53}, number = {2}, pages = {429-440}, pmid = {24122099}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Pest Control/*methods ; }, abstract = {The success of research in integrated environmental and natural resource management relies on the participation and involvement of different disciplines and stakeholders. This can be difficult to achieve in practice because many initiatives fail to address the underlying social processes required for successful engagement and social learning. We used an action research approach to support a research-based group with a range of disciplinary and stakeholder expertise to critically reflect on their engagement practice and identify lessons around how to collaborate more effectively. This approach is provided here as a guide that can be used to support reflective research practice for engagement in other integration-based initiatives. This paper is set in the context of an integrated wildlife management research case study in New Zealand. We illustrate how multi-, inter- and trans-disciplinary approaches can provide a framework for considering the different conversations that need to occur in an integrated research program. We then outline rubrics that list the criteria required in inter- and trans-disciplinary collaborations, along with examples of effective engagement processes that directly support integration through such efforts. Finally, we discuss the implications of these experiences for other researchers and managers seeking to improve engagement and collaboration in integrated science, management and policy initiatives. Our experiences reaffirm the need for those involved in integrative initiatives to attend to the processes of engagement in both formal and informal settings, to provide opportunities for critical reflective practice, and to look for measures of success that acknowledge the importance of effective social process.}, }
@article {pmid24119154, year = {2014}, author = {Piaggio, AJ and Engeman, RM and Hopken, MW and Humphrey, JS and Keacher, KL and Bruce, WE and Avery, ML}, title = {Detecting an elusive invasive species: a diagnostic PCR to detect Burmese python in Florida waters and an assessment of persistence of environmental DNA.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {374-380}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12180}, pmid = {24119154}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {Animals ; Boidae/*classification/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Cytochromes b/genetics ; DNA/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; DNA Primers/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Florida ; *Introduced Species ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Recent studies have demonstrated that detection of environmental DNA (eDNA) from aquatic vertebrates in water bodies is possible. The Burmese python, Python bivittatus, is a semi-aquatic, invasive species in Florida where its elusive nature and cryptic coloration make its detection difficult. Our goal was to develop a diagnostic PCR to detect P. bivittatus from water-borne eDNA, which could assist managers in monitoring this invasive species. First, we used captive P. bivittatus to determine whether reptilian DNA could be isolated and amplified from water samples. We also evaluated the efficacy of two DNA isolation methods and two DNA extraction kits commonly used in eDNA preparation. A fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from P. bivittatus was detected in all water samples isolated with the sodium acetate precipitate and the QIAamp DNA Micro Kit. Next, we designed P. bivittatus-specific primers and assessed the degradation rate of eDNA in water. Our primers did not amplify DNA from closely related species, and we found that P. bivittatus DNA was consistently detectable up to 96 h. Finally, we sampled water from six field sites in south Florida. Samples from five sites, where P. bivittatus has been observed, tested positive for eDNA. The final site was negative and had no prior documented evidence of P. bivittatus. This study shows P. bivittatus eDNA can be isolated from water samples; thus, this method is a new and promising technique for the management of invasive reptiles.}, }
@article {pmid24119091, year = {2014}, author = {Ray, A and Quader, S}, title = {Genetic diversity and population structure of Lantana camara in India indicates multiple introductions and gene flow.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {651-658}, doi = {10.1111/plb.12087}, pmid = {24119091}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Alleles ; Base Sequence ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Chloroplasts/genetics ; *Gene Flow ; Genetic Loci/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Heterozygote ; India ; Lantana/*genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Multigene Family ; }, abstract = {Lantana camara is a highly invasive plant, which has spread over 60 countries and island groups of Asia, Africa and Australia. In India, it was introduced in the early nineteenth century, since when it has expanded and gradually established itself in almost every available ecosystem. We investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of this plant in India in order to understand its introduction, subsequent range expansion and gene flow. A total of 179 individuals were sequenced at three chloroplast loci and 218 individuals were genotyped for six nuclear microsatellites. Both chloroplasts (nine haplotypes) and microsatellites (83 alleles) showed high genetic diversity. Besides, each type of marker confirmed the presence of private polymorphism. We uncovered low to medium population structure in both markers, and found a faint signal of isolation by distance with microsatellites. Bayesian clustering analyses revealed multiple divergent genetic clusters. Taken together, these findings (i.e. high genetic diversity with private alleles and multiple genetic clusters) suggest that Lantana was introduced multiple times and gradually underwent spatial expansion with recurrent gene flow.}, }
@article {pmid24118303, year = {2014}, author = {Coats, VC and Pelletreau, KN and Rumpho, ME}, title = {Amplicon pyrosequencing reveals the soil microbial diversity associated with invasive Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii DC.).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {6}, pages = {1318-1332}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12544}, pmid = {24118303}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Bacteria/*classification/genetics ; Berberis/*microbiology ; Fungi/*classification/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Maine ; Microbiota ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rhizosphere ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {The soil microbial community acts as a reservoir of microbes that directly influences the structure and composition of the aboveground plant community, promotes plant growth, increases stress tolerance and mediates local patterns of nutrient cycling. Direct interactions between plants and rhizosphere-dwelling microorganisms occur at, or near, the surface of the root. Upon introduction and establishment, invasive plants modify the soil microbial communities and soil biochemistry affecting bioremediation efforts and future plant communities. Here, we used tag-encoded FLX amplicon 454 pyrosequencing (TEFAP) to characterize the bacterial and fungal community diversity in the rhizosphere of Berberis thunbergii DC. (Japanese barberry) from invasive stands in coastal Maine to investigate effects of soil type, soil chemistry and surrounding plant cover on the soil microbial community structure. Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia were the dominant bacterial phyla, whereas fungal communities were comprised mostly of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota phyla members, including Agaricomycetes and Sordariomycetes. Bulk soil chemistry had more effect on the bacterial community structure than the fungal community. An effect of geographic location was apparent in the rhizosphere microbial communities, yet it was less significant than the effect of surrounding plant cover. These data demonstrate a high degree of spatial variation in the rhizosphere microbial communities of Japanese barberry with apparent effects of soil chemistry, location and canopy cover on the microbial community structure.}, }
@article {pmid24118290, year = {2013}, author = {Bermond, G and Blin, A and Vercken, E and Ravigné, V and Rieux, A and Mallez, S and Morel-Journel, T and Guillemaud, T}, title = {Estimation of the dispersal of a major pest of maize by cline analysis of a temporary contact zone between two invasive outbreaks.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {22}, number = {21}, pages = {5368-5381}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12489}, pmid = {24118290}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; Computer Simulation ; Genotype ; Hungary ; Introduced Species ; Likelihood Functions ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Models, Genetic ; Population Density ; Slovenia ; Zea mays ; }, abstract = {Dispersal is a key factor in invasion and in the persistence and evolution of species. Despite the importance of estimates of dispersal distance, dispersal measurement remains a real methodological challenge. In this study, we characterized dispersal by exploiting a specific case of biological invasion, in which multiple introductions in disconnected areas lead to secondary contact between two differentiated expanding outbreaks. By applying cline theory to this ecological setting, we estimated σ, the standard deviation of the parent-offspring distance distribution, of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, one of the most destructive pests of maize. This species is currently invading Europe, and the two largest invasive outbreaks, in northern Italy and Central Europe, have recently formed a secondary contact zone in northern Italy. We identified vanishing clines at 12 microsatellite loci throughout the contact zone. By analysing both the rate of change of cline slope and the spatial variation of linkage disequilibrium at these markers, we obtained two σ estimates of about 20 km/generation(1/2). Simulations indicated that these estimates were robust to changes in dispersal kernels and differences in population density between the two outbreaks, despite a systematic weak bias. These estimates are consistent with the results of direct methods for measuring dispersal applied to the same species. We conclude that secondary contact resulting from multiple introductions is very useful for the inference of dispersal parameters and should be more widely used in other species.}, }
@article {pmid24118244, year = {2013}, author = {Lankau, RA and Nodurft, RN}, title = {An exotic invader drives the evolution of plant traits that determine mycorrhizal fungal diversity in a native competitor.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {22}, number = {21}, pages = {5472-5485}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12484}, pmid = {24118244}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; Brassicaceae/genetics/microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mycorrhizae/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Phylogeny ; Soil Microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; Urticaceae/genetics/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {The symbiosis between land plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is one of the most widespread and ancient mutualisms on the planet. However, relatively little is known about the evolution of these symbiotic plant-fungal interactions in natural communities. In this study, we investigated the symbiotic AMF communities of populations of the native plant species Pilea pumila (Urticaceae) with varying histories of coexistence with a nonmycorrhizal invasive species, Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae), known to affect mycorrhizal communities. We found that native populations of P. pumila with a long history of coexistence with the invasive species developed more diverse symbiotic AMF communities. This effect was strongest when A. petiolata plants were actively growing with the natives, and in soils with the longest history of A. petiolata growth. These results suggest that despite the ancient and widespread nature of the plant-AMF symbiosis, the plant traits responsible for symbiotic preferences can, nevertheless, evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes.}, }
@article {pmid24117428, year = {2013}, author = {Fink, P and Harrod, C}, title = {Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes reveal the use of pelagic resources by the invasive Ponto-Caspian mysid Limnomysis benedeni.}, journal = {Isotopes in environmental and health studies}, volume = {49}, number = {3}, pages = {312-317}, doi = {10.1080/10256016.2013.808197}, pmid = {24117428}, issn = {1477-2639}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon Isotopes/metabolism ; Copepoda/metabolism ; Crustacea/*metabolism ; Daphnia/metabolism ; *Energy Metabolism ; Food Chain ; Germany ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Mass Spectrometry ; Nitrogen Isotopes/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The Ponto-Caspian mysid shrimp Limnomysis benedeni has rapidly invaded freshwater systems throughout Europe and is now found in extremely high abundances in invaded systems. However, very little is known about the trophic ecology of this mysid in invaded ecosystems, in particular the relative degree of herbivory, carnivory and detritivory of this potentially omnivorous species and where it derives its energy, i.e. via carbon fixed by algae inhabiting benthic or pelagic habitats or through allochthonous inputs. Here, we investigate the trophic ecology of L. benedeni in a recently established population in North-Western Germany using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. Our results suggest that in contrast to its previous classifications as a benthic or bentho-pelagic herbivore, L. benedeni is an omnivorous species, which can derive the bulk of its carbon from pelagic resources. Its trophic niche in different invaded ecosystems will be determined by multiple, system-dependent factors which have to be considered in order to predict the mysids' invasion potential.}, }
@article {pmid24117414, year = {2014}, author = {Barrios-O'Neill, D and Dick, JT and Emmerson, MC and Ricciardi, A and MacIsaac, HJ and Alexander, ME and Bovy, HC}, title = {Fortune favours the bold: a higher predator reduces the impact of a native but not an invasive intermediate predator.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {83}, number = {3}, pages = {693-701}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12155}, pmid = {24117414}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Crustacea/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Ireland ; *Predatory Behavior ; Smegmamorpha/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Emergent multiple predator effects (MPEs) might radically alter predictions of predatory impact that are based solely on the impact of individuals. In the context of biological invasions, determining if and how the individual-level impacts of invasive predators relates to their impacts in multiple-individual situations will inform understanding of how such impacts might propagate through recipient communities. Here, we use functional responses (the relationship between prey consumption rate and prey density) to compare the impacts of the invasive freshwater mysid crustacean Hemimysis anomala with a native counterpart Mysis salemaai when feeding on basal cladoceran prey (i) as individuals, (ii) in conspecific groups and (iii) in conspecific groups in the presence of a higher fish predator, Gasterosteus aculeatus. In the absence of the higher predator, the invader consumed significantly more basal prey than the native, and consumption was additive for both mysid species - that is, group consumption was predictable from individual-level consumption. Invaders and natives were themselves equally susceptible to predation when feeding with the higher fish predator, but an MPE occurred only between the natives and higher predator, where consumption of basal prey was significantly reduced. In contrast, consumption by the invaders and higher predator remained additive. The presence of a higher predator serves to exacerbate the existing difference in individual-level consumption between invasive and native mysids. We attribute the mechanism responsible for the MPE associated with the native to a trait-mediated indirect interaction, and further suggest that the relative indifference to predator threat on the part of the invader contributes to its success and impacts within invaded communities.}, }
@article {pmid24115504, year = {2014}, author = {Smith, SD and Charlet, TN and Zitzer, SF and Abella, SR and Vanier, CH and Huxman, TE}, title = {Long-term response of a Mojave Desert winter annual plant community to a whole-ecosystem atmospheric CO2 manipulation (FACE).}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {879-892}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12411}, pmid = {24115504}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Biomass ; Bromus/physiology ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Desert Climate ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Lepidium/physiology ; Nevada ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Desert annuals are a critically important component of desert communities and may be particularly responsive to increasing atmospheric (CO2) because of their high potential growth rates and flexible phenology. During the 10-year life of the Nevada Desert FACE (free-air CO2 enrichment) Facility, we evaluated the productivity, reproductive allocation, and community structure of annuals in response to long-term elevated (CO2) exposure. The dominant forb and grass species exhibited accelerated phenology, increased size, and higher reproduction at elevated (CO2) in a wet El Niño year near the beginning of the experiment. However, a multiyear dry cycle resulted in no increases in productivity or reproductive allocation for the remainder of the experiment. At the community level, early indications of increased dominance of the invasive Bromus rubens at elevated (CO2) gave way to an absence of Bromus in the community during a drought cycle, with a resurgence late in the experiment in response to higher rainfall and a corresponding high density of Bromus in a final soil seed bank analysis, particularly at elevated (CO2). This long-term experiment resulted in two primary conclusions: (i) elevated (CO2) does not increase productivity of annuals in most years; and (ii) relative stimulation of invasive grasses will likely depend on future precipitation, with a wetter climate favoring invasive grasses but currently predicted greater aridity favoring native dicots.}, }
@article {pmid24115405, year = {2014}, author = {Rorat, A and Kachamakova-Trojanowska, N and Jozkowicz, A and Kruk, J and Cocquerelle, C and Vandenbulcke, F and Santocki, M and Plytycz, B}, title = {Coelomocyte-derived fluorescence and DNA markers of composting earthworm species.}, journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological genetics and physiology}, volume = {321}, number = {1}, pages = {28-40}, doi = {10.1002/jez.1834}, pmid = {24115405}, issn = {1932-5231}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; *Classification ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; Fluorescence ; Genetic Markers/*genetics ; Oligochaeta/*genetics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Supravital species identification of morphologically similar syntopic earthworms inhabiting dung and compost heaps or those from commercial cultures is difficult. The aim of the studies was to find out non-invasive species-specific markers for proper segregation of earthworm species from a dense mixed colony of waste decomposers. Worms were segregated according to external characteristics into Eisenia andrei, Eisenia fetida, and Dendrobaena veneta, and left for reproduction and analysis of non-invasively retrieved coelomocyte-containing coelomic fluid and/or species-specific partial sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene in DNA extracted from amputated tail tips of adults and their offspring. Flow cytometric analysis of coelomocyte samples revealed that amount of nuclear DNA increases in order D. veneta ≪ E. andrei < E. fetida, and intensity of eleocyte-derived fluorescence is lower in D. veneta than in Eisenia spp. Spectrofluorimetry of coelomocyte lysates revealed that the amount of eleocyte-stored riboflavin is significantly lower in coelomocyte lysates from D. veneta than from Eisenia spp., and the emission peak of X-fluorophore is much more distinct in D. veneta than in Eisenia spp. Coelomic fluid of E. andrei exhibits a very distinct spectra of MUG fluorophore which are absent in D. veneta and in the majority of E. fetida, while some E. fetida possess MUG-like fluorophore. Sequences of the COI gene in the DNA of the worms from the mixed colony and their offspring confirmed species identity. In conclusion, species-specific coelomocyte-derived markers may be a useful complement to morphological and DNA-based taxonomy during studies on syntopic earthworms.}, }
@article {pmid24114673, year = {2013}, author = {Abramides, GC and Roiz, D and Guitart, R and Quintana, S and Giménez, N}, title = {Control of the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) in a firmly established area in Spain: risk factors and people's involvement.}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {107}, number = {11}, pages = {706-714}, doi = {10.1093/trstmh/trt093}, pmid = {24114673}, issn = {1878-3503}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*virology ; Animals ; Chikungunya Fever/*prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Dengue/*prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Dengue Virus ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*virology ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Perception ; Public Health ; Risk Factors ; Schools ; Solid Waste ; Spain/epidemiology ; Water/parasitology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The tiger mosquito is a competent vector of dengue and chikungunya in Europe. Therefore, evaluating control strategies is a priority. In this work we aimed to determine the key factors affecting Aedes albopictus production, the preferred larval habitats, and we explored the involvement of the citizens in Sant Cugat, Spain.<br><br>METHODS: A source-reduction campaign including door-to-door visits and interviews to local inhabitants (2008-2010) and larval surveys (2010) was carried out.<br><br>RESULTS: Civil workers inspected 3720 premises and interviewed 820 local inhabitants. Larval habitats, detected in 7.2% of the premises (n=266), were negatively associated with primary residence OR=0.4 (95% CI 0.3-0.6); and positively associated with schools OR=2.4 (95% CI 1.1-5.0), solid waste OR=5.1 (95% CI 3.0-8.9), scuppers OR=5.0 (95% CI 3.5-7.3) among other variables. Preventive measures were taken by 83.2% of householders (n=682). In 2010, 10.3% more citizens claimed to avoid having stagnant water compared with 2008. Simultaneously another 10.3% stopped using insecticides.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Solid waste, scuppers and vegetable gardens were found to be important factors characterizing premises with larval habitats. People claimed to know about this insect and they considered it to be an important issue that diminished their quality of life.}, }
@article {pmid24112110, year = {2014}, author = {Herms, DA and McCullough, DG}, title = {Emerald ash borer invasion of North America: history, biology, ecology, impacts, and management.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {59}, number = {}, pages = {13-30}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162051}, pmid = {24112110}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Canada ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Fraxinus/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Insect Control/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Pupa/growth &amp; development/physiology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Since its accidental introduction from Asia, emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), has killed millions of ash trees in North America. As it continues to spread, it could functionally extirpate ash with devastating economic and ecological impacts. Little was known about EAB when it was first discovered in North America in 2002, but substantial advances in understanding of EAB biology, ecology, and management have occurred since. Ash species indigenous to China are generally resistant to EAB and may eventually provide resistance genes for introgression into North American species. EAB is characterized by stratified dispersal resulting from natural and human-assisted spread, and substantial effort has been devoted to the development of survey methods. Early eradication efforts were abandoned largely because of the difficulty of detecting and delineating infestations. Current management is focused on biological control, insecticide protection of high-value trees, and integrated efforts to slow ash mortality.}, }
@article {pmid24111581, year = {2014}, author = {Koons, DN and Rockwell, RF and Aubry, LM}, title = {Effects of exploitation on an overabundant species: the lesser snow goose predicament.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {83}, number = {2}, pages = {365-374}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12133}, pmid = {24111581}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Arctic Regions ; *Ecosystem ; Geese/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Manitoba ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Invasive and overabundant species are an increasing threat to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning world-wide. As such, large amounts of money are spent each year on attempts to control them. These efforts can, however, be thwarted if exploitation is compensated demographically or if populations simply become too numerous for management to elicit an effective and rapid functional response. We examined the influence of these mechanisms on cause-specific mortality in lesser snow geese using multistate capture-reencounter methods. The abundance and destructive foraging behaviours of snow geese have created a trophic cascade that reduces (sub-) Arctic plant, insect and avian biodiversity, bestowing them the status of 'overabundant'. Historically, juvenile snow geese suffered from density-related degradation of their saltmarsh brood-rearing habitat. This allowed harvest mortality to be partially compensated by non-harvest mortality (process correlation between mortality sources: ρ = -0.47; 90% BCI: -0.72 to -0.04). Snow goose family groups eventually responded to their own degradation of habitat by dispersing to non-degraded areas. This relaxed the pressure of density dependence on juvenile birds, but without this mechanism for compensation, harvest began to have an additive effect on overall mortality (ρ = 0.60; 90% BCI: -0.06 to 0.81). In adults, harvest had an additive effect on overall mortality throughout the 42-year study (ρ = 0.24; 90% BCI: -0.59 to 0.67). With the aim of controlling overabundant snow geese, the Conservation Order amendment to the International Migratory Bird Treaty was implemented in February of 1999 to allow for harvest regulations that had not been allowed since the early 1900s (e.g. a spring harvest season, high or unlimited bag limits and use of electronic calls and unplugged shotguns). Although harvest mortality momentarily increased following these actions, the increasing abundance of snow geese has since induced a state of satiation in harvest that has driven harvest rates below the long-term average. More aggressive actions will thus be needed to halt the growth and spread of the devastating trophic cascade that snow geese have triggered. Our approach to investigating the impacts of population control efforts on cause-specific mortality will help guide more effective management of invasive and overabundant species world-wide.}, }
@article {pmid24107581, year = {2013}, author = {Moroney, JR and Rundel, PW and Sork, VL}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity and differentiation in fitness-related traits in invasive populations of the Mediterranean forb Centaurea melitensis (Asteraceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {100}, number = {10}, pages = {2040-2051}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1200543}, pmid = {24107581}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Centaurea/*anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Confidence Intervals ; *Genetic Fitness ; Germination/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Mediterranean Region ; Phenotype ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Biological invasions threaten global biodiversity, resulting in severe ecological and economic costs. Phenotypic plasticity and differentiation in fitness-related traits after introduction can contribute to increased performance in invasive populations of plants. We determined whether postintroduction evolution in trait means or in their plasticity, or inherent species-wide phenotypic plasticity has promoted invasiveness in a European annual forb. •<br><br>METHODS: In a common greenhouse, we compared several fitness-related traits and the phenotypic plasticity of those traits under four levels of nutrients among native and invasive populations of Centaurea melitensis. We tested 18 populations from three regions of similar mediterranean climate type: the native range (southern Spain) and two invaded ranges (California and central Chile). &#x2022;<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Centaurea melitensis possesses overall phenotypic plasticity, which is a trait that promotes invasiveness. Invasive populations were differentiated from native plants for several trait means and their levels of phenotypic plasticity in directions that enhance competitive ability and success. Invasive plants flowered earlier and grew faster in the early stages of growth phases, important features for invasiveness. &#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Phenotypic plasticity, its evolution postinvasion, and the evolution of fitness-related trait means in invasive populations have potentially contributed to the invasion of C. melitensis in California and Chile. Along with an overall wide range of tolerance to growing conditions, C. meltiensis populations that have colonized habitats in California and Chile have undergone rapid evolution in several life history traits and the plasticities of those traits in directions that would promote invasiveness in mediterranean ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid24103005, year = {2013}, author = {Meraner, A and Venturi, A and Ficetola, GF and Rossi, S and Candiotto, A and Gandolfi, A}, title = {Massive invasion of exotic Barbus barbus and introgressive hybridization with endemic Barbus plebejus in Northern Italy: where, how and why?.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {22}, number = {21}, pages = {5295-5312}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12470}, pmid = {24103005}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cluster Analysis ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cyprinidae/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Rivers ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions and introgressive hybridization are major drivers for the decline of native freshwater fish. However, the magnitude of the problem across a native species range, the mechanisms shaping introgression as well as invader's dispersal and the relative role of biological invasions in the light of multiple environmental stressors are rarely described. Here, we report extensive (N = 665) mtDNA sequence and (N = 692) microsatellite genotypic data of 32 Northern Adriatic sites aimed to unravel the invasion of the European Barbus barbus in Italy and the hybridization and decline of the endemic B. plebejus. We highlight an exceptionally fast breakthrough of B. barbus within the Po River basin, leading to widespread introgressive hybridization with the endemic B. plebejus within few generations. In contrast, adjacent drainage systems are still unaffected from B. barbus invasion. We show that barriers to migration are inefficient to halt the invasion process and that propagule pressure, and not environmental quality, is the major driver responsible for B. barbus success. Both introgressive hybridization and invader's dispersal are facilitated by ongoing fisheries management practices. Therefore, immediate changes in fisheries management (i.e. stocking and translocation measures) and a detailed conservation plan, focussed on remnant purebred B. plebejus populations, are urgently needed.}, }
@article {pmid24102670, year = {2014}, author = {Gariepy, TD and Haye, T and Zhang, J}, title = {A molecular diagnostic tool for the preliminary assessment of host-parasitoid associations in biological control programmes for a new invasive pest.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {15}, pages = {3912-3924}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12515}, pmid = {24102670}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA Primers ; Hemiptera/genetics/*parasitology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Hymenoptera/classification/genetics/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Ovum/parasitology ; Pest Control, Biological ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Evaluation of host-parasitoid associations can be tenuous using conventional methods. Molecular techniques are well placed to identify trophic links and resolve host-parasitoid associations. Establishment of the highly invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), outside Asia has prompted interest in the use of egg parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) as biological control agents. However, little is known regarding their host ranges. To address this, a DNA barcoding approach was taken wherein general PCR primers for Scelionidae and Pentatomidae were developed to amplify and sequence >500-bp products within the DNA barcoding region of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene that would permit the identification of key players in this association. Amplification of DNA from Pentatomidae and Scelionidae was consistent across a broad range of taxa within these families, and permitted the detection of Scelionidae eggs within H. halys 1 h following oviposition. In laboratory assays, amplification and sequencing of DNA from empty, parasitized eggs was successful for both host (100% success) and parasitoid (50% success). When applied to field-collected, empty egg masses, the primers permitted host identification in 50-100% of the eggs analysed, and yielded species-level identifications. Parasitoid identification success ranged from 33 to 67% among field-collected eggs, with genus-level identification for most specimens. The inability to obtain species-level identities for these individuals is due to the lack of coverage of this taxonomic group in public DNA sequence databases; this situation is likely to improve as more species are sequenced and recorded in these databases. These primers were able to detect and identify both pentatomid host and scelionid parasitoid in a hyperparasitized egg mass, thereby clarifying trophic links otherwise unresolved by conventional methodology.}, }
@article {pmid24100942, year = {2014}, author = {Shafer, DJ and Kaldy, JE and Gaeckle, JL}, title = {Science and management of the introduced seagrass Zostera japonica in North America.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, pages = {147-162}, pmid = {24100942}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Plant Dispersal ; Water Movements ; Zosteraceae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Healthy seagrass is considered a prime indicator of estuarine ecosystem function. On the Pacific coast of North America, at least two congeners of Zostera occur: native Zostera marina, and introduced, Zostera japonica. Z. japonica is considered "invasive" and therefore, ecologically and economically harmful by some, while others consider it benign or perhaps beneficial. Z. japonica does not appear on the Federal or the Oregon invasive species or noxious weed lists. However, the State of California lists it as both an invasive and noxious weed; Washington State recently listed it as a noxious weed. We describe the management dynamics in North America with respect to these congener species and highlight the science and policies behind these decisions. In recent years, management strategies at the state level have ranged from historical protection of Z. japonica as a priority habitat in Washington to eradication in California. Oregon and British Columbia, Canada appear to have no specific policies with regard to Z. japonica. This fractured management approach contradicts efforts to conserve and protect seagrass in other regions of the US and around the world. Science must play a critical role in the assessment of Z. japonica ecology and the immediate and long-term effects of management actions. The information and recommendations provided here can serve as a basis for providing scientific data in order to develop better informed management decisions and aid in defining a uniform management strategy for Z. japonica.}, }
@article {pmid24098598, year = {2013}, author = {Crickenberger, S and Moran, A}, title = {Rapid range shift in an introduced tropical marine invertebrate.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {e78008}, pmid = {24098598}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Climate ; Florida ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; North Carolina ; Phylogeography ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature ; Thoracica/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The barnacle Megabalanus coccopoma is native to shorelines from Baja California to Peru and has been introduced to a number of other locations including the Atlantic US SE coast, where it was first recorded in 2006. In 2009, the range of M. coccopoma in the SE US extended from Ft. Pierce, FL north to Cape Hatteras, NC with seasonal populations found as far north as Kitty Hawk, NC. During the exceptionally cold winter of 2009/2010, the range of M. coccopoma shifted dramatically due to the dieback of all monitored populations north of Florida. We examined body size, distribution, and density of M. coccopoma during the summers of 2010, 2011, and 2012 to describe the extent of the range retraction and the rate of range re-expansion. In 2010, recruits were found as far north as Tybee Island, Ga, but no established populations were found north of Florida. In 2011 recruits were found at Rodanthe, NC but established populations were still limited to Florida. By 2012 populations were established in Rodanthe, NC, slightly north of its previously known range limit. Estimated rates of range re-expansion were 255.8 km/yr in 2010 and 794.1 km/yr in 2011. Rates of re-expansion to the north in 2010 and 2011 were faster than have previously been reported for any marine species, and are one of the few rates published for any tropical marine invertebrate.}, }
@article {pmid24098588, year = {2013}, author = {Hanson, D and Cooke, S and Hirano, Y and Malaquias, MA and Crocetta, F and Valdés, &#xc1;}, title = {Slipping through the cracks: the taxonomic impediment conceals the origin and dispersal of Haminoea japonica, an invasive species with impacts to human health.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {e77457}, pmid = {24098588}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; DNA/*classification/genetics ; Disease Vectors ; Estuaries ; Europe ; Gastropoda/*classification/genetics/parasitology ; Global Health ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; North America ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Schistosoma/physiology ; }, abstract = {Haminoea japonica is a species of opisthobranch sea slug native to Japan and Korea. Non-native populations have spread unnoticed for decades due to difficulties in the taxonomy of Haminoea species. Haminoea japonica is associated with a schistosome parasite in San Francisco Bay, thus further spread could have consequence to human health and economies. Anecdotal evidence suggests that H. japonica has displaced native species of Haminoea in North America and Europe, becoming locally dominant in estuaries and coastal lagoons. In this paper we study the population genetics of native and non-native populations of H. japonica based on mt-DNA data including newly discovered populations in Italy and France. The conclusions of this study further corroborate a Northeastern Japan origin for the non-native populations and suggest possible independent introductions into North America and Europe. Additionally, the data obtained revealed possible secondary introductions within Japan. Although non-native populations have experienced severe genetic bottlenecks they have colonized different regions with a broad range of water temperatures and other environmental conditions. The environmental tolerance of this species, along with its ability to become dominant in invaded areas and its association with a schistosome parasite, suggest H. japonica could be a dangerous invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid24096203, year = {2013}, author = {Popoola, JO and Obembe, OO}, title = {Local knowledge, use pattern and geographical distribution of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) in Nigeria.}, journal = {Journal of ethnopharmacology}, volume = {150}, number = {2}, pages = {682-691}, doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.043}, pmid = {24096203}, issn = {1872-7573}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Drug Utilization ; Female ; *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Male ; *Medicine, African Traditional ; Middle Aged ; *Moringa oleifera ; Nigeria ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {All parts of Moringa oleifera are medicinally valuable with overlapping uses in treating myriads of ailments and diseases including body pains and weakness, fever, asthma, cough, blood pressure, arthritis, diabetes, epilepsy, wound, and skin infection. Moringa also has robust ability to challenge terminal diseases such as HIV/AIDs infections, chronic anemia, cancer, malaria and hemorrhage. The present study was to obtain ethnobotanical information on the use and local knowledge variation, geographical distribution, and to collect different landraces of Moringa oleifera from the different agro-ecological regions in Nigeria, for further studies.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ethnobotanical data were collected through face to face interviews, semi structured questionnaires and discussions with selected people who had knowledge about the plant. The fidelity level (FL %) and use value for different use categories of Moringa oleifera and its parts were estimated. The variation in ethnobotanical knowledge was evaluated by comparing the mean use value among ethnic, gender and age groups using sample T test. Garmi GPS was used to determine the locations (latitude and longitude) and height in different areas to assess the geographical spread of the species.<br><br>RESULTS: Seven (7) categories of use (Food, medicine, fodder, fencing, firewood, gum and coagulant) were recorded for Moringa oleifera. Food and medicinal uses showed highest fidelity level while the leaves and the seeds were the plant parts most utilized for the same purposes. There were significant differences among the ethnic, gender and age groups regarding the ethno-botanical use value. The geographical distribution pattern shows that the Moringa oleifera is well distributed in all ecological zones of Nigeria, well adapted to the varied climatic conditions and gaining unprecedented awareness among the people.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Though considered an introduced species, Moringa oleifera has found wide acceptance, recognition and usefulness among the various ethnicities in the studied areas. The sources of introduction, domestication and ethnic differentiation influenced the distribution pattern across the geographical areas.}, }
@article {pmid24091946, year = {2013}, author = {Thomas, CD}, title = {The Anthropocene could raise biological diversity.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {502}, number = {7469}, pages = {7}, doi = {10.1038/502007a}, pmid = {24091946}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Genetic Speciation ; Humans ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid24090551, year = {2013}, author = {Pranovi, F and Caccin, A and Franzoi, P and Malavasi, S and Zucchetta, M and Torricelli, P}, title = {Vulnerability of artisanal fisheries to climate change in the Venice Lagoon.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {83}, number = {4}, pages = {847-864}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.12124}, pmid = {24090551}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Fisheries ; Fishes ; *Global Warming ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {Within the context of global warming, the western coast of the northern Adriatic Sea can be regarded as an extremely vulnerable area. Owing to the local geographic features, this area has been described as the Venetian lacuna, where Mediterranean Sea climatic conditions are replaced by Atlantic Ocean ones, supporting the presence of glacial relicts, such as sprat Sprattus sprattus, flounder Platichthys flesus and brown shrimp Crangon crangon. Nektonic assemblage therefore represents a good candidate in terms of an early proxy for thermal regime alterations. It represents a dynamic component of the lagoon ecosystem, changing in space and time, actively moving through the entire system, and dynamically exchanging with the open sea. Here, the first signals of the change have been already detected, such as the presence of alien thermophilic species. Within this context, since the beginning of the century, sampling of the nektonic assemblage has been carried out, integrating them with landings data from the fish market. Vulnerabilities to thermal regime changes have been tested by (1) categorizing species according to the mean distribution area in terms of latitudinal range (over 45°, 30°-45° and below 30°), and (2) analysing both spatial and temporal variations within fishing grounds. Results indicated a high potential vulnerability of the artisanal fishery to climate change, as the commercial catch is entirely composed of species from cold (>45° N) and temperate (between 45° and 30° N) latitudes. At present no alien thermophilic species have been recorded within the lagoon, which is possibly a sign of good resilience of the assemblage. Finally, abundance of species from cold latitudes has decreased during the past decade. All of this has been discussed in the context of the mean annual temperature trend.}, }
@article {pmid24086477, year = {2013}, author = {Blattmann, T and Boch, S and Türke, M and Knop, E}, title = {Gastropod seed dispersal: an invasive slug destroys far more seeds in its gut than native gastropods.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {e75243}, pmid = {24086477}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Digestion/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Gastropoda/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Magnoliopsida ; Seed Dispersal/*physiology ; Seeds/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Seed dispersal is one of the most important mechanisms shaping biodiversity, and animals are one of the key dispersal vectors. Animal seed dispersal can directly or indirectly be altered by invasive organisms through the establishment of new or the disruption of existing seed dispersal interactions. So far it is known for a few gastropod species that they ingest and defecate viable plant seeds and consequently act as seed dispersers, referred to as gastropodochory. In a multi-species experiment, consisting of five different plant species and four different gastropod species, we tested with a fully crossed design whether gastropodochory is a general mechanism across native gastropod species, and whether it is altered by the invasive alien slug species Arion lusitanicus. Specifically, we hypothesized that a) native gastropod species consume the seeds from all tested plant species in equal numbers (have no preference), b) the voracious invasive alien slug A. lusitanicus--similarly to its herbivore behaviour--consumes a higher amount of seeds than native gastropods, and that c) seed viability is equal among different gastropod species after gut passage. As expected all tested gastropod species consumed all tested plant species. Against our expectation there was a difference in the amount of consumed seeds, with the largest and native mollusk Helix pomatia consuming most seeds, followed by the invasive slug and the other gastropods. Seed damage and germination rates did not differ after gut passage through different native species, but seed damage was significantly higher after gut passage through the invasive slug A. lusitanicus, and their germination rates were significantly reduced.}, }
@article {pmid24086442, year = {2013}, author = {Moodley, D and Geerts, S and Richardson, DM and Wilson, JR}, title = {Different traits determine introduction, naturalization and invasion success in woody plants: Proteaceae as a test case.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {e75078}, pmid = {24086442}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Disease Susceptibility ; Ecology/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Phytophthora ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Proteaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Regression Analysis ; Seeds/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {A major aim of invasion ecology is to identify characteristics of successful invaders. However, most plant groups studied in detail (e.g. pines and acacias) have a high percentage of invasive taxa. Here we examine the global introduction history and invasion ecology of Proteaceae--a large plant family with many taxa that have been widely disseminated by humans, but with few known invaders. To do this we compiled a global list of species and used boosted regression tree models to assess which factors are important in determining the status of a species (not introduced, introduced, naturalized or invasive). At least 402 of 1674 known species (24%) have been moved by humans out of their native ranges, 58 species (14%) have become naturalized but not invasive, and 8 species (2%) are invasive. The probability of naturalization was greatest for species with large native ranges, low susceptibility to Phytophthora root-rot fungus, large mammal-dispersed seeds, and with the capacity to resprout. The probability of naturalized species becoming invasive was greatest for species with large native ranges, those used as barrier plants, tall species, species with small seeds, and serotinous species. The traits driving invasiveness of Proteaceae were similar to those for acacias and pines. However, while some traits showed a consistent influence at introduction, naturalization and invasion, others appear to be influential at one stage only, and some have contrasting effects at different stages. Trait-based analyses therefore need to consider different invasion stages separately. On their own, these observations provide little predictive power for risk assessment, but when the causative mechanisms are understood (e.g. Phytophthora susceptibility) they provide valuable insights. As such there is considerable value in seeking the correlates and mechanisms underlying invasions for particular taxonomic or functional groups.}, }
@article {pmid24086415, year = {2013}, author = {Knapp, M and Nedvěd, O}, title = {Gender and timing during ontogeny matter: effects of a temporary high temperature on survival, body size and colouration in Harmonia axyridis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {e74984}, pmid = {24086415}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Body Size ; Coleoptera/*anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Female ; Male ; Melanins/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Pigmentation/*physiology ; *Sex Characteristics ; Survival Analysis ; *Temperature ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The ambient temperature experienced during development is a crucial factor affecting survival and adult phenotype in ectotherms. Moreover, the exact response of individuals to different temperature regimes is frequently sex-specific. This sex-specific response can result in varying levels of sexual dimorphism according to the experienced conditions. The majority of studies have investigated the effects of temperature on individuals reared under a constant temperature regime throughout their whole preimaginal development, whereas information on stage-dependent variation in temperature effects is scarce. Here we investigate how the stage at which elevated temperature is experienced influences survival, adult body size and colouration in the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis form succinea. The effects of timing of exposure to elevated temperature on the adult phenotype are assessed separately for males and females. Control individuals were reared at a constant temperature of 20 °C. Beetles in other treatments were additionally exposed to 33 °C for 48 hours during the following developmental stages: egg, 1(st) to 2(nd) larval instar, 3(rd) larval instar, 4(th) larval instar and pupa. Exposure to an elevated temperature during the early developmental stages resulted in lower survival, but the adult phenotype of survivors was almost unaffected. Exposure to an elevated temperature during the later developmental stages (4(th) larval instar or pupa) resulted in the decreased melanisation of elytra, decreased structural body size and increased dry mass. Furthermore, the timing of high temperature exposure affected the degree of sexual dimorphism in elytral melanisation and dry mass. We demonstrate that the effects of elevated temperature can vary according to the developmental stage at exposure. Detailed information on how ambient temperature affects the developmental biology of ectotherms is crucial for modeling population growth and predicting the spread of invasive species such as Harmonia axyridis.}, }
@article {pmid24083397, year = {2013}, author = {Le Roux, JJ and Richardson, DM and Wilson, JR and Ndlovu, J}, title = {Human usage in the native range may determine future genetic structure of an invasion: insights from Acacia pycnantha.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {37}, pmid = {24083397}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Acacia/*genetics ; Australia ; Bayes Theorem ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Forestry ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The influence of introduction history and post-introduction dynamics on genetic diversity and structure has been a major research focus in invasion biology. However, genetic diversity and structure in the invasive range can also be affected by human-mediated processes in the native range prior to species introductions, an aspect often neglected in invasion biology. Here we aim to trace the native provenance of the invasive tree Acacia pycnantha by comparing the genetic diversity and structure between populations in the native Australian range and the invasive range in South Africa. This approach also allowed us to explore how human actions altered genetic structure before and after the introduction of A. pycnantha into South Africa. We hypothesized that extensive movement and replanting in A. pycnantha's Australian range prior to its introduction to South Africa might result in highly admixed genotypes in the introduced range, comparable genetic diversity in both ranges, and therefore preclude an accurate determination of native provenance(s) of invasive populations.<br><br>RESULTS: In the native range Bayesian assignment tests identified three genetic clusters with substantial admixture and could not clearly differentiate previously identified genetic entities, corroborating admixture as a result of replantings within Australia. Assignment tests that included invasive populations from South Africa indicated similar levels of admixture compared to Australian populations and a lack of genetic structure. Invasive populations of A. pycnantha in South Africa are as genetically diverse as native populations, and could not be assigned to particular native range regions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the genetic structure of A. pycnantha in Australia has been greatly altered through various planting initiatives. Specifically, there is little geographic structure and high levels of admixture. While numerous introduction history scenarios may explain the levels of admixture observed in South Africa, planting records of A. pycnantha in Australia suggest that populations were probably already admixed before propagules were introduced to South Africa. These findings have important implications for the management of invasive A. pycnantha populations in South Africa, especially for classical biological control, and more broadly, for studies that aim to understand the evolutionary dynamics of the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid24080419, year = {2014}, author = {Szöcs, E and Coring, E and Bäthe, J and Schäfer, RB}, title = {Effects of anthropogenic salinization on biological traits and community composition of stream macroinvertebrates.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {468-469}, number = {}, pages = {943-949}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.058}, pmid = {24080419}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*physiology ; Animals ; *Biota ; Environmental Monitoring/methods/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Germany ; Gills/physiology ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; Ovoviviparity/physiology ; Reproduction/physiology ; Rivers/*chemistry ; *Salinity ; Species Specificity ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Salinization of rivers resulting from industrial discharge or road-deicing can adversely affect macroinvertebrates. Trait-based approaches are a promising tool in ecological monitoring and may perform better than taxonomy-based approaches. However only little is known how and which biological traits are affected by salinization. We investigated the effects of anthropogenic salinization on macroinvertebrate communities and biological traits in the Werra River, Germany and compared the taxonomic and trait response. We found a change in macroinvertebrate community and trait composition. Communities at saline sites were characterized by the three exotic species Gammarus tigrinus, Apocorophium lacustre and Potamopyrgus antipodarum. The frequencies of trait modalities long life cycle duration, respiration by gill, ovoviviparity, shredder and multivoltinism were statistically significantly increased at saline sites. The trait-based ordination resulted in a higher explained variance than the taxonomy-based ordination, indicating a better performance of the trait-based approach, resulting in a better discrimination between saline and non-saline sites. Our results are in general agreement with other studies from Europe, indicating a trait convergence for saline streams, being dominated by the traits ovoviviparity and multivoltinism. Three further traits (respiration by gill, life cycle duration and shredders) responded strongly to salinization, but this may primarily be attributed to the dominance of a single invasive species, G. tigrinus, at the saline sites in the Werra River.}, }
@article {pmid24080125, year = {2013}, author = {Nyamukondiwa, C and Weldon, CW and Chown, SL and le Roux, PC and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Thermal biology, population fluctuations and implications of temperature extremes for the management of two globally significant insect pests.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {59}, number = {12}, pages = {1199-1211}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.09.004}, pmid = {24080125}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Animals ; Ceratitis capitata/*physiology ; Cold Temperature ; Female ; *Hot Temperature ; *Insect Control ; Longevity/physiology ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The link between environmental temperature, physiological processes and population fluctuations is a significant aspect of insect pest management. Here, we explore how thermal biology affects the population abundance of two globally significant pest fruit fly species, Ceratitis capitata (medfly) and C. rosa (Natal fruit fly), including irradiated individuals and those expressing a temperature sensitive lethal (tsl) mutation that are used in the sterile insect technique. Results show that upper and lower lethal temperatures are seldom encountered at the field sites, while critical minimum temperatures for activity and lower developmental thresholds are crossed more frequently. Estimates of abundance revealed that C. capitata are active year-round, but abundance declines markedly during winter. Temporal autocorrelation of average fortnightly trap captures and of development time, estimated from an integrated model to calculate available degree days, show similar seasonal lags suggesting that population increases in early spring occur after sufficient degree-days have accumulated. By contrast, population collapses coincide tightly with increasing frequency of low temperature events that fall below critical minimum temperatures for activity. Individuals of C. capitata expressing the tsl mutation show greater critical thermal maxima and greater longevity under field conditions than reference individuals. Taken together, this evidence suggests that low temperatures limit populations in the Western Cape, South Africa and likely do so elsewhere. Increasing temperature extremes and warming climates generally may extend the season over which these species are active, and could increase abundance. The sterile insect technique may prove profitable as climates change given that laboratory-reared tsl flies have an advantage under warmer conditions.}, }
@article {pmid24079921, year = {2013}, author = {Dhib, A and Ben Brahim, M and Turki, S and Aleya, L}, title = {Contrasting key roles of Ruppia cirrhosa in a southern Mediterranean lagoon: reservoir for both biodiversity and harmful species and indicator of lagoon health status.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {76}, number = {1-2}, pages = {116-127}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.09.017}, pmid = {24079921}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Alismatales/*physiology ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Dinoflagellida/classification/growth &amp; development ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Phytoplankton/classification/growth &amp; development ; Seawater ; }, abstract = {The distribution of Ruppia cirrhosa meadow density and its epiphytic organisms in relation with environmental factors were studied in summer 2011 at five stations in the Ghar El Melh lagoon (GML; southern Mediterranean Sea). Eleven epiphytic groups were recognised among which diatoms and dinoflagellates were the dominant groups and greatest contributors to temporal dissimilarity. An overwhelming concentrations of harmful microalgae was recorded, mainly represented by the toxic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima with maximal concentrations attaining 6 × 10(5)cells 100g(-1) of Ruppia fresh weight. The epifauna community accounted for only 1.4% of total epiphyte abundance and was comprised predominantly of nematodes (47.51%), ciliates (32.59%), fish eggs (7.2%) and larvae (4.95%). PERMANOVA analyses revealed a significant spatio-temporal variation of all epiphytic groups (p<0.01). In this study, R. cirrhosa and its epiphytes were studied as potential early warning indicators of the health status of GML waters.}, }
@article {pmid24078081, year = {2014}, author = {Houseman, GR and Foster, BL and Brassil, CE}, title = {Propagule pressure-invasibility relationships: testing the influence of soil fertility and disturbance with Lespedeza cuneata.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {174}, number = {2}, pages = {511-520}, pmid = {24078081}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Kansas ; Lespedeza/*growth &amp; development ; Models, Statistical ; Seasons ; Seeds ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Although invasion risk is expected to increase with propagule pressure (PP), it is unclear whether PP-invasibility relationships follow an asymptotic or some other non-linear form and whether such relationships vary with underlying environmental conditions. Using manipulations of PP, soil fertility and disturbance, we tested how each influence PP-invasibility relationships for Lespedeza cuneata in a Kansas grassland and use recruitment curve models to determine how safe sites may contribute to plant invasions. After three growing seasons, we found that the PP-invasibility relationships best fit an asymptotic model of invasion reflecting a combination of density-independent and density-dependent processes and that seeds were aggregated within the plant community despite efforts to uniformly sow seeds. Consistent with some models, community invasibility decreased with enhanced soil fertility or reduced levels of disturbance in response to changes in the fraction of safe sites. Our results illustrate that disturbance and soil fertility can be a useful organizing principle for predicting community invasibility, asymptotic models are a reasonable starting point for modeling invasion, and new modeling techniques—coupled with classic experimental approaches—can enhance our understanding of the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid24073812, year = {2013}, author = {Tulloch, AI and Chadès, I and Possingham, HP}, title = {Accounting for complementarity to maximize monitoring power for species management.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, pages = {988-999}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12092}, pmid = {24073812}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Decision Making ; Forecasting ; Foxes/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Species Specificity ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {To choose among conservation actions that may benefit many species, managers need to monitor the consequences of those actions. Decisions about which species to monitor from a suite of different species being managed are hindered by natural variability in populations and uncertainty in several factors: the ability of the monitoring to detect a change, the likelihood of the management action being successful for a species, and how representative species are of one another. However, the literature provides little guidance about how to account for these uncertainties when deciding which species to monitor to determine whether the management actions are delivering outcomes. We devised an approach that applies decision science and selects the best complementary suite of species to monitor to meet specific conservation objectives. We created an index for indicator selection that accounts for the likelihood of successfully detecting a real trend due to a management action and whether that signal provides information about other species. We illustrated the benefit of our approach by analyzing a monitoring program for invasive predator management aimed at recovering 14 native Australian mammals of conservation concern. Our method selected the species that provided more monitoring power at lower cost relative to the current strategy and traditional approaches that consider only a subset of the important considerations. Our benefit function accounted for natural variability in species growth rates, uncertainty in the responses of species to the prescribed action, and how well species represent others. Monitoring programs that ignore uncertainty, likelihood of detecting change, and complementarity between species will be more costly and less efficient and may waste funding that could otherwise be used for management.}, }
@article {pmid24073741, year = {2013}, author = {Huang, J and Zhang, PJ and Zhang, J and Lu, YB and Huang, F and Li, MJ}, title = {Chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence in tomato leaves infested with an invasive mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, pages = {973-979}, doi = {10.1603/EN12342}, pmid = {24073741}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Chlorophyll/chemistry/metabolism ; Fluorescence ; Fluorometry ; Hemiptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Solanum lycopersicum/*physiology ; Nymph/physiology ; *Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/chemistry/metabolism ; Population Density ; Random Allocation ; }, abstract = {Herbivore injury has indirect effects on the growth and performance of host plants through photosynthetic suppression. It causes uncertain reduction in photosynthesis, which likely depends on the degree of infestation. Rapid light curves provide detailed information on the saturation characteristics of electron transport as well as the overall photosynthetic performance of a plant. We examined the effects of different intensities of infestation of the invasive mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), on the relative chlorophyll content and rapid light curves of tomato Solanum lycopersicum L. leaves using a chlorophyll meter and chlorophyll fluorescence measurement system, respectively, under greenhouse conditions. After 38 d of P. solenopsis feeding, relative chlorophyll content of tomato plants with initial high of P. solenopsis was reduced by 57.3%. Light utilization efficiency (α) for the initial high-density treatment was reduced by 42.4%. However, no significant difference between initial low-density treatment and uninfested control was found. The values of the maximum electron transport rate and minimum saturating irradiance for initial high-density treatment were reduced by 82.0 and 69.7%, respectively, whereas the corresponding values for low-density treatment were reduced by 55.9 and 58.1%, respectively. These data indicated that changes were induced by P. solenopsis feeding in the relative chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence of infested tomato plants. The results indicating that low initial infestation by P. solenopsis caused no change in relative leaf chlorophyll content or light utilization efficiency could have been because the plants rapidly adapted to P. solenopsis feeding or because of compensatory photosynthesis.}, }
@article {pmid24073195, year = {2013}, author = {Strain, EM and Johnson, CR and Thomson, RJ}, title = {Effects of a range-expanding sea urchin on behaviour of commercially fished abalone.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {e73477}, pmid = {24073195}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Australia ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; *Sea Urchins ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Global climate change has resulted in a southerly range expansion of the habitat modifying sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii to the east coast of Tasmania, Australia. Various studies have suggested that this urchin outcompetes black-lipped abalone (Haliotis rubra) for resources, but experiments elucidating the mechanisms are lacking.<br><br>We outline a new framework involving experimental manipulations and Markov chain and Pareto modelling to examine the effects of interspecific competition between urchins and abalone and the effect of intraspecific competition in abalone, assessed as effects on behaviour. Manipulations of abalone densities had no detectable effect on urchin behavioural transitions, movement patterns or resightability through time. In contrast, additions of urchins resulted in abalone shifting microhabitats from exposed to sheltered positions, an increase in the proportion of mobile abalone, and declines in abalone resightability through time relative to controls without the urchins. Our results support the hypothesis of asymmetrical competitive interactions between urchins and abalone.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The introduction of urchins to intact algal beds causes abalone to flee and seek shelter in cryptic microhabitat which will negatively impact both their accessibility to such microhabitats, and productivity of the abalone fishery, and will potentially affect their growth and survival, while the presence of the abalone has no detectable effect on the urchin. Our approach involving field-based experiments and modelling could be used to test the effects of other invasive species on native species behaviour.}, }
@article {pmid24072439, year = {2014}, author = {Pearse, IS and Bastow, JL and Tsang, A}, title = {Radish introduction affects soil biota and has a positive impact on the growth of a native plant.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {174}, number = {2}, pages = {471-478}, pmid = {24072439}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Allelopathy ; Animals ; Biomass ; California ; Fabaceae/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Nematoda ; Plant Root Nodulation ; Plant Roots/*microbiology ; Raphanus/*physiology ; *Soil Microbiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Introduced plants may out-compete natives by belowground allelopathic effects on soil communities including the symbionts of native plants. We tested for an allelopathic effect of an introduced crucifer, Raphanus sativus, on a common neighboring legume, Lupinus nanus, on the legume's rhizobium affiliates, and on the broader soil community. In both field observations and a greenhouse experiment, we found that R. sativus decreased the density of nodules on L. nanus roots. However, in the greenhouse experiment, R. sativus soils only decreased the density of small, likely non-beneficial rhizobium nodules. In the same experiment, R. sativus soils decreased fungivorous nematode abundance, though there was no effect of R. sativus introduction on fungal density. In the greenhouse experiment, R. sativus soils had a net positive effect on L. nanus biomass. One explanation of this effect is that R. sativus introduction might alter the mutualistic/parasitic relationship between L. nanus and its rhizobial associates with a net benefit to L. nanus. Our results suggest that introduced brassicas can quickly alter belowground communities, but that the net effect of this on neighboring plants is not necessarily negative.}, }
@article {pmid24071728, year = {2014}, author = {Bodilis, P and Louisy, P and Draman, M and Arceo, HO and Francour, P}, title = {Can citizen science survey non-indigenous fish species in the eastern Mediterranean Sea?.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, pages = {172-180}, pmid = {24071728}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/*classification ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {Engaging non-scientists to survey ecosystems, a process known as citizen science has been adopted worldwide. For the first time, this was applied to monitor fish assemblages in the Kas Peninsula, Turkey, an area known for its important Lessepsian fish populations. For 3 years (2004, 2007 and 2010), fish assemblages were surveyed using underwater visual census by transect method. A total of 29 species was observed, seven of which were Lessepsian species. Results show a significant increase in the Lessepsian species over the study period. In 2004, they represented 34% of the total abundance, increasing to >61% in 2010. Differences were observed in the progression of populations between two invasive herbivores, Siganus rivulatus and Siganus luridus (Siganidae), and two native herbivores, Sparisoma cretense (Scaridae) and Sarpa salpa (Sparidae). The siganids were recorded each year in all sites, whereas S. cretense was regularly observed in fewer numbers, while S. salpa was rarely censused. Abundance of Siganus spp. increased threefold in 6 years while abundances of S. cretense and S. salpa remained stable. S. rivulatus was the most abundant among the four species. Its competitive superiority may be due to its greater adaptability to fluctuating environmental conditions and biological traits, e.g. rapid growth, earlier sexual maturity, high fecundity. Because siganids are herbivorous, their presence can strongly impact algal ecosystems. It is then important to follow their spreading at a large scale, but this can be challenging due to the limited number of scientists. Adopting citizen science can thus be a useful strategy to monitor the spread of invasive species in the Mediterranean.}, }
@article {pmid24071727, year = {2013}, author = {Verbrugge, LN and Van den Born, RJ and Lenders, HJ}, title = {Exploring public perception of non-native species from a visions of nature perspective.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, pages = {1562-1573}, pmid = {24071727}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {*Attitude ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Knowledge ; Netherlands ; *Public Opinion ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urban Population ; }, abstract = {Not much is known about lay public perceptions of non-native species and their underlying values. Public awareness and engagement, however, are important aspects in invasive species management. In this study, we examined the relations between the lay public's visions of nature, their knowledge about non-native species, and their perceptions of non-native species and invasive species management with a survey administered in the Netherlands. Within this framework, we identified three measures for perception of non-native species: perceived risk, control and engagement. In general, respondents scored moderate values for perceived risk and personal engagement. However, in case of potential ecological or human health risks, control measures were supported. Respondents' images of the human-nature relationship proved to be relevant in engagement in problems caused by invasive species and in recognizing the need for control, while images of nature appeared to be most important in perceiving risks to the environment. We also found that eradication of non-native species was predominantly opposed for species with a high cuddliness factor such as mammals and bird species. We conclude that lay public perceptions of non-native species have to be put in a wider context of visions of nature, and we discuss the implications for public support for invasive species management.}, }
@article {pmid24070018, year = {2013}, author = {Yavno, S and Fox, MG}, title = {Morphological change and phenotypic plasticity in native and non-native pumpkinseed sunfish in response to sustained water velocities.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {26}, number = {11}, pages = {2383-2395}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12230}, pmid = {24070018}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Body Size ; Introduced Species ; Multivariate Analysis ; Perciformes/*anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Phenotype ; *Water Movements ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity can contribute to the proliferation and invasion success of nonindigenous species by promoting phenotypic changes that increase fitness, facilitate range expansion and improve survival. In this study, differences in phenotypic plasticity were investigated using young-of-year pumpkinseed sunfish from colonies established with lentic and lotic populations originating in Canada (native) and Spain (non-native). Individuals were subjected to static and flowing water treatments for 80 days. Inter- and intra-population differences were tested using ancova and discriminant function analysis, and differences in phenotypic plasticity were tested through a manova of discriminant function scores. Differences between Iberian and North American populations were observed in dorsal fin length, pectoral fin position and caudal peduncle length. Phenotypic plasticity had less influence on morphology than genetic factors, regardless of population origin. Contrary to predictions, Iberian pumpkinseed exhibited lower levels of phenotypic plasticity than native populations, suggesting that canalization may have occurred in the non-native populations during the processes of introduction and range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid24068090, year = {2013}, author = {Leal, LC and Meiado, MV and Lopes, AV and Leal, IR}, title = {Germination responses of the invasive Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. (Apocynaceae): comparisons with seeds from two ecosystems in Northeastern Brazil.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {85}, number = {3}, pages = {1025-1034}, doi = {10.1590/S0001-37652013000300013}, pmid = {24068090}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Brazil ; Calotropis/*growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; Germination/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Life history traits are considered key indicators of plant invasibility. Among them, the germination behavior of seeds is of major relevance because it is influenced by environmental factors of invaded ecosystem. Here, we investigated how seed traits and seed tolerance to environmental factors on seed germination of Calotropis procera vary depending on the invaded ecosystems in northeastern Brazil. We have tested seeds from two vegetation types - Caatinga and Restinga - to different levels of light intensity, salinity, and water stress. Previous to those experiments, seed-set and morphometric analysis were carried out for both studied populations. We have observed a higher seed-set in Caatinga. Seeds produced in this ecosystem had lower seed moisture content. Seeds from Restinga showed lower germination time when light intensity decreased. We observed a reduction in both the germinability and the synchronization index with decreasing osmotic potential and increasing salinity. Nevertheless, both populations exhibited changes in photoblastism when seeds were submitted to water and saline stress. In conclusion, C. procera seeds are tolerant to environmental factors assessed. That characteristic ensures the colonization success and wide distribution of this plant species in the studied ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid24067653, year = {2013}, author = {Rodriguez-Cabal, MA and Barrios-Garcia, MN and Amico, GC and Aizen, MA and Sanders, NJ}, title = {Node-by-node disassembly of a mutualistic interaction web driven by species introductions.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {110}, number = {41}, pages = {16503-16507}, pmid = {24067653}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Birds/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mammals/physiology ; Mistletoe/physiology ; *Models, Biological ; Species Specificity ; *Symbiosis ; Wasps/physiology ; }, abstract = {Interaction webs summarize the diverse interactions among species in communities. The addition or loss of particular species and the alteration of key interactions can lead to the disassembly of the entire interaction web, although the nontrophic effects of species loss on interaction webs are poorly understood. We took advantage of ongoing invasions by a suite of exotic species to examine their impact in terms of the disassembly of an interaction web in Patagonia, Argentina. We found that the reduction of one species (a host of a keystone mistletoe species) resulted in diverse indirect effects that led to the disassembly of an interaction web through the loss of the mistletoe, two key seed-dispersers (a marsupial and a bird), and a pollinator (hummingbird). Our results demonstrate that the gains and losses of species are both consequences and drivers of global change that can lead to underappreciated cascading coextinctions through the disruption of mutualisms.}, }
@article {pmid24066105, year = {2013}, author = {Chen, GQ and He, YH and Qiang, S}, title = {Increasing seriousness of plant invasions in croplands of eastern china in relation to changing farming practices: a case study.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {e74136}, pmid = {24066105}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {China ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Crops, Agricultural ; Ecosystem ; Herbicides ; *Introduced Species ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Arable areas are commonly susceptible to alien plant invasion because they experience dramatic environmental influences and intense anthropogenic activity. However, the limited reports on relevant factors in plant invasion of croplands have addressed single or a few invasive species and environmental factors. To elucidate key factors affecting plant invasions in croplands, we analyzed the relationship between 11 effective factors and changes in composition of alien plants, using field surveys of crop fields in Anhui Province conducted during 1987-1990 (historical dataset) and 2005-2010 (recent dataset), when rapid urbanization was occurring in China. We found that in the past few decades, the dominance and richness of alien plant populations approximately doubled, despite differences among the 4 regions of Anhui Province. Among the 38 alien invasive plant species observed in the sites, the dominance values of 11 species increased significantly, while the dominance of 4 species decreased significantly. The quantity of chemical fertilizer and herbicide applied, population density, agricultural machinery use, traffic frequency, and annual mean temperature were significantly related to increased richness and annual dominance values of alien plant species. Our findings suggest that the increase in alien plant invasions during the past few decades is primarily a result of increased application of chemical fertilizer and herbicides.}, }
@article {pmid24065557, year = {2014}, author = {Fox, MG and Copp, GH}, title = {Old world versus new world: life-history alterations in a successful invader introduced across Europe.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {174}, number = {2}, pages = {435-446}, pmid = {24065557}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; North America ; Perciformes/*growth &amp; development ; Phenotype ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; *Reproduction ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {We examined differences in pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) life-history traits between native North American and introduced European populations, and tested three life-history predictions related to the effect of temperature, growth, waterbody size, and the presence/absence of predators on native and non-native populations. Pumpkinseed populations exhibit more 'opportunistic' traits (earlier maturity, smaller size at maturity, and higher reproductive allocation) in their introduced European range than those in their native range. Predictions of life-history traits were improved when indicators of juvenile growth rate (mean length at age 2), waterbody size (surface area), and thermal regime (air temperature degree-days above 10 °C) were incorporated into models along with continental location, but European pumpkinseed populations exhibit more opportunistic life-history traits than North American populations even when these factors are accounted for. Native pumpkinseed in waterbodies containing piscivores mature later and at a larger size, and have lower gonadosomatic indices than those in waterbodies lacking piscivores, whereas there is no significant difference in the same three life-history traits between European waterbodies containing or lacking piscivores. Because congeneric competitors of the pumpkinseed are absent from Europe, the apparent absence of a predator life-history effect there could also be due to the absence of the major sunfish competitors. In either case, the evolution and maintenance of more opportunistic traits in European pumpkinseed can likely be attributed to enemy release, and this may explain the successful establishment and spread of pumpkinseed in many parts of Europe.}, }
@article {pmid24065555, year = {2014}, author = {Melero, Y and Palazón, S and Lambin, X}, title = {Invasive crayfish reduce food limitation of alien American mink and increase their resilience to control.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {174}, number = {2}, pages = {427-434}, pmid = {24065555}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Astacoidea ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; *Mink ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Trophic relationships between invasive species in multiply invaded ecosystems may reduce food limitation relative to more pristine ecosystems and increase resilience to control. Here, we consider whether invasive predatory American mink Neovison vison are trophically subsidized by invasive crayfish. We collated data from the literature on density and home range size of mink populations in relation to the prevalence of crayfish in the diet of mink. We then tested the hypothesis that populations of an invasive predator reach higher densities and are more resilient to lethal control when they have access to super-abundant non-native prey, even in the absence of changes in density dependence, hence compensatory capacity. We found a strong positive relationship between the proportion of crayfish in mink diet and mink population density, and a negative relationship between the proportion of crayfish in mink diet and mink home range size, with crayfish contribution to mink diet reflecting their abundance in the ecosystem. We then explored the consequence of elevated mink density by simulating a hypothetical eradication program with a constant harvest in a Ricker model. We found that mink populations were more resilient to harvest in the presence of crayfish. As a result, the simulated number of mink harvested to achieve eradication increased by 500% in the presence of abundant crayfish if carrying capacity increased by 630%. This led to a threefold increase in time to eradication under a constant harvest and an approximately 20-fold increase in the cumulative management cost. Our results add to evidence of inter-specific positive interactions involving invasive species, and our simple model illustrates how this increases management cost.}, }
@article {pmid24065383, year = {2013}, author = {Dommanget, F and Spiegelberger, T and Cavaillé, P and Evette, A}, title = {Light availability prevails over soil fertility and structure in the performance of Asian knotweeds on riverbanks: new management perspectives.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, pages = {1453-1462}, pmid = {24065383}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Agriculture/*methods ; Biomass ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; France ; *Introduced Species ; *Light ; Polygonum/*growth &amp; development ; Rivers ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Asian knotweeds (Fallopia spp.) are considered one of the world's most invasive species. Restoring habitats dominated by these exotic species requires a better understanding of the importance of abiotic factors controlling the invasive knotweeds performance. We used observational data obtained on the embankment of the Isère River (France) to study the performance of Fallopia spp. under different soil, light, and disturbance conditions. On the Isère riverbanks, light intensity assessed by light quantity transmitted through canopy was the most important factor explaining the variability observed on knotweed performance expressed as above-ground biomass per square meter. Asian knotweeds were more productive under intensive light conditions. Alternatively other factors such as mowing (twice a year), soil fertility, soil texture, position on the bank or exposure to the sun had no significant effect on knotweed biomass production. We conclude that decreasing light resources, for example, by increasing competitive pressure on sites dominated by Asian knotweeds could be included in management plans to control the populations of this invasive taxon.}, }
@article {pmid24063637, year = {2013}, author = {Hillock, KA and Costello, MJ}, title = {Tolerance of the invasive tunicate Styela clava to air exposure.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {29}, number = {10}, pages = {1181-1187}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2013.832221}, pmid = {24063637}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {*Air ; Animals ; *Biofouling ; Body Size ; Introduced Species ; *Stress, Physiological ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Urochordata/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Styela clava is a subtidal invasive marine species in Northern Europe, Atlantic Canada, Australia and New Zealand. It grows attached to solid substrata, including boat hulls, ropes, moorings, piers and aquaculture equipment, all of which can aid its spread to new locations. It interferes with feeding of mussels and oysters, and increases their harvesting costs. Being subtidal, it could be assumed that tunicates would rapidly die in air and thus exposure to air would be a practical method to prevent their spread on boats and equipment. This study tested their survival when exposed to air for up to (1) 120 h at a constant temperature of 10 °C, (2) shade ambient 15-27 °C, and (3) full sun ambient 15-29 °C. Humidity was consistently high (78-100%). The results indicated that survival was longer when the air temperature was cooler. Larger individuals of S. clava generally survived for longer out of seawater than smaller individuals. The results predict that two weeks of exposure to air for two weeks could be an effective management method to eradicate S. clava from marine equipment when the air temperature is 10 °C. However, drying time would be less under conditions of low humidity and under direct sunlight.}, }
@article {pmid24062805, year = {2013}, author = {Hayden, KJ and Garbelotto, M and Dodd, R and Wright, JW}, title = {Scaling up from greenhouse resistance to fitness in the field for a host of an emerging forest disease.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, pages = {970-982}, pmid = {24062805}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Forest systems are increasingly threatened by emergent, exotic diseases, yet management strategies for forest trees may be hindered by long generation times and scant background knowledge. We tested whether nursery disease resistance and growth traits have predictive value for the conservation of Notholithocarpus densiflorus, the host most susceptible to sudden oak death. We established three experimental populations to assess nursery growth and resistance to Phytophthora ramorum, and correlations between nursery-derived breeding values with seedling survival in a field disease trial. Estimates of nursery traits' heritability were low to moderate, with lowest estimates for resistance traits. Within the field trial, survival likelihood was increased in larger seedlings and decreased with the development of disease symptoms. The seed-parent family wide likelihood of survival was likewise correlated with family predictors for size and resistance to disease in 2nd year laboratory assays, though not resistance in 1st year leaf assays. We identified traits and seedling families with increased survivorship in planted tanoaks, and a framework to further identify seed parents favored for restoration. The additive genetic variation and seedling disease dynamics we describe hold promise to refine current disease models and expand the understanding of evolutionary dynamics of emergent infectious diseases in highly susceptible hosts.}, }
@article {pmid24061551, year = {2014}, author = {Jakobsson, A and Padrón, B}, title = {Does the invasive Lupinus polyphyllus increase pollinator visitation to a native herb through effects on pollinator population sizes?.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {174}, number = {1}, pages = {217-226}, pmid = {24061551}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bees ; Flowers ; *Introduced Species ; Lotus/*physiology ; *Lupinus ; *Pollination ; Population Density ; Reproduction ; Seeds ; Sweden ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants may compete with native species for abiotic factors as light, space and nutrients, and have also been shown to affect native pollination interactions. Studies have mainly focused on how invasive plants affect pollinator behaviour, i.e. attraction of pollinators to or away from native flowers. However, when an invasive plant provides resources utilized by native pollinators this could increase pollinator population sizes and thereby pollination success in natives. Effects mediated through changes in pollinator population sizes have been largely ignored in previous studies, and the dominance of negative interactions suggested by meta-analyses may therefore be biased. We investigated the impact of the invasive Lupinus polyphyllus on pollination in the native Lotus corniculatus using a study design comparing invaded and uninvaded sites before and after the flowering period of the invasive. We monitored wild bee abundance in transects, and visit rate and seed production of potted Lotus plants. Bumblebee abundance increased 3.9 times in invaded sites during the study period, whereas it was unaltered in uninvaded sites. Total visit rate per Lotus plant increased 2.1 times in invaded sites and decreased 4.4 times in uninvaded sites. No corresponding change in seed production of Lotus was found. The increase in visit rate to Lotus was driven by an increase in solitary bee visitation, whereas mainly bumblebees were observed to visit the invasive Lupinus. The mechanism by which the invasive increases pollinator visit rates to Lotus could be increased availability of other flower resources for solitary bees when bumblebees forage on Lupinus.}, }
@article {pmid24058712, year = {2013}, author = {Latorre, L and Larrinaga, AR and Santamaría, L}, title = {Rats and seabirds: effects of egg size on predation risk and the potential of conditioned taste aversion as a mitigation method.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {e76138}, pmid = {24058712}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Charadriiformes ; *Eggs ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Islands ; Mice ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Rats ; }, abstract = {Seabirds nesting on islands are threatened by invasive rodents, such as mice and rats, which may attack eggs, chicks and even adults. The low feasibility of rat eradications on many islands makes the development of alternate control plans necessary. We used a combination of field experiments on a Mediterranean island invaded by black rats (Rattusrattus) to evaluate (1) the predation risk posed to different-sized seabird eggs and (2), the potential of two deterrent methods (electronic and chemical) to reduce its impact. Rats were able to consume eggs of all sizes (12 to 68 g), but survival increased 13 times from the smallest to the largest eggs (which also had more resistant eggshells). Extrapolation to seabird eggs suggests that the smallest species (Hydrobatespelagicus) suffer the most severe predation risk, but even the largest (Larusmichahellis) could suffer >60% mortality. Nest attack was not reduced by the deterrents. However, chemical deterrence (conditioned taste aversion by lithium chloride) slowed the increase in predation rate over time, which resulted in a three-fold increase in egg survival to predation as compared to both control and electronic deterrence. At the end of the experimental period, this effect was confirmed by a treatment swap, which showed that conferred protection remains at least 15 days after cessation of the treatment. Results indicate that small seabird species are likely to suffer severe rates of nest predation by rats and that conditioned taste aversion, but not electronic repellents, may represent a suitable method to protect colonies when eradication or control is not feasible or cost-effective.}, }
@article {pmid24052293, year = {2013}, author = {Vilcinskas, A and Stoecker, K and Schmidtberg, H and Röhrich, CR and Vogel, H}, title = {Response to comments on "Invasive harlequin ladybird carries biological weapons against native competitors".}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {341}, number = {6152}, pages = {1342}, doi = {10.1126/science.1242484}, pmid = {24052293}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*parasitology/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Nosema/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Comments by de Jong et al., Solter et al., and Sloggett question the ecological relevance of the abundant microsporidia found in the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis. We contend that there is abundant evidence that native ladybirds feed on H. axyridis eggs and that interspecific microsporidial transfer is a common phenomenon, supporting the proposed role of these parasites as biological weapons.}, }
@article {pmid24052292, year = {2013}, author = {Sloggett, JJ}, title = {Comment on "Invasive harlequin ladybird carries biological weapons against native competitors".}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {341}, number = {6152}, pages = {1342}, doi = {10.1126/science.1241827}, pmid = {24052292}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*parasitology/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Nosema/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Vilcinskas et al. (Reports, 17 May 2013, p. 862) proposed that infectious microsporidia of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis act against intraguild predators, rather than ladybird alkaloid defenses. However, as both microsporidia and the harmonine defense alkaloid were administered to predators by microinjection rather than into the gut, such a conclusion is premature. Alkaloids also provide defense when predation occurs, whereas microsporidia act much later.}, }
@article {pmid24052291, year = {2013}, author = {Solter, LF and Kyei-Poku, GK and Johny, S}, title = {Comment on "Invasive harlequin ladybird carries biological weapons against native competitors".}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {341}, number = {6152}, pages = {1342}, doi = {10.1126/science.1241600}, pmid = {24052291}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*parasitology/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Nosema/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Conclusions about the nontarget effects of putatively invasive pathogens should be based on biologically relevant data. We disagree that the research experiments on a microsporidium isolated from Harmonia axyridis conducted by Vilcinskas et al. (Reports, 17 May 2013, p. 862) can explain the decline of native coccinellid species in the absence of such data.}, }
@article {pmid24052290, year = {2013}, author = {de Jong, PW and van Lenteren, JC and Raak-van den Berg, CL}, title = {Comment on "Invasive harlequin ladybird carries biological weapons against native competitors".}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {341}, number = {6152}, pages = {1342}, doi = {10.1126/science.1241745}, pmid = {24052290}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*parasitology/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Nosema/*physiology ; }, abstract = {We comment on the implications that Vilcinskas et al. (Reports, 17 May 2013, p. 862) attach to the finding that the exotic, invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis carries microsporidia to which this species is insensitive but that is lethal to species that are native to the invaded areas. The authors suggest that these microsporidia might serve as "biological weapons" against the native competitors, but we cast doubt on the importance of this suggestion in the field.}, }
@article {pmid24051446, year = {2014}, author = {Gilioli, G and Schrader, G and Baker, RH and Ceglarska, E and Kertész, VK and Lövei, G and Navajas, M and Rossi, V and Tramontini, S and van Lenteren, JC}, title = {Environmental risk assessment for plant pests: a procedure to evaluate their impacts on ecosystem services.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {468-469}, number = {}, pages = {475-486}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.068}, pmid = {24051446}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Ecological Parameter Monitoring/*methods ; Plants/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Risk Assessment/*methods ; }, abstract = {The current methods to assess the environmental impacts of plant pests differ in their approaches and there is a lack of the standardized procedures necessary to provide accurate and consistent results, demonstrating the complexity of developing a commonly accepted scheme for this purpose. By including both the structural and functional components of the environment threatened by invasive alien species (IAS), in particular plant pests, we propose an environmental risk assessment scheme that addresses this complexity. Structural components are investigated by evaluating the impacts of the plant pest on genetic, species and landscape diversity. Functional components are evaluated by estimating how plant pests modify ecosystem services in order to determine the extent to which an IAS changes the functional traits that influence ecosystem services. A scenario study at a defined spatial and temporal resolution is then used to explore how an IAS, as an exogenous driving force, may trigger modifications in the target environment. The method presented here provides a standardized approach to generate comparable and reproducible results for environmental risk assessment as a component of Pest Risk Analysis. The method enables the assessment of overall environmental risk which integrates the impacts on different components of the environment and their probabilities of occurrence. The application of the proposed scheme is illustrated by evaluating the environmental impacts of the invasive citrus long-horn beetle, Anoplophora chinensis.}, }
@article {pmid24046225, year = {2014}, author = {Akao, S and Hosoi, Y and Fujiwara, T}, title = {Utilization of water chestnut for reclamation of water environment and control of cyanobacterial blooms.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {2249-2255}, pmid = {24046225}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Cyanobacteria/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Eutrophication/drug effects ; Fresh Water/microbiology ; Introduced Species ; *Microcystis/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Nitrogen/analysis ; North America ; Phenols/toxicity ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Plant Extracts/toxicity ; *Lythraceae/physiology ; }, abstract = {Overgrowth of water chestnut (Trapa spp.) is a regional problem throughout Asia and North America because of waterway blockage and water fouling upon decomposition. In the present study, we investigated the potential of water chestnut to control cyanobacterial blooms, via a high content of phenolic compounds. In addition, we assessed the impact of biomass harvesting and crude extract application on nutrient balance. We showed that the floating parts of water chestnut contained high concentrations of total phenolics (89.2 mg g(-1) dry weight) and exhibited strong antioxidant activity (1.31 mmol g(-1) dry weight). Methanol-extracted phenolics inhibited growth of Microcystis aeruginosa; the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of the extracted phenolics was 5.8 mg L(-1), which was obtained from only 103 mg L(-1) of dry biomass (the floating and submerged parts). However, the crude extracts also added important quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (1.49, 1.05, and 16.3 mg g(-1), respectively; extracted dry biomass weight basis); therefore, in practice, nutrient removal before and/or after the extraction is essential. On the other hand, biomass harvesting enables recovery of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from the water environment (23.1, 2.9, and 18.7 mg g(-1), respectively; dry biomass weight basis). Our findings indicate that water chestnut contains high concentrations of phenolics and exhibits strong antioxidant activity. Utilization of these resources, including nutrients, will contribute to reclamation of the water environment, and also to disposal of wet biomass.}, }
@article {pmid24045305, year = {2013}, author = {Hui, C and Richardson, DM and Pyšek, P and Le Roux, JJ and Kučera, T and Jarošík, V}, title = {Increasing functional modularity with residence time in the co-distribution of native and introduced vascular plants.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {2454}, pmid = {24045305}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Asteraceae/*classification/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Cyperaceae/*classification/physiology ; Czech Republic ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Plant Dispersal/*physiology ; Poaceae/*classification/physiology ; Rosaceae/*classification/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Species gain membership of regional assemblages by passing through multiple ecological and environmental filters. To capture the potential trajectory of structural changes in regional meta-communities driven by biological invasions, one can categorize species pools into assemblages of different residence times. Older assemblages, having passed through more environmental filters, should become more functionally ordered and structured. Here we calculate the level of compartmentalization (modularity) for three different-aged assemblages (neophytes, introduced after 1500 AD; archaeophytes, introduced before 1500 AD, and natives), including 2,054 species of vascular plants in 302 reserves in central Europe. Older assemblages are more compartmentalized than younger ones, with species composition, phylogenetic structure and habitat characteristics of the modules becoming increasingly distinctive. This sheds light on two mechanisms of how alien species are functionally incorporated into regional species pools: the settling-down hypothesis of diminishing stochasticity with residence time, and the niche-mosaic hypothesis of inlaid neutral modules in regional meta-communities.}, }
@article {pmid24041594, year = {2014}, author = {Utz, M and Jeschke, JM and Loeschcke, V and Gabriel, W}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity with instantaneous but delayed switches.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {340}, number = {}, pages = {60-72}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.08.038}, pmid = {24041594}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Animals ; Birds ; Body Patterning ; Boidae ; Butterflies ; Daphnia ; Environment ; Flight, Animal ; Genotype ; Intestines/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Models, Genetic ; Models, Theoretical ; Normal Distribution ; Phenotype ; Selection, Genetic ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity is a widespread phenomenon, allowing organisms to better adapt to changing environments. Most empirical and theoretical studies are restricted to irreversible plasticity where the expression of a specific phenotype is mostly determined during development. However, reversible plasticity is not uncommon; here, organisms are able to switch back and forth between phenotypes. We present two optimization models for the fitness of (i) non-plastic, (ii) irreversibly plastic, and (iii) reversibly plastic genotypes in a fluctuating environment. In one model, the fitness values of an organism during different life phases act together multiplicatively (so as to consider traits that are related to survival). The other model additionally considers additive effects (corresponding to traits related to fecundity). Both models yield qualitatively similar results. If the only costs of reversible plasticity are due to temporal maladaptation while switching between phenotypes, reversibility is virtually always advantageous over irreversibility, especially for slow environmental fluctuations. If reversibility implies an overall decreased fitness, then irreversibility is advantageous if the environment fluctuates quickly or if stress events last relatively short. Our results are supported by observations from different types of organisms and have implications for many basic and applied research questions, e.g., on invasive alien species.}, }
@article {pmid24040366, year = {2013}, author = {Chen, L and Tiu, CJ and Peng, S and Siemann, E}, title = {Conspecific plasticity and invasion: invasive populations of Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera) have performance advantage over native populations only in low soil salinity.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {e74961}, pmid = {24040366}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Hippomane/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Salinity ; Salts/chemistry ; Seasons ; Soil/*chemistry ; Trees ; United States ; }, abstract = {Global climate change may increase biological invasions in part because invasive species may have greater phenotypic plasticity than native species. This may be especially important for abiotic stresses such as salt inundation related to increased hurricane activity or sea level rise. If invasive species indeed have greater plasticity, this may reflect genetic differences between populations in the native and introduced ranges. Here, we examined plasticity of functional and fitness-related traits of Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera) populations from the introduced and native ranges that were grown along a gradient of soil salinity (control: 0 ppt; Low: 5 ppt; Medium: 10 ppt; High: 15 ppt) in a greenhouse. We used both norm reaction and plasticity index (PIv) to estimate the conspecific phenotypic plasticity variation between invasive and native populations. Overall, invasive populations had higher phenotypic plasticity of height growth rate (HGR), aboveground biomass, stem biomass and specific leaf area (SLA). The plasticity Index (PIv) of height growth rate (HGR) and SLA each were higher for plants from invasive populations. Absolute performance was always comparable or greater for plants from invasive populations versus native populations with the greatest differences at low stress levels. Our results were consistent with the "Master-of-some" pattern for invasive plants in which the fitness of introduced populations was greater in more benign conditions. This suggests that the greater conspecific phenotypic plasticity of invasive populations compared to native populations may increase invasion success in benign conditions but would not provide a potential interspecific competitive advantage in higher salinity soils that may occur with global climate change in coastal areas.}, }
@article {pmid24040212, year = {2013}, author = {Lamarque, LJ and Porté, AJ and Eymeric, C and Lasnier, JB and Lortie, CJ and Delzon, S}, title = {A test for pre-adapted phenotypic plasticity in the invasive tree Acer negundo L.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {e74239}, pmid = {24040212}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acer/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; Ecosystem ; Europe, Eastern ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; *Phenotype ; Plant Dispersal ; Seedlings/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Species Specificity ; Trees/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity is a key mechanism associated with the spread of exotic plants and previous studies have found that invasive species are generally more plastic than co-occurring species. Comparatively, the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in plant invasion has received less attention, and in particular, the genetic basis of plasticity is largely unexamined. Native from North America, Acer negundo L. is aggressively impacting the riparian forests of southern and eastern Europe thanks to higher plasticity relative to co-occurring native species. We therefore tested here whether invasive populations have evolved increased plasticity since introduction. The performance of 1152 seedlings from 8 native and 8 invasive populations was compared in response to nutrient availability. Irrespective of nutrients, invasive populations had higher growth and greater allocation to above-ground biomass relative to their native conspecifics. More importantly, invasive genotypes did not show increased plasticity in any of the 20 traits examined. This result suggests that the high magnitude of plasticity to nutrient variation of invasive seedlings might be pre-adapted in the native range. Invasiveness of A. negundo could be explained by higher mean values of traits due to genetic differentiation rather than by evolution of increased plasticity.}, }
@article {pmid24039978, year = {2013}, author = {Cruz, J and Glen, AS and Pech, RP}, title = {Modelling landscape-level numerical responses of predators to prey: the case of cats and rabbits.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {e73544}, pmid = {24039978}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats/*physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Rabbits/*physiology ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Predator-prey systems can extend over large geographical areas but empirical modelling of predator-prey dynamics has been largely limited to localised scales. This is due partly to difficulties in estimating predator and prey abundances over large areas. Collection of data at suitably large scales has been a major problem in previous studies of European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and their predators. This applies in Western Europe, where conserving rabbits and predators such as Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) is important, and in other parts of the world where rabbits are an invasive species supporting populations of introduced, and sometimes native, predators. In pastoral regions of New Zealand, rabbits are the primary prey of feral cats (Felis catus) that threaten native fauna. We estimate the seasonal numerical response of cats to fluctuations in rabbit numbers in grassland-shrubland habitat across the Otago and Mackenzie regions of the South Island of New Zealand. We use spotlight counts over 1645 km of transects to estimate rabbit and cat abundances with a novel modelling approach that accounts simultaneously for environmental stochasticity, density dependence and varying detection probability. Our model suggests that cat abundance is related consistently to rabbit abundance in spring and summer, possibly through increased rabbit numbers improving the fecundity and juvenile survival of cats. Maintaining rabbits at low abundance should therefore suppress cat numbers, relieving predation pressure on native prey. Our approach provided estimates of the abundance of cats and rabbits over a large geographical area. This was made possible by repeated sampling within each season, which allows estimation of detection probabilities. A similar approach could be applied to predator-prey systems elsewhere, and could be adapted to any method of direct observation in which there is no double-counting of individuals. Reliable estimates of numerical responses are essential for managing both invasive and threatened predators and prey.}, }
@article {pmid24039854, year = {2013}, author = {Brandner, J and Cerwenka, AF and Schliewen, UK and Geist, J}, title = {Bigger is better: characteristics of round gobies forming an invasion front in the Danube river.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {e73036}, pmid = {24039854}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Austria ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Female ; *Fishes/parasitology ; Germany ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Few studies have systematically investigated differences in performance, morphology and parasitic load of invaders at different stages of an invasion. This study analyzed phenotype-environment correlations in a fish invasion from initial absence until establishment in the headwater reach of the second largest European river, the Danube. Here, the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) formed 73% of the fish abundance and 58% of the fish biomass in rip-rap bank habitats after establishment. The time from invasion until establishment was only about two years, indicating rapid expansion. Founder populations from the invasion front were different from longer established round goby populations in demography, morphology, feeding behaviour, sex ratio and parasitic load, indicating that plasticity in these traits determines invasion success. Competitive ability was mostly dependent on growth/size-related traits rather than on fecundity. As revealed by stable isotope analyses, specimens at the invasion front had a higher trophic position in the food web and seem to benefit from lower food competition. Somatic performance seems to be more important than investment in reproduction during the early stages of the invasion process and upstream-directed range expansion is not caused by out-migrating weak or juvenile individuals that were forced to leave high density areas due to high competition. This mechanism might be true for downstream introductions via drift. Greater abundance and densities of acanthocephalan endoparasites were observed at the invasion front, which contradicts the expectation that invasion success is determined by lower parasitic pressure in newly invaded areas. Overall, the pronounced changes in fish and invertebrate communities with a dominance of alien species suggest invasional meltdown and a shift of the upper Danube River towards a novel ecosystem with species that have greater resistance to goby predation. This seems to contribute to overcoming biological resistance and improve rapidity of dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid24038921, year = {2014}, author = {Leskey, TC and Short, BD and Lee, DH}, title = {Efficacy of insecticide residues on adult Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) mortality and injury in apple and peach orchards.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {70}, number = {7}, pages = {1097-1104}, doi = {10.1002/ps.3653}, pmid = {24038921}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; *Heteroptera ; *Insect Control ; *Insecticides ; Malus/growth &amp; development ; *Pesticide Residues ; Prunus/growth &amp; development ; Seasons ; West Virginia ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The primary threat from Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) originates from populations continuously dispersing from and among wild and cultivated hosts, so many individuals may not be directly sprayed with insecticides. Limited information exists regarding field-based residual activity of insecticides for management of H. halys in tree fruit. Thus, we conducted field-based bioassays in apple and peach orchards to evaluate residual activity of insecticides commonly applied against H. halys. Adults used in these trials were collected from wild and cultivated hosts less than one week prior to testing to more accurately reflect the susceptibility of wild H. halys populations in the field throughout the season.<br><br>RESULTS: Significantly higher mortality rates of Halyomorpha halys were observed early in the growing season, when overwintered adults were prevalent, compared with populations present later in the growing season that included new generation adults. Significantly higher mortality was recorded for adults exposed to fresh insecticide applications compared with three- and seven-day old residues. Typically, the addition of an adjuvant did not enhance efficacy or residual activity of insecticides. Significantly fewer injury sites were recorded on apples treated with dinotefuran and fenpropathrin compared with the untreated apples for all residue ages.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Overwintered Halyomorpha halys populations are easier to kill with insecticide applications than the first and second generation which are present in the field during the mid- to late-season. Residual activity of nearly all insecticides decreased significantly three days after application and adjuvants generally did not increase residual activity. These factors should be considered in developing season-long programs for management of this invasive species in tree fruit.}, }
@article {pmid24038855, year = {2014}, author = {Chapman, DS and Haynes, T and Beal, S and Essl, F and Bullock, JM}, title = {Phenology predicts the native and invasive range limits of common ragweed.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {192-202}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12380}, pmid = {24038855}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {*Ambrosia ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; North America ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Accurate models for species' distributions are needed to forecast the progress and impacts of alien invasive species and assess potential range-shifting driven by global change. Although this has traditionally been achieved through data-driven correlative modelling, robustly extrapolating these models into novel climatic conditions is challenging. Recently, a small number of process-based or mechanistic distribution models have been developed to complement the correlative approaches. However, tests of these models are lacking, and there are very few process-based models for invasive species. We develop a method for estimating the range of a globally invasive species, common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), from a temperature- and photoperiod-driven phenology model. The model predicts the region in which ragweed can reach reproductive maturity before frost kills the adult plants in autumn. This aligns well with the poleward and high-elevation range limits in its native North America and in invaded Europe, clearly showing that phenological constraints determine the cold range margins of the species. Importantly, this is a 'forward' prediction made entirely independently of the distribution data. Therefore, it allows a confident and biologically informed forecasting of further invasion and range shifting driven by climate change. For ragweed, such forecasts are extremely important as the species is a serious crop weed and its airborne pollen is a major cause of allergy and asthma in humans. Our results show that phenology can be a key determinant of species' range margins, so integrating phenology into species distribution models offers great potential for the mechanistic modelling of range dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid24038796, year = {2013}, author = {Seabloom, EW and Borer, ET and Buckley, Y and Cleland, EE and Davies, K and Firn, J and Harpole, WS and Hautier, Y and Lind, E and MacDougall, A and Orrock, JL and Prober, SM and Adler, P and Alberti, J and Anderson, TM and Bakker, JD and Biederman, LA and Blumenthal, D and Brown, CS and Brudvig, LA and Caldeira, M and Chu, C and Crawley, MJ and Daleo, P and Damschen, EI and D'Antonio, CM and DeCrappeo, NM and Dickman, CR and Du, G and Fay, PA and Frater, P and Gruner, DS and Hagenah, N and Hector, A and Helm, A and Hillebrand, H and Hofmockel, KS and Humphries, HC and Iribarne, O and Jin, VL and Kay, A and Kirkman, KP and Klein, JA and Knops, JM and La Pierre, KJ and Ladwig, LM and Lambrinos, JG and Leakey, AD and Li, Q and Li, W and McCulley, R and Melbourne, B and Mitchell, CE and Moore, JL and Morgan, J and Mortensen, B and O'Halloran, LR and Pärtel, M and Pascual, J and Pyke, DA and Risch, AC and Salguero-Gómez, R and Sankaran, M and Schuetz, M and Simonsen, A and Smith, M and Stevens, C and Sullivan, L and Wardle, GM and Wolkovich, EM and Wragg, PD and Wright, J and Yang, L}, title = {Predicting invasion in grassland ecosystems: is exotic dominance the real embarrassment of richness?.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {19}, number = {12}, pages = {3677-3687}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12370}, pmid = {24038796}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Dispersal ; Poaceae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasions have increased the size of regional species pools, but are typically assumed to reduce native diversity. However, global-scale tests of this assumption have been elusive because of the focus on exotic species richness, rather than relative abundance. This is problematic because low invader richness can indicate invasion resistance by the native community or, alternatively, dominance by a single exotic species. Here, we used a globally replicated study to quantify relationships between exotic richness and abundance in grass-dominated ecosystems in 13 countries on six continents, ranging from salt marshes to alpine tundra. We tested effects of human land use, native community diversity, herbivore pressure, and nutrient limitation on exotic plant dominance. Despite its widespread use, exotic richness was a poor proxy for exotic dominance at low exotic richness, because sites that contained few exotic species ranged from relatively pristine (low exotic richness and cover) to almost completely exotic-dominated ones (low exotic richness but high exotic cover). Both exotic cover and richness were predicted by native plant diversity (native grass richness) and land use (distance to cultivation). Although climate was important for predicting both exotic cover and richness, climatic factors predicting cover (precipitation variability) differed from those predicting richness (maximum temperature and mean temperature in the wettest quarter). Herbivory and nutrient limitation did not predict exotic richness or cover. Exotic dominance was greatest in areas with low native grass richness at the site- or regional-scale. Although this could reflect native grass displacement, a lack of biotic resistance is a more likely explanation, given that grasses comprise the most aggressive invaders. These findings underscore the need to move beyond richness as a surrogate for the extent of invasion, because this metric confounds monodominance with invasion resistance. Monitoring species' relative abundance will more rapidly advance our understanding of invasions.}, }
@article {pmid24036930, year = {2014}, author = {Swope, SM}, title = {Biocontrol attack increases pollen limitation under some circumstances in the invasive plant Centaurea solstitialis.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {174}, number = {1}, pages = {205-215}, pmid = {24036930}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Basidiomycota/*pathogenicity ; *Biological Control Agents ; California ; Centaurea/classification/microbiology/*physiology ; Flowers ; *Introduced Species ; *Pollen ; Seeds ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Herbivore damage often deters pollinator visitation and many invasive plants in North America are pollinator-dependent. This has important implications for the biological control of invasive plants because it means that agents that deter pollinators may have a larger than expected impact on the plant. Yet interactions between pollinators and biocontrol agents are rarely evaluated. Centaurea solstitialis, one of the most problematic invasive species in California, is dependent on pollinators for reproduction. I factorially manipulated infection by a biocontrol pathogen and pollen supplementation to test for (1) pollen limitation in C. solstitialis, (2) whether infection increased pollen limitation, and (3) whether this varied across a soil moisture gradient. Plants growing on north-facing slopes where soil moisture was higher experienced mild pollen limitation in the absence of the pathogen and more pronounced pollen limitation when they were infected. Plants on drier south-facing slopes did not suffer from pollen limitation but instead appeared to suffer from resource limitation. Pathogen infection directly reduced seed set in C. solstitialis by 67-72%. On north-facing slopes, infection had an additional, indirect effect by increasing the degree of pollen limitation plants experienced. The trait that mediates this indirect pathogen-pollinator interaction is the number of inflorescences plants produced: infected plants made fewer inflorescences which led to greater pollen limitation. Although in the present study this outcome is dependent on abiotic factors that vary over small spatial scales, exploiting other invasive plants' dependence on pollinators by selecting agents that deter visitation may enhance agent impact.}, }
@article {pmid24034578, year = {2013}, author = {Leung, B and Roura-Pascual, N and Bacher, S and Heikkilä, J and Brotons, L and Burgman, MA and Dehnen-Schmutz, K and Essl, F and Hulme, PE and Richardson, DM and Sol, D and Vilà, M}, title = {Addressing a critique of the TEASI framework for invasive species risk assessment.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {1415, e6}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12172}, pmid = {24034578}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {We address criticism that the Transport, Establishment, Abundance, Spread, Impact (TEASI) framework does not facilitate objective mapping of risk assessment methods nor defines best practice. We explain why TEASI is appropriate for mapping, despite inherent challenges, and how TEASI offers considerations for best practices, rather than suggesting one best practice.}, }
@article {pmid24034474, year = {2013}, author = {Barry, SC}, title = {Best practice in alien species risk assessment: a comment on Leung et al. (2012).}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {1414, e5}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12163}, pmid = {24034474}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {The TEASI model is presented in Leung et al. (2012; TEASIng apart alien species risk assessments: a framework for best practices. Ecol. Lett., 15, 1475) as a framework for best practice in alien species risk assessment. This is not supported by the paper's review as it does not define good, bad or best practice and therefore cannot logically make this claim.}, }
@article {pmid24033873, year = {2013}, author = {Heard, MJ and Smith, KF and Ripp, K and Berger, M and Chen, J and Dittmeier, J and Goter, M and McGarvey, ST and Ryan, E}, title = {The threat of disease increases as species move toward extinction.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {1378-1388}, pmid = {24033873}, issn = {1523-1739}, support = {R24 HD041020/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Amphibians/*parasitology ; Animals ; Birds/*parasitology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Disease Susceptibility ; *Endangered Species ; *Extinction, Biological ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Mammals/*parasitology ; Population Density ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {At local scales, infectious disease is a common driver of population declines, but globally it is an infrequent contributor to species extinction and endangerment. For species at risk of extinction from disease important questions remain unanswered, including when does disease become a threat to species and does it co-occur, predictably, with other threats? Using newly compiled data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, we examined the relative role and co-occurrence of threats associated with amphibians, birds, and mammals at 6 levels of extinction risk (i.e., Red List status categories: least concern, near threatened, vulnerable, endangered, critically endangered, and extinct in the wild/extinct). We tested the null hypothesis that the proportion of species threatened by disease is the same in all 6 Red List status categories. Our approach revealed a new method for determining when disease most frequently threatens species at risk of extinction. The proportion of species threatened by disease varied significantly between IUCN status categories and linearly increased for amphibians, birds, and all species combined as these taxa move from move from least concern to critically endangered. Disease was infrequently the single contributing threat. However, when a species was negatively affected by a major threat other than disease (e.g., invasive species, land-use change) that species was more likely to be simultaneously threatened by disease than species that had no other threats. Potential drivers of these trends include ecological factors, clustering of phylogenetically related species in Red List status categories, discovery bias among species at greater risk of extinction, and availability of data. We echo earlier calls for baseline data on the presence of parasites and pathogens in species when they show the first signs of extinction risk and arguably before. La Amenaza de Enfermedades Incrementa a Medida que las Especies se Aproximan a la Extinción.}, }
@article {pmid24033767, year = {2014}, author = {Proulx, R and Massicotte, P and Pépino, M}, title = {Googling trends in conservation biology.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {44-51}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12131}, pmid = {24033767}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Carps/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/trends ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Search Engine/statistics &amp; numerical data ; United States ; }, abstract = {Web-crawling approaches, that is, automated programs data mining the internet to obtain information about a particular process, have recently been proposed for monitoring early signs of ecosystem degradation or for establishing crop calendars. However, lack of a clear conceptual and methodological framework has prevented the development of such approaches within the field of conservation biology. Our objective was to illustrate how Google Trends, a freely accessible web-crawling engine, can be used to track changes in timing of biological processes, spatial distribution of invasive species, and level of public awareness about key conservation issues. Google Trends returns the number of internet searches that were made for a keyword in a given region of the world over a defined period. Using data retrieved online for 13 countries, we exemplify how Google Trends can be used to study the timing of biological processes, such as the seasonal recurrence of pollen release or mosquito outbreaks across a latitudinal gradient. We mapped the spatial extent of results from Google Trends for 5 invasive species in the United States and found geographic patterns in invasions that are consistent with their coarse-grained distribution at state levels. From 2004 through 2012, Google Trends showed that the level of public interest and awareness about conservation issues related to ecosystem services, biodiversity, and climate change increased, decreased, and followed both trends, respectively. Finally, to further the development of research approaches at the interface of conservation biology, collective knowledge, and environmental management, we developed an algorithm that allows the rapid retrieval of Google Trends data.}, }
@article {pmid24033638, year = {2013}, author = {Levin, II and Zwiers, P and Deem, SL and Geest, EA and Higashiguchi, JM and Iezhova, TA and Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G and Kim, DH and Morton, JP and Perlut, NG and Renfrew, RB and Sari, EH and Valkiunas, G and Parker, PG}, title = {Multiple lineages of Avian malaria parasites (Plasmodium) in the Galapagos Islands and evidence for arrival via migratory birds.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {1366-1377}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12127}, pmid = {24033638}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Birds/*parasitology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Protozoan/chemistry ; Ecuador ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Plasmodium/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Haemosporidian parasites in the genus Plasmodium were recently detected through molecular screening in the Galapagos Penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus). We summarized results of an archipelago-wide screen of 3726 endemic birds representing 22 species for Plasmodium spp. through a combination of molecular and microscopy techniques. Three additional Plasmodium lineages were present in Galapagos. Lineage A-infected penguins, Yellow Warblers (Setophaga petechia aureola), and one Medium Ground Finch (Geospiza fortis) and was detected at multiple sites in multiple years [corrected]. The other 3 lineages were each detected at one site and at one time; apparently, they were transient infections of parasites not established on the archipelago. No gametocytes were found in blood smears of infected individuals; thus, endemic Galapagos birds may be dead-end hosts for these Plasmodium lineages. Determining when and how parasites and pathogens arrive in Galapagos is key to developing conservation strategies to prevent and mitigate the effects of introduced diseases. To assess the potential for Plasmodium parasites to arrive via migratory birds, we analyzed blood samples from 438 North American breeding Bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), the only songbird that regularly migrates through Galapagos. Two of the ephemeral Plasmodium lineages (B and C) found in Galapagos birds matched parasite sequences from Bobolinks. Although this is not confirmation that Bobolinks are responsible for introducing these lineages, evidence points to higher potential arrival rates of avian pathogens than previously thought. Linajes Múltiples de Parásitos de Malaria Aviar (Plasmodium) en las Islas Galápagos y Evidencia de su Arribo por Medio de Aves Migratorias.}, }
@article {pmid24033616, year = {2013}, author = {Veale, AJ and Edge, KA and McMurtrie, P and Fewster, RM and Clout, MN and Gleeson, DM}, title = {Using genetic techniques to quantify reinvasion, survival and in situ breeding rates during control operations.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {22}, number = {20}, pages = {5071-5083}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12453}, pmid = {24033616}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Breeding ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genetics, Population/*methods ; Genotyping Techniques ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Mustelidae/*genetics ; New Zealand ; Pest Control/methods ; Pilot Projects ; }, abstract = {Determining the origin of individuals caught during a control/eradication programme enables conservation managers to assess the reinvasion rates of their target species and evaluate the level of success of their control methods. We examine how genetic techniques can focus management by distinguishing between hypotheses of 'reinvasion' and 'survivor', and defining kin groups for invasive stoats (Mustela erminea) on Secretary Island, New Zealand. 205 stoats caught on the island were genotyped at 16 microsatellite loci, along with 40 stoats from the opposing mainland coast, and the age and sex were determined for each individual. Using these data, we compare and combine a variety of genetic techniques including genetic clustering, population assignment and kinship-based techniques to assess the origin of each stoat. The population history and individual movement could be described in fine detail, with results indicating that both in-situ survival and breeding, and reinvasion are occurring. Immigration to the island was found to be generally low, apart from in 1 year where around 8 stoats emigrated from the mainland. This increased immigration was probably linked to a stoat population spike on the mainland in that year, caused by a masting event of southern beech forest (Nothofagus sp.) and the subsequent rodent irruption. Our study provides an example of some of the ways genetic analyses can feed directly into informing management practices for invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid24033583, year = {2013}, author = {Garbelotto, M and Guglielmo, F and Mascheretti, S and Croucher, PJ and Gonthier, P}, title = {Population genetic analyses provide insights on the introduction pathway and spread patterns of the North American forest pathogen Heterobasidion irregulare in Italy.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {22}, number = {19}, pages = {4855-4869}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12452}, pmid = {24033583}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Basidiomycota/*genetics ; Bayes Theorem ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Loci ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Molecular Sequence Data ; North America ; Principal Component Analysis ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {A population genetics approach is used to identify the most likely introduction site and introduction pathway for the North American forest pathogen Heterobasidion irregulare using 101 isolates from six sites in Italy and 34 isolates from five sites in North America. Diversity indices based on sequences from ten loci indicate the highest diversity in Italy is found in Castelfusano/Castelporziano and that diversity progressively decreases with increasing distance from that site. AMOVA, Bayesian clustering and principal coordinates analyses based on 12 SSR loci indicate high levels of gene flow among sites, high frequency of admixing, and fail to identify groups of genotypes exclusive to single locations. Cumulatively, these analyses suggest the current infestation is the result of multiple genotypes expanding their range from a single site. Based on two sequenced loci, a single source site in North America could provide enough variability to explain the variability observed in Italy. These results support the notion that H. irregulare was introduced originally in Castelporziano: because Castelporziano has been sealed off from the rest of the world for centuries except for a camp set up by the US military in 1944, we conclude the fungus may have been transported in infected wood used by the military. Finally, spatial autocorrelation analyses using SSR data indicate a significant under-dispersion of alleles up to 0.5-10 km, while a significant overdispersion of alleles was detected at distances over 80 km: these ranges can be used to make predictions on the likely dispersal potential of the invasive pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid24033506, year = {2014}, author = {Brown, DS and Burger, R and Cole, N and Vencatasamy, D and Clare, EL and Montazam, A and Symondson, WO}, title = {Dietary competition between the alien Asian Musk Shrew (Suncus murinus) and a re-introduced population of Telfair's Skink (Leiolopisma telfairii).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {15}, pages = {3695-3705}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12445}, pmid = {24033506}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {MR/K001744/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Competitive Behavior ; *Diet ; Feces/chemistry ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Contents ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/classification ; Lizards/*physiology ; Male ; Mauritius ; *Predatory Behavior ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Shrews/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Re-introduction of rare species to parts of their historical range is becoming increasingly important as a conservation strategy. Telfair's Skinks (Leiolopisma telfairii), once widespread on Mauritius, were until recently found only on Round Island. There it is vulnerable to stochastic events, including the introduction of alien predators that may either prey upon it or compete for food resources. Consequently, skinks have been introduced to Ile aux Aigrettes, another small Mauritian island that has been cleared of rats. However, the island has been invaded by Asian Musk Shrews (Suncus murinus), a commensal species spread by man well beyond its natural Asian range. Our aim was to use next-generation sequencing to analyse the diets of the shrews and skinks to look for niche competition. DNA was extracted from skink faeces and from the stomach contents of shrews. Application of shrew- and skink-specific primers revealed no mutual predation. The DNA was then amplified using general invertebrate primers with tags to identify individual predators, and then sequenced by 454 pyrosequencing. 119 prey MOTUs (molecular taxonomic units) were isolated, although none could be identified to species. Seeding of cladograms with known sequences allowed higher taxonomic assignments in some cases. Although most MOTUs were not shared by shrews and skinks, Pianka's niche overlap test showed significant prey overlap, suggesting potentially strong competition where food resources are limited. These results suggest that removal of the shrews from the island should remain a priority.}, }
@article {pmid24033081, year = {2013}, author = {Blumenthal, DM and Resco, V and Morgan, JA and Williams, DG and Lecain, DR and Hardy, EM and Pendall, E and Bladyka, E}, title = {Invasive forb benefits from water savings by native plants and carbon fertilization under elevated CO2 and warming.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {200}, number = {4}, pages = {1156-1165}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12459}, pmid = {24033081}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Carbon/*pharmacology ; Carbon Dioxide/*pharmacology ; Carbon Isotopes ; Fertilizers ; *Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Linaria/anatomy &amp; histology/drug effects/*physiology ; Photosynthesis/drug effects ; Plant Stomata/drug effects/physiology ; Poaceae/drug effects/*physiology ; Soil/chemistry ; Water/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {As global changes reorganize plant communities, invasive plants may benefit. We hypothesized that elevated CO2 and warming would strongly influence invasive species success in a semi-arid grassland, as a result of both direct and water-mediated indirect effects. To test this hypothesis, we transplanted the invasive forb Linaria dalmatica into mixed-grass prairie treated with free-air CO2 enrichment and infrared warming, and followed survival, growth, and reproduction over 4 yr. We also measured leaf gas exchange and carbon isotopic composition in L. dalmatica and the dominant native C3 grass Pascopyrum smithii. CO2 enrichment increased L. dalmatica biomass 13-fold, seed production 32-fold, and clonal expansion seven-fold, while warming had little effect on L. dalmatica biomass or reproduction. Elevated CO2 decreased stomatal conductance in P. smithii, contributing to higher soil water, but not in L. dalmatica. Elevated CO2 also strongly increased L. dalmatica photosynthesis (87% versus 23% in P. smithii), as a result of both enhanced carbon supply and increased soil water. More broadly, rapid growth and less conservative water use may allow invasive species to take advantage of both carbon fertilization and water savings under elevated CO2 . Water-limited ecosystems may therefore be particularly vulnerable to invasion as CO2 increases.}, }
@article {pmid24025371, year = {2013}, author = {Brito, LM and Mourão, I and Coutinho, J and Smith, S}, title = {Composting for management and resource recovery of invasive Acacia species.}, journal = {Waste management &amp; research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA}, volume = {31}, number = {11}, pages = {1125-1132}, doi = {10.1177/0734242X13502384}, pmid = {24025371}, issn = {1096-3669}, mesh = {Acacia/*physiology ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Biomass ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Fertilizers/analysis ; *Introduced Species ; Kinetics ; Models, Biological ; Portugal ; Refuse Disposal/*methods ; Seeds/physiology ; Soil/chemistry ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The feasibility of commercial-scale composting of waste biomass from the control of invasive Acacia species was investigated. Pile temperatures exceeded 65ºC for several months, indicating that the composting process was effective at pathogen inactivation and seed destruction. Mineralisation of Acacia biomass was described by a two-component, first-order exponential model; the pool sizes for labile and recalcitrant organic matter (OM) were similar and in the approximate ranges: 360-410 g kg(-1) and 350-390 g kg(-1) of initial OM, respectively. Concentrations of conservative nutrients increased proportionally to OM mineralisation, enriching the compost as an agricultural nutrient source. Nitrogen concentrations also increased, but were more dynamic as nitrogen losses were difficult to control, although we suggest that they may be potentially minimised by restricting the turning frequency. The physicochemical characteristics of the stabilised end-product, and the high OM content and low electrical conductivity (<1.2 dS m(-1)), in particular, were suitable for soil improvement or as substrate components.}, }
@article {pmid24024793, year = {2014}, author = {Nolf, M and Pagitz, K and Mayr, S}, title = {Physiological acclimation to drought stress in Solidago canadensis.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {150}, number = {4}, pages = {529-539}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.12100}, pmid = {24024793}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {P 20852/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; *Droughts ; Hydrodynamics ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Plant Roots/physiology ; Plant Stems/physiology ; Plant Stomata/physiology ; Solidago/*physiology ; Stress, Physiological/*physiology ; Water/metabolism/physiology ; Xylem/physiology ; }, abstract = {Solidago canadensis is an invasive species from North America that is spreading across Europe, Australia and temperate Asia. We hypothesized that the species' wide ecological amplitude is also based on its potential in hydraulic acclimation, and analyzed hydraulic and anatomical properties along a transect with decreasing soil humidity. Stem hydraulic conductivity, vulnerability to drought-induced embolism, stomatal closure during dehydration and xylem-anatomical parameters were quantified at three sites. At the humid site, specific hydraulic conductivity of stems (1.0 ± 0.2 kg m(-1) MPa(-1) s(-1)) was about twofold higher, and leaf-specific conductivity about 1.5 times higher (3.1 ± 0.5 kg m(-1) MPa(-1) s(-1)) than at the dry site. Water potential (Ψ) at 50% loss of conductivity was -3.7 ± 0.1 MPa at the dry site and -3.1 ± 0.2 MPa at the humid site (September). Vulnerability to drought-induced embolism decreased along the transect and over the vegetation period. At drier sites, stomata started closing at lower Ψ while complete stomatal closure was reached at less negative Ψ (12% of maximum stomatal conductance: -2.5 ± 0.0 and -3.0 ± 0.2 MPa at the dry and humid site). The safety margin between stomatal closure and 50% loss of conductivity was 1.2 and 0.2 MPa at the dry and humid sites. The observed variability indicated an efficient acclimation in hydraulic conductivity and safety: plants at dry sites exhibited lower specific hydraulic conductivity, higher embolism resistance and broader safety margins, signifying a trade-off between the hydraulic safety and efficiency. The observed intraspecific plasticity in hydraulic and anatomical traits may help to explain the invasive potential of this species.}, }
@article {pmid24023944, year = {2013}, author = {Bracewell, SA and Robinson, LA and Firth, LB and Knights, AM}, title = {Predicting free-space occupancy on novel artificial structures by an invasive intertidal barnacle using a removal experiment.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {e74457}, pmid = {24023944}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Thoracica/*growth &amp; development ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Artificial structures can create novel habitat in the marine environment that has been associated with the spread of invasive species. They are often located in areas of high disturbance and can vary significantly in the area of free space provided for settlement of marine organisms. Whilst correlation between the amount of free space available and recruitment success has been shown in populations of several marine benthic organisms, there has been relatively little focus on invasive species, a group with the potential to reproduce in vast numbers and colonise habitats rapidly. Invasion success following different scales of disturbance was examined in the invasive acorn barnacle, Austrominiusmodestus, on a unique art installation located in Liverpool Bay. Population growth and recruitment success were examined by comparing recruitment rates within disturbance clearings of 4 different sizes and by contrasting population development with early recruitment rates over a 10 week period. Disturbed areas were rapidly recolonised and monocultures of A. modestus formed within 6 weeks. The size of patch created during disturbance had no effect on the rate of recruitment, while a linear relationship between recruit density and patch size was observed. Density-dependent processes mediated initial high recruitment resulting in population stability after 8-10 weeks, but densities continued to greatly exceed those reported in natural habitats. Given that artificial structures are likely to continue to proliferate in light of climate change projections, free-space is likely to become more available more frequently in the future supporting the expansion of fast-colonising species.}, }
@article {pmid24023930, year = {2013}, author = {Zhang, L and Zhang, Y and Wang, H and Zou, J and Siemann, E}, title = {Chinese tallow trees (Triadica sebifera) from the invasive range outperform those from the native range with an active soil community or phosphorus fertilization.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {e74233}, pmid = {24023930}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biomass ; Euphorbiaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Fertilizers/*analysis ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorus/*analysis ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Two mechanisms that have been proposed to explain success of invasive plants are unusual biotic interactions, such as enemy release or enhanced mutualisms, and increased resource availability. However, while these mechanisms are usually considered separately, both may be involved in successful invasions. Biotic interactions may be positive or negative and may interact with nutritional resources in determining invasion success. In addition, the effects of different nutrients on invasions may vary. Finally, genetic variation in traits between populations located in introduced versus native ranges may be important for biotic interactions and/or resource use. Here, we investigated the roles of soil biota, resource availability, and plant genetic variation using seedlings of Triadica sebifera in an experiment in the native range (China). We manipulated nitrogen (control or 4 g/m(2)), phosphorus (control or 0.5 g/m(2)), soil biota (untreated or sterilized field soil), and plant origin (4 populations from the invasive range, 4 populations from the native range) in a full factorial experiment. Phosphorus addition increased root, stem, and leaf masses. Leaf mass and height growth depended on population origin and soil sterilization. Invasive populations had higher leaf mass and growth rates than native populations did in fresh soil but they had lower, comparable leaf mass and growth rates in sterilized soil. Invasive populations had higher growth rates with phosphorus addition but native ones did not. Soil sterilization decreased specific leaf area in both native and exotic populations. Negative effects of soil sterilization suggest that soil pathogens may not be as important as soil mutualists for T. sebifera performance. Moreover, interactive effects of sterilization and origin suggest that invasive T. sebifera may have evolved more beneficial relationships with the soil biota. Overall, seedlings from the invasive range outperformed those from the native range, however, an absence of soil biota or low phosphorus removed this advantage.}, }
@article {pmid24023926, year = {2013}, author = {Zhang, XD and Jia, X and Chen, YY and Shao, JJ and Wu, XR and Shang, L and Li, B}, title = {Crabs mediate interactions between native and invasive salt marsh plants: a mesocosm study.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {e74095}, pmid = {24023926}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura ; Embryophyta/*growth &amp; development ; *Environment, Controlled ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Soil/chemistry ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Soil disturbance has been widely recognized as an important factor influencing the structure and dynamics of plant communities. Although soil reworkers were shown to increase habitat complexity and raise the risk of plant invasion, their role in regulating the interactions between native and invasive species remains unclear. We proposed that crab activities, via improving soil nitrogen availability, may indirectly affect the interactions between invasive Spartina alterniflora and native Phragmites australis and Scirpus mariqueter in salt marsh ecosystems. We conducted a two-year mesocosm experiment consisting of five species combinations, i.e., monocultures of three species and pair-wise mixtures of invasive and native species, with crabs being either present or absent for each combination. We found that crabs could mitigate soil nitrogen depletion in the mesocosm over the two years. Plant performance of all species, at both the ramet-level (height and biomass per ramet) and plot-level (density, total above- and belowground biomass), were promoted by crab activities. These plants responded to crab disturbance primarily by clonal propagation, as plot-level performance was more sensitive to crabs than ramet-level. Moreover, crab activities altered the competition between Spartina and native plants in favor of the former, since Spartina was more promoted than native plants by crab activities. Our results suggested that crab activities may increase the competition ability of Spartina over native Phragmites and Scirpus through alleviating soil nitrogen limitation.}, }
@article {pmid24023913, year = {2013}, author = {Pochon, X and Bott, NJ and Smith, KF and Wood, SA}, title = {Evaluating detection limits of next-generation sequencing for the surveillance and monitoring of international marine pests.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {e73935}, pmid = {24023913}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/*genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/*methods ; *Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; Limit of Detection ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Most surveillance programmes for marine invasive species (MIS) require considerable taxonomic expertise, are laborious, and are unable to identify species at larval or juvenile stages. Therefore, marine pests may go undetected at the initial stages of incursions when population densities are low. In this study, we evaluated the ability of the benchtop GS Junior™ 454 pyrosequencing system to detect the presence of MIS in complex sample matrices. An initial in-silico evaluation of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and the nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU) genes, found that multiple primer sets (targeting a ca. 400 base pair region) would be required to obtain species level identification within the COI gene. In contrast a single universal primer set was designed to target the V1-V3 region of SSU, allowing simultaneous PCR amplification of a wide taxonomic range of MIS. To evaluate the limits of detection of this method, artificial contrived communities (10 species from 5 taxonomic groups) were created using varying concentrations of known DNA samples and PCR products. Environmental samples (water and sediment) spiked with one or five 160 hr old Asterias amurensis larvae were also examined. Pyrosequencing was able to recover DNA/PCR products of individual species present at greater than 0.64% abundance from all tested contrived communities. Additionally, single A. amurensis larvae were detected from both water and sediment samples despite the co-occurrence of a large array of environmental eukaryotes, indicating an equivalent sensitivity to quantitative PCR. NGS technology has tremendous potential for the early detection of marine invasive species worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid24023907, year = {2013}, author = {Scully, ED and Geib, SM and Hoover, K and Tien, M and Tringe, SG and Barry, KW and Glavina del Rio, T and Chovatia, M and Herr, JR and Carlson, JE}, title = {Metagenomic profiling reveals lignocellulose degrading system in a microbial community associated with a wood-feeding beetle.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {e73827}, pmid = {24023907}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Animal Feed ; Animals ; Bacteria/classification/enzymology/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Coleoptera/*microbiology ; Fungi/classification/enzymology/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Introduced Species ; Lignin/*metabolism ; *Metagenomics ; Microbiota/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Wood ; }, abstract = {The Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophoraglabripennis) is an invasive, wood-boring pest that thrives in the heartwood of deciduous tree species. A large impediment faced by A. glabripennis as it feeds on woody tissue is lignin, a highly recalcitrant biopolymer that reduces access to sugars and other nutrients locked in cellulose and hemicellulose. We previously demonstrated that lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose are actively deconstructed in the beetle gut and that the gut harbors an assemblage of microbes hypothesized to make significant contributions to these processes. While lignin degrading mechanisms have been well characterized in pure cultures of white rot basidiomycetes, little is known about such processes in microbial communities associated with wood-feeding insects. The goals of this study were to develop a taxonomic and functional profile of a gut community derived from an invasive population of larval A. glabripennis collected from infested host trees and to identify genes that could be relevant for the digestion of woody tissue and nutrient acquisition. To accomplish this goal, we taxonomically and functionally characterized the A. glabripennis midgut microbiota through amplicon and shotgun metagenome sequencing and conducted a large-scale comparison with the metagenomes from a variety of other herbivore-associated communities. This analysis distinguished the A. glabripennis larval gut metagenome from the gut communities of other herbivores, including previously sequenced termite hindgut metagenomes. Genes encoding enzymes were identified in the A. glabripennis gut metagenome that could have key roles in woody tissue digestion including candidate lignin degrading genes (laccases, dye-decolorizing peroxidases, novel peroxidases and β-etherases), 36 families of glycoside hydrolases (such as cellulases and xylanases), and genes that could facilitate nutrient recovery, essential nutrient synthesis, and detoxification. This community could serve as a reservoir of novel enzymes to enhance industrial cellulosic biofuels production or targets for novel control methods for this invasive and highly destructive insect.}, }
@article {pmid24020276, year = {2013}, author = {Biondi, A and Desneux, N and Amiens-Desneux, E and Siscaro, G and Zappalà, L}, title = {Biology and developmental strategies of the Palaearctic parasitoid Bracon nigricans (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on the neotropical moth Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {106}, number = {4}, pages = {1638-1647}, doi = {10.1603/ec12518}, pmid = {24020276}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Hymenoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Larva/growth &amp; development/parasitology/physiology ; Solanum lycopersicum/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Moths/*parasitology ; Oviposition ; Ovum/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {During the years after the invasion of Western Palaearctic tomato crops by the South American tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), several indigenous generalist parasitoids have been recorded on this new host. Among these, Bracon nigricans Szépligeti (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is widely distributed in the Palaearctic region, and has been frequently recovered from South American tomato leafminer. However, most of the available data on this species deal with taxonomic aspects and its recovery in faunistic surveys. The current study documents the biology of B. nigricans on South American tomato leafminer, and provides a scientific basis for its inclusion in South American tomato leafminer management programs in Afro-Eurasia. We studied several B. nigricans life-history traits relevant to juvenile development and reproduction by females. B. nigricans proved to be an idiobiont and a synovigenic ectoparasitoid of mature South American tomato leafminer larvae. Several B. nigricans reproductive traits were influenced by the age of the mothers; on average, the progeny had a slightly male-biased sex ratio (60% males) and a low rate of successful development (37%). Adult females lived 42.8 d and produced an average of 29.8 offspring. These biological parameters yielded an intrinsic rate of increase of 0.052. Females showed behavioral plasticity in host use, as initial host paralysis was followed by host-feeding, oviposition, or host rejection, with a consequent high mortality rate among hosts exposed to parasitism. Although further field studies are needed, these data, obtained in laboratory conditions, suggest that B. nigricans should be considered as a potential biological control agent of in newly invaded areas of the Palaearctic region.}, }
@article {pmid24018855, year = {2013}, author = {Gaskin, JF and Schwarzländer, M and Kinter, CL and Smith, JF and Novak, SJ}, title = {Propagule pressure, genetic structure, and geographic origins of Chondrilla juncea (Asteraceae): an apomictic invader on three continents.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {100}, number = {9}, pages = {1871-1882}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1200621}, pmid = {24018855}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Asteraceae/*genetics ; Australia ; Flowers/genetics ; Genetic Markers ; Genetic Structures ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; North America ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; South America ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Assessing propagule pressure and geographic origins of invasive species provides insight into the invasion process. Rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea; Asteraceae) is an apomictic, perennial plant that is invasive in Australia, South America (Argentina), and North America (Canada and the United States). This study comprehensively compares propagule pressure and geographic structure of genotypes to improve our understanding of a clonal invasion and enhance management strategies. •<br><br>METHODS: We analyzed 1056 native range plants from Eurasia and 1156 plants from three invaded continents using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) techniques. We used measures of diversity (Simpson's D) and evenness (E), analysis of molecular variance, and Mantel tests to compare invasions, and genotype similarity to determine origins of invasive genotypes. &#x2022;<br><br>KEY RESULTS: We found 682 unique genotypes in the native range, but only 13 in the invaded regions. Each invaded region contained distinct AFLP genotypes, suggesting independent introduction events, probably with different geographic origins. Relatively low propagule pressure was associated with each introduction around the globe, but levels of among-population variation differed. We found exact AFLP genotype matches between the native and invaded ranges for five of the 13 invasive genotypes. &#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Invasion dynamics can vary across invaded ranges within a species. Intensive sampling for molecular analyses can provide insight for understanding intraspecific invasion dynamics, which can hold significance for the management of plant species, especially by finding origins and distributions of invasive genotypes for classical biological control efforts.}, }
@article {pmid24018853, year = {2013}, author = {Les, DH and Peredo, EL and Benoit, LK and Tippery, NP and King, UM and Sheldon, SP}, title = {Phytogeography of Najas gracillima (Hydrocharitaceae) in North America and its cryptic introduction to California.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {100}, number = {9}, pages = {1905-1915}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1300005}, pmid = {24018853}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Asia ; Base Sequence ; California ; DNA, Chloroplast/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Plant/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics ; Europe ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Hydrocharitaceae/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; North America ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Seeds/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The discontinuous North American distribution of Najas gracillima has not been explained satisfactorily. Influences of extirpation, nonindigenous introduction, and postglacial migration on its distribution were evaluated using field, fossil, morphological, and molecular data. Najas is a major waterfowl food, and appropriate conservation measures rely on accurate characterization of populations as indigenous or imperiled. •<br><br>METHODS: Seed lengths of N. gracillima from native Korean populations, a nonindigenous Italian population, and North American populations were compared using digital image analysis. DNA sequence analyses from these regions provided nine nrITS genotypes and eight cpDNA haplotypes. &#x2022;<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Najas gracillima seeds from Eurasia and California are shorter than those from eastern North America. Nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences of N. gracillima from Korea and Italy were identical to California material but differed from native eastern North American plants. Eastern North American specimens of N. gracillima at localities above the last glacial maximum boundary were identical or similar genetically to material from the northeastern United States and Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont but divergent from plants of the Interior Highlands-Mississippi Embayment region. &#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In California, N. gracillima is nonindigenous and introduced from Asia. In eastern North America, populations that colonized deglaciated areas were derived primarily from refugia in the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont. Genetic data indicate initial postglacial migration to northeastern North America, with subsequent westward dispersal into the Upper Great Lakes. These results differentiate potentially invasive California populations from seriously imperiled indigenous eastern North American populations.}, }
@article {pmid24018333, year = {2013}, author = {Jensen, K and Engelke, S and Simpson, SJ and Mayntz, D and Hunt, J}, title = {Balancing of specific nutrients and subsequent growth and body composition in the slug Arion lusitanicus.}, journal = {Physiology &amp; behavior}, volume = {122}, number = {}, pages = {84-92}, doi = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.08.023}, pmid = {24018333}, issn = {1873-507X}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/*physiology ; Animals ; Body Composition/*physiology ; *Diet ; Dietary Carbohydrates/administration &amp; dosage ; Dietary Proteins/administration &amp; dosage ; Gastropoda/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Feeding generalists typically occupy broad ecological niches and so are potentially pre-adapted to a range of novel food objects. In northern Europe, the slug Arion lusitanicus has spread rapidly as an invasive species and a serious horticultural and agricultural pest. We used nutritional geometry to analyze nutrient balancing capabilities and consequences for performance in A. lusitanicus when provided with one of three nutritionally fixed diets or when given dietary choice. The slugs over-ingested high amounts of the most abundant nutrient in order to get more of the limited nutrient. However, they regulated protein intake more tightly than carbohydrate intake resulting in a very high food intake when fed a protein-poor diet. Growth and body composition were highly affected by the nutrient balance of their diet. When given the choice to feed from two nutritionally different diets, the slugs selected an intake balance of protein and carbohydrate with sufficient precision to maximize growth. Nutrient utilization efficiency increased with increasing deficiency of the specific nutrient in the diet. Ingested carbohydrate was more efficiently stored as lipid in slugs fed more carbohydrate-poor diets, and ingested nitrogen was more efficiently incorporated into slug bodies in slugs fed more protein-poor diets. Our experiments suggest that the evolved behavioral and physiological regulatory capacities of A. lusitanicus may explain some of the success that this slug experiences as an invasive species. We furthermore propose that invasive species might be more dependent on high protein availability in the environment than non-invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid24018199, year = {2013}, author = {Angiolini, C and Nucci, A and Landi, M and Bacchetta, G}, title = {Distribution of endemic and alien plants along Mediterranean rivers: a useful tool to identify areas in need of protection?.}, journal = {Comptes rendus biologies}, volume = {336}, number = {8}, pages = {416-423}, doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2013.07.001}, pmid = {24018199}, issn = {1768-3238}, mesh = {Altitude ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Environmental Monitoring ; Geography ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Magnoliopsida ; Mediterranean Region ; Minerals ; *Plant Dispersal ; Plants/classification ; *Rivers ; Selection, Genetic ; Soil ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The main aim was to obtain information about the more critical sectors of Mediterranean-type rivers, especially in the islands where the percentage of endemic species is high, even in riparian habitats. Our hypothesis was that endemic and alien species, considered important in defining conservation priorities along rivers, have different patterns of distribution and their coexistence indicates human impacts on fluvial systems, which can cause natural habitat loss. Generalized Additive Models were used to model the distribution patterns of endemic and alien species along the longitudinal gradient. They showed that endemic species were linked to the most natural areas in the middle and upper sections of the rivers, whereas the distribution of aliens in middle and lower sections can be regarded as a consequence of human impact. This finding underlined the presence in the middle sections of the rivers of areas with important floristic features that are also affected by alien species. What currently seems a situation of equilibrium turns out to call for careful control, first and foremost, by maintaining riparian vegetation. Our results highlighted the utility of our method for rapidly obtaining information about the criticalities of rivers in Mediterranean biodiversity hotspots.}, }
@article {pmid24016261, year = {2013}, author = {Stachurski, F and Tortosa, P and Rahajarison, P and Jacquet, S and Yssouf, A and Huber, K}, title = {New data regarding distribution of cattle ticks in the south-western Indian Ocean islands.}, journal = {Veterinary research}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, pages = {79}, pmid = {24016261}, issn = {1297-9716}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Genetic Variation ; Indian Ocean Islands/epidemiology ; *Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/genetics/*physiology ; Phylogeography ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Recent studies have produced new insight into the origin and distribution of some cattle ticks in the south-western Indian Ocean islands. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, introduced from Tanzania in 2002, is now well established on Grande Comore but has not yet reached the other islands of the archipelago (Mohéli, Anjouan and Mayotte). Only one of the two clades identified in Africa has settled so far. Amblyomma variegatum, which was not supposed to be able to persist in the Antananarivo region (1300 m) nor in other Malagasy regions of high altitude without regular introductions of ticks by infested cattle, is now endemic as a general rule up to 1600 m although other regions of lower altitude (1400 m) are still free of the tick. This species remains confined in a small area of the west coast on La Reunion Island. On the contrary, Hyalomma dromedarii could not settle on Madagascar where it was introduced in 2008 and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi is not yet present in Grande Comore despite regular introductions by infested cattle from Tanzania. A phylogeographic approach has been carried out at an intra-specific level for A. variegatum. This study has led to the identification of two main lineages, one covering all species distribution and one restricted to East Africa and the Indian Ocean area. These two lineages are in sympatry in Madagascar where a high genetic diversity has been described, whereas a lower genetic diversity is observed on other islands. These results seem to agree with the historical data concerning the introduction of the tick in the Indian Ocean area.}, }
@article {pmid24015552, year = {2013}, author = {Wang, Y and Ouyang, ZY and Zheng, H and Zeng, J and Chen, FL and Zhang, K}, title = {[Effects of different forest restoration approaches on the soil quality in red soil region of Southern China].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, pages = {1335-1340}, pmid = {24015552}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {China ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Soil/*chemistry ; Trees/*growth &amp; development ; Water/analysis ; }, abstract = {In 2008-2009, an investigation was conducted on the effects of three typical forest restoration approaches, i. e., naturally restored secondary forest, artificially restored native species Pinus massoniana plantation (Masson pine plantation), and introduced species Pinus elliottii plantation (slash pine plantation), on the soil quality in red soil region of Southern China. The results showed that the soil moisture content, bulk density, particle composition, and the contents of total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), total phosphorus (P), organic C, available N, available P, and available potassium (K) in natural secondary forest were all superior to those in artificial plantations. The soil physical, chemical, and microbial properties were integrated into a soil quality index, which was significantly higher (1.20 +/- 0.10) in natural secondary forest than in Masson pine plantation (0.59 +/- 0.03) and slash pine plantation (0.59 +/- 0.06). Our results suggested as compared with the restoration with native species P. massoniana and with introduced P. elliottii, natural restoration could be a better forest restoration approach to improve the soil quality in red soil region of Southern China.}, }
@article {pmid24015233, year = {2013}, author = {Antunes-Carvalho, C and Lopes-Andrade, C}, title = {Two invaders instead of one: the true identity of species under the name Ceracis cucullatus (Coleoptera: Ciidae).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {e72319}, pmid = {24015233}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Coleoptera/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; South America ; }, abstract = {The Neotropical obligate fungivorous beetle Ceracis cucullatus (Mellié) has attracted attention of coleopterists due to the increasing number of records of populations in Africa. Although its disjunct populations have been interpreted as a cohesive taxonomic unity, previous comparisons between African and Neotropical specimens revealed differences in their external morphology, causing uncertainty about the true unity of the species. Here, we compare the external morphology of specimens named Cer. cucullatus from several localities of the Neotropical, Palearctic, Afrotropical, Afrotemperate and Oriental regions. As results, we reverse three previous junior synonymies of Cer. cucullatus, proposing Cer. lamellatus (Pic) and Cer. tabellifer (Mellié), both reinstated status and new combinations, as separate species. We also propose Enn. bilamellatum Pic as a new synonym of Cer. tabellifer. In face of these taxonomic changes, we identify Cer. tabellifer as the actual invasive species on African lands, instead of Cer. cucullatus as was previously accepted. Then, through historical records gathered from scientific collections and literature, and through examination of recently collected specimens from South Africa and Brazil, we provide data on host fungi and geographic distribution of Cer. tabellifer. Based on these data, we discuss possible explanations to the successful invasion of Cer. tabellifer in Africa and elsewhere and its potential threat to native faunas of ciids. This study helps to fulfil an old gap in the literature on biological invasions, with considerably more studies on predatory species, disease vectors or potential pests of agricultural crops, than on non-pest fungivorous organisms.}, }
@article {pmid24009763, year = {2013}, author = {Coverdale, TC and Axelman, EE and Brisson, CP and Young, EW and Altieri, AH and Bertness, MD}, title = {New England salt marsh recovery: opportunistic colonization of an invasive species and its non-consumptive effects.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {e73823}, pmid = {24009763}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura ; Cues ; Ecosystem ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; New England ; Population Density ; *Salinity ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Predator depletion on Cape Cod (USA) has released the herbivorous crab Sesarmareticulatum from predator control leading to the loss of cordgrass from salt marsh creek banks. After more than three decades of die-off, cordgrass is recovering at heavily damaged sites coincident with the invasion of green crabs (Carcinusmaenas) into intertidal Sesarma burrows. We hypothesized that Carcinus is dependent on Sesarma burrows for refuge from physical and biotic stress in the salt marsh intertidal and reduces Sesarma functional density and herbivory through consumptive and non-consumptive effects, mediated by both visual and olfactory cues. Our results reveal that in the intertidal zone of New England salt marshes, Carcinus are burrow dependent, Carcinus reduce Sesarma functional density and herbivory in die-off areas and Sesarma exhibit a generic avoidance response to large, predatory crustaceans. These results support recent suggestions that invasive Carcinus are playing a role in the recovery of New England salt marshes and assertions that invasive species can play positive roles outside of their native ranges.}, }
@article {pmid24009726, year = {2013}, author = {Johnston, MW and Purkis, SJ}, title = {Modeling the potential spread of the recently identified non-native panther grouper (Chromileptes altivelis) in the Atlantic using a cellular automaton approach.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {e73023}, pmid = {24009726}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Bass ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Female ; Florida ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Marine Biology ; *Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Reproducibility of Results ; }, abstract = {The Indo-pacific panther grouper (Chromileptes altiveli) is a predatory fish species and popular imported aquarium fish in the United States which has been recently documented residing in western Atlantic waters. To date, the most successful marine invasive species in the Atlantic is the lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles), which, as for the panther grouper, is assumed to have been introduced to the wild through aquarium releases. However, unlike lionfish, the panther grouper is not yet thought to have an established breeding population in the Atlantic. Using a proven modeling technique developed to track the lionfish invasion, presented is the first known estimation of the potential spread of panther grouper in the Atlantic. The employed cellular automaton-based computer model examines the life history of the subject species including fecundity, mortality, and reproductive potential and combines this with habitat preferences and physical oceanic parameters to forecast the distribution and periodicity of spread of this potential new invasive species. Simulations were examined for origination points within one degree of capture locations of panther grouper from the United States Geological Survey Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database to eliminate introduction location bias, and two detailed case studies were scrutinized. The model indicates three primary locations where settlement is likely given the inputs and limits of the model; Jupiter Florida/Vero Beach, the Cape Hatteras Tropical Limit/Myrtle Beach South Carolina, and Florida Keys/Ten Thousand Islands locations. Of these locations, Jupiter Florida/Vero Beach has the highest settlement rate in the model and is indicated as the area in which the panther grouper is most likely to become established. This insight is valuable if attempts are to be made to halt this potential marine invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid24005395, year = {2013}, author = {Venton, D}, title = {Forest management plans in a tangle.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {501}, number = {7465}, pages = {15-16}, doi = {10.1038/501015a}, pmid = {24005395}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/trends ; Ecology/*methods/trends ; Forestry/*methods ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; San Francisco ; Trees/*growth &amp; development ; }, }
@article {pmid24003552, year = {2013}, author = {Lai, B}, title = {How (and why) to eat invasive species.}, journal = {Scientific American}, volume = {309}, number = {3}, pages = {40-43}, doi = {10.1038/scientificamerican0913-40}, pmid = {24003552}, issn = {0036-8733}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cooking/methods ; *Food ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Restaurants ; }, }
@article {pmid24002711, year = {2014}, author = {Pease, KM and Wayne, RK}, title = {Divergent responses of exposed and naive Pacific tree frog tadpoles to invasive predatory crayfish.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {174}, number = {1}, pages = {241-252}, pmid = {24002711}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Anura/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; *Astacoidea ; *Avoidance Learning ; California ; Cues ; Introduced Species ; Larva/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Phenotype ; *Predatory Behavior ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Invasive predators can devastate native species and ecosystems. However, native species may be able to coexist with invasive predators through a variety of mechanisms, such as changes in morphology or behavior due to a plastic response or selection on fixed anti-predator traits. We examined whether exposed and naive populations of Pacific tree frog tadpoles (Pseudacris regilla) display divergent morphological and behavioral traits in response to the invasive predatory red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Tadpoles were collected from three study streams with and three without crayfish, in the Santa Monica Mountains of Southern California. We analyzed tadpole morphology and tested anti-predator behavior and survival in the laboratory. Tadpoles from streams with crayfish had shallower, narrower tails than tadpoles from streams without crayfish. Tadpoles from streams with and without crayfish were less active after exposure to crayfish chemical cues. The divergent morphology of naive and exposed tadpoles is consistent with tadpoles exhibiting a plastic response to crayfish or undergoing selection from crayfish predation. In laboratory predation experiments, we found no difference in survival between tadpoles from streams with and without crayfish but tadpoles that survived predation had deeper tail muscles than those that were killed or injured. Our results suggest that deeper tails are advantageous in the presence of crayfish, yet tadpoles from crayfish streams had shallower tails than those from crayfish-free streams. Shallower tails may have an alternative unmeasured advantage or there may be a physiological constraint to developing deeper tails in the wild. These results highlight the ability of a native frog to respond to an invasive predatory crayfish, potentially allowing for coexistence.}, }
@article {pmid24001766, year = {2013}, author = {Pintó-Marijuan, M and Munné-Bosch, S}, title = {Ecophysiology of invasive plants: osmotic adjustment and antioxidants.}, journal = {Trends in plant science}, volume = {18}, number = {12}, pages = {660-666}, doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2013.08.006}, pmid = {24001766}, issn = {1878-4372}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Antioxidants/*metabolism ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Osmosis ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Plants/*metabolism ; Water/physiology ; }, abstract = {Current research into plant invasiveness often attempts to predict the effect of invasions under future climate change, but most studies only focus on ecological aspects. Understanding ecophysiological responses by characterizing physiological markers such as osmotic adjustment or antioxidant protection indicators will help us to project future invasiveness patterns. In this opinion article, we highlight how the information from physiological measurements can be incorporated into effective management strategies. Furthermore, we propose how combining research strategies of physiologists and ecologists could speed up our understanding of the advantageous mechanisms adopted by invasive species. We suggest that a combined approach would also be of considerable benefit for the development of effective governmental biodiversity conservation policies.}, }
@article {pmid23997202, year = {2013}, author = {Schoombie, RE and Boardman, L and Groenewald, B and Glazier, DS and van Daalen, CE and Clusella-Trullas, S and Terblanche, JS}, title = {High metabolic and water-loss rates in caterpillar aggregations: evidence against the resource-conservation hypothesis.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {216}, number = {Pt 23}, pages = {4321-4325}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.095554}, pmid = {23997202}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Energy Metabolism ; Larva/metabolism/physiology ; Moths/metabolism/*physiology ; Water/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Several hypotheses have been proposed for explaining animal aggregation, including energy or water conservation. However, these physiological hypotheses have not been well investigated. Here, we report the effects of aggregation on metabolic () and evaporative water-loss rates () of the gregarious caterpillar Eutricha capensis, by comparing individuals and groups of individuals (N=10-100). Contrary to findings from previous physiological studies, we did not find an advantage to aggregation: unexpectedly, and did not decrease with increasing group size. and generally remained constant or increased in larger groups relative to individuals. The amount of water lost per unit of CO2 exchanged (: ratio) showed a marked increase in grouped caterpillars, particularly in larger groups. Other benefits of aggregation (e.g. reduced predation or increased growth rates) likely outweigh these potential costs, because individuals of E. capensis aggregate voluntarily despite no obvious energetic or hygric advantage, and other potentially confounding group effects (e.g. increased thermoregulatory advantage or whole-animal activity) are inconsequential. The results of this study provide an important exception to physiological studies reporting enhanced energy or water conservation in animal groups.}, }
@article {pmid23995141, year = {2013}, author = {Grarock, K and Lindenmayer, DB and Wood, JT and Tidemann, CR}, title = {Using invasion process theory to enhance the understanding and management of introduced species: a case study reconstructing the invasion sequence of the common myna (Acridotheres tristis).}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {129}, number = {}, pages = {398-409}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.08.005}, pmid = {23995141}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Australian Capital Territory ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Growth ; Starlings/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Research indicates that invasion is a multi-step process, where each stage is contingent on the stage that precedes it. Numerous hypotheses addressing the factors that influence each stage of the invasion process have been formulated, but how well does this theory match what occurs in the natural world? We created a general conceptual model for the invasion process based on invasion theory. Using a composite 41-year data set, we then reconstructed the invasion sequence of the common myna (Acridotheres tristis) to investigate the similarities between invasion theory and this observed invasion. We observed a lag period before population growth of 2.7 (±0.3) years, a maximum rate of population growth of 24.1 (±6.4) birds per km(2) per year, a lag period before spreading of six years and an average spreading rate of 0.4 km per year. The length and duration of these stages correspond closely with what invasion process theory would anticipate. We suggest that a conceptual model, coupled with basic species, environment and event information, could be a useful tool to enhance the understanding and management of invasions.}, }
@article {pmid23994698, year = {2013}, author = {Ramachandriya, KD and Wilkins, M and Atiyeh, HK and Dunford, NT and Hiziroglu, S}, title = {Effect of high dry solids loading on enzymatic hydrolysis of acid bisulfite pretreated Eastern redcedar.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {147}, number = {}, pages = {168-176}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.048}, pmid = {23994698}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {Biomass ; Cedrus/*metabolism ; Cellulase/*metabolism ; Cellulose/metabolism ; Hydrolysis ; Rheology ; Sulfites/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {This study investigates hydrolysis of cellulose from Eastern redcedar to glucose at high solids loading. Enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated redcedar was performed with 0.5 ml Accelerase® 1500/g glucan (46 FPU/g glucan) using dry solids loading from 2% to 20% (w/w). Rheological challenges observed at high solids loading were overcome by adding stainless steel balls to shake flask reactors. The highest glucose concentration, 126 g/L (84% glucan-to-glucose yield), was obtained using 20% solids loading with stainless steel balls as a mixing aid. This enzymatic hydrolyzate was fermented into ethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae D5A to produce 52 g/L of ethanol (corresponding to 166 L/dry Mg of redcedar). Reducing enzyme dosage at 16% solids loading from 46 to 11.5 FPU/g glucan reduced glucan-to-glucose yields. This study has demonstrated the possibility of extracting sugars from the invasive species of Eastern redcedar with high solid loadings and their conversion into ethanol.}, }
@article {pmid23992132, year = {2014}, author = {Weyl, OL and Taraschewski, H and Moravec, F}, title = {Are African longfin eel imports a potential pathway for parasite invasions?.}, journal = {Journal of fish diseases}, volume = {37}, number = {9}, pages = {843-845}, doi = {10.1111/jfd.12173}, pmid = {23992132}, issn = {1365-2761}, mesh = {*Anguilla ; Animals ; Cestoda/*isolation &amp; purification ; Cestode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission/*veterinary ; *Commerce ; Fish Diseases/*epidemiology/parasitology/transmission ; Madagascar ; Nematoda/*isolation &amp; purification ; Nematode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission/*veterinary ; }, }
@article {pmid23990925, year = {2013}, author = {Labonne, J and Vignon, M and Prévost, E and Lecomte, F and Dodson, JJ and Kaeuffer, R and Aymes, JC and Jarry, M and Gaudin, P and Davaine, P and Beall, E}, title = {Invasion dynamics of a fish-free landscape by brown trout (Salmo trutta).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {e71052}, pmid = {23990925}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Bayes Theorem ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Fishes ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Probability ; Rivers ; Stochastic Processes ; Time Factors ; Trout/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Metapopulation dynamics over the course of an invasion are usually difficult to grasp because they require large and reliable data collection, often unavailable. The invasion of the fish-free freshwater ecosystems of the remote sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands following man-made introductions of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in the 1950's is an exception to this rule. Benefiting from a full long term environmental research monitoring of the invasion, we built a Bayesian dynamic metapopulation model to analyze the invasion dynamics of 85 river systems over 51 years. The model accounted for patch size (river length and connections to lakes), alternative dispersal pathways between rivers, temporal trends in dynamics, and uncertainty in colonization date. The results show that the model correctly represents the observed pattern of invasion, especially if we assume a coastal dispersal pathway between patches. Landscape attributes such as patch size influenced the colonization function, but had no effect on propagule pressure. Independently from patch size and distance between patches, propagule pressure and colonization function were not constant through time. Propagule pressure increased over the course of colonization, whereas the colonization function decreased, conditional on propagule pressure. The resulting pattern of this antagonistic interplay is an initial rapid invasion phase followed by a strong decrease in the invasion rate. These temporal trends may be due to either adaptive processes or environmental gradients encountered along the colonization front. It was not possible to distinguish these two hypotheses. Because invasibility of Kerguelen Is. freshwater ecosystems is very high due to the lack of a pre-existing fish fauna and minimal human interference, our estimates of invasion dynamics represent a blueprint for the potential of brown trout invasiveness in pristine environments. Our conclusions shed light on the future of polar regions where, because of climate change, fish-free ecosystems become increasingly accessible to invasion by fish species.}, }
@article {pmid23990879, year = {2013}, author = {Dexter, N and Hudson, M and James, S and Macgregor, C and Lindenmayer, DB}, title = {Unintended consequences of invasive predator control in an Australian forest: overabundant wallabies and vegetation change.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {e69087}, pmid = {23990879}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Biodiversity ; Calendula ; *Ecosystem ; Fires ; Foxes ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; *Macropodidae ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Pteridium ; Seedlings ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Over-abundance of native herbivores is a problem in many forests worldwide. The abundance of native macropod wallabies is extremely high at Booderee National Park (BNP) in south-eastern Australia. This has occurred because of the reduction of exotic predators through an intensive baiting program, coupled with the absence of other predators. The high density of wallabies at BNP may be inhibiting the recruitment of many plant species following fire-induced recruitment events. We experimentally examined the post-fire response of a range of plant species to browsing by wallabies in a forest heavily infested with the invasive species, bitou bush Chrysanthemoides monilifera. We recorded the abundance and size of a range of plant species in 18 unfenced (browsed) and 16 fenced (unbrowsed) plots. We found the abundance and size of bitou bush was suppressed in browsed plots compared to unbrowsed plots. Regenerating seedlings of the canopy or middle storey tree species Eucalyptus pilularis, Acacia implexa, Allocasuarina littoralis, Breynia oblongifolia and Banksia integrifolia were either smaller or fewer in number in grazed plots than treatment plots as were the vines Kennedia rubicunda, Glycine tabacina and Glycine clandestina. In contrast, the understorey fern, Pteridium esculentum increased in abundance in the browsed plots relative to unbrowsed plots probably because of reduced competition with more palatable angiosperms. Twelve months after plots were installed the community structure of the browsed and unbrowsed plots was significantly different (P = 0.023, Global R = 0.091). The relative abundance of C. monilifera and P. esculentum contributed most to the differences. We discuss the possible development of a low diversity bracken fern parkland in Booderee National Park through a trophic cascade, similar to that caused by overabundant deer in the northern hemisphere. We also discuss its implications for broad scale fox control in southern Australian forests.}, }
@article {pmid23989339, year = {2014}, author = {Clusella-Trullas, S and Chown, SL}, title = {Lizard thermal trait variation at multiple scales: a review.}, journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology}, volume = {184}, number = {1}, pages = {5-21}, pmid = {23989339}, issn = {1432-136X}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Altitude ; Animals ; Body Temperature/*physiology ; Lizards/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Thermal trait variation is of fundamental importance to forecasting the impacts of environmental change on lizard diversity. Here, we review the literature for patterns of variation in traits of upper and lower sub-lethal temperature limits, temperature preference and active body temperature in the field, in relation to space, time and phylogeny. Through time, we focus on the direction and magnitude of trait change within days, among seasons and as a consequence of acclimation. Across space, we examine altitudinal and latitudinal patterns, incorporating inter-specific analyses at regional and global scales. This synthesis highlights the consistency or lack thereof, of thermal trait responses, the relative magnitude of change among traits and several knowledge gaps identified in the relationships examined. We suggest that physiological information is becoming essential for forecasting environmental change sensitivity of lizards by providing estimates of plasticity and evolutionary scope.}, }
@article {pmid23987094, year = {2013}, author = {Maranda, L and Cox, AM and Campbell, RG and Smith, DC}, title = {Chlorine dioxide as a treatment for ballast water to control invasive species: shipboard testing.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {75}, number = {1-2}, pages = {76-89}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.08.002}, pmid = {23987094}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria ; *Chlorine Compounds ; *Disinfectants ; *Introduced Species ; *Oxides ; Plankton/*growth &amp; development ; Seawater/*chemistry/microbiology ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {The efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in eliminating organisms present in estuarine ballast water of a containership was determined under actual operating conditions by comparing the survival of planktonic communities present in waters of treated and control ballast tanks. Sampling was via ballast-tank hatches. The treatment (5 mg L(-1)ClO2 without pre-filtration) delivered by a prototype ClO2-generating system was generally effective against planktonic assemblages, although bacterial communities rebounded after a few days. Regardless of temperature, ClO2 was very effective against phytoplankton; the effect was immediate, without resurgence. Some zooplankters in the ≥ 50-μm fraction may survive the biocide, especially those able to find refuge within a protective coating (e.g., cysts, resting eggs, and shells) or in sediment. In order to boost efficacy, a pre-filtration step is recommended (now installed as standard equipment) to lower the intake of the ≥ 50-μm fraction and lessen the challenge posed by this size class.}, }
@article {pmid23982737, year = {2013}, author = {Litvaitis, JA and Norment, JL and Boland, K and O'Brien, K and Stevens, R and Keirstead, D and Lee, T and Oehler, JD and Taylor, JM and Bickford, S and Tarr, MD}, title = {Toward consensus-based actions that balance invasive plant management and conservation of at-risk fauna.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, pages = {1313-1319}, pmid = {23982737}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Community Participation ; Consensus ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/trends ; *Decision Trees ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species/*trends ; Introduced Species/*trends ; New England ; Plant Dispersal/*physiology ; Rabbits ; }, abstract = {Limiting the spread of invasive plants has become a high priority among natural resource managers. Yet in some regions, invasive plants are providing important habitat components to native animals that are at risk of local or regional extirpation. In these situations, removing invasive plants may decrease short-term survival of the at-risk taxa. At the same time, there may be a reluctance to expand invaded habitats to benefit at-risk species because such actions may increase the distribution of invasive plants. Such a dilemma can result in "management paralysis," where no action is taken either to reduce invasive plants or to expand habitats for at-risk species. A pragmatic solution to this dilemma may be to develop an approach that considers site-specific circumstances. We constructed a "discussion tree" as a means of initiating conversations among various stakeholders involved with managing habitats in the northeastern USA to benefit several at-risk taxa, including New England cottontails (Sylvilagus transitionalis). Major components of this approach include recognition that expanding some invaded habitats may be essential to prevent extirpation of at-risk species, and the effective control of invasive plants is dependent on knowledge of the status of invasives on managed lands and within the surrounding landscape. By acknowledging that management of invasive plants is a complex issue without a single solution, we may be successful in limiting their spread while still addressing critical habitat needs.}, }
@article {pmid23981249, year = {2013}, author = {Ferrer, A and Dorn, S and Mazzi, D}, title = {Cross-generational effects of temperature on flight performance, and associated life-history traits in an insect.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {26}, number = {11}, pages = {2321-2330}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12218}, pmid = {23981249}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Breeding ; Female ; *Flight, Animal ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Phenotype ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Nongenetic parental effects may affect offspring phenotype, and in species with multiple generations per year, these effects may cause life-history traits to vary over the season. We investigated the effects of parental, offspring developmental and offspring adult temperatures on a suite of life-history traits in the globally invasive agricultural pest Grapholita molesta. A low parental temperature resulted in female offspring that developed faster at low developmental temperature compared with females whose parents were reared at high temperature. Furthermore, females whose parents were reared at low temperature were heavier and more fecund and had better flight abilities than females whose parents were reared at high temperature. In addition to these cross-generational effects, females developed at low temperature had similar flight abilities at low and high ambient temperatures, whereas females developed at high temperature had poorer flight abilities at low than at high ambient temperature. Our findings demonstrate a pronounced benefit of low parental temperature on offspring performance, as well as between- and within-generation effects of acclimation to low temperature. In cooler environments, the offspring generation is expected to develop more rapidly than the parental generation and to comprise more fecund and more dispersive females. By producing phenotypes that are adaptive to the conditions inducing them as well as heritable, cross-generational plasticity can influence the evolutionary trajectory of populations. The potential for short-term acclimation to low temperature may allow expanding insect populations to better cope with novel environments and may help to explain the spread and establishment of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid23977275, year = {2013}, author = {Kendal, D and Hauser, CE and Garrard, GE and Jellinek, S and Giljohann, KM and Moore, JL}, title = {Quantifying plant colour and colour difference as perceived by humans using digital images.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {e72296}, pmid = {23977275}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Color ; Color Perception/*physiology ; Flowers/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Light ; Photography/*instrumentation ; Plant Leaves/*anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Human perception of plant leaf and flower colour can influence species management. Colour and colour contrast may influence the detectability of invasive or rare species during surveys. Quantitative, repeatable measures of plant colour are required for comparison across studies and generalisation across species. We present a standard method for measuring plant leaf and flower colour traits using images taken with digital cameras. We demonstrate the method by quantifying the colour of and colour difference between the flowers of eleven grassland species near Falls Creek, Australia, as part of an invasive species detection experiment. The reliability of the method was tested by measuring the leaf colour of five residential garden shrub species in Ballarat, Australia using five different types of digital camera. Flowers and leaves had overlapping but distinct colour distributions. Calculated colour differences corresponded well with qualitative comparisons. Estimates of proportional cover of yellow flowers identified using colour measurements correlated well with estimates obtained by measuring and counting individual flowers. Digital SLR and mirrorless cameras were superior to phone cameras and point-and-shoot cameras for producing reliable measurements, particularly under variable lighting conditions. The analysis of digital images taken with digital cameras is a practicable method for quantifying plant flower and leaf colour in the field or lab. Quantitative, repeatable measurements allow for comparisons between species and generalisations across species and studies. This allows plant colour to be related to human perception and preferences and, ultimately, species management.}, }
@article {pmid23977273, year = {2013}, author = {Heimpel, GE and Yang, Y and Hill, JD and Ragsdale, DW}, title = {Environmental consequences of invasive species: greenhouse gas emissions of insecticide use and the role of biological control in reducing emissions.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {e72293}, pmid = {23977273}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Aphids/*physiology ; Biological Control Agents ; Carbon Dioxide/*chemistry ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Environment ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insecticides ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Statistical ; Population Density ; Glycine max/parasitology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Greenhouse gas emissions associated with pesticide applications against invasive species constitute an environmental cost of species invasions that has remained largely unrecognized. Here we calculate greenhouse gas emissions associated with the invasion of an agricultural pest from Asia to North America. The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines, was first discovered in North America in 2000, and has led to a substantial increase in insecticide use in soybeans. We estimate that the manufacture, transport, and application of insecticides against soybean aphid results in approximately 10.6 kg of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent greenhouse gasses being emitted per hectare of soybeans treated. Given the acreage sprayed, this has led to annual emissions of between 6 and 40 million kg of CO2 equivalent greenhouse gasses in the United States since the invasion of soybean aphid, depending on pest population size. Emissions would be higher were it not for the development of a threshold aphid density below which farmers are advised not to spray. Without a threshold, farmers tend to spray preemptively and the threshold allows farmers to take advantage of naturally occurring biological control of the soybean aphid, which can be substantial. We find that adoption of the soybean aphid economic threshold can lead to emission reductions of approximately 300 million kg of CO2 equivalent greenhouse gases per year in the United States. Previous studies have documented that biological control agents such as lady beetles are capable of suppressing aphid densities below this threshold in over half of the soybean acreage in the U.S. Given the acreages involved this suggests that biological control results in annual emission reductions of over 200 million kg of CO2 equivalents. These analyses show how interactions between invasive species and organisms that suppress them can interact to affect greenhouse gas emissions.}, }
@article {pmid23977140, year = {2013}, author = {Liao, ZY and Zhang, R and Barclay, GF and Feng, YL}, title = {Differences in competitive ability between plants from nonnative and native populations of a tropical invader relates to adaptive responses in abiotic and biotic environments.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {e71767}, pmid = {23977140}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Biomass ; Cellulose/metabolism ; China ; Chromolaena/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Phenols/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/*physiology ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Plant Shoots/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Plant Weeds/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Polysaccharides/metabolism ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {The evolution of competitive ability of invasive plant species is generally studied in the context of adaptive responses to novel biotic environments (enemy release) in introduced ranges. However, invasive plants may also respond to novel abiotic environments. Here we studied differences in competitive ability between Chromolaena odorata plants of populations from nonnative versus native ranges, considering biogeographical differences in both biotic and abiotic environments. An intraspecific competition experiment was conducted at two nutrient levels in a common garden. In both low and high nutrient treatments, C. odorata plants from nonnative ranges showed consistently lower root to shoot ratios than did plants from native ranges grown in both monoculture and competition. In the low nutrient treatment, C. odorata plants from nonnative ranges showed significantly lower competitive ability (competition-driven decreases in plant height and biomass were more), which was associated with their lower root to shoot ratios and higher total leaf phenolic content (defense trait). In the high nutrient treatment, C. odorata plants from nonnative ranges showed lower leaf toughness and cellulosic contents (defense traits) but similar competitive ability compared with plants from native ranges, which was also associated with their lower root to shoot ratios. Our results indicate that genetically based shifts in biomass allocation (responses to abiotic environments) also influence competitive abilities of invasive plants, and provide a first potential mechanism for the interaction between range and environment (environment-dependent difference between ranges).}, }
@article {pmid23975644, year = {2013}, author = {Kutschera, U and Kleinhans, S}, title = {Alfred Russel Wallace and the destruction of island life: the Iguana tragedy.}, journal = {Theory in biosciences = Theorie in den Biowissenschaften}, volume = {132}, number = {4}, pages = {259-265}, pmid = {23975644}, issn = {1611-7530}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Biology/*history ; *Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; Extinction, Biological ; Female ; History, 19th Century ; Honduras ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Iguanas/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Male ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {The Galápagos Islands (Ecuador) are usually associated with the explorations and theoretical deductions of Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882), but Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) also investigated these islands and published several reports on the living world of this unique archipelago. In contrast to Darwin, Wallace described the destruction of natural ecosystems by humans and foresaw the resulting extinction of species. Here, we outline two case studies pertinent to Wallace's prediction. First, we summarize the behavior of the predator-naive marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) on the Galápagos Islands, which are threatened by feral dogs and cats imported by humans. We also describe the unique life cycle of the spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura bakeri) from the island of Utila (Honduras), a rare species whose populations are declining because of habitat destructions. In contrast to these threatened, endemic island species, the Green iguana (Iguana iguana) is still widely distributed, although, as a result of de-forestation, in some areas of South America local populations have disappeared. We conclude that Wallace was correct in his prediction that, because of human activities, numerous species of animals and plants will be driven to extinction, notably on islands.}, }
@article {pmid23974901, year = {2013}, author = {Schmiedel, D and Huth, F and Wagner, S}, title = {Using data from seed-dispersal modelling to manage invasive tree species: the example of Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall in Europe.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, pages = {851-860}, pmid = {23974901}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; Forestry ; *Fraxinus ; Germany ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Seed Dispersal ; *Trees ; Wind ; }, abstract = {Management strategies to control invasive species need information about dispersal distances to predict establishment potential. Fraxinus pennsylvanica is a North American anemochorous tree species that is invasive in many Central European floodplain forests. To predict seed-dispersal potential, the stochastic model WaldStat was used, which enables different options for directionality (isotropic and anisotropic) to be simulated. In this article, we (1) show empirical results of fructification and seed dispersal for this tree species. The model predicts approximately 250,000 seeds for one F. pennsylvanica tree. These results were used to (2) calculate species-specific dispersal distances and effects of wind direction. To consider the influence of wind on dispersal potential of the tree species, long-distance dispersal (LDD [95th percentile dispersal distance]) was calculated. Mean dispersal distances varied between 47 and 66 m. LDD values modelled along the main wind direction ranged from 60 to 150 m. Seed production, dispersal distance, and direction data were (3) incorporated into theoretical management scenarios for forest ecosystems. Finally (4), we discuss management options and the practical relevance of model scenarios in relation to the accuracy of spatial dispersal predictions. Further analyses should be focused on possible, well-adapted management concepts at stand level that could restrict the potential spread of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid23968234, year = {2013}, author = {Ostberg, CO and Hauser, L and Pritchard, VL and Garza, JC and Naish, KA}, title = {Chromosome rearrangements, recombination suppression, and limited segregation distortion in hybrids between Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss).}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {570}, pmid = {23968234}, issn = {1471-2164}, mesh = {Animals ; Chromosomal Instability ; Chromosome Mapping ; *Chromosome Segregation ; Female ; Genome ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Male ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Recombination, Genetic ; Sex Chromosomes/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Introgressive hybridization is an important evolutionary process that can lead to the creation of novel genome structures and thus potentially new genetic variation for selection to act upon. On the other hand, hybridization with introduced species can threaten native species, such as cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) following the introduction of rainbow trout (O. mykiss). Neither the evolutionary consequences nor conservation implications of rainbow trout introgression in cutthroat trout is well understood. Therefore, we generated a genetic linkage map for rainbow-Yellowstone cutthroat trout (O. clarkii bouvieri) hybrids to evaluate genome processes that may help explain how introgression affects hybrid genome evolution.<br><br>RESULTS: The hybrid map closely aligned with the rainbow trout map (a cutthroat trout map does not exist), sharing all but one linkage group. This linkage group (RYHyb20) represented a fusion between an acrocentric (Omy28) and a metacentric chromosome (Omy20) in rainbow trout. Additional mapping in Yellowstone cutthroat trout indicated the two rainbow trout homologues were fused in the Yellowstone genome. Variation in the number of hybrid linkage groups (28 or 29) likely depended on a Robertsonian rearrangement polymorphism within the rainbow trout stock. Comparison between the female-merged F&#x2081; map and a female consensus rainbow trout map revealed that introgression suppressed recombination across large genomic regions in 5 hybrid linkage groups. Two of these linkage groups (RYHyb20 and RYHyb25_29) contained confirmed chromosome rearrangements between rainbow and Yellowstone cutthroat trout indicating that rearrangements may suppress recombination. The frequency of allelic and genotypic segregation distortion varied among parents and families, suggesting few incompatibilities exist between rainbow and Yellowstone cutthroat trout genomes.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Chromosome rearrangements suppressed recombination in the hybrids. This result supports several previous findings demonstrating that recombination suppression restricts gene flow between chromosomes that differ by arrangement. Conservation of synteny and map order between the hybrid and rainbow trout maps and minimal segregation distortion in the hybrids suggest rainbow and Yellowstone cutthroat trout genomes freely introgress across chromosomes with similar arrangement. Taken together, these results suggest that rearrangements impede introgression. Recombination suppression across rearrangements could enable large portions of non-recombined chromosomes to persist within admixed populations.}, }
@article {pmid23967577, year = {2013}, author = {McDermott, SM and Irwin, RE and Taylor, BW}, title = {Using economic instruments to develop effective management of invasive species: insights from a bioeconomic model.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, pages = {1086-1100}, doi = {10.1890/12-0649.1}, pmid = {23967577}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Models, Economic ; Plants/*classification ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Economic growth is recognized as an important factor associated with species invasions. Consequently, there is increasing need to develop solutions that combine economics and ecology to inform invasive species management. We developed a model combining economic, ecological, and sociological factors to assess the degree to which economic policies can be used to control invasive plants. Because invasive plants often spread across numerous properties, we explored whether property owners should manage invaders cooperatively as a group by incorporating the negative effects of invader spread in management decisions (collective management) or independently, whereby the negative effects of invasive plant spread are ignored (independent management). Our modeling approach used a dynamic optimization framework, and we applied the model to invader spread using Linaria vulgaris. Model simulations allowed us to determine the optimal management strategy based on net benefits for a range of invader densities. We found that optimal management strategies varied as a function of initial plant densities. At low densities, net benefits were high for both collective and independent management to eradicate the invader, suggesting the importance of early detection and eradication. At moderate densities, collective management led to faster and more frequent invader eradication compared to independent management. When we used a financial penalty to ensure that independent properties were managed collectively, we found that the penalty would be most feasible when levied on a property's perimeter boundary to control spread among properties. At the highest densities, the optimal management strategy was "do nothing" because the economic costs of removal were too high relative to the benefits of removal. Spatial variation in L. vulgaris densities resulted in different optimal management strategies for neighboring properties, making a formal economic policy to encourage invasive species removal critical. To accomplish the management and enforcement of these economic policies, we discuss modification of existing agencies and infrastructure. Finally, a sensitivity analysis revealed that lowering the economic cost of invader removal would strongly increase the probability of invader eradication. Taken together, our results provide quantitative insight into management decisions and economic policy instruments that can encourage invasive species removal across a social landscape.}, }
@article {pmid23967576, year = {2013}, author = {Tompkins, DM and Byrom, AE and Pech, RP}, title = {Predicted responses of invasive mammal communities to climate-related changes in mast frequency in forest ecosystems.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, pages = {1075-1085}, doi = {10.1890/12-0915.1}, pmid = {23967576}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Mice ; Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; Population Dynamics ; Seeds ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Predicting the dynamics and impacts of multiple invasive species can be complex because ecological relationships, which occur among several trophic levels, are often incompletely understood. Further, the complexity of these trophic relationships exacerbates our inability to predict climate change effects on invaded ecosystems. We explore the hypothesis that interactions between two global change drivers, invasive vertebrates and climate change, will potentially make matters worse for native biodiversity. In New Zealand beech (Nothofagus spp.) forests, a highly irruptive invasive mammal community is driven by multi-annual resource pulses of beech seed (masting). Because mast frequency is predicted to increase with climate change, we use this as a model system to explore the extent to which such effects may influence invasive vertebrate communities, and the implications of such interactions for native biodiversity and its management. We build on an established model of trophic interactions in the system, combining it with a logistic probability mast function, the parameters of which were altered to simulate either contemporary conditions or conditions of more or less frequent masting. The model predicts that increased mast frequency will lead to populations of a top predator (the stoat) and a mesopredator (the ship rat) becoming less irruptive and being maintained at appreciably higher average abundances in this forest type. In addition, the ability of both current and in-development management approaches to suppress invasive mammals is predicted to be compromised. Because invasive mammals are key drivers of native fauna extinction in New Zealand, with the additional loss of associated functions such as pollination and seed dispersal, these predictions imply potentially serious adverse impacts of climate change for the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem function. Our study also highlights the importance of long-term monitoring data for assessing and managing future impacts of global change drivers.}, }
@article {pmid23967569, year = {2013}, author = {Aalto, EA and Baskett, ML}, title = {Quantifying the balance between bycatch and predator or competitor release for nontarget species.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, pages = {972-983}, doi = {10.1890/12-1316.1}, pmid = {23967569}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Fisheries ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Models, Biological ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {If a species is bycatch in a fishery targeted at its competitor or predator, it experiences both direct anthropogenic mortality and indirect positive effects through species interactions. If the species involved interact strongly, the release from competition or predation can counteract or exceed the negative effects of bycatch. We used a set of two- and three-species community modules to analyze the relative importance of species interactions when modeling the overall effect of harvest with bycatch on a nontarget species. To measure the trade-off between direct mortality and indirect positive effects, we developed a "bycatch transition point" metric to determine, for different scenarios, what levels of bycatch shift overall harvest impact from positive to negative. Under strong direct competition with a targeted competitor, release from competition due to harvest leads to a net increase in abundance even under moderate levels of bycatch. For a three-species model with a shared obligate predator, the release from apparent competition exceeds direct competitive release and outweighs the decrease from bycatch mortality under a wide range of parameters. Therefore, in communities where a shared predator forms a strong link between the target and nontarget species, the effects of indirect interactions on populations can be larger than those of direct interactions. The bycatch transition point metric can be used for tightly linked species to evaluate the relative strengths of positive indirect effects and negative anthropogenic impacts such as bycatch, habitat degradation, and introduction of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid23967212, year = {2013}, author = {Gabler, CA and Siemann, E}, title = {Timing of favorable conditions, competition and fertility interact to govern recruitment of invasive Chinese tallow tree in stressful environments.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {e71446}, pmid = {23967212}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Reproduction ; Sapium/*physiology ; Seedlings ; *Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {The rate of new exotic recruitment following removal of adult invaders (reinvasion pressure) influences restoration outcomes and costs but is highly variable and poorly understood. We hypothesize that broad variation in average reinvasion pressure of Triadica sebifera (Chinese tallow tree, a major invader) arises from differences among habitats in spatiotemporal availability of realized recruitment windows. These windows are periods of variable duration long enough to permit establishment given local environmental conditions. We tested this hypothesis via a greenhouse mesocosm experiment that quantified how the duration of favorable moisture conditions prior to flood or drought stress (window duration), competition and nutrient availability influenced Triadica success in high stress environments. Window duration influenced pre-stress seedling abundance and size, growth during stress and final abundance; it interacted with other factors to affect final biomass and germination during stress. Stress type and competition impacted final size and biomass, plus germination, mortality and changes in size during stress. Final abundance also depended on competition and the interaction of window duration, stress type and competition. Fertilization interacted with competition and stress to influence biomass and changes in height, respectively, but did not affect Triadica abundance. Overall, longer window durations promoted Triadica establishment, competition and drought (relative to flood) suppressed establishment, and fertilization had weak effects. Interactions among factors frequently produced different effects in specific contexts. Results support our 'outgrow the stress' hypothesis and show that temporal availability of abiotic windows and factors that influence growth rates govern Triadica recruitment in stressful environments. These findings suggest that native seed addition can effectively suppress superior competitors in stressful environments. We also describe environmental scenarios where specific management methods may be more or less effective. Our results enable better niche-based estimates of local reinvasion pressure, which can improve restoration efficacy and efficiency by informing site selection and optimal management.}, }
@article {pmid23967204, year = {2013}, author = {Miloslavich, P and Cruz-Motta, JJ and Klein, E and Iken, K and Weinberger, V and Konar, B and Trott, T and Pohle, G and Bigatti, G and Benedetti-Cecchi, L and Shirayama, Y and Mead, A and Palomo, G and Ortiz, M and Gobin, J and Sardi, A and Díaz, JM and Knowlton, A and Wong, M and Peralta, AC}, title = {Large-scale spatial distribution patterns of gastropod assemblages in rocky shores.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {e71396}, pmid = {23967204}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; *Gastropoda ; Oceanography ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Spatial Analysis ; }, abstract = {Gastropod assemblages from nearshore rocky habitats were studied over large spatial scales to (1) describe broad-scale patterns in assemblage composition, including patterns by feeding modes, (2) identify latitudinal pattern of biodiversity, i.e., richness and abundance of gastropods and/or regional hotspots, and (3) identify potential environmental and anthropogenic drivers of these assemblages. Gastropods were sampled from 45 sites distributed within 12 Large Marine Ecosystem regions (LME) following the NaGISA (Natural Geography in Shore Areas) standard protocol (www.nagisa.coml.org). A total of 393 gastropod taxa from 87 families were collected. Eight of these families (9.2%) appeared in four or more different LMEs. Among these, the Littorinidae was the most widely distributed (8 LMEs) followed by the Trochidae and the Columbellidae (6 LMEs). In all regions, assemblages were dominated by few species, the most diverse and abundant of which were herbivores. No latitudinal gradients were evident in relation to species richness or densities among sampling sites. Highest diversity was found in the Mediterranean and in the Gulf of Alaska, while highest densities were found at different latitudes and represented by few species within one genus (e.g. Afrolittorina in the Agulhas Current, Littorina in the Scotian Shelf, and Lacuna in the Gulf of Alaska). No significant correlation was found between species composition and environmental variables (r≤0.355, p>0.05). Contributing variables to this low correlation included invasive species, inorganic pollution, SST anomalies, and chlorophyll-a anomalies. Despite data limitations in this study which restrict conclusions in a global context, this work represents the first effort to sample gastropod biodiversity on rocky shores using a standardized protocol across a wide scale. Our results will generate more work to build global databases allowing for large-scale diversity comparisons of rocky intertidal assemblages.}, }
@article {pmid23966642, year = {2013}, author = {Capps, KA and Flecker, AS}, title = {Invasive aquarium fish transform ecosystem nutrient dynamics.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {280}, number = {1769}, pages = {20131520}, pmid = {23966642}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Catfishes/*metabolism ; Fishes/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Phosphorus/*metabolism ; Population Density ; Rivers/*chemistry ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Trade of ornamental aquatic species is a multi-billion dollar industry responsible for the introduction of myriad fishes into novel ecosystems. Although aquarium invaders have the potential to alter ecosystem function, regulation of the trade is minimal and little is known about the ecosystem-level consequences of invasion for all but a small number of aquarium species. Here, we demonstrate how ecological stoichiometry can be used as a framework to identify aquarium invaders with the potential to modify ecosystem processes. We show that explosive growth of an introduced population of stoichiometrically unique, phosphorus (P)-rich catfish in a river in southern Mexico significantly transformed stream nutrient dynamics by altering nutrient storage and remineralization rates. Notably, changes varied between elements; the P-rich fish acted as net sinks of P and net remineralizers of nitrogen. Results from this study suggest species-specific stoichiometry may be insightful for understanding how invasive species modify nutrient dynamics when their population densities and elemental composition differ substantially from native organisms. Risk analysis for potential aquarium imports should consider species traits such as body stoichiometry, which may increase the likelihood that an invasion will alter the structure and function of ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid23966334, year = {2014}, author = {Murray, KA and Verde Arregoitia, LD and Davidson, A and Di Marco, M and Di Fonzo, MM}, title = {Threat to the point: improving the value of comparative extinction risk analysis for conservation action.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {483-494}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12366}, pmid = {23966334}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {*Amphibians ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Endangered Species ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Mammals ; Models, Biological ; Risk Assessment/methods ; }, abstract = {Comparative extinction risk analysis is a common approach for assessing the relative plight of biodiversity and making conservation recommendations. However, the usefulness of such analyses for conservation practice has been questioned. One reason for underperformance may be that threats arising from global environmental changes (e.g., habitat loss, invasive species, climate change) are often overlooked, despite being widely regarded as proximal drivers of species' endangerment. We explore this problem by (i) reviewing the use of threats in this field and (ii) quantitatively investigating the effects of threat exclusion on the interpretation and potential application of extinction risk model results. We show that threat variables are routinely (59%) identified as significant predictors of extinction risk, yet while most studies (78%) include extrinsic factors of some kind (e.g., geographic or bioclimatic information), the majority (63%) do not include threats. Despite low overall usage, studies are increasingly employing threats to explain patterns of extinction risk. However, most continue to employ methods developed for the analysis of heritable traits (e.g., body size, fecundity), which may be poorly suited to the treatment of nonheritable predictors including threats. In our global mammal and continental amphibian extinction risk case studies, omitting threats reduced model predictive performance, but more importantly (i) reduced mechanistic information relevant to management; (ii) resulted in considerable disagreement in species classifications (12% and 5% for amphibians and mammals, respectively, translating to dozens and hundreds of species); and (iii) caused even greater disagreement (20-60%) in a downstream conservation application (species ranking). We conclude that the use of threats in comparative extinction risk analysis is important and increasing but currently in the early stages of development. Priorities for future studies include improving uptake, availability, quality and quantification of threat data, and developing analytical methods that yield more robust, relevant and tangible products for conservation applications.}, }
@article {pmid23961913, year = {2013}, author = {Schnoor, JL}, title = {Trophic collapse.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {47}, number = {17}, pages = {9559}, doi = {10.1021/es403302v}, pmid = {23961913}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; Dreissena/physiology ; Fishes/physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Michigan ; Ontario ; }, }
@article {pmid23961197, year = {2012}, author = {Alatar, A and El-Sheikh, MA and Thomas, J}, title = {Vegetation analysis of Wadi Al-Jufair, a hyper-arid region in Najd, Saudi Arabia.}, journal = {Saudi journal of biological sciences}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {357-368}, pmid = {23961197}, issn = {1319-562X}, abstract = {Wadi Al-Jufair, a tributary of Wadi Nisah, is one of the important wadis of Najd region (Saudi Arabia) sheltering a rich diversity of higher plants. The study area is extended into approximately 15 km(2) encompassing the commonest geomorphological features encountered in desert wadis. The wadi supports several rare plants, including Maerua crassifolia Forssk., a regionally endangered tree, and Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf., a rare shrub with restricted distribution. The present study aims to analyze the vegetation of wadi Al-Jufair and propose its designation as an important plant reserve. The vegetation type is fundamentally of chamaephytic nature with some phanerophytes, and distinguished into associations where the dominant perennial species give the permanent character of plant cover in each habitat. Four vegetation groups were identified with the application of TWINSPAN, DCA and CCA programs and named after the characteristic species as follows: Lycium shawii; A. oerfota; Acacia raddiana-Rhazya stricta and Artemisia monosperma. These plant associations demonstrate significant variation in soil texture, moisture, organic matter, pH, EC, and minerals of Wadi Al-Jufair.}, }
@article {pmid23959261, year = {2013}, author = {Graham, J and Young, N and Jarnevich, CS and Newman, G and Evangelista, P and Stohlgren, TJ}, title = {The hyper-envelope modeling interface (HEMI): a novel approach illustrated through predicting tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) habitat in the Western USA.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, pages = {929-938}, pmid = {23959261}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Southwestern United States ; *Tamaricaceae ; }, abstract = {Habitat suitability maps are commonly created by modeling a species’ environmental niche from occurrences and environmental characteristics. Here, we introduce the hyper-envelope modeling interface (HEMI), providing a new method for creating habitat suitability models using Bezier surfaces to model a species niche in environmental space. HEMI allows modeled surfaces to be visualized and edited in environmental space based on expert knowledge and does not require absence points for model development. The modeled surfaces require relatively few parameters compared to similar modeling approaches and may produce models that better match ecological niche theory. As a case study, we modeled the invasive species tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) in the western USA. We compare results from HEMI with those from existing similar modeling approaches (including BioClim, BioMapper, and Maxent). We used synthetic surfaces to create visualizations of the various models in environmental space and used modified area under the curve (AUC) statistic and akaike information criterion (AIC) as measures of model performance. We show that HEMI produced slightly better AUC values, except for Maxent and better AIC values overall. HEMI created a model with only ten parameters while Maxent produced a model with over 100 and BioClim used only eight. Additionally, HEMI allowed visualization and editing of the model in environmental space to develop alternative potential habitat scenarios. The use of Bezier surfaces can provide simple models that match our expectations of biological niche models and, at least in some cases, out-perform more complex approaches.}, }
@article {pmid23958222, year = {2013}, author = {David, M and Gollasch, S and Leppäkoski, E}, title = {Risk assessment for exemptions from ballast water management--the Baltic Sea case study.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {75}, number = {1-2}, pages = {205-217}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.07.031}, pmid = {23958222}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; *Risk Assessment ; *Ships ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods ; }, abstract = {The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship's Ballast Water and Sediments sets requirements to prevent organism transfers. Vessels on certain routes can be exempted from such requirements based on risk assessment (RA). As the convention nears its entry into force, the interest in exemptions increases. Such RA should be conducted according to the International Maritime Organization G7 Guidelines. We present a RA study for exemptions applied to intra-Baltic shipping considering different RA methods, i.e., environmental matching, species specific method including target species and species biogeographical aspects. As reliable species data in the ports considered are unavailable and following the precautionary principle, no exemptions should be granted. To ensure data reliability, port baseline surveys and regular monitoring programs should be undertaken during the exemption period as new species found influence the RA result. The RA model prepared is considered as of value to other areas worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid23957862, year = {2014}, author = {Lamer, JT and Sass, GG and Boone, JQ and Arbieva, ZH and Green, SJ and Epifanio, JM}, title = {Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing generates high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms for assessing hybridization between bighead and silver carp in the United States and China.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {79-86}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12152}, pmid = {23957862}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Cyprinidae/*classification/*genetics ; *Genetic Markers ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Molecular Biology/*methods ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; United States ; }, abstract = {Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and silver carp (H. molitrix) are invasive species and listed as US federally injurious species under the Lacy Act. They have established populations in much of the Mississippi River Basin (MRB; Mississippi, Illinois, and Missouri rivers) and are capable of producing fertile hybrids and complex introgression. Characterizing the composition of this admixture requires a large set of high-quality, evolutionarily conserved, diagnostic genetic markers to aid in the identification and management of these species in the midst of morphological ambiguity. Restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) sequencing of 45 barcoded bighead and silver carp from the United States and China produced reads that were aligned to the silver carp transcriptome yielded 261 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with fixed allelic differences between the two species. We selected the highest quality 112 SNP loci for validation using 194 putative pure-species and F1 hybrids from the MRB and putative bighead carp and silver carp pure species from China (Amur, Pearl and Yangtze rivers). Fifty SNPs were omitted due to design/amplification failure or lack of diagnostic utility. A total of 57 species-diagnostic SNPs conserved between carp species in US and Chinese rivers were identified; 32 were annotated to functional gene loci. Twenty-seven of the 181 (15%) putative pure species were identified as hybrid backcrosses after validation, including three backcrosses from the Amur River, where hybridization has not been documented previously. The 57 SNPs identified through RAD sequencing provide a diagnostic tool to detect population admixture and to identify hybrid and pure-species Asian carps in the United States and China.}, }
@article {pmid23957809, year = {2013}, author = {Copp, GH}, title = {The Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK) for non-native freshwater fishes--a summary of current applications.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, pages = {1394-1396}, doi = {10.1111/risa.12095}, pmid = {23957809}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Ecology/methods ; *Fishes ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; Risk Assessment ; }, }
@article {pmid23956178, year = {2013}, author = {Ma, RY and Jia, XY and Liu, WZ and Laushman, RH and Zhao, LL and Jia, D and Wang, R}, title = {Sequential loss of genetic variation in flea beetle Agasicles hygrophila (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) following introduction into China.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, pages = {655-661}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12025}, pmid = {23956178}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Cluster Analysis ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The flea beetle (Agasicles hygrophila) was imported to Florida, USA and then introduced from Florida into China in 1987 as a biological control agent for the invasive plant alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides). The initial beetle population was subsequently used for sequential introductions in other areas of China, but little is known about the genetic consequences of the introductions. In this study, the genetic diversity and population structure of five beetle populations, the source Florida population, three intentionally introduced China populations and one accidentally dispersed China population, were examined using amplified fragment length polymorphisms. The results showed a clear pattern of decreasing genetic diversity with the sequential introductions. The diversity was highest in the Florida population followed by the first introduction to Chongqing and then in Kunming and Fuzhou. The lowest diversity was found in the accidentally dispersed Guangzhou population that was first recorded in 1996. Both loci parameters and Nei's genetic diversity showed a high variation among these populations. Genetic differentiation among populations was further verified by the GST statistic (0.136-0.432). Beetles in Kunming had the highest gene flow with those in Guangzhou, and therefore lowest differentiation and closest genetic distance. These data show that sequential introduction influenced the genetic diversity of populations in China. Genetic diversity should be considered in planning introduction and long-term maintenance of populations.}, }
@article {pmid23956160, year = {2014}, author = {Fu, L and Li, ZH and Huang, GS and Wu, XX and Ni, WL and Qü, WW}, title = {The current and future potential geographic range of West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera: Tephritidae).}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {234-244}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12018}, pmid = {23956160}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Climate ; *Climate Change ; Computer Simulation ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Rain ; Temperature ; Tephritidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), is one of the most important pests throughout the Americas. CLIMEX 3.0 and ArcGIS 9.3 were used to model the current and future potential geographical distribution of this pest. Under current climatic conditions, A. obliqua is predicted to be able to establish throughout much of the tropics and subtropics, including not only North and South America, where it has been reported, but also southern Asia, northeastern Australia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The main factors limiting the pest's range expansion may be cold stress. Climate change expands the potential distribution of A. obliqua poleward as cold stress boundaries recede, but the predicted distribution in northwestern Australia and northern parts of Sub-Saharan Africa will decrease because of heat stress. Considering the widely suitable range for A. obliqua globally and in China, enhanced quarantine and monitoring measures should be implemented in areas that are projected to be suitable for the establishment of the pest under current and future climatic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid23956039, year = {2014}, author = {Zhang, X and Hou, YM}, title = {Invasion history of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Fujian, China based on mitochondrial DNA and its implications in development of a control strategy.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {493-498}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12042}, pmid = {23956039}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*genetics ; China ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Insect Control/methods ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {One of the most invasive species worldwide, Solenopsis invicta Buren, has been described in China since 2003. Recent studies have suggested that China populations are the result of introductions from the USA; however, detailed molecular studies need to be performed in order to understand the expansion and potential multiple introductions from other countries into China. As there were populations of red imported fire ant, S. invicta in different areas and with different methods of introduction, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene was used as a marker from 12 populations in four cities in Fujian Province, China, to determine the relationship of invasion among these populations. The three most common haplotypes previously describe in invasive populations of S. invicta: H5, H22 and H36, were found in Fujian. However, frequencies in each city were different. For instance, three populations from Longyan city which invaded with waste plastics, shared haplotype H5. Populations from Xiamen city and Jinjiang city which dispersed with nursery stock, sward and scrap leather, shared haplotype H22. The population from Nanyan village of Xinluo district, Longyan city, bore haplotype H36. Mitochondrial data reveals that the invasion history of S. invicta in Fujian Province is complex, including multiple invasions probably from other provinces within China. Security measures to prevent S. invicta spreading within China are as important as from overseas.}, }
@article {pmid23955940, year = {2013}, author = {Vinson, SB}, title = {Impact of the invasion of the imported fire ant.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {439-455}, doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7917.2012.01572.x}, pmid = {23955940}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Bees/*parasitology ; Humans ; Insect Bites and Stings/epidemiology ; Introduced Species ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {The impact of the imported fire ant (IFA) is complex, in large part, because several very different species of "Fire Ants" have invaded and one of these has two forms, all of which are hard to separate by the public, as well as, some investigators not focused on the ant. Each of these different "IFA" species and forms differ in their impact. Further, these ants impact a number of "things" ranging from the environment and wildlife (plants and animals) as well as people, their environment and infrastructure. In addition, they can not only lead to death of living things (including people), but they can destroy many aspects of our environment and infrastructure at the cost of millions of dollars. But there are some beneficial aspects and some people can make many thousands of dollars due to their presence. This is an attempt to look at these issues.}, }
@article {pmid23955877, year = {2013}, author = {Zhang, JJ and Yang, J and Li, YC and Liu, N and Zhang, RZ}, title = {Genetic relationships of introduced Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata populations in Xinjiang, China.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, pages = {643-654}, doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7917.2012.01565.x}, pmid = {23955877}, issn = {1744-7917}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; Demography ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is an infamous invasive species worldwide that aggressively attacks potato and other Solanaceae crops. CPB was first found in China in 1993 and has since spread across 2.77 × 10(5) km(2) in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. To better understand genetic variation and migration patterns, we used seven polymorphic microsatellite loci to elucidate the genetic relationships and gene flow among 10 CPB populations across Xinjiang. (i) Overall low levels of genetic diversity were detected on the entire population in Xinjiang but most of the diversity was retained among populations during invasion. (ii) The mean pairwise FST was low (0.071 ± 0.043) among populations. The genetic differentiation was little (pairwise FST 0.038 ± 0.016) between the five interior populations (Wusu, Urumqi, Jimsar, Qitai and Mulei) and Tacheng population. The six populations might come from the same genetic group via Bayesian clustering and were closely related on a neighbor-joining tree. Combining the history data, the five interior populations may have originated from Tacheng. (iii) Gene flow was frequent, especially among the five interior populations. Individuals from the interior populations could be assigned to Tacheng at higher probabilities (means 0.518 ± 0.127) than vice versa (means 0.328 ± 0.074), suggesting that the beetle population has spread from the border to the interior in Xinjiang.}, }
@article {pmid23954222, year = {2013}, author = {Yang, F and Du, Y and Cao, J and Huang, F}, title = {Analysis of three leafminers' complete mitochondrial genomes.}, journal = {Gene}, volume = {529}, number = {1}, pages = {1-6}, doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.010}, pmid = {23954222}, issn = {1879-0038}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Primers ; DNA, Intergenic/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Diptera/*classification/*genetics ; Gene Order ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; Genes, rRNA ; Genetic Markers ; *Genome, Insect ; Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), and Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach), are three closely related and economically important leafminer pests in the world. This study examined the complete mitochondrial genomes of L. trifolii, L. huidobrensis and L. bryoniae, which were 16,141 bp, 16,236 bp and 16,183 bp in length, respectively. All of them displayed 37 typical animal mitochondrial genes and an A+T-rich region. The genomes were highly compact with only 60-68 bp of non-coding intergenic spacer. However, considerable differences in the A+T-rich region were detected among the three species. Results of this study also showed the two ribosomal RNA genes of the three species had very limited variable sites and thus should not provide much information in the study of population genetics of these species. Data generated from three leafminers' complete mitochondrial genomes should provide valuable information in studying phylogeny of Diptera, and developing genetic markers for species identification in leafminers.}, }
@article {pmid23953638, year = {2013}, author = {Dangel, KC and Keppel, M and Sures, B}, title = {Can differences in life cycle explain differences in invasiveness? - A study on Anguillicola novaezelandiae in the European eel.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {140}, number = {14}, pages = {1831-1836}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182013001327}, pmid = {23953638}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Dracunculoidea/*physiology ; Eels/*parasitology ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; Spirurida Infections/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Anguillicola crassus is the most invasive species of its genus and it is a successful colonizer of different eel species worldwide. It is so far the only species of the genus Anguillicola whose life cycle has been studied completely. To analyse whether differences in life cycle may explain differences in invasiveness, we infected European eels with Anguillicola novaezelandiae under laboratory conditions. Anguillicola novaezelandiae shows a synchronized development in the European eel. Eggs with second-stage larvae appeared 120 days after infection. No density-dependent effect in parasite development could be found for A. novaezelandiae. The present study shows that the life cycle of A. novaezelandiae differs on final host level compared with A. crassus in ways which result in a less successful invasion of new host species.}, }
@article {pmid23953187, year = {2013}, author = {Dostál, P and Müllerová, J and Pyšek, P and Pergl, J and Klinerová, T}, title = {The impact of an invasive plant changes over time.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {1277-1284}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12166}, pmid = {23953187}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Heracleum/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/physiology ; Soil Microbiology ; Time ; }, abstract = {Many exotic plant invaders pose a serious threat to native communities, but little is known about the dynamics of their impacts over time. In this study, we explored the impact of an invasive plant Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) at 24 grassland sites invaded for different periods of time (from 11 to 48 years). Native species' richness and productivity were initially reduced by hogweed invasion but tended to recover after ~30 years of hogweed residence at the sites. Hogweed cover declined over the whole period assessed. A complementary common garden experiment suggested that the dynamics observed in the field were due to a negative plant-soil feedback; hogweed survival and biomass, and its competitive ability were lower when growing in soil inocula collected from earlier-invaded grasslands. Our results provide evidence that the initial dominance of an invasive plant species and its negative impact can later be reversed by stabilising processes.}, }
@article {pmid23951704, year = {2013}, author = {Bourdeau, PE and Pangle, KL and Reed, EM and Peacor, SD}, title = {Finely tuned response of native prey to an invasive predator in a freshwater system.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {7}, pages = {1449-1455}, doi = {10.1890/12-2116.1}, pmid = {23951704}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Crustacea/*physiology ; Daphnia/*physiology ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; Zooplankton ; }, abstract = {Lack of shared evolutionary history reduces the expectation that native prey will detect and respond to invasive predators. Four mechanisms may explain the adaptive response that is nevertheless seen in various systems: prey may perceive the invasive predator through cue similarity with preexisting predators, cues of conspecifics eaten by the invasive predator, a learned response based on experience with the invasive predator (e.g., cue association), and cues from the invasive predator that are specific to it. We performed laboratory experiments in which zooplankton (Daphnia mendotae) responded adaptively to the zooplanktivore Bythotrephes longimanus (migrating downward), showed no response to taxonomically similar predatory cladocerans, and responded adaptively to more taxonomically distant native fish (migrating downward) and native shrimp (migrating upward). Conspecific cues associated with Bythotrephes predation actually reduced the response of D. mendotae to Bythotrephes. Combined with previous experiments that rule out learning, our experiments rule out the first three mechanisms above, demonstrating that D. mendotae respond to cues specific to and produced directly by Bythotrephes. This finely tuned response may be retained from an ancestral species that coevolved with Bythotrephes in its native range, or may have rapidly evolved due to strong selection by the invasive predator.}, }
@article {pmid23951326, year = {2013}, author = {Flores-Moreno, H and Moles, AT}, title = {A comparison of the recruitment success of introduced and native species under natural conditions.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {e72509}, pmid = {23951326}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Environment ; Germination ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; *Plant Development ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/genetics ; Seedlings/genetics/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {It is commonly accepted that introduced species have recruitment advantages over native species. However, this idea has not been widely tested, and those studies that have compared survival of introduced and native species have produced mixed results. We compiled data from the literature on survival through germination (seed to seedling survival), early seedling survival (survival through one week from seedling emergence) and survival to adulthood (survival from germination to first reproduction) under natural conditions for 285 native and 63 introduced species. Contrary to expectations, we found that introduced and native species do not significantly differ in survival through germination, early seedling survival, or survival from germination to first reproduction. These comparisons remained non-significant after accounting for seed mass, longevity and when including a random effect for site. Results remained consistent after excluding naturalized species from the introduced species data set, after performing phylogenetic independent contrasts, and after accounting for the effect of life form (woody/non-woody). Although introduced species sometimes do have advantages over native species (for example, through enemy release, or greater phenotypic plasticity), our findings suggest that the overall advantage conferred by these factors is either counterbalanced by advantages of native species (such as superior adaptation to local conditions) or is simply too small to be detected at a broad scale.}, }
@article {pmid23951120, year = {2013}, author = {Nghiem, le TP and Soliman, T and Yeo, DC and Tan, HT and Evans, TA and Mumford, JD and Keller, RP and Baker, RH and Corlett, RT and Carrasco, LR}, title = {Economic and environmental impacts of harmful non-indigenous species in southeast Asia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {e71255}, pmid = {23951120}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Agriculture/*economics ; Animals ; Asia, Southeastern ; Columbidae/physiology ; Cost-Benefit Analysis/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Developing Countries/*economics ; Health Care Costs/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Humans ; Insecta/pathogenicity/physiology ; Introduced Species/*economics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Monte Carlo Method ; Plant Weeds/physiology ; Rodentia/physiology ; Viruses/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Harmful non-indigenous species (NIS) impose great economic and environmental impacts globally, but little is known about their impacts in Southeast Asia. Lack of knowledge of the magnitude of the problem hinders the allocation of appropriate resources for NIS prevention and management. We used benefit-cost analysis embedded in a Monte-Carlo simulation model and analysed economic and environmental impacts of NIS in the region to estimate the total burden of NIS in Southeast Asia. The total annual loss caused by NIS to agriculture, human health and the environment in Southeast Asia is estimated to be US$33.5 billion (5(th) and 95(th) percentile US$25.8-39.8 billion). Losses and costs to the agricultural sector are estimated to be nearly 90% of the total (US$23.4-33.9 billion), while the annual costs associated with human health and the environment are US$1.85 billion (US$1.4-2.5 billion) and US$2.1 billion (US$0.9-3.3 billion), respectively, although these estimates are based on conservative assumptions. We demonstrate that the economic and environmental impacts of NIS in low and middle-income regions can be considerable and that further measures, such as the adoption of regional risk assessment protocols to inform decisions on prevention and control of NIS in Southeast Asia, could be beneficial.}, }
@article {pmid23950989, year = {2013}, author = {Tokiwa, T and Hashimoto, T and Yabe, T and Komatsu, N and Akao, N and Ohta, N}, title = {First report of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae) infections in invasive rodents from five islands of the Ogasawara Archipelago, Japan.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {e70729}, pmid = {23950989}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Angiostrongylus cantonensis/genetics/*physiology ; Animals ; DNA, Helminth/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Endemic Diseases ; Geography ; Helminth Proteins/genetics ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Japan/epidemiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Prevalence ; Pulmonary Artery/parasitology ; Rats ; Rodent Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Strongylida Infections/epidemiology/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen, 1935) is a parasite of murid rodents and causative agent of human neuro-angiostrongyliasis. In 2011, the Ogasawara Islands in the western North Pacific were assigned a World Natural Heritage site status. The occurrence of A. cantonensis is well documented in the Chichijima, Hahajima, and Anijima Islands. However, the occurrence of A. cantonensis in the other islands of the Ogasawara Islands has not been reported.<br><br>Between March 2010 and July 2011, 57 Rattus norvegicus and 79 R. rattus were collected from 9 islands (the Hahajima group: Anejima, Imoutojima, Meijima, Mukohjima, and Hirajima; Chichijima group: Minamijima; Mukojima group: Nakoudojima and Yomejima; and Iwojima group: Iwojima). Adult nematodes were found in the pulmonary artery of 46 R. norvegicus collected in the 5 islands of the Hahajima group (Anejima, Meijima, Imoutojima, Hrajima, and Mukohjima Islands). These nematodes were identified by molecular analysis as A. cantonensis. Comparison of the mitochondrial DNA sequences confirmed that all the samples from the Ogasawara Islands shared only a single lineage of A. cantonensis, which has been previously detected in the Okinawa, Hawaii, and Brazil.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We describe new endemic foci of rat angiostrongyliasis in the Hahajima group (Anejima, Meijima, Imoutojima, Hirajima, and Mukohjima Islands) of the Ogasawara Islands. These findings indicate that the endemic foci of A. cantonensis are widely distributed in the Ogasawara Islands. Although human cases have not yet been reported in the Ogasawara Islands, the widespread detection of A. cantonensis could be of importance from the perspective of public health.}, }
@article {pmid23950982, year = {2013}, author = {Morgan, DR and Arrow, J and Smith, MP}, title = {Combining aspirin with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)--a potential new tool for controlling possum populations.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {e70683}, pmid = {23950982}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Aspirin/pharmacokinetics/*toxicity ; Body Weight/drug effects ; Cholecalciferol/pharmacokinetics/*toxicity ; Drug Synergism ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*drug effects ; Introduced Species ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Male ; New Zealand ; Pest Control/economics/*methods ; Trichosurus/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The introduced Australian brushtail possum is a major vertebrate pest in New Zealand, with impacts on conservation and agriculture being managed largely through poisoning operations. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is registered for use in controlling possums and despite its many advantages it is expensive and relatively inhumane. Combination of a high proportion of aspirin with a low proportion of cholecalciferol was effective in killing high proportions of groups of acclimatised, caged possums: this is attributed to both an unexpectedly high toxicity of the type of cholecalciferol used, and a proposed synergistic mechanism between the two compounds. Death was caused by localised damage to heart ventricles by aspirin, and inhibition of tissue repair by both aspirin and cholecalciferol. The observed toxicosis had lower impact on the welfare of possums than either compound administered alone, particularly aspirin alone. Residue analyses of bait remains in the GI tract suggested a low risk of secondary poisoning by either compound. The combination of cholecalciferol and aspirin has the potential to meet key requirements of cost-effectiveness and humaneness in controlling possum populations, but the effect of the combination in non-target species has yet to be tested.}, }
@article {pmid23950789, year = {2013}, author = {Verbruggen, H and Tyberghein, L and Belton, GS and Mineur, F and Jueterbock, A and Hoarau, G and Gurgel, CF and De Clerck, O}, title = {Improving transferability of introduced species' distribution models: new tools to forecast the spread of a highly invasive seaweed.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {e68337}, pmid = {23950789}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa, Western ; Australia ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Seaweed/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The utility of species distribution models for applications in invasion and global change biology is critically dependent on their transferability between regions or points in time, respectively. We introduce two methods that aim to improve the transferability of presence-only models: density-based occurrence thinning and performance-based predictor selection. We evaluate the effect of these methods along with the impact of the choice of model complexity and geographic background on the transferability of a species distribution model between geographic regions. Our multifactorial experiment focuses on the notorious invasive seaweed Caulerpa cylindracea (previously Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea) and uses Maxent, a commonly used presence-only modeling technique. We show that model transferability is markedly improved by appropriate predictor selection, with occurrence thinning, model complexity and background choice having relatively minor effects. The data shows that, if available, occurrence records from the native and invaded regions should be combined as this leads to models with high predictive power while reducing the sensitivity to choices made in the modeling process. The inferred distribution model of Caulerpa cylindracea shows the potential for this species to further spread along the coasts of Western Europe, western Africa and the south coast of Australia.}, }
@article {pmid23949985, year = {2013}, author = {Lü, ZC and Sun, HB and Wan, FH and Guo, JY and Zhang, GF}, title = {High Variation in Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and Insertions/Deletions (Indels) in the Highly Invasive Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1).}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, pages = {521-526}, pmid = {23949985}, issn = {1519-566X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Middle East ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; }, abstract = {Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) is invasive and adaptive to varied environments throughout the world. The adaptability is closely related to genomic variation such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (indels). In order to elucidate the feature of SNPs and indels in MEAM1, and reveal the association between SNPs/indels and adaptive capacity to various environments, a computational approach with QualitySNP was used to identify reliable SNPs and indels on the basis of 9110-expressed sequence tags of MEAM1 present in the NCBI database. There were 575 SNPs detected with a density of 10.1 SNPs/kb and 6.4 SNPs/contig. Also, 237 transitions (39.3%) and 366 transversions (60.7%) were obtained, where the ratio of transitions to transversions was 0.65:1. In addition, 581 indels with a density of 14.1 indels/kb and 9.2 indels/contig were detected. Collectively, it showed that invasive MEAM1 has high SNPs density, and higher SNPs percentage than non-invasive B. tabaci species. A high SNPs density/percentage in MEAM1 yielded a high genomic variation that might have allowed it to adapt to varied environments, which provides some support to understand the invasive nature of MEAM1 at the genomic level. High levels of genomic variation are implicated in the level of adaptive capacity and invasive species are thought to exhibit higher levels of adaptive capacity than non-invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid23945686, year = {2013}, author = {Jessop, TS and Letnic, M and Webb, JK and Dempster, T}, title = {Adrenocortical stress responses influence an invasive vertebrate's fitness in an extreme environment.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {280}, number = {1768}, pages = {20131444}, pmid = {23945686}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/pharmacology ; Animals ; Bufo marinus/blood/metabolism/*physiology ; Corticosterone/*blood ; Dexamethasone/pharmacology ; *Environment ; Glucocorticoids/pharmacology ; Homing Behavior ; Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Osmoregulation/drug effects ; Phenotype ; *Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Continued range expansion into physiologically challenging environments requires invasive species to maintain adaptive phenotypic performance. The adrenocortical stress response, governed in part by glucocorticoid hormones, influences physiological and behavioural responses of vertebrates to environmental stressors. However, any adaptive role of this response in invasive populations that are expanding into extreme environments is currently unclear. We experimentally manipulated the adrenocortical stress response of invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) to investigate its effect on phenotypic performance and fitness at the species' range front in the Tanami Desert, Australia. Here, toads are vulnerable to overheating and dehydration during the annual hot-dry season and display elevated plasma corticosterone levels indicative of severe environmental stress. By comparing unmanipulated control toads with toads whose adrenocortical stress response was manipulated to increase acute physiological stress responsiveness, we found that control toads had significantly reduced daily evaporative water loss and higher survival relative to the experimental animals. The adrenocortical stress response hence appears essential in facilitating complex phenotypic performance and setting fitness trajectories of individuals from invasive species during range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid23943626, year = {2014}, author = {Blackie, HM and MacKay, JW and Allen, WJ and Smith, DH and Barrett, B and Whyte, BI and Murphy, EC and Ross, J and Shapiro, L and Ogilvie, S and Sam, S and MacMorran, D and Inder, S and Eason, CT}, title = {Innovative developments for long-term mammalian pest control.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {70}, number = {3}, pages = {345-351}, doi = {10.1002/ps.3627}, pmid = {23943626}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Drug Delivery Systems/instrumentation/methods/trends ; Mammals/*physiology ; New Zealand ; Pest Control/instrumentation/methods/*trends ; Pesticides/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive mammalian pests have inflicted substantial environmental and economic damage on a worldwide scale.<br><br>RESULTS: Over the last 30 years there has been minimal innovation in the development of new control tools. The development of new vertebrate pesticides, for example, has been largely restricted due to the costly and time-consuming processes associated with testing and registration.<br><br>CONCLUSION: In this article we discuss recent progress and trends in a number of areas of research aimed to achieve long-term population suppression or eradication of mammalian pest species. The examples discussed here are emerging from research being conducted in New Zealand, where invasive mammalian pests are one of the greatest threats facing the national environment and economy.}, }
@article {pmid23943081, year = {2014}, author = {Engeman, RM and Guerrant, T and Dunn, G and Beckerman, SF and Anchor, C}, title = {Benefits to rare plants and highway safety from annual population reductions of a "native invader," white-tailed deer, in a Chicago-area woodland.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {1592-1597}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-013-2056-4}, pmid = {23943081}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Accidents, Traffic/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Animals ; Chicago ; Deer/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; Population Dynamics ; Transportation ; }, abstract = {Overabundant white-tailed deer are one of the most serious threats to woodland plant communities in the Chicago area. Moreover, the abundant deer in a highly populated area causes economic harm and poses hazards to human safety through collisions with vehicles. The artificial conditions causing the overabundance and resulting consequences qualify the white-tailed deer in the Chicago area to be considered as "native invaders". We examined the benefits of culling deer at a Chicago-area woodland preserve by comparing browse rates on four endangered plant species from years before culling began with years with culling. We also examined deer-vehicle collision and traffic flow rates on area roads from years before culling began and years with culling to assess whether population reductions may have benefited road safety in the area. All four endangered plant species (three orchid species and sweet fern) had lower browse rates in years with culls, although the decreased browsing rates were statistically distinguishable for only two of the species (grass pink orchid and sweet fern). After first verifying that traffic flow rates did not decrease from pre-cull years to years with culls, we analyzed the Illinois Department of Transportation data from area roads based on deer-vehicle collisions causing >US$500 in damage and showed a one-third reduction in deer-vehicle collisions. An economic analysis showed a cost savings during the cull years of US$0.6 million for reducing browsing to just these four monitored plant species and the reduction in deer-vehicle collisions.}, }
@article {pmid23940617, year = {2013}, author = {Gaitán-Espitia, JD and Belén Arias, M and Lardies, MA and Nespolo, RF}, title = {Variation in thermal sensitivity and thermal tolerances in an invasive species across a climatic gradient: lessons from the land snail Cornu aspersum.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {e70662}, pmid = {23940617}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Basal Metabolism ; Chile ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism ; *Heat-Shock Response ; Helix, Snails/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Water-Electrolyte Balance ; }, abstract = {The ability of organisms to perform at different temperatures could be described by a continuous nonlinear reaction norm (i.e., thermal performance curve, TPC), in which the phenotypic trait value varies as a function of temperature. Almost any shift in the parameters of this performance curve could highlight the direct effect of temperature on organism fitness, providing a powerful framework for testing thermal adaptation hypotheses. Inter-and intraspecific differences in this performance curve are also reflected in thermal tolerances limits (e.g., critical and lethal limits), influencing the biogeographic patterns of species' distribution. Within this context, here we investigated the intraspecific variation in thermal sensitivities and thermal tolerances in three populations of the invasive snail Cornu aspersum across a geographical gradient, characterized by different climatic conditions. Thus, we examined population differentiation in the TPCs, thermal-coma recovery times, expression of heat-shock proteins and standard metabolic rate (i.e., energetic costs of physiological differentiation). We tested two competing hypotheses regarding thermal adaptation (the "hotter is better" and the generalist-specialist trade-offs). Our results show that the differences in thermal sensitivity among populations of C. aspersum follow a latitudinal pattern, which is likely the result of a combination of thermodynamic constraints ("hotter is better") and thermal adaptations to their local environments (generalist-specialist trade-offs). This finding is also consistent with some thermal tolerance indices such as the Heat-Shock Protein Response and the recovery time from chill-coma. However, mixed responses in the evaluated traits suggest that thermal adaptation in this species is not complete, as we were not able to detect any differences in neither energetic costs of physiological differentiation among populations, nor in the heat-coma recovery.}, }
@article {pmid23938234, year = {2013}, author = {Potapov, A and Rajakaruna, H}, title = {Allee threshold and stochasticity in biological invasions: colonization time at low propagule pressure.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {337}, number = {}, pages = {1-14}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.07.031}, pmid = {23938234}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Animals ; Diffusion ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Stochastic Processes ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {We consider the problem of estimating the time needed for species colonization. The analysis is based upon the known population dynamic models by Dennis with minor modification to the Allee effect description, which allows us to obtain an analytical expression for the colonization time. For the stochastic counterpart of the models in diffusion approximation, we (1) propose the description of immigration stochasticity, (2) provide the estimates of time required for the population to overcome strong demographic Allee effect, and (3) consider the numerical results for mean colonization time and its uncertainty. Strong Allee effect strictly disallows populations at small immigration rates to colonize new habitats, unless the stochasticity in immigration, environment, or demography is present, or incorporated into the model. Immigration stochasticity, complementing with environmental and demographic stochasticity, enables the populations to overcome the Allee threshold even at low values of propagule pressure.}, }
@article {pmid23936525, year = {2013}, author = {Horsák, M and Lososová, Z and Čejka, T and Juřičková, L and Chytrý, M}, title = {Diversity and biotic homogenization of urban land-snail faunas in relation to habitat types and macroclimate in 32 central European cities.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {e71783}, pmid = {23936525}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Cities/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Europe ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Snails/*classification ; }, abstract = {The effects of non-native species invasions on community diversity and biotic homogenization have been described for various taxa in urban environments, but not for land snails. Here we relate the diversity of native and non-native land-snail urban faunas to urban habitat types and macroclimate, and analyse homogenization effects of non-native species across cities and within the main urban habitat types. Land-snail species were recorded in seven 1-ha plots in 32 cities of ten countries of Central Europe and Benelux (224 plots in total). Each plot represented one urban habitat type characterized by different management and a specific disturbance regime. For each plot, we obtained January, July and mean annual temperature and annual precipitation. Snail species were classified into either native or non-native. The effects of habitat type and macroclimate on the number of native and non-native species were analysed using generalized estimating equations; the homogenization effect of non-native species based on the Jaccard similarity index and homogenization index. We recorded 67 native and 20 non-native species. Besides being more numerous, native species also had much higher beta diversity than non-natives. There were significant differences between the studied habitat types in the numbers of native and non-native species, both of which decreased from less to heavily urbanized habitats. Macroclimate was more important for the number of non-native than native species; however in both cases the effect of climate on diversity was overridden by the effect of urban habitat type. This is the first study on urban land snails documenting that non-native land-snail species significantly contribute to homogenization among whole cities, but both the homogenization and diversification effects occur when individual habitat types are compared among cities. This indicates that the spread of non-native snail species may cause biotic homogenization, but it depends on scale and habitat type.}, }
@article {pmid23936301, year = {2013}, author = {te Beest, M and Elschot, K and Olff, H and Etienne, RS}, title = {Invasion success in a marginal habitat: an experimental test of competitive ability and drought tolerance in Chromolaena odorata.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {e68274}, pmid = {23936301}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biomass ; Chromolaena/*physiology ; Climate ; *Droughts ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Climatic niche models based on native-range climatic data accurately predict invasive-range distributions in the majority of species. However, these models often do not account for ecological and evolutionary processes, which limit the ability to predict future range expansion. This might be particularly problematic in the case of invaders that occupy environments that would be considered marginal relative to the climatic niche in the native range of the species. Here, we assess the potential for future range expansion in the shrub Chromolaena odorata that is currently invading mesic savannas (>650 mm MAP) in South Africa that are colder and drier than most habitats in its native range. In a greenhouse experiment we tested whether its current distribution in South Africa can be explained by increased competitive ability and/or differentiation in drought tolerance relative to the native population. We compared aboveground biomass, biomass allocation, water use efficiency and relative yields of native and invasive C. odorata and the resident grass Panicum maximum in wet and dry conditions. Surprisingly, we found little differentiation between ranges. Invasive C. odorata showed no increased competitive ability or superior drought tolerance compared to native C. odorata. Moreover we found that P. maximum was a better competitor than either native or invasive C. odorata. These results imply that C. odorata is unlikely to expand its future range towards more extreme, drier, habitats beyond the limits of its current climatic niche and that the species' invasiveness most likely depends on superior light interception when temporarily released from competition by disturbance. Our study highlights the fact that species can successfully invade habitats that are at the extreme end of their ranges and thereby contributes towards a better understanding of range expansion during species invasions.}, }
@article {pmid23935894, year = {2013}, author = {Deng, Y and Yan, H and Gu, J and Xu, J and Wu, K and Tu, Z and James, AA and Chen, X}, title = {Molecular and functional characterization of odorant-binding protein genes in an invasive vector mosquito, Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {e68836}, pmid = {23935894}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {R01 AI083202/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arthropod Antennae/physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Cloning, Molecular ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Genes, Insect/*genetics ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Insect Vectors/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Odorants/analysis ; Organ Specificity/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Protein Binding/genetics ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism ; Receptors, Odorant/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus is a major vector of dengue and Chikungunya viruses. Olfaction plays a vital role in guiding mosquito behaviors and contributes to their ability to transmit pathogens. Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are abundant in insect olfactory tissues and involved in the first step of odorant reception. While comprehensive descriptions are available of OBPs from Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles gambiae, only a few genes from Ae. albopictus have been reported. In this study, twenty-one putative AalbOBP genes were cloned using their homologues in Ae. aegypti to query an Ae. albopictus partial genome sequence. Two antenna-specific OBPs, AalbOBP37 and AalbOBP39, display a remarkable similarity in their overall folding and binding pockets, according to molecular modeling. Binding affinity assays indicated that AalbOBP37 and AalbOBP39 had overlapping ligand affinities and are affected in different pH condition. Electroantennagrams (EAG) and behavioral tests show that these two genes were involved in olfactory reception. An improved understanding of the Ae. albopictus OBPs is expected to contribute to the development of more efficient and environmentally-friendly mosquito control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid23935112, year = {2013}, author = {Hahn, MA and Lanz, T and Fasel, D and Müller-Schärer, H}, title = {Increased seed survival and seedling emergence in a polyploid plant invader.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {100}, number = {8}, pages = {1555-1561}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1200540}, pmid = {23935112}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Biomass ; Centaurea/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics/physiology ; Diploidy ; Europe ; Genetic Drift ; Germination ; Introduced Species ; North America ; Seedlings/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/physiology ; Seeds/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics/physiology ; Tetraploidy ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Because seeds have essential functions in the life cycle of plants, even subtle changes in their characteristics may have important demographic consequences. In this study, we examined whether potential changes in seed characteristics as a result of polyploidy or postintroduction evolution may have contributed to the invasion of Centaurea stoebe (Asteraceae). This plant occurs as diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in its native range in Europe, whereas only tetraploids have been found and become invasive in North America. Specific comparisons among these three "geo-cytotypes" allow us to explore hypotheses of preadaptation resulting from polyploidy (European diploids vs. European tetraploids) and postintroduction evolution (European tetraploids vs. North American tetraploids).<br><br>METHODS: Using seeds collected from plants of each geo-cytotype grown in a common maternal environment, we compared seed mass, morphology (achene and pappus size), dispersal potential (falling velocity, seed roughness), survival, germination, and seedling emergence in a combination of laboratory, greenhouse and field experiments.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: We found increased seed mass in North American tetraploids compared with European tetraploids. Seed morphology and dispersal potential were largely similar in all geo-cytotypes. Seed survival under field conditions was higher in native and invasive tetraploids compared with diploids. Germination in the laboratory was similar among all geo-cytotypes, but seedling emergence under field conditions was higher in invasive tetraploids than in the other geo-cytotypes.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that a combination of preadaptation due to polyploidy (increased seed survival) and further postintroduction evolution in North American tetraploids (increased seed mass and seedling emergence) may have contributed to their invasion.}, }
@article {pmid23935109, year = {2013}, author = {Rout, ME and Chrzanowski, TH and Westlie, TK and DeLuca, TH and Callaway, RM and Holben, WE}, title = {Bacterial endophytes enhance competition by invasive plants.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {100}, number = {9}, pages = {1726-1737}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1200577}, pmid = {23935109}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Bacteria/classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; Biomass ; Ecosystem ; Endophytes ; Indoleacetic Acids/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Plant Growth Regulators/metabolism ; Siderophores/metabolism ; Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; Sorghum/growth &amp; development/*microbiology/*physiology ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Invasive plants can alter soil microbial communities and profoundly alter ecosystem processes. In the invasive grass Sorghum halepense, these disruptions are consequences of rhizome-associated bacterial endophytes. We describe the effects of N2-fixing bacterial strains from S. halepense (Rout and Chrzanowski, 2009) on plant growth and show that bacteria interact with the plant to alter soil nutrient cycles, enabling persistence of the invasive. •<br><br>METHODS: We assessed fluxes in soil nutrients for &#x223c;4 yr across a site invaded by S. halepense. We assayed the N2-fixing bacteria in vitro for phosphate solubilization, iron chelation, and production of the plant-growth hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). We assessed the plant's ability to recruit bacterial partners from substrates and vertically transmit endophytes to seeds and used an antibiotic approach to inhibit bacterial activity in planta and assess microbial contributions to plant growth. &#x2022;<br><br>KEY RESULTS: We found persistent alterations to eight biogeochemical cycles (including nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron) in soils invaded by S. halepense. In this context, three bacterial isolates solubilized phosphate, and all produced iron siderophores and IAA in vitro. In growth chamber experiments, bacteria were transmitted vertically, and molecular analysis of bacterial community fingerprints from rhizomes indicated that endophytes are also horizontally recruited. Inhibiting bacterial activity with antibiotics resulted in significant declines in plant growth rate and biomass, with pronounced rhizome reductions. &#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This work suggests a major role of endophytes on growth and resource allocation of an invasive plant. Indeed, bacterial isolate physiology is correlated with invader effects on biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen, phosphate, and iron.}, }
@article {pmid23932256, year = {2013}, author = {Del Vecchio, S and Acosta, A and Stanisci, A}, title = {The impact of Acacia saligna invasion on Italian coastal dune EC habitats.}, journal = {Comptes rendus biologies}, volume = {336}, number = {7}, pages = {364-369}, doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2013.06.004}, pmid = {23932256}, issn = {1768-3238}, mesh = {Acacia/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Mediterranean Region ; Pinus ; }, abstract = {Alien species can represent a threat to several ecosystems because they can alter species relationships and ecosystem function. In Italy, Acacia saligna is a major invader and it forms dense stands in coastal environments. We analyze the impact of A. saligna in Italian Mediterranean dune systems. We randomly sampled coastal dune vegetation and investigated its floristic composition with ordination techniques. We compared species richness in invaded and non-invaded plots with rarefaction curves and analyzed the frequency of focal and ruderal species. A. saligna invaded Mediterranean scrub (habitats 2250* and 2260) and coastal Pinus dune wood (habitat 2270*) and it is particularly prevalent in sunny areas of habitat 2270*. We observed an increase in ruderal species and a decrease in focal species in the invaded plots of habitat 2270*. We suggest that more open and disturbed areas are more prone to A. saligna invasion.}, }
@article {pmid23927853, year = {2013}, author = {Yemshanov, D and Koch, FH and Ducey, MJ and Siltanen, M and Wilson, K and Koehler, K}, title = {Exploring critical uncertainties in pathway assessments of human-assisted introductions of alien forest species in Canada.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {129}, number = {}, pages = {173-182}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.07.013}, pmid = {23927853}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Probability ; Transportation ; United States ; }, abstract = {Long-distance introductions of alien species are often driven by socioeconomic factors, such that conventional "biological" invasion models may not be capable of estimating spread fully and reliably. In this study, we demonstrate a new technique for assessing and reconstructing human-mediated pathways of alien forest species entries to major settlements in Canada via commercial road transportation and domestic trade. We undertook our analysis in three steps. First, we used existing data on movement of commodities associated with bark- and wood-boring forest pests to build a probabilistic model of how the organisms may be moved from one location to another through a transportation network. We then used this model to generate multiple sets of predictions of species arrival rates at every location in the transportation network, and to identify the locations with the highest likelihood of new incursions. Finally, we evaluated the sensitivity of the species arrival rates to uncertainty in key model assumptions by testing the impact of additive and multiplicative errors (by respectively adding a uniform random variate or symmetric variation bounds to the arrival rate values) on the probabilities of pest transmission from one location to another, as well as the impact of the removal of one or more nodes and all connecting links to other nodes from the underlying transportation network. Overall, the identification of potential pest arrival hotspots is moderately robust to uncertainties in key modeling assumptions. Large urban areas and major border crossings that have the highest predicted species arrival rates have the lowest sensitivities to uncertainty in the pest transmission potential and to random changes in the structure of the transportation network. The roadside survey data appears to be sufficient to delineate major hubs and hotspots where pests are likely to arrive from other locations in the network via commercial truck transport. However, "pass-through" locations with few incoming and outgoing routes can be identified with lower precision. The arrival rates of alien forest pests appear to be highly sensitive to additive errors. Surprisingly, the impact of random changes in the structure of the transportation network was relatively low.}, }
@article {pmid23926154, year = {2013}, author = {Papadopoulos, NT and Plant, RE and Carey, JR}, title = {From trickle to flood: the large-scale, cryptic invasion of California by tropical fruit flies.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {280}, number = {1768}, pages = {20131466}, pmid = {23926154}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Tephritidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Since 1954, when the first tropical tephritid fruit fly was detected in California, a total of 17 species in four genera and 11 386 individuals (adults/larvae) have been detected in the state at more than 3348 locations in 330 cities. We conclude from spatial mapping analyses of historical capture patterns and modelling that, despite the 250+ emergency eradication projects that have been directed against these pests by state and federal agencies, a minimum of five and as many as nine or more tephritid species are established and widespread, including the Mediterranean, Mexican and oriental fruit flies, and possibly the peach, guava and melon fruit flies. We outline and discuss the evidence for our conclusions, with particular attention to the incremental, chronic and insidious nature of the invasion, which involves ultra-small, barely detectable populations. We finish by considering the implications of our results for invasion biology and for science-based invasion policy.}, }
@article {pmid23923500, year = {2013}, author = {Freestone, AL and Rutz, GM and Torchin, ME}, title = {Stronger biotic resistance in tropics relative to temperate zone: effects of predation on marine invasion dynamics.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {6}, pages = {1370-1377}, doi = {10.1890/12-1382.1}, pmid = {23923500}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Caribbean Region ; *Climate ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Latitudinal patterns of nonnative species richness suggest fewer successful invasions in the tropics, relative to temperate regions. One main hypothesis for this pattern is that biotic resistance to invasion is stronger in the tropics than at higher latitudes. Biotic resistance can limit the distribution and abundance of nonnative species and, in extreme cases, can prevent establishment. We provide the first experimental test of this hypothesis, comparing the strength of biotic resistance in a tropical and a temperate marine ecosystem. Predation is one mechanism of biotic resistance, and since predation can be stronger at lower latitudes, we predicted that predation will serve to increase biotic resistance more in the tropics than at higher latitude. We conducted predator-exclusion experiments on marine epifaunal communities, a heavily invaded system, focusing on nonnative tunicates as a model fauna. The effect of predation on species richness of nonnative tunicates was more than three times greater at sites in tropical Panama than in temperate Connecticut, consistent with the prediction of stronger biotic resistance in the tropics. In Connecticut, predation reduced the abundance of one nonnative tunicate but did not affect the abundances of any other nonnative tunicate species, and no species were excluded from communities. In contrast, predation resulted in striking reductions in abundance and often exclusion of nonnative tunicates from experimental communities in Panama. If proved to be general, latitudinal differences in the biotic resistance of communities to nonnative species establishment may help explain emerging patterns of global invasions.}, }
@article {pmid23923481, year = {2013}, author = {Callaway, RM and Montesinos, D and Williams, K and Maron, JL}, title = {Native congeners provide biotic resistance to invasive Potentilla through soil biota.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {6}, pages = {1223-1229}, doi = {10.1890/12-1875.1}, pmid = {23923481}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Potentilla/*physiology ; *Soil Microbiology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Soil biota can facilitate exotic plant invasions and these effects can be influenced by specific phylogenetic relationships among plant taxa. We measured the effects of sterilizing soils from different native plant monocultures on the growth of Potentilla recta, an exotic invasive forb in North America, and conducted plant-soil feedback experiments with P. recta, two native congeners, a close confamilial, and Festuca idahoensis, a native grass species. We also reanalyzed data comparing the ability of P. recta to invade experimentally constructed congeneric monocultures vs. monocultures of a broad suite of non-congeners. We found that monocultures as a group, other than those of the native P. arguta, were highly invasible by P. recta. In contrast, this was not the case for monocultures of P. arguta. In our first experiment, the biomass of P. recta was 50% greater when grown in soil from F. idahoensis monocultures compared to when it was grown in soils from P. arguta or P. recta monocultures. Sterilizing soil from F. idahoensis rhizospheres had no effect on the biomass of P. recta, but sterilizing soil from P. arguta and P. recta rhizospheres increased the biomass of P. recta by 108% and 90%, respectively. In a second experiment, soil trained by F. idahoensis resulted in a positive feedback for P. recta. In contrast, soils trained independently by each of the two native Potentilla species, or the closely related Dasiphora (formerly Potentilla) resulted in decreases in the total biomass of the invasive P. recta indicating strong negative feedbacks. Soil trained by P. recta also resulted in intraspecific negative feedbacks. Our results demonstrate substantial negative feedbacks for an invader in its nonnative range under certain conditions, and that native congeners can mount strong biotic resistance to an invader through the accumulation of deleterious soil biota.}, }
@article {pmid23923330, year = {2013}, author = {Winchester, JC and Kapan, DD}, title = {History of Aedes mosquitoes in Hawaii.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {154-163}, doi = {10.2987/12-6292R.1}, pmid = {23923330}, issn = {8756-971X}, mesh = {Aedes/parasitology/*physiology/virology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Birds ; Dengue/epidemiology/history/virology ; Dengue Virus/physiology ; Hawaii ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/parasitology/*physiology/virology ; Introduced Species ; Malaria, Avian/epidemiology/history/parasitology ; Mosquito Control/*history ; Plasmodium/physiology ; }, abstract = {As a geographically isolated island chain with no native mosquitoes, Hawaii is a model for examining the mechanisms behind insect vector invasions and their subsequent interactions with each other and with human populations. The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, and the Asian tiger mosquito, Ae. albopictus, have been responsible for epidemics of dengue in Hawaii. As one of the world's earliest locations to be invaded by both species, Hawaii's history is particularly relevant because both species are currently invading new areas worldwide and are implicated in outbreaks of emergent or reemergent pathogens such as dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever. Here we analyze the historical records of mosquito introductions in order to understand the factors that have led to the current distribution of these 2 mosquitoes in the Hawaiian Islands.}, }
@article {pmid23923020, year = {2013}, author = {Xu, Z and Feng, Z and Yang, J and Zheng, J and Zhang, F}, title = {Nowhere to invade: Rumex crispus and Typha latifolia projected to disappear under future climate scenarios.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {e70728}, pmid = {23923020}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; *Climate ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; *Rumex ; *Typhaceae ; }, abstract = {Future climate change has been predicted to affect the potential distribution of plant species. However, only few studies have addressed how invasive species may respond to future climate change despite the known effects of plant species invasion on nutrient cycles, ecosystem functions, and agricultural yields. In this study, we predicted the potential distributions of two invasive species, Rumex crispus and Typha latifolia, under current and future (2050) climatic conditions. Future climate scenarios considered in our study include A1B, A2, A2A, B1, and B2A. We found that these two species will lose their habitat under the A1B, A2, A2A, and B1 scenarios. Their distributions will be maintained under future climatic conditions related to B2A scenarios, but the total area will be less than 10% of that under the current climatic condition. We also investigated variations of the most influential climatic variables that are likely to cause habitat loss of the two species. Our results demonstrate that rising mean annual temperature, variations of the coldest quarter, and precipitation of the coldest quarter are the main factors contributing to habitat loss of R. crispus. For T. latifolia, the main factors are rising mean annual temperature, variations in temperature of the coldest quarter, mean annual precipitation, and precipitation of the coldest quarter. These results demonstrate that the warmer and wetter climatic conditions of the coldest season (or month) will be mainly responsible for habitat loss of R. crispus and T. latifolia in the future. We also discuss uncertainties related to our study (and similar studies) and suggest that particular attention should be directed toward the manner in which invasive species cope with rapid climate changes because evolutionary change can be rapid for species that invade new areas.}, }
@article {pmid23922930, year = {2013}, author = {Cabrera-Guzmán, E and Crossland, MR and Brown, GP and Shine, R}, title = {Larger body size at metamorphosis enhances survival, growth and performance of young cane toads (Rhinella marina).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {e70121}, pmid = {23922930}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Body Size ; Bufo marinus/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Environment ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Metamorphosis, Biological ; Motor Activity ; Survival Rate ; }, abstract = {Body size at metamorphosis is a key trait in species (such as many anurans) with biphasic life-histories. Experimental studies have shown that metamorph size is highly plastic, depending upon larval density and environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, food supply, water quality, chemical cues from conspecifics, predators and competitors). To test the hypothesis that this developmental plasticity is adaptive, or to determine if inducing plasticity can be used to control an invasive species, we need to know whether or not a metamorphosing anuran's body size influences its subsequent viability. For logistical reasons, there are few data on this topic under field conditions. We studied cane toads (Rhinella marina) within their invasive Australian range. Metamorph body size is highly plastic in this species, and our laboratory studies showed that larger metamorphs had better locomotor performance (both on land and in the water), and were more adept at catching and consuming prey. In mark-recapture trials in outdoor enclosures, larger body size enhanced metamorph survival and growth rate under some seasonal conditions. Larger metamorphs maintained their size advantage over smaller siblings for at least a month. Our data support the critical but rarely-tested assumption that all else being equal, larger body size at metamorphosis is likely to enhance an individual's long term viability. Thus, manipulations to reduce body size at metamorphosis in cane toads may help to reduce the ecological impact of this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid23917737, year = {2014}, author = {Hecht, M and Oehen, B and Schulze, J and Brodmann, P and Bagutti, C}, title = {Detection of feral GT73 transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) along railway lines on entry routes to oilseed factories in Switzerland.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {1455-1465}, pmid = {23917737}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Brassica napus/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Environmental Monitoring ; France ; Glycine/analogs &amp; derivatives ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Seeds ; Switzerland ; Transgenes ; Transportation ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {To obtain a reference status prior to cultivation of genetically modified oilseed rape (OSR, Brassica napus L.) in Switzerland, the occurrence of feral OSR was monitored along transportation routes and at processing sites. The focus was set on the detection of (transgenic) OSR along railway lines from the Swiss borders with Italy and France to the respective oilseed processing factories in Southern and Northern Switzerland (Ticino and region of Basel). A monitoring concept was developed to identify sites of largest risk of escape of genetically modified plants into the environment in Switzerland. Transport spillage of OSR seeds from railway goods cars particularly at risk hot spots such as switch yards and (un)loading points but also incidental and continuous spillage were considered. All OSR plants, including their hybridization partners which were collected at the respective monitoring sites were analyzed for the presence of transgenes by real-time PCR. On sampling lengths each of 4.2 and 5.7 km, respectively, 461 and 1,574 plants were sampled in Ticino and the region of Basel. OSR plants were found most frequently along the routes to the oilseed facilities, and in larger amounts on risk hot spots compared to sites of random sampling. At three locations in both monitored regions, transgenic B. napus line GT73 carrying the glyphosate resistance transgenes gox and CP4 epsps were detected (Ticino, 22 plants; in the region of Basel, 159).}, }
@article {pmid23917557, year = {2013}, author = {Chiba de Castro, WA and Cunha-Santino, MB and Bianchini Junior, I}, title = {Anaerobic decomposition of a native and an exotic submersed macrophyte in two tropical reservoirs.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, pages = {299-307}, doi = {10.1590/S1519-69842013000200010}, pmid = {23917557}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Anaerobiosis ; *Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Fresh Water ; Plants/*metabolism ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Some aquatic plants have fast metabolism and growth, even at sub-optimal conditions, and become dominant in lentic environments such as large reservoirs, altering the nutrient cycle and impairing their environmental quality. There is great need in the knowledge impact processes of invasive species in aquatic environments, among the major, those related to the decomposition. This study evaluated the anaerobic decomposition of invasive submerged macrophytes Egeria densa Planch, native, and Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, exotic in Porto Primavera and Jupiá reservoirs, Paraná basin. We evaluated the decay of organic matter, humification degree of the leached material, electrical conductivity and pH of the decomposition process. Mathematical models were utilised to describe the decomposition patterns over time. Both species showed the same heterogeneous pattern of decay of organic matter and carbon mineralisation. The models of carbon mineralisation, compared with the experimentally obtained data presented were adequate. Both species show no significant differences in the decomposition processes. Incubations of both species presented rapid t ½ for POC mineralisation and low DOC mineralisation.}, }
@article {pmid23916878, year = {2013}, author = {Bonizzoni, M and Gasperi, G and Chen, X and James, AA}, title = {The invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus: current knowledge and future perspectives.}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {29}, number = {9}, pages = {460-468}, pmid = {23916878}, issn = {1471-5007}, support = {R01 AI083202/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI098652/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; U54AI065359/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01AI083202/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R21AI098652-0/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; U54 AI065359/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/genetics/*physiology/virology ; Animals ; Arboviruses/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Insect Vectors/genetics/*physiology/virology ; *Introduced Species/trends ; }, abstract = {One of the most dynamic events in public health is being mediated by the global spread of the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus. Its rapid expansion and vectorial capacity for various arboviruses affect an increasingly larger proportion of the world population. Responses to the challenges of controlling this vector are expected to be enhanced by an increased knowledge of its biology, ecology, and vector competence. Details of population genetics and structure will allow following, and possibly predicting, the geographical and temporal dynamics of its expansion, and will inform the practical operations of control programs. Experts are now coming together to describe the history, characterize the present circumstances, and collaborate on future efforts to understand and mitigate this emerging public health threat.}, }
@article {pmid23913949, year = {2013}, author = {Poelchau, MF and Reynolds, JA and Elsik, CG and Denlinger, DL and Armbruster, PA}, title = {RNA-Seq reveals early distinctions and late convergence of gene expression between diapause and quiescence in the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {216}, number = {Pt 21}, pages = {4082-4090}, pmid = {23913949}, issn = {1477-9145}, support = {R21 AI081041/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; 5R21AI081041-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Animals ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Larva/genetics/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Lipid Metabolism ; Metamorphosis, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Time Factors ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Dormancy is a crucial adaptation allowing insects to withstand harsh environmental conditions. The pre-programmed developmental arrest of diapause is a form of dormancy that is distinct from quiescence, in which development arrests in immediate response to hardship. Much progress has been made in understanding the environmental and hormonal controls of diapause. However, studies identifying transcriptional changes unique to diapause, rather than quiescence, are lacking, making it difficult to disentangle the transcriptional profiles of diapause from dormancy in general. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, presents an ideal model for such a study, as diapausing and quiescent eggs can be staged and collected for global gene expression profiling using a newly developed transcriptome. Here, we use RNA-Seq to contrast gene expression during diapause with quiescence to identify transcriptional changes specific to the diapause response. We identify global trends in gene expression that show gradual convergence of diapause gene expression upon gene expression during quiescence. Functionally, early diapause A. albopictus show strong expression differences of genes involved in metabolism, which diminish over time. Of these, only expression of lipid metabolism genes remained distinct in late diapause. We identify several genes putatively related to hormonal control of development that are persistently differentially expressed throughout diapause, suggesting these might be involved in the maintenance of diapause. Our results identify key biological differences between diapausing and quiescent pharate larvae, and suggest candidate pathways for studying metabolism and the hormonal control of development during diapause in other species.}, }
@article {pmid23913883, year = {2013}, author = {Chen, XY}, title = {[Checklist of fishes of Yunnan].}, journal = {Dong wu xue yan jiu = Zoological research}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {281-343}, doi = {10.11813/j.issn.0254-5853.2013.4.0281}, pmid = {23913883}, issn = {0254-5853}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; China ; Classification ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Female ; Fishes/*classification/growth &amp; development ; Male ; }, abstract = {Based on extant literatures and taking into accounts updated results of taxonomy and phylogeny, we have updated this checklist of fishes present in Yunnan, including the number of taxa and drainage areas. As of 2013, there were 13 orders, 42 families, 198 genera and 620 valid species recorded in Yunnan Province, of which 586 were native species, 34 alien species, 254 species endemic to Yunnan, and 152 species only occuring in Yunnan within China. The number of species in Yunnan accounts for 39.17% of China's total fish species (of which there are 1 583 recorded freshwater fish species according to data present in Fishbase), and of these 6 families and 66 genera only occur in Yunnan. The number of fish species of the six major drainages in Yunnan were as follows: 202 in Pearl River, 183 in Lancangjiang River (upper Mekong), 142 in Jinshajiang River (upper Yangtze), 120 in Red River, 84 in Irrawaddy Drainage, 77 in Nujiang-Salween Drainage. There are also 99 endangered species of fish occurring in Yunnan, among them 23 species protected by the national and/or the provincial government, including 2 species of national key protected animal class one, 4 species of national key protected animal class two, 17 species of Yunnan provincial protected animal. Totally, 43 species were listed in China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals, Pisces; 73 species were listed in China Species Red List Vol. 1; 50 species were listed in endangered categories of IUCN Red List; and 3 species were listed in the Appendix 2 of CITES. The Chinese name, Latin name, synomyns, distribution and literatures of the 620 species of fishes in Yunnan are listed.}, }
@article {pmid23913622, year = {2014}, author = {Eller, F and Lambertini, C and Nguyen, LX and Brix, H}, title = {Increased invasive potential of non-native Phragmites australis: elevated CO2 and temperature alleviate salinity effects on photosynthesis and growth.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {531-543}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12346}, pmid = {23913622}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; *Photosynthesis ; Poaceae/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Salinity ; Soil/*chemistry ; Southeastern United States ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The prospective rise in atmospheric CO2 and temperature may change the distribution and invasive potential of a species; and intraspecific invasive lineages may respond differently to climate change. In this study, we simulated a future climate scenario with simultaneously elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature, and investigated its interaction with soil salinity, to assess the effects of global change on the ecophysiology of two competing haplotypes of the wetland grass Phragmites australis, that are invasive in the coastal marshes of North America. The two haplotypes with the phenotypes ‘EU-type’ (Eurasian haplotype) and ‘Delta-type’ (Mediterranean haplotype), were grown at 0‰ and 20‰ soil salinity, and at ambient or elevated climatic conditions (700 ppm CO2, +5 °C) in a phytotron system. The aboveground growth of both phenotypes was highest at the elevated climatic conditions. Growth at 20‰ salinity resulted in declined aboveground growth, lower transpiration rates (E), stomata conductance (gs), specific leaf area, photosynthetic pigment concentrations, and a reduced photosynthetic performance. The negative effects of salinity were, however, significantly less severe at elevated CO2 and temperature than at the ambient climatic conditions. The Delta-type P. australis had higher shoot elongation rates than the EU-type P. australis, particularly at high salinity. The Delta-type also had higher maximum light-saturated rates of photosynthesis (Asat), maximum carboxylation rates of Rubisco (Vcmax), maximum electron transport rates (Jmax), triose phosphate utilization rates (Tp), stomata conductance (gs), as well as higher Rubisco carboxylation-limited, RuBP regeneration-limited and Tp-regeneration limited CO2 assimilation rates than the EU-type under all growth conditions. Our results suggest that the EU-type will not become dominant over the Delta-type, since the Delta-type has superior ecophysiological traits. However, the projected rise in atmospheric CO2 and temperature will alleviate the effects of salinity on both phenotypes and facilitate their expansion into more saline areas.}, }
@article {pmid23913552, year = {2013}, author = {Bellard, C and Thuiller, W and Leroy, B and Genovesi, P and Bakkenes, M and Courchamp, F}, title = {Will climate change promote future invasions?.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {19}, number = {12}, pages = {3740-3748}, pmid = {23913552}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {281422/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Environment ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; *Models, Biological ; Models, Theoretical ; Plant Dispersal ; Seasons ; Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {Biological invasion is increasingly recognized as one of the greatest threats to biodiversity. Using ensemble forecasts from species distribution models to project future suitable areas of the 100 of the world's worst invasive species defined by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, we show that both climate and land use changes will likely cause drastic species range shifts. Looking at potential spatial aggregation of invasive species, we identify three future hotspots of invasion in Europe, northeastern North America, and Oceania. We also emphasize that some regions could lose a significant number of invasive alien species, creating opportunities for ecosystem restoration. From the list of 100, scenarios of potential range distributions show a consistent shrinking for invasive amphibians and birds, while for aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates distributions are projected to substantially increase in most cases. Given the harmful impacts these invasive species currently have on ecosystems, these species will likely dramatically influence the future of biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid23908222, year = {2013}, author = {Pennisi, E}, title = {Geography. Tundra in turmoil.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {341}, number = {6145}, pages = {483-484}, doi = {10.1126/science.341.6145.483}, pmid = {23908222}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Arctic Regions ; *Climate Change ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, }
@article {pmid23908207, year = {2013}, author = {Magalhães, AL and Vitule, JR}, title = {Aquarium industry threatens biodiversity.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {341}, number = {6145}, pages = {457}, doi = {10.1126/science.341.6145.457-a}, pmid = {23908207}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; *Biodiversity ; Brazil ; *Fishes ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; }, }
@article {pmid23905745, year = {2013}, author = {Clarke, MW and Thompson, GJ and Sinclair, BJ}, title = {Cold tolerance of the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), in Ontario.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {805-810}, doi = {10.1603/EN12348}, pmid = {23905745}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Cold Temperature ; *Cold-Shock Response ; *Introduced Species ; Isoptera/*physiology ; Ontario ; }, abstract = {We characterized the cold tolerance of natural populations of the Eastern subterranean termite (Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) [Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae]) in southwestern Ontario, Canada. We measured cold tolerance in workers from six colonies of termites established from Pelee Island in Lake Erie, and Point Pelee National Park. The mean critical thermal minimum, at which termites entered chill coma, ranged from 8.1 to 5.7°C. Mean supercooling points (SCP, the temperature at which individuals freeze) ranged from -4 to -4.6°C, and did not differ significantly between colonies, nor was SCP dependent on body size. Individuals survived brief exposure to low temperatures, as long as they did not freeze, but internal ice formation was always lethal, suggesting a freeze avoiding strategy. The LT50 (temperature at which 50% of individuals were killed by a 1 h exposure) was -5.1°C, but all individuals could survive -2°C for at least 72 h. Low temperature acclimation (12°C, 7 d) or hardening (4°C, 2 h) had no impact on the SCP, but acclimation did slightly increase the critical thermal minimum, making the termites less cold tolerant. We conclude that R. flavipes is not particularly cold tolerant, and likely relies on burrowing deep into the soil to avoid exposure to temperature to extremes.}, }
@article {pmid23905733, year = {2013}, author = {Singh, ST and Kumar, J and Thomas, A and Ramamurthy, VV and Rajagopal, R}, title = {Detection and localization of Rickettsia sp in mealybug.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {711-716}, doi = {10.1603/EN13032}, pmid = {23905733}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Hemiptera/*microbiology ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; India ; Introduced Species ; Microbiota ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics/metabolism ; Rickettsia/*genetics/*physiology ; Sequence Homology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, is a sap-sucking hemipteran insect. It is an agricultural pest that is now widely distributed in India. In this study we report the presence of Rickettsia from P. solenopsis. We constructed a 16S rRNA gene library to study the bacterial diversity associated with this insect and we found that all the clones from the library were only of Candidatus Tremblaya phenacola. This study also highlights that the normal protocol adopted to study the bacterial diversity from environmental sample, by preparation of a 16S rRNA gene library, does not work when the bacterial population is highly skewed in favor of one bacteria (primary endosymbiont in this case). Hence, we used bacterial genus specific polymerase chain reaction primers to test the presence of any of the widely known secondary endosymbionts associated with insects. We tested for the presence of Cardinium, Rickettsia, Wolbachia, and Arsenophonus in P. solenopsis collected from 10 different locations across India. Only Rickettsia was detected from four locations while we were not able to find any other bacteria. We confirmed the presence of these bacteria by localizing Rickettsia and the primary endosmbiont, Candidatus Tremblaya sp. to the bacteriocyte of P. solenopsis using fluorescent in situ hybridization.}, }
@article {pmid23905730, year = {2013}, author = {Lanteri, AA and Guzmán, NV and Del Río, MG and Confalonieri, VA}, title = {Potential geographic distributions and successful invasions of parthenogenetic broad-nosed weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) native to South America.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {677-687}, doi = {10.1603/EN12297}, pmid = {23905730}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Geography ; Insect Control ; *Introduced Species ; Parthenogenesis ; South America ; Weevils/classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Ten species of parthenogenetic broad-nosed weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) native to Argentina, southern Brazil, and Uruguay were selected for niche modeling analysis based on climatic data and altitude, to evaluate their potential range expansion inside and outside South America. The selected species belong to five genera of the tribe Naupactini affecting economically important crops. Until present, five of the 10 species analyzed here have invaded prairies and steppes of countries outside South America (Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, United States, and South Africa): Aramigus tessellatus (Say), Atrichonotus sordidus (Hustache), Atrichonotus taeniatulus (Berg), Naupactus leucoloma Boheman, and Naupactus peregrinus (Buchanan). Our niche modeling analyses performed with MAXENT demonstrated that these areas would be also suitable for Aramigus conirostris (Hustache), Eurymetopus fallax (Boheman), Pantomorus auripes Hustache, Pantomorus ruizi (Brèthes), and Pantomorus viridisquamosus (Boheman), consequently, they also have the potential to invade areas outside their native ranges, mainly in southeastern United States, some European countries (e.g., Portugal, France, and southern England), South Africa, New Zealand, and southeastern Australia. All the studied species share similar environmental requirements, the most important variables being the Mean Temperature of Driest Quarter, the Annual Mean Temperature and Isothermality. Long distance dispersal through commercial trade, and parthenogenetic reproduction would increase the threat of these weevils to crop production worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid23905726, year = {2013}, author = {Maner, ML and Hanula, JL and Braman, SK}, title = {Gallery productivity, emergence, and flight activity of the redbay ambrosia beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {642-647}, doi = {10.1603/EN13014}, pmid = {23905726}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Food Chain ; Georgia ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Persea/growth &amp; development ; Pest Control/*methods ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Weevils/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Flight and emergence of the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff, were monitored from March 2011 through August 2012 using Lindgren funnel traps baited with manuka oil and emergence traps attached over individual beetle galleries on infested redbay (Persea borbonia (L.) Sprengel) trees. Of the 432 gallery entrances covered with emergence traps, 235 (54.4%) successfully produced at least two adults. Gallery success rates and time until adult emergence were highly variable and strongly depended on time of year galleries were initiated. Successful galleries produced 23.4 ± 2.50 (x ± SE) adult X. glabratus but one had 316 adults emerge from it. Galleries were active for an average of 231.9 ± 6.13 d but five were active for over 1 yr and one gallery produced beetles for 497 d. In total, 5,345 female and 196 males were collected during the study resulting in a sex ratio of ~27:1 (female:male) emerging from galleries. Ambrosia beetles other than X. glabratus were recovered from 18 galleries or ~4% of those studied. Beetles that attacked larger diameter trees were more likely to be successful and produce more brood. Lindgren trap captures reflected emergence trap collections but with a delay of about 1 mo between peaks in emergence and capture in traps. Peaks of activity occurred in fall 2011 and spring 2012, but at least some adult beetles were collected using both methods in every month of the year.}, }
@article {pmid23905725, year = {2013}, author = {Lee, DH and Short, BD and Joseph, SV and Bergh, JC and Leskey, TC}, title = {Review of the biology, ecology, and management of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {627-641}, doi = {10.1603/EN13006}, pmid = {23905725}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *Food Chain ; Heteroptera/classification/*physiology ; *Insect Control ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Republic of Korea ; }, abstract = {Native to China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) was first detected in the United States in the mid-1990s. Since establishing in the United States, this invasive species has caused significant economic losses in agriculture and created major nuisance problems for home and business owners, especially in the mid-Atlantic region. Basic and applied questions on H. halys have been addressed in its native range in Asia since the mid-1900s and the research outcomes have been published in at least 216 articles from China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea. In Asia, H. halys is described as an occasional or outbreak pest of a number of crops such as apple, pear, persimmon, and soybeans. This species is considered a nuisance pest as well, particularly in Japan. This review summarizes 100 articles primarily translated from Chinese, Japanese, and Korean to English. The content of this review focuses on the biology, ecology, and management of H. halys in Asia, with specific emphasis on nomenclature, life history, host range, damage, economic importance, sampling and monitoring tools, and management strategies. This information from the native range of H. halys provides greater context and understanding of its biology, ecology, and management in North America.}, }
@article {pmid23904567, year = {2013}, author = {Henry, PY and Salgado, CL and Muñoz, FP and Wikelski, MC}, title = {Birds introduced in new areas show rest disorders.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {20130463}, pmid = {23904567}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Sparrows/*physiology ; }, abstract = {All colonizing individuals have to settle in a novel, conspecific-free environment. The introduction process should be poorly compatible with a good rest. We compared the resting behaviour of radio-tagged house sparrows (Passer domesticus) experimentally translocated into new, conspecific-free areas (introduced individuals, n = 10), with that of translocated sparrows that settled in naturally established populations (controls, n = 5). Resting habits of introduced sparrows markedly differed from those of control birds: they did not vocalize before going to roost, they changed their roosting habitat and they roosted 24 ± 7 min later and departed 13 ± 4 min earlier from the roost, resulting in a 5% rest debt. Because colonizing a new environment is expected to require heightened cognitive and physical activities, which in turn are constrained by the quality and duration of rest, we hypothesize that rest disorders and resulting cognitive impairments of newly released individuals could functionally contribute to the low post-release survival observed in (re)introduction attempts.}, }
@article {pmid23902908, year = {2013}, author = {Alexander, JM}, title = {Evolution under changing climates: climatic niche stasis despite rapid evolution in a non-native plant.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {280}, number = {1767}, pages = {20131446}, pmid = {23902908}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Flowers/growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Lactuca/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeography ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {A topic of great current interest is the capacity of populations to adapt genetically to rapidly changing climates, for example by evolving the timing of life-history events, but this is challenging to address experimentally. I use a plant invasion as a model system to tackle this question by combining molecular markers, a common garden experiment and climatic niche modelling. This approach reveals that non-native Lactuca serriola originates primarily from Europe, a climatic subset of its native range, with low rates of admixture from Asia. It has rapidly refilled its climatic niche in the new range, associated with the evolution of flowering phenology to produce clines along climate gradients that mirror those across the native range. Consequently, some non-native plants have evolved development times and grow under climates more extreme than those found in Europe, but not among populations from the native range as a whole. This suggests that many plant populations can adapt rapidly to changed climatic conditions that are already within the climatic niche space occupied by the species elsewhere in its range, but that evolution to conditions outside of this range is more difficult. These findings can also help to explain the prevalence of niche conservatism among non-native species.}, }
@article {pmid23902735, year = {2013}, author = {Désilets, HD and Locke, SA and McLaughlin, JD and Marcogliese, DJ}, title = {Community structure of Diplostomum spp. (Digenea: Diplostomidae) in eyes of fish: main determinants and potential interspecific interactions.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {43}, number = {11}, pages = {929-939}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.07.002}, pmid = {23902735}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biota ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; Lens, Crystalline/*parasitology ; Lenses/parasitology ; Parasite Load ; Seasons ; Trematoda/*classification ; Trematode Infections/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Parasite communities in freshwater fish vary annually and seasonally and can be influenced by the length, age, sex and phylogeny of hosts, and by associations among parasite species. We assessed the influence of these factors in species of Diplostomum in the eyes of 828 fish in 20 different species collected in a single lake in early summer or autumn over a 5year interval. Strong negative associations were found between five pairs of Diplostomum spp. and associations were strongest among abundant species. Most interspecific associations occurred among species inhabiting the lens, suggesting competitive interactions. However, the strongest association occurred between two Diplostomum spp. that inhabit different tissues (i.e., the vitreous humour and lens), indicating processes other than direct competition. Seasonal variation was small compared with inter-annual variation. Infection intensities were high in 2006 and decreased dramatically in 2010 and 2011. Infracommunity composition and structure showed no clear correspondence to the ecology or phylogeny of host species. Host length and age, but not sex, had significant effects on the structure of Diplostomum infracommunities in lenses. However, a significant amount of variance in lens infracommunities could not be explained, indicating the potential importance of other factors such as resistance or exposure in determining infracommunity structure.}, }
@article {pmid23901928, year = {2014}, author = {Lin, Y and Tao, B and Fang, X and Wang, T and Zhang, J}, title = {The complete mitochondrial genome of Lithobates catesbeianus (Anura: Ranidae).}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, pages = {447-448}, doi = {10.3109/19401736.2013.814115}, pmid = {23901928}, issn = {1940-1744}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Composition ; Base Sequence ; China ; Genes, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Rana catesbeiana/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Tandem Repeat Sequences/genetics ; }, abstract = {The complete mitochondrial genome of Lithobates catesbeianus (Anura: Ranidae) is sequenced to analyze the gene arrangement. It is a circular molecule of 18,241 bp in length including 37 genes typically found in other frogs. The AT content of the overall base composition of L. catesbeianus is 59.9%. The length of control region is 2783 bp with 66.0% AT content. Protein-coding genes begin with ATG as start codon except except ND1 and ATP6 began with ATA, COI and ND4L with GTG, and ND2 with ATT. COI end with AGG as stop codon, COII and ND6 end with AGA, ND2 end with TAG, ATP8. ND4L. ND5 and Cytb end with TAA, and the other five PCGs end with a incomplete stop codon (a single stop nucleotide T).}, }
@article {pmid23901377, year = {2013}, author = {Yang, TB and Wu, ZD and Lun, ZR}, title = {The apple snail Pomacea canaliculata, a novel vector of the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis: its introduction, spread, and control in China.}, journal = {Hawai'i journal of medicine &amp; public health : a journal of Asia Pacific Medicine &amp; Public Health}, volume = {72}, number = {6 Suppl 2}, pages = {23-25}, pmid = {23901377}, issn = {2165-8242}, mesh = {Angiostrongylus cantonensis/*growth &amp; development ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Biological Control Agents ; China ; Disease Vectors ; *Life Cycle Stages ; Molluscacides ; *Snails/parasitology ; }, abstract = {The freshwater apple snail Pomacea canaliculata was introduced to Taiwan then to mainland China in the early 1980s from Argentina, its native region, for the purpose of aquaculture. Because of the lack of natural enemies and its tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions, both its abundance and distribution have dramatically increased and it has become a harmful species to local agriculture and other native species in many areas of China. Unfortunately, the snail also acts as an intermediate host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, and has been implicated in transfer of the parasite to people, resulting in angiostrongyliasis manifested as eosinophilic meningitis. Efforts to prevent its further spread and population expansion were initiated many years ago, including the use of chemicals and biological control agents to control the snail.}, }
@article {pmid23901374, year = {2013}, author = {Teem, JL and Qvarnstrom, Y and Bishop, HS and da Silva, AJ and Carter, J and White-McLean, J and Smith, T}, title = {The occurrence of the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, in nonindigenous snails in the Gulf of Mexico region of the United States.}, journal = {Hawai'i journal of medicine &amp; public health : a journal of Asia Pacific Medicine &amp; Public Health}, volume = {72}, number = {6 Suppl 2}, pages = {11-14}, pmid = {23901374}, issn = {2165-8242}, mesh = {Angiostrongylus cantonensis/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Animals ; DNA/*analysis ; Gulf of Mexico ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Snails/*parasitology ; Southeastern United States ; Texas ; }, abstract = {Nonindigenous apple snails, Pomacea maculata (formerly Pomacea insularum), are currently spreading rapidly through the southeastern United States. This mollusk serves as an intermediate host of the rat lungworm parasite (Angiostrongylus cantonensis), which can cause eosinophilic meningitis in humans who consume infected mollusks. A PCR-based detection assay was used to test nonindigenous apple snails for the rat lungworm parasite in Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi, and Florida. Only apple snails obtained from the New Orleans, Louisiana, area tested positive for the parasite. These results provide the first evidence that Angiostrongylus cantonensis does occur in nonindigenous apple snails in the southeastern United States. Additionally, Angiostrongylus cantonensis was identified in the terrestrial species Achatina fulica in Miami, Florida, indicating that rat lungworm is now established in Florida as well as Louisiana. Although the study suggests that the rat lungworm is not widespread in the Gulf States region, the infected snail population could still pose a risk to human health and facilitate the spread of the parasite to new areas.}, }
@article {pmid23900803, year = {2013}, author = {Pezet, J and Elkinton, J and Gomez, S and McKenzie, EA and Lavine, M and Preisser, E}, title = {Hemlock woolly adelgid and elongate hemlock scale induce changes in foliar and twig volatiles of eastern hemlock.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {39}, number = {8}, pages = {1090-1100}, pmid = {23900803}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Benzyl Alcohol/chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Hemiptera/*chemistry ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Plant Stems/chemistry ; Salicylates/chemistry ; Tsuga/chemistry ; Volatile Organic Compounds/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is in rapid decline because of infestation by the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae; 'HWA') and, to a lesser extent, the invasive elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa; 'EHS'). For many conifers, induced oleoresin-based defenses play a central role in their response to herbivorous insects; however, it is unknown whether eastern hemlock mobilizes these inducible defenses. We conducted a study to determine if feeding by HWA or EHS induced changes in the volatile resin compounds of eastern hemlock. Young trees were experimentally infested for 3 years with HWA, EHS, or neither insect. Twig and needle resin volatiles were identified and quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. We observed a suite of changes in eastern hemlock's volatile profile markedly different from the largely terpenoid-based defense response of similar conifers. Overall, both insects produced a similar effect: most twig volatiles decreased slightly, while most needle volatiles increased slightly. Only HWA feeding led to elevated levels of methyl salicylate, a signal for systemic acquired resistance in many plants, and benzyl alcohol, a strong antimicrobial and aphid deterrent. Green leaf volatiles, often induced in wounded plants, were increased by both insects, but more strongly by EHS. The array of phytochemical changes we observed may reflect manipulation of the tree's biochemistry by HWA, or simply the absence of functional defenses against piercing-sucking insects due to the lack of evolutionary contact with these species. Our findings verify that HWA and EHS both induce changes in eastern hemlock's resin chemistry, and represent the first important step toward understanding the effects of inducible chemical defenses on hemlock susceptibility to these exotic pests.}, }
@article {pmid23900395, year = {2013}, author = {Kooyers, NJ and Olsen, KM}, title = {Searching for the bull's eye: agents and targets of selection vary among geographically disparate cyanogenesis clines in white clover (Trifolium repens L.).}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {111}, number = {6}, pages = {495-504}, pmid = {23900395}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Biological Evolution ; Geography ; Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Selection, Genetic ; Trifolium/enzymology/*genetics ; beta-Glucosidase/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The recurrent evolution of adaptive clines within a species can be used to elucidate the selective factors and genetic responses that underlie adaptation. White clover is polymorphic for cyanogenesis (HCN release with tissue damage), and climate-associated cyanogenesis clines have evolved throughout the native and introduced species range. This polymorphism arises through two independently segregating Mendelian polymorphisms for the presence/absence of two required components: cyanogenic glucosides and their hydrolyzing enzyme linamarase. Cyanogenesis is commonly thought to function in herbivore defense; however, the individual cyanogenic components may also serve other physiological functions. To test whether cyanogenesis clines have evolved in response to the same selective pressures acting on the same genetic targets, we examined cyanogenesis cline shape and its environmental correlates in three world regions: southern New Zealand, the central United States and the US Pacific Northwest. For some regional comparisons, cline shapes are remarkably similar despite large differences in the spatial scales over which clines occur (40-1600 km). However, we also find evidence for major differences in both the agents and targets of selection among the sampled clines. Variation in cyanogenesis frequency is best predicted using a combination of minimum winter temperature and aridity variables. Together, our results provide evidence that recurrent adaptive clines do not necessarily reflect shared adaptive processes.}, }
@article {pmid23895368, year = {2013}, author = {Iwanowicz, L and Densmore, C and Hahn, C and McAllister, P and Odenkirk, J}, title = {Identification of largemouth bass virus in the introduced Northern Snakehead inhabiting the Chesapeake Bay watershed.}, journal = {Journal of aquatic animal health}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {191-196}, doi = {10.1080/08997659.2013.799614}, pmid = {23895368}, issn = {0899-7659}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Line ; DNA Virus Infections/epidemiology/*veterinary/virology ; Fish Diseases/*virology ; Iridoviridae/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Perciformes ; Phylogeny ; Virginia/epidemiology ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {The Northern Snakehead Channa argus is an introduced species that now inhabits the Chesapeake Bay. During a preliminary survey for introduced pathogens possibly harbored by these fish in Virginia waters, a filterable agent was isolated from five specimens that produced cytopathic effects in BF-2 cells. Based on PCR amplification and partial sequencing of the major capsid protein (MCP), DNA polymerase (DNApol), and DNA methyltransferase (Mtase) genes, the isolates were identified as Largemouth Bass virus (LMBV). Nucleotide sequences of the MCP (492 bp) and DNApol (419 pb) genes were 100% identical to those of LMBV. The nucleotide sequence of the Mtase (206 bp) gene was 99.5% identical to that of LMBV, and the single nucleotide substitution did not lead to a predicted amino acid coding change. This is the first report of LMBV from the Northern Snakehead, and provides evidence that noncentrarchid fishes may be susceptible to this virus.}, }
@article {pmid23894937, year = {2012}, author = {Mejía-Mojica, H and de Rodríguez-Romero, FJ and Díaz-Pardo, E}, title = {[Historical presence of invasive fish in the biosphere reserve sierra de Huautla, Mexico].}, journal = {Revista de biologia tropical}, volume = {60}, number = {2}, pages = {669-681}, pmid = {23894937}, issn = {0034-7744}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/*classification ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mexico ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Principal Component Analysis ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The effects of invasive species on native ecosystems are varied, and these have been linked to the disappearance or decline of native fauna, changes in community structure, modification of ecosystems and as vectors of new diseases and parasites. Besides, the development of trade in species for ornamental use has contributed significantly to the import and introduction of invasive fish in some important areas for biodiversity conservation in Mexico, but the presence of these species is poorly documented. In this study we analyzed the fish community in the Biosphere Reserve Sierra de Huautla by looking at diversity changes in the last 100 years. For this, we used databases of historical records and recent collections for five sites in the Amacuzac river, along the Biosphere Reserve area. We compared the values of similarity (Jaccard index) between five times series (1898-1901, 1945-1953, 1971-1980, 1994-1995 and 2008-2009), and we obtained values of similarity (Bray-Curtis) between the five sites analyzed. In our results we recognized a total of 19 species for the area, nine non-native and ten native, three of which were eliminated for the area. Similarity values between the early days and current records were very low (.27); the major changes in the composition of the fauna occurred in the past 20 years. The values of abundance, diversity and similarity among the sampling sites, indicate the dominance of non-native species. We discuss the role of the ornamental fish trade in the region as the leading cause of invasive introduction in the ecosystem and the possible negative effects that at least four non-native species have had on native fauna and the ecosystem (Oreochromis mossambicus, Amatitlania nigrofasciata, Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus and P pardalis). There is an urgent need of programs for registration, control and eradication of invasive species in the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve and biodiversity protection areas in Mexico.}, }
@article {pmid23894606, year = {2013}, author = {Filipová, L and Petrusek, A and Matasová, K and Delaunay, C and Grandjean, F}, title = {Prevalence of the crayfish plague pathogen Aphanomyces astaci in populations of the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus in France: evaluating the threat to native crayfish.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {e70157}, pmid = {23894606}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphanomyces/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Astacoidea/*classification/*parasitology ; DNA, Algal/genetics ; France ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; }, abstract = {Aphanomyces astaci, the crayfish plague pathogen, first appeared in Europe in the mid-19(th) century and is still responsible for mass mortalities of native European crayfish. The spread of this parasite across the continent is especially facilitated by invasive North American crayfish species that serve as its reservoir. In France, multiple cases of native crayfish mortalities have been suggested to be connected with the presence of the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, which is highly abundant in the country. It shares similar habitats as the native white-clawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes and, when infected, the signal crayfish might therefore easily transmit the pathogen to the native species. We investigated the prevalence of A. astaci in French signal crayfish populations to evaluate the danger they represent to local populations of native crayfish. Over 500 individuals of Pacifastacus leniusculus from 45 French populations were analysed, plus several additional individuals of other non-indigenous crayfish species Orconectes limosus, O. immunis and Procambarus clarkii. Altogether, 20% of analysed signal crayfish tested positive for Aphanomyces astaci, and the pathogen was detected in more than half of the studied populations. Local prevalence varied significantly, ranging from 0% up to 80%, but wide confidence intervals suggest that the number of populations infected by A. astaci may be even higher than our results show. Analysis of several individuals of other introduced species revealed infections among two of these, O. immunis and P. clarkii. Our results confirm that the widespread signal crayfish serves as a key reservoir of Aphanomyces astaci in France and therefore represents a serious danger to native crayfish species, especially the white-clawed crayfish. The prevalence in other non-indigenous crayfish should also be investigated as they likely contribute to pathogen transmission in the country.}, }
@article {pmid23894573, year = {2013}, author = {Durand, B and Lecollinet, S and Beck, C and Martínez-López, B and Balenghien, T and Chevalier, V}, title = {Identification of hotspots in the European union for the introduction of four zoonotic arboviroses by live animal trade.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {e70000}, pmid = {23894573}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/*virology ; *Commerce ; Encephalitis Viruses/*isolation &amp; purification ; Encephalitis, Arbovirus/epidemiology/*veterinary/virology ; Europe/epidemiology ; European Union ; Horse Diseases/*epidemiology/virology ; Horses ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Pets/*virology ; Risk Factors ; Zoonoses/*epidemiology/virology ; }, abstract = {Live animal trade is considered a major mode of introduction of viruses from enzootic foci into disease-free areas. Due to societal and behavioural changes, some wild animal species may nowadays be considered as pet species. The species diversity of animals involved in international trade is thus increasing. This could benefit pathogens that have a broad host range such as arboviruses. The objective of this study was to analyze the risk posed by live animal imports for the introduction, in the European Union (EU), of four arboviruses that affect human and horses: Eastern and Western equine encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis. Importation data for a five-years period (2005-2009, extracted from the EU TRACES database), environmental data (used as a proxy for the presence of vectors) and horses and human population density data (impacting the occurrence of clinical cases) were combined to derive spatially explicit risk indicators for virus introduction and for the potential consequences of such introductions. Results showed the existence of hotspots where the introduction risk was the highest in Belgium, in the Netherlands and in the north of Italy. This risk was higher for Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) than for the three other diseases. It was mainly attributed to exotic pet species such as rodents, reptiles or cage birds, imported in small-sized containments from a wide variety of geographic origins. The increasing species and origin diversity of these animals may have in the future a strong impact on the risk of introduction of arboviruses in the EU.}, }
@article {pmid23892582, year = {2014}, author = {LeVan, KE and Hung, KL and McCann, KR and Ludka, JT and Holway, DA}, title = {Floral visitation by the Argentine ant reduces pollinator visitation and seed set in the coast barrel cactus, Ferocactus viridescens.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {174}, number = {1}, pages = {163-171}, pmid = {23892582}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/classification ; *Bees ; Cactaceae/*physiology ; California ; Ecosystem ; *Flowers ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Nectar ; Pollination ; Seeds/*physiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Mounting evidence indicates that trade-offs between plant defense and reproduction arise not only from resource allocation but also from interactions among mutualists. Indirect costs of plant defense by ants, for example, can outweigh benefits if ants deter pollinators. Plants can dissuade ants from occupying flowers, but such arrangements may break down when novel ant partners infiltrate mutualisms. Here, we examine how floral visitation by ants affects pollination services when the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) replaces a native ant species in a food-for-protection mutualism with the coast barrel cactus (Ferocactus viridescens), which, like certain other barrel cacti, produces extrafloral nectar. We compared the effects of floral visitation by the Argentine ant with those of the most prevalent native ant species (Crematogaster californica). Compared to C. californica, the Argentine ant was present in higher numbers in flowers. Cactus bees (Diadasia spp.), the key pollinators in this system, spent less time in flowers when cacti were occupied by the Argentine ant compared to when cacti were occupied by C. californica. Presumably as a consequence of decreased duration of floral visits by Diadasia, cacti occupied by L. humile set fewer seeds per fruit and produced fewer seeds overall compared to cacti occupied by C. californica. These data illustrate the importance of mutualist identity in cases where plants balance multiple mutualisms. Moreover, as habitats become increasingly infiltrated by introduced species, the loss of native mutualists and their replacement by non-native species may alter the shape of trade-offs between plant defense and reproduction.}, }
@article {pmid23892169, year = {2013}, author = {Wang, XN and Liu, ZT and Yan, ZG and Zhang, C and Wang, WL and Zhou, JL and Pei, SW}, title = {Development of aquatic life criteria for triclosan and comparison of the sensitivity between native and non-native species.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {260}, number = {}, pages = {1017-1022}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.007}, pmid = {23892169}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {Animals ; Annelida/drug effects ; Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry/toxicity ; China ; Cypriniformes ; Ecology ; Fishes ; Fresh Water ; Insecta/drug effects ; *Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment ; Species Specificity ; Toxicity Tests ; Toxicity Tests, Acute ; Triclosan/chemistry/*toxicity ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial agent which is used as a broad-spectrum bacteriostatic and found in personal care products, and due to this it is widely spread in the aquatic environment. However, there is no paper dealing with the aquatic life criteria of TCS, mainly result from the shortage of toxicity data of different taxonomic levels. In the present study, toxicity data were obtained from 9 acute toxicity tests and 3 chronic toxicity tests using 9 Chinese native aquatic species from different taxonomic levels, and the aquatic life criteria was derived using 3 methods. Furthermore, differences of species sensitivity distributions (SSD) between native and non-native species were compared. Among the tested species, demersal fish Misgurnus anguillicaudatus was the most sensitive species, and the fishes were more sensitive than the aquatic invertebrates of Annelid and insect, and the insect was the least sensitive species. The comparison showed that there was no significant difference between SSDs constructed from native and non-native taxa. Finally, a criterion maximum concentration of 0.009 mg/L and a criterion continuous concentration of 0.002 mg/L were developed based on different taxa, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidelines.}, }
@article {pmid23887412, year = {2013}, author = {Qiu, J}, title = {China's cordgrass plan is 'overkill'.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {499}, number = {7459}, pages = {392-393}, doi = {10.1038/499392a}, pmid = {23887412}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/physiology ; China ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Islands ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Seawater ; *Wetlands ; }, }
@article {pmid23885897, year = {2014}, author = {Reyes-Prieto, M and Oceguera-Figueroa, A and Snell, S and Negredo, A and Barba, E and Fernández, L and Moya, A and Latorre, A}, title = {DNA barcodes reveal the presence of the introduced freshwater leech Helobdella europaea in Spain.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, pages = {387-393}, doi = {10.3109/19401736.2013.809426}, pmid = {23885897}, issn = {1940-1744}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; Leeches/*classification/*genetics ; Phylogeography ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Abstract We report the finding of the freshwater leech Helobdella europaea in Spain for the first time. Three leech specimens were found attached to the European pond turtle Emys orbicularis. Helobdella europaea is not a blood feeder and, like all members of the genus, feeds on the hemolymph of aquatic invertebrates including snails and worms. Despite the fact that the original geographical distribution or source population of this species is unknown, the close relationship between H. europaea and leeches of the "triserialis" series (sensu Sawyer, 1986) suggests a New World origin. Given its ability to invade and persist in new environments, this leech has been described as a new species by local taxonomists resulting in some nomenclatural problems. The presence of this introduced organism in Spain may represent serious obstacles to the current efforts to preserve endemic fauna and the potential negative impacts of this species in European environments should be investigated.}, }
@article {pmid23881750, year = {2013}, author = {Olszyk, D and Blakeley-Smith, M and Pfleeger, T and Lee, EH and Plocher, M}, title = {Effects of low levels of herbicides on prairie species of the Willamette Valley, Oregon.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {32}, number = {11}, pages = {2542-2551}, doi = {10.1002/etc.2331}, pmid = {23881750}, issn = {1552-8618}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Glycine/*analogs &amp; derivatives/toxicity ; Herbicides/*toxicity ; Magnoliopsida/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Oregon ; Poaceae/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Pyridines/*toxicity ; Seedlings/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {The relative sensitivity of 17 noncrop plant species from Oregon's Willamette Valley was determined in response to glyphosate, tribenuron methyl (tribenuron), and fluazifop-p-butyl (fluazifop) herbicides. For glyphosate, Elymus trachycaulus, Festuca arundinacea, Madia elegans, Potentilla gracilis, and Ranunculus occidentalis were the most sensitive species, based on a concentration calculated to reduce shoot dry weight by 25% (IC25 values) of 0.02 to 0.04 × a field application rate of 1112 g active ingredient (a.i.) per hectare. Clarkia amoena and Lupinus albicaulis were the most tolerant to glyphosate, with IC25 values near the field application rate. Clarkia amoena, Prunella vulgaris, and R. occidentalis were the most sensitive to tribenuron, with IC25 values of 0.001 to 0.004 × a field application rate of 8.7 g a.i. ha(-1) for shoot dry weight. Five grass species were tolerant to tribenuron with no significant IC25 values. For fluazifop, 2 native grasses, E. trachycaulus and Danthonia californica, were the most sensitive species, with IC25 values of 0.007 and 0.010 × a field application rate of 210 g a.i. ha(-1) , respectively, for shoot dry weight, while a native grass, Festuca roemeri, and nearly all forbs showed little or no response. These results also indicated that the 3 introduced species used in the present study may be controlled with 1 of the tested herbicides: glyphosate (F. arundinacea), tribenuron (Leucanthemum vulgare), and fluazifop (Cynosurus echinatus).}, }
@article {pmid23881593, year = {2013}, author = {Engeman, RM and Massei, G and Sage, M and Gentle, MN}, title = {Monitoring wild pig populations: a review of methods.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {20}, number = {11}, pages = {8077-8091}, pmid = {23881593}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/*growth &amp; development ; Environment ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Introduced Species ; *Population Growth ; Sus scrofa/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are widespread across many landscapes throughout the world and are considered to be an invasive pest to agriculture and the environment, or conversely a native or desired game species and resource for hunting. Wild pig population monitoring is often required for a variety of management or research objectives, and many methods and analyses for monitoring abundance are available. Here, we describe monitoring methods that have proven or potential applications to wild pig management. We describe the advantages and disadvantages of methods so that potential users can efficiently consider and identify the option(s) best suited to their combination of objectives, circumstances, and resources. This paper offers guidance to wildlife managers, researchers, and stakeholders considering population monitoring of wild pigs and will help ensure that they can fulfill their monitoring objectives while optimizing their use of resources.}, }
@article {pmid23879193, year = {2013}, author = {Kueffer, C and Pyšek, P and Richardson, DM}, title = {Integrative invasion science: model systems, multi-site studies, focused meta-analysis and invasion syndromes.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {200}, number = {3}, pages = {615-633}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12415}, pmid = {23879193}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Invasion science is a very active subdiscipline of ecology. However, some scientists contend that theoretical integration has been limited and that predictive power remains weak. This paper, focusing on plants, proposes a new multi-pronged research strategy that builds on recent advances in invasion science. More intensive studies on particular model organisms and ecosystems are needed to improve our understanding of the full suite of interacting factors that influence invasions ('model system research'). At the same time, comparative studies across many study systems are essential for unravelling the context-dependencies of insights that emerge from particular studies ('multi-site studies'); and quantitative synthesis based on large datasets should be constrained to well-defined theoretical domains ('focused meta-analysis'). We also suggest ways for better integration of information about species biology and ecosystem characteristics ('invasion syndromes'). We expect that a resulting theory of invasions will need to be conceived as a somewhat heterogeneous conglomerate of elements of varying generality and predictive power: laws that apply to well-specified domains, general concepts and theoretical frameworks that can guide thinking in research and management, and in-depth knowledge about the drivers of particular invasions.}, }
@article {pmid23878210, year = {2013}, author = {Keith, JM and Spring, D}, title = {Agent-based Bayesian approach to monitoring the progress of invasive species eradication programs.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {110}, number = {33}, pages = {13428-13433}, pmid = {23878210}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Bayes Theorem ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Insect Control/*methods ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Queensland ; }, abstract = {Eradication of an invasive species can provide significant environmental, economic, and social benefits, but eradication programs often fail. Constant and careful monitoring improves the chance of success, but an invasion may seem to be in decline even when it is expanding in abundance or spatial extent. Determining whether an invasion is in decline is a challenging inference problem for two reasons. First, it is typically infeasible to regularly survey the entire infested region owing to high cost. Second, surveillance methods are imperfect and fail to detect some individuals. These two factors also make it difficult to determine why an eradication program is failing. Agent-based methods enable inferences to be made about the locations of undiscovered individuals over time to identify trends in invader abundance and spatial extent. We develop an agent-based Bayesian method and apply it to Australia's largest eradication program: the campaign to eradicate the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) from Brisbane. The invasion was deemed to be almost eradicated in 2004 but our analyses indicate that its geographic range continued to expand despite a sharp decline in number of nests. We also show that eradication would probably have been achieved with a relatively small increase in the area searched and treated. Our results demonstrate the importance of inferring temporal and spatial trends in ongoing invasions. The method can handle incomplete observations and takes into account the effects of human intervention. It has the potential to transform eradication practices.}, }
@article {pmid23875320, year = {2013}, author = {Sadeghi, R and Zarkami, R and Sabetraftar, K and Van Damme, P}, title = {Use of support vector machines combines with genetic algorithm and greedy stepwise methods for prediction of habitat requirements of Azolla filiculoides (Lam.) in Selkeh wetland (Iran).}, journal = {Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences}, volume = {78}, number = {1}, pages = {207-211}, pmid = {23875320}, issn = {1379-1176}, mesh = {*Algorithms ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Ferns/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Iran ; Models, Biological ; Regression Analysis ; *Support Vector Machine ; Water Quality ; Wetlands ; }, }
@article {pmid23875319, year = {2013}, author = {Sadeghi, R and Zarkami, R and Sabetraftar, K and Van Damme, P}, title = {Classification trees and support vector machines methods used to study habitat requirements of Azolla filiculoides (Lam.) in Selkeh Wetland, Iran.}, journal = {Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences}, volume = {78}, number = {1}, pages = {201-205}, pmid = {23875319}, issn = {1379-1176}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Decision Trees ; *Ecosystem ; Ferns/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Iran ; Models, Biological ; *Support Vector Machine ; Water Quality ; Wetlands ; }, }
@article {pmid23874966, year = {2013}, author = {Song, L and Jiang, L and Han, H and Gao, A and Yang, X and Li, L and Liu, W}, title = {Efficient induction of Wheat-agropyron cristatum 6P translocation lines and GISH detection.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {e69501}, pmid = {23874966}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Agropyron/*genetics ; *Chromosomes, Plant ; *Genes, Plant ; In Situ Hybridization/methods ; *Translocation, Genetic ; Triticum/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The narrow genetic background restricts wheat yield and quality improvement. The wild relatives of wheat are the huge gene pools for wheat improvement and can broaden its genetic basis. Production of wheat-alien translocation lines can transfer alien genes to wheat. So it is important to develop an efficient method to induce wheat-alien chromosome translocation. Agropyroncristatum (P genome) carries many potential genes beneficial to disease resistance, stress tolerance and high yield. Chromosome 6P possesses the desirable genes exhibiting good agronomic traits, such as high grain number per spike, powdery mildew resistance and stress tolerance. In this study, the wheat-A. cristatum disomic addition was used as bridge material to produce wheat-A. cristatum translocation lines induced by (60)Co-γirradiation. The results of genomic in situ hybridization showed that 216 plants contained alien chromosome translocation among 571 self-pollinated progenies. The frequency of translocation was 37.83%, much higher than previous reports. Moreover, various alien translocation types were identified. The analysis of M2 showed that 62.5% of intergeneric translocation lines grew normally without losing the translocated chromosomes. The paper reported a high efficient technical method for inducing alien translocation between wheat and Agropyroncristatum. Additionally, these translocation lines will be valuable for not only basic research on genetic balance, interaction and expression of different chromosome segments of wheat and alien species, but also wheat breeding programs to utilize superior agronomic traits and good compensation effect from alien chromosomes.}, }
@article {pmid23874945, year = {2013}, author = {Santos, ES and Nakagawa, S}, title = {Breeding biology and variable mating system of a population of introduced dunnocks (Prunella modularis) in New Zealand.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {e69329}, pmid = {23874945}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Breeding ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Nesting Behavior ; New Zealand ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; *Reproduction ; Seasons ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {Species with variable mating systems provide a unique opportunity to investigate whether females receive direct fitness benefits from additional male partners. The direct benefits provide an obvious explanation for why females would breed polyandrously, in a situation where males clearly do not attain their optimal reproductive success. Evidence for these direct benefits is, however, mixed. Here, we present a detailed study of the breeding biology of the dunnock, Prunella modularis, which inform an investigation into the effects of the social mating system on the reproductive success in a population of dunnocks in Southern New Zealand. We studied 80 different social groups over the course of three breeding seasons. Dunnocks in our population presented a variable mating system, with socially monogamous (45%), socially polyandrous (54%) and socially polygynandrous (1%) groups being observed in the same breeding season. We did not observe any polygynous social units in our study period although polygyny exists in the population. We found little difference in the numbers of eggs laid, and egg volume between monogamous and polyandrous nests. However, polyandrous groups had better hatching and fledging success than monogamous groups (composite d = 0.385, 95% CI: 0.307 to 0.463). Overall our results support the notion that polyandry is beneficial for females.}, }
@article {pmid23874648, year = {2013}, author = {Mandák, B and Hadincová, V and Mahelka, V and Wildová, R}, title = {European invasion of North American Pinus strobus at large and fine scales: high genetic diversity and fine-scale genetic clustering over time in the adventive range.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {e68514}, pmid = {23874648}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Cluster Analysis ; Europe ; Gene Flow/physiology ; Genetic Speciation ; Genetic Variation/*physiology ; Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; North America ; Pinus/classification/*genetics ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: North American Pinus strobus is a highly invasive tree species in Central Europe. Using ten polymorphic microsatellite loci we compared various aspects of the large-scale genetic diversity of individuals from 30 sites in the native distribution range with those from 30 sites in the European adventive distribution range. To investigate the ascertained pattern of genetic diversity of this intercontinental comparison further, we surveyed fine-scale genetic diversity patterns and changes over time within four highly invasive populations in the adventive range.<br><br>RESULTS: Our data show that at the large scale the genetic diversity found within the relatively small adventive range in Central Europe, surprisingly, equals the diversity found within the sampled area in the native range, which is about thirty times larger. Bayesian assignment grouped individuals into two genetic clusters separating North American native populations from the European, non-native populations, without any strong genetic structure shown over either range. In the case of the fine scale, our comparison of genetic diversity parameters among the localities and age classes yielded no evidence of genetic diversity increase over time. We found that SGS differed across age classes within the populations under study. Old trees in general completely lacked any SGS, which increased over time and reached its maximum in the sapling stage.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Based on (1) the absence of difference in genetic diversity between the native and adventive ranges, together with the lack of structure in the native range, and (2) the lack of any evidence of any temporal increase in genetic diversity at four highly invasive populations in the adventive range, we conclude that population amalgamation probably first happened in the native range, prior to introduction. In such case, there would have been no need for multiple introductions from previously isolated populations, but only several introductions from genetically diverse populations.}, }
@article {pmid23874625, year = {2013}, author = {Aires, T and Serrão, EA and Kendrick, G and Duarte, CM and Arnaud-Haond, S}, title = {Invasion is a community affair: Clandestine followers in the bacterial community associated to green algae, Caulerpa racemosa, track the invasion source.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {e68429}, pmid = {23874625}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Bacteria/*growth &amp; development ; Caulerpa/*microbiology ; Chlorophyta/*microbiology ; Mediterranean Region ; Molecular Sequence Data ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions rank amongst the most deleterious components of global change inducing alterations from genes to ecosystems. The genetic characteristics of introduced pools of individuals greatly influence the capacity of introduced species to establish and expand. The recently demonstrated heritability of microbial communities associated to individual genotypes of primary producers makes them a potentially essential element of the evolution and adaptability of their hosts. Here, we characterized the bacterial communities associated to native and non-native populations of the marine green macroalga Caulerparacemosa through pyrosequencing, and explored their potential role on the strikingly invasive trajectory of their host in the Mediterranean. The similarity of endophytic bacterial communities from the native Australian range and several Mediterranean locations confirmed the origin of invasion and revealed distinct communities associated to a second Mediterranean variety of C. racemosa long reported in the Mediterranean. Comparative analysis of these two groups demonstrated the stability of the composition of bacterial communities through the successive steps of introduction and invasion and suggested the vertical transmission of some major bacterial OTUs. Indirect inferences on the taxonomic identity and associated metabolism of bacterial lineages showed a striking consistency with sediment upheaval conditions associated to the expansion of their invasive host and to the decline of native species. These results demonstrate that bacterial communities can be an effective tracer of the origin of invasion and support their potential role in their eukaryotic host's adaptation to new environments. They put forward the critical need to consider the 'meta-organism' encompassing both the host and associated micro-organisms, to unravel the origins, causes and mechanisms underlying biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid23873618, year = {2013}, author = {Romeo, C and Pisanu, B and Ferrari, N and Basset, F and Tillon, L and Wauters, LA and Martinoli, A and Saino, N and Chapuis, JL}, title = {Macroparasite community of the Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris): poor species richness and diversity.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {112}, number = {10}, pages = {3527-3536}, pmid = {23873618}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila Proteins/classification ; Ectoparasitic Infestations/parasitology/*veterinary ; Female ; Helminthiasis, Animal/*parasitology ; Helminths/*classification ; Male ; Protein Kinases/classification ; Sciuridae/*parasitology ; Siphonaptera/classification ; Ticks/classification ; }, abstract = {The Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) is the only naturally occurring tree squirrel throughout its range. We aim at improving current knowledge on its macroparasite fauna, expecting that it will have a poor parasite diversity because in species that have no sympatric congeners parasite richness should be lower than in hosts sharing their range with several closely related species, where host-switching events and lateral transmission are promoted. We examined gastro-intestinal helminth and ectoparasite communities (excluding mites) of, respectively, 147 and 311 red squirrel roadkills collected in four biogeographic regions in Italy and France. As expected, the macroparasite fauna was poor: we found five species of nematodes and some unidentified cestodes, three fleas, two sucking lice and two hard ticks. The helminth community was dominated by a single species, the oxyurid Trypanoxyuris (Rodentoxyuris) sciuri (prevalence, 87%; mean abundance, 373 ± 65 worms/host). Its abundance varied among seasons and biogeographic regions and increased with body mass in male hosts while decreased in females. The most prevalent ectoparasites were the flea Ceratophyllus (Monopsyllus) sciurorum (28%), whose presence was affected by season, and the generalist tick Ixodes (Ixodes) ricinus that was found only in France (34%). All the other helminths and arthropod species were rare, with prevalence below 10%. However, the first record of Strongyloides robustus, a common nematode of North American Eastern grey squirrels (S. carolinensis), in two red squirrels living in areas where this alien species co-inhabits, deserves further attention, since low parasite richness could result in native red squirrels being particularly vulnerable to parasite spillover.}, }
@article {pmid23872119, year = {2013}, author = {Nentwig, W and Gnädinger, M and Fuchs, J and Ceschi, A}, title = {A two year study of verified spider bites in Switzerland and a review of the European spider bite literature.}, journal = {Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology}, volume = {73}, number = {}, pages = {104-110}, doi = {10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.07.010}, pmid = {23872119}, issn = {1879-3150}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Species Specificity ; Spider Bites/drug therapy/*epidemiology/*pathology ; *Spiders ; Switzerland/epidemiology ; Treatment Outcome ; }, abstract = {During a two-year study, all spider bites recorded by Swiss primary care physicians were reported to the Swiss Toxicological Information Centre and all collected spiders were identified. A total of 14 verified spider bites were recorded, involving five species from four families: Zoropsis spinimana (five cases), Cheiracanthium punctorium (four cases), Tegenaria atrica (three cases) and one case of Malthonica ferruginea (= Tegenaria ferruginea) (both Agelenidae), and one case of Amaurobius ferox (Amaurobiidae). The bites of all spider species produced relatively mild symptoms. Local symptoms such as moderate to severe pain, circumscribed swelling and redness were the only effects in most cases. Systemic symptoms were rare. There was complete recovery in all cases and all lesions healed completely without further damage or secondary disorders. Following a review of the European spider bite literature, the number of spider species capable of biting humans in Europe is considered to be much larger than could be concluded from this study. Most spider bites are restricted to species living synanthropically, thus promoted by climate and habitat change. The annual frequency of spider bites in Switzerland is estimated at 10-100 bites per million inhabitants, but this is predicted to increase due to the continuous arrival of new alien species, many of which have a high potential to establish in urban areas.}, }
@article {pmid23871568, year = {2013}, author = {Stehouwer, PP and van Slooten, C and Peperzak, L}, title = {Microbial dynamics in acetate-enriched ballast water at different temperatures.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {96}, number = {}, pages = {93-98}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.06.027}, pmid = {23871568}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {Acetates/analysis/*metabolism ; Animals ; Bacteria/*drug effects/metabolism ; *Environmental Microbiology ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Phytoplankton/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Seawater/*microbiology ; *Ships ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The spread of invasive species through ships' ballast water is considered as a major ecological threat to the world's oceans. For that reason, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set performance standards for ballast water discharge. Ballast water treatment systems have been developed that employ either UV-radiation or 'active substances' to reduce the concentration of living cells to below the IMOs standards. One such active substance is a chemical mixture known as Peraclean(®) Ocean. The residual of Peraclean(®) Ocean is acetate that might be present at high concentrations in discharged ballast water. In cold coastal waters the breakdown of acetate might be slow, causing a buildup of acetate concentrations in the water if regularly discharged by ships. To study the potential environmental impact, microbial dynamics and acetate degradation were measured in discharge water from a Peraclean(®) Ocean treatment system in illuminated microcosms. In addition, microbial dynamics and acetate degradation were studied at -1, 4, 10, 15 and 25°C in dark microcosms that simulated enclosed ballast water tanks. Acetate breakdown indeed occurred faster at higher temperatures. At 25°C the highest bacteria growth, fastest nutrient and oxygen consumption and highest DOC reduction occurred. On the other hand, at -1°C bacterial growth was strongly delayed, only starting to increase after 12 days. Furthermore, at 25°C the acetate pool was not depleted, probably due to nutrient and oxygen limitation. This means that not all acetate will be broken down in ballast water tanks, even during long voyages in warm waters. In addition, at low temperatures acetate breakdown in ballast water tanks and in discharged water will be extremely slow. Therefore, regular discharge of acetate enriched ballast water in harbors and bays may cause eutrophication and changes in the microbial community, especially in colder regions.}, }
@article {pmid23869702, year = {2013}, author = {Usio, N and Imada, M and Nakagawa, M and Akasaka, M and Takamura, N}, title = {Effects of pond draining on biodiversity and water quality of farm ponds.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {1429-1438}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12096}, pmid = {23869702}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; *Ponds ; Regression Analysis ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Farm ponds have high conservation value because they contribute significantly to regional biodiversity and ecosystem services. In Japan pond draining is a traditional management method that is widely believed to improve water quality and eradicate invasive fish. In addition, fishing by means of pond draining has significant cultural value for local people, serving as a social event. However, there is a widespread belief that pond draining reduces freshwater biodiversity through the extirpation of aquatic animals, but scientific evaluation of the effectiveness of pond draining is lacking. We conducted a large-scale field study to evaluate the effects of pond draining on invasive animal control, water quality, and aquatic biodiversity relative to different pond-management practices, pond physicochemistry, and surrounding land use. The results of boosted regression-tree models and analyses of similarity showed that pond draining had little effect on invasive fish control, water quality, or aquatic biodiversity. Draining even facilitated the colonization of farm ponds by invasive red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), which in turn may have detrimental effects on the biodiversity and water quality of farm ponds. Our results highlight the need for reconsidering current pond management and developing management plans with respect to multifunctionality of such ponds. Efectos del Drenado de Estanques sobre la Biodiversidad y la Calidad del Agua en Estanques de Cultivo.}, }
@article {pmid23869583, year = {2013}, author = {Bertelsmeier, C and Luque, GM and Courchamp, F}, title = {Increase in quantity and quality of suitable areas for invasive species as climate changes.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {1458-1467}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12093}, pmid = {23869583}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Climate Change ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Homing Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {As climatically suitable range projections become increasingly used to assess distributions of species, we recommend systematic assessments of the quality of habitat in addition to the classical binary classification of habitat. We devised a method to assess occurrence probability, captured by a climatic suitability index, through which we could determine variations in the quality of potential habitat. This relative risk assessment circumvents the use of an arbitrary suitability threshold. We illustrated our method with 2 case studies on invasive ant species. We estimated invasion potential of the destroyer ant (Monomorium destructor) and the European fire ant (Myrmica rubra) on a global scale currently and by 2080 with climate change. We found that 21.1% of the world's landmass currently has a suitable climate for the destroyer ant and 16% has a suitable climate for European fire ant. Our climatic suitability index showed that both ant species would benefit from climate change, but in different ways. The size of the potential distribution increased by 35.8% for the destroyer ant. Meanwhile, the total area of potential distribution remained the same for the European fire ant (>0.05%), but the level of climatic suitability within this range increased greatly and led to an improvement in habitat quality (i.e., of invasive species' establishment likelihood). Either through quantity or quality of suitable areas, both invasive ant species are likely to increase the extent of their invasion in the future, following global climate change. Our results show that species may increase their range if either more areas become suitable or if the available areas present improved suitability. Studies in which an arbitrary suitability threshold was used may overlook changes in area quality within climatically suitable areas and as a result reach incorrect predictions. Incremento de la Cantidad y Calidad de Áreas Idóneas para Especies Invasoras a Medida que Cambia el Clima.}, }
@article {pmid23869215, year = {2013}, author = {Wright, DF and Stigall, AL}, title = {Geologic drivers of late ordovician faunal change in laurentia: investigating links between tectonics, speciation, and biotic invasions.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {e68353}, pmid = {23869215}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Genetic Speciation ; *Geological Phenomena ; *Introduced Species ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Geologic process, including tectonics and global climate change, profoundly impact the evolution of life because they have the propensity to facilitate episodes of biogeographic differentiation and influence patterns of speciation. We investigate causal links between a dramatic faunal turnover and two dominant geologic processes operating within Laurentia during the Late Ordovician: the Taconian Orogeny and GICE related global cooling. We utilize a novel approach for elucidating the relationship between biotic and geologic changes using a time-stratigraphic, species-level evolutionary framework for articulated brachiopods from North America. Phylogenetic biogeographic analyses indicate a fundamental shift in speciation mode-from a vicariance to dispersal dominated macroevolutionary regime-across the boundary between the Sandbian to Katian Stages. This boundary also corresponds to the onset of renewed intensification of tectonic activity and mountain building, the development of an upwelling zone that introduced cool, nutrient-rich waters into the epieric seas of eastern Laurentia, and the GICE isotopic excursion. The synchronicity of these dramatic geologic, oceanographic, and macroevolutionary changes supports the influence of geologic events on biological evolution. Together, the renewed tectonic activity and oceanographic changes facilitated fundamental changes in habitat structure in eastern North America that reduced opportunities for isolation and vicariance. They also facilitated regional biotic dispersal of taxa that led to the subsequent establishment of extrabasinal (=invasive) species and may have led to a suppression of speciation within Laurentian faunas. Phylogenetic biogeographic analysis further indicates that the Richmondian Invasion was a multidirectional regional invasion event that involved taxa immigrating into the Cincinnati region from basins located near the continental margins and within the continental interior.}, }
@article {pmid23865231, year = {2013}, author = {Thresher, RE and Canning, M and Bax, NJ}, title = {Demographic effects on the use of genetic options for the control of mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {801-814}, doi = {10.1890/12-1324.1}, pmid = {23865231}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Cyprinodontiformes/*genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Pest Control ; Population Dynamics ; Sex Ratio ; }, abstract = {This study tests the sensitivity of genetically based pest control options based on sex ratio distortion to intra- and intersexual aggressive interactions that affect male and female survival and fitness. Data on these interactions and their impacts were gathered for the mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki (Poeciliidae), a promiscuous species with a strongly male-biased operational sex ratio and well-documented male harassment of females. The experimental design consisted of an orthogonal combination of two population densities and three sex ratios, ranging from strongly male-biased to strongly female-biased, and long-term observations of laboratory populations. Contrary to expectations, the number of males in a population had little evident effect on population demographics. Rather, the density of adult females determined population fecundity (as a result of a stock-recruitment relationship involving females, but not males), constrained male densities (apparently as a result of cannibalism or intersexual aggression), and regulated itself (most likely through effects of intrasexual aggression on female recruitment). The principal effect of males was to constrain their own densities via effects of male-male aggression on adult male mortality rates. Through use of a realistically parameterized genetic/demographic model, we show that of three different genetic options applied to control G. holbrooki, one based on recombinant sex ratio distortion (release of Female Lethal carriers) is marginally more efficient than a sterile male release program, and both outperform an option based on chromosomal sex ratio distortion (Trojan W). Nonlinear dependence of reproductive rate on female density reduces the efficacy of all three approaches. The major effect of intra- and intersexual aggression is mediated through females, whose interactions reduce female numbers and increase the efficacy of a control program based on sex ratio. Socially mediated male mortality has a small impact on control programs due to operational sex ratios that are heavily male-biased. The sensitivity of sex ratio-based control options to social factors will depend on the mating system of the targeted pest, but evidence of widespread density-dependent population regulation suggests that, for most species, the effects of elevated adult mortality (due to intra- and intersexual aggression) on control programs are likely to be slight.}, }
@article {pmid23865229, year = {2013}, author = {Brantley, S and Ford, CR and Vose, JM}, title = {Future species composition will affect forest water use after loss of eastern hemlock from southern Appalachian forests.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {777-790}, doi = {10.1890/12-0616.1}, pmid = {23865229}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Appalachian Region ; *Biodiversity ; Extinction, Biological ; *Models, Biological ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Transpiration ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; *Trees ; Tsuga/*physiology ; *Water ; }, abstract = {Infestation of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) with hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA, Adelges tsugae) has caused widespread mortality of this key canopy species throughout much of the southern Appalachian Mountains in the past decade. Because eastern hemlock is heavily concentrated in riparian habitats, maintains a dense canopy, and has an evergreen leaf habit, its loss is expected to have a major impact on forest processes, including transpiration (E(t)). Our goal was to estimate changes in stand-level E(t) since HWA infestation, and predict future effects of forest regeneration on forest E(t) in declining eastern hemlock stands where hemlock represented 50-60% of forest basal area. We used a combination of community surveys, sap flux measurements, and empirical models relating sap flux-scaled leaf-level transpiration (E(L)) to climate to estimate the change in E(t) after hemlock mortality and forecast how forest E(t) will change in the future in response to eastern hemlock loss. From 2004 to 2011, eastern hemlock mortality reduced annual forest E(t) by 22% and reduced winter E(t) by 74%. As hemlock mortality increased, growth of deciduous tree species--especially sweet birch (Betula lenta L.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), and the evergreen understory shrub rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum L.)--also increased, and these species will probably dominate post-hemlock riparian forests. All of these species have higher daytime E(L) rates than hemlock, and replacement of hemlock with species that have less conservative transpiration rates will result in rapid recovery of annual stand E(t). Further, we predict that annual stand E(t) will eventually surpass E(t) levels observed before hemlock was infested with HWA. This long-term increase in forest E(t) may eventually reduce stream discharge, especially during the growing season. However, the dominance of deciduous species in the canopy will result in a permanent reduction in winter E(t) and possible increase in winter stream discharge. The effects of hemlock die-off and replacement with deciduous species will have a significant impact on the hydrologic flux of forest transpiration, especially in winter. These results highlight the impact that invasive species can have on landscape-level ecosystem fluxes.}, }
@article {pmid23865219, year = {2013}, author = {Nielsen, AL and Holmstrom, K and Hamilton, GC and Cambridge, J and Ingerson-Mahar, J}, title = {Use of black light traps to monitor the abundance, spread, and flight behavior of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {106}, number = {3}, pages = {1495-1502}, doi = {10.1603/ec12472}, pmid = {23865219}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Female ; Flight, Animal ; Heteroptera/*physiology ; Insect Control/*methods ; Male ; New Jersey ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Ultraviolet Rays ; }, abstract = {Monitoring the distribution and abundance of an invasive species is challenging, especially during the initial years of spread when population densities are low and basic biology and monitoring methods are being investigated. Brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys (Stål)) is an invasive agricultural and urban pest that was first detected in the United States in the late 1990s. At the time of its detection, no method was available to effectively track H. halys populations, which are highly mobile and polyphagous. One possible solution was the utilization of black light traps, which are nonspecific traps attractive to night flying insects. To determine if black light traps are a reliable monitoring tool for H. halys, a state-wide network of 40-75 traps located on New Jersey farms were monitored from 2004 to 2011 for H. halys. This proved to be a highly effective method of monitoring H. halys populations and their spread at the landscape level. The total number of brown marmorated stink bug caught in New Jersey increased exponentially during this period at a rate of 75% per year. Logistic regression estimates that 2.84 new farms are invaded each year by H. halys. The results indicate that black light traps are attractive to early season populations as well as at low population densities. Weekly trap catch data are being used to generate state-wide population distribution maps made available to farmers in weekly newsletters and online. While no economic threshold currently exists for brown marmorated stink bug, the maps provide farmers with a tool to forecast pest pressure and plan management.}, }
@article {pmid23865202, year = {2013}, author = {Dickey, AM and Osborne, LS and Shatters, RG and Hall, PA and Mckenzie, CL}, title = {Population genetics of invasive Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) cryptic species in the United States based on microsatellite markers.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {106}, number = {3}, pages = {1355-1364}, doi = {10.1603/ec12512}, pmid = {23865202}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Speciation ; *Genotype ; Hemiptera/*classification/cytology/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics ; Phylogeography ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; United States ; }, abstract = {The Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) cryptic species complex of whiteflies contains two species, MEAM1 and MED, that are highly invasive in supportive climates the world over. In the United States, MEAM1 occurs both in the field and in the greenhouse, but MED is only found in the greenhouse. To make inferences about the population structure of both species, and the origin and recent spread of MED within the United States, 987 MEAM1 whiteflies and 340 MED whiteflies were genotyped at six and seven microsatellite loci, respectively, for population genetic analyses. Major results of the study are 1) MED exhibits more population structure and genetic differentiation than MEAM1, 2) nuclear microsatellite markers exhibit a high degree of concordance with mitochondrial markers recovering a major east-west phylogeographic break within MED, 3) both eastern and western MED are found throughout the continental United States and eastern MED is present in Hawaii, and 4) MEAM1 contains two greenhouse U.S. populations significantly differentiated from other U.S. MEAM1. The results suggest that MED was introduced into the United States on at least three occasions and rapidly spread throughout the United States, showing no discernible differentiation across 7,000 km. The results further suggest that there is an enhanced role of the protected agricultural environment in promoting genetic differentiation in both invasive B. tabaci cryptic species.}, }
@article {pmid23865178, year = {2013}, author = {Duan, JJ and Bauer, LS and Abell, KJ and Lelito, JP and Van Driesche, R}, title = {Establishment and abundance of Tetrastichus planipennisi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Michigan: potential for success in classical biocontrol of the invasive emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {106}, number = {3}, pages = {1145-1154}, doi = {10.1603/ec13047}, pmid = {23865178}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera/parasitology ; Food Chain ; *Hymenoptera/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Michigan ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Random Allocation ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang is a gregarious larval endoparasitoid native to China and has been introduced to the United States since 2007 for classical biological control of the invasive emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, an exotic beetle responsible for widespread ash mortality. Between 2007-2010, T. planipennisi adults (3,311-4,597 females and approximately 1,500 males per site) were released into each of six forest sites in three counties (Ingham, Gratiot, and Shiawassee) of southern Michigan. By the fall of 2012, the proportion of sampled trees with one or more broods of T. planipennisi increased to 92 and 83% in the parasitoid-release and control plots, respectively, from 33 and 4% in the first year after parasitoid releases (2009 fall for Ingham county sites and 2010 for other sites). Similarly, the mean number of T. planipennisi broods observed from sampled trees increased from less than one brood per tree in the first year after parasitoid releases to 2.46 (at control plots) to 3.08 (at release plots) broods by the fall of 2012. The rates of emerald ash borer larval parasitism by T. planipennisi also increased from 1.2% in the first year after parasitoid releases to 21.2% in the parasitoid-release plots, and from 0.2 to 12.8% for the control plots by the fall of 2012. These results demonstrate that T. planipennisi is established in southern Michigan and that its populations are increasing and expanding. This suggests that T. planipennisi will likely play a critical role in suppressing emerald ash borer populations in Michigan.}, }
@article {pmid23864597, year = {2013}, author = {Rey, O and Facon, B and Foucaud, J and Loiseau, A and Estoup, A}, title = {Androgenesis is a maternal trait in the invasive ant Wasmannia auropunctata.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {280}, number = {1766}, pages = {20131181}, pmid = {23864597}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/genetics/*physiology ; Crosses, Genetic ; Female ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Models, Genetic ; Parthenogenesis ; Reproduction ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {Androgenesis is the production of an offspring containing exclusively the nuclear genome of the fathering male via the maternal eggs. This unusual mating system is generally considered a male trait, giving to androgenetic males a substantial fitness advantage over their sexually reproducing relatives. We here provide the first empirical study of the evolutionary outcomes of androgenesis in a haplo-diploid organism: the invasive ant Wasmannia auropunctata. Some of the populations of this species have a classical haplo-diploid sexual mating system. In other populations, females and males are produced through parthenogenesis and androgenesis, respectively, whereas workers are produced sexually. We conducted laboratory reciprocal-cross experiments with reproductive individuals from both types of populations and analysed their progenies with genetic markers, to determine the respective contribution of males and females to the production of androgenetic males. We found that androgenesis was a parthenogenetic female trait. A population genetic study conducted in natura confirmed the parthenogenetic female origin of androgenesis, with the identification of introgression events of sexual male genotypes into androgenetic/parthenogenetic lineages. We argue that by producing males via androgenesis, parthenogenetic queen lineages may increase and/or maintain their adaptive potential, while maintaining the integrity of their own genome, by occasionally acquiring new male genetic material and avoiding inbreeding depression within the sexually produced worker cast.}, }
@article {pmid23861921, year = {2013}, author = {Zhong, D and Lo, E and Hu, R and Metzger, ME and Cummings, R and Bonizzoni, M and Fujioka, KK and Sorvillo, TE and Kluh, S and Healy, SP and Fredregill, C and Kramer, VL and Chen, X and Yan, G}, title = {Genetic analysis of invasive Aedes albopictus populations in Los Angeles County, California and its potential public health impact.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {e68586}, pmid = {23861921}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {R01 AI083202/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; U54 AI065359/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/classification/*genetics ; Animals ; California ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/classification/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mosquito Control ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Population Dynamics ; Public Health ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is an anthropophilic aggressive daytime-biting nuisance and an efficient vector of certain arboviruses and filarial nematodes. Over the last 30 years, this species has spread rapidly through human travel and commerce from its native tropical forests of Asia to every continent except Antarctica. In 2011, a population of Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) was discovered in Los Angeles (LA) County, California. To determine the probable origin of this invasive species, the genetic structure of the population was compared against 11 populations from the United States and abroad, as well as preserved specimens from a 2001 introduction into California using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) gene. A total of 66 haplotypes were detected among samples and were divided into three main groups. Aedes albopictus collected in 2001 and 2011 from LA County were genetically related and similar to those from Asia but distinct from those collected in the eastern and southeastern United States. In view of the high genetic similarities between the 2001 and 2011 LA samples, it is possible that the 2011 population represents in part the descendants of the 2001 introduction. There remains an imperative need for improved surveillance and control strategies for this species.}, }
@article {pmid23861831, year = {2013}, author = {Freed, LA and Cann, RL}, title = {Females lead population collapse of the endangered Hawaii creeper.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {e67914}, pmid = {23861831}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Endangered Species ; Environment ; Female ; Genetic Fitness ; Hawaii ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Molting ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Population Dynamics/*trends ; *Reproduction ; Seasons ; Sex Ratio ; Starvation ; }, abstract = {Population collapses result from drastic environmental changes, but the sexes may differ in vulnerability. Collapse of the endangered Hawaii creeper (Oreomystis mana) at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge resulted from food limitation associated with increased numbers of an introduced bird (Japanese white-eye, Zosterops japonicus), which competes with the creeper for food. Both creeper sexes had stunted bill growth and the greatest change in molt of native species in the community. With a surge in numbers of white-eyes, a recent cohort of adult females had very low survival after breeding, while adult males from the same cohort, and older females and males, continued to have high survival. Lower female survival resulted in a significantly more male-biased adult sex ratio. Recent low female survival was based on a great cost of reproduction, indicated by molt-breeding overlap that was previously avoided, and lower fat during the lengthy fledgling period. The difference in female survival between cohorts was associated with stunted bills from being reared in and then breeding in an increasingly poor food environment. Trend analysis of survey data indicate that the bird is declining throughout the refuge, with males being 72-80% of adults left six years after the white-eye increased. Competition over time was consistent with that previously documented over space on the Island of Hawaii. Adaptive management to recover the bird in this protected area needs to focus on improving both adult female survival and the adult sex ratio.}, }
@article {pmid23859223, year = {2013}, author = {Seiter, S and Kingsolver, J}, title = {Environmental determinants of population divergence in life-history traits for an invasive species: climate, seasonality and natural enemies.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {26}, number = {8}, pages = {1634-1645}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12159}, pmid = {23859223}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; Butterflies/*growth &amp; development/immunology/parasitology ; *Climate ; Female ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; North America ; Oviparity ; Phenotype ; Pupa/growth &amp; development ; *Seasons ; Wasps/physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species cope with novel environments through both phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary change. However, the environmental factors that cause evolutionary divergence in invasive species are poorly understood. We developed predictions for how different life-history traits, and plasticity in those traits, may respond to environmental gradients in seasonal temperatures, season length and natural enemies. We then tested these predictions in four geographic populations of the invasive cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) from North America. We examined the influence of two rearing temperatures (20 and 26.7 °C) on pupal mass, pupal development time, immune function and fecundity. As predicted, development time was shorter and immune function was greater in populations adapted to longer season length. Also, phenotypic plasticity in development time was greater in regions with shorter growing seasons. Populations differed significantly in mean and plasticity of body mass and fecundity, but these differences were not associated with seasonal temperatures or season length. Our study shows that some life-history traits, such as development time and immune function, can evolve rapidly in response to latitudinal variation in season length and natural enemies, whereas others traits did not. Our results also indicate that phenotypic plasticity in development time can also diverge rapidly in response to environmental conditions for some traits.}, }
@article {pmid23858642, year = {2013}, author = {Priori, KM and Hellmann, JJ}, title = {Does enemy loss cause release? A biogeographical comparison of parasitoid effects on an introduced insect.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {5}, pages = {1015-1024}, doi = {10.1890/12-1710.1}, pmid = {23858642}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Demography ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Insecta/*parasitology/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; }, abstract = {The loss of natural enemies is a key feature of species introductions and is assumed to facilitate the increased success of species in new locales (enemy release hypothesis; ERH). The ERH is rarely tested experimentally, however, and is often assumed from observations of enemy loss. We provide a rigorous test of the link between enemy loss and enemy release by conducting observational surveys and an in situ parasitoid exclusion experiment in multiple locations in the native and introduced ranges of a gall-forming insect, Neuroterus saltatorius, which was introduced poleward, within North America. Observational surveys revealed that the gall-former experienced increased demographic success and lower parasitoid attack in the introduced range. Also, a different composition of parasitoids attacked the gall-former in the introduced range. These observational results show that enemies were lost and provide support for the ERH. Experimental results, however, revealed that, while some enemy release occurred, it was not the sole driver of demographic success. This was because background mortality in the absence of enemies was higher in the native range than in the introduced range, suggesting that factors other than parasitoids limit the species in its native range and contribute to its success in its introduced range. Our study demonstrates the importance of measuring the effect of enemies in the context of other community interactions in both ranges to understand what factors cause the increased demographic success of introduced species. This case also highlights that species can experience very different dynamics when introduced into ecologically similar communities.}, }
@article {pmid23858640, year = {2013}, author = {Burns, JH and Pardini, EA and Schutzenhofer, MR and Chung, YA and Seidler, KJ and Knight, TM}, title = {Greater sexual reproduction contributes to differences in demography of invasive plants and their noninvasive relatives.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {5}, pages = {995-1004}, doi = {10.1890/12-1310.1}, pmid = {23858640}, issn = {0012-9658}, support = {//Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Demography ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; *Plant Development ; Plants/*classification/genetics ; Reproduction/physiology ; }, abstract = {An understanding of the demographic processes contributing to invasions would improve our mechanistic understanding of the invasion process and improve the efficiency of prevention and control efforts. However, field comparisons of the demography of invasive and noninvasive species have not previously been conducted. We compared the in situ demography of 17 introduced plant species in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, to contrast the demographic patterns of invasive species with their less invasive relatives across a broad sample of angiosperms. Using herbarium records to estimate spread rates, we found higher maximum spread rates in the landscape for species classified a priori as invasive than for noninvasive introduced species, suggesting that expert classifications are an accurate reflection of invasion rate. Across 17 species, projected population growth was not significantly greater in invasive than in noninvasive introduced species. Among five taxonomic pairs of close relatives, however, four of the invasive species had higher projected population growth rates compared with their noninvasive relative. A Life Table Response Experiment suggested that the greater projected population growth rate of some invasive species relative to their noninvasive relatives was primarily a result of sexual reproduction. The greater sexual reproduction of invasive species is consistent with invaders having a life history strategy more reliant on fecundity than survival and is consistent with a large role of propagule pressure in invasion. Sexual reproduction is a key demographic correlate of invasiveness, suggesting that local processes influencing sexual reproduction, such as enemy escape, might be of general importance. However, the weak correlation of projected population growth with spread rates in the landscape suggests that regional processes, such as dispersal, may be equally important in determining invasion rate.}, }
@article {pmid23858639, year = {2013}, author = {Parker, JD and Torchin, ME and Hufbauer, RA and Lemoine, NP and Alba, C and Blumenthal, DM and Bossdorf, O and Byers, JE and Dunn, AM and Heckman, RW and Hejda, M and Jarosík, V and Kanarek, AR and Martin, LB and Perkins, SE and Pysek, P and Schierenbeck, K and Schlöder, C and van Klinken, R and Vaughn, KJ and Williams, W and Wolfe, LM}, title = {Do invasive species perform better in their new ranges?.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {5}, pages = {985-994}, doi = {10.1890/12-1810.1}, pmid = {23858639}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; }, abstract = {A fundamental assumption in invasion biology is that most invasive species exhibit enhanced performance in their introduced range relative to their home ranges. This idea has given rise to numerous hypotheses explaining "invasion success" by virtue of altered ecological and evolutionary pressures. There are surprisingly few data, however, testing the underlying assumption that the performance of introduced populations, including organism size, reproductive output, and abundance, is enhanced in their introduced compared to their native range. Here, we combined data from published studies to test this hypothesis for 26 plant and 27 animal species that are considered to be invasive. On average, individuals of these 53 species were indeed larger, more fecund, and more abundant in their introduced ranges. The overall mean, however, belied significant variability among species, as roughly half of the investigated species (N=27) performed similarly when compared to conspecific populations in their native range. Thus, although some invasive species are performing better in their new ranges, the pattern is not universal, and just as many are performing largely the same across ranges.}, }
@article {pmid23858466, year = {2013}, author = {Kempel, A and Chrobock, T and Fischer, M and Rohr, RP and van Kleunen, M}, title = {Determinants of plant establishment success in a multispecies introduction experiment with native and alien species.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {110}, number = {31}, pages = {12727-12732}, pmid = {23858466}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; *Plants ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Determinants of plant establishment and invasion are a key issue in ecology and evolution. Although establishment success varies substantially among species, the importance of species traits and extrinsic factors as determinants of establishment in existing communities has remained difficult to prove in observational studies because they can be confounded and mask each other. Therefore, we conducted a large multispecies field experiment to disentangle the relative importance of extrinsic factors vs. species characteristics for the establishment success of plants in grasslands. We introduced 48 alien and 45 native plant species at different seed numbers into multiple grassland sites with or without experimental soil disturbance and related their establishment success to species traits assessed in five independent multispecies greenhouse experiments. High propagule pressure and high seed mass were the most important factors increasing establishment success in the very beginning of the experiment. However, after 3 y, propagule pressure became less important, and species traits related to biotic interactions (including herbivore resistance and responses to shading and competition) became the most important drivers of success or failure. The relative importance of different traits was environment-dependent and changed over time. Our approach of combining a multispecies introduction experiment in the field with trait data from independent multispecies experiments in the greenhouse allowed us to detect the relative importance of species traits for early establishment and provided evidence that species traits--fine-tuned by environmental factors--determine success or failure of alien and native plants in temperate grasslands.}, }
@article {pmid23857735, year = {2013}, author = {Anderson, LJ and Cipollini, D}, title = {Gas exchange, growth, and defense responses of invasive Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae) and native Geum vernum (Rosaceae) to elevated atmospheric CO2 and warm spring temperatures.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {100}, number = {8}, pages = {1544-1554}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1300014}, pmid = {23857735}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Allelopathy ; Atmosphere ; Biomass ; Brassicaceae/growth &amp; development/immunology/*physiology/radiation effects ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; Cyanides/metabolism ; Flavonoids/metabolism ; Geum/growth &amp; development/immunology/*physiology/radiation effects ; Introduced Species ; Light ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Pheromones/metabolism ; Photosynthesis/*physiology ; *Plant Immunity ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development/immunology/physiology/radiation effects ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development/immunology/physiology/radiation effects ; Plant Shoots/growth &amp; development/immunology/physiology/radiation effects ; Plant Transpiration/physiology ; Seasons ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF STUDY: Global increases in atmospheric CO2 and temperature may interact in complex ways to influence plant physiology and growth, particularly for species that grow in cool, early spring conditions in temperate forests. Plant species may also vary in their responses to environmental changes; fast-growing invasives may be more responsive to rising CO2 than natives and may increase production of allelopathic compounds under these conditions, altering species' competitive interactions.<br><br>METHODS: We examined growth and physiological responses of Alliaria petiolata, an allelopathic, invasive herb, and Geum vernum, a co-occurring native herb, to ambient and elevated spring temperatures and atmospheric CO2 conditions in a factorial growth chamber experiment.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: At 5 wk, leaves were larger at high temperature, and shoot biomass increased under elevated CO2 only at high temperature in both species. As temperatures gradually warmed to simulate seasonal progression, G. vernum became responsive to CO2 at both temperatures, whereas A. petiolata continued to respond to elevated CO2 only at high temperature. Elevated CO2 increased thickness and decreased nitrogen concentrations in leaves of both species. Alliaria petiolata showed photosynthetic downregulation at elevated CO2, whereas G. vernum photosynthesis increased at elevated temperature. Flavonoid and cyanide concentrations decreased significantly in A. petiolata leaves in the elevated CO2 and temperature treatment. Total glucosinolate concentrations and trypsin inhibitor activities did not vary among treatments.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Future elevated spring temperatures and CO2 will interact to stimulate growth for A. petiolata and G. vernum, but there may be reduced allelochemical effects in A. petiolata.}, }
@article {pmid23851930, year = {2013}, author = {Nyangiwe, N and Matthee, C and Horak, I and Matthee, S}, title = {First record of the pantropical blue tick Rhipicephalus microplus in Namibia.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {61}, number = {4}, pages = {503-507}, pmid = {23851930}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/*parasitology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Introduced Species ; Namibia ; Rhipicephalus/*classification ; Tick Infestations/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The invasive pantropical blue tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, has recently been collected from cattle in Namibia. A cross-sectional study aimed at recording the geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus decoloratus and establishing whether R. microplus is present in Namibia was conducted towards the end of summer (March-April) 2013. Ticks were collected from cattle on 18 privately owned farms across a large geographical scale. Ticks were collected from three to five cattle per farm and species belonging to the genera Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus were recovered. Rhipicephalus decoloratus was present on all farms and R. microplus was recorded on four of the farms. The small numbers of R. microplus compared to R. decoloratus collected in the mixed infestations, suggests that the introduction events were recent.}, }
@article {pmid23849724, year = {2013}, author = {Marion, L}, title = {Is the Sacred ibis a real threat to biodiversity? Long-term study of its diet in non-native areas compared to native areas.}, journal = {Comptes rendus biologies}, volume = {336}, number = {4}, pages = {207-220}, doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2013.05.001}, pmid = {23849724}, issn = {1768-3238}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds/*physiology ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; *Diet ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Feeding Behavior ; France ; *Introduced Species ; Nesting Behavior ; Population ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Principal Component Analysis ; }, abstract = {This paper presents the results of a 14-year study about the diet of the Sacred ibis in its main introduction area in France and its impact on native bird species, and compares the data to literature from its native area. During an initial period (1993-2004), the diet was essentially composed of invertebrates such as common aquatic insects (correlated with flooding) or Eristalis larvae picked from the mud (a vacant food niche in France), while scraps of meat taken from rubbish dumps were minor. These traditional preys taken from the same ecosystems as in its native area did not result in an exponential increase of the number of breeding Sacred ibises. Invasive Red swamp crayfish recently replaced other foods in its diet with a resulting sharp increase in breeding pair numbers (R(2)=0.48). As in other parts of the world, vertebrates constituted very accidental preys, and no bird species were really threatened by such predation. Conversely, the Sacred ibis can have a positive effect as a predator of invasive crayfish. Adding the species to the DAISIE list of the 100 most invasive alien species in Europe therefore appears debatable.}, }
@article {pmid23849721, year = {2013}, author = {Lardeux, F}, title = {Niche invasion, competition and coexistence amongst wild and domestic Bolivian populations of Chagas vector Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae).}, journal = {Comptes rendus biologies}, volume = {336}, number = {4}, pages = {183-193}, doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2013.05.003}, pmid = {23849721}, issn = {1768-3238}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Bolivia ; Chagas Disease/*transmission ; Environment ; Female ; Fertility ; Fertilization ; Humans ; Insect Vectors ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Models, Statistical ; Reproduction ; Species Specificity ; Survival ; Triatoma/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The model developed for human parasites by Bottomley et al. (2007) has been adapted to the dynamics of triatomines to better understand the processes of niche invasion, competition among species and coexistence. In Bolivia, both wild and domestic populations of Triatoma infestans exist. Their ecological niches are normally separated and the two populations do not interbreed, behaving as two distinct species. However, it has been suggested that the two populations may compete, highlighting therefore the potential risk of wild populations invading human dwellings. The model revealed the importance of the basic reproduction rates R0 of triatomine colonies for the risk of invasion. This depends not only on life traits such as survival and fecundity, but also on (1) the density-dependence phenomenon that limits triatomine establishment, (2) on house exposure to infection and (3) on the correlation between house susceptibility to domestic T. infestans and house susceptibility to wild T. infestans. Competition and coexistence amongst the two groups of T. infestans may occur under particular conditions, but are very unlikely.}, }
@article {pmid23848059, year = {2013}, author = {Huang, Y and Bai, Y and Wang, Y and Kong, H}, title = {Allelopathic effects of the extracts from an invasive species Solidago canadensis L. on Microcystis aeruginosa.}, journal = {Letters in applied microbiology}, volume = {57}, number = {5}, pages = {451-458}, doi = {10.1111/lam.12133}, pmid = {23848059}, issn = {1472-765X}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; Microcystis/chemistry/drug effects/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Plant Extracts/*pharmacology ; Solidago/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {This study investigated allelopathic effects of Solidago canadensis L. on Microcystis aeruginosa. The results showed that S. canadensis L. extracts could significantly inhibit the growth of M. aeruginosa. The inhibition ratios of samples with 0·3 and 0·5 g l(-1) extracts were over 90% after 7 days, and the transmission electron microscopy images showed the damage of M. aeruginosa cells during the incubation. In physiological and biochemical measurements, the membrane permeability and malondialdehyde (MDA) content rapidly increased with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the content of antioxidant molecules (ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH)) increased. Although the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT)) increased at low extracts concentrations, the effects were inhibitory when the extracts concentration increased. In conclusion, this study provided a new idea to utilize the detrimental weed S. canadensis L. to control harmful cyanobacteria. The alterations in physiology and biochemistry of M. aeruginosa cell were not in isolation, but with the stimulation of intracellular ROS that could play a fundamental role in inhibitory effects of S. canadensis L. extracts. It was inferred that terrestrial plants could have the same algistatic mechanisms as hydrophytes.}, }
@article {pmid23847712, year = {2013}, author = {Marler, TE and Lawrence, JH}, title = {Canopy and knowledge gaps when invasive alien insects remove foundation species.}, journal = {Communicative &amp; integrative biology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {e22331}, pmid = {23847712}, issn = {1942-0889}, abstract = {The armored scale Aulacaspis yasumatsui invaded the northern range of the cycad Cycas micronesica in 2003, and epidemic tree mortality ensued due to a lack of natural enemies of the insect. We quantified cycad demographic responses to the invasion, but the ecological responses to the selective removal of this foundation species have not been addressed. We use this case to highlight information gaps in our understanding of how alien invasive phytophagous insects force cascading adverse ecosystem changes. The mechanistic role of unique canopy gaps, oceanic island examples and threatened foundation species with distinctive traits are three issues that deserve research efforts in a quest to understand this facet of ecosystem change occurring across multiple settings globally.}, }
@article {pmid23847023, year = {2013}, author = {Narayan, EJ and Hero, JM}, title = {Repeatability of baseline corticosterone and acute stress responses to capture, and patterns of reproductive hormones in vitellogenic and non-vitellogenic female Fijian ground frog (Platymantis vitiana).}, journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological genetics and physiology}, volume = {319}, number = {8}, pages = {471-481}, doi = {10.1002/jez.1810}, pmid = {23847023}, issn = {1932-5231}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura ; Breeding ; Corticosterone/*metabolism ; Female ; Fiji ; Reproduction/*genetics ; Seasons ; Stress, Physiological/*genetics ; Vitellogenesis/genetics ; }, abstract = {The survival of animal species and individuals is largely determined by their ability to express physiological stress responses to predictable and unpredictable environmental challenges. Currently, there is no empirical evidence presenting the stress endocrine responses of female frogs during breeding between different reproductive groups. In this study, non-invasive urine sampling and standard capture and handling protocol were used to quantify baseline and short-term corticosterone stress responses in vitellogenic and non-vitellogenic female Fijian ground frog (Platymantis vitiana) during the annual breeding period. Urinary estrogen and progesterone metabolites were also quantified in the same frog urine samples. Repeated sampling of the female frogs (n = 20) on three occasions enabled repeatability (r) of reproductive and stress hormones to be quantified. All female frogs generated urinary corticosterone responses to the standard capture and handling stressor. Both baseline and short-term corticosterone responses were significantly higher in magnitude in the vitellogenic females in comparison to the non-vitellogenic female frogs. Vitellogenic females also showed significantly higher levels of urinary estrogen and progesterone metabolites in comparison to the non-vitellogenic females. Baseline urinary corticosterone, short-term corticosterone responses, urinary estrogen, and progesterone metabolites were highly repeatable for both female groups. The results highlight the importance of reproductive and stress hormones during the breeding period in female ground frogs. Future studies should determine the role of potential biological stressors (such as interactions with invasive species) that could be mediating the observed differences in stress endocrine responses of the vitellogenic and non-vitellogenic female frogs.}, }
@article {pmid23844706, year = {2013}, author = {Lovett, GM and Arthur, MA and Weathers, KC and Griffin, JM}, title = {Effects of introduced insects and diseases on forest ecosystems in the Catskill Mountains of New York.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {1298}, number = {}, pages = {66-77}, doi = {10.1111/nyas.12215}, pmid = {23844706}, issn = {1749-6632}, mesh = {Air Pollution ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Coleoptera ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Hemlock ; Insecta ; Introduced Species ; Moths ; New York ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Repeated invasions of non-native insects and pathogens have altered the structure and function of forest ecosystems in the Catskill Mountains of New York State, and will continue to do so in the future. Gypsy moth, beech bark disease, and hemlock woolly adelgid are among the insects and diseases currently established in the Catskills that are having significant effects on forests. Many others, including emerald ash borer, Asian long-horned beetle, Phytophthora ramorum, and Sirex wood wasp, are either very recently established in the Catskills or have been found elsewhere in North America and threaten to spread to this region. Short-term disturbances associated with these pests include reduction of productivity, tree decline and mortality, disruption of nutrient cycles, and reduction of seed production. Longer-term impacts are associated with shifts in tree species composition that alter productivity, nutrient cycling, and biodiversity. Catskill forests at mid to high elevations, such as the New York State Forest Preserve lands, are dominated by sugar maple and are particularly vulnerable to pests that use maple as a host, including the Asian long-horned beetle. The simultaneous effects of multiple invading insects and pathogens, and their interactions with changing climate and air pollution regimes, make it very difficult to predict the future composition of Catskill forests.}, }
@article {pmid23844658, year = {2013}, author = {Schuler, H and Bertheau, C and Egan, SP and Feder, JL and Riegler, M and Schlick-Steiner, BC and Steiner, FM and Johannesen, J and Kern, P and Tuba, K and Lakatos, F and Köppler, K and Arthofer, W and Stauffer, C}, title = {Evidence for a recent horizontal transmission and spatial spread of Wolbachia from endemic Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae) to invasive Rhagoletis cingulata in Europe.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {22}, number = {15}, pages = {4101-4111}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12362}, pmid = {23844658}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/*genetics ; Disease Transmission, Infectious ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Tephritidae/*microbiology ; Wolbachia/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The widespread occurrence of Wolbachia in arthropods and nematodes suggests that this intracellular, maternally inherited endosymbiont has the ability to cross species boundaries. However, direct evidence for such a horizontal transmission of Wolbachia in nature is scarce. Here, we compare the well-characterized Wolbachia infection of the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi, with that of the North American eastern cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cingulata, recently introduced to Europe. Molecular genetic analysis of Wolbachia based on multilocus sequence typing and the Wolbachia surface protein wsp showed that all R. cingulata individuals are infected with wCin2 identical to wCer2 in R. cerasi. In contrast, wCin1, a strain identical to wCer1 in R. cerasi, was present in several European populations of R. cingulata, but not in any individual from the United States. Surveys of R. cingulata from Germany and Hungary indicated that in some populations, the frequency of wCin1 increased significantly in just a few years with at least two independent horizontal transmission events. This is corroborated by the analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene that showed association of wCin1 with two distinct haplotypes in Germany, one of which is also infected with wCin1 in Hungary. In summary, our study provides strong evidence for a very recent inter-specific Wolbachia transmission with a subsequent spatial spread in field populations.}, }
@article {pmid23844164, year = {2013}, author = {Sandlund, OT and Gjelland, K&#xd8; and Bøhn, T and Knudsen, R and Amundsen, PA}, title = {Contrasting population and life history responses of a young morph-pair of European whitefish to the invasion of a specialised coregonid competitor, vendace.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {e68156}, pmid = {23844164}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Density ; Salmonidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Invasions of non-native species represent a global problem of great scientific interest. Here we study in detail the response in population and life history characteristics of closely related native species, with divergent habitat preferences, that are impacted by an invading species over a sufficient time period to allow a new stable state to become established. A time series of 20 years starting at the first occurrence of the invader (vendace Coregonus albula (L.)) allows exploration of the long term population and life history response of two ecologically, morphologically, and genetically different native sympatric morphs (DR- and SR-) of congeneric whitefish C. lavaretus (L.). The whitefish morphs are taxonomically equally related to the invading vendace, but only the planktivorous DR-whitefish share its pelagic niche. We would expect that the ecological differences between the whitefish morphs may be used as a predictor of competitive effects. Vendace exhibited an initial boom-and-bust development, and has continued to fluctuate in density. The responses of the pelagic DR-whitefish were: i) an immediate habitat shift, ii) a subsequent population decline caused by increased annual mortality, and iii) a new stable state at a lower density and apparently relaxed competition. The ecologically more distant benthivorous SR-whitefish also showed significant, but a much more limited response during this process, indicating damped indirect interactions through the food-web. This long-term case-study found that in two native eco-species equally related to the invader, only one of the eco-species was highly affected. Direct competition for resources is obviously important for species interactions, whereas the taxonomic relatedness per se seems to offer little predictive power for invasion effects.}, }
@article {pmid23843957, year = {2013}, author = {Di Febbraro, M and Lurz, PW and Genovesi, P and Maiorano, L and Girardello, M and Bertolino, S}, title = {The use of climatic niches in screening procedures for introduced species to evaluate risk of spread: a case with the American Eastern grey squirrel.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {e66559}, pmid = {23843957}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Sciuridae ; United States ; }, abstract = {Species introduction represents one of the most serious threats for biodiversity. The realized climatic niche of an invasive species can be used to predict its potential distribution in new areas, providing a basis for screening procedures in the compilation of black and white lists to prevent new introductions. We tested this assertion by modeling the realized climatic niche of the Eastern grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis. Maxent was used to develop three models: one considering only records from the native range (NRM), a second including records from native and invasive range (NIRM), a third calibrated with invasive occurrences and projected in the native range (RCM). Niche conservatism was tested considering both a niche equivalency and a niche similarity test. NRM failed to predict suitable parts of the currently invaded range in Europe, while RCM underestimated the suitability in the native range. NIRM accurately predicted both the native and invasive range. The niche equivalency hypothesis was rejected due to a significant difference between the grey squirrel's niche in native and invasive ranges. The niche similarity test yielded no significant results. Our analyses support the hypothesis of a shift in the species' climatic niche in the area of introductions. Species Distribution Models (SDMs) appear to be a useful tool in the compilation of black lists, allowing identifying areas vulnerable to invasions. We advise caution in the use of SDMs based only on the native range of a species for the compilation of white lists for other geographic areas, due to the significant risk of underestimating its potential invasive range.}, }
@article {pmid23841878, year = {2014}, author = {Brown, AMV and Huynh, LY and Bolender, CM and Nelson, KG and McCutcheon, JP}, title = {Population genomics of a symbiont in the early stages of a pest invasion.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {6}, pages = {1516-1530}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12366}, pmid = {23841878}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Enterobacteriaceae/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Frequency ; *Genetics, Population ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Genotype ; Heteroptera/*microbiology ; Host Specificity ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Pueraria ; Glycine max ; Symbiosis/*genetics ; United States ; }, abstract = {Invasive species often depend on microbial symbionts, but few studies have examined the evolutionary dynamics of symbionts during the early stages of an invasion. The insect Megacopta cribraria and its bacterial nutritional symbiont Candidatus Ishikawaella capsulata invaded the southeastern US in 2009. While M. cribraria was initially discovered on wild kudzu plants, it was found as a pest on soybeans within 1 year of infestation. Because prior research suggests Ishikawaella confers the pest status--that is, the ability to thrive on soybeans--in some Megacopta species, we performed a genomic study on Ishikawaella from US. Megacopta cribraria populations to understand the role of the symbiont in driving host plant preferences. We included Ishikawaella samples collected in the first days of the invasion in 2009 and from 23 locations across the insect's 2011 US range. The 0.75 Mb symbiont genome revealed only 47 fixed differences from the pest-conferring Ishikawaella in Japan, with only one amino acid change in a nutrition-provisioning gene. This similarity, along with a lack of fixed substitutions in the US symbiont population, indicates that Ishikawella likely arrived in the US capable of being a soybean pest. Analyses of allele frequency changes between 2009 and 2011 uncover signatures of both positive and negative selection and suggest that symbionts on soybeans and kudzu experience differential selection for genes related to nutrient provisioning. Our data reveal the evolutionary trajectory of an important insect-bacteria symbiosis in the early stages of an invasion, highlighting the role microbial symbionts may play in the spread of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid23841619, year = {2014}, author = {Chang, H and Liu, Q and Hao, D and Liu, Y and An, Y and Qian, L and Yang, X}, title = {DNA barcodes and molecular diagnostics for distinguishing introduced Xyleborus (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) species in China.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {63-69}, doi = {10.3109/19401736.2013.779260}, pmid = {23841619}, issn = {1940-1744}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; China ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; Commerce/instrumentation ; Computational Biology ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; DNA Primers/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Wood/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Members of the large and complex genus Xyleborus (Coleoptera: Scolytinae: Xyleborini) are the most commonly intercepted beetles associated with solid wood-packing materials at ports of entry in China. The accurate identification of species is critical in preventing the invasion of exotic insects. Considering the difficulties in morphological identification, genetic divergences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes have been used in insect species identification. In this study, 32 Xyleborus and 2 outgroup species were collected from Jiangsu ports and selected to evaluate the effectiveness of DNA barcoding for Xyleborus species. The results showed that the mean interspecific divergence values (23.6%) were 15-fold higher than the observed intraspecific divergence (1.6%), except Xyleborus affinis. The results supported the inference that the barcode variation within species of insects is somewhat higher than interspecific ones. Thus, this study validated the effectiveness of barcoding for the identification of Xyleborus species.}, }
@article {pmid23841612, year = {2014}, author = {Moreira, C and van Asch, B and Fonseca, L and Pereira-Castro, I and Silva, R and Azevedo, L and Mota, M and Abrantes, I and Amorim, A and Pereira, F}, title = {The mitochondrial genome of the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) lineage introduced in Europe.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, pages = {420-421}, doi = {10.3109/19401736.2013.809438}, pmid = {23841612}, issn = {1940-1744}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Codon, Terminator/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Genes, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; INDEL Mutation/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Portugal ; Republic of Korea ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Tylenchida/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causative agent of pine wilt disease and the greatest biological threat to conifer forests worldwide. Here we describe the near-complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence (12,945 bp) of the PWN lineage recently introduced in Europe. The absence of polymorphisms across the mtDNA of three Portuguese isolates suggests that a single mitochondrial lineage was introduced in southwestern Europe. We also found that Portuguese isolates have an incomplete stop codon (TA) at COX3, while the reference mtDNA from a South Korean isolate has a complete stop codon (TAA). Moreover, two insertion/deletion polymorphisms change the ND4 protein in a stretch of seven amino acids, and a polymorphic mononucleotide repeat alters the predicted structure of the tyrosine tRNA in different geographical isolates. Overall, the new PWN mtDNA sequence provides a basis for studying the European dispersion of this important invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid23840875, year = {2013}, author = {Gu, J and Hu, W and Wu, J and Zheng, P and Chen, M and James, AA and Chen, X and Tu, Z}, title = {miRNA genes of an invasive vector mosquito, Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {e67638}, pmid = {23840875}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {R21 AI070854/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; U54 AI065359/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; U54AI065359/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI070854/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Female ; Insect Vectors/*genetics ; Male ; MicroRNAs/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus, a vector of Dengue and Chikungunya viruses, is a robust invasive species in both tropical and temperate environments. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression and biological processes including embryonic development, innate immunity and infection. While a number of miRNAs have been discovered in some mosquitoes, no comprehensive effort has been made to characterize them from different developmental stages from a single species. Systematic analysis of miRNAs in Ae. albopictus will improve our understanding of its basic biology and inform novel strategies to prevent virus transmission. Between 10-14 million Illumina sequencing reads per sample were obtained from embryos, larvae, pupae, adult males, sugar-fed and blood-fed adult females. A total of 119 miRNA genes represented by 215 miRNA or miRNA star (miRNA*) sequences were identified, 15 of which are novel. Eleven, two, and two of the newly-discovered miRNA genes appear specific to Aedes, Culicinae, and Culicidae, respectively. A number of miRNAs accumulate predominantly in one or two developmental stages and the large number that showed differences in abundance following a blood meal likely are important in blood-induced mosquito biology. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of the targets of all Ae. albopictus miRNAs provides a useful starting point for the study of their functions in mosquitoes. This study is the first systematic analysis of miRNAs based on deep-sequencing of small RNA samples of all developmental stages of a mosquito species. A number of miRNAs are related to specific physiological states, most notably, pre- and post-blood feeding. The distribution of lineage-specific miRNAs is consistent with mosquito phylogeny and the presence of a number of Aedes-specific miRNAs likely reflects the divergence between the Aedes and Culex genera.}, }
@article {pmid23840756, year = {2013}, author = {Liu, B and Yang, Y and Xie, L and Zeng, G and Ma, K}, title = {Beilschmiedia turbinata: a newly recognized but dying species of Lauraceae from tropical Asia based on morphological and molecular data.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {e67636}, pmid = {23840756}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Asia ; DNA, Chloroplast/genetics ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Flowers/genetics ; Lauraceae/*classification/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Plant Leaves/genetics ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {China took great efforts to reforestation, even turned the long-term forest loss into a net gain, but this cannot hide the loss of species diversity due to destruction of primary forests, habitat loss, invasion of alien species, and over exploitation. Here we provide such a case by recording a dying tree species of Lauraceae from the evergreen forests of SE Yunnan of China and adjoining Vietnam. We made field collections and observations for four consecutive years from 2009 to 2012. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted based on a combined dataset from nrITS and plastid trnL-trnF region, rpl16 intron, and psbA-trnH spacer. The results indicate that the Asiatic Beilschmiedia and Syndiclis are reciprocally monophyletic with Endiandra as a sister group, and both morphology and molecular phylogeny clearly suggest that the new species belongs to Beilschmiedia. Thus Beilschmiedia turbinata Bing Liu et Y. Yang is illustrated and described as new to science, color plates, line drawings, distribution map and comparison with related species are provided. This new species is similar to B. yunnanensis in the small and ferruginous-brown tomentose terminal buds, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate and alternate or subopposite leaves bearing the fine veinlet reticulation, but differs from the latter by the smaller flowers, the eglandular stamens of the third whorl, and the large turbinate furfuraceous fruits.}, }
@article {pmid23840648, year = {2013}, author = {Tanner, RA and Varia, S and Eschen, R and Wood, S and Murphy, ST and Gange, AC}, title = {Impacts of an invasive non-native annual weed, Impatiens glandulifera, on above- and below-ground invertebrate communities in the United Kingdom.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {e67271}, pmid = {23840648}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acari/physiology ; Animals ; Ants/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Herbivory ; Heteroptera/physiology ; Impatiens/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Isopoda/physiology ; Plant Weeds/*physiology ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Vegetation community composition and the above- and below-ground invertebrate communities are linked intrinsically, though few studies have assessed the impact of non-native plants on both these parts of the community together. We evaluated the differences in the above- (foliage- and ground-dwelling) and below-ground invertebrate communities in nine uninvaded plots and nine plots invaded by the annual invasive species Impatiens glandulifera, in the UK during 2007 and 2008. Over 139,000 invertebrates were identified into distinct taxa and categorised into functional feeding groups. The impact of I. glandulifera on the vegetation and invertebrate community composition was evaluated using multivariate statistics including principal response curves (PRC) and redundancy analysis (RDA). In the foliage-dwelling community, all functional feeding groups were less abundant in the invaded plots, and the species richness of Coleoptera and Heteroptera was significantly reduced. In the ground-dwelling community, herbivores, detritivores, and predators were all significantly less abundant in the invaded plots. In contrast, these functional groups in the below-ground community appeared to be largely unaffected, and even positively associated with the presence of I. glandulifera. Although the cover of I. glandulifera decreased in the invaded plots in the second year of the study, only the below-ground invertebrate community showed a significant response. These results indicate that the above- and below-ground invertebrate communities respond differently to the presence of I. glandulifera, and these community shifts can potentially lead to a habitat less biologically diverse than surrounding native communities; which could have negative impacts on higher trophic levels and ecosystem functioning.}, }
@article {pmid23840639, year = {2013}, author = {Berman, M and Andersen, AN and Hély, C and Gaucherel, C}, title = {Overview of the Distribution, Habitat Association and Impact of Exotic Ants on Native Ant Communities in New Caledonia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {e67245}, pmid = {23840639}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; New Caledonia ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Ants are among the most ubiquitous and harmful invaders worldwide, but there are few regional studies of their relationships with habitat and native ant communities. New Caledonia has a unique and diverse ant fauna that is threatened by exotic ants, but broad-scale patterns of exotic and native ant community composition in relation to habitat remain poorly documented. We conducted a systematic baiting survey of 56 sites representing the main New Caledonian habitat types: rainforest on ultramafic soils (15 sites), rainforest on volcano-sedimentary soils (13), maquis shrubland (15), Melaleuca-dominated savannas (11) and Acacia spirorbis thickets (2). We collected a total of 49 species, 13 of which were exotic. Only five sites were free of exotic species, and these were all rainforest. The five most abundant exotic species differed in their habitat association, with Pheidole megacephala associated with rainforests, Brachymyrmex cf. obscurior with savanna, and Wasmannia auropunctata and Nylanderia vaga present in most habitats. Anoplolepis gracilipes occurred primarily in maquis-shrubland, which contrasts with its rainforest affinity elsewhere. Multivariate analysis of overall ant species composition showed strong differentiation of sites according to the distribution of exotic species, and these patterns were maintained at the genus and functional group levels. Native ant composition differed at invaded versus uninvaded rainforest sites, in the absence of differences in habitat variables. Generalised Myrmicinae and Forest Opportunists were particularly affected by invasion. There was a strong negative relationship between the abundance of W. auropunctata and native ant abundance and richness. This emphasizes that, in addition to dominating many ant communities numerically, some exotic species, and in particular W. auropunctata, have a marked impact on native ant communities.}, }
@article {pmid23840435, year = {2013}, author = {Chen, BM and Peng, SL and D'Antonio, CM and Li, DJ and Ren, WT}, title = {Non-Additive effects on decomposition from mixing litter of the invasive Mikania micrantha H.B.K. with native plants.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {e66289}, pmid = {23840435}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {China ; Ficus/chemistry/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Mikania/chemistry/*metabolism ; Nitrogen Compounds/chemistry/*metabolism ; Plant Components, Aerial/chemistry/*metabolism ; Plant Weeds/chemistry/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {A common hypothesis to explain the effect of litter mixing is based on the difference in litter N content between mixed species. Although many studies have shown that litter of invasive non-native plants typically has higher N content than that of native plants in the communities they invade, there has been surprisingly little study of mixing effects during plant invasions. We address this question in south China where Mikania micrantha H.B.K., a non-native vine, with high litter N content, has invaded many forested ecosystems. We were specifically interested in whether this invader accelerated decomposition and how the strength of the litter mixing effect changes with the degree of invasion and over time during litter decomposition. Using litterbags, we evaluated the effect of mixing litter of M. micrantha with the litter of 7 native resident plants, at 3 ratios: M1 (1∶4, = exotic:native litter), M2 (1∶1) and M3 (4∶1, = exotic:native litter) over three incubation periods. We compared mixed litter with unmixed litter of the native species to identify if a non-additive effect of mixing litter existed. We found that there were positive significant non-additive effects of litter mixing on both mass loss and nutrient release. These effects changed with native species identity, mixture ratio and decay times. Overall the greatest accelerations of mixture decay and N release tended to be in the highest degree of invasion (mix ratio M3) and during the middle and final measured stages of decomposition. Contrary to expectations, the initial difference in litter N did not explain species differences in the effect of mixing but overall it appears that invasion by M. micrantha is accelerating the decomposition of native species litter. This effect on a fundamental ecosystem process could contribute to higher rates of nutrient turnover in invaded ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid23839266, year = {2013}, author = {Magnoli, SM and Kleinhesselink, AR and Cushman, JH}, title = {Responses to invasion and invader removal differ between native and exotic plant groups in a coastal dune.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {173}, number = {4}, pages = {1521-1530}, pmid = {23839266}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Aizoaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Bromus/*growth &amp; development ; California ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Soil ; }, abstract = {The spread of exotic, invasive species is a global phenomenon that is recognized as a major source of environmental change. Although many studies have addressed the effects of exotic plants on the communities they invade, few have quantified the effects of invader removal on plant communities, or considered the degree to which different plant groups vary in response to invasion and invader removal. We evaluated the effects of an exotic succulent, iceplant (Carpobrotus edulis), on a coastal dune plant community in northern California, as well as the community responses to its removal. To assess possible mechanisms by which iceplant affects other plants, we also evaluated its above- and belowground influences on the germination and growth of a dominant exotic annual grass, Bromus diandrus. We found that iceplant invasion was associated with reduced native plant cover as well as increased cover and density of some exotic plants-especially exotic annual grasses. However, iceplant removal did not necessarily lead to a reversal of these effects: removal increased the cover and density of both native and exotic species. We also found that B. diandrus grown in iceplant patches, or in soil where iceplant had been removed, had poorer germination and growth than B. diandrus grown in soil not influenced by iceplant. This suggests that the influence of iceplant on this dune plant community occurs, at least in part, due to belowground effects, and that these effects remain after iceplant has been removed. Our study demonstrates the importance of considering how exotic invasive plants affect not only native species, but also co-occurring exotic taxa. It also shows that combining observational studies with removal experiments can lead to important insights into the influence of invaders and the mechanisms of their effects.}, }
@article {pmid23839152, year = {2013}, author = {Wanyonyi, WC and Onyari, JM and Shiundu, PM}, title = {Adsorption of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions using Eichhornia crassipes.}, journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, pages = {362-366}, doi = {10.1007/s00128-013-1053-0}, pmid = {23839152}, issn = {1432-0800}, mesh = {Adsorption ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Coloring Agents/*metabolism ; Desiccation ; Eichhornia ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Kenya ; Lakes ; Methylene Blue/*metabolism ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Plant Stems/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Adsorption of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution using dried roots, stems, and leaves of Eichhornia crassipes biomass obtained from Lake Victoria was studied. Batch experimental results revealed that the adsorption process was highly dependent on adsorbent dosage, initial MB concentration, E. crassipes particle size and aqueous solution temperature. The isotherm data fitted Freundlich mathematical models with maximum dye adsorption of 35.37 mg g(-1). Roots adsorbed over 99 % of the MB in <5 min. Sorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model. Results provide evidence that E. crassipes is an effective and inexpensive biomaterial for dye removal from aqueous dye solutions and industrial effluents.}, }
@article {pmid23836785, year = {2013}, author = {Normand, S and Randin, C and Ohlemüller, R and Bay, C and Høye, TT and Kjær, ED and Körner, C and Lischke, H and Maiorano, L and Paulsen, J and Pearman, PB and Psomas, A and Treier, UA and Zimmermann, NE and Svenning, JC}, title = {A greener Greenland? Climatic potential and long-term constraints on future expansions of trees and shrubs.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {368}, number = {1624}, pages = {20120479}, pmid = {23836785}, issn = {1471-2970}, support = {310886/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {Arctic Regions ; *Climate Change ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Greenland ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Species Specificity ; Trees/classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Warming-induced expansion of trees and shrubs into tundra vegetation will strongly impact Arctic ecosystems. Today, a small subset of the boreal woody flora found during certain Plio-Pleistocene warm periods inhabits Greenland. Whether the twenty-first century warming will induce a re-colonization of a rich woody flora depends on the roles of climate and migration limitations in shaping species ranges. Using potential treeline and climatic niche modelling, we project shifts in areas climatically suitable for tree growth and 56 Greenlandic, North American and European tree and shrub species from the Last Glacial Maximum through the present and into the future. In combination with observed tree plantings, our modelling highlights that a majority of the non-native species find climatically suitable conditions in certain parts of Greenland today, even in areas harbouring no native trees. Analyses of analogous climates indicate that these conditions are widespread outside Greenland, thus increasing the likelihood of woody invasions. Nonetheless, we find a substantial migration lag for Greenland's current and future woody flora. In conclusion, the projected climatic scope for future expansions is strongly limited by dispersal, soil development and other disequilibrium dynamics, with plantings and unintentional seed dispersal by humans having potentially large impacts on spread rates.}, }
@article {pmid23833904, year = {2012}, author = {Farajollahi, A and Crans, SC}, title = {A checklist of the mosquitoes of New Jersey with notes on established invasive species.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {237-239}, doi = {10.2987/12-6229R.1}, pmid = {23833904}, issn = {8756-971X}, mesh = {Animals ; Culicidae/*classification/*genetics ; Demography ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mosquito Control ; New Jersey ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {A checklist of 63 species of mosquitoes endemic in New Jersey is presented. Although Aedes albopictus was included in the previous checklist, the species has dramatically increased its geographic range and population numbers in recent years, and it is now prevalent in 19 of New Jersey's 21 counties. The invasive Aedes japonicus japonicus is also now widespread throughout the state and is an addition to the previous checklist. Culex erraticus, an endemic species with a previous distribution primarily in the southern portion of the state, has also expanded its range significantly in New Jersey in recent years and is now detected state-wide. Mosquito control personnel periodically discover localized populations of Ae. aegypti, but the species fails to overwinter successfully in New Jersey and is not included on the checklist.}, }
@article {pmid23833391, year = {2013}, author = {Poelchau, MF and Reynolds, JA and Denlinger, DL and Elsik, CG and Armbruster, PA}, title = {Transcriptome sequencing as a platform to elucidate molecular components of the diapause response in the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {Physiological entomology}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, pages = {173-181}, pmid = {23833391}, issn = {0307-6962}, support = {R21 AI081041/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Diapause has long been recognized as a crucial ecological adaptation to spatio-temporal environmental variation. More recently, rapid evolution of the diapause response has been implicated in response to contemporary global warming and during the range expansion of invasive species. Although the molecular regulation of diapause remains largely unresolved, rapidly emerging next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies provide exciting opportunities to address this longstanding question. Herein, a new assembly from life-history stages relevant to diapause in the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is presented, along with unique methods for the analysis of NGS data and transcriptome assembly. A digital normalization procedure that significantly reduces computational resources required for transcriptome assembly is evaluated. Additionally, a method for protein reference-based and genomic reference-based merged assembly of 454 and Illumina reads is described. Finally, a gene ontology analysis is presented, which creates a platform to identify physiological processes associated with diapause. Taken together, these methods provide valuable tools for analyzing the transcriptional underpinnings of many complex phenotypes, including diapause, and provide a basis for determining the molecular regulation of diapause in Ae. albopictus.}, }
@article {pmid23833213, year = {2013}, author = {Akbari, OS and Antoshechkin, I and Amrhein, H and Williams, B and Diloreto, R and Sandler, J and Hay, BA}, title = {The developmental transcriptome of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, an invasive species and major arbovirus vector.}, journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)}, volume = {3}, number = {9}, pages = {1493-1509}, pmid = {23833213}, issn = {2160-1836}, support = {DP1 OD003878/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Arboviruses/*genetics ; Cluster Analysis ; Female ; Insect Vectors/*virology ; Internet ; Introduced Species ; Male ; MicroRNAs/genetics/metabolism ; Principal Component Analysis ; RNA Splicing ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; *Transcriptome ; User-Computer Interface ; }, abstract = {Mosquitoes are vectors of a number of important human and animal diseases. The development of novel vector control strategies requires a thorough understanding of mosquito biology. To facilitate this, we used RNA-seq to identify novel genes and provide the first high-resolution view of the transcriptome throughout development and in response to blood feeding in a mosquito vector of human disease, Aedes aegypti, the primary vector for Dengue and yellow fever. We characterized mRNA expression at 34 distinct time points throughout Aedes development, including adult somatic and germline tissues, by using polyA+ RNA-seq. We identify a total of 14,238 novel new transcribed regions corresponding to 12,597 new loci, as well as many novel transcript isoforms of previously annotated genes. Altogether these results increase the annotated fraction of the transcribed genome into long polyA+ RNAs by more than twofold. We also identified a number of patterns of shared gene expression, as well as genes and/or exons expressed sex-specifically or sex-differentially. Expression profiles of small RNAs in ovaries, early embryos, testes, and adult male and female somatic tissues also were determined, resulting in the identification of 38 new Aedes-specific miRNAs, and ~291,000 small RNA new transcribed regions, many of which are likely to be endogenous small-interfering RNAs and Piwi-interacting RNAs. Genes of potential interest for transgene-based vector control strategies also are highlighted. Our data have been incorporated into a user-friendly genome browser located at www.Aedes.caltech.edu, with relevant links to Vectorbase (www.vectorbase.org).}, }
@article {pmid23833025, year = {2013}, author = {Warner, KD and Kinslow, F}, title = {Manipulating risk communication: Value predispositions shape public understandings of invasive species science in Hawaii.}, journal = {Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {203-218}, doi = {10.1177/0963662511403983}, pmid = {23833025}, issn = {0963-6625}, abstract = {Most invasive species control programs are routine, but a small number prompt public controversy. Local value predispositions shape lay perception of the relative risks of invasive species and efforts to control them. Because control efforts are generally led by government scientists, lay perceptions of invasive species science are colored by public judgment of government credibility. This article examines the proposed release of an insect for biological control of the invasive strawberry guava tree which threatens conservation of Hawaii's forests. A local activist manipulated regulatory risk communication, appealed to local values, and persuaded some local members of the public and elected officials to oppose the insect release. This case illustrates how, in the absence of effective public engagement processes, routine scientific risk communication can be confounded by divergent knowledge taxonomies and perceptions of government hegemony.}, }
@article {pmid23828219, year = {2013}, author = {Castells, E and Morante, M and Blanco-Moreno, JM and Sans, FX and Vilatersana, R and Blasco-Moreno, A}, title = {Reduced seed predation after invasion supports enemy release in a broad biogeographical survey.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {173}, number = {4}, pages = {1397-1409}, pmid = {23828219}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Herbivory ; *Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; *Seeds ; Senecio/*growth &amp; development ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {The Enemy Release (ER) hypothesis predicts an increase in the plant invasive capacity after being released from their associated herbivores or pathogens in their area of origin. Despite the large number of studies on biological invasions addressing this hypothesis, tests evaluating changes in herbivory on native and introduced populations and their effects on plant reproductive potential at a biogeographical level are relatively rare. Here, we tested the ER hypothesis on the South African species Senecio pterophorus (Asteraceae), which is native to the Eastern Cape, has expanded into the Western Cape, and was introduced into Australia (>70-100 years ago) and Europe (>30 years ago). Insect seed predation was evaluated to determine whether plants in the introduced areas were released from herbivores compared to plants from the native range. In South Africa, 25 % of the seedheads of sampled plants were damaged. Plants from the introduced populations suffered lower seed predation compared to those from the native populations, as expected under the ER hypothesis, and this release was more pronounced in the region with the most recent introduction (Europe 0.2 % vs. Australia 15 %). The insect communities feeding on S. pterophorus in Australia and Europe differed from those found in South Africa, suggesting that the plants were released from their associated fauna after invasion and later established new associations with local herbivore communities in the novel habitats. Our study is the first to provide strong evidence of enemy release in a biogeographical survey across the entire known distribution of a species.}, }
@article {pmid23826154, year = {2013}, author = {Nuñez, MA and Hayward, J and Horton, TR and Amico, GC and Dimarco, RD and Barrios-Garcia, MN and Simberloff, D}, title = {Exotic mammals disperse exotic fungi that promote invasion by exotic trees.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {e66832}, pmid = {23826154}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Feces/microbiology ; Fungi/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Mammals/*microbiology ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pinus/microbiology ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Seedlings/microbiology ; Species Specificity ; Trees/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are often complex phenomena because many factors influence their outcome. One key aspect is how non-natives interact with the local biota. Interaction with local species may be especially important for exotic species that require an obligatory mutualist, such as Pinaceae species that need ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi. EM fungi and seeds of Pinaceae disperse independently, so they may use different vectors. We studied the role of exotic mammals as dispersal agents of EM fungi on Isla Victoria, Argentina, where many Pinaceae species have been introduced. Only a few of these tree species have become invasive, and they are found in high densities only near plantations, partly because these Pinaceae trees lack proper EM fungi when their seeds land far from plantations. Native mammals (a dwarf deer and rodents) are rare around plantations and do not appear to play a role in these invasions. With greenhouse experiments using animal feces as inoculum, plus observational and molecular studies, we found that wild boar and deer, both non-native, are dispersing EM fungi. Approximately 30% of the Pinaceae seedlings growing with feces of wild boar and 15% of the seedlings growing with deer feces were colonized by non-native EM fungi. Seedlings growing in control pots were not colonized by EM fungi. We found a low diversity of fungi colonizing the seedlings, with the hypogeous Rhizopogon as the most abundant genus. Wild boar, a recent introduction to the island, appear to be the main animal dispersing the fungi and may be playing a key role in facilitating the invasion of pine trees and even triggering their spread. These results show that interactions among non-natives help explain pine invasions in our study area.}, }
@article {pmid23825604, year = {2013}, author = {Benkwitt, CE}, title = {Density-dependent growth in invasive Lionfish (Pterois volitans).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {e66995}, pmid = {23825604}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Fishes/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Direct demographic density dependence is necessary for population regulation and is a central concept in ecology, yet has not been studied in many invasive species, including any invasive marine fish. The red lionfish (Pterois volitans) is an invasive predatory marine fish that is undergoing exponential population growth throughout the tropical western Atlantic. Invasive lionfish threaten coral-reef ecosystems, but there is currently no evidence of any natural population control. Therefore, a manipulative field experiment was conducted to test for density dependence in lionfish. Juvenile lionfish densities were adjusted on small reefs and several demographic rates (growth, recruitment, immigration, and loss) were measured throughout an 8-week period. Invasive lionfish exhibited direct density dependence in individual growth rates, as lionfish grew slower at higher densities throughout the study. Individual growth in length declined linearly with increasing lionfish density, while growth in mass declined exponentially with increasing density. There was no evidence, however, for density dependence in recruitment, immigration, or loss (mortality plus emigration) of invasive lionfish. The observed density-dependent growth rates may have implications for which native species are susceptible to lionfish predation, as the size and type of prey that lionfish consume is directly related to their body size. The absence of density-dependent loss, however, contrasts with many native coral-reef fish species and suggests that for the foreseeable future manual removals may be the only effective local control of this invasion.}, }
@article {pmid23825138, year = {2013}, author = {Weller, SG and Suding, K and Sakai, AK}, title = {Botany and a changing world: introduction to the special issue on global biological change.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {100}, number = {7}, pages = {1229-1233}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1300198}, pmid = {23825138}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Phylogeny ; Plant Development ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*classification/genetics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The impacts of global change have heightened the need to understand how organisms respond to and influence these changes. Can we forecast how change at the global scale may lead to biological change? Can we identify systems, processes, and organisms that are most vulnerable to global changes? Can we use this understanding to enhance resilience to global changes? This special issue on global biological change emphasizes the integration of botanical information at different biological levels to gain perspective on the direct and indirect effects of global change. Contributions span a range of spatial scales and include both ecological and evolutionary timescales and highlight work across levels of organization, including cellular and physiological processes, individuals, populations, and ecosystems. Integrative botanical approaches to global change are critical for the ecological and evolutionary insights they provide and for the implications these studies have for species conservation and ecosystem management.}, }
@article {pmid23825135, year = {2013}, author = {Lehan, NE and Murphy, JR and Thorburn, LP and Bradley, BA}, title = {Accidental introductions are an important source of invasive plants in the continental United States.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {100}, number = {7}, pages = {1287-1293}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1300061}, pmid = {23825135}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Demography ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Plant Weeds/classification/physiology ; Plants/*classification/genetics ; United States ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Preventing new plant invasions is critical for reducing large-scale ecological change. Most studies have focused on the deliberate introduction of nonnatives via the ornamental plant trade. However, accidental introduction may be an important source of nonnative, invasive plants.<br><br>METHODS: Using Web and literature searches, we compiled pathways of introduction to the United States for 1112 nonnative plants identified as invasive in the continental United States. We assessed how the proportion of accidentally and deliberately introduced invasive plants varies over time and space and by growth habit across the lower 48 states.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Deliberate introductions of ornamentals are the primary source of invasive plants in the United States, but accidental introductions through seed contaminants are an important secondary source. Invasive forbs and grasses are the most likely to have arrived accidentally through seed contaminants, while almost all nonnative, invasive trees were introduced deliberately. Nonnative plants invading eastern states primarily arrived deliberately as ornamentals, while a high proportion of invasive plants in western states arrived accidentally as seed contaminants. Accidental introductions may be increasing in importance through time. Before 1850, 10 of 89 (11%) of invasive plants arrived accidentally. After 1900, 20 of 65 (31%) arrived accidentally.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Recently enacted screening protocols and weed risk assessments aim to reduce the number of potentially invasive species arriving to the United States via deliberate introduction pathways. Increasing proportions of accidentally introduced invasive plants, particularly associated with contaminated seed imports across the western states, suggest that accidental introduction pathways also need to be considered in future regulatory decisions.}, }
@article {pmid23824831, year = {2013}, author = {Simková, A and Civáňová, K and Gettová, L and Gilles, A}, title = {Genomic Porosity between Invasive Chondrostoma nasus and Endangered Endemic Parachondrostoma toxostoma (Cyprinidae): The Evolution of MHC IIB Genes.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {e65883}, pmid = {23824831}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Cyprinidae/classification/*genetics ; *Endangered Species ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genes, MHC Class II ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Recombination, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Two cyprinid species, Parachondrostoma toxostoma, an endemic threatened species, and Chondrostoma nasus, an invasive species, live in sympatry in southern France and form two sympatric zones where the presence of intergeneric hybrids is reported. To estimate the potential threat to endemic species linked to the introduction of invasive species, we focused on the DAB genes (functional MHC IIB genes) because of their adaptive significance and role in parasite resistance. More specifically, we investigated (1) the variability of MHC IIB genes, (2) the selection pattern shaping MHC polymorphism, and (3) the extent to which trans-species evolution and intergeneric hybridization affect MHC polymorphism. In sympatric areas, the native species has more diversified MHC IIB genes when compared to the invasive species, probably resulting from the different origins and dispersal of both species. A similar level of MHC polymorphism was found at population level in both species, suggesting similar mechanisms generating MHC diversity. In contrast, a higher number of DAB-like alleles per specimen were found in invasive species. Invasive species tended to express the alleles of two DAB lineages, whilst native species tended to express the alleles of only the DAB3 lineage. Hybrids have a pattern of MHC expression intermediate between both species. Whilst positive selection acting on peptide binding sites (PBS) was demonstrated in both species, a slightly higher number of positively selected sites were identified in C. nasus, which could result from parasite-mediated selection. Bayesian clustering analysis revealed a similar pattern of structuring for the genetic variation when using microsatellites or the MHC approach. We confirmed the importance of trans-species evolution for MHC polymorphism. In addition, we demonstrated bidirectional gene flow for MHC IIB genes in sympatric areas. The positive significant correlation between MHC and microsatellites suggests that demographic factors may contribute to MHC variation on a short time scale.}, }
@article {pmid23824319, year = {2013}, author = {Liu, G and Zhou, L and Li, X and Lu, D}, title = {Population genetic structure of the invasive red swamp crayfish in China revealed by ITS1 variation.}, journal = {Biochemical genetics}, volume = {51}, number = {11-12}, pages = {841-852}, doi = {10.1007/s10528-013-9611-z}, pmid = {23824319}, issn = {1573-4927}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Astacoidea/classification/*genetics ; China ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeography ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The invasive red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) provides a valuable opportunity for studying the population genetics of invasive species that disperse rapidly. We analyzed the population genetic structure among 12 populations of the crayfish in China based on the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region. The ITS1 of 815 bp aligned across 34 haplotypes; the average GC content was 53.9%. AMOVA showed that intrapopulation variation (95.26%) was much higher than interpopulation variation (4.74%). Genetic differentiation between the Taiwan and mainland populations (Fst = 0.160) was moderate, but the Chinese population (Taiwan and the mainland combined) and an American population were highly differentiated (0.682 and 0.977, respectively). Gene flow between the Chinese and American populations (Nm = 0.006 and 0.117, respectively) was lower than that between Taiwan and the mainland (1.536). Phylogenetic trees showed that three major genealogical clusters matched the sample locations well, suggesting that genetic differentiation is created largely by geographic isolation.}, }
@article {pmid23823754, year = {2013}, author = {Monceau, K and Arca, M and Leprêtre, L and Mougel, F and Bonnard, O and Silvain, JF and Maher, N and Arnold, G and Thiéry, D}, title = {Native Prey and Invasive Predator Patterns of Foraging Activity: The Case of the Yellow-Legged Hornet Predation at European Honeybee Hives.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {e66492}, pmid = {23823754}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Circadian Rhythm ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; Seasons ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Contrary to native predators, which have co-evolved with their prey, alien predators often benefit from native prey naïveté. Vespa velutina, a honeybee predator originating from Eastern China, was introduced into France just before 2004. The present study, based on video recordings of two beehives at an early stage of the invasion process, intends to analyse the alien hornet hunting behaviour on the native prey, Apis mellifera, and to understand the interaction between the activity of the predator and the prey during the day and the season. Chasing hornets spent most of their time hovering facing the hive, to catch flying honeybees returning to the hive. The predation pressure increased during the season confirming previous study based on predator trapping. The number of honeybee captures showed a maximum peak for an intermediate number of V. velutina, unrelated to honeybee activity, suggesting the occurrence of competition between hornets. The number of honeybees caught increased during midday hours while the number of hornets did not vary, suggesting an increase in their efficacy. These results suggest that the impact of V. velutina on honeybees is limited by its own biology and behaviour and did not match the pattern of activity of its prey. Also, it could have been advantageous during the invasion, limiting resource depletion and thus favouring colonisation. This lack of synchronization may also be beneficial for honeybee colonies by giving them an opportunity to increase their activity when the hornets are less effective.}, }
@article {pmid23821716, year = {2013}, author = {Groenewald, B and Bazelet, CS and Potter, CP and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Gas exchange patterns and water loss rates in the Table Mountain cockroach, Aptera fusca (Blattodea: Blaberidae).}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {216}, number = {Pt 20}, pages = {3844-3853}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.091199}, pmid = {23821716}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Basal Metabolism/physiology ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Cockroaches/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Gases/*metabolism ; Linear Models ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Oxygen Consumption/physiology ; Reproducibility of Results ; South Africa ; Temperature ; Water ; Water Loss, Insensible/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The importance of metabolic rate and/or spiracle modulation for saving respiratory water is contentious. One major explanation for gas exchange pattern variation in terrestrial insects is to effect a respiratory water loss (RWL) saving. To test this, we measured the rates of CO2 and H2O release (and , respectively) in a previously unstudied, mesic cockroach, Aptera fusca, and compared gas exchange and water loss parameters among the major gas exchange patterns (continuous, cyclic, discontinuous gas exchange) at a range of temperatures. Mean , and per unit did not differ among the gas exchange patterns at all temperatures (P>0.09). There was no significant association between temperature and gas exchange pattern type (P=0.63). Percentage of RWL (relative to total water loss) was typically low (9.79±1.84%) and did not differ significantly among gas exchange patterns at 15°C (P=0.26). The method of estimation had a large impact on the percentage of RWL, and of the three techniques investigated (traditional, regression and hyperoxic switch), the traditional method generally performed best. In many respects, A. fusca has typical gas exchange for what might be expected from other insects studied to date (e.g. , , RWL and cuticular water loss). However, we found for A. fusca that expressed as a function of metabolic rate was significantly higher than the expected consensus relationship for insects, suggesting it is under considerable pressure to save water. Despite this, we found no consistent evidence supporting the conclusion that transitions in pattern type yield reductions in RWL in this mesic cockroach.}, }
@article {pmid23818991, year = {2013}, author = {Flores-Moreno, H and Thomson, FJ and Warton, DI and Moles, AT}, title = {Are introduced species better dispersers than native species? A global comparative study of seed dispersal distance.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {e68541}, pmid = {23818991}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Germination/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/classification/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Seed Dispersal/*physiology ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Seeds/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {We provide the first global test of the idea that introduced species have greater seed dispersal distances than do native species, using data for 51 introduced and 360 native species from the global literature. Counter to our expectations, there was no significant difference in mean or maximum dispersal distance between introduced and native species. Next, we asked whether differences in dispersal distance might have been obscured by differences in seed mass, plant height and dispersal syndrome, all traits that affect dispersal distance and which can differ between native and introduced species. When we included all three variables in the model, there was no clear difference in dispersal distance between introduced and native species. These results remained consistent when we performed analyses including a random effect for site. Analyses also showed that the lack of a significant difference in dispersal distance was not due to differences in biome, taxonomic composition, growth form, nitrogen fixation, our inclusion of non-invasive introduced species, or our exclusion of species with human-assisted dispersal. Thus, if introduced species do have higher spread rates, it seems likely that these are driven by differences in post-dispersal processes such as germination, seedling survival, and survival to reproduction.}, }
@article {pmid23817775, year = {2013}, author = {Grass, I and Berens, DG and Peter, F and Farwig, N}, title = {Additive effects of exotic plant abundance and land-use intensity on plant-pollinator interactions.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {173}, number = {3}, pages = {913-923}, pmid = {23817775}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Plant Physiological Phenomena/*physiology ; Pollination/*physiology ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {The continuing spread of exotic plants and increasing human land-use are two major drivers of global change threatening ecosystems, species and their interactions. Separate effects of these two drivers on plant-pollinator interactions have been thoroughly studied, but we still lack an understanding of combined and potential interactive effects. In a subtropical South African landscape, we studied 17 plant-pollinator networks along two gradients of relative abundance of exotics and land-use intensity. In general, pollinator visitation rates were lower on exotic plants than on native ones. Surprisingly, while visitation rates on native plants increased with relative abundance of exotics and land-use intensity, pollinator visitation on exotic plants decreased along the same gradients. There was a decrease in the specialization of plants on pollinators and vice versa with both drivers, regardless of plant origin. Decreases in pollinator specialization thereby seemed to be mediated by a species turnover towards habitat generalists. However, contrary to expectations, we detected no interactive effects between the two drivers. Our results suggest that exotic plants and land-use promote generalist plants and pollinators, while negatively affecting specialized plant-pollinator interactions. Weak integration and high specialization of exotic plants may have prevented interactive effects between exotic plants and land-use. Still, the additive effects of exotic plants and land-use on specialized plant-pollinator interactions would have been overlooked in a single-factor study. We therefore highlight the need to consider multiple drivers of global change in ecological research and conservation management.}, }
@article {pmid23816332, year = {2013}, author = {Gestoso, I and Arenas, F and Rubal, M and Veiga, P and Peña, M and Olabarria, C}, title = {Shifts from native to non-indigenous mussels: enhanced habitat complexity and its effects on faunal assemblages.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {90}, number = {}, pages = {85-95}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.05.015}, pmid = {23816332}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*physiology ; *Biota ; *Ecosystem ; Estuaries ; *Introduced Species ; Mytilidae/*physiology ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Ecosystem engineers such as mussels may affect strongly both the structure of benthic assemblages and the ecosystem functioning. The black-pygmy mussel Limnoperna securis is an invasive species that is spreading along the Galician coast (NW Spain). Its current distribution overlaps with the distribution of the commercial native mussel species Mytilus galloprovincialis, but only in the inner part of two southern Galician rias. Here, we analysed the assemblages associated with clumps of the two mussel species and evaluated if the invasive species increased complexity of habitat. To measure complexity of clumps we used a new method modified from the "chain and tape" method. Results showed that the identity of the mussel influenced macrofaunal assemblages, but not meiofauna. L. securis increased the complexity of clumps, and such complexity explained a high percentage of variability of macrofauna. The shift in dominance from M. galloprovincialis to L. securis may alter habitat structure and complexity, affecting the macrofaunal assemblages with unpredictable consequences on trophic web relations.}, }
@article {pmid23815090, year = {2013}, author = {Heberling, JM and Fridley, JD}, title = {Resource-use strategies of native and invasive plants in Eastern North American forests.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {200}, number = {2}, pages = {523-533}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12388}, pmid = {23815090}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Carbon/*metabolism ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environment ; Introduced Species ; Light ; Magnoliopsida/growth &amp; development/*metabolism/physiology/radiation effects ; Models, Theoretical ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Photosynthesis/physiology ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development/metabolism/physiology ; Plant Transpiration/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Studies in disturbed, resource-rich environments often show that invasive plants are more productive than co-occurring natives, but with similar physiological tradeoffs. However, in resource-limited habitats, it is unclear whether native and invasive plants have similar metabolic constraints or if invasive plants are more productive per unit resource cost - that is, use resources more efficiently. Using a common garden to control for environment, we compared leaf physiological traits relating to resource investments, carbon returns, and resource-use efficiencies in 14 native and 18 nonnative invasive species of common genera found in Eastern North American (ENA) deciduous forest understories, where growth is constrained by light and nutrient limitation. Despite greater leaf construction and nitrogen costs, invaders exhibited greater instantaneous photosynthetic energy-use efficiency (PEUE) and marginally greater photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE). When integrated over leaf lifespan (LL), these differences were magnified. Differences in efficiency were driven by greater productivity per unit leaf investment, as invaders exhibited both greater photosynthetic abilities and longer LL. Our results indicate that woody understory invaders in ENA forests are not constrained to the same degree by leaf-based metabolic tradeoffs as the native understory flora. These strategy differences could be attributable to pre-adaptation in the native range, although other explanations are possible.}, }
@article {pmid23811520, year = {2013}, author = {Johnson, LJ and Miller, AN and McCleery, RA and McClanahan, R and Kath, JA and Lueschow, S and Porras-Alfaro, A}, title = {Psychrophilic and psychrotolerant fungi on bats and the presence of Geomyces spp. on bat wings prior to the arrival of white nose syndrome.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {18}, pages = {5465-5471}, pmid = {23811520}, issn = {1098-5336}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Chiroptera/*microbiology ; Cluster Analysis ; Cold Temperature ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry/genetics ; Fungi/*classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/radiation effects ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Stress, Physiological ; United States ; Wings, Animal/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Since 2006, Geomyces destructans, the causative agent of white nose syndrome (WNS), has killed over 5.7 million bats in North America. The current hypothesis suggests that this novel fungus is an invasive species from Europe, but little is known about the diversity within the genus Geomyces and its distribution on bats in the United States. We documented the psychrophilic and psychrotolerant fungal flora of hibernating bats prior to the arrival of WNS using culture-based techniques. A total of 149 cultures, which were obtained from 30 bats in five bat hibernacula located in four caves and one mine, were sequenced for the entire internal transcribed spacer (ITS) nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) region. Approximately 53 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at 97% similarity were recovered from bat wings, with the community dominated by fungi within the genera Cladosporium, Fusarium, Geomyces, Mortierella, Penicillium, and Trichosporon. Eleven Geomyces isolates were obtained and placed in at least seven distinct Geomyces clades based on maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses. Temperature experiments revealed that all Geomyces strains isolated are psychrotolerant, unlike G. destructans, which is a true psychrophile. Our results confirm that a large diversity of fungi, including several Geomyces isolates, occurs on bats prior to the arrival of WNS. Most of these isolates were obtained from damaged wings. Additional studies need to be conducted to determine potential ecological roles of these abundant Geomyces strains isolated from bats.}, }
@article {pmid23809102, year = {2013}, author = {Perkins, TA and Phillips, BL and Baskett, ML and Hastings, A}, title = {Evolution of dispersal and life history interact to drive accelerating spread of an invasive species.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {16}, number = {8}, pages = {1079-1087}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12136}, pmid = {23809102}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Bufonidae/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Populations on the edge of an expanding range are subject to unique evolutionary pressures acting on their life-history and dispersal traits. Empirical evidence and theory suggest that traits there can evolve rapidly enough to interact with ecological dynamics, potentially giving rise to accelerating spread. Nevertheless, which of several evolutionary mechanisms drive this interaction between evolution and spread remains an open question. We propose an integrated theoretical framework for partitioning the contributions of different evolutionary mechanisms to accelerating spread, and we apply this model to invasive cane toads in northern Australia. In doing so, we identify a previously unrecognised evolutionary process that involves an interaction between life-history and dispersal evolution during range shift. In roughly equal parts, life-history evolution, dispersal evolution and their interaction led to a doubling of distance spread by cane toads in our model, highlighting the potential importance of multiple evolutionary processes in the dynamics of range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid23808976, year = {2013}, author = {Oter, K and Gunay, F and Tuzer, E and Linton, YM and Bellini, R and Alten, B}, title = {First record of Stegomyia albopicta in Turkey determined by active ovitrap surveillance and DNA barcoding.}, journal = {Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {753-761}, doi = {10.1089/vbz.2012.1093}, pmid = {23808976}, issn = {1557-7759}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; Animals ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Insect Vectors/*genetics ; Ovum ; Phylogeny ; Turkey/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Despite its confirmed establishment in neighboring Greece and Bulgaria, the presence of the Oriental invasive species Stegomyia albopicta (Skuse) (=Aedes albopictus) has never been confirmed in Turkey. Active surveillance for this container-breeding species was carried out using oviposition traps at 15 discrete sites in the towns of Ipsala (n=8 sites), Kesan (n=5) (Edirne District), and Malkara (n=2) (Tekirdag District) in the Thrace region of northwestern Turkey, from May 23 through November 10, 2011. Eggs collected were reared to the fourth larval instar and adult stages where possible to facilitate integrated morphological and molecular species identification. DNA barcodes (658 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I [COI] gene) were compared with all four potentially invasive Stegomyia species: St. aegypti, St. albopicta, St. cretina, and St. japonica. Sequences generated for samples collected in Thrace Region were herein confirmed as St. albopicta, the first record of this vector species in Turkey. Eggs of St. albopicta were detected in two discrete localities: (1) In the grounds of a restaurant in Kesan (in week 36), and (2) in the customs area of the Turkish-Greek border at Ipsala (in weeks 32 and 38). Multiple detection of St. albopicta eggs indicates the possible establishment of the species in northwestern Turkey. Finding this important disease vector has implications for public health and requires the implementation of active vector monitoring programs and targeted vector suppression strategies to limit the spread of this invasive vector species in Turkey.}, }
@article {pmid23808700, year = {2013}, author = {Elshout, PM and Dionisio Pires, LM and Leuven, RS and Wendelaar Bonga, SE and Hendriks, AJ}, title = {Low oxygen tolerance of different life stages of temperate freshwater fish species.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {83}, number = {1}, pages = {190-206}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.12167}, pmid = {23808700}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring ; Europe ; Fishes/*physiology ; Fresh Water ; *Hypoxia ; *Introduced Species ; *Life Cycle Stages ; }, abstract = {Data on low dissolved oxygen (DO2) tolerance of freshwater fish species of north-western Europe were used to create species sensitivity distributions (SSD). Lowest observed effect concentrations (LOEC) and 100% lethal concentrations (LC100) data were collected from the scientific literature. Comparisons were made among life stages as well as between native and exotic species. In addition, lethal DO2 concentrations were compared to oxygen concentrations corresponding to maximum tolerable water temperatures of the same species. Fish eggs and embryos were the least tolerant. Juveniles had a significantly lower mean LOEC than adults, but there was no difference in mean LC100 between the two groups. The difference in lethal oxygen concentrations between adults and juveniles was largest for three salmonids, although it remains uncertain if this was a result of smoltification. There were no significant differences between native and exotic species; however, data on exotics are limited. DO2 concentrations converted from maximum tolerable water temperatures were 3·9 times higher than the measured lethal DO2 concentrations, which may reflect changes in respiration rates (Q10) and may also relate to the simplicity of the model used.}, }
@article {pmid23802586, year = {2013}, author = {Bataille, A and Fong, JJ and Cha, M and Wogan, GOU and Baek, HJ and Lee, H and Min, MS and Waldman, B}, title = {Genetic evidence for a high diversity and wide distribution of endemic strains of the pathogenic chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in wild Asian amphibians.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {22}, number = {16}, pages = {4196-4209}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12385}, pmid = {23802586}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Amphibians/microbiology ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/*microbiology ; Anura/*microbiology ; Chytridiomycota/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*pathogenicity/physiology ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/analysis/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mycoses/microbiology/*veterinary ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; Republic of Korea ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Urodela/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Population declines and extinctions of amphibians have been attributed to the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), especially one globally emerging recombinant lineage ('Bd-GPL'). We used PCR assays that target the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of Bd to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of Bd in South Korea, where Bd is widely distributed but is not known to cause morbidity or mortality in wild populations. We isolated Korean Bd strains from native amphibians with low infection loads and compared them to known worldwide Bd strains using 19 polymorphic SNP and microsatellite loci. Bd prevalence ranged between 12.5 and 48.0%, in 11 of 17 native Korean species, and 24.7% in the introduced bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus. Based on ITS sequence variation, 47 of the 50 identified Korean haplotypes formed a group closely associated with a native Brazilian Bd lineage, separated from the Bd-GPL lineage. However, multilocus genotyping of three Korean Bd isolates revealed strong divergence from both Bd-GPL and the native Brazilian Bd lineages. Thus, the ITS region resolves genotypes that diverge from Bd-GPL but otherwise generates ambiguous phylogenies. Our results point to the presence of highly diversified endemic strains of Bd across Asian amphibian species. The rarity of Bd-GPL-associated haplotypes suggests that either this lineage was introduced into Korea only recently or Bd-GPL has been outcompeted by native Bd strains. Our results highlight the need to consider possible complex interactions among native Bd lineages, Bd-GPL and their associated amphibian hosts when assessing the spread and impact of Bd-GPL on worldwide amphibian populations.}, }
@article {pmid23802037, year = {2013}, author = {Marler, TE}, title = {Increased threat of island endemic tree's extirpation via invasion-induced decline of intrinsic resistance to recurring tropical cyclones.}, journal = {Communicative &amp; integrative biology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {e22361}, pmid = {23802037}, issn = {1942-0889}, abstract = {Cycas micronesica populations in Guam have been threatened by the invasion of the armored scale Aulacaspis yasumatsui. I integrate four factors that illuminate an acute need for intervention to reduce an unprecedented threat caused by the invasion. First, mechanical failure of healthy C. micronesica trees during catastrophic winds is rare because of the cycad tree's unique pachycaulis stem design. Second, tree-winching and three-point bend stress tests revealed the natural resistance to damage from tropical cyclones has been compromised by the chronic feeding of this homopteran pest. Third, no typhoon event has occurred since the arthropod's invasion and its spread in the year 2005 to actually test extent of mechanical failure for the unhealthy remaining trees. Fourth, historical records indicate the probability that Guam will experience typhoon force winds is 0.51 in three years and 0.91 in 10 y. These four factors integrate to predict the next typhoon may eliminate the surviving C. micronesica trees and stewardship of this declining population requires intervention to counter this prediction.}, }
@article {pmid23800281, year = {2013}, author = {Poulin, R and Krasnov, BR and Pilosof, S and Thieltges, DW}, title = {Phylogeny determines the role of helminth parasites in intertidal food webs.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {82}, number = {6}, pages = {1265-1275}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12101}, pmid = {23800281}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*parasitology ; Cestoda/physiology ; Fishes/*parasitology ; *Food Chain ; Helminths/*physiology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Models, Biological ; Nematoda/physiology ; *Phylogeny ; Trematoda/physiology ; }, abstract = {1. Parasites affect interactions among species in food webs and should be considered in any analysis of the structure, dynamics or resilience of trophic networks. 2. However, the roles of individual parasite species, such as their importance as connectors within the network, and what factors determine these roles, are yet to be investigated. Here, we test the hypotheses that the species roles of trematode, cestode and nematode parasites in aquatic food webs are influenced by the type of definitive host they use, and also determined by their phylogenetic affiliations. 3. We quantified the network role of 189 helminth species from six highly resolved intertidal food webs. We focused on four measures of centrality (node degree, closeness centrality, betweenness centrality and eigenvalue centrality), which characterize each parasite's position within the web, and on relative connectedness of a parasite species to taxa in its own module vs. other modules of the web (within-module degree and participation coefficient). 4. All six food webs displayed a significant modular structure, that is, they consisted of subsets of species interacting mostly with each other and less with species from other subsets. We demonstrated that the parasites themselves are not generating this modularity, though they contribute to intermodule connectivity. 5. Mixed-effects models revealed only a modest influence of the type of definitive host used (bird or fish) and of the web of origin on the different measures of parasite species roles. In contrast, the taxonomic affiliations of the parasites, included in the models as nested random factors, accounted for 37-93% of the total variance, depending on the measure of species role. 6. Our findings indicate that parasites are important intermodule connectors and thus contribute to web cohesion. We also uncover a very strong phylogenetic signal in parasite species roles, suggesting that the role of any parasite species in a food web, including new invasive species, is to some extent predictable based solely on its taxonomic affiliations.}, }
@article {pmid23800217, year = {2013}, author = {Pearse, IS and Altermatt, F}, title = {Predicting novel trophic interactions in a non-native world.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {16}, number = {8}, pages = {1088-1094}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12143}, pmid = {23800217}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Biota ; Ecology/*methods ; *Food Chain ; Germany ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Lepidoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {Humans are altering the global distributional ranges of plants, while their co-evolved herbivores are frequently left behind. Native herbivores often colonise non-native plants, potentially reducing invasion success or causing economic loss to introduced agricultural crops. We developed a predictive model to forecast novel interactions and verified it with a data set containing hundreds of observed novel plant-insect interactions. Using a food network of 900 native European butterfly and moth species and 1944 native plants, we built an herbivore host-use model. By extrapolating host use from the native herbivore-plant food network, we accurately forecasted the observed novel use of 459 non-native plant species by native herbivores. Patterns that governed herbivore host breadth on co-evolved native plants were equally important in determining non-native hosts. Our results make the forecasting of novel herbivore communities feasible in order to better understand the fate and impact of introduced plants.}, }
@article {pmid23800181, year = {2013}, author = {Alm, T}, title = {Ethnobotany of Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fisch., an invasive species in Norway, or how plant names, uses, and other traditions evolve.}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {42}, pmid = {23800181}, issn = {1746-4269}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; *Ethnicity ; Ethnobotany/*methods ; Heracleum/*classification ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Medicine, Traditional/*methods ; Norway ; Phytotherapy/*methods ; Plants, Medicinal/*classification ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Heracleum persicum was introduced to Norway as an ornamental in the 1830's. Towards the end of the 19th century, it started spreading outside gardens, later to become a frequent sight in the major towns and settlements of North Norway - and a veritable pest plant. During the last 100 years or so, a substantial ethnobotanical tradition related to the species has evolved, demonstrating that folk knowledge is not only forgotten and lost, but also charting new terrain.<br><br>METHODS: This survey is based on data extracted from all relevant publications, including botanical literature, travel accounts, newspaper notes, etc., as far as they have come to my attention. In addition, information on vernacular names and various uses of the H. persicum in Norway has been extracted from my own, substantial archive of interviews, questionnaires, and correspondence related to the ethnobotany of Norway.<br><br>RESULTS: Where extant, H. persicum tends to be known to everyone, even by city dwellers who otherwise generally neglect plants. People tend to love or hate it, and in Troms&#xf8;, the largest town of northern Norway, the species has become more or less emblematic of the city. Both here and in other areas of northern Norway, it is referred to by a variety of vernacular names, partly borrowed from other species, partly derived from the Latin genus name, and partly coined for this species only. In the latter group, troms&#xf8;palme ('the palm of Troms&#xf8;') has proved by far the most popular invention. It was seemingly first used (and coined) by German soldiers during the World War II occupation of Norway, but now largely replaces other vernacular names. The plant is still popular with children, who frequently play in and with it, whereas adults have been more prone to speculate on its origins - and how to get rid of it. Salt is the most popular "herbicide" for this purpose.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Over the years, H. persicum has accumulated at least twenty different vernacular names in Norway, and a variety of other traditions. By necessity, all these traditions are less than 180 years old, showing that even modern and urban societies may produce a substantial body of plant lore, which certainly merits ethnobotanical attention.}, }
@article {pmid23798976, year = {2013}, author = {Sultan, SE and Horgan-Kobelski, T and Nichols, LM and Riggs, CE and Waples, RK}, title = {A resurrection study reveals rapid adaptive evolution within populations of an invasive plant.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {266-278}, pmid = {23798976}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The future spread and impact of an introduced species will depend on how it adapts to the abiotic and biotic conditions encountered in its new range, so the potential for rapid evolution subsequent to species introduction is a critical, evolutionary dimension of invasion biology. Using a resurrection approach, we provide a direct test for change over time within populations in a species' introduced range, in the Asian shade annual Polygonum cespitosum. We document, over an 11-year period, the evolution of increased reproductive output as well as greater physiological and root-allocational plasticity in response to the more open, sunny conditions found in the North American range in which the species has become invasive. These findings show that extremely rapid adaptive modifications to ecologically-important traits and plastic expression patterns can evolve subsequent to a species' introduction, within populations established in its introduced range. This study is one of the first to directly document evolutionary change in adaptive plasticity. Such rapid evolutionary changes can facilitate the spread of introduced species into novel habitats and hence contribute to their invasive success in a new range. The data also reveal how evolutionary trajectories can differ among populations in ways that can influence invasion dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid23797366, year = {2013}, author = {Wolkovich, EM and Davies, TJ and Schaefer, H and Cleland, EE and Cook, BI and Travers, SE and Willis, CG and Davis, CC}, title = {Temperature-dependent shifts in phenology contribute to the success of exotic species with climate change.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {100}, number = {7}, pages = {1407-1421}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1200478}, pmid = {23797366}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Demography ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*classification/*genetics ; Species Specificity ; *Temperature ; Time Factors ; United Kingdom ; United States ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The study of how phenology may contribute to the assembly of plant communities has a long history in ecology. Climate change has brought renewed interest in this area, with many studies examining how phenology may contribute to the success of exotic species. In particular, there is increasing evidence that exotic species occupy unique phenological niches and track climate change more closely than native species.<br><br>METHODS: Here, we use long-term records of species&#x2019; first flowering dates from fi ve northern hemisphere temperate sites (Chinnor, UK and in the United States, Concord, Massachusetts; Fargo, North Dakota; Konza Prairie, Kansas; and Washington,D.C.) to examine whether invaders have distinct phenologies. Using a broad phylogenetic framework, we tested for differences between exotic and native species in mean annual flowering time, phenological changes in response to temperature and precipitation,and longer-term shifts in first flowering dates during recent pronounced climate change (&#x201c;flowering time shifts&#x201d;).<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Across North American sites, exotic species have shifted flowering with climate change while native species, on average, have not. In the three mesic systems, exotic species exhibited higher tracking of interannual variation in temperature,such that flowering advances more with warming, than native species. Across the two grassland systems, however, exotic species differed from native species primarily in responses to precipitation and soil moisture, not temperature.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide cross-site support for the role of phenology and climate change in explaining species&#x2019; invasions.Further, they support recent evidence that exotic species may be important drivers of extended growing seasons observed with climate change in North America.}, }
@article {pmid23794880, year = {2013}, author = {Tsai, JF and Hsieh, YX and Rédei, D}, title = {The soapberry bug, Jadera haematoloma (Insecta, Hemiptera, Rhopalidae): First Asian record, with a review of bionomics.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {297}, pages = {1-41}, pmid = {23794880}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The soapberry bug, Jadera haematoloma (Herrich-Schäffer, 1847) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Rhopalidae: Serinethinae), a species native in tropical and subtropical regions of the New World and accidentally introduced to Hawaii, is reported for the first time from Asia (Taiwan). This record represents the first occurrence of the species in Asia. Stable populations composed of hundreds of specimens were found in seven localities of Kaohsiung City and one locality in Tainan City, and a single specimen was observed in Chiayi County. Aggregating adults and larvae fed in large numbers on the sapindacean plants Cardiospermum halicacabum L. and Koelreuteria elegans (Seem.) A. C. Smith ssp. formosana (Hayata) F. G. Meyer. Diagnostic characters of adults and larvae of Jadera haematoloma are discussed. A review of its bionomics and a bibliography are provided. Initial observations on the populations in southern Taiwan are presented. The species is potentially invasive, and further extension of its range is anticipated in Southeast Asia.}, }
@article {pmid23794825, year = {2013}, author = {Crocetta, F and Macali, A and Furfaro, G and Cooke, S and Guido Villani,  and Valdés, A}, title = {Alien molluscan species established along the Italian shores: an update, with discussions on some Mediterranean "alien species" categories.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {277}, pages = {91-108}, pmid = {23794825}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The state of knowledge of the alien marine Mollusca in Italy is reviewed and updated. Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792), Polycera hedgpethi Er. Marcus, 1964 and Haminoea japonica Pilsbry, 1895are here considered as established on the basis of published and unpublished data, and recent records of the latter considerably expand its known Mediterranean range to the Tyrrhenian Sea. COI sequences obtained indicate that a comprehensive survey of additional European localities is needed to elucidate the dispersal pathways of Haminoea japonica.Recent records and interpretation of several molluscan taxa as alien are discussed both in light of new Mediterranean (published and unpublished) records and of four categories previously excluded from alien species lists. Within this framework, ten taxa are no longer considered as alien species, or their records from Italy are refuted. Furthermore, Trochocochlea castriotae Bellini, 1903 is considered a new synonym for Gibbula albida (Gmelin, 1791). Data provided here leave unchanged as 35 the number of alien molluscan taxa recorded from Italy as well as the percentage of the most plausible vectors of introduction, but raise to 22 the number of established species along the Italian shores during the 2005-2010 period, and backdate to 1792 the first introduction of an alien molluscan species (Littorina saxatilis) to the Italian shores.}, }
@article {pmid23790457, year = {2013}, author = {Collin, SB and Edwards, PK and Leung, B and Johnson, LE}, title = {Optimizing early detection of non-indigenous species: estimating the scale of dispersal of a nascent population of the invasive tunicate Ciona intestinalis (L.).}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {73}, number = {1}, pages = {64-69}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.040}, pmid = {23790457}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Ciona intestinalis/*growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Population Growth ; Prince Edward Island ; }, abstract = {Knowledge of dispersal and establishment during the early stages of invasion is essential for allocating monitoring effort, detecting nascent populations and predicting spread. The scarcity of these data, however, provides little guidance for monitoring programs. Here we present data on the adult distribution and the subsequent pattern of larval recruitment from a nascent population of the invasive tunicate Ciona intestinalis in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Existing niche models indicate the entire study site is suitable for recruitment, suggesting an equal probability of detection throughout the site. In contrast, we found a heterogeneous pattern of larval recruitment, including areas of zero recruitment. By fitting a dispersal kernel, we show Ciona is not capable of naturally dispersing between bays, restricting further spread, and provide guidance for future monitoring. Our results also highlight how large-scale models, although important, lack the small-scale patterns essential for monitoring and early detection of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid23789056, year = {2013}, author = {McCracken, A and Bainard, JD and Miller, MC and Husband, BC}, title = {Pathways of introduction of the invasive aquatic plant Cabomba caroliniana.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {6}, pages = {1427-1439}, pmid = {23789056}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The pathway and frequency of species' introductions can affect the extent, impact, and management of biological invasions. Here, we examine the pathway of introduction of the aquatic plant Cabomba caroliniana (fanwort) into Canada and the northern United States using plastid DNA sequence (intergenic spacers atpF-atpH, trnH-psbA, and trnL-trnF) and DNA content analyses. We test the hypothesis that the spread of fanwort is a result of commercial trade by comparing a Canadian population (Kasshabog Lake, ON) to native populations from southern U.S., introduced populations in northern U.S., and plants from commercial retailers. Thirteen plastid haplotypes were identified throughout North America, including one dominant haplotype, which was present in all C. caroliniana populations. Several rare haplotypes were used to infer shared colonization history. In particular, the Canadian population shared two rare alleles with a population from Massachusetts, suggesting range expansion of C. caroliniana from the northern U.S. However, the possibility of a commercial introduction cannot be excluded, as common alleles were shared between the Canadian population and both commercial and southern U.S. sources. Variation in C. caroliniana genome size was bimodal and populations were classified into "high" and "low" categories. The Canadian population had DNA contents similar to several northern U.S. populations (low DNA content). This may provide additional support for range expansion from these introduced populations rather than from commercial sources or populations in the southern U.S., which had high DNA content.}, }
@article {pmid23789036, year = {2013}, author = {Foucaud, J and Rey, O and Robert, S and Crespin, L and Orivel, J and Facon, B and Loiseau, A and Jourdan, H and Kenne, M and Masse, PS and Tindo, M and Vonshak, M and Estoup, A}, title = {Thermotolerance adaptation to human-modified habitats occurs in the native range of the invasive ant Wasmannia auropunctata before long-distance dispersal.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {721-734}, pmid = {23789036}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Key evolutionary events associated with invasion success are traditionally thought to occur in the introduced, rather than the native range of species. In the invasive ant Wasmannia auropunctata, however, a shift in reproductive system has been demonstrated within the native range, from the sexual non-dominant populations of natural habitats to the clonal dominant populations of human-modified habitats. Because abiotic conditions of human- modified habitats are hotter and dryer, we performed lab experiments on workers from a set of native and introduced populations, to investigate whether these ecological and genetic transitions were accompanied by a change in thermotolerance and whether such changes occurred before establishment in the introduced range. Thermotolerance levels were higher in native populations from human-modified habitats than in native populations from natural habitats, but were similar in native and introduced populations from human-modified habitats. Differences in thermotolerance could not be accounted for by differences in body size. A scenario based on local adaptation in the native range before introduction in remote areas represents the most parsimonious hypothesis to account for the observed phenotypic pattern. These findings highlight the importance of human land use in explaining major contemporary evolutionary changes.}, }
@article {pmid23788257, year = {2014}, author = {Aniţa, S and Casas, J and Suppo, C}, title = {Impulsive spatial control of invading pests by generalist predators.}, journal = {Mathematical medicine and biology : a journal of the IMA}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {284-301}, doi = {10.1093/imammb/dqt011}, pmid = {23788257}, issn = {1477-8602}, mesh = {Aesculus/parasitology ; Animals ; Lepidoptera/growth &amp; development ; *Models, Theoretical ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Plant Leaves/parasitology ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {We model the conditions for pest eradication in a reaction-diffusion system made of a prey and a generalist predator through spatial impulsive control within a bounded domain. The motivating example is the control of the invasive horse chestnut leafminer moth through the yearly destruction of leaves in autumn, in which both the pest and its parasitoids overwinter. The model is made of two integro-partial differential equations, the integral portion describing the within-year immigration from the whole domain. The problem of pest eradication is strongly related to some appropriate eigenvalue problems. Basic properties of the principal eigenvalues of these problems are derived by using of Krein-Rutman's theorem and of comparison results for parabolic equations with non-local terms. Spatial control of the pest can be achieved, if one of these principal eigenvalues is large enough, at an exponential rate. This is true without and with parasitoids, the latter case being of course more rapid. We discuss the possible implementation of these results to the leafminer invasion problem and discuss complementary methods.}, }
@article {pmid23786876, year = {2013}, author = {Beas, BJ and Smith, LM and LaGrange, TG and Stutheit, R}, title = {Effects of sediment removal on vegetation communities in Rainwater Basin playa wetlands.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {128}, number = {}, pages = {371-379}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.04.063}, pmid = {23786876}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Geologic Sediments ; Introduced Species ; Nebraska ; *Plants ; Seeds ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Sedimentation from cultivated agricultural land use has altered the natural hydrologic regimes of depressional wetlands in the Great Plains. These alterations can negatively affect native wetland plant communities. Our objective was to determine if restored wetlands are developing plant communities similar to reference wetland conditions following hydrologic restoration. For this study, hydrology was restored via sediment removal. Thirty-four playa wetlands in reference, restored, and agricultural condition within the Rainwater Basin Region of Nebraska were sampled in 2008 and 2009. In 2008, reference and restored wetlands had higher species richness and more native, annual, and perennial species than agricultural wetlands. Restored wetlands had similar exotic species richness compared to reference and agricultural wetlands; however, reference wetlands contained more than agricultural wetlands. Restored wetlands proportion of exotics was 3.5 and 2 times less than agricultural wetlands and reference wetlands respectively. In 2009, reference and restored wetlands had higher species richness, more perennial species, and more native species than agricultural wetlands. Restored wetlands contained a greater number and proportion of annuals than reference and agricultural wetlands. Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that reference, restored, and agricultural wetlands are dominated by different plant species and guilds. Restored wetland plant communities do not appear to be acting as intermediates between reference and agricultural wetland conditions or on a trajectory to reach reference conditions. This may be attributed to differing seed bank communities between reference and restored wetlands, dispersal limitations of perennial plant guilds associated with reference wetland conditions, and/or management activities may be preventing restored wetlands from reaching reference status.}, }
@article {pmid23786499, year = {2013}, author = {Calinger, KM and Queenborough, S and Curtis, PS}, title = {Herbarium specimens reveal the footprint of climate change on flowering trends across north-central North America.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {16}, number = {8}, pages = {1037-1044}, pmid = {23786499}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Flowers/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Magnoliopsida/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Ohio ; Pollination ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Shifting flowering phenology with rising temperatures is occurring worldwide, but the rarity of co-occurring long-term observational and temperature records has hindered the evaluation of phenological responsiveness in many species and across large spatial scales. We used herbarium specimens combined with historic temperature data to examine the impact of climate change on flowering trends in 141 species collected across 116,000 km(2) in north-central North America. On average, date of maximum flowering advanced 2.4 days °C(-1), although species-specific responses varied from - 13.5 to + 7.3 days °C(-1). Plant functional types exhibited distinct patterns of phenological responsiveness with significant differences between native and introduced species, among flowering seasons, and between wind- and biotically pollinated species. This study is the first to assess large-scale patterns of phenological responsiveness with broad species representation and is an important step towards understanding current and future impacts of climate change on species performance and biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid23781898, year = {2014}, author = {Costanzo, KS and Muturi, EJ and Montgomery, AV and Alto, BW}, title = {Effect of oral infection of La Crosse virus on survival and fecundity of native Ochlerotatus triseriatus and invasive Stegomyia albopicta.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {77-84}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12018}, pmid = {23781898}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; Culicidae/genetics/*physiology/*virology ; Female ; Fertility ; Genetic Fitness ; Insect Vectors/genetics/*physiology/*virology ; *Introduced Species ; La Crosse virus/*physiology ; Longevity ; Ochlerotatus/genetics/physiology/virology ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; }, abstract = {Arboviruses can have benign, deleterious, or beneficial effects on the vector. We tested the hypothesis that oral infection with La Crosse virus (LACV) will have little to no effect on mosquito longevity and fecundity, a prediction of low virulence selected in a system with frequent vertical transmission. We tested the effects of infection in native Ochlerotatus triseriatus Say and invasive Stegomyia albopicta Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae). We artificially fed adult female mosquitoes of each species with either LACV-infected or uninfected bovine blood and determined adult longevity and fecundity. For females fed LACV-infected blood, bodies and legs, respectively, were separately homogenized and assayed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to determine the LACV infection and dissemination rates. Ochlerotatus triseriatus had a higher infection and dissemination rate than St. albopicta. For both species, female size had no effect on infection status. Infection status also had no effect on longevity or fecundity for both species. We suggest that the high frequency of vertical transmission may have selected for strains of the virus with low virulence in two vectors, in spite of their different evolutionary histories with the virus.}, }
@article {pmid23777579, year = {2013}, author = {Hinchey, E and Vogler, D and Stressler, J}, title = {Marsh thistle in New York: early detection and rapid response to a recent invader.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {1298}, number = {}, pages = {95-102}, doi = {10.1111/nyas.12176}, pmid = {23777579}, issn = {1749-6632}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Cirsium/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; *Introduced Species ; New York ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Case studies implementing early detection and rapid response (EDRR) protocols are crucial to our understanding of how to evaluate the threat of a new invasive organism. Most EDRR schematics depict a linear approach to EDRR beginning with detection, then assessment, and concluding with the rapid response. Our case study exemplified the need to adjust this protocol by interlacing all three phases. Our target species is a recent invader to central New York: Cirsium palustre (marsh thistle). We observed 192 populations and reported them on iMapInvasives.org. These locations were used to generate risk maps of neighboring counties. Six test plots evaluated the plant's bienniality and monocarpism. A life-stage analysis allowed us to delineate the invasion front to target control and management solutions where they are most effective for marsh thistle. An adaptive approach to EDRR can expedite response strategies, develop risk maps, and train partners for better control.}, }
@article {pmid23776702, year = {2013}, author = {Horn, KC and Eubanks, MD and Siemann, E}, title = {The effect of diet and opponent size on aggressive interactions involving caribbean crazy ants (Nylanderia fulva).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {e66912}, pmid = {23776702}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aggression ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Caribbean Region ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; Texas ; }, abstract = {Biotic interactions are often important in the establishment and spread of invasive species. In particular, competition between introduced and native species can strongly influence the distribution and spread of exotic species and in some cases competition among introduced species can be important. The Caribbean crazy ant, Nylanderia fulva, was recently introduced to the Gulf Coast of Texas, and appears to be spreading inland. It has been hypothesized that competition with the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, may be an important factor in the spread of crazy ants. We investigated the potential of interspecific competition among these two introduced ants by measuring interspecific aggression between Caribbean crazy ant workers and workers of Solenopsis invicta. Specifically, we examined the effect of body size and diet on individual-level aggressive interactions among crazy ant workers and fire ants. We found that differences in diet did not alter interactions between crazy ant workers from different nests, but carbohydrate level did play an important role in antagonistic interactions with fire ants: crazy ants on low sugar diets were more aggressive and less likely to be killed in aggressive encounters with fire ants. We found that large fire ants engaged in fewer fights with crazy ants than small fire ants, but fire ant size affected neither fire ant nor crazy ant mortality. Overall, crazy ants experienced higher mortality than fire ants after aggressive encounters. Our findings suggest that fire ant workers might outcompete crazy ant workers on an individual level, providing some biotic resistance to crazy ant range expansion. However, this resistance may be overcome by crazy ants that have a restricted sugar intake, which may occur when crazy ants are excluded from resources by fire ants.}, }
@article {pmid23773124, year = {2013}, author = {Griffiths, CJ and Zuël, N and Jones, CG and Ahamud, Z and Harris, S}, title = {Assessing the potential to restore historic grazing ecosystems with tortoise ecological replacements.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {690-700}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12087}, pmid = {23773124}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Mauritius ; Plant Weeds/*growth &amp; development ; Turtles/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The extinction of large herbivores, often keystone species, can dramatically modify plant communities and impose key biotic thresholds that may prevent an ecosystem returning to its previous state and threaten native biodiversity. A potentially innovative, yet controversial, landscape-based long-term restoration approach is to replace missing plant-herbivore interactions with non-native herbivores. Aldabran giant (Aldabrachelys gigantea) and Madagascan radiated (Astrochelys radiata) tortoises, taxonomically and functionally similar to the extinct Mauritian giant tortoises (Cylindraspis spp.), were introduced to Round Island, Mauritius, in 2007 to control the non-native plants that were threatening persistence of native species. We monitored the response of the plant community to tortoise grazing for 11 months in enclosures before the tortoises were released and, compared the cost of using tortoises as weeders with the cost of using manual labor. At the end of this period, plant biomass; vegetation height and cover; and adult, seedling, flower, and seed abundance were 3-136 times greater in adjacent control plots than in the tortoise enclosures. After their release, the free-roaming tortoises grazed on most non-native plants and significantly reduced vegetation cover, height, and seed production, reflecting findings from the enclosure study. The tortoises generally did not eat native species, although they consumed those native species that increased in abundance following the eradication of mammalian herbivores. Our results suggest that introduced non-native tortoises are a more cost-effective approach to control non-native vegetation than manual weeding. Numerous long-term outcomes (e.g., change in species composition and soil seed bank) are possible following tortoise releases. Monitoring and adaptive management are needed to ensure that the replacement herbivores promote the recovery of native plants.}, }
@article {pmid23772105, year = {2013}, author = {Zheleva-Dimitrova, DZh}, title = {Antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibition properties of Amorpha fruticosa L. and Phytolacca americana L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy magazine}, volume = {9}, number = {34}, pages = {109-113}, pmid = {23772105}, issn = {0973-1296}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Amorpha fruticosa L. and Phytolacca americana L. are native plants for North America, but invasive for Central Europe and the Mediterranean areas. Previous investigation reported DPPH radical scavenging activity of A. fruticosa seeds from Mississippi river basin and P. americana berries from Iran. The aim of the present study was to investigate methanol extracts from leaves and fruits of these invasive species growing in Bulgaria for radical scavenging and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Antioxidant activity was investigated using DPPH and ABTS free radicals; FRAP assay and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in linoleic acid system by FTC. Modified Ellman's colorimetric method was carried out to quantify acetylcholinesterase inhibition potential. In addition, the quantities of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic derivatives were determinated using Folin-Chiocalteu reagent, AlCl3, and Na2MoO4, respectively.<br><br>RESULTS: The highest concentrations of total polyphenols and flavonoids were found in A. fruticosa leaves (786.70&#xb1;1.78 mg/g dry extract and 32.19&#xb1;0.29 mg/g dry extract, respectively). A. fruticosa fruit was found to be the most enriched in total hydroxycinnamic derivatives (153.55&#xb1;1.11 mg/g dry extract) and demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity: DPPH, IC50 9.83 &#x3bc;g/mL; ABTS, IC50 2.90 &#x3bc;g/mL; FRAP 642.95&#xb1;3.95 &#x3bc;g TE/mg de, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, 48.86&#xb1;0.55% (2 mg/mL).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Phytolacca americana leaves and Amorpha fruticosa could be useful in therapy of free radical pathologies and neurodegenerative disorders.}, }
@article {pmid23771285, year = {2013}, author = {Abella, SR and Chiquoine, LP and Backer, DM}, title = {Soil, vegetation, and seed bank of a Sonoran Desert ecosystem along an exotic plant (Pennisetum ciliare) treatment gradient.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, pages = {946-957}, pmid = {23771285}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Arizona ; Desert Climate ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; Herbicides ; *Introduced Species ; *Pennisetum ; *Seeds ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {Ecological conditions following removal of exotic plants are a key part of comprehensive environmental management strategies to combat exotic plant invasions. We examined ecological conditions following removal of the management-priority buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) in Saguaro National Park of the North American Sonoran Desert. We assessed soil, vegetation, and soil seed banks on seven buffelgrass site types: five different frequencies of buffelgrass herbicide plus hand removal treatments (ranging from 5 years of annual treatment to a single year of treatment), untreated sites, and non-invaded sites, with three replicates for each of the seven site types. The 22 measured soil properties (e.g., pH) differed little among sites. Regarding vegetation, buffelgrass cover was low (≤1% median cover), or absent, across all treated sites but was high (10-70%) in untreated sites. Native vegetation cover, diversity, and composition were indistinguishable across site types. Species composition was dominated by native species (>93% relative cover) across all sites except untreated buffelgrass sites. Most (38 species, 93%) of the 41 species detected in soil seed banks were native, and native seed density did not differ significantly across sites. Results suggest that: (1) buffelgrass cover was minimal across treated sites; (2) aside from high buffelgrass cover in untreated sites, ecological conditions were largely indistinguishable across sites; (3) soil seed banks harbored ≥12 species that were frequent in the aboveground vegetation; and (4) native species dominated post-treatment vegetation composition, and removing buffelgrass did not result in replacement by other exotic species.}, }
@article {pmid23770897, year = {2013}, author = {Levican, A and Alkeskas, A and Günter, C and Forsythe, SJ and Figueras, MJ}, title = {Adherence to and invasion of human intestinal cells by Arcobacter species and their virulence genotypes.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {16}, pages = {4951-4957}, pmid = {23770897}, issn = {1098-5336}, mesh = {Arcobacter/classification/*genetics/*pathogenicity/physiology ; *Bacterial Adhesion ; Bacterial Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Caco-2 Cells ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Virulence ; }, abstract = {The genus Arcobacter is composed of 17 species which have been isolated from various sources. Of particular interest are A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, and A. skirrowii, as these have been associated with human cases of diarrhea, the probable transmission routes being through the ingestion of contaminated drinking water and food. To date, only limited studies of virulence traits in this genus have been undertaken. The present study used 60 Arcobacter strains isolated from different sources, representing 16 of the 17 species of the genus, to investigate their ability to adhere to and invade the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. In addition, the presence of five putative virulence genes (ciaB, cadF, cj1349, hecA, and irgA) was screened for in these strains by PCR. All Arcobacter species except A. bivalviorum and Arcobacter sp. strain W63 adhered to Caco-2 cells, and most species (10/16) were invasive. The most invasive species were A. skirrowii, A. cryaerophilus, A. butzleri, and A. defluvii. All invasive strains were positive for ciaB (encoding a putative invasion protein). Other putative virulence genes were present in other species, i.e., A. butzleri (cadF, cj1349, irgA, and hecA), A. trophiarum (cj1349), A. ellisii (cj1349), and A. defluvii (irgA). No virulence genes were detected in strains which showed little or no invasion of Caco-2 cells. These results indicate that many Arcobacter species are potential pathogens of humans and animals.}, }
@article {pmid23768425, year = {2013}, author = {Wang, HL and Yang, J and Boykin, LM and Zhao, QY and Li, Q and Wang, XW and Liu, SS}, title = {The characteristics and expression profiles of the mitochondrial genome for the Mediterranean species of the Bemisia tabaci complex.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {401}, pmid = {23768425}, issn = {1471-2164}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Codon/genetics ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Hemiptera/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Introduced Species ; Polyadenylation/genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; RNA, Transfer/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The whiteflies under the name Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera) are species complex of at least 31 cryptic species some of which are globally invasive agricultural pests. Previously, the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the indigenous New World B. tabaci species was sequenced and major differences of gene order from the postulated whitefly ancestral gene order were found. However, the sequence and gene order of mitogenomes in other B. tabaci species are unknown. In addition, the sequence divergences and gene expression profiles of mitogenomes in the B. tabaci species complex remain completely unexplored.<br><br>RESULTS: In this study, we obtained the complete mitogenome (15,632 bp) of the invasive Mediterranean (MED), which has been identified as the type species of the B. tabaci complex. It encodes 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNAs and 22 transfer RNAs (tRNA). Comparative analyses of the mitogenomes from MED and New World (previously published) species reveal that there are no gene arrangements. Based on the Illumina sequencing data, the gene expression profile of the MED mitogenome was analyzed. We found that a number of genes were polyadenylated and the partial stop codons in cox1, cox2 and nd5 are completed via polyadenylation that changed T to the TAA stop codon. In addition, combining the transcriptome with the sequence alignment data, the possible termination site of some PCGs were defined. Our analyses also revealed that atp6 and atp8, nd4 and nd4l, nd6 and cytb were found on the same cistronic transcripts, whereas the other mature mitochondrial transcripts were monocistronic. Furthermore, RT-PCR analyses of the mitochondrial PCGs expression in different developmental stages revealed that the expression level of individual mitochondrial genes varied in each developmental stage of nymph, pupa and adult. Interestingly, mRNA levels showed significant differences among genes located in the same transcription unit suggesting that mitochondrial mRNA abundance is heavily modulated by post-transcriptional regulation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This work provides novel insights into the mitogenome evolution of B. tabaci species and demonstrates that utilizing RNA-seq data to obtain the mitogenome and analyze mitochondrial gene expression characteristics is practical.}, }
@article {pmid23765641, year = {2013}, author = {Guo, WY and Lambertini, C and Li, XZ and Meyerson, LA and Brix, H}, title = {Invasion of Old World Phragmites australis in the New World: precipitation and temperature patterns combined with human influences redesign the invasive niche.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {19}, number = {11}, pages = {3406-3422}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12295}, pmid = {23765641}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {DNA, Chloroplast/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Haplotypes ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; *Poaceae/genetics ; Rain ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Temperature ; United States ; }, abstract = {After its introduction into North America, Euro-Asian Phragmites australis became an aggressive invasive wetland grass along the Atlantic coast of North America. Its distribution range has since expanded to the middle, south and southwest of North America, where invasive P. australis has replaced millions of hectares of native plants in inland and tidal wetlands. Another P. australis invasion from the Mediterranean region is simultaneously occurring in the Gulf region of the United States and some countries in South America. Here, we analysed the occurrence records of the two Old World invasive lineages of P. australis (Haplotype M and Med) in both their native and introduced ranges using environmental niche models (ENMs) to assess (i) whether a niche shift accompanied the invasions in the New World; (ii) the role of biologically relevant climatic variables and human influence in the process of invasion; and (iii) the current potential distribution of these two lineages. We detected local niche shifts along the East Coast of North America and the Gulf Coast of the United States for Haplotype M and around the Mississippi Delta and Florida of the United States for Med. The new niche of the introduced Haplotype M accounts for temperature fluctuations and increased precipitation. The introduced Med lineage has enlarged its original subtropical niche to the tropics-subtropics, invading regions with a high annual mean temperature (> ca. 10 °C) and high precipitation in the driest period. Human influence is an important factor for both niches. We suggest that an increase in precipitation in the 20th century, global warming and human-made habitats have shaped the invasive niches of the two lineages in the New World. However, as the invasions are ongoing and human and natural disturbances occur concomitantly, the future distribution ranges of the two lineages may diverge from the potential distribution ranges detected in this study.}, }
@article {pmid23765043, year = {2013}, author = {van Wilgen, BW and Moran, VC and Hoffmann, JH}, title = {Some perspectives on the risks and benefits of biological control of invasive alien plants in the management of natural ecosystems.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {52}, number = {3}, pages = {531-540}, pmid = {23765043}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Pest Control, Biological ; *Plant Weeds ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Globally, invasions by alien plants are rapidly increasing in extent and severity, leading to large-scale ecosystem degradation. Weed biological control offers opportunities to arrest or even reverse these trends and, although it is not always effective or appropriate as a management strategy, this practice has an excellent record of safety and many notable successes over two centuries. In recent years, growing concerns about the potential for unintended, non-target damage by biological control agents, and fears about other unpredictable effects on ecosystems, have created an increasingly demanding risk-averse regulatory environment. This development may be counter-productive because it tends to overemphasize potential problems and ignores or underestimates the benefits of weed biological control; it offers no viable alternatives; and it overlooks the inherent risks of a decision not to use biological control. The restoration of badly degraded ecosystems to a former pristine condition is not a realistic objective, but the protection of un-invaded or partial restoration of invaded ecosystems can be achieved safely, at low cost and sustainably through the informed and responsible application of biological control. This practice should therefore be given due consideration when management of invasive alien plants is being planned. This discussion paper provides a perspective on the risks and benefits of classical weed biological control, and it is aimed at assisting environmental managers in their deliberations on whether or not to use this strategy in preference, or as a supplement to other alien invasive plant control practices.}, }
@article {pmid23764587, year = {2013}, author = {McLaughlan, C and Aldridge, DC}, title = {Cultivation of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) within their invaded range to improve water quality in reservoirs.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {47}, number = {13}, pages = {4357-4369}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.04.043}, pmid = {23764587}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {Animals ; Dreissena/*growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; *Host Specificity ; *Introduced Species ; *Water Quality ; *Water Supply ; }, abstract = {Algal and cyanobacterial blooms in reservoirs are driven by nutrient enrichment and may present economic and conservation challenges for water managers. Current approaches such as suppression of algal growth with barley straw, ferric dosing or manipulation of fish stocks have not yielded long term successes. A possibility that has sparked growing interest is the encouragement and cultivation of natural filter feeders, such as mussels, which remove suspended matter from the water and reduce nutrient levels through biodeposition and assimilation. This review focusses on the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) as a tool for enhancement of water quality in reservoirs. Native to the Ponto-Caspian region, this species has invaded many lakes and reservoirs across North America and Western Europe, where it occurs in very high densities. While purposeful introduction of a non-native species into new sites is socially unacceptable, we investigate the possible benefits of encouraging increased abundance of zebra mussels in sites where the species is already established. We estimate that the annual nitrogen and phosphorus input into a large UK reservoir (Grafham Water) could be assimilated into zebra mussel biomass by encouraging settlement onto 3075 m and 1400 m of commercial mussel ropes, respectively. While zebra mussel cultivation has an incredible capacity to push eutrophic systems towards a clear water state, there are many risks associated with encouraging an invasive species, even within sites where it has already established. The zebra mussel is a prominent biofouler of native unionid mussels and raw water pipes, it changes the physical characteristics of the places it inhabits, in sites low in phosphorus it can be responsible for toxic cyanobacterial blooms, it alters nutrient cycling and community structure and it can have negative impacts on amenity value. Increased propagule pressure from elevated numbers of veliger larvae in the water column may increase the risk of spread to other locations. This may render some reservoir systems, such as dammed rivers which have outflows to downstream watercourses, unsuitable for cultivation. Such reservoirs are especially common in North America. We consider the practicalities of putting a zebra mussel cultivation system into place and identify gaps in knowledge. We conclude that zebra mussel cultivation offers an attractive tool for managing nutrient-enriched reservoirs, but that the benefits and costs must be balanced on a site-by-site basis.}, }
@article {pmid23764086, year = {2013}, author = {Cacabelos, E and Olabarria, C and Viejo, RM and Rubal, M and Veiga, P and Incera, M and Gestoso, I and Vaz-Pinto, F and Mejia, A and Engelen, AH and Arenas, F}, title = {Invasion of Sargassum muticum in intertidal rockpools: patterns along the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {90}, number = {}, pages = {18-26}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.05.008}, pmid = {23764086}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Portugal ; Sargassum/*physiology ; Spain ; Tidal Waves ; }, abstract = {Spatial patterns of non-indigenous species show scale-dependent properties. Sargassum muticum is an invasive macroalga widely distributed along the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula. Despite being quite abundant from Norway to South Portugal, there is little information about its patterns of distribution, particularly at a large spatial scale (i.e. thousands of kilometres). Here, we examined the spatial variation in the invasion success of S. muticum from rockpools at multiple spatial scales using a hierarchical design. In addition, we analysed how the richness of native assemblages was related to its invasion success and how this relationship changed over different scales. Most of the variation in the invasion success was found at the smallest scales of pool and plot. Furthermore, the invasibility of native macroalgal assemblages was related to the native species richness, but causes that determined invasion success could not be separated from the effects provoked by the invader. Results suggest that small-scale (centimetres to metres) processes contribute considerably to the heterogeneity of S. muticum invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid23762522, year = {2013}, author = {Zelikova, TJ and Hufbauer, RA and Reed, SC and Wertin, T and Fettig, C and Belnap, J}, title = {Eco-evolutionary responses of Bromus tectorum to climate change: implications for biological invasions.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {5}, pages = {1374-1387}, pmid = {23762522}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {How plant populations, communities, and ecosystems respond to climate change is a critical focus in ecology today. The responses of introduced species may be especially rapid. Current models that incorporate temperature and precipitation suggest that future Bromus tectorum invasion risk is low for the Colorado Plateau. With a field warming experiment at two sites in southeastern Utah, we tested this prediction over 4 years, measuring B. tectorum phenology, biomass, and reproduction. In a complimentary greenhouse study, we assessed whether changes in field B. tectorum biomass and reproductive output influence offspring performance. We found that following a wet winter and early spring, the timing of spring growth initiation, flowering, and summer senescence all advanced in warmed plots at both field sites and the shift in phenology was progressively larger with greater warming. Earlier green-up and development was associated with increases in B. tectorum biomass and reproductive output, likely due early spring growth, when soil moisture was not limiting, and a lengthened growing season. Seeds collected from plants grown in warmed plots had higher biomass and germination rates and lower mortality than seeds from ambient plots. However, in the following two dry years, we observed no differences in phenology between warmed and ambient plots. In addition, warming had a generally negative effect on B. tectorum biomass and reproduction in dry years and this negative effect was significant in the plots that received the highest warming treatment. In contrast to models that predict negative responses of B. tectorum to warmer climate on the Colorado Plateau, the effects of warming were more nuanced, relied on background climate, and differed between the two field sites. Our results highlight the importance of considering the interacting effects of temperature, precipitation, and site-specific characteristics such as soil texture, on plant demography and have direct implications for B. tectorum invasion dynamics on the Colorado Plateau.}, }
@article {pmid23762511, year = {2013}, author = {Miller, AD and Versace, VL and Matthews, TG and Montgomery, S and Bowie, KC}, title = {Ocean currents influence the genetic structure of an intertidal mollusc in southeastern Australia - implications for predicting the movement of passive dispersers across a marine biogeographic barrier.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {5}, pages = {1248-1261}, pmid = {23762511}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Major disjunctions among marine communities in southeastern Australia have been well documented, although explanations for biogeographic structuring remain uncertain. Converging ocean currents, environmental gradients, and habitat discontinuities have been hypothesized as likely drivers of structuring in many species, although the extent to which species are affected appears largely dependent on specific life histories and ecologies. Understanding these relationships is critical to the management of native and invasive species, and the preservation of evolutionary processes that shape biodiversity in this region. In this study we test the direct influence of ocean currents on the genetic structure of a passive disperser across a major biogeographic barrier. Donax deltoides (Veneroida: Donacidae) is an intertidal, soft-sediment mollusc and an ideal surrogate for testing this relationship, given its lack of habitat constraints in this region, and its immense dispersal potential driven by year-long spawning and long-lived planktonic larvae. We assessed allele frequencies at 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci across 11 sample locations spanning the barrier region and identified genetic structure consistent with the major ocean currents of southeastern Australia. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequence data indicated no evidence of genetic structuring, but signatures of a species range expansion corresponding with historical inundations of the Bassian Isthmus. Our results indicate that ocean currents are likely to be the most influential factor affecting the genetic structure of D. deltoides and a likely physical barrier for passive dispersing marine fauna generally in southeastern Australia.}, }
@article {pmid23761940, year = {2013}, author = {Reynolds, JC and Richardson, SM and Rodgers, BJ and Rodgers, OR}, title = {Effective Control of Non-Native American Mink by Strategic Trapping in a River Catchment in Mainland Britain.}, journal = {The Journal of wildlife management}, volume = {77}, number = {3}, pages = {545-554}, pmid = {23761940}, issn = {0022-541X}, abstract = {The introduction of American mink (Neovison vison; hereafter mink) into Europe has had severe impacts on many native wildlife species, including the water vole (Arvicola amphibius) in mainland Britain. Although trapping has been widely used to attempt to control mink, managers have little direct evidence of its effect on mink density or distribution, particularly where immigration of mink from nearby areas is inevitable. Such evidence is needed to justify the use of lethal methods in conservation policy. During 2006-2010 we removed mink from the River Monnow Catchment in western Britain, using track-recording rafts to monitor continuously for mink presence, guiding a strategic trapping effort. The area monitored and trapped was increased in stages, from a core sub-catchment with 109 km of water-course in 2006, to a 421-km[2] catchment with 203 km of water-course in 2009. In each successive sub-catchment, mink detection and capture rates declined rapidly to near-zero levels after trapping began. Detections and captures showed seasonal peaks in every year corresponding to known dispersal periods, but also declined steadily from year to year, with increasing periods in which we did not detect mink. These results suggested that each sub-catchment was cleared of mink within a few months, with subsequent captures attributable to immigration. On average, we detected each mink 5.1 times before capture (daily probability of detection = 0.059 per mink and raft), and trapped them 3.4 days after deploying traps in response. On average, mink entering the area were likely to have been present for less than 13 days before capture. Water voles had been extinct in the Monnow Catchment since the 1980s. During 2006-2008 (starting 6 months after mink trapping commenced), we released 700 captive-bred water voles into the treatment area to re-establish a wild population. Persistence of this population through the 4 years of the project was considered indicative of effective mink control. This study demonstrates that, even in a mainland context, a systematic trapping strategy can have a substantial impact on the density and distribution of a damaging species, in this case allowing the restoration of a native prey species. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.}, }
@article {pmid23761685, year = {2013}, author = {Wang, Y and Carrillo, J and Siemann, E and Wheeler, GS and Zhu, L and Gu, X and Ding, J}, title = {Specificity of extrafloral nectar induction by herbivores differs among native and invasive populations of tallow tree.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {112}, number = {4}, pages = {751-756}, pmid = {23761685}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Animals ; Euphorbiaceae/*physiology ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Moths/*physiology ; Plant Nectar ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Invasive plants can be released from specialist herbivores and encounter novel generalists in their introduced ranges, leading to variation in defence among native and invasive populations. However, few studies have examined how constitutive and induced indirect defences change during plant invasion, especially during the juvenile stage.<br><br>METHODS: Constitutive extrafloral nectar (EFN) production of native and invasive populations of juvenile tallow tree (Triadica sebifera) were compared, and leaf clipping, and damage by a native specialist (Noctuid) and two native generalist caterpillars (Noctuid and Limacodid) were used to examine inducible EFN production.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Plants from introduced populations had more leaves producing constitutive EFN than did native populations, but the content of soluble solids of EFN did not differ. Herbivores induced EFN production more than simulated herbivory. The specialist (Noctuid) induced more EFN than either generalist for native populations. The content of soluble solids in EFN was higher (2&#xb7;1 times), with the specialist vs. the generalists causing the stronger response for native populations, but the specialist response was always comparable with the generalist responses for invasive populations.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that constitutive and induced indirect defences are retained in juvenile plants of invasive populations even during plant establishment, perhaps due to generalist herbivory in the introduced range. However, responses specific to a specialist herbivore may be reduced in the introduced range where specialists are absent. This decreased defence may benefit specialist insects that are introduced for classical biological control of invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid23759725, year = {2013}, author = {Hornoy, B and Atlan, A and Roussel, V and Buckley, YM and Tarayre, M}, title = {Two colonisation stages generate two different patterns of genetic diversity within native and invasive ranges of Ulex europaeus.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {111}, number = {5}, pages = {355-363}, pmid = {23759725}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Alleles ; Chile ; Cluster Analysis ; Europe ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Frequency ; Genes, Plant ; *Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Plant Dispersal/*genetics ; Principal Component Analysis ; Ulex/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Genetic diversity and the way a species is introduced influence the capacity of populations of invasive species to persist in, and adapt to, their new environment. The diversity of introduced populations affects their evolutionary potential, which is particularly important for species that have invaded a wide range of habitats and climates, such as European gorse, Ulex europaeus. This species originated in the Iberian peninsula and colonised Europe in the Neolithic; over the course of the past two centuries it was introduced to, and has become invasive in, other continents. We characterised neutral genetic diversity and its structure in the native range and in invaded regions. By coupling these results with historical data, we have identified the way in which gorse populations were introduced and the consequences of introduction history on genetic diversity. Our study is based on the genotyping of individuals from 18 populations at six microsatellite loci. As U. europaeus is an allohexaploid species, we used recently developed tools that take into account genotypic ambiguity. Our results show that genetic diversity in gorse is very high and mainly contained within populations. We confirm that colonisation occurred in two stages. During the first stage, gorse spread out naturally from Spain towards northern Europe, losing some genetic diversity. During the second stage, gorse was introduced by humans into different regions of the world, from northern Europe. These introductions resulted in the loss of rare alleles but did not significantly reduce genetic diversity and thus the evolutionary potential of this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid23757445, year = {2013}, author = {Svenning, JC and Sandel, B}, title = {Disequilibrium vegetation dynamics under future climate change.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {100}, number = {7}, pages = {1266-1286}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1200469}, pmid = {23757445}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; Environmental Monitoring ; Plants/*classification/genetics ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Near-future climate changes are likely to elicit major vegetation changes. Disequilibrium dynamics, which occur when vegetation comes out of equilibrium with climate, are potentially a key facet of these. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for making accurate predictions, informing conservation planning, and understanding likely changes in ecosystem function on time scales relevant to society. However, many predictive studies have instead focused on equilibrium end-points with little consideration of the transient trajectories.<br><br>METHODS: We review what we should expect in terms of disequilibrium vegetation dynamics over the next 50-200 yr, covering a broad range of research fields including paleoecology, macroecology, landscape ecology, vegetation science, plant ecology, invasion biology, global change biology, and ecosystem ecology.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: The expected climate changes are likely to induce marked vegetation disequilibrium with climate at both leading and trailing edges, with leading-edge disequilibrium dynamics due to lags in migration at continental to landscape scales, in local population build-up and succession, in local evolutionary responses, and in ecosystem development, and trailing-edge disequilibrium dynamics involving delayed local extinctions and slow losses of ecosystem structural components. Interactions with habitat loss and invasive pests and pathogens are likely to further contribute to disequilibrium dynamics. Predictive modeling and climate-change experiments are increasingly representing disequilibrium dynamics, but with scope for improvement.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The likely pervasiveness and complexity of vegetation disequilibrium is a major challenge for forecasting ecological dynamics and, combined with the high ecological importance of vegetation, also constitutes a major challenge for future nature conservation.}, }
@article {pmid23757138, year = {2013}, author = {Martel, A and Adriaensen, C and Sharifian-Fard, M and Vandewoestyne, M and Deforce, D and Favoreel, H and Bergen, K and Spitzen-van der Sluijs, A and Devisscher, S and Adriaens, T and Louette, G and Baert, K and Hyatt, A and Crameri, S and Haesebrouck, F and Pasmans, F}, title = {The novel 'Candidatus Amphibiichlamydia ranarum' is highly prevalent in invasive exotic bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus).}, journal = {Environmental microbiology reports}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {105-108}, doi = {10.1111/j.1758-2229.2012.00359.x}, pmid = {23757138}, issn = {1758-2229}, mesh = {Animals ; Chlamydiaceae/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/microbiology ; Netherlands ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rana catesbeiana/*microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Knowledge concerning microbial infectious diseases in the current amphibian crisis is rudimentary and largely limited to ranavirosis and chytridiomycosis. The family Chlamydiaceae is gaining attention as a common cause of disease in amphibians and may harbour new and emerging amphibian pathogens. We identified a novel species of Chlamydiales (Candidatus Amphibiichlamydia ranarum) with a prevalence of 71% in exotic invasive bullfrog tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus) from an introduced population in the Netherlands. The sequence of a 1474 bp 16S rRNA gene fragment showed that the novel taxon forms a well-defined clade with 'Candidatus Amphibiichlamydia salamandrae' within the Chlamydiaceae family. Although none of the tadpoles examined showed signs of clinical disease, urgent evaluation of its pathogenic potential for native amphibian species is required.}, }
@article {pmid23755476, year = {2013}, author = {Yu, LZ and Wu, XQ and Ye, JR and Zhang, SN}, title = {[Relationships between nitric oxide response signal and external factors during the early interaction between Pinus thunbergii and Bursaphelenchus xylophilus].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {646-652}, pmid = {23755476}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Animals ; Nematoda/*pathogenicity ; Nitric Oxide/*metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism ; Pinus/*metabolism/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {In the interaction between Pinus thunbergii and Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule involving in the early response of P. thunbergii to the invasion of B. xylophilus. However, it is unclear that whether the NO production by P. thunbergii is triggered by the invaded B. xylophilus or its secreted metabolites. In the present study, the P. thunbergii was inoculated with living B. xylophilus, its secretion, and the suspension of grinded B. xylophilus, respectively, and the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and NO content in the P. thunbergii were detected at the early stage. In all treatments, the inoculated P. thunbergii appeared disease symptoms, and the NOS activity and NO content in the P. thunbergii inoculated with B. xylophilus secretion and grinded B. xylophilus suspension increased, suggesting that besides living B. xylophilus, its contents or secretion could also trigger the expression of NO response signal in P. thunbergii, inducing the downstream response and causing the disease development of P. thunbergi. With the increasing temperature at 15-25 degrees C, both the NOS activity and the NO content in inoculated P. thunbergii increased, and the disease symptoms appeared earlier. The same patterns of NOS activity, NO content, and disease symptoms were also observed under increasing drought stress. It was suggested that within a definite range, increased. temperature and drought stress could enhance the NO signal expression in inoculated P. thunbergii and accelerate its disease development, and thus, the disease development of inoculated P. thunbergii under high temperature and drought condition could be related to the enhancement of the NO response signal in the host.}, }
@article {pmid23755264, year = {2013}, author = {Goldstien, SJ and Inglis, GJ and Schiel, DR and Gemmell, NJ}, title = {Using temporal sampling to improve attribution of source populations for invasive species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {e65656}, pmid = {23755264}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Alleles ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Variation ; *Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; New Zealand ; Phenotype ; Specimen Handling/methods ; Time Factors ; Urochordata/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Numerous studies have applied genetic tools to the identification of source populations and transport pathways for invasive species. However, there are many gaps in the knowledge obtained from such studies because comprehensive and meaningful spatial sampling to meet these goals is difficult to achieve. Sampling populations as they arrive at the border should fill the gaps in source population identification, but such an advance has not yet been achieved with genetic data. Here we use previously acquired genetic data to assign new incursions as they invade populations within New Zealand ports and marinas. We also investigated allelelic frequency change in these recently established populations over a two-year period, and assessed the effect of temporal genetic sampling on our ability to assign new incursions to their population of source. We observed shifts in the allele frequencies among populations, as well as the complete loss of some alleles and the addition of alleles novel to New Zealand, within these recently established populations. There was no significant level of genetic differentiation observed in our samples between years, and the use of these temporal data did alter the assignment probability of new incursions. Our study further suggests that new incursions can add genetic variation to the population in a single introduction event as the founders themselves are often more genetically diverse than theory initially predicted.}, }
@article {pmid23754555, year = {2014}, author = {Matsumura, M and Sanada-Morimura, S and Otuka, A and Ohtsu, R and Sakumoto, S and Takeuchi, H and Satoh, M}, title = {Insecticide susceptibilities in populations of two rice planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera, immigrating into Japan in the period 2005-2012.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, pages = {615-622}, doi = {10.1002/ps.3590}, pmid = {23754555}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbamates/toxicity ; Female ; *Hemiptera ; Imidazoles/toxicity ; Insecticide Resistance/*physiology ; Insecticides/*toxicity ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Neonicotinoids ; Nitro Compounds/toxicity ; Organothiophosphates/toxicity ; Oryza ; Pyrazoles/toxicity ; Pyrethrins/toxicity ; Thiazoles/toxicity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens and the whitebacked planthopper Sogatella furcifera are both important pests on rice throughout Asia. The major cause of recent outbreaks is thought to be the development of insecticide resistance. Thus, the authors monitored insecticide susceptibilities in populations of these two insects immigrating into Japan in the period 2005-2012. Ten insecticides were tested, including members of the organophosphate, carbamate, pyrethroid, neonicotinoid and phenylpyrazole groups.<br><br>RESULTS: The LD50 values of N. lugens against imidacloprid increased from 2005 (0.7 &#xb5;g g(-1)) to 2012 (98.5 &#xb5;g g(-1)). The resistance ratio (LD50 value in 2012/baseline LD50 value in 1992) was 615.5. In contrast, LD50 values of N. lugens against fipronil were <1.0 &#xb5;g g(-1) up to 2012, suggesting that N. lugens had developed no insecticide resistance to this insecticide. However, S. furcifera exhibited resistance against fipronil up to 2012. Except for the case of malathion, the resistances of N. lugens against members of the organophosphate and carbamate groups were closely similar in the period 2005-2012 to earlier determinations in 1984 and 1985.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Species-specific insecticide resistance (imidacloprid resistance in N. lugens and fipronil resistance in S. furcifera) is ongoing in populations of the two planthoppers immigrating into Japan.}, }
@article {pmid23749221, year = {2013}, author = {Xu, KW and Penttinen, P and Chen, YX and Zou, L and Zhou, T and Zhang, X and Hu, C and Liu, F}, title = {Polyphasic characterization of rhizobia isolated from Leucaena leucocephala from Panxi, China.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {29}, number = {12}, pages = {2303-2315}, pmid = {23749221}, issn = {1573-0972}, mesh = {Animals ; Bradyrhizobium/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; China ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Fabaceae/*microbiology ; *Genes, Bacterial ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Mesorhizobium/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rhizobium/*classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Soil Microbiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Leucaena leucocephala was introduced into Panxi, Sichuan, China, in the 1980s and 1990s for afforestation and preventing water loss and soil erosion in this area. The co-introduction of rhizobial symbionts of introduced plants has drawn attention since they may influence local soil communities. We studied the phylogenetic position of the L. leucocephala isolates and assessed if the rhizobia were introduced together with the host to Panxi, Sichuan, China. The glnII and atpD genes of fifteen representative isolates were sequenced and analyzed, and applied multilocus sequence analyses in which the housekeeping genes recA, glnII and atpD were included. Furthermore, we estimated the within species diversity directly with 23S rDNA and IGS RFLP and indirectly through phenotypic analysis of forty L. leucocephala isolates. The isolates represented seven species and 38 diversified strains in the genera Ensifer, Mesorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium and Rhizobium. The within species diversity of the Ensifer isolates was large, proposing a potential to occupy novel niches. There was not conclusive evidence to show that any of the strains would have been co-introduced with L. leucocephala. On the contrary, we came to a conclusion that the possible introduction should not be inferred from sequence data alone.}, }
@article {pmid23748421, year = {2014}, author = {Gray, DR}, title = {Unwanted spatial bias in predicting establishment of an invasive insect based on simulated demographics.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {58}, number = {5}, pages = {949-961}, pmid = {23748421}, issn = {1432-1254}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate ; Computer Simulation ; Demography ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Moths/*physiology ; New Zealand ; Oviposition ; Research Design ; }, abstract = {A strategy to estimate the probability of successful establishment of the invasive gypsy moth (given an introduction) is growing in popularity. The strategy calls for an examination of the demographic output of a phenology model of the complete life-cycle to estimate the generational success under the climate of the location under consideration. The probability is maximal where the climate satisfies the life-cycle requirements of all life-stages of 100% of the population every year. The probability decreases where a smaller proportion of the population has its requirements satisfied every year, or where the frequency of unsatisfactory years increases. The strategy can give an unbiased and objective estimate of the probability. However, implementation of the strategy has most often forced unnatural and overly simplistic modifications onto the demographic structure that is simulated by the phenology model, and used an inappropriate and arbitrary calendar date to estimate demographic changes from winter mortality. This produces pronounced spatial bias in the estimates of generational success, and therefore in the estimates of climate-mediated establishment probability. In an examination of the strategy, as implemented in New Zealand, one demographic simplification caused an overestimate of 21% in a southern location; a second simplification caused an overestimate of 17% in a northern location. One hundred percent of the generations were incorrectly considered to have failed in a northern location because of the arbitrary calendar date that was used; and 78% of the generations were incorrectly considered successful in a southern location because of the arbitrary date.}, }
@article {pmid23747925, year = {2013}, author = {Pizzatto, L and Kelehear, C and Shine, R}, title = {Seasonal dynamics of the lungworm, Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala, in recently colonised cane toad (Rhinella marina) populations in tropical Australia.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {43}, number = {9}, pages = {753-761}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.05.002}, pmid = {23747925}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufo marinus/*parasitology ; Nematoda/classification/*physiology ; Nematode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Northern Territory/epidemiology ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {The impact of parasites on host populations depend upon parasite prevalence and intensity. Understanding how infection dynamics change through time following a host population's initial exposure to the parasite is fundamental to host-parasite biology. We studied an invasive host (the cane toad, Rhinella marina) currently undergoing range expansion - a process through which this host's range is expanding faster than that of its lung parasites (the nematode, Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala), such that hosts at the expanding range edge remain parasite-free for several years. It was predicted that parasite intensity and prevalence would be affected by host characteristics (e.g., size, sex), environmental conditions (e.g., seasons, habitat type), and time since parasite arrival in the newly established invading host population. Over 2,400 cane toads were sampled at 10 sites in recently established toad populations in the highly seasonal monsoonal tropics of northern Australia. The sampling spanned 14 consecutive 3 month seasons commencing in the early stages of lungworm establishment in those toad populations. Both parasite prevalence and intensity increased with host body size but were unaffected by host sex. Prevalence and intensity were highest during drier times of year and in drier habitats (i.e., sites lacking permanent waterbodies). These changes in parasite prevalence may reflect a trend for saturated soil to reduce parasite survival during the free-living infective stage, and to allow anuran hosts to disperse widely (thus reducing the transfer of directly transmitted parasites between hosts). Conversely, dry conditions induce toads to aggregate in moist dry-season refugia where conditions may be more conducive to direct transmission of infective parasitic larvae between hosts.}, }
@article {pmid23747371, year = {2013}, author = {Diagne, N and Diouf, D and Svistoonoff, S and Kane, A and Noba, K and Franche, C and Bogusz, D and Duponnois, R}, title = {Casuarina in Africa: distribution, role and importance of arbuscular mycorrhizal, ectomycorrhizal fungi and Frankia on plant development.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {128}, number = {}, pages = {204-209}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.05.009}, pmid = {23747371}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Africa ; Australia ; Ecology ; Forestry/methods ; Frankia/*physiology ; Magnoliopsida/*growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; Mycorrhizae/physiology ; Soil ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Exotic trees were introduced in Africa to rehabilitate degraded ecosystems. Introduced species included several Australian species belonging to the Casuarinaceae family. Casuarinas trees grow very fast and are resistant to drought and high salinity. They are particularly well adapted to poor and disturbed soils thanks to their capacity to establish symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi -both arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal- and with the nitrogen-fixing bacteria Frankia. These trees are now widely distributed in more than 20 African countries. Casuarina are mainly used in forestation programs to rehabilitate degraded or polluted sites, to stabilise sand dunes and to provide fuelwood and charcoal and thus contribute considerably to improving livelihoods and local economies. In this paper, we describe the geographical distribution of Casuarina in Africa, their economic and ecological value and the role of the symbiotic interactions between Casuarina, mycorrhizal fungi and Frankia.}, }
@article {pmid23747370, year = {2013}, author = {Zurlini, G and Petrosillo, I and Jones, KB and Li, BL and Riitters, KH and Medagli, P and Marchiori, S and Zaccarelli, N}, title = {Towards the planning and design of disturbance patterns across scales to counter biological invasions.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {128}, number = {}, pages = {192-203}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.05.006}, pmid = {23747370}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Climate Change ; Cluster Analysis ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; *Models, Theoretical ; Planning Techniques ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {The way in which disturbances from human land use are patterned in space across scales can have important consequences for efforts to govern human/environment with regard to, but not only, invasive spread-dispersal processes. In this context, we explore the potential of disturbance patterns along a continuum of scales as proxies for identifying the geographical regions prone to spread of invasive plant species. To this end, we build on a previous framework of cross-scale disturbance patterns, exercising the approach for the Apulia region (South Italy). We first review procedures and results introducing disturbance maps and sliding windows to measure composition (amount) and configuration (contagion) of disturbance patterns both for real and simulated landscapes from random, multifractal and hierarchical neutral models. We introduce cross-scale disturbance profiles obtained by clustering locations from real and simulated landscapes, which are used as foils for comparison to the real landscapes on the same pattern transition space. Critical percolation thresholds derived from landscape observations and theoretical works are discussed in order to identify critical scale domains. With reference to the actual land use and invasive alien flora correlates of disturbance patterns, a cross-scale "invasibility" map of the Apulia region is derived, which shows sub-regions and scale domains with different potentials for the invasive spread of undesirable species. We discuss the potential effect of contagious and non-contagious disturbances like climate change and why multifractal-like disturbance patterns might be more desirable than others to counter biological invasions in a multi-scale and multi-level context of adaptive planning, design and management of disturbance.}, }
@article {pmid23747104, year = {2013}, author = {Zanet, S and Palese, V and Trisciuoglio, A and Cantón Alonso, C and Ferroglio, E}, title = {Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infection in invasive Eastern Cottontail Rabbits Sylvilagus floridanus in Northwestern Italy.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {197}, number = {3-4}, pages = {682-684}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.05.014}, pmid = {23747104}, issn = {1873-2550}, mesh = {Animals ; Coccidiosis/veterinary ; Encephalitozoon cuniculi/*isolation &amp; purification ; Encephalitozoonosis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; *Introduced Species ; Italy/epidemiology ; Neospora/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Rabbits ; Toxoplasma/*isolation &amp; purification ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Sylvilagus floridanus is a lagomorph introduced for hunting purposes from North America to Europe where, in certain areas like Northern Italy, its population reached high densities. Brain, kidney and skeletal muscle of 144 Eastern Cottontail Rabbits S. floridanus were examined by PCR for Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. DNA of E. cuniculi was found with a prevalence of 9.72% (CI 95% 0.058-0.156). T. gondii and N. caninum DNA was detected in 2.08% (CI 95% 0.0071-0.0595) and 2.78% (CI 95% 0.0109-0.0692) of the samples examined, respectively. This is the first report of E. cuniculi infection in a lagomorph species other than in its natural host Oryctolagus cuniculus, and this is also the first time N. caninum is found to naturally infect S. floridanus. E. cuniculi, T. gondii and N. caninum infect S. floridanus at low but relevant prevalences, considered the important role that these pathogens could play in both animal and human health.}, }
@article {pmid23746668, year = {2013}, author = {Burdon, JJ and Thrall, PH and Ericson, L}, title = {Genes, communities &amp; invasive species: understanding the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of host-pathogen interactions.}, journal = {Current opinion in plant biology}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {400-405}, doi = {10.1016/j.pbi.2013.05.003}, pmid = {23746668}, issn = {1879-0356}, support = {5R0I GM074265-01 A2/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Agriculture ; Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Introduced Species ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*microbiology/virology ; }, abstract = {Reciprocal interactions between hosts and pathogens drive ecological, epidemiological and co-evolutionary trajectories, resulting in complex patterns of diversity at population, species and community levels. Recent results confirm the importance of negative frequency-dependent rather than 'arms-race' processes in the evolution of individual host-pathogen associations. At the community level, complex relationships between species abundance and diversity dampen or alter pathogen impacts. Invasive pathogens challenge these controls reflecting the earliest stages of evolutionary associations (akin to arms-race) where disease effects may be so great that they overwhelm the host's and community's ability to respond. Viewing these different stabilization/destabilization phases as a continuum provides a valuable perspective to assessment of the role of genetics and ecology in the dynamics of both natural and invasive host-pathogen associations.}, }
@article {pmid23743271, year = {2013}, author = {Mukherjee, J and Po, BH and Chiu, JM and Wu, RS and Qian, PY and Thiyagarajan, V}, title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers do not affect metamorphosis but alter the proteome of the invasive slipper limpet Crepidula onyx.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {73}, number = {1}, pages = {273-281}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.009}, pmid = {23743271}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Gastropoda/*physiology ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/*toxicity ; Introduced Species ; Larva/drug effects ; Metamorphosis, Biological/*drug effects ; Proteome/*metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Man-made polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) used as flame retardants in various consumer products may be harmful to marine organisms. Larvae of some marine invertebrates, especially invasive species, can develop resistance to PBDEs through altered protein expression patterns or proteome plasticity. This is the first report of a proteomics approach to study BDE-47 induced molecular changes in the invasive limpet Crepidula onyx. Larvae of C. onyx were cultured for 5 days (hatching to metamorphosis) in the presence of BDE-47 (1 μg L(-1)). Using a 2-DE proteomics approach with triple quadrupole and high-resolution TOF-MS, we showed that BDE-47 altered the proteome structure but not the growth or metamorphosis of C. onyx larvae. We found eight significant differentially expressed proteins in response to BDE-47, deemed the protein expression signature, consisting of cytoskeletal, stress tolerance, metabolism and energy production related proteins. Our data suggest C. onyx larvae have adequate proteome plasticity to tolerate BDE-47 toxicity.}, }
@article {pmid23742887, year = {2013}, author = {Boucher, AC and Mimee, B and Montarry, J and Bardou-Valette, S and Bélair, G and Moffett, P and Grenier, E}, title = {Genetic diversity of the golden potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis and determination of the origin of populations in Quebec, Canada.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {69}, number = {1}, pages = {75-82}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2013.05.020}, pmid = {23742887}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; Bolivia ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages/*genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats ; New York ; Phenotype ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Plant Diseases/parasitology ; Quebec ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Solanum tuberosum/parasitology ; Tylenchoidea/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The golden cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis), native to South America, has been introduced in many parts of the world, including Europe and North America. Recently, it was found for the first time in the province of Quebec, Canada in the locality of St. Amable near Montreal. To date, very few studies have examined the population genetics of this pest. Consequently, there is a lack of knowledge about the genetic structure and evolution of this nematode. In this study, twelve new microsatellite markers were developed in order to explore these questions. These markers were used to genotype fifteen populations originating from different regions of the world, including five from Canada. Within populations, the highest genetic diversity was consistently observed in the populations from Bolivia, the postulated region of origin of the golden nematode, and the lowest in populations from British Columbia (Canada) and New York (USA). The two Quebec populations were very similar to each other and to the population found in Newfoundland, but surprisingly, they were significantly different from three other North American populations including those from New York and British Columbia. Based on our results, we conclude that the golden cyst nematode has been introduced in North America at least twice from distinct regions of the world.}, }
@article {pmid23740297, year = {2013}, author = {Wooding, AL and Wingfield, MJ and Hurley, BP and Garnas, JR and de Groot, P and Slippers, B}, title = {Lack of fidelity revealed in an insect-fungal mutualism after invasion.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {20130342}, pmid = {23740297}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Basidiomycota/genetics/*physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Canada ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Insect Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Pinus/growth &amp; development ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Species Specificity ; *Symbiosis ; Wasps/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Symbiont fidelity is an important mechanism in the evolution and stability of mutualisms. Strict fidelity has been assumed for the obligate mutualism between Sirex woodwasps and their mutualistic Amylostereum fungi. This assumption has been challenged in North America where the European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, and its fungal mutualist, Amylostereum areolatum, have recently been introduced. We investigate the specificity of the mutualism between Sirex and Amylostereum species in Canada, where S. noctilio co-infests Pinus with native Sirex nigricornis and its mutualist, Amylostereum chailletii. Using phylogenetic and culture methods, we show that extensive, reciprocal exchange of fungal species and strains is occurring, with 75.3 per cent of S. nigricornis carrying A. areolatum and 3.5 per cent of S. noctilio carrying A. chailletii. These findings show that the apparent specificity of the mutualism between Sirex spp. and their associated Amylostereum spp. is not the result of specific biological mechanisms that maintain symbiont fidelity. Rather, partner switching may be common when shifting geographical distributions driven by ecological or anthropogenic forces bring host and mutualist pairs into sympatry. Such novel associations have potentially profound consequences for fitness and virulence. Symbiont sharing, if it occurs commonly, may represent an important but overlooked mechanism of community change linked to biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid23739414, year = {2013}, author = {Courchamp, F}, title = {Alien species: Monster fern makes IUCN invader list.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {498}, number = {7452}, pages = {37}, doi = {10.1038/498037a}, pmid = {23739414}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Databases, Factual ; *Ferns/growth &amp; development ; International Cooperation ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Tropical Climate ; }, }
@article {pmid23738912, year = {2013}, author = {Bai, F and Chisholm, R and Sang, W and Dong, M}, title = {Spatial risk assessment of alien invasive plants in China.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {47}, number = {14}, pages = {7624-7632}, doi = {10.1021/es400382c}, pmid = {23738912}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {China ; Climate ; *Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {The large-scale distribution patterns of alien invasive plants (AIP) can provide key information and a theoretical basis for management strategies, including the prevention of invasions, the control and eradication of established AIPs, and the identification of areas at high risk of invasion. This study aims to quantify distribution patterns of AIP in China, to develop approaches that measure the social, economic, and ecological impacts, and to identify areas that are at higher risk of plant invasion. Based on published literature, there were 384 AIPs in China, representing 233 genera from 66 families. Climatic factors were among the primary factors determining AIPs' overall distribution patterns. The majority of AIPs were tropically distributed in China, meaning that they were mainly restricted to southern China. Temperate-distributed AIPs, those distributed only or predominantly in northern China, were fewer but had higher average rates of spread than tropically distributed AIPs. Average ecological and economic impact per AIP was negatively correlated with AIP richness, meaning that areas with relatively few AIPs nevertheless have some of the most detrimental ones. Our comparative evaluation showed that the risk of invasion differed among regions of China, with high-risk areas in southern China (Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guangdong) and central coastal areas of eastern China (Shandong, Hebei, and Jiangsu). In the context of climate change, areas around latitudes of 33° N, including Hebei, Shandong, Henan, and Jiangsu, should be given more attention for the control and prevention of plant invasions. Predictions of high-risk areas for future invasions differed depending on the scale of aggregation and the evaluation index, indicating that invasive risk assessments should be based on multiple factors.}, }
@article {pmid23738758, year = {2013}, author = {le Roux, PC and Shaw, JD and Chown, SL}, title = {Ontogenetic shifts in plant interactions vary with environmental severity and affect population structure.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {200}, number = {1}, pages = {241-250}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12349}, pmid = {23738758}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Agrostis/*growth &amp; development ; Apiaceae/*growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development ; *Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Environmental conditions and plant size may both alter the outcome of inter-specific plant-plant interactions, with seedlings generally facilitated more strongly than larger individuals in stressful habitats. However, the combined impact of plant size and environmental severity on interactions is poorly understood. Here, we tested explicitly for the first time the hypothesis that ontogenetic shifts in interactions are delayed under increasingly severe conditions by examining the interaction between a grass, Agrostis magellanica, and a cushion plant, Azorella selago, along two severity gradients. The impact of A. selago on A. magellanica abundance, but not reproductive effort, was related to A. magellanica size, with a trend for delayed shifts towards more negative interactions under greater environmental severity. Intermediate-sized individuals were most strongly facilitated, leading to differences in the size-class distribution of A. magellanica on the soil and on A. selago. The A. magellanica size-class distribution was more strongly affected by A. selago than by environmental severity, demonstrating that the plant-plant interaction impacts A. magellanica population structure more strongly than habitat conditions. As ontogenetic shifts in plant-plant interactions cannot be assumed to be constant across severity gradients and may impact species population structure, studies examining the outcome of interactions need to consider the potential for size- or age-related variation in competition and facilitation.}, }
@article {pmid23738371, year = {2013}, author = {Prentis, PJ and Pavasovic, A}, title = {Understanding the genetic basis of invasiveness.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, pages = {2366-2368}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12277}, pmid = {23738371}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Ambrosia/*genetics ; *Gene Expression ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Invasive species provide excellent study systems to evaluate the ecological and evolutionary processes that contribute to the colonization of novel environments. While the ecological processes that contribute to the successful establishment of invasive plants have been studied in detail, investigation of the evolutionary processes involved in successful invasions has only recently received attention. In particular, studies investigating the genomic and gene expression differences between native and introduced populations of invasive species are just beginning and are required if we are to understand how plants become invasive. In the current issue of Molecular Ecology, Hodgins et al. (2013) tackle this unresolved question, by examining gene expression differences between native and introduced populations of annual ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia. The study identifies a number of potential candidate genes based on gene expression differences that may be responsible for the success of annual ragweed in its introduced range. Furthermore, genes involved in stress response are over-represented in the differentially expressed gene set. Future experiments could use functional studies to test whether changes in gene expression at these candidate genes do in fact underlie changes in growth characteristics and reproductive output observed in this and other invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid23737942, year = {2013}, author = {Li, J and Xiao, T and Zhang, Q and Dong, M}, title = {Interactive effect of herbivory and competition on the invasive plant Mikania micrantha.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {e62608}, pmid = {23737942}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents ; Competitive Behavior ; *Herbivory/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Lepidoptera/physiology ; Mikania/*growth &amp; development ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {A considerable number of host-specific biological control agents fail to control invasive plants in the field, and exploring the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is important and helpful for the management of invasive plants. Herbivory and competition are two of the most common biotic stressors encountered by invasive plants in their recipient communities. We predicted that the antagonistic interactive effect between herbivory and competition would weaken the effect of herbivory on invasive plants and result in the failure of herbivory to control invasive plants. To examine this prediction, thus, we conducted an experiment in which both invasive Mikania micrantha and native Coix lacryma-job i were grown together and subjected to herbivory-mimicking defoliation. Both defoliation and competition had significantly negative effects on the growth of the invader. However, the negative effect of 75% respective defoliation on the above- and below-ground biomass of Mikania micrantha was alleviated by presence of Coix lacryma-jobi. The negative effect of competition on the above- and below-ground biomass was equally compensated at 25%, 50% and 100% defoliation and overcompensated at 75% defoliation. The interactive effect was antagonistic and dependent on the defoliation intensity, with the maximum effect at 75% defoliation. The antagonistic interaction between defoliation and competition appears to be able to release the invader from competition, thus facilitating the invasiveness of Mikania, a situation that might make herbivory fail to inhibit the growth of invasive Mikania in the invaded community.}, }
@article {pmid23734483, year = {2013}, author = {Coutts, SR and Yokomizo, H and Buckley, YM}, title = {The behavior of multiple independent managers and ecological traits interact to determine prevalence of weeds.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {523-536}, doi = {10.1890/12-0599.1}, pmid = {23734483}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Plant Weeds ; Poaceae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Management of damaging invasive plants is often undertaken by multiple decision makers, each managing only a small part of the invader's population. As weeds can move between properties and re-infest eradicated sites from unmanaged sources, the dynamics of multiple decision makers plays a significant role in weed prevalence and invasion risk at the landscape scale. We used a spatially explicit agent-based simulation to determine how individual agent behavior, in concert with weed population ecology, determined weed prevalence. We compared two invasive grass species that differ in ecology, control methods, and costs: Nassella trichotoma (serrated tussock) and Eragrostis curvula (African love grass). The way decision makers reacted to the benefit of management had a large effect on the extent of a weed. If benefits of weed control outweighed the costs, and either net benefit was very large or all agents were very sensitive to net benefits, then agents tended to act synchronously, reducing the pool of infested agents available to spread the weed. As N. trichotoma was more damaging than E. curvula and had more effective control methods, agents chose to manage it more often, which resulted in lower prevalence of N. trichotoma. A relatively low number of agents who were intrinsically less motivated to control weeds led to increased prevalence of both species. This was particularly apparent when long-distance dispersal meant each infested agent increased the invasion risk for a large portion of the landscape. In this case, a small proportion of land mangers reluctant to control, regardless of costs and benefits, could lead to the whole landscape being infested, even when local control stopped new infestations. Social pressure was important, but only if it was independent of weed prevalence, suggesting that early access to information, and incentives to act on that information, may be crucial in stopping a weed from infesting large areas. The response of our model to both behavioral and ecological parameters was highly nonlinear. This implies that the outcomes of weed management programs that deal with multiple land mangers could be highly variable in both space and through time.}, }
@article {pmid23733530, year = {2013}, author = {Knope, ML and Pender, RJ and Crawford, DJ and Wieczorek, AM}, title = {Invasive congeners are unlikely to hybridize with native Hawaiian Bidens (Asteraceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {100}, number = {6}, pages = {1221-1226}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1300018}, pmid = {23733530}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*genetics/physiology ; Bidens/*genetics ; Hawaii ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Reproducibility of Results ; Seeds/physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Invasive plant species threaten native plants in multiple ways, one of which is genetic assimilation through hybridization. However, information regarding hybridization between related alien and native plant species is generally lacking. In Hawaii, the invasive Central American species Bidens pilosa and Bidens alba have colonized natural areas and often grow alongside the native Hawaiian Bidens species, a clade representing an adaptive radiation of 27 endemic taxa, many of which are threatened or endangered. •<br><br>METHODS: To assess the risk of hybridization between introduced and native Hawaiian Bidens (which will readily hybridize with one another), we undertook crosses in cultivation between the invasive species and nine native Bidens taxa. &#x2022;<br><br>KEY RESULTS: The majority of the crosses formed no viable seed. Although seed did mature in several of the crosses, morphological screening of the resulting seedlings indicated that they were the result of self-pollination. &#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This result suggests that B. alba and B. pilosa are incapable of hybridizing with these Hawaiian Bidens taxa. Further, we found that B. alba in Hawaii was self-compatible, despite self-incompatibility throughout its native range, and that the tetraploid species B. alba and the hexaploid species B. pilosa were cross-compatible, although pollen fertility was low.}, }
@article {pmid23731157, year = {2013}, author = {Lindner, K and Cerwenka, AF and Brandner, J and Gertzen, S and Borcherding, J and Geist, J and Schliewen, UK}, title = {First evidence for interspecific hybridization between invasive goby species Neogobius fluviatilis and Neogobius melanostomus (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Benthophilinae).}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {82}, number = {6}, pages = {2128-2134}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.12127}, pmid = {23731157}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Animals ; Genotype ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/genetics/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Two hybrids between the monkey goby Neogobius fluviatilis and the round goby Neogobius melanostomus from the Rhine River were identified by genotyping and morphological comparison. These are the first records of goby-hybrids outside the parent species' native ranges worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid23730180, year = {2013}, author = {Pogue, MG}, title = {A review of the Paectes arcigera species complex (Guenée) (Lepidoptera, Euteliidae).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {264}, pages = {125-163}, pmid = {23730180}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Five new species of Paectes Hübner [1818] related to Paectes arcigera (Guenée) (Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, British Virgin Islands, Guadeloupe, Dominica, St. Lucia, Trinidad) and Paectes longiformis Pogue (Brazil) are described: Paectes asper sp. n. (Florida, Bahamas, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, British Virgin Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands, Dominica, Colombia), Paectes medialba sp. n. (Argentina), Paectes similis sp. n. (Brazil), Paectes sinuosa sp. n. (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay), and Paectes tumida sp. n. (Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana). Adults and genitalia are illustrated for all species. Taxonomic changes include the rev. stat. of Paectes nana (Walker) (Florida, Greater Antilles, Mexico, Guatemala, Galapagos) as a valid species and revised synonyms Paectes indefatigabilis Schaus and Paectes isabel Schaus as junior synonyms of Paectes nana instead of Paectes arcigera. New host records for Paectes sinuosa and Paectes nana reared on Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Anacardiaceae) are presented. The holotype and female genitalia of Paectes obrotunda (Guenée) are illustrated.}, }
@article {pmid23726049, year = {2013}, author = {Tonini, F and Hochmair, HH and Scheffrahn, RH and Deangelis, DL}, title = {Simulating the spread of an invasive termite in an urban environment using a stochastic individual-based model.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, pages = {412-423}, doi = {10.1603/EN12325}, pmid = {23726049}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Florida ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Isoptera/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {Invasive termites are destructive insect pests that cause billions of dollars in property damage every year. Termite species can be transported overseas by maritime vessels. However, only if the climatic conditions are suitable will the introduced species flourish. Models predicting the areas of infestation following initial introduction of an invasive species could help regulatory agencies develop successful early detection, quarantine, or eradication efforts. At present, no model has been developed to estimate the geographic spread of a termite infestation from a set of surveyed locations. In the current study, we used actual field data as a starting point, and relevant information on termite species to develop a spatially-explicit stochastic individual-based simulation to predict areas potentially infested by an invasive termite, Nasutitermes corniger (Motschulsky), in Dania Beach, FL. The Monte Carlo technique is used to assess outcome uncertainty. A set of model realizations describing potential areas of infestation were considered in a sensitivity analysis, which showed that the model results had greatest sensitivity to number of alates released from nest, alate survival, maximum pheromone attraction distance between heterosexual pairs, and mean flight distance. Results showed that the areas predicted as infested in all simulation runs of a baseline model cover the spatial extent of all locations recently discovered. The model presented in this study could be applied to any invasive termite species after proper calibration of parameters. The simulation herein can be used by regulatory authorities to define most probable quarantine and survey zones.}, }
@article {pmid23726048, year = {2013}, author = {Gutierrez, AP and Ponti, L}, title = {Eradication of invasive species: why the biology matters.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, pages = {395-411}, doi = {10.1603/EN12018}, pmid = {23726048}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Demography ; *Insect Control ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida ; Mexico ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; United States ; Weather ; }, abstract = {Published bi- and tri-trophic physiologically based demographic system models having similar sub components are used to assess prospectively the geographic distributions and relative abundance (a measure of invasiveness) of six invasive herbivorous insect species across the United States and Mexico. The plant hosts and insect species included in the study are: 1) cotton/pink bollworm, 2) a fruit tree host/Mediterranean fruit fly, 3) olive/olive fly, 4) a perennial host/light brown apple moth, 5) grapevine/glassy-winged sharpshooter and its two egg parasitoids, and 6) grapevine/European grapevine moth. All of these species are currently or have been targets for eradication. The goal of the analyses is to predict and explain prospectively the disparate distributions of the six species as a basis for examining eradication or containment efforts against them. The eradication of the new world screwworm is also reviewed in the discussion section because of its pivotal role in the development of the eradication paradigm. The models used are mechanistic descriptions of the weather driven biology of the species. Observed daily weather data (i.e., max-min temperatures, solar radiation) from 1,221 locations across the United States and Mexico for the period 1983-2003 were used to drive the models. Soil moisture and nutrition were assumed nonlimiting. The simulation results were mapped using GRASS GIS. The mathematical underpinnings of the modeling approach are reviewed in the appendix and in the supplemental materials.}, }
@article {pmid23724778, year = {2013}, author = {Hufbauer, RA and Rutschmann, A and Serrate, B and Vermeil de Conchard, H and Facon, B}, title = {Role of propagule pressure in colonization success: disentangling the relative importance of demographic, genetic and habitat effects.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {26}, number = {8}, pages = {1691-1699}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12167}, pmid = {23724778}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Female ; *Founder Effect ; *Hemiptera/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {High propagule pressure is arguably the only consistent predictor of colonization success. More individuals enhance colonization success because they aid in overcoming demographic consequences of small population size (e.g. stochasticity and Allee effects). The number of founders can also have direct genetic effects: with fewer individuals, more inbreeding and thus inbreeding depression will occur, whereas more individuals typically harbour greater genetic variation. Thus, the demographic and genetic components of propagule pressure are interrelated, making it difficult to understand which mechanisms are most important in determining colonization success. We experimentally disentangled the demographic and genetic components of propagule pressure by manipulating the number of founders (fewer or more), and genetic background (inbred or outbred) of individuals released in a series of three complementary experiments. We used Bemisia whiteflies and released them onto either their natal host (benign) or a novel host (challenging). Our experiments revealed that having more founding individuals and those individuals being outbred both increased the number of adults produced, but that only genetic background consistently shaped net reproductive rate of experimental populations. Environment was also important and interacted with propagule size to determine the number of adults produced. Quality of the environment interacted also with genetic background to determine establishment success, with a more pronounced effect of inbreeding depression in harsh environments. This interaction did not hold for the net reproductive rate. These data show that the positive effect of propagule pressure on founding success can be driven as much by underlying genetic processes as by demographics. Genetic effects can be immediate and have sizable effects on fitness.}, }
@article {pmid23722233, year = {2013}, author = {Adakal, H and Biguezoton, A and Zoungrana, S and Courtin, F and De Clercq, EM and Madder, M}, title = {Alarming spread of the Asian cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus in West Africa-another three countries are affected: Burkina Faso, Mali and Togo.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {61}, number = {3}, pages = {383-386}, pmid = {23722233}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; Burkina Faso/epidemiology ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Mali/epidemiology ; Rhipicephalus/*physiology ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology ; Togo/epidemiology ; }, }
@article {pmid23722171, year = {2013}, author = {McConnachie, MM and Cowling, RM}, title = {On the accuracy of conservation managers' beliefs and if they learn from evidence-based knowledge: a preliminary investigation.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {128}, number = {}, pages = {7-14}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.04.021}, pmid = {23722171}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; *Culture ; *Decision Making ; Environmental Monitoring/economics/*methods ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Plants ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Despite the significant impetus placed on the need for conservation managers to base their decisions on evidence-based findings, few studies have compared the accuracy of "evidence" versus experience-based knowledge. Furthermore we are not aware of any study that has tested the willingness of managers to change their beliefs after being exposed to evidence-based findings. Here, we tested nine managers' beliefs before-and-after being shown findings from an evidence-based study. The questions centered on the effectiveness of 'Working for Water' (WfW) in reducing invasive alien plant cover in two large catchment projects over a seven year period, as well as the managers' forecasts of WfW's effectiveness of reducing invasive alien plant cover, and the factors that underpin its effectiveness. We also assessed the financial cost of implementing the evidence-based assessment. We found that in comparison to the evidence-based findings, the managers underestimated the ineffectiveness of operations in reducing invasive alien plant cover in the one catchment and overestimated the ineffectiveness of the other catchment. All the managers whose estimates differed from the evidence-based findings were willing to change their beliefs. Surprisingly, however, when it came to forecasting WfW's effectiveness in the catchments, all the managers, with the exception of one project manager, were unwilling to reduce their optimistic estimates of the time required to control invasive alien plants from the two catchments. With regard to the drivers of effectiveness, the managers ranked their performance as the most important criterion whereas the data model emphasized variables related to site suitability for alien plant growth. Finally, we showed that it would only cost between 0.33% and 1.67% of the two projects' annual budgets to assess all sites, depending on the frequency of the monitoring. This preliminary investigation highlights how evidence-based findings alone, even if presented and explained to managers, might not result in managers learning and updating their beliefs.}, }
@article {pmid23722151, year = {2013}, author = {Taylor, MH and Rollins, K and Kobayashi, M and Tausch, RJ}, title = {The economics of fuel management: wildfire, invasive plants, and the dynamics of sagebrush rangelands in the western United States.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {126}, number = {}, pages = {157-173}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.03.044}, pmid = {23722151}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Artemisia ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Fires ; Introduced Species/*economics ; Wyoming ; }, abstract = {In this article we develop a simulation model to evaluate the economic efficiency of fuel treatments and apply it to two sagebrush ecosystems in the Great Basin of the western United States: the Wyoming Sagebrush Steppe and Mountain Big Sagebrush ecosystems. These ecosystems face the two most prominent concerns in sagebrush ecosystems relative to wildfire: annual grass invasion and native conifer expansion. Our model simulates long-run wildfire suppression costs with and without fuel treatments explicitly incorporating ecological dynamics, stochastic wildfire, uncertain fuel treatment success, and ecological thresholds. Our results indicate that, on the basis of wildfire suppression costs savings, fuel treatment is economically efficient only when the two ecosystems are in relatively good ecological health. We also investigate how shorter wildfire-return intervals, improved treatment success rates, and uncertainty about the location of thresholds between ecological states influence the economic efficiency of fuel treatments.}, }
@article {pmid23718854, year = {2013}, author = {Frey, JE and Guillén, L and Frey, B and Samietz, J and Rull, J and Aluja, M}, title = {Developing diagnostic SNP panels for the identification of true fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) within the limits of COI-based species delimitation.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {106}, pmid = {23718854}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Insect Proteins/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Tephritidae/*classification/enzymology/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rapid and reliable identification of quarantine pests is essential for plant inspection services to prevent introduction of invasive species. For insects, this may be a serious problem when dealing with morphologically similar cryptic species complexes and early developmental stages that lack distinctive characters useful for taxonomic identification. DNA based barcoding could solve many of these problems. The standard barcode fragment, an approx. 650 base pairs long sequence of the 5'end of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI), enables differentiation of a very wide range of arthropods. However, problems remain in some taxa, such as Tephritidae, where recent genetic differentiation among some of the described species hinders accurate molecular discrimination.<br><br>RESULTS: In order to explore the full species discrimination potential of COI, we sequenced the barcoding region of the COI gene of a range of economically important Tephritid species and complemented these data with all GenBank and BOLD entries for the systematic group available as of January 2012. We explored the limits of species delimitation of this barcode fragment among 193 putative Tephritid species and established operational taxonomic units (OTUs), between which discrimination is reliably possible. Furthermore, to enable future development of rapid diagnostic assays based on this sequence information, we characterized all single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and established "near-minimal" sets of SNPs that differentiate among all included OTUs with at least three and four SNPs, respectively.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We found that although several species cannot be differentiated based on the genetic diversity observed in COI and hence form composite OTUs, 85% of all OTUs correspond to described species. Because our SNP panels are developed based on all currently available sequence information and rely on a minimal pairwise difference of three SNPs, they are highly reliable and hence represent an important resource for developing taxon-specific diagnostic assays. For selected cases, possible explanations that may cause composite OTUs are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid23717992, year = {2013}, author = {Wang, XH and Ji, MS}, title = {[Photosynthetic characteristics of an invasive plant Conyza canadensis and its associated plants].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {71-77}, pmid = {23717992}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*physiology ; China ; Commelina/physiology ; Conyza/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Photosynthesis/*physiology ; }, abstract = {To explore the invasion mechanisms of Conyza canadensis and develop effective control measures, this paper studied the photosynthetic characteristics of the invasive plant and its main associated plants Ixeris chinensis and Commelina communis. The light saturation point and light compensation point of C. canadensis were 1634.00 and 23.84 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1), respectively, which were between those of the two associated plants. The maximum net photosynthetic rate of C. canadensis below light saturation point was 28.12 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1), being much higher than that of the two associated plants. The apparent quantum yield of C. canadensis was 0.06, equal to that of I. chinensis but higher than that of C. communis. The CO2 saturation point and CO2 compensation point of C. canadensis were 834.00 and 23.69 micromol x mol(-1), respectively. The maximum net photosynthetic rate of C. canadensis below CO2 saturation point was 31.97 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1), which was between that of the two associated species. The carboxylation efficiency of C. canadensis was 0.078, being higher than that of the two associated species. The variations of photosynthetically active radiation and CO2 concentration had little effects on the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of the three plants, but significantly affected their water use efficiency. C. canadensis had higher photosynthetic rate and material accumulation capability, and its high productivity could be one of the important factors for its successful invasion.}, }
@article {pmid23717643, year = {2013}, author = {Münzbergová, Z and Skuhrovec, J}, title = {Effect of habitat conditions and plant traits on leaf damage in the Carduoideae subfamily.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {e64639}, pmid = {23717643}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*chemistry ; *Ecosystem ; *Plant Leaves ; }, abstract = {Plant traits are the key factors that determine herbivore foraging selection. The traits serving as defense traits against herbivores represent a wide range of traits, such as chemical, physiological, morphological and life-history traits. While many studies considered plant defense traits at the within-species scale, much less is known from comparisons of a wide range of closely related species. The aim of this study was to identify factors responsible for the intensity of leaf damage in the Carduoideae subfamily of Asteraceae, which hosts many invasive species and thus is potential candidate plant species that could be controlled by biological control. Specifically, we wanted to see the relative importance of habitat characteristics, plant size and plants traits in determining the degree of folivory. The study identified several defense traits able to explain differences in herbivory between species after accounting for differences in the habitats in which the species occur and the plant size. Specifically, the most important traits were traits related to the quality of the leaf tissue expressed as the content of phosphorus, water and specific leaf area, which suggests that the leaf quality had a more important effect on the degree of herbivory than the presence of specific defense mechanisms such as spines and hair. Leaf quality is thus a candidate factor that drives herbivore choice when selecting which plant to feed on and should be considered when assessing the danger that a herbivore will switch hosts when introduced to a new range.}, }
@article {pmid23717503, year = {2013}, author = {Moyle, PB and Kiernan, JD and Crain, PK and Quiñones, RM}, title = {Climate change vulnerability of native and alien freshwater fishes of California: a systematic assessment approach.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {e63883}, pmid = {23717503}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; Fresh Water ; }, abstract = {Freshwater fishes are highly vulnerable to human-caused climate change. Because quantitative data on status and trends are unavailable for most fish species, a systematic assessment approach that incorporates expert knowledge was developed to determine status and future vulnerability to climate change of freshwater fishes in California, USA. The method uses expert knowledge, supported by literature reviews of status and biology of the fishes, to score ten metrics for both (1) current status of each species (baseline vulnerability to extinction) and (2) likely future impacts of climate change (vulnerability to extinction). Baseline and climate change vulnerability scores were derived for 121 native and 43 alien fish species. The two scores were highly correlated and were concordant among different scorers. Native species had both greater baseline and greater climate change vulnerability than did alien species. Fifty percent of California's native fish fauna was assessed as having critical or high baseline vulnerability to extinction whereas all alien species were classified as being less or least vulnerable. For vulnerability to climate change, 82% of native species were classified as highly vulnerable, compared with only 19% for aliens. Predicted climate change effects on freshwater environments will dramatically change the fish fauna of California. Most native fishes will suffer population declines and become more restricted in their distributions; some will likely be driven to extinction. Fishes requiring cold water (<22°C) are particularly likely to go extinct. In contrast, most alien fishes will thrive, with some species increasing in abundance and range. However, a few alien species will likewise be negatively affected through loss of aquatic habitats during severe droughts and physiologically stressful conditions present in most waterways during summer. Our method has high utility for predicting vulnerability to climate change of diverse fish species. It should be useful for setting conservation priorities in many different regions.}, }
@article {pmid23716656, year = {2013}, author = {Meisner, A and De Deyn, GB and de Boer, W and van der Putten, WH}, title = {Soil biotic legacy effects of extreme weather events influence plant invasiveness.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {110}, number = {24}, pages = {9835-9838}, pmid = {23716656}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Biomass ; Climate ; *Droughts ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Plants/classification/*metabolism ; *Rain ; Soil/*analysis ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Climate change is expected to increase future abiotic stresses on ecosystems through extreme weather events leading to more extreme drought and rainfall incidences [Jentsch A, et al. (2007) Front Ecol Environ 5(7):365-374]. These fluctuations in precipitation may affect soil biota, soil processes [Evans ST, Wallenstein MD (2012) Biogeochemistry 109:101-116], and the proportion of exotics in invaded plant communities [Jiménez MA, et al. (2011) Ecol Lett 14:1277-1235]. However, little is known about legacy effects in soil on the performance of exotics and natives in invaded plant communities. Here we report that drought and rainfall effects on soil processes and biota affect the performance of exotics and natives in plant communities. We performed two mesocosm experiments. In the first experiment, soil without plants was exposed to drought and/or rainfall, which affected soil N availability. Then the initial soil moisture conditions were restored, and a mixed community of co-occurring natives and exotics was planted and exposed to drought during growth. A single stress before or during growth decreased the biomass of natives, but did not affect exotics. A second drought stress during plant growth resetted the exotic advantage, whereas native biomass was not further reduced. In the second experiment, soil inoculation revealed that drought and/or rainfall influenced soil biotic legacies, which promoted exotics but suppressed natives. Our results demonstrate that extreme weather events can cause legacy effects in soil biota, promoting exotics and suppressing natives in invaded plant communities, depending on the type, frequency, and timing of extreme events.}, }
@article {pmid23716011, year = {2013}, author = {Grarock, K and Lindenmayer, DB and Wood, JT and Tidemann, CR}, title = {Does human-induced habitat modification influence the impact of introduced species? A case study on cavity-nesting by the introduced common myna (Acridotheres tristis) and two Australian native parrots.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, pages = {958-970}, pmid = {23716011}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Australian Capital Territory ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Nesting Behavior ; *Parrots ; *Passeriformes ; Population Density ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Introduced species pose a major threat to biodiversity across the globe. Understanding the impact of introduced species is critical for effective management. Many species around the world are reliant on tree cavities, and competition for these resources can be intense: threatening the survival of native species. Through the establishment of 225 nest boxes, we examined the relationship between tree density and the abundance and nesting success of three bird species in Canberra, Australia. The common myna (Acridotheres tristis) is an introduced species in Australia, and the crimson rosella (Platycercus elegans) and eastern rosella (Platycercus eximius) are native species. We then investigated the impact of common myna nest box occupation on crimson rosella and eastern rosella abundance. Tree density significantly influenced the abundance and cavity-nesting of all three species. Common myna abundance (birds per square kilometer) was greatest at low tree density sites (101.9 ± 22.4) and declined at medium (45.4 ± 10.1) and high (9.7 ± 3.6) tree density sites. The opposite pattern was observed for the crimson rosella, with greater abundance (birds per square kilometer) at high tree density sites (83.9 ± 9.3), declining over medium (61.6 ± 6.4) and low (31.4 ± 3.9) tree density sites. The eastern rosella was more abundant at medium tree density sites (48.6 ± 8.0 birds per square kilometer). Despite the strong influence of tree density, we found a significant negative relationship between common myna nest box occupancy and the abundance of the crimson rosella (F 1,13 = 7.548, P = 0.017) and eastern rosella (F 1,13 = 9.672, P < 0.001) at some sites. We also observed a slight increase in rosella nesting interruptions by the common myna at lower tree densities (high: 1.3% ± 1.3, medium: 6.6% ± 2.2, low: 12.7% ± 6.2), although this increase was not statistically significant (F 2,40 = 2.435, P = 0.100). Our study provides the strongest evidence to date for the negative impact of the common myna on native bird abundance through cavity-nesting competition. However, due to the strong influence of habitat on species abundance and nesting, it is essential to investigate the impacts of introduced species in conjunction with habitat variation. We also suggest one component of introduced species management could include habitat restoration to reduce habitat suitability for introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid23716009, year = {2013}, author = {Clarke Murray, C and Therriault, TW and Pakhomov, E}, title = {What lies beneath? An evaluation of rapid assessment tools for management of hull fouling.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, pages = {374-384}, pmid = {23716009}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Behavior ; British Columbia ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Paint ; *Ships ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Travel ; }, abstract = {Despite an increased understanding of marine invasions, non-indigenous species (NIS) continue to be redistributed at both global and regional scales. Since prevention is an important element of NIS programs, monitoring vectors responsible for NIS introductions and spread, such as hull fouling, has become a priority and methods should be selected carefully to balance accuracy, time, and cost. Two common fouling assessment tools for the marine recreational boating vector were evaluated for accuracy using a traditional underwater SCUBA survey in coastal British Columbia: a dockside level of fouling assessment and a behavioral questionnaire model. Results showed that although rapid, dockside assessments did not provide an accurate assessment of fouling present below the surface, at least not in this region. In contrast, a questionnaire-based model using four easily obtained variables (boat type, age of antifouling paint, storage type, and occurrence of long distance trips) reliably identified boats carrying macrofouling species, a proxy for risk of NIS transport. Once validated, this fouling model tool could be applied in border inspection or quarantine situations where decisions must be made quickly. Further development and refinement of rapid assessment tools would improve our ability to prevent new introductions and manage spread of existing invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid23712450, year = {2013}, author = {Gehlot, HS and Tak, N and Kaushik, M and Mitra, S and Chen, WM and Poweleit, N and Panwar, D and Poonar, N and Parihar, R and Tak, A and Sankhla, IS and Ojha, A and Rao, SR and Simon, MF and Reis Junior, FB and Perigolo, N and Tripathi, AK and Sprent, JI and Young, JP and James, EK and Gyaneshwar, P}, title = {An invasive Mimosa in India does not adopt the symbionts of its native relatives.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {112}, number = {1}, pages = {179-196}, pmid = {23712450}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Agricultural Inoculants/genetics ; Alphaproteobacteria/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Biodiversity ; Burkholderia/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Cupriavidus/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Genes, Bacterial ; India ; *Introduced Species ; Mimosa/*microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Plant Roots/genetics/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rhizobium/*physiology ; South America ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The large monophyletic genus Mimosa comprises approx. 500 species, most of which are native to the New World, with Central Brazil being the main centre of radiation. All Brazilian Mimosa spp. so far examined are nodulated by rhizobia in the betaproteobacterial genus Burkholderia. Approximately 10 Mya, transoceanic dispersal resulted in the Indian subcontinent hosting up to six endemic Mimosa spp. The nodulation ability and rhizobial symbionts of two of these, M. hamata and M. himalayana, both from north-west India, are here examined, and compared with those of M. pudica, an invasive species.<br><br>METHODS: Nodules were collected from several locations, and examined by light and electron microscopy. Rhizobia isolated from them were characterized in terms of their abilities to nodulate the three Mimosa hosts. The molecular phylogenetic relationships of the rhizobia were determined by analysis of 16S rRNA, nifH and nodA gene sequences.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Both native Indian Mimosa spp. nodulated effectively in their respective rhizosphere soils. Based on 16S rRNA, nifH and nodA sequences, their symbionts were identified as belonging to the alphaproteobacterial genus Ensifer, and were closest to the 'Old World' Ensifer saheli, E. kostiensis and E. arboris. In contrast, the invasive M. pudica was predominantly nodulated by Betaproteobacteria in the genera Cupriavidus and Burkholderia. All rhizobial strains tested effectively nodulated their original hosts, but the symbionts of the native species could not nodulate M. pudica.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The native Mimosa spp. in India are not nodulated by the Burkholderia symbionts of their South American relatives, but by a unique group of alpha-rhizobial microsymbionts that are closely related to the 'local' Old World Ensifer symbionts of other mimosoid legumes in north-west India. They appear not to share symbionts with the invasive M. pudica, symbionts of which are mostly beta-rhizobial.}, }
@article {pmid23711882, year = {2013}, author = {Liao, R and Gao, B and Fang, J}, title = {Invasive plants as feedstock for biochar and bioenergy production.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {140}, number = {}, pages = {439-442}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.117}, pmid = {23711882}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {Anacardiaceae/chemistry ; *Biofuels ; Biomass ; Biotechnology/*methods ; Charcoal/*chemistry ; Dioscorea/chemistry ; *Introduced Species ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {In this work, the potential of invasive plant species as feedstock for value-added products (biochar and bioenergy) through pyrolysis was investigated. The product yield rates of two major invasive species in the US, Brazilian Pepper (BP) and Air Potato (AP), were compared to that of two traditional feedstock materials, water oak and energy cane. Three pyrolysis temperatures (300, 450, and 600°C) and four feedstock masses (10, 15, 20, and 25 g) were tested for a total of 12 experimental conditions. AP had high biochar and low oil yields, while BP had a high oil yield. At lower temperatures, the minimum feedstock residence time for biochar and bioenergy production increased at a faster rate as feedstock weight increased than it did at higher temperatures. A simple mathematical model was successfully developed to describe the relationship between feedstock weight and the minimum residence time.}, }
@article {pmid23711046, year = {2013}, author = {Bolfíková, B and Konečný, A and Pfäffle, M and Skuballa, J and Hulva, P}, title = {Population biology of establishment in New Zealand hedgehogs inferred from genetic and historical data: conflict or compromise?.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {22}, number = {14}, pages = {3709-3720}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12331}, pmid = {23711046}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; *Genetics, Population ; Hedgehogs/genetics/*physiology ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; New Zealand ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {The crucial steps in biological invasions, related to the shaping of genetic architecture and the current evolution of adaptations to a novel environment, usually occur in small populations during the phases of introduction and establishment. However, these processes are difficult to track in nature due to invasion lag, large geographic and temporal scales compared with human observation capabilities, the frequent depletion of genetic variance, admixture and other phenomena. In this study, we compared genetic and historical evidence related to the invasion of the West European hedgehog to New Zealand to infer details about the introduction and establishment. Historical information indicates that the species was initially established on the South Island. A molecular assay of populations from Great Britain and New Zealand using mitochondrial sequences and nuclear microsatellite loci was performed based on a set of analyses including approximate Bayesian computation, a powerful approach for disentangling complex population demographies. According to these analyses, the population of the North Island was most similar to that of the native area and showed greatest reduction in genetic variation caused by founder demography and/or drift. This evidence indicated the location of the establishment phase. The hypothesis was corroborated by data on climate and urbanization. We discuss the contrasting results obtained by the molecular and historical approaches in the light of their different explanatory power and the possible biases influencing the description of particular aspects of invasions, and we advocate the integration of the two types of approaches in invasion biology.}, }
@article {pmid23711016, year = {2013}, author = {Puntila, R and Vilizzi, L and Lehtiniemi, M and Copp, GH}, title = {First application of FISK, the Freshwater Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit, in northern Europe: example of southern Finland.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, pages = {1397-1403}, doi = {10.1111/risa.12069}, pmid = {23711016}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Calibration ; Climate ; Ecology/methods ; Finland ; *Fishes ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; ROC Curve ; Risk Assessment ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The climatic conditions of north temperate countries pose unique influences on the rates of invasion and the potential adverse impacts of non-native species. Methods are needed to evaluate these risks, beginning with the pre-screening of non-native species for potential invasives. Recent improvements to the Fish Invasiveness Scoring Kit (FISK) have provided a means (i.e., FISK v2) of identifying potentially invasive non-native freshwater fishes in virtually all climate zones. In this study, FISK is applied for the first time in a north temperate country, southern Finland, and calibrated to determine the appropriate threshold score for fish species that are likely to pose a high risk of being invasive in this risk assessment area. The threshold between "medium" and "high" risk was determined to be 22.5, which is slightly higher than the original threshold for the United Kingdom (i.e., 19) and that determined for a FISK application in southern Japan (19.8). This underlines the need to calibrate such decision-support tools for the different areas where they are employed. The results are evaluated in the context of current management strategies in Finland regarding non-native fishes.}, }
@article {pmid23705378, year = {2013}, author = {Liu, SL and Ma, MD and Pan, YZ and Wei, LL and He, CX and Yang, KM}, title = {[Effects of light regime on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Alnus formosana and A. cremastogyne seedlings].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {351-358}, pmid = {23705378}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Alnus/classification/*growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Biomass ; China ; *Light ; Photosynthesis/*physiology ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; *Seedlings/growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {Three light intensities (100% , 56.2%, and 12.5%) were installed to simulate the light regimes of opening field (cutting blank), forest gap, and understory, respectively, aimed to understand the effects of different light regimes on the seedling growth, photosynthetic characteristics, and biomass accumulation and allocation of alien species Alnus formosana and native species A. cremastogyne. Low light regime limited the seedling growth of the two alder species, while the light regime of forest gap was more favorable for the growth, in comparison with that of the opening field. Regardless of the light regimes, A. formosana seedlings had higher specific leaf area (SLA), relative growth rate (RGR) , leaf area, leaf length, leaf width, plant height, and basal diameter, but smaller leaf number, leaf area ratio (LAR), and petiole length. Under low light regime, A. formosana seedlings had higher maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pn max), light saturation point (LSP), and apparent quantum yield (AQY), but smaller light compensation point (LCP) and dark respiration rate (Rday). With the decrease of light intensity, A. formosana seedlings had much higher root mass ratio (RMR) and much lower leaf mass ratio (LMR), implying that more carbon was allocated and stored to the roots rather than new leaves, whereas the A. cremastogyne seedlings were in adverse, i.e. , more carbon was allocated to the above-ground parts, which might increase the risk of animal feeding and mechanical damage.}, }
@article {pmid23704988, year = {2013}, author = {Kriticos, DJ and Morin, L and Leriche, A and Anderson, RC and Caley, P}, title = {Combining a climatic niche model of an invasive fungus with its host species distributions to identify risks to natural assets: Puccinia psidii Sensu Lato in Australia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {e64479}, pmid = {23704988}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Agar/pharmacology ; Australia ; Basidiomycota/drug effects/*growth &amp; development ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Host Specificity ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Myrtaceae/*microbiology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Temperature ; Wood/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Puccinia psidii sensu lato (s.l.) is an invasive rust fungus threatening a wide range of plant species in the family Myrtaceae. Originating from Central and South America, it has invaded mainland USA and Hawai'i, parts of Asia and Australia. We used CLIMEX to develop a semi-mechanistic global climatic niche model based on new data on the distribution and biology of P. psidii s.l. The model was validated using independent distribution data from recently invaded areas in Australia, China and Japan. We combined this model with distribution data of its potential Myrtaceae host plant species present in Australia to identify areas and ecosystems most at risk. Myrtaceaeous species richness, threatened Myrtaceae and eucalypt plantations within the climatically suitable envelope for P. psidii s.l in Australia were mapped. Globally the model identifies climatically suitable areas for P. psidii s.l. throughout the wet tropics and sub-tropics where moist conditions with moderate temperatures prevail, and also into some cool regions with a mild Mediterranean climate. In Australia, the map of species richness of Myrtaceae within the P. psidii s.l. climatic envelope shows areas where epidemics are hypothetically more likely to be frequent and severe. These hotspots for epidemics are along the eastern coast of New South Wales, including the Sydney Basin, in the Brisbane and Cairns areas in Queensland, and in the coastal region from the south of Bunbury to Esperance in Western Australia. This new climatic niche model for P. psidii s.l. indicates a higher degree of cold tolerance; and hence a potential range that extends into higher altitudes and latitudes than has been indicated previously. The methods demonstrated here provide some insight into the impacts an invasive species might have within its climatically suited range, and can help inform biosecurity policies regarding the management of its spread and protection of valued threatened assets.}, }
@article {pmid23702536, year = {2014}, author = {Wang, X and Walton, JR and Parshad, RD and Storey, K and Boggess, M}, title = {Analysis of the Trojan Y-Chromosome eradication strategy for an invasive species.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {68}, number = {7}, pages = {1731-1756}, pmid = {23702536}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Control Agents ; Extinction, Biological ; Female ; Fishes/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Genetic ; Sex Determination Processes ; Y Chromosome/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The Trojan Y-Chromosome (TYC) strategy, an autocidal genetic biocontrol method, has been proposed to eliminate invasive alien species. In this work, we analyze the dynamical system model of the TYC strategy, with the aim of studying the viability of the TYC eradication and control strategy of an invasive species. In particular, because the constant introduction of sex-reversed trojan females for all time is not possible in practice, there arises the question: What happens if this injection is stopped after some time? Can the invasive species recover? To answer that question, we perform a rigorous bifurcation analysis and study the basin of attraction of the recovery state and the extinction state in both the full model and a certain reduced model. In particular, we find a theoretical condition for the eradication strategy to work. Additionally, the consideration of an Allee effect and the possibility of a Turing instability are also studied in this work. Our results show that: (1) with the inclusion of an Allee effect, the number of the invasive females is not required to be very low when the introduction of the sex-reversed trojan females is stopped, and the remaining Trojan Y-Chromosome population is sufficient to induce extinction of the invasive females; (2) incorporating diffusive spatial spread does not produce a Turing instability, which would have suggested that the TYC eradication strategy might be only partially effective, leaving a patchy distribution of the invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid23679013, year = {2013}, author = {Johnson, NC and Angelard, C and Sanders, IR and Kiers, ET}, title = {Predicting community and ecosystem outcomes of mycorrhizal responses to global change.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {16 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {140-153}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12085}, pmid = {23679013}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Biomass ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/genetics/*physiology ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Plants/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Mycorrhizal symbioses link the biosphere with the lithosphere by mediating nutrient cycles and energy flow though terrestrial ecosystems. A more mechanistic understanding of these plant-fungal associations may help ameliorate anthropogenic changes to C and N cycles and biotic communities. We explore three interacting principles: (1) optimal allocation, (2) biotic context and (3) fungal adaptability that may help predict mycorrhizal responses to carbon dioxide enrichment, nitrogen eutrophication, invasive species and land-use changes. Plant-microbial feedbacks and thresholds are discussed in light of these principles with the goal of generating testable hypotheses. Ideas to develop large-scale collaborative research efforts are presented. It is our hope that mycorrhizal symbioses can be effectively integrated into global change models and eventually their ecology will be understood well enough so that they can be managed to help offset some of the detrimental effects of anthropogenic environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid23679009, year = {2013}, author = {Chase, JM and Knight, TM}, title = {Scale-dependent effect sizes of ecological drivers on biodiversity: why standardised sampling is not enough.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {16 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {17-26}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12112}, pmid = {23679009}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Ecology/*methods/standards ; *Ecosystem ; Population Density ; Probability ; Sampling Studies ; }, abstract = {There is little consensus about how natural (e.g. productivity, disturbance) and anthropogenic (e.g. invasive species, habitat destruction) ecological drivers influence biodiversity. Here, we show that when sampling is standardised by area (species density) or individuals (rarefied species richness), the measured effect sizes depend critically on the spatial grain and extent of sampling, as well as the size of the species pool. This compromises comparisons of effects sizes within studies using standard statistics, as well as among studies using meta-analysis. To derive an unambiguous effect size, we advocate that comparisons need to be made on a scale-independent metric, such as Hurlbert's Probability of Interspecific Encounter. Analyses of this metric can be used to disentangle the relative influence of changes in the absolute and relative abundances of individuals, as well as their intraspecific aggregations, in driving differences in biodiversity among communities. This and related approaches are necessary to achieve generality in understanding how biodiversity responds to ecological drivers and will necessitate a change in the way many ecologists collect and analyse their data.}, }
@article {pmid23679008, year = {2013}, author = {Luque, GM and Hochberg, ME and Holyoak, M and Hossaert, M and Gaill, F and Courchamp, F}, title = {Ecological effects of environmental change.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {16 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {1-3}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12050}, pmid = {23679008}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecology ; *Environmental Pollution ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {This Special Issue of Ecology Letters presents contributions from an international meeting organised by Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Ecology Letters on the broad theme of ecological effects of global environmental change. The objectives of these articles are to synthesise, hypothesise and illustrate the ecological effects of environmental change drivers and their interactions, including habitat loss and fragmentation, pollution, invasive species and climate change. A range of disciplines is represented, including stoichiometry, cell biology, genetics, evolution and biodiversity conservation. The authors emphasise the need to account for several key ecological factors and different spatial and temporal scales in global change research. They also stress the importance of ecosystem complexity through approaches such as functional group and network analyses, and of mechanisms and predictive models with respect to environmental responses to global change across an ecological continuum: population, communities and ecosystems. Lastly, these articles provide important insights and recommendations for environmental conservation and management, as well as highlighting future research priorities.}, }
@article {pmid23700483, year = {2013}, author = {Funk, JL and Glenwinkel, LA and Sack, L}, title = {Differential allocation to photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic nitrogen fractions among native and invasive species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {e64502}, pmid = {23700483}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Fabaceae/*metabolism ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Multivariate Analysis ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; *Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/*metabolism ; Principal Component Analysis ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are expected to cluster on the "high-return" end of the leaf economic spectrum, displaying leaf traits consistent with higher carbon assimilation relative to native species. Intra-leaf nitrogen (N) allocation should support these physiological differences; however, N biochemistry has not been examined in more than a few invasive species. We measured 34 leaf traits including seven leaf N pools for five native and five invasive species from Hawaii under low irradiance to mimic the forest understory environment. We found several trait differences between native and invasive species. In particular, invasive species showed preferential N allocation to metabolism (amino acids) rather than photosynthetic light reactions (membrane-bound protein) by comparison with native species. The soluble protein concentration did not vary between groups. Under these low irradiance conditions, native species had higher light-saturated photosynthetic rates, possibly as a consequence of a greater investment in membrane-bound protein. Invasive species may succeed by employing a wide range of N allocation mechanisms, including higher amino acid production for fast growth under high irradiance or storage of N in leaves as soluble protein or amino acids.}, }
@article {pmid23695607, year = {2013}, author = {Bhaumik, S}, title = {Aggressive Asian tiger mosquito invades Europe.}, journal = {CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne}, volume = {185}, number = {10}, pages = {E463-4}, doi = {10.1503/cmaj.109-4462}, pmid = {23695607}, issn = {1488-2329}, mesh = {Aedes/*virology ; Alphavirus Infections/epidemiology/*parasitology/*transmission ; Animals ; Asia ; Chikungunya Fever ; Dengue/epidemiology/*parasitology/*transmission ; Disease Outbreaks/*prevention &amp; control ; Disease Vectors ; Europe/epidemiology ; Insect Vectors/*virology ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control/methods ; }, }
@article {pmid23694971, year = {2013}, author = {Caruso, BS and Edmondson, L and Pithie, C}, title = {Braided river flow and invasive vegetation dynamics in the Southern Alps, New Zealand.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {1-18}, pmid = {23694971}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; *Plants ; Regression Analysis ; *Rivers ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {In mountain braided rivers, extreme flow variability, floods and high flow pulses are fundamental elements of natural flow regimes and drivers of floodplain processes, understanding of which is essential for management and restoration. This study evaluated flow dynamics and invasive vegetation characteristics and changes in the Ahuriri River, a free-flowing braided, gravel-bed river in the Southern Alps of New Zealand's South Island. Sixty-seven flow metrics based on indicators of hydrologic alteration and environmental flow components (extreme low flows, low flows, high flow pulses, small floods and large floods) were analyzed using a 48-year flow record. Changes in the areal cover of floodplain and invasive vegetation classes and patch characteristics over 20 years (1991-2011) were quantified using five sets of aerial photographs, and the correlation between flow metrics and cover changes were evaluated. The river exhibits considerable hydrologic variability characteristic of mountain braided rivers, with large variation in floods and other flow regime metrics. The flow regime, including flood and high flow pulses, has variable effects on floodplain invasive vegetation, and creates dynamic patch mosaics that demonstrate the concepts of a shifting mosaic steady state and biogeomorphic succession. As much as 25 % of the vegetation cover was removed by the largest flood on record (570 m(3)/s, ~50-year return period), with preferential removal of lupin and less removal of willow. However, most of the vegetation regenerated and spread relatively quickly after floods. Some flow metrics analyzed were highly correlated with vegetation cover, and key metrics included the peak magnitude of the largest flood, flood frequency, and time since the last flood in the interval between photos. These metrics provided a simple multiple regression model of invasive vegetation cover in the aerial photos evaluated. Our analysis of relationships among flow regimes and invasive vegetation cover has implications for braided rivers impacted by hydroelectric power production, where increases in invasive vegetation cover are typically greater than in unimpacted rivers.}, }
@article {pmid23694970, year = {2013}, author = {Robison, R and Barve, N and Owens, C and Skurka Darin, G and DiTomaso, JM}, title = {Mapping and eradication prioritization modeling of red sesbania (Sesbania punicea) populations.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {19-28}, pmid = {23694970}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {California ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Geographic Information Systems ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Rivers ; *Sesbania ; }, abstract = {Red sesbania is an invasive South American shrub that has rapidly expanded its range along California waterways, emphasizing the need to prioritize eradication sites at a regional scale. To accomplish this, we updated baseline location data in summer 2010 using field surveys throughout the state. We collected relevant GPS attribute data for GIS analysis and eradication prioritization modeling. The regional survey identified upstream and downstream extents for each watershed, as well as outliers in urban areas. We employed the Weed Heuristics: Invasive Population Prioritization for Eradication Tool (WHIPPET) to prioritize red sesbania sites for eradication, and revised the WHIPPET model to consider directional propagule flow of a riparian species. WHIPPET prioritized small populations isolated from larger infestations, as well as outliers in residential areas. When we compared five experts' assessments of a stratified sample of the red sesbania populations to WHIPPET's prioritization results, there was a positive, but nonsignificant, correlation. The combination of WHIPPET and independent expert opinion suggests that small, isolated populations and upstream source populations should be the primary targets for eradication. Particular attention should be paid to these small populations in watersheds where red sesbania is a new introduction. The use of this model in conjunction with evaluation by the land manager may help prevent the establishment of new seed sources and protect uninfested riparian corridors and their adjacent watersheds.}, }
@article {pmid23692126, year = {2013}, author = {Greenberg, DA and Green, DM}, title = {Effects of an invasive plant on population dynamics in toads.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, pages = {1049-1057}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12078}, pmid = {23692126}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Bufonidae/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Models, Theoretical ; Ontario ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {When populations decline in response to unfavorable environmental change, the dynamics of their population growth shift. In populations that normally exhibit high levels of variation in recruitment and abundance, as do many amphibians, declines may be difficult to identify from natural fluctuations in abundance. However, the onset of declines may be evident from changes in population growth rate in sufficiently long time series of population data. With data from 23 years of study of a population of Fowler's toad (Anaxyrus [ = Bufo] fowleri) at Long Point, Ontario (1989-2011), we sought to identify such a shift in dynamics. We tested for trends in abundance to detect a change point in population dynamics and then tested among competing population models to identify associated intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The most informative models of population growth included terms for toad abundance and the extent of an invasive marsh plant, the common reed (Phragmites australis), throughout the toads' marshland breeding areas. Our results showed density-dependent growth in the toad population from 1989 through 2002. After 2002, however, we found progressive population decline in the toads associated with the spread of common reeds and consequent loss of toad breeding habitat. This resulted in reduced recruitment and population growth despite the lack of significant loss of adult habitat. Our results underscore the value of using long-term time series to identify shifts in population dynamics coincident with the advent of population decline.}, }
@article {pmid23691655, year = {2013}, author = {Budy, P and Thiede, GP and Lobón-Cerviá, J and Fernandez, GG and McHugh, P and McIntosh, A and Vøllestad, LA and Becares, E and Jellyman, P}, title = {Limitation and facilitation of one of the world's most invasive fish: an intercontinental comparison.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {2}, pages = {356-367}, doi = {10.1890/12-0628.1}, pmid = {23691655}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Aging ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Rivers ; Seasons ; Trout/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Purposeful species introductions offer opportunities to inform our understanding of both invasion success and conservation hurdles. We evaluated factors determining the energetic limitations of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in both their native and introduced ranges. Our focus was on brown trout because they are nearly globally distributed, considered one of the world's worst invaders, yet imperiled in much of their native habitat. We synthesized and compared data describing temperature regime, diet, growth, and maximum body size across multiple spatial and temporal scales, from country (both exotic and native habitats) and major geographic area (MGA) to rivers and years within MGA. Using these data as inputs, we next used bioenergetic efficiency (BioEff), a relative scalar representing a realized percentage of maximum possible consumption (0-100%) as our primary response variable and a multi-scale, nested, mixed statistical model (GLIMMIX) to evaluate variation among and within spatial scales and as a function of density and elevation. MGA and year (the residual) explained the greatest proportion of variance in BioEff. Temperature varied widely among MGA and was a strong driver of variation in BioEff. We observed surprisingly little variation in the diet of brown trout, except the overwhelming influence of the switch to piscivory observed only in exotic MGA. We observed only a weak signal of density-dependent effects on BioEff; however, BioEff remained < 50% at densities > 2.5 fish/m2. The trajectory of BioEff across the life span of the fish elucidated the substantial variation in performance among MGAs; the maximum body size attained by brown trout was consistently below 400 mm in native habitat but reached approximately 600 mm outside their native range, where brown trout grew rapidly, feeding in part on naive prey fishes. The integrative, physiological approach, in combination with the intercontinental and comparative nature of our study, allowed us to overcome challenges associated with context-dependent variation in determining invasion success. Overall our results indicate "growth plasticity across the life span" was important for facilitating invasion, and should be added to lists of factors characterizing successful invaders.}, }
@article {pmid23691168, year = {2013}, author = {DeFisher, LE and Bonter, DN}, title = {Effects of invasive European fire ants (Myrmica rubra) on herring gull (Larus argentatus) reproduction.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {e64185}, pmid = {23691168}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Newborn/*growth &amp; development ; Ants/*physiology ; Charadriiformes/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Maine ; Mortality ; Nesting Behavior/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction/*physiology ; Survival Analysis ; }, abstract = {Various invasive ant species have negatively affected reproductive success in birds by disrupting nest site selection, incubation patterns, food supply, and by direct predation on nestlings. Impacts can be particularly severe when non-native ants colonize seabird nesting islands where thousands of birds may nest in high densities on the ground or in burrows or crevices. Here we report on the first documented effects of Myrmica rubra, the European fire ant, on the reproduction of birds in its non-native range. We documented herring gulls (Larus argentatus) on Appledore Island, Maine, engaging in more erratic incubation behaviors at nests infested by the ants. Newly-hatched chicks in some nests were swarmed by ants, leading to rapid chick death. Due to high overall rates of chick mortality, survival probabilities did not vary between nests with and without ant activity, however chick growth rates were slower at nests with ants than at ant-free nests. Ant infestation likely leads to longer-term fitness consequences because slower growth rates early in life may ultimately lead to lower post-fledging survival probabilities.}, }
@article {pmid23691164, year = {2013}, author = {Axmacher, JC and Sang, W}, title = {Plant invasions in China - challenges and chances.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {e64173}, pmid = {23691164}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {China ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environment ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Plants ; Socioeconomic Factors ; }, abstract = {Invasive species cause serious environmental and economic harm and threaten global biodiversity. We set out to investigate how quickly invasive plant species are currently spreading in China and how their resulting distribution patterns are linked to socio-economic and environmental conditions. A comparison of the invasive plant species density (log species/log area) reported in 2008 with current data shows that invasive species were originally highly concentrated in the wealthy, southeastern coastal provinces of China, but they are currently rapidly spreading inland. Linear regression models based on the species density and turnover of invasive plants as dependent parameters and principal components representing key socio-economic and environmental parameters as predictors indicate strong positive links between invasive plant density and the overall phytodiversity and associated climatic parameters. Principal components representing socio-economic factors and endemic plant density also show significant positive links with invasive plant density. Urgent control and eradication measures are needed in China's coastal provinces to counteract the rapid inland spread of invasive plants. Strict controls of imports through seaports need to be accompanied by similarly strict controls of the developing horticultural trade and underpinned by awareness campaigns for China's increasingly affluent population to limit the arrival of new invaders. Furthermore, China needs to fully utilize its substantial native phytodiversity, rather than relying on exotics, in current large-scale afforestation projects and in the creation of urban green spaces.}, }
@article {pmid23691151, year = {2013}, author = {Raw, JL and Miranda, NA and Perissinotto, R}, title = {Chemical cues released by an alien invasive aquatic gastropod drive its invasion success.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {e64071}, pmid = {23691151}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Gastropoda/metabolism/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Chemical cues provide aquatic organisms with sensory information that guides behavioural responses and thus interactions among themselves, each other and the environment. Chemical cues are considered important for predator avoidance, foraging, larval settlement and broadcast spawning in aquatic environments. However, the significance of their role as drivers of direct interactions between heterospecifics has been largely overlooked.<br><br>A video camera and a demarcated arena were used in situ to record behavioural responses of three native gastropod species, Assiminea cf. capensis, Melanoides tuberculata and Coriandria durbanensis, exposed to treatments representing chemical cues released by a non-native invasive gastropod, Tarebia granifera. The responses were measured quantitatively as displacement and orientation of movement at locations in St Lucia Estuary, within the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site on the east coast of South Africa. All native gastropods exhibited a negative taxis response to chemical cues released by T. granifera, while T. granifera individuals responded randomly to conspecifics. Displacement was measured relative to the source of the extract, the number of steps taken were determined with path analysis and orientation was determined from the mean (&#xb1;95% CIs) turning angles, with significant negative turning angles representing negative taxis. Responses to treatments corresponding to the environment and conspecifics were random and undirected, indicating kinesis.<br><br>CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This study presents evidence for interactions driven by chemical cues between a non-native invasive gastropod and several gastropods native to South Africa. The results indicate that chemical cues can facilitate invasion success as the behavioural response of native gastropods is to move away allowing additional food and space resources to become available to T. granifera.}, }
@article {pmid23690984, year = {2013}, author = {Coccia, C and Calosi, P and Boyero, L and Green, AJ and Bilton, DT}, title = {Does ecophysiology determine invasion success? A comparison between the invasive boatman Trichocorixa verticalis verticalis and the native Sigara lateralis (Hemiptera, Corixidae) in South-West Spain.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {e63105}, pmid = {23690984}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Fresh Water ; Heteroptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Salinity ; Spain ; Species Specificity ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Trichocorixa verticalis verticalis, a native of North America, is the only alien corixid identified in Europe. First detected in 1997 in southern Portugal, it has spread into south-west Spain including Doñana National Park. Its impact on native taxa in the same area is unclear, but it is the dominant species in several permanent, saline wetlands.<br><br>We investigated whether the ecophysiology of this alien species favours its spread in the Iberian Peninsula and its relative success in saline areas. We compared physiological responses to heating (Critical Thermal maximum), cooling (Critical Thermal minimum) and freezing (Super Cooling Point) in the native Sigara lateralis and introduced T. v. verticalis acclimated to different temperatures and salinities. The larger S. lateralis generally outperformed T. v. verticalis and appeared to possess a broader thermal tolerance range. In both taxa, CTmax was highest in animals exposed to a combination of high conductivities and relatively low acclimation temperatures. However, CTmax was generally higher in T. v. verticalis and lower in S. lateralis when acclimated at higher temperatures. CTmin were lower (greater tolerance to cold) after acclimation to high conductivities in T. v. verticalis, and following acclimation to low conductivities in S. lateralis. Both acclimation temperature and conductivity influenced corixids' freezing tolerance; however, only in T. v. verticalis did SCP decrease after exposure to both high temperature and conductivity. T. v. verticalis showed a higher range of mean responses over all treatments.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Whilst the native S. lateralis may have a broader thermal range, the alien species performs particularly well at higher salinities and temperatures and this ability may facilitate its invasion in Mediterranean areas. The greater plasticity of T. v. verticalis may further facilitate its spread in the future, as it may be more able to respond to climate shifts than the native species.}, }
@article {pmid23690917, year = {2013}, author = {Setterfield, SA and Rossiter-Rachor, NA and Douglas, MM and Wainger, L and Petty, AM and Barrow, P and Shepherd, IJ and Ferdinands, KB}, title = {Adding fuel to the fire: the impacts of non-native grass invasion on fire management at a regional scale.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {e59144}, pmid = {23690917}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Andropogon/*growth &amp; development ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Fires/*prevention &amp; control ; *Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Widespread invasion by non-native plants has resulted in substantial change in fire-fuel characteristics and fire-behaviour in many of the world's ecosystems, with a subsequent increase in the risk of fire damage to human life, property and the environment. Models used by fire management agencies to assess fire risk are dependent on accurate assessments of fuel characteristics but there is little evidence that they have been modified to reflect landscape-scale invasions. There is also a paucity of information documenting other changes in fire management activities that have occurred to mitigate changed fire regimes. This represents an important limitation in information for both fire and weed risk management.<br><br>We undertook an aerial survey to estimate changes to landscape fuel loads in northern Australia resulting from invasion by Andropogon gayanus (gamba grass). Fuel load within the most densely invaded area had increased from 6 to 10 t ha(-1) in the past two decades. Assessment of the effect of calculating the Grassland Fire Danger Index (GFDI) for the 2008 and 2009 fire seasons demonstrated that an increase from 6 to 10 t ha(-1) resulted in an increase from five to 38 days with fire risk in the 'severe' category in 2008 and from 11 to 67 days in 2009. The season of severe fire weather increased by six weeks. Our assessment of the effect of increased fuel load on fire management practices showed that fire management costs in the region have increased markedly (&#x223c;9 times) in the past decade due primarily to A. gayanus invasion.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrated the high economic cost of mitigating fire impacts of an invasive grass. This study demonstrates the need to quantify direct and indirect invasion costs to assess the risk of further invasion and to appropriately fund fire and weed management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid23689247, year = {2013}, author = {Park, SN and Lim, YK and Kook, JK}, title = {Development of quantitative real-time PCR primers for detecting 42 oral bacterial species.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {195}, number = {7}, pages = {473-482}, doi = {10.1007/s00203-013-0896-4}, pmid = {23689247}, issn = {1432-072X}, mesh = {Bacteria/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; *DNA Primers ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis/genetics ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics ; Humans ; Mouth/*microbiology ; Mouth Diseases/diagnosis/microbiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; }, abstract = {In this study, we introduced species-specific quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) primers designed based on a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase beta-subunit gene (rpoB) for detecting 42 oral bacterial species. The specificity of the qPCR primers was confirmed by conventional PCR with the genomic DNAs of 73-79 strains regarding 73-75 bacterial species including the type strain for the target species. The standard curves revealed the lower detection limits of 42 bacterial species-specific qPCR primers ranged from 4 to 40 fg below a cycle threshold (C T) value of 35, except Atopobium rimae, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Neisseria meningitidis, and Porphyromonas asaccharolytica which were 400 fg. These results suggest that 42 bacterial species-specific qPCR primers are suitable for applications in epidemiological studies related to oral infectious diseases such as periodontal diseases, endodontic infection, and dental caries.}, }
@article {pmid23687900, year = {2013}, author = {Alofs, KM and Fowler, NL}, title = {Loss of native herbaceous species due to woody plant encroachment facilitates the establishment of an invasive grass.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {3}, pages = {751-760}, doi = {10.1890/12-0732.1}, pmid = {23687900}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Demography ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*classification/*physiology ; Texas ; }, abstract = {Although negative relationships between diversity (frequently measured as species richness) and invasibility at neighborhood or community scales have often been reported, realistic natural diversity gradients have rarely been studied at this scale. We recreated a naturally occurring gradient in species richness to test the effects of species richness on community invasibility. In central Texas savannas, as the proportion of woody plants increases (a process known as woody plant encroachment), herbaceous habitat is both lost and fragmented, and native herbaceous species richness declines. We examined the effects of these species losses on invasibility in situ by removing species that occur less frequently in herbaceous patches as woody plant encroachment advances. This realistic species removal was accompanied by a parallel and equivalent removal of biomass with no changes in species richness. Over two springs, the nonnative bunchgrass Bothriochloa ischaemum germinated significantly more often in the biomass-removal treatment than in unmanipulated control plots, suggesting an effect of native plant density independent of diversity. Additionally, significantly more germination occurred in the species-removal treatment than in the biomass-removal treatment. Changes in species richness had a stronger effect on B. ischaemum germination than changes in plant density, demonstrating that niche-related processes contributed more to biotic resistance in this system than did species-neutral competitive interactions. Similar treatment effects were found on transplant growth. Thus we show that woody plant encroachment indirectly facilitates the establishment of an invasive grass by reducing native diversity. Although we found a negative relationship between species richness and invasibility at the scale of plots with similar composition and environmental conditions, we found a positive relationship between species richness and invasibility at larger scales. This apparent paradox is consistent with reports from other systems and may be the result of variation in environmental factors at larger scales similarly influencing both invasibility and richness. The habitat loss and fragmentation associated with woody plant encroachment are two of many processes that commonly threaten biodiversity, including climate change. Many of these processes are similarly likely to increase invasibility via their negative effects on native diversity.}, }
@article {pmid23687890, year = {2013}, author = {Fraser, DF and Lamphere, BA}, title = {Experimental evaluation of predation as a facilitator of invasion success in a stream fish.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {3}, pages = {640-649}, doi = {10.1890/12-0803.1}, pmid = {23687890}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Predator-prey relationships in poikilotherms are often size dependent, such as when adults of two interacting species are capable of eating juveniles of the other species. Such bi-directional predation can be important during the establishment and spread of an invading species, but its role remains poorly understood. Using a combination of laboratory and mesocosm experiments and field introductions, we demonstrate that guppies, Poecilia reticulata, prey on juvenile killifish, Rivulus hartii, and thereby facilitate their establishment in the habitat of a potential predator. Laboratory studies found that mature guppies can consume larval Rivulus, and experimental stream studies showed that guppies reduced the number of Rivulus surviving from eggs. Growth trials found that interspecific competition, while significant, cannot account for the declines in the survival of juvenile Rivulus seen in field surveys. Finally, a field experiment, in which guppies were introduced into previously guppy-free stream reaches, resulted in a marked reduction in the abundance of juvenile Rivulus relative to guppy-free controls. Together, these results indicate that reducing the native Rivulus population represents an important.mechanism promoting guppy invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid23687062, year = {2013}, author = {Al-Chokhachy, R and Alder, J and Hostetler, S and Gresswell, R and Shepard, B}, title = {Thermal controls of Yellowstone cutthroat trout and invasive fishes under climate change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {19}, number = {10}, pages = {3069-3081}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12262}, pmid = {23687062}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Idaho ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Montana ; Nevada ; Rivers ; Temperature ; Trout/*growth &amp; development ; Wyoming ; }, abstract = {We combine large observed data sets and dynamically downscaled climate data to explore historic and future (2050-2069) stream temperature changes over the topographically diverse Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (elevation range = 824-4017 m). We link future stream temperatures with fish growth models to investigate how changing thermal regimes could influence the future distribution and persistence of native Yellowstone cutthroat trout (YCT) and competing invasive species. We find that stream temperatures during the recent decade (2000-2009) surpass the anomalously warm period of the 1930s. Climate simulations indicate air temperatures will warm by 1 °C to >3 °C over the Greater Yellowstone by mid-21st century, resulting in concomitant increases in 2050-2069 peak stream temperatures and protracted periods of warming from May to September (MJJAS). Projected changes in thermal regimes during the MJJAS growing season modify the trajectories of daily growth rates at all elevations with pronounced growth during early and late summer. For high-elevation populations, we find considerable increases in fish body mass attributable both to warming of cold-water temperatures and to extended growing seasons. During peak July to August warming, mid-21st century temperatures will cause periods of increased thermal stress, rendering some low-elevation streams less suitable for YCT. The majority (80%) of sites currently inhabited by YCT, however, display minimal loss (<10%) or positive changes in total body mass by midcentury; we attribute this response to the fact that many low-elevation populations of YCT have already been extirpated by historical changes in land use and invasions of non-native species. Our results further suggest that benefits to YCT populations due to warmer stream temperatures at currently cold sites could be offset by the interspecific effects of corresponding growth of sympatric, non-native species, underscoring the importance of developing climate adaptation strategies that reduce limiting factors such as non-native species and habitat degradation.}, }
@article {pmid23687046, year = {2013}, author = {Vilcinskas, A and Stoecker, K and Schmidtberg, H and Röhrich, CR and Vogel, H}, title = {Invasive harlequin ladybird carries biological weapons against native competitors.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {340}, number = {6134}, pages = {862-863}, doi = {10.1126/science.1234032}, pmid = {23687046}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*parasitology/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Hemocytes/parasitology ; Hemolymph/parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Nosema/*physiology/ultrastructure ; }, abstract = {Invasive species that proliferate after colonizing new habitats have a negative environmental and economic impact. The reason why some species become successful invaders, whereas others, even closely related species, remain noninvasive is often unclear. The harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis, introduced for biological pest control, has become an invader that is outcompeting indigenous ladybird species in many countries. Here, we show that Harmonia carries abundant spores of obligate parasitic microsporidia closely related to Nosema thompsoni. These microsporidia, while not harming the carrier Harmonia, are lethal pathogens for the native ladybird Coccinella septempunctata. We propose that intraguild predation, representing a major selective force among competing ladybird species, causes the infection and ultimate death of native ladybirds when they feed on microsporidia-contaminated Harmonia eggs or larvae.}, }
@article {pmid23687032, year = {2013}, author = {Reynolds, SE}, title = {Ecology. Immunity and invasive success.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {340}, number = {6134}, pages = {816-817}, doi = {10.1126/science.1238998}, pmid = {23687032}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*parasitology/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Nosema/*physiology ; }, }
@article {pmid23685271, year = {2013}, author = {Davidson, AD and Campbell, ML and Hewitt, CL}, title = {The role of uncertainty and subjective influences on consequence assessment by aquatic biosecurity experts.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {127}, number = {}, pages = {103-113}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.03.043}, pmid = {23685271}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/*physiology ; Australia ; Biodiversity ; Canada ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Decision Theory ; Forecasting ; Introduced Species ; Knowledge Bases ; *Uncertainty ; United States ; }, abstract = {Expert judgement is often used to mitigate the knowledge gaps that limit understanding of aquatic non-indigenous species (ANS) impacts (consequences) to environmental, economic, social, cultural and human health values. To understand how this uncertainty may affect expert decision making, we explored the presence and effects of uncertainty on consequence assessment for 10 ANS by scientists and managers. We hypothesized species' distribution, taxonomy and impact type will affect assessment magnitude. These hypotheses were partially supported. We also hypothesized a difference in the relationship between consequence magnitude and uncertainty, based on assessor group. This set of hypotheses was not supported, as all group assessments had a significant negative correlation between consequence and uncertainty. Both scientists and managers assigned lower consequence when faced with knowledge gaps and other forms of uncertainty. This aligns with an "innocent until proven guilty" or hindsight approach, as opposed to a "guilty until proven innocent" or precaution approach. Based on these outcomes, the experts appeared to make decisions in violation of both the maximin principle and precaution, instead using a heuristic approach. We suggest several management strategies to prevent biases against environmental protection that occur due to use of the hindsight approach.}, }
@article {pmid23685119, year = {2013}, author = {Jellinek, S and Parris, KM and Driscoll, DA and Dwyer, PD}, title = {Are incentive programs working? Landowner attitudes to ecological restoration of agricultural landscapes.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {127}, number = {}, pages = {69-76}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.04.034}, pmid = {23685119}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; *Attitude ; Australia ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Introduced Species ; *Motivation ; Ownership ; }, abstract = {Private property accounts for much of the planet's arable land, and most of this has been cleared for agricultural production. Agricultural areas retain only fragments of their original vegetation and this has been detrimental to many native plant and animal species. Habitat restoration and revegetation may be able to reconnect and enlarge existing remnant areas in agricultural landscapes and, thereby, enhance native plant and animal communities. However, conservation initiatives will be successful only if landowners actively participate in restoration actions. This study used four hundred postal questionnaires to assess the degree to which landowners in two regions of south-eastern Australia adopt restoration activities, their opinions regarding remnant and revegetated land and their management actions in these areas. One hundred and seventy nine completed questionnaires were received. Three quarters of respondents had undertaken restoration on their property or were planning to revegetate in the future. Landcare members were most likely to have previously revegetated and future revegetation intentions were best predicted by previous restoration activities and a primary income source that was off-farm. Landowners were more likely to manage restored and remnant areas if they perceived threats such as weeds, pest animals and fire risk would be detrimental to their property, than to enhance environmental outcomes. These results indicate that landowners are interested in restoring natural areas, but without greater assistance to restore ground layers and manage perceived threats posed by fire and invasive plants and animals, restoration actions will not have their desired biodiversity benefits.}, }
@article {pmid23684741, year = {2013}, author = {Boardman, L and Sørensen, JG and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Physiological responses to fluctuating thermal and hydration regimes in the chill susceptible insect, Thaumatotibia leucotreta.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {59}, number = {8}, pages = {781-794}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.05.005}, pmid = {23684741}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Weight ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism ; Insect Proteins/metabolism ; Larva/physiology ; Lipid Metabolism ; Metamorphosis, Biological ; Moths/*physiology ; *Stress, Physiological ; *Temperature ; Water/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Fluctuating thermal regimes (FTR), consisting of cycles between stressful low and benign temperatures, are known to improve survival and fecundity in a variety of insects. By contrast, fluctuating hydration regimes (FHR) consisting of cycles between dehydrating and benign conditions have been less comprehensively researched. Hypothetically, either repeated stress accumulates damage and reduces survival, or the recovery periods may act as a protective mechanism by allowing low temperature- or dehydration-induced damage to be repaired. Using false codling moth (Thaumatotibia leucotreta) larvae, we investigated whether FTR and FHR resulted in protection, or accumulated damage, at the cellular and whole-organism levels. Time- and age-matched controls were used to verify that the effects were due to the fluctuating stressors and not age- or time-dependent responses. Results showed that larval body water-(BWC) and lipid content (BLC) remained unchanged in response to FTR. Importantly though, FTR are protective when compared to constant low temperature exposures, potentially due to an increase in heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). However, larvae may suffer long-term fitness consequences compared to constant benign exposures. Results for FHR appear equivocal when compared to constant controls, due to high survival rates for all experiments, although the physiological responses to FHR included a decrease in larval BWC and BLC, a decrease in cuticular water loss rates, and a depletion of HSP70 during the final dehydration cycle. In conclusion, it appears that fluctuating stressors are protective in T. leucotreta when compared to constant stress conditions, likely through regulation of whole-animal metabolic rate and HSP70, although other mechanisms (e.g. ion homeostasis) are also implicated.}, }
@article {pmid23678738, year = {2013}, author = {Ha, HJ and Banda, M and Alley, MR and Howe, L and Gartrell, BD}, title = {The seroprevalence of avipoxvirus and its association with avian malaria (Plasmodium spp.) infection in introduced passerine birds in the southern regions of the North Island of New Zealand.}, journal = {Avian diseases}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, pages = {109-115}, doi = {10.1637/10285-061912-ResNote.1}, pmid = {23678738}, issn = {0005-2086}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Antigens, Viral/blood ; Avipoxvirus/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Bird Diseases/blood/*epidemiology/parasitology/virology ; Blotting, Western/veterinary ; Coinfection/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary/virology ; DNA, Protozoan/genetics/metabolism ; DNA, Viral/genetics/metabolism ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary ; Introduced Species ; Malaria, Avian/blood/*epidemiology/virology ; New Zealand/epidemiology ; Plasmodium/classification/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Poxviridae Infections/blood/epidemiology/*veterinary/virology ; Prevalence ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/veterinary ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; *Songbirds ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Blood samples were collected from 65 free-ranging birds from six species in the southern North Island of New Zealand. Sera from the birds were tested for the presence of avipoxvirus (APV) antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and blood cells from 55 birds were also tested for Plasmodium spp. by PCR. Forty-five birds (69.2%) tested seropositive to APV. Song thrushes (Turdus philomelos) presented the highest seroprevalence at 100% (4/4), followed by Eurasian blackbirds (Turdus merula) (96.86%, 31/32), chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs) (54.55%, 6/11), starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) (25%, 3/12), greenfinches (Carduelis chloris) (25%, 1/4), and European goldfinches (Carduelis carduelis) (0%, 0/2). Plasmodium spp. DNA was detected in 15/55 birds (27.3%), including 11 Eurasian blackbirds, one song thrush, and three starlings. Eight Eurasian blackbird isolates (73%) grouped within the subgenus Novyella. Two Eurasian blackbird isolates and the song thrush isolate clustered within a different group with previously reported lineages LINN1 and AFTRU5. In addition, all three starling isolates clustered within the well-characterized lineage Plasmodium (Huffia) elongatum GRW06. All Plasmodium-positive Eurasian blackbirds and the song thrush were seropositive to APV, whereas only 67% of Plasmodium-positive starlings showed evidence of previous exposure to APV. A significant relationship between birds seropositive to APV and birds infected by Plasmodium spp. was observed (chi2 = 5.69, df = 1, P = 0.0086). To the authors' knowledge this is the first report describing the seroprevalence of APV and its association with Plasmodium spp. infection in introduced bird species in New Zealand.}, }
@article {pmid23677350, year = {2013}, author = {Middleton, AD and Morrison, TA and Fortin, JK and Robbins, CT and Proffitt, KM and White, PJ and McWhirter, DE and Koel, TM and Brimeyer, DG and Fairbanks, WS and Kauffman, MJ}, title = {Grizzly bear predation links the loss of native trout to the demography of migratory elk in Yellowstone.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {280}, number = {1762}, pages = {20130870}, pmid = {23677350}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Deer/*physiology ; Demography ; Female ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Seasons ; Trout/*physiology ; Ursidae/*physiology ; Wyoming ; }, abstract = {The loss of aquatic subsidies such as spawning salmonids is known to threaten a number of terrestrial predators, but the effects on alternative prey species are poorly understood. At the heart of the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem, an invasion of lake trout has driven a dramatic decline of native cutthroat trout that migrate up the shallow tributaries of Yellowstone Lake to spawn each spring. We explore whether this decline has amplified the effect of a generalist consumer, the grizzly bear, on populations of migratory elk that summer inside Yellowstone National Park (YNP). Recent studies of bear diets and elk populations indicate that the decline in cutthroat trout has contributed to increased predation by grizzly bears on the calves of migratory elk. Additionally, a demographic model that incorporates the increase in predation suggests that the magnitude of this diet shift has been sufficient to reduce elk calf recruitment (4-16%) and population growth (2-11%). The disruption of this aquatic-terrestrial linkage could permanently alter native species interactions in YNP. Although many recent ecological changes in YNP have been attributed to the recovery of large carnivores--particularly wolves--our work highlights a growing role of human impacts on the foraging behaviour of grizzly bears.}, }
@article {pmid23676736, year = {2013}, author = {Nicholls, H}, title = {Invasive species: the 18-km(2) rat trap.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {497}, number = {7449}, pages = {306-308}, pmid = {23676736}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/methods ; Ecuador ; Endangered Species/economics/trends ; Introduced Species/economics/*trends ; Mice ; Rats ; }, }
@article {pmid23675437, year = {2013}, author = {Pearson, SH and Avery, HW and Kilham, SS and Velinsky, DJ and Spotila, JR}, title = {Stable isotopes of C and N reveal habitat dependent dietary overlap between native and introduced turtles Pseudemys rubriventris and Trachemys scripta.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {e62891}, pmid = {23675437}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon Isotopes ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Diet ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species/trends ; Magnoliopsida/chemistry ; Male ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; Pennsylvania ; Poaceae/chemistry ; Species Specificity ; Stramenopiles/chemistry ; Turtles/*physiology ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Habitat degradation and species introductions are two of the leading causes of species declines on a global scale. Invasive species negatively impact native species through predation and competition for limited resources. The impacts of invasive species may be increased in habitats where habitat degradation is higher due to reductions of prey abundance and distribution. Using stable isotope analyses and extensive measurements of resource availability we determined how resource availability impacts the long term carbon and nitrogen assimilation of the invasive red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) and a native, threatened species, the red-bellied turtle (Pseudemys rubriventris) at two different freshwater wetland complexes in Pennsylvania, USA. At a larger wetland complex with greater vegetative species richness and diversity, our stable isotope analyses showed dietary niche partitioning between species, whereas analyses from a smaller wetland complex with lower vegetative species richness and diversity showed significant dietary niche overlap. Determining the potential for competition between these two turtle species is important to understanding the ecological impacts of red-eared slider turtles in wetland habitats. In smaller wetlands with increased potential for competition between native turtles and invasive red-eared slider turtles we expect that when shared resources become limited, red-eared slider turtles will negatively impact native turtle species leading to long term population declines. Protection of intact wetland complexes and the reduction of introduced species populations are paramount to preserving populations of native species.}, }
@article {pmid23675432, year = {2013}, author = {Skálová, H and Jarošík, V and Dvořáčková, &#x15a; and Pyšek, P}, title = {Effect of intra- and interspecific competition on the performance of native and invasive species of Impatiens under varying levels of shade and moisture.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {e62842}, pmid = {23675432}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Impatiens/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Sunlight ; Water ; }, abstract = {Many alien plants are thought to be invasive because of unique traits and greater phenotypic plasticity relative to resident species. However, many studies of invasive species are unable to quantify the importance of particular traits and phenotypic plasticity in conferring invasive behavior because traits used in comparative studies are often measured in a single environment and by using plants from a single population. To obtain a deeper insight into the role of environmental factors, local differences and competition in plant invasions, we compared species of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) of different origin and invasion status that occur in central Europe: native I. noli-tangere and three alien species (highly invasive I. glandulifera, less invasive I. parviflora and potentially invasive I. capensis). In two experiments we harvested late-stage reproductive plants to estimate performance. The first experiment quantified how populations differed in performance under varying light and moisture levels in the absence of competition. The second experiment quantified performance across these environments in the presence of intra- and inter-specific competition. The highly invasive I. glandulifera was the strongest competitor, was the tallest and produced the greatest biomass. Small size and high plasticity were characteristic for I. parviflora. This species appeared to be the second strongest competitor, especially under low soil moisture. The performance of I. capensis was within the range of the other Impatiens species studied, but sometimes limited by alien competitors. Our results suggest that invasion success within the genus Impatiens depends on the ability to grow large under a range of environmental conditions, including competition. The invasive species also exhibited greater phenotypic plasticity across environmental conditions than the native species. Finally, the decreased performance of the native I. noli-tangere in competition with other species studied indicates that this species may be possibly excluded from its sites by invading congeners.}, }
@article {pmid23673928, year = {2013}, author = {Lawrence, GB and Fernandez, IJ and Richter, DD and Ross, DS and Hazlett, PW and Bailey, SW and Ouimet, R and Warby, RA and Johnson, AH and Lin, H and Kaste, JM and Lapenis, AG and Sullivan, TJ}, title = {Measuring environmental change in forest ecosystems by repeated soil sampling: a north american perspective.}, journal = {Journal of environmental quality}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, pages = {623-639}, doi = {10.2134/jeq2012.0378}, pmid = {23673928}, issn = {0047-2425}, mesh = {Air Pollution ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Forests ; Soil ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Environmental change is monitored in North America through repeated measurements of weather, stream and river flow, air and water quality, and most recently, soil properties. Some skepticism remains, however, about whether repeated soil sampling can effectively distinguish between temporal and spatial variability, and efforts to document soil change in forest ecosystems through repeated measurements are largely nascent and uncoordinated. In eastern North America, repeated soil sampling has begun to provide valuable information on environmental problems such as air pollution. This review synthesizes the current state of the science to further the development and use of soil resampling as an integral method for recording and understanding environmental change in forested settings. The origins of soil resampling reach back to the 19th century in England and Russia. The concepts and methodologies involved in forest soil resampling are reviewed and evaluated through a discussion of how temporal and spatial variability can be addressed with a variety of sampling approaches. Key resampling studies demonstrate the type of results that can be obtained through differing approaches. Ongoing, large-scale issues such as recovery from acidification, long-term N deposition, C sequestration, effects of climate change, impacts from invasive species, and the increasing intensification of soil management all warrant the use of soil resampling as an essential tool for environmental monitoring and assessment. Furthermore, with better awareness of the value of soil resampling, studies can be designed with a long-term perspective so that information can be efficiently obtained well into the future to address problems that have not yet surfaced.}, }
@article {pmid23672650, year = {2013}, author = {Luque, GM and Giraud, T and Courchamp, F}, title = {Allee effects in ants.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {82}, number = {5}, pages = {956-965}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12091}, pmid = {23672650}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Mortality ; *Population Dynamics ; Reproduction/*physiology ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {1. Allee effects occur when the aggregation of individuals result in mutually beneficial intraspecific interactions whereby individual fitness, or per capita growth rate, increases with the number of individuals. Allee effects are common in social species due to their cooperative behaviours, such as breeding, feeding or defence. Allee effects have important implications for many aspects of basic and applied ecology. Over the past decades, the study of Allee effects has influenced population dynamics, community ecology, endangered species management and invasion biology. 2. Despite the fact that cooperation is the basis of their social structure, Allee effects have received little attention among eusocial insects. Extreme cooperation is common, and reproductive specialization of individuals occurs due to division of labour. These life-history traits suggest that the potential contribution of each caste to reproduction and survival may be differential and nonadditive. 3. We studied Allee effects in the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile). In this species, many queens and workers are present in colonies, which allowed us to explore the differential effects of castes on the presence of Allee effects. In the laboratory, we measured brood production and individual survival in experimental colonies that differed in the initial numbers of queens and workers.4. Our results highlight the differential effect of queens and workers on survival and productivity. We found three positive density-dependent relationships indicative of component Allee effects at the colony level: both workers and queens had a positive effect on the productivity of the other caste, and queens had a positive effect on worker survivorship. 5. Our experimental results suggest a potential positive feedback between worker and queen abundance, which may have contributed to the evolution of large colony sizes. Our study provides the first evidence of Allee effects in eusocial insects and highlights the need to consider castes separately in population dynamics. Division of labour and differential reproductive rates are factors that should be integrated into the study of Allee effects.}, }
@article {pmid23671704, year = {2013}, author = {Firmat, C and Alibert, P and Losseau, M and Baroiller, JF and Schliewen, UK}, title = {Successive invasion-mediated interspecific hybridizations and population structure in the endangered cichlid Oreochromis mossambicus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {e63880}, pmid = {23671704}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/classification/*genetics ; *Endangered Species ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mozambique ; Phylogeny ; Rivers ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Tilapia/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Hybridization between invasive and native species accounts among the major and pernicious threats to biodiversity. The Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus, a widely used freshwater aquaculture species, is especially imperiled by this phenomenon since it is recognized by the IUCN as an endangered taxon due to genetic admixture with O. niloticus an invasive congeneric species. The Lower Limpopo and the intermittent Changane River (Mozambique) drain large wetlands of potentially great importance for conservation of O. mossambicus, but their populations have remained unstudied until today. Therefore we aimed (1) to estimate the autochthonous diversity and population structure among genetically pure O. mossambicus populations to provide a baseline for the conservation genetics of this endangered species, (2) to quantify and describe genetic variation of the invasive populations and investigate the most likely factors influencing their spread, (3) to identify O. mossambicus populations unaffected by hybridization. Bayesian assignment tests based on 423 AFLP loci and the distribution of 36 species-specific mitochondrial haplotypes both indicate a low frequency of invasive and hybrid genotypes throughout the system, but nevertheless reveal evidence for limited expansion of two alien species (O. niloticus and O. andersonii) and their hybrids in the Lower Limpopo. O. mossambicus populations with no traces of hybridization are identified. They exhibit a significant genetic structure. This contrasts with previously published estimates and provides rather promising auspices for the conservation of O. mossambicus. Especially, parts of the Upper Changane drainage and surrounding wetlands are identified as refugial zones for O. mossambicus populations. They should therefore receive high conservation priority and could represent valuable candidates for the development of aquaculture strains based on local genetic resources.}, }
@article {pmid23671595, year = {2013}, author = {Kristensen, NP and De Barro, PJ and Schellhorn, NA}, title = {The initial dispersal and spread of an intentional invader at three spatial scales.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {e62407}, pmid = {23671595}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Hemiptera/parasitology ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Pest Control, Biological ; Queensland ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {The way an invasion progresses through space is a theme of interest common to invasion ecology and biological pest control. Models and mark-release studies of arthropods have been used extensively to extend and inform invasion processes of establishment and spread. However, the extremely common single-scale approach of monitoring initial spread leads to misinterpretation of rate and mode. Using the intentional release of a novel biological control agent (a parasitic hymenoptera, Eretmocerus hayati Zolnerowich &amp; Rose (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), we studied its initial dispersal and spread at three different spatial scales, the local scale (tens of metres), field scale (hundreds of metres) and landscape scale (kilometres) around the release point. We fit models to each observed spread pattern at each spatial scale. We show that E. hayati exhibits stratified dispersal; moving further, faster and by a different mechanism than would have been concluded with a single local-scale post-release sampling design. In fact, interpretation of each scale independent of other scales gave three different models of dispersal, and three different impressions of the dominant dispersal mechanisms. Our findings demonstrate that using a single-scale approach may lead to quite erroneous conclusions, hence the necessity of using a multiple-scale hierarchical sampling design for inferring spread and the dominant dispersal mechanism of either human intended or unintended invasions.}, }
@article {pmid23669537, year = {2013}, author = {Mordecai, EA}, title = {Consequences of pathogen spillover for cheatgrass-invaded grasslands: coexistence, competitive exclusion, or priority effects.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {181}, number = {6}, pages = {737-747}, doi = {10.1086/670190}, pmid = {23669537}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Ascomycota/*physiology ; Bromus/*microbiology ; Genetic Fitness ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Poaceae/microbiology ; Southwestern United States ; }, abstract = {With the rise in species invasions and emerging infectious diseases, pathogen spillover from abundant reservoir hosts to their competitors is increasingly common. Although the potential for pathogen spillover is widespread, its consequences for host community composition remain poorly understood. To address this gap, I examine the consequences of fungal seed pathogen spillover from an exotic annual grass (cheatgrass) to a native perennial bunchgrass in the Intermountain West, United States, using a model. Integrating generalist pathogens with broader coexistence theory, the model measures the pathogen's effect on host niche differences and fitness differences, which determine the outcome of competition. The model demonstrates that the consequences of pathogen spillover depend on host differences in species-specific transmission and disease tolerance. Counterintuitively, spillover can lead to coexistence, native grass exclusion, or priority effects, in which either species can exclude the other when initially more dominant. Cheatgrass has higher tolerance for infection, which could lead to competitive dominance or to coexistence if the native grass has a fecundity or survival advantage. In sum, multihost pathogens can affect host communities in a range of ways, depending on the specific mechanism of spillover.}, }
@article {pmid23668309, year = {2013}, author = {Kim, TW and Micheli, F}, title = {Decreased solar radiation and increased temperature combine to facilitate fouling by marine non-indigenous species.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {29}, number = {5}, pages = {501-512}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2013.784964}, pmid = {23668309}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/classification/*physiology/radiation effects ; *Biofouling ; *Climate Change ; Introduced Species ; *Sunlight ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Studies of the effects of climate changes on marine biofouling have mainly focused on the effects of temperature increase, but a decrease in the level of solar radiation could also influence the establishment and persistence of fouling species. To test if decreased solar radiation and/or increased temperature influenced marine fouling communities, solar radiation, and temperature were manipulated by deploying shading devices in the intertidal zone of a central California estuary. Non-indigenous species (NIS) recruiting to artificial substrata had greater coverage under the shading treatments than under transparent plates, indicating that low radiation facilitates recruitment and growth of NIS. In contrast, the coverage of NIS underneath warmer black plates was higher than that on white plates. Furthermore, spatial comparisons of recruitment showed that NIS had a tendency to grow better in the warmer region of the estuary whereas native species showed the opposing trend. The results suggest that both lower radiation and higher temperature may facilitate the spread of marine NIS.}, }
@article {pmid23668239, year = {2013}, author = {Zaller, JG and Parth, M and Szunyogh, I and Semmelrock, I and Sochurek, S and Pinheiro, M and Frank, T and Drapela, T}, title = {Herbivory of an invasive slug is affected by earthworms and the composition of plant communities.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {20}, pmid = {23668239}, issn = {1472-6785}, support = {P 20171/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fabaceae/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Female ; Gastropoda/*physiology ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Male ; Oligochaeta/*physiology ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biodiversity loss and species invasions are among the most important human-induced global changes. Moreover, these two processes are interlinked as ecosystem invasibility is considered to increase with decreasing biodiversity. In temperate grasslands, earthworms serve as important ecosystem engineers making up the majority of soil faunal biomass. Herbivore behaviour has been shown to be affected by earthworms, however it is unclear whether these effects differ with the composition of plant communities. To test this we conducted a mesocosm experiment where we added earthworms (Annelida: Lumbricidae) to planted grassland communities with different plant species composition (3 vs. 12 plant spp.). Plant communities had equal plant densities and ratios of the functional groups grasses, non-leguminous forbs and legumes. Later, Arion vulgaris slugs (formerly known as A. lusitanicus; Gastropoda: Arionidae) were added and allowed to freely choose among the available plant species. This slug species is listed among the 100 worst alien species in Europe. We hypothesized that (i) the food choice of slugs would be altered by earthworms' specific effects on the growth and nutrient content of plant species, (ii) slug herbivory will be less affected by earthworms in plant communities containing more plant species than in those with fewer plant species because of a more readily utilization of plant resources making the impacts of earthworms less pronounced.<br><br>RESULTS: Slug herbivory was significantly affected by both earthworms and plant species composition. Slugs damaged 60% less leaves when earthworms were present, regardless of the species composition of the plant communities. Percent leaf area consumed by slugs was 40% lower in communities containing 12 plant species; in communities containing only three species earthworms increased slug leaf area consumption. Grasses were generally avoided by slugs. Leaf length and number of tillers was increased in mesocosms containing more plant species but little influenced by earthworms. Overall shoot biomass was decreased, root biomass increased in plant communities with more plant species. Earthworms decreased total shoot biomass in mesocosms with more plant species but did not affect biomass production of individual functional groups. Plant nitrogen concentrations across three focus species were 18% higher when earthworms were present; composition of plant communities did not affect plant quality.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Given the important role that both herbivores and earthworms play in structuring plant communities the implications of belowground-aboveground linkages should more broadly be considered when investigating global change effects on ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid23667628, year = {2013}, author = {Ireland, KB and Hardy, GE and Kriticos, DJ}, title = {Combining inferential and deductive approaches to estimate the potential geographical range of the invasive plant pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {e63508}, pmid = {23667628}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa ; Australasia ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; North America ; Phytophthora/*physiology ; Plants/*microbiology ; Software ; South America ; }, abstract = {Phytophthora ramorum, an invasive plant pathogen of unknown origin, causes considerable and widespread damage in plant industries and natural ecosystems of the USA and Europe. Estimating the potential geographical range of P. ramorum has been complicated by a lack of biological and geographical data with which to calibrate climatic models. Previous attempts to do so, using either invaded range data or surrogate species approaches, have delivered varying results. A simulation model was developed using CLIMEX to estimate the global climate suitability patterns for establishment of P. ramorum. Growth requirements and stress response parameters were derived from ecophysiological laboratory observations and site-level transmission and disease factors related to climate data in the field. Geographical distribution data from the USA (California and Oregon) and Norway were reserved from model-fitting and used to validate the models. The model suggests that the invasion of P. ramorum in both North America and Europe is still in its infancy and that it is presently occupying a small fraction of its potential range. Phytophthora ramorum appears to be climatically suited to large areas of Africa, Australasia and South America, where it could cause biodiversity and economic losses in plant industries and natural ecosystems with susceptible hosts if introduced.}, }
@article {pmid23667568, year = {2013}, author = {O'Farrell, B and Benzie, JA and McGinnity, P and de Eyto, E and Dillane, E and Coughlan, J and Cross, TF}, title = {Selection and phylogenetics of salmonid MHC class I: wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) differ from a non-native introduced strain.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {e63035}, pmid = {23667568}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Codon/genetics ; Colorado ; Genes, MHC Class I/*genetics ; Histocompatibility Antigens/chemistry/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Ireland ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombination, Genetic/genetics ; Rivers ; *Selection, Genetic ; Species Specificity ; Trout/*genetics ; }, abstract = {We tested how variation at a gene of adaptive importance, MHC class I (UBA), in a wild, endemic Salmo trutta population compared to that in both a previously studied non-native S. trutta population and a co-habiting Salmo salar population (a sister species). High allelic diversity is observed and allelic divergence is much higher than that noted previously for co-habiting S. salar. Recombination was found to be important to population-level divergence. The α1 and α2 domains of UBA demonstrate ancient lineages but novel lineages are also identified at both domains in this work. We also find examples of recombination between UBA and the non-classical locus, ULA. Evidence for strong diversifying selection was found at a discrete suite of S. trutta UBA amino acid sites. The pattern was found to contrast with that found in re-analysed UBA data from an artificially stocked S. trutta population.}, }
@article {pmid23667457, year = {2013}, author = {Wang, YL and Wang, YJ and Luan, JB and Yan, GH and Liu, SS and Wang, XW}, title = {Analysis of the transcriptional differences between indigenous and invasive whiteflies reveals possible mechanisms of whitefly invasion.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {e62176}, pmid = {23667457}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Transcription, Genetic/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The whitefly Bemisa tabaci is a species complex of more than 31 cryptic species which include some of the most destructive invasive pests of crops worldwide. Among them, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean have invaded many countries and displaced the native whitefly species. The successful invasion of the two species is largely due to their wide range of host plants, high resistance to insecticides and remarkable tolerance to environmental stresses. However, the molecular differences between invasive and indigenous whiteflies remain largely unknown.<br><br>Here the global transcriptional difference between the two invasive whitefly species (MEAM1, MED) and one indigenous whitefly species (Asia II 3) were analyzed using the Illumina sequencing. Our analysis indicated that 2,422 genes between MEAM1 and MED; 3,073 genes between MEAM1 and Asia II 3; and 3,644 genes between MED and Asia II 3 were differentially expressed. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that the differently expressed genes between the invasive and indigenous whiteflies were significantly enriched in the term of 'oxidoreductase activity'. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that carbohydrate, amino acid and glycerolipid metabolisms were more active in MEAM1 and MED than in Asia II 3, which may contribute to their differences in biological characteristics. Our analysis also illustrated that the majority of genes involved in 'drug metabolic pathway' were expressed at a higher level in MEAM1 and MED than in Asia II 3. Taken together, these results revealed that the genes related to basic metabolism and detoxification were expressed at an elevated level in the invasive whiteflies, which might be responsible for their higher resistance to insecticides and environmental stresses.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The extensive comparison of MEAM1, MED and Asia II 3 gene expression may serve as an invaluable resource for revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying their biological differences and the whitefly invasion.}, }
@article {pmid23666106, year = {2013}, author = {Matallanas, B and Ochando, MD and Alonso, F and Callejas, C}, title = {Phylogeography of the white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius italicus) in Spain: inferences from microsatellite markers.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {40}, number = {9}, pages = {5327-5338}, pmid = {23666106}, issn = {1573-4978}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*genetics ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; *Endangered Species ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Italy ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Population Dynamics ; Spain ; }, abstract = {The white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius italicus), a cornerstone of Spain's aquatic ecosystems, was once widely distributed throughout much of the country. Unfortunately, its populations have suffered very strong declines over the last 40 years due to the spread of introduced species (red swamp and signal crayfishes), diseases, habitat loss and other anthropogenic impacts. The present work examines the genetic variation in 23 Spanish and four Italian populations of white-clawed crayfish via the analysis of microsatellite loci. The data show genetic variation in the Spanish populations to be affected by drastic and successive bottlenecks. Notwithstanding, the diversity of these Spanish populations in terms of observed heterozygosity is similar to or even higher than that recorded for other European populations studied using these same markers. North-central Spanish populations are clearly differentiated from the country's remaining populations; they should be considered distinct management units. Processes occurred in historical and recent times, such as genetic drift and translocations, contribute greatly to this genetic structure. These data provide useful information for conservation of this species, since the preservation of its population structure and genetic variability should be goals for management decisions.}, }
@article {pmid23664975, year = {2013}, author = {Van Dyken, JD and Müller, MJ and Mack, KM and Desai, MM}, title = {Spatial population expansion promotes the evolution of cooperation in an experimental Prisoner's Dilemma.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {23}, number = {10}, pages = {919-923}, pmid = {23664975}, issn = {1879-0445}, support = {P50 GM068763/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Cooperative Behavior ; *Game Theory ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Cooperation is ubiquitous in nature, but explaining its existence remains a central interdisciplinary challenge. Cooperation is most difficult to explain in the Prisoner's Dilemma game, where cooperators always lose in direct competition with defectors despite increasing mean fitness. Here we demonstrate how spatial population expansion, a widespread natural phenomenon, promotes the evolution of cooperation. We engineer an experimental Prisoner's Dilemma game in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to show that, despite losing to defectors in nonexpanding conditions, cooperators increase in frequency in spatially expanding populations. Fluorescently labeled colonies show genetic demixing of cooperators and defectors, followed by increase in cooperator frequency as cooperator sectors overtake neighboring defector sectors. Together with lattice-based spatial simulations, our results suggest that spatial population expansion drives the evolution of cooperation by (1) increasing positive genetic assortment at population frontiers and (2) selecting for phenotypes maximizing local deme productivity. Spatial expansion thus creates a selective force whereby cooperator-enriched demes overtake neighboring defector-enriched demes in a "survival of the fastest." We conclude that colony growth alone can promote cooperation and prevent defection in microbes. Our results extend to other species with spatially restricted dispersal undergoing range expansion, including pathogens, invasive species, and humans.}, }
@article {pmid23664290, year = {2013}, author = {Déchamp, C}, title = {[Ambrosia pollinosis].}, journal = {Revue des maladies respiratoires}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {316-327}, doi = {10.1016/j.rmr.2012.10.632}, pmid = {23664290}, issn = {1776-2588}, mesh = {Allergens/adverse effects/immunology ; Ambrosia/*adverse effects/immunology ; France/epidemiology ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Introduced Species/history ; Pollen/adverse effects/immunology ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/epidemiology/*etiology/genetics/immunology ; }, abstract = {Pollinosis is now called seasonal allergic rhinitis by the international terminology but pollinosis includes many other symptoms and so we will use the term Ambrosia pollinosis in this article. The characteristics of ragweed pollinosis are: severity, duration from August to September and the presence of asthma and/or tracheitis in about 50% of cases. Ambrosia: phanerogam, dicotyledon, annual plant, monoic. In France, fields in the mid Rhône Valley are covered with Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. but Ambrosia trifida L. is rare. The French Foundation For Ragweed Study (AFEDA) reports here 30years of clinical and epidemiological studies, involving considerable expense, that describe the geographic distribution of this pollinosis in Europe, and applies a predictive model of Ambrosia pollination to an appropriate treatment thanks to a sensitive sensor (Cour pollen trap). The spreading of Ambrosia is partly due to the regulations of the Common Agricultural Policy. There are numerous allergens; recently the major allergen of mugwort has been identified in ragweed. Profilins cause hypersensitivity reactions to certain foods. Genetic predisposition to developing this pollinosis is discussed because sometimes: the disease starts late in life, no personal or family history of atopy is found, immunoglobulin levels are low. Some publications have discussed a genetic predisposition to allergies to Juniperus ashei (United-States) and Cryptomeria japonica (Japan). The clinical efficacy of sublingual specific immunotherapy is well established and well accepted by patients.}, }
@article {pmid23658770, year = {2013}, author = {Auffret, AG and Cousins, SA}, title = {Humans as long-distance dispersers of rural plant communities.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {e62763}, pmid = {23658770}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Human Migration ; Humans ; *Plant Dispersal ; Population Density ; *Rural Population ; Seed Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Humans are known for their capacity to disperse organisms long distances. Long-distance dispersal can be important for species threatened by habitat destruction, but research into human-mediated dispersal is often focused upon few and/or invasive species. Here we use citizen science to identify the capacity for humans to disperse seeds on their clothes and footwear from a known species pool in a valuable habitat, allowing for an assessment of the fraction and types of species dispersed by humans in an alternative context. We collected material from volunteers cutting 48 species-rich meadows throughout Sweden. We counted 24,354 seeds of 197 species, representing 34% of the available species pool, including several rare and protected species. However, 71 species (36%) are considered invasive elsewhere in the world. Trait analysis showed that seeds with hooks or other appendages were more likely to be dispersed by humans, as well as those with a persistent seed bank. More activity in a meadow resulted in more dispersal, both in terms of species and representation of the source communities. Average potential dispersal distances were measured at 13 km. We consider humans capable seed dispersers, transporting a significant proportion of the plant communities in which they are active, just like more traditional vectors such as livestock. When rural populations were larger, people might have been regular and effective seed dispersers, and the net rural-urban migration resulting in a reduction in humans in the landscape may have exacerbated the dispersal failure evident in declining plant populations today. With the fragmentation of habitat and changes in land use resulting from agricultural change, and the increased mobility of humans worldwide, the dispersal role of humans may have shifted from providers of regular local and landscape dispersal to providers of much rarer long-distance and regional dispersal, and international invasion.}, }
@article {pmid23656359, year = {2013}, author = {Spiegelaar, NF and Tsuji, LJ}, title = {Impact of Euro-Canadian agrarian practices: in search of sustainable import-substitution strategies to enhance food security in subarctic Ontario, Canada.}, journal = {Rural and remote health}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {2211}, pmid = {23656359}, issn = {1445-6354}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Agriculture/*methods ; Arctic Regions ; *Culture ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Food Supply/*standards ; Fruit ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice/*ethnology ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Ontario ; Population Groups/psychology/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Program Development ; Program Evaluation ; Qualitative Research ; *Resource Allocation ; *Rural Population ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Soil/chemistry ; Vegetables ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: In Canada, food insecurity exists among Aboriginal (Inuit, Metis and First Nations) people living in remote northern communities, in part, because of their reliance on the industrialized, import-based food system. Local food production as a substitute to imports would be an adaptive response, but enhancement of food security via food localization requires reflection on previous failings of conventional agricultural strategies so that informed decisions can be made. In light of potential reintroduction of local food production in remote First Nations communities, we investigated the cultural, social and ecological effects of a 20th century, Euro-Canadian agrarian settlement on the food system of a subarctic First Nation; this will act as the first step in developing a more sustainable local food program and enhancing food security in this community.<br><br>METHODS: To investigate the socio-cultural impacts of the Euro-Canadian agrarian initiative on the food system of Fort Albany First Nation, purposive, semi-directive interviews were conducted with elders and other knowledgeable community members. Interview data were placed into themes using inductive analyses. To determine the biophysical impact of the agrarian initiative, soil samples were taken from one site within the cultivated area and from one site in an undisturbed forest area. Soil properties associated with agricultural use and productivity were assessed. To compare the means of a given soil property between the sites, one-tailed t-tests were employed. Vegetative analysis was conducted in both sites to assess disturbance.<br><br>RESULTS: According to the interviewees, prior to the agrarian initiative, First Nation families harvested wild game and fish, and gathered berries as well as other forms of vegetation for sustenance. With the introduction of the residential school and agrarian initiative, traditional food practices were deemed inadequate, families were forced to work and live in the settlement (becoming less reliant on traditional foods), and yet little knowledge sharing of agricultural practices occurred. When the residential school and agrarian movement came to an end in the 1970s, First Nation community members were left to become reliant on an import food system. The mission's agrarian techniques resulted in overall degradation of soil quality and ecological integrity: compared the natural boreal forest, the cultivated area had been colonized by invasive species and had significantly lower soil levels of nitrogen, magnesium and organic carbon, and significantly higher levels of phosphorus and bulk density.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Because the agrarian initiative was not a viable long-term approach to food security in Fort Albany, the people became more reliant on imported goods. Taking into account climate change, there exists an opportunity whereby fruits and vegetables, historically stunted-in-growth or outside the distributional range of subarctic Canada, could now grow in the north. Together, agroecosystem stewardship practices and community-based, autonomous food security programs have the potential to increase locally grown food availability in a sustainable manner.}, }
@article {pmid23654298, year = {2013}, author = {Dickx, V and Kalmar, ID and Tavernier, P and Vanrompay, D}, title = {Prevalence and genotype distribution of Chlamydia psittaci in feral Canada geese (Branta canadensis) in Belgium.}, journal = {Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {382-384}, doi = {10.1089/vbz.2012.1131}, pmid = {23654298}, issn = {1557-7759}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Bacterial/*blood ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/*genetics ; Belgium/epidemiology ; Bird Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology ; Chlamydophila psittaci/genetics/*immunology/isolation &amp; purification ; Disease Reservoirs ; *Geese ; Genotype ; Humans ; Psittacosis/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Species Specificity ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {Chlamydia psittaci is a zoonotic pathogen with a wide range of avian hosts and worldwide geographical spread. Zoonotic transfer occurs by inhalation or direct contact and may cause psittacosis or parrot disease. Host reservoirs of particular epidemiological interest include gregarious or migratory species, as colonial behavior facilitates microbial spread amongst conspecifics and a migratory ecology permits disperse over a wide geographic region. The current study detected C. psittaci antibodies in 76 of 81 (93.8%) feral Canada geese (Branta canadensis) using a species-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Viable C. psittaci were isolated from pharyngeal swabs of 47 of 81 (58%) birds, and subsequent ompA-based genotyping revealed genotypes E, B, and E/B. Absence of clinical symptoms in these geese could reflect a strong natural protection or a persistent infection. Canada geese are considered an important alien species in Europe. Current results denote that this avian reservoir poses a considerable risk to native wildlife as a potential source of C. psittaci.}, }
@article {pmid23648449, year = {2013}, author = {Casas, JJ and Larrañaga, A and Menéndez, M and Pozo, J and Basaguren, A and Martínez, A and Pérez, J and González, JM and Mollá, S and Casado, C and Descals, E and Roblas, N and López-González, JA and Valenzuela, JL}, title = {Leaf litter decomposition of native and introduced tree species of contrasting quality in headwater streams: how does the regional setting matter?.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {458-460}, number = {}, pages = {197-208}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.004}, pmid = {23648449}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; *Food Chain ; Geographic Information Systems ; Insecta/metabolism/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/*metabolism ; Principal Component Analysis ; Rivers/*chemistry ; Spain ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Terrestrial plant litter is important in sustaining stream food webs in forested headwaters. Leaf litter quality often decreases when native species are replaced by introduced species, and a lower quality of leaf litter inputs may alter litter decomposition at sites afforested with non-native species. However, since detritivore composition and resource use plasticity may depend on the prevalent litter inputs, the extent of the alteration in decomposition can vary between streams. We tested 2 hypotheses using 2 native and 3 introduced species of tree differing in quality in 4 Iberian regions with contrasting vegetational traits: 1) decomposition rates of all plant species would be higher in regions where streams normally receive litter inputs of lower rather than higher quality; 2) a higher resource-use plasticity of detritivores in regions vegetated with plants of lower litter quality will cause a greater evenness in decomposition rates among plant species compared to regions where streams normally receive higher-quality plant litter inputs. Results showed a highly consistent interspecific ranking of decomposition rates across regions driven by litter quality, and a significant regional effect. Hypothesis 1 was supported: decomposition rates of the five litter types were generally higher in streams from regions vegetated with species producing leaf litter of low quality, possibly due to the profusion of caddisfly shredders in their communities. Hypothesis 2 was not supported: the relative differences in decomposition rates among leaf litter species remained essentially unaltered across regions. Our results suggest that, even in regions where detritivores can be comparatively efficient using resources of low quality, caution is needed particularly when afforestation programs introduce plant species of lower litter quality than the native species.}, }
@article {pmid23647484, year = {2013}, author = {Fridley, JD}, title = {Plant invasions across the Northern Hemisphere: a deep-time perspective.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {1293}, number = {}, pages = {8-17}, doi = {10.1111/nyas.12107}, pmid = {23647484}, issn = {1749-6632}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Asia ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Phylogeography ; Plant Development ; Plant Weeds/growth &amp; development ; Plants/*genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Few invasion biologists consider the long-term evolutionary context of an invading organism and its invaded ecosystem. Here, I consider patterns of plant invasions across Eastern North America, Europe, and East/Far East Asia, and explore whether biases in exchanges of plants from each region reflect major selection pressures present within each region since the late Miocene, during which temperate Northern Hemisphere floras diverged taxonomically and ecologically. Although there are many exceptions, the European flora appears enriched in species well adapted to frequent, intense disturbances such as cultivation and grazing; the North American composite (Asteraceae) flora appears particularly well adapted to nutrient-rich meadows and forest openings; and the East Asian flora is enriched in shade-tolerant trees, shrubs, and vines of high forest-invasive potential. I argue that such directionality in invasions across different habitat types supports the notion that some species are preadapted to become invasive as a result of differences in historical selection pressures between regions.}, }
@article {pmid23646946, year = {2013}, author = {Chiesa, S and Filonzi, L and Vaghi, M and Papa, R and Marzano, FN}, title = {Molecular barcoding of an atypical cyprinid population assessed by cytochrome B gene sequencing.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {30}, number = {5}, pages = {408-413}, doi = {10.2108/zsj.30.408}, pmid = {23646946}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyprinidae/*genetics ; Cytochromes b/*genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Demography ; Italy ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {A fish population of the carp family Cyprinidae with atypical phenotypic characteristics was observed in one of the main catchments of the Pollino National Park, a valuable, protected area in southern Italy. In this area, the Italian roach Rutilus rubilio (Bonaparte, 1837), a native endemic fish of Tyrrhenean regions, has been introduced in sympatric conditions with Squalius squalus (Bonaparte, 1837) and Telestes muticellus (Bonaparte, 1837). A molecular investigation was carried out to assess the genetic identity of the population with a view to conservation. Direct sequencing of a cytochrome b gene fragment was performed based on 30 individuals of cyprinid fish with atypical phenotype, in addition to 30 S. squalus, 10 T. muticellus, and 30 R. rubilio pure individuals collected in different Italian regions, which served as reference samples. Multiple sequence alignments demonstrated that 50% of atypical-cyprinid haplotypes were maternally inherited from either S. squalus or R. rubilio. No contribution by T. muticellus was determined. Our results indicate an intergeneric hybridization event between S. squalus and R. rubilio, as a consequence of trans-introduction activities of alien species.}, }
@article {pmid23643406, year = {2013}, author = {Erin Cox, T and Smith, CM and Popp, BN and Foster, MS and Abbott, IA}, title = {Can stormwater be detected by algae in an urban reef in Hawai'i?.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {71}, number = {1-2}, pages = {92-100}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.03.030}, pmid = {23643406}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Cities ; *Coral Reefs ; Drainage, Sanitary ; Environmental Monitoring ; Hawaii ; Introduced Species ; Microalgae/*physiology ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Wastewater/*analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Nitrogen (N) enrichment of tropical reefs can result in the dominance of invasive algae. The invasive alga Acanthophora spicifera and the native alga Laurencia nidifica are part of a diverse reef assemblage in 'Ewa Beach, O'ahu. Their N contents and δ(15)N values were investigated to determine if N was enriched and to evaluate potential nitrogenous sources near and removed from storm-drain outlets. δ(15)N values of algae (3.8-17.7‰) were within and above the range for algae around the island (1.9-11.9‰). Elevated algae N isotope values (δ(15)N>+7‰, [N]>1.6%) and seawater nitrate+nitrite levels (0.59-7.93 μM) indicated a mixed, high nutrient environment. The overlap in δ(15)N values with multiple nitrogenous sources precluded identification. However, spatial and temporal patterns did not support stormwater as the dominant, nitrogenous source. Patterns were congruent with algal incorporation of terrestrial derived N, subjected to a high degree of biogeochemical cycling.}, }
@article {pmid23640751, year = {2013}, author = {Lu, X and Siemann, E and Shao, X and Wei, H and Ding, J}, title = {Climate warming affects biological invasions by shifting interactions of plants and herbivores.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {19}, number = {8}, pages = {2339-2347}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12244}, pmid = {23640751}, issn = {1354-1013}, mesh = {Amaranthaceae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Animals ; China ; *Climate Change ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Global Warming ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Plants and herbivorous insects can each be dramatically affected by temperature. Climate warming may impact plant invasion success directly but also indirectly through changes in their natural enemies. To date, however, there are no tests of how climate warming shifts the interactions among invasive plants and their natural enemies to affect invasion success. Field surveys covering the full latitudinal range of invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides in China showed that a beetle introduced for biocontrol was rare or absent at higher latitudes. In contrast, plant cover and mass increased with latitude. In a 2-year field experiment near the northern limit of beetle distribution, we found the beetle sustained populations across years under elevated temperature, dramatically decreasing A. philoxeroides growth, but it failed to overwinter in ambient temperature. Together, these results suggest that warming will allow the natural enemy to expand its range, potentially benefiting biocontrol in regions that are currently too cold for the natural enemy. However, the invader may also expand its range further north in response to warming. In such cases where plants tolerate cold better than their natural enemies, the geographical gap between plant and herbivorous insect ranges may not disappear but will shift to higher latitudes, leading to a new zone of enemy release. Therefore, warming will not only affect plant invasions directly but also drive either enemy release or increase that will result in contrasting effects on invasive plants. The findings are also critical for future management of invasive species under climate change.}, }
@article {pmid23639164, year = {2013}, author = {Hume, JB and Adams, CE and Bean, CW and Maitland, PS}, title = {Evidence of a recent decline in river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis parasitism of a nationally rare whitefish Coregonus lavaretus: is there a diamond in the ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus?.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {82}, number = {5}, pages = {1708-1716}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.12075}, pmid = {23639164}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Lampreys/*physiology ; Perciformes/*parasitology ; Population Dynamics ; Salmonidae/*parasitology ; Scotland ; }, abstract = {Lamprey-induced scarring of the nationally rare Coregonus lavaretus, a known host of a freshwater-resident population of European river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis, was found to have declined precipitously since the establishment of several non-native fishes in Loch Lomond. Evidence presented in this study points to the possibility that L. fluviatilis in this lake may have altered its trophic ecology in response to the negative impact that non-native species, in particular ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus, have had on their favoured host.}, }
@article {pmid23638113, year = {2013}, author = {Ku, C and Hu, JM and Kuo, CH}, title = {Complete plastid genome sequence of the basal asterid Ardisia polysticta Miq. and comparative analyses of asterid plastid genomes.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {e62548}, pmid = {23638113}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ardisia/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genome, Plant ; *Genome, Plastid ; Phylogeny ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; }, abstract = {Ardisia is a basal asterid genus well known for its medicinal values and has the potential for development of novel phytopharmaceuticals. In this genus of nearly 500 species, many ornamental species are commonly grown worldwide and some have become invasive species that caused ecological problems. As there is no completed plastid genome (plastome) sequence in related taxa, we sequenced and characterized the plastome of Ardisia polysticta to find plastid markers of potential utility for phylogenetic analyses at low taxonomic levels. The complete A. polysticta plastome is 156,506 bp in length and has gene content and organization typical of most asterids and other angiosperms. We identified seven intergenic regions as potentially informative markers with resolution for interspecific relationships. Additionally, we characterized the diversity of asterid plastomes with respect to GC content, plastome organization, gene content, and repetitive sequences through comparative analyses. The results demonstrated that the genome organizations near the boundaries between inverted repeats (IRs) and single-copy regions (SCs) are polymorphic. The boundary organization found in Ardisia appears to be the most common type among asterids, while six other types are also found in various asterid lineages. In general, the repetitive sequences in genic regions tend to be more conserved, whereas those in noncoding regions are usually lineage-specific. Finally, we inferred the whole-plastome phylogeny with the available asterid sequences. With the improvement in taxon sampling of asterid orders and families, our result highlights the uncertainty of the position of Gentianales within euasterids I.}, }
@article {pmid23638023, year = {2013}, author = {Cline, TJ and Bennington, V and Kitchell, JF}, title = {Climate change expands the spatial extent and duration of preferred thermal habitat for lake Superior fishes.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {e62279}, pmid = {23638023}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Geography ; Lakes ; North America ; Seasons ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Climate change is expected to alter species distributions and habitat suitability across the globe. Understanding these shifting distributions is critical for adaptive resource management. The role of temperature in fish habitat and energetics is well established and can be used to evaluate climate change effects on habitat distributions and food web interactions. Lake Superior water temperatures are rising rapidly in response to climate change and this is likely influencing species distributions and interactions. We use a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model that captures temperature changes in Lake Superior over the last 3 decades to investigate shifts in habitat size and duration of preferred temperatures for four different fishes. We evaluated habitat changes in two native lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) ecotypes, siscowet and lean lake trout, Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and walleye (Sander vitreus). Between 1979 and 2006, days with available preferred thermal habitat increased at a mean rate of 6, 7, and 5 days per decade for lean lake trout, Chinook salmon, and walleye, respectively. Siscowet lake trout lost 3 days per decade. Consequently, preferred habitat spatial extents increased at a rate of 579, 495 and 419 km(2) per year for the lean lake trout, Chinook salmon, and walleye while siscowet lost 161 km(2) per year during the modeled period. Habitat increases could lead to increased growth and production for three of the four fishes. Consequently, greater habitat overlap may intensify interguild competition and food web interactions. Loss of cold-water habitat for siscowet, having the coldest thermal preference, could forecast potential changes from continued warming. Additionally, continued warming may render more suitable conditions for some invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid23638018, year = {2013}, author = {Newton, C and Bracken, ME and McConville, M and Rodrigue, K and Thornber, CS}, title = {Invasion of the red seaweed Heterosiphonia japonica spans biogeographic provinces in the Western North Atlantic Ocean.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {e62261}, pmid = {23638018}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Atlantic Ocean ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Rhodophyta/growth &amp; development ; Seasons ; *Seaweed/growth &amp; development ; United States ; }, abstract = {The recent invasion of the red alga Heterosiphonia japonica in the western North Atlantic Ocean has provided a unique opportunity to study invasion dynamics across a biogeographical barrier. Native to the western North Pacific Ocean, initial collections in 2007 and 2009 restricted the western North Atlantic range of this invader to Rhode Island, USA. However, through subtidal community surveys, we document the presence of Heterosiphonia in coastal waters from Maine to New York, USA, a distance of more than 700 km. This geographical distribution spans a well-known biogeographical barrier at Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Despite significant differences in subtidal community structure north and south of Cape Cod, Heterosiphonia was found at all but two sites surveyed in both biogeographic provinces, suggesting that this invader is capable of rapid expansion over broad geographic ranges. Across all sites surveyed, Heterosiphonia comprised 14% of the subtidal benthic community. However, average abundances of nearly 80% were found at some locations. As a drifting macrophyte, Heterosiphonia was found as intertidal wrack in abundances of up to 65% of the biomass washed up along beaches surveyed. Our surveys suggest that the high abundance of Heterosiphonia has already led to marked changes in subtidal community structure; we found significantly lower species richness in recipient communities with higher Heterosiphona abundances. Based on temperature and salinity tolerances of the European populations, we believe Heterosiphonia has the potential to invade and alter subtidal communities from Florida to Newfoundland in the western North Atlantic.}, }
@article {pmid23636458, year = {2013}, author = {Caplan, JS and Yeakley, JA}, title = {Functional morphology underlies performance differences among invasive and non-invasive ruderal Rubus species.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {173}, number = {2}, pages = {363-374}, pmid = {23636458}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Northwestern United States ; Phenotype ; Plant Leaves/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Plant Roots/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Plant Stems/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Rosaceae/*anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; Water/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The ability of some introduced plant species to outperform native species under altered resource conditions makes them highly productive in ecosystems with surplus resources. However, ruderal native species are also productive when resources are available. The differences in abundance among invasive and non-invasive ruderal plants may be related to differences in ability to maintain access to or store resources for continual use. For a group of ruderal species in the Pacific Northwest of North America (invasive Rubus armeniacus; non-invasive R. ursinus, R. parviflorus, R. spectabilis, and Rosa nutkana), we sought to determine whether differences in functional morphological traits, especially metrics of water access and storage, were consistent with differences in water conductance and growth rate. We also investigated the changes in these traits in response to abundant vs. limited water availability. Rubus armeniacus had among the largest root systems and cane cross-sectional areas, the lowest cane tissue densities, and the most plastic ratios of leaf area to plant mass and of xylem area to leaf area, often sharing its rank with R. ursinus or Rosa nutkana. These three species had the highest water conductance and relative growth rates, though Rubus armeniacus grew the most rapidly when water was not limited. Our results suggest that water access and storage abilities vary with morphology among the ruderal species investigated, and that these abilities, in combination, are greatest in the invasive. In turn, functional morphological traits allow R. armeniacus to maintain rapid gas exchange rates during the dry summers in its invaded range, conferring on it high productivity.}, }
@article {pmid23634587, year = {2013}, author = {Gallardo, B and Aldridge, DC}, title = {Priority setting for invasive species management: risk assessment of Ponto-Caspian invasive species into Great Britain.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {352-364}, doi = {10.1890/12-1018.1}, pmid = {23634587}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Risk Factors ; Seawater/chemistry ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Invasive species drive important ecological and economic losses across wide geographies, with some regions supporting especially large numbers of nonnative species and consequently suffering relatively high impacts. For this reason, integrated risk assessments able to screen a suite of multiple invaders over large geographic areas are needed for prioritizing the allocation of limited resources. A total of 16 Ponto-Caspian aquatic species (10 gammarids, one isopod, two mysids, and three fishes) have been short-listed as recent or potential future invaders of British waters, whose introduction and spread is of high concern. In this study, we use multiple modeling techniques to assess their risk of establishment and spread into Great Britain. Climate suitability maps for these 16 species differed depending on the eastern and western distribution of species in continental Europe, which was related to their respective migration corridor: southern (Danube-Rhine rivers), and northern (Don and Volga rivers and Baltic lakes). Species whose suitability was high across large parts of Great Britain included four gammarids (Cheliorophium robustum, Dikerogammarus bispinosus, D. villosus, and Echinogammarus trichiatus) and a mysid (Hemimysis anomala). A climatic "heat map" combining the results of all 16 species together pointed to the southeast of England as the area most vulnerable to multiple invasions, particularly the Thames, Anglian, Severn, and Humber river basin districts. Regression models further suggested that alkalinity concentration > 120 mg/L in southeast England may favor the establishment of Ponto-Caspian invaders. The production of integrated risk maps for future invaders provides a means for the scientifically informed prioritization of resources toward particular species and geographic regions. Such tools have great utility in helping environmental managers focus efforts on the most effective prevention, management, and monitoring programs.}, }
@article {pmid23634586, year = {2013}, author = {Frazier, M and Miller, AW and Lee, H and Reusser, DA}, title = {Counting at low concentrations: the statistical challenges of verifying ballast water discharge standards.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {339-351}, doi = {10.1890/11-1639.1}, pmid = {23634586}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Models, Statistical ; Ships ; Stochastic Processes ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*standards ; Water Pollutants ; }, abstract = {Discharge from the ballast tanks of ships is one of the primary vectors of nonindigenous species in marine environments. To mitigate this environmental and economic threat, international, national, and state entities are establishing regulations to limit the concentration of living organisms that may be discharged from the ballast tanks of ships. The proposed discharge standards have ranged from zero detectable organisms to < 10 organisms/ m3. If standard sampling methods are used, verifying whether ballast discharge complies with these stringent standards will be challenging due to the inherent stochasticity of sampling. Furthermore, at low concentrations, very large volumes of water must be sampled to find enough organisms to accurately estimate concentration. Despite these challenges, adequate sampling protocols comprise a critical aspect of establishing standards because they help define the actual risk level associated with a standard. A standard that appears very stringent may be effectively lax if it is paired with an inadequate sampling protocol. We describe some of the statistical issues associated with sampling at low concentrations to help regulators understand the uncertainties of sampling as well as to inform the development of sampling protocols that ensure discharge standards are adequately implemented.}, }
@article {pmid23634585, year = {2013}, author = {David, M and Gollasch, S and Pavliha, M}, title = {Global ballast water management and the "same location" concept: a clear term or a clear issue?.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {331-338}, doi = {10.1890/12-0992.1}, pmid = {23634585}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Energy Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; International Cooperation ; *Introduced Species ; Ships ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods ; Water Pollutants ; }, abstract = {The United Nations recognized the transfer of harmful organisms and pathogens across natural barriers as one of the four greatest pressures to the world's oceans and seas, causing global environmental changes, while also posing a threat to human health, property, and resources. Ballast water transferred by vessels was recognized as a prominent vector of such species and was regulated by the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship's Ballast Water and Sediments (2004). Permanent exceptions from ballast water management requirements may apply when the uptake and discharge of ballast water occur at the "same location." However, the "same location" concept may be interpreted differently, e.g., a port basin, a port, an anchorage, or a larger area even with more ports inside. Considering that the Convention is nearing the beginning of enforcement, national authorities all around the world will soon be exposed to applications for exceptions. Here we consider possible effects of different interpretations of the "same location" concept. We have considered different possible extensions of the same location through environmental, shipping, and legal aspects. The extension of such areas, and the inclusion of more ports, may compromise the Convention's main purpose. We recommend that "same location" mean the smallest practicable unit, i.e., the same harbor, mooring, or anchorage. An entire smaller port, possibly also including the anchorage, could be considered as same location. For larger ports with a gradient of environmental conditions, "same location" should mean a terminal or a port basin. We further recommend that IMO consider the preparation of a guidance document to include concepts, criteria, and processes outlining how to identify "same location," which limits should be clearly identified.}, }
@article {pmid23634584, year = {2013}, author = {Reusser, DA and Lee, H and Frazier, M and Ruiz, GM and Fofonoff, PW and Minton, MS and Miller, AW}, title = {Per capita invasion probabilities: an empirical model to predict rates of invasion via ballast water.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {321-330}, doi = {10.1890/11-1637.1}, pmid = {23634584}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Ships ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods ; Water Pollutants ; }, abstract = {Ballast water discharges are a major source of species introductions into marine and estuarine ecosystems. To mitigate the introduction of new invaders into these ecosystems, many agencies are proposing standards that establish upper concentration limits for organisms in ballast discharge. Ideally, ballast discharge standards will be biologically defensible and adequately protective of the marine environment. We propose a new technique, the per capita invasion probability (PCIP), for managers to quantitatively evaluate the relative risk of different concentration-based ballast water discharge standards. PCIP represents the likelihood that a single discharged organism will become established as a new nonindigenous species. This value is calculated by dividing the total number of ballast water invaders per year by the total number of organisms discharged from ballast. Analysis was done at the coast-wide scale for the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts, as well as the Great Lakes, to reduce uncertainty due to secondary invasions between estuaries on a single coast. The PCIP metric is then used to predict the rate of new ballast-associated invasions given various regulatory scenarios. Depending upon the assumptions used in the risk analysis, this approach predicts that approximately one new species will invade every 10-100 years with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) discharge standard of < 10 organisms with body size > 50 microm per m3 of ballast. This approach resolves many of the limitations associated with other methods of establishing ecologically sound discharge standards, and it allows policy makers to use risk-based methodologies to establish biologically defensible discharge standards.}, }
@article {pmid23634583, year = {2013}, author = {Ruiz, GM and Fofonoff, PW and Ashton, G and Minton, MS and Miller, AW}, title = {Geographic variation in marine invasions among large estuaries: effects of ships and time.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {311-320}, doi = {10.1890/11-1660.1}, pmid = {23634583}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; *Estuaries ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Ships ; Time Factors ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods ; Water Pollutants ; }, abstract = {Coastal regions exhibit strong geographic patterns of nonnative species richness. Most invasions in marine ecosystems are known from bays and estuaries, where ship-mediated transfers (on hulls or in ballasted materials) have been a dominant vector of species introductions. Conspicuous spatial differences in nonnative species richness exist among bays, but the quantitative relationship between invasion magnitude and shipping activity across sites is largely unexplored. Using data on marine invasions (for invertebrates and algae) and commercial shipping across 16 large bays in the United States, we estimated (1) geographic variation in nonnative species richness attributed to ships, controlling for effects of salinity and other vectors, (2) changes through time in geographic variation of these ship-mediated invasions, and (3) effects of commercial ship traffic and ballast water discharge magnitude on nonnative species richness. For all nonnative species together (regardless of vector, salinity, or time period), species richness differed among U.S. coasts, being significantly greater for Pacific Coast bays than Atlantic or Gulf Coast bays. This difference also existed when considering only species attributed to shipping (or ballast water), controlling for time and salinity. Variation in nonnative species richness among Pacific Coast bays was strongly affected by these same criteria. San Francisco Bay, California, had over 200 documented nonnative species, more than twice that reported for other bays, but many species were associated with other (non-shipping) vectors or the extensive low-salinity habitats (unavailable in some bays). When considering only ship- or ballast-mediated introductions in high-salinity waters, the rate of newly detected invasions in San Francisco Bay has converged increasingly through time on that for other Pacific Coast bays, appearing no different since 1982. Considering all 16 bays together, there was no relationship between either (1) number of ship arrivals (from foreign ports) and number of introductions attributed to ships since 1982 or (2) volume of foreign ballast water discharge and number of species attributed to ballast water since 1982. These shipping measures are likely poor proxies for propagule supply, although they are sometimes used as such, highlighting a fundamental gap in data needed to evaluate invasion dynamics and management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid23634582, year = {2013}, author = {Henry, L and Reusser, DA and Frazier, M}, title = {Approaches to setting organism-based ballast water discharge standards.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {301-310}, doi = {10.1890/11-1638.1}, pmid = {23634582}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Oceans and Seas ; Risk Factors ; *Ships ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods/*standards ; Water ; }, abstract = {As a vector by which foreign species invade coastal and freshwater waterbodies, ballast water discharge from ships is recognized as a major environmental threat. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) drafted an international treaty establishing ballast water discharge standards based on the number of viable organisms per volume of ballast discharge for different organism size classes. Concerns that the IMO standards are not sufficiently protective have initiated several state and national efforts in the United States to develop more stringent standards. We evaluated seven approaches to establishing discharge standards for the > 50-microm size class: (1) expert opinion/management consensus, (2) zero detectable living organisms, (3) natural invasion rates, (4) reaction-diffusion models, (5) population viability analysis (PVA) models, (6) per capita invasion probabilities (PCIP), and (7) experimental studies. Because of the difficulty in synthesizing scientific knowledge in an unbiased and transparent fashion, we recommend the use of quantitative models instead of expert opinion. The actual organism concentration associated with a "zero detectable organisms" standard is defined by the statistical rigor of its monitoring program; thus it is not clear whether such a standard is as stringent as other standards. For several reasons, the natural invasion rate, reaction-diffusion, and experimental approaches are not considered suitable for generating discharge standards. PVA models can be used to predict the likelihood of establishment of introduced species but are limited by a lack of population vital rates for species characteristic of ballast water discharges. Until such rates become available, PVA models are better suited to evaluate relative efficiency of proposed standards rather than predicting probabilities of invasion. The PCIP approach, which is based on historical invasion rates at a regional scale, appears to circumvent many of the indicated problems, although it may underestimate invasions by asexual and parthenogenic species. Further research is needed to better define propagule dose-responses, densities at which Allee effects occur, approaches to predicting the likelihood of invasion from multi-species introductions, and generation of formal comparisons of approaches using standardized scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid23634581, year = {2013}, author = {Albert, RJ and Lishman, JM and Saxena, JR}, title = {Ballast water regulations and the move toward concentration-based numeric discharge limits.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {289-300}, doi = {10.1890/12-0669.1}, pmid = {23634581}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods ; International Agencies/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Risk Factors ; *Ships ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/standards ; Water Pollutants ; }, abstract = {Ballast water from shipping is a principal source for the introduction of nonindigenous species. As a result, numerous government bodies have adopted various ballast water management practices and discharge standards to slow or eliminate the future introduction and dispersal of these nonindigenous species. For researchers studying ballast water issues, understanding the regulatory framework is helpful to define the scope of research needed by policy makers to develop effective regulations. However, for most scientists, this information is difficult to obtain because it is outside the standard scientific literature and often difficult to interpret. This paper provides a brief review of the regulatory framework directed toward scientists studying ballast water and aquatic invasive species issues. We describe different approaches to ballast water management in international, U.S. federal and state, and domestic ballast water regulation. Specifically, we discuss standards established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and individual states in the United States including California, New York, and Minnesota. Additionally, outside the United States, countries such as Australia, Canada, and New Zealand have well-established domestic ballast water regulatory regimes. Different approaches to regulation have recently resulted in variations between numeric concentration-based ballast water discharge limits, particularly in the United States, as well as reliance on use of ballast water exchange pending development and adoption of rigorous science-based discharge standards. To date, numeric concentration-based discharge limits have not generally been based upon a thorough application of risk-assessment methodologies. Regulators, making decisions based on the available information and methodologies before them, have consequently established varying standards, or not established standards at all. The review and refinement of ballast water discharge standards by regulatory agencies will benefit from activity by the scientific community to improve and develop more precise risk-assessment methodologies.}, }
@article {pmid23634580, year = {2013}, author = {Frazier, M and Miller, AW and Ruiz, GM}, title = {Linking science and policy to prevent the spread of invasive species from the ballast water discharge of ships.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {287-288}, doi = {10.1890/11-1636.1}, pmid = {23634580}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; International Agencies ; *Introduced Species ; Military Personnel ; *Public Policy ; *Ships ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/standards ; Water Microbiology ; }, }
@article {pmid23629013, year = {2013}, author = {de Lange, WJ and Veldtman, R and Allsopp, MH}, title = {Valuation of pollinator forage services provided by Eucalyptus cladocalyx.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {125}, number = {}, pages = {12-18}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.03.027}, pmid = {23629013}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; *Ecosystem ; Eucalyptus/*physiology ; Pollination/physiology ; }, abstract = {We assess the monetary value of forage provisioning services for honeybees as provided by an alien tree species in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Although Eucalyptus cladocalyx is not an officially declared invader, it is cleared on a regular basis along with other invasive Eucalyptus species such as Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and Eucalyptus conferruminata (which have been prioritised for eradication in South Africa). We present some of the trade-offs associated with the clearing of E. cladocalyx by means of a practical example that illustrates a situation where the benefits of the species to certain stakeholders could support the containment of the species in demarcated areas, while allowing clearing outside such areas. Given the absence of market prices for such forage provisioning services, the replacement cost is used to present the value of the loss in forage as provided by E. cladocalyx if the alien tree species is cleared along with invasive alien tree species. Two replacement scenarios formed the basis for our calculations. The first scenario was an artificial diet as replacement for the forage provisioning service, which yielded a direct cost estimate of US$7.5 m per year. The second was based on a Fynbos cultivation/restoration initiative aimed at substituting the forage provisioning service of E. cladocalyx, which yielded a direct cost of US$20.2 m per year. These figures provide estimates of the potential additional cost burden on the beekeeping industry if E. cladocalyx is completely eradicated from the Western Cape. The cost estimates should be balanced against the negative impacts of E. cladocalyx on ecosystem services in order to make an informed decision with regard to appropriate management strategies for this species. The findings therefore serve as useful inputs to balance trade-offs for alien species that are considered as beneficial to some, but harmful to other.}, }
@article {pmid23624924, year = {2013}, author = {Ashman, TL and Arceo-Gómez, G}, title = {Toward a predictive understanding of the fitness costs of heterospecific pollen receipt and its importance in co-flowering communities.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {100}, number = {6}, pages = {1061-1070}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1200496}, pmid = {23624924}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Flowers/*physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/*physiology ; *Genetic Fitness ; Magnoliopsida/*genetics/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Pollen/genetics/*physiology ; Reproduction/genetics/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: While we have a good understanding of how co-flowering plants interact via pollinator foraging, we still know very little about how plants interact via heterospecific pollen (HP) receipt. To fill this gap, we sought to illuminate the extent of HP receipt and quantitatively evaluate the fitness consequences of HP receipt. We consider plant traits that could mediate the fitness costs of HP receipt in an effort to better understand the potential consequences of pollinator sharing in natural communities. •<br><br>METHODS: We survey the literature for occurrence of HP receipt and assess variation in the fitness effects of a standard HP treatment. We develop a conceptual framework for understanding variation in fitness consequences of HP receipt. &#x2022;<br><br>KEY RESULTS: We find evidence for variation in HP receipt and its costs. Our framework predicts that certain traits (self-incompatibility, small, highly aperaturate or allelopathic pollen) will lead to detrimental HP donors, whereas others (self-compatibility, small or wet stigmas, short styles) will lead to vulnerable HP recipients. We also predict that detrimental effects of HP receipt will increase with decreasing phylogenetic distance between donor and recipient. &#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our framework can guide much needed additional work so that we can evaluate whether and which plant traits contribute to the variation in the effects of HP receipt. This will be a step toward predicting the consequences of HP receipt in natural communities, and ultimately transform our understanding of the role of postpollination interactions in floral trait evolution and pollinator sharing.}, }
@article {pmid23624579, year = {2013}, author = {Tran, A and L'Ambert, G and Lacour, G and Benoît, R and Demarchi, M and Cros, M and Cailly, P and Aubry-Kientz, M and Balenghien, T and Ezanno, P}, title = {A rainfall- and temperature-driven abundance model for Aedes albopictus populations.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {1698-1719}, pmid = {23624579}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Animals ; France ; Insect Control/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Ovum/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Pupa/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Rain ; Seasons ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) is an invasive species which has colonized Southern Europe in the last two decades. As it is a competent vector for several arboviruses, its spread is of increasing public health concern, and there is a need for appropriate monitoring tools. In this paper, we have developed a modelling approach to predict mosquito abundance over time, and identify the main determinants of mosquito population dynamics. The model is temperature- and rainfall-driven, takes into account egg diapause during unfavourable periods, and was used to model the population dynamics of Ae. albopictus in the French Riviera since 2008. Entomological collections of egg stage from six locations in Nice conurbation were used for model validation. We performed a sensitivity analysis to identify the key parameters of the mosquito population dynamics. Results showed that the model correctly predicted entomological field data (Pearson r correlation coefficient values range from 0.73 to 0.93). The model's main control points were related to adult's mortality rates, the carrying capacity in pupae of the environment, and the beginning of the unfavourable period. The proposed model can be efficiently used as a tool to predict Ae. albopictus population dynamics, and to assess the efficiency of different control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid23620744, year = {2013}, author = {Lewandowski, TJ and Dunfield, KE and Antunes, PM}, title = {Isolate identity determines plant tolerance to pathogen attack in assembled mycorrhizal communities.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {e61329}, pmid = {23620744}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Analysis of Variance ; Biomass ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Leucanthemum/*microbiology/*physiology ; Mycorrhizae/*isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Plant Shoots/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Rhizoctonia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widespread soil microorganisms that associate mutualistically with plant hosts. AMF receive photosynthates from the host in return for various benefits. One of such benefits is in the form of enhanced pathogen tolerance. However, this aspect of the symbiosis has been understudied compared to effects on plant growth and its ability to acquire nutrients. While it is known that increased AMF species richness positively correlates with plant productivity, the relationship between AMF diversity and host responses to pathogen attack remains obscure. The objective of this study was to test whether AMF isolates can differentially attenuate the deleterious effects of a root pathogen on plant growth, whether the richest assemblage of AMF isolates provides the most tolerance against the pathogen, and whether AMF-induced changes to root architecture serve as a mechanism for improved plant disease tolerance. In a growth chamber study, we exposed the plant oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) to all combinations of three AMF isolates and to the plant root pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. We found that the pathogen caused an 81% reduction in shoot and a 70% reduction in root biomass. AMF significantly reduced the highly deleterious effect of the pathogen. Mycorrhizal plants infected with the pathogen produced 91% more dry shoot biomass and 72% more dry root biomass relative to plants solely infected with R. solani. AMF isolate identity was a better predictor of AMF-mediated host tolerance to the pathogen than AMF richness. However, the enhanced tolerance response did not result from AMF-mediated changes to root architecture. Our data indicate that AMF communities can play a major role in alleviating host pathogen attack but this depends primarily on the capacity of individual AMF isolates to provide this benefit.}, }
@article {pmid23620722, year = {2013}, author = {Huotari, T and Korpelainen, H}, title = {Comparative analyses of plastid sequences between native and introduced populations of aquatic weeds Elodea canadensis and E. nuttallii.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {e58073}, pmid = {23620722}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Chloroplast/*genetics ; Europe ; Genome, Chloroplast/genetics ; Geography ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Hydrocharitaceae/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Mutation/genetics ; Plant Weeds/*genetics ; Plastids/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; United States ; }, abstract = {Non-indigenous species (NIS) are species living outside their historic or native range. Invasive NIS often cause severe environmental impacts, and may have large economical and social consequences. Elodea (Hydrocharitaceae) is a New World genus with at least five submerged aquatic angiosperm species living in fresh water environments. Our aim was to survey the geographical distribution of cpDNA haplotypes within the native and introduced ranges of invasive aquatic weeds Elodea canadensis and E. nuttallii and to reconstruct the spreading histories of these invasive species. In order to reveal informative chloroplast (cp) genome regions for phylogeographic analyses, we compared the plastid sequences of native and introduced individuals of E. canadensis. In total, we found 235 variable sites (186 SNPs, 47 indels and two inversions) between the two plastid sequences consisting of 112,193 bp and developed primers flanking the most variable genomic areas. These 29 primer pairs were used to compare the level and pattern of intraspecific variation within E. canadensis to interspecific variation between E. canadensis and E. nuttallii. Nine potentially informative primer pairs were used to analyze the phylogeographic structure of both Elodea species, based on 70 E. canadensis and 25 E. nuttallii individuals covering native and introduced distributions. On the whole, the level of variation between the two Elodea species was 53% higher than that within E. canadensis. In our phylogeographic analysis, only a single haplotype was found in the introduced range in both species. These haplotypes H1 (E. canadensis) and A (E. nuttallii) were also widespread in the native range, covering the majority of native populations analyzed. Therefore, we were not able to identify either the geographic origin of the introduced populations or test the hypothesis of single versus multiple introductions. The divergence between E. canadensis haplotypes was surprisingly high, and future research may clarify mechanisms that structure native E. canadensis populations.}, }
@article {pmid23614530, year = {2013}, author = {Almeida, D and Ribeiro, F and Leunda, PM and Vilizzi, L and Copp, GH}, title = {Effectiveness of FISK, an invasiveness screening tool for non-native freshwater fishes, to perform risk identification assessments in the Iberian Peninsula.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, pages = {1404-1413}, doi = {10.1111/risa.12050}, pmid = {23614530}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Ecology/methods ; *Fishes ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; ROC Curve ; Reproducibility of Results ; Risk Assessment ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spain ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Risk assessments are crucial for identifying and mitigating impacts from biological invasions. The Fish Invasiveness Scoring Kit (FISK) is a risk identification (screening) tool for freshwater fishes consisting of two subject areas: biogeography/history and biology/ecology. According to the outcomes, species can be classified under particular risk categories. The aim of this study was to apply FISK to the Iberian Peninsula, a Mediterranean climate region highly important for freshwater fish conservation due to a high level of endemism. In total, 89 fish species were assessed by three independent assessors. Results from receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that FISK can discriminate reliably between noninvasive and invasive fishes for Iberia, with a threshold of 20.25, similar to those obtained in several regions around the world. Based on mean scores, no species was categorized as "low risk," 50 species as "medium risk," 17 as "moderately high risk," 11 as "high risk," and 11 as "very high risk." The highest scoring species was goldfish Carassius auratus. Mean certainty in response was above the category "mostly certain," ranging from tinfoil barb Barbonymus schwanenfeldii with the lowest certainty to eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki with the highest level. Pair-wise comparison showed significant differences between one assessor and the other two on mean certainty, with these two assessors showing a high coincidence rate for the species categorization. Overall, the results suggest that FISK is a useful and viable tool for assessing risks posed by non-native fish in the Iberian Peninsula and contributes to a "watch list" in this region.}, }
@article {pmid23613908, year = {2013}, author = {Blignaut, M and Ellis, AG and Le Roux, JJ}, title = {Towards a transferable and cost-effective plant AFLP protocol.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {e61704}, pmid = {23613908}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis/*economics/*methods ; Genotype ; Pennisetum/genetics ; Pinus/genetics ; Plant Proteins/*genetics ; Salvia/genetics ; }, abstract = {Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is a powerful fingerprinting technique that is widely applied in ecological and population genetic studies. However, its routine use has been limited by high costs associated with the optimization of fluorescently labelled markers, especially for individual study systems. Here we develop a low-cost AFLP protocol that can be easily transferred between distantly related plant taxa. Three fluorescently labelled EcoRI-primers with anchors that target interspecifically conserved genomic regions were used in combination with a single non-labelled primer in our AFLP protocol. The protocol was used to genotype one gymnosperm, two monocot and three eudicot plant genera representing four invasive and four native angiosperm species (Pinus pinaster (Pinaceae), Pennisetum setaceum and Poa annua (Poaceae), Lantana camara (Verbenaceae), Bassia diffusa (Chenopodiaceae), Salvia lanceolata, Salvia africana-lutea, and Salvia africana-caerulea (Lamiaceae)). Highly polymorphic and reproducible genotypic fingerprints (between 37-144 polymorphic loci per species tested) were obtained for all taxa tested. Our single protocol was easily transferred between distantly related taxa. Measures of expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.139 to 0.196 for P. annua and from 0.168 to 0.272 for L. camara which compared well with previously published reports. In addition to ease of transferability of a single AFLP protocol, our protocol reduces costs associated with commercial kits by almost half. The use of highly conserved but abundant anchor sequences reduces the need for laborious screening for usable primers that result in polymorphic fingerprints, and appears to be the main reason for ease of transferability of our protocol between distantly related taxa.}, }
@article {pmid23613803, year = {2013}, author = {Northington, RM and Webster, JR and Benfield, EF and Cheever, BM and Niederlehner, BR}, title = {Ecosystem function in Appalachian headwater streams during an active invasion by the hemlock woolly adelgid.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {e61171}, pmid = {23613803}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Appalachian Region ; Biological Transport ; *Ecosystem ; *Hemiptera ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Rivers ; Trees/growth &amp; development/metabolism/radiation effects ; }, abstract = {Forested ecosystems in the southeastern United States are currently undergoing an invasion by the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA). Previous studies in this area have shown changes to forest structure, decreases in canopy cover, increases in organic matter, and changes to nutrient cycling on the forest floor and soil. Here, we were interested in how the effects of canopy loss and nutrient leakage from terrestrial areas would translate into functional changes in streams draining affected watersheds. We addressed these questions in HWA-infested watersheds at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in North Carolina. Specifically, we measured stream metabolism (gross primary production and ecosystem respiration) and nitrogen uptake from 2008 to 2011 in five streams across the Coweeta basin. Over the course of our study, we found no change to in-stream nutrient concentrations. While canopy cover decreased annually in these watersheds, this change in light penetration did not translate to higher rates of in-stream primary production during the summer months of our study. We found a trend towards greater heterotrophy within our watersheds, where in-stream respiration accounted for a much larger component of net ecosystem production than GPP. Additionally, increases in rhododendron cover may counteract changes in light and nutrient availability that occurred with hemlock loss. The variability in our metabolic and uptake parameters suggests an actively-infested ecosystem in transition between steady states.}, }
@article {pmid23611311, year = {2013}, author = {Seebens, H and Gastner, MT and Blasius, B}, title = {The risk of marine bioinvasion caused by global shipping.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {782-790}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12111}, pmid = {23611311}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Models, Theoretical ; Probability ; Risk Assessment/methods ; Seasons ; *Ships ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {The rate of biological invasions has strongly increased during the last decades, mostly due to the accelerated spread of species by increasing global trade and transport. Here, we combine the network of global cargo ship movements with port environmental conditions and biogeography to quantify the probability of new primary invasions through the release of ballast water. We find that invasion risks vary widely between coastal ecosystems and classify marine ecoregions according to their total invasion risk and the diversity of their invasion sources. Thereby, we identify high-risk invasion routes, hot spots of bioinvasion and major source regions from which bioinvasion is likely to occur. Our predictions agree with observations in the field and reveal that the invasion probability is highest for intermediate geographic distances between donor and recipient ports. Our findings suggest that network-based invasion models may serve as a basis for the development of effective, targeted bioinvasion management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid23610631, year = {2013}, author = {Tayeh, A and Estoup, A and Hufbauer, RA and Ravigne, V and Goryacheva, I and Zakharov, IA and Lombaert, E and Facon, B}, title = {Investigating the genetic load of an emblematic invasive species: the case of the invasive harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {864-871}, pmid = {23610631}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Introduction events can lead to admixture between genetically differentiated populations and bottlenecks in population size. These processes can alter the adaptive potential of invasive species by shaping genetic variation, but more importantly, they can also directly affect mean population fitness either increasing it or decreasing it. Which outcome is observed depends on the structure of the genetic load of the species. The ladybird Harmonia axyridis is a good example of invasive species where introduced populations have gone through admixture and bottleneck events. We used laboratory experiments to manipulate the relatedness among H. axyridis parental individuals to assess the possibility for heterosis or outbreeding depression in F1 generation offspring for two traits related to fitness (lifetime performance and generation time). We found that inter-populations crosses had no major impact on the lifetime performance of the offspring produced by individuals from either native or invasive populations. Significant outbreeding depression was observed only for crosses between native populations for generation time. The absence of observed heterosis is indicative of a low occurrence of fixed deleterious mutations within both the native and invasive populations of H. axyridis. The observed deterioration of fitness in native inter-population crosses most likely results from genetic incompatibilities between native genomic backgrounds. We discuss the implications of these results for the structure of genetic load in H. axyridis in the light of the available information regarding the introduction history of this species.}, }
@article {pmid23610179, year = {2013}, author = {Silvério, DV and Brando, PM and Balch, JK and Putz, FE and Nepstad, DC and Oliveira-Santos, C and Bustamante, MM}, title = {Testing the Amazon savannization hypothesis: fire effects on invasion of a neotropical forest by native cerrado and exotic pasture grasses.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {368}, number = {1619}, pages = {20120427}, pmid = {23610179}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Brachiaria/*growth &amp; development ; Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; *Fires ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; Logistic Models ; Seeds ; Trees/*growth &amp; development ; *Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Changes in climate and land use that interact synergistically to increase fire frequencies and intensities in tropical regions are predicted to drive forests to new grass-dominated stable states. To reveal the mechanisms for such a transition, we established 50 ha plots in a transitional forest in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon to different fire treatments (unburned, burned annually (B1yr) or at 3-year intervals (B3yr)). Over an 8-year period since the commencement of these treatments, we documented: (i) the annual rate of pasture and native grass invasion in response to increasing fire frequency; (ii) the establishment of Brachiaria decumbens (an African C4 grass) as a function of decreasing canopy cover and (iii) the effects of grass fine fuel on fire intensity. Grasses invaded approximately 200 m from the edge into the interiors of burned plots (B1yr: 4.31 ha; B3yr: 4.96 ha) but invaded less than 10 m into the unburned plot (0.33 ha). The probability of B. decumbens establishment increased with seed availability and decreased with leaf area index. Fine fuel loads along the forest edge were more than three times higher in grass-dominated areas, which resulted in especially intense fires. Our results indicate that synergies between fires and invasive C4 grasses jeopardize the future of tropical forests.}, }
@article {pmid23609303, year = {2013}, author = {Gatto, F and Katsanevakis, S and Vandekerkhove, J and Zenetos, A and Cardoso, AC}, title = {Evaluation of online information sources on alien species in Europe: the need of harmonization and integration.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {51}, number = {6}, pages = {1137-1146}, pmid = {23609303}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; *Databases, Factual ; Europe ; Fresh Water ; Fungi ; Internet ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; Seawater ; }, abstract = {Europe is severely affected by alien invasions, which impact biodiversity, ecosystem services, economy, and human health. A large number of national, regional, and global online databases provide information on the distribution, pathways of introduction, and impacts of alien species. The sufficiency and efficiency of the current online information systems to assist the European policy on alien species was investigated by a comparative analysis of occurrence data across 43 online databases. Large differences among databases were found which are partially explained by variations in their taxonomical, environmental, and geographical scopes but also by the variable efforts for continuous updates and by inconsistencies on the definition of "alien" or "invasive" species. No single database covered all European environments, countries, and taxonomic groups. In many European countries national databases do not exist, which greatly affects the quality of reported information. To be operational and useful to scientists, managers, and policy makers, online information systems need to be regularly updated through continuous monitoring on a country or regional level. We propose the creation of a network of online interoperable web services through which information in distributed resources can be accessed, aggregated and then used for reporting and further analysis at different geographical and political scales, as an efficient approach to increase the accessibility of information. Harmonization, standardization, conformity on international standards for nomenclature, and agreement on common definitions of alien and invasive species are among the necessary prerequisites.}, }
@article {pmid23609021, year = {2013}, author = {Savage, AM and Rudgers, JA}, title = {Non-additive benefit or cost? Disentangling the indirect effects that occur when plants bearing extrafloral nectaries and honeydew-producing insects share exotic ant mutualists.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {111}, number = {6}, pages = {1295-1307}, pmid = {23609021}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Ecosystem ; Insecta/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Morinda/*physiology ; Plant Nectar/*metabolism ; Population Density ; Samoa ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In complex communities, organisms often form mutualisms with multiple different partners simultaneously. Non-additive effects may emerge among species linked by these positive interactions. Ants commonly participate in mutualisms with both honeydew-producing insects (HPI) and their extrafloral nectary (EFN)-bearing host plants. Consequently, HPI and EFN-bearing plants may experience non-additive benefits or costs when these groups co-occur. The outcomes of these interactions are likely to be influenced by variation in preferences among ants for honeydew vs. nectar. In this study, a test was made for non-additive effects on HPI and EFN-bearing plants resulting from sharing exotic ant guards. Preferences of the dominant exotic ant species for nectar vs. honeydew resources were also examined.<br><br>METHODS: Ant access, HPI and nectar availability were manipulated on the EFN-bearing shrub, Morinda citrifolia, and ant and HPI abundances, herbivory and plant growth were assessed. Ant-tending behaviours toward HPI across an experimental gradient of nectar availability were also tracked in order to investigate mechanisms underlying ant responses.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: The dominant ant species, Anoplolepis gracilipes, differed from less invasive ants in response to multiple mutualists, with reductions in plot-wide abundances when nectar was reduced, but no response to HPI reduction. Conversely, at sites where A. gracilipes was absent or rare, abundances of less invasive ants increased when nectar was reduced, but declined when HPI were reduced. Non-additive benefits were found at sites dominated by A. gracilipes, but only for M. citrifolia plants. Responses of HPI at these sites supported predictions of the non-additive cost model. Interestingly, the opposite non-additive patterns emerged at sites dominated by other ants.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: It was demonstrated that strong non-additive benefits and costs can both occur when a plant and herbivore share mutualist partners. These findings suggest that broadening the community context of mutualism studies can reveal important non-additive effects and increase understanding of the dynamics of species interactions.}, }
@article {pmid23608180, year = {2013}, author = {Nikolić, T and Mitić, B and Milašinović, B and Jelaska, SD}, title = {Invasive alien plants in Croatia as a threat to biodiversity of South-Eastern Europe: distributional patterns and range size.}, journal = {Comptes rendus biologies}, volume = {336}, number = {2}, pages = {109-121}, doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2013.01.003}, pmid = {23608180}, issn = {1768-3238}, mesh = {Algorithms ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Croatia ; Data Collection ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Plants ; Population ; Weather ; }, abstract = {During the analysis of alien and invasive flora of Europe, as a threat to biodiversity, data for Croatia were missing. The aim of our research was to analyse distributional patterns and range size of all invasive alien plants (64) for the state area (57,000 km(2)). They were detected on 49% of the state territory, averaging five taxa per 35 km(2). The greatest number of invasive plants (>30 per grid cell) was recorded in the major urban centres, increasing in the south-east direction and reflecting positive correlation with temperature and negative with altitude. The most endangered areas are in the Mediterranean region, especially on islands. The number of invasive plants increased with habitat diversity and almost 75% of all sites with invasive plants are located within a few habitats with direct anthropogenic influence. The results should provide a reliable regional and global basis for strategic planning regarding invasive alien plants management.}, }
@article {pmid23603783, year = {2013}, author = {Okuyama, MW and Shimozuru, M and Abe, G and Nakai, M and Sashika, M and Shimada, K and Takahashi, N and Fukui, D and Nakamura, R and Tsubota, T}, title = {Timing of puberty and its relationship with body growth and season in male raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Hokkaido.}, journal = {The Journal of reproduction and development}, volume = {59}, number = {4}, pages = {361-367}, pmid = {23603783}, issn = {1348-4400}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Weight/physiology ; Histocytochemistry/veterinary ; Japan ; Male ; Raccoons/*growth &amp; development ; Seasons ; Sexual Maturation/*physiology ; Sperm Count/veterinary ; Spermatogenesis/*physiology ; Testis/*growth &amp; development ; Testosterone/blood ; }, abstract = {The raccoon (Procyon lotor), indigenous to North America, has naturalized in Japan as an invasive alien species, having been introduced into the country in the 1970s. In Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan, feral raccoons have been increasing in number and spreading throughout the island. The age at the onset of puberty for raccoons is important for estimating individual lifetime reproductive success and population growth. The present study investigated the timing of and potential factors affecting the onset of puberty in male raccoons in Hokkaido. External characteristics and histology of testes were studied in 151 male feral raccoons and in 1 captive juvenile. For the majority of feral yearling raccoons, prepubertal development began in May, and spermatozoa production began in October prior to their second mating season. However, some larger juveniles attained puberty during the juvenile period. The captive juvenile, which was fed throughout the winter, attained puberty only 11 months after birth. These results suggest that if male raccoons can achieve enough body growth before the first mating season, puberty can be attained early. In both juveniles and yearlings, spermatozoa production was only observed after autumn. This timing coincided with the recrudescence of seasonally active spermatogenesis in adult males. Therefore, attaining puberty in male raccoons appears to require both adequate body nutrient development and several environmental factors that control seasonal testicular changes.}, }
@article {pmid23602828, year = {2013}, author = {Dapporto, L and Baracchi, D and Benassai, D and Capretti, P and Roversi, PF and Turillazzi, S}, title = {Major changes in the sex differences in cuticular chemical profiles of the western conifer seed bug (Leptoglossus occidentalis) after laboratory rearing.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {59}, number = {7}, pages = {738-744}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.03.012}, pmid = {23602828}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding/*methods ; Female ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Heteroptera/*chemistry/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Insect Proteins/*chemistry ; Laboratories ; Male ; Sex Characteristics ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; }, abstract = {Chemical compounds covering the insect cuticle have several functions ranging from protection against water loss to inter- and intra-specific communication. Their composition is determined by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Among these factors, laboratory rearing has been poorly investigated even though it has a strong potential for biasing behavioral experiments. We selected an invasive species with unknown cuticular mixtures as a model. Our aim was to describe its mixtures and to determine if highly simplified laboratory rearing conditions interact with sexual signatures. We analyzed the cuticle by means of two different techniques - gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) - to obtain data on a wide range of compounds with different molecular weight. We found that both sets of chemicals showed correlations with gender but also that cuticular waxes detected by GC/MS were highly dependent on rearing conditions, with a strong bias in sexual dimorphism. Conversely, the heavier signatures detected by MALDI-TOF showed a less clear diversification between sexes, although the discrimination power was unaffected by rearing conditions. The biological and practical implications of our findings are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid23601692, year = {2013}, author = {Jaubet, ML and Garaffo, GV and Sánchez, MA and Elías, R}, title = {Reef-forming polychaetes outcompetes ecosystem engineering mussels.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {71}, number = {1-2}, pages = {216-221}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.03.011}, pmid = {23601692}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*growth &amp; development ; *Coral Reefs ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; Polychaeta/*growth &amp; development ; Sewage/analysis/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Water Pollution/analysis/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {In order to understand changes in the functioning and the community structure of intertidal ecosystem in sewage-impacted sites, a long-term monitoring coverage study (2004-2011) was carried out on abrasion platforms of the SW Atlantic. The intertidal zone is characterized by the mytilid Brachidontes rodriguezii, an ecosystem engineer. Since the austral spring of 2008, a demographic explosion of an invader polychaetes, Boccardia proboscidea, has produced massive biogenic structures around the sewage discharge outfall. Cover percentage of this polychaete reached almost 100% in sewage-impacted sites but low or no coverage at all in Reference Sites. The density of B. rodriguezii declined due to the biogenic reefs stifles these mytilids. The massive settlement of B. proboscidea among mussels, the rapid growth and the tube construction smothers the mussels in sewage-impacted sites.}, }
@article {pmid23600238, year = {2013}, author = {Lankau, RA}, title = {Species invasion alters local adaptation to soil communities in a native plant.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {1}, pages = {32-40}, doi = {10.1890/12-0675.1}, pmid = {23600238}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Biomass ; Brassicaceae/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Soil Microbiology ; Time Factors ; Urticaceae/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Plant populations are often adapted to their local conditions, including abiotic factors as well as the biotic communities with which they interact. Soil communities, in particular, have strong effects on both the ecology and evolution of plant populations. Many invasive plant species alter the ecological relationships between native plants and soil communities; however, whether invaders also alter the evolutionary dynamics between native plants and soils is less well known. Here I show that populations of a native annual, Pilea pumila, shift from being maladapted to adapted to their local soil community with increasing history of invasion by Alliaria petiolata, an invader known to alter microbial communities. Additionally, native populations showed a signal of adaptation to soils of particular invasion stages, independent of local coevolutionary dynamics. These results suggest that invasive species affect not only the ecological, but also the evolutionary relationships of native species.}, }
@article {pmid23600237, year = {2013}, author = {Clark, GF and Johnston, EL and Leung, B}, title = {Intrinsic time dependence in the diversity-invasibility relationship.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {1}, pages = {25-31}, doi = {10.1890/12-0592.1}, pmid = {23600237}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Plant Development ; Plants/*classification ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Contrasting patterns in the diversity-invasibility relationship have intrigued ecologists for many years, and are now known as the "invasion paradox." Experiments usually detect negative relationships, while field surveys find them to be positive. It is widely believed that the paradox is driven by differences in spatial scale, but this is challenged by field surveys that find positive relationships at all spatial scales. If factors that determine invasion dynamics change during the invasion process, the paradox may be partially driven by differences in temporal scale. Here we used simulation (cellular automata) models to explore the generality of temporal change in the diversity-invasibility relationship. The probability of invaders colonizing an area was inversely related to the density of natives, creating a negative native-exotic correlation when invaders first arrived. Over time, native and exotic populations were both shaped by the same post-introduction processes (disturbance, dispersal, and recolonization), shifting their correlation to positive. The rate of temporal change in the diversity-invasibility relationship was mainly dependent upon the fecundity of invaders. Greater fecundity meant that invaders spread through the landscape faster and were subject to post-introduction processes sooner. We propose a unified conceptual model where the diversity-invasiblity relationship is a function of both spatial and temporal scales.}, }
@article {pmid24758804, year = {2013}, author = {Avila, LJ and Martinez, LE and Morando, M}, title = {Checklist of lizards and amphisbaenians of Argentina: an update.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3616}, number = {}, pages = {201-238}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3616.3.1}, pmid = {24758804}, issn = {1175-5326}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Checklist ; Female ; Lizards/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Male ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {We update the list of lizards of Argentina, reporting a total of 261 species from the country, arranged in 27 genera and 10 families. Introduced species and dubious or erroneous records are discussed. Taxonomic, nomenclatural and distributional comments are provided when required. Considering species of probable occurrence in the country (known to occur in Bolivia, Brazil, Chile and Paraguay at localities very close to the Argentinean border) and still undescribed taxa, we estimate that the total number of species in Argentina could exceed 300 in the next few years.}, }
@article {pmid23825234, year = {2013}, author = {Crall, AW and Jordan, R and Holfelder, K and Newman, GJ and Graham, J and Waller, DM}, title = {The impacts of an invasive species citizen science training program on participant attitudes, behavior, and science literacy.}, journal = {Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {745-764}, doi = {10.1177/0963662511434894}, pmid = {23825234}, issn = {0963-6625}, abstract = {Citizen science can make major contributions to informal science education by targeting participants' attitudes and knowledge about science while changing human behavior towards the environment. We examined how training associated with an invasive species citizen science program affected participants in these areas. We found no changes in science literacy or overall attitudes between tests administered just before and after a one-day training program, matching results from other studies. However, we found improvements in science literacy and knowledge using context-specific measures and in self-reported intention to engage in pro-environmental activities. While we noted modest change in knowledge and attitudes, we found comparison and interpretation of these data difficult in the absence of other studies using similar measures. We suggest that alternative survey instruments are needed and should be calibrated appropriately to the pre-existing attitudes, behavior, and levels of knowledge in these relatively sophisticated target groups.}, }
@article {pmid24031883, year = {2012}, author = {Zimmermann, BL and Almerão, MP and Bouchon, D and Araujo, PB}, title = {Detection of Wolbachia (Alphaproteobacteria: rickettsiales) in three species of terrestrial isopods (crustacea: isopoda: oniscidea) in Brazil.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]}, volume = {43}, number = {2}, pages = {711-715}, pmid = {24031883}, issn = {1517-8382}, abstract = {Terrestrial isopods are widely infected with Wolbachia. However, little is known about the presence of bacteria in the Neotropical species. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis of presence of Wolbachia infection in the native species of terrestrial isopods, Atlantoscia floridana and Circoniscus bezzii, and in the introduced species Burmoniscus meeusei.}, }
@article {pmid24832517, year = {2012}, author = {Simmons, CL and Auld, TD and Hutton, I and Baker, WJ and Shapcott, A}, title = {Will climate change, genetic and demographic variation or rat predation pose the greatest risk for persistence of an altitudinally distributed island endemic?.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, pages = {736-765}, pmid = {24832517}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {Species endemic to mountains on oceanic islands are subject to a number of existing threats (in particular, invasive species) along with the impacts of a rapidly changing climate. The Lord Howe Island endemic palm Hedyscepe canterburyana is restricted to two mountains above 300 m altitude. Predation by the introduced Black Rat (Rattus rattus) is known to significantly reduce seedling recruitment. We examined the variation in Hedyscepe in terms of genetic variation, morphology, reproductive output and demographic structure, across an altitudinal gradient. We used demographic data to model population persistence under climate change predictions of upward range contraction incorporating long-term climatic records for Lord Howe Island. We also accounted for alternative levels of rat predation into the model to reflect management options for control. We found that Lord Howe Island is getting warmer and drier and quantified the degree of temperature change with altitude (0.9 °C per 100 m). For H. canterburyana, differences in development rates, population structure, reproductive output and population growth rate were identified between altitudes. In contrast, genetic variation was high and did not vary with altitude. There is no evidence of an upward range contraction as was predicted and recruitment was greatest at lower altitudes. Our models predicted slow population decline in the species and that the highest altitude populations are under greatest threat of extinction. Removal of rat predation would significantly enhance future persistence of this species.}, }
@article {pmid23885424, year = {2012}, author = {Hummel, HE and Wagner, L and Bertossa, M and Deuker, A and Leithold, G}, title = {Diabrotica virgifera virgifera on South-Northern expansion drive?.}, journal = {Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences}, volume = {77}, number = {4}, pages = {585-594}, pmid = {23885424}, issn = {1379-1176}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Germany ; Insect Control ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {As Wudtke and colleagues predicted and Hummel and colleagues later confirmed, the Western corn rootworm Diabrotica v. virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (WCR) had shown the ability to expand northward from South and Eastern into Central Europe. Decades earlier WCR had done the same in North America. Yet, European entomologists erroneously assumed they would be somehow magically protected from such aggressive moves of WCR. Meanwhile we know better: Southern Germany is infested, and also many East European countries are victims of these Northern and also Eastern advances. In Germany, neither speed nor extent of such advances is well defined. Jumping advances similar to earlier spreading episodes may be the rule, but they are not well predictable. In this report, we argue for a persistent northbound trend of WCR.}, }
@article {pmid23878992, year = {2012}, author = {Vanaga, I}, title = {Changes in dicot-weeds species composition in spring barley in Latvia during the past 20 years.}, journal = {Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences}, volume = {77}, number = {3}, pages = {369-377}, pmid = {23878992}, issn = {1379-1176}, mesh = {Herbicides/pharmacology ; Hordeum/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Latvia ; Plant Weeds/*classification/drug effects/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Weather ; }, abstract = {Dicot weed populations were assessed in spring barley trials carried out in four three-years periods at 5-year intervals: 1990-1992, 1995-1997; 2001-2003 and 2006-2008. The overall aim of this research was to evaluate the changes in dicot-weed infestations in spring barley in fields of one region (Riga) of Latvia in sod-podzolic loamy sand soil. The results of the trials showed that Galeopsis spp, Stellaoria media, Viola orvensis and Chenopodium album were among the most frequent weed species in the periods of 1990-1992 and 1995-1997. The occurrence of C. album and V. arvensis increased during the periods of 2001-2003 and 2006-2008.}, }
@article {pmid23757953, year = {2012}, author = {Martelloni, G and Bagnoli, F and Libelli, SM}, title = {A dynamical population modeling of invasive species with reference to the crayfish Procambarus clarkii.}, journal = {Theoretical biology forum}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, pages = {47-69}, pmid = {23757953}, issn = {2282-2593}, mesh = {Animals ; *Astacoidea ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {In this paper we present a discrete dynamical population modeling of invasive species, with reference to the swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Since this species can cause environmental damage of various kinds, it is necessary to evaluate its expected in not yet infested areas. A structured discrete model is built, taking into account all biological information we were able to find, including the environmental variability implemented by means of stochastic parameters (coefficients of fertility, death, etc.). This model is based on a structure with 7 age classes, i.e. a Leslie mathematical population modeling type and it is calibrated with laboratory data provided by the Department of Evolutionary Biology (DEB) of Florence (Italy). The model presents many interesting aspects: the population has a high initial growth, then it stabilizes similarly to the logistic growth, but then it exhibits oscillations (a kind of limit-cycle attractor in the phase plane). The sensitivity analysis shows a good resilience of the model and, for low values of reproductive female fraction, the fluctuations may eventually lead to the extinction of the species: this fact might be exploited as a controlling factor. Moreover, the probability of extinction is valuated with an inverse Gaussian that indicates a high resilience of the species, confirmed by experimental data and field observation: this species has diffused in Italy since 1989 and it has shown a natural tendency to grow. Finally, the spatial mobility is introduced in the model, simulating the movement of the crayfishes in a virtual lake of elliptical form by means of simple cinematic rules encouraging the movement towards the banks of the catchment (as it happens in reality) while a random walk is imposed when the banks are reached.}, }
@article {pmid24575208, year = {2011}, author = {Mansor, A and Crawley, MJ}, title = {Current Status of Mimosa pigra L. Infestation in Peninsular Malaysia.}, journal = {Tropical life sciences research}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {37-49}, pmid = {24575208}, issn = {1985-3718}, abstract = {The status and distribution of Mimosa pigra L., a semi-aquatic invasive species in Peninsular Malaysia, were continuously assessed between 2004 and 2007. This assessment investigated its population stand density and related weed management activities. In total, 106 sites of 6 main habitat types i.e., construction site (CS), dam/ reservoir (DM), forest reserve (FR), plantation (PL), river bank/waterway (RB) and roadside (RD) were assessed, and 55 sites were recorded with M. pigra populations. A CS is the most likely habitat to be infested with M. pigra (16 out of 18 assessed sites have this weed), whereas none of the FR visited were found to harbour M. pigra. In terms of population stand density, 41 populations were in the low range of stand density (individual plant of ≤5 m(-2)), compared to only 9 populations in the high range of stand density (individual plant of >10 m(-2)). In general, the current impact of M. pigra infestation on natural habitats is relatively low, as its distribution is only confined to disturbed areas. However, continuous monitoring of this weed species is highly recommended, especially in the riparian zone and wetland habitats.}, }
@article {pmid24162542, year = {1996}, author = {Brown-Guedira, GL and Badaeva, ED and Gill, BS and Cox, TS}, title = {Chromosome substitutions of Triticum timopheevii in common wheat and some observations on the evolution of polyploid wheat species.}, journal = {TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik}, volume = {93}, number = {8}, pages = {1291-1298}, pmid = {24162542}, issn = {0040-5752}, abstract = {Whether the two tetraploid wheat species, the well known Triticum turgidum L. (macaroni wheat, AABB genomes) and the obscure T. timopheevii Zhuk. (A(t)A(t)GG), have monophyletic or diphyletic origin from the same or different diploid species presents an interesting evolutionary problem. Moreover, T. timopheevii and its wild form T. araraticum are an important genetic resource for macaroni and bread-wheat improvement. To study these objectives, the substitution and genetic compensation abilities of individual T. timopheevii chromosomes for missing chromosomes of T. aestivum 'Chinese Spring' (AABBDD) were analyzed. 'Chinese Spring' aneuploids (nullisomic-tetrasomics) were crossed with a T. timopheevii x Aegilops tauschii amphiploid to isolate T. timopheevii chromosomes in a monosomic condition. The F1 hybrids were backcrossed one to four times to Chinese Spring aneuploids without selection for the T. timopheevii chromosome of interest. While spontaneous substitutions involving all A(t)- and G-genome chromosomes were identified, the targeted T. timopheevii chromosome was not always recovered. Lines with spontaneous substitutions from T. timopheevii were chosen for further backcrossing. Six T. timopheevii chromosome substitutions were isolated: 6A(t) (6A), 2G (2B), 3G (3B), 4G (4B), 5G (5B) and 6G (6B). The substitution lines had normal morphology and fertility. The 6A(t) of T. timopheevii was involved in a translocation with chromosome 1G, resulting in the transfer of the group-1 gliadin locus to 6A(t). Chromosome 2G substituted for 2B at a frequency higher than expected and may carry putative homoeoalleles of gametocidal genes present on group-2 chromosomes of several alien species. Our data indicate a common origin for tetraploid wheat species, but from separate hybridization events because of the presence of a different spectrum of intergenomic translocations.}, }
@article {pmid24177764, year = {1994}, author = {Mukhopadhyay, A and Arumugam, N and Pradhan, AK and Murthy, HN and Yadav, BS and Sodhi, YS and Pental, D}, title = {Somatic hybrids with substitution type genomic configuration TCBB for the transfer of nuclear and organelle genes from Brassica tournefortii TT to allotetraploid oilseed crop B. carinata BBCC.}, journal = {TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik}, volume = {89}, number = {1}, pages = {19-25}, pmid = {24177764}, issn = {0040-5752}, abstract = {Oilseed crop Brassica carinata BBCC is a natural allotetraploid of diploid species B. nigra BB and B. oleracea CC. To transfer the nuclear and organelle genes in a concerted manner from an alien species, B. tournefortii TT, to B. carinata, we produced somatic hybrids with genomic configuration TCBB using B. nigra and B. oleracea stocks that carried selectable marker genes. B. tournefortii TT was sexually crossed with hygromycin-resistant B. oleracea CC. Protoplasts isolated from shoot cultures of hygromycin-resistant F1 hybrids of B. tournefortiixB. oleracea TC were fused with protoplasts of kanamycin-resistant B. nigra BB. In two different fusion experiments 80 colonies were obtained through selection on media containing both hygromycin and kanamycin. Of these, 39 colonies regenerated into plants. Analysis of 15 regenerants by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers showed the presence of all three genomes, thereby confirming these to be true hybrids. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of organelle genomes with heterologous chloroplast (cp)and mitochondrial (mt) DNA probes showed that the chloroplast genome was inherited from either of the two parents while mitochondrial genomes predominantly showed novel configurations due to either rearrangements or intergenomic recombinations. We anticipate that the TCBB genomic configuration will provide a more conducive situation for recombination between the T and C genomes during meiosis than the TTCCBB or TCCBB type configurations that are usually produced for alien gene transfer. The agronomic aim of producing TCBB hybrids is to transfer mitochondrial genes conferring cytoplasmic male sterility and nuclear genes for fertility restoration from B. tournefortii to B. carinata.}, }
@article {pmid24196154, year = {1993}, author = {Rogowsky, PM and Sorrels, ME and Shepherd, KW and Langridge, P}, title = {Characterisation of wheat-rye recombinants with RFLP and PCR probes.}, journal = {TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik}, volume = {85}, number = {8}, pages = {1023-1028}, pmid = {24196154}, issn = {0040-5752}, abstract = {The introgression of genetic material from alien species into wheat has become an important tool in modern wheat breeding. Ideally, only the trait of interest and no flanking material should be transferred. Random recombination between the genetic material is therefore of paramount importance. In a model system, we examined 17 recombinants putatively between chromosome 1D of wheat and 1R of rye with 60 random RFLP and three PCR markers. The recombinants had been generated by removing the normal effect of the Ph1 gene in the wheat background. Amongst the nine short-arm recombinants, three breakpoints were identified but no differentiation could be made between the five proximal recombinants. For the eight long-arm recombinants analysed only two breakpoints were identified with 36 markers. However, only a single RFLP marker was able to differentiate between the recombinants. Indeed the long-arm results are consistent with the possibility that only the rye telomeric region had been transferred. These results indicate either a strong clustering of the RFLP markers near the centromere or else imply that recombination induced between wheat and rye in the absence of the normal effect of the Ph1 gene occurs at only restricted sites. The results allow new primary recombinants to be selected for intercrossing to generate secondary recombinants which are expected to have a smaller interstitial rye segment than that present in DR-A1.}, }
@article {pmid24201474, year = {1992}, author = {Schwarzacher, T and Anamthawat-Jónsson, K and Harrison, GE and Islam, AK and Jia, JZ and King, IP and Leitch, AR and Miller, TE and Reader, SM and Rogers, WJ and Shi, M and Heslop-Harrison, JS}, title = {Genomic in situ hybridization to identify alien chromosomes and chromosome segments in wheat.}, journal = {TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik}, volume = {84}, number = {7-8}, pages = {778-786}, pmid = {24201474}, issn = {0040-5752}, abstract = {Genomic in situ hybridization was used to identify alien chromatin in chromosome spreads of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., lines incorporating chromosomes from Leymus multicaulis (Kar. and Kir.) Tzvelev and Thinopyrum bessarabicum (Savul. and Rayss) Löve, and chromosome arms from Hordeum chilense Roem. and Schult, H. vulgare L. and Secale cereale L. Total genomic DNA from the introgressed alien species was used as a probe, together with excess amounts of unlabelled blocking DNA from wheat, for DNA:DNA in-situ hybridization. The method labelled the alien chromatin yellow-green, while the wheat chromosomes showed only the orange-red fluorescence of the DNA counterstain. Nuclei were screened from seedling root-tips (including those from half-grains) and anther wall tissue. The genomic probing method identified alien chromosomes and chromosome arms and allowed counting in nuclei at all stages of the cell cycle, so complete metaphases were not needed. At prophase or interphase, two labelled domains were visible in most nuclei from disomic lines, while only one labelled domain was visible in monosomic lines. At metaphase, direct visualization of the morphology of the alien chromosome or chromosome segment was possible and allowed identification of the relationship of the alien chromatin to the wheat chromosomes. The genomic in-situ hybridization method is fast, sensitive, accurate and informative. Hence it is likely to be of great value for both cytogenetic analysis and in plant breeding programmes.}, }
@article {pmid24213331, year = {1991}, author = {Rogowsky, PM and Guidet, FL and Langridge, P and Shepherd, KW and Koebner, RM}, title = {Isolation and characterization of wheat-rye recombinants involving chromosome arm 1DS of wheat.}, journal = {TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik}, volume = {82}, number = {5}, pages = {537-544}, pmid = {24213331}, issn = {0040-5752}, abstract = {The introgression of genetic material from alien species is assuming increased importance in wheat breeding programs. One example is the translocation of the short arm of rye chromosome 1 (1RS) onto homoeologous wheat chromosomes, which confers disease resistance and increased yield on wheat. However, this translocation is also associated with dough quality defects. To break the linkage between the desirable agronomic traits and poor dough quality, recombination has been induced between 1RS and the homoeologous wheat arm IDS. Seven new recombinants were isolated, with five being similar to those reported earlier and two havina new type of structure. All available recombinantsw ere characterized with DNA probes for the loci Nor-R1, 5SDna-R1, and Tel-R1. Also, the amount of rye chromatin present was quantified with a dispersed rye-specific repetitive DNA sequence in quantitative dot blots. Furthermore, the wheat-rye recombinants were used as a mapping tool to assign two RFLP markers to specific regions on chromosome arms 1DS and 1RS of wheat and rye, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid24241002, year = {1987}, author = {Laurie, DA and Bennett, MD}, title = {The effect of the crossability loci Kr1 and Kr2 on fertilization frequency in hexaploid wheat x maize crosses.}, journal = {TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik}, volume = {73}, number = {3}, pages = {403-409}, pmid = {24241002}, issn = {0040-5752}, abstract = {Dominant alleles of the Kr1 and Kr2 genes reduce the crossability of hexaploid wheat with many alien species, including rye and Hordeum bulbosum, with Kr1 having the greater effect. However, a cytological study of wheat ovaries fixed 48 h after pollination showed that the wheat genotypes 'Highbury' (kr1, Kr2) and 'Chinese Spring (Hope 5B)' (kr1, kr2) were crossable with 'Seneca 60' maize, fertilization occurring in 14.4 and 30.7% of embryo sacs respectively. The latter figure was similar to the 29.7% fertilization found in 'Chinese Spring' (kr1, kr2). Most embryo sacs in which fertilization occurred contained an embryo but lacked an endosperm and where an endosperm was formed it was usually highly aberrant. All three wheat x maize combinations were karyotypically unstable and rapidly eliminated maize chromosomes to produce haploid wheat embryos.}, }
@article {pmid24247837, year = {1986}, author = {Ainsworth, CC and Miller, TE and Gale, MD}, title = {The genetic control of grain esterases in hexaploid wheat : 2. Homoeologous loci in related species.}, journal = {TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik}, volume = {72}, number = {2}, pages = {219-225}, pmid = {24247837}, issn = {0040-5752}, abstract = {A comparison of EST-5 grain esterase phenotypes from wheat-alien amphiploid, addition and substitution genotypes, resolved by flat-bed isoelectric focusing identified homoeologous Est-5 loci on chromosome 3H of Hordeum vulgare, 3H(ch) of H. chilense, 3S(b) of Aegilops bicornis, 3S(1) of Ae. sharonensis and Ae. longissima and 6R of Secale cereale and 6R(m) of S. montanum. The Est-5 genes in alien species provide evidence for chromosome homoeology with wheat.}, }
@article {pmid24254545, year = {1986}, author = {Laurenson, LB and Hocutt, CH}, title = {Colonisation theory and invasive biota: The great fish river, a case history.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {71-90}, pmid = {24254545}, issn = {0167-6369}, abstract = {There is worldwide concern over the impact assessment and management of altered ecosystems. Increasingly, attention has been focussed as much on the properties of invasive biota as on physical and chemical degradation. Successful management of such impacted systems requires a clear understanding of the status and behaviour of introduced species. Thus, with emphasis on aquatic systems, it is the purpose of this paper to (a) evaluate the characteristics of successful invader species, and (b) identify those properties of a habitat which enhance its susceptibility to invasion. In this regard, a case study of the Great Fish River in South Africa is presented, and important terminology defined.}, }
@article {pmid24414604, year = {1982}, author = {Kikukawa, T and Matsumura, F and Kraemer, M and Coppel, HC and Tai, A}, title = {Field attractiveness of chirally defined synthetic attractants to males ofDiprion similis andGilpinia frutetorum.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {301-314}, pmid = {24414604}, issn = {0098-0331}, abstract = {Field attractiveness of synthetic attractants toward males of two introduced species of sawflies was examined. It was first established that the esters of 2S,3S,7S-3, 7-dimethylpentadecan-2-ol (diprionol), which have been active toward males of manyNeodiprion species, were inactive toward males ofDiprion similis andGilpinia frutetorum, To determine the chiral combination of the alcohol moiety, four different isomers, each containing specific chirally defined carbons, were synthesized. As a result it was concluded that the most active chiral arrangement of diprionol for these species is 2S, 3R, 7R.}, }
@article {pmid23597621, year = {2013}, author = {Taylor, NG and Peeler, EJ and Denham, KL and Crane, CN and Thrush, MA and Dixon, PF and Stone, DM and Way, K and Oidtmann, BC}, title = {Spring viraemia of carp (SVC) in the UK: the road to freedom.}, journal = {Preventive veterinary medicine}, volume = {111}, number = {1-2}, pages = {156-164}, doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.03.004}, pmid = {23597621}, issn = {1873-1716}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Aquaculture ; Commerce ; *Cyprinidae/physiology ; Fish Diseases/*prevention &amp; control/transmission/virology ; Fisheries ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Rhabdoviridae Infections/prevention &amp; control/transmission/*veterinary/virology ; Seasons ; United Kingdom ; Vesiculovirus/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Spring viraemia of carp (SVC) is a disease of international importance that predominantly affects cyprinid fish and can cause significant mortality. In the United Kingdom (UK), SVC was first detected in 1977 with further cases occurring in fisheries, farms, wholesale and retail establishments throughout England and Wales (but not Scotland, where few cyprinid populations exist, nor Northern Ireland where SVC has never been detected) over the subsequent 30 years. Following a control and eradication programme for the disease initiated in 2005, the UK was recognised free of the disease in 2010. This study compiles historic records of SVC cases in England and Wales with a view to understanding its routes of introduction and spread, and assessing the effectiveness of the control and eradication programme in order to improve contingency plans to prevent and control future disease incursions in the cyprinid fish sectors. Between 1977 and 2010 the presence of SVC was confirmed on 108 occasions, with 65 of the cases occurring in sport fisheries and the majority of the remainder occurring in the ornamental fish sector. The study found that throughout the history of SVC in the UK, though cases were widely distributed, their occurrence was sporadic and the virus did not become endemic. All evidence indicates that SVC was not able to persist under UK environmental conditions, suggesting that the majority of cases were a result of new introductions to the UK as opposed to within-country spread. The control and eradication programme adopted in 2005 was highly effective and two years after its implementation cases of SVC ceased. Given the non-persistent nature of the pathogen the most important aspect of the control programme focused on preventing re-introduction of the virus to the UK. Despite the effectiveness of these controls against SVC, this approach is likely to be less effective against more persistent pathogens such as koi herpesvirus, which are likely to require more stringent measures to prevent within-country spread.}, }
@article {pmid23595272, year = {2013}, author = {Gaither, MR and Bowen, BW and Toonen, RJ}, title = {Population structure in the native range predicts the spread of introduced marine species.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {280}, number = {1760}, pages = {20130409}, pmid = {23595272}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Forecasting/methods ; Genetics, Population ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Marine Biology ; *Models, Biological ; Perciformes/*genetics ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Forecasting invasion success remains a fundamental challenge in invasion biology. The effort to identify universal characteristics that predict which species become invasive has faltered in part because of the diversity of taxa and systems considered. Here, we use an alternative approach focused on the spread stage of invasions. FST, a measure of alternative fixation of alleles, is a common proxy for realized dispersal among natural populations, summarizing the combined influences of life history, behaviour, habitat requirements, population size, history and ecology. We test the hypothesis that population structure in the native range (FST) is negatively correlated with the geographical extent of spread of marine species in an introduced range. An analysis of the available data (29 species, nine phyla) revealed a significant negative correlation (R(2) = 0.245-0.464) between FST and the extent of spread of non-native species. Mode FST among pairwise comparisons between populations in the native range demonstrated the highest predictive power (R(2) = 0.464, p < 0.001). There was significant improvement when marker type was considered, with mtDNA datasets providing the strongest relationship (n = 21, R(2) = 0.333-0.516). This study shows that FST can be used to make qualitative predictions concerning the geographical extent to which a non-native marine species will spread once established in a new area.}, }
@article {pmid23594552, year = {2013}, author = {Kubisch, A and Fronhofer, EA and Poethke, HJ and Hovestadt, T}, title = {Kin competition as a major driving force for invasions.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {181}, number = {5}, pages = {700-706}, doi = {10.1086/670008}, pmid = {23594552}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Competitive Behavior ; Environment ; Insecta/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {Current theory explains accelerating invasions with increased levels of dispersal as being caused by "spatial selection." Here we argue that another selective force, strong kin competition resulting from high relatedness due to subsequent founder effects at the expanding margin, is of at least comparable importance for dispersal evolution during invasions. We test this hypothesis with individual-based simulations of a spatially structured population invading empty space. To quantify the relative contribution of kin competition to dispersal evolution, we contrast two scenarios, one including kin effects and one excluding them without influencing spatial selection. We find that kin competition is a major determinant for dispersal evolution at invasion fronts, especially under environmental conditions that favor a pronounced kin structure (i.e., small patches, low environmental stochasticity, and high patch isolation). We demonstrate the importance of kin competition and thus biotic influences on dispersal evolution during invasions.}, }
@article {pmid23594049, year = {2014}, author = {Costa, J and Ferrero, V and Loureiro, J and Castro, M and Navarro, L and Castro, S}, title = {Sexual reproduction of the pentaploid, short-styled Oxalis pes-caprae allows the production of viable offspring.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {208-214}, doi = {10.1111/plb.12010}, pmid = {23594049}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Genes, Plant ; Germination ; Oxalidaceae/*genetics/physiology ; Pollination ; *Polyploidy ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Reproduction is a key factor for the successful establishment and spread of introduced species. Oxalis pes-caprae is a tristylous species with a self- and morph-incompatibility sexual system that, in the invaded range of the western Mediterranean Basin, has been found to reproduce asexually because only the pentaploid, short-styled morph (5x S-morph) was introduced. The objective of this study was to test the ability of the 5x S-morph of O. pes-caprae to produce viable offspring in the absence of compatible mates, exploring the hypothesis that new morphs could have emerged by sexual reproduction events of the initially introduced morph. Pollen germination, pollen tube development, fruit and seed production, seed germination and offspring ploidy levels were analysed after controlled hand-pollinations to assess self- and morph-incompatibility and production of viable gametes by the 5x S-morph. The self-incompatibility system is still operating, but a partial breakdown in the morph-incompatibility system combined with the production of viable gametes was observed, allowing sexual reproduction of the 5x S-morph in the invaded range. The ability of the 5x S-morph to reproduce sexually may have major consequences for the dynamics of invasive populations of O. pes-caprae and could be one of the factors involved in the occurrence of new floral morphs in this invaded range.}, }
@article {pmid23591083, year = {2013}, author = {Kim, DH and Cha, J and Lee, MK and Kim, HW and Kim, MS}, title = {Prediction of bio-methane potential and two-stage anaerobic digestion of starfish.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {141}, number = {}, pages = {184-190}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.065}, pmid = {23591083}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {Anaerobiosis ; Animals ; *Biofuels ; Fermentation ; Methane/*biosynthesis/chemistry ; Starfish/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The present work reports the first ever evaluation of the biological CH4 potential (BMP) of starfish, classified as invasive species. Since starfish contain a large amount of inorganic matter, only the supernatant obtained through grinding and centrifugation was used for BMP test. By applying response surface methodology, the individual and interactive effects of three parameters, inoculum/substrate ratios, substrate concentrations, and buffer capacities on CH4 production were investigated, and the maximum CH4 yield of 334 mL CH4/g COD was estimated. In addition, continuous CH4 production was attempted using a two-stage (acidogenic sequencing batch reactor+methanogenic up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASBr)) fermentation process. Acidification efficiency was maximized at 2 days of hydraulic retention time with valerate, butyrate, and acetate as main acids, and these were converted to CH4 with showing 296 mL CH4/g COD added. Overall, the two-stage fermentation process could convert 44% of organic content in whole starfish to CH4.}, }
@article {pmid23590860, year = {2013}, author = {Lyons, CL and Coetzee, M and Chown, SL}, title = {Stable and fluctuating temperature effects on the development rate and survival of two malaria vectors, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {104}, pmid = {23590860}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; Anopheles/*embryology/*radiation effects ; Female ; Insect Vectors/*embryology/*radiation effects ; Survival Analysis ; Temperature ; Zygote/growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Understanding the biology of malaria vector mosquitoes is crucial to understanding many aspects of the disease, including control and future outcomes. The development rates and survival of two Afrotropical malaria vectors, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus, are investigated here under conditions of constant and fluctuating temperatures. These data can provide a good starting point for modelling population level consequences of temperature change associated with climate change. For comparative purposes, these data were considered explicitly in the context of those available for the third African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae.<br><br>METHODS: Twenty five replicates of 20-30 eggs were placed at nine constant and two fluctuating temperatures for development rate experiments and survival estimates. Various developmental parameters were estimated from the data, using standard approaches.<br><br>RESULTS: Lower development threshold (LDT) for both species was estimated at 13-14&#xb0;C. Anopheles arabiensis developed consistently faster than An. funestus. Optimum temperature (Topt) and development rate at this temperature (&#x3bc;max) differed significantly between species for overall development and larval development. However, Topt and &#x3bc;max for pupal development did not differ significantly between species. Development rate and survival of An. funestus was negatively influenced by fluctuating temperatures. By contrast, development rate of An. arabiensis at fluctuating temperatures either did not differ from constant temperatures or was significantly faster. Survival of this species declined by c. 10% at the 15&#xb0;C to 35&#xb0;C fluctuating temperature regime, but was not significantly different between the constant 25&#xb0;C and the fluctuating 20&#xb0;C to 30&#xb0;C treatment. By comparison, previous data for An. gambiae indicated fastest development at a constant temperature of 28&#xb0;C and highest survival at 24&#xb0;C.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The three most important African malaria vectors all differ significantly in development rates and survival under different temperature treatments, in keeping with known distribution data, though differences among M and S molecular forms of An. gambiae likely complicate the picture. Increasing temperatures associated with climate change favour all three species, but fluctuations in temperatures are detrimental to An. funestus and may also be for An. gambiae. This may have significant implications for disease burden in areas where each species is the main malaria vector.}, }
@article {pmid23589873, year = {2013}, author = {Dullinger, S and Essl, F and Rabitsch, W and Erb, KH and Gingrich, S and Haberl, H and Hülber, K and Jarosík, V and Krausmann, F and Kühn, I and Pergl, J and Pysek, P and Hulme, PE}, title = {Europe's other debt crisis caused by the long legacy of future extinctions.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {110}, number = {18}, pages = {7342-7347}, pmid = {23589873}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Endangered Species ; Europe ; *Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Multivariate Analysis ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Rapid economic development in the past century has translated into severe pressures on species survival as a result of increasing land-use change, environmental pollution, and the spread of invasive alien species. However, though the impact of these pressures on biodiversity is substantial, it could be seriously underestimated if population declines of plants and animals lag behind contemporary environmental degradation. Here, we test for such a delay in impact by relating numbers of threatened species appearing on national red lists to historical and contemporary levels of socioeconomic pressures. Across 22 European countries, the proportions of vascular plants, bryophytes, mammals, reptiles, dragonflies, and grasshoppers facing medium-to-high extinction risks are more closely matched to indicators of socioeconomic pressures (i.e., human population density, per capita gross domestic product, and a measure of land use intensity) from the early or mid-, rather than the late, 20th century. We conclude that, irrespective of recent conservation actions, large-scale risks to biodiversity lag considerably behind contemporary levels of socioeconomic pressures. The negative impact of human activities on current biodiversity will not become fully realized until several decades into the future. Mitigating extinction risks might be an even greater challenge if temporal delays mean many threatened species might already be destined toward extinction.}, }
@article {pmid23586922, year = {2013}, author = {Guggisberg, A and Lai, Z and Huang, J and Rieseberg, LH}, title = {Transcriptome divergence between introduced and native populations of Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {199}, number = {2}, pages = {595-608}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12258}, pmid = {23586922}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Canada ; Cirsium/*genetics ; Cluster Analysis ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Gene Ontology ; Gene Regulatory Networks/genetics ; Genetic Association Studies ; *Introduced Species ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reproducibility of Results ; Transcriptome/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Introduced plants may quickly evolve new adaptive traits upon their introduction. Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense - Cardueae, Asteraceae) is one of the worst invasive weeds worldwide. The goal of this study is to compare gene expression profiles of native (European) and introduced (North American) populations of this species, to elucidate the genetic mechanisms that may underlie such rapid adaptation. We explored the transcriptome of ten populations (five per range) of C. arvense in response to three treatments (control, nutrient deficiency and shading) using a customized microarray chip containing 63 690 expressed sequence tags (ESTs), and verified the expression level of 13 loci through real-time quantitative PCR. Only 2116 ESTs (3.5%) were found to be differentially expressed between the ranges, and 4458 ESTs (7.1%) exhibited a significant treatment-by-range effect. Among them was an overrepresentation of loci involved in stimulus and stress responses. Cirsium arvense has evolved different life history strategies on each continent. The two ranges notably differ with regard to R-protein mediated defence, sensitivity to abiotic stresses, and developmental timing. The fact that genotypes from the Midwest exhibit different expression kinetics than remaining North American samples further corroborates the hypothesis that the New World has been colonized twice, independently.}, }
@article {pmid23585861, year = {2013}, author = {Anson, JR and Dickman, CR and Boonstra, R and Jessop, TS}, title = {Stress triangle: do introduced predators exert indirect costs on native predators and prey?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {e60916}, pmid = {23585861}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Carnivory ; Ecosystem ; Energy Metabolism/physiology ; Fear/*physiology/psychology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology/psychology ; Food Chain ; Foxes/*physiology ; Haemosporida/physiology ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Phalangeridae/parasitology/*physiology/psychology ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Reptiles/parasitology/*physiology ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Non-consumptive effects of predators on each other and on prey populations often exceed the effects of direct predation. These effects can arise from fear responses elevating glucocorticoid (GC) hormone levels (predator stress hypothesis) or from increased vigilance that reduces foraging efficiency and body condition (predator sensitive foraging hypothesis); both responses can lead to immunosuppression and increased parasite loads. Non-consumptive effects of invasive predators have been little studied, even though their direct impacts on local species are usually greater than those of their native counterparts. To address this issue, we explored the non-consumptive effects of the invasive red fox Vulpes vulpes on two native species in eastern Australia: a reptilian predator, the lace monitor Varanus varius and a marsupial, the ringtail possum Pseudocheirus peregrinus. In particular, we tested predictions derived from the above two hypotheses by comparing the basal glucocorticoid levels, foraging behaviour, body condition and haemoparasite loads of both native species in areas with and without fox suppression. Lace monitors showed no GC response or differences in haemoparasite loads but were more likely to trade safety for higher food rewards, and had higher body condition, in areas of fox suppression than in areas where foxes remained abundant. In contrast, ringtails showed no physiological or behavioural differences between fox-suppressed and control areas. Predator sensitive foraging is a non-consumptive cost for lace monitors in the presence of the fox and most likely represents a response to competition. The ringtail's lack of response to the fox potentially represents complete naiveté or strong and rapid selection to the invasive predator. We suggest evolutionary responses are often overlooked in interactions between native and introduced species, but must be incorporated if we are to understand the suite of forces that shape community assembly and function in the wake of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid23582773, year = {2013}, author = {Calazans, SH and Americo, JA and da Costa Fernandes, F and Aldridge, DC and de Freitas Rebelo, M}, title = {Assessment of toxicity of dissolved and microencapsulated biocides for control of the Golden Mussel Limnoperna fortunei.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {91}, number = {}, pages = {104-108}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.02.012}, pmid = {23582773}, issn = {1879-0291}, support = {D43TW000640/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*drug effects ; Chlorine Compounds/toxicity ; Disinfectants/*toxicity ; Drug Compounding ; *Introduced Species ; Lethal Dose 50 ; *Pest Control ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions currently pose major threats to ecosystems worldwide. Invasive bivalves such as the Golden Mussel Limnoperna fortunei can act as 'environmental engineers', altering biogeochemistry, reducing biodiversity, and literally changing the landscape of aquatic environments. The risk that this mussel will invade the Amazon basin is a great concern for environmental authorities, especially because no efficient control methods presently exist. In this study, we tested new microencapsulated chemicals, along with the traditional dissolved chlorine and KCl, as alternatives to control L. fortunei infestation in industrial and water supply plants along rivers. Because these bivalves can close their valves when they sense toxic substances in the water, microencapsulation has improved the effectiveness of the chemicals in controlling L. fortunei, reducing variation in the application and increasing toxicity compared to dissolved chemicals. Microencapsulation should be seriously considered as an alternative to replace hazardous chlorine.}, }
@article {pmid23582708, year = {2013}, author = {Shupert, LA and Ebbs, SD and Lawrence, J and Gibson, DJ and Filip, P}, title = {Dissolution of copper and iron from automotive brake pad wear debris enhances growth and accumulation by the invasive macrophyte Salvinia molesta Mitchell.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {92}, number = {1}, pages = {45-51}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.002}, pmid = {23582708}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Air Pollutants/chemistry/*metabolism ; Automobiles ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Biomass ; Copper/chemistry/*metabolism ; Embryophyta/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Iron/chemistry/*metabolism ; Particulate Matter/*chemistry ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Spectrophotometry, Atomic ; }, abstract = {Automotive vehicles release particulate matter into the environment when their brakes are applied. The environmental effects of this automotive brake pad wear debris (BPWD) on the environment is a matter of growing debate yet the effects on plants have been largely untested. In this study, the effect of BPWD on the growth of the aquatic invasive Salvinia molesta Mitchell was examined. Salvinia molesta, plants were grown hydroponically in distilled water or in a distilled water extract containing BPWD. Growth of floating leaves, submerged leaves, and leaf nodes were measured over 20 d at 4-d intervals. At the conclusion of the study the amount of BPWD present in solutions and plant tissues was quantified using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Cultivation of S. molesta in the water containing BPWD resulted in greater dissolution of Cu and Fe than occurred in the absence of plants. The tissue Cu and Fe concentrations of plants cultivated in the BPWD were significantly higher than plants grown in the absence of BPWD. Growth of S. molesta significantly increased when cultivated in the BPWD solutions in comparison to the distilled water. The results suggest that S. molesta and similar aquatic plants may be capable of increasing the dissolution of metal micronutrients from BPWD and utilizing those micronutrients to increase growth. Such growth responses could indicate that BPWD may interact with invasive floating macrophytes to more rapidly degrade the quality and stability of aquatic communities.}, }
@article {pmid23578098, year = {2013}, author = {Cadena-González, AL and Sørensen, M and Theilade, I}, title = {Use and valuation of native and introduced medicinal plant species in Campo Hermoso and Zetaquira, Boyacá, Colombia.}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {23}, pmid = {23578098}, issn = {1746-4269}, mesh = {Colombia ; Ecosystem ; Ethnobotany ; *Phytotherapy ; *Plants, Medicinal ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Medicinal plant species contribute significantly to folk medicine in Colombia. However, few local studies have investigated whether species used are introduced or native and whether there is a difference in importance of native and introduced medicinal plant species. The aim of the present study was to describe the use of medicinal plants within two municipalities, Campo Hermoso and Zetaquira, both in the department of Boyacá, Colombia and to assess the importance of native and introduced plants to healers, amateur healers and local people. As local healers including amateur healers have no history of introduced species our working hypotheses (H(1-2)) were that H(1): native and introduced medicinal plant species are of equal importance and H(2): healers and amateur healers do not differentiate in their preferences between native and introduced medicinal plant species.<br><br>METHODS: Ten villages were included in the study. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used including questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, in- depth interviews, and open talks. Voucher specimens were collected in home gardens and during field walks. For data analysis, we calculated use value indices and Jaccard index and tested for the above hypothesis using Spearman rank-correlation coefficients and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests.<br><br>RESULTS: Eighty medicinal plant species were described by locals as the most frequently used. Of these, 78 species were taxonomically identified, distributed within 41 families and 74 genera, which included 35 native species and 43 introduced. The highest valued families were: Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Rutaceae and Verbenaceae. The species ranked highest according to their Use Values, in both municipalities, were Mentha suaveolens Ehrh., Ambrosia cumanensis Kunth, and Verbena littoralis Kunth. Introduced species were more important than native ones in Zetaquira, while there was no difference in importance in Campo Hermoso. While healers relied most on the uses of native species, amateur healers were inclined to rely on introduced species. Medicinal plant administration in both municipalities follow the usual pattern: Leaves are used most commonly prepared by decoction or infusion and administrated orally.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The high proportion of introduced plant species used in the local traditional medicines is similar to the results of a number of other ethnobotanical studies and emphasise the need for efforts to record and maintain traditional knowledge on native species.}, }
@article {pmid23576781, year = {2013}, author = {Liebl, AL and Martin, LB}, title = {Stress hormone receptors change as range expansion progresses in house sparrows.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {20130181}, pmid = {23576781}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Likelihood Functions ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics/*physiology ; Sparrows/*physiology ; }, abstract = {As ranges expand, individuals encounter different environments at the periphery than at the centre of the range. Previously, we have shown that glucocorticoids (GCs) vary with range expansion: individuals at the range edge release more GCs in response to restraint. Here, we measured hippocampal mRNA expression of GC receptors (mineralocorticoid, MR and glucocorticoid, GR) in eight house sparrow (Passer domesticus) populations varying in age. We found that individuals closest to the range edge had the lowest expression of MR relative to GR; in all likelihood, this relationship was driven by a marginal reduction of MR mRNA at the range edge. Reduced MR (relative to GR) might allow enhanced GC binding to GR, the lower affinity receptor that would enhance a rapid physiological and behavioural response to stressors. The insights gained from this study are not only enlightening to introduced species, but may also predict how certain species will react as their ranges shift owing to anthropogenic changes.}, }
@article {pmid23576688, year = {2013}, author = {Hultine, KR and Dudley, TL and Leavitt, SW}, title = {Herbivory-induced mortality increases with radial growth in an invasive riparian phreatophyte.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {111}, number = {6}, pages = {1197-1206}, pmid = {23576688}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Nevada ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Rivers ; Tamaricaceae/chemistry/*growth &amp; development ; Utah ; Wood/chemistry/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Under equal conditions, plants that allocate a larger proportion of resources to growth must do so at the expense of investing fewer resources to storage. The critical balance between growth and storage leads to the hypothesis that in high-resource environments, plants that express high growth rates are more susceptible to episodic disturbance than plants that express lower growth rates.<br><br>METHODS: This hypothesis was tested by measuring the radial growth, basal area increment (BAI) and carbon isotope ratios (&#x3b4;(13)C) in tree-ring &#x3b1;-cellulose of 62 mature tamarisk trees (Tamarix spp.) occurring at three sites in the western USA (n = 31 live and 31 killed trees across all sites, respectively). All of the trees had been subjected to periods of complete foliage loss by episodic herbivory over three or more consecutive growing seasons by the tamarisk leaf beetle (Diorhabda carinulata), resulting in approx. 50 % mortality at each site.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Mean annual BAI (measured from annual ring widths) in the 10 years prior to the onset of herbivory was on average 45 % higher in killed trees compared with live trees (P < 0&#xb7;0001). Killed trees that had higher growth rates also expressed higher (less negative) &#x3b4;(13)C ratios compared with live trees. In fact, at one site near Moab, UT, the mean annual BAI was 100 % higher in killed trees despite having about a 0&#xb7;5 &#x2030; higher &#x3b4;(13)C relative to live trees (P = 0&#xb7;0008). Patterns of &#x3b4;(13)C suggest that the intrinsic water-use efficiency was higher in killed than surviving trees, possibly as a consequence of lower whole-canopy stomatal conductance relative to live trees.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results show that a likely trade-off occurs between radial growth and survival from foliage herbivory in Tamarix spp. that currently dominates riparian areas throughout the western USA and northern Mexico. Thus, herbivory by D. carinulata may reduce the overall net primary productivity of surviving Tamarix trees and may result in a reduction in genetic variability in this dominant invasive tree species if these allocation patterns are adaptive.}, }
@article {pmid23575014, year = {2013}, author = {Zhou, A and Lu, Y and Zeng, L and Xu, Y and Liang, G}, title = {Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), defend Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) against its natural enemies.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {247-252}, doi = {10.1603/EN12168}, pmid = {23575014}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; China ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Hemiptera/parasitology/*physiology ; Hibiscus ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Longevity ; Population Density ; Species Specificity ; *Symbiosis ; Wasps/physiology ; }, abstract = {Mutualism is a common and important ecological phenomenon characterized by beneficial interaction between two species. Red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren, tend honeydew-producing hemipteran insects and reduce the activity of these insects' enemies. Ant-hemipteran interactions frequently exert positive effects on the densities of hemipterans. We tested the hypothesis that ant tending can increase the densities of the mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), and reduce the densities of the mealybug's predatory and parasitic enemies, the lady beetle, Menochilus sexmaculata Fabricius (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and the parasitoid wasp, Aenasius bambawalei Hayat (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). We found that more ants foraged on mealybug-infested hibiscus plants than on mealybug-free plants. The number of foraging ants on plants infested with high densities of mealybugs (62.5 ants per plant) was nearly six times that on mealybug-free plants (10.2 ants per plant). Experiment results showed that ant tending significantly increased the survival of mealybugs: if predatory and parasitic enemies were present, the survival of mealybugs tended by fire ants was higher than that in the absence of tending ants. Furthermore, this tending by fire ants significantly decreased the survival of lady beetle larvae. However, no apparent effect was observed on the survival of parasitoid.}, }
@article {pmid23575011, year = {2013}, author = {Duthie, C and Lester, PJ}, title = {Reduced densities of the invasive wasp, Vespula vulgaris (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), did not alter the invertebrate community composition of Nothofagus forests in New Zealand.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {223-230}, doi = {10.1603/EN12256}, pmid = {23575011}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Insect Control ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; Larva/physiology ; New Zealand ; Population Density ; Pupa/physiology ; Seasons ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive common wasps (Vespula vulgaris L.) are predators of invertebrates in Nothofagus forests of New Zealand. We reduced wasp densities by poisoning in three sites over three y. We predicted an increase in the number of invertebrates and a change in the community composition in sites where wasps were poisoned (wasps removed) relative to nearby sites where wasps were not poisoned (wasps maintained). Wasp densities were significantly reduced by an average of 58.9% by poisoning. Despite this reduction in wasp densities, native bush ants (Prolasius advenus Forel) were the only taxa that was significantly influenced by wasp removal. However, contrary to our predictions there were more ants caught in pitfall traps where wasps were maintained. We believe that the higher abundance of these ants is probably because of the scarcity of honeydew in wasp-maintained sites and compensatory foraging by ants in these areas. Otherwise, our results indicated no significant effects of reduced wasp densities on the total number of invertebrates, or the number of invertebrate families, observed in pitfall or Malaise traps. An analysis of community composition (permutational multivariate analysis of variance) also indicated no significant difference between wasp-removed or wasp-maintained communities. The most parsimonious explanation for our results is that although we significantly reduced wasp numbers, we may not have reduced numbers sufficiently or for a sufficiently long period, to see a change or recovery in the community.}, }
@article {pmid23567168, year = {2013}, author = {Navarro, A and Campos, B and Barata, C and Piña, B}, title = {Transcriptomic seasonal variations in a natural population of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha).}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {454-455}, number = {}, pages = {482-489}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.048}, pmid = {23567168}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Complementary/genetics/metabolism ; Dreissena/*genetics/metabolism ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/*methods ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Seasons ; Spain ; *Transcriptome ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha is a Caspian Sea bivalve that colonized freshwater bodies worldwide during the XX century. To analyze the impact of seasonal and environmental variations on the physiology and metabolism of this invasive species, we developed a custom microarray using 4057 publicly available DNA sequences from Dreissena and other related genera. Transcriptome profiles were analyzed using half-body samples from a relatively clean site (Riba-Roja, low Ebro River, N.E. Spain), at three different stages of the annual cycle: Pre-spawning (February), spawning (June), and gonad resorption (September). Transcripts from a total of 745 unique sequences showed significant changes among these three groups of samples. Functional characterization of these transcripts based on their closest known homologues showed that genes involved in stress defense (oxidative and infection) were overrepresented in September, whereas genes related to reproductive functions were overrepresented in the spawning and pre-spawning periods. This transcriptomic information can help to identify developmental stages at which the organism is more vulnerable for future control strategies. These data will also contribute to the implementation of gene expression-based assays for pollution monitoring in water bodies harboring stable zebra mussel populations.}, }
@article {pmid23565282, year = {2013}, author = {Rochlin, I and Ninivaggi, DV and Hutchinson, ML and Farajollahi, A}, title = {Climate change and range expansion of the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) in Northeastern USA: implications for public health practitioners.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {e60874}, pmid = {23565282}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; *Climate Change ; Mosquito Control ; *Public Health ; United States ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is an invasive species with substantial biting activity, high disease vector potential, and a global distribution that continues to expand. New Jersey, southern New York, and Pennsylvania are currently the northernmost boundary of established Ae. albopictus populations in the eastern United States. Using positive geographic locations from these areas, we modeled the potential future range expansion of Ae. albopictus in northeastern USA under two climate change scenarios. The land area with environmental conditions suitable for Ae. albopictus populations is expected to increase from the current 5% to 16% in the next two decades and to 43%-49% by the end of the century. Presently, about one-third of the total human population of 55 million in northeastern USA reside in urban areas where Ae. albopictus is present. This number is predicted to double to about 60% by the end of the century, encompassing all major urban centers and placing over 30 million people under the threat of dense Ae. albopictus infestations. This mosquito species presents unique challenges to public health agencies and has already strained the resources available to mosquito control programs within its current range. As it continues to expand into areas with fewer resources and limited organized mosquito control, these challenges will be further exacerbated. Anticipating areas of potential establishment, while planning ahead and gathering sufficient resources will be the key for successful public health campaigns. A broad effort in community sanitation and education at all levels of government and the private sector will be required until new control techniques are developed that can be applied efficiently and effectively at reasonable cost to very large areas.}, }
@article {pmid23564941, year = {2013}, author = {Roux, C and Tsagkogeorga, G and Bierne, N and Galtier, N}, title = {Crossing the species barrier: genomic hotspots of introgression between two highly divergent Ciona intestinalis species.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {30}, number = {7}, pages = {1574-1587}, doi = {10.1093/molbev/mst066}, pmid = {23564941}, issn = {1537-1719}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Ciona intestinalis/*genetics/physiology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Gene Flow ; *Genetic Speciation ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Inferring a realistic demographic model from genetic data is an important challenge to gain insights into the historical events during the speciation process and to detect molecular signatures of selection along genomes. Recent advances in divergence population genetics have reported that speciation in face of gene flow occurred more frequently than theoretically expected, but the approaches used did not account for genome-wide heterogeneity (GWH) in introgression rates. Here, we investigate the impact of GWH on the inference of divergence with gene flow between two cryptic species of the marine model Ciona intestinalis by analyzing polymorphism and divergence patterns in 852 protein-coding sequence loci. These morphologically similar entities are highly diverged molecular-wise, but evidence of hybridization has been reported in both laboratory and field studies. We compare various speciation models and test for GWH under the approximate Bayesian computation framework. Our results demonstrate the presence of significant extents of gene flow resulting from a recent secondary contact after >3 My of divergence in isolation. The inferred rates of introgression are relatively low, highly variable across loci and mostly unidirectional, which is consistent with the idea that numerous genetic incompatibilities have accumulated over time throughout the genomes of these highly diverged species. A genomic map of the level of gene flow identified two hotspots of introgression, that is, large genome regions of unidirectional introgression. This study clarifies the history and degree of isolation of two cryptic and partially sympatric model species and provides a methodological framework to investigate GWH at various stages of speciation process.}, }
@article {pmid23560715, year = {2013}, author = {Vannini, A and Bruni, N and Tomassini, A and Franceschini, S and Vettraino, AM}, title = {Pyrosequencing of environmental soil samples reveals biodiversity of the Phytophthora resident community in chestnut forests.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {85}, number = {3}, pages = {433-442}, doi = {10.1111/1574-6941.12132}, pmid = {23560715}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Fagaceae ; Phytophthora/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Soil ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Pyrosequencing analysis was performed on soils from Italian chestnut groves to evaluate the diversity of the resident Phytophthora community. Sequences analysed with a custom database discriminated 15 pathogenic Phytophthoras including species common to chestnut soils, while a total of nine species were detected with baiting. The two sites studied differed in Phytophthora diversity and the presence of specific taxa responded to specific ecological traits of the sites. Furthermore, some species not previously recorded were represented by a discrete number of reads; among these species, Phytophthora ramorum was detected at both sites. Pyrosequencing was demonstrated to be a very sensitive technique to describe the Phytophthora community in soil and was able to detect species not easy to be isolated from soil with standard baiting techniques. In particular, pyrosequencing is an highly efficient tool for investigating the colonization of new environments by alien species, and for ecological and adaptive studies coupled with biological detection methods. This study represents the first application of pyrosequencing for describing Phytophthoras in environmental soil samples.}, }
@article {pmid23557300, year = {2013}, author = {Russell, DJ and Thomson, FE and Thuesen, PA}, title = {Age and growth of two newly established invasive populations of Tilapia mariae in northern Australia.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {82}, number = {4}, pages = {1211-1225}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.12059}, pmid = {23557300}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Otolithic Membrane/*growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; Queensland ; Rivers ; Tilapia/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Sagittal otoliths were used to age the samples of Tilapia mariae collected from a coastal river and an impoundment. Validation of sagittae checks was achieved using both quantitative marginal increment analysis and by tetracycline marking of the otoliths of fish kept in tanks and in a farm dam. The annulus pattern on the otoliths was generally clear and their formation appeared to be temperature related and largely completed in the Austral spring around September and October. Male T. mariae grow faster and larger than females and the maximum ages of fish from the coastal river and impoundment was 9+ and 4+ years, respectively. Past fish surveys and the absence of older age classes in the impoundment population would suggest that this population was only very recently established.}, }
@article {pmid23557294, year = {2013}, author = {Novomeská, A and Katina, S and Copp, GH and Pedicillo, G and Lorenzoni, M and Pompei, L and Cucherousset, J and Kováč, V}, title = {Morphological variability of black bullhead Ameiurus melas in four non-native European populations.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {82}, number = {4}, pages = {1103-1118}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.12035}, pmid = {23557294}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; Female ; France ; Ictaluridae/*anatomy &amp; histology ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Male ; Phenotype ; Slovakia ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {External morphology in black bullhead Ameiurus melas, a fish species considered to have high invasive potential, was studied in its four non-native European populations (British, French, Italian and Slovak). The aim of this study was to examine this species' variability in external morphology, including ontogenetic context, and to evaluate its invasive potential. Specimens from all non-native populations reached smaller body size compared to individuals from native populations. Juvenile A. melas were found to have a relatively uniform body shape regardless of the population's origin, whereas adults developed different phenotypes depending upon location. Specimens from the U.K., Slovak and French populations appeared to be rather similar to each other, whereas the Italian population showed the most distant phenotype. This probably results from the different thermal regime in the Italian habitat. Ameiurus melas from non-native European populations examined in this study showed some potential to alter the body shape both within and between populations. The phenotypic plasticity of A. melas, however, was not found to be as significant as in other invasive fish species. The results suggest that morphological variability itself is not necessarily essential for invasive success. The invasiveness of A. melas is therefore probably favoured by variations in its life-history traits and reproduction variables, together with some behavioural traits (e.g. voracious feeding and parental care) rather than by phenotypic plasticity expressed in external morphology.}, }
@article {pmid23557012, year = {2013}, author = {Łuczaj, &#x141; and Köhler, P and Pirożnikow, E and Graniszewska, M and Pieroni, A and Gervasi, T}, title = {Wild edible plants of Belarus: from Rostafiński's questionnaire of 1883 to the present.}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {21}, pmid = {23557012}, issn = {1746-4269}, mesh = {*Plants, Edible ; Republic of Belarus ; *Surveys and Questionnaires ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Belarus is an Eastern European country, which has been little studied ethnobotanically. The aim of the study was to compare largely unpublished 19th century sources with more contemporary data on the use of wild food plants.<br><br>METHODS: The information on 19th century uses is based on twelve, mainly unpublished, responses to J&#xf3;zef Rostafi&#x144;ski's questionnaire from 1883, and the newly discovered materials of the ethnographer Micha&#x142; Federowski, who structured his data according to Rostafi&#x144;ski's questionnaire and documented it with voucher specimens. Rostafi&#x144;ski's questionnaire was concerned mainly with Polish territories, but for historical reasons this also encompassed a large part of Belarus, and we analyzed only the twelve responses (out of the few hundred Rostafi&#x144;ski obtained), which concerned the present Belarus. These data were compared with a few 20th century ethnographic sources, and our own 40 interviews and questionnaires from Belarus.<br><br>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: 58 taxa of wild food plants used in the 19th century were identified. Some of them are still used in modern Belarus, others are probably completely forgotten. In the 19th century several species of wild greens were widely used for making soups. Apart from Rumex, other wild greens are now either forgotten or rarely used. The list of species used in the 20th and 21st century encompasses 67 taxa. Nearly half of them were mentioned by Rostafi&#x144;ski's respondents. The list of fruit species has not changed much, although in the 19th century fruits were mainly eaten raw, or with dairy or floury dishes, and now apart from being eaten raw, they are incorporated in sweet dishes like jams or cakes. Modern comparative data also contain several alien species, some of which have escaped from cultivation and are gathered from a semi-wild state, as well as children's snacks, which were probably collected in the 19th century but were not recorded back then.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The responses to Rostafi&#x144;ski from 1883 present extremely valuable historical material as the use of wild food plants in Belarus has since undergone drastic changes, similar to those, which have taken place in other Eastern European countries.}, }
@article {pmid23555771, year = {2013}, author = {Guareschi, S and Coccia, C and Sánchez-Fernández, D and Carbonell, JA and Velasco, J and Boyero, L and Green, AJ and Millán, A}, title = {How far could the alien boatman Trichocorixa verticalis verticalis spread? Worldwide estimation of its current and future potential distribution.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {e59757}, pmid = {23555771}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Europe ; Geography ; Heteroptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; New Caledonia ; North America ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Invasions of alien species are considered among the least reversible human impacts, with diversified effects on aquatic ecosystems. Since prevention is the most cost-effective way to avoid biodiversity loss and ecosystem problems, one challenge in ecological research is to understand the limits of the fundamental niche of the species in order to estimate how far invasive species could spread. Trichocorixa verticalis verticalis (Tvv) is a corixid (Hemiptera) originally distributed in North America, but cited as an alien species in three continents. Its impact on native communities is under study, but it is already the dominant species in several saline wetlands and represents a rare example of an aquatic alien insect. This study aims: i) to estimate areas with suitable environmental conditions for Tvv at a global scale, thus identifying potential new zones of invasion; and ii) to test possible changes in this global potential distribution under a climate change scenario. Potential distributions were estimated by applying a multidimensional envelope procedure based on both climatic data, obtained from observed occurrences, and thermal physiological data. Our results suggest Tvv may expand well beyond its current range and find inhabitable conditions in temperate areas along a wide range of latitudes, with an emphasis on coastal areas of Europe, Northern Africa, Argentina, Uruguay, Australia, New Zealand, Myanmar, India, the western boundary between USA and Canada, and areas of the Arabian Peninsula. When considering a future climatic scenario, the suitability area of Tvv showed only limited changes compared with the current potential distribution. These results allow detection of potential contact zones among currently colonized areas and potential areas of invasion. We also identified zones with a high level of suitability that overlap with areas recognized as global hotspots of biodiversity. Finally, we present hypotheses about possible means of spread, focusing on different geographical scales.}, }
@article {pmid23555689, year = {2013}, author = {Wilcox, TM and McKelvey, KS and Young, MK and Jane, SF and Lowe, WH and Whiteley, AR and Schwartz, MK}, title = {Robust detection of rare species using environmental DNA: the importance of primer specificity.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {e59520}, pmid = {23555689}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/chemistry/*genetics ; DNA Primers/*genetics ; DNA Probes/chemistry/genetics ; *Environment ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Taq Polymerase/metabolism ; Trout/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Environmental DNA (eDNA) is being rapidly adopted as a tool to detect rare animals. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) using probe-based chemistries may represent a particularly powerful tool because of the method's sensitivity, specificity, and potential to quantify target DNA. However, there has been little work understanding the performance of these assays in the presence of closely related, sympatric taxa. If related species cause any cross-amplification or interference, false positives and negatives may be generated. These errors can be disastrous if false positives lead to overestimate the abundance of an endangered species or if false negatives prevent detection of an invasive species. In this study we test factors that influence the specificity and sensitivity of TaqMan MGB assays using co-occurring, closely related brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and bull trout (S. confluentus) as a case study. We found qPCR to be substantially more sensitive than traditional PCR, with a high probability of detection at concentrations as low as 0.5 target copies/µl. We also found that number and placement of base pair mismatches between the Taqman MGB assay and non-target templates was important to target specificity, and that specificity was most influenced by base pair mismatches in the primers, rather than in the probe. We found that insufficient specificity can result in both false positive and false negative results, particularly in the presence of abundant related species. Our results highlight the utility of qPCR as a highly sensitive eDNA tool, and underscore the importance of careful assay design.}, }
@article {pmid23554284, year = {2013}, author = {Malone, SL and Starr, G and Staudhammer, CL and Ryan, MG}, title = {Effects of simulated drought on the carbon balance of Everglades short-hydroperiod marsh.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {19}, number = {8}, pages = {2511-2523}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12211}, pmid = {23554284}, issn = {1354-1013}, mesh = {*Carbon Cycle ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Climate Change ; *Droughts ; Florida ; Greenhouse Effect ; Methane/metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Soil/chemistry ; *Water Movements ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Hydrology drives the carbon balance of wetlands by controlling the uptake and release of CO2 and CH4 . Longer dry periods in between heavier precipitation events predicted for the Everglades region, may alter the stability of large carbon pools in this wetland's ecosystems. To determine the effects of drought on CO2 fluxes and CH4 emissions, we simulated changes in hydroperiod with three scenarios that differed in the onset rate of drought (gradual, intermediate, and rapid transition into drought) on 18 freshwater wetland monoliths collected from an Everglades short-hydroperiod marsh. Simulated drought, regardless of the onset rate, resulted in higher net CO2 losses net ecosystem exchange (NEE) over the 22-week manipulation. Drought caused extensive vegetation dieback, increased ecosystem respiration (Reco), and reduced carbon uptake gross ecosystem exchange (GEE). Photosynthetic potential measured by reflective indices (photochemical reflectance index, water index, normalized phaeophytinization index, and the normalized difference vegetation index) indicated that water stress limited GEE and inhibited Reco . As a result of drought-induced dieback, NEE did not offset methane production during periods of inundation. The average ratio of net CH4 to NEE over the study period was 0.06, surpassing the 100-year greenhouse warming compensation point for CH4 (0.04). Drought-induced diebacks of sawgrass (C3) led to the establishment of the invasive species torpedograss (C4) when water was resupplied. These changes in the structure and function indicate that freshwater marsh ecosystems can become a net source of CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere, even following an extended drought. Future changes in precipitation patterns and drought occurrence/duration can change the carbon storage capacity of freshwater marshes from sinks to sources of carbon to the atmosphere. Therefore, climate change will impact the carbon storage capacity of freshwater marshes by influencing water availability and the potential for positive feedbacks on radiative forcing.}, }
@article {pmid23554235, year = {2013}, author = {Chakraborty, S}, title = {Migrate or evolve: options for plant pathogens under climate change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {19}, number = {7}, pages = {1985-2000}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12205}, pmid = {23554235}, issn = {1354-1013}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Crops, Agricultural/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; *Ecosystem ; Evolution, Molecular ; Forestry ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Population Dynamics ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Findings on climate change influence on plant pathogens are often inconsistent and context dependent. Knowledge of pathogens affecting agricultural crops and natural plant communities remains fragmented along disciplinary lines. By broadening the perspective beyond agriculture, this review integrates cross-disciplinary knowledge to show that at scales relevant to climate change, accelerated evolution and changing geographic distribution will be the main implications for pathogens. New races may evolve rapidly under elevated temperature and CO2 , as evolutionary forces act on massive pathogen populations boosted by a combination of increased fecundity and infection cycles under favourable microclimate within enlarged canopy. Changing geographic distribution will bring together diverse lineages/genotypes that do not share common ecological niche, potentially increasing pathogen diversity. However, the uncertainty of model predictions and a lack of synthesis of fragmented knowledge remain as major deficiencies in knowledge. The review contends that the failure to consider scale and human intervention through new technology are major sources of uncertainty. Recognizing that improved biophysical models alone will not reduce uncertainty, it proposes a generic framework to increase focus and outlines ways to integrate biophysical elements and technology change with human intervention scenarios to minimize uncertainty. To synthesize knowledge of pathogen biology and life history, the review borrows the concept of 'fitness' from population biology as a comprehensive measure of pathogen strengths and vulnerabilities, and explores the implications of pathogen mode of nutrition to fitness and its interactions with plants suffering chronic abiotic stress under climate change. Current and future disease management options can then be judged for their ability to impair pathogenic and saprophytic fitness. The review pinpoints improving confidence in model prediction by minimizing uncertainty, developing management strategies to reduce overall pathogen fitness, and finding new sources of data to trawl for climate signatures on pathogens as important challenges for future research.}, }
@article {pmid23544103, year = {2013}, author = {Morton, PK and Schemerhorn, BJ}, title = {Population structure and the colonization route of one of the oldest North American invasive insects: stories from the worn road of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {e59833}, pmid = {23544103}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Chromosomes, Insect/genetics ; Diptera/*genetics ; Gene Frequency/genetics ; Genetic Loci/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; New Zealand ; North America ; Nucleotide Motifs/genetics ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {An integral part to understanding the biology of an invasive species is determining its origin, particularly in pest species. As one of the oldest known invasive species, the goals of this study were to evaluate the evidence of a westward expansion of Hessian fly into North America, from a potential singular introduction event, and the population genetic structure of current populations. Levels of genetic diversity and population structure in the Hessian fly were compared across North America, Europe, North Africa, Western Asia, and New Zealand. Furthermore, Old World populations were evaluated as possible sources of introduction. We tested diversity and population structure by examining 18 microsatellite loci with coverage across all four Hessian fly chromosomes. Neither genetic diversity nor population genetic structure provided evidence of a westward movement from a single introduction in North America. Introduced populations in North America did not show identity or assignment to any Old World population, likely indicating a multiple introduction scenario with subsequent gene flow between populations. Diversity and selection were assessed on a chromosomal level, with no differences in diversity or selection between chromosomes or between native and introduced populations.}, }
@article {pmid23541147, year = {2013}, author = {Bundschuh, M and Gergs, R and Schadt, S and Schulz, R}, title = {Do differences in sensitivity between native and invasive amphipods explain their coexistence in Lake Constance? A case study with lambda-cyhalothrin.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {92}, number = {5}, pages = {483-489}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.106}, pmid = {23541147}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*physiology ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Feeding Behavior ; Insecticides/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Nitriles/*metabolism ; Predatory Behavior ; Pyrethrins/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are considered as one of the major threats for biodiversity worldwide. The Ponto-Caspian species Dikerogammarus villosus, for instance, spread throughout continental Europe and was recorded for the first time also within Lake Constance in 2003. Although D. villosus is a highly competitive species it was not capable of replacing the native Gammarus roeselii completely in this ecosystem, especially in the riparian zones of the highly agriculturally used island "Reichenau". As differences in pesticide sensitivity between both amphipod species may explain their distribution, the present study assessed the implication of the highly toxic pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin, which is authorized for application in the Lake Constance region, assuming the invasive species being more sensitive than the native one. However, both the feeding activity bioassays, which measured the leaf consumption over 7d (n=20), as well as the predation bioassay, which measured the predation rate upon Baetis nymphs in concert with the feeding activity on leaf material over 96 h (n=13), revealed an up to 5-fold higher tolerance of D. villosus towards lambda-cyhalothrin. These results suggest the investigated insecticide not being the trigger for the observed distribution pattern of both amphipod species. Hence, other factors like the diversity of habitat structures or the levels of ammonia may have facilitated the coexistence. Nevertheless, the present study uncovered a high leaf-shredding efficacy of the invasive species D. villosus suggesting that its role in the leaf decomposition process may have been underestimated in the past.}, }
@article {pmid23540131, year = {2013}, author = {Moretti, Tde C and Godoy, WA}, title = {Spatio-temporal dynamics and preference for type of bait in necrophagous insects, particularly native and introduced blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae).}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, pages = {415-424}, doi = {10.1603/me12187}, pmid = {23540131}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Brazil ; Cattle ; Chickens ; Diptera/*physiology ; Environment ; Fishes ; Food Preferences ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Rain ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {We carried out a year-long survey of insects, using carrion-baited traps in the municipality of Campinas and five surrounding municipalities with different urbanization profiles, in southeastern Brazil. We studied the spatio-temporal variability and preferences for type of bait of three blow fly species that are forensically important in Brazil: Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann), Chrysomya megacephala (F.), and Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann). All three species preferred chicken. C. albiceps and L. eximia preferred the urban environment, while C. megacephala preferred the rural environment. Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Fanniidae, and Sarcophagidae were the most numerous families. No clear seasonal patterns could be recognized for the three species. The associations of species/municipality, species/environment, and species/bait are discussed from the ecological and forensic standpoints.}, }
@article {pmid23536902, year = {2013}, author = {Michelan, TS and Thomaz, SM and Bini, LM}, title = {Native macrophyte density and richness affect the invasiveness of a tropical poaceae species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {e60004}, pmid = {23536902}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Environment, Controlled ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Photosynthesis ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The role of the native species richness and density in ecosystem invasibility is a matter of concern for both ecologists and managers. We tested the hypothesis that the invasiveness of Urochloa arrecta (non-native in the Neotropics) is negatively affected by the species richness and abundance of native aquatic macrophytes in freshwater ecosystems. We first created four levels of macrophyte richness in a greenhouse (richness experiment), and we then manipulated the densities of the same native species in a second experiment (density experiment). When the native macrophytes were adults, fragments of U. arrecta were added, and their growth was assessed. Our results from the richness experiment corroborated the hypothesis of a negative relationship between the native species richness and the growth of U. arrecta, as measured by sprout length and root biomass. However, the resistance to invasion was not attributed to the presence of a particular native species with a greater competitive ability. In the density experiment, U. arrecta growth decreased significantly with an increased density of all five of the native species. Density strongly affected the performance of the Poaceae in a negative manner, suggesting that patches that are densely colonized by native macrophytes and less subject to disturbances will be more resistant to invasion than those that are poorly colonized and more commonly subjected to disturbances. Our density experiment also showed that some species exhibit a higher competitive ability than others (sampling effect). Although native richness and abundance clearly limit the colonization and establishment of U. arrecta, these factors cannot completely prevent the invasion of aquatic ecosystems by this Poaceae species.}, }
@article {pmid23535948, year = {2013}, author = {Liebl, AL and Schrey, AW and Richards, CL and Martin, LB}, title = {Patterns of DNA methylation throughout a range expansion of an introduced songbird.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {53}, number = {2}, pages = {351-358}, doi = {10.1093/icb/ict007}, pmid = {23535948}, issn = {1557-7023}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Animals ; DNA Methylation/*genetics ; Environment ; Epigenomics ; Female ; Founder Effect ; *Introduced Species ; Kenya ; Male ; Phenotype ; Songbirds/*genetics ; Sparrows/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The spread of invasive species presents a genetic paradox: how do individuals overcome the genetic barriers associated with introductions (e.g., bottlenecks and founder effects) to become adapted to the new environment? In addition to genetic diversity, epigenetic variation also contributes to phenotypic variation and could influence the spread of an introduced species in novel environments. This may occur through two different (non-mutually exclusive) mechanisms. Individuals may benefit from existing (and heritable) epigenetic diversity or de novo epigenetic marks may increase in response to the new environment; both mechanisms might increase flexibility in new environments. Although epigenetic changes in invasive plants have been described, no data yet exist on the epigenetic changes throughout a range expansion of a vertebrate. Here, we used methylation sensitive-amplified fragment length polymorphism to explore genome-wide patterns of methylation in an expanding population of house sparrows (Passer domesticus). House sparrows were introduced to Kenya in the 1950s and have significant phenotypic variation dependent on the time since colonization. We found that Kenyan house sparrows had high levels of variation in methylation across the genome. Interestingly, there was a significant, potentially compensatory relationship between epigenetic and genetic diversity: epigenetic diversity was negatively correlated with genetic diversity and positively correlated with inbreeding across the range expansion. Thus, methylation may increase phenotypic variation and/or plasticity in response to new environments and therefore be an important source of inter-individual variation for adaptation in these environments, particularly over the short timescales over which invasions occur.}, }
@article {pmid23532858, year = {2013}, author = {Walsh, GC and Sacco, J and Mattioli, F}, title = {Voltinism of Diabrotica speciosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Argentina: latitudinal clines and implications for damage anticipation.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {69}, number = {11}, pages = {1272-1279}, doi = {10.1002/ps.3498}, pmid = {23532858}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Altitude ; Animals ; Argentina ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Environment ; Female ; Male ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; Temperature ; Zea mays/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) is an important pest in South America. Both the adults and the larvae are polyphagous, and its most susceptible host is maize. Factors behind the appearance of adults in the field and geographical variations in voltinism are unknown. This hinders the chances of implementing rational control strategies.<br><br>RESULTS: This study compiles field collection data from four agricultural regions of Argentina to examine the number of generations and phenology of D. speciosa in the field. These data are correlated with climatic data in order to provide evidence of regional variations and probable environmental causes for the appearance of adult generations in the field. Results indicate that temperature has an important role in the appearance of new generations in the temperate distribution areas of D. speciosa, but not within its subtropical range, where teneral adults appeared all year round.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Results suggest that the emergence of adults may be elicited by weekly average temperatures above 13 &#xb0;C. In the temperate distribution areas of D. speciosa there could be at least three generations a year, and in the subtropical region at least five. No obvious or discrete voltinism pattern could be observed for D. speciosa in southern South America.}, }
@article {pmid23532717, year = {2013}, author = {Heger, T and Pahl, AT and Botta-Dukát, Z and Gherardi, F and Hoppe, C and Hoste, I and Jax, K and Lindström, L and Boets, P and Haider, S and Kollmann, J and Wittmann, MJ and Jeschke, JM}, title = {Conceptual frameworks and methods for advancing invasion ecology.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, pages = {527-540}, pmid = {23532717}, issn = {0044-7447}, mesh = {Communication ; Ecology/*methods ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Perception ; Research ; }, abstract = {Invasion ecology has much advanced since its early beginnings. Nevertheless, explanation, prediction, and management of biological invasions remain difficult. We argue that progress in invasion research can be accelerated by, first, pointing out difficulties this field is currently facing and, second, looking for measures to overcome them. We see basic and applied research in invasion ecology confronted with difficulties arising from (A) societal issues, e.g., disparate perceptions of invasive species; (B) the peculiarity of the invasion process, e.g., its complexity and context dependency; and (C) the scientific methodology, e.g., imprecise hypotheses. To overcome these difficulties, we propose three key measures: (1) a checklist for definitions to encourage explicit definitions; (2) implementation of a hierarchy of hypotheses (HoH), where general hypotheses branch into specific and precisely testable hypotheses; and (3) platforms for improved communication. These measures may significantly increase conceptual clarity and enhance communication, thus advancing invasion ecology.}, }
@article {pmid23531703, year = {2013}, author = {Felker-Quinn, E and Schweitzer, JA and Bailey, JK}, title = {Meta-analysis reveals evolution in invasive plant species but little support for Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, pages = {739-751}, pmid = {23531703}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Ecological explanations for the success and persistence of invasive species vastly outnumber evolutionary hypotheses, yet evolution is a fundamental process in the success of any species. The Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis (Blossey and Nötzold 1995) proposes that evolutionary change in response to release from coevolved herbivores is responsible for the success of many invasive plant species. Studies that evaluate this hypothesis have used different approaches to test whether invasive populations allocate fewer resources to defense and more to growth and competitive ability than do source populations, with mixed results. We conducted a meta-analysis of experimental tests of evolutionary change in the context of EICA. In contrast to previous reviews, there was no support across invasive species for EICA's predictions regarding defense or competitive ability, although invasive populations were more productive than conspecific native populations under noncompetitive conditions. We found broad support for genetically based changes in defense and competitive plant traits after introduction into new ranges, but not in the manner suggested by EICA. This review suggests that evolution occurs as a result of plant introduction and population expansion in invasive plant species, and may contribute to the invasiveness and persistence of some introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid23531126, year = {2013}, author = {Kirk, H and Dorn, S and Mazzi, D}, title = {Worldwide population genetic structure of the oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta), a globally invasive pest.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {12}, pmid = {23531126}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Animals ; Fruit/*parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Malus/parasitology ; Moths/classification/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Plant Diseases/parasitology ; Population Dynamics ; Prunus/parasitology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive pest species have large impacts on agricultural crop yields, and understanding their population dynamics is important for ensuring food security. The oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta is a cosmopolitan pest of stone and pome fruit species including peach and apple, and historical records indicate that it has invaded North and South America, Europe, Australia and Africa from its putative native range in Asia over the past century.<br><br>RESULTS: We used 13 microsatellite loci, including nine newly developed markers, to characterize global population structure of G. molesta. Approximately 15 individuals from each of 26 globally distributed populations were genotyped. A weak but significant global pattern of isolation-by-distance was found, and G. molesta populations were geographically structured on a continental scale. Evidence does not support that G. molesta was introduced to North America from Japan as previously proposed. However, G. molesta was probably introduced from North America to The Azores, South Africa, and Brazil, and from East Asia to Australia. Shared ancestry was inferred between populations from Western Europe and from Brazil, although it remains unresolved whether an introduction occurred from Europe to Brazil, or vice versa. Both genetic diversity and levels of inbreeding were surprisingly high across the range of G. molesta and were not higher or lower overall in introduced areas compared to native areas. There is little evidence for multiple introductions to each continent (except in the case of South America), or for admixture between populations from different origins.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Cross-continental introductions of G. molesta appear to be infrequent, which is surprising given its rapid worldwide expansion over the past century. We suggest that area-wide spread via transport of fruits and other plant materials is a major mechanism of ongoing invasion, and management efforts should therefore target local and regional farming communities and distribution networks.}, }
@article {pmid23531056, year = {2013}, author = {Capinha, C and Larson, ER and Tricarico, E and Olden, JD and Gherardi, F}, title = {Effects of climate change, invasive species, and disease on the distribution of native European crayfishes.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {731-740}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12043}, pmid = {23531056}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Aphanomyces ; Astacoidea/microbiology/*physiology ; Climate Change/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Climate change will require species to adapt to new conditions or follow preferred climates to higher latitudes or elevations, but many dispersal-limited freshwater species may be unable to move due to barriers imposed by watershed boundaries. In addition, invasive nonnative species may expand into new regions under future climate conditions and contribute to the decline of native species. We evaluated future distributions for the threatened European crayfish fauna in response to climate change, watershed boundaries, and the spread of invasive crayfishes, which transmit the crayfish plague, a lethal disease for native European crayfishes. We used climate projections from general circulation models and statistical models based on Mahalanobis distance to predict climate-suitable regions for native and invasive crayfishes in the middle and at the end of the 21st century. We identified these suitable regions as accessible or inaccessible on the basis of major watershed boundaries and present occurrences and evaluated potential future overlap with 3 invasive North American crayfishes. Climate-suitable areas decreased for native crayfishes by 19% to 72%, and the majority of future suitable areas for most of these species were inaccessible relative to native and current distributions. Overlap with invasive crayfish plague-transmitting species was predicted to increase. Some native crayfish species (e.g., noble crayfish [Astacus astacus]) had no future refugia that were unsuitable for the modeled nonnative species. Our results emphasize the importance of preventing additional introductions and spread of invasive crayfishes in Europe to minimize interactions between the multiple stressors of climate change and invasive species, while suggesting candidate regions for the debatable management option of assisted colonization.}, }
@article {pmid23527280, year = {2013}, author = {Guo, Q and Tao, YL and Chu, D}, title = {Characterization and comparative profiling of miRNAs in invasive Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B and Q.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {e59884}, pmid = {23527280}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; China ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA Primers/genetics ; Fertility/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation/*genetics ; Hemiptera/*genetics/metabolism ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Insecticide Resistance/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; MicroRNAs/*genetics/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, conserved, non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B and Q are two invasive and dominant whiteflies, and B. tabaci Q has been displacing B in China. Differences in biological traits (fecundity, host range, resistance to insecticides, etc.) as affected by miRNAs might be involved in the displacement. In this study, we performed high-throughput sequencing to identify miRNAs in B. tabaci B and Q.<br><br>RESULTS: We identified 170 conserved miRNAs and 15 novel candidates, and found significant differences in the expression of miRNAs between B. tabaci B and Q.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Expression levels of miRNAs differ in B. tabaci B vs. Q. Additional research is needed to determine whether these differences are related to differences in the biology of B. tabaci B and Q, and whether these differences help explain why B. tabaci Q is displacing B in China.}, }
@article {pmid23521769, year = {2013}, author = {Kimbro, DL and Cheng, BS and Grosholz, ED}, title = {Biotic resistance in marine environments.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {821-833}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12106}, pmid = {23521769}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Aquatic Organisms ; Biodiversity ; Competitive Behavior ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions depend in part on the resistance of native communities. Meta-analyses of terrestrial experiments demonstrate that native primary producers and herbivores generally resist invasions of primary producers, and that resistance through competition strengthens with native producer diversity. To test the generality of these findings, we conducted a meta-analysis of marine experiments. We found that native marine producers generally failed to resist producer invasions through competition unless the native community was diverse, and this diversity effect was weaker in marine than in terrestrial systems. In contrast, native consumers equally resisted invasive producers in both ecosystems. Most marine experiments, however, tested invasive consumers and these invasions were resisted more strongly than were producer invasions. Given these differences between ecosystems and between marine trophic levels, we used a model-selection approach to assess if factors other than the resistance mechanism (i.e. competition vs. consumption) are more important for predicting marine biotic resistance. These results suggest that understanding marine biotic resistance depends on latitude, habitat and invader taxon, in addition to distinguishing between competition with and consumption by native species. By examining biotic resistance within and across ecosystems, our work provides a more complete understanding of the factors that underlie biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid23519190, year = {2013}, author = {Eastwood, G and Goodman, SJ and Cunningham, AA and Kramer, LD}, title = {Aedes taeniorhynchus vectorial capacity informs a pre-emptive assessment of West Nile virus establishment in Galápagos.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {1519}, pmid = {23519190}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Aedes/*virology ; Animals ; Ecuador/epidemiology ; Insect Vectors/*virology ; Mammals/virology ; West Nile Fever/epidemiology/transmission ; West Nile virus/*pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {Increased connectivity with the mainland has led to the arrival of many invasive species to the Galápagos Islands, including novel pathogens, threatening the archipelago's unique fauna. Here we consider the potential role of the mosquito Aedes taeniorhynchus in maintaining the flavivirus West Nile virus [WNV] should it reach the islands. We report on three components of vectorial capacity - vector competency, distributional abundance and host-feeding. In contrast to USA strains, Galápagos A. taeniorhynchus is a competent and efficient WNV vector, capable of transmission at 5 days post-exposure. Based on 25 blood-meals, mammalian feeding suggests a potential bridge vector role should contact with key amplification taxa occur. Vector population abundance is driven primarily by climatic factors, peaking between January and March. As a ubiquitous competent vector, A. taeniorhynchus may facilitate future WNV establishment, therefore it is vital to ensure the biosecurity of Galápagos to prevent introductions of pathogens such as WNV.}, }
@article {pmid23518415, year = {2013}, author = {Simberloff, D and Maris, V and Martin, JL}, title = {Inaction≠caution: response to Larson, Kueffer, and the ZiF Working Group on Ecological Novelty.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, pages = {257}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2013.02.006}, pmid = {23518415}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid23512201, year = {2013}, author = {Harvey, KJ and Nipperess, DA and Britton, DR and Hughes, L}, title = {Does time since introduction influence enemy release of an invasive weed?.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {173}, number = {2}, pages = {493-506}, pmid = {23512201}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Food Chain ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; New South Wales ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Plant Weeds/physiology ; Queensland ; Senecio/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Release from natural enemies is considered to potentially play an important role in the initial establishment and success of introduced plants. With time, the species richness of herbivores using non-native plants may increase [species-time relationship (STR)]. We investigated whether enemy release may be limited to the early stages of invasion. Substituting space for time, we sampled invertebrates and measured leaf damage on the invasive species Senecio madagascariensis Poir. at multiple sites, north and south of the introduction site. Invertebrate communities were collected from plants in the field, and reared from collected plant tissue. We also sampled invertebrates and damage on the native congener Senecio pinnatifolius var. pinnatifolius A. Rich. This species served as a control to account for environmental factors that may vary along the latitudinal gradient and as a comparison for evaluating the enemy release hypothesis (ERH). In contrast to predictions of the ERH, greater damage and herbivore abundances and richness were found on the introduced species S. madagascariensis than on the native S. pinnatifolius. Supporting the STR, total invertebrates (including herbivores) decreased in abundance, richness and Shannon diversity from the point of introduction to the invasion fronts of S. madagascariensis. Leaf damage showed the opposite trend, with highest damage levels at the invasion fronts. Reared herbivore loads (as opposed to external collections) were greater on the invader at the point of introduction than on sites further from this region. These results suggest there is a complex relationship between the invader and invertebrate community response over time. S. madagascariensis may be undergoing rapid changes at its invasion fronts in response to environmental and herbivore pressure.}, }
@article {pmid23511469, year = {2013}, author = {Parepa, M and Fischer, M and Bossdorf, O}, title = {Environmental variability promotes plant invasion.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {1604}, pmid = {23511469}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {Global environmental change not only entails changes in mean environmental conditions but also in their variability. Changes in climate variability are often associated with altered disturbance regimes and temporal patterns of resource availability. Here we show that increased variability of soil nutrients strongly promotes another key process of global change, plant invasion. In experimental plant communities, the success of one of the world's most invasive plants, Japanese knotweed, is two- to four-fold increased if extra nutrients are not supplied uniformly, but in a single large pulse, or in multiple pulses of different magnitudes. The superior ability to take advantage of variable environments may be a key mechanism of knotweed dominance, and possibly many other plant invaders. Our study demonstrates that increased nutrient variability can promote plant invasion, and that changes in environmental variability may interact with other global change processes and thereby substantially accelerate ecological change.}, }
@article {pmid23506060, year = {2013}, author = {Fontaine, MC and Austerlitz, F and Giraud, T and Labbé, F and Papura, D and Richard-Cervera, S and Delmotte, F}, title = {Genetic signature of a range expansion and leap-frog event after the recent invasion of Europe by the grapevine downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {22}, number = {10}, pages = {2771-2786}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12293}, pmid = {23506060}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; *Demography ; Europe ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Oomycetes/*genetics ; Regression Analysis ; Vitis/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Biologic invasions can have important ecological, economic and social consequences, particularly when they involve the introduction and spread of plant invasive pathogens, as they can threaten natural ecosystems and jeopardize the production of human food. Examples include the grapevine downy mildew, caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola, an invasive species native to North America, introduced into Europe in the 1870s. We investigated the introduction and spread of this invasive pathogen, by analysing its genetic structure and diversity in a large sample from European vineyards. Populations of P. viticola across Europe displayed little genetic diversity, consistent with the occurrence of a bottleneck at the time of introduction. Bayesian coalescent analyses revealed a clear population expansion signal in the genetic data. We detected a weak, but significant, continental-wide population structure, with two geographically and genetically distinct clusters in Western and Eastern European vineyards. Approximate Bayesian computation, analyses of clines of genetic diversity and of isolation-by-distance patterns provided evidence for a wave of colonization moving in an easterly direction across Europe. This is consistent with historical reports, first mentioning the introduction of the disease in Bordeaux vineyards (France) and sub-sequently documenting its rapid spread across Europe. This initial introduction in the west was probably followed by a 'leap-frog' event into Eastern Europe, leading to the formation of the two genetic clusters we detected. This study shows that recent population genetics methods within the Bayesian and coalescence frameworks are extremely powerful for increasing our understanding of pathogen population dynamics and invasion histories.}, }
@article {pmid23506045, year = {2013}, author = {Harrington, LA and Moehrenschlager, A and Gelling, M and Atkinson, RP and Hughes, J and Macdonald, DW}, title = {Conflicting and complementary ethics of animal welfare considerations in reintroductions.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {486-500}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12021}, pmid = {23506045}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animal Welfare/*ethics ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Despite differences in focus, goals, and strategies between conservation biology and animal welfare, both are inextricably linked in many ways, and greater consideration of animal welfare, although important in its own right, also has considerable potential to contribute to conservation success. Nevertheless, animal welfare and animal ethics are not always considered explicitly within conservation practice. We systematically reviewed the recent scientific peer-reviewed and online gray literature on reintroductions of captive-bred and wild-caught animals (mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles) to quantify the occurrence of animal welfare issues. We considered monitoring that could be indicative of the animal's welfare status and supportive management actions that could improve animal welfare (regardless of whether the aim was explicitly animal-welfare orientated). Potential welfare issues (of variable nature and extent) were recorded in 67% of 199 projects reviewed; the most common were mortality >50%, dispersal or loss of animals, disease, and human conflict. Most (>70%) projects monitored survival, 18% assessed body condition, and 2% monitored stress levels. Animal welfare, explicitly, was referred to in 6% of projects. Supportive actions, most commonly use of on-site prerelease pens and provision of supplemental food or water, were implemented in 79% of projects, although the extent and duration of support varied. Practitioners can address animal-welfare issues in reintroductions by considering the potential implications for individual animals at all stages of the release process using the decision tree presented. We urge practitioners to report potential animal-welfare issues, describe mitigation actions, and evaluate their efficacy to facilitate transparent evaluation of common moral dilemmas and to advance communal strategies for dealing with them. Currently, comparative mortality rates, health risks, postrelease stress, effectiveness of supportive measures, and behavior of individuals warrant further research to improve animal welfare in reintroductions and to increase success of such projects.}, }
@article {pmid23505033, year = {2013}, author = {Belmaker, J and Parravicini, V and Kulbicki, M}, title = {Ecological traits and environmental affinity explain Red Sea fish introduction into the Mediterranean.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, pages = {1373-1382}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12132}, pmid = {23505033}, issn = {1354-1013}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fishes/*physiology ; Geography ; Indian Ocean ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Alien species are considered one of the prime threats to biodiversity, driving major changes in ecosystem structure and function. Identifying the traits associated with alien introduction has been largely restricted to comparing indigenous and alien species or comparing alien species that differ in abundance or impact. However, a more complete understanding may emerge when the entire pool of potential alien species is used as a control, information that is rarely available. In the eastern Mediterranean, the marine environment is undergoing an unparalleled species composition transformation, as a flood of aliens have entered from the Red Sea following the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. In this study, we compile data on species traits, geographical distribution, and environmental affinity of the entire pool of reef-associated fish species in the Red Sea and more generally across the Indo-Pacific. We use this extensive data to identify the prime characteristics separating Red Sea species that have become alien in the Mediterranean from those that have not. We find that alien species occupy a larger range of environments in their native ranges, explaining their ability to colonize the seasonal Mediterranean. Red Sea species that naturally experience high maximum temperatures in their native range have a high probability of becoming alien. Thus, contrary to predictions of an accelerating number of aliens following increased water temperatures, hotter summers in this region may prevent the establishment of many alien species. We further find that ecological trait diversity of alien species is substantially more evenly spaced and more divergent than random samples from the pool of Red Sea species, pointing at additional processes, such as competition, promoting ecological diversity among alien species. We use these results to provide a first quantitative ranking of the potential of Red Sea species to become established in the eastern Mediterranean.}, }
@article {pmid23504901, year = {2013}, author = {Fennell, M and Murphy, JE and Gallagher, T and Osborne, B}, title = {Simulating the effects of climate change on the distribution of an invasive plant, using a high resolution, local scale, mechanistic approach: challenges and insights.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, pages = {1262-1274}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12102}, pmid = {23504901}, issn = {1354-1013}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Plants/*classification ; }, abstract = {The growing economic and ecological damage associated with biological invasions, which will likely be exacerbated by climate change, necessitates improved projections of invasive spread. Generally, potential changes in species distribution are investigated using climate envelope models; however, the reliability of such models has been questioned and they are not suitable for use at local scales. At this scale, mechanistic models are more appropriate. This paper discusses some key requirements for mechanistic models and utilises a newly developed model (PSS[gt]) that incorporates the influence of habitat type and related features (e.g., roads and rivers), as well as demographic processes and propagule dispersal dynamics, to model climate induced changes in the distribution of an invasive plant (Gunnera tinctoria) at a local scale. A new methodology is introduced, dynamic baseline benchmarking, which distinguishes climate-induced alterations in species distributions from other potential drivers of change. Using this approach, it was concluded that climate change, based on IPCC and C4i projections, has the potential to increase the spread-rate and intensity of G. tinctoria invasions. Increases in the number of individuals were primarily due to intensification of invasion in areas already invaded or in areas projected to be invaded in the dynamic baseline scenario. Temperature had the largest influence on changes in plant distributions. Water availability also had a large influence and introduced the most uncertainty in the projections. Additionally, due to the difficulties of parameterising models such as this, the process has been streamlined by utilising methods for estimating unknown variables and selecting only essential parameters.}, }
@article {pmid23504886, year = {2013}, author = {Floury, M and Usseglio-Polatera, P and Ferreol, M and Delattre, C and Souchon, Y}, title = {Global climate change in large European rivers: long-term effects on macroinvertebrate communities and potential local confounding factors.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, pages = {1085-1099}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12124}, pmid = {23504886}, issn = {1354-1013}, mesh = {Animals ; Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic ; Europe ; *Global Warming ; Invertebrates/classification/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Aquatic species living in running waters are widely acknowledged to be vulnerable to climate-induced, thermal and hydrological fluctuations. Climate changes can interact with other environmental changes to determine structural and functional attributes of communities. Although such complex interactions are most likely to occur in a multiple-stressor context as frequently encountered in large rivers, they have received little attention in such ecosystems. In this study, we aimed at specifically addressing the issue of relative long-term effects of global and local changes on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in multistressed large rivers. We assessed effects of hydroclimatic vs. water quality factors on invertebrate community structure and composition over 30 years (1979-2008) in the Middle Loire River, France. As observed in other large European rivers, water warming over the three decades (+0.9 °C between 1979-1988 and 1999-2008) and to a lesser extent discharge reduction (-80 m(3) s(-1)) were significantly involved in the disappearance or decrease in taxa typical from fast running, cold waters (e.g. Chloroperlidae and Potamanthidae). They explained also a major part of the appearance and increase of taxa typical from slow flowing or standing waters and warmer temperatures, including invasive species (e.g. Corbicula sp. and Atyaephyra desmarestii). However, this shift towards a generalist and pollution tolerant assemblage was partially confounded by local improvement in water quality (i.e. phosphate input reduction by about two thirds and eutrophication limitation by almost one half), explaining a significant part of the settlement of new pollution-sensitive taxa (e.g. the caddisfly Brachycentridae and Philopotamidae families) during the last years of the study period. The regain in such taxa allowed maintaining a certain level of specialization in the invertebrate community despite climate change effects.}, }
@article {pmid23504839, year = {2013}, author = {Seabloom, EW and Ruggiero, P and Hacker, SD and Mull, J and Zarnetske, P}, title = {Invasive grasses, climate change, and exposure to storm-wave overtopping in coastal dune ecosystems.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {824-832}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12078}, pmid = {23504839}, issn = {1354-1013}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; *Water Movements ; }, abstract = {The world's coastal habitats are critical to human well-being, but are also highly sensitive to human habitat alterations and climate change. In particular, global climate is increasing sea levels and potentially altering storm intensities, which may result in increased risk of flooding in coastal areas. In the Pacific Northwest (USA), coastal dunes that protect the coast from flooding are largely the product of a grass introduced from Europe over a century ago (Ammophila arenaria). An introduced congener (A. breviligulata) is displacing A. arenaria and reducing dune height. Here we quantify the relative exposure to storm-wave induced dune overtopping posed by the A. breviligulata invasion in the face of projected multi-decadal changes in sea level and storm intensity. In our models, altered storm intensity was the largest driver of overtopping extent, however the invasion by A. breviligulata tripled the number of areas vulnerable to overtopping and posed a fourfold larger exposure than sea-level rise over multi-decadal time scales. Our work demonstrates the importance of a transdisciplinary approach that draws on insights from ecology, geomorphology, and civil engineering to assess the vulnerability of ecosystem services in light of global change.}, }
@article {pmid23504728, year = {2013}, author = {Concilio, AL and Loik, ME and Belnap, J}, title = {Global change effects on Bromus tectorum L. (Poaceae) at its high-elevation range margin.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {161-172}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.12032}, pmid = {23504728}, issn = {1354-1013}, mesh = {*Altitude ; Bromus/*physiology ; *Global Warming ; }, abstract = {Global change is likely to affect invasive species distribution, especially at range margins. In the eastern Sierra Nevada, California, USA, the invasive annual grass, Bromus tectorum, is patchily distributed and its impacts have been minimal compared with other areas of the Intermountain West. We used a series of in situ field manipulations to determine how B. tectorum might respond to changing climatic conditions and increased nitrogen deposition at the high-elevation edge of its invaded range. Over 3 years, we used snow fences to simulate changes in snowpack, irrigation to simulate increased frequency and magnitude of springtime precipitation, and added nitrogen (N) at three levels (0, 5, and 10 g m(-2)) to natural patches of B. tectorum growing under the two dominant shrubs, Artemisia tridentata and Purshia tridentata, and in intershrub spaces (INTR). We found that B. tectorum seedling density in April was lower following deeper snowpack possibly due to delayed emergence, yet there was no change in spikelet production or biomass accumulation at the time of harvest. Additional spring rain events increased B. tectorum biomass and spikelet production in INTR plots only. Plants were primarily limited by water in 2009, but colimited by N and water in 2011, possibly due to differences in antecedent moisture conditions at the time of treatments. The threshold at which N had an effect varied with magnitude of water additions. Frequency of rain events was more influential than magnitude in driving B. tectorum growth and fecundity responses. Our results suggest that predicted shifts from snow to rain could facilitate expansion of B. tectorum at high elevation depending on timing of rain events and level of N deposition. We found evidence for P-limitation at this site and an increase in P-availability with N additions, suggesting that stoichiometric relationships may also influence B. tectorum spread.}, }
@article {pmid23500075, year = {2013}, author = {Stutzer, C and van Zyl, WA and Olivier, NA and Richards, S and Maritz-Olivier, C}, title = {Gene expression profiling of adult female tissues in feeding Rhipicephalus microplus cattle ticks.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {43}, number = {7}, pages = {541-554}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.01.009}, pmid = {23500075}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Animals ; Blood/metabolism ; Cattle ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Tract/physiology ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways/genetics ; Microarray Analysis ; Ovary/physiology ; Rhipicephalus/genetics/*physiology ; Salivary Glands/physiology ; }, abstract = {The southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, is an economically important pest, especially for resource-poor countries, both as a highly adaptive invasive species and prominent vector of disease. The increasing prevalence of resistance to chemical acaricides and variable efficacy of current tick vaccine candidates highlight the need for more effective control methods. In the absence of a fully annotated genome, the wealth of available expressed sequence tag sequence data for this species presents a unique opportunity to study the genes that are expressed in tissues involved in blood meal acquisition, digestion and reproduction during feeding. Utilising a custom oligonucleotide microarray designed from available singletons (BmiGI Version 2.1) and expressed sequence tag sequences of R. microplus, the expression profiles in feeding adult female midgut, salivary glands and ovarian tissues were compared. From 13,456 assembled transcripts, 588 genes expressed in all three tissues were identified from fed adult females 20 days post infestation. The greatest complement of genes relate to translation and protein turnover. Additionally, a number of unique transcripts were identified for each tissue that relate well to their respective physiological/biological function/role(s). These transcripts include secreted anti-hemostatics and defense proteins from the salivary glands for acquisition of a blood meal, proteases as well as enzymes and transporters for digestion and nutrient acquisition from ingested blood in the midgut, and finally proteins and associated factors involved in DNA replication and cell-cycle control for oogenesis in the ovaries. Comparative analyses of adult female tissues during feeding enabled the identification of a catalogue of transcripts that may be essential for successful feeding and reproduction in the cattle tick, R. microplus. Future studies will increase our understanding of basic tick biology, allowing the identification of shared proteins/pathways among different tissues that may offer novel targets for the development of new tick control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid23500024, year = {2013}, author = {Macpherson, AJ and Principe, PP and Shao, Y}, title = {Controlling for exogenous environmental variables when using data envelopment analysis for regional environmental assessments.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {119}, number = {}, pages = {220-229}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.12.044}, pmid = {23500024}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Fresh Water ; Geography ; Hydrology ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; United States ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {Researchers are increasingly using data envelopment analysis (DEA) to examine the efficiency of environmental policies and resource allocations. An assumption of the basic DEA model is that decisionmakers operate within homogeneous environments. But, this assumption is not valid when environmental performance is influenced by variables beyond managerial control. Understanding the influence of these variables is important to distinguish between characterizing environmental conditions and identifying opportunities to improve environmental performance. While environmental assessments often focus on characterizing conditions, the point of using DEA is to identify opportunities to improve environmental performance and thereby prevent (or rectify) an inefficient allocation of resources. We examine the role of exogenous variables such as climate, hydrology, and topography in producing environmental impacts such as deposition, runoff, invasive species, and forest fragmentation within the United States Mid-Atlantic region. We apply a four-stage procedure to adjust environmental impacts in a DEA model that seeks to minimize environmental impacts while obtaining given levels of socioeconomic outcomes. The approach creates a performance index that bundles multiple indicators while adjusting for variables that are outside management control, offering numerous advantages for environmental assessment.}, }
@article {pmid23495636, year = {2013}, author = {Crall, AW and Jarnevich, CS and Panke, B and Young, N and Renz, M and Morisette, J}, title = {Using habitat suitability models to target invasive plant species surveys.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {60-72}, doi = {10.1890/12-0465.1}, pmid = {23495636}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Centaurea/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Pastinaca/*physiology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Managers need new tools for detecting the movement and spread of nonnative, invasive species. Habitat suitability models are a popular tool for mapping the potential distribution of current invaders, but the ability of these models to prioritize monitoring efforts has not been tested in the field. We tested the utility of an iterative sampling design (i.e., models based on field observations used to guide subsequent field data collection to improve the model), hypothesizing that model performance would increase when new data were gathered from targeted sampling using criteria based on the initial model results. We also tested the ability of habitat suitability models to predict the spread of invasive species, hypothesizing that models would accurately predict occurrences in the field, and that the use of targeted sampling would detect more species with less sampling effort than a nontargeted approach. We tested these hypotheses on two species at the state scale (Centaurea stoebe and Pastinaca sativa) in Wisconsin (USA), and one genus at the regional scale (Tamarix) in the western United States. These initial data were merged with environmental data at 30-m2 resolution for Wisconsin and 1-km2 resolution for the western United States to produce our first iteration models. We stratified these initial models to target field sampling and compared our models and success at detecting our species of interest to other surveys being conducted during the same field season (i.e., nontargeted sampling). Although more data did not always improve our models based on correct classification rate (CCR), sensitivity, specificity, kappa, or area under the curve (AUC), our models generated from targeted sampling data always performed better than models generated from nontargeted data. For Wisconsin species, the model described actual locations in the field fairly well (kappa = 0.51, 0.19, P < 0.01), and targeted sampling did detect more species than nontargeted sampling with less sampling effort (chi2 = 47.42, P < 0.01). From these findings, we conclude that habitat suitability models can be highly useful tools for guiding invasive species monitoring, and we support the use of an iterative sampling design for guiding such efforts.}, }
@article {pmid23495389, year = {2013}, author = {Verbruggen, E and van der Heijden, MG and Rillig, MC and Kiers, ET}, title = {Mycorrhizal fungal establishment in agricultural soils: factors determining inoculation success.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {197}, number = {4}, pages = {1104-1109}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04348.x}, pmid = {23495389}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Agriculture/methods ; Crops, Agricultural/*microbiology ; Ecosystem ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Seasons ; *Soil Microbiology ; Species Specificity ; Spores, Fungal/physiology ; }, abstract = {Soil biota provide a number of key ecological services to natural and agricultural ecosystems. Increasingly, inoculation of soils with beneficial soil biota is being considered as a tool to enhance plant productivity and sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. However, one important bottleneck is the establishment of viable microbial populations that can persist over multiple seasons. Here, we explore the factors responsible for establishment of the beneficial soil fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which can enhance the yield of a wide range of agricultural crops. We evaluate field application potential and discuss ecological and evolutionary factors responsible for application success. We identify three factors that determine inoculation success and AM fungal persistence in soils: species compatibility (can the introduced species thrive under the imposed circumstances?); field carrying capacity (the habitat niche available to AMF); and priority effects (the influence of timing and competition on the establishment of alternative stable communities). We explore how these factors can be employed for establishment and persistence of AMF. We address the importance of inoculum choice, plant choice, management practices and timing of inoculation for the successful manipulation of the resulting AMF community.}, }
@article {pmid23494939, year = {2013}, author = {Burrack, HJ and Fernandez, GE and Spivey, T and Kraus, DA}, title = {Variation in selection and utilization of host crops in the field and laboratory by Drosophila suzukii Matsumara (Diptera: Drosophilidae), an invasive frugivore.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {69}, number = {10}, pages = {1173-1180}, doi = {10.1002/ps.3489}, pmid = {23494939}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Fruit/*parasitology ; *Host Specificity ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; Rosaceae/classification/*parasitology ; Southeastern United States ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Drosophila suzukii, a pest of soft-skinned berries and stone fruits, has recently rapidly expanded its global range. The impacts of D. suzukii infestation and subsequent fruit damage in North America and Europe have been profound. The aim of the present work was to assess host selection of D. suzukii in the field and laboratory, with an emphasis on hosts commonly grown in the southeastern United States, where D. suzukii has been established since 2010.<br><br>RESULTS: Raspberries were infested at a greater rate than blackberries in the field, and varieties within both species were infested at different rates. Primocane-fruiting blackberries were often the least heavily infested. Further, blackberries and raspberries grown under high tunnels were infested at lower rates than those grown outside. Fruit and artificial substrates with a lower surface penetration force were more heavily infested than firmer substrates in the laboratory; no eggs were laid in artificial substrates exceeding 52.00 cN surface penetration force.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Infestation rates differ between species and varieties within species of Rubus in the southeastern United States. Fruit penetration force is one potential measure of host susceptibility, but host attractiveness will likely depend upon additional factors, such as soluble sugar content.}, }
@article {pmid23486435, year = {2013}, author = {Traveset, A and Heleno, R and Chamorro, S and Vargas, P and McMullen, CK and Castro-Urgal, R and Nogales, M and Herrera, HW and Olesen, JM}, title = {Invaders of pollination networks in the Galapagos Islands: emergence of novel communities.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {280}, number = {1758}, pages = {20123040}, pmid = {23486435}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biota ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Desert Climate ; Ecuador ; Insecta/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*physiology ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {The unique biodiversity of most oceanic archipelagos is currently threatened by the introduction of alien species that can displace native biota, disrupt native ecological interactions, and profoundly affect community structure and stability. We investigated the threat of aliens on pollination networks in the species-rich lowlands of five Galápagos Islands. Twenty per cent of all species (60 plants and 220 pollinators) in the pooled network were aliens, being involved in 38 per cent of the interactions. Most aliens were insects, especially dipterans (36%), hymenopterans (30%) and lepidopterans (14%). These alien insects had more links than either endemic pollinators or non-endemic natives, some even acting as island hubs. Aliens linked mostly to generalized species, increasing nestedness and thus network stability. Moreover, they infiltrated all seven connected modules (determined by geographical and phylogenetic constraints) of the overall network, representing around 30 per cent of species in two of them. An astonishingly high proportion (38%) of connectors, which enhance network cohesiveness, was also alien. Results indicate that the structure of these emergent novel communities might become more resistant to certain type of disturbances (e.g. species loss), while being more vulnerable to others (e.g. spread of a disease). Such notable changes in network structure as invasions progress are expected to have important consequences for native biodiversity maintenance.}, }
@article {pmid23486251, year = {2013}, author = {Lekberg, Y and Gibbons, SM and Rosendahl, S and Ramsey, PW}, title = {Severe plant invasions can increase mycorrhizal fungal abundance and diversity.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {1424-1433}, pmid = {23486251}, issn = {1751-7370}, support = {T32 EB009412/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Fungi/genetics/*physiology ; Genes, rRNA/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/classification/genetics/physiology ; Plants/*microbiology ; Poaceae/microbiology ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invasions by non-native plants can alter ecosystem functions and reduce native plant diversity, but relatively little is known about their effect on belowground microbial communities. We show that invasions by knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) and leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula, hereafter spurge)--but not cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)--support a higher abundance and diversity of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) than multi-species native plant communities. The higher AMF richness associated with knapweed and spurge is unlikely due to a co-invasion by AMF, because a separate sampling showed that individual native forbs hosted a similar AMF abundance and richness as exotic forbs. Native grasses associated with fewer AMF taxa, which could explain the reduced AMF richness in native, grass-dominated communities. The three invasive plant species harbored distinct AMF communities, and analyses of co-occurring native and invasive plants indicate that differences were partly driven by the invasive plants and were not the result of pre-invasion conditions. Our results suggest that invasions by mycotrophic plants that replace poorer hosts can increase AMF abundance and richness. The high AMF richness in monodominant plant invasions also indicates that the proposed positive relationship between above and belowground diversity is not always strong. Finally, the disparate responses among exotic plants and consistent results between grasses and forbs suggest that AMF respond more to plant functional group than plant provenance.}, }
@article {pmid23482331, year = {2013}, author = {Ndlovu, J and Richardson, DM and Wilson, JR and O'Leary, M and Le Roux, JJ}, title = {Elucidating the native sources of an invasive tree species, Acacia pycnantha, reveals unexpected native range diversity and structure.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {111}, number = {5}, pages = {895-904}, pmid = {23482331}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Acacia/*genetics ; Australia ; Base Sequence ; Bayes Theorem ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Ecotype ; *Genetic Variation ; Genome, Plastid/genetics ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Trees/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Understanding the introduction history of invasive plant species is important for their management and identifying effective host-specific biological control agents. However, uncertain taxonomy, intra- and interspecific hybridization, and cryptic speciation may obscure introduction histories, making it difficult to identify native regions to explore for host-specific agents. The overall aim of this study was to identify the native source populations of Acacia pycnantha, a tree native to south-eastern Australia and invasive in South Africa, Western Australia and Portugal. Using a phylogeographical approach also allowed an exploration of the historical processes that have shaped the genetic structure of A. pycnantha in its native range.<br><br>METHODS: Nuclear (nDNA) and plastid DNA sequence data were used in network and tree-building analyses to reconstruct phylogeographical relationships between native and invasive A. pycnantha populations. In addition, mismatch distributions, relative rates and Bayesian analyses were used to infer recent demographic processes and timing of events in Australia that led to population structure and diversification.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: The plastid network indicated that Australian populations of A. pycnantha are geographically structured into two informally recognized lineages, the wetland and dryland forms, whereas the nuclear phylogeny showed little geographical structure between these two forms. Moreover, the dryland form of A. pycnantha showed close genetic similarity to the wetland form based on nDNA sequence data. Hybrid zones may explain these findings, supported here by incongruent phylogenetic placement of some of these taxa between nuclear and plastid genealogies.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: It is hypothesized that habitat fragmentation due to cycles of aridity inter-dispersed with periods of abundant rainfall during the Pleistocene (approx. 100 kya) probably gave rise to native dryland and wetland forms of A. pycnantha. Although the different lineages were confined to different ecological regions, we also found evidence for intraspecific hybridization in Victoria. The invasive populations in Portugal and South Africa represent wetland forms, whereas some South African populations resemble the Victorian dryland form. The success of the biological control programme for A. pycnantha in South Africa may therefore be attributed to the fact that the gall-forming wasp Trichilogaster signiventris was sourced from South Australian populations, which closely match most of the invasive populations in South Africa.}, }
@article {pmid23478820, year = {2013}, author = {Pertoldi, C and Rødjajn, S and Zalewski, A and Demontis, D and Loeschcke, V and Kjærsgaard, A}, title = {Population viability analysis of American mink (Neovison vison) escaped from Danish mink farms.}, journal = {Journal of animal science}, volume = {91}, number = {6}, pages = {2530-2541}, doi = {10.2527/jas.2012-6039}, pmid = {23478820}, issn = {1525-3163}, mesh = {*Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Denmark ; *Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Mink/genetics/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The American mink (Neovison vison) was introduced to Danish fur farms in the 1930s. An unknown number of mink have managed to escape these farms over the years. Today feral mink are found in the wild in most parts of Denmark. A population viability analysis (PVA) was performed using VORTEX, a stochastic population simulation software, to 1) predict the viability and potential population expansion from different sizes of founding populations of farm escapees, 2) investigate which parameters mostly affect the viability, 3) assess the effects of continuous escapes on the feral populations and how the feral populations are affected by management programs, and 4) discuss eradication strategies and their efficiency in management of the feral American mink population in Denmark. The simulations showed that juvenile mortality had the greatest effect on population viability followed by fecundity, adult mortality, and initial population size. Populations supplemented yearly by escapees all reached the carrying capacity and gained genetic variability over the years. Harvesting was modeled as the yearly number of mink caught in Denmark. Most of the simulated harvested populations crashed within few years after the first harvesting event. This indicates that the feral number of mink in Denmark is sustained due to supplements from mink farms and no true feral population exists. To manage the number of feral mink in Denmark it is essential to prevent escapees. The eradication effort would be most effective if focused on late summer and autumn when juvenile mink leave the maternal territory.}, }
@article {pmid23478782, year = {2013}, author = {Leeuw, T and Newburg, SO and Boss, ES and Slade, WH and Soroka, MG and Pederson, J and Chryssostomidis, C and Hover, FS}, title = {Remote identification of the invasive tunicate Didemnum vexillum using reflectance spectroscopy.}, journal = {Applied optics}, volume = {52}, number = {8}, pages = {1758-1763}, doi = {10.1364/AO.52.001758}, pmid = {23478782}, issn = {1539-4522}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring/*instrumentation ; Equipment Design ; Equipment Failure Analysis ; Lighting/*instrumentation/methods ; Photometry/*instrumentation/methods ; Remote Sensing Technology/*instrumentation ; Urochordata/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Benthic coverage of the invasive tunicate Didemnum vexillum on Georges Bank is largely unknown. Monitoring of D. vexillum coverage is vital to understanding the impact this invasive species will have on the productive fishing grounds of Georges Bank. Here we investigate using reflectance spectroscopy as a method for remote identification of D. vexillum. Using two different systems, a NightSea Dive-Spec and a combination of LED light sources with a hyperspectral radiometer, we collected in-situ measurements of reflectance from D. vexillum colonies. In comparison to reflectance spectra of other common benthic substrates, D. vexillum appears to have a unique spectral signature between 500 and 600 nm. Measuring the slope of the spectrum between these wavelengths appears to be the most robust method for spectral identification. Using derivative analysis or principal component analysis, the reflectance spectra of D. vexillum can be identified among numerous other spectra of common benthic substrates. An optical system consisting of a radiometer, light source, and camera was deployed on a remotely operated vehicle to test the feasibility of using reflectance to assess D. vexillum coverage. Preliminary results, analyzed here, prove the method to be successful for the areas we surveyed and open the way for its use on large-scale surveys.}, }
@article {pmid23473557, year = {2013}, author = {Geiser, F}, title = {Hibernation.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, pages = {R188-93}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.062}, pmid = {23473557}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; Circadian Rhythm ; Climate Change ; Hibernation/*physiology ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Hibernation (multiday torpor) and daily torpor in heterothermic mammals and birds are characterized by pronounced temporal reductions in body temperature, energy expenditure, water loss, and other physiological functions and are the most effective means for energy conservation available to endotherms. Hibernators express multiday torpor predominately throughout winter, which substantially enhances winter survival. In contrast, daily heterotherms use daily torpor lasting for several hours during the rest phase. Although torpor is still widely considered to be a specific adaptation of cold-climate species, as we will see in this primer, it is used by many diverse species from all climate zones, including the tropics. While energy conservation during adverse conditions is an important function of torpor, it is also employed to permit energy-demanding processes such as reproduction and growth, especially when food supply is limited. Even migrating birds enter torpor to conserve energy for the next stage of migration. Although many heterothermic species will be challenged by anthropogenic influences such as habitat destruction, introduced species, novel pathogens and specifically global warming, not all are likely to be affected in the same way. In fact, as argued here, it is likely that opportunistic heterotherms may be better equipped to deal with these challenges than homeotherms because heterotherms have highly flexible energy requirements, can limit foraging and reduce the risk of predation, and often are also long-lived. In contrast, strongly seasonal hibernators, especially those restricted to mountain tops, and those that have to deal with new diseases that are difficult to combat at low body temperatures, are likely to be adversely affected.}, }
@article {pmid23473368, year = {2013}, author = {Park, M and Kim, KS and Lee, JH}, title = {Genetic structure of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) populations in Korea: implication for invasion processes in heterogeneous landscapes.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {103}, number = {4}, pages = {414-424}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485313000011}, pmid = {23473368}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Ecosystem ; Gene Flow/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Geography ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Republic of Korea ; }, abstract = {Lycorma delicatula (White) was identified in 2004 as an invasive pest in South Korea, where it causes serious damage to vineyard crops. To investigate the population structure and dispersal pattern of L. delicatula in South Korea, we estimated the population genetic structure and gene flow among nine locations across the country using seven microsatellite markers. Although L. delicatula spread throughout most of its geographical range in South Korea within 5-7 years following invasion, its populations show evidence of genetic structuring across the range with a low but significant global F ST (genetic differentiation across all populations) of 0.0474. Bayesian-based clustering analysis indicates the presence of at least three genetically unique populations in South Korea, including populations in northeastern South Korea, which show a distinct genetic background. However, isolation by distance suggests that populations in South Korea have not yet reached genetic equilibrium. Estimates of the historical rate of gene flow (N e m) indicate that relatively high rates of flow have been maintained among populations within the western region, which may indicate recent range expansion. A population assignment test using the first-generation migrant detection method suggested that long-distance dispersal of L. delicatula may have occurred over large areas of South Korea. More complex dispersal patterns may have occurred during L. delicatula invasion of heterogeneous landscapes in South Korea.}, }
@article {pmid23472178, year = {2013}, author = {Mahon, AR and Jerde, CL and Galaska, M and Bergner, JL and Chadderton, WL and Lodge, DM and Hunter, ME and Nico, LG}, title = {Validation of eDNA surveillance sensitivity for detection of Asian carps in controlled and field experiments.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {e58316}, pmid = {23472178}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps/genetics ; Chicago ; DNA/*analysis ; Ecology/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Markers ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rivers ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {In many North American rivers, populations of multiple species of non-native cyprinid fishes are present, including black carp (Mylpharyngodon piceus), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and goldfish (Carassius auratus). All six of these species are found in the Mississippi River basin and tracking their invasion has proven difficult, particularly where abundance is low. Knowledge of the location of the invasion front is valuable to natural resource managers because future ecological and economic damages can be most effectively prevented when populations are low. To test the accuracy of environmental DNA (eDNA) as an early indicator of species occurrence and relative abundance, we applied eDNA technology to the six non-native cyprinid species putatively present in a 2.6 river mile stretch of the Chicago (IL, USA) canal system that was subsequently treated with piscicide. The proportion of water samples yielding positive detections increased with relative abundance of the six species, as indicated by the number of carcasses recovered after poisoning. New markers for black carp, grass carp, and a common carp/goldfish are reported and details of the marker testing to ensure specificity are provided.}, }
@article {pmid23469364, year = {2013}, author = {Prajapati, SK and Singh, OP}, title = {Insights into the invasion biology of Plasmodium vivax.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {8}, pmid = {23469364}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {Antigens, Protozoan/metabolism ; Erythrocytes/parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; Malaria/*parasitology ; Plasmodium vivax/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Protozoan Proteins/metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; Reticulocytes/parasitology ; }, }
@article {pmid23469277, year = {2013}, author = {Adams, AL and Dickinson, KJ and Robertson, BC and van Heezik, Y}, title = {Predicting summer site occupancy for an invasive species, the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), in an urban environment.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {e58422}, pmid = {23469277}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Seasons ; Trees ; Trichosurus/*physiology ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are often favoured in fragmented, highly-modified, human-dominated landscapes such as urban areas. Because successful invasive urban adapters can occupy habitat that is quite different from that in their original range, effective management programmes for invasive species in urban areas require an understanding of distribution, habitat and resource requirements at a local scale that is tailored to the fine-scale heterogeneity typical of urban landscapes. The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is one of New Zealand's most destructive invasive pest species. As brushtail possums traditionally occupy forest habitat, control in New Zealand has focussed on rural and forest habitats, and forest fragments in cities. However, as successful urban adapters, possums may be occupying a wider range of habitats. Here we use site occupancy methods to determine the distribution of brushtail possums across five distinguishable urban habitat types during summer, which is when possums have the greatest impacts on breeding birds. We collected data on possum presence/absence and habitat characteristics, including possible sources of supplementary food (fruit trees, vegetable gardens, compost heaps), and the availability of forest fragments from 150 survey locations. Predictive distribution models constructed using the programme PRESENCE revealed that while occupancy rates were highest in forest fragments, possums were still present across a large proportion of residential habitat with occupancy decreasing as housing density increased and green cover decreased. The presence of supplementary food sources was important in predicting possum occupancy, which may reflect the high nutritional value of these food types. Additionally, occupancy decreased as the proportion of forest fragment decreased, indicating the importance of forest fragments in determining possum distribution. Control operations to protect native birds from possum predation in cities should include well-vegetated residential areas; these modified habitats not only support possums but provide a source for reinvasion of fragments.}, }
@article {pmid23468896, year = {2013}, author = {Münzbergová, Z and Hadincová, V and Wild, J and Kindlmannová, J}, title = {Variability in the contribution of different life stages to population growth as a key factor in the invasion success of Pinus strobus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {e56953}, pmid = {23468896}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Pinus/*growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; *Population Growth ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite the increasing number of studies attempting to model population growth in various organisms, we still know relatively little about the population dynamics of long-lived species that reproduce only in the later stages of their life cycle, such as trees. Predictions of the dynamics of these species are, however, urgently needed for planning management actions when species are either endangered or invasive. In long-lived species, a single management intervention may have consequences for several decades, and detailed knowledge of long-term performance can therefore elucidate possible outcomes during the management planning phase.<br><br>We studied the population dynamics of an invasive tree species, Pinus strobus, in three habitat types represented by their position along the elevation gradient occupied by the species. In agreement with previous studies on the population dynamics of long-lived perennials, our results show that the survival of the largest trees exhibits the highest elasticity in all of the studied habitats. In contrast, life table response experiments (LTRE) analysis showed that different stages contribute the most to population growth rates in different habitats, with generative reproduction being more important in lower slopes and valley bottoms and survival being more important on rock tops and upper slopes.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that P. strobus exhibits different growth strategies in different habitats that result in similar population growth rates. We propose that this plasticity in growth strategies is a key factor in the invasion success of the white pine. In all of the investigated habitats, the population growth rates are above 1, indicating that the population of the species is still increasing and has the ability to spread and occupy a wide range of habitats.}, }
@article {pmid23468894, year = {2013}, author = {Gaither, MR and Aeby, G and Vignon, M and Meguro, Y and Rigby, M and Runyon, C and Toonen, RJ and Wood, CL and Bowen, BW}, title = {An invasive fish and the time-lagged spread of its parasite across the Hawaiian archipelago.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {e56940}, pmid = {23468894}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*parasitology/*physiology ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S ; Spirurida/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Efforts to limit the impact of invasive species are frustrated by the cryptogenic status of a large proportion of those species. Half a century ago, the state of Hawai'i introduced the Bluestripe Snapper, Lutjanus kasmira, to O'ahu for fisheries enhancement. Today, this species shares an intestinal nematode parasite, Spirocamallanus istiblenni, with native Hawaiian fishes, raising the possibility that the introduced fish carried a parasite that has since spread to naïve local hosts. Here, we employ a multidisciplinary approach, combining molecular, historical, and ecological data to confirm the alien status of S. istiblenni in Hawai'i. Using molecular sequence data we show that S. istiblenni from Hawai'i are genetically affiliated with source populations in French Polynesia, and not parasites at a geographically intermediate location in the Line Islands. S. istiblenni from Hawai'i are a genetic subset of the more diverse source populations, indicating a bottleneck at introduction. Ecological surveys indicate that the parasite has found suitable intermediate hosts in Hawai'i, which are required for the completion of its life cycle, and that the parasite is twice as prevalent in Hawaiian Bluestripe Snappers as in source populations. While the introduced snapper has spread across the entire 2600 km archipelago to Kure Atoll, the introduced parasite has spread only half that distance. However, the parasite faces no apparent impediments to invading the entire archipelago, with unknown implications for naïve indigenous Hawaiian fishes and the protected Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.}, }
@article {pmid23468238, year = {2013}, author = {Mason, TJ and French, K and Jolley, D}, title = {Arrival order among native plant functional groups does not affect invasibility of constructed dune communities.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {173}, number = {2}, pages = {557-568}, pmid = {23468238}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; *Biomass ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; New South Wales ; Plant Development ; *Plant Dispersal ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Different arrival order scenarios of native functional groups to a site may influence both resource use during development and final community structure. Arrival order may then indirectly influence community resistance to invasion. We present a mesocosm experiment of constructed coastal dune communities that monitored biotic and abiotic responses to different arrival orders of native functional groups. Constructed communities were compared with unplanted mesocosms. We then simulated a single invasion event by bitou (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata), a dominant exotic shrub of coastal communities. We evaluated the hypothesis that plantings with simultaneous representation of grass, herb and shrub functional groups at the beginning of the experiment would more completely sequester resources and limit invasion than staggered plantings. Staggered plantings in turn would offer greater resource use and invasion resistance than unplanted mesocosms. Contrary to our expectations, there were few effects of arrival order on abiotic variables for the duration of the experiment and arrival order was unimportant in final community invasibility. All planted mesocosms supported significantly more invader germinants and significantly less invader abundance than unplanted mesocosms. Native functional group plantings may have a nurse effect during the invader germination and establishment phase and a competitive function during the invader juvenile and adult phase. Arrival order per se did not affect resource use and community invasibility in our mesocosm experiment. While grass, herb and shrub functional group plantings will not prevent invasion success in restored communities, they may limit final invader biomass.}, }
@article {pmid23467920, year = {2013}, author = {Kistner, EJ and Dybdahl, MF}, title = {Adaptive responses and invasion: the role of plasticity and evolution in snail shell morphology.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {424-436}, pmid = {23467920}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive species often exhibit either evolved or plastic adaptations in response to spatially varying environmental conditions. We investigated whether evolved or plastic adaptation was driving variation in shell morphology among invasive populations of the New Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) in the western United States. We found that invasive populations exhibit considerable shell shape variation and inhabit a variety of flow velocity habitats. We investigated the importance of evolution and plasticity by examining variation in shell morphological traits 1) between the parental and F1 generations for each population and 2) among populations of the first lab generation (F1) in a common garden, full-sib design using Canonical Variate Analyses (CVA). We compared the F1 generation to the parental lineages and found significant differences in overall shell shape indicating a plastic response. However, when examining differences among the F1 populations, we found that they maintained among-population shell shape differences, indicating a genetic response. The F1 generation exhibited a smaller shell morph more suited to the low-flow common garden environment within a single generation. Our results suggest that phenotypic plasticity in conjunction with evolution may be driving variation in shell morphology of this widespread invasive snail.}, }
@article {pmid23467574, year = {2013}, author = {Piiroinen, S and Lyytinen, A and Lindström, L}, title = {Stress for invasion success? Temperature stress of preceding generations modifies the response to insecticide stress in an invasive pest insect.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {313-323}, pmid = {23467574}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Adaptation to stressful environments is one important factor influencing species invasion success. Tolerance to one stress may be complicated by exposure to other stressors experienced by the preceding generations. We studied whether parental temperature stress affects tolerance to insecticide in the invasive Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Field-collected pyrethroid-resistant beetles were reared under either stressful (17°C) or favourable (23°C) insecticide-free environments for three generations. Then, larvae were exposed to pyrethroid insecticides in common garden conditions (23°C). Beetles were in general tolerant to stress. The parental temperature stress alone affected beetles positively (increased adult weight) but it impaired their tolerance to insecticide exposure. In contrast, offspring from the favourable temperature regime showed compensatory weight gain in response to insecticide exposure. Our study emphasizes the potential of cross-generational effects modifying species stress tolerance. When resistant pest populations invade benign environments, a re-application of insecticides may enhance their performance via hormetic effects. In turn, opposite effects may arise if parental generations have been exposed to temperature stress. Thus, the outcome of management practices of invasive pest species is difficult to predict unless we also incorporate knowledge of the evolutionary and recent (preceding generations) stress history of the given populations into pest management.}, }
@article {pmid23467141, year = {2013}, author = {Gewin, V}, title = {Tsunami triggers invasion concerns.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {495}, number = {7439}, pages = {13-14}, doi = {10.1038/495013a}, pmid = {23467141}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animal Identification Systems/methods ; Animal Migration ; Animals ; Fukushima Nuclear Accident ; Hawaii ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; Japan ; Marine Biology/methods ; Northwestern United States ; Pacific Ocean ; Radiation Monitoring ; *Tsunamis ; Tuna/physiology ; Water Movements ; Wind ; }, }
@article {pmid23466480, year = {2013}, author = {Schmidtberg, H and Röhrich, C and Vogel, H and Vilcinskas, A}, title = {A switch from constitutive chemical defence to inducible innate immune responses in the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {20130006}, pmid = {23466480}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*immunology ; *Immunity, Innate ; }, abstract = {The harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis, has emerged as a model species for invasion biology, reflecting its remarkable capacity to outcompete native ladybird species when introduced into new habitats. This ability may be associated with its prominent resistance to pathogens and intraguild predation. We recently showed that the constitutive antibacterial activity present in the haemolymph of H. axyridis beetles can be attributed to the chemical defence compound harmonine. Here, we demonstrate that H. axyridis differs from other insects, including the native ladybird Coccinella septempunctata, by reducing rather than increasing the antimicrobial activity of its haemolymph following the injection of bacteria. However, both species produce new or more abundant proteins in the haemolymph, indicating that bacterial challenge induces innate immune responses associated with the synthesis of immunity-related proteins. Our results suggest that H. axyridis beetles can switch from constitutive chemical defence to inducible innate immune responses, supporting hypothesis that inducible antimicrobial peptides protect host beetles against pathogens that survive constitutive defences. These alternative antimicrobial defence mechanisms may reflect a trade-off resulting from fitness-related costs associated with the simultaneous synthesis of harmonine and antimicrobial peptides/proteins.}, }
@article {pmid23466146, year = {2013}, author = {Gentès, S and Maury-Brachet, R and Guyoneaud, R and Monperrus, M and André, JM and Davail, S and Legeay, A}, title = {Mercury bioaccumulation along food webs in temperate aquatic ecosystems colonized by aquatic macrophytes in south western France.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {91}, number = {}, pages = {180-187}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.001}, pmid = {23466146}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes/*metabolism ; *Food Chain ; France ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*chemistry/*metabolism ; *Lakes ; Mercury/analysis/*metabolism ; Muscles/chemistry ; Plants/*chemistry/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Mercury (Hg) is considered as an important pollutant for aquatic systems as its organic form, methylmercury (MeHg), is easily bioaccumulated and bioamplified along food webs. In various ecosystems, aquatic periphyton associated with macrophyte was identified as an important place for Hg storage and methylation by microorganisms. Our study concerns temperate aquatic ecosystems (South Western France) colonized by invasive macrophytes and characterized by high mercury methylation potentials. This work establishes original data concerning Hg bioaccumulation in organisms (plants, crustaceans, molluscs and fish) from five contrasting ecosystems. For low trophic level species, total Hg (THg) concentrations were low (from 27±2ngTHgg(-1)dw in asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea to 418±114ngTHgg(-1)dw in crayfish Procambarus clarkii). THg concentrations in some carnivorous fish (high trophic level) were close to or exceeded the International Marketing Level (IML) with values ranging from 1049±220ngTHgg(-1)dw in pike perch muscle (Sander lucioperca) to 3910±1307ngTHgg(-1)dw in eel muscle (Anguilla Anguilla). Trophic levels for the individuals were also evaluated through stable isotope analysis, and linked to Hg concentrations of organisms. A significant Hg biomagnification (r(2)= 0.9) was observed in the Aureilhan lake, despite the absence of top predator fish. For this site, Ludwigia sp. periphyton, as an entry point of Hg into food webs, is a serious hypothesis which remains to be confirmed. This study provides a first investigation of Hg transfer in the ecosystems of south western France and allows the assessment of the risk associated with the presence of Hg in aquatic food webs.}, }
@article {pmid23464576, year = {2012}, author = {Savino, V and Coviella, CE and Luna, MG}, title = {Reproductive biology and functional response of Dineulophus phtorimaeae, a natural enemy of the tomato moth, Tuta absoluta.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {1-14}, pmid = {23464576}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Hymenoptera/*physiology ; Larva/growth &amp; development/parasitology ; Solanum lycopersicum/growth &amp; development ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Oviposition ; Pest Control, Biological ; }, abstract = {The tomato moth, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a major pest in South America and is at present an important invasive species in the Mediterranean Basin. The larval stadium mines leaves, stems, and fruits, and chemical control is the most used control method in both its original range and the invaded distribution regions. Since current T. absoluta control strategies seem limited, biological control is a prominent tool to be applied abroad. The naturally occurring larval ectoparasitoid in Argentina and Chile Dineulophus phtorimaeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) has been reported to have potential biocontrol efficiency. In this study, the ovigeny strategy of D. phtorimaeae was analyzed throughout the adult female lifetime, and the functional response of females offered a range of 2-15 T. absoluta larvae was measured over a 48-hour period. Mean D. phtorimaeae egg load was 4.15 eggs, and egg production resulted in extremely synovigenic behavior. Meanwhile, a decreasing number of eggs, due to resorption, was found. Proportions of attacked (host-fed and/or parasitized) and only host-fed hosts by the ectoparasitoid were density independent for the tested host range, exhibiting a type I functional response to T. absoluta, with an attack rate of 0.20 host larvae. Meanings of this reproductive strategy in evolutionary time as well as the consequences for augmentative biological control programs are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid23464556, year = {2013}, author = {Janáč, M and Jurajda, P and Kružíková, L and Roche, K and Prášek, V}, title = {Reservoir to river passage of age-0+ year fishes, indication of a dispersion pathway for a non-native species.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {82}, number = {3}, pages = {994-1010}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.12037}, pmid = {23464556}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Czech Republic ; Introduced Species ; *Perciformes ; Population Dynamics ; *Power Plants ; *Rivers ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {This study demonstrates passage of age-0+ year individuals of pikeperch Sander lucioperca, common bream Abramis brama and non-native tubenose goby Proterorhinus semilunaris from the Nové Mlýny Reservoir into the River Dyje (Danube River basin, Czech Republic) through the turbine of a hydropower facility. Most fishes had standard length (LS) in the range 12-33 mm. Seasonal patterns corresponded with spawning activity, i.e. an early single spawning event for S. lucioperca, multiple spawning events for A. brama and continuous spawning with a later start and prolonged duration for P. semilunaris. Sander lucioperca, P. semilunaris and larger A. brama (>22 mm) drifted almost exclusively during the dark; smaller A. brama displayed no preference for light or dark. Proterorhinus semilunaris displayed significantly lower mortality than other species when passing through the turbine (3% compared to 18%). The passage of high numbers of P. semilunaris from the reservoir (estimated at 473 000 individuals per year), and their subsequent mass downstream drift, may have contributed to rapid population establishment along the River Dyje and the quick downstream expansion.}, }
@article {pmid23463242, year = {2013}, author = {Hirsch, PE and Eklöv, P and Svanbäck, R}, title = {Indirect trophic interactions with an invasive species affect phenotypic divergence in a top consumer.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {172}, number = {1}, pages = {245-256}, pmid = {23463242}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Dreissena/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Perches/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Phenotype ; Plankton/physiology ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {While phenotypic responses to direct species interactions are well studied, we know little about the consequences of indirect interactions for phenotypic divergence. In this study we used lakes with and without the zebra mussel to investigate effects of indirect trophic interactions on phenotypic divergence between littoral and pelagic perch. We found a greater phenotypic divergence between littoral and pelagic individuals in lakes with zebra mussels and propose a mussel-mediated increase in pelagic and benthic resource availability as a major factor underlying this divergence. Lakes with zebra mussels contained higher densities of large plankton taxa and large invertebrates. We suggest that this augmented resource availability improved perch foraging opportunities in both the littoral and pelagic zones. Perch in both habitats could hence express a more specialized foraging morphology, leading to an increased divergence of perch forms in lakes with zebra mussels. As perch do not prey on mussels directly, we conclude that the increased divergence results from indirect interactions with the mussels. Our results hence suggest that species at lower food web levels can indirectly affect phenotypic divergence in species at the top of the food chain.}, }
@article {pmid23461323, year = {2013}, author = {Kilkenny, FF and Galloway, LF}, title = {Adaptive divergence at the margin of an invaded range.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {67}, number = {3}, pages = {722-731}, doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01829.x}, pmid = {23461323}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; *Biological Evolution ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Lonicera/*genetics ; Multivariate Analysis ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant species threaten biological communities globally. However, relatively little is known about how evolutionary processes vary over the course of an invasion. To evaluate the importance of historical and adaptive drivers of range expansion, we compare the performance of North American populations of invasive Lonicera japonica from areas established 100-150 years ago, now the southern core of the range, to populations from the northern range margin, established within the last 65 years. Growth and survival of individuals from 17 core and 14 margin populations were compared in common gardens at both regions. After three years, margin plants were larger than core plants regardless of planting region, with 34% more branches and 36% greater biomass. Growth rate was directly related to survival, and margin plants also had 30% greater survival than core plants across both regions. Larger size of individuals from margin populations suggests either that the shorter growing period at the northern margin has selected for more rapid growth or that range expansion has selected for plants with a greater colonizing ability, including rapid establishment and growth. Because this evolution has resulted in enhanced survival and increased growth rate it may drive spread, increasing the likelihood of further invasion.}, }
@article {pmid23460922, year = {2013}, author = {Fassbinder-Orth, CA and Barak, VA and Brown, CR}, title = {Immune responses of a native and an invasive bird to Buggy Creek Virus (Togaviridae: Alphavirus) and its arthropod vector, the swallow bug (Oeciacus vicarius).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {e58045}, pmid = {23460922}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Alphavirus/*physiology ; Animals ; Arthropod Vectors/*physiology/virology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Hemiptera/*physiology/virology ; Immunity/*immunology ; Immunoglobulins/immunology ; *Introduced Species ; Nebraska ; Sparrows/*immunology/parasitology/virology ; Swallows/*immunology/parasitology/virology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species often display different patterns of parasite burden and virulence compared to their native counterparts. These differences may be the result of variability in host-parasite co-evolutionary relationships, the occurrence of novel host-parasite encounters, or possibly innate differences in physiological responses to infection between invasive and native hosts. Here we examine the adaptive, humoral immune responses of a resistant, native bird and a susceptible, invasive bird to an arbovirus (Buggy Creek virus; Togaviridae: Alphavirus) and its ectoparasitic arthropod vector (the swallow bug; Oeciacus vicarius). Swallow bugs parasitize the native, colonially nesting cliff swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) and the introduced house sparrow (Passer domesticus) that occupies nests in cliff swallow colonies. We measured levels of BCRV-specific and swallow bug-specific IgY levels before nesting (prior to swallow bug exposure) and after nesting (after swallow bug exposure) in house sparrows and cliff swallows in western Nebraska. Levels of BCRV-specific IgY increased significantly following nesting in the house sparrow but not in the cliff swallow. Additionally, house sparrows displayed consistently higher levels of swallow bug-specific antibodies both before and after nesting compared to cliff swallows. The higher levels of BCRV and swallow bug specific antibodies detected in house sparrows may be reflective of significant differences in both antiviral and anti-ectoparasite immune responses that exist between these two avian species. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare the macro- and microparasite-specific immune responses of an invasive and a native avian host exposed to the same parasites.}, }
@article {pmid23458744, year = {2013}, author = {Jiang, F and Li, ZH and Deng, YL and Wu, JJ and Liu, RS and Buahom, N}, title = {Rapid diagnosis of the economically important fruit fly, Bactrocera correcta (Diptera: Tephritidae) based on a species-specific barcoding cytochrome oxidase I marker.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {103}, number = {3}, pages = {363-371}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485312000806}, pmid = {23458744}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Asia, Southeastern ; Base Sequence ; China ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; DNA Primers/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; Genetic Markers/*genetics ; Geographic Information Systems ; *Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Tephritidae/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The guava fruit fly, Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an invasive pest of fruit and vegetable crops that primarily inhabits Southeast Asia and which has the potential to become a major threat within both the Oriental and Australian oceanic regions as well as California and Florida. In light of the threat posed, it is important to develop a rapid, accurate and reliable method to identify B. correcta in quarantine work in order to provide an early warning to prevent its widespread invasion. In the present study, we describe a species-specific polymerase chain reaction assay for the diagnosis of B. correcta using mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (mtDNA COI) barcoding genes. A B. correcta-specific primer pair was designed according to variations in the mtDNA COI barcode sequences among 14 fruit fly species. The specificity and sensitivity of the B. correcta-specific primer pair was tested based on the presence or absence of a band in the gel profile. A pair of species-specific B. correcta primers was successfully designed and named BCOR-F/BCOR-R. An ∼280 bp fragment was amplified from specimens belonging to 17 geographical populations and four life stages of B. correcta, while no such diagnostic bands were present in any of the 14 other related fruit fly species examined. Sensitivity test results demonstrated that successful amplification can be obtained with as little as 1 ng μl[-1] of template DNA. The species-specific PCR analysis was able to successfully diagnose B. correcta, even in immature life stages, and from adult body parts. This method proved to be a robust single-step molecular technique for the diagnosis of B. correcta with respect to potential plant quarantine.}, }
@article {pmid23458717, year = {2013}, author = {Sun, DB and Liu, YQ and Qin, L and Xu, J and Li, FF and Liu, SS}, title = {Competitive displacement between two invasive whiteflies: insecticide application and host plant effects.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {103}, number = {3}, pages = {344-353}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485312000788}, pmid = {23458717}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*physiology ; Animals ; China ; Competitive Behavior/drug effects/*physiology ; Crops, Agricultural/*parasitology ; Hemiptera/drug effects/*physiology ; Imidazoles ; Insecticide Resistance/physiology ; Insecticides/toxicity ; *Introduced Species ; Mortality ; Neonicotinoids ; Nitro Compounds ; Population Dynamics ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The cryptic species Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), formerly referred to as 'B biotype', of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci complex entered China in the mid 1990s, and the Mediterranean (MED) cryptic species, formerly referred to as 'Q biotype', of the same whitefly complex entered China around 2003. Field surveys in China after 2003 indicate that in many regions MED has been replacing the earlier invader MEAM1. The factors underlying this displacement are unclear. We conducted laboratory experiments and field sampling to examine the effects of insecticide application on the competitive interactions between MEAM1 and MED. In the laboratory, on cotton, a plant showing similar levels of suitability to both whitefly species, MEAM1 displaced MED in five generations when initial populations of the two species were equal and no insecticide was applied. In contrast, MED displaced MEAM1 in seven and two generations, respectively, when 12.5 and 50.0 mg l[-1] imidacloprid was applied to the plants via soil drench. Field sampling indicated that in a single season MED displaced MEAM1 on crops heavily sprayed with neonicotinoid insecticides but the relative abundance of the two species changed little on crops without insecticide spray. We also examined the effects of host plants on the competitive interactions between the two species in the laboratory. When cohorts with equal abundance of MEAM1 and MED were set up on different host plants, MEAM1 displaced MED on cabbage and tomato in five and seven generations, respectively, but MED displaced MEAM1 on pepper in two generations. As field populations of MED have lower susceptibility than those of MEAM1 to nearly all commonly used insecticides including imidacloprid, insecticide application seems to have played a major role in shifting the species competitive interaction effects in favour of MED in the field across China. Host plants may also shape competition between the two species depending on the relative levels of plant suitability.}, }
@article {pmid23456779, year = {2013}, author = {Jeschke, JM and Keesing, F and Ostfeld, RS}, title = {Novel organisms: comparing invasive species, GMOs, and emerging pathogens.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, pages = {541-548}, pmid = {23456779}, issn = {0044-7447}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Communicable Diseases, Emerging ; *Introduced Species ; *Organisms, Genetically Modified ; }, abstract = {Invasive species, range-expanding species, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), synthetic organisms, and emerging pathogens increasingly affect the human environment. We propose a framework that allows comparison of consecutive stages that such novel organisms go through. The framework provides a common terminology for novel organisms, facilitating knowledge exchange among researchers, managers, and policy makers that work on, or have to make effective decisions about, novel organisms. The framework also indicates that knowledge about the causes and consequences of stage transitions for the better studied novel organisms, such as invasive species, can be transferred to more poorly studied ones, such as GMOs and emerging pathogens. Finally, the framework advances understanding of how climate change can affect the establishment, spread, and impacts of novel organisms, and how biodiversity affects, and is affected by, novel organisms.}, }
@article {pmid23456242, year = {2013}, author = {Martin, LJ and Blossey, B}, title = {Intraspecific variation overrides origin effects in impacts of litter-derived secondary compounds on larval amphibians.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {173}, number = {2}, pages = {449-459}, pmid = {23456242}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Longevity/drug effects ; New York ; Plant Extracts/chemistry/pharmacology ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Poaceae/*chemistry ; Random Allocation ; Ranidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Saponins/*pharmacology ; Species Specificity ; Tannins/*pharmacology ; Urodela/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Secondary compounds leached from plant litter can negatively affect aquatic amphibian larvae. Non-native plants and their potentially distinct secondary compounds may constitute cryptic threats to native amphibians. We used the availability of both native and introduced Phragmites australis (common reed) populations in North America to assess the importance of origin, intraspecific variation, and two purified classes of compounds (tannins and saponins; gradients 0-25 mg L(-1)) on two common and widespread amphibians (Ambystoma maculatum, spotted salamander, and Lithobates palustris, pickerel frog). In experiments with purified compounds, high tannin concentrations reduced A. maculatum survival and developmental rate while high saponin concentrations reduced survival, developmental rate, and size of L. palustris and reduced A. maculatum developmental rate. In experiments using leaf litter extracts of 14 different P. australis populations, A. maculatum larval survival varied among populations but plant origin (native or introduced) did not explain this variation. In contrast to the lack of effects of purified saponins, increases in saponin concentrations in P. australis leachates significantly decreased A. maculatum survival. Our results suggest: (1) secondary compounds can impact larval amphibian survival and development in species-specific ways; (2) impacts of P. australis on A. maculatum vary among P. australis populations, reflecting intraspecific variation in secondary chemistry; and (3) origin (whether the plant is native or introduced) is a poor predictor of P. australis effects on A. maculatum. Scientists and managers may need to move beyond considering origin as a predictive variable when managing plant communities to benefit amphibians.}, }
@article {pmid23454911, year = {2013}, author = {Krojerová-Prokesová, J and Baranceková, M and Voloshina, I and Myslenkov, A and Lamka, J and Koubek, P}, title = {Dybowski's sika deer (Cervus nippon hortulorum): genetic divergence between natural primorian and introduced Czech populations.}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {104}, number = {3}, pages = {312-326}, doi = {10.1093/jhered/est006}, pmid = {23454911}, issn = {1465-7333}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Bayes Theorem ; Cytochromes b ; Czech Republic ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Deer/*genetics ; Endangered Species ; Founder Effect ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; }, abstract = {Dybowski's sika deer (Cervus nippon hortulorum) originally inhabited the majority of the Primorsky Krai in Far Eastern Russia, north-eastern China, and Korean Peninsula. At present, only the Russian population seems to be stable, even though this taxon is still classified as endangered by the Russian Federation. Almost 100 years ago, this subspecies, among others, was imported to several European countries including the Czech Republic. We used both mitochondrial (mtDNA; the cytochrome b gene and the control region) and nuclear DNA markers to examine the actual taxonomic status of modern Czech Dybowski's sika population and to compare the genetic diversity between the introduced and the native populations. Altogether, 124 Czech samples and 109 Primorian samples were used in the analyses. Within the samples obtained from individuals that were all morphologically classified as Dybowski's sika, we detected mtDNA haplotypes of Dybowski's sika (84 samples), as well as those belonging to other sika subspecies: northern Japanese sika (25 samples), southern Japanese sika (6 samples), and south-eastern Chinese sika (8 samples). Microsatellite analysis revealed a certain level of heterozygote deficiency and a high level of inbreeding in both populations. The high number of private alleles, factorial correspondence analysis, and Bayesian clustering analysis indicate a high level of divergence between both populations. The large degree of differentiation and the high number of population-specific alleles could be a result of a founder effect, could be a result of a previously suggested bottleneck within the Primorian population, and could also be affected by the crossbreeding of captive individuals with other sika subspecies.}, }
@article {pmid23454628, year = {2013}, author = {Yao, CL and Somero, GN}, title = {Thermal stress and cellular signaling processes in hemocytes of native (Mytilus californianus) and invasive (M. galloprovincialis) mussels: cell cycle regulation and DNA repair.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology}, volume = {165}, number = {2}, pages = {159-168}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.02.024}, pmid = {23454628}, issn = {1531-4332}, mesh = {Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Cycle Checkpoints/genetics/physiology ; Cold Temperature ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism ; DNA Repair ; DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase/metabolism ; Hemocytes/metabolism/*physiology ; Hot Temperature ; Introduced Species ; Mytilus/cytology/genetics/*physiology ; Phosphorylation ; Signal Transduction/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Stress, Physiological/*physiology ; *Temperature ; Time Factors ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism ; }, abstract = {In a previous study using hemocytes from native and invasive congeners of Mytilus (Mytilus californianus and Mytilus galloprovincialis, respectively) we showed that DNA damage and cell signaling transduction processes related to the cellular stress response and apoptosis were induced by acute temperature stress. The present study extends this work by examining effects of acute heat- and cold stress on total hemocyte counts (THCs) and expression of key regulatory molecules involved in responding to stress: tumor suppressor factor (p53), cell cycle arrest activator (p21), and a DNA base excision repair enzyme (apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE)). Hyperthermia (28 °C, 32 °C) led to significant decreases of THCs in both species. The extent of decrease in THC was temperature-, time-, and species-dependent; lower THC values were found in M. californianus, the more cold-adapted species. Western blot analyses of hemocyte extracts with antibodies specific for p53 protein, several site-specific phosphorylation states of p53, p21 protein, and APE indicated that heat- and cold (2 °C) stress induced a time-dependent activation of stress-related proteins in response to DNA damage; these stress-induced changes could govern cell cycle arrest or DNA damage repair. Our results show that the downstream regulatory response to temperature-induced cell damage may play an important role in deciding cellular fate following heat- and cold stress. Compared to M. californianus, the more warm-adapted M. galloprovincialis appears to have a higher temperature tolerance due to a lesser reduction in THC, faster signaling activation and transduction, and stronger DNA repair ability following heat stress.}, }
@article {pmid23452267, year = {2013}, author = {von Dohlen, CD and Spaulding, U and Shields, K and Havill, NP and Rosa, C and Hoover, K}, title = {Diversity of proteobacterial endosymbionts in hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) from its native and introduced range.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {2043-2062}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.12102}, pmid = {23452267}, issn = {1462-2920}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Hemiptera/*microbiology ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; North America ; Proteobacteria/*classification/*genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Symbiosis ; Taiwan ; }, abstract = {Knowledge of intraspecific variation in symbioses may aid in understanding the ecology of widespread insects in different parts of their range. We investigated bacterial symbionts of Adelges tsugae, a pest of hemlocks in eastern North America introduced from Asia. Amplification, cloning, and sequencing of bacterial 16S rDNA, in situ hybridizations, and electron microscopy revealed that A. tsugae harbours up to five bacterial phylotypes, according to population. Three Gammaproteobacteria species are maternally transmitted. The first, designated 'Ca. Pseudomonas adelgestsugas' resides in the haemocoel, and was detected in all populations except Taiwan. The second phylotype, 'Ca. Serratia symbiotica', resides in bacteriocytes of populations on Tsuga sieboldii in Japan and in E. North America. The third phylotype, designated 'Ca. Annandia adelgestsuga', clustered within a lineage of several insect endosymbionts that included Buchnera aphidicola. It was detected in bacteriocytes in all populations, and in salivary glands of first instars. Two Betaproteobacteria phylotypes were detected in some Japanese T. sieboldii and eastern North America populations, and were observed only in salivary glands with no evidence of maternal transmission. Our results support the ideas that symbiont gain and loss has been volatile in adelgids, and that symbionts may help to trace the source of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid23451090, year = {2013}, author = {Byers, JE and McDowell, WG and Dodd, SR and Haynie, RS and Pintor, LM and Wilde, SB}, title = {Climate and pH predict the potential range of the invasive apple snail (Pomacea insularum) in the southeastern United States.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {e56812}, pmid = {23451090}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Florida ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Introduced Species ; Snails/*physiology ; Texas ; }, abstract = {Predicting the potential range of invasive species is essential for risk assessment, monitoring, and management, and it can also inform us about a species' overall potential invasiveness. However, modeling the distribution of invasive species that have not reached their equilibrium distribution can be problematic for many predictive approaches. We apply the modeling approach of maximum entropy (MaxEnt) that is effective with incomplete, presence-only datasets to predict the distribution of the invasive island apple snail, Pomacea insularum. This freshwater snail is native to South America and has been spreading in the USA over the last decade from its initial introductions in Texas and Florida. It has now been documented throughout eight southeastern states. The snail's extensive consumption of aquatic vegetation and ability to accumulate and transmit algal toxins through the food web heighten concerns about its spread. Our model shows that under current climate conditions the snail should remain mostly confined to the coastal plain of the southeastern USA where it is limited by minimum temperature in the coldest month and precipitation in the warmest quarter. Furthermore, low pH waters (pH <5.5) are detrimental to the snail's survival and persistence. Of particular note are low-pH blackwater swamps, especially Okefenokee Swamp in southern Georgia (with a pH below 4 in many areas), which are predicted to preclude the snail's establishment even though many of these areas are well matched climatically. Our results elucidate the factors that affect the regional distribution of P. insularum, while simultaneously presenting a spatial basis for the prediction of its future spread. Furthermore, the model for this species exemplifies that combining climatic and habitat variables is a powerful way to model distributions of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid23449030, year = {2013}, author = {Hunter, ME and Hart, KM}, title = {Rapid Microsatellite Marker Development Using Next Generation Pyrosequencing to Inform Invasive Burmese Python-Python molurus bivittatus-Management.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {4793-4804}, pmid = {23449030}, issn = {1422-0067}, abstract = {Invasive species represent an increasing threat to native ecosystems, harming indigenous taxa through predation, habitat modification, cross-species hybridization and alteration of ecosystem processes. Additionally, high economic costs are associated with environmental damage, restoration and control measures. The Burmese python, Python molurus bivittatus, is one of the most notable invasive species in the US, due to the threat it poses to imperiled species and the Greater Everglades ecosystem. To address population structure and relatedness, next generation sequencing was used to rapidly produce species-specific microsatellite loci. The Roche 454 GS-FLX Titanium platform provided 6616 di-, tri- and tetra-nucleotide repeats in 117,516 sequences. Using stringent criteria, 24 of 26 selected tri- and tetra-nucleotide loci were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified and 18 were polymorphic. An additional six cross-species loci were amplified, and the resulting 24 loci were incorporated into eight PCR multiplexes. Multi-locus genotypes yielded an average of 61% (39%-77%) heterozygosity and 3.7 (2-6) alleles per locus. Population-level studies using the developed microsatellites will track the invasion front and monitor population-suppression dynamics. Additionally, cross-species amplification was detected in the invasive Ball, P. regius, and Northern African python, P. sebae. These markers can be used to address the hybridization potential of Burmese pythons and the larger, more aggressive P. sebae.}, }
@article {pmid23448286, year = {2013}, author = {Petrović, A and Mitrović, M and Starý, P and Petrović-Obradović, O and Zikić, V and Tomanović, Z and Vorburger, C}, title = {Lysiphlebus orientalis (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a new invasive aphid parasitoid in Europe - evidence from molecular markers.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {103}, number = {4}, pages = {451-457}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485313000035}, pmid = {23448286}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Aphids/*parasitology ; Base Sequence ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA Primers/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Serbia ; Species Specificity ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {We report the occurrence of Lysiphlebus orientalis in Serbia, an aphid parasitoid from the Far East that is new to Europe and has the potential to become invasive. Our finding based on morphological characters is confirmed by analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequences. An increase in number and an expansion of the host range were observed during field studies over the past two years, and it is determined that the current host range encompasses nine aphid hosts on 12 different host plants, forming 13 tri-trophic associations. A host range determined for European populations of L. orientalis appears wider compared with that in its Far Eastern native habitats where Aphis glycines Mats. is the sole known host. Moreover, it overlaps considerably with the host ranges of European parasitoids that play an important role in the natural control of pest aphids.}, }
@article {pmid23445827, year = {2013}, author = {Mullarkey, AA and Byers, DL and Anderson, RC}, title = {Inbreeding depression and partitioning of genetic load in the invasive biennial Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {100}, number = {3}, pages = {509-518}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1200403}, pmid = {23445827}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Brassicaceae/*genetics ; Crosses, Genetic ; *Genetic Load ; Hybrid Vigor/*genetics ; *Inbreeding ; *Introduced Species ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Seedlings/genetics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Invasive species are nonnative species that enter novel environments, establish sustained populations, and can negatively impact native species. Here we assess a potential weakness of invasive species (genetic load) and show how species might overcome genetic barriers. Colonization of novel habitats by invasive species typically involves few individuals, exposing populations to founder effects. We empirically tested a central Illinois population of an invasive biennial plant, Alliaria petiolata, for evidence of a founder effect by assessing the pattern of genetic load. •<br><br>METHODS: To estimate genetic load, we assayed offspring from three cross types (self-pollinated, outcrossed within- and between-populations) in a greenhouse. Vegetative and reproductive traits were measured on first-year plants grown with or without intraspecific competition. &#x2022;<br><br>KEY RESULTS: We found substantial genetic load in this population of A. petiolata, which can mostly be attributed to genetic drift (founder effect) and not inbreeding depression. Between-population heterosis was expressed more than inbreeding depression under intraspecific competition. &#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Inbreeding may be adaptive for A. petiolata in its introduced range by providing reproductive assurance, with limited inbreeding load. Nevertheless, most of the genetic load in this population of A. petiolata is due to fixation of deleterious alleles. Drift load is expected, given that this population is near the edge of its continuous geographic range in highly fragmented habitats, and gene flow between isolated populations is likely highly limited. Preventing additional introduction and movement of propagules between isolated local populations should reduce heterosis and A. petiolata competitiveness.}, }
@article {pmid23444797, year = {2012}, author = {Nowak-Chmura, M and Siuda, K}, title = {Ticks of Poland. Review of contemporary issues and latest research.}, journal = {Annals of parasitology}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, pages = {125-155}, pmid = {23444797}, issn = {2299-0631}, mesh = {Animals ; Arachnid Vectors/*classification/physiology ; Disease Transmission, Infectious ; Host Specificity ; Humans ; Occupational Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology/prevention &amp; control ; Poland/epidemiology ; Research/statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/*parasitology/prevention &amp; control ; Tick-Borne Diseases/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control/*transmission ; Ticks/*classification/physiology ; }, abstract = {The paper presents current knowledge of ticks occurring in Poland, their medical importance, and a review of recent studies implemented in the Polish research centres on ticks and their significance in the epidemiology of transmissible diseases. In the Polish fauna there are 19 species of ticks (Ixodida) recognized as existing permanently in our country: Argas reflexus, Argas polonicus, Carios vespertilionis, Ixodes trianguliceps, Ixodes arboricola, Ixodes crenulatus, Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes lividus, Ixodes rugicollis, Ixodes caledonicus, Ixodes frontalis, Ixodes simplex, Ixodes vespertilionis, Ixodes apronophorus, Ixodes persulcatus, Ixodes ricinus, Haemaphysalis punctata, Haemaphysalis concinna, Dermacentor reticulatus. Occasionally, alien species of ticks transferred to the territory of Poland are recorded: Amblyomma sphenodonti, Amblyomma exornatum, Amblyomma flavomaculatum, Amblyomma latum, Amblyomma nuttalli, Amblyomma quadricavum, Amblyomma transversale, Amblyomma varanensis, Amblyomma spp., Dermacentor marginatus, Hyalomma aegyptium, Hyalomma marginatum, Ixodes eldaricus, Ixodes festai, Rhipicephalus rossicus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The most common species of the highest medical and veterinary importance in Poland is invariably Ixodes ricinus. The review also sets out information on the risks of tickborne diseases in recreational areas of large cities in Poland, ticks as the cause of occupational diseases and dangerous species of ticks attacking people outside the Polish borders. Selected problems of the biology of ticks, the spread of alien species transferred on hosts and prevention of tick attacks have also been presented. The Polish studies on ticks are a valuable contribution to global research on the Ixodida.}, }
@article {pmid23443354, year = {2013}, author = {Hickman, JE and Ashton, IW and Howe, KM and Lerdau, MT}, title = {The native-invasive balance: implications for nutrient cycling in ecosystems.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {173}, number = {1}, pages = {319-328}, pmid = {23443354}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Cycle ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; New York ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Nitrogen Cycle ; Phylogeny ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Species Specificity ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {We conducted single- and mixed-litter experiments in a hardwood forest in Long Island, New York, using leaf litter from phylogenetically paired native and invasive species. We selected long-established, abundant invasive species with wide-ranging distributions in the eastern United States that likely make substantial contributions to the litter pool of invaded areas. Overall, leaf litter from invasive species differed from native litter, though differences varied by phylogenetic grouping. Invasive litter had lower carbon:nitrogen ratios (30.9 ± 1.96 SE vs. 32.8 ± 1.36, P = 0.034) and invasive species lost 0.03 ± 0.007 g of nitrogen and had 23.4 ± 4.9 % of their starting mass remaining at the end of 1 year compared with a loss of 0.02 ± 0.003 g nitrogen and 31.1 ± 2.6 % mass remaining for native species. Mixing litter from two species did not alter decomposition rates when native species were mixed with other native species, or when invasive species were mixed with other invasive species. However, mixing litter of native and invasive species resulted in significantly less mass and nitrogen loss than was seen in unmixed invasive litter. Mixtures of native and invasive litter lost all but 47 ± 2.2 % of initial mass, compared to 37 ± 5.8 % for invasive litter and 50 ± 5.1 % for native litter. This non-additive effect of mixing native and invasive litter suggests that an additive model of metabolic characteristics may not suffice for predicting invasion impacts in a community context, particularly as invasion proceeds over time. Because the more rapid decomposition of invasive litter tends to slow to rates typical of native species when native and invasive litters are mixed together, there may be little impact of invasive species on nutrient cycling early in an invasion, when native leaf litter is abundant (providing litter deposition is the dominant control on nutrient cycling).}, }
@article {pmid23440524, year = {2013}, author = {Seidel, B and Silbermayr, K and Kolodziejek, J and Indra, A and Nowotny, N and Allerberger, F}, title = {Detection of Plasmodium sp.-infested Anopheles hyrcanus (Pallas 1771) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Austria, 2012.}, journal = {Wiener klinische Wochenschrift}, volume = {125}, number = {5-6}, pages = {139-143}, pmid = {23440524}, issn = {1613-7671}, mesh = {Animals ; Anopheles/classification/*genetics/*parasitology ; Austria ; Plasmodium/classification/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {On July 15, 2012, adult Anopheles hyrcanus (Pallas 1771) mosquitoes were caught next to a farm barn near Rust, Burgenland, close to Lake Neusiedl National Park in eastern Austria. Six weeks later, adults of this invasive species were also found in a sheep shelter outside the village of Oggau and another 2 weeks later, in a horse barn in Mörbisch. The morphological typing was confirmed genetically by amplification and sequencing of a 1,404-bp-long fragment within the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene, the internal transcribed spacer 2, and the 28S ribosomal RNA gene. Out of two A. hyrcanus pools analyzed, one was found positive for Plasmodium sp. A 460-bp-long sequence within the mitochondrial cytochrome b region revealed 100 % identity to a sequence of a Plasmodium parasite identified in a New Zealand bellbird (Anthornis melanura). The Austrian finding sites are close to the Hungarian border. In Hungary, the occurrence of A. hyrcanus was already reported in 1963. A. hyrcanus is considered the most important potential vector of malaria in southern France today. In Austria, sporadic autochthonous malaria cases could emerge, caused by immigration from malaria-endemic countries and heavy tourism. However, the broad population coverage of the Austrian health care system makes the reestablishment of endemic areas for malaria unlikely.}, }
@article {pmid23438196, year = {2012}, author = {Greenslade, P and Potapov, M and Russell, D and Convey, P}, title = {Global Collembola on Deception Island.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {111}, pmid = {23438196}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Biota ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Insecta/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Islands ; Population Density ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Three new non-indigenous springtail species are recorded in recent collections made on Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, maritime Antarctic: Deuteraphorura (Deuteraphorura) cebennaria (Gisin) (Collembola: Onychiuridae), Mesaphorura macrochaeta Rusek (Tullbergiidae), and Proisotoma minuta Axelson (Isotomidae). One of these, D. (D.) cebennaria, is described. Additionally, two new indigenous species, Mesaphorura macrochaeta Rusek and Proisotoma minuta Axelson, are also recorded. The total number of Collembola species now known from the island is 14, comprised of eight native species and six non-indigenous species. This number of non-indigenous species recorded at Deception Island compares with only a single non-indigenous springtail recorded at any other maritime or continental Antarctic location. The reason underlying this high level of occurrence of non-indigenous species on Deception Island is likely to be a combination of the island's high level of human visitation and the presence of relatively benign terrestrial habitats associated with areas of geothermal activity. Two of the new records represent species recently assessed as being of the highest risk to become invaders in the less extreme environments of the subantarctic, thereby emphasising the importance and urgency of adopting and applying effective biosecurity measures to protect the unique and vulnerable ecosystems of this region. Also documented are the impacts on the soil fauna of the island from human trampling, which drastically reduced densities of both native and non-indigenous species to 1% of the abundance typical of non-trampled sites.}, }
@article {pmid23437301, year = {2013}, author = {Erfmeier, A and Hantsch, L and Bruelheide, H}, title = {The role of propagule pressure, genetic diversity and microsite availability for Senecio vernalis invasion.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {e57029}, pmid = {23437301}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Seeds ; Senecio/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Genetic diversity is supposed to support the colonization success of expanding species, in particular in situations where microsite availability is constrained. Addressing the role of genetic diversity in plant invasion experimentally requires its manipulation independent of propagule pressure. To assess the relative importance of these components for the invasion of Senecio vernalis, we created propagule mixtures of four levels of genotype diversity by combining seeds across remote populations, across proximate populations, within single populations and within seed families. In a first container experiment with constant Festuca rupicola density as matrix, genotype diversity was crossed with three levels of seed density. In a second experiment, we tested for effects of establishment limitation and genotype diversity by manipulating Festuca densities. Increasing genetic diversity had no effects on abundance and biomass of S. vernalis but positively affected the proportion of large individuals to small individuals. Mixtures composed from proximate populations had a significantly higher proportion of large individuals than mixtures composed from within seed families only. High propagule pressure increased emergence and establishment of S. vernalis but had no effect on individual growth performance. Establishment was favoured in containers with Festuca, but performance of surviving seedlings was higher in open soil treatments. For S. vernalis invasion, we found a shift in driving factors from density dependence to effects of genetic diversity across life stages. While initial abundance was mostly linked to the amount of seed input, genetic diversity, in contrast, affected later stages of colonization probably via sampling effects and seemed to contribute to filtering the genotypes that finally grew up. In consequence, when disentangling the mechanistic relationships of genetic diversity, seed density and microsite limitation in colonization of invasive plants, a clear differentiation between initial emergence and subsequent survival to juvenile and adult stages is required.}, }
@article {pmid23437177, year = {2013}, author = {Takahara, T and Minamoto, T and Doi, H}, title = {Using environmental DNA to estimate the distribution of an invasive fish species in ponds.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {e56584}, pmid = {23437177}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Metagenomics ; Perciformes/classification/*genetics ; Ponds ; Species Specificity ; Water ; }, abstract = {Knowledge of the presence of an invasive species is critical to monitoring the sustainability of communities and ecosystems. Environmental DNA (eDNA), DNA fragments that are likely to be bound to organic matters in the water or in shed cells, has been used to monitor the presence of aquatic animals. Using an eDNA-based method, we estimated the presence of the invasive bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus, in 70 ponds located in seven locales on the Japanese mainland and on surrounding islands. We quantified the concentration of DNA copies in a 1 L water sample using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with a primer/probe set. In addition, we visually observed the bluegill presence in the ponds from the shoreline. We detected bluegill eDNA in all the ponds where bluegills were observed visually and some where bluegills were not observed. Bluegills were also less prevalent on the islands than the mainland, likely owing to limited dispersal and introduction by humans. Our eDNA method simply and rapidly detects the presence of this invasive fish species with less disturbance to the environment during field surveys than traditional methods.}, }
@article {pmid23435267, year = {2013}, author = {Lima, A and James Harris, D and Rocha, S and Miralles, A and Glaw, F and Vences, M}, title = {Phylogenetic relationships of Trachylepis skink species from Madagascar and the Seychelles (Squamata: Scincidae).}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {67}, number = {3}, pages = {615-620}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.001}, pmid = {23435267}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Genetic Variation ; Lizards/*classification/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Lizards of the genus Trachylepis are a species-rich group of skinks mainly inhabiting Africa, Madagascar, and several other islands in the western Indian Ocean. All except one probably introduced species of Madagascan Trachylepis are endemic. Two species groups have been distinguished on the basis of subocular scale shape but their phylogenetic relationships remained unclear. We inferred a multilocus phylogeny of the Madagascan Trachylepis species, based on a concatenated dataset of 3261 bp from 3 mitochondrial and 4 nuclear genes with a dense Madagascan taxon sampling and find high support for the monophyly of the endemic Madagascan Trachylepis. The two species groups in Madagascar are highly supported as clades. The highland species T. boettgeri is nested in the T. aureopunctata species group of mainly arid-adapted species, suggesting a colonization of highland swamps by ancestors inhabiting dry western Madagascar. The Seychellois species were sister to the T. maculilabris/T. comorensis clade, suggesting their origin directly out of Africa as with Seychellois chameleons. In Madagascar, a high intraspecific molecular variation was confirmed for T. gravenhorstii, T. elegans, and T. vato, indicating a need for taxonomic revision.}, }
@article {pmid23434781, year = {2013}, author = {Maity, S and Jannasch, A and Adamec, J and Watkins, JM and Nalepa, T and Höök, TO and Sepúlveda, MS}, title = {Elucidating causes of Diporeia decline in the Great Lakes via metabolomics: physiological responses after exposure to different stressors.}, journal = {Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ}, volume = {86}, number = {2}, pages = {213-223}, doi = {10.1086/669132}, pmid = {23434781}, issn = {1537-5293}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*physiology ; Animals ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Feces/chemistry ; Feeding Behavior ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; *Metabolome ; Michigan ; New York ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/metabolism ; Population Dynamics ; Random Allocation ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The benthic macroinvertebrate Diporeia spp. have been extirpated from many areas of the Laurentian Great Lakes, but the mechanisms underlying such declines are not fully understood. Diporeia declines coinciding with the invasion of exotic dreissenid mussels (zebra and quagga) have led to the hypothesis that Diporeia declines are a result of decreased food availability from increasing competition with dreissenids for diatoms. There is additional evidence that Diporeia are negatively affected when in close proximity to dreissenids, probably because of exposure to toxins present in the mussels' pseudofeces. Diporeia are also known to be sensitive to anthropogenic contaminants (such as polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs]) present in Great Lakes sediments. To better understand the physiological responses of Diporeia to diverse stressors, we conducted three 28-d experiments evaluating changes in the metabolomes of Diporeia (1) fed diatoms (Cyclotella meneghiniana) versus starved, (2) exposed (from Lake Michigan and Cayuga Lake) to quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis), and (3) exposed to sediments contaminated with PCBs. The metabolomes of samples were examined using both two-dimensional gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Each stressor elicited a unique metabolome response characterized by enhanced citric acid cycle, fatty acid biosynthesis, and protein metabolism in diatom-fed Diporeia; impaired glycolysis, protein catabolism, and folate metabolism in Diporeia from Lake Michigan irrespective of quagga mussel exposure, suggesting lake-specific adaptation mechanisms; and altered cysteine and phospholipid metabolism during PCB exposure. Subsequent comparisons of these stressor-specific metabolic responses with metabolomes of a feral Diporeia population would help identify stressors affecting Diporeia populations throughout the Great Lakes.}, }
@article {pmid23434685, year = {2013}, author = {Vedaprakash, L and Dineshram, R and Ratnam, K and Lakshmi, K and Jayaraj, K and Mahesh Babu, S and Venkatesan, R and Shanmugam, A}, title = {Experimental studies on the effect of different metallic substrates on marine biofouling.}, journal = {Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces}, volume = {106}, number = {}, pages = {1-10}, doi = {10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.01.007}, pmid = {23434685}, issn = {1873-4367}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/isolation &amp; purification ; Biofilms ; *Biofouling ; Colony Count, Microbial ; *Marine Biology ; Thoracica/*physiology ; }, abstract = {In the wake of adoption of the resolution by the International Maritime Organization to control biofouling on vessels, which is recognized as a major vector for transfer of invasive species, this study attempts to create a baseline data on major hard-shelled biofouling organisms in the harbour waters. This study was primarily focused towards understanding the biofouling and corrosion pattern on various metals and their performance under immersed condition in a marine environment, at 0.3 and 3.0m depths. Furthermore, the study attempts to understand the surface dependent characteristics of barnacle base plate and its adhesion strength. Barnacle, mussels and oysters were the major fouling organisms accounting for 72.33% of the variation. Stainless steel and Titanium panels showed the highest average biofouling load of 176.36 and 168.35 g/300 cm(2), respectively. The variance in biofouling between metals and depths was highly significant at p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively. Morphology of barnacle base plate interfacial surface varied between metals. Barnacles with 8-9 mm base diameter showed the maximum adhesion strength in shear of 6.86±0.95 kPa.}, }
@article {pmid23434629, year = {2013}, author = {Zhang, Z and Zhang, P and Li, W and Zhang, J and Huang, F and Yang, J and Bei, Y and Lu, Y}, title = {De novo transcriptome sequencing in Frankliniella occidentalis to identify genes involved in plant virus transmission and insecticide resistance.}, journal = {Genomics}, volume = {101}, number = {5}, pages = {296-305}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygeno.2013.02.005}, pmid = {23434629}, issn = {1089-8646}, mesh = {Animals ; Drug Resistance/*genetics ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Insect ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Insect Vectors/drug effects/*genetics/virology ; Insecticides/*pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Protein Subunits/genetics ; Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Thysanoptera/drug effects/*genetics/virology ; Tospovirus/physiology ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis, a world-wide invasive insect, causes agricultural damage by directly feeding and by indirectly vectoring Tospoviruses, such as Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). We characterized the transcriptome of WFT and analyzed global gene expression of WFT response to TSWV infection using Illumina sequencing platform. We compiled 59,932 unigenes, and identified 36,339 unigenes by similarity analysis against public databases, most of which were annotated using gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Within these annotated transcripts, we collected 278 sequences related to insecticide resistance. GO and KEGG analysis of different expression genes between TSWV-infected and non-infected WFT population revealed that TSWV can regulate cellular process and immune response, which might lead to low virus titers in thrips cells and no detrimental effects on F. occidentalis. This data-set not only enriches genomic resource for WFT, but also benefits research into its molecular genetics and functional genomics.}, }
@article {pmid23434389, year = {2013}, author = {Larson, BM and Kueffer, C and , }, title = {Managing invasive species amidst high uncertainty and novelty.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, pages = {255-256}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2013.01.013}, pmid = {23434389}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid23431781, year = {2012}, author = {Xiao, DR and Zhu, ZC and Yuan, L and Tian, K}, title = {[Reinvasion of exotic plant species Spartina alterniflora in Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve of Shanghai].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {11}, pages = {2997-3002}, pmid = {23431781}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {China ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {A demonstration plot in Chongming Dongtan for controlling exotic plant species Spartina alterniflora by using an integrated treatment technique of tussock cutting plus water level controlling was selected to make a 2-year monitoring on the reinvasion process of this plant species. A large number of S. alterniflora seedlings could proliferate and settle down in the hydrological restoring plots by tidal water in spring, and, after two years, the reinvasion community was established, with no obvious differences in its density as compared to the communities in neighboring areas. However, the distance of extension via vegetative propagation was limited. At the plots maintaining waterlogging, the distance of 2-year lateral extension was less than 1 m; at physically isolated plots, there was no any reinvasion of S. alterniflora. The rapid spreading of the seedlings in spring was the key of the fast reinvasion of S. alterniflora, and thus, to completely eradicate the spreading source from neighboring areas, to build isolation barrier to stop the spreading of this plant, and to adopt biological substitute by planting a native species such as Phragmites australis would be the main countermeasures to effectively prevent the reinvasion of S. alterniflora.}, }
@article {pmid23431603, year = {2012}, author = {Enge, S and Nylund, GM and Harder, T and Pavia, H}, title = {An exotic chemical weapon explains low herbivore damage in an invasive alga.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {12}, pages = {2736-2745}, doi = {10.1890/12-0143.1}, pmid = {23431603}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Assay ; Biological Evolution ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; Ketones/chemistry/metabolism/*toxicity ; Molecular Structure ; Rhodophyta/*chemistry/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Invasion success of introduced species is often attributed to a lack of natural enemies as stated by the enemy release hypothesis (ERH). The ERH intuitively makes sense for specialized enemies, but it is less evident why invaders in their new area escape attacks by generalist enemies. A recent hypothesis explains low herbivore damage on invasive plants with plant defense chemicals that are evolutionarily novel to native herbivores. Support for this novel weapon hypothesis (NWH) is so far based on circumstantial evidence. To corroborate the NWH, there is a need for direct evidence through explicit characterizations of the novel chemicals and their effects on native consumers. This study evaluated the NWH using the highly invasive red alga Bonnemaisonia hamifera. In pairwise feeding experiments, preferences between B. hamifera and native competitors were assessed for four common generalist herbivores in the invaded area. Through a bioassay-guided fractionation, we identified the deterrent compound and verified its effect in an experiment with the synthesized compound at natural concentrations. The results showed that native herbivores strongly preferred native algae to B. hamifera. The resistance against herbivores could be tracked down to the algal metabolite 1,1,3,3-tetrabromo-2-heptanone, a compound not known from native algae in the invaded area. The importance of the chemical defense was further underlined by the feeding preference of herbivores for individuals with a depleted content of 1,1,3,3-tetrabromo-2-heptanone. This study thus provides the first conclusive example of a highly successful invader where low consumption in the new range can be directly attributed to a specific chemical defense against evolutionarily naive native generalists. In conclusion, our results support the notion that novel chemical weapons against naive herbivores can provide a mechanistic explanation for plant invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid23427906, year = {2012}, author = {Balzan, MV}, title = {Associations of dragonflies (Odonata) to habitat variables within the Maltese Islands: a spatio-temporal approach.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {87}, doi = {10.1673/031.012.8701}, pmid = {23427906}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Biota ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Female ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; Malta ; Odonata/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Relatively little information is available on environmental associations and the conservation of Odonata in the Maltese Islands. Aquatic habitats are normally spatio-temporally restricted, often located within predominantly rural landscapes, and are thereby susceptible to farmland water management practices, which may create additional pressure on water resources. This study investigates how odonate assemblage structure and diversity are associated with habitat variables of local breeding habitats and the surrounding agricultural landscapes. Standardized survey methodology for adult Odonata involved periodical counts over selected water-bodies (valley systems, semi-natural ponds, constructed agricultural reservoirs). Habitat variables relating to the type of water body, the floristic and physiognomic characteristics of vegetation, and the composition of the surrounding landscape, were studied and analyzed through a multivariate approach. Overall, odonate diversity was associated with a range of factors across multiple spatial scales, and was found to vary with time. Lentic water-bodies are probably of high conservation value, given that larval stages were mainly associated with this habitat category, and that all species were recorded in the adult stage in this habitat type. Comparatively, lentic and lotic seminatural waterbodies were more diverse than agricultural reservoirs and brackish habitats. Overall, different odonate groups were associated with different vegetation life-forms and height categories. The presence of the great reed, Arundo donax L., an invasive alien species that forms dense stands along several water-bodies within the Islands, seems to influence the abundance and/or occurrence of a number of species. At the landscape scale, roads and other ecologically disturbed ground, surface water-bodies, and landscape diversity were associated with particular components of the odonate assemblages. Findings from this study have several implications for the use of Odonata as biological indicators, and for current trends with respect to odonate diversity conservation within the Maltese Islands.}, }
@article {pmid23421560, year = {2012}, author = {Zylstra, KE and Mastro, VC}, title = {Common mortality factors of woodwasp larvae in three northeastern United States host species.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {83}, pmid = {23421560}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Hymenoptera/growth &amp; development/*parasitology/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/parasitology/physiology ; Mortality ; New York ; Pest Control, Biological ; Pinus/growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; Tylenchida/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Very little is presently known about the natural enemies and mortality factors associated with siricids (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in the United States of America (USA), especially those that may directly affect the woodwasp, Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae). S. noctilio is an invasive woodwasp, is considered a major economic pest of pine, and has a severe effect on North American pine species planted in the Southern hemisphere. The mortality factors of siricid larvae were determined in three host species (Pinus sylvestris, Pinus resinosa, and Pinus strobus) from naturally infested trees in the northeastern USA. Siricid larvae were classified at the time of sampling as: (1) healthy, (2) parasitized by rhyssines (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), (3) parasitized by Ibalia spp. (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae), (4) parasitized by nematodes (Tylenchida: Neotylenchidae), and (5) dead from unknown causes. Combining data from the three host species, the average percentage of larvae that were healthy was 66%, 10% of the larvae were parasitized by rhyssines, 18% were parasitized by Ibalia spp., 1% were infected with unidentified nematodes, and about 5% of the larvae were dead in the galleries. Information from this study has important implications for understanding population regulation mechanisms in an invasive species, and will be critical for developing integrated pest management plans for S. noctilio.}, }
@article {pmid23420521, year = {2013}, author = {Irvine, GV and Shelly, A}, title = {Sampling design for long-term regional trends in marine rocky intertidal communities.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {185}, number = {8}, pages = {6963-6987}, pmid = {23420521}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Alaska ; Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*classification/growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Invertebrates/classification/growth &amp; development ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Probability-based designs reduce bias and allow inference of results to the pool of sites from which they were chosen. We developed and tested probability-based designs for monitoring marine rocky intertidal assemblages at Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve (GLBA), Alaska. A multilevel design was used that varied in scale and inference. The levels included aerial surveys, extensive sampling of 25 sites, and more intensive sampling of 6 sites. Aerial surveys of a subset of intertidal habitat indicated that the original target habitat of bedrock-dominated sites with slope ≤30° was rare. This unexpected finding illustrated one value of probability-based surveys and led to a shift in the target habitat type to include steeper, more mixed rocky habitat. Subsequently, we evaluated the statistical power of different sampling methods and sampling strategies to detect changes in the abundances of the predominant sessile intertidal taxa: barnacles Balanomorpha, the mussel Mytilus trossulus, and the rockweed Fucus distichus subsp. evanescens. There was greatest power to detect trends in Mytilus and lesser power for barnacles and Fucus. Because of its greater power, the extensive, coarse-grained sampling scheme was adopted in subsequent years over the intensive, fine-grained scheme. The sampling attributes that had the largest effects on power included sampling of "vertical" line transects (vs. horizontal line transects or quadrats) and increasing the number of sites. We also evaluated the power of several management-set parameters. Given equal sampling effort, sampling more sites fewer times had greater power. The information gained through intertidal monitoring is likely to be useful in assessing changes due to climate, including ocean acidification; invasive species; trampling effects; and oil spills.}, }
@article {pmid23420359, year = {2013}, author = {Cao, YY and Li, ZB and Li, QH and Chen, XJ and Chen, L and Dai, G}, title = {Characterization of eight novel microsatellite markers in the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis (Mytilidae).}, journal = {Genetics and molecular research : GMR}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {344-347}, doi = {10.4238/2013.February.7.4}, pmid = {23420359}, issn = {1676-5680}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Bivalvia/*genetics ; China ; Genetics, Population/methods ; Heterozygote ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Perna/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; }, abstract = {The green lipped mussel, also known as the Asian green mussel (Perna viridis) is a fast reproducing and valuable food source, but it is also considered an invasive species and can clog and damage pipes and marine equipment. Eight novel polymorphic microsatellite loci for P. viridis were isolated and characterized. Microsatellite polymorphism was evaluated in 30 individuals collected from Xiamen, China. The number of alleles per locus and the polymorphism information content ranged from 2 to 5 and from 0.3092 to 0.7031, respectively. The observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.1538-0.8400 and 0.1448-0.6833, respectively. The loci identified in this study could provide a useful tool for the genetic population structure analysis of P. viridis.}, }
@article {pmid23416745, year = {2013}, author = {Lee, MA and Power, SA}, title = {Direct and indirect effects of roads and road vehicles on the plant community composition of calcareous grasslands.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {176}, number = {}, pages = {106-113}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.018}, pmid = {23416745}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Air Pollutants/*analysis ; Air Pollution/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Biodiversity ; Calcium Carbonate ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Metals/analysis ; Models, Chemical ; Nitrogen Dioxide/analysis/toxicity ; Plants/*chemistry/classification ; Soil/chemistry ; Transportation ; Vehicle Emissions/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Exposure of plants to vehicle exhaust emissions and road-induced changes to soil biogeochemistry and hydrology can lead to shifts in plant composition in calcareous grasslands. Mixed effects models were used to identify relationships between plant community composition and a suite of measured and modelled environmental variables along transects away from roads at eight calcareous grasslands. Ellenberg pH, moisture and nitrogen (N) scores increased nearer roadsides, however, only Ellenberg N scores were associated with their respective measured or modelled values highlighting NO2 deposition as a likely driver of change. Forb abundance and diversity increases nearer roadsides were also associated with NO2 deposition, with increases seen in the abundance and diversity of typical edge species rather than species characteristic of calcareous grasslands. Grazing, removal of invasive species and the use of barriers to intercept transport-derived air pollution may help to reduce the detrimental effects of roads across these diverse but threatened landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid23415978, year = {2013}, author = {Varble, S and Secchi, S}, title = {Human consumption as an invasive species management strategy. A preliminary assessment of the marketing potential of invasive Asian carp in the US.}, journal = {Appetite}, volume = {65}, number = {}, pages = {58-67}, doi = {10.1016/j.appet.2013.01.022}, pmid = {23415978}, issn = {1095-8304}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; *Attitude ; *Carps ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Diet ; Female ; Fisheries ; *Food Preferences ; Great Lakes Region ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Marketing ; Middle Aged ; *Seafood ; United States ; }, abstract = {Over the past 20 years, Asian carp have invaded rivers and lakes in the Midwest and southern United States, with large negative impacts, such as encroachment on the habitat of native fish and mass die-off. They also respond to boat motors by jumping out of the water, which can cause harm to boaters and fishermen. Policymakers in the Great Lakes region between the US and Canada are worried about possible expansion of the Asian carp to their region and its effects on their fishing industry. A potential solution to the problem is to harvest Asian carp for human consumption. This study analyzes the results of the first national survey on the attitudes of US fish consumers towards Asian carp. We find that this is a potentially promising strategy. Most respondents would be willing to try a free sample of Asian carp and would be willing to pay for it. Because of the negative connotation attached to carp in general, this figure is encouraging. Creating demand for Asian carp could be a market based, cost-effective solution for a problem (invasive species) that is typically dealt with through command and control policies, if it is coupled with appropriate policies and safeguards to ensure the fish is eventually eradicated and not cultivated for profit after removal from US rivers and lakes.}, }
@article {pmid23409167, year = {2013}, author = {Pereira, F and Moreira, C and Fonseca, L and van Asch, B and Mota, M and Abrantes, I and Amorim, A}, title = {New insights into the phylogeny and worldwide dispersion of two closely related nematode species, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Bursaphelenchus mucronatus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {e56288}, pmid = {23409167}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Internationality ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Tylenchida/classification/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is one of the greatest threats to coniferous forests worldwide, causing severe ecological damage and economic loss. The biology of B. xylophilus is similar to that of its closest relative, B. mucronatus, as both species share food resources and insect vectors, and have very similar morphological characteristics, although little pathogenicity to conifers has been associated with B. mucronatus. Using both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers, we show that B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus form distinct phylogenetic groups with contrasting phylogeographic patterns. B. xylophilus presents lower levels of intraspecific diversity than B. mucronatus, as expected for a species that evolved relatively recently through geographical or reproductive isolation. Genetic diversity was particularly low in recently colonised areas, such as in southwestern Europe. By contrast, B. mucronatus displays high levels of genetic diversity and two well-differentiated clades in both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA phylogenies. The lack of correlation between genetic and geographic distances in B. mucronatus suggests intense gene flow among distant regions, a phenomenon that may have remained unnoticed due to the reduced pathogenicity of the species. Overall, our findings suggest that B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus have different demographic histories despite their morphological resemblance and ecological overlap. These results suggest that Bursaphelenchus species are a valuable model for understanding the dispersion of invasive species and the risks posed to native biodiversity and ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid23409164, year = {2013}, author = {Spicer Rice, E and Silverman, J}, title = {Propagule pressure and climate contribute to the displacement of Linepithema humile by Pachycondyla chinensis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {e56281}, pmid = {23409164}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animal Feed ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Climate ; Cold Temperature ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Identifying mechanisms governing the establishment and spread of invasive species is a fundamental challenge in invasion biology. Because species invasions are frequently observed only after the species presents an environmental threat, research identifying the contributing agents to dispersal and subsequent spread are confined to retrograde observations. Here, we use a combination of seasonal surveys and experimental approaches to test the relative importance of behavioral and abiotic factors in determining the local co-occurrence of two invasive ant species, the established Argentine ant (Linepithema humile Mayr) and the newly invasive Asian needle ant (Pachycondyla chinensis Emery). We show that the broader climatic envelope of P. chinensis enables it to establish earlier in the year than L. humile. We also demonstrate that increased P. chinensis propagule pressure during periods of L. humile scarcity contributes to successful P. chinensis early season establishment. Furthermore, we show that, although L. humile is the numerically superior and behaviorally dominant species at baits, P. chinensis is currently displacing L. humile across the invaded landscape. By identifying the features promoting the displacement of one invasive ant by another we can better understand both early determinants in the invasion process and factors limiting colony expansion and survival.}, }
@article {pmid23409092, year = {2013}, author = {Zhang, W and Fan, X and Zhu, S and Zhao, H and Fu, L}, title = {Species-specific identification from incomplete sampling: applying DNA barcodes to monitoring invasive solanum plants.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {e55927}, pmid = {23409092}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Plant ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Plants/*classification/*genetics ; Solanum/classification/genetics ; *Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Comprehensive sampling is crucial to DNA barcoding, but it is rarely performed because materials are usually unavailable. In practice, only a few rather than all species of a genus are required to be identified. Thus identification of a given species using a limited sample is of great importance in current application of DNA barcodes. Here, we selected 70 individuals representing 48 species from each major lineage of Solanum, one of the most species-rich genera of seed plants, to explore whether DNA barcodes can provide reliable specific-species discrimination in the context of incomplete sampling. Chloroplast genes ndhF and trnS-trnG and the nuclear gene waxy, the commonly used markers in Solanum phylogeny, were selected as the supplementary barcodes. The tree-building and modified barcode gap methods were employed to assess species resolution. The results showed that four Solanum species of quarantine concern could be successfully identified through the two-step barcoding sampling strategy. In addition, discrepancies between nuclear and cpDNA barcodes in some samples demonstrated the ability to discriminate hybrid species, and highlights the necessity of using barcode regions with different modes of inheritance. We conclude that efficient phylogenetic markers are good candidates as the supplementary barcodes in a given taxonomic group. Critically, we hypothesized that a specific-species could be identified from a phylogenetic framework using incomplete sampling-through this, DNA barcoding will greatly benefit the current fields of its application.}, }
@article {pmid23406496, year = {2013}, author = {Fontaine, MC and Gladieux, P and Hood, ME and Giraud, T}, title = {History of the invasion of the anther smut pathogen on Silene latifolia in North America.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {198}, number = {3}, pages = {946-956}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12177}, pmid = {23406496}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Basidiomycota/*genetics/*pathogenicity ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; North America ; Scotland ; Silene/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Understanding the routes of pathogen introduction contributes greatly to efforts to protect against future disease emergence. Here, we investigated the history of the invasion in North America by the fungal pathogen Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae, which causes the anther smut disease on the white campion Silene latifolia. This system is a well-studied model in evolutionary biology and ecology of infectious disease in natural systems. Analyses based on microsatellite markers show that the introduced American M. lychnidis-dioicae probably came from Scotland, from a single population, and thus suffered from a drastic bottleneck compared with genetic diversity in the native European range. The pattern in M. lychnidis-dioicae contrasts with that found by previous studies in its host plant species S. latifolia, also introduced in North America. In the plant, several European lineages have been introduced from across Europe. The smaller number of introductions for M. lychnidis-dioicae probably relates to its life history traits, as it is an obligate, specialized pathogen that is neither transmitted by the seeds nor persistent in the environment. The results show that even a nonagricultural, biotrophic, and insect-vectored pathogen suffering from a very strong bottleneck can successfully establish populations on its introduced host.}, }
@article {pmid23405097, year = {2013}, author = {Kriticos, DJ and Leriche, A and Palmer, DJ and Cook, DC and Brockerhoff, EG and Stephens, AE and Watt, MS}, title = {Linking climate suitability, spread rates and host-impact when estimating the potential costs of invasive pests.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {e54861}, pmid = {23405097}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Moths ; New Zealand ; Trees/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Biosecurity agencies need robust bioeconomic tools to help inform policy and allocate scarce management resources. They need to estimate the potential for each invasive alien species (IAS) to create negative impacts, so that relative and absolute comparisons can be made. Using pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa sensu lato) as an example, these needs were met by combining species niche modelling, dispersal modelling, host impact and economic modelling. Within its native range (the Mediterranean Basin and adjacent areas), T. pityocampa causes significant defoliation of pines and serious urticating injuries to humans. Such severe impacts overseas have fuelled concerns about its potential impacts, should it be introduced to New Zealand. A stochastic bioeconomic model was used to estimate the impact of PPM invasion in terms of pine production value lost due to a hypothetical invasion of New Zealand by T. pityocampa. The bioeconomic model combines a semi-mechanistic niche model to develop a climate-related damage function, a climate-related forest growth model, and a stochastic spread model to estimate the present value (PV) of an invasion. Simulated invasions indicate that Thaumetopoea pityocampa could reduce New Zealand's merchantable and total pine stem volume production by 30%, reducing forest production by between NZ$1,550 M to NZ$2,560 M if left untreated. Where T. pityocampa is controlled using aerial application of an insecticide, projected losses in PV were reduced, but still significant (NZ$30 M to NZ$2,210 M). The PV estimates were more sensitive to the efficacy of the spray program than the potential rate of spread of the moth. Our novel bioeconomic method provides a refined means of estimating potential impacts of invasive alien species, taking into account climatic effects on asset values, the potential for pest impacts, and pest spread rates.}, }
@article {pmid23402773, year = {2013}, author = {Rajakaruna, H and Potapov, A and Lewis, M}, title = {Impact of stochasticity in immigration and reintroduction on colonizing and extirpating populations.}, journal = {Theoretical population biology}, volume = {85}, number = {}, pages = {38-48}, doi = {10.1016/j.tpb.2013.01.009}, pmid = {23402773}, issn = {1096-0325}, mesh = {*Emigration and Immigration ; Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; *Population Dynamics ; Probability ; *Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {A thorough quantitative understanding of populations at the edge of extinction is needed to manage both invasive and extirpating populations. Immigration can govern the population dynamics when the population levels are low. It increases the probability of a population establishing (or reestablishing) before going extinct (EBE). However, the rate of immigration can be highly fluctuating. Here, we investigate how the stochasticity in immigration impacts the EBE probability for small populations in variable environments. We use a population model with an Allee effect described by a stochastic differential equation (SDE) and employ the Fokker-Planck diffusion approximation to quantify the EBE probability. We find that, the effect of the stochasticity in immigration on the EBE probability depends on both the intrinsic growth rate (r) and the mean rate of immigration (p). In general, if r is large and positive (e.g. invasive species introduced to favorable habitats), or if p is greater than the rate of population decline due to the demographic Allee effect (e.g., effective stocking of declining populations), then the stochasticity in immigration decreases the EBE probability. If r is large and negative (e.g. endangered populations in unfavorable habitats), or if the rate of decline due to the demographic Allee effect is much greater than p (e.g., weak stocking of declining populations), then the stochasticity in immigration increases the EBE probability. However, the mean time for EBE decreases with the increasing stochasticity in immigration with both positive and negative large r. Thus, results suggest that ecological management of populations involves a tradeoff as to whether to increase or decrease the stochasticity in immigration in order to optimize the desired outcome. Moreover, the control of invasive species spread through stochastic means, for example, by stochastic monitoring and treatment of vectors such as ship-ballast water, may be suitable strategies given the environmental and demographic uncertainties at introductions. Similarly, the recovery of declining and extirpated populations through stochastic stocking, translocation, and reintroduction, may also be suitable strategies.}, }
@article {pmid23400818, year = {2013}, author = {Haregeweyn, N and Tsunekawa, A and Tsubo, M and Meshesha, D and Melkie, A}, title = {Analysis of the invasion rate, impacts and control measures of Prosopis juliflora: a case study of Amibara District, Eastern Ethiopia.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {185}, number = {9}, pages = {7527-7542}, pmid = {23400818}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Ethiopia ; *Introduced Species ; Prosopis/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The tree Prosopis juliflora, introduced to Ethiopia in the 1970s to curb desertification, is imposing significant ecosystem and socioeconomic challenges. The objectives of this study are therefore to analyze the dynamics and associated impacts of the P. juliflora invasion over the period 1973-2004 and to evaluate the effectiveness of the management measures implemented to date. This required the analysis of Landsat images, field surveys, the use of structured questionnaires, and interviews. P. juliflora was found to invade new areas at an average rate of 3.48 km(2)/annum over the period 1973-2004. The high germination nature of the seed, mechanisms of seed dispersal, and its wide-range ecological adaptability are the main drivers for the high invasion rate. By the year 2020, approximately 30.89 % of the study area is projected to be covered by P. juliflora. The expansion has affected human health, suppressed indigenous plants, and decreased livestock productivity. The management measures that have been implemented are not able to yield the desirable results because of the limited spatial scale, cost, and/or improper planning and implementation. Therefore, the formulation of a strategy for management approaches that include the engagement of the community and the limiting of the number of vector animals within the framework of the current villagization program remain important. Moreover, risk assessment should be completed in the future before an exotic species is introduced into a certain area.}, }
@article {pmid23394720, year = {2013}, author = {Heitlinger, E and Bridgett, S and Montazam, A and Taraschewski, H and Blaxter, M}, title = {The transcriptome of the invasive eel swimbladder nematode parasite Anguillicola crassus.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {87}, pmid = {23394720}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {095831//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; MR/K001744/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; G0900740/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Air Sacs/*parasitology ; Animals ; Contig Mapping ; Dracunculoidea/classification/*genetics/metabolism ; Energy Metabolism/genetics ; Female ; *Genes, Helminth ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Peptide Hydrolases/genetics/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Protein Sorting Signals/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Anguillicola crassus is an economically and ecologically important parasitic nematode of eels. The native range of A. crassus is in East Asia, where it infects Anguilla japonica, the Japanese eel. A. crassus was introduced into European eels, Anguilla anguilla, 30 years ago. The parasite is more pathogenic in its new host than in its native one, and is thought to threaten the endangered An. anguilla across its range. The molecular bases for the increased pathogenicity of the nematodes in their new hosts is not known.<br><br>RESULTS: A reference transcriptome was assembled for A. crassus from Roche 454 pyrosequencing data. Raw reads (756,363 total) from nematodes from An. japonica and An. anguilla hosts were filtered for likely host contaminants and ribosomal RNAs. The remaining 353,055 reads were assembled into 11,372 contigs of a high confidence assembly (spanning 6.6 Mb) and an additional 21,153 singletons and contigs of a lower confidence assembly (spanning an additional 6.2 Mb). Roughly 55% of the high confidence assembly contigs were annotated with domain- or protein sequence similarity derived functional information. Sequences conserved only in nematodes, or unique to A. crassus were more likely to have secretory signal peptides. Thousands of high quality single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified, and coding polymorphism was correlated with differential expression between individual nematodes. Transcripts identified as being under positive selection were enriched in peptidases. Enzymes involved in energy metabolism were enriched in the set of genes differentially expressed between European and Asian A. crassus.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The reference transcriptome of A. crassus is of high quality, and will serve as a basis for future work on the invasion biology of this important parasite. The polymorphisms identified will provide a key tool set for analysis of population structure and identification of genes likely to be involved in increased pathogenicity in European eel hosts. The identification of peptidases under positive selection is a first step in this programme.}, }
@article {pmid23390612, year = {2013}, author = {Dlugosch, KM and Lai, Z and Bonin, A and Hierro, J and Rieseberg, LH}, title = {Allele identification for transcriptome-based population genomics in the invasive plant Centaurea solstitialis.}, journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {359-367}, pmid = {23390612}, issn = {2160-1836}, mesh = {Alleles ; Centaurea/*genetics ; Cluster Analysis ; Databases, Factual ; Gene Library ; Genetic Loci ; *Genome, Plant ; Genotype ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Introduced Species ; *Metagenomics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Software ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Transcriptome sequences are becoming more broadly available for multiple individuals of the same species, providing opportunities to derive population genomic information from these datasets. Using the 454 Life Science Genome Sequencer FLX and FLX-Titanium next-generation platforms, we generated 11-430 Mbp of sequence for normalized cDNA for 40 wild genotypes of the invasive plant Centaurea solstitialis, yellow starthistle, from across its worldwide distribution. We examined the impact of sequencing effort on transcriptome recovery and overlap among individuals. To do this, we developed two novel publicly available software pipelines: SnoWhite for read cleaning before assembly, and AllelePipe for clustering of loci and allele identification in assembled datasets with or without a reference genome. AllelePipe is designed specifically for cases in which read depth information is not appropriate or available to assist with disentangling closely related paralogs from allelic variation, as in transcriptome or previously assembled libraries. We find that modest applications of sequencing effort recover most of the novel sequences present in the transcriptome of this species, including single-copy loci and a representative distribution of functional groups. In contrast, the coverage of variable sites, observation of heterozygosity, and overlap among different libraries are all highly dependent on sequencing effort. Nevertheless, the information gained from overlapping regions was informative regarding coarse population structure and variation across our small number of population samples, providing the first genetic evidence in support of hypothesized invasion scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid23389543, year = {2013}, author = {MacDougall, AS and McCann, KS and Gellner, G and Turkington, R}, title = {Diversity loss with persistent human disturbance increases vulnerability to ecosystem collapse.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {494}, number = {7435}, pages = {86-89}, pmid = {23389543}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Climate Change ; Ecology/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Fires ; *Human Activities ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; Trees/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Long-term and persistent human disturbances have simultaneously altered the stability and diversity of ecological systems, with disturbances directly reducing functional attributes such as invasion resistance, while eliminating the buffering effects of high species diversity. Theory predicts that this combination of environmental change and diversity loss increases the risk of abrupt and potentially irreversible ecosystem collapse, but long-term empirical evidence from natural systems is lacking. Here we demonstrate this relationship in a degraded but species-rich pyrogenic grassland in which the combined effects of fire suppression, invasion and trophic collapse have created a species-poor grassland that is highly productive, resilient to yearly climatic fluctuations, and resistant to invasion, but vulnerable to rapid collapse after the re-introduction of fire. We initially show how human disturbance has created a negative relationship between diversity and function, contrary to theoretical predictions. Fire prevention since the mid-nineteenth century is associated with the loss of plant species but it has stabilized high-yield annual production and invasion resistance, comparable to a managed high-yield low-diversity agricultural system. In managing for fire suppression, however, a hidden vulnerability to sudden environmental change emerges that is explained by the elimination of the buffering effects of high species diversity. With the re-introduction of fire, grasslands only persist in areas with remnant concentrations of native species, in which a range of rare and mostly functionally redundant plants proliferate after burning and prevent extensive invasion including a rapid conversion towards woodland. This research shows how biodiversity can be crucial for ecosystem stability despite appearing functionally insignificant beforehand, a relationship probably applicable to many ecosystems given the globally prevalent combination of intensive long-term land management and species loss.}, }
@article {pmid23387115, year = {2012}, author = {Gonthier, P and Lione, G and Giordano, L and Garbelotto, M}, title = {The American forest pathogen Heterobasidion irregulare colonizes unexpected habitats after its introduction in Italy.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {8}, pages = {2135-2143}, doi = {10.1890/12-0420.1}, pmid = {23387115}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Ascomycota/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Pinus/microbiology ; Plant Roots ; Quercus/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Habitat preference of an invasive fungal tree pathogen is here compared with that of a sympatric and native closely related congener to test the hypothesis that the invasive ability of the exotic organism may be linked to its capacity to colonize substrates unavailable to the indigenous relative. We compared the distribution of infectious airspora of the North American Heterobasidion irregulare introduced into Italy with that of the native H. annosum, both regarded to be able to establish only in the presence of conifers. Geostatistical and statistical analyses were employed to test for association between both species and five Mediterranean vegetation types. Results show that H. annosum is positively associated with pines and negatively associated with deciduous oaks. The probability of finding its spores decreases to almost 0 at distances over 500 m from pines, and this species is virtually absent in pure oak forests. Spores of H. irregulare are present irrespective of vegetation type, and this species can be found not only where pines are present, but also in pure oak forests. This knowledge implies that spread of H. irregulare is not limited by the fragmented distribution of pine woodlands in central Italy and is essential to both predict and hinder its progress in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid23387114, year = {2012}, author = {Swope, SM and Parker, IM}, title = {Complex interactions among biocontrol agents, pollinators, and an invasive weed: a structural equation modeling approach.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {8}, pages = {2122-2134}, doi = {10.1890/12-0131.1}, pmid = {23387114}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Centaurea/*physiology ; Flowers ; Herbivory ; Insecta/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Pollination/*physiology ; Seeds/physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Herbivores, seed predators, and pollinators can exert strong impacts on their host plants. They can also affect the strength of each other's impact by modifying traits in their shared host, producing super- or sub-additive outcomes. This phenomenon is especially relevant to biological control of invasive plants because most invaders are attacked by multiple agents. Unfortunately, complex interactions among agents are rarely studied. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to quantify the effect of two biocontrol agents and generalist pollinators on the invasive weed Centaurea solstitialis, and to identify and quantify the direct and indirect interaction pathways among them. The weevil Eustenopus villosus is both a bud herbivore and a predispersal seed predator; the fly Chaetorellia succinea is also a predispersal seed predator; Apis mellifera is the primary pollinator. We conducted this work at three sites spanning the longitudinal range of C. solstitialis in California (USA) from the coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains. SEM revealed that bud herbivory had the largest total effect on the weed's fecundity. The direct effect of bud herbivory on final seed set was 2-4 times larger in magnitude than the direct effect of seed predation by both agents combined. SEM also revealed important indirect interactions; by reducing the number of inflorescences plants produced, bud herbivory indirectly reduced the plant's attractiveness to ovipositing seed predators. This indirect, positive pathway reduced bud herbivory's direct negative effect by 11-25%. In the same way, bud herbivory also reduced pollinator visitation, although the magnitude of this pathway was relatively small. E. villosus oviposition deterred C. succinea oviposition, which is unfortunate because C. succinea is the more voracious of the seed predators. Finally, C. succinea oviposition indirectly deterred pollinator visitation, thereby enhancing its net effect on the plant. This study demonstrates the powerful insights that can be gained from the SEM approach in understanding the multiple direct and indirect interactions among agents and pollinators and their effects on an invasive weed. Such an approach may improve our ability to manage weeds with biocontrol agents by identifying pathways that could be exploited by future agents and minimizing the possibility of interference with established agents.}, }
@article {pmid23383251, year = {2013}, author = {Monty, A and Bizoux, JP and Escarré, J and Mahy, G}, title = {Rapid plant invasion in distinct climates involves different sources of phenotypic variation.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {e55627}, pmid = {23383251}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Biological Evolution ; *Climate ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Ferns/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; France ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Phenotype ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {When exotic species spread over novel environments, their phenotype will depend on a combination of different processes, including phenotypic plasticity (PP), local adaptation (LA), environmental maternal effects (EME) and genetic drift (GD). Few attempts have been made to simultaneously address the importance of those processes in plant invasion. The present study uses the well-documented invasion history of Senecio inaequidens (Asteraceae) in southern France, where it was introduced at a single wool-processing site. It gradually invaded the Mediterranean coast and the Pyrenean Mountains, which have noticeably different climates. We used seeds from Pyrenean and Mediterranean populations, as well as populations from the first introduction area, to explore the phenotypic variation related to climatic variation. A reciprocal sowing experiment was performed with gardens under Mediterranean and Pyrenean climates. We analyzed climatic phenotypic variation in germination, growth, reproduction, leaf physiology and survival. Genetic structure in the studied invasion area was characterized using AFLP. We found consistent genetic differentiation in growth traits but no home-site advantage, so weak support for LA to climate. In contrast, genetic differentiation showed a relationship with colonization history. PP in response to climate was observed for most traits, and it played an important role in leaf trait variation. EME mediated by seed mass influenced all but leaf traits in a Pyrenean climate. Heavier, earlier-germinating seeds produced larger individuals that produced more flower heads throughout the growing season. However, in the Mediterranean garden, seed mass only influenced the germination rate. The results show that phenotypic variation in response to climate depends on various ecological and evolutionary processes associated with geographical zone and life history traits. Seeing the relative importance of EME and GD, we argue that a "local adaptation vs. phenotypic plasticity" approach is therefore not sufficient to fully understand what shapes phenotypic variation and genetic architecture of invasive populations.}, }
@article {pmid23383170, year = {2013}, author = {Marsot, M and Chapuis, JL and Gasqui, P and Dozières, A and Masséglia, S and Pisanu, B and Ferquel, E and Vourc'h, G}, title = {Introduced Siberian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus barberi) contribute more to lyme borreliosis risk than native reservoir rodents.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {e55377}, pmid = {23383170}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Arvicolinae/microbiology ; Borrelia burgdorferi/*genetics ; DNA Primers/genetics ; Disease Reservoirs/*microbiology/parasitology ; France/epidemiology ; *Introduced Species ; Ixodes/*microbiology ; Lyme Disease/*epidemiology/microbiology/*transmission ; Mice ; Murinae/microbiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Population Density ; Prevalence ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sciuridae/*microbiology/parasitology ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The variation of the composition in species of host communities can modify the risk of disease transmission. In particular, the introduction of a new host species can increase health threats by adding a new reservoir and/or by amplifying the circulation of either exotic or native pathogens. Lyme borreliosis is a multi-host vector-borne disease caused by bacteria belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. It is transmitted by the bite of hard ticks, especially Ixodes ricinus in Europe. Previous studies showed that the Siberian chipmunk, Tamias sibiricus barberi, an introduced ground squirrel in the Forest of Sénart (near Paris, France) was highly infested by I. ricinus, and consequently infected by B. burgdorferi sl. An index of the contribution of chipmunks to the density of infected questing nymphs on the vegetation (i.e., the acarological risk for humans) was compared to that of bank voles (Myodes glareolus) and of wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus), two known native and sympatric competent reservoir hosts. Chipmunks produced nearly 8.5 times more infected questing nymphs than voles and mice. Furthermore, they contribute to a higher diversity of B. burgdorferi sl genospecies (B. afzelii, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto and B. garinii). The contribution of chipmunks varied between years and seasons, according to tick availability. As T. s. barberi must be a competent reservoir, it should amplify B. burgdorferi sl infection, hence increasing the risk of Lyme borreliosis in humans.}, }
@article {pmid23382951, year = {2013}, author = {Carmona-Catot, G and Magellan, K and García-Berthou, E}, title = {Temperature-specific competition between invasive mosquitofish and an endangered cyprinodontid fish.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {e54734}, pmid = {23382951}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aggression ; Animals ; *Competitive Behavior ; Cyprinodontiformes/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; Female ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Predatory Behavior ; Sex Factors ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Condition-specific competition is widespread in nature. Species inhabiting heterogeneous environments tend to differ in competitive abilities depending on environmental stressors. Interactions between these factors can allow coexistence of competing species, which may be particularly important between invasive and native species. Here, we examine the effects of temperature on competitive interactions between invasive mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki, and an endemic Iberian toothcarp, Aphanius iberus. We compare the tendency to approach heterospecifics and food capture rates between these two species, and examine differences between sexes and species in aggressive interactions, at three different temperatures (19, 24 and 29°C) in three laboratory experiments. Mosquitofish exhibit much more aggression than toothcarp. We show that mosquitofish have the capacity to competitively displace toothcarp through interference competition and this outcome is more likely at higher temperatures. We also show a reversal in the competitive hierarchy through reduced food capture rate by mosquitofish at lower temperatures and suggest that these two types of competition may act synergistically to deprive toothcarp of food at higher temperatures. Males of both species carry out more overtly aggressive acts than females, which is probably related to the marked sexual dimorphism and associated mating systems of these two species. Mosquitofish may thus impact heavily on toothcarp, and competition from mosquitofish, especially in warmer summer months, may lead to changes in abundance of the native species and displacement to non-preferred habitats. Globally increasing temperatures mean that highly invasive, warm-water mosquitofish may be able to colonize environments from which they are currently excluded through reduced physiological tolerance to low temperatures. Research into the effects of temperature on interactions between native and invasive species is thus of fundamental importance.}, }
@article {pmid23373515, year = {2013}, author = {Bauer, S and Klaassen, M}, title = {Mechanistic models of animal migration behaviour--their diversity, structure and use.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {82}, number = {3}, pages = {498-508}, pmid = {23373515}, issn = {1365-2656}, support = {HHSN266200700010C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {1. Migration is a widespread phenomenon in the animal kingdom, including many taxonomic groups and modes of locomotion. Developing an understanding of the proximate and ultimate causes for this behaviour not only addresses fundamental ecological questions but has relevance to many other fields, for example in relation to the spread of emerging zoonotic diseases, the proliferation of invasive species, aeronautical safety as well as the conservation of migrants. 2. Theoretical methods can make important contributions to our understanding of migration, by allowing us to integrate findings on this complex behaviour, identify caveats in our understanding and to guide future empirical research efforts. Various mechanistic models exist to date, but their applications seem to be scattered and far from evenly distributed across taxonomic units. 3. Therefore, we provide an overview of the major mechanistic modelling approaches used in the study of migration behaviour and characterize their fundamental features, assumptions and limitations and discuss their typical data requirements both for model parameterization and for scrutinizing model predictions. 4. Furthermore, we review 155 studies that have used mechanistic models to study animal migration and analyse them with regard to the approaches used and the focal species, and also explore their contribution to advancing current knowledge within six broad migration ecology research themes. 5. This identifies important gaps in our present knowledge, which should be tackled in future research using existing and to-be developed theoretical approaches.}, }
@article {pmid23372788, year = {2013}, author = {Caller, G and Brown, C}, title = {Evolutionary responses to invasion: cane toad sympatric fish show enhanced avoidance learning.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {e54909}, pmid = {23372788}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Avoidance Learning ; *Biological Evolution ; *Bufo marinus ; *Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; New South Wales ; Predatory Behavior ; Recognition, Psychology ; Sympatry ; }, abstract = {The introduced cane toad (Bufo marinus) poses a major threat to biodiversity due to its lifelong toxicity. Several terrestrial native Australian vertebrates are adapting to the cane toad's presence and lab trials have demonstrated that repeated exposure to B. marinus can result in learnt avoidance behaviour. Here we investigated whether aversion learning is occurring in aquatic ecosystems by comparing cane toad naïve and sympatric populations of crimson spotted rainbow fish (Melanotaenia duboulayi). The first experiment indicated that fish from the sympatric population had pre-existing aversion to attacking cane toad tadpoles but also showed reduced attacks on native tadpoles. The second experiment revealed that fish from both naïve and sympatric populations learned to avoid cane toad tadpoles following repeated, direct exposure. Allopatric fish also developed a general aversion to tadpoles. The aversion learning abilities of both groups was examined using an experiment involving novel distasteful prey items. While both populations developed a general avoidance of edible pellets in the presence of distasteful pellets, only the sympatric population significantly reduced the number of attacks on the novel distasteful prey item. These results indicate that experience with toxic prey items over multiple generations can enhance avoidance leaning capabilities via natural selection.}, }
@article {pmid23360501, year = {2013}, author = {Brown, GP and Kelehear, C and Shine, R}, title = {The early toad gets the worm: cane toads at an invasion front benefit from higher prey availability.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {82}, number = {4}, pages = {854-862}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12048}, pmid = {23360501}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; Demography ; *Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {In biological invasions, rates of range expansion tend to accelerate through time. What kind of benefits to more rapidly dispersing organisms might impose natural selection for faster rates of dispersal, and hence the evolution of range-edge acceleration? We can answer that question by comparing fitness-relevant ecological traits of individuals at the invasion front compared with conspecifics in the same area a few years post-invasion. In tropical Australia, the rate of invasion by cane toads (Rhinella marina) has increased substantially over recent decades, due to shifts in heritable traits. Our data on field-collected cane toads at a recently invaded site in the Australian wet-dry tropics span a 5-year period beginning with toad arrival. Compared with conspecifics that we monitored in the same sites post-invasion, toads in the invasion vanguard exhibited higher feeding rates, larger energy stores, better body condition and faster growth. Three processes may have contributed to this pattern: (i) higher prey availability at the front (perhaps due to reduced competition from conspecifics); (ii) the lack of viability-reducing parasites and pathogens in invasion-front toads; and (iii) distinctive (active, fast-growing) phenotypes of the invasion-front toads. Nutritional benefits to individuals in the invasion vanguard (whether because of higher prey availability, or lower pathogen levels) thus may have conferred a selective advantage to accelerated dispersal in this system.}, }
@article {pmid23360383, year = {2013}, author = {King, C and Jones, HI and Tay, CY}, title = {Arthropod intermediate hosts of Abbreviata antarctica (Nematoda: Physalopteridae) in Australia.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {99}, number = {4}, pages = {708-711}, doi = {10.1645/12-47.1}, pmid = {23360383}, issn = {1937-2345}, mesh = {Animals ; Cockroaches/classification/*parasitology ; Feces/parasitology ; Gryllidae/classification/*parasitology ; Insect Vectors/classification/*parasitology ; Isoptera/classification/*parasitology ; Lizards ; Spirurida/*physiology ; Spirurida Infections/transmission/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {This study examines potential arthropod intermediate hosts for the nematode Abbreviata antarctica. Five species of arthropod (tropical native cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus; native roach Drymoplaneta communis; native termite Nasutitermes exitiosus; and 2 introduced species, the East African roach Naupheta cinerea and the Asian cricket Acheta domesticus) were fed feces from a skink, Tiliqua rugosa, containing embryonated eggs of A. antarctica . The insects were dissected at 4 intervals (1 day, 4 days, 8-16 days, and 25-26 days). Viable third-stage larvae were recovered from cysts on the external wall of the midgut and hindgut of 62.5% nymphal and adult T. oceanicus crickets at 25-26 days post-infection and from a single nymphal A. domesticus cricket. No roaches contained eggs or first-stage larvae after 48 hr, and neither eggs nor larvae were found in termites.}, }
@article {pmid23356625, year = {2013}, author = {Zhang, F and Hui, C and Pauw, A}, title = {Adaptive divergence in Darwin's race: how coevolution can generate trait diversity in a pollination system.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {67}, number = {2}, pages = {548-560}, doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01796.x}, pmid = {23356625}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Animals ; Diptera/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Flowers/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Iridaceae/*genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Models, Statistical ; Mouth/anatomy &amp; histology ; Pollination/*genetics ; Population/genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Understanding how reciprocal selection shapes interacting species in Darwin's coevolutionary race is a captivating pursuit in evolutionary ecology. Coevolving traits can potentially display following three patterns: (1) geographical variation in matched traits, (2) bias in trait matching, and (3) bimodal distribution of a trait in certain populations. Based on the framework of adaptive dynamics, we present an evolutionary model for a coevolving pollination system involving the long-proboscid fly (Moegistorhynchus longirostris) and the long-tubed iris (Lapeirousia anceps). The model successfully demonstrates that Darwin's hypothesis can lead to all three patterns if costs are involved. Geographical variation in matched traits could be driven by geographical variation in environmental factors that affect the cost rate of trait escalation. Unequal benefits derived from the interaction by the fly and the flower could potentially cause the bias in trait matching of the system. Different cost rates to trait elongation incurred by the two species and weak assortative interactions in the coevolutionary race can drive divergent selection (i.e., an evolutionary branching) that leads to the bimodal distribution of traits. Overall, the model highlights the importance of assortative interactions and the balance of costs incurred by coevolving species as factors determining the eventual phenotypic outcome of coevolutionary interactions.}, }
@article {pmid23356056, year = {2012}, author = {Lyons, DB and Iavallée, R and Kyei-Poku, G and Van Frankenhuyzen, K and Johny, S and Guertin, C and Francese, JA and Jones, GC and Blais, M}, title = {Towards the development of an autocontamination trap system to manage populations of emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) with the native entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {105}, number = {6}, pages = {1929-1939}, doi = {10.1603/ec12325}, pmid = {23356056}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Beauveria/*physiology ; Coleoptera/*microbiology ; Female ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Male ; Pest Control, Biological/*instrumentation ; Spores, Fungal/*pathogenicity/physiology ; }, abstract = {Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is an invasive species from Asia that was discovered in North America Canada, in 2002. Herein, we describe studies to develop an autocontamination trapping system to disseminate Beauveria bassiana to control beetle populations. The standard trap for emerald ash borer in Canada is a light green prism trap covered in an insect adhesive and baited with (Z)-3-hexenol. We compared of green multifunnel traps, green intercept panel traps (both with and without fluon coating) and green prism traps for capturing emerald ash borer in a green ash plantation. The coated green multifunnel traps captured significantly more males and more females than any other trap design. We examined the efficacy of two native B. bassiana isolates, INRS-CFL and L49-1AA. In a field experiment the INRS-CFL isolate attached to multifunnel traps in autocontamination chambers retained its pathogenicity to emerald ash borer adults for up to 43 d of outdoor exposure. Conidia germination of the INRS-CFL isolate was >69% after outdoor exposure in the traps for up to 57 d. The L49-1AA isolate was not pathogenic in simulated trap exposures and the germination rate was extremely low (<5.3%). Mean (+/- SEM) conidia loads on ash borer adults after being autocontaminated in the laboratory using pouches that had been exposed in traps out of doors for 29 d were 579,200 (+/- 86,181) and 2,400 (+/- 681) for the INRS-CFL and the LA9-1AA isolates, respectively. We also examined the fungal dissemination process under field conditions using the L49-1AA isolate in a green ash plantation. Beetles were lured to baited green multifunnel traps with attached autocontamination chambers. Beetles acquired fungal conidia from cultures growing on pouches in the chambers and were recaptured on Pestick-coated traps. In total, 2,532 beetles were captured of which 165 (6.5%) had fungal growth that resembled B. bassiana. Of these 25 beetles were positive for the L49-1AA isolate.}, }
@article {pmid23354872, year = {2013}, author = {Pool, TK and Strecker, AL and Olden, JD}, title = {Identifying preservation and restoration priority areas for desert fishes in an increasingly invaded world.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {51}, number = {3}, pages = {631-641}, pmid = {23354872}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Desert Climate ; *Fishes ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Monte Carlo Method ; Southwestern United States ; Water Supply ; }, abstract = {A commonly overlooked aspect of conservation planning assessments is that wildlife managers are increasingly focused on habitats that contain non-native species. We examine this management challenge in the Gila River basin (150,730 km(2)), and present a new planning strategy for fish conservation. By applying a hierarchical prioritization algorithm to >850,000 fish records in 27,181 sub-watersheds we first identified high priority areas (PAs) termed "preservation PAs" with high native fish richness and low non-native richness; these represent traditional conservation targets. Second, we identified "restoration PAs" with high native fish richness that also contained high numbers of non-native species; these represent less traditional conservation targets. The top 10 % of preservation and restoration PAs contained common native species (e.g., Catostomus clarkii, desert sucker; Catostomus insignis, Sonora sucker) in addition to native species with limited distributions (i.e., Xyrauchen texanus, razorback sucker; Oncorhynchus gilae apache, Apache trout). The top preservation and restoration PAs overlapped by 42 %, indicating areas with high native fish richness range from minimally to highly invaded. Areas exclusively identified as restoration PAs also encompassed a greater percentage of native species ranges than would be expected by the random addition of an equivalent basin area. Restoration PAs identified an additional 19.0 and 26.6 % of the total ranges of two federally endangered species-Meda fulgida (spikedace) and Gila intermedia (Gila chub), respectively, compared to top preservation PAs alone-despite adding only 5.8 % of basin area. We contend that in addition to preservation PAs, restoration PAs are well suited for complementary management activities benefiting native fishes.}, }
@article {pmid23354757, year = {2013}, author = {Manfredini, F and Beani, L and Grozinger, CM}, title = {Examining the "evolution of increased competitive ability" hypothesis in response to parasites and pathogens in the invasive paper wasp Polistes dominula.}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {100}, number = {3}, pages = {219-228}, pmid = {23354757}, issn = {1432-1904}, mesh = {Animals ; Beauveria/*physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Escherichia coli/*physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Parasites/*physiology ; *Wasps/immunology/microbiology/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Successful invaders often become established in new ranges by outcompeting native species. The "evolution of increased competitive ability" hypothesis predicts that invasive species are subjected to less predation and parasitization than sympatric native species, and thus can allocate resources from defence and immunity to growth and fecundity, thereby achieving higher fitness. In this study, we examined whether American invasive Polistes dominula paper wasps have reduced immunocompetence. To explore this scenario, we tested their susceptibility towards parasites and pathogens at both the individual (immune defence) and colony levels, i.e. hygienic behaviour (removal of diseased individuals by nestmates). First, we examined the response to the specific coevolved parasite Xenos vesparum (lost after invasion) in terms of individual host susceptibility and hygienic behaviour. Second, we explored the response against general pathogens by quantifying the bacterial clearance in individual wasps after a challenge with Escherichia coli and hygienic behaviour after a challenge with the fungus Beauveria bassiana. Our results show that American invasive P. dominula have a higher response against X. vesparum at the colony level, but at the individual level their susceptibility is not significantly different from conspecifics of the native range. On the other hand, invasive P. dominula display lower response after a challenge with general pathogens at both the individual and colony levels. While supporting the hypothesis of a reduction of immunocompetence towards general pathogens in invasive species, these findings also suggest that the response against coevolved parasites might follow different evolutionary pathways which are not always easily predictable.}, }
@article {pmid23353072, year = {2013}, author = {Parham, JF and Papenfuss, TJ and Dijk, PP and Wilson, BS and Marte, C and Schettino, LR and Brian Simison, W}, title = {Genetic introgression and hybridization in Antillean freshwater turtles (Trachemys) revealed by coalescent analyses of mitochondrial and cloned nuclear markers.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {67}, number = {1}, pages = {176-187}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2013.01.004}, pmid = {23353072}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Central America ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Jamaica ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Puerto Rico ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Turtles/*classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {Determining whether a conflict between gene trees and species trees represents incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) or hybridization involving native and/or invasive species has implications for reconstructing evolutionary relationships and guiding conservation decisions. Among vertebrates, turtles represent an exceptional case for exploring these issues because of the propensity for even distantly related lineages to hybridize. In this study we investigate a group of freshwater turtles (Trachemys) from a part of its range (the Greater Antilles) where it is purported to have undergone reticulation events from both natural and anthropogenic processes. We sequenced mtDNA for 83 samples, sequenced three nuDNA markers for 45 samples, and cloned 29 polymorphic sequences, to identify species boundaries, hybridization, and intergrade zones for Antillean Trachemys and nearby mainland populations. Initial coalescent analyses of phased nuclear alleles (using (*)BEAST) recovered a Bayesian species tree that strongly conflicted with the mtDNA phylogeny and traditional taxonomy, and appeared to be confounded by hybridization. Therefore, we undertook exploratory phylogenetic analyses of mismatched alleles from the "coestimated" gene trees (Heled and Drummond, 2010) in order to identify potential hybrid origins. The geography, morphology, and sampling context of most samples with potential introgressed alleles suggest hybridization over ILS. We identify contact zones between different species on Jamaica (T. decussata × T. terrapen), on Hispaniola (T. decorata × T. stejnegeri), and in Central America (T. emolli × T. venusta). We are unable to determine whether the distribution of T. decussata on Jamaica is natural or the result of prehistoric introduction by Native Americans. This uncertainty means that the conservation status of the Jamaican T. decussata populations and contact zone with T. terrapen are unresolved. Human-mediated dispersal events were more conclusively implicated for the prehistoric translocation of T. stejnegeri between Puerto Rico and Hispaniola, as well as the more recent genetic pollution of native species by an invasive pet turtle native to the USA (T. scripta elegans). Finally, we test the impact of introgressed alleles using the multispecies coalescent in a Bayesian framework and show that studies that do not phase heterozygote sequences of hybrid individuals may recover the correct species tree, but overall support for clades that include hybrid individuals may be reduced.}, }
@article {pmid23349751, year = {2013}, author = {Morley, CG and Winder, L}, title = {The effect of the small Indian mongoose (Urva auropunctatus), island quality and habitat on the distribution of native and endemic birds on small islands within Fiji.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {e53842}, pmid = {23349751}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; Fiji ; *Herpestidae ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {This study investigated the effect of the presence of introduced mongoose, environmental quality and habitat on the distribution of native and endemic birds on 16 small islands within Fiji. In total, 9055 birds representing 45 species were observed within four key habitats (forest, villages, crop land and coastal vegetation) on the 16 islands, half of which had mongoose present. Previous studies attribute bird declines and extirpation anecdotally to the mongoose. The presence of mongoose, environmental quality and habitat type had a measurable influence on observed extant native and endemic bird communities. We conclude that three ground birds; Gallirallus phillipensis, Anas supericiliosa and Porphyrio porhyrio were negatively influenced by the presence of mongoose and that Ptilinopus perousii, Phigys solitarius, Chrysoenas victor, Ducula latrans, Clytorhyrchus vitiensis, Pachycephala pectoralis, Prospeia tabunesis, and Foulehaio carunculata were particularly dependent on good quality forest habitat. Conservation priorities in relation to protecting Fiji's endemic birds from the effect of mongoose are discussed and preventative measures suggested.}, }
@article {pmid23348937, year = {2013}, author = {Chahal, J and Kataria, SK and Parkash, R}, title = {Invasion and adaptation of a warm-adapted species to montane localities: effect of acclimation potential.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {216}, number = {Pt 9}, pages = {1578-1586}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.080200}, pmid = {23348937}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Aging/physiology ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Desiccation ; Drosophila/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Stress, Physiological ; Survival Analysis ; *Temperature ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Drosophila ananassae has successfully invaded the cold and dry montane localities of the Western Himalayas in recent years. The ability of this desiccation- and cold-sensitive tropical species to evolve in response to seasonal changes in montane localities is largely unknown. Here, we investigated how this sensitive species adapt to seasonally varying environmental conditions that are lethal to its survival. We observed change in the frequency of dark and light morphs of D. ananassae in five mid-altitude localities during the last decade (2000-2010). We document invasion of D. ananassae to montane localities and increase in frequency of the dark morph. The stress tolerance of morphs (dark and light) remained unaffected of developmental acclimation. However, adult acclimation has shown significant effects on tolerance to various environmental stresses in morphs and effect of this acclimation persist for long durations. Desiccation and cold stress tolerance was increased after adult acclimation for respective stress in the dark morph; while tolerance of the light morph was not affected. Further, heat tolerance of the light morph was increased after adult heat acclimation with no influence on heat tolerance of the dark morph. Our results suggest a possible role of adult acclimation in successful invasion and adaptation of D. ananassae to montane localities. Future experiments should be carried out to determine whether the survival in adverse conditions of low versus high temperature and humidity during seasonal changes is assisted by different acclimation abilities of the two morphs of D. ananassae.}, }
@article {pmid23347972, year = {2013}, author = {Lambers, H and Clements, JC and Nelson, MN}, title = {How a phosphorus-acquisition strategy based on carboxylate exudation powers the success and agronomic potential of lupines (Lupinus, Fabaceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {100}, number = {2}, pages = {263-288}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1200474}, pmid = {23347972}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Carbon/metabolism ; Crops, Agricultural/*metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Lupinus/*physiology ; Mycorrhizae/physiology ; Nutritive Value ; Phosphorus/*metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Plant Exudates/*metabolism ; Seeds/physiology ; }, abstract = {Lupines (Lupinus species; Fabaceae) are an ancient crop with great potential to be developed further for high-protein feed and food, cover crops, and phytoremediation. Being legumes, they are capable of symbiotically fixing atmospheric nitrogen. However, Lupinus species appear to be nonmycorrhizal or weakly mycorrhizal at most; instead some produce cluster roots, which release vast amounts of phosphate-mobilizing carboxylates (inorganic anions). Other lupines produce cluster-like roots, which function in a similar manner, and some release large amounts of carboxylates without specialized roots. These traits associated with nutrient acquisition make lupines ideally suited for either impoverished soils or soils with large amounts of phosphorus that is poorly available for most plants, e.g., acidic or alkaline soils. Here we explore how common the nonmycorrhizal phosphorus-acquisition strategy based on exudation of carboxylates is in the genus Lupinus, concluding it is very likely more widespread than generally acknowledged. This trait may partly account for the role of lupines as pioneers or invasive species, but also makes them suitable crop plants while we reach "peak phosphorus".}, }
@article {pmid23346234, year = {2012}, author = {Ward, JL and Blum, MJ}, title = {Exposure to an environmental estrogen breaks down sexual isolation between native and invasive species.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {5}, number = {8}, pages = {901-912}, pmid = {23346234}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Environmental change can increase the likelihood of interspecific hybridization by altering properties of mate recognition and discrimination between sympatric congeners. We examined how exposure to an environmentally widespread endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), bisphenol A (BPA), affected visual communication signals and behavioral isolation between an introduced freshwater fish and a native congener (genus: Cyprinella). Exposure to BPA induced changes in the expression of male secondary traits as well as male and female mate choice, leading to an overall reduction in prezygotic isolation between congeners. Changes in female mate discrimination were not tightly linked to changes in male phenotypic traits, suggesting that EDC exposure may alter female choice thresholds independently of the effects of exposure on males. These findings indicate that environmental exposure to EDCs can lead to population declines via the erosion of species boundaries and by promoting the establishment and spread of non-native species via hybridization.}, }
@article {pmid23344427, year = {2013}, author = {Enriquez-Urzelai, U and San Sebastián, O and Garriga, N and Llorente, GA}, title = {Food availability determines the response to pond desiccation in anuran tadpoles.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {173}, number = {1}, pages = {117-127}, pmid = {23344427}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Anura/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Body Size ; Body Weight ; Desiccation ; Food Deprivation ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Metamorphosis, Biological ; Ponds/*chemistry ; Population Dynamics ; *Stress, Physiological ; Water/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Food availability and pond desiccation are two of the most studied factors that condition amphibian metamorphosis. It is well known that, when food is abundant, organisms undergo metamorphosis early and when they are relatively large. The capability of anurans to accelerate their developmental rate in response to desiccation is also common knowledge. These two variables must act together in nature, since we know that, as a pond dries, the per capita resources decrease. We conduct an experiment to evaluate the effects of desiccation and food availability separately and in combination in tadpoles of the painted frog (Discoglossus pictus). We demonstrate that food deprivation leads to slow growth rates, which delay metamorphosis and produce smaller size and weight. The capability to accelerate metamorphosis when facing a drying pond is also confirmed, but, nevertheless, with factor interaction (when the pool is drying and resources are scarce) the capacity to respond to desiccation is lost. In addition, slow drying rates are shown to be stressful situations, but not enough to provoke a shortening of the larval period; in fact, the larval period becomes longer. We also demonstrate that the interaction of these factors changes the allometric relationship of different parts of the hind limb, which has implications for the biomechanics of jumping. Due to low mortality rates and an adequate response to both environmental factors, we expect D. pictus to have a great invasive potential in its new Mediterranean distribution area, where lots of temporary and ephemeral ponds are present.}, }
@article {pmid23344349, year = {2013}, author = {Warren, RJ and Bradford, MA}, title = {Public opinion: Science petitions are a facade of numbers.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {493}, number = {7433}, pages = {480}, pmid = {23344349}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {*Altruism ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecology/*methods/*standards ; Female ; *Genetic Fitness ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Models, Biological ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, }
@article {pmid23342131, year = {2013}, author = {Polverino, G and Liao, JC and Porfiri, M}, title = {Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) preference and behavioral response to animated images of conspecifics altered in their color, aspect ratio, and swimming depth.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {e54315}, pmid = {23342131}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Cyprinodontiformes/*physiology ; Locomotion/physiology ; Swimming/physiology ; }, abstract = {Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) is an example of a freshwater fish species whose remarkable diffusion outside its native range has led to it being placed on the list of the world's hundred worst invasive alien species (International Union for Conservation of Nature). Here, we investigate mosquitofish shoaling tendency using a dichotomous choice test in which computer-animated images of their conspecifics are altered in color, aspect ratio, and swimming level in the water column. Pairs of virtual stimuli are systematically presented to focal subjects to evaluate their attractiveness and the effect on fish behavior. Mosquitofish respond differentially to some of these stimuli showing preference for conspecifics with enhanced yellow pigmentation while exhibiting highly varying locomotory patterns. Our results suggest that computer-animated images can be used to understand the factors that regulate the social dynamics of shoals of Gambusia affinis. Such knowledge may inform the design of control plans and open new avenues in conservation and protection of endangered animal species.}, }
@article {pmid23342048, year = {2013}, author = {Schönrogge, K and Begg, T and Stone, GN}, title = {Native birds and alien insects: spatial density dependence in songbird predation of invading oak gallwasps.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {e53959}, pmid = {23342048}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hymenoptera ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Population Density ; *Predatory Behavior ; Seasons ; *Songbirds ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Revealing the interactions between alien species and native communities is central to understanding the ecological consequences of range expansion. Much has been learned through study of the communities developing around invading herbivorous insects. Much less, however, is known about the significance of such aliens for native vertebrate predators for which invaders may represent a novel food source. We quantified spatial patterns in native bird predation of invading gall-inducing Andricus wasps associated with introduced Turkey oak (Quercus cerris) at eight sites across the UK. These gallwasps are available at high density before the emergence of caterpillars that are the principle spring food of native insectivorous birds. Native birds showed positive spatial density dependence in gall attack rates at two sites in southern England, foraging most extensively on trees with highest gall densities. In a subsequent study at one of these sites, positive spatial density dependence persisted through four of five sequential week-long periods of data collection. Both patterns imply that invading galls are a significant resource for at least some native bird populations. Density dependence was strongest in southern UK bird populations that have had longest exposure to the invading gallwasps. We hypothesise that this pattern results from the time taken for native bird populations to learn how to exploit this novel resource.}, }
@article {pmid23342017, year = {2013}, author = {Yuan, Y and Wang, K and Li, D and Pan, Y and Lv, Y and Zhao, M and Gao, J}, title = {Interspecific interactions between Phragmites australis and Spartina alterniflora along a tidal gradient in the Dongtan wetland, Eastern China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {e53843}, pmid = {23342017}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {China ; *Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Poaceae ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The invasive species Spartina alterniora Loisel was introduced to the eastern coast of China in the 1970s and 1980s for the purposes of land reclamation and the prevention of soil erosion. The resulting interspecific competition had an important influence on the distribution of native vegetation, which makes studying the patterns and mechanisms of the interactions between Spartina alterniora Loisel and the native species Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud in this region very important. There have been some researches on the interspecific interactions between P. australis and S. alterniora in the Dongtan wetland of Chongming, east China, most of which has focused on the comparison of their physiological characteristics. In this paper, we conducted a neighbor removal experiment along a tidal gradient to evaluate the relative competitive abilities of the two species by calculating their relative neighbor effect (RNE) index. We also looked at the influence of environmental stress and disturbance on the competitive abilities of the two species by comparing interaction strength (I) among different tidal zones both for P. australis and S. alterniora. Finally, we measured physiological characteristics of the two species to assess the physiological mechanisms behind their different competitive abilities. Both negative and positive interactions were found between P. australis and S. alterniora along the environmental gradient. When the direction of the competitive intensity index for P. australis and S. alterniora was consistent, the competitive or facilitative effect of S. alterniora on P. australis was stronger than that of P. australis on S. alterniora. The interspecific interactions of P. australis and S. alterniora varied with environmental conditions, as well as with the method used, to measure interspecific interactions.}, }
@article {pmid23341931, year = {2013}, author = {Gozlan, RE and Burnard, D and Andreou, D and Britton, JR}, title = {Understanding the threats posed by non-native species: public vs. conservation managers.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {e53200}, pmid = {23341931}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Attitude ; Communications Media ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; *Introduced Species ; Knowledge ; Risk ; Species Specificity ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Public perception is a key factor influencing current conservation policy. Therefore, it is important to determine the influence of the public, end-users and scientists on the prioritisation of conservation issues and the direct implications for policy makers. Here, we assessed public attitudes and the perception of conservation managers to five non-native species in the UK, with these supplemented by those of an ecosystem user, freshwater anglers. We found that threat perception was not influenced by the volume of scientific research or by the actual threats posed by the specific non-native species. Media interest also reflected public perception and vice versa. Anglers were most concerned with perceived threats to their recreational activities but their concerns did not correspond to the greatest demonstrated ecological threat. The perception of conservation managers was an amalgamation of public and angler opinions but was mismatched to quantified ecological risks of the species. As this suggests that invasive species management in the UK is vulnerable to a knowledge gap, researchers must consider the intrinsic characteristics of their study species to determine whether raising public perception will be effective. The case study of the topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva reveals that media pressure and political debate has greater capacity to ignite policy changes and impact studies on non-native species than scientific evidence alone.}, }
@article {pmid23341917, year = {2013}, author = {Satkoski Trask, J and George, D and Houghton, P and Kanthaswamy, S and Smith, DG}, title = {Population and landscape genetics of an introduced species (M. fascicularis) on the island of Mauritius.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {e53001}, pmid = {23341917}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {R24 RR005090/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; R24 RR025871/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; RR025871/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; RR05090/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Macaca fascicularis/*genetics ; Mauritius ; Principal Component Analysis ; }, abstract = {The cynomolgus macaque, Macaca fascicularis, was introduced onto the island of Mauritius in the early 17(th) century. The species experienced explosive population growth, and currently exists at high population densities. Anecdotes collected from nonhuman primate trappers on the island of Mauritius allege that animals from the northern portion of the island are larger in body size than and superior in condition to their conspecifics in the south. Although previous genetic studies have reported Mauritian cynomolgus macaques to be panmictic, the individuals included in these studies were either from the southern/central or an unknown portion of the island. In this study, we sampled individuals broadly throughout the entire island of Mauritius and used spatial principle component analysis to measure the fine-scale correlation between geographic and genetic distance in this population. A stronger correlation between geographic and genetic distance was found among animals in the north than in those in the southern and central portions of the island. We found no difference in body weight between the two groups, despite anecdotal evidence to the contrary. We hypothesize that the increased genetic structure among populations in the north is related to a reduction in dispersal distance brought about by human habitation and tourist infrastructure, but too recent to have produced true genetic differentiation.}, }
@article {pmid23340423, year = {2013}, author = {De Roy, K and Marzorati, M and Negroni, A and Thas, O and Balloi, A and Fava, F and Verstraete, W and Daffonchio, D and Boon, N}, title = {Environmental conditions and community evenness determine the outcome of biological invasion.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {1383}, pmid = {23340423}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Bacteria/drug effects ; Carbon/pharmacology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Salinity ; Stress, Physiological/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Biological invasion is widely studied, however, conclusions on the outcome of this process mainly originate from observations in systems that leave a large number of experimental variables uncontrolled. Here using a fully controlled system consisting of assembled bacterial communities, we evaluate the degree of invasion and the effect on the community functionality in relation to the initial community evenness under specific environmental stressors. We show that evenness influences the level of invasion and that the introduced species can promote functionality under stress. The evenness-invasibility relationship is negative in the absence and neutral in the presence of stress. Under these conditions, the introduced species is able to maintain the functionality of uneven communities. These results indicate that communities, initially having the same genetic background, in the presence of the same invader, react in a different way with respect to invasibility and functionality depending on specific environmental conditions and community evenness.}, }
@article {pmid23339716, year = {2013}, author = {Yemshanov, D and Koch, FH and Ben-Haim, Y and Downing, M and Sapio, F and Siltanen, M}, title = {A new multicriteria risk mapping approach based on a multiattribute frontier concept.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {33}, number = {9}, pages = {1694-1709}, doi = {10.1111/risa.12013}, pmid = {23339716}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Canada ; Coleoptera ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Geographic Information Systems ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Statistical ; Risk Assessment/*methods ; Trees ; Uncertainty ; United States ; }, abstract = {Invasive species risk maps provide broad guidance on where to allocate resources for pest monitoring and regulation, but they often present individual risk components (such as climatic suitability, host abundance, or introduction potential) as independent entities. These independent risk components are integrated using various multicriteria analysis techniques that typically require prior knowledge of the risk components' importance. Such information is often nonexistent for many invasive pests. This study proposes a new approach for building integrated risk maps using the principle of a multiattribute efficient frontier and analyzing the partial order of elements of a risk map as distributed in multidimensional criteria space. The integrated risks are estimated as subsequent multiattribute frontiers in dimensions of individual risk criteria. We demonstrate the approach with the example of Agrilus biguttatus Fabricius, a high-risk pest that may threaten North American oak forests in the near future. Drawing on U.S. and Canadian data, we compare the performance of the multiattribute ranking against a multicriteria linear weighted averaging technique in the presence of uncertainties, using the concept of robustness from info-gap decision theory. The results show major geographic hotspots where the consideration of tradeoffs between multiple risk components changes integrated risk rankings. Both methods delineate similar geographical regions of high and low risks. Overall, aggregation based on a delineation of multiattribute efficient frontiers can be a useful tool to prioritize risks for anticipated invasive pests, which usually have an extremely poor prior knowledge base.}, }
@article {pmid23337372, year = {2013}, author = {Carney, KJ and Basurko, OC and Pazouki, K and Marsham, S and Delany, JE and Desai, DV and Anil, AC and Mesbahi, E}, title = {Difficulties in obtaining representative samples for compliance with the Ballast Water Management Convention.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {68}, number = {1-2}, pages = {99-105}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.12.016}, pmid = {23337372}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Compliance ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Environmental Policy ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Microalgae/growth &amp; development/isolation &amp; purification ; *Ships ; Water Pollutants/analysis/*standards ; }, abstract = {As implementation of the Ballast Water Convention draws nearer a major challenge is the development of protocols which accurately assess compliance with the D-2 Standard. Many factors affect the accuracy of assessment: e.g. large volume of ballast water, the shape, size and number of ballast tanks and the heterogeneous distribution of organisms within tanks. These factors hinder efforts to obtain samples that truly represent the total ballast water onboard a vessel. A known cell density of Tetraselmis suecica was added to a storage tank and sampled at discharge. The factors holding period, initial cell density and sampling interval affected representativeness. Most samples underestimated cell density, and some tanks with an initial cell density of 100 cells ml(-1) showed <10 cells ml(-1) at discharge, i.e. met the D-2 standard. This highlights difficulties in achieving sample representativeness and when applied to a real ballast tank this will be much harder to achieve.}, }
@article {pmid23331855, year = {2013}, author = {Piiroinen, S and Lindström, L and Lyytinen, A and Mappes, J and Chen, YH and Izzo, V and Grapputo, A}, title = {Pre-invasion history and demography shape the genetic variation in the insecticide resistance-related acetylcholinesterase 2 gene in the invasive Colorado potato beetle.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {13}, pmid = {23331855}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Acetylcholinesterase/*genetics ; Animals ; Coleoptera/drug effects/enzymology/*genetics ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Genes, Insect ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Insecticide Resistance/*genetics ; Insecticides/pharmacology ; *Introduced Species ; Mutation ; Organophosphates/pharmacology ; Solanum tuberosum ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive pest species offers a unique opportunity to study the effects of genetic architecture, demography and selection on patterns of genetic variability. Invasive Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) populations have experienced a rapid range expansion and intense selection by insecticides. By comparing native and invasive beetle populations, we studied the origins of organophosphate (OP) resistance-associated mutations in the acetylcholinesterase 2 (AChE2) gene, and the role of selection and demography on its genetic variability.<br><br>RESULTS: Analysis of three Mexican, two US and five European populations yielded a total of 49 haplotypes. Contrary to the expectations all genetic variability was associated with a point mutation linked to insecticide resistance (S291G), this mutation was found in 100% of Mexican, 95% of US and 71% of European beetle sequences analysed. Only two susceptible haplotypes, genetically very differentiated, were found, one in US and one in Europe. The genetic variability at the AChE2 gene was compared with two other genes not directly affected by insecticide selection, diapause protein 1 and juvenile hormone esterase. All three genes showed reduction in genetic variability indicative of a population bottleneck associated with the invasion.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Stochastic effects during invasion explain most of the observed patterns of genetic variability at the three genes investigated. The high frequency of the S291G mutation in the AChE2 gene among native populations suggests this mutation is the ancestral state and thus, either a pre-adaptation of the beetle for OP resistance or the AChE2 is not the major gene conferring OP resistance. The long historical association with host plant alkaloids together with recombination may have contributed to the high genetic variation at this locus. The genetic diversity in the AChE2 locus of the European beetles, in turn, strongly reflects founder effects followed by rapid invasion. Our results suggest that despite the long history of insecticide use in this species, demographic events together with pre-invasion history have been strongly influential in shaping the genetic diversity of the AChE2 gene in the invasive beetle populations.}, }
@article {pmid23331740, year = {2013}, author = {Enge, S and Nylund, GM and Pavia, H}, title = {Native generalist herbivores promote invasion of a chemically defended seaweed via refuge-mediated apparent competition.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {487-492}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12072}, pmid = {23331740}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fishes ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Rhodophyta ; *Seaweed ; Sweden ; }, abstract = {Refuge-mediated apparent competition was recently suggested as a mechanism that enables plant invasions. The refuge characteristics of introduced plants are predicted to enhance impacts of generalist herbivores on native competitors and thereby result in an increased abundance of the invader. However, this prediction has so far not been experimentally verified. This study tested if the invasion of a chemically defended seaweed is promoted by native generalist herbivores via refuge-mediated apparent competition. The invader was shown to offer herbivores a significantly better refuge against fish predation compared with native seaweeds. Furthermore, in an experimental community, the presence of herbivores decreased the performance of neighbouring native seaweeds, but increased growth and relative abundance of the invader. These results provides the first experimental evidence that native generalist herbivores can shift a community towards a dominance of a well-defended invader, inferior to native species in direct competitive interactions, by means of refuge-mediated apparent competition.}, }
@article {pmid23331296, year = {2013}, author = {Renaud, S and Hardouin, EA and Pisanu, B and Chapuis, JL}, title = {Invasive house mice facing a changing environment on the Sub-Antarctic Guillou Island (Kerguelen Archipelago).}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {612-624}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12079}, pmid = {23331296}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Mandible/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Mice/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Molar/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Principal Component Analysis ; Sex Characteristics ; Skull/anatomy &amp; histology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Adaptation to new environments is a key feature in evolution promoting divergence in morphological structures under selection. The house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) introduced on the Sub-Antarctic Guillou Island (Kerguelen Archipelago) had and still has to face environmental conditions that likely shaped the pattern and pace of its insular evolution. Since mouse arrival on the island, probably not more than two centuries ago, ecological conditions dramatically differed from those available to their Western European commensal source populations. In addition, over the last two decades, the plant and animal communities of Guillou Island were considerably modified by the eradication of rabbits, the effects of climate change and the spread of invasive species detrimental to native communities. Under such a changing habitat, the mouse response was investigated using a morphometric quantification of mandible and molar tooth, two morphological structures related to food processing. A marked differentiation of the insular mice compared with their relatives from Western Europe was documented for both mandibles and molar shapes. Moreover, these shapes changed through the 16 years of the record, in agreement with expectations of drift for the molar, but more than expected by chance for the mandible. These results suggest that mice responded to the recent changes in food resources, possibly with a part of plastic variation for the mandible prone to bone remodelling. This pattern exemplifies the intricate interplay of evolution, ecology and plasticity that is a probable key of the success of such an invasive rodent facing pronounced shifts in food resources exploitation under a changing environment.}, }
@article {pmid23331154, year = {2013}, author = {Dulčić, J and Dragičević, B}, title = {Paranthias furcifer (Perciformes: Serranidae), a new alien fish in the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {82}, number = {1}, pages = {332-337}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03462.x}, pmid = {23331154}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Bass/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Body Image ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {A specimen of a creole fish Paranthias furcifer (285 mm total length) was captured in Marina Bay (Croatian coast) in the eastern Adriatic Sea. This is the first Mediterranean record of this species. The possible modes of introduction of species are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid23331141, year = {2013}, author = {Lynch, MP and Mensinger, AF}, title = {Temporal patterns in growth and survival of the round goby Neogobius melanostomus.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {82}, number = {1}, pages = {111-124}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03470.x}, pmid = {23331141}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Perciformes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Seasons ; Survival Analysis ; }, abstract = {Monthly, overwinter and annual instantaneous growth rates for round goby Neogobius melanostomus were calculated with maximal growth occurring in July and August and almost no growth observed between ice appearance (October) and melt (March). Annual absolute growth rates averaged 27·3 ± 1·9 mm for males and 19·8 ± 2·4 mm for females. The most parsimonious Cormack-Jolly-Seber model indicated that both the survival and recapture probabilities were dependent on sampling date, but not sex. Survival estimates remained high throughout the 13 month study with a median weekly survival probability of 0·920 (25 and 75% quartiles: 0·767 and 0·991), an overwinter survival probability of 99% and an annual survival rate of 67%. Survival probabilities were lowest for both sexes near the completion of the N. melanostomus reproductive season in July and August which supports existing evidence of higher mortality after reproduction, while challenging the paradigm that male N. melanostomus suffer comparatively higher mortality as a result of reproduction than females. Evidence indicating that growth and mortality rates are highest at the end of the reproductive season not only highlights seasonal variability in N. melanostomus natural history, but may also guide the control of this invasive species to periods when they are most vulnerable.}, }
@article {pmid23331135, year = {2013}, author = {Rabitsch, W and Milasowszky, N and Nehring, S and Wiesner, C and Wolter, C and Essl, F}, title = {The times are changing: temporal shifts in patterns of fish invasions in central European fresh waters.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {82}, number = {1}, pages = {17-33}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03457.x}, pmid = {23331135}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Austria ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; Germany ; Introduced Species/*trends ; *Rivers ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {This study examines the invasion history of alien fish species based on exhaustive national data sets on fish invasions of two contiguous central European countries (Germany and Austria). Fifteen alien fish species are currently established in both countries, constituting 14 and 17% of the total freshwater fish fauna of Germany and Austria, respectively. In both countries, six alien species are present, but not established. The status of five alien species in Germany and three species in Austria remains unknown. Accumulation rates of alien fish species have increased in recent decades with >50% of them reported after 1971. North America and Asia were the primary sources of alien fish species in Germany and Austria up to the 1980s, whereas European species of Ponto-Caspian origin dominate now. Fisheries (including aquaculture) and the animal trade were responsible for most earlier introductions, whereas waterways were the main pathway for recent invaders. The extent of the spatial distribution of alien species was positively correlated with residence time, i.e. the time elapsed since the first national record. Different thermal preferences of early invaders (mostly coldwater species) and new invaders (typically warmwater adapted) may benefit the latter in the face of climate change. It is concluded that new challenges for alien fish management arise and that ecosystem-based approaches as endorsed by the E.U. Water Framework Directive (maintaining or restoring good ecological status of rivers and streams) should become the centrepiece of river management in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid23329045, year = {2013}, author = {Powell, KI and Chase, JM and Knight, TM}, title = {Invasive plants have scale-dependent effects on diversity by altering species-area relationships.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {339}, number = {6117}, pages = {316-318}, doi = {10.1126/science.1226817}, pmid = {23329045}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Extinction, Biological ; Ferns/*physiology ; Florida ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Lonicera/*physiology ; Missouri ; Myricaceae/*physiology ; Trees/physiology ; }, abstract = {Although invasive plant species often reduce diversity, they rarely cause plant extinctions. We surveyed paired invaded and uninvaded plant communities from three biomes. We reconcile the discrepancy in diversity loss from invaders by showing that invaded communities have lower local richness but steeper species accumulation with area than that of uninvaded communities, leading to proportionately fewer species loss at broader spatial scales. We show that invaders drive scale-dependent biodiversity loss through strong neutral sampling effects on the number of individuals in a community. We also show that nonneutral species extirpations are due to a proportionately larger effect of invaders on common species, suggesting that rare species are buffered against extinction. Our study provides a synthetic perspective on the threat of invasions to biodiversity loss across spatial scales.}, }
@article {pmid23328818, year = {2013}, author = {Weidenhamer, JD and Li, M and Allman, J and Bergosh, RG and Posner, M}, title = {Evidence does not support a role for gallic acid in Phragmites australis invasion success.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, pages = {323-332}, pmid = {23328818}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Gallic Acid/*isolation &amp; purification/*metabolism ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Plant Leaves/genetics/metabolism ; Poaceae/*genetics/*metabolism ; Rhizome/genetics/metabolism ; Soil/analysis ; }, abstract = {Gallic acid has been reported to be responsible for the invasive success of nonnative genotypes of Phragmites australis in North America. We have been unable to confirm previous reports of persistent high concentrations of gallic acid in the rhizosphere of invasive P. australis, and of high concentrations of gallic acid and gallotannins in P. australis rhizomes. The half-life of gallic acid in nonsterile P. australis soil was measured by aqueous extraction of soils and found to be less than 1 day at added concentrations up to 10,000 μg g(-1). Furthermore, extraction of P. australis soil collected in North Carolina showed no evidence of gallic acid, and extractions of both rhizomes and leaves of samples of four P. australis populations confirmed to be of invasive genotype show only trace amounts of gallic acid and/or gallotannins. The detection limits were less than 20 μg gallic acid g(-1) FW in the rhizome samples tested, which is approximately 0.015 % of the minimum amount of gallic acid expected based on previous reports. While the occurrence of high concentrations of gallic acid and gallotannins in some local populations of P. australis cannot be ruled out, our results indicate that exudation of gallic acid by P. australis cannot be a primary, general explanation for the invasive success of this species in North America.}, }
@article {pmid23327366, year = {2013}, author = {Chen, HN and Høeg, JT and Chan, BK}, title = {Morphometric and molecular identification of individual barnacle cyprids from wild plankton: an approach to detecting fouling and invasive barnacle species.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {133-145}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2012.753061}, pmid = {23327366}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofouling ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; DNA, Mitochondrial/analysis/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Larva/classification/genetics/ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Multivariate Analysis ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; Taiwan ; Thoracica/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {The present study used DNA barcodes to identify individual cyprids to species. This enables accurate quantification of larvae of potential fouling species in the plankton. In addition, it explains the settlement patterns of barnacles and serves as an early warning system of unwanted immigrant species. Sequences from a total of 540 individual cypris larvae from Taiwanese waters formed 36 monophyletic clades (species) in a phylogenetic tree. Of these clades, 26 were identified to species, but 10 unknown monophyletic clades represented non-native species. Cyprids of the invasive barnacle, Megabalanus cocopoma, were identified. Multivariate analysis of antennular morphometric characters revealed three significant clusters in a nMDS plot, viz. a bell-shaped attachment organ (most species), a shoe-shaped attachment organ (some species), and a spear-shaped attachment organ (coral barnacles only). These differences in attachment organ structure indicate that antennular structures interact directly with the diverse substrata involved in cirripede settlement.}, }
@article {pmid23326537, year = {2013}, author = {Du, W and Wang, J and Pang, Y and Li, Y and Chen, X and Zhao, J and Yang, Q and Wu, J}, title = {Isolation and characterization of a Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng 6Ns chromosome addition in common wheat.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {e53921}, pmid = {23326537}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Chromosomes, Plant/*genetics ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Gliadin/genetics ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; In Situ Hybridization ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; *Polyploidy ; Seeds/cytology/growth &amp; development ; Triticum/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The development of alien addition lines is important for transferring useful genes from exotic species into common wheat. A hybrid of common wheat cv. 7182 (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) and Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng (2n = 2x = 14, NsNs) via embryo culture produced the novel intergeneric disomic addition line 59-11. The seed morphology of 59-11 resembled the parent 7182 and it exhibited extreme agronomic characteristics, i.e., twin stable spikelets, fertile florets, and multi-kernel clusters. Furthermore, 59-11 produced plump kernels with a high seed-setting percentage during the advanced maturation stage. The line was screened based on genomic in situ hybridization, EST-SSR, EST-STS, and gliadin to identify P. huashanica chromatin in the wheat background. The chromosome number and configuration of 59-11 was 2n = 44 = 22 II and we confirmed the 6Ns disomic chromosome additions based on A-PAGE analysis and molecular markers. The results suggested that the production of twin spikelets and multiple kernels per spike in the wheat-P. huashanica addition line was related to homologous group 6 in the wheat chromosome. This is the first report of the introduction of improved spike traits into common wheat from the alien species P. huashanica and it opens up the possibility of increasing the wheat yield based on this enlarged gene pool.}, }
@article {pmid23326215, year = {2012}, author = {Langhamer, O}, title = {Artificial reef effect in relation to offshore renewable energy conversion: state of the art.}, journal = {TheScientificWorldJournal}, volume = {2012}, number = {}, pages = {386713}, pmid = {23326215}, issn = {1537-744X}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; *Renewable Energy ; }, abstract = {The rapid worldwide growth of offshore renewable energy production will provide marine organisms with new hard substrate for colonization, thus acting as artificial reefs. The artificial reef effect is important when constructing, for example, scour protections since it can generate an enhanced habitat. Specifically, artificial structures can create increased heterogeneity in the area important for species diversity and density. Offshore energy installations also have the positive side effect as they are a sanctuary area for trawled organisms. Higher survival of fish and bigger fish is an expected outcome that can contribute to a spillover to outer areas. One negative side effect is that invasive species can find new habitats in artificial reefs and thus influence the native habitats and their associated environment negatively. Different scour protections in offshore wind farms can create new habitats compensating for habitat loss by offshore energy installations. These created habitats differ from the lost habitat in species composition substantially. A positive reef effect is dependent on the nature and the location of the reef and the characteristics of the native populations. An increase in surface area of scour protections by using specially designed material can also support the reef effect and its productivity.}, }
@article {pmid23321118, year = {2012}, author = {Scaduto, DA and Garner, SR and Leach, EL and Thompson, GJ}, title = {Genetic evidence for multiple invasions of the eastern subterranean termite into Canada.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, pages = {1680-1686}, doi = {10.1603/EN12158}, pmid = {23321118}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Isoptera/*genetics/physiology ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Ontario ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Principal Component Analysis ; }, abstract = {Social insects are among the world's most successful species at invading new environments. Their characteristic division of labor can influence their capacity to colonize new habitats, often with negative ecological or economic impact. The social Hymenoptera (i.e., ants, bees, and wasps), are well studied in this regard, but much less is known about the invasive biology of termites (Isoptera). In this study we use province-wide sampling and a population genetic analysis to infer the minimum number of eastern subterranean termite [Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar)] introductions into Ontario (Canada). Structure analysis of multilocus microsatellite genotypes grouped the 30 collection points into K = 3 genetic clusters, suggesting as many three independent introductions into southern Ontario. Levels of genetic diversity were higher in termites from the Pelee region than in termites from Toronto and other Ontario cities, suggesting that these Pelee termite populations are potentially older and native to Ontario. A single origin scenario, in which all populations stem from a single source, therefore is not supported by the genetic data. Instead, our analysis suggests multiple independent introductions of this highly social, subterranean termite into Ontario, where the species is now well established as a structural pest of urban habitats.}, }
@article {pmid23321108, year = {2012}, author = {Kendra, PE and Montgomery, WS and Niogret, J and Deyrup, MA and Guillén, L and Epsky, ND}, title = {Xyleborus glabratus, X. affinis, and X. ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): electroantennogram responses to host-based attractants and temporal patterns in host-seeking flight.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, pages = {1597-1605}, doi = {10.1603/EN12164}, pmid = {23321108}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropod Antennae/drug effects/ultrastructure ; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects ; Coleoptera/*drug effects ; Flight, Animal/drug effects ; Insect Control/methods ; Introduced Species ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Oils, Volatile/pharmacology ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Terpenes/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff, is an exotic wood-boring insect that vectors the mycopathogen responsible for laurel wilt, a lethal vascular disease of trees in the Lauraceae, including avocado (Persea americana Mill.). Effective semiochemical-based detection and control programs for X. glabratus will require an understanding of the chemical ecology and host-seeking behaviors of this new invasive pest. This study 1) presents an electroantennography (EAG) method developed for assessment of olfactory responses in ambrosia beetles; 2) uses that new method to quantify EAG responses of X. glabratus, X. affinis, and X. ferrugineus to volatiles from three host-based attractants: manuka oil (essential oil extract from Leptospermum scoparium Forst. &amp; Forst.), phoebe oil (extract from Phoebe porosa Mex.), and wood from silkbay (Persea humilis Nash); and 3) documents temporal differences in host-seeking flight of the sympatric Xyleborus species. Field observations revealed that X. glabratus engages in flight several hours earlier than X. affinis and X. ferrugineus, providing a window for selective capture of the target pest species. In EAG analyses with X. glabratus, antennal response to phoebe oil was equivalent to response to host Persea wood, but EAG response elicited with manuka oil was significantly less. In comparative studies, EAG response of X. glabratus was significantly higher than response of either X. affinis or X. ferrugineus to all three host-based substrates. Future research will use this EAG method to measure olfactory responses to synthetic terpenoids, facilitating identification of the specific kairomones used by X. glabratus for host location.}, }
@article {pmid23321085, year = {2012}, author = {Hullé, M}, title = {Myzus ascalonicus, an aphid recently introduced to sub-Antarctic islands, prefers native to exotic host-plants.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, pages = {1398-1404}, doi = {10.1603/EN12057}, pmid = {23321085}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Aphids/*physiology ; Asteraceae/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Brassicaceae/physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Herbivory ; Indian Ocean ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Rosaceae/physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Newly introduced phytophagous insects can affect native and introduced plant species. If the native plant species evolved without undergoing selective pressure from these insects, insect-plant interactions may be different for native and introduced plant species. In particular, this difference may involve mechanisms of plant defense against herbivores. If native plants lack such mechanisms, they may be more palatable to insects than exotic plants. On isolated sub-Antarctic islands, native plant species have evolved in the absence of sap-feeding insects, subsequently introduced a few decades ago. In this study, performance of an introduced aphid species, Myzus ascalonicus Doncaster, was experimentally compared on three native [Pringlea antiscorbutica Hook.f., Acaena magellanica (Lam) Vah, and Leptinella plumosa Hook.f.] and three exotic plant species (Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg, Cerastium fontanum Baumg., and Senecio vulgaris L.) found on the Kerguelen Islands. Counts and weights of aphid colonies were 2-7 times higher on native plants than on exotic plants depending on experimental conditions. The results are discussed in light of the possibility of an absence or ineffective defense mechanisms in native plants.}, }
@article {pmid23320077, year = {2013}, author = {von der Lippe, M and Bullock, JM and Kowarik, I and Knopp, T and Wichmann, MC}, title = {Human-mediated dispersal of seeds by the airflow of vehicles.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {e52733}, pmid = {23320077}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Ailanthus ; *Air Movements ; Ambrosia ; *Automobiles ; Brassica napus ; Clematis ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; *Seed Dispersal ; Seeds/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Wind ; }, abstract = {Human-mediated dispersal is known as an important driver of long-distance dispersal for plants but underlying mechanisms have rarely been assessed. Road corridors function as routes of secondary dispersal for many plant species but the extent to which vehicles support this process remains unclear. In this paper we quantify dispersal distances and seed deposition of plant species moved over the ground by the slipstream of passing cars. We exposed marked seeds of four species on a section of road and drove a car along the road at a speed of 48 km/h. By tracking seeds we quantified movement parallel as well as lateral to the road, resulting dispersal kernels, and the effect of repeated vehicle passes. Median distances travelled by seeds along the road were about eight meters for species with wind dispersal morphologies and one meter for species without such adaptations. Airflow created by the car lifted seeds and resulted in longitudinal dispersal. Single seeds reached our maximum measuring distance of 45 m and for some species exceeded distances under primary dispersal. Mathematical models were fit to dispersal kernels. The incremental effect of passing vehicles on longitudinal dispersal decreased with increasing number of passes as seeds accumulated at road verges. We conclude that dispersal by vehicle airflow facilitates seed movement along roads and accumulation of seeds in roadside habitats. Dispersal by vehicle airflow can aid the spread of plant species and thus has wide implications for roadside ecology, invasion biology and nature conservation.}, }
@article {pmid23319165, year = {2013}, author = {Jing, J and Ren, WC and Li, C and Bose, U and Parekh, HS and Wei, MQ}, title = {Rapid identification of primary constituents in parotoid gland secretions of the Australian cane toad using HPLC/MS-Q-TOF.}, journal = {Biomedical chromatography : BMC}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {685-687}, doi = {10.1002/bmc.2858}, pmid = {23319165}, issn = {1099-0801}, mesh = {Amphibian Venoms/*chemistry ; Animals ; Australia ; Bufanolides/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; *Bufo marinus ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Parotid Gland/metabolism ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/*methods ; }, abstract = {Toad parotoid gland secretion or toad venom has in recent years been increasingly shown to possess potentially beneficial pharmacological effects; this speculation has drawn much interest centred on elucidating the chemical basis of its multimodal effects. For this purpose, we explored the use of a rapid and accurate analysis method for systemic investigation of the parotoid gland chemistry, when extracted from Australian cane toads. Full-scan data of cane toad venom extract was acquired using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a hybrid quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry system (HPLC/MS-Q-TOF), with multiple ionization sources (ESI and APCI) in positive and negative mixed modes. By measuring the exact mass differences between the theoretical and measured mass of each assumed compound, we confirmed the presence of 12 key constituents. The present results demonstrate that the use of HPLC/MS-Q-TOF with multiple ionization sources delivers exemplary selectivity and sensitivity, allowing for the rapid and accurate identification of constituents within cane toad venom. This paves the way for this technique to be used in future routine screening of components within the genus Bufo and for key analytes too, then reliably assessed for any purported beneficial (clinic) properties.}, }
@article {pmid23318006, year = {2013}, author = {Rocha, RM and Vieira, LM and Migotto, AE and Amaral, AC and Ventura, CR and Serejo, CS and Pitombo, FB and Santos, KC and Simone, LR and Tavares, M and Lopes, RM and Pinheiro, U and Marques, AC}, title = {The need of more rigorous assessments of marine species introductions: a counter example from the Brazilian coast.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {67}, number = {1-2}, pages = {241-243}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.12.009}, pmid = {23318006}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Biofouling/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Invertebrates/*growth &amp; development ; Ships/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, }
@article {pmid23316750, year = {2013}, author = {Moles, AT and Peco, B and Wallis, IR and Foley, WJ and Poore, AGB and Seabloom, EW and Vesk, PA and Bisigato, AJ and Cella-Pizarro, L and Clark, CJ and Cohen, PS and Cornwell, WK and Edwards, W and Ejrnaes, R and Gonzales-Ojeda, T and Graae, BJ and Hay, G and Lumbwe, FC and Magaña-Rodríguez, B and Moore, BD and Peri, PL and Poulsen, JR and Stegen, JC and Veldtman, R and von Zeipel, H and Andrew, NR and Boulter, SL and Borer, ET and Cornelissen, JHC and Farji-Brener, AG and DeGabriel, JL and Jurado, E and Kyhn, LA and Low, B and Mulder, CPH and Reardon-Smith, K and Rodríguez-Velázquez, J and De Fortier, A and Zheng, Z and Blendinger, PG and Enquist, BJ and Facelli, JM and Knight, T and Majer, JD and Martínez-Ramos, M and McQuillan, P and Hui, FKC}, title = {Correlations between physical and chemical defences in plants: tradeoffs, syndromes, or just many different ways to skin a herbivorous cat?.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {198}, number = {1}, pages = {252-263}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12116}, pmid = {23316750}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Cluster Analysis ; Plants/*chemistry/*immunology ; Principal Component Analysis ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; }, abstract = {Most plant species have a range of traits that deter herbivores. However, understanding of how different defences are related to one another is surprisingly weak. Many authors argue that defence traits trade off against one another, while others argue that they form coordinated defence syndromes. We collected a dataset of unprecedented taxonomic and geographic scope (261 species spanning 80 families, from 75 sites across the globe) to investigate relationships among four chemical and six physical defences. Five of the 45 pairwise correlations between defence traits were significant and three of these were tradeoffs. The relationship between species' overall chemical and physical defence levels was marginally nonsignificant (P = 0.08), and remained nonsignificant after accounting for phylogeny, growth form and abundance. Neither categorical principal component analysis (PCA) nor hierarchical cluster analysis supported the idea that species displayed defence syndromes. Our results do not support arguments for tradeoffs or for coordinated defence syndromes. Rather, plants display a range of combinations of defence traits. We suggest this lack of consistent defence syndromes may be adaptive, resulting from selective pressure to deploy a different combination of defences to coexisting species.}, }
@article {pmid23316492, year = {2012}, author = {Ellner, SP and Schreiber, SJ}, title = {Temporally variable dispersal and demography can accelerate the spread of invading species.}, journal = {Theoretical population biology}, volume = {82}, number = {4}, pages = {283-298}, doi = {10.1016/j.tpb.2012.03.005}, pmid = {23316492}, issn = {1096-0325}, mesh = {Demography ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {We analyze how temporal variability in local demography and dispersal combine to affect the rate of spread of an invading species. Our model combines state-structured local demography (specified by an integral or matrix projection model) with general dispersal distributions that may depend on the state of the individual or its parent. It allows very general patterns of stationary temporal variation in both local demography and in the frequency and distribution of dispersal distances. We show that expressions for the asymptotic spread rate and its sensitivity to parameters, which have been derived previously for less general models, continue to hold. Using these results we show that random temporal variability in dispersal can accelerate population spread. Demographic variability can further accelerate spread if it is positively correlated with dispersal variability, for example if high-fecundity years are also years in which juveniles tend to settle further away from their parents. A simple model for the growth and spread of patches of an invasive plant (perennial pepperweed, Lepidium latifolium) illustrates these effects and shows that they can have substantial impacts on the predicted speed of an invasion wave. Temporal variability in dispersal has received very little attention in both the theoretical and empirical literature on invasive species spread. Our results suggest that this needs to change.}, }
@article {pmid23305672, year = {2013}, author = {Rota-Stabelli, O and Blaxter, M and Anfora, G}, title = {Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {R8-9}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.021}, pmid = {23305672}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Asia, Southeastern ; Behavior, Animal ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Insect Control ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid23301187, year = {2012}, author = {Yasuhara, M and Hunt, G and Breitburg, D and Tsujimoto, A and Katsuki, K}, title = {Human-induced marine ecological degradation: micropaleontological perspectives.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {12}, pages = {3242-3268}, pmid = {23301187}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {We analyzed published downcore microfossil records from 150 studies and reinterpreted them from an ecological degradation perspective to address the following critical but still imperfectly answered questions: (1) How is the timing of human-induced degradation of marine ecosystems different among regions? (2) What are the dominant causes of human-induced marine ecological degradation? (3) How can we better document natural variability and thereby avoid the problem of shifting baselines of comparison as degradation progresses over time? The results indicated that: (1) ecological degradation in marine systems began significantly earlier in Europe and North America (∼1800s) compared with Asia (post-1900) due to earlier industrialization in European and North American countries, (2) ecological degradation accelerated globally in the late 20th century due to post-World War II economic growth, (3) recovery from the degraded state in late 20th century following various restoration efforts and environmental regulations occurred only in limited localities. Although complex in detail, typical signs of ecological degradation were diversity decline, dramatic changes in total abundance, decrease in benthic and/or sensitive species, and increase in planktic, resistant, toxic, and/or introduced species. The predominant cause of degradation detected in these microfossil records was nutrient enrichment and the resulting symptoms of eutrophication, including hypoxia. Other causes also played considerable roles in some areas, including severe metal pollution around mining sites, water acidification by acidic wastewater, and salinity changes from construction of causeways, dikes, and channels, deforestation, and land clearance. Microfossils enable reconstruction of the ecological history of the past 10(2)-10(3) years or even more, and, in conjunction with statistical modeling approaches using independent proxy records of climate and human-induced environmental changes, future research will enable workers to better address Shifting Baseline Syndrome and separate anthropogenic impacts from background natural variability.}, }
@article {pmid23300954, year = {2013}, author = {Vorsino, AE and King, CB and Haines, WP and Rubinoff, D}, title = {Modeling the habitat retreat of the rediscovered endemic Hawaiian moth Omiodes continuatalis Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {e51885}, pmid = {23300954}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Geography ; Hawaii ; *Lepidoptera/parasitology ; Models, Biological ; Parasites ; Probability ; Software ; }, abstract = {Survey data over the last 100 years indicate that populations of the endemic Hawaiian leafroller moth, Omiodes continuatalis (Wallengren) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), have declined, and the species is extirpated from large portions of its original range. Declines have been attributed largely to the invasion of non-native parasitoid species into Hawaiian ecosystems. To quantify changes in O. continuatalis distribution, we applied the maximum entropy modeling approach using Maxent. The model referenced historical (1892-1967) and current (2004-2008) survey data, to create predictive habitat suitability maps which illustrate the probability of occurrence of O. continuatalis based on historical data as contrasted with recent survey results. Probability of occurrence is predicted based on the association of biotic (vegetation) and abiotic (proxy of precipitation, proxy of temperature, elevation) environmental factors with 141 recent and historic survey locations, 38 of which O. continuatalis were collected from. Models built from the historical and recent surveys suggest habitat suitable for O. continuatalis has changed significantly over time, decreasing both in quantity and quality. We reference these data to examine the potential effects of non-native parasitoids as a factor in changing habitat suitability and range contraction for O. continuatalis. Synthesis and applications: Our results suggest that the range of O. continuatalis, an endemic Hawaiian species of conservation concern, has shrunk as its environment has degraded. Although few range shifts have been previously demonstrated in insects, such contractions caused by pressure from introduced species may be important factors in insect extinctions.}, }
@article {pmid23300895, year = {2012}, author = {Emde, S and Rueckert, S and Palm, HW and Klimpel, S}, title = {Invasive Ponto-Caspian amphipods and fish increase the distribution range of the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus tereticollis in the river Rhine.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {e53218}, pmid = {23300895}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Acanthocephala ; Amphipoda/*parasitology ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Europe ; Fishes/*parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Non-indigenous species that become invasive are one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss worldwide. In various freshwater systems in Europe, populations of native amphipods and fish are progressively displaced by highly adaptive non-indigenous species that can perform explosive range extensions. A total of 40 Ponto-Caspian round gobies Neogobius melanostomus from the Rhine River near Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, were examined for metazoan parasites and feeding ecology. Three metazoan parasite species were found: two Nematoda and one Acanthocephala. The two Nematoda, Raphidascaris acus and Paracuaria adunca, had a low prevalence of 2.5%. The Acanthocephala, Pomphorhynchus tereticollis, was the predominant parasite species, reaching a level of 90.0% prevalence in the larval stage, correlated with fish size. In addition, four invasive amphipod species, Corophium curvispinum (435 specimens), Dikerogammarus villosus (5,454), Echinogammarus trichiatus (2,695) and Orchestia cavimana (1,448) were trapped at the sampling site. Only D. villosus was infected with P. tereticollis at a prevalence of 0.04%. The invasive goby N. melanostomus mainly preys on these non-indigenous amphipods, and may have replaced native amphipods in the transmission of P. tereticollis into the vertebrate paratenic host. This study gives insight into a potential parasite-host system that consists mainly of invasive species, such as the Ponto-Caspian fish and amphipods in the Rhine. We discuss prospective distribution and migration pathways of non-indigenous vertebrate (round goby) and invertebrates (amphipods) under special consideration of parasite dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid23300885, year = {2012}, author = {Novoa, A and González, L and Moravcová, L and Pyšek, P}, title = {Effects of soil characteristics, allelopathy and frugivory on establishment of the invasive plant Carpobrotus edulis and a co-occurring native, Malcolmia littorea.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {e53166}, pmid = {23300885}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Roots/*growth &amp; development ; *Plants ; Rabbits ; *Soil ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The species Carpobrotus edulis, native to South Africa, is one of the major plant invaders of Mediterranean coastal ecosystems around the world. Invasion by C. edulis exerts a great impact on coastal habitats. The low number of native species in invaded communities points to the possible existence of mechanisms suppressing their germination. In this study we assessed whether soil factors, endozoochory, competition and allelopathic effects of the invader affect its own early establishment and that of the native species Malcolmia littorea. We used laboratory solutions representing different chemical composition and moisture of the soil, herbivore feeding assays to simulate seed scarification and rainwater solutions to account for the effect of differently aged C. edulis litter.<br><br>PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We show that unlike that of the native species, germination and early growth of C. edulis was not constrained by low moisture. The establishment of C. edulis, in terms of germination and early growth, was increased by scarification of seeds following passage through the European rabbit intestines; the rabbits therefore may have potential implications for plant establishment. There was no competition between C. edulis and M. littorea. The litter of the invasive C. edulis, which remains on the soil surface for several years, releases allelopathic substances that suppress the native plant germination process and early root growth.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The invasive species exhibits features that likely make it a better colonizer of sand dunes than the co-occurring native species. Allelopathic effects, ability to establish in drier microsites and efficient scarification by rabbits are among the mechanisms allowing C. edulis to invade. The results help to explain the failure of removal projects that have been carried out in order to restore dunes invaded by C. edulis, and the long-lasting effects of C. edulis litter need to be taken into account in future restoration projects.}, }
@article {pmid23298166, year = {2013}, author = {Keskin, E and Ağdamar, S and Tarkan, AS}, title = {DNA barcoding common non-native freshwater fish species in Turkey: low genetic diversity but high population structuring.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {276-287}, doi = {10.3109/19401736.2012.748041}, pmid = {23298166}, issn = {1940-1744}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA Primers ; Fishes/*genetics ; Fresh Water ; *Genetic Variation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Turkey ; }, abstract = {Negative impacts of introduced non-native freshwater species on native species have been increasingly recognized in the world as well as in Turkey. However, there has been relatively little attention on genetic characterization of alien freshwater fishes in their non-native distribution range and virtually no study has been conducted in Turkey despite its crucial importance in invasion biology. The purpose of this study was to elucidate genetic diversity of common non-native freshwater fish species (Carassius auratus, Carassius gibelio, Gambusia holbrooki, Lepomis gibbosus, and Pseudorasbora parva) using mitochondrial Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences; known as DNA barcodes. Through the whole dataset, seventeen haplotypes (haplotype diversity = 0.8908) were found containing 145 COI sequences. Mean Kimura two-parameter genetic distances were calculated as 0.209 for interspecific distance and 0.009 for intraspecific variation. COI barcode diversity among populations of the same species was found to be low, especially for C. gibelio, G. holbrooki, and L. gibbosus populations which were 0.5%, 0.6%, and 0.3%, respectively. Our results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the DNA barcoding approach both for identifications at species level and revealing intraspecific variation among populations, which could be used for effective management measures for invasive species and conservation strategies for indigenous and endemic species.}, }
@article {pmid23297239, year = {2013}, author = {Gilbert, B and Levine, JM}, title = {Plant invasions and extinction debts.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {110}, number = {5}, pages = {1744-1749}, pmid = {23297239}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Algorithms ; California ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Extinction, Biological ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Whether introduced species invasions pose a major threat to biodiversity is hotly debated. Much of this debate is fueled by recent findings that competition from introduced organisms has driven remarkably few plant species to extinction. Instead, native plant species in invaded ecosystems are often found in refugia: patchy, marginal habitats unsuitable to their nonnative competitors. However, whether the colonization and extinction dynamics of these refugia allow long-term native persistence is uncertain. Of particular concern is the possibility that invasive plants may induce an extinction debt in the native flora, where persistence over the short term masks deterministic extinction trajectories. We examined how invader impacts on landscape structure influence native plant persistence by combining recently developed quantitative techniques for evaluating metapopulation persistence with field measurements of an invaded plant community. We found that European grass invasion of an edaphically heterogeneous California landscape has greatly decreased the likelihood of the persistence of native metapopulations. It does so via two main pathways: (i) decreasing the size of native refugia, which reduces seed production and increases local extinction, and (ii) eroding the dispersal permeability of the matrix between refugia, which reduces their connectivity. Even when native plant extinction is the deterministic outcome of invasion, the time to extinction can be on the order of hundreds of years. We conclude that the relatively short time since invasion in many parts of the world is insufficient to observe the full impact of plant invasions on native biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid23297112, year = {2013}, author = {Amaro, G and de Morais, EG}, title = {Potential geographical distribution of the red palm mite in South America.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {60}, number = {3}, pages = {343-355}, pmid = {23297112}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Mites/*physiology ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; South America ; }, abstract = {Among pests that have recently been introduced into the Americas, the red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst (Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae), is the most invasive. This mite has spread rapidly to several Caribbean countries, United States of America, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia and Brazil. The potential dispersion of R. indica to other regions of South America could seriously impact the cultivation of coconuts, bananas, exotic and native palms and tropical flowers such as the Heliconiaceae. To facilitate the development of efficacious R. indica management techniques such as the adoption of phytosanitary measures to prevent or delay the dispersion of this pest, the objective of this paper was to estimate the potential geographical distribution of R. indica in South America using a maximum entropy model. The R. indica occurrence data used in this model were obtained from extant literature, online databases and field sampling data. The model predicted potential suitable areas for R. indica in northern Colombia, central and northern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, east French Guiana and many parts of Brazil, including Roraima, the eastern Amazonas, northern Pará, Amapá and the coastal zones, from Pará to north of Rio de Janeiro. These results indicate the potential for significant R. indica related economic and social impacts in all of these countries, particularly in Brazil, because the suitable habitat regions overlap with agricultural areas for R. indica host plants such as coconuts and bananas.}, }
@article {pmid23296268, year = {2013}, author = {Gao, XL and Li, JM and Wang, YL and Jiu, M and Yan, GH and Liu, SS and Wang, XW}, title = {Cloning, expression and characterization of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase from the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {871-887}, pmid = {23296268}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Amino Acid Motifs/genetics ; Animals ; Binding Sites/genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; Enzyme Stability ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; Hemiptera/enzymology/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Insect Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Manganese/metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Superoxide Dismutase/*genetics/metabolism ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {A mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase from an invasive species of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci complex (Bt-mMnSOD) was cloned and analyzed. The full length cDNA of Bt-mMnSOD is 1210 bp with a 675 bp open reading frame, corresponding to 224 amino acids, which include 25 residues of the mitochondrial targeting sequence. Compared with various vertebrate and invertebrate animals, the MnSOD signature (DVWEHAYY) and four conserved amino acids for manganese binding (H54, H102, D186 and H190) were observed in Bt-mMnSOD. Recombinant Bt-mMnSOD was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the enzymatic activity of purified mMnSOD was assayed under various temperatures. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis with whiteflies of different development stages showed that the mRNA levels of Bt-mMnSOD were significantly higher in the 4th instar than in other stages. In addition, the in vivo activities of MnSOD in the whitefly were measured under various conditions, including exposure to low (4 °C) and high (40 °C) temperatures, transfer from a favorable to an unfavorable host plant (from cotton to tobacco) and treatment with pesticides. Our results indicate that the whitefly MnSOD plays an important role in cellular stress responses and anti-oxidative processes and that it might contribute to the successful worldwide distribution of the invasive whitefly.}, }
@article {pmid23295683, year = {2013}, author = {Molloy, DP and Mayer, DA and Gaylo, MJ and Morse, JT and Presti, KT and Sawyko, PM and Karatayev, AY and Burlakova, LE and Laruelle, F and Nishikawa, KC and Griffin, BH}, title = {Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CL145A - a biopesticide for the control of zebra and quagga mussels (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae).}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {113}, number = {1}, pages = {104-114}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2012.12.012}, pmid = {23295683}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Biofouling/prevention &amp; control ; *Biological Control Agents ; Bivalvia/*microbiology/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; Phylogeny ; Pseudomonas fluorescens/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) are the "poster children" of high-impact aquatic invasive species. In an effort to develop an effective and environmentally acceptable method to control their fouling of raw-water conduits, we have investigated the potential use of bacteria and their natural metabolic products as selective biological control agents. An outcome of this effort was the discovery of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CL145A - an environmental isolate that kills these dreissenid mussels by intoxication (i.e., not infection). In the present paper, we use molecular methods to reconfirm that CL145A is a strain of the species P. fluorescens, and provide a phylogenetic analysis of the strain in relation to other Pseudomonas spp. We also provide evidence that the natural product lethal to dreissenids is associated with the cell wall of P. fluorescens CL145A, is a heat-labile secondary metabolite, and has degradable toxicity within 24 h when applied to water. CL145A appears to be an unusual strain of P. fluorescens since it was the only one among the ten strains tested to cause high mussel mortality. Pipe trials conducted under once-through conditions indicated: (1) P. fluorescens CL145A cells were efficacious against both zebra and quagga mussels, with high mortalities achieved against both species, and (2) as long as the total quantity of bacterial cells applied during the entire treatment period was the same, similar mussel mortality could be achieved in treatments lasting 1.5-12.0 h, with longer treatment durations achieving lower mortalities. The efficacy data presented herein, in combination with prior demonstration of its low risk of non-target impact, indicate that P. fluorescens CL145A cells have significant promise as an effective and environmentally safe control agent against these invasive mussels.}, }
@article {pmid23295528, year = {2012}, author = {Tiberio, FC and Sampaio-e-Silva, TA and Dodonov, P and Garcia, VA and Silva Matos, DM}, title = {Germination and allometry of the native palm tree Euterpe edulis compared to the introduced E. oleracea and their hybrids in Atlantic rainforest.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {72}, number = {4}, pages = {955-962}, doi = {10.1590/s1519-69842012000500025}, pmid = {23295528}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Arecaceae/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Brazil ; Germination/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Palms are distinctive plants of tropics and have peculiar allometric relations. Understanding such relations is useful in the case of introduced species because their ability to establish and invade must be clarified in terms of their responses in the new site. Our purpose was to assess the survival and invasive capacity of an introduced palm species in the Atlantic rainforest, Euterpe oleracea Mart., compared to the native Euterpe edulis Mart. and to the hybrids produced between the two species. Considering this, we compared the allometry in different ontogenetic stages, the germination rates, and aspects of the initial development. The ontogenetic stages proposed for both Euterpe illustrated the growth patterns described for palm trees. E. oleracea and hybrids adjusted to the geometric similarity allometric model, while E. edulis presented a slope greater than would be expected considering this model, indicating a greater height for a given diameter. E. oleracea showed the same amount of pulp per fruit as E. edulis and a similar initial development of seedlings. The main differences observed were a lower germination rate and a faster height gain of E. oleracea seedlings. We conclude that E. oleracea, which is similar to E. edulis in aspects of allometry, development, seed and seedling morphology, may be an important competitor of this native palm tree in the Atlantic Forest.}, }
@article {pmid23295510, year = {2012}, author = {Barbosa, FG and Schneck, F and Melo, AS}, title = {Use of ecological niche models to predict the distribution of invasive species: a scientometric analysis.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {72}, number = {4}, pages = {821-829}, doi = {10.1590/s1519-69842012000500007}, pmid = {23295510}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Algorithms ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Bibliometrics ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Journal Impact Factor ; Models, Biological ; *Periodicals as Topic ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {We conducted a scientometric analysis to determine the main trends and gaps of studies on the use of ecological niche models (ENMs) to predict the distribution of invasive species. We used the database of the Thomson Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). We found 190 papers published between 1991 and 2010 in 82 journals. The number of papers was low in the 1990s, but began to increase after 2003. One-third of the papers were published by researchers from the United States of America, and consequently, the USA was also the most studied region. The majority of studies were carried out in terrestrial environments, while only a few investigated aquatic systems, probably because important aquatic predictor variables are scarce or unavailable for most regions in the world. Species-occurrence records were mainly composed of presence-only records, and almost 70% of the studies were carried out with plants and insects. Twenty-three different distribution modelling methods were used. The Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Production (GARP) was used most often. Our scientometric analysis showed a growing interest in the use of ENMs to predict the distribution of invasive species, especially in the last decade, which is probably related to the increase in species introductions worldwide. Among some important gaps that need to be filled, the relatively small number of studies conducted in developing countries and in aquatic environments deserves careful attention.}, }
@article {pmid23294156, year = {2013}, author = {Hodgins, KA and Lai, Z and Nurkowski, K and Huang, J and Rieseberg, LH}, title = {The molecular basis of invasiveness: differences in gene expression of native and introduced common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) in stressful and benign environments.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, pages = {2496-2510}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12179}, pmid = {23294156}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Ambrosia/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Gene Expression ; Genes, Plant ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; North America ; Phylogeography ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reproducibility of Results ; Reproduction/genetics ; }, abstract = {Although the evolutionary and ecological processes that contribute to plant invasion have been the focus of much research, investigation into the molecular basis of invasion is just beginning. Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) is an annual weed native to North America and has been introduced to Europe where it has become invasive. Using a custom-designed NimbleGen oligoarray, we examined differences in gene expression between five native and six introduced populations of common ragweed in three different environments (control, light stress and nutrient stress), as well as two different time points. We identified candidate genes that may contribute to invasiveness in common ragweed based on differences in expression between native and introduced populations from Europe. Specifically, we found 180 genes where range explained a significant proportion of the variation in gene expression and a further 103 genes with a significant range by treatment interaction. Several of these genes are potentially involved in the metabolism of secondary compounds, stress response and the detoxification of xenobiotics. Previously, we found more rapid growth and greater reproductive success in introduced populations, particularly in benign and competitive (light stress) environments, and many of these candidate genes potentially underlie these growth differences. We also found expression differences among populations within each range, reflecting either local adaptation or neutral processes, although no associations with climate or latitude were identified. These data provide a first step in identifying genes that are involved with introduction success in an aggressive annual weed.}, }
@article {pmid23293915, year = {2013}, author = {Briski, E and Allinger, LE and Balcer, M and Cangelosi, A and Fanberg, L and Markee, TP and Mays, N and Polkinghorne, CN and Prihoda, KR and Reavie, ED and Regan, DH and Reid, DM and Saillard, HJ and Schwerdt, T and Schaefer, H and TenEyck, M and Wiley, CJ and Bailey, SA}, title = {Multidimensional approach to invasive species prevention.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, pages = {1216-1221}, doi = {10.1021/es3029445}, pmid = {23293915}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Enterococcus/growth &amp; development ; Escherichia coli/growth &amp; development ; Great Lakes Region ; Heterotrophic Processes ; *Introduced Species ; Ships ; Water Purification ; }, abstract = {Nonindigenous species (NIS) cause global biotic homogenization and extinctions, with commercial shipping being a leading vector for spread of aquatic NIS. To reduce transport of NIS by ships, regulations requiring ballast water exchange (BWE) have been implemented by numerous countries. BWE appears to effectively reduce risk for freshwater ports, but provides only moderate protection of marine ports. In the near future, ships may be required to undertake ballast water treatment (BWT) to meet numeric performance standards, and BWE may be phased out of use. However, there are concerns that BWT systems may not operate reliably in fresh or turbid water, or both. Consequently, it has been proposed that BWE could be used in combination with BWT to maximize the positive benefits of both management strategies for protection of freshwater ports. We compared the biological efficacy of "BWE plus BWT" against "BWT alone" at a ballast water treatment experimental test facility. Our comparative evaluation showed that even though BWT alone significantly reduced abundances of all tested organism groups except total heterotrophic bacteria, the BWE plus BWT strategy significantly reduced abundances for all groups and furthermore resulted in significantly lower abundances of most groups when compared to BWT alone. Our study clearly demonstrates potential benefits of combining BWE with BWT to reduce invasion risk of freshwater organisms transported in ships' ballast water, and it should be of interest to policy makers and environmental managers.}, }
@article {pmid23292467, year = {2012}, author = {Kravtsova, LS and Izhboldina, LA and Khanaev, IV and Pomazkina, GV and Domysheva, VM and Kravchenko, OS and Grachev, MA}, title = {Disturbances of the vertical zoning of green algae in the coastal part of the Listvennichnyi gulf of Lake Baikal.}, journal = {Doklady biological sciences : proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Biological sciences sections}, volume = {447}, number = {}, pages = {350-352}, doi = {10.1134/S0012496612060026}, pmid = {23292467}, issn = {0012-4966}, mesh = {Chlorophyta/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Siberia ; }, }
@article {pmid23286428, year = {2013}, author = {Riquet, F and Daguin-Thiébaut, C and Ballenghien, M and Bierne, N and Viard, F}, title = {Contrasting patterns of genome-wide polymorphism in the native and invasive range of the marine mollusc Crepidula fornicata.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {1003-1018}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12161}, pmid = {23286428}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Animals ; Gastropoda/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotyping Techniques ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Selection processes are believed to be an important evolutionary driver behind the successful establishment of nonindigenous species, for instance through adaptation for invasiveness (e.g. dispersal mechanisms and reproductive allocation). However, evidence supporting this assumption is still scarce. Genome scans have often identified loci with atypical patterns of genetic differentiation (i.e. outliers) indicative of selection processes. Using microsatellite- and AFLP-based genome scans, we looked for evidence of selection following the introduction of the mollusc Crepidula fornicata. Native to the northwestern Atlantic, this gastropod has become an emblematic invader since its introduction during the 19th and 20th centuries in the northeastern Atlantic and northeastern Pacific. We examined 683 individuals from seven native and 15 introduced populations spanning the latitudinal introduction and native ranges of the species. Our results confirmed the previously documented high genetic diversity in native and introduced populations with little genetic structure between the two ranges, a pattern typical of marine invaders. Analysing 344 loci, no outliers were detected between the introduced and native populations or in the introduced range. The genomic sampling may have been insufficient to reveal selection especially if it acts on traits determined by a few genes. Eight outliers were, however, identified within the native range, underlining a genetic singularity congruent with a well-known biogeographical break along the Florida. Our results call into question the relevance of AFLP genome scans in detecting adaptation on the timescale of biological invasions: genome scans often reveal long-term adaptation involving numerous genes throughout the genome but seem less effective in detecting recent adaptation from pre-existing variation on polygenic traits. This study advocates other methods to detect selection effects during biological invasions-for example on phenotypic traits, although genome scans may remain useful for elucidating introduction histories.}, }
@article {pmid23285995, year = {2012}, author = {Zhang, LH and Zeng, CS and Zhang, WJ and Wang, TE and Tong, C}, title = {[Litter decomposition and its main affecting factors in tidal marshes of Minjiang River Estuary, East China].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {9}, pages = {2404-2410}, pmid = {23285995}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {China ; *Estuaries ; Flowers/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/*chemistry ; Poaceae/*chemistry ; *Rivers ; Tidal Waves ; Water Microbiology ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {By using litterbag method, this paper studied the decomposition of the leaf- and flower litters of two emergent macrophytes, native species Phragmites australis and invasive species Spartina alterniflora, and related affecting factors in the Minjiang River estuary of East China. In the decomposition process of the litters, the decay of standing litter (0-90 days) was an important period, and the loss rate of the flower- and leaf litters dry mass of P. australis and S. alterniflora was 15.0 +/- 3.5% and 13.3 +/- 1.1%, and 31.9 +/- 1.1% and 20.8 +/- 1.4%, respectively. During lodging decay period (91-210 days), the loss rate of the flower- and leaf litters dry mass of P. australis and S. alterniflora was 69.5 +/- 0.6% and 71.5 +/- 2.5%, and 76.8 +/- 1.9% and 67.5 +/- 2.1%, respectively. In standing decay period, the decomposition rate of the two plants litters was positively correlated with the litters C/N but negatively correlated to the litters N/P, and the litters P was an important factor limiting the litters decay. In lodging decay period, the effects of the litters C/N, C/P, and N/P decreased, while the environment factors (climate, soil moisture, soil acidity and salinity, and sediment properties) acted more important roles. The differences in the factors affecting the decay of the litters in different decomposition periods were mainly related to the micro-environment and tidal process for the two plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid23285741, year = {2012}, author = {Ieshko, EP and Shchurov, IL and Shul'man, BS and Barskaia, IuIu and Lebedeva, DI and Shirokov, VA}, title = {[Peculiarities of the biology and parasite fauna of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the Pista River (White Sea Basin), according to the Gyrodactylus salaris infestation].}, journal = {Parazitologiia}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, pages = {279-289}, pmid = {23285741}, issn = {0031-1847}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cestode Infections ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Humans ; Male ; *Platyhelminths ; Rivers/*parasitology ; Russia ; Salmo salar/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Juvenile salmon Salmo salar m. sebago Girard from the Pista River system (the White Sea Basin) was investigated. The data on species composition and occurrence peculiarities of Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957 are given. This monogenean is the alien species for the river system and it is recorded for the first time. It is shown that the distribution of the parasite abundance is can be described as the negative binomial distribution; variations of its parameters (k and p) were also characterized. Parasitological data obtained, as well as the data describing the characteristics of growth and age structure of juvenile salmon population, suggest the potential influence of G. salaris infection on the degree of survival of fishes in the lake-river system examined.}, }
@article {pmid23285283, year = {2012}, author = {Lima, MR and Macedo, RH and Martins, TL and Schrey, AW and Martin, LB and Bensch, S}, title = {Genetic and morphometric divergence of an invasive bird: the introduced house sparrow (Passer domesticus) in Brazil.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {e53332}, pmid = {23285283}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics ; Body Weights and Measures/veterinary ; Brazil ; Genetic Drift ; *Genetic Speciation ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Sparrows/*anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Introduced species are interesting systems for the study of contemporary evolution in new environments because of their spatial and temporal scales. For this study we had three aims: (i) to determine how genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of introduced populations of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) in Brazil varies with range expansion, (ii) to determine how genetic diversity and differentiation in Brazil compares to ancestral European populations; and (iii) to determine whether selection or genetic drift has been more influential on phenotypic divergence. We used six microsatellite markers to genotype six populations from Brazil and four populations from Europe. We found slightly reduced levels of genetic diversity in Brazilian compared to native European populations. However, among introduced populations of Brazil, we found no association between genetic diversity and time since introduction. Moreover, overall genetic differentiation among introduced populations was low indicating that the expansion took place from large populations in which genetic drift effects would likely have been weak. We found significant phenotypic divergence among sites in Brazil. Given the absence of a spatial genetic pattern, divergent selection and not genetic drift seems to be the main force behind most of the phenotypic divergence encountered. Unravelling whether microevolution (e.g., allele frequency change), phenotypic plasticity, or both mediated phenotypic divergence is challenging and will require experimental work (e.g., common garden experiments or breeding programs).}, }
@article {pmid23284673, year = {2012}, author = {Ozersky, T and Evans, DO and Barton, DR}, title = {Invasive mussels alter the littoral food web of a large lake: stable isotopes reveal drastic shifts in sources and flow of energy.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {e51249}, pmid = {23284673}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*metabolism ; Biomass ; Bivalvia/*metabolism ; *Energy Metabolism ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Isotopes/chemistry/metabolism ; *Lakes ; Models, Statistical ; }, abstract = {We investigated how establishment of invasive dreissenid mussels impacted the structure and energy sources of the littoral benthic food web of a large temperate lake. We combined information about pre- and postdreissenid abundance, biomass, and secondary production of the littoral benthos with results of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of archival (predreissenid) and recent (postdreissenid) samples of all common benthic taxa. This approach enabled us to determine the importance of benthic and sestonic carbon to the littoral food web before, and more than a decade after dreissenid establishment. Long term dreissenid presence was associated with a 32-fold increase in abundance, 6-fold increase in biomass, and 14-fold increase in secondary production of the littoral benthos. Dreissenids comprised a large portion of the post-invasion benthos, making up 13, 38, and 56% of total abundance, biomass, and secondary production, respectively. The predreissenid food web was supported primarily by benthic primary production, while sestonic material was relatively more important to the postdreissenid food web. The absolute importance of both sestonic material and benthic primary production to the littoral benthos increased considerably following dreissenid establishment. Our results show drastic alterations to food web structure and suggest that dreissenid mussels redirect energy and material from the water column to the littoral benthos both through biodeposition of sestonic material as well as stimulation of benthic primary production.}, }
@article {pmid23284621, year = {2012}, author = {Konarzewski, TK and Murray, BR and Godfree, RC}, title = {Rapid development of adaptive, climate-driven clinal variation in seed mass in the invasive annual Forb Echium plantagineum L.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {e49000}, pmid = {23284621}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; *Climate ; Echium/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Geography ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Seeds/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {We examined adaptive clinal variation in seed mass among populations of an invasive annual species, Echium plantagineum, in response to climatic selection. We collected seeds from 34 field populations from a 1,000 km long temperature and rainfall gradient across the species' introduced range in south-eastern Australia. Seeds were germinated, grown to reproductive age under common glasshouse conditions, and progeny seeds were harvested and weighed. Analyses showed that seed mass was significantly related to climatic factors, with populations sourced from hotter, more arid sites producing heavier seeds than populations from cooler and wetter sites. Seed mass was not related to edaphic factors. We also found that seed mass was significantly related to both longitude and latitude with each degree of longitude west and latitude north increasing seed mass by around 2.5% and 4% on average. There was little evidence that within-population or between-population variation in seed mass varied in a systematic manner across the study region. Our findings provide compelling evidence for development of a strong cline in seed mass across the geographic range of a widespread and highly successful invasive annual forb. Since large seed mass is known to provide reproductive assurance for plants in arid environments, our results support the hypothesis that the fitness and range potential of invasive species can increase as a result of genetic divergence of populations along broad climatic gradients. In E. plantagineum population-level differentiation has occurred in 150 years or less, indicating that the adaptation process can be rapid.}, }
@article {pmid23282993, year = {2013}, author = {Haynes, KJ and Bjørnstad, ON and Allstadt, AJ and Liebhold, AM}, title = {Geographical variation in the spatial synchrony of a forest-defoliating insect: isolation of environmental and spatial drivers.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {280}, number = {1753}, pages = {20122373}, pmid = {23282993}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Geography ; *Models, Biological ; Moths/*physiology ; Nuts ; Population Dynamics ; Principal Component Analysis ; Quercus/*physiology ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; United States ; Weather ; }, abstract = {Despite the pervasiveness of spatial synchrony of population fluctuations in virtually every taxon, it remains difficult to disentangle its underlying mechanisms, such as environmental perturbations and dispersal. We used multiple regression of distance matrices (MRMs) to statistically partition the importance of several factors potentially synchronizing the dynamics of the gypsy moth, an invasive species in North America, exhibiting outbreaks that are partially synchronized over long distances (approx. 900 km). The factors considered in the MRM were synchrony in weather conditions, spatial proximity and forest-type similarity. We found that the most likely driver of outbreak synchrony is synchronous precipitation. Proximity played no apparent role in influencing outbreak synchrony after accounting for precipitation, suggesting dispersal does not drive outbreak synchrony. Because a previous modelling study indicated weather might indirectly synchronize outbreaks through synchronization of oak masting and generalist predators that feed upon acorns, we also examined the influence of weather and proximity on synchrony of acorn production. As we found for outbreak synchrony, synchrony in oak masting increased with synchrony in precipitation, though it also increased with proximity. We conclude that precipitation could synchronize gypsy moth populations directly, as in a Moran effect, or indirectly, through effects on oak masting, generalist predators or diseases.}, }
@article {pmid23277213, year = {2013}, author = {Mattingly, WB and Orrock, JL}, title = {Historic land use influences contemporary establishment of invasive plant species.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {172}, number = {4}, pages = {1147-1157}, pmid = {23277213}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Biomass ; *Introduced Species ; *Lespedeza/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The legacy of agricultural land use can have widespread and persistent effects on contemporary landscapes. Although agriculture can lead to persistent changes in soil characteristics and plant communities, it remains unclear whether historic agricultural land use can alter the likelihood of contemporary biological invasions. To understand how agricultural land-use history might interact with well-known drivers of invasion, we conducted factorial manipulations of soil disturbance and resource additions within non-agricultural remnant sites and post-agricultural sites invaded by two non-native Lespedeza species. Our results reveal that variation in invader success can depend on the interplay of historic land use and contemporary processes: for both Lespedeza species, establishment was greater in remnant sites, but soil disturbance enhanced establishment irrespective of land-use history, demonstrating that contemporary processes can help to overcome legacy constraints on invader success. In contrast, additions of resources known to facilitate seedling recruitment (N and water) reduced invader establishment in post-agricultural but not in remnant sites, providing evidence that interactions between historic and contemporary processes can also limit invader success. Our findings thus illustrate that a consideration of historic land use may help to clarify the often contingent responses of invasive plants to known determinants of invasibility. Moreover, in finding significantly greater soil compaction at post-agricultural sites, our study provides a putative mechanism for historic land-use effects on contemporary invasive plant establishment. Our work suggests that an understanding of invasion dynamics requires knowledge of anthropogenic events that often occur decades before the introduction of invasive propagules.}, }
@article {pmid23275632, year = {2013}, author = {De Long, JR and Swarts, ND and Dixon, KW and Egerton-Warburton, LM}, title = {Mycorrhizal preference promotes habitat invasion by a native Australian orchid: Microtis media.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {111}, number = {3}, pages = {409-418}, pmid = {23275632}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Australia ; Basidiomycota/classification/growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; Germination ; Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Orchidaceae/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; Phosphorus/chemistry ; Phylogeny ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Mycorrhizal specialization has been shown to limit recruitment capacity in orchids, but an increasing number of orchids are being documented as invasive or weed-like. The reasons for this proliferation were examined by investigating mycorrhizal fungi and edaphic correlates of Microtis media, an Australian terrestrial orchid that is an aggressive ecosystem and horticultural weed.<br><br>METHODS: Molecular identification of fungi cultivated from M. media pelotons, symbiotic in vitro M. media seed germination assays, ex situ fungal baiting of M. media and co-occurring orchid taxa (Caladenia arenicola, Pterostylis sanguinea and Diuris magnifica) and soil physical and chemical analyses were undertaken.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: It was found that: (1) M. media associates with a broad taxonomic spectrum of mycobionts including Piriformospora indica, Sebacina vermifera, Tulasnella calospora and Ceratobasidium sp.; (2) germination efficacy of mycorrhizal isolates was greater for fungi isolated from plants in disturbed than in natural habitats; (3) a higher percentage of M. media seeds germinate than D. magnifica, P. sanguinea or C. arenicola seeds when incubated with soil from M. media roots; and (4) M. media-mycorrhizal fungal associations show an unusual breadth of habitat tolerance, especially for soil phosphorus (P) fertility.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The findings in M. media support the idea that invasive terrestrial orchids may associate with a diversity of fungi that are widespread and common, enhance seed germination in the host plant but not co-occurring orchid species and tolerate a range of habitats. These traits may provide the weedy orchid with a competitive advantage over co-occurring orchid species. If so, invasive orchids are likely to become more broadly distributed and increasingly colonize novel habitats.}, }
@article {pmid23270159, year = {2012}, author = {Armistead, JS and Nishimura, N and Arias, JR and Lounibos, LP}, title = {Community ecology of container mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Virginia following invasion by Aedes japonicus.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, pages = {1318-1327}, pmid = {23270159}, issn = {0022-2585}, support = {R01 AI044793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI-044793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Population Density ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {The success of an invasive species in a new region depends on its interactions with ecologically similar resident species. Invasions by disease vector mosquitoes are important as they may have ecological and epidemiological consequences. Potential interactions of a recent invasive mosquito, Aedes japonicus Theobald, with resident species in Virginia were evaluated by sampling larvae from containers and trapping adults. Distinct species compositions were observed for artificial containers and rock pools, with Ae. albopictus most abundant in the former and Ae. japonicus in the latter. However, these two species were found to co-occur in 21.2% of containers sampled. Among the six mosquito species most common in containers from May through September, 2006, only interspecific associations of Ae. japonicus with Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes triseriatus (Say) were significant, and both were negative. In addition to differences in habitat preference, mean crowding estimates suggest that interspecific repulsion may contribute to the significant negative associations observed between these species. High relative abundances of late instars and pupae of Ae. japonicus seem to provide this species with a mechanism of evading competition with Ae. albopictus, facilitating their coexistence in artificial containers. Although annual fluctuations were observed, trends in adult populations over a 6-yr period provide no evidence of declines. In summary, this survey of diverse container types and all life stages provided only limited evidence for competitive displacements or reductions of resident container species by Ae. japonicus, as observed elsewhere in its invasive range.}, }
@article {pmid23270158, year = {2012}, author = {Kaufman, MG and Stanuszek, WW and Brouhard, EA and Knepper, RG and Walker, ED}, title = {Establishment of Aedes japonicus japonicus and its colonization of container habitats in Michigan.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, pages = {1307-1317}, pmid = {23270158}, issn = {0022-2585}, support = {R01 AI021884/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R37 AI021884/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R56 AI021884/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI21884/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Michigan ; *Oviposition ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Oviposition dynamics and colonization of container habitats by the invasive species, Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus (Theobald) were examined through the use of ovistrips placed in buckets, and larval surveys of tree holes and tires at sites in central Michigan. In general, oviposition and colonization increased during the study periods, with several sites showing large increases from <10% Ae. j. japonicus initially to over 60% in the following years. Seasonally, higher proportions of Ae. j. japonicus were found in spring and fall collection periods. Ae. j. japonicus larvae co-occurred in the artificial containers with Ae. triseriatus, Ae. hendersoni, several Culex spp., and Anopheles spp. Recent surveys of tire and tree hole habitats at our study areas in mid-Michigan revealed that Ae. j. japonicus had colonized most of these habitats, but maintained relatively low populations in tree holes occupied by Ae. triseriatus. Trends seen in tires from 2008 to 2011, and from gravid trap and New Jersey light traps in 2005-2011, suggest that Ae. j. japonicus populations are stabilizing as they integrate into native Michigan mosquito communities.}, }
@article {pmid23270150, year = {2012}, author = {Mogi, M and Armbruster, P and Fonseca, DM}, title = {Analyses of the northern distributional limit of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) with a simple thermal index.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, pages = {1233-1243}, doi = {10.1603/me12104}, pmid = {23270150}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Worldwide invasion of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) has become a serious concern in vector control. In temperate regions, an important goal has been to predict northern range limits after new introductions or global climate change. We propose a simple thermal suitability index (TSI) that can be calculated from monthly mean temperatures and may predict the northern distributional limits of Ae. albopictus. Analyses of known distributions revealed that TSI yields a common criterion (TSI = 1) below which establishment is thermally prohibited throughout the northern hemisphere. However, temperature conditions around northern limits differ among regions, depending on thermal continentality (the degree of seasonal temperature variation). Thermal continentality is high on the Asian Continent, intermediate in North America and Japan, and low (i.e., oceanic) in Europe. On the Asian Continent, there may be maximal winter coldness above which establishment is prohibited irrespective of summer reproduction. In Europe, establishment is possible under summer warmth lower than in other regions but there may be minimal summer warmth below which establishment is difficult despite high winter survival during mild winters. Among the thermal indices that have been commonly used as establishment criteria, the annual mean temperature of 10 degrees C proved to be a common criterion irrespective of thermal continentality, whereas coldest month means and warmth during the reproductive season (often expressed as accumulated degree-days above 11 degrees C) are strongly influenced by thermal continentality. Although annual mean temperatures can be a practical criterion, TSI was more informative in evaluating thermal suitability for this species.}, }
@article {pmid23270149, year = {2012}, author = {Versteirt, V and De Clercq, EM and Fonseca, DM and Pecor, J and Schaffner, F and Coosemans, M and Van Bortel, W}, title = {Bionomics of the established exotic mosquito species Aedes koreicus in Belgium, Europe.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, pages = {1226-1232}, doi = {10.1603/me11170}, pmid = {23270149}, issn = {0022-2585}, support = {N01-AI-25490/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Belgium ; Climate ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Adults of an exotic mosquito, Aedes (Finlaya) koreicus (Edwards) (Diptera: Culicidae) were identified by morphology and genotyping from one site in Belgium in 2008. In late summer of that year, the occurrence of adults and immature stages reconfirmed its presence. This is the first record of this species outside its native range and in particular in Europe. Two subsites of the original location were prospected from April until October 2009 with different traps to evaluate the extent of its presence and establishment in the area and to understand the dynamics of the species' population. Next to Ae. koreicus, 15 other mosquito species were collected. Adult individuals of Ae. koreicus were found from May to September and larvae were still found early October. Larvae were mainly retrieved from artificial containers both in 2008 as in 2009. Containers with eggs and/or larvae were found up to 4 km away from the initial location, indicating the species is spreading locally. Though the introduction route is unknown, it may have occurred via international trade as a large industrial center was located nearby. A comparison of different climatic variables between locations in Belgium with Ae. koreicus and putative source locations in South Korea, revealed similarities between winter temperatures and the number of freezing days and nights in four consecutive years (2004-2008), while humidity and precipitation values differed strongly. The introduction of a new potential disease vector into Europe seems to be a result of proper entrance points, created by intense worldwide trade and suitable environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid23269454, year = {2013}, author = {Guidolin, AS and Cônsoli, FL}, title = {Molecular characterization of Wolbachia strains associated with the invasive Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri in Brazil.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {65}, number = {2}, pages = {475-486}, pmid = {23269454}, issn = {1432-184X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Brazil ; Citrus ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Hemiptera/genetics/*microbiology ; Host Specificity ; Insect Vectors/genetics/*microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/*classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia is a symbiont intensively studied due to its ability to interfere with their host's reproduction, and it has been recently proposed as an alternative tool to control insect pests or vectors of diseases. The Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri is an important pest of citrus since it vectors the bacterium that causes the "Huanglongbing" disease in citrus. The frequency and diversity of Wolbachia associated with D. citri is unknown, limiting the utilization of Wolbachia as an alternative strategy for insect management. Thus, we aimed to determine the natural rate of infection, to characterize the Wolbachia strains associated with this psyllid by "multilocus sequencing typing" (MLST) and wsp analysis, and to verify the association of the symbiont to particular genotypes of the host. Analysis indicated Wolbachia infects 100 % of all specimens tested from all 15 sampled populations. MLST revealed the occurrence of five new sequence types (STs) of Wolbachia, while analysis based on the wsp sequences indicated only four different types of Wolbachia. ST-173 was predominant, while the remaining STs were population specific. Analysis of the host-symbiont relationship did not reveal any particular association of Wolbachia and haplotypes or a decrease in nucleotide diversity of D. citri in populations in which more than one ST was recorded. The consequences of the diversity of STs reported are still unknown, but the fact that Wolbachia infection is fixed and that there is one ST with a broad distribution highlights the use of this symbiont as an alternative strategy to control D. citri.}, }
@article {pmid23256195, year = {2013}, author = {Liu, X and Rohr, JR and Li, Y}, title = {Climate, vegetation, introduced hosts and trade shape a global wildlife pandemic.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {280}, number = {1753}, pages = {20122506}, pmid = {23256195}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Amphibians ; Animals ; Chytridiomycota/*physiology ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Commerce ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Mycoses/*veterinary ; Pandemics/*veterinary ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Global factors, such as climate change, international trade and introductions of exotic species are often elicited as contributors to the unprecedented rate of disease emergence, but few studies have partitioned these factors for global pandemics. Although contemporary correlative species distribution models (SDMs) can be useful for predicting the spatial patterns of emerging diseases, they focus mainly on the fundamental niche (FN) predictors (i.e. abiotic climate and habitat factors), neglecting dispersal and propagule pressure predictors (PP, number of non-native individuals released into a region). Using a validated, predictive and global SDM, we show that both FN and PP accounted for significant, unique variation to the distribution of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a pathogen implicated in the declines and extinctions of over 200 amphibian species worldwide. Bd was associated positively with vegetation, total trade and introduced amphibian hosts, nonlinearly with annual temperature range and non-significantly with amphibian leg trade or amphibian species richness. These findings provide a rare example where both FN and PP factors are predictive of a global pandemic. Our model should help guide management of this deadly pathogen and the development of other globally predictive models for species invasions and pathogen emergence influenced by FN and PP factors.}, }
@article {pmid23254379, year = {2013}, author = {Brockerhoff, EG and Suckling, DM and Roques, A and Jactel, H and Branco, M and Twidle, AM and Mastro, VC and Kimberley, MO}, title = {Improving the efficiency of lepidopteran pest detection and surveillance: constraints and opportunities for multiple-species trapping.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {50-58}, pmid = {23254379}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe ; *Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; Lepidoptera/*drug effects ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Species Specificity ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Surveillance using attractants for invasive species can allow early detection of new incursions and provide decision support to response programs. Simultaneous trapping for multiple species, by baiting traps with several lures, is expected to increase the number of species that can be targeted in surveillance programs and improve the cost-effectiveness without affecting surveillance coverage. We tested this hypothesis by choosing four potential forest and urban lepidopteran pest species that are present in Europe but not yet in New Zealand and many other countries. We deployed traps in central and southern Europe with single lures or all possible species combinations (up to four lures per trap). There was only limited interference, apparently due to trap saturation, but no evidence for interspecific repellency among lures for gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, and pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana. To assess what factors may be important in species compatibility/suitability for multiple-species trapping, we combined our results with those of previous studies conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture. For 75 combinations of pheromones, tested singly or in combination, 19 % showed no effect on trap catch for any of the species tested. In the other cases, either one or both species showed a reduction in trap catch. However, few lure combinations caused complete or nearly complete suppression. For most combinations, catches were still sufficiently high for detection purposes. Species from the same superfamily exhibited more interference than more distantly related species. Together, these results suggest that there are opportunities to improve the range of exotic pests under surveillance, at little additional cost, by multiple-species trapping for which compatibility has been demonstrated.}, }
@article {pmid23253369, year = {2012}, author = {González-Maya, JF and Schipper, J and Polidoro, B and Hoepker, A and Zárrate-Charry, D and Belant, JL}, title = {Baird's tapir density in high elevation forests of the Talamanca region of Costa Rica.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {381-388}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2012.00324.x}, pmid = {23253369}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; Costa Rica ; *Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; Perissodactyla/*physiology ; Photography ; Population Density ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Baird's tapir (Tapirus bairdii) is currently endangered throughout its neotropical range with an expected population decline >50% in the next 30 years. We present the first density estimation of Baird's tapir for the Talamanca mountains of Costa Rica, and one of the first for the country. Ten stations with paired cameras were established in Valle del Silencio within Parque Internacional La Amistad (PILA). Seventy-seven tapir pictures of 15 individuals comprising 25 capture-recapture events were analyzed using mark-recapture techniques. The 100% minimum convex polygon of the sampled area was 5.7 km(2) and the effective sampled area using half mean maximum distances moved by tapirs was 7.16 km(2) . We estimated a tapir density of 2.93 individuals/km(2) which represents the highest density reported for this species. Intermountain valleys can represent unique and important habitats for large mammal species. However, the extent of isolation of this population, potentially constrained by steep slopes of the cordillera, remains unknown. Further genetic and movement studies are required to understand meta-population dynamics and connectivity between lowland and highland areas for Baird's tapir conservation in Costa Rica.}, }
@article {pmid23252828, year = {2013}, author = {Gozzi, AC and Guichón, ML and Benitez, VV and Lareschi, M}, title = {Arthropod parasites of the red-bellied squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus introduced into Argentina.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {203-208}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01052.x}, pmid = {23252828}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina/epidemiology ; Diptera/*physiology ; Flea Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Mite Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary ; Mites/*physiology ; Rodent Diseases/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Sciuridae/*parasitology ; Siphonaptera/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The introduction of an exotic species usually modifies parasite-host dynamics by the import of new parasites or the exotic species' acquiral of local parasites. The loss of parasites may determine the outcome of an invasion if the introduced species is liberated from co-evolved parasites in its range of invasion. In addition, an introduced species may pose sanitary risks to humans and other mammals if it serves as a reservoir of pathogens or carries arthropod vectors. The red-bellied squirrel, Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas) (Rodentia: Sciuridae), was introduced into Argentina in 1970, since when several foci of invasion have been closely associated with humans. Investigation of the parasitological fauna of C. erythraeus in Argentina will generate new information about novel parasite-host dynamics and may provide new insight into the reasons for the successful invasion of this species. The objective of this study was to describe the arthropod parasites of C. erythraeus in Argentina in comparison with previous studies of parasites of this species in its native habitat and in the ranges of its invasion. Occasional host-parasite associations with local arthropod parasites not previously described for C. erythraeus are reported; these include the mites Androlaelaps fahrenholzi (Ewing) (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) and Ornithonyssus cf. bacoti (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae), the flea Polygenis (Polygenis) rimatus Jordan (Siphonaptera: Rhopalopsyllidae) and the botfly Cuterebra Clark (Diptera: Oestridae: Cuterebrinae). Cheyletus sp. mites (Trombidiformes: Cheyletidae) were also found. The low prevalence and mean intensity of ectoparasite species may influence invasion dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid23252450, year = {2013}, author = {Qin, RM and Zheng, YL and Valiente-Banuet, A and Callaway, RM and Barclay, GF and Pereyra, CS and Feng, YL}, title = {The evolution of increased competitive ability, innate competitive advantages, and novel biochemical weapons act in concert for a tropical invader.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {197}, number = {3}, pages = {979-988}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12071}, pmid = {23252450}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; China ; Chromolaena/*physiology ; Geography ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Population Dynamics ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {There are many non-mutually exclusive mechanisms for exotic invasions but few studies have concurrently tested more than one hypothesis for the same species. Here, we tested the evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis in two common garden experiments in which Chromolaena odorata plants originating from native and nonnative ranges were grown in competition with natives from each range, and the novel weapons hypothesis in laboratory experiments with leachates from C. odorata. Compared with conspecifics originating from the native range, C. odorata plants from the nonnative range were stronger competitors at high nutrient concentrations in the nonnative range in China and experienced far more herbivore damage in the native range in Mexico. In both China and Mexico, C. odorata was more suppressed by species native to Mexico than by species native to China. Species native to China were much more inhibited by leaf extracts from C. odorata than species from Mexico, and this difference in allelopathic effects may provide a possible explanation for the biogeographic differences in competitive ability. Our results indicate that EICA, innate competitive advantages, and novel biochemical weapons may act in concert to promote invasion by C. odorata, and emphasize the importance of exploring multiple, non-mutually exclusive mechanisms for invasions.}, }
@article {pmid23251582, year = {2012}, author = {Horňák, K and Corno, G}, title = {Every coin has a back side: invasion by Limnohabitans planktonicus promotes the maintenance of species diversity in bacterial communities.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {e51576}, pmid = {23251582}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Comamonadaceae/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; *Metagenome ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {One of the earliest challenges for ecologists has been to study the impact of invasive species on microbial communities. Although bacteria are fundamental in biological processes, current knowledge on invasion effects by aquatic non-pathogenic bacteria is still limited. Using pure cultures of diverse planktonic bacteria as model organisms at two different carbon concentration levels, we tested the response of an assembled community to the invasion by Limnohabitans planktonicus, an opportunistic bacterium, successful in freshwaters. The invader, introduced at the early stationary growth phase of the resident community, caused a strong decrement of the abundance of the dominant species. This was due to competition for nutrients and a potential allelopathic interaction. Simultaneously, resident species formerly unable to successfully compete within the community, thus potentially exposed to competitive exclusion, increased their abundances. The overall result of the invasion was preservation of species diversity, the higher the lower was the substrate content available. Our study provides new insights into bacterial invasions, offering an alternative interpretation of invasions for community ecology.}, }
@article {pmid23246620, year = {2013}, author = {Seeland, A and Albrand, J and Oehlmann, J and Müller, R}, title = {Life stage-specific effects of the fungicide pyrimethanil and temperature on the snail Physella acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) disclose the pitfalls for the aquatic risk assessment under global climate change.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {174}, number = {}, pages = {1-9}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.10.020}, pmid = {23246620}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Animals ; Fungicides, Industrial/*toxicity ; Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages/*drug effects ; Pyrimidines/*toxicity ; Reproduction/drug effects ; Risk Assessment ; Snails/growth &amp; development ; Temperature ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {It can be suggested that the combined stress of pesticide pollution and suboptimal temperature influences the sensitivity of life stages of aquatic invertebrates differently. The embryo, juvenile, half- and full-life-cycle toxicity tests performed with the snail Physella acuta at different concentrations (0.06-0.5 or 1.0 mg L(-1)) of the model fungicide pyrimethanil at 15, 20 and 25 °C revealed, that pyrimethanil caused concentration-dependent effects at all test temperatures. Interestingly, the ecotoxicity of pyrimethanil was higher at lower (suboptimal) temperature for embryo hatching and F(1) reproduction, but its ecotoxicity for juvenile growth and F(0) reproduction increased with increasing temperature. The life-stage specific temperature-dependent ecotoxicity of pyrimethanil and the high fungicide susceptibility of the invasive snail clearly demonstrate the complexity of pesticide-temperature interactions and the challenge to draw conclusions for the risk of pesticides under the impact of global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid23246409, year = {2013}, author = {Tragust, S and Mitteregger, B and Barone, V and Konrad, M and Ugelvig, LV and Cremer, S}, title = {Ants disinfect fungus-exposed brood by oral uptake and spread of their poison.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {76-82}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.034}, pmid = {23246409}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/chemistry/microbiology/*physiology ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; *Grooming ; Introduced Species ; Metarhizium ; Social Behavior ; Toxins, Biological/biosynthesis/chemistry ; }, abstract = {To fight infectious diseases, host immune defenses are employed at multiple levels. Sanitary behavior, such as pathogen avoidance and removal, acts as a first line of defense to prevent infection before activation of the physiological immune system. Insect societies have evolved a wide range of collective hygiene measures and intensive health care toward pathogen-exposed group members. One of the most common behaviors is allogrooming, in which nestmates remove infectious particles from the body surfaces of exposed individuals. Here we show that, in invasive garden ants, grooming of fungus-exposed brood is effective beyond the sheer mechanical removal of fungal conidiospores; it also includes chemical disinfection through the application of poison produced by the ants themselves. Formic acid is the main active component of the poison. It inhibits fungal growth of conidiospores remaining on the brood surface after grooming and also those collected in the mouth of the grooming ant. This dual function is achieved by uptake of the poison droplet into the mouth through acidopore self-grooming and subsequent application onto the infectious brood via brood grooming. This extraordinary behavior extends the current understanding of grooming and the establishment of social immunity in insect societies.}, }
@article {pmid23242863, year = {2013}, author = {Kristan, U and Arribére, MA and Stibilj, V}, title = {Selenium species and their distribution in freshwater fish from Argentina.}, journal = {Biological trace element research}, volume = {151}, number = {2}, pages = {240-246}, doi = {10.1007/s12011-012-9560-0}, pmid = {23242863}, issn = {1559-0720}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Chromatography, Ion Exchange ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Fats/metabolism ; Fresh Water ; Lakes ; Liver/*metabolism ; Muscles/*metabolism ; *Perches/metabolism ; Reproducibility of Results ; Selenium/*metabolism ; Selenomethionine/analysis/metabolism ; Sodium Selenite/analysis/metabolism ; Solubility ; *Trout/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The distribution and speciation of selenium (Se) in freshwater fish (muscle and liver tissue) from lakes in Argentina was investigated. Three introduced species, brown trout (Salmo trutta), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), and one native species, creole perch (Percichthys trucha), were investigated. Values for total selenium in muscle ranged from 0.66 to 1.61 μg/g, while in the liver, concentrations were much higher, from 4.46 to 73.71 μg/g on a dry matter basis. Separation of soluble Se species (SeCys(2), selenomethionine (SeMet), SeMeSeCys, selenite and selenate) was achieved by ion exchange chromatography and detection was performed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The results showed that in fish muscle, from 47 to 55 % of selenium was soluble and the only Se species identified was SeMet, which represented around 80 % of soluble Se, while in the liver, the amount of soluble Se ranged from 61 to 76 % and the percentage of species identified (SeMet and SeCys(2)) was much lower and ranged from 8 to 17 % of soluble Se.}, }
@article {pmid23242427, year = {2013}, author = {Palladini, JD and Maron, JL}, title = {Indirect competition for pollinators is weak compared to direct resource competition: pollination and performance in the face of an invader.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {172}, number = {4}, pages = {1061-1069}, pmid = {23242427}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Clarkia/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Euphorbia/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Montana ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants have the potential to reduce native plant abundance through both direct and indirect interactions. Direct interactions, such as competition for soil resources, and indirect interactions, such as competition for shared pollinators, have been shown to influence native plant performance; however, we know much less about how these interactions influence native plant abundance in the field. While direct competitive interactions are often assumed to drive declines in native abundance, an evaluation of their influence relative to indirect mechanisms is needed to more fully understand invasive plant impacts. We quantified the direct effects of resource competition by the invasive perennial forb, Euphorbia esula (Euphorbiaceae), on the recruitment, subsequent performance, and ultimate adult abundance of the native annual, Clarkia pulchella (Onagraceae). We contrast these direct effects with those that indirectly resulted from competition for shared pollinators. Although E. esula dramatically reduced pollinator visitation to C. pulchella, plants were only weakly pollen-limited. Pollen supplementation increased the number of seeds per fruit from 41.28 to 46.38. Seed addition experiments revealed that the impacts of ameliorating pollen limitation only increased potential recruitment by 12.3 %. In contrast, seed addition experiments that ameliorated direct competition with E. esula resulted in an increase in potential future recruitment of 574 %. Our results show that, while the indirect effects of competition for pollinators can influence plant abundance, its effects are dwarfed by the magnitude of direct effects of competition for resources.}, }
@article {pmid23238959, year = {2013}, author = {Ferragut, F and Garzón-Luque, E and Pekas, A}, title = {The invasive spider mite Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) alters community composition and host-plant use of native relatives.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {60}, number = {3}, pages = {321-341}, pmid = {23238959}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Competitive Behavior ; Crops, Agricultural/parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; Mites/physiology ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Spain ; Tetranychidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The tomato spider mite Tetranychus evansi Baker and Pritchard (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a worldwide pest of solanaceous crops that has recently invaded many parts of the world. In the present study we examined the ecological impact of its arrival in the Mediterranean region. The spider mite and phytoseiid mite assemblages in various crop and non-crop plants in three areas of Valencia (Spain) were studied a few months before and 10 years after the invasion of T. evansi. According to rarefaction analyses, the invasion of T. evansi did not affect neither the total number of species in the mite community examined (spider mite and phytoseiid species) nor the number of species when the two communities were examined separately. However, after the invasion, the absolute and relative abundance of the native Tetranychus species was significantly reduced. Before the invasion, T. urticae and T. turkestani were the most abundant spider mites, accounting for 62.9 and 22.8 % of the specimens. After the invasion, T. evansi became the most abundant species, representing 60 % of the total spider mites recorded, whereas the abundance of T. urticae was significantly reduced (23 %). This reduction took place principally on non-crop plants, where native species were replaced by the invader. Null model analyses provided evidence for competition structuring the spider mite community on non-crop plants after the invasion of T. evansi. Resistance to acaricides, the absence of efficient native natural enemies, manipulation of the plant defenses and the web type produced by T. evansi are discussed as possible causes for the competitive displacement.}, }
@article {pmid23237411, year = {2012}, author = {Wu, SB and Meyer, RS and Whitaker, BD and Litt, A and Kennelly, EJ}, title = {Antioxidant glucosylated caffeoylquinic acid derivatives in the invasive tropical soda apple, Solanum viarum.}, journal = {Journal of natural products}, volume = {75}, number = {12}, pages = {2246-2250}, doi = {10.1021/np300553t}, pmid = {23237411}, issn = {1520-6025}, mesh = {Antioxidants/chemistry/*isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Benzothiazoles ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Fruit/chemistry ; Glucosides/chemistry/*isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Structure ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Quinic Acid/*analogs &amp; derivatives/chemistry/*isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Solanum/*chemistry ; Solanum melongena/chemistry ; Sulfonic Acids ; }, abstract = {Eggplant and related Solanum species contain abundant caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) derivatives. Fruit of the invasive species Solanum viarum Dunal contain numerous complex CQA derivatives, but only a few have been identified. The structures of two new compounds isolated from methanolic extracts of S. viarum fruit by C(18)-HPLC-DAD were determined using 2D NMR and MS data. Both include two 5-CQA molecules joined by glucose via ester and glycosidic linkages. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 (viarumacids A and B) are, respectively, 5-caffeoyl- and 3-malonyl-5-caffeoyl-[4-(1β-[6-(5-caffeoyl)quinate]glucopyranosyl)]quinic acid. The antioxidant activities determined by ABTS(•+) and DPPH(•) assays were in the order 1 > 2 > 5-CQA.}, }
@article {pmid23236906, year = {2012}, author = {Huang, W and Carrillo, J and Ding, J and Siemann, E}, title = {Invader partitions ecological and evolutionary responses to above- and belowground herbivory.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {11}, pages = {2343-2352}, doi = {10.1890/11-1964.1}, pmid = {23236906}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; China ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Euphorbiaceae/*physiology ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Plant Leaves ; Soil ; United States ; }, abstract = {Interactions between above- and belowground herbivory may, affect plant performance and structure communities. Though many studies have documented interactions of invasive plants and.herbivores, none shows how above- and belowground herbivores interact to affect invasive plant performance. Here, in a common garden in China, we subjected genetically differentiated tallow trees (Triadica sebifera) from native (China) and invaded (United States) ranges to herbivory by aboveground adults and belowground larvae of a specialist beetle, Bikasha collaris. Overall, relative to plants from China, U.S. plants had greater total and aboveground mass, comparable belowground mass, lower resistance to both above- and belowground herbivory, and higher tolerance to aboveground herbivory only. Accordingly, aboveground adults had greater impacts on Chinese plants, but belowground larvae more strongly impacted U.S. plants. These results indicate that the invader may adopt an "aboveground first" strategy, allocating more resources aboveground in response to selection for increased competitive ability, which increases aboveground tolerance to herbivory. Furthermore, we found that adults facilitated larval success, and these feedbacks were stronger for U.S. plants, suggesting that aboveground feeding of adults may be associated with lower defenses and/or higher resources belowground in the invader. Therefore, plants may have evolved different responses to above- and belowground herbivory, which can affect invasion success and herbivore population dynamics. These findings may provide new insights for an effective biological control program against invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid23236902, year = {2012}, author = {Fey, SB and Cottingham, KL}, title = {Thermal sensitivity predicts the establishment success of nonnative species in a mesocosm warming experiment.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {11}, pages = {2313-2320}, doi = {10.1890/12-0609.1}, pmid = {23236902}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology ; Animals ; Daphnia/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Food ; *Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {While climate change is likely to modify biological interactions between species, it is not clear how altered biotic interactions will influence specific processes such as community assembly. We show that small increases in water temperature can alter the establishment success of the nonnative, tropical zooplankton species, Daphnia lumholtzi, and suggest a general framework for understanding species establishment in the context of climate change. We compared the establishment success of D. lumholtzi and the native congener D. pulex in a mesocosm experiment manipulating temperature, food conditions, and the identity of the resident vs. establishing species. To understand if our mesocosm results could have been predicted by thermal physiology, we characterized the thermal sensitivity of each species' population growth rate and estimated the temperatures at which each species would outperform the other. As predicted by the thermal sensitivities, invading D. lumholtzi were able to establish regardless of temperature and food resources, and established more rapidly in heated mesocosms. Invading D. pulex reached higher initial abundances in ambient-temperature mesocosms but failed to establish in any heated mesocosms. These findings suggest that thermal sensitivity may predict how altered interactions between species can influence community assembly, and that higher lake temperatures will likely aid the future establishment of nonnative D. lumholtzi in North America.}, }
@article {pmid23236472, year = {2012}, author = {Grason, EW and Miner, BG}, title = {Preference alters consumptive effects of predators: top-down effects of a native crab on a system of native and introduced prey.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {e51322}, pmid = {23236472}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Brachyura/*physiology ; Choice Behavior/*physiology ; *Diet ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Species Specificity ; Washington ; }, abstract = {Top-down effects of predators in systems depend on the rate at which predators consume prey, and on predator preferences among available prey. In invaded communities, these parameters might be difficult to predict because ecological relationships are typically evolutionarily novel. We examined feeding rates and preferences of a crab native to the Pacific Northwest, Cancer productus, among four prey items: two invasive species of oyster drill (the marine whelks Urosalpinx cinerea and Ocenebra inornata) and two species of oyster (Crassostrea gigas and Ostrea lurida) that are also consumed by U. cinerea and O. inornata. This system is also characterized by intraguild predation because crabs are predators of drills and compete with them for prey (oysters). When only the oysters were offered, crabs did not express a preference and consumed approximately 9 juvenile oysters crab(-1) day(-1). We then tested whether crabs preferred adult drills of either U. cinerea or O. inornata, or juvenile oysters (C. gigas). While crabs consumed drills and oysters at approximately the same rate when only one type of prey was offered, they expressed a strong preference for juvenile oysters over drills when they were allowed to choose among the three prey items. This preference for oysters might negate the positive indirect effects that crabs have on oysters by crabs consuming drills (trophic cascade) because crabs have a large negative direct effect on oysters when crabs, oysters, and drills co-occur.}, }
@article {pmid23235858, year = {2012}, author = {Fox, D}, title = {Polar research: Trouble bares its claws.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {492}, number = {7428}, pages = {170-172}, pmid = {23235858}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Brachyura/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Global Warming ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid23235117, year = {2013}, author = {Fukuhara, R and Kageyama, T}, title = {Structure, gene expression, and evolution of primate copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase.}, journal = {Gene}, volume = {516}, number = {1}, pages = {69-75}, doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2012.11.048}, pmid = {23235117}, issn = {1879-0038}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; Copper/*metabolism ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; *Gene Expression ; Male ; Molecular Chaperones/*genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Primates/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Superoxide Dismutase/*genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase (CCS) is essential for transporting copper ion to Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD). We cloned cDNAs for six primate species' CCSs. The total number of amino acid residues of primate CCSs is 274. Similarities between primates were over 96%. Important residues for the CCS function were well conserved. A phylogenetic tree of CCSs and Cu,Zn-SODs from various organisms showed that these two proteins were derived from a common ancestor, diverging very early on during eukaryote evolution. The high frequency of nonsynonymous substitutions was found in the lineage to Old World monkeys and apes. Expression of the CCS gene in various tissues of Japanese monkey was found to be high in the liver and adrenal gland, followed by the kidney and small intestine. Such expressional pattern was similar with that of Cu,Zn-SOD gene (Fukuhara et al., 2002).}, }
@article {pmid23232833, year = {2013}, author = {Moreira, X and Zas, R and Sampedro, L}, title = {Additive genetic variation in resistance traits of an exotic pine species: little evidence for constraints on evolution of resistance against native herbivores.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {110}, number = {5}, pages = {449-456}, pmid = {23232833}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Acetates/analysis ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Coleoptera ; Cyclopentanes/analysis ; Europe ; Feeding Behavior ; *Genetic Variation ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Moths ; Oxylipins/analysis ; Phenotype ; Phloem/chemistry/genetics ; Pinus/chemistry/*genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Polyphenols/analysis ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Resins, Plant/analysis/chemistry ; Spain ; }, abstract = {The apparent failure of invasions by alien pines in Europe has been explained by the co-occurrence of native pine congeners supporting herbivores that might easily recognize the new plants as hosts. Previous studies have reported that exotic pines show reduced tolerance and capacity to induce resistance to those native herbivores. We hypothesize that limited genetic variation in resistance to native herbivores and the existence of evolutionary trade-offs between growth and resistance could represent additional potential constraints on the evolution of invasiveness of exotic pines outside their natural range. In this paper, we examined genetic variation for constitutive and induced chemical defences (measured as non-volatile resin in the stem and total phenolics in the needles) and resistance to two major native generalist herbivores of pines in cafeteria bioassays (the phloem-feeder Hylobius abietis and the defoliator Thaumetopoea pityocampa) using half-sib families drawn from a sample of the population of Pinus radiata introduced to Spain in the mid-19th century. We found (i) significant genetic variation, with moderate-to-high narrow-sense heritabilities for both the production of constitutive non-volatile resin and induced total phenolics, and for constitutive resistance against T. pityocampa in bioassays, (ii) no evolutionary trade-offs between plant resistance and growth traits or between the production of different quantitative chemical defences and (iii) a positive genetic correlation between constitutive resistance to the two studied herbivores. Overall, results of our study indicate that the exotic pine P. radiata has limited genetic constraints on the evolution of resistance against herbivores in its introduced range, suggesting that, at least in terms of interactions with these enemies, this pine species has potential to become invasive in the future.}, }
@article {pmid23232473, year = {2013}, author = {Carpio, C and Dangles, O and Dupas, S and Léry, X and López-Ferber, M and Orbe, K and Páez, D and Rebaudo, F and Santillán, A and Yangari, B and Zeddam, JL}, title = {Development of a viral biopesticide for the control of the Guatemala potato tuber moth Tecia solanivora.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {112}, number = {2}, pages = {184-191}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2012.11.014}, pmid = {23232473}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Assay ; Glucosyltransferases/genetics ; Granulovirus/enzymology/genetics/*pathogenicity ; *Insecticides ; Moths/physiology/*virology ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Solanum tuberosum/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {The Guatemala potato tuber moth Tecia solanivora (Povolny) (Lep. Gelechiidae) is an invasive species from Mesoamerica that has considerably extended its distribution area in recent decades. While this species is considered to be a major potato pest in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, currently no specific control methods are available for farmers. To address this issue we developed a biopesticide formulation to be used in integrated pest management of T. solanivora, following three steps. First, search for entomopathogenic viruses were carried out through extensive bioprospections in 12 countries worldwide. As a result, new Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhopGV) isolates were found in T. solanivora and five other gelechid species. Second, twenty PhopGV isolates, including both previously known and newly found isolates, were genetically and/or biologically characterized in order to choose the best candidate for a biopesticide formulation. Sequence data were obtained for the ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase (egt) gene, a single copy gene known to play a role in pathogenicity. Three different sizes (1086, 1305 and 1353 bp) of egt were found among the virus isolates analyzed. Unexpectedly, no obvious correlation between egt size and pathogenicity was found. Bioassays on T. solanivora neonates showed a maximum of a 14-fold difference in pathogenicity among the eight PhopGV isolates tested. The most pathogenic PhopGV isolate, JLZ9f, had a medium lethal concentration (LC(50)) of 10 viral occlusion bodies per square mm of consumed tuber skin. Third, we tested biopesticide dust formulations by mixing a dry carrier (calcium carbonate) with different adjuvants (magnesium chloride or an optical brightener or soya lecithin) and different specific amounts of JLZ9f. During laboratory experiments, satisfactory control of the pest (>98% larva mortality compared to untreated control) was achieved with a formulation containing 10 macerated JLZ9f-dead T. solanivora larvae per kg of calcium carbonate mixed with 50 mL/kg of soya lecithin. The final product provides an interesting alternative to chemical pesticides for Andean farmers affected by this potato pest.}, }
@article {pmid23231882, year = {2013}, author = {Wittmann, MJ and Hutzenthaler, M and Gabriel, W and Metzler, D}, title = {Ecological and genetic effects of introduced species on their native competitors.}, journal = {Theoretical population biology}, volume = {84}, number = {}, pages = {25-35}, doi = {10.1016/j.tpb.2012.11.003}, pmid = {23231882}, issn = {1096-0325}, mesh = {*Gene-Environment Interaction ; *Introduced Species ; *Population Dynamics ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {Species introductions to new habitats can cause a decline in the population size of competing native species and consequently also in their genetic diversity. We are interested in why these adverse effects are weak in some cases whereas in others the native species declines to the point of extinction. While the introduction rate and the growth rate of the introduced species in the new environment clearly have a positive relationship with invasion success and impact, the influence of competition is poorly understood. Here, we investigate how the intensity of interspecific competition influences the persistence time of a native species in the face of repeated and ongoing introductions of the nonnative species. We analyze two stochastic models: a model for the population dynamics of both species and a model that additionally includes the population genetics of the native species at a locus involved in its adaptation to a changing environment. Counterintuitively, both models predict that the persistence time of the native species is lowest for an intermediate intensity of competition. This phenomenon results from the opposing effects of competition at different stages of the invasion process: With increasing competition intensity more introduction events are needed until a new species can establish, but increasing competition also speeds up the exclusion of the native species by an established nonnative competitor. By comparing the ecological and the eco-genetic model, we detect and quantify a synergistic feedback between ecological and genetic effects.}, }
@article {pmid23228598, year = {2013}, author = {Whitehead, SR and Bowers, MD}, title = {Iridoid and secoiridoid glycosides in a hybrid complex of bush honeysuckles (Lonicera spp., Caprifolicaceae): implications for evolutionary ecology and invasion biology.}, journal = {Phytochemistry}, volume = {86}, number = {}, pages = {57-63}, doi = {10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.10.012}, pmid = {23228598}, issn = {1873-3700}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; Ecology ; Iridoid Glycosides/*chemistry ; Iridoids/*chemistry ; Lonicera/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Interspecific hybridization among non-native plant species can generate genotypes that are more reproductively successful in the introduced habitat than either parent. One important mechanism that may serve as a stimulus for the evolution of invasiveness in hybrids is increased variation in secondary metabolite chemistry, but still very little is known about patterns of chemical trait introgression in plant hybrid zones. This study examined the occurrence of iridoid and secoiridoid glycosides (IGs), an important group of plant defense compounds, in three species of honeysuckle, Lonicera morrowii A. Gray, Lonicera tatarica L., and their hybrid Lonicera×bella Zabel. (Caprifoliaceae), all of which are considered invasive in various parts of North America. Hybrid genotypes had a diversity of IGs inherited from both parent species, as well as one component not detected in either parent. All three species were similar in that overall concentrations of IGs were significantly higher in fruits than in leaves, and several compounds that were major components of fruits were never found in leaves. However, specific patterns of quantitative distribution among leaves, unripe fruits, and ripe fruits differed among the three species, with a relatively higher allocation to fruits in the hybrid species than for either parent. These patterns likely have important consequences for plant interactions with antagonistic herbivores and pathogens as well as mutualistic seed dispersers, and thus the potential invasiveness of hybrid and parental species in their introduced range. Methods established here for quantitative analysis of IGs will allow for the exploration of many compelling research questions related to the evolutionary ecology and invasion biology of these and other related species in the genus Lonicera.}, }
@article {pmid23228518, year = {2013}, author = {D'Silva, MS and Anil, AC and Sawant, SS}, title = {Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages in recent sediments of Visakhapatnam harbour, east coast of India: influence of environmental characteristics.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {66}, number = {1-2}, pages = {59-72}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.11.012}, pmid = {23228518}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Dinoflagellida/classification/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; India ; Introduced Species ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Ships/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Water Pollution/*analysis/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {The distribution and abundance of dinoflagellate cysts in recent sediments from Visakhapatnam harbour, east coast of India was investigated and compared with sediment characteristics and physico-chemical variables of the overlying water column. The cyst abundance varied from 11 to 1218 cysts g[-1] dry sediment. Changes in the cyst assemblages from phototrophic to heterotrophic forms were observed from inner to outer harbour stations, and related to changes in environmental characteristics. Enhanced cyst production of potentially harmful dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum was recorded in the inner harbour stations with higher nutrient concentrations. Protoperidinium cysts were the most diversified group, and were dominant in the outer harbour stations having improved water conditions and circulation. This study points out the potential use of dinoflagellate cyst populations in providing information on environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid23228058, year = {2013}, author = {Raghavendra, AKH and Newcombe, G}, title = {The contribution of foliar endophytes to quantitative resistance to Melampsora rust.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {197}, number = {3}, pages = {909-918}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12066}, pmid = {23228058}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Basidiomycota/pathogenicity/*physiology ; *Disease Resistance ; Endophytes/*physiology ; Genotype ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Plant Leaves/microbiology ; Populus/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Foliar endophytes of Populus do not induce the hypersensitive response associated with major genes for resistance to Melampsora leaf rust. But they could contribute to the quantitative resistance that represents a second line of defense. Quantitative resistance is thought to be determined by suites of minor genes in both host and pathogen that are influenced by the abiotic environment. Here, we determined the relative importance to quantitative resistance of foliar endophytes, one element of the biotic environment. Leaves of six host genotypes differing in genetic resistance to Melampsora × columbiana were inoculated first with one of four foliar endophytes (Stachybotrys sp., Trichoderma atroviride, Ulocladium atrum or Truncatella angustata), and then with Melampsora. These endophytes greatly reduced rust severity within inoculated leaves (i.e. local effects), but they had no systemic effect on rust of leaves not inoculated with endophytes. Differences among endophytes and their controls explained 54% of the total variation in quantitative resistance (i.e. rust severity); the six host/pathogen genotypes explained just 5%. In terms of magnitude of effect on rust severity, Stachybotrys, Trichoderma, Ulocladium and Truncatella were ranked in this order on all host/pathogen genotypes. Endophytes may contribute significantly to quantitative resistance to Melampsora in leaves of Populus.}, }
@article {pmid23227487, year = {2012}, author = {Gross, M}, title = {Alien invaders.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {22}, number = {19}, pages = {R819-21}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.032}, pmid = {23227487}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Birds ; *Databases, Factual ; Europe ; Heracleum ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Raccoons ; United States ; }, abstract = {Thousands of species have invaded new territories in recent decades, often aided by global trade and man-made habitat change. While many remain harmless, some may cause serious damage. Therefore, we need improvements in surveillance and in our understanding of which factors make a successful invasion possible.}, }
@article {pmid23227254, year = {2012}, author = {Smith, KE and Thatje, S}, title = {The secret to successful deep-sea invasion: does low temperature hold the key?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {e51219}, pmid = {23227254}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; *Cold Temperature ; Iceland ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Mollusca/*physiology ; *Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen Consumption/physiology ; Pressure ; Respiration ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {There is a general consensus that today's deep-sea biodiversity has largely resulted from recurrent invasions and speciations occurring through homogenous waters during periods of the Phanerozoic eon. Migrations likely continue today, primarily via isothermal water columns, such as those typical of Polar Regions, but the necessary ecological and physiological adaptations behind them are poorly understood. In an evolutionary context, understanding the adaptations, which allow for colonisation to high-pressure environments, may enable us to predict future events. In this investigation, we examine pressure tolerance during development, in the shallow-water neogastropod Buccinum undatum using thermally acclimated egg masses from temperate and sub-polar regions across the species range. Fossil records indicate neogastropods to have a deep-water origin, suggesting shallow-water species may be likely candidates for re-emergence into the deep sea. Our results show population level differences in physiological thresholds, which indicate low temperature acclimation to increase pressure tolerance. These findings imply this species is capable of deep-sea penetration through isothermal water columns prevailing at high latitudes. This study gives new insight into the fundamentals behind past and future colonisation events. Such knowledge is instrumental to understand better how changes in climate envelopes affect the distribution and radiation of species along latitudinal as well as bathymetric temperature gradients.}, }
@article {pmid23227213, year = {2012}, author = {Cucherousset, J and Boulêtreau, S and Azémar, F and Compin, A and Guillaume, M and Santoul, F}, title = {"Freshwater killer whales": beaching behavior of an alien fish to hunt land birds.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {e50840}, pmid = {23227213}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Birds/*physiology ; Catfishes/*physiology ; Diet ; Europe ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Isotope Labeling ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Whale, Killer/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The behavioral strategies developed by predators to capture and kill their prey are fascinating, notably for predators that forage for prey at, or beyond, the boundaries of their ecosystem. We report here the occurrence of a beaching behavior used by an alien and large-bodied freshwater predatory fish (Silurus glanis) to capture birds on land (i.e. pigeons, Columbia livia). Among a total of 45 beaching behaviors observed and filmed, 28% were successful in bird capture. Stable isotope analyses (δ(13)C and δ(15)N) of predators and their putative prey revealed a highly variable dietary contribution of land birds among individuals. Since this extreme behavior has not been reported in the native range of the species, our results suggest that some individuals in introduced predator populations may adapt their behavior to forage on novel prey in new environments, leading to behavioral and trophic specialization to actively cross the water-land interface.}, }
@article {pmid23227148, year = {2012}, author = {Guiller, A and Martin, MC and Hiraux, C and Madec, L}, title = {Tracing the invasion of the mediterranean land snail Cornu aspersum aspersum becoming an agricultural and garden pest in areas recently introduced.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {e49674}, pmid = {23227148}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Snails/genetics/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {This study is the first on the genetics of invasive populations of one of the most widely spread land mollusc species known in the world, the "Brown Snail" Cornu aspersum aspersum. Deliberately or accidentally imported, the species has become recently a notorious pest outside its native Mediterranean range. We compared the spatial structure and genetic variability of invasive (America, Oceania, South Africa) versus native populations using five microsatellite loci and mitochondrial (Cyt b and 16S rRNA) genes as a first step towards (i) the detection of potential source populations, and (ii) a better understanding of mechanisms governing evolutionary changes involved in the invasion process. Results based on multivariate analysis (Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components), Bayesian statistical inference (Clustering, Approximate Bayesian Computation) and demographic tests allowed a construction of the introduction pathways of the species over recent centuries. While emigrants originated from only one of the two native lineages, the West one, the most likely scenario involved several introduction events and "source switching" comprising (i) an early stage (around 1660) of simultaneous introductions from Europe (France, Spain) towards Oceania (New Zealand) and California, (ii) from the early 18(th) century, a second colonization wave from bridgehead populations successfully established in California, (iii) genetic admixture in invasive areas where highly divergent populations came into contact as in New Zealand. Although these man-made pathways are consistent with historical data, introduction time estimates suggest that the two putative waves of invasion would have occurred long before the first field observations recorded, both in America and in Oceania. A prolonged lag period as the use of an incorrect generation time could explain such 100-150 years discrepancy. Lastly, the contrasting patterns of neutral genetic signal left in invasive populations are discussed in light of possible ways of facing novel environments (standing genetic variation versus new mutation).}, }
@article {pmid23226707, year = {2012}, author = {Bastida-Zavala, R and García-Madrigal, S}, title = {First record in the Tropical Eastern Pacific of the exotic species Ficopomatus uschakovi (Polychaeta, Serpulidae).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {238}, pages = {45-55}, pmid = {23226707}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The exotic Indo-West-Pacific species, Ficopomatus uschakovi (Polychaeta, Serpulidae) is recorded for the first time in the Tropical Eastern Pacific from two sites in La Encrucijada Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, a coastal lagoon in the Pacific south of Mexico. The means of dispersal of this serpulid species still remains unclear, as the nearest port (Puerto Chiapas) is 70 km to the south, and there are no port installations or shrimp cultures in the lagoon. The record of this serpulid species, apparently widely distributed in this coastal lagoon, has implications regarding possible effects on the brackish-water ecosystem, since the invasion event very well may have occurred several years ago. It is recommended that an exhaustive study be carried out in the coastal lagoons of Chiapas to evaluate the real distribution and the effects of this invasive species on the ecosystem. A complete description, including photographs and drawings, is provided.}, }
@article {pmid23226531, year = {2012}, author = {Thomas, LK and Tölle, L and Ziegenhagen, B and Leyer, I}, title = {Are vegetative reproduction capacities the cause of widespread invasion of Eurasian Salicaceae in Patagonian river landscapes?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {e50652}, pmid = {23226531}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Asia ; Biomass ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Reproduction ; Salicaceae/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {In recent decades, invasive willows and poplars (Salicaceae) have built dense floodplain forests along most of the rivers in Patagonia, Argentina. These invasion processes may affect Salix humboldtiana as the only native floodplain tree species in this region. It is assumed, that the property to reproduce vegetatively can play an important role in the establishment of invasive species in their new range. Thus, in order to contribute to a better understanding of willow and poplar invasions in riparian systems and to assess the potential impacts on S. humboldtiana the vegetative reproduction capacities of native and invasive Salicaceae were analysed. In a greenhouse experiment, we studied cutting survival and growth performance of the three most dominant invasive Salicaceae of the Patagonian Río Negro region (two Salix hybrids and Populus spec.), as well as S. humboldtiana, taking into account three different moisture and two different soil conditions. In a subsequent experiment, the shoot and root biomass of cuttings from the former experiment were removed and the bare cuttings were replanted to test their ability to re-sprout. The two invasive willow hybrids performed much better than S. humboldtiana and Populus spec. under all treatment combinations and tended to re-sprout more successfully after repeated biomass loss. Taking into account the ecology of vegetative and generative recruits of floodplain willows, the results indicate that the more vigorous vegetative reproduction capacity can be a crucial property for the success of invasive willow hybrids in Patagonia being a potential threat for S. humboldtiana.}, }
@article {pmid23226222, year = {2012}, author = {Condit, R and Chisholm, RA and Hubbell, SP}, title = {Thirty years of forest census at Barro Colorado and the importance of immigration in maintaining diversity.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, pages = {e49826}, pmid = {23226222}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Models, Biological ; Panama ; Plant Dispersal ; Species Specificity ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {The neutral theory of community ecology can predict diversity and abundances of tropical trees, but only under the assumption of steady input of new species into the community. Without input, diversity of a neutral community collapses, so the theory's predictions are not relevant unless novel species evolve or immigrate. We derive analytically the species input needed to maintain a target tree diversity, and find that a rate close to 1.0 x 10(-4) per recruit would maintain the observed diversity of 291 species in the Barro Colorado 50-ha tree plot in Panama. We then measured the rate empirically by comparing species present in one complete enumeration of the plot to those present five years later. Over six census intervals, the observed rate of input was 0.6 x 10(-4) to 1.8 x 10(-4) species per recruit, suggesting that there is adequate immigration of novel species to maintain diversity. Species interactions, niche partitioning, or density-dependence, while they may be present, do not appear to enhance tree species richness at Barro Colorado.}, }
@article {pmid23224646, year = {2013}, author = {Marcelino, JA and Silva, L and Garcia, PV and Weber, E and Soares, AO}, title = {Using species spectra to evaluate plant community conservation value along a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {185}, number = {8}, pages = {6221-6233}, pmid = {23224646}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Azores ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Environmental Pollution/*analysis/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {The aim of this study was to assess the impact of anthropogenic disturbance on the partitioning of plant communities (species spectra) across a landcover gradient of community types, categorizing species on the basis of their biogeographic, ecological, and conservation status. We tested a multinomial model to generate species spectra and monitor changes in plant assemblages as anthropogenic disturbance rise, as well as the usefulness of this method to assess the conservation value of a given community. Herbaceous and arborescent communities were sampled in five Azorean islands. Margins were also sampled to account for edge effects. Different multinomial models were applied to a data set of 348 plant species accounting for differences in parameter estimates among communities and/or islands. Different levels of anthropogenic disturbance produced measurable changes on species spectra. Introduced species proliferated and indigenous species declined, as anthropogenic disturbance and management intensity increased. Species assemblages of relevance other than economic (i.e., native, endemic, threatened species) were enclosed not only in natural habitats, but also in human managed arborescent habitats, which can positively contribute for the preservation of indigenous species outside remnants of natural areas, depending on management strategies. A significant presence of invasive species in margin transects of most community types will contribute to an increase in edge effect that might facilitate invasion. The multinomial model developed in this study was found to be a novel and expedient tool to characterize the species spectra at a given community and its use could be extrapolated for other assemblages or organisms, in order to evaluate and forecast the conservation value of a site.}, }
@article {pmid23223202, year = {2013}, author = {Fagúndez, J}, title = {Heathlands confronting global change: drivers of biodiversity loss from past to future scenarios.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {111}, number = {2}, pages = {151-172}, pmid = {23223202}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Carbon Dioxide/*adverse effects ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Pollution ; Ericaceae/growth &amp; development ; Europe ; Eutrophication ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; Soil ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Heathlands are dynamic plant communities characterized by a high cover of sclerophyllous, ericoid shrubs that develop over nutrient-poor soils. Interest in the preservation of these habitats in Europe has increased over the last decades, but over this time there has been a general decline in habitat quality, affecting community structure, ecosystem functions and biodiversity. Negative drivers that trigger these changes include land-use changes (i.e. habitat destruction and fragmentation), pollution, climate change, natural succession and human management, as well as the presence of invasive exotic species.<br><br>SCOPE: Based on recent scientific literature, the effect of each of these potential drivers on a wide set of factors, including physiological traits, species richness and diversity, community structure, ecosystem functions and soil conditions, is reviewed. The effects of these drivers are generally understood, but the direction and magnitude of factor interactions, whenever studied, have shown high variability.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Habitat loss and fragmentation affect sensitive species and ecosystem functions. The nature of the surrounding area will condition the quality of the heathland remnants by, for example, propagule pressure from invasive species. The dominant ericoid shrubs can be out-competed by vigorous perennial grasses with increased atmospheric nitrogen deposition, although interactions with climate and management practices may either counteract or enhance this process. Grazing or periodic burning promotes heath loss but site-specific combined treatments maintain species diversity and community structure. Climate change alone moderately affects plant diversity, community structure and ecosystem functions. Combined with other factors, climatic changes will condition heath development, mainly with regard to key aspects such as seed set and seedling establishment, rare species occurrence and nutrient cycling in the soil. It is essential to address the effects of not only individual factors, but their interactions, together with land-use history, on heathland development and conservation in order to predict habitat response to future scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid23220090, year = {2013}, author = {Boyle, MJ and Wilson, DW and Beeson, JG}, title = {New approaches to studying Plasmodium falciparum merozoite invasion and insights into invasion biology.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {43}, number = {1}, pages = {1-10}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.11.002}, pmid = {23220090}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Erythrocytes/*parasitology ; Humans ; Merozoites/*physiology ; Parasitology/*methods ; Plasmodium falciparum/*pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {Merozoite invasion of human red blood cells by Plasmodium falciparum is essential for blood stage asexual replication and the development of malaria disease. Despite this, many of the processes involved in invasion are poorly understood. Recent advances have been made in methods to isolate viable merozoites for studies of invasion. The application of these approaches is providing new insights into the kinetics of invasion and merozoite survival, as well as proteins and interactions involved in invasion, and will facilitate the development and testing of anti-merozoite vaccines and the identification of invasion-inhibitory compounds with potential for drug development. This review discusses these recent advances and considers potential avenues for future research.}, }
@article {pmid23216741, year = {2012}, author = {Kampen, H and Zielke, D and Werner, D}, title = {A new focus of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) (Diptera, Culicidae) distribution in Western Germany: rapid spread or a further introduction event?.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {284}, pmid = {23216741}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Demography ; Germany ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Asian bush mosquito, Aedes japonicus japonicus, a potential vector of several viruses, was first detected in Germany in 2008 on the Swiss-German border. In the following years, this invasive species apparently succeeded in establishing populations in southern Germany and in spreading northwards. In 2011, its distribution area already covered large areas of the federal state of Baden-Wurttemberg, and its northernmost German collection point was reported to be close to Stuttgart. Several independent submissions to our laboratories of Ae. j. japonicus specimens in July 2012, originating from the same area in the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, western Germany, prompted us to carry out an immediate surveillance in this region in the expectation of finding a further distribution focus of Ae. j. japonicus in Germany.<br><br>METHODS: After inspecting the places of residence of the collectors of the submitted mosquito specimens, all kinds of water containers in 123 cemeteries in surrounding towns and villages were checked for mosquito developmental stages. These were collected and kept to produce adults for morphological species identification. One specimen per collection site was identified genetically by COI sequence analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: Aedes j. japonicus adults and immature stages were found in 36 towns/villages that were checked (29%) over an area of approximately 2,000 km2 in southern North Rhine-Westphalia and northern Rhineland Palatinate. The species could not be demonstrated further south when monitoring towards the northernmost previous collection sites in southern Germany. It therefore remains to be elucidated whether the species has entered western Germany from the south, from Belgium in the west where it has been demonstrated to occur locally since 2002, or through a new introduction.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Aedes j. japonicus is obviously much more widely distributed in Germany than previously thought. It appears to be well adapted, to have a strong expansion tendency and to replace indigenous mosquito species. Thus, a further spread is anticipated and elimination seems hardly possible anymore. The vector potency of the species should be reason enough to thoroughly monitor its future development in Germany.}, }
@article {pmid23215527, year = {2012}, author = {Popović, M and Štefančić, H and Zlatić, V}, title = {Geometric origin of scaling in large traffic networks.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {109}, number = {20}, pages = {208701}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.208701}, pmid = {23215527}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {Large scale traffic networks are an indispensable part of contemporary human mobility and international trade. Networks of airport travel and cargo ship movements are invaluable for the understanding of human mobility patterns [R. Guimera et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 7794 (2005))], epidemic spreading [V. Colizza et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 2015 (2006)], global trade [International Maritime Organization, http://www.imo.org/], and spread of invasive species [G. M. Ruiz et al., Nature (London) 408, 49 (2000)]. Different studies [M. Barthelemy, Phys. Rept. 499, 1 (2011)] point to the universal character of some of the exponents measured in such networks. Here we show that exponents which relate (i) the strength of nodes to their degree and (ii) weights of links to degrees of nodes that they connect have a geometric origin. We present a simple robust model which exhibits the observed power laws and relates exponents to the dimensionality of 2D space in which traffic networks are embedded. We show that the relation between weight strength and degree is s(k)~k(3/2), the relation between distance strength and degree is s(d)(k)~k(3/2), and the relation between weight of link and degrees of linked nodes is w(ij)~(k(i)k(j))(1/2) on the plane 2D surface. We further analyze the influence of spherical geometry, relevant for the whole planet, on exact values of these exponents. Our model predicts that these exponents should be found in future studies of port networks and it imposes constraints on more refined models of port networks.}, }
@article {pmid23213366, year = {2012}, author = {Tracy, CR and Christian, KA and Baldwin, J and Phillips, BL}, title = {Cane toads lack physiological enhancements for dispersal at the invasive front in Northern Australia.}, journal = {Biology open}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {37-42}, pmid = {23213366}, issn = {2046-6390}, abstract = {Many invasive species have evolved behavioural and morphological characteristics that facilitate their dispersal into new areas, but it is unclear how selection on this level of the phenotype filters through to the underlying physiology. Cane toads have been dispersing westward across northern tropical Australia for more than 70 years. Previous studies of cane toads at the invasive front have identified several behavioural, morphological and locomotory characteristics that have evolved to facilitate dispersal of toads. We assessed a range of physiological characteristics associated with locomotory abilities in toads from the long-established, east coast of Australia, from the invasive front, and from a site in between these locations. We measured time to exhaustion and respiratory gases of toads exercising on a treadmill, time to recovery from exhaustion, blood properties (lactate, haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cell count, blood cell volume), and muscle properties associated with locomotion (activities of the enzymes citrate synthase and lactate dehydrogenase, and pH buffering capacity). None of the measured physiological parameters supported the hypothesis that toads from the invasive front possess physiological adaptations that facilitate dispersal compared to toads from areas colonised in the past. The strongest difference among the three groups of toads, time to exhaustion, showed exactly the opposite trend; toads from the long-established populations in the east coast had the longest time to exhaustion. Successful colonisers can employ many characteristics to facilitate their dispersal, so the extent to which behaviour, morphology and physiology co-evolve remains an interesting question. However, in the present case at least, behavioural adaptations do not appear to have altered the organism's underlying physiology.}, }
@article {pmid23213023, year = {2013}, author = {Nicolai, A and Vernon, P and Lenz, R and Le Lannic, J and Briand, V and Charrier, M}, title = {Well wrapped eggs: effects of egg shell structure on heat resistance and hatchling mass in the invasive land snail Cornu aspersum.}, journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological genetics and physiology}, volume = {319}, number = {2}, pages = {63-73}, doi = {10.1002/jez.1767}, pmid = {23213023}, issn = {1932-5231}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium, Dietary/metabolism ; Climate ; Egg Shell/*chemistry/metabolism ; Female ; France ; Linear Models ; Male ; Oviposition/physiology ; Ovum/physiology ; Snails/metabolism/*physiology ; }, abstract = {In ectotherms, the temperature changes that accompany climate shifts, microhabitat changes, and species range extensions can have profound effects on the performance of organisms. The aim of this laboratory study on the terrestrial invasive gastropod Cornu aspersum was to investigate the effect of dietary calcium source on egg shell structure and heat resistance of eggs in two populations from different climatic regions of France (Western Atlantic and Mediterranean). To date no literature is known about heat stress in calcified ectothermic eggs while exposed to heat peaks using fluctuating thermal regimes and optimal humidity. In snails from the Mediterranean population fed exclusively with CaCO(3) from limestone we found the thinnest egg shells and the smallest hatchlings. Limestone represents the most accessible calcium source for snails, but is, however, responsible for thinner and more mineralized egg shells (higher ash content). Hence thicker egg shells result from a low mineralized mucopolysaccharide-glycoprotein matrix that could play a nutritional role for hatchlings. Exposed to heat peaks, eggs in both populations had lower incubation time variability at the detriment of hatching rate. This study highlights the need for functional studies in this invasive species to understand the effects on population dynamics of interacting biotic and abiotic environmental factors under climate and anthropic habitat changes.}, }
@article {pmid23212654, year = {2013}, author = {Wang, X and Liu, X and Kono, S and Wang, G}, title = {The ecological perspective of microbial communities in two pairs of competitive Hawaiian native and invasive macroalgae.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {65}, number = {2}, pages = {361-370}, pmid = {23212654}, issn = {1432-184X}, mesh = {Bacteria/classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Biodiversity ; DNA Fingerprinting ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ; Gene Library ; Gracilaria/microbiology ; Hawaii ; Introduced Species ; Laurencia/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rhodophyta/*microbiology ; Seawater/microbiology ; Seaweed/*microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Marine macroalgae are known to harbor large populations of microbial symbionts, and yet, microbe symbiosis in invasive macroalgae remains largely unknown. In this study, we applied molecular methods to study microbial communities associated with two invasive algae Acanthophora spicifera and Gracilaria salicornia and the two native algae Gracilaria coronopifolia and Laurencia nidifica at spatial and temporal scales in Hawaiian coral reef ecosystems. Bacterial communities of both the invasive and native macroalgae displayed little spatial and temporal variations, suggesting consistent and stable bacterial associations with these macroalgae. Results of this study identified three types of bacterial populations: nonspecific (present in both algal and water samples); algae-specific (found in all algal species); and species-specific (only found in individual species). The bacterial diversity of invasive algae was lower than that of their native counterparts at phylum and species levels. Notably, the vast majority (71 %) of bacterial communities associated with the invasive algae G. salicornia were representatives of Cyanobacteria, suggesting a potential ecological significance of symbiotic Cyanobacteria.}, }
@article {pmid23211787, year = {2013}, author = {Bailey, J}, title = {The Japanese knotweed invasion viewed as a vast unintentional hybridisation experiment.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {110}, number = {2}, pages = {105-110}, pmid = {23211787}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Crosses, Genetic ; Fallopia japonica/anatomy &amp; histology/cytology/*genetics ; Flowers/anatomy &amp; histology/cytology/genetics ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Plant Dispersal ; Plant Weeds/anatomy &amp; histology/cytology/*genetics ; Polyploidy ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Chromosome counts of plants grown from open-pollinated seed from Japanese knotweed around the world have revealed the presence of extensive hybridisation with both native and other introduced taxa. These hybrids fit into three categories: inter- and intraspecific hybrids involving the taxa of Fallopia section Reynoutria (giant knotweeds), hybrids between Japanese knotweed and F. baldschuanica (Regel) Holub and hybrids between Japanese knotweed and the Australasian endemics of the genus Muehlenbeckia. In this minireview, the viability of the different classes of hybrid and the potential threats they pose are discussed in the context of recent examples of allopolyploid speciation, which generally involve hybridisation between a native and an alien species. Such wide hybridisations also challenge accepted taxonomic classifications. Japanese knotweed s.l. provides a fascinating example of the interplay between ploidy level, hybridisation and alien plant invasion. The octoploid (2n=88) Fallopia japonica var. japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decraene is a single female clone throughout much of its adventive range, and provides an ideal system for investigating the potential for wide hybridisation.}, }
@article {pmid23206535, year = {2013}, author = {Sekercioğlu, CH}, title = {Guineafowl, ticks and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey: the perfect storm?.}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {1-2}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2012.10.001}, pmid = {23206535}, issn = {1471-5007}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Eradication ; Galliformes/*physiology ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/*prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/physiology/*virology ; Public Health Practice/*standards ; Tick Control/*methods ; Tick-Borne Diseases/*prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Turkey ; }, abstract = {To control ticks carrying the emerging Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Turkey the government is introducing thousands of exotic helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris). However, not only do these birds eat negligible numbers of ticks, but they are also excellent nurseries for the young of Hyalomma marginatum ticks, the best vectors of CCHF.}, }
@article {pmid23206272, year = {2013}, author = {Konečný, A and Estoup, A and Duplantier, JM and Bryja, J and Bâ, K and Galan, M and Tatard, C and Cosson, JF}, title = {Invasion genetics of the introduced black rat (Rattus rattus) in Senegal, West Africa.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {286-300}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12112}, pmid = {23206272}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Cluster Analysis ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; Rats/*genetics ; Senegal ; }, abstract = {An understanding of the evolutionary history and dynamics of invasive species is required for the construction of predictive models of future spread and the design of biological management measures. The black rat (Rattus rattus) is a major vertebrate invader with a worldwide distribution. Despite the severe ecological, economic and health impacts of this species, its evolutionary history has been little studied. We carried out extensive specimen sampling in Senegal, West Africa, and used microsatellite markers to describe the pattern and processes of invasion in this large continental area. The genetic data obtained were combined with historical knowledge concerning the presence of this species in Senegal. Data were analysed by a combination of Bayesian clustering and approximate Bayesian computation methods. The invasion pathways closely paralleled the history of human trade routes in Senegal. In several places, we detected the occurrence of multiple introductions from genetically different sources. Long-distance migration between towns and villages was also observed. Our findings suggest that genetic bottlenecks and admixture have played a major role in shaping the genetics of invasive black rats. These two processes may generate genetic novelty and favour rapid evolution along the invasion pathways.}, }
@article {pmid23206238, year = {2013}, author = {Milbau, A and Shevtsova, A and Osler, N and Mooshammer, M and Graae, BJ}, title = {Plant community type and small-scale disturbances, but not altitude, influence the invasibility in subarctic ecosystems.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {197}, number = {3}, pages = {1002-1011}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12054}, pmid = {23206238}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Altitude ; Arctic Regions ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Dispersal ; Population Dynamics ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Little of our knowledge about invasibility comes from arctic and alpine ecosystems, despite increasing plant migration and invasion in those regions. Here, we examine how community type, altitude, and small-scale disturbances affect invasibility in a subarctic ecosystem. Over a period of 4 yr, we studied seedling emergence and establishment in 17 species sown in gaps or undisturbed vegetation in four subarctic community types (Salix scrub, meadow, rich heath, poor heath) along an elevation gradient. Invasibility was lowest in rich heath and highest in Salix scrub. Small disturbances significantly increased the invasibility in most communities, thereby showing the importance of biotic resistance to invasion in subarctic regions. Unexpectedly, invasibility did not decrease with increasing elevation, and it was also not related to summer temperature. Our data suggest that biotic resistance might be more important than abiotic stress for invasibility in subarctic tundra and that low temperatures do not necessarily limit seedling establishment at high altitudes. High elevations are therefore potentially more vulnerable to invasion than was originally thought. Changes in community composition as a result of species migration or invasion are most likely to occur in Salix scrub and meadow, whereas Empetrum-dominated rich heath will largely remain unchanged.}, }
@article {pmid23206141, year = {2012}, author = {Fisher-Reid, MC and Kozak, KH and Wiens, JJ}, title = {How is the rate of climatic-niche evolution related to climatic-niche breadth?.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {66}, number = {12}, pages = {3836-3851}, doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01729.x}, pmid = {23206141}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Urodela ; }, abstract = {The rate of climatic-niche evolution is important to many research areas in ecology, evolution, and conservation biology, including responses of species to global climate change, spread of invasive species, speciation, biogeography, and patterns of species richness. Previous studies have implied that clades with higher rates of climatic-niche evolution among species should have species with narrower niche breadths, but there is also evidence suggesting the opposite pattern. However, the relationships between rate and breadth have not been explicitly analyzed. Here, we examine the relationships between the rate of climatic-niche evolution and climatic-niche breadth using phylogenetic and climatic data for 250 species in the salamander family Plethodontidae, a group showing considerable variation in both rates of climatic-niche evolution and climatic-niche breadths. Contrary to some expectations, we find no general relationship between climatic-niche breadth and the rate of climatic-niche evolution. Climatic-niche breadths for some ecologically important climatic variables considered separately (temperature seasonality and annual precipitation) do show significant relationships with the rate of climatic-niche evolution, but rates are faster in clades in which species have broader (not narrower) niche breadths. In summary, our results show that narrower niche breadths are not necessarily associated with faster rates of niche evolution.}, }
@article {pmid23205642, year = {2013}, author = {Perdereau, E and Bagnères, AG and Bankhead-Dronnet, S and Dupont, S and Zimmermann, M and Vargo, EL and Dedeine, F}, title = {Global genetic analysis reveals the putative native source of the invasive termite, Reticulitermes flavipes, in France.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {1105-1119}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12140}, pmid = {23205642}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; France ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Isoptera/*genetics ; Louisiana ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United States ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are recognized as a major threat to both natural and managed ecosystems. Phylogeographic and population genetic analyses can provide information about the geographical origins and patterns of introduction and explain the causes and mechanisms by which introduced species have become successful invaders. Reticulitermes flavipes is a North American subterranean termite that has been introduced into several areas, including France where introduced populations have become invasive. To identify likely source populations in the USA and to compare the genetic diversity of both native and introduced populations, an extensive molecular genetic study was undertaken using the COII region of mtDNA and 15 microsatellite loci. Our results showed that native northern US populations appeared well differentiated from those of the southern part of the US range. Phylogenetic analysis of both mitochondrial and nuclear markers showed that French populations probably originated from southeastern US populations, and more specifically from Louisiana. All of the mtDNA haplotypes shared between the United States and France were found in Louisiana. Compared to native populations in Louisiana, French populations show lower genetic diversity at both mtDNA and microsatellite markers. These findings are discussed along with the invasion routes of R. flavipes as well as the possible mechanisms by which French populations have evolved after their introduction.}, }
@article {pmid23204493, year = {2012}, author = {Espeland, EK and Rice, KJ}, title = {Within- and trans-generational plasticity affects the opportunity for selection in barbed goatgrass (Aegilops triuncialis).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {99}, number = {12}, pages = {2058-2062}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1200372}, pmid = {23204493}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; California ; Environment ; *Gene-Environment Interaction ; *Genetic Fitness ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; *Selection, Genetic ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Environments are composed of selective agents, and environments may also modify the efficacy of these agents. Environments affect the rate of maximum evolutionary change by influencing variation in relative fitness (i.e., the opportunity for selection, or I). Within- and transgenerational plastic environmental responses may affect I, speeding or slowing processes of local adaptation. •<br><br>METHODS: We determined whether environmental factors affected the opportunity for selection (I) in Aegilops triuncialis (barbed goatgrass) by measuring I as a within- and transgenerational plastic response to two maternal glasshouse environments (serpentine/dry and loam/moist). We also determined whether this species' two most common genetic lineages (determined by DNA microsatellite length polymorphism) varied in response to glasshouse treatments. &#x2022;<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Opportunity for selection was less for plants grown in the dry serpentine environment than for plants grown in the moist loam environment. This response varied between genetic lineages. The east lineage exhibited a within-generation response to the dry serpentine environment. For both seed mass and average seed weight in this lineage, the opportunity for selection was lower in dry serpentine than in moist loam. The west lineage had a transgenerational response to the dry serpentine such that the opportunity for selection for seed number and seed mass was lower for plants produced by mothers grown in dry serpentine than for plants produced by mothers in moist loam. &#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Phenotypic variation in relative fitness is constrained by the dry serpentine environment, which leads to lower evolvability in this environment. Within- and transgenerational effects of the environment may slow local adaptation to serpentine soils.}, }
@article {pmid23202636, year = {2013}, author = {Krevš, A and Darginavičienė, J and Gylytė, B and Grigutytė, R and Jurkonienė, S and Karitonas, R and Kučinskienė, A and Pakalnis, R and Sadauskas, K and Vitkus, R and Manusadžianas, L}, title = {Ecotoxicological effects evoked in hydrophytes by leachates of invasive Acer negundo and autochthonous Alnus glutinosa fallen off leaves during their microbial decomposition.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {173}, number = {}, pages = {75-84}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.09.016}, pmid = {23202636}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Acer/*physiology ; Alnus/*physiology ; Bacteria/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Biomass ; Ecotoxicology ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Lithuania ; Plant Extracts/*toxicity ; Plant Leaves/*toxicity ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Throughout 90-day biodegradation under microaerobic conditions, invasive to Lithuania species boxelder maple (Acer negundo) leaves lost 1.5-fold more biomass than that of autochthonous black alder (Alnus glutinosa), releasing higher contents of N(tot), ammonium and generating higher BOD(7). Boxelder maple leaf leachates were characterized by higher total bacterial numbers and colony numbers of heterotrophic and cellulose-decomposing bacteria than those of black alder. The higher toxicity of A. negundo aqueous extracts and leachates to charophyte cell (Nitellopsis obtusa), the inhabitant of clean lakes, were manifested at mortality and membrane depolarization levels, while the effect on H(+)-ATPase activity in membrane preparations from the same algae was stronger in case of A. glutinosa. Duckweed (Lemna minor), a bioindicator of eutrophic waters, was more sensitive to leaf leachates of A. glutinosa. Fallen leaves and leaf litter leachates from invasive and native species of trees, which enter water body, affect differently microbial biodestruction and aquatic vegetation in freshwater systems.}, }
@article {pmid23198765, year = {2012}, author = {Scalone, R and Albach, DC}, title = {Degradation of sexual reproduction in Veronica filiformis after introduction to Europe.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {233}, pmid = {23198765}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Analysis of Variance ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Europe ; Flowers/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Ovule/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Pollen/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Reproduction/genetics ; Seeds/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Self-Incompatibility in Flowering Plants/*genetics ; Veronica/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Baker's law predicts that self-incompatible plant species are generally poor colonizers because their mating system requires a high diversity of genetically differentiated individuals and thus self-compatibility should develop after long-distance dispersal. However, cases like the introduction of the self-incompatible Veronica filiformis (Plantaginaceae) to Europe constitute an often overlooked alternative to this rule. This species was introduced from subalpine areas of the Pontic-Caucasian Mountains and colonized many parts of Central and Western Europe in the last century, apparently without producing seeds. To investigate the consequences of the absence of sexual reproduction in this obligate outcrosser since its introduction, AFLP fingerprints, flower morphology, pollen and ovule production and seed vitality were studied in introduced and native populations.<br><br>RESULTS: Interpopulation crossings of 19 introduced German populations performed in the greenhouse demonstrated that introduced populations are often unable to reproduce sexually. These results were similar to intrapopulation crossings, but this depended on the populations used for crossings. Results from AFLP fingerprinting confirmed a lack of genetic diversity in the area of introduction, which is best explained by the dispersal of clones. Flower morphology revealed the frequent presence of mutations affecting the androecium of the flower and decreasing pollen production in introduced populations. The seeds produced in our experiments were smaller, had a lower germination rate and had lower viability than seeds from the native area.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results demonstrate that V. filiformis was able to spread by vegetative means in the absence of sexual reproduction. This came at the cost of an accumulation of phenotypically observable mutations in reproductive characters, i.e. Muller's ratchet.}, }
@article {pmid23197837, year = {2012}, author = {Naiman, RJ and Alldredge, JR and Beauchamp, DA and Bisson, PA and Congleton, J and Henny, CJ and Huntly, N and Lamberson, R and Levings, C and Merrill, EN and Pearcy, WG and Rieman, BE and Ruggerone, GT and Scarnecchia, D and Smouse, PE and Wood, CC}, title = {Developing a broader scientific foundation for river restoration: Columbia River food webs.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {109}, number = {52}, pages = {21201-21207}, pmid = {23197837}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Facility Design and Construction ; *Food Chain ; *Rivers ; United States ; }, abstract = {Well-functioning food webs are fundamental for sustaining rivers as ecosystems and maintaining associated aquatic and terrestrial communities. The current emphasis on restoring habitat structure--without explicitly considering food webs--has been less successful than hoped in terms of enhancing the status of targeted species and often overlooks important constraints on ecologically effective restoration. We identify three priority food web-related issues that potentially impede successful river restoration: uncertainty about habitat carrying capacity, proliferation of chemicals and contaminants, and emergence of hybrid food webs containing a mixture of native and invasive species. Additionally, there is the need to place these food web considerations in a broad temporal and spatial framework by understanding the consequences of altered nutrient, organic matter (energy), water, and thermal sources and flows, reconnecting critical habitats and their food webs, and restoring for changing environments. As an illustration, we discuss how the Columbia River Basin, site of one of the largest aquatic/riparian restoration programs in the United States, would benefit from implementing a food web perspective. A food web perspective for the Columbia River would complement ongoing approaches and enhance the ability to meet the vision and legal obligations of the US Endangered Species Act, the Northwest Power Act (Fish and Wildlife Program), and federal treaties with Northwest Indian Tribes while meeting fundamental needs for improved river management.}, }
@article {pmid23196408, year = {2013}, author = {Jaryan, V and Uniyal, SK and Gupta, RC and Singh, RD}, title = {Alien flora of Indian Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {185}, number = {7}, pages = {6129-6153}, pmid = {23196408}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; India ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Plants/*classification ; }, abstract = {Recognizing the array of effects that invasive alien species have, documenting their status from biodiversity rich regions has been much emphasized. Lack of such studies is a major limitation that hampers proper management of alien species. The present paper, therefore, documents the alien flora of the Indian Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh (HP) based on data obtained from literature and herbarium records. The alien flora of HP comprises of 497 species belonging to 85 families. Majority of them belong to family Asteraceae (59 species), followed by Poaceae (47 species) and Fabaceae (43 species). Amongst the genera, Ipomoea (9 species), Eucalyptus and Euphorbia (7 species each) are the most predominant. Herbs constitute the majority (i.e., 73%) of alien species and a large percentage of them (i.e., 22.94%) have South America as their native region. Further, of the total alien species, 248 are intentional introductions and majority (31% species) have been introduced for ornamental purposes. It was revealed that 34% species have naturalized while 29% species have become invasive. Today, in addition to human-disturbed landscapes, alien species have also been reported from dense forests. Himalaya being a biodiversity hotspot and HP being a bio-rich Himalayan state, it is hoped that this inventory and assessment of alien flora will help in designing informed management and monitoring strategies against problematic plant invasions in the state.}, }
@article {pmid23194053, year = {2013}, author = {Novy, A and Flory, SL and Hartman, JM}, title = {Evidence for rapid evolution of phenology in an invasive grass.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {443-450}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12047}, pmid = {23194053}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; Flowers ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; Phenotype ; Poaceae/*classification/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology/radiation effects ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Evolutionary dynamics of integrative traits such as phenology are predicted to be critically important to range expansion and invasion success, yet there are few empirical examples of such phenomena. In this study, we used multiple common gardens to examine the evolutionary significance of latitudinal variation in phenology of a widespread invasive species, the Asian short-day flowering annual grass Microstegium vimineum. In environmentally controlled growth chambers, we grew plants from seeds collected from multiple latitudes across the species' invasive range. Flowering time and biomass were both strongly correlated with the latitude of population origin such that populations collected from more northern latitudes flowered significantly earlier and at lower biomass than populations from southern locations. We suggest that this pattern may be the result of rapid adaptive evolution of phenology over a period of less than one hundred years and that such changes have likely promoted the northward range expansion of this species. We note that possible barriers to gene flow, including bottlenecks and inbreeding, have apparently not forestalled evolutionary processes for this plant. Furthermore, we hypothesize that evolution of phenology may be a widespread and potentially essential process during range expansion for many invasive plant species.}, }
@article {pmid23193126, year = {2013}, author = {Westley, PA and Ward, EJ and Fleming, IA}, title = {Fine-scale local adaptation in an invasive freshwater fish has evolved in contemporary time.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {280}, number = {1751}, pages = {20122327}, pmid = {23193126}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; Crosses, Genetic ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Newfoundland and Labrador ; Odds Ratio ; *Selection, Genetic ; Survival Analysis ; Trout/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Adaptive evolutionary change in only a few generations can increase the ability of non-native invasive species to spread, and yet adaptive divergence is rarely assessed in recently established populations. In this study, we experimentally test for evidence of fine-scale local adaptation in juvenile survival and growth among three populations of an invasive freshwater fish with reciprocal transplants and common-garden experiments. Despite intrinsic differences in habitat quality, in two of three populations we detected evidence of increased survival in 'home' versus 'away' environments with a Bayesian occupancy model fitted to mark-recapture data. We found support for the 'local' versus 'foreign' criterion of local adaptation as 14 of 15 pairwise comparisons of performance were consistent with local adaptation (p < 0.001). Patterns in growth were less clear, though we detected evidence of location- and population-level effects. Although the agents of divergent ecological selection are not known in this system, our results combine to indicate that adaptive divergence--reflected by higher relative survival of local individuals--can occur in a small number of generations and only a few kilometres apart on the landscape.}, }
@article {pmid23192330, year = {2013}, author = {Navia, D and Gondim, MG and Aratchige, NS and de Moraes, GJ}, title = {A review of the status of the coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae), a major tropical mite pest.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {59}, number = {1-2}, pages = {67-94}, pmid = {23192330}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Cocos ; Food Chain ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Mites/*physiology ; *Pest Control ; Population Dynamics ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {The coconut mite (CM), Aceria guerreronis Keifer, has spread to most coconut production areas worldwide and it has been considered one of the most notorious and important pests of coconut fruits in many countries. Although CM has been reported to damage coconuts for over 40 years in the Americas and Africa it continues to cause considerable losses in countries of these continents, and in the last 15 years it has also reached countries from southeast Asia-India and Sri Lanka. Several other countries of southeast Asia are also major coconut producers and the impact by the mite in currently affected areas suggests that the dispersion of CM to these major producers could lead to very heavy losses. Great advances about our knowledge on CM and its control have been achieved, especially in the last decade, after its introduction into Asia. However, much remains to be known to allow the design of efficient strategies to it. This paper brings together information on CM invasive history, distribution, hosts, morphology, biology, dispersal, colonization process, population dynamics, symptoms and injury, estimated losses, sampling techniques, control strategies and new perspectives for its control.}, }
@article {pmid23188114, year = {2012}, author = {Riva Rossi, CM and Pascual, MA and Aedo Marchant, E and Basso, N and Ciancio, JE and Mezga, B and Fernández, DA and Ernst-Elizalde, B}, title = {The invasion of Patagonia by Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): inferences from mitochondrial DNA patterns.}, journal = {Genetica}, volume = {140}, number = {10-12}, pages = {439-453}, pmid = {23188114}, issn = {1573-6857}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Chile ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Databases, Genetic ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; North America ; Oceans and Seas ; Phylogeography ; Salmon/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, which was introduced deliberately in Chile four decades ago for sport fishing and aquaculture, represents a rare example of a successful translocation of an anadromous Pacific salmon into the southern Hemisphere, offering a unique opportunity to examine the role of introduction history and genetic variability in invasion success. We used historical information and mitochondrial displacement loop sequences (D-loop) from seven colonized sites in Chile and Argentina and from native and naturalized Chinook salmon populations to determine population sources and to examine levels of genetic diversity associated with the invasion. The analysis revealed that the Chinook salmon invasion in Patagonia originated from multiple population sources from northwestern North America and New Zealand, and admixed in the invaded range generating genetically diverse populations. Genetic analyses further indicated that the colonization of new populations ahead of the invasion front appear to have occurred by noncontiguous dispersal. Dispersal patterns coincided with ocean circulation patterns dominated by the West Wind Drift and the Cape Horn Currents. We conclude that admixture following multiple introductions, as well as long-distance dispersal events may have facilitated the successful invasion and rapid dispersal of Chinook salmon into Patagonia.}, }
@article {pmid23185598, year = {2012}, author = {Hahn, MA and van Kleunen, M and Müller-Schärer, H}, title = {Increased phenotypic plasticity to climate may have boosted the invasion success of polyploid Centaurea stoebe.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, pages = {e50284}, pmid = {23185598}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Biological Evolution ; Centaurea/*physiology ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Phenotype ; *Polyploidy ; Population Dynamics ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity may allow organisms to cope with altered environmental conditions as e.g. after the introduction into a new range. In particular polyploid organisms, containing more than two sets of chromosomes, may show high levels of plasticity, which could in turn increase their environmental tolerance and invasiveness. Here, we studied the role of phenotypic plasticity in the invasion of Centaurea stoebe (Asteraceae), which in the native range in Europe occurs as diploids and tetraploids, whereas in the introduced range in North America so far only tetraploids have been found. In a common garden experiment at two sites in the native range, we grew half-sibs of the three geo-cytotypes (native European diploids, European tetraploids and invasive North American tetraploids) from a representative sample of 27 populations. We measured the level and the adaptive significance of phenotypic plasticity in eco-physiological and life-history traits in response to the contrasting climatic conditions at the two study sites as well as three different soil conditions in pots, simulating the most crucial abiotic differences between the native and introduced range. European tetraploids showed increased levels of phenotypic plasticity as compared to diploids in response to the different climatic conditions in traits associated with rapid growth and fast phenological development. Moreover, we found evidence for adaptive plasticity in these traits, which suggests that increased plasticity may have contributed to the invasion success of tetraploid C. stoebe by providing an advantage under the novel climatic conditions. However, in invasive tetraploids phenotypic plasticity was similar to that of native tetraploids, indicating no evolution of increased plasticity during invasions. Our findings provide the first empirical support for increased phenotypic plasticity associated with polyploids, which may contribute to their success as invasive species in novel environments.}, }
@article {pmid23182519, year = {2013}, author = {Desserud, P and Naeth, MA}, title = {Establishment of a native bunch grass and an invasive perennial on disturbed land using straw-amended soil.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {114}, number = {}, pages = {540-547}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.11.001}, pmid = {23182519}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Alberta ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Biomass ; Festuca/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Poa/*growth &amp; development ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {Native grasslands around the word face increased threats from non-native species. Fescue prairie in North America, in good rangeland condition, is dominated by the perennial bunch grass, Festuca hallii, whereas disturbances are often colonized by Poa pratensis, an introduced perennial rhizomatous grass which is competitive in nitrogen rich soils. F. hallii thrives in typical low nitrogen grassland soils and recovers poorly once disturbed. Disturbance to soil caused by well site construction may decrease organic carbon and potassium, and increase nitrogen, phosphorus, pH and electrical conductivity, creating conditions conducive to invasion by P. pratensis. This research tested the hypothesis that F. hallii would tolerate nitrogen depleted soil, through addition of carbon as a straw amendment to newly reclaimed well sites, better than P. pratensis. Our second hypothesis was that F. hallii is negatively affected by disturbed soil and P. pratensis is not. We treated three sites with three straw amendment rates, seeded monocultures of F. hallii and P. pratensis, and monitored establishment over three years. F. hallii biomass, root biomass, leaf length and cover increased in response to straw treatments, whereas P. pratensis showed little response. F. hallii was positively affected by prior-year soil water, and current-year ammonium and potassium. P. pratensis was positively affected by current-year soil water, potassium and nitrate. P. pratensis responded positively to higher pH and electrical conductivity found in disturbed soil and F. hallii responded poorly. The positive relationship of P. pratensis to pH above 7 could explain why it can invade reclaimed disturbed grassland; whereas the negative reaction of F. hallii might explain its failure to recover. We concluded the addition of straw as a soil amendment is a possible solution to poor establishment of F. hallii.}, }
@article {pmid23181873, year = {2012}, author = {Huber, K and Pluskota, B and Jöst, A and Hoffmann, K and Becker, N}, title = {Status of the invasive species Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in southwest Germany in 2011.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, pages = {462-465}, doi = {10.1111/j.1948-7134.2012.00252.x}, pmid = {23181873}, issn = {1948-7134}, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Animals ; Germany ; Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid23181679, year = {2013}, author = {Britton, KO and Liebhold, AM}, title = {One world, many pathogens!.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {197}, number = {1}, pages = {9-10}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12053}, pmid = {23181679}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Databases, Factual ; Fungi/*pathogenicity ; *Introduced Species ; Trees/*microbiology ; }, }
@article {pmid23179065, year = {2013}, author = {Navajas, M and Ochoa, R}, title = {Integrating ecology and genetics to address Acari invasions.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {59}, number = {1-2}, pages = {1-10}, pmid = {23179065}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Acari/classification/*physiology ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Because of their small size and tolerance to many of the control procedures used for a wide variety of commodities, Acari species have become one of the fastest, unwanted pest travelers since the beginning of this century. This special issue includes eleven studies on adventive and invasive Acari species affecting major crops and livestock around the world. The nucleus for this special issue is formed by the presentations in the symposium on invasive mites and ticks organized at the International Congress of Acarology in Recife, Brazil (ICA-13), in the summer of 2010. This special issue illustrates the increased concerns about domestic and international invasive mites and ticks worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid23173573, year = {2013}, author = {Ward, M and Johnson, SD}, title = {Generalised pollination systems for three invasive milkweeds in Australia.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {566-572}, doi = {10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00700.x}, pmid = {23173573}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Animals ; Apocynaceae/*physiology ; Asclepias/*physiology ; Butterflies ; Ecosystem ; Flowers/anatomy &amp; histology ; *Introduced Species ; Lepidoptera ; Plant Nectar/chemistry/physiology ; *Pollination ; Queensland ; Wasps ; }, abstract = {Because most plants require pollinator visits for seed production, the ability of an introduced plant species to establish pollinator relationships in a new ecosystem may have a central role in determining its success or failure as an invader. We investigated the pollination ecology of three milkweed species - Asclepias curassavica, Gomphocarpus fruticosus and G. physocarpus - in their invaded range in southeast Queensland, Australia. The complex floral morphology of milkweeds has often been interpreted as a general trend towards specialised pollination requirements. Based on this interpretation, invasion by milkweeds contradicts the expectation than plant species with specialised pollination systems are less likely to become invasive that those with more generalised pollination requirements. However, observations of flower visitors in natural populations of the three study species revealed that their pollination systems are essentially specialised at the taxonomic level of the order, but generalised at the species level. Specifically, pollinators of the two Gomphocarpus species included various species of Hymenoptera (particularly vespid wasps), while pollinators of A. curassavica were primarily Lepidoptera (particularly nymphalid butterflies). Pollinators of all three species are rewarded with copious amounts of highly concentrated nectar. It is likely that successful invasion by these three milkweed species is attributable, at least in part, to their generalised pollinator requirements. The results of this study are discussed in terms of how data from the native range may be useful in predicting pollination success of species in a new environment.}, }
@article {pmid23173451, year = {2012}, author = {Wang, R and Sun, B and Li, JD and Wang, GJ and Sun, JN and Wang, XR and Zhong, RT}, title = {[Effects of light intensity on the phenotypic plasticity of invasive species Ambrosia trifida].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {7}, pages = {1797-1802}, pmid = {23173451}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Ambrosia/genetics/*physiology ; China ; Genetic Fitness ; *Introduced Species ; *Light ; *Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Through artificial shading, this paper studied the phenotypic plasticity of invasive species Ambrosia trifida in its morphology, biomass allocation, and photosynthesis characteristics in response to different light intensities. As compared with the control, shading increased the stem height, crown width, leaf area, specific leaf area, and the proportion of leaf biomass in total biomass of A. trifida significantly, but decreased the total biomass, biomass per unit leaf area, and root to shoot ratio. Under natural light condition, the crown width and leaf area were smaller and the root to shoot ratio was larger, which benefited the decrease of water loss under high temperature and high light intensity and manifested the stronger phenotypic plasticity of A. trifida in its morphology and biomass allocation in response to different light intensities. Under shading, the mean daily net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance decreased, while the stomatal CO2 concentration increased. At noon when the light intensity was the highest, the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance under low shading reached the maximum. Under moderate shading and high shading, the chlorophyll content increased significantly, and the chlorophyll a/b had a significant decrease, which could improve the utilization of light energy by A. trifida under shading environment.}, }
@article {pmid23173204, year = {2013}, author = {Vilcinskas, A and Mukherjee, K and Vogel, H}, title = {Expansion of the antimicrobial peptide repertoire in the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {280}, number = {1750}, pages = {20122113}, pmid = {23173204}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism/pharmacology ; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/*genetics/metabolism/pharmacology ; Coleoptera/*genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; Colony Count, Microbial ; DNA, Complementary ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Germany ; *Immunity, Innate ; Insect Proteins/*genetics/metabolism/pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Metarhizium/drug effects ; Micrococcus luteus/drug effects ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {The harlequin ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis has emerged as a model species in invasion biology because of its strong resistance against pathogens and remarkable capacity to outcompete native ladybirds. The invasive success of the species may reflect its well-adapted immune system, a hypothesis we tested by analysing the transcriptome and characterizing the immune gene repertoire of untreated beetles and those challenged with bacteria and fungi. We found that most H. axyridis immunity-related genes were similar in diversity to their counterparts in the reference beetle Tribolium castaneum, but there was an unprecedented expansion among genes encoding antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs). We identified more than 50 putative AMPs belonging to seven different gene families, and many of the corresponding genes were shown by quantitative real-time RT-PCR to be induced in the immune-stimulated beetles. AMPs with the highest induction ratio in the challenged beetles were shown to demonstrate broad and potent activity against Gram-negative bacteria and entomopathogenic fungi. The invasive success of H. axyridis can therefore be attributed at least in part to the greater efficiency of its immune system, particularly the expansion of AMP gene families and their induction in response to pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid23173203, year = {2013}, author = {Heleno, RH and Olesen, JM and Nogales, M and Vargas, P and Traveset, A}, title = {Seed dispersal networks in the Galápagos and the consequences of alien plant invasions.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {280}, number = {1750}, pages = {20122112}, pmid = {23173203}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Diet ; Ecuador ; *Food Chain ; *Food Preferences ; Fruit/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Reptiles/*physiology ; Seasons ; *Seed Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Alien plants are a growing threat to the Galápagos unique biota. We evaluated the impact of alien plants on eight seed dispersal networks from two islands of the archipelago. Nearly 10 000 intact seeds from 58 species were recovered from the droppings of 18 bird and reptile dispersers. The most dispersed invaders were Lantana camara, Rubus niveus and Psidium guajava, the latter two likely benefiting from an asynchronous fruit production with most native plants, which facilitate their consumption and spread. Lava lizards dispersed the seeds of 27 species, being the most important dispersers, followed by small ground finch, two mockingbirds, the giant tortoise and two insectivorous birds. Most animals dispersed alien seeds, but these formed a relatively small proportion of the interactions. Nevertheless, the integration of aliens was higher in the island that has been invaded for longest, suggesting a time-lag between alien plant introductions and their impacts on seed dispersal networks. Alien plants become more specialized with advancing invasion, favouring more simplified plant and disperser communities. However, only habitat type significantly affected the overall network structure. Alien plants were dispersed via two pathways: dry-fruited plants were preferentially dispersed by finches, while fleshy fruited species were mostly dispersed by other birds and reptiles.}, }
@article {pmid23173192, year = {2013}, author = {Hedges, SB}, title = {Wormholes record species history in space and time.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {20120926}, pmid = {23173192}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Ecology/*methods ; Engraving and Engravings ; Europe ; Feeding Behavior ; Fossils ; Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Rare Books ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; *Wood ; }, abstract = {Genetic and fossil data often lack the spatial and temporal precision for tracing the recent biogeographic history of species. Data with finer resolution are needed for studying distributional changes during modern human history. Here, I show that printed wormholes in rare books and artwork are trace fossils of wood-boring species with unusually accurate locations and dates. Analyses of wormholes printed in western Europe since the fifteenth century document the detailed biogeographic history of two putative species of invasive wood-boring beetles. Their distributions now overlap broadly, as an outcome of twentieth century globalization. However, the wormhole record revealed, unexpectedly, that their original ranges were contiguous and formed a stable line across central Europe, apparently a result of competition. Extension of the wormhole record, globally, will probably reveal other species and evolutionary insights. These data also provide evidence for historians in determining the place of origin or movement of a woodblock, book, document or art print.}, }
@article {pmid23171862, year = {2013}, author = {Jay, F and Sjödin, P and Jakobsson, M and Blum, MG}, title = {Anisotropic isolation by distance: the main orientations of human genetic differentiation.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {513-525}, pmid = {23171862}, issn = {1537-1719}, mesh = {Africa ; Algorithms ; Americas ; Asia ; Computer Simulation ; Europe ; Gene Frequency ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; *Models, Genetic ; Phylogeography ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Principal Component Analysis ; }, abstract = {Genetic differentiation among human populations is greatly influenced by geography due to the accumulation of local allele frequency differences. However, little is known about the possibly different increment of genetic differentiation along the different geographical axes (north-south, east-west, etc.). Here, we provide new methods to examine the asymmetrical patterns of genetic differentiation. We analyzed genome-wide polymorphism data from populations in Africa (n = 29), Asia (n = 26), America (n = 9), and Europe (n = 38), and we found that the major orientations of genetic differentiation are north-south in Europe and Africa, and east-west in Asia, but no preferential orientation was found in the Americas. Additionally, we showed that the localization of the individual geographic origins based on single nucleotide polymorphism data was not equally precise along all orientations. Confirming our findings, we obtained that, in each continent, the orientation along which the precision is maximal corresponds to the orientation of maximum differentiation. Our results have implications for interpreting human genetic variation in terms of isolation by distance and spatial range expansion processes. In Europe, for instance, the precise northnorthwest-southsoutheast axis of main European differentiation cannot be explained by a simple Neolithic demic diffusion model without admixture with the local populations because in that case the orientation of greatest differentiation should be perpendicular to the direction of expansion. In addition to humans, anisotropic analyses can guide the description of genetic differentiation for other organisms and provide information on expansions of invasive species or the processes of plant dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid23170218, year = {2012}, author = {Früh, D and Stoll, S and Haase, P}, title = {Physico-chemical variables determining the invasion risk of freshwater habitats by alien mollusks and crustaceans.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {11}, pages = {2843-2853}, pmid = {23170218}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to assess the invasion risk of freshwater habitats and determine the environmental variables that are most favorable for the establishment of alien amphipods, isopods, gastropods, and bivalves. A total of 981 sites located in streams and rivers in Germany. Therefore we analyzed presence-absence data of alien and indigenous amphipods, isopods, gastropods, and bivalves from 981 sites located in small to large rivers in Germany with regard to eight environmental variables: chloride, ammonium, nitrate, oxygen, orthophosphate, distance to the next navigable waterway, and maximum and minimum temperature. Degraded sites close to navigable waters were exposed to an increased invasion risk by all major groups of alien species. Moreover, invaded sites by all four groups of alien species were similar, whereas the sites where indigenous members of the four groups occurred were more variable. Increased temperature and chloride concentration as well as decreased oxygen concentration were identified as major factors for the invasibility of a site. Species-specific analyses showed that chloride was among the three most predictive environmental variables determining species assemblage in all four taxonomic groups. Also distance to the next navigable waterways was similarly important. Additionally, the minimum temperature was among the most important variables for amphipods, isopods, and bivalves. The bias in the occurrence patterns of alien species toward similarly degraded habitats suggests that the members of all four major groups of freshwater alien species are a non-random, more tolerant set of species. Their common tolerance to salinity, high temperature, and oxygen depletion may reflect that most alien species were spread in ballast water tanks, where strong selective pressures, particularly temperature fluctuations, oxygen depletion, and increased salinity may create a bottleneck for successful invasion. Knowledge on the major factors that influence the invasion risk of a habitat is needed to develop strategies to limit the spread of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid23170069, year = {2012}, author = {Vallejo-Marín, M}, title = {Mimulus peregrinus (Phrymaceae): A new British allopolyploid species.}, journal = {PhytoKeys}, volume = {}, number = {14}, pages = {1-14}, pmid = {23170069}, issn = {1314-2003}, abstract = {Polyploidization plays an important role in species formation as chromosome doubling results in strong reproductive isolation between derivative and parental taxa. In this note I describe a new species, Mimulus peregrinus (Phrymaceae), which represents the first recorded instance of a new British polyploid species of Mimulus (2n = 6x = 92) that has arisen since the introduction of this genus into the United Kingdom in the 1800's. Mimulus peregrinus presents floral and vegetative characteristics intermediate between Mimulus guttatus and Mimulus luteus, but can be distinguished from all naturalized British Mimulus species and hybrids based on a combination of reproductive and vegetative traits. Mimulus peregrinus displays high pollen and seed fertility as well as traits usually associated with genome doubling such as increased pollen and stomata size. The intermediate characteristics of Mimulus peregrinus between Mimulus guttatus (2n = 2x = 28)and Mimulus luteus (2n = 4x = 60-62), and its close affinity with the highly sterile, triploid (2n = 3x = 44-45) hybrid taxon Mimulus × robertsii (Mimulus guttatus × Mimulus luteus), suggests that Mimulus peregrinus mayconstitute an example of recent allopolyploid speciation.}, }
@article {pmid23169562, year = {2013}, author = {Vallejo-Marin, M and Lye, GC}, title = {Hybridisation and genetic diversity in introduced Mimulus (Phrymaceae).}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {110}, number = {2}, pages = {111-122}, pmid = {23169562}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Cluster Analysis ; *Crosses, Genetic ; Discriminant Analysis ; Genetic Markers ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Mimulus/*genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Plant Dispersal ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Principal Component Analysis ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Hybridisation among taxa with different ploidy levels is often associated with hybrid sterility. Clonal reproduction can stabilise these hybrids, but pervasive clonality may have a profound impact on the distribution of genetic diversity in natural populations. Here we investigate a widespread triploid taxon resulting from hybridisation between diploid Mimulus guttatus and tetraploid Mimulus luteus, two species that were introduced into the United Kingdom (UK) in the nineteenth century. This hybrid, Mimulus x robertsii, is largely sterile but capable of prolific vegetative propagation and has been recorded in the wild since 1872. We surveyed 40 Mimulus populations from localities across the UK to examine the current incidence of hybrids, and selected seventeen populations for genetic analysis using codominant markers. Cluster analyses revealed two main groups of genetically distinct individuals, corresponding to either diploid (M. guttatus) or polyploid (M. luteus and M. x robertsii) samples. Triploid hybrids were found in around 50% of sampled sites, sometimes coexisting with one of the parental species (M. guttatus). The other parent, M. luteus, was restricted to a single locality. Individual populations of M. x robertsii were genetically variable, containing multiple, highly heterozygous clones, with the majority of genetic variation distributed among- rather than within populations. Our findings demonstrate that this largely sterile, clonal taxon can preserve non-negligible amounts of genetic variation. The presence of genetically variable hybrid populations may provide the material for the continued success of asexual taxa in diverse environments.}, }
@article {pmid23166596, year = {2012}, author = {Liu, G and Huang, QQ and Lin, ZG and Huang, FF and Liao, HX and Peng, SL}, title = {High tolerance to salinity and herbivory stresses may explain the expansion of Ipomoea cairica to salt marshes.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, pages = {e48829}, pmid = {23166596}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*physiology ; Analysis of Variance ; Biomass ; China ; *Demography ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Ipomoea/*growth &amp; development ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; *Salinity ; Species Specificity ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Stress, Physiological/*physiology ; Tannins/analysis ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive plants are often confronted with heterogeneous environments and various stress factors during their secondary phase of invasion into more stressful habitats. A high tolerance to stress factors may allow exotics to successfully invade stressful environments. Ipomoea cairica, a vigorous invader in South China, has recently been expanding into salt marshes.<br><br>To examine why this liana species is able to invade a stressful saline environment, we utilized I. cairica and 3 non-invasive species for a greenhouse experiment. The plants were subjected to three levels of salinity (i.e., watered with 0, 4 and 8 g L(-1) NaCl solutions) and simulated herbivory (0, 25 and 50% of the leaf area excised) treatments. The relative growth rate (RGR) of I. cairica was significantly higher than the RGR of non-invasive species under both stress treatments. The growth performance of I. cairica was not significantly affected by either stress factor, while that of the non-invasive species was significantly inhibited. The leaf condensed tannin content was generally lower in I. cairica than in the non-invasive I. triloba and Paederia foetida. Ipomoea cairica exhibited a relatively low resistance to herbivory, however, its tolerance to stress factors was significantly higher than either of the non-invasive species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first study examining the expansion of I. cairica to salt marshes in its introduced range. Our results suggest that the high tolerance of I. cairica to key stress factors (e.g., salinity and herbivory) contributes to its invasion into salt marshes. For I. cairica, a trade-off in resource reallocation may allow increased resources to be allocated to tolerance and growth. This may contribute to a secondary invasion into stressful habitats. Finally, we suggest that I. cairica could spread further and successfully occupy salt marshes, and countermeasures based on herbivory could be ineffective for controlling this invasion.}, }
@article {pmid23164541, year = {2013}, author = {Taylor, S and Kumar, L}, title = {Potential distribution of an invasive species under climate change scenarios using CLIMEX and soil drainage: a case study of Lantana camara L. in Queensland, Australia.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {114}, number = {}, pages = {414-422}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.10.039}, pmid = {23164541}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Geographic Information Systems ; *Introduced Species ; *Lantana ; *Models, Biological ; Queensland ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {Invasive species pose a major threat to biodiversity which may be intensified by the effects of climate change, particularly if favourable climate conditions allow invasives to spread to new areas. This research explores the combined effects of climate change and soil drainage on the potential future distribution of Lantana camara L. (lantana) in Queensland, Australia. Lantana is an invasive woody shrub species that has a profound economic and environmental impact worldwide. CLIMEX was used to develop a process-based niche model of lantana to estimate its potential distribution under current and future climate. Two Global Climate Models (GCMs), CSIRO-Mk3.0 and MIROC-H, were used to explore the impacts of climate change. These models were run with the A1B and A2 scenarios for 2030, 2070 and 2100. Further refinements of the potential distributions were carried out through the integration of fine scale soil drainage data in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The results from both GCMs show a progressive reduction in climatic suitability for lantana in Queensland. The MIROC-H projects a larger area as remaining at risk of lantana invasion in 2100 compared to CSIRO-Mk3.0. Inclusion of soil drainage data results in a more refined distribution. Overall results show a dramatic reduction in potential distribution of lantana in Queensland in the long term (2100). However, in the short term (2030), areas such as South East Queensland and the Wet Tropics, both regions of significant ecological importance, remain at risk of invasion consistently under both GCMs and with both the climate only and climate and soil drainage models. Management of lantana in these regions will need to be prioritized to protect environmental assets of ecological significance.}, }
@article {pmid23158497, year = {2013}, author = {Tejada, S and Deudero, S and Box, A and Sureda, A}, title = {Physiological response of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus fed with the seagrass Posidonia oceanica and the alien algae Caulerpa racemosa and Lophocladia lallemandii.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {83}, number = {}, pages = {48-53}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.10.008}, pmid = {23158497}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Alismatales/*metabolism ; Animals ; Biomarkers/analysis ; Caulerpa/*metabolism ; Diet ; Gonads/enzymology ; Introduced Species ; Oxidative Stress/physiology ; Paracentrotus/enzymology/*physiology ; Rhodophyta/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The aim was to determine the effects of alien algae feeding on biomarkers of oxidative stress in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Sea urchins were fed during three months with the native seagrass Posidonia oceanica, and the alien macroalgae Caulerpa racemosa and Lophocladia lallemandii and biochemical analysis were performed in the gonads. A control group was immediately processed after sampling from the sea. Antioxidant enzyme and glutathione S-transferase activities and GSH concentration were significantly higher in sea urchins fed with alien algae when compared with the control group and the one fed with P. oceanica group. This response was more intense in the group fed with L. lallemandii respect to the C. racemosa group. The concentration of MDA, protein carbonyl derivates and 8-OHdG reported no significant differences between treatments. In conclusion, the invasive algae C. racemosa and L. lallemandii induced an antioxidant response in P. lividus without evident oxidative damage.}, }
@article {pmid23157598, year = {2013}, author = {Heard, MJ and Sax, DF}, title = {Coexistence between native and exotic species is facilitated by asymmetries in competitive ability and susceptibility to herbivores.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {206-213}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12030}, pmid = {23157598}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Asteraceae/metabolism ; Brassicaceae/metabolism ; Carbon/analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Fabaceae/metabolism ; *Herbivory ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Massachusetts ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Rhode Island ; }, abstract = {Differences between native and exotic species in competitive ability and susceptibility to herbivores are hypothesized to facilitate coexistence. However, little fieldwork has been conducted to determine whether these differences are present in invaded communities. Here, we experimentally examined whether asymmetries exist between native and exotic plants in a community invaded for over 200 years and whether removing competitors or herbivores influences coexistence. We found that natives and exotics exhibit pronounced asymmetries, as exotics are competitively superior to natives, but are more significantly impacted by herbivores. We also found that herbivore removal mediated the outcome of competitive interactions and altered patterns of dominance across our field sites. Collectively, these findings suggest that asymmetric biotic interactions between native and exotic plants can help to facilitate coexistence in invaded communities.}, }
@article {pmid23156170, year = {2012}, author = {Leskey, TC and Lee, DH and Short, BD and Wright, SE}, title = {Impact of insecticides on the invasive Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): analysis of insecticide lethality.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {105}, number = {5}, pages = {1726-1735}, doi = {10.1603/ec12096}, pmid = {23156170}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Heteroptera/*drug effects ; Insecticides/*toxicity ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Pesticide Residues/*toxicity ; Time Factors ; West Virginia ; }, abstract = {The efficacy of 37 insecticide treatments against adult Halyomorpha halys (Stål) was established based on exposure to 18-h old dry insecticide residue in laboratory bioassays. Individual adult H. halys were exposed to an insecticide residue for 4.5 h and then monitored daily for survivorship over a 7-d period. The proportion of dead and moribund insects was used as an estimate of overall insecticide efficacy against H. halys immediately after the exposure period and over the 7-d trial. Among all materials evaluated, 14 insecticides exhibited increasing efficacy, in which the percentage of dead and moribund insects (used as a measure of insecticide efficacy) increased by > 10% after 7 d. By contrast, insecticide efficacy values of eight insecticides declined by > 10% (based on recovery of adults from a moribund state) over the 7-d period with most belonging to the pyrethroid class. In this study, the efficacy value of neonicotinoid, acetamiprid, showed the greatest decline from 93 to 10% over 7 d. A lethality index (scale of 0-100) was developed to compare insecticides based on quantifying the immediate and longer-term effects of insecticide exposure on H. halys. Among all materials evaluated, dimethoate, malathion, bifenthrin, methidathion, endosulfan, methomyl, chlorpyrifos, acephate, fenpropathrin, and permethrin yielded the highest values (> 75) because of a high degree of immediate mortality with very little recovery. Our results provide baseline information regarding potential of candidate insecticides against adult H. halys and highlight the need to consider longer-term effects in establishing overall efficacy ratings against this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid23156162, year = {2012}, author = {Lundquist, JE and Reich, RM and Tuffly, M}, title = {Spatial dynamics of the invasive defoliator amber-marked birch leafminer across the Anchorage landscape.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {105}, number = {5}, pages = {1659-1667}, doi = {10.1603/ec11406}, pmid = {23156162}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Alaska ; Animals ; *Betula ; Entomology/*methods ; Food Chain ; Hymenoptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The amber-marked birch leafminer (Profenusa thomsoni [Konow]) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) has caused severe infestations of birch species in Anchorage, AK, since 2002. Its spatial distribution has been monitored since 2006 and summarized using interpolated surfaces based on simple kriging. Results indicate that this insect pest is unevenly distributed, occurring in multineighborhood sized patches that migrate from year to year. Patches showing heavy infestation one year are followed by light infestations the following year. In this study, we developed methods of assessing and describing spatial distributions of P. thomsoni as they vary from year to year, and speculate on potential causes of these trends in landscape patterns.}, }
@article {pmid23156161, year = {2012}, author = {Jacobi, WR and Hardin, JG and Goodrich, BA and Cleaver, CM}, title = {Retail firewood can transport live tree pests.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {105}, number = {5}, pages = {1645-1658}, doi = {10.1603/ec12069}, pmid = {23156161}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Ascomycota/classification ; Basidiomycota/classification ; Coleoptera/classification/*physiology ; Commerce ; Data Collection ; Insecta/classification/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/classification/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Southwestern United States ; Species Specificity ; Transportation ; United States ; Wood/microbiology/*physiology ; Wyoming ; }, abstract = {Untreated firewood can harbor destructive insects and pathogens and transport them to uninfested areas. In a national survey of retail locations selling firewood in 18 states, over half (52%) of the firewood was from sources out of the purchase state and 50% showed evidence of insect infestation. In a three state survey of southern Rocky Mountain retailers, the most common retailer types carrying firewood were grocery stores and department or big box stores followed by gas stations or convenience stores. In 2007-2009, we purchased 419 firewood bundles from retailers in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming and caged the firewood to quantify insect emergence. Live insects emerged from 47% of firewood bundles over 18 mo of rearing time. Approximately 11 insects emerged on average from each infested bundle (1-520 per bundle). Pine, fir, and mixed-conifer bundles yielded the greatest number of insects. Beetles (Coleoptera) were prominent and made up the majority of individuals (3-60 individuals in each of 24 families). Most Coleoptera were bark and ambrosia beetles (subfamily Scolytinae) while wood borers (Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Siricidae) occurred in lower numbers. Firewood with evidence of previous or current insect infestation was more likely to have insects emerge than firewood without such evidence. The risk of moving live native or nonindigenous insects in untreated firewood is high because insects emerged up to 558 d from purchase date. Retail firewood should be heat treated in a manner to eliminate insects that is uniformly accepted across North America.}, }
@article {pmid23153723, year = {2013}, author = {Hulme, PE and Pyšek, P and Jarošík, V and Pergl, J and Schaffner, U and Vilà, M}, title = {Bias and error in understanding plant invasion impacts.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, pages = {212-218}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.010}, pmid = {23153723}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Bias ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Dispersal ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {Quantitative assessments of alien plant impacts are essential to inform management to ensure that resources are prioritized against the most problematic species and that restoration targets the worst-affected ecosystem processes. Here, we present the first detailed critique of quantitative field studies of alien plant impacts and highlight biases in the biogeography and life form of the target species, the responses assessed, and the extent to which spatial variability is addressed. Observed impacts often fail to translate to ecosystem services or evidence of environmental degradation. The absence of overarching hypotheses regarding impacts has reduced the consistency of approaches worldwide and prevented the development of predictive tools. Future studies must ensure that the links between species traits, ecosystem stocks, and ecosystem flows, as well as ecosystem services, are explicitly defined.}, }
@article {pmid23152900, year = {2012}, author = {Lucek, K and Sivasundar, A and Seehausen, O}, title = {Evidence of adaptive evolutionary divergence during biological invasion.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, pages = {e49377}, pmid = {23152900}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Rivers ; Smegmamorpha/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Stomach/physiology ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {Rapid phenotypic diversification during biological invasions can either arise by adaptation to alternative environments or by adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Where experimental evidence for adaptive plasticity is common, support for evolutionary diversification is rare. Here, we performed a controlled laboratory experiment using full-sib crosses between ecologically divergent threespine stickleback populations to test for a genetic basis of adaptation. Our populations are from two very different habitats, lake and stream, of a recently invaded range in Switzerland and differ in ecologically relevant morphological traits. We found that in a lake-like food treatment lake fish grow faster than stream fish, resembling the difference among wild type individuals. In contrast, in a stream-like food treatment individuals from both populations grow similarly. Our experimental data suggest that genetically determined diversification has occurred within less than 140 years after the arrival of stickleback in our studied region.}, }
@article {pmid23149405, year = {2012}, author = {Leal, M and Gunderson, AR}, title = {Rapid change in the thermal tolerance of a tropical lizard.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {180}, number = {6}, pages = {815-822}, doi = {10.1086/668077}, pmid = {23149405}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cold Temperature ; Florida ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/genetics/*physiology ; Puerto Rico ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {The predominant view is that the thermal physiology of tropical ectotherms, including lizards, is not labile over ecological timescales. We used the recent introduction (∼35 years ago) of the Puerto Rican lizard Anolis cristatellus to Miami, Florida, to test this thermal rigidity hypothesis. We measured lower (critical thermal minimum [CT(min)]) and upper (critical thermal maximum [CT(max)]) thermal tolerances and found that the introduced population tolerates significantly colder temperatures (by ∼3°C) than does the Puerto Rican source population; however, CT(max) did not differ. These results mirror the thermal regimes experienced by each population: Miami reaches colder ambient temperatures than Puerto Rico, but maximum ambient temperatures are similar. The differences in CT(min) were observed even though lizards from both sites experienced nearly identical conditions for 49 days before CT(min) measurement. Our results demonstrate that changes in thermal tolerance occurred relatively rapidly (∼35 generations), which strongly suggests that the thermal physiology of tropical lizards is more labile than previously proposed.}, }
@article {pmid23149396, year = {2012}, author = {Xiao, S and Callaway, RM and Newcombe, G and Aschehoug, ET}, title = {Models of experimental competitive intensities predict home and away differences in invasive impact and the effects of an endophytic mutualist.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {180}, number = {6}, pages = {707-718}, doi = {10.1086/668008}, pmid = {23149396}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Alternaria/genetics/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; Centaurea/*microbiology/*physiology ; Demography ; Endophytes/genetics/*physiology ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; North America ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Symbiosis ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Understanding the role of competition in the organization of communities is limited in part by the difficulty of extrapolating the outcomes of small-scale experiments to how such outcomes might affect the distribution and abundance of species. We modeled the community-level outcomes of competition, using experimentally derived competitive effects and responses between an exotic invasive plant, Centaurea stoebe, and species from both its native and nonnative ranges and using changes in these effects and responses elicited by experimentally establishing symbioses between C. stoebe and fungal endophytes. Using relative interaction intensities (RIIs) and holding other life-history factors constant, individual-based and spatially explicit models predicted competitive exclusion of all but one North American species but none of the European species, regardless of the endophyte status of C. stoebe. Concomitantly, C. stoebe was eliminated from the models with European natives but was codominant in models with North American natives. Endophyte symbiosis predicted increased dominance of C. stoebe in North American communities but not in European communities. However, when experimental variation was included, some of the model outcomes changed slightly. Our results are consistent with the idea that the effects of competitive intensity and mutualisms measured at small scales have the potential to play important roles in determining the larger-scale outcomes of invasion and that the stabilizing indirect effects of competition may promote species coexistence.}, }
@article {pmid23148984, year = {2013}, author = {Pianezzola, E and Roth, S and Hatteland, BA}, title = {Predation by carabid beetles on the invasive slug Arion vulgaris in an agricultural semi-field experiment.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {103}, number = {2}, pages = {225-232}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485312000569}, pmid = {23148984}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Female ; *Gastropoda ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Ovum ; *Pest Control, Biological ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Arion vulgaris Moquin-Tandon 1855 is one of the most important invasive species in Europe, affecting both biodiversity and agriculture. The species is spreading in many parts of Europe, inflicting severe damage to horticultural plants and cultivated crops partly due to a lack of satisfactory and effective management solutions. Molluscicides have traditionally been used to manage slug densities, although the effects are variable and some have severe side-effects on other biota. Thus, there is a need to explore potential alternatives such as biological control. The nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita is the only biological agent that has been applied commercially so far. However, other biological control agents such as carabid beetles have also been found to be promising. In addition, some carabid species have been shown to feed on A. vulgaris in the field as well as in the laboratory. Two species in particular have been found to be important predators of A. vulgaris, and these species are also common in agricultural environments: Pterostichus melanarius and Carabus nemoralis. This study is the first to use semi-field experiments in a strawberry field, manipulating densities, to investigate how P. melanarius and C. nemoralis affect densities of A. vulgaris eggs and juveniles, respectively. Gut contents of C. nemoralis were analysed using multiplex PCR methods to detect DNA of juvenile slugs. Results show that both P. melanarius and C. nemoralis significantly affect densities of slug eggs and juvenile slugs under semi-field conditions and that C. nemoralis seems to prefer slugs smaller than one gram. Carabus nemoralis seems to be especially promising in reducing densities of A. vulgaris, and future studies should investigate the potential of using this species as a biological control agent.}, }
@article {pmid23145341, year = {2012}, author = {Purchase, CF and Moreau, DT}, title = {Stressful environments induce novel phenotypic variation: hierarchical reaction norms for sperm performance of a pervasive invader.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {10}, pages = {2567-2576}, pmid = {23145341}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Genetic variation for phenotypic plasticity is ubiquitous and important. However, the scale of such variation including the relative variability present in reaction norms among different hierarchies of biological organization (e.g., individuals, populations, and closely related species) is unknown. Complicating interpretation is a trade-off in environmental scale. As plasticity can only be inferred over the range of environments tested, experiments focusing on fine tuned responses to normal or benign conditions may miss cryptic phenotypic variation expressed under novel or stressful environments. Here, we sought to discern the presence and shape of plasticity in the performance of brown trout sperm as a function of optimal to extremely stressful river pH, and demarcate if the reaction norm varies among genotypes. Our overarching goal was to determine if deteriorating environmental quality increases expressed variation among individuals. A more applied aim was to ascertain whether maintaining sperm performance over a wide pH range could help explain how brown trout are able to invade diverse river systems when transplanted outside of their native range. Individuals differed in their reaction norms of phenotypic expression of an important trait in response to environmental change. Cryptic variation was revealed under stressful conditions, evidenced through increasing among-individual variability. Importantly, data on population averages masked this variability in plasticity. In addition, canalized reaction norms in sperm swimming velocities of many individuals over a very large range in water chemistry may help explain why brown trout are able to colonize a wide variety of habitats.}, }
@article {pmid23145340, year = {2012}, author = {Darling, JA and Herborg, LM and Davidson, IC}, title = {Intracoastal shipping drives patterns of regional population expansion by an invasive marine invertebrate.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {10}, pages = {2557-2566}, pmid = {23145340}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Understanding the factors contributing to expansion of nonnative populations is a critical step toward accurate risk assessment and effective management of biological invasions. Nevertheless, few studies have attempted explicitly to test hypotheses regarding factors driving invasive spread by seeking correlations between patterns of vector movement and patterns of genetic connectivity. Herein, we describe such an attempt for the invasive tunicate Styela clava in the northeastern Pacific. We utilized microsatellite data to estimate gene flow between samples collected throughout the known range of S. clava in the region, and assessed correlation of these estimates with patterns of intracoastal commercial vessel traffic. Our results suggest that recent shipping patterns have contributed to the contemporary distribution of genetic variation. However, the analysis also indicates that other factors-including a complex invasion history and the influence of other vectors-have partially obscured genetic patterns associated with intracoastal population expansion.}, }
@article {pmid23145158, year = {2012}, author = {González-Bernal, E and Greenlees, M and Brown, GP and Shine, R}, title = {Cane toads on cowpats: commercial livestock production facilitates toad invasion in tropical australia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, pages = {e49351}, pmid = {23145158}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Australia ; Body Temperature ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; Cattle ; Coleoptera ; Ecosystem ; *Feces ; Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Habitat disturbance and the spread of invasive organisms are major threats to biodiversity, but the interactions between these two factors remain poorly understood in many systems. Grazing activities may facilitate the spread of invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) through tropical Australia by providing year-round access to otherwise-seasonal resources. We quantified the cane toad's use of cowpats (feces piles) in the field, and conducted experimental trials to assess the potential role of cowpats as sources of prey, water, and warmth for toads. Our field surveys show that cane toads are found on or near cowpats more often than expected by chance. Field-enclosure experiments show that cowpats facilitate toad feeding by providing access to dung beetles. Cowpats also offer moist surfaces that can reduce dehydration rates of toads and are warmer than other nearby substrates. Livestock grazing is the primary form of land use over vast areas of Australia, and pastoral activities may have contributed substantially to the cane toad's successful invasion of that continent.}, }
@article {pmid23145000, year = {2012}, author = {Bracewell, SA and Spencer, M and Marrs, RH and Iles, M and Robinson, LA}, title = {Cleft, crevice, or the inner thigh: 'another place' for the establishment of the invasive barnacle Austrominius modestus (Darwin, 1854).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, pages = {e48863}, pmid = {23145000}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Art ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Iron ; Linear Models ; Population Dynamics ; Thoracica/*physiology ; Tidal Waves ; }, abstract = {The proliferation of anthropogenic infrastructure in the marine environment has aided the establishment and spread of invasive species. These structures can create novel habitats in areas normally characterised as void of suitable settlement sites. The habitat requirements of the invasive acorn barnacle Austrominius modestus (Darwin, 1854) were assessed using a novel sampling site at Crosby Beach, Liverpool. Austrominius modestus has spread rapidly around the UK since its initial introduction, becoming locally dominant in many estuarine areas including the Antony Gormley art installation, 'Another Place', at Crosby Beach. The installation consists of 100 replicate solid cast-iron life-size human figures, located at a range of heights on the shore. We recorded the distribution and abundance of A. modestus present on all of the statues at various positions during the summer of 2006. The positions varied in location, exposure, direction, and rugosity. Although parameters such as rugosity and exposure did influence patterns of recruitment, they were less important than interactions between shore height and direction, and specific location on the beach. The addition of a suitable substrate to a sheltered and estuarine region of Liverpool Bay has facilitated the establishment of A. modestus. Understanding the habitat requirements of invasive species is important if we are to make predictions about their spread and the likelihood of invasion success. Austrominius modestus has already become locally dominant in some regions of the UK and, with projections of favourable warming conditions and the global expansion of artificial structures, the continued spread of this species can be expected. The implications of this on the balance between native and invasive species dominance should be considered.}, }
@article {pmid23144762, year = {2012}, author = {Green, DS and Boots, B and Crowe, TP}, title = {Effects of non-indigenous oysters on microbial diversity and ecosystem functioning.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {e48410}, pmid = {23144762}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ammonium Compounds/metabolism ; Animals ; Archaeal Proteins/genetics ; Bacteria/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; *Biodiversity ; Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Euryarchaeota/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Methane/metabolism ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Ostreidae/*growth &amp; development ; Oxidoreductases/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; }, abstract = {Invasive ecosystem engineers can physically and chemically alter the receiving environment, thereby affecting biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, invasive throughout much of the world, can establish dense populations monopolising shorelines and possibly altering ecosystem processes including decomposition and nutrient cycling. The effects of increasing cover of invasive C. gigas on ecosystem processes and associated microbial assemblages in mud-flats were tested experimentally in the field. Pore-water nutrients (NH(4)(+) and total oxidised nitrogen), sediment chlorophyll content, microbial activity, total carbon and nitrogen, and community respiration (CO(2) and CH(4)) were measured to assess changes in ecosystem functioning. Assemblages of bacteria and functionally important microbes, including methanogens, methylotrophs and ammonia-oxidisers were assessed in the oxic and anoxic layers of sediment using terminal restriction length polymorphism of the bacterial 16S rRNA, mxaF, amoA and archaeal mcrA genes respectively. At higher covers (40 and 80%) of oysters there was significantly greater microbial activity, increased chlorophyll content, CO(2) (13 fold greater) and CH(4) (6 fold greater) emission from the sediment compared to mud-flats without C. gigas. At 10% cover, C. gigas increased the concentration of total oxidised nitrogen and altered the assemblage structure of ammonia-oxidisers and methanogens. Concentrations of pore-water NH(4)(+) were increased by C. gigas regardless of cover. Invasive species can alter ecosystem functioning not only directly, but also indirectly, by affecting microbial communities vital for the maintenance of ecosystem processes, but the nature and magnitude of these effects can be non-linear, depending on invader abundance.}, }
@article {pmid23144727, year = {2012}, author = {Chailleux, A and Desneux, N and Seguret, J and Do Thi Khanh, H and Maignet, P and Tabone, E}, title = {Assessing European egg parasitoids as a mean of controlling the invasive South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {e48068}, pmid = {23144727}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Solanum lycopersicum/*parasitology ; Moths/classification/*physiology ; Ovum/*parasitology ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Plant Diseases/parasitology ; Plant Leaves/parasitology ; Reproducibility of Results ; South America ; Species Specificity ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The South American tomato pinworm (Tuta absoluta) has recently invaded Europe and is rapidly spreading in the Afro-Eurasian continent where it is becoming a major pest on tomato crops. Laboratory tests were undertaken to evaluate the potential of 29 European strains of Trichogramma parasitoids to control T. absoluta. In addition to the host itself, the host plant (tomato) was used during the laboratory tests in order to increase the chance of selecting the best parasitoid strains. Trichogramma females were placed with T. absoluta eggs on a tomato leaflet in tubes. We compared the parasitism of T. absoluta by the various Trichogramma species tested to the Trichogramma species currently commercially available for the pest control in Europe, i.e. Trichogramma achaeae. Thereafter, the more promising strains were tested on a larger scale, in mesocosm (i.e. cages in greenhouses) and in greenhouse compartments to evaluate efficiency of laboratory selected strains under cropping conditions. The most efficient strain from the laboratory screening trials did not perform as efficiently under the greenhouse conditions. We discuss differences in parasitism levels among species and strains and among the different scales tested in the experiments, as well as implications of these results for further screening for biocontrol agents.}, }
@article {pmid23144655, year = {2012}, author = {Sharpe, DM and Wandera, SB and Chapman, LJ}, title = {Life history change in response to fishing and an introduced predator in the East African cyprinid Rastrineobola argentea.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {5}, number = {7}, pages = {677-693}, pmid = {23144655}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Fishing and introduced species are among the most important stressors affecting freshwaters and can also be strong selective agents. We examined the combined effects of commercial fishing and an introduced predator (Nile perch, Lates niloticus) on life history traits in an African cyprinid fish (Rastrineobola argentea) native to the Lake Victoria basin in East Africa. To understand whether these two stressors have driven shifts in life history traits of R. argentea, we tested for associations between life history phenotypes and the presence/absence of stressors both spatially (across 10 Ugandan lakes) and temporally (over four decades in Lake Victoria). Overall, introduced Nile perch and fishing tended to be associated with a suite of life history responses in R. argentea, including: decreased body size, maturation at smaller sizes, and increased reproductive effort (larger eggs; and higher relative fecundity, clutch volume, and ovary weight). This is one of the first well-documented examples of fisheries-induced phenotypic change in a tropical, freshwater stock; the magnitude of which raises some concerns for the long-term sustainability of this fishery, now the most important (by mass) in Lake Victoria.}, }
@article {pmid23140535, year = {2013}, author = {Ryan, ME and Johnson, JR and Fitzpatrick, BM and Lowenstine, LJ and Picco, AM and Shaffer, HB}, title = {Lethal effects of water quality on threatened California salamanders but not on co-occurring hybrid salamanders.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {95-102}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01955.x}, pmid = {23140535}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Endangered Species ; Hybrid Vigor ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Larva/physiology ; Logistic Models ; Pesticides/analysis ; Population Dynamics ; Ranidae/physiology ; Urodela/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Water/chemistry ; *Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions and habitat alteration are often detrimental to native species, but their interactions are difficult to predict. Interbreeding between native and introduced species generates novel genotypes and phenotypes, and human land use alters habitat structure and chemistry. Both invasions and habitat alteration create new biological challenges and opportunities. In the intensively farmed Salinas Valley, California (U.S.A.), threatened California tiger salamanders (Ambystoma californiense) have been replaced by hybrids between California tiger salamander and introduced barred tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium). We conducted an enclosure experiment to examine the effects habitat modification and relative frequency of hybrid and native California tiger salamanders have on recruitment of salamanders and their prey, Pacific chorus frogs (Pseudacris regilla). We tested whether recruitment differed among genetic classes of tiger salamanders (hybrid or native) and pond hydroperiod (seasonal or perennial). Roughly 6 weeks into the experiment, 70% (of 378 total) of salamander larvae died in 4 out of 6 ponds. Native salamanders survived (n = 12) in these ponds only if they had metamorphosed prior to the die-offs. During die-offs, all larvae of native salamanders died, whereas 56% of hybrid larvae died. We necropsied native and hybrid salamanders, tested water quality, and queried the California Department of Pesticide Regulation database to investigate possible causes of the die-offs. Salamander die-offs, changes in the abundance of other community members (invertebrates, algae, and cyanobacteria), shifts in salamander sex ratio, and patterns of pesticide application in adjacent fields suggest that pesticide use may have contributed to die-offs. That all survivors were hybrids suggests that environmental stress may promote rapid displacement of native genotypes.}, }
@article {pmid23139872, year = {2012}, author = {Broders, KD and Boraks, A and Sanchez, AM and Boland, GJ}, title = {Population structure of the butternut canker fungus, Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum, in North American forests.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {9}, pages = {2114-2127}, pmid = {23139872}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The occurrence of multiple introduction events, or sudden emergence from a host jump, of forest pathogens may be an important factor in successful establishment in a novel environment or on a new host; however, few studies have focused on the introduction and emergence of fungal pathogens in forest ecosystems. While Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum (Oc-j), the butternut canker fungus, has caused range-wide mortality of butternut trees in North America since its first observation in 1967, the history of its emergence and spread across the United States and Canada remains unresolved. Using 17 single nucleotide polymorphic loci, we investigated the genetic population structure of 101 isolates of Oc-j from across North America. Clustering analysis revealed that the Oc-j population in North America is made up of three differentiated genetic clusters of isolates, and these genetic clusters were found to have a strong clonal structure. These results, in combination with the geographic distribution of the populations, suggest that Oc-j was introduced or has emerged in North America on more than one occasion, and these clonal lineages have since proliferated across much of the range of butternut. No evidence of genetic recombination was observed in the linkage analysis, and conservation of the distinct genetic clusters in regions where isolates from two or more genetic clusters are present, would indicate a very minimal or non-existent role of sexual recombination in populations of Oc-j in North America.}, }
@article {pmid23139870, year = {2012}, author = {Gruber, MA and Hoffmann, BD and Ritchie, PA and Lester, PJ}, title = {Genetic diversity is positively associated with fine-scale momentary abundance of an invasive ant.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {9}, pages = {2091-2105}, pmid = {23139870}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Many introduced species become invasive despite genetic bottlenecks that should, in theory, decrease the chances of invasion success. By contrast, population genetic bottlenecks have been hypothesized to increase the invasion success of unicolonial ants by increasing the genetic similarity between descendent populations, thus promoting co-operation. We investigated these alternate hypotheses in the unicolonial yellow crazy ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes, which has invaded Arnhem Land in Australia's Northern Territory. We used momentary abundance as a surrogate measure of invasion success, and investigated the relationship between A. gracilipes genetic diversity and its abundance, and the effect of its abundance on species diversity and community structure. We also investigated whether selected habitat characteristics contributed to differences in A. gracilipes abundance, for which we found no evidence. Our results revealed a significant positive association between A. gracilipes genetic diversity and abundance. Invaded communities were less diverse and differed in structure from uninvaded communities, and these effects were stronger as A. gracilipes abundance increased. These results contradict the hypothesis that genetic bottlenecks may promote unicoloniality. However, our A. gracilipes study population has diverged since its introduction, which may have obscured evidence of the bottleneck that would likely have occurred on arrival. The relative importance of genetic diversity to invasion success may be context dependent, and the role of genetic diversity may be more obvious in the absence of highly favorable novel ecological conditions.}, }
@article {pmid23137465, year = {2012}, author = {Šebesta, O and Rudolf, I and Betášová, L and Peško, J and Hubálek, Z}, title = {An invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus found in the Czech Republic, 2012.}, journal = {Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin}, volume = {17}, number = {43}, pages = {20301}, pmid = {23137465}, issn = {1560-7917}, mesh = {Aedes/*growth &amp; development/virology ; Animals ; Czech Republic/epidemiology ; Demography ; Dengue/epidemiology/transmission/virology ; Dengue Virus/growth &amp; development ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Insect Vectors/*growth &amp; development/virology ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Mosquito Control/methods ; Oviposition ; Phylogeography ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Between July and September 2012, seventeen larvae of the invasive mosquito species Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) were discovered using 60 ovitraps at four study sites alongside two main road exits in South Moravia, Czech Republic. This is the first report of imported Ae. albopictus in the Czech Republic. The findings highlight the need for a regular surveillance programme to monitor this invasive species throughout western and central Europe.}, }
@article {pmid23135361, year = {2013}, author = {Ferragut, F and Navia, D and Ochoa, R}, title = {New mite invasions in citrus in the early years of the 21st century.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {59}, number = {1-2}, pages = {145-164}, pmid = {23135361}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Americas ; Animals ; Citrus/*history ; Female ; Food Chain ; Geography ; Herbivory ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Introduced Species/*history ; Male ; Pest Control ; Tetranychidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Several mite species commonly attack cultivated citrus around the world. Up to 104 phytophagous species have been reported causing damage to leaves, buds and fruits, but only a dozen can be considered major pests requiring control measures. In recent years, several species have expanded their geographical range primarily due to the great increase in trade and travel worldwide, representing a threat to agriculture in many countries. Three spider mite species (Acari: Tetranychidae) have recently invaded the citrus-growing areas in the Mediterranean region and Latin America. The Oriental red mite, Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein), presumably from the Near East, was detected in southern Spain in 2001. The Texas citrus mite, Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor), is widely distributed in North, Central and South America. It was first reported in Europe in 1999 on citrus in Portugal; afterwards the mite invaded the citrus orchards in southern Spain. In Latin America, the Hindustan citrus mite, Schizotetranychus hindustanicus (Hirst), previously known only from citrus and other host plants in India, was reported causing significant damage to citrus leaves and fruits in Zulia, northwest Venezuela, in the late 1990s. Later, this mite species spread to the southeast being detected on lemon trees in the state of Roraima in northern Brazil in 2008. Whereas damage levels, population dynamics and control measures are relatively well know in the case of Oriental red mite and Texas citrus mite, our knowledge of S. hindustanicus is noticeably scant. In the present paper, information on pest status, seasonal trends and natural enemies in invaded areas is provided for these species, together with morphological data useful for identification. Because invasive species may evolve during the invasion process, comparison of behavior, damage and management options between native and invaded areas for these species will be useful for understanding the invader's success and their ability to colonize new regions.}, }
@article {pmid23135227, year = {2013}, author = {Bai, S and Li, J and He, Z and Van Nostrand, JD and Tian, Y and Lin, G and Zhou, J and Zheng, T}, title = {GeoChip-based analysis of the functional gene diversity and metabolic potential of soil microbial communities of mangroves.}, journal = {Applied microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {97}, number = {15}, pages = {7035-7048}, doi = {10.1007/s00253-012-4496-z}, pmid = {23135227}, issn = {1432-0614}, mesh = {Bacteria/classification/*genetics/metabolism ; Carbon/metabolism ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Rhizophoraceae/*microbiology ; *Soil Microbiology ; Sulfur/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Mangroves are unique and highly productive ecosystems and harbor very special microbial communities. Although the phylogenetic diversity of sediment microbial communities of mangrove habitats has been examined extensively, little is known regarding their functional gene diversity and metabolic potential. In this study, a high-throughput functional gene array (GeoChip 4.0) was used to analyze the functional diversity, composition, structure, and metabolic potential of microbial communities in mangrove habitats from mangrove national nature reserves in China. GeoChip data indicated that these microbial communities were functionally diverse as measured by the number of genes detected, unique genes, and various diversity indices. Almost all key functional gene categories targeted by GeoChip 4.0 were detected in the mangrove microbial communities, including carbon (C) fixation, C degradation, methane generation, nitrogen (N) fixation, nitrification, denitrification, ammonification, N reduction, sulfur (S) metabolism, metal resistance, antibiotic resistance, and organic contaminant degradation. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) of all detected genes showed that Spartina alterniflora (HH), an invasive species, did not harbor significantly different microbial communities from Aegiceras corniculatum (THY), a native species, but did differ from other species, Kenaelia candel (QQ), Aricennia marina (BGR), and mangrove-free mud flat (GT). Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) results indicated the microbial community structure was largely shaped by surrounding environmental variables, such as total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC), pH, C/N ratio, and especially salinity. This study presents a comprehensive survey of functional gene diversity of soil microbial communities from different mangrove habitats/species and provides new insights into our understanding of the functional potential of microbial communities in mangrove ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid23129400, year = {2013}, author = {Da Silva, EM and King, VM and Russell-Mercier, JL and Sargent, RD}, title = {Evidence for pollen limitation of a native plant in invaded communities.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {172}, number = {2}, pages = {469-476}, pmid = {23129400}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Germination ; *Introduced Species ; Lythraceae/*physiology ; Lythrum/*physiology ; Ontario ; *Pollen ; Pollination ; Seeds/physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Animal-pollinated invasive species have frequently been demonstrated to outcompete native species for pollinator attention, which can have detrimental effects on the reproductive success and population dynamics of native species. Many animal-pollinated invasive species exhibit showy flowers and provide substantial rewards, allowing them to act as pollinator 'magnets', which, at a large scale, can attract more pollinators to an area, but, at a smaller scale, may reduce compatible pollen flow to local native species, possibly explaining why most studies detect competition. By performing pollen limitation experiments of populations in both invaded and uninvaded sites, we demonstrate that the invasive plant Lythrum salicaria appears to facilitate, rather than hinder, the reproductive success of native confamilial Decodon verticillatus, even at a small scale, in a wetland habitat in southeastern Ontario. We found no evidence for a magnet species effect on pollinator attraction to invaded sites. Germination experiments confirmed that seeds from invaded sites had similar germination rates to those from uninvaded sites, making it unlikely that a difference in inbreeding was masking competitive effects. We describe several explanations for our findings. Notably, there were no differences in seed set among populations at invaded and uninvaded sites. Our results underscore the inherent complexity of studying the ecological impacts of invasive species on natives.}, }
@article {pmid23126368, year = {2013}, author = {Allington, GR and Koons, DN and Morgan Ernest, SK and Schutzenhofer, MR and Valone, TJ}, title = {Niche opportunities and invasion dynamics in a desert annual community.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {158-166}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12023}, pmid = {23126368}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Arizona ; Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Geraniaceae/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Population Dynamics ; Rodentia ; }, abstract = {Although many factors influence the ability of exotics to invade successfully, most studies focus on only a few variables to explain invasion; attempts at theoretical synthesis are largely untested. The niche opportunities framework proposes that the demographic success of an invader is largely affected by the availability of resources and the abundance of its enemies. Here, we use a 31-year study from a desert ecosystem to examine the niche opportunities framework via the invasion of the annual plant Erodium cicutarium. While the invader remained rare for two decades, a decline in granivory combined with an ideal climate window created an opportunity for E. cicutarium to escape control and become the dominant annual plant in the community. We show that fluctuations in consumption and resources can create niche opportunities for invaders and highlight the need for additional long-term studies to track the influence of changing climate and community dynamics on invasions.}, }
@article {pmid23122771, year = {2012}, author = {Davis, JA and Looker, RE and Yee, D and Marvin-Di Pasquale, M and Grenier, JL and Austin, CM and McKee, LJ and Greenfield, BK and Brodberg, R and Blum, JD}, title = {Reducing methylmercury accumulation in the food webs of San Francisco Bay and its local watersheds.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {119}, number = {}, pages = {3-26}, pmid = {23122771}, issn = {1096-0953}, support = {P42 ES007373/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Exposure ; *Estuaries ; *Food Chain ; Humans ; Methylmercury Compounds/*metabolism ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {San Francisco Bay (California, USA) and its local watersheds present an interesting case study in estuarine mercury (Hg) contamination. This review focuses on the most promising avenues for attempting to reduce methylmercury (MeHg) contamination in Bay Area aquatic food webs and identifying the scientific information that is most urgently needed to support these efforts. Concern for human exposure to MeHg in the region has led to advisories for consumption of sport fish. Striped bass from the Bay have the highest average Hg concentration measured for this species in USA estuaries, and this degree of contamination has been constant for the past 40 years. Similarly, largemouth bass in some Bay Area reservoirs have some of the highest Hg concentrations observed in the entire US. Bay Area wildlife, particularly birds, face potential impacts to reproduction based on Hg concentrations in the tissues of several Bay species. Source control of Hg is one of the primary possible approaches for reducing MeHg accumulation in Bay Area aquatic food webs. Recent findings (particularly Hg isotope measurements) indicate that the decades-long residence time of particle-associated Hg in the Bay is sufficient to allow significant conversion of even the insoluble forms of Hg into MeHg. Past inputs have been thoroughly mixed throughout this shallow and dynamic estuary. The large pool of Hg already present in the ecosystem dominates the fraction converted to MeHg and accumulating in the food web. Consequently, decreasing external Hg inputs can be expected to reduce MeHg in the food web, but it will likely take many decades to centuries before those reductions are achieved. Extensive efforts to reduce loads from the largest Hg mining source (the historic New Almaden mining district) are underway. Hg is spread widely across the urban landscape, but there are a number of key sources, source areas, and pathways that provide opportunities to capture larger quantities of Hg and reduce loads from urban runoff. Atmospheric deposition is a lower priority for source control in the Bay Area due to a combination of a lack of major local sources. Internal net production of MeHg is the dominant source of MeHg that enters the food web. Controlling internal net production is the second primary management approach, and has the potential to reduce food web MeHg in some habitats more effectively and within a much shorter time-frame. Controlling net MeHg production and accumulation in the food web of upstream reservoirs and ponds is very promising due to the many features of these ecosystems that can be manipulated. The most feasible control options in tidal marshes relate to the design of flow patterns and subhabitats in restoration projects. Options for controlling MeHg production in open Bay habitat are limited due primarily to the highly dispersed distribution of Hg throughout the ecosystem. Other changes in these habitats may also have a large influence on food web MeHg, including temperature changes due to global warming, sea level rise, food web alterations due to introduced species and other causes, and changes in sediment supply. Other options for reducing or mitigating exposure and risk include controlling bioaccumulation, cleanup of contaminated sites, and reducing other factors (e.g., habitat availability) that limit at-risk wildlife populations.}, }
@article {pmid23121188, year = {2012}, author = {Campitelli, BE and Simonsen, AK}, title = {Plant evolutionary ecology: molecular genetics, global warming and invasions, and the novel approaches we are using to study adaptations.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {196}, number = {4}, pages = {975-977}, doi = {10.1111/nph.12028}, pmid = {23121188}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecology ; Global Warming ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Biology/methods ; Phenotype ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*genetics ; }, }
@article {pmid23119098, year = {2012}, author = {Matzek, V}, title = {Trait values, not trait plasticity, best explain invasive species' performance in a changing environment.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {e48821}, pmid = {23119098}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Biomass ; *Environment ; Genetic Fitness/genetics ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Models, Genetic ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Photosynthesis/physiology ; Pinus/classification/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Plant Development/genetics/*physiology ; Plant Leaves/genetics/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Population Dynamics ; Quantitative Trait Loci/genetics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The question of why some introduced species become invasive and others do not is the central puzzle of invasion biology. Two of the principal explanations for this phenomenon concern functional traits: invasive species may have higher values of competitively advantageous traits than non-invasive species, or they may have greater phenotypic plasticity in traits that permits them to survive the colonization period and spread to a broad range of environments. Although there is a large body of evidence for superiority in particular traits among invasive plants, when compared to phylogenetically related non-invasive plants, it is less clear if invasive plants are more phenotypically plastic, and whether this plasticity confers a fitness advantage. In this study, I used a model group of 10 closely related Pinus species whose invader or non-invader status has been reliably characterized to test the relative contribution of high trait values and high trait plasticity to relative growth rate, a performance measure standing in as a proxy for fitness. When grown at higher nitrogen supply, invaders had a plastic RGR response, increasing their RGR to a much greater extent than non-invaders. However, invasive species did not exhibit significantly more phenotypic plasticity than non-invasive species for any of 17 functional traits, and trait plasticity indices were generally weakly correlated with RGR. Conversely, invasive species had higher values than non-invaders for 13 of the 17 traits, including higher leaf area ratio, photosynthetic capacity, photosynthetic nutrient-use efficiency, and nutrient uptake rates, and these traits were also strongly correlated with performance. I conclude that, in responding to higher N supply, superior trait values coupled with a moderate degree of trait variation explain invasive species' superior performance better than plasticity per se.}, }
@article {pmid23119021, year = {2012}, author = {Wundrow, EJ and Carrillo, J and Gabler, CA and Horn, KC and Siemann, E}, title = {Facilitation and competition among invasive plants: a field experiment with alligatorweed and water hyacinth.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {e48444}, pmid = {23119021}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Eichhornia/growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Weeds/growth &amp; development ; *Plants ; Texas ; }, abstract = {Ecosystems that are heavily invaded by an exotic species often contain abundant populations of other invasive species. This may reflect shared responses to a common factor, but may also reflect positive interactions among these exotic species. Armand Bayou (Pasadena, TX) is one such ecosystem where multiple species of invasive aquatic plants are common. We used this system to investigate whether presence of one exotic species made subsequent invasions by other exotic species more likely, less likely, or if it had no effect. We performed an experiment in which we selectively removed exotic rooted and/or floating aquatic plant species and tracked subsequent colonization and growth of native and invasive species. This allowed us to quantify how presence or absence of one plant functional group influenced the likelihood of successful invasion by members of the other functional group. We found that presence of alligatorweed (rooted plant) decreased establishment of new water hyacinth (free-floating plant) patches but increased growth of hyacinth in established patches, with an overall net positive effect on success of water hyacinth. Water hyacinth presence had no effect on establishment of alligatorweed but decreased growth of existing alligatorweed patches, with an overall net negative effect on success of alligatorweed. Moreover, observational data showed positive correlations between hyacinth and alligatorweed with hyacinth, on average, more abundant. The negative effect of hyacinth on alligatorweed growth implies competition, not strong mutual facilitation (invasional meltdown), is occurring in this system. Removal of hyacinth may increase alligatorweed invasion through release from competition. However, removal of alligatorweed may have more complex effects on hyacinth patch dynamics because there were strong opposing effects on establishment versus growth. The mix of positive and negative interactions between floating and rooted aquatic plants may influence local population dynamics of each group and thus overall invasion pressure in this watershed.}, }
@article {pmid23118934, year = {2012}, author = {Rentería, JL and Gardener, MR and Panetta, FD and Atkinson, R and Crawley, MJ}, title = {Possible impacts of the invasive plant Rubus niveus on the native vegetation of the Scalesia forest in the Galapagos islands.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {e48106}, pmid = {23118934}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Asteraceae ; Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; Endangered Species ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Introduced Species ; *Rosaceae ; Soil/analysis/chemistry ; Sunlight ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Originally from Asia, Rubus niveus has become one of the most widespread invasive plant species in the Galapagos Islands. It has invaded open vegetation, shrubland and forest alike. It forms dense thickets up to 4 m high, appearing to displace native vegetation, and threaten the integrity of several native communities. This study used correlation analysis between a R. niveus cover gradient and a number of biotic (vascular plant species richness, cover and vegetation structure) and abiotic (light and soil properties) parameters to help understand possible impacts in one of the last remaining fragments of the Scalesia forest in Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos. Higher cover of R. niveus was associated with significantly lower native species richness and cover, and a different forest structure. Results illustrated that 60% R. niveus cover could be considered a threshold for these impacts. We suggest that a maximum of 40% R. niveus cover could be a suitable management target.}, }
@article {pmid23118844, year = {2012}, author = {Mozdzer, TJ and Megonigal, JP}, title = {Jack-and-master trait responses to elevated CO2 and N: a comparison of native and introduced Phragmites australis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {e42794}, pmid = {23118844}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Carbon Dioxide/metabolism/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Genetic Fitness ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; *Nitrogen/metabolism/physiology ; North America ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Plant Leaves/genetics/physiology ; *Poaceae/genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {Global change is predicted to promote plant invasions world-wide, reducing biodiversity and ecosystem function. Phenotypic plasticity may influence the ability of introduced plant species to invade and dominate extant communities. However, interpreting differences in plasticity can be confounded by phylogenetic differences in morphology and physiology. Here we present a novel case investigating the role of fitness trait values and phenotypic plasticity to global change factors between conspecific lineages of Phragmites australis. We hypothesized that due to observed differences in the competitive success of North American-native and Eurasian-introduced P. australis genotypes, Eurasian-introduced P. australis would exhibit greater fitness in response to global change factors. Plasticity and plant performance to ambient and predicted levels of carbon dioxide and nitrogen pollution were investigated to understand how invasion pressure may change in North America under a realistic global change scenario. We found that the introduced Eurasian genotype expressed greater mean trait values in nearly every ecophysiological trait measured--aboveground and belowground--to elevated CO(2) and nitrogen, outperforming the native North American conspecific by a factor of two to three under every global change scenario. This response is consistent with "jack and master" phenotypic plasticity. We suggest that differences in plant nitrogen productivity, specific leaf area, belowground biomass allocation, and inherently higher relative growth rate are the plant traits that may enhance invasion of Eurasian Phragmites in North America. Given the high degree of genotypic variability within this species, and our limited number of genotypes, our results must be interpreted cautiously. Our study is the first to demonstrate the potential importance of jack-and-master phenotypic plasticity in plant invasions when facing imminent global change conditions. We suggest that jack-and-master invasive genotypes and/or species similar to introduced P. australis will have an increased ecological fitness, facilitating their invasion in both stressful and resource rich environments.}, }
@article {pmid23112835, year = {2012}, author = {Bacon, SJ and Bacher, S and Aebi, A}, title = {Gaps in border controls are related to quarantine alien insect invasions in Europe.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {e47689}, pmid = {23112835}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Environment ; Europe ; Humans ; *Insecta/classification ; Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; Quarantine ; }, abstract = {Alien insects are increasingly being dispersed around the world through international trade, causing a multitude of negative environmental impacts and billions of dollars in economic losses annually. Border controls form the last line of defense against invasions, whereby inspectors aim to intercept and stop consignments that are contaminated with harmful alien insects. In Europe, member states depend on one another to prevent insect introductions by operating a first point of entry rule--controlling goods only when they initially enter the continent. However, ensuring consistency between border control points is difficult because there exists no optimal inspection strategy. For the first time, we developed a method to quantify the volume of agricultural trade that should be inspected for quarantine insects at border control points in Europe, based on global agricultural trade of over 100 million distinct origin-commodity-species-destination pathways. This metric was then used to evaluate the performance of existing border controls, as measured by border interception results in Europe between 2003 and 2007. Alarmingly, we found significant gaps between the trade pathways that should be inspected and actual number of interceptions. Moreover, many of the most likely introduction pathways yielded none or very few insect interceptions, because regular interceptions are only made on only a narrow range of pathways. European countries with gaps in border controls have been invaded by higher numbers of quarantine alien insect species, indicating the importance of proper inspections to prevent insect invasions. Equipped with an optimal inspection strategy based on the underlying risks of trade, authorities globally will be able to implement more effective and consistent border controls.}, }
@article {pmid23110419, year = {2012}, author = {Auger-Rozenberg, MA and Boivin, T and Magnoux, E and Courtin, C and Roques, A and Kerdelhué, C}, title = {Inferences on population history of a seed chalcid wasp: invasion success despite a severe founder effect from an unexpected source population.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {21}, number = {24}, pages = {6086-6103}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12077}, pmid = {23110419}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Cyprus ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Founder Effect ; France ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeography ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Wasps/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Most invasive species established in Europe originate from either Asia or North America, but little is currently known about the potential of the Anatolian Peninsula (Asia Minor) and/or the Near East to constitute invasion sources. Mediterranean forests are generally fragile ecosystems that can be threatened by invasive organisms coming from different regions of the Mediterranean Basin, but for which historical data are difficult to gather and the phylogeographic patterns are still poorly understood for most terrestrial organisms. In this study, we characterized the genetic structure of Megastigmus schimitscheki, an invasive seed-feeding insect species originating from the Near East, and elucidated its invasion route in South-eastern France in the mid 1990s. To disentangle the evolutionary history of this introduction, we gathered samples from the main native regions (Taurus Mountains in Turkey, Lebanon and Cyprus) and from the invaded region that we genotyped using five microsatellite markers and for which we sequenced the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I gene. We applied a set of population genetic statistics and methods, including approximate Bayesian computation. We proposed a detailed phylogeographic pattern for the Near East populations, and we unambiguously showed that the French invasive populations originated from Cyprus, although the available historical data strongly suggested that Turkey could be the most plausible source area. Interestingly, we could show that the introduced populations were founded from an extremely restricted number of individuals that realized a host switch from Cedrus brevifolia to C. atlantica. Evolutionary hypotheses are discussed to account for this unlikely scenario.}, }
@article {pmid23110197, year = {2012}, author = {Pluess, T and Jarošík, V and Pyšek, P and Cannon, R and Pergl, J and Breukers, A and Bacher, S}, title = {Which factors affect the success or failure of eradication campaigns against alien species?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {e48157}, pmid = {23110197}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Australia ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Socioeconomic Factors ; }, abstract = {Although issues related to the management of invasive alien species are receiving increasing attention, little is known about which factors affect the likelihood of success of management measures. We applied two data mining techniques, classification trees and boosted trees, to identify factors that relate to the success of management campaigns aimed at eradicating invasive alien invertebrates, plants and plant pathogens. We assembled a dataset of 173 different eradication campaigns against 94 species worldwide, about a half of which (50.9%) were successful. Eradications in man-made habitats, greenhouses in particular, were more likely to succeed than those in (semi-)natural habitats. In man-made habitats the probability of success was generally high in Australasia, while in Europe and the Americas it was higher for local infestations that are easier to deal with, and for international campaigns that are likely to profit from cross-border cooperation. In (semi-) natural habitats, eradication campaigns were more likely to succeed for plants introduced as an ornamental and escaped from cultivation prior to invasion. Averaging out all other factors in boosted trees, pathogens, bacteria and viruses were most, and fungi the least likely to be eradicated; for plants and invertebrates the probability was intermediate. Our analysis indicates that initiating the campaign before the extent of infestation reaches the critical threshold, starting to eradicate within the first four years since the problem has been noticed, paying special attention to species introduced by the cultivation pathway, and applying sanitary measures can substantially increase the probability of eradication success. Our investigations also revealed that information on socioeconomic factors, which are often considered to be crucial for eradication success, is rarely available, and thus their relative importance cannot be evaluated. Future campaigns should carefully document socioeconomic factors to enable tests of their importance.}, }
@article {pmid23110095, year = {2012}, author = {Varela-Álvarez, E and Gómez Garreta, A and Rull Lluch, J and Salvador Soler, N and Serrao, EA and Siguán, MA}, title = {Mediterranean species of Caulerpa are polyploid with smaller genomes in the invasive ones.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {e47728}, pmid = {23110095}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Caulerpa/*genetics ; Cytophotometry ; DNA, Plant/analysis ; Flow Cytometry ; Genome, Plant/*genetics ; Indoles ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; Microspectrophotometry ; *Polyploidy ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Caulerpa species are marine green algae, which often act as invasive species with rapid clonal proliferation when growing outside their native biogeographical borders. Despite many publications on the genetics and ecology of Caulerpa species, their life history and ploidy levels are still to be resolved and are the subject of large controversy. While some authors claimed that the thallus found in nature has a haplodiplobiontic life cycle with heteromorphic alternation of generations, other authors claimed a diploid or haploid life cycle with only one generation involved. DAPI-staining with image analysis and microspectrophotometry were used to estimate relative nuclear DNA contents in three species of Caulerpa from the Mediterranean, at individual, population and species levels. Results show that ploidy levels and genome size vary in these three Caulerpa species, with a reduction in genome size for the invasive ones. Caulerpa species in the Mediterranean are polyploids in different life history phases; all sampled C. taxifolia and C. racemosa var. cylindracea were in haplophasic phase, but in C. prolifera, the native species, individuals were found in both diplophasic and haplophasic phases. Different levels of endopolyploidy were found in both C. prolifera and C. racemosa var. cylindracea. Life history is elucidated for the Mediterranean C. prolifera and it is hypothesized that haplophasic dominance in C. racemosa var. cylindracea and C. taxifolia is a beneficial trait for their invasive strategies.}, }
@article {pmid23110083, year = {2012}, author = {Molina-Montenegro, MA and Naya, DE}, title = {Latitudinal patterns in phenotypic plasticity and fitness-related traits: assessing the climatic variability hypothesis (CVH) with an invasive plant species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {e47620}, pmid = {23110083}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Climate ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Photosynthesis/physiology ; Plants/anatomy &amp; histology/*metabolism ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity has been suggested as the main mechanism for species persistence under a global change scenario, and also as one of the main mechanisms that alien species use to tolerate and invade broad geographic areas. However, contrasting with this central role of phenotypic plasticity, standard models aimed to predict the effect of climatic change on species distributions do not allow for the inclusion of differences in plastic responses among populations. In this context, the climatic variability hypothesis (CVH), which states that higher thermal variability at higher latitudes should determine an increase in phenotypic plasticity with latitude, could be considered a timely and promising hypothesis. Accordingly, in this study we evaluated, for the first time in a plant species (Taraxacum officinale), the prediction of the CVH. Specifically, we measured plastic responses at different environmental temperatures (5 and 20°C), in several ecophysiological and fitness-related traits for five populations distributed along a broad latitudinal gradient. Overall, phenotypic plasticity increased with latitude for all six traits analyzed, and mean trait values increased with latitude at both experimental temperatures, the change was noticeably greater at 20° than at 5°C. Our results suggest that the positive relationship found between phenotypic plasticity and geographic latitude could have very deep implications on future species persistence and invasion processes under a scenario of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid23108730, year = {2013}, author = {Berestycki, H and Roquejoffre, JM and Rossi, L}, title = {The influence of a line with fast diffusion on Fisher-KPP propagation.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {66}, number = {4-5}, pages = {743-766}, pmid = {23108730}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {*Models, Biological ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {We propose here a new model to describe biological invasions in the plane when a strong diffusion takes place on a line. We establish the main properties of the system, and also derive the asymptotic speed of spreading in the direction of the line. For low diffusion, the line has no effect, whereas, past a threshold, the line enhances global diffusion in the plane and the propagation is directed by diffusion on the line. It is shown here that the global asymptotic speed of spreading in the plane, in the direction of the line, grows as the square root of the diffusion on the line. The model is much relevant to account for the effects of fast diffusion lines such as roads on spreading of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid23106425, year = {2012}, author = {Boissin, E and Hurley, B and Wingfield, MJ and Vasaitis, R and Stenlid, J and Davis, C and de Groot, P and Ahumada, R and Carnegie, A and Goldarazena, A and Klasmer, P and Wermelinger, B and Slippers, B}, title = {Retracing the routes of introduction of invasive species: the case of the Sirex noctilio woodwasp.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {21}, number = {23}, pages = {5728-5744}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12065}, pmid = {23106425}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Europe ; Female ; Gene Pool ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Hymenoptera/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; North America ; South America ; }, abstract = {Understanding the evolutionary histories of invasive species is critical to adopt appropriate management strategies, but this process can be exceedingly complex to unravel. As illustrated in this study of the worldwide invasion of the woodwasp Sirex noctilio, population genetic analyses using coalescent-based scenario testing together with Bayesian clustering and historical records provide opportunities to address this problem. The pest spread from its native Eurasian range to the Southern Hemisphere in the 1900s and recently to Northern America, where it poses economic and potentially ecological threats to planted and native Pinus spp. To investigate the origins and pathways of invasion, samples from five continents were analysed using microsatellite and sequence data. The results of clustering analysis and scenario testing suggest that the invasion history is much more complex than previously believed, with most of the populations being admixtures resulting from independent introductions from Europe and subsequent spread among the invaded areas. Clustering analyses revealed two major source gene pools, one of which the scenario testing suggests is an as yet unsampled source. Results also shed light on the microevolutionary processes occurring during introductions, and showed that only few specimens gave rise to some of the populations. Analyses of microsatellites using clustering and scenario testing considered against historical data drastically altered our understanding of the invasion history of S. noctilio and will have important implications for the strategies employed to fight its spread. This study illustrates the value of combining clustering and ABC methods in a comprehensive framework to dissect the complex patterns of spread of global invaders.}, }
@article {pmid23104272, year = {2013}, author = {Tamburello, L and Benedetti-Cecchi, L and Masini, L and Bulleri, F}, title = {Habitat heterogeneity promotes the coexistence of exotic seaweeds.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {172}, number = {2}, pages = {505-513}, pmid = {23104272}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Caulerpa/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Rhodophyta/*physiology ; *Seaweed ; }, abstract = {Despite the progressive accumulation of exotic species in natural communities, little effort has been devoted to elucidating the mechanisms underpinning the coexistence of invaders in environmentally and biologically heterogeneous systems. The exotic seaweeds, Asparagopsis taxiformis and Caulerpa racemosa, exhibit a segregated distribution on Mediterranean rocky reefs. A. taxiformis dominates assemblages in topographically complex habitats, but is virtually absent on homogenous platforms. In contrast, C. racemosa achieves extensive cover in both types of habitat. We assessed whether differences in their distribution were generated by biotic interactions (between invaders and/or between invaders and natives) or by environmental constraints. Three models were proposed to explain seaweed distribution patterns: (1) invaders inhibit one another; (2) native assemblages, differing between complex and simple habitats, prevent the establishment/spread of one invader, but not that of the other; and (3) environmental conditions regulate the establishment/persistence of the seaweeds in different habitats. We removed the dominant invader and resident assemblages in each type of habitat. Moreover, A. taxiformis thalli were transplanted into the habitat dominated by C. racemosa to establish whether its failure to colonize the simple habitat was due to the lack of propagules or post-recruitment mortality. C. racemosa spread in the complex habitat was not influenced by the removal of resident assemblages, but it was slightly enhanced by A. taxiformis removal. Neither C. racemosa removal nor that of resident assemblages promoted A. taxiformis colonization and survival in simple habitats. Our results suggest that heterogeneity in environmental conditions can promote invader coexistence by mitigating the effects of negative biotic interactions. Therefore, the accumulation of introduced species in native communities does not necessarily imply established invaders fostering further invasion.}, }
@article {pmid23104271, year = {2013}, author = {Ross, DJ and Longmore, AR and Keough, MJ}, title = {Spatially variable effects of a marine pest on ecosystem function.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {172}, number = {2}, pages = {525-538}, pmid = {23104271}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Ammonia/metabolism ; Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Australia ; Bays ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Chlorophyll A ; Denitrification ; *Ecosystem ; *Geologic Sediments ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Pheophytins/metabolism ; Phosphates/metabolism ; *Polychaeta/metabolism ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; }, abstract = {The broad spectrum of anthropogenic pressures on many of the world's coastal bays and estuaries rarely act in isolation, yet few studies have directly addressed the interactive effects of multiple pressures. Port Phillip Bay in southeastern Australia is a semi-enclosed bay in which nutrient management is a major concern. In recent years it has been heavily invaded by marine pests. We manipulated the density of one such invader, the European fanworm Sabella spallanzanii, and showed that it causes changes in the composition of macrofauna in the surrounding sediments, provides habitat for epibiota (both fauna and flora) on Sabella tubes, and reduces the biomass of microphytobenthos on the surrounding sediments. Of greatest concern, however, was the indirect impact on nutrient cycling. We suggest that the impacts on nutrient cycling are largely due to the feeding of Sabella and the epifauna on its tubes, capturing organic N before it reaches the sediment, excreting it back up into the water column as NH4, thereby bypassing sedimentary processes such as denitrification. Most notably, the efficiency of denitrification, the key ecosystem process that permanently removes N from the system, fell by 37-53 % in the presence of Sabella. Importantly though, this study also demonstrated significant spatial variability in fauna, geochemistry and the magnitude of Sabella effects. Given that the effect of Sabella is also likely to vary in time and with changes in density, all of these sources of variability need to be considered when incorporating the effects of Sabella in nutrient management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid23099457, year = {2012}, author = {Sinclair, BJ and Williams, CM and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Variation in thermal performance among insect populations.}, journal = {Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ}, volume = {85}, number = {6}, pages = {594-606}, doi = {10.1086/665388}, pmid = {23099457}, issn = {1537-5293}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Climate Change ; Energy Metabolism ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; Genetic Variation ; Insecta/genetics/*physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Among-population variation in insect thermal performance is important for understanding patterns and mechanisms of evolution and predicting insect responses to altered climate regimes in future or novel environments. Here we review and discuss several key examples of among-population variation in insect thermal performance, including latitudinal gradients in chill coma recovery time, variation in energy consumption and metabolic biochemistry, rapid changes in thermal biology with range expansion in invasive and introduced species, and potential constraints on variation in thermal performance traits. This review highlights that while there is substantial evidence for among-population variation that is generally correlated with local climate regimes, neither the underlying mechanisms nor the implications for whole-animal fitness in the field are well understood. We also discuss the potential limitations of interpreting evolved variation among populations and argue for a genes-to-environment approach to population-level variation in thermal biology of insects.}, }
@article {pmid23097460, year = {2013}, author = {Chown, SL and le Roux, PC and Ramaswiela, T and Kalwij, JM and Shaw, JD and McGeoch, MA}, title = {Climate change and elevational diversity capacity: do weedy species take up the slack?.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {20120806}, pmid = {23097460}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Altitude ; Antarctic Regions ; *Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Environment ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Weeds/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Climate change leads to species range shifts and consequently to changes in diversity. For many systems, increases in diversity capacity have been forecast, with spare capacity to be taken up by a pool of weedy species moved around by humans. Few tests of this hypothesis have been undertaken, and in many temperate systems, climate change impacts may be confounded by simultaneous increases in human-related disturbance, which also promote weedy species. Areas to which weedy species are being introduced, but with little human disturbance, are therefore ideal for testing the idea. We make predictions about how such diversity capacity increases play out across elevational gradients in non-water-limited systems. Then, using modern and historical data on the elevational range of indigenous and naturalized alien vascular plant species from the relatively undisturbed sub-Antarctic Marion Island, we show that alien species have contributed significantly to filling available diversity capacity and that increases in energy availability rather than disturbance are the probable underlying cause.}, }
@article {pmid23096136, year = {2013}, author = {Dobrzycka-Krahel, A and Tarała, A and Chabowska, A}, title = {Expansion of alien gammarids in the Vistula Lagoon and the Vistula Delta (Poland).}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {185}, number = {6}, pages = {5165-5175}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-012-2933-1}, pmid = {23096136}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/growth &amp; development ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Poland ; }, abstract = {Amphipod crustaceans belong to the most successful invaders of aquatic environments. The work provides information concerning the spatial and temporal scales of expansion of four alien gammarid amphipods (three of them of Ponto-Caspian and one of North American origin): Pontogammarus robustoides (G.O. Sars, 1894), Obesogammarus crassus (G.O. Sars, 1894), Dikerogammarus haemobaphes (Eichwald, 1841), and Gammarus tigrinus Sexton, 1939 in the Vistula Lagoon (VL) and the Vistula Delta (VD) in 2008-2010. The mean abundance of these gammarids in nearshore zones was 382 ind m(-2) in VL and 89 ind m(-2) in VD. Their mean biomasses were likewise greater in VL (0.91 g m(-2)) than in VD (0.49 g m(-2)). G. tigrinus was the most dominant species in both nearshore zones of VL and VD and attained the highest frequency in these areas. The study gives evidence of total extinction of native gammarid species.}, }
@article {pmid23094333, year = {2012}, author = {Kowal, J and Nosal, P and Bonczar, Z and Wajdzik, M}, title = {Parasites of captive fallow deer (Dama dama L.) from southern Poland with special emphasis on Ashworthius sidemi.}, journal = {Annals of parasitology}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, pages = {23-26}, pmid = {23094333}, issn = {2299-0631}, mesh = {Animals ; Deer/*parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Nematoda/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/physiology ; Nematode Infections/epidemiology/*parasitology/*veterinary ; Poland/epidemiology ; Species Specificity ; Trees/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Fallow deer in Poland is an alien species, with an ambiguous legal status. It is considered both, a game and a farm animal, which introductions in recent years led to a substantial increase of its population. As a representative of cervids, it shares with other free-ranging and domestic ruminants many of gastrointestinal helminths, among them an alien Ashworthius sidemi, the nematode of a high pathogenicity. Until now, the parasite was observed in Poland at two foci of the wild (i.e., Bialowieza and Bieszczady forests), but not yet in fallow deer. The present study was intended to recognize the infection level, and helminth species composition, in fallow deer living in captivity. Alimentary tracts of four animals, hunted in enclosure situated in Dulowa Primeval Forest, were dissected. Nematodes belonging to seven species: Spiculopteragia spiculoptera, S. mathevossiani, S. asymmetrica, Nematodirus filicollis, Aonchotheca bovis, Oesophagostomum radiatum and Ashworthius sidemi were recovered, with the latest helminth being predominat. In the present study, the origin of A. sidemi infection, its impact on the host and abomasum nematode communities, as well as the potential parasite spread on other ruminants, were investigated.}, }
@article {pmid23091222, year = {2013}, author = {Pérez-Espona, S and Hall, RJ and Pérez-Barbería, FJ and Glass, BC and Ward, JF and Pemberton, JM}, title = {The impact of past introductions on an iconic and economically important species, the red deer of Scotland.}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {104}, number = {1}, pages = {14-22}, doi = {10.1093/jhered/ess085}, pmid = {23091222}, issn = {1465-7333}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Deer/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Scotland ; }, abstract = {The red deer (Cervus elaphus) is an iconic species in Scotland and, due to its value as a game species, an important element of the Scottish rural economy. The native status of this species is sometimes questioned because of many recorded introductions of nonnative deer in the past that were an attempt to improve trophy size. In this study, we assessed the impact of past introductions on the genetic makeup of Scottish red deer by genotyping at 15 microsatellite loci a large number of samples (n = 1152), including mainland and island Scottish red deer and individuals from several putative external source populations used in introductions to improve trophy size. Population structure and introgression assessment analyses revealed that the impact of introductions was weak in Highland red deer populations but more prominent on the islands, especially on those where current red deer populations are mostly or entirely derived from introductions (Harris &amp; Lewis, Arran, and Rum). Frequent imports of Central-Eastern European red deer into English deer parks were reflected in the higher genetic introgression values found in some of the individuals collected in parks.}, }
@article {pmid23083059, year = {2012}, author = {Chadès, I and Curtis, JM and Martin, TG}, title = {Setting realistic recovery targets for two interacting endangered species, sea otter and northern abalone.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {1016-1025}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01951.x}, pmid = {23083059}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; British Columbia ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Endangered Species ; Gastropoda/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Otters/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {Failure to account for interactions between endangered species may lead to unexpected population dynamics, inefficient management strategies, waste of scarce resources, and, at worst, increased extinction risk. The importance of species interactions is undisputed, yet recovery targets generally do not account for such interactions. This shortcoming is a consequence of species-centered legislation, but also of uncertainty surrounding the dynamics of species interactions and the complexity of modeling such interactions. The northern sea otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) and one of its preferred prey, northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana), are endangered species for which recovery strategies have been developed without consideration of their strong predator-prey interactions. Using simulation-based optimization procedures from artificial intelligence, namely reinforcement learning and stochastic dynamic programming, we combined sea otter and northern abalone population models with functional-response models and examined how different management actions affect population dynamics and the likelihood of achieving recovery targets for each species through time. Recovery targets for these interacting species were difficult to achieve simultaneously in the absence of management. Although sea otters were predicted to recover, achieving abalone recovery targets failed even when threats to abalone such as predation and poaching were reduced. A management strategy entailing a 50% reduction in the poaching of northern abalone was a minimum requirement to reach short-term recovery goals for northern abalone when sea otters were present. Removing sea otters had a marginally positive effect on the abalone population but only when we assumed a functional response with strong predation pressure. Our optimization method could be applied more generally to any interacting threatened or invasive species for which there are multiple conservation objectives.}, }
@article {pmid23083005, year = {2012}, author = {Vitule, JR and Freire, CA and Vazquez, DP and Nuñez, MA and Simberloff, D}, title = {Revisiting the potential conservation value of non-native species.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {1153-1155}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01950.x}, pmid = {23083005}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid23082954, year = {2012}, author = {Schlaepfer, MA and Sax, DF and Olden, JD}, title = {Toward a more balanced view of non-native species.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {1156-1158}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01948.x}, pmid = {23082954}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid23082545, year = {2012}, author = {Libert, C and Jouet, D and Ferté, H and Lemberger, K and Keck, N}, title = {Air sac fluke Circumvitellatrema momota in a captive blue-crowned motmot (Momotus momota) in France.}, journal = {Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {689-692}, doi = {10.1638/2012-0085.1}, pmid = {23082545}, issn = {1042-7260}, mesh = {Air Sacs/*parasitology/pathology ; Animals ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; *Birds ; Fatal Outcome ; France/epidemiology ; Male ; Trematoda/*classification ; Trematode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Postmortem examination of a 4-mo-old captive-born blue-crowned motmot (Momotus momota) at the Montpellier Zoo in France revealed the presence of air sac flukes. Circumvitellatrema momota (Digenea: Cyclocoelidae) was suspected and confirmed by molecular genetic analysis. Digenean metacercariae were extracted from an invasive species of terrestrial snail, the conical periwinkle, Subulina striatella. Molecular genetic analysis determined that these metacercariae were also C. momota, confirming that all the stages of this parasite's life cycle were present and that birds were likely becoming infected by eating these infected snails. It is likely that this trematode was imported into the greenhouse with a wild-caught motmot. The conical periwinkle snail appears to have been imported into the zoo with the plants in 2007 when the greenhouse was built. Treatments, which have been disappointing, are discussed, as well as preventive measures to avoid dissemination of the parasite into other bird collections in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid23080302, year = {2013}, author = {Urban, RA and Titus, JE and Hansen, HH}, title = {Positive feedback favors invasion by a submersed freshwater plant.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {172}, number = {2}, pages = {515-523}, pmid = {23080302}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Ammonia/metabolism ; Eriocaulaceae/physiology ; Feedback, Physiological/*physiology ; Fresh Water ; *Geologic Sediments ; *Introduced Species ; Iron/metabolism ; Lakes ; Magnoliopsida/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; New York ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {The submersed macrophyte Utricularia inflata has invaded lakes in northern New York State, thereby threatening native isoetids such as Eriocaulon aquaticum. Isoetids often dominate and modify softwater lakes due to their capacity to oxidize sediment and thus influence solute mobilization. Greenhouse experiments tested the hypotheses that U. inflata invasion could result in higher porewater iron (Fe) concentrations and greater ammonium (NH4 (+)) and Fe release from the sediment into the water column, and that this mobilization would stimulate further U. inflata growth. In the first experiment, three levels of U. inflata impact on E. aquaticum were imposed using sediment cores overlain by lake water: E. aquaticum alone, E. aquaticum with a cover of U. inflata, and bare sediment--the latter to simulate local extirpation of the isoetid by the invasive. After 16 weeks, sediment porewater NH4 (+) and total dissolved Fe concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for the U. inflata and bare sediment treatments. Water column concentrations of these solutes were five-fold higher (P < 0.05) for the bare sediment treatment than E. aquaticum alone, indicating that isoetid extirpation by U. inflata can compromise water quality. A second experiment demonstrated that U. inflata grew faster over bare sediment than over sediment with E. aquaticum (P < 0.05), likely due to greater solute mobilization in the absence of E. aquaticum. Where U. inflata causes a decline of native isoetids in Adirondack Mountain lakes, changes to lake sediment and water chemistry can create a positive feedback loop further escalating the impact of this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid23080220, year = {2013}, author = {Weldon, CW and Daniels, SR and Clusella-Trullas, S and Chown, SL}, title = {Metabolic and water loss rates of two cryptic species in the African velvet worm genus Opisthopatus (Onychophora).}, journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology}, volume = {183}, number = {3}, pages = {323-332}, pmid = {23080220}, issn = {1432-136X}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Weight ; *Climate ; Energy Metabolism/*physiology ; Female ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; Likelihood Functions ; Linear Models ; Male ; Oxygen Consumption/physiology ; Sex Factors ; South Africa ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; Water Loss, Insensible/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Velvet worms (Onychophora) are characterised by a dearth of mechanisms to retain water, yet recently identified cryptic species are located in areas with seemingly different climates. Using flow-through respirometry, this study determined the metabolic, water loss and cuticular water loss rates of two cryptic species of Opisthopatus cinctipes s.l. from locations that differ in their current climate. When controlling for trial temperature and body mass, velvet worms from the drier and warmer site had significantly lower water loss rates than the wetter and cooler site. Mass-corrected metabolic rate and cuticular water loss did not differ significantly between the two sites. The scaling exponent for the relationship between log metabolic rate and log body mass for O. cinctipes s.l. declined with an increase in temperature from 5 to 15 °C. Females in the two cryptic Opisthopatus species had higher metabolic, water loss and cuticular water loss rates than males, which may represent the increased energetic demands of embryonic growth and development in these viviparous taxa.}, }
@article {pmid23076822, year = {2012}, author = {Paquette, A and Fontaine, B and Berninger, F and Dubois, K and Lechowicz, MJ and Messier, C and Posada, JM and Valladares, F and Brisson, J}, title = {Norway maple displays greater seasonal growth and phenotypic plasticity to light than native sugar maple.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {32}, number = {11}, pages = {1339-1347}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tps092}, pmid = {23076822}, issn = {1758-4469}, mesh = {Acer/growth &amp; development/*physiology/radiation effects ; Biomass ; Introduced Species ; *Light ; Phenotype ; Photosynthesis/*physiology ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development/physiology/radiation effects ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development/physiology/radiation effects ; Plant Shoots/growth &amp; development/physiology/radiation effects ; Plant Stems/growth &amp; development/physiology/radiation effects ; Seasons ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development/physiology/radiation effects ; Species Specificity ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Norway maple (Acer platanoides L), which is among the most invasive tree species in forests of eastern North America, is associated with reduced regeneration of the related native species, sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) and other native flora. To identify traits conferring an advantage to Norway maple, we grew both species through an entire growing season under simulated light regimes mimicking a closed forest understorey vs. a canopy disturbance (gap). Dynamic shade-houses providing a succession of high-intensity direct-light events between longer periods of low, diffuse light were used to simulate the light regimes. We assessed seedling height growth three times in the season, as well as stem diameter, maximum photosynthetic capacity, biomass allocation above- and below-ground, seasonal phenology and phenotypic plasticity. Given the north European provenance of Norway maple, we also investigated the possibility that its growth in North America might be increased by delayed fall senescence. We found that Norway maple had significantly greater photosynthetic capacity in both light regimes and grew larger in stem diameter than sugar maple. The differences in below- and above-ground biomass, stem diameter, height and maximum photosynthesis were especially important in the simulated gap where Norway maple continued extension growth during the late fall. In the gap regime sugar maple had a significantly higher root : shoot ratio that could confer an advantage in the deepest shade of closed understorey and under water stress or browsing pressure. Norway maple is especially invasive following canopy disturbance where the opposite (low root : shoot ratio) could confer a competitive advantage. Considering the effects of global change in extending the potential growing season, we anticipate that the invasiveness of Norway maple will increase in the future.}, }
@article {pmid23076080, year = {2012}, author = {Bueno Marí, R and Jiménez Peydró, R}, title = {[Health implications of the establishment and spread of Aedes albopictus in Spain].}, journal = {Revista espanola de salud publica}, volume = {86}, number = {4}, pages = {319-330}, doi = {10.4321/S1135-57272012000400002}, pmid = {23076080}, issn = {2173-9110}, mesh = {*Aedes/classification/physiology/virology ; Animals ; Arboviruses ; Dengue/transmission ; Europe ; *Insect Vectors/virology ; *Introduced Species/trends ; Mosquito Control/methods ; Population Dynamics ; Spain ; }, abstract = {The spread of Aedes albopictus by Eastern Spain has been constant since its first finding in 2004. Currently the species has been collected in the coastal provinces of Girona, Barcelona, Tarragona, Castellón, Alicante and Murcia. The high synanthropism of the species, together with its anthropophilic behaviour and vectorial capacity to transmit several arboviruses, have led to the return of active transmission cycles of common diseases in the past such as Dengue virus and even the appearance of new tropical viruses as Chikungunya in southern Europe. This manuscript discusses the public health implications of the expected expansion of Ae. albopictus for much of the Iberian Peninsula, in the context of current climatic and sociodemographic situation. Moreover, several issues related with the control of the species in urban and suburban environments are exposed. Finally the preliminary data about other invasive aedines recently collected in the European continent are presented.}, }
@article {pmid23075404, year = {2012}, author = {Hontoria, F and Redón, S and Maccari, M and Varó, I and Navarro, JC and Ballell, L and Amat, F}, title = {A revision of Artemia biodiversity in Macaronesia.}, journal = {Aquatic biosystems}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {25}, pmid = {23075404}, issn = {2046-9063}, abstract = {In a biogeographical context, the term Macaronesia broadly embraces the North Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, the Canary Islands, and Cape Verde. The peculiar arid climatic conditions in some of these places have led to the development of marine salt exploitations, which can be counted among the hypersaline habitats of the brine shrimp Artemia (Branchiopoda, Anostraca). Parthenogenetic populations of this anostracan were described in the Canary Islands during the last decades of the 20th century, while the American Artemia franciscana species was recently found in the Cape Verde archipelago. Following an invasive pattern, this exotic species has recently reached the Canary Islands, too. This paper reports information dealing with biotope loss (solar saltworks) in this biogeographical region, together with possible consequences concerning the arrival of invasive species, two factors that frequently promote dramatic biodiversity losses. The discussion of this threat focuses mainly on the Canary Islands archipelago where native species of Artemia still exist.}, }
@article {pmid23074966, year = {2012}, author = {Kozub, NO and Pylypenko, LA and Sozinov, IO and Blium, IaB and Sozinov, OO}, title = {[Genetically modified plants and the problems of plant protection: progress and estimation of potential risks].}, journal = {TSitologiia i genetika}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, pages = {73-86}, pmid = {23074966}, issn = {0564-3783}, mesh = {Agrobacterium tumefaciens/genetics ; Ecology ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Plant Immunity ; Plants/*genetics/immunology ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Risk ; Transformation, Genetic ; *Transgenes ; }, abstract = {The review deals with advances and prospects in development of transgenic plants. At present virtually all commercial GM crops are those created for solving plant protection problems--they carry transgenes conferring resistance to herbicides, pests, viruses. Approaches employed for development of commercial GM crops with herbicide, pest and virus resistance, as well as strategies and prospects of development of commercial GM plants with resistance to fungal and bacterial diseases and nematodes, are considered. Ecological (including agronomical) and social risks associated with commercial growing of transgenic plants are briefly discussed.}, }
@article {pmid23071559, year = {2012}, author = {Meek, MH and Wintzer, AP and Wetzel, WC and May, B}, title = {Climate change likely to facilitate the invasion of the non-native hydroid, Cordylophora caspia, in the San Francisco Estuary.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {e46373}, pmid = {23071559}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Estuaries ; Hydrozoa/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Salinity ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Climate change and invasive species can both have negative impacts on native species diversity. Additionally, climate change has the potential to favor invasive species over natives, dealing a double blow to native biodiversity. It is, therefore, vital to determine how changing climate conditions are directly linked to demographic rates and population growth of non-native species so we can quantitatively evaluate how invasive populations may be affected by changing conditions and, in turn, impact native species. Cordylophora caspia, a hydrozoan from the Ponto-Caspian region, has become established in the brackish water habitats of the San Francisco Estuary (SFE). We conducted laboratory experiments to study how temperature and salinity affect C. caspia population growth rates, in order to predict possible responses to climate change. C. Caspia population growth increased nonlinearly with temperature and leveled off at a maximum growth rate near the annual maximum temperature predicted under a conservative climate change scenario. Increasing salinity, however, did not influence growth rates. Our results indicate that C. caspia populations in the SFE will benefit from predicted regional warming trends and be little affected by changes in salinity. The population of C. caspia in the SFE has the potential to thrive under future climate conditions and may subsequently increase its negative impact on the food web.}, }
@article {pmid23071496, year = {2012}, author = {Lindegren, M and Vigliano, P and Nilsson, PA}, title = {Alien invasions and the game of hide and seek in Patagonia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {e44350}, pmid = {23071496}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Behavior, Animal ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Escape Reaction ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Models, Biological ; *Osmeriformes ; Population Dynamics ; *Salmonidae ; }, abstract = {The introduction, establishment and spread of alien species is a major threat to biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services for human wellbeing. In order to reduce further loss of biodiversity and maintain productive and sustainable ecosystems, understanding the ecological mechanisms underlying species invasions and avoiding potentially harmful effects on native communities is urgently needed, but largely lacking. We here demonstrate, by means of hydroacoustics and advanced spatial modelling, how native fish species as a result of previous exposure to native predators may successfully respond to invasive novel predators through a complicated game of hide and seek, minimizing spatio-temporal overlap with predators, and potentially facilitating coexistence between native prey species (Galaxiids) and introduced novel predators (Salmonids) in a deep Andean lake, Patagonia.}, }
@article {pmid23070437, year = {2012}, author = {de Azevedo, RK and Abdallah, VD and da Silva, RJ and de Azevedo, TM and Martins, ML and Luque, JL}, title = {Expanded description of Lamproglena monodi (Copepoda: Lernaeidae), parasitizing native and introduced fishes in Brazil.}, journal = {Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {263-269}, doi = {10.1590/s1984-29612012000300015}, pmid = {23070437}, issn = {1984-2961}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Copepoda/*physiology ; Female ; Fishes/*parasitology ; Fresh Water ; Male ; }, abstract = {An occurrence of the copepod Lamproglena monodi Capart, 1944, parasitizing freshwater fishes in Brazil is presented, along with new morphological data. This crustacean was originally described parasitizing several cichlids in Africa. In the present study, the crustaceans were collected from the body surface and gills of two fish species native to Brazil [Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831) and Cichla ocellaris Bloch and Schneider, 1801] and two introduced species [Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger, 1897)]. The Brazilian specimens exhibited some morphometric intraspecies differences in relation to the specimens from Congo-Kinshasa and Egypt.}, }
@article {pmid23070381, year = {2012}, author = {Duarte, RH and Horta, GC}, title = {Barth and trindade island, 1957-1959.}, journal = {Historia, ciencias, saude--Manguinhos}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {951-968}, pmid = {23070381}, issn = {0104-5970}, abstract = {Rudolf Barth took part in two scientific expeditions to Trindade Island, Brazil, in 1957 and 1959. As a backdrop to comments about his reports, the article tells the island's history and describes the national and world context in the 1950s. Barth warned about the environmental threats to Trindade, diagnosed its problems, and proposed solutions. He described endemic and invasive species. Aware that the brevity of his stay constrained his findings, he advocated further research at differing times of the year. Contemporary scientific practices corroborate a number of his analyses. Since the late 1950s, Trindade has served not only as a metaphor for global environmental challenges but also as a laboratory for conservationist measures.}, }
@article {pmid23068183, year = {2012}, author = {Stokes, K and Stiling, P and Gilg, MR and Rossi, AM}, title = {The gall midge Asphondylia borrichiae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): an indigenous example of host-associated genetic divergence in sympatry.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {41}, number = {5}, pages = {1246-1254}, doi = {10.1603/EN12041}, pmid = {23068183}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Asteraceae/*parasitology ; Diptera/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Female ; *Genetic Speciation ; Haplotypes ; *Host Specificity ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Sympatry ; }, abstract = {Speciation usually is conceptualized as occurring via three biogeographic modes: allopatry, parapatry, and sympatry. Sympatric speciation has been the most controversial because of the difficulty of developing plausible theoretical models in which the homogenizing effects of gene flow are sufficiently overcome to permit genetic divergence to occur in the absence of geographic barriers restricting gene flow. Recently, a number of hypothetical models for sympatric speciation have been advanced and several candidate study systems have provided evidence of sympatric divergence, although many of the systems so identified involve introduced species, especially in the cases of host-race formation in phytophagous insects, which expand their host range and use a novel host. Although these cases demonstrate the reality of sympatric divergence, they do not address which mode of speciation predominates in indigenous communities. Asphondylia borrichiae Rossi &amp; Strong has been proposed as a potential example of sympatric divergence in a fully indigenous system, based on the results of a host-choice experiment involving three host-plant species. In the current study, we report significant differences in the genetic composition of midge populations collected from each host in situ, supporting the hypothesis of sympatric genetic divergence among the morphologically identical host-associated populations of A. borrichiae and consistent with host fidelity in oviposition choice.}, }
@article {pmid23066061, year = {2012}, author = {Webber, BL and Le Maitre, DC and Kriticos, DJ}, title = {Comment on "Climatic niche shifts are rare among terrestrial plant invaders".}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {338}, number = {6104}, pages = {193; author reply 193}, doi = {10.1126/science.1225980}, pmid = {23066061}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Petitpierre et al. (Reports, 16 March 2012, p. 1344) conclude that niche shifts are rare for terrestrial plant invaders and that this justifies the use of correlative modeling to project species geographic ranges for biological invasions and climate change. We draw attention to the limitations of their conceptual assumptions and the importance of niche shifts excluded from their analyses.}, }
@article {pmid23065034, year = {2013}, author = {Vásquez, C and de Moraes, GJ}, title = {Geographic distribution and host plants of Raoiella indica and associated mite species in northern Venezuela.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, pages = {73-82}, pmid = {23065034}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cocos ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Mites/*physiology ; *Musa ; Population Density ; Venezuela ; }, abstract = {The red palm mite (RPM), Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), is an invasive pest in the New World, where it is currently considered a serious threat to coconut and banana crops. It was first reported from northern Venezuela in 2007. To determine its current distribution in this country, surveys were carried out from October 2008 to April 2010 on coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), banana (Musa spp.), ornamental plants and weeds in northern Venezuela. Higher population levels of RPM were registered on commercial coconut farms in Falcón and Sucre states but also on other plant species naturally growing along the coastal line in Anzoategui, Aragua, Carabobo, Monagas and Nueva Esparta states. Out of 34 botanical species evaluated, all RPM stages were observed only on eight arecaceous, one musaceous and one streliziaceous species, indicating that the pest developed and reproduced only on these plants. Mite specimens found on weeds were considered spurious events, as immature stages of the pest were never found on these. Amblyseius largoensis (Muma) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) was the most frequent predatory mite associated with RPM in all sampling sites. The results indicate that RPM has spread to extensive areas of northern Venezuela since its initial detection in Güiria, Sucre state. Considering the report of this pest mite in northern Brazil in the late 2009, additional samplings in southern Venezuela should be carried out, to evaluate the possible presence of RPM also in that region.}, }
@article {pmid23062213, year = {2013}, author = {Sorte, CJ and Ibáñez, I and Blumenthal, DM and Molinari, NA and Miller, LP and Grosholz, ED and Diez, JM and D'Antonio, CM and Olden, JD and Jones, SJ and Dukes, JS}, title = {Poised to prosper? A cross-system comparison of climate change effects on native and non-native species performance.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {261-270}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12017}, pmid = {23062213}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Carbon Dioxide ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Climate change and biological invasions are primary threats to global biodiversity that may interact in the future. To date, the hypothesis that climate change will favour non-native species has been examined exclusively through local comparisons of single or few species. Here, we take a meta-analytical approach to broadly evaluate whether non-native species are poised to respond more positively than native species to future climatic conditions. We compiled a database of studies in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems that reported performance measures of non-native (157 species) and co-occurring native species (204 species) under different temperature, CO(2) and precipitation conditions. Our analyses revealed that in terrestrial (primarily plant) systems, native and non-native species responded similarly to environmental changes. By contrast, in aquatic (primarily animal) systems, increases in temperature and CO(2) largely inhibited native species. There was a general trend towards stronger responses among non-native species, including enhanced positive responses to more favourable conditions and stronger negative responses to less favourable conditions. As climate change proceeds, aquatic systems may be particularly vulnerable to invasion. Across systems, there could be a higher risk of invasion at sites becoming more climatically hospitable, whereas sites shifting towards harsher conditions may become more resistant to invasions.}, }
@article {pmid23060498, year = {2012}, author = {Goodman, G and Girling, S and Pizzi, R and Meredith, A and Rosell, F and Campbell-Palmer, R}, title = {Establishment of a health surveillance program for reintroduction of the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) into Scotland.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {971-978}, doi = {10.7589/2011-06-153}, pmid = {23060498}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; Cause of Death/trends ; Female ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Male ; Population Surveillance ; Quarantine/veterinary ; Rodent Diseases/*mortality/pathology ; Rodentia/*physiology ; Scotland ; Sentinel Surveillance/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {In 2009 and 2010 16 Norwegian Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) were reintroduced to Knapdale, Scotland as part of a 5-yr reintroduction trial (Scottish Beaver Trial). Despite numerous reintroduction programs throughout Europe there is no published information concerning recommended health surveillance during beaver reintroduction and only one publication describing causes of mortality. We describe the establishment of a health surveillance program based on International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and governmental guidelines, and report preliminary results based on the fecal and blood samples following the completion of the first stage of reintroduction. Animals underwent at least one general anesthetic to allow collection of fecal and blood samples and a thorough clinical examination. No bacterial enteric pathogens such as Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., or Yersinia pseudotuberculosis were isolated, nor were Giardia spp. or Cryptosporidium spp. However, numerous helminths including Travassosius rufus and Stichorchis subtriquetrus were detected. Five animals were positive for Leptospira antibodies. This included Leptospira saxkoebing, Leptospira canicola, Leptospira copenhageni, Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, Leptospira autumnalis, and Leptospira javanica. The highest loss of animals (20%) was during the statutory 6-mo rabies quarantine period. No common cause of death was determined. The rabies quarantine conditions were waived for four remaining animals, three of which were introduced to the wild successfully. The authors recommend the shortest possible quarantine period when introducing beavers, but allowing for the minimum recommended IUCN 35 days to allow for implementation of the initial stage of the health surveillance program, examination of animals, sample collection, and processing.}, }
@article {pmid23060496, year = {2012}, author = {Pizzatto, L and Kelehear, C and Dubey, S and Barton, D and Shine, R}, title = {Host-parasite relationships during a biologic invasion: 75 years postinvasion, cane toads and sympatric Australian frogs retain separate lungworm faunas.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {951-961}, doi = {10.7589/2012-02-050}, pmid = {23060496}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/*parasitology ; Australia ; Bufo marinus/*parasitology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Rhabditida Infections/parasitology/*veterinary ; Rhabditoidea/*classification/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive species may carry with them parasites from their native range, differing from parasite taxa found in the invaded range. Host switching by parasites (either from the invader to native fauna or from native fauna to the invader) may have important consequences for the viability of either type of host (e.g., their survivorship, fecundity, dispersal ability, or geographic distribution). Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala (Nematoda) is a common parasite of cane toads (Rhinella marina) in the toad's native range (South and Central America) and also in its introduced Australian range. This lungworm can depress host viability and is capable of infecting Australian frogs in laboratory trials. Despite syntopy between toads and frogs for up to 75 yr, our analyses, based on DNA sequence data of lungworms from 80 frogs and 56 toads, collected from 2008 to 2011, did not reveal any cases of host switching in nature: toads and native frogs retain entirely different lungworm faunas. All lungworms in cane toads were the South and Central American species Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala, whereas Australian frogs contained at least four taxa (mostly undescribed and currently lumped under the name Rhabdias cf. hylae). General patterns of prevalence and intensity, based on the dissection of 1,315 frogs collected between 1989 and 2011 across the toads' Australian range, show that these Australian endemic Rhabdias spp. are widely distributed geographically and across host taxa but are more common in some frog species (especially, large-bodied species) than they are in others.}, }
@article {pmid23058848, year = {2012}, author = {Polo-Cavia, N and López, P and Martín, J}, title = {Effects of body temperature on righting performance of native and invasive freshwater turtles: consequences for competition.}, journal = {Physiology &amp; behavior}, volume = {108}, number = {}, pages = {28-33}, doi = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.10.002}, pmid = {23058848}, issn = {1873-507X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Body Temperature/*physiology ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Locomotion ; Reaction Time ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; Turtles/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Righting behavior of aquatic turtles might be subject to coadaptation pressures between preferred basking temperature and locomotion, given that it is mainly performed on land and may critically determine the survival of turtles. We analyzed the effect of body temperature (T(b)) on righting performance of two species of freshwater turtles, the endangered native Spanish terrapin (Mauremys leprosa), and the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans), an introduced invasive species that is displacing native turtles in the Iberian Peninsula. Interspecific differences in morphology, basking requirements and behavioral responses have been found between Spanish terrapins and introduced sliders. Therefore, we hypothesized that T(b) might differentially affect righting behavior of these two turtle species. We found a clear effect of T(b) on righting response of both M. leprosa and T. scripta, with the performance enhanced at the preferred basking temperature of each turtle species. These results suggest that righting might be coadapted to preferred basking temperature in freshwater turtles. Also, M. leprosa required longer times to right on average than T. scripta, which denotes a higher efficiency of introduced sliders at righting performance. These interspecific behavioral asymmetries in righting performance between native and exotic turtles might contribute to the greater competitive ability of introduced T. scripta, favoring the expansion of exotic sliders in the new environments in which they are introduced, in detriment to native Spanish terrapins.}, }
@article {pmid23057437, year = {2013}, author = {Santini, A and Ghelardini, L and De Pace, C and Desprez-Loustau, ML and Capretti, P and Chandelier, A and Cech, T and Chira, D and Diamandis, S and Gaitniekis, T and Hantula, J and Holdenrieder, O and Jankovsky, L and Jung, T and Jurc, D and Kirisits, T and Kunca, A and Lygis, V and Malecka, M and Marcais, B and Schmitz, S and Schumacher, J and Solheim, H and Solla, A and Szabò, I and Tsopelas, P and Vannini, A and Vettraino, AM and Webber, J and Woodward, S and Stenlid, J}, title = {Biogeographical patterns and determinants of invasion by forest pathogens in Europe.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {197}, number = {1}, pages = {238-250}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04364.x}, pmid = {23057437}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Climate ; *Databases, Factual ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Fungi/classification/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Population Density ; Principal Component Analysis ; Rain ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Trees/*microbiology/physiology ; }, abstract = {A large database of invasive forest pathogens (IFPs) was developed to investigate the patterns and determinants of invasion in Europe. Detailed taxonomic and biological information on the invasive species was combined with country-specific data on land use, climate, and the time since invasion to identify the determinants of invasiveness, and to differentiate the class of environments which share territorial and climate features associated with a susceptibility to invasion. IFPs increased exponentially in the last four decades. Until 1919, IFPs already present moved across Europe. Then, new IFPs were introduced mainly from North America, and recently from Asia. Hybrid pathogens also appeared. Countries with a wider range of environments, higher human impact or international trade hosted more IFPs. Rainfall influenced the diffusion rates. Environmental conditions of the new and original ranges and systematic and ecological attributes affected invasiveness. Further spread of established IFPs is expected in countries that have experienced commercial isolation in the recent past. Densely populated countries with high environmental diversity may be the weakest links in attempts to prevent new arrivals. Tight coordination of actions against new arrivals is needed. Eradication seems impossible, and prevention seems the only reliable measure, although this will be difficult in the face of global mobility.}, }
@article {pmid23056657, year = {2012}, author = {Gotzek, D and Brady, SG and Kallal, RJ and LaPolla, JS}, title = {The importance of using multiple approaches for identifying emerging invasive species: the case of the Rasberry Crazy Ant in the United States.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, pages = {e45314}, pmid = {23056657}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; Bayes Theorem ; Body Weights and Measures ; *Demography ; *Introduced Species ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; United States ; }, abstract = {In the past decade, Houston, Texas has been virtually overrun by an unidentified ant species, the sudden appearance and enormous population sizes and densities of which have received national media attention. The Rasberry Crazy Ant, as it has become known due to its uncertain species status, has since spread to neighboring states and is still a major concern to pest control officials. Previous attempts at identifying this species have resulted in widely different conclusions in regards to its native range, source, and biology. We identify this highly invasive pest species as Nylanderia fulva (Mayr) using morphometric data measured from 14 characters, molecular sequence data consisting of 4,669 aligned nucleotide sites from six independent loci and comparison with type specimens. This identification will allow for the study and control of this emerging pest species to proceed unencumbered by taxonomic uncertainty. We also show that N. fulva has a much wider distribution than previously thought and has most likely invaded all of the Gulf Coast states.}, }
@article {pmid23056586, year = {2012}, author = {Szabo, JK and Khwaja, N and Garnett, ST and Butchart, SH}, title = {Global patterns and drivers of avian extinctions at the species and subspecies level.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {e47080}, pmid = {23056586}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Birds ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Extinction, Biological ; New Zealand ; Polynesia ; }, abstract = {Birds have long fascinated scientists and travellers, so their distribution and abundance through time have been better documented than those of other organisms. Many bird species are known to have gone extinct, but information on subspecies extinctions has never been synthesised comprehensively. We reviewed the timing, spatial patterns, trends and causes of avian extinctions on a global scale, identifying 279 ultrataxa (141 monotypic species and 138 subspecies of polytypic species) that have gone extinct since 1500. Species extinctions peaked in the early 20(th) century, then fell until the mid 20(th) century, and have subsequently accelerated. However, extinctions of ultrataxa peaked in the second half of the 20(th) century. This trend reflects a consistent decline in the rate of extinctions on islands since the beginning of the 20(th) century, but an acceleration in the extinction rate on continents. Most losses (78.7% of species and 63.0% of subspecies) occurred on oceanic islands. Geographic foci of extinctions include the Hawaiian Islands (36 taxa), mainland Australia and islands (29 taxa), the Mascarene Islands (27 taxa), New Zealand (22 taxa) and French Polynesia (19 taxa). The major proximate drivers of extinction for both species and subspecies are invasive alien species (58.2% and 50.7% of species and subspecies, respectively), hunting (52.4% and 18.8%) and agriculture, including non-timber crops and livestock farming (14.9% and 31.9%). In general, the distribution and drivers of subspecific extinctions are similar to those for species extinctions. However, our finding that, when subspecies are considered, the extinction rate has accelerated in recent decades is both novel and alarming.}, }
@article {pmid23056377, year = {2012}, author = {Rosa, IC and Pereira, JL and Costa, R and Gonçalves, F and Prezant, R}, title = {Effects of upper-limit water temperatures on the dispersal of the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {e46635}, pmid = {23056377}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Corbicula/*physiology ; Environmental Monitoring ; Temperature ; *Water ; }, abstract = {Temperature is a determinant environmental variable in metabolic rates of organisms ultimately influencing important physiological and behavioural features. Stressful conditions such as increasing temperature, particularly within high ranges occurring in the summer, have been suggested to induce flotation behaviour in Corbicula fluminea which may be important in dispersal of this invasive species. However, there has been no experimental evidence supporting this hypothesis. It was already proven that C. fluminea drift is supported by a mucilaginous drogue line produced by mucocytes present in the ctenidia. Detailed microscopic examination of changes in these cells and quantification of clam flotation following one, two and three weeks of exposure to 22, 25 and 30°C was carried out so that the effects of increasing water temperatures in dispersal patterns could be discussed. Results show that changes in temperature triggered an acceleration of the mucocytes production and stimulated flotation behaviour, especially following one week of exposure. Dilution of these effects occurred following longer exposure periods. It is possible that these bivalves perceive changing temperature as a stress and respond accordingly in the short-term, and then acclimate to the new environmental conditions. The response patterns suggest that increasing water temperatures could stimulate C. fluminea population expansion.}, }
@article {pmid23056198, year = {2012}, author = {Liu, M and Bjørnlund, L and Rønn, R and Christensen, S and Ekelund, F}, title = {Disturbance promotes non-indigenous bacterial invasion in soil microcosms: analysis of the roles of resource availability and community structure.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {e45306}, pmid = {23056198}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Amoeba/growth &amp; development ; Bacteria/*growth &amp; development ; Carbon/analysis/metabolism ; Ecology/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Hot Temperature ; Population Dynamics ; Pseudomonas fluorescens/growth &amp; development ; Soil/*analysis ; *Soil Microbiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasion-biology is largely based on non-experimental observation of larger organisms. Here, we apply an experimental approach to the subject. By using microbial-based microcosm-experiments, invasion-biology can be placed on firmer experimental, and hence, less anecdotal ground. A better understanding of the mechanisms that govern invasion-success of bacteria in soil communities will provide knowledge on the factors that hinder successful establishment of bacteria artificially inoculated into soil, e.g. for remediation purposes. Further, it will yield valuable information on general principles of invasion biology in other domains of life.<br><br>Here, we studied invasion and establishment success of GFP-tagged Pseudomonas fluorescens DSM 50090 in laboratory microcosms during a 42-day period. We used soil heating to create a disturbance gradient, and hypothesized that increased disturbance would facilitate invasion; our experiments confirmed this hypothesis. We suggest that the key factors associated with the heating disturbance that explain the enhanced invasion success are increased carbon substrate availability and reduced diversity, and thus, competition- and predation-release. In a second experiment we therefore separated the effects of increased carbon availability and decreased diversity. Here, we demonstrated that the effect of the indigenous soil community on bacterial invasion was stronger than that of resource availability. In particular, introduced bacteria established better in a long term perspective at lower diversity and predation pressure.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We propose increased use of microbial systems, for experimental study of invasion scenarios. They offer a simple and cost-efficient way to study and understand biological invasion. Consequently such systems can help us to better predict the mechanisms controlling changes in stability of communities and ecosystems. This is becoming increasingly relevant since anthropogenic disturbance causes increasing global change, which promotes invasion. Moreover, a thorough understanding of factors controlling invasion and establishment of artificially amended micro-organisms will mean a major step forward for soil-remediation microbiology.}, }
@article {pmid23056174, year = {2012}, author = {Robinet, C and Kehlenbeck, H and Kriticos, DJ and Baker, RH and Battisti, A and Brunel, S and Dupin, M and Eyre, D and Faccoli, M and Ilieva, Z and Kenis, M and Knight, J and Reynaud, P and Yart, A and van der Werf, W}, title = {A suite of models to support the quantitative assessment of spread in pest risk analysis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {e43366}, pmid = {23056174}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Climate ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Geography ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Insect Control/methods/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Biological ; Plants/parasitology ; Population Dynamics ; Risk Assessment ; Zea mays/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Pest Risk Analyses (PRAs) are conducted worldwide to decide whether and how exotic plant pests should be regulated to prevent invasion. There is an increasing demand for science-based risk mapping in PRA. Spread plays a key role in determining the potential distribution of pests, but there is no suitable spread modelling tool available for pest risk analysts. Existing models are species specific, biologically and technically complex, and data hungry. Here we present a set of four simple and generic spread models that can be parameterised with limited data. Simulations with these models generate maps of the potential expansion of an invasive species at continental scale. The models have one to three biological parameters. They differ in whether they treat spatial processes implicitly or explicitly, and in whether they consider pest density or pest presence/absence only. The four models represent four complementary perspectives on the process of invasion and, because they have different initial conditions, they can be considered as alternative scenarios. All models take into account habitat distribution and climate. We present an application of each of the four models to the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, using historic data on its spread in Europe. Further tests as proof of concept were conducted with a broad range of taxa (insects, nematodes, plants, and plant pathogens). Pest risk analysts, the intended model users, found the model outputs to be generally credible and useful. The estimation of parameters from data requires insights into population dynamics theory, and this requires guidance. If used appropriately, these generic spread models provide a transparent and objective tool for evaluating the potential spread of pests in PRAs. Further work is needed to validate models, build familiarity in the user community and create a database of species parameters to help realize their potential in PRA practice.}, }
@article {pmid23055062, year = {2012}, author = {Baiser, B and Olden, JD and Record, S and Lockwood, JL and McKinney, ML}, title = {Pattern and process of biotic homogenization in the New Pangaea.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {279}, number = {1748}, pages = {4772-4777}, pmid = {23055062}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Biota ; Databases, Factual ; Extinction, Biological ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Phylogeography ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Human activities have reorganized the earth's biota resulting in spatially disparate locales becoming more or less similar in species composition over time through the processes of biotic homogenization and biotic differentiation, respectively. Despite mounting evidence suggesting that this process may be widespread in both aquatic and terrestrial systems, past studies have predominantly focused on single taxonomic groups at a single spatial scale. Furthermore, change in pairwise similarity is itself dependent on two distinct processes, spatial turnover in species composition and changes in gradients of species richness. Most past research has failed to disentangle the effect of these two mechanisms on homogenization patterns. Here, we use recent statistical advances and collate a global database of homogenization studies (20 studies, 50 datasets) to provide the first global investigation of the homogenization process across major faunal and floral groups and elucidate the relative role of changes in species richness and turnover. We found evidence of homogenization (change in similarity ranging from -0.02 to 0.09) across nearly all taxonomic groups, spatial extent and grain sizes. Partitioning of change in pairwise similarity shows that overall change in community similarity is driven by changes in species richness. Our results show that biotic homogenization is truly a global phenomenon and put into question many of the ecological mechanisms invoked in previous studies to explain patterns of homogenization.}, }
@article {pmid23053235, year = {2013}, author = {Wilder, SM and Barnum, TR and Holway, DA and Suarez, AV and Eubanks, MD}, title = {Introduced fire ants can exclude native ants from critical mutualist-provided resources.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {172}, number = {1}, pages = {197-205}, pmid = {23053235}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Aphids/physiology ; Carbohydrates ; Competitive Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Animals frequently experience resource imbalances in nature. For ants, one resource that may be particularly valuable for both introduced and native species is high-carbohydrate honeydew from hemipteran mutualists. We conducted field and laboratory experiments: (1) to test if red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) competed with native ants for access to mutualisms with aphids, and (2) to quantify the effects of aphid honeydew presence or absence on colony growth of native ants. We focused on native dolichoderine ants (Formicidae, Dolichoderinae) because they are abundant ants that have omnivorous diets that frequently include mutualist-provided carbohydrates. At two sites in the southeastern US, native dolichoderine ants were far less frequent, and fire ants more frequent, at carbohydrate baits than would be expected based on their frequency in pitfall traps. A field experiment confirmed that a native ant species, Dorymyrmex bureni, was only found tending aphids when populations of S. invicta were suppressed. In the laboratory, colonies of native dolichoderine ants with access to both honeydew and insect prey had twice as many workers and over twice as much brood compared to colonies fed only ad libitum insect prey. Our results provide the first experimental evidence that introduced ants compete for access to mutualist-provided carbohydrates with native ants and that these carbohydrates represent critical resources for both introduced and native ants. These results challenge traditional paradigms of arthropod and ant nutrition and contribute to growing evidence of the importance of nutrition in mediating ecological interactions.}, }
@article {pmid23053226, year = {2013}, author = {Firestone, JL and Jasieniuk, M}, title = {Small population size limits reproduction in an invasive grass through both demography and genetics.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {172}, number = {1}, pages = {109-117}, pmid = {23053226}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Cloning, Organism ; *Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Lolium/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Small populations of founding individuals or survivors of incomplete management programs often represent critical transitions in biological invasions. Theory predicts that population size affects reproduction and, consequently, a population's expansion, but there are few empirical tests, and fewer that account for the reduced genetic diversity that often accompanies small population size. We created experimental small populations of invasive ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) with population size varying independently from genetic diversity. Treatment independence was achieved by cloning plants to increase population size without changing diversity. Plant fitness was measured as the proportion of florets producing a seed. We analyzed the effects of population size, genetic diversity, and their interaction using ANCOVAs, one of which accounted for variation in individual plant growth. As predicted, smaller populations produced significantly lower proportion seed set. Low genetic diversity also reduced seed set, but this was best interpreted as part of a significant interaction with population size. Specifically, the effect of population size on the proportion seed set was over five times larger for populations in the medium genetic diversity treatment than the highest diversity treatment, and 6.7 times larger for populations with the lowest level of diversity. Population size variation had biologically meaningful consequences, as the rate of seed set within the low diversity treatment increased by 80 % with increasing population size. The results indicate that both the demographics and genetics of populations can influence reproduction and invasive potential, and must be considered when assessing risk and designing management plans for invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid23053225, year = {2013}, author = {Ward, M and Johnson, SD and Zalucki, MP}, title = {When bigger is not better: intraspecific competition for pollination increases with population size in invasive milkweeds.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {171}, number = {4}, pages = {883-891}, pmid = {23053225}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Apocynaceae/*physiology ; Australia ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Statistical ; Pollination/*physiology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {One of the essential requirements for an introduced plant species to become invasive is an ability to reproduce outside the native range, particularly when initial populations are small. If a reproductive Allee effect is operating, plants in small populations will have reduced reproductive success relative to plants in larger populations. Alternatively, if plants in small populations experience less competition for pollination than those in large populations, they may actually have higher levels of reproductive success than plants in large populations. To resolve this uncertainty, we investigated how the per capita fecundity of plants was affected by population size in three invasive milkweed species. Field surveys of seed production in natural populations of different sizes but similar densities were conducted for three pollinator-dependent invasive species, namely Asclepias curassavica, Gomphocarpus fruticosus and G. physocarpus. Additionally, supplemental hand-pollinations were performed in small and large populations in order to determine whether reproductive output was limited by pollinator activity in these populations. Reproductive Allee effects were not detected in any of the study species. Instead, plants in small populations exhibited remarkably high levels of reproductive output compared to those in large populations. Increased fruit production following supplemental hand-pollinations suggested that the lower reproductive output of naturally pollinated plants in large populations is a consequence of pollen limitation rather than limitation due to abiotic resources. This is consistent with increased intraspecific competition for pollination amongst plants in large populations. It is likely that the invasion of these milkweed species in Australia has been enhanced because plants in small founding populations experience less intraspecific competition for pollinators than those in large populations, and thus have the ability to produce copious amounts of seeds.}, }
@article {pmid23053223, year = {2013}, author = {Amundsen, PA and Lafferty, KD and Knudsen, R and Primicerio, R and Kristoffersen, R and Klemetsen, A and Kuris, AM}, title = {New parasites and predators follow the introduction of two fish species to a subarctic lake: implications for food-web structure and functioning.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {171}, number = {4}, pages = {993-1002}, pmid = {23053223}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/physiology ; Body Weights and Measures ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; *Models, Biological ; Norway ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Smegmamorpha/*parasitology/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Trout/*parasitology/physiology ; }, abstract = {Introduced species can alter the topology of food webs. For instance, an introduction can aid the arrival of free-living consumers using the new species as a resource, while new parasites may also arrive with the introduced species. Food-web responses to species additions can thus be far more complex than anticipated. In a subarctic pelagic food web with free-living and parasitic species, two fish species (arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus and three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus) have known histories as deliberate introductions. The effects of these introductions on the food web were explored by comparing the current pelagic web with a heuristic reconstruction of the pre-introduction web. Extinctions caused by these introductions could not be evaluated by this approach. The introduced fish species have become important hubs in the trophic network, interacting with numerous parasites, predators and prey. In particular, five parasite species and four predatory bird species depend on the two introduced species as obligate trophic resources in the pelagic web and could therefore not have been present in the pre-introduction network. The presence of the two introduced fish species and the arrival of their associated parasites and predators increased biodiversity, mean trophic level, linkage density, and nestedness; altering both the network structure and functioning of the pelagic web. Parasites, in particular trophically transmitted species, had a prominent role in the network alterations that followed the introductions.}, }
@article {pmid23052767, year = {2013}, author = {Lacerda, AC and Takemoto, RM and Poulin, R and Pavanelli, GC}, title = {Parasites of the fish Cichla piquiti (Cichlidae) in native and invaded Brazilian basins: release not from the enemy, but from its effects.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {112}, number = {1}, pages = {279-288}, pmid = {23052767}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Biota ; Brazil ; Cestoda/*isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; Cichlids/*parasitology ; Ecosystem ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Nematoda/*isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/*parasitology ; Trematoda/*isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {The enemy release hypothesis is frequently used to explain the success of invaders, postulating that introduced species have escaped from their native enemies, including parasites. Here, we tested this hypothesis for the tucunaré (Cichla piquiti), a predatory cichlid, and its endoparasites. First, the parasites and their influence on the condition of the hosts in the native environment, the Tocantins River (TO), were compared to an environment where the fish was introduced, the Paraná River (PR). Then, comparisons of the abundances of Diplostomidae eye flukes and Contracaecum sp. larval nematodes were made between the introduced tucunaré and two predators native to the PR, Hoplias malabaricus and Raphiodon vulpinus. Nine species of endoparasites were recorded in total, five of which occurring in both localities. Total species richness did not differ between localities, and fish condition was negatively affected by the cestodes Sciadocephalus megalodiscus only in the TO. In the PR, abundance of Contracaecum sp. did not differ between natives and invaders; however, eye flukes were more abundant in the native fish H. malabaricus, which may represent an advantage to the invader if they were competing for prey. These results did not support the idea that the escape from parasites favoured the establishment of C. piquiti in the PR. Instead, the escape from the parasites' effects seems a better explanation, and further studies examining effects on host physiology and/or fitness in the native and introduced ranges are needed.}, }
@article {pmid23051595, year = {2013}, author = {Vilizzi, L and Copp, GH}, title = {Application of FISK, an invasiveness screening tool for non-native freshwater fishes, in the Murray-Darling Basin (southeastern Australia).}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, pages = {1432-1440}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01860.x}, pmid = {23051595}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Australia ; Biodiversity ; Calibration ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology/methods ; *Fishes ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The Fish Invasiveness Scoring Kit (FISK) is currently one of the most popular pre-screening tools for freshwater fishes. A recent upgrade has ensured its wider climatic relevance to countries with subtropical regions. This enhancement is of particular importance to Australia, which encompasses tropical, arid, and temperate zones, and where the introduction of non-native fish species poses a significant risk to biodiversity. In this study, 55 fish species previously evaluated in a U.K.-based calibration of FISK are reassessed for their potential invasiveness in the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB; southeastern Australia), the continent's largest catchment encompassing arid and temperate climates. Approximately half of the species were classed as "medium risk" and the other half as "high risk," and the ≥19 threshold previously identified from the calibration study was confirmed. The three highest scoring species (common carp Cyprinus carpio carpio, goldfish Carassius auratus, and eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki) were those already present and invasive in the area, whereas nearly half of the tropical and subtropical species had lower scores compared to U.K. assessments, possibly because of climate change predictions of drier conditions across the MDB. There were some discordances between FISK and two Australian-based assessment protocols, one of which is qualitative and the other represents a simplified version of FISK. Notably, the Australian origins of FISK should provide for an additional reason for further applications of the tool in other RA areas (i.e., drainage basins) of the continent, ultimately encouraging adoption as the country's reference screening tool for management and conservation purposes.}, }
@article {pmid23049993, year = {2012}, author = {Zhu, G and Petersen, MJ and Bu, W}, title = {Selecting biological meaningful environmental dimensions of low discrepancy among ranges to predict potential distribution of Bean plataspid invasion.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, pages = {e46247}, pmid = {23049993}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Hemiptera ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Bean plataspid (Megacopta cribraria) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), native to Asia, is becoming an invasive species in North America; its potential spread to soybean producing areas in the US is of great concern. Ecological niche modelling (ENM) has been used increasingly in predicting invasive species' potential distribution; however, poor niche model transferability was sometimes reported, leading to the artifactual conclusion of niche differentiation during species' invasion. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPALS: We aim to improve the geographical transferability of ENM via environmental variable selection to predict the potential distribution of Bean plataspid invasion. Sixteen environmental dimensions between native and introduced Bean plataspid populations were compared, and classified into two datasets with different degrees of discrepancy by the interquartile range (IQR) overlap in boxplot. Niche models based on these two datasets were compared in native model prediction and invading model projection. Classical niche model approaches (i.e., model calibrated on native range and transferred outside) were used to anticipate the potential distribution of Bean plataspid invasion.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Niche models based on the two datasets showed little difference in native model predictions; however, when projecting onto the introduced area, models based on the environmental datasets showing low discrepancy among ranges recovered good model transferability in predicting the newly established population of Bean plataspid in the US. Recommendations were made for selecting biological meaningful environmental dimensions of low discrepancy among ranges to improve niche model transferability among these geographically separated areas. Outside of its native range, areas with invasion potential include the southeastern US in North America, southwestern Europe, southeastern South America, southern Africa, and the eastern coastal Australia.}, }
@article {pmid23046069, year = {2012}, author = {Beh, MM and Metz, MR and Frangioso, KM and Rizzo, DM}, title = {The key host for an invasive forest pathogen also facilitates the pathogen's survival of wildfire in California forests.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {196}, number = {4}, pages = {1145-1154}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04352.x}, pmid = {23046069}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {California ; Disease Reservoirs/microbiology ; Ecosystem ; Fires ; Introduced Species ; Phytophthora/*pathogenicity/*physiology ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; *Trees ; Umbellularia/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {The first wildfires in sudden oak death-impacted forests occurred in 2008 in the Big Sur region of California, creating the rare opportunity to study the interaction between an invasive forest pathogen and a historically recurring disturbance. To determine whether and how the sudden oak death pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum, survived the wildfires, we completed intensive vegetation-based surveys in forest plots that were known to be infested before the wildfires. We then used 24 plot-based variables as predictors of P. ramorum recovery following the wildfires. The likelihood of recovering P. ramorum from burned plots was lower than in unburned plots both 1 and 2 yr following the fires. Post-fire recovery of P. ramorum in burned plots was positively correlated with the number of pre-fire symptomatic California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica), the key sporulating host for this pathogen, and negatively correlated with post-fire bay laurel mortality levels. Patchy burn patterns that left green, P. ramorum-infected bay laurel amidst the charred landscape may have allowed these trees to serve as inoculum reservoirs that could lead to the infection of newly sprouting vegetation, further highlighting the importance of bay laurel in the sudden oak death disease cycle.}, }
@article {pmid23043590, year = {2012}, author = {Murray, JV and Lehnhoff, EA and Neve, P and Poggio, SL and Webber, BL}, title = {'Raising the bar': improving the standard and utility of weed and invasive plant research. A workshop held at B-Bar Ranch, Emigrant, Montana, USA, June 2012.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {196}, number = {3}, pages = {678-680}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04343.x}, pmid = {23043590}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Ecosystem ; Herbicide Resistance ; Herbicides/pharmacology ; *Introduced Species ; Montana ; Plant Weeds/drug effects/*physiology ; Research/*standards ; }, }
@article {pmid23043276, year = {2012}, author = {Kajita, Y and O'Neill, EM and Zheng, Y and Obrycki, JJ and Weisrock, DW}, title = {A population genetic signature of human releases in an invasive ladybeetle.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {21}, number = {22}, pages = {5473-5483}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12059}, pmid = {23043276}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Founder Effect ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; United States ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions have been accelerated by a variety of human activities. Propagule pressure, the number of introduced individuals and independent introductions, is probably to be influenced by these human activities and may be an important factor for successful range expansion in new environments. We tested whether the current distribution of the predatory ladybeetle Coccinella septempunctata in the introduced range (USA) is the result of multiple historical human introductions or natural range expansion from the first established populations in the USA. To test this hypothesis, we compared historical records of propagule size, propagule number, specific introduction locations and the date of each introduction, with estimates of genetic variation in mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome oxidase I). Our results indicated that genetic diversity in the introduced range was positively correlated with historical records of propagule size and number and negatively correlated with distance to nearest introduction point, suggesting that multiple human releases were successful. Higher genetic diversity in populations found near introduction points suggest that initial founder effects were limited, but lower genetic diversity found farther from introduction points is probably the result of serial founder effects during secondary range expansion. These results suggest that the current distribution of C. septempunctata in the introduced range is the result of a combination of human releases and short-range expansion from multiple established populations in the introduced range.}, }
@article {pmid23039943, year = {2013}, author = {Ghahramanzadeh, R and Esselink, G and Kodde, LP and Duistermaat, H and van Valkenburg, JL and Marashi, SH and Smulders, MJ and van de Wiel, CC}, title = {Efficient distinction of invasive aquatic plant species from non-invasive related species using DNA barcoding.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {21-31}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12020}, pmid = {23039943}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; DNA, Chloroplast/genetics ; DNA, Intergenic/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are regarded as threats to global biodiversity. Among invasive aliens, a number of plant species belonging to the genera Myriophyllum, Ludwigia and Cabomba, and to the Hydrocharitaceae family pose a particular ecological threat to water bodies. Therefore, one would try to prevent them from entering a country. However, many related species are commercially traded, and distinguishing invasive from non-invasive species based on morphology alone is often difficult for plants in a vegetative stage. In this regard, DNA barcoding could become a good alternative. In this study, 242 samples belonging to 26 species from 10 genera of aquatic plants were assessed using the chloroplast loci trnH-psbA, matK and rbcL. Despite testing a large number of primer sets and several PCR protocols, the matK locus could not be amplified or sequenced reliably and therefore was left out of the analysis. Using the other two loci, eight invasive species could be distinguished from their respective related species, a ninth one failed to produce sequences of sufficient quality. Based on the criteria of universal application, high sequence divergence and level of species discrimination, the trnH-psbA noncoding spacer was the best performing barcode in the aquatic plant species studied. Thus, DNA barcoding may be helpful with enforcing a ban on trade of such invasive species, such as is already in place in the Netherlands. This will become even more so once DNA barcoding would be turned into machinery routinely operable by a nonspecialist in botany and molecular genetics.}, }
@article {pmid23039168, year = {2012}, author = {Coelho, NC and Zardi, GI and Pearson, GA and Serrão, EA and Nicastro, KR}, title = {Characterization of ten highly polymorphic microsatellite loci for the intertidal mussel Perna perna, and cross species amplification within the genus.}, journal = {BMC research notes}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {558}, pmid = {23039168}, issn = {1756-0500}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; *Genetic Variation ; Genomic Library ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Perna/classification/*genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The brown mussel Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758) is a dominant constituent of intertidal communities and a strong invader with multiple non-native populations distributed around the world. In a previous study, two polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed and used to determine population-level genetic diversity in invasive and native P. perna populations. However, higher number of microsatellite markers are required for reliable population genetic studies.In this context, in order to understand P. perna origins and history of invasion and to compare population genetic structure in native versus invaded areas, we developed 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers.<br><br>FINDINGS: Described microsatellite markers were developed from an enriched genomic library. Analyses and characterization of loci using 20 individuals from a population in Western Sahara revealed on average 11 alleles per locus (range: 5-27) and mean gene diversity of 0.75 (range: 0.31 - 0.95). One primer pair revealed possible linkage disequilibrium while heterozygote deficiency was significant at four loci. Six of these markers cross-amplified in P. canaliculus (origin: New Zealand).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Developed markers will be useful in addressing a variety of questions concerning P. perna, including dispersal scales, genetic variation and population structure, in both native and invaded areas.}, }
@article {pmid23038732, year = {2013}, author = {Dowd, WW and Somero, GN}, title = {Behavior and survival of Mytilus congeners following episodes of elevated body temperature in air and seawater.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {216}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {502-514}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.076620}, pmid = {23038732}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Air ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Body Temperature ; Glycogen/analysis/metabolism ; Muscles/metabolism ; Mytilus/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Seawater ; Stress, Physiological ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Coping with environmental stress may involve combinations of behavioral and physiological responses. We examined potential interactions between adult mussels' simple behavioral repertoire - opening/closing of the shell valves - and thermal stress physiology in common-gardened individuals of three Mytilus congeners found on the West Coast of North America: two native species (M. californianus and M. trossulus) and one invasive species from the Mediterranean (M. galloprovincialis). We first continuously monitored valve behavior over three consecutive days on which body temperatures were gradually increased, either in air or in seawater. A temperature threshold effect was evident between 25 and 33°C in several behavioral measures. Mussels tended to spend much less time with the valves in a sealed position following exposure to 33°C body temperature, especially when exposed in air. This behavior could not be explained by decreases in adductor muscle glycogen (stores of this metabolic fuel actually increased in some scenarios), impacts of forced valve sealing on long-term survival (none observed in a second experiment), or loss of contractile function in the adductor muscles (individuals exhibited as many or more valve adduction movements following elevated body temperature compared with controls). We hypothesize that this reduced propensity to seal the valves following thermal extremes represents avoidance of hypoxia-reoxygenation cycles and concomitant oxidative stress. We further conjecture that prolonged valve gaping following episodes of elevated body temperature may have important ecological consequences by affecting species interactions. We then examined survival over a 90 day period following exposure to elevated body temperature and/or emersion, observing ongoing mortality throughout this monitoring period. Survival varied significantly among species (M. trossulus had the lowest survival) and among experimental contexts (survival was lowest after experiencing elevated body temperature in seawater). Surprisingly, we observed no cumulative impact on survival of 3 days relative to 1 day of exposure to elevated body temperature. The delayed mortality and context-specific outcomes we observed have important implications for the design of future experiments and for interpretation of field distribution patterns of these species. Ultimately, variation in the catalog of physiological and behavioral capacities among closely related or sympatric species is likely to complicate prediction of the ecological consequences of global change and species invasions.}, }
@article {pmid23038446, year = {2012}, author = {Thompson, H}, title = {Plant science: The chestnut resurrection.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {490}, number = {7418}, pages = {22-23}, doi = {10.1038/490022a}, pmid = {23038446}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/trends ; *Disease Resistance/genetics/physiology ; Fagaceae/genetics/*microbiology/*physiology ; Fungi/pathogenicity/physiology/virology ; Hybridization, Genetic/genetics ; Introduced Species/trends ; Nuts ; Oxidoreductases/metabolism ; Plant Diseases/genetics/*microbiology/*prevention &amp; control ; Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics ; Spores, Fungal/physiology ; Trees/genetics/microbiology/physiology ; Virginia ; }, }
@article {pmid23036081, year = {2012}, author = {Wang, XW and Zhao, QY and Luan, JB and Wang, YJ and Yan, GH and Liu, SS}, title = {Analysis of a native whitefly transcriptome and its sequence divergence with two invasive whitefly species.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {529}, pmid = {23036081}, issn = {1471-2164}, mesh = {Animals ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Library ; Genes, Insect ; *Genetic Variation ; Hemiptera/classification/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Genomic divergence between invasive and native species may provide insight into the molecular basis underlying specific characteristics that drive the invasion and displacement of closely related species. In this study, we sequenced the transcriptome of an indigenous species, Asia II 3, of the Bemisia tabaci complex and compared its genetic divergence with the transcriptomes of two invasive whiteflies species, Middle East Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED), respectively.<br><br>RESULTS: More than 16 million reads of 74 base pairs in length were obtained for the Asia II 3 species using the Illumina sequencing platform. These reads were assembled into 52,535 distinct sequences (mean size: 466 bp) and 16,596 sequences were annotated with an E-value above 10-5. Protein family comparisons revealed obvious diversification among the transcriptomes of these species suggesting species-specific adaptations during whitefly evolution. On the contrary, substantial conservation of the whitefly transcriptomes was also evident, despite their differences. The overall divergence of coding sequences between the orthologous gene pairs of Asia II 3 and MEAM1 is 1.73%, which is comparable to the average divergence of Asia II 3 and MED transcriptomes (1.84%) and much higher than that of MEAM1 and MED (0.83%). This is consistent with the previous phylogenetic analyses and crossing experiments suggesting these are distinct species. We also identified hundreds of highly diverged genes and compiled sequence identify data into gene functional groups and found the most divergent gene classes are Cytochrome P450, Glutathione metabolism and Oxidative phosphorylation. These results strongly suggest that the divergence of genes related to metabolism might be the driving force of the MEAM1 and Asia II 3 differentiation. We also analyzed single nucleotide polymorphisms within the orthologous gene pairs of indigenous and invasive whiteflies which are helpful for the investigation of association between allelic and phenotypes.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our data present the most comprehensive sequences for the indigenous whitefly species Asia II 3. The extensive comparisons of Asia II 3, MEAM1 and MED transcriptomes will serve as an invaluable resource for revealing the genetic basis of whitefly invasion and the molecular mechanisms underlying their biological differences.}, }
@article {pmid23035930, year = {2013}, author = {Lawson, LL and Hill, JE and Vilizzi, L and Hardin, S and Copp, GH}, title = {Revisions of the Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK) for its application in warmer climatic zones, with particular reference to peninsular Florida.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, pages = {1414-1431}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01896.x}, pmid = {23035930}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Climate ; Ecology/methods ; *Fishes ; Florida ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; Reproduction ; Risk Assessment ; Software ; User-Computer Interface ; }, abstract = {The initial version (v1) of the Fish Invasiveness Scoring Kit (FISK) was adapted from the Weed Risk Assessment of Pheloung, Williams, and Halloy to assess the potential invasiveness of nonnative freshwater fishes in the United Kingdom. Published applications of FISK v1 have been primarily in temperate-zone countries (Belgium, Belarus, and Japan), so the specificity of this screening tool to that climatic zone was not noted until attempts were made to apply it in peninsular Florida. To remedy this shortcoming, the questions and guidance notes of FISK v1 were reviewed and revised to improve clarity and extend its applicability to broader climatic regions, resulting in changes to 36 of the 49 questions. In addition, upgrades were made to the software architecture of FISK to improve overall computational speed as well as graphical user interface flexibility and friendliness. We demonstrate the process of screening a fish species using FISK v2 in a realistic management scenario by assessing the Barcoo grunter Scortum barcoo (Terapontidae), a species whose management concerns are related to its potential use for aquaponics in Florida. The FISK v2 screening of Barcoo grunter placed the species into the lower range of medium risk (score = 5), suggesting it is a permissible species for use in Florida under current nonnative species regulations. Screening of the Barcoo grunter illustrates the usefulness of FISK v2 as a proactive tool serving to inform risk management decisions, but the low level of confidence associated with the assessment highlighted a dearth of critical information on this species.}, }
@article {pmid23029423, year = {2012}, author = {Dibble, KL and Meyerson, LA}, title = {Tidal flushing restores the physiological condition of fish residing in degraded salt marshes.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, pages = {e46161}, pmid = {23029423}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Composition/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Environmental Monitoring ; Female ; Fundulidae/*growth &amp; development/parasitology ; Gravidity/physiology ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Lipids/analysis ; Nematoda/physiology ; New England ; Phthiraptera/physiology ; Poaceae/physiology ; Pregnancy ; Salinity ; Salts ; Tidal Waves ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Roads, bridges, and dikes constructed across salt marshes can restrict tidal flow, degrade habitat quality for nekton, and facilitate invasion by non-native plants including Phragmites australis. Introduced P. australis contributes to marsh accretion and eliminates marsh surface pools thereby adversely affecting fish by reducing access to intertidal habitats essential for feeding, reproduction, and refuge. Our study assessed the condition of resident fish populations (Fundulus heteroclitus) at four tidally restricted and four tidally restored marshes in New England invaded by P. australis relative to adjacent reference salt marshes. We used physiological and morphological indicators of fish condition, including proximate body composition (% lipid, % lean dry, % water), recent daily growth rate, age class distributions, parasite prevalence, female gravidity status, length-weight regressions, and a common morphological indicator (Fulton's K) to assess impacts to fish health. We detected a significant increase in the quantity of parasites infecting fish in tidally restricted marshes but not in those where tidal flow was restored to reduce P. australis cover. Using fish length as a covariate, we found that unparasitized, non-gravid F. heteroclitus in tidally restricted marshes had significantly reduced lipid reserves and increased lean dry (structural) mass relative to fish residing in reference marshes. Fish in tidally restored marshes were equivalent across all metrics relative to those in reference marshes indicating that habitat quality was restored via increased tidal flushing. Reference marshes adjacent to tidally restored sites contained the highest abundance of young fish (ages 0-1) while tidally restricted marshes contained the lowest. Results indicate that F. heteroclitus residing in physically and hydrologically altered marshes are at a disadvantage relative to fish in reference marshes but the effects can be reversed through ecological restoration.}, }
@article {pmid23029059, year = {2012}, author = {Soliman, T and Mourits, MC and van der Werf, W and Hengeveld, GM and Robinet, C and Lansink, AG}, title = {Framework for modelling economic impacts of invasive species, applied to pine wood nematode in Europe.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, pages = {e45505}, pmid = {23029059}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Forestry ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Economic ; Nematoda/*physiology ; Trees/*parasitology ; Wood/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Economic impact assessment of invasive species requires integration of information on pest entry, establishment and spread, valuation of assets at risk and market consequences at large spatial scales. Here we develop such a framework and demonstrate its application to the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which threatens the European forestry industry. The effect of spatial resolution on the assessment result is analysed.<br><br>Direct economic impacts resulting from wood loss are computed using partial budgeting at regional scale, while impacts on social welfare are computed by a partial equilibrium analysis of the round wood market at EU scale. Substantial impacts in terms of infested stock are expected in Portugal, Spain, Southern France, and North West Italy but not elsewhere in EU in the near future. The cumulative value of lost forestry stock over a period of 22 years (2008-2030), assuming no regulatory control measures, is estimated at &#x20ac;22 billion. The greatest yearly loss of stock is expected to occur in the period 2014-2019, with a peak of three billion euros in 2016, but stabilizing afterwards at 300-800 million euros/year. The reduction in social welfare follows the loss of stock with considerable delay because the yearly harvest from the forest is only 1.8%. The reduction in social welfare for the downstream round wood market is estimated at &#x20ac;218 million in 2030, whereby consumers incur a welfare loss of &#x20ac;357 million, while producers experience a &#x20ac;139 million increase, due to higher wood prices. The societal impact is expected to extend to well beyond the time horizon of the analysis, and long after the invasion has stopped.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Pinewood nematode has large economic consequences for the conifer forestry industry in the EU. A change in spatial resolution affected the calculated directed losses by 24%, but did not critically affect conclusions.}, }
@article {pmid23029048, year = {2012}, author = {Rauschert, ES and Shea, K}, title = {Influence of microsite disturbance on the establishment of two congeneric invasive thistles.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, pages = {e45490}, pmid = {23029048}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Carduus/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Seasons ; Soil ; Water ; }, abstract = {The successful establishment of invasive species has been shown to depend on aspects of the invaded community, such as gap characteristics. Biotic resistance may be particularly critical for stopping invaders at early life history stages, but new species can often invade following disturbances, which may create microsites with very different characteristics than are usually present. We examine the response of two invasive thistle species, Carduus nutans L. and C. acanthoides L., to three different microsite characteristics: disturbance type, size, and water availability. The two species initially responded differently to the type of disturbance: C. acanthoides had higher emergence and survival in plots with both above- and belowground disturbance, whereas C. nutans had better early performance in large microsites with above-ground disturbance only. Later in their life cycle, C. nutans performed better in plots that had been disturbed both above- and belowground, whereas C. acanthoides was largely unaffected by disturbance type. Increased emergence and survival, larger size and a higher proportion flowering were observed in larger gaps for both species throughout the life cycle. Watering had a negative impact on C. nutans emergence and fall survival and on C. acanthoides survival to the following summer. Overall, these results suggest that disturbance-generated microsite characteristics (disturbance type and size) may have large impacts on establishment of these two Carduus species, which in turn may persist well beyond the initial stages of growth. Studying invader responses to disturbance can help us to understand under what circumstances they are likely to establish and create persistent problems; avoiding or ameliorating such situations will have significant management benefits.}, }
@article {pmid23028985, year = {2012}, author = {Mächler, E and Altermatt, F}, title = {Interaction of species traits and environmental disturbance predicts invasion success of aquatic microorganisms.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, pages = {e45400}, pmid = {23028985}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*microbiology ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Factors such as increased mobility of humans, global trade and climate change are affecting the range of many species, and cause large-scale translocations of species beyond their native range. Many introduced species have a strong negative influence on the new local environment and lead to high economic costs. There is a strong interest to understand why some species are successful in invading new environments and others not. Most of our understanding and generalizations thereof, however, are based on studies of plants and animals, and little is known on invasion processes of microorganisms. We conducted a microcosm experiment to understand factors promoting the success of biological invasions of aquatic microorganisms. In a controlled lab experiment, protist and rotifer species originally isolated in North America invaded into a natural, field-collected community of microorganisms of European origin. To identify the importance of environmental disturbances on invasion success, we either repeatedly disturbed the local patches, or kept them as undisturbed controls. We measured both short-term establishment and long-term invasion success, and correlated it with species-specific life-history traits. We found that environmental disturbances significantly affected invasion success. Depending on the invading species' identity, disturbances were either promoting or decreasing invasion success. The interaction between habitat disturbance and species identity was especially pronounced for long-term invasion success. Growth rate was the most important trait promoting invasion success, especially when the species invaded into a disturbed local community. We conclude that neither species traits nor environmental factors alone conclusively predict invasion success, but an integration of both of them is necessary.}, }
@article {pmid23028739, year = {2012}, author = {Choe, DH and Villafuerte, DB and Tsutsui, ND}, title = {Trail pheromone of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, pages = {e45016}, pmid = {23028739}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*metabolism ; Feeding Behavior ; Iridoids/chemistry/metabolism ; Monoterpenes/chemistry/metabolism ; Nesting Behavior ; Pheromones/chemistry/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) is recognized as one of the world's most damaging invasive species. One reason for the ecological dominance of introduced Argentine ant populations is their ability to dominate food and habitat resources through the rapid mobilization and recruitment of thousands of workers. More than 30 years ago, studies showed that (Z)-9-hexadecenal strongly attracted Argentine ant workers in a multi-choice olfactometer, suggesting that (Z)-9-hexadecenal might be the trail pheromone, or a component of a trail pheromone mixture. Since then, numerous studies have considered (Z)-9-hexadecenal as the key component of the Argentine ant trails. Here, we report the first chemical analyses of the trails laid by living Argentine ants and find that (Z)-9-hexadecenal is not present in a detectible quantity. Instead, two iridoids, dolichodial and iridomyrmecin, appear to be the primary chemical constituents of the trails. Laboratory choice tests confirmed that Argentine ants were attracted to artificial trails comprised of these two chemicals significantly more often than control trails. Although (Z)-9-hexadecenal was not detected in natural trails, supplementation of artificial dolichodial+iridomyrmecin trails with an extremely low concentraion of (Z)-9-hexadecenal did increase the efficacy of the trail-following behavior. In stark contrast with previous dogma, our study suggests that dolichodial and iridomyrmecin are major components of the Argentine ant trail pheromone. (Z)-9-hexadecenal may act in an additive manner with these iridoids, but it does not occur in detectable quantities in Argentine ant recruitment trails.}, }
@article {pmid23028702, year = {2012}, author = {Matesanz, S and Horgan-Kobelski, T and Sultan, SE}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity and population differentiation in an ongoing species invasion.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, pages = {e44955}, pmid = {23028702}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Ecosystem ; Environment, Controlled ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Fitness ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; *Phenotype ; Polygonum/*anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Seedlings/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {The ability to succeed in diverse conditions is a key factor allowing introduced species to successfully invade and spread across new areas. Two non-exclusive factors have been suggested to promote this ability: adaptive phenotypic plasticity of individuals, and the evolution of locally adapted populations in the new range. We investigated these individual and population-level factors in Polygonum cespitosum, an Asian annual that has recently become invasive in northeastern North America. We characterized individual fitness, life-history, and functional plasticity in response to two contrasting glasshouse habitat treatments (full sun/dry soil and understory shade/moist soil) in 165 genotypes sampled from nine geographically separate populations representing the range of light and soil moisture conditions the species inhabits in this region. Polygonum cespitosum genotypes from these introduced-range populations expressed broadly similar plasticity patterns. In response to full sun, dry conditions, genotypes from all populations increased photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, and allocation to root tissues, dramatically increasing reproductive fitness compared to phenotypes expressed in simulated understory shade. Although there were subtle among-population differences in mean trait values as well as in the slope of plastic responses, these population differences did not reflect local adaptation to environmental conditions measured at the population sites of origin. Instead, certain populations expressed higher fitness in both glasshouse habitat treatments. We also compared the introduced-range populations to a single population from the native Asian range, and found that the native population had delayed phenology, limited functional plasticity, and lower fitness in both experimental environments compared with the introduced-range populations. Our results indicate that the future spread of P. cespitosum in its introduced range will likely be fueled by populations consisting of individuals able to express high fitness across diverse light and moisture conditions, rather than by the evolution of locally specialized populations.}, }
@article {pmid23028649, year = {2012}, author = {Khamis, FM and Masiga, DK and Mohamed, SA and Salifu, D and de Meyer, M and Ekesi, S}, title = {Taxonomic identity of the invasive fruit fly pest, Bactrocera invadens: concordance in morphometry and DNA barcoding.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, pages = {e44862}, pmid = {23028649}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Phylogeny ; Principal Component Analysis ; Tephritidae/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; }, abstract = {In 2003, a new fruit fly pest species was recorded for the first time in Kenya and has subsequently been found in 28 countries across tropical Africa. The insect was described as Bactrocera invadens, due to its rapid invasion of the African continent. In this study, the morphometry and DNA Barcoding of different populations of B. invadens distributed across the species range of tropical Africa and a sample from the pest's putative aboriginal home of Sri Lanka was investigated. Morphometry using wing veins and tibia length was used to separate B. invadens populations from other closely related Bactrocera species. The Principal component analysis yielded 15 components which correspond to the 15 morphometric measurements. The first two principal axes contributed to 90.7% of the total variance and showed partial separation of these populations. Canonical discriminant analysis indicated that only the first five canonical variates were statistically significant. The first two canonical variates contributed a total of 80.9% of the total variance clustering B. invadens with other members of the B. dorsalis complex while distinctly separating B. correcta, B. cucurbitae, B. oleae and B. zonata. The largest Mahalanobis squared distance (D(2) = 122.9) was found to be between B. cucurbitae and B. zonata, while the lowest was observed between B. invadens populations against B. kandiensis (8.1) and against B. dorsalis s.s (11.4). Evolutionary history inferred by the Neighbor-Joining method clustered the Bactrocera species populations into four clusters. First cluster consisted of the B. dorsalis complex (B. invadens, B. kandiensis and B. dorsalis s. s.), branching from the same node while the second group was paraphyletic clades of B. correcta and B. zonata. The last two are monophyletic clades, consisting of B. cucurbitae and B. oleae, respectively. Principal component analysis using the genetic distances confirmed the clustering inferred by the NJ tree.}, }
@article {pmid23025903, year = {2012}, author = {Etchegoin, JA and Merlo, MJ and Parietti, M}, title = {The role of the invasive polychaete Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel, 1923) (Serpulidae) as facilitator of parasite transmission in Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon (Buenos Aires, Argentina).}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {139}, number = {11}, pages = {1506-1512}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182012000820}, pmid = {23025903}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Argentina ; Introduced Species ; Polychaeta/parasitology/*physiology ; Population Density ; Snails/*parasitology ; Trematoda/*physiology ; }, abstract = {In Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon (Argentina), the reefs of the invasive polychaete Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Serpulidae) serve as concentration areas for invertebrates and vertebrates and as potential foci of parasite transmission (mainly digeneans). To analyse the role of F. enigmaticus as facilitator of parasite transmission, and to evaluate the influence of the habitats selected by 2 species of cochliopid snails (Heleobia conexa and Heleobia australis), on the richness and on the prevalence of the digenean assemblages that parasitize them, 1945 snails were collected from 2 sampling sites. The comparisons between larval digenean communities parasitizing both snail hosts revealed significant differences related to the overall prevalence and the prevalence contributed by birds in the snails collected from reefs. These results support the idea that the reefs may increase the number of links between intermediate and definitive hosts of digeneans, facilitating parasite transmission only when the aggregates of F. enigmaticus become the unique habitat of the snail host. This first report of an exotic species acting as facilitator of parasite transmission in an estuarine area highlights the importance of analysing the effects of the assimilation process of exotic species by recently colonized environments (including the possible effects on parasite transmission).}, }
@article {pmid23025430, year = {2012}, author = {Carvalho, S and Macel, M and Schlerf, M and Skidmore, AK and van der Putten, WH}, title = {Soil biotic impact on plant species shoot chemistry and hyperspectral reflectance patterns.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {196}, number = {4}, pages = {1133-1144}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04338.x}, pmid = {23025430}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*growth &amp; development ; Biomass ; Carbon/analysis ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; Chlorophyll A ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Plant Shoots/*chemistry/*growth &amp; development ; Senecio/*growth &amp; development ; *Soil Microbiology ; Spectrum Analysis/methods ; }, abstract = {Recent studies revealed that plant-soil biotic interactions may cause changes in above-ground plant chemistry. It would be a new step in below-ground-above-ground interaction research if such above-ground chemistry changes could be efficiently detected. Here we test how hyperspectral reflectance may be used to study such plant-soil biotic interactions in a nondestructive and rapid way. The native plant species Jacobaea vulgaris and Jacobaea erucifolius, and the exotic invader Senecio inaequidens were grown in different soil biotic conditions. Biomass, chemical content and shoot reflectance between 400 and 2500 nm wavelengths were determined. The data were analysed with multivariate statistics. Exposing the plants to soil biota enhanced the content of defence compounds. The highest increase (400%) was observed for the exotic invader S. inaequidens. Chemical and spectral data enabled plant species to be classified with an accuracy > 85%. Plants grown in different soil conditions were classified with 50-60% correctness. Our data suggest that soil microorganisms can affect plant chemistry and spectral reflectance. Further studies should test the potential to study plant-soil biotic interactions in the field. Such techniques could help to monitor, among other things, where invasive exotic plant species develop biotic resistance or the development of hotspots of crop soil diseases.}, }
@article {pmid23022949, year = {2013}, author = {Gentès, S and Monperrus, M and Legeay, A and Maury-Brachet, R and Davail, S and André, JM and Guyoneaud, R}, title = {Incidence of invasive macrophytes on methylmercury budget in temperate lakes: central role of bacterial periphytic communities.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {172}, number = {}, pages = {116-123}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.08.004}, pmid = {23022949}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Bacteria/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; France ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Lakes/chemistry ; Methylation ; Methylmercury Compounds/*analysis/metabolism ; Plants/*chemistry/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Several studies demonstrated high mercury (Hg) methylation and demethylation in the periphyton associated with floating roots in tropical ecosystems. The importance of aquatic plants on methylmercury production in three temperate ecosystems from south-western France was evaluated through Hg species concentrations, and Hg methylation/demethylation activities by using stable isotopic tracers ((199)Hg(II), Me(201)Hg). Hg accumulation and high methylation and demethylation yields were detected in plant roots and periphyton, whereas results for sediment and water were low to insignificant. The presence of sulfate reducing prokaryotes was detected in all compartments (T-RFLP based on dsrAB amplified through nested PCR) and their main role in Hg methylation could be demonstrated. In turn, sulfate reduction inhibition did not affect demethylation activities. The estimation of net MeHg budgets in these ecosystems suggested that aquatic rhizosphere is the principal location for methylmercury production and may represent an important source for the contamination of the aquatic food chain.}, }
@article {pmid23020670, year = {2013}, author = {Ruscoe, WA and Sweetapple, PJ and Perry, M and Duncan, RP}, title = {Effects of spatially extensive control of invasive rats on abundance of native invertebrates in mainland New Zealand forests.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {74-82}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01932.x}, pmid = {23020670}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; New Zealand ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Rats ; *Rodent Control ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Predation on native fauna by non-native invasive mammals is widely documented, but effects of predation at the population level are rarely measured. Eradication of invasive mammals from islands has led to recovery of native biota, but the benefits of controlling invasive mammal populations in settings where eradication is not feasible are less understood. We used various combinations of aerially delivered toxic bait and control measures on the ground to reduce abundances of invasive rats (Rattus rattus) to low levels over large areas on mainland New Zealand and then monitored the abundance of invertebrates on replicated treatment sites to compare with abundances on similar nontreatment sites. We also assessed rat diet by examining stomach contents. Abundance of the rats' most-consumed invertebrate prey item, the large-bodied Auckland tree weta (Hemideina thoracica), increased 3-fold on treatment sites where we maintained rats at <4/ha for approximately 3 years, compared with the nontreatment sites. Auckland tree weta also increased in abundance on sites where rats were controlled with a single aerial-poisoning operation, but rat abundance subsequently increased on these sites and tree weta abundance then declined. Nevertheless, our data suggest that biennial reduction of rat abundances may be sufficient to allow increases in tree weta populations. Other invertebrates that were consumed less often (cave weta [Rhaphidophoridae], spiders [Araneae], and cockroaches [Blattodea]) showed no systematic changes in abundance following rat control. Our results suggest that the significant threat to recruitment and individual survival that predation by rats poses for tree weta can be mitigated by wide-scale aerial pest control.}, }
@article {pmid23020620, year = {2013}, author = {Evans, TA and Forschler, BT and Grace, JK}, title = {Biology of invasive termites: a worldwide review.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {58}, number = {}, pages = {455-474}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153554}, pmid = {23020620}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; Feeding Behavior ; Insect Control/methods ; *Introduced Species ; Isoptera/*classification/*physiology ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {The number of recognized invasive termite species has increased from 17 in 1969 to 28 today. Fourteen species have been added to the list in the past 44 years; 10 have larger distributions and 4 have no reported change in distribution, and 3 species are no longer considered invasive. Although most research has focused on invasive termites in urban areas, molecular identification methods have answered questions about certain species and found that at least six species have invaded natural forest habitats. All invasive species share three characteristics that together increase the probability of creating viable propagules: they eat wood, nest in food, and easily generate secondary reproductives. These characteristics are most common in two families, the Kalotermitidae and Rhinotermitidae (which make up 21 species on the invasive termite list), particularly in three genera, Cryptotermes, Heterotermes, and Coptotermes (which together make up 16 species). Although it is the largest termite family, the Termitidae (comprising 70% of all termite species) have only two invasive species, because relatively few species have these characteristics. Islands have double the number of invasive species that continents do, with islands in the South Pacific the most invaded geographical region. Most invasive species originate from Southeast Asia. The standard control methods normally used against native pest termites are also employed against invasive termites; only two eradication attempts, in South Africa and New Zealand, appear to have been successful, both against Coptotermes species.}, }
@article {pmid23020170, year = {2012}, author = {Leung, B and Roura-Pascual, N and Bacher, S and Heikkilä, J and Brotons, L and Burgman, MA and Dehnen-Schmutz, K and Essl, F and Hulme, PE and Richardson, DM and Sol, D and Vilà, M and Rejmanek, M}, title = {TEASIng apart alien species risk assessments: a framework for best practices.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, pages = {1475-1493}, doi = {10.1111/ele.12003}, pmid = {23020170}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Biological ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Some alien species cause substantial impacts, yet most are innocuous. Given limited resources, forecasting risks from alien species will help prioritise management. Given that risk assessment (RA) approaches vary widely, a synthesis is timely to highlight best practices. We reviewed quantitative and scoring RAs, integrating > 300 publications into arguably the most rigorous quantitative RA framework currently existing, and mapping each study onto our framework, which combines Transport, Establishment, Abundance, Spread and Impact (TEASI). Quantitative models generally measured single risk components (78% of studies), often focusing on Establishment alone (79%). Although dominant in academia, quantitative RAs are underused in policy, and should be made more accessible. Accommodating heterogeneous limited data, combining across risk components, and developing generalised RAs across species, space and time without requiring new models for each species may increase attractiveness for policy applications. Comparatively, scoring approaches covered more risk components (50% examined > 3 components), with Impact being the most common component (87%), and have been widely applied in policy (> 57%), but primarily employed expert opinion. Our framework provides guidance for questions asked, combining scores and other improvements. Our risk framework need not be completely parameterised to be informative, but instead identifies opportunities for improvement in alien species RA.}, }
@article {pmid23017901, year = {2012}, author = {Morais, MC and Freitas, H}, title = {The acclimation potential of Acacia longifolia to water stress: implications for invasiveness.}, journal = {Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology}, volume = {196}, number = {}, pages = {77-84}, doi = {10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.08.007}, pmid = {23017901}, issn = {1873-2259}, mesh = {Acacia/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Acclimatization/*drug effects/genetics/physiology ; Carbon/metabolism ; *Droughts ; Ecosystem ; Genetics, Population ; Ions/metabolism ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Population Dynamics ; Portugal ; Water/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The ability of an invasive species to establish and spread to new areas may depend on its ability to tolerate a broad range of environmental conditions. Due to climate change, increasing occurrences of extreme events such as droughts are expected in the Mediterranean region and invasive species may expand if they cope with water stress. Limited information is available on the responses of Acacia longifolia, one of the most aggressive plant species in Portuguese coastal sand dune ecosystems, to prolonged water stress. In this study, we exposed A. longifolia plants from two distinct populations, one from the wet (northern) and another from the dry (southern) climate regions of Portugal, to drought conditions, and monitored morphological, physiological and biochemical responses. One-month-old seedlings were submitted to three different water treatments which involved watering twice a week, every 7 days and every 10 days, respectively, for three months, under controlled conditions. Overall, the progressive drought stress significantly affected most of the growth parameters considered, except the root:shoot ratio. Water stress also increased the uptake of ions (Ca[2+], Mg[2+], K[+] and Na[+]) and N concentration. On the contrary, the C/N ratio decreased under water stress conditions. Isotopic analysis did not reveal significant differences in δ[13]C with water treatments but the same pattern was not observed in δ[15]N values. Compared with the wet climate population, the dry climate population showed somewhat differing responses to water stress, indicating a genetic difference between populations. These results provide insights into limitations and opportunities for establishment of A. longifolia in a drought-prone scenario.}, }
@article {pmid23015630, year = {2012}, author = {Knop, E and Reusser, N}, title = {Jack-of-all-trades: phenotypic plasticity facilitates the invasion of an alien slug species.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {279}, number = {1747}, pages = {4668-4676}, pmid = {23015630}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Gastropoda/*physiology ; Global Warming ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Phenotype ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species might benefit from phenotypic plasticity by being able to (i) maintain fitness in stressful environments ('robust'), (ii) increase fitness in favourable environments ('opportunistic'), or (iii) combine both abilities ('robust and opportunistic'). Here, we applied this framework, for the first time, to an animal, the invasive slug, Arion lusitanicus, and tested (i) whether it has a more adaptive phenotypic plasticity compared with a congeneric native slug, Arion fuscus, and (ii) whether it is robust, opportunistic or both. During one year, we exposed specimens of both species to a range of temperatures along an altitudinal gradient (700-2400 m a.s.l.) and to high and low food levels, and we compared the responsiveness of two fitness traits: survival and egg production. During summer, the invasive species had a more adaptive phenotypic plasticity, and at high temperatures and low food levels, it survived better and produced more eggs than A. fuscus, representing the robust phenotype. During winter, A. lusitanicus displayed a less adaptive phenotype than A. fuscus. We show that the framework developed for plants is also very useful for a better mechanistic understanding of animal invasions. Warmer summers and milder winters might lead to an expansion of this invasive species to higher altitudes and enhance its spread in the lowlands, supporting the concern that global climate change will increase biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid23015524, year = {2013}, author = {Mahon, AR and Barnes, MA and Li, F and Egan, SP and Tanner, CE and Ruggiero, ST and Feder, JL and Lodge, DM}, title = {DNA-based species detection capabilities using laser transmission spectroscopy.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {10}, number = {78}, pages = {20120637}, pmid = {23015524}, issn = {1742-5662}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*genetics ; DNA/*genetics ; Microscopy, Confocal/methods ; Nanoparticles/*chemistry ; Oligonucleotide Probes/*chemistry ; Polystyrenes/chemistry ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; }, abstract = {Early detection of invasive species is critical for effective biocontrol to mitigate potential ecological and economic damage. Laser transmission spectroscopy (LTS) is a powerful solution offering real-time, DNA-based species detection in the field. LTS can measure the size, shape and number of nanoparticles in a solution and was used here to detect size shifts resulting from hybridization of the polymerase chain reaction product to nanoparticles functionalized with species-specific oligonucleotide probes or with the species-specific oligonucleotide probes alone. We carried out a series of DNA detection experiments using the invasive freshwater quagga mussel (Dreissena bugensis) to evaluate the capability of the LTS platform for invasive species detection. Specifically, we tested LTS sensitivity to (i) DNA concentrations of a single target species, (ii) the presence of a target species within a mixed sample of other closely related species, (iii) species-specific functionalized nanoparticles versus species-specific oligonucleotide probes alone, and (iv) amplified DNA fragments versus unamplified genomic DNA. We demonstrate that LTS is a highly sensitive technique for rapid target species detection, with detection limits in the picomolar range, capable of successful identification in multispecies samples containing target and non-target species DNA. These results indicate that the LTS DNA detection platform will be useful for field application of target species. Additionally, we find that LTS detection is effective with species-specific oligonucleotide tags alone or when they are attached to polystyrene nanobeads and with both amplified and unamplified DNA, indicating that the technique may also have versatility for broader applications.}, }
@article {pmid23015121, year = {2013}, author = {Léger, E and Vourc'h, G and Vial, L and Chevillon, C and McCoy, KD}, title = {Changing distributions of ticks: causes and consequences.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {59}, number = {1-2}, pages = {219-244}, pmid = {23015121}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; *Arachnid Vectors ; Geography ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; *Ticks ; }, abstract = {Today, we are witnessing changes in the spatial distribution and abundance of many species, including ticks and their associated pathogens. Evidence that these changes are primarily due to climate change, habitat modifications, and the globalisation of human activities are accumulating. Changes in the distribution of ticks and their invasion into new regions can have numerous consequences including modifications in their ecological characteristics and those of endemic species, impacts on the dynamics of local host populations and the emergence of human and livestock disease. Here, we review the principal causes for distributional shifts in tick populations and their consequences in terms of the ecological attributes of the species in question (i.e. phenotypic and genetic responses), pathogen transmission and disease epidemiology. We also describe different methodological approaches currently used to assess and predict such changes and their consequences. We finish with a discussion of new research avenues to develop in order to improve our understanding of these host-vector-pathogen interactions in the context of a changing world.}, }
@article {pmid23013522, year = {2012}, author = {Kronauer, DJ and Pierce, NE and Keller, L}, title = {Asexual reproduction in introduced and native populations of the ant Cerapachys biroi.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {21}, number = {21}, pages = {5221-5235}, doi = {10.1111/mec.12041}, pmid = {23013522}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*genetics/microbiology ; Bacteria/genetics ; Bayes Theorem ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Parthenogenesis/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Asexual reproduction is particularly common among introduced species, probably because it helps to overcome the negative effects associated with low population densities during colonization. The ant Cerapachys biroi has been introduced to tropical and subtropical islands around the world since the beginning of the last century. In this species, workers can reproduce via thelytokous parthenogenesis. Here, we use genetic markers to reconstruct the history of anthropogenic introductions of C. biroi, and to address the prevalence of female parthenogenesis in introduced and native populations. We show that at least four genetically distinct lineages have been introduced from continental Asia and have led to the species' circumtropical establishment. Our analyses demonstrate that asexual reproduction dominates in the introduced range and is also common in the native range. Given that C. biroi is the only dorylomorph ant that has successfully become established outside of its native range, this unusual mode of reproduction probably facilitated the species' worldwide spread. On the other hand, the rare occurrence of haploid males and at least one clear case of sexual recombination in the introduced range show that C. biroi has not lost the potential for sex. Finally, we show that thelytoky in C. biroi probably has a genetic rather than an infectious origin, and that automixis with central fusion is the most likely underlying cytological mechanism. This is in accordance with what is known for other thelytokous eusocial Hymenoptera.}, }
@article {pmid23013244, year = {2012}, author = {Picou, L and Boldor, D}, title = {Thermophysical characterization of the seeds of invasive Chinese tallow tree: importance for biofuel production.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {46}, number = {20}, pages = {11435-11442}, doi = {10.1021/es3023489}, pmid = {23013244}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {*Biofuels ; Cellulose/metabolism ; Energy-Generating Resources/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Introduced Species ; Lignin/metabolism ; Polysaccharides/metabolism ; Sapium/*chemistry/metabolism ; Seeds/*chemistry/metabolism ; Thermal Conductivity ; }, abstract = {The limited supply of traditional fossil based fuels, and increased concern about their environmental impact has driven the interest in the utilization of biomass based energy sources, including those that are underutilized or otherwise nuisance species such as Chinese tallow trees (Triadica sebifera [L.]). This species is a prolific seeds producer, and this paper shows that they contain more than 50% lipids by mass that are suitable for conversion into biodiesel. We present here, for the first time, the seeds' thermophysical properties important for biofuel production. The seeds were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and ultimate analysis; their thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat were determined. The characterization results were correlated to fatty acid composition and lipid content for whole seeds and individual layers, as well as to the protein, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin content. The TGA analysis indicated the presence, in addition to lipids, of hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and proteins, depending on the layer analyzed. Thermal conductivity and specific heat were, respectively 0.14 ± 0.007 W/mK and 3843.5 ± 171.16 J/kgK for wax, 0.20 ± 0.002 W/mK and 2018.7 ± 5.18 J/kgK for shells, 0.13 ± 0.0 W/mK and 1237 ± 3.15 J/kgK for internal kernel, and 0.13 ± 0.000 W/mK and 2833.9 ± 104.11 J/kgK for whole seeds. These properties and characterization method can be further used in engineering analysis used to determine the most optimum processing method for production of biofuels from this feedstock.}, }
@article {pmid23007201, year = {2012}, author = {Hornoy, B and Atlan, A and Tarayre, M and Dugravot, S and Wink, M}, title = {Alkaloid concentration of the invasive plant species Ulex europaeus in relation to geographic origin and herbivory.}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {99}, number = {11}, pages = {883-892}, pmid = {23007201}, issn = {1432-1904}, mesh = {Alkaloids/*analysis ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Quinolizidines/*analysis ; Ulex/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {In the study of plant defense evolution, invasive plant species can be very insightful because they are often introduced without their enemies, and traits linked to defense can be released from selective pressures and evolve. Further, studying plant defense evolution in invasive species is important for biological control and use of these species. In this study, we investigated the evolution of the defensive chemicals quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) in the invasive species gorse, Ulex europaeus. Using a common garden experiment, our goals were to characterize the role of QAs relative to specialist enemies of gorse and to investigate if QA concentration evolved in invaded regions, where gorse was introduced without these enemies. Our results showed that pod infestation rate by the seed predator Exapion ulicis and infestation by the rust pathogen Uromyces genistae-tinctoriae were negatively correlated to concentration of the QA lupanine. Quinolizidine alkaloid concentration was very variable between individuals, both within and among populations, but it was not different between native and invaded regions, suggesting that no evolution of decreased resistance occurred after gorse lost its enemies. Our study also suggests that QA concentrations are traits integrated into seed predation avoidance strategies of gorse, with plants that mass-fruit in spring but do not escape pod infestation in time being richer in QAs.}, }
@article {pmid23007083, year = {2012}, author = {Frelich, LE and Peterson, RO and Dovčiak, M and Reich, PB and Vucetich, JA and Eisenhauer, N}, title = {Trophic cascades, invasive species and body-size hierarchies interactively modulate climate change responses of ecotonal temperate-boreal forest.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {367}, number = {1605}, pages = {2955-2961}, pmid = {23007083}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/physiology ; Biomass ; *Body Size ; *Climate Change ; Food Chain ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Oligochaeta/physiology ; Population Density ; Predatory Behavior ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; Temperature ; Trees/*physiology ; }, abstract = {As the climate warms, boreal tree species are expected to be gradually replaced by temperate species within the southern boreal forest. Warming will be accompanied by changes in above- and below-ground consumers: large moose (Alces alces) replaced by smaller deer (Odocoileus virginianus) above-ground, and small detritivores replaced by larger exotic earthworms below-ground. These shifts may induce a cascade of ecological impacts across trophic levels that could alter the boreal to temperate forest transition. Deer are more likely to browse saplings of temperate tree species, and European earthworms favour seedlings of boreal tree species more than temperate species, potentially hindering the ability of temperate tree species to expand northwards. We hypothesize that warming-induced changes in consumers will lead to novel plant communities by changing the filter on plant species success, and that above- and below-ground cascades of trophic interactions will allow boreal tree species to persist during early phases of warming, leading to an abrupt change at a later time. The synthesis of evidence suggests that consumers can modify the climate change-induced transition of ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid23001622, year = {2013}, author = {Witwicki, DL and Doescher, PS and Pyke, DA and DeCrappeo, NM and Perakis, SS}, title = {Nitrogen limitation, 15N tracer retention, and growth response in intact and Bromus tectorum-invaded Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis communities.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {171}, number = {4}, pages = {1013-1023}, pmid = {23001622}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Artemisia/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; *Biota ; Bromus/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Carbon/metabolism ; Chromatography, Ion Exchange ; Idaho ; *Introduced Species ; Mass Spectrometry ; Nitrogen Cycle/*physiology ; Nitrogen Isotopes/*metabolism/pharmacokinetics ; Oregon ; }, abstract = {Annual grass invasion into shrub-dominated ecosystems is associated with changes in nutrient cycling that may alter nitrogen (N) limitation and retention. Carbon (C) applications that reduce plant-available N have been suggested to give native perennial vegetation a competitive advantage over exotic annual grasses, but plant community and N retention responses to C addition remain poorly understood in these ecosystems. The main objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the degree of N limitation of plant biomass in intact versus B. tectorum-invaded sagebrush communities, (2) determine if plant N limitation patterns are reflected in the strength of tracer (15)N retention over two growing seasons, and (3) assess if the strength of plant N limitation predicts the efficacy of carbon additions intended to reduce soil N availability and plant growth. Labile C additions reduced biomass of exotic annual species; however, growth of native A. tridentata shrubs also declined. Exotic annual and native perennial plant communities had divergent responses to added N, with B. tectorum displaying greater ability to use added N to rapidly increase aboveground biomass, and native perennials increasing their tissue N concentration but showing little growth response. Few differences in N pools between the annual and native communities were detected. In contrast to expectations, however, more (15)N was retained over two growing seasons in the invaded annual grass than in the native shrub community. Our data suggest that N cycling in converted exotic annual grasslands of the northern Intermountain West, USA, may retain N more strongly than previously thought.}, }
@article {pmid23001476, year = {2013}, author = {Goka, K and Okabe, K and Takano, A}, title = {Recent cases of invasive alien mites and ticks in Japan: why is a regulatory framework needed?.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {59}, number = {1-2}, pages = {245-261}, pmid = {23001476}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; Arachnid Vectors/physiology ; Beekeeping ; Bees/parasitology ; Coleoptera/parasitology ; Commerce ; Female ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Japan ; Male ; Mites/*physiology ; Plants ; Reptiles/parasitology ; Tick-Borne Diseases/veterinary ; Ticks/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Japan's economy depends on the importation of natural resources, and as a result, Japan is subjected to a high risk of biological invasion. Although Japan has quarantine systems to protect ecosystems, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and human health against alien species, economic globalization has resulted in an ever-increasing risk of invasion. Mite invasion is no exception. Alien species that impact natural ecosystems are regulated in Japan by the Invasive Alien Species Act. However, the law focuses only on visibly recognizable species, so that species too small to see, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and mites, are beyond the scope of this law. The Plant Protection Law has limited the introduction of alien pests, including mites, that are harmful to agricultural crops. Recently, the liberalization of global trade policies have increased pressure to loosen regulations on various pests, including spider mites. Infectious diseases and their causative species are quarantined under the Rabies Prevention Law, the Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases Control Law, and the Human Infectious Diseases Control Law, but these laws do not cover wildlife diseases. The most serious problem is that wild reptiles, which can be carriers of ticks and tick-borne diseases, can be freely introduced to Japan. These loopholes in Japan's regulatory system have resulted in mite and tick invasions, which affect not only wildlife communities and human society but also endemism and biological diversity of natural mite populations.}, }
@article {pmid22998613, year = {2012}, author = {Lannes, LS and Bustamante, MMC and Edwards, PJ and Venterink, HO}, title = {Alien and endangered plants in the Brazilian Cerrado exhibit contrasting relationships with vegetation biomass and N : P stoichiometry.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {196}, number = {3}, pages = {816-823}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04363.x}, pmid = {22998613}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Biomass ; Biota ; Brazil ; Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Phosphorus/*metabolism ; *Plants/metabolism ; Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Although endangered and alien invasive plants are commonly assumed to persist under different environmental conditions, surprisingly few studies have investigated whether this is the case. We examined how endangered and alien species are distributed in relation to community biomass and N : P ratio in the above-ground community biomass in savanna vegetation in the Brazilian Cerrado. For 60 plots, we related the occurrence of endangered (Red List) and alien invasive species to plant species richness, vegetation biomass and N : P ratio, and soil variables. Endangered plants occurred mainly in plots with relatively low above-ground biomass and high N : P ratios, whereas alien invasive species occurred in plots with intermediate to high biomass and low N : P ratios. Occurrences of endangered or alien plants were unrelated to extractable N and P concentrations in the soil. These contrasting distributions in the Cerrado imply that alien species only pose a threat to endangered species if they are able to invade sites occupied by these species and increase the above-ground biomass and/or decrease the N : P ratio of the vegetation. We found some evidence that alien species do increase above-ground community biomass in the Cerrado, but their possible effect on N : P stoichiometry requires further study.}, }
@article {pmid22996740, year = {2012}, author = {Cronin, M and Stanton, RM and Francis, KP and Tangney, M}, title = {Bacterial vectors for imaging and cancer gene therapy: a review.}, journal = {Cancer gene therapy}, volume = {19}, number = {11}, pages = {731-740}, doi = {10.1038/cgt.2012.59}, pmid = {22996740}, issn = {1476-5500}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*genetics/metabolism ; Combined Modality Therapy/methods ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genes, Reporter ; Genetic Therapy/*methods ; Genetic Vectors/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; Luminescent Measurements/methods ; Neoplasms/microbiology/*therapy ; Optical Imaging/*methods ; Positron-Emission Tomography/methods ; }, abstract = {The significant burden of resistance to conventional anticancer treatments in patients with advanced disease has prompted the need to explore alternative therapeutic strategies. The challenge for oncology researchers is to identify a therapy which is selective for tumors with limited toxicity to normal tissue. Engineered bacteria have the unique potential to overcome traditional therapies' limitations by specifically targeting tumors. It has been shown that bacteria are naturally capable of homing to tumors when systemically administered resulting in high levels of replication locally, either external to (non-invasive species) or within tumor cells (pathogens). Pre-clinical and clinical investigations involving bacterial vectors require relevant means of monitoring vector trafficking and levels over time, and development of bacterial-specific real-time imaging modalities are key for successful development of clinical bacterial gene delivery. This review discusses the currently available imaging technologies and the progress to date exploiting these for monitoring of bacterial gene delivery in vivo.}, }
@article {pmid22996401, year = {2012}, author = {Jarić, I and Cvijanović, G}, title = {The Tens Rule in invasion biology: measure of a true impact or our lack of knowledge and understanding?.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {50}, number = {6}, pages = {979-981}, pmid = {22996401}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Biology/*methods ; Decision Making ; *Environmental Health ; }, abstract = {The Tens Rule, as well as the last stage described therein, i.e., the proportion of established species that becomes pests, is frequently perceived by the scientific community to indicate that introduced established species have little impact on communities. This belief is dangerous because it strengthens the perspective of the general public and decision makers that the risks of species introductions are largely overestimated. It is often difficult to detect the actual negative impact of an introduced established species. It might be less apparent or indirect; it might be delayed or masked by the "noise" caused by other anthropogenic disturbances. It is also likely that numerous ecological interactions are still not detected or properly understood. Therefore, the ten-percent rule might be more of an indicator of our lack of understanding of the impacts that established introduced species produce than the actual ratio of such species that produces negative impacts. In such a state of affairs, adopting the precautionary principle is crucial. The scientific community must be much more cautious and responsible regarding the message it delivers to the general public and management authorities.}, }
@article {pmid22995896, year = {2013}, author = {Britton, JR}, title = {Introduced parasites in food webs: new species, shifting structures?.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, pages = {93-99}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2012.08.020}, pmid = {22995896}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Animals ; *Food Chain ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Introduction of free-living species also results in co-introduction of their parasites. Since recent advances have shown that native parasites dramatically alter food web structure, I evaluate here how introduced parasites might reorganise food webs. Empirical evidence suggests that introduced parasites alter food webs qualitatively through topological changes and quantitatively through shifts in trophic relationships arising from modified host phenotypic traits. I argue that predicting the extent of food web reorganisation is, however, difficult due to underlying ecological and evolutionary processes that could provide contrasting food web outcomes, including enemy release, biotic resistance, and parasite spillover and spillback. Nevertheless, I suggest these food web reorganisations represent a further aspect of human-mediated global change resulting in irreversible consequences across multiple trophic levels.}, }
@article {pmid22994926, year = {2012}, author = {Sun, J and Wang, M and Wang, H and Zhang, H and Zhang, X and Thiyagarajan, V and Qian, PY and Qiu, JW}, title = {De novo assembly of the transcriptome of an invasive snail and its multiple ecological applications.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {1133-1144}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12014}, pmid = {22994926}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Asia ; Genetic Variation ; Genomics/*methods ; Hawaii ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Snails/*classification/*genetics ; Southwestern United States ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Studying how invasive species respond to environmental stress at the molecular level can help us assess their impact and predict their range expansion. Development of markers of genetic polymorphism can help us reconstruct their invasive route. However, to conduct such studies requires the presence of substantial amount of genomic resources. This study aimed to generate and characterize genomic resources using high throughput transcriptome sequencing for Pomacea canaliculata, a nonmodel gastropod indigenous to Argentina that has invaded Asia, Hawaii and southern United States. De novo assembly of the transcriptome resulted in 128,436 unigenes with an average length of 419 bp (range: 150-8556 bp). Many of the unigenes (2439) contained transposable elements, showing the existence of a source of genetic variability in response to stressful conditions. A total of 3196 microsatellites were detected in the transcriptome; among 20 of the randomly tested microsatellites, 10 were validated to exhibit polymorphism. A total of 15,412 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in the ORFs. LC-MS/MS analysis of the proteome of juveniles revealed 878 proteins, of which many are stress related. This study has demonstrated the great potential of high throughput DNA sequencing for rapid development of genomic resources for a nonmodel organism. Such resources can facilitate various molecular ecological studies, such as stress physiology and range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid22994548, year = {2013}, author = {Sun, J and Lu, M and Gillette, NE and Wingfield, MJ}, title = {Red turpentine beetle: innocuous native becomes invasive tree killer in China.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {58}, number = {}, pages = {293-311}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153624}, pmid = {22994548}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Ecosystem ; Fungi/physiology ; Herbivory ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Introduced Species/economics ; Pinus ; Population Dynamics ; Weevils/*microbiology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The red turpentine beetle (RTB), Dendroctonus valens LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is a secondary pest of pines in its native range in North and Central America. Outbreaks and tree mortality attributed to RTB alone are rare in its native range. RTB was introduced into China in the early 1980s and spread rapidly from Shanxi Province to four adjacent provinces; it has infested over 500,000 ha of pine forest and has caused extensive tree mortality since 1999. We provide a historical background on RTB outbreaks, explanations for its invasive success, management options, and economic impacts of RTB in China. Genetic variation in RTB fungal associates, interactions between RTB and its associated fungi, behavioral differences in Chinese RTB, and other factors favoring RTB outbreaks are considered in an effort to explain the invasiveness of RTB in China. The promise of semiochemicals as a management tool is also discussed.}, }
@article {pmid22994135, year = {2013}, author = {Hirata, H and Ishinabe, S and Jinnai, M and Asakawa, M and Ishihara, C}, title = {Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Babesia sp. NV-1 detected from wild American Mink (Neovison vison) in Hokkaido, Japan.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {99}, number = {2}, pages = {350-352}, doi = {10.1645/GE-3185.1}, pmid = {22994135}, issn = {1937-2345}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Babesia/classification/*genetics ; Babesiosis/parasitology/*veterinary ; Base Sequence ; Chaperonin Containing TCP-1/genetics ; DNA, Protozoan/chemistry ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry ; Dogs ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Mink/*parasitology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Raccoons ; Sequence Alignment/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Babesiosis is a tick-borne protozoan disease affecting many mammalian species worldwide, caused by the intraerythrocytic multiplication of Babesia spp. The present study aimed to detect the presence of Babesia sp. in 13 American mink from Hokkaido, Japan. One of 13 animals was positive, as indicated by nested PCR targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA (SSU rDNA) and subunit 7 (eta) of the chaperonin-containing t-complex polypeptide 1 (CCT7) genes from species of Babesia and Theileria. Sequencing of the PCR product of SSU rDNA revealed 99% homology to the isolates of Babesia sp. SAP#131 found in raccoons in Hokkaido, whereas that of the CCT7 gene showed 80% homology to the isolates of Babesia gibsoni in dogs as determined by BLAST analysis. We refer to the cognate sequence as Babesia sp. NV-1. Phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA and CCT7 genes from Babesia sp. NV-1 revealed them to be most closely related to the Babesia sp. SAP#131 from a raccoon in Hokkaido and to canine B. gibsoni, respectively. Here, we provide the first molecular evidence of the Babesia sp. NV-1 parasite in feral American mink (Neovison vison) in Hokkaido, Japan.}, }
@article {pmid22990813, year = {2012}, author = {Lessa, IC and Bergallo, HG}, title = {Modelling the population control of the domestic cat: an example from an island in Brazil.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {72}, number = {3}, pages = {445-452}, doi = {10.1590/s1519-69842012000300005}, pmid = {22990813}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Cats/*physiology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Population Control/methods ; Population Density ; Population Growth ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The domestic cat is an invasive species that often causes great impacts where introduced due to its high predatory and reproductive potential, especially on islands. In this study, carried out on Ilha Grande (RJ, Brazil), we aimed to: i) estimate the population density of domestic cats, ii) calculate the number of animals preyed upon annually by domestic cats, and iii) evaluate the efficiency of methods to control the cat population. We used the Vortex program to project the population growth of domestic cats in fifty years, and simulated different scenarios of population control (without control, castration, spay and harvest). Population density of owned cats was 662 cats/km[2]. The annual predation rate was 1.97 prey animals/cat which is an average of 1497.96 prey/year. The population would only be reduced if 70% of females were spayed or removed annually. Measures to control the domestic cat population must be undertaken urgently, since uncontrolled growth of this predator has the potential to seriously impact the biodiversity of Ilha Grande.}, }
@article {pmid22990602, year = {2012}, author = {Pereyra, PJ and Rossini, GB and Darrigran, G}, title = {Toxicity of Neem's oil, a potential biocide against the invasive mussel Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker 1857).}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {84}, number = {4}, pages = {1065-1071}, doi = {10.1590/s0001-37652012005000059}, pmid = {22990602}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*drug effects ; Disinfectants/*toxicity ; Glycerides/*toxicity ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/drug effects ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Terpenes/*toxicity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker 1857) is one of the most distributed Nuisance Invasive Species (NIS) in South America, and a threat of great concern for the industry of the area. In this study, we carried out toxicity tests made with a Neem's oil solution with L. fortunei larvae and benthonic adults (7, 13 and 19 ± 1 mm). Tests with non-target species (Daphnia magna, Lactuca sativa and Cnesterodon decemmculatus) were also made with the aim to evaluate the potential toxicity of the Neem's solution in the environment. The LC(100) of Neem's solution obtained for larvae was 500 µl/L, a value much higher than the one obtained for D. magna and C. decemmaculatus. Thus, we recommend that it should not be used in open waters. However, since the adults were killed in 72 h and the larvae in 24 h, this product can be used in closed systems, in man-made facilities.}, }
@article {pmid22984467, year = {2012}, author = {Buckley, RC and Castley, JG and Pegas, Fde V and Mossaz, AC and Steven, R}, title = {A population accounting approach to assess tourism contributions to conservation of IUCN-redlisted mammal species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, pages = {e44134}, pmid = {22984467}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Weight ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Endangered Species ; Extinction, Biological ; *Internationality ; Mammals/*growth &amp; development ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; *Travel ; }, abstract = {Over 1,000 mammal species are red-listed by IUCN, as Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. Conservation of many threatened mammal species, even inside protected areas, depends on costly active day-to-day defence against poaching, bushmeat hunting, invasive species and habitat encroachment. Many parks agencies worldwide now rely heavily on tourism for routine operational funding: >50% in some cases. This puts rare mammals at a new risk, from downturns in tourism driven by external socioeconomic factors. Using the survival of individual animals as a metric or currency of successful conservation, we calculate here what proportions of remaining populations of IUCN-redlisted mammal species are currently supported by funds from tourism. This proportion is ≥ 5% for over half of the species where relevant data exist, ≥ 15% for one fifth, and up to 66% in a few cases. Many of these species, especially the most endangered, survive only in one single remaining subpopulation. These proportions are not correlated either with global population sizes or recognition as wildlife tourism icons. Most of the more heavily tourism-dependent species, however, are medium sized (>7.5 kg) or larger. Historically, biological concern over the growth of tourism in protected areas has centered on direct disturbance to wildlife. These results show that conservation of threatened mammal species has become reliant on revenue from tourism to a previously unsuspected degree. On the one hand, this provides new opportunities for conservation funding; but on the other, dependence on such an uncertain source of funding is a new, large and growing threat to red-listed species.}, }
@article {pmid22983299, year = {2013}, author = {Klose, K and Cooper, SD}, title = {Complex impacts of an invasive omnivore and native consumers on stream communities in California and Hawaii.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {171}, number = {4}, pages = {945-960}, pmid = {22983299}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Biomass ; *Biota ; California ; Decapoda/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; *Rivers ; Snails/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The effects of invasive species on native communities often depend on the characteristics of the recipient community and on the food habits of the invasive species, becoming complicated when the invader is omnivorous. In field enclosure experiments, we assessed the direct and interactive effects of an invasive omnivorous crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and either native herbivorous snails (Physella gyrina) or shrimp (Atyoida bisulcata) on stream communities in California and Hawaii, respectively. Based on literature data and the characteristics of each study site, we predicted that crayfish would affect primarily algal-based trophic linkages in an open California stream but detritus-based trophic linkages in a shaded Hawaiian stream, with trophic cascades mediated through crayfish effects on primary consumers being observed in both systems. As predicted, crayfish in California directly reduced periphyton, filamentous algae, sediment, and snail levels, but generated a cascade by decreasing snail densities and increasing periphyton biomass. Contrary to prediction, crayfish did not reduce total invertebrate biomass. As predicted, crayfish in Hawaii reduced leaf litter, filamentous algae, and benthic invertebrate biomass. Contrary to our predictions, however, a trophic cascade was not observed because shrimp did not affect periphyton levels, crayfish did not reduce shrimp abundance, and crayfish had greater negative impacts on filamentous algae than did shrimp. Our findings highlight that the same invasive species can generate different effects on disparate systems, probably as mediated through the availability of different food types, flexibility in the invasive species' food habits, and complex pathways of trophic interaction.}, }
@article {pmid22982509, year = {2012}, author = {Zhang, F and Tao, Y and Hui, C}, title = {Organism-induced habitat restoration leads to bi-stability in metapopulations.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences}, volume = {240}, number = {2}, pages = {260-266}, doi = {10.1016/j.mbs.2012.08.006}, pmid = {22982509}, issn = {1879-3134}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Following Levins' patch occupancy model, we presented a differential-equation model, in which both the metapopulation dynamics and the dynamics of the fraction of suitable patches in the habitat are characterized. Habitat restoration induced by organism itself (internal restoration) and by other organisms or/and abiotic causes (external restoration) were incorporated in the model, together with habitat destruction. Stability analysis revealed the existence of alternative equilibriums (i.e., bi-stability) in the system. The internal restoration of habitat was identified as the trigger for the bi-stability, whereas the external restoration, in contrast, can eliminate the bi-stability from the system. The results, thus, emphasize the important role of the organism-environment feedback in biological conservation.}, }
@article {pmid22978906, year = {2012}, author = {Buscaino, G and Filiciotto, F and Buffa, G and Di Stefano, V and Maccarrone, V and Buscaino, C and Mazzola, S and Alonge, G and D'Angelo, S and Maccarrone, V}, title = {The underwater acoustic activities of the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii.}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {132}, number = {3}, pages = {1792-1798}, doi = {10.1121/1.4742744}, pmid = {22978906}, issn = {1520-8524}, mesh = {Acoustics ; *Animal Communication ; Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Circadian Rhythm ; Female ; *Immersion ; Linear Models ; Male ; *Movement ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; *Social Behavior ; Sound Spectrography ; Time Factors ; Video Recording ; *Water ; }, abstract = {This study describes the underwater acoustic behavior of the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. The study was conducted both in a tank and in the natural environment. The tank was equipped with video and acoustic recording systems. Observations were conducted to identify the underwater acoustic signals produced and their association with behavioral events and the movement status of the animals. In a lake in a natural reserve, a remote acoustic recording station was used to study the circadian underwater acoustic activity of the crayfish and to assess the acoustic features of the signals. The red swamp crayfish produces irregular trains of wide-band pulses (duration 0.4 ms, SPL(PK) 128 dB re 1 μPa, peak frequency 28 kHz, bandwidth(RMS) 20 kHz). The production of signals is positively related to intraspecific interactions (encounter/approach, fighting and successive Tail Flips). In the natural environment, acoustic activity is almost absent during the day, increases abruptly at sunset and continues until dawn. This study reveals the previously unknown underwater acoustic signals of Procambarus clarkii and the potential of passive acoustic methods to monitor the presence, the abundance and the behavioral activities of this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid22976016, year = {2012}, author = {Stegen, JC and Enquist, BJ and Ferrière, R}, title = {Eco-evolutionary community dynamics: covariation between diversity and invasibility across temperature gradients.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {180}, number = {4}, pages = {E110-26}, doi = {10.1086/667577}, pmid = {22976016}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Understanding biodiversity gradients is a long-standing challenge, and progress requires theory unifying ecology and evolution. Here, we unify concepts related to the speed of evolution, the influence of species richness on diversification, and niche-based coexistence. We focus on the dynamics, through evolutionary time, of community invasibility and species richness across a broad thermal gradient. In our framework, the evolution of body size influences the ecological structure and dynamics of a trophic network, and organismal metabolism ties temperature to eco-evolutionary processes. The framework distinguishes ecological invasibility (governed by ecological interactions) from evolutionary invasibility (governed by local ecology and constraints imposed by small phenotypic effects of mutation). The model yields four primary predictions: (1) ecological invasibility declines through time and with increasing temperature; (2) average evolutionary invasibility across communities increases and then decreases through time as the richness-temperature gradient flattens; (3) in the early stages of diversification, richness and evolutionary invasibility both increase with increasing temperature; and (4) at equilibrium, richness does not vary with temperature, yet evolutionary invasibility decreases with increasing temperature. These predictions emerge from the "evolutionary-speed" hypothesis, which attempts to account for latitudinal species richness gradients by invoking faster biological rates in warmer, tropical regions. The model contrasts with predictions from other richness-gradient hypotheses, such as "niche conservatism" and "species energy." Empirically testing our model's predictions should help distinguish among these hypotheses.}, }
@article {pmid22976015, year = {2012}, author = {Montesinos, D and Santiago, G and Callaway, RM}, title = {Neo-allopatry and rapid reproductive isolation.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {180}, number = {4}, pages = {529-533}, doi = {10.1086/667585}, pmid = {22976015}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; California ; Centaurea/*physiology ; Genetic Speciation ; Introduced Species ; Pollination ; Reproduction ; *Reproductive Isolation ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Over the past 3 centuries, many species have been dispersed beyond their natural geographic limits by humans, but to our knowledge, reproductive isolation has not been demonstrated for such neo-allopatric species. We grew seeds from three species of Centaurea (Centaurea solstitialis, Centaurea calcitrapa, and Centaurea sulphurea) that are native to Spain and have been introduced into California, and we tested to what extent seed production was affected by pollen source. Compared with within-population crosses, seed production decreased by 52% and 44%, respectively, when C. solstitialis and C. sulphurea from California were pollinated with conspecific pollen from native populations in Spain. This implies rapid evolution of reproductive isolation between populations in their native and nonnative ranges. Whether reproductive isolation has evolved following the introduction of other species is unknown, but additional cases are likely, considering the large number of neo-allopatric species.}, }
@article {pmid22973071, year = {2012}, author = {Pergl, J and Pyšek, P and Perglová, I and Jarošík, V and Procheş, S}, title = {Low persistence of a monocarpic invasive plant in historical sites biases our perception of its actual distribution.}, journal = {Journal of biogeography}, volume = {39}, number = {7}, pages = {1293-1302}, pmid = {22973071}, issn = {0305-0270}, abstract = {AIM: As accurate and up-to-date distribution data for plant species are rarely available, cumulative records over long periods of time are frequently used for mapping distributions, without taking into account that species do not persist in their historical localities forever. However, persistence is highly relevant in changing modern landscapes, especially for invasive species that dynamically spread in unstable human-made habitats. We studied how an invasive species, Heracleum mantegazzianum, persists at sites once colonized and how its ability to persist affects its distribution. LOCATION: The Czech Republic. METHODS: We visited 521 localities of H. mantegazzianum occurrence reported in the literature and herbaria to determine whether the species still occurs at these sites. By using G-tests and classification trees, we explored the roles of various factors affecting its persistence at a site. RESULTS: Of the total number of 521 historical sites at which the species has occurred since the end of the 19th century, it persists at only 124 (23.8%). The persistence rate differs with respect to habitat type and is highest in meadows and forest margins. Analysis using classification trees indicated that the factors that best explain persistence are: type of habitat (with meadow and forest margins over-represented); urbanity (with a higher persistence outside urban areas); proximity to the place of the species' introduction into the country; metapopulation connectivity; and distance to the nearest neighbouring population. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: The use of cumulative historical records as a measure of species distribution, which is common in invasion literature, can seriously overestimate the actual distribution of alien plant species with low persistence. In the case of alien species such as H. mantegazzanium, which is non-clonal and reproduces only by seed, estimates of distribution and spread based on historical data are informative about potentially suitable habitat but may be unreliable as indicators of current occurrence and invasion dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid22972271, year = {2012}, author = {Butler, D}, title = {Europe on alert for flying invaders.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {489}, number = {7415}, pages = {187-188}, doi = {10.1038/489187a}, pmid = {22972271}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Alphavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Animals ; Chikungunya Fever ; *Culicidae/physiology/virology ; Europe/epidemiology ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; *Insect Vectors/physiology/virology ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control/methods/*trends ; Population Surveillance ; }, }
@article {pmid22971459, year = {2013}, author = {Silva-Brandão, KL and Almeida, LC and Moraes, SS and Cônsoli, FL}, title = {Using population genetic methods to identify the origin of an invasive population and to diagnose cryptic subspecies of Telchin licus (Lepidoptera: Castniidae).}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {103}, number = {1}, pages = {89-97}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485312000430}, pmid = {22971459}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics/metabolism ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Moths/*classification/*genetics/metabolism ; NADH Dehydrogenase/genetics/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Telchin licus, the giant sugarcane borer, is an important pest species of sugarcane in northeast Brazil. Four subspecies of Telchin licus are recognized in Brazil based on their geographic distribution and subtle differences in wing colour pattern. Some taxa are morphologically indistinguishable, and their accurate identification is key to their efficient control. Mitochondrial genes sequences (cytochrome oxidase I and subunit 6 of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase) were applied to delimit taxonomic entities of T. licus, and to infer the origin of a newly established population in the state of São Paulo. The molecular data indicated that specimens sampled at different regions in Brazil are morphologically cryptic but genetically isolated entities, and at least three subspecies were assigned to the sampled localities. These data also suggested that the population collected from the state of São Paulo must have a common origin with populations from northeast Brazil, which corroborate the hypothesis that ornamental plants infested with larvae of T. licus might have been transported from the northeast to the southeast regions.}, }
@article {pmid22970258, year = {2012}, author = {Paini, DR and Yemshanov, D}, title = {Modelling the arrival of invasive organisms via the international marine shipping network: a Khapra beetle study.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, pages = {e44589}, pmid = {22970258}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Coleoptera ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Species can sometimes spread significant distances beyond their natural dispersal ability by anthropogenic means. International shipping routes and the transport of shipping containers, in particular are a commonly recognised pathway for the introduction of invasive species. Species can gain access to a shipping container and remain inside, hidden and undetected for long periods. Currently, government biosecurity agencies charged with intercepting and removing these invasive species when they arrive to a county's border only assess the most immediate point of loading in evaluating a shipping container's risk profile. However, an invasive species could have infested a container previous to this point and travelled undetected before arriving at the border. To assess arrival risk for an invasive species requires analysing the international shipping network in order to identify the most likely source countries and the domestic ports of entry where the species is likely to arrive. We analysed an international shipping network and generated pathway simulations using a first-order Markov chain model to identify possible source ports and countries for the arrival of Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) to Australia. We found Kaohsiung (Taiwan) and Busan (Republic of Korea) to be the most likely sources for Khapra beetle arrival, while the port of Melbourne was the most likely point of entry to Australia. Sensitivity analysis revealed significant stability in the rankings of foreign and Australian ports. This methodology provides a reliable modelling tool to identify and rank possible sources for an invasive species that could arrive at some time in the future. Such model outputs can be used by biosecurity agencies concerned with inspecting incoming shipping containers and wishing to optimise their inspection protocols.}, }
@article {pmid22970238, year = {2012}, author = {Porretta, D and Mastrantonio, V and Bellini, R and Somboon, P and Urbanelli, S}, title = {Glacial history of a modern invader: phylogeography and species distribution modelling of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, pages = {e44515}, pmid = {22970238}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aedes/classification/genetics/*physiology ; Animals ; Climate Change ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Geography ; *Ice ; Models, Theoretical ; *Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is one of the 100 most invasive species in the world and a vector of human diseases. In the last 30 years, it has spread from its native range in East Asia to Africa, Europe, and the Americas. Although this modern invasion has been the focus of many studies, the history of the species' native populations remains poorly understood. Here, we aimed to assess the role of Pleistocene climatic changes in shaping the current distribution of the species in its native range.<br><br>We investigated the phylogeography, historical demography, and species distribution of Ae. albopictus native populations at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Individuals from 16 localities from East Asia were analyzed for sequence variation at two mitochondrial genes. No phylogeographic structure was observed across the study area. Demographic analyses showed a signature of population expansion that started roughly 70,000 years BP. The occurrence of a continuous and climatically suitable area comprising Southeast China, Indochinese Peninsula, and Sundaland during LGM was indicated by species distribution modelling.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggest an evolutionary scenario in which, during the last glacial phase, Ae. albopictus did not experience a fragmentation phase but rather persisted in interconnected populations and experienced demographic growth. The wide ecological flexibility of the species probably played a crucial role in its response to glacial-induced environmental changes. Currently, there is little information on the impact of Pleistocene climatic changes on animal species in East Asia. Most of the studies focused on forest-associated species and suggested cycles of glacial fragmentation and post-glacial expansion. The case of Ae. albopictus, which exhibits a pattern not previously observed in the study area, adds an important piece to our understanding of the Pleistocene history of East Asian biota.}, }
@article {pmid22961328, year = {2013}, author = {Schulz, BK and Gray, AN}, title = {The new flora of northeastern USA: quantifying introduced plant species occupancy in forest ecosystems.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {185}, number = {5}, pages = {3931-3957}, pmid = {22961328}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; New England ; Plants/*classification ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Introduced plant species have significant negative impacts in many ecosystems and are found in many forests around the world. Some factors linked to the distribution of introduced species include fragmentation and disturbance, native species richness, and climatic and physical conditions of the landscape. However, there are few data sources that enable the assessment of introduced species occupancy in native plant communities over broad regions. Vegetation data from 1,302 forest inventory plots across 24 states in northeastern and mid-western USA were used to examine and compare the distribution of introduced species in relation to forest fragmentation across ecological provinces and forest types, and to examine correlations between native and introduced species richness. There were 305 introduced species recorded, and 66 % of all forested plots had at least one introduced species. Forest edge plots had higher constancy and occupancy of introduced species than intact forest plots, but the differences varied significantly among ecological provinces and, to a lesser degree, forest types. Weak but significant positive correlations between native and introduced species richness were observed most often in intact forests. Rosa multiflora was the most common introduced species recorded across the region, but Hieracium aurantiacum and Epipactus helleborine were dominant in some ecological provinces. Identifying regions and forest types with high and low constancies and occupation by introduced species can help target forest stands where management actions will be the most effective. Identifying seemingly benign introduced species that are more prevalent than realized will help focus attention on newly emerging invasives.}, }
@article {pmid22957158, year = {2012}, author = {Kolbe, JJ and Vanmiddlesworth, PS and Losin, N and Dappen, N and Losos, JB}, title = {Climatic niche shift predicts thermal trait response in one but not both introductions of the Puerto Rican lizard Anolis cristatellus to Miami, Florida, USA.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {7}, pages = {1503-1516}, pmid = {22957158}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Global change is predicted to alter environmental conditions for populations in numerous ways; for example, invasive species often experience substantial shifts in climatic conditions during introduction from their native to non-native ranges. Whether these shifts elicit a phenotypic response, and how adaptation and phenotypic plasticity contribute to phenotypic change, are key issues for understanding biological invasions and how populations may respond to local climate change. We combined modeling, field data, and a laboratory experiment to test for changing thermal tolerances during the introduction of the tropical lizard Anolis cristatellus from Puerto Rico to Miami, Florida. Species distribution models and bioclimatic data analyses showed lower minimum temperatures, and greater seasonal and annual variation in temperature for Miami compared to Puerto Rico. Two separate introductions of A. cristatellus occurred in Miami about 12 km apart, one in South Miami and the other on Key Biscayne, an offshore island. As predicted from the shift in the thermal climate and the thermal tolerances of other Anolis species in Miami, laboratory acclimation and field acclimatization showed that the introduced South Miami population of A. cristatellus has diverged from its native-range source population by acquiring low-temperature acclimation ability. By contrast, the introduced Key Biscayne population showed little change compared to its source. Our analyses predicted an adaptive response for introduced populations, but our comparisons to native-range sources provided evidence for thermal plasticity in one introduced population but not the other. The rapid acquisition of thermal plasticity by A. cristatellus in South Miami may be advantageous for its long-term persistence there and expansion of its non-native range. Our results also suggest that the common assumption of no trait variation when modeling non-native species distributions is invalid.}, }
@article {pmid22957143, year = {2012}, author = {Zhan, A and Darling, JA and Bock, DG and Lacoursière-Roussel, A and Macisaac, HJ and Cristescu, ME}, title = {Complex genetic patterns in closely related colonizing invasive species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {7}, pages = {1331-1346}, pmid = {22957143}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Anthropogenic activities frequently result in both rapidly changing environments and translocation of species from their native ranges (i.e., biological invasions). Empirical studies suggest that many factors associated with these changes can lead to complex genetic patterns, particularly among invasive populations. However, genetic complexities and factors responsible for them remain uncharacterized in many cases. Here, we explore these issues in the vase tunicate Ciona intestinalis (Ascidiacea: Enterogona: Cionidae), a model species complex, of which spA and spB are rapidly spreading worldwide. We intensively sampled 26 sites (N = 873) from both coasts of North America, and performed phylogenetic and population genetics analyses based on one mitochondrial fragment (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3-NADH dehydrogenase subunit I, COX3-ND1) and eight nuclear microsatellites. Our analyses revealed extremely complex genetic patterns in both species on both coasts. We detected a contrasting pattern based on the mitochondrial marker: two major genetic groups in C. intestinalis spA on the west coast versus no significant geographic structure in C. intestinalis spB on the east coast. For both species, geo-graphically distant populations often showed high microsatellite-based genetic affinities whereas neighboring ones often did not. In addition, mitochondrial and nuclear markers provided largely inconsistent genetic patterns. Multiple factors, including random genetic drift associated with demographic changes, rapid selection due to strong local adaptation, and varying propensity for human-mediated propagule dispersal could be responsible for the observed genetic complexities.}, }
@article {pmid22957029, year = {2012}, author = {Wurster, CM and Robertson, J and Westcott, DA and Dryden, B and Zazzo, A and Bird, MI}, title = {Utilization of sugarcane habitat by feral pig (Sus scrofa) in northern tropical Queensland: evidence from the stable isotope composition of hair.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, pages = {e43538}, pmid = {22957029}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Geography ; Hair/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Isotopes/analysis ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; Queensland ; Saccharum/*metabolism ; Swine ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) are an invasive species that disrupt ecosystem functioning throughout their introduced range. In tropical environments, feral pigs are associated with predation and displacement of endangered species, modification of habitat, and act as a vector for the spread of exotic vegetation and disease. Across many parts of their introduced range, the diet of feral pigs is poorly known. Although the remote location and difficult terrain of far north Queensland makes observing feral pig behavior difficult, feral pigs are perceived to seek refuge in World Heritage tropical rainforests and seasonally 'crop raid' into lowland sugarcane crops. Thus, identifying how feral pigs are using different components of the landscape is important to the design of management strategies. We used the stable isotope composition of captured feral pigs to determine the extent of rainforest and sugarcane habitat usage. Recently grown hair (basal hair) from feral pigs captured in remote rainforest indicated pigs met their dietary needs solely within this habitat. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values of basal hair from feral pigs captured near sugarcane plantations were more variable, with some individuals estimated to consume over 85% of their diet within a sugarcane habitat, while a few consumed as much as 90% of their diet from adjacent forested environments. We estimated whether feral pigs switch habitats by sequentially sampling δ(13)C and δ(15)N values of long tail hair from a subset of seven captured animals, and demonstrate that four of these individuals moved between habitats. Our results indicate that feral pigs utilize both sugarcane and forest habitats, and can switch between these resources.}, }
@article {pmid22956533, year = {2012}, author = {Zeiter, M and Stampfli, A}, title = {Positive diversity-invasibility relationship in species-rich semi-natural grassland at the neighbourhood scale.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {110}, number = {7}, pages = {1385-1393}, pmid = {22956533}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Fungi/physiology/radiation effects ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; *Models, Statistical ; Mycorrhizae/physiology/radiation effects ; Poaceae/microbiology/*physiology/radiation effects ; Seasons ; Seedlings/microbiology/physiology/radiation effects ; Seeds/microbiology/physiology/radiation effects ; Soil ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Attempts to answer the old question of whether high diversity causes high invasion resistance have resulted in an invasion paradox: while large-scale studies often find a positive relationship between diversity and invasibility, small-scale experimental studies often find a negative relationship. Many of the small-scale studies are conducted in artificial communities of even-aged plants. Species in natural communities, however, do not represent one simultaneous cohort and occur at various levels of spatial aggregation at different scales. This study used natural patterns of diversity to assess the relationship between diversity and invasibility within a uniformly managed, semi-natural community.<br><br>METHODS: In species-rich grassland, one seed of each of ten species was added to each of 50 contiguous 16 cm(2) quadrats within seven plots (8 &#xd7; 100 cm). The emergence of these species was recorded in seven control plots, and establishment success was measured in relation to the species diversity of the resident vegetation at two spatial scales, quadrat (64 cm(2)) within plots (800 cm(2)) and between plots within the site (approx. 400 m(2)) over 46 months.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Invader success was positively related to resident species diversity and richness over a range of 28-37 species per plot. This relationship emerged 7 months after seed addition and remained over time despite continuous mortality of invaders.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Biotic resistance to plant invasion may play only a sub-ordinate role in species-rich, semi-natural grassland. As possible alternative explanations for the positive diversity-invasibility relationship are not clear, it is recommended that future studies elaborate fine-scale environmental heterogeneity in resource supplies or potential resource flows from resident species to seedlings by means of soil biological networks established by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.}, }
@article {pmid22952976, year = {2012}, author = {Rogalski, MA and Skelly, DK}, title = {Positive effects of nonnative invasive Phragmites australis on larval bullfrogs.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {e44420}, pmid = {22952976}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Multivariate Analysis ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Rana catesbeiana/*growth &amp; development ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Nonnative Phragmites australis (common reed) is one of the most intensively researched and managed invasive plant species in the United States, yet as with many invasive species, our ability to predict, control or understand the consequences of invasions is limited. Rapid spread of dense Phragmites monocultures has prompted efforts to limit its expansion and remove existing stands. Motivation for large-scale Phragmites eradication programs includes purported negative impacts on native wildlife, a view based primarily on observational results. We took an experimental approach to test this assumption, estimating the effects of nonnative Phragmites australis on a native amphibian.<br><br>Concurrent common garden and reciprocal transplant field experiments revealed consistently strong positive influences of Phragmites on Rana catesbeiana (North American bullfrog) larval performance. Decomposing Phragmites litter appears to contribute to the effect.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Positive effects of Phragmites merit further research, particularly in regions where both Phragmites and R. catesbeiana are invasive. More broadly, the findings of this study reinforce the importance of experimental evaluations of the effects of biological invasion to make informed conservation and restoration decisions.}, }
@article {pmid22952271, year = {2012}, author = {Kochmann, J and Carlsson, J and Crowe, TP and Mariani, S}, title = {Genetic evidence for the uncoupling of local aquaculture activities and a population of an invasive species--a case study of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas).}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {103}, number = {5}, pages = {661-671}, doi = {10.1093/jhered/ess042}, pmid = {22952271}, issn = {1465-7333}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; *Aquaculture ; Bayes Theorem ; Crassostrea/classification/*genetics ; Estuaries ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Loci ; Genetic Variation ; Heterozygote ; *Introduced Species ; Ireland ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeography ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Human-mediated introduction of nonnative species into coastal areas via aquaculture is one of the main pathways that can lead to biological invasions. To develop strategies to counteract invasions, it is critical to determine whether populations establishing in the wild are self-sustaining or based on repeated introductions. Invasions by the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) have been associated with the growing oyster aquaculture industry worldwide. In this study, temporal genetic variability of farmed and wild oysters from the largest enclosed bay in Ireland was assessed to reconstruct the recent biological history of the feral populations using 7 anonymous microsatellites and 7 microsatellites linked to expressed sequence tags (ESTs). There was no evidence of EST-linked markers showing footprints of selection. Allelic richness was higher in feral than in aquaculture samples (P = 0.003, paired t-test). Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium due to heterozygote deficiencies were detected for almost all loci and samples, most likely explained by the presence of null alleles. Relatively high genetic differentiation was found between aquaculture and feral oysters (largest pairwise multilocus F(ST) 0.074, P < 0.01) and between year classes of oysters from aquaculture (largest pairwise multilocus F(ST) 0.073, P < 0.01), which was also confirmed by the strong separation of aquaculture and wild samples using Bayesian clustering approaches. A 10-fold higher effective population size (N(e)) and a high number of private alleles in wild oysters suggest an established self-sustaining feral population. The wild oyster population studied appears demographically independent from the current aquaculture activities in the estuary and alternative scenarios of introduction pathways are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid22951742, year = {2012}, author = {Liebl, AL and Martin, LB}, title = {Exploratory behaviour and stressor hyper-responsiveness facilitate range expansion of an introduced songbird.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {279}, number = {1746}, pages = {4375-4381}, pmid = {22951742}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Corticosterone/*blood ; *Exploratory Behavior ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Kenya ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; Sparrows/*physiology ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Global anthropogenic changes are occurring at an unprecedented rate; one change, human-facilitated introduction of species outside their native range, has had significant ecological and economic impacts. Surprisingly, what traits facilitate range expansions post-introduction is relatively unknown. This information could help predict future expansions of introduced species as well as native species shifting their ranges as climate conditions change. Here, we asked whether specific behavioural and physiological traits were important in the ongoing expansion of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) across Kenya. We predicted that birds at the site of initial introduction (Mombasa, introduced approx. 1950) would behave and regulate corticosterone, a stress hormone, differently than birds at the range edge (Kakamega, approx. 885 km from Mombasa; colonized within the last 5 years). Specifically, we predicted greater exploratory behaviour and stronger corticosterone response to stressors in birds at the range edge, which may facilitate the identification, resolution and memory of stressors. Indeed, we found that distance from Mombasa (a proxy for population age) was a strong predictor of both exploratory behaviour and corticosterone release in response to restraint (but only while birds were breeding). These results suggest that certain behavioural and neuroendocrine traits may influence the ability of species to colonize novel habitats.}, }
@article {pmid22949924, year = {2012}, author = {Szűcs, M and Eigenbrode, SD and Schwarzländer, M and Schaffner, U}, title = {Hybrid vigor in the biological control agent, Longitarsus jacobaeae.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {5}, number = {5}, pages = {489-497}, pmid = {22949924}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Hybridization is an important evolutionary mechanism that can increase the fitness and adaptive potential of populations. A growing body of evidence supports its importance as a key factor contributing to rapid evolution in invasive species, but the effects of hybridization have rarely been assessed in intentionally introduced biological control agents. We investigated hybrids between a Swiss and an Italian population of the beetle, Longitarsus jacobaeae, a biological control agent of Jacobaea vulgaris, by reciprocally crossing individuals in the laboratory. Phenological traits of F1 and F2 hybrid lineages showed intermediate values relative to their parental populations, with some maternal influence. Fitness of the F2 generation, measured as lifetime fecundity, was higher than that of the Italian parent in one of the lineages and higher than that of either parent in the other hybrid lineage. The increased fecundity of hybrids may benefit tansy ragwort biological control by increasing the establishment success and facilitating a more rapid population buildup in the early generations. Even though the long-term consequences of hybridization in this and other systems are hard to predict, intentional hybridization may be a useful tool in biological control strategies as it would promote similar microevolutionary processes operating in numerous targeted invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid22947484, year = {2012}, author = {Jamieson, MA and Seastedt, TR and Bowers, MD}, title = {Nitrogen enrichment differentially affects above- and belowground plant defense.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {99}, number = {10}, pages = {1630-1637}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1100492}, pmid = {22947484}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Biomass ; Flowers/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; Iridoid Glycosides/metabolism ; Linaria/growth &amp; development/*immunology/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Pheromones/metabolism ; Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Human nitrogen (N) inputs to terrestrial ecosystems have greatly increased in recent years and may have important consequences for plant growth, reproduction, and defense. Although numerous studies have investigated the effects of nitrogen addition on plants, few have examined both above- and belowground responses within a range of predicted increase and apart from concomitant increases in other nutrients. •<br><br>METHODS: We conducted a greenhouse experiment to study the consequences of increased nitrogen inputs, such as those from atmospheric N deposition, on plant performance, chemical defenses, and allocation tradeoffs for an invasive species, Linaria dalmatica. This plant produces iridoid glycosides, which are a group of terpenoid compounds. &#x2022;<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Soil nitrogen enrichment increased growth, reproduction, and whole-plant iridoid glycosides while decreasing some costs of defense. Interestingly, nitrogen addition had varying effects on defense allocation to above- and belowground tissues. Specifically, there was no change in iridoid glycoside concentrations of shoots, whereas concentrations decreased in flowers by ~35% and increased in roots by >400%. &#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Observed increases in plant performance and chemical defenses may have implications for the invasion potential of L. dalmatica. Moreover, our results highlight the importance of evaluating both above- and belowground plant defenses. In particular, findings presented here indicate that research focused on leaf-level defenses may not detect key allelochemical responses, including changes in plant resistance traits that could affect consumers (e.g., herbivores and pathogens) that specialize on different plant tissues as well as plant fitness and invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid22945880, year = {2013}, author = {Chevillon, C and de Garine-Wichatitsky, M and Barré, N and Ducornez, S and de Meeûs, T}, title = {Understanding the genetic, demographical and/or ecological processes at play in invasions: lessons from the southern cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae).}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {59}, number = {1-2}, pages = {203-218}, pmid = {22945880}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cattle/*parasitology ; Deer/parasitology ; Drug Resistance ; Genetics, Population/methods ; Geography ; *Host Specificity ; *Introduced Species ; New Caledonia ; Rhipicephalus/*genetics ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Tick Control ; }, abstract = {The southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, is the ixodid species causing the largest economic losses in tropical agrosystems because of its recurrent invasive success, explosive demography on bovine herds, vector competence for diverse pathogens and frequent development of acaricide resistance. Its ecology and the physiological bases of the acaricide resistances it developed, as well as alternative tick control measures, have been intensively studied for decades. By contrast, the tick population genetic structure and its remarkable ability to quickly adapt to new environments have not yet received much attention. We investigated such issues using population genetics analyses in the recently invaded island New Caledonia. In this paper we aim to describe some guidelines for acarologists willing to investigate the processes at play in Acari invasions. Particular emphasis is given to the accuracy of sampling designs and sampling scales for population genetics to be actually informative on the demographical processes of the species (i.e., its mating rules, the determinants of population limits, population sizes, the relationships between genetic exchanges and geographical distances and relevant ecological factors).}, }
@article {pmid22943470, year = {2012}, author = {Richardson, DM and Pyšek, P}, title = {Naturalization of introduced plants: ecological drivers of biogeographical patterns.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {196}, number = {2}, pages = {383-396}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04292.x}, pmid = {22943470}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Geography ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Development ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The literature on biological invasions is biased in favour of invasive species--those that spread and often reach high abundance following introduction by humans. It is, however, also important to understand previous stages in the introduction-naturalization-invasion continuum ('the continuum'), especially the factors that mediate naturalization. The emphasis on invasiveness is partly because most invasions are only recognized once species occupy large adventive ranges or start to spread. Also, many studies lump all alien species, and fail to separate introduced, naturalized and invasive populations and species. These biases impede our ability to elucidate the full suite of drivers of invasion and to predict invasion dynamics, because different factors mediate progression along different sections of the continuum. A better understanding of the determinants of naturalization is important because all naturalized species are potential invaders. Processes leading to naturalization act differently in different regions and global biogeographical patterns of plant invasions result from the interaction of population-biological, macroecological and human-induced factors. We explore what is known about how determinants of naturalization in plants interact at various scales, and how their importance varies along the continuum. Research that is explicitly linked to particular stages of the continuum can generate new information that is appropriate for improving the management of biological invasions if, for example, potentially invasive species are identified before they exert an impact.}, }
@article {pmid22943057, year = {2012}, author = {Keller, SR and Gilbert, KJ and Fields, PD and Taylor, DR}, title = {Bayesian inference of a complex invasion history revealed by nuclear and chloroplast genetic diversity in the colonizing plant, Silene latifolia.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {21}, number = {19}, pages = {4721-4734}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05751.x}, pmid = {22943057}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Chloroplast/genetics ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Europe ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population/*methods ; Genome, Chloroplast ; Genome, Plant ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; North America ; Principal Component Analysis ; Silene/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Species invading new ranges are subject to a series of demographic events that can strongly shape genetic diversity. Describing this demographic history is important for understanding where invasive species come from and how they spread, and is critical to testing hypotheses of postinvasion adaptation. Here, we analyse nuclear and chloroplast genetic diversity to study the invasion history of the widespread colonizing weed, Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae). Bayesian clustering and PCA revealed strong population structure in the native range of Europe, and although genotypes from multiple native sources were present in the introduced range of North America, the spatial distribution of genetic variance was dramatically reorganized. Using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), we compared support for different invasion scenarios, including the number and size of independent introduction events and the amount of admixture occurring between sources of introduced genotypes. Our results supported independent introductions into eastern and western North America, with the latter forming a bridgehead for a secondary invasion into the Great Lakes region of central North America. Despite small estimated founder population sizes, the duration of the demographic bottleneck after the initial introduction appeared extremely short-lived. This pattern of repeated colonization and rapid expansion has effectively eroded the strong population structure and cytonuclear associations present in Europe, but has retained overall high genetic diversity since invasion. Our results highlight the flexibility of the ABC approach for constructing a narrative of the demographic history of species invasions and provide baseline for future studies of evolutionary changes in introduced S. latifolia populations.}, }
@article {pmid22938526, year = {2012}, author = {Galil, BS}, title = {Truth and consequences: the bioinvasion of the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {299-311}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2012.00307.x}, pmid = {22938526}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/trends ; Ctenophora/*physiology ; *Demography ; Geography ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data/*trends ; Marine Biology/*methods/trends ; Mediterranean Sea ; Scyphozoa/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Over 660 alien marine multicellular species have been recorded in the Mediterranean Sea, with many establishing viable populations and subsequently dispersing from their points of entry. A brief overview is presented of the current state of knowledge of bioinvasions in the Mediterranean Sea, with particular attention paid to gelatinous invasive species. A database of alien species records was used to characterize their identity, pattern of expansion and native region, and to discuss the relative importance of different taxa and vectors in the various regions of the sea. The temporal and spatial spread of 4 alien scyphozoans and 2 alien ctenophores is outlined. Although thermophilic species constitute the majority of Mediterranean aliens, Erythrean aliens are predominant in the east, with shipping and mariculture being mainly responsible for introductions in the northwest. The propagule pressure driving the Erythrean invasion is powerful in the establishment and spread of alien species in the eastern Mediterranean. The implications of the enlargement of the Suez Canal, reflecting patterns in global trade and economy, are briefly discussed. Finally, as alien species inventories play a pivotal role in informing regional policy and management decisions and identifying resource priorities, the scientific community is called upon to pay particular attention to their accuracy and veracity.}, }
@article {pmid22938525, year = {2012}, author = {Couceiro, L and López, L and Ruiz, JM and Barreiro, R}, title = {Population structure and range expansion: the case of the invasive gastropod Cyclope neritea in northwest Iberian Peninsula.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {286-298}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2012.00305.x}, pmid = {22938525}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Demography ; France ; Gastropoda/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Haplotypes/genetics ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Biotic invasions have a reputation for unpredictable behavior. Here, we report how slight changes in human activity responsible for the introduction and range expansion of a non-native mollusk have led to detectable differences in the genetics of the invasion. Cyclope neritea is a non-predatory gastropod introduced to 2 areas of the European Atlantic: the northwest Iberian Peninsula (NWIP) and the French Atlantic coast (FAC). Shellfish seabed farming is intense in both areas but focuses on different commercial species. Using mitochondrial gene sequences, the lower genetic diversity recorded along the NWIP suggests a more homogeneous range of source populations than in the FAC. Unlike FAC, genetic diversity and haplotype composition in the NWIP correlate with the date of first occurrence of C. neritea at each site rather than with geographical location. Although this pattern evokes the genetic signature expected under a serial-founder colonization model from a single initial enclave, a comparison with samples from potential source populations suggests that the NWIP probably experienced several independent reintroductions. The jump dispersal pattern of C. neritea in the NWIP, together with the observation that populations established in the same year are genetically undifferentiated, point to human transport as the most plausible explanation for the current range expansion. Despite evidence for human-mediated dispersal, C. neritea managed to develop a seemingly non-random genetic pattern in the NWIP. It is suggested that caution must be exerted when interpreting genetic patterns in invaders.}, }
@article {pmid22938524, year = {2012}, author = {Jacobson, ER and Barker, DG and Barker, TM and Mauldin, R and Avery, ML and Engeman, R and Secor, S}, title = {Environmental temperatures, physiology and behavior limit the range expansion of invasive Burmese pythons in southeastern USA.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {271-285}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2012.00306.x}, pmid = {22938524}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Body Temperature Regulation/physiology ; Boidae/*physiology ; *Demography ; *Environment ; Florida ; *Introduced Species ; South Carolina ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {A well-established population of Burmese pythons resides in the Everglades of southern Florida. Prompted in part by a report that identified much of southern USA as suitable habitat for expansion or establishment of the Burmese python, we examined the plausibility of this snake to survive winters at sites north of the Everglades. We integrated daily low and high temperatures recorded from October to February from 2005-2011 at Homestead, Orlando and Gainesville, Florida; and Aiken, South Carolina, with minimum temperatures projected for python digestion (16 °C), activity (5 °C) and survival (0 °C). Mean low and high temperatures decreased northward from Homestead to Aiken and the number of days of freezing temperatures increased northward. Digestion was impaired or inhibited for 2 months in the Everglades and up to at least 5 months in Aiken, and activity was increasingly limited northward during these months. Reports of overwinter survivorship document that a single bout of low and freezing temperatures results in python death. The capacity for Burmese pythons to successfully overwinter in more temperate regions of the USA is seemingly prohibited because they lack the behaviors to seek refuge from, and the physiology to tolerate, cold temperatures. As tropical Southeast Asia is the source of the Everglades Burmese pythons, we predict it is unlikely that they will be able to successfully expand to or colonize more temperate areas of Florida and adjoining states due to their lack of behavioral and physiological traits to seek refuge from cold temperatures.}, }
@article {pmid22938523, year = {2012}, author = {Reed, RN and Willson, JD and Rodda, GH and Dorcas, ME}, title = {Ecological correlates of invasion impact for Burmese pythons in Florida.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {254-270}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2012.00304.x}, pmid = {22938523}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*physiology ; Animals ; Body Size ; Boidae/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/trends ; Diet ; *Ecosystem ; Florida ; *Introduced Species ; Longevity ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction/physiology ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {An invasive population of Burmese pythons (Python molurus bivittatus) is established across several thousand square kilometers of southern Florida and appears to have caused precipitous population declines among several species of native mammals. Why has this giant snake had such great success as an invasive species when many established reptiles have failed to spread? We scored the Burmese python for each of 15 literature-based attributes relative to predefined comparison groups from a diverse range of taxa and provide a review of the natural history and ecology of Burmese pythons relevant to each attribute. We focused on attributes linked to spread and magnitude of impacts rather than establishment success. Our results suggest that attributes related to body size and generalism appeared to be particularly applicable to the Burmese python's success in Florida. The attributes with the highest scores were: high reproductive potential, low vulnerability to predation, large adult body size, large offspring size and high dietary breadth. However, attributes of ectotherms in general and pythons in particular (including predatory mode, energetic efficiency and social interactions) might have also contributed to invasion success. Although establishment risk assessments are an important initial step in prevention of new establishments, evaluating species in terms of their potential for spreading widely and negatively impacting ecosystems might become part of the means by which resource managers prioritize control efforts in environments with large numbers of introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid22938522, year = {2012}, author = {Genovesi, P and Carnevali, L and Alonzi, A and Scalera, R}, title = {Alien mammals in Europe: updated numbers and trends, and assessment of the effects on biodiversity.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {247-253}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2012.00309.x}, pmid = {22938522}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods/*trends ; Databases, Factual ; Europe ; *Extinction, Biological ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; Mammals/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {This study provides an updated picture of mammal invasions in Europe, based on detailed analysis of information on introductions occurring from the Neolithic to recent times. The assessment considered all information on species introductions, known extinctions and successful eradication campaigns, to reconstruct a trend of alien mammals' establishment in the region. Through a comparative analysis of the data on introduction, with the information on the impact of alien mammals on native and threatened species of Europe, the present study also provides an objective assessment of the overall impact of mammal introductions on European biodiversity, including information on impact mechanisms. The results of this assessment confirm the constant increase of mammal invasions in Europe, with no indication of a reduction of the rate of introduction. The study also confirms the severe impact of alien mammals, which directly threaten a significant number of native species, including many highly threatened species. The results could help to prioritize species for response, as required by international conventions and obligations.}, }
@article {pmid22938521, year = {2012}, author = {Auger-Rozenberg, MA and Roques, A}, title = {Seed wasp invasions promoted by unregulated seed trade affect vegetal and animal biodiversity.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {228-246}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2012.00308.x}, pmid = {22938521}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Commerce/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Cupressaceae/*parasitology ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Pinaceae/*parasitology ; Rosa/*parasitology ; Seeds/*parasitology ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Cone and seed insects are considered the most important predators of tree seeds during the pre-dispersal phase of development. Among them, exotic seed chalcids in the genus Megastigmus invaded Europe as a result of the rapidly-increasing and mostly unregulated seed trade for afforestation and ornamental plantations. Unlike their economic impact in seed orchards, until recently, little attention was paid to the ecological impact of these insects. In the present study, selected case studies of alien Megastigmus spp. were considered to assess their specific impact on the potential of natural regeneration of native woody plants and on the native entomofauna competing for seed resource. We re-analyzed data from former studies that did not focus on these ecological interactions and, here, present previously unpublished results. Seeds of Douglas-fir, true cedars, true firs and wild roses were sampled all over Europe, and the relative importance of the native and invasive chalcid species was assessed as well as their specific impact on seed yield. In most cases, the recent arrival of alien chalcids resulted in a significant decrease in the regeneration potential of the host trees. In the absence of competitors, alien chalcids occupied the entire seed niche in Douglas-fir, but their impact tended to decrease after the arrival of invasive seed bugs. In firs, alien chalcids tended to displace the native chalcids, but not in wild roses and cedars, where their damage was increasing. Different biological traits that might explain invasive success of alien chalcids are discussed. However, no general invasive patterns seem to exist.}, }
@article {pmid22938520, year = {2012}, author = {Roques, A}, title = {Biological invasion.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {227}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2012.00311.x}, pmid = {22938520}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Commerce/*trends ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid22938203, year = {2012}, author = {Morais, EG and Picanço, MC and Semeão, AA and Barreto, RW and Rosado, JF and Martins, JC}, title = {Lepidopterans as potential agents for the biological control of the invasive plant, Miconia calvescens.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {63}, pmid = {22938203}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Host Specificity ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Melastomataceae/*parasitology ; Moths/*physiology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Weather ; }, abstract = {This work investigated eight species of Lepidoptera associated with Miconia calvescens DC. (Myrtales: Melastomataceae) in Brazil, including six defoliators, Salbia lotanalis Druce (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Druentia inscita Schaus (Mimallonidae), Antiblemma leucocyma Hampson (Noctuidae), three Limacodidae species, a fruit borer Carposina cardinata Meyrick (Carposinidae), and a damager of flowers Pleuroprucha rudimentaria Guenée (Geometridae). Based on host specificity and the damage caused to plants, S. lotanalis and D. inscita are the most promising species for biological control of M. calvescens. Furthermore, if C. cardinata and P. rudimentaria have host specificity in future tests, these caterpillars could also be considered as appropriate biocontrol agents.}, }
@article {pmid22935017, year = {2012}, author = {Geurts, K and Mwatawala, M and De Meyer, M}, title = {Indigenous and invasive fruit fly diversity along an altitudinal transect in Eastern Central Tanzania.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {12}, pmid = {22935017}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {*Altitude ; Animals ; Environment ; Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; Tanzania ; Tephritidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The relative abundance of indigenous and invasive frugivorous fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) was evaluated spatially and temporally along an altitudinal transect between 581-1650 m in the Uluguru Mountains near Morogoro, Tanzania. The polyphagous invasive fruit fly Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta, and White and the indigenous fruit fly Ceratitis rosa Karsch show a similar temporal pattern, but are largely separated spatially, with B. invadens being abundant at lower elevation and C. rosa predominant at higher elevation. The polyphagous indigenous C. cosyra (Walker) coincides with B. invadens but shows an inverse temporal pattern. The cucurbit feeders B. cucurbitae (Coquillett) and Dacus bivittatus (Bigot) show a similar temporal pattern, but the former is restricted to lower elevations. Host availability and climatic differences seem to be the determining factors to explain the differences in occurrence and abundance in time and space.}, }
@article {pmid22934354, year = {2012}, author = {Ren, J and Yan, B and Hong, K}, title = {[Comparison of bacterial and archaeal community of mangrove soil under different vegetation in Dongzhaigang, Hainan Island].}, journal = {Wei sheng wu xue bao = Acta microbiologica Sinica}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, pages = {736-743}, pmid = {22934354}, issn = {0001-6209}, mesh = {Archaea/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; China ; DNA, Archaeal/genetics ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Soil/analysis ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We compared bacterial and archaeal diversity and community structure of mangrove soil under different vegetation, and to reveal better understanding of microbial resources.<br><br>METHODS: Bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene libraries were constructed and analyzed for soils under Kandelia candel trees, Sonneratia apetala trees, and naked tideland, in Dongzhaigang Mangrove National Nature Reserve of Hainan Island. Template DNA was directly extracted from soil samples. PCR were amplified using primers 27F/1492R (bacterial) and Arch21F/Arch958R (archaeal).<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 16 phyla dominated by Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi were detected in bacterial libraries, and 6 groups of Crenarchaeota and 7 groups of Euryarchaeota, predominated by Marine Benthic Group C and Marine Benthic Group D, respectively were found in archaeal libraries. Shannon-Wiener index (H') and S(chao1) estimator indicated that soil microbial diversity under the introduced species Sonneratia apetala was much lower than indigenous species Kandelia candel, even lower than naked tidal flat sediment near mangrove. Distinct differences in microbial community structure under different vegetation were observed. Soil microbial community structure under Kandelia candel was much similar with that of naked tideland.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Mangrove soil contained rich population of bacteria and archaea; there existed distinct differences in mangrove soil microbial community structure and diversity among different vegetation.}, }
@article {pmid22933360, year = {2012}, author = {Véliz, D and Gauci, R and Bustamante, RO}, title = {Characterization of novel microsatellite markers for Eschscholzia californica (Papaveraceae), an invasive species in central Chile.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {99}, number = {9}, pages = {e366-8}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1200076}, pmid = {22933360}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Chile ; DNA Primers/metabolism ; Eschscholzia/*genetics ; Genetic Loci/genetics ; Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: We isolated and characterized microsatellite markers for the California poppy, Eschscholzia californica, which is an invasive species in central Chile.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of eight polymorphic and six monomorphic loci were developed for the species. Between one and 12 alleles were observed per locus. Polymorphic loci showed heterozygosity ranging from 0 to 0.875 in a sample of 96 individuals obtained from four populations. Only one locus showed significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at all sites.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The successful microsatellite amplification makes this set of primers an important tool for understanding the recent and future patterns of invasion and adaptation of E. californica into the new Chilean geographic area. The variation detected is currently being used in a more inclusive study that assesses population expansion in central Chile.}, }
@article {pmid22929915, year = {2013}, author = {Caron, V and Norgate, M and Ede, FJ and Nyman, T and Sunnucks, P}, title = {Novel microsatellite DNA markers indicate strict parthenogenesis and few genotypes in the invasive willow sawfly Nematus oligospilus.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {103}, number = {1}, pages = {74-88}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485312000429}, pmid = {22929915}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Base Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics/metabolism ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics/metabolism ; Genetic Markers ; Genotype ; Hymenoptera/genetics/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; New Zealand ; Parthenogenesis ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Invasive organisms can have major impacts on the environment. Some invasive organisms are parthenogenetic in their invasive range and, therefore, exist as a number of asexual lineages (=clones). Determining the reproductive mode of invasive species has important implications for understanding the evolutionary genetics of such species, more especially, for management-relevant traits. The willow sawfly Nematus oligospilus Förster (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) has been introduced unintentionally into several countries in the Southern Hemisphere where it has subsequently become invasive. To assess the population expansion, reproductive mode and host-plant relationships of this insect, microsatellite markers were developed and applied to natural populations sampled from the native and expanded range, along with sequencing of the cytochrome-oxidase I mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) region. Other tenthredinids across a spectrum of taxonomic similarity to N. oligospilus and having a range of life strategies were also tested. Strict parthenogenesis was apparent within invasive N. oligospilus populations throughout the Southern Hemisphere, which comprised only a small number of genotypes. Sequences of mtDNA were identical for all individuals tested in the invasive range. The microsatellite markers were used successfully in several sawfly species, especially Nematus spp. and other genera of the Nematini tribe, with the degree of success inversely related to genetic divergence as estimated from COI sequences. The confirmation of parthenogenetic reproduction in N. oligospilus and the fact that it has a very limited pool of genotypes have important implications for understanding and managing this species and its biology, including in terms of phenotypic diversity, host relationships, implications for spread and future adaptive change. It would appear to be an excellent model study system for understanding evolution of invasive parthenogens that diverge without sexual reproduction and genetic recombination.}, }
@article {pmid22929039, year = {2013}, author = {Velásquez, Y and Ivorra, T and Grzywacz, A and Martínez-Sánchez, A and Magaña, C and García-Rojo, A and Rojo, S}, title = {Larval morphology, development and forensic importance of Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Diptera: Muscidae) in Europe: a rare species or just overlooked?.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {103}, number = {1}, pages = {98-110}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485312000491}, pmid = {22929039}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Cadaver ; Forensic Sciences ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Larva/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Muscidae/*anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development/ultrastructure ; Spain ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The muscid Synthesiomyia nudiseta (van der Wulp, 1883) is a species with forensic importance in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. This fly has recently been introduced into southern Europe and, until now, had not been recorded in forensic cases in this region. Here, morphology of all larval instars of S. nudiseta is documented in detail by using a combination of light and scanning electron microscopy. Literature data concerning larval morphology are revised and characters allowing identification from other forensically important Muscidae are listed. The life cycle of this species was studied at four constant temperatures: 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C. Total development varied between 46.50 ± 0.97 days at 15 °C and 15.39 ± 0.32 days at 30 °C. Moreover, we report this species breeding in human corpses, for the first time in Europe, in forensic cases from autopsies at the Anatomical Forensic Institute of Madrid and the Institute of Legal Medicine of Alicante, Spain.}, }
@article {pmid22928419, year = {2012}, author = {Alba, C and Bowers, MD and Hufbauer, R}, title = {Combining optimal defense theory and the evolutionary dilemma model to refine predictions regarding plant invasion.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {8}, pages = {1912-1921}, doi = {10.1890/11-1946.1}, pmid = {22928419}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Herbivory/physiology ; Insecta/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Iridoid Glycosides/metabolism ; *Models, Biological ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Verbascum/*genetics/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Optimal defense theory posits that plants with limited resources deploy chemical defenses based on the fitness value of different tissues and their probability of attack. However, what constitutes optimal defense depends on the identity of the herbivores involved in the interaction. Generalists, which are not tightly coevolved with their many host plants, are typically deterred by chemical defenses, while coevolved specialists are often attracted to these same chemicals. This imposes an "evolutionary dilemma" in which generalists and specialists exert opposing selection on plant investment in defense, thereby stabilizing defenses at intermediate levels. We used the natural shift in herbivore community composition that typifies many plant invasions to test a novel, combined prediction of optimal defense theory and the evolutionary dilemma model: that the within-plant distribution of defenses reflects both the value of different tissues (i.e., young vs. old leaves) and the relative importance of specialist and generalist herbivores in the community. Using populations of Verbascum thapsus exposed to ambient herbivory in its native range (where specialist and generalist chewing herbivores are prevalent) and its introduced range (where only generalist chewing herbivores are prevalent), we illustrate significant differences in the way iridoid glycosides are distributed among young and old leaves. Importantly, high-quality young leaves are 6.5x more highly defended than old leaves in the introduced range, but only 2x more highly defended in the native range. Additionally, defense levels are tracked by patterns of chewing damage, with damage restricted mostly to low-quality old leaves in the introduced range, but not the native range. Given that whole-plant investment in defense does not differ between ranges, introduced mullein may achieve increased fitness simply by optimizing its within-plant distribution of defense in the absence of certain specialist herbivores.}, }
@article {pmid22928418, year = {2012}, author = {Stricker, KB and Stiling, P}, title = {Herbivory by an introduced Asian weevil negatively affects population growth of an invasive Brazilian shrub in Florida.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {8}, pages = {1902-1911}, doi = {10.1890/11-1328.1}, pmid = {22928418}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Ecosystem ; Florida ; Herbivory/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Plant Leaves ; Syzygium/*physiology ; Weevils/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) is often cited to explain why some plants successfully invade natural communities while others do not. This hypothesis maintains that plant populations are regulated by coevolved enemies in their native range but are relieved of this pressure where their enemies have not been co-introduced. Some studies have shown that invasive plants sustain lower levels of herbivore damage when compared to native species, but how damage affects fitness and population dynamics remains unclear. We used a system of co-occurring native and invasive Eugenia congeners in south Florida (USA) to experimentally test the ERH, addressing deficiencies in our understanding of the role of natural enemies in plant invasion at the population level. Insecticide was used to experimentally exclude insect herbivores from invasive Eugenia uniflora and its native co-occurring congeners in the field for two years. Herbivore damage, plant growth, survival, and population growth rates for the three species were then compared for control and insecticide-treated plants. Our results contradict the ERH, indicating that E. uniflora sustains more herbivore damage than its native congeners and that this damage negatively impacts stem height, survival, and population growth. In addition, most damage to E. uniflora, a native of Brazil, is carried out by Myllocerus undatus, a recently introduced weevil from Sri Lanka, and M. undatus attacks a significantly greater proportion of E. uniflora leaves than those of its native congeners. This interaction is particularly interesting because M. undatus and E. uniflora share no coevolutionary history, having arisen on two separate continents and come into contact on a third. Our study is the first to document negative population-level effects for an invasive plant as a result of the introduction of a novel herbivore. Such inhibitory interactions are likely to become more prevalent as suites of previously noninteracting species continue to accumulate and new communities assemble worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid22928414, year = {2012}, author = {Restrepo, A and Colinvaux, P and Bush, M and Correa-Metrio, A and Conroy, J and Gardener, MR and Jaramillo, P and Steinitz-Kannan, M and Overpeck, J}, title = {Impacts of climate variability and human colonization on the vegetation of the Galápagos Islands.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {8}, pages = {1853-1866}, doi = {10.1890/11-1545.1}, pmid = {22928414}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Plant Development ; Plants/*classification ; Pollen ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; Weather ; }, abstract = {A high-resolution (2-9 year sampling interval) fossil pollen record from the Galápagos Islands, which spans the last 2690 years, reveals considerable ecosystem stability. Vegetation changes associated with independently derived histories of El Niño Southern Oscillation variability provided evidence of shifts in the relative abundance of individual species rather than immigration or extinction. Droughts associated with the Medieval Climate Anomaly induced rapid ecological change that was followed by a reversion to the previous state. The paleoecological data suggested nonneutral responses to climatic forcing in this ecosystem prior to the period of human influence. Human impacts on the islands are evident in the record. A marked decline in long-term codominants of the pollen record, Alternanthera and Acalypha, produced a flora without modern analogue before 1930. Intensified animal husbandry after ca. 1930 may have induced the local extinction of Acalypha and Alternanthera. Reductions in populations of grazing animals in the 1970s and 1980s did not result in the return of the native flora, but in invasions by exotic species. After ca. 1970 the trajectory of habitat change accelerated, continuously moving the ecosystem away from the observed range of variability in the previous 2690 years toward a novel ecosystem. The last 40 years of the record also suggest unprecedented transport of lowland pollen to the uplands, consistent with intensified convection and warmer wet seasons.}, }
@article {pmid22928407, year = {2012}, author = {Eckberg, JO and Tenhumberg, B and Louda, SM}, title = {Insect herbivory and propagule pressure influence Cirsium vulgare invasiveness across the landscape.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {8}, pages = {1787-1794}, doi = {10.1890/11-1583.1}, pmid = {22928407}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Cirsium/*physiology ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Time Factors ; United States ; }, abstract = {A current challenge in ecology is to better understand the magnitude, variation, and interaction in the factors that limit the invasiveness of exotic species. We conducted a factorial experiment involving herbivore manipulation (insecticide-in-water vs. water-only control) and seven densities of introduced nonnative Cirsium vulgare (bull thistle) seed. The experiment was repeated with two seed cohorts at eight grassland sites uninvaded by C. vulgare in the central Great Plains, USA. Herbivory by native insects significantly reduced thistle seedling density, causing the largest reductions in density at the highest propagule inputs. The magnitude of this herbivore effect varied widely among sites and between cohort years. The combination of herbivory and lower propagule pressure increased the rate at which new C. vulgare populations failed to establish during the initial stages of invasion. This experiment demonstrates that the interaction between biotic resistance by native insects, propagule pressure, and spatiotemporal variation in their effects were crucial to the initial invasion by this Eurasian plant in the western tallgrass prairie.}, }
@article {pmid22928311, year = {2012}, author = {Ferracini, C and Ingegno, BL and Navone, P and Ferrari, E and Mosti, M and Tavella, L and Alma, A}, title = {Adaptation of indigenous larval parasitoids to Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Italy.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {105}, number = {4}, pages = {1311-1319}, doi = {10.1603/ec11394}, pmid = {22928311}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Female ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Larva/parasitology ; Solanum lycopersicum/*parasitology ; Male ; Moths/*parasitology ; Pest Control, Biological ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a serious threat to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops in South America. In Europe, after its first detection in Spain in 2006, it rapidly spread through the Mediterranean basin, reaching Italy 2 yr later. The aim of our work was to find indigenous effective biological control agents and to evaluate their potential role in the control of larval populations of T. absoluta in controlled conditions. Nine species of larval parasitoids emerged from field-collected tomato leaves infested by T. absoluta. The most abundant, Necremnus near artynes (Walker) and Necremnus near tidius (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), were tested in laboratory parasitism trials. Furthermore, because the species N. artynes and N. tidius are each reported in literature as an ectoparasitoid of Cosmopterix pulchrimella Chambers (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) on upright pellitory plants, olfactometer bioassays were performed to assess the response of our parasitoids to the odors of tomato and pellitory leaves infested by T absoluta and C. pulchrimella, respectively, compared with healthy ones. Both Necremnus species showed good adaptation to the invasive pest, and we observed a high larval mortality of T. absoluta because of host feeding and parasitism. Even olfactory responses highlighted a preference of both wasps for tomato plants infested by the exotic pest. These preliminary results demonstrated a high suitability of these indigenous natural enemies for controlling T. absoluta. Further investigations are needed to confirm their role as potential biological agents in commercial tomato plantations.}, }
@article {pmid22920716, year = {2012}, author = {Minchin, D}, title = {Rapid assessment of the bryozoan, Zoobotryon verticillatum (Delle Chiaje, 1822) in marinas, Canary Islands.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {64}, number = {10}, pages = {2146-2150}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.07.041}, pmid = {22920716}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Bryozoa/*classification/growth &amp; development ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Ships/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Spain ; }, abstract = {A rapid assessment, using the abundance and distribution range method, was used to evaluate the status of a large branching bryozoan, Zoobotryon verticillatum attached to the immersed part of marina pontoons in the Canary Islands. Colonies were also found attached to the hulls of leisure craft berthed alongside pontoons at three marinas in Lanzarote during 2012. Low levels of abundance and distribution of the bryozoan occurred in marinas with a freshwater influence whereas in a sheltered marina lacking direct freshwater inputs colonies occurred at ∼2 per metre of combined pontoon length. While the occurrence of this bryozoan is recent it may be expected to occur elsewhere in Macaronesia most probably spread by leisure craft.}, }
@article {pmid22920715, year = {2012}, author = {Pereira, NN and Brinati, HL}, title = {Onshore ballast water treatment: a viable option for major ports.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {64}, number = {11}, pages = {2296-2304}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.07.026}, pmid = {22920715}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Seawater ; *Ships ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods ; Water Purification/*methods ; }, abstract = {Ballast water treatment consists of the elimination of exotic species. Currently, the development of alternative methods for this process is directed toward treatment onboard ships. However, we present onshore treatment as a viable alternative for ballast water treatment. We investigated onshore treatment in two iron ore ports with movement capacities of 25 and 90 million tons annually (Mta) that receive 7.5 and 25 million cubic meters annually (Mm(3)) of ballast water, respectively. Discrete event simulation was used as the method of analysis, considering the processes of arrival, berthing, ship loading and capture and treatment of ballast water. We analyzed data from 71 ships operating in these ports to validate our simulation model. We were able to demonstrate that onshore treatment does not impact the cargo capacity, occupation rate or average queuing time of ships at these ports. We concluded that implementation of onshore ballast water treatment may be practicable in ports that receive high volumes of ballast water.}, }
@article {pmid22919904, year = {2012}, author = {Caughlin, T and Wheeler, JH and Jankowski, J and Lichstein, JW}, title = {Urbanized landscapes favored by fig-eating birds increase invasive but not native juvenile strangler fig abundance.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {7}, pages = {1571-1580}, doi = {10.1890/11-1694.1}, pmid = {22919904}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Ficus/*growth &amp; development ; Florida ; Fruit ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Seeds ; *Urban Renewal ; }, abstract = {Propagule pressure can determine the success or failure of invasive plant range expansion. Range expansion takes place at large spatial scales, often encompassing many types of land cover, yet the effect of landscape context on propagule pressure remains largely unknown. Many studies have reported a positive correlation between invasive plant abundance and human land use; increased propagule pressure in these landscapes may be responsible for this correlation. We tested the hypothesis that increased rates of seed dispersal by fig-eating birds, which are more common in urban habitats, result in an increase in invasive strangler fig abundance in landscapes dominated by human land use. We quantified abundance of an invasive species (Ficus microcarpa) and a native species (F. aurea) of strangler fig in plots spanning the entire range of human land use in South Florida, USA, from urban parking lots to native forest. We then compared models that predicted juvenile fig abundance based on distance to adult fig seed sources and fig-eating bird habitat quality with models that lacked one or both of these terms. The best model for juvenile invasive fig abundance included both distance to adult and fig-eating bird habitat terms, suggesting that landscape effects on invasive fig abundance are mediated by seed-dispersing birds. In contrast, the best model for juvenile native fig abundance included only presence/absence of adults, suggesting that distance from individual adult trees may have less effect on seed limitation for a native species compared to an invasive species undergoing range expansion. However, models for both species included significant effects of adult seed sources, implying that juvenile abundance is limited by seed arrival. This result was corroborated by a seed addition experiment that indicated that both native and invasive strangler figs were strongly seed limited. Understanding how landscape context affects the mechanisms of plant invasion may lead to better management techniques. Our results suggest that prioritizing removal of adult trees in sites with high fig-eating bird habitat may be the most effective method to control F. microcarpa abundance.}, }
@article {pmid22919896, year = {2012}, author = {Mineau, MM and Baxter, GV and Marcarelli, AM and Minshall, GW}, title = {An invasive riparian tree reduces stream ecosystem efficiency via a recalcitrant organic matter subsidy.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {7}, pages = {1501-1508}, doi = {10.1890/11-1700.1}, pmid = {22919896}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Elaeagnaceae/*physiology ; Idaho ; Introduced Species ; *Rivers ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {A disturbance, such as species invasion, can alter the exchange of materials and organisms between ecosystems, with potential consequences for the function of both ecosystems. Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) is an exotic tree invading riparian corridors in the western United States, and may alter stream organic matter budgets by increasing allochthonous litter and by reducing light via shading, in turn decreasing in-stream primary production. We used a before-after invasion comparison spanning 35 years to show that Russian olive invasion increased allochthonous litter nearly 25-fold to an invaded vs. a control reach of a stream, and we found that this litter decayed more slowly than native willow. Despite a mean 50% increase in canopy cover by Russian olive and associated shading, there were no significant changes in gross primary production. Benthic organic matter storage increased fourfold after Russian olive invasion compared to pre-invasion conditions, but there were no associated changes in stream ecosystem respiration or organic matter export. Thus, estimated stream ecosystem efficiency (ratio of ecosystem respiration to organic matter input) decreased 14%. These findings show that invasions of nonnative plant species in terrestrial habitats can alter resource fluxes to streams with consequences for whole-ecosystem functions.}, }
@article {pmid22917178, year = {2013}, author = {Holzer, AS and Bartošová, P and Pecková, H and Tyml, T and Atkinson, S and Bartholomew, J and Sipos, D and Eszterbauer, E and Dyková, I}, title = {'Who's who' in renal sphaerosporids (Bivalvulida: Myxozoa) from common carp, Prussian carp and goldfish--molecular identification of cryptic species, blood stages and new members of Sphaerospora sensu stricto.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {140}, number = {1}, pages = {46-60}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182012001175}, pmid = {22917178}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Blood/parasitology ; Carps/*parasitology ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Europe/epidemiology ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Genetic Variation ; Kidney/*parasitology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Myxozoa/*classification/cytology/genetics/*physiology ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Myxozoans are a group of diverse, spore-forming metazoan microparasites bound to aquatic environments. Sphaerospora dykovae (previously S. renicola) causes renal sphaerosporosis and acute swim bladder inflammation (SBI) in juvenile Cyprinus carpio carpio, in central Europe. A morphologically similar species with comparably low pathogenicity, S. angulata has been described from C. c. carpio, Carassius auratus auratus and Carassius gibelio. To clarify uncertainties and ambiguities in taxon identification in these hosts we decided to re-investigate differences in spore morphology using a statistical approach, in combination with SSU and LSU rDNA sequence analyses. We found that developing spores of S. angulata and S. dykovae cannot be distinguished morphologically and designed a duplex PCR assay for the cryptic species that demonstrated S. dykovae is specific to C. c. carpio, whereas S. angulata infects C. a. auratus and C. gibelio. The molecular identification of myxozoan blood stages in common carp and goldfish, which had previously been ascribed to Sphaerospora spp. showed that approximately 75% of blood stages were from non-sphaerosporid coelozoic species infecting these cyprinids and more than 10% were from an alien species, Myxobilatus gasterostei, developing in sticklebacks. We hereby report non-selective myxozoan host invasion and multi-species infections, whose role in SBI still requires clarification.}, }
@article {pmid22916272, year = {2012}, author = {Salmona, J and Salamolard, M and Fouillot, D and Ghestemme, T and Larose, J and Centon, JF and Sousa, V and Dawson, DA and Thebaud, C and Chikhi, L}, title = {Signature of a pre-human population decline in the critically endangered Reunion Island endemic forest bird Coracina newtoni.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {e43524}, pmid = {22916272}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Birds ; *Endangered Species ; Humans ; Trees ; }, abstract = {The exceptional biodiversity of Reunion Island is threatened by anthropogenic landscape changes that took place during the 350 years of human colonization. During this period the human population size increased dramatically from 250 to 800,000. The arrival of humans together with the development of agriculture, invasive species such as rats and cats, and deforestation has lead to the extinction of more than half of the original vertebrate species of the island. For the remaining species, significant work is being carried out to identify threats and conservation status, but little genetic work has been carried on some of the most endangered species. In the last decade theoretical studies have shown the ability of neutral genetic markers to infer the demographic history of endangered species and identify and date past population size changes (expansions or bottlenecks). In this study we provide the first genetic data on the critically endangered species the Reunion cuckoo-shrike Coracina newtoni. The Reunion cuckoo-shrike is a rare endemic forest bird surviving in a restricted 12-km(2) area of forested uplands and mountains. The total known population consists of less than one hundred individuals out of which 45 were genotyped using seventeen polymorphic microsatellite loci. We found a limited level of genetic variability and weak population structure, probably due to the limited geographic distribution. Using Bayesian methods, we identified a strong decline in population size during the Holocene, most likely caused by an ancient climatic or volcanic event around 5000 years ago. This result was surprising as it appeared in apparent contradiction with the accepted theory of recent population collapse due to deforestation and predator introduction. These results suggest that new methods allowing for more complex demographic models are necessary to reconstruct the demographic history of populations.}, }
@article {pmid22915332, year = {2013}, author = {Song, YB and Yu, FH and Keser, LH and Dawson, W and Fischer, M and Dong, M and van Kleunen, M}, title = {United we stand, divided we fall: a meta-analysis of experiments on clonal integration and its relationship to invasiveness.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {171}, number = {2}, pages = {317-327}, pmid = {22915332}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Biomass ; Clone Cells ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; *Reproduction, Asexual ; }, abstract = {Many ecosystems are dominated by clonal plants. Among the most distinctive characteristics of clonal plants is their potential for clonal integration (i.e. the translocation of resources between interconnected ramets), suggesting that integration may play a role in their success. However, a general synthesis of effects of clonal integration on plant performance is lacking. We conducted a meta-analysis on the effects of clonal integration on biomass production and asexual reproduction of the whole clone, the recipient part (i.e. the part of a clone that imports resources) and the donor part (i.e. the part of a clone that exports resources). The final dataset contained 389 effect sizes from 84 studies covering 57 taxa. Overall, clonal integration increased performance of recipient parts without decreasing that of donor parts, and thus increased performance of whole clones. Among the studies and taxa considered, the benefits of clonal integration did not differ between two types of experimental approaches, between stoloniferous and rhizomatous growth forms, between directions of resource translocation (from younger to older ramet or vice versa), or among types of translocated resources (water, nutrients and carbohydrates). Clonal taxa with larger benefits of integration on whole-clone performance were not more invasive globally, but taxa in which recipient parts in unfavorable patches benefited more from integration were. Our results demonstrate general performance benefits of clonal integration, at least in the short term, and suggest that clonal integration contributes to the success of clonal plants.}, }
@article {pmid22915331, year = {2013}, author = {Caut, S and Angulo, E and Díaz-Paniagua, C and Gomez-Mestre, I}, title = {Plastic changes in tadpole trophic ecology revealed by stable isotope analysis.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {173}, number = {1}, pages = {95-105}, pmid = {22915331}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/metabolism/*physiology ; Bufonidae/metabolism/*physiology ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis/chemistry ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Larva/metabolism/physiology ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis/chemistry ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Amphibian larvae constitute a large fraction of the biomass of wetlands and play important roles in their energy flux and nutrient cycling. Interactions with predators and competitors affect their abundance but also their foraging behaviour, potentially leading to non-consumptive cascading effects on the whole trophic web. We experimentally tested for plastic changes in larval trophic ecology of two anuran species in response to competitors and the non-lethal presence of native and non-native predators, using stable isotope analysis. We hypothesized that tadpoles would alter their diet in the presence of competitors and native predators, and to a lesser extent or not at all in the presence of non-native predators. First, we conducted a controlled diet experiment to estimate tadpole turnover rates and discrimination factors using Pelobates cultripes and Bufo calamita. Turnover rates yielded a half-life of 15-20 days (attaining a quasi-isotopic equilibrium after 2 months), whereas discrimination factors for natural controlled diets resulted in different isotopic values essential for calibration. Second, we did an experiment with P. cultripes and Rana perezi (=Pelophylax perezi) where we manipulated the presence/absence of predators and heterospecific tadpoles using microcosms in the laboratory. We detected a significant shift in trophic status of both amphibian species in the presence of non-native crayfish: the δ(15)N values and macrophyte consumption of tadpoles increased, whereas their detritus consumption decreased. This suggests that tadpoles could have perceived crayfish as a predatory risk or that crayfish acted as competitors for algae and zooplankton. No dietary changes were observed in the presence of native dragonflies or when both tadpole species co-occurred. Stable isotopic analysis is an efficient way to assess variation in tadpoles' tropic status and hence understand their role in freshwater ecosystems. Here we provide baseline isotopic information for future trophic studies and show evidence for plastic changes in tadpoles' use of food resources under different ecological scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid22911863, year = {2012}, author = {Eckstein, RL and Ruch, D and Otte, A and Donath, TW}, title = {Invasibility of a nutrient-poor pasture through resident and non-resident herbs is controlled by litter, gap size and propagule pressure.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {e41887}, pmid = {22911863}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Confidence Intervals ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; Odds Ratio ; Plant Leaves/*physiology/radiation effects ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena/radiation effects ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; Seeds/*physiology/radiation effects ; Soil ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; Water ; }, abstract = {Since inference concerning the relative effects of propagule pressure, biotic interactions, site conditions and species traits on the invasibility of plant communities is limited, we carried out a field experiment to study the role of these factors for absolute and relative seedling emergence in three resident and three non-resident confamilial herb species on a nutrient-poor temperate pasture. We set up a factorial field experiment with two levels each of the factors litter cover (0 and 400 g m(-2)), gap size (0.01 and 0.1 m(2)) and propagule pressure (5 and 50 seeds) and documented soil temperature, soil water content and relative light availability. Recruitment was recorded in spring and autumn 2010 and in spring 2011 to cover initial seedling emergence, establishment after summer drought and final establishment after the first winter. Litter alleviated temperature and moisture conditions and had positive effects on proportional and absolute seedling emergence during all phases of recruitment. Large gaps presented competition-free space with high light availability but showed higher temperature amplitudes and lower soil moisture. Proportional and absolute seedling recruitment was significantly higher in large than in small gaps. In contrast, propagule pressure facilitated absolute seedling emergence but had no effects on proportional emergence or the chance for successful colonisation. Despite significantly higher initial seedling emergence of resident than non-resident species, seed mass and other species-specific traits may be better predictors for idiosyncratic variation in seedling establishment than status. Our data support the fluctuating resource hypothesis and demonstrate that the reserve effect of seeds may facilitate seedling emergence. The direct comparison of propagule pressure with other environmental factors showed that propagule pressure affects absolute seedling abundance, which may be crucial for species that depend on other individuals for sexual reproduction. However, propagule batch size did not significantly affect the chance for successful colonisation of disturbed plots.}, }
@article {pmid22911859, year = {2012}, author = {Zhou, A and Lu, Y and Zeng, L and Xu, Y and Liang, G}, title = {Does mutualism drive the invasion of two alien species? The case of Solenopsis invicta and Phenacoccus solenopsis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {e41856}, pmid = {22911859}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Fertility/physiology ; Food Supply ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Longevity/physiology ; Plants/parasitology ; Reproduction/physiology ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Although mutualism between ants and honeydew-producing hemipterans has been extensively recognized in ecosystem biology, however few attempts to test the hypothesis that mutualism between two alien species leads to the facilitation of the invasion process. To address this problem, we focus on the conditional mutualism between S. invicta and P. solenopsis by field investigations and indoor experiments. In the laboratory, ant colony growth increased significantly when ants had access to P. solenopsis and animal-based food. Honeydew produced by P. solenopsis also improved the survival of ant workers. In the field, colony density of P. solenopsis was significantly greater on plots with ants than on plots without ants. The number of mealybug mummies on plants without fire ants was almost three times that of plants with fire ants, indicating a strong effect of fire ants on mealybug survival. In addition, the presence of S. invicta successfully contributed to the spread of P. solenopsis. The quantity of honeydew consumption by S. invicta was significantly greater than that of a presumptive native ant, Tapinoma melanocephalum. When compared with the case without ant tending, mealybugs tended by ants matured earlier and their lifespan and reproduction increased. T. melanocephalum workers arrived at honeydew more quickly than S. invicta workers, while the number of foraging S. invicta workers on plants steadily increased, eventually exceeding that number of T. melanocephalum foragers. Overall, these results suggest that the conditional mutualism between S. invicta and P. solenopsis facilitates population growth and fitness of both species. S. invicta tends to acquire much more honeydew and drive away native ants, promoting their predominance. These results suggest that the higher foraging tempo of S. invicta may provide more effective protection of P. solenopsis than native ants. Thus mutualism between these two alien species may facilitate the invasion success of both species.}, }
@article {pmid22911701, year = {2012}, author = {Elliott, EC and Cornell, SJ}, title = {Dispersal polymorphism and the speed of biological invasions.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {e40496}, pmid = {22911701}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Computer Simulation ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The speed at which biological range expansions occur has important consequences for the conservation management of species experiencing climate change and for invasion by exotic organisms. Rates of dispersal and population growth are known to affect the speed of invasion, but little is known about the effect of having a community of dispersal phenotypes on the rate of range expansion. We use reaction-diffusion equations to model the invasion of a species with two dispersal phenotypes into a previously unoccupied landscape. These phenotypes differ in both their dispersal rate and population growth rate. We find that the presence of both phenotypes can result in faster range expansions than if only a single phenotype were present in the landscape. For biologically realistic parameters, the invasion can occur up to twice as fast as a result of this polymorphism. This has implications for predicting the speed of biological invasions, suggesting that speeds cannot just be predicted from looking at a single phenotype and that the full community of phenotypes needs to be taken into consideration.}, }
@article {pmid22908714, year = {2012}, author = {Davies, GM and Bakker, JD and Dettweiler-Robinson, E and Dunwiddie, PW and Hall, SA and Downs, J and Evans, J}, title = {Trajectories of change in sagebrush steppe vegetation communities in relation to multiple wildfires.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {5}, pages = {1562-1577}, doi = {10.1890/10-2089.1}, pmid = {22908714}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Fires ; *Plant Development ; Plants/*classification ; Washington ; }, abstract = {Repeated perturbations, both biotic and abiotic, can lead to fundamental changes in the nature of ecosystems, including changes in state. Sagebrush steppe communities provide important habitat for wildlife and grazing for livestock. Fire is an integral part of these systems, but there is concern that increased ignition frequencies and invasive species are fundamentally altering them. Despite these issues, the majority of studies of fire effects in systems dominated by Artemisia tridentata wyomingensis have focused on the effects of single burns. The Arid Lands Ecology Reserve (ALE), in south-central Washington (U.S.A.), was one of the largest contiguous areas of sagebrush steppe habitat in the state until large wildfires burned the majority of it in 2000 and 2007. We analyzed data from permanent vegetation transects established in 1996 and resampled in 2002 and 2009. Our objective was to describe how the fires, and subsequent postfire restoration efforts, affected communities' successional pathways. Plant communities differed in response to repeated fire and restoration; these differences could largely be ascribed to the functional traits of the dominant species. Low-elevation communities, previously dominated by obligate seeders, moved furthest from their initial composition and were dominated by weedy, early-successional species in 2009. Higher-elevation sites with resprouting shrubs, native bunchgrasses, and few invasive species were generally more resilient to the effects of repeated disturbances. Shrub cover has been almost entirely removed from ALE, although there was some recovery where communities were dominated by resprouters. Bromus tectorum dominance was reduced by herbicide application in areas where it was previously abundant, but it increased significantly in untreated areas. Several resprouting species, notably Phlox longifolia and Poa secunda, expanded remarkably following competitive release from shrub canopies and/or abundant B. tectorum. Our results suggest that community dynamics can be understood through a state and transition model with two axes (shrub/grass and native/invasive abundance), although such models also need to account for differences in plant functional traits and disturbance regimes. We use our results to develop a conceptual model that will be validated with further research.}, }
@article {pmid22908710, year = {2012}, author = {Schmidt, JP and Stephens, PR and Drake, JM}, title = {Two sides of the same coin? Rare and pest plants native to the United States and Canada.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {5}, pages = {1512-1525}, doi = {10.1890/11-1915.1}, pmid = {22908710}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Canada ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; *Plant Development ; Plants/*classification/genetics ; Ploidies ; United States ; }, abstract = {Plant biodiversity is at risk, with as many as 10% of native species in the United States being threatened with extinction. Habitat loss has led a growing number of plant species to become rare or threatened, while the introduction or expansion of pest species has led some habitats to be dominated by relatively few, mostly nonindigenous, species. As humans continue to alter many landscapes and vegetation types, understanding how biological traits determine the location of species along a spectrum from vulnerability to pest status is critical to designing risk assessment protocols, setting conservation priorities, and developing monitoring programs. We used boosted regression trees to predict rarity (based on The Nature Conservancy global rankings) and pest status (defined as legal pest status) from data on traits for the native vascular flora of the United States and Canada including Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands (n approximately = 15,000). Categories were moderately to highly predictable (AUCpest = 0.87 on 25% holdout test set, AUCrarity = 0.80 on 25% holdout test set). Key predictors were chromosome number, ploidy, seed mass, and a suite of traits suggestive of specialist vs. generalist adaptations (e.g., facultative wetland habitat association and phenotypic variability in growth form and life history). Specifically, pests were associated with high chromosome numbers, polyploidy, and seed masses ranging from 0.1 to 100 mg, whereas rare species were associated with low chromosome numbers, low ploidy, and large (>1000 mg) seed masses. In addition, pest species were disproportionately likely to be facultatively associated with wetlands, and variable in growth form and life history, whereas rare species exhibited an opposite pattern. These results suggest that rare and pest species contrast along trait axes related to dispersal and performance in disturbed or novel habitats.}, }
@article {pmid22908709, year = {2012}, author = {Evans, JA and Davis, AS and Raghu, S and Ragavendran, A and Landis, DA and Schemske, DW}, title = {The importance of space, time, and stochasticity to the demography and management of Alliaria petiolata.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {5}, pages = {1497-1511}, doi = {10.1890/11-1291.1}, pmid = {22908709}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Brassicaceae/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; *Models, Biological ; Population Growth ; *Stochastic Processes ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {As population modeling is increasingly called upon to guide policy and management, it is important that we understand not only the central tendencies of our study systems, but the consequences of their variation in space and time as well. The invasive plant Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) is actively managed in the United States and is the focus of a developing biological control program. Two weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Ceutorhynchus) that reduce fecundity (C. alliariae) and rosette survival plus fecundity (C. scrobicollis) are under consideration for release pending host specificity testing. We used a demographic modeling approach to (1) quantify variability in A. petiolata growth and vital rates and (2) assess the potential for single- or multiple-agent biocontrol to suppress growth of 12 A. petiolata populations in Illinois and Michigan studied over three plant generations. We used perturbation analyses and simulation models with stochastic environments to estimate stochastic growth rates (lambda(S)) and predict the probability of successful management using either a single biocontrol agent or two agent species together. Not all populations exhibited invasive dynamics. Estimates of lambda(S) ranged from 0.78 to 2.21 across sites, while annual, deterministic growth (lambda) varied up to sevenfold within individual sites. Given our knowledge of the biocontrol agents, this analysis suggests that C. scrobicollis alone may control A. petiolata at up to 63% of our study sites where lambda >1, with the combination of both agents predicted to succeed at 88% of sites. Across sites and years, the elasticity rankings were dependent on lambda. Reductions of rosette survival, fecundity, or germination of new seeds are predicted to cause the greatest reduction of lambda in growing populations. In declining populations, transitions affecting seed bank survival have the greatest effect on lambda. This contrasts with past analyses that varied parameters individually in an otherwise constant matrix, which may yield unrealistic predictions by decoupling natural parameter covariances. Overall, comparisons of stochastic and deterministic growth rates illustrate how analyses of individual populations or years could misguide management or fail to characterize complex traits such as invasiveness that emerge as attributes of populations rather than species.}, }
@article {pmid22908707, year = {2012}, author = {Kiernan, JD and Moyle, PB and Crain, PK}, title = {Restoring native fish assemblages to a regulated California stream using the natural flow regime concept.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {5}, pages = {1472-1482}, doi = {10.1890/11-0480.1}, pmid = {22908707}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; *Rivers ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {We examined the response of fishes to establishment of a new flow regime in lower Putah Creek, a regulated stream in California, U.S.A. The new flow regime was designed to mimic the seasonal timing of natural increases and decreases in stream flow. We monitored fish assemblages annually at six sample sites distributed over approximately 30 km of stream for eight years before and nine years after the new flow regime was implemented. Our purpose was to determine whether more natural stream flow patterns would reestablish native fishes and reduce the abundances of alien (nonnative) fishes. At the onset of our study, native fishes were constrained to habitat immediately (<1 km) below the diversion dam, and alien species were numerically dominant at all downstream sample sites. Following implementation of the new flow regime, native fishes regained dominance across more than 20 km of lower Putah Creek. We propose that the expansion of native fishes was facilitated by creation of favorable spawning and rearing conditions (e.g., elevated springtime flows), cooler water temperatures, maintenance of lotic (flowing) conditions over the length of the creek, and displacement of alien species by naturally occurring high-discharge events. Importantly, restoration of native fishes was achieved by manipulating stream flows at biologically important times of the year and only required a small increase in the total volume of water delivered downstream (i.e., water that was not diverted for other uses) during most water years. Our results validate that natural flow regimes can be used to effectively manipulate and manage fish assemblages in regulated rivers.}, }
@article {pmid22908701, year = {2012}, author = {Rauschert, ES and Shea, K}, title = {Invasional interference due to similar inter- and intraspecific competition between invaders may affect management.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {5}, pages = {1413-1420}, doi = {10.1890/11-2107.1}, pmid = {22908701}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Carduus/*classification ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Pennsylvania ; Plant Weeds/*physiology ; Seedlings ; Seeds ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {As the number of biological invasions increases, the potential for invader-invader interactions also rises. The effect of multiple invaders can be superadditive (invasional meltdown), additive, or subadditive (invasional interference); which of these situations occurs has critical implications for prioritization of management efforts. Carduus nutans and C. acanthoides, two congeneric invasive weeds, have a striking, segregated distribution in central Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Possible hypotheses for this pattern include invasion history and chance, direct competition, or negative interactions mediated by other species, such as shared pollinators. To explore the role of resource competition in generating this pattern, we conducted three related experiments using a response-surface design throughout the life cycles of two cohorts. Although these species have similar niche requirements, we found no differential response to competition between conspecifics vs. congeners. The response to combined density was relatively weak for both species. While direct competitive interactions do not explain the segregated distributional patterns of these two species, we predict that invasions of either species singly, or both species together, would have similar impacts. When prioritizing which areas to target to prevent the spread of one of the species, it is better to focus on areas as yet unaffected by its congener; where the congener is already present, invasional interference makes it unlikely that the net effect will change.}, }
@article {pmid22908700, year = {2012}, author = {Gaigher, R and Samways, MJ and Jolliffe, KG and Jolliffe, S}, title = {Precision control of an invasive ant on an ecologically sensitive tropical island: a principle with wide applicability.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {5}, pages = {1405-1412}, doi = {10.1890/11-2002.1}, pmid = {22908700}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insecticides/administration &amp; dosage/*pharmacology ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Pyrimidinones/administration &amp; dosage/*pharmacology ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Effective management of invasive ants is an important priority for many conservation programs but can be difficult to achieve, especially within ecologically sensitive habitats. This study assesses the efficacy and nontarget risk of a precision ant baiting method aiming to reduce a population of the invasive big-headed ant Pheidole megacephala on a tropical island of great conservation value. Area-wide application of a formicidal bait, delivered in bait stations, resulted in the rapid decline of 8 ha of P. megacephala. Effective suppression remained throughout the succeeding 11-month monitoring period. We detected no negative effects of baiting on nontarget arthropods. Indeed, species richness of nontarget ants and abundance of other soil-surface arthropods increased significantly after P. megacephala suppression. This bait station method minimized bait exposure to nontarget organisms and was cost effective and adaptable to target species density. However, it was only effective over short distances and required thorough bait placement. This method would therefore be most appropriate for localized P. megacephala infestations where the prevention of nontarget impacts is essential. The methodology used here would be applicable to other sensitive tropical environments.}, }
@article {pmid22908370, year = {2012}, author = {Cearnal, L}, title = {Red lionfish and ciguatoxin: menace spreading through western hemisphere.}, journal = {Annals of emergency medicine}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, pages = {21A-22A}, doi = {10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.05.022}, pmid = {22908370}, issn = {1097-6760}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Ciguatera Poisoning ; *Fishes, Poisonous ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid22906215, year = {2012}, author = {Rey, O and Estoup, A and Vonshak, M and Loiseau, A and Blanchet, S and Calcaterra, L and Chifflet, L and Rossi, JP and Kergoat, GJ and Foucaud, J and Orivel, J and Leponce, M and Schultz, T and Facon, B}, title = {Where do adaptive shifts occur during invasion? A multidisciplinary approach to unravelling cold adaptation in a tropical ant species invading the Mediterranean area.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {15}, number = {11}, pages = {1266-1275}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01849.x}, pmid = {22906215}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Ants/genetics/*physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Cold Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Evolution may improve the invasiveness of populations, but it often remains unclear whether key adaptation events occur after introduction into the recipient habitat (i.e. post-introduction adaptation scenario), or before introduction within the native range (i.e. prior-adaptation scenario) or at a primary site of invasion (i.e. bridgehead scenario). We used a multidisciplinary approach to determine which of these three scenarios underlies the invasion of the tropical ant Wasmannia auropunctata in a Mediterranean region (i.e. Israel). Species distribution models (SDM), phylogeographical analyses at a broad geographical scale and laboratory experiments on appropriate native and invasive populations indicated that Israeli populations followed an invasion scenario in which adaptation to cold occurred at the southern limit of the native range before dispersal to Israel. We discuss the usefulness of combining SDM, genetic and experimental approaches for unambiguous determination of eco-evolutionary invasion scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid22905128, year = {2012}, author = {Longo, C and Pontassuglia, C and Corriero, G and Gaino, E}, title = {Life-cycle traits of Paraleucilla magna, a calcareous sponge invasive in a coastal Mediterranean Basin.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {e42392}, pmid = {22905128}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Biomass ; Brazil ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Environmental Monitoring ; Life Cycle Stages ; Mediterranean Sea ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Oocytes/cytology ; Porifera/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; Seawater ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The calcareous sponge Paraleucilla magna, originally observed along the Brazilian coast (Atlantic Ocean), is the only allochthonous invasive species of Porifera reported in the Mediterranean Sea. A 1-year investigation of the population dynamics and life-cycle of this exotic species in the Mar Piccolo di Taranto (southern Italy, central Mediterranean Sea) has provided a good opportunity to test how environmental variations can influence its life-cycle and to ascertain what strategy can be adopted to successfully colonize a new environment. In the Mar Piccolo di Taranto, P. magna exhibits marked temporal changes in biomass. The studied specimens reproduce almost all year round, showing a seasonal pattern that peaks during warm months. This prolonged sexual activity allows P. magna to continuously produce young specimens, with repeated recruitment events taking place throughout the year, thus offsetting the seasonal mortality of adult specimens. This r-strategy enables the non-indigenous sponge to achieve a high degree of maintenance over relatively long periods (ten years at least).}, }
@article {pmid22903782, year = {2012}, author = {Clements, WH and Hickey, CW and Kidd, KA}, title = {How do aquatic communities respond to contaminants? It depends on the ecological context.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {31}, number = {9}, pages = {1932-1940}, doi = {10.1002/etc.1937}, pmid = {22903782}, issn = {1552-8618}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*physiology ; *Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Food Chain ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; *Water Pollutants ; }, abstract = {Context dependency refers to variation in ecological patterns and processes across environmental or spatiotemporal gradients. Research on context dependency in basic ecology has focused primarily on variation in the relative importance of species interactions (e.g., competition and predation) among communities. In this Focus article, the authors extend this concept to include variation in responses of communities to contaminants and other anthropogenic stressors. Because the structure of communities varies naturally along environmental gradients, their responses to contaminants may also vary. Similar to the way in which aquatic toxicologists assess abiotic factors associated with contaminant bioavailability, observations about context dependency could be used to test hypotheses about ecological mechanisms responsible for differences in sensitivity among communities.}, }
@article {pmid22897057, year = {2012}, author = {Vetter, RS and Vincent, LS and Danielsen, DW and Reinker, KI and Clarke, DE and Itnyre, AA and Kabashima, JN and Rust, MK}, title = {The prevalence of brown widow and black widow spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) in urban southern California.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, pages = {947-951}, doi = {10.1603/me11285}, pmid = {22897057}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {Animals ; *Black Widow Spider ; California ; *Cities ; Female ; Housing ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; }, abstract = {The brown widow spider, Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, has become newly established in southern California during the first decade of the 21st century. Brown widows and egg sacs were collected within the urban Los Angeles Basin using timed searches. We also collected and compared the abundance and distribution of the native western black widow spider, Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin &amp; Ivie, to brown widows. Brown widows were very common around urban structures especially outside homes, in parks, under playground equipment, in plant nurseries and landscaping areas, greatly outnumbering native western black widows, and were very rare or nonexistent in garages, agricultural crops, and natural areas. Western black widows predominated in xeric habitats and were less prevalent around homes. Neither species was found in the living space of homes. In southern California, envenomation risk exists because brown widows are now common in urban areas and the spiders hide where people place their fingers and exert pressure to move objects (e.g., under the curled lip of potted plants, in the recessed handle of plastic trash bins). Nonetheless, brown widow spider bites are less toxic than those of native western black widow spiders and, hence, if they are displacing black widows, overall widow envenomation risk may actually be lower than before brown widow establishment.}, }
@article {pmid22897047, year = {2012}, author = {Saenz, VL and Booth, W and Schal, C and Vargo, EL}, title = {Genetic analysis of bed bug populations reveals small propagule size within individual infestations but high genetic diversity across infestations from the eastern United States.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, pages = {865-875}, doi = {10.1603/me11202}, pmid = {22897047}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {Animals ; Bedbugs/*genetics ; Female ; *Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; United States ; }, abstract = {Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) are a resurgent pest worldwide and infestations within the United States are increasing at a rapid rate. Because of the physical and psychological discomfort inflicted by their blood feeding habits, and allergies and secondary infections associated with bites, bed bugs are recognized as a significant public health problem. Although bed bug infestations are spreading and becoming more prevalent, we have a poor understanding of their dispersal patterns and sources of infestation. To help fill this gap, we conducted a genetic study of 21 bed bug infestations from the eastern United States, nearly all of which came from single rooms within residences. We genotyped samples comprised of 8-10 individuals per infestation at nine polymorphic microsatellite loci. Despite high genetic diversity across all infestations, with 5-17 alleles per locus (mean = 10.3 alleles per locus), we found low genetic diversity (1-4 alleles per locus) within all but one of the infestations. These results suggest that nearly all the studied infestations were started by a small propagule possibly consisting of a singly mated female and/or her progeny, or a female mated with multiple males that were highly related to her. All infestations were strongly genetically differentiated from each other (mean pairwise F(ST) between populations = 0.68) and we did not find strong evidence of a geographic pattern of genetic structure, indicating infestations located in closer proximity to each other were nearly as genetically differentiated as those located hundreds of kilometers away. The high level of genetic diversity across infestations from the eastern United States together with the lack of geographically organized structure is consistent with multiple introductions into the United States from foreign sources.}, }
@article {pmid22897042, year = {2012}, author = {Yee, DA and Juliano, SA and Vamosi, SM}, title = {Seasonal photoperiods alter developmental time and mass of an invasive mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), across its north-south range in the United States.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, pages = {825-832}, doi = {10.1603/me11132}, pmid = {22897042}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Aedes/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Male ; *Photoperiod ; Seasons ; United States ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is perhaps the most successful invasive mosquito species in contemporary history. In the United States, Ae. albopictus has spread from its introduction point in southern Texas to as far north as New Jersey (i.e., a span of approximately 14 degrees latitude). This species experiences seasonal constraints in activity because of cold temperatures in winter in the northern United States, but is active year-round in the south. We performed a laboratory experiment to examine how life-history traits of Ae. albopictus from four populations (New Jersey [39.4 degrees N], Virginia [38.6 degrees N], North Carolina [35.8 degrees N], Florida [27.6 degrees N]) responded to photoperiod conditions that mimic approaching winter in the north (short static daylength, short diminishing daylength) or relatively benign summer conditions in the south (long daylength), at low and high larval densities. Individuals from northern locations were predicted to exhibit reduced development times and to emerge smaller as adults under short daylength, but be larger and take longer to develop under long daylength. Life-history traits of southern populations were predicted to show less plasticity in response to daylength because of low probability of seasonal mortality in those areas. Males and females responded strongly to photoperiod regardless of geographic location, being generally larger but taking longer to develop under the long daylength compared with short day lengths; adults of both sexes were smaller when reared at low larval densities. Adults also differed in mass and development time among locations, although this effect was independent of density and photoperiod in females but interacted with density in males. Differences between male and female mass and development times was greater in the long photoperiod suggesting differences between the sexes in their reaction to different photoperiods. This work suggests that Ae. albopictus exhibits sex-specific phenotypic plasticity in life-history traits matching variation in important environmental variables.}, }
@article {pmid22897041, year = {2012}, author = {Bartlett-Healy, K and Unlu, I and Obenauer, P and Hughes, T and Healy, S and Crepeau, T and Farajollahi, A and Kesavaraju, B and Fonseca, D and Schoeler, G and Gaugler, R and Strickman, D}, title = {Larval mosquito habitat utilization and community dynamics of Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae).}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, pages = {813-824}, doi = {10.1603/me11031}, pmid = {22897041}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Housing ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Logistic Models ; New Jersey ; Oviposition ; Population Dynamics ; Pupa ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Ae. japonicus (Theobald) are important container-inhabiting mosquitoes that transmit disease agents, outcompete native species, and continue to expand their range in the United States. Both species deposit eggs in natural and artificial containers and thrive in peridomestic environments. The goal of our study was to examine the types and characteristics of containers that are most productive for these species in the northeastern United States. In total, 306 containers were sampled in urban, suburban, and rural areas of New Jersey. Multiple biotic and abiotic factors were recorded in an attempt to identify variables associated with the productivity of each species. Based on pupal abundance and density of container types, results showed that tires, trash cans, and planter dishes were the most important containers for Ae. albopictus, while planter dishes were the most important containers for Ae. japonicus. Container color (black and gray), material (rubber), and type (tires) were correlated with species presence for Ae. albopictus and Ae. japonicus. These factors may play a role in the selection of oviposition sites by female mosquitoes or in the survival of their progeny. Differences in species composition and abundance were detected between areas classified as urban, suburban, and rural. In urban and suburban areas, Ae. albopictus was more abundant in container habitats than Ae. japonicus; however, Ae. japonicus was more abundant in rural areas, and when water temperatures were below 14 degrees C. Our results suggest many variables can influence the presence of Ae. albopictus and Ae. japonicus in container habitats in northeastern United States.}, }
@article {pmid22891001, year = {2012}, author = {Jones, DS}, title = {Australian barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica), distributions and biogeographical affinities.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {52}, number = {3}, pages = {366-387}, doi = {10.1093/icb/ics100}, pmid = {22891001}, issn = {1557-7023}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Biota ; *Climate ; Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Phylogeography ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Thoracica/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Currently, 279 barnacle species are recognized in Australia waters. The barnacle fauna of tropical Australia exhibits high species diversity (221), with a high incidence of tropical species (87 Indo-west Pacific [IWP], 16 West Pacific and 65 Indo-Malayan), a low species endemicity (8), and 44 cosmopolitan and 1 Australasian species. Conversely, that of temperate Australia shows lower species diversity (129), with a lower incidence of tropical species (26 IWP, 10 West Pacific and 25 Indo-Malayan), higher species endemicity (23), 37 cosmopolitan, 6 Australasian species, and 3 Australasian/Antarctic species. Distributions corroborate the general patterns demonstrated by the shallow-water biota of northern tropical and southern temperate Australian biogeographic provinces. Tropical and temperate provinces grade into each other in a broad overlap zone along both the western and eastern Australian coasts. This overlap zone is essentially a transitional region, with the gradual replacement of a tropical barnacle fauna in the north by a predominantly temperate barnacle fauna in the south. Both western and eastern Australian coasts are bounded by major poleward-flowing warm currents that have considerable influence on the marine flora and fauna, distributing tropical species of many taxa much farther south than could be predicted by latitude. Currently, 16 barnacle species introduced into Australian waters are identified, although this number may increase in the future due to new port developments and increased shipping arrivals.}, }
@article {pmid22890000, year = {2012}, author = {Peterson, K and Diss-Torrance, A}, title = {Motivation for compliance with environmental regulations related to forest health.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {112}, number = {}, pages = {104-119}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.06.023}, pmid = {22890000}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Discriminant Analysis ; Environmental Health/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Motivation ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {This study extends previous research on motivations for compliance with environmental regulations. It addresses contexts where regulatees have primarily sporadic short term interests, where costs of compliance are modest, and where costs of non-compliance are low. The behavior studied is the movement of firewood for camping, a principal cause for the spread of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), one of several invasive species plaguing the eastern United States. Based on a three-wave mail survey that produced 495 usable returns (64% response rate), findings suggest that motivations are influential in these contexts. Calculated motivations exert the greatest influence-especially when related to firewood price and convenience, while normative motivations (civic duty based) exert less influence, as does ability to comply. These findings have important implications, not only for controlling the spread of forest diseases and invasive pests, but also for regulating natural resources in general. They suggest that national, state, and local governments can manage natural resources to encourage user compliance with environmental rules, and develop communication strategies that leverage pro-environment norms.}, }
@article {pmid22889499, year = {2013}, author = {Simberloff, D and Martin, JL and Genovesi, P and Maris, V and Wardle, DA and Aronson, J and Courchamp, F and Galil, B and García-Berthou, E and Pascal, M and Pyšek, P and Sousa, R and Tabacchi, E and Vilà, M}, title = {Impacts of biological invasions: what's what and the way forward.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {58-66}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2012.07.013}, pmid = {22889499}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Animals ; Communication ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; *Introduced Species ; Public Opinion ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Study of the impacts of biological invasions, a pervasive component of global change, has generated remarkable understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of the spread of introduced populations. The growing field of invasion science, poised at a crossroads where ecology, social sciences, resource management, and public perception meet, is increasingly exposed to critical scrutiny from several perspectives. Although the rate of biological invasions, elucidation of their consequences, and knowledge about mitigation are growing rapidly, the very need for invasion science is disputed. Here, we highlight recent progress in understanding invasion impacts and management, and discuss the challenges that the discipline faces in its science and interactions with society.}, }
@article {pmid22887655, year = {2012}, author = {Rao, Q and Wang, S and Zhu, DT and Wang, XW and Liu, SS}, title = {Draft genome sequence of Rickettsia sp. strain MEAM1, isolated from the whitefly Bemisia tabaci.}, journal = {Journal of bacteriology}, volume = {194}, number = {17}, pages = {4741-4742}, pmid = {22887655}, issn = {1098-5530}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chromosome Mapping ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Hemiptera/*microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Rickettsia/classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {We report the draft genome sequence of the Rickettsia sp. strain MEAM1, which is a facultative symbiont from an invasive species of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. The total length of the assembled genome is approximately 1.24 Mb, with 335 scaffolds and 1,247 coding sequences predicted within the genome.}, }
@article {pmid22886039, year = {2013}, author = {Rodríguez, MA and Gerardo Herrera, LM}, title = {Isotopic niche mirrors trophic niche in a vertebrate island invader.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {171}, number = {2}, pages = {537-544}, pmid = {22886039}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Birds ; Diet ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; *Islands ; Mexico ; *Rats ; }, abstract = {Caution for the indiscriminate conversion of the isotopic niche into ecologic niche was recently advised. We tested the utility of the isotopic niche to answer ecological questions on oceanic islands. We compared the isotopic niches of black rats (Rattus rattus) on two islands in the Gulf of California, Mexico: Farrallón de San Ignacio (FSI) and San Pedro Mártir (SPM). Both islands maintained several species of marine birds, but FSI is devoid of terrestrial vegetation and SPM has several species of terrestrial plants. We tested the hypothesis that rats on FSI have a narrower trophic niche due to its lower diversity of food items. We predicted a smaller variance in δ(13)C and δ(15)N values of rat muscle on FSI, and a lower use of marine birds as food on SPM. We also examined stomach contents of rats on both islands to validate the isotopic information. Variances in δ(13)C and δ(15)N values of black rats were lower on FSI, and the contribution of marine birds to the diet of rats was smaller on SPM. Stomachs in most rats collected on FSI contained only one or two types of food items, mostly marine birds and terrestrial invertebrates. In contrast, stomachs with only one type of food item were rare on SPM, and in most cases they contained three or more food types. Our findings showed that isotopic variance is a good approximation for trophic niche when comparing populations with access to an assemblage of preys with contrasting biological and isotopic diversity.}, }
@article {pmid22882278, year = {2012}, author = {Robbins, TR and Langkilde, T}, title = {The consequences of lifetime and evolutionary exposure to toxic prey: changes in avoidance behaviour through ontogeny.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {25}, number = {10}, pages = {1937-1946}, doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02583.x}, pmid = {22882278}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/*genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Responses to novel threats (e.g. invasive species) can involve genetic changes or plastic shifts in phenotype. There is controversy over the relative importance of these processes for species survival of such perturbations, but we are realizing they are not mutually exclusive. Native eastern fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) have adapted to top-down predation pressure imposed by the invasive red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) via changes in adult (but not juvenile) lizard antipredator behaviour. Here, we examine the largely ignored, but potentially equally important, bottom-up effect of fire ants as toxic prey for lizards. We test how fire ant consumption (or avoidance) is affected by lifetime (via plasticity) and evolutionary (via natural selection) exposure to fire ants by comparing field-caught and laboratory-reared lizards, respectively, from fire ant-invaded and uninvaded populations. More naive juveniles from invaded populations ate fire ants than did adults, reflecting a natural ontogenetic dietary shift away from ants. Laboratory-reared lizards from the invaded site were less likely to eat fire ants than were those from the uninvaded site, suggesting a potential evolutionary shift in feeding behaviour. Lifetime and evolutionary exposure interacted across ontogeny, however, and field-caught lizards from the invaded site exhibited opposite ontogenetic trends; adults were more likely to eat fire ants than were juveniles. Our results suggest that plastic and evolutionary processes may both play important roles in permitting species survival of novel threats. We further reveal how complex interactions can shape adaptive responses to multimodal impacts imposed by invaders: in our system, fire ants impose stronger bottom-up selection than top-down selection, with each selection regime changing differently across lizard ontogeny.}, }
@article {pmid22880039, year = {2012}, author = {Grey, J and Jackson, MC}, title = {'Leaves and eats shoots': direct terrestrial feeding can supplement invasive red swamp crayfish in times of need.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {e42575}, pmid = {22880039}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Biomass ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Isotope Labeling ; Kenya ; Lakes ; Plant Leaves/*physiology ; Plant Shoots/*physiology ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {We used stable isotope analyses to characterise the feeding dynamics of a population of red swamp crayfish in Lake Naivasha, Kenya, after the crash of submerged macrophytes and associated macroinvertebrates, and during a natural draw-down of the lake water level. We expected a heavy reliance upon a diet of detrital matter to sustain the population as a consequence, and indeed, for the majority of the crayfish population caught from the lake, we saw a concomitant shift in isotopic values reflecting a dietary change. However, we also caught individual crayfish that had occupied the footprints of hippopotamus and effectively extended their range beyond the lake up to 40 m into the riparian zone. Isotopic analysis confirmed limited nocturnal observations that these individuals were consuming living terrestrial plants in the vicinity of the footprints. These are the first empirical data to demonstrate direct use of terrestrial resources by an aquatic crayfish species and further highlight the traits that make red swamp crayfish such opportunistic and successful invaders.}, }
@article {pmid22879991, year = {2012}, author = {Talley, TS and Nguyen, KC and Nguyen, A}, title = {Testing the effects of an introduced palm on a riparian invertebrate community in southern California.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {e42460}, pmid = {22879991}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Arecaceae/*physiology ; *Biota ; California ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Regression Analysis ; Salix/physiology ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Despite the iconic association of palms with semi-arid regions, most are introduced and can invade natural areas. Along the San Diego River (San Diego, California, USA), the introduced Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis) forms dense patches among native riparian shrubs like arroyo willow (Salix lasiolepis). The structural differences between the palm and native shrubs are visually obvious, but little is known about palm's effects on the ecosystem. We tested for the effects of the palm on a riparian invertebrate community in June 2011 by comparing the faunal and environmental variables associated with palm and willow canopies, trunks and ground beneath each species. The palm invertebrate community had lower abundance and diversity, fewer taxa feeding on the host (e.g., specialized hemipterans), and more taxa likely using only the plant's physical structure (e.g., web-builders, oak moths, willow hemipterans). There were no observed effects on the ground-dwelling fauna. Faunal differences were due to the physical and trophic changes associated with palm presence, namely increased canopy density, unpalatable leaves, trunk rugosity, and litter accumulations. Palm presence and resulting community shifts may have further ecosystem-level effects through alteration of physical properties, food, and structural resources. These results were consistent with a recent study of invasive palm effects on desert spring arthropods, illustrating that effects may be relatively generalizable. Since spread of the palm is largely localized, but effects are dramatic where it does occur, we recommend combining our results with several further investigations in order to prioritize management decisions.}, }
@article {pmid22879985, year = {2012}, author = {Sornom, P and Gismondi, E and Vellinger, C and Devin, S and Férard, JF and Beisel, JN}, title = {Effects of sublethal cadmium exposure on antipredator behavioural and antitoxic responses in the invasive amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {e42435}, pmid = {22879985}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*drug effects/*physiology ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Cadmium/*toxicity ; Energy Metabolism/drug effects ; *Environmental Exposure ; Exploratory Behavior/drug effects ; *Introduced Species ; Malondialdehyde/metabolism ; Predatory Behavior/*drug effects ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Amphipods are recognised as an important component of freshwater ecosystems and are frequently used as an ecotoxicological test species. Despite this double interest, there is still a lack of information concerning toxic impacts on ecologically relevant behaviours. The present study investigated the influence of cadmium (Cd), a non-essential heavy metal, on both antipredator behaviours and antitoxic responses in the invasive amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus under laboratory conditions. Amphipod behaviour (i.e. refuge use, aggregation with conspecifics, exploration and mobility) was recorded following a 4-min test-exposure to 500 µg Cd/L with or without a 24-h Cd pre-exposure and in the presence or absence of a high perceived risk of predation (i.e. water scented by fish predators and injured conspecifics). Following behavioural tests, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, a biomarker for toxic effect, and energy reserves (i.e. lipid and glycogen contents) were assessed. Cd exposures induced (1) cell damage reflected by high MDA levels, (2) erratic behaviour quantified by decreasing refuge use and exploration, and increasing mobility, and (3) a depletion in energy reserves. No significant differences were observed between 4-min test-exposed and 24-h pre-exposed individuals. Gammarids exposed to Cd had a disturbed perception of the alarm stimuli, reflected by increased time spent outside of refuges and higher mobility compared to gammarids exposed to unpolluted water. Our results suggest that Cd exposure rapidly disrupts the normal behavioural responses of gammarids to alarm substances and alters predator-avoidance strategies, which could have potential impacts on aquatic communities.}, }
@article {pmid22879960, year = {2012}, author = {Cook, DC and Liu, S and Edwards, J and Villalta, ON and Aurambout, JP and Kriticos, DJ and Drenth, A and De Barro, PJ}, title = {Predicting the benefits of banana bunchy top virus exclusion from commercial plantations in Australia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {e42391}, pmid = {22879960}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Australia ; Babuvirus/*isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Musa/*virology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Benefit cost analysis is a tried and tested analytical framework that can clearly communicate likely net changes in producer welfare from investment decisions to diverse stakeholder audiences. However, in a plant biosecurity context, it is often difficult to predict policy benefits over time due to complex biophysical interactions between invasive species, their hosts, and the environment. In this paper, we demonstrate how a break-even style benefit cost analysis remains highly relevant to biosecurity decision-makers using the example of banana bunchy top virus, a plant pathogen targeted for eradication from banana growing regions of Australia. We develop an analytical approach using a stratified diffusion spread model to simulate the likely benefits of exclusion of this virus from commercial banana plantations over time relative to a nil management scenario in which no surveillance or containment activities take place. Using Monte Carlo simulation to generate a range of possible future incursion scenarios, we predict the exclusion benefits of the disease will avoid Aus$15.9-27.0 million in annual losses for the banana industry. For these exclusion benefits to be reduced to zero would require a bunchy top re-establishment event in commercial banana plantations three years in every four. Sensitivity analysis indicates that exclusion benefits can be greatly enhanced through improvements in disease surveillance and incursion response.}, }
@article {pmid22874747, year = {2012}, author = {Gaither, MR and Toonen, RJ and Bowen, BW}, title = {Coming out of the starting blocks: extended lag time rearranges genetic diversity in introduced marine fishes of Hawai'i.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {279}, number = {1744}, pages = {3948-3957}, pmid = {22874747}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Cytochromes b/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Perciformes/*genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Population Growth ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions with known histories are rare, especially in the sea, and empirical studies of the genetic consequences are even rarer. Fifty-five years ago, the state of Hawai'i began a remarkable, if unintentional, 'experiment' with the introduction of three reef fishes, Lutjanus fulvus, Cephalopholis argus and Lutjanus kasmira. All have since expanded from the initial introduction of 2204 to 3163 individuals; however, historical records show that initially L. fulvus remained scarce, C. argus had modest population expansion and L. kasmira experienced rapid population growth. The consequences of differential population growth rates are apparent in F-statistics: Hawaiian L. fulvus demonstrate strong and significant haplotype frequency shifts from the founder location (F(ST) = 0.449), C. argus shows low but significant differentiation (F(ST) = 0.066) and L. kasmira is nearly identical to the founder location (F(ST) = 0.008). All three species had higher mtDNA diversity in the introduced range, which can be explained by multiple sources for L. fulvus and L. kasmira, but not for C. argus. We conclude that lag time before population expansion, in conjunction with genetic drift, has defined the genetic architecture of these three species in the introduced range.}, }
@article {pmid22862796, year = {2012}, author = {Moore, JL and Runge, MC}, title = {Combining structured decision making and value-of-information analyses to identify robust management strategies.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {26}, number = {5}, pages = {810-820}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01907.x}, pmid = {22862796}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/*methods ; Decision Making ; *Decision Support Techniques ; Ecosystem ; Fires ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Salix/*physiology ; Uncertainty ; Victoria ; }, abstract = {Structured decision making and value-of-information analyses can be used to identify robust management strategies even when uncertainty about the response of the system to management is high. We used these methods in a case study of management of the non-native invasive species gray sallow willow (Salix cinerea) in alpine Australia. Establishment of this species is facilitated by wildfire. Managers are charged with developing a management strategy despite extensive uncertainty regarding the frequency of fires, the willow's demography, and the effectiveness of management actions. We worked with managers in Victoria to conduct a formal decision analysis. We used a dynamic model to identify the best management strategy for a range of budgets. We evaluated the robustness of the strategies to uncertainty with value-of-information analyses. Results of the value-of-information analysis indicated that reducing uncertainty would not change which management strategy was identified as the best unless budgets increased substantially. This outcome suggests there would be little value in implementing adaptive management for the problem we analyzed. The value-of-information analyses also highlighted that the main driver of gray sallow willow invasion (i.e., fire frequency) is not necessarily the same factor that is most important for decision making (i.e., willow seed dispersal distance). Value of-information analyses enables managers to better target monitoring and research efforts toward factors critical to making the decision and to assess the need for adaptive management.}, }
@article {pmid22859560, year = {2012}, author = {Jørgensen, C and Peck, MA and Antognarelli, F and Azzurro, E and Burrows, MT and Cheung, WW and Cucco, A and Holt, RE and Huebert, KB and Marras, S and McKenzie, D and Metcalfe, J and Perez-Ruzafa, A and Sinerchia, M and Fleng Steffensen, J and Teal, LR and Domenici, P}, title = {Conservation physiology of marine fishes: advancing the predictive capacity of models.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {900-903}, pmid = {22859560}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Forecasting ; Geography ; Introduced Species/*trends ; *Models, Biological ; Oceans and Seas ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {At the end of May, 17 scientists involved in an EU COST Action on Conservation Physiology of Marine Fishes met in Oristano, Sardinia, to discuss how physiology can be better used in modelling tools to aid in management of marine ecosystems. Current modelling approaches incorporate physiology to different extents, ranging from no explicit consideration to detailed physiological mechanisms, and across scales from a single fish to global fishery resources. Biologists from different sub-disciplines are collaborating to rise to the challenge of projecting future changes in distribution and productivity, assessing risks for local populations, or predicting and mitigating the spread of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid22859488, year = {2012}, author = {Sol, D and Maspons, J and Vall-Llosera, M and Bartomeus, I and García-Peña, GE and Piñol, J and Freckleton, RP}, title = {Unraveling the life history of successful invaders.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {337}, number = {6094}, pages = {580-583}, doi = {10.1126/science.1221523}, pmid = {22859488}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/classification/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Population Growth ; *Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Despite considerable current interest in biological invasions, the common life-history characteristics of successful invaders remain elusive. The widely held hypothesis that successful invaders have high reproductive rates has received little empirical support; however, alternative possibilities are seldom considered. Combining a global comparative analysis of avian introductions (>2700 events) with demographic models and phylogenetic comparative methods, we show that although rapid population growth may be advantageous during invasions under certain circumstances, more generally successful invaders are characterized by life-history strategies in which they give priority to future rather than current reproduction. High future breeding expectations reduce the costs of reproductive failure under uncertain conditions and increase opportunities to explore the environment and respond to novel ecological pressures.}, }
@article {pmid22857711, year = {2012}, author = {Rius, M and Shenkar, N}, title = {Ascidian introductions through the Suez Canal: The case study of an Indo-Pacific species.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {64}, number = {10}, pages = {2060-2068}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.06.029}, pmid = {22857711}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Genetic Variation ; Indian Ocean ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mediterranean Sea ; Phylogeny ; Urochordata/*classification/genetics/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Although marine biological invasions via the Suez Canal have been extensively documented, little is known about the introduction of non-indigenous ascidians (Chordata, Ascidiacea), a group containing particularly aggressive invasive species. Here, we used a multidisciplinary approach to study the introduction of the ascidian Herdmania momus into the Mediterranean Sea. We reviewed its taxonomy and global distribution, and analyzed how genetic variation is partitioned between sides of the Suez Canal. The taxonomic revision showed that H. momus currently has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution. Genetic data indicated two well-differentiated colonization histories across the eastern Mediterranean. Our findings suggest that the range expansion of H. momus has been greatly facilitated by the combined effect of human-mediated transport and the species' ability to adapt to different environments. The integrative approach presented here is critical to attain a holistic understanding of marine biological invasions, especially when studying groups with a poorly resolved taxonomy.}, }
@article {pmid22850699, year = {2012}, author = {Clark, LV and Jasieniuk, M}, title = {Spontaneous hybrids between native and exotic Rubus in the Western United States produce offspring both by apomixis and by sexual recombination.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {109}, number = {5}, pages = {320-328}, pmid = {22850699}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Chimera/*genetics ; DNA, Chloroplast/*genetics ; Hybrid Vigor/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Pacific States ; Reproduction, Asexual/genetics ; Rosaceae/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Facultative asexual reproduction is a trait commonly found in invasive species. With a combination of sexual and asexual reproductive modes, such species may adapt to new environments via sexual recombination during range expansion, while at the same time having the benefits of asexuality such as the maintenance of fitness effects that depend upon heterozygosity. In the Western United States, native species of Rubus (Rosaceae) reproduce sexually whereas exotic naturalized Rubus species reproduce by pseudogamous apomixis. We hypothesized that new asexual lineages of Rubus could arise from hybridization in this range. To detect hybridization between native and exotic Rubus, we genotyped 579 individuals collected across California, Oregon and Washington with eight nuclear microsatellites and two chloroplast markers. Principal Coordinate Analysis and Bayesian clustering revealed a limited amount of hybridization of the native R. ursinus with the exotic R. armeniacus and R. pensilvanicus, as well as cultivated varieties. Genetic distances between these hybrids and their offspring indicated that both R. ursinus × R. armeniacus and R. ursinus × R. pensilvanicus produced a mix of apomictic and sexual seeds, with sexual seeds being more viable. Although neither of these hybrid types is currently considered invasive, they model the early stages of evolution of new invasive lineages, given the potential for fixed heterosis and the generation of novel genotypes. The hybrids also retain the ability to increase their fitness via sexual recombination and natural selection. Mixed reproductive systems such as those described here may be an important step in the evolution of asexual invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid22848733, year = {2012}, author = {Michael, PJ and Yeoh, PB and Scott, JK}, title = {Potential distribution of the Australian native Chloris truncata based on modelling both the successful and failed global introductions.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {e42140}, pmid = {22848733}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Australia ; Climate Change ; Geography ; *Internationality ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Statistical ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Seasons ; Soil ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Our aim was to model the current and future potential global distribution of Chloris truncata (windmill grass) based on the plant's biology, soil requirements and colonisation success. The growth response of C. truncata to constant temperatures and soil moisture levels were measured and estimated respectively, to develop parameters for a CLIMEX bioclimatic model of potential distribution. The native distribution in eastern Australia and naturalised distribution in Western Australia was also used to inform the model. Associations with soil types were assessed within the suitable bioclimatic region in Australia. The global projection of the model was tested against the distribution of soil types and the known successful and failed global introductions. The verified model was then projected to future conditions due to climate change. Optimal temperature for plant development was 28°C and the plant required 970 degree-days above a threshold of 10°C. Early collection records indicate that the species is native to Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. The plant has been introduced elsewhere in Australia and throughout the world as a wool contaminant and as a potential pasture species, but some of the recorded establishments have failed to persist. The CLIMEX model projected to the world reflected effectively both the successful and failed distributions. The inclusion of soil associations improved the explanation of the observed distribution in Australia, but did not improve the ability to determine the potential distribution elsewhere, due to lack of similarity of soil types between continents. The addition of a climate change projection showed decreased suitability for this species in Australia, but increased suitability for other parts of the world, including regions where the plant previously failed to establish.}, }
@article {pmid22848533, year = {2012}, author = {Lowe, MR and Wu, W and Peterson, MS and Brown-Peterson, NJ and Slack, WT and Schofield, PJ}, title = {Survival, growth and reproduction of non-native Nile tilapia II: fundamental niche projections and invasion potential in the northern Gulf of Mexico.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {e41580}, pmid = {22848533}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Cichlids/*physiology ; Gulf of Mexico ; *Introduced Species ; Mississippi ; *Models, Biological ; Reproduction/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Understanding the fundamental niche of invasive species facilitates our ability to predict both dispersal patterns and invasion success and therefore provides the basis for better-informed conservation and management policies. Here we focus on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758), one of the most widely cultured fish worldwide and a species that has escaped local aquaculture facilities to become established in a coastal-draining river in Mississippi (northern Gulf of Mexico). Using empirical physiological data, logistic regression models were developed to predict the probabilities of Nile tilapia survival, growth, and reproduction at different combinations of temperature (14 and 30°C) and salinity (0-60, by increments of 10). These predictive models were combined with kriged seasonal salinity data derived from multiple long-term data sets to project the species' fundamental niche in Mississippi coastal waters during normal salinity years (averaged across all years) and salinity patterns in extremely wet and dry years (which might emerge more frequently under scenarios of climate change). The derived fundamental niche projections showed that during the summer, Nile tilapia is capable of surviving throughout Mississippi's coastal waters but growth and reproduction were limited to river mouths (or upriver). Overwinter survival was also limited to river mouths. The areas where Nile tilapia could survive, grow, and reproduce increased during extremely wet years (2-368%) and decreased during extremely dry years (86-92%) in the summer with a similar pattern holding for overwinter survival. These results indicate that Nile tilapia is capable of 1) using saline waters to gain access to other watersheds throughout the region and 2) establishing populations in nearshore, low-salinity waters, particularly in the western portion of coastal Mississippi.}, }
@article {pmid22844172, year = {2012}, author = {Ligon, RA and Siefferman, L and Hill, GE}, title = {Invasive ants alter foraging and parental behaviors of a native bird.}, journal = {Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie}, volume = {118}, number = {9}, pages = {858-866}, pmid = {22844172}, issn = {0179-1613}, support = {R01 AI049724/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Introduced species can exert outsized impacts on native biota through both direct (predation) and indirect (competition) effects. Ants frequently become established in new areas after being transported by humans across traditional biological or geographical barriers, and a prime example of such establishment is the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta). Introduced to North America in the 1930's, red imported fire ants are now firmly established throughout the southeastern United States. Although these invasive predators can dramatically impact native arthropods, their effect on vertebrates through resource competition is essentially unknown. Using a paired experimental design, we compared patterns of foraging and rates of provisioning for breeding eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) in unmanipulated (control) territories to those in adjacent (treated) territories where fire ants were experimentally reduced. Bluebirds inhabiting treated territories foraged nearer their nests and provisioned offspring more frequently than bluebirds inhabiting control territories with unmanipulated fire ant levels. Additionally, nestlings from treated territories were in better condition than those from control territories, though these differences were largely confined to early development. The elimination of significant differences in body condition towards the end of the nestling period suggests that bluebird parents in control territories were able to make up the food deficit caused by fire ants, potentially by working harder to adequately provision their offspring. The relationship between fire ant abundance and bluebird behavior hints at the complexity of ecological communities and suggests negative effects of invasive species are not limited to taxa with which they have direct contact.}, }
@article {pmid22842865, year = {2013}, author = {Frank, KL and Tobin, PC and Thistle, HW and Kalkstein, LS}, title = {Interpretation of gypsy moth frontal advance using meteorology in a conditional algorithm.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {57}, number = {3}, pages = {459-473}, pmid = {22842865}, issn = {1432-1254}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Male ; Meteorological Concepts ; Michigan ; *Moths ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, is a non-native species that continues to invade areas in North America. It spreads generally through stratified dispersal where local growth and diffusive spread are coupled with long-distance jumps ahead of the leading edge. Long-distance jumps due to anthropogenic movement of life stages is a well-documented spread mechanism. Another mechanism is the atmospheric transport of early instars and adult males, believed to occur over short distances. However, empirical gypsy moth population data continue to support the possibility of alternative methods of long-range dispersal. Such dispersal events seemed to have occurred in the mid- to late-1990s with spread across Lake Michigan to Wisconsin. Such dispersal would be against the prevailing wind flow for the area and would have crossed a significant physical barrier (Lake Michigan). The climatology of the region shows that vigorous cyclones can result in strong easterly winds in the area at the time when early instars are present. It is hypothesized that these storms would enable individuals to be blown across the Lake and explain the appearance of new population centers observed at several locations on the western shore of Lake Michigan nearly simultaneously. A synoptic climatology model coupled with population dynamics data from the area was parameterized to show an association between transport events and population spread from 1996 to 2007. This work highlights the importance of atmospheric transport events relative to the invasion dynamics of the gypsy moth, and serves as a model for understanding this mechanism of spread in other related biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid22841626, year = {2012}, author = {González-Torralva, F and Rojano-Delgado, AM and Luque de Castro, MD and Mülleder, N and De Prado, R}, title = {Two non-target mechanisms are involved in glyphosate-resistant horseweed (Conyza canadensis L. Cronq.) biotypes.}, journal = {Journal of plant physiology}, volume = {169}, number = {17}, pages = {1673-1679}, doi = {10.1016/j.jplph.2012.06.014}, pmid = {22841626}, issn = {1618-1328}, mesh = {Carbon Isotopes/metabolism ; Carboxylic Acids/metabolism ; Conyza/*drug effects/genetics/metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Genotype ; Glycine/*analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism/pharmacology ; Herbicide Resistance ; Herbicides/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Isoxazoles ; Organophosphonates/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/drug effects/genetics/metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Sarcosine/metabolism ; Spain ; Spectrophotometry ; Tetrazoles ; Weed Control ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {The physiological and biochemical bases for glyphosate resistance and susceptibility in horseweed (Conyza canadensis L. Cronq.) populations collected from Córdoba, Huelva, Málaga, Jaén and Seville in southern Spain were investigated. Screening 25 populations treated with glyphosate (238gacidequivalentha(-1)) at the rosette stage (BBCH 14-15) revealed reductions in fresh weight (fw) of 9-99%. The resistant biotype (R C004) was 6.1 times more resistant than the susceptible biotype (S). Shikimate accumulation in both biotypes increased until 72h after treatment (HAT), and then continued to increase (to 61.2%) in the S biotype, but decreased by 40% in the R (C004) biotype. Differential glyphosate spray retention and foliar uptake of applied (14)C-glyphosate between the R (C004) and S biotype had no effect on resistance to this herbicide. Quantitative and qualitative tests showed greater (14)C-glyphosate mobility in the S biotype than in the R (C004) biotype. Glyphosate was metabolized faster in the R (C004) biotype than in the S biotype. The herbicide disappeared completely from the R (C004) biotype by conversion into glyoxylate, sarcosine and aminomethylphosphonic acid within 96 HAT. On the other hand, 41.43nmolg(-1)fw of all glyphosate applied remained in the S biotype and glyoxylate was its only non-toxic metabolite. These results suggest that glyphosate resistance in horseweed is due to two different non-target mechanisms, namely: (a) impaired glyphosate translocation and (b) glyphosate metabolism to other compounds.}, }
@article {pmid22841386, year = {2012}, author = {Keshavmurthy, S}, title = {Should CITES permit regulations be eased for certain kinds of scientific research?.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {64}, number = {9}, pages = {1731-1732}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.07.002}, pmid = {22841386}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environmental Policy ; Introduced Species ; *Licensure ; }, }
@article {pmid22837849, year = {2012}, author = {Woodard, AM and Ervin, GN and Marsico, TD}, title = {Host plant defense signaling in response to a coevolved herbivore combats introduced herbivore attack.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {5}, pages = {1056-1064}, pmid = {22837849}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Defense-free space resulting from coevolutionarily naïve host plants recently has been implicated as a factor facilitating invasion success of some insect species. Host plants, however, may not be entirely defenseless against novel herbivore threats. Volatile chemical-mediated defense signaling, which allows plants to mount specific, rapid, and intense responses, may play a role in systems experiencing novel threats. Here we investigate defense responses of host plants to a native and exotic herbivore and show that (1) host plants defend more effectively against the coevolved herbivore, (2) plants can be induced to defend against a newly-associated herbivore when in proximity to plants actively defending against the coevolved species, and (3) these defenses affect larval performance. These findings highlight the importance of coevolved herbivore-specific defenses and suggest that naïveté or defense limitations can be overcome via defense signaling. Determining how these findings apply across various host-herbivore systems is critical to understand mechanisms of successful herbivore invasion.}, }
@article {pmid22837840, year = {2012}, author = {McKenzie-Gopsill, A and Kirk, H and Drunen, WV and Freeland, JR and Dorken, ME}, title = {No evidence for niche segregation in a North American Cattail (Typha) species complex.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {5}, pages = {952-961}, pmid = {22837840}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Interspecific hybridization can lead to a breakdown of species boundaries, and is of particular concern in cases in which one of the parental species is invasive. Cattails (Typha spp.) have increased their abundance in the Great Lakes region of North America over the past 150 years. This increase in the distribution of cattails is associated with hybridization between broad-leaved (Typha latifolia) and narrow-leaved cattails (T. angustifolia). The resulting hybrids occur predominantly as F(1)s, which are known as T. × glauca, although later-generation hybrids have also been documented. It has been proposed that in sympatric populations, the parental species and hybrids are often spatially segregated according to growth in contrasting water depths, and that this should promote the maintenance of parental species. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the two species and their hybrids segregate along a water-depth gradient at sites where they are sympatric. We identified the two parental species and their hybrids using molecular genetic markers (SSR), and measured shoot elevations (a proxy for water depth) at 18 sites in Southern Ontario, Canada. We found no evidence for niche segregation among species based on elevation. Our data indicate that all three lineages compete for similar habitat where they co-occur suggesting that there is potential for an overall loss of biodiversity in the species complex, particularly if the hybrid lineage is more vigorous compared to the parental species, as has been suggested by other authors.}, }
@article {pmid22837826, year = {2012}, author = {Griffith, T and Sultan, SE}, title = {Field-based insights to the evolution of specialization: plasticity and fitness across habitats in a specialist/generalist species pair.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {778-791}, pmid = {22837826}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Factors promoting the evolution of specialists versus generalists have been little studied in ecological context. In a large-scale comparative field experiment, we studied genotypes from naturally evolved populations of a closely related generalist/specialist species pair (Polygonum persicaria and P. hydropiper), reciprocally transplanting replicates of multiple lines into open and partially shaded sites where the species naturally co-occur. We measured relative fitness, individual plasticity, herbivory, and genetic variance expressed in the contrasting light habitats at both low and high densities. Fitness data confirmed that the putative specialist out-performed the generalist in only one environment, the favorable full sun/low-density environment to which it is largely restricted in nature, while the generalist had higher lifetime reproduction in both canopy and dense neighbor shade. The generalist, P. persicaria, also expressed greater adaptive plasticity for biomass allocation and leaf size in shaded conditions than the specialist. We found no evidence that the ecological specialization of P. hydropiper reflects either genetically based fitness trade-offs or maintenance costs of plasticity, two types of genetic constraint often invoked to prevent the evolution of broadly adaptive genotypes. However, the patterns of fitness variance and herbivore damage revealed how release from herbivory in a new range can cause an introduced species to evolve as a specialist in that range, a surprising finding with important implications for invasion biology. Patterns of fitness variance between and within sites are also consistent with a possible role for the process of mutation accumulation (in this case, mutations affecting shade-expressed phenotypes) in the evolution and/or maintenance of specialization in P. hydropiper.}, }
@article {pmid22836170, year = {2012}, author = {Murray, KA and Skerratt, LF and Speare, R and Ritchie, S and Smout, F and Hedlefs, R and Lee, J}, title = {Cooling off health security hot spots: getting on top of it down under.}, journal = {Environment international}, volume = {48}, number = {}, pages = {56-64}, doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.015}, pmid = {22836170}, issn = {1873-6750}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Policy ; Health Policy ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Pandemics/*prevention &amp; control/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Queensland ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Management ; Security Measures ; }, abstract = {Australia is free of many diseases, pests and weeds found elsewhere in the world due to its geographical isolation and relatively good health security practices. However, its health security is under increasing pressure due to a number of ecological, climatic, demographic and behavioural changes occurring globally. North Queensland is a high risk area (a health security hot spot) for Australia, due in part to its connection to neighbouring countries via the Torres Strait and the Indo-Papuan conduit, its high diversity of wildlife reservoirs and its environmental characteristics. Major outbreaks of exotic diseases, pests and weeds in Australia can cost in excess of $1 billion; however, most expenditure on health security is reactive apart from preventive measures undertaken for a few high profile diseases, pests and weeds. Large gains in health security could therefore be made by spending more on pre-emptive approaches to reduce the risk of outbreaks, invasion/spread and establishment, despite these gains being difficult to quantify. Although biosecurity threats may initially have regional impacts (e.g. Hendra virus), a break down in security in health security hot spots can have national and international consequences, as has been seen recently in other regions with the emergence of SARS and pandemic avian influenza. Novel approaches should be driven by building research and management capacity, particularly in the regions where threats arise, a model that is applicable both in Australia and in other regions of the world that value and therefore aim to improve their strategies for maintaining health security.}, }
@article {pmid22834384, year = {2012}, author = {Zarnetske, PL and Hacker, SD and Seabloom, EW and Ruggiero, P and Killian, JR and Maddux, TB and Cox, D}, title = {Biophysical feedback mediates effects of invasive grasses on coastal dune shape.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {6}, pages = {1439-1450}, doi = {10.1890/11-1112.1}, pmid = {22834384}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*classification/*physiology ; Silicon Dioxide ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Vegetation at the aquatic-terrestrial interface can alter landscape features through its growth and interactions with sediment and fluids. Even similar species may impart different effects due to variation in their interactions and feedbacks with the environment. Consequently, replacement of one engineering species by another can cause significant change in the physical environment. Here we investigate the species-specific ecological mechanisms influencing the geomorphology of U.S. Pacific Northwest coastal dunes. Over the last century, this system changed from open, shifting sand dunes with sparse vegetation (including native beach grass, Elymus mollis), to densely vegetated continuous foredune ridges resulting from the introduction and subsequent invasions of two nonnative grass species (Ammophila arenaria and Ammophila breviligulata), each of which is associated with different dune shapes and sediment supply rates along the coast. Here we propose a biophysical feedback responsible for differences in dune shape, and we investigate two, non-mutually exclusive ecological mechanisms for these differences: (1) species differ in their ability to capture sand and (2) species differ in their growth habit in response to sand deposition. To investigate sand capture, we used a moveable bed wind tunnel experiment and found that increasing tiller density increased sand capture efficiency and that, under different experimental densities, the native grass had higher sand capture efficiency compared to the Ammophila congeners. However, the greater densities of nonnative grasses under field conditions suggest that they have greater potential to capture more sand overall. We used a mesocosm experiment to look at plant growth responses to sand deposition and found that, in response to increasing sand supply rates, A. arenaria produced higher-density vertical tillers (characteristic of higher sand capture efficiency), while A. breviligulata and E. mollis responded with lower-density lateral tiller growth (characteristic of lower sand capture efficiency). Combined, these experiments provide evidence for a species-specific effect on coastal dune shape. Understanding how dominant ecosystem engineers, especially nonnative ones, differ in their interactions with abiotic factors is necessary to better parameterize coastal vulnerability models and inform management practices related to both coastal protection ecosystem services and ecosystem restoration.}, }
@article {pmid22834366, year = {2012}, author = {Wright, JT and Gribben, PE and Byers, JE and Monro, K}, title = {Invasive ecosystem engineer selects for different phenotypes of an associated native species.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {6}, pages = {1262-1268}, doi = {10.1890/11-1740.1}, pmid = {22834366}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*anatomy &amp; histology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Geologic Sediments ; *Introduced Species ; Seaweed/*physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Invasive habitat-forming ecosystem engineers modify the abiotic environment and thus represent a major perturbation to many ecosystems. Because native species often persist in these invaded habitats but have no shared history with the ecosystem engineer, the engineer may impose novel selective pressure on native species. In this study, we used a phenotypic selection framework to determine whether an invasive habitat-forming ecosystem engineer (the seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia) selects for different phenotypes of a common co-occurring native species (the bivalve Anadara trapezia). Compared to unvegetated habitat, Caulerpa habitat has lower water flow, lower dissolved oxygen, and sediments are more silty and anoxic. We determined the performance consequences of variation in key functional traits that may be affected by these abiotic changes (shell morphology, gill mass, and palp mass) for Anadara transplanted into Caulerpa and unvegetated habitat. Both linear and nonlinear performance gradients in Anadara differed between habitats, and these gradients were stronger in Caulerpa compared to unvegetated sediment. Moreover, in Caulerpa alternate phenotypes performed well, and these phenotypes were different from the dominant phenotype in unvegetated sediment. By demonstrating that phenotype-performance gradients differ between habitats, we have highlighted a role for Caulerpa as an agent of selection on native species.}, }
@article {pmid22834365, year = {2012}, author = {Preston, DL and Henderson, JS and Johnson, PT}, title = {Community ecology of invasions: direct and indirect effects of multiple invasive species on aquatic communities.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {6}, pages = {1254-1261}, doi = {10.1890/11-1821.1}, pmid = {22834365}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Amphibians/*physiology ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cyprinodontiformes/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; *Ponds ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {With many ecosystems now supporting multiple nonnative species from different trophic levels, it can be challenging to disentangle the net effects of invaders within a community context. Here, we combined wetland surveys with a mesocosm experiment to examine the individual and combined effects of nonnative fish predators and nonnative bullfrogs on aquatic communities. Among 139 wetlands, nonnative fish (bass, sunfish, and mosquitofish) negatively influenced the probability of occupancy of Pacific treefrogs (Pseudacris regilla), but neither invader correlated strongly with occupancy by California newts (Taricha torosa), western toads (Anaxyrus boreas), or California red-legged frogs (Rana draytonii). In mesocosms, mosquitofish dramatically reduced the abundance of zooplankton and palatable amphibian larvae (P. regilla and T. torosa), leading to increases in nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton (through loss of zooplankton), and rapid growth of unpalatable toad larvae (through competitive release). Bullfrog larvae reduced the growth of native anurans but had no effect on survival. Despite strong effects on natives, invaders did not negatively influence one another, and their combined effects were additive. Our results highlight how the net effects of multiple nonnative species depend on the trophic level of each invader, the form and magnitude of invader interactions, and the traits of native community members.}, }
@article {pmid22834250, year = {2012}, author = {Dutto, M and Lonati, D and Goyffon, M}, title = {[Evidence of snakes in urban areas. Analysis of cases in the province of Cuneo and public health issues].}, journal = {Annali di igiene : medicina preventiva e di comunita}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {217-220}, pmid = {22834250}, issn = {1120-9135}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Italy/epidemiology ; *Public Health ; Snake Bites/*epidemiology ; *Snakes ; Urban Health ; }, abstract = {In this paper the authors analyse the cases of intrusion of snakes into urban environments in southern Piedmont (province of Cuneo) in the years 2010-2012 (up to may). In the study period there were 83 cases of intrusions in urban and domestic areas, mostly due to native harmless species (97.6%), while in 2.4% (n=2) of the cases alien species were responsible, and in 4.8% (n=4) poisonous native species were involved (Vipera aspis). The incidence of bites after a domestic intrusion is found to be 6% (n=5). All bites have resulted in loco-regional minor symptoms and occurred as a result of an accidental contact. In order to limit the risk of poisoning, the authors recommend the intrusions to be handled by properly trained personnel, since it can never be ruled out the presence of dangerous alien species on the national territory.}, }
@article {pmid22833804, year = {2012}, author = {McKenzie, LA and Johnston, EL and Brooks, R}, title = {Using clones and copper to resolve the genetic architecture of metal tolerance in a marine invader.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {6}, pages = {1319-1329}, pmid = {22833804}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The global spread of invasive species may be facilitated by adaptation to the practices that humans use to manage those species. For example, marine invertebrates that adapt to metal-based antifouling biocides on ship hulls may be more likely to be introduced to and establish in metal-polluted environments. We tested this idea by studying clonal variation in tolerance to, and ability to recover from, exposure to copper in a widespread invasive marine bryozoan, Watersipora subtorquata. We cloned colonies of this organism to independently test multiple environments in a genotype by environment design, and then created a genetic variance-covariance matrix. Genotypes were exposed to a gradient of copper concentrations and growth measured during exposure and after a recovery period. There was a significant genotype × environment interaction in growth during exposure and recovery. We found clonal variation in tolerance and ability to recover from exposure to copper, with growth during exposure apparently trading off against growth after exposure. A weak genetic correlation between growth during and after exposure further indicated that they are separate traits. Overall, the genetic variation within this population indicates that there is considerable potential for adaptation to copper, but this comes at a cost to growth in unpolluted environments.}, }
@article {pmid22833792, year = {2012}, author = {Samis, KE and Murren, CJ and Bossdorf, O and Donohue, K and Fenster, CB and Malmberg, RL and Purugganan, MD and Stinchcombe, JR}, title = {Longitudinal trends in climate drive flowering time clines in North American Arabidopsis thaliana.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {6}, pages = {1162-1180}, pmid = {22833792}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Introduced species frequently show geographic differentiation, and when differentiation mirrors the ancestral range, it is often taken as evidence of adaptive evolution. The mouse-ear cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) was introduced to North America from Eurasia 150-200 years ago, providing an opportunity to study parallel adaptation in a genetic model organism. Here, we test for clinal variation in flowering time using 199 North American (NA) accessions of A. thaliana, and evaluate the contributions of major flowering time genes FRI, FLC, and PHYC as well as potential ecological mechanisms underlying differentiation. We find evidence for substantial within population genetic variation in quantitative traits and flowering time, and putatively adaptive longitudinal differentiation, despite low levels of variation at FRI, FLC, and PHYC and genome-wide reductions in population structure relative to Eurasian (EA) samples. The observed longitudinal cline in flowering time in North America is parallel to an EA cline, robust to the effects of population structure, and associated with geographic variation in winter precipitation and temperature. We detected major effects of FRI on quantitative traits associated with reproductive fitness, although the haplotype associated with higher fitness remains rare in North America. Collectively, our results suggest the evolution of parallel flowering time clines through novel genetic mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid22832130, year = {2012}, author = {Melody, C and Schmidt, O}, title = {Northward range extension of an endemic soil decomposer with a distinct trophic position.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {956-959}, pmid = {22832130}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Carbon/metabolism ; *Demography ; *Ecosystem ; France ; *Introduced Species ; Ireland ; Isotope Labeling ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Oligochaeta/metabolism/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Soil/analysis ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Ecological niche theory asserts that invading species become established only if introduced propagules survive stochastic mortality and can exploit resources unconsumed by resident species. Because their transportation is not controlled by plant health or biosecurity regulations, soil macrofauna decomposers, including earthworms are probably introduced frequently into non-native soils. Yet even with climatic change, exotic earthworm species from southern Europe have not been reported to become established in previously glaciated areas of northern Europe that already have trophically differentiated earthworm communities of 'peregrine' species. We discovered established populations of the earthworm Prosellodrilus amplisetosus (Lumbricidae), a member of a genus endemic to southern France, in six habitats of an urban farm in Dublin, Ireland, about 1000 km north of the genus's endemic range. Not only was P. amplisetosus the dominant endogeic (geophagous) earthworm species in two habitats, it also occupied a significantly different trophic position from the resident species, as evinced by stable isotope ratio analysis. The suggested ability of this non-native species to feed on and assimilate isotopically more enriched soil carbon (C) and nitrogen fractions that are inaccessible to resident species portends potential implications of decomposer range expansions for soil functioning including C sequestration.}, }
@article {pmid22830652, year = {2012}, author = {Vanderwerf, EA}, title = {Evolution of nesting height in an endangered Hawaiian forest bird in response to a non-native predator.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {26}, number = {5}, pages = {905-911}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01877.x}, pmid = {22830652}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Endangered Species ; Food Chain ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; *Nesting Behavior ; Population Density ; *Predatory Behavior ; Rats/*physiology ; Rodent Control ; Selection, Genetic ; Songbirds/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The majority of bird extinctions since 1800 have occurred on islands, and non-native predators have been the greatest threat to the persistence of island birds. Island endemic species often lack life-history traits and behaviors that reduce the probability of predation and they can become evolutionarily trapped if they are unable to adapt, but few studies have examined the ability of island species to respond to novel predators. The greatest threat to the persistence of the Oahu Elepaio (Chasiempis ibidis), an endangered Hawaiian forest bird, is nest predation by non-native black rats (Rattus rattus). I examined whether Oahu Elepaio nest placement has changed at the individual and population levels in response to rat predation by measuring nest height and determining whether each nest produced offspring from 1996 to 2011. Average height of Oahu Elepaio nests increased 50% over this 16-year period, from 7.9 m (SE 1.7) to 12.0 m (SE 1.1). There was no net change in height of sequential nests made by individual birds, which means individual elepaios have not learned to place nests higher. Nests ≤3 m off the ground produced offspring less often, and the proportion of such nests declined over time, which suggests that nest-building behavior has evolved through natural selection by predation. Nest success increased over time, which may increase the probability of long-term persistence of the species. Rat control may facilitate the evolution of nesting height by slowing the rate of population decline and providing time for this adaptive response to spread through the population.}, }
@article {pmid22829879, year = {2012}, author = {Kadarusman,  and Hubert, N and Hadiaty, RK and Sudarto,  and Paradis, E and Pouyaud, L}, title = {Cryptic diversity in Indo-Australian rainbowfishes revealed by DNA barcoding: implications for conservation in a biodiversity hotspot candidate.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {e40627}, pmid = {22829879}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Fishes/classification/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The rainbowfishes of the family Melanotaeniidae represent one of the largest radiations of freshwater fishes from the Indo-Australian archipelago. A total of 75 nominal species have been described, among which several have become very popular among tropical fish hobbyists because of their tendency to form large schools of colourful individuals. Facing habitat loss and competition or predation by introduced species, this group has become a priority in the conservation of ornamental fishes in Indonesia. In this context, several expeditions have been conducted between 2007 and 2010 in Indonesian Papua with the aim to initiate a large-scale survey of the genetic resources in this group. We assessed the diversity of the Papua rainbowfishes with DNA barcoding. We sequenced the mitochondrial COI gene for 350 specimens belonging to 53 nominal species throughout the Indo-Australian archipelago. Unexpected levels of cryptic diversity and endemism were detected since additional cryptic lineages were detected in several watersheds from the Vogelkop and the Lengguru massif. DNA barcoding supports the presence of nearly 30 evolutionary lineages among the 15 nominal species sampled in the Vogelkop and all these lineages are endemic to a single lake or watershed. This result highlights that the diversity of the family has been largely underestimated and urges for the identification of conservation priorities in Papua.}, }
@article {pmid22828257, year = {2012}, author = {Anderson, BE and Miller, JJ and Adams, DR}, title = {Irritant contact dermatitis to the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys.}, journal = {Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {170-172}, doi = {10.1097/DER.0b013e318260d7be}, pmid = {22828257}, issn = {2162-5220}, mesh = {Adult ; Allergens/*adverse effects ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use ; Asia ; Clobetasol/therapeutic use ; Dermatitis, Contact/drug therapy/etiology ; Dermatitis, Irritant/drug therapy/*etiology ; *Heteroptera ; Humans ; Insect Bites and Stings/drug therapy ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Treatment Outcome ; United States ; }, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, is native to Asia (China, Taiwan, Japan, and the Korean peninsula). It was first found in Allentown, Pa, in 1996 and has since spread across wide areas of the Eastern United States. As of October 2010, at least 26 states have reported the presence of the brown marmorated stink bug. It is considered an invasive species, and to the best of scientific knowledge, it was accidently introduced into the United States through transportation of goods from Asia. To date, no reports of human disease have been published in the literature. Fruit crop workers have complained of a slight allergic reaction to the chemicals released by the bug.}, }
@article {pmid22827440, year = {2012}, author = {Miller, KA and Miller, HC and Moore, JA and Mitchell, NJ and Cree, A and Allendorf, FW and Sarre, SD and Keall, SN and Nelson, NJ}, title = {Securing the demographic and genetic future of tuatara through assisted colonization.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {26}, number = {5}, pages = {790-798}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01902.x}, pmid = {22827440}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Reptiles/genetics/*physiology ; Socioeconomic Factors ; }, abstract = {Climate change poses a particular threat to species with fragmented distributions and little or no capacity to migrate. Assisted colonization, moving species into regions where they have not previously occurred, aims to establish populations where they are expected to survive as climatic envelopes shift. However, adaptation to the source environment may affect whether species successfully establish in new regions. Assisted colonization has spurred debate among conservation biologists and ecologists over whether the potential benefits to the threatened species outweigh the potential disruption to recipient communities. In our opinion, the debate has been distracted by controversial examples, rather than cases where assisted colonization may be a viable strategy. We present a strategic plan for the assisted migration of tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus), an endemic New Zealand reptile. The plan includes use of extant populations as reference points for comparisons with assisted-colonization populations with respect to demography, phenotypic plasticity, and phenology; optimization of genetic variation; research to fill knowledge gaps; consideration of host and recipient communities; and inclusion of stakeholders in the planning stage. When strategically planned and monitored, assisted colonization could meet conservation and research goals and ultimately result in the establishment of long-term sustainable populations capable of persisting during rapid changes in climate.}, }
@article {pmid22827138, year = {2012}, author = {Rinella, MJ and Mangold, JM and Espeland, EK and Sheley, RL and Jacobs, JS}, title = {Long-term population dynamics of seeded plants in invaded grasslands.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {1320-1329}, doi = {10.1890/11-1103.1}, pmid = {22827138}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Montana ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Seeds/*physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {In recent decades, dozens of studies have involved attempts to introduce native and desirable nonnative plant species into grasslands dominated by invasive weeds. The newly introduced plants have proved capable of establishing, but because they are rarely monitored for more than four years, it is unknown if they have a high likelihood of persisting and suppressing invaders for the long-term. Beyond invaded grasslands, this lack of long-term monitoring is a general problem plaguing efforts to reintroduce a range of taxa into a range of ecosystems. We introduced species from seed and then periodically measured plant abundances for nine years at one site and 15 years at a second site. To our knowledge, our 15-year data are the longest to date from a seeding experiment in invaded, never-cultivated grassland. At one site, three seeded grasses maintained high densities for three or more years, but then all or nearly all individuals died. At the second site, one grass performed similarly, but two other grasses proliferated and at least one greatly suppressed the dominant invader (Centaurea maculosa). In one study, our point estimate suggests that the seeded grass Thinopyrum intermedium reduced C. maculosa biomass by 93% 15 years after seeding. In some cases, data from three and fewer years after seeding falsely suggested that seeded species were capable of persisting within the invaded grassland. In other cases, data from as late as nine years after seeding falsely suggested seeded populations would not become large enough to suppress the invader. These results show that seeded species sometimes persist and suppress invaders for long periods, but short-term data cannot predict if, when, or where this will occur. Because short-term data are not predictive of long-term seeded species performances, additional long-term data are needed to identify effective practices, traits, and species for revegetating invaded grasslands.}, }
@article {pmid22827128, year = {2012}, author = {Cox, TE and Philippoff, J and Baumgartner, E and Smith, CM}, title = {Expert variability provides perspective on the strengths and weaknesses of citizen-driven intertidal monitoring program.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {1201-1212}, doi = {10.1890/11-1614.1}, pmid = {22827128}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Community Participation ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods/*standards ; Hawaii ; Humans ; Invertebrates ; Plants ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Students ; Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {Citizen scientist programs are a means to efficiently conduct large-scale surveys of ecosystems or managed species, provided that concerns over the quality and use of data generated by nonexperts can be addressed. This study presents actions taken in a citizen science program to assure data quality and demonstrates the validity of citizen-generated data. In this case the accuracy of data collected by secondary school students as citizens in a program that quantitatively sampled benthic rocky intertidal communities at 13 sites on Maui, Molokai, Oahu, and Hawai'i island during the years 2004-2007 was evaluated. In 2007, two independent research teams collected data simultaneously with students at five sites on eight sampling dates. Comparisons of Shannon diversity and Bray-Curtis similarity values computed and simulated from student and researcher collected data revealed that nonexpert students accurately collect community-level data within the range of the variation that occurs between researchers. Students were, however, likely to misidentify cryptic and rare species. These findings have direct implications for the conservation goals of the monitoring program as the assessment reveals that students are likely to misidentify early alien introductions but are able to monitor the abundances of native and introduced species once they become established. The validity assessment designed for this investigation is unique in that it directly compares consistent errors made by citizens in data collection to expert variability to identify usage limitations and can be a guide for future studies that involve the efforts of trained volunteers.}, }
@article {pmid22827125, year = {2012}, author = {Twardochleb, LA and Novak, M and Moore, JW}, title = {Using the functional response of a consumer to predict biotic resistance to invasive prey.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {1162-1171}, doi = {10.1890/11-0871.1}, pmid = {22827125}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Snails/*physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Predators sometimes provide biotic resistance against invasions by nonnative prey. Understanding and predicting the strength of biotic resistance remains a key challenge in invasion biology. A predator's functional response to nonnative prey may predict whether a predator can provide biotic resistance against nonnative prey at different prey densities. Surprisingly, functional responses have not been used to make quantitative predictions about biotic resistance. We parameterized the functional response of signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) to invasive New Zealand mud snails (Potamopyrgus antipodarum; NZMS) and used this functional response and a simple model of NZMS population growth to predict the probability of biotic resistance at different predator and prey densities. Signal crayfish were effective predators of NZMS, consuming more than 900 NZMS per predator in a 12-h period, and Bayesian model fitting indicated their consumption rate followed a type 3 functional response to NZMS density. Based on this functional response and associated parameter uncertainty, we predict that NZMS will be able to invade new systems at low crayfish densities (< 0.2 crayfish/m2) regardless of NZMS density. At intermediate to high crayfish densities (> 0.2 crayfish/m2), we predict that low densities of NZMS will be able to establish in new communities; however, once NZMS reach a threshold density of -2000 NZMS/m2, predation by crayfish will drive negative NZMS population growth. Further, at very high densities, NZMS overwhelm predation by crayfish and invade. Thus, interacting thresholds of propagule pressure and predator densities define the probability of biotic resistance. Quantifying the shape and uncertainty of predator functional responses to nonnative prey may help predict the outcomes of invasions.}, }
@article {pmid22827124, year = {2012}, author = {Kiernan, JD and Moyle, PB}, title = {Flows, droughts, and aliens: factors affecting the fish assemblage in a Sierra Nevada, California, stream.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {1146-1161}, doi = {10.1890/11-1047.1}, pmid = {22827124}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; California ; *Droughts ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes/*classification/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; *Rivers ; Time Factors ; *Water Movements ; }, abstract = {The fishes of Martis Creek, in the Sierra Nevada of California (USA), were sampled at four sites annually over 30 years, 1979-2008. This long-term data set was used to examine (1) the persistence and stability of the Martis Creek fish assemblage in the face of environmental stochasticity; (2) whether native and alien fishes responded differently to a natural hydrologic regime (e.g., timing and magnitude of high and low flows); and (3) the importance of various hydrologic and physical habitat variables in explaining the abundances of native and alien fish species through time. Our results showed that fish assemblages were persistent at all sample sites, but individual species exhibited marked interannual variability in density, biomass, and relative abundance. The density and biomass of native fishes generally declined over the period of study, whereas most alien species showed no significant long-term trends. Only alien rainbow trout increased in both density and biomass at all sites over time. Redundancy analysis identified three hydrologic variables (annual 7-day minimum discharge, maximum winter discharge, and number of distinct winter floods) and two habitat variables (percentage of pool habitat and percentage of gravel substrate) that each explained a significant portion of the annual variation in fish assemblage structure. For alien taxa, their proportional contribution to the total fish assemblage was inversely related to mean annual streamflow, one-day maximum discharge in both winter and spring, and the frequency of springtime floods. Results of this study highlight the need for continuous annual monitoring of streams with highly variable flow regimes to evaluate shifts in fish community structure. Apparent successes or failures in stream management may appear differently depending on the time series of available data.}, }
@article {pmid22824945, year = {2013}, author = {Navajas, M and de Moraes, GJ and Auger, P and Migeon, A}, title = {Review of the invasion of Tetranychus evansi: biology, colonization pathways, potential expansion and prospects for biological control.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {59}, number = {1-2}, pages = {43-65}, pmid = {22824945}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; Fertility ; Food Chain ; Gene Flow ; Geography ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Pest Control, Biological ; Sex Ratio ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Solanaceae ; Temperature ; Tetranychidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {In the last two decades the subtropical red tomato spider mite, Tetranychus evansi, has expanded its geographical distribution and emerged as a major invasive agricultural pest. The mite is considered to be native to South America. Since its first report from north-eastern Brazil in 1952, it has been reported from different continents. This paper reviews literature on several aspects of the biology of T. evansi related to its status as an invasive species. It addresses taxonomical issues, occurrences, life history traits, host-plant interactions, genetic diversity of geographical isolates and worldwide colonisation pathways. It also presents updated data which allowed the assessment of the actual worldwide distribution of this species, from its discovery to the latest reports. As T. evansi is considered an emerging agricultural pest, we also present data based on modelling of the potential of T. evansi to colonize new geographical areas. In addition, this review presents past and current research on natural enemies of T. evansi potentially useful for its biological control. While summarizing the knowledge on T. evansi, the review emphasizes research possibilities that are worth pursuing, mainly concerning the ability of T. evansi to establish new populations and to detect new promising natural enemies.}, }
@article {pmid22823099, year = {2013}, author = {Genovart, M and Sanz-Aguilar, A and Fernández-Chacón, A and Igual, JM and Pradel, R and Forero, MG and Oro, D}, title = {Contrasting effects of climatic variability on the demography of a trans-equatorial migratory seabird.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {82}, number = {1}, pages = {121-130}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.02015.x}, pmid = {22823099}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animal Migration/*physiology ; Animals ; Charadriiformes/*physiology ; *Climate ; *Demography ; Environmental Monitoring ; Models, Biological ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Large-scale seasonal climatic indices, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index or the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), account for major variations in weather and climate around the world and may influence population dynamics in many organisms. However, assessing the extent of climate impacts on species and their life-history traits requires reliable quantitative statistical approaches. We used a new analytical tool in mark-recapture, the multi-event modelling, to simultaneously assess the influence of climatic variation on multiple demographic parameters (i.e. adult survival, transient probability, reproductive skipping and nest dispersal) at two Mediterranean colonies of the Cory's shearwater Calonectris diomedea, a trans-equatorial migratory long-lived seabird. We also analysed the impact of climate in the breeding success at the two colonies. We found a clear temporal variation of survival for Cory's shearwaters, strongly associated to the large-scale SOI especially in one of the colonies (up to 66% of variance explained). Atlantic hurricane season is modulated by the SOI and coincides with shearwater migration to their wintering areas, directly affecting survival probabilities. However, the SOI was a better predictor of survival probabilities than the frequency of hurricanes; thus, we cannot discard an indirect additive effect of SOI via food availability. Accordingly, the proportion of transients was also correlated with SOI values, indicating higher costs of first reproduction (resulting in either mortality or permanent dispersal) when bad environmental conditions occurred during winter before reproduction. Breeding success was also affected by climatic factors, the NAO explaining c. 41% of variance, probably as a result of its effect in the timing of peak abundance of squid and small pelagics, the main prey for shearwaters. No climatic effect was found either on reproductive skipping or on nest dispersal. Contrarily to what we expect for a long-lived organism, large-scale climatic indexes had a more pronounced effect on survival and transient probabilities than on less sensitive fitness parameters such reproductive skipping or nest dispersal probabilities. The potential increase in hurricane frequency because of global warming may interact with other global change agents (such as incidental bycatch and predation by alien species) nowadays impacting shearwaters, affecting future viability of populations.}, }
@article {pmid22822120, year = {2012}, author = {Stokstad, E}, title = {Ecology. The Metatron: experimental ecology gets connected.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {337}, number = {6092}, pages = {279}, doi = {10.1126/science.337.6092.279}, pmid = {22822120}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Butterflies/physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology/*economics/trends ; France ; Introduced Species ; Laboratories/*economics ; Lizards/physiology ; Organisms, Genetically Modified/physiology ; Research Personnel/*economics ; }, }
@article {pmid22818950, year = {2012}, author = {Werschkun, B and Sommer, Y and Banerji, S}, title = {Disinfection by-products in ballast water treatment: an evaluation of regulatory data.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {46}, number = {16}, pages = {4884-4901}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.034}, pmid = {22818950}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {Acetates/analysis ; Bromates/analysis ; Disinfectants/*analysis ; *Halogenation ; Hydrogen Peroxide/analysis ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Nitrites/analysis ; Ozone/*chemistry ; *Ships ; Trihalomethanes/analysis ; *Ultraviolet Rays ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; Water Purification/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods/standards ; }, abstract = {To reduce the global spread of invasive aquatic species, international regulations will soon require reductions of the number of organisms in ballast water discharged by ships. For this purpose, ballast water treatment systems were developed and approved by an international procedure. These systems rely on established water treatment principles which, to different degrees, have been proven to generate disinfection by-products with hazardous properties but have only scarcely been investigated in marine environments. Our study evaluates the publicly available documentation about approved ballast water treatment systems with regard to by-product formation. The most commonly employed methods are chlorination, ozonation, and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Chlorination systems generate trihalomethanes, halogenated acetic acids, and bromate in substantially larger quantities than reported for other areas of application. Levels are highest in brackish water, and brominated species predominate, in particular bromoform and dibromoacetic acid. Ozonation, which is less frequently utilized, produces bromoform in lower concentrations but forms higher levels of bromate, both of which were effectively reduced by active carbon treatment. In systems based on UV radiation, medium pressure lamps are employed as well as UV-induced advanced oxidation. For all UV systems, by-product formation is reported only occasionally. The most notable observations were small increases in nitrite, hydrogen peroxide, halogenated methanes and acetic acids. The assessment of by-product formation during ballast water treatment is limited by the lacking completeness and quality of available information. This concerns the extent and statistical characterisation of chemical analysis as well as the documentation of the test water parameters.}, }
@article {pmid22817690, year = {2012}, author = {Sugiura, S and Taki, H}, title = {Scale-dependent effects of habitat area on species interaction networks: invasive species alter relationships.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {11}, pmid = {22817690}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biota ; *Ecosystem ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Ontario ; *Plants ; Pollination ; Trees ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The positive relationship between habitat area and species number is considered a fundamental rule in ecology. This relationship predicts that the link number of species interactions increases with habitat area, and structure is related to habitat area. Biological invasions can affect species interactions and area relationships. However, how these relationships change at different spatial scales has remained unexplored. We analysed understory plant-pollinator networks in seven temperate forest sites at 20 spatial scales (radius 120-2020 m) to clarify scale-associated relationships between forest area and plant-pollinator networks.<br><br>RESULTS: The pooled data described interactions between 18 plant (including an exotic) and 89 pollinator (including an exotic) species. The total number of species and the number of interaction links between plant and pollinator species were negatively correlated with forest area, with the highest correlation coefficient at radii of 1520 and 1620 m, respectively. These results are not concordant with the pattern predicted by species-area relationships. However, when associations with exotic species were excluded, the total number of species and the number of interaction links were positively correlated with forest area (the highest correlation coefficient at a radius of 820 m). The network structure, i.e., connectance and nestedness, was also related to forest area (the highest correlation coefficients at radii of 720-820 m), when associations with exotics were excluded. In the study area, the exotic plant species Alliaria petiolata, which has invaded relatively small forest patches surrounded by agricultural fields, may have supported more native pollinator species than initially expected. Therefore, this invasive plant may have altered the original relationships between forest area and plant-pollinator networks.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate scale-dependent effects of forest area on the size and structure of plant-pollinator networks. We also suggest that a single exotic plant species can impact plant-pollinator networks, even in temperate continental habitats.}, }
@article {pmid22816438, year = {2012}, author = {Duchicela, J and Vogelsang, KM and Schultz, PA and Kaonongbua, W and Middleton, EL and Bever, JD}, title = {Non-native plants and soil microbes: potential contributors to the consistent reduction in soil aggregate stability caused by the disturbance of North American grasslands.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {196}, number = {1}, pages = {212-222}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04233.x}, pmid = {22816438}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Bacteria ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; Species Specificity ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {• Soil aggregate stability is an important ecosystem property that is altered by anthropogenic disturbance. Yet, the generalization of these alterations and the identification of the main contributors are limited by the absence of cross-site comparisons and the application of inconsistent methodologies across regions. • We assessed aggregate stability in paired remnant and post-disturbance grasslands across California, shortgrass and tallgrass prairies, and in manipulative experiments of plant composition and soil microbial inoculation. • Grasslands recovering from anthropogenic disturbance consistently had lower aggregate stability than remnants. Across all grasslands, non-native plant diversity was significantly associated with reduced soil aggregate stability. A negative effect of non-native plants on aggregate stability was also observed in a mesocosm experiment comparing native and non-native plants from California grasslands. Moreover, an inoculation study demonstrated that the degradation of the microbial community also contributes to the decline in soil aggregate stability in disturbed grasslands. • Anthropogenic disturbance consistently reduced water-stable aggregates. The stability of aggregates was reduced by non-native plants and the degradation of the native soil microbial community. This latter effect might contribute to the sustained decline in aggregate stability following anthropogenic disturbance. Further exploration is advocated to understand the generality of these potential mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid22815881, year = {2012}, author = {Taylor, S and Kumar, L}, title = {Sensitivity analysis of CLIMEX parameters in modelling potential distribution of Lantana camara L.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {e40969}, pmid = {22815881}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Australia ; Biodiversity ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Lantana/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Models, Theoretical ; Reproducibility of Results ; Soil/analysis ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {A process-based niche model of L. camara L. (lantana), a highly invasive shrub species, was developed to estimate its potential distribution using CLIMEX. Model development was carried out using its native and invasive distribution and validation was carried out with the extensive Australian distribution. A good fit was observed, with 86.7% of herbarium specimens collected in Australia occurring within the suitable and highly suitable categories. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify the model parameters that had the most influence on lantana distribution. The changes in suitability were assessed by mapping the regions where the distribution changed with each parameter alteration. This allowed an assessment of where, within Australia, the modification of each parameter was having the most impact, particularly in terms of the suitable and highly suitable locations. The sensitivity of various parameters was also evaluated by calculating the changes in area within the suitable and highly suitable categories. The limiting low temperature (DV0), limiting high temperature (DV3) and limiting low soil moisture (SM0) showed highest sensitivity to change. The other model parameters were relatively insensitive to change. Highly sensitive parameters require extensive research and data collection to be fitted accurately in species distribution models. The results from this study can inform more cost effective development of species distribution models for lantana. Such models form an integral part of the management of invasive species and the results can be used to streamline data collection requirements for potential distribution modelling.}, }
@article {pmid22815790, year = {2012}, author = {Raak-van den Berg, CL and De Lange, HJ and Van Lenteren, JC}, title = {Intraguild predation behaviour of ladybirds in semi-field experiments explains invasion success of Harmonia axyridis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {e40681}, pmid = {22815790}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aggression/physiology ; Animals ; Citrus aurantiifolia/parasitology ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Male ; Plant Leaves/parasitology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Trees/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Harmonia axyridis has been introduced as a biological control agent in Europe and the USA. Since its introduction, it has established and spread, and it is now regarded as an invasive alien species. It has been suggested that intraguild predation is especially important for the invasion success of H. axyridis. The aim of this study was to compare the intraguild predation behaviour of three ladybird species (Coccinella septempunctata, Adalia bipunctata, and H. axyridis). Predation behaviour was investigated in semi-field experiments on small lime trees (Tilia platyphyllos). Two fourth-instar larvae placed on a tree rarely made contact during 3-hour observations. When placed together on a single leaf in 23%-43% of the observations at least one contact was made. Of those contacts 0%-27% resulted in an attack. Harmonia axyridis attacked mostly heterospecifics, while A. bipunctata and C. septempunctata attacked heterospecifics as often as conspecifics. In comparison with A. bipunctata and C. septempunctata, H. axyridis was the most successful intraguild predator as it won 86% and 44% of heterospecific battles against A. bipunctata and C. septempunctata respectively, whilst A. bipunctata won none of the heterospecific battles and C. septempunctata won only the heterospecific battles against A. bipunctata. Coccinella septempunctata dropped from a leaf earlier and more often than the other two species but was in some cases able to return to the tree, especially under cloudy conditions. The frequency with which a species dropped did not depend on the species the larva was paired with. The results of these semi-field experiments confirm that H. axyridis is a strong intraguild predator as a consequence of its aggressiveness and good defence against predation from heterospecific species. The fact that H. axyridis is such a strong intraguild predator helps to explain its successful establishment as invasive alien species in Europe and the USA.}, }
@article {pmid22815260, year = {2012}, author = {Suckling, DM and Stringer, LD and Corn, JE and Bunn, B and El-Sayed, AM and Vander Meer, RK}, title = {Aerosol delivery of trail pheromone disrupts the foraging of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {68}, number = {12}, pages = {1572-1578}, doi = {10.1002/ps.3349}, pmid = {22815260}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Aerosols ; Animals ; Ants/*drug effects ; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects ; Linear Models ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Sesquiterpenes/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, is one of the most aggressive and invasive species in the world. The trail pheromone Z,E-α-farnesene (91% purity) was prepared, and disruption of worker trail orientation was tested using an ethanol-based aerosol formulation presenting a single puff of this compound by airbrush and compressed air. Trail-following behaviour was recorded by overhead webcam and ants digitised before and after presentation of the aerosol treatment at four rates (1.6, 16, 160 and 1600 ng cm(-2)).<br><br>RESULTS: Ants preferred 110 ng cm(-1) over 11, 1.1 and 0.11 ng cm(-1) for trail following. Within seconds of presentation of 1600 ng cm(-2), the highest dose tested, trail disruption was observed. Disruption was evident as reduced arrival success and reduction in the trail integrity statistic (r(2)), as well as increased deviation from the trail (deg). The distribution of walking track angles was also flattened.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The feasibility of using aerosol for delivery of trail pheromone was demonstrated, but the need for high purity combined with the difficulty of commercial supply makes this technique impractical. However, the commercial production of Z,E-&#x3b1;-farnesene of high purity by industrial biotechnology or from (E)-nerolidol may be possible in future, which would facilitate further development of trail pheromone disruption of S. invicta.}, }
@article {pmid22814544, year = {2012}, author = {van Manen, SM and Reeves, R}, title = {An assessment of changes in Kunzea ericoides var. microflora and other hydrothermal vegetation at the Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal field, New Zealand.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {50}, number = {4}, pages = {766-786}, pmid = {22814544}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Hot Springs ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Introduced Species ; *Kunzea ; New Zealand ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Hydrothermal ecosystems are of high conservation and scientific value, but they are sensitive to external perturbations that result from development. This study examines the composition of vegetation at four plots at the Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal field, New Zealand, using the Scott height-frequency method, ground temperatures at 0.1- and 1-m depth, soil pH, and photographic surveys. It highlights the response of plant communities, in particular that of Kunzea ericoides var. microflora, in terms of composition, structure, and biomass index values, measures changes in ground temperature, as well as provides baseline data against which to compare future changes. It was found that optimal growing conditions for K. ericoides var. microflora are at temperatures above background conditions with a slightly acidic pH. Plots with cooler, less acidic conditions support more diverse plant communities, which also promote the establishment of invasive species. This suggests that the largest threats to thermotolerant vegetation in New Zealand, including K. ericoides var. microflora, are further decreases in ground temperature because the establishment of invasive species may result in thermolerant vegetation being out-competed in hydrothermal ecosystems. Recognising and understanding the ecological diversity and dynamics of hydrothermal ecosystems, as well as acknowledging the competing interests between development and conservation, is key to the management and protection of these areas.}, }
@article {pmid22814124, year = {2012}, author = {Kelehear, C and Brown, GP and Shine, R}, title = {Size and sex matter: infection dynamics of an invading parasite (the pentastome Raillietiella frenatus) in an invading host (the cane toad Rhinella marina).}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {139}, number = {12}, pages = {1596-1604}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182012000832}, pmid = {22814124}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Body Size ; Bufo marinus/*parasitology ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/*epidemiology/*pathology ; Pentastomida/*physiology ; Prevalence ; Seasons ; Sex Factors ; Spleen/pathology ; Testis/pathology ; }, abstract = {Correlations between host phenotype and vulnerability to parasites can clarify the processes that enhance rates of parasitism, and the effects of parasites on their hosts. We studied an invasive parasite (the pentastome Raillietiella frenatus, subclass Pentastomida, order Cephalobaenida) infecting a new host (the invasive cane toad Rhinella marina), in tropical Australia. We dissected toads over a 27-month period to investigate seasonal changes in pentastome population dynamics and establish which aspects of host phenotype are related to infection. Pentastome prevalence and intensity varied seasonally; male toads were 4 times more likely to be infected than were females; and prevalence was highest in hosts of intermediate body size. The strong sex effect may reflect habitat or dietary divergence between the sexes, resulting in males encountering parasites more often. The relationship between pentastome prevalence and host size likely reflects a role for acquired immunity in preventing re-infection. Infection did not influence host body condition (fatbody size), suggesting that R. frenatus does not impose high energy costs in cane toads. Infected toads had heavier spleens (likely an immune response to infection) and larger testes (perhaps since reproductively active hosts have altered microhabitat use and/or immunocompetence) than did uninfected conspecifics. Although experimental studies are required to identify the causal bases of such patterns, our data confirm that infection status within a population can be strongly linked to host phenotypic traits.}, }
@article {pmid22812148, year = {2012}, author = {Puterka, GJ and Hammon, RW and Burd, JD and Peairs, FB and Randolph, TL and Cooper, WR}, title = {Cyclical parthenogenetic reproduction in the Russian wheat aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the United States: sexual reproduction and its outcome on biotypic diversity.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {105}, number = {3}, pages = {1057-1068}, doi = {10.1603/ec11338}, pmid = {22812148}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*physiology ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Life Cycle Stages ; Male ; *Parthenogenesis ; Triticum/parasitology ; United States ; }, abstract = {In 1986, the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), became an invasive species of United States. Nearly 20 yr later, new biotypes appeared that were capable of overcoming most sources of resistance and became a renewed threat to wheat, Triticum aestivum L., production. Cyclical (CP) and obligate (OP) parthenogenesis enables aphids to both adapt to changing environments and exploit host resources. We documented these forms of reproduction for Russian wheat aphid in wheat and wild grasses in the Central Great Plains and Rocky Mountain regions during falls 2004-2009. Colonies from sample sites also were held under unheated greenhouse conditions and observed for the presence of sexual morphs and eggs through the winter. Russian wheat aphid populations were mainly OP and attempted to overwinter as adults, regardless of region sampled. A few populations contained oviparae but no males (gynocyclic) and were not specific to any particular region. Observation of the Russian wheat aphid colonies under greenhouse conditions failed to produce males or eggs. In spring 2007, CP was confirmed in a small population of Russian wheat aphid that eclosed from eggs (fundatricies) on wild grasses and wheat near Dove Creek, CO, in the Colorado Plateau region where other aphid species undergo CP. Lineages from ninety-three fundatricies were screened against 16 resistant and susceptible cereal entries to determine their biotypic classification. A high degree of biotypic diversity (41.4%) was detected in this population. Although CP was a rare in Russian wheat aphid populations, genetic recombination during the sexual cycle creates new biotypes and can have significant effects on population genetics.}, }
@article {pmid22809395, year = {2012}, author = {Aslan, CE and Zavaleta, ES and Croll, D and Tershy, B}, title = {Effects of native and non-native vertebrate mutualists on plants.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {26}, number = {5}, pages = {778-789}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01885.x}, pmid = {22809395}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; *Pollination ; Reproduction ; *Seed Dispersal ; *Symbiosis ; Vertebrates/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Extinctions can leave species without mutualist partners and thus potentially reduce their fitness. In cases where non-native species function as mutualists, mutualism disruption associated with species' extinction may be mitigated. To assess the effectiveness of mutualist species with different origins, we conducted a meta-analysis in which we compared the effectiveness of pollination and seed-dispersal functions of native and non-native vertebrates. We used data from 40 studies in which a total of 34 non-native vertebrate mutualists in 20 geographic locations were examined. For each plant species, opportunistic non-native vertebrate pollinators were generally less effective mutualists than native pollinators. When native mutualists had been extirpated, however, plant seed set and seedling performance appeared elevated in the presence of non-native mutualists, although non-native mutualists had a negative overall effect on seed germination. These results suggest native mutualists may not be easily replaced. In some systems researchers propose taxon substitution or the deliberate introduction of non-native vertebrate mutualists to reestablish mutualist functions such as pollination and seed dispersal and to rescue native species from extinction. Our results also suggest that in places where all native mutualists are extinct, careful taxon substitution may benefit native plants at some life stages.}, }
@article {pmid22809352, year = {2012}, author = {Araiza, M and Carrillo, L and List, R and González, CA and Meyer, EM and Martínez-Gutiérrez, PG and Moctezuma, O and Sánchez-Morales, NE and Servín, J}, title = {Consensus on criteria for potential areas for wolf reintroduction in Mexico.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {630-637}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01888.x}, pmid = {22809352}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Consensus ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Population Dynamics ; Wolves/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Given the conflict with human interests that in many cases results in the extirpation of large carnivores, acceptance of their reintroduction is a considerable challenge. By the 1980s Mexican wolves (Canis lupus) were extinct in the wild. In 1998 a population was reintroduced in the Blue Range Mountains of New Mexico (U.S.A.). Efforts to reintroduce the species in Mexico have been ongoing since the late 1980s. Four teams working independently identified 6 areas in northern Mexico in the historic range of Mexican wolves, where reintroductions could potentially be successful. Each team used different methods and criteria to identify the areas, which makes it difficult to prioritize among these areas. Therefore, members of the different teams worked together to devise criteria for use in identifying priority areas. They identified areas with high, intermediate, and low potential levels of conflict between wolves and humans. Areas with low potential conflict had larger buffers (i.e., distance from human settlement to areas suitable for wolves) around human settlements than high- and intermediate-conflict areas and thus were thought most appropriate for the first reintroduction. High-conflict areas contained habitat associated with wolf presence, but were closer to human activity. The first reintroduction of Mexican wolves to Mexico occurred in October 2011 in one of the identified low-conflict areas. The identification of suitable areas for reintroduction represents a crucial step in the process toward the restoration of large carnivores. Choice of the first reintroduction area can determine whether the reintroduction is successful or fails. A failure may preclude future reintroduction efforts in a region or country.}, }
@article {pmid22809350, year = {2012}, author = {Venesky, MD and Mendelson Iii, JR and Sears, BF and Stiling, P and Rohr, JR}, title = {Selecting for tolerance against pathogens and herbivores to enhance success of reintroduction and translocation.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {586-592}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01854.x}, pmid = {22809350}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Amphibians/genetics/microbiology ; Animals ; Cactaceae/genetics/physiology ; Chytridiomycota/physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Disease Resistance ; Food Chain ; *Herbivory ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Moths/physiology ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Some species have insufficient defenses against climate change, emerging infectious diseases, and non-native species because they have not been exposed to these factors over their evolutionary history, and this can decrease their likelihood of persistence. Captive breeding programs are sometimes used to reintroduce individuals back into the wild; however, successful captive breeding and reintroduction can be difficult because species or populations often cannot coexist with non-native pathogens and herbivores without artificial selection. In captive breeding programs, breeders can select for host defenses that prevent or reduce pathogen or herbivore burden (i.e., resistance) or traits that limit the effects of parasitism or herbivory on host fitness (i.e., tolerance). We propose that selection for host tolerance may enhance the success of reintroduction or translocation because tolerant hosts generally have neutral effects on introduced pathogens and herbivores. The release of resistant hosts would have detrimental effects on their natural enemies, promoting rapid evolution to circumvent the host resistance that may reduce the long-term probability of persistence of the reintroduced or translocated species. We examined 2 case studies, one on the pathogenic amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis [Bd]) and the other on the herbivorous cactus moth (Cactoblastis cactorum) in the United States, where it is not native. In each case study, we provide recommendations for how captive breeders and managers could go about selecting for host tolerance. Selecting for tolerance may offer a promising tool to rescue hosts species from invasive natural enemies as well as new natural enemies associated with climate change-induced range shifts.}, }
@article {pmid22809179, year = {2013}, author = {Cuhel, RL and Aguilar, C}, title = {Ecosystem transformations of the Laurentian Great Lake Michigan by nonindigenous biological invaders.}, journal = {Annual review of marine science}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {289-320}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-marine-120710-100952}, pmid = {22809179}, issn = {1941-1405}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Great Lakes Region ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; }, abstract = {Lake Michigan, a 58,000-km(2) freshwater inland sea, is large enough to have persistent basin-scale circulation yet small enough to enable development of approximately balanced budgets for water, energy, and elements including carbon and silicon. Introduction of nonindigenous species-whether through invasion, intentional stocking, or accidental transplantation-has transformed the lake's ecosystem function and habitat structure. Of the 79 nonindigenous species known to have established reproductive populations in the lake, only a few have brought considerable ecological pressure to bear. Four of these were chosen for this review to exemplify top-down (sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus), middle-out (alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus), and bottom-up (the dreissenid zebra and quagga mussels, Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena rostriformis bugensis, respectively) transformations of Lake Michigan ecology, habitability, and ultimately physical environment. Lampreys attacked and extirpated indigenous lake trout, the top predator. Alewives outcompeted native planktivorous fish and curtailed invertebrate populations. Dreissenid mussels-especially quagga mussels, which have had a much greater impact than the preceding zebra mussels-moved ecosystem metabolism basin-wide from water column to bottom dominance and engineered structures throughout the lake. Each of these non indigenous species exerted devastating effects on commercial and sport fisheries through ecosystem structure modification.}, }
@article {pmid22808314, year = {2012}, author = {Grangier, J and Lester, PJ}, title = {Behavioral plasticity mediates asymmetric competition between invasive wasps and native ants.}, journal = {Communicative &amp; integrative biology}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {127-129}, pmid = {22808314}, issn = {1942-0889}, abstract = {One of the most successful invasive species is the common wasp, Vespula vulgaris. We recently reported how foragers of this species have adopted previously unknown interference behavior when competing for food with native ants. Picking their opponents up in their mandibles, flying backward and dropping them some distance away from the disputed resource, wasps were shown to efficiently deal with a yet aggressive competitor and to modulate this behavior according to circumstances. Here we further discuss the nature and functioning of this unusual strategy. We first highlight the questions this interaction raises regarding the competitive advantages offered by asymmetries in body size and flight ability. Then, we argue that this study system illustrates the important role of behavioral plasticity in biological invasions; not only in the success of invaders but also in the ability of native species to coexist with these invaders.}, }
@article {pmid22808212, year = {2012}, author = {Rangel, HR and Maes, M and Villalba, J and Sulbarán, Y and de Waard, JH and Bello, G and Pujol, FH}, title = {Evidence of at least two introductions of HIV-1 in the Amerindian Warao population from Venezuela.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {e40626}, pmid = {22808212}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; Genes, Viral/genetics ; Geography ; HIV Infections/virology ; HIV-1/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Humans ; *Indians, South American ; *Introduced Species ; Likelihood Functions ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Residence Characteristics ; Time Factors ; Venezuela ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Venezuelan Amerindians were, until recently, free of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, in 2007, HIV-1 infection was detected for the first time in the Warao Amerindian population living in the Eastern part of Venezuela, in the delta of the Orinoco river. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of the HIV-1 circulating in this population.<br><br>The pol genomic region was sequenced for 16 HIV-1 isolates and for some of them, sequences from env, vif and nef genomic regions were obtained. All HIV-1 isolates were classified as subtype B, with exception of one that was classified as subtype C. The 15 subtype B isolates exhibited a high degree of genetic similarity and formed a highly supported monophyletic cluster in each genomic region analyzed. Evolutionary analyses of the pol genomic region indicated that the date of the most recent common ancestor of the Waraos subtype B clade dates back to the late 1990s.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: At least two independent introductions of HIV-1 have occurred in the Warao Amerindians from Venezuela. The HIV-1 subtype B was successfully established and got disseminated in the community, while no evidence of local dissemination of the HIV-1 subtype C was detected in this study. These results warrant further surveys to evaluate the burden of this disease, which can be particularly devastating in this Amerindian population, with a high prevalence of tuberculosis, hepatitis B, among other infectious diseases, and with limited access to primary health care.}, }
@article {pmid22808210, year = {2012}, author = {Grarock, K and Tidemann, CR and Wood, J and Lindenmayer, DB}, title = {Is it benign or is it a Pariah? Empirical evidence for the impact of the common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) on Australian birds.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {e40622}, pmid = {22808210}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Birds/*physiology ; *Empirical Research ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Nesting Behavior/physiology ; Regression Analysis ; Species Specificity ; Starlings/*physiology ; }, abstract = {There is widespread concern over the impact of introduced species on biodiversity, but the magnitude of these impacts can be variable. Understanding the impact of an introduced species is essential for effective management. However, empirical evidence of the impact of an introduced species can be difficult to obtain, especially when the impact is through competition. Change in species abundance is often slow and gradual, coinciding with environmental change. As a result, negative impacts on native species through competition are poorly documented. An example of the difficulties associated with obtaining empirical evidence of impact due to competition comes from work on the Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis). The species is listed in the World's top 100 worst invaders, despite a lack of empirical evidence of its negative impacts on native species. We assessed the impact of the Common Myna on native bird abundance, using long-term data both pre and post its invasion. At the outset of our investigation, we postulated that Common Myna establishment would negatively affect the abundance of other cavity-nesting species and bird species that are smaller than it. We found a negative relationship between the establishment of the Common Myna and the long-term abundance of three cavity-nesting species (Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, Crimson Rosella, Laughing Kookaburra) and eight small bird species (Striated Paradoxes, Rufous Whistler, Willie Wagtail, Grey Fantail, Magpie-lark, House Sparrow, Silvereye, Common Blackbird). To the best of our knowledge, this finding has never previously been demonstrated at the population level. We discuss the key elements of our success in finding empirical evidence of a species impact and the implications for prioritisation of introduced species for management. Specifically, prioritization of the Common Myna for management over other species still remains a contentious issue.}, }
@article {pmid22808133, year = {2012}, author = {Macfadyen, S and Kriticos, DJ}, title = {Modelling the geographical range of a species with variable life-history.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {e40313}, pmid = {22808133}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*growth &amp; development ; Australia ; Avena/parasitology ; *Ecosystem ; *Geography ; Introduced Species ; *Life Cycle Stages ; *Models, Biological ; Reproduction, Asexual ; Risk Factors ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {We show how a climatic niche model can be used to describe the potential geographic distribution of a pest species with variable life-history, and illustrate how to estimate biogeographic pest threats that vary across space. The models were used to explore factors that affect pest risk (irrigation and presences of host plant). A combination of current distribution records and published experimental data were used to construct separate models for the asexual and sexual lineages of Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The two models were combined with knowledge of host plant presence to classify the global pest risk posed by R. padi. Whilst R. padi has a relatively limited area in which sexual lineages can persist year round, a much larger area is suitable for transient sexual and asexual lineages to exist. The greatest risk of establishment of persistent sexual and asexual populations is in areas with warm temperate climates. At the global scale the models show very little difference in risk patterns between natural rainfall and irrigation scenarios, but in Australia, the amount of land suitable for persistent asexual and transient sexual populations decreases (by 20%) if drought stress is no longer alleviated by irrigation. This approach proved useful for modelling the potential distribution of a species that has a variable life-history. We were able to use the model outputs to examine factors such as irrigation practices and host plant presence that altered the nature (transient or permanent) and extent of pest risk. The composite niche maps indicate pest risk in terms that are useful to both biosecurity agencies and pest managers.}, }
@article {pmid22808088, year = {2012}, author = {Gordon, DR and Gantz, CA and Jerde, CL and Chadderton, WL and Keller, RP and Champion, PD}, title = {Weed risk assessment for aquatic plants: modification of a New Zealand system for the United States.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {e40031}, pmid = {22808088}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Aquatic Organisms/physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; *Plant Dispersal ; Plant Weeds/physiology ; *Research Design ; Risk Assessment/*methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United States ; Weed Control/*organization &amp; administration ; }, abstract = {We tested the accuracy of an invasive aquatic plant risk assessment system in the United States that we modified from a system originally developed by New Zealand's Biosecurity Program. The US system is comprised of 38 questions that address biological, historical, and environmental tolerance traits. Values associated with each response are summed to produce a total score for each species that indicates its risk of invasion. To calibrate and test this risk assessment, we identified 39 aquatic plant species that are major invaders in the continental US, 31 species that have naturalized but have no documented impacts (minor invaders), and 60 that have been introduced but have not established. These species represent 55 families and span all aquatic plant growth forms. We found sufficient information to assess all but three of these species. When the results are compared to the known invasiveness of the species, major invaders are distinguished from minor and non-invaders with 91% accuracy. Using this approach, the US aquatic weed risk assessment correctly identifies major invaders 85%, and non-invaders 98%, of the time. Model validation using an additional 10 non-invaders and 10 invaders resulted in 100% accuracy for the former, and 80% accuracy for the latter group. Accuracy was further improved to an average of 91% for all groups when the 17% of species with scores of 31-39 required further evaluation prior to risk classification. The high accuracy with which we can distinguish non-invaders from harmful invaders suggests that this tool provides a feasible, pro-active system for pre-import screening of aquatic plants in the US, and may have additional utility for prioritizing management efforts of established species.}, }
@article {pmid22804778, year = {2012}, author = {Lacoursière-Roussel, A and Bock, DG and Cristescu, ME and Guichard, F and Girard, P and Legendre, P and McKindsey, CW}, title = {Disentangling invasion processes in a dynamic shipping-boating network.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {21}, number = {17}, pages = {4227-4241}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05702.x}, pmid = {22804778}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nova Scotia ; Phylogeography ; Population Dynamics ; Recreation ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Ships ; Transportation ; Urochordata/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The relative importance of multiple vectors to the initial establishment, spread and population dynamics of invasive species remains poorly understood. This study used molecular methods to clarify the roles of commercial shipping and recreational boating in the invasion by the cosmopolitan tunicate, Botryllus schlosseri. We evaluated (i) single vs. multiple introduction scenarios, (ii) the relative importance of shipping and boating to primary introductions, (iii) the interaction between these vectors for spread (i.e. the presence of a shipping-boating network) and (iv) the role of boating in determining population similarity. Tunicates were sampled from 26 populations along the Nova Scotia, Canada, coast that were exposed to either shipping (i.e. ports) or boating (i.e. marinas) activities. A total of 874 individuals (c. 30 per population) from five ports and 21 marinas was collected and analysed using both mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) and 10 nuclear microsatellite markers. The geographical location of multiple hotspot populations indicates that multiple invasions have occurred in Nova Scotia. A loss of genetic diversity from port to marina populations suggests a stronger influence of ships than recreational boats on primary coastal introductions. Population genetic similarity analysis reveals a dependence of marina populations on those that had been previously established in ports. Empirical data on marina connectivity because of boating better explains patterns in population similarities than does natural spread. We conclude that frequent primary introductions arise by ships and that secondary spread occurs gradually thereafter around individual ports, facilitated by recreational boating.}, }
@article {pmid22803482, year = {2012}, author = {Jun, H and Yi-Juan, X and Yong-Yue, L and Ling, Z}, title = {[Effects of Solenopsis invicta invasion on the diversity of spider communities in a corn field].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {1111-1116}, pmid = {22803482}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Spiders/classification/*physiology ; *Zea mays ; }, abstract = {By using pitfall trapping and ocular estimation, this paper studied the effects of Solenopsis invicta invasion on the diversity of spider communities in a corn field. A total of 16 spider species belonging to 8 families were recorded. In the plot S. invicta invaded, there were 10 spider species of 6 families, among which, 5 species of 4 families were in pesticide-treated plot, and 11 species of 8 families were in control plot. The spiders were dominated by wandering species, mainly belonging to the families Salticidae and Oxyopidae, and the dominant species were Oxyopex sertatus, Myrmarachne joblotii, and Myrmarachne sp. In the plot S. invicta invaded, the population quantity of S. invicta began to increase steadily from the late whorl stage of corn, with the peak (225 individuals) through the earring stage, but decreased steadily thereafter, with the decrement of the spiders of genus Oxyopex reached 79.2%, while the population quantity of the spiders of genus Myrmarachne had no significant change. With the growth of corn, the species number, diversity index, and evenness index of the spiders in S. invicta-invaded and pesticide-treated plot decreased and the predominant indices increased gradually, while the situation in control plot was in adverse. It was concluded that due to the S. invicta invasion in corn field, the community structure of spiders changed.}, }
@article {pmid22803477, year = {2012}, author = {Hu, WJ and Ma, DW and Wang, YN and Zhang, H}, title = {[Oxidative damage of volatile oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides on Vicia faba root tip cells].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {1077-1082}, pmid = {22803477}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Apoptosis/drug effects ; Chenopodium/*chemistry ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Oils, Volatile/isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; *Oxidative Stress ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Plant Roots/cytology/*drug effects/metabolism ; Vicia faba/*drug effects/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Chenopodium ambrosioides is an invasive species, which has strong allelopathic effect on surrounding plants. In this study, the methods of soil culture and filter paper culture were adopted to simulate the eluviation and volatilization of the volatile oil from C. ambrosioides, respectively, and to investigate the allelopathy of the volatile oil on the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities of Vicia faba root tip cells, with the mechanisms of the induced tip cell apoptosis analyzed. At the early stage (24 h) of soil culture and filter paper culture, the superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase activities of the tip cells decreased after an initial increase with the increasing dose of the volatile oil, and the malondialdehyde content of the tip cells increased with the increasing volatile oil dose and treated time. At the midterm (48 h) and later (72 h) stages of soil culture and filter paper culture, a typical DNA ladder strip appeared, suggesting that the volatile oil from C. ambrosioides could induce the apoptosis of the tip cells, and the apoptosis was dose- and time dependent. This study showed that the volatile oil from C. ambrosioides could act on its surrounding plants via eluviation and volatilization, making the lipid peroxidation of acceptor plants aggravated and the antioxidant enzyme activities of the plants inhibited, resulting in the oxidative damage and apoptosis of the plant root tip cells, and accordingly, the inhibition of the plant growth. Under soil culture, the root tip cells of V. faba had higher antioxidant enzyme activities and lesser DNA damage, suggesting that the volatile oil from C. ambrosioides via volatilization had stronger allelopathy on the growth of surrounding plants than via eluviation.}, }
@article {pmid22803465, year = {2012}, author = {Fu, JP and Li, CR and Xu, JW and Cheng, WL and Song, RF and Liu, Y}, title = {[Prevention and control of invaded plant Phytolacca americana in sandy coastal shelter forests].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {991-997}, pmid = {22803465}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; China ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Phytolacca americana/*growth &amp; development ; Silicon Dioxide ; Trees/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The invasion of Phytolacca americana has produced serious damage to the coastal shelter forests in China. In order to search for the effective measures for controlling the growth of P. americana, several plots in the Robinia pseudoacacia forest invaded by P. Americana to the relatively same extent were installed, and the measures of physical control (mowing and root cutting) and chemical control (spraying herbicides) were adopted to control the invasion of P. Americana, taking the site with good growth of Amorpha fruticosa in the forest and without any control measures as the comparison. The results showed that mowing could rapidly decrease the growth of P. americana in the same year, but the growth recovered in the next year. 1/3 root cutting only reduced the aboveground growth of P. americana in the same year, and the growth was recovered in the third year; while 2/3 root cutting and whole cutting could effectively cleanup the P. americana plants all the time. Spraying quizalofop-p-ethyl and paraquat only killed the aboveground part of P. americana in the same year, but this part of P. americana recovered to the normal level in the next year; while spraying 45 g x L(-1) of glyphosate could completely kill the whole P. americana plants till the third year. The growth of P. americana at the site with good growth of A. fruticosa and without any control measures maintained at a low level all the time, suggesting that planting A. fruticosa in R. pseudoacacia forest would be an effective approach to prevent and control the P. americana invasion.}, }
@article {pmid22798586, year = {2012}, author = {Chown, SL and Lee, JE and Hughes, KA and Barnes, J and Barrett, PJ and Bergstrom, DM and Convey, P and Cowan, DA and Crosbie, K and Dyer, G and Frenot, Y and Grant, SM and Herr, D and Kennicutt, MC and Lamers, M and Murray, A and Possingham, HP and Reid, K and Riddle, MJ and Ryan, PG and Sanson, L and Shaw, JD and Sparrow, MD and Summerhayes, C and Terauds, A and Wall, DH}, title = {Conservation. Challenges to the future conservation of the Antarctic.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {337}, number = {6091}, pages = {158-159}, doi = {10.1126/science.1222821}, pmid = {22798586}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/trends ; *Ecosystem ; Forecasting ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Public Policy ; Travel ; }, }
@article {pmid22797088, year = {2012}, author = {Jewell, M and Frère, CH and Harris-Shultz, K and Anderson, WF and Godwin, ID and Lambrides, CJ}, title = {Phylogenetic analysis reveals multiple introductions of Cynodon species in Australia.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {65}, number = {2}, pages = {390-396}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2012.06.026}, pmid = {22797088}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Australia ; Bayes Theorem ; Cynodon/*classification/genetics ; DNA, Chloroplast/genetics ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Genetic ; *Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The distinction between native and introduced flora within isolated land masses presents unique challenges. The geological and colonisation history of Australia, the world's largest island, makes it a valuable system for studying species endemism, introduction, and phylogeny. Using this strategy we investigated Australian cosmopolitan grasses belonging to the genus Cynodon. While it is believed that seven species of Cynodon are present in Australia, no genetic analyses have investigated the origin, diversity and phylogenetic history of Cynodon within Australia. To address this gap, 147 samples (92 from across Australia and 55 representing global distribution) were sequenced for a total of 3336bp of chloroplast DNA spanning six genes. Data showed the presence of at least six putatively introduced Cynodon species (C. transvaalensis, C. incompletus, C. hirsutus, C. radiatus, C. plectostachyus and C. dactylon) in Australia and suggested multiple recent introductions. C. plectostachyus, a species often confused with C. nlemfuensis, was not previously considered to be present in Australia. Most significantly, we identified two common haplotypes that formed a monophyletic clade diverging from previously identified Cynodon species. We hypothesise that these two haplotypes may represent a previously undescribed species of Cynodon. We provide further evidence that two Australian native species, Brachyachne tenella and B. convergens belong in the genus Cynodon and, therefore, argue for the taxonomic revision of the genus Cynodon.}, }
@article {pmid22794077, year = {2012}, author = {Morgan, EH and Richardson, CA}, title = {The potential role of an unregulated coastal anthropogenic activity in facilitating the spread of a non-indigenous biofoulant.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {28}, number = {7}, pages = {743-753}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2012.704367}, pmid = {22794077}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; Cold Temperature ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Food Inspection/methods ; Gastropoda/growth &amp; development ; *Human Activities ; Introduced Species ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; Meat/analysis ; Ostrea/*growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Despite an exponential rise in anthropogenically-mediated transfers of non-indigenous species during the last 150 years, several coastal anthropogenic activities remain unregulated under current legislation frameworks. This study investigates the potential role of commercial periwinkle (Littorina littorea) harvesting as an unregulated facilitator of both small- and large-scale geographic range expansion of an invasive oyster epibiont (Ostrea chilensis) within the Menai Strait (North Wales, UK) and beyond. The frequency of oyster-fouled periwinkles was greatest in areas of high adult oyster abundance and restricted to large, market-sized periwinkles (>20 mm) inhabiting the low shore. Active efforts by commercial collectors to reject oyster-fouled periwinkles were found to be inadequate, with oysters of all sizes observed within collected hauls. Whilst the survival of fouled and unfouled periwinkles was comparable under post-collection refrigerated conditions, a significant decrease in both mobility and flesh content was associated with the presence of oyster epibionts. Survival of all but the smallest oyster epibionts under post-collection refrigerated conditions enhances the possibility of accidental non-indigenous oyster transfers. Better interventions during both initial visual inspection and post-griddling stages are recommended, as well as the development of techniques that kill off all non-indigenous epibionts, whilst leaving the freshness and marketability of the periwinkles uncompromised.}, }
@article {pmid22791583, year = {2013}, author = {Mayle, BA and Ferryman, M and Peace, A and Yoder, CA and Miller, L and Cowan, D}, title = {The use of DiazaCon™ to limit fertility by reducing serum cholesterol in female grey squirrels, Sciurus carolinensis.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, pages = {414-424}, doi = {10.1002/ps.3347}, pmid = {22791583}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Cholesterol/*blood/*pharmacology ; Down-Regulation/drug effects ; Female ; Fertility/drug effects ; Italy ; Male ; Reproduction/*drug effects ; Rodent Control ; Sciuridae/blood/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The grey squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin, is an invasive alien species introduced into Great Britain in the late nineteenth century and into Northern Italy during the early twentieth century. Grey squirrels have displaced the native European red squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris L., throughout much of Great Britain and have a significant impact on trees and woodlands through bark-stripping activity. In Britain, eradication is no longer an option at a regional scale, but fertility control offers a non-lethal approach to reducing negative impacts. The cholesterol mimic DiazaCon™ has been successfully used to inhibit reproduction in some species. These studies aimed to evaluate whether DiazaCon™ is effective in inhibiting reproduction in grey squirrels.<br><br>RESULTS: DiazaCon&#x2122; reduced serum cholesterol levels in female grey squirrels at a range of doses. The period of effect increased with increasing dose. Reproduction rate was not significantly different between treatment and control groups owing to a lack of breeding in controls.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: DiazaCon&#x2122; has potential to reduce serum cholesterol levels enough and for a sufficient period to reduce fertility in female grey squirrels. Information on baseline physiology and blood chemistry of grey squirrels is required to inform interpretation of the level of significance of the effect.}, }
@article {pmid22791130, year = {2012}, author = {Thébault, A and Stoll, P and Buttler, A}, title = {Complex interactions between spatial pattern of resident species and invasiveness of newly arriving species affect invasibility.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {170}, number = {4}, pages = {1133-1142}, pmid = {22791130}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Biomass ; Centaurea/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; Genetic Fitness ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Dispersal ; Senecio/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Understanding the factors that affect establishment success of new species in established communities requires the study of both the ability of new species to establish and community resistance. Spatial pattern of species within a community can affect plant performance by changing the outcome of inter-specific competition, and consequently community invasibility. We studied the effects of spatial pattern of resident plant communities on fitness of genotypes from the native and introduced ranges of two worldwide invasive species, Centaurea stoebe and Senecio inaequidens, during their establishment stage. We experimentally established artificial plant mixtures with 4 or 8 resident species in intra-specifically aggregated or random spatial patterns, and added seedlings of genotypes from the native and introduced ranges of the two target species. Early growth of both S. inaequidens and C. stoebe was higher in aggregated than randomly assembled mixtures. However, a species-specific interaction between invasiveness and invasibility highlighted more complex patterns. Genotypes from native and introduced ranges of S. inaequidens showed the same responses to spatial pattern. By contrast, genotypes from the introduced range of C. stoebe did not respond to spatial pattern whereas native ones did. Based on phenotypic plasticity, we argue that the two target species adopted different strategies to deal with the spatial pattern of the resident plant community. We show that effects of spatial pattern of the resident community on the fitness of establishing species may depend on the diversity of the recipient community. Our results highlight the need to consider the interaction between invasiveness and invasibility in order to increase our understanding of invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid22789868, year = {2012}, author = {Ahmed, S and de Labrouhe, DT and Delmotte, F}, title = {Emerging virulence arising from hybridisation facilitated by multiple introductions of the sunflower downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara halstedii.}, journal = {Fungal genetics and biology : FG &amp; B}, volume = {49}, number = {10}, pages = {847-855}, doi = {10.1016/j.fgb.2012.06.012}, pmid = {22789868}, issn = {1096-0937}, mesh = {Alleles ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Disease Resistance ; Environmental Monitoring ; France ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; Genetic Structures ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Helianthus/*parasitology ; Hybridization, Genetic/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Oomycetes/genetics/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Phenotype ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; Virulence ; }, abstract = {The sunflower downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara halstedii is an invasive plant pathogen in Europe of American origin. Despite efforts to produce resistant host varieties, nationwide monitoring in France has revealed the rapid emergence of new virulent races increasing the number from one founder identified in 1966 to as many as 14 today. We have genotyped 146 samples (including all 14 races) using 13 nuclear and one mtDNA marker. Samples of the same race were found to share alleles/mtDNA haplotype and the two most common races had individuals with multiple matching genotypes. Cluster analyses confirmed that the samples form three groups to which races strongly adhere. Clusters were highly differentiated (F(ST) 0.65) and characterised by high inbreeding coefficients. Despite this, samples of recently emergent races, including six that are unique to France had mixed ancestry between the groups suggesting they have arisen in situ due to hybridisation. Five such samples also had conflicting mtDNA and nuclear DNA profiles. This demonstrates that multiple introductions have aided the establishment of this pathogen in France, and suggests recombination facilitated by these introductions is driving the emergence of new and endemic races in response to host resistance.}, }
@article {pmid22789811, year = {2012}, author = {Lee, JH and Iwasa, Y}, title = {Optimal investment for enhancing social concern about biodiversity conservation: a dynamic approach.}, journal = {Theoretical population biology}, volume = {82}, number = {3}, pages = {177-186}, doi = {10.1016/j.tpb.2012.06.008}, pmid = {22789811}, issn = {1096-0325}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {To maintain biodiversity conservation areas, we need to invest in activities, such as monitoring the condition of the ecosystem, preventing illegal exploitation, and removing harmful alien species. These require a constant supply of resources, the level of which is determined by the concern of the society about biodiversity conservation. In this paper, we study the optimal fraction of the resources to invest in activities for enhancing the social concern y(t) by environmental education, museum displays, publications, and media exposure. We search for the strategy that maximizes the time-integral of the quality of the conservation area x(t) with temporal discounting. Analyses based on dynamic programming and Pontryagin's maximum principle show that the optimal control consists of two phases: (1) in the first phase, the social concern level approaches to the final optimal value y(∗), (2) in the second phase, resources are allocated to both activities, and the social concern level is kept constant y(t) = y(∗). If the social concern starts from a low initial level, the optimal path includes a period in which the quality of the conservation area declines temporarily, because all the resources are invested to enhance the social concern. When the support rate increases with the quality of the conservation area itself x(t) as well as with the level of social concern y(t), both variables may increase simultaneously in the second phase. We discuss the implication of the results to good management of biodiversity conservation areas.}, }
@article {pmid22789620, year = {2012}, author = {Brown, RG and James, AF and Pitchford, JW and Plank, MJ}, title = {Habitat fragmentation: simple models for local persistence and the spread of invasive species.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {310}, number = {}, pages = {231-238}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.06.033}, pmid = {22789620}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Stochastic Processes ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Understanding the persistence and growth of natural populations in environments subject to random localised change is relevant both to the conservation of threatened species and to the control of invasive species. By developing and analysing simple strategic growth models in environments subject to random fragmentation events, we show that simple approximations can be used to predict invasion speeds and extinction probabilities. The rate and size of fragmentation events interact in a nonlinear way, a finding with important consequences for the efficient control of invasive species. Infrequent, large-scale fragmentation events provide more effective means of control than more frequent, smaller scale efforts.}, }
@article {pmid22788956, year = {2012}, author = {Ewen, JG and Bensch, S and Blackburn, TM and Bonneaud, C and Brown, R and Cassey, P and Clarke, RH and Pérez-Tris, J}, title = {Establishment of exotic parasites: the origins and characteristics of an avian malaria community in an isolated island avifauna.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {1112-1119}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01833.x}, pmid = {22788956}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Birds/*parasitology ; Classification ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Malaria/*veterinary ; New Zealand ; Plasmodium/*pathogenicity ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Knowledge of the processes favouring the establishment of exotic parasites is poor. Herein, we test the characteristics of successful exotic parasites that have co-established in the remote island archipelago of New Zealand, due to the introduction of numerous avian host species. Our results show that avian malaria parasites (AM; parasites of the genus Plasmodium) that successfully invaded are more globally generalist (both geographically widespread and with a broad taxonomic range of hosts) than AM parasites not co-introduced to New Zealand. Furthermore, the successful AM parasites are presently more prevalent in their native range than AM parasites found in the same native range but not co-introduced to New Zealand. This has resulted in an increased number and greater taxonomic diversity of AM parasites now in New Zealand.}, }
@article {pmid22776776, year = {2012}, author = {Delpy, F and Pagano, M and Blanchot, J and Carlotti, F and Thibault-Botha, D}, title = {Man-induced hydrological changes, metazooplankton communities and invasive species in the Berre Lagoon (Mediterranean Sea, France).}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {64}, number = {9}, pages = {1921-1932}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.06.020}, pmid = {22776776}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; Chlorophyll A ; Environmental Monitoring ; France ; Humans ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mediterranean Sea ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Water Pollution/analysis/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Zooplankton/classification/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The Berre Lagoon has been under strong anthropogenic pressure since the early 1950s. The opening of the hydroelectric EDF power plant in 1966 led to large salinity drops. The zooplankton community was mainly composed of two common brackish species: Acartia tonsa and Brachionus plicatilis. Since 2006, European litigation has strongly constrained the input of freshwater, maintaining the salinity above 15. A study was performed between 2008 and 2010 to evaluate how these modifications have impacted the zooplankton community. Our results show that the community is more diverse and contains several coastal marine species (i.e., Centropages typicus, Paracalanus parvus and Acartia clausi). A. tonsa is still present but is less abundant, whereas B. plicatilis has completely disappeared. Strong predatory marine species, such as chaetognaths, the large conspicuous autochtonous jellyfish Aurelia aurita and the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, are now very common as either seasonal or permanent features of the lagoon.}, }
@article {pmid22776029, year = {2012}, author = {Blight, O and Berville, L and Vogel, V and Hefetz, A and Renucci, M and Orgeas, J and Provost, E and Keller, L}, title = {Variation in the level of aggression, chemical and genetic distance among three supercolonies of the Argentine ant in Europe.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {21}, number = {16}, pages = {4106-4121}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05668.x}, pmid = {22776029}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Aggression ; Animals ; Ants/genetics/*physiology ; Europe ; France ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Hydrocarbons/*analysis ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; }, abstract = {In their invasive ranges, Argentine ant populations often form one geographically vast supercolony, genetically and chemically uniform within which there is no intraspecific aggression. Here we present regional patterns of intraspecific aggression, cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) and population genetics of 18 nesting sites across Corsica and the French mainland. Aggression tests confirm the presence of a third European supercolony, the Corsican supercolony, which exhibits moderate to high levels of aggression, depending on nesting sites, with the Main supercolony, and invariably high levels of aggression with the Catalonian supercolony. The chemical analyses corroborated the behavioural data, with workers of the Corsican supercolony showing moderate differences in CHCs compared to workers of the European Main supercolony and strong differences compared to workers of the Catalonian supercolony. Interestingly, there were also clear genetic differences between workers of the Catalonian supercolony and the two other supercolonies at both nuclear and mitochondrial markers, but only very weak genetic differentiation between nesting sites of the Corsican and Main supercolonies (F(ST) = 0.06). A detailed comparison of the genetic composition of supercolonies also revealed that, if one of the last two supercolonies derived from the other, it is the Main supercolony that derived from the Corsican supercolony rather than the reverse. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of conducting more qualitative and quantitative analyses of the level of aggression between supercolonies, which has to be correlated with genetic and chemical data.}, }
@article {pmid22770761, year = {2012}, author = {Le Lann, K and Connan, S and Stiger-Pouvreau, V}, title = {Phenology, TPC and size-fractioning phenolics variability in temperate Sargassaceae (Phaeophyceae, Fucales) from Western Brittany: native versus introduced species.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {80}, number = {}, pages = {1-11}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.05.011}, pmid = {22770761}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Phaeophyceae/*chemistry/*physiology ; Phenols/*analysis ; Sargassum/chemistry/physiology ; *Seasons ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The phenology of the introduced Sargassum muticum and two native species Bifurcaria bifurcata and Cystoseira baccata were monitored during eighteen months at two sites in Brittany. Density and length varied seasonally only in Sargassum. Larger individuals of Sargassum were observed in summer whereas in Cystoseira, they appeared almost in autumn. Peaks in maturity were delayed: in summer for Sargassum and in winter for Cystoseira and Bifurcaria. Phenolic contents increased before their respective reproductive period as a chemical defence. Moreover, size composition varied with site and season depending on species. In Sargassum, the quantity of small compounds decreased in summer together with an increase of 2000/5000 Da compounds. In Bifurcaria 2000/5000 Da compounds increased in summer (photoprotection) while in Cystoseira it increased in winter (protection for reproduction). Sargassum presented then a phenological plasticity not observed in native species. Moreover the three species possessed different chemical strategies to succeed in partitioning their vital space.}, }
@article {pmid22770378, year = {2012}, author = {Lyons, CL and Coetzee, M and Terblanche, JS and Chown, SL}, title = {Thermal limits of wild and laboratory strains of two African malaria vector species, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus.}, journal = {Malaria journal}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {226}, pmid = {22770378}, issn = {1475-2875}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Anopheles/*physiology/*radiation effects ; *Disease Vectors ; Female ; Male ; Sex Factors ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malaria affects large parts of the developing world and is responsible for almost 800,000 deaths annually. As climates change, concerns have arisen as to how this vector-borne disease will be impacted by changing rainfall patterns and warming temperatures. Despite the importance and controversy surrounding the impact of climate change on the potential spread of this disease, little information exists on the tolerances of several of the vector species themselves.<br><br>METHODS: Using a ramping protocol (to assess critical thermal limits--CT) and plunge protocol (to assess lethal temperature limits--LT) information on the thermal tolerance of two of Africa's important malaria vectors, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus was collected. The effects of age, thermal acclimation treatment, sex and strain (laboratory versus wild adults) were investigated for CT determinations for each species. The effects of age and sex for adults and life stage (larvae, pupae, adults) were investigated for LT determinations.<br><br>RESULTS: In both species, females are more tolerant to low and high temperatures than males; larvae and pupae have higher upper lethal limits than do adults. Thermal acclimation of adults has large effects in some instances but small effects in others. Younger adults tend to be more tolerant of low or high temperatures than older age groups. Long-standing laboratory colonies are sufficiently similar in thermal tolerance to field-collected animals to provide reasonable surrogates when making inferences about wild population responses. Differences between these two vectors in their thermal tolerances, especially in larvae and pupae, are plausibly a consequence of different habitat utilization.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Limited plasticity is characteristic of the adults of these vector species relative to others examined to date, suggesting limited scope for within-generation change in thermal tolerance. These findings and the greater tolerance of females to thermal extremes may have significant implications for future malaria transmission, especially in areas of current seasonal transmission and in areas on the boundaries of current vector distribution.}, }
@article {pmid22764505, year = {2012}, author = {Campbell, EW and Adams, AA and Converse, SJ and Fritts, TH and Rodda, GH}, title = {Do predators control prey species abundance? An experimental test with brown treesnakes on Guam.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {5}, pages = {1194-1203}, doi = {10.1890/11-1359.1}, pmid = {22764505}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Extinction, Biological ; Guam ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/*physiology ; Population Density ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Snakes/*classification/*physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The effect of predators on the abundance of prey species is a topic of ongoing debate in ecology; the effect of snake predators on their prey has been less debated, as there exists a general consensus that snakes do not negatively influence the abundance of their prey. However, this viewpoint has not been adequately tested. We quantified the effect of brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) predation on the abundance and size of lizards on Guam by contrasting lizards in two 1-ha treatment plots of secondary forest from which snakes had been removed and excluded vs. two 1-ha control plots in which snakes were monitored but not removed or excluded. We removed resident snakes from the treatment plots with snake traps and hand capture, and snake immigration into these plots was precluded by electrified snake barriers. Lizards were sampled in all plots quarterly for a year following snake elimination in the treatment plots. Following the completion of this experiment, we used total removal sampling to census lizards on a 100-m2 subsample of each plot. Results of systematic lizard population monitoring before and after snake removal suggest that the abundance of the skink, Carlia ailanpalai, increased substantially and the abundance of two species of gekkonids, Lepidodactylus lugubris and Hemidactylus frenatus, also increased on snake-free plots. No treatment effect was observed for the skink Emoia caeruleocauda. Mean snout-vent length of all lizard species only increased following snake removal in the treatment plots. The general increase in prey density and mean size was unexpected in light of the literature consensus that snakes do not control the abundance of their prey species. Our findings show that, at least where alternate predators are lacking, snakes may indeed affect prey populations.}, }
@article {pmid22763284, year = {2012}, author = {Gollasch, S and David, M}, title = {A unique aspect of ballast water management requirements--the same location concept.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {64}, number = {9}, pages = {1774-1775}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.06.014}, pmid = {22763284}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Environmental Policy ; Introduced Species ; Ships/*methods ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; }, abstract = {Under certain circumstances vessels do not need to meet ballast water management requirements as stated in the International Convention for the Management and Control of Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention). Besides exceptions to ensure e.g., (a) the safety of a ship, (b) discharge of ballast water for the purpose of avoiding or minimizing pollution incidents, (c) uptake and discharge on high seas of the same ballast water, the same location concept comes into play as ballast water discharges from a ship at the same location where it was taken up is also excepted from BWM requirements. The term same location was not defined in this instrument, hence it is exposed to different interpretations (e.g., a terminal, a port, a larger area where two or more ports may be located). As the BWM Convention is an instrument with biological meaning, the authors recommend a biologically meaningful definition of the same location in this contribution.}, }
@article {pmid22763283, year = {2012}, author = {Davidson, TM}, title = {Boring crustaceans damage polystyrene floats under docks polluting marine waters with microplastic.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {64}, number = {9}, pages = {1821-1828}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.06.005}, pmid = {22763283}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Isopoda/*physiology ; Plastics/*analysis ; Polystyrenes/*analysis ; Seawater/chemistry ; Ships ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; Water Pollution, Chemical/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {Boring isopods damage expanded polystyrene floats under docks and, in the process, expel copious numbers of microplastic particles. This paper describes the impacts of boring isopods in aquaculture facilities and docks, quantifies and discusses the implications of these microplastics, and tests if an alternate foam type prevents boring. Floats from aquaculture facilities and docks were heavily damaged by thousands of isopods and their burrows. Multiple sites in Asia, Australia, Panama, and the USA exhibited evidence of isopod damage. One isopod creates thousands of microplastic particles when excavating a burrow; colonies can expel millions of particles. Microplastics similar in size to these particles may facilitate the spread of non-native species or be ingested by organisms causing physical or toxicological harm. Extruded polystyrene inhibited boring, suggesting this foam may prevent damage in the field. These results reveal boring isopods cause widespread damage to docks and are a novel source of microplastic pollution.}, }
@article {pmid22761706, year = {2012}, author = {Moslemi, JM and Snider, SB and Macneill, K and Gilliam, JF and Flecker, AS}, title = {Impacts of an invasive snail (Tarebia granifera) on nutrient cycling in tropical streams: the role of riparian deforestation in Trinidad, West Indies.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, pages = {e38806}, pmid = {22761706}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biomass ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Nitrogen Cycle/*physiology ; Rivers ; Snails/*physiology ; Trinidad and Tobago ; }, abstract = {Non-native species and habitat degradation are two major catalysts of environmental change and often occur simultaneously. In freshwater systems, degradation of adjacent terrestrial vegetation may facilitate introduced species by altering resource availability. Here we examine how the presence of intact riparian cover influences the impact of an invasive herbivorous snail, Tarebia granifera, on nitrogen (N) cycling in aquatic systems on the island of Trinidad. We quantified snail biomass, growth, and N excretion in locations where riparian vegetation was present or removed to determine how snail demographics and excretion were related to the condition of the riparian zone. In three Neotropical streams, we measured snail biomass and N excretion in open and closed canopy habitats to generate estimates of mass- and area-specific N excretion rates. Snail biomass was 2 to 8 times greater and areal N excretion rates ranged from 3 to 9 times greater in open canopy habitats. Snails foraging in open canopy habitat also had access to more abundant food resources and exhibited greater growth and mass-specific N excretion rates. Estimates of ecosystem N demand indicated that snail N excretion in fully closed, partially closed, and open canopy habitats supplied 2%, 11%, and 16% of integrated ecosystem N demand, respectively. We conclude that human-mediated riparian canopy loss can generate hotspots of snail biomass, growth, and N excretion along tropical stream networks, altering the impacts of an invasive snail on the biogeochemical cycling of N.}, }
@article {pmid22754378, year = {2012}, author = {Liao, PC and Tsai, CC and Chou, CH and Chiang, YC}, title = {Introgression between cultivars and wild populations of Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) in Taiwan.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {6469-6491}, pmid = {22754378}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Chloroplasts/*genetics ; DNA, Chloroplast/*analysis ; Evolution, Molecular ; Hybridization, Genetic ; India ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Momordica charantia/*classification/cytology/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Republic of Korea ; Species Specificity ; Taiwan ; }, abstract = {The landrace strains of Momordica charantia are widely cultivated vegetables throughout the tropics and subtropics, but not in Taiwan, a continental island in Southeast Asia, until a few hundred years ago. In contrast, the related wild populations with smaller fruit sizes are native to Taiwan. Because of the introduction of cultivars for agricultural purposes, these two accessions currently exhibit a sympatric or parapatric distribution in Taiwan. In this study, the cultivars and wild samples from Taiwan, India, and Korea were collected for testing of their hybridization and evolutionary patterns. The cpDNA marker showed a clear distinction between accessions of cultivars and wild populations of Taiwan and a long divergence time. In contrast, an analysis of eight selectively neutral nuclear microsatellite loci did not reveal a difference between the genetic structures of these two accessions. A relatively short divergence time and frequent but asymmetric gene flows were estimated based on the isolation-with-migration model. Historical and current introgression from cultivars to wild populations of Taiwan was also inferred using MIGRATE-n and BayesAss analyses. Our results showed that these two accessions shared abundant common ancestral polymorphisms, and the timing of the divergence and colonization of the Taiwanese wild populations is consistent with the geohistory of the Taiwan Strait land bridge of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Long-term and recurrent introgression between accessions indicated the asymmetric capacity to receive foreign genes from other accessions. The modern introduction of cultivars of M. charantia during the colonization of Taiwan by the Han Chinese ethnic group enhanced the rate of gene replacement in the native populations and resulted in the loss of native genes.}, }
@article {pmid22748502, year = {2012}, author = {Piola, RF and McDonald, JI}, title = {Marine biosecurity: the importance of awareness, support and cooperation in managing a successful incursion response.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {64}, number = {9}, pages = {1766-1773}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.06.004}, pmid = {22748502}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Australia ; *Biofouling ; *Environmental Policy ; Fisheries/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Ships/*methods ; }, abstract = {Shipping is almost certainly the most prevalent human-mediated transport vector for non-indigenous species (NIS) within the marine environment. The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) has long acknowledged the importance of sound environmental management and in recent years has taken a proactive approach to addressing risks associated with marine biosecurity. primarily as a result of biofouling on Navy vessel returning from overseas operations. This paper describes two case studies that highlight the effectiveness of the RAN marine biosecurity management framework in identifying an unwanted marine species on Navy vessels, and the successful biosecurity management program that ensued. In particular, the early detection and identification of a suspect NIS, the quick response to the discovery and the collaborative approach adopted between the RAN and the Government regulatory agency (Western Australian Department of Fisheries) charged with coordinating the incursion response serves as a model for how future incursion responses should be reported and managed.}, }
@article {pmid22747820, year = {2012}, author = {Macieira, RM and Giarrizzo, T and Gasparini, JL and Sazima, I}, title = {Geographic expansion of the invasive mud sleeper Butis koilomatodon (Perciformes: Eleotridae) in the western Atlantic Ocean.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {81}, number = {1}, pages = {308-313}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03285.x}, pmid = {22747820}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Female ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Perciformes ; }, abstract = {The Indo-Pacific mud sleeper Butis koilomatodon (Eleotridae) is recorded for the first time in the south-western Atlantic Ocean, based on 23 specimens caught at seven localities along the northern, north-eastern, eastern and south-eastern Brazilian coast. The occurrence of males and females in different ontogenetic stages indicates that this exotic mud sleeper breeds there. This invasive species has the potential to compete for food and microhabitat with several native gobies and an endemic blenny that dwell in estuaries and mangroves, besides preying on native fishes and crustaceans.}, }
@article {pmid22747809, year = {2012}, author = {Galster, BJ and Wuellner, MR and Graeb, BD}, title = {Walleye Sander vitreus and smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu interactions: an historic stable-isotope analysis approach.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {81}, number = {1}, pages = {135-147}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03318.x}, pmid = {22747809}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bass ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; *Perches ; }, abstract = {The carbon (δ(13) C) and nitrogen (δ(15) N) values of Sander vitreus scales differed pre and post-introduction in treatment lakes among years following the introduction of Micropterus dolomieu. No difference of δ(13) C and δ(15) N in S. vitreus scales was found in control lakes where M. dolomieu were not introduced. In treatment lakes, S. vitreus δ(15) N increased and δ(13) C decreased. No relationship was found between S. vitreus and M. dolomieu abundance in the two treatment lakes. Size structure of S. vitreus and M. dolomieu was negatively correlated and condition of the two species was positively correlated. Although S. vitreus feeding habits may have changed in the treatment lakes after M. dolomieu introductions, evidence suggests that fitness-related factors (i.e. abundance and condition) of S. vitreus remained unchanged, indicating S. vitreus and M. dolomieu may coexist where M. dolomieu have been introduced.}, }
@article {pmid22745391, year = {2012}, author = {Pala, C}, title = {Ecology. Fences make good nest sites.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {336}, number = {6089}, pages = {1628}, doi = {10.1126/science.336.6089.1628}, pmid = {22745391}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology/methods ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Hawaii ; Introduced Species ; *Nesting Behavior ; Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction ; }, }
@article {pmid22744743, year = {2013}, author = {Leffler, AJ and James, JJ and Monaco, TA}, title = {Temperature and functional traits influence differences in nitrogen uptake capacity between native and invasive grasses.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {171}, number = {1}, pages = {51-60}, pmid = {22744743}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Germination ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; North America ; Poaceae/*metabolism ; Seasons ; Seeds ; Soil ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Performance differences between native and exotic invasive plants are often considered static, but invasive grasses may achieve growth advantages in western North America shrublands and steppe under only optimal growing conditions. We examine differences in N uptake and several morphological variables that influence uptake at temperatures between 5 and 25 °C. We contrast two native perennial grasses in western North America: Elymus elymoides and Pseudoroegneria spicata; two invasive annual grasses: Bromus tectorum and Taeniatherum caput-medusae; and one highly selected non-native perennial grass: Agropyron cristatum. The influence of temperature on N uptake is poorly characterized, yet these invasive annual grasses are known to germinate in warm soils in the autumn, and both experience cool soils during the short growing season following snowmelt in the spring. To further explore the influence of temperature on the correlation between morphological variables and N uptake, our data are applied to a previously published path model and one proposed here. Differences in N uptake between native and invasive grasses were small at the lowest temperature, but were large at the highest temperature. At lower temperatures, uptake of N by annuals and perennials was correlated with leaf N and mass. At higher temperatures, uptake by annuals was correlated only with these leaf traits, but uptake by perennials was correlated with these leaf traits as well as root N and mass. Consequently, our results imply that annual grasses face fewer morphological constraints on N uptake than perennial grasses, and annual grasses may gain further advantage in warmer temperature conditions or during more frequent warm periods.}, }
@article {pmid22732625, year = {2012}, author = {Milbrath, LR and Biazzo, J}, title = {Development and reproduction of the foxglove aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on invasive swallow-worts (Vincetoxicum spp.).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, pages = {665-668}, doi = {10.1603/EN11239}, pmid = {22732625}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Apocynaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Female ; Food Preferences ; Introduced Species ; New York ; Nymph/growth &amp; development ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Reproduction ; Solanum tuberosum/growth &amp; development ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The foxglove aphid, Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach), recently was documented using the invasive species pale and black swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Barbar. and V. nigrum (L.) Moench, respectively) as host plants. Because these are new host plant records for this polyphagous species, we investigated foxglove aphid development and reproduction on pale and black swallow-wort relative to a known crop host, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), at a 25:20°C thermophase and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Almost no such data have been previously reported for a noneconomic host plant. Larval development and survival, as well as adult reproductive development and fecundity, were similar between the two swallow-wort species and potato. Adult aphids lived significantly longer on pale swallow-wort than the other two host plants, but this extended longevity encompassed the postreproductive stage. Foxglove aphid population parameters were therefore similar among the three plant species as well as most previous reports on crop plants. Pale and black swallow-wort appear to be suitable secondary hosts for foxglove aphid; other factors possibly limit aphid abundance on these two plant species in the field.}, }
@article {pmid22732610, year = {2012}, author = {Gonda-King, L and Radville, L and Preisser, EL}, title = {False ring formation in eastern hemlock branches: impacts of hemlock woolly adelgid and elongate hemlock scale.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, pages = {523-531}, doi = {10.1603/EN11227}, pmid = {22732610}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Food Chain ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Massachusetts ; Species Specificity ; Trees ; Tsuga/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Herbivores can alter plant physiology through the induction of abnormal wood formation. Feeding by some insects induces the formation of false rings, a band of thick-walled latewood cells within the earlywood portion of the tree ring that reduces water transport. Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) and elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa Ferris) are invasive insects that both feed on eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière]. Adelges tsugae has a greater effect on tree health than F. externa, but the mechanism underlying their differential effect is unknown. We explored the effects of these herbivores by assessing growth ring formation in branches of trees that had been experimentally infested for 4 yr with A. tsugae, F. externa, or neither insect. We measured false ring density, ring growth, and earlywood: latewood ratios in the two most recently deposited growth rings. Branches from A. tsugae-infested trees had 30% more false rings than branches from F. externa-infested trees and 50% more than branches from uninfested trees. In contrast, branches from F. externa-infested trees and control trees did not differ in false ring formation. Radial growth and earlywood: latewood ratios did not differ among treatments. Our results show that two invasive herbivores with piercing-sucking mouth parts have differing effects on false ring formation in eastern hemlock. These false rings may be the product of a systemic plant hypersensitive response to feeding by A. tsugae on hemlock stems. If false rings are responsible for or symptomatic of hemlock water stress, this may provide a potential explanation for the relatively large effect of A. tsugae infestations on tree health.}, }
@article {pmid22732604, year = {2012}, author = {Chen, SJ and Lu, F and Cheng, JA and Jiang, MX and Way, MO}, title = {Identification and biological role of the endosymbionts Wolbachia in rice water weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, pages = {469-477}, doi = {10.1603/EN11195}, pmid = {22732604}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; China ; Female ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reproduction/drug effects ; Tetracycline/pharmacology ; Texas ; Weevils/drug effects/*microbiology/physiology ; Wolbachia/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia spp. are obligate intracellular bacteria present in reproductive tissues of many arthropod species. Wolbachia infection status and roles in host reproduction were studied in the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), an introduced species in China. We examined Wolbachia infection status in five populations in China where it reproduces parthenogenetically, and one native population in Southeast Texas, where it reproduces bisexually. All populations were infected by Wolbachia, and all specimens in each population were infected by Wolbachia of a single strain. Phylogenetic analyses based on multilocus sequence typing system indicated that Wolbachia in non-native L. oryzophilus weevils diverges evidently from those in native weevils. After treatments with tetracycline, parthenogenetic weevils reduced the fecundity significantly and eggs were not viable. Our results suggest that Wolbachia are necessary for oocyte production in L oryzophilus.}, }
@article {pmid22732601, year = {2012}, author = {Grevstad, FS and O'Casey, C and Katz, ML}, title = {A comparison of four geographic sources of the biocontrol agent Prokelisia marginata (Homoptera: Delphacidae) following introduction into a common environment.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, pages = {448-454}, doi = {10.1603/EN11243}, pmid = {22732601}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Control Agents ; Climate Change ; *Environment ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Poaceae ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; United States ; Washington ; Weed Control/*methods ; }, abstract = {As part of a biological control program against Spartina alterniflora Loisel. (smooth cordgrass), we simultaneously released populations of the planthopper Prokelisia marginata (van Duzee) from four geographic areas in each of five replicate field sites in the Willapa Bay estuary in Washington State. The four sources (California, Georgia, Virginia, and Rhode Island) have varying climate and seasonal regimes. We expected local adaptations would affect performance in the new environment. Using vacuum sampling, we measured population densities in spring and fall for 2 yr after release. In addition, we measured the timing of spring emergence through bi-weekly surveys of the number of nymphs residing in overwintering sites (curled leaves of senesced Spartina culms) versus on live green shoots. The observed sequence of emergence GA>CA>VA>RI was consistent with the hypothesis that this insect responds to a photoperiod cue for emergence timing. The four populations also differed in their reproductive capacity as measured by the increase in population densities over the summer months. Overall, the California and Rhode Island populations had higher population growth than those from Virginia and Georgia. Our results suggest that the climate and seasonal adaptations of biocontrol agents should be carefully considered as they can affect the performance and phenology in the new range. At the same time, it is noteworthy that all four populations were capable of establishing and growing, indicating a degree of resiliency for populations experiencing a rapid change in climate.}, }
@article {pmid22732144, year = {2012}, author = {Piola, RF and Hopkins, GA}, title = {Thermal treatment as a method to control transfers of invasive biofouling species via vessel sea chests.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {64}, number = {8}, pages = {1620-1630}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.05.028}, pmid = {22732144}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Biofouling/*prevention &amp; control/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Heating/*methods ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Ships/*methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {This study examined the efficacy of heated seawater for the treatment and remediation of fouled vessel sea chest habitats. In laboratory trials, three temperature regimes (37.5°C for 60 min, 40°C for 30min and 42.5°C for 20 min) were tested on a range of temperate taxa commonly found in sea chests. Field validation trials further assessed the efficacy of heat treatment within a replica sea chest environment. During laboratory trials, 100% mortality was achieved across all three treatments for the majority of taxa; the exceptions being the barnacle Elminius modestus and the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Temperature tolerance limits observed in the laboratory were successfully replicated under simulated sea chest conditions; however, a failure to achieve even heat distribution was an obstacle to achieving uniform mortality. This study provides guidance on the temperature/exposure parameters required for vessels plying temperate latitudes, and demonstrates that heated seawater has potential for controlling biofouling in vessel sea chests.}, }
@article {pmid22731923, year = {2012}, author = {Richards, CL and Schrey, AW and Pigliucci, M}, title = {Invasion of diverse habitats by few Japanese knotweed genotypes is correlated with epigenetic differentiation.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {1016-1025}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01824.x}, pmid = {22731923}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Ecosystem ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Fallopia japonica/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The expansion of invasive species challenges our understanding of the process of adaptation. Given that the invasion process often entails population bottlenecks, it is surprising that many invasives appear to thrive even with low levels of sequence-based genetic variation. Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) and methylation sensitive-AFLP (MS-AFLP) markers, we tested the hypothesis that differentiation of invasive Japanese knotweed in response to new habitats is more correlated with epigenetic variation than DNA sequence variation. We found that the relatively little genetic variation present was differentiated among species, with less differentiation among sites within species. In contrast, we found a great deal of epigenetic differentiation among sites within each species and evidence that some epigenetic loci may respond to local microhabitat conditions. Our findings indicate that epigenetic effects could contribute to phenotypic variation in genetically depauperate invasive populations. Deciphering whether differences in methylation patterns are the cause or effect of habitat differentiation will require manipulative studies.}, }
@article {pmid22727026, year = {2012}, author = {Hahn, MA and Buckley, YM and Müller-Schärer, H}, title = {Increased population growth rate in invasive polyploid Centaurea stoebe in a common garden.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {947-954}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01813.x}, pmid = {22727026}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Centaurea/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Europe ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Polyploidy ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are inherently demographic processes, but trait differences between native and introduced genotypes are rarely linked to population growth rates. Native European Centaurea stoebe occurs as two cytotypes with different life histories (monocarpic diploids, polycarpic tetraploids); however, only tetraploids have been found in its introduced range in North America. In a common garden experiment using artificial populations, we compared the demographic performance of the three geo-cytotypes in the presence and absence of a specialist herbivore using periodic matrix models. We found no difference in population growth rate between the two European cytotypes and no significant effects of herbivory in all geo-cytotypes. However, there was a pronounced increase in population growth rate for North American compared with European tetraploids due to increased seed production and juvenile establishment. These results suggest that genetic drift or rapid evolution, rather than pre-adaptation through polyploidy may explain the invasion success of tetraploids.}, }
@article {pmid22720053, year = {2012}, author = {Barros, LC and Santos, U and Zanuncio, JC and Dergam, JA}, title = {Plagioscion squamosissimus (Sciaenidae) and Parachromis managuensis (Cichlidae): a threat to native fishes of the Doce River in Minas Gerais, Brazil.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, pages = {e39138}, pmid = {22720053}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Fishes/*physiology ; Humans ; }, abstract = {The middle section of the lake basin of the Doce River in Minas Gerais State, Brazil is plagued by grave environmental problems, including the introduction of non-native fish, which reduces the biodiversity of this region. This study reports the presence of two newly-detected non-native species in the Doce River Basin. Sampling efforts included gill nets with mesh size of 3 to 12 mm (measured diagonally) and trawling nets, both of which were used in independent field campaigns in 2002 and 2011. The two new invasive Perciform fishes, Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel 1840) and Parachromis managuensis (Günther 1867) were collected in Caratinga and Rio Doce municipalities. These records and other reports on non-native fishes suggest favorable environmental conditions for the establishment of invasive species in this drainage. These invasive species have behavior and diet observed in other wide distribution exotic fish of Rio Doce Basin representing a threat to the 77 native fishes of this region, 37 of which are endangered.}, }
@article {pmid22719937, year = {2012}, author = {Dolman, AM and Rücker, J and Pick, FR and Fastner, J and Rohrlack, T and Mischke, U and Wiedner, C}, title = {Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins: the influence of nitrogen versus phosphorus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, pages = {e38757}, pmid = {22719937}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Bacterial Toxins/*metabolism ; Cyanobacteria/*metabolism ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Phosphorus/*metabolism ; Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {The importance of nitrogen (N) versus phosphorus (P) in explaining total cyanobacterial biovolume, the biovolume of specific cyanobacterial taxa, and the incidence of cyanotoxins was determined for 102 north German lakes, using methods to separate the effects of joint variation in N and P concentration from those of differential variation in N versus P. While the positive relationship between total cyanobacteria biovolume and P concentration disappeared at high P concentrations, cyanobacteria biovolume increased continually with N concentration, indicating potential N limitation in highly P enriched lakes. The biovolumes of all cyanobacterial taxa were higher in lakes with above average joint NP concentrations, although the relative biovolumes of some Nostocales were higher in less enriched lakes. Taxa were found to have diverse responses to differential N versus P concentration, and the differences between taxa were not consistent with the hypothesis that potentially N(2)-fixing Nostocales taxa would be favoured in low N relative to P conditions. In particular Aphanizomenon gracile and the subtropical invasive species Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii often reached their highest biovolumes in lakes with high nitrogen relative to phosphorus concentration. Concentrations of all cyanotoxin groups increased with increasing TP and TN, congruent with the biovolumes of their likely producers. Microcystin concentration was strongly correlated with the biovolume of Planktothrix agardhii but concentrations of anatoxin, cylindrospermopsin and paralytic shellfish poison were not strongly related to any individual taxa. Cyanobacteria should not be treated as a single group when considering the potential effects of changes in nutrient loading on phytoplankton community structure and neither should the N(2)-fixing Nostocales. This is of particular importance when considering the occurrence of cyanotoxins, as the two most abundant potentially toxin producing Nostocales in our study were found in lakes with high N relative to P enrichment.}, }
@article {pmid22717001, year = {2012}, author = {Madder, M and Walker, JG and Van Rooyen, J and Knobel, D and Vandamme, E and Berkvens, D and Vanwambeke, SO and De Clercq, EM}, title = {e-Surveillance in animal health: use and evaluation of mobile tools.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {139}, number = {14}, pages = {1831-1842}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182012000571}, pmid = {22717001}, issn = {1469-8161}, support = {081828/B/06/Z//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Africa/epidemiology ; Animals ; *Cell Phone ; Data Collection/*instrumentation/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Population Surveillance/methods ; *Software ; Tick-Borne Diseases/epidemiology ; Ticks/physiology ; }, abstract = {In the last decade, mobile technology offered new opportunities and challenges in animal health surveillance. It began with the use of basic mobile phones and short message service (SMS) for disease reporting, and the development of smartphones and other mobile tools has expanded the possibilities for data collection. These tools assist in the collection of data as well as geo-referenced mapping of diseases, and mapping, visualization and identification of vectors such as ticks. In this article we share our findings about new technologies in the domain of animal health surveillance, based on several projects using a wide range of mobile tools, each with their specific applicability and limitations. For each of the tools used, a comprehensive overview is given about its applicability, limitations, technical requirements, cost and also the perception of the users.The evaluation of the tools clearly shows the importance of selecting the appropriate tool depending on the envisaged data to be collected. Accessibility, visualization and cost related to data collection differ significantly among the tools tested. This paper can thus be seen as a practical guide to the currently available tools.}, }
@article {pmid22716948, year = {2013}, author = {Dare, OK and Forbes, MR}, title = {Do invasive bullfrogs in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, show evidence of parasite release?.}, journal = {Journal of helminthology}, volume = {87}, number = {2}, pages = {195-202}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X12000211}, pmid = {22716948}, issn = {1475-2697}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; British Columbia/epidemiology ; Helminthiasis, Animal/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Helminths/*classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; Kidney/parasitology ; Lung/parasitology ; Prevalence ; Rana catesbeiana/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Few studies have examined vertebrate models of invasive species to explore parasite release as a proposed mechanism through which host species might become invasive. In this study, we examined evidence for parasite release in invasive American bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana/Lithobates catesbeianus) from five sites in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. We examined helminth species richness, as well as the prevalence, intensity and abundance of lung and kidney fluke infections. These flukes are expected to impose costs on host survival, growth and reproductive output. We compared measures of these parasite taxa with bullfrogs from Ontario and New Brunswick where they are endemic. Helminth species richness in bullfrogs from the Victoria sites was lower than in Ontario bullfrogs, but comparable to reported indices for other endemic populations. The prevalence of lung flukes (Haematoloechus spp.) in bullfrogs from Victoria was twice as high as was observed in the Ontario bullfrogs, and higher than has been reported from other endemic locations. In four of the five study sites in Victoria, numbers of Echinostoma spp. kidney cysts were lower than observed in endemic populations; however, the fifth site had uncharacteristically high numbers of cysts. In this study, there did not appear to be clear evidence to support parasite release using either parasite species numbers, or infection by specific parasite taxa. Instead, the invasive bullfrogs demonstrated high parasite species richness and high levels of infection for parasites known to be harmful to their hosts.}, }
@article {pmid22713726, year = {2012}, author = {Graham, SP and Kelehear, C and Brown, GP and Shine, R}, title = {Corticosterone-immune interactions during captive stress in invading Australian cane toads (Rhinella marina).}, journal = {Hormones and behavior}, volume = {62}, number = {2}, pages = {146-153}, doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.06.001}, pmid = {22713726}, issn = {1095-6867}, support = {R01-AI04724/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Blood Bactericidal Activity/physiology ; *Bufo marinus/blood/immunology/physiology ; Corticosterone/*blood/physiology ; Female ; Hemagglutination/physiology ; Housing, Animal ; Immune System/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/blood/immunology ; Phagocytosis/physiology ; *Stress, Psychological/blood/immunology ; }, abstract = {Vertebrates cope with physiological challenges using two major mechanisms: the immune system and the hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis (e.g., the glucocorticoid stress response). Because the two systems are tightly integrated, we need simultaneous studies of both systems, in a range of species, to understand how vertebrates respond to novel challenges. To clarify how glucocorticoids modulate the amphibian immune system, we measured three immune parameters and plasma corticosterone (CORT), before and after inflicting a stressor (capture and captive confinement) on introduced cane toads (Rhinella marina) near their invasion front in Australia. Stress increased CORT levels, decreased complement lysis capacity, increased leukocyte oxidative burst, and did not change heterologous erythrocyte agglutination. The strength of the CORT response was positively correlated with leukocyte oxidative burst, and morphological features associated with invasiveness in cane toads (relative leg length) were correlated with stress responsiveness. No immune parameter that we measured was affected by a toad's infection by a parasitic nematode (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala), but the CORT response was muted in infected versus uninfected toads. These results illustrate the complex immune-stress interactions in wild populations of a non-traditional model vertebrate species, and describe immune adaptations of an important invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid22711558, year = {2012}, author = {Qian, M and Li, G and Tang, S and Ou, X and Lin, Y and Yin, J and van Klinken, RD and Geng, YP}, title = {Development of microsatellite markers for the invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {99}, number = {7}, pages = {e277-9}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1100579}, pmid = {22711558}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*genetics ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Genetic Markers ; *Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Plant Weeds/genetics ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Microsatellite primers were developed for Parthenium hysterophorus to investigate its genetic structure and genetic diversity.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Using the combined biotin capture method, 15 microsatellite primer sets were isolated and characterized. All markers showed polymorphism, and the number of alleles per locus ranged from two to nine across 60 individuals from two populations. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.117 to 0.750 and from 0.182 to 0.835, respectively.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These markers will be useful for investigating the invasion history of this weed globally and to help characterize its invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid22709277, year = {2012}, author = {Godoy, O and Valladares, F and Castro-Díez, P}, title = {The relative importance for plant invasiveness of trait means, and their plasticity and integration in a multivariate framework.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {195}, number = {4}, pages = {912-922}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04205.x}, pmid = {22709277}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Genetic Fitness ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Multivariate Analysis ; Phenotype ; Photosynthesis/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Plant Development ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; }, abstract = {Functional traits, their plasticity and their integration in a phenotype have profound impacts on plant performance. We developed structural equation models (SEMs) to evaluate their relative contribution to promote invasiveness in plants along resource gradients. We compared 20 invasive-native phylogenetically and ecologically related pairs. SEMs included one morphological (root-to-shoot ratio (R/S)) and one physiological (photosynthesis nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE)) trait, their plasticities in response to nutrient and light variation, and phenotypic integration among 31 traits. Additionally, these components were related to two fitness estimators, biomass and survival. The relative contributions of traits, plasticity and integration were similar in invasive and native species. Trait means were more important than plasticity and integration for fitness. Invasive species showed higher fitness than natives because: they had lower R/S and higher PNUE values across gradients; their higher PNUE plasticity positively influenced biomass and thus survival; and they offset more the cases where plasticity and integration had a negative direct effect on fitness. Our results suggest that invasiveness is promoted by higher values in the fitness hierarchy--trait means are more important than trait plasticity, and plasticity is similar to integration--rather than by a specific combination of the three components of the functional strategy.}, }
@article {pmid22708994, year = {2012}, author = {Xu, H and Chen, K and Ouyang, Z and Pan, X and Zhu, S}, title = {Threats of invasive species for China caused by expanding international trade.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {46}, number = {13}, pages = {7063-7064}, doi = {10.1021/es301996x}, pmid = {22708994}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Environment ; Environmental Health ; Humans ; Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; Public Health ; }, }
@article {pmid22708692, year = {2012}, author = {Ahern, RG and Griffin, RL}, title = {Letter to the editor. Biosecurity policy and the use of geospatial predictive tools to address invasive plants: updating the risk analysis toolbox.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, pages = {949-950}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01816.x}, pmid = {22708692}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; *Risk Assessment ; *Security Measures ; }, }
@article {pmid22707039, year = {2013}, author = {Nunes, AL and Richter-Boix, A and Laurila, A and Rebelo, R}, title = {Do anuran larvae respond behaviourally to chemical cues from an invasive crayfish predator? A community-wide study.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {171}, number = {1}, pages = {115-127}, pmid = {22707039}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Anura ; *Astacoidea ; Behavior, Animal ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cues ; *Food Chain ; Forecasting ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; }, abstract = {Antipredator behaviour is an important fitness component in most animals. A co-evolutionary history between predator and prey is important for prey to respond adaptively to predation threats. When non-native predator species invade new areas, native prey may not recognise them or may lack effective antipredator defences. However, responses to novel predators can be facilitated by chemical cues from the predators' diet. The red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii is a widespread invasive predator in the Southwest of the Iberian Peninsula, where it preys upon native anuran tadpoles. In a laboratory experiment we studied behavioural antipredator defences (alterations in activity level and spatial avoidance of predator) of nine anurans in response to P. clarkii chemical cues, and compared them with the defences towards a native predator, the larval dragonfly Aeshna sp. To investigate how chemical cues from consumed conspecifics shape the responses, we raised tadpoles with either a tadpole-fed or starved crayfish, or dragonfly larva, or in the absence of a predator. Five species significantly altered their behaviour in the presence of crayfish, and this was largely mediated by chemical cues from consumed conspecifics. In the presence of dragonflies, most species exhibited behavioural defences and often these did not require the presence of cues from predation events. Responding to cues from consumed conspecifics seems to be a critical factor in facilitating certain behavioural responses to novel exotic predators. This finding can be useful for predicting antipredator responses to invasive predators and help directing conservation efforts to the species at highest risk.}, }
@article {pmid22707035, year = {2012}, author = {Latimer, AM and Jacobs, BS}, title = {Quantifying how fine-grained environmental heterogeneity and genetic variation affect demography in an annual plant population.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {170}, number = {3}, pages = {659-667}, pmid = {22707035}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {California ; Ecosystem ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; *Genetic Variation ; Geraniaceae/genetics/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Mortality ; Population Density ; Population Growth ; Seeds/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Soil ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The ability of plant species to colonize new habitats and persist in changing environments depends on their ability to respond plastically to environmental variation and on the presence of genetic variation, thus allowing adaptation to new conditions. For invasive species in particular, the relationship between phenotypic trait expression, demography, and the quantitative genetic variation that is available to respond to selection are likely to be important determinants of the successful establishment and persistence of populations. However, the magnitude and sources of individual demographic variation in exotic plant populations remain poorly understood. How important is plasticity versus adaptability in populations of invasive species? Among environmental factors, is temperature, soil nutrients, or competition most influential, and at what scales and life stages do they affect the plants? To investigate these questions we planted seeds of the exotic annual plant Erodium brachycarpum into typical pasture habitat in a spatially nested design. Seeds were drawn from 30 inbred lines to enable quantification of genetic effects. Despite a positive population growth rate, a few plants (0.1 %) produced >50 % of the seeds, suggesting a low effective population size. Emergence and early growth varied by genotype, but as in previous studies on native plants, environmental effects greatly exceeded genetic effects, and survival was unrelated to genotype. Environmental influences shifted from microscale soil compaction and litter depth at emergence through to larger-scale soil nutrient gradients during growth and to competition during later survival and seed production. Temperature had no effect. Most demographic rates were positively correlated, but emergence was negatively correlated with other rates.}, }
@article {pmid22706153, year = {2012}, author = {Hordijk, W and Broennimann, O}, title = {Dispersal routes reconstruction and the minimum cost arborescence problem.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {308}, number = {}, pages = {115-122}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.06.007}, pmid = {22706153}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {*Algorithms ; Centaurea/*physiology ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; United States ; }, abstract = {We show that the dispersal routes reconstruction problem can be stated as an instance of a graph theoretical problem known as the minimum cost arborescence problem, for which there exist efficient algorithms. Furthermore, we derive some theoretical results, in a simplified setting, on the possible optimal values that can be obtained for this problem. With this, we place the dispersal routes reconstruction problem on solid theoretical grounds, establishing it as a tractable problem that also lends itself to formal mathematical and computational analysis. Finally, we present an insightful example of how this framework can be applied to real data. We propose that our computational method can be used to define the most parsimonious dispersal (or invasion) scenarios, which can then be tested using complementary methods such as genetic analysis.}, }
@article {pmid22702337, year = {2012}, author = {Miller, DAW and Brehme, CS and Hines, JE and Nichols, JD and Fisher, RN}, title = {Joint estimation of habitat dynamics and species interactions: disturbance reduces co-occurrence of non-native predators with an endangered toad.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {81}, number = {6}, pages = {1288-1297}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.02001.x}, pmid = {22702337}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufonidae/*physiology ; California ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Desiccation ; *Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {1. Ecologists have long been interested in the processes that determine patterns of species occurrence and co-occurrence. Potential short-comings of many existing empirical approaches that address these questions include a reliance on patterns of occurrence at a single time point, failure to account properly for imperfect detection and treating the environment as a static variable. 2. We fit detection and non-detection data collected from repeat visits using a dynamic site occupancy model that simultaneously accounts for the temporal dynamics of a focal prey species, its predators and its habitat. Our objective was to determine how disturbance and species interactions affect the co-occurrence probabilities of an endangered toad and recently introduced non-native predators in stream breeding habitats. For this, we determined statistical support for alternative processes that could affect co-occurrence frequency in the system. 3. We collected occurrence data at stream segments in two watersheds where streams were largely ephemeral and one watershed dominated by perennial streams. Co-occurrence probabilities of toads with non-native predators were related to disturbance frequency, with low co-occurrence in the ephemeral watershed and high co-occurrence in the perennial watershed. This occurred because once predators were established at a site, they were rarely lost from the site except in cases when the site dried out. Once dry sites became suitable again, toads colonized them much more rapidly than predators, creating a period of predator-free space. 4. We attribute the dynamics to a storage effect, where toads persisting outside the stream environment during periods of drought rapidly colonized sites when they become suitable again. Our results support that even in highly connected stream networks, temporal disturbance can structure frequencies with which breeding amphibians encounter non-native predators. 5. Dynamic multi-state occupancy models are a powerful tool for rigorously examining hypotheses about inter-species and species-habitat interactions. In contrast to previous methods that infer dynamic processes based on static patterns in occupancy, the approach we took allows the dynamic processes that determine species-species and species-habitat interactions to be directly estimated.}, }
@article {pmid22701707, year = {2012}, author = {Felline, S and Caricato, R and Cutignano, A and Gorbi, S and Lionetto, MG and Mollo, E and Regoli, F and Terlizzi, A}, title = {Subtle effects of biological invasions: cellular and physiological responses of fish eating the exotic pest Caulerpa racemosa.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, pages = {e38763}, pmid = {22701707}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; *Caulerpa ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Enzyme Activation/physiology ; *Food Chain ; Gastrointestinal Contents ; Gonads/growth &amp; development ; Indoles/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Liver/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Marine Biology ; Mass Spectrometry ; Mediterranean Sea ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Organ Size/physiology ; Sea Bream/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The green alga Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea has invaded Mediterranean seabed including marine reserves, modifying the structure of habitats and altering the distributional patterns of associated organisms. However, the understanding of how such invasion can potentially affect functional properties of Mediterranean subtidal systems is yet to be determined. In this study, we show that C. racemosa changes foraging habit of the native white seabream, Diplodus sargus. In invaded areas, we found a high frequency of occurrence of C. racemosa in the stomach contents of this omnivorous fish (72.7 and 85.7%), while the alga was not detected in fish from a control area. We also found a significant accumulation of caulerpin, one of the main secondary metabolites of C. racemosa, in fish tissues. The level of caulerpin in fish tissues was used here as an indicator of the trophic exposure to the invasive pest and related with observed cellular and physiological alterations. Such effects included activation of some enzymatic pathways (catalase, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione S-transferases, total glutathione and the total oxyradical scavenging capacity, 7-ethoxy resorufin O-deethylase), the inhibition of others (acetylcholinesterase and acylCoA oxidase), an increase of hepatosomatic index and decrease of gonadosomatic index. The observed alterations might lead to a detrimental health status and altered behaviours, potentially preventing the reproductive success of fish populations. Results of this study revealed that the entering of alien species in subtidal systems can alter trophic webs and can represent an important, indirect mechanism which might contribute to influence fluctuations of fish stocks and, also, the effectiveness of protection regimes.}, }
@article {pmid22701580, year = {2012}, author = {Sutrave, S and Scoglio, C and Isard, SA and Hutchinson, JM and Garrett, KA}, title = {Identifying highly connected counties compensates for resource limitations when evaluating national spread of an invasive pathogen.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, pages = {e37793}, pmid = {22701580}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Basidiomycota ; Computer Simulation ; *Demography ; Epidemics/*prevention &amp; control ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Plant Diseases/microbiology/*prevention &amp; control ; Glycine max/*microbiology ; United States/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Surveying invasive species can be highly resource intensive, yet near-real-time evaluations of invasion progress are important resources for management planning. In the case of the soybean rust invasion of the United States, a linked monitoring, prediction, and communication network saved U.S. soybean growers approximately $200 M/yr. Modeling of future movement of the pathogen (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) was based on data about current disease locations from an extensive network of sentinel plots. We developed a dynamic network model for U.S. soybean rust epidemics, with counties as nodes and link weights a function of host hectarage and wind speed and direction. We used the network model to compare four strategies for selecting an optimal subset of sentinel plots, listed here in order of increasing performance: random selection, zonal selection (based on more heavily weighting regions nearer the south, where the pathogen overwinters), frequency-based selection (based on how frequently the county had been infected in the past), and frequency-based selection weighted by the node strength of the sentinel plot in the network model. When dynamic network properties such as node strength are characterized for invasive species, this information can be used to reduce the resources necessary to survey and predict invasion progress.}, }
@article {pmid22700900, year = {2012}, author = {Zielinski, S}, title = {Profile: Rick Shine. The reluctant toad killer.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {336}, number = {6087}, pages = {1375-1377}, doi = {10.1126/science.336.6087.1375}, pmid = {22700900}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Biological Evolution ; *Bufo marinus/physiology ; Ecosystem ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Toxins, Biological/toxicity ; }, }
@article {pmid22696528, year = {2012}, author = {Crossland, MR and Haramura, T and Salim, AA and Capon, RJ and Shine, R}, title = {Exploiting intraspecific competitive mechanisms to control invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina).}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {279}, number = {1742}, pages = {3436-3442}, pmid = {22696528}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animal Communication ; Animals ; Anura/metabolism ; Bufanolides/analysis/*pharmacology ; Bufo marinus/*metabolism ; Chromatography, Gas ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; Larva/*drug effects ; Northern Territory ; Ovum/*chemistry ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Pheromones/analysis/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {If invasive species use chemical weapons to suppress the viability of conspecifics, we may be able to exploit those species-specific chemical cues for selective control of the invader. Cane toads (Rhinella marina) are spreading through tropical Australia, with negative effects on native species. The tadpoles of cane toads eliminate intraspecific competitors by locating and consuming newly laid eggs. Our laboratory trials show that tadpoles find those eggs by searching for the powerful bufadienolide toxins (especially, bufogenins) that toads use to deter predators. Using those toxins as bait, funnel-traps placed in natural waterbodies achieved near-complete eradication of cane toad tadpoles with minimal collateral damage (because most native (non-target) species are repelled by the toads' toxins). More generally, communication systems that have evolved for intraspecific conflict provide novel opportunities for invasive-species control.}, }
@article {pmid22694728, year = {2012}, author = {Strayer, DL}, title = {Eight questions about invasions and ecosystem functioning.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {1199-1210}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01817.x}, pmid = {22694728}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {I pose eight questions central to understanding how biological invasions affect ecosystems, assess progress towards answering those questions and suggest ways in which progress might be made. The questions concern the frequency with which invasions affect ecosystems; the circumstances under which ecosystem change is most likely; the functions that are most often affected by invaders; the relationships between changes to ecosystems, communities, and populations; the long-term responses of ecosystems to invasions; interactions between biological invasions and other anthropogenic activities and the difficulty of managing undesirable impacts of non-native species. Some questions have been answered satisfactorily, others require more data and thought, and others might benefit from being reformulated or abandoned. Actions that might speed progress include careful development of trait-based approaches; strategic collection and publication of new data, including more frequent publication of negative results; replacement of expert opinion with hard data where needed; careful consideration of whether questions really need to be answered, especially in cases where answers are being provided for managers and policy-makers; explicit attention to and testing of the domains of theories; integrating invasions better into an ecosystem context; and remembering that our predictive ability is limited and will remain so for the foreseeable future.}, }
@article {pmid22693834, year = {2012}, author = {Provorov, NA and Andronov, EE and Onishchuk, OP and Kurchak, ON and Chizhevskaia, EP}, title = {[Genetic structure of introduced and natural populations of Rhizobium leguminosarum in systems "plant-soil"].}, journal = {Mikrobiologiia}, volume = {81}, number = {2}, pages = {244-253}, pmid = {22693834}, issn = {0026-3656}, mesh = {Bacterial Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; DNA Fingerprinting ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Introduced Species ; Medicago/*microbiology ; Oxidoreductases/*genetics/metabolism ; Rhizobium leguminosarum/*physiology ; Rhizome/*microbiology ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, }
@article {pmid22693621, year = {2012}, author = {Sievers, C and Willing, EM and Hoffmann, M and Dreyer, C and Ramnarine, I and Magurran, A}, title = {Reasons for the invasive success of a guppy (Poecilia reticulata) population in Trinidad.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, pages = {e38404}, pmid = {22693621}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {250189/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Female ; Genotype ; Geography ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Male ; Poecilia/genetics/*physiology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Trinidad and Tobago ; }, abstract = {The introduction of non-native species into new habitats poses a major threat to native populations. Of particular interest, though often overlooked, are introductions of populations that are not fully reproductively isolated from native individuals and can hybridize with them. To address this important topic we used different approaches in a multi-pronged study, combining the effects of mate choice, shoaling behaviour and genetics. Here we present evidence that behavioural traits such as shoaling and mate choice can promote population mixing if individuals do not distinguish between native and foreign conspecifics. We examined this in the context of two guppy (Poecilia reticulata) populations that have been subject to an introduction and subsequent population mixing event in Trinidad. The introduction of Guanapo River guppies into the Turure River more than 50 years ago led to a marked reduction of the original genotype. In our experiments, female guppies did not distinguish between shoaling partners when given the choice between native and foreign individuals. Introduced fish are therefore likely to benefit from the protection of a shoal and will improve their survival chances as a result. The additional finding that male guppies do not discriminate between females on the basis of origin will further increase the process of population mixing, especially if males encounter mixed shoals. In a mesocosm experiment, in which the native and foreign populations were allowed to mate freely, we found, as expected on the basis of these behavioural interactions, that the distribution of offspring genotypes could be predicted from the proportions of the two types of founding fish. This result suggests that stochastic and environmental processes have reinforced the biological ones to bring about the genetic dominance of the invading population in the Turure River. Re-sampling the Turure for genetic analysis using SNP markers confirmed the population mixing process and showed that it is an on-going process in this river and has led to the nearly complete disappearance of the original genotype.}, }
@article {pmid22693591, year = {2012}, author = {Berthouly-Salazar, C and van Rensburg, BJ and Le Roux, JJ and van Vuuren, BJ and Hui, C}, title = {Spatial sorting drives morphological variation in the invasive bird, Acridotheris tristis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, pages = {e38145}, pmid = {22693591}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; Environment ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Male ; Pattern Recognition, Automated ; Starlings/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Survival Analysis ; }, abstract = {The speed of range expansion in many invasive species is often accelerating because individuals with stronger dispersal abilities are more likely to be found at the range front. This 'spatial sorting' of strong dispersers will drive the acceleration of range expansion. In this study, we test whether the process of spatial sorting is at work in an invasive bird population (Common myna, Acridotheris tristis) in South Africa. Specifically, we sampled individuals across its invasive range and compared morphometric measurements relevant and non-relevant to the dispersal ability. Besides testing for signals of spatial sorting, we further examined the effect of environmental factors on morphological variations. Our results showed that dispersal-relevant traits are significantly correlated with distance from the range core, with strong sexual dimorphism, indicative of sex-biased dispersal. Morphological variations were significant in wing and head traits of females, suggesting females as the primary dispersing sex. In contrast, traits not related to dispersal such as those associated with foraging showed no signs of spatial sorting but were significantly affected by environmental variables such as the vegetation and the intensity of urbanisation. When taken together, our results support the role of spatial sorting in facilitating the expansion of Common myna in South Africa despite its low propensity to disperse in the native range.}, }
@article {pmid22691541, year = {2012}, author = {Chamorro, S and Heleno, R and Olesen, JM and McMullen, CK and Traveset, A}, title = {Pollination patterns and plant breeding systems in the Galapagos: a review.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {110}, number = {7}, pages = {1489-1501}, pmid = {22691541}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Birds/physiology ; Breeding ; Coleoptera/physiology ; Diptera/physiology ; Ecology ; Ecuador ; Flowers/physiology ; Hymenoptera/physiology ; Islands ; Lepidoptera/physiology ; Magnoliopsida/*physiology ; *Pollination ; Reptiles/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite the importance of the Galápagos Islands for the development of central concepts in ecology and evolution, the understanding of many ecological processes in this archipelago is still very basic. One such process is pollination, which provides an important service to both plants and their pollinators. The rather modest level of knowledge on this subject has so far limited our predictive power on the consequences of the increasing threat of introduced plants and pollinators to this unique archipelago.<br><br>SCOPE: As a first step toward building a unified view of the state of pollination in the Gal&#xe1;pagos, a thorough literature search was conducted on the breeding systems of the archipelago's flora and compiled all documented flower-visitor interactions. Based on 38 studies from the last 100 years, we retrieved 329 unique interactions between 123 flowering plant species (50 endemics, 39 non-endemic natives, 26 introduced and eight of unknown origin) from 41 families and 120 animal species from 13 orders. We discuss the emergent patterns and identify promising research avenues in the field.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Although breeding systems are known for <20 % of the flora, most species in our database were self-compatible. Moreover, the incidence of autogamy among endemics, non-endemic natives and alien species did not differ significantly, being high in all groups, which suggests that a poor pollinator fauna does not represent a constraint to the integration of new plant species into the native communities. Most interactions detected (approx. 90 %) come from a single island (most of them from Santa Cruz). Hymenopterans (mainly the endemic carpenter bee Xylocopa darwinii and ants), followed by lepidopterans, were the most important flower visitors. Dipterans were much more important flower visitors in the humid zone than in the dry zone. Bird and lizard pollination has been occasionally reported in the dry zone. Strong biases were detected in the sampling effort dedicated to different islands, time of day, focal plants and functional groups of visitors. Thus, the existing patterns need to be confronted with new and less biased data. The implementation of a community-level approach could greatly increase our understanding of pollination on the islands and our ability to predict the consequences of plant invasions for the natural ecosystems of the Gal&#xe1;pagos.}, }
@article {pmid22690629, year = {2012}, author = {Ortega, YK and Pearson, DE and Waller, LP and Sturdevant, NJ and Maron, JL}, title = {Population-level compensation impedes biological control of an invasive forb and indirect release of a native grass.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {4}, pages = {783-792}, doi = {10.1890/11-0750.1}, pmid = {22690629}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Asteraceae/*physiology ; Droughts ; *Ecosystem ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Weevils/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The intentional introduction of specialist insect herbivores for biological control of exotic weeds provides ideal but understudied systems for evaluating important ecological concepts related to top-down control, plant compensatory responses, indirect effects, and the influence of environmental context on these processes. Centaurea stoebe (spotted knapweed) is a notorious rangeland weed that exhibited regional declines in the early 2000s, attributed to drought by some and to successful biocontrol by others. We initiated an experiment to quantify the effects of the biocontrol agent, Cyphocleonus achates, on Ce. stoebe and its interaction with a dominant native grass competitor, Pseudoroegneria spicata, under contrasting precipitation conditions. Plots containing monocultures of each plant species or equal mixtures of the two received factorial combinations of Cy. achates herbivory (exclusion or addition) and precipitation (May-June drought or "normal," defined by the 50-year average) for three years. Cy. achates herbivory reduced survival of adult Ce. stoebe plants by 9% overall, but this effect was stronger under normal precipitation compared to drought conditions, and stronger in mixed-species plots compared to monocultures. Herbivory had no effect on Ce. stoebe per capita seed production or on recruitment of seedlings or juveniles. In normal-precipitation plots of mixed composition, greater adult mortality due to Cy. achates herbivory resulted in increased recruitment of new adult Ce. stoebe. Due to this compensatory response to adult mortality, final Ce. stoebe densities did not differ between herbivory treatments regardless of context. Experimental drought reduced adult Ce. stoebe survival in mixed-species plots but did not impede recruitment of new adults or reduce final Ce. stoebe densities, perhaps due to the limited duration of the treatment. Ce. stoebe strongly depressed P. spicata reproduction and recruitment, but these impacts were not substantively alleviated by herbivory on Ce. stoebe. Population-level compensation by dominant plants may be an important factor inhibiting top-down effects in herbivore-driven and predator-driven cascades.}, }
@article {pmid22688078, year = {2012}, author = {Hudina, S and Hock, K}, title = {Behavioural determinants of agonistic success in invasive crayfish.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {91}, number = {1}, pages = {77-81}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2012.05.011}, pmid = {22688078}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {*Agonistic Behavior ; Animals ; *Astacoidea ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Ecosystems today increasingly suffer invasions by multiple invasive species, some of which may share similar advantageous life history traits and ecological niche. In such cases, direct competition can influence invasion success of both species, and provide insights into competition without co-evolution in species equally novel to the environment. We used two widespread crayfish invaders of freshwater ecosystems of Europe, signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) and spiny cheek crayfish (Orconectes limosus), to investigate how behavioural decisions in agonistic encounters contribute to competitive advantages in the absence of adaptation to either opponents or an environment. In direct competition against novel but comparable opponents, the key factor for establishing clear dominance of P. leniusculus in interspecific bouts was its greater tendency towards continued engagement in high-intensity fights. With O. limosus individuals consistently retreating from staged bouts as fights became more intense, P. leniusculus individuals did not need to adapt their strategy to be successful, suggesting that their agonistic behaviour intrinsically predisposed them to win. While both species are detrimental to invaded ecosystems, our results indicate that aggressive behaviour of P. leniusculus against unfamiliar opponents could allow it to more easily outcompete other comparable species and consequently present a potentially greater threat for native ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid22684510, year = {2012}, author = {Lei, YB and Wang, WB and Feng, YL and Zheng, YL and Gong, HD}, title = {Synergistic interactions of CO2 enrichment and nitrogen deposition promote growth and ecophysiological advantages of invading Eupatorium adenophorum in Southwest China.}, journal = {Planta}, volume = {236}, number = {4}, pages = {1205-1213}, pmid = {22684510}, issn = {1432-2048}, mesh = {Ageratina/*drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Biomass ; Carbon Dioxide/*pharmacology ; Cell Wall/metabolism ; China ; Ecology ; Eupatorium/*drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Nitrogen/*pharmacology ; Phenotype ; Photosynthesis/*drug effects ; Plant Leaves/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/metabolism ; Seedlings/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {Global environmental change and ongoing biological invasions are the two prominent ecological issues threatening biodiversity worldwide, and investigations of their interaction will aid to predict plant invasions and inform better management strategies in the future. In this study, invasive Eupatorium adenophorum and native congener E. stoechadosmum were compared at ambient and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) concentrations combined with three levels of nitrogen (N; reduced, control and increased) in terms of growth, energy gain, and cost. Compared with E. stoechadosmum, E. adenophorum adopted a quicker-return energy-use strategy, i.e. higher photosynthetic energy-use efficiency and shorter payback time. Lower leaf mass per area may be a pivotal trait for the invader, which contributed to an increased N allocation to Rubisco at the expense of cell walls and therefore to higher photosynthetic energy gain. CO(2) enrichment and N deposition synergistically promoted plant growth and influenced some related ecophysiological traits, and the synergistic effects were greater for the invader than for the native congener. Reducing N availability by applying sugar eliminated the advantages of the invader over its native congener at both CO(2) levels. Our results indicate that CO(2) enrichment and N deposition may exacerbate E. adenophorum's invasion in the future, and manipulating environmental resources such as N availability may be a feasible tool for managing invasion impacts of E. adenophorum.}, }
@article {pmid22683537, year = {2012}, author = {Valdiani, A and Kadir, MA and Saad, MS and Talei, D and Tan, SG}, title = {Intra-specific hybridization: generator of genetic diversification and heterosis in Andrographis paniculata Nees. A bridge from extinction to survival.}, journal = {Gene}, volume = {505}, number = {1}, pages = {23-36}, doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2012.05.056}, pmid = {22683537}, issn = {1879-0038}, mesh = {Arabidopsis/*genetics ; Genetic Variation/*physiology ; Hybrid Vigor/*physiology ; Hybridization, Genetic/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; }, abstract = {Andrographis paniculata (AP) has been stated as a low-diverse, endangered and red-listed plant species. Self-pollinated mating system, being an introduced species and experiencing a bottleneck as well as over exploitation cause such a consequence. Inter and intra-specific hybridizations have been suggested as essential techniques for generating genetic diversity. To test the effect of intra-specific hybridization on diversification and heterosis of AP, seven accessions were outcrossed manually in all 21 possible combinations. Three types of markers including morphological, phytochemical and RAPD markers were employed to evaluate the mentioned hypothesis. The results revealed that hybridization acted as a powerful engine for diversification of AP as it caused heterotic expression of the studied traits, simultaneously. Initially, it seems that additive and non-additive gene effects both can be considered as the genetic basis of heterosis in AP for the investigated traits. Agronomic and morphological traits were differentiated from each other, while positive heterosis was recorded mainly for agronomic traits but not for the morphological traits. Intra-specific hybridization increased the genetic diversity in AP population. Nevertheless, a part of this variation could also be attributed to the negative heterosis. The current exploration demonstrated the first ever conducted manual intra-specific hybridization among AP accessions in a mass scale. However, the 17 RAPD primers produced a monomorph pattern, but perhaps increasing the number of markers can feature a new genetic profile in this plant.}, }
@article {pmid22681450, year = {2012}, author = {Hansen, EM and Reeser, PW and Sutton, W}, title = {Phytophthora beyond agriculture.}, journal = {Annual review of phytopathology}, volume = {50}, number = {}, pages = {359-378}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-172946}, pmid = {22681450}, issn = {1545-2107}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Phytophthora/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; Plant Leaves/microbiology ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Rivers/microbiology ; Soil ; *Soil Microbiology ; Trees/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Little is known about indigenous Phytophthora species in natural ecosystems. Increasing evidence, however, suggests that a diverse, trophically complex Phytophthora community is important in many forests. The number of described species has steadily increased, with a dramatic spike in recent years as new species have been split from old and new species have been discovered through exploration of new habitats. Forest soil, streams, and the upper canopies of trees are now being explored for Phytophthora diversity, and a new appreciation for the ecological amplitude of the genus is emerging. Ten to twenty species are regularly identified in temperate forest surveys. Half or more of this Phytophthora diversity comes from species described since 2000. Taxa in internal transcribed spacer (ITS) Clade 6 are especially numerous in forest streams and may be saprophytic in this habitat. Three ecological assemblages of forest Phytophthora species are hypothesized: aquatic opportunists, foliar pathogens, and soilborne fine-root and canker pathogens. Aggressive invasive species are associated with all three groups.}, }
@article {pmid22681449, year = {2012}, author = {Meentemeyer, RK and Haas, SE and Václavík, T}, title = {Landscape epidemiology of emerging infectious diseases in natural and human-altered ecosystems.}, journal = {Annual review of phytopathology}, volume = {50}, number = {}, pages = {379-402}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-172938}, pmid = {22681449}, issn = {1545-2107}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Plant Diseases/microbiology/parasitology/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Plants/*microbiology/parasitology ; }, abstract = {A central challenge to studying emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) is a landscape dilemma: Our best empirical understanding of disease dynamics occurs at local scales, whereas pathogen invasions and management occur over broad spatial extents. The burgeoning field of landscape epidemiology integrates concepts and approaches from disease ecology with the macroscale lens of landscape ecology, enabling examination of disease across spatiotemporal scales in complex environmental settings. We review the state of the field and describe analytical frontiers that show promise for advancement, focusing on natural and human-altered ecosystems. Concepts fundamental to practicing landscape epidemiology are discussed, including spatial scale, static versus dynamic modeling, spatially implicit versus explicit approaches, selection of ecologically meaningful variables, and inference versus prediction. We highlight studies that have advanced the field by incorporating multiscale analyses, landscape connectivity, and dynamic modeling. Future research directions include understanding disease as a component of interacting ecological disturbances, scaling up the ecological impacts of disease, and examining disease dynamics as a coupled human-natural system.}, }
@article {pmid22678290, year = {2012}, author = {Lenzen, M and Moran, D and Kanemoto, K and Foran, B and Lobefaro, L and Geschke, A}, title = {International trade drives biodiversity threats in developing nations.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {486}, number = {7401}, pages = {109-112}, pmid = {22678290}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Agriculture/economics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Commerce/economics/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Crops, Agricultural/economics/supply &amp; distribution ; Developed Countries/economics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Developing Countries/economics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Endangered Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Fisheries/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Forestry/economics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Industry/economics/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Internationality ; }, abstract = {Human activities are causing Earth's sixth major extinction event-an accelerating decline of the world's stocks of biological diversity at rates 100 to 1,000 times pre-human levels. Historically, low-impact intrusion into species habitats arose from local demands for food, fuel and living space. However, in today's increasingly globalized economy, international trade chains accelerate habitat degradation far removed from the place of consumption. Although adverse effects of economic prosperity and economic inequality have been confirmed, the importance of international trade as a driver of threats to species is poorly understood. Here we show that a significant number of species are threatened as a result of international trade along complex routes, and that, in particular, consumers in developed countries cause threats to species through their demand of commodities that are ultimately produced in developing countries. We linked 25,000 Animalia species threat records from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List to more than 15,000 commodities produced in 187 countries and evaluated more than 5 billion supply chains in terms of their biodiversity impacts. Excluding invasive species, we found that 30% of global species threats are due to international trade. In many developed countries, the consumption of imported coffee, tea, sugar, textiles, fish and other manufactured items causes a biodiversity footprint that is larger abroad than at home. Our results emphasize the importance of examining biodiversity loss as a global systemic phenomenon, instead of looking at the degrading or polluting producers in isolation. We anticipate that our findings will facilitate better regulation, sustainable supply-chain certification and consumer product labelling.}, }
@article {pmid22676338, year = {2012}, author = {Dawson, W and Fischer, M and van Kleunen, M}, title = {Common and rare plant species respond differently to fertilisation and competition, whether they are alien or native.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {873-880}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01811.x}, pmid = {22676338}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Biomass ; Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; Introduced Species ; *Plant Development ; Population Dynamics ; Soil ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {Plant traits associated with alien invasiveness may also distinguish rare from common native species. To test this, we grew 23 native (9 common, 14 rare) and 18 alien (8 common, 10 rare) herbaceous species in Switzerland from six plant families under nutrient-addition and competition treatments. Alien and common species achieved greater biomass than native and rare species did overall respectively. Across alien and native origins, common species increased total biomass more strongly in response to nutrient addition than rare species did and this difference was not confounded by habitat dissimilarities. There was a weak tendency for common species to survive competition better than rare species, which was also independent of origin. Overall, our study suggests that common alien and native plant species are not fundamentally different in their responses to nutrient addition and competition.}, }
@article {pmid22675470, year = {2012}, author = {Valdez-Moreno, M and Quintal-Lizama, C and Gómez-Lozano, R and García-Rivas, Mdel C}, title = {Monitoring an alien invasion: DNA barcoding and the identification of lionfish and their prey on coral reefs of the Mexican Caribbean.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, pages = {e36636}, pmid = {22675470}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Caribbean Region ; *Coral Reefs ; Crustacea/classification/genetics ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Fishes/*classification/*genetics ; Gastric Mucosa/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Phylogeny ; *Predatory Behavior ; Specimen Handling ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the Mexican Caribbean, the exotic lionfish Pterois volitans has become a species of great concern because of their predatory habits and rapid expansion onto the Mesoamerican coral reef, the second largest continuous reef system in the world. This is the first report of DNA identification of stomach contents of lionfish using the barcode of life reference database (BOLD).<br><br>We confirm with barcoding that only Pterois volitans is apparently present in the Mexican Caribbean. We analyzed the stomach contents of 157 specimens of P. volitans from various locations in the region. Based on DNA matches in the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD) and GenBank, we identified fishes from five orders, 14 families, 22 genera and 34 species in the stomach contents. The families with the most species represented were Gobiidae and Apogonidae. Some prey taxa are commercially important species. Seven species were new records for the Mexican Caribbean: Apogon mosavi, Coryphopterus venezuelae, C. thrix, C. tortugae, Lythrypnus minimus, Starksia langi and S. ocellata. DNA matches, as well as the presence of intact lionfish in the stomach contents, indicate some degree of cannibalism, a behavior confirmed in this species by the first time. We obtained 45 distinct crustacean prey sequences, from which only 20 taxa could be identified from the BOLD and GenBank databases. The matches were primarily to Decapoda but only a single taxon could be identified to the species level, Euphausia americana.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This technique proved to be an efficient and useful method, especially since prey species could be identified from partially-digested remains. The primary limitation is the lack of comprehensive coverage of potential prey species in the region in the BOLD and GenBank databases, especially among invertebrates.}, }
@article {pmid22675139, year = {2012}, author = {Both, C and Grant, T}, title = {Biological invasions and the acoustic niche: the effect of bullfrog calls on the acoustic signals of white-banded tree frogs.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {714-716}, pmid = {22675139}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {*Acoustics ; Amphibians/physiology ; *Animal Communication ; Animals ; Anura ; Brazil ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Models, Statistical ; Noise ; Rana catesbeiana/*physiology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; Trees ; *Vocalization, Animal ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are known to affect native species in a variety of ways, but the effect of acoustic invaders has not been examined previously. We simulated an invasion of the acoustic niche by exposing calling native male white-banded tree frogs (Hypsiboas albomarginatus) to recorded invasive American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) calls. In response, tree frogs immediately shifted calls to significantly higher frequencies. In the post-stimulus period, they continued to use higher frequencies while also decreasing signal duration. Acoustic signals are the primary basis of mate selection in many anurans, suggesting that such changes could negatively affect the reproductive success of native species. The effects of bullfrog vocalizations on acoustic communities are expected to be especially severe due to their broad frequency band, which masks the calls of multiple species simultaneously.}, }
@article {pmid22674335, year = {2012}, author = {Costello, EK and Stagaman, K and Dethlefsen, L and Bohannan, BJ and Relman, DA}, title = {The application of ecological theory toward an understanding of the human microbiome.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {336}, number = {6086}, pages = {1255-1262}, pmid = {22674335}, issn = {1095-9203}, support = {DP1 OD000964/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; R01 OD011116/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; R01 GM095385/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01GM095385/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; DP1OD000964/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM007413/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Bacterial Infections/*microbiology ; Biodiversity ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; *Metagenome ; Selection, Genetic ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {The human-microbial ecosystem plays a variety of important roles in human health and disease. Each person can be viewed as an island-like "patch" of habitat occupied by microbial assemblages formed by the fundamental processes of community ecology: dispersal, local diversification, environmental selection, and ecological drift. Community assembly theory, and metacommunity theory in particular, provides a framework for understanding the ecological dynamics of the human microbiome, such as compositional variability within and between hosts. We explore three core scenarios of human microbiome assembly: development in infants, representing assembly in previously unoccupied habitats; recovery from antibiotics, representing assembly after disturbance; and invasion by pathogens, representing assembly in the context of invasive species. Judicious application of ecological theory may lead to improved strategies for restoring and maintaining the microbiota and the crucial health-associated ecosystem services that it provides.}, }
@article {pmid22674219, year = {2012}, author = {Yu, LZ and Wu, XQ and Ye, JR and Zhang, SN and Wang, C}, title = {NOS-like-mediated nitric oxide is involved in Pinus thunbergii response to the invasion of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.}, journal = {Plant cell reports}, volume = {31}, number = {10}, pages = {1813-1821}, pmid = {22674219}, issn = {1432-203X}, mesh = {Animals ; Benzoates/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism ; Imidazoles/pharmacology ; Nitrate Reductase/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide/*metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/*metabolism ; Nitroprusside/pharmacology ; Pinus/drug effects/enzymology/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases/parasitology ; Plant Proteins/metabolism ; Seedlings/drug effects/enzymology/parasitology ; Time Factors ; Tylenchida/*pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {The content of NO and H(2)O(2) as well as the activities of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-like and nitrate reductase (NR) were monitored in the needles of Pinus thunbergii infected by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The results showed that the content of NO increased significantly only 8 h after the invasion of B. xylophilus, while H(2)O(2) increased 12 h after invasion. NO donor SNP could promote and NO scavenger cPTIO could prevent the production of NO and H(2)O(2). The content of NO changed earlier than that of H(2)O(2). In addition, the symptoms appeared 9, 5 and 12 days, respectively, after the inoculation with B. xylophilus, SNP pre-treatment and cPTIO pre-treatment followed by B. xylophilus infection. After B. xylophilus infection, the content of NO in P. thunbergii changed fiercely more earlier than the appearance of external symptoms, which indicated that the content of NO was related with the appearance and the development of the symptoms. The treatment with L-NNA (NOS inhibitor) inhibited the content of NO significantly, whereas, Na(2)WO(4) (NR inhibitor) had no effect. The further analysis of NOS revealed that NO changed in consistent with cNOS activity. To sum up, NO, as the upstream signal molecule of H(2)O(2), was involved in the pine early response to the invasion of B. xylophilus and influenced the accumulation of the content of H(2)O(2). Moreover, NOS-like rather than NR was responsible for the endogenous NO generation, which was modulated by cNOS during the interaction between P. thunbergii and B. xylophilus. Key message NO is involved in early response of P. thunbergii to the invasion of B. xylophilus and NOS is the key enzyme responsible for NO generation in P. thunbergii.}, }
@article {pmid22669275, year = {2013}, author = {Palevsky, E and Gerson, U and Zhang, ZQ}, title = {Can exotic phytoseiids be considered 'benevolent invaders' in perennial cropping systems?.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {59}, number = {1-2}, pages = {11-26}, pmid = {22669275}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; *Crops, Agricultural ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Tetranychidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Numerous natural enemies were adopted worldwide for the control of major pests, including exotic phytoseiid species (Acari: Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) that had been moved from continent to continent in protected and perennial agricultural systems. However, relatively fewer successes were recorded in perennial agricultural systems. In this manuscript we focus on the question: Can and will exotic phytoseiids provide better pest control than indigenous species in perennial agricultural systems? To answer this question, we review the efficacy of biological control efforts with phytoseiids in several case studies, where exotic and indigenous species were used against pests on indigenous host plants and some crops that were historically or recently introduced. Related factors affecting predator establishment, such as intraguild predation and pesticide effects are discussed, as well as the potential negative effects of exotic species releases on biological control and their impact on the indigenous natural fauna. On citrus, apple, grape and cassava exotic phytoseiids have enhanced biological control without negatively affecting indigenous species of natural enemies, except for the case of Euseius stipulatus (Athias-Henriot) on citrus that displaced Euseius hibisci (Chant) in a limited region of coastal California, USA, the latter considered to be an inferior biocontrol agent of Panonychus citri Koch. Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot on gorse, an invasive weed, is perhaps the only recorded case of a negative effect of an established exotic phytoseiid on biological control.}, }
@article {pmid22666459, year = {2012}, author = {Dafforn, KA and Glasby, TM and Johnston, EL}, title = {Comparing the invasibility of experimental "reefs" with field observations of natural reefs and artificial structures.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, pages = {e38124}, pmid = {22666459}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biomimetics ; Biota ; *Coral Reefs ; *Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; Geologic Sediments ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; }, abstract = {Natural systems are increasingly being modified by the addition of artificial habitats which may facilitate invasion. Where invaders are able to disperse from artificial habitats, their impact may spread to surrounding natural communities and therefore it is important to investigate potential factors that reduce or enhance invasibility. We surveyed the distribution of non-indigenous and native invertebrates and algae between artificial habitats and natural reefs in a marine subtidal system. We also deployed sandstone plates as experimental 'reefs' and manipulated the orientation, starting assemblage and degree of shading. Invertebrates (non-indigenous and native) appeared to be responding to similar environmental factors (e.g. orientation) and occupied most space on artificial structures and to a lesser extent reef walls. Non-indigenous invertebrates are less successful than native invertebrates on horizontal reefs despite functional similarities. Manipulative experiments revealed that even when non-indigenous invertebrates invade vertical "reefs", they are unlikely to gain a foothold and never exceed covers of native invertebrates (regardless of space availability). Community ecology suggests that invertebrates will dominate reef walls and algae horizontal reefs due to functional differences, however our surveys revealed that native algae dominate both vertical and horizontal reefs in shallow estuarine systems. Few non-indigenous algae were sampled in the study, however where invasive algal species are present in a system, they may present a threat to reef communities. Our findings suggest that non-indigenous species are less successful at occupying space on reef compared to artificial structures, and manipulations of biotic and abiotic conditions (primarily orientation and to a lesser extent biotic resistance) on experimental "reefs" explained a large portion of this variation, however they could not fully explain the magnitude of differences.}, }
@article {pmid22662122, year = {2012}, author = {Gao, Y and Reitz, SR and Wei, Q and Yu, W and Lei, Z}, title = {Insecticide-mediated apparent displacement between two invasive species of leafminer fly.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, pages = {e36622}, pmid = {22662122}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; *Diptera ; Ecosystem ; *Insecticides ; Ivermectin/analogs &amp; derivatives ; Larva ; Triazines ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Closely related invasive species may often displace one another, but it is often difficult to determine mechanisms because of the historical nature of these events. The leafmining flies Liriomyza sativae and Liriomyza trifolii have become serious invasive agricultural pests throughout the world. Where both species have invaded the same region, one predominates over the other. Although L. sativae invaded Hainan Island of China first, it recently has been displaced by the newly invasive L. trifolii. We hypothesized that differential susceptibilities to insecticides could be causing this demographic shift.<br><br>Avermectin and cyromazine are the most commonly used insecticides to manage leafminers, with laboratory bioassays demonstrating that L. trifolii is significantly less susceptible to these key insecticides than is L. sativae. In trials where similar numbers of larvae of both species infested plants, which subsequently were treated with the insecticides, the eclosing adults were predominately L. trifolii, yet similar numbers of adults of both species eclosed from control plants. The species composition was then surveyed in two regions where L. trifolii has just begun to invade and both species are still common. In field trials, both species occurred in similar proportions before insecticide treatments began. Following applications of avermectin and cyromazine, almost all eclosing adults were L. trifolii in those treatment plots. In control plots, similar numbers of adults of the two species eclosed, lending further credence to the hypothesis that differential insecticide susceptibilities could be driving the ongoing displacement of L. sativae by L. trifolii.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results show that differential insecticide susceptibility can lead to rapid shifts in the demographics of pest complexes. Thus, successful pest management requires the identification of pest species to understand the outcome of insecticide applications. These results further demonstrate the importance of considering anthropogenic factors in the outcome of interspecific interactions.}, }
@article {pmid22660946, year = {2012}, author = {Prabhakar, CS and Mehta, PK and Sood, P and Singh, SK and Sharma, P and Sharma, PN}, title = {Population genetic structure of the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COI) gene sequences.}, journal = {Genetica}, volume = {140}, number = {1-3}, pages = {83-91}, pmid = {22660946}, issn = {1573-6857}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Cucurbitaceae/parasitology ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Hawaii ; India ; Insect Proteins/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nepal ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Tephritidae/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Population genetic structure of melon fly analysed with mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene suggested that melon fly populations across the globe is homogeneous with non-significant variation of 0.000-0.003 base substitutions per site. Test isolates representing various geographic situations across the world were placed in 26 mitochondrial haplotypes based on variations associated with a maximum of three mutational steps and the predominant haplotype i.e. H1 was present in all melon fly populations except Hawaiian population. Evolution of mtCOI gene suggested that the fly could have originated some 0.4 million years ago. The present study also indicated that the B. cucurbitae population expansion is an event of post Pleistocene warm climatic conditions with small number of founder population. The invasion of B. cucurbitae in Hawaii was associated with the large population size and the global presence of the fly is associated with human mediated dispersal. The very low genetic variation suggested that the fly management might be possible by large scale sterile insect techniques programme.}, }
@article {pmid22654041, year = {2012}, author = {Hulme, PE and Pyšek, P and Winter, M}, title = {Biosecurity on thin ice in Antarctica.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {336}, number = {6085}, pages = {1102, 1104}, doi = {10.1126/science.336.6085.1102-b}, pmid = {22654041}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; International Cooperation ; *Introduced Species/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Plants ; Travel ; }, }
@article {pmid22650446, year = {2012}, author = {Czypionka, T and Cheng, J and Pozhitkov, A and Nolte, AW}, title = {Transcriptome changes after genome-wide admixture in invasive sculpins (Cottus).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {21}, number = {19}, pages = {4797-4810}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05645.x}, pmid = {22650446}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Belgium ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Genetics, Population ; Germany ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Perciformes/classification/*genetics ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Models on hybrid speciation assume that hybridization generates increased phenotypic variance that is utilized to invade new adaptive peaks. We test to what extent this prediction can be traced using gene expression data in the fish species Cottus perifretum and Cottus rhenanus as well as a natural hybrid lineage referred to as invasive sculpins. In addition, interspecies crosses were used to explore evolutionary trajectories from initial stages to the hybrid lineage. EST (expressed sequence tag) libraries were sequenced to design an oligonucleotide microarray that was calibrated for probe-specific differences in binding behaviour. Levels of gene expression divergence between species correlate with genetic divergence at neutral markers and, accordingly, invasive sculpins were intermediate between the parental species overall. However, the hybrid lineage is distinguished through unique patterns of gene expression that are enriched for biological functions which represent candidates for the fitness properties of invasive sculpins. We compare F(2) crosses with natural invasive sculpins to show that the variance in gene expression decreases in invasives. Moreover, few of the transgressive patterns of gene expression that distinguish invasives can be directly observed in F(2) crosses. This suggests that the invasive transcriptome was subject to secondary changes after admixture. The result is in line with an evolutionary process that reduces maladaptive variance and optimizes the phenotype of an emerging hybrid lineage.}, }
@article {pmid22650435, year = {2012}, author = {Wouters, J and Janson, S and Lusková, V and Olsén, KH}, title = {Molecular identification of hybrids of the invasive gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio and crucian carp Carassius carassius in Swedish waters.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {80}, number = {7}, pages = {2595-2604}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03312.x}, pmid = {22650435}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/*classification/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Europe, Eastern ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oceans and Seas ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Sweden ; }, abstract = {Both mitochondrial DNA sequence and two nuclear microsatellite markers were used to confirm the identity of the first record of Carassius auratus gibelio in the western (Swedish) Baltic Sea region. A total of 49 fishes were analysed, where 22 were from three Swedish sites connected to the Baltic Sea. The D-loop mitochondrial DNA sequences showed that 16 of 22 Swedish fishes were related to C. a. gibelio. The phylogenetic analysis of these sequences showed that these fish are probably not native, but represent different lineages of C. a. gibelio from China, Japan and Russia. All except three of these 16 fishes had microsatellite alleles suggesting hybridization with Carassius carassius. These findings suggest that a cryptic invasion of C. a. gibelio might be in progress.}, }
@article {pmid22650426, year = {2012}, author = {Panarari-Antunes, RS and Prioli, AJ and Prioli, SM and Gomes, VN and Júlio, HF and Agostinho, CS and Silva Filho, JP and Boni, TA and Prioli, LM}, title = {Genetic divergence among invasive and native populations of Plagioscion squamosissimus (Perciformes, Sciaenidae) in Neotropical regions.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {80}, number = {7}, pages = {2434-2447}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03290.x}, pmid = {22650426}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genetic Drift ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/classification/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Rivers ; South America ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {The genetic divergence among invasive and native populations of Plagioscion squamosissimus from four Neotropical hydrographic basins was assessed using the hypervariable domain of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region. Plagioscion squamosissimus is native to the neighbouring hydrographic basins of the Parnaíba and Amazon Rivers, and the latter includes the Araguaia-Tocantins drainage, but it is invasive in other basins due to introductions. The mtDNA nucleotide polymorphism supported the hypothesis that the Amazon and Parnaíba populations constitute the same species and are separated into two independent evolutionary lineages. Absence of nucleotide polymorphism was observed within and among P. squamosissimus populations invasive to the uppper and middle Paraná River basins. Nucleotide divergence was null or low comparing the Paraná invasive populations with the populations native to the Parnaíba River basin, whereas it was significantly high compared to Tocantins populations. These results ascertain that P. squamosissimus populations invasive to the upper Paraná River basin and to the middle Paraná River basin downstream of the Itaipu dam are derived from the Parnaíba River basin. The genetic data presented are potentially useful to assist further studies on P. squamosissimus taxonomic and geographic distribution, development of ecological guidelines for managing populations invasive to the upper Paraná River basin and for preservation of native fish diversity.}, }
@article {pmid22649291, year = {2012}, author = {Martinez-Porchas, M and Martinez-Cordova, LR}, title = {World aquaculture: environmental impacts and troubleshooting alternatives.}, journal = {TheScientificWorldJournal}, volume = {2012}, number = {}, pages = {389623}, pmid = {22649291}, issn = {1537-744X}, mesh = {*Aquaculture/methods ; Avicennia/growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Environmental Monitoring ; Eutrophication ; *Food Supply ; Introduced Species ; Rhizophoraceae/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Aquaculture has been considered as an option to cope with the world food demand. However, criticisms have arisen around aquaculture, most of them related to the destruction of ecosystems such as mangrove forest to construct aquaculture farms, as well as the environmental impacts of the effluents on the receiving ecosystems. The inherent benefits of aquaculture such as massive food production and economical profits have led the scientific community to seek for diverse strategies to minimize the negative impacts, rather than just prohibiting the activity. Aquaculture is a possible panacea, but at present is also responsible for diverse problems related with the environmental health; however the new strategies proposed during the last decade have proven that it is possible to achieve a sustainable aquaculture, but such strategies should be supported and proclaimed by the different federal environmental agencies from all countries. Additionally there is an urgent need to improve legislation and regulation for aquaculture. Only under such scenario, aquaculture will be a sustainable practice.}, }
@article {pmid22645830, year = {2012}, author = {Radeloff, VC and Nelson, E and Plantinga, AJ and Lewis, DJ and Helmers, D and Lawler, JJ and Withey, JC and Beaudry, F and Martinuzzi, S and Butsic, V and Lonsdorf, E and White, D and Polasky, S}, title = {Economic-based projections of future land use in the conterminous United States under alternative policy scenarios.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {1036-1049}, doi = {10.1890/11-0306.1}, pmid = {22645830}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics/*methods ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Human Activities ; Models, Econometric ; *Public Policy ; United States ; }, abstract = {Land-use change significantly contributes to biodiversity loss, invasive species spread, changes in biogeochemical cycles, and the loss of ecosystem services. Planning for a sustainable future requires a thorough understanding of expected land use at the fine spatial scales relevant for modeling many ecological processes and at dimensions appropriate for regional or national-level policy making. Our goal was to construct and parameterize an econometric model of land-use change to project future land use to the year 2051 at a fine spatial scale across the conterminous United States under several alternative land-use policy scenarios. We parameterized the econometric model of land-use change with the National Resource Inventory (NRI) 1992 and 1997 land-use data for 844 000 sample points. Land-use transitions were estimated for five land-use classes (cropland, pasture, range, forest, and urban). We predicted land-use change under four scenarios: business-as-usual, afforestation, removal of agricultural subsidies, and increased urban rents. Our results for the business-as-usual scenario showed widespread changes in land use, affecting 36% of the land area of the conterminous United States, with large increases in urban land (79%) and forest (7%), and declines in cropland (-16%) and pasture (-13%). Areas with particularly high rates of land-use change included the larger Chicago area, parts of the Pacific Northwest, and the Central Valley of California. However, while land-use change was substantial, differences in results among the four scenarios were relatively minor. The only scenario that was markedly different was the afforestation scenario, which resulted in an increase of forest area that was twice as high as the business-as-usual scenario. Land-use policies can affect trends, but only so much. The basic economic and demographic factors shaping land-use changes in the United States are powerful, and even fairly dramatic policy changes, showed only moderate deviations from the business-as-usual scenario. Given the magnitude of predicted land-use change, any attempts to identify a sustainable future or to predict the effects of climate change will have to take likely land-use changes into account. Econometric models that can simulate land-use change for broad areas with fine resolution are necessary to predict trends in ecosystem service provision and biodiversity persistence.}, }
@article {pmid22645824, year = {2012}, author = {McGeoch, MA and Spear, D and Kleynhans, EJ and Marais, E}, title = {Uncertainty in invasive alien species listing.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {959-971}, doi = {10.1890/11-1252.1}, pmid = {22645824}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; International Cooperation ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; *Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Lists of invasive alien species (IAS) are essential for preventing, controlling, and reporting on the state of biological invasions. However, these lists suffer from a range of errors, with serious consequences for their use in science, policy, and management. Here we (1) collated and classified errors in IAS listing using a taxonomy of uncertainty; and (2) estimated the size of these errors using data from a completed listing exercise, with the purpose of better understanding, communicating, and dealing with them. Ten errors were identified. Most result from a lack of knowledge or measurement error (epistemic uncertainty), although two were a result of context dependence and vagueness (linguistic uncertainty). Estimates of the size of the effects of these errors were substantial in a number of cases and unknown in others. Most errors, and those with the largest estimated effect, result in underestimates of IAS numbers. However, there are a number of errors where the size and direction of the effect remains poorly understood. The effect of differences in opinion between specialists is potentially large, particularly for data-poor taxa and regions, and does not have a clearly directional or consistent effect on the size and composition of IAS lists. Five tactics emerged as important for reducing uncertainty in IAS lists, and while uncertainty will never be removed entirely, these approaches will significantly improve the transparency, repeatability, and comparability of IAS lists. Understanding the errors and uncertainties that occur during the process of listing invasive species, as well as the potential size and nature of their effects on IAS lists, is key to improving the value of these lists for governments, management agencies, and conservationists. Such understanding is increasingly important given positive trends in biological invasion and the associated risks to biodiversity and biosecurity.}, }
@article {pmid22645818, year = {2012}, author = {Buhle, ER and Feist, BE and Hilborn, R}, title = {Population dynamics and control of invasive Spartina alterniflora: inference and forecasting under uncertainty.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {880-893}, doi = {10.1890/11-0593.1}, pmid = {22645818}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Decision Support Techniques ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Washington ; }, abstract = {Managing invaded ecosystems entails making decisions about control strategies in the face of scientific uncertainty and ecological stochasticity. Statistical tools such as model selection and Bayesian decision analysis can guide decision-making by estimating probabilities of outcomes under alternative management scenarios, but these tools have seldom been applied in invasion ecology. We illustrate the use of model selection and Bayesian methods in a case study of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) invading Willapa Bay, Washington. To address uncertainty in model structure, we quantified the weight of evidence for two previously proposed hypotheses, that S. alterniflora recruitment varies with climatic conditions (represented by sea surface temperature) and that recruitment is subject to an Allee effect due to pollen limitation. By fitting models to time series data, we found strong support for climate effects, with higher per capita seedling production in warmer years, but no evidence for an Allee effect based on either the total area invaded or the mean distance between neighboring clones. We used the best-supported model to compare alternative control strategies, incorporating uncertainty in parameter estimates and population dynamics. For a fixed annual removal effort, the probability of eradication in 10 years was highest, and final invaded area lowest, if removals targeted the smallest clones rather than the largest or randomly selected clones. The relationship between removal effort and probability of eradication was highly nonlinear, with a sharp threshold separating -0% and -100% probability of success, and this threshold was 95% lower in simulations beginning early rather than late in the invasion. This advantage of a rapid response strategy is due to density-dependent population growth, which produces alternative stable equilibria depending on the initial invasion size when control begins. Our approach could be applied to a wide range of invasive species management problems where appropriate data are available.}, }
@article {pmid22645814, year = {2012}, author = {Correa, C and Hendry, AP}, title = {Invasive salmonids and lake order interact in the decline of puye grande Galaxias platei in western Patagonia lakes.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {828-842}, doi = {10.1890/11-1174.1}, pmid = {22645814}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Osmeriformes/*physiology ; Population ; Salmonidae/*physiology ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Salmonid fishes, native to the northern hemisphere, have become naturalized in many austral countries and appear linked to the decline of native fishes, particularly galaxiids. However, a lack of baseline information and the potential for confounding anthropogenic stressors have led to uncertainty regarding the association between salmonid invasions and galaxiid declines, especially in lakes, as these have been much less studied than streams. We surveyed 25 lakes in the Aysén region of Chilean Patagonia, including both uninvaded and salmonid-invaded lakes. Abundance indices (AI) of Galaxias platei and salmonids (Salmo trutta and Oncorhynchus mykiss) were calculated using capture-per-unit-effort data from gillnets, minnow traps, and electrofishing. We also measured additional environmental variables, including deforestation, lake morphometrics, altitude, and hydrological position (i.e., lake order). An information-theoretic approach to explaining the AI of G. platei revealed that by far the strongest effect was a negative association with the AI of salmonids. Lake order was also important, and using structural equation modeling, we show that this is an indirect effect naturally constraining the salmonid invasion success in Patagonia. Supporting this conclusion, an analysis of an independent data set from 106 mountain lakes in western Canada showed that introduced salmonids are indeed less successful in low-order lakes. Reproductive failure due to insufficient spawning habitat and harsh environmental conditions could be the cause of these limits to salmonid success. The existence of this effect in Chilean Patagonia suggests that low-order lakes are likely to provide natural ecological refugia for G. platei. Finally, pristine, high-order lakes should be actively protected as these have become rare and irreplaceable unspoiled references of the most diverse, natural lake ecosystems in Patagonia.}, }
@article {pmid22645813, year = {2012}, author = {Gaeta, JW and Read, JS and Kitchell, JF and Carpenter, SR}, title = {Eradication via destratification: whole-lake mixing to selectively remove rainbow smelt, a cold-water invasive species.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {817-827}, doi = {10.1890/11-1227.1}, pmid = {22645813}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Cold Temperature ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*classification/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can have severe effects on aquatic ecosystems. After invasions occur, eradication should be considered whenever the potential loss of ecosystem services outweighs the cost of the eradication method. Here we evaluate the possibility of destratifying Crystal Lake, Wisconsin, USA, to eradicate the invasive fish rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax). We modeled the effects of three destratification scenarios (non-, low-, and high-mixing) using both physical and biological models. Field observations were used to calibrate the models. Water temperatures estimated from 18 unique DYRESM simulations were used in a bioenergetics model to estimate growth of five age classes of rainbow smelt under normal and destratified conditions. Our simulations indicate that destratification can eliminate optimal rainbow smelt thermal habitat resulting in mortality. Destratified lake temperatures also surpassed several physiological critical temperatures. Bioenergetics simulations predicted a weight loss of 45-55% in yearling and adult rainbow smelt. We found that destratification is potentially effective for eradicating cold-water species in temperate lakes.}, }
@article {pmid22645497, year = {2012}, author = {Avila-Villa, LA and Gollas-Galván, T and Martínez-Porchas, M and Mendoza-Cano, F and Hernández-López, J}, title = {Experimental infection and detection of necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacterium in the American lobster Homarus americanus.}, journal = {TheScientificWorldJournal}, volume = {2012}, number = {}, pages = {979381}, pmid = {22645497}, issn = {1537-744X}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Bacteria/*metabolism ; Bacterial Infections/metabolism ; DNA/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Feces ; Genome ; Hepatopancreas/*microbiology ; Life Cycle Stages ; Necrosis ; Nephropidae/*microbiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacterium (NHPB) is an obligated intracellular bacteria causing severe hepatopancreatic damages and mass mortalities in penaeid shrimp. The worldwide distribution of penaeid shrimp as alien species threatens the life cycle of other crustacean species. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the possibility of experimentally infecting the American lobster (Homarus americanus) with NHPB extracted from shrimp hepatopancreas. Homogenates from infected shrimp were fed by force to lobsters. Other group of lobsters was fed with homogenates of NHPB-free hepatopancreas. After the 15th day from initial inoculation, the presence of NHPB was detected by polymerase chain reaction in feces and hepatopancreas from lobsters inoculated with infected homogenates. Necrotized spots were observed in the surface of lobster hepatopancreas. In contrast, lobsters fed on NHPB-free homogenates resulted negative for NHPB. Evidence suggests the plasticity of NHPB which can infect crustacean from different species and inhabiting diverse latitudes. Considering the results, the American lobster could be a good candidate to maintain available NHPB in vivo.}, }
@article {pmid22645486, year = {2012}, author = {Qasem, JR}, title = {Ephedra alte (joint pine): an invasive, problematic weedy species in forestry and fruit tree orchards in Jordan.}, journal = {TheScientificWorldJournal}, volume = {2012}, number = {}, pages = {971903}, pmid = {22645486}, issn = {1537-744X}, mesh = {Ecology ; Environment ; Ephedra/*physiology ; Forestry ; Fruit/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Jordan ; Photosynthesis ; Pinus/physiology ; Pistacia/physiology ; Plant Weeds/*physiology ; Quercus/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; Trees ; }, abstract = {A field survey was carried out to record plant species climbed by Ephedra alte in certain parts of Jordan during 2008-2010. Forty species of shrubs, ornamental, fruit, and forest trees belonging to 24 plant families suffered from the climbing habit of E. alte. Growth of host plants was adversely affected by E. alte growth that extended over their vegetation. In addition to its possible competition for water and nutrients, the extensive growth it forms over host species prevents photosynthesis, smothers growth and makes plants die underneath the extensive cover. However, E. alte did not climb all plant species, indicating a host preference range. Damaged fruit trees included Amygdalus communis, Citrus aurantifolia, Ficus carica, Olea europaea, Opuntia ficus-indica, and Punica granatum. Forestry species that were adversely affected included Acacia cyanophylla, Ceratonia siliqua, Crataegus azarolus, Cupressus sempervirens, Pinus halepensis, Pistacia atlantica, Pistacia palaestina, Quercus coccifera, Quercus infectoria, Retama raetam, Rhamnus palaestina, Rhus tripartita, and Zizyphus spina-christi. Woody ornamentals attacked were Ailanthus altissima, Hedera helix, Jasminum fruticans, Jasminum grandiflorum, Nerium oleander, and Pyracantha coccinea. Results indicated that E. alte is a strong competitive for light and can completely smother plants supporting its growth. A. communis, F. carica, R. palaestina, and C. azarolus were most frequently attacked.}, }
@article {pmid22642613, year = {2012}, author = {Epanchin-Niell, RS and Haight, RG and Berec, L and Kean, JM and Liebhold, AM}, title = {Optimal surveillance and eradication of invasive species in heterogeneous landscapes.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {803-812}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01800.x}, pmid = {22642613}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics/methods ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Decision Making ; Environmental Monitoring/economics/*methods ; Insect Control ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Moths ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Cost-effective surveillance strategies are needed for efficient responses to biological invasions and must account for the trade-offs between surveillance effort and management costs. Less surveillance may allow greater population growth and spread prior to detection, thereby increasing the costs of damages and control. In addition, surveillance strategies are usually applied in environments under continual invasion pressure where the number, size and location of established populations are unknown prior to detection. We develop a novel modeling framework that accounts for these features of the decision and invasion environment and determines the long term sampling effort that minimises the total expected costs of new invasions. The optimal solution depends on population establishment and growth rates, sample sensitivity, and sample, eradication, and damage costs. We demonstrate how to optimise surveillance systems under budgetary constraints and find that accounting for spatial heterogeneity in sampling costs and establishment rates can greatly reduce management costs.}, }
@article {pmid22638639, year = {2012}, author = {Massaro, M and Ortiz-Catedral, L and Julian, L and Galbraith, JA and Kurenbach, B and Kearvell, J and Kemp, J and van Hal, J and Elkington, S and Taylor, G and Greene, T and van de Wetering, J and van de Wetering, M and Pryde, M and Dilks, P and Heber, S and Steeves, TE and Walters, M and Shaw, S and Potter, J and Farrant, M and Brunton, DH and Hauber, M and Jackson, B and Bell, P and Moorhouse, R and McInnes, K and Varsani, A}, title = {Molecular characterisation of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in New Zealand and its implications for managing an infectious disease.}, journal = {Archives of virology}, volume = {157}, number = {9}, pages = {1651-1663}, doi = {10.1007/s00705-012-1336-5}, pmid = {22638639}, issn = {1432-8798}, mesh = {Animals ; Bird Diseases/*epidemiology/*virology ; Circoviridae Infections/epidemiology/*veterinary/virology ; Circovirus/*classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Viral/chemistry/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Viral ; Molecular Sequence Data ; New Zealand/epidemiology ; Parrots ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) infections are often fatal to both captive and wild parrot populations. Its recent discovery in a wild population of native red-fronted parakeets has raised concerns for the conservation of native parrots, all of which are threatened or endangered. The question of a recent introduction versus a native genotype of the virus poses different conservation-management challenges, and thus, a clear understanding of the molecular phylogeny of BDFV is a crucial step towards integrated management planning. This study represents the first comprehensive attempt to screen New Zealand's endangered and threatened psittacines systematically for BFDV. We sampled and screened kakapos (Strigops habroptilus), kakas (Nestor meridionalis), keas (N. notabilis), Chatham parakeets (Cyanoramphus forbesi), Malherbe's parakeets (Cyanoramphus malherbi), yellow-crowned parakeets (C. auriceps) and red-fronted parakeets (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae), as well as eastern rosellas (Platycercus eximius), an introduced species that is now common throughout the North Island, for BFDV. Out of all species and populations sampled (786 individuals), we found 16 BFDV-positive red-fronted parakeets from Little Barrier Island/Hauturu, seven eastern rosellas from the Auckland region, and eight yellow-crowned parakeets from the Eglinton Valley in the South Island. The full genomes of the viral isolates from the red-fronted parakeets share 95-97 % sequence identity to those from the invasive eastern rosellas and 92.7-93.4 % to those isolates from the South Island yellow-crowned parakeets. The yellow-crowned parakeet BFDV isolates share 92-94 % sequence identity with those from eastern rosellas. The low level of diversity among all BFDV isolates from red-fronted parakeets could suggest a more recent infection among these birds compared to the yellow-crowned parakeets, whereas the diversity in the eastern rosellas indicates a much more established infection. Pro-active screening and monitoring of BFDV infection rates in aviaries as well as in wild populations are necessary to limit the risk of transmission among threatened and endangered parrot populations in New Zealand.}, }
@article {pmid22634556, year = {2012}, author = {Zemmer, F and Karaca, F and Ozkaragoz, F}, title = {Ragweed pollen observed in Turkey: detection of sources using back trajectory models.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {430}, number = {}, pages = {101-108}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.067}, pmid = {22634556}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Air Movements ; Air Pollutants/*analysis ; Allergens/analysis/immunology/*physiology ; Ambrosia/immunology/*physiology ; Circadian Rhythm ; Cities ; Environmental Monitoring ; Europe ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Pollen/immunology/*physiology ; Time Factors ; Turkey ; }, abstract = {This paper discusses the pollen season and the source apportionment of ragweed (Ambrosia) grains detected in the atmosphere of Istanbul, Turkey. The dynamic migration of this invasive taxon is a serious environmental issue. Ragweed pollen is highly allergenic and causes sensitization in patients at low concentrations. At present, there is no floristic evidence of this taxon in the region. Aerobiological records presented here, though, indicate a local source. Moreover, we argue that ragweed pollen comes from distant sources through air mass movements. The analysis concerns the ragweed season 2007. Pollens were sampled with a Burkard trap and identified at a magnification of 400 ×. Grains were counted on 12 transverse traverses to estimate bi-hourly changes in concentrations. The peak day was on August 28 with 20 grainsm(-3). Ragweed was observed on 22 days during August and September 2007. On all days, except one, the daily average concentration was below 10 grainsm(-3). Diurnal bi-hourly ragweed concentrations reached a maximum at 11:00 EET. Relatively high concentrations were observed between 21:00 and 01:00 EET. This allowed for the assumption of a local and a remote ragweed pollen source. We used HYSPLIT backward trajectory ensembles to identify possible sources on peak day. A frequency analysis of back trajectories covering the entire ragweed season followed. Firstly, possible local sources were the Istanbul Province and Turkish Thrace; secondly, a likely over-regional source was Bulgaria; and lastly, remote sources of ragweed pollen were the Ukraine, the Russian coastal region of the Black Sea and Moldova. This study provides evidence that pollens detected on our receptor site stem from combined local and remote origins.}, }
@article {pmid22625420, year = {2012}, author = {Olapade, OA and Pung, K}, title = {Plant-associated bacterial populations on native and invasive plant species: comparisons between 2 freshwater environments.}, journal = {Canadian journal of microbiology}, volume = {58}, number = {6}, pages = {767-775}, doi = {10.1139/w2012-053}, pmid = {22625420}, issn = {1480-3275}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/microbiology ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Biofilms ; Brassicaceae/genetics ; Cattle ; Environment ; Female ; Fresh Water/*microbiology ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Plants/*microbiology ; Rivers/microbiology ; *Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Plant-microbial interactions have been well studied because of the ecological importance of such relationships in aquatic systems. However, general knowledge regarding the composition of these biofilm communities is still evolving, partly as a result of several confounding factors that are attributable to plant host properties and to hydrodynamic conditions in aquatic environments. In this study, the occurrences of various bacterial phylogenetic taxa on 2 native plants, i.e., mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum L.) and cow parsnip (Heracleum maximum Bartram), and on an invasive species, i.e., garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara &amp; Grande), were quantitatively examined using nucleic acid staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The plants were incubated in triplicates for about a week within the Kalamazoo River and Pierce Cedar Creek as well as in microcosms. The bacterial groups targeted for enumeration are known to globally occur in relatively high abundance and are also ubiquitously distributed in freshwater environments. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses of the bacterioplankton assemblages revealed that the majority of bacterial cells that hybridized with the different probes were similar between the 2 sites. In contrast, the plant-associated populations while similar on the 3 plants incubated in Kalamazoo River, their representations were highest on the 2 native plants relative to the invasive species in Pierce Cedar Creek. Overall, our results further suggested that epiphytic bacterial assemblages are probably under the influences of and probably subsequently respond to multiple variables and conditions in aquatic milieus.}, }
@article {pmid22624790, year = {2012}, author = {Molina-Montenegro, MA and Carrasco-Urra, F and Rodrigo, C and Convey, P and Valladares, F and Gianoli, E}, title = {Occurrence of the non-native annual bluegrass on the Antarctic mainland and its negative effects on native plants.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {717-723}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01865.x}, pmid = {22624790}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; Caryophyllaceae/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Climate Change ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Poa/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Few non-native species have colonized Antarctica, although increased human activity and accelerated climate change may increase their number, distributional range, and effects on native species on the continent. We searched 13 sites on the maritime Antarctic islands and 12 sites on the Antarctic Peninsula for annual bluegrass (Poa annua), a non-native flowering plant. We also evaluated the possible effects of competition between P. annua and 2 vascular plants native to Antarctica, Antarctic pearlwort (Colobanthus quitensis) and Antarctic hairgrass (Deschampsia antarctica). We grew the native species in experimental plots with and without annual bluegrass under conditions that mimicked the Antarctic environment. After 5 months, we measured photosynthetic performance on the basis of chlorophyll fluorescence and determined total biomass of both native species. We found individual specimens of annual bluegrass at 3 different sites on the Antarctic Peninsula during the 2007-2008 and 2009-2010 austral summers. The presence of bluegrass was associated with a statistically significant reduction in biomass of pearlwort and hairgrass, whereas the decrease in biomass of bluegrass was not statistically significant. Similarly, the presence of bluegrass significantly reduced the photosynthetic performance of the 2 native species. Sites where bluegrass occurred were close to major maritime routes of scientific expeditions and of tourist cruises to Antarctica. We believe that if current levels of human activity and regional warming persist, more non-native plant species are likely to colonize the Antarctic and may affect native species.}, }
@article {pmid22624321, year = {2012}, author = {Brooks, CP and Ervin, GN and Varone, L and Logarzo, GA}, title = {Native ecotypic variation and the role of host identity in the spread of an invasive herbivore, Cactoblastis cactorum.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {2}, pages = {402-410}, doi = {10.1890/11-0541.1}, pmid = {22624321}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Moths/*classification/*physiology ; Opuntia/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Environmental niche models (ENMs) have gained enormous popularity as tools to investigate potential changes in species distributions resulting from climate change and species introductions. Despite recognition that species interactions can influence the dynamics of invasion spread, most implementations of ENMs focus on abiotic factors as the sole predictors of potential range limits. Implicit in this approach is the assumption that biotic interactions are relatively unimportant, either because of scaling issues, or because fundamental and realized niches are equivalent in a species' native range. When species are introduced into exotic landscapes, changes in biotic interactions relative to the native range can lead to occupation of different regions of niche space and apparent shifts in physiological tolerances. We use an escaped biological control organism, Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg.), to assess the role of the environmental envelope as compared with patterns of host-herbivore associations based on collections made in the native range. Because all nonnative populations are derived from a single C. cactorum ecotype, we hypothesize that biotic interactions associated with this ecotype are driving the species' invasion dynamics. Environmental niche models constructed from known native populations perform poorly in predicting nonnative distributions of this species, except where there is an overlap in niche space. In contrast, genetic isolation in the native range is concordant with the observed pattern of host use, and strong host association has been noted in nonnative landscapes. Our results support the hypothesis that the apparent shift in niche space from the native to the exotic ranges results from a shift in biotic interactions, and demonstrate the importance of considering biotic interactions in assessing the risk of future spread for species whose native range is highly constrained by biotic interactions.}, }
@article {pmid22624319, year = {2012}, author = {Hulvey, KB and Zavaleta, ES}, title = {Abundance declines of a native forb have nonlinear impacts on grassland invasion resistance.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {2}, pages = {378-388}, doi = {10.1890/11-0091.1}, pmid = {22624319}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*physiology ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Poaceae ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The effects of declining plant biodiversity on ecosystem processes are well studied, with most investigations examining the role of species richness declines rather than declines of species abundance. Using grassland mesocosms, we examined how the abundance of a native, resident species, Hemizonia congesta (hayfield tarweed), affected exotic Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle) invasion. We found that progressive H. congesta abundance declines had threshold effects on invasion resistance, with initial declines resulting in minor increases in invasion and subsequent declines leading to accelerating increases in invader performance. Reduced invasion resistance was explained by increased resource availability as H. congesta declined. We also found evidence that resident abundance might indirectly affect invasion by mediating invader impact on resident competitors; C. solstitialis disproportionately reduced H. congesta biomass in low-abundance rather than high-abundance populations. H. congesta's direct and indirect effects on invasion resistance illustrate that an individual species' declining abundance can have accelerating, deleterious effects on ecosystem functions of conservation value.}, }
@article {pmid22624318, year = {2012}, author = {Caplat, P and Nathan, R and Buckley, YM}, title = {Seed terminal velocity, wind turbulence, and demography drive the spread of an invasive tree in an analytical model.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {2}, pages = {368-377}, doi = {10.1890/11-0820.1}, pmid = {22624318}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; Pinus/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Seeds/*anatomy &amp; histology ; *Trees ; *Wind ; }, abstract = {Little is known about the relative importance of mechanistic drivers of plant spread, particularly when long-distance dispersal (LDD) events occur. Most methods to date approach LDD phenomenologically, and all mechanistic models, with one exception, have been implemented through simulation. Furthermore, the few recent mechanistically derived spread models have examined the relative role of different dispersal parameters using simulations, and a formal analytical approach has not yet been implemented. Here we incorporate an analytical mechanistic wind dispersal model (WALD) into a demographic matrix model within an analytical integrodifference equation spread model. We carry out analytical perturbation analysis on the combined model to determine the relative effects of dispersal and demographic traits and wind statistics on the spread of an invasive tree. Models are parameterized using data collected in situ and tested using independent data on historical spread. Predicted spread rates and direction match well the two historical phases of observed spread. Seed terminal velocity has the greatest potential influence on spread rate, and three wind properties (turbulence coefficient, mean horizontal wind speed, and standard deviation of vertical wind speed) are also important. Fecundity has marginal importance for spread rate, but juvenile survival and establishment are consistently important. This coupled empirical/theoretical framework enables prediction of plant spread rate and direction using fundamental dispersal and demographic parameters and identifies the traits and environmental conditions that facilitate spread. The development of an analytical perturbation analysis for a mechanistic spread model will enable multispecies comparative studies to be easily implemented in the future.}, }
@article {pmid22624220, year = {2012}, author = {MacNally, R and Bowen, M and Howes, A and McAlpine, CA and Maron, M}, title = {Despotic, high-impact species and the subcontinental scale control of avian assemblage structure.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {3}, pages = {668-678}, doi = {10.1890/10-2340.1}, pmid = {22624220}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Birds/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/*physiology ; Body Size ; *Ecosystem ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Some species have disproportionate influence on assemblage structure, given their numbers or biomass. Most examples of such "strong interactors" come from small-scale experiments or from observations of the effects of invasive species. There is evidence that entire avian assemblages in open woodlands can be influenced strongly by individual species over very large areas in eastern Australia, with small-bodied species (< 50 g) being adversely affected. We used data from repeated surveys in 371 sites in seven districts across a region from Victoria to Queensland (> 2000 km). A series of linked Bayesian models was used to identify large-bodied (> or = 50 g) bird species that were associated with changes in occurrence and abundance of small-bodied species. One native species, the Noisy Miner (Manorina melanocephala; family Meliphagidae), was objectively identified as the sole large-bodied species having similar detrimental effects in all districts, depressing occurrence of 57 of 71 small-bodied species. Adverse effects on abundances of small-bodied species were profound when the Noisy Miner occurred with mean site abundances > or = 1.6 birds/2 ha. The Noisy Miner may be the first species to have been shown to influence whole-of-avifauna assemblage structure through despotic aggressiveness over subcontinental scales. These substantial shifts in occurrence rates and abundances of small-bodied species flow on to alter species abundance distributions of entire assemblages over much of eastern Australia.}, }
@article {pmid22624214, year = {2012}, author = {Simberloff, D and Souza, L and Nuñez, MA and Barrios-Garcia, MN and Bunn, W}, title = {The natives are restless, but not often and mostly when disturbed.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {3}, pages = {598-607}, doi = {10.1890/11-1232.1}, pmid = {22624214}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; United States ; }, abstract = {The argument that the threat posed by introduced species is overblown is often buttressed by the observation that native species sometimes also become invasive. An examination of the literature on plant invasions in the United States shows that six times more nonnative species have been termed invasive than native species, and that a member of the naturalized nonnative pool is 40 times more likely than a native species to be perceived as invasive. In the great majority of instances in which a native plant species is seen as invasive, the invasion is associated with an anthropogenic disturbance, especially changed fire or hydrological regime, livestock grazing, and changes wrought by an introduced species. These results suggest that natives are significantly less likely than nonnatives to be problematic for local ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid22624213, year = {2012}, author = {Zhang, Y and Huang, G and Wang, W and Chen, L and Lin, G}, title = {Interactions between mangroves and exotic Spartina in an anthropogenically disturbed estuary in southern China.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {3}, pages = {588-597}, doi = {10.1890/11-1302.1}, pmid = {22624213}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {China ; *Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Rhizophoraceae/*physiology ; Rivers ; Salinity ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) was introduced to China in 1979 from the United States for reducing coastal erosion. It grows vigorously in China and has spread over much of the Chinese coast, from Leizhou Peninsula to Liaoning, a range of more than 19 degrees of latitude. On the southern coast of China, S. alterniflora has invaded mangrove-dominated habitats during the last two decades, but little is known about interactions between native mangroves and invasive S. alterniflora. We studied the distribution and competitive interactions between native mangroves and S. alterniflora in the Zhangjiang Estuary at four tidal sites along a salinity gradient: oligohaline upstream, mesohaline, polyhaline, and euhaline downstream. S. alterniflora occurred at all four sites, and several mangrove species occurred at all but the downstream euhaline site. S. alterniflora has invaded the estuary widely and has spread to the lower tidal margins of mangroves. It has not invaded mangrove areas with a closed canopy but has established in the mangrove zone where the canopy was opened by human disturbance. Ramets of S. alterniflora transplanted into the understory of mangrove stands with closed canopies died within 10 weeks, but 37.5% survived and grew well on open mud flats. S. alterniflora had virtually no competitive effect on mangrove seedlings planted at the upstream oligohaline site. However, S. alterniflora competitively reduced biomass of mangrove seedlings to 33% over a period of 14 weeks at the mesohaline and polyhaline sites where human disturbance has opened the mangrove canopy. In contrast, S. alterniflora marginally facilitated growth and survival of experimental seedlings at the downstream euhaline site. In China, mangroves occur along the coastline south of Whenzhou, but they have been severely disturbed and removed widely, mainly by mariculture activities. Natural vegetation patterns and our experimental results suggest that, without intervention, S. alterniflora could gradually replace these mangroves in mid-salinity regions of Chinese estuaries.}, }
@article {pmid22622872, year = {2012}, author = {Burkle, LA and Mihaljevic, JR and Smith, KG}, title = {Effects of an invasive plant transcend ecosystem boundaries through a dragonfly-mediated trophic pathway.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {170}, number = {4}, pages = {1045-1052}, pmid = {22622872}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Lythrum/*growth &amp; development ; Pollination ; Population Density ; Wetlands ; Zooplankton/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Trophic interactions can strongly influence the structure and function of terrestrial and aquatic communities through top-down and bottom-up processes. Species with life stages in both terrestrial and aquatic systems may be particularly likely to link the effects of trophic interactions across ecosystem boundaries. Using experimental wetlands planted with purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), we tested the degree to which the bottom-up effects of floral density of this invasive plant could trigger a chain of interactions, changing the behavior of terrestrial flying insect prey and predators and ultimately cascading through top-down interactions to alter lower trophic levels in the aquatic community. The results of our experiment support the linkage of terrestrial and aquatic food webs through this hypothesized pathway, with high loosestrife floral density treatments attracting high levels of visiting insect pollinators and predatory adult dragonflies. High floral densities were also associated with increased adult dragonfly oviposition and subsequently high larval dragonfly abundance in the aquatic community. Finally, high-flower treatments were coupled with changes in zooplankton species richness and shifts in the composition of zooplankton communities. Through changes in animal behavior and trophic interactions in terrestrial and aquatic systems, this work illustrates the broad and potentially cryptic effects of invasive species, and provides additional compelling motivation for ecologists to conduct investigations that cross traditional ecosystem boundaries.}, }
@article {pmid22620276, year = {2012}, author = {Voight, JR and Lee, RW and Reft, AJ and Bates, AE}, title = {Scientific gear as a vector for non-native species at deep-sea hydrothermal vents.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {26}, number = {5}, pages = {938-942}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01864.x}, pmid = {22620276}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Female ; Gastropoda/genetics/*physiology ; *Hydrothermal Vents ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The fauna of deep-sea hydrothermal vents are among the most isolated and inaccessible biological communities on Earth. Most vent sites can only be visited by subsea vehicles, which can and do move freely among these communities. Researchers assume individuals of the regionally homogeneous vent fauna are killed by the change in hydrostatic pressure the animals experience when the subsea vehicles, which collected them, rise to the surface. After an Alvin dive, we found 38 apparently healthy individuals of a vent limpet in a sample from a hydrothermally inactive area. Prompted by our identification of these specimens as Lepetodrilus gordensis, a species restricted to vents 635 km to the south of our dive site, we tested whether they were from a novel population or were contaminants from the dive made 36 h earlier. The 16S gene sequences, morphology, sex ratio, bacterial colonies, and stable isotopes uniformly indicated the specimens came from the previous dive. We cleaned the sampler, but assumed pressure changes would kill any organisms we did not remove and that the faunas of the 2 areas were nearly identical and disease-free. Our failure to completely clean the gear on the subsea vehicle meant we could have introduced the species and any diseases it carried to a novel location. Our findings suggest that the nearly inaccessible biological communities at deep-sea vents may be vulnerable to anthropogenic alteration, despite their extreme physical conditions.}, }
@article {pmid22615977, year = {2012}, author = {Fujinuma, J and Harrison, RD}, title = {Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) mediate large-scale edge effects in a lowland tropical rainforest in Peninsular Malaysia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, pages = {e37321}, pmid = {22615977}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Behavior, Animal ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Melastomataceae/growth &amp; development ; *Sus scrofa ; Trees ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Edge-effects greatly extend the area of tropical forests degraded through human activities. At Pasoh, Peninsular Malaysia, it has been suggested that soil disturbance by highly abundant wild pigs (Sus scrofa), which feed in adjacent Oil Palm plantations, may have mediated the invasion of Clidemia hirta (Melastomataceae) into the diverse tropical lowland rain forest. To investigate this hypothesis, we established three 1 km transects from the forest/Oil Palm plantation boundary into the forest interior. We recorded the distribution of soil disturbance by wild pigs, C. hirta abundance, and environmental variables. These data were analyzed using a hierarchical Bayesian model that incorporated spatial auto-correlation in the environmental variables. As predicted, soil disturbance by wild pigs declined with distance from forest edge and C. hirta abundance was correlated with the level of soil disturbance. Importantly there was no effect of distance on C. hirta abundance, after controlling for the effect of soil disturbance. Clidemia hirta abundance was also correlated with the presence of canopy openings, but there was no significant association between the occurrence of canopy openings and distance from the edge. Increased levels of soil disturbance and C. hirta abundance were still detectable approximately 1 km from the edge, demonstrating the potential for exceptionally large-scale animal mediated edge effects.}, }
@article {pmid22611852, year = {2012}, author = {Meinhardt, KA and Gehring, CA}, title = {Disrupting mycorrhizal mutualisms: a potential mechanism by which exotic tamarisk outcompetes native cottonwoods.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {532-549}, doi = {10.1890/11-1247.1}, pmid = {22611852}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Environment, Controlled ; *Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Populus/*microbiology/*physiology ; Soil ; Tamaricaceae/*microbiology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The disruption of mutualisms between plants and mycorrhizal fungi is a potentially powerful mechanism by which invasives can negatively impact native species, yet our understanding of this mechanism's role in exotic species invasion is still in its infancy. Here, we provide several lines of evidence indicating that invasive tamarisk (Tamarix sp.) negatively affects native cottonwoods (Populus fremontii) by disrupting their associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi. At a field site in the early stages of tamarisk invasion, cottonwoods with tamarisk neighbors had reduced EM colonization and altered EM fungal community composition relative to cottonwoods with native neighbors, leading to reductions in EM propagule abundance in the soil beneath tamarisk. Similarly, AM colonization of cottonwoods was reduced with a tamarisk neighbor, but there were no significant changes in AM fungal spore communities or propagule abundance. Root colonization by nonmycorrhizal fungi, including potential pathogens, was higher in cottonwoods with tamarisk neighbors. A greenhouse experiment in which AM and EM inoculation and plant neighbor were manipulated in a fully factorial design showed that cottonwoods benefited from mycorrhizas, especially EM, in terms of shoot biomass when grown with a conspecific, but shoot biomass was similar to that of nonmycorrhizal controls when cottonwoods were grown with a tamarisk neighbor. These results are partially explained by a reduction in EM but not AM colonization of cottonwoods by a tamarisk neighbor. Tamarisk neighbors negatively affected cottonwood specific leaf area, but not chlorophyll content, in the field. To pinpoint a mechanism for these changes, we measured soil chemistry in the field and the growth response of an EM fungus (Hebeloma crustuliniforme) to salt-amended media in the laboratory. Tamarisk increased both NO3- concentrations and electrical conductivity 2.5-fold beneath neighboring cottonwoods in the field. Salt-amended media did not affect the growth of H. crustuliniforme. Our findings demonstrate that a nonnative species, even in the early stages of invasion, can negatively affect a native species by disrupting its mycorrhizal symbioses. Some of these changes in mycorrhizal fungal communities may remain as legacy effects of invasives, even after their removal, and should be considered in management and restoration efforts.}, }
@article {pmid22611848, year = {2012}, author = {Fitzpatrick, MC and Preisser, EL and Porter, A and Elkinton, J and Ellison, AM}, title = {Modeling range dynamics in heterogeneous landscapes: invasion of the hemlock woolly adelgid in eastern North America.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {472-486}, doi = {10.1890/11-0009.1}, pmid = {22611848}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*classification/physiology ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; North America ; Tsuga/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Range expansion by native and exotic species will continue to be a major component of global change. Anticipating the potential effects of changes in species distributions requires models capable of forecasting population spread across realistic, heterogeneous landscapes and subject to spatiotemporal variability in habitat suitability. Several decades of theory and model development, as well as increased computing power and availability of fine-resolution GIS data, now make such models possible. Still unanswered, however, is the question of how well this new generation of dynamic models will anticipate range expansion. Here we develop a spatially explicit stochastic model that combines dynamic dispersal and population processes with fine-resolution maps characterizing spatiotemporal heterogeneity in climate and habitat to model range expansion of the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae). We parameterize this model using multiyear data sets describing population and dispersal dynamics of HWA and apply it to eastern North America over a 57-year period (1951-2008). To evaluate the model, the observed pattern of spread of HWA during this same period was compared to model predictions. Our model predicts considerable heterogeneity in the risk of HWA invasion across space and through time, and it suggests that spatiotemporal variation in winter temperature, rather than hemlock abundance, exerts a primary control on the spread of HWA. Although the simulations generally matched the observed current extent of the invasion of HWA and patterns of anisotropic spread, it did not correctly predict when HWA was observed to arrive in different geographic regions. We attribute differences between the modeled and observed dynamics to an inability to capture the timing and direction of long-distance dispersal events that substantially affected the ensuing pattern of spread.}, }
@article {pmid22611844, year = {2012}, author = {Poulette, MM and Arthur, MA}, title = {The impact of the invasive shrub Lonicera maackii on the decomposition dynamics of a native plant community.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {412-424}, doi = {10.1890/11-1105.1}, pmid = {22611844}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Lonicera/*physiology ; Time Factors ; Trees/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants may have variable effects within a given environment depending on their interactions with the dominant native species, yet little research has examined such species-species interactions within a site. Savanna trees with nonoverlapping canopies offer an ideal opportunity to assess associated changes in the ecosystem processes that result from interactions between an invasive species and different native tree species. We examined the influence of the exotic invasive shrub Lonicera maackii on decomposition dynamics under three native tree species: Fraxinus quadrangulata, Quercus muehlenbergii, and Carya ovata. Litter decomposition rates and litter C and N were evaluated over two years using single- and mixed-species litterbags (L. maackii and individual tree species litter); microarthropod abundance was measured at 6 weeks using Tulgren funnels. Litter from the invasive L. maackii decomposed and lost N more rapidly than the litter of the three native tree species. The rate at which L. maackii decomposed depended on its location, with L. maackii litter decomposing and losing N more rapidly under C. ovata than under the other two native tree species. Mixing L. maackii with the native species' litter did not accelerate litter mass loss overall but did result in synergistic N losses at variable times throughout the experiment, further highlighting the variable interaction between native species and L. maackii. Nitrogen loss was significantly higher than expected in mixtures of C. ovata + L. maackii litter at 6 weeks, in F. quadrangulata + L. maackii litter at 12 weeks, and in Q. muehlenbergii + L. maackii litter at 24 weeks. If the effects of invasive species on certain ecosystem processes, such as litter decomposition, are strongly influenced by their association with native species, this could suggest the need for a more nuanced understanding of the vulnerability of ecosystem processes to invasions of L. maackii and potentially other invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid22607846, year = {2012}, author = {Woods, CM and Floerl, O and Jones, L}, title = {Biosecurity risks associated with in-water and shore-based marine vessel hull cleaning operations.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {64}, number = {7}, pages = {1392-1401}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.04.019}, pmid = {22607846}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Biofouling/prevention &amp; control/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Disinfection/*methods ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Risk Assessment ; Ships/*methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {The removal of biofouling from vessels during hull cleaning can pose a biosecurity threat if viable, non-indigenous organisms are released into the aquatic environment. However, the effect of cleaning on biofouling organism viability in different types of cleaning operations has been poorly studied. We compared the effects of hull cleaning on biofouling organisms removed from 36 marine vessels during in-water (without capture of cleaning waste) and shore-based (with capture, and treatment of cleaning waste) cleaning. In-water cleaning resulted in higher proportions of viable biofouling organisms surviving cleaning (62.3 ± 7.1% of all organisms examined) compared to dry dock (37.8 ± 8.6%) and haul-out (20.1 ± 5.3%) operations. For shore-based facilities with effluent treatment systems, concentrations of organisms and/or their propagules in cleaning effluent was reduced by ≥ 98.5% compared to initial hydro-blast effluent concentrations. These results can be used in guidance for hull cleaning operations to minimize associated biosecurity risk.}, }
@article {pmid22607076, year = {2012}, author = {Swei, A and Briggs, CJ and Lane, RS and Ostfeld, RS}, title = {Impacts of an introduced forest pathogen on the risk of Lyme disease in California.}, journal = {Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {623-632}, pmid = {22607076}, issn = {1557-7759}, support = {R01AI022501/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Arachnid Vectors/*microbiology ; Borrelia burgdorferi/*pathogenicity ; California/epidemiology ; Disease Reservoirs ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Ixodes/*microbiology ; Lizards ; Lyme Disease/epidemiology/microbiology/*transmission ; Peromyscus ; Phytophthora/*pathogenicity ; Plant Diseases/parasitology ; Population Dynamics ; Prevalence ; Quercus/parasitology ; Risk ; Sigmodontinae ; Tick Infestations/*parasitology ; Trees ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {Global changes such as deforestation, climate change, and invasive species have the potential to greatly alter zoonotic disease systems through impacts on biodiversity. This study examined the impact of the invasive pathogen that causes sudden oak death (SOD) on the ecology of Lyme disease in California. The Lyme disease bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, is maintained in the far western United States by a suite of animal reservoirs including the dusky-footed woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes) and deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), and is transmitted by the western black-legged tick (Ixodes pacificus). Other vertebrates, such as the western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis), are important tick hosts but are not reservoirs of the pathogen. Previous work found that higher levels of SOD are correlated with greater abundance of P. maniculatus and S. occidentalis and lower N. fuscipes abundance. Here we model the contribution of these tick hosts to Lyme disease risk and also evaluate the potential impact of SOD on infection prevalence of the tick vector. By empirically parameterizing a static model with field and laboratory data on tick hosts, we predict that SOD reduces an important index of disease risk, nymphal infection prevalence, leading to a reduction in Lyme disease risk in certain coastal woodlands. Direct observational analysis of the impact of SOD on nymphal infection prevalence supports these model results. This study underscores the important direct and indirect impacts of invasive plant pathogens on biodiversity, the transmission cycles of zoonotic diseases, and ultimately human health.}, }
@article {pmid22606814, year = {2012}, author = {Koch, FH and Yemshanov, D and Magarey, RD and Smith, WD}, title = {Dispersal of invasive forest insects via recreational firewood: a quantitative analysis.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, pages = {438-450}, doi = {10.1603/ec11270}, pmid = {22606814}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Camping ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Travel ; United States ; Wood ; }, abstract = {Recreational travel is a recognized vector for the spread of invasive species in North America. However, there has been little quantitative analysis of the risks posed by such travel and the associated transport of firewood. In this study, we analyzed the risk of forest insect spread with firewood and estimated related dispersal parameters for application in geographically explicit invasion models. Our primary data source was the U.S. National Recreation Reservation Service database, which records camper reservations at > 2,500 locations nationwide. For > 7 million individual reservations made between 2004 and 2009 (including visits from Canada), we calculated the distance between visitor home address and campground location. We constructed an empirical dispersal kernel (i.e., the probability distribution of the travel distances) from these "origin-destination" data, and then fitted the data with various theoretical distributions. We found the data to be strongly leptokurtic (fat-tailed) and fairly well fit by the unbounded Johnson and lognormal distributions. Most campers (approximately 53%) traveled <100 km, but approximately 10% traveled > 500 km (and as far as 5,500 km). Additionally, we examined the impact of geographic region, specific destinations (major national parks), and specific origin locations (major cities) on the shape of the dispersal kernel, and found that mixture distributions (i.e., theoretical distribution functions composed of multiple univariate distributions) may fit better in some circumstances. Although only a limited amount of all transported firewood is likely to be infested by forest insects, this still represents a considerable increase in dispersal potential beyond the insects' natural spread capabilities.}, }
@article {pmid22606302, year = {2012}, author = {Nie, X and Lv, S and Zhang, Y and Du, X and Wang, L and Biradar, SS and Tan, X and Wan, F and Weining, S}, title = {Complete chloroplast genome sequence of a major invasive species, crofton weed (Ageratina adenophora).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, pages = {e36869}, pmid = {22606302}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ageratina/classification/*genetics ; Chromosome Mapping ; Codon/genetics ; DNA, Chloroplast/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Exons ; *Genome, Chloroplast ; Introduced Species ; Introns ; Inverted Repeat Sequences ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Crofton weed (Ageratina adenophora) is one of the most hazardous invasive plant species, which causes serious economic losses and environmental damages worldwide. However, the sequence resource and genome information of A. adenophora are rather limited, making phylogenetic identification and evolutionary studies very difficult. Here, we report the complete sequence of the A. adenophora chloroplast (cp) genome based on Illumina sequencing.<br><br>The A. adenophora cp genome is 150, 689 bp in length including a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18, 358 bp and a large single-copy (LSC) region of 84, 815 bp separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 23, 755 bp. The genome contains 130 unique genes and 18 duplicated in the IR regions, with the gene content and organization similar to other Asteraceae cp genomes. Comparative analysis identified five DNA regions (ndhD-ccsA, psbI-trnS, ndhF-ycf1, ndhI-ndhG and atpA-trnR) containing parsimony-informative characters higher than 2%, which may be potential informative markers for barcoding and phylogenetic analysis. Repeat structure, codon usage and contraction of the IR were also investigated to reveal the pattern of evolution. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a sister relationship between A. adenophora and Guizotia abyssinica and supported a monophyly of the Asterales.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We have assembled and analyzed the chloroplast genome of A. adenophora in this study, which was the first sequenced plastome in the Eupatorieae tribe. The complete chloroplast genome information is useful for plant phylogenetic and evolutionary studies within this invasive species and also within the Asteraceae family.}, }
@article {pmid22596145, year = {2012}, author = {Vitule, JR}, title = {Ecology: Preserve Brazil's aquatic biodiversity.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {485}, number = {7398}, pages = {309}, doi = {10.1038/485309c}, pmid = {22596145}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; *Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Carps ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/*methods ; Fisheries/economics/instrumentation/*methods ; Fishes/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Tilapia ; }, }
@article {pmid22595085, year = {2012}, author = {Di Fiori, E and Pizarro, H and dos Santos Afonso, M and Cataldo, D}, title = {Impact of the invasive mussel Limnoperna fortunei on glyphosate concentration in water.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {81}, number = {}, pages = {106-113}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.04.024}, pmid = {22595085}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Bivalvia ; Environment ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; Glycine/*analogs &amp; derivatives/analysis/metabolism ; Half-Life ; Herbicides/analysis/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/*metabolism ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {The use of glyphosate has increased dramatically during the past years around the world. Microbial communities are altered when glyphosate reaches water bodies. The freshwater golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei is an invasive species that has rapidly dispersed since it was introduced in Argentina two decades ago. Mussels alter aquatic conditions through their filtrating activity by increasing water clarity and nutrient recycling. We aim to evaluate the potential capacity of the golden mussel to reduce glyphosate concentration in water, in laboratory conditions. Firstly, the evasive response of mussels to glyphosate (10, 20, and 40 mg l[-1]) was evaluated and a toxicity test was carried out for these concentrations. A three-week experiment was then performed to assess glyphosate variation under mussel presence for two mussel sizes. Finally, mussels' role on glyphosate concentration was evaluated considering different mussel parts (living organisms and empty shells) through another three-week experiment. Laboratory experiments were performed in triplicate using 2-l microcosms. An initial glyphosate concentration between 16 and 19 mg l[-1] was used, and when mussels or valvae were added, 20 organisms per aquaria were used. Samples were obtained at days 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 14, and 21. Glyphosate decreased by 40% under large mussel presence in both experiments, and was reduced by 25% in empty shell treatments. We believe that part of the herbicide that disappears from the water column is adsorbed in valvae surface, while another proportion is being mineralized by microbial communities in shells' biofilm. The mechanisms by which living mussels increase glyphosate dissipation would be degradation, possibly mediated by bacteria associated to mussel's metabolism. Glyphosate half-life depended on mussel and valvae presence and varied with mussel size. L. fortunei presence (either alive or as empty valvae) alters glyphosate concentration in water. We provide preliminary observations from laboratory experiments, with strong potential ecological consequences, about two stressors that could be acting jointly on the environment.}, }
@article {pmid22592855, year = {2013}, author = {Bahram, M and Kõljalg, U and Kohout, P and Mirshahvaladi, S and Tedersoo, L}, title = {Ectomycorrhizal fungi of exotic pine plantations in relation to native host trees in Iran: evidence of host range expansion by local symbionts to distantly related host taxa.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {11-19}, pmid = {22592855}, issn = {1432-1890}, mesh = {Base Sequence ; Betulaceae/*microbiology ; Biodiversity ; DNA, Plant/chemistry/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Fagaceae/*microbiology ; Geography ; Host Specificity ; Introduced Species ; Iran ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multivariate Analysis ; Mycorrhizae/classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Phylogeny ; Pinaceae/*microbiology ; Pinus/microbiology ; Plant Roots/*microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Soil ; Symbiosis ; Time Factors ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Introduction of exotic plants change soil microbial communities which may have detrimental ecological consequences for ecosystems. In this study, we examined the community structure and species richness of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi associated with exotic pine plantations in relation to adjacent native ectomycorrhizal trees in Iran to elucidate the symbiont exchange between distantly related hosts, i.e. Fagales (Fagaceae and Betulaceae) and Pinaceae. The combination of morphological and molecular identification approaches revealed that 84.6 % of species with more than one occurrence (at least once on pines) were shared with native trees and only 5.9 % were found exclusively on pine root tips. The community diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the pine plantations adjacent to native EcM trees was comparable to their adjacent native trees, but the isolated plantations hosted relatively a species-poor community. Specific mycobionts of conifers were dominant in the isolated plantation while rarely found in the plantations adjacent to native EcM trees. These data demonstrate the importance of habitat isolation and dispersal limitation of EcM fungi in their potential of host range expansion. The great number of shared and possibly compatible symbiotic species between exotic Pinaceae and local Fagales (Fagaceae and Betulaceae) may reflect their evolutionary adaptations and/or ancestral compatibility with one another.}, }
@article {pmid22590576, year = {2012}, author = {Abdelkrim, J and Hunt, GR and Gray, RD and Gemmell, NJ}, title = {Population genetic structure and colonisation history of the tool-using New Caledonian crow.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, pages = {e36608}, pmid = {22590576}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Crows/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population/methods ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; New Caledonia ; }, abstract = {New Caledonian crows exhibit considerable variation in tool making between populations. Here, we present the first study of the species' genetic structure over its geographical distribution. We collected feathers from crows on mainland Grande Terre, the inshore island of Toupéti, and the nearby island of Maré where it is believed birds were introduced after European colonisation. We used nine microsatellite markers to establish the genotypes of 136 crows from these islands and classical population genetic tools as well as Approximate Bayesian Computations to explore the distribution of genetic diversity. We found that New Caledonian crows most likely separate into three main distinct clusters: Grande Terre, Toupéti and Maré. Furthermore, Toupéti and Maré crows represent a subset of the genetic diversity observed on Grande Terre, confirming their mainland origin. The genetic data are compatible with a colonisation of Maré taking place after European colonisation around 1900. Importantly, we observed (1) moderate, but significant, genetic differentiation across Grande Terre, and (2) that the degree of differentiation between populations on the mainland increases with geographic distance. These data indicate that despite individual crows' potential ability to disperse over large distances, most gene flow occurs over short distances. The temporal and spatial patterns described provide a basis for further hypothesis testing and investigation of the geographical variation observed in the tool skills of these crows.}, }
@article {pmid22589328, year = {2012}, author = {Drenovsky, RE and Grewell, BJ and D'Antonio, CM and Funk, JL and James, JJ and Molinari, N and Parker, IM and Richards, CL}, title = {A functional trait perspective on plant invasion.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {110}, number = {1}, pages = {141-153}, pmid = {22589328}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Global environmental change will affect non-native plant invasions, with profound potential impacts on native plant populations, communities and ecosystems. In this context, we review plant functional traits, particularly those that drive invader abundance (invasiveness) and impacts, as well as the integration of these traits across multiple ecological scales, and as a basis for restoration and management.<br><br>SCOPE: We review the concepts and terminology surrounding functional traits and how functional traits influence processes at the individual level. We explore how phenotypic plasticity may lead to rapid evolution of novel traits facilitating invasiveness in changing environments and then 'scale up' to evaluate the relative importance of demographic traits and their links to invasion rates. We then suggest a functional trait framework for assessing per capita effects and, ultimately, impacts of invasive plants on plant communities and ecosystems. Lastly, we focus on the role of functional trait-based approaches in invasive species management and restoration in the context of rapid, global environmental change.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: To understand how the abundance and impacts of invasive plants will respond to rapid environmental changes it is essential to link trait-based responses of invaders to changes in community and ecosystem properties. To do so requires a comprehensive effort that considers dynamic environmental controls and a targeted approach to understand key functional traits driving both invader abundance and impacts. If we are to predict future invasions, manage those at hand and use restoration technology to mitigate invasive species impacts, future research must focus on functional traits that promote invasiveness and invader impacts under changing conditions, and integrate major factors driving invasions from individual to ecosystem levels.}, }
@article {pmid22588633, year = {2012}, author = {Møller, AP and Diaz, M and Flensted-Jensen, E and Grim, T and Ibáñez-Álamo, JD and Jokimäki, J and Mänd, R and Markó, G and Tryjanowski, P}, title = {High urban population density of birds reflects their timing of urbanization.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {170}, number = {3}, pages = {867-875}, pmid = {22588633}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Population Density ; Time Factors ; *Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Living organisms generally occur at the highest population density in the most suitable habitat. Therefore, invasion of and adaptation to novel habitats imply a gradual increase in population density, from that at or below what was found in the ancestral habitat to a density that may reach higher levels in the novel habitat following adaptation to that habitat. We tested this prediction of invasion biology by analyzing data on population density of breeding birds in their ancestral rural habitats and in matched nearby urban habitats that have been colonized recently across a continental latitudinal gradient. We estimated population density in the two types of habitats using extensive point census bird counts, and we obtained information on the year of urbanization when population density in urban habitats reached levels higher than that of the ancestral rural habitat from published records and estimates by experienced ornithologists. Both the difference in population density between urban and rural habitats and the year of urbanization were significantly repeatable when analyzing multiple populations of the same species across Europe. Population density was on average 30 % higher in urban than in rural habitats, although density reached as much as 100-fold higher in urban habitats in some species. Invasive urban bird species that colonized urban environments over a long period achieved the largest increases in population density compared to their ancestral rural habitats. This was independent of whether species were anciently or recently urbanized, providing a unique cross-validation of timing of urban invasions. These results suggest that successful invasion of urban habitats was associated with gradual adaptation to these habitats as shown by a significant increase in population density in urban habitats over time.}, }
@article {pmid22582829, year = {2012}, author = {Thompson, GD and Bellstedt, DU and Byrne, M and Millar, MA and Richardson, DM and Wilson, JR and Le Roux, JJ}, title = {Cultivation shapes genetic novelty in a globally important invader.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {21}, number = {13}, pages = {3187-3199}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05601.x}, pmid = {22582829}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Acacia/*genetics ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA, Chloroplast/genetics ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotyping Techniques ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeography ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; South Africa ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {Acacia saligna is a species complex that has become invasive in a number of countries worldwide where it has caused substantial environmental and economic impacts. Understanding genetic and other factors contributing to its success may allow managers to limit future invasions of closely related species. We used three molecular markers to compare the introduced range (South Africa) to the native range (Western Australia). Nuclear markers showed that invasive populations are divergent from native populations and most closely related to a cultivated population in Western Australia. We also found incongruence between nuclear and chloroplast data that, together with the long history of cultivation of the species, suggest that introgressive hybridization (coupled with chloroplast capture) may have occurred within A. saligna. While we could not definitively prove introgression, the genetic distance between cultivated and native A. saligna populations was comparable to known interspecific divergences among other Acacia species. Therefore, cultivation, multiple large-scale introductions and possibly introgressive hybridization have rapidly given rise to the divergent genetic entity present in South Africa. This may explain the known global variation in invasiveness and inaccuracy of native bioclimatic models in predicting potential distributions.}, }
@article {pmid22582240, year = {2012}, author = {Strain, D}, title = {Invasive species. A foul problem.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {336}, number = {6082}, pages = {665}, doi = {10.1126/science.336.6082.665}, pmid = {22582240}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofouling ; *Introduced Species ; *Mytilus edulis ; Salinity ; Seawater ; *Ships ; Temperature ; *Urochordata ; }, }
@article {pmid22582239, year = {2012}, author = {Strain, D}, title = {Invasive species. Researchers set course to blockade ballast invaders.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {336}, number = {6082}, pages = {664-665}, doi = {10.1126/science.336.6082.664}, pmid = {22582239}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; *Seawater ; *Ships ; United States ; }, }
@article {pmid22579567, year = {2012}, author = {Reynolds, JA and Poelchau, MF and Rahman, Z and Armbruster, PA and Denlinger, DL}, title = {Transcript profiling reveals mechanisms for lipid conservation during diapause in the mosquito, Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {58}, number = {7}, pages = {966-973}, pmid = {22579567}, issn = {1879-1611}, support = {R21 AI081041/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*embryology/enzymology/*genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Fatty Acid Desaturases/genetics/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Insect Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Larva/genetics/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Lipase/genetics/metabolism ; *Lipid Metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is a medically important invasive species whose geographic distribution has expanded dramatically during the past 20 years, and one of the key elements of its success is its capacity to survive long distance transport as a diapausing pharate first instar larva, encased within the chorion of the egg. We report that pharate larvae entering diapause are larger and contain 30% more lipid than their nondiapausing counterparts. To improve our understanding of the molecular regulation of lipid metabolism during diapause, we assessed the relative mRNA abundance of 21 genes using qRT-PCR. Elevated expression of lipid storage droplet protein 2 during embryonic development likely contributes to the higher amounts of lipid we noted in diapausing individuals. The conservation of lipids during diapause is reflected in downregulation of genes involved in lipid catabolism, including lipase 2, lipase 3, lipase 4, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 4, and isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase. Two genes involved in fatty acid synthesis and modification, Δ(9)-desaturase, and fatty acyl-CoA elongase, were both upregulated in diapausing pharate larvae, suggesting roles for their gene products in generating unsaturated fatty acids to enhance membrane fluidity at low temperatures and generating precursors to the surface hydrocarbons needed to resist desiccation, respectively. Together, the results point to substantial distinctions in lipid metabolism within the embryo as a consequence of the diapause program, and these differences occur both before the actual onset of diapause as well as during the diapause state.}, }
@article {pmid22574145, year = {2012}, author = {Hugo, S and Van Rensburg, BJ and Van Wyk, AE and Steenkamp, Y}, title = {Alien phytogeographic regions of southern Africa: numerical classification, possible drivers, and regional threats.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, pages = {e36269}, pmid = {22574145}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Phylogeography/*methods ; Plants/*classification ; }, abstract = {The distributions of naturalised alien plant species that have invaded natural or semi-natural habitat are often geographically restricted by the environmental conditions in their new range, implying that alien species with similar environmental requirements and tolerances may form assemblages and characterise particular areas. The aim of this study was to use objective numerical techniques to reveal any possible alien phytogeographic regions (i.e. geographic areas with characteristic alien plant assemblages) in southern Africa. Quarter degree resolution presence records of naturalised alien plant species of South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia and Botswana were analysed through a divisive hierarchical classification technique, and the output was plotted on maps for further interpretation. The analyses revealed two main alien phytogeographic regions that could be subdivided into eight lower level phytogeographic regions. Along with knowledge of the environmental requirements of the characteristic species and supported by further statistical analyses, we hypothesised on the main drivers of alien phytogeographic regions, and suggest that environmental features such as climate and associated biomes were most important, followed by human activities that modify climatic and vegetation features, such as irrigation and agriculture. Most of the characteristic species are not currently well-known as invasive plant species, but many may have potential to become troublesome in the future. Considering the possibility of biotic homogenization, these findings have implications for predicting the characteristics of the plant assemblages of the future. However, the relatively low quality of the dataset necessitates further more in-depth studies with improved data before the findings could be directly beneficial for management.}, }
@article {pmid22573531, year = {2012}, author = {Nielson, RJ and Moffitt, CM and Watten, BJ}, title = {Toxicity of elevated partial pressures of carbon dioxide to invasive New Zealand mudsnails.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {31}, number = {8}, pages = {1838-1842}, doi = {10.1002/etc.1877}, pmid = {22573531}, issn = {1552-8618}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon Dioxide/*toxicity ; *Introduced Species ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Molluscacides/*toxicity ; New Zealand ; Partial Pressure ; Snails/*drug effects ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The authors tested the efficacy of elevated partial pressures of CO(2) to kill invasive New Zealand mudsnails. The New Zealand mudsnails were exposed to 100 kPa at three water temperatures, and the survival was modeled versus dose as cumulative °C-h. We estimated an LD50 of 59.4°C-h for adult and juvenile New Zealand mudsnails. The results suggest that CO(2) may be an effective and inexpensive lethal tool to treat substrates, tanks, or materials infested with New Zealand mudsnails.}, }
@article {pmid22568700, year = {2012}, author = {Czerniejewski, P and Skuza, L and Drotz, MK and Berggren, M}, title = {Molecular connectedness between self and none self-sustainable populations of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis, H. Milne Edwards, 1853) with focus to the Swedish Lake Vänern and the Oder and Vistula River in Poland.}, journal = {Hereditas}, volume = {149}, number = {2}, pages = {55-61}, doi = {10.1111/j.1601-5223.2012.02246.x}, pmid = {22568700}, issn = {1601-5223}, mesh = {Animals ; Bays ; Brachyura/*genetics ; China ; DNA, Intergenic/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Europe ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Protein Subunits/genetics ; Rivers ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United States ; }, abstract = {The highly invasive Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) was studied to reveal the genetic relationship between three none self-sustainable population within the Polish Oder and Vistula River and Lake Vänern in Sweden. Crabs from self-sustainable populations were collected from the Elbe River (Germany), San Francisco Bay (USA) and five Asian river estuaries. Both parsimony and maximum likelihood analysis of the nuclear ITS 1 and ITS 2 regions reveal a similar topological pattern. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequence had too low resolution to be informative. The Oder River haplotypes showed high sequence similarities to both the Elbe population and/or the native spawning areas in China. The Vistula River showed haplotypic similarity to specimens from the Oder River in Poland or the Elbe River. Also high sequence similarities were observed to the specimens from the Swedish Lake Vänern indicating to an origin from the River Elbe. Minor changes in evolutionary interpretation exist depending on how gaps are treated and the analytic method. There is a complex movement involving back and forth transoceanic colonization of the Chinese mitten crab haplotypes. Invasion routes are discussed in relation to ship transfer routes and canal waterways.}, }
@article {pmid22566679, year = {2012}, author = {Evans, TG and Hofmann, GE}, title = {Defining the limits of physiological plasticity: how gene expression can assess and predict the consequences of ocean change.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {367}, number = {1596}, pages = {1733-1745}, pmid = {22566679}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biomarkers ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/genetics/physiology ; *Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling/*methods ; Genetic Fitness ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Ostreidae/physiology ; Physiological Phenomena ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic stressors, such as climate change, are driving fundamental shifts in the abiotic characteristics of marine ecosystems. As the environmental aspects of our world's oceans deviate from evolved norms, of major concern is whether extant marine species possess the capacity to cope with such rapid change. In what many scientists consider the post-genomic era, tools that exploit the availability of DNA sequence information are being increasingly recognized as relevant to questions surrounding ocean change and marine conservation. In this review, we highlight the application of high-throughput gene-expression profiling, primarily transcriptomics, to the field of marine conservation physiology. Through the use of case studies, we illustrate how gene expression can be used to standardize metrics of sub-lethal stress, track organism condition in natural environments and bypass phylogenetic barriers that hinder the application of other physiological techniques to conservation. When coupled with fine-scale monitoring of environmental variables, gene-expression profiling provides a powerful approach to conservation capable of informing diverse issues related to ocean change, from coral bleaching to the spread of invasive species. Integrating novel approaches capable of improving existing conservation strategies, including gene-expression profiling, will be critical to ensuring the ecological and economic health of the global ocean.}, }
@article {pmid22566677, year = {2012}, author = {Ruxton, GD and Schaefer, HM}, title = {The conservation physiology of seed dispersal.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {367}, number = {1596}, pages = {1708-1718}, pmid = {22566677}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Digestive System Physiological Phenomena ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Geography ; Germination ; Plant Development ; Population Density ; Seed Dispersal/*physiology ; Seeds/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {At a time when plant species are experiencing increasing challenges from climate change, land-use change, harvesting and invasive species, dispersal has become a very important aspect of plant conservation. Seed dispersal by animals is particularly important because some animals disperse seeds to suitable sites in a directed fashion. Our review has two aims: (i) to highlight the various ways plant dispersal by animals can be affected by current anthropogenic change and (ii) to show the important role of plant and (particularly) animal physiology in shaping seed-dispersal interactions. We argue that large-bodied seed dispersers may be particularly important for plant conservation because seed dispersal of large-seeded plants is often more specialized and because large-bodied animals are targeted by human exploitation and have smaller population sizes. We further argue that more specialized seed-dispersal systems on island ecosystems might be particularly at risk from climate change both owing to small population sizes involved but also owing to the likely thermal specialization, particularly on tropical islands. More generally, the inherent vulnerability of seed-dispersal mutualisms to disruption driven by environmental change (as well as their ubiquity) demands that we continue to improve our understanding of their conservation physiology.}, }
@article {pmid22566673, year = {2012}, author = {Meylan, S and Miles, DB and Clobert, J}, title = {Hormonally mediated maternal effects, individual strategy and global change.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {367}, number = {1596}, pages = {1647-1664}, pmid = {22566673}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; Clutch Size/physiology ; Environmental Pollution ; Female ; Genetic Fitness ; Hormones/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Neurosecretory Systems/physiology ; Phenotype ; Population Dynamics ; Steroids/physiology ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {A challenge to ecologists and evolutionary biologists is predicting organismal responses to the anticipated changes to global ecosystems through climate change. Most evidence suggests that short-term global change may involve increasing occurrences of extreme events, therefore the immediate response of individuals will be determined by physiological capacities and life-history adaptations to cope with extreme environmental conditions. Here, we consider the role of hormones and maternal effects in determining the persistence of species in altered environments. Hormones, specifically steroids, are critical for patterning the behaviour and morphology of parents and their offspring. Hence, steroids have a pervasive influence on multiple aspects of the offspring phenotype over its lifespan. Stress hormones, e.g. glucocorticoids, modulate and perturb phenotypes both early in development and later into adulthood. Females exposed to abiotic stressors during reproduction may alter the phenotypes by manipulation of hormones to the embryos. Thus, hormone-mediated maternal effects, which generate phenotypic plasticity, may be one avenue for coping with global change. Variation in exposure to hormones during development influences both the propensity to disperse, which alters metapopulation dynamics, and population dynamics, by affecting either recruitment to the population or subsequent life-history characteristics of the offspring. We suggest that hormones may be an informative index to the potential for populations to adapt to changing environments.}, }
@article {pmid22566671, year = {2012}, author = {Chown, SL}, title = {Trait-based approaches to conservation physiology: forecasting environmental change risks from the bottom up.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {367}, number = {1596}, pages = {1615-1627}, pmid = {22566671}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; *Climate Change ; Clutch Size/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution ; Extinction, Biological ; Forecasting/methods ; Introduced Species ; Physiological Phenomena/*physiology ; Risk Assessment ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Trait-based approaches have long been a feature of physiology and of ecology. While the latter fields drifted apart in the twentieth century, they are converging owing at least partly to growing similarities in their trait-based approaches, which have much to offer conservation biology. The convergence of spatially explicit approaches to understanding trait variation and its ecological implications, such as encapsulated in community assembly and macrophysiology, provides a significant illustration of the similarity of these areas. Both adopt trait-based informatics approaches which are not only providing fundamental biological insights, but are also delivering new information on how environmental change is affecting diversity and how such change may perhaps be mitigated. Such trait-based conservation physiology is illustrated here for each of the major environmental change drivers, specifically: the consequences of overexploitation for body size and physiological variation; the impacts of vegetation change on thermal safety margins; the consequences of changing net primary productivity and human use thereof for physiological variation and ecosystem functioning; the impacts of rising temperatures on water loss in ectotherms; how hemisphere-related variation in traits may affect responses to changing rainfall regimes and pollution; and how trait-based approaches may enable interactions between climate change and biological invasions to be elucidated.}, }
@article {pmid22563451, year = {2012}, author = {He, WM and Montesinos, D and Thelen, GC and Callaway, RM}, title = {Growth and competitive effects of Centaurea stoebe populations in response to simulated nitrogen deposition.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {e36257}, pmid = {22563451}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Centaurea/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Increased resource availability can promote invasion by exotic plants, raising concerns over the potential effects of global increases in the deposition of nitrogen (N). It is poorly understood why increased N favors exotics over natives. Fast growth may be a general trait of good invaders and these species may have exceptional abilities to increase growth rates in response to N deposition. Additionally, invaders commonly displace locals, and thus may have inherently greater competitive abilities. The mean growth response of Centaurea stoebe to two N levels was significantly greater than that of North American (NA) species. Growth responses to N did not vary among C. stoebe populations or NA species. Without supplemental N, NA species were better competitors than C. stoebe, and C. stoebe populations varied in competitive effects. The competitive effects of C. stoebe populations increased with N whereas the competitive effects of NA species decreased, eliminating the overall competitive advantage demonstrated by NA species in soil without N added. These results suggest that simulated N deposition may enhance C. stoebe invasion through increasing its growth and relative competitive advantage, and also indicate the possibility of local adaptation in competitive effects across the introduced range of an invader.}, }
@article {pmid22563329, year = {2012}, author = {Slack, E and Balmer, ML and Fritz, JH and Hapfelmeier, S}, title = {Functional flexibility of intestinal IgA - broadening the fine line.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {100}, pmid = {22563329}, issn = {1664-3224}, abstract = {Intestinal bacteria outnumber our own human cells in conditions of both health and disease. It has long been recognized that secretory antibody, particularly IgA, is produced in response to these microbes and hypothesized that this must play an important role in defining the relationship between a host and its intestinal microbes. However, the exact role of IgA and the mechanisms by which IgA can act are only beginning to be understood. In this review we attempt to unravel the complex interaction between so-called "natural," "primitive" (T-cell-independent), and "classical" IgA responses, the nature of the intestinal microbiota/intestinal pathogens and the highly flexible dynamic homeostasis of the mucosal immune system. Such an analysis reveals that low-affinity IgA is sufficient to protect the host from excess mucosal immune activation induced by harmless commensal microbes. However, affinity-maturation of "classical" IgA is essential to provide protection from more invasive commensal species such as segmented filamentous bacteria and from true pathogens such as Salmonellatyphimurium. Thus a correlation is revealed between "sophistication" of the IgA response and aggressiveness of the challenge. A second emerging theme is that more-invasive species take advantage of host inflammatory mechanisms to more successfully compete with the resident microbiota. In many cases, the function of IgA may be to limit such inflammatory responses, either directly by coagulating or inhibiting virulence of bacteria before they can interact with the host or by modulating immune signaling induced by host recognition. Therefore IgA appears to provide an added layer of robustness in the intestinal ecosystem, promoting "commensal-like" behavior of its residents.}, }
@article {pmid22562682, year = {2012}, author = {Rizevsky, SV and Bodilovskaya, OA and Golubev, AP and Kurchenko, VP}, title = {Capacity for long-term self-fertilization of the pulmonate mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis as a factor of preservation of human cercarial dermatitis foci.}, journal = {Doklady biological sciences : proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Biological sciences sections}, volume = {443}, number = {}, pages = {109-112}, pmid = {22562682}, issn = {0012-4966}, mesh = {Animals ; Cercaria ; Dermatitis/parasitology ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Lymnaea/genetics/*parasitology/*physiology ; Population Density ; Republic of Belarus ; *Self-Fertilization ; Skin Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology/transmission ; Trematode Infections/parasitology/transmission ; }, }
@article {pmid22562012, year = {2012}, author = {van Wilgen, BW and Richardson, DM}, title = {Three centuries of managing introduced conifers in South Africa: Benefits, impacts, changing perceptions and conflict resolution.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {106}, number = {}, pages = {56-68}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.03.052}, pmid = {22562012}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Carbon Sequestration ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Environmental Policy ; Fires ; Forestry/*economics/*history ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; *Introduced Species ; *Negotiating ; Pinus ; Privatization ; South Africa ; *Tracheophyta ; }, abstract = {Alien conifers, mainly pines, have been planted in South Africa for a range of purposes for over 300 years. Formal plantations cover 660,000 ha of the country, and invasive stands of varying density occur on a further 2.9 million ha. These trees have brought many benefits but have also caused unintended problems. The management of alien conifers has evolved in response to emerging problems such as excessive water use by plantations of conifers, changing values and markets, and the realities of a new ecological order brought about by invasive alien conifers. This paper reviews the history of conifer introductions to South Africa, the benefits and impacts with which they are associated, and the ongoing and evolving research that has been conducted to inform their management. The South African approach has included taking courageous steps to address the problem of highly invasive species that are also an important commercial crop. These interventions have not, however, had the desired effect of both retaining benefits from formal plantations while simultaneously reversing the trend of growing impacts associated with self-sown invasive stands. We suggest that different approaches need to be considered, including the systematic phasing out of commercial forestry in zones where it delivers low returns, and the introduction of more effective, focussed and integrated, region-specific approaches to the management of invasive stands of conifers. These steps would deliver much improved economic outcomes by protecting valuable ecosystem services, but will require political commitment to policies that could be unpopular in certain sectors of society.}, }
@article {pmid22559965, year = {2012}, author = {Tang, W and Chen, Y}, title = {Hybridization between native barbless carp (Cyprinus pellegrini) and introduced common carp (C. carpio) in Xingyun Lake, China.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {29}, number = {5}, pages = {311-318}, doi = {10.2108/zsj.29.311}, pmid = {22559965}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; China ; Genetic Variation ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Hybridization with introduced fish species is an important threat to native fish species. Here we investigated hybridization between native barbless carp (Cyprinus pellegrini) and introduced common carp (C. carpio) in Xingyun Lake in the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau of China. A total of 203 individuals of Cyprinus from Xingyun Lake were studied by combination of morphological and genetic analyses. Most individuals were strictly intermediate between the two parental species in morphology, strongly suggesting that extensive hybridization has occurred. Bayesian model-based clustering of the genetic data suggests that there are two distinct genetic groups corresponding to barbless and common carp respectively. Many individuals in the two genetic groups showed intermediate morphology, suggesting that both groups actually contain massively introgressed genes. Only two individuals were identified as barbless carp both morphologically and genetically, hinting that this native species is at risk of genetic extinction in Xingyun Lake.}, }
@article {pmid22558764, year = {2012}, author = {Durieux, D and Fischer, C and Deneubourg, JL and Brostaux, Y and Lognay, G and Vandereycken, A and Joie, E and Haubruge, E and Verheggen, FJ}, title = {Study of the factors involved in the aggregation of Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).}, journal = {Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, pages = {101-104}, pmid = {22558764}, issn = {1379-1176}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects/*physiology ; Coleoptera/drug effects/*physiology ; Hydrocarbons/metabolism/pharmacology ; Insect Control/methods ; Introduced Species ; Motor Activity ; Pest Control, Biological ; Seasons ; }, }
@article {pmid22558248, year = {2012}, author = {Xu, CY and Schooler, SS and Van Klinken, RD}, title = {Differential influence of clonal integration on morphological and growth responses to light in two invasive herbs.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {e35873}, pmid = {22558248}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Amaranthaceae/anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; Asteraceae/anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; Clone Cells ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Light ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; Plant Stems/anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; Reproduction, Asexual ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In contrast to seeds, high sensitivity of vegetative fragments to unfavourable environments may limit the expansion of clonal invasive plants. However, clonal integration promotes the establishment of propagules in less suitable habitats and may facilitate the expansion of clonal invaders into intact native communities. Here, we examine the influence of clonal integration on the morphology and growth of ramets in two invasive plants, Alternanthera philoxeroides and Phyla canescens, under varying light conditions.<br><br>METHODS: In a greenhouse experiment, branches, connected ramets and severed ramets of the same mother plant were exposed under full sun and 85% shade and their morphological and growth responses were assessed.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: The influence of clonal integration on the light reaction norm (connection&#xd7;light interaction) of daughter ramets was species-specific. For A. philoxeroides, clonal integration evened out the light response (total biomass, leaf mass per area, and stem number, diameter and length) displayed in severed ramets, but these connection&#xd7;light interactions were largely absent for P. canescens. Nevertheless, for both species, clonal integration overwhelmed light effect in promoting the growth of juvenile ramets during early development. Also, vertical growth, as an apparent shade acclimation response, was more prevalent in severed ramets than in connected ramets. Finally, unrooted branches displayed smaller organ size and slower growth than connected ramets, but the pattern of light reaction was similar, suggesting mother plants invest in daughter ramets prior to their own branches.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Clonal integration modifies light reaction norms of morphological and growth traits in a species-specific manner for A. philoxeroides and P. canescens, but it improves the establishment of juvenile ramets of both species in light-limiting environments by promoting their growth during early development. This factor may be partially responsible for their ability to successfully colonize native plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid22548317, year = {2012}, author = {Dutech, C and Barrès, B and Bridier, J and Robin, C and Milgroom, MG and Ravigné, V}, title = {The chestnut blight fungus world tour: successive introduction events from diverse origins in an invasive plant fungal pathogen.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {21}, number = {16}, pages = {3931-3946}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05575.x}, pmid = {22548317}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Ascomycota/*genetics/*pathogenicity ; Bayes Theorem ; China ; Europe ; Fagaceae/*microbiology ; France ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; Multivariate Analysis ; North America ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Clonal expansion has been observed in several invasive fungal plant pathogens colonizing new areas, raising the question of the origin of clonal lineages. Using microsatellite markers, we retraced the evolutionary history of introduction of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, in North America and western Europe. Combining discriminant analysis of principal components and approximate Bayesian computation analysis, we showed that several introduction events from genetically differentiated source populations have occurred in both invaded areas. In addition, a low signal of genetic recombination among different source populations was suggested in North America. Finally, two genetic lineages were present in both invaded areas as well as in the native areas, suggesting the existence of genetic lineages with a high capacity to establish in diverse environments and host species. This study confirmed the importance of multiple introductions, but questioned the role of genetic admixture in the success of introduction of a fungal plant pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid22548215, year = {2012}, author = {}, title = {Southwestern and Rocky Mountain Division. On Great Plains, Juniper Invasion signals prairies in distress.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {336}, number = {6080}, pages = {432}, pmid = {22548215}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Juniperus ; Midwestern United States ; }, }
@article {pmid22547211, year = {2012}, author = {Pfleeger, T and Blakeley-Smith, M and King, G and Henry Lee, E and Plocher, M and Olszyk, D}, title = {The effects of glyphosate and aminopyralid on a multi-species plant field trial.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)}, volume = {21}, number = {7}, pages = {1771-1787}, pmid = {22547211}, issn = {1573-3017}, mesh = {Carboxylic Acids/*toxicity ; Clarkia ; Festuca ; Glycine/*analogs &amp; derivatives/toxicity ; Herbicides/*toxicity ; *Magnoliopsida ; Prunella ; Pyridines/*toxicity ; *Toxicity Tests ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {In the United States, the US EPA has the responsibility for the registration of pesticides. For the protection of nontarget terrestrial plants this requires two simple greenhouse tests (seedling emergence and vegetative vigor), each done with ten species grown individually. Indications of unacceptable effects levels equivalent to environmental exposure can lead to field testing which is not well-defined. Our objective was to develop a regional field test that is simple, economical, geographically flexible and with endpoints of ecological significance and compare the results with the standard greenhouse tests. Three native Oregon plant species were grown together with an introduced species. The experiment was replicated at two locations and repeated for 3 years with glyphosate applied at 0, 0.01 (8.3 g/ha), 0.1 (83.2 g/ha), and 0.2 (166.4 g/ha) × FAR (Field Application Rate of 832 gm/ha acid equivalent) and 2 years with aminopyralid applied at 0, 0.037 (4.6 g/ha), 0.136 (16.7 g/ha), and 0.5 (61.5 g/ha) × FAR (123 g/ha acid equivalent). With glyphosate, plant height and volume decreased with increasing herbicide concentration for all species, and for nearly all farm × year combinations. With aminopyralid, one species died at nearly all concentrations, sites and years, while the effects on the other three species were less pronounced and variable. The relative rank in glyphosate sensitivity among species in the field studies differed from the ranking from greenhouse studies, with Cynososurs echinatus the most sensitive in the field but Prunella vulgaris the most sensitive in the greenhouse. With aminopyralid, sensitivity generally was similar for all species in the greenhouse as in the field. The results suggest that a simple field test can be successfully designed to investigate the ecological effects of herbicides on plant communities and supplement information gained from greenhouse tests performed in controlled environments.}, }
@article {pmid22543680, year = {2012}, author = {Kozich, AT and Halvorsen, KE}, title = {Compliance with wetland mitigation standards in the upper peninsula of Michigan, USA.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {97-105}, pmid = {22543680}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods/trends ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Health/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*standards/trends ; Environmental Monitoring/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*standards ; Environmental Policy/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/trends ; Government Regulation ; Michigan ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The United States has lost about half its wetland acreage since European settlement, and the effectiveness of current wetland mitigation policies is often questioned. In most states, federal wetland laws are overseen by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, but Michigan administers these laws through the state's Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ). Our research provides insight into the effectiveness of the state's implementation of these laws. We examined wetland mitigation permit files issued in Michigan's Upper Peninsula between 2003 and 2006 to assess compliance with key MDEQ policies. Forty-six percent of files were out of compliance with monitoring report requirements, and forty-nine percent lacked required conservation easement documents. We also conducted site assessments of select compensatory wetland projects to determine compliance with MDEQ invasive plant species performance standards. Fifty-five percent were out of compliance. We found no relationship between invasive species noncompliance and past site monitoring, age of mitigation site, or proximity to roads. However, we found wetland restoration projects far more likely to be compliant with performance standards than wetland creation projects. We suggest policy changes and agency actions that could increase compliance with wetland restoration and mitigation goals.}, }
@article {pmid22543107, year = {2012}, author = {Morais, MC and Panuccio, MR and Muscolo, A and Freitas, H}, title = {Salt tolerance traits increase the invasive success of Acacia longifolia in Portuguese coastal dunes.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {55}, number = {}, pages = {60-65}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.03.013}, pmid = {22543107}, issn = {1873-2690}, mesh = {Acacia/drug effects/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Catalase/metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Glutathione Reductase/metabolism ; Peroxidases/metabolism ; Plant Roots/drug effects/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Plant Shoots/drug effects/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Population Dynamics ; Portugal ; Potassium/metabolism ; Salt Tolerance/*physiology ; Sodium/metabolism ; Sodium Chloride/pharmacology ; Species Specificity ; Ulex/drug effects/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Salt tolerance of two co-occurring legumes in coastal areas of Portugal, a native species--Ulex europaeus, and an invasive species--Acacia longifolia, was evaluated in relation to plant growth, ion content and antioxidant enzyme activities. Plants were submitted to four concentrations of NaCl (0, 50, 100 and 200 mM) for three months, under controlled conditions. The results showed that NaCl affects the growth of both species in different ways. Salt stress significantly reduced the plant height and the dry weight in Acacia longifolia whereas in U. europaeus the effect was not significant. Under salt stress, the root:shoot ratio (W(R):W(S)) and root mass ratio (W(R):W(RS)) increased as a result of increasing salinity in A. longifolia but the same was not observed in U. europaeus. In addition, salt stress caused a significant accumulation of Na+, especially in U. europaeus, and a decrease in K+ content and K+/Na+ ratio. The activities of antioxidant enzymes were higher in A. longifolia compared to U. europaeus. In A. longifolia, catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2.) activities increased significantly, while ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) and peroxidase (POX, EC 1.11.1.7) activities remained unchanged in comparison with the control. In U. europaeus, NaCl concentration significantly reduced APX activity but did not significantly affect CAT, GR and POX activities. Our results suggest that the invasive species copes better with salinity stress in part due to a higher rates of CAT and GR activities and a higher K+/Na+ ratio, which may represent an additional advantage when competing with native species in co-occurring salty habitats.}, }
@article {pmid22542902, year = {2012}, author = {Allen, JM and Obae, SG and Brand, MH and Silander, JA and Jones, KL and Nunziata, SO and Lance, SL}, title = {Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for Berberis thunbergii (Berberidaceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {99}, number = {5}, pages = {e220-2}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1100530}, pmid = {22542902}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Berberis/*genetics ; DNA Primers/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Microsatellite markers were isolated and characterized in Berberis thunbergii, an invasive and ornamental shrub in the eastern United States, to assess genetic diversity among populations and potentially identify horticultural cultivars.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 12 loci were identified for the species. Eight of the loci were polymorphic and were screened in 24 individuals from two native (Tochigi and Ibaraki prefectures, Japan) and one invasive (Connecticut, USA) population and 21 horticultural cultivars. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to seven, and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.048 to 0.636.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These new markers will provide tools for examining genetic relatedness of B. thunbergii plants in the native and invasive range, including phylogeographic studies and assessment of rapid evolution in the invasive range. These markers may also provide tools for examining hybridization with other related species in the invasive range.}, }
@article {pmid22539983, year = {2012}, author = {Boubou, A and Migeon, A and Roderick, GK and Auger, P and Cornuet, JM and Magalhães, S and Navajas, M}, title = {Test of colonisation scenarios reveals complex invasion history of the red tomato spider mite Tetranychus evansi.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {e35601}, pmid = {22539983}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Tetranychidae/*genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {The spider mite Tetranychus evansi is an emerging pest of solanaceous crops worldwide. Like many other emerging pests, its small size, confusing taxonomy, complex history of associations with humans, and propensity to start new populations from small inocula, make the study of its invasion biology difficult. Here, we use recent developments in Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) and variation in multi-locus genetic markers to reconstruct the complex historical demography of this cryptic invasive pest. By distinguishing among multiple pathways and timing of introductions, we find evidence for the "bridgehead effect", in which one invasion serves as source for subsequent invasions. Tetranychus evansi populations in Europe and Africa resulted from at least three independent introductions from South America and involved mites from two distinct sources in Brazil, corresponding to highly divergent mitochondrial DNA lineages. Mites from southwest Brazil (BR-SW) colonized the African continent, and from there Europe through two pathways in a "bridgehead" type pattern. One pathway resulted in a widespread invasion, not only to Europe, but also to other regions in Africa, southern Europe and eastern Asia. The second pathway involved the mixture with a second introduction from BR-SW leading to an admixed population in southern Spain. Admixture was also detected between invasive populations in Portugal. A third introduction from the Brazilian Atlantic region resulted in only a limited invasion in Europe. This study illustrates that ABC methods can provide insights into, and distinguish among, complex invasion scenarios. These processes are critical not only in understanding the biology of invasions, but also in refining management strategies for invasive species. For example, while reported observations of the mite and outbreaks in the invaded areas were largely consistent with estimates of geographical expansion from the ABC approach, historical observations failed to recognize the complex pathways involved and the corresponding effects on genetic diversity.}, }
@article {pmid22536448, year = {2012}, author = {Firn, J and Prober, SM and Buckley, YM}, title = {Plastic traits of an exotic grass contribute to its abundance but are not always favourable.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {e35870}, pmid = {22536448}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Analysis of Variance ; Biomass ; Eragrostis/anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Fertilizers ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Plant Leaves/anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Queensland ; }, abstract = {In herbaceous ecosystems worldwide, biodiversity has been negatively impacted by changed grazing regimes and nutrient enrichment. Altered disturbance regimes are thought to favour invasive species that have a high phenotypic plasticity, although most studies measure plasticity under controlled conditions in the greenhouse and then assume plasticity is an advantage in the field. Here, we compare trait plasticity between three co-occurring, C(4) perennial grass species, an invader Eragrostis curvula, and natives Eragrostis sororia and Aristida personata to grazing and fertilizer in a three-year field trial. We measured abundances and several leaf traits known to correlate with strategies used by plants to fix carbon and acquire resources, i.e. specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf nutrient concentrations (N, C:N, P), assimilation rates (Amax) and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE). In the control treatment (grazed only), trait values for SLA, leaf C:N ratios, Amax and PNUE differed significantly between the three grass species. When trait values were compared across treatments, E. curvula showed higher trait plasticity than the native grasses, and this correlated with an increase in abundance across all but the grazed/fertilized treatment. The native grasses showed little trait plasticity in response to the treatments. Aristida personata decreased significantly in the treatments where E. curvula increased, and E. sororia abundance increased possibly due to increased rainfall and not in response to treatments or invader abundance. Overall, we found that plasticity did not favour an increase in abundance of E. curvula under the grazed/fertilized treatment likely because leaf nutrient contents increased and subsequently its' palatability to consumers. E. curvula also displayed a higher resource use efficiency than the native grasses. These findings suggest resource conditions and disturbance regimes can be manipulated to disadvantage the success of even plastic exotic species.}, }
@article {pmid22536425, year = {2012}, author = {He, WM and Li, JJ and Peng, PH}, title = {A congeneric comparison shows that experimental warming enhances the growth of invasive Eupatorium adenophorum.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {e35681}, pmid = {22536425}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ageratina/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Biomass ; Eupatorium/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Global Warming ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Stress, Physiological ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Rising air temperatures may change the risks of invasive plants; however, little is known about how different warming timings affect the growth and stress-tolerance of invasive plants. We conducted an experiment with an invasive plant Eupatorium adenophorum and a native congener Eupatorium chinense, and contrasted their mortality, plant height, total biomass, and biomass allocation in ambient, day-, night-, and daily-warming treatments. The mortality of plants was significantly higher in E. chinense than E. adenophorum in four temperature regimes. Eupatorium adenophorum grew larger than E. chinense in the ambient climate, and this difference was amplified with warming. On the basis of the net effects of warming, daily-warming exhibited the strongest influence on E. adenophorum, followed by day-warming and night-warming. There was a positive correlation between total biomass and root weight ratio in E. adenophorum, but not in E. chinense. These findings suggest that climate warming may enhance E. adenophorum invasions through increasing its growth and stress-tolerance, and that day-, night- and daily-warming may play different roles in this facilitation.}, }
@article {pmid22536408, year = {2012}, author = {Taylor, S and Kumar, L and Reid, N and Kriticos, DJ}, title = {Climate change and the potential distribution of an invasive shrub, Lantana camara L.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {e35565}, pmid = {22536408}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; *Global Warming ; *Introduced Species ; *Lantana/physiology ; Models, Biological ; *Plant Weeds/physiology ; Software ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {The threat posed by invasive species, in particular weeds, to biodiversity may be exacerbated by climate change. Lantana camara L. (lantana) is a woody shrub that is highly invasive in many countries of the world. It has a profound economic and environmental impact worldwide, including Australia. Knowledge of the likely potential distribution of this invasive species under current and future climate will be useful in planning better strategies to manage the invasion. A process-oriented niche model of L. camara was developed using CLIMEX to estimate its potential distribution under current and future climate scenarios. The model was calibrated using data from several knowledge domains, including phenological observations and geographic distribution records. The potential distribution of lantana under historical climate exceeded the current distribution in some areas of the world, notably Africa and Asia. Under future scenarios, the climatically suitable areas for L. camara globally were projected to contract. However, some areas were identified in North Africa, Europe and Australia that may become climatically suitable under future climates. In South Africa and China, its potential distribution could expand further inland. These results can inform strategic planning by biosecurity agencies, identifying areas to target for eradication or containment. Distribution maps of risk of potential invasion can be useful tools in public awareness campaigns, especially in countries that have been identified as becoming climatically suitable for L. camara under the future climate scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid22535696, year = {2012}, author = {Caminade, C and Medlock, JM and Ducheyne, E and McIntyre, KM and Leach, S and Baylis, M and Morse, AP}, title = {Suitability of European climate for the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus: recent trends and future scenarios.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {9}, number = {75}, pages = {2708-2717}, pmid = {22535696}, issn = {1742-5662}, support = {//Department of Health/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Climate ; Computer Simulation ; Europe ; Insect Vectors/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) is an invasive species that has the potential to transmit infectious diseases such as dengue and chikungunya fever. Using high-resolution observations and regional climate model scenarios for the future, we investigated the suitability of Europe for A. albopictus using both recent climate and future climate conditions. The results show that southern France, northern Italy, the northern coast of Spain, the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea and western Turkey were climatically suitable areas for the establishment of the mosquito during the 1960-1980s. Over the last two decades, climate conditions have become more suitable for the mosquito over central northwestern Europe (Benelux, western Germany) and the Balkans, while they have become less suitable over southern Spain. Similar trends are likely in the future, with an increased risk simulated over northern Europe and slightly decreased risk over southern Europe. These distribution shifts are related to wetter and warmer conditions favouring the overwintering of A. albopictus in the north, and drier and warmer summers that might limit its southward expansion.}, }
@article {pmid22535249, year = {2012}, author = {Fridley, JD}, title = {Extended leaf phenology and the autumn niche in deciduous forest invasions.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {485}, number = {7398}, pages = {359-362}, pmid = {22535249}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Carbon/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/classification/*growth &amp; development ; *Seasons ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Trees/classification/*growth &amp; development ; United States ; }, abstract = {The phenology of growth in temperate deciduous forests, including the timing of leaf emergence and senescence, has strong control over ecosystem properties such as productivity and nutrient cycling, and has an important role in the carbon economy of understory plants. Extended leaf phenology, whereby understory species assimilate carbon in early spring before canopy closure or in late autumn after canopy fall, has been identified as a key feature of many forest species invasions, but it remains unclear whether there are systematic differences in the growth phenology of native and invasive forest species or whether invaders are more responsive to warming trends that have lengthened the duration of spring or autumn growth. Here, in a 3-year monitoring study of 43 native and 30 non-native shrub and liana species common to deciduous forests in the eastern United States, I show that extended autumn leaf phenology is a common attribute of eastern US forest invasions, where non-native species are extending the autumn growing season by an average of 4 weeks compared with natives. In contrast, there was no consistent evidence that non-natives as a group show earlier spring growth phenology, and non-natives were not better able to track interannual variation in spring temperatures. Seasonal leaf production and photosynthetic data suggest that most non-native species capture a significant proportion of their annual carbon assimilate after canopy leaf fall, a behaviour that was virtually absent in natives and consistent across five phylogenetic groups. Pronounced differences in how native and non-native understory species use pre- and post-canopy environments suggest eastern US invaders are driving a seasonal redistribution of forest productivity that may rival climate change in its impact on forest processes.}, }
@article {pmid22533691, year = {2012}, author = {Sainsbury, AW and Vaughan-Higgins, RJ}, title = {Analyzing disease risks associated with translocations.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {442-452}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01839.x}, pmid = {22533691}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animal Diseases/etiology/immunology ; Animals ; Bird Diseases/*etiology/immunology ; Birds ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; England ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment/*methods ; }, abstract = {Translocations of species are expected to be used increasingly to counter the undesirable effects of anthropogenic changes to ecosystems, including loss of species. Methods to assess the risk of disease associated with translocations have been compiled in a comprehensive manual of disease-risk analysis for movement of domestic animals. We used this manual to devise a qualitative method for assessing the probability of the occurrence of disease in wild animals associated with translocations. We adapted the method such that we considered a parasite (any agent of infectious or noninfectious disease) a hazard if it or the host had crossed an ecological or geographical barrier and was novel to the host. We included in our analyses hazards present throughout the translocation pathway derived from the interactions between host immunity and the parasite, the effect of parasites on populations, the effect of noninfectious disease agents, and the effect of stressors on host-parasite interactions. We used the reintroduction of Eurasian Cranes (Grus grus) to England to demonstrate our method. Of the 24 hazards identified, 1 was classified as high risk (coccidia) and 5 were medium risk (highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, Mycobacterium avium, Aspergillus fumigatus, tracheal worms [Syngamus sp. and Cyathostoma sp.], and Tetrameres spp.). Seventeen other hazards were considered low or very low risk. In the absence of better information on the number, identity, distribution, and pathogenicity of parasites of wild animals, there is uncertainty in the risk of disease to translocated animals and recipient populations. Surveys of parasites in source and destination populations and detailed health monitoring after release will improve the information available for future analyses of disease risk. We believe our method can be adapted to assess the risks of disease in other translocated populations.}, }
@article {pmid22533673, year = {2012}, author = {Fitzgerald, K and Gordon, DM}, title = {Effects of vegetation cover, presence of a native ant species, and human disturbance on colonization by Argentine ants.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {525-538}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01836.x}, pmid = {22533673}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; California ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The spread of non-native invasive species is affected by human activity, vegetation cover, weather, and interaction with native species. We analyzed data from a 17-year study of the distribution of the non-native Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) and the native winter ant (Prenolepis imparis) in a preserve in northern California (U.S.A.). We conducted logistic regressions and used model selection to determine whether the following variables were associated with changes in the distribution of each species: presence of conspecifics at neighboring sites, distance to development (e.g., roads, buildings, and landscaped areas), proportion of vegetation cover taller than 0.75 m, elevation, distance to water, presence of both species at a site, temperature, and rainfall. Argentine ants colonized unoccupied sites from neighboring sites, but the probability of appearance and persistence decreased as distance to development, vegetation cover, and elevation increased. Winter ants appeared and persisted in sites with relatively high vegetation cover (i.e., highly shaded sites). Presence of the 2 species was negatively associated in sites with high vegetation cover (more winter ants) and sites near development (more Argentine ants). Probability of colonization of Argentine ants decreased where winter ants were most persistent. At sites near development within the preserve, abundant Argentine ant populations may be excluding winter ants. The high abundance of Argentine ants at these sites may be due to immigration from suburban areas outside the preserve, which are high-quality habitat for Argentine ants. In the interior of the preserve, distance from development, low-quality habitat, and interaction with winter ants may in combination exclude Argentine ants. Interactions among the variables we examined were associated with low probabilities of Argentine ant colonization in the preserve.}, }
@article {pmid22533083, year = {2012}, author = {Thorn, M and Varnado, WC and Goddard, J}, title = {First record of Aedes japonicus japonicus in Mississippi.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {43-44}, doi = {10.2987/11-6204.1}, pmid = {22533083}, issn = {8756-971X}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Mississippi ; }, abstract = {In July 2011, 7 late-stage larvae of Aedes japonicus japonicus were collected from a 5-gal bucket located behind a house in Fulton, MS. Three of the larvae were reared to the adult stage, with the remaining retained in 70% ethanol. Fifteen subsequent attempts over the next month to collect specimens by larval dipping in artificial containers at the property and surrounding towns in 3 adjacent counties all failed to produce any additional Ae. j. japonicus.}, }
@article {pmid22533082, year = {2012}, author = {Gaspar, JP and McKay, T and Huss, MJ}, title = {First report of Aedes japonicus in natural and artificial habitats in northeastern Arkansas.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {38-42}, doi = {10.2987/11-6196.1}, pmid = {22533082}, issn = {8756-971X}, mesh = {*Aedes/microbiology ; Animals ; Arkansas ; Fungi/isolation &amp; purification ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/microbiology ; Ochlerotatus/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {During the summers of 2010 and 2011, Aedes japonicus larvae were collected from 2 sites in northeastern Arkansas while collecting mosquito larvae for a study on the presence of gut-inhabiting fungal symbionts. This is the first report of Ae. japonicus in the state of Arkansas. No identifiable specimens of gut-inhabiting fungi were collected from dissected Ae. japonicus larvae.}, }
@article {pmid22527837, year = {2013}, author = {Montserrat, M and Sahún, RM and Guzmán, C}, title = {Can climate change jeopardize predator control of invasive herbivore species? A case study in avocado agro-ecosystems in Spain.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {59}, number = {1-2}, pages = {27-42}, pmid = {22527837}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; *Climate Change ; Food Chain ; *Herbivory ; *Persea ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Spain ; Tetranychidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Climate change is one of the most important factors affecting the phenology, distribution, composition and diversity of organisms. In agricultural systems many pests and natural enemies are arthropods. As poikilotherm organisms, their body temperature is highly dependent on environmental conditions. Because higher trophic levels typically have lower tolerance to high temperatures than lower trophic levels, trends towards increasing local or regional temperatures may affect the strength of predator/prey interactions and disrupt pest control. Furthermore, increasing temperatures may create climate corridors that could facilitate the invasion and establishment of invasive species originating from warmer areas. In this study we examined the effect of environmental conditions on the dynamics of an agro-ecosystem community located in southern Spain, using field data on predator/prey dynamics and climate gathered during four consecutive years. The study system was composed of an ever-green tree species (avocado), an exotic tetranychid mite, and two native species of phytoseiid mites found in association with this new pest. We also present a climatological analysis of the temperature trend in the area of study during the last 28 years, as evidence of temperature warming occurring in the area. We found that the range of temperatures with positive per capita growth rates was much wider in prey than in predators, and that relative humidity contributed to explain the growth rate variation in predators, but not in prey. Predator and prey differences in thermal performance curves could explain why natural enemies did not respond numerically to the pest when environmental conditions were harsh.}, }
@article {pmid22526935, year = {2012}, author = {Lee, MR and Flory, SL and Phillips, RP}, title = {Positive feedbacks to growth of an invasive grass through alteration of nitrogen cycling.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {170}, number = {2}, pages = {457-465}, pmid = {22526935}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Nitrogen Cycle ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Population Density ; Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Understanding the mechanisms by which invasive plants maintain dominance is essential to achieving long-term restoration goals. While many reports have suggested invasive plants alter resource availability, experimental tests of feedbacks between invasive plants and soil resources are lacking. We used field observations and experimental manipulations to test if the invasive grass Microstegium vimineum both causes and benefits from altered soil nitrogen (N) cycling. To quantify M. vimineum effects on N dynamics, we compared inorganic N pools and nitrification rates in 20 naturally invaded and uninvaded plots across a range of mixed hardwood forests, and in experimentally invaded and uninvaded common garden plots. Potential nitrification rates were 142 and 63 % greater in invaded than uninvaded plots in forest and common garden soils, respectively. As a result, soil nitrate was the dominant form of inorganic N during peak M. vimineum productivity in both studies. To determine the response of M. vimineum to altered nitrogen availability, we manipulated the dominant N form (nitrate or ammonium) in greenhouse pots containing M. vimineum alone, M. vimineum with native species, and native species alone. M. vimineum productivity was highest in monocultures receiving nitrate; in contrast, uninvaded native communities showed no response to N form. Notably, the positive response of M. vimineum to nitrate was not apparent when grown in competition with natives, suggesting an invader density threshold is required before positive feedbacks occur. Collectively, our results demonstrate that persistence of invasive plants can be promoted by positive feedbacks with soil resources but that the magnitude of feedbacks may depend on interspecific interactions.}, }
@article {pmid22526750, year = {2012}, author = {McFarlane, R and Sleigh, A and McMichael, T}, title = {Synanthropy of wild mammals as a determinant of emerging infectious diseases in the Asian-Australasian region.}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {24-35}, pmid = {22526750}, issn = {1612-9210}, mesh = {Animals ; Australasia ; Biodiversity ; Carnivora/classification ; Chiroptera/classification ; Classification ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*transmission ; Disease Reservoirs ; *Ecosystem ; Asia, Eastern ; Humans ; Mammals/*classification ; Primates/classification ; Rodentia/classification ; Shrews/classification ; Species Specificity ; Zoonoses/*transmission ; }, abstract = {Humans create ecologically simplified landscapes that favour some wildlife species, but not others. Here, we explore the possibility that those species that tolerate or do well in human-modified environments, or 'synanthropic' species, are predominantly the hosts of zoonotic emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). We do this using global wildlife conservation data and wildlife host information extracted from systematically reviewed emerging infectious disease literature. The evidence for this relationship is examined with special emphasis on the Australasian, South East Asian and East Asian regions. We find that synanthropic wildlife hosts are approximately 15 times more likely than other wildlife in this region to be the source of emerging infectious diseases, and this association is essentially independent of the taxonomy of the species. A significant positive association with EIDs is also evident for those wildlife species of low conservation risk. Since the increase and spread of native and introduced species able to adapt to human-induced landscape change is at the expense of those species most vulnerable to habitat loss, our findings suggest a mechanism linking land conversion, global decline in biodiversity and a rise in EIDs of wildlife origin.}, }
@article {pmid22525066, year = {2012}, author = {Herrick, NJ and McAvoy, TJ and Snyder, AL and Salom, SM and Kok, LT}, title = {Host-range testing of Eucryptorrhynchus brandti (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a candidate for biological control of tree-of-heaven, Ailanthus altissima.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {118-124}, doi = {10.1603/EN11153}, pmid = {22525066}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Ailanthus ; Animals ; *Biological Control Agents ; China ; Female ; Food Preferences ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; Oviposition ; United States ; Weevils/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, tree-of-heaven, is an invasive species native to Asia. It first was introduced into the United States in the 1700 s and now is distributed throughout much of North America. Mechanical and chemical controls are current suppression tactics, however, implementation is costly. A weevil, Eucryptorrhynchus brandti (Harold), was identified in China and imported for quarantine testing in 2004 as a potential biological control agent. Host specificity tests on adult feeding, larval development, and oviposition of this weevil were conducted from 2007 to 2011 on A. altissima and 29 nontarget species. Eucryptorrhynchus brandti adults fed significantly more on A. altissima foliage when compared with all test species. Range of means for feeding on A. altissima was 32.5-106.5 mm(2)/adult/d. In no-choice tests, Simarouba glauca DC, Leitneria floridana Chapm., and Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F., had feeding rates of only 10, 49, and 10%, respectively, compared with the level of feeding on A. altissima. The mean range of adult feeding by E. brandti on all other test species was <7% of feeding on A. altissima (0.0-3.3 ± 5.0 mm(2)/adult/d). In the no-choice larval inoculation tests, larval development only occurred in two of 10 L. floridana seedlings compared with seven of 10 A. altissima seedlings. In the no-choice oviposition tests, oviposition and subsequent larval development did not occur in L. floridiana, whereas all seven A. altissima seedlings supported oviposition and subsequent larval development. The weevil did not appear to be a threat to L. floridana or any other nontarget species tested. Therefore, we conclude that Eucryptorrhynchus brandti is highly host specific to A. altissima.}, }
@article {pmid22525060, year = {2012}, author = {McPhee, K and Garnas, J and Drummond, F and Groden, E}, title = {Homopterans and an invasive red ant, Myrmica rubra (L.), in Maine.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {59-71}, doi = {10.1603/EN11046}, pmid = {22525060}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Aphids/*physiology ; Coleoptera/physiology ; *Food Chain ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; Insect Control ; Insecta/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Maine ; Population Density ; Random Allocation ; Seasons ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Myrmica rubra (L.), is an invasive ant that is spreading across eastern North America. It is presently found in over 40 communities in Maine and areas in Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, and several provinces in the Canadian Maritimes and Ontario. In addition to disrupting native ant faunas, invasive ants also have been shown to influence homopteran abundance and species composition. We conducted surveys of Homoptera in infested and noninfested sites and conducted manipulative experiments to quantify the effects of M. rubra on homopteran abundance and composition in the summers of 2003, 2006, and 2007 on Mount Desert Island, ME. In 2003, Homoptera family-level richness was higher in infested sites compared with noninfested sites with two out of three sampling methods. Homopteran abundance in infested compared with noninfested sites depended upon the site. The sites with the highest population of M. rubra were associated with significant differences in Homoptera population abundance. In 2006 and 2007, two out of three host plants sampled had significantly higher abundances of the aphids, Aphis spiraephila Patch and Prociphilus tessellatus Fitch. An ant exclusion field experiment on the native plant, meadowsweet (Spiraea alba Du Roi), resulted in higher abundances of A. spiraephila with M. rubra tending compared with native ant tending. A predator exclusion field experiment was conducted on meadowsweet using adult ladybeetles, Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville, larval green lacewings, Chyrsoperla carnea Stephens, and no predators. Predator impacts on aphid populations were reduced in the presence of M. rubra with C. carnea and moderately reduced with H. convergens.}, }
@article {pmid22519780, year = {2012}, author = {Franks, SJ and Wheeler, GS and Goodnight, C}, title = {Genetic variation and evolution of secondary compounds in native and introduced populations of the invasive plant Melaleuca quinquenervia.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {66}, number = {5}, pages = {1398-1412}, doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01524.x}, pmid = {22519780}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Florida ; Genetic Fitness ; *Genetic Variation ; Hemiptera/drug effects/physiology ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Melaleuca/chemistry/*genetics ; Multivariate Analysis ; Pheromones/*chemistry/pharmacology ; *Selection, Genetic ; Terpenes/*chemistry/pharmacology ; Weevils/drug effects/physiology ; }, abstract = {We examined multivariate evolution of 20 leaf terpenoids in the invasive plant Melaleuca quinquenervia in a common garden experiment. Although most compounds, including 1,8-Cineole and Viridiflorol, were reduced in home compared with invaded range genotypes, consistent with an evolutionary decrease in defense, one compound (E-Nerolidol) was greater in invaded than home range genotypes. Nerolidol was negatively genetically correlated with Cineole and Viridiflorol, and the increase in this compound in the new range may have been driven by this negative correlation. There was positive selection on all three focal compounds, and a loss of genetic variation in introduced range genotypes. Selection skewers analysis predicted an increase in Cineole and Viridiflorol and a decrease or no change in Nerolidol, in direct contrast to the observed changes in the new range. This discrepancy could be due to differences in patterns of selection, genetic correlations, or the herbivore communities in the home versus introduced ranges. Although evolutionary changes in most compounds were consistent with the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis, changes in other compounds as well as selection patterns were not, indicating that it is important to understand selection and the nature of genetic correlations to predict evolutionary change in invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid22519661, year = {2012}, author = {Knapp, S and Kühn, I}, title = {Origin matters: widely distributed native and non-native species benefit from different functional traits.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {696-703}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01787.x}, pmid = {22519661}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Flowers/physiology ; Geography ; Germany ; *Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Pollination ; }, abstract = {Recently, ecologists debated whether distinguishing native from non-native species is sensible or not. One argument is that widespread and less widespread species are functionally different, whether or not they are native. An opposing statement points out ecologically relevant differences between native and non-native species. We studied the functional traits that drive native and non-native vascular plant species frequency in Germany by explaining species grid-cell frequency using traits and their interaction with status. Native and non-native species frequency was equally driven by life span, ploidy type and self-compatibility. Non-native species frequency rose with later flowering cessation date, whereas this relationship was absent for native species. Native and non-native species differed in storage organs and in the number of environmental conditions they tolerate. We infer that environmental filters drive trait convergence of native and non-native species, whereas competition drives trait divergence. Meanwhile, introduction pathways functionally bias the frequency of non-native species.}, }
@article {pmid22519636, year = {2012}, author = {Liu, S and Walshe, T and Long, G and Cook, D}, title = {Evaluation of potential responses to invasive non-native species with structured decision making.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {539-546}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01843.x}, pmid = {22519636}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Australia ; Basidiomycota/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; Decision Making ; Decision Trees ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Policy ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Myrtaceae/microbiology ; Plant Diseases/*prevention &amp; control ; Public Opinion ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {In managing invasions and colonizations of non-native species, eradication or control efforts must proceed quickly. There are 2 challenges in taking such quick action. First, managers frequently have to choose among complex and often competing environmental, social, and economic objectives. Second, the effects are highly uncertain. We applied participatory structured decision making (SDM) to develop a response plan for the recent invasion of non-native myrtle rust (Uredo rangelii) in Australia. Structured decision making breaks a complex decision process into 5 steps: identify problems (i.e., decisions to be made), formulate objectives, develop management alternatives, estimate consequences of implementing those alternatives, and select preferred alternatives by evaluating trade-offs among alternatives. To determine the preferred mid- to long-term alternatives to managing the rust, we conducted 2 participatory workshops and 18 interviews with individuals to elicit stakeholders' key concerns and convert them into 5 objectives (minimize management cost, minimize economic cost to industry, minimize effects on natural ecosystems and landscape amenities, and minimize environmental effects associated with use of fungicide) and to identify the 5 management alternatives (full eradication, partial eradication, slow spread, live with it [i.e., major effort invested in mitigation of effects], and do nothing). We also developed decision trees to graphically represent the essence of the decision by displaying the relations between uncertainties and decision points. In the short term or before local expansion of myrtle rust, the do-nothing alternative was not preferred, but an eradication alternative was only recommended if the probability of eradication exceeded about 40%. After the expansion of myrtle rust, the slow-the-spread alternative was preferred regardless of which of the short-term management alternatives was selected at an earlier stage. The participatory SDM approach effectively resulted in informed and transparent response plans that incorporated multiple objectives in decision-making processes under high uncertainty.}, }
@article {pmid22512998, year = {2012}, author = {Vu, B and Alves, CA and Gonçalves, C and Pio, C and Gonçalves, F and Pereira, R}, title = {Mutagenicity assessment of aerosols in emissions from wood combustion in Portugal.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {166}, number = {}, pages = {172-181}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2012.03.005}, pmid = {22512998}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Aerosols/analysis/*toxicity ; Air Pollutants/analysis/*toxicity ; Eucalyptus ; Fires ; Incineration ; Mutagenicity Tests ; Mutagens/analysis/*toxicity ; Particulate Matter/analysis/toxicity ; Pinus ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis/*toxicity ; Portugal ; Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects ; Wood ; }, abstract = {Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) extracts of fine particles (PM(2.5)) collected from combustion of seven wood species and briquettes were tested for mutagenic activities using Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. The woods were Pinus pinaster (maritime pine), Eucalyptus globulus (eucalypt), Quercus suber (cork oak), Acacia longifolia (golden wattle), Quercus faginea (Portuguese oak), Olea europea (olive), and Quercus ilex rotundifolia (Holm oak). Burning experiments were done using woodstove and fireplace, hot start and cold start conditions. A mutagenic response was recorded for all species except golden wattle, maritime pine, and briquettes. The mutagenic extracts were not correlated with high emission factors of carcinogenic PAHs. These extracts were obtained both from two burning appliances and start-up conditions. However, fireplace seemed to favour the occurrence of mutagenic emissions. The negative result recorded for golden wattle was interesting, in an ecological point of view, since after confirmation, this invasive species, can be recommended for domestic use.}, }
@article {pmid22510209, year = {2012}, author = {Bourguiba, H and Audergon, JM and Krichen, L and Trifi-Farah, N and Mamouni, A and Trabelsi, S and D'Onofrio, C and Asma, BM and Santoni, S and Khadari, B}, title = {Loss of genetic diversity as a signature of apricot domestication and diffusion into the Mediterranean Basin.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {49}, pmid = {22510209}, issn = {1471-2229}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Alleles ; Bayes Theorem ; Cluster Analysis ; Computer Simulation ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; Ecotype ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Pool ; Genetic Loci/genetics ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; Geography ; Heterozygote ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Prunus/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Domestication generally implies a loss of diversity in crop species relative to their wild ancestors because of genetic drift through bottleneck effects. Compared to native Mediterranean fruit species like olive and grape, the loss of genetic diversity is expected to be more substantial for fruit species introduced into Mediterranean areas such as apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), which was probably primarily domesticated in China. By comparing genetic diversity among regional apricot gene pools in several Mediterranean areas, we investigated the loss of genetic diversity associated with apricot selection and diffusion into the Mediterranean Basin.<br><br>RESULTS: According to the geographic origin of apricots and using Bayesian clustering of genotypes, Mediterranean apricot (207 genotypes) was structured into three main gene pools: 'Irano-Caucasian', 'North Mediterranean Basin' and 'South Mediterranean Basin'. Among the 25 microsatellite markers used, only one displayed deviations from the frequencies expected under neutrality. Similar genetic diversity parameters were obtained within each of the three main clusters using both all SSR loci and only 24 SSR loci based on the assumption of neutrality. A significant loss of genetic diversity, as assessed by the allelic richness and private allelic richness, was revealed from the 'Irano-Caucasian' gene pool, considered as a secondary centre of diversification, to the northern and southwestern Mediterranean Basin. A substantial proportion of shared alleles was specifically detected when comparing gene pools from the 'North Mediterranean Basin' and 'South Mediterranean Basin' to the secondary centre of diversification.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: A marked domestication bottleneck was detected with microsatellite markers in the Mediterranean apricot material, depicting a global image of two diffusion routes from the 'Irano-Caucasian' gene pool: North Mediterranean and Southwest Mediterranean. This study generated genetic insight that will be useful for management of Mediterranean apricot germplasm as well as genetic selection programs related to adaptive traits.}, }
@article {pmid22509817, year = {2012}, author = {Caetano, S and Currat, M and Pennington, RT and Prado, D and Excoffier, L and Naciri, Y}, title = {Recent colonization of the Galápagos by the tree Geoffroea spinosa Jacq. (Leguminosae).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {21}, number = {11}, pages = {2743-2760}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05562.x}, pmid = {22509817}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; Chloroplasts/genetics ; Ecuador ; Fabaceae/*genetics ; Founder Effect ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peru ; Phylogeography ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {This study puts together genetic data and an approximate bayesian computation (ABC) approach to infer the time at which the tree Geoffroea spinosa colonized the Galápagos Islands. The genetic diversity and differentiation between Peru and Galápagos population samples, estimated using three chloroplast spacers and six microsatellite loci, reveal significant differences between two mainland regions separated by the Andes mountains (Inter Andean vs. Pacific Coast) as well as a significant genetic differentiation of island populations. Microsatellites identify two distinct geographical clusters, the Galápagos and the mainland, and chloroplast markers show a private haplotype in the Galápagos. The nuclear distinctiveness of the Inter Andean populations suggests current restricted pollen flow, but chloroplast points to cross-Andean dispersals via seeds, indicating that the Andes might not be an effective biogeographical barrier. The ABC analyses clearly point to the colonization of the Galápagos within the last 160,000 years and possibly as recently as 4750 years ago (475 generations). Founder events associated with colonization of the two islands where the species occurs are detected, with Española having been colonized after Floreana. We discuss two nonmutually exclusive possibilities for the colonization of the Galápagos, recent natural dispersal vs. human introduction.}, }
@article {pmid22509325, year = {2012}, author = {Yang, XM and Sun, JT and Xue, XF and Li, JB and Hong, XY}, title = {Invasion genetics of the Western flower thrips in China: evidence for genetic bottleneck, hybridization and bridgehead effect.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {e34567}, pmid = {22509325}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Genes, Insect/genetics ; Hybridization, Genetic/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics ; Population Dynamics ; Thysanoptera/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is an invasive species and the most economically important pest within the insect order Thysanoptera. F. occidentalis, which is endemic to North America, was initially detected in Kunming in southwestern China in 2000 and since then it has rapidly invaded several other localities in China where it has greatly damaged greenhouse vegetables and ornamental crops. Controlling this invasive pest in China requires an understanding of its genetic makeup and migration patterns. Using the mitochondrial COI gene and 10 microsatellites, eight of which were newly isolated and are highly polymorphic, we investigated the genetic structure and the routes of range expansion of 14 F. occidentalis populations in China. Both the mitochondrial and microsatellite data revealed that the genetic diversity of F. occidentalis of the Chinese populations is lower than that in its native range. Two previously reported cryptic species (or ecotypes) were found in the study. The divergence in the mitochondrial COI of two Chinese cryptic species (or ecotypes) was about 3.3% but they cannot be distinguished by nuclear markers. Hybridization might produce such substantial mitochondrial-nuclear discordance. Furthermore, we found low genetic differentiation (global F(ST) = 0.043, P<0.001) among all the populations and strong evidence for gene flow, especially from the three southwestern populations (Baoshan, Dali and Kunming) to the other Chinese populations. The directional gene flow was further supported by the higher genetic diversity of these three southwestern populations. Thus, quarantine and management of F. occidentalis should focus on preventing it from spreading from the putative source populations to other parts of China.}, }
@article {pmid22496079, year = {2012}, author = {Wardle, DA and Bellingham, PJ and Fukami, T and Bonner, KI}, title = {Soil-mediated indirect impacts of an invasive predator on plant growth.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {574-577}, pmid = {22496079}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biota ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; *Plant Development ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Rats/physiology ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {While several studies have shown that invasive plant effects on soil biota influence subsequent plant performance, corresponding studies on how invasive animals affect plants through influencing soil biota are lacking. This is despite the fact that invasive animals often indirectly alter the below-ground subsystem. We studied 18 offshore islands in northern New Zealand, half of which have been invaded by rats that are predators of seabirds and severely reduce their densities, and half of which remain non-invaded; invasion of rats thwarts seabird transfer of resources from ocean to land. We used soil from each island in a glasshouse experiment involving soil sterilization treatments to determine whether rat invasion indirectly influences plant growth through the abiotic pathway (by impairing seabird-driven inputs to soil) or the biotic pathway (by altering the soil community). Rat invasion greatly impaired plant growth but entirely through the abiotic pathway. Plant growth was unaffected by the soil community or its response to invasion, meaning that the responses of plants and soil biota to invasion are decoupled. Our results provide experimental evidence for the powerful indirect effects that predator-instigated cascades can exert on plant and ecosystem productivity, with implications for the restoration of island ecosystems by predator removal.}, }
@article {pmid22493861, year = {2012}, author = {Racelis, AE and Davey, RB and Goolsby, JA and Pérez de León, AA and Varner, K and Duhaime, R}, title = {Facilitative ecological interactions between invasive species: Arundo donax stands as favorable habitat for cattle ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) along the U.S.-Mexico border.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, pages = {410-417}, doi = {10.1603/me11104}, pmid = {22493861}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropod Vectors/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; Cattle ; Female ; Fertility ; Humidity ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Ovum/physiology ; *Poaceae ; Rhipicephalus/*physiology ; Temperature ; Texas ; }, abstract = {The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. is a key vector of protozoa that cause bovine babesiosis. Largely eradicated from most of the United States, the cattle tick continues to infest south Texas, and recent outbreaks in this area may signal a resurgence of cattle tick populations despite current management efforts. An improved understanding of the dynamic ecology of cattle fever ticks along the U.S.-Mexico border is required to devise strategies for sustainable eradication efforts. Management areas of the cattle tick overlap considerably with dense, wide infestations of the non-native, invasive grass known as giant reed (Arundo donax L.). Here we show that stands of giant reed are associated with abiotic and biotic conditions that are favorable to tick survival, especially when compared with other nearby habitats (open pastures of buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) and closed canopy native forests). Overhead canopies in giant reed stands and native riparian forests reduce daily high temperature, which was the best abiotic predictor of oviposition by engorged females. In sites where temperatures were extreme, specifically open grasslands, fewer females laid eggs and the resulting egg masses were smaller. Pitfall trap collections of ground dwelling arthropods suggest a low potential for natural suppression of tick populations in giant reed stands. The finding that A. donax infestations present environmental conditions that facilitate the survival and persistence of cattle ticks, as well or better than native riparian habitats and open grasslands, represents an alarming complication for cattle fever tick management in the United States.}, }
@article {pmid22493844, year = {2012}, author = {Hardstone, MC and Andreadis, TG}, title = {Weak larval competition between the invasive mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) and three resident container-inhabiting mosquitoes in the laboratory.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, pages = {277-285}, doi = {10.1603/me11050}, pmid = {22493844}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {*Aedes/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Competitive Behavior ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Sex Ratio ; Wings, Animal/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The spread of exotic mosquito species into new environments can introduce shifts in mosquito populations and potentially alter public health risks to mosquito-borne diseases. The successful establishment of exotic species may occur due to their competitive advantage over other cohabitating species. We hypothesized that the recently introduced exotic mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald) would be a more effective competitor than Aedes atropalpus (Coquillett) and Aedes triseriatus (Say), and an equal competitor to Culex pipiens (L.) based on larval abundance data within tire habitats. Impacts of competition were measured using the larval developmental rate and survival of larvae, adult mortality, wing length, and sex ratio. We found that intraspecific competition acted strongest against Ae. japonicus versus the other three resident mosquito species by delaying larval development and increasing adult mortality. Interspecific competition was generally weak and significant main effects were only detected for species and density. Overall, our results show that larval competition between Ae. japonicus and the three resident species was weak when present, indicating that other ecological or behavioral factors may be influencing the invasion success for Ae. japonicus in North America.}, }
@article {pmid22493703, year = {2012}, author = {Li, J and Jin, Z and Song, W}, title = {Do native parasitic plants cause more damage to exotic invasive hosts than native non-invasive hosts? An implication for biocontrol.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {e34577}, pmid = {22493703}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biological Control Agents ; Biomass ; Ecosystem ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Development ; Plants/*parasitology ; Population Dynamics ; Regression Analysis ; }, abstract = {Field studies have shown that native, parasitic plants grow vigorously on invasive plants and can cause more damage to invasive plants than native plants. However, no empirical test has been conducted and the mechanism is still unknown. We conducted a completely randomized greenhouse experiment using 3 congeneric pairs of exotic, invasive and native, non-invasive herbaceous plant species to quantify the damage caused by parasitic plants to hosts and its correlation with the hosts' growth rate and resource use efficiency. The biomass of the parasitic plants on exotic, invasive hosts was significantly higher than on congeneric native, non-invasive hosts. Parasites caused more damage to exotic, invasive hosts than to congeneric, native, non-invasive hosts. The damage caused by parasites to hosts was significantly positively correlated with the biomass of parasitic plants. The damage of parasites to hosts was significantly positively correlated with the relative growth rate and the resource use efficiency of its host plants. It may be the mechanism by which parasitic plants grow more vigorously on invasive hosts and cause more damage to exotic, invasive hosts than to native, non-invasive hosts. These results suggest a potential biological control effect of native, parasitic plants on invasive species by reducing the dominance of invasive species in the invaded community.}, }
@article {pmid22492331, year = {2012}, author = {Joshi, S and Tielbörger, K}, title = {Response to enemies in the invasive plant Lythrum salicaria is genetically determined.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {110}, number = {7}, pages = {1403-1410}, pmid = {22492331}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Lythrum/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; North America ; Plant Leaves/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Seeds/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The enemy release hypothesis assumes that invasive plants lose their co-evolved natural enemies during introduction into the new range. This study tested, as proposed by the evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis, whether escape from enemies results in a decrease in defence ability in plants from the invaded range. Two straightforward aspects of the EICA are examined: (1) if invasives have lost their enemies and their defence, they should be more negatively affected by their full natural pre-invasion herbivore spectrum than their native conspecifics; and (2) the genetic basis of evolutionary change in response to enemy release in the invasive range has not been taken sufficiently into account.<br><br>METHODS: Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) from several populations in its native (Europe) and invasive range (North America) was exposed to all above-ground herbivores in replicated natural populations in the native range. The experiment was performed both with plants raised from field-collected seeds as well as with offspring of these where maternal effects were removed.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Absolute and relative leaf damage was higher for introduced than for native plants. Despite having smaller height growth rate, invasive plants attained a much larger final size than natives irrespective of damage, indicating large tolerance rather than effective defence. Origin effects on response to herbivory and growth were stronger in second-generation plants, suggesting that invasive potential through enemy release has a genetic basis.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The findings support two predictions of the EICA hypothesis - a genetically determined difference between native and invasive plants in plant vigour and response to enemies - and point to the importance of experiments that control for maternal effects and include the entire spectrum of native range enemies.}, }
@article {pmid22492170, year = {2012}, author = {Huang, W and Carrillo, J and Ding, J and Siemann, E}, title = {Interactive effects of herbivory and competition intensity determine invasive plant performance.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {170}, number = {2}, pages = {373-382}, pmid = {22492170}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Genetic Fitness ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Development ; Sapium/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Herbivory can reduce plant fitness, and its effects can be increased by competition. Though numerous studies have examined the joint effects of herbivores and competitors on plant performance, these interactive effects are seldom considered in the context of plant invasions. Here, we examined variation in plant performance within a competitive environment in response to both specialist and generalist herbivores using Chinese tallow as a model species. We combined tallow plants from native and invasive populations to form all possible pairwise combinations, and designated invasive populations as stronger neighbours and native populations as weaker neighbours. We found that when no herbivory was imposed, invasive populations always had higher total biomass than natives, regardless of their neighbours, which is consistent with our assumption of increased competitive ability. Defoliation by either generalist or specialist herbivores suppressed plant growth but the effects of specialists were generally stronger for invasive populations. Invasive populations had their lowest biomass when fed upon by specialists while simultaneously competing with stronger neighbours. The root/shoot ratios of invasive populations were lower than those of native populations under almost all conditions, and invasive plants were taller than native plants overall, especially when herbivores were present, suggesting that invasive populations may adopt an "aboveground first" strategy to cope with herbivory and competition. These results suggest that release from herbivores, especially specialists, improves an invader's performance and helps to increase its competitive ability. Therefore, increasing interspecific competition intensity by planting a stronger neighbour while simultaneously releasing a specialist herbivore may be an especially effective method of managing invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid22489797, year = {2012}, author = {Barbuti, R and Mautner, S and Carnevale, G and Milazzo, P and Rama, A and Sturmbauer, C}, title = {Population dynamics with a mixed type of sexual and asexual reproduction in a fluctuating environment.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {49}, pmid = {22489797}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/genetics ; Animals ; Carps/*genetics/physiology ; *Environment ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Genetic ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction/*genetics ; Reproduction, Asexual/*genetics ; Sympatry ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Carassius gibelio, a cyprinid fish from Eurasia, has the ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually. This fish is also known as an invasive species which colonized almost all continental Europe, most likely originating from Asia and Eastern Europe. Populations of both sexually and asexually reproducing individuals exist in sympatry. In this study we try to elucidate the advantages of such a mixed type of reproduction. We investigate the dynamics of two sympatric populations with sexual and asexual reproduction in a periodically fluctuating environment. We define an individual-based computational model in which genotypes are represented by L loci, and the environment is composed of L resources for which the two populations compete.<br><br>RESULTS: Our model demonstrates advantageous population dynamics where the optimal percentage of asexual reproduction depends on selection strength, on the number of selected loci and on the timescale of environmental fluctuations. We show that the sexual reproduction is necessary for "generating" fit genotypes, while the asexual reproduction is suitable for "amplifying" them. The simulations show that the optimal percentage of asexual reproduction increases with the length of the environment stability period and decrease with the strength of the selection and the number of loci.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In this paper we addressed the advantages of a mixed type of sexual and asexual reproduction in a changing environment and explored the idea that a species that is able to adapt itself to environmental fluctuation can easily colonize a new habitat. Our results could provide a possible explanation for the rapid and efficient invasion of species with a variable ratio of sexual and asexual reproduction such as Carassius gibelio.}, }
@article {pmid22489130, year = {2012}, author = {Yang, XM and Sun, JT and Xue, XF and Zhu, WC and Hong, XY}, title = {Development and characterization of 18 novel EST-SSRs from the western flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande).}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {2863-2876}, pmid = {22489130}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; *Expressed Sequence Tags ; Flowers/*parasitology ; Genetic Loci/genetics ; Genetics, Population ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation/genetics ; Thysanoptera/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is an invasive species and the most economically important pest within the insect order Thysanoptera. For a better understanding of the genetic makeup and migration patterns of F. occidentalis throughout the world, we characterized 18 novel polymorphic EST-derived microsatellites. The mutational mechanism of these EST-SSRs was also investigated to facilitate the selection of appropriate combinations of markers for population genetic studies. Genetic diversity of these novel markers was assessed in 96 individuals from three populations in China (Harbin, Dali, and Guiyang). The results showed that all these 18 loci were highly polymorphic; the number of alleles ranged from 2 to 15, with an average of 5.50 alleles per locus. The observed (H(O)) and expected (H(E)) heterozygosities ranged from 0.072 to 0.707 and 0.089 to 0.851, respectively. Furthermore, only two locus/population combinations (WFT144 in Dali and WFT50 in Guiyang) significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Pairwise F(ST) analysis showed a low but significant differentiation (0.026 < F(ST) < 0.032) among all three pairwise population comparisons. Sequence analysis of alleles per locus revealed a complex mutational pattern of these EST-SSRs. Thus, these EST-SSRs are useful markers but greater attention should be paid to the mutational characteristics of these microsatellites when they are used in population genetic studies.}, }
@article {pmid22488805, year = {2012}, author = {Earl, JE and Cohagen, KE and Semlitsch, RD}, title = {Effects of leachate from tree leaves and grass litter on tadpoles.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {31}, number = {7}, pages = {1511-1517}, doi = {10.1002/etc.1829}, pmid = {22488805}, issn = {1552-8618}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anura ; *Ecosystem ; Larva ; Metamorphosis, Biological ; Missouri ; Pinus/chemistry ; Plant Leaves/*chemistry ; Poaceae/*chemistry ; Quercus/chemistry ; Tannins/chemistry ; Trees/chemistry ; Water/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Tree species composition can change as a result of succession, climate change, fire suppression, and invasive species. These changes clearly affect forests, but they can also affect aquatic ecosystems based on differences in the input quality of leaf litter, such as plant secondary compounds. These compounds vary in type and concentration depending on species and can be toxic to aquatic organisms. To examine toxic effects on Pseudacris maculata and Pseudacris crucifer tadpoles, we conducted 60-d laboratory experiments to compare leaf litter leachate from a dominant canopy species (red oak) and nonnative species (white pine) with an aquatic grass (prairie cordgrass) and plain water control. An additional experiment examined the effects of white pine on Bufo americanus, Hyla versicolor, and tannin concentrations in natural ponds. Compared with the control and grass, tree leaf extracts resulted in reduced tadpole survival. Leached compounds from pine reduced tadpole survival to 3 d or less. Tadpoles were able to metamorphose in significant numbers only from the two controls. The lowered survival with the red oak treatment might have been caused by lowered dissolved oxygen or high tannin concentrations. However, pine is known to have high concentrations of toxic monoterpenes, which should be investigated further. We found that tannin concentrations in natural ponds were much lower than the test concentrations, indicating that these results may represent worst-case scenarios or unrealistic concentrations.}, }
@article {pmid22486080, year = {2012}, author = {Aschehoug, ET and Metlen, KL and Callaway, RM and Newcombe, G}, title = {Fungal endophytes directly increase the competitive effects of an invasive forb.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {93}, number = {1}, pages = {3-8}, doi = {10.1890/11-1347.1}, pmid = {22486080}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Alternaria/*physiology ; Centaurea/*microbiology ; Demography ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; North America ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Poaceae/microbiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Competitive outcomes among plants can vary in different abiotic and biotic conditions. Here we tested the effects of two phylotypes of Alternaria endophytes on the growth, competitive effects, and competitive responses of the exotic invasive forb Centaurea stoebe. Centaurea stoebe was a better competitor against North American grass species than grasses from its European home range in the absence of endophytes. However, one endophyte both increased the biomass of C. stoebe and reduced the competitive effect of North American grasses on C. stoebe. The competitive effects of C. stoebe on grass species native to North America were enhanced by both fungal endophytes, but not for native European grasses. We do not know the mechanism by which endophytes increased C. stoebe's competitive ability, and particularly against biogeographically new neighbors, but one endophyte increased the competitive ability of C. stoebe without increasing its size, suggesting mechanisms unrelated to increased growth. We tested only a fraction of the different endophytic fungi that have been found in C. stoebe, only scratching the surface of understanding their indirect effects. However, our results are the first to demonstrate such effects of a fungal endophyte infecting an invasive forb, and one of the few to show that endophyte effects on competition do not have to be mediated through herbivory.}, }
@article {pmid22484518, year = {2012}, author = {Song, U and Mun, S and Ho, CH and Lee, EJ}, title = {Responses of two invasive plants under various microclimate conditions in the Seoul metropolitan region.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, pages = {1238-1246}, pmid = {22484518}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Ambrosia/*growth &amp; development ; Cannabaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Global Warming ; Greenhouse Effect ; *Microclimate ; Population Dynamics ; Republic of Korea ; Species Specificity ; *Urbanization ; }, abstract = {The possible consequences of global warming on plant communities and ecosystems have wide-ranging ramifications. We examined how environmental change affects plant growth as a function of the variations in the microclimate along an urban-suburban climate gradient for two allergy-inducing, invasive plants, Humulus japonicus and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior. The environmental factors and plant growth responses were measured at two urban sites (Gangbuk and Seongbuk) and two suburban sites (Goyang and Incheon) around Seoul, South Korea. The mean temperatures and CO(2) concentrations differed significantly between the urban (14.8 °C and 439 ppm CO(2)) and suburban (13.0 °C and 427 ppm CO(2)) sites. The soil moisture and nitrogen contents of the suburban sites were higher than those at the urban sites, especially for the Goyang site. The two invasive plants showed significantly higher biomasses and nitrogen contents at the two urban sites. We conducted experiments in a greenhouse to confirm the responses of the plants to increased temperatures, and we found consistently higher growth rates under conditions of higher temperatures. Because we controlled the other factors, the better performance of the two invasive plants appears to be primarily attributable to their responses to temperature. Our study demonstrates that even small temperature changes in the environment can confer significant competitive advantages to invasive species. As habitats become urbanized and warmer, these invasive plants should be able to displace native species, which will adversely affect people living in these areas.}, }
@article {pmid22472074, year = {2012}, author = {Zheng, YL and Feng, YL and Lei, YB and Liao, ZY}, title = {Comparisons of plastic responses to irradiance and physiological traits by invasive Eupatorium adenophorum and its native congeners.}, journal = {Journal of plant physiology}, volume = {169}, number = {9}, pages = {884-891}, doi = {10.1016/j.jplph.2012.02.011}, pmid = {22472074}, issn = {1618-1328}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Ageratina/*growth &amp; development/*radiation effects ; Carotenoids/metabolism ; Cell Respiration/radiation effects ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Eupatorium/*growth &amp; development/*radiation effects ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Photosynthesis/radiation effects ; Plant Leaves/*radiation effects ; Plant Stomata/metabolism/radiation effects ; *Sunlight ; }, abstract = {To explore the traits contributing to invasiveness of Eupatorium adenophorum and to test the relationship between plasticity of these traits and invasiveness, we compared E. adenophorum with its two native congeners at four irradiances (10%, 23%, 40%, and 100%). The invader showed constantly higher performance (relative growth rate and total biomass) across irradiances than its native congeners. Higher light-saturated photosynthetic rate (P(max)), respiration efficiency (RE), and nitrogen (PNUE) and water (WUE, at 40% and 100% irradiances only) use efficiencies contributed directly to the higher performance of the invader. Higher nitrogen allocation to, stomatal conductance, and the higher contents of leaf nitrogen and pigments contributed to the higher performance of the invader indirectly through increasing P(max), RE, PNUE and WUE. The invader had consistently higher plasticity only in carotenoid content than its native congeners in ranges of low (10-40%), high (40-100%) and total (10-100%) irradiances, contributing to invasion success in high irradiance by photo protection. In the range of low irradiances, the invader had higher plasticity in some physiological traits (leaf nitrogen content, nitrogen contents in bioenergetics, carboxylation and in light-harvesting components, and contents of leaf chlorophylls and carotenoids) but not in performance, while in the ranges of high or total irradiances, the invader did not show higher plasticity in any variable (except Car). The results indicated that the relationship between invasiveness and plasticity of a specific trait was complex, and that a universal generalization about the relationship might be too simplistic.}, }
@article {pmid22471219, year = {2011}, author = {Fotiadis, G and Kyriazopoulos, AP and Fraggakis, I}, title = {The behaviour of Ailanthus altissima weed and its effects on natural ecosystems.}, journal = {Journal of environmental biology}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, pages = {801-806}, pmid = {22471219}, issn = {0254-8704}, mesh = {Ailanthus/*physiology ; Altitude ; Cities ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Greece ; Introduced Species ; Pheromones/physiology ; Plant Weeds/*physiology ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Ailanthus altissima is an invasive species for the native flora of Greece and it could pose a serious threat to the biodiversity and the functioning of ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spreading of Ailanthus altissima in urban and non urban areas of North and Central Greece and also to evaluate the effects of its spreading on species composition and floristic diversity in natural ecosystems. The spreading of Ailanthus altissima in urban areas is very intense, mainly in abandoned places (35.29%). It is commonly found in non urban areas of Greece, especially in hedgerows of arable lands (36%) and adjacent wetlands (17%). It is less common in forests (4%), shrublands (11%) and grasslands (9%). The spread of Ailanthus altissima in urban and natural ecosystems is relatively recent. Although it has been recorded at altitudes of up to 640 m, it usually appears at low altitudes of up to 200 m. Floristic diversity was found to be higher in the stands that it dominated (H' = 1.574, H' = 1.890) in comparison to stands that were dominated by Quercuspubescens (H' = 1.468) or Q. coccifera (H' = 1.716). This may be contributed to the fact that in those stands synanthropic species, which are usually found in regions of intense human activity, were present together with typical forest vegetation species.}, }
@article {pmid22471086, year = {2012}, author = {Downing, AS and Van Nes, EH and Janse, JH and Witte, F and Cornelissen, IJ and Scheffer, M and Mooij, WM}, title = {Collapse and reorganization of a food web of Mwanza Gulf, Lake Victoria.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {229-239}, doi = {10.1890/11-0941.1}, pmid = {22471086}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Decapoda/*physiology ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Lakes ; Tanzania ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Lake Victoria in East Africa is the world's second largest freshwater system. Over the past century the ecosystem has undergone drastic changes. Some 30 years after the introduction of Nile perch (Lates niloticus) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the 1950s, the highly diverse community of native haplochromines collapsed, leaving a system dominated by only four species: the native cyprinid dagaa (Rastrineobola argentea) and shrimp (Caridina nilotica), as well as the introduced Nile perch and Nile tilapia. More recently, an unexpected resurgence of haplochromines has been reported. To understand these changes in terms of ecosystem functioning and of changes in growth of trophic groups, we created mass balances of the food web near Mwanza, Tanzania, before, during, and after the Nile perch boom (1977, 1987, and 2005), using the application ECOPATH. We connected these mass balances with a dynamic model assuming linear trends in net growth rates of the trophic groups. Our analysis suggests that the Nile perch boom initially altered the biomass distribution over trophic levels. Also, results indicate that not only fishing but also changes at the detritivores' trophic level might have played an important role in driving changes in the system. Both the mass balances and the dynamic model connecting them reveal that, after a major distortion during the Nile perch boom, the biomass distribution over the main trophic levels had largely recovered its original (1977) state by 2005. However, no such return appeared in terms of community structure. Biodiversity in the new state is dramatically lower, consisting of introduced species and a few native surviving species. We conclude that at an aggregate level Lake Victoria's ecosystem has proved to be resilient in the sense that its overall trophic structure has apparently recovered after a major perturbation. By contrast, its intricate functional structure and associated biodiversity have proved to be fragile and seem unlikely to recover.}, }
@article {pmid22471073, year = {2012}, author = {Swope, SM and Satterthwaite, WH}, title = {Variable effects of a generalist parasitoid on a biocontrol seed predator and its target weed.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {20-34}, doi = {10.1890/10-2120.1}, pmid = {22471073}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Acari/*physiology ; Animals ; *Centaurea ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; *Plant Weeds ; Seeds ; Weevils/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Biological control (the importation of enemies from an invader's native range) is often considered our best chance of controlling the most widespread invaders. Ideally, the agent reduces invader abundance to some acceptably low level, and the two coexist at low density with the agent providing continuous control over the long-term. But the outcome may be complicated when the agent is attacked by native predators and parasites. We used a spatially explicit, discrete-time, individual-based, coupled plant-seed predator-parasitoid model to estimate the impact of the biocontrol agent Eustenopus villosus (a seed predator) on the invasive, annual weed Centaurea solstitialis, both with and without the generalist parasitoid Pyemotes tritici. We estimated the agent's ability to reduce plant density, spread rate, and population growth rate over 50 years. We used long-term demographic data from two sites in central California, USA, to parameterize the model and assess how populations in different climatic zones might respond differently to the agent and the parasitoid. We found that the biocontrol agent reduced plant density (relative to predictions for an uncontrolled invasion), but its impact on the invader's spread rate was modest and inconsistent. The agent had no long-term impact on population growth rate (lambda). Parasitism caused a trophic cascade, the strength of which varied between sites. At our coastal site, the parasitoid entirely eliminated the impact of the agent on the plant. At our Central Valley site, even when parasitized, the agent significantly reduced plant density and spread rate over several decades (although to a lesser degree than when it was not parasitized), but not invader lambda. Surprisingly, we also found that the length of time the invader was allowed to spread across the landscape prior to introducing the agent (5, 25, or 50 years) had little influence over its ability to control the weed in the long-term. This is encouraging news for land managers attempting to control invasive plants that have already established widespread, high-density populations. Unfortunately, our results also show that attack by the native generalist parasitoid had a larger influence over how effectively the agent reduced invader performance.}, }
@article {pmid22470577, year = {2012}, author = {Eisenhauer, N and Scheu, S and Jousset, A}, title = {Bacterial diversity stabilizes community productivity.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {e34517}, pmid = {22470577}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Bacteria/*genetics ; *Biodiversity ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Models, Theoretical ; Pseudomonas fluorescens/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Stability is a crucial ecosystem feature gaining particular importance in face of increasing anthropogenic stressors. Biodiversity is considered to be a driving biotic force maintaining stability, and in this study we investigate how different indices of biodiversity affect the stability of communities in varied abiotic (composition of available resources) and biotic (invasion) contexts.<br><br>We set up microbial microcosms to study the effects of genotypic diversity on the reliability of community productivity, defined as the inverse of the coefficient of variation of across-treatment productivity, in different environmental contexts. We established a bacterial diversity gradient ranging from 1 to 8 Pseudomonas fluorescens genotypes and grew the communities in different resource environments or in the presence of model invasive species. Biodiversity significantly stabilized community productivity across treatments in both experiments. Path analyses revealed that different aspects of diversity determined stability: genotypic richness stabilized community productivity across resource environments, whereas functional diversity determined stability when subjected to invasion.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Biodiversity increases the stability of microbial communities against both biotic and abiotic environmental perturbations. Depending on stressor type, varying aspects of biodiversity contribute to the stability of ecosystem functions. The results suggest that both genetic and functional diversity need to be preserved to ensure buffering of communities against abiotic and biotic stresses.}, }
@article {pmid22468610, year = {2012}, author = {Lacerda, AC and Takemoto, RM and Tavares-Dias, M and Poulin, R and Pavanelli, GC}, title = {Comparative parasitism of the fish Plagioscion squamosissimus in native and invaded river basins.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {98}, number = {4}, pages = {713-717}, doi = {10.1645/GE-2882.1}, pmid = {22468610}, issn = {1937-2345}, mesh = {Animals ; Ascaridida Infections/epidemiology/veterinary ; Ascaridoidea/isolation &amp; purification ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Cestode Infections/epidemiology/veterinary ; Discriminant Analysis ; Ecosystem ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Helminthiasis, Animal/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Perciformes/*parasitology ; *Rivers ; Trematode Infections/epidemiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are considered a major threat to biodiversity around the world, but the role of parasites in this process is still little investigated. Here, we compared parasite infections of a host species in the areas where it originated and where it was introduced, and in native and introduced species in the same environment, using the endoparasites of the fish Plagioscion squamosissimus (Sciaenidae) in 3 Brazilian basins. Samples were taken in 2 rivers where the species is native, i.e., Solimões River (SO) and Tocantins River (TO), and where the species was introduced, the upper Paraná River (PR). In addition, abundances of diplostomids and larval nematodes were compared between P. squamosissimus and 2 native competitors in the PR, Hoplias malabaricus and Raphiodon vulpinus. In total, 13 species of endoparasites were recorded, but only Austrodiplostomum sp. and cestode cysts were present in all localities. Although infracommunity richness was similar, their species composition was slightly different among localities. General linear models using the relative condition factor of fish as response variables, and abundance of the most prevalent parasites as possible predictors showed that the condition of fish is negatively correlated with parasite abundance only in the native range (TO). Abundance of diplostomid eye flukes was higher in the PR, and in the native species H. malabaricus when compared to the invader, which might present an advantage for P. squamosissimus if they compete for prey. However, although P. squamosissimus may have lost some of its native parasites during its introduction to the PR, it is now possibly acting as a host for native generalist parasites.}, }
@article {pmid22466413, year = {2012}, author = {Mu, XY and Zhao, LC and Zhang, ZX}, title = {Phylogeny of Celastrus L. (Celastraceae) inferred from two nuclear and three plastid markers.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {125}, number = {5}, pages = {619-630}, pmid = {22466413}, issn = {1618-0860}, mesh = {Base Sequence ; Bayes Theorem ; Celastrus/*classification/*genetics ; Cell Nucleus/*genetics ; DNA, Plant/*genetics ; Genetic Markers ; *Genome, Plastid ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {This is the first comprehensive molecular investigation of the genus Celastrus L. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus were assessed based on sequences of two nuclear (ETS, ITS) and three plastid (psbA-trnH, rpl16 and trnL-F) regions using the Bayesian inference and the maximum parsimony methods. Our results show that Celastrus, together with Tripterygium, formed a maximal supported clade. Within the cluster, Celastrus is composed of a basal clade and a core Celastrus clade, and the latter is consisted of six subclades. Relationships among species are more influenced by latitude than continental distribution patterns. The cauline cyme and lunate seeds are distinct characters to one of the maximal supported subclades. Their close relationship, similar geographical pattern and habitat imply that C. flagellaris may be a potential invasive species threatening C. scandens in North America. Celastrus leiocarpus, C. oblanceifolius and C. rugosus are confirmed as synonyms of C. punctatus, C. aculeatus and C. glaucophyllus, respectively. Discordance between the molecular data and previous morphology-based subgeneric classifications are noted. More works are needed to clarify the relationship between Celastrus and Tripterygium and the species within Celastrus.}, }
@article {pmid22456948, year = {2012}, author = {Cossé, AA and Petroski, RJ and Zilkowski, BW and Vermillion, K and Lelito, JP and Cooperband, MF and Gould, JR}, title = {Male-produced pheromone of Spathius agrili, a parasitoid introduced for the biological control of the invasive emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, pages = {389-399}, pmid = {22456948}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Biological Assay ; Coleoptera/*drug effects/*parasitology ; Female ; Hymenoptera/*metabolism/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Kinetics ; Male ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Pheromones/chemical synthesis/metabolism/*pharmacology ; *Sex Characteristics ; }, abstract = {The braconid wasp, Spathius agrili, has been released in the U.S. as a biocontrol agent for the invasive emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilus planipennis), a destructive pest of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.). We identified and synthesized seven male-specific volatile compounds. Three of these, dodecanal, (4R,11E)-tetradecen-4-olide, and (Z)-10-heptadecen-2-one, were the key behaviorally active components in flight tunnel bioassays. Male specificity was demonstrated by gas chromatographic comparison of male and female volatile emissions and whole body extracts. Identifications were aided by coupled gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis, microchemical reactions, NMR, chiral GC analysis, and GC and MS comparison with authentic standards. Both the racemic and chiral forms of the γ-lactone, as well as both E- and Z-isomers were synthesized. Flight tunnel behavioral tests showed positive male and female S. agrili responses to both natural pheromone and synthetic blends, with upwind flight and landing on the source. Large field-cage tests, using yellow sticky traps baited with pheromone, captured approximately 50% of the released male and female wasps in 24-h periods. The use of pheromone-baited traps in the field could simplify the current detection method for determining parasitoid establishment (i.e., laboriously felling and peeling ash trees for recovery of S. agrili from infested EAB larvae).}, }
@article {pmid22456877, year = {2012}, author = {Briski, E and Bailey, SA and Casas-Monroy, O and DiBacco, C and Kaczmarska, I and Levings, C and MacGillivary, ML and McKindsey, CW and Nasmith, LE and Parenteau, M and Piercey, GE and Rochon, A and Roy, S and Simard, N and Villac, MC and Weise, AM and MacIsaac, HJ}, title = {Relationship between propagule pressure and colonization pressure in invasion ecology: a test with ships' ballast.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {279}, number = {1740}, pages = {2990-2997}, pmid = {22456877}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Biofouling ; Diatoms/classification/*physiology ; Dinoflagellida/classification/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology/parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/classification/*physiology ; *Seawater/microbiology/parasitology ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {Increasing empirical evidence indicates the number of released individuals (i.e. propagule pressure) and number of released species (i.e. colonization pressure) are key determinants of the number of species that successfully invade new habitats. In view of these relationships, and the possibility that ships transport whole communities of organisms, we collected 333 ballast water and sediment samples to investigate the relationship between propagule and colonization pressure for a variety of diverse taxonomic groups (diatoms, dinoflagellates and invertebrates). We also reviewed the scientific literature to compare the number of species transported by ships to those reported in nature. Here, we show that even though ships transport nearly entire local communities, a strong relationship between propagule and colonization pressure exists only for dinoflagellates. Our study provides evidence that colonization pressure of invertebrates and diatoms may fluctuate widely irrespective of propagule pressure. We suggest that the lack of correspondence is explained by reduced uptake of invertebrates into the transport vector and the sensitivity of invertebrates and diatoms to selective pressures during transportation. Selection during transportation is initially evident through decreases in propagule pressure, followed by decreased colonization pressure in the most sensitive taxa.}, }
@article {pmid22451600, year = {2012}, author = {Rout, ME and Callaway, RM}, title = {Interactions between exotic invasive plants and soil microbes in the rhizosphere suggest that 'everything is not everywhere'.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {110}, number = {2}, pages = {213-222}, pmid = {22451600}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Roots/*microbiology ; Plants/*microbiology ; Rhizosphere ; Selection, Genetic ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The study of soil biota in the context of exotic plant invasions has led to an explosion in our understanding of the ecological roles of many different groups of microbes that function in roots or at the root-soil interface. Part of this progress has been the emergence of two biogeographic patterns involving invasive plants and soil microbes. First, in their non-native ranges invasive plants commonly interact differently with the same soil microbes than native plants. Second, in their native ranges, plants that are invasive elsewhere commonly interact functionally with soil microbes differently in their home ranges than they do in their non-native ranges. These studies pose a challenge to a long-held paradigm about microbial biogeography - the idea that microbes are not limited by dispersal and are thus free from the basic taxonomic, biogeographical and evolutionary framework that characterizes all other life on Earth. As an analogy, the global distribution of animals that function as carnivores does not negate the fascinating evolutionary biogeographic patterns of carnivores. Other challenges to this notion come from new measurements of genetic differences among microbes across geographic boundaries, which also suggest that meaningful biogeographic patterns exist for microorganisms.<br><br>SCOPE AND CONCLUSIONS: We expand this discussion of whether or not 'everything is everywhere' by using the inherently biogeographic context of plant invasions by reviewing the literature on interactions among invasive plants and the microorganisms in the rhizosphere. We find that these interactions can be delineated at multiple scales: from individual plants to continents. Thus the microbes that regulate major aspects of plant biology do not appear to be exempt from the fundamental evolutionary processes of geographical isolation and natural selection. At the important scales of taxonomy, ecotype and ecosystem functions, the fundamental ecology of invaders and soil microbes indicates that everything might not be everywhere.}, }
@article {pmid22451166, year = {2012}, author = {Bulté, G and Robinson, SA and Forbes, MR and Marcogliese, DJ}, title = {Is there such thing as a parasite free lunch? The direct and indirect consequences of eating invasive prey.}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {6-16}, pmid = {22451166}, issn = {1612-9210}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; *Food Parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Risk Factors ; }, abstract = {As the number of invasive species increases globally, more and more native predators are reported to shift their diet toward invasive prey. The consequences of such diet shifts for the health of populations of native predators are poorly studied, but diet shifts are expected to have important parasitological and immunological consequences, ultimately affecting predator fitness. We reviewed evidence that diet shifts from native to invasive prey can alter parasite exposure directly and also indirectly affect immune functions via changes in condition and contaminant exposure. We highlight relevant conceptual and methodological tools that should be used for the design of experiments aimed at exploring important links between invasive prey and parasitism, contaminants and fitness of their native predators.}, }
@article {pmid22448724, year = {2012}, author = {Medlock, JM and Hansford, KM and Schaffner, F and Versteirt, V and Hendrickx, G and Zeller, H and Van Bortel, W}, title = {A review of the invasive mosquitoes in Europe: ecology, public health risks, and control options.}, journal = {Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {435-447}, pmid = {22448724}, issn = {1557-7759}, mesh = {Animals ; Culicidae/*classification/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; }, abstract = {There has been growing interest in Europe in recent years in the establishment and spread of invasive mosquitoes, notably the incursion of Aedes albopictus through the international trade in used tires and lucky bamboo, with onward spread within Europe through ground transport. More recently, five other non-European aedine mosquito species have been found in Europe, and in some cases populations have established locally and are spreading. Concerns have been raised about the involvement of these mosquito species in transmission cycles of pathogens of public health importance, and these concerns were borne out following the outbreak of chikungunya fever in Italy in 2007, and subsequent autochthonous cases of dengue fever in France and Croatia in 2010. This article reviews current understanding of all exotic (five introduced invasive and one intercepted) aedine species in Europe, highlighting the known import pathways, biotic and abiotic constraints for establishment, control strategies, and public health significance, and encourages Europe-wide surveillance for invasive mosquitoes.}, }
@article {pmid22443430, year = {2012}, author = {Nolen, RS}, title = {How big is Florida’s python problem?.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {240}, number = {7}, pages = {778-782}, doi = {10.2460/javma.240.7.778}, pmid = {22443430}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Boidae/*physiology ; Commerce ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Florida ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Pets ; Swine ; }, }
@article {pmid22443133, year = {2012}, author = {Ford-Thompson, AE and Snell, C and Saunders, G and White, PC}, title = {Stakeholder participation in management of invasive vertebrates.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {345-356}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01819.x}, pmid = {22443133}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; *Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {Stakeholders are increasingly involved in species conservation. We sought to understand what features of a participatory conservation program are associated with its ecological and social outcomes. We conducted a case study of the management of invasive vertebrates in Australia. Invasive vertebrates are a substantial threat to Australia's native species, and stakeholder participation in their management is often necessary for their control. First, we identified potential influences on the ecological and social outcomes of species conservation programs from the literature. We used this information to devise an interview questionnaire, which we administered to managers of 34 participatory invasive-vertebrate programs. Effects of invasive species were related to program initiator (agency or citizen), reasons for use of a participatory approach, and stakeholder composition. Program initiator was also related to the participation methods used, level of governance (i.e., governed by an agency or citizens), changes in stakeholder interactions, and changes in abundance of invasive species. Ecological and social outcomes were related to changes in abundance of invasive species and stakeholder satisfaction. We identified relations between changes in the number of participants, stakeholder satisfaction, and occurrence of conflict. Potential ways to achieve ecological and social goals include provision of governmental support (e.g., funding) to stakeholders and minimization of gaps in representation of stakeholder groups or individuals to, for example, increase conflict mitigation. Our findings provide guidance for increasing the probability of achieving ecological and social objectives in management of invasive vertebrates and may be applicable to other participatory conservation programs.}, }
@article {pmid22442731, year = {2012}, author = {Wang, HH and Grant, WE and Gan, J and Rogers, WE and Swannack, TM and Koralewski, TE and Miller, JH and Taylor, JW}, title = {Integrating spread dynamics and economics of timber production to manage Chinese tallow invasions in southern U.S. forestlands.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {e33877}, pmid = {22442731}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Euphorbiaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Forestry/*methods ; Introduced Species/*economics ; *Trees ; United States ; Wood/*economics ; }, abstract = {Economic costs associated with the invasion of nonnative species are of global concern. We estimated expected costs of Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera (L.) Small) invasions related to timber production in southern U.S. forestlands under different management strategies. Expected costs were confined to the value of timber production losses plus costs for search and control. We simulated management strategies including (1) no control (NC), and control beginning as soon as the percentage of invaded forest land exceeded (2) 60 (Low Control), (3) 25 (Medium Control), or (4) 0 (High Control) using a spatially-explicit, stochastic, bioeconomic model. With NC, simulated invasions spread northward and westward into Arkansas and along the Gulf of Mexico to occupy ≈1.2 million hectares within 20 years, with associated expected total costs increasing exponentially to ≈$300 million. With LC, MC, and HC, invaded areas reached ≈275, 34, and 2 thousand hectares after 20 years, respectively, with associated expected costs reaching ≈$400, $230, and $200 million. Complete eradication would not be cost-effective; the minimum expected total cost was achieved when control began as soon as the percentage of invaded land exceeded 5%. These results suggest the importance of early detection and control of Chinese tallow, and emphasize the importance of integrating spread dynamics and economics to manage invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid22442061, year = {2012}, author = {Camacho, DF and Pienta, KJ}, title = {Disrupting the networks of cancer.}, journal = {Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, pages = {2801-2808}, pmid = {22442061}, issn = {1557-3265}, support = {U01 CA143055/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; NIH 1 PO1 CA093900/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; NIH U54 CA163124/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; NIH 1 U01CA143055-01A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; U54 CA163124/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; P01 CA093900/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; 2 P50 CA69568/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; P50 CA069568/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Chemokines/metabolism ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Humans ; *Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Models, Biological ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; *Neoplasms/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Signal Transduction ; *Tumor Microenvironment ; }, abstract = {Ecosystems are interactive systems involving communities of species and their abiotic environment. Tumors are ecosystems in which cancer cells act as invasive species interacting with native host cell species in an established microenvironment within the larger host biosphere. At its heart, to study ecology is to study interconnectedness. In ecologic science, an ecologic network is a representation of the biotic interactions in an ecosystem in which species (nodes) are connected by pairwise interactions (links). Ecologic networks and signaling network models have been used to describe and compare the structures of ecosystems. It has been shown that disruption of ecologic networks through the loss of species or disruption of interactions between them can lead to the destruction of the ecosystem. Often, the destruction of a single node or link is not enough to disrupt the entire ecosystem. The more complex the network and its interactions, the more difficult it is to cause the extinction of a species, especially without leveraging other aspects of the ecosystem. Similarly, successful treatment of cancer with a single agent is rarely enough to cure a patient without strategically modifying the support systems conducive to survival of cancer. Cancer cells and the ecologic systems they reside in can be viewed as a series of nested networks. The most effective new paradigms for treatment will be developed through application of scaled network disruption.}, }
@article {pmid22440570, year = {2011}, author = {Rúa, MA and Pollina, EC and Power, AG and Mitchell, CE}, title = {The role of viruses in biological invasions: friend or foe?.}, journal = {Current opinion in virology}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {68-72}, doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2011.05.018}, pmid = {22440570}, issn = {1879-6265}, mesh = {*Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Diseases/*virology ; Plants/*virology ; Virus Physiological Phenomena ; Viruses/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions occur when plants, animals, or microbes are introduced to a new geographic region, then spread and have negative consequences for the local ecosystem. Across both plant and animal hosts, viruses can play diverse roles in biological invasions. First, viruses can either decrease or increase the impacts of biological invasions by their hosts. Introduced hosts commonly leave behind many viruses from their native ranges, which may allow the hosts to achieve greater fitness and thus dominate in their introduced ranges. Viruses that do infect introduced hosts may reduce invasive host fitness and impacts. However, many viruses that infect introduced hosts also infect native hosts and may have more severe impacts on the native hosts. Second, viruses can also be invasive species themselves. While many viruses are believed to be introduced, it is challenging to differentiate between those that are native and those that are not. Third, many viruses are transmitted by vectors, which can also be introduced to new regions. Introduced vectors can increase virus transmission rates, altering host communities and ecosystems. Further advancing our understanding of the role of viruses in biological invasions will require research that integrates the systematics, biogeography and ecological history of hosts, vectors, and viruses.}, }
@article {pmid22437178, year = {2012}, author = {Urbanski, J and Mogi, M and O'Donnell, D and DeCotiis, M and Toma, T and Armbruster, P}, title = {Rapid adaptive evolution of photoperiodic response during invasion and range expansion across a climatic gradient.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {179}, number = {4}, pages = {490-500}, doi = {10.1086/664709}, pmid = {22437178}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Aedes/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; *Photoperiod ; United States ; Wings, Animal/anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Abstract Understanding the mechanisms of adaptation to spatiotemporal environmental variation is a fundamental goal of evolutionary biology. This issue also has important implications for anticipating biological responses to contemporary climate warming and determining the processes by which invasive species are able to spread rapidly across broad geographic ranges. Here, we compare data from a historical study of latitudinal variation in photoperiodic response among Japanese and U.S. populations of the invasive Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus with contemporary data obtained using comparable methods. Our results demonstrated rapid adaptive evolution of the photoperiodic response during invasion and range expansion across ∼15° of latitude in the United States. In contrast to the photoperiodic response, size-based morphological traits implicated in climatic adaptation in a wide range of other insects did not show evidence of adaptive variation in Ae. albopictus across either the U.S. (invasive) or Japanese (native) range. These results show that photoperiodism has been an important adaptation to climatic variation across the U.S. range of Ae. albopictus and, in conjunction with previous studies, strongly implicate the photoperiodic control of seasonal development as a critical evolutionary response to ongoing contemporary climate change. These results also emphasize that photoperiodism warrants increased attention in studies of the evolution of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid22434772, year = {2012}, author = {Drenovsky, RE and Khasanova, A and James, JJ}, title = {Trait convergence and plasticity among native and invasive species in resource-poor environments.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {99}, number = {4}, pages = {629-639}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1100417}, pmid = {22434772}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Environment ; Gases/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Plants/*metabolism ; Principal Component Analysis ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Statistics as Topic ; Water ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF STUDY: Functional trait comparisons provide a framework with which to assess invasion and invasion resistance. However, recent studies have found evidence for both trait convergence and divergence among coexisting dominant native and invasive species. Few studies have assessed how multiple stresses constrain trait values and plasticity, and no study has included direct measurements of nutrient conservation traits, which are critical to plants growing in low-resource environments.<br><br>METHODS: We evaluated how nutrient and water stresses affect growth and allocation, water potential and gas exchange, and nitrogen (N) allocation and use traits among a suite of six codominant species from the Intermountain West to determine trait values and plasticity. In the greenhouse, we grew our species under a full factorial combination of high and low N and water availability. We measured relative growth rate (RGR) and its components, total biomass, biomass allocation, midday water potential, photosynthetic rate, water-use efficiency (WUE), green leaf N, senesced leaf N, total N pools, N productivity, and photosynthetic N use efficiency.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Overall, soil water availability constrained plant responses to N availability and was the major driver of plant trait variation in our analysis. Drought decreased plant biomass and RGR, limited N conservation, and led to increased WUE. For most traits, native and nonnative species were similarly plastic.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest native and invasive biomass dominants may converge on functionally similar traits and demonstrate comparable ability to respond to changes in resource availability.}, }
@article {pmid22434406, year = {2012}, author = {Haider, S and Kueffer, C and Edwards, PJ and Alexander, JM}, title = {Genetically based differentiation in growth of multiple non-native plant species along a steep environmental gradient.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {170}, number = {1}, pages = {89-99}, pmid = {22434406}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Altitude ; *Climate ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Development ; Plants/*genetics ; Seeds ; Spain ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {A non-native plant species spreading along an environmental gradient may need to adjust its growth to the prevailing conditions that it encounters by a combination of phenotypic plasticity and genetic adaptation. There have been several studies of how non-native species respond to changing environmental conditions along latitudinal gradients, but much less is known about elevational gradients. We conducted a climate chamber experiment to investigate plastic and genetically based growth responses of 13 herbaceous non-native plants along an elevational gradient from 100 to 2,000 m a.s.l. in Tenerife. Conditions in the field ranged from high anthropogenic disturbance but generally favourable temperatures for plant growth in the lower half of the gradient, to low disturbance but much cooler conditions in the upper half. We collected seed from low, mid and high elevations and grew them in climate chambers under the characteristic temperatures at these three elevations. Growth of all species was reduced under lower temperatures along both halves of the gradient. We found consistent genetically based differences in growth over the upper elevational gradient, with plants from high-elevation sites growing more slowly than those from mid-elevation ones, while the pattern in the lower part of the gradient was more mixed. Our data suggest that many non-native plants might respond to climate along elevational gradients by genetically based changes in key traits, especially at higher elevations where low temperatures probably impose a stronger selection pressure. At lower elevations, where anthropogenic influences are greater, higher gene flow and frequent disturbance might favour genotypes with broad ecological amplitudes. Thus the importance of evolutionary processes for invasion success is likely to be context-dependent.}, }
@article {pmid22432003, year = {2012}, author = {He, Q and Cui, B and An, Y}, title = {Physical stress, not biotic interactions, preclude an invasive grass from establishing in forb-dominated salt marshes.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {e33164}, pmid = {22432003}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {China ; *Ecosystem ; Euphorbiaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Floods ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Rivers ; *Salinity ; *Stress, Physiological ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biological invasions have become the focus of considerable concern and ecological research, yet the relative importance of abiotic and biotic factors in controlling the invasibility of habitats to exotic species is not well understood. Spartina species are highly invasive plants in coastal wetlands; however, studies on the factors that control the success or failure of Spartina invasions across multiple habitat types are rare and inconclusive.<br><br>We examined the roles of physical stress and plant interactions in mediating the establishment of the smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, in a variety of coastal habitats in northern China. Field transplant experiments showed that cordgrass can invade mudflats and low estuarine marshes with low salinity and frequent flooding, but cannot survive in salt marshes and high estuarine marshes with hypersaline soils and infrequent flooding. The dominant native plant Suaeda salsa had neither competitive nor facilitative effects on cordgrass. A common garden experiment revealed that cordgrass performed significantly better when flooded every other day than when flooded weekly. These results suggest that physical stress rather than plant interactions limits cordgrass invasions in northern China.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: We conclude that Spartina invasions are likely to be constrained to tidal flats and low estuarine marshes in the Yellow River Delta. Due to harsh physical conditions, salt marshes and high estuarine marshes are unlikely to be invaded. These findings have implications for understanding Spartina invasions in northern China and on other coasts with similar biotic and abiotic environments.}, }
@article {pmid22423296, year = {2012}, author = {Rempt, M and Weinberger, F and Grosser, K and Pohnert, G}, title = {Conserved and species-specific oxylipin pathways in the wound-activated chemical defense of the noninvasive red alga Gracilaria chilensis and the invasive Gracilaria vermiculophylla.}, journal = {Beilstein journal of organic chemistry}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {283-289}, pmid = {22423296}, issn = {1860-5397}, abstract = {Chemical defense of the invasive red alga Gracilaria vermiculophylla has been studied and compared to that of the noninvasive but related Gracilaria chilensis. Both species rely on a wound-activated chemical defense that makes them less attractive to the herbivorous sea snail Echinolittorina peruviana. The chemical stress response of both species was monitored by LC-ESIMS-based metabolic profiling and revealed commonalities and differences. Both algae rely on a rapid lipoxygenase mediated transformation of arachidonic acid to known and novel oxylipins. Common products are 7,8-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and a novel eicosanoid with an unusual γ-lactone moiety. Several prostaglandins were predominantly formed by the invasive species. The role of some of these metabolites was investigated by surveying the attachment of E. peruviana on artificial food containing the respective oxylipins. Both algae species are defended against this general herbivore by 7,8-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, whereas the prostaglandins and the novel oxylipins were inactive at naturally occurring concentrations. The role of different oxylipins in the invasive potential of Gracilaria spp. is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid22422981, year = {2012}, author = {Petitpierre, B and Kueffer, C and Broennimann, O and Randin, C and Daehler, C and Guisan, A}, title = {Climatic niche shifts are rare among terrestrial plant invaders.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {335}, number = {6074}, pages = {1344-1348}, doi = {10.1126/science.1215933}, pmid = {22422981}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Asia ; Australia ; Biodiversity ; *Climate ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*growth &amp; development ; North America ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {The assumption that climatic niche requirements of invasive species are conserved between their native and invaded ranges is key to predicting the risk of invasion. However, this assumption has been challenged recently by evidence of niche shifts in some species. Here, we report the first large-scale test of niche conservatism for 50 terrestrial plant invaders between Eurasia, North America, and Australia. We show that when analog climates are compared between regions, fewer than 15% of species have more than 10% of their invaded distribution outside their native climatic niche. These findings reveal that substantial niche shifts are rare in terrestrial plant invaders, providing support for an appropriate use of ecological niche models for the prediction of both biological invasions and responses to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid22422132, year = {2012}, author = {Pârvulescu, L and Schrimpf, A and Kozubíková, E and Cabanillas Resino, S and Vrålstad, T and Petrusek, A and Schulz, R}, title = {Invasive crayfish and crayfish plague on the move: first detection of the plague agent Aphanomyces astaci in the Romanian Danube.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {98}, number = {1}, pages = {85-94}, doi = {10.3354/dao02432}, pmid = {22422132}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphanomyces/*isolation &amp; purification ; Astacoidea/*microbiology ; *Rivers ; Romania ; }, abstract = {Native European crayfish, such as Astacus leptodactylus, are threatened, among other factors, by the crayfish plague agent Aphanomyces astaci, dispersed by invasive North American crayfish. Two of these invaders, Pacifastacus leniusculus and Orconectes limosus, have extended their distribution in the River Danube catchment; the latter was detected for the first time in Romania in 2008. We monitored, at monthly intervals for over 2 yr, occurrence of native A. leptodactylus and invasive O. limosus at 6 sites on the Romanian Danube and checked for the invasive species in 4 of its tributaries. Between January 2009 and March 2011, the relative abundances of O. limosus steadily increased with time, while the native A. leptodactylus dramatically decreased in abundance. O. limosus expanded downstream at a rate of ca. 15 km yr-1; in August 2011, it was already present in the upper 105 km of the Romanian Danube. An agent-specific real-time PCR analyses demonstrated the presence of A. astaci DNA in at least 32% of the analysed invasive (n = 71) and 41% of the native (n = 49) crayfish coexisting in the Danube. Furthermore, A. astaci was also detected in A. leptodactylus captured about 70 km downstream of the O. limosus invasion front (at the time of sampling). Assuming a steady rate of expansion, O. limosus may invade the sensitive Danube delta area in the mid-2060s, even without long-distance dispersal. The crayfish plague agent, however, may reach the delta substantially earlier, through dispersal downstream among populations of native crayfish.}, }
@article {pmid22420775, year = {2012}, author = {Roleda, MY and Nyberg, CD and Wulff, A}, title = {UVR defense mechanisms in eurytopic and invasive Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta).}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {146}, number = {2}, pages = {205-216}, doi = {10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01615.x}, pmid = {22420775}, issn = {1399-3054}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Gracilaria/*growth &amp; development/*radiation effects ; Introduced Species ; Photosynthesis/*radiation effects ; Spores/*radiation effects ; Stress, Physiological ; Sunlight ; *Ultraviolet Rays ; Xanthophylls/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The invasive success of Gracilaria vermiculophylla has been attributed to its wide tolerance range to different abiotic factors, but its response to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is yet to be investigated. In the laboratory, carpospores and vegetative thalli of an Atlantic population were exposed to different radiation treatments consisting of high PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) only (P), PAR+UV-A (PA) and PAR+UV-A+UV-B (PAB). Photosynthesis of carpospores was photoinhibited under different radiation treatments but photosystem II (PSII) function was restored after 12 h under dim white light. Growth of vegetative thalli was significantly higher under radiation supplemented with UVR. Decrease in chlorophyll a (Chl a) under daily continuous 16-h exposure to 300 µmol photons m(-2) s(-1) of PAR suggests preventive accumulation of excited chlorophyll molecules within the antennae to minimize the generation of dangerous reactive oxygen species. Moreover, an increase in total carotenoids and xanthophyll cycle pigments (i.e. violaxanthin, antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin) further suggests effective photoprotection under UVR. The presence of the ketocarotenoid β-cryptoxanthin also indicates protection against UVR and oxidative stress. The initial concentration of total mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in freshly-released spores increased approximately four times after 8-h laboratory radiation treatments. On the other hand, initial specific MAAs in vegetative thalli changed in composition after 7-day exposure to laboratory radiation conditions without affecting the total concentration. The above responses suggest that G. vermiculophylla have multiple UVR defense mechanisms to cope with the dynamic variation in light quantity and quality encountered in its habitat. Beside being eurytopic, the UVR photoprotective mechanisms likely contribute to the current invasive success of the species in shallow lagoons and estuaries exposed to high solar radiation.}, }
@article {pmid22420248, year = {2012}, author = {Suckling, DM and Tobin, PC and McCullough, DG and Herms, DA}, title = {Combining tactics to exploit Allee effects for eradication of alien insect populations.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {105}, number = {1}, pages = {1-13}, doi = {10.1603/ec11293}, pmid = {22420248}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Insecta ; Insecticides ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; Pheromones ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Invasive species increasingly threaten ecosystems, food production, and human welfare worldwide. Hundreds of eradication programs have targeted a wide range of nonnative insect species to mitigate the economic and ecological impacts of biological invasions. Many such programs used multiple tactics to achieve this goal, but interactions between tactics have received little formal consideration, specifically as they interact with Allee dynamics. If a population can be driven below an Allee threshold, extinction becomes more probable because of factors such as the failure to find mates, satiate natural enemies, or successfully exploit food resources, as well as demographic and environmental stochasticity. A key implication of an Allee threshold is that the population can be eradicated without the need and expense of killing the last individuals. Some combinations of control tactics could interact with Allee dynamics to increase the probability of successful eradication. Combinations of tactics can be considered to have synergistic (greater efficiency in achieving extinction from the combination), additive (no improvement over single tactics alone), or antagonistic (reduced efficiency from the combination) effects on Allee dynamics. We highlight examples of combinations of tactics likely to act synergistically, additively, or antagonistically on pest populations. By exploiting the interacting effects of multiple tactics on Allee dynamics, the success and cost-effectiveness of eradication programs can be enhanced.}, }
@article {pmid22419481, year = {2012}, author = {Rodríguez-Echeverría, S and Fajardo, S and Ruiz-Díez, B and Fernández-Pascual, M}, title = {Differential effectiveness of novel and old legume-rhizobia mutualisms: implications for invasion by exotic legumes.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {170}, number = {1}, pages = {253-261}, pmid = {22419481}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Fabaceae/*microbiology ; Forecasting ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; Plant Development ; Rhizobiaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Soil Microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {The degree of specialization in the legume-rhizobium mutualism and the variation in the response to different potential symbionts are crucial factors for understanding the process of invasion by exotic legumes and the consequences for the native resident plants and bacteria. The enhanced novel mutualism hypothesis predicts that exotic invasive legumes would take advantage of native rhizobia present in the invaded soils. However, recent studies have shown that exotic legumes might become invasive by using exotic introduced microsymbionts, and that they could be a source of exotic bacteria for native legumes. To unravel the role of novel and old symbioses in the progress of invasion, nodulation and symbiotic effectiveness were analyzed for exotic invasive plants and native co-occurring legumes in a Mediterranean coastal dune ecosystem. Although most of the studied species nodulated with bacteria from distant origins these novel mutualisms were less effective in terms of nodulation, nitrogenase activity and plant growth than the interactions of plants and bacteria from the same origin. The relative effect of exotic bradyrhizobia was strongly positive for exotic invasive legumes and detrimental for native shrubs. We conclude that (1) the studied invasive legumes do not rely on novel mutualisms but rather need the co-introduction of compatible symbionts, and (2) since exotic rhizobia colonize native legumes in invaded areas, the lack of effectiveness of these novel symbiosis demonstrated here suggests that invasion can disrupt native belowground mutualisms and reduce native legumes fitness.}, }
@article {pmid22419480, year = {2012}, author = {van Leeuwen, CH and Tollenaar, ML and Klaassen, M}, title = {Vector activity and propagule size affect dispersal potential by vertebrates.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {170}, number = {1}, pages = {101-109}, pmid = {22419480}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Defecation ; Ducks ; *Food Chain ; *Gastropoda ; Survival ; Swimming ; }, abstract = {Many small organisms in various life stages can be transported in the digestive system of larger vertebrates, a process known as endozoochory. Potential dispersal distances of these "propagules" are generally calculated after monitoring retrieval in experiments with resting vector animals. We argue that vectors in natural situations will be actively moving during effective transport rather than resting. We here test for the first time how physical activity of a vector animal might affect its dispersal efficiency. We compared digestive characteristics between swimming, wading (i.e. resting in water) and isolation (i.e. resting in a cage) mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). We fed plastic markers and aquatic gastropods, and monitored retrieval and survival of these propagules in the droppings over 24 h. Over a period of 5 h of swimming, mallards excreted 1.5 times more markers than when wading and 2.3 times more markers than isolation birds, the pattern being reversed over the subsequent period of monitoring where all birds were resting. Retention times of markers were shortened for approximately 1 h for swimming, and 0.5 h for wading birds. Shorter retention times imply higher survival of propagules at increased vector activity. However, digestive intensity measured directly by retrieval of snail shells was not a straightforward function of level of activity. Increased marker size had a negative effect on discharge rate. Our experiment indicates that previous estimates of propagule dispersal distances based on resting animals are overestimated, while propagule survival seems underestimated. These findings have implications for the dispersal of invasive species, meta-population structures and long distance colonization events.}, }
@article {pmid22418931, year = {2012}, author = {Zhu, L and Zhang, Y and Deng, J and Li, H and Lu, J}, title = {Phenolic concentrations and antioxidant properties of wines made from north american grapes grown in china.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {3304-3323}, pmid = {22418931}, issn = {1420-3049}, mesh = {Anthocyanins/analysis ; Antioxidants/*analysis ; China ; Europe ; Flavonols/analysis ; Gallic Acid/analysis ; Hydroxybenzoates/analysis ; Introduced Species ; North America ; Phenols/*analysis ; Stilbenes/analysis ; *Vitis ; Wine/*analysis ; }, abstract = {The characteristics of wine phenolics found in several North American and (for comparison) European grape cultivars grown in China were analyzed. This was done to find non-Vitis vinifera wines with prominent features in order to diversify the kinds of wines. The phenolic richness and antioxidant activity decreased in the order: red > rose > white wines. In the red wines, the American grape 'Cynthiana' had the highest total concentrations of phenols, anthocyanins, flavonols and phenolic acids, as well as antioxidant capacity, followed by the French hybrid 'Chambourcin', the lowest were detected in two European grape varieties, 'Merlot' and 'Cabernet Sauvignon', while the total flavon-3-ols levels were reversed among these red grape cultivars. The highest concentration of stilbenes out of all the wines analyzed was found in the 'Merlot' variety. There were significant differences among wine phenolic compositions between North American and European grape cultivars. The antioxidant activities were significantly related to the concentrations of total phenols (r[2] = 0.996), anthocyanins (r[2] = 0.984), flavonols (r[2] = 0.850) and gallic acid (r[2] = 0.797). The prominent features of wine aroma and nutrition could make the American grape wines attractive to consumers. It is therefore necessary to perform further research on cultural practices and wine making involving these grapes.}, }
@article {pmid22413802, year = {2012}, author = {Wang, XY and Shen, DW and Jiao, J and Xu, NN and Yu, S and Zhou, XF and Shi, MM and Chen, XY}, title = {Genotypic diversity enhances invasive ability of Spartina alterniflora.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {21}, number = {10}, pages = {2542-2551}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05531.x}, pmid = {22413802}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Biomass ; China ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Poaceae/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Although genetic diversity is very important for alien species, which have to cope with new environments, little is known about the role that genetic diversity plays in their invasive success. In this study, we set up a manipulation experiment including three levels of genotypic diversity to test whether genotypic diversity can enhance the invasive ability of alien species, in our case the invasive Spartina alterniflora in China, and to infer the underlying mechanisms. There was no significant relationship between genotypic diversity and parameters of performance in the first year; however, from the summer of the second year onwards, genotypic diversity enhanced four of the six parameters of performance. After two growing seasons, there were significant positive relationships between genotypic diversity and maximum spread distance, patch size, shoot number per patch, and aboveground biomass. Moreover, abundance of the native dominant species Scirpus mariqueter was marginally significantly decreased with genotypic diversity of S. alterniflora, suggesting that enhanced invasive ability of S. alterniflora may have depressed the growth of the native species. There was no significant difference in most measures of performance among six genotypes, but we observed a transgressive over performance in four measures in multiple-genotype patches. At the end of the experiment, there were significant nonadditive effects of genotypic diversity according to Monte Carlo permutations, in six-genotype, but not three-genotype plots. Our results indicated that both additive and nonadditive effects played roles in the positive relationship between genetic diversity and invasion success, and nonadditive effects were stronger as duration increased.}, }
@article {pmid22412895, year = {2012}, author = {Green, SJ and Akins, JL and Maljković, A and Côté, IM}, title = {Invasive lionfish drive Atlantic coral reef fish declines.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {e32596}, pmid = {22412895}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bahamas ; Biomass ; Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans and P. miles) have spread swiftly across the Western Atlantic, producing a marine predator invasion of unparalleled speed and magnitude. There is growing concern that lionfish will affect the structure and function of invaded marine ecosystems, however detrimental impacts on natural communities have yet to be measured. Here we document the response of native fish communities to predation by lionfish populations on nine coral reefs off New Providence Island, Bahamas. We assessed lionfish diet through stomach contents analysis, and quantified changes in fish biomass through visual surveys of lionfish and native fishes at the sites over time. Lionfish abundance increased rapidly between 2004 and 2010, by which time lionfish comprised nearly 40% of the total predator biomass in the system. The increase in lionfish abundance coincided with a 65% decline in the biomass of the lionfish's 42 Atlantic prey fishes in just two years. Without prompt action to control increasing lionfish populations, similar effects across the region may have long-term negative implications for the structure of Atlantic marine communities, as well as the societies and economies that depend on them.}, }
@article {pmid22408740, year = {2012}, author = {Andersen, HF and Jordal, BH and Kambestad, M and Kirkendall, LR}, title = {Improbable but true: the invasive inbreeding ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus morigerus has generalist genotypes.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {247-257}, pmid = {22408740}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The wide distribution and dominance of invasive inbreeding species in many forest ecosystems seems paradoxical in face of their limited genetic variation. Successful establishment of invasive species in new areas is nevertheless facilitated by clonal reproduction: parthenogenesis, regular self-fertilization, and regular inbreeding. The success of clonal lineages in variable environments has been explained by two models, the frozen niche variation (FNV) model and the general-purpose genotype (GPG) model. We tested these models on a widely distributed forest pest that has been recently established in Costa Rica-the sibling-mating ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus morigerus. Two deeply diverged mitochondrial haplotypes coexist at multiple sites in Costa Rica. We find that these two haplotypes do not differ in their associations with ecological factors. Overall the two haplotypes showed complete overlap in their resource utilization; both genotypes have broad niches, supporting the GPG model. Thus, probable or not, our findings suggest that X. morigerus is a true ecological generalist. Clonal aspects of reproduction coupled with broad niches are doubtless important factors in the successful colonization of new habitats in distant regions.}, }
@article {pmid22408640, year = {2012}, author = {Sukenik, A and Hadas, O and Kaplan, A and Quesada, A}, title = {Invasion of Nostocales (cyanobacteria) to Subtropical and Temperate Freshwater Lakes - Physiological, Regional, and Global Driving Forces.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {86}, pmid = {22408640}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Similar to the increased number of studies on invasive plants and animals in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, many reports were recently published on the invasion of Nostocales (cyanobacteria) to freshwater environments worldwide. Invasion and proliferation of Nostocales in new habitats have the potential to significantly alter the structure of the native community and to modify ecosystem functioning. But most importantly, they influence the water quality due to a variety of toxic compounds that some species produce. Therefore a special attention was given to the invasion and persistence of toxic cyanobacteria in many aquatic ecosystems. Here we summarize the currently published records on the invasion of two Nostocales genera, Cylindrospermopsis and Aphanizomenon, to lakes and water reservoirs in subtropical and temperate zones. These invading species possess traits thought to be common to many invasive organisms: high growth rate, high resource utilization efficiency and overall superior competitive abilities over native species when local conditions vary. Assuming that dispersion routes of cyanobacteria have not been changed much in recent decades, their recent establishment and proliferation in new habitats indicate changes in the environment under which they can exploit their physiological advantage over the native phytoplankton population. In many cases, global warming was identified as the major driving force for the invasion of Nostocales. Due to this uncontrollable trend, invasive Nostocales species are expected to maintain their presence in new habitats and further expand to new environments. In other cases, regional changes in nutrient loads and in biotic conditions were attributed to the invasion events.}, }
@article {pmid22408468, year = {2012}, author = {Krapal, AM and Popa, OP and Iorgu, EI and Costache, M and Popa, LO}, title = {Isolation and characterization of new microsatellite markers for the invasive softshell clam, Mya arenaria (L.) (Bivalvia: Myidae).}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {2515-2520}, pmid = {22408468}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Mya/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The invasive softshell clam (Mya arenaria Linnaeus, 1758) is native to the northwestern region of the Atlantic Ocean. This species has been introduced in the northeast Pacific and along the European coasts, due to intense naval transports and aquaculture, and it is now present in all the European seas. In this paper we describe seven new microsatellite loci for Mya arenaria. The isolated loci are polymorphic with a number of alleles per locus between 6 and 14. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.417 to 0.951, and from 0.643 to 0.895, with an average of 0.716 and 0.775, respectively. These microsatellite markers should be useful in analyzing this species' genetic diversity, which could explain various processes of its invasion history.}, }
@article {pmid22408380, year = {2012}, author = {van Nieukerken, EJ and Wagner, DL and Baldessari, M and Mazzon, L and Angeli, G and Girolami, V and Duso, C and Doorenweerd, C}, title = {Antispila oinophylla new species (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae), a new North American grapevine leafminer invading Italian vineyards: taxonomy, DNA barcodes and life cycle.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {170}, pages = {29-77}, pmid = {22408380}, issn = {1313-2970}, abstract = {A grapevine leafminer Antispila oinophylla van Nieukerken &amp; Wagner, sp. n., is described both from eastern North America (type locality: Georgia) and as a new important invader in North Italian vineyards (Trentino and Veneto Region) since 2006. The species is closely related to, and previously confused with Antispila ampelopsifoliella Chambers, 1874, a species feeding on Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planchon., and both are placed in an informal Antispila ampelopsifoliella group. Wing pattern, genitalia, and DNA barcode data all confirm the conspecificity of native North American populations and Italian populations. COI barcodes differ by only 0-1.23%, indicating that the Italian populations are recently established from eastern North America. The new species feeds on various wild Vitis species in North America, on cultivated Vitis vinifera L. in Italy, and also on Parthenocissus quinquefolia in Italy. North American Antispila feeding on Parthenocissus include at least two other species, one of which is Antispila ampelopsifoliella. Morphology and biology of the new species are contrasted with those of North American Antispila Hübner, 1825 species and European Holocacista rivillei (Stainton, 1855). The source population of the introduction is unknown, but cases with larvae or pupae, attached to imported plants, are a likely possibility. DNA barcodes of the three European grapevine leafminers and those of all examined Heliozelidae are highly diagnostic. North American Vitaceae-feeding Antispila form two species complexes and include several as yet unnamed taxa. The identity of three out of the four previously described North American Vitaceae-feeding species cannot be unequivocally determined without further revision, but these are held to be different from Antispila oinophylla. In Italy the biology of Antispila oinophylla was studied in a vineyard in the Trento Province (Trentino-Alto Adige Region) in 2008 and 2009. Mature larvae overwinter inside their cases, fixed to vine trunks or training stakes. The first generation flies in June. An additional generation occurs from mid-August onwards. The impact of the pest in this vineyard was significant with more than 90% of leaves infested in mid-summer. Since the initial discovery in 2006, the pest spread to several additional Italian provinces, in 2010 the incidence of infestation was locally high in commercial vineyards. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses suggest that Antispila is paraphyletic, and that the Antispila ampelopsifoliella group is related to Coptodisca Walsingham, 1895, Holocacista Walsingham &amp; Durrant, 1909 and Antispilina Hering, 1941, all of which possess reduced wing venation. Vitaceae may be the ancestral hostplant family for modern Heliozelidae.}, }
@article {pmid22408378, year = {2012}, author = {Kawahara, AY and Rubinoff, D}, title = {Three new species of Fancy Case caterpillars from threatened forests of Hawaii (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae, Hyposmocoma).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {170}, pages = {1-20}, pmid = {22408378}, issn = {1313-2970}, abstract = {The endemic Hawaiian moth genus Hyposmocoma includes 348 described species and perhaps twice as many that remain undescribed. The genus is unusual within Lepidoptera in that its larvae create distinctive silk cases in which they perambulate while protected and camouflaged. An extraordinary diversity of case types exists, and to date more than ten different types have been identified, each corresponding roughly to a separate evolutionary lineage. In this study, we describe three new species of Hyposmocoma: Hyposmocoma ipohapuusp. n. from Big Island, Hyposmocoma makawaosp. n. from Makawao Forest Reserve in Mauiand Hyposmocoma tantalasp. n. from Mt. Tantalus, Oahu, all of which produce tubular purse cases during their larval stage. We also describe the female of Hyposmocoma inversella Walsingham, which was previously undescribed, and re-describe two closely related species, Hyposmocoma auropurpurea Walsingham and Hyposmocoma nebulifera Walsingham, neither which have been formally described in recent years. We present for the first time, primer sequences for a 705 bp fragment of CAD, designed for Hyposmocoma and relatives. The molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial and nuclear loci demonstrates that all are distinct species. The discovery of a new, endemic species from Mt. Tantalus, an area with many invasive species, suggests that even relatively degraded areas in Hawaii would be worthy of active conservation efforts.}, }
@article {pmid22405444, year = {2012}, author = {Luan, J and Liu, S}, title = {Differences in mating behavior lead to asymmetric mating interactions and consequential changes in sex ratio between an invasive and an indigenous whitefly.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {1-15}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2011.00273.x}, pmid = {22405444}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Female ; Hemiptera/*classification/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Sex Ratio ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The invasive B whitefly and the indigenous ZHJ2 whitefly in China of the Bemisia tabaci complex represent two previously allopatric cryptic species. Laboratory experiments have shown that the invasive B can displace the indigenous ZHJ2. Here, we observed the mating behavior and mating interactions between B and ZHJ2 to elucidate the behavioral mechanisms underlying their competition. The 2 species are able to mate with each other, although at a significantly lower frequency than that between males and females within the same species. Heterospecifically-mated females produce only male progeny, indicating reproductive isolation. Heterospecific mating had only a marginal effect on reproduction of females in either species. Detailed observations on mating interactions between the 2 species showed that B had higher sexual activity than ZHJ2. B males were more likely to interrupt courtships initiated by rival males than ZHJ2 males. Compared with ZHJ2 males, B males were also more likely to successfully interrupt courtships initiated by rival heterospecific males than by males of the same species. In addition, B males guarded B females post-copulation, whereas ZHJ2 males did not. When the 2 species co-occurred, the behavioral differences and interactions between them resulted in an increased proportion of females produced in the offspring of B but reduced proportion of females in the progeny of ZHJ2. These asymmetric mating interactions might be an important mechanism underlying the displacement of ZHJ2 by B. Our study shows that reproductive interference might contribute to the competitive exclusion between closely related species during biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid22404764, year = {2012}, author = {Zhang, R and Gallagher, RS and Shea, K}, title = {Maternal warming affects early life stages of an invasive thistle.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {783-788}, doi = {10.1111/j.1438-8677.2011.00561.x}, pmid = {22404764}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Carduus/*growth &amp; development ; Germination ; *Global Warming ; *Introduced Species ; Seedlings/*growth &amp; development ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Maternal environment can influence plant offspring performance. Understanding maternal environmental effects will help to bridge a key gap in the knowledge of plant life cycles, and provide important insights for species' responses under climate change. Here we show that maternal warming significantly affected the early life stages of an invasive thistle, Carduus nutans. Seeds produced by plants grown in warmed conditions had higher germination percentages and shorter mean germination times than those produced by plants under ambient conditions; this difference was most evident at suboptimal germination temperatures. Subsequent seedling emergence was also faster with maternal warming, with no cost to seedling emergence percentage and seedling growth. Our results suggest that maternal warming may accelerate the life cycle of this species via enhanced early life-history stages. These maternal effects on offspring performance, together with the positive responses of the maternal generation, may exacerbate invasions of this species under climate change.}, }
@article {pmid22403653, year = {2012}, author = {Bhagwat, SA and Breman, E and Thekaekara, T and Thornton, TF and Willis, KJ}, title = {A battle lost? Report on two centuries of invasion and management of Lantana camara L. in Australia, India and South Africa.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {e32407}, pmid = {22403653}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Australia ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; India ; Introduced Species/*history ; *Lantana ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Recent discussion on invasive species has invigorated the debate on strategies to manage these species. Lantana camara L., a shrub native to the American tropics, has become one of the worst weeds in recorded history. In Australia, India and South Africa, Lantana has become very widespread occupying millions of hectares of land. Here, we examine historical records to reconstruct invasion and management of Lantana over two centuries and ask: Can we fight the spread of invasive species or do we need to develop strategies for their adaptive management? We carried out extensive research of historical records constituting over 75% of records on invasion and management of this species in the three countries. The records indicate that governments in Australia, India and South Africa have taken aggressive measures to eradicate Lantana over the last two centuries, but these efforts have been largely unsuccessful. We found that despite control measures, the invasion trajectory of Lantana has continued upwards and that post-war land-use change might have been a possible trigger for this spread. A large majority of studies on invasive species address timescales of less than one year; and even fewer address timescales of >10 years. An understanding of species invasions over long time-scales is of paramount importance. While archival records may give only a partial picture of the spread and management of invasive species, in the absence of any other long-term dataset on the ecology of Lantana, our study provides an important insight into its invasion, spread and management over two centuries and across three continents. While the established paradigm is to expend available resources on attempting to eradicate invasive species, our findings suggest that in the future, conservationists will need to develop strategies for their adaptive management rather than fighting a losing battle.}, }
@article {pmid22402621, year = {2012}, author = {Lau, JA}, title = {Evolutionary indirect effects of biological invasions.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {170}, number = {1}, pages = {171-181}, pmid = {22402621}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids ; *Biological Evolution ; Coleoptera ; *Ecosystem ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Lotus/growth &amp; development ; Medicago/growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Just as ecological indirect effects can have a wide range of consequences for community structure and ecosystem function, theory suggests that evolutionary indirect effects can also influence community dynamics and the outcome of species interactions. There is little empirical evidence documenting such effects, however. Here, I use a multi-generation selection experiment in the field to investigate: (1) how the exotic plant Medicago polymorpha and the exotic insect herbivore Hypera brunneipennis affect the evolution of anti-herbivore resistance traits in the native plant Lotus wrangelianus and (2) how observed Lotus evolutionary responses to Hypera alter interactions between Lotus and other members of the herbivore community. In one of two study populations, I document rapid evolutionary changes in Lotus resistance to Hypera in response to insecticide treatments that experimentally reduced Hypera abundance, and in response to Medicago-removal treatments that also reduced Hypera abundance. These evolutionary changes in response to Hypera result in reduced attack by aphids. Thus, an evolutionary change caused by one herbivore species alters interactions with other herbivore taxa, an example of an eco-evolutionary feedback. Given that many traits mediate interactions with multiple species, the effects of evolutionary changes in response to one key biotic selective agent may often cascade through interaction webs to influence additional community members.}, }
@article {pmid22399666, year = {2012}, author = {Brix, KV and Grosell, M}, title = {Comparative characterization of Na+ transport in Cyprinodon variegatus variegatus and Cyprinodon variegatus hubbsi: a model species complex for studying teleost invasion of freshwater.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {215}, number = {Pt 7}, pages = {1199-1209}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.067496}, pmid = {22399666}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Acclimatization/drug effects/physiology ; Amiloride/analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology ; Animals ; Cell Size/drug effects ; Chlorides/pharmacology ; Epithelium/drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure ; *Fresh Water ; Gills/anatomy &amp; histology/drug effects/ultrastructure ; *Introduced Species ; Ion Transport/drug effects ; Killifishes/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Macrolides/pharmacology ; Metolazone/pharmacology ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; *Models, Animal ; Sodium/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The euryhaline fish Cyprinodon variegatus variegatus is capable of tolerating ambient salinities ranging from 0.3 to 160 PSU, but is incapable of long-term survival in freshwater (<2 mmol l(-1) Na(+)). A population isolated in several freshwater (0.4-1 mmol l(-1) Na(+)) lakes in central Florida is now designated as a subspecies (Cyprinodon variegatus hubbsi). We conducted a comparative study of Na(+) transport kinetics in these two populations when acclimated to different ambient Na(+) concentrations. Results reveal that the two subspecies have qualitatively similar low affinity Na(+) uptake kinetics (K(m)=7000-38,000 μmol l(-1)) when acclimated to 2 or 7 mmol l(-1) Na(+), but C. v. hubbsi switches to a high affinity system (K(m)=100-140 μmol l(-1)) in low-Na(+) freshwater (≤1 mmol l(-1) Na(+)). Inhibitor experiments indicate that Na(+) uptake in both subspecies is EIPA-sensitive, but sensitivity decreases with increasing external Na(+). EIPA induced a 95% inhibition of Na(+) influx in C. v. hubbsi acclimated to 0.1 mmol l(-1) Na(+), suggesting that this subspecies is utilizing a Na(+)/H(+) exchanger to take up Na(+) in low-Na(+) environments despite theoretical thermodynamic constraints. Na(+) uptake in C. v. hubbsi acclimated to 0.1 mmol l(-1) Na(+) is phenamil-sensitive but not bafilomycin-sensitive, leading to uncertainty about whether this subspecies also utilizes Na(+) channels for Na(+) uptake. Experiments with both subspecies acclimated to 7 mmol l(-1) Na(+) also indicate that a Cl(-)-dependent Na(+) uptake pathway is present. This pathway is not metolazone-sensitive (NCC inhibitor) in either species but is bumetanide-sensitive in C. v. variegatus but not C. v. hubbsi. This suggests that an apical NKCC is increasingly involved with Na(+) uptake for this subspecies as external Na(+) increases. Finally, characterization of mitochondria-rich cell (MRC) size and density in fish acclimated to different ambient Na(+) concentrations revealed significant increases in the number and size of emergent MRCs with decreasing ambient Na(+). A linear relationship between the fractional area of emergent MRCs and Na(+) uptake rate was observed for both subspecies. However, C. v. variegatus have lower Na(+) uptake rates at a given MRC fractional area compared with C. v. hubbsi, indicating that the enhanced Na(+) uptake by C. v. hubbsi at low ambient Na(+) concentrations is not strictly a result of increased MRC fractional area, and other variables, such as differential expression of proteins involved in Na(+) uptake, must provide C. v. hubbsi with the ability to osmoregulate in dilute freshwater.}, }
@article {pmid22399655, year = {2012}, author = {Fields, PA and Zuzow, MJ and Tomanek, L}, title = {Proteomic responses of blue mussel (Mytilus) congeners to temperature acclimation.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {215}, number = {Pt 7}, pages = {1106-1116}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.062273}, pmid = {22399655}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Animals ; Cluster Analysis ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional ; Mytilus edulis/*metabolism ; Principal Component Analysis ; Proteins/metabolism ; Proteomics/*methods ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The ability to acclimate to variable environmental conditions affects the biogeographic range of species, their success at colonizing new habitats, and their likelihood of surviving rapid anthropogenic climate change. Here we compared responses to temperature acclimation (4 weeks at 7, 13 and 19°C) in gill tissue of the warm-adapted intertidal blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, an invasive species in the northeastern Pacific, and the cold-adapted M. trossulus, the native congener in the region, to better understand the physiological differences underlying the ongoing competition. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry, we showed that warm acclimation caused changes in cytoskeletal composition and proteins of energy metabolism in both species, consistent with increasing rates of filtration and respiration due to increased ciliary activity. During cold acclimation, changes in cytoskeletal proteins were accompanied by increasing abundances of oxidative stress proteins and molecular chaperones, possibly because of the increased production of aldehydes as indicated by the upregulation of aldehyde dehydrogenase. The cold-adapted M. trossulus showed increased abundances of molecular chaperones at 19°C, but M. galloprovincialis did not, suggesting that the two species differ in their long-term upper thermal limits. In contrast, the warm-adapted M. galloprovincialis showed a stronger response to cold acclimation than M. trossulus, including changes in abundance in more proteins and differing protein expression profiles between 7 and 13°C, a pattern absent in M. trossulus. In general, increasing levels of oxidative stress proteins inversely correlate with modifications in Krebs cycle and electron transport chain proteins, indicating a trade-off between oxidative stress resistance and energy production. Overall, our results help explain why M. galloprovincialis has replaced M. trossulus in southern California over the last century, but also suggest that M. trossulus may maintain a competitive advantage at colder temperatures. Anthropogenic global warming may reinforce the advantage M. galloprovincialis has over M. trossulus in the warmer parts of the latter's historical range.}, }
@article {pmid22398861, year = {2012}, author = {Basen, T and Rothhaupt, KO and Martin-Creuzburg, D}, title = {Absence of sterols constrains food quality of cyanobacteria for an invasive freshwater bivalve.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {170}, number = {1}, pages = {57-64}, pmid = {22398861}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Bivalvia/*growth &amp; development ; Cyanobacteria/*chemistry ; Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Food Preferences ; *Introduced Species ; Nutritive Value ; Sterols/*analysis ; }, abstract = {The accumulation of cyanobacterial biomass may severely affect the performance of aquatic consumers. Here, we investigated the role of sterols in determining the food quality of cyanobacteria for the invasive clam Corbicula fluminea, which has become a common benthic invertebrate in many freshwater ecosystems throughout the world. In standardized growth experiments, juvenile clams were fed mixtures of different cyanobacteria (Anabaena variabilis, Aphanothece clathrata, Synechococcus elongatus) or sterol-containing eukaryotic algae (Cryptomonas sp., Nannochloropsis limnetica, Scenedesmus obliquus). In addition, the cyanobacterial food was supplemented with different sterols. We provide evidence that somatic growth of C. fluminea on cyanobacterial diets is constrained by the absence of sterols, as indicated by a growth-enhancing effect of sterol supplementation. Thus, our findings contribute to our understanding of the consequences of cyanobacterial mass developments for benthic consumers and highlight the importance of considering sterols as potentially limiting nutrients in aquatic food webs.}, }
@article {pmid22396068, year = {2013}, author = {Mandal, S and Harkantra, SN}, title = {Changes in the soft-bottom macrobenthic diversity and community structure from the ports of Mumbai, India.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {185}, number = {1}, pages = {653-672}, pmid = {22396068}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/classification/*growth &amp; development ; *Biodiversity ; Environmental Monitoring ; India ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Ships ; }, abstract = {Soft-bottom macrobenthic diversity and community structure were assessed at Mumbai and Jawaharlal Nehru ports during three different periods between 2001 and 2002 (November 2001 post-monsoon 1, April/May 2002 pre-monsoon, and October 2002 post-monsoon 2). A total of 43 macrobenthic invertebrate species belonging to five phyla were recorded. Macrofaunal abundance (PM1 186, PreM 106, and PM2 31 ind m(-2)) and species diversity index (PM1 0.87, PreM 0.73, and PM2 0.30) were very low in all the seasons. Polychaetes were the most dominant macrobenthic group (72.09%) followed by decapoda, amphipoda, and bivalves (4.56%). Canonical correspondence analysis showed that sediment texture, temperature, and suspended particulate matter were the most important environmental variables influencing polychaete species composition. Significant seasonal variations were observed, influenced by dissimilar monsoonal patterns. Macrobenthic population density during November 2001 was higher than that of October 2002 post-monsoon season. Pre-monsoon season recorded more carnivorous polychaete species than post-monsoon seasons. The present study showed lower values of polychaete diversity index in all the seasons compared to earlier studies. Out of 31 polychaete species, 19 have been reported for the first time from this area. Polychaete species and Glycera longipinnis, Paraprionospio pinnata, and Cossura coasta recorded from 1985 to 1986 were also observed in the present study. Species like Sigambra constricta, Perinereis cavifrons, Prionospio polybranchiata, and Parheteromastus tenuis were not recorded in the present study, although they were observed during earlier studies in this area.}, }
@article {pmid22394251, year = {2012}, author = {Estelle, V and Grosholz, ED}, title = {Experimental test of the effects of a non-native invasive species on a wintering shorebird.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {472-481}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01820.x}, pmid = {22394251}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Weight ; Brachyura/*physiology ; California ; Charadriiformes/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Diet ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The abundance of nearly one-quarter of the world's shorebird species is declining. At the same time, the number of non-native species in coastal ecosystems is increasing rapidly. In some cases, non-native species may affect negatively the abundance and diversity of shorebird prey species. We conducted an experimental study of the effects of the introduced European green crab (Carcinus maenas) on prey consumption by wintering Dunlin (Calidris alpina) in a central California estuary. We placed green crabs and Dunlin sequentially in field enclosures and measured changes in density of benthic invertebrate prey (e.g. polychaetes and small clams), Dunlin biomass, and gut contents of both Dunlin and crabs and observed foraging behavior of Dunlin. Green crabs significantly affected Dunlin foraging success through both direct and indirect multitrophic linkages. In enclosures with high densities of green crabs, crab foraging reduced the availability of polychaetes, and Dunlin consumed significantly fewer polychaetes compared with Dunlin in enclosures without crabs. High densities of green crabs were also associated with increased availability of small clams. Dunlin consumed significantly more small clams compared with Dunlin in enclosures without crabs. In our literature survey of studies of effects of non-native invasive species on shorebirds, we found three prior experiments that addressed the effect of non-native invasive species on shorebirds. Results of two of these studies showed positive direct effects of non-native invertebrates on shorebirds, 1 showed negative direct effects of a non-native plant on shorebirds through habitat conversion, and none showed indirect effects of non-native invertebrates. We suggest future management of shorebirds explicitly examine how non-native marine species, particularly invertebrates, directly and indirectly affect shorebirds.}, }
@article {pmid22393528, year = {2011}, author = {Perkins, LB and Leger, EA and Nowak, RS}, title = {Invasion triangle: an organizational framework for species invasion.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {610-625}, pmid = {22393528}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Species invasion is a complex, multifactor process. To encapsulate this complexity into an intuitively appealing, simple, and straightforward manner, we present an organizational framework in the form of an invasion triangle. The invasion triangle is an adaptation of the disease triangle used by plant pathologists to help envision and evaluate interactions among a host, a pathogen, and an environment. Our modification of this framework for invasive species incorporates the major processes that result in invasion as the three sides of the triangle: (1) attributes of the potential invader; (2) biotic characteristics of a potentially invaded site; and (3) environmental conditions of the site. The invasion triangle also includes the impact of external influences on each side of the triangle, such as climate and land use change. This paper introduces the invasion triangle, discusses how accepted invasion hypotheses are integrated in this framework, describes how the invasion triangle can be used to focus research and management, and provides examples of application. The framework provided by the invasion triangle is easy to use by both researchers and managers and also applicable at any level of data intensity, from expert opinion to highly controlled experiments. The organizational framework provided by the invasion triangle is beneficial for understanding and predicting why species are invasive in specific environments, for identifying knowledge gaps, for facilitating communication, and for directing management in regard to invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid22393500, year = {2011}, author = {Chapple, DG and Simmonds, SM and Wong, BB}, title = {Know when to run, know when to hide: can behavioral differences explain the divergent invasion success of two sympatric lizards?.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, pages = {278-289}, pmid = {22393500}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Invasive species represent a select subset of organisms that have successfully transitioned through each stage of the introduction process (transportation, establishment, and spread). Although there is a growing realization that behavior plays a critical role in invasion success, few studies have focused on the initial stages of introduction. We examined whether differences in the grouping tendencies and exploratory behavior of two sympatric lizard species could contribute to their divergent invasion success. While the nondirected activity of the two species did not differ, the invasive delicate skink (Lampropholis delicata) was found to be more exploratory than the congeneric noninvasive garden skink (L. guichenoti), which enabled it to more effectively locate novel environments and basking site resources. The delicate skink also exhibited a greater tendency to hide, which may act to enhance its probability of ensnarement in freight and cargo and decrease its likelihood of detection during transit. The grouping tendencies of the two species did not differ. Together, our results suggest that while the two species have an equivalent "opportunity" for unintentional human-assisted transportation, several pre-existing behavioral traits may enhance the success of the delicate skink in negotiating the initial stages of the introduction process, and subsequent post-establishment spread.}, }
@article {pmid22393494, year = {2011}, author = {Short, KH and Petren, K}, title = {Multimodal dispersal during the range expansion of the tropical house gecko Hemidactylus mabouia.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, pages = {181-190}, pmid = {22393494}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Dispersal influences both the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of range expansion. While some studies have demonstrated a role for human-mediated dispersal during invasion, the genetic effects of such dispersal remain to be understood, particularly in terrestrial range expansions. In this study, we investigated multimodal dispersal during the range expansion of the invasive gecko Hemidactylus mabouia in Florida using 12 microsatellite loci. We investigated dispersal patterns at the regional scale (metropolitan areas), statewide scale (state of Florida), and global scale (including samples from the native range). Dispersal was limited at the smallest, regional scale, within metropolitan areas, as reflected by the presence of genetic structure at this scale, which is in agreement with a previous study in this same invasion at even smaller spatial scales. Surprisingly, there was no detectable genetic structure at the intermediate statewide scale, which suggests dispersal is not limited across the state of Florida. There was evidence of genetic differentiation between Florida and other areas where H. mabouia occurs, so we concluded that at the largest scale, dispersal was limited. Humans likely contributed to patterns of dispersal at all three scales but in different ways. Infrequent low-volume dispersal has occurred within regions, frequent high-volume dispersal has occurred across the state, and infrequent long-distance dispersal has occurred among continents at the global scale. This study highlights the importance of considering different modes of dispersal at multiple spatial scales to understand the dynamics of invasion and range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid22393484, year = {2011}, author = {Kinziger, AP and Nakamoto, RJ and Anderson, EC and Harvey, BC}, title = {Small founding number and low genetic diversity in an introduced species exhibiting limited invasion success (speckled dace, Rhinichthys osculus).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {73-84}, pmid = {22393484}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Molecular evaluations of successful invaders are common, however studies of introduced species that have had limited invasion success, or have died out completely, are rare. We studied an introduced population of speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus) from northern California, USA that has rapidly increased in abundance but remained restricted to a 25-km stretch of river since its introduction in the mid-1980s. Field and laboratory analyses indicate that invasion success of speckled dace is constrained by the combined effects of multiple predators. The role of bottleneck effects associated with the introduction has not been studied. We assayed variation in seven microsatellite loci and one mitochondrial DNA gene in the introduced population and nine putative source populations to identify the source population and evaluate bottleneck effects. The Trinity River system was supported as the source owing to its genetic similarity and geographic proximity to the introduced population. Consistent with a bottleneck, the introduced population exhibited reduced allelic and haplotype richness in comparison to source populations. Estimates of the genetically effective number of individuals founding the introduced population using nuclear coalescent analyses and a mitochondrial simulation procedure were highly concordant in suggesting that the initial colonizing group was comprised of about 10 individuals. A bottleneck effect in an exotic species exhibiting limited invasion success has rarely been documented and thus introduction of speckled dace represents an important model system for future investigation. Establishing a relationship between genetic diversity and factors limiting invasion success in this system (e.g., predator avoidance) will help determine the extent to which genetic diversity loss has constrained invasion success in speckled dace.}, }
@article {pmid22393417, year = {2012}, author = {Knapp, DG and Pintye, A and Kovács, GM}, title = {The dark side is not fastidious--dark septate endophytic fungi of native and invasive plants of semiarid sandy areas.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {e32570}, pmid = {22393417}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Endophytes ; Fungi/*physiology ; Hungary ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Genetic ; Phylogeny ; Plant Roots/genetics/microbiology ; Plants/genetics ; Seasons ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi represent a frequent root-colonizing fungal group common in environments with strong abiotic stress, such as (semi)arid ecosystems. This work aimed to study the DSE fungi colonizing the plants of semiarid sandy grasslands with wood steppe patches on the Great Hungarian Plain. As we may assume that fungi colonizing both invasive and native species are generalists, root associated fungi (RAF) were isolated from eight native and three invasive plant species. The nrDNA sequences of the isolates were used for identification. To confirm that the fungi were endophytes an artificial inoculation system was used to test the isolates: we considered a fungus as DSE if it colonized the roots without causing a negative effect on the plant and formed microsclerotia in the roots. According to the analyses of the ITS sequence of nrDNA the 296 isolates clustered into 41 groups. We found that 14 of these 41 groups were DSE, representing approximately 60% of the isolates. The main DSE groups were generalist and showed no specificity to area or season and colonized both native and invasive species, demonstrating that exotic plants are capable of using the root endophytic fungi of the invaded areas. The DSE community of the region shows high similarity to those found in arid grasslands of North America. Taking into account a previous hypothesis about the common root colonizers of those grasslands and our results reported here, we hypothesize that plants of (semi)arid grasslands share common dominant members of the DSE fungal community on a global scale.}, }
@article {pmid22393003, year = {2012}, author = {Chown, SL and Huiskes, AH and Gremmen, NJ and Lee, JE and Terauds, A and Crosbie, K and Frenot, Y and Hughes, KA and Imura, S and Kiefer, K and Lebouvier, M and Raymond, B and Tsujimoto, M and Ware, C and Van de Vijver, B and Bergstrom, DM}, title = {Continent-wide risk assessment for the establishment of nonindigenous species in Antarctica.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {109}, number = {13}, pages = {4938-4943}, pmid = {22393003}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Vascular Bundle/physiology ; Risk Assessment ; Seeds/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species are among the primary causes of biodiversity change globally, with the risks thereof broadly understood for most regions of the world. They are similarly thought to be among the most significant conservation threats to Antarctica, especially as climate change proceeds in the region. However, no comprehensive, continent-wide evaluation of the risks to Antarctica posed by such species has been undertaken. Here we do so by sampling, identifying, and mapping the vascular plant propagules carried by all categories of visitors to Antarctica during the International Polar Year's first season (2007-2008) and assessing propagule establishment likelihood based on their identity and origins and on spatial variation in Antarctica's climate. For an evaluation of the situation in 2100, we use modeled climates based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Special Report on Emissions Scenarios Scenario A1B [Nakićenović N, Swart R, eds (2000) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK)]. Visitors carrying seeds average 9.5 seeds per person, although as vectors, scientists carry greater propagule loads than tourists. Annual tourist numbers (∼33,054) are higher than those of scientists (∼7,085), thus tempering these differences in propagule load. Alien species establishment is currently most likely for the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Recent founder populations of several alien species in this area corroborate these findings. With climate change, risks will grow in the Antarctic Peninsula, Ross Sea, and East Antarctic coastal regions. Our evidence-based assessment demonstrates which parts of Antarctica are at growing risk from alien species that may become invasive and provides the means to mitigate this threat now and into the future as the continent's climate changes.}, }
@article {pmid22384216, year = {2012}, author = {Pichancourt, JB and van Klinken, RD}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity influences the size, shape and dynamics of the geographic distribution of an invasive plant.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {e32323}, pmid = {22384216}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Australia ; Climate ; Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fabaceae/*physiology ; Genes, Plant ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Genetic ; Models, Statistical ; Models, Theoretical ; *Phenotype ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*metabolism ; Seedlings/*physiology ; Seeds ; Selection, Genetic ; Species Specificity ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity has long been suspected to allow invasive species to expand their geographic range across large-scale environmental gradients. We tested this possibility in Australia using a continental scale survey of the invasive tree Parkinsonia aculeata (Fabaceae) in twenty-three sites distributed across four climate regions and three habitat types. Using tree-level responses, we detected a trade-off between seed mass and seed number across the moisture gradient. Individual trees plastically and reversibly produced many small seeds at dry sites or years, and few big seeds at wet sites and years. Bigger seeds were positively correlated with higher seed and seedling survival rates. The trade-off, the relation between seed mass, seed and seedling survival, and other fitness components of the plant life-cycle were integrated within a matrix population model. The model confirms that the plastic response resulted in average fitness benefits across the life-cycle. Plasticity resulted in average fitness being positively maintained at the wet and dry range margins where extinction risks would otherwise have been high ("Jack-of-all-Trades" strategy JT), and fitness being maximized at the species range centre where extinction risks were already low ("Master-of-Some" strategy MS). The resulting hybrid "Jack-and-Master" strategy (JM) broadened the geographic range and amplified average fitness in the range centre. Our study provides the first empirical evidence for a JM species. It also confirms mechanistically the importance of phenotypic plasticity in determining the size, the shape and the dynamic of a species distribution. The JM allows rapid and reversible phenotypic responses to new or changing moisture conditions at different scales, providing the species with definite advantages over genetic adaptation when invading diverse and variable environments. Furthermore, natural selection pressure acting on phenotypic plasticity is predicted to result in maintenance of the JT and strengthening of the MS, further enhancing the species invasiveness in its range centre.}, }
@article {pmid22383990, year = {2012}, author = {Irvine, IC and Brigham, CA and Suding, KN and Martiny, JB}, title = {The abundance of pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs in the root zone of plant species in invaded coastal sage scrub habitat.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {e31026}, pmid = {22383990}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Alcohol Oxidoreductases/metabolism ; Biodiversity ; California ; Carbon/chemistry ; Ecosystem ; Methanol/chemistry ; Methylobacterium/*metabolism ; Plant Leaves/*microbiology ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Plants ; Seeds/microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic bacteria (PPFMs) are associated with the roots, leaves and seeds of most terrestrial plants and utilize volatile C(1) compounds such as methanol generated by growing plants during cell division. PPFMs have been well studied in agricultural systems due to their importance in crop seed germination, yield, pathogen resistance and drought stress tolerance. In contrast, little is known about the PPFM abundance and diversity in natural ecosystems, let alone their interactions with non-crop species. Here we surveyed PPFM abundance in the root zone soil of 5 native and 5 invasive plant species along ten invasion gradients in Southern California coastal sage scrub habitat. PPFMs were present in every soil sample and ranged in abundance from 10(2) to 10(5) CFU/g dry soil. This abundance varied significantly among plant species. PPFM abundance was 50% higher in the root zones of annual or biennial species (many invasives) than perennial species (all natives). Further, PPFM abundance appears to be influenced by the plant community beyond the root zone; pure stands of either native or invasive species had 50% more PPFMs than mixed species stands. In sum, PPFM abundance in the root zone of coastal sage scrub plants is influenced by both the immediate and surrounding plant communities. The results also suggest that PPFMs are a good target for future work on plant-microorganism feedbacks in natural ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid22381537, year = {2012}, author = {Vergni, D and Iannaccone, S and Berti, S and Cencini, M}, title = {Invasions in heterogeneous habitats in the presence of advection.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {301}, number = {}, pages = {141-152}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.02.018}, pmid = {22381537}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Systems Biology/methods ; }, abstract = {We investigate invasions from a biological reservoir to an initially empty, heterogeneous habitat in the presence of advection. The habitat consists of a periodic alternation of favorable and unfavorable patches. In the latter the population dies at fixed rate. In the former it grows either with the logistic or with an Allee effect type dynamics, where the population has to overcome a threshold to grow. We study the conditions for successful invasions and the speed of the invasion process, which is numerically and analytically investigated in several limits. Generically advection enhances the downstream invasion speed but decreases the population size of the invading species, and can even inhibit the invasion process. Remarkably, however, the rate of population increase, which quantifies the invasion efficiency, is maximized by an optimal advection velocity. In models with Allee effect, differently from the logistic case, above a critical unfavorable patch size the population localizes in a favorable patch, being unable to invade the habitat. However, we show that advection, when intense enough, may activate the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid22381032, year = {2012}, author = {Andrus, AD and Andam, C and Parker, MA}, title = {American origin of Cupriavidus bacteria associated with invasive Mimosa legumes in the Philippines.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {80}, number = {3}, pages = {747-750}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01342.x}, pmid = {22381032}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {Costa Rica ; Cupriavidus/classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Genes, Bacterial ; Introduced Species ; Mimosa/*microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Philippines ; Phylogeny ; Puerto Rico ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Symbiosis ; Texas ; }, abstract = {To identify the origins of Cupriavidus nodule symbionts associated with two invasive Mimosa species in the Philippines, 22 isolates were sequenced for portions of three chromosomal genes and two symbiotic plasmid loci. Eleven isolates were identical at all gene loci (2713 bp) to a lineage found in Central America. Four other Philippine isolates were identical to a second Cupriavidus lineage distributed both in Central America and in the Caribbean. None of the remaining Philippine strains had more than 0.6% sequence divergence from American Cupriavidus lineages. These results imply that the Philippine population was founded by multiple introductions from the native range of their Mimosa hosts.}, }
@article {pmid22380562, year = {2012}, author = {Arai, T and Chino, N and Zulkifli, SZ and Ismail, A}, title = {Notes on the occurrence of the tropical eel Anguilla bicolor bicolor in Peninsular Malaysia, Malaysia.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {80}, number = {3}, pages = {692-697}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03154.x}, pmid = {22380562}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Anguilla/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Animals ; Body Size ; Female ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Malaysia ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Previous studies indicated that a tropical freshwater eel Anguilla bicolor bicolor occurs in Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Indonesia and Australia, but an intensive survey has indicated an extended distribution range for the species into Peninsular Malaysia. Thus, A. b. bicolor is a native subspecies of Malaysia.}, }
@article {pmid22377396, year = {2012}, author = {Wang, P and Crowder, DW and Liu, SS}, title = {Roles of mating behavioural interactions and life history traits in the competition between alien and indigenous whiteflies.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, pages = {395-405}, doi = {10.1017/S000748531100071X}, pmid = {22377396}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Female ; Fertility ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; Introduced Species/trends ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; Reproductive Isolation ; Sex Ratio ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Interference competition between closely related alien and indigenous species often influences the outcome of biological invasions. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci species complex contains ≥28 putative species and two of them, Mediterranean (MED, formally referred to as the 'Q biotype') and Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1, formally referred to as the 'B biotype'), have recently spread to much of the world. In many invaded regions, these species have displaced closely related indigenous whitefly species. In this study, we integrated laboratory population experiments, behavioural observations and simulation modelling to investigate the capacity of MED to displace Asia II 1 (AII1, formally referred to as the 'ZHJ2 biotype'), an indigenous whitefly widely distributed in Asia. Our results show that intensive mating interactions occur between MED and AII1, leading to reduced fecundity and progeny female ratio in AII1, as well as an increase in progeny female ratio in MED. In turn, our population cage experiments demonstrated that MED has the capacity to displace AII1 in a few generations. Using simulation models, we then show that both asymmetric mating interactions and differences in life history traits between the two species contribute substantially to the process of displacement. These findings would help explain the displacement of AII1 by MED in the field and, together with earlier studies on mating interactions between other species of the B. tabaci complex, indicate the widespread significance of asymmetric mating interactions in whitefly species exclusions.}, }
@article {pmid22371822, year = {2012}, author = {Fournier, D and Tindo, M and Kenne, M and Mbenoun Masse, PS and Van Bossche, V and De Coninck, E and Aron, S}, title = {Genetic structure, nestmate recognition and behaviour of two cryptic species of the invasive big-headed ant Pheidole megacephala.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {e31480}, pmid = {22371822}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aggression ; Animal Structures/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Animals ; Ants/classification/*genetics/*physiology ; Bayes Theorem ; Cameroon ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Hydrocarbons/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Nesting Behavior/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; *Recognition, Psychology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biological invasions are recognized as a major cause of biodiversity decline and have considerable impact on the economy and human health. The African big-headed ant Pheidole megacephala is considered one of the world's most harmful invasive species.<br><br>To better understand its ecological and demographic features, we combined behavioural (aggression tests), chemical (quantitative and qualitative analyses of cuticular lipids) and genetic (mitochondrial divergence and polymorphism of DNA microsatellite markers) data obtained for eight populations in Cameroon. Molecular data revealed two cryptic species of P. megacephala, one inhabiting urban areas and the other rainforests. Urban populations belong to the same phylogenetic group than those introduced in Australia and in other parts of the world. Behavioural analyses show that the eight populations sampled make up four mutually aggressive supercolonies. The maximum distance between nests from the same supercolony was 49 km and the closest distance between two nests belonging to two different supercolonies was 46 m. The genetic data and chemical analyses confirmed the behavioural tests as all of the nests were correctly assigned to their supercolony. Genetic diversity appears significantly greater in Africa than in introduced populations in Australia; by contrast, urban and Australian populations are characterized by a higher chemical diversity than rainforest ones.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Overall, our study shows that populations of P. megacephala in Cameroon adopt a unicolonial social structure, like invasive populations in Australia. However, the size of the supercolonies appears several orders of magnitude smaller in Africa. This implies competition between African supercolonies and explains why they persist over evolutionary time scales.}, }
@article {pmid22371674, year = {2011}, author = {Labonte, JR}, title = {Nebria brevicollis (Fabricius, 1792) in North America, benign or malign? (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Nebriini).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {147}, pages = {497-543}, pmid = {22371674}, issn = {1313-2970}, abstract = {Nebria brevicollis (Fabricius) is one of the most frequently encountered and widely distributed carabid beetles in Europe. Until recently, the only North American records were based on two single specimens, both from the 1930's in southeastern Canada. In 2008, this species was found at thirteen different sites in five counties in northwestern Oregon. As of the end of 2010, it has been found in thirty-four different sites in ten Oregon counties, with a north-south range of ~150 km and an east-west range of ~90 km. It was also detected in 2010 in southwestern Washington (Vancouver), just north of Portland and the Columbia River.The ecological amplitude of Nebria brevicollis in Oregon rivals that of the most eurytopic native carabid species, e.g., Pterostichus algidus LeConte and Scaphinotus marginatus (Fischer von Waldheim). It has been found in highly degraded heavy industrial sites, agricultural fields, city parks, gardens, second growth woodlands, mature conifer forests, montane rock gardens, and otherwise pristine stands of old growth noble fir, with elevations ranging from essentially sea level to 1,249 meters. Climates at these locales vary from that of the Mediterranean Willamette Valley floor, where snow rarely occurs and summers are hot and dry, to the summit of the Oregon Coast Range, where deep snow may be present from November through April and summers are cool. The carabid communities in which Nebria brevicollis has been found range from those predominantly of fellow exotic species, e.g., at heavily perturbed sites, to those where it is the only exotic species, such as at the Coast Range summit.Nebria brevicollis is clearly an invasive species in that it is not restricted to anthropogenic habitats, is rapidly expanding its North American range, and can be abundant in essentially pristine settings. What is not yet clear is whether it is or will become a damaging species. Although it is already the most abundant carabid species in some settings, based upon pitfall catches, it is unknown whether this represents competitive superiority, trap vulnerability, or utilization of previously untapped or non-limiting resources. Deleterious ecological effects could include not only competition with other predators (including other carabid species) in agricultural and natural settings but also predation upon non-adult stages of threatened and endangered species of butterflies.}, }
@article {pmid22371673, year = {2011}, author = {Davidson, RL and Rykken, J and Farrell, B}, title = {Carabid beetle diversity and distribution in Boston Harbor Islands national park area (Coleoptera, Carabidae).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {147}, pages = {497-526}, pmid = {22371673}, issn = {1313-2970}, abstract = {As part of an All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory in Boston Harbor Islands national park area, an inventory of carabid beetles on 13 islands was conducted. Intensive sampling on ten of the islands, using an assortment of passive traps and limited hand collecting, resulted in the capture of 6,194 specimens, comprising 128 species. Among these species were seven new state records for Massachusetts (Acupalpus nanellus,Amara aulica,Amara bifrons, Apenes lucidulus, Bradycellus tantillus, Harpalus rubripes and Laemostenus terricola terricola-the last also a new country record; in passing we report also new state records for Harpalus rubripes from New York and Pennsylvania, Amara ovata from Pennsylvania, and the first mainland New York records for Asaphidion curtum). For most islands, there was a clear relationship between species richness and island area. Two islands, however, Calf and Grape, had far more species than their relatively small size would predict. Freshwater marshes on these islands, along with a suite of hygrophilous species, suggested that habitat diversity plays an important role in island species richness. Introduced species (18) comprised 14.0% of the total observed species richness, compared to 5.5% (17 out of 306 species) documented for Rhode Island. We surmise that the higher proportion of introduced species on the islands is, in part, due to a higher proportion of disturbed and open habitats as well as high rates of human traffic. We predict that more active sampling in specialized habitats would bring the total carabid fauna of the Boston Harbor Islands closer to that of Rhode Island or eastern Massachusetts in richness and composition; however, isolation, human disturbance and traffic, and limited habitat diversity all contribute to reducing the species pool on the islands relative to that on the mainland.}, }
@article {pmid22371593, year = {2012}, author = {Acuña, R and Padilla, BE and Flórez-Ramos, CP and Rubio, JD and Herrera, JC and Benavides, P and Lee, SJ and Yeats, TH and Egan, AN and Doyle, JJ and Rose, JK}, title = {Adaptive horizontal transfer of a bacterial gene to an invasive insect pest of coffee.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {109}, number = {11}, pages = {4197-4202}, pmid = {22371593}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Animals ; Coffea/*parasitology ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; DNA/genetics ; Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism ; Fruit/parasitology ; Galactose/analogs &amp; derivatives ; Gastrointestinal Tract/enzymology ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal/*genetics ; Genes, Bacterial/*genetics ; Genes, Insect/genetics ; Geography ; Hydrolysis ; Insect Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Mannans/metabolism ; Mannosidases/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Phylogeny ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) involves the nonsexual transmission of genetic material across species boundaries. Although often detected in prokaryotes, examples of HGT involving animals are relatively rare, and any evolutionary advantage conferred to the recipient is typically obscure. We identified a gene (HhMAN1) from the coffee berry borer beetle, Hypothenemus hampei, a devastating pest of coffee, which shows clear evidence of HGT from bacteria. HhMAN1 encodes a mannanase, representing a class of glycosyl hydrolases that has not previously been reported in insects. Recombinant HhMAN1 protein hydrolyzes coffee berry galactomannan, the major storage polysaccharide in this species and the presumed food of H. hampei. HhMAN1 was found to be widespread in a broad biogeographic survey of H. hampei accessions, indicating that the HGT event occurred before radiation of the insect from West Africa to Asia and South America. However, the gene was not detected in the closely related species H. obscurus (the tropical nut borer or "false berry borer"), which does not colonize coffee beans. Thus, HGT of HhMAN1 from bacteria represents a likely adaptation to a specific ecological niche and may have been promoted by intensive agricultural practices.}, }
@article {pmid22370945, year = {2012}, author = {Zhao, SY and Sun, SG and Guo, YH and Chen, JM and Wang, QF}, title = {Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci from the invasive plant Solidago canadensis (Asteraceae).}, journal = {Genetics and molecular research : GMR}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {421-424}, doi = {10.4238/2012.February.17.4}, pmid = {22370945}, issn = {1676-5680}, mesh = {Alleles ; China ; DNA Primers/chemical synthesis/*genetics ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Genetic Markers ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Solidago/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Solidago canadensis, a clonal herb originally from North America (common name: Canada goldenrod), is an invasive species in many countries. We developed microsatellite primers for this species. Eleven polymorphic loci were generated and primers were designed. Polymorphism of these 11 loci was assessed in 35 plants from two populations (Wuhan and Shanghai) in China. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 14. The observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.0732 to 0.7391 and from 0.1177 to 0.8687, respectively. These microsatellite markers will be useful tools for studies of population genetics in the native and invasive range of this species.}, }
@article {pmid22363764, year = {2012}, author = {Miranda, NA and Perissinotto, R}, title = {Stable isotope evidence for dietary overlap between alien and native gastropods in coastal lakes of northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {e31897}, pmid = {22363764}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bays ; Biomass ; *Diet ; *Ecosystem ; Food ; Gastropoda/*metabolism ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Isotope Labeling/*methods ; *Lakes ; Population Density ; *Seawater ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Tarebia granifera (Lamarck, 1822) is originally from South-East Asia, but has been introduced and become invasive in many tropical and subtropical parts of the world. In South Africa, T. granifera is rapidly invading an increasing number of coastal lakes and estuaries, often reaching very high population densities and dominating shallow water benthic invertebrate assemblages. An assessment of the feeding dynamics of T. granifera has raised questions about potential ecological impacts, specifically in terms of its dietary overlap with native gastropods.<br><br>A stable isotope mixing model was used together with gut content analysis to estimate the diet of T. granifera and native gastropod populations in three different coastal lakes. Population density, available biomass of food and salinity were measured along transects placed over T. granifera patches. An index of isotopic (stable isotopes) dietary overlap (IDO, %) aided in interpreting interactions between gastropods. The diet of T. granifera was variable, including contributions from microphytobenthos, filamentous algae (Cladophora sp.), detritus and sedimentary organic matter. IDO was significant (>60%) between T. granifera and each of the following gastropods: Haminoea natalensis (Krauss, 1848), Bulinus natalensis (K&#xfc;ster, 1841) and Melanoides tuberculata (M&#xfc;ller, 1774). However, food did not appear to be limiting. Salinity influenced gastropod spatial overlap. Tarebia granifera may only displace native gastropods, such as Assiminea cf. ovata (Krauss, 1848), under salinity conditions below 20. Ecosystem-level impacts are also discussed.<br><br>CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The generalist diet of T. granifera may certainly contribute to its successful establishment. However, although competition for resources may take place under certain salinity conditions and if food is limiting, there appear to be other mechanisms at work, through which T. granifera displaces native gastropods. Complementary stable isotope and gut content analysis can provide helpful ecological insights, contributing to monitoring efforts and guiding further invasive species research.}, }
@article {pmid22363724, year = {2012}, author = {Jackson, MC and Donohue, I and Jackson, AL and Britton, JR and Harper, DM and Grey, J}, title = {Population-level metrics of trophic structure based on stable isotopes and their application to invasion ecology.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {e31757}, pmid = {22363724}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Carbon Isotopes ; Carps/*physiology ; Confidence Intervals ; Ecology/*methods ; *Food Chain ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Isotope Labeling/*methods ; Metric System ; Models, Biological ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; Water ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a significant driver of human-induced global change and many ecosystems sustain sympatric invaders. Interactions occurring among these invaders have important implications for ecosystem structure and functioning, yet they are poorly understood. Here we apply newly developed metrics derived from stable isotope data to provide quantitative measures of trophic diversity within populations or species. We then use these to test the hypothesis that sympatric invaders belonging to the same functional feeding group occupy a smaller isotopic niche than their allopatric counterparts. Two introduced, globally important, benthic omnivores, Louisiana swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and carp (Cyprinus carpio), are sympatric in Lake Naivasha, Kenya. We applied our metrics to an 8-year data set encompassing the establishment of carp in the lake. We found a strong asymmetric interaction between the two invasive populations, as indicated by inverse correlations between carp abundance and measures of crayfish trophic diversity. Lack of isotopic niche overlap between carp and crayfish in the majority of years indicated a predominantly indirect interaction. We suggest that carp-induced habitat alteration reduced the diversity of crayfish prey, resulting in a reduction in the dietary niche of crayfish. Stable isotopes provide an integrated signal of diet over space and time, offering an appropriate scale for the study of population niches, but few isotope studies have retained the often insightful information revealed by variability among individuals in isotope values. Our population metrics incorporate such variation, are robust to the vagaries of sample size and are a useful additional tool to reveal subtle dietary interactions among species. Although we have demonstrated their applicability specifically using a detailed temporal dataset of species invasion in a lake, they have a wide array of potential ecological applications.}, }
@article {pmid22363715, year = {2012}, author = {Huang, D and Zhang, R and Kim, KC and Suarez, AV}, title = {Spatial pattern and determinants of the first detection locations of invasive alien species in mainland China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {e31734}, pmid = {22363715}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {China ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Regression Analysis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The unintentional transport of species as a result of human activities has reached unprecedented rates. Once established, introduced species can be nearly impossible to eradicate. It is therefore essential to identify and monitor locations where invaders are most likely to establish new populations. Despite the obvious value of early detection, how does an agency identify areas that are most vulnerable to new invaders? Here we propose a novel approach by using the "first detection location" (FDL) of introduced species in China to quantify characteristics of areas where introduced species are first reported.<br><br>We obtained FDLs for 166 species (primarily agricultural and forestry pests) that were unintentionally introduced into China prior to 2008 from literature searches. The spatial pattern and determinants of FDLs were examined at the provincial level. The spatial pattern of FDLs varied among provinces with more commerce and trade and economically developed provinces in coastal regions having more FDLs than interior provinces. For example, 74.6% of FDLs were distributed in coastal regions despite that they only cover 15.6% of the total area in China. Variables that may be indicators of "introduction pressure" (e.g. the amount of received commerce) had an overwhelming effect on the number of FDLs in each province (R(2)&#x200a;=&#x200a;0.760).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggest that "introduction pressure" may be one of the most important factors that determine the locations where newly-introduced species are first detected, and that open and developed provinces in China should be prioritized when developing monitoring programs that focus on locating and managing new introductions. Our study illustrates that FDL approaches can contribute to the study and management of biological invasions not only for China but also for elsewhere.}, }
@article {pmid22363711, year = {2012}, author = {Britton, JR}, title = {Testing strength of biotic resistance against an introduced fish: inter-specific competition or predation through facultative piscivory?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {e31707}, pmid = {22363711}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Carnivory/*physiology ; Carps ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Fishes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Isotope Labeling ; Linear Models ; Male ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Biotic resistance is the process where aspects of the receiving environment inhibit the establishment and invasion of an introduced species. Resistance against an introduced fish can be through strong competition and/or predation from resident fishes. Here, the biotic resistance against introduced topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva (a highly invasive fish in Europe) by resident carp Cyprinus carpio was tested in experimental mesocosms. The introduction scenario was six adult P. parva (three male, three female) on a single occasion. Resistance to their establishment was provided by three and six resident C. carpio whose effects on P. parva growth and reproduction were compared to a Control (no resident fish at the time of introduction) and treatments containing three and six P. parva. After 120 days, the growth rates of the introduced P. parva were significantly depressed in C. carpio presence and in mesocosms with three C. carpio present, significantly decreased numbers of 0+P. parva were recorded. Where six C. carpio were present, no 0+P. parva were recorded, indicating resistance strength increased with carp abundance. In contrast, there were no differences in P. parva reproduction and growth rates between the Control and treatments containing conspecifics. Stable isotope analysis (δ(15)N, δ(13)C) revealed C. carpio were feeding at one trophic level above 0+P. parva, suggesting the process of resistance was predation (facultative piscivory) rather than competition. Thus, if P. parva are to establish and invade following an introduction, they must overcome this biotic resistance from cyprinid fishes such as C. carpio.}, }
@article {pmid22363595, year = {2012}, author = {Zhu, G and Bu, W and Gao, Y and Liu, G}, title = {Potential geographic distribution of brown marmorated stink bug invasion (Halyomorpha halys).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {e31246}, pmid = {22363595}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; *Geography ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Pigmentation/*physiology ; Principal Component Analysis ; United States ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), native to Asia, is becoming an invasive species with a rapidly expanding range in North America and Europe. In the US, it is a household pest and also caused unprecedented damage to agriculture crops. Exploring its climatic limits and estimating its potential geographic distribution can provide critical information for management strategies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPALS: We used direct climate comparisons to explore the climatic niche occupied by native and invasive populations of BMSB. Ecological niche modelings based on the native range were used to anticipate the potential distribution of BMSB worldwide. Conversely, niche models based on the introduced range were used to locate the original invasive propagates in Asia. Areas with high invasion potential were identified by two niche modeling algorithms (i.e., Maxent and GARP).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Reduced dimensionality of environmental space improves native model transferability in the invade area. Projecting models from invasive population back to native distributional areas offers valuable information on the potential source regions of the invasive populations. Our models anticipated successfully the current disjunct distribution of BMSB in the US. The original propagates are hypothesized to have come from northern Japan or western Korea. High climate suitable areas at risk of invasion include latitudes between 30&#xb0;-50&#xb0; including northern Europe, northeastern North America, southern Australia and the North Island of New Zealand. Angola in Africa and Uruguay in South America also showed high climate suitability.}, }
@article {pmid22363565, year = {2012}, author = {Cebrian, E and Rodríguez-Prieto, C}, title = {Marine invasion in the Mediterranean Sea: the role of abiotic factors when there is no biological resistance.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {e31135}, pmid = {22363565}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Biomass ; Ecosystem ; France ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Light ; Mediterranean Sea ; Photoperiod ; Rhodophyta/*growth &amp; development/physiology/radiation effects ; Seasons ; *Seawater ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The tropical red alga Womersleyella setacea (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) is causing increasing concern in the Mediterranean Sea because of its invasive behavior. After its introduction it has colonized most Mediterranean areas, but the mechanism underlying its acclimatization and invasion process remains unknown. To understand this process, we decided i) to assess in situ the seasonal biomass and phenological patterns of populations inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea in relation to the main environmental factors, and ii) to experimentally determine if the tolerance of W. setacea to different light and temperature conditions can explain its colonization success, as well as its bathymetric distribution range. The bathymetric distribution, biomass, and phenology of W. setacea were studied at two localities, and related to irradiance and temperature values recorded in situ. Laboratory experiments were set up to study survival, growth and reproduction under contrasting light and temperature conditions in the short, mid, and long term. Results showed that, in the studied area, the bathymetric distribution of W. setacea is restricted to a depth belt between 25 and 40 m deep, reaching maximum biomass values (126 g dw m(-2)) at 30 m depth. In concordance, although in the short term W. setacea survived and grew in a large range of environmental conditions, its life requirements for the mid and long term were dim light levels and low temperatures. Biomass of Womersleyella setacea did not show any clear seasonal pattern, though minimum values were reported in spring. Reproductive structures were always absent. Bearing in mind that no herbivores feed on Womersleyella setacea and that its thermal preferences are more characteristic of temperate than of tropical seaweeds, low light (50 µmol photon m(-2) s(-1)) and low temperature (12°C) levels are critical for W. setacea survival and growth, thus probably determining its spread and bathymetric distribution across the Mediterranean Sea.}, }
@article {pmid22359673, year = {2012}, author = {Haddaway, NR and Wilcox, RH and Heptonstall, RE and Griffiths, HM and Mortimer, RJ and Christmas, M and Dunn, AM}, title = {Predatory functional response and prey choice identify predation differences between native/invasive and parasitised/unparasitised crayfish.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {e32229}, pmid = {22359673}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; *Introduced Species ; Parasites ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive predators may change the structure of invaded communities through predation and competition with native species. In Europe, the invasive signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus is excluding the native white clawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes.<br><br>This study compared the predatory functional responses and prey choice of native and invasive crayfish and measured impacts of parasitism on the predatory strength of the native species. Invasive crayfish showed a higher (>10%) prey (Gammarus pulex) intake rate than (size matched) natives, reflecting a shorter (16%) prey handling time. The native crayfish also showed greater selection for crustacean prey over molluscs and bloodworm, whereas the invasive species was a more generalist predator. A. pallipes parasitised by the microsporidian parasite Thelohania contejeani showed a 30% reduction in prey intake. We suggest that this results from parasite-induced muscle damage, and this is supported by a reduced (38%) attack rate and increased (30%) prey handling time.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: Our results indicate that the per capita (i.e., functional response) difference between the species may contribute to success of the invader and extinction of the native species, as well as decreased biodiversity and biomass in invaded rivers. In addition, the reduced predatory strength of parasitized natives may impair their competitive abilities, facilitating exclusion by the invader.}, }
@article {pmid22359604, year = {2012}, author = {Meisner, A and de Boer, W and Cornelissen, JH and van der Putten, WH}, title = {Reciprocal effects of litter from exotic and congeneric native plant species via soil nutrients.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {e31596}, pmid = {22359604}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Food ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen ; Plants/*metabolism ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Invasive exotic plant species are often expected to benefit exclusively from legacy effects of their litter inputs on soil processes and nutrient availability. However, there are relatively few experimental tests determining how litter of exotic plants affects their own growth conditions compared to congeneric native plant species. Here, we test how the legacy of litter from three exotic plant species affects their own performance in comparison to their congeneric natives that co-occur in the invaded habitat. We also analyzed litter effects on soil processes. In all three comparisons, soil with litter from exotic plant species had the highest respiration rates. In two out of the three exotic-native species comparisons, soil with litter from exotic plant species had higher inorganic nitrogen concentrations than their native congener, which was likely due to higher initial litter quality of the exotics. When litter from an exotic plant species had a positive effect on itself, it also had a positive effect on its native congener. We conclude that exotic plant species develop a legacy effect in soil from the invaded range through their litter inputs. This litter legacy effect results in altered soil processes that can promote both the exotic plant species and their native congener.}, }
@article {pmid22358042, year = {2012}, author = {Merrill, KR and Meyer, SE and Coleman, CE}, title = {Population genetic analysis of Bromus tectorum (Poaceae) indicates recent range expansion may be facilitated by specialist genotypes.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {99}, number = {3}, pages = {529-537}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1100085}, pmid = {22358042}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Bromus/*genetics ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; *Genotype ; Principal Component Analysis ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The mechanisms for range expansion in invasive species depend on how genetic variation is structured in the introduced range. This study examined neutral genetic variation in the invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum in the Intermountain Western United States. Patterns of microsatellite (SSR) genotype distribution in this highly inbreeding species were used to make inferences about the roles of adaptively significant genetic variation, broadly adapted generalist genotypes, and facultative outcrossing in the recent range expansion of B. tectorum in this region.<br><br>METHODS: We sampled 20 individuals from each of 96 B. tectorum populations from historically and recently invaded habitats throughout the region and used four polymorphic SSR markers to characterize each individual.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: We detected 131 four-locus SSR genotypes; however, the 14 most common genotypes collectively accounted for 79.2% of the individuals. Common SSR genotypes were not randomly distributed among habitats. Instead, characteristic genotypes sorted into specific recently invaded habitats, including xeric warm and salt desert as well as mesic high-elevation habitats. Other SSR genotypes were common across a range of historically invaded habitats. We observed very few heterozygous individuals (0.58%).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Broadly adapted, generalist genotypes appear to dominate historically invaded environments, while recently invaded salt and warm desert habitats are dominated by distinctive SSR genotypes that contain novel alleles. These specialist genotypes are not likely to have resulted from recombination; they probably represent more recent introductions from unknown source populations. We found little evidence that outcrossing plays a role in range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid22355396, year = {2012}, author = {Carthey, AJ and Banks, PB}, title = {When does an alien become a native species? A vulnerable native mammal recognizes and responds to its long-term alien predator.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {e31804}, pmid = {22355396}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Cats ; Dogs ; *Emigrants and Immigrants ; *Introduced Species ; Mammals ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Recognition, Psychology ; Wolves/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The impact of alien predators on native prey populations is often attributed to prey naiveté towards a novel threat. Yet evolutionary theory predicts that alien predators cannot remain eternally novel; prey species must either become extinct or learn and adapt to the new threat. As local enemies lose their naiveté and coexistence becomes possible, an introduced species must eventually become 'native'. But when exactly does an alien become a native species? The dingo (Canis lupus dingo) was introduced to Australia about 4000 years ago, yet its native status remains disputed. To determine whether a vulnerable native mammal (Perameles nasuta) recognizes the close relative of the dingo, the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris), we surveyed local residents to determine levels of bandicoot visitation to yards with and without resident dogs. Bandicoots in this area regularly emerge from bushland to forage in residential yards at night, leaving behind tell-tale deep, conical diggings in lawns and garden beds. These diggings were less likely to appear at all, and appeared less frequently and in smaller quantities in yards with dogs than in yards with either resident cats (Felis catus) or no pets. Most dogs were kept indoors at night, meaning that bandicoots were not simply chased out of the yards or killed before they could leave diggings, but rather they recognized the threat posed by dogs and avoided those yards. Native Australian mammals have had thousands of years experience with wild dingoes, which are very closely related to domestic dogs. Our study suggests that these bandicoots may no longer be naïve towards dogs. We argue that the logical criterion for determining native status of a long-term alien species must be once its native enemies are no longer naïve.}, }
@article {pmid22354564, year = {2012}, author = {Boets, P and Lock, K and Goethals, PL and Janssen, CR and De Schamphelaere, KA}, title = {A comparison of the short-term toxicity of cadmium to indigenous and alien gammarid species.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {1135-1144}, pmid = {22354564}, issn = {1573-3017}, mesh = {Amphipoda/chemistry/*drug effects ; Animals ; Belgium ; Cadmium/*toxicity ; Ecosystem ; Ecotoxicology/methods ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Risk Assessment ; Toxicity Tests, Acute/*methods ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Amphipods play an important role in many aquatic ecosystems and are commonly used in ecotoxicology and ecosystem health assessment. Several alien gammarids have been introduced in many regions of the world during the last decades. In this study, we investigated if differences in cadmium sensitivity occurred between (1) different species belonging to the family Gammaridae and (2) different populations of the same species originating from a polluted or a non-polluted site. The acute cadmium toxicity to two indigenous (Gammarus pulex and Gammarus fossarum) and four alien (Dikerogammarus villosus, Echinogammarus berilloni, Gammarus roeseli and Gammarus tigrinus) gammarids occurring in Belgium was tested. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in median lethal concentrations (LC(50)) were found between the different species, with 72 h-LC50s ranging from 6.3 to 268 μg/l and 96 h-LC50s from 4.7 to 88.9 μg/l. No clear trend in Cd sensitivity was found when comparing indigenous and alien gammarids. D. villosus, an alien invasive species, was the most sensitive to Cd toxicity and E. berilloni, another alien species, the least sensitive. In addition, larger Gammarid species were more sensitive to Cd toxicity than smaller ones. No significant differences were found between populations of the same species originating from metal polluted sites or non-polluted sites. Overall, our results showed that considerable differences in Cd sensitivity exist between gammarid species, which should be taken into consideration in environmental risk assessment and water quality standard setting. Finally, our data suggest that alien gammarids would not have an advantage over indigenous gammarids in Cd contaminated environments.}, }
@article {pmid22352858, year = {2012}, author = {Anderson, RP}, title = {Harnessing the world's biodiversity data: promise and peril in ecological niche modeling of species distributions.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {1260}, number = {}, pages = {66-80}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06440.x}, pmid = {22352858}, issn = {1749-6632}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Humans ; *Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Recent advances allow harnessing enormous stores of biological and environmental data to model species niches and geographic distributions. Natural history museums hold specimens that represent the only information available for most species. Ecological niche models (sometimes termed species distribution models) combine such information with digital environmental data (especially climatic) to offer key insights for conservation biology, management of invasive species, zoonotic human diseases, and other pressing environmental problems. Five major pitfalls seriously hinder such research, especially for cross-space or cross-time uses: (1) incorrect taxonomic identifications; (2) lacking or inadequate databasing and georeferences; (3) effects of sampling bias across geography; (4) violation of assumptions related to selection of the study region; and (5) problems regarding model evaluation to identify optimal model complexity. Large-scale initiatives regarding data availability and quality, technological development, and capacity building should allow high-quality modeling on a scale commensurate with the enormous potential of and need for these techniques.}, }
@article {pmid22352164, year = {2011}, author = {Flory, SL and Long, F and Clay, K}, title = {Invasive Microstegium populations consistently outperform native range populations across diverse environments.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {12}, pages = {2248-2257}, doi = {10.1890/11-0363.1}, pmid = {22352164}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; China ; *Introduced Species ; *Phenotype ; Poaceae/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; United States ; }, abstract = {Plant species introduced into novel ranges may become invasive due to evolutionary change, phenotypic plasticity, or other biotic or abiotic mechanisms. Evolution of introduced populations could be the result of founder effects, drift, hybridization, or adaptation to local conditions, which could enhance the invasiveness of introduced species. However, understanding whether the success of invading populations is due to genetic differences between native and introduced populations may be obscured by origin x environment interactions. That is, studies conducted under a limited set of environmental conditions may show inconsistent results if native or introduced populations are differentially adapted to specific conditions. We tested for genetic differences between native and introduced populations, and for origin x environment interactions, between native (China) and introduced (U.S.) populations of the invasive annual grass Microstegium vimineum (stiltgrass) across 22 common gardens spanning a wide range of habitats and environmental conditions. On average, introduced populations produced 46% greater biomass and had 7.4% greater survival, and outperformed native range populations in every common garden. However, we found no evidence that introduced Microstegium exhibited greater phenotypic plasticity than native populations. Biomass of Microstegium was positively correlated with light and resident community richness and biomass across the common gardens. However, these relationships were equivalent for native and introduced populations, suggesting that the greater mean performance of introduced populations is not due to unequal responses to specific environmental parameters. Our data on performance of invasive and native populations suggest that post-introduction evolutionary changes may have enhanced the invasive potential of this species. Further, the ability of Microstegium to survive and grow across the wide variety of environmental conditions demonstrates that few habitats are immune to invasion.}, }
@article {pmid22352160, year = {2011}, author = {Callaway, RM and Waller, LP and Diaconu, A and Pal, R and Collins, AR and Mueller-Schaerer, H and Maron, JL}, title = {Escape from competition: neighbors reduce Centaurea stoebe performance at home but not away.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {12}, pages = {2208-2213}, doi = {10.1890/11-0518.1}, pmid = {22352160}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Centaurea/*growth &amp; development ; Hungary ; *Introduced Species ; Montana ; Romania ; }, abstract = {The greater abundance of some exotic plants in their nonnative ranges might be explained in part by biogeographic differences in the strength of competition, but these competitive effects have not been experimentally examined in the field. We compared the effects of neighbors on the growth and reproduction of spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) in Europe, where it is native, and in Montana, where it is invasive. There were strong negative competitive effects of neighboring vegetation on C. stoebe growth and reproduction in Europe. In contrast, identical experiments in Montana resulted in insignificant impacts on C. stoebe. Although the mechanisms that produce this dramatic biogeographic difference in competitive outcome remain unknown, our results indicate that differences in net competitive interactions between ranges may contribute to the striking dominance of C. stoebe in parts of North America.}, }
@article {pmid22345474, year = {2012}, author = {Kundu, S and Faulkes, CG and Greenwood, AG and Jones, CG and Kaiser, P and Lyne, OD and Black, SA and Chowrimootoo, A and Groombridge, JJ}, title = {Tracking viral evolution during a disease outbreak: the rapid and complete selective sweep of a circovirus in the endangered Echo parakeet.}, journal = {Journal of virology}, volume = {86}, number = {9}, pages = {5221-5229}, pmid = {22345474}, issn = {1098-5514}, support = {BBS/E/D/20320000/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/transmission/*virology ; Circoviridae Infections/epidemiology/transmission/*veterinary ; Circovirus/classification/*genetics ; Crosses, Genetic ; Disease Outbreaks/*veterinary ; *Endangered Species ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Viral ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation Rate ; Parakeets/*virology ; Phylogeny ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Circoviruses are among the smallest and simplest of all viruses, but they are relatively poorly characterized. Here, we intensively sampled two sympatric parrot populations from Mauritius over a period of 11 years and screened for the circovirus Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV). During the sampling period, a severe outbreak of psittacine beak and feather disease, which is caused by BFDV, occurred in Echo parakeets. Consequently, this data set presents an ideal system for studying the evolution of a pathogen in a natural population and to understand the adaptive changes that cause outbreaks. Unexpectedly, we discovered that the outbreak was most likely caused by changes in functionally important regions of the normally conserved replication-associated protein gene and not the immunogenic capsid. Moreover, these mutations were completely fixed in the Echo parakeet host population very shortly after the outbreak. Several capsid alleles were linked to the replication-associated protein outbreak allele, suggesting that whereas the key changes occurred in the latter, the scope of the outbreak and the selective sweep may have been influenced by positive selection in the capsid. We found evidence for viral transmission between the two host populations though evidence for the invasive species as the source of the outbreak was equivocal. Finally, the high evolutionary rate that we estimated shows how rapidly new variation can arise in BFDV and is consistent with recent results from other small single-stranded DNA viruses.}, }
@article {pmid22342317, year = {2012}, author = {Allen, JL and Clusella-Trullas, S and Chown, SL}, title = {The effects of acclimation and rates of temperature change on critical thermal limits in Tenebrio molitor (Tenebrionidae) and Cyrtobagous salviniae (Curculionidae).}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {58}, number = {5}, pages = {669-678}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.01.016}, pmid = {22342317}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; Female ; Male ; *Temperature ; Tenebrio/*physiology ; Weevils/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Critical thermal limits provide an indication of the range of temperatures across which organisms may survive, and the extent of the lability of these limits offers insights into the likely impacts of changing thermal environments on such survival. However, investigations of these limits may be affected by the circumstances under which trials are undertaken. Only a few studies have examined these effects, and typically not for beetles. This group has also not been considered in the context of the time courses of acclimation and its reversal, both of which are important for estimating the responses of species to transient temperature changes. Here we therefore examine the effects of rate of temperature change on critical thermal maxima (CT(max)) and minima (CT(min)), as well as the time course of the acclimation response and its reversal in two beetle species, Tenebrio molitor and Cyrtobagous salviniae. Increasing rates of temperature change had opposite effects on T. molitor and C. salviniae. In T. molitor, faster rates of change reduced both CT(max) (c. 2°C) and CT(min) (c. 3°C), while in C. salviniae faster rates of change increased both CT(max) (c. 6°C) and CT(min) (c. 4°C). CT(max) in T. molitor showed little response to acclimation, while the response to acclimation of CT(min) was most pronounced following exposure to 35°C (from 25°C) and was complete within 24 h. The time course of acclimation of CT(max) in C. salviniae was 2 days when exposed to 36°C (from c. 26°C), while that of CT(min) was less than 3 days when exposed to 18°C. In T. molitor, the time course of reacclimation to 25°C after treatments at 15°C and 35°C at 75% RH was longer than the time course of acclimation, and varied from 3-6 days for CT(max) and 6 days for CT(min). In C. salviniae, little change in CT(max) and CT(min) (<0.5°C) took place in all treatments suggesting that reacclimation may only occur after the 7 day period used in this study. These results indicate that both T. molitor and C. salviniae may be restricted in their ability to respond to transient temperature changes at short-time scales, and instead may have to rely on behavioral adjustments to avoid deleterious effects at high temperatures.}, }
@article {pmid22339475, year = {2012}, author = {Lima, DP and Giacomini, HC and Takemoto, RM and Agostinho, AA and Bini, LM}, title = {Patterns of interactions of a large fish-parasite network in a tropical floodplain.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {81}, number = {4}, pages = {905-913}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.01967.x}, pmid = {22339475}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/classification/*parasitology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Parasites/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {1. Describing and explaining the structure of species interaction networks is of paramount importance for community ecology. Yet much has to be learned about the mechanisms responsible for major patterns, such as nestedness and modularity in different kinds of systems, of which large and diverse networks are a still underrepresented and scarcely studied fraction. 2. We assembled information on fishes and their parasites living in a large floodplain of key ecological importance for freshwater ecosystems in the Paraná River basin in South America. The resulting fish-parasite network containing 72 and 324 species of fishes and parasites, respectively, was analysed to investigate the patterns of nestedness and modularity as related to fish and parasite features. 3. Nestedness was found in the entire network and among endoparasites, multiple-host life cycle parasites and native hosts, but not in networks of ectoparasites, single-host life cycle parasites and non-native fishes. All networks were significantly modular. Taxonomy was the major host's attribute influencing both nestedness and modularity: more closely related host species tended to be associated with more nested parasite compositions and had greater chance of belonging to the same network module. Nevertheless, host abundance had a positive relationship with nestedness when only native host species pairs of the same network module were considered for analysis. 4. These results highlight the importance of evolutionary history of hosts in linking patterns of nestedness and formation of modules in the network. They also show that functional attributes of parasites (i.e. parasitism mode and life cycle) and origin of host populations (i.e. natives versus non-natives) are crucial to define the relative contribution of these two network properties and their dependence on other ecological factors (e.g. host abundance), with potential implications for community dynamics and stability.}, }
@article {pmid22337503, year = {2012}, author = {Reichard, M and Vrtílek, M and Douda, K and Smith, C}, title = {An invasive species reverses the roles in a host-parasite relationship between bitterling fish and unionid mussels.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {601-604}, pmid = {22337503}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Anodonta/*growth &amp; development/parasitology ; Biological Evolution ; Cyprinidae/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Female ; Genetic Speciation ; Gills/parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Oviposition ; Species Specificity ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Sympatry ; }, abstract = {The impact of multiple invading species can be magnified owing to mutual facilitation--termed 'invasional meltdown'--but invasive species can also be adversely affected by their interactions with other invaders. Using a unique reciprocal host-parasite relationship between a bitterling fish (Rhodeus amarus) and unionid mussels, we show that an invasive mussel reverses the roles in the relationship. Bitterling lay their eggs into mussel gills, and mussel larvae parasitize fish. Bitterling recently colonized Europe and parasitize all sympatric European mussels, but are unable to use a recently invasive mussel, Anodonta woodiana. The parasitic larvae of A. woodiana successfully develop on R. amarus, whereas larvae of European mussels are rejected by bitterling. This demonstrates that invading species may temporarily benefit from a coevolutionary lag by exploiting evolutionarily naive hosts, but the resulting relaxed selection may facilitate its exploitation by subsequent invading species, leading to unexpected consequences for established interspecific relationships.}, }
@article {pmid22336093, year = {2012}, author = {Steichen, JL and Windham, R and Brinkmeyer, R and Quigg, A}, title = {Ecosystem under pressure: ballast water discharge into Galveston Bay, Texas (USA) from 2005 to 2010.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {64}, number = {4}, pages = {779-789}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.01.028}, pmid = {22336093}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Bays ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Phytoplankton/*physiology ; Risk Assessment ; Seawater/analysis ; *Ships ; Texas ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid ; }, abstract = {Ballast water exchange processes facilitate the dispersal and unnatural geographic expansion of phytoplankton, including harmful algal bloom species. From 2005 to 2010, over 45,000 vessels (≈ 8000 annually) travelled across Galveston Bay (Texas, USA) to the deep-water ports of Houston (10th largest in the world), Texas City and Galveston. These vessels (primarily tankers and bulkers) discharged ≈ 1.2 × 10(8) metrictons of ballast water; equivalent to ≈ 3.4% of the total volume of the Bay. Over half of the ballast water discharged had a coastwise origin, 96% being from US waters. Galveston Bay has fewer non-indigenous species but receives a higher volume of ballast water discharge, relative to the highly invaded Chesapeake and San Francisco Bays. Given the magnitude of shipping traffic, the role of Galveston Bay, both as a recipient and donor region of non-indigenous phytoplankton species is discussed here in terms of the invasibility risk to this system by way of ballast water.}, }
@article {pmid22330093, year = {2012}, author = {Saito, T and Takatsuka, J and Shimazu, M}, title = {Characterization of Paecilomycescinnamomeus from the camellia whitefly, Aleurocanthus camelliae (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), infesting tea in Japan.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {110}, number = {1}, pages = {14-23}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2012.01.011}, pmid = {22330093}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; *Camellia sinensis ; Hemiptera/*parasitology ; Japan ; *Paecilomyces/genetics ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; }, abstract = {The whitefly, Aleurocanthus camelliae Kanmiya and Kasai (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is an invasive species in Japan that was first discovered in 2004 on tea in Kyoto. Soon after its arrival epizootics of an entomopathogenic fungus were observed in populations of the whitefly in many tea-growing regions. Here we identify this fungus as Paecilomyces cinnamomeus (Petch) Samson and W. Gams (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) based on morphological characteristics and molecular analyses. This is the first record of P. cinnamomeus in Japan and also the first time it has been recorded from the genus Aleurocanthus. A isolate of P. cinnamomeus caused greater than 50% and 90% infection in whitefly nymphs at 1×10(6) and 1×10(7)conidia/ml respectively, while the commercial mycoinsecticides Preferd® (Isaria fumosorosea) and Mycotal® (Lecanicillium muscarium) caused <10% infection at their recommended field rates (5×10(6) and 9×10(6)conidia/ml, respectively), suggesting that P. cinnamomeus may be more useful as a control agent than the currently available mycoinsecticides. Optimum and upper limit temperatures for in vitro growth of P. cinnamomeus isolates were 22.5-25°C and 32.5°C, respectively. At field rates, the fungicide thiophanate-methyl caused some inhibition of in vitro growth of P. cinnamomeus isolates, and the bactericide copper oxychloride and the insecticides tolfenpyrad and methidathion were strongly inhibitory. The findings obtained in this study will be useful in the development of microbial control programs using P. cinnamomeus against A. camelliae.}, }
@article {pmid22329278, year = {2011}, author = {Lounibos, LP and Escher, RL and Nishimura, N}, title = {Retention and adaptiveness of photoperiodic EGG diapause in Florida populations of invasive Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {433-436}, pmid = {22329278}, issn = {8756-971X}, support = {R01 AI044793-03/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-05A2/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI-044793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-08/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-09/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-07/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology ; Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; *Photoperiod ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {Female Aedes albopictus, F2-F3 descendents from individuals collected as immatures at 6 geographic sites in the USA during 2008, exposed to short daylengths (10 h of light and 14 h of darkness at 21 degrees C) laid eggs in diapause, whose frequency depended upon population origin. Diapause responses in northern Florida and Illinois were strong, as had been reported approximately 10 years earlier for Ae. albopictus from these regions. For southern Florida, the diapause response was polymorphic, and its mean incidence decreased at 2 of 3 collection sites compared to 10 years earlier. Exposure in the field for 2- to 4-wk intervals in Vero Beach (lat 27 degrees 35'N) during January 2009 revealed that eggs laid by short-day females had significantly higher survivorship, even though <50% were estimated, from laboratory results, to be in diapause. Enhanced desiccation resistance may select for retention of diapause in southern Florida.}, }
@article {pmid22329277, year = {2011}, author = {Llinás, GA and Gardenal, CN}, title = {Introduction of different lineages of Aedes aegypti in Argentina.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {429-432}, doi = {10.2987/11-6137.1}, pmid = {22329277}, issn = {8756-971X}, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/*genetics ; Animals ; Argentina ; Demography ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Based on sequence analysis of the mitochondrial gene ND4, we determined the presence in Argentina of 3 haplotypes representing different Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti lineages previously identified in other countries of the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Haplotype 17, the most frequent in Argentina, was previously detected in Brazil. Haplotype 7, restricted in our study to the northwest of Argentina and Bolivia, was formerly found in low frequency in the USA, Brazil, Mexico, and Senegal. Also haplotype 11, belonging to a different haplogroup than the other two, was observed in the present study; it had been reported before in Africa and Asia, but not in the Americas. The coexistence of haplotypes belonging to divergent haplogroups supports the hypothesis of multiple introductions of the species in Argentina.}, }
@article {pmid22326756, year = {2012}, author = {De Lange, WJ and Stafford, WH and Forsyth, GG and Le Maitre, DC}, title = {Incorporating stakeholder preferences in the selection of technologies for using invasive alien plants as a bio-energy feedstock: applying the analytical hierarchy process.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {99}, number = {}, pages = {76-83}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.01.014}, pmid = {22326756}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Biofuels ; Biomass ; *Community Participation ; *Decision Support Techniques ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Development ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien plants (IAPs) impose significant social costs on the population of the Agulhas Plain region in South Africa due to their adverse impacts on ecosystem goods and services (decreased water supply and increased fire risk). While the cost of clearing IAPs is considerable, this paper assesses opportunities to reduce some of the social and environmental burdens (e.g. disruptions of ecosystems which have negative impacts on livelihoods) by using IAP biomass to produce bio-energy. However, such an initiative could increase financial dependency on these plants and is thus considered to be a major risk factor which could create adverse incentives to illegally grow these plants. A participatory decision-making process with active stakeholder participation is a key element in managing such an initiative. We used a multi-stakeholder engagement process and the analytical hierarchy process to define and weigh suitable criteria for the assessment of different "IAP biomass to bio-energy" technology scenarios on the Agulhas Plain. Feasible scenarios were constructed by means of an expert panel which were then ranked according to stakeholder preference. The six criteria were: minimising impacts on natural resources; job creation; certainty of benefits to local people in the study area; development of skills for life; technology performance and cost efficiency. This ranking was largely determined by the preference for resource efficiency in terms of minimising impacts on natural ecosystems and the localisation of benefits. The smaller, modular technologies were consequently preferred since these realise direct local benefits while developing local skills and capacity in their manufacture, sales and maintenance. The rankings as obtained in this study are context-bound, which implies that the findings only have limited application to areas with similar biophysical and socio-economic characteristics. However, the method itself is fully generalisable, and the same prioritisation process can be followed in any study area to ensure that a participatory decision-making process fulfils local energy needs and contributes to sustainable development.}, }
@article {pmid22325588, year = {2012}, author = {Redhead, J and Cuevas-Gonzales, M and Smith, G and Gerard, F and Pywell, R}, title = {Assessing the effectiveness of scrub management at the landscape scale using rapid field assessment and remote sensing.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {97}, number = {}, pages = {102-108}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.12.005}, pmid = {22325588}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Remote Sensing Technology ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Controlling scrub encroachment is a major challenge for conservation management on chalk grasslands. However, direct comparisons of scrub removal methods have seldom been investigated, particularly at the landscape scale. Effective monitoring of grassland scrub is problematic as it requires simultaneous information on large scale patterns in scrub cover and fine-scale changes in the grassland community. This study addressed this by combining analysis of aerial imagery with rapid field surveys in order to compare the effectiveness of four scrub management strategies on Defence Training Estate Salisbury Plain, UK. Study plots were sited within areas undergoing management and in unmanaged controls. Controls showed dramatic increases in scrub cover, with encroachment of a mean 1096 m(2) per hectare over ten years. Whilst all management strategies were effective in reducing scrub encroachment, they differed in their ability to influence regeneration of scrub and grassland quality. There was a general trend, evident in both the floral community and scrub levels, of increased effectiveness with increasing management intensity. The dual methodology proved highly effective, allowing rapid collection of data over a range of variables and spatial scales unavailable to each method individually. The methodology thus demonstrates potential for a useful monitoring tool.}, }
@article {pmid22323791, year = {2012}, author = {Kerr, RA}, title = {Paleontology. More than one way for invaders to wreak havoc.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {335}, number = {6069}, pages = {646}, doi = {10.1126/science.335.6069.646}, pmid = {22323791}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; *Genetic Speciation ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Time ; }, }
@article {pmid22322228, year = {2012}, author = {Price-Rees, SJ and Brown, GP and Shine, R}, title = {Interacting impacts of invasive plants and invasive toads on native lizards.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {179}, number = {3}, pages = {413-422}, doi = {10.1086/664184}, pmid = {22322228}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/genetics/*physiology ; Animals ; Australia ; Bufanolides/chemistry/toxicity ; Bufo marinus/metabolism/*physiology ; Drug Resistance/genetics/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Kalanchoe/chemistry/toxicity ; Lizards/genetics/*physiology ; Selection, Genetic ; Species Specificity ; Toxins, Biological/chemistry/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {The ecological impacts of an invasive species may be reduced by prior invasions if selective pressures imposed by earlier events preadapt the native biota to deal with the newer arrival. In northwestern Australia, invasion of the cane toad (Rhinella marina) kills many native predators if they ingest the highly toxic toads. Remarkably, the toads' defensive toxins (bufadienolides) are chemically similar to those of another invasive species: an ornamental plant from Madagascar, Bryophyllum spp. (Crassulaceae, mother-of-millions). Omnivorous lizards (bluetongue skinks, Tiliqua scincoides) are imperiled by the invasion of toads in northwestern Australia, but conspecifics from other areas of the continent (those where exotic plants were introduced and including areas where toads have yet to invade) are less affected because they exhibit higher physiological tolerance of toad toxins (and also of plant toxins). The willingness of captive bluetongues to consume both toads and these plants and the high correlation in the lizards' sensitivity to toad toxins versus plant toxins suggest that exotic plants may have imposed strong selection on the lizards' physiological tolerance of bufadienolides. As a result, populations of lizards from areas previously exposed to these alien plants may be preadapted to deal with the toxins of the more recent anuran invader.}, }
@article {pmid22322227, year = {2012}, author = {Krkošek, M and Connors, BM and Lewis, MA and Poulin, R}, title = {Allee effects may slow the spread of parasites in a coastal marine ecosystem.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {179}, number = {3}, pages = {401-412}, doi = {10.1086/664458}, pmid = {22322227}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; British Columbia ; Copepoda/*physiology ; Ectoparasitic Infestations/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Female ; Fish Diseases/*epidemiology/*parasitology ; Genetic Fitness/physiology ; Linear Models ; Male ; *Models, Biological ; *Oncorhynchus ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction/physiology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology ; }, abstract = {Allee effects are thought to mediate the dynamics of population colonization, particularly for invasive species. However, Allee effects acting on parasites have rarely been considered in the analogous process of infectious disease establishment and spread. We studied the colonization of uninfected wild juvenile Pacific salmon populations by ectoparasitic salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) over a 4-year period. In a data set of 68,376 fish, we observed 85 occurrences of precopular pair formation among 1,259 preadult female and 613 adult male lice. The probability of pair formation was dependent on the local abundance of lice, but this mate limitation is likely offset somewhat by mate-searching dispersal of males among host fish. A mathematical model of macroparasite population dynamics that incorporates the empirical results suggests a high likelihood of a demographic Allee effect, which can cause the colonizing parasite populations to die out. These results may provide the first empirical evidence for Allee effects in a macroparasite. Furthermore, the data give a rare detailed view of Allee effects in colonization dynamics and suggest that Allee effects may dampen the spread of parasites in a coastal marine ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid22320256, year = {2012}, author = {Lapointe, DA and Atkinson, CT and Samuel, MD}, title = {Ecology and conservation biology of avian malaria.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {1249}, number = {}, pages = {211-226}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06431.x}, pmid = {22320256}, issn = {1749-6632}, mesh = {Altitude ; Animals ; Avipoxvirus/pathogenicity ; Birds ; Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Disease Reservoirs ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Environment ; Global Warming ; Hawaii/epidemiology ; Humans ; Insect Vectors ; Introduced Species ; Malaria, Avian/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control/*transmission ; Population Dynamics ; Poxviridae Infections/etiology/veterinary ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Avian malaria is a worldwide mosquito-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. These parasites occur in many avian species but primarily affect passerine birds that have not evolved with the parasite. Host pathogenicity, fitness, and population impacts are poorly understood. In contrast to continental species, introduced avian malaria poses a substantial threat to naive birds on Hawaii, the Galapagos, and other archipelagoes. In Hawaii, transmission is maintained by susceptible native birds, competence and abundance of mosquitoes, and a disease reservoir of chronically infected native birds. Although vector habitat and avian communities determine the geographic distribution of disease, climate drives transmission patterns ranging from continuous high infection in warm lowland forests, seasonal infection in midelevation forests, and disease-free refugia in cool high-elevation forests. Global warming is expected to increase the occurrence, distribution, and intensity of avian malaria across this elevational gradient and threaten high-elevation refugia, which is the key to survival of many susceptible Hawaiian birds. Increased temperatures may have already increased global avian malaria prevalence and contributed to an emergence of disease in New Zealand.}, }
@article {pmid22319870, year = {2011}, author = {Hua, C and Jian, L and Yongli, Z and Qiang, W and Xiuli, G and Yinghua, W and Renqing, W}, title = {Influence of invasive plant Coreopsis grandiflora on functional diversity of soil microbial communities.}, journal = {Journal of environmental biology}, volume = {32}, number = {5}, pages = {567-572}, pmid = {22319870}, issn = {0254-8704}, mesh = {Bacteria/classification ; China ; Coreopsis/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Principal Component Analysis ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are increasingly attracting the ecologists' attention. Invasive plants threaten the natural ecosystems not only by competing with the native plants, but also by altering the structure and function of soil microbial communities belowground. In this study, we studied the effects of the invasive plant Coreopsis grandiflora (C. grandiflora) on the functional diversity of soil microbial communities in Laoshan mountain in the province of Shandong, North of China. We sampled soil from plots that were invaded or not invaded by C. grandiflora. The functional diversity of microbial communities in the sampled soils was assessed by the Biolog procedure test. By the ANOVA analysis of average well color development (AWCD), Shannon index (H'), Shannon evenness (E), principle components analysis of the level physiological profiles (CLPP) and correlation analysis between the studied parameters, we found that the invasive species C. grandiflora enhanced the functional diversity of soil microbial communities where the habitat was invaded by the C. grandiflora. The study indicated thatthe successful invasive plants have profound effects on the function of soil microbial communities.}, }
@article {pmid22319631, year = {2012}, author = {Lyytinen, A and Mappes, J and Lindström, L}, title = {Variation in Hsp70 levels after cold shock: signs of evolutionary responses to thermal selection among Leptinotarsa decemlineata populations.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {e31446}, pmid = {22319631}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*genetics ; Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cold Temperature ; *Coleoptera ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Individuals of widely spread species are expected to show local adaption in temperature tolerance as they encounter a range of thermal conditions. We tracked thermal adaptations of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) that invaded Europe within the last 100 years. It has occupied various conditions although, like the majority of invasive species, it lost a measurable amount of neutral genetic variation due to bottleneck effect when it invaded Europe. We exposed diapausing beetles originated from three different latitudes (54°N, 59°N, 60°N) to cold shock (-5°C, 1.5 hrs) in order to test if beetles from the northern populations express differential levels of cold-induced and constitutive Hsp70 compared to the beetles from milder temperature regime. The level of cold-induced Hsp70 was lowest in the northernmost beetle populations while the level of constitutive Hsp70 did not differ with the population. Moreover, the southernmost beetles were more plastic in their response to cold shock than the northernmost beetles. These results suggest that physiological adaptation, like the synthesis of Hsp70, can evolve very quickly.}, }
@article {pmid22319123, year = {2012}, author = {Bock, DG and MacIsaac, HJ and Cristescu, ME}, title = {Multilocus genetic analyses differentiate between widespread and spatially restricted cryptic species in a model ascidian.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {279}, number = {1737}, pages = {2377-2385}, pmid = {22319123}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; Cluster Analysis ; Computational Biology ; DNA Primers/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Demography ; Europe ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; North America ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Urochordata/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Elucidating the factors that shape species distributions has long been a fundamental goal in ecology and evolutionary biology. In spite of significant theoretical advancements, empirical studies of range limits have lagged behind. Specifically, little is known about how the attributes that allow species to expand their ranges and become widespread vary across phylogenies. Here, we studied the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri, a worldwide invasive species that is also characterized by marked genetic subdivision. Our study includes phylogenetic and population genetic data based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes, as well as polymorphic microsatellites for B. schlosseri colonies sampled from the southern and northern coasts of Europe and the eastern and western coasts of North America. We demonstrate that this well-known model organism comprises three highly divergent and probably reproductively isolated cryptic species (A, D and E), with two more (B and C) being suggested by data retrieved from GenBank. Among these, species A, recovered in all of the surveyed regions, is by far the most common and widespread. By contrast, species B-E, occurring mostly in sites from northern Europe, are considerably more geographically restricted. These findings, along with inferences made on transport opportunity, suggest that divergent evolutionary histories promoted differences in invasive potential between B. schlosseri sibling species, indicating that attributes that facilitate dramatic shifts in range limits can evolve more easily and frequently than previously thought. We propose environmental disturbance as a selective force that could have shaped the evolution of invasiveness in the B. schlosseri complex.}, }
@article {pmid22316288, year = {2012}, author = {Golding, N and Nunn, MA and Medlock, JM and Purse, BV and Vaux, AG and Schäfer, SM}, title = {West Nile virus vector Culex modestus established in southern England.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {32}, pmid = {22316288}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; Culex/*virology ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; England/epidemiology ; Female ; France/epidemiology ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*virology ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Seasons ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; West Nile Fever/epidemiology/*transmission/virology ; West Nile virus/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The risk posed to the United Kingdom by West Nile virus (WNV) has previously been considered low, due to the absence or scarcity of the main Culex sp. bridge vectors. The mosquito Culex modestus is widespread in southern Europe, where it acts as the principle bridge vector of WNV. This species was not previously thought to be present in the United Kingdom.<br><br>FINDINGS: Mosquito larval surveys carried out in 2010 identified substantial populations of Cx. modestus at two sites in marshland in southeast England. Host-seeking-adult traps placed at a third site indicate that the relative seasonal abundance of Cx. modestus peaks in early August. DNA barcoding of these specimens from the United Kingdom and material from southern France confirmed the morphological identification.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Cx. modestus appears to be established in the North Kent Marshes, possibly as the result of a recent introduction. The addition of this species to the United Kingdom's mosquito fauna may increase the risk posed to the United Kingdom by WNV.}, }
@article {pmid22314102, year = {2012}, author = {Reiskind, MH and Zarrabi, AA and Lounibos, LP}, title = {Effects of combination of leaf resources on competition in container mosquito larvae.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, pages = {424-434}, pmid = {22314102}, issn = {1475-2670}, support = {R01 AI044793-03/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-05A2/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI-044793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-08/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-09/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-07/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*growth &amp; development ; Anacardiaceae/chemistry ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fagaceae/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Larva/*growth &amp; development ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Quercus/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Resource diversity is critical to fitness in many insect species, and may determine the coexistence of competitive species and the function of ecosystems. Plant material provides the nutritional base for numerous aquatic systems, yet the consequences of diversity of plant material have not been studied in aquatic container systems important for the production of mosquitoes. To address how diversity in leaf detritus affects container-inhabiting mosquitoes, we examined how leaf species affect competition between two container inhabiting mosquito larvae, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, that co-occur in many parts of the world. We tested the hypotheses that leaf species changes the outcome of intra- and interspecific competition between these mosquito species, and that combinations of leaf species affect competition in a manner not predictable based upon the response to each leaf species alone (i.e. the response to leaf combinations is non-additive). We find support for our first hypothesis that leaf species can affect competition, evidence that, in general, leaf combination alters competitive interactions, and no support that leaf combination impacts interspecific competition differently than intraspecific competition. We conclude that combinations of leaves increase mosquito production non-additively such that combinations of leaves act synergistically, in general, and result in higher total yield of adult mosquitoes in most cases, although certain leaf combinations for A. albopictus are antagonistic. We also conclude that leaf diversity does not have a different effect on interspecific competition between A. aegypti and A. albopictus, relative to intraspecific competition for each mosquito.}, }
@article {pmid22314051, year = {2012}, author = {Luo, J and Cheng, XY and Yan, X and Tao, WQ and Holland, JD and Xu, RM}, title = {Characterization and polymorphism analysis of phosphoglucose isomerase gene in the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea).}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, pages = {477-488}, doi = {10.1017/S000748531100085X}, pmid = {22314051}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; China ; Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Moths/*genetics ; Ovum/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic/*physiology ; Pupa/physiology ; }, abstract = {Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) plays an important role in energy metabolism, and it is documented that PGI exhibits an extensive polymorphism which can affect insects' fitness and adaptation. In this paper, we studied the structural characteristics and polymorphism of pgi gene in the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea), an important invasive pest in some European and Asian countries. A 2110-bp pgi full-length cDNA encoding a polypeptide of 556 amino acids was obtained from H. cunea. The pgi full-length in the H. cunea genomic DNA was 14,332 bp with 12 exons and 11 introns, similar to the structures of pgi in other Lepidoptera species. We compared the structures of pgi in different insect species. Moreover, thirteen pgi genotypes comprised of five alleles were identified in the Chinese population. Genotypes pgi-cd, pgi-cc and pgi-ce were the most prevalent with over 70% of individuals allocated to them. Four out of five alleles were sequenced the cDNA full-length. Thirty stably variable sites were found among them with five non-synonymous mutation sites. The frequencies of alleles and genotypes were variable in different Chinese geographic subpopulations. Moreover, comparison of pgi mRNA expression levels in each stage of the moth's lifecycle showed that a high expression level was in the 6th instar larval stage, followed by that in the egg and adult stages. The results will provide a basis for further study of the role of different alleles and genotypes of PGI on fitness and adaptation of the moth H. cunea.}, }
@article {pmid22313589, year = {2012}, author = {Kelehear, C and Brown, GP and Shine, R}, title = {Rapid evolution of parasite life history traits on an expanding range-edge.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {329-337}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01742.x}, pmid = {22313589}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Bufo marinus/*parasitology ; Female ; Fertility ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Life Cycle Stages ; Ovum ; Population Density ; Rhabditoidea/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Parasites of invading species undergoing range advance may be exposed to powerful new selective forces. Low host density in range-edge populations hampers parasite transmission, requiring the parasite to survive longer periods in the external environment before encountering a potential host. These conditions should favour evolutionary shifts in offspring size to maximise parasite transmission. We conducted a common-garden experiment to compare life history traits among seven populations of the nematode lungworm (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) spanning from the parasite population core to the expanding range-edge in invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) in tropical Australia. Compared to conspecifics from the population core, nematodes from the range-edge exhibited larger eggs, larger free-living adults and larger infective larvae, and reduced age at maturity in parasitic adults. These results support a priori predictions regarding adaptive changes in offspring size as a function of invasion history, and suggest that parasite life history traits can evolve rapidly in response to the selective forces exerted by a biological invasion.}, }
@article {pmid22311255, year = {2012}, author = {Gómez, S and Orians, CM and Preisser, EL}, title = {Exotic herbivores on a shared native host: tissue quality after individual, simultaneous, and sequential attack.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {169}, number = {4}, pages = {1015-1024}, pmid = {22311255}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Amino Acids/metabolism ; Animals ; Feeding Behavior ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Tsuga/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Plants in nature are often attacked by multiple enemies whose effect on the plant cannot always be predicted based on the outcome of individual attacks. We investigated how two invasive herbivores, the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) (HWA) and the elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa) (EHS), alter host plant quality (measured as amino acid concentration and composition) when feeding individually or jointly on eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), an important long-lived forest tree that is in severe decline. The joint herbivore treatments included both simultaneous and sequential infestations by the two herbivores. We expected resource depletion over time, particularly in response to feeding by HWA. In contrast, HWA dramatically increased the concentration and altered the composition of individual free amino acids. Compared to control trees, HWA increased total amino acid concentration by 330% after 1 year of infestation. Conversely, EHS had a negligible effect when feeding individually. Interestingly, there was a marginally significant HWA × EHS interaction that suggests the potential for EHS presence to reduce the impact of HWA on foliage quality when the two species co-occur. We suggest indirect effects of water stress as a possible physiological mechanism for our results. Understanding how species interactions change the physiology of a shared host is crucial to making more accurate predictions about host mortality and subsequent changes in affected communities and ecosystems, and to help design appropriate management plans.}, }
@article {pmid22311254, year = {2012}, author = {Nelis, LC}, title = {Grouping plant species by shared native range, and not by native status, predicts response to an exotic herbivore.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {169}, number = {4}, pages = {1075-1081}, pmid = {22311254}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Chile ; *Ecosystem ; *Herbivory ; Introduced Species ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Poaceae/physiology ; Rabbits ; }, abstract = {Differences among exotic species can be as large as differences between native and exotic species. Typically, however, only the distinction between native and exotic is made when predicting responses in a community. In this paper, I examine the response of plant species to experimental disturbance and exclusion of invasive European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in a grassland community with exotic plants originating from five continents. I explore group responses based on native status, shared native range with rabbits, having a congener from the native range of rabbits, life-history (e.g., annual), and life-form (e.g., grass). Individual species responses to rabbits were idiosyncratic, but group responses were predicted by continent of origin, not native status. Native status did predict response to disturbance with almost uniform responses within groups. Exotic species, regardless of origin, were positively affected by disturbance. Native species, in contrast, were negatively affected by disturbance. These results suggest that grouping plant species by native status is valid for questions of disturbance, but when analyzing outcomes of interactions, factors other than native status, such as shared evolutionary history, should be considered.}, }
@article {pmid22309789, year = {2012}, author = {Farsad, N and Sone, ED}, title = {Zebra mussel adhesion: structure of the byssal adhesive apparatus in the freshwater mussel, Dreissena polymorpha.}, journal = {Journal of structural biology}, volume = {177}, number = {3}, pages = {613-620}, doi = {10.1016/j.jsb.2012.01.011}, pmid = {22309789}, issn = {1095-8657}, mesh = {Animals ; Dreissena/*metabolism ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Models, Molecular ; Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The freshwater zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) owes a large part of its success as an invasive species to its ability to attach to a wide variety of substrates. As in marine mussels, this attachment is achieved by a proteinaceous byssus, a series of threads joined at a stem that connect the mussel to adhesive plaques secreted onto the substrate. Although the zebra mussel byssus is superficially similar to marine mussels, significant structural and compositional differences suggest that further investigation of the adhesion mechanisms in this freshwater species is warranted. Here we present an ultrastructural examination of the zebra mussel byssus, with emphasis on interfaces that are critical to its adhesive function. By examining the attached plaques, we show that adhesion is mediated by a uniform electron dense layer on the underside of the plaque. This layer is only 10-20 nm thick and makes direct and continuous contact with the substrate. The plaque itself is fibrous, and curiously can exhibit either a dense or porous morphology. In zebra mussels, a graded interface between the animal and the substrate mussels is achieved by interdigitation of uniform threads with the stem, in contrast to marine mussels, where the threads themselves are non-uniform. Our observations of several novel aspects of zebra mussel byssal ultrastructure may have important implications not only for preventing biofouling by the zebra mussel, but for the development of new bioadhesives as well.}, }
@article {pmid22308381, year = {2012}, author = {Dorcas, ME and Willson, JD and Reed, RN and Snow, RW and Rochford, MR and Miller, MA and Meshaka, WE and Andreadis, PT and Mazzotti, FJ and Romagosa, CM and Hart, KM}, title = {Severe mammal declines coincide with proliferation of invasive Burmese pythons in Everglades National Park.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {109}, number = {7}, pages = {2418-2422}, pmid = {22308381}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Boidae ; Florida ; *Introduced Species ; *Mammals ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Invasive species represent a significant threat to global biodiversity and a substantial economic burden. Burmese pythons, giant constricting snakes native to Asia, now are found throughout much of southern Florida, including all of Everglades National Park (ENP). Pythons have increased dramatically in both abundance and geographic range since 2000 and consume a wide variety of mammals and birds. Here we report severe apparent declines in mammal populations that coincide temporally and spatially with the proliferation of pythons in ENP. Before 2000, mammals were encountered frequently during nocturnal road surveys within ENP. In contrast, road surveys totaling 56,971 km from 2003-2011 documented a 99.3% decrease in the frequency of raccoon observations, decreases of 98.9% and 87.5% for opossum and bobcat observations, respectively, and failed to detect rabbits. Road surveys also revealed that these species are more common in areas where pythons have been discovered only recently and are most abundant outside the python's current introduced range. These findings suggest that predation by pythons has resulted in dramatic declines in mammals within ENP and that introduced apex predators, such as giant constrictors, can exert significant top-down pressure on prey populations. Severe declines in easily observed and/or common mammals, such as raccoons and bobcats, bode poorly for species of conservation concern, which often are more difficult to sample and occur at lower densities.}, }
@article {pmid22303485, year = {2012}, author = {He, WM and Li, JJ and Peng, PH}, title = {Simulated warming differentially affects the growth and competitive ability of Centaurea maculosa populations from home and introduced ranges.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {e31170}, pmid = {22303485}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biomass ; Centaurea/*growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Climate warming may drive invasions by exotic plants, thereby raising concerns over the risks of invasive plants. However, little is known about how climate warming influences the growth and competitive ability of exotic plants from their home and introduced ranges. We conducted a common garden experiment with an invasive plant Centaurea maculosa and a native plant Poa pratensis, in which a mixture of sand and vermiculite was used as a neutral medium, and contrasted the total biomass, competitive effects, and competitive responses of C. maculosa populations from Europe (home range) and North America (introduced range) under two different temperatures. The warming-induced inhibitory effects on the growth of C. maculosa alone were stronger in Europe than in North America. The competitive ability of C. maculosa plants from North America was greater than that of plants from Europe under the ambient condition whereas this competitive ability followed the opposite direction under the warming condition, suggesting that warming may enable European C. maculosa to be more invasive. Across two continents, warming treatment increased the competitive advantage instead of the growth advantage of C. maculosa, suggesting that climate warming may facilitate C. maculosa invasions through altering competitive outcomes between C. maculosa and its neighbors. Additionally, the growth response of C. maculosa to warming could predict its ability to avoid being suppressed by its neighbors.}, }
@article {pmid22303442, year = {2012}, author = {Smith, KF and Stefaniak, L and Saito, Y and Gemmill, CE and Cary, SC and Fidler, AE}, title = {Increased inter-colony fusion rates are associated with reduced COI haplotype diversity in an invasive colonial ascidian Didemnum vexillum.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {e30473}, pmid = {22303442}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Haplotypes/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Molecular Sequence Data ; New Zealand ; Phylogeny ; Urochordata/enzymology/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Considerable progress in our understanding of the population genetic changes associated with biological invasions has been made over the past decade. Using selectively neutral loci, it has been established that reductions in genetic diversity, reflecting founder effects, have occurred during the establishment of some invasive populations. However, some colonial organisms may actually gain an ecological advantage from reduced genetic diversity because of the associated reduction in inter-colony conflict. Here we report population genetic analyses, along with colony fusion experiments, for a highly invasive colonial ascidian, Didemnum vexillum. Analyses based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) partial coding sequences revealed two distinct D. vexillum clades. One COI clade appears to be restricted to the probable native region (i.e., north-west Pacific Ocean), while the other clade is present in widely dispersed temperate coastal waters around the world. This clade structure was supported by 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence data, which revealed a one base-pair difference between the two clades. Recently established populations of D. vexillum in New Zealand displayed greatly reduced COI genetic diversity when compared with D. vexillum in Japan. In association with this reduction in genetic diversity was a significantly higher inter-colony fusion rate between randomly paired New Zealand D. vexillum colonies (80%, standard deviation ±18%) when compared with colonies found in Japan (27%, standard deviation ±15%). The results of this study add to growing evidence that for colonial organisms reductions in population level genetic diversity may alter colony interaction dynamics and enhance the invasive potential of newly colonizing species.}, }
@article {pmid22303129, year = {2012}, author = {Janion, C and D'Haese, CA and Deharveng, L}, title = {A new species and first record of the genus Triacanthella Schäffer, 1897 (Collembola, Poduromorpha, Hypogastruridae) for Africa.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {163}, pages = {57-68}, pmid = {22303129}, issn = {1313-2970}, abstract = {The first species of the genus Triacanthella to be recorded from Africa is described. Triacanthella madibasp. n. belongs to the Southern Hemisphere group of the genus. It is morphologically closely related to Triacanthella vogeli Weiner &amp; Najt, 1997 from Chile, and appears to be a gondwanian relict. The new species is also the first Triacanthella recorded from a guano habitat.}, }
@article {pmid22301892, year = {2012}, author = {He, R and Kim, MJ and Nelson, W and Balbuena, TS and Kim, R and Kramer, R and Crow, JA and May, GD and Thelen, JJ and Soderlund, CA and Gang, DR}, title = {Next-generation sequencing-based transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of the common reed, Phragmites australis (Poaceae), reveals genes involved in invasiveness and rhizome specificity.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {99}, number = {2}, pages = {232-247}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1100429}, pmid = {22301892}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Base Sequence ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Databases, Genetic ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genes, Plant ; Introduced Species ; Mass Spectrometry ; Meristem/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Plant Proteins/analysis/genetics/metabolism ; Poaceae/*genetics/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; *Proteomics ; RNA, Plant/genetics ; Rhizome/*genetics/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Species Specificity ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The common reed (Phragmites australis), one of the most widely distributed of all angiosperms, uses its rhizomes (underground stems) to invade new territory, making it one of the most successful weedy species worldwide. Characterization of the rhizome transcriptome and proteome is needed to identify candidate genes and proteins involved in rhizome growth, development, metabolism, and invasiveness.<br><br>METHODS: We employed next-generation sequencing technologies including 454 and Illumina platforms to characterize the reed rhizome transcriptome and used quantitative proteomics techniques to identify the rhizome proteome.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Combining 336514 Roche 454 Titanium reads and 103350802 Illumina paired-end reads in a de novo hybrid assembly yielded 124450 unique transcripts with an average length of 549 bp, of which 54317 were annotated. Rhizome-specific and differentially expressed transcripts were identified between rhizome apical tips (apical meristematic region) and rhizome elongation zones. A total of 1280 nonredundant proteins were identified and quantified using GeLC-MS/MS based label-free proteomics, where 174 and 77 proteins were preferentially expressed in the rhizome elongation zone and apical tip tissues, respectively. Genes involved in allelopathy and in controlling development and potentially invasiveness were identified.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In addition to being a valuable sequence and protein data resource for studying plant rhizome species, our results provide useful insights into identifying specific genes and proteins with potential roles in rhizome differentiation, development, and function.}, }
@article {pmid22301301, year = {2012}, author = {Hulme, PE}, title = {Invasive species unchecked by climate.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {335}, number = {6068}, pages = {537-8; author reply 538-9}, doi = {10.1126/science.335.6068.537-b}, pmid = {22301301}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; }, }
@article {pmid22300849, year = {2012}, author = {Kolbe, JJ and Leal, M and Schoener, TW and Spiller, DA and Losos, JB}, title = {Founder effects persist despite adaptive differentiation: a field experiment with lizards.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {335}, number = {6072}, pages = {1086-1089}, doi = {10.1126/science.1209566}, pmid = {22300849}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Bahamas ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; *Founder Effect ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Hindlimb/anatomy &amp; histology ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/*anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phenotype ; Population Density ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {The extent to which random processes such as founder events contribute to evolutionary divergence is a long-standing controversy in evolutionary biology. To determine the respective contributions of founder effects and natural selection, we conducted an experiment in which brown anole (Anolis sagrei) lizard populations were established on seven small islands in the Bahamas, from male-female pairs randomly drawn from the same large-island source. These founding events generated significant among-island genetic and morphological differences that persisted throughout the course of the experiment despite all populations adapting in the predicted direction-shorter hindlimbs-in response to the narrower vegetation on the small islands. Thus, using a replicated experiment in nature, we showed that both founder effects and natural selection jointly determine trait values in these populations.}, }
@article {pmid22299361, year = {2011}, author = {Lewis, DS and Cuda, JP and Stevens, BR}, title = {A novel biorational pesticide: efficacy of methionine against Heraclides (Papilio) cresphontes, a surrogate of the invasive Princeps (Papilio) demoleus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {104}, number = {6}, pages = {1986-1990}, doi = {10.1603/ec11132}, pmid = {22299361}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Butterflies/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Citrus aurantiifolia ; Florida ; Insect Control/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Larva/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Methionine/*toxicity ; Pesticides/*toxicity ; Plant Leaves ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The Southeast Asian citrus-feeding butterfly Princeps (Papilio) demoleus (L.) was recently introduced into the Americas, causing an imminent threat to citrus production and ornamental flora. The human nutrient amino acid methionine has been shown by us to disrupt aminoacid-modulated ion transport systems in caterpillars and other insect larvae that possess an alkaline midgut. Heraclides (Papilio) cresphontes was bioassayed as a United States Department of Agriculture permitted surrogate of the Florida quarantined P. demoleus to test the potential efficacy of methionine. Larvae were allowed to feed ad libitum on wild lime plants with leaves treated with methionine or proline. Methionine caused 100% mortality in first through fourth instars in a time- and dose-dependent manner, as determined by probit analysis whereas proline was not toxic. Wild lime host plants did not exhibit phytotoxicity with methionine treatments during a 14 d test period. It is concluded that methionine is an effective larvicide against H. cresphontes, and therefore may be a candidate environmentally safe biorational pesticide for use against invasive P. demoleus in the Americas.}, }
@article {pmid22299358, year = {2011}, author = {Frank, SD and Sadof, CS}, title = {Reducing insecticide volume and nontarget effects of ambrosia beetle management in nurseries.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {104}, number = {6}, pages = {1960-1968}, doi = {10.1603/ec11124}, pmid = {22299358}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Insect Control/economics/*instrumentation ; Insecta/drug effects/physiology ; Insecticides/*toxicity ; Mites/drug effects/physiology ; North Carolina ; Permethrin/*toxicity ; Pesticide Residues/*toxicity ; Plant Stems ; Population Dynamics ; Tetranychidae/*drug effects/physiology ; Time Factors ; Trees ; Weevils/*drug effects/physiology ; }, abstract = {Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are increasingly important pests of nursery-grown trees because of the arrival of several invasive species. Ambrosia beetles bore into young trees and inoculate them with ambrosia fungus, which interferes with vascular transport resulting in limb or tree death. In spring, when beetles are active, growers make frequent applications of pyrethroid insecticides to susceptible tree species to deter beetles from boring into trees. Applications often are made with airblast sprayers that forcefully release insecticide mist that billows through nursery beds. Our objective was to compare the environmental, nontarget, and economic effects of airblast sprayer applications to applications made with a new dual-nozzle spray wand that makes targeted applications only to tree trunks where beetles attack. Through replicated experiments at commercial nurseries, we found that 5 times more insecticide was released by airblast sprayers than the manual spray wand. The extra insecticide from airblast applications landed on tree canopies, between rows, and left the nursery beds as drift. As a consequence of not spraying tree canopies, 50% more natural enemies and 50% fewer spider mites were captured in nursery beds treated with the manual spray wand than beds treated with the airblast sprayer. Manual applications require 12 times more labor than airblast applications. However, increased need for expensive miticide applications may make manual applications an economically feasible strategy for integrated pest management (IPM) of ambrosia beetles in nurseries.}, }
@article {pmid22299354, year = {2011}, author = {Rhainds, M and Mackinnon, WE and Porter, KB and Sweeney, JD and Silk, PJ}, title = {Evidence for limited spatial spread in an exotic longhorn beetle, Tetropium fuscum (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {104}, number = {6}, pages = {1928-1933}, doi = {10.1603/ec11078}, pmid = {22299354}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/drug effects/*physiology ; Competitive Behavior ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Nova Scotia ; Pheromones/pharmacology ; Picea ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The longhorn beetle Tetropium fuscum F. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) has become established in Nova Scotia, Canada, where it coexists with Tetropium cinnamopterum Kirby. The two Tetropium species share a similar ecological niche and use the same volatile cues for mate attraction. Exotic T. fuscum was introduced near Halifax, Nova Scotia, in approximately 1990, but the rate of its spread 20 yr later has not been documented. We report a large-scale, 3-yr study that investigates the distribution of T. fuscum relative to its site of introduction. Traps baited with male-produced pheromone and host volatiles were used to estimate the relative abundance of the two Tetropium species. Adult T. fuscum emerged 1-2 wk earlier than T. cinnamopterum each year between 2008 and 2010. The spatial distribution of T. fuscum was characterized by a sharp decline in abundance in relation to its point of introduction, up to a threshold distance of approximately 80 km beyond which T. fuscum is rare in comparison with native T. cinnamopterum. The restricted range of T. fuscum 20 yr after its introduction may be attributed to limited dispersal of adults or reproductive failures of low-density populations. The distribution of T. fuscum seemed stable between 2008 and 2010. In 1 of 3 yr, the abundance of T. cinnamopterum increased with the distance to the site of introduction of T. fuscum, which suggests competitive interactions between the two Tetropium species.}, }
@article {pmid22299335, year = {2011}, author = {Gao, Y and Lei, Z and Abe, Y and Reitz, SR}, title = {Species displacements are common to two invasive species of leafminer fly in China, Japan, and the United States.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {104}, number = {6}, pages = {1771-1773}, doi = {10.1603/ec11206}, pmid = {22299335}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Competitive Behavior ; Diptera/*drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Fabaceae ; Female ; Insecticide Resistance ; Insecticides/*pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Ivermectin/*analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology ; Japan ; Larva/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; Species Specificity ; Triazines/*pharmacology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Under field conditions, species displacements have occurred in different directions between the same invasive species of leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Liriomyza sativae (Blanchard) was displaced by L. trifolii (Burgess) in the western United States, with evidence suggesting that lower insecticide susceptibility of L. trifolii is a factor. However, in Japan, the opposite has occurred, as L. trifolii was recently displaced by L. sativae. This displacement is probably because of the higher fecundity of L. sativae and differential effects of parasitoids on the two leafminer species. Here, we carried out long-term surveys of these same two invasive leafminer species during January through March in 1999, 2007, and 2011, as well as June through July in 2011, in eight locations (Sanya, Dongfang, Haikou, Leidong, Lingshui, Wuzhisan, Qionghai, and Danzhou) across Hainan Island of southern China. Our results indicate that, between 2007 and 2011, L. trifolii rapidly replaced L. sativae as the predominant leafminer of vegetables on Hainan Island, similar to the situation in the western United States. Further surveys of growers revealed that avermectins and cyromazine are the two most frequently used insecticides against leafminers on Hainan Island. Dose-mortality tests showed that L. trifolii populations from Hainan Island are less susceptible to avermectins and cyromazine compared with L. sativae populations. This lower insecticide susceptibility of L. trifolii may be associated with the displacement of L. sativae by L. trifolii, although additional ecological or environmental factors cannot be ruled out.}, }
@article {pmid22297953, year = {2012}, author = {Bowman, D}, title = {Conservation: Bring elephants to Australia?.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {482}, number = {7383}, pages = {30}, pmid = {22297953}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Elephants/*physiology ; Extinction, Biological ; Fires/*prevention &amp; control/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Food Chain ; Herbivory ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development ; Predatory Behavior ; }, }
@article {pmid22297138, year = {2012}, author = {Werner, D and Kronefeld, M and Schaffner, F and Kampen, H}, title = {Two invasive mosquito species, Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus japonicus, trapped in south-west Germany, July to August 2011.}, journal = {Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.2807/ese.17.04.20067-en}, pmid = {22297138}, issn = {1560-7917}, mesh = {Aedes/genetics/*pathogenicity ; Animals ; Female ; Germany, West ; Mosquito Control/*methods/trends ; *Seasons ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Adult females of two invasive species, Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus japonicus, were collected for the first time in July and August 2011 in Germany. Previously, only immature stages of these species had been found in the country. Repeated detection of these species reveals the Upper Rhine Valley in south-west Germany to be a particularly sensitive region for the introduction and establishment of exotic mosquito species that needs careful observation.}, }
@article {pmid22292743, year = {2012}, author = {LeBrun, EG and Plowes, RM and Gilbert, LE}, title = {Imported fire ants near the edge of their range: disturbance and moisture determine prevalence and impact of an invasive social insect.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {81}, number = {4}, pages = {884-895}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.01954.x}, pmid = {22292743}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Biota ; Competitive Behavior ; *Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Humidity ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Soil/chemistry ; Species Specificity ; Texas ; }, abstract = {1. Habitat disturbance and species invasions interact in natural systems, making it difficult to isolate the primary cause of ecosystem degradation. A general understanding requires case studies of how disturbance and invasion interact across a variety of ecosystem - invasive species combinations. 2. Dramatic losses in ant diversity followed the invasion of central Texas by red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta). However, recent manipulative studies in Florida revealed no effect on ant diversity following the removal of S. invicta from a disturbed pasture habitat, but moderate loss of diversity associated with their introduction into undisturbed habitat and no invasion occurred without disturbance. Thus, the importance of S. invicta in driving diversity loss and its ability to invade undisturbed systems is unresolved. 3. We examine the distribution and abundance of a large monogyne S. invicta population and its association with the co-occurring ant assemblage at a site in south Texas close to the aridity tolerance limit of S. invicta. 4. We document that moisture modulates S. invicta densities. Further, soil disturbing habitat manipulations greatly increase S. invicta population densities. However, S. invicta penetrates all habitats regardless of soil disturbance history. In contrast, controlled burns depress S. invicta densities. 5. In habitats where S. invicta is prevalent, it completely replaces native fire ants. However, S. invicta impacts native ants as a whole less strongly. Intriguingly, native ants responded distinctly to S. invicta in different environments. In wet, undisturbed environments, high S. invicta abundance disrupts the spatial structure of the ant assemblage by increasing clumping and is associated with reduced species density, while in dry-disturbed habitats, sites with high S. invicta abundance possess high numbers of native species. Analyses of co-occurrence indicate that reduced species density in wet-undisturbed sites arises from negative species interactions between native ants and S. invicta. However, these same data suggest that the high native species density of abundant S. invicta sites in dry-disturbed environments does not result from facilitation. 6. Monogyne S. invicta populations play different roles in different environments, driving ant diversity loss in some, but being largely symptomatic of habitat disturbance in others.}, }
@article {pmid22286115, year = {2012}, author = {Madder, M and Adehan, S and De Deken, R and Adehan, R and Lokossou, R}, title = {New foci of Rhipicephalus microplus in West Africa.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {56}, number = {4}, pages = {385-390}, pmid = {22286115}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; Benin/epidemiology ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Rhipicephalus/*growth &amp; development ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The invasive character of Rhipicephalus microplus was observed in Benin, the second West-African country from which this ticks species has been collected after the initial confirmed record in Ivory Coast in 2007. A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Mono to examine the presence of the tick R. microplus. The survey covered 9 herds (villages) in an agro-ecological zone inhabited by agro-pastoralists, including the State Farm of Kpinnou that imported Girolando cattle from Brazil. Almost 800 ticks were sampled from 36 cattle, on average four cattle per village. The morphological identification revealed ticks of two different genera: Rhipicephalus and Amblyomma. Rhipicephalus microplus was the only representative of the species previously known as Boophilus or blue ticks. Its taxonomic identity was confirmed molecularly by PCR-RFLP. A comparison was made with the situation of R. microplus in Brazil.}, }
@article {pmid22286083, year = {2012}, author = {Keeley, JE and Brennan, TJ}, title = {Fire-driven alien invasion in a fire-adapted ecosystem.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {169}, number = {4}, pages = {1043-1052}, pmid = {22286083}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {California ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Disturbance plays a key role in many alien plant invasions. However, often the main driver of invasion is not disturbance per se but alterations in the disturbance regime. In some fire-adapted shrublands, the community is highly resilient to infrequent, high-intensity fires, but changes in the fire regime that result in shorter fire intervals may make these communities more susceptible to alien plant invasions. This study examines several wildfire events that resulted in short fire intervals in California chaparral shrublands. In one study, we compared postfire recovery patterns in sites with different prefire stand ages (3 and 24 years), and in another study we compared sites that had burned once in four years with sites that had burned twice in this period. The population size of the dominant native shrub Adenostoma fasciculatum was drastically reduced following fire in the 3-year sites relative to the 24-year sites. The 3-year sites had much greater alien plant cover and significantly lower plant diversity than the 24-year sites. In a separate study, repeat fires four years apart on the same sites showed that annual species increased significantly after the second fire, and alien annuals far outnumbered native annuals. Aliens included both annual grasses and annual forbs and were negatively correlated with woody plant cover. Native woody species regenerated well after the first fire but declined after the second fire, and one obligate seeding shrub was extirpated from two sites by the repeat fires. It is concluded that some fire-adapted shrublands are vulnerable to changes in fire regime, and this can lead to a loss of native diversity and put the community on a trajectory towards type conversion from a woody to an herbaceous system. Such changes result in alterations in the proportion of natives to non-natives, changes in functional types from deeply rooted shrubs to shallow rooted grasses and forbs, increased fire frequency due to the increase in fine fuels, and changes in carbon storage.}, }
@article {pmid22284215, year = {2012}, author = {Budnik, LT and Kloth, S and Velasco-Garrido, M and Baur, X}, title = {Prostate cancer and toxicity from critical use exemptions of methyl bromide: environmental protection helps protect against human health risks.}, journal = {Environmental health : a global access science source}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {5}, pmid = {22284215}, issn = {1476-069X}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Environmental Exposure ; Humans ; Hydrocarbons, Brominated/*toxicity ; Male ; *Occupational Exposure ; Pesticides/*toxicity ; Prostatic Neoplasms/*chemically induced/epidemiology ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although ozone-depleting methyl bromide was destined for phase-out by 2005, it is still widely applied as a consequence of various critical-use-exemptions and mandatory international regulations aiming to restrict the spread of pests and alien species (e.g. in globalized transport and storage). The withdrawal of methyl bromide because of its environmental risk could fortuitously help in the containment of its human toxicity.<br><br>METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the literature, including in vitro toxicological and epidemiological studies of occupational and community exposure to the halogenated hydrocarbon pesticide methyl bromide. We focused on toxic (especially chronic) or carcinogenic effects from the use of methyl bromide, on biomonitoring data and reference values. Eligible epidemiological studies were subjected to meta-analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: Out of the 542 peer reviewed publications between 1990-2011, we found only 91 referring to toxicity of methyl bromide and 29 using the term "carcinogenic", "neoplastic" or "mutagenic". Several studies provide new additional data pertaining to the mechanistic aspects of methyl bromide toxicity. Few studies have performed a detailed exposure assessment including biomonitoring. Three evaluated epidemiological studies assessed a possible association between cancer and methyl bromide. Overall, exposure to methyl bromide is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer OR, 1.21; 95% CI (0,98-1.49), P = 0.076. Two epidemiological studies have analyzed environmental, non-occupational exposure to methyl bromide providing evidence for its health risk to the general public. None of the epidemiological studies addressed its use as a fumigant in freight containers, although recent field and case reports do refer to its toxic effects associated with its use in shipping and storage.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Both the epidemiological evidence and toxicological data suggest a possible link between methyl bromide exposure and serious health problems, including prostate cancer risk from occupational and community exposure. The environmental risks of methyl bromide are not in doubt, but also its health risks, especially for genetically predisposed subjects, should not be underestimated.}, }
@article {pmid22283876, year = {2012}, author = {Boukhatem, ZF and Domergue, O and Bekki, A and Merabet, C and Sekkour, S and Bouazza, F and Duponnois, R and de Lajudie, P and Galiana, A}, title = {Symbiotic characterization and diversity of rhizobia associated with native and introduced acacias in arid and semi-arid regions in Algeria.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {80}, number = {3}, pages = {534-547}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01315.x}, pmid = {22283876}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {Acacia/*microbiology ; Algeria ; Bradyrhizobium/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Desert Climate ; Hot Temperature ; Mesorhizobium/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Ochrobactrum/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rhizobium/*classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Salinity ; Soil Microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {The diversity of rhizobia associated with introduced and native Acacia species in Algeria was investigated from soil samples collected across seven districts distributed in arid and semi-arid zones. The in vitro tolerances of rhizobial strains to NaCl and high temperature in pure culture varied greatly regardless of their geographical and host plant origins but were not correlated with the corresponding edaphoclimatic characteristics of the sampling sites, as clearly demonstrated by principal component analysis. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the 48 new strains isolated were ranked into 10 phylogenetic groups representing five bacterial genera, namely, Ensifer, Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, and Ochrobactrum. Acacia saligna, an introduced species, appeared as the most promiscuous host because it was efficiently nodulated with the widest diversity of rhizobia taxa including both fast-growing ones, Rhizobium, Ensifer, and Mesorhizobium, and slow-growing Bradyrhizobium. The five other Acacia species studied were associated with fast-growing bacterial taxa exclusively. No difference in efficiency was found between bacterial taxa isolated from a given Acacia species. The tolerances of strains to salinity and temperature remains to be tested in symbiosis with their host plants to select the most adapted Acacia sp.-LNB taxa associations for further revegetation programs.}, }
@article {pmid22279866, year = {2011}, author = {de Vevey, P}, title = {[The Princess and the Convolvulus ].}, journal = {Revue medicale suisse}, volume = {7}, number = {321}, pages = {2458-2459}, pmid = {22279866}, issn = {1660-9379}, mesh = {Brain Neoplasms/*pathology/psychology/rehabilitation/surgery ; Convolvulus/*growth &amp; development ; Cost of Illness ; Female ; *Femininity ; Gardening ; Glioma/*pathology/psychology/rehabilitation/surgery ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Marriage ; Medicine in the Arts ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Postoperative Complications/rehabilitation/therapy ; *Spouses/psychology ; }, }
@article {pmid22276096, year = {2012}, author = {Collins, RA and Armstrong, KF and Meier, R and Yi, Y and Brown, SD and Cruickshank, RH and Keeling, S and Johnston, C}, title = {Barcoding and border biosecurity: identifying cyprinid fishes in the aquarium trade.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {e28381}, pmid = {22276096}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Fishes/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Poorly regulated international trade in ornamental fishes poses risks to both biodiversity and economic activity via invasive alien species and exotic pathogens. Border security officials need robust tools to confirm identifications, often requiring hard-to-obtain taxonomic literature and expertise. DNA barcoding offers a potentially attractive tool for quarantine inspection, but has yet to be scrutinised for aquarium fishes. Here, we present a barcoding approach for ornamental cyprinid fishes by: (1) expanding current barcode reference libraries; (2) assessing barcode congruence with morphological identifications under numerous scenarios (e.g. inclusion of GenBank data, presence of singleton species, choice of analytical method); and (3) providing supplementary information to identify difficult species.<br><br>We sampled 172 ornamental cyprinid fish species from the international trade, and provide data for 91 species currently unrepresented in reference libraries (GenBank/Bold). DNA barcodes were found to be highly congruent with our morphological assignments, achieving success rates of 90-99%, depending on the method used (neighbour-joining monophyly, bootstrap, nearest neighbour, GMYC, percent threshold). Inclusion of data from GenBank (additional 157 spp.) resulted in a more comprehensive library, but at a cost to success rate due to the increased number of singleton species. In addition to DNA barcodes, our study also provides supporting data in the form of specimen images, morphological characters, taxonomic bibliography, preserved vouchers, and nuclear rhodopsin sequences. Using this nuclear rhodopsin data we also uncovered evidence of interspecific hybridisation, and highlighted unrecognised diversity within popular aquarium species, including the endangered Indian barb Puntius denisonii.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We demonstrate that DNA barcoding provides a highly effective biosecurity tool for rapidly identifying ornamental fishes. In cases where DNA barcodes are unable to offer an identification, we improve on previous studies by consolidating supplementary information from multiple data sources, and empower biosecurity agencies to confidently identify high-risk fishes in the aquarium trade.}, }
@article {pmid22275768, year = {2012}, author = {Novy, A and Flory, SL and Honig, JA and Bonos, S and Hartman, JM}, title = {Characterization of polymorphic microsatellites for the invasive grass Microstegium vimineum (Poaceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {99}, number = {2}, pages = {e56-8}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1100337}, pmid = {22275768}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Alleles ; China ; DNA Primers/genetics ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Genetic Loci ; Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Poaceae/*genetics ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; United States ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Microsatellite markers were developed for the invasive plant Microstegium vimineum (Poaceae) to assess its population structure and to facilitate tracking of invasion expansion.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Using 454 sequencing, 11 polymorphic and six monomorphic microsatellite primer sets were developed for M. vimineum. The primer sets were tested on individuals sampled from six populations in the United States and China. The polymorphic primers amplified di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide repeats with three to 10 alleles per locus.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These markers will be useful for a variety of applications including tracking of invasion dynamics and population genetics studies.}, }
@article {pmid22272360, year = {2012}, author = {Ellis, EC and Antill, EC and Kreft, H}, title = {All is not loss: plant biodiversity in the anthropocene.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {e30535}, pmid = {22272360}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/trends ; Extinction, Biological ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Plant Development ; Plants/classification ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic global changes in biodiversity are generally portrayed in terms of massive native species losses or invasions caused by recent human disturbance. Yet these biodiversity changes and others caused directly by human populations and their use of land tend to co-occur as long-term biodiversity change processes in the Anthropocene. Here we explore contemporary anthropogenic global patterns in vascular plant species richness at regional landscape scales by combining spatially explicit models and estimates for native species loss together with gains in exotics caused by species invasions and the introduction of agricultural domesticates and ornamental exotic plants. The patterns thus derived confirm that while native losses are likely significant across at least half of Earth's ice-free land, model predictions indicate that plant species richness has increased overall in most regional landscapes, mostly because species invasions tend to exceed native losses. While global observing systems and models that integrate anthropogenic species loss, introduction and invasion at regional landscape scales remain at an early stage of development, integrating predictions from existing models within a single assessment confirms their vast global extent and significance while revealing novel patterns and their potential drivers. Effective global stewardship of plant biodiversity in the Anthropocene will require integrated frameworks for observing, modeling and forecasting the different forms of anthropogenic biodiversity change processes at regional landscape scales, towards conserving biodiversity within the novel plant communities created and sustained by human systems.}, }
@article {pmid22272244, year = {2012}, author = {Sanches, FH and Miyai, CA and Costa, TM and Christofoletti, RA and Volpato, GL and Barreto, RE}, title = {Aggressiveness overcomes body-size effects in fights staged between invasive and native fish species with overlapping niches.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {e29746}, pmid = {22272244}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aggression/*physiology ; Animals ; Body Size/*physiology ; Brazil ; Cichlids/growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Territoriality ; }, abstract = {Approximately 50 years ago, Nile tilapia were accidentally introduced to Brazil, and the decline of pearl cichlid populations, which has been intensified by habitat degradation, in some locations has been associated with the presence of Nile tilapia. There is, however, little strong empirical evidence for the negative interaction of non-native fish populations with native fish populations; such evidence would indicate a potential behavioural mechanism that could cause the population of the native fish to decline. In this study, we show that in fights staged between pairs of Nile tilapia and pearl cichlids of differing body size, the Nile tilapia were more aggressive than the pearl cichlid. Because this effect prevailed over body-size effects, the pearl cichlids were at a disadvantage. The niche overlap between the Nile tilapia and the pearl cichlid in nature, and the competitive advantage shown by the Nile tilapia in this study potentially represent one of several possible results of the negative interactions imposed by an invasive species. These negative effects may reduce population viability of the native species and cause competitive exclusion.}, }
@article {pmid22270110, year = {2012}, author = {Rożej, E and Witaliński, W and Szentgyörgyi, H and Wantuch, M and Moroń, D and Woyciechowski, M}, title = {Mite species inhabiting commercial bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) nests in Polish greenhouses.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, pages = {271-282}, pmid = {22270110}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Mites/classification/*physiology ; Poland ; }, abstract = {Nests of social insects are usually inhabited by various mite species that feed on pollen, other micro-arthropods or are parasitic. Well-known negative effects of worldwide economic importance are caused by mites parasitizing honeybee colonies. Lately, attention has focused on the endoparasitic mite Locustacarus buchneri that has been found in commercial bumblebees. However, little is known of other mites associated with commercial bumblebee nests. Transportation of commercial bumblebee colonies with unwanted residents may introduce foreign mite species to new localities. In this study, we assessed the prevalence and species composition of mites associated with commercial bumblebee nests and determined if the mites are foreign species for Poland and for Europe. The study was conducted on 37 commercial bumblebee nests from two companies (Dutch and Israeli), originating from two greenhouses in southern Poland, and on 20 commercial bumblebee colonies obtained directly from suppliers. The species composition and abundance of mites inhabiting commercial bumblebee nests were determined. Seven mite species from three families were found in nests after greenhouse exploitation. The predominant mite species was Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acaridae) that was a 100-fold more numerous than representatives of the family Laelapidae (Hypoaspis marginepilosa, H. hyatti, H. bombicolens). Representatives of Parasitidae (Parasitellus fucorum, P. crinitus, P. ignotus) were least numerous. All identified mite species are common throughout Europe, foreign species were not found. Mites were not detected in nests obtained directly from suppliers. We conclude that probably bumblebee nests are invaded by local mite species during greenhouse exploitation.}, }
@article {pmid22268711, year = {2012}, author = {Liu, X and Wei, S and Wang, F and James, EK and Guo, X and Zagar, C and Xia, LG and Dong, X and Wang, YP}, title = {Burkholderia and Cupriavidus spp. are the preferred symbionts of Mimosa spp. in southern China.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {80}, number = {2}, pages = {417-426}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01310.x}, pmid = {22268711}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Burkholderia/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; China ; Cupriavidus/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Mimosa/*microbiology/physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oxidoreductases/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Soil Microbiology ; Symbiosis/physiology ; Taiwan ; }, abstract = {Rhizobia were isolated from invasive Mimosa spp. (M. diplotricha and M. pudica) in Dehong district of the province of Yunnan in subtropical southern China. Almost all of the 98 isolates were β-rhizobia in the genera Burkholderia and Cupriavidus. These strains were analysed for their distribution characteristics together with strains from a previous study from Sishuangbanna. The proportion of nodules containing each β-rhizobial genus varied between Mimosa species, with Cupriavidus being predominant in M. diplotricha nodules (63.3% compared to 36.7% occupation with Burkholderia), but with M. pudica showing a slight preference for Burkholderia over Cupriavidus, with them occupying 56.5% and 43.5% of nodules, respectively. The symbiosis-essential genes nodA and nifH were present in all the Burkholderia and Cupriavidus strains tested, and their phylogenies indicated that these Mimosa symbionts share symbiotic genes with native South American rhizobia. The evolutionary discrepancies among 16S rRNA genes, nodA and nifH of Mimosa spp. symbionts, suggests that the nod and nif genes of β-rhizobia evolved independently.}, }
@article {pmid22268438, year = {2012}, author = {Honda, K and Arai, T and Kobayashi, S and Tsuda, Y and Miyashita, K}, title = {Migratory patterns of exotic brown trout Salmo trutta in south-western Hokkaido, Japan, on the basis of otolith Sr:Ca ratios and acoustic telemetry.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {80}, number = {2}, pages = {408-426}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03183.x}, pmid = {22268438}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Acoustics ; Animal Identification Systems ; *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Calcium/analysis ; Female ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Male ; Otolithic Membrane/*chemistry ; Seawater ; Strontium/analysis ; *Telemetry ; Trout/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Acoustic telemetry and microchemical analysis of otolith strontium-calcium ratios were used to evaluate how exotic brown trout Salmo trutta have responded to Japanese riverine environments of south-western Hokkaido by observing their migratory patterns. The existence of anadromous S. trutta was also verified. Most S. trutta caught in rivers for otolith analysis were freshwater residents (95·6%), whereas those caught in the sea were mainly smolts (91·3%), which had just migrated from rivers during spring. Anadromous S. trutta (n = 6) were captured in rivers and in the sea, confirming the existence of mature pre- and post-spawning fish. According to telemetry results, both mature and immature S. trutta used the river in winter, and their estimated sea-run timings showed individual differences. Through the combination of these two methods, migratory patterns on various spatio-temporal scales were observed. This first documentation of the presence of both male and female anadromous S. trutta in the same region within Japan indicated the risk of further colonization of exotic S. trutta via oceanic migration.}, }
@article {pmid22268429, year = {2012}, author = {Kornis, MS and Mercado-Silva, N and Vander Zanden, MJ}, title = {Twenty years of invasion: a review of round goby Neogobius melanostomus biology, spread and ecological implications.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {80}, number = {2}, pages = {235-285}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03157.x}, pmid = {22268429}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Perciformes/classification/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {The round goby Neogobius melanostomus is one of the most wide-ranging invasive fish on earth, with substantial introduced populations within the Laurentian Great Lakes watershed, the Baltic Sea and several major European rivers. Rapid expansion and deleterious ecosystem effects have motivated extensive research on this species; here this research is synthesized. Maps of the global distribution are provided and the invasion history of N. melanostomus, which spread more rapidly at first in North America, but has undergone substantial expansion over the past decade in the Baltic Sea, is summarized. Meta-analyses comparing their size at age, diet, competitors and predators in North American and European ecosystems are provided. Size at age is region specific, with saline habitats typically supporting larger and faster growing individuals than fresh water. Neogobius melanostomus prey differs substantially between regions, demonstrating a capacity to adapt to locally abundant food sources. Neogobius melanostomus comprise at least 50% of the diet of eight taxa in at least one site or life stage; in total, 16 predator taxa are documented from the Laurentian Great Lakes v. five from Eurasia. Invasive N. melanostomus are the only common forage fish to heavily exploit mussels in the Laurentian Great Lakes and the Baltic Sea, facilitating the transfer of energy from mussels to higher trophic levels in both systems. Neogobius melanostomus morphology, life history, reproduction, habitat preferences, environmental tolerances, parasites, environmental effects, sampling strategies and management are also discussed. Neogobius melanostomus inhabit a wide range of temperate freshwater and brackish-water ecosystems and will probably continue to spread via ballast water, accidental bait release and natural dispersal worldwide. Climate change will probably enhance N. melanostomus expansion by elevating water temperatures closer to its energetic optimum of 26° C. Future research needs are presented; most pressing are evaluating the economic effects of N. melanostomus invasion, determining long-term population level effects of egg predation on game-fish recruitment and comparing several variables (density, ecological effects morphology and life history) among invaded ecosystems. This review provides a central reference as researchers continue studying N. melanostomus, often as examples for advancing basic ecology and invasion biology.}, }
@article {pmid22267902, year = {2012}, author = {Boykin, LM and Armstrong, KF and Kubatko, L and De Barro, P}, title = {Species delimitation and global biosecurity.}, journal = {Evolutionary bioinformatics online}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {1-37}, pmid = {22267902}, issn = {1176-9343}, abstract = {Species delimitation directly impacts on global biosecurity. It is a critical element in the decisions made by national governments in regard to the flow of trade and to the biosecurity measures imposed to protect countries from the threat of invasive species. Here we outline a novel approach to species delimitation, "tip to root", for two highly invasive insect pests, Bemisia tabaci (sweetpotato whitefly) and Lymantria dispar (Asian gypsy moth). Both species are of concern to biosecurity, but illustrate the extremes of phylogenetic resolution that present the most complex delimitation issues for biosecurity; B. tabaci having extremely high intra-specific genetic variability and L. dispar composed of relatively indistinct subspecies. This study tests a series of analytical options to determine their applicability as tools to provide more rigorous species delimitation measures and consequently more defensible species assignments and identification of unknowns for biosecurity. Data from established DNA barcode datasets (COI), which are becoming increasingly considered for adoption in biosecurity, were used here as an example. The analytical approaches included the commonly used Kimura two-parameter (K2P) inter-species distance plus four more stringent measures of taxon distinctiveness, (1) Rosenberg's reciprocal monophyly, (P(AB)),1 (2) Rodrigo's (P(randomly distinct)),2 (3) genealogical sorting index, (gsi),3 and (4) General mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC).4,5 For both insect datasets, a comparative analysis of the methods revealed that the K2P distance method does not capture the same level of species distinctiveness revealed by the other three measures; in B. tabaci there are more distinct groups than previously identified using the K2P distances and for L. dipsar far less variation is apparent within the predefined subspecies. A consensus for the results from P(AB), P(randomly distinct) and gsi offers greater statistical confidence as to where genetic limits might be drawn. In the species cases here, the results clearly indicate that there is a need for more gene sampling to substantiate either the new cohort of species indicated for B. tabaci or to detect the established subspecies taxonomy of L. dispar. Given the ease of use through the Geneious species delimitation plugins, similar analysis of such multi-gene datasets would be easily accommodated. Overall, the tip to root approach described here is recommended where careful consideration of species delimitation is required to support crucial biosecurity decisions based on accurate species identification.}, }
@article {pmid22266478, year = {2012}, author = {Dana, GV and Kapuscinski, AR and Donaldson, JS}, title = {Integrating diverse scientific and practitioner knowledge in ecological risk analysis: a case study of biodiversity risk assessment in South Africa.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {98}, number = {}, pages = {134-146}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.12.021}, pmid = {22266478}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Environmental Pollution ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; Organisms, Genetically Modified ; Risk Assessment/methods ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Ecological risk analysis (ERA) is a structured evaluation of threats to species, natural communities, and ecosystem processes from pollutants and toxicants and more complicated living stressors such as invasive species, genetically modified organisms, and biological control agents. Such analyses are typically conducted by a narrowly-focused group of scientific experts using technical information. We evaluate whether the inclusion of more diverse experts and practitioners in ERA improved the ecological knowledge base about South African biodiversity and the potential impacts of genetically modified (GM) crops. We conducted two participatory ERA workshops in South Africa, analyzing potential impacts of GM maize on biodiversity. The first workshop involved only four biological scientists, who were joined by 18 diverse scientists and practitioners in the second, and we compared the ERA process and results between the two using descriptive statistics and semi-structured interview responses. The addition of diverse experts and practitioners led to a more comprehensive understanding of biological composition of the agro-ecosystem and a more ecologically relevant set of hazards, but impeded hazard prioritization and the generation of precise risk assessment values. Results suggest that diverse participation can improve the scoping or problem formulation of the ERA, by generating an ecologically robust set of information on which to base the subsequent, more technical risk assessment. The participatory ERA process also increased the transparency of the ERA by exposing the logic and rationale for decisions made at each step.}, }
@article {pmid22258671, year = {2012}, author = {Nakano, D and Kobayashi, T and Sakaguchi, I}, title = {Changes in the drift and the settlement of the freshwater mussel Limnoperna fortunei along a headrace channel.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, pages = {426-433}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2012.866}, pmid = {22258671}, issn = {0273-1223}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; Japan ; Population Density ; Time Factors ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {The nuisance species Limnoperna fortunei is a freshwater mussel whose infestations have harmed water intake facilities, such as water supply systems. We investigated the changes in the drift and the settlement of L. fortunei along a headrace channel. The densities of the drift and the settlement both decreased dramatically with the downstream distance from the L. fortunei source (a reservoir). In comparison with larval densities in the reservoir, drift densities decreased by 10 to 25% at 0.5 km downstream from the reservoir, and were less than 2% at sites more than 4.8 km downstream. Although larval densities at midnight (0:00-2:00) were approximately 1.5 times higher than those at noon (12:00-14:00) in a shallow layer (3 m depth) of the reservoir, we found no diurnal variation of drift densities in the headrace channel. Settlement densities at the site nearest the intake gate were much higher than those of the other sites further downstream in the headrace channel. The L. fortunei adult population in the channel could reduce drift individuals by attracting the larva. The attraction probably induces the massive aggregation at the location of the channel immediately below the drift source, resulting in biofouling.}, }
@article {pmid22257854, year = {2012}, author = {Inderjit, }, title = {Exotic plant invasion in the context of plant defense against herbivores.}, journal = {Plant physiology}, volume = {158}, number = {3}, pages = {1107-1114}, pmid = {22257854}, issn = {1532-2548}, mesh = {Animals ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Development ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/chemistry/*parasitology ; Volatile Organic Compounds/chemistry ; }, }
@article {pmid22257552, year = {2012}, author = {Martínez, LF and Mahamud, MM and Lavín, AG and Bueno, JL}, title = {Evolution of phytoplankton cultures after ultraviolet light treatment.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {64}, number = {3}, pages = {556-562}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.12.021}, pmid = {22257552}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Chlorella/physiology/radiation effects ; Disinfection/*methods ; Haptophyta/physiology/radiation effects ; Photosynthesis/radiation effects ; Phytoplankton/*growth &amp; development/physiology/radiation effects ; *Radiation Effects ; Ultraviolet Rays/*adverse effects ; }, abstract = {Introducing invasive species in new environments through ballast water is a specific problem of contamination and has recently become one of the main concerns of Maritime Organizations. Ultraviolet-C radiation (UV-C) is a technological alternative to prevent this maritime pollution. This study addresses the effect of UV-C on different phytoplankton cultures and also the ability to recover following exposure to damage. A UV-C low-pressure lamp irradiates the cultures. The distance from the source and the thickness of the layer prevent part of the energy from reaching the culture and the disinfective process is diminished. Some cultures such as Chlorella autotrophica and Chaetoceros calcitrans can easily recover from UV-C damage. However, Phaeocystis globosa does not have this ability. C. calcitrans forms cysts and exhibits two different behaviours depending on the dose applied.}, }
@article {pmid22253881, year = {2012}, author = {Lehtonen, TK and McCrary, JK and Meyer, A}, title = {Introduced predator elicits deficient brood defence behaviour in a crater lake fish.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {e30064}, pmid = {22253881}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aggression/physiology ; Animals ; *Breeding ; Cichlids/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Nicaragua ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Territoriality ; }, abstract = {Introduced species represent one of the most serious global threats to biodiversity. In this field-based study, we assessed behavioural responses of brood tending cichlid fish to an invasive predator of their offspring. This was achieved by comparing parental defence responses of the endangered arrow cichlid (Amphilophus zaliosus), a fish species endemic to the crater lake Apoyo in Nicaragua, towards the bigmouth sleeper (Gobiomorus dormitor), a formidable predator of cichlid fry, and all other potential fish predators of offspring. The bigmouth sleeper was recently introduced into Apoyo but naturally co-exists with cichlids in a few other Nicaraguan lakes. Arrow cichlid parents allowed bigmouth sleepers to advance much closer to their fry than other predators before initiating aggressive brood defence behaviours. Interestingly, parents of a very closely related species, A. sagittae, which has coevolved with bigmouth sleepers in crater lake Xiloá, reacted to approaching bigmouth sleepers at comparable distances as to other predators of cichlid fry. These results provide a novel demonstration of the specific mechanism (i.e. naive parental behaviour) by which invasive predators may negatively affect species that lack the adequate behavioural repertoire.}, }
@article {pmid22251714, year = {2011}, author = {Brightwell, RJ and Silverman, J}, title = {The Argentine ant persists through unfavorable winters via a mutualism facilitated by a native tree.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {40}, number = {5}, pages = {1019-1026}, doi = {10.1603/EN11038}, pmid = {22251714}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Feeding Behavior ; Hot Temperature ; North Carolina ; *Pinus taeda ; Seasons ; Sucrose ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Mutualisms and facilitations can fundamentally change the relationship between an organism's realized and fundamental niche. Invasive species may prove particularly suitable models for investigating this relationship as many are dependent on finding new partners for successful establishment. We conducted field-based experiments testing whether a native tree facilitates the successful survival of the invasive Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), through unfavorable winter conditions in the southeastern United States. We found Argentine ant nests aggregated around the native loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., during the winter months. The bark of this tree absorbed enough radiant solar energy to reach temperatures suitable for Argentine ant foraging even when ambient temperatures should have curtailed all foraging. Conversely, foraging ceased when the trunk was shaded. The sun-warmed bark of this tree gave the Argentine ant access to a stable honeydew resource. Argentine ants were not found on or near deciduous trees even though bark temperatures were warm enough to permit Argentine ant foraging on cold winter days. Augmenting deciduous trees with sucrose water through the winter months lead to Argentine ant nests remaining at their base and Argentine ants foraging on the tree. The Argentine ant requires both foraging opportunity and a reliable winter food source to survive through unfavorable winter conditions in the southeastern United States. The loblolly pine provided both of these requirements extending the realized niche of Argentine ants beyond its fundamental niche.}, }
@article {pmid22251711, year = {2011}, author = {Muñiz, Y and Granier, M and Caruth, C and Umaharan, P and Marchal, C and Pavis, C and Wicker, E and Martínez, Y and Peterschmitt, M}, title = {Extensive settlement of the invasive MEAM1 population of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in the Caribbean and rare detection of indigenous populations.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {40}, number = {5}, pages = {989-998}, doi = {10.1603/EN11129}, pmid = {22251711}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Caribbean Region ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Hemiptera/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Bemisia tabaci populations belonging to Middle East-Asia Minor one (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) groups (formerly biotype B and Q, respectively) have spread throughout the world. Although the introduction of MEAM1 is documented from several Caribbean islands, it is generally not known whether MED has also been introduced; whether indigenous populations have survived; and if in the affirmative, to which group(s) they belonged. Whiteflies were collected from seven islands on various plant species. The prevalence of MEAM1 and non-MEAM1 individuals was assessed using a microsatellite approach validated with sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) gene. Of the 262 samples tested, 247 exhibited the MEAM1 pattern, whereas none showed the MED pattern. The mtCOI gene was partially sequenced from a sample of individuals exhibiting MEAM1 (n = 15) and non-MEAM1 patterns (n = 8) and compared with type sequences. The 15 individuals exhibiting the MEAM1 pattern were confirmed to belong to MEAM1. Of the eight individuals representative of the six non-MEAM1 patterns, two belonged to the indigenous New World (NW) group of B. tabaci (NW), one belonged to a distinct species of Bemisia, and five belonged to MEAM1. One individual belonging to NW exhibited 99.9% nucleotide identity with a NW individual from Puerto Rico. The other was identified as the most divergent individual of the North and Central American genetic cluster. We conclude that a highly homogenous MEAM1 population has extensively settled in the Caribbean and that heterogeneous NW populations were still detectable although severely displaced.}, }
@article {pmid22251685, year = {2011}, author = {Goergen, G and Vayssières, JF and Gnanvossou, D and Tindo, M}, title = {Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae), a new invasive fruit fly pest for the Afrotropical region: host plant range and distribution in West and Central Africa.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {844-854}, doi = {10.1603/EN11017}, pmid = {22251685}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Benin ; Cameroon ; Crops, Agricultural/*parasitology ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Male ; *Tephritidae ; Trees/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {In 2003, the invasive fruit fly Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta &amp; White (Diptera: Tephritidae) (Drew et al. 2005), of possible Sri Lankan origin, has been detected in the East and about 1 yr later in West Africa. In regular surveys in Benin and Cameroon covering 4 yr, samples from 117 plant species across 43 families have been obtained. Incubation of field-collected fruits demonstrate that in West and Central Africa (WCA) B. invadens is highly polyphagous, infesting wild and cultivated fruits of at least 46 species from 23 plant families with guava (Psidium spp.), mango (Mangifera spp.), and citrus (spp.), and the wild hosts tropical almond (Terminalia catappa L.), African wild mango (Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte) Baill.), and sheanut (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn.) showing the highest infestation index. B. invadens occurs in 22 countries of WCA with new records for Angola, Central African Republic, the Congo, DR Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Sierra Leone. Overall, the pest has spread across a North-South distance of ≍5,000 km representing a contiguous area of >8.3 million km(2) within WCA. B. invadens has adapted to a wide range of ecological and climatic conditions extending from low land rainforest to dry savanna. Because of its highly destructive and invasive potential, B. invadens poses a serious threat to horticulture in Africa if left uncontrolled. Moreover, the presence of this quarantine pest causes considerable restrictions on international trade of affected crops.}, }
@article {pmid22251682, year = {2011}, author = {Floate, KD and Coghlin, PC and Dosdall, L}, title = {A test using Wolbachia bacteria to identify Eurasian source populations of cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham), in North America.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {818-823}, doi = {10.1603/EN10315}, pmid = {22251682}, issn = {1938-2936}, support = {//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/*genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics ; Europe ; Female ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; Introduced Species ; Male ; North America ; Reproduction ; Weevils/*microbiology ; Wolbachia/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Previous research using mitochondrial haplotypes indicates that North American populations of cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham), originated from at least two separate introductions from source populations in Eurasia. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the genetic variation of symbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in C. obstrictus among seven North American and four European populations. Because Wolbachia are maternally inherited, infections acquired by a host species at one geographic location theoretically may be present in derivative populations that have established in new regions. Use of the conserved MLST Wolbachia genes gatB, coxA, hcpA, fbpA, and ftsZ identified one strain present in all beetles. Use of the variable wsp gene identified three distinct isolates of this strain that appear to co-occur in all populations and potentially in all individuals. Use of the variable wspB gene provided independent support for the presence of these isolates and evidence of a wspB pseudogene. The lack of genetic variation for these Wolbachia genes among host populations prevents their use to clarify the origins of C. obstrictus in North America. However, the results are an interesting example illustrating disjunction in genetic variation between mitochondria and a maternally-inherited symbiont.}, }
@article {pmid22251675, year = {2011}, author = {Gutierrez, AP and Ponti, L and Hoddle, M and Almeida, RP and Irvin, NA}, title = {Geographic distribution and relative abundance of the invasive glassy-winged sharpshooter: effects of temperature and egg parasitoids.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {755-769}, doi = {10.1603/EN10174}, pmid = {22251675}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Ecology/*methods ; Geography ; Hemiptera/parasitology/*physiology ; Insect Vectors ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Ovum/parasitology ; Pest Control, Biological ; Plant Diseases ; Population Density ; Regression Analysis ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The capacity to predict the geographic distribution and relative abundance of invasive species is pivotal to developing policy for eradication or control and management. Commonly used methods fall under the ambit of ecological niche models (ENMs). These methods were reviewed and shortcomings identified. Weather-driven physiologically based demographic models (PBDMs) are proposed that resolve many of the deficiencies of ENMs. The PBDM approach is used to analyze the invasiveness of the polyphagous glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis [Germar]), a pest native to the southeastern United States and northeastern Mexico that extended its range into California in 1989. Glassy-winged sharpshooter vectors the pathogenic bacterium, Xylella fastidiosa (Wells) that causes Pierce's disease in grape and scorch-like diseases in other plants. PBDMs for glassy-winged sharpshooter and its egg parasitoids (Gonatocerus ashmeadi Girault and G. triguttatus Girault) were developed and linked to a PBDM for grape published by Wermelinger et al. (1991). Daily weather data from 108 locations across California for the period 1995-2006 were used to drive the PBDM system, and GRASS GIS was used to map the simulation results. The geographic distribution of glassy-winged sharpshooter, as observed, is predicted to be largely restricted to the warm areas of southern California, with the action of the two egg parasitoids reducing its abundance >90%. The average indispensable mortality contributed by G. triguttatus is <1%. A temperature-dependent developmental rate model for X. fastidiosa was developed that suggests its geographic range is also limited to the warm inland areas of southern California. Biological control of glassy-winged sharpshooter further decreases the pathogen's relative range. Climate warming scenarios of +2°C and +3°C suggest that the distribution and severity of glassy-winged sharpshooter and X. fastidiosa will increase in the agriculturally rich central valley of California. The utility of holistic analyses for formulating control policy and tactics for invasive species is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid22251638, year = {2011}, author = {Oleiro, M and Mc Kay, F and Wheeler, GS}, title = {Biology and host range of Tecmessa elegans (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae), a leaf-feeding moth evaluated as a potential biological control agent for Schinus terebinthifolius (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) in the United States.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, pages = {605-613}, doi = {10.1603/EN10254}, pmid = {22251638}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {*Anacardiaceae ; Animals ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Moths/*physiology ; Oviposition ; *Pest Control, Biological ; United States ; }, abstract = {During surveys for natural enemies that could be used as classical biological control agents of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Brazilian pepper), the caterpillar, Tecmessa elegans Schaus (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae), was recorded feeding on the leaves of the shrub in South America. The biology and larval and adult host range of this species were examined to determine the insect's suitability for biological control of this invasive weed in North America and Hawaii. Biological observations indicate that the larvae have five instars. When disturbed, the late instar larvae emit formic acid from a prothoracic gland that may protect larvae from generalist predators. Larval host range tests conducted both in South and North America indicated that this species feeds and completes development primarily on members of the Anacardiaceae within the tribe Rhoeae. Oviposition tests indicated that when given a choice in large cages the adults will select the target weed over Pistacia spp. However, considering the many valued plant species in its host range, especially several North American natives, this species will not be considered further for biological control of S. terebinthifolius in North America.}, }
@article {pmid22249790, year = {2012}, author = {Pineda, MC and Turon, X and López-Legentil, S}, title = {Stress levels over time in the introduced ascidian Styela plicata: the effects of temperature and salinity variations on hsp70 gene expression.}, journal = {Cell stress &amp; chaperones}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {435-444}, pmid = {22249790}, issn = {1466-1268}, mesh = {Animals ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Phylogeny ; *Salinity ; *Stress, Physiological ; *Temperature ; Time Factors ; Urochordata/classification/*genetics/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Species distribution, abundance, and long-term survival are determined by biotic and abiotic regimes. However, little is known about the importance of these factors in species range expansion. Styela plicata is a solitary ascidian introduced all over the world by ship fouling, including salt marsh habitats, where introduced populations must tolerate high seasonal variations in temperature and salinity. To determine the seasonal stress levels in a salt marsh population of S. plicata, we quantified heat shock protein (hsp70) gene expression using quantitative real-time PCR throughout a 2-year cycle. Results showed that hsp70 expression varied over time, with higher stress levels recorded in summer and winter. Periodic conditions of high temperatures, particularly when coupled with low salinities, increased hsp70 gene expression. Mortality events observed every year around June were concurrent with sharp increases in temperature (>6°C), indicating that drastic changes in abiotic factors may overwhelm the observed stress response mechanisms. Determining the ability of introduced species to cope with stress, and the thresholds above which these mechanisms fail, is fundamental to predict the potential expansion range of introduced species and design efficient containment plans.}, }
@article {pmid22247125, year = {2012}, author = {Skálová, H and Havlícková, V and Pysek, P}, title = {Seedling traits, plasticity and local differentiation as strategies of invasive species of Impatiens in central Europe.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {110}, number = {7}, pages = {1429-1438}, pmid = {22247125}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Biomass ; Droughts ; Environment ; Europe ; Floods ; Impatiens/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Plant Roots/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Plant Shoots/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Plant Stems/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Seedlings/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Invasiveness of some alien plants is associated with their traits, plastic responses to environmental conditions and interpopulation differentiation. To obtain insights into the role of these processes in contributing to variation in performance, we compared congeneric species of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) with different origin and invasion status that occur in central Europe.<br><br>METHODS: Native I. noli-tangere and three alien species (highly invasive I. glandulifera, less invasive I. parviflora and potentially invasive I. capensis) were studied and their responses to simulated canopy shading and different nutrient and moisture levels were determined in terms of survival and seedling traits.<br><br>KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Impatiens glandulifera produced high biomass in all the treatments and the control, exhibiting the 'Jack-and-master' strategy that makes it a strong competitor from germination onwards. The results suggest that plasticity and differentiation occurred in all the species tested and that along the continuum from plasticity to differentiation, the species at the plasticity end is the better invader. The most invasive species I. glandulifera appears to be highly plastic, whereas the other two less invasive species, I. parviflora and I. capensis, exhibited lower plasticity but rather strong population differentiation. The invasive Impatiens species were taller and exhibited higher plasticity and differentiation than native I. noli-tangere. This suggests that even within one genus, the relative importance of the phenomena contributing to invasiveness appears to be species' specific.}, }
@article {pmid22244198, year = {2012}, author = {Elsworth, PG and Kovaliski, J and Cooke, BD}, title = {Rabbit haemorrhagic disease: are Australian rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) evolving resistance to infection with Czech CAPM 351 RHDV?.}, journal = {Epidemiology and infection}, volume = {140}, number = {11}, pages = {1972-1981}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268811002743}, pmid = {22244198}, issn = {1469-4409}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/immunology/*virology ; Australia ; Biological Control Agents ; Caliciviridae Infections/immunology/mortality/*veterinary ; Climate ; *Disease Resistance ; Female ; *Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit ; *Introduced Species ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; Male ; Rabbits ; Rain ; }, abstract = {Rabbit haemorrhagic disease is a major tool for the management of introduced, wild rabbits in Australia. However, new evidence suggests that rabbits may be developing resistance to the disease. Rabbits sourced from wild populations in central and southeastern Australia, and domestic rabbits for comparison, were experimentally challenged with a low 60 ID50 oral dose of commercially available Czech CAPM 351 virus - the original strain released in Australia. Levels of resistance to infection were generally higher than for unselected domestic rabbits and also differed (0-73% infection rates) between wild populations. Resistance was lower in populations from cooler, wetter regions and also low in arid regions with the highest resistance seen within zones of moderate rainfall. These findings suggest the external influences of non-pathogenic calicivirus in cooler, wetter areas and poor recruitment in arid populations may influence the development rate of resistance in Australia.}, }
@article {pmid22239735, year = {2011}, author = {Nagoshi, RN and Brambila, J and Meagher, RL}, title = {Use of DNA barcodes to identify invasive armyworm Spodoptera species in Florida.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {154}, pmid = {22239735}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Environmental Monitoring ; Florida ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Spodoptera/*classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {A critical component for sustaining adequate food production is the protection of local agriculture from invasive pest insects. Essential to this goal is the ability to accurately distinguish foreign from closely related domestic species, a process that has traditionally required identification using diagnostic morphological "keys" that can be both subtle and labor-intensive. This is the case for the Lepidopteran group of insects represented by Spodoptera, a genus of Noctuidae "armyworm" moths that includes several important agricultural pests. Two of the most destructive species, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and S. litura (F.) are not yet established in North America. To facilitate the monitoring for these pests, the feasibility of using DNA barcoding methodology for distinguishing between domestic and foreign Spodoptera species was tested. A DNA barcoding database was derived for a subset of Spodoptera species native to Florida, with an emphasis on those attracted to pheromone blends developed for S. litura or S. littoralis. These were then compared to the barcode sequences of S. litura collected from Taiwan and S. littoralis from Portugal. Consistent discrimination of the different species was obtained with phenetic relationships produced that were generally in agreement with phylogenetic studies using morphological characteristics. The data presented here indicate that DNA barcoding has the potential to be an efficient and accurate supplement to morphological methods for the identification of invasive Spodoptera pests in North America.}, }
@article {pmid22239680, year = {2012}, author = {Caplat, P and Coutts, S and Buckley, YM}, title = {Modeling population dynamics, landscape structure, and management decisions for controlling the spread of invasive plants.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {1249}, number = {}, pages = {72-83}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06313.x}, pmid = {22239680}, issn = {1749-6632}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants cause substantial economic and environmental damage throughout the world. However, eradication of most invasive species is impossible and, in some cases, undesirable. An alternative is to slow the spread of an invasive species, which can delay impacts or reduce their extent. We identify three main areas where models are used extensively in the study of plant spread and its management: (i) identifying the key drivers of spread to better target management, (ii) determining the role spatial structure of landscapes plays in plant invasions, and (iii) integrating management structures and limitations to guide the implementation of control measures. We show how these three components have been approached in the ecological literature as well as their potential for improving management practices. Particularly, we argue that scientists can help managers of invasive species by providing information about plant invasion on which managers can base their decisions (i and ii) and by modeling the decision process through optimization and agent-based models (iii). Finally, we show how these approaches can be articulated for integrative studies.}, }
@article {pmid22236256, year = {2012}, author = {van Wilgen, NJ and Richardson, DM}, title = {The roles of climate, phylogenetic relatedness, introduction effort, and reproductive traits in the establishment of non-native reptiles and amphibians.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {267-277}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01804.x}, pmid = {22236256}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Amphibians/*classification ; Animals ; *Climate ; Models, Theoretical ; *Phylogeny ; Probability ; Reptiles/*classification ; }, abstract = {We developed a method to predict the potential of non-native reptiles and amphibians (herpetofauna) to establish populations. This method may inform efforts to prevent the introduction of invasive non-native species. We used boosted regression trees to determine whether nine variables influence establishment success of introduced herpetofauna in California and Florida. We used an independent data set to assess model performance. Propagule pressure was the variable most strongly associated with establishment success. Species with short juvenile periods and species with phylogenetically more distant relatives in regional biotas were more likely to establish than species that start breeding later and those that have close relatives. Average climate match (the similarity of climate between native and non-native range) and life form were also important. Frogs and lizards were the taxonomic groups most likely to establish, whereas a much lower proportion of snakes and turtles established. We used results from our best model to compile a spreadsheet-based model for easy use and interpretation. Probability scores obtained from the spreadsheet model were strongly correlated with establishment success as were probabilities predicted for independent data by the boosted regression tree model. However, the error rate for predictions made with independent data was much higher than with cross validation using training data. This difference in predictive power does not preclude use of the model to assess the probability of establishment of herpetofauna because (1) the independent data had no information for two variables (meaning the full predictive capacity of the model could not be realized) and (2) the model structure is consistent with the recent literature on the primary determinants of establishment success for herpetofauna. It may still be difficult to predict the establishment probability of poorly studied taxa, but it is clear that non-native species (especially lizards and frogs) that mature early and come from environments similar to that of the introduction region have the highest probability of establishment.}, }
@article {pmid22235192, year = {2012}, author = {Chown, SL}, title = {Antarctic marine biodiversity and deep-sea hydrothermal vents.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {e1001232}, pmid = {22235192}, issn = {1545-7885}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Bacteria/classification/*growth &amp; development ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Hydrothermal Vents ; Marine Biology ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The diversity of many marine benthic groups is unlike that of most other taxa. Rather than declining from the tropics to the poles, much of the benthos shows high diversity in the Southern Ocean. Moreover, many species are unique to the Antarctic region. Recent work has shown that this is also true of the communities of Antarctic deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Vent ecosystems have been documented from many sites across the globe, associated with the thermally and chemically variable habitats found around these, typically high temperature, streams that are rich in reduced compounds and polymetallic sulphides. The animal communities of the East Scotia Ridge vent ecosystems are very different to those elsewhere, though the microbiota, which form the basis of vent food webs, show less differentiation. Much of the biological significance of deep-sea hydrothermal vents lies in their biodiversity, the diverse biochemistry of their bacteria, the remarkable symbioses among many of the marine animals and these bacteria, and the prospects that investigations of these systems hold for understanding the conditions that may have led to the first appearance of life. The discovery of diverse and unusual Antarctic hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides opportunities for new understanding in these fields. Moreover, the Antarctic vents south of 60°S benefit from automatic conservation under the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources and the Antarctic Treaty. Other deep-sea hydrothermal vents located in international waters are not protected and may be threatened by growing interests in deep-sea mining.}, }
@article {pmid22233133, year = {2011}, author = {Ulyshen, MD and Duan, JJ and Bauer, LS and Gould, J and Taylor, P and Bean, D and Holko, C and Van Driesche, R}, title = {Field-cage methodology for evaluating climatic suitability for introduced wood-borer parasitoids: preliminary results from the emerald ash borer system.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {141}, pmid = {22233133}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Cold Climate ; Coleoptera/*parasitology ; Female ; Fraxinus/parasitology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Maryland ; Michigan ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Field-cage methods were developed to evaluate the abilities of Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), biocontrol agents of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), to parasitize, develop and overwinter following three late-season releases at both a northern (Michigan) and a southern (Maryland) location within the current North American range of A. planipennis. In August, September and October of 2009, five young green ash trees were selected at each location. Tetrastichus planipennisi and S. agrili were each randomly assigned to one of two cages attached to each tree, surrounding separate sections of trunk in which late-instar A. planipennis had been inserted. The following April, the caged trunk sections were dissected to determine the fate of each A. planipennis larva and the developmental stages of all recovered parasitoid progeny. At both locations, T. planipennisi and S. agrili were able to parasitize hosts and successfully overwinter (i.e., reach adulthood the following spring). For T. planipennisi, successful parasitism (i.e., parasitoid progeny reached adulthood) occurred for all caged releases in Maryland, but only for the August and September releases in Michigan. At both locations, percent parasitism by T. planipennisi was higher in August and September than in October. For S. agrili, successful parasitism occurred for all caged releases in Maryland, but only for the August release in Michigan. In Maryland, percent parasitism by S. agrili in August and September was higher than in October. The caging method described here should be useful in determining the climatic suitability of other regions before proceeding with large-scale releases of either species and may have utility in other wood-borer parasitoid systems as well.}, }
@article {pmid22232669, year = {2012}, author = {van Elsas, JD and Chiurazzi, M and Mallon, CA and Elhottova, D and Kristufek, V and Salles, JF}, title = {Microbial diversity determines the invasion of soil by a bacterial pathogen.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {109}, number = {4}, pages = {1159-1164}, pmid = {22232669}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Escherichia coli O157/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Netherlands ; *Soil Microbiology ; Survival Analysis ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Natural ecosystems show variable resistance to invasion by alien species, and this resistance can relate to the species diversity in the system. In soil, microorganisms are key components that determine life support functions, but the functional redundancy in the microbiota of most soils has long been thought to overwhelm microbial diversity-function relationships. We here show an inverse relationship between soil microbial diversity and survival of the invading species Escherichia coli O157:H7, assessed by using the marked derivative strain T. The invader's fate in soil was determined in the presence of (i) differentially constructed culturable bacterial communities, and (ii) microbial communities established using a dilution-to-extinction approach. Both approaches revealed a negative correlation between the diversity of the soil microbiota and survival of the invader. The relationship could be explained by a decrease in the competitive ability of the invader in species-rich vs. species-poor bacterial communities, reflected in the amount of resources used and the rate of their consumption. Soil microbial diversity is a key factor that controls the extent to which bacterial invaders can establish.}, }
@article {pmid22231374, year = {2012}, author = {Berg-Binder, MC and Suarez, AV}, title = {Testing the directed dispersal hypothesis: are native ant mounds (Formica sp.) favorable microhabitats for an invasive plant?.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {169}, number = {3}, pages = {763-772}, pmid = {22231374}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Biomass ; Euphorbia/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; *Seed Dispersal ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development ; Seeds ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Ant-mediated seed dispersal may be a form of directed dispersal if collected seeds are placed in a favorable microhabitat (e.g., in or near an ant nest) that increases plant establishment, growth, and/or reproduction relative to random locations. We investigated whether the native ant community interacts with invasive leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) in a manner consistent with predictions of the directed dispersal hypothesis. Resident ants quickly located and dispersed 60% of experimentally offered E. esula seeds. Additionally, 40% of seeds whose final deposition site was observed were either brought inside or placed on top of an ant nest. Seed removal was 100% when seeds were placed experimentally on foraging trails of mound-building Formica obscuripes, although the deposition site of these seeds is unknown. Natural density and above-ground biomass of E. esula were greater on Formica mound edges compared to random locations. However, seedling recruitment and establishment from experimentally planted E. esula seeds was not greater on mound edges than random locations 3 m from the mound. Soil from Formica mound edges was greater in available nitrogen and available phosphorus relative to random soil locations 3 m from the mound. These results suggest Formica ant mounds are favorable microhabitats for E. esula growth following seedling establishment, a likely consequence of nutrient limitation during plant growth. The results also indicate positive species interactions may play an important role in biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid22226990, year = {2012}, author = {Polo-Cavia, N and López, P and Martín, J}, title = {Feeding status and basking requirements of freshwater turtles in an invasion context.}, journal = {Physiology &amp; behavior}, volume = {105}, number = {5}, pages = {1208-1213}, doi = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.12.020}, pmid = {22226990}, issn = {1873-507X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; *Body Temperature Regulation ; Competitive Behavior ; *Eating ; *Energy Metabolism ; Food Deprivation/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; Turtles/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Thermoregulatory behavior and feeding status are strongly related in ectotherms. A trade-off between maintenance of energy balance and digestion efficiency has been recently proposed to affect thermoregulation in these animals. On the other hand, competition for basking sites has been described between Iberian turtles and the introduced red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans). T. scripta negatively interferes with basking behavior of native turtles and benefits from a greater capacity to retain body heat, which may likely result in thermoregulatory advantages for the introduced sliders. Consequently, complex effects and alterations in metabolic rates of native turtles might derive from a deficient basking behavior. We compared the basking requirements of the endangered native Spanish terrapin (Mauremys leprosa) and those of the introduced red-eared slider, analyzing the upper set point temperature (USP) (defined as the body temperature at which basking ceased) of both native and introduced turtles, under feeding and fasting conditions. We found higher values of USP in the native species, and a reduction of this temperature associated with food deprivation in the two turtle species. This adjustment of thermoregulatory behavior to the nutritional status found in freshwater turtles suggests that ectotherms benefit from metabolic depression as an adaptive mechanism to preserve energy during periods of fasting. However, a reduction in metabolic rates induced by competition with sliders might lead M. leprosa to a prolonged deficiency of their physiological functions, thus incurring increased predation risk and health costs, and ultimately favoring the recession of this native species in Mediterranean habitats.}, }
@article {pmid22226759, year = {2012}, author = {Graham, SP and Freidenfelds, NA and McCormick, GL and Langkilde, T}, title = {The impacts of invaders: basal and acute stress glucocorticoid profiles and immune function in native lizards threatened by invasive ants.}, journal = {General and comparative endocrinology}, volume = {176}, number = {3}, pages = {400-408}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.12.027}, pmid = {22226759}, issn = {1095-6840}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*growth &amp; development ; Body Constitution/immunology ; Escherichia coli/growth &amp; development ; Female ; Hemagglutination Tests/veterinary ; Hydrocortisone/blood/*immunology ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/*immunology ; Introduced Species ; Lizards/*immunology ; Male ; Mite Infestations/immunology ; Pituitary-Adrenal System/*immunology ; Southeastern United States ; Stress, Physiological/*immunology ; }, abstract = {As anthropogenic stressors increase exponentially in the coming decades, native vertebrates will likely face increasing threats from these novel challenges. The success or failure of the primary physiological mediator of these stressors--the HPA axis--will likely involve numerous and chaotic outcomes. Among the most challenging of these new threats are invasive species. These have the capacity to simultaneously challenge the HPA axis and the immune system as they are often associated with, or the cause of, emerging infectious diseases, and energetic tradeoffs with the HPA response can have immunosuppressive effects. To determine the effects of invasive species on the vertebrate GC response to a novel stressor, and on immunity, we examined the effects of invasive fire ants on native lizards, comparing lizards from sites with long histories with fire ants to those outside the invasion zone. We demonstrated higher baseline and acute stress (captive restraint) CORT levels in lizards from within fire ant invaded areas; females are more strongly affected than males, suggesting context-specific effects of invasion. We found no effect of fire ant invasion on the immune parameters we measured (complement bacterial lysis and antibody hemagglutination) with the exception of ectoparasite infestation. Mites were far less prevalent on lizards within fire ant invaded sites, suggesting fire ants may actually benefit lizards in this regard. This study suggests that invasive species may impose physiological stress on native vertebrates, but that the consequences of this stress may be complicated and unpredictable.}, }
@article {pmid22226163, year = {2012}, author = {Borsa, P and Rolland, V and Daguin-Thiébaut, C}, title = {Genetics and taxonomy of Chilean smooth-shelled mussels, Mytilus spp. (Bivalvia: Mytilidae).}, journal = {Comptes rendus biologies}, volume = {335}, number = {1}, pages = {51-61}, doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2011.10.002}, pmid = {22226163}, issn = {1768-3238}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/*genetics ; Chile ; Classification ; DNA/genetics ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; Pacific Ocean ; Species Specificity ; Specimen Handling ; }, abstract = {It has been previously established that native smooth-shelled mussels in southern South America possess close evolutionary affinities with Northern-Hemisphere Mytilus edulis L. 1758 (McDonald et al. (1991) [5]). This result has since been challenged by authors claiming that Chilean mussels should be considered a local subspecies of M. galloprovincialis Lmk. 1819. Moreover, morphological, physiological, ecotoxicological and molecular genetic studies on Chilean smooth-shelled mussels still frequently refer to 'M. chilensis' Hupé 1854, even though the previous discovery of alien M. galloprovincialis and considerable heterogeneity in shell morphology among samples collected along the Chilean shores raise concerns that different Mytilus spp. species might have been included under 'M. chilensis'. Here we reviewed the molecular and morphological data available on smooth-shelled mussels from Chile in an attempt to clarify both their genetic composition and their taxonomic status. Using multivariate analysis on sample×allozyme-frequency matrices, we confirmed the widespread occurrence of the Southern-Hemisphere form of M. edulis along the shores from the North Patagonia region of Chile to the southern tip of the South American continent. The populations sampled in southern central Chile showed some evidence of slight introgression from Southern-Hemisphere M. galloprovincialis. Morphological characterization of a sample from Dichato in southern central Chile was consistent with its previous genetic identification as Mediterranean M. galloprovincialis. The occurrence of Southern-Hemisphere M. galloprovincialis in Punta Arenas at the southern tip of the South American continent was also reported. Southern-Hemisphere M. edulis, including native Chilean smooth-shelled Mytilus, should be assigned subspecific rank and named M. edulis platensis d'Orbigny 1846.}, }
@article {pmid22218319, year = {2012}, author = {Perkins, TA}, title = {Evolutionarily labile species interactions and spatial spread of invasive species.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {179}, number = {2}, pages = {E37-54}, doi = {10.1086/663682}, pmid = {22218319}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; *Food Chain ; *Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Growth ; Selection, Genetic ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Both exotic and native species have been shown to evolve in response to invasions, yet the impacts of rapidly evolving interactions between novel species pairs have been largely ignored in studies of invasive species spread. Here, I use a mathematical model of an interacting invasive predator and its native prey to determine when and how evolutionary lability in one or both species might impact the dynamics of the invader's spatial advance. The model shows that evolutionarily labile invaders continually evolve better adapted phenotypes along the moving invasion front, offering an explanation for accelerating spread and spatial phenotype clines following invasion. I then analytically derive a formula to estimate the relative change in spread rate due to evolution. Using parameter estimates from the literature, this formula shows that moderate heritabilities and selection strengths are sufficient to account for changes in spread rates observed in historical and ongoing invasions. Evolutionarily labile native species can slow invader spread when genes flow from native populations with exposure to the invader into native populations ahead of the invasion front. This outcome is more likely in systems with highly diffuse native dispersal, net directional movement of natives toward the invasion front, or human inoculation of uninvaded native populations.}, }
@article {pmid22218318, year = {2012}, author = {Jones, EI and Gomulkiewicz, R}, title = {Biotic interactions, rapid evolution, and the establishment of introduced species.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {179}, number = {2}, pages = {E28-36}, doi = {10.1086/663678}, pmid = {22218318}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Competitive Behavior ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {The biotic environment can pose a challenge to introduced species; however, it is not known how rapid evolution in introduced and resident species influences the probability that the introduced species will become established. Here, we analyze the establishment phase of invasion with eco-evolutionary models of introduced species involved in predator-prey, mutualistic, or competitive interactions with a resident species. We find that, depending on the strength of the biotic interaction, establishment is impossible, guaranteed, or, in a narrow range, determined by genetic variation. Over this narrow range, rapid evolution of the introduced species always favors establishment, whereas resident evolution may either inhibit or facilitate establishment, depending on the interaction type. Coevolution can also either increase or decrease the chance of establishment, depending on the initial genotype frequencies as well as the interaction type. Our results suggest that the conditions under which genetic variation influences establishment success are limited, but they highlight the importance of considering the resident community's evolutionary response to introduced species as a component of its invasibility.}, }
@article {pmid22217763, year = {2011}, author = {Balusu, RR and Fadamiro, HY}, title = {Host finding and acceptance preference of the yellowmargined leaf beetle, Microtheca ochroloma (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), on cruciferous crops.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {40}, number = {6}, pages = {1471-1477}, doi = {10.1603/EN11111}, pmid = {22217763}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Alabama ; Animals ; Brassicaceae/*metabolism ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Female ; Food Preferences ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Smell ; Species Specificity ; Volatile Organic Compounds/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The yellowmargined leaf beetle, Microtheca ochroloma Stål (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is an introduced pest of cruciferous crops in the southern United States, and arguably the most damaging pest of organic crucifer vegetable production in the region. Studies were conducted in the greenhouse and laboratory to investigate host finding and acceptance preference of M. ochroloma on four commonly grown cruciferous crops: cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. variety capitata), collards (B. oleracea L. variety acephala), napa cabbage [B. pekinensis (Lour.)], and turnip (B. rapa L.) First, adult beetles were allowed to choose among the four plants in a multiple-choice greenhouse cage experiment and host preference was evaluated by using three parameters: number of beetles on each plant, number of larvae on each plant, and plant damage ratings. The results showed that M. ochroloma adults actively discriminated among the four host plants, with significantly higher numbers recorded on turnip and napa cabbage than on cabbage or collards. Significantly higher numbers of larvae also were recorded on turnip and napa cabbage starting on day 10. Similarly, higher damage ratings were recorded on turnip and napa cabbage than on the remaining two hosts. Results of four-choice olfactometer experiments, which compared attraction of M. ochroloma to headspace volatiles of the four host plants, demonstrated that host preference is mediated primarily by plant volatiles. Both sexes were significantly more attracted to napa cabbage than to the remaining treatments, with turnip being the second most attractive plant. These results confirm that turnip and napa cabbage are two preferred host plants of M. ochroloma, and may support the development of a trap crop system and attractant-based strategies for managing M. ochroloma in crucifer production.}, }
@article {pmid22217760, year = {2011}, author = {Boughton, AJ and Pemberton, RW}, title = {Limited field establishment of a weed biocontrol agent, Floracarus perrepae (Acariformes: Eriophyidae), against Old World climbing fern in Florida--a possible role of mite resistant plant genotypes.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {40}, number = {6}, pages = {1448-1457}, doi = {10.1603/EN11030}, pmid = {22217760}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Control Agents ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Ferns/*genetics/physiology ; Florida ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Mites/*physiology ; Oviposition ; Pest Control, Biological ; Plant Leaves/genetics/physiology ; Plant Tumors ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The leaflet galling mite Floracarus perrepae Knihinicki &amp; Boczek was released on Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) in 63 plots in Florida from 2008 to 2009. Mites transferred onto field plants in 34 plots, but failed to establish populations in the majority of plots. Leaflet galls were observed in only six plots, and in only two plots did mite populations persist for >12 mo. Rates of mite transfer onto field plants were similar for methods using direct transfer of galls versus approaches using passive transfer of mites from infested plants. Often leaflets on some L. microphyllum plants were heavily galled by F. perrepae, whereas leaflets on intertwined stems of other L. microphyllum plants were ungalled but exhibited a characteristic browning and scorching of the leaflet tips. Living mites were consistently present on the undersurface of scorched leaflet tips on ungalled plants, suggesting that this damage might be caused by mite feeding on L. microphyllum genotypes that did not support induction of leaflet galls. Plant nutritional status did not account for differences in galling response, because there were no differences in leaflet nitrogen between galled and ungalled stems. We review those factors known to affect the colonization of biological control agents, and discuss how they may have contributed to the lower than expected rate of F. perrepae establishment.}, }
@article {pmid22217749, year = {2011}, author = {Yee, WL and Goughnour, RB and Feder, JL}, title = {Differences in body size and egg loads of Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae) from introduced and native cherries.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {40}, number = {6}, pages = {1353-1362}, doi = {10.1603/EN11128}, pmid = {22217749}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; Female ; Food Preferences ; Fruit/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Larva/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; Montana ; Oviposition ; Prunus/*metabolism ; Pupa/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Tephritidae/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Washington ; }, abstract = {The western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, infests introduced, domesticated sweet [Prunus avium (L.) L.], and tart cherries (Prunus cerasus L.) as well as native bitter cherry, Prunus emarginata (Douglas) Eaton. Bitter cherries are smaller than sweet and tart cherries and this could affect various life history traits of flies. The objectives of the current study were to determine 1) if body size and egg loads of flies infesting sweet, tart, and bitter cherries differ from one another; and 2) if any observed body size differences are genetically based or caused by the host fruit environment. Pupae and adults of both sexes reared from larval-infested sweet and tart cherries collected in Washington and Montana were larger than those reared from bitter cherries. In addition, flies of both sexes caught on traps in sweet and tart cherry trees were larger than those caught in bitter cherry trees and females trapped from sweet and tart cherry trees had 54.0-98.8% more eggs. The progeny of flies from naturally-infested sweet and bitter cherries reared for one generation in the laboratory on sweet cherry did not differ in size. The same also was true for progeny of sweet and bitter cherry flies reared in the field on bitter cherry. The results suggest that the larger body sizes of flies from sweet and tart cherries than bitter cherries in the field are caused by host fruit and not genetic factors.}, }
@article {pmid22216724, year = {2011}, author = {Deem, SL and Fiorello, CV and Heatley, JJ and Huyvaert, KP and Shashy, P and Smith, KM}, title = {The role of veterinarians in the conservation of avian species.}, journal = {Journal of avian medicine and surgery}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {225-230}, doi = {10.1647/1082-6742-25.3.225}, pmid = {22216724}, issn = {1082-6742}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Endangered Species ; Influenza in Birds/prevention &amp; control ; Introduced Species ; *Veterinarians ; West Nile Fever/prevention &amp; control/veterinary ; }, }
@article {pmid22216340, year = {2011}, author = {Canning-Clode, J and Fowler, AE and Byers, JE and Carlton, JT and Ruiz, GM}, title = {'Caribbean Creep' chills out: climate change and marine invasive species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {12}, pages = {e29657}, pmid = {22216340}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Caribbean Region ; *Climate Change ; *Marine Biology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: New marine invasions have been recorded in increasing numbers along the world's coasts due in part to the warming of the oceans and the ability of many invasive marine species to tolerate a broader thermal range than native species. Several marine invertebrate species have invaded the U.S. southern and mid-Atlantic coast from the Caribbean and this poleward range expansion has been termed 'Caribbean Creep'. While models have predicted the continued decline of global biodiversity over the next 100 years due to global climate change, few studies have examined the episodic impacts of prolonged cold events that could impact species range expansions.<br><br>A pronounced cold spell occurred in January 2010 in the U.S. southern and mid-Atlantic coast and resulted in the mortality of several terrestrial and marine species. To experimentally test whether cold-water temperatures may have caused the disappearance of one species of the 'Caribbean Creep' we exposed the non-native crab Petrolisthes armatus to different thermal treatments that mimicked abnormal and severe winter temperatures. Our findings indicate that Petrolisthes armatus cannot tolerate prolonged and extreme cold temperatures (4-6 &#xb0;C) and suggest that aperiodic cold winters may be a critical 'reset' mechanism that will limit the range expansion of other 'Caribbean Creep' species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We suggest that temperature 'aberrations' such as 'cold snaps' are an important and overlooked part of climate change. These climate fluctuations should be accounted for in future studies and models, particularly with reference to introduced subtropical and tropical species and predictions of both rates of invasion and rates of unidirectional geographic expansion.}, }
@article {pmid22214193, year = {2012}, author = {McLeish, MJ and van Noort, S}, title = {Codivergence and multiple host species use by fig wasp populations of the Ficus pollination mutualism.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {1}, pmid = {22214193}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Ficus/genetics/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; *Pollination ; Symbiosis ; Wasps/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The interaction between insects and plants takes myriad forms in the generation of spectacular diversity. In this association a species host range is fundamental and often measured using an estimate of phylogenetic concordance between species. Pollinating fig wasps display extreme host species specificity, but the intraspecific variation in empirical accounts of host affiliation has previously been underestimated. In this investigation, lineage delimitation and codiversification tests are used to generate and discuss hypotheses elucidating on pollinating fig wasp associations with Ficus.<br><br>RESULTS: Statistical parsimony and AMOVA revealed deep divergences at the COI locus within several pollinating fig wasp species that persist on the same host Ficus species. Changes in branching patterns estimated using the generalized mixed Yule coalescent test indicated lineage duplication on the same Ficus species. Conversely, Elisabethiella and Alfonsiella fig wasp species are able to reproduce on multiple, but closely related host fig species. Tree reconciliation tests indicate significant codiversification as well as significant incongruence between fig wasp and Ficus phylogenies.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate more relaxed pollinating fig wasp host specificity than previously appreciated. Evolutionarily conservative host associations have been tempered by horizontal transfer and lineage duplication among closely related Ficus species. Independent and asynchronistic diversification of pollinating fig wasps is best explained by a combination of both sympatric and allopatric models of speciation. Pollinator host preference constraints permit reproduction on closely related Ficus species, but uncertainty of the frequency and duration of these associations requires better resolution.}, }
@article {pmid22208094, year = {2011}, author = {García-González, A and Pérez Márquez, R}, title = {[The orchid community in the Biosphere Reserve Sierra del Rosario, Cuba].}, journal = {Revista de biologia tropical}, volume = {59}, number = {4}, pages = {1805-1812}, pmid = {22208094}, issn = {0034-7744}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cuba ; Orchidaceae/*classification ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {The Biosphere Reserve Sierra del Rosario is located in Western Cuba and two different areas can be characterized: one for tourism and forestry activities, El Taburete (ET), and the other for conservation and research, El Salón (ES). With the aim to know the effect of visitation activities on the orchid community in the Reserve, a comparative study between the disturbed area and the preserved one was undertaken. The field work, held between 2004-2005, consisted on four transects in each locality (10 x 100m, 0.1ha). For each transect, the existing orchid species (terrestrial and epiphytic), kind of phorophytes, and level of occupation were identified. Different analysis were considered: dominance-diversity, Sorensen similarity, the dominance index and the relative abundance of the most abundant species. Our results showed 27 phorophytes species, 20 species in ET (98 phorophytes), and 16 species in ES (76 phorophytes). A total of 22 genus, 26 species and 8 326 individuals of orchids were identified. In ET, 17 genus, 18 species and 5 075 individuals were found, while for ES were 15 genus, 18 species and 3 251 individuals. Both locations have a similarity of species of 57.14%. Oeceoclades maculata, an invasive species, was the most abundant. The most dominant species were Microchilus plantagineus in ES and O. maculata in ET. The dominance in ET was of 81.79%, while in ES of 69.27%. It is important to sketch management plans focused on controlling O. maculata in both areas, and the restoration of the disturbed area.}, }
@article {pmid23459182, year = {2012}, author = {Yáñez-Rivera, B and Carrera-Parra, LF}, title = {Reestablishment of Notopygos megalops McIntosh, description of N. caribea sp. n. from the Greater Caribbean and barcoding of "amphiamerican" Notopygos species (Annelida, Amphinomidae).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {223}, pages = {69-84}, pmid = {23459182}, issn = {1313-2970}, abstract = {The species of the genus Notopygos Grube, 1855 are characterized by an ovate body, a prominent caruncle with three lobes, dendritic branchiae, and double dorsal cirri. Twenty-two species belonging to Notopygos have been described, mostly from the Indo-Pacific region. In America, few species are frequently recorded: Notopygos crinita Grube, 1855 from St. Helena Island (Atlantic) and Notopygos ornata Grube and Ørsted in Grube 1857 from Costa Rica (Pacific). Notopygos crinita is a widely distributed species in the Western Atlantic with additional reports in the Mediterranean Sea (as a questionable alien species) and in the Pacific Ocean. However, only the genus features have been considered, consequently some records could be misidentifications. During a revision of materials from collections and the barcode project, 'Mexican Barcode of Life, MEXBOL', we found specimens of Notopygos megalops and an undescribed species from reef zones in the Caribbean; the former had been considered a junior synonym of Notopygos crinita. Herein, Notopygos megalops is reestablished and Notopygos caribeasp. n. is described. A morphological and DNA barcode approach was used to explain the records of Notopygos ornata in the Atlantic and to show the differences with the new species, since both species share features such as complex pigmentation patterns, and circular projections in the median lobe of the caruncle.}, }
@article {pmid22207817, year = {2011}, author = {Faulwetter, S and Chatzigeorgiou, G and Galil, BS and Arvanitidis, C}, title = {An account of the taxonomy and distribution of Syllidae (Annelida, Polychaetes) in the eastern Mediterranean, with notes on the genus Prosphaerosyllis San Martín, 1984 in the Mediterranean.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {150}, pages = {281-326}, pmid = {22207817}, issn = {1313-2970}, abstract = {The syllid fauna of three locations in Crete and Israel (eastern Mediterranean Sea) was studied, yielding 82 syllid species, many of which were found for the first time in the respective areas: Seventeen species were recorded for the first time on the Israeli coasts and 20 in Greek waters. Perkinsyllis augeneri (Hartmann-Schröder, 1979) and Prosphaerosyllis chauseyensis Olivier et al., 2011 are new records for the Mediterranean Sea. Detailed information is given on the morphology, ecology and distribution of the species recorded for the first time in the studied areas. In addition, an update on the distribution of the genus Prosphaerosyllis San Martín, 1984 in the Mediterranean is given and an identification key to the Mediterranean species is provided.}, }
@article {pmid22207785, year = {2011}, author = {Hawlitschek, O and Brückmann, B and Berger, J and Green, K and Glaw, F}, title = {Integrating field surveys and remote sensing data to study distribution, habitat use and conservation status of the herpetofauna of the Comoro Islands.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {144}, pages = {21-78}, pmid = {22207785}, issn = {1313-2970}, abstract = {We studied the non-marine reptile and amphibian species of the volcanic Comoro archipelago in the Western Indian Ocean, a poorly known island herpetofauna comprising numerous microendemic species of potentially high extinction risk and widespread, non-endemic and often invasive taxa. According to our data, the Comoro islands are inhabited by two amphibian species and at least 28 species of reptiles although ongoing genetic studies and unconfirmed historical records suggest an even higher species diversity. 14 of the 28 currently recognized species of terrestrial reptiles (50%) and the two amphibians are endemic to a single island or to the Comoro archipelago. The majority of species are most abundant at low elevation. However, a few endemic species, like the gekkonid lizards Paroedura sanctijohannis and Phelsuma nigristriata, are more common in or even confined to higher altitudes. We created habitat maps from remotely sensed data in combination with detailed species distribution maps produced using comprehensive data from field surveys between 2000 and 2010, literature, and historical locality records based on specimens in zoological collections. Using these data, we assessed the conservation status of the endemic terrestrial reptiles and amphibians according to the IUCN Red List criteria. Our results show that although little area of natural forest remains on the Comoros, many species are abundant in degraded forest or plantations. Competition and predation by invasive species appears to be the most important threat factor for the endemic herpetofauna, together with habitat degradation and destruction, which further favours invasive species. We propose the status Endangered for three species, Vulnerable for one species, Near Threatened for six species, Least Concern for four and Data Deficient for two species. The endemic subspecies Oplurus cuvieri comorensis is proposed for the status Critically Endangered. Based on the results of this study, seven areas of importance for reptile and amphibian conservation on the Comoros are identified. This study shows how remote sensing data can contribute to increasing accuracy and objectiveness of conservation assessments.}, }
@article {pmid22207612, year = {2012}, author = {Zhou, J and Dong, BC and Alpert, P and Li, HL and Zhang, MX and Lei, GC and Yu, FH}, title = {Effects of soil nutrient heterogeneity on intraspecific competition in the invasive, clonal plant Alternanthera philoxeroides.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {109}, number = {4}, pages = {813-818}, pmid = {22207612}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Amaranthaceae/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/*growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; China ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Plant Roots/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Plant Shoots/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Fine-scale, spatial heterogeneity in soil nutrient availability can increase the growth of individual plants, the productivity of plant communities and interspecific competition. If this is due to the ability of plants to concentrate their roots where nutrient levels are high, then nutrient heterogeneity should have little effect on intraspecific competition, especially when there are no genotypic differences between individuals in root plasticity. We tested this hypothesis in a widespread, clonal species in which individual plants are known to respond to nutrient heterogeneity.<br><br>METHODS: Plants derived from a single clone of Alternanthera philoxeroides were grown in the greenhouse at low or high density (four or 16 plants per 27&#xb7;5 &#xd7; 27&#xb7;5-cm container) with homogeneous or heterogeneous availability of soil nutrients, keeping total nutrient availability per container constant. After 9 weeks, measurements of size, dry mass and morphology were taken.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Plants grew more in the heterogeneous than in the homogeneous treatment, showing that heterogeneity promoted performance; they grew less in the high- than in the low-density treatment, showing that plants competed. There was no interactive effect of nutrient heterogeneity and plant density, supporting the hypothesis that heterogeneity does not affect intraspecific competition in the absence of genotypic differences in plasticity. Treatments did not affect morphological characteristics such as specific leaf area or root/shoot ratio.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that fine-scale, spatial heterogeneity in the availability of soil nutrients does not increase competition when plants are genetically identical, consistent with the suggestion that effects of heterogeneity on competition depend upon differences in plasticity between individuals. Heterogeneity is only likely to increase the spread of monoclonal, invasive populations such as that of A. philoxeroides in China.}, }
@article {pmid22206724, year = {2012}, author = {Lo, VB and Levings, CD and Chan, KM}, title = {Quantifying potential propagule pressure of aquatic invasive species from the commercial shipping industry in Canada.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {64}, number = {2}, pages = {295-302}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.11.016}, pmid = {22206724}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Canada ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Models, Theoretical ; Pacific Ocean ; *Pest Control ; Rivers ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {We quantify and compare different measures of potential propagule pressure (PPP) of aquatic invasive species (AIS) from commercial vessels in Canada. We used ship arrivals and ballast water discharge volumes as proxies for PPP from ballast water organisms, and wetted surface area (WSA) as a proxy for hull fouling PPP, to determine their relative contributions to total PPP. For three regions studied, PPP proxies correlated significantly across ports and some vessel categories. Relative contributions of ship arrivals, ballast discharge, and WSAs to PPP, evidenced by non-significant correlations across these measures, varied across regions, ports, vessel types, and seasons. Flow-through (dominant on east and west coasts) and empty-refill (in Great Lakes-St. Lawrence region) were the major ballast water exchange methods employed by the vessels surveyed. These methods have different biological efficacy for AIS removal, influencing PPP. Our study illustrates benefits and limitations of using different PPP proxies to estimate invasion risk.}, }
@article {pmid22199031, year = {2012}, author = {Zhang, R and Shea, K}, title = {Integrating multiple disturbance aspects: management of an invasive thistle, Carduus nutans.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {110}, number = {7}, pages = {1395-1401}, pmid = {22199031}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Carduus/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Flowers/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Statistical ; Phenotype ; Plant Stems/physiology ; Reproduction ; Seedlings/physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Disturbances occur in most ecological systems, and play an important role in biological invasions. We delimit five key disturbance aspects: intensity, frequency, timing, duration and extent. Few studies address more than one of these aspects, yet interactions and interdependence between aspects may lead to complex outcomes.<br><br>METHODS: In a two-cohort experimental study, we examined how multiple aspects (intensity, frequency and timing) of a mowing disturbance regime affect the survival, phenology, growth and reproduction of an invasive thistle Carduus nutans (musk thistle).<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Our results show that high intensity and late timing strongly delay flowering phenology and reduce plant survival, capitulum production and plant height. A significant interaction between intensity and timing further magnifies the main effects. Unexpectedly, high frequency alone did not effectively reduce reproduction. However, a study examining only frequency and intensity, and not timing, would have erroneously attributed the importance of timing to frequency.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We used management of an invasive species as an example to demonstrate the importance of a multiple-aspect disturbance framework. Failure to consider possible interactions, and the inherent interdependence of certain aspects, could result in misinterpretation and inappropriate management efforts. This framework can be broadly applied to improve our understanding of disturbance effects on individual responses, population dynamics and community composition.}, }
@article {pmid22196741, year = {2012}, author = {Carrete, M and Edelaar, P and Blas, J and Serrano, D and Potti, J and Dingemanse, NJ and Tella, JL}, title = {Don't neglect pre-establishment individual selection in deliberate introductions.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {67-8; author reply 68-9}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2011.11.011}, pmid = {22196741}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; *Personality ; }, }
@article {pmid22195026, year = {2011}, author = {Li, F and Mahon, AR and Barnes, MA and Feder, J and Lodge, DM and Hwang, CT and Schafer, R and Ruggiero, ST and Tanner, CE}, title = {Quantitative and rapid DNA detection by laser transmission spectroscopy.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {12}, pages = {e29224}, pmid = {22195026}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Bivalvia/genetics ; DNA/*analysis/genetics ; *Lasers ; Light ; Nanostructures/chemistry ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Scattering, Radiation ; Species Specificity ; Spectrum Analysis/*methods ; }, abstract = {Laser transmission spectroscopy (LTS) is a quantitative and rapid in vitro technique for measuring the size, shape, and number of nanoparticles in suspension. Here we report on the application of LTS as a novel detection method for species-specific DNA where the presence of one invasive species was differentiated from a closely related invasive sister species. The method employs carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles functionalized with short DNA fragments that are complimentary to a specific target DNA sequence. In solution, the DNA strands containing targets bind to the tags resulting in a sizable increase in the nanoparticle diameter, which is rapidly and quantitatively measured using LTS. DNA strands that do not contain the target sequence do not bind and produce no size change of the carboxylated beads. The results show that LTS has the potential to become a quantitative and rapid DNA detection method suitable for many real-world applications.}, }
@article {pmid22194893, year = {2011}, author = {Jarošík, V and Pyšek, P and Foxcroft, LC and Richardson, DM and Rouget, M and MacFadyen, S}, title = {Predicting incursion of plant invaders into Kruger National Park, South Africa: the interplay of general drivers and species-specific factors.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {12}, pages = {e28711}, pmid = {22194893}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Development ; Plants/classification ; Regression Analysis ; Rivers ; South Africa ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Overcoming boundaries is crucial for incursion of alien plant species and their successful naturalization and invasion within protected areas. Previous work showed that in Kruger National Park, South Africa, this process can be quantified and that factors determining the incursion of invasive species can be identified and predicted confidently. Here we explore the similarity between determinants of incursions identified by the general model based on a multispecies assemblage, and those identified by species-specific models. We analyzed the presence and absence of six invasive plant species in 1.0×1.5 km segments along the border of the park as a function of environmental characteristics from outside and inside the KNP boundary, using two data-mining techniques: classification trees and random forests.<br><br>PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The occurrence of Ageratum houstonianum, Chromolaena odorata, Xanthium strumarium, Argemone ochroleuca, Opuntia stricta and Lantana camara can be reliably predicted based on landscape characteristics identified by the general multispecies model, namely water runoff from surrounding watersheds and road density in a 10 km radius. The presence of main rivers and species-specific combinations of vegetation types are reliable predictors from inside the park.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The predictors from the outside and inside of the park are complementary, and are approximately equally reliable for explaining the presence/absence of current invaders; those from the inside are, however, more reliable for predicting future invasions. Landscape characteristics determined as crucial predictors from outside the KNP serve as guidelines for management to enact proactive interventions to manipulate landscape features near the KNP to prevent further incursions. Predictors from the inside the KNP can be used reliably to identify high-risk areas to improve the cost-effectiveness of management, to locate invasive plants and target them for eradication.}, }
@article {pmid22191167, year = {2011}, author = {Sutor, A and Schwarz, S and Conraths, FJ}, title = {[The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Germany--an established Neozoon as host and vector for parasites and other pathogenes].}, journal = {Berliner und Munchener tierarztliche Wochenschrift}, volume = {124}, number = {11-12}, pages = {457-464}, pmid = {22191167}, issn = {0005-9366}, mesh = {Animals ; *Disease Vectors ; Dog Diseases/*parasitology/transmission/*virology ; Dogs ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Raccoon Dogs/parasitology/*virology ; }, abstract = {Some invasive wildlife species have the potential to act as additional host and vector species for parasitic and other infectious diseases. We used the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonides), a carnivore species that has its origin in Asia, as an example to demonstrate biological and ecological prerequisites which enables an invasive species to occupy a new habitat permanently. Studies conducted during the last ten years identified a total of 23 endoparasites, two ectoparasites, six bacterial or protozoan species and five viruses, found in the Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis subspecies in its newly occupied range or in N. procyonoides koreensis in its original range. Results of studies in Finland and Germany furthermore showed that biological characteristics of the raccoon dog make this carnivore an appropriate host or vector for a variety of parasites and infectious diseases. This may result in a growing importance of this invasive carnivore for the epidemiology of transmissible diseases in Germany. Especially with regard to zoonotic disease outbreaks, the raccoon dog should therefore be paid more attention in disease prevention and eradication strategies.}, }
@article {pmid22185356, year = {2012}, author = {Blank, M and Mikkat, S and Verleih, M and Bastrop, R}, title = {Proteomic comparison of two invasive polychaete species and their naturally occurring F1-hybrids.}, journal = {Journal of proteome research}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {897-905}, doi = {10.1021/pr200710z}, pmid = {22185356}, issn = {1535-3907}, mesh = {Animals ; Databases, Protein ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Polychaeta/*classification/genetics/metabolism ; Proteome/*analysis/genetics/metabolism ; Proteomics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The mud worm genus Marenzelleria is highly invasive and is therefore studied intensively. In recently invaded habitats, sympatric populations of the sibling species Marenzelleria viridis and Marenzelleria neglecta are found. In these secondary contact zones, hybridization occurs frequently, revealing incomplete reproductive isolation between these recently diverged species. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometric methods were applied for a comparative analysis of these species and their F(1)-hybrids. Nineteen proteins were identified by cross-species identification strategies. A low degree of interindividual variability within either species allowed characterizing qualitative species-specific differences in 2-DE spot patterns as well as in peptide maps. Species-specific peptides were found in tryptic digests of various proteins, such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, troponin C, gelsolin-like protein, and peroxiredoxin-1. F(1)-hybrids of M. viridis and M. neglecta showed additivity of protein spot patterns, and the presence of both parental traits was confirmed by mass spectrometric data. This study is one of few dealing with global protein expression in polychaetes and is the first proteomic description of natural F(1)-hybrids in polychaetes. It furthermore indicates the feasibility of proteomic methods for analyses of speciation in Marenzelleria siblings as well as of hybridization events in secondary contact zones in general.}, }
@article {pmid22184147, year = {2012}, author = {Chapman, PM}, title = {Global climate change and risk assessment: invasive species.}, journal = {Integrated environmental assessment and management}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {199-200}, doi = {10.1002/ieam.1253}, pmid = {22184147}, issn = {1551-3793}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment ; Species Specificity ; }, }
@article {pmid22182557, year = {2010}, author = {Williams, SC and Ward, JS}, title = {Effects of Japanese barberry (Ranunculales: Berberidaceae) removal and resulting microclimatic changes on Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) abundances in Connecticut, USA.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {39}, number = {6}, pages = {1911-1921}, doi = {10.1603/EN10131}, pmid = {22182557}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Arachnid Vectors/microbiology ; *Berberis ; Borrelia burgdorferi/isolation &amp; purification ; Connecticut ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect ; Humidity ; *Introduced Species ; *Ixodes/microbiology ; Male ; *Microclimate ; Population Density ; Temperature ; Vapor Pressure ; }, abstract = {Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii de Candolle) is a thorny, perennial, exotic, invasive shrub that is well established throughout much of the eastern United States. It can form dense thickets that limit native herbaceous and woody regeneration, alter soil structure and function, and harbor increased blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis Say) populations. This study examined a potential causal mechanism for the link between Japanese barberry and blacklegged ticks to determine if eliminating Japanese barberry could reduce tick abundance and associated prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi (Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt, and Brenner). Japanese barberry was controlled at five study areas throughout Connecticut; adult ticks were sampled over three years. Each area had three habitat plots: areas where barberry was controlled, areas where barberry remained intact, and areas where barberry was minimal or absent. Sampled ticks were retained and tested for B. burgdorferi presence. At two study areas, temperature and relative humidity data loggers were deployed in each of the three habitat plots over two growing seasons. Intact barberry stands had 280 ± 51 B. burgdorferi-infected adult ticks/ha, which was significantly higher than for controlled (121 ± 17/ha) and no barberry (30 ± 10/ha) areas. Microclimatic conditions where Japanese barberry was controlled were similar to areas without barberry. Japanese barberry infestations are favorable habitat for ticks, as they provide a buffered microclimate that limits desiccation-induced tick mortality. Control of Japanese barberry reduced the number of ticks infected with B. burgdorferi by nearly 60% by reverting microclimatic conditions to those more typical of native northeastern forests.}, }
@article {pmid22182554, year = {2010}, author = {Jezorek, HA and Stiling, PD and Carpenter, JE}, title = {Targets of an invasive species: oviposition preference and larval performance of Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on 14 North American opuntioid cacti.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {39}, number = {6}, pages = {1884-1892}, doi = {10.1603/EN10022}, pmid = {22182554}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Host Specificity ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Male ; Moths/*physiology ; North America ; Opuntia/*parasitology ; *Oviposition ; }, abstract = {Cactoblastis cactorum Berg (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), the cactus moth, is a well-known biological control agent of prickly pear cactus (Cactaceae: Opuntia Miller). The arrival of the moth in Florida and its subsequent spread through the southeastern United States poses a threat to opuntioid diversity in North America. Of particular concern are the ecological and economic impacts the moth could have in the southwestern United States and Mexico, where both native and cultivated Opuntia species are important resources. It is unknown which species would best support larval development if the moth were to spread further westward in North America. This study aimed to determine if ovipositing females demonstrate preferences for any of 14 common opuntioids native to or naturalized in Mexico and the southwestern United States; which of these opuntioids best support larval development; and if oviposition preference correlates with larval performance, as predicted by simple adaptive models. Results from a field experiment showed that female moths preferred O. engelmannii Salm-Dyck ex Engelmann variety linguiformis (Griffiths) Parfitt and Pinkava and O. engelmannii variety engelmannii for oviposition. A generalized linear model showed number of cladodes and degree of spininess to be significant predictors of oviposition activity. Results from a no-choice larval survival experiment showed Consolea rubescens (Salm-Dyck ex de Candolle.) Lemaire and O. streptacantha Lemaire to be the best hosts. Epidermal toughness was a significant predictor of most larval fitness parameters. In general, oviposition preference was not correlated with larval performance. A lack of co-evolutionary history between C. cactorum and North American opuntioid species may help explain this disconnect.}, }
@article {pmid22182552, year = {2010}, author = {Wiggins, GJ and Grant, JF and Lambdin, PL and Ranney, JW and Wilkerson, JB and van Manen, FT}, title = {Spatial prediction of habitat overlap of introduced and native thistles to identify potential areas of nontarget activity of biological control agents.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {39}, number = {6}, pages = {1866-1877}, doi = {10.1603/EN10112}, pmid = {22182552}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Carduus/*parasitology ; Cirsium/*parasitology ; Geography ; Herbivory ; *Host Specificity ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Tennessee ; *Weed Control ; Weevils/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Nontarget feeding of Rhinocyllus conicus Fröelich and Trichosirocalus horridus (Panzer) on native North American thistles in the genus Cirsium has been documented. Some species of these native thistles have shown greater infestation levels of R. conicus in populations that are in close proximity to the target plant species, Carduus nutans L. In 2005 a study was initiated to identify areas of potential nontarget feeding by R. conicus and T. horridus on thistle species by predicting habitats of two known introduced hosts [C. nutans and Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore] and two native species [Cirsium carolinianum (Walter) Fernald and Schubert and C. discolor (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) Sprengel] using Mahalanobis distance (D(2)). Cumulative frequency graphs showed that the D(2) models for all four plant species effectively identified site conditions that contribute to the presence of the respective species. Poisson regression showed an association between D(2) values and plant counts at field-test sites for C. nutans and C. carolinianum. However, negative binomial regression detected no association between D(2) values and plant counts for C. discolor or C. vulgare. Chi-square analysis indicated associations between both weevil species and sites where C. vulgare and Carduus nutans were found, but not between the weevil and native thistle species. Habitats of C. nutans and Cirsium carolinianum overlapped in ≈12% of the study area. Data-based habitat models may provide a powerful tool for land managers and scientists to monitor native plant populations for nontarget feeding by introduced biological control agents.}, }
@article {pmid22182551, year = {2010}, author = {Wiggins, GJ and Grant, JF and Lambdin, PL and Ranney, JW and Wilkerson, JB and Reed, A and Follum, RA}, title = {Host utilization of field-caged native and introduced thistle species by Rhinocyllus conicus.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {39}, number = {6}, pages = {1858-1865}, doi = {10.1603/EN10053}, pmid = {22182551}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Carduus/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Female ; Herbivory ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Male ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; Tennessee ; *Weed Control ; Weevils/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Rhinocyllus conicus Fröelich was introduced from Europe into North America as a biological control agent of the exotic weed Carduus nutans L. Concern exists over the feeding of this weevil on at least 25 species of native Cirsium thistles. Beginning in 2008, cage studies isolating adults of R. conicus on buds and flower heads of all eight thistle species (native and introduced) recorded from Tennessee were conducted to test if R. conicus could use these species for reproduction and what impacts larval feeding of R. conicus may have on seed production. Larvae of R. conicus completed development in heads of the native species C. carolinianum (Walter) Fernald and Schubert. and C. horridulum Michaux, and significant reductions in seed numbers of both species occurred during 2008. Rhinocyllus conicus oviposited on both C. carolinianum and C. horridulum at significantly greater levels than the introduced species C. arvense (L.) Scopoli and C. vulgare (Savi) Tenore. Infested heads of C. carolinianum contained numbers of R. conicus per centimeter of plant head width similar to Ca. nutans in 2008, and both native species contained numbers of R. conicus per centimeter of plant head width similar to C. arvense and C. vulgare in 2009. Body length was similar between R. conicus reared on native thistles and its target host Ca. nutans. This report is the first documentation of R. conicus feeding and reproducing on C. carolinianum and C. horridulum. Although R. conicus has been observed only on introduced thistles in naturally occurring populations in this region, the utilization of C. carolinianum and C. horridulum as host species in controlled conditions warrants continued monitoring of field populations and further investigation into factors that may influence nontarget feeding in the future.}, }
@article {pmid22182550, year = {2010}, author = {Reichert, E and Johnson, MT and Chacón, E and Anderson, RS and Wheeler, TA}, title = {Biology and host preferences of Cryptorhynchus melastomae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a possible biocontrol agent for Miconia calvescens (Melastomataceae) in Hawaii.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {39}, number = {6}, pages = {1848-1857}, doi = {10.1603/EN10029}, pmid = {22182550}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Costa Rica ; Female ; Geography ; Hawaii ; Herbivory ; *Host Specificity ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Melastomataceae/*parasitology ; Oviposition ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Weevils/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The introduced plant Miconia calvescens (Melastomataceae) poses a grave threat to Hawaii's native ecosystems and biodiversity. One potential candidate for classical biological control is Cryptorhynchus melastomae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae), a stem-boring weevil from Central and South America. This weevil feeds on M. calvescens in its native Costa Rica and has been successfully reared under greenhouse conditions. Comparison of its environmental conditions in Costa Rica with those in the Miconia infested areas of Hawaii indicates the latter is a suitable habitat for C. melastomae. C. melastomae has one or two generations per year. Adults feed on new stems, petioles, leaf buds, veins, and lamina, whereas larvae mine the stem until pupation. Adults appear to prefer saplings for oviposition and feeding. Under greenhouse conditions both adults and larvae can seriously damage and kill small M. calvescens. Preliminary host testing indicates that C. melastomae may be family specific on Melastomataceae. However, because Hawaii lacks native melastomes and has many other serious melastome weeds, a family specific insect may be suitable as a biocontrol agent in this case.}, }
@article {pmid22182544, year = {2010}, author = {Rhainds, M and Heard, SB and Sweeney, JD and Silk, P and Flaherty, L}, title = {Phenology and spatial distribution of native and exotic Tetropium longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {39}, number = {6}, pages = {1794-1800}, doi = {10.1603/EN10164}, pmid = {22182544}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Female ; *Flight, Animal ; Insect Control ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Nova Scotia ; Picea/parasitology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The co-existence of two closely related Tetropium species in eastern Canada, invasive T. fuscum and native T. cinnamopterum (TF and TC, respectively), provides a model system to investigate seasonal and spatial demographic parameters of biological invasions at the interspecific level. In this study, we take advantage of the similar semiochemical communication of TF and TC to evaluate the abundance of adults of the two species concurrently using grids of traps baited with pheromone and host volatiles in stands of spruce. Adult TF emerged on average 2 wk before TC both in the field and under controlled laboratory conditions. This observation, combined with the early reproduction of emergent females, implies that the smaller (younger) larvae of native TC may be at increased risk of intra-guild predation by TF. The high spatial association between male and female TF in dense, aggregated populations suggests that the rate of mate encounter is depressed in sparse populations toward the edge of the invasive range. The higher level of spatial aggregation for TF than TC, particularly at high population density, suggests a higher propensity of adult TF to congregate at "landmarks." Considering the broader range of host conditions, earlier seasonal emergence, and presumably more effective mate encounter for TF than TC, the exotic TF may be a superior competitor with the potential to displace or reduce the abundance of TC.}, }
@article {pmid22182332, year = {2011}, author = {Yoder, CA and Mayle, BA and Furcolow, CA and Cowan, DP and Fagerstone, KA}, title = {Feeding of grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) with the contraceptive agent DiazaCon™: effect on cholesterol, hematology, and blood chemistry.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {409-419}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2011.00247.x}, pmid = {22182332}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; Azacosterol/administration &amp; dosage/*pharmacology ; Blood Chemical Analysis/veterinary ; Cholesterol/*blood ; Contraceptive Agents/administration &amp; dosage/*pharmacology ; Desmosterol/blood/*metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; England ; Hematologic Tests/veterinary ; *Introduced Species ; Sciuridae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) are an invasive species in Britain and Italy. They have replaced native red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) throughout most of Britain, and cause damage to trees. Currently, lethal control is used to manage grey squirrel populations in Britain, but nonlethal methods might be more acceptable to the public. One such method is contraception with 20,25-diazacholesterol dihydrochloride (DiazaCon™). DiazaCon™ inhibits the conversion of desmosterol to cholesterol, resulting in increasing desmosterol concentrations and decreasing cholesterol concentrations. Because cholesterol is needed for the synthesis of steroid reproductive hormones, such as progesterone and testosterone, inhibition of cholesterol synthesis indirectly inhibits reproduction. Desmosterol is used as a marker of efficacy in laboratory studies with species that do not reproduce readily in captivity. Grey squirrels were gavaged with a DiazaCon™ solution for 2 days, and then fed DiazaCon™-coated peanuts for an additional 8 days at target doses of 50 and 100 mg DiazaCon™ per kg body weight. There was a significant difference in cholesterol concentrations in the treatment groups compared to the control group. Cholesterol was reduced by ≥ 40% for 2 months in both treatment groups. There were no differences among groups with respect to blood chemistry and hematology parameters, and mean values are reported. The mean overall dose of DiazaCon™ received was 29.0 ± 1.6 and 55.3 ± 4.3 mg/kg in the low (50 mg/kg) and high dose (100 mg/kg) groups, respectively. DiazaCon™ might provide an effective, acceptable alternative to lethal control.}, }
@article {pmid22181975, year = {2012}, author = {Yang, CC and Ascunce, MS and Luo, LZ and Shao, JG and Shih, CJ and Shoemaker, D}, title = {Propagule pressure and colony social organization are associated with the successful invasion and rapid range expansion of fire ants in China.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {817-833}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05393.x}, pmid = {22181975}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*genetics/physiology ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; China ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Social Behavior ; Texas ; }, abstract = {We characterized patterns of genetic variation in populations of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta in China using mitochondrial DNA sequences and nuclear microsatellite loci to test predictions as to how propagule pressure and subsequent dispersal following establishment jointly shape the invasion success of this ant in this recently invaded area. Fire ants in Wuchuan (Guangdong Province) are genetically differentiated from those found in other large infested areas of China. The immediate source of ants in Wuchuan appears to be somewhere near Texas, which ranks first among the southern USA infested states in the exportation of goods to China. Most colonies from spatially distant, outlying areas in China are genetically similar to one another and appear to share a common source (Wuchuan, Guangdong Province), suggesting that long-distance jump dispersal has been a prevalent means of recent spread of fire ants in China. Furthermore, most colonies at outlier sites are of the polygyne social form (featuring multiple egg-laying queens per nest), reinforcing the important role of this social form in the successful invasion of new areas and subsequent range expansion following invasion. Several analyses consistently revealed characteristic signatures of genetic bottlenecks for S. invicta populations in China. The results of this study highlight the invasive potential of this pest ant, suggest that the magnitude of international trade may serve as a predictor of propagule pressure and indicate that rates and patterns of subsequent range expansion are partly determined by the interplay between species traits and the trade and transportation networks.}, }
@article {pmid22176696, year = {2012}, author = {Kaestli, M and Schmid, M and Mayo, M and Rothballer, M and Harrington, G and Richardson, L and Hill, A and Hill, J and Tuanyok, A and Keim, P and Hartmann, A and Currie, BJ}, title = {Out of the ground: aerial and exotic habitats of the melioidosis bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei in grasses in Australia.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {2058-2070}, pmid = {22176696}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {U01 AI075568/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; U01 AI075568-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; U54 AI065359/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Feces/microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Logistic Models ; Melioidosis/*microbiology ; Plant Components, Aerial/*microbiology ; Poaceae/*microbiology ; Rhizosphere ; Seasons ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Melioidosis is an emerging infectious disease of humans and animals in the tropics caused by the soil bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Despite high fatality rates, the ecology of B.pseudomallei remains unclear. We used a combination of field and laboratory studies to investigate B.pseudomallei colonization of native and exotic grasses in northern Australia. Multivariable and spatial analyses were performed to determine significant predictors for B.pseudomallei occurrence in plants and soil collected longitudinally from field sites. In plant inoculation experiments, the impact of B.pseudomallei upon these grasses was studied and the bacterial load semi-quantified. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and confocal laser scanning microscopy were performed to localize the bacteria in plants. Burkholderia pseudomallei was found to inhabit not only the rhizosphere and roots but also aerial parts of specific grasses. This raises questions about the potential spread of B.pseudomallei by grazing animals whose droppings were found to be positive for these bacteria. In particular, B.pseudomallei readily colonized exotic grasses introduced to Australia for pasture. The ongoing spread of these introduced grasses creates new habitats suitable for B.pseudomallei survival and may be an important factor in the evolving epidemiology of melioidosis seen both in northern Australia and elsewhere globally.}, }
@article {pmid22174858, year = {2011}, author = {Montané, F and Casals, P and Dale, MR}, title = {How spatial heterogeneity of cover affects patterns of shrub encroachment into mesic grasslands.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {12}, pages = {e28652}, pmid = {22174858}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Development ; Spain ; }, abstract = {We used a multi-method approach to analyze the spatial patterns of shrubs and cover types (plant species, litter or bare soil) in grassland-shrubland ecotones. This approach allows us to assess how fine-scale spatial heterogeneity of cover types affects the patterns of Cytisus balansae shrub encroachment into mesic mountain grasslands (Catalan Pyrenees, Spain). Spatial patterns and the spatial associations between juvenile shrubs and different cover types were assessed in mesic grasslands dominated by species with different palatabilities (palatable grass Festuca nigrescens and unpalatable grass Festuca eskia). A new index, called RISES ("Relative Index of Shrub Encroachment Susceptibility"), was proposed to calculate the chances of shrub encroachment into a given grassland, combining the magnitude of the spatial associations and the surface area for each cover type. Overall, juveniles showed positive associations with palatable F. nigrescens and negative associations with unpalatable F. eskia, although these associations shifted with shrub development stage. In F. eskia grasslands, bare soil showed a low scale of pattern and positive associations with juveniles. Although the highest RISES values were found in F. nigrescens plots, the number of juvenile Cytisus was similar in both types of grasslands. However, F. nigrescens grasslands showed the greatest number of juveniles in early development stage (i.e. height<10 cm) whereas F. eskia grasslands showed the greatest number of juveniles in late development stages (i.e. height>30 cm). We concluded that in F. eskia grasslands, where establishment may be constrained by the dominant cover type, the low scale of pattern on bare soil may result in higher chances of shrub establishment and survival. In contrast, although grasslands dominated by the palatable F. nigrescens may be more susceptible to shrub establishment; current grazing rates may reduce juvenile survival.}, }
@article {pmid22174847, year = {2011}, author = {Gabriel, SI and Stevens, MI and Mathias, Mda L and Searle, JB}, title = {Of mice and 'convicts': origin of the Australian house mouse, Mus musculus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {12}, pages = {e28622}, pmid = {22174847}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Humans ; Mice/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Tasmania ; }, abstract = {The house mouse, Mus musculus, is one of the most ubiquitous invasive species worldwide and in Australia is particularly common and widespread, but where it originally came from is still unknown. Here we investigated this origin through a phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences (D-loop) comparing mouse populations from Australia with those from the likely regional source area in Western Europe. Our results agree with human historical associations, showing a strong link between Australia and the British Isles. This outcome is of intrinsic and applied interest and helps to validate the colonization history of mice as a proxy for human settlement history.}, }
@article {pmid22174755, year = {2011}, author = {Porter, SS and Stanton, ML and Rice, KJ}, title = {Mutualism and adaptive divergence: co-invasion of a heterogeneous grassland by an exotic legume-rhizobium symbiosis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {12}, pages = {e27935}, pmid = {22174755}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Ecotype ; *Introduced Species ; Medicago/*microbiology ; Models, Biological ; Poaceae/*microbiology ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Reproduction ; Rhizobium/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Soil ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Species interactions play a critical role in biological invasions. For example, exotic plant and microbe mutualists can facilitate each other's spread as they co-invade novel ranges. Environmental context may influence the effect of mutualisms on invasions in heterogeneous environments, however these effects are poorly understood. We examined the mutualism between the legume, Medicago polymorpha, and the rhizobium, Ensifer medicae, which have both invaded California grasslands. Many of these invaded grasslands are composed of a patchwork of harsh serpentine and relatively benign non-serpentine soils. We grew legume genotypes collected from serpentine or non-serpentine soil in both types of soil in combination with rhizobium genotypes from serpentine or non-serpentine soils and in the absence of rhizobia. Legumes invested more strongly in the mutualism in the home soil type and trends in fitness suggested that this ecotypic divergence was adaptive. Serpentine legumes had greater allocation to symbiotic root nodules in serpentine soil than did non-serpentine legumes and non-serpentine legumes had greater allocation to nodules in non-serpentine soil than did serpentine legumes. Therefore, this invasive legume has undergone the rapid evolution of divergence for soil-specific investment in the mutualism. Contrary to theoretical expectations, the mutualism was less beneficial for legumes grown on the stressful serpentine soil than on the non-serpentine soil, possibly due to the inhibitory effects of serpentine on the benefits derived from the interaction. The soil-specific ability to allocate to a robust microbial mutualism may be a critical, and previously overlooked, adaptation for plants adapting to heterogeneous environments during invasion.}, }
@article {pmid22174444, year = {2012}, author = {Sequeira, AS and Stepien, CC and Sijapati, M and Roque Albelo, L}, title = {Comparative genetic structure and demographic history in endemic galapagos weevils.}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {103}, number = {2}, pages = {206-220}, pmid = {22174444}, issn = {1465-7333}, support = {52005210//Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; 52006325//Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; }, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animal Migration/*physiology ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Likelihood Functions ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Weevils/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The challenge of maintaining genetic diversity within populations can be exacerbated for island endemics if they display population dynamics and behavioral attributes that expose them to genetic drift without the benefits of gene flow. We assess patterns of the genetic structure and demographic history in 27 populations of 9 species of flightless endemic Galápagos weevils from 9 of the islands and 1 winged introduced close relative. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA reveals a significant population structure and moderately variable, though demographically stable, populations for lowland endemics (F(ST) = 0.094-0.541; π: 0.014-0.042; Mismatch P = 0.003-0.026; and D((Tajima)) = -0.601 to 1.203), in contrast to signals of past contractions and expansions in highland specialists on 2 islands (Mismatch P = 0.003-0.026 and D((Tajima)) = -0.601 to 1.203). We interpret this series of variable and highly structured population groups as a system of long-established, independently founded island units, where structuring could be a signal of microallopatric differentiation due to patchy host plant distribution and poor dispersal abilities. We suggest that the severe reduction and subsequent increase of a suitably moist habitat that accompanied past climatic variation could have contributed to the observed population fluctuations in highland specialists. We propose the future exploration of hybridization between the introduced and highland endemic species on Santa Cruz, especially given the expansion of the introduced species into the highlands, the sensitivity to past climatic variation detected in highland populations, and the potentially threatened state of single-island endemics.}, }
@article {pmid22171696, year = {2012}, author = {Pelser, PB and Abbott, RJ and Comes, HP and Milton, JJ and Möller, M and Looseley, ME and Cron, GV and Barcelona, JF and Kennedy, AH and Watson, LE and Barone, R and Hernández, F and Kadereit, JW}, title = {The genetic ghost of an invasion past: colonization and extinction revealed by historical hybridization in Senecio.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {369-387}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05399.x}, pmid = {22171696}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Africa, Southern ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; *Extinction, Biological ; Genetic Variation ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Morocco ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Recombination, Genetic ; Senecio/*classification/*genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Hybridization is an important evolutionary factor in the diversification of many plant and animal species. Of particular interest is that historical hybridization resulting in the origin of new species or introgressants has occurred between species now geographically separated by great distances. Here, we report that Senecio massaicus, a tetraploid species native to Morocco and the Canary Islands, contains genetic material of two distinct, geographically separated lineages: a Mediterranean lineage and a mainly southern African lineage. A time-calibrated internal transcribed spacer phylogeny indicates that the hybridization event took place up to 6.18 Ma. Because the southern African lineage has never been recorded from Morocco or the Canary Islands, we hypothesize that it reached this area in the distant past, but never became permanently established. Interestingly, the southern African lineage includes S. inaequidens, a highly invasive species that has recently become widespread throughout Europe and was introduced at the end of the 19th century as a 'wool alien'. Our results suggest that this more recent invasion of Europe by S. inaequidens represents the second arrival of this lineage into the region.}, }
@article {pmid22164824, year = {2011}, author = {Lu, M and Wingfield, MJ and Gillette, N and Sun, JH}, title = {Do novel genotypes drive the success of an invasive bark beetle-fungus complex? Implications for potential reinvasion.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {11}, pages = {2013-2019}, doi = {10.1890/11-0687.1}, pmid = {22164824}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Bicyclic Monoterpenes ; China ; Coleoptera/drug effects/*microbiology ; Fungi/*genetics/*physiology ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Monoterpenes/pharmacology ; Pinus/*parasitology ; United States ; Walking ; }, abstract = {Novel genotypes often arise during biological invasions, but their role in invasion success has rarely been elucidated. Here we examined the population genetics and behavior of the fungus, Leptographium procerum, vectored by a highly invasive bark beetle, Dendroctonus valens, to determine whether genetic changes in the fungus contributed to the invasive success of the beetle-fungal complex in China. The fungus was introduced by the beetle from the United States to China, where we identified several novel genotypes using microsatellite markers. These novel genotypes were more pathogenic to Chinese host seedlings than were other genotypes and they also induced the release of higher amounts of 3-carene, the primary host attractant for the beetle vector, from inoculated seedlings. This evidence suggests a possible mechanism, based on the evolution of a novel genotype during the two or three decades since its introduction, for the success of the beetle-fungal complex in its introduced region.}, }
@article {pmid22164705, year = {2011}, author = {Brown, T and Budd, L and Bell, M and Rendell, H}, title = {The local impact of global climate change: reporting on landscape transformation and threatened identity in the English regional newspaper press.}, journal = {Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, pages = {658-673}, doi = {10.1177/0963662510361416}, pmid = {22164705}, issn = {0963-6625}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Global Warming ; Humans ; *Information Dissemination ; *Newspapers as Topic ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {This paper contributes to extant understandings of media representations of climate change by examining the role of the English regional newspaper press in the transformation and dissemination of climate change discourse. Unlike previous accounts, this paper contends that such newspapers shape public understandings of climate change in ways that have yet to be adequately charted. With this in mind, this paper examines the ways in which global climate change is translated into a locally relevant phenomenon. That is, it focuses on its "domestication." Although we acknowledge that there are a number of ways in which this process occurs, specific attention is drawn to stories that highlight the destruction of local landscape features, the transformation of important habitats, and the arrival of "alien" species. The broader significance of such stories is considered in relation to long-standing debates concerning the importance of landscape to notions of national and regional identity.}, }
@article {pmid22164630, year = {2011}, author = {Tian, JG and Zhong, WJ and Li, GF and Peng, LX and Xiang, XP}, title = {[Preliminary observation on survival and reproduction of imported Oncomelania snails in water network regions: a simulated experiment].}, journal = {Zhongguo xue xi chong bing fang zhi za zhi = Chinese journal of schistosomiasis control}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {204-206}, pmid = {22164630}, issn = {1005-6661}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*physiology ; China ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Snails/*physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To observe the survival and reproduction of exotic imported Oncomelania snails in water network regions.<br><br>METHODS: During a period between May 22, 2008 and August 7, 2009, a study pilot was established in a historical snail habitat in Qingpu District of Shanghai City. A total of 12 soil samples were collected from Qingpu, Jinshan and Songjiang districts and placed in the study area. Active marked adults snails without infections (with a female/male ratio of 1) were placed on soil surface, and the activity, survival and reproduction of snails on soil surface were observed. The temperature during the period of the study was recorded.<br><br>RESULTS: During the experiment period, the highest temperature was 39 degrees C, the lowest was -3 degrees C, and the average was 20 degrees C. The activity of snails reduced significantly on the soil surface at high temperature in summer and low temperature in winter. There were 91 old snails (5.2%) that moved on soil surface in March and 73 (12.2%) in June, 2009. A total of 26 and 59 offspring snails were found respectively in April and June, 2009, with average density of 2.17 snails/m2 (26/12) and 4.92 snails/m2 (59/12) respectively.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The exotic imported snails can survive and reproduce in water network regions. Further monitoring should be strengthened on the imported snails in these regions.}, }
@article {pmid22164369, year = {2011}, author = {Wen, LY and Yan, XL and Zhang, JF and Li, LS and Lin, LJ and Huang, SY and Li, L and Liang, YS}, title = {[Strategy of solidification and surveillance for schistosomiasis in transmission-interrupted provinces in China].}, journal = {Zhongguo xue xi chong bing fang zhi za zhi = Chinese journal of schistosomiasis control}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {18-21, 31}, pmid = {22164369}, issn = {1005-6661}, mesh = {Animals ; China/epidemiology ; Disease Reservoirs/parasitology ; Endemic Diseases/prevention &amp; control ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Population Surveillance/*methods ; Risk Factors ; Schistosoma/physiology ; Schistosomiasis/*epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Snails/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {In schistosomiasis transmission-interrupted provinces in China, the endogenous source of infection has been basically cleared, and the exogenous source of infection is considered as a major threat. The residual snail area has been increasing in different degrees, and imported snails are regarded as a potential risk. So the possibility of schistosomiasis recrudescence still remains. According to the endemic characteristics, the integrated solidification strategy with emphasis on control of residual snails and imported cases should be taken in the future.}, }
@article {pmid22150091, year = {2012}, author = {Costa, DG and Marvulo, MF and Silva, JS and Santana, SC and Magalhães, FJ and Filho, CD and Ribeiro, VO and Alves, LC and Mota, RA and Dubey, JP and Silva, JC}, title = {Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic and wild animals from the Fernando de Noronha, Brazil.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, pages = {679-680}, doi = {10.1645/GE-2910.1}, pmid = {22150091}, issn = {1937-2345}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic/*parasitology ; Animals, Wild/*parasitology ; Antibodies, Protozoan/*blood ; Birds ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Cats ; Cattle ; Chickens ; Dogs ; Female ; Geography ; Goats ; Horses ; Male ; Rats ; Sex Factors ; Sheep ; Toxoplasma/*immunology ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal/*epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Fernando de Noronha is an archipelago of 21 islands and islets in the Atlantic Ocean, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, which has a varied biodiversity including alien species or sinantropic animals. The objective here was to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic and wild animals from Fernando de Noronha archipelago, Brazil. Between July 2007 and May 2010, blood samples were collected from 764 animals (533 domestic and 231 wild animals). Sera were tested by the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) or the modified agglutination test (MAT), or by both. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 80 (80.0%) of 100 chickens (Gallus domesticus), 3 (3.0%) of 100 cattle (Bos taurus), 59 (60.8%) of 97 sheep (Ovis aries), 9 (81.8%) of 11 goats (Capra hircus), 7 (43.7%) of 16 horses (Equus caballus), 70 (59.3%) of 118 cats (Felis catus), 36 (39.6%) of 91 dogs (Canis familiaris), 13 (38.2%) of 34 black rats (Rattus rattus), and 157 (79.7%) of 197 cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis). Results indicate endemic infection by this zoonotic parasite among the animal and avian fauna in this archipelago from Brazil.}, }
@article {pmid22144387, year = {2012}, author = {Beale, CM and Lennon, JJ}, title = {Incorporating uncertainty in predictive species distribution modelling.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {367}, number = {1586}, pages = {247-258}, pmid = {22144387}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; *Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {Motivated by the need to solve ecological problems (climate change, habitat fragmentation and biological invasions), there has been increasing interest in species distribution models (SDMs). Predictions from these models inform conservation policy, invasive species management and disease-control measures. However, predictions are subject to uncertainty, the degree and source of which is often unrecognized. Here, we review the SDM literature in the context of uncertainty, focusing on three main classes of SDM: niche-based models, demographic models and process-based models. We identify sources of uncertainty for each class and discuss how uncertainty can be minimized or included in the modelling process to give realistic measures of confidence around predictions. Because this has typically not been performed, we conclude that uncertainty in SDMs has often been underestimated and a false precision assigned to predictions of geographical distribution. We identify areas where development of new statistical tools will improve predictions from distribution models, notably the development of hierarchical models that link different types of distribution model and their attendant uncertainties across spatial scales. Finally, we discuss the need to develop more defensible methods for assessing predictive performance, quantifying model goodness-of-fit and for assessing the significance of model covariates.}, }
@article {pmid22143788, year = {2011}, author = {Wilder, SM and Holway, DA and Suarez, AV and LeBrun, EG and Eubanks, MD}, title = {Intercontinental differences in resource use reveal the importance of mutualisms in fire ant invasions.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {108}, number = {51}, pages = {20639-20644}, pmid = {22143788}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Aphids ; Argentina ; Carbohydrates/chemistry ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Isotopes ; Models, Biological ; Plant Nectar ; Population Dynamics ; *Symbiosis ; United States ; }, abstract = {Mutualisms play key roles in the functioning of ecosystems. However, reciprocally beneficial interactions that involve introduced species also can enhance invasion success and in doing so compromise ecosystem integrity. For example, the growth and competitive ability of introduced plant species can increase when fungal or microbial associates provide limiting nutrients. Mutualisms also may aid animal invasions, but how such systems may promote invasion success has received relatively little attention. Here we examine how access to food-for-protection mutualisms involving the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) aids the success of this prominent invader. Intense interspecific competition in its native Argentina constrained the ability of S. invicta to benefit from honeydew-producing Hemiptera (and other accessible sources of carbohydrates), whereas S. invicta dominated these resources in its introduced range in the United States. Consistent with this strong pattern, nitrogen isotopic data revealed that fire ants from populations in the United States occupy a lower trophic position than fire ants from Argentina. Laboratory and field experiments demonstrated that honeydew elevated colony growth, a crucial determinant of competitive performance, even when insect prey were not limiting. Carbohydrates, obtained largely through mutualistic partnerships with other organisms, thus represent critical resources that may aid the success of this widespread invasive species. These results illustrate the potential for mutualistic interactions to play a fundamental role in the establishment and spread of animal invasions.}, }
@article {pmid22140347, year = {2011}, author = {Janion, C and Bedos, A and Deharveng, L}, title = {The genus Ectonura Cassagnau, 1980in South Africa (Collembola, Neanuridae, Neanurinae), with a key to South African Neanurinae.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {136}, pages = {31-45}, pmid = {22140347}, issn = {1313-2970}, abstract = {Two new species of Neanurinae (Collembola) are described from the Western Cape, South Africa: Ectonura monochaetasp. n. and Ectonura barraisp. n.Ectonura monochaetasp. n. differs from other species in the genus by its strongly reduced chaetotaxy, and the lateral shift of dorso-internal chaetae on Abd. V and their integration in the tubercles (De+DL). Ectonura barraisp. n. is similar to Ectonura natalensis (Womersley, 1934), but differs in chaetotaxic details and chaetal group arrangement. A key to the seven species of Neanurinae recorded from South Africa is given.}, }
@article {pmid22139450, year = {2012}, author = {Sol, D and Bartomeus, I and Griffin, AS}, title = {The paradox of invasion in birds: competitive superiority or ecological opportunism?.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {169}, number = {2}, pages = {553-564}, pmid = {22139450}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; Body Size ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; New South Wales ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Why can alien species succeed in environments to which they have had no opportunity to adapt and even become more abundant than many native species? Ecological theory suggests two main possible answers for this paradox: competitive superiority of exotic species over native species and opportunistic use of ecological opportunities derived from human activities. We tested these hypotheses in birds combining field observations and experiments along gradients of urbanization in New South Wales (Australia). Five exotic species attained densities in the study area comparable to those of the most abundant native species, and hence provided a case for the invasion paradox. The success of these alien birds was not primarily associated with a competitive superiority over native species: the most successful invaders were smaller and less aggressive than their main native competitors, and were generally excluded from artificially created food patches where competition was high. More importantly, exotic birds were primarily restricted to urban environments, where the diversity and abundance of native species were low. This finding agrees with previous studies and indicates that exotic and native species rarely interact in nature. Observations and experiments in the field revealed that the few native species that exploit the most urbanized environments tended to be opportunistic foragers, adaptations that should facilitate survival in places where disturbances by humans are frequent and natural vegetation has been replaced by man-made structures. Successful invaders also shared these features, suggesting that their success is not a paradox but can be explained by their capacity to exploit ecological opportunities that most native species rarely use.}, }
@article {pmid22136245, year = {2011}, author = {Cowx, IG and Portocarrero Aya, M}, title = {Paradigm shifts in fish conservation: moving to the ecosystem services concept.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {79}, number = {6}, pages = {1663-1680}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03144.x}, pmid = {22136245}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Fisheries ; *Fishes ; Fresh Water ; }, abstract = {Various factors constrain the existence and development of inland fishes and fisheries, such as pollution, habitat degradation, alien invasive species, local user conflicts, low social priority and inadequate research and funding. In many cases, however, degradation of the environment and loss of aquatic habitat are the predominant concerns for the conservation of freshwater aquatic biota. The need for concerted effort to prevent and reduce environmental degradation, as well as protection of freshwater fishes and fisheries as renewable common pool resources or entities in their own right, are the greatest challenges facing the conservation of fishes in inland waters. Unfortunately, traditional conservation practices such as regulation of exploitation, protected areas and habitat restoration have failed to arrest the alarming increase in number of threatened freshwater fish species worldwide. This paper examines the shifting paradigm of fisheries management from rule-based regulation, through fishery enhancement towards the ecosystem approach to fisheries, with reference to inland waters, and how the emerging concept of ecosystem services coupled with traditional fish conservation management practices, institutional restructuring and integrated management planning should provide a more sustainable thrust to formulation and promotion of fish conservation initiatives.}, }
@article {pmid22136241, year = {2011}, author = {Fobert, E and Fox, MG and Ridgway, M and Copp, GH}, title = {Heated competition: how climate change will affect non-native pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus and native perch Perca fluviatilis interactions in the U.K.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {79}, number = {6}, pages = {1592-1607}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03083.x}, pmid = {22136241}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Competitive Behavior ; Diet ; England ; Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Perches/*growth &amp; development ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Heated and ambient temperature experimental ponds were used to examine competition between introduced pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus and native perch Perca fluviatilis in England, U.K., and how these interactions are likely to change under climate warming conditions. Results from three sets of two-week experiments indicated that in both species and in all sets, growth was faster in heated than in ambient temperature ponds. Growth of both P. fluviatilis and L. gibbosus in sympatry did not differ significantly from that observed in allopatric ponds. Diet analysis indicated that increased resource partitioning occurred when P. fluviatilis and L. gibbosus were reared in sympatry, with P. fluviatilis shifting to a diet higher in microcrustaceans. The results do not support the previous claims of adverse effects of L. gibbosus on P. fluviatilis populations. Under conditions of climate change, however, which have been demonstrated experimentally to enhance L. gibbosus recruitment, this species is expected to become invasive in England, resulting in higher densities that may exert a stronger competitive effect than examined in this study.}, }
@article {pmid22134737, year = {2012}, author = {Jordan, RC and Brooks, WR and Howe, DV and Ehrenfeld, JG}, title = {Evaluating the performance of volunteers in mapping invasive plants in public conservation lands.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, pages = {425-434}, pmid = {22134737}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*classification ; New Jersey ; New York ; Research Design ; Task Performance and Analysis ; Volunteers/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {Citizen science programs are touted as useful tools for engaging the public in science and for collecting important data for scientists and resource managers. To accomplish the latter, it must be shown that data collected by volunteers is sufficiently accurate and reliable. We engaged 119 volunteers over three years to map and estimate abundance of invasive plants in New York and New Jersey parklands. We tested their accuracy via collected pressed samples and by subsampling their transect points. We also compared the performances of volunteers and botanical experts. Our results support the notion that volunteer participation can enhance the data generated by scientists alone. We found that the quality of data collected might be affected by the environment in which the data are collected. We suggest that giving consideration to how people learn can not only help to achieve educational goals but can also help to produce more data to be used in scientific study.}, }
@article {pmid22132084, year = {2011}, author = {Erlandsson, J and McQuaid, CD and Sköld, M}, title = {Patchiness and co-existence of indigenous and invasive mussels at small spatial scales: the interaction of facilitation and competition.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {11}, pages = {e26958}, pmid = {22132084}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Monte Carlo Method ; South Africa ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Ecological theory predicts that two species with similar requirements will fail to show long-term co-existence in situations where shared resources are limiting, especially at spatial scales that are small relative to the size of the organisms. Two species of intertidal mussels, the indigenous Perna perna and the invasive Mytilus galloprovincialis, form mixed beds on the south coast of South Africa in a situation that has been stable for several generations of these species, even though these populations are often limited by the availability of space. We examined the spatial structure of these species where they co-exist at small spatial scales in the absence of apparent environmental heterogeneity at two sites, testing: whether conspecific aggregation of mussels can occur (using spatial Monte-Carlo tests); the degree of patchiness (using Korcak B patchiness exponent), and whether there was a relationship between percent cover and patchiness. We found that under certain circumstances there is non-random conspecific aggregation, but that in other circumstances there may be random distribution (i.e. the two species are mixed), so that spatial patterns are context-dependent. The relative cover of the species differed between sites, and within each site, the species with higher cover showed low Korcak B values (indicating low patchiness, i.e. the existence of fewer, larger patches), while the less abundant species showed the reverse, i.e. high patchiness. This relationship did not hold for either species within sites. We conclude that co-existence between these mussels is possible, even at small spatial scales because each species is an ecological engineer and, while they have been shown to compete for space, this is preceded by initial facilitation. We suggest that a patchy pattern of co-existence is possible because of a balance between direct (competitive) and indirect (facilitative) interactions.}, }
@article {pmid22130172, year = {2012}, author = {Cooling, M and Hartley, S and Sim, DA and Lester, PJ}, title = {The widespread collapse of an invasive species: Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) in New Zealand.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {430-433}, pmid = {22130172}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Biota ; *Climate Change ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; Population Dynamics ; Rain ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Synergies between invasive species and climate change are widely considered to be a major biodiversity threat. However, invasive species are also hypothesized to be susceptible to population collapse, as we demonstrate for a globally important invasive species in New Zealand. We observed Argentine ant populations to have collapsed in 40 per cent of surveyed sites. Populations had a mean survival time of 14.1 years (95% CI = 12.9-15.3 years). Resident ant communities had recovered or partly recovered after their collapse. Our models suggest that climate change will delay colony collapse, as increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall significantly increased their longevity, but only by a few years. Economic and environmental costs of invasive species may be small if populations collapse on their own accord.}, }
@article {pmid22126062, year = {2011}, author = {Bai, YF and Guo, SX and Li, M}, title = {[Interactions between invasive plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a review].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, pages = {2457-2463}, pmid = {22126062}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Centaurea/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Feedback, Physiological ; Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {The invasion of invasive plants changes the biological community structure in their invaded lands, leading to the biodiversity loss. As an important component of soil microorganisms in terrestrial ecosystem, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can affect the growth performance of invasive plants. This kind of specific relations between AM fungi and invasive plants also implies that AM fungi can affect plant invasion. On the other hand, the invasion of invasive plants can affect the community structure and function of AM fungi. This paper summarized the species and harms of invasive plants in China, and discussed the relationships between AM fungi and invasive plants invasion, including the roles of AM fungi in the processes of invasive plants invasion, the effects of the invasion on AM fungi, and the interactive mechanisms between the invasion and AM fungi.}, }
@article {pmid22125615, year = {2011}, author = {Zhang, F and Hui, C}, title = {Eco-evolutionary feedback and the invasion of cooperation in prisoner's dilemma games.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {11}, pages = {e27523}, pmid = {22125615}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Algorithms ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cooperative Behavior ; Ecosystem ; *Game Theory ; Humans ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Unveiling the origin and forms of cooperation in nature poses profound challenges in evolutionary ecology. The prisoner's dilemma game is an important metaphor for studying the evolution of cooperation. We here classified potential mechanisms for cooperation evolution into schemes of frequency- and density-dependent selection, and focused on the density-dependent selection in the ecological prisoner's dilemma games. We found that, although assortative encounter is still the necessary condition in ecological games for cooperation evolution, a harsh environment, indicated by a high mortality, can foster the invasion of cooperation. The Hamilton rule provides a fundamental condition for the evolution of cooperation by ensuring an enhanced relatedness between players in low-density populations. Incorporating ecological dynamics into evolutionary games opens up a much wider window for the evolution of cooperation, and exhibits a variety of complex behaviors of dynamics, such as limit and heteroclinic cycles. An alternative evolutionary, or rather succession, sequence was proposed that cooperation first appears in harsh environments, followed by the invasion of defection, which leads to a common catastrophe. The rise of cooperation (and altruism), thus, could be much easier in the density-dependent ecological games than in the classic frequency-dependent evolutionary games.}, }
@article {pmid22123089, year = {2011}, author = {Motard, E and Muratet, A and Clair-Maczulajtys, D and Machon, N}, title = {Does the invasive species Ailanthus altissima threaten floristic diversity of temperate peri-urban forests?.}, journal = {Comptes rendus biologies}, volume = {334}, number = {12}, pages = {872-879}, doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2011.06.003}, pmid = {22123089}, issn = {1768-3238}, mesh = {Ailanthus/*physiology ; Analysis of Variance ; *Biodiversity ; Data Collection ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Endangered Species ; France ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Plant Roots/physiology ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Trees/*physiology ; }, abstract = {We examined the influence of the invasive species Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle on the understory of the Fontainebleau forest, a peri-urban forest of Paris (France), by comparing invaded versus control plots. We performed floristic inventories in fixed plots around the base of A. altissima vs native trees in different habitat types of the forest. Our findings suggest that the understory vegetation is significantly poorer and more common under A. altissima than under the other tree species and that the floristic composition is significantly different. Furthermore, the number of A. altissima root suckers growing in the plots was significantly negatively correlated with floristic richness. This effect can be attributed to both interspecific competition and allelopathic properties of A. altissima. These results give an estimate of the threat to biodiversity ascribed to A. altissima in the Fontainebleau forest.}, }
@article {pmid22120707, year = {2012}, author = {Suwa, T and Louda, SM}, title = {Combined effects of plant competition and insect herbivory hinder invasiveness of an introduced thistle.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {169}, number = {2}, pages = {467-476}, pmid = {22120707}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Biota ; Cirsium/*physiology ; Flowers ; *Herbivory ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves ; Seedlings ; }, abstract = {The biotic resistance hypothesis is a dominant paradigm for why some introduced species fail to become invasive in novel environments. However, predictions of this hypothesis require further empirical field tests. Here, we focus on evaluating two biotic factors known to severely limit plants, interspecific competition and insect herbivory, as mechanisms of biotic resistance. We experimentally evaluated the independent and combined effects of three levels of competition by tallgrass prairie vegetation and two levels of herbivory by native insects on seedling regeneration, size, and subsequent flowering of the Eurasian Cirsium vulgare, a known invasive species elsewhere, and compared its responses to those of the ecologically similar and co-occurring native congener C. altissimum. Seedling emergence of C. vulgare was greater than that of C. altissimum, and that emergence was reduced by the highest level of interspecific competition. Insect leaf herbivory was also greater on C. vulgare than on C. altissimum at all levels of competition. Herbivory on seedlings dramatically decreased the proportion of C. vulgare producing flower heads at all competition levels, but especially at the high competition level. Competition and herbivory interacted to significantly decrease plant survival and biomass, especially for C. vulgare. Thus, both competition and herbivory limited regeneration of both thistles, but their effects on seedling emergence, survival, size and subsequent reproduction were greater for C. vulgare than for C. altissimum. These results help explain the unexpectedly low abundance recorded for C. vulgare in western tallgrass prairie, and also provide strong support for the biotic resistance hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid22118642, year = {2011}, author = {Riquet, F and Ballenghien, M and Tanguy, A and Viard, F}, title = {In silico mining and characterization of 12 EST-SSRs for the invasive slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata.}, journal = {Marine genomics}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {291-295}, doi = {10.1016/j.margen.2011.08.001}, pmid = {22118642}, issn = {1876-7478}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Primers/genetics ; *Expressed Sequence Tags ; France ; Gastropoda/*genetics ; *Gene Library ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Heterozygote ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {In silico mining of an expressed sequence tags (ESTs) library was found to be efficient at isolating simple sequence repeats (SSRs) loci in the non-indigenous marine mollusc Crepidula fornicata. Twelve SSR loci were developed for routine genotyping. Cross-species amplification to 8 other Crepidula species showed that the 12 loci are highly specific for C. fornicata. Mendelian inheritance was shown for 11 of them (1 being monomorphic in the analyzed offspring array). The genetic diversity for 88 adults was found to be variable across the 12 loci (2-40 alleles, expected heterozygosity between 0.023 and 0.898) with a high overall exclusion probability of 0.99. The degree of genetic polymorphism found here is similar to that shown for 7 anonymous SSRs previously developed and here used on the same samples. This set of 12 specific loci is relevant to perform reliable population and relatedness analyses in Crepidula fornicata.}, }
@article {pmid22115342, year = {2011}, author = {Porté, AJ and Lamarque, LJ and Lortie, CJ and Michalet, R and Delzon, S}, title = {Invasive Acer negundo outperforms native species in non-limiting resource environments due to its higher phenotypic plasticity.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {28}, pmid = {22115342}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Acer/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Biomass ; *Environment ; *Introduced Species ; *Phenotype ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: To identify the determinants of invasiveness, comparisons of traits of invasive and native species are commonly performed. Invasiveness is generally linked to higher values of reproductive, physiological and growth-related traits of the invasives relative to the natives in the introduced range. Phenotypic plasticity of these traits has also been cited to increase the success of invasive species but has been little studied in invasive tree species. In a greenhouse experiment, we compared ecophysiological traits between an invasive species to Europe, Acer negundo, and early- and late-successional co-occurring native species, under different light, nutrient availability and disturbance regimes. We also compared species of the same species groups in situ, in riparian forests.<br><br>RESULTS: Under non-limiting resources, A. negundo seedlings showed higher growth rates than the native species. However, A. negundo displayed equivalent or lower photosynthetic capacities and nitrogen content per unit leaf area compared to the native species; these findings were observed both on the seedlings in the greenhouse experiment and on adult trees in situ. These physiological traits were mostly conservative along the different light, nutrient and disturbance environments. Overall, under non-limiting light and nutrient conditions, specific leaf area and total leaf area of A. negundo were substantially larger. The invasive species presented a higher plasticity in allocation to foliage and therefore in growth with increasing nutrient and light availability relative to the native species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The higher level of plasticity of the invasive species in foliage allocation in response to light and nutrient availability induced a better growth in non-limiting resource environments. These results give us more elements on the invasiveness of A. negundo and suggest that such behaviour could explain the ability of A. negundo to outperform native tree species, contributes to its spread in European resource-rich riparian forests and impedes its establishment under closed-canopy hardwood forests.}, }
@article {pmid22101382, year = {2012}, author = {Shannon, S and Flory, SL and Reynolds, H}, title = {Competitive context alters plant-soil feedback in an experimental woodland community.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {169}, number = {1}, pages = {235-243}, pmid = {22101382}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Biomass ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/microbiology/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Recent findings on feedback between plants and soil microbial communities have improved our understanding of mechanisms underlying the success and consequences of invasions. However, additional studies to test for feedback in the presence and absence of interspecific competition, which may alter the strength or direction of feedbacks, are needed. We tested for soil microbial feedback in communities of the invasive grass Microstegium vimineum and commonly co-occurring native plant species. To incorporate competitive context, we used a factorial design with three plant treatments (M. vimineum alone, M. vimineum with the native plant community, and the native community without M. vimineum) and two soil inoculum treatments (experimentally invaded and uninvaded soil). When competing with M. vimineum, native communities were 27% more productive in invaded than uninvaded soil. In contrast, soil type did not significantly affect M. vimineum biomass or fecundity. At the community level, these results indicate a net negative soil microbial feedback when native plants and M. vimineum are grown in competitive mixture, but not when they are grown separately. Since positive, not negative, feedback is associated with dominance and invasion, our findings do not support plant-soil feedback as a driver of invasion in this species. Our results do show that the importance of soil feedback can change with competitive context. Such context-dependency implies that soil feedback may change when competitive interactions between natives and invading species shift as invasions progress.}, }
@article {pmid22098605, year = {2011}, author = {Devillard, S and Santin-Janin, H and Say, L and Pontier, D}, title = {Linking genetic diversity and temporal fluctuations in population abundance of the introduced feral cat (Felis silvestris catus) on the Kerguelen archipelago.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {24}, pages = {5141-5153}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05329.x}, pmid = {22098605}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Cats ; *Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Heterozygote ; Indian Ocean ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Phylogeography ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Linking temporal variations of genetic diversity, including allelic richness and heterozygosity, and spatio-temporal fluctuations in population abundance has emerged as an important tool for understanding demographic and evolutionary processes in natural populations. This so-called genetic monitoring was conducted across 12 consecutive years (1996-2007) at three sites for the feral cat, introduced onto the Kerguelen archipelago fifty years ago. Temporal changes in allelic richness and heterozygosity at 18 microsatellite DNA loci were compared with temporal changes in the adult population abundance index, obtained by typical demographic monitoring. No association was found at the island spatial scale, but we observed an association between genetic diversity and adult population indices from year to year within each study site. More particularly, the magnitude of successive increases or decreases in the adult population abundance index appeared to be the major factor linking the trajectories of genetic diversity and adult population abundance indices. Natal dispersal and/or local recruitment, both facilitated by high juvenile survival when the adult population size is small, is proposed as the major demographic processes contributing to such an observed pattern. Finally, we suggested avoiding the use of the harmonic mean as an estimator of long-term population size to study the relationships between demographic fluctuations and heterozygosity in populations characterized by strong multiannual density fluctuations.}, }
@article {pmid22092753, year = {2012}, author = {Mankiewicz-Boczek, J and Kokociński, M and Gagała, I and Pawełczyk, J and Jurczak, T and Dziadek, J}, title = {Preliminary molecular identification of cylindrospermopsin-producing Cyanobacteria in two Polish lakes (Central Europe).}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {326}, number = {2}, pages = {173-179}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02451.x}, pmid = {22092753}, issn = {1574-6968}, mesh = {Alkaloids ; Aphanizomenon/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/*metabolism ; Bacterial Toxins ; Base Sequence ; Cyanobacteria Toxins ; Cylindrospermopsis/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/*metabolism ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Fresh Water/*microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Poland ; Seasons ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Uracil/*analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The presence of toxigenic cyanobacteria capable of biosynthesis of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) was measured in 24 water samples collected from the lakes Bytyńskie (BY) and Bnińskie (BN) in the Western Poland. The study also covered analysis of toxigenicity and production of CYN by the culture of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii isolated from BY. The cyrJ gene associated with CYN production was identified in 22 water samples collected in the summer seasons of 2006 and 2007. The presence of CYN was confirmed in 16 samples. The homology searches revealed that amplified sequences of four water samples, which were selected from among all the samples, displayed a strong 99% homology to cyrJ gene of Aphanizomenon sp. 10E6. The culture of C. raciborskii did not contain the cyrJ gene nor the CYN. The specificity of C. raciborskii was confirmed by application of a fragment of the rpoC1. These first genetic analyses have shown that Aphanizomenon seems to be the main cyanobacterial genus responsible for the production of CYN in the Polish lakes. The lack of toxigenicity of the isolated C. raciborskii suggests that it is possible that this invasive species does not demonstrate toxigenic activity in Polish water bodies.}, }
@article {pmid22090388, year = {2012}, author = {Pattemore, DE and Wilcove, DS}, title = {Invasive rats and recent colonist birds partially compensate for the loss of endemic New Zealand pollinators.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {279}, number = {1733}, pages = {1597-1605}, pmid = {22090388}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Introduced Species ; Myrtaceae/physiology ; New Zealand ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Plantago/physiology ; *Pollination ; Population Dynamics ; Proteaceae/physiology ; Rats ; }, abstract = {Reported declines of pollinator populations around the world have led to increasing concerns about the consequences for pollination as a critical ecosystem function and service. Pollination could be maintained through compensation if remaining pollinators increase their contribution or if novel species are recruited as pollinators, but empirical evidence of this compensation is so far lacking. Using a natural experiment in New Zealand where endemic vertebrate pollinators still occur on one offshore island reserve despite their local extinction on the adjacent North Island, we investigated whether compensation could maintain pollination in the face of pollinator extinctions. We show that two recently arrived species in New Zealand, the invasive ship rat (Rattus rattus) and the recent colonist silvereye (Zosterops lateralis; a passerine bird), at least partly maintain pollination for three forest plant species in northern New Zealand, and without this compensation, these plants would be significantly more pollen-limited. This study provides empirical evidence that widespread non-native species can play an important role in maintaining ecosystem functions, a role that needs to be assessed when planning invasive species control or eradication programmes.}, }
@article {pmid22083283, year = {2012}, author = {Grason, EW and Miner, BG}, title = {Behavioral plasticity in an invaded system: non-native whelks recognize risk from native crabs.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {169}, number = {1}, pages = {105-115}, pmid = {22083283}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Brachyura/*physiology ; Cues ; Gastropoda/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Pheromones/pharmacology ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Risk ; }, abstract = {Inducible defenses have the potential to affect both invasion success and the structure of invaded communities. However, little is known about the cues used for risk-recognition that influence the expression of inducible defenses in invasive prey, because they involve a novel threat. In laboratory experiments, we investigated behavioral defenses induced by a native crab on two invasive oyster drills (marine whelks Urosalpinx cinerea and Ocinebrina inornata). Both drills hid more often and reduced their feeding rates when they detected predators consuming conspecific prey. Examination of the responses of U. cinerea to specific cue sources (predator kairomones, conspecific alarm cues) indicated that this species had the strongest responses to cues from injured conspecifics, but that it did recognize the novel crab predator. Our observation of native predator (per se) recognition by an invasive marine prey is novel. In addition, we observed that neither species of drill reduced their defensive behavior to reflect predation risk shared by a group of prey. The lack of density dependence in risk-assessment could cause populations of invasive prey to transmit both quantitatively and qualitatively different community effects over the course of an invasion as abundance changes. Together, these findings demonstrate several ways that the risk-assessment strategies could be important in establishment and post-establishment dynamics of invasive prey.}, }
@article {pmid22081866, year = {2012}, author = {Persson, L and De Roos, AM}, title = {Mixed competition-predation: potential vs. realized interactions.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {81}, number = {2}, pages = {483-493}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01927.x}, pmid = {22081866}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; *Competitive Behavior ; Cyprinidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/physiology ; Lakes ; Perches/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Population Density ; *Predatory Behavior ; Sweden ; Zooplankton/physiology ; }, abstract = {1. Life-history omnivory or size-induced mixed competition-predation systems have under many conditions theoretically been shown to be fragile, whereas at the same time existing empirical data suggest such systems to be common in nature. 2. In a whole lake experiment covering 17 years, we analysed the effects of the introduction of the intraguild prey roach (Rutilus rutilus) on the population size and individual performance of the intraguild predator perch (Perca fluviatilis) and on resource levels in two low productivity systems. 3. A strong long-term effect of roach on the zooplankton resource but not on the macroinvertebrate resource was present. Competitive effects of roach on perch were observed in one of the lakes the first years after the introduction, but at the end of the study no competitive effect of roach on either size class of perch was observed in any of the two lakes. In contrast, a positive predatory effect reflected in improved growth rates of older perch was present. 4. The lack of a support for a competitive effect of roach on small perch raises the question of the importance of mixed competition-predation interactions in life-history omnivorous systems and the problem of comparing descriptive data on feeding relationships with theoretical predictions based on interaction modules.}, }
@article {pmid22079898, year = {2012}, author = {Lövei, GL and Lewinsohn, TM and Dirzo, R and Elhassan, EF and Ezcurra, E and Freire, CA and Gui, FR and Halley, JM and Tibazarwa, JM and Jiang, MX and Katebaka, R and Kinyamario, J and Kymanywa, S and Liu, FQ and Liu, SS and Liu, WX and Liu, YQ and Lu, BR and Minot, EO and Qiang, S and Qiu, BL and Shen, H and Soberon, J and Sujii, ER and Tang, JW and Uludag, A and Vitule, JR and Wan, FH and Wang, FH and Yang, GQ and Zhang, XY and You, MS and , }, title = {Megadiverse developing countries face huge risks from invasives.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {2-3}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2011.10.009}, pmid = {22079898}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Animals ; *Developing Countries ; *Introduced Species ; *Risk Assessment ; }, }
@article {pmid22079103, year = {2012}, author = {Munn, AJ and Cooper, CE and Russell, B and Dawson, TJ and McLeod, SR and Maloney, SK}, title = {Energy and water use by invasive goats (Capra hircus) in an Australian rangeland, and a caution against using broad-scale allometry to predict species-specific requirements.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology}, volume = {161}, number = {2}, pages = {216-229}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.10.027}, pmid = {22079103}, issn = {1531-4332}, mesh = {Animals ; Basal Metabolism/physiology ; Body Water/physiology ; Body Weight/physiology ; Digestion/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Electrolytes/blood/urine ; Energy Metabolism/*physiology ; Female ; Goats/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Osmolar Concentration ; Phylogeny ; Pregnancy ; Regression Analysis ; Species Specificity ; Water/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Feral goats (Capra hircus) are ubiquitous across much of Australia's arid and semi-arid rangelands, where they compete with domestic stock, contribute to grazing pressure on fragile ecosystems, and have been implicated in the decline of several native marsupial herbivores. Understanding the success of feral goats in Australia may provide insights into management strategies for this and other invasive herbivores. It has been suggested that frugal use of energy and water contributes to the success of feral goats in Australia, but data on the energy and water use of free-ranging animals are lacking. We measured the field metabolic rate and water turnover rate of pregnant and non-pregnant feral goats in an Australian rangeland during late summer (dry season). Field metabolic rate of pregnant goats (601 ± 37 kJ kg(-0.73)d(-1)) was 1.3 times that of non-pregnant goats (456 ± 24 kJ kg(-0.73)d(-1)). The water turnover rate of pregnant goats (228 ± 18 mL kg(-0.79)d(-1)) was also 1.3 times that of non-pregnant goats (173 ± 18 kg(-0.79)d(-1)), but the difference was not significant (P=0.07). There was no significant difference in estimated dry matter digestibility between pregnant and non-pregnant goats (mean ca. 58%), blood or urine osmolality, or urine electrolyte concentrations, indicating they were probably eating similar diets and were able to maintain osmohomeostasis. Overall, the metabolic and hygric physiology of non-pregnant goats conformed statistically to the predictions for non-marine, non-reproductive placental mammals according to both conventional and phylogenetically independent analyses. That was despite the field metabolic rate and estimated dry matter intake of non-pregnant goats being only 60% of the predicted level. We suggest that general allometric analyses predict the range of adaptive possibilities for mammals, but that specific adaptations, as present in goats, result in ecologically significant departures from the average allometric curve. In the case of goats in the arid Australian rangelands, predictions from the allometric regression would overestimate their grazing pressure by about 40% with implications for the predicted impact on their local ecology.}, }
@article {pmid22073646, year = {2011}, author = {Olden, JD and Vander Zanden, MJ and Johnson, PT}, title = {Assessing ecosystem vulnerability to invasive rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus).}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {7}, pages = {2587-2599}, doi = {10.1890/10-2051.1}, pmid = {22073646}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Competitive Behavior ; Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Introduced Species ; Lakes ; Models, Biological ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {Despite the widespread introduction of nonnative species and the heterogeneity of ecosystems in their sensitivity to ecological impacts, few studies have assessed ecosystem vulnerability to the entire invasion process, from arrival to establishment and impacts. Our study addresses this challenge by presenting a probabilistic, spatially explicit approach to predicting ecosystem vulnerability to species invasions. Using the freshwater-rich landscapes of Wisconsin, USA, we model invasive rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) as a function of exposure risk (i.e., likelihood of introduction and establishment of O. rusticus based on a species distribution model) and the sensitivity of the recipient community (i.e., likelihood of impacts on native O. virilis and O. propinquus based on a retrospective analysis of population changes). Artificial neural networks predicted that approximately 10% of 4200 surveyed lakes (n = 388) and approximately 25% of mapped streams (23 523 km total length) are suitable for O. rusticus introduction and establishment. A comparison of repeated surveys before vs. post-1985 revealed that O. virilis was six times as likely and O. propinquus was twice as likely to be extirpated in streams invaded by O. rusticus, compared to streams that were not invaded. Similarly, O. virilis was extirpated in over three-quarters of lakes invaded by O. rusticus compared to half of the uninvaded lakes, whereas no difference was observed for O. propinquus. We identified 115 lakes (approximately 3% of lakes) and approximately 5000 km of streams (approximately 6% of streams) with a 25% chance of introduction, establishment, and extirpation by O. rusticus of either native congener. By identifying highly vulnerable ecosystems, our study offers an effective strategy for prioritizing on-the-ground management action and informing decisions about the most efficient allocation of resources. Moreover, our results provide the flexibility for stakeholders to identify priority sites for prevention efforts given a maximum level of acceptable risk or based on budgetary or time restrictions. To this end, we incorporate the model predictions into a new online mapping tool with the intention of closing the communication gap between academic research and stakeholders that requires information on the prospects of future invasions.}, }
@article {pmid22073211, year = {2011}, author = {Tonione, MA and Reeder, N and Moritz, CC}, title = {High genetic diversity despite the potential for stepping-stone colonizations in an invasive species of gecko on Moorea, French Polynesia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {11}, pages = {e26874}, pmid = {22073211}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Lizards/classification/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Polynesia ; }, abstract = {Invasive species often have reduced genetic diversity, but the opposite can be true if there have been multiple introductions and genetic admixture. Reduced diversity is most likely soon after establishment, in remote locations, when there is lower propagule pressure and with stepping-stone colonizations. The common house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus) was introduced to Moorea, French Polynesia in the remote eastern Pacific within the last two decades and accordingly is expected to exhibit low diversity. In contrast, we show that H. frenatus on Moorea has exceptionally high genetic diversity, similar to that near the native range in Asia and much higher than reported for other Pacific island reptiles. The high diversity in this recently founded population likely reflects extensive genetic admixture in source population(s) and a life history that promotes retention of diversity. These observations point to the importance of understanding range-wide dynamics of genetic admixture in highly invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid22072603, year = {2012}, author = {Lenda, M and Skórka, P and Knops, JM and Morón, D and Tworek, S and Woyciechowski, M}, title = {Plant establishment and invasions: an increase in a seed disperser combined with land abandonment causes an invasion of the non-native walnut in Europe.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {279}, number = {1733}, pages = {1491-1497}, pmid = {22072603}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Crows/*physiology ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Juglans/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Seed Dispersal ; Seeds/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Successful invasive species often are established for a long time period before increasing exponentially in abundance. This lag phase is one of the least understood phenomena of biological invasions. Plant invasions depend on three factors: a seed source, suitable habitat and a seed disperser. The non-native walnut, Juglans regia, has been planted for centuries in Central Europe but, until recently, has not spread beyond planted areas. However, in the past 20 years, we have observed a rapid increase in walnut abundance, specifically in abandoned agricultural fields. The dominant walnut disperser is the rook, Corvus frugilegus. During the past 50 years, rooks have increased in abundance and now commonly inhabit human settlements, where walnut trees are planted. Central Europe has, in the past few decades, experienced large-scale land abandonment. Walnut seeds dispersed into ploughed fields do not survive, but when cached into ploughed and then abandoned fields, they successfully establish. Rooks preferentially cache seeds in ploughed fields. Thus, land-use change combined with disperser changes can cause rapid increase of a non-native species, allowing it to become invasive. This may have cascading effects on the entire ecosystem. Thus, species that are non-native and not invasive can become invasive as habitats and dispersers change.}, }
@article {pmid22071743, year = {2011}, author = {Levy, S}, title = {The pollinator crisis: What's best for bees.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {479}, number = {7372}, pages = {164-165}, pmid = {22071743}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Beekeeping/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Bees/classification/*physiology ; Biota ; Flowers/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Pollination/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; }, }
@article {pmid22070394, year = {2011}, author = {Hao, M and Luo, J and Yang, M and Zhang, L and Yan, Z and Yuan, Z and Zheng, Y and Zhang, H and Liu, D}, title = {Comparison of homoeologous chromosome pairing between hybrids of wheat genotypes Chinese Spring ph1b and Kaixian-luohanmai with rye.}, journal = {Genome}, volume = {54}, number = {12}, pages = {959-964}, doi = {10.1139/g11-062}, pmid = {22070394}, issn = {1480-3321}, mesh = {Chimera/*genetics ; *Chromosome Pairing ; Chromosomes, Plant/genetics ; Crosses, Genetic ; *Genome, Plant ; Genotype ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Secale/*genetics ; Triticum/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The ph-like genes in the Chinese common wheat landrace Kaixian-luohanmai (KL) induce homoeologous pairing in hybrids with alien species. In the present study, meiotic phenotypic differences on homoeologous chromosome pairing at metaphase I between hybrids of wheat genotypes Chinese Spring ph1b (CSph1b) and KL with rye were studied by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). The frequency of wheat-wheat associations was higher in CSph1b×rye than in KL×rye. However, frequencies of wheat-rye and rye-rye associations were higher in KL×rye than in CSph1b×rye. These differences may be the result of different mechanisms of control between the ph-like gene(s) controlling homoeologous chromosome pairing in KL and CSph1b. Wheat-wheat associations were much more frequent than wheat-rye pairing in both hybriods. This may be caused by lower overall affinity, or homoeology, between wheat and rye chromosomes than between wheat chromosomes.}, }
@article {pmid22066219, year = {2011}, author = {Mou, X and Sun, Z and Wang, L and Wang, C}, title = {Nitrogen cycle of a typical Suaeda salsa marsh ecosystem in the Yellow River estuary.}, journal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)}, volume = {23}, number = {6}, pages = {958-967}, doi = {10.1016/s1001-0742(10)60530-x}, pmid = {22066219}, issn = {1001-0742}, mesh = {Biomass ; Chenopodiaceae/anatomy &amp; histology/*chemistry/*metabolism ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Nitrogen Cycle ; Rivers/*chemistry ; Seasons ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The nitrogen (N) biological cycle of the Suaeda salsa marsh ecosystem in the Yellow River estuary was studied during 2008 to 2009. Results showed that soil N had significant seasonal fluctuations and vertical distribution. The N/P ratio (15.73 +/- 1.77) of S. salsa was less than 16, indicating that plant growth was limited by both N and P. The N absorption coefficient of S. salsa was very low (0.007), while the N utilization and cycle coefficients were high (0.824 and 0.331, respectively). The N turnover among compartments of S. salsa marsh showed that N uptake from aboveground parts and roots were 2.539 and 0.622 g/m2, respectively. The N translocation from aboveground parts to roots and from roots to soil were 2.042 and 0.076 g/m2, respectively. The N translocation from aboveground living bodies to litter was 0.497 g/m2, the annual N return from litter to soil was far less than 0.368 g/m2, and the net N mineralization in topsoil during the growing season was 0.033 g/m2. N was an important limiting factor in S. salsa marsh, and the ecosystem was classified as unstable and vulnerable. S. salsa was seemingly well adapted to the low-nutrient status and vulnerable habitat, and the nutrient enrichment due to N import from the Yellow River estuary would be a potential threat to the S. salsa marsh. Excessive nutrient loading might favor invasive species and induce severe long-term degradation of the ecosystem if human intervention measures were not taken. The N quantitative relationships determined in our study might provide a scientific basis for the establishment of effective measures.}, }
@article {pmid22066181, year = {2011}, author = {Ravuiwasa, KT and Tan, CW and Hwang, SY}, title = {Temperature-dependent demography of Chilades pandava peripatria (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {104}, number = {5}, pages = {1525-1533}, doi = {10.1603/ec11034}, pmid = {22066181}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Butterflies/*physiology ; Cycas ; Female ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; Taiwan ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Chilades pandava peripatria Hsu and its host plant Cycas taitungensis Shen, Hill, Tsou &amp; Chen are both endemic species to Taiwan. Ch. pandava peripatria has a specific association with buds and soft leaves of cycad plants. The introduced species, Cy. revoluta, have prolonged budding periods and extensive auxiliary buds that extensively contribute to the outbreak of Ch. pandava peripatria. An in-depth knowledge of the development, survival, and fecundity of Ch. pandava peripatria under different environmental conditions is necessary to understand the population growth of Ch. pandava peripatria. The demography of Ch. pandava peripatria was studied based on the age-stage, two-sex life table at 20, 23, 25, 28, and 31 degrees C, 70% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h under laboratory conditions. Ch. pandava peripatria completed its development under tested temperatures but did not produce offsprings at 23 degrees C. Because of the high egg mortality at 20 degrees C, the data at this given temperature were excluded from this study. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) under these tested temperatures was 0.1846, 0.2919, and 0.1412 d(-1), respectively. The net reproductive rate (H(o)) was 165.47, 262.32, and 56.68 offsprings per individual and the mean generation time (T) was 27.72, 19.10, and 28.67 d, respectively. Our results indicated that Ch. pandava peripatria is highly adaptable to environments where temperature ranges from 25 to 31 degrees C.}, }
@article {pmid22057697, year = {2012}, author = {Grice, AC and Friedel, MH and Marshall, NA and Van Klinken, RD}, title = {Tackling contentious invasive plant species: a case study of buffel grass in Australia.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, pages = {285-294}, pmid = {22057697}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Australia ; *Cenchrus ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Introduced plants that have both production values and negative impacts can be contentious. Generally they are either treated as weeds and their use prohibited; or unfettered exploitation is permitted and land managers must individually contend with any negative effects. Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) is contentious in Australia and there has been no attempt to broadly and systematically address the issues surrounding it. However, recent research indicates that there is some mutual acceptance by proponents and opponents of each others' perspectives and we contend that this provides the basis for a national approach. It would require thorough and on-going consultation with stakeholders and development of realistic goals that are applicable across a range of scales and responsive to regional differences in costs, benefits and socio-economic and biophysical circumstances. It would be necessary to clearly allocate responsibilities and ascertain the most appropriate balance between legislative and non-legislative mechanisms. A national approach could involve avoiding the introduction of additional genetic material, countering proliferation in regions where the species is sparse, preventing incursion into conservation reserves where it is absent, containing strategically located populations and managing communities to prevent or reduce dominance by buffel grass. This approach could be applied to other contentious plant species.}, }
@article {pmid22054571, year = {2012}, author = {Hughes, KA and Convey, P}, title = {Determining the native/non-native status of newly discovered terrestrial and freshwater species in Antarctica - current knowledge, methodology and management action.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {93}, number = {1}, pages = {52-66}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.08.017}, pmid = {22054571}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Continental Antarctic terrestrial and freshwater environments currently have few established non-native species compared to the sub-Antarctic islands and other terrestrial ecosystems on Earth. This is due to a unique combination of factors including Antarctica's remoteness, harsh climate, physical geography and brief history of human activity. However, recent increases in national operator and tourism activities increase the risk of non-native propagules reaching Antarctica, while climate change may make successful establishment more likely. The frequency and probability of human-assisted transfer mechanisms appear to far outweigh those of natural propagule introductions by wind, water, birds and marine mammals. A dilemma for scientists and environmental managers, which is exacerbated by a poor baseline knowledge of Antarctic biodiversity, is how to determine the native/non-native status of a newly discovered species which could be (a) a previously undiscovered long-term native species, (b) a recent natural colonist or (c) a human-mediated introduction. A correct diagnosis is crucial as the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty dictates dramatically different management responses depending on native/non-native status: native species and recent natural colonists should be protected and conserved, while non-native introductions should be eradicated or controlled. We review current knowledge on how available evidence should be used to differentiate between native and non-native species, and discuss and recommend issues that should be considered by scientists and managers upon discovery of a species apparently new to the Antarctic region.}, }
@article {pmid22053186, year = {2011}, author = {Short, KH and Petren, K}, title = {Fine-scale genetic structure arises during range expansion of an invasive gecko.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, pages = {e26258}, pmid = {22053186}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Cluster Analysis ; Florida ; Gene Flow/genetics ; Genetic Structures/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/*genetics/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Processes of range expansion are increasingly important in light of current concerns about invasive species and range shifts due to climate change. Theoretical studies suggest that genetic structuring may occur during range expansion. Ephemeral genetic structure can have important evolutionary implications, such as propagating genetic changes along the wave front of expansion, yet few studies have shown evidence of such structure. We tested the hypothesis that genetic structure arises during range expansion in Hemidactylus mabouia, a nocturnal African gecko recently introduced to Florida, USA. Twelve highly variable microsatellite loci were used to screen 418 individuals collected from 43 locations from four sampling sites across Florida, representing a gradient from earlier (∼1990s) to very recent colonization. We found earlier colonized locations had little detectable genetic structure and higher allelic richness than more recently colonized locations. Genetic structuring was pronounced among locations at spatial scales of tens to hundreds of meters near the leading edge of range expansion. Despite the rapid pace of range expansion in this introduced gecko, dispersal is limited among many suitable habitat patches. Fine-scale genetic structure is likely the result of founder effects during colonization of suitable habitat patches. It may be obscured over time and by scale-dependent modes of dispersal. Further studies are needed to determine if such genetic structure affects adaptation and trait evolution in range expansions and range shifts.}, }
@article {pmid22047816, year = {2012}, author = {Oi, M and Araki, J and Matsumoto, J and Nogami, S}, title = {Helminth fauna of a turtle species introduced in Japan, the red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans).}, journal = {Research in veterinary science}, volume = {93}, number = {2}, pages = {826-830}, doi = {10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.10.001}, pmid = {22047816}, issn = {1532-2661}, mesh = {Animals ; Helminthiasis, Animal/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Helminths/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; *Introduced Species ; Japan/epidemiology ; *Turtles ; }, abstract = {The red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) was intentionally introduced from the United States to Japan as a pet in the 1950s and has become established throughout much of the country. We examined red-eared slider turtles from two localities in Japan for foreign parasitic helminths. Consequently, a total of seven species of helminths were found: two monogeneans (Neopolystoma exhamatum and Polystomoides japonicum), three digeneans (Spirorchisartericola, Spi.elegans and Telorchis clemmydis) and two nematodes (Serpinema microcephalum and Falcaustra wardi). Of these, three helminths are alien to Japan-Spi.artericola, Spi. elegans and F. wardi-which represent the first report of their presence in the red-eared slider turtle from Japan.}, }
@article {pmid22043300, year = {2011}, author = {Tingley, R and Shine, R}, title = {Desiccation risk drives the spatial ecology of an invasive anuran (Rhinella marina) in the Australian semi-desert.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, pages = {e25979}, pmid = {22043300}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/*physiology ; Australia ; Desert Climate ; *Desiccation ; *Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Some invasive species flourish in places that impose challenges very different from those faced in their native geographic ranges. Cane toads (Rhinella marina) are native to tropical and subtropical habitats of South and Central America, but have colonised extremely arid regions over the course of their Australian invasion. We radio-tracked 44 adult cane toads at a semi-arid invasion front to investigate how this invasive anuran has managed to expand its geographic range into arid areas that lie outside of its native climatic niche. As predicted from their low physiological control over rates of evaporative water loss, toads selected diurnal shelter sites that were consistently cooler and damper (and thus, conferred lower water loss rates) than nearby random sites. Desiccation risk also had a profound influence on rates of daily movement. Under wet conditions, toads that were far from water moved further between shelter sites than did conspecifics that remained close to water, presumably in an attempt to reach permanent water sources. However, this relationship was reversed under dry conditions, such that only toads that were close to permanent water bodies made substantial daily movements. Toads that were far from water bodies also travelled along straighter paths than did conspecifics that generally remained close to water. Thus, behavioural flexibility--in particular, an ability to exploit spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the availability of moist conditions--has allowed this invasive anuran to successfully colonize arid habitats in Australia. This finding illustrates that risk assessment protocols need to recognise that under some circumstances an introduced species may be able to thrive in conditions far removed from any that it experiences in its native range.}, }
@article {pmid22042524, year = {2012}, author = {Kovacs, EK and Crowther, MS and Webb, JK and Dickman, CR}, title = {Population and behavioural responses of native prey to alien predation.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {168}, number = {4}, pages = {947-957}, pmid = {22042524}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; *Food Chain ; Foxes/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Marsupialia/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; New South Wales ; Odorants ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Rats/*physiology ; Survival Analysis ; }, abstract = {The introduction of invasive alien predators often has catastrophic effects on populations of naïve native prey, but in situations where prey survive the initial impact a predator may act as a strong selective agent for prey that can discriminate and avoid it. Using two common species of Australian small mammals that have persisted in the presence of an alien predator, the European red fox Vulpes vulpes, for over a century, we hypothesised that populations of both would perform better where the activity of the predator was low than where it was high and that prey individuals would avoid signs of the predator's presence. We found no difference in prey abundance in sites with high and low fox activity, but survival of one species-the bush rat Rattus fuscipes-was almost twofold higher where fox activity was low. Juvenile, but not adult rats, avoided fox odour on traps, as did individuals of the second prey species, the brown antechinus, Antechinus stuartii. Both species also showed reduced activity at foraging trays bearing fox odour in giving-up density (GUD) experiments, although GUDs and avoidance of fox odour declined over time. Young rats avoided fox odour more strongly where fox activity was high than where it was low, but neither adult R. fuscipes nor A. stuartii responded differently to different levels of fox activity. Conservation managers often attempt to eliminate alien predators or to protect predator-naïve prey in protected reserves. Our results suggest that, if predator pressure can be reduced, otherwise susceptible prey may survive the initial impact of an alien predator, and experience selection to discriminate cues to its presence and avoid it over the longer term. Although predator reduction is often feasible, identifying the level of reduction that will conserve prey and allow selection for avoidance remains an important challenge.}, }
@article {pmid22040744, year = {2012}, author = {te Beest, M and Le Roux, JJ and Richardson, DM and Brysting, AK and Suda, J and Kubesová, M and Pysek, P}, title = {The more the better? The role of polyploidy in facilitating plant invasions.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {109}, number = {1}, pages = {19-45}, pmid = {22040744}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Plant ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*genetics ; *Polyploidy ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biological invasions are a major ecological and socio-economic problem in many parts of the world. Despite an explosion of research in recent decades, much remains to be understood about why some species become invasive whereas others do not. Recently, polyploidy (whole genome duplication) has been proposed as an important determinant of invasiveness in plants. Genome duplication has played a major role in plant evolution and can drastically alter a plant's genetic make-up, morphology, physiology and ecology within only one or a few generations. This may allow some polyploids to succeed in strongly fluctuating environments and/or effectively colonize new habitats and, thus, increase their potential to be invasive.<br><br>SCOPE: We synthesize current knowledge on the importance of polyploidy for the invasion (i.e. spread) of introduced plants. We first aim to elucidate general mechanisms that are involved in the success of polyploid plants and translate this to that of plant invaders. Secondly, we provide an overview of ploidal levels in selected invasive alien plants and explain how ploidy might have contributed to their success.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Polyploidy can be an important factor in species invasion success through a combination of (1) 'pre-adaptation', whereby polyploid lineages are predisposed to conditions in the new range and, therefore, have higher survival rates and fitness in the earliest establishment phase; and (2) the possibility for subsequent adaptation due to a larger genetic diversity that may assist the 'evolution of invasiveness'. Alternatively, polyploidization may play an important role by (3) restoring sexual reproduction following hybridization or, conversely, (4) asexual reproduction in the absence of suitable mates. We, therefore, encourage invasion biologists to incorporate assessments of ploidy in their studies of invasive alien species.}, }
@article {pmid22037614, year = {2012}, author = {Lapointe, NW and Pendleton, RM and Angermeier, PL}, title = {A comparison of approaches for estimating relative impacts of nonnative fishes.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, pages = {82-95}, pmid = {22037614}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Environment ; *Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Mid-Atlantic Region ; Population Dynamics ; Rivers ; Southeastern United States ; }, abstract = {Lack of standard methods for quantifying impact has hindered risk assessments of high-impact invaders. To understand methodological strengths and weaknesses, we compared five approaches (in parentheses) for quantifying impact of nonnative fishes: reviewing documented impacts in a large-scale database (review); surveying fish biologists regarding three categories of impact (socioeconomic, ecological, abundance); and estimating frequency of occurrence from existing collection records (collection). In addition, we compared game and nongame biologists' ratings of game and nongame species. Although mean species ratings were generally correlated among approaches, we documented important discrepancies. The review approach required little effort but often inaccurately estimated impact in our study region (Mid-Atlantic United States). Game fishes received lower ratings from the socioeconomic approach, which yielded the greatest consistency among respondents. The ecological approach exhibited lower respondent bias but was sensitive to pre-existing perceptions of high-impact invaders. The abundance approach provided the least-biased assessment of region-specific impact but did not account for differences in per-capita effects among species. The collection approach required the most effort and did not provide reliable estimates of impact. Multiple approaches to assessing a species' impact are instructive, but impact ratings must be interpreted in the context of methodological strengths and weaknesses and key management issues. A combination of our ecological and abundance approaches may be most appropriate for assessing ecological impact, whereas our socioeconomic approach is more useful for understanding social dimensions. These approaches are readily transferrable to other regions and taxa; if refined, they can help standardize the assessment of impacts of nonnative species.}, }
@article {pmid22033909, year = {2011}, author = {Fang, DA and Wang, Q and Wang, J and He, L and Liu, LH and Wang, Y}, title = {A novel DDX5 gene in the freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus is highly expressed during ontogenesis and spermatogenesis.}, journal = {Genetics and molecular research : GMR}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {3963-3975}, doi = {10.4238/2011.October.25.3}, pmid = {22033909}, issn = {1676-5680}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Astacoidea/*enzymology/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Cell Differentiation ; DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics/metabolism ; DNA, Complementary/chemistry ; Fish Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Gonads/metabolism ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Spermatogenesis ; Testis ; }, abstract = {The freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus, originally from Australia, is an invasive species that is also widely used in aquaculture. DEAD-box helicase family genes are found throughout evolution and encode RNA-binding proteins. The human DDX5 (p68) is important for normal cell growth, differentiation and proliferation. We identified a C. quadricarinatus homolog of DDX5 (Cq-DDX5); the temporal expression of Cq-DDX5 mRNA transcripts was measured during early ontogenesis, during spermatogenesis, during testes development, and during the annual cycle. The Cq-DDX5 cDNA comprises 2258 nucleotides, with an open reading frame of 1569 bp, encoding 522 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence of Cq-DDX5 has a 53 to 90% similarity to DDX5 of other eukaryotic species. mRNA transcripts of Cq-DDX5 were detected in all tissues, with high levels in the gonads. The DDX5 expression was highest in the nauplii stage, during early ontogenesis and during testes development. In adult testes, transcripts appeared at significantly higher levels in the prespawning and spawning phase than in the post-spawning or regressed phase. Eyestalk ablation resulted in upregulation of Cq-DDX5 in adult male gonads in a time-dependent manner, with a peak at about 12 days. We conclude that the Cq-DDX5 gene plays an important role in early ontogenesis and spermatogenesis, with a crucial reproductive function in germ cell differentiation in these invertebrates.}, }
@article {pmid22023052, year = {2011}, author = {Hodgins, KA and Rieseberg, L}, title = {Genetic differentiation in life-history traits of introduced and native common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) populations.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {24}, number = {12}, pages = {2731-2749}, doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02404.x}, pmid = {22023052}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Ambrosia/*genetics/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Droughts ; Flowers/physiology ; Germination ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Light ; Reproduction ; Seeds/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Stress, Physiological ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Introduced species represent opportunities to observe evolution over contemporary time scales, and as exotics encounter new environments, adaptive responses can occur, potentially contributing to invasion. Here, we compare 22 native North American populations and 12 introduced European populations of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) in five common gardens (control, herbivory, light stress, nutrient stress and drought). We found evidence for improved growth and reproduction of the introduced populations in most environments, particularly in the light stress. However, under drought conditions, the introduced plants experienced more rapid wilting and mortality than their native counterparts, evidence consistent with a life-history trade-off between rapid growth and drought tolerance. Moreover, we found parallel latitudinal clines in flowering time and correlations between fitness components and the local climate of the source populations in both ranges. Together these data provide evidence for adaptation to local environmental conditions in the native and introduced range of common ragweed.}, }
@article {pmid22022877, year = {2012}, author = {García-Robledo, C and Horvitz, CC}, title = {Jack of all trades masters novel host plants: positive genetic correlations in specialist and generalist insect herbivores expanding their diets to novel hosts.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {38-53}, pmid = {22022877}, issn = {1420-9101}, support = {P01 AG022500/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; P01 AG022500-01/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological/genetics ; Animals ; *Coleoptera/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Diet ; Female ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; *Genetic Fitness ; Genotype ; Herbivory/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Pupa/growth &amp; development ; *Zingiberales ; }, abstract = {One explanation for the widespread host specialization of insect herbivores is the 'Jack of all trades-master of none' principle, which states that genotypes with high performance on one host will perform poorly on other hosts. This principle predicts that cross-host correlation in performance of genotypes will be negative. In this study, we experimentally explored cross-host correlations and performance among families in four species (two generalist and two specialist) of leaf beetles (Cephaloleia spp.) that are currently expanding their diets from native to exotic plants. All four species displayed similar responses in body size, developmental rates and mortality rates to experimentally controlled diets. When raised on novel hosts, body size of larvae, pupae and adults were reduced. Development times were longer, and larval mortality was higher on novel hosts. Genotype × host-plant interactions were not detected for most traits. All significant cross-host correlations were positive. These results indicate very different ecological and evolutionary dynamics than those predicted by the 'Jack of all trades-master of none' principle.}, }
@article {pmid22022606, year = {2011}, author = {Britton, JR and Pegg, J and Williams, CF}, title = {Pathological and ecological host consequences of infection by an introduced fish parasite.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, pages = {e26365}, pmid = {22022606}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Weight ; Carps/growth &amp; development/parasitology ; Cestoda/*physiology ; Cestode Infections/parasitology/pathology/veterinary ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology/*pathology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Intestines/parasitology/pathology ; *Introduced Species ; Isotope Labeling ; Parasites/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The infection consequences of the introduced cestode fish parasite Bothriocephalus acheilognathi were studied in a cohort of wild, young-of-the-year common carp Cyprinus carpio that lacked co-evolution with the parasite. Within the cohort, parasite prevalence was 42% and parasite burdens were up to 12% body weight. Pathological changes within the intestinal tract of parasitized carp included distension of the gut wall, epithelial compression and degeneration, pressure necrosis and varied inflammatory changes. These were most pronounced in regions containing the largest proportion of mature proglottids. Although the body lengths of parasitized and non-parasitized fish were not significantly different, parasitized fish were of lower body condition and reduced weight compared to non-parasitized conspecifics. Stable isotope analysis (δ(15)N and δ(13)C) revealed trophic impacts associated with infection, particularly for δ(15)N where values for parasitized fish were significantly reduced as their parasite burden increased. In a controlled aquarium environment where the fish were fed ad libitum on an identical food source, there was no significant difference in values of δ(15)N and δ(13)C between parasitized and non-parasitized fish. The growth consequences remained, however, with parasitized fish growing significantly slower than non-parasitized fish, with their feeding rate (items s(-1)) also significantly lower. Thus, infection by an introduced parasite had multiple pathological, ecological and trophic impacts on a host with no experience of the parasite.}, }
@article {pmid22022588, year = {2011}, author = {Hornoy, B and Tarayre, M and Hervé, M and Gigord, L and Atlan, A}, title = {Invasive plants and enemy release: evolution of trait means and trait correlations in Ulex europaeus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, pages = {e26275}, pmid = {22022588}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Reproduction ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Ulex/anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Several hypotheses that attempt to explain invasive processes are based on the fact that plants have been introduced without their natural enemies. Among them, the EICA (Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability) hypothesis is the most influential. It states that, due to enemy release, exotic plants evolve a shift in resource allocation from defence to reproduction or growth. In the native range of the invasive species Ulex europaeus, traits involved in reproduction and growth have been shown to be highly variable and genetically correlated. Thus, in order to explore the joint evolution of life history traits and susceptibility to seed predation in this species, we investigated changes in both trait means and trait correlations. To do so, we compared plants from native and invaded regions grown in a common garden. According to the expectations of the EICA hypothesis, we observed an increase in seedling height. However, there was little change in other trait means. By contrast, correlations exhibited a clear pattern: the correlations between life history traits and infestation rate by seed predators were always weaker in the invaded range than in the native range. In U. europaeus, the role of enemy release in shaping life history traits thus appeared to imply trait correlations rather than trait means. In the invaded regions studied, the correlations involving infestation rates and key life history traits such as flowering phenology, growth and pod density were reduced, enabling more independent evolution of these key traits and potentially facilitating local adaptation to a wide range of environments. These results led us to hypothesise that a relaxation of genetic correlations may be implied in the expansion of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid22022517, year = {2011}, author = {Cook, DC and Fraser, RW and Paini, DR and Warden, AC and Lonsdale, WM and De Barro, PJ}, title = {Biosecurity and yield improvement technologies are strategic complements in the fight against food insecurity.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, pages = {e26084}, pmid = {22022517}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Agriculture/economics/*methods ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth &amp; development ; Food Supply/economics/*methods ; Food Technology/economics/*methods ; Internationality ; Models, Biological ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Triticum/economics/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The delivery of food security via continued crop yield improvement alone is not an effective food security strategy, and must be supported by pre- and post-border biosecurity policies to guard against perverse outcomes. In the wake of the green revolution, yield gains have been in steady decline, while post-harvest crop losses have increased as a result of insufficiently resourced and uncoordinated efforts to control spoilage throughout global transport and storage networks. This paper focuses on the role that biosecurity is set to play in future food security by preventing both pre- and post-harvest losses, thereby protecting crop yield. We model biosecurity as a food security technology that may complement conventional yield improvement policies if the gains in global farm profits are sufficient to offset the costs of implementation and maintenance. Using phytosanitary measures that slow global spread of the Ug99 strain of wheat stem rust as an example of pre-border biosecurity risk mitigation and combining it with post-border surveillance and invasive alien species control efforts, we estimate global farm profitability may be improved by over US$4.5 billion per annum.}, }
@article {pmid22021850, year = {2011}, author = {Kilpatrick, AM}, title = {Globalization, land use, and the invasion of West Nile virus.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {334}, number = {6054}, pages = {323-327}, pmid = {22021850}, issn = {1095-9203}, support = {R01 AI090159/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; 1R01AI090159-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/transmission/virology ; Birds ; Culex/*virology ; Ecosystem ; Epidemics ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*virology ; *Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; *Urbanization ; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/transmission/veterinary/virology ; *West Nile virus/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; }, abstract = {Many invasive species that have been spread through the globalization of trade and travel are pathogens. A paradigmatic case is the introduction of West Nile virus (WNV) into North America in 1999. A decade of research on the ecology and evolution of WNV includes three findings that provide insight into the outcome of future pathogen introductions. First, WNV transmission in North America is highest in urbanized and agricultural habitats, in part because the hosts and vectors of WNV are abundant in human-modified areas. Second, after its introduction, the virus quickly adapted to infect local mosquito vectors more efficiently than the originally introduced strain. Third, highly focused feeding patterns of the mosquito vectors of WNV result in unexpected host species being important for transmission. This research provides a framework for predicting and preventing the emergence of foreign vector-borne pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid22017116, year = {2011}, author = {Velázquez-Velázquez, E and González-Solís, D and Salgado-Maldonado, G}, title = {Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Cestoda) in the endangered fish Profundulus hildebrandi (Cyprinodontiformes), Mexico.}, journal = {Revista de biologia tropical}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, pages = {1099-1104}, pmid = {22017116}, issn = {0034-7744}, mesh = {Animals ; Cestode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Cyprinodontiformes/*parasitology ; Fish Diseases/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Fresh Water ; Mexico/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The Asian fish tapeworm, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, has been considered one of the most dangerous parasites for cultured carp and a risk for native freshwater fish populations worldwide. This cestode is highly pathogenic for fishes especially fry. In this paper we record B. acheilognathi parasitizing the endangered and endemic freshwater fish Profundulus hildebrandi from the endorheic basin of San Crist6bal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. B. acheilognathi was recorded from 10 of the 11 sampled localities, with high values of prevalence (> 60%) and mean abundance (> 4.50). The infection was persistent all through the year; gravid cestodes were recorded in all samples. It is assumed that B. acheilognathi entered to this area through the introduction of common carp Cyprinus carpio, for aquacultural purposes. The data presented in this paper document the successful introduction, colonization and establishment of this alien species into the endangered P. hildebrandi.}, }
@article {pmid22017093, year = {2011}, author = {Nunn, PV and Reeves, WK and Utter, CM}, title = {New records for Micronesian mosquitoes.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {300-302}, doi = {10.2987/11-6120.1}, pmid = {22017093}, issn = {8756-971X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Culicidae ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Micronesia ; }, abstract = {The mosquito fauna of Micronesia is diverse and subject to introductions of exotic species and local extinctions. We report on 2 recently identified populations of exotic mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus and Anopheles campestris, to the Republic of the Marshall Islands and Guam.}, }
@article {pmid22016773, year = {2011}, author = {Paini, DR and Bianchi, FJ and Northfield, TD and De Barro, PJ}, title = {Predicting invasive fungal pathogens using invasive pest assemblages: testing model predictions in a virtual world.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, pages = {e25695}, pmid = {22016773}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Databases, Factual ; Fungi/*physiology ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Likelihood Functions ; *Models, Statistical ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Pest Control ; Plants/microbiology ; Reproducibility of Results ; }, abstract = {Predicting future species invasions presents significant challenges to researchers and government agencies. Simply considering the vast number of potential species that could invade an area can be insurmountable. One method, recently suggested, which can analyse large datasets of invasive species simultaneously is that of a self organising map (SOM), a form of artificial neural network which can rank species by establishment likelihood. We used this method to analyse the worldwide distribution of 486 fungal pathogens and then validated the method by creating a virtual world of invasive species in which to test the SOM. This novel validation method allowed us to test SOM's ability to rank those species that can establish above those that can't. Overall, we found the SOM highly effective, having on average, a 96-98% success rate (depending on the virtual world parameters). We also found that regions with fewer species present (i.e. 1-10 species) were more difficult for the SOM to generate an accurately ranked list, with success rates varying from 100% correct down to 0% correct. However, we were able to combine the numbers of species present in a region with clustering patterns in the SOM, to further refine confidence in lists generated from these sparsely populated regions. We then used the results from the virtual world to determine confidences for lists generated from the fungal pathogen dataset. Specifically, for lists generated for Australia and its states and territories, the reliability scores were between 84-98%. We conclude that a SOM analysis is a reliable method for analysing a large dataset of potential invasive species and could be used by biosecurity agencies around the world resulting in a better overall assessment of invasion risk.}, }
@article {pmid22016640, year = {2011}, author = {Chen, L and Xu, H and Li, H and Wu, J and Ding, H and Liu, Y}, title = {Isolation and characterization of sixteen polymorphic microsatellite loci in the golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {5993-5998}, pmid = {22016640}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Alleles ; Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Animals ; DNA/chemistry/genetics ; Gene Frequency ; Genetics, Population/methods ; Genotype ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Snails/*genetics ; }, abstract = {We report the characterization of 16 polymorphic microsatellite markers in the golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, a pest registered in the list of "100 of the world's worst invasive alien species". The fast isolation by AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) of sequences containing repeats (FIASCO) method was used to isolate microsatellite loci, and polymorphism was explored with 29 individuals collected in an invasive region from China. These primers showed a number of alleles per locus ranging from three to 13. The ranges of observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.310-0.966 and 0.523-0.898, respectively. These microsatellite markers described here will be useful for population genetic studies of P. canaliculata.}, }
@article {pmid22015570, year = {2012}, author = {Chang, CC and Smith, MD}, title = {Invasion of an intact plant community: the role of population versus community level diversity.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {168}, number = {4}, pages = {1091-1102}, pmid = {22015570}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Andropogon/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Biodiversity ; *Biota ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Kansas ; *Models, Biological ; Principal Component Analysis ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {To improve the understanding of how native plant diversity influences invasion, we examined how population and community diversity may directly and indirectly be related to invasion in a natural field setting. Due to the large impact of the dominant C(4) grass species (Andropogon gerardii) on invasion resistance of tallgrass prairie, we hypothesized that genetic diversity and associated traits within a population of this species would be more strongly related to invasion than diversity or traits of the rest of the community. We added seeds of the exotic invasive C(4) grass, A. bladhii, to 1-m(2) plots in intact tallgrass prairie that varied in genetic diversity of A. gerardii and plant community diversity, but not species richness. We assessed relationships among genetic diversity and traits of A. gerardii, community diversity, community aggregated traits, resource availability, and early season establishment and late-season persistence of the invader using structural equation modeling (SEM). SEM models suggested that community diversity likely enhanced invasion indirectly through increasing community aggregated specific leaf area as a consequence of more favorable microclimatic conditions for seedling establishment. In contrast, neither population nor community diversity was directly or indirectly related to late season survival of invasive seedlings. Our research suggests that while much of diversity-invasion research has separately focused on the direct effects of genetic and species diversity, when taken together, we find that the role of both levels of diversity on invasion resistance may be more complex, whereby effects of diversity may be primarily indirect via traits and vary depending on the stage of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid22012302, year = {2012}, author = {Stoeva, A and Harizanova, V and de Lillo, E and Cristofaro, M and Smith, L}, title = {Laboratory and field experimental evaluation of host plant specificity of Aceria solstitialis, a prospective biological control agent of yellow starthistle.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {56}, number = {1}, pages = {43-55}, pmid = {22012302}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Control Agents ; Centaurea/*parasitology ; *Host Specificity ; *Introduced Species ; *Mites ; *Weed Control ; }, abstract = {Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle, Asteraceae) is an invasive annual weed in the western USA that is native to the Mediterranean Region and is a target for classical biological control. Aceria solstitialis is an eriophyid mite that has been found exclusively in association with Ce. solstitialis in Italy, Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria. The mite feeds on leaf tissue and damages bolting plants, causing stunting, witch's broom and incomplete flower development. Field experiments and laboratory no-choice and two-way choice experiments were conducted to assess host plant specificity of the mite in Bulgaria. Mites showed the highest degree of host specificity in the field and lowest in the no-choice experiments. In the field, highest densities of mites occurred on Ce. solstitialis and Ce. cyanus (bachelor's button), and either no mites or trace numbers occurred on the other test plants: Ce. diffusa (diffuse knapweed), Carthamus tinctorius (safflower) and Cynara scolymus (artichoke). In no-choice experiments, mites persisted for 60 days on Ce. diffusa, Ce. cyanus, Ce. solstitialis, Ca. tinctorius and Cy. scolymus, whereas in two-way choice experiments mites persisted on 25% of Cy. scolymus plants for 60 days and did not persist on Ca. tinctorius beyond 40 days. The eight other species of plants that were tested in the laboratory were less suitable for the mite. These results suggest that although A. solstitialis can persist on some nontarget plants for as long as 60 days in the laboratory, it appears to be much more specific under natural conditions, and warrants further evaluation as a prospective biological control agent.}, }
@article {pmid22007466, year = {2011}, author = {Quan, GM and Zhang, JE and Xie, JF and Mao, DJ and Xu, HQ and Jiang, WB and Wen, DJ}, title = {[Impact of Mikania micrantha invasion on soil meso- and micro-invertebrate community structure].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {22}, number = {7}, pages = {1863-1870}, pmid = {22007466}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*classification/growth &amp; development ; Mikania/*growth &amp; development ; Plant Weeds/growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; Soil/*analysis/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Mikania micrantha, a notorious exotic weed of Asteraceae family, has invaded successfully in southern China, and caused serious damages to native ecosystems. In this paper, a field survey was conducted in the Huolushan Forest Park of Guangzhou, China, aimed to understand the impact of M. micrantha invasion on the soil meso- and micro-invertebrate community. Three sampling sites were installed, including M. micrantha-invaded site, ecotone, and native vegetation site. Through four samplings in 2009, a total of 5206 soil meso- and micro-invertebrate individuals were collected, belonging to 4 phyla, 10 classes, and 19 orders, among which, Nematoda was the dominant group, and Acarina, Collembolan, and Rotifera were the common groups. M. micrantha invasion altered the characteristics of soil meso- and micro-invertebrate community structure. Compared with those at the other two sampling sites, the numbers of total individuals, Nematoda, and Acarina at M. micrantha-invaded site increased significantly, but the groups of soil meso- and micro-invertebrates had less change. At M. micrantha-invaded site, the density-group index (DG) of soil meso- and micro-invertebrates was significantly higher, Margalef richness index (D) and Simpson dominance index (C) tended to ascend, but Pielou evenness index (E) and Shannon index (H') tended to descend. The similarity coefficient of soil meso- and micro-invertebrate community between M. micrantha-invaded site and ecotone was higher than that between M. micrantha-invaded site and native vegetation site. The changes of local climate conditions, plant litters, root secretions, and soil physical-chemical properties caused by M. micrantha invasion could be the major contributing factors that altered the community structure of soil meso- and micro-invertebrates at M. micrantha-invaded site.}, }
@article {pmid22006283, year = {2012}, author = {Orrock, JL and Christopher, CC and Dutra, HP}, title = {Seed bank survival of an invasive species, but not of two native species, declines with invasion.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {168}, number = {4}, pages = {1103-1110}, pmid = {22006283}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Fungi/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Lonicera/*growth &amp; development ; Missouri ; Population Dynamics ; Seeds/microbiology/*physiology ; *Soil Microbiology ; Symphoricarpos/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Soil-borne seed pathogens may play an important role in either hindering or facilitating the spread of invasive exotic plants. We examined whether the invasive shrub Lonicera maackii (Caprifoliaceae) affected fungi-mediated mortality of conspecific and native shrub seeds in a deciduous forest in eastern Missouri. Using a combination of L. maackii removal and fungicide treatments, we found no effect of L. maackii invasion on seed viability of the native Symphoricarpos orbiculatus (Caprifoliaceae) or Cornus drummondii (Cornaceae). In contrast, fungi were significant agents of L. maackii seed mortality in invaded habitats. Losses of L. maackii to soil fungi were also significant in invaded habitats where L. maackii had been removed, although the magnitude of the effect of fungi was lower, suggesting that changes in soil chemistry or microhabitat caused by L. maackii were responsible for affecting fungal seed pathogens. Our work suggests that apparent competition via soil pathogens is not an important factor contributing to impacts of L. maackii on native shrubs. Rather, we found that fungal seed pathogens have density-dependent effects on L. maackii seed survival. Therefore, while fungal pathogens may provide little biotic resistance to early invasion by L. maackii, our study illustrates that more work is needed to understand how changes in fungal pathogens during the course of an invasion contribute to the potential for restoration of invaded systems. More generally, our study suggests that increased rates of fungal pathogen attack may be realized by invasive plants, such as L. maackii, that change the chemical or physical environment of the habitats they invade.}, }
@article {pmid22005010, year = {2012}, author = {Garaventa, F and Corrà, C and Piazza, V and Giacco, E and Greco, G and Pane, L and Faimali, M}, title = {Settlement of the alien mollusc Brachidontes pharaonis in a Mediterranean industrial plant: bioassays for antifouling treatment optimization and management.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {76}, number = {}, pages = {90-96}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.09.011}, pmid = {22005010}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Assay ; Bivalvia/*drug effects ; Crustacea/drug effects ; Disinfectants/*toxicity ; Environment ; Industry ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Sicily ; }, abstract = {In this work, we investigated the efficacy of three new biocides (77351, 73532, 73503--NALCO®) as specific antifouling products against adult organisms of the bivalve Brachidontes pharaonis (Fischer P., 1870), a Lessepsian species introduced in the Mediterranean Sea by sea transport (ballast water), and which has recently shown invasive behaviour in an industrial plant in Southern Italy (Sicily). These biocides were tested to verify their efficacy, as well as their environmental compatibility at discharge point, using the crustacean belonging to the genus Artemia (Leach, 1819) as model organism, according to Government Decree (D. Lgs) No. 152/06. Biocides were also tested using alternative crustaceans, Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854), and Tigriopus fulvus (Fischer, 1860), in order to check whether their introduction as model species in the national regulation could affect discharge limit concentrations (DLC) due to their different sensitivity, with likely economic and technical repercussions in the industrial water treatment sector.}, }
@article {pmid22004893, year = {2011}, author = {Aston Philander, L}, title = {An ethnobotany of Western Cape Rasta bush medicine.}, journal = {Journal of ethnopharmacology}, volume = {138}, number = {2}, pages = {578-594}, doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.004}, pmid = {22004893}, issn = {1872-7573}, mesh = {*Ethnobotany ; *Medicine, African Traditional ; *Plants, Medicinal ; South Africa ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {AIMS OF THIS STUDY: This descriptive ethnobiological research is the first documentation of the materials utilized in the pharmacopeia of a novel group of herbalists, Rasta bush doctors, found in the botanically diverse Western Cape of South Africa. This article suggests that medicinal plants used by bush doctors unite the disparate ethnomedicines found in South Africa.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ethnospecies name and parts used were recorded during detailed inventories of 39 bush doctors. Collection of voucher specimens for botanical identification occurred in 15 locations. Herbal remedies were classified into use categories and were compared to historical ethnobotanical literature to ascertain previous cultural affiliations.<br><br>RESULTS: There were 205 ethnospecies found in the Rastafari ethnobiology, 181 were used medicinally. Ethnospecies belong to 71 plant families and 71% belonged to six plant families: Rutaceae (13), Asteraceae (13), Apiaceae (9), Lamiaceae (8), Fabaceae (8), and Euphorbiaceae (7). The majority of remedies (49%) were foliage. Medicinal plants treated over 30 ailments including: gastrointestinal symptoms (11%), urogential complaints (11%), skin ailments (9%), and cardiovascular diseases (8%). Bush doctors appropriated remedies traditionally important to Zulu, KhoiSan, European and Xhosa healing traditions. Novel plants and plant utilization were noted for 22 plant species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Use of previously undocumented plant materials as medicinals denote distinct local knowledge including novel Rastafarian utilization of herbs for spiritual and ritual purposes. The range of the largely herbaceous pharmacopeia is narrow compared to the region's highly biodiverse materials and historical records of medicinal use. Bush doctors' experimentation with known herbal remedies illustrates a striking level of cross-cultural adaptation. This syncretic pharmacopeia reflects the cultural diversity of Southern Africa, drawing upon recent invasive species, European influence and traditional herbs used by the KhoiSan, Zulu and Xhosa peoples.}, }
@article {pmid22004292, year = {2011}, author = {Lombaert, E and Guillemaud, T and Thomas, CE and Lawson Handley, LJ and Li, J and Wang, S and Pang, H and Goryacheva, I and Zakharov, IA and Jousselin, E and Poland, RL and Migeon, A and Van Lenteren, J and DE Clercq, P and Berkvens, N and Jones, W and Estoup, A}, title = {Inferring the origin of populations introduced from a genetically structured native range by approximate Bayesian computation: case study of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {22}, pages = {4654-4670}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05322.x}, pmid = {22004292}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia, Western ; Bayes Theorem ; Cluster Analysis ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; Computer Simulation ; Asia, Eastern ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; North America ; Pest Control, Biological ; }, abstract = {Correct identification of the source population of an invasive species is a prerequisite for testing hypotheses concerning the factors responsible for biological invasions. The native area of invasive species may be large, poorly known and/or genetically structured. Because the actual source population may not have been sampled, studies based on molecular markers may generate incorrect conclusions about the origin of introduced populations. In this study, we characterized the genetic structure of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis in its native area using various population genetic statistics and methods. We found that native area of H. axyridis most probably consisted of two geographically distinct genetic clusters located in eastern and western Asia. We then performed approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) analyses on controlled simulated microsatellite data sets to evaluate (i) the risk of selecting incorrect introduction scenarios, including admixture between sources, when the populations of the native area are genetically structured and sampling is incomplete and (ii) the ability of ABC analysis to minimize such risks by explicitly including unsampled populations in the scenarios compared. Finally, we performed additional ABC analyses on real microsatellite data sets to retrace the origin of biocontrol and invasive populations of H. axyridis, taking into account the possibility that the structured native area may have been incompletely sampled. We found that the invasive population in eastern North America, which has served as the bridgehead for worldwide invasion by H. axyridis, was probably formed by an admixture between the eastern and western native clusters. This admixture may have facilitated adaptation of the bridgehead population.}, }
@article {pmid22002083, year = {2012}, author = {Raybould, A and Higgins, LS and Horak, MJ and Layton, RJ and Storer, NP and De La Fuente, JM and Herman, RA}, title = {Assessing the ecological risks from the persistence and spread of feral populations of insect-resistant transgenic maize.}, journal = {Transgenic research}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {655-664}, pmid = {22002083}, issn = {1573-9368}, mesh = {Animals ; Crops, Agricultural/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Insecta/pathogenicity ; Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Phenotype ; Plant Diseases/parasitology ; Plants, Genetically Modified/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Reproduction ; Risk Assessment/*methods ; Seed Dispersal ; Zea mays/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {One source of potential harm from the cultivation of transgenic crops is their dispersal, persistence and spread in non-agricultural land. Ecological damage may result from such spread if the abundance of valued species is reduced. The ability of a plant to spread in non-agricultural habitats is called its invasiveness potential. The risks posed by the invasiveness potential of transgenic crops are assessed by comparing in agronomic field trials the phenotypes of the crops with the phenotypes of genetically similar non-transgenic crops known to have low invasiveness potential. If the transgenic and non-transgenic crops are similar in traits believed to control invasiveness potential, it may be concluded that the transgenic crop has low invasiveness potential and poses negligible ecological risk via persistence and spread in non-agricultural habitats. If the phenotype of the transgenic crop is outside the range of the non-transgenic comparators for the traits controlling invasiveness potential, or if the comparative approach is regarded as inadequate for reasons of risk perception or risk communication, experiments that simulate the dispersal of the crop into non-agricultural habitats may be necessary. We describe such an experiment for several commercial insect-resistant transgenic maize events in conditions similar to those found in maize-growing regions of Mexico. As expected from comparative risk assessments, the transgenic maize was found to behave similarly to non-transgenic maize and to be non-invasive. The value of this experiment in assessing and communicating the negligible ecological risk posed by the low invasiveness potential of insect-resistant transgenic maize in Mexico is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid22001529, year = {2012}, author = {Chapple, DG and Simmonds, SM and Wong, BB}, title = {Can behavioral and personality traits influence the success of unintentional species introductions?.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {57-64}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2011.09.010}, pmid = {22001529}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; *Personality ; }, abstract = {Unintentional species invasions are instigated by human-mediated dispersal of individuals beyond their native range. Although most introductions fail at the first hurdle, a select subset pass through each stage of the introduction process (i.e., transport, introduction, establishment and spread) to become successful invaders. Efforts to identify the traits associated with invasion success have predominately focused on deliberate introductions, which essentially bypass the initial introduction stage. Here, we highlight how behavior influences the success or failure of unintentional species introductions across each stage of the introduction process, with a particular focus on transportation and initial establishment. In addition, we emphasize how recent advances in understanding of animal personalities and individual-level behavioral variation can help elucidate the mechanisms underlying the success of stowaways.}, }
@article {pmid21998687, year = {2011}, author = {Boulêtreau, S and Cucherousset, J and Villéger, S and Masson, R and Santoul, F}, title = {Colossal aggregations of giant alien freshwater fish as a potential biogeochemical hotspot.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, pages = {e25732}, pmid = {21998687}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Catfishes ; Female ; *Fresh Water ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Male ; Models, Statistical ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {The ubiquity and fascinating nature of animal aggregations are widely recognised. We report here consistent and previously undocumented occurences of aggregations of a giant alien freshwater fish, the Wels catfish (Silurus glanis). Aggregative groups were on average composed of 25 (± 10 SD, ranging from 15 to 44) adults with estimated average total biomass of 651 kg (386 - 1132) and biomass density of 23 kg m(-2) (14 - 40). Aggregations always occurred within the same location. No foraging, reproductive or anti-predator behaviour were observed during the aggregations. A mass-balance model estimated that these colossal aggregations of an alien species can locally release, through excretion only, up to 70 mg P m(-2) h(-1) and 400 mg N m(-2) h(-1), potentially representing the highest biogeochemical hotspots reported in freshwater ecosystems and another unexpected ecological effect of alien species.}, }
@article {pmid21998676, year = {2011}, author = {Li, HL and Lei, GC and Zhi, YB and An, SQ and Huang, HP and Ouyang, Y and Zhao, L and Deng, ZF and Liu, YH}, title = {Nitrogen level changes the interactions between a native (Scirpus triqueter) and an exotic species (Spartina anglica) in Coastal China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, pages = {e25629}, pmid = {21998676}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biomass ; China ; *Environment ; Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/anatomy &amp; histology/*metabolism/physiology ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Plant Leaves/anatomy &amp; histology/metabolism/physiology ; Reproduction, Asexual ; }, abstract = {The exotic species Spartina anglica, introduced from Europe in 1963, has been experiencing a decline in the past decade in coastal China, but the reasons for the decline are still not clear. It is hypothesized that competition with the native species Scirpus triqueter may have played an important role in the decline due to niche overlap in the field. We measured biomass, leaf number and area, asexual reproduction and relative neighborhood effect (RNE) of the two species in both monoculture and mixture under three nitrogen levels (control, low and high). S. anglica showed significantly lower biomass accumulation, leaf number and asexual reproduction in mixture than in monoculture. The inter- and intra-specific RNE of S. anglica were all positive, and the inter-specific RNE was significantly higher than the intra-specific RNE in the control. For S. triqueter, inter- and intra-specific RNE were negative at the high nitrogen level but positive in the control and at the low nitrogen level. This indicates that S. triqueter exerted an asymmetric competitive advantage over S. anglica in the control and low nitrogen conditions; however, S. anglica facilitated growth of S. triqueter in high nitrogen conditions. Nitrogen level changed the interactions between the two species because S. triqueter better tolerated low nitrogen. Since S. anglica is increasingly confined to upper, more nitrogen-limited marsh areas in coastal China, increased competition from S. triqueter may help explain its decline.}, }
@article {pmid21998669, year = {2011}, author = {De Barro, P and Ahmed, MZ}, title = {Genetic networking of the Bemisia tabaci cryptic species complex reveals pattern of biological invasions.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, pages = {e25579}, pmid = {21998669}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Genes, Insect/*genetics ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Hemiptera/*classification/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Mitochondria/enzymology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A challenge within the context of cryptic species is the delimitation of individual species within the complex. Statistical parsimony network analytics offers the opportunity to explore limits in situations where there are insufficient species-specific morphological characters to separate taxa. The results also enable us to explore the spread in taxa that have invaded globally.<br><br>Using a 657 bp portion of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 from 352 unique haplotypes belonging to the Bemisia tabaci cryptic species complex, the analysis revealed 28 networks plus 7 unconnected individual haplotypes. Of the networks, 24 corresponded to the putative species identified using the rule set devised by Dinsdale et al. (2010). Only two species proposed in Dinsdale et al. (2010) departed substantially from the structure suggested by the analysis. The analysis of the two invasive members of the complex, Mediterranean (MED) and Middle East - Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), showed that in both cases only a small number of haplotypes represent the majority that have spread beyond the home range; one MEAM1 and three MED haplotypes account for >80% of the GenBank records. Israel is a possible source of the globally invasive MEAM1 whereas MED has two possible sources. The first is the eastern Mediterranean which has invaded only the USA, primarily Florida and to a lesser extent California. The second are western Mediterranean haplotypes that have spread to the USA, Asia and South America. The structure for MED supports two home range distributions, a Sub-Saharan range and a Mediterranean range. The MEAM1 network supports the Middle East - Asia Minor region.<br><br>CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The network analyses show a high level of congruence with the species identified in a previous phylogenetic analysis. The analysis of the two globally invasive members of the complex support the view that global invasion often involve very small portions of the available genetic diversity.}, }
@article {pmid21996321, year = {2012}, author = {Laparie, M and Larvor, V and Frenot, Y and Renault, D}, title = {Starvation resistance and effects of diet on energy reserves in a predatory ground beetle (Merizodus soledadinus; Carabidae) invading the Kerguelen Islands.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology}, volume = {161}, number = {2}, pages = {122-129}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.09.011}, pmid = {21996321}, issn = {1531-4332}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Body Weight/physiology ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Diet/*veterinary ; Energy Metabolism/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Female ; *Geography ; Glucose/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Male ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Starvation ; Trehalose/metabolism ; Triglycerides/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The relationship between nutritional requirements and the availability or quality of food is a prime parameter in determining the geographical expansion of invasive insects. At the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands, the invasive ground beetle Merizodus soledadinus becomes the main invertebrate predator when it colonizes new habitats, leading to the local extinction of native fly species. Such changes in the structure of prey communities may alter the energy management (storage and expenditure) of this predator. In this species, we monitored survival and body mass during food deprivation, in addition to evaluating the effects of two distinct diets (maggots versus enchytraeids) on the consumption and restoration of body reserves (sugars and triglycerides). We found that adults can starve for more than 60 days, and feed every 3.76 days on average when food is available. We recorded higher predation rates on maggots, associated with steeper body mass variations, compared to enchytraeids. Sugars and triglycerides were significantly consumed during food deprivation and restored after refeeding, but varied similarly among individuals supplied on the distinct diets. Other parameters may determine the food preferences observed, such as salt content in prey tissues, because M. soledadinus mainly feeds in hypersaline foreshore habitats, and may limit the consumption of osmotic conformers.}, }
@article {pmid21991347, year = {2011}, author = {Jakubowski, AR and Casler, MD and Jackson, RD}, title = {Has selection for improved agronomic traits made reed canarygrass invasive?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, pages = {e25757}, pmid = {21991347}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Breeding ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Fertility ; *Introduced Species ; Phalaris/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; }, abstract = {Plant breeders have played an essential role in improving agricultural crops, and their efforts will be critical to meet the increasing demand for cellulosic bioenergy feedstocks. However, a major concern is the potential development of novel invasive species that result from breeders' efforts to improve agronomic traits in a crop. We use reed canarygrass as a case study to evaluate the potential of plant breeding to give rise to invasive species. Reed canarygrass has been improved by breeders for use as a forage crop, but it is unclear whether breeding efforts have given rise to more vigorous populations of the species. We evaluated cultivars, European wild, and North American invader populations in upland and wetland environments to identify differences in vigor between the groups of populations. While cultivars were among the most vigorous populations in an agricultural environment (upland soils with nitrogen addition), there were no differences in above- or below-ground production between any populations in wetland environments. These results suggest that breeding has only marginally increased vigor in upland environments and that these gains are not maintained in wetland environments. Breeding focuses on selection for improvements of a specific target population of environments, and stability across a wide range of environments has proved elusive for even the most intensively bred crops. We conclude that breeding efforts are not responsible for wetland invasion by reed canarygrass and offer guidelines that will help reduce the possibility of breeding programs releasing cultivars that will become invasive.}, }
@article {pmid21991339, year = {2011}, author = {Nori, J and Urbina-Cardona, JN and Loyola, RD and Lescano, JN and Leynaud, GC}, title = {Climate change and American Bullfrog invasion: what could we expect in South America?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, pages = {e25718}, pmid = {21991339}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Rana catesbeiana/*physiology ; South America ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biological invasion and climate change pose challenges to biodiversity conservation in the 21(st) century. Invasive species modify ecosystem structure and functioning and climatic changes are likely to produce invasive species' range shifts pushing some populations into protected areas. The American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) is one of the hundred worst invasive species in the world. Native from the southeast of USA, it has colonized more than 75% of South America where it has been reported as a highly effective predator, competitor and vector of amphibian diseases.<br><br>We modeled the potential distribution of the bullfrog in its native range based on different climate models and green-house gases emission scenarios, and projected the results onto South America for the years of 2050 and 2080. We also overlaid projected models onto the South American network of protected areas. Our results indicate a slight decrease in potential suitable area for bullfrog invasion, although protected areas will become more climatically suitable. Therefore, invasion of these sites is forecasted.<br><br>CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We provide new evidence supporting the vulnerability of the Atlantic Forest Biodiversity Hotspot to bullfrog invasion and call attention to optimal future climatic conditions of the Andean-Patagonian forest, eastern Paraguay, and northwestern Bolivia, where invasive populations have not been found yet. We recommend several management and policy strategies to control bullfrog invasion and argue that these would be possible if based on appropriate articulation among government agencies, NGOs, research institutions and civil society.}, }
@article {pmid21990168, year = {2011}, author = {Lee, JC and Bruck, DJ and Dreves, AJ and Ioriatti, C and Vogt, H and Baufeld, P}, title = {In Focus: Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, across perspectives.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {67}, number = {11}, pages = {1349-1351}, doi = {10.1002/ps.2271}, pmid = {21990168}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; Crops, Agricultural ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Europe ; *Insect Control/economics/methods ; Introduced Species/economics ; Mexico ; Population Dynamics ; United States ; }, abstract = {In August 2008, the first detection of the spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, to the North America mainland in California caused great concern, as the fly was found infesting a variety of commercial fruits. Subsequent detections followed in Oregon, Washington, Florida and British Columbia in 2009; in Utah, North Carolina, South Carolina, Michigan, and Louisiana in 2010; and in Virginia, Montana, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Mexico in 2011. In Europe, it has been detected in Italy and Spain in 2009 and in France in 2010. Economic costs to the grower from D. suzukii include the increased cost of production (increased labor and materials for chemical inputs, monitoring and other management tools) and crop loss. An effective response to the invasion of D. suzukii requires proper taxonomic identification at the initial phase, understanding basic biology and phenology, developing management tools, transferring information and technology quickly to user groups, and evaluating the impact of the research and extension program on an economic, social, and environmental level. As D. suzukii continues to expand its range, steps must be initiated in each new region to educate and inform the public as well as formulate management tactics suitable for the crops and growing conditions in each.}, }
@article {pmid21988736, year = {2011}, author = {Jiménez, MA and Jaksic, FM and Armesto, JJ and Gaxiola, A and Meserve, PL and Kelt, DA and Gutiérrez, JR}, title = {Extreme climatic events change the dynamics and invasibility of semi-arid annual plant communities.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {1227-1235}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01693.x}, pmid = {21988736}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Chile ; *Droughts ; Ecosystem ; *El Nino-Southern Oscillation ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; *Rain ; }, abstract = {Extreme climatic events represent disturbances that change the availability of resources. We studied their effects on annual plant assemblages in a semi-arid ecosystem in north-central Chile. We analysed 130 years of precipitation data using generalised extreme-value distribution to determine extreme events, and multivariate techniques to analyse 20 years of plant cover data of 34 native and 11 exotic species. Extreme drought resets the dynamics of the system and renders it susceptible to invasion. On the other hand, by favouring native annuals, moderately wet events change species composition and allow the community to be resilient to extreme drought. The probability of extreme drought has doubled over the last 50 years. Therefore, investigations on the interaction of climate change and biological invasions are relevant to determine the potential for future effects on the dynamics of semi-arid annual plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid21987104, year = {2012}, author = {Bazsalovicsová, E and Králová-Hromadová, I and Stefka, J and Scholz, T}, title = {Molecular characterization of Atractolytocestus sagittatus (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), monozoic parasite of common carp, and its differentiation from the invasive species Atractolytocestus huronensis.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {110}, number = {5}, pages = {1621-1629}, pmid = {21987104}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/*parasitology ; Cestoda/*classification/isolation &amp; purification/*pathogenicity ; Cestode Infections/parasitology/*veterinary ; Cyclooxygenase 1/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry/genetics ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Sequence structure of complete internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2) of the ribosomal DNA region and partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene sequences were studied in the monozoic tapeworm Atractolytocestus sagittatus (Kulakovskaya et Akhmerov, 1965) (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), a parasite of common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio L.). Intraindividual sequence diversity was observed in both ribosomal spacers. In ITS1, a total number of 19 recombinant clones yielded eight different sequence types (pairwise sequence identity, 99.7-100%) which, however, did not resemble the structure typical for divergent intragenomic ITS copies (paralogues). Polymorphism was displayed by several single nucleotide mutations present exclusively in single clones, but variation in the number of short repetitive motifs was not observed. In ITS2, a total of 21 recombinant clones yielded ten different sequence types (pairwise sequence identity, 97.5-100%). They were mostly characterized by a varying number of (TCGT)(n) repeats resulting in assortment of ITS2 sequences into two sequence variants, which reflected the structure specific for ITS paralogues. The third DNA region analysed, mitochondrial cox1 gene (669 bp) was detected to be 100% identical in all studied A. sagittatus individuals. Comparison of molecular data on A. sagittatus with those on Atractolytocestus huronensis Anthony, 1958, an invasive parasite of common carp, has shown that interspecific differences significantly exceeded intraspecific variation in both ribosomal spacers (81.4-82.5% in ITS1, 74.4-75.2% in ITS2) as well as in mitochondrial cox1, which confirms validity of both congeneric tapeworms parasitic in the same fish host.}, }
@article {pmid21985407, year = {2011}, author = {Pett, W and Ryan, JF and Pang, K and Mullikin, JC and Martindale, MQ and Baxevanis, AD and Lavrov, DV}, title = {Extreme mitochondrial evolution in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi: Insight from mtDNA and the nuclear genome.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {130-142}, pmid = {21985407}, issn = {1940-1744}, support = {ZIA HG000140-13/ImNIH/Intramural NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Nucleus/*genetics ; Ctenophora/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genome ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Recent advances in sequencing technology have led to a rapid accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences, which now represent the wide spectrum of animal diversity. However, one animal phylum--Ctenophora--has, to date, remained completely unsampled. Ctenophores, a small group of marine animals, are of interest due to their unusual biology, controversial phylogenetic position, and devastating impact as invasive species. Using data from the Mnemiopsis leidyi genome sequencing project, we Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplified and analyzed its complete mitochondrial (mt-) genome. At just over 10 kb, the mt-genome of M. leidyi is the smallest animal mtDNA ever reported and is among the most derived. It has lost at least 25 genes, including atp6 and all tRNA genes. We show that atp6 has been relocated to the nuclear genome and has acquired introns and a mitochondrial targeting presequence, while tRNA genes have been genuinely lost, along with nuclear-encoded mt-aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. The mt-genome of M. leidyi also displays extremely high rates of sequence evolution, which likely led to the degeneration of both protein and rRNA genes. In particular, encoded rRNA molecules possess little similarity with their homologs in other organisms and have highly reduced secondary structures. At the same time, nuclear encoded mt-ribosomal proteins have undergone expansions, likely to compensate for the reductions in mt-rRNA. The unusual features identified in M. leidyi mtDNA make this organism an interesting system for the study of various aspects of mitochondrial biology, particularly protein and tRNA import and mt-ribosome structures, and add to its value as an emerging model species. Furthermore, the fast-evolving M. leidyi mtDNA should be a convenient molecular marker for species- and population-level studies.}, }
@article {pmid21985308, year = {2011}, author = {Kauffman, MD and LeJeune, J}, title = {European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) challenged with Escherichia coli O157 can carry and transmit the human pathogen to cattle.}, journal = {Letters in applied microbiology}, volume = {53}, number = {6}, pages = {596-601}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2011.03163.x}, pmid = {21985308}, issn = {1472-765X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bacterial Shedding ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/*transmission ; Disease Reservoirs/microbiology ; Disease Vectors ; Escherichia coli Infections/transmission/*veterinary ; *Escherichia coli O157 ; Feces/microbiology ; Humans ; *Starlings ; United States ; }, abstract = {AIMS: European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) are an invasive species in the United States and are considered a nuisance pest to agriculture. The goal of this study was to determine the potential for these birds to be reservoirs and/or vectors for the human pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7.<br><br>MATERIALS AND RESULTS: Under biosecurity confinement, starlings were challenged with various doses of E. coli O157:H7 to determine a minimum infectious dose, the magnitude and duration of pathogen shedding, and the potential of pathogen transmission among starlings and between starlings and cattle. Birds transiently excreted E. coli O157:H7 following low-dose inoculation; however, exposure to greater than 10(5.5) colony-forming units (CFUs) resulted in shedding for more than 3 days in 50% of the birds. Colonized birds typically excreted greater than 10(3) CFU g(-1) of faeces, and the pathogen was detected for as long as 14 days postinoculation. Cohabitating E. coli O157:H7-positive starlings with culture-negative birds or 12-week-old calves resulted in intra- and interspecies pathogen transmission within 24 h. Likewise, E. coli O157:H7 was recovered from previously culture-negative starlings following 24-h cohabitation with calves shedding E. coli O157:H7.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: &#x2002; European starlings may be a suitable reservoir and vector of E. coli O157:H7.<br><br>Given the duration and magnitude of E. coli O157:H7 shedding by European starlings, European starlings should be considered a public health hazard. Measures aimed at controlling environmental contamination with starling excrement, on the farm and in public venues, may decrease food-producing animal and human exposure to this pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid21984907, year = {2011}, author = {Wan, X and Nardi, F and Zhang, B and Liu, Y}, title = {The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, in China: origin and gradual inland range expansion associated with population growth.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, pages = {e25238}, pmid = {21984907}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Computer Simulation ; Gene Flow/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Haplotypes/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Population Growth ; Tephritidae/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, expanded throughout mainland China in the last century to become one of the most serious pests in the area, yet information on this process are fragmentary. Three mitochondrial genes (nad1, cytb and nad5) were used to infer the genetic diversity, population structure and demographic history of the oriental fruit fly from its entire distribution range in China. High levels of genetic diversity, as well as a significant correspondence between genetic and geographic distances, suggest that the invasion process might have been gradual, with no associated genetic bottlenecks. Three population groups could be identified, nevertheless the overall genetic structure was weak. The effective number of migrants between populations, estimated using the coalescent method, suggested asymmetric gene flow from the costal region of Guangdong to most inland regions. The demographic analysis indicates the oriental fruit fly underwent a recent population expansion in the Central China. We suggest the species originated in the costal region facing the South China Sea and gradually expanded to colonize mainland China, expanding here to high population numbers.}, }
@article {pmid21980551, year = {2011}, author = {Engel, K and Tollrian, R and Jeschke, JM}, title = {Integrating biological invasions, climate change and phenotypic plasticity.}, journal = {Communicative &amp; integrative biology}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {247-250}, pmid = {21980551}, issn = {1942-0889}, abstract = {Invasive species frequently change the ecosystems where they are introduced, e.g., by affecting species interactions and population densities of native species. We outline the connectedness of biological invasions, climate change and the phenomenon of phenotypic plasticity. Integrating these hot topics is important for understanding the biology of many species, their information transfer and general interactions with other organisms. One example where this is particularly true is the zooplankton species Daphnia lumholtzi, which has successfully invaded North America. The combination of a high thermal tolerance and a phenotypically plastic defense in D. lumholtzi might be responsible for its invasion success. Its morphological defense consists of rigid spines and is formed after sensory detecting the presence of native fish predators. The integration of biological invasions, climate change and phenotypic plasticity is an important goal for integrative biology.}, }
@article {pmid21980442, year = {2011}, author = {Zhu, X and Zhang, J and Ma, K}, title = {Soil biota reduce allelopathic effects of the invasive Eupatorium adenophorum.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {9}, pages = {e25393}, pmid = {21980442}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ageratina/chemistry/*physiology/*toxicity ; *Biota ; Brassica rapa/drug effects/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Kinetics ; Pheromones/metabolism/toxicity ; Plant Extracts/isolation &amp; purification/toxicity ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Silicon Dioxide ; *Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; Sterilization ; Toxins, Biological/isolation &amp; purification/toxicity ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Allelopathy has been hypothesized to play a role in exotic plant invasions, and study of this process can improve our understanding of how direct and indirect plant interactions influence plant community organization and ecosystem functioning. However, allelopathic effects can be highly conditional. For example allelopathic effects demonstrated in vivo can be difficult to demonstrate in field soils. Here we tested phytotoxicity of Eupatorium adenophorum (croftonweed), one of the most destructive exotic species in China, to a native plant species Brassica rapa both in sand and in native soil. Our results suggested that natural soils from different invaded habitats alleviated or eliminated the efficacy of potential allelochemicals relative to sand cultures. When that soil is sterilized, the allelopathic effects returned; suggesting that soil biota were responsible for the reduced phytotoxicity in natural soils. Neither of the two allelopathic compounds (9-Oxo-10,11-dehydroageraphorone and 9b-Hydroxyageraphorone) of E. adenophorum could be found in natural soils infested by the invader, and when those compounds were added to the soils as leachates, they showed substantial degradation after 24 hours in natural soils but not in sand. Our findings emphasize that soil biota can reduce the allelopathic effects of invaders on other plants, and therefore can reduce community invasibility. These results also suggest that soil biota may have stronger or weaker effects on allelopathic interactions depending on how allelochemicals are delivered.}, }
@article {pmid21980339, year = {2011}, author = {Jesse, M and Mazzucco, R and Dieckmann, U and Heesterbeek, H and Metz, JA}, title = {Invasion and persistence of infectious agents in fragmented host populations.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {9}, pages = {e24006}, pmid = {21980339}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Basic Reproduction Number ; Birds ; *Communicable Disease Control ; Communicable Diseases/*transmission ; Demography ; Emigration and Immigration ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {One of the important questions in understanding infectious diseases and their prevention and control is how infectious agents can invade and become endemic in a host population. A ubiquitous feature of natural populations is that they are spatially fragmented, resulting in relatively homogeneous local populations inhabiting patches connected by the migration of hosts. Such fragmented population structures are studied extensively with metapopulation models. Being able to define and calculate an indicator for the success of invasion and persistence of an infectious agent is essential for obtaining general qualitative insights into infection dynamics, for the comparison of prevention and control scenarios, and for quantitative insights into specific systems. For homogeneous populations, the basic reproduction ratio R(0) plays this role. For metapopulations, defining such an 'invasion indicator' is not straightforward. Some indicators have been defined for specific situations, e.g., the household reproduction number R*. However, these existing indicators often fail to account for host demography and especially host migration. Here we show how to calculate a more broadly applicable indicator R(m) for the invasion and persistence of infectious agents in a host metapopulation of equally connected patches, for a wide range of possible epidemiological models. A strong feature of our method is that it explicitly accounts for host demography and host migration. Using a simple compartmental system as an example, we illustrate how R(m) can be calculated and expressed in terms of the key determinants of epidemiological dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid21980166, year = {2011}, author = {Vallejo-Marín, M and Solis-Montero, L and Bacles, CF and Lepais, O}, title = {Thirteen microsatellites developed by SSR-enriched pyrosequencing for Solanum rostratum (Solanaceae) and related species.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {98}, number = {10}, pages = {e296-9}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1100159}, pmid = {21980166}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Electrophoresis, Agar Gel ; Genetic Loci/genetics ; Genetic Testing ; Genetics, Population ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; Solanum/*genetics ; Species Specificity ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Microsatellite markers were developed using second-generation sequencing in Solanum rostratum as a tool to study the reproductive biology and genetic structure of this invasive species.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirteen microsatellites were successfully discovered and amplified in a single multiplexed PCR. All loci showed genetic variation in S. rostratum. Cross-amplification in five closely related taxa was successful for a subset of loci.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The set of 13 microsatellite markers developed here provides a time-effective and cost-effective genetic tool to study the reproductive biology of S. rostratum. The demonstrated transferability of the PCR multiplex to related taxa also highlights its usefulness for evolutionary studies across Solanum sect. Androceras.}, }
@article {pmid21973078, year = {2012}, author = {Zhang, R and Leshak, A and Shea, K}, title = {Decreased structural defence of an invasive thistle under warming.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {249-252}, doi = {10.1111/j.1438-8677.2011.00459.x}, pmid = {21973078}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Carduus/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Defense Mechanisms ; *Global Warming ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Pennsylvania ; Plant Leaves/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Plant Weeds/physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Plant structural defences play a key role in preventing fitness loss due to herbivory. However, how structural defences are affected by potential climate change is rarely examined. We examined how leaf morphological traits that relate to the structural defence of an invasive thistle, Carduus nutans, change in a warmer climate. We manipulated warming using open-top chambers (OTCs) and examined the morphology of leaves at three different positions (the 5th, 10th and 15th leaves, counted from the top of the plant) in two destructive summer censuses. We found that structural defence traits were different under ambient versus warmed conditions. Prickle densities (both the number of prickles per leaf area and the number of prickles per leaf mass) were significantly lower in plants grown in a warmer climate. Our results suggest that plant structural defences may be reduced under warming, and therefore should be considered when examining species' responses to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid21972031, year = {2012}, author = {Garnier, J and Roques, L and Hamel, F}, title = {Success rate of a biological invasion in terms of the spatial distribution of the founding population.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, pages = {453-473}, doi = {10.1007/s11538-011-9694-9}, pmid = {21972031}, issn = {1522-9602}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Survival Rate ; }, abstract = {We analyze the role of the spatial distribution of the initial condition in reaction-diffusion models of biological invasion. Our study shows that, in the presence of an Allee effect, the precise shape of the initial (or founding) population is of critical importance for successful invasion. Results are provided for one-dimensional and two-dimensional models. In the one-dimensional case, we consider initial conditions supported by two disjoint intervals of length L/2 and separated by a distance α. Analytical as well as numerical results indicate that the critical size L*(α) of the population, where the invasion is successful if and only if L > L*(α), is a continuous function of α and tends to increase with α, at least when α is not too small. This result emphasizes the detrimental effect of fragmentation. In the two-dimensional case, we consider more general, stochastically generated initial conditions u0, and we provide a new and rigorous definition of the rate of fragmentation of u0. We then conduct a statistical analysis of the probability of successful invasion depending on the size of the support of u0 and the fragmentation rate of u0. Our results show that the outcome of an invasion is almost completely determined by these two parameters. Moreover, we observe that the minimum abundance required for successful invasion tends to increase in a non-linear fashion with the fragmentation rate. This effect of fragmentation is enhanced as the strength of the Allee effect is increased.}, }
@article {pmid21967667, year = {2011}, author = {Chen, KW and Pienta, KJ}, title = {Modeling invasion of metastasizing cancer cells to bone marrow utilizing ecological principles.}, journal = {Theoretical biology &amp; medical modelling}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {36}, pmid = {21967667}, issn = {1742-4682}, support = {U01 CA143055/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; P30 CA46592/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; U01CA143055/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; P50 CA69568/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; CA093900/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Bone Marrow/*pathology ; *Ecosystem ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Neoplasm Invasiveness/*pathology ; Neoplasm Metastasis/*pathology ; Neoplasms/*pathology ; Species Specificity ; Stem Cell Niche ; *Tumor Microenvironment ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The invasion of a new species into an established ecosystem can be directly compared to the steps involved in cancer metastasis. Cancer must grow in a primary site, extravasate and survive in the circulation to then intravasate into target organ (invasive species survival in transport). Cancer cells often lay dormant at their metastatic site for a long period of time (lag period for invasive species) before proliferating (invasive spread). Proliferation in the new site has an impact on the target organ microenvironment (ecological impact) and eventually the human host (biosphere impact).<br><br>RESULTS: Tilman has described mathematical equations for the competition between invasive species in a structured habitat. These equations were adapted to study the invasion of cancer cells into the bone marrow microenvironment as a structured habitat. A large proportion of solid tumor metastases are bone metastases, known to usurp hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) homing pathways to establish footholds in the bone marrow. This required accounting for the fact that this is the natural home of hematopoietic stem cells and that they already occupy this structured space. The adapted Tilman model of invasion dynamics is especially valuable for modeling the lag period or dormancy of cancer cells.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The Tilman equations for modeling the invasion of two species into a defined space have been modified to study the invasion of cancer cells into the bone marrow microenvironment. These modified equations allow a more flexible way to model the space competition between the two cell species. The ability to model initial density, metastatic seeding into the bone marrow and growth once the cells are present, and movement of cells out of the bone marrow niche and apoptosis of cells are all aspects of the adapted equations. These equations are currently being applied to clinical data sets for verification and further refinement of the models.}, }
@article {pmid21967292, year = {2011}, author = {Jordan, RC and Gray, SA and Howe, DV and Brooks, WR and Ehrenfeld, JG}, title = {Knowledge gain and behavioral change in citizen-science programs.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, pages = {1148-1154}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01745.x}, pmid = {21967292}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Behavior ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology/education ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Motivation ; Plants/classification ; }, abstract = {Citizen-science programs are often touted as useful for advancing conservation literacy, scientific knowledge, and increasing scientific-reasoning skills among the public. Guidelines for collaboration among scientists and the public are lacking and the extent to which these citizen-science initiatives change behavior is relatively unstudied. Over two years, we studied 82 participants in a three-day program that included education about non-native invasive plants and collection of data on the occurrence of those plants. Volunteers were given background knowledge about invasive plant ecology and trained on a specific protocol for collecting invasive plant data. They then collected data and later gathered as a group to analyze data and discuss responsible environmental behavior with respect to invasive plants. We tested whether participants without experience in plant identification and with little knowledge of invasive plants increased their knowledge of invasive species ecology, participation increased knowledge of scientific methods, and participation affected behavior. Knowledge of invasive plants increased on average 24%, but participation was insufficient to increase understanding of how scientific research is conducted. Participants reported increased ability to recognize invasive plants and increased awareness of effects of invasive plants on the environment, but this translated into little change in behavior regarding invasive plants. Potential conflicts between scientific goals, educational goals, and the motivation of participants must be considered during program design.}, }
@article {pmid21966535, year = {2011}, author = {Pineda, MC and López-Legentil, S and Turon, X}, title = {The whereabouts of an ancient wanderer: global phylogeography of the solitary ascidian Styela plicata.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {9}, pages = {e25495}, pmid = {21966535}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Phylogeography ; Urochordata/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Genetic tools have greatly aided in tracing the sources and colonization history of introduced species. However, recurrent introductions and repeated shuffling of populations may have blurred some of the genetic signals left by ancient introductions. Styela plicata is a solitary ascidian distributed worldwide. Although its origin remains unclear, this species is believed to have spread worldwide by travelling on ship's hulls. The goals of this study were to infer the genetic structure and global phylogeography of S. plicata and to look for present-day and historical genetic patterns. Two genetic markers were used: a fragment of the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) and a fragment of the nuclear gene Adenine Nucleotide Transporter/ADP-ATP Translocase (ANT). A total of 368 individuals for COI and 315 for ANT were sequenced from 17 locations worldwide. The levels of gene diversity were moderate for COI to high for ANT. The Mediterranean populations showed the least diversity and allelic richness for both markers, while the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans had the highest gene and nucleotide diversities. Network and phylogenetic analyses with COI and ANT revealed two groups of alleles separated by 15 and 4 mutational steps, respectively. The existence of different lineages suggested an ancient population split. However, the geographic distributions of these groups did not show any consistent pattern, indicating different phylogeographic histories for each gene. Genetic divergence was significant for many population-pairs irrespective of the geographic distance among them. Stochastic introduction events are reflected in the uneven distribution of COI and ANT allele frequencies and groups among many populations. Our results confirmed that S. plicata has been present in all studied oceans for a long time, and that recurrent colonization events and occasional shuffling among populations have determined the actual genetic structure of this species.}, }
@article {pmid23505834, year = {2011}, author = {Wanule, D and Jalander, V and Gachande, BD and Sirsikar, AN}, title = {Currency notes and coins as a possible source of transmitting fungal pathogens of man and plants.}, journal = {Journal of environmental science &amp; engineering}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {515-518}, pmid = {23505834}, mesh = {*Commerce ; Fungi/*isolation &amp; purification ; India ; Mycoses/*microbiology/*transmission ; *Paper ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Currency (notes and coins) handling by people during transaction is one of the most mobile objects within the community, which has a potential of transmitting pathogens. A survey carried out recently in Nanded city (Maharashtra) revealed heavy contamination of currency notes and coins by important fungal pathogens of plants and man, i.e. Aspergillus niger (60.37%), A. flavus (3.98%), A.nidulans (0.2%), Penicillium citrinum (17.80%), Alternaria tenuis (0.20%), Curvularia pallescens (0.20%), Cladosporium cladosporioides (10.69%), Rhizopus stolonifer (1.04%), an unidentified Aspergillus species .1 (0.20%) and another unidentified Aspergillus species.2 (3.14%), Fusarium sp. (0.20%), Trichoderma viride (0.20%),white sterile mycelium (0.62%) and brown sterile mycelium (0.62%). The study highlights the importance of preventing and controlling fungal contamination of currency notes and coins in public health and plant protection. Currency notes or coins are rarely suspected as infection sources and often not quarantined at airport or seaport terminal. Possible transmission of pathogens or "alien", invasive species through currency across borders or across countries needs to be taken into consideration especially under circumstances of serious outbreak of important disease or when there is a threat of biological warfare.}, }
@article {pmid21960435, year = {2011}, author = {Kojima, Y and Toki, T and Morimoto, T and Yoshiyama, M and Kimura, K and Kadowaki, T}, title = {Infestation of Japanese native honey bees by tracheal mite and virus from non-native European honey bees in Japan.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {62}, number = {4}, pages = {895-906}, pmid = {21960435}, issn = {1432-184X}, mesh = {Animals ; Beekeeping ; Bees/*parasitology/*virology ; Insect Viruses/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Introduced Species ; Japan/epidemiology ; Mite Infestations/*epidemiology/transmission ; Phylogeny ; Varroidae/*pathogenicity ; Virus Diseases/*epidemiology/transmission ; }, abstract = {Invasion of alien species has been shown to cause detrimental effects on habitats of native species. Insect pollinators represent such examples; the introduction of commercial bumble bee species for crop pollination has resulted in competition for an ecological niche with native species, genetic disturbance caused by mating with native species, and pathogen spillover to native species. The European honey bee, Apis mellifera, was first introduced into Japan for apiculture in 1877, and queen bees have been imported from several countries for many years. However, its effects on Japanese native honey bee, Apis cerana japonica, have never been addressed. We thus conducted the survey of honey bee viruses and Acarapis mites using both A. mellifera and A. c. japonica colonies to examine their infestation in native and non-native honey bee species in Japan. Honey bee viruses, Deformed wing virus (DWV), Black queen cell virus (BQCV), Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), and Sacbrood virus (SBV), were found in both A. mellifera and A. c. japonica colonies; however, the infection frequency of viruses in A. c. japonica was lower than that in A. mellifera colonies. Based on the phylogenies of DWV, BQCV, and SBV isolates from A. mellifera and A. c. japonica, DWV and BQCV may infect both honey bee species; meanwhile, SBV has a clear species barrier. For the first time in Japan, tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi) was specifically found in the dead honey bees from collapsing A. c. japonica colonies. This paper thus provides further evidence that tracheal-mite-infested honey bee colonies can die during cool winters with no other disease present. These results demonstrate the infestation of native honey bees by parasite and pathogens of non-native honey bees that are traded globally.}, }
@article {pmid21958957, year = {2011}, author = {Blakeslee, AM and Canning-Clode, J and Lind, EM and Quilez-Badia, G}, title = {Biological invasions in the 21st century: ecological impacts, predictions, and management across land and sea.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {111}, number = {7}, pages = {891-892}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2011.09.005}, pmid = {21958957}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; }, }
@article {pmid21957449, year = {2011}, author = {Deacon, AE and Ramnarine, IW and Magurran, AE}, title = {How reproductive ecology contributes to the spread of a globally invasive fish.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {9}, pages = {e24416}, pmid = {21957449}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {250189/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; *Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; Female ; Humans ; *Internationality ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Poecilia/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Pregnancy ; *Reproduction ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Invasive freshwater fish represent a major threat to biodiversity. Here, we first demonstrate the dramatic, human-mediated range expansion of the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata), an invasive fish with a reputation for negatively impacting native freshwater communities. Next, we explore possible mechanisms that might explain successful global establishment of this species. Guppies, along with some other notable invasive fish species such as mosquitofish (Gambusia spp.), have reproductive adaptations to ephemeral habitats that may enable introductions of very small numbers of founders to succeed. The remarkable ability of single pregnant guppies to routinely establish viable populations is demonstrated using a replicated mesocosm set up. In 86% of cases, these populations persisted for two years (the duration of the experiment). Establishment success was independent of founder origin (high and low predation habitats), and there was no loss of behavioural performance amongst mesocosm juveniles. Behavioural "signatures" of the founding locality were, however, evident in mesocosm fish. Our results demonstrate that introductions consisting of a single individual can lead to thriving populations of this invasive fish and suggest that particular caution should be exercised when introducing this species, or other livebearers, to natural water bodies.}, }
@article {pmid21954356, year = {2011}, author = {Popa, OP and Popa, LO and Krapal, AM and Murariu, D and Iorgu, EI and Costache, M}, title = {Sinanodonta woodiana (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae): isolation and characterization of the first microsatellite markers.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {5255-5260}, pmid = {21954356}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Genotype ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Unionidae/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834) is a large Unionid species with a real invasion success. It colonized Europe, Central America, the Indonesian Islands and recently North America. The species life cycle involves a larval parasitic stage on freshwater fish species which contributes to the spread of the mussel. In this paper we describe, for the first time, eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for the species Sinanodonta woodiana. The genetic screening of individuals confirmed that all loci were highly polymorphic. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 7 to 14 and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.650 to 0.950. These loci should prove useful to study the species population genetics which could help to infer important aspects of the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid21954351, year = {2011}, author = {Ujvari, B and Belov, K}, title = {Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) markers in conservation biology.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {5168-5186}, pmid = {21954351}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Breeding ; *Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Major Histocompatibility Complex/*genetics/immunology ; Neoplasms/genetics/immunology ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Human impacts through habitat destruction, introduction of invasive species and climate change are increasing the number of species threatened with extinction. Decreases in population size simultaneously lead to reductions in genetic diversity, ultimately reducing the ability of populations to adapt to a changing environment. In this way, loss of genetic polymorphism is linked with extinction risk. Recent advances in sequencing technologies mean that obtaining measures of genetic diversity at functionally important genes is within reach for conservation programs. A key region of the genome that should be targeted for population genetic studies is the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). MHC genes, found in all jawed vertebrates, are the most polymorphic genes in vertebrate genomes. They play key roles in immune function via immune-recognition and -surveillance and host-parasite interaction. Therefore, measuring levels of polymorphism at these genes can provide indirect measures of the immunological fitness of populations. The MHC has also been linked with mate-choice and pregnancy outcomes and has application for improving mating success in captive breeding programs. The recent discovery that genetic diversity at MHC genes may protect against the spread of contagious cancers provides an added impetus for managing and protecting MHC diversity in wild populations. Here we review the field and focus on the successful applications of MHC-typing for conservation management. We emphasize the importance of using MHC markers when planning and executing wildlife rescue and conservation programs but stress that this should not be done to the detriment of genome-wide diversity.}, }
@article {pmid21951867, year = {2011}, author = {Capelli, G and Drago, A and Martini, S and Montarsi, F and Soppelsa, M and Delai, N and Ravagnan, S and Mazzon, L and Schaffner, F and Mathis, A and Di Luca, M and Romi, R and Russo, F}, title = {First report in Italy of the exotic mosquito species Aedes (Finlaya) koreicus, a potential vector of arboviruses and filariae.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {188}, pmid = {21951867}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/*genetics/parasitology/*virology ; Animals ; Arboviruses/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Dirofilaria immitis/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Dirofilariasis/parasitology ; Dog Diseases/parasitology ; Dogs ; Humans ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Insect Vectors/*classification/*genetics/parasitology/virology ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the Veneto region (north-eastern Italy) an entomological surveillance system has been implemented since the introduction of the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) in 1991. During the routine monitoring activity in a tiger mosquito-free area, an unexpected mosquito was noticed, which clearly did not belong to the recorded Italian fauna.<br><br>FINDINGS: At the end of May 2011, twelve larvae and pupae were collected in a small village in Belluno province (Veneto region) from a single manhole. Ten adults reared in the laboratory were morphologically and genetically identified as Aedes (Finlaya) koreicus (Edwards, 1917), a species native to Southeast Asia. The subsequent investigations carried out in the following months in the same village provided evidence that this species had become established locally. Entomological and epidemiological investigations are currently ongoing in the surrounding area, to verify the eventual extension of the species outside the village and to trace back the route of entry into Italy.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report in Italy of the introduction of the exotic mosquito Ae. koreicus. This species has been shown experimentally to be competent in the transmission of the Japanese encephalitis virus and of the dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis and is considered a potential vector of other arboviruses. Thus, the establishment of this species may increase the current risk or pose new potential threats, for human and animal health. This finding considerably complicates the entomological monitoring of the Asian tiger mosquito Ae. albopictus in Italy and stresses the importance of implementing the entomological surveillance for the early detection of and the rapid response against invasive mosquito species.}, }
@article {pmid21949778, year = {2011}, author = {Pyšek, P and Jarošík, V and Pergl, J}, title = {Alien plants introduced by different pathways differ in invasion success: unintentional introductions as a threat to natural areas.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {9}, pages = {e24890}, pmid = {21949778}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Czech Republic ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; *Plant Development ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Understanding the dimensions of pathways of introduction of alien plants is important for regulating species invasions, but how particular pathways differ in terms of post-invasion success of species they deliver has never been rigorously tested. We asked whether invasion status, distribution and habitat range of 1,007 alien plant species introduced after 1500 A.D. to the Czech Republic differ among four basic pathways of introduction recognized for plants.<br><br>PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Pathways introducing alien species deliberately as commodities (direct release into the wild; escape from cultivation) result in easier naturalization and invasion than pathways of unintentional introduction (contaminant of a commodity; stowaway arriving without association with it). The proportion of naturalized and invasive species among all introductions delivered by a particular pathway decreases with a decreasing level of direct assistance from humans associated with that pathway, from release and escape to contaminant and stowaway. However, those species that are introduced via unintentional pathways and become invasive are as widely distributed as deliberately introduced species, and those introduced as contaminants invade an even wider range of seminatural habitats.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Pathways associated with deliberate species introductions with commodities and pathways whereby species are unintentionally introduced are contrasting modes of introductions in terms of invasion success. However, various measures of the outcome of the invasion process, in terms of species' invasion success, need to be considered to accurately evaluate the role of and threat imposed by individual pathways. By employing various measures we show that invasions by unintentionally introduced plant species need to be considered by management as seriously as those introduced by horticulture, because they invade a wide range of seminatural habitats, hence representing even a greater threat to natural areas.}, }
@article {pmid21947366, year = {2011}, author = {Caplat, P and Coutts, SR}, title = {Integrating ecological knowledge, public perception and urgency of action into invasive species management.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {48}, number = {5}, pages = {878-881}, pmid = {21947366}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; }, abstract = {Recently Prévot-Julliard and colleagues presented a concept paper on biological conservation strategies using exotic species as a case study. They emphasized the difficulty of integrating conservation into a broad picture that accounts for public perception as well as scientific knowledge. We support this general call for better integration of society in conservation research, but we believe that the original framework might misguide conservation practices if wrongly interpreted. Our objective is to complement their paper and correct a few misleading points, by showing that (1) for regions of high endemicity "reservation" may be the best conservation practice, and does not prevent public participation, (2) aiming for broad societal agreement is valuable, but in some cases risky, and always complex, and (3) calling a harmful invasive species harmful shouldn't be an issue. The Australian context provides us with many cases of the labeling of exotic species as harmful or not, using inputs from scientists, industry, and the public. Integration of social and scientific points of view can only improve conservation on the ground if it allows managers to use the ecological, economic and social impacts of exotic species to prioritize conservation actions in an operative way.}, }
@article {pmid21945559, year = {2011}, author = {Rius, M and Heasman, KG and McQuaid, CD}, title = {Long-term coexistence of non-indigenous species in aquaculture facilities.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {62}, number = {11}, pages = {2395-2403}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.08.030}, pmid = {21945559}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Aquaculture/methods/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Ciona intestinalis/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mytilus/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction/physiology ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Non-indigenous species (NIS) are a growing problem globally and, in the sea, aquaculture activities are critical vectors for their introduction. Aquaculture introduces NIS, intentionally or unintentionally, and can provide substratum for the establishment of other NIS. Little is known about the co-occurrence of NIS over long periods and we document the coexistence over decades of a farmed NIS (a mussel) with an accidently introduced species (an ascidian). Both are widespread and cause serious fouling problems worldwide. We found partial habitat segregation across depth and the position of rafts within the studied farm, which suggests competitive exclusion of the mussel in dark, sheltered areas and physiological exclusion of the ascidian elsewhere. Both species exhibit massive self-recruitment, with negative effects on the industry, but critically the introduction of NIS through aquaculture facilities also has strong detrimental effects on the natural environment.}, }
@article {pmid21942844, year = {2012}, author = {Rust, MK and Su, NY}, title = {Managing social insects of urban importance.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {57}, number = {}, pages = {355-375}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100634}, pmid = {21942844}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cities ; *Insect Control ; *Insecta ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Social insects have a tremendous economic and social impact on urban communities. The rapid urbanization of the world has dramatically increased the incidence of urban pests. Human commerce has resulted in the spread of urban invasive species worldwide such that various species are now common to many major urban centers. We aim to highlight those social behaviors that can be exploited to control these pests with the minimal use of pesticides. Their cryptic behavior often prohibits the direct treatment of colonies. However, foraging and recruitment are essential aspects of their social behavior and expose workers to traps, baits, and pesticide applications. The advent of new chemistries has revolutionized the pest management strategies used to control them. In recent years, there has been an increased environmental awareness, especially in the urban community. Advances in molecular and microbial agents promise additional tools in developing integrated pest management programs against social insects.}, }
@article {pmid21939539, year = {2011}, author = {Wang, XW and Luan, JB and Li, JM and Su, YL and Xia, J and Liu, SS}, title = {Transcriptome analysis and comparison reveal divergence between two invasive whitefly cryptic species.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {458}, pmid = {21939539}, issn = {1471-2164}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genes, Insect ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Selection, Genetic/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive species are valuable model systems for examining the evolutionary processes and molecular mechanisms associated with their specific characteristics by comparison with closely related species. Over the past 20 years, two species of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci species complex, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED), have both spread from their origin Middle East/Mediterranean to many countries despite their apparent differences in many life history parameters. Previously, we have sequenced the transcriptome of MED. In this study, we sequenced the transcriptome of MEAM1 and took a comparative genomic approach to investigate the transcriptome evolution and the genetic factors underlying the differences between MEAM1 and MED.<br><br>RESULTS: Using Illumina sequencing technology, we generated 17 million sequencing reads for MEAM1. These reads were assembled into 57,741 unique sequences and 15,922 sequences were annotated with an E-value above 10-5. Compared with the MED transcriptome, we identified 3,585 pairs of high quality orthologous genes and inferred their sequence divergences. The average differences in coding, 5' untranslated and 3' untranslated region were 0.83%, 1.66% and 1.43%, respectively. The level of sequence divergence provides additional support to the proposition that MEAM1 and MED are two species. Based on the ratio of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions, we identified 24 sequences that have evolved in response to positive selection. Many of those genes are predicted to be involved in metabolism and insecticide resistance which might contribute to the divergence of the two whitefly species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our data present a comprehensive sequence comparison between the two invasive whitefly species. This study will provide a road map for future investigations on the molecular mechanisms underlying their biological differences.}, }
@article {pmid21939072, year = {2011}, author = {Green, PT and O'Dowd, DJ and Abbott, KL and Jeffery, M and Retallick, K and Mac Nally, R}, title = {Invasional meltdown: invader-invader mutualism facilitates a secondary invasion.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {9}, pages = {1758-1768}, doi = {10.1890/11-0050.1}, pmid = {21939072}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura/physiology ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Insecta/classification/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Micronesia ; Population Density ; Snails/classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {In multiply invaded ecosystems, introduced species should interact with each other as well as with native species. Invader-invader interactions may affect the success of further invaders by altering attributes of recipient communities and propagule pressure. The invasional meltdown hypothesis (IMH) posits that positive interactions among invaders initiate positive population-level feedback that intensifies impacts and promotes secondary invasions. IMH remains controversial: few studies show feedback between invaders that amplifies their effects, and none yet demonstrate facilitation of entry and spread of secondary invaders. Our results show that supercolonies of an alien ant, promoted by mutualism with introduced honeydew-secreting scale insects, permitted invasion by an exotic land snail on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Modeling of land snail spread over 750 sites across 135 km2 over seven years showed that the probability of land snail invasion was facilitated 253-fold in ant supercolonies but impeded in intact forest where predaceous native land crabs remained abundant. Land snail occurrence at neighboring sites, a measure of propagule pressure, also promoted land snail spread. Site comparisons and experiments revealed that ant supercolonies, by killing land crabs but not land snails, disrupted biotic resistance and provided enemy-free space. Predation pressure on land snails was lower (28.6%), survival 115 times longer, and abundance 20-fold greater in supercolonies than in intact forest. Whole-ecosystem suppression of supercolonies reversed the probability of land snail invasion by allowing recolonization of land crabs; land snails were much less likely (0.79%) to invade sites where supercolonies were suppressed than where they remained intact. Our results provide strong empirical evidence for IMH by demonstrating that mutualism between invaders reconfigures key interactions in the recipient community. This facilitates entry of secondary invaders and elevates propagule pressure, propagating their spread at the whole-ecosystem level. We show that identification and management of key facilitative interactions in invaded ecosystems can be used to reverse impacts and restore resistance to further invasions.}, }
@article {pmid21939071, year = {2011}, author = {Pearson, DE and Callaway, RM and Maron, JL}, title = {Biotic resistance via granivory: establishment by invasive, naturalized, and native asters reflects generalist preference.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {9}, pages = {1748-1757}, doi = {10.1890/11-0164.1}, pmid = {21939071}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Peromyscus/*physiology ; Plants/*classification ; Seeds/*classification ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Escape from specialist natural enemies is frequently invoked to explain exotic plant invasions, but little attention has been paid to how generalist consumers in the recipient range may influence invasion. We examined how seed preferences of the widespread generalist granivore Peromyscus maniculatus related to recruitment of the strongly invasive exotic Centaurea stoebe and several weakly invasive exotics and natives by conducting laboratory feeding trials and seed addition experiments in the field. Laboratory feeding trials showed that P. maniculatus avoided consuming seeds of C. stoebe relative to the 12 other species tested, even when seeds of alternative species were 53-94% smaller than those of C. stoebe. Seed addition experiments conducted in and out of rodent exclosures revealed that weakly invasive exotics experienced relatively greater release from seed predation than C. stoebe, although this was not the case for natives. Seed mass explained 81% of the variation in recruitment associated with rodent exclusion for natives and weak invaders, with larger-seeded species benefiting most from protection from granivores. However, recruitment of C. stoebe was unaffected by rodent exclusion, even though the regression model predicted seeds of correspondingly large mass should experience substantial predation. These combined laboratory and field results suggest that generalist granivores can be an important biological filter in plant communities and that species-specific seed attributes that determine seed predation may help to explain variation in native plant recruitment and the success of exotic species invasions.}, }
@article {pmid21939062, year = {2011}, author = {Gagné, SA and Fahrig, L}, title = {Do birds and beetles show similar responses to urbanization?.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, pages = {2297-2312}, doi = {10.1890/09-1905.1}, pmid = {21939062}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Ontario ; Population Dynamics ; Quebec ; *Urban Renewal ; }, abstract = {To date, the vast majority of studies in urban areas have been carried out on birds, yet it is not known whether the responses of birds to urbanization are congruent with those of other taxa. In this paper, we compared the responses of breeding birds and carabid beetles to urbanization, specifically asking whether the emerging generalizations of the effects of extreme levels of urbanization on birds (declines in total species richness and the richness of specialist species, increases in total abundance and the abundances of native generalist and introduced species, and community simplification, including increasing similarity) could also be applied to ground beetles. We also directly tested for congruence between birds and ground beetles using correlations between variables describing bird and beetle community structure and correlations between bird and beetle distance matrices describing community dissimilarity between pairs of sampling locations. Breeding bird and carabid beetle community data were collected in Ottawa, Ontario, and Gatineau, Quebec, Canada, in two groups of sites: developed sites representing the predictor variable within-site housing density, and forested sites adjacent to development representing the predictor variable neighboring housing density (each site was 0.25 km2). Breeding birds and carabid beetles do not respond similarly to increasing within-site housing density but do exhibit some similar responses to increasing neighboring housing density. Birds displayed strong declines in diversity, compositional changes, and community simplification in response to increasing within-site housing density. Forest and introduced species of birds and beetles responded similarly to increasing housing density within a site, but responses of overall diversity and open-habitat species richness and patterns of community simplification differed between birds and beetles. Increasing neighboring housing density resulted in increases in the abundances of introduced birds and introduced beetles and similar patterns of community simplification in both taxa. To better understand and mitigate the effects of urbanization on biodiversity, we suggest that, in addition to the responses of birds, future research should focus on the responses of other taxa in the urban matrix.}, }
@article {pmid21939049, year = {2011}, author = {Seabloom, EW and Benfield, CD and Borer, ET and Stanley, AG and Kaye, TN and Dunwiddie, PW}, title = {Provenance, life span, and phylogeny do not affect grass species' responses to nitrogen and phosphorus.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, pages = {2129-2142}, doi = {10.1890/10-1911.1}, pmid = {21939049}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {British Columbia ; Conservation of Energy Resources ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; Fertilizers ; Longevity ; Nitrogen/chemistry/metabolism ; Oregon ; Phosphorus/chemistry/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Poaceae/drug effects/*genetics/*metabolism ; Soil/chemistry ; Species Specificity ; Washington ; }, abstract = {Successful conservation management requires an understanding of how species respond to intervention. Native and exotic species may respond differently to management interventions due to differences arising directly from their origin (i.e., provenance) or indirectly due to biased representations of different life history types (e.g., annual vs. perennial life span) or phylogenetic lineages among provenance (i.e., native or exotic origin) groups. Thus, selection of a successful management regime requires knowledge of the life history and provenance-bias in the local flora and an understanding of the interplay between species characteristics across existing environmental gradients in the landscape. Here we tested whether provenance, phylogeny, and life span interact to determine species distributions along natural gradients of soil chemistry (e.g., soil nitrogen and phosphorus) in 10 upland prairie sites along a 600-km latitudinal transect running from southern Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada, to the Willamette Valley in Oregon, USA. We found that soil nitrate, phosphorus, and pH exerted strong control over community composition. However, species distributions along environmental gradients were unrelated to provenance, life span, or phylogenetic groupings. We then used a greenhouse experiment to more precisely measure the response of common grass species to nitrogen and phosphorus supply. As with the field data, species responses to nutrient additions did not vary as a function of provenance, life span, or phylogeny. Native and exotic species differed strongly in the relationship between greenhouse-measured tolerance of low nutrients and field abundance. Native species with the greatest ability to maintain biomass production at low nutrient supply rates were most abundant in field surveys, as predicted by resource competition theory. In contrast, there was no relationship between exotic-species biomass at low nutrient levels and field abundance. The implications of these findings for management of invasive species are substantial in that they overturn a general belief that reduction of nutrient supplies favors native species. The idiosyncratic nature of species response to nutrients in this study suggests that manipulation of nutrient supplies is unlikely to alter the overall balance between native and exotic species, although it may well be useful to control specific exotic species.}, }
@article {pmid21939048, year = {2011}, author = {Moore, KA and Harrison, SP and Elmendorf, SC}, title = {Can spatial isolation help predict dispersal-limited sites for native species restoration?.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, pages = {2119-2128}, doi = {10.1890/09-1438.1}, pmid = {21939048}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Asteraceae ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Demography ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; *Lupinus ; }, abstract = {When the distribution of species is limited by propagule supply, new populations may be initiated by seed addition, but identifying suitable sites for efficiently targeted seed addition remains a major challenge for restoration. In addition to the biotic or abiotic variables typically used in species distribution models, spatial isolation from conspecifics could help predict the suitability of unoccupied sites. Site suitability might be expected to increase with spatial isolation after other factors are accounted for, since isolation increases the chance that a site is unoccupied only because of propagule limitation. For two native annual forbs in Californian grasslands, we combined experimental seeding and niche modeling to ask whether suitability of unoccupied sites could be predicted by spatial variables (either distances from, or densities of, conspecific populations), either by themselves or in combination with niche models. We also asked whether experimental tests of these predictions held up not only in the short term (one year), but also in the longer term (three years). For Lasthenia californica, seed additions were only successful relatively near existing populations. For Lupinus nanus, seeding success was low and was positively related to the number of conspecifics within 1 km. For both species, a few previously unoccupied sites remained occupied three years after seeding, but this subset was not predictable based on either spatial or niche variables. Seed addition alone may be a limited means of native forb restoration if suitable unoccupied sites are either rare or unpredictable, or if they tend to be close to where the species already occurs.}, }
@article {pmid21939047, year = {2011}, author = {Collinge, SK and Ray, C and Gerhardt, F}, title = {Long-term dynamics of biotic and abiotic resistance to exotic species invasion in restored vernal pool plant communities.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, pages = {2105-2118}, doi = {10.1890/10-1094.1}, pmid = {21939047}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Invasion of native ecosystems by exotic species can seriously threaten native biodiversity, alter ecosystem function, and inhibit conservation. Moreover, restoration of native plant communities is often impeded by competition from exotic species. Exotic species invasion may be limited by unfavorable abiotic conditions and by competition with native species, but the relative importance of biotic and abiotic factors remains controversial and may vary during the invasion process. We used a long-term experiment involving restored vernal pool plant communities to characterize the temporal dynamics of exotic species invasion, and to evaluate the relative support for biotic and abiotic factors affecting invasion resistance. Experimental pools (n=256) were divided among controls and several seeding treatments. In most treatments, native vernal pool species were initially more abundant than exotic species, and pools that initially received more native seeds exhibited lower frequencies of exotic species over time. However, even densely seeded pools were eventually dominated by exotic species, following extreme climatic events that reduced both native and exotic plant densities across the study site. By the sixth year of the experiment, most pools supported more exotics than native vernal pool species, regardless of seeding treatment or pool depth. Although deeper pools were less invaded by exotic species, two exotics (Hordeum marinum and Lolium multiflorum) were able to colonize deeper pools as soon as the cover of native species was reduced by climatic extremes. Based on an information-theoretic analysis, the best model of invasion resistance included a nonlinear effect of seeding treatment and both linear and nonlinear effects of pool depth. Pool depth received more support as a predictor of invasion resistance, but seeding intensity was also strongly supported in multivariate models of invasion, and was the best predictor of resistance to invasion by H. marinum and L. multilorum. We conclude that extreme climatic events can facilitate exotic species invasions by both reducing abiotic constraints and weakening biotic resistance to invasion.}, }
@article {pmid21939046, year = {2011}, author = {Kellner, JR and Asner, GP and Kinney, KM and Loarie, SR and Knapp, DE and Kennedy-Bowdoin, T and Questad, EJ and Cordell, S and Thaxton, JM}, title = {Remote analysis of biological invasion and the impact of enemy release.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, pages = {2094-2104}, doi = {10.1890/10-0859.1}, pmid = {21939046}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Feeding Behavior ; Fires ; Forestry/methods ; Goats/*physiology ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae ; Population Density ; Remote Sensing Technology/*methods ; Seasons ; Spacecraft ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Escape from natural enemies is a widely held generalization for the success of exotic plants. We conducted a large-scale experiment in Hawaii (USA) to quantify impacts of ungulate removal on plant growth and performance, and to test whether elimination of an exotic generalist herbivore facilitated exotic success. Assessment of impacted and control sites before and after ungulate exclusion using airborne imaging spectroscopy and LiDAR, time series satellite observations, and ground-based field studies over nine years indicated that removal of generalist herbivores facilitated exotic success, but the abundance of native species was unchanged. Vegetation cover <1 m in height increased in ungulate-free areas from 48.7% +/- 1.5% to 74.3% +/- 1.8% over 8.4 years, corresponding to an annualized growth rate of lambda = 1.05 +/- 0.01 yr(-1) (median +/- SD). Most of the change was attributable to exotic plant species, which increased from 24.4% +/- 1.4% to 49.1% +/- 2.0%, (lambda = 1.08 +/- 0.01 yr(-1)). Native plants experienced no significant change in cover (23.0% +/- 1.3% to 24.2% +/- 1.8%, lambda = 1.01 +/- 0.01 yr(-1)). Time series of satellite phenology were indistinguishable between the treatment and a 3.0-km2 control site for four years prior to ungulate removal, but they diverged immediately following exclusion of ungulates. Comparison of monthly EVI means before and after ungulate exclusion and between the managed and control areas indicates that EVI strongly increased in the managed area after ungulate exclusion. Field studies and airborne analyses show that the dominant invader was Senecio madagascariensis, an invasive annual forb that increased from < 0.01% to 14.7% fractional cover in ungulate-free areas (lambda = 1.89 +/- 0.34 yr(-1)), but which was nearly absent from the control site. A combination of canopy LAI, water, and fractional cover were expressed in satellite EVI time series and indicate that the invaded region maintained greenness during drought conditions. These findings demonstrate that enemy release from generalist herbivores can facilitate exotic success and suggest a plausible mechanism by which invasion occurred. They also show how novel remote-sensing technology can be integrated with conservation and management to help address exotic plant invasions.}, }
@article {pmid21939031, year = {2011}, author = {Dukes, JS and Chiariello, NR and Loarie, SR and Field, CB}, title = {Strong response of an invasive plant species (Centaurea solstitialis L.) to global environmental changes.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, pages = {1887-1894}, doi = {10.1890/11-0111.1}, pmid = {21939031}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {California ; Carbon Dioxide ; Centaurea/*growth &amp; development ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Fires ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development ; Rain ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Global environmental changes are altering interactions among plant species, sometimes favoring invasive species. Here, we examine how a suite of five environmental factors, singly and in combination, can affect the success of a highly invasive plant. We introduced Centaurea solstitialis L. (yellow starthistle), which is considered by many to be California's most troublesome wildland weed, to grassland plots in the San Francisco Bay Area. These plots experienced ambient or elevated levels of warming, atmospheric CO2, precipitation, and nitrate deposition, and an accidental fire in the previous year created an additional treatment. Centaurea grew more than six times larger in response to elevated CO2, and, outside of the burned area, grew more than three times larger in response to nitrate deposition. In contrast, resident plants in the community responded less strongly (or did not respond) to these treatments. Interactive effects among treatments were rarely significant. Results from a parallel mesocosm experiment, while less dramatic, supported the pattern of results observed in the field. Taken together, our results suggest that ongoing environmental changes may dramatically increase Centaurea's prevalence in western North America.}, }
@article {pmid21937493, year = {2012}, author = {Röhrich, CR and Ngwa, CJ and Wiesner, J and Schmidtberg, H and Degenkolb, T and Kollewe, C and Fischer, R and Pradel, G and Vilcinskas, A}, title = {Harmonine, a defence compound from the harlequin ladybird, inhibits mycobacterial growth and demonstrates multi-stage antimalarial activity.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {308-311}, pmid = {21937493}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Alkaloids/isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; Antimalarials/*isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Coleoptera/*chemistry ; Diamines/isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Female ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Moths/cytology ; Mycobacteriaceae/*drug effects ; Plasmodium falciparum/*drug effects ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The harlequin ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis has been introduced in many countries as a biological control agent, but has become an invasive species threatening the biodiversity of native ladybirds. Its invasive success has been attributed to its vigorous resistance against diverse pathogens. This study demonstrates that harmonine ((17R,9Z)-1,17-diaminooctadec-9-ene), which is present in H. axyridis haemolymph, displays broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity that includes human pathogens. Antibacterial activity is most pronounced against fast-growing mycobacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the growth of both chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains is inhibited. Harmonine displays gametocytocidal activity, and inhibits the exflagellation of microgametocytes and zygote formation. In an Anopheles stephensi mosquito feeding model, harmonine displays transmission-blocking activity.}, }
@article {pmid21933924, year = {2012}, author = {Halbritter, AH and Carroll, GC and Güsewell, S and Roy, BA}, title = {Testing assumptions of the enemy release hypothesis: generalist versus specialist enemies of the grass Brachypodium sylvaticum.}, journal = {Mycologia}, volume = {104}, number = {1}, pages = {34-44}, doi = {10.3852/11-071}, pmid = {21933924}, issn = {0027-5514}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachypodium/*growth &amp; development/microbiology/parasitology ; Deer ; Ecosystem ; Herbivory ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Oregon ; Population Dynamics ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) suggests greater success of species in an invaded range due to release from natural enemies. The ERH assumes there will be more specialist enemies in the native range and that generalists will have an equal effect in both ranges. We tested these assumptions with the grass Brachypodium sylvaticum in the native range (Switzerland) and invaded range (Oregon, USA). We assessed all the kinds of damage present (caused by fungi, insects, mollusk and deer) on both leaves and seeds at 10 sites in each range and correlated damage with host fitness. Only two of the 20 fungi found on leaves were specialist pathogens, and these were more frequent in the native range. Conversely there was more insect herbivory on leaves in the invaded range. All fungi and insects found on seeds were generalists. More species of fungi were found on seeds in the native range, and a higher proportion of them were pathogenic than in the invaded range. There were more kinds of enemies in the native range, where the plants had lower fitness, in accordance with the ERH. However, contrary to assumptions of the ERH, generalists appear to be equally or more important than specialists in reducing host fitness.}, }
@article {pmid21933653, year = {2011}, author = {Artigas, P and Bargues, MD and Mera y Sierra, RL and Agramunt, VH and Mas-Coma, S}, title = {Characterisation of fascioliasis lymnaeid intermediate hosts from Chile by DNA sequencing, with emphasis on Lymnaea viator and Galba truncatula.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {120}, number = {3}, pages = {245-257}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.09.002}, pmid = {21933653}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Acanthaceae/*parasitology ; Animals ; Chile ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Helminth/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Fasciola hepatica/*classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {In South America, Fasciola hepatica infection poses serious health problems in both humans and livestock. In Chile, the medical impact appears yearly stable and mainly concentrated in central regions, where the veterinary problem is highlighted by higher animal prevalences. Studies were undertaken by rDNA ITS-2 and ITS-1 and mtDNA cox1 sequencing to clarify the specific status of the lymnaeids, their geographical distribution and fascioliasis transmission capacity in Chile, by comparison with other American countries and continents. Results change the lymnaeid scenario known so far. The lymnaeid fauna of mainland Chile shows to be poor, including only two authochthonous species, Lymnaea viator and Pectinidens diaphana, and a third introduced species of Palaearctic origin Galba truncatula. Both Lymnaea lebruni and Lymnaea patagonica proved to be synonyms of P. diaphana. G. truncatula appears to have always been confused with L. viator and seems distributed from Región VI to Región IX, overlapping with human endemic areas. DNA sequencing results suggest that the absence of correlation between remote sensing data and disease prevalences could be due to transmission capacity differences between L. viator and G. truncatula. Results furnish a new baseline on which to undertake future appropriate studies on transmission, epidemiology and control.}, }
@article {pmid21933514, year = {2011}, author = {Basener, W and Brooks, B and Radin, M and Wiandt, T}, title = {Spatial effects and turing instabilities in the invasive species model.}, journal = {Nonlinear dynamics, psychology, and life sciences}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {455-464}, pmid = {21933514}, issn = {1090-0578}, abstract = {This paper demonstrates that a recently proposed dynamical model for the ecology of Easter Island admits periodic and chaotic attractors, not previously reported. Such behavior may more realistically depict the population dynamics of general ecosystems and illustrates the power of simple models to produce the kind of complex behavior that is ubiquitous in such systems.}, }
@article {pmid21933513, year = {2011}, author = {Sprott, JC}, title = {Chaos in easter island ecology.}, journal = {Nonlinear dynamics, psychology, and life sciences}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {445-454}, pmid = {21933513}, issn = {1090-0578}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecology ; Environment ; *Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Models, Statistical ; *Nonlinear Dynamics ; Polynesia ; *Population Dynamics ; Rats ; *Spatial Behavior ; Trees ; }, abstract = {This paper demonstrates that a recently proposed dynamical model for the ecology of Easter Island admits periodic and chaotic attractors, not previously reported. Such behavior may more realistically depict the population dynamics of general ecosystems and illustrates the power of simple models to produce the kind of complex behavior that is ubiquitous in such systems.}, }
@article {pmid21932535, year = {2011}, author = {Santoro, M and Tkach, VV and Mattiucci, S and Kinsella, JM and Nascetti, G}, title = {Renifer aniarum (Digenea: Reniferidae), an introduced North American parasite in grass snakes Natrix natrix in Calabria, southern Italy.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {95}, number = {3}, pages = {233-240}, doi = {10.3354/dao02365}, pmid = {21932535}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Animals ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Italy/epidemiology ; *Snakes ; Trematoda/*isolation &amp; purification ; Trematode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Over the past decades, as a result of various human activities involving intentional or unintentional movement of animals, many helminth species have been introduced to new regions with several ecological and epidemiological implications for the native species. A high prevalence of infection with an introduced digenean Renifer aniarum, previously known only from North America, was found in the grass snake Natrix natrix in the Calabria region, southern Italy. Morphological and molecular comparison with North American R. aniarum has confirmed the identity of the Italian specimens. A total of 41 grass snakes were studied for R. aniarum infection. Of 24 snakes sampled between 2009 and 2010, 22 were positive for this parasite. In contrast, all 17 snakes sampled from museum collections between 1983 and 1994 were negative. Our results support the hypothesis that R. aniarum was perhaps introduced into this area during the 1990s by the translocation of the American bullfrog Lithobates (Rana) catesbeianus, a normal second intermediate host of the digenean in its native range in North America. Although the life cycle of R. aniarum is complex and includes 3 host stages, this parasite has found suitable first and second intermediate hosts as well as definitive hosts in Italy. Renifer aniarum was second only to the very common grass snake tapeworm Ophiotaenia europaea in both prevalence and abundance among 9 species of helminths recovered in our study.}, }
@article {pmid21931837, year = {2011}, author = {Huang, D and Haack, RA and Zhang, R}, title = {Does global warming increase establishment rates of invasive alien species? A centurial time series analysis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {9}, pages = {e24733}, pmid = {21931837}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *Global Warming ; Insecta ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Statistics as Topic ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The establishment rate of invasive alien insect species has been increasing worldwide during the past century. This trend has been widely attributed to increased rates of international trade and associated species introductions, but rarely linked to environmental change. To better understand and manage the bioinvasion process, it is crucial to understand the relationship between global warming and establishment rate of invasive alien species, especially for poikilothermic invaders such as insects.<br><br>We present data that demonstrate a significant positive relationship between the change in average annual surface air temperature and the establishment rate of invasive alien insects in mainland China during 1900-2005. This relationship was modeled by regression analysis, and indicated that a 1 &#xb0;C increase in average annual surface temperature in mainland China was associated with an increase in the establishment rate of invasive alien insects of about 0.5 species year&#x207b;&#xb9;. The relationship between rising surface air temperature and increasing establishment rate remained significant even after accounting for increases in international trade during the period 1950-2005. Moreover, similar relationships were detected using additional data from the United Kingdom and the contiguous United States.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These findings suggest that the perceived increase in establishments of invasive alien insects can be explained only in part by an increase in introduction rate or propagule pressure. Besides increasing propagule pressure, global warming is another driver that could favor worldwide bioinvasions. Our study highlights the need to consider global warming when designing strategies and policies to deal with bioinvasions.}, }
@article {pmid21927930, year = {2011}, author = {Friedman, JM and Roelle, JE and Cade, BS}, title = {Genetic and environmental influences on leaf phenology and cold hardiness of native and introduced riparian trees.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {55}, number = {6}, pages = {775-787}, pmid = {21927930}, issn = {1432-1254}, mesh = {Cold Climate ; Colorado ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Flowers/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Photoperiod ; Plant Leaves/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Populus/classification/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {To explore the roles of plasticity and genetic variation in the response to spatial and temporal climate variation, we established a common garden consisting of paired collections of native and introduced riparian trees sampled along a latitudinal gradient. The garden in Fort Collins, Colorado (latitude 40.6°N), included 681 native plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera) and introduced saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima, T. chinensis and hybrids) collected from 15 sites at 29.2-47.6°N in the central United States. In the common garden both species showed latitudinal variation in fall, but not spring, leaf phenology, suggesting that the latitudinal gradient in fall phenology observed in the field results at least in part from inherited variation in the critical photoperiod, while the latitudinal gradient in spring phenology observed in the field is largely a plastic response to the temperature gradient. Populations from higher latitudes exhibited earlier bud set and leaf senescence. Cold hardiness varied latitudinally in both fall and spring for both species. For cottonwood, cold hardiness began earlier and ended later in northern than in southern populations. For saltcedar northern populations were hardier throughout the cold season than southern populations. Although cottonwood was hardier than saltcedar in midwinter, the reverse was true in late fall and early spring. The latitudinal variation in fall phenology and cold hardiness of saltcedar appears to have developed as a result of multiple introductions of genetically distinct populations, hybridization and natural selection in the 150 years since introduction.}, }
@article {pmid21925614, year = {2011}, author = {Kleist, A and Jasieniuk, M}, title = {A molecular phylogenetic analysis of invasive and ornamental brooms and their relationships within the Genistoid legumes.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {61}, number = {3}, pages = {970-977}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2011.08.030}, pmid = {21925614}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; California ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cytisus/*genetics ; DNA, Chloroplast/genetics ; DNA, Intergenic/genetics ; Genista/*genetics ; Geography ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Likelihood Functions ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The Cytisus-Genista complex includes species that have become invasive following introduction into new geographic ranges as ornamental shrubs. Despite their impacts, the evolutionary relationships among invasives, ornamentals, and native-range species have never been investigated. Our objective was to examine relationships within the Cytisus-Genista complex to determine (1) the taxonomic identity of invasive "French broom" and ornamental "sweet broom" and (2) whether "sweet broom" contributes to "French broom" populations directly or via hybridization. We used sequence data from chloroplast and nuclear regions to gain insight into evolutionary origins and to confirm taxonomic status. Our phylogenetic analyses suggest a complex evolutionary history that includes hybridization events. Placement of invasive and ornamental individuals within the Cytisus-Genista complex resolves taxonomic uncertainty in these groups, as our phylogenetic analyses recovered separate "French broom" and "sweet broom" clades within the G. monspessulana clade in the genus Genista. Extensive cloning and sequencing of the ITS region revealed that, although the majority of invasive "French broom" in California is Genista monspessulana, hybridization with individuals from the ornamental "sweet broom" clade likely occurs in populations throughout the state.}, }
@article {pmid21923265, year = {2012}, author = {Brown, CR and Moore, AT and O'Brien, VA}, title = {Prevalence of Buggy Creek virus (Togaviridae: Alphavirus) in insect vectors increases over time in the presence of an invasive avian host.}, journal = {Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {34-41}, pmid = {21923265}, issn = {1557-7759}, support = {AI057569/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Alphavirus/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Alphavirus Infections/epidemiology/transmission/*veterinary ; Animals ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*virology ; Heteroptera/virology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Insect Vectors/*virology ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Sparrows/*parasitology ; Swallows/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can disrupt natural disease dynamics by altering pathogen transmission among native hosts and vectors. The relatively recent occupancy of cliff swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) nesting colonies in western Nebraska by introduced European house sparrows (Passer domesticus) has led to yearly increases in the prevalence of an endemic arbovirus, Buggy Creek virus (BCRV), in its native swallow bug (Oeciacus vicarius) vector at sites containing both the invasive sparrow host and the native swallow host. At sites without the invasive host, no long-term changes in prevalence have occurred. The percentage of BCRV isolates exhibiting cytopathicity in Vero-cell culture assays increased significantly with year at sites with sparrows but not at swallow-only sites, suggesting that the virus is becoming more virulent to vertebrates in the presence of the invasive host. Increased BCRV prevalence in bug vectors at mixed-species colonies may reflect high virus replication rates in house sparrow hosts, resulting in frequent virus transmission between sparrows and swallow bugs. This case represents a rare empirical example of a pathogen effectively switching to an invasive host, documented in the early phases of the host's arrival in a specialized ecosystem and illustrating how an invasive species can promote long-term changes in host-parasite transmission dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid21918515, year = {2011}, author = {Saavedra, S and Stouffer, DB and Uzzi, B and Bascompte, J}, title = {Strong contributors to network persistence are the most vulnerable to extinction.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {478}, number = {7368}, pages = {233-235}, pmid = {21918515}, issn = {1476-4687}, support = {UL1RR025741/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biomimetics ; Competitive Behavior ; *Cooperative Behavior ; *Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Flowers/classification/*physiology ; Insecta/physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; New York City ; Pollination/*physiology ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Survival Analysis ; Textile Industry/economics/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The architecture of mutualistic networks facilitates coexistence of individual participants by minimizing competition relative to facilitation. However, it is not known whether this benefit is received by each participant node in proportion to its overall contribution to network persistence. This issue is critical to understanding the trade-offs faced by individual nodes in a network. We address this question by applying a suite of structural and dynamic methods to an ensemble of flowering plant/insect pollinator networks. Here we report two main results. First, nodes contribute heterogeneously to the overall nested architecture of the network. From simulations, we confirm that the removal of a strong contributor tends to decrease overall network persistence more than the removal of a weak contributor. Second, strong contributors to collective persistence do not gain individual survival benefits but are in fact the nodes most vulnerable to extinction. We explore the generality of these results to other cooperative networks by analysing a 15-year time series of the interactions between designer and contractor firms in the New York City garment industry. As with the ecological networks, a firm's survival probability decreases as its individual nestedness contribution increases. Our results, therefore, introduce a new paradox into the study of the persistence of cooperative networks, and potentially address questions about the impact of invasive species in ecological systems and new competitors in economic systems.}, }
@article {pmid21915682, year = {2012}, author = {Carrillo, D and Amalin, D and Hosein, F and Roda, A and Duncan, RE and Peña, JE}, title = {Host plant range of Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in areas of invasion of the New World.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {57}, number = {3-4}, pages = {271-289}, pmid = {21915682}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; Arecaceae/*parasitology ; Female ; Florida ; *Host Specificity ; *Introduced Species ; *Mites ; Ocimum basilicum/parasitology ; Phaseolus/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Raoiella indica has spread rapidly through the Neotropical region where the mite damages economically and ecologically important plants. Three studies were conducted to determine the host plant range of R. indica, using the presence of colonies containing all life stages as an indicator of reproductive suitability. Periodic surveys at the Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden (Miami Dade County, FL, USA) and the Royal Botanical Gardens (Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago) identified 27 new reproductive host plants. The reproductive suitability of two dicotyledonous species and three native Florida palm species was examined. An updated list of reproductive host plants of R. indica is presented. All reported reproductive hosts (91 plant species) of R. indica are monocots from the orders Arecales (Arecaceae), Zingiberales (Heliconiaceae, Musaceae, Strelitziaceae, Zingiberaceae) and Pandanales (Pandanaceae). Most are palms of the family Arecaceae that originated in areas of the Eastern Hemisphere; about one fourth of the reported hosts are native to the New World and could be considered new host associations of R. indica. Six years after the initial detection in the Caribbean, R. indica has expanded its host plant range. Here we report 27 new reproductive host of R. indica that represent 30% of increase on previous host plant records. As this mite continues spreading in the Neotropical region a great diversity of plants is potentially affected.}, }
@article {pmid21913003, year = {2012}, author = {Dowling, AP and Ochoa, R and Beard, JJ and Welbourn, WC and Ueckermann, EA}, title = {Phylogenetic investigation of the genus Raoiella (Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae): diversity, distribution, and world invasions.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {57}, number = {3-4}, pages = {257-269}, pmid = {21913003}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Biodiversity ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Mites/*classification/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The genus Raoiella is best known because of the red palm mite, R. indica, a major pest of palms spreading aggressively throughout the Americas. Not much was known about the biology, geographic origins, or evolutionary history of the genus when R. indica emerged as a major invasive pest. This paper attempts to address some of the basic historical questions regarding the palm mite as well as the genus. Molecular characters from COI and 28S regions were used to produce a phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus in an effort to understand its geographic origin. It also uses COI barcode data to delimit several potentially new species discovered by the authors in Australia. Results show a basal split between R. indica and all other Raoiella species, which indicates Africa or the Middle East as the most probable origin of the genus. Additionally, COI data suggests that at least eight new species are represented among the 20 Australian populations included in this study.}, }
@article {pmid22950473, year = {2011}, author = {Adams, BJ and Hooper-Bùi, LM and Strecker, RM and O'Brien, DM}, title = {Raft formation by the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {171}, pmid = {22950473}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *Behavior, Animal ; Female ; Floods ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Male ; Water ; }, abstract = {The raft behavior of the invasive red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), has been documented for over a century. However, no rigorous tests have been performed elucidating the structure, limits, and important characteristics of this behavior. Rafting makes S. invicta competitive in both native and foreign environments. Further understanding of this behavior will provide critical advancement to the comprehension of this ant's global invasion ecology. Though speculations exist, no one has looked at the movements of individuals within the raft formation, the longevity of rafts, raft success rate, or the importance of different life stages and varying types of adults to raft formation. Furthermore, bubble use has been extensively studied in arthropods, but it has never been documented in social insects. The use of bubbles as a means of floatation has never before been noted in raft formation. This study shows that ants trapped under water escape by lifting themselves to the air-water interface through the use of bubbles collected from submerged substrate. The presence of larvae was noted to increase colony survival and maximize raft longevity due in part their ability to hold bubbles under hydrophobic setae.}, }
@article {pmid22696959, year = {2011}, author = {De Cauwer, B and Rombaut, R and Bulcke, R and Reheul, D}, title = {Sensitivity of Echinochloa muricata and Echinochloa crus-galli to HPPD- and ALS-inhibiting herbicides in corn.}, journal = {Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, pages = {513-520}, pmid = {22696959}, issn = {1379-1176}, mesh = {4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase/*antagonists &amp; inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; Acetolactate Synthase/*antagonists &amp; inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; Echinochloa/*drug effects/enzymology/genetics ; Enzyme Inhibitors/*pharmacology ; Herbicides/*pharmacology ; Plant Proteins/*antagonists &amp; inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; Weed Control ; Zea mays/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Until recently Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya Wiegand (rough barnyardgrass), an alien species native to North America, was completely overlooked in Belgium due to its close morphological resemblance to Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. (barnyardgrass). E. muricata var. microstachya has gradually spread and is now locally naturalized and abundant in and along maize fields. One of the possible reasons for its expansion in maize fields, besides e.g. the lack of crop rotation, might be a lower sensitivity to postemergence herbicides acting against panicoid grasses, in particular 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicides and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides. Dose-response pot experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to evaluate the effectiveness of four HPPD-inhibitor herbicides [topramezone (ARIETTA), mesotrione (CALLISTO), tembotrione (LAUDIS), sulcotrione (MIKADO) and the ALS-inhibitor herbicide nicosulfuron (KELVIN) for controlling local populations of E. crus-galli and E. muricata. Pots were planted with 25 seeds, thinned afterwards to 5 plants (one week after sowing) and irrigated by overhead sprinklers. Herbicides were applied at the 3-4 leaf stage (BBCH stage 13-14). Fresh biomass was harvested 28 d after treatment. In another dose-response pot experiment, the influence of leaf stage at time of herbicide application on efficacy of topramezone for (rough) barnyardgrass control was evaluated. Sensitivity to HPPD-inhibitor herbicides topramezone and sulcotrione was significantly lower for E. muricata populations than for E. crus-galli populations. However, nicosulfuron sensitivity of both species was similar. Compared to E. crus-galli, sensitivity of E. muricata to topramezone was more dependent on leaf stage. Due to the intragenus variability in sensitivity to HPPD-inhibitor herbicides, higher awareness is required for presence of E. muricata plants in maize fields in order to avoid insufficient "barnyardgrass" control.}, }
@article {pmid22379390, year = {2011}, author = {Bourassa, S and Spence, JR and Hartley, DJ and Lee, SI}, title = {Wing-dimorphism and population expansion of Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger, 1798) at small and large scales in central Alberta, Canada (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Pterostichini).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {147}, pages = {545-558}, pmid = {22379390}, issn = {1313-2970}, abstract = {A study spanning ten years revealed changes in wing-morph ratios corroborating the hypothesis that the wing-dimorphic introduced carabid, Pterostichus melanarius Ill.,is spreading through flight, from the city of Edmonton, Canada and establishing populations in natural aspen forest of more rural areas 45-50 km to the East. Comparison of wing-morph ratios between Pterostichus melanarius and the native wing dimorphic species Agonum retractum LeConte suggests that the spatial variation in ratios for Pterostichus melanarius does not reflect underlying environmental variation, but instead the action of selective forces on this wing-dimorphic species. About ten years after its earliest detection in some rural sites the frequency of macropterous individuals in Pterostichus melanarius has decreased c. five-fold, but it is still above the level seen in European populations in which the two wing-morphs are thought to exist in equilibrium. Pterostichus melanarius is expanding its range in native aspen forest much faster than three other introduced species Clivina fossor L.), Carabus granulatus O.F. Müllerand Clivina fossor L also encountered in this study. The two Carabus species are flightless, but Carabus fossor can be dimorphic. Although these four non-native ground beetle species comprise >85% of the carabids collected at sites in urban Edmonton, activity-density of native carabids was similar across the urban-rural gradient, suggesting little direct impact of introduced species on the local abundance of native species. In a second study conducted at a smaller scale near George Lake, Alberta, macropterous individuals of Pterostichus melanarius have penetrated furthest and most rapidly into native aspen forest. Furthermore, the percentage of micropterous individuals has increased markedly in areas first colonized a decade previously. Overall, these studies support the idea that macropterous beetles in wing-d dimorphic species are important vanguards for early colonization of unexploited territory, but that flightless individuals replace the flying morph relatively rapidly once populations are established.}, }
@article {pmid22546444, year = {2010}, author = {Powell, BE and Silverman, J}, title = {Population growth of Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the presence of Linepithema humile and Tapinoma sessile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {39}, number = {5}, pages = {1492-1499}, doi = {10.1603/EN09211}, pmid = {22546444}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Aphids/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Population Growth ; Predatory Behavior ; Species Specificity ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Invasive ant species can have dramatic impacts on native ants, through direct predation and by usurping common resources. Most invasive ants and many native ants use honeydew, produced by phloem-sucking hemipterans. Because colonies of invasive ants can become very large after establishment, these ants may facilitate greater hemipteran trophobiont population growth compared with their sympatric native ant counterparts. We examined the population growth of an aphid mutualist, Aphis gossypii, and a nonmutualist, Myzus persicae, exposed to two Dolichoderine ants, Linepithema humile, a globally widespread invasive species, and Tapinoma sessile, a widespread co-occurring native ant, in North America in an enemy-free laboratory study. L. humile worker foraging activity was at least twice that of T. sessile, and populations of the myrmecophile, A. gossypii, were greater when exposed to L. humile than T. sessile, possibly caused, in part, by more frequent encounters with L. humile. L. humile ignored M. persicae when A. gossypii was absent, whereas T. sessile preyed on it. Both ant species preyed on M. persicae when A. gossypii was also present. This suggested that both ants may assess nutritional gains from aphid species (i.e., honeydew versus body tissue), eliminating less productive aphids competing for host plant space. Through their impact on populations of hemipteran mutualists, we suggest that colonies of L. humile and perhaps other invasive ants may acquire more honeydew than native ants, thereby fueling colony growth that leads to numerical dominance and widespread success in introduced environments.}, }
@article {pmid22546439, year = {2010}, author = {Ouellette, GD and Drummond, FA and Choate, B and Groden, E}, title = {Ant diversity and distribution in Acadia National Park, Maine.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {39}, number = {5}, pages = {1447-1456}, doi = {10.1603/EN09306}, pmid = {22546439}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Biota ; Environment ; Introduced Species ; Maine ; }, abstract = {Exotic ant species are a primary threat to ant biological diversity, posing a negative impact to native ant communities. In this study, we examine species richness of ants (family Formicidae) in Acadia National Park, ME, as a fundamental step toward understanding the present impact of the exotic species Myrmica rubra on native ant species. Twelve habitat types were sampled, along six transects, with pitfall traps, visual searching, bait traps, and leaf litter extraction, and the aid of 34 volunteers. We report 42 species of ants in Acadia National Park, comprising five subfamilies (Amblyoponinae, Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, and Ponerinae) and 15 genera; the cataloged species represents 75% of the species originally recorded in the area by Procter (1946). Our findings suggest M. rubra is currently not a dominant species throughout the entire island. However, where this species has invaded locally, few competing native species coexist. The species Lasius alienus, Formica subsericea, Myrmica detritinodis, Camponotus herculeanus, Formica argentea, Formica aserva, and Tapinoma sessile occurred most often in our survey. We report the ant species Amblyopone pallipes and Dolichoderus mariae as two new records for the state of Maine.}, }
@article {pmid22546433, year = {2010}, author = {Seal, DR and Klassen, W and Kumar, V}, title = {Biological parameters of Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on selected hosts.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {39}, number = {5}, pages = {1389-1398}, doi = {10.1603/EN09236}, pmid = {22546433}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Capsicum ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Florida ; Food Chain ; Food Preferences ; Herbivory ; Insect Control/methods ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; Oviposition ; Population Dynamics ; Pupa/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Rosa ; Thysanoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Since its establishment in Florida in 2005, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, a highly polyphagous species, has become an economically important pest of ornamental plants and a potentially significant pest of vegetable and fruit crops. Fruit and vegetable production in Florida is trending toward significant adoption of organic methods and use of widely dispersed small fields in rapidly urbanizing landscapes. Landscape plants may serve as refugia from which S. dorsalis recruits can disperse to nearby fruit and vegetable plantings. Therefore, information on this pest's biology including how it is affected by various host species is needed to develop effective integrated pest management (IPM) programs. In the greenhouse and laboratory condition, we studied the effects of various host plants, development, diel flight activity, oviposition, and demographics of S. dorsalis. The pest preferred Jalapeño pepper and Knockout rose over the other hosts, and it was most active between 1000 and 1600 hours EST. Irrespective of the host species, the duration of each of the immature stadia varied within a narrow range, and their respective sizes were quite similar. Demographic parameters quantified included gross reproduction rate (GRR), net reproductive rate (R(o)), intrinsic rate of increase per day (R(m)), finite rate of increase per day (λ), and mean generation time (T). The pest population may increase by a factor of ≈ 1.09/d, so that it may double in 8 or 9 d. The above information should be helpful in the development of sound programs to manage S. dorsalis on various crops and in the formulation of detection strategies by quarantine officers.}, }
@article {pmid22127186, year = {2010}, author = {Liu, Y and Hou, M and Wu, K}, title = {Genetic variation of mitochondrial DNA in Chinese populations of Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, pages = {1344-1351}, doi = {10.1603/EN09355}, pmid = {22127186}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *DNA, Mitochondrial ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Gossypium/parasitology ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Moths/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella is an invasive pest insect that has successfully established populations in many cotton growing regions around the world. In this study, the genetic diversity and population structure of Chinese populations of P. gossypiella were evaluated using mitochondrial DNA sequence data (COII and Nad4). For comparison, individuals of Pakistan and America were also sequenced at the same two mtDNA regions. Extremely low genetic variation was observed in the two mitochondrial regions among all populations examined. Most of the populations harbored only one to two haplotypes. Although the Nad4 region showed relatively high haplotype diversity and nucleotide variation, ranging from 0.363 to 0.591 and from 0.00078 to 0.00140, respectively, there were only three haplotypes observed in this region. COII and Nad4 haplotype networks shaved one or two common haplotype(s) forming the center of a star-shaped phylogeny. Pairwise tests showed that most of the populations were not significantly differentiated from each other. The Chinese populations were differentiated from the Pakistani and American populations in the Nad4 region. The low level of population genetic variation of P. gossypiella is attributed to invasion bottlenecks, which may have been subsequently strengthened by its nonmigratory biology and the mosaic pattern of agricultural activities.}, }
@article {pmid22127166, year = {2010}, author = {Hagen, EN and Bakker, JD and Gara, RI}, title = {Aerial arthropod communities of native and invaded forests, Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, pages = {1159-1164}, doi = {10.1603/EN10002}, pmid = {22127166}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Arthropods ; Chile ; *Introduced Species ; Trees/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species significantly contribute to biological change and threaten biodiversity, with a growing body of evidence that plant invasions affect higher trophic levels. We explored the relative importance of plant invasion and forest structure on aerial arthropod abundance, diversity, and composition on Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile. We used flight intercept traps to sample aerial arthropods within distinct canopy strata of native and invaded forests over 3-mo periods in 2006 and 2007. Arthropod abundance and diversity were higher in native than invaded forest, and arthropod communities were distinct between forest types. In both forest types, arthropod abundance was highest in the lower canopy, and canopy strata exhibited some differences in arthropod community composition. Several morphospecies were distinctly associated with each forest type. The strong differences in aerial arthropod communities associated with the invasion of native forest by non-native plants may affect other trophic levels, such as insectivorous birds. Steps to stop invasive plant spread and to restore native forest composition and structure are needed to safeguard the integrity of native communities, from plants to higher-level consumers.}, }
@article {pmid22127164, year = {2010}, author = {Rowles, AD and Silverman, J}, title = {Argentine ant invasion associated with loblolly pines in the southeastern United States: minimal impacts but seasonally sustained.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, pages = {1141-1150}, doi = {10.1603/EN10004}, pmid = {22127164}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; North Carolina ; *Pinus taeda ; }, abstract = {Invasive ants are notorious for directly displacing native ant species. Although such impacts are associated with Argentine ant invasions (Linepithema humile) worldwide, impacts within natural habitat are less widely reported, particularly those affecting arboreal ant communities. Argentine ants were detected in North Carolina mixed pine-hardwood forest for the first time but were localized on and around loblolly pines (Pinus taeda), probably because of association with honeydew-producing Hemiptera. We explored the potential impacts of L. humile on arboreal and ground-foraging native ant species by comparing interspersed loblolly pines invaded and uninvaded by Argentine ants. Impacts on native ants were assessed monthly over 1 yr by counting ants in foraging trails on pine trunks and in surrounding plots using a concentric arrangement of pitfall traps at 1, 2, and 3 m from the base of each tree. Of floristics and habitat variables, higher soil moisture in invaded plots was the only difference between plot types, increasing confidence that any ant community differences were caused by Argentine ants. Overall patterns of impact were weak. Composition differed significantly between Argentine ant invaded and uninvaded trunks and pitfalls but was driven only by the presence of Argentine ants rather than any resulting compositional change in native ant species. Native ant abundance and richness were similarly unaffected by L. humile. However, the abundance of individual ant species was more variable. Although numbers of the arboreal Crematogaster ashmeadi (Myrmicinae) declined on and around invaded pines, epigeic Aphaenogaster rudis (Myrmicinae) remained the most abundant species in all plots. Argentine ant densities peaked in late summer and fall, therefore overlapping with most native ants. Unexpected was their continued presence during even the coldest months. We provide evidence that Argentine ants can invade and persist in native North Carolina forests, probably mediated by pine-associated resources. However, their localized distribution and minimal impact on the native ant fauna relative to previously described invasions requires further resolution.}, }
@article {pmid22523473, year = {2010}, author = {Reiskind, MH and Zarrabi, AA and Lounibos, LP}, title = {Invasive leaf resources alleviate density dependence in the invasive mosquito, Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {2319-2328}, pmid = {22523473}, issn = {1387-3547}, support = {R01 AI044793-03/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-05A2/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-08/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-09/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-07/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Interactions between invasive species can have important consequences for the speed and impact of biological invasions. Containers occupied by the invasive mosquito, Aedes albopictus Skuse, may be sensitive to invasive plants whose leaves fall into this larval habitat. To examine the potential for interactions between invasive leaf species and larval A. albopictus, we conducted a field survey of leaf material found with A. albopictus in containers in Palm Beach County, Florida and measured density dependent responses of A. albopictus larvae to two invasive and one native leaf species in laboratory experiments. We found increased diversity of leaf species, particularly invasive species, in areas further from the urbanized coast, and a significant positive association between the presence of Schinus terebinthifolious (Brazilian pepper) and the abundance of A. albopictus. In laboratory experiments, we determined that larval growth and survivorship were significantly affected by both larval density and leaf species which, in turn, resulted in higher population performance on the most abundant invasive species (Brazilian pepper) relative to the most abundant native species, Quercus virginiana (live oak). These results suggest invasive leaf species can alleviate density dependent reductions in population performance in A. albopictus, and may contribute to its invasion success and potential to spread infectious disease.}, }
@article {pmid21975253, year = {2010}, author = {Raybould, A}, title = {The bucket and the searchlight: formulating and testing risk hypotheses about the weediness and invasiveness potential of transgenic crops.}, journal = {Environmental biosafety research}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {123-133}, doi = {10.1051/ebr/2011101}, pmid = {21975253}, issn = {1635-7922}, mesh = {Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; Environment ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Plant Weeds/*genetics ; *Plants, Genetically Modified ; Risk Assessment/methods ; }, abstract = {The bucket and the searchlight are metaphors for opposing theories of the growth of scientific knowledge. The bucket theory proposes that knowledge is gained by observing the world without preconceptions, and that knowledge emerges from the accumulation of observations that support a hypothesis. There are many problems with this theory, the most serious of which is that it does not appear to offer a means to distinguish between the many hypotheses that could explain a particular set of observations. The searchlight theory proposes that preconceptions are unavoidable and that knowledge advances through the improvement of our preconceptions - our hypotheses - by continuous criticism and revision. A hypothesis is a searchlight that illuminates observations that test the hypothesis and reveal its flaws, and knowledge thereby increases through the elimination of false hypotheses. Research into the risks posed by the cultivation of transgenic crops often appears to apply the bucket theory; many data are produced, but knowledge of risk is not advanced. Application of the searchlight theory, whereby risk assessments test hypotheses that transgenic crops will not be harmful, seems to offer a better way to characterise risk. The effectiveness of an environmental risk assessment should not be measured by the size of the bucket of observations on a transgenic crop, but by the power of the risk hypothesis searchlights to clarify the risks that may arise from cultivation of that crop. These points are illustrated by examples of hypotheses that could be tested to assess the risks from transgenic crops and their hybrids becoming weeds or invading non-agricultural habitats.}, }
@article {pmid22880749, year = {2009}, author = {Gyllenberg, M and Preoteasa, D and Yan, P}, title = {Ecology and evolution of symbiosis in metapopulations.}, journal = {Journal of biological dynamics}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {39-57}, doi = {10.1080/17513750802101935}, pmid = {22880749}, issn = {1751-3766}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; *Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Population Dynamics ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; }, abstract = {We present a model for symbionts in plant host metapopulation. Symbionts are assumed not only to form a systemic infection throughout the host and pass into the host seeds, but also to reproduce and infect new plants by spores. Thus, we study a metapopulation of qualitatively identical patches coupled through seeds and spores dispersal. Symbionts that are only vertically inherited cannot persist in such a uniform environment if they lower the host's fitness. They have to be beneficial in order to coexist with the host if they are not perfectly transmitted to the seeds; but evolution selects for 100% fidelity of infection inheritance. In this model we want to see how mixed strategies (both vertical and horizontal infection) affect the coexistence of uninfected and infected plants at equilibrium; also, what would evolution do for the host, for the symbionts and for their association. We present a detailed classification of the possible equilibria with examples. The stability of the steady states is rigorously proved for the first time in a metapopulation set-up.}, }
@article {pmid22544973, year = {2009}, author = {Usmani-Brown, S and Cohnstaedt, L and Munstermann, LE}, title = {Population Genetics of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Invading Populations, Using Mitochondrial nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Dehydrogenase Subunit 5 Sequences.}, journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, volume = {102}, number = {1}, pages = {144-150}, pmid = {22544973}, issn = {0013-8746}, support = {R01 AI044793-03/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI056254/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; U19 AI065866/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-05A2/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-08/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-09/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-07/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), the Asian tiger mosquito indigenous to Asia, now an invasive species worldwide, is an important vector for several arboviruses. Genetic analysis using the mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene was carried out in populations from Cameroon (n = 50), Hawaii (n = 38), Italy (n = 20), the continental United States, Brazil, and its native range. Data for Brazil, the continental United States, and the native range was obtained from Birungi and Munstermann (2002). Direct sequencing was used to identity unique haplotypes. The limited phylogeographic partitioning of haplotypes with low levels of sequence divergence in both Cameroon and Hawaii was consistent with the population structure of Ae. albopictus in the United States and Brazil. Four new haplotypes were identified from the samples from Cameroon and Hawaii, adding to previously described haplotypes. Hawaii shared a haplotype with Cameroon that was unique to these two regions. Hawaii also had higher overall haplotype diversity than seen in previous continental United States, Brazil, or native range populations. Hawaiian, Cameroon, and Italian populations did not share haplotypes with Brazil, which validates the earlier mitochondrial DNA studies indicating a separate introduction of this species into Brazil.}, }
@article {pmid22876825, year = {2007}, author = {Kern, DL and Lenhart, S and Miller, R and Yong, J}, title = {Optimal control applied to native-invasive population dynamics.}, journal = {Journal of biological dynamics}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {413-426}, doi = {10.1080/17513750701605556}, pmid = {22876825}, issn = {1751-3766}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Populus/*growth &amp; development ; Tamaricaceae/*growth &amp; development ; *Weed Control ; }, abstract = {This article presents a model for population interactions between an invasive and a native species, where the effect of disturbance in the system (such as flooding) is modeled as a control variable in the growth terms. The motivating example is cottonwood-salt cedar competition, with flooding being detrimental at low and high levels and being advantageous at medium levels, which led us to consider quadratic growth functions of the control. An objective functional is formulated to maximize the native species while minimizing the cost of implementing the control. A new existence result for an optimal control with these quadratic growth functions is given. Numerical results are examined for various parameter values. The results provide suggestions for managing the disturbance regime when invasive species are present.}, }
@article {pmid22532705, year = {2005}, author = {Griswold, MW and Lounibos, LP}, title = {Does differential predation permit invasive and native mosquito larvae to coexist in Florida?.}, journal = {Ecological entomology}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {122-127}, pmid = {22532705}, issn = {0307-6946}, support = {R01 AI044793-03/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {1. The hypothesis that selective predation on larvae of the invasive Aedes albopictus (Skuse) could account for its stable coexistence with the native mosquito species and inferior competitor Ochlerotatus triseriatus (Say) in Florida treeholes and container systems was tested experimentally.2. Functional responses of the two dipteran predators Toxorhynchites rutilus (Coquillett) and Corethrella appendiculata (Grabham) were evaluated separately for A. albopictus and O. triseriatus prey. Both predators exhibited type II functional responses and consistently consumed more of the invasive species. Handling time of T. rutilus feeding upon O. triseriatus was significantly longer than when preying upon the invasive species.3. When either predator species was offered varying ratios of the two prey species, A. albopictus was consumed preferentially. The absence of a prey ratio effect on preference indicated that switching probably does not occur.4. The higher maximum feeding rate upon, and preference for, A. albopictus suggests that differential predation may foster coexistence of the invasive and native mosquito prey species in Florida.}, }
@article {pmid21904931, year = {2011}, author = {Francis, RA}, title = {The impacts of modern warfare on freshwater ecosystems.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {48}, number = {5}, pages = {985-999}, pmid = {21904931}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Fresh Water/*analysis ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Lakes/*analysis ; Plant Development ; Plants/metabolism ; Risk Assessment ; Water Pollution/*analysis/prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {There is increasing recognition and concern regarding the impacts of modern industrial warfare on the environment. Freshwater ecosystems are perhaps the most vulnerable to warfare-related impacts, which is of concern given that they provide so many essential environmental resources and services to society. Despite this, there has been little work to establish and quantify the types of impacts (both negative and positive) that warfare may have on such systems. This paper firstly highlights why rivers and lakes may be susceptible to warfare-related impacts, before synthesizing the available literature to explore the following main themes: intensification of wartime resource acquisition, use of water as an offensive or defensive weapon, direct and indirect effects of explosive ordnance, increased pollution, introduction of invasive alien species, and positive ecological impacts. This is then followed by a discussion of the implications of such impacts in relation to future warfare, including a consideration of the efficacy of existing legal instruments to protect the environment during conflict, and the trend for war to become more localized and 'informal', and therefore less regulated. Finally, the paper identifies key research foci for understanding and mitigating the effects of warfare on freshwater ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid21904629, year = {2011}, author = {Miranda, NA and Perissinotto, R and Appleton, CC}, title = {Population structure of an invasive parthenogenetic gastropod in coastal lakes and estuaries of northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {8}, pages = {e24337}, pmid = {21904629}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa, Southern ; Animals ; Female ; Gastropoda/classification/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Geography ; Lakes ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Estuaries and coastal lakes receive little attention despite being heavily invaded by non-indigenous invasive species (NIS). In these situations, studies of population dynamics in invaded habitats can provide valuable insights into how NIS interact with new environments. Tarebia granifera is a prosobranch gastropod from south-east Asia which has invaded other sub-tropical parts of the world. This study addresses whether a small number of key environmental factors influences gastropod communities, and specifically how the population density and size structure of T. granifera were influenced by environmental change in estuaries and coastal lakes in southern Africa.<br><br>T. granifera's density, number of brooded juveniles and size structure were measured at the St. Lucia Estuary, Mgobozeleni Estuary, Lake Sibaya and Lake Nhlange. Size structure was classified according to shell height (SH). All dissected individuals were found to be female and free from trematode infection. Salinity, water depth, temperature, and pH were the main factors correlated with population density of gastropod communities. T. granifera often reached densities well over 1000 ind. m(-2), displacing indigenous gastropods and becoming a dominant component of the benthic community. T. granifera successfully invaded estuaries despite frequent exposure to high salinity and desiccation, which could together eliminate >97% of the population. The persistence of T. granifera was ensured due to its high fecundity and the environmental tolerance of large adults (20-30 mm SH) which carried an average of 158&#xb1;12.8 SD brooded juveniles. Repeat introductions were not essential for the success of this parthenogenetic NIS.<br><br>CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: There is a need for a broader study on the reproductive biology of T. granifera (including the previously overlooked "brood pouch ecology"), which affects population dynamics and may be relevant to other parthenogenetic NIS, such as Melanoides tuberculata and Potamopyrgus antipodarum.}, }
@article {pmid21901444, year = {2011}, author = {Piskorski, R and Ineichen, S and Dorn, S}, title = {Ability of the oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to detoxify juglone, the main secondary metabolite of the non-host plant walnut.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {37}, number = {10}, pages = {1110-1116}, pmid = {21901444}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Fruit/*parasitology ; Herbivory ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Juglans/*metabolism ; Moths/*physiology ; Naphthoquinones/*metabolism ; Rosaceae/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Many plant species produce toxic secondary metabolites that limit attacks by herbivorous insects, and may thereby constrain insect expansion to new hosts. Walnut is a host for the codling moth Cydia pomonella, which efficiently detoxifies the main walnut defensive compound juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone). The oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta, which also belongs to the tribe Grapholitini, does not feed on walnut. We tested the performance of G. molesta, a highly invasive species, on artificial diets containing juglone at levels mimicking those found in walnut over the growing season. Juglone-fed G. molesta survived relatively well to adulthood, but larval and adult body weights were reduced, and larval developmental time was prolonged in a dose-dependent fashion. Chemical analysis of frass from larvae that had been fed a juglone-containing diet suggests that G. molesta reduces juglone to non-toxic 1,4,5-trihydroxynaphthalene in its gut. This unexpected tolerance of G. molesta to high levels of juglone may facilitate expansion of the host range beyond the current rosacean fruit trees used by this invasive pest.}, }
@article {pmid21900611, year = {2011}, author = {Rodríguez-Rodríguez, MC and Valido, A}, title = {Consequences of plant-pollinator and floral-herbivore interactions on the reproductive success of the Canary Islands endemic Canarina canariensis (Campanulaceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {98}, number = {9}, pages = {1465-1474}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1100146}, pmid = {21900611}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Campanulaceae/*physiology ; Herbivory ; *Pollen ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Pollination is a critical phase for plant reproduction, but ecological and evolutionary outcomes by pollinators may be counteracted by floral herbivores. These interacting assemblages may also be altered (directly or indirectly) by introduced species, especially on oceanic islands. In this study, we analyzed the effects of opportunistic nectar-feeding passerine birds and native (semi-slugs) and introduced (rats) floral herbivores on the reproductive success of Canarina canariensis. •<br><br>METHODS: Manual pollination experiments were conducted to determine plant breeding system and pollen limitation. We also identified floral visitors and their visitation frequencies by censuses. Bird pollination effectiveness was evaluated by selective exclosures. The intensity of floral herbivory by native vs. introduced herbivores and its effect on plant fitness was estimated in different areas within the Canary island of Tenerife. &#x2022;<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Canarina canariensis had a very low spontaneous selfing ability and high pollen limitation, despite being self-compatible. Birds increased fruit set and the percentage of viable seeds per fruit, while florivores, the principal floral visitors, reduced them. Semi-slugs mainly consumed male reproductive organs, while rats preferred female. There was a strong within-island spatial variation in the herbivory intensity. &#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Opportunistic nectar-feeding birds increase the production of viable seeds in C. canariensis, but their beneficial effects are counteracted by the high incidence of floral herbivory. Because native semi-slugs damaged anthers more frequently than did introduced rats, these florivores may differ in their effects on male and female plant reproductive success.}, }
@article {pmid21900326, year = {2012}, author = {Oskarsson, MC and Klütsch, CF and Boonyaprakob, U and Wilton, A and Tanabe, Y and Savolainen, P}, title = {Mitochondrial DNA data indicate an introduction through Mainland Southeast Asia for Australian dingoes and Polynesian domestic dogs.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {279}, number = {1730}, pages = {967-974}, pmid = {21900326}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia, Southeastern ; Australia ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*chemistry ; Dogs/*genetics ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polynesia ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Wolves/*genetics ; }, abstract = {In the late stages of the global dispersal of dogs, dingoes appear in the Australian archaeological record 3500 years BP, and dogs were one of three domesticates brought with the colonization of Polynesia, but the introduction routes to this region remain unknown. This also relates to questions about human history, such as to what extent the Polynesian culture was introduced with the Austronesian expansion from Taiwan or adopted en route, and whether pre-Neolithic Australia was culturally influenced by the surrounding Neolithic world. We investigate these questions by mapping the distribution of the mtDNA founder haplotypes for dingoes (A29) and ancient Polynesian dogs (Arc1 and Arc2) in samples across Southern East Asia (n = 424) and Island Southeast Asia (n = 219). All three haplotypes were found in South China, Mainland Southeast Asia and Indonesia but absent in Taiwan and the Philippines, and the mtDNA diversity among dingoes indicates an introduction to Australia 4600-18 300 years BP. These results suggest that Australian dingoes and Polynesian dogs originate from dogs introduced to Indonesia via Mainland Southeast Asia before the Neolithic, and not from Taiwan together with the Austronesian expansion. This underscores the complex origins of Polynesian culture and the isolation from Neolithic influence of the pre-Neolithic Australian culture.}, }
@article {pmid21900324, year = {2012}, author = {Smith, CR and Grange, LJ and Honig, DL and Naudts, L and Huber, B and Guidi, L and Domack, E}, title = {A large population of king crabs in Palmer Deep on the west Antarctic Peninsula shelf and potential invasive impacts.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {279}, number = {1730}, pages = {1017-1026}, pmid = {21900324}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Anomura/*physiology ; Antarctic Regions ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Lithodid crabs (and other skeleton-crushing predators) may have been excluded from cold Antarctic continental shelf waters for more than 14 Myr. The west Antarctic Peninsula shelf is warming rapidly and has been hypothesized to be soon invaded by lithodids. A remotely operated vehicle survey in Palmer Deep, a basin 120 km onto the Antarctic shelf, revealed a large, reproductive population of lithodids, providing the first evidence that king crabs have crossed the Antarctic shelf. DNA sequencing and morphology indicate the lithodid is Neolithodes yaldwyni Ahyong &amp; Dawson, previously reported only from Ross Sea waters. We estimate a N. yaldwyni population density of 10 600 km(-2) and a population size of 1.55 × 10(6) in Palmer Deep, a density similar to lithodid populations of commercial interest around Alaska and South Georgia. The lithodid occurred at depths of more than 850 m and temperatures of more than 1.4°C in Palmer Deep, and was not found in extensive surveys of the colder shelf at depths of 430-725 m. Where N. yaldwyni occurred, crab traces were abundant, megafaunal diversity reduced and echinoderms absent, suggesting that the crabs have major ecological impacts. Antarctic Peninsula shelf waters are warming at approximately 0.01°C yr(-1); if N. yaldwyni is currently limited by cold temperatures, it could spread up onto the shelf (400-600 m depths) within 1-2 decades. The Palmer Deep N. yaldwyni population provides an important model for the potential invasive impacts of crushing predators on vulnerable Antarctic shelf ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid21893414, year = {2011}, author = {Cowan, DA and Chown, SL and Convey, P and Tuffin, M and Hughes, K and Pointing, S and Vincent, WF}, title = {Non-indigenous microorganisms in the Antarctic: assessing the risks.}, journal = {Trends in microbiology}, volume = {19}, number = {11}, pages = {540-548}, doi = {10.1016/j.tim.2011.07.008}, pmid = {21893414}, issn = {1878-4380}, mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Microbiology ; Environmental Pollution ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The Antarctic continent is frequently cited as the last pristine continent on Earth. However, this view is misleading for several reasons. First, there has been a rapid increase in visitors to Antarctica, with large increases at research bases and their environs and to sites of major tourist interest (e.g. historical sites and concentrations of megafauna). Second, although substantial efforts are made to avoid physical disturbance and contamination by chemical, human and other wastes at these sites, little has been done to prevent the introduction of non-indigenous microorganisms. Here, we analyse the extent and significance of anthropogenic introduction of microbial 'contaminants' to the Antarctic continent. We conclude that such processes are unlikely to have any immediate gross impact on microbiological community structure or function, but that increased efforts are required to protect the unique ecosystems of Antarctica from microbial and genetic contamination and homogenisation.}, }
@article {pmid21892986, year = {2012}, author = {Cooper, A and Goullet, M and Mitchell, J and Ketheesan, N and Govan, B}, title = {Serological evidence of Coxiella burnetii exposure in native marsupials and introduced animals in Queensland, Australia.}, journal = {Epidemiology and infection}, volume = {140}, number = {7}, pages = {1304-1308}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268811001828}, pmid = {21892986}, issn = {1469-4409}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Bacterial/*blood ; Antigens, Bacterial ; Cats ; Coxiella burnetii/*immunology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Foxes ; Marsupialia ; Q Fever/diagnosis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Queensland/epidemiology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Serologic Tests ; Swine ; }, abstract = {The state of Queensland has the highest incidence of Q fever in Australia. In recent years, there has been an increase in human cases where no contacts with the typical reservoir animals or occupations were reported. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Australian native animals and introduced animals in northern and southeastern Queensland. Australian native marsupials sampled included the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and common northern bandicoot (Isoodon macrourus). Introduced species sampled included dingoes (Canis lupus dingo), cats (Felis catus), foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and pigs (Sus scrofa). Serum samples were tested by ELISA for both phase II and phase I antigens of the organism using an Australian isolate. The serological evidence of C. burnetii infection demonstrated in these species has public health implications due to their increasing movement into residential areas in regional Queensland. This study is the first known investigation of C. burnetii seroprevalence in these species in northern Queensland.}, }
@article {pmid21889171, year = {2011}, author = {Olenin, S and Elliott, M and Bysveen, I and Culverhouse, PF and Daunys, D and Dubelaar, GB and Gollasch, S and Goulletquer, P and Jelmert, A and Kantor, Y and Mézeth, KB and Minchin, D and Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A and Olenina, I and Vandekerkhove, J}, title = {Recommendations on methods for the detection and control of biological pollution in marine coastal waters.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {62}, number = {12}, pages = {2598-2604}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.08.011}, pmid = {21889171}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Aquatic Organisms/classification/growth &amp; development ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment ; *Seawater ; }, abstract = {Adverse effects of invasive alien species (IAS), or biological pollution, is an increasing problem in marine coastal waters, which remains high on the environmental management agenda. All maritime countries need to assess the size of this problem and consider effective mechanisms to prevent introductions, and if necessary and where possible to monitor, contain, control or eradicate the introduced impacting organisms. Despite this, and in contrast to more enclosed water bodies, the openness of marine systems indicates that once species are in an area then eradication is usually impossible. Most institutions in countries are aware of the problem and have sufficient governance in place for management. However, there is still a general lack of commitment and concerted action plans are needed to address this problem. This paper provides recommendations resulting from an international workshop based upon a large amount of experience relating to the assessment and control of biopollution.}, }
@article {pmid21884563, year = {2011}, author = {Haas, SE and Hooten, MB and Rizzo, DM and Meentemeyer, RK}, title = {Forest species diversity reduces disease risk in a generalist plant pathogen invasion.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, pages = {1108-1116}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01679.x}, pmid = {21884563}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; Biodiversity ; California ; *Ecosystem ; Host Specificity ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Models, Biological ; Phytophthora/*pathogenicity ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Plants ; Population Density ; *Trees/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Empirical evidence suggests that biodiversity loss can increase disease transmission, yet our understanding of the 'diversity-disease hypothesis' for generalist pathogens in natural ecosystems is limited. We used a landscape epidemiological approach to examine two scenarios regarding diversity effects on the emerging plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum across a broad, heterogeneous ecoregion: (1) an amplification effect exists where disease risk is greater in areas with higher plant diversity due to the pathogen's wide host range, or (2) a dilution effect where risk is reduced with increasing diversity due to lower competency of alternative hosts. We found evidence for pathogen dilution, whereby disease risk was lower in sites with higher species diversity, after accounting for potentially confounding effects of host density and landscape heterogeneity. Our results suggest that although nearly all plants in the ecosystem are hosts, alternative hosts may dilute disease transmission by competent hosts, thereby buffering forest health from infectious disease.}, }
@article {pmid21884069, year = {2011}, author = {Jahner, JP and Bonilla, MM and Badik, KJ and Shapiro, AM and Forister, ML}, title = {Use of exotic hosts by Lepidoptera: widespread species colonize more novel hosts.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {65}, number = {9}, pages = {2719-2724}, doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01310.x}, pmid = {21884069}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Butterflies/classification/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; California ; Food Chain ; Food Preferences ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/classification/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Linear Models ; Phylogeny ; Plants ; }, abstract = {The study of host shifts by herbivorous insects has played an important role in evolutionary biology, contributing to research in coevolution, ecological speciation, and adaptive radiation. As invasive plants become more abundant in many ecosystems, the potential for exotic host use by native insects increases. Graves and Shapiro (2003) have documented exotic host use by 34% of Californian butterflies, suggesting that the plants and butterflies of California might be an important model system for the colonization and utilization of novel resources. In this study, we analyze relationships among geographic range, native diet breadth, and the use of exotic hosts by Californian butterflies and skippers (Lepidoptera). Geographic range and, to a lesser extent, native diet breadth are significant predictors of exotic host use, with positive relationships found both before and after phylogenetic correction. These results give insight into the process of insect host range evolution, as geographically widespread generalists have an apparently greater tendency to use novel, exotic hosts than geographically constrained specialists. Increasing occurrences of exotic host use are expected and those species not capable of shifting to nonnative hosts are likely to have higher vulnerability to extirpation and extinction in the future.}, }
@article {pmid21884053, year = {2011}, author = {Colautti, RI and Barrett, SC}, title = {Population divergence along lines of genetic variance and covariance in the invasive plant Lythrum salicaria in eastern North America.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {65}, number = {9}, pages = {2514-2529}, doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01313.x}, pmid = {21884053}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Genetic Fitness ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Lythrum/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Ontario ; Phenotype ; Reproduction ; Time Factors ; United States ; }, abstract = {Evolution during biological invasion may occur over contemporary timescales, but the rate of evolutionary change may be inhibited by a lack of standing genetic variation for ecologically relevant traits and by fitness trade-offs among them. The extent to which these genetic constraints limit the evolution of local adaptation during biological invasion has rarely been examined. To investigate genetic constraints on life-history traits, we measured standing genetic variance and covariance in 20 populations of the invasive plant purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) sampled along a latitudinal climatic gradient in eastern North America and grown under uniform conditions in a glasshouse. Genetic variances within and among populations were significant for all traits; however, strong intercorrelations among measurements of seedling growth rate, time to reproductive maturity and adult size suggested that fitness trade-offs have constrained population divergence. Evidence to support this hypothesis was obtained from the genetic variance-covariance matrix (G) and the matrix of (co)variance among population means (D), which were 79.8% (95% C.I. 77.7-82.9%) similar. These results suggest that population divergence during invasive spread of L. salicaria in eastern North America has been constrained by strong genetic correlations among life-history traits, despite large amounts of standing genetic variation for individual traits.}, }
@article {pmid21883235, year = {2011}, author = {Du, FK and Peng, XL and Liu, JQ and Lascoux, M and Hu, FS and Petit, RJ}, title = {Direction and extent of organelle DNA introgression between two spruce species in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {192}, number = {4}, pages = {1024-1033}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03853.x}, pmid = {21883235}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Biomass ; DNA, Chloroplast/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; *Inbreeding ; Introduced Species ; Models, Genetic ; Picea/*genetics ; Population Density ; Seeds/genetics ; Sympatry ; Tibet ; }, abstract = {A recent model has shown that, during range expansion of one species in a territory already occupied by a related species, introgression should take place preferentially from the resident species towards the invading species and genome components experiencing low rates of gene flow should introgress more readily than those experiencing high rates of gene flow. Here, we use molecular markers from two organelle genomes with contrasted rates of gene flow to test these predictions by examining genetic exchanges between two morphologically distinct spruce Picea species growing in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The haplotypes from both mitochondrial (mt) DNA and chloroplast (cp) DNA cluster into two distinct lineages that differentiate allopatric populations of the two species. By contrast, in sympatry, the species share the same haplotypes, suggesting interspecific genetic exchanges. As predicted by the neutral model, all sympatric populations of the expanding species had received their maternally inherited mtDNA from the resident species, whereas for paternally inherited cpDNA introgression is more limited and not strictly unidirectional. Our results underscore cryptic introgressions of organelle DNAs in plants and the importance of considering rates of gene flow and range shifts to predict direction and extent of interspecific genetic exchanges.}, }
@article {pmid21880623, year = {2012}, author = {Crossland, MR and Shine, R}, title = {Embryonic exposure to conspecific chemicals suppresses cane toad growth and survival.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {226-229}, pmid = {21880623}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animal Communication ; Animals ; Body Size ; Bufo marinus/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/drug effects/physiology ; Embryonic Development/drug effects ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Metamorphosis, Biological/*drug effects ; Mortality ; Ovum/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Random Allocation ; }, abstract = {Adaptations to suppress the viability of conspecifics may provide novel ways to control invasive taxa. The spread of cane toads (Rhinella marina) through tropical Australia has had severe ecological impacts, stimulating a search for biocontrol. Our experiments show that cane toad tadpoles produce waterborne chemical cues that suppress the viability of conspecifics encountering those cues during embryonic development. Brief (72 h) exposure to these cues in the egg and post-hatching phases massively reduced rates of survival and growth of larvae. Body sizes at metamorphosis (about three weeks later) were almost twice as great in control larvae as in tadpole-exposed larvae. The waterborne cue responsible for these effects might provide a weapon to reduce toad recruitment within the species' invaded range.}, }
@article {pmid21873644, year = {2011}, author = {Altshuler, I and Demiri, B and Xu, S and Constantin, A and Yan, ND and Cristescu, ME}, title = {An integrated multi-disciplinary approach for studying multiple stressors in freshwater ecosystems: Daphnia as a model organism.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {51}, number = {4}, pages = {623-633}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icr103}, pmid = {21873644}, issn = {1557-7023}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Calcium/chemistry ; *Climate Change ; Daphnia/*drug effects/genetics/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Genome ; Metals/toxicity ; Mutation Rate ; Stress, Physiological ; Transcriptome ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {The increased overexploitation of freshwater ecosystems and their extended watersheds often generates a cascade of anthropogenic stressors (e.g., acidification, eutrophication, metal contamination, Ca decline, changes in the physical environment, introduction of invasive species, over-harvesting of resources). The combined effect of these stressors is particularly difficult to study, requiring a coordinated multi-disciplinary effort and insights from various sub-disciplines of biology, including ecology, evolution, toxicology, and genetics. It also would benefit from a well-developed and broadly accepted model systems. The freshwater crustacean Daphnia is an excellent model organism for studying multiple stressors because it has been a chosen focus of study in all four of these fields. Daphnia is a widespread keystone species in most freshwater ecosystems, where it is routinely exposed to a multitude of anthropogenic and natural stressors. It has a fully sequenced genome, a well-understood life history and ecology, and a huge library of responses to toxicity. To make the case for its value as a model species, we consider the joint and separate effects of natural and three anthropogenic stressors-climatic change, calcium decline, and metal contaminants on daphniids. We propose that integrative approaches marrying various subfields of biology can advance our understanding of the combined effects of stressors. Such approaches can involve the measuring of multiple responses at several levels of biological organization from molecules to natural populations. For example, novel interdisciplinary approaches such as transcriptome profiling and mutation accumulation experiments can offer insights into how multiple stressors influence gene transcription and mutation rates across genomes, and, thus, help determine the causal mechanism between environmental stressors and population/community effects as well as long-term evolutionary patterns.}, }
@article {pmid21872597, year = {2011}, author = {Hopkins, WA and Durant, SE}, title = {Innate immunity and stress physiology of eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) from two stream reaches with differing habitat quality.}, journal = {General and comparative endocrinology}, volume = {174}, number = {2}, pages = {107-115}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.08.006}, pmid = {21872597}, issn = {1095-6840}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Immunity, Innate/*physiology ; Male ; Stress, Physiological/physiology ; Urodela/*immunology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {In addition to depriving amphibians of physical habitat requirements (e.g., shelter, moisture, and food), habitat modification may also have subtle effects on the health of amphibians and potentially precipitate interactions with other deleterious factors such as pathogens, contaminants, and invasive species. The current study was designed to evaluate the physiological state of imperiled giant salamanders, the eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis), experiencing different surrounding land use that influences in-stream habitat quality. When we compared hellbenders from a stream reach with greater anthropogenic disturbance to a more forested site, we found that baseline and stress-induced plasma levels of corticosterone were similar in the two areas, but were very low compared to other amphibians. Males consistently had higher plasma corticosterone levels than females, a finding congruent with the known territorial activities of males early in the breeding season. Innate immune responsiveness (measured as bactericidal ability of blood; BKA) was also similar at the two sites, but juveniles had less robust BKA than adults. We found a positive relationship between restraint time and BKA, suggesting that the bactericidal ability of hellbenders may improve following acute stress. Finally, there was a tendency for hellbenders with skin abnormalities to have higher BKA compared to individuals with normal integument, an observation consistent with patterns observed in other animals actively responding to pathogens. Our study provides foundational physiological information on an imperiled amphibian species and reveals important knowledge gaps that will be important for understanding the ecology, evolution, and conservation of hellbenders.}, }
@article {pmid21870618, year = {2011}, author = {Terauds, A and Chown, SL and Bergstrom, DM}, title = {Spatial scale and species identity influence the indigenous-alien diversity relationship in springtails.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {7}, pages = {1436-1447}, doi = {10.1890/10-2216.1}, pmid = {21870618}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Insecta/*classification/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Pacific Islands ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Although theory underlying the invasion paradox, or the change in the relationship between the richness of alien and indigenous species from negative to positive with increasing spatial scale, is well developed and much empirical work on the subject has been undertaken, most of the latter has concerned plants and to a lesser extent marine invertebrates. Here we therefore examine the extent to which the relationships between indigenous and alien species richness change from the local metacommunity to the interaction neighborhood scales, and the influences of abundance, species identity, and environmental favorability thereon, in springtails, a significant component of the soil fauna. Using a suite of modeling techniques, including generalized least squares and geographically weighted regressions to account for spatial autocorrelation or nonstationarity of the data, we show that the abundance and species richness of both indigenous and alien species at the metacommunity scale respond strongly to declining environmental favorability, represented here by altitude. Consequently, alien and indigenous diversity covary positively at this scale. By contrast, relationships are more complex at the interaction neighborhood scale, with the relationship among alien species richness and/or density and the density of indigenous species varying between habitats, being negative in some, but positive in others. Additional analyses demonstrated a strong influence of species identity, with negative relationships identified at the interaction neighborhood scale involving alien hypogastrurid springtails, a group known from elsewhere to have negative effects on indigenous species in areas where they have been introduced. By contrast, diversity relationships were positive with the other alien species. These results are consistent with both theory and previous empirical findings for other taxa, that interactions among indigenous and alien species change substantially with spatial scale and that environmental favorability may play a key role in explaining the larger scale patterns. However, they also suggest that the interactions may be affected by the identity of the species concerned, especially at the interaction neighborhood scale.}, }
@article {pmid21865503, year = {2011}, author = {Yu, XQ and Li, QM}, title = {Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers for a worldwide invasive weed, Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {98}, number = {9}, pages = {e259-61}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1100169}, pmid = {21865503}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; DNA Primers ; Genes, Plant ; *Genetic Markers ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized for a worldwide invasive weed Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) to elucidate the population genetic structure and invasive history. •<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 14 microsatellite primer pairs were developed using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences Containing repeats (FIASCO) protocol, and their polymorphism was assessed in two natural populations of C. odorata from Mexico and Trinidad and Tobago. Eleven loci showed polymorphism and eight of these loci were successfully amplified in Ageratina adenophora, another invasive weed related to C. odorata. &#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These microsatellite markers are useful for investigating the population genetic structure and the history of range expansion of these invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid21864973, year = {2011}, author = {Johnson, LT and Fernandez, LM}, title = {A binational, supply-side evaluation for managing water quality and invasive fouling species on California's coastal boats.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {92}, number = {12}, pages = {3071-3081}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.07.021}, pmid = {21864973}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Biofouling ; California ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental Pollution/analysis/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Introduced Species ; *Ships ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Integrated solutions are needed for sustainable management of risks posed by recreational boats to coastal water quality and ecosystems. Fouling organisms roughen vessel hull surfaces, creating friction that slows sailboats and increases fuel consumption by powerboats. Hull fouling control strategies for recreational boats that are stored in the water may include antifouling hull paints, newer alternative hull coatings, periodic in-water hull cleaning, and excluding propagules by surrounding the boat with a slip liner or raising it above water on a lift. Copper discharged to harbor waters from antifouling paints via passive leaching and in-water hull cleaning may elevate dissolved copper levels above government standards. Invasive species carried among boat-hull fouling organisms may be introduced as boats move among coastal areas. Some of these species tolerate copper in antifouling paints and copper-polluted harbor waters. Policy development must consider supply-side capacity, as well as economic and environmental sustainability, in managing these issues. This paper presents a supply-side evaluation useful in developing policies to co-manage water quality and invasive species risks for recreational boats navigating along the coasts of California, the Baja California peninsula and California's Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Supply-side perspectives on services, materials, costs, and boat owner behaviors, such as residence and travel patterns, awareness of hull-coating choices and selection of hull coatings, are determined. Analyses include evaluation of risks, risk management capacity and costs, and role of education in risk management. The issues raised are broadly applicable, as they are appearing on research and policy agendas in diverse coastal areas.}, }
@article {pmid21860661, year = {2011}, author = {Sharma, S and Vander Zanden, MJ and Magnuson, JJ and Lyons, J}, title = {Comparing climate change and species invasions as drivers of coldwater fish population extirpations.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {8}, pages = {e22906}, pmid = {21860661}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Cold Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Osmeriformes/*physiology ; Population Density ; Salmonidae/*physiology ; Uncertainty ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {Species are influenced by multiple environmental stressors acting simultaneously. Our objective was to compare the expected effects of climate change and invasion of non-indigenous rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) on cisco (Coregonus artedii) population extirpations at a regional level. We assembled a database of over 13,000 lakes in Wisconsin, USA, summarising fish occurrence, lake morphology, water chemistry, and climate. We used A1, A2, and B1 scenarios from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of future temperature conditions for 15 general circulation models in 2046-2065 and 2081-2100 totalling 78 projections. Logistic regression indicated that cisco tended to occur in cooler, larger, and deeper lakes. Depending upon the amount of warming, 25-70% of cisco populations are predicted to be extirpated by 2100. In addition, cisco are influenced by the invasion of rainbow smelt, which prey on young cisco. Projecting current estimates of rainbow smelt spread and impact into the future will result in the extirpation of about 1% of cisco populations by 2100 in Wisconsin. Overall, the effect of climate change is expected to overshadow that of species invasion as a driver of coldwater fish population extirpations. Our results highlight the potentially dominant role of climate change as a driver of biotic change.}, }
@article {pmid21854375, year = {2012}, author = {Parr, CL and Gibb, H}, title = {The discovery-dominance trade-off is the exception, rather than the rule.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {81}, number = {1}, pages = {233-241}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01899.x}, pmid = {21854375}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/classification/parasitology/*physiology ; Australia ; Diptera/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Feeding Behavior ; Food Chain ; South Africa ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {1. Interspecific trade-offs are thought to facilitate coexistence between species at small spatial scales. The discovery-dominance trade-off, analogous to a competition-colonisation trade-off, is considered an important structuring mechanism in ant ecology. A trade-off between species' ability to discover food resources and to dominate them may explain how so many species apparently dependent on similar resources can coexist. 2. The discovery-dominance trade-off is thought to be broken by invasive species in enemy-free space or territorial species whose activity is fuelled by domination of carbohydrate resources. It may also be mediated by factors such as temperature and habitat structure. 3. We investigate the generality and form of the discovery-dominance relationship in an experiment using habitats of contrasting complexity across three continents. In addition, to assess how widespread the discovery-dominance trade-off is, we conducted a systematic review combining all empirical studies (published and from our experiment). 4. From our own fieldwork and meta-analyses of available studies, we find surprisingly little empirical support for the trade-off, with results indicating that mean effect sizes were either not significantly different from 0 or significantly positive. The trade-off was only detected in studies with parasitoids present. Additionally, experimental data from simple and complex habitats within each continent suggest that simple habitats may facilitate both food resource discovery and dominance. 5. We conclude that the discovery-dominance trade-off is the exception, rather than the rule. Instead, these abilities were commonly correlated. Real food resources provide many axes along which partitioning may occur, and discovery-dominance trade-offs are not a prerequisite for coexistence.}, }
@article {pmid21852472, year = {2011}, author = {Marques, AC}, title = {Invasives: sea of data still to come.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {333}, number = {6045}, pages = {936}, doi = {10.1126/science.333.6045.936-a}, pmid = {21852472}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates ; Population Dynamics ; }, }
@article {pmid21852471, year = {2011}, author = {Moore, C}, title = {Invasives: classify with care.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {333}, number = {6045}, pages = {936}, doi = {10.1126/science.333.6045.936-b}, pmid = {21852471}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid21851264, year = {2012}, author = {Johnson, MS and Bolick, A and Alexander, M and Huffman, D and Oborny, E and Monroe, A}, title = {Fluctuations in densities of the invasive gill parasite Centrocestus formosanus (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) in the Comal River, Comal County, Texas, U.S.A.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {98}, number = {1}, pages = {111-116}, doi = {10.1645/GE-2841.1}, pmid = {21851264}, issn = {1937-2345}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Bird Diseases/parasitology/transmission ; Birds ; Cercaria/growth &amp; development ; Feces/parasitology ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; Floods ; Gills/*parasitology/pathology ; Heterophyidae/*growth &amp; development ; Life Cycle Stages ; Oxygen/analysis ; Perches/*parasitology ; Rivers/chemistry/*parasitology ; Snails/parasitology ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Temperature ; Texas ; Trematode Infections/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Centrocestus formosanus (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) is an invasive fish parasite in the Comal River, Texas, and is considered a threat to the federally endangered fountain darter, Etheostoma fonticola . Monitoring densities of C. formosanus cercariae is crucial to determining levels of infection pressure. We sampled 3 sites in the Comal River during 2 sampling periods, the first during 2006-2007, and again during 2009-2010. Two of the sites were located in the upstream reach of Landa Lake, sites HS and LA, and the third site was located downstream of Landa Lake in the old channel of the river. Cercariae densities were highest at the downstream most site (EA), followed by sites LA and HS, during both sampling periods, but a significant decline in cercariae density was observed between the first and second sampling periods. Several abiotic factors were monitored, including total stream discharge, wading discharge, temperature, and dissolved oxygen, but no river-wide trends were observed. Therefore, we speculate that these factors do not adequately explain the observed long-term decline in cercariae density. We propose that the decline is simply a reflection of a typical pattern followed by most invasive species as they gradually become integrated into the local community following an initial explosive growth in population size. Although cercariae densities may be abating, fountain darters in the Comal River are still threatened by the parasite, and conservation efforts must focus on reducing levels of infection pressure from the parasite whenever possible.}, }
@article {pmid21849322, year = {2012}, author = {Desurmont, GA and Hérard, F and Agrawal, AA}, title = {Oviposition strategy as a means of local adaptation to plant defence in native and invasive populations of the viburnum leaf beetle.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {279}, number = {1730}, pages = {952-958}, pmid = {21849322}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Female ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; North America ; Oviposition/*physiology ; Plant Leaves ; Plants ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Herbivores have been hypothesized to adapt locally to variation in plant defences and such adaptation could facilitate novel associations in the context of biological invasions. Here, we show that in the native range of the viburnum leaf beetle (VLB, Pyrrhalta viburni), two populations of geographically isolated hosts-Viburnum opulus and Viburnum tinus-have divergent defences against VLB oviposition: negative versus positive density-dependent egg-crushing wound responses, respectively. Populations of beetles coexisting with each host show an adaptive behavioural response: aggregative versus non-aggregative oviposition on V. opulus and V. tinus, respectively. In parallel, we show that in North America, where VLB is invasive, defences of three novel hosts are negatively density-dependent, and beetles' oviposition behaviour is aggregative. Thus, local adaptation to plant defences has the potential to facilitate the invasion of herbivores onto novel hosts.}, }
@article {pmid21848397, year = {2012}, author = {Prospero, S and Rigling, D}, title = {Invasion genetics of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica in Switzerland.}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {102}, number = {1}, pages = {73-82}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-02-11-0055}, pmid = {21848397}, issn = {0031-949X}, mesh = {Alleles ; Ascomycota/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; Fagaceae/*microbiology ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Mutation ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Reproduction ; Switzerland ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Cryphonectria parasitica is the best-known example of an invasive forest pathogen in Europe. In southern Switzerland, chestnut blight was first reported in 1948 whereas, north of the Alps, it did not appear until the 1980s. Between 1995 and 2008, we sampled 640 C. parasitica isolates from nine populations south of the Alps and nine north of the Alps. Twelve historical isolates, collected between 1950 and 1972 in the south, were obtained from our collection. All 652 isolates were screened at 10 microsatellite loci to test for the existence of divergent genetic pools and to infer possible origins of haplotypes. In total, 52 haplotypes were identified. Structure software analysis indicated that 43 haplotypes (including all historical haplotypes) belonged to a main cluster, 6 haplotypes belonged to a different cluster, and 3 haplotypes had an intermediate allele pattern. All newly founded populations in northern Switzerland were initiated by one or just a few haplotypes from the main cluster, which probably came directly from the populations south of the Alps. Subsequently, genetic diversity increased through mutations, sexual reproduction, or new migrations. The highest increase in diversity was observed in populations where haplotypes from different genetic pools were encountered.}, }
@article {pmid21848137, year = {2011}, author = {Alamanov, A and Mikkola, H}, title = {Is biodiversity friendly fisheries management possible on Issyk-Kul Lake in the Kyrgyz Republic?.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {40}, number = {5}, pages = {479-495}, pmid = {21848137}, issn = {0044-7447}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Fisheries ; Fresh Water ; Kyrgyzstan ; }, abstract = {This paper aims to identify challenges, and threats, and further explore opportunities for a new Biodiversity Friendly Fisheries Management Regime on the Issyk-Kul Lake in the Kyrgyz Republic. This lake is the second largest high-altitude lake in the world providing recreational and small-scale fishing activities as well as cage culture of introduced species. The populations of several indigenous species are seriously threatened, because many of the introduced species are potential predators. We examine the root causes for overfishing and relationships of alien and endemic fish species in Issyk-Kul Lake and give possible policy options that can help remediate or mitigate the biodiversity degradation. This analysis focuses on necessary legal modifications, institutional cooperation, the protection of selected endemic fish species, control of the alien species, the sustainable extension services and management of fish ponds. Fisheries co-management is one option to explore shared stewardship and empowering user groups on the lake. A comprehensive fisheries management plan is also needed, in addition to immediate action and further studies on the following wider aspects: water management/irrigation issues, water-quality assessment near cage cultures, sociocultural issues, resource inventory, and assessing fish biology and the lake ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid21845962, year = {2011}, author = {Muñnoz, J and Eritja, R and Alcaide, M and Montalvo, T and Soriguer, RC and Figuerola, J}, title = {Host-feeding patterns of native Culex pipiens and invasive Aedes albopictus mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in urban zones from Barcelona, Spain.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {956-960}, doi = {10.1603/me11016}, pmid = {21845962}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Alphavirus Infections/transmission ; Animals ; Birds ; Cats ; Chikungunya Fever ; Cities ; Culex/*physiology ; Dengue/transmission ; Dogs ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Spain ; West Nile Fever/transmission ; }, abstract = {The feeding patterns of haematophagous arthropods are of major importance in the amplification and transmission of infectious disease agents to vertebrate hosts, including humans. The establishment of new vector populations in nonnative range might alter transmission networks. The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse) represents an example of how an invasive species can alter the risk of viral transmission to humans. Blood meal molecular identification from two sympatric mosquito species (the invasive Ae. albopictus and the native Culex pipiens) was carried out by polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Samples were collected in Barcelona metropolitan area, Spain, from June to October 2009 as part of a monitoring-control program. Blood meals were identified to the species level in 30 Ae. albopictus and 43 Cx. pipiens. Ae. albopictus acquired blood exclusively from human hosts (100%), whereas Cx. pipiens fed on a diversity of avian and mammalian hosts, including 35.7% of blood meals from humans. Based on mosquito diet, our results suggest that the Ae. albopictus invasion in Spain might increase the risk of virus transmission to humans and could support local outbreaks of imported tropical viruses such as dengue and chikungunya. However, in the studied area, the presence of this invasive species would have a negligible effect on the transmission of zoonotic agents such as West Nile virus. However, Cx. pipiens could amplify and transmit West Nile virus, but avian contribution to its diet was lower than that reported in North America. Feeding patterns of these mosquito species may help to understand the flavivirus outbreaks recently reported in southwestern Europe.}, }
@article {pmid21845161, year = {2011}, author = {Sing, SE and Peterson, RK}, title = {Assessing environmental risks for established invasive weeds: Dalmatian (Linaria dalmatica) and yellow (L. vulgaris) toadflax in North America.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {2828-2853}, pmid = {21845161}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {*Environment ; Linaria/growth &amp; development/*physiology/toxicity ; Mexico ; Plant Weeds/growth &amp; development/*physiology/toxicity ; Population Dynamics ; Risk Assessment ; Species Specificity ; United States ; }, abstract = {Environmental risk assessments characterizing potential environmental impacts of exotic weeds are more abundant and comprehensive for potential or new invaders than for widespread and well-established species such as Dalmatian (Linaria dalmatica [L.] Mill.) and yellow (L. vulgaris Mill.) toadflax. Specific effects evaluated in our assessment of environmental risks posed by yellow and Dalmatian toadflax included competitive displacement of other plant species, reservoirs of plant disease, animal and insect use, animal toxicity, human toxicity and allergenicity, erosion, and wildfire. Effect and exposure uncertainties for potential impacts of toadflax on human and ecological receptors were rated. Using publicly available information we were able to characterize ecological and human health impacts associated with toadflax, and to identify specific data gaps contributing to a high uncertainty of risk. Evidence supporting perceived negative environmental impacts of invasive toadflax was scarce.}, }
@article {pmid21840517, year = {2011}, author = {Arias-González, JE and González-Gándara, C and Luis Cabrera, J and Christensen, V}, title = {Predicted impact of the invasive lionfish Pterois volitans on the food web of a Caribbean coral reef.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {111}, number = {7}, pages = {917-925}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2011.07.008}, pmid = {21840517}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {Animals ; Caribbean Region ; *Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The invasion of lionfish in the Caribbean is causing grave concern because of its deleterious impacts on coral reef food-webs. We have used an Ecopath-with-Ecosim model to predict the impacts of lionfish invasion on a coral reef community based on pre-invasion fish community data. Forty-six groups were defined, and an initial Ecopath model was balanced with a near-zero biomass of lionfish. In Ecosim, the near-zero biomass was eradicated by applying a very high fishing pressure in the first year of simulation. We subsequently (re-)introduced lionfish with a very low biomass, and allowed them to increase to very high abundance. With a near-zero lionfish biomass, the great majority of mesocarnivorous/omnivorous coral reef fish were predicted to be dominant while sharks were predicted to be the apex predators. Different management scenarios were established in the ecosystem to explore the eradication and resilience of lionfish. The management scenarios showed that if all adult lionfish were exploitable it will in theory be possible to fish the lionfish to a very low level, but the fishing pressure will have to be maintained, or the lionfish will recover. If the largest individuals are unexploitable it will be much more difficult to control the lionfish population.}, }
@article {pmid21833640, year = {2012}, author = {Montgomery, BR and Rathcke, BJ}, title = {Effects of floral restrictiveness and stigma size on heterospecific pollen receipt in a prairie community.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {168}, number = {2}, pages = {449-458}, pmid = {21833640}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Flowers/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Introduced Species ; Pollination/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Plant species vary greatly in the degree to which floral morphology restricts access to the flower interior. Restrictiveness of flower corollas may influence heterospecific pollen receipt, but the impact of floral morphology on heterospecific pollen transfer has received little attention. We characterized patterns of pollinator visitation and quantities of conspecific and heterospecific pollen receipt for 29 species with a range of floral morphologies in a prairie community dominated by the introduced plant Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge) which has an unrestrictive morphology. Pollinator overlap was significantly greater between Euphorbia and other unrestrictive flowers than restrictive flowers. Compared to flowers with restrictive morphologies, unrestrictive flowers received significantly more Euphorbia pollen, more heterospecific pollen from other sources, and a greater diversity of pollen species, but not more conspecific pollen. However, stigmatic surface area was significantly larger for flowers with unrestrictive morphologies, and the density of Euphorbia and other heterospecific pollen per stigmatic area did not significantly differ between flower types. These findings suggest that the smaller stigma size in restrictive flowers partly accounts for their decreased heterospecific pollen receipt, but that restrictiveness also allows species to increase the purity of pollen loads they receive. Given that restrictive flowers receive fewer heterospecific pollen grains but at a higher density, the effect of restrictiveness on fecundity depends on whether absolute quantity or density of heterospecific pollen affects fecundity more. Our results also indicate that abundant neighbors are not necessarily important heterospecific pollen sources since Euphorbia pollen was rarely abundant on heterospecifics.}, }
@article {pmid21831252, year = {2011}, author = {Kahilainen, KK and Ostbye, K and Harrod, C and Shikano, T and Malinen, T and Merilä, J}, title = {Species introduction promotes hybridization and introgression in Coregonus: is there sign of selection against hybrids?.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {18}, pages = {3838-3855}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05209.x}, pmid = {21831252}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Body Weights and Measures ; DNA Primers/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Finland ; Fresh Water ; Gene Flow/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Likelihood Functions ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Population Density ; Salmonidae/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Species introductions are considered one of the major drivers of biodiversity loss via ecological interactions and genetic admixture with local fauna. We examined two well-recognized fish species, native whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) and introduced vendace (Coregonus albula), as well as their morphological hybrids in a single lake to test for selection against hybrids and backcrosses in the wild. A representative random subsample of 693 individuals (27.8%) was taken from the total catch of coregonids. This subsample was examined with the aim to select c. 50 individuals of pure whitefish (n = 52), pure vendace (n = 55) and putative hybrid (n = 19) for genetic analyses. The subsequent microsatellites and mitochondrial (mt) DNA analyses provided compelling evidence of hybridization and introgression. Of the 126 fish examined, four were found to be F(1) , 14 backcrosses to whitefish and seven backcrosses to vendace. The estimates of historical gene flow suggested higher rates from introduced vendace into native whitefish than vice versa, whereas estimates of contemporary gene flow were equal. Mitochondrial introgression was skewed, with 18 backcrosses having vendace mtDNA and only three with whitefish mtDNA. Hybrids and backcrosses had intermediate morphology and niche utilization compared with parental species. No evidence of selection against hybrids or backcrosses was apparent, as both hybrid and backcross growth rates and fecundities were high. Hybrids (F(1)) were only detected in 2 year-classes, suggesting temporal variability in mating between vendace and whitefish. However, our data show that hybrids reached sexual maturity and reproduced actively, with backcrosses recorded from six consecutive year-classes, whereas no F(2) individuals were found. The results indicate widespread introgression, as 10.8% of coregonids were estimated to be backcrosses.}, }
@article {pmid21830784, year = {2011}, author = {Horikawa, M and Hoshiyama, TS and Matsuzawa, M and Shugyo, T and Tanaka, M and Suzuki, S and Sato, M and Ito, T and Asakawa, Y and Kaku, H and Nishii, T and Inai, M and Takahashi, S and Tsunoda, T}, title = {Viridaphin A1 glucoside, a green pigment possessing cytotoxic and antibacterial activity from the aphid Megoura crassicauda.}, journal = {Journal of natural products}, volume = {74}, number = {8}, pages = {1812-1816}, doi = {10.1021/np2001286}, pmid = {21830784}, issn = {1520-6025}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry/*isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry/*isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Aphids/*chemistry/physiology ; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor ; Glucosides/chemistry/*isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; HL-60 Cells ; Humans ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Japan ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Pigments, Biological/chemistry/*isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {A green pigment, viridaphin A1 glucoside (1), was isolated from the green aphid Megoura crassicauda. One- and two-dimensional NMR spectrometric analyses of 1 and its aglycone established the structure as an octacyclic compound. Viridaphin A1 glucoside exhibited cytotoxicity against HL-60 human tumor cells with an IC50 of 23 μM and antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis NBRC 3134 with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 10.0 μg/mL. These results suggested that aphid pigments may protect aphids from invasive species, including viruses and bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid21830706, year = {2011}, author = {D'Antonio, CM and Hughes, RF and Tunison, JT}, title = {Long-term impacts of invasive grasses and subsequent fire in seasonally dry Hawaiian woodlands.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, pages = {1617-1628}, doi = {10.1890/10-0638.1}, pmid = {21830706}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Fires ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*physiology ; *Seasons ; Time Factors ; *Trees ; Water ; }, abstract = {Invasive nonnative grasses have altered the composition of seasonally dry shrublands and woodlands throughout the world. In many areas they coexist with native woody species until fire occurs, after which they become dominant. Yet it is not clear how long their impacts persist in the absence of further fire. We evaluated the long-term impacts of grass invasions and subsequent fire in seasonally dry submontane habitats on Hawai'i, USA. We recensused transects in invaded unburned woodland and woodland that had burned in exotic grass-fueled fires in 1970 and 1987 and had last been censused in 1991. In the unburned woodlands, we found that the dominant understory grass invader, Schizachyrium condensatum, had declined by 40%, while native understory species were abundant and largely unchanged from measurements 17 years ago. In burned woodland, exotic grass cover also declined, but overall values remained high and recruitment of native species was poor. Sites that had converted to exotic grassland after a 1970 fire remained dominated by exotic grasses with no increase in native cover despite 37 years without fire. Grass-dominated sites that had burned twice also showed limited recovery despite 20 years of fire suppression. We found limited evidence for "invasional meltdown": Exotic richness remained low across burned sites, and the dominant species in 1991, Melinis minutiflora, is still dominant today. Twice-burned sites are, however, being invaded by the nitrogen-fixing tree Morella faya, an introduced species with the potential to greatly alter the successional trajectory on young volcanic soils. In summary, despite decades of fire suppression, native species show little recovery in burned Hawaiian woodlands. Thus, burned sites appear to be beyond a threshold for "natural recovery" (e.g., passive restoration).}, }
@article {pmid21828996, year = {2011}, author = {Jiang, L and Brady, L and Tan, J}, title = {Species diversity, invasion, and alternative community states in sequentially assembled communities.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {178}, number = {3}, pages = {411-418}, doi = {10.1086/661242}, pmid = {21828996}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Paramecium aurelia ; Principal Component Analysis ; *Tetrahymena pyriformis ; }, abstract = {The relationship between resident species diversity and invasion is generally negative in experimental studies but takes various forms in observational studies of natural communities. We hypothesized that stochastic species colonization, which applies to natural communities but not to experimental communities generally assembled through simultaneous species introduction, may lead to nonnegative diversity-invasion relationships via incurring priority effects. To test this hypothesis, we manipulated both resident species diversity and colonization history in sequentially assembled communities of bacterivorous protist species. We found that, despite a significant effect of assembly history on invader abundance, invader abundance decreased with diversity. This result was largely driven by positive selection effects associated with the dominant influence of an invasion-resistant species, which shared the most similar resource use pattern with the invader, and by the overall weak priority effects observed for the resident communities. Increasing species diversity, however, significantly strengthened priority effects, providing the first experimental support for the idea that larger species pools promote alternative community states. We suggest that elucidating mechanisms regulating the strength of priority effects may help in understanding variation in diversity-invasion relationships among natural communities.}, }
@article {pmid21826224, year = {2011}, author = {Airoldi, L and Bulleri, F}, title = {Anthropogenic disturbance can determine the magnitude of opportunistic species responses on marine urban infrastructures.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {8}, pages = {e22985}, pmid = {21826224}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Marine Biology ; Ostreidae ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coastal landscapes are being transformed as a consequence of the increasing demand for infrastructures to sustain residential, commercial and tourist activities. Thus, intertidal and shallow marine habitats are largely being replaced by a variety of artificial substrata (e.g. breakwaters, seawalls, jetties). Understanding the ecological functioning of these artificial habitats is key to planning their design and management, in order to minimise their impacts and to improve their potential to contribute to marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Nonetheless, little effort has been made to assess the role of human disturbances in shaping the structure of assemblages on marine artificial infrastructures. We tested the hypothesis that some negative impacts associated with the expansion of opportunistic and invasive species on urban infrastructures can be related to the severe human disturbances that are typical of these environments, such as those from maintenance and renovation works.<br><br>Maintenance caused a marked decrease in the cover of dominant space occupiers, such as mussels and oysters, and a significant enhancement of opportunistic and invasive forms, such as biofilm and macroalgae. These effects were particularly pronounced on sheltered substrata compared to exposed substrata. Experimental application of the disturbance in winter reduced the magnitude of the impacts compared to application in spring or summer. We use these results to identify possible management strategies to inform the improvement of the ecological value of artificial marine infrastructures.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We demonstrate that some of the impacts of globally expanding marine urban infrastructures, such as those related to the spread of opportunistic, and invasive species could be mitigated through ecologically-driven planning and management of long-term maintenance of these structures. Impact mitigation is a possible outcome of policies that consider the ecological features of built infrastructures and the fundamental value of controlling biodiversity in marine urban systems.}, }
@article {pmid21824337, year = {2011}, author = {Lee, K and Iwata, T and Nakadai, A and Kato, T and Hayama, S and Taniguchi, T and Hayashidani, H}, title = {Prevalence of Salmonella, Yersinia and Campylobacter spp. in feral raccoons (Procyon lotor) and masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) in Japan.}, journal = {Zoonoses and public health}, volume = {58}, number = {6}, pages = {424-431}, pmid = {21824337}, issn = {1863-2378}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Campylobacter/drug effects/*isolation &amp; purification ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Raccoons/*microbiology ; Salmonella/drug effects/*isolation &amp; purification ; Viverridae/*microbiology ; Yersinia/drug effects/*isolation &amp; purification ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {To estimate the public and animal health risk that alien species pose, the prevalence of Salmonella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter spp. in feral raccoons (Procyon lotor, n=459) and masked palm civets (Paguma larvata, n=153), which are abundant alien species in Japan, was investigated in urban and suburban areas of Japan. Salmonella enterica was detected from 29 samples [26 raccoons, 5.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.8-3.5%; three masked palm civets, 2.0%, 95% CI 4.2-0%]. Many of the isolates belonged to serovars that are commonly isolated from human gastroenteritis patients (e.g. S. Infantis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Thompson). The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that 26.9 % of the isolates from raccoons were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, whereas none of the isolates from masked palm civets were resistant. Yersinia sp. was detected from 193 samples (177 raccoons, 38.6%, 95% CI 43.0-34.1%; 16 masked palm civets, 10.5%, 95% CI 15.3-5.6%). All virulent Yersinia strains belonged to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, which was isolated from seven (1.5%, 95% CI 2.6-0.4%) raccoons and six (3.9%, 95% CI 7.0-0.8%) masked palm civets. According to the detection of virulence factors, all the Y. pseudotuberculosis isolates belonged to the Far Eastern systemic pathogenicity type. Campylobacter spp. was detected from 17 samples (six raccoons, 1.3%, 95% CI 2.3-0.3%; 11 masked palm civets, 7.2%, 95% CI 11.3-3.1%). Among these, three isolates from raccoons were identified as C. jejuni. These results showed that these pathogens can be transmitted by human activities, other wild animals, and the environment to feral raccoons and masked palm civets, and vice versa. As these animals have omnivorous behaviour and a wide range of habitats, they can play an important role in the transmission of the enteric pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid21821276, year = {2011}, author = {Grigorakis, K and Rigos, G}, title = {Aquaculture effects on environmental and public welfare - the case of Mediterranean mariculture.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {85}, number = {6}, pages = {899-919}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.015}, pmid = {21821276}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture/*methods ; Ecotoxicology ; *Environment ; Humans ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Public Health ; Safety ; }, abstract = {Aquatic farming has been considered, during the last decades, as the fastest growing food production industry powered by governmental and technological impulsion. Compensation for fisheries decline, creation of new jobs and source of financial windfall are the most important benefits. However, similar to most of the human food-production activities, aquaculture raised several issues related to the environmental welfare and consumer safety. An effort to record the aquaculture-environment and -human safety interactions with regard to the Mediterranean mariculture, is attempted herein. We focused on this geographical area due to its individualities in both the hydrological and physicochemical characteristics and the forms of aquaculture activities. The cage farming of euryhaline marine fish species and more recently of bluefin tuna and mollusk farming are the dominating aquaculture activities. The impacts of these activities to the environment, through wastes offloads, introduction of alien species, genetic interactions, disease transfer, release of chemicals, use of wild recourses, alterations of coastal habitats and disturbance of wildlife, are analytically considered. Also the consumer safety issues related to the farming are assessed, including generation of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, contaminants transferred to humans though food chain and other hazards from consumption of aquacultured items. Within these, the major literature findings are critically examined and suggestions for scientific areas that need further development are made. The major tasks for future aquaculture development in this region are: (i) to ensure sustainability and (ii) to balance the risks to public or environmental health with the substantial economical benefits. In regard with monitoring, tools must be created or adapted to predict the environmental costs and estimate consumer impact. At a canonistic and legal basis, the establishment of appropriate legal guidelines and common policies from all countries involved should be mandatory.}, }
@article {pmid21815987, year = {2011}, author = {Gutierrez, A and Cantamutto, M and Poverene, M}, title = {Persistence of sunflower crop traits and fitness in Helianthus petiolaris populations.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {821-830}, doi = {10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00433.x}, pmid = {21815987}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Argentina ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; Fertility ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Helianthus/*genetics ; Hybridization, Genetic/ethics ; Introduced Species ; Plants, Genetically Modified/*genetics ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Transgenic plants have increased interest in the study of crop gene introgression in wild populations. Genes (or transgenes) conferring adaptive advantages persist in introgressed populations, enhancing competitiveness of wild or weedy plants. This represents an ecological risk that could increase problems of weed control. Introgression of cultivar alleles into wild plant populations via crop-wild hybridisations is primarily governed by their fitness effect. To evaluate this, we studied the second generation of seven wild-crop interspecific hybrids between weedy Helianthus petiolaris and cultivated sunflower, H. annuus var. macrocarpus. The second generation comprised open-pollinated progeny and backcrosses to the wild parent, mimicking crosses that occur in natural situations. We compared a number of morphological, life history and fitness traits. Multivariate analysis showed that the parental species H. annuus and H. petiolaris differed in a number of morphological traits, while the second hybrid generation between them was intermediate. Sunflower crop introgression lowered fitness of interspecific hybrids, but fitness parameters tended to recover in the following generation. Relative frequency of wild/weedy and introgressed plants was estimated through four generations, based on male and female parent fitness. In spite of several negative selection coefficients observed in the second generation, introgressed plants could be detected in stands of <100 weedy H. petiolaris populations. The rapid recovery of fecundity parameters leads to prediction that any trait conferring an ecological advantage will diffuse into the wild or weedy population, even if F1 hybrids have low fitness.}, }
@article {pmid21813845, year = {2011}, author = {Tripet, F and Lounibos, LP and Robbins, D and Moran, J and Nishimura, N and Blosser, EM}, title = {Competitive reduction by satyrization? Evidence for interspecific mating in nature and asymmetric reproductive competition between invasive mosquito vectors.}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {85}, number = {2}, pages = {265-270}, pmid = {21813845}, issn = {1476-1645}, support = {2R01 AI044973/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics/*physiology ; Animals ; DNA/genetics ; Female ; Genitalia, Female/anatomy &amp; histology ; Insect Vectors ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Reproduction/physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Abstract. Upon mating, male mosquitoes transfer accessory gland proteins (Acps) that induce refractoriness to further mating in females. This can also occur because of cross-insemination by males of related species, a process known as mating interference (satyrization). This mechanism could explain the competitive displacement of resident Aedes aegypti by the invasive Aedes albopictus where they co-occur. We tested this hypothesis in mosquito populations in Florida. A new polymerase chain reaction species diagnostic applied to sperm dissected from 304 field-collected females revealed bidirectional cross-mating in five (1.6%) individuals. Cross-injections of females with Acps showed that Ae. albopictus males induced monogamy in heterospecific females but not Ae. aegypti males. Despite its low frequency in the areas under study, the first evidence of cross-mating in nature and the asymmetric effect of Acps on mating suggest that satyrization may have initially contributed to the observed competitive reduction of Ae. aegypti by invasive Ae. albopictus in many areas.}, }
@article {pmid21812983, year = {2011}, author = {Neteler, M and Roiz, D and Rocchini, D and Castellani, C and Rizzoli, A}, title = {Terra and Aqua satellites track tiger mosquito invasion: modelling the potential distribution of Aedes albopictus in north-eastern Italy.}, journal = {International journal of health geographics}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {49}, pmid = {21812983}, issn = {1476-072X}, mesh = {*Aedes ; *Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Culicidae ; Forecasting ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Italy ; Population Dynamics ; *Spacecraft ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The continuing spread of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus in Europe is of increasing public health concern due to the potential risk of new outbreaks of exotic vector-borne diseases that this species can transmit as competent vector. We predicted the most favorable areas for a short term invasion of Ae. albopictus in north-eastern Italy using reconstructed daily satellite data time series (MODIS Land Surface Temperature maps, LST). We reconstructed more than 11,000 daily MODIS LST maps for the period 2001-09 (i.e. performed spatial and temporal gap-filling) in an Open Source GIS framework. We aggregated these LST maps over time and identified the potential distribution areas of Ae. albopictus by adapting published temperature threshold values using three variables as predictors (0°C for mean January temperatures, 11°C for annual mean temperatures and 1350 growing degree days filtered for areas with autumnal mean temperatures > 11°C). The resulting maps were integrated into the final potential distribution map and this was compared with the known current distribution of Ae. albopictus in north-eastern Italy.<br><br>RESULTS: LST maps show the microclimatic characteristics peculiar to complex terrains, which would not be visible in maps commonly derived from interpolated meteorological station data. The patterns of the three indicator variables partially differ from each other, while winter temperature is the determining limiting factor for the distribution of Ae. albopictus. All three variables show a similar spatial pattern with some local differences, in particular in the northern part of the study area (upper Adige valley).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Reconstructed daily land surface temperature data from satellites can be used to predict areas of short term invasion of the tiger mosquito with sufficient accuracy (200 m pixel resolution size). Furthermore, they may be applied to other species of arthropod of medical interest for which temperature is a relevant limiting factor. The results indicate that, during the next few years, the tiger mosquito will probably spread toward northern latitudes and higher altitudes in north-eastern Italy, which will considerably expand the range of the current distribution of this species.}, }
@article {pmid21812319, year = {2011}, author = {Li, YZ and Fan, JW and Yin, X and Yang, EY and Wei, W and Tian, ZH and Da, LJ}, title = {[Allelopathic interactions between invasive plant Solidago canadensis and native plant Phragmites australis].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {22}, number = {5}, pages = {1373-1380}, pmid = {21812319}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {China ; Germination/*drug effects ; Introduced Species ; Pheromones/isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Plant Roots/*chemistry ; Poaceae/chemistry/*growth &amp; development ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; Solidago/chemistry/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Taking the seeds of invasive plant Solidago canadensis and native plant Phragmites australis from their mono- and co-dominant communities as allelopathic acceptors, this paper analyzed the differences in the seed germination rate and sprout length after treated with five level (12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg x mL(-1)) S. canadensis and P. australis extracts, aimed to understand the allelopathic interactions between the two species. The 1000-grain weight and seed germination rate under distilled water treatment of the two species in co-dominated community were greater than those in mono-dominant community. Low level (12.5 and 25 mg x mL(-1)) S. canadensi extracts slightly promoted the seed germination rates of S. canadensis in both mono- and co-dominant communities, but high level (50, 100, and 200 mg x mL(-1)) S. canadensi extracts had strong inhibition effect, especially for the S. canadensis in co-dominated community. No significant patterns were observed about the effects of P. australis extract on S. canadensis seed germination. The sprout length of S. canadensis seeds in both mono- and co-dominant communities decreased with increasing level of S. canadensis extract, but decreased in a fluctuation way with increasing level of P. australis extract. After treated with the extracts of P. australis or S. canadensis, the seed germination rate of P. australis in mono-dominant community was significantly greater than that in co-dominant community (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between these two extracts.}, }
@article {pmid21809767, year = {2011}, author = {Rodgers, CJ and Mohan, CV and Peeler, EJ}, title = {The spread of pathogens through trade in aquatic animals and their products.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {241-256}, doi = {10.20506/rst.30.1.2034}, pmid = {21809767}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Amphibians ; Animals ; Aquaculture/trends ; *Commerce ; Communicable Diseases/*transmission ; Crustacea ; Fish Diseases/transmission ; Fishes ; *Internationality ; Introduced Species/trends ; Mollusca ; }, abstract = {It is well known that the transboundary spread of infectious diseases is aided by trade in live animals and the consequences can be severe if, as a result, a pathogen broadens its host range to new species. Trade in aquatic animal species is increasing, and aquaculture is also expanding to meet the growing human population's demands for animal protein. Moreover, it is clear that aquaculture has created potential new pathways by which pathogens and diseases may be introduced or spread to new areas. The risk of pathogen transfer is generally considered greater for the movement of live aquatic animals than for the movement of processed and dead products. The currently available health standards support the concept of minimising the risk of disease and pathogen incursion while, at the same time, avoiding unjustifiable or unnecessary impediments to trade. Nevertheless, the international spread of diseases through the movement of animals still occurs, despite these standards. Consequently, this paper considers the evidence linking international trade in aquatic animals and aquatic animal-derived products with the transmission and spread of diseases. The authors provide examples of pathogen transfer leading to disease spread and considerthe situation of emerging diseases, as well as the need for a holistic approach to deal with risk-based threats at their source.}, }
@article {pmid21809119, year = {2012}, author = {Drouin, A and McKindsey, CW and Johnson, LE}, title = {Detecting the impacts of notorious invaders: experiments versus observations in the invasion of eelgrass meadows by the green seaweed Codium fragile.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {168}, number = {2}, pages = {491-502}, pmid = {21809119}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Chlorophyta/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Zosteraceae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions can vary in the extent of their effects on indigenous communities but predicting impacts for particular systems remains difficult. In coastal marine ecosystems, the green seaweed Codium fragile ssp. fragile is a notorious invader with its reputation based on studies conducted largely on rocky shores. The green seaweed has recently invaded soft-bottom eelgrass communities by attaching epiphytically to eelgrass (Zostera marina) rhizomes, thereby creating the potential for disruption of these coastal habitats through competition or disturbance. We investigated the effect of this invader on various aspects of eelgrass performance (shoot density and length, shoot growth, above- and below-ground biomass, carbohydrate storage) using both small-scale manipulative and large-scale observational experiments. Manipulative experiments that varied Codium abundance demonstrated clear negative effects over a 4-month period on shoot density and carbohydrate reserves, but only for high, but realistic, Codium biomass levels. Light levels were much lower under canopies for high and medium density Codium treatments relative to low and control Codium cover treatments, suggesting that shading may influence eelgrass growing under the algal cover. In contrast, these effects were either not detectable or very weak when examined correlatively with field surveys conducted at larger spatial scales, even for sites that had been invaded for over 4 years. It is premature to extend generalizations of Codium's impact derived from studies in other systems to eelgrass communities; further efforts are required to assess the long-term threats that the alga poses to this ecosystem. This study demonstrates the need to investigate impacts of invasions over multiple scales, especially those that incorporate the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of the invader's abundance.}, }
@article {pmid21806747, year = {2011}, author = {Ruscoe, WA and Ramsey, DS and Pech, RP and Sweetapple, PJ and Yockney, I and Barron, MC and Perry, M and Nugent, G and Carran, R and Warne, R and Brausch, C and Duncan, RP}, title = {Unexpected consequences of control: competitive vs. predator release in a four-species assemblage of invasive mammals.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {1035-1042}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01673.x}, pmid = {21806747}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mice ; Population Density ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Rats ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are frequently the target of eradication or control programmes to mitigate their impacts. However, manipulating single species in isolation can lead to unexpected consequences for other species, with outcomes such as mesopredator release demonstrated both theoretically and empirically in vertebrate assemblages with at least two trophic levels. Less is known about the consequences of species removal in more complex assemblages where a greater number of interacting invaders increases the potential for selective species removal to result in unexpected changes in community structure. Using a replicated Before-After Control-Impact field experiment with a four-species assemblage of invasive mammals we show that species interactions in the community are dominated by competition rather than predation. There was no measurable response of two mesopredators (rats and mice) following control of the top predator (stoats), but there was competitive release of rats following removal of a herbivore (possums), and competitive release of mice following removal of rats.}, }
@article {pmid21799904, year = {2011}, author = {Ligon, RA and Siefferman, L and Hill, GE}, title = {Invasive fire ants reduce reproductive success and alter the reproductive strategies of a native vertebrate insectivore.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {7}, pages = {e22578}, pmid = {21799904}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {R01 AI049724/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01AI049724/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; *Ants ; *Carnivory ; Ecosystem ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Likelihood Functions ; Male ; Nesting Behavior ; Predatory Behavior ; *Reproduction ; Sex Ratio ; Songbirds/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Introduced organisms can alter ecosystems by disrupting natural ecological relationships. For example, red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) have disrupted native arthropod communities throughout much of their introduced range. By competing for many of the same food resources as insectivorous vertebrates, fire ants also have the potential to disrupt vertebrate communities.<br><br>To explore the effects of fire ants on a native insectivorous vertebrate, we compared the reproductive success and strategies of eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) inhabiting territories with different abundances of fire ants. We also created experimental dyads of adjacent territories comprised of one territory with artificially reduced fire ant abundance (treated) and one territory that was unmanipulated (control). We found that more bluebird young fledged from treated territories than from adjacent control territories. Fire ant abundance also explained significant variation in two measures of reproductive success across the study population: number of fledglings and hatching success of second clutches. Furthermore, the likelihood of bluebird parents re-nesting in the same territory was negatively influenced by the abundance of foraging fire ants, and parents nesting in territories with experimentally reduced abundances of fire ants produced male-biased broods relative to pairs in adjacent control territories.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Introduced fire ants altered both the reproductive success (number of fledglings, hatching success) and strategies (decision to renest, offspring sex-ratio) of eastern bluebirds. These results illustrate the negative effects that invasive species can have on native biota, including species from taxonomically distant groups.}, }
@article {pmid21797927, year = {2011}, author = {Loss, SR and Blair, RB}, title = {Reduced density and nest survival of ground-nesting songbirds relative to earthworm invasions in northern hardwood forests.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, pages = {983-992}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01719.x}, pmid = {21797927}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Nesting Behavior/*physiology ; Oligochaeta/*physiology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Songbirds/*physiology ; Survival Analysis ; *Trees ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {European earthworms (Lumbricus spp.) are spreading into previously earthworm-free forests in the United States and Canada and causing substantial changes, including homogenization of soil structure, removal of the litter layer, and reduction in arthropod abundance and species richness of understory plants. Whether these changes affect songbirds that nest and forage on the forest floor is unknown. In stands with and without earthworms in the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, Wisconsin (U.S.A.), we surveyed for, monitored nests of, and measured attributes of habitat of Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) and Hermit Thrushes (Catharus guttatus), both ground-dwelling songbirds, and we sampled earthworms at survey points and nests. Bird surveys indicated significantly lower densities of Ovenbirds and Hermit Thrushes in relation to Lumbricus invasions at survey point and stand extents (3.1 and 15-20 ha, respectively). Modeling of Ovenbird nest survival (i.e., the probability that nestlings successfully fledge) indicated that lower survival probabilities were associated with increased sedge cover and decreased litter depth, factors that are related to Lumbricus invasions, possibly due to reduced nest concealment or arthropod abundance. Our findings provide compelling evidence that earthworm invasions may be associated with local declines of forest songbird populations.}, }
@article {pmid21797162, year = {2011}, author = {Morriën, E and Engelkes, T and van der Putten, WH}, title = {Additive effects of aboveground polyphagous herbivores and soil feedback in native and range-expanding exotic plants.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {6}, pages = {1344-1352}, doi = {10.1890/10-1937.1}, pmid = {21797162}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Grasshoppers/*physiology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*parasitology ; Plant Roots/*parasitology ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Plant biomass and plant abundance can be controlled by aboveground and belowground natural enemies. However, little is known about how the aboveground and belowground enemy effects may add up. We exposed 15 plant species to aboveground polyphagous insect herbivores and feedback effects from the soil community alone, as well as in combination. We envisaged three possibilities: additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects of the aboveground and belowground enemies on plant biomass. In our analysis, we included native and phylogenetically related range-expanding exotic plant species, because exotic plants on average are less sensitive to aboveground herbivores and soil feedback than related natives. Thus, we examined if lower sensitivity of exotic plant species to enemies also alters aboveground-belowground interactions. In a greenhouse experiment, we exposed six exotic and nine native plant species to feedback from their own soil communities, aboveground herbivory by polyphagous insects, or a combination of soil feedback and aboveground insects and compared shoot and root biomass to control plants without aboveground and belowground enemies. We observed that for both native and range-expanding exotic plant species effects of insect herbivory aboveground and soil feedback added up linearly, instead of enforcing or counteracting each other. However, there was no correlation between the strength of aboveground herbivory and soil feedback. We conclude that effects of polyphagous aboveground herbivorous insects and soil feedback add up both in the case of native and related range-expanding exotic plant species, but that aboveground herbivory effects may not necessarily predict the strengths of soil feedback effects.}, }
@article {pmid21797159, year = {2011}, author = {Eschtruth, AK and Battles, JJ}, title = {The importance of quantifying propagule pressure to understand invasion: an examination of riparian forest invasibility.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {6}, pages = {1314-1322}, doi = {10.1890/10-0857.1}, pmid = {21797159}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Berberis ; *Biodiversity ; Brassicaceae ; *Introduced Species ; *Magnoliopsida ; Poaceae ; Population Growth ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {The widely held belief that riparian communities are highly invasible to exotic plants is based primarily on comparisons of the extent of invasion in riparian and upland communities. However, because differences in the extent of invasion may simply result from variation in propagule supply among recipient environments, true comparisons of invasibility require that both invasion success and propagule pressure are quantified. In this study, we quantified propagule pressure in order to compare the invasibility of riparian and upland forests and assess the accuracy of using a community's level of invasion as a surrogate for its invasibility. We found the extent of invasion to be a poor proxy for invasibility. The higher level of invasion in the studied riparian forests resulted from greater propagule availability rather than higher invasibility. Furthermore, failure to account for propagule pressure may confound our understanding of general invasion theories. Ecological theory suggests that species-rich communities should be less invasible. However, we found significant relationships between species diversity and invasion extent, but no diversity-invasibility relationship was detected for any species. Our results demonstrate that using a community's level of invasion as a surrogate for its invasibility can confound our understanding of invasibility and its determinants.}, }
@article {pmid21797149, year = {2011}, author = {Felker-Quinn, E and Bailey, JK and Schweitzer, JA}, title = {Soil biota drive expression of genetic variation and development of population-specific feedbacks in an invasive plant.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {6}, pages = {1208-1214}, doi = {10.1890/10-1370.1}, pmid = {21797149}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Ailanthus/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Appalachian Region ; Feedback, Physiological ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Germination ; *Introduced Species ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development ; Seeds/*physiology ; Soil ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant species alter soils in ways that may affect the success of subsequent generations, creating plant-soil feedbacks. Ailanthus altissima is an invasive tree introduced two centuries ago to North America. We hypothesized that geographically distinct populations of A. altissima have established feedbacks specific to their local environment, due to soil communities cultivated by A. altissima. We collected seeds and soils from three populations in the eastern United States, and in the greenhouse reciprocally planted all families in all collected soils as well as in a control mixed soil, and in soils that had been irradiated for sterilization. There were positive plant-soil feedbacks for two populations in the live field-collected soils, but strong negative feedbacks for the third population. There were no population-level performance differences or feedbacks in the sterilized population locale soils, supporting a soil biotic basis for feedbacks and for the expression of genetic differentiation in A. altissima. If populations of Ailanthus altissima vary in the extent to which they benefit from and promote these plant-soil biota feedbacks, the interaction between invader and invaded community may be more important in determining the course of invasion than are the characteristics of either alone.}, }
@article {pmid21790786, year = {2011}, author = {Papeş, M and Sällström, M and Asplund, TR and Vander Zanden, MJ}, title = {Invasive species research to meet the needs of resource management and planning.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, pages = {867-872}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01714.x}, pmid = {21790786}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium/analysis ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Demography ; Dreissena/*growth &amp; development ; Forecasting ; *Information Dissemination ; Internet ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Michigan ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Regression Analysis ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {As zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) continue to spread among inland lakes of the United States and Canada, there is growing interest from professionals, citizens, and other stakeholders to know which lakes are likely to be colonized by zebra mussels. Thus, we developed a classification of lake suitability for zebra mussels on the basis of measured or estimated concentrations of dissolved calcium in lake water and applied the classification to >11,500 lakes in Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The majority of lakes (58%) were classified as unsuitable (<10 mg/L Ca) for survival and reproduction of zebra mussels, 27% were identified as suitable (≥21 mg/L Ca), and 15% were classified as borderline suitable (≥10 and <21 mg/L Ca). Of the 77 inland lakes with confirmed zebra mussel records for which data on dissolved calcium were available, our method classified 74 as suitable and 3 as borderline suitable. To communicate this lake-specific suitability information and to help prioritize regional efforts to monitor and prevent the expansion of zebra mussels and other invasive species, we developed a web-based interface (available from http://www.aissmartprevention.wisc.edu/). Although we are still uncertain of how access to suitability information ultimately affects decision making, we believe this is a useful case study of building communication channels among researchers, practitioners, and the public.}, }
@article {pmid21790571, year = {2011}, author = {Lee, CE and Kiergaard, M and Gelembiuk, GW and Eads, BD and Posavi, M}, title = {Pumping ions: rapid parallel evolution of ionic regulation following habitat invasions.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {65}, number = {8}, pages = {2229-2244}, doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01308.x}, pmid = {21790571}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Copepoda/classification/genetics/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Introduced Species ; Ion Pumps/genetics/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; Salinity ; Seawater ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/metabolism ; Water-Electrolyte Balance ; }, abstract = {Marine to freshwater colonizations constitute among the most dramatic evolutionary transitions in the history of life. This study examined evolution of ionic regulation following saline-to-freshwater transitions in an invasive species. In recent years, the copepod Eurytemora affinis has invaded freshwater habitats multiple times independently. We found parallel evolutionary shifts in ion-motive enzyme activity (V-type H(+) ATPase, Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase) across independent invasions and in replicate laboratory selection experiments. Freshwater populations exhibited increased V-type H(+) ATPase activity in fresh water (0 PSU) and declines at higher salinity (15 PSU) relative to saline populations. This shift represented marked evolutionary increases in plasticity. In contrast, freshwater populations displayed reduced Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase activity across all salinities. Most notably, modifying salinity alone during laboratory selection experiments recapitulated the evolutionary shifts in V-type H(+) ATPase activity observed in nature. Maternal and embryonic acclimation could not account for the observed shifts in enzyme activity. V-type H(+) ATPase function has been hypothesized to be critical for freshwater and terrestrial adaptations, but evolution of this enzyme function had not been previously demonstrated in the context of habitat transitions. Moreover, the speed of these evolutionary shifts was remarkable, within a few generations in the laboratory and a few decades in the wild.}, }
@article {pmid21789204, year = {2011}, author = {Coma, R and Serrano, E and Linares, C and Ribes, M and Díaz, D and Ballesteros, E}, title = {Sea urchins predation facilitates coral invasion in a marine reserve.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {7}, pages = {e22017}, pmid = {21789204}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Anthozoa/*physiology ; Biomass ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Sea Urchins/*physiology ; *Seawater ; Spain ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Macroalgae is the dominant trophic group on Mediterranean infralittoral rocky bottoms, whereas zooxanthellate corals are extremely rare. However, in recent years, the invasive coral Oculina patagonica appears to be increasing its abundance through unknown means. Here we examine the pattern of variation of this species at a marine reserve between 2002 and 2010 and contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms that allow its current increase. Because indirect interactions between species can play a relevant role in the establishment of species, a parallel assessment of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, the main herbivorous invertebrate in this habitat and thus a key species, was conducted. O. patagonica has shown a 3-fold increase in abundance over the last 8 years and has become the most abundant invertebrate in the shallow waters of the marine reserve, matching some dominant erect macroalgae in abundance. High recruitment played an important role in this increasing coral abundance. The results from this study provide compelling evidence that the increase in sea urchin abundance may be one of the main drivers of the observed increase in coral abundance. Sea urchins overgraze macroalgae and create barren patches in the space-limited macroalgal community that subsequently facilitate coral recruitment. This study indicates that trophic interactions contributed to the success of an invasive coral in the Mediterranean because sea urchins grazing activity indirectly facilitated expansion of the coral. Current coral abundance at the marine reserve has ended the monopolization of algae in rocky infralittoral assemblages, an event that could greatly modify both the underwater seascape and the sources of primary production in the ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid21784423, year = {2011}, author = {Khuroo, AA and Weber, E and Malik, AH and Reshi, ZA and Dar, GH}, title = {Altitudinal distribution patterns of the native and alien woody flora in Kashmir Himalaya, India.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {111}, number = {7}, pages = {967-977}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.006}, pmid = {21784423}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {*Altitude ; *Biodiversity ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; India ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Socioeconomic Factors ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Many studies have shown that alien species richness pattern follows that of native species richness patterns along environmental gradients, without taking the specific composition of the two groups into account.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: To compare species richness patterns of native and alien woody plants along an altitudinal gradient in Kashmir Himalaya, India, and to analyse the specific composition, e.g. proportion of life forms.<br><br>METHODS: Analysis of secondary data from published floristic inventories. The gradient (500-4800m asl) was split into 100m bands and presence/absence data for each species were obtained, for each band.<br><br>RESULTS: Species richness of both native and alien species followed a hump-shaped distribution. Alien species richness dropped faster above 2000masl than the native did. The ratio of trees to shrubs decreased monotonically along the gradient in native species, but showed a peak at c. 2500masl in alien species. Alien species flowered in average earlier than native species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The change of species richness of native and alien species along altitude is similar, but the proportion of life forms is not. Most likely both climatic and socio-economic factors affect alien species richness and its specific composition in the Kashmir Himalaya.}, }
@article {pmid21781103, year = {2011}, author = {Lagrue, C and Kelly, DW and Hicks, A and Poulin, R}, title = {Factors influencing infection patterns of trophically transmitted parasites among a fish community: host diet, host-parasite compatibility or both?.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {79}, number = {2}, pages = {466-485}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03041.x}, pmid = {21781103}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; *Diet ; Female ; Fertility ; Fishes/*parasitology ; *Host Specificity ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Oviparity ; Trematoda/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Parasite infection patterns were compared with the occurrence of their intermediate hosts in the diet of nine sympatric fish species in a New Zealand lake. Stomach contents and infection levels of three gastrointestinal helminth species were examined from the entire fish community. The results highlighted some links between fish host diet and the flow of trophically transmitted helminths. Stomach contents indicated that all but one fish species were exposed to these helminths through their diet. Host feeding behaviour best explained infection patterns of the trematode Coitocaecum parvum among the fish community. Infection levels of the nematode Hedruris spinigera and the acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus galaxii, however, were not correlated with host diets. Host specificity is thus likely to modulate parasite infection patterns. The data indicate that host diet and host-parasite compatibility both contribute to the distribution of helminths in the fish community. Furthermore, the relative influence of encounter (trophic interactions between prey and predator hosts) and compatibility (host suitability) filters on infection levels appeared to vary between host-parasite species associations. Therefore, understanding parasite infection patterns and their potential impacts on fish communities requires determining the relative roles of encounter and compatibility filters within and across all potential host-parasite associations.}, }
@article {pmid21779353, year = {2011}, author = {Marzal, A and Ricklefs, RE and Valkiūnas, G and Albayrak, T and Arriero, E and Bonneaud, C and Czirják, GA and Ewen, J and Hellgren, O and Hořáková, D and Iezhova, TA and Jensen, H and Križanauskienė, A and Lima, MR and de Lope, F and Magnussen, E and Martin, LB and Møller, AP and Palinauskas, V and Pap, PL and Pérez-Tris, J and Sehgal, RN and Soler, M and Szöllosi, E and Westerdahl, H and Zetindjiev, P and Bensch, S}, title = {Diversity, loss, and gain of malaria parasites in a globally invasive bird.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {7}, pages = {e21905}, pmid = {21779353}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Haemosporida/classification/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Malaria, Avian/parasitology ; Plasmodium/classification/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sparrows/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can displace natives, and thus identifying the traits that make aliens successful is crucial for predicting and preventing biodiversity loss. Pathogens may play an important role in the invasive process, facilitating colonization of their hosts in new continents and islands. According to the Novel Weapon Hypothesis, colonizers may out-compete local native species by bringing with them novel pathogens to which native species are not adapted. In contrast, the Enemy Release Hypothesis suggests that flourishing colonizers are successful because they have left their pathogens behind. To assess the role of avian malaria and related haemosporidian parasites in the global spread of a common invasive bird, we examined the prevalence and genetic diversity of haemosporidian parasites (order Haemosporida, genera Plasmodium and Haemoproteus) infecting house sparrows (Passer domesticus). We sampled house sparrows (N = 1820) from 58 locations on 6 continents. All the samples were tested using PCR-based methods; blood films from the PCR-positive birds were examined microscopically to identify parasite species. The results show that haemosporidian parasites in the house sparrows' native range are replaced by species from local host-generalist parasite fauna in the alien environments of North and South America. Furthermore, sparrows in colonized regions displayed a lower diversity and prevalence of parasite infections. Because the house sparrow lost its native parasites when colonizing the American continents, the release from these natural enemies may have facilitated its invasion in the last two centuries. Our findings therefore reject the Novel Weapon Hypothesis and are concordant with the Enemy Release Hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid21778380, year = {2011}, author = {Lambertini, M and Leape, J and Marton-Lefèvre, J and Mittermeier, RA and Rose, M and Robinson, JG and Stuart, SN and Waldman, B and Genovesi, P}, title = {Invasives: a major conservation threat.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {333}, number = {6041}, pages = {404-405}, doi = {10.1126/science.333.6041.404-b}, pmid = {21778380}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid21777500, year = {2012}, author = {Wang, B and Salcedo, C and Lu, M and Sun, J}, title = {Mutual interactions between an invasive bark beetle and its associated fungi.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {102}, number = {1}, pages = {71-77}, doi = {10.1017/S000748531100037X}, pmid = {21777500}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Bicyclic Monoterpenes ; China ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Insect Vectors/growth &amp; development/*microbiology/*physiology ; Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism ; Intestines/microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/microbiology/physiology ; Male ; Monoterpenes/metabolism/pharmacology ; North America ; Ophiostomatales/drug effects/*growth &amp; development ; Pheromones/biosynthesis/pharmacology ; Pinus/microbiology ; Species Specificity ; Symbiosis ; Terpenes/metabolism/pharmacology ; Volatile Organic Compounds/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Weevils/growth &amp; development/*microbiology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Interactions between invasive insects and their fungal associates have important effects on the behavior, reproductive success, population dynamics and evolution of the organisms involved. The red turpentine beetle (RTB), Dendroctonus valens LeConte (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), an invasive forest pest in China, is closely associated with fungi. By carrying fungi on specialized structures in the exoskeleton, RTB inoculates fungi in the phloem of pines (when females dig galleries for egg laying and when males join them for mating). After eggs hatch, larvae gregariously feed on the phloem colonized by the fungi. We examined the effects of five isolates of RTB associated fungi (two from North America, Leptographium terebrantis and L. procerum, and three from China, Ophiostoma minus, L. sinoprocerum and L. procerum) on larval feeding activity, development and mortality. We also studied the effects of volatile chemicals produced in the beetle hindgut on fungal growth. Ophiostoma minus impaired feeding activity and reduced weight in RTB larvae. Leptographium sinoprocerum, L. terebrantis and L. procerum did not dramatically influence larval feeding and development compared to fungi-free controls. Larval mortality was not influenced by any of the tested fungi. Hindgut volatiles of RTB larvae, verbenol, myrtenol and myrtenal, inhibited growth rate of all the fungi. Our results not only show that D. valens associated fungus, O. minus, can be detrimental to its larvae; but, most importantly, they also show that these notorious beetles have an outstanding adaptive response evidenced by the ability to produce volatiles that inhibit growth of harmful fungus.}, }
@article {pmid21774949, year = {2011}, author = {Li, F and Yang, Q and Zan, Q and Tam, NF and Shin, PK and Vrijmoed, LL and Cheung, SG}, title = {Differences in leaf construction cost between alien and native mangrove species in Futian, Shenzhen, China: implications for invasiveness of alien species.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {62}, number = {9}, pages = {1957-1962}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.06.032}, pmid = {21774949}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Biomass ; Carbon/analysis ; China ; Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/classification/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/classification/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Trees/classification/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Construction cost (CC) is a quantifiable measure of energy demand for biomass production, and low CC is hypothesized to give an alien plant growth advantages and increase its potential to be an invader. Comparison of leaf CC and growth traits between alien and native mangroves in Shenzhen Futian Nature Reserve showed CC per unit mass (CC(mass)), carbon concentration and gross and ash-free caloric values of alien mangroves were significantly lower than those of native species, while the height and chest circumference were just the opposite. Alien species Sonneratia apetala had the lowest CC(mass) while Sonneratia caseolaris had the lowest CC(area), and were 8.99% and 32.17% lower than those of native species, respectively. Conversely, specific leaf area (SLA) of these two Sonneratia species was significantly higher than native species. Lower CC and higher SLA make the two Sonneratia species grow and spread faster than other mangroves and enhance their invasive potential.}, }
@article {pmid21774439, year = {2011}, author = {Robinson, A and Burgman, MA and Cannon, R}, title = {Allocating surveillance resources to reduce ecological invasions: maximizing detections and information about the threat.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {1410-1417}, doi = {10.1890/10-0195.1}, pmid = {21774439}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Allocating resources to detect invasive pests, diseases, and pathogens on exposure pathways requires a trade-off between the need to detect as many contaminated items as possible and the need to acquire knowledge about contamination rates. We develop a model and an algorithm that provide guidance for the allocation of inspection resources across multiple dynamic pathways in cases where not every item can be inspected. The model uses a null hypothesis that the contamination rate of a pathway is above a specified level: a risk cutoff. Pathways with a risk above the cutoff are fully inspected, and those with a risk below the cutoff level are monitored at a rate that would detect a change of the risk to being above the cutoff level with high probability. We base our decision on the 95% upper confidence limit for the contamination rate. We demonstrate via simulations and a data set that focusing inspection resources on specific pathways can result in substantially more effective intervention, and that the reduction in overall effectiveness of monitoring low-risk pathways need not be substantial. Use of the model demands the selection of the risk cutoff, and this limit can be set according to projected consequences.}, }
@article {pmid21774425, year = {2011}, author = {Steers, RJ and Funk, JL and Allen, EB}, title = {Can resource-use traits predict native vs. exotic plant success in carbon amended soils?.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {1211-1224}, doi = {10.1890/09-2345.1}, pmid = {21774425}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Carbon/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/chemistry/metabolism ; Plants/*metabolism ; Seasons ; Soil/*chemistry ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Productivity in desert ecosystems is primarily limited by water followed by nitrogen availability. In the deserts of southern California, nitrogen additions have increased invasive annual plant abundance. Similar findings from other ecosystems have led to a general acceptance that invasive plants, especially annual grasses, are nitrophilous. Consequently, reductions of soil nitrogen via carbon amendments have been conducted by many researchers in a variety of ecosystems in order to disproportionately lower invasive species abundance, but with mixed success. Recent studies suggest that resource-use traits may predict the efficacy of such resource manipulations; however, this theory remains largely untested. We report findings from a carbon amendment experiment that utilized two levels of sucrose additions that were aimed at achieving soil carbon to nitrogen ratios of 50:1 and 100:1 in labile sources. Carbon amendments were applied once each year, for three years, corresponding with the first large precipitation event of each wet season. Plant functional traits measured on the three invasive and 11 native herbaceous species that were most common at the study site showed that exotic and native species did not differ in traits associated with nitrogen use. In fact, plant abundance measures such as density, cover, and biomass showed that carbon amendments were capable of decreasing both native and invasive species. We found that early-germinating species were the most impacted by decreased soil nitrogen resulting from amendments. Because invasive annuals typically germinate earlier and exhibit a rapid phenology compared to most natives, these species are expected to be more competitive than native annuals yet more susceptible to early-season carbon amendments. However, desert annual communities can exhibit high interannual variability in species composition and abundance. Therefore, the relative abundance of native and invasive species at the time of application is critical to the success of carbon amendments at our study site. For land management purposes, carbon amendments remain relatively impractical and may only be useful at small scales or in conjunction with other invasive species removal techniques.}, }
@article {pmid21767431, year = {2011}, author = {Verneau, O and Palacios, C and Platt, T and Alday, M and Billard, E and Allienne, JF and Basso, C and DU Preez, LH}, title = {Invasive species threat: parasite phylogenetics reveals patterns and processes of host-switching between non-native and native captive freshwater turtles.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {138}, number = {13}, pages = {1778-1792}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182011000333}, pmid = {21767431}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/*parasitology ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Fresh Water ; Helminthiasis, Animal/epidemiology/parasitology/*transmission ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; *Phylogeny ; Platyhelminths/classification/genetics/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Turtles/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {One of the major threats to biodiversity involves biological invasions with direct consequences on the stability of ecosystems. In this context, the role of parasites is not negligible as it may enhance the success of invaders. The red-eared slider, Trachemys scripta elegans, has been globally considered among the worst invasive species. Since its introduction through the pet trade, T. s. elegans is now widespread and represents a threat for indigenous species. Because T. s. elegans coexists with Emys orbicularis and Mauremys leprosa in Europe, it has been suggested it may compete with the native turtle species and transmit pathogens. We examined parasite transfer from American captive to the two native species that co-exist in artificial pools of a Turtle Farm in France. As model parasite species we used platyhelminth worms of the family Polystomatidae (Monogenea) because polystomes have been described from American turtles in their native range. Phylogenetic relationships among polystomes parasitizing chelonian host species that are geographically widespread show patterns of diversification more complex than expected. Using DNA barcoding to identify species from adult and/or polystome eggs, several cases of host switching from exotic to indigenous individuals were illustrated, corroborating that parasite transmission is important when considering the pet trade and in reintroduction programmes to reinforce wild populations of indigenous species.}, }
@article {pmid21764740, year = {2011}, author = {Estes, JA and Terborgh, J and Brashares, JS and Power, ME and Berger, J and Bond, WJ and Carpenter, SR and Essington, TE and Holt, RD and Jackson, JB and Marquis, RJ and Oksanen, L and Oksanen, T and Paine, RT and Pikitch, EK and Ripple, WJ and Sandin, SA and Scheffer, M and Schoener, TW and Shurin, JB and Sinclair, AR and Soulé, ME and Virtanen, R and Wardle, DA}, title = {Trophic downgrading of planet Earth.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {333}, number = {6040}, pages = {301-306}, doi = {10.1126/science.1205106}, pmid = {21764740}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Until recently, large apex consumers were ubiquitous across the globe and had been for millions of years. The loss of these animals may be humankind's most pervasive influence on nature. Although such losses are widely viewed as an ethical and aesthetic problem, recent research reveals extensive cascading effects of their disappearance in marine, terrestrial, and freshwater ecosystems worldwide. This empirical work supports long-standing theory about the role of top-down forcing in ecosystems but also highlights the unanticipated impacts of trophic cascades on processes as diverse as the dynamics of disease, wildfire, carbon sequestration, invasive species, and biogeochemical cycles. These findings emphasize the urgent need for interdisciplinary research to forecast the effects of trophic downgrading on process, function, and resilience in global ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid21762613, year = {2011}, author = {Costa, CH and de Miranda-Santos, IK}, title = {Aircraft and risk of importing a new vector of visceral leishmaniasis.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {17}, number = {7}, pages = {1333-1334}, pmid = {21762613}, issn = {1080-6059}, mesh = {Aircraft ; Animals ; Brazil ; Humans ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insect Vectors/drug effects/*parasitology ; Insecticides/pharmacology ; *Introduced Species ; Leishmania donovani/*physiology ; Leishmania infantum/*physiology ; *Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology/transmission ; Portugal ; Psychodidae/drug effects/*parasitology ; Pyrethrins/pharmacology ; Temperature ; Travel ; }, }
@article {pmid21762609, year = {2011}, author = {Pomares, C and Ajzenberg, D and Bornard, L and Bernardin, G and Hasseine, L and Darde, ML and Marty, P}, title = {Toxoplasmosis and horse meat, France.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {17}, number = {7}, pages = {1327-1328}, pmid = {21762609}, issn = {1080-6059}, mesh = {Aged ; Amniocentesis ; Animals ; Antiprotozoal Agents/*administration &amp; dosage/therapeutic use ; DNA Fingerprinting ; DNA, Protozoan/analysis ; Fatal Outcome ; Female ; France ; Horses/*parasitology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin M/analysis ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Meat/*parasitology ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Pregnancy ; Pyrimethamine/*administration &amp; dosage/therapeutic use ; Sulfadiazine/*administration &amp; dosage/therapeutic use ; *Toxoplasma/drug effects/genetics/growth &amp; development/isolation &amp; purification ; Toxoplasmosis/*diagnosis/drug therapy/parasitology/physiopathology/transmission ; Young Adult ; }, }
@article {pmid21762604, year = {2011}, author = {Roger, M and Girard, S and Faharoudine, A and Halifa, M and Bouloy, M and Cetre-Sossah, C and Cardinale, E}, title = {Rift valley fever in ruminants, Republic of Comoros, 2009.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {17}, number = {7}, pages = {1319-1320}, pmid = {21762604}, issn = {1080-6059}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/blood/diagnosis/*epidemiology/transmission ; Comoros ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Goat Diseases/blood/diagnosis/*epidemiology/transmission ; Goats/virology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Introduced Species ; Neutralization Tests ; Rift Valley Fever/blood/diagnosis/*epidemiology/transmission/veterinary ; Rift Valley fever virus/growth &amp; development/*isolation &amp; purification ; Sheep/virology ; Sheep Diseases/blood/diagnosis/*epidemiology/transmission ; }, }
@article {pmid21760909, year = {2011}, author = {Kang, H and Wang, Y and Fedak, G and Cao, W and Zhang, H and Fan, X and Sha, L and Xu, L and Zheng, Y and Zhou, Y}, title = {Introgression of chromosome 3Ns from Psathyrostachys huashanica into wheat specifying resistance to stripe rust.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {7}, pages = {e21802}, pmid = {21760909}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Basidiomycota/*physiology ; Chromosome Banding ; Chromosome Pairing/genetics ; Chromosomes, Plant/*genetics ; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel ; Immunity, Innate/*genetics ; In Situ Hybridization ; *Inbreeding ; Meiosis ; Metaphase ; Minisatellite Repeats/genetics ; Plant Diseases/*immunology/microbiology ; Plant Leaves/cytology/microbiology ; Poaceae/*genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Triticum/cytology/genetics/immunology/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Wheat stripe rust is a destructive disease in the cool and humid wheat-growing areas of the world. Finding diverse sources of stripe rust resistance is critical for increasing genetic diversity of resistance for wheat breeding programs. Stripe rust resistance was identified in the alien species Psathyrostachys huashanica, and a wheat-P. huashanica amphiploid line (PHW-SA) with stripe rust resistance was reported previously. In this study, a P. huashanica 3Ns monosomic addition line (PW11) with superior resistance to stripe rust was developed, which was derived from the cross between PHW-SA and wheat J-11. We evaluated the alien introgressions PW11-2, PW11-5 and PW11-8 which were derived from line PW11 for reaction to new Pst race CYR32, and used molecular and cytogenetic tools to characterize these lines. The introgressions were remarkably resistant to CYR32, suggesting that the resistance to stripe rust of the introgressions thus was controlled by gene(s) located on P. huashanica chromosome 3Ns. All derived lines were cytologically stable in term of meiotic chromosome behavior. Two 3Ns chromosomes of P. huashanica were detected in the disomic addition line PW11-2. Chromosomes 1B of substitution line PW11-5 had been replaced by a pair of P. huashanica 3Ns chromosomes. In PW11-8, a small terminal segment from P. huashanica chromosome arm 3NsS was translocated to the terminal region of wheat chromosomes 3BL. Thus, this translocated chromosome is designated T3BL-3NsS. These conclusions were further confirmed by SSR analyses. Two 3Ns-specific markers Xgwm181 and Xgwm161 will be useful to rapidly identify and trace the translocated fragments. These introgressions, which had significant characteristics of resistance to stripe rust, could be utilized as novel germplasms for wheat breeding.}, }
@article {pmid21757195, year = {2011}, author = {Young, AM and Larson, BM}, title = {Clarifying debates in invasion biology: a survey of invasion biologists.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {111}, number = {7}, pages = {893-898}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2011.06.006}, pmid = {21757195}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Data Collection ; *Ecology ; Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Invasion biology is a relatively new field, so there are ongoing debates about foundational issues regarding terminology and assessment of the causes and consequences of invasive species. These debates largely reflect differing views about the extent to which invasion biologists should advocate on behalf of native species. We surveyed reviewers of the journal Biological Invasions to obtain a better sense of how invasion biologists evaluate several foundational issues. We received 422 replies, which represented a very good response rate for an online survey of 42.5% of those contacted. Responses to several debates in the field were distributed bimodally, but respondents consistently indicated that contemporary biological invasions are unprecedented. Even still, this was not seen as justification for exaggerated language (hyperbole). In contrast to prevalent claims in the literature, only 27.3% of respondents ranked invasive species as the first or second greatest threat to biodiversity. The responses also highlighted the interaction of invasive species with other threats and the role of human activity in their spread. Finally, the respondents agreed that they need to be both more objective and better at communicating their results so that those results can be effectively integrated into management.}, }
@article {pmid21752822, year = {2011}, author = {Hulcr, J and Dunn, RR}, title = {The sudden emergence of pathogenicity in insect-fungus symbioses threatens naive forest ecosystems.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {278}, number = {1720}, pages = {2866-2873}, pmid = {21752822}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*microbiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Invasive symbioses between wood-boring insects and fungi are emerging as a new and currently uncontrollable threat to forest ecosystems, as well as fruit and timber industries throughout the world. The bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) constitute the large majority of these pests, and are accompanied by a diverse community of fungal symbionts. Increasingly, some invasive symbioses are shifting from non-pathogenic saprotrophy in native ranges to a prolific tree-killing in invaded ranges, and are causing significant damage. In this paper, we review the current understanding of invasive insect-fungus symbioses. We then ask why some symbioses that evolved as non-pathogenic saprotrophs, turn into major tree-killers in non-native regions. We argue that a purely pathology-centred view of the guild is not sufficient for explaining the lethal encounters between exotic symbionts and naive trees. Instead, we propose several testable hypotheses that, if correct, lead to the conclusion that the sudden emergence of pathogenicity is a new evolutionary phenomenon with global biogeographical dynamics. To date, evidence suggests that virulence of the symbioses in invaded ranges is often triggered when several factors coincide: (i) invasion into territories with naive trees, (ii) the ability of the fungus to either overcome resistance of the naive host or trigger a suicidal over-reaction, and (iii) an 'olfactory mismatch' in the insect whereby a subset of live trees is perceived as dead and suitable for colonization. We suggest that individual cases of tree mortality caused by invasive insect-fungus symbionts should no longer be studied separately, but in a global, biogeographically and phylogenetically explicit comparative framework.}, }
@article {pmid21749596, year = {2011}, author = {Guimarães, PR and Jordano, P and Thompson, JN}, title = {Evolution and coevolution in mutualistic networks.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {877-885}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01649.x}, pmid = {21749596}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {A major current challenge in evolutionary biology is to understand how networks of interacting species shape the coevolutionary process. We combined a model for trait evolution with data for twenty plant-animal assemblages to explore coevolution in mutualistic networks. The results revealed three fundamental aspects of coevolution in species-rich mutualisms. First, coevolution shapes species traits throughout mutualistic networks by speeding up the overall rate of evolution. Second, coevolution results in higher trait complementarity in interacting partners and trait convergence in species in the same trophic level. Third, convergence is higher in the presence of super-generalists, which are species that interact with multiple groups of species. We predict that worldwide shifts in the occurrence of super-generalists will alter how coevolution shapes webs of interacting species. Introduced species such as honeybees will favour trait convergence in invaded communities, whereas the loss of large frugivores will lead to increased trait dissimilarity in tropical ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid21745424, year = {2011}, author = {Gumovsky, AV and Ramadan, MM}, title = {Biology, immature and adult morphology, and molecular characterization of a new species of the genus Entedon (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with the invasive pest Specularius impressithorax (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) on Erythrina plants.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {101}, number = {6}, pages = {715-739}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485311000290}, pmid = {21745424}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*parasitology ; Erythrina/*parasitology ; Female ; Hawaii ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Larva/anatomy &amp; histology/classification ; Male ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sex Ratio ; Wasps/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {Entedon erythrinae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a gregarious egg-larval endoparasitoid of the Erythrina bruchine Specularius impressithorax, an invasive pest of the coral tree seeds (Erythrina spp.), is described from the Hawaiian Islands and Africa (South Africa, Tanzania and Mozambique). The biology and morphology of preimaginal stages of this new species are described in details.It is remarkable that the early embryo of the parasitoid represents a mass of undifferentiated cells surrounded by a peculiar membrane formed by the peripheral enlarged polygonal cells. The young larva developing inside this membrane corresponds morphologically to the second instar of congeneric species. Various peculiarities of the parasitoid-host relationships in gregarious and solitary Entedon parasitoids are discussed. The DNA sequences of 28S D2 (nuclear), Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI, mitochondrial) and Cytochrome B (CytB, mitochondrial) genes are provided for this new species and compared with the sequences of some other Afrotropical and Palearctic species of the genus.}, }
@article {pmid21744001, year = {2011}, author = {Coutts, BA and Kehoe, MA and Webster, CG and Wylie, SJ and Jones, RA}, title = {Indigenous and introduced potyviruses of legumes and Passiflora spp. from Australia: biological properties and comparison of coat protein nucleotide sequences.}, journal = {Archives of virology}, volume = {156}, number = {10}, pages = {1757-1774}, doi = {10.1007/s00705-011-1046-4}, pmid = {21744001}, issn = {1432-8798}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Capsid Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; Fabaceae/*virology ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Passiflora/*virology ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/*virology ; Potyvirus/chemistry/classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Five Australian potyviruses, passion fruit woodiness virus (PWV), passiflora mosaic virus (PaMV), passiflora virus Y, clitoria chlorosis virus (ClCV) and hardenbergia mosaic virus (HarMV), and two introduced potyviruses, bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CAbMV), were detected in nine wild or cultivated Passiflora and legume species growing in tropical, subtropical or Mediterranean climatic regions of Western Australia. When ClCV (1), PaMV (1), PaVY (8) and PWV (5) isolates were inoculated to 15 plant species, PWV and two PaVY P. foetida isolates infected P. edulis and P. caerulea readily but legumes only occasionally. Another PaVY P. foetida isolate resembled five PaVY legume isolates in infecting legumes readily but not infecting P. edulis. PaMV resembled PaVY legume isolates in legumes but also infected P. edulis. ClCV did not infect P. edulis or P. caerulea and behaved differently from PaVY legume isolates and PaMV when inoculated to two legume species. When complete coat protein (CP) nucleotide (nt) sequences of 33 new isolates were compared with 41 others, PWV (8), HarMV (4), PaMV (1) and ClCV (1) were within a large group of Australian isolates, while PaVY (14), CAbMV (1) and BCMV (3) isolates were in three other groups. Variation among PWV and PaVY isolates was sufficient for division into four clades each (I-IV). A variable block of 56 amino acid residues at the N-terminal region of the CPs of PaMV and ClCV distinguished them from PWV. Comparison of PWV, PaMV and ClCV CP sequences showed that nt identities were both above and below the 76-77% potyvirus species threshold level. This research gives insights into invasion of new hosts by potyviruses at the natural vegetation and cultivated area interface, and illustrates the potential of indigenous viruses to emerge to infect introduced plants.}, }
@article {pmid21738424, year = {2011}, author = {Georges, A and Fouillet, P and Pétillon, J}, title = {Changes in salt-marsh carabid assemblages after an invasion by the native grass Elymus athericus (Link) Kerguélen.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {100}, pages = {407-419}, pmid = {21738424}, issn = {1313-2970}, abstract = {As a result of an invasion by the native grass Elymus athericus (Link) Kerguélen (Poaceae) in the last 10 years, a major change in vegetation cover has occurred in salt marshes of the Mont Saint-Michel bay, Western France. The impact of such an invasion on carabid assemblages, a dominant group of terrestrial arthropods in these habitats and containing several stenotopic species, is investigated here. In our study site, carabid data are available from 1983 and 1984, allowing a comparison of species distribution ranges in salt marshes before (1983-1984) and after (2002) the Elymus athericus invasion. A total of 16,867 adults belonging to 40 species were caught. By considering the presence-absence of species shared between studies, we show that the invasion by Elymus athericus promoted the progression of non-coastal species (mainly Pterostichus s.l. spp.). This did however not interfere with resident species distributions, finally resulting in higher carabid species richness in the entire area. The species composition and abundances of carabid assemblages were also compared between natural and invaded stations in 2002. The main result is that abundances of some halophilic species decreased in one invaded plot (in case of Pogonus chalceus (Marsham 1802)) whereas the opposite pattern was observed for other species (e.g., Bembidion minimum (Fabricius 1792)). Invaded habitats were characterized by lower percentages of halophilic species and higher total species richness.}, }
@article {pmid21736567, year = {2011}, author = {Lachmuth, S and Durka, W and Schurr, FM}, title = {Differentiation of reproductive and competitive ability in the invaded range of Senecio inaequidens: the role of genetic Allee effects, adaptive and nonadaptive evolution.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {192}, number = {2}, pages = {529-541}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03808.x}, pmid = {21736567}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Reproduction/physiology ; Selection, Genetic ; Senecio/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Genetic differentiation in the competitive and reproductive ability of invading populations can result from genetic Allee effects or r/K selection at the local or range-wide scale. However, the neutral relatedness of populations may either mask or falsely suggest adaptation and genetic Allee effects. In a common-garden experiment, we investigated the competitive and reproductive ability of invasive Senecio inaequidens populations that vary in neutral genetic diversity, population age and field vegetation cover. To account for population relatedness, we analysed the experimental results with 'animal models' adopted from quantitative genetics. Consistent with adaptive r/K differentiation at local scales, we found that genotypes from low-competition environments invest more in reproduction and are more sensitive to competition. By contrast, apparent effects of large-scale r/K differentiation and apparent genetic Allee effects can largely be explained by neutral population relatedness. Invading populations should not be treated as homogeneous groups, as they may adapt quickly to small-scale environmental variation in the invaded range. Furthermore, neutral population differentiation may strongly influence invasion dynamics and should be accounted for in analyses of common-garden experiments.}, }
@article {pmid21735912, year = {2011}, author = {Tooman, LK and Rose, CJ and Carraher, C and Suckling, DM and Paquette, SR and Ledezma, LA and Gilligan, TM and Epstein, M and Barr, NB and Newcomb, RD}, title = {Patterns of mitochondrial haplotype diversity in the invasive pest Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {104}, number = {3}, pages = {920-932}, doi = {10.1603/ec10342}, pmid = {21735912}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Amino Acids/chemistry ; Animals ; Australia ; California ; DNA/chemistry ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; Female ; *Genes, Insect ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Moths/classification/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a horticultural pest of Australia and New Zealand that has more recently invaded Hawaii, Europe, and California. A 2,216-bp region of the mitochondrial genome containing the cytochrome oxidase I and II genes was sequenced from 752 individuals. Haplotype network analyses revealed a major split between a predominantly Western Australian clade and all other samples, suggestive of either a deep genetic divergence or a cryptic species. Nucleotide and haplotype diversity were highest in the country of origin, Australia, and in New Zealand populations, with evidence of haplotype sharing between New Zealand and Tasmania. Nucleotide and haplotype diversity were higher in California than within the British Isles or Hawaii. From the total of 96 haplotypes, seven were found in California, of which four were private. Within California, there have been at least two introductions; based on genetic diversity we were unable to assign a likely source for a single moth found and eradicated in Los Angeles in 2007; however, our data suggest it is unlikely that Hawaii and the British Isles are sources of the major E. postvittana population found throughout the rest of the state since 2006.}, }
@article {pmid21735892, year = {2011}, author = {Hlasny, V}, title = {The stock of invasive insect species and its economic determinants.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {104}, number = {3}, pages = {764-772}, doi = {10.1603/ec10422}, pmid = {21735892}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Insect Control/*economics ; Insecta/*classification ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Models, Economic ; United States ; }, abstract = {Invasions of nonindigenous organisms have long been linked to trade, but the contribution of individual trade pathways remains poorly understood, because species are not observed immediately upon arrival and the number of species arriving annually is unknown. Species interception records may count both new arrivals and species long introduced. Furthermore, the stock of invasive insect species already present is unknown. In this study, a state-space model is used to infer the stock of detected as well as undetected invasive insect species established in the United States. A system of equations is estimated jointly to distinguish the patterns of introduction, identification, and eradication. Introductions of invasive species are modeled as dependent on the volume of trade and arrival of people. Identifications depend on the public efforts at invasive species research, as well as on the established stock of invasive species that remain undetected. Eradications of both detected and undetected invasive species depend on containment and quarantine efforts, as well as on the stock of all established invasive species. These patterns are estimated by fitting the predicted number of invasive species detections to the observed record in the North American Non-Indigenous Arthropod Database. The results indicate that agricultural imports are the most important pathway of introduction, followed by immigration of people. Expenditures by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service are found to explain the species identification record well. Between three and 38 invasive insect species are estimated to be established in the United States undetected.}, }
@article {pmid21735885, year = {2011}, author = {Chen, M and Shelton, AM and Hallett, RH and Hoepting, CA and Kikkert, JR and Wang, P}, title = {Swede midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), ten years of invasion of crucifer crops in North America.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {104}, number = {3}, pages = {709-716}, doi = {10.1603/ec10397}, pmid = {21735885}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Brassica ; Canada ; Crops, Agricultural ; Diptera/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Female ; Food Preferences ; Geography ; *Insect Control ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Pest Control, Biological ; United States ; }, abstract = {The Swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a common insect pest in Europe, is a newly invasive pest in North America that constitutes a major threat to cruciferous vegetable and field crops. Since its first identification in Ontario, Canada, in 2000, it has rapidly spread to 65 counties in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec and has recently been found in canola (one of two cultivars of rapeseed, Brassica napus L. and Brassica campestris L.) in the central Prairie region where the majority of Canada's 6.5 million ha (16 million acres) of canola is grown. The first detection of Swede midge in the United States was in 2004 in New York cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), but it has now been found in four additional states. Here, we review the biology of Swede midge, its host plant range, distribution, economic impact, pest status, and management strategies. We provide insight into this insect's future potential to become an endemic pest of brassica crops in North America. We also proposed research needed to develop tactics for handling this invasive pest in brassica crops.}, }
@article {pmid21735225, year = {2011}, author = {Laframboise, AJ and Zielinski, BS}, title = {Responses of round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) olfactory epithelium to steroids released by reproductive males.}, journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology}, volume = {197}, number = {10}, pages = {999-1008}, pmid = {21735225}, issn = {1432-1351}, mesh = {Adenine/analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology ; Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors ; Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism ; Animals ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Dihydrotestosterone/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Estrenes/pharmacology ; Etiocholanolone/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; Evoked Potentials ; Female ; Goldfish/*metabolism ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/metabolism ; Male ; Olfactory Mucosa/drug effects/*metabolism ; Perciformes/*metabolism ; Pyrrolidinones/pharmacology ; Reproduction ; Second Messenger Systems ; Sex Attractants/*metabolism ; *Smell/drug effects ; Species Specificity ; Steroids/*metabolism ; Type C Phospholipases/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The wild perciform teleost Neogobius melanostomus (the round goby) originated from the Ponto-Caspian region and is now a highly successful invasive species in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Males may attract females into their nests for spawning by releasing reproductive pheromones, and it has been previously shown that reproductive males synthesize and release the 5β-reduced and 3α-hydroxyl steroids 3α-hydroxy-5β-androstane-11,17-dione (11-oxo-etiocholanolone; 11-O-ETIO) and 3α-hydroxy-5β-androstane-11,17-dione 3-sulfate (11-oxo-etiocholanolone-3-sulfate; 11-O-ETIO-3-s) and 3α,17β-dihydroxy-5β-androstan-11-one 17-sulfate. In this study, we investigated properties of these released steroids by recording field potential responses from the olfactory epithelium (electro-olfactogram, EOG). The steroid 3α,17β-dihydroxy-5β-androstan-11-one 17-sulfate did not elicit olfactory responses while both 11-O-ETIO and 11-O-ETIO-3-s stimulated olfactory field potentials in the round goby, but not in the goldfish. Cross-adaptation analysis demonstrated that round gobies discriminated between11-O-ETIO and 11-O-ETIO-3-s (as well as etiocholanolone, ETIO) at the sensory level. Second messenger cascades depending on both cAMP and IP(3) were inferred for steroids from pharmacological inhibition studies, while the canonical teleost odors taurocholic acid (a bile acid) and L: -alanine (an amino acid) used only cAMP and IP(3), respectively. The round goby presents itself as an excellent species for the study of olfactory function of fish in the wild, given its possible use of these released steroids as pheromones.}, }
@article {pmid21735200, year = {2012}, author = {Wikström, SA and Hillebrand, H}, title = {Invasion by mobile aquatic consumers enhances secondary production and increases top-down control of lower trophic levels.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {168}, number = {1}, pages = {175-186}, pmid = {21735200}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Crustacea/physiology ; Ecological Systems, Closed ; Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Snails/physiology ; }, abstract = {Increased biological diversity due to invasion by non-indigenous species (NIS) is a global phenomenon with potential effects on trophic interactions and ecosystem processes in the invaded habitat. We assessed the effects of resource availability and invasion of three non-indigenous invertebrate grazers (two crustaceans and a snail) on secondary production, relative dominance of NIS grazers and resource depletion in experimental freshwater mesocosms. The relative dominance of NIS grazers increased with increasing initial resource availability, although the effect was largest for one of the three species. The effect was due to the fact that all the included non-indigenous grazers were able to expand their populations quickly in response to resource addition. For the most dominating species, the increased grazer diversity due to invasion in turn resulted in higher production of grazer biomass and a more efficient depletion of the periphyton resource. The effect was largest at high initial resource availability, where NIS dominance was most pronounced. Our results show that an invasion-induced increase in species diversity can increase resource depletion and consequently production, but that the effect depends on identity of the introduced species. The results also suggest that properties of the recipient system, such as resource availability, can modulate ecosystem effects of NIS by affecting invader success and dominance.}, }
@article {pmid21734690, year = {2011}, author = {Lerdau, M and Wickham, JD}, title = {Non-natives: four risk factors.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {475}, number = {7354}, pages = {36-37}, pmid = {21734690}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Coleoptera/physiology ; Ecology/*methods ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; North America ; Phylogeny ; Reproduction/physiology ; Risk Factors ; Trees/physiology ; }, }
@article {pmid21734689, year = {2011}, author = {Simberloff, D and , }, title = {Non-natives: 141 scientists object.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {475}, number = {7354}, pages = {36}, pmid = {21734689}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecology/*methods/*standards ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid21734688, year = {2011}, author = {Alyokhin, A}, title = {Non-natives: put biodiversity at risk.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {475}, number = {7354}, pages = {36}, pmid = {21734688}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, }
@article {pmid21733261, year = {2011}, author = {Tinsley, RC and York, JE and Stott, LC and Everard, AL and Chapple, SJ and Tinsley, MC}, title = {Environmental constraints influencing survival of an African parasite in a north temperate habitat: effects of temperature on development within the host.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {138}, number = {8}, pages = {1039-1052}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182011000424}, pmid = {21733261}, issn = {1469-8161}, support = {BB/D523051/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; Cell Survival ; Environment ; Female ; Global Warming ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages ; Male ; Ovum/growth &amp; development ; Platyhelminths/anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Sex Factors ; South Africa ; *Temperature ; Time Factors ; Trematode Infections/parasitology/*veterinary ; Wales ; Xenopus laevis/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {The monogenean Protopolystoma xenopodis has been established in Wales for >40 years following introduction with Xenopus laevis from South Africa. This provides an experimental system for determining constraints affecting introduced species in novel environments. Parasite development post-infection was followed at 15, 20 and 25°C for 15 weeks and at 10°C for ⩾1 year and correlated with temperatures recorded in Wales. Development was slowed/arrested at ⩽10°C which reflects habitat conditions for >6 months/year. There was wide variation in growth at constant temperature (body size differing by >10 times) potentially attributable in part to genotype-specific host-parasite interactions. Parasite density had no effect on size but host sex did: worms in males were 1·8 times larger than in females. Minimum time to patency was 51 days at 25°C and 73 days at 20°C although some infections were still not patent at both temperatures by 105 days p.i. In Wales, fastest developing infections may mature within one summer (about 12 weeks), possibly accelerated by movements of hosts into warmer surface waters. Otherwise, development slows/stops in October-April, delaying patency to about 1 year p.i., while wide variation in developmental rates may impose delays of 2 years in some primary infections and even longer in secondary infections.}, }
@article {pmid21732719, year = {2011}, author = {Bennett, CE and Wilson, BS and Desalle, R}, title = {DNA barcoding of an invasive mammal species, the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes javanicus; E. Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire 1818) in the Caribbean and Hawaiian Islands.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA}, volume = {22}, number = {1-2}, pages = {12-18}, doi = {10.3109/19401736.2010.542241}, pmid = {21732719}, issn = {1940-1744}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Caribbean Region ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Hawaii ; Herpestidae/classification/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIM: The use of DNA barcodes has been proposed as a promising tool for identifying species. The efficacy of this tool for invasive species requires further exploration. The species status of the small Indian mongoose, an exotic invasive in several parts of the world, has been contentious due to morphological similarity with its congeners in its natural habitat. Although the small Indian mongoose is recognized as Herpestes javanicus, this nomenclature has been used interchangeably with Herpestes auropunctatus.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Here, we demonstrate the utility of using DNA barcoding approaches with mtDNA cytochrome b to discriminate between the two species and other sympatric members of the genus Herpestes (Herpestes naso, Herpestes urva, and Herpestes edwardsii). Using the diagnostic DNA positions we obtain, we can identity specimens of nonnative populations of the small Indian mongoose from the Caribbean and Hawaiian Islands to their species of origin.<br><br>RESULTS: A singe diagnostic site accomplishes the identification of H. javanicus versus H. auropunctatus.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the nonnative mongoose populations from the Caribbean and Hawaiian Islands are H. auropunctatus, and not H. javanicus.}, }
@article {pmid21731769, year = {2011}, author = {Mumby, PJ and Harborne, AR and Brumbaugh, DR}, title = {Grouper as a natural biocontrol of invasive lionfish.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, pages = {e21510}, pmid = {21731769}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Fishes/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) have invaded the majority of the Caribbean region within five years. As voracious predators of native fishes with a broad habitat distribution, lionfish are poised to cause an unprecedented disruption to coral reef diversity and function. Controls of lionfish densities within its native range are poorly understood, but they have been recorded in the stomachs of large-bodied Caribbean groupers. Whether grouper predation of lionfish is sufficient to act as a biocontrol of the invasive species is unknown, but pest biocontrol by predatory fishes has been reported in other ecosystems. Groupers were surveyed along a chain of Bahamian reefs, including one of the region's most successful marine reserves which supports the top one percentile of Caribbean grouper biomass. Lionfish biomass exhibited a 7-fold and non-linear reduction in relation to the biomass of grouper. While Caribbean grouper appear to be a biocontrol of invasive lionfish, the overexploitation of their populations by fishers, means that their median biomass on Caribbean reefs is an order of magnitude less than in our study. Thus, chronic overfishing will probably prevent natural biocontrol of lionfishes in the Caribbean.}, }
@article {pmid21730337, year = {2011}, author = {DeWalt, SJ and Siemann, E and Rogers, WE}, title = {Geographic distribution of genetic variation among native and introduced populations of Chinese tallow tree, Triadica sebifera (Euphorbiaceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {98}, number = {7}, pages = {1128-1138}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1000297}, pmid = {21730337}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Alleles ; Bayes Theorem ; Genetic Loci/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Population Dynamics ; Sample Size ; Sapium/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Southeastern United States ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Invasive plants often display genetically determined variation in patterns of growth and resource allocation between native and introduced genotypes, as well as among genotypes within different regions of the introduced range. We examined patterns of genetic variation within and among native and introduced populations of the tetraploid Chinese tallow tree (Triadica sebifera, Euphorbiaceae) to determine whether nonselective evolutionary processes or the introduction history could contribute to previously observed phenotypic differences between native and introduced populations as well as among introduced populations.<br><br>METHODS: We used six microsatellite markers to study 12 native populations in China, 51 introduced populations in the southeastern USA, and one introduced population in Australia.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Genetic diversity was greater within and among native populations than introduced populations. Within the southeastern USA, populations in Georgia and South Carolina differed substantially in their genetic composition and had greater genetic diversity than the rest of the southeastern USA. Greater genetic similarity between some populations in the native range and introduced range indicate a common provenance for Georgia and South Carolina populations that could have come from any of several western or southern Chinese populations and a different provenance for other southeastern USA populations and the Australian population, which were most similar to more northeastern Chinese populations.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Differences among introduced populations in potentially adaptive traits (e.g., herbivore tolerance, herbivore resistance, growth rates) may result in part from the introduction history, in particular from differences present among source populations in the native range.}, }
@article {pmid21730335, year = {2011}, author = {Bennett, AE and Thomsen, M and Strauss, SY}, title = {Multiple mechanisms enable invasive species to suppress native species.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {98}, number = {7}, pages = {1086-1094}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1000177}, pmid = {21730335}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Biomass ; Erigeron/*growth &amp; development ; Germination/physiology ; Holcus/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development ; Soil ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Invasive plants represent a significant threat to ecosystem biodiversity. To decrease the impacts of invasive species, a major scientific undertaking of the last few decades has been aimed at understanding the mechanisms that drive invasive plant success. Most studies and theories have focused on a single mechanism for predicting the success of invasive plants and therefore cannot provide insight as to the relative importance of multiple interactions in predicting invasive species' success.<br><br>METHODS: We examine four mechanisms that potentially contribute to the success of invasive velvetgrass Holcus lanatus: direct competition, indirect competition mediated by mammalian herbivores, interference competition via allelopathy, and indirect competition mediated by changes in the soil community. Using a combination of field and greenhouse approaches, we focus on the effects of H. lanatus on a common species in California coastal prairies, Erigeron glaucus, where the invasion is most intense.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: We found that H. lanatus had the strongest effects on E. glaucus via direct competition, but it also influenced the soil community in ways that feed back to negatively influence E. glaucus and other native species after H. lanatus removal.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This approach provided evidence for multiple mechanisms contributing to negative effects of invasive species, and it identified when particular strategies were most likely to be important. These mechanisms can be applied to eradication of H. lanatus and conservation of California coastal prairie systems, and they illustrate the utility of an integrated set of experiments for determining the potential mechanisms of invasive species' success.}, }
@article {pmid21729386, year = {2012}, author = {Ross, JL and Ivanova, ES and Sirgel, WF and Malan, AP and Wilson, MJ}, title = {Diversity and distribution of nematodes associated with terrestrial slugs in the Western Cape Province of South Africa.}, journal = {Journal of helminthology}, volume = {86}, number = {2}, pages = {215-221}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X11000277}, pmid = {21729386}, issn = {1475-2697}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics ; Gastropoda/*parasitology ; Nematoda/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {A survey of nematodes associated with native and introduced species of terrestrial slugs was conducted in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, in order to gather new data regarding diversity and distribution. A total of 521 terrestrial slugs were collected from 35 localities throughout the Western Cape. All slugs were dissected and examined for the presence of internal nematodes. Extracted nematodes were identified using a combination of molecular (18S rRNA gene sequencing) and morphological techniques. Nematodes were found parasitizing slugs at 14 of the 35 sites examined, amounting to 40% of sample sites. Of all slugs, 6% were infected with nematodes. A total of seven species of nematode were identified in the province, including Agfa flexilis, Angiostoma sp., Phasmarhabditis sp. SA1, Phasmarhabditis sp. SA2, Caenorhabditis elegans, Panagrolaimus sp. and Rhabditis sp. Of these species, four were thought to be parasitic to slugs (A. flexilis, Angiostoma sp., Phasmarhabditis sp. SA1 and Phasmarhabditis sp. SA2), as opposed to forming necromenic or phoretic associations. Three new species of slug-parasitic nematode were identified during this study (Angiostoma sp., Phasmarhabditis sp. SA1 and Phasmarhabditis sp. SA2).}, }
@article {pmid21722002, year = {2011}, author = {Campbell, ML and Hewitt, CL}, title = {Assessing the port to port risk of vessel movements vectoring non-indigenous marine species within and across domestic Australian borders.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {631-644}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2011.593715}, pmid = {21722002}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Australia ; *Biodiversity ; *Biofouling ; Biota ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Risk Assessment ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {Biofouling of vessels is implicated as a high risk transfer mechanism of non-indigenous marine species (NIMS). Biofouling on international vessels is managed through stringent border control policies, however, domestic biofouling transfers are managed under different policies and legislative arrangements as they cross internal borders. As comprehensive guidelines are developed and increased compliance of international vessels with 'clean hull' expectations increase, vessel movements from port to port will become the focus of biosecurity management. A semi-quantitative port to port biofouling risk assessment is presented that evaluates the presence of known NIMS in the source port and determines the likelihood of transfer based on the NIMS association with biofouling and environmental match between source and receiving ports. This risk assessment method was used to assess the risk profile of a single dredge vessel during three anticipated voyages within Australia, resulting in negligible to low risk outcomes. This finding is contrasted with expectations in the literature, specifically those that suggest slow moving vessels pose a high to extreme risk of transferring NIMS species.}, }
@article {pmid21719842, year = {2011}, author = {Bunbury, N}, title = {Trichomonad infection in endemic and introduced columbids in the Seychelles.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, pages = {730-733}, doi = {10.7589/0090-3558-47.3.730}, pmid = {21719842}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; Bird Diseases/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Columbidae/*parasitology ; Female ; Male ; Prevalence ; Seychelles/epidemiology ; Species Specificity ; Trichomonas/isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; Trichomonas Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Island endemic avifaunas face many threats, including the now well-documented impacts of pathogens. The impacts of pathogens on the endemic Seychelles avifauna, however, have been little studied. The protozoan parasite Trichomonas gallinae has been shown to reduce survival and reproductive success of the endemic Pink Pigeon Columba mayeri on the nearby island of Mauritius. I investigated trichomonad infection prevalence and pathogenicity in endemic Seychelles Blue Pigeons, Alectroenas pulcherrima, and two introduced species of columbid, the Madagascar Turtle-dove, Streptopelia picturata, and the Barred Ground Dove, Geopelia striata, on the Seychelles island of Mahé during September-October 2007. I asked whether: 1) trichomonad infections occur in these species; 2) prevalence varies among species; and 3) birds show any signs of pathogenicity consistent with tricho-monosis. I use the results to assess the potential threat of this pathogen to A. pulcherrima. All three species were infected with trichomonads, and the overall prevalence was 27.5%. Alectroenas pulcherrima had higher prevalence (47.1%) than the two introduced species combined (24.3%). No infected individuals showed any signs of disease. These findings suggest that trichomonad parasites should be considered as a potential disease threat to the A. pulcherrima population.}, }
@article {pmid21715585, year = {2011}, author = {Arendrup, MC and Sulim, S and Holm, A and Nielsen, L and Nielsen, SD and Knudsen, JD and Drenck, NE and Christensen, JJ and Johansen, HK}, title = {Diagnostic issues, clinical characteristics, and outcomes for patients with fungemia.}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {49}, number = {9}, pages = {3300-3308}, pmid = {21715585}, issn = {1098-660X}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antifungal Agents/administration &amp; dosage ; Candida/*isolation &amp; purification ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Denmark/epidemiology ; Female ; Fungemia/*diagnosis/drug therapy/*epidemiology/mortality ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*isolation &amp; purification ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {This study investigated microbiological, clinical, and management issues and outcomes for Danish fungemia patients. Isolates and clinical information were collected at six centers. A total of 334 isolates, 316 episodes, and 305 patients were included, corresponding to 2/3 of the national episodes. Blood culture positivity varied by system, species, and procedure. Thus, cases with concomitant bacteremia were reported less commonly by BacT/Alert than by the Bactec system (9% [11/124 cases] versus 28% [53/192 cases]; P < 0.0001), and cultures with Candida glabrata or those drawn via arterial lines needed longer incubation. Species distribution varied by age, prior antifungal treatment (57% occurrence of C. glabrata, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or C. krusei in patients with prior antifungal treatment versus 28% occurrence in those without it; P = 0.007), and clinical specialty (61% occurrence of C. glabrata or C. krusei in hematology wards versus 27% occurrence in other wards; P = 0.002). Colonization samples were not predictive for the invasive species in 11/100 cases. Fifty-six percent of the patients had undergone surgery, 51% were intensive care unit (ICU) patients, and 33% had malignant disease. Mortality increased by age (P = 0.009) and varied by species (36% for C. krusei, 25% for C. parapsilosis, and 14% for other Candida species), severity of underlying disease (47% for ICU patients versus 24% for others; P = 0.0001), and choice but not timing of initial therapy (12% versus 48% for patients with C. glabrata infection receiving caspofungin versus fluconazole; P = 0.023). The initial antifungal agent was deemed suboptimal upon species identification in 15% of the cases, which would have been 6.5% if current guidelines had been followed. A large proportion of Danish fungemia patients were severely ill and received suboptimal initial antifungal treatment. Optimization of diagnosis and therapy is possible.}, }
@article {pmid21712417, year = {2011}, author = {Kirk, H and Paul, J and Straka, J and Freeland, JR}, title = {Long-distance dispersal and high genetic diversity are implicated in the invasive spread of the common reed, Phragmites australis (Poaceae), in northeastern North America.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {98}, number = {7}, pages = {1180-1190}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1000278}, pmid = {21712417}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; Canada ; Cluster Analysis ; Genetic Loci/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Phenotype ; Poaceae/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Seed Dispersal/*genetics ; United States ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The Eurasian subspecies of the common reed (Phragmites australis subsp. australis, hereafter abbreviated as P. a. australis) was introduced to North America in the late 18(th) century and rapidly expanded its range, posing an ecological threat to wetlands. In this study, we aimed to determine whether admixture among multiple lineages, dispersal mechanisms, and high genetic diversity have contributed to the invasion of P. a. australis in the northeastern part of its range. Understanding mechanisms of the P. a. australis invasion will 1) contribute to a broader understanding of the factors that facilitate plant invasion, and 2) help us to develop effective management strategies for wetlands threatened by P. a. australis invasion.<br><br>METHODS: We used a population genetics approach incorporating nine microsatellite loci to study genetic diversity and population structure in relation to biogeography of introduced North American Phragmites a. australis stands in the northeastern continental region.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Phragmites a. australis is genetically diverse in the region studied here. Significant population structure exists, and population structure is likely influenced by both long-distance dispersal via major waterways, and short-distance dispersal overland. Different lineages sometimes colonize geographically proximate locations leading to opportunities for admixture. Clonal reproduction likely exaggerates geographical structure among some stands, although high genetic and clonal diversity within some stands implies that sexual reproduction occurs frequently in P. a. australis.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: A variety of factors, including admixture among multiple lineages, multiple modes of dispersal, and plasticity in reproductive strategy promote the invasion success of Phragmites a. australis. Wetland managers in the St. Lawrence River/Great Lakes region should focus monitoring efforts on the shores of conservation lands to prevent the establishment of propagules from novel lineages.}, }
@article {pmid21711403, year = {2011}, author = {Ozer, F and Gellerman, H and Ashley, MV}, title = {Genetic impacts of Anacapa deer mice reintroductions following rat eradication.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {17}, pages = {3525-3539}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05165.x}, pmid = {21711403}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; California ; Cluster Analysis ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics/metabolism ; Founder Effect ; Gene Frequency ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Heterozygote ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Peromyscus/*classification/*genetics ; Rats ; }, abstract = {The Anacapa deer mouse is an endemic subspecies that inhabits Anacapa Island, part of Channel Islands National Park, California. We used mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit II gene (COII) and 10 microsatellite loci to evaluate the levels of genetic differentiation and variation in ~1400 Anacapa deer mice sampled before and for 4 years after a black rat (Rattus rattus) eradication campaign that included trapping, captive holding and reintroduction of deer mice. Both mitochondrial and microsatellite analyses indicated significant differentiation between Anacapa deer mice and mainland mice, and genetic variability of mainland mice was significantly higher than Anacapa mice even prior to reintroduction. Bayesian cluster analysis and Principal Coordinates Analysis indicated that East, Middle and West Anacapa mice were genetically differentiated from each other, but translocation of mice among islands resulted in the East population becoming less distinct as a result of management. Levels of heterozygosity were similar before and after management. However, numerous private alleles in the founder populations were not observed after reintroduction and shifts in allele frequencies occurred, indicating that the reintroduced populations experienced substantial genetic drift. Surprisingly, two mitochondrial haplotypes observed in an earlier study of Anacapa deer mice were lost in the 20 years prior to the rat eradication program, leaving only a single haplotype in Anacapa deer mice. This study demonstrates how genetic monitoring can help to understand the re-establishment of endemic species after the eradication of invasive species and to evaluate the effectiveness of the management strategies employed.}, }
@article {pmid21711046, year = {2011}, author = {Xi, X and Johnson, NS and Brant, CO and Yun, SS and Chambers, KL and Jones, AD and Li, W}, title = {Quantification of a male sea lamprey pheromone in tributaries of Laurentian Great Lakes by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {45}, number = {15}, pages = {6437-6443}, doi = {10.1021/es200416f}, pmid = {21711046}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Great Lakes Region ; Limit of Detection ; Male ; Petromyzon/*metabolism ; Pheromones/*analysis ; Rivers/*chemistry ; Solid Phase Extraction ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry/*methods ; }, abstract = {We developed an assay for measuring 7α,12α,24-trihydroxy-5a-cholan-3-one-24-sulfate (3kPZS), a mating pheromone released by male sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus), at low picomolar concentrations in natural waters to assess the presence of invasive populations. 3kPZS was extracted from streamwater at a rate of recovery up to 90% using a single cation-exchange and reversed-phase mixed-mode cartridge, along with [(2)H(5)]3kPZS as an internal standard, and quantified using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The limit of detection was below 0.1 ng L(-1) (210 fM), which was the lowest concentration tested. Intra- and interday coefficients of variation were between 0.3-11.6% and 4.8-9.8%, respectively, at 1 ng 3kPZS L(-1) and 5 ng 3kPZS L(-1). This assay was validated by repeat measurements of water samples from a stream spiked with synthesized 3kPZS to reach 4.74 ng L(-1) or 0.24 ng L(-1). We further verified the utility of this assay to detect spawning populations of lampreys; in the seven tributaries to the Laurentian Great Lakes sampled, 3kPZS concentrations were found to range between 0.15 and 2.85 ng L(-1) during the spawning season in known sea lamprey infested segments and were not detectable in uninfested segments. The 3kPZS assay may be useful for the integrated management of sea lamprey, an invasive species in the Great Lakes where pheromone-based control and assessment techniques are desired.}, }
@article {pmid21710219, year = {2011}, author = {Joly, M and Bertrand, P and Gbangou, RY and White, MC and Dubé, J and Lavoie, C}, title = {Paving the way for invasive species: road type and the spread of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia).}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {48}, number = {3}, pages = {514-522}, pmid = {21710219}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Agriculture/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; Ambrosia/classification/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental Pollutants/*toxicity ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Quebec ; *Transportation/classification ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Roads function as prime habitats and corridors for invasive plant species. Yet despite the diversity of road types, there is little research on the influence of these types on the spread of invaders. Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), a plant producing large amounts of allergenic pollen, was selected as a species model for examining the impact of road type on the spread of invasive plants. We examined this relationship in an agricultural region of Quebec, Canada. We mapped plant distribution along different road types, and constructed a model of species presence. Common ragweed was found in almost all sampling sites located along regional (97%) and local paved (81%) roads. However, verges of unpaved local roads were rarely (13%) colonized by the plant. A model (53% of variance explained), constructed with only four variables (paved regional roads, paved local roads, recently mown road verges, forest cover), correctly predicted (success rate: 89%) the spatial distribution of common ragweed. Results support the hypothesis that attributes associated with paved roads strongly favour the spread of an opportunistic invasive plant species. Specifically, larger verges and greater disturbance associated with higher traffic volume create propitious conditions for common ragweed. To date, emphasis has been placed on controlling the plant in agricultural fields, even though roadsides are probably a much larger seed source. Strategies for controlling the weed along roads have only focused on major highways, even though the considerable populations along local roads also contribute to the production of pollen. Management prioritizations developed to control common ragweed are thus questionable.}, }
@article {pmid21707903, year = {2011}, author = {Zhang, F and Hui, C and Terblanche, JS}, title = {An interaction switch predicts the nested architecture of mutualistic networks.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {797-803}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01647.x}, pmid = {21707903}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; *Plants ; Pollination ; Population Dynamics ; Seed Dispersal ; }, abstract = {Nested architecture is distinctive in plant-animal mutualistic networks. However, to date an integrative and quantitative explanation has been lacking. It is evident that species often switch their interactive partners in real-world mutualistic networks such as pollination and seed-dispersal networks. By incorporating an interaction switch into a novel multi-population model, we show that the nested architecture rapidly emerges from an initially random network. The model allowing interaction switches between partner species produced predictions which fit remarkably well with observations from 81 empirical networks. Thus, the nested architecture in mutualistic networks could be an intrinsic physical structure of dynamic networks and the interaction switch is likely a key ecological process that results in nestedness of real-world networks. Identifying the biological processes responsible for network structures is thus crucial for understanding the architecture of ecological networks.}, }
@article {pmid21707812, year = {2011}, author = {Warren, J and Topping, CJ and James, P}, title = {An evolutionary modelling approach to understanding the factors behind plant invasiveness and community susceptibility to invasion.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {24}, number = {10}, pages = {2099-2109}, doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02337.x}, pmid = {21707812}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Computer Simulation ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {Ecologists have had limited success in understanding which introduced species may become invasive. An evolutionary model is used to investigate which traits are associated with invasiveness. Translocation experiments were simulated in which species were moved into similar but evolutionarily younger communities. The main findings were that species that had previously been the most abundant in their original communities have significantly higher rates of establishment than did species that had previously occurred at low abundance in their original community. However, if establishment did occur, previously abundant and previously low-abundant species were equally likely to become dominant and were equally likely to exclude other species from their new community. There was a suggestion that the species that were most likely to establish and exclude others were 'genetically' different. When species that had evolved in different simulations (but with identical environmental conditions) were transplanted into communities that had also evolved in different simulations of the same conditions, the outcomes were difficult to predict. Observed rates of establishment and subsequent competitive dominance were observed to be species- and community combination-specific. This evolutionary study represents a novel in silico attempt to tackle invasiveness in an experimental framework and may provide a new methodology for tackling these issues.}, }
@article {pmid21706381, year = {2011}, author = {Johnson, DD and Davies, KW and Schreder, PT and Chamberlain, AM}, title = {Perceptions of ranchers about medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski) management on sagebrush steppe rangelands.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {48}, number = {3}, pages = {400-417}, pmid = {21706381}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Agriculture/*methods ; Animals ; Artemisia/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Oregon ; Perception ; Poaceae/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Risk Management/methods ; }, abstract = {Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski) is an exotic annual grass invading rangelands in the western United States. Medusahead is a serious management concern because it decreases biodiversity, reduces livestock forage production, and degrades the ecological function of rangelands. Despite the obvious importance of ranchers as partners in preventing and managing medusahead in rangelands, little is known about their perceptions and behaviors concerning medusahead management. We present the results of a survey of ranchers operating on sagebrush steppe rangeland in a three-county area in southeast Oregon encompassing over 7.2 million ha. The primary objective of this research was to determine if the presence of medusahead on a ranch influenced its operator's perceptions and behaviors concerning invasive plant control and prevention. Ranchers operating on medusahead-infested rangeland were more likely to indicate increased awareness and concern about medusahead and the potential for its continued expansion. Ranchers operating on rangeland invaded by medusahead were also more likely to indicate use of measures to prevent the spread of medusahead and other invasive plants on rangeland, interest in educational opportunities concerning invasive annual grass management, and plans for controlling invasive annual grasses in the future. This study revealed an alarming trend in which individuals are less likely to implement important prevention measures and participate in education opportunities to improve their knowledge of invasive plants until they directly experience the negative consequences of invasion. Information campaigns on invasive plants and their impacts may rectify this problem; however, appropriate delivery methods are critical for success. Web- or computer-based invasive plant information and tools were largely unpopular among ranchers, whereas traditional forms of information delivery including brochures/pamphlets and face-to-face interaction were preferred. However, in the future web- or computer-based information may become more popular as ranchers become more familiar with them.}, }
@article {pmid21705536, year = {2011}, author = {Marsot, M and Sigaud, M and Chapuis, JL and Ferquel, E and Cornet, M and Vourc'h, G}, title = {Introduced Siberian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus barberi) harbor more-diverse Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies than native bank voles (Myodes glareolus).}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {16}, pages = {5716-5721}, pmid = {21705536}, issn = {1098-5336}, mesh = {Animals ; Arvicolinae/*microbiology/parasitology ; Biopsy/veterinary ; Borrelia burgdorferi Group/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Disease Reservoirs ; France ; Genes, rRNA ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Ixodes/microbiology ; Lyme Disease/epidemiology/microbiology ; Nymph/microbiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Prevalence ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sciuridae/genetics/*microbiology/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Little attention has been given in scientific literature to how introduced species may act as a new host for native infectious agents and modify the epidemiology of a disease. In this study, we investigated whether an introduced species, the Siberian chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus barberi), was a potentially new reservoir host for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the causative agent of Lyme disease. First, we ascertained whether chipmunks were infected by all of the B. burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies associated with rodents and available in their source of infection, questing nymphs. Second, we determined whether the prevalence and diversity of B. burgdorferi sensu lato in chipmunks were similar to those of a native reservoir rodent, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus). Our research took place between 2006 and 2008 in a suburban French forest, where we trapped 335 chipmunks and 671 voles and collected 743 nymphs of ticks that were questing for hosts by dragging on the vegetation. We assayed for B. burgdorferi sensu lato with ear biopsy specimens taken from the rodents and in nymphs using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Chipmunks were infected by the three Borrelia genospecies that were present in questing nymphs and that infect rodents (B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii, and B. garinii). In contrast, voles hosted only B. afzelii. Furthermore, chipmunks were more infected (35%) than voles (16%). These results may be explained by the higher exposure of chipmunks, because they harbor more ticks, or by their higher tolerance of other B. burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies than of B. afzelii. If chipmunks are competent reservoir hosts for B. burgdorferi sensu lato, they may spill back B. burgdorferi sensu lato to native communities and eventually may increase the risk of Lyme disease transmission to humans.}, }
@article {pmid21704985, year = {2011}, author = {Tong, C and Zhang, L and Wang, W and Gauci, V and Marrs, R and Liu, B and Jia, R and Zeng, C}, title = {Contrasting nutrient stocks and litter decomposition in stands of native and invasive species in a sub-tropical estuarine marsh.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {111}, number = {7}, pages = {909-916}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.023}, pmid = {21704985}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {Biomass ; Carbon/metabolism ; China ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/chemistry/metabolism ; Plant Roots/chemistry/metabolism ; Poaceae/*metabolism ; Soil/chemistry ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {We compared the influence of invasion by an alien invasive species (Spartina alterniflora, smooth cordgrass) and a native aggressive species (Phragmites australis, common reed) as they have expanded into the native Cyperus malaccensis (shichito matgrass)-dominated wetland ecosystem in the Min River estuary of southeast China. S. alterniflora is a perennial grass native to North America, which has spread rapidly along the southeast coast of China since its introduction in 1979. Our study compared the above and belowground biomass, net primary production, litter decomposition, plant nutrient stocks and soil organic carbon storage of the grasses in three ecosystems: (1) the native ecosystem dominated by C. malaccensis; (2) ecosystems previously dominated by C. malaccensis but presently replaced by P. australis; and (3) ecosystems previously dominated by C. malaccensis but presently replaced by S. alterniflora. Our results demonstrate that the recent invasion (3 years) of the exotic invasive species S. alterniflora has already significantly increased live aboveground biomass and aboveground plant nutrient stocks. However, there was no significant difference in these variables between native aggressive species P. australis and native C. malaccensis. The majority of belowground root Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stocks of the three plant species were all distributed in the upper surface layer and there was a decrease with soil depth. There was little difference in litter decomposition rates among the three grass species; they were ranked in the following order: C. malaccensis>S. alterniflora>P. australis. Litter element concentration showed similar patterns for the three species. However, important differences were found between N and P; the litter N concentrations in each of the three species were greater at the end of the 280 days decomposition than at the start, but P concentrations followed a fluctuating pattern during the decomposition period. Soil organic carbon stocks (0-50cm) under S. alterniflora, P. australis and C. malaccensis stands were statistically indistinguishable, which may be due to the invasion of S. alterniflora having been a relatively recent phenomenon. Thus, recent invasion of the exotic species S. alterniflora has already altered the nutrient cycle of C. malaccensis in the ecosystem in the Min River estuary.}, }
@article {pmid21704642, year = {2011}, author = {Kotani, K and Kakinaka, M and Matsuda, H}, title = {Optimal invasive species management under multiple uncertainties.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences}, volume = {233}, number = {1}, pages = {32-46}, doi = {10.1016/j.mbs.2011.06.002}, pmid = {21704642}, issn = {1879-3134}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecology/organization &amp; administration ; *Environmental Policy ; *Introduced Species ; Mathematical Concepts ; Models, Biological ; Stochastic Processes ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {The management programs for invasive species have been proposed and implemented in many regions of the world. However, practitioners and scientists have not reached a consensus on how to control them yet. One reason is the presence of various uncertainties associated with the management. To give some guidance on this issue, we characterize the optimal strategy by developing a dynamic model of invasive species management under uncertainties. In particular, focusing on (i) growth uncertainty and (ii) measurement uncertainty, we identify how these uncertainties affect optimal strategies and value functions. Our results suggest that a rise in growth uncertainty causes the optimal strategy to involve more restrained removals and the corresponding value function to shift up. Furthermore, we also find that a rise in measurement uncertainty affects optimal policies in a highly complex manner, but their corresponding value functions generally shift down as measurement uncertainty rises. Overall, a rise in growth uncertainty can be beneficial, while a rise in measurement uncertainty brings about an adverse effect, which implies the potential gain of precisely identifying the current stock size of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid21701684, year = {2011}, author = {Shenkar, N and Swalla, BJ}, title = {Global diversity of Ascidiacea.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, pages = {e20657}, pmid = {21701684}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Geography ; Guam ; Hawaii ; Panama ; Urochordata/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The class Ascidiacea presents fundamental opportunities for research in the fields of development, evolution, ecology, natural products and more. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge regarding the global biodiversity of the class Ascidiacea, focusing in their taxonomy, main regions of biodiversity, and distribution patterns. Based on analysis of the literature and the species registered in the online World Register of Marine Species, we assembled a list of 2815 described species. The highest number of species and families is found in the order Aplousobranchia. Didemnidae and Styelidae families have the highest number of species with more than 500 within each group. Sixty percent of described species are colonial. Species richness is highest in tropical regions, where colonial species predominate. In higher latitudes solitary species gradually contribute more to the total species richness. We emphasize the strong association between species richness and sampling efforts, and discuss the risks of invasive species. Our inventory is certainly incomplete as the ascidian fauna in many areas around the world is relatively poorly known, and many new species continue to be discovered and described each year.}, }
@article {pmid21701579, year = {2011}, author = {Dupin, M and Reynaud, P and Jarošík, V and Baker, R and Brunel, S and Eyre, D and Pergl, J and Makowski, D}, title = {Effects of the training dataset characteristics on the performance of nine species distribution models: application to Diabrotica virgifera virgifera.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, pages = {e20957}, pmid = {21701579}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Europe ; Geography ; North America ; Principal Component Analysis ; Zea mays/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Many distribution models developed to predict the presence/absence of invasive alien species need to be fitted to a training dataset before practical use. The training dataset is characterized by the number of recorded presences/absences and by their geographical locations. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of the training dataset characteristics on model performance and to compare the relative importance of three factors influencing model predictive capability; size of training dataset, stage of the biological invasion, and choice of input variables. Nine models were assessed for their ability to predict the distribution of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, a major pest of corn in North America that has recently invaded Europe. Twenty-six training datasets of various sizes (from 10 to 428 presence records) corresponding to two different stages of invasion (1955 and 1980) and three sets of input bioclimatic variables (19 variables, six variables selected using information on insect biology, and three linear combinations of 19 variables derived from Principal Component Analysis) were considered. The models were fitted to each training dataset in turn and their performance was assessed using independent data from North America and Europe. The models were ranked according to the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve and the likelihood ratio. Model performance was highly sensitive to the geographical area used for calibration; most of the models performed poorly when fitted to a restricted area corresponding to an early stage of the invasion. Our results also showed that Principal Component Analysis was useful in reducing the number of model input variables for the models that performed poorly with 19 input variables. DOMAIN, Environmental Distance, MAXENT, and Envelope Score were the most accurate models but all the models tested in this study led to a substantial rate of mis-classification.}, }
@article {pmid21696843, year = {2011}, author = {Sharrock, SL and , }, title = {The biodiversity benefits of botanic gardens.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {26}, number = {9}, pages = {433; author reply 434-5}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2011.05.008}, pmid = {21696843}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Development ; }, }
@article {pmid21696719, year = {2011}, author = {Thomsen, MS and Olden, JD and Wernberg, T and Griffin, JN and Silliman, BR}, title = {A broad framework to organize and compare ecological invasion impacts.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {111}, number = {7}, pages = {899-908}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.024}, pmid = {21696719}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Invasive species have transformed local, regional and global biotas; however, few generalities about the mechanisms driving impacts of invaders have emerged. To explain variation in impacts among studies, we propose a broad framework that separates drivers of impacts into universal and unique attributes of the invasive species and the invaded habitat. Universal attributes are relevant to all invasions whereas unique attributes are distinct to a specific invasion. For example, impacts associated with the abundance of any invader or the properties of a specific invader (e.g., a rare toxin) represent a universal and unique impact attribute. Through meta-analyses of aquatic field experiments, we demonstrate the utility of our framework, documenting that both the abundance and the taxonomic identity of the invader significantly influence invasion outcomes for marine and freshwater plant and animal invaders. Our review also highlights that many more experiments are needed to test for universal attributes, such as priority effects, age and size, and how the attributes of the invaded habitat further modify invasion impacts. We hope that our framework will stimulate experimental invasion ecology and begin to reconcile the idiosyncrasies that currently impede the development of a unified framework for invasion impacts.}, }
@article {pmid21693014, year = {2011}, author = {Teske, PR and Rius, M and McQuaid, CD and Styan, CA and Piggott, MP and Benhissoune, S and Fuentes-Grünewald, C and Walls, K and Page, M and Attard, CR and Cooke, GM and McClusky, CF and Banks, SC and Barker, NP and Beheregaray, LB}, title = {"Nested" cryptic diversity in a widespread marine ecosystem engineer: a challenge for detecting biological invasions.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {176}, pmid = {21693014}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Marine Biology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Urochordata/*classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ecosystem engineers facilitate habitat formation and enhance biodiversity, but when they become invasive, they present a critical threat to native communities because they can drastically alter the receiving habitat. Management of such species thus needs to be a priority, but the poorly resolved taxonomy of many ecosystem engineers represents a major obstacle to correctly identifying them as being either native or introduced. We address this dilemma by studying the sea squirt Pyura stolonifera, an important ecosystem engineer that dominates coastal communities particularly in the southern hemisphere. Using DNA sequence data from four independently evolving loci, we aimed to determine levels of cryptic diversity, the invasive or native status of each regional population, and the most appropriate sampling design for identifying the geographic ranges of each evolutionary unit.<br><br>RESULTS: Extensive sampling in Africa, Australasia and South America revealed the existence of "nested" levels of cryptic diversity, in which at least five distinct species can be further subdivided into smaller-scale genetic lineages. The ranges of several evolutionary units are limited by well-documented biogeographic disjunctions. Evidence for both cryptic native diversity and the existence of invasive populations allows us to considerably refine our view of the native versus introduced status of the evolutionary units within Pyura stolonifera in the different coastal communities they dominate.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study illustrates the degree of taxonomic complexity that can exist within widespread species for which there is little taxonomic expertise, and it highlights the challenges involved in distinguishing between indigenous and introduced populations. The fact that multiple genetic lineages can be native to a single geographic region indicates that it is imperative to obtain samples from as many different habitat types and biotic zones as possible when attempting to identify the source region of a putative invader. "Nested" cryptic diversity, and the difficulties in correctly identifying invasive species that arise from it, represent a major challenge for managing biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid21691807, year = {2011}, author = {Hendricks, LG and Mossop, HE and Kicklighter, CE}, title = {Palatability and chemical defense of Phragmites australis to the marsh periwinkle snail Littoraria irrorata.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {37}, number = {8}, pages = {838-845}, pmid = {21691807}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*parasitology ; Snails/*physiology ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Coastal marsh habitats are impacted by many disturbances, including habitat destruction, pollution, and the introduction of invasive species. The common reed, Phragmites australis, has been particularly invasive in the mesohaline regions of the Chesapeake Bay, but few studies have investigated its role in trophic interactions with North American marsh consumers. The marsh periwinkle snail Littoraria irrorata is a common grazer in marshes and grazes on the native grass Spartina alterniflora. Whether this snail grazes on Phragmites has not been addressed. We found Spartina leaves to be tougher than those of Phragmites, but despite this, snails consumed significantly more Spartina than Phragmites. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that Phragmites is chemically deterrent to snails by an unknown, moderately polar, compound. Further studies are required to more fully understand the interactions between Phragmites, herbivores, and Spartina, and how they may impact marsh ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid21691769, year = {2011}, author = {Slotsbo, S and Fisker, KV and Hansen, LM and Holmstrup, M}, title = {Drought tolerance in eggs and juveniles of the Iberian slug, Arion lusitanicus.}, journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology}, volume = {181}, number = {8}, pages = {1001-1009}, pmid = {21691769}, issn = {1432-136X}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Cell Survival/physiology ; *Droughts ; Gastropoda/chemistry/metabolism/*physiology ; Humidity ; Kinetics ; Osmolar Concentration ; Survival Rate ; Water/analysis/metabolism ; Zygote/chemistry/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The spread of invasive species is an increasing problem world wide. The invasive slug Arion lusitanicus has spread to most parts of Europe, where it often is considered as a serious pest. There is a need for better knowledge of its ecophysiology to be able to predict the effect of climatic factors, such as temperature and humidity on the population dynamics and abundance. The aim of the present study was to assemble data on the water balance and drought tolerance of eggs and juveniles of A. lusitanicus. Both eggs and juveniles had little capacity to prevent evaporative water loss and lost water when the ambient humidity fell below 99.8 and 99.5%, respectively. The water conductance of the cuticle of juveniles was 242 μg cm(-2) h(-1) mmHg(-1) and resembles that of other slug species. Both eggs and juveniles of A. lusitanicus tolerate a substantial water loss. There was no difference in water loss resistance between eggs and juveniles, but the eggs were slightly more tolerant to water loss than the juveniles. The percent water loss causing 50% mortality was 72% for the juveniles and 81% for the eggs. Despite A. lusitanicus' tolerance of substantial water loss, its survival depends on humid habitats.}, }
@article {pmid21688160, year = {2011}, author = {Benjamin, JR and Fausch, KD and Baxter, CV}, title = {Species replacement by a nonnative salmonid alters ecosystem function by reducing prey subsidies that support riparian spiders.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {167}, number = {2}, pages = {503-512}, pmid = {21688160}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Colorado ; Competitive Behavior ; Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Idaho ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Rivers ; Spiders/*physiology ; Trout/*physiology ; Wyoming ; }, abstract = {Replacement of a native species by a nonnative can have strong effects on ecosystem function, such as altering nutrient cycling or disturbance frequency. Replacements may cause shifts in ecosystem function because nonnatives establish at different biomass, or because they differ from native species in traits like foraging behavior. However, no studies have compared effects of wholesale replacement of a native by a nonnative species on subsidies that support consumers in adjacent habitats, nor quantified the magnitude of these effects. We examined whether streams invaded by nonnative brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in two regions of the Rocky Mountains, USA, produced fewer emerging adult aquatic insects compared to paired streams with native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii), and whether riparian spiders that depend on these prey were less abundant along streams with lower total insect emergence. As predicted, emergence density was 36% lower from streams with the nonnative fish. Biomass of brook trout was higher than the cutthroat trout they replaced, but even after accounting for this difference, emergence was 24% lower from brook trout streams. More riparian spiders were counted along streams with greater total emergence across the water surface. Based on these results, we predicted that brook trout replacement would result in 6-20% fewer spiders in the two regions. When brook trout replace cutthroat trout, they reduce cross-habitat resource subsidies and alter ecosystem function in stream-riparian food webs, not only owing to increased biomass but also because traits apparently differ from native cutthroat trout.}, }
@article {pmid21687434, year = {2011}, author = {Yannarell, AC and Busby, RR and Denight, ML and Gebhart, DL and Taylor, SJ}, title = {Soil Bacteria and Fungi Respond on Different Spatial Scales to Invasion by the Legume Lespedeza cuneata.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {127}, pmid = {21687434}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The spatial scale on which microbial communities respond to plant invasions may provide important clues as to the nature of potential invader-microbe interactions. Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don is an invasive legume that may benefit from associations with mycorrhizal fungi; however, it has also been suggested that the plant is allelopathic and may alter the soil chemistry of invaded sites through secondary metabolites in its root exudates or litter. Thus, L. cuneata invasion may interact with soil microorganisms on a variety of scales. We investigated L. cuneata-related changes to soil bacterial and fungal communities at two spatial scales using multiple sites from across its invaded N. American range. Using whole-community DNA fingerprinting, we characterized microbial community variation at the scale of entire invaded sites and at the scale of individual plants. Based on permutational multivariate analysis of variance, soil bacterial communities in heavily invaded sites were significantly different from those of uninvaded sites, but bacteria did not show any evidence of responding at very local scales around individual plants. In contrast, soil fungi did not change significantly at the scale of entire sites, but there were significant differences between fungal communities of native versus exotic plants within particular sites. The differential scaling of bacterial and fungal responses indicates that L. cuneata interacts differently with soil bacteria and soil fungi, and these microorganisms may play very different roles in the invasion process of this plant.}, }
@article {pmid21685434, year = {2012}, author = {Cheptou, PO}, title = {Clarifying Baker's Law.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {109}, number = {3}, pages = {633-641}, pmid = {21685434}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; Ecology ; Magnoliopsida/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Pollen/physiology ; *Pollination ; Seeds/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Self-Fertilization ; *Self-Incompatibility in Flowering Plants ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Baker's Law states that colonization by self-compatible organisms is more likely to be successful than colonization by self-incompatible organisms because of the ability for self-compatible organisms to produce offspring without pollination agents. This simple model has proved very successful in plant ecology and has been applied to various contexts, including colonizing or ruderal species, islands colonizers, invasive species or mating system variation across distribution ranges. Moreover, it is one of the only models in population biology linking two traits of major importance in ecology, namely dispersal and mating system. Although Baker's Law has stimulated a large number of empirical studies reporting the association of self-fertilization and colonizing ability in various contexts, the data have not established a general pattern for the association of traits.<br><br>SCOPE: In this paper, a critical position is adopted to discuss and clarify Baker's Law. From the literature referring to Baker's Law, an analysis made regarding how mating success is considered in such studies and discrepancies with population genetics theory of mating systems are highlighted. The data reporting the association of self-fertilization and colonizing ability are also briefly reviewed and the potential bias in interpretation is discussed. Lastly, a recent theoretical model analysing the link between colonizing ability and self-fertilization is considered.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Evolutionary predictions are actually more complex than Baker's intuitive arguments. It appears that Baker's Law encompasses a variety of ecological scenarios, which cannot be considered a priori as equivalent. Questioning what has been considered as self-evident for more than 50 years seems a reasonable objective to analyse in-depth dispersal and mating system traits.}, }
@article {pmid21674031, year = {2011}, author = {Simon, A and Britton, R and Gozlan, R and van Oosterhout, C and Volckaert, FA and Hänfling, B}, title = {Invasive cyprinid fish in Europe originate from the single introduction of an admixed source population followed by a complex pattern of spread.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, pages = {e18560}, pmid = {21674031}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Cyprinidae/*genetics ; Europe ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {The Asian cyprinid fish, the topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva), was introduced into Europe in the 1960s. A highly invasive freshwater fish, it is currently found in at least 32 countries outside its native range. Here we analyse a 700 base pair fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene to examine different models of colonisation and spread within the invasive range, and to investigate the factors that may have contributed to their invasion success. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity of the introduced populations from continental Europe was higher than that of the native populations, although two recently introduced populations from the British Isles showed low levels of variability. Based on coalescent theory, all introduced and some native populations showed a relative excess of nucleotide diversity compared to haplotype diversity. This suggests that these populations are not in mutation-drift equilibrium, but rather that the relative inflated level of nucleotide diversity is consistent with recent admixture. This study elucidates the colonisation patterns of P. parva in Europe and provides an evolutionary framework of their invasion. It supports the hypothesis that their European colonisation was initiated by their introduction to a single location or small geographic area with subsequent complex pattern of spread including both long distance and stepping-stone dispersal. Furthermore, it was preceded by, or associated with, the admixture of genetically diverse source populations that may have augmented its invasive-potential.}, }
@article {pmid21671971, year = {2012}, author = {Lindgren, CJ}, title = {Biosecurity policy and the use of geospatial predictive tools to address invasive plants: updating the risk analysis toolbox.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {9-15}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01642.x}, pmid = {21671971}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Geographic Information Systems ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Policy ; *Risk Assessment ; *Security Measures ; United Nations ; }, abstract = {International and national biosecurity policies consider risk assessment a critical component of overall plant health risk analysis. The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, the International Plant Protection Convention, and the Convention on Biological Diversity all provide guidelines and recommendations on how to use risk assessment. This article discusses how these instruments address risk assessment, and makes recommendations on how the risk assessment process needs to incorporate current geospatial predictive science and geographic information systems into the plant health biosecurity risk analysis toolbox.}, }
@article {pmid21670575, year = {2011}, author = {Merow, C and Lafleur, N and Silander, JA and Wilson, AM and Rubega, M}, title = {Developing dynamic mechanistic species distribution models: predicting bird-mediated spread of invasive plants across northeastern North America.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {178}, number = {1}, pages = {30-43}, doi = {10.1086/660295}, pmid = {21670575}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; Celastrus/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; New England ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Songbirds/*physiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Species distribution models are a fundamental tool in ecology, conservation biology, and biogeography and typically identify potential species distributions using static phenomenological models. We demonstrate the importance of complementing these popular models with spatially explicit, dynamic mechanistic models that link potential and realized distributions. We develop general grid-based, pattern-oriented spread models incorporating three mechanisms--plant population growth, local dispersal, and long-distance dispersal--to predict broadscale spread patterns in heterogeneous landscapes. We use the model to examine the spread of the invasive Celastrus orbiculatus (Oriental bittersweet) by Sturnus vulgaris (European starling) across northeastern North America. We find excellent quantitative agreement with historical spread records over the last century that are critically linked to the geometry of heterogeneous landscapes and each of the explanatory mechanisms considered. Spread of bittersweet before 1960 was primarily driven by high growth rates in developed and agricultural landscapes, while subsequent spread was mediated by expansion into deciduous and coniferous forests. Large, continuous patches of coniferous forests may substantially impede invasion. The success of C. orbiculatus and its potential mutualism with S. vulgaris suggest troubling predictions for the spread of other invasive, fleshy-fruited plant species across northeastern North America.}, }
@article {pmid21667316, year = {2011}, author = {Ji, L and Wang, Z and Wang, X and An, L}, title = {Forest insect pest management and forest management in China: an overview.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {48}, number = {6}, pages = {1107-1121}, pmid = {21667316}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Policy ; *Insecta ; Introduced Species ; Pest Control/*trends ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {According to the Seventh National Forest Inventory (2004-2008), China's forests cover an area of 195.45 million ha, or 20.36% of the total land area. China has the most rapidly increasing forest resources in the world. However, China is also a country with serious forest pest problems. There are more than 8,000 species of potential forest pests in China, including insects, plant diseases, rodents and lagomorphs, and hazardous plants. Among them, 300 species are considered as economically or ecologically important, and half of these are serious pests, including 86 species of insects. Forest management and utilization have a considerable influence on the stability and sustainability of forest ecosystems. At the national level, forestry policies always play a major role in forest resource management and forest health protection. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of both achievements and challenges in forest management and insect pest control in China. First, we summarize the current status of forest resources and their pests in China. Second, we address the theories, policies, practices and major national actions on forestry and forest insect pest management, including the Engineering Pest Management of China, the National Key Forestry Programs, the Classified Forest Management system, and the Collective Forest Tenure Reform. We analyze and discuss three representative plantations-Eucalyptus, poplar and Masson pine plantations-with respect to their insect diversity, pest problems and pest management measures.}, }
@article {pmid21661564, year = {2011}, author = {Callaway, RM and Bedmar, EJ and Reinhart, KO and Silvan, CG and Klironomos, J}, title = {Effects of soil biota from different ranges on Robinia invasion: acquiring mutualists and escaping pathogens.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {5}, pages = {1027-1035}, doi = {10.1890/10-0089.1}, pmid = {21661564}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Demography ; *Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/genetics/*physiology ; Nitrogen ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Plant Root Nodulation ; Pythium/physiology ; Robinia/*physiology ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {The net effects of soil biota on exotic invaders can be variable, in part, because net effects are produced by many interacting mutualists and antagonists. Here we compared mutualistic and antagonistic biota in soils collected in the native, expanded, and invasive range of the black locust tree, Robinia pseudoacacia. Robinia formed nodules in all soils with a broad phylogenetic range of N-fixing bacteria, and leaf N did not differ among the different sources of soil. This suggests that the global expansion of Robinia was not limited by the lack of appropriate mutualistic N-fixers. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from the native range stimulated stronger positive feedbacks than AMF from the expanded or invasive ranges, a biogeographic difference not described previously for invasive plants. Pythium taxa collected from soil in the native range were not more pathogenic than those from other ranges; however, feedbacks produced by the total soil biota were more negative from soils from the native range than from the other ranges, overriding the effects of AMF. This suggests that escape from other pathogens in the soil or the net negative effects of the whole soil community may contribute to superior performance in invaded regions. Our results suggest that important regional evolutionary relationships may occur among plants and soil biota, and that net effects of soil biota may affect invasion, but in ways that are not easily explained by studying isolated components of the soil biota.}, }
@article {pmid21661546, year = {2011}, author = {Schaffner, U and Ridenour, WM and Wolf, VC and Bassett, T and Müller, C and Müller-Schärer, H and Sutherland, S and Lortie, CJ and Callaway, RM}, title = {Plant invasions, generalist herbivores, and novel defense weapons.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {4}, pages = {829-835}, doi = {10.1890/10-1230.1}, pmid = {21661546}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Centaurea/*physiology ; Demography ; Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; North America ; }, abstract = {One commonly accepted mechanism for biological invasions is that species, after introduction to a new region, leave behind their natural enemies and therefore increase in distribution and abundance. However, which enemies are escaped remains unclear. Escape from specialist invertebrate herbivores has been examined in detail, but despite the profound effects of generalist herbivores in natural communities their potential to control invasive species is poorly understood. We carried out parallel laboratory feeding bioassays with generalist invertebrate herbivores from the native (Europe) and from the introduced (North America) range using native and nonnative tetraploid populations of the invasive spotted knapweed, Centaurea stoebe. We found that the growth of North American generalist herbivores was far lower when feeding on C. stoebe than the growth of European generalists. In contrast, North American and European generalists grew equally well on European and North American tetraploid C. stoebe plants, lending no support for an evolutionary change in resistance of North American tetraploid C. stoebe populations against generalist herbivores. These results suggest that biogeographical differences in the response of generalist herbivores to novel plant species have the potential to affect plant invasions.}, }
@article {pmid21661543, year = {2011}, author = {Coffey, EE and Froyd, CA and Willis, KJ}, title = {When is an invasive not an invasive? Macrofossil evidence of doubtful native plant species in the Galápagos Islands.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {4}, pages = {805-812}, doi = {10.1890/10-1290.1}, pmid = {21661543}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; Fossils ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The Galápagos Islands are globally renowned for their ecological value and as a world symbol of scientific discovery; however the native biodiversity of this unique region is currently under threat. One of the primary concerns is the detrimental impact of approximately 750 nonnative plants introduced over the last 500 years of human presence in the archipelago. In addition to these known introduced species, there are an additional 62 vascular plants classified as "doubtful natives," where native status remains unclear. To help address the questions of provenance regarding these doubtfully native species and their impact on highland ecosystems over the past 500-1000 years, we analyzed plant macrofossils in sedimentary records. Appropriate species classification (native or introduced) was determined using baseline data of species presence on the islands. We confirmed that six plants (Ageratum conyzoides, Solanum americanum, Ranunculus flagelliformis, Brickellia diffusa, Galium canescens, and Anthephora hermaphrodita) once considered doubtful natives or introduced are actually native to the Galápagos flora. These results have relevance not just for the Galápagos but also many other oceanic islands in demonstrating the application of palaeobotanical data to conserving and restoring native biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid21661312, year = {2011}, author = {Kesavaraju, B and Khan, DF and Gaugler, R}, title = {Behavioral differences of invasive container-dwelling mosquitoes to a native predator.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {3}, pages = {526-532}, doi = {10.1603/me10200}, pmid = {21661312}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Culex/*physiology ; Culicidae/physiology ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; New Jersey ; }, abstract = {Aquatic prey show behavioral modifications in the presence of predation-risk cues that alleviate their risk from predation. Aedes albopictus (Skuse), Aedes japonicus (Theobald), and Culex pipiens L. are invasive mosquitoes in North America, and their larvae are prey for the native mosquito predator, Toxorhynchites rutilus (Coquillett). Ae. albopictus and Ae. japonicus are recent invaders, whereas Cx. pipiens has been in the United States for >100 yr. In the presence of predation-risk cues from Tx. rutilus larvae, Cx. pipiens larvae increased the time spent resting at the surface (least risky behavior) more than the other prey species. Ae. japonicus larvae increased resting at the surface of the containers more than Ae. albopictus larvae in the presence of predation-risk cues. Cx. pipiens larvae spent more time motionless at the surface even in the absence of predation-risk cues when compared with the other species, indicating that Cx. pipiens larvae are the least vulnerable prey. As compared with the other prey species, Ae. albopictus larvae exhibited more high-risk behaviors both in the presence and absence of predation-risk cues, indicating that they are the most vulnerable prey. Ae. albopictus is the superior competitor; however, predation by Tx. rutilus larvae may prevent competitive exclusion by Ae. albopictus and promote coexistence among the three prey species.}, }
@article {pmid21659595, year = {2011}, author = {Wardle, DA and Bardgett, RD and Callaway, RM and Van der Putten, WH}, title = {Terrestrial ecosystem responses to species gains and losses.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {332}, number = {6035}, pages = {1273-1277}, doi = {10.1126/science.1197479}, pmid = {21659595}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Ecosystems worldwide are losing some species and gaining others, resulting in an interchange of species that is having profound impacts on how these ecosystems function. However, research on the effects of species gains and losses has developed largely independently of one another. Recent conceptual advances regarding effects of species gain have arisen from studies that have unraveled the mechanistic basis of how invading species with novel traits alter biotic interactions and ecosystem processes. In contrast, studies on traits associated with species loss are fewer, and much remains unknown about how traits that predispose species to extinction affect ecological processes. Species gains and losses are both consequences and drivers of global change; thus, explicit integration of research on how both processes simultaneously affect ecosystem functioning is key to determining the response of the Earth system to current and future human activities.}, }
@article {pmid21657042, year = {2011}, author = {Tian, XL and Mao, ZC and Chen, GH and Xie, BY}, title = {[Ecological relationships between Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its companion microorganisms].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {810-815}, pmid = {21657042}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*growth &amp; development ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Nematoda/*microbiology/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Pinus/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases/parasitology ; Wood/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a notorious invasive species from North America, which can kill a large amount of pine trees and causes economic losses and ecosystem destruction. There is a close relationship and ecological interaction between B. xylophilus and its companion microorganisms. This paper listed the species of companion microorganisms, reviewed their important ecological roles in the propagation and pathogenicity of the nematode, and discussed the pine wilt disease from the viewpoint of microecosystem. The companion fungi can supply food for B. xylophilus, hold the cycle of second infection of the nematode, increase the proportions of dauer juveniles, and benefit the infection and distribution of B. xylophilus. The companion bacteria can enhance the pathogenicity of B. xylophilus, promote the propagation of the nematode, benefit the pinene degradation, and thereby, promote the adaptability of the nematode.}, }
@article {pmid21656300, year = {2011}, author = {Krebs, C and Gerber, E and Matthies, D and Schaffner, U}, title = {Herbivore resistance of invasive Fallopia species and their hybrids.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {167}, number = {4}, pages = {1041-1052}, pmid = {21656300}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Gastropoda/*physiology ; Genotype ; *Herbivory ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Insecta/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Polygonaceae/*anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics/physiology ; Rumex/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Switzerland ; Taraxacum/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; }, abstract = {Hybridization has been proposed as a mechanism by which exotic plants can increase their invasiveness. By generating novel recombinants, hybridization may result in phenotypes that are better adapted to the new environment than their parental species. We experimentally assessed the resistance of five exotic Fallopia taxa, F. japonica var. japonica, F. sachalinensis and F. baldschuanica, the two hybrids F. × bohemica and F. × conollyana, and the common European plants Rumex obtusifolius and Taraxacum officinale to four native European herbivores, the slug Arion lusitanicus, the moth Noctua pronuba, the grasshopper Metrioptera roeselii and the beetle Gastrophysa viridula. Leaf area consumed and relative growth rate of the herbivores differed significantly between the Fallopia taxa and the native species, as well as among the Fallopia taxa, and was partly influenced by interspecific variation in leaf morphology and physiology. Fallopia japonica, the most abundant Fallopia taxon in Europe, showed the highest level of resistance against all herbivores tested. The level of resistance of the hybrids compared to that of their parental species varied depending on hybrid taxon and herbivore species. Genotypes of the hybrid F. × bohemica varied significantly in herbivore resistance, but no evidence was found that hybridization has generated novel recombinants that are inherently better defended against resident herbivores than their parental species, thereby increasing the hybrid's invasion success. In general, exotic Fallopia taxa showed higher levels of herbivore resistance than the two native plant species, suggesting that both parental and hybrid Fallopia taxa largely escape from herbivory in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid21655124, year = {2011}, author = {Bartlett-Healy, K and Hamilton, G and Healy, S and Crepeau, T and Unlu, I and Farajollahi, A and Fonseca, D and Gaugler, R and Clark, GG and Strickman, D}, title = {Source reduction behavior as an independent measurement of the impact of a public health education campaign in an integrated vector management program for the Asian tiger mosquito.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {1358-1367}, pmid = {21655124}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Health Education/*methods ; Humans ; *Insect Control ; *Insect Vectors ; Introduced Species ; Longitudinal Studies ; New Jersey ; }, abstract = {The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a public health educational campaign to reduce backyard mosquito-larval habitats. Three communities each, within two New Jersey counties, were randomly selected to receive: (1) both education and mosquito control, (2) education only, and (3) no education or mosquito control. Four separate educational events included a 5-day elementary school curriculum in the spring, and three door to door distributions of educational brochures. Before and after each educational event, the numbers of mosquito-larval container habitats were counted in 50 randomly selected homes per study area. Container surveys allowed us to measure source reduction behavior. Although we saw reductions in container habitats in sites receiving education, they were not significantly different from the control. Our results suggest that traditional passive means of public education, which were often considered the gold standard for mosquito control programs, are not sufficient to motivate residents to reduce backyard mosquito-larval habitats.}, }
@article {pmid21654782, year = {2011}, author = {Davis, MA and Chew, MK and Hobbs, RJ and Lugo, AE and Ewel, JJ and Vermeij, GJ and Brown, JH and Rosenzweig, ML and Gardener, MR and Carroll, SP and Thompson, K and Pickett, ST and Stromberg, JC and Del Tredici, P and Suding, KN and Ehrenfeld, JG and Grime, JP and Mascaro, J and Briggs, JC}, title = {Don't judge species on their origins.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {474}, number = {7350}, pages = {153-154}, pmid = {21654782}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecology/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Species Specificity ; }, }
@article {pmid21653592, year = {2012}, author = {Olszewski, TD}, title = {Persistence of high diversity in non-equilibrium ecological communities: implications for modern and fossil ecosystems.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {279}, number = {1727}, pages = {230-236}, pmid = {21653592}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Explaining the origin and maintenance of biodiversity is critical for understanding the potential consequences of present-day environmental change on ecological communities, as well as the evolutionary history of ecosystems in the Earth's past. Much effort in theoretical ecology has focused on identifying mechanisms that promote stable coexistence of species at equilibrium. However, in a consumer-resource model of competition along an environmental gradient, high-diversity assemblages have the potential to persist in non-equilibrium states for millions of generations with very little species loss. Species' populations in such competitively accommodated communities show slow drift; if disrupted, they rapidly reorganize into alternative persistent states. Fossil examples of prolonged ecological stability lasting 1-5 Myr punctuated by rapid reorganization (e.g. brachiopods from the Permian Reef of west Texas) suggest that some palaeocommunities represent a record of periodically disrupted transient states rather than stable equilibria. The similarity between the theoretical results reported here and palaeontological data suggests that the maintenance of high-diversity communities, both in the past and present, may reflect long-duration, non-equilibrium transient dynamics. If so, this has implications for the response of such communities to present-day environmental change, as well as for the evolution of lineages in such systems.}, }
@article {pmid21653508, year = {2011}, author = {Creese, C and Lee, A and Sack, L}, title = {Drivers of morphological diversity and distribution in the Hawaiian fern flora: trait associations with size, growth form, and environment.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {98}, number = {6}, pages = {956-966}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1000237}, pmid = {21653508}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Altitude ; *Biodiversity ; Ferns/*anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Hawaii ; Humidity ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Hawaii is home to 238 native and 35 alien fern and lycophyte taxa distributed across steep gradients in elevation and resource availability. The fern flora spans a wide range of growth forms, with extraordinary diversity in morphology and plant size. Yet the potential factors underlying this diversity have remained enigmatic.<br><br>METHODS: We used a trait database generated from the most recent and comprehensive survey of Hawaiian ferns and lycophytes to test hypotheses of size-scaling and trait associations with environment and growth form as factors underlying this diversity. We also tested relationships among morphology, taxon abundance and distribution and identified key differences between native and alien taxa.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Strong trait-trait relationships included geometric scaling of plant dimensions with a tendency for more divided fronds in larger ferns. Trait-environment relationships independent of size included more divided fronds at higher elevation, longer blades in shaded habitats, and fronds with shorter stipes and fewer pinnae in drier habitats. Growth forms differed in mean size with epiphytic and epipetric taxa smaller than terrestrial ferns. Plant size was independent of taxon abundance and distribution across islands, and native and alien ferns did not differ in mean size. Alien taxa were more abundant, especially at lower elevations, apparently due to human land use.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These relationships point to linkages of fern form and demography with biogeography and highlight potential flora-scale physiological and morphological adaptations in ferns across contrasting environments.}, }
@article {pmid21651546, year = {2011}, author = {Sokołowska, E and Fey, DP}, title = {Age and growth of the round goby Neogobius melanostomus in the Gulf of Gdańsk several years after invasion. Is the Baltic Sea a new Promised Land?.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {78}, number = {7}, pages = {1993-2009}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02986.x}, pmid = {21651546}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Oceans and Seas ; Perciformes/anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development ; Sex Factors ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The ages of 8 to 23·5 cm total length (L(T)) round goby Neogobius melanostomus collected monthly during 2006 and 2007 in the Gulf of Gdańsk (Baltic Sea) ranged from 2 to 6 years, with age class 4+ years dominant. Males were larger at age than females. The fastest growth occurred in the first 2 years of life in both sexes. Females were heavier at a given L(T) than males, but only for fish > c. 15 cm. A strong relationship between N. melanostomus otolith size and fish size was found, with no difference between males and females, and a significant relationship between fish growth rate and otolith growth rate, which enabled backcalculation of growth rates. Marginal increment width analysis confirmed the periodicity of annual ring formation in otoliths and showed that the most intense opaque zone formation occurs in July to August, while hyaline zone formation starts as early as September to October. It was concluded that the N. melanostomus that have colonized the southern Baltic Sea exhibit the largest size and longest life span ever recorded for this species.}, }
@article {pmid21649767, year = {2011}, author = {Fierst, JL}, title = {A history of phenotypic plasticity accelerates adaptation to a new environment.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {1992-2001}, doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02333.x}, pmid = {21649767}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; *Biological Evolution ; Computer Simulation ; Environment ; *Models, Genetic ; *Phenotype ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Can a history of phenotypic plasticity increase the rate of adaptation to a new environment? Theory suggests it can be through two different mechanisms. Phenotypically plastic organisms can adapt rapidly to new environments through genetic assimilation, or the fluctuating environments that result in phenotypic plasticity can produce evolvable genetic architectures. In this article, I studied a model of a gene regulatory network that determined a phenotypic character in one population selected for phenotypic plasticity and a second population in a constant environment. A history of phenotypic plasticity increased the rate of adaptation in a new environment, but the amount of this increase was dependent on the strength of selection in the original environment. Phenotypic variance in the original environment predicted the adaptive capacity of the trait within, but not between, plastic and nonplastic populations. These results have implications for invasive species and ecological studies of rapid adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid21647722, year = {2011}, author = {Lim, H and Sorensen, PW}, title = {Polar metabolites synergize the activity of prostaglandin F2α in a species-specific hormonal sex pheromone released by ovulated common carp.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {37}, number = {7}, pages = {695-704}, pmid = {21647722}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/*metabolism ; Dinoprost/analysis/*metabolism ; Female ; Goldfish/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Metabolome/physiology ; Ovulation/*metabolism ; Sex Attractants/analysis/*metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; }, abstract = {Many species of teleost fish detect and release F prostaglandins (PGFs), but the specific identities of these compounds and how they function as species-specific pheromones have yet to be resolved. This study addressed these questions in the common carp. An initial set of experiments established that mature male common carp were attracted to chemicals released by ovulated conspecifics, whereas the odor of female goldfish, a close relative, was less attractive. Tests of fractionated holding water from ovulated carp revealed that only the non-polar fraction was attractive on its own. Mass spectrometry and immunoassay next demonstrated that the non-polar fraction contained large quantities of prostaglandin F(2α) (PGF(2α)), 15keto-prostaglandinF(2α), and 13,14-dihydro-15keto-prostaglandin F(2α) (100 g fish released over 1 μg of all 3 PGFs per h at a ratio of 1.0: 1.7: 0.7). Ovulated goldfish released the same three PGFs but at a slightly greater rate and in a different ratio. Tests of synthetic mixtures of these PGFs revealed that the carp-specific mixture attracted male carp but was no better than the goldfish-specific mixture or PGF(2α) alone and that PGF(2α) was just as attractive as mixture of all three PGFs. A final set of attraction tests revealed that although PGF(2α) could explain all of the activity of the non-polar portion of female carp holding water, it could not explain the entire activity of female water but that a mixture of PGFs and the polar fraction could. We conclude that ovulated female carp release a multi-component sex pheromone complex that is comprised of PGF(2α) and unknown species-specific polar compound(s) that synergize the activity of the former. The pheromone also might be useful in controlling this invasive species. The observation that a fish hormonal sex pheromone incorporates bodily metabolites in addition to relatively common hormonal products demonstrates a mechanism by which species specificity may be conferred to this common type of sex pheromone.}, }
@article {pmid21645276, year = {2011}, author = {Heleno, R and Blake, S and Jaramillo, P and Traveset, A and Vargas, P and Nogales, M}, title = {Frugivory and seed dispersal in the Galápagos: what is the state of the art?.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {110-129}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2011.00236.x}, pmid = {21645276}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; Diet ; Ecuador ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Fruit ; Introduced Species ; Mammals ; Population Dynamics ; Reptiles ; *Seed Dispersal ; }, abstract = {The Galápagos are considered a model oceanic archipelago, with unique flora and fauna currently threatened by alien invasive species. Seed dispersal is an important ecosystem function with consequences for plant population dynamics and vegetation structure. Hence, understanding the seed dispersal abilities of the assemblages of frugivores will inform scientists and managers of the dynamics of plant invasions and improve management planning. Here we provide the first comprehensive review of published information on frugivory and animal seed dispersal in the Galápagos. We collected data from a variety of sources, including notes of the first naturalist expeditions, gray literature available only in Galápagos collections, and peer-reviewed journal articles. Plant-animal frugivorous interactions were retrieved from 43 studies and compiled into an interaction matrix describing 366 unique interactions. Most studies focused on fruit consumption as a driving force for natural selection, but seed fate was seldom considered. Although most (71%) of the interactions involved native plants, more than one-quarter (28%) involved introduced species. Interactions involving birds are considerably more common than those of reptiles and mammals, probably reflecting a research bias towards birds. Despite the historical importance of the archipelago as the laboratory for evolutionary and ecological research, understanding of its seed dispersal systems is limited. We end the review by suggesting 3 priority areas of research on frugivory and seed dispersal in the Galápagos: (i) target research to close knowledge gaps; (ii) the use of a network approach to frame seed dispersal at the community level; and (iii) evaluation of the effect of seed dispersal as a selective pressure acting upon plants and frugivores. Finally, the output of this research has to be properly delivered to the Galápagos National Park Services to help increase management effectiveness.}, }
@article {pmid21645194, year = {2011}, author = {Winder, M and Jassby, AD and Mac Nally, R}, title = {Synergies between climate anomalies and hydrological modifications facilitate estuarine biotic invasions.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {749-757}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01635.x}, pmid = {21645194}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Droughts ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Dynamics ; Salinity ; San Francisco ; *Water Cycle ; Zooplankton/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Environmental perturbation, climate change and international commerce are important drivers for biological invasions. Climate anomalies can further increase levels of habitat disturbance and act synergistically to elevate invasion risk. Herein, we use a historical data set from the upper San Francisco Estuary to provide the first empirical evidence for facilitation of invasions by climate extremes. Invasive zooplankton species did not become established in this estuary until the 1970s when increasing propagule pressure from Asia coincided with extended drought periods. Hydrological management exacerbated the effects of post-1960 droughts and reduced freshwater inflow even further, increasing drought severity and allowing unusually extreme salinity intrusions. Native zooplankton experienced unprecedented conditions of high salinity and intensified benthic grazing, and life history attributes of invasive zooplankton were advantageous enough during droughts to outcompete native species and colonise the system. Extreme climatic events can therefore act synergistically with environmental perturbation to facilitate the establishment of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid21644978, year = {2011}, author = {Hajek, AE and Tobin, PC}, title = {Introduced pathogens follow the invasion front of a spreading alien host.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {80}, number = {6}, pages = {1217-1226}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01870.x}, pmid = {21644978}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Diptera/*physiology ; Entomophthorales/*physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Larva/microbiology/parasitology/virology ; Moths/*microbiology/*parasitology/virology ; Nucleopolyhedroviruses/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {1. When an invasive species first colonizes an area, there is an interval before any host-specific natural enemies arrive at the new location. Population densities of newly invading species are low, and the spatial and temporal interactions between spreading invasive species and specific natural enemies that follow are poorly understood. 2. We measured infection rates of two introduced host-specific pathogens, the entomophthoralean fungus Entomophaga maimaiga and the baculovirus Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdNPV), occurring in spreading populations of an invasive forest defoliator, L. dispar (gypsy moth), in central Wisconsin. 3. Over 3 years, we found that host density was closely associated with the presence and prevalence of both pathogens. The fungal and viral pathogens differed in the sensitivity of their response as E. maimaiga was present in lower-density host population than LdNPV. 4. We examined the relationship between weather conditions and infection prevalence and found that activity of both the fungus and virus was strongly seasonally influenced by temperature and rainfall or temperature alone, respectively. 5. Purposeful releases of pathogens (median distances of study sites from release sites were 65·2 km for E. maimaiga and 25·6 km for LdNPV) were not associated with pathogen prevalence. 6. A generalist fly parasitoid, Compsilura concinnata, also killed L. dispar larvae collected from the study sites, and parasitism was greater when infection by pathogens was lower. 7. Our results demonstrated that although infection levels were low in newly established host populations, host-specific pathogens had already moved into host populations close behind advancing populations of an invasive host; thus, spreading hosts were released from these enemies for only a relatively short time.}, }
@article {pmid21644055, year = {2011}, author = {Jakovlić, I and Gui, JF}, title = {Recent invasion and low level of divergence between diploid and triploid forms of Carassius auratus complex in Croatia.}, journal = {Genetica}, volume = {139}, number = {6}, pages = {789-804}, pmid = {21644055}, issn = {1573-6857}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Composition/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Croatia ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Diploidy ; Genetic Variation ; Goldfish/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Triploidy ; }, abstract = {Carassius auratus is an invasive species in European waters, comprising a complex of diploid and polyploid forms with different modes of reproduction. However, the evolutionary history and relationships between the diploids and polyploids are still unresolved. In this study, 51.5% diploids and 48.5% triploids, including four triploid males, were discovered among the 363 individuals sampled in Croatia. We used eight microsatellite loci and mitochondrial displacement loop sequences to analyze the structure and origin of populations; and to attempt to infer the evolutionary history of the two different forms in Croatia. Microsatellite analyses revealed high allelic and clonal diversity, corroborating that high propagule vectors can compensate for the negative effects of genetic bottlenecks in successful invasive species. The absence of significant population structuring confirmed recent origin and rapid spreading of populations. No evidence was found for the existence of native European populations. Distances between individuals using both nuclear and mtDNA markers revealed the absence of substantial clustering on the ploidy level, while the split between the different ploidies on population level was only partial, suggesting that the reproductive isolation between the two forms is either of a very recent origin, or that there exists uni-, or bidirectional gene flow between the diploid and triploid forms.}, }
@article {pmid21643996, year = {2011}, author = {Price, JN and Berney, PJ and Ryder, D and Whalley, RD and Gross, CL}, title = {Disturbance governs dominance of an invasive forb in a temporary wetland.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {167}, number = {3}, pages = {759-769}, pmid = {21643996}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Floods ; *Introduced Species ; New South Wales ; Paspalum/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Poaceae/classification/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Verbenaceae/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Dominance of invasive species is often assumed to be due to a superior ability to acquire resources. However, dominance in plant communities can arise through multiple interacting mechanisms, including disturbance. Inter-specific competition can be strongly affected by abiotic conditions, which can determine the outcome of competitive interactions. We evaluated competition and disturbance as mechanisms governing dominance of Phyla canescens (hereafter lippia), an invasive perennial forb from South America, in Paspalum distichum (perennial grass, hereafter water couch) meadows in floodplain wetlands of eastern Australia. Water couch meadows (in the study area) are listed under the Ramsar Convention due to their significance as habitat for migratory waterbirds. In the field, we monitored patterns of vegetation boundaries between the two species in response to flooding. Under controlled glasshouse conditions, we explored competitive interactions between the native water couch and lippia subject to different soil moisture/inundation regimes. We did this using a pairwise factorial glasshouse experiment that manipulated neighbor density (9 treatments) and soil moisture/inundation (4 treatments). In the field trial, inundation increased the cover of water couch. Under more controlled conditions, the invader had a competitive effect on the native species only under dry soil conditions, and was strongly inhibited by inundation. This suggests that dry conditions favor the growth of the invader and wetter (more historical) conditions favor the native grass. In this system, invader dominance is governed by altered disturbance regimes which give the invader a competitive advantage over the native species.}, }
@article {pmid21641945, year = {2011}, author = {Power, AG and Borer, ET and Hosseini, P and Mitchell, CE and Seabloom, EW}, title = {The community ecology of barley/cereal yellow dwarf viruses in Western US grasslands.}, journal = {Virus research}, volume = {159}, number = {2}, pages = {95-100}, doi = {10.1016/j.virusres.2011.05.016}, pmid = {21641945}, issn = {1872-7492}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Vectors ; *Ecosystem ; Luteovirus/*growth &amp; development/isolation &amp; purification/*pathogenicity ; Plant Diseases/*virology ; Poaceae/*virology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Research on plant viruses in natural ecosystems has been increasing rapidly over the past decade. This paper reviews recent research on the barley and cereal yellow dwarf viruses (B/CYDVs) in grasslands of the western US, beginning with the evidence that the disease caused by these viruses facilitated the invasion of western US grasslands by European annual grasses. Observational and experimental studies of B/CYDVs were carried out along a latitudinal gradient (33.8-48.8°N) from southern California to southern Canada. The prevalence and community composition of B/CYDVs were assessed over a variety of scales and under a range of biotic and abiotic conditions. The findings indicate that both biotic and abiotic factors are important influences on virus ecology and epidemiology. Introduced annual grasses are high-quality hosts that amplify both virus and vector populations in this system, but our research suggests that endemic perennial grasses are critically important for sustaining virus populations in contemporary grasslands largely composed of introduced species. Experiments indicated that increased phosphorus supply to hosts resulted in greater host biomass and higher virus prevalence. Using experimental exclosures, it was found that the presence of grazing vertebrate herbivores increased the abundance of annual grasses, resulting in increased virus prevalence. The results of these studies suggest that patterns of B/CYDV prevalence and coinfection in western US grasslands are strongly shaped by the interactions of host plants, vectors, vertebrate herbivores, and abiotic drivers including nutrients.}, }
@article {pmid21640726, year = {2011}, author = {Chown, SL and Sørensen, JG and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Water loss in insects: an environmental change perspective.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {57}, number = {8}, pages = {1070-1084}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.05.004}, pmid = {21640726}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; *Environment ; Homeostasis ; Insecta/*physiology ; Perception ; Water/*physiology ; }, abstract = {In the context of global environmental change much of the focus has been on changing temperatures. However, patterns of rainfall and water availability have also been changing and are expected to continue doing so. In consequence, understanding the responses of insects to water availability is important, especially because it has a pronounced influence on insect activity, distribution patterns, and species richness. Here we therefore provide a critical review of key questions that either are being or need to be addressed in this field. First, an overview of insect behavioural responses to changing humidity conditions and the mechanisms underlying sensing of humidity variation is provided. The primary sensors in insects belong to the temperature receptor protein superfamily of cation channels. Temperature-activated transient receptor potential ion channels, or thermoTRPs, respond to a diverse range of stimuli and may be a primary integrator of sensory information, such as environmental temperature and moisture. Next we touch briefly on the components of water loss, drawing attention to a new, universal model of the water costs of gas exchange and its implications for responses to a warming, and in places drying, world. We also provide an overview of new understanding of the role of the sub-elytral chamber for water conservation, and developments in understanding of the role of cuticular hydrocarbons in preventing water loss. Because of an increasing focus on the molecular basis of responses to dehydration stress we touch briefly on this area, drawing attention to the role of sugars, heat shock proteins, aquaporins, and LEA proteins. Next we consider phenotypic plasticity or acclimation responses in insect water balance after initial exposures to altered humidity, temperature or nutrition. Although beneficial acclimation has been demonstrated in several instances, this is not always the case. Laboratory studies show that responses to selection for enhanced ability to survive water stress do evolve and that genetic variation for traits underlying such responses does exist in many species. However, in others, especially tropical, typically narrowly distributed species, this appears not to be the case. Using the above information we then demonstrate that habitat alteration, climate change, biological invasions, pollution and overexploitation are likely to be having considerable effects on insect populations mediated through physiological responses (or the lack thereof) to water stress, and that these effects may often be non-intuitive.}, }
@article {pmid21639920, year = {2011}, author = {Sahl, JW and Johnson, JK and Harris, AD and Phillippy, AM and Hsiao, WW and Thom, KA and Rasko, DA}, title = {Genomic comparison of multi-drug resistant invasive and colonizing Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from diverse human body sites reveals genomic plasticity.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {291}, pmid = {21639920}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {K24AI079040/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; M01 RR 16500/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; K23 AI082450/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; 1K12RR023250-03/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; K23AI082450/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01AI60859/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; Anal Canal/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Conserved Sequence ; Drug Resistance, Multiple/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Loci/genetics ; Genome, Bacterial/genetics ; Genomic Islands/genetics ; *Genomics ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Wounds and Injuries/microbiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Acinetobacter baumannii has recently emerged as a significant global pathogen, with a surprisingly rapid acquisition of antibiotic resistance and spread within hospitals and health care institutions. This study examines the genomic content of three A. baumannii strains isolated from distinct body sites. Isolates from blood, peri-anal, and wound sources were examined in an attempt to identify genetic features that could be correlated to each isolation source.<br><br>RESULTS: Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multi-locus sequence typing and antibiotic resistance profiles demonstrated genotypic and phenotypic variation. Each isolate was sequenced to high-quality draft status, which allowed for comparative genomic analyses with existing A. baumannii genomes. A high resolution, whole genome alignment method detailed the phylogenetic relationships of sequenced A. baumannii and found no correlation between phylogeny and body site of isolation. This method identified genomic regions unique to both those isolates found on the surface of the skin or in wounds, termed colonization isolates, and those identified from body fluids, termed invasive isolates; these regions may play a role in the pathogenesis and spread of this important pathogen. A PCR-based screen of 74 A. baumanii isolates demonstrated that these unique genes are not exclusive to either phenotype or isolation source; however, a conserved genomic region exclusive to all sequenced A. baumannii was identified and verified.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results of the comparative genome analysis and PCR assay show that A. baumannii is a diverse and genomically variable pathogen that appears to have the potential to cause a range of human disease regardless of the isolation source.}, }
@article {pmid21639054, year = {2011}, author = {Grosholz, E and Lovell, S and Besedin, E and Katz, M}, title = {Modeling the impacts of the European green crab on commercial shellfisheries.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {915-924}, doi = {10.1890/09-1657.1}, pmid = {21639054}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/physiology ; Brachyura/*physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fisheries/*economics ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Models, Economic ; Pacific Ocean ; United States ; }, abstract = {Coastal resource managers are often tasked with managing coastal ecosystems that are stressed by overexploitation, climate change, contaminants, and habitat loss, as well as biological invasions. Therefore, managers increasingly need better economic data to help them prioritize their management strategies and distribute their increasingly limited resources to those strategies. Despite frequent pronouncements about the substantial ecological and economic impacts of invasive species, there have been few if any rigorous analyses of the economic impacts of invasive species in coastal systems. Here we present a bioeconomic analysis of the impacts of the European green crab, Carcinus maenas, on commercial shellfisheries along the West Coast of the United States. Green crabs are among the most comprehensively studied and widely distributed invasive species in coastal systems, with established populations on every continent except Antarctica. Their impacts on commercial bivalve fisheries have been alleged or substantiated to varying degrees, but no formal analysis of the economic impacts of the green crab has been conducted. We assess economic impacts using a combination of ecological and economic models. The ecological models incorporate green crab dispersal and description of estuarine habitat and the relationship between green crab abundance and predation on prey populations. The economic analysis focuses on the green crab impacts on commercial shellfisheries, including both historical and present impacts of green crabs on several important shellfisheries, including soft-shell clams, blue mussels, scallops, hard-shell clams, and Manila clams. We conclude that the past and present economic impacts on the West Coast shellfisheries are minor, although losses could increase significantly if densities increase or with northward range expansion into Alaska.}, }
@article {pmid21639041, year = {2011}, author = {Minor, ES and Gardner, RH}, title = {Landscape connectivity and seed dispersal characteristics inform the best management strategy for exotic plants.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {739-749}, doi = {10.1890/10-0321.1}, pmid = {21639041}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; Demography ; *Introduced Species ; Maryland ; *Models, Biological ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*classification ; *Seeds ; }, abstract = {Exotic plant invasions have triggered environmental and economic problems throughout the world. Our ability to manage these invasions is hindered by the difficulty of predicting spread in fragmented landscapes. Because the spatial pattern of invasions depends on the dispersal characteristics of the invasive species and the configuration of suitable habitat within the landscape, a universal management strategy is unlikely to succeed for any particular species. We suggest that the most effective management strategy may be an adaptive one that shifts from local control to landscape management depending on the specific invader and landscape. In particular, we addressed the question of where management activities should be focused to minimize spread of the invading species. By simulating an invasion across a real landscape (Antietam National Battlefield in Maryland, USA), we examined the importance of patch size and connectivity to management success. We found that the best management strategy depended on the dispersal characteristics of the exotic species. Species with a high probability of random long-distance dispersal were best managed by focusing on the largest patches, while species with a lower probability of random long-distance dispersal were best managed by considering landscape configuration and connectivity of the patches. Connectivity metrics from network analysis were useful for identifying the most effective places to focus management efforts. These results provide insight into invasion patterns of various species and suggest a general rule for managers in National Parks and other places where invasive species are a concern.}, }
@article {pmid21639040, year = {2011}, author = {Wang, Y and Huang, W and Siemann, E and Zou, J and Wheeler, GS and Carrillo, J and Ding, J}, title = {Lower resistance and higher tolerance of invasive host plants: biocontrol agents reach high densities but exert weak control.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {729-738}, doi = {10.1890/09-2406.1}, pmid = {21639040}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Euphorbiaceae/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Moths/*physiology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants often have novel biotic interactions in their introduced ranges. Their defense to herbivory may differ from their native counterparts, potentially influencing the effectiveness of biological control. If invasive plants have decreased resistance but increased tolerance to enemies, insect herbivores may rapidly build up their populations but exert weak control. Moreover, resource availability to plants may affect the efficacy of biological control agents. We tested these predictions using Chinese tallow tree (Triadica sebifera) and two specialist herbivores (Heterapoderopsis bicallosicollis and Gadirtha inexacta) that are candidates for biological control. We performed a pair of field common garden experiments in China in which Triadica seedlings from the native or introduced range were grown in low or high light conditions and subjected to different levels of herbivory by each herbivore in a factorial design. We found that Heterapoderopsis achieved greater densities on tallow trees from the introduced range or when trees were grown in high light conditions. When Gadirtha was raised in the lab on tallow tree foliage we found that it performed better (larger pupal size) when fed foliage from introduced populations. However, introduced populations generally had greater herbivore tolerance such that the impact of each agent on plant performance was lower than on native populations despite higher herbivore loads. Tallow trees grew more slowly and achieved smaller sizes in lower light levels, but the impact of biological control agents was comparable to that found for higher light levels. Plants from introduced populations grew larger than those from native populations in all conditions. Our results suggest that reduced resistance and increased tolerance to herbivory in introduced populations may impede success of biological control programs. Biological control practitioners should include plants from the introduced range in the prerelease evaluation, which will help predict insect impact on target weeds.}, }
@article {pmid21639038, year = {2011}, author = {Brandt, AJ and Seabloom, EW}, title = {Regional and decadal patterns of native and exotic plant coexistence in California grasslands.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {704-714}, doi = {10.1890/10-0485.1}, pmid = {21639038}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {California ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Coexistence through a variety of mechanisms is possible for species with differential responses to environmental conditions. Understanding the role of environmental heterogeneity in mediating coexistence of species of different provenance (i.e., native vs. exotic) has important implications for theory and management. We used two California grassland data sets, one spanning seven years at three reserves along a 500-km latitudinal gradient and one spanning 47 years at 11 sites within a single 1000-ha reserve, to determine how environmental heterogeneity in space and time contributes to variability in provenance group abundance and diversity, and whether native and exotic species respond similarly to spatial and temporal variability. We found that temporal environmental heterogeneity is the primary determinant of provenance group abundance, while spatial and temporal environmental heterogeneity both contribute to community diversity. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity must therefore be considered simultaneously when examining community dynamics and species coexistence. Provenance was a poor general predictor of species response; native and exotic species exhibit similar spatiotemporal patterns in some cases but not others. Plant persistence may depend more upon the abiotic environment than competition from the other provenance group as native and exotic diversity were generally positively correlated. Furthermore, mesoscale (10(2)-10(3) m) spatial heterogeneity may be a greater mediator of provenance group coexistence than temporal heterogeneity or spatial heterogeneity at other scales.}, }
@article {pmid21637810, year = {2011}, author = {Elberse, KE and van de Pol, I and Witteveen, S and van der Heide, HG and Schot, CS and van Dijk, A and van der Ende, A and Schouls, LM}, title = {Population structure of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in The Netherlands in the pre-vaccination era assessed by MLVA and capsular sequence typing.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {e20390}, pmid = {21637810}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Alleles ; Bacterial Capsules/*genetics ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Minisatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Multilocus Sequence Typing/*methods ; Netherlands ; Pneumococcal Infections/immunology/microbiology/prevention &amp; control ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Serotyping ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/classification/*genetics/*growth &amp; development/isolation &amp; purification ; *Vaccination ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {The introduction of nationwide pneumococcal vaccination may lead to serotype replacement and the emergence of new variants that have expanded their genetic repertoire through recombination. To monitor alterations in the pneumococcal population structure, we have developed and utilized Capsular Sequence Typing (CST) in addition to Multiple-Locus Variable number tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA).To assess the serotype of each isolate CST was used. Based on the determination of the partial sequence of the capsular wzh gene, this method assigns a capsular type of an isolate within a single PCR reaction using multiple primersets. The genetic background of pneumococcal isolates was assessed by MLVA. MLVA and CST were used to create a snapshot of the Dutch pneumococcal population causing invasive disease before the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in The Netherlands in 2006. A total of 1154 clinical isolates collected and serotyped by the Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis were included in the snapshot. The CST was successful in discriminating most serotypes present in our collection. MLVA demonstrated that isolates belonging to some serotypes had a relatively high genetic diversity whilst other serotypes had a very homogeneous genetic background. MLVA and CST appear to be valuable tools to determine the population structure of pneumococcal isolates and are useful in monitoring the effects of pneumococcal vaccination.}, }
@article {pmid21637589, year = {2010}, author = {da Conceição Galego, LG and Carareto, CM}, title = {Scenario of the spread of the invasive species Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1970 (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in Brazil.}, journal = {Genetics and molecular biology}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {767-773}, pmid = {21637589}, issn = {1678-4685}, abstract = {Zaprionus indianus was first recorded in Brazil in 1999 and rapidly spread throughout the country. We have obtained data on esterase loci polymorphisms (Est2 and Est3), and analyzed them, using Landscape Shape Interpolation and the Monmonier Maximum Difference Algorithm to discover how regional invasion occurred. Hence, it was apparent that Z. indianus, after first arriving in São Paulo state, spread throughout the country, probably together with the transportation of commercial fruits by way of the two main Brazilian freeways, BR 153, to the south and the surrounding countryside, and the BR 116 along the coast and throughout the north-east.}, }
@article {pmid21637558, year = {2011}, author = {Iketani, G and Pimentel, L and Silva-Oliveira, G and Maciel, C and Valenti, W and Schneider, H and Sampaio, I}, title = {The history of the introduction of the giant river prawn, Macrobrachium cf. rosenbergii (Decapoda, Palaemonidae), in Brazil: New insights from molecular data.}, journal = {Genetics and molecular biology}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {142-151}, pmid = {21637558}, issn = {1678-4685}, abstract = {The giant river prawn, Macrobrachium cf. rosenbergii, is one of the most cultivated freshwater prawns in the world and has been introduced into more than 40 countries. In some countries, this prawn is considered an invasive species that requires close monitoring. Recent changes in the taxonomy of this species (separation of M. rosenbergii and M. dacqueti) require a re-evaluation of introduced taxa. In this work, molecular analyses were used to determine which of these two species was introduced into Brazil and to establish the geographic origin of the introduced populations that have invaded Amazonian coastal waters. The species introduced into Brazil was M. dacqueti through two introduction events involving prawns originating from Vietnam and either Bangladesh or Thailand. These origins differ from historical reports of the introductions and underline the need to confirm the origin of other exotic populations around the world. The invading populations in Amazonia require monitoring not only because the biodiversity of this region may be affected by the introduction, but also because admixture of different native haplotypes can increase the genetic variability and the likelihood of persistence of the invading species in new habitats.}, }
@article {pmid21636782, year = {2011}, author = {Keller, RP and Springborn, M}, title = {Long-term correlations in European socioeconomic conditions create a bias to conclusion that an invasion debt occurs.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {108}, number = {25}, pages = {E220; author reply E221}, pmid = {21636782}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Europe ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics/history ; *Socioeconomic Factors ; }, }
@article {pmid21635673, year = {2011}, author = {Zurel, D and Benayahu, Y and Or, A and Kovacs, A and Gophna, U}, title = {Composition and dynamics of the gill microbiota of an invasive Indo-Pacific oyster in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {1467-1476}, doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02448.x}, pmid = {21635673}, issn = {1462-2920}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Gills/*microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Metagenome ; Ostreidae/*microbiology ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Symbiosis ; *Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Gill bacterial communities of Chama pacifica, an Indo-Pacific invasive oyster to the eastern Mediterranean Sea, were compared with those of Chama savignyi, its northern Red Sea congeneric species. Summer and winter bacterial populations were characterized and compared using 16S rDNA clone libraries, and seasonal population dynamics were monitored by automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA). Clone libraries revealed a specific clade of bacteria, closely related to marine endosymbionts from the Indo-Pacific, found in both ecosystems, of which one taxon was conserved in oysters from both sites. This taxon was dominant in summer libraries and was weakly present in winter ones, where other members of this group were dominant. ARISA results revealed significant seasonal variation in bacterial populations of Mediterranean Sea oysters, as opposed to Red Sea ones that were stable throughout the year. We suggest that this conserved association between bacteria and oyster reflects either a symbiosis between the oyster host and some of its bacteria, a co-invasion of both parties, or both.}, }
@article {pmid21634055, year = {2011}, author = {Nolte, AW}, title = {Dispersal in the course of an invasion.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {9}, pages = {1803-1804}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05083.x}, pmid = {21634055}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecology ; Fishes/genetics ; Gene Frequency/genetics ; Gene Pool ; Genetic Drift ; Genetic Variation ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Plants ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Invasive species receive attention as manifestations of global ecological change and because of the effects that they may have on other organisms. They are commonly discussed in the context of the ecological perturbations or the human activities that permitted the invasion. There is also evidence, that there is an intrinsic component to biological invasions in that evolutionary changes of the invaders themselves can facilitate or limit invasions (Lee 2002; Urban et al. 2007; Van Bocxlaer et al. 2010). Hence, teasing apart whether environmental change or changes of the organism foster invasions is an interesting field of research. Ample evidence for plants and animals documents that ecological change and human activities trigger range expansions and invasions, but questions regarding evolutionary change of invaders remain less explored although there are several reasons to believe it matters. Firstly, rapid evolutionary change is possible in time-frames relevant for contemporary biological invasions(Hendry et al. 2007). Furthermore, population genetic modelling suggests that there are circumstances where the range expansion and colonization of empty spaces in the course of an invasion can induce evolutionary change in a way that is specific to invaders: the process of repeated founding out of marginal populations in the course of a range expansion can shift allele frequencies and has been referred to as allele surfing, which not only affects neutral genetic variance, but also fitness relevant traits (Klopfstein et al. 2006; Travis et al. 2007; Burton &amp; Travis 2008). Importantly, this process poses a null model for evolutionary inference in invasive populations. It predicts conspicuous allele frequency changes in an expanding metapopulation unless migration homogenizes the gene pool. Despite this relevance, ideas about allele surfing rely heavily on modelling although some experimental evidence comes from studies that document the segregation of genetic variants in growing plaques of bacteria (Hallatschek et al. 2007). To date, little empirical data is available that would reveal the migration processes that affect the establishment of gene pools at invasion fronts in natural systems. This aspect sets the study of Bronnenhuber et al. (2011) apart. They quantify migration behind the expansion front of an invading fish and thus provide important baseline data for the interpretation of the emerging patterns of genetic differentiation.}, }
@article {pmid21632224, year = {2012}, author = {Wang, J and Zheng, C}, title = {Characterization of a newly discovered Beauveria bassiana isolate to Franklimiella occidentalis Perganda, a non-native invasive species in China.}, journal = {Microbiological research}, volume = {167}, number = {2}, pages = {116-120}, doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2011.05.002}, pmid = {21632224}, issn = {1618-0623}, mesh = {Animals ; Beauveria/*classification/growth &amp; development/*isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; China ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry/genetics ; Fungal Proteins/genetics ; Insecta/*microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Elongation Factor 1/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Survival Analysis ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {In this study, a new virulent Beauveria bassiana isolate (B. bassiana-CYT5) had been identified as a new member of the species B. bassiana. The B. bassiana-CYT5 isolate was compared with four other virulent B. bassiana isolates and found to be highly infectious and virulent against the Franklimiella occidentalis Perganda. The B. bassiana-CYT5 could approximately 93.08% mortality of F. occidentalis 6 days post inoculation in the concentration of 1×10(8) conidia/mL. The phylogenetic tree based on ITS and partial sequence of elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-alpha) indicated that B. bassiana-CYT5 isolate was in a cluster of B. bassiana. Furthermore, B. bassiana-CYT5 isolate demonstrated high heat tolerance (60-100% relative germination) between 1-h and 2-h exposure at 37 °C, 38 °C, 39 °C and 40 °C, respectively. So our results suggested that B. bassiana-CYT5 isolate could be a new efficient biocontrol agent against F. occidentalis.}, }
@article {pmid21632049, year = {2011}, author = {Lenz, M and da Gama, BA and Gerner, NV and Gobin, J and Gröner, F and Harry, A and Jenkins, SR and Kraufvelin, P and Mummelthei, C and Sareyka, J and Xavier, EA and Wahl, M}, title = {Non-native marine invertebrates are more tolerant towards environmental stress than taxonomically related native species: results from a globally replicated study.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {111}, number = {7}, pages = {943-952}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.001}, pmid = {21632049}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Bivalvia/classification/*physiology ; Crustacea/classification/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Oxygen Consumption ; Population Dynamics ; Salinity ; *Stress, Physiological ; Temperature ; Urochordata/classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {To predict the risk associated with future introductions, ecologists seek to identify traits that determine the invasiveness of species. Among numerous designated characteristics, tolerance towards environmental stress is one of the most favored. However, there is little empirical support for the assumption that non-native species generally cope better with temporarily unfavorable conditions than native species. To test this concept, we ran five pairwise comparisons between native and non-native marine invertebrates at temperate, subtropical, and tropical sites. We included (natives named first) six bivalves: Brachidontes exustus and Perna viridis, P. perna and Isognomon bicolor, Saccostrea glomerata and Crassostrea gigas, two ascidians: Diplosoma listerianum and Didemnum vexillum as well as two crustaceans: Gammarus zaddachi and G. tigrinus. We simulated acute fluctuations in salinity, oxygen concentration, and temperature, while we measured respiration and survival rates. Under stressful conditions, non-native species consistently showed less pronounced deviations from their normal respiratory performance than their native counterparts. We suggest that this indicates that they have a wider tolerance range. Furthermore, they also revealed higher survival rates under stress. Thus, stress tolerance seems to be a property of successful invaders and could therefore be a useful criterion for screening profiles and risk assessment protocols.}, }
@article {pmid21631507, year = {2011}, author = {Wymore, AS and Keeley, ATH and Yturralde, KM and Schroer, ML and Propper, CR and Whitham, TG}, title = {Genes to ecosystems: exploring the frontiers of ecology with one of the smallest biological units.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {191}, number = {1}, pages = {19-36}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03730.x}, pmid = {21631507}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Respiration ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution ; Female ; Fishes/genetics/physiology ; Gene Expression/drug effects ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Plants/*genetics/metabolism ; Population Dynamics ; Sciuridae/physiology ; }, abstract = {Genes and their expression levels in individual species can structure whole communities and affect ecosystem processes. Although much has been written about community and ecosystem phenotypes with a few model systems, such as poplar and goldenrod, here we explore the potential application of a community genetics approach with systems involving invasive species, climate change and pollution. We argue that community genetics can reveal patterns and processes that otherwise might remain undetected. To further facilitate the community genetics or genes-to-ecosystem concept, we propose four community genetics postulates that allow for the conclusion of a causal relationship between the gene and its effect on the ecosystem. Although most current studies do not satisfy these criteria completely, several come close and, in so doing, begin to provide a genetic-based understanding of communities and ecosystems, as well as a sound basis for conservation and management practices.}, }
@article {pmid21629781, year = {2011}, author = {Andonian, K and Hierro, JL and Khetsuriani, L and Becerra, P and Janoyan, G and Villarreal, D and Cavieres, L and Fox, LR and Callaway, RM}, title = {Range-expanding populations of a globally introduced weed experience negative plant-soil feedbacks.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {e20117}, pmid = {21629781}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Centaurea/*growth &amp; development ; Environmental Monitoring ; North America ; Plant Weeds/growth &amp; development ; *Soil ; South America ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biological invasions are fundamentally biogeographic processes that occur over large spatial scales. Interactions with soil microbes can have strong impacts on plant invasions, but how these interactions vary among areas where introduced species are highly invasive vs. naturalized is still unknown. In this study, we examined biogeographic variation in plant-soil microbe interactions of a globally invasive weed, Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle). We addressed the following questions (1) Is Centaurea released from natural enemy pressure from soil microbes in introduced regions? and (2) Is variation in plant-soil feedbacks associated with variation in Centaurea's invasive success?<br><br>We conducted greenhouse experiments using soils and seeds collected from native Eurasian populations and introduced populations spanning North and South America where Centaurea is highly invasive and noninvasive. Soil microbes had pervasive negative effects in all regions, although the magnitude of their effect varied among regions. These patterns were not unequivocally congruent with the enemy release hypothesis. Surprisingly, we also found that Centaurea generated strong negative feedbacks in regions where it is the most invasive, while it generated neutral plant-soil feedbacks where it is noninvasive.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Recent studies have found reduced below-ground enemy attack and more positive plant-soil feedbacks in range-expanding plant populations, but we found increased negative effects of soil microbes in range-expanding Centaurea populations. While such negative feedbacks may limit the long-term persistence of invasive plants, such feedbacks may also contribute to the success of invasions, either by having disproportionately negative impacts on competing species, or by yielding relatively better growth in uncolonized areas that would encourage lateral spread. Enemy release from soil-borne pathogens is not sufficient to explain the success of this weed in such different regions. The biogeographic variation in soil-microbe effects indicates that different mechanisms may operate on this species in different regions, thus establishing geographic mosaics of species interactions that contribute to variation in invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid21629655, year = {2011}, author = {Kamgang, B and Brengues, C and Fontenille, D and Njiokou, F and Simard, F and Paupy, C}, title = {Genetic structure of the tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, in Cameroon (Central Africa).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {e20257}, pmid = {21629655}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aedes/classification/*genetics ; Animals ; Cameroon ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Haplotypes ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Phylogeography ; Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1884) (Diptera: Culicidae), a mosquito native to Asia, has recently invaded all five continents. In Central Africa it was first reported in the early 2000s, and has since been implicated in the emergence of arboviruses such as dengue and chikungunya in this region. Recent genetic studies of invasive species have shown that multiple introductions are a key factor for successful expansion in new areas. As a result, phenotypic characters such as vector competence and insecticide susceptibility may vary within invasive pest species, potentially affecting vector efficiency and pest management. Here we assessed the genetic variability and population genetics of Ae. albopictus isolates in Cameroon (Central Africa), thereby deducing their likely geographic origin.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Mosquitoes were sampled in 2007 in 12 localities in southern Cameroon and analyzed for polymorphism at six microsatellite loci and in two mitochondrial DNA regions (ND5 and COI). All the microsatellite markers were successfully amplified and were polymorphic, showing moderate genetic structureamong geographic populations (F(ST)&#x200a; = 0.068, P < 0.0001). Analysis of mtDNA sequences revealed four haplotypes each for the COI and ND5 genes, with a dominant haplotype shared by all Cameroonian samples. The weak genetic variation estimated from the mtDNA genes is consistent with the recent arrival of Ae. albopictus in Cameroon. Phylogeographic analysis based on COI polymorphism indicated that Ae. albopictus populations from Cameroon are related to tropical rather than temperate or subtropical outgroups.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The moderate genetic diversity observed among Cameroonian Ae. albopictus isolates is in keeping with recent introduction and spread in this country. The genetic structure of natural populations points to multiple introductions from tropical regions.}, }
@article {pmid21627665, year = {2011}, author = {Jairus, T and Mpumba, R and Chinoya, S and Tedersoo, L}, title = {Invasion potential and host shifts of Australian and African ectomycorrhizal fungi in mixed eucalypt plantations.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {192}, number = {1}, pages = {179-187}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03775.x}, pmid = {21627665}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Africa ; Australia ; Eucalyptus/*microbiology ; Host Specificity/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {• Transportation of forestry materials results in unintended co-introduction of nonnative species that may cause enormous ecological or economic damage. While the invasion ecology of plants and animals is relatively well-known, that of microorganisms, except aboveground pathogens, remains poorly understood. • This work addresses host shifts and invasion potential of root symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi that were co-introduced with Australian eucalypts and planted in clear-cut miombo woodlands in Zambia, south-central Africa. • By use of rDNA and plastid intron sequence analysis for identification and phylogenetic techniques for inferring fungal origin, we demonstrated that host shifts were uncommon in the Australian fungi, but frequent in the African fungi, especially in mixed plantations where roots of different trees intermingle. • There was evidence for naturalization, but not for invasion by Australian ectomycorrhizal fungi. Nevertheless, the fungi introduced may pose an invasion risk along with further adaptation to local soil environment and host trees. Inoculation of eucalypts with native edible fungi may ameliorate the potential invasion risks of introduced fungi and provide an alternative source of nutrition.}, }
@article {pmid21625979, year = {2011}, author = {Fraterrigo, JM and Strickland, MS and Keiser, AD and Bradford, MA}, title = {Nitrogen uptake and preference in a forest understory following invasion by an exotic grass.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {167}, number = {3}, pages = {781-791}, pmid = {21625979}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Nitrogen Isotopes/metabolism ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; Trees/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Plant-soil interactions have been proposed as a causative mechanism explaining how invasive plant species impact ecosystem processes. We evaluate whether an invasive plant influences plant and soil-microbe acquisition of nitrogen to elucidate the mechanistic pathways by which invaders might alter N availability. Using a (15)N tracer, we quantify differences in nitrogen uptake and allocation in communities with and without Microstegium vimineum, a shade-tolerant, C(4) grass that is rapidly invading the understories of eastern US deciduous forests. We further investigate if plants or the microbial biomass exhibit preferences for certain nitrogen forms (glycine, nitrate, and ammonium) to gain insight into nitrogen partitioning in invaded communities. Understory native plants and M. vimineum took up similar amounts of added nitrogen but allocated it differently, with native plants allocating primarily to roots and M. vimineum allocating most nitrogen to shoots. Plant nitrogen uptake was higher in invaded communities due primarily to the increase in understory biomass when M. vimineum was present, but for the microbial biomass, nitrogen uptake did not vary with invasion status. This translated to a significant reduction (P < 0.001) in the ratio of microbial biomass to plant biomass nitrogen uptake, which suggests that, although the demand for nitrogen has intensified, microbes continue to be effective nitrogen competitors. The microbial biomass exhibited a strong preference for ammonium over glycine and nitrate, regardless of invasion status. By comparison, native plants showed no nitrogen preferences and M. vimineum preferred inorganic nitrogen species. We interpret our findings as evidence that invasion by M. vimineum leads to changes in the partitioning of nitrogen above and belowground in forest understories, and to decreases in the microbial biomass, but it does not affect the outcome of plant-microbe-nitrogen interactions, possibly due to functional shifts in the microbial community as a result of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid21624371, year = {2011}, author = {Pizzatto, L and Shine, R}, title = {The effects of experimentally infecting Australian tree frogs with lungworms (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) from invasive cane toads.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {41}, number = {9}, pages = {943-949}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.03.013}, pmid = {21624371}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Bufo marinus/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological ; Rhabditida Infections/parasitology/*veterinary ; Rhabditoidea/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species may transmit novel pathogens to native taxa, and lacking a history of coevolutionary interactions with the pathogen, the new hosts may be severely affected. Cane toads (Rhinella marina) were introduced to Australia in 1935, bringing with them a lungworm (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) not found in Australian frogs. Previous studies suggest that most frog species are unaffected by this parasite, but one tree-frog (Litoria caerulea) can harbour high numbers of lungworm. More detailed laboratory studies confirm and extend the earlier results on L. caerulea and show that Rhabdias infection severely depresses the viability of metamorphs of an allied tree-frog species, Litoria splendida. Parasitic larvae infected both of these two closely related tree-frog species, but the two anurans differed in the consequences of infection. Parasitism reduced the survivorship of L. splendida and the stamina of both species. Lungworms did not consistently reduce growth rates or affect heart rates in either tree-frog species. Although L. splendida is potentially vulnerable to the arrival of toad-transported lungworms, rates of host-switching may be reduced by low levels of habitat overlap between the frogs (which are rock-dwelling and arboreal) and the toads (which are terrestrial and most abundant in disturbed habitats).}, }
@article {pmid21622428, year = {2010}, author = {Gunn, BF and Aradhya, M and Salick, JM and Miller, AJ and Yongping, Y and Lin, L and Xian, H}, title = {Genetic variation in walnuts (Juglans regia and J. sigillata; Juglandaceae): Species distinctions, human impacts, and the conservation of agrobiodiversity in Yunnan, China.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {97}, number = {4}, pages = {660-671}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.0900114}, pmid = {21622428}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {Walnuts are a major crop of many countries and mostly cultivated in large-scale plantations with few cultivars. Landraces provide important genetic reservoirs; thus, understanding factors influencing the geographic distribution of genetic variation in crop resources is a fundamental goal of agrobiodiversity conservation. Here, we investigated the role of human settlements and kinship on genetic variation and population structure of two walnut species: Juglans regia, an introduced species widely cultivated for its nuts, and J. sigillata, a native species cultivated locally in Yunnan. The objectives of this study were to characterize sympatric populations of J. regia and J. sigillata using 14 molecular markers and evaluate the role of Tibetan villages and kin groups (related households) on genotypic variation and population structure of J. regia and J. sigillata. Our results based on 220 walnut trees from six Tibetan villages show that although J. regia and J. sigillata are morphologically distinct, the two species are indistinguishable based on microsatellite data. Despite the lack of interspecific differences, AMOVAs partitioned among villages (5.41%, P = 0.0068) and kin groups within villages (3.34%, P = 0.0068) showed significant genetic variation. These findings suggest that village environments and familial relationships are factors contributing to the geographic structure of genetic variation in Tibetan walnuts.}, }
@article {pmid21618930, year = {2011}, author = {Juvik, JO and Rodomsky, BT and Price, JP and Hansen, EW and Kueffer, C}, title = {"The upper limits of vegetation on Mauna Loa, Hawaii": a 50th-anniversary reassessment.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {2}, pages = {518-525}, doi = {10.1890/10-0341.1}, pmid = {21618930}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Altitude ; Climate Change ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Geological Phenomena ; Hawaii ; Plants/*classification ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {In January 1958, a survey of alpine flora was conducted along a recently constructed access road across the upper volcanic slopes of Mauna Loa, Hawaii (2525-3397 m). Only five native Hawaiian species were encountered on sparsely vegetated historic and prehistoric lava flows adjacent to the roadway. A resurvey of roadside flora in 2008 yielded a more than fourfold increase to 22 species, including nine native species not previously recorded. Eight new alien species have now invaded this alpine environment, although exclusively limited to a few individuals in ruderal habitat along the roadway. Alternative explanations for species invasion and altitudinal change over the past 50 years are evaluated: (1) changes related to continuing primary succession on ameliorating (weathering) young lava substrates; (2) local climate change; and (3) road improvements and increased vehicular access which promote enhanced car-borne dispersal of alien species derived from the expanding pool of potential colonizers naturalized on the island in recent decades. Unlike alpine environments in temperate latitudes, the energy component (warming) in climate change on Mauna Loa does not appear to be the unequivocal driver of plant invasion and range extension. Warming may be offset by other climate change factors including rainfall and evapotranspiration.}, }
@article {pmid21618921, year = {2011}, author = {Brown, GP and Phillips, BL and Shine, R}, title = {The ecological impact of invasive cane toads on tropical snakes: field data do not support laboratory-based predictions.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {2}, pages = {422-431}, doi = {10.1890/10-0536.1}, pmid = {21618921}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bufonidae/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Snakes/*physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Predicting which species will be affected by an invasive taxon is critical to developing conservation priorities, but this is a difficult task. A previous study on the impact of invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) on Australian snakes attempted to predict vulnerability a priori based on the assumptions that any snake species that eats frogs, and is vulnerable to toad toxins, may be at risk from the toad invasion. We used time-series analyses to evaluate the accuracy of that prediction, based on >3600 standardized nocturnal surveys over a 138-month period on 12 species of snakes and lizards on a floodplain in the Australian wet-dry tropics, bracketing the arrival of cane toads at this site. Contrary to prediction, encounter rates with most species were unaffected by toad arrival, and some taxa predicted to be vulnerable to toads increased rather than declined (e.g., death adder Acanthophis praelongus; Children's python Antaresia childreni). Indirect positive effects of toad invasion (perhaps mediated by toad-induced mortality of predatory varanid lizards) and stochastic weather events outweighed effects of toad invasion for most snake species. Our study casts doubt on the ability of a priori desktop studies, or short-term field surveys, to predict or document the ecological impact of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid21618911, year = {2011}, author = {Inderjit,  and Evans, H and Crocoll, C and Bajpai, D and Kaur, R and Feng, YL and Silva, C and Carreón, JT and Valiente-Banuet, A and Gershenzon, J and Callaway, RM}, title = {Volatile chemicals from leaf litter are associated with invasiveness of a neotropical weed in Asia.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {2}, pages = {316-324}, doi = {10.1890/10-0400.1}, pmid = {21618911}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Ageratina/*drug effects ; Animals ; Asia ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Leaves/*chemistry ; Volatile Organic Compounds/*chemistry/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Some invasive plant species appear to strongly suppress neighbors in their nonnative ranges but much less so in their native range. We found that in the field in its native range in Mexico, the presence of Ageratina adenophora, an aggressive Neotropical invader, was correlated with higher plant species richness than found in surrounding plant communities where this species was absent, suggesting facilitation. However, in two nonnative ranges, China and India, A. adenophora canopies were correlated with much lower species richness than the surrounding communities, suggesting inhibition. Volatile organic compound (VOC) signals may contribute to this striking biogeographical difference and the invasive success of A. adenophora. In controlled experiments volatiles from A. adenophora litter caused higher mortality of species native to India and China, but not of species native to Mexico. The effects of A. adenophora VOCs on seedling germination and growth did not differ between species from the native range and species from the nonnative ranges of the invader. Litter from A. adenophora plants from nonnative populations also produced VOCs that differed quantitatively in the concentrations of some chemicals than litter from native populations, but there were no chemicals unique to one region. Biogeographic differences in the concentrations of some volatile compounds between ranges suggest that A. adenophora may be experiencing selection on biochemical composition in its nonnative ranges.}, }
@article {pmid21618907, year = {2011}, author = {Madrigal, J and Kelt, DA and Meserve, PL and Gutierrez, JR and Squeo, FA}, title = {Bottom-up control of consumers leads to top-down indirect facilitation of invasive annual herbs in semiarid Chile.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {2}, pages = {282-288}, doi = {10.1890/10-0643.1}, pmid = {21618907}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Chile ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Octodon/*physiology ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {The abundance of exotic plants is thought to be limited by competition with resident species (including plants and generalist herbivores). In contrast, observations in semiarid Chile suggest that a native generalist rodent, the degu (Octodon degus), may be facilitating the expansion of exotic annual plants. We tested this hypothesis with a 20-year data set from a World Biosphere Reserve in mediterranean Chile. In this semiarid environment, rainfall varies annually and dramatically influences cover by both native and exotic annual plants; degu population density affects the composition and cover of exotic and native annual plants. In low-rainfall years, cover of both native and exotic herbs is extremely low. Higher levels of precipitation result in proportional increases in cover of all annual plants (exotic and native species), leading in turn to increases in degu population densities, at which point they impact native herbs in proportion to their greater cover, indirectly favoring the expansion of exotic plants. We propose that bottom-up control of consumers at our site results in top-down indirect facilitation of invasive annual herbs, and that this pattern may be general to other semiarid ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid21618010, year = {2011}, author = {Elgersma, KJ and Ehrenfeld, JG and Yu, S and Vor, T}, title = {Legacy effects overwhelm the short-term effects of exotic plant invasion and restoration on soil microbial community structure, enzyme activities, and nitrogen cycling.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {167}, number = {3}, pages = {733-745}, pmid = {21618010}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Berberis/metabolism/microbiology ; *Ecosystem ; Enzyme Activation ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Nitrogen Cycle ; Phospholipids/metabolism ; Plants/classification/*metabolism/microbiology ; *Soil Microbiology ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Plant invasions can have substantial consequences for the soil ecosystem, altering microbial community structure and nutrient cycling. However, relatively little is known about what drives these changes, making it difficult to predict the effects of future invasions. In addition, because most studies compare soils from uninvaded areas to long-established dense invasions, little is known about the temporal dependence of invasion impacts. We experimentally manipulated forest understory vegetation in replicated sites dominated either by exotic Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii), native Viburnums, or native Vacciniums, so that each vegetation type was present in each site-type. We compared the short-term effect of vegetation changes to the lingering legacy effects of the previous vegetation type by measuring soil microbial community structure (phospholipid fatty acids) and function (extracellular enzymes and nitrogen mineralization). We also replaced the aboveground litter in half of each plot with an inert substitute to determine if changes in the soil microbial community were driven by aboveground or belowground plant inputs. We found that after 2 years, the microbial community structure and function was largely determined by the legacy effect of the previous vegetation type, and was not affected by the current vegetation. Aboveground litter removal had only weak effects, suggesting that changes in the soil microbial community and nutrient cycling were driven largely by belowground processes. These results suggest that changes in the soil following either invasion or restoration do not occur quickly, but rather exhibit long-lasting legacy effects from previous belowground plant inputs.}, }
@article {pmid21616817, year = {2010}, author = {Marchante, H and Freitas, H and Hoffmann, JH}, title = {Seed ecology of an invasive alien species, Acacia longifolia (Fabaceae), in Portuguese dune ecosystems.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {97}, number = {11}, pages = {1780-1790}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1000091}, pmid = {21616817}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Worldwide, invasive plants threaten biodiversity, by disrupting habitats and ecosystem processes, and cause major economic losses. Invasiveness in plants is frequently associated with prolific production of seeds that accumulate in the soil. Knowledge of the extent and persistence of invasive seed banks helps explain invasion processes and enables management planning. A study of Acacia longifolia, an invasive species in Portuguese dune ecosystems, provides an informative example. •<br><br>METHODS: Seed rain and dispersal (seed traps), the persistence of seeds in the soil (burial), and the extent of seed banks were measured and analyzed. &#x2022;<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Seed rain is concentrated under the canopy with about 12000 seeds &#xb7; m(-2) falling annually. The number of seeds in the soil declined with time, with only 30% surviving after 75 mo. Losses were lowest at greater depths. Seed germinability was low (<12%), but viability was high (>85%) for surviving seeds. The seed bank under the canopy was approximately 1500 and 500 seeds &#xb7; m(-2) in long- and recently invaded stands, respectively. Some seeds were found up to 7 m from the edge of stands, indicating that outside agencies facilitate dispersal. &#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Acacia longifolia produces large numbers of seeds, some of which are lost through germination, decay, and granivory. The remainder form vast and persistent seed banks that serve as a source of replenishment and make it difficult to control the invader once it is established. Control costs escalate as the duration of an invasion increases, highlighting the urgency of initiating and persevering with control efforts.}, }
@article {pmid21616816, year = {2010}, author = {Schoenfelder, AC and Bishop, JG and Martinson, HM and Fagan, WF}, title = {Resource use efficiency and community effects of invasive Hypochaeris radicata (Asteraceae) during primary succession.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {97}, number = {11}, pages = {1772-1779}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.0900383}, pmid = {21616816}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: We sought to better understand the impacts and mechanisms underpinning a successful invasion of resource-poor sites by a nonnative plant on Mount St. Helens volcano (MSH). •<br><br>METHODS: We investigated the short-term effects of the nonnative plant Hypochaeris radicata on growth of native species colonizing drought-prone primary successional surfaces under N-limited and N-augmented conditions. To understand the success of H. radicata, we compared its resource use efficiency to that of a closely related native colonist, Hieracium albiflorum, under the same conditions. &#x2022;<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Removing H. radicata did not affect growth of the most common colonists, but N addition demonstrated strong N limitation to growth in H. albiflorum, H. radicata, and Agrostis spp. Nonnative H. radicata exhibited lower water-use efficiency than H. albiflorum but did not differ in efficiency of N use. H. radicata biomass increased faster in response to an N pulse than did the native H. albiflorum, as did the pool of N held in H. radicata tissues. &#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings contrast with results from Hawaiian volcanic sites, where higher short-term resource use efficiency was reported for invasive species, including H. radicata. Our results suggest that at MSH, the success of H. radicata relies on rapid uptake and utilization of N rather than on higher efficiency. This strategy is especially advantageous at MSH because N pulses commonly occur as a consequence of herbivore-induced mortality of Lupinus lepidus (Fabaceae).}, }
@article {pmid21616811, year = {2010}, author = {Wu, W and Zhou, RC and Huang, HR and Ge, XJ}, title = {Development of microsatellite loci for the invasive weed Wedelia trilobata (Asteraceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {97}, number = {11}, pages = {e114-6}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1000327}, pmid = {21616811}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Microsatellite markers were developed to help elucidate the population genetics of the invasive species Wedelia trilobata. •<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences COntaining (FIASCO) repeats protocol, 23 sets of primers for amplifying microsatellite loci were identified in W. trilobata, 10 of which showed polymorphism (two to five alleles per locus) in samples of two populations of W. trilobata, one from China and one from Peru. Six of these loci were successfully amplified from samples of the native congener W. chinensis, with expected sizes. &#x2022;<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These markers may be useful for further investigation of population genetics of Wedelia trilobata and other congener species.}, }
@article {pmid21613145, year = {2011}, author = {Powell, KI and Chase, JM and Knight, TM}, title = {A synthesis of plant invasion effects on biodiversity across spatial scales.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, pages = {539-548}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1000402}, pmid = {21613145}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Invasive plant species are typically thought to pose a large threat to native biodiversity, and local-scale studies typically confirm this view. However, plant invaders rarely cause regional extirpations or global extinctions, causing some to suggest that invasive species' influence on native biodiversity may not be so dire. We aim to synthesize the seemingly conflicting literature in plant invasion biology by evaluating the effects of invasive plant species across spatial scales.<br><br>METHODS: We first conducted a meta-analysis on the effects of invasive plants on the species richness of invaded communities across a range of spatial extents. We then discuss studies that consider the role of invasive plants on regional spatial scales for which such meta-analyses are not possible. Finally, we develop a conceptual framework to synthesize the influence of invasive species across spatial scales by explicitly recognizing how invasive species alter species-occupancy distributions.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: We found a negative relationship between the spatial extent of the study and the effect size of invasive plants on species richness. Our simulation models suggest that this result can occur if invaders, either proportionately or disproportionately, reduce the occupancy of common species to a greater degree than rare species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Future studies should consider the influence of invaders on the abundance and occupancy-level changes in native species to inform how invasive plants will influence native species richness relationships across spatial scales. This approach will allow greater predictive ability for forecasting changes in biodiversity in the face of anthropogenic biological invasions and will inform invasive species management and restoration.}, }
@article {pmid21613104, year = {2011}, author = {Schreiter, S and Ebeling, SK and Durka, W}, title = {Polymorphic microsatellite markers in the invasive shrub Buddleja davidii (Scrophulariaceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {98}, number = {2}, pages = {e39-40}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1000417}, pmid = {21613104}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {*Alleles ; Buddleja/*genetics ; China ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA Primers ; *DNA, Plant ; *Genetic Loci ; Genetic Markers ; Genetics, Population ; *Genome, Plant ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polyploidy ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Microsatellite primers were developed for the invasive plant Buddleja davidii, a Chinese shrub that is an invader in most other continents.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: An invasive population was analyzed using eight di- and tetranucleotide microsatellite loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 5 to 14. Due to polyploidy, exact genotypes could not be determined. Progeny arrays were used to study the outcrossing rate using presence/absence data of alleles resulting in an estimate of multilocus outcrossing rate of 93%. The markers were successfully tested in five congeneric species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate the utility of these loci in future studies of population genetics and breeding systems in B. davidii and in congeneric species.}, }
@article {pmid21613083, year = {2011}, author = {Murrell, C and Gerber, E and Krebs, C and Parepa, M and Schaffner, U and Bossdorf, O}, title = {Invasive knotweed affects native plants through allelopathy.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {98}, number = {1}, pages = {38-43}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1000135}, pmid = {21613083}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Comfrey/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Geranium/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Lolium/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Magnoliopsida/*growth &amp; development ; Pheromones/metabolism ; Plant Shoots/chemistry ; Plant Weeds/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Poa/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Polygonum/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Rhizome/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Silene/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF STUDY: There is increasing evidence that many plant invaders interfere with native plants through allelopathy. This allelopathic interference may be a key mechanism of plant invasiveness. One of the most aggressive current plant invaders is the clonal knotweed hybrid Fallopia × bohemica, which often forms monocultures in its introduced range. Preliminary results from laboratory studies suggest that allelopathy could play a role in this invasion.<br><br>METHODS: We grew experimental communities of European plants together with F. &#xd7; bohemica. We used activated carbon to test for allelopathic effects, and we combined this with single or repeated removal of Fallopia shoots to examine how mechanical control can reduce the species' impact.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Addition of activated carbon to the soil significantly reduced the suppressive effect of undamaged F. &#xd7; bohemica on native forbs. The magnitude of this effect was similar to that of regular cutting of Fallopia shoots. Regular cutting of Fallopia shoots efficiently inhibited the growth of rhizomes, together with their apparent allelopathic effects.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The ecological impact of F. &#xd7; bohemica on native forbs is not just a result of competition for shared resources, but it also appears to have a large allelopathic component. Still, regular mechnical control successfully eliminated allelopathic effects. Therefore, allelopathy will create an additional challenge to knotweed management and ecological restoration only if the allelochemicals are found to persist in the soil. More research is needed to examine the mechanisms underlying Fallopia allelopathy, and the long-term effects of soil residues.}, }
@article {pmid21613081, year = {2011}, author = {He, Z and Bentley, LP and Holaday, AS}, title = {Greater seasonal carbon gain across a broad temperature range contributes to the invasive potential of Phalaris arundinacea (Poaceae; reed canary grass) over the native sedge Carex stricta (Cyperaceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {98}, number = {1}, pages = {20-30}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1000179}, pmid = {21613081}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Carex Plant/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Circadian Rhythm ; Indiana ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Phalaris/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/chemistry/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Most invasive plants grow faster and produce more biomass than the species that they displace, but physiological mechanisms leading to invasive success are poorly understood. To foster novel control approaches, our goal was to determine whether the grass Phalaris arundinacea possessed superior physiological strategies that contributed to its success over native sedges.<br><br>METHODS: Data for spring, summer, and autumn diel gas-exchange, leaf morphology, and nitrogen content for plants of P. arundinacea and Carex stricta in water-saturated, drained, and periodically flooded sites in northern Indiana, USA, were compared with similar data for plants in a greenhouse.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Phalaris arundinacea had higher maximum CO(2) assimilation (A) across a broad range of temperatures, greater summer/autumn net carbon gain, higher water use efficiencies, larger leaf areas per shoot, and higher specific leaf areas than did C. stricta. Species differences in gas-exchange data were similar in the greenhouse. However, long-term flooding reduced A for P. arundinacea. Greater declines in leaf A and nitrogen content from July to October compared to P. arundinacea were suggestive of earlier leaf senescence for C. stricta.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We propose that superior daily and seasonal carbon gain, especially during rhizome carbohydrate storage in the summer and autumn, contribute to the success of invasive P. arundinacea over C. stricta. This advantage may be enhanced by frequent summer/autumn heat waves. The poor performance of P. arundinacea during long-term flooding is consistent with C. stricta's dominance in water-saturated soil, implying that water management strategies could be crucial to controlling P. arundinacea.}, }
@article {pmid21613074, year = {2011}, author = {Yan, Y and Huang, Y and Fang, X and Lu, L and Zhou, R and Ge, X and Shi, S}, title = {Development and characterization of EST-SSR markers in the invasive weed Mikania micrantha (Asteraceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {98}, number = {1}, pages = {e1-3}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1000387}, pmid = {21613074}, issn = {1537-2197}, mesh = {Base Sequence ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; *Expressed Sequence Tags ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genes, Plant ; Genetic Markers ; Genome, Plant ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Mikania/*genetics ; Plant Weeds/*genetics ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Microsatellite markers were developed for the invasive species Mikania micrantha to investigate its invasion history. Transcriptome sequencing projects offer a potential source for the development of new markers.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Sixteen polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers derived from ESTs were identified and screened in 36 samples of M. micrantha. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to four, with an average of 2.7 alleles per locus. The expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 0.7754 and 0 to 0.8333, respectively.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These EST-SSR markers may be useful for further investigation of the population genetics of M. micrantha as additional tools to trace its invasion history.}, }
@article {pmid21611168, year = {2011}, author = {Sol, D and Griffin, AS and Bartomeus, I and Boyce, H}, title = {Exploring or avoiding novel food resources? The novelty conflict in an invasive bird.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {e19535}, pmid = {21611168}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; Cities ; *Conflict, Psychological ; Ecosystem ; Exploratory Behavior/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Starlings/*physiology ; Survival Analysis ; }, abstract = {For an animal invading a novel region, the ability to develop new behaviors should facilitate the use of novel food resources and hence increase its survival in the new environment. However, the need to explore new resources may entail costs such as exposing the animal to unfamiliar predators. These two opposing forces result in an exploration-avoidance conflict, which can be expected to interfere with the acquisition of new resources. However, its consequences should be less dramatic in highly urbanized environments where new food opportunities are common and predation risk is low. We tested this hypothesis experimentally by presenting three foraging tasks to introduced common mynas (Acridotheres tristis) from environments with low and high urbanization levels from Australia. Individuals from the highly urbanized environments, where mynas are both more opportunistic when foraging and less fearful to predators, resolved a technical task faster than those from less urbanized environments. These differences did not reflect innovative 'personalities' and were not confounded by sex, morphology or motivational state. Rather, the principal factors underlying differences in mynas' problem-solving ability were neophobic-neophilic responses, which varied across habitats. Thus, mynas seem to modulate their problem-solving ability according to the benefits and costs of innovating in their particular habitat, which may help us understand the great success of the species in highly urbanized environments.}, }
@article {pmid21608475, year = {2011}, author = {Roy, BA and Coulson, T and Blaser, W and Policha, T and Stewart, JL and Blaisdell, GK and Güsewell, S}, title = {Population regulation by enemies of the grass Brachypodium sylvaticum: demography in native and invaded ranges.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {3}, pages = {665-675}, doi = {10.1890/09-2006.1}, pmid = {21608475}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachypodium/*physiology ; Deer ; *Ecosystem ; Fungicides, Industrial ; Insecta/drug effects ; Insecticides/pharmacology ; *Introduced Species ; Mollusca ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Switzerland ; United States ; }, abstract = {The enemy-release hypothesis (ERH) states that species become more successful in their introduced range than in their native range because they leave behind natural enemies in their native range and are thus "released" from enemy pressures in their introduced range. The ERH is popularly cited to explain the invasive properties of many species and is the underpinning of biological control. We tested the prediction that plant populations are more strongly regulated by natural enemies (herbivores and pathogens) in their native range than in their introduced range with enemy-removal experiments using pesticides. These experiments were replicated at multiple sites in both the native and invaded ranges of the grass Brachypodium sylvaticum. In support of the ERH, enemies consistently regulated populations in the native range. There were more tillers and more seeds produced in treated vs. untreated plots in the native range, and few seedlings survived in the native range. Contrary to the ERH, total measured leaf damage was similar in both ranges, though the enemies that caused it differed. There was more damage by generalist mollusks and pathogens in the native range, and more damage by generalist insect herbivores in the invaded range. Demographic analysis showed that population growth rates were lower in the native range than in the invaded range, and that sexually produced seedlings constituted a smaller fraction of the total in the native range. Our removal experiment showed that enemies regulate plant populations in their native range and suggest that generalist enemies, not just specialists, are important for population regulation.}, }
@article {pmid21608474, year = {2011}, author = {Macdougall, AS and Wilson, SD}, title = {The invasive grass Agropyron cristatum doubles belowground productivity but not soil carbon.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {3}, pages = {657-664}, doi = {10.1890/10-0631.1}, pmid = {21608474}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Agropyron/*physiology ; Carbon/*chemistry ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Roots/*physiology ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Root dynamics are among the largest knowledge gaps in determining how terrestrial carbon (C) cycles will respond to environmental change. Increases in productivity accompanying plant invasions and introductions could increase ecosystem C storage, but belowground changes are unknown, even though roots may account for 50-90% of production in temperate ecosystems. We examined whether the introduction of a widespread invasive grass with relatively high shoot production also increased belowground productivity and soil C storage, using a multiyear rhizotron study in 50-year-old stands dominated either by the invasive C3 grass Agropyron cristatum or by largely C4 native grasses. Relative to native vegetation, stands dominated by the invader had doubled root productivity. Soil carbon isotope values showed that the invader had made detectable contributions to soil C. Soil C content, however, was not significantly different between invader-dominated stands (0.42 mg C/g soil) and native vegetation (0.45 mg C/g soil). The discrepancy between enhanced production and lack of soil C changes was attributable to differences in root traits between invader-dominated stands and native vegetation. Relative to native vegetation, roots beneath the invader had 59% more young white tissue, with 80% higher mortality and 19% lower C:N ratios (all P < 0.05). Such patterns have previously been reported for aboveground tissues of invaders, and we show that they are also found belowground. If these root traits occur in other invasive species, then the global phenomenon of increased productivity following biological invasion may not increase soil C storage.}, }
@article {pmid21604325, year = {2011}, author = {Bueno, OC and Mathias, MI and Ortiz, G}, title = {Morphological organization of the dorsal protuberance of Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868) ant's larvae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae).}, journal = {Microscopy research and technique}, volume = {74}, number = {6}, pages = {551-558}, doi = {10.1002/jemt.20946}, pmid = {21604325}, issn = {1097-0029}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*ultrastructure ; Epidermis/ultrastructure ; Larva/ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; }, abstract = {The Argentine ant Linepithema humile is an important invasive species because of the levels of infestation that it can reach; however, there is little information about its presence, histological organization, and function of the dorsal protuberance, which is found exclusively in their larvae. The objective of this study was to describe it in L. humile through scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, bringing information about this structure. The epidermis of these larvae have cuticles covering the whole body, and is formed by a sequence of overlapping lamellas where the inner ones were thicker and presented lower electron density, whereas the outer ones were thinner and highly electron dense. Pores or pore-like channels were not observed. A thick and acellular region composed of granular material was found under the cuticular layer. Out of this region, the flattened epidermic cells formed an epithelial layer. For the dorsal protuberance region, these cells become prismatic, and similarly to the cuticle, presents significant thickening. These cells presented extended microvilli, as well as a great amount of lamellar rough endoplasmic reticulum. Under this epithelium was observed a concentration of fat body cells, more numerous in the dorsal protuberance region. This study indicated that the dorsal protuberance present in the first segment of L. humile larvae has apparently no secretory function because no pores were found. This fact allowed to conclude that in L. humile larvae the dorsal protuberance would have the function to make it easier for the worker ants to carry them within the colony.}, }
@article {pmid21601306, year = {2011}, author = {Blackburn, TM and Pyšek, P and Bacher, S and Carlton, JT and Duncan, RP and Jarošík, V and Wilson, JR and Richardson, DM}, title = {A proposed unified framework for biological invasions.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {26}, number = {7}, pages = {333-339}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.023}, pmid = {21601306}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Environment ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {There has been a dramatic growth in research on biological invasions over the past 20 years, but a mature understanding of the field has been hampered because invasion biologists concerned with different taxa and different environments have largely adopted different model frameworks for the invasion process, resulting in a confusing range of concepts, terms and definitions. In this review, we propose a unified framework for biological invasions that reconciles and integrates the key features of the most commonly used invasion frameworks into a single conceptual model that can be applied to all human-mediated invasions. The unified framework combines previous stage-based and barrier models, and provides a terminology and categorisation for populations at different points in the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid21597251, year = {2011}, author = {Clusella-Trullas, S and Blackburn, TM and Chown, SL}, title = {Climatic predictors of temperature performance curve parameters in ectotherms imply complex responses to climate change.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {177}, number = {6}, pages = {738-751}, doi = {10.1086/660021}, pmid = {21597251}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; Lizards/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Seasons ; Snakes/*physiology ; Temperature ; Weather ; }, abstract = {Determining organismal responses to climate change is one of biology's greatest challenges. Recent forecasts for future climates emphasize altered temperature variation and precipitation, but most studies of animals have largely focused on forecasting the outcome of changes in mean temperature. Theory suggests that extreme thermal variation and precipitation will influence species performance and hence affect their response to changes in climate. Using an information-theoretic approach, we show that in squamate ectotherms (mostly lizards and snakes), two fitness-influencing components of performance, the critical thermal maximum and the thermal optimum, are more closely related to temperature variation and to precipitation, respectively, than they are to mean thermal conditions. By contrast, critical thermal minimum is related to mean annual temperature. Our results suggest that temperature variation and precipitation regimes have had a strong influence on the evolution of ectotherm performance, so that forecasts for animal responses to climate change will have to incorporate these factors and not only changes in average temperature.}, }
@article {pmid21594070, year = {2011}, author = {Davis, DR and De Prins, J}, title = {Systematics and biology of the new genus Macrosaccus with descriptions of two new species (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {98}, pages = {29-82}, pmid = {21594070}, issn = {1313-2970}, abstract = {The new genus Macrosaccus Davis &amp; De Prins is proposed for three species formerly assigned to the genus Phyllonorycter: Macrosaccus robiniella (Clemens), Macrosaccus morrisella (Fitch), and Macrosaccus uhlerella (Fitch); two new, closely related species: Macrosaccus neomexicanus Davis and Macrosaccus gliricidius Davis, are also proposed. Descriptions of the adults, pupae, larvae, life histories, and distributions are supplemented with photographs, line drawings, and scanning electron micrographs. Larvae of all species are serpentine/blotch leaf miners on various genera of the plant family Fabaceae. The genus is endemic to the New World, with the invasive species Macrosaccus robiniella now widely established in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid21592276, year = {2011}, author = {Eldridge, DJ and Bowker, MA and Maestre, FT and Roger, E and Reynolds, JF and Whitford, WG}, title = {Impacts of shrub encroachment on ecosystem structure and functioning: towards a global synthesis.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {709-722}, pmid = {21592276}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {242658/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Plants ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Encroachment of woody plants into grasslands has generated considerable interest among ecologists. Syntheses of encroachment effects on ecosystem processes have been limited in extent and confined largely to pastoral land uses or particular geographical regions. We used univariate analyses, meta-analysis and structural equation modelling to test the propositions that (1) shrub encroachment does not necessarily lead to declines in ecosystem functions and (2) shrub traits influence the functional outcome of encroachment. Analyses of 43 ecosystem attributes from 244 case studies worldwide showed that some attributes consistently increased with encroachment (e.g. soil C, N), and others declined (e.g. grass cover, pH), but most exhibited variable responses. Traits of shrubs were associated with significant, though weak, structural and functional outcomes of encroachment. Our review revealed that encroachment had mixed effects on ecosystem structure and functioning at global scales, and that shrub traits influence the functional outcome of encroachment. Thus, a simple designation of encroachment as a process leading to functionally, structurally or contextually degraded ecosystems is not supported by a critical analysis of existing literature. Our results highlight that the commonly established link between shrub encroachment and degradation is not universal.}, }
@article {pmid21592274, year = {2011}, author = {Vilà, M and Espinar, JL and Hejda, M and Hulme, PE and Jarošík, V and Maron, JL and Pergl, J and Schaffner, U and Sun, Y and Pyšek, P}, title = {Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: a meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {702-708}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01628.x}, pmid = {21592274}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions cause ecological and economic impacts across the globe. However, it is unclear whether there are strong patterns in terms of their major effects, how the vulnerability of different ecosystems varies and which ecosystem services are at greatest risk. We present a global meta-analysis of 199 articles reporting 1041 field studies that in total describe the impacts of 135 alien plant taxa on resident species, communities and ecosystems. Across studies, alien plants had a significant effect in 11 of 24 different types of impact assessed. The magnitude and direction of the impact varied both within and between different types of impact. On average, abundance and diversity of the resident species decreased in invaded sites, whereas primary production and several ecosystem processes were enhanced. While alien N-fixing species had greater impacts on N-cycling variables, they did not consistently affect other impact types. The magnitude of the impacts was not significantly different between island and mainland ecosystems. Overall, alien species impacts are heterogeneous and not unidirectional even within particular impact types. Our analysis also reveals that by the time changes in nutrient cycling are detected, major impacts on plant species and communities are likely to have already occurred.}, }
@article {pmid21589656, year = {2011}, author = {Carrion, V and Donlan, CJ and Campbell, KJ and Lavoie, C and Cruz, F}, title = {Archipelago-wide island restoration in the Galápagos Islands: reducing costs of invasive mammal eradication programs and reinvasion risk.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {e18835}, pmid = {21589656}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; *Cost Control ; *Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; Goats ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien mammals are the major driver of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation on islands. Over the past three decades, invasive mammal eradication from islands has become one of society's most powerful tools for preventing extinction of insular endemics and restoring insular ecosystems. As practitioners tackle larger islands for restoration, three factors will heavily influence success and outcomes: the degree of local support, the ability to mitigate for non-target impacts, and the ability to eradicate non-native species more cost-effectively. Investments in removing invasive species, however, must be weighed against the risk of reintroduction. One way to reduce reintroduction risks is to eradicate the target invasive species from an entire archipelago, and thus eliminate readily available sources. We illustrate the costs and benefits of this approach with the efforts to remove invasive goats from the Galápagos Islands. Project Isabela, the world's largest island restoration effort to date, removed >140,000 goats from >500,000 ha for a cost of US$10.5 million. Leveraging the capacity built during Project Isabela, and given that goat reintroductions have been common over the past decade, we implemented an archipelago-wide goat eradication strategy. Feral goats remain on three islands in the archipelago, and removal efforts are underway. Efforts on the Galápagos Islands demonstrate that for some species, island size is no longer the limiting factor with respect to eradication. Rather, bureaucratic processes, financing, political will, and stakeholder approval appear to be the new challenges. Eradication efforts have delivered a suite of biodiversity benefits that are in the process of revealing themselves. The costs of rectifying intentional reintroductions are high in terms of financial and human resources. Reducing the archipelago-wide goat density to low levels is a technical approach to reducing reintroduction risk in the short-term, and is being complemented with a longer-term social approach focused on education and governance.}, }
@article {pmid21572951, year = {2011}, author = {Barbour, AB and Allen, MS and Frazer, TK and Sherman, KD}, title = {Evaluating the potential efficacy of invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans) removals.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {e19666}, pmid = {21572951}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aging/physiology ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Computer Simulation ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Models, Biological ; North Carolina ; Perciformes/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The lionfish, Pterois volitans (Linnaeus) and Pterois miles (Bennett), invasion of the Western Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico has the potential to alter aquatic communities and represents a legitimate ecological concern. Several local removal programs have been initiated to control this invasion, but it is not known whether removal efforts can substantially reduce lionfish numbers to ameliorate these concerns. We used an age-structured population model to evaluate the potential efficacy of lionfish removal programs and identified critical data gaps for future studies. We used high and low estimates for uncertain parameters including: length at 50% vulnerability to harvest (L(vul)), instantaneous natural mortality (M), and the Goodyear compensation ratio (CR). The model predicted an annual exploitation rate between 35 and 65% would be required to cause recruitment overfishing on lionfish populations for our baseline parameter estimates for M and CR (0.5 and 15). Lionfish quickly recovered from high removal rates, reaching 90% of unfished biomass six years after a 50-year simulated removal program. Quantifying lionfish natural mortality and the size-selective vulnerability to harvest are the most important knowledge gaps for future research. We suggest complete eradication of lionfish through fishing is unlikely, and substantial reduction of adult abundance will require a long-term commitment and may be feasible only in small, localized areas where annual exploitation can be intense over multiple consecutive years.}, }
@article {pmid21569136, year = {2011}, author = {Gonthier, P and Garbelotto, M}, title = {Amplified fragment length polymorphism and sequence analyses reveal massive gene introgression from the European fungal pathogen Heterobasidion annosum into its introduced congener H. irregulare.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {13}, pages = {2756-2770}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05121.x}, pmid = {21569136}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis/*methods ; Basidiomycota/classification/*genetics ; Bayes Theorem ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry ; Gene Flow ; Genome, Fungal/*genetics ; Genotype ; Hybridization, Genetic/*genetics ; Introduced Species ; Italy ; Molecular Sequence Data ; North America ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic/*genetics ; Recombination, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The paucity of fungal species known to be currently hybridizing has significantly hindered our understanding of the mechanisms driving gene introgression in these eukaryotic microbes. Here, we describe an area of hybridization and gene introgression between the invasive plant pathogen Heterobasidion irregulare (introduced from North America) and the native H. annosum in Italy. A STRUCTURE analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphism data for 267 individuals identified gene introgression in 8-42% of genotypes in the invasion area, depending on site. Data indicate that introgression is mostly occurring unilaterally from the native to the invasive species and is responsible for 5-45% of genomes in admixed individuals. Sequence analysis of 11 randomly selected and unlinked loci for 30 individuals identified introgression at every locus, thus confirming interspecific gene flow involves a large number of loci. In 37 cases, we documented movement of entire alleles between the two species, but in 7 cases, we also documented the creation of new alleles through intralocus recombination. Sequence analysis did not identify enrichment of either transcriptionally different nonsynonymous alleles or of transcriptionally identical synonymous alleles. These findings may suggest introgression is occurring randomly for extant alleles without an obvious enrichment process driven by selection. However, further studies are needed to ensure selection is not at work elsewhere in the genome.}, }
@article {pmid21569036, year = {2011}, author = {Xia, HB and Xia, H and Ellstrand, NC and Yang, C and Lu, BR}, title = {Rapid evolutionary divergence and ecotypic diversification of germination behavior in weedy rice populations.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {191}, number = {4}, pages = {1119-1127}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03766.x}, pmid = {21569036}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Biological Evolution ; China ; *Ecotype ; Environment ; *Germination ; Linear Models ; Oryza/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Plant Dormancy ; Plant Weeds/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Seeds/genetics/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Soil ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Feral plants have evolved from well-studied crops, providing good systems for elucidation of how weediness evolves. As yet, they have been largely neglected for this purpose. The evolution of weediness can occur by simple back mutations in domestication genes (domestication in reverse). Whether the evolutionary steps to weediness always occur in reverse remains largely unknown. We examined seed germination behavior in recently evolved weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) populations and their coexisting cultivars in eastern and north-eastern China to address whether 'dedomestication' is the simple reverse of domestication. We found that these weedy populations did not diverge from their progenitors by reverting to the pre-domestication trait of seed dormancy. Instead, they have evolved a novel mechanism to avoid growing in inappropriate environments via changes in critical temperature cues for seed germination. Furthermore, we found evidence for subsequent ecotypic divergence of these populations such that the critical temperature for germination correlates with the local habitat temperature at latitudinal gradients. The origins of problematic plant species, weeds and invasives, have already been studied in detail. These plants can thus be used as systems for studying rapid evolution. To determine whether and how that evolution is adaptive, experiments such as those described here can be performed.}, }
@article {pmid21566170, year = {2011}, author = {Carpenter, J}, title = {Biocontrol. Loosing the louse on Europe's largest invasive pest.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {332}, number = {6031}, pages = {781}, doi = {10.1126/science.332.6031.781}, pmid = {21566170}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Fallopia japonica/growth &amp; development ; *Hemiptera/growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; *Plant Weeds/growth &amp; development ; United Kingdom ; Weed Control/*methods ; }, }
@article {pmid21565099, year = {2010}, author = {Estoup, A and Baird, SJ and Ray, N and Currat, M and Cornuet, JM and Santos, F and Beaumont, MA and Excoffier, L}, title = {Combining genetic, historical and geographical data to reconstruct the dynamics of bioinvasions: application to the cane toad Bufo marinus.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {886-901}, doi = {10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02882.x}, pmid = {21565099}, issn = {1755-0998}, abstract = {We developed a spatially explicit model of a bioinvasion and used an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) framework to make various inferences from a combination of genetic (microsatellite genotypes), historical (first observation dates) and geographical (spatial coordinates of introduction and sampled sites) information. Our method aims to discriminate between alternative introduction scenarios and to estimate posterior densities of demographically relevant parameters of the invasive process. The performance of our landscape-ABC method is assessed using simulated data sets differing in their information content (genetic and/or historical data). We apply our methodology to the recent introduction and spatial expansion of the cane toad, Bufo marinus, in northern Australia. We find that, at least in the context of cane toad invasion, historical data are more informative than genetic data for discriminating between introduction scenarios. However, the combination of historical and genetic data provides the most accurate estimates of demographic parameters. For the cane toad, we find some evidence for a strong bottleneck prior to introduction, a small initial number of founder individuals (about 15), a large population growth rate (about 400% per generation), a standard deviation of dispersal distance of 19 km per generation and a high invasion speed at equilibrium (50 km per year). Our approach strengthens the application of the ABC method to the field of bioinvasion by allowing statistical inferences to be made on the introduction and the spatial expansion dynamics of invasive species using a combination of various relevant sources of information.}, }
@article {pmid21565041, year = {2010}, author = {Lara, A and Ponce de León, JL and Rodríguez, R and Casane, D and Côté, G and Bernatchez, L and García-Machado, E}, title = {DNA barcoding of Cuban freshwater fishes: evidence for cryptic species and taxonomic conflicts.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {421-430}, doi = {10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02785.x}, pmid = {21565041}, issn = {1755-0998}, abstract = {Despite ongoing efforts to protect species and ecosystems in Cuba, habitat degradation, overuse and introduction of alien species have posed serious challenges to native freshwater fish species. In spite of the accumulated knowledge on the systematics of this freshwater ichthyofauna, recent results suggested that we are far from having a complete picture of the Cuban freshwater fish diversity. It is estimated that 40% of freshwater Cuban fish are endemic; however, this number may be even higher. Partial sequences (652 bp) of the mitochondrial gene COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) were used to barcode 126 individuals, representing 27 taxonomically recognized species in 17 genera and 10 families. Analysis was based on Kimura 2-parameter genetic distances, and for four genera a character-based analysis (population aggregation analysis) was also used. The mean conspecific, congeneric and confamiliar genetic distances were 0.6%, 9.1% and 20.2% respectively. Molecular species identification was in concordance with current taxonomical classification in 96.4% of cases, and based on the neighbour-joining trees, in all but one instance, members of a given genera clustered within the same clade. Within the genus Gambusia, genetic divergence analysis suggests that there may be at least four cryptic species. In contrast, low genetic divergence and a lack of diagnostic sites suggest that Rivulus insulaepinorum may be conspecific with Rivulus cylindraceus. Distance and character-based analysis were completely concordant, suggesting that they complement species identification. Overall, the results evidenced the usefulness of the DNA barcodes for cataloguing Cuban freshwater fish species and for identifying those groups that deserve further taxonomic attention.}, }
@article {pmid21563589, year = {2011}, author = {Moore, JL and Hauser, CE and Bear, JL and Williams, NS and McCarthy, MA}, title = {Estimating detection-effort curves for plants using search experiments.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {601-607}, doi = {10.1890/10-0590.1}, pmid = {21563589}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Asteraceae/*physiology ; Australia ; Demography ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Observer Variation ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Recent studies suggest that plant detection is not perfect, even for large, highly visible plants. However, this is often not taken into account during plant surveys where failing to detect a plant when present can result in poor management and biodiversity outcomes. Including knowledge of imperfect detectability into survey design and evaluation is hampered by the paucity of empirical data, and in particular, how detectability will change with search effort, plant size and abundance, the surrounding vegetation, or observer experience. We carried out a search experiment to measure the detection-effort curve for the invasive species orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum) in Victoria, Australia. The probability that hawkweed was detected increased with increasing search effort and the number of plants at the location. While detection probability varied between observers, experience appeared to have little effect. Accounting for imperfect detectability in plant surveys holds much promise for improved survey design and biodiversity outcomes, and we encourage other researchers to undertake similar experiments to further our understanding of plant detectability.}, }
@article {pmid21563586, year = {2011}, author = {Hogg, BN and Daane, KM}, title = {Ecosystem services in the face of invasion: the persistence of native and nonnative spiders in an agricultural landscape.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {565-576}, doi = {10.1890/10-0496.1}, pmid = {21563586}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Animals ; California ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Spiders/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The presence of intact natural ecosystems in agricultural landscapes can mitigate losses in the diversity of natural enemies and enhance ecosystem services. However, native natural enemies may fail to persist in agroecosystems if invaders dominate species interactions. In this study, native and nonnative spiders were sampled along transects that extended from oak woodland and riparian zones into surrounding California vineyards, to assess the role of natural habitat as a source for spider biodiversity in the vineyard landscape, and to compare the dominance of exotic Cheiracanthium spiders between habitats. Many spider species were more abundant in natural habitat than in vineyards, and numbers of spiders and spider species within vineyards were higher at the vineyard edge adjacent to oak woodland. These results suggest that natural habitat is a key source for spiders in vineyards. The positive effect of oak woodland on the vineyard spider community extended only to the vineyard edge, however. Proportions of Cheiracanthium spiders increased dramatically in the vineyard, while numbers of native wandering spiders (the native ecological homologues of Cheiracanthium spiders) decreased. Dispersal limitation and strong habitat preferences may have prevented native wandering spiders from establishing far from the vineyard edge. Exotic Cheiracanthium spiders, in contrast, may possess specific adaptations to vineyards or to a wide range of habitats. Results suggest that the ecosystem services provided by intact natural habitat may be limited in agricultural landscapes that are dominated by invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid21563579, year = {2011}, author = {James, JJ and Drenovsky, RE and Monaco, TA and Rinella, MJ}, title = {Managing soil nitrogen to restore annual grass-infested plant communities: effective strategy or incomplete framework?.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {490-502}, doi = {10.1890/10-0280.1}, pmid = {21563579}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*chemistry ; *Plant Development ; Plants/*classification ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Theoretical and empirical work has established a positive relationship between resource availability and habitat invasibility. For nonnative invasive annual grasses, similar to other invasive species, invader success has been tied most often to increased nitrogen (N) availability. These observations have led to the logical assumption that managing soils for low N availability will facilitate restoration of invasive plant-dominated systems. Although invasive annual grasses pose a serious threat to a number of perennial-dominated ecosystems worldwide, there has been no quantitative synthesis evaluating the degree to which soil N management may facilitate restoration efforts. We used meta-analysis to evaluate the degree to which soil N management impacts growth and competitive ability of annual and perennial grass seedlings. We then link our analysis to current theories of plant ecological strategies and community assembly to improve our ability to understand how soil N management may be used to restore annual grass-dominated communities. Across studies, annual grasses maintained higher growth rates and greater biomass and tiller production than perennials under low and high N availability. We found no evidence that lowering N availability fundamentally alters competitive interactions between annual and perennial grass seedlings. Competitive effects of annual neighbors on perennial targets were similar under low and high N availability. Moreover, in most cases perennials grown under competition in high-N soils produced more biomass than perennials grown under competition in low-N soils. While these findings counter current restoration and soil N management assumptions, these results are consistent with current plant ecological strategy and community assembly theory. Based on our results and these theories we argue that, in restoration scenarios in which the native plant community is being reassembled from seed, soil N management will have no direct positive effect on native plant establishment unless invasive plant propagule pools and priority effects are controlled the first growing season.}, }
@article {pmid21563565, year = {2011}, author = {Conley, AK and Watling, JI and Orrock, JL}, title = {Invasive plant alters ability to predict disease vector distribution.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {329-334}, doi = {10.1890/10-0543.1}, pmid = {21563565}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Encephalitis, California/transmission ; Female ; Insect Vectors/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; La Crosse virus ; Lonicera/*physiology ; Oviposition ; }, abstract = {Risk models for vector-borne diseases rely on accurate quantification of the relationship between vector abundance and habitat, but this relationship can be obscured if habitats are modified by invasive species in ways that alter vector behavior but are undetectable in remotely sensed data. At a forest in eastern Missouri we assessed whether the presence of an invasive shrub, Amur honeysuckle, Lonicera maackii, affects oviposition by treehole mosquitoes, Aedes triseriatus, a primary vector of La Crosse virus in the United States. Oviposition significantly decreased with increasing density of L. maackii. Moreover, our results indicate that L. maackii may hinder the efficacy of models that use remotely sensed data to predict vector abundance: there was a strong relationship between landscape composition around plots and oviposition, but only in plots not invaded by L. maackii. Overlooking potentially important but cryptic effects of invasive plants on habitat selection by vectors may undermine accurate forecasting of disease risk.}, }
@article {pmid21561472, year = {2011}, author = {Stuble, KL and Kirkman, LK and Carroll, CR and Sanders, NJ}, title = {Relative effects of disturbance on red imported fire ants and native ant species in a longleaf pine ecosystem.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {618-622}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01634.x}, pmid = {21561472}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Pinus ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The degree to which changes in community composition mediate the probability of colonization and spread of non-native species is not well understood, especially in animal communities. High species richness may hinder the establishment of non-native species. Distinguishing between this scenario and cases in which non-native species become established in intact (lacking extensive anthropogenic soil disturbance) communities and subsequently diminish the abundance and richness of native species is challenging on the basis of observation alone. The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), an invasive species that occurs throughout much of the southeastern United States, is such an example. Rather than competitively displacing native species, fire ants may become established only in disturbed areas in which native species richness and abundance are already reduced. We used insecticide to reduce the abundance of native ants and fire ants in four experimental plots. We then observed the reassembly and reestablishment of the ants in these plots for 1 year after treatment. The abundance of fire ants in treated plots did not differ from abundance in control plots 1 year after treatment. Likewise, the abundance of native ants increased to levels comparable to those in control plots after 1 year. Our findings suggest that factors other than large reductions in ant abundance and species density (number of species per unit area) may affect the establishment of fire ants and that the response of native ants and fire ants to disturbance can be comparable.}, }
@article {pmid21561315, year = {2011}, author = {Demon, I and Cunniffe, NJ and Marchant, BP and Gilligan, CA and van den Bosch, F}, title = {Spatial sampling to detect an invasive pathogen outside of an eradication zone.}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {101}, number = {6}, pages = {725-731}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-05-09-0120}, pmid = {21561315}, issn = {0031-949X}, support = {BBS/E/C/00004942/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BBS/E/C/00004943/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; Demography/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Disease Outbreaks ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Statistical ; Normal Distribution ; Plant Diseases/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Probability ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sampling Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive pathogens are known to cause major damage to the environments they invade. Effective control of such invasive pathogens depends on early detection. In this paper we focus on sampling with the aim of detecting an invasive pathogen. To that end, we introduce the concept of optimized spatial sampling, using spatial simulated annealing, to plant pathology. It has been mathematically proven (15) that this optimization method converges to the optimum allocation of sampling points that give the largest detection probability. We show the benefits of the method to plant pathology by (i) first illustrating that optimized spatial sampling can easily be applied for disease detection, and then we show that (ii) combining it with a spatially explicit epidemic model, we can develop optimum sample schemes, i.e., optimum locations to sample that maximize the probability of detecting an invasive pathogen. This method is then used as baseline against which other sampling methods can be tested for their accuracy. For the specific example case of this paper, we test (i) random sampling, (ii) stratified sampling as well as (iii) sampling based on the output of the simulation model (using the most frequently infected hosts as sample points), and (iv) sampling the hosts closest to the outbreak point.}, }
@article {pmid21560679, year = {2011}, author = {Jongejans, E and Shea, K and Skarpaas, O and Kelly, D and Ellner, SP}, title = {Importance of individual and environmental variation for invasive species spread: a spatial integral projection model.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {1}, pages = {86-97}, doi = {10.1890/09-2226.1}, pmid = {21560679}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Carduus/*physiology ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; }, abstract = {Plant survival, growth, and flowering are size dependent in many plant populations but also vary among individuals of the same size. This individual variation, along with variation in dispersal caused by differences in, e.g., seed release height, seed characteristics, and wind speed, is a key determinant of the spread rate of species through homogeneous landscapes. Here we develop spatial integral projection models (SIPMs) that include both demography and dispersal with continuous state variables. The advantage of this novel approach over discrete-stage spread models is that the effect of variation in plant size and size-dependent vital rates can be studied at much higher resolution. Comparing Neubert-Caswell matrix models to SIPMs allowed us to assess the importance of including individual variation in the models. As a test case we parameterized a SIPM with previously published data on the invasive monocarpic thistle Carduus nutans in New Zealand. Spread rate (c*) estimates were 34% lower than for standard spatial matrix models and stabilized with as few as seven evenly distributed size classes. The SIPM allowed us to calculate spread rate elasticities over the range of plant sizes, showing the size range of seedlings that contributed most to c* through their survival, growth and reproduction. The annual transitions of these seedlings were also the most important ones for local population growth (lambda). However, seedlings that reproduced within a year contributed relatively more to c* than to lambda. In contrast, plants that grow over several years to reach a large size and produce many more seeds, contributed relatively more to lambda than to c*. We show that matrix models pick up some of these details, while other details disappear within wide size classes. Our results show that SIPMs integrate various sources of variation much better than discrete-stage matrix models. Simpler, heuristic models, however, remain very valuable in studies where the main goal is to investigate the general impact of a life history stage on population dynamics. We conclude with a discussion of future extensions of SIPMs, including incorporation of continuous time and environmental drivers.}, }
@article {pmid21560677, year = {2011}, author = {Yelenik, SG and Levine, JM}, title = {The role of plant-soil feedbacks in driving native-species recovery.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {1}, pages = {66-74}, doi = {10.1890/10-0465.1}, pmid = {21560677}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Artemisia/*physiology ; California ; *Ecosystem ; Eriogonum/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Population Growth ; Seedlings ; Soil/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {The impacts of exotic plants on soil nutrient cycling are often hypothesized to reinforce their dominance, but this mechanism is rarely tested, especially in relation to other ecological factors. In this manuscript we evaluate the influence of biogeochemically mediated plant-soil feedbacks on native shrub recovery in an invaded island ecosystem. The introduction of exotic grasses and grazing to Santa Cruz Island, California, USA, converted native shrublands (dominated by Artemisia californica and Eriogonum arborescens) into exotic-dominated grasslands (dominated by Avena barbata) over a century ago, altering nutrient-cycling regimes. To test the hypothesis that exotic grass impacts on soils alter reestablishment of native plants, we implemented a field-based soil transplant experiment in three years that varied widely in rainfall. Our results showed that growth of Avena and Artemisia seedlings was greater on soils influenced by their heterospecific competitor. Theory suggests that the resulting plant-soil feedback should facilitate the recovery of Artemisia in grasslands, although four years of monitoring showed no such recovery, despite ample seed rain. By contrast, we found that species effects on soils lead to weak to negligible feedbacks for Eriogonum arborescens, yet this shrub readily colonized the grasslands. Thus, plant-soil feedbacks quantified under natural climate and competitive conditions did not match native-plant recovery patterns. We also found that feedbacks changed with climate and competition regimes, and that these latter factors generally had stronger effects on seedling growth than species effects on soils. We conclude that even when plant-soil feedbacks influence the balance between native and exotic species, their influence may be small relative to other ecological processes.}, }
@article {pmid21558196, year = {2010}, author = {Thomsen, MS and Wernberg, T and Altieri, A and Tuya, F and Gulbransen, D and McGlathery, KJ and Holmer, M and Silliman, BR}, title = {Habitat cascades: the conceptual context and global relevance of facilitation cascades via habitat formation and modification.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, pages = {158-175}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icq042}, pmid = {21558196}, issn = {1557-7023}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; }, abstract = {The importance of positive interactions is increasingly acknowledged in contemporary ecology. Most research has focused on direct positive effects of one species on another. However, there is recent evidence that indirect positive effects in the form of facilitation cascades can also structure species abundances and biodiversity. Here we conceptualize a specific type of facilitation cascade-the habitat cascade. The habitat cascade is defined as indirect positive effects on focal organisms mediated by successive facilitation in the form of biogenic formation or modification of habitat. Based on a literature review, we demonstrate that habitat cascades are a general phenomenon that enhances species abundance and diversity in forests, salt marshes, seagrass meadows, and seaweed beds. Habitat cascades are characterized by a hierarchy of facilitative interactions in which a basal habitat former (typically a large primary producer, e.g., a tree) creates living space for an intermediate habitat former (e.g., an epiphyte) that in turn creates living space for the focal organisms (e.g., spiders, beetles, and mites). We then present new data on a habitat cascade common to soft-bottom estuaries in which a relatively small invertebrate provides basal habitat for larger intermediate seaweeds that, in turn, generate habitat for focal invertebrates and epiphytes. We propose that indirect positive effects on focal organisms will be strongest when the intermediate habitat former is larger and different in form and function from the basal habitat former. We also discuss how humans create, modify, and destroy habitat cascades via global habitat destruction, climatic change, over-harvesting, pollution, or transfer of invasive species. Finally, we outline future directions for research that will lead to a better understanding of habitat cascades.}, }
@article {pmid21556935, year = {2011}, author = {Januchowski-Hartley, S and VanDerWal, J and Sydes, D}, title = {Effective control of aquatic invasive species in tropical Australia.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {48}, number = {3}, pages = {568-576}, pmid = {21556935}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Olea/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Poaceae/classification/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Regression Analysis ; Tropical Climate ; Water ; }, abstract = {Often ecologists and natural resource managers can easily access data on invasive species occurrence across a region. Yet, collecting species abundance data over a large area is arguably more important for decision making, but inherently costly, so methods which can provide robust information at low-cost are particularly valuable. Studies of species distribution often use occurrence data to build models of the environmental niche. Environmental suitability derived from such models may be used to predict the potential distributions of species. The ability of such models to predict spatial patterns in abundance have recently been demonstrated. Here we tested the relationship of environmental suitability with local abundance of an aquatic invasive species, olive hymenachne (Hymenachne amplexicaulis) in the Wet Tropics of Australia. Ordinary least squares and quantile regressions revealed a positive relationship between environmental suitability and local abundance of olive hymenachne. We expand on this and use the relationship between environmental suitability and local abundance to quantify the effectiveness of management (reduction in local abundance) under four different management investments. We show that the upper limit of abundance can be used to evaluate management effectiveness based on varying investments, and that ongoing management is the most effective at reducing local abundance. We discuss implications of this in addressing important problems in invasive species management.}, }
@article {pmid21549122, year = {2011}, author = {Trompeter, WP and Langkilde, T}, title = {Invader danger: lizards faced with novel predators exhibit an altered behavioral response to stress.}, journal = {Hormones and behavior}, volume = {60}, number = {2}, pages = {152-158}, doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.04.001}, pmid = {21549122}, issn = {1095-6867}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/physiology ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects/*physiology ; Body Temperature/drug effects ; Corticosterone/*blood/pharmacology ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards ; Stress, Psychological/blood/*physiopathology ; }, abstract = {Animals respond to stressors by producing glucocorticoid stress hormones, such as corticosterone (CORT). CORT acts too slowly to trigger immediate behavioral responses to a threat, but can change longer-term behavior, facilitating an individual's survival to subsequent threats. To be adaptive, the nature of an animal's behavior following elevated CORT levels should be matched to the predominant threats that they face. Seeking refuge following a stressful encounter could be beneficial if the predominant predator is a visual hunter, but may prove detrimental when the predominant predator is able to enter these refuge sites. As a result, an individual's behavior when their CORT levels are high may differ among populations of a single species. Invasive species impose novel pressures on native populations, which may select for a shift in their behavior when CORT levels are high. We tested whether the presence of predatory invasive fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) at a site affects the behavioral response of native eastern fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) to elevated CORT levels. Lizards from an uninvaded site were more likely to hide when their CORT levels were experimentally elevated; a response that likely provides a survival advantage for lizards faced with native predatory threats (e.g. birds and snakes). Lizards from a fire ant invaded site showed the opposite response; spending more time moving and up on the basking log when their CORT levels were elevated. Use of the basking log likely reflects a refuge-seeking behavior, rather than thermoregulatory activity, as selected body temperatures were not affected by CORT. Fleeing off the ground may prove more effective than hiding for lizards that regularly encounter small, terrestrially-foraging fire ant predators. This study suggests that invasive species may alter the relationship between the physiological and behavioral stress response of native species.}, }
@article {pmid21545419, year = {2011}, author = {Matsubayashi, KW and Kahono, S and Katakura, H}, title = {Divergent host plant specialization as the critical driving force in speciation between populations of a phytophagous ladybird beetle.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {24}, number = {7}, pages = {1421-1432}, doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02274.x}, pmid = {21545419}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; DNA, Intergenic/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Demography ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Genetic Speciation ; Genetic Variation ; Indonesia ; Introduced Species ; Lamiaceae ; Larva/physiology ; Mikania ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Detecting the isolating barrier that arises earliest in speciation is critically important to understanding the mechanism of species formation. We tested isolating barriers between host races of a phytophagous ladybird beetle, Henosepilachna diekei (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Epilachnine), that occur sympatrically on distinct host plants. We conducted field surveys for the distribution of the beetles and host plants, rearing experiments to measure six potential isolating factors (adult host preference, adult and larval host performance, sexual isolation, egg hatchability, F(1) hybrid inviability, and sexual selection against F(1) hybrids), and molecular analyses of mitochondrial ND2 and the nuclear ITS2 sequences. We found significant genetic divergence between the host races, and extremely divergent host preference (i.e. habitat isolation) and host performance (i.e. immigrant inviability), but no other isolating barriers. The fidelity to particular host plants arises first and alone can prevent gene flow between differentiating populations of phytophagous specialists.}, }
@article {pmid21543105, year = {2011}, author = {Jin, X and Zha, J and Xu, Y and Wang, Z and Kumaran, SS}, title = {Derivation of aquatic predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for 2,4-dichlorophenol: comparing native species data with non-native species data.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {84}, number = {10}, pages = {1506-1511}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.033}, pmid = {21543105}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*drug effects ; Bivalvia/drug effects ; Chlorophenols/*toxicity ; Cyprinidae ; Endocrine Disruptors/*toxicity ; Introduced Species ; No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level ; Palaemonidae/drug effects ; Plants/drug effects ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; Water Pollution, Chemical/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) is known as an important chemical intermediate and an environmental endocrine disruptor. There is no paper dealing with the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of 2,4-DCP, mainly due to shortage of chronic and site-specific toxicity data. In the present study, toxicity data was obtained from the tests using six Chinese native aquatic species. The HC(5) (hazardous concentration for 5% of species) was derived based on the constructed species sensitivity distribution (SSD), which was compared with that derived from literature toxicity data of non-native species. For invertebrates, the survival no-observed effect concentrations (NOECs) were 0.05 and 1.00 mg L(-1) for Macrobrachium superbum and Corbicula fluminea, respectively. NOECs based on fishes' growth were 0.10, 0.20 and 0.40 mg L(-1) for Mylopharyngodon piceus, Plagiognathops microlepis and Erythroculter ilishaeformis, respectively. For aquatic plant Soirodela polyrhiza, NOEC based on concentration of chlorophyll was 1.00 mg L(-1). A final PNEC calculated using the SSD approach with a 50% certainty based on different taxa ranged between 0.008 and 0.045 mg L(-1). There is no significant difference between HC(5) derived from native and that from non-native taxa.}, }
@article {pmid21537605, year = {2011}, author = {Alho, CJ and Mamede, S and Bitencourt, K and Benites, M}, title = {Introduced species in the Pantanal: implications for conservation.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {71}, number = {1 Suppl 1}, pages = {321-325}, doi = {10.1590/s1519-69842011000200011}, pmid = {21537605}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Land use and human occupation within the natural habitats of the Pantanal have facilitated introduction of invasive species of plants and animals, including domestic species. Exotic species threaten regional biodiversity because they modify ecological community structure, alter natural habitats and affect local biodiversity. An international organisation, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the Brazilian government, identify invasive species as the third most important threat to biodiversity, following habitat loss and direct effect on species. In addition, exotic species carry pathogens or may function as vectors or reservoirs for diseases that affect regional biota.}, }
@article {pmid21541340, year = {2011}, author = {Hartigan, A and Fiala, I and Dyková, I and Jirků, M and Okimoto, B and Rose, K and Phalen, DN and Šlapeta, J}, title = {A suspected parasite spill-back of two novel Myxidium spp. (Myxosporea) causing disease in Australian endemic frogs found in the invasive Cane toad.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {e18871}, pmid = {21541340}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Australia ; Axons/parasitology/pathology ; Brain/parasitology/pathology/ultrastructure ; Brazil ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Endangered Species ; Genotype ; Geography ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/parasitology/ultrastructure ; Life Cycle Stages ; Liver/parasitology/pathology/ultrastructure ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Myelin Sheath/parasitology ; Myxozoa/cytology/genetics/*physiology ; Parasites/cytology/genetics/*physiology ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/*parasitology ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Infectious diseases are contributing to the decline of endangered amphibians. We identified myxosporean parasites, Myxidium spp. (Myxosporea: Myxozoa), in the brain and liver of declining native frogs, the Green and Golden Bell frog (Litoria aurea) and the Southern Bell frog (Litoria raniformis). We unequivocally identified two Myxidium spp. (both generalist) affecting Australian native frogs and the invasive Cane toad (Bufo marinus, syn. Rhinella marina) and demonstrated their association with disease. Our study tested the identity of Myxidium spp. within native frogs and the invasive Cane toad (brought to Australia in 1935, via Hawaii) to resolve the question whether the Cane toad introduced them to Australia. We showed that the Australian brain and liver Myxidium spp. differed 9%, 7%, 34% and 37% at the small subunit rDNA, large subunit rDNA, internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2, but were distinct from Myxidium cf. immersum from Cane toads in Brazil. Plotting minimum within-group distance against maximum intra-group distance confirmed their independent evolutionary trajectory. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the brain stages localize inside axons. Myxospores were morphologically indistinguishable, therefore genetic characterisation was necessary to recognise these cryptic species. It is unlikely that the Cane toad brought the myxosporean parasites to Australia, because the parasites were not found in 261 Hawaiian Cane toads. Instead, these data support the enemy-release hypothesis predicting that not all parasites are translocated with their hosts and suggest that the Cane toad may have played an important spill-back role in their emergence and facilitated their dissemination. This work emphasizes the importance of accurate species identification of pathogens relevant to wildlife management and disease control. In our case it is paving the road for the spill-back role of the Cane toad and the parasite emergence.}, }
@article {pmid21541309, year = {2011}, author = {Zerebecki, RA and Sorte, CJ}, title = {Temperature tolerance and stress proteins as mechanisms of invasive species success.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {e14806}, pmid = {21541309}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Geography ; Heat-Shock Proteins/*metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Temperature ; Urochordata/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are predicted to be more successful than natives as temperatures increase with climate change. However, few studies have examined the physiological mechanisms that theoretically underlie this differential success. Because correlative evidence suggests that invasiveness is related to the width of a species' latitudinal range, it has been assumed--but largely untested--that range width predicts breadth of habitat temperatures and physiological thermotolerances. In this study, we use empirical data from a marine community as a case study to address the hypotheses that (1) geographic temperature range attributes are related to temperature tolerance, leading to greater eurythermality in invasive species, and (2) stress protein expression is a subcellular mechanism that could contribute to differences in thermotolerance. We examined three native and six invasive species common in the subtidal epibenthic communities of California, USA. We assessed thermotolerance by exposing individuals to temperatures between 14°C and 31°C and determining the temperature lethal to 50% of individuals (LT(50)) after a 24 hour exposure. We found a strong positive relationship between the LT(50) and both maximum habitat temperatures and the breadth of temperatures experience across the species' ranges. In addition, of the species in our study, invasives tended to inhabit broader habitat temperature ranges and higher maximum temperatures. Stress protein expression may contribute to these differences: the more thermotolerant, invasive species Diplosoma listerianum expressed higher levels of a 70-kDa heat-shock protein than the less thermotolerant, native Distaplia occidentalis for which levels declined sharply above the LT(50). Our data highlight differences between native and invasive species with respect to organismal and cellular temperature tolerances. Future studies should address, across a broader phylogenetic and ecosystem scope, whether this physiological mechanism has facilitated the current success of invasive species and could lead to greater success of invasives than native species as global warming continues.}, }
@article {pmid21539736, year = {2011}, author = {Sieck, M and Ibisch, PL and Moloney, KA and Jeltsch, F}, title = {Current models broadly neglect specific needs of biodiversity conservation in protected areas under climate change.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {12}, pmid = {21539736}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Protected areas are the most common and important instrument for the conservation of biological diversity and are called for under the United Nations' Convention on Biological Diversity. Growing human population densities, intensified land-use, invasive species and increasing habitat fragmentation threaten ecosystems worldwide and protected areas are often the only refuge for endangered species. Climate change is posing an additional threat that may also impact ecosystems currently under protection. Therefore, it is of crucial importance to include the potential impact of climate change when designing future nature conservation strategies and implementing protected area management. This approach would go beyond reactive crisis management and, by necessity, would include anticipatory risk assessments. One avenue for doing so is being provided by simulation models that take advantage of the increase in computing capacity and performance that has occurred over the last two decades.Here we review the literature to determine the state-of-the-art in modeling terrestrial protected areas under climate change, with the aim of evaluating and detecting trends and gaps in the current approaches being employed, as well as to provide a useful overview and guidelines for future research.<br><br>RESULTS: Most studies apply statistical, bioclimatic envelope models and focus primarily on plant species as compared to other taxa. Very few studies utilize a mechanistic, process-based approach and none examine biotic interactions like predation and competition. Important factors like land-use, habitat fragmentation, invasion and dispersal are rarely incorporated, restricting the informative value of the resulting predictions considerably.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The general impression that emerges is that biodiversity conservation in protected areas could benefit from the application of modern modeling approaches to a greater extent than is currently reflected in the scientific literature. It is particularly true that existing models have been underutilized in testing different management options under climate change. Based on these findings we suggest a strategic framework for more effectively incorporating the impact of climate change in models exploring the effectiveness of protected areas.}, }
@article {pmid21539574, year = {2011}, author = {Moles, AT and Wallis, IR and Foley, WJ and Warton, DI and Stegen, JC and Bisigato, AJ and Cella-Pizarro, L and Clark, CJ and Cohen, PS and Cornwell, WK and Edwards, W and Ejrnaes, R and Gonzales-Ojeda, T and Graae, BJ and Hay, G and Lumbwe, FC and Magaña-Rodríguez, B and Moore, BD and Peri, PL and Poulsen, JR and Veldtman, R and von Zeipel, H and Andrew, NR and Boulter, SL and Borer, ET and Campón, FF and Coll, M and Farji-Brener, AG and De Gabriel, J and Jurado, E and Kyhn, LA and Low, B and Mulder, CPH and Reardon-Smith, K and Rodríguez-Velázquez, J and Seabloom, EW and Vesk, PA and van Cauter, A and Waldram, MS and Zheng, Z and Blendinger, PG and Enquist, BJ and Facelli, JM and Knight, T and Majer, JD and Martínez-Ramos, M and McQuillan, P and Prior, LD}, title = {Putting plant resistance traits on the map: a test of the idea that plants are better defended at lower latitudes.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {191}, number = {3}, pages = {777-788}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03732.x}, pmid = {21539574}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyanides/analysis ; Environment ; Geography ; Lipids/analysis ; Phenotype ; Plant Diseases/*immunology ; Plant Immunity ; Plant Leaves/anatomy &amp; histology/chemistry/*immunology ; Plants/anatomy &amp; histology/chemistry/*immunology ; Species Specificity ; Tannins/analysis ; }, abstract = {• It has long been believed that plant species from the tropics have higher levels of traits associated with resistance to herbivores than do species from higher latitudes. A meta-analysis recently showed that the published literature does not support this theory. However, the idea has never been tested using data gathered with consistent methods from a wide range of latitudes. • We quantified the relationship between latitude and a broad range of chemical and physical traits across 301 species from 75 sites world-wide. • Six putative resistance traits, including tannins, the concentration of lipids (an indicator of oils, waxes and resins), and leaf toughness were greater in high-latitude species. Six traits, including cyanide production and the presence of spines, were unrelated to latitude. Only ash content (an indicator of inorganic substances such as calcium oxalates and phytoliths) and the properties of species with delayed greening were higher in the tropics. • Our results do not support the hypothesis that tropical plants have higher levels of resistance traits than do plants from higher latitudes. If anything, plants have higher resistance toward the poles. The greater resistance traits of high-latitude species might be explained by the greater cost of losing a given amount of leaf tissue in low-productivity environments.}, }
@article {pmid21539218, year = {2011}, author = {Boets, P and Lock, K and Goethals, PL}, title = {Using long-term monitoring data to detect changes in macroinvertebrate species composition in the harbour of Ghent (Belgium).}, journal = {Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences}, volume = {76}, number = {1}, pages = {147-150}, pmid = {21539218}, issn = {1379-1176}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*classification/growth &amp; development/isolation &amp; purification ; Belgium ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*classification/growth &amp; development ; Rivers/chemistry ; }, }
@article {pmid21536330, year = {2011}, author = {Ekram Azim, M and Letchumanan, M and Abu Rayash, A and Shimoda, Y and Bhavsar, SP and Arhonditsis, GB}, title = {Detection of temporal trends of α- and γ-chlordane in Lake Erie fish communities using dynamic linear modeling.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {74}, number = {5}, pages = {1107-1121}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.04.019}, pmid = {21536330}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/metabolism ; Chlordan/analysis/*metabolism ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Fishes/*metabolism ; Fresh Water/*chemistry ; Insecticides/analysis/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Muscles/metabolism ; Perches/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/*metabolism ; Water Pollution, Chemical/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {Dynamic linear modeling (DLM) analysis was performed to identify the long-term temporal trends of two toxic components of the technical chlordane pesticide, α- and γ-chlordane, in skinless-boneless muscle tissues of a number of sport fish species in Lake Erie. Our analysis considers the fish length as a covariate of the chlordane concentrations. The α-chlordane models for the coho salmon, channel catfish, rainbow trout, and common carp showed continuously decreasing trends during the entire 30+ year survey period (1976-2007). The γ-chlordane models demonstrated similar trends for the coho salmon, channel catfish, and common carp. These fish species had higher levels of α- and γ-chlordane in their muscle tissues. The α- and γ-chlordane levels in freshwater drum, smallmouth bass, walleye, white bass, whitefish, and yellow perch decreased until the mid-1980s and hovered at levels around the detection limits for the remaining period. The pesticide biotransformation process, the reduction of contaminant emissions to the environment, the feeding habits of the different fish species, and the food-web alterations induced by the introduction of aquatic invasive species are some of the hypotheses proposed to explain the observed temporal trends in different fish species in Lake Erie.}, }
@article {pmid21535145, year = {2011}, author = {Polak, T and Saltz, D}, title = {Reintroduction as an ecosystem restoration technique.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {424-425}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01669.x}, pmid = {21535145}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid21534968, year = {2011}, author = {Kelly, CK and Blundell, SJ and Bowler, MG and Fox, GA and Harvey, PH and Lomas, MR and Ian Woodward, F}, title = {The statistical mechanics of community assembly and species distribution.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {191}, number = {3}, pages = {819-827}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03721.x}, pmid = {21534968}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Biomass ; Ecology ; *Models, Biological ; *Plant Development ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Population Density ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {• Theoretically, communities at or near their equilibrium species number resist entry of new species. Such 'biotic resistance' recently has been questioned because of successful entry of alien species into diverse natural communities. • Data on 10,409 naturalizations of 5350 plant species over 16 sites dispersed globally show exponential distributions both for species over sites and for sites over number of species shared. These exponentials signal a statistical mechanics of species distribution, assuming two conditions. First, species and sites are equivalent, either identical ('neutral') or so complex that the chance a species is in the right place at the right time is vanishingly small ('idiosyncratic'); the range of species and sites in our data disallows a neutral explanation. Secondly, the total number of naturalizations is fixed in any era by a 'regulator'. • Previous correlation of species naturalization rates with net primary productivity over time suggests that the regulator is related to productivity. • We conclude that biotic resistance is a moving ceiling, with resistance controlled by productivity. The general observation that the majority of species occur naturally at only a few sites, and only a few species occur at many sites, now has a quantitative (exponential) character, offering the study of species' distributions a previously unavailable rigor.}, }
@article {pmid21534952, year = {2011}, author = {García-Robledo, C and Horvitz, CC}, title = {Experimental demography and the vital rates of generalist and specialist insect herbivores on native and novel host plants.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {80}, number = {5}, pages = {976-989}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01843.x}, pmid = {21534952}, issn = {1365-2656}, support = {P01 AG022500-01/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Age Factors ; Animals ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Costa Rica ; Diet ; Ecosystem ; Fertility ; Genetic Fitness ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages ; Longevity ; Population Dynamics ; Sex Factors ; Sex Ratio ; Species Specificity ; Survival Analysis ; Zingiberales/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {1. Colonization success of species when confronted with novel environments is of interest in ecological, evolutionary and conservation contexts. Such events may represent the first step for ecological diversification. They also play an important role in adaptive divergence and speciation. 2. A species that is able to do well across a range of environments has a higher plasticity than one whose success is restricted to a single or few environments. The breadth of environments in which a species can succeed is ultimately determined by the full pattern of its vital rates in each environment. 3. Examples of organisms colonizing novel environments are insect herbivores expanding their diets to novel host plants. One expectation for insect herbivores is that species with specialized diets may display less plasticity when faced with novel hosts than generalist species. 4. We examine this hypothesis for two generalist and two specialist neotropical beetles (genus Cephaloleia: Chrysomelidae) currently expanding their diets from native to novel plants of the order Zingiberales. Using an experimental approach, we estimated changes in vital rates, life-history traits and lifetime fitness for each beetle species when feeding on native or novel host plants. 5. We did not find evidence supporting more plasticity for generalists than for specialists. Instead, we found similar patterns of survival and fecundity for all herbivores. Larvae survived worse on novel hosts; adults survived at least as well or better, but reproduced less on the novel host than on natives. 6. Some of the novel host plants represent challenging environments where population growth was negative. However, in four novel plant-herbivore interactions, instantaneous population growth rates were positive. 7. Positive instantaneous population growth rates during initial colonization of novel host plants suggest that both generalist and specialist Cephaloleia beetles may be pre-adapted to feed on some novel hosts. This plasticity in host use is a key factor for successful colonization of novel hosts. Future success or failure in the colonization of these novel hosts will depend on the demographic rates described in this research, natural selection and the evolutionary responses of life-history traits in novel environments.}, }
@article {pmid21533203, year = {2011}, author = {Lin, W and Cheng, X and Xu, R}, title = {Impact of different economic factors on biological invasions on the global scale.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {e18797}, pmid = {21533203}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Regression Analysis ; *Socioeconomic Factors ; }, abstract = {Social-economic factors are considered as the key to understand processes contributing to biological invasions. However, there has been few quantified, statistical evidence on the relationship between economic development and biological invasion on a worldwide scale. Herein, using principal factor analysis, we investigated the relationship between biological invasion and economic development together with biodiversity for 91 economies throughout the world. Our result indicates that the prevalence of invasive species in the economies can be well predicted by economic factors (R(2) = 0.733). The impact of economic factors on the occurrence of invasive species for low, lower-middle, upper-middle and high income economies are 0%, 34.3%, 46.3% and 80.8% respectively. Greenhouse gas emissions (CO(2), Nitrous oxide, Methane and Other greenhouse gases) and also biodiversity have positive relationships with the global occurrence of invasive species in the economies on the global scale. The major social-economic factors that are correlated to biological invasions are different for various economies, and therefore the strategies for biological invasion prevention and control should be different.}, }
@article {pmid21527699, year = {2011}, author = {Clusella-Trullas, S and Chown, SL}, title = {Comment on "Erosion of lizard diversity by climate change and altered thermal niches".}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {332}, number = {6029}, pages = {537; author reply 537}, doi = {10.1126/science.1195193}, pmid = {21527699}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Temperature ; Body Temperature Regulation ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Forecasting ; *Lizards ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Using a regionally calibrated model, Sinervo et al. (Reports, 14 May 2010, p. 894) predicted potential climate change impacts on lizard populations and estimated that many extinctions are under way. We argue that this model is not sufficient for predicting global losses in lizard species in response to anthropogenic climate change.}, }
@article {pmid21526422, year = {2012}, author = {Devos, Y and Hails, RS and Messéan, A and Perry, JN and Squire, GR}, title = {Feral genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape from seed import spills: are concerns scientifically justified?.}, journal = {Transgenic research}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {1-21}, pmid = {21526422}, issn = {1573-9368}, mesh = {Agriculture/*methods ; Brassica napus/*genetics ; European Union ; Gene Flow ; Herbicide Resistance/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Dormancy/genetics ; *Plants, Genetically Modified ; Seeds/*genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {One of the concerns surrounding the import (for food and feed uses or processing) of genetically modified herbicide tolerant (GMHT) oilseed rape is that, through seed spillage, the herbicide tolerance (HT) trait will escape into agricultural or semi-natural habitats, causing environmental or economic problems. Based on these concerns, three EU countries have invoked national safeguard clauses to ban the marketing of specific GMHT oilseed rape events on their territory. However, the scientific basis for the environmental and economic concerns posed by feral GMHT oilseed rape resulting from seed import spills is debatable. While oilseed rape has characteristics such as secondary dormancy and small seed size that enable it to persist and be redistributed in the landscape, the presence of ferals is not in itself an environmental or economic problem. Crucially, feral oilseed rape has not become invasive outside cultivated and ruderal habitats, and HT traits are not likely to result in increased invasiveness. Feral GMHT oilseed rape has the potential to introduce HT traits to volunteer weeds in agricultural fields, but would only be amplified if the herbicides to which HT volunteers are tolerant were used routinely in the field. However, this worst-case scenario is most unlikely, as seed import spills are mostly confined to port areas. Economic concerns revolve around the potential for feral GMHT oilseed rape to contribute to GM admixtures in non-GM crops. Since feral plants derived from cultivation (as distinct from import) occur at too low a frequency to affect the coexistence threshold of 0.9% in the EU, it can be concluded that feral GMHT plants resulting from seed import spills will have little relevance as a potential source of pollen or seed for GM admixture. This paper concludes that feral oilseed rape in Europe should not be routinely managed, and certainly not in semi-natural habitats, as the benefits of such action would not outweigh the negative effects of management.}, }
@article {pmid21526231, year = {2011}, author = {Sorrells, TR and Kuritzky, LY and Kauhanen, PG and Fitzgerald, K and Sturgis, SJ and Chen, J and Dijamco, CA and Basurto, KN and Gordon, DM}, title = {Chemical defense by the native winter ant (Prenolepis imparis) against the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {e18717}, pmid = {21526231}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aggression/physiology ; Animals ; Ants/*chemistry/*physiology ; Argentina ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Nesting Behavior/physiology ; *Seasons ; Survival Analysis ; }, abstract = {The invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) is established worldwide and displaces native ant species. In northern California, however, the native winter ant (Prenolepis imparis) persists in invaded areas. We found that in aggressive interactions between the two species, P. imparis employs a potent defensive secretion. Field observations were conducted at P. imparis nest sites both in the presence and absence of L. humile. These observations suggested and laboratory assays confirmed that P. imparis workers are more likely to secrete when outnumbered by L. humile. Workers of P. imparis were also more likely to secrete near their nest entrances than when foraging on trees. One-on-one laboratory trials showed that the P. imparis secretion is highly lethal to L. humile, causing 79% mortality. The nonpolar fraction of the secretion was chemically analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and found to be composed of long-chain and cyclic hydrocarbons. Chemical analysis of dissected P. imparis workers showed that the nonpolar fraction is derived from the Dufour's gland. Based on these conclusions, we hypothesize that this chemical defense may help P. imparis to resist displacement by L. humile.}, }
@article {pmid21526193, year = {2011}, author = {Carrete, M and Tella, JL}, title = {Inter-individual variability in fear of humans and relative brain size of the species are related to contemporary urban invasion in birds.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {e18859}, pmid = {21526193}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; Brain/*anatomy &amp; histology ; *Cities ; Ecosystem ; *Fear ; Flight, Animal/physiology ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Organ Size ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Urbanization is the most prevailing cause of habitat transformation worldwide, differing from others by its intense levels of human activity. Despite its obvious impact on wildlife, it is still unclear why and how some species are able to adapt to urban settings. One possibility is that fear of humans and vehicles could preclude most species from invading cities. Species entering urban environments might be those that are more tolerant of human disturbance (i.e., tame species). Alternatively or in addition, urban invaders could be a fraction of variable species, with "tame" individuals invading urban habitats and other individuals remaining in rural areas.<br><br>METHODOLOGY: Using the contemporary urban invasion by birds in a recently established South American city, we tested both hypotheses by relating interspecific differences in invasiveness to their flight initiation distances (i.e., the distances at which birds flee from approaching cars, FID), as well as to their relative brain size (RBS), a correlate of measures of behavioral flexibility.<br><br>PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Urban invasiveness was not significantly related to species' average rural FIDs but positively related to their RBS and inter-individual variability in FID. Moreover, FIDs were consistently lower in urban than in rural conspecifics, and the FIDs of urban individuals were within the lower-range distribution of their rural conspecifics. RBS indirectly influenced urban invasion through its positive effect on inter-individual variability in FID.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Urban invaders do not appear to be individuals from apparently tame species, but rather tame individuals from species with a variable response regarding fear of people. Given the positive relationship between RBS and inter-individual variability in FID, our results suggest that behavioural flexibility should be regarded as a specific trait encompassing variability among individuals. Further research is needed to ascertain the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the relationship between brain size and inter-individual variability in behavioural traits.}, }
@article {pmid21525991, year = {2011}, author = {Roiz, D and Neteler, M and Castellani, C and Arnoldi, D and Rizzoli, A}, title = {Climatic factors driving invasion of the tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) into new areas of Trentino, northern Italy.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {e14800}, pmid = {21525991}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Binomial Distribution ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Italy ; Linear Models ; Logistic Models ; Population Density ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus), vector of several emerging diseases, is expanding into more northerly latitudes as well as into higher altitudes in northern Italy. Changes in the pattern of distribution of the tiger mosquito may affect the potential spread of infectious diseases transmitted by this species in Europe. Therefore, predicting suitable areas of future establishment and spread is essential for planning early prevention and control strategies.<br><br>To identify the areas currently most suitable for the occurrence of the tiger mosquito in the Province of Trento, we combined field entomological observations with analyses of satellite temperature data (MODIS Land Surface Temperature: LST) and human population data. We determine threshold conditions for the survival of overwintering eggs and for adult survival using both January mean temperatures and annual mean temperatures. We show that the 0&#xb0;C LST threshold for January mean temperatures and the 11&#xb0;C threshold for annual mean temperatures provide the best predictors for identifying the areas that could potentially support populations of this mosquito. In fact, human population density and distance to human settlements appear to be less important variables affecting mosquito distribution in this area. Finally, we evaluated the future establishment and spread of this species in relation to predicted climate warming by considering the A2 scenario for 2050 statistically downscaled at regional level in which winter and annual temperatures increase by 1.5 and 1&#xb0;C, respectively.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: MODIS satellite LST data are useful for accurately predicting potential areas of tiger mosquito distribution and for revealing the range limits of this species in mountainous areas, predictions which could be extended to an European scale. We show that the observed trend of increasing temperatures due to climate change could facilitate further invasion of Ae. albopictus into new areas.}, }
@article {pmid21524323, year = {2011}, author = {Tinsley, RC and York, JE and Everard, AL and Stott, LC and Chapple, SJ and Tinsley, MC}, title = {Environmental constraints influencing survival of an African parasite in a north temperate habitat: effects of temperature on egg development.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {138}, number = {8}, pages = {1029-1038}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182011000461}, pmid = {21524323}, issn = {1469-8161}, support = {BB/D523051/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Survival ; Environment ; Female ; Global Warming ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages ; Ovum/growth &amp; development ; Platyhelminths/embryology/*growth &amp; development ; Seasons ; South Africa ; *Temperature ; Time Factors ; Trematode Infections/parasitology/*veterinary ; Wales ; Water/parasitology ; Xenopus laevis/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Factors affecting survival of parasites introduced to new geographical regions include changes in environmental temperature. Protopolystoma xenopodis is a monogenean introduced with the amphibian Xenopus laevis from South Africa to Wales (probably in the 1960s) where low water temperatures impose major constraints on life-cycle processes. Effects were quantified by maintenance of eggs from infections in Wales under controlled conditions at 10, 12, 15, 18, 20 and 25°C. The threshold for egg viability/ development was 15°C. Mean times to hatching were 22 days at 25°C, 32 days at 20°C, extending to 66 days at 15°C. Field temperature records provided calibration of transmission schedules. Although egg production continues year-round, all eggs produced during >8 months/ year die without hatching. Output contributing significantly to transmission is restricted to 10 weeks (May-mid-July). Host infection, beginning after a time lag of 8 weeks for egg development, is also restricted to 10 weeks (July-September). Habitat temperatures (mean 15·5°C in summer 2008) allow only a narrow margin for life-cycle progress: even small temperature increases, predicted with 'global warming', enhance infection. This system provides empirical data on the metrics of transmission permitting long-term persistence of isolated parasite populations in limiting environments.}, }
@article {pmid21521138, year = {2011}, author = {Brown, JW and Segura, R and Santiago-Jiménez, Q and Rota, J and Heard, TA}, title = {Tortricid moths reared from the invasive weed Mexican palo verde, Parkinsonia aculeata, with comments on their host specificity, biology, geographic distribution, and systematics.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {7}, pmid = {21521138}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Central America ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; *Demography ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Fabaceae/*parasitology ; Geography ; Host Specificity ; *Introduced Species ; Likelihood Functions ; Mexico ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Moths/classification/*genetics/*physiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Venezuela ; Weed Control/*methods ; }, abstract = {As part of efforts to identify native herbivores of Mexican palo verde, Parkinsonia aculeata L. (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae), as potential biological control agents against this invasive weed in Australia, ten species of Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) were reared from Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Venezuela: Amorbia concavana (Zeller), Platynota rostrana (Walker), Platynota helianthes (Meyrick), Platynota stultana Walsingham (all Tortricinae: Sparganothini), Rudenia leguminana (Busck), Cochylis sp. (both Tortricinae: Cochylini), Ofatulena duodecemstriata (Walsingham), O. luminosa Heinrich, Ofatulena sp. (all Olethreutinae: Grapholitini), and Crocidosema lantana Busck (Olethreutinae: Eucosmini). Significant geographic range extensions are provided for O. duodecemstriata and R. leguminana. These are the first documented records of P. aculeata as a host plant for all but O. luminosa. The four species of Sparganothini are polyphagous; in contrast, the two Cochylini and three Grapholitini likely are specialists on Leguminosae. Ofatulena luminosa is possibly host specific on P. aculeata. Host trials with Rudenia leguminana also provide some evidence of specificity, in contrast to historical rearing records. To examine the possibility that R. leguminana is a complex of species, two data sets of molecular markers were examined: (1) a combined data set of two mitochondrial markers (a 781-basepair region of cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and a 685-basepair region of cytochrome c oxidase II) and one nuclear marker (a 531-basepair region of the 28S domain 2); and (2) the 650-basepair "barcode" region of COI. Analyses of both data sets strongly suggest that individuals examined in this study belong to more than one species.}, }
@article {pmid21520822, year = {2011}, author = {Wu, D and You, H and Du, J and Chen, C and Jin, D}, title = {Effects of UV/Ag-TiO2/O3 advanced oxidation on unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina: implications for removal of invasive species from ballast water.}, journal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {513-519}, doi = {10.1016/s1001-0742(10)60443-3}, pmid = {21520822}, issn = {1001-0742}, mesh = {Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Chlorophyll A ; Chlorophyta/*drug effects ; *Introduced Species ; Oxidants/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Ozone/*pharmacology ; Photochemistry/methods ; *Ships ; Silver Compounds/*pharmacology ; Titanium/*pharmacology ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Water Purification/*methods ; }, abstract = {The UV/Ag-TiO2/O3 process was investigated for ballast water treatment using Dunaliella salina as an indicator. Inactivation curves were obtained, and the toxicity of effluent was determined. Compared with individual unit processes using ozone or UV/Ag-TiO2, the inactivation efficiency of D. salina by the combined UV/Ag-TiO2/O3 process was enhanced. The presence of ozone caused an immediate decrease in chlorophyll a (chl-a) concentration. Inactivation efficiency and ch1-a removal efficiency were positively correlated with ozone dose and ultraviolet intensity. The initial total residual oxidant (TRO) concentration of effluent increased with increasing ozone dose, and persistence of TRO resulted in an extended period of toxicity. The results suggest that UV/Ag-TiO2/O3 has potential for ballast water treatment.}, }
@article {pmid21519876, year = {2011}, author = {Gaertner, M and Richardson, DM and Privett, SD}, title = {Effects of alien plants on ecosystem structure and functioning and implications for restoration: insights from three degraded sites in South African fynbos.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, pages = {57-69}, pmid = {21519876}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Acacia ; *Ecosystem ; Eucalyptus ; *Introduced Species ; Pennisetum ; *Seeds ; Soil/*chemistry ; South Africa ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {We investigated the type and extent of degradation at three sites on the Agulhas Plain, South Africa: an old field dominated by the alien grass Pennisetum clandestinum Pers. (kikuyu), an abandoned Eucalyptus plantation, and a natural fynbos community invaded by nitrogen fixing-Australian Acacia species. These forms of degradation are representative of many areas in the region. By identifying the nature and degree of ecosystem degradation we aimed to determine appropriate strategies for restoration in this biodiversity hotspot. Vegetation surveys were conducted at degraded sites and carefully selected reference sites. Soil-stored propagule seed banks and macro- and micro-soil nutrients were determined. Species richness, diversity and native cover under Eucalyptus were extremely low compared to the reference site and alterations of the soil nutrients were the most severe. The cover of indigenous species under Acacia did not differ significantly from that in reference sites, but species richness was lower under Acacia and soils were considerably enriched. Native species richness was much lower in the kikuyu site, but soil nutrient status was similar to the reference site. Removal of the alien species alone may be sufficient to re-initiate ecosystem recovery at the kikuyu site, whereas active restoration is required to restore functioning ecosystems dominated by native species in the Acacia thicket and the Eucalyptus plantation. To restore native plant communities we suggest burning, mulching with sawdust and sowing of native species.}, }
@article {pmid21517870, year = {2011}, author = {Wang, R and Wang, JF and Qiu, ZJ and Meng, B and Wan, FH and Wang, YZ}, title = {Multiple mechanisms underlie rapid expansion of an invasive alien plant.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {191}, number = {3}, pages = {828-839}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03720.x}, pmid = {21517870}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Ageratina/*physiology ; China ; Ecology ; Environment ; Floods ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Logistic Models ; *Population Dynamics ; Reproduction/physiology ; Seeds/physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {• With growing concerns over serious ecological problems, a particular challenge is to reveal the complex mechanisms underlying rapid expansion of invasive species. Ageratina adenophora is of particular interest in addressing this question. • We used geographic information systems and logistic regression to identify the geographic and environmental factors contributing to the presence of A. adenophora. Join-count spatial statistics with reproduction mode examination were employed to elucidate the spatiotemporal dispersal mechanisms. • Multiple factors have significantly contributed to the rapid expansion of A. adenophora. Its biological traits, favoring dispersal by water and wind coupled with local spatiotemporally heterogeneous geography and ecology, promote invasion downstream and upstream along river valleys, while other factors associated with human activities facilitate its invasion over high mountains and across river valleys, providing new scope for progressive invasions. We further identified an unusual invasion event of A. adenophora subsequent to a great flood that amplified its dispersal ability from vegetative propagules and seeds. • These findings suggest that dynamic interactions of multiple factors in heterogeneous ecogeographical environments - a 'combinatorial' invasion mechanism - would generate an unexpected invasion rate of an alien species or a seemingly stochastic invasion event.}, }
@article {pmid21516906, year = {2011}, author = {Bled, F and Royle, JA and Cam, E}, title = {Hierarchical modeling of an invasive spread: the Eurasian Collared-Dove Streptopelia decaocto in the United States.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {290-302}, doi = {10.1890/09-1877.1}, pmid = {21516906}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Columbidae ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; United States ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are regularly claimed as the second threat to biodiversity. To apply a relevant response to the potential consequences associated with invasions (e.g., emphasize management efforts to prevent new colonization or to eradicate the species in places where it has already settled), it is essential to understand invasion mechanisms and dynamics. Quantifying and understanding what influences rates of spatial spread is a key research area for invasion theory. In this paper, we develop a model to account for occupancy dynamics of an invasive species. Our model extends existing models to accommodate several elements of invasive processes; we chose the framework of hierarchical modeling to assess site occupancy status during an invasion. First, we explicitly accounted for spatial structure and how distance among sites and position relative to one another affect the invasion spread. In particular, we accounted for the possibility of directional propagation and provided a way of estimating the direction of this possible spread. Second, we considered the influence of local density on site occupancy. Third, we decided to split the colonization process into two subprocesses, initial colonization and recolonization, which may be ground-breaking because these subprocesses may exhibit different relationships with environmental variations (such as density variation) or colonization history (e.g., initial colonization might facilitate further colonization events). Finally, our model incorporates imperfection in detection, which might be a source of substantial bias in estimating population parameters. We focused on the case of the Eurasian Collared-Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) and its invasion of the United States since its introduction in the early 1980s, using data from the North American BBS (Breeding Bird Survey). The Eurasian Collared-Dove is one of the most successful invasive species, at least among terrestrial vertebrates. Our model provided estimation of the spread direction consistent with empirical observations. Site persistence probability exhibits a quadratic response to density. We also succeeded at detecting differences in the relationship between density and initial colonization vs. recolonization probabilities. We provide a map of sites that may be colonized in the future as an example of possible practical application of our work.}, }
@article {pmid21516898, year = {2011}, author = {Kulhanek, SA and Leung, B and Ricciardi, A}, title = {Using ecological niche models to predict the abundance and impact of invasive species: application to the common carp.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {203-213}, doi = {10.1890/09-1639.1}, pmid = {21516898}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; *Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; United States ; }, abstract = {In order to efficiently manage nonindigenous species (NIS), predictive tools are needed to prioritize locations where they are likely to become established and where their impacts will be most severe. While predicting the impact of a NIS has generally proved challenging, forecasting its abundance patterns across potential recipient locations should serve as a useful surrogate method of estimating the relative severity of the impacts to be expected. Yet such approaches have rarely been applied in invasion biology. We used long-term monitoring data for lakes within the state of Minnesota and artificial neural networks to model both the occurrence as well as the abundance of a widespread aquatic NIS, common carp (Cyprinus carpio). We then tested the ability of the resulting models to (1) interpolate to new sites within our main study region, (2) extrapolate to lakes in the neighboring state of South Dakota, and (3) assessed the relative contribution of each variable to model predictions. Our models correctly identified over 83% of sites where carp are either present or absent and explained 73% of the variation in carp abundance for validation lakes in Minnesota (i.e., lakes not used to build the model). When extrapolated to South Dakota, our models correctly classified carp occurrence in 79% of lakes and explained 32% of the variation in carp abundance. Variables related to climate and water quality were found to be the most important predictors of carp distribution. These results demonstrate that ecological niche-based modeling techniques can be used to forecast both the occurrence and abundance patterns of invasive species at a regional scale. Models also yielded sensible predictions when extrapolated to neighboring regions. Such predictions, when combined, should provide more useful estimates of the overall risk posed by NIS on potential recipient systems.}, }
@article {pmid21516897, year = {2011}, author = {Kulhanek, SA and Ricciardi, A and Leung, B}, title = {Is invasion history a useful tool for predicting the impacts of the world's worst aquatic invasive species?.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {189-202}, doi = {10.1890/09-1452.1}, pmid = {21516897}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; *Water ; }, abstract = {The ecological impact stemming from a biological invasion is the most poorly understood aspect of the invasion process. While forecasting methods are generally lacking, a potential means of predicting future impacts is to examine the effects caused by a nonindigenous species (NIS) at previously invaded locations, i.e., its invasion history. However, given the context dependence of impact and the scarcity of data, it is uncertain whether invasion history can in fact be used to forecast the effects of most introduced species. Using a sample of 19 aquatic NIS listed with the IUCN's 100 World's Worst Alien Invasive Species, we reviewed the literature to determine (1) the amount of information currently available concerning their ecological impacts, (2) if the effects reported to be caused by each NIS are consistent across multiple studies, and (3) whether their invasion histories provide sufficient quantitative information to assess and forecast the severity of their impacts on recipient environments. As a case study, we conducted a meta-analysis and developed models that relate the severity of the impacts of a well-documented invader, common carp (Cyprinus carpio), to two potential predictor variables: biomass and time since introduction. We then tested whether models developed from one set of observations can predict the severity of impacts reported at other sites. Models incorporating biomass and pre-impact conditions explained 91% of the variation in carp impact severity at new locations (i.e., those not used to build the models). For most other NIS, limited availability of comparable quantitative data currently prevents the development of similar empirical models for predicting the severity of future impact. Nonetheless, invasion history can often be used to develop informative predictions concerning the type and direction of impacts to be expected at novel recipient sites.}, }
@article {pmid21516896, year = {2011}, author = {Hermoso, V and Clavero, M and Blanco-Garrido, F and Prenda, J}, title = {Invasive species and habitat degradation in Iberian streams: an analysis of their role in freshwater fish diversity loss.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {175-188}, doi = {10.1890/09-2011.1}, pmid = {21516896}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; *Fresh Water ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Mediterranean endemic freshwater fish are among the most threatened biota in the world. Distinguishing the role of different extinction drivers and their potential interactions is crucial for achieving conservation goals. While some authors argue that invasive species are a main driver of native species declines, others see their proliferation as a co-occurring process to biodiversity loss driven by habitat degradation. It is difficult to discern between the two potential causes given that few invaded ecosystems are free from habitat degradation, and that both factors may interact in different ways. Here we analyze the relative importance of habitat degradation and invasive species in the decline of native fish assemblages in the Guadiana River basin (southwestern Iberian Peninsula) using an information theoretic approach to evaluate interaction pathways between invasive species and habitat degradation (structural equation modeling, SEM). We also tested the possible changes in the functional relationships between invasive and native species, measured as the per capita effect of invasive species, using ANCOVA. We found that the abundance of invasive species was the best single predictor of natives' decline and had the highest Akaike weight among the set of predictor variables examined. Habitat degradation neither played an active role nor influenced the per capita effect of invasive species on natives. Our analyses indicated that downstream reaches and areas close to reservoirs had the most invaded fish assemblages, independently of their habitat degradation status. The proliferation of invasive species poses a strong threat to the persistence of native assemblages in highly fluctuating environments. Therefore, conservation efforts to reduce native freshwater fish diversity loss in Mediterranean rivers should focus on mitigating the effect of invasive species and preventing future invasions.}, }
@article {pmid21513901, year = {2011}, author = {Verlaque, R and Affre, L and Diadema, K and Suehs, CM and Médail, F}, title = {Unexpected morphological and karyological changes in invasive Carpobrotus (Aizoaceae) in Provence (S-E France) compared to native South African species.}, journal = {Comptes rendus biologies}, volume = {334}, number = {4}, pages = {311-319}, doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2011.01.008}, pmid = {21513901}, issn = {1768-3238}, mesh = {Aizoaceae/*anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosomes, Plant/genetics/ultrastructure ; Classification ; Color ; Flowers/anatomy &amp; histology ; France ; *Introduced Species ; Karyotyping ; Pollination ; Principal Component Analysis ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Hybridization processes can lead to evolutionary changes, particularly in co-introduced congeneric plant species, such as Carpobrotus spp. which are recognized as invasive in Mediterranean climate regions. Morphological and karyological comparisons have therefore been made between native Carpobrotus edulis and C. acinaciformis in South Africa and their invasive counterparts in Provence (C. edulis and C. aff. acinaciformis). Morphological data exhibited the most significant differences in invasive C. aff. acinaciformis that forms a new phenotypic variant. Unexpected chromosomal restructuring has been highlighted for both taxa in Provence, with in particular a clear decrease in asymmetry, an increase in the intraspecific variability, and an interspecific convergence of karyotypes. These changes suggest a drift that has facilitated various crosses, and has been amplified through hybridization/introgression. Furthermore, several morphological and karyological transgressive characters have been found in the two invasive taxa. These results stress the important role and the rapidity of karyological changes in invasive processes.}, }
@article {pmid21513009, year = {2011}, author = {Gurevitch, J and Fox, GA and Wardle, GM and Inderjit,  and Taub, D}, title = {Emergent insights from the synthesis of conceptual frameworks for biological invasions.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {407-418}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01594.x}, pmid = {21513009}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Ecology/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; *Models, Biological ; Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {A general understanding of biological invasions will provide insights into fundamental ecological and evolutionary problems and contribute to more efficient and effective prediction, prevention and control of invasions. We review recent papers that have proposed conceptual frameworks for invasion biology. These papers offer important advances and signal a maturation of the field, but a broad synthesis is still lacking. Conceptual frameworks for invasion do not require invocation of unique concepts, but rather should reflect the unifying principles of ecology and evolutionary biology. A conceptual framework should incorporate multicausality, include interactions between causal factors and account for lags between various stages. We emphasize the centrality of demography in invasions, and distinguish between explaining three of the most important characteristics by which we recognize invasions: rapid local population increase, monocultures or community dominance, and range expansion. As a contribution towards developing a conceptual synthesis of invasions based on these criteria, we outline a framework that explicitly incorporates consideration of the fundamental ecological and evolutionary processes involved. The development of a more inclusive and mechanistic conceptual framework for invasion should facilitate quantitative and testable evaluation of causal factors, and can potentially lead to a better understanding of the biology of invasions.}, }
@article {pmid21512020, year = {2011}, author = {Simberloff, D and Genovesi, P and Pyšek, P and Campbell, K}, title = {Recognizing conservation success.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {332}, number = {6028}, pages = {419}, doi = {10.1126/science.332.6028.419-a}, pmid = {21512020}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological ; Plants ; }, }
@article {pmid21511308, year = {2011}, author = {Johnston, MW and Purkis, SJ}, title = {Spatial analysis of the invasion of lionfish in the western Atlantic and Caribbean.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {62}, number = {6}, pages = {1218-1226}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.03.028}, pmid = {21511308}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Caribbean Region ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Fishes, Poisonous/*growth &amp; development ; Geographic Information Systems ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Pterois volitans and Pterois miles, two sub-species of lionfish, have become the first non-native, invasive marine fish established along the United States Atlantic coast and Caribbean. The route and timing of the invasion is poorly understood, however historical sightings and captures have been robustly documented since their introduction. Herein we analyze these records based on spatial location, dates of arrival, and prevailing physical factors at the capture sights. Using a cellular automata model, we examine the relationship between depth, salinity, temperature, and current, finding the latter as the most influential parameter for transport of lionfish to new areas. The model output is a synthetic validated reproduction of the lionfish invasion, upon which predictive simulations in other locations can be based. This predictive model is simple, highly adaptable, relies entirely on publicly available data, and is applicable to other species.}, }
@article {pmid21510213, year = {2011}, author = {Chen, YC and Kafle, L and Shih, CJ}, title = {Interspecific competition between Solenopsis invicta and two native ant species, Pheidole fervens and Monomorium chinense.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, pages = {614-621}, doi = {10.1603/ec10240}, pmid = {21510213}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/virology ; *Competitive Behavior ; Female ; *Insect Viruses ; *Introduced Species ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Social Dominance ; }, abstract = {This study was designed to understand the effects of the interspecific competition between red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren and two native ant species, Pheidole fervens Smith and Monomorium chinense Santschi, by conducting colony interference and individual confrontation tests under laboratory conditions. The colony interference test showed that both native ant species, owing to their numerical advantage, killed the Solenopsis invicta virus-1 (SINV-1)-infected or healthy queens of S. invicta. Significantly less time was required for M. chinense to kill all SINV-1-infected S. invicta compared with the time required to kill the healthy S. invicta. Compared with healthy S. invicta, SINV-1-infected S. invicta spent a longer time eliminating the P. fervens colonies. In confrontation tests, M. chinense killed a significantly higher number of infected S. invicta minors than they did healthy minors, but the number of S. invicta majors (either infected or healthy) killed was substantially less. This study found that the viral infection weakened the competitive ability of S. invicta and made them prone to be eliminated by M. chinense but not by P. fervens.}, }
@article {pmid21510206, year = {2011}, author = {Follett, PA and Zee, FT}, title = {Host status of Vaccinium reticulatum (Ericaceae) to invasive tephritid fruit flies in Hawaii.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, pages = {571-573}, doi = {10.1603/ec10370}, pmid = {21510206}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Hawaii ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; *Oviposition ; Tephritidae/*growth &amp; development ; Vaccinium/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Ohelo (Vaccicinium reticulatum Small) (Ericaceae) is a native Hawaiian plant that has commercial potential in Hawaii as a nursery crop to be transplanted for berry production or for sale as a potted ornamental. No-choice infestation studies were conducted to determine whether ohelo fruit are hosts for four invasive tephritid fruit fly species. Ohelo berries were exposed to gravid female flies ofBactrocera dorsalis Hendel (oriental fruit fly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Mediterranean fruit fly), Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillet (melon fly),or Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) in screen cages outdoors for 24 h and then held on sand in the laboratory for 2 wk for pupal development and adult emergence. Only B. dorsalis successfully attacked and developed in ohelo berries. In total, 1570 berries produced 10 puparia, all of which emerged as adults, for a fruit infestation rate of 0.0064% and an average of 0.0053 puparia per gram of fruit. By comparison, papaya fruit used as controls produced an average of 1.44 B. dorsalis puparia per g of fruit. Ohelo berry is a marginal host for B. dorsalis and apparently a nonhost for C. capitata, B. cucurbitae, and B. latifrons. Commercial plantings of ohelo will rarely be attacked by fruit flies in Hawaii.}, }
@article {pmid21509533, year = {2011}, author = {Davies, KW}, title = {Plant community diversity and native plant abundance decline with increasing abundance of an exotic annual grass.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {167}, number = {2}, pages = {481-491}, pmid = {21509533}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Oregon ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Exotic plants are generally considered a serious problem in wildlands around the globe. However, some argue that the impacts of exotic plants have been exaggerated and that biodiversity and other important plant community characteristics are commonly improved with invasion. Thus, disagreement exists among ecologists as to the relationship of exotic plants with biodiversity and native plant communities. A better understanding of the relationships between exotic plants and native plant communities is needed to improve funding allocation and legislation regarding exotic plants, and justify and prioritize invasion management. To evaluate these relationships, 65 shrub-bunchgrass plant communities with varying densities of an exotic annual grass, Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski (medusahead), were sampled across 160,000 ha in southeastern Oregon, United States. Environmental factors were generally not correlated with plant community characteristics when exotic annual grass density was included in models. Plant diversity and species richness were negatively correlated with exotic annual grass density. Exotic annual grass density explained 62% of the variation in plant diversity. All native plant functional groups, except annual forbs, exhibited a negative relationship with T. caput-medusae. The results of this study suggest that T. caput-medusae invasions probably have substantial negative impacts on biodiversity and native plant communities. The strength of the relationships between plant community characteristics and T. caput-medusae density suggests that some exotic plants are a major force of change in plant communities and subsequently threaten ecosystem functions and processes. However, experimental studies are needed to fully substantiate that annual grass invasion is the cause of these observed correlations.}, }
@article {pmid21508612, year = {2011}, author = {Gerhold, P and Pärtel, M and Tackenberg, O and Hennekens, SM and Bartish, I and Schaminée, JH and Fergus, AJ and Ozinga, WA and Prinzing, A}, title = {Phylogenetically poor plant communities receive more alien species, which more easily coexist with natives.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {177}, number = {5}, pages = {668-680}, doi = {10.1086/659059}, pmid = {21508612}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Environment ; *Introduced Species ; Netherlands ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; *Plants ; Regression Analysis ; }, abstract = {Alien species can be a major threat to ecological communities, but we do not know why some community types allow the entry of many more alien species than do others. Here, for the first time, we suggest that evolutionary diversity inherent to the constituent species of a community may determine its present receptiveness to alien species. Using recent large databases from observational studies, we find robust evidence that assemblage of plant community types from few phylogenetic lineages (in plots without aliens) corresponds to higher receptiveness to aliens. Establishment of aliens in phylogenetically poor communities corresponds to increased phylogenetic dispersion of recipient communities and to coexistence with rather than replacement of natives. This coexistence between natives and distantly related aliens in recipient communities of low phylogenetic dispersion may reflect patterns of trait assembly. In communities without aliens, low phylogenetic dispersion corresponds to increased dispersion of most traits, and establishment of aliens corresponds to increased trait concentration. We conclude that if quantified across the tree of life, high biodiversity correlates with decreasing receptiveness to aliens. Low phylogenetic biodiversity, in contrast, facilitates coexistence between natives and aliens even if they share similar trait states.}, }
@article {pmid21508611, year = {2011}, author = {Dostál, P}, title = {Plant competitive interactions and invasiveness: searching for the effects of phylogenetic relatedness and origin on competition intensity.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {177}, number = {5}, pages = {655-667}, doi = {10.1086/659060}, pmid = {21508611}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; *Magnoliopsida ; Pheromones ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {The invasion success of introduced plants is frequently explained as a result of competitive interactions with native flora. Although previous theory and experiments have shown that plants are largely equivalent in their competitive effects on each other, competitive nonequivalence is hypothesized to occur in interactions between native and invasive species. Small overlap in resource use with unrelated native species, improved competitiveness, and production of novel allelochemicals are all believed to contribute to the invasiveness of introduced species. I tested all three assumptions in a common-garden experiment by examining the effect of plant origin and relatedness on competition intensity. Competitive interactions were explored within 12 triplets, each consisting of an invasive species, a native congeneric (or confamilial) species, and a native heterogeneric species that are likely to interact in the field. Plants were grown in pots alone or in pairs and in the absence or the presence of activated carbon to control for allelopathy. I found that competition intensity was not influenced by the relatedness or origin of competing neighbors. Although some exotic species may benefit from size advantages and species-specific effects in competitive interactions, none of the three mechanisms investigated is likely to be a principal driver of their invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid21508603, year = {2011}, author = {Miller, TE and Shaw, AK and Inouye, BD and Neubert, MG}, title = {Sex-biased dispersal and the speed of two-sex invasions.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {177}, number = {5}, pages = {549-561}, doi = {10.1086/659628}, pmid = {21508603}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; *Sex Characteristics ; }, abstract = {Population models that combine demography and dispersal are important tools for forecasting the spatial spread of biological invasions. Current models describe the dynamics of only one sex (typically females). Such models cannot account for the sex-related biases in dispersal and mating behavior that are typical of many animal species. In this article, we construct a two-sex integrodifference equation model that overcomes these limitations. We derive an explicit formula for the invasion speed from the model and use it to show that sex-biased dispersal may significantly increase or decrease the invasion speed by skewing the operational sex ratio at the invasion's low-density leading edge. Which of these possible outcomes occurs depends sensitively on complex interactions among the direction of dispersal bias, the magnitude of bias, and the relative contributions of females and males to local population growth.}, }
@article {pmid21507430, year = {2011}, author = {Borja, A and Galparsoro, I and Irigoien, X and Iriondo, A and Menchaca, I and Muxika, I and Pascual, M and Quincoces, I and Revilla, M and Germán Rodríguez, J and Santurtún, M and Solaun, O and Uriarte, A and Valencia, V and Zorita, I}, title = {Implementation of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive: a methodological approach for the assessment of environmental status, from the Basque Country (Bay of Biscay).}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {62}, number = {5}, pages = {889-904}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.03.031}, pmid = {21507430}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/classification/metabolism ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods ; Environmental Monitoring/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; Environmental Policy ; Eutrophication ; Fisheries/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Seawater/chemistry ; Spain ; Water Pollutants/*analysis/metabolism/standards ; Water Pollution/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {The implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) is directing European marine research towards the coordinated and integrated assessment of sea environmental status, following the ecosystem-based approach. The MSFD uses a set of 11 descriptors which, together, summarise the way in which the whole system functions. As such, the European Commission has proposed an extensive set of indicators, to assess environmental status. Hence, taking account of the large amount of data available for the Basque coast (southern Bay of Biscay), together with a recent proposal for assessment within the MSFD, an integrated environmental status assessment approach is developed (for the first time) in this contribution. The strengths and weaknesses of the method, combined with proposals from the MSFD, are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid21507116, year = {2011}, author = {Eroukhmanoff, F and Svensson, EI}, title = {Evolution and stability of the G-matrix during the colonization of a novel environment.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, pages = {1363-1373}, doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02270.x}, pmid = {21507116}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Isopoda/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/*physiology ; Phenotype ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Populations that undergo a process of rapid evolution present excellent opportunities to investigate the mechanisms driving or restraining adaptive divergence. The genetic variance-covariance matrix (G) is often considered to constrain adaptation but little is known about its potential to evolve during phenotypic divergence. We compared the G-matrices of ancestral and recently established ecotype populations of an aquatic isopod (Asellus aquaticus) that have diverged in parallel in two south Swedish lakes. Phenotypic changes after colonization involved a reduction in overall size, lost pigmentation and changes in shape. Comparisons between G-matrices reveal close similarity within the same ecotype from different lakes but some degree of differentiation among ecotypes. Phenotypic divergence has apparently not been much influenced by the orientation of G. Additive genetic variation in the newly colonized habitats has also decreased substantially. This suggests that a process of adaptation from standing genetic variation has occurred and has probably facilitated phenotypic divergence.}, }
@article {pmid21507095, year = {2011}, author = {Rollins, LA and Woolnough, AP and Sinclair, R and Mooney, NJ and Sherwin, WB}, title = {Mitochondrial DNA offers unique insights into invasion history of the common starling.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {11}, pages = {2307-2317}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05101.x}, pmid = {21507095}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Haplotypes/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; Starlings/*genetics ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can be a powerful genetic marker for tracing origins and history of invasive populations. Here, we use mtDNA to address questions relevant to the understanding of invasion pathways of common starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) into Western Australia (WA) and discuss the utility of this marker to provide information useful to invasive species management. Mitochondrial sequence data indicate two geographically restricted genetic groups within Australia. Evidence of dispersal from genetically distinct sources outside the sampled range of starlings in Australia suggests increased vigilance by management agencies may be required to prevent further incursions from widely separated localities. Overall, genetic diversity in Australia was lower than in samples from the native range. Within Australia, genetic diversity was lowest in the most recently colonized area in the west, indicating that demographic bottlenecks have occurred in this area. Evidence of restricted dispersal between localities on the edge of the range expansion (ERE) in WA and other Australian sampling localities suggests that localized control within the ERE may be effective in preventing further range expansion. Signatures of spatial and demographic expansion are present in mismatch analyses from sampling localities located at the ERE, but neutrality indices did not support this finding, suggesting that the former may be more sensitive to recent expansion. Additionally, mismatch analyses support the presence of admixture, which is likely to have occurred pre-introduction. We compare our findings with those from a microsatellite study of the same samples and discuss how the mtDNA analyses used here offer valuable and unique insights into the invasion history of introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid21506393, year = {2011}, author = {Korablev, NP and Korablev, MP and Korablev, PN}, title = {[Introduction of species and microevolution: the European beaver, raccoon dog, and American mink].}, journal = {Izvestiia Akademii nauk. Seriia biologicheskaia}, volume = {}, number = {2}, pages = {187-197}, pmid = {21506393}, issn = {1026-3470}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; *Introduced Species/trends ; Mink/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Raccoon Dogs/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Rodentia/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Russia ; }, abstract = {Nine skull samples of the beaver Castor fiber, six samples of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides, and six samples of the American mink Neovison vison were studied using phenetic and craniometric methods. Analysis of the phenofund structure suggests that in all of the studied species the emergence of novel character variations does not lead to their fixation with a significant frequency. Considerable morphological variability emerges in the contact zone of different autochtonous populations, of wild and breeding forms, as well as in geographically and reproductively isolated small groups of individuals. Morphological differences of introduced animals fit into the conception of species polymorphism and are smoothed over when separate colonies merge into metapopulations, which does not lead to the emergence of novel stable taxa.}, }
@article {pmid21504085, year = {2010}, author = {Kozubíková, E and Puky, M and Kiszely, P and Petrusek, A}, title = {Crayfish plague pathogen in invasive North American crayfish species in Hungary.}, journal = {Journal of fish diseases}, volume = {33}, number = {11}, pages = {925-929}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01199.x}, pmid = {21504085}, issn = {1365-2761}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphanomyces/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Astacoidea/*microbiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry/genetics ; Hungary ; Infections/microbiology/*veterinary ; Introduced Species ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rivers ; }, }
@article {pmid21497941, year = {2011}, author = {Hulme, PE and Pyšek, P and Duncan, RP}, title = {Don't be fooled by a name: a reply to Thompson and Davis.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {26}, number = {7}, pages = {318; author reply 319}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.018}, pmid = {21497941}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; *Plant Development ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/classification ; Population Dynamics ; }, }
@article {pmid21497938, year = {2011}, author = {van Kleunen, M and Dawson, W and Dostal, P}, title = {Research on invasive-plant traits tells us a lot.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {26}, number = {7}, pages = {317; author reply 319}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.019}, pmid = {21497938}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; *Plant Development ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/classification ; Population Dynamics ; }, }
@article {pmid21497803, year = {2011}, author = {Santos, M and Freitas, R and Crespí, AL and Hughes, SJ and Cabral, JA}, title = {Predicting trends of invasive plants richness using local socio-economic data: an application in North Portugal.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {111}, number = {7}, pages = {960-966}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2011.03.014}, pmid = {21497803}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; *Plants ; Portugal ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {This study assesses the potential of an integrated methodology for predicting local trends in invasive exotic plant species (invasive richness) using indirect, regional information on human disturbance. The distribution of invasive plants was assessed in North Portugal using herbarium collections and local environmental, geophysical and socio-economic characteristics. Invasive richness response to anthropogenic disturbance was predicted using a dynamic model based on a sequential modeling process (stochastic dynamic methodology-StDM). Derived scenarios showed that invasive richness trends were clearly associated with ongoing socio-economic change. Simulations including scenarios of growing urbanization showed an increase in invasive richness while simulations in municipalities with decreasing populations showed stable or decreasing levels of invasive richness. The model simulations demonstrate the interest and feasibility of using this methodology in disturbance ecology.}, }
@article {pmid21495233, year = {2011}, author = {Maderspacher, F}, title = {The benefits of bottlenecks.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, pages = {R171-3}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2011.02.009}, pmid = {21495233}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/genetics/*physiology ; Demography ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; *Population Dynamics ; }, }
@article {pmid21495155, year = {2011}, author = {Cifuentes, D and Chynoweth, R and Bielza, P}, title = {Genetic study of Mediterranean and South American populations of tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Povolny, 1994) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) using ribosomal and mitochondrial markers.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {67}, number = {9}, pages = {1155-1162}, doi = {10.1002/ps.2166}, pmid = {21495155}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Ribosomal/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Solanum lycopersicum/*parasitology ; Mediterranean Region ; Mitochondria/enzymology/*genetics ; Moths/classification/enzymology/*genetics ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; South America ; United States ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Before its introduction into Europe at the end of 2006, Tuta absoluta (Povolny, 1994) was confined solely to South America. Currently, this invasive pest is well established in various European and Mediterranean countries, causing important economic losses to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) crops. In order to study the genetic variability of this pest, 23 Mediterranean and ten native South American populations were analysed with nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers.<br><br>RESULTS: The internal transcribed spacers 1 (ITS1) and 2 (ITS2) of rDNA and a fragment in the mtDNA gene encoding cytochrome oxidase I (COI) were PCR amplified and sequenced in T. absoluta. Sequence analyses consistently revealed neither intrapopulation nor interpopulation variation in either genomic region.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: High genetic homogeneity was detected in T. absoluta populations from the Mediterranean Basin and South America, based on mtCOI and ITS rDNA sequence analysis. A single genetic type was identified in this pest.}, }
@article {pmid21494563, year = {2011}, author = {Schmidt, JP and Drake, JM}, title = {Why are some plant genera more invasive than others?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {e18654}, pmid = {21494563}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Plant Weeds ; Plants/*classification ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Determining how biological traits are related to the ability of groups of organisms to become economically damaging when established outside of their native ranges is a major goal of population biology, and important in the management of invasive species. Little is known about why some taxonomic groups are more likely to become pests than others among plants. We investigated traits that discriminate vascular plant genera, a level of taxonomic generality at which risk assessment and screening could be more effectively performed, according to the proportion of naturalized species which are pests. We focused on the United States and Canada, and, because our purpose is ultimately regulatory, considered species classified as weeds or noxious. Using contingency tables, we identified 11 genera of vascular plants that are disproportionately represented by invasive species. Results from boosted regression tree analyses show that these categories reflect biological differences. In summary, approximately 25% of variation in genus proportions of weeds or noxious species was explained by biological covariates. Key explanatory traits included genus means for wetland habitat affinity, chromosome number, and seed mass.}, }
@article {pmid21494328, year = {2011}, author = {Amiel, JJ and Tingley, R and Shine, R}, title = {Smart moves: effects of relative brain size on establishment success of invasive amphibians and reptiles.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {e18277}, pmid = {21494328}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Amphibians/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Animals ; Brain/*anatomy &amp; histology ; *Introduced Species ; Organ Size ; Population Dynamics ; Reptiles/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Brain size relative to body size varies considerably among animals, but the ecological consequences of that variation remain poorly understood. Plausibly, larger brains confer increased behavioural flexibility, and an ability to respond to novel challenges. In keeping with that hypothesis, successful invasive species of birds and mammals that flourish after translocation to a new area tend to have larger brains than do unsuccessful invaders. We found the same pattern in ectothermic terrestrial vertebrates. Brain size relative to body size was larger in species of amphibians and reptiles reported to be successful invaders, compared to species that failed to thrive after translocation to new sites. This pattern was found in six of seven global biogeographic realms; the exception (where relatively larger brains did not facilitate invasion success) was Australasia. Establishment success was also higher in amphibian and reptile families with larger relative brain sizes. Future work could usefully explore whether invasion success is differentially associated with enlargement of specific parts of the brain (as predicted by the functional role of the forebrain in promoting behavioural flexibility), or with a general size increase (suggesting that invasion success is facilitated by enhanced perceptual and motor skills, as well as cognitive ability).}, }
@article {pmid21492265, year = {2011}, author = {Bronnenhuber, JE and Dufour, BA and Higgs, DM and Heath, DD}, title = {Dispersal strategies, secondary range expansion and invasion genetics of the nonindigenous round goby, Neogobius melanostomus, in Great Lakes tributaries.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {9}, pages = {1845-1859}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05030.x}, pmid = {21492265}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Environment ; Founder Effect ; Genetic Variation ; Great Lakes Region ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Perciformes/*genetics ; *Population Growth ; Rivers ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Dispersal strategies are important mechanisms underlying the spatial distribution and colonizing ability of all mobile species. In the current study, we use highly polymorphic microsatellite markers to evaluate local dispersal and colonization dynamics of the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), an aquatic invader expanding its range from lake to river environments in its introduced North American range. Genetic structure, genotype assignment and genetic diversity were compared among 1262 round gobies from 20 river and four lake sites in three Great Lakes tributaries. Our results indicate that a combination of short-distance diffusion and long-distance dispersal, collectively referred to as 'stratified dispersal', is facilitating river colonization. Colonization proceeded upstream yearly (approximately 500 m/year; 2005-2009) in one of two temporal replicates while genetic structure was temporally stable. Contiguous dispersal from the lake was observed in all three rivers with a substantial portion of river fish (7.3%) identified as migrants. Genotype assignment indicated a separate introduction occurred upstream of the invasion front in one river. Genetic diversity was similar and relatively high among lake and recently colonized river populations, indicating that founder effects are mitigated through a dual-dispersal strategy. The remarkable success of round goby as an aquatic invader stresses the need for better diffusion models of secondary range expansion for presumably sessile invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid21490252, year = {2011}, author = {Seebacher, F and Franklin, CE}, title = {Physiology of invasion: cane toads are constrained by thermal effects on physiological mechanisms that support locomotor performance.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {214}, number = {Pt 9}, pages = {1437-1444}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.053124}, pmid = {21490252}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Animals ; Biological Transport ; Body Temperature/physiology ; Bufonidae/blood/*physiology ; Heart Rate/physiology ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Lactic Acid/blood ; Locomotion/*physiology ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Oxygen Consumption/physiology ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Understanding the mechanisms that constrain the invasiveness of introduced animals is essential for managing invasions and for predicting their limits. In most vertebrate species, the capacity for invasion relies upon the physiological systems that support locomotion, and oxygen transport and metabolism may become limiting as environmental temperatures increase as predicted by the oxygen limitation hypothesis. Here we test the oxygen limitation hypothesis and propose the alternative hypothesis that within-individual plasticity will compensate for thermal variation. We show that during exercise in the invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina) oxygen transport by the cardiovascular system was maximised in warm-acclimated toads at high (30°C) temperatures, and that oxygen content of arterial blood was not affected by temperature. Resting oxygen consumption remained stable across a 10°C temperature range (20-30°C) when toads were allowed to acclimate, so that there was no increase in resting oxygen demand that could lead to a decrease in aerobic scope at high temperatures. Additionally, temperature acclimation had no effect on arterial-venous differences in oxygen partial pressures. Toads relied more on glycolytic ATP production at low temperatures to support locomotor activity. Mitochondrial capacities (citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase activities) were greatest at warmer temperatures. Interestingly, the metabolic cost of exercise increased at low temperatures. In contradiction to predictions by the oxygen limitation hypothesis, aerobic performance was not limited by high temperatures. On the contrary, the relatively slow advance of cane toads to cooler climates can be explained by the constraints of low temperatures on the physiological systems supporting locomotion. It is likely that human-induced global warming will facilitate invasions of environments that are currently too cool to support cane toads.}, }
@article {pmid21489565, year = {2011}, author = {Carney, KJ and Delany, JE and Sawant, S and Mesbahi, E}, title = {The effects of prolonged darkness on temperate and tropical marine phytoplankton, and their implications for ballast water risk management.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {62}, number = {6}, pages = {1233-1244}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.03.022}, pmid = {21489565}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Darkness ; Environmental Monitoring ; India ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Photosynthesis ; Phytoplankton/classification/*physiology ; Risk Management ; Seawater/chemistry ; Ships/*methods ; Tropical Climate ; United Kingdom ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Phytoplankton assemblages from tropical (Goa) and temperate (UK) locations were exposed to a 28 day dark period, followed by a period of re-exposure to light. During this time phytoplankton survival and changes in nutrient concentrations were mapped. The tropical plankton water samples showed high nutrient levels after the dark period which were utilised by cells during the re-exposure period. UK experiments looked at the effect of three different water types on population recovery after the 28 day dark period, and differences due to seasonal effects. The population growth observed during the re-exposure period in the tropical population was comparable to that of the temperate population. Water type affected recovery and of the three tested media fresh seawater promoted the highest levels of growth. Seasonality had a significant influence on species survival. Understanding the effects of all these factors can aid the development of effective risk assessments in ballast water management.}, }
@article {pmid21485358, year = {2011}, author = {Alto, BW}, title = {Interspecific larval competition between invasive Aedes japonicus and native Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and adult longevity.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {232-242}, doi = {10.1603/me09252}, pmid = {21485358}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/*physiology ; Animals ; Asia ; Canada ; France ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; *Longevity ; New Zealand ; }, abstract = {The Asian rock pool mosquito Aedes japonicus (Theobald) inhabits natural and artificial container habitats, some of which are occupied by the native treehole mosquitoAedes triseriatus (Say), a vector of LaCrosse encephalitis virus. A laboratory experiment was used to evaluate the effects of nutrient limitation and interspecific interactions between these species. The goal was to address two related hypotheses. First, interspecific interactions between these species show competitive asymmetry with the invasive mosquito Ae. japonicus being favored over Ae. triseriatus. Second, competitive stress at the larval stage alters adult longevity. There was minimal evidence for competitive asymmetry between these two species. Mosquito and population performance showed clear negative density-dependent effects with similar effects of intra- and interspecific interactions. Only Ae. japonicus development time showed competitive asymmetry over Ae. triseriatus, providing weak support for the first hypothesis. For both species, competition resulted in lower adult longevity compared with low competition, providing support for the second hypothesis. These results suggest both species are similarly affected by intra- and interspecific competition and underscore the importance of the effects of larval competition that continue into adulthood and alter parameters important to transmission of vector-borne diseases.}, }
@article {pmid21484398, year = {2011}, author = {Dietzsch, AC and Stanley, DA and Stout, JC}, title = {Relative abundance of an invasive alien plant affects native pollination processes.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {167}, number = {2}, pages = {469-479}, pmid = {21484398}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Digitalis/*physiology ; Diptera ; Environment ; Flowers/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Ireland ; *Pollination ; Population Density ; Reproduction ; Rhododendron/*physiology ; }, abstract = {One major characteristic of invasive alien species is their occurrence at high abundances in their new habitat. Flowering invasive plant species that are visited by native insects and overlap with native plant species in their pollinators may facilitate or disrupt native flower visitation and fertilisation by forming large, dense populations with high numbers of flowers and copious rewards. We investigated the direction of such a proposed effect for the alien invasive Rhododendron ponticum in Irish habitats. Flower visitation, conspecific and alien pollen deposition, fruit and seed set were measured in a self-compatible native focal plant, Digitalis purpurea, and compared between field sites that contained different relative abundances of R. ponticum. Flower visitation was significantly lower at higher alien relative plant abundances than at lower abundances or in the absence of the alien. Native flowers experienced a significant decrease in conspecific pollen deposition with increasing alien abundance. Heterospecific pollen transfer was very low in all field sites but increased significantly with increasing relative R. ponticum abundance. However, lower flower visitation and lower conspecific pollen transfer did not alter reproductive success of D. purpurea. Our study shows that indirect interactions between alien and native plants for pollination can be modified by population characteristics (such as relative abundance) in a similar way as interactions among native plant species. In D. purpurea, only certain aspects of pollination and reproduction were affected by high alien abundances which is probably a result of high resilience due to a self-compatible breeding system. Native species that are more susceptible to pollen limitation are more likely to experience fitness disadvantages in habitats with high relative alien plant abundances.}, }
@article {pmid21482779, year = {2011}, author = {Desurmont, GA and Donoghue, MJ and Clement, WL and Agrawal, AA}, title = {Evolutionary history predicts plant defense against an invasive pest.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {108}, number = {17}, pages = {7070-7074}, pmid = {21482779}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*physiology ; Male ; North America ; Oviposition/*physiology ; Plant Leaves/*physiology ; Viburnum/*physiology ; }, abstract = {It has long been hypothesized that invasive pests may be facilitated by the evolutionary naïveté of their new hosts, but this prediction has never been examined in a phylogenetic framework. To address the hypothesis, we have been studying the invasive viburnum leaf beetle (Pyrrhalta viburni), which is decimating North American native species of Viburnum, a clade of worldwide importance as understory shrubs and ornamentals. In a phylogenetic field experiment using 16 species of Viburnum, we show that old-world Viburnum species that evolved in the presence of Pyrrhalta beetles mount a massive defensive wound response that crushes eggs of the pest insect; in contrast, naïve North American species that share no evolutionary history with Pyrrhalta beetles show a markedly lower response. This convergent continental difference in the defensive response of Viburnum spp. against insect oviposition contrasts with little difference in the quality of leaves for beetle larvae. Females show strong oviposition preferences that correspond with larval performance regardless of continental origin, which has facilitated colonization of susceptible North American species. Thus, although much attention has been paid to escape from enemies as a factor in the establishment and spread of nonnative organisms, the colonization of undefended resources seems to play a major role in the success of invasive species such as the viburnum leaf beetle.}, }
@article {pmid21481125, year = {2011}, author = {Rosindell, J and Phillimore, AB}, title = {A unified model of island biogeography sheds light on the zone of radiation.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {552-560}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01617.x}, pmid = {21481125}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Birds/genetics/*physiology ; *Genetic Speciation ; *Geography ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Social Isolation ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Islands acquire species through immigration and speciation. Models of island biogeography should capture both processes; however quantitative island biogeography theory has either neglected speciation or treated it unrealistically. We introduce a model where the dominance of immigration on small and near islands gives way to an increasing role for speciation as island area and isolation increase. We examine the contribution of immigration and speciation to the avifauna of 35 archipelagoes and find, consistent with our model, that the zone of radiation comprises two regions: endemic species diverged from mainland sister-species at intermediate isolation and from insular sister-species at higher levels of isolation. Our model also predicts species-area curves in accord with existing research and makes new predictions about species ages and abundances. We argue that a paucity of data and theory on species abundances on isolated islands highlights the need for island biogeography to be reconnected with mainstream ecology.}, }
@article {pmid21479214, year = {2011}, author = {Gouws, EJ and Gaston, KJ and Chown, SL}, title = {Intraspecific body size frequency distributions of insects.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {e16606}, pmid = {21479214}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Body Size ; Body Weight ; Insecta/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Although interspecific body size frequency distributions are well documented for many taxa, including the insects, intraspecific body size frequency distributions (IaBSFDs) are more poorly known, and their variation among mass-based and linear estimates of size has not been widely explored. Here we provide IaBSFDs for 16 species of insects based on both mass and linear estimates and large sample sizes (n ≥ 100). In addition, we review the published IaBSFDs for insects, though doing so is complicated by their under-emphasis in the literature. The form of IaBSFDs can differ substantially between mass-based and linear measures. Nonetheless, in non-social insects they tend to be normally distributed (18 of 27 species) or in fewer instances positively skewed. Negatively skewed distributions are infrequently reported and log transformation readily removes the positive skew. Sexual size dimorphism does not generally cause bimodality in IaBSFDs. The available information on IaBSFDs in the social insects suggests that these distributions are usually positively skewed or bimodal (24 of 30 species). However, only c. 15% of ant genera are polymorphic, suggesting that normal distributions are probably more common, but less frequently investigated. Although only 57 species, representing seven of the 29 orders of insects, have been considered here, it appears that whilst IaBSFDs are usually normal, other distribution shapes can be found in several species, though most notably among the social insects. By contrast, the interspecific body size frequency distribution is typically right-skewed in insects and in most other taxa.}, }
@article {pmid21479188, year = {2011}, author = {Liu, X and Guo, Z and Ke, Z and Wang, S and Li, Y}, title = {Increasing potential risk of a global aquatic invader in Europe in contrast to other continents under future climate change.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {e18429}, pmid = {21479188}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*growth &amp; development ; Astacoidea/*growth &amp; development ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Forecasting ; Geography ; Humans ; *Internationality ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Models, Biological ; Risk Factors ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Anthropogenically-induced climate change can alter the current climatic habitat of non-native species and can have complex effects on potentially invasive species. Predictions of the potential distributions of invasive species under climate change will provide critical information for future conservation and management strategies. Aquatic ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to invasive species and climate change, but the effect of climate change on invasive species distributions has been rather neglected, especially for notorious global invaders.<br><br>We used ecological niche models (ENMs) to assess the risks and opportunities that climate change presents for the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), which is a worldwide aquatic invasive species. Linking the factors of climate, topography, habitat and human influence, we developed predictive models incorporating both native and non-native distribution data of the crayfish to identify present areas of potential distribution and project the effects of future climate change based on a consensus-forecast approach combining the CCCMA and HADCM3 climate models under two emission scenarios (A2a and B2a) by 2050. The minimum temperature from the coldest month, the human footprint and precipitation of the driest quarter contributed most to the species distribution models. Under both the A2a and B2a scenarios, P. clarkii shifted to higher latitudes in continents of both the northern and southern hemispheres. However, the effect of climate change varied considerately among continents with an expanding potential in Europe and contracting changes in others.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings are the first to predict the impact of climate change on the future distribution of a globally invasive aquatic species. We confirmed the complexities of the likely effects of climate change on the potential distribution of globally invasive species, and it is extremely important to develop wide-ranging and effective control measures according to predicted geographical shifts and changes.}, }
@article {pmid21479185, year = {2011}, author = {Goergen, EM and Leger, EA and Espeland, EK}, title = {Native perennial grasses show evolutionary response to Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) invasion.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {e18145}, pmid = {21479185}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Analysis of Variance ; *Biological Evolution ; Bromus/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can change selective pressures on native plants by altering biotic and abiotic conditions in invaded habitats. Although invasions can lead to native species extirpation, they may also induce rapid evolutionary changes in remnant native plants. We investigated whether adult plants of five native perennial grasses exhibited trait shifts consistent with evolution in response to invasion by the introduced annual grass Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass), and asked how much variation there was among species and populations in the ability to grow successfully with the invader. Three hundred and twenty adult plants were collected from invaded and uninvaded communities from four locations near Reno, Nevada, USA. Each plant was divided in two and transplanted into the greenhouse. One clone was grown with B. tectorum while the other was grown alone, and we measured tolerance (ability to maintain size) and the ability to reduce size of B. tectorum for each plant. Plants from invaded populations consistently had earlier phenology than those from uninvaded populations, and in two out of four sites, invaded populations were more tolerant of B. tectorum competition than uninvaded populations. Poa secunda and one population of E. multisetus had the strongest suppressive effect on B. tectorum, and these two species were the only ones that flowered in competition with B. tectorum. Our study indicates that response to B. tectorum is a function of both location and species identity, with some, but not all, populations of native grasses showing trait shifts consistent with evolution in response to B. tectorum invasion within the Great Basin.}, }
@article {pmid21477801, year = {2011}, author = {de Villalobos, AE and Zalba, SM and Peláez, DV}, title = {Pinus halepensis invasion in mountain pampean grassland: effects of feral horses grazing on seedling establishment.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {111}, number = {7}, pages = {953-959}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2011.03.011}, pmid = {21477801}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Argentina ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Horses ; *Introduced Species ; *Pinus ; Poaceae ; *Seedlings ; Soil ; }, abstract = {We evaluated the mechanisms that determine the increasing abundance of Pinus halepensis in mountain pampean grasslands in Argentina that is associated with the continuous presence of feral horses. We hypothesized that direct and indirect effects of feral horse grazing on grassland may affect the establishment of P. halepensis. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate this hypothesis, studying the response of seedling emergence, survival and growth to herbaceous vegetation defoliation and soil disturbance in sites with contrasting grazing histories. We also evaluated the composition and structure of plant communities of each experimental site. Direct effects such as heavily defoliated perennial grasses and indirect effects such as reduced specific and functional richness, diversity and evenness enhanced the emergence, survival and early growth of the seedlings. High bare ground percentage and low grass biomass also positively affected seedling establishment. The experimental evidence demonstrates that the combination of invasional meltdown hypothesis and weakened biotic resistance are the mechanisms involved in P. halepensis invasion.}, }
@article {pmid21475397, year = {2011}, author = {Doorduin, LJ and Vrieling, K}, title = {A review of the phytochemical support for the shifting defence hypothesis.}, journal = {Phytochemistry reviews : proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {99-106}, pmid = {21475397}, issn = {1568-7767}, abstract = {Several theories have been developed to explain why invasive species are very successful and develop into pest species in their new area. The shifting defence hypothesis (SDH) argues that invasive plant species quickly evolve towards new defence levels in the invaded area because they lack their specialist herbivores but are still under attack by local (new) generalist herbivores. The SDH predicts that plants should increase their cheap, toxic defence compounds and lower their expensive digestibility reducing compounds. As a net result resources are saved that can be allocated to growth and reproduction giving these plants a competitive edge over the local plant species. We conducted a literature study to test whether toxic defence compounds in general are increased in the invaded area and if digestibility reducing compounds are lowered. We specifically studied the levels of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, a toxin which is known for its beneficial and detrimental impact against specialists and generalists, respectively. Digestibility reducers did not show a clear trend which might be due to the small number of studies and traits measured. The meta analysis showed that toxic compounds in general and pyrrolizidine alkaloid levels specifically, increased significantly in the invaded area, supporting the predictions of the SDH that a fast evolution takes place in the allocation towards defence.}, }
@article {pmid21474153, year = {2011}, author = {Nanayakkara, KG and Zheng, YM and Alam, AK and Zou, S and Chen, JP}, title = {Electrochemical disinfection for ballast water management: technology development and risk assessment.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {63}, number = {5-12}, pages = {119-123}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.03.003}, pmid = {21474153}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Chlorine/analysis/toxicity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Disinfectants/analysis/toxicity ; Disinfection/*methods ; Electrochemical Techniques/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Plankton/drug effects ; Risk Assessment ; Seawater/chemistry/microbiology ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {Ballast water is essential in maintaining the balance and structural integrity of ships during voyage. However, it has created biological invasion threats to the ocean environment. An innovative electrochemical technology was developed in this study. The microorganisms regulated by the International Maritime Organization (D2) were used as the target organisms. It was found that the required energy to meet the D2 was below 0.006 kWh/m3. The size of disinfector (m3) was about 0.5% of treatment flow rate (m3/h). The complete disappearance of chlorine in seawater was achieved after three days. The ballast tank corrosion was not worsened due to the application of technology. The ecotoxicity studies showed no toxic effect on fish, invertebrate, and algae. Finally, the environmental risk assessment showed the treated water did not pose threats to the environment. It can therefore be concluded that the technology provides a cost-effective and environmental friendly solution to ballast water management.}, }
@article {pmid21468205, year = {2010}, author = {Baban, CK and Cronin, M and O'Hanlon, D and O'Sullivan, GC and Tangney, M}, title = {Bacteria as vectors for gene therapy of cancer.}, journal = {Bioengineered bugs}, volume = {1}, number = {6}, pages = {385-394}, pmid = {21468205}, issn = {1949-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Therapy/*methods ; *Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Mice ; Neoplasms/*therapy ; }, abstract = {Anti-cancer therapy faces major challenges, particularly in terms of specificity of treatment. The ideal therapy would eradicate tumor cells selectively with minimum side effects on normal tissue. Gene or cell therapies have emerged as realistic prospects for the treatment of cancer, and involve the delivery of genetic information to a tumor to facilitate the production of therapeutic proteins. However, there is still much to be done before an efficient and safe gene medicine is achieved, primarily developing the means of targeting genes to tumors safely and efficiently. An emerging family of vectors involves bacteria of various genera. It has been shown that bacteria are naturally capable of homing to tumors when systemically administered resulting in high levels of replication locally. Furthermore, invasive species can deliver heterologous genes intra-cellularly for tumor cell expression. Here, we review the use of bacteria as vehicles for gene therapy of cancer, detailing the mechanisms of action and successes at preclinical and clinical levels.}, }
@article {pmid21467758, year = {2011}, author = {Nakamura, I and Obi, T and Sakemi, Y and Nakayama, A and Miyazaki, K and Ogura, G and Tamaki, M and Oka, T and Takase, K and Miyamoto, A and Kawamoto, Y}, title = {The prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in two species of invasive alien mammals in Japan.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {73}, number = {8}, pages = {1067-1070}, doi = {10.1292/jvms.10-0525}, pmid = {21467758}, issn = {1347-7439}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; Escherichia coli/drug effects/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Feces/microbiology ; Herpestidae/*microbiology ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary ; Mustelidae/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in 128 Escherichia coli isolates was investigated in two species of invasive alien mammals (IAMs): the small Asian mongoose (SAM) and Japanese weasel (JW). The SAM is found on the main island of Okinawa, Japan, where a large number of livestock is available, and the JW is present on a small island, where is isolated from the main island, and have a small number of livestock. We focused on the two IAMs, inhabiting under the different environments, and compared their prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli. In the comparison of the frequencies of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli isolates between the SAM and JW, JW showed significantly higher prevalence of resistance against three drugs, ampicillin, chlortetracycline and nalidixic acid, compared with SAM's test results (P<0.05). The bla(TEM) gene and the aph1 gene were detected in 35 subjects (91%) of ampicillin-resistant isolates and 6 subjects (100%) of kanamycin-resistant isolates, respectively. The tet (A) gene was detected in 62 subjects (46%) of CTC-resistant isolates, and the tet (B) gene was detected in 25 subjects (8%) of those in IAM. The present results suggest that some IAMs were the carrier of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and their genes, and the frequencies of these resistances were different between two IAM species.}, }
@article {pmid21465332, year = {2011}, author = {Sato, Y and Mochizuki, A}, title = {Risk assessment of non-target effects caused by releasing two exotic phytoseiid mites in Japan: can an indigenous phytoseiid mite become IG prey?.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {54}, number = {4}, pages = {319-329}, pmid = {21465332}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Larva ; *Mites ; *Pest Control, Biological ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Two exotic phytoseiid mites, Neoseiulus cucumeris and Amblyseius swirskii, are commercially available in Japan for the control of thrips and other pest insects. As part of a risk assessment of the non-target effects of releasing these two species, we investigated intraguild predation (IGP) between these exotic phytoseiid mites and an indigenous phytoseiid mite Gynaeseius liturivorus, which is promising as an indigenous natural enemy for the control of thrips in Japan. To understand IGP relations between the exotic and indigenous phytoseiid mites after use of the exotic mites for biological control, we investigated IGP between them in the absence of their shared prey. When an IG prey was offered to an IG predator, both exotic and indigenous females consumed the IG prey at all immature stages (egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph), especially at its larval stages. The propensity for IGP in a no-choice test was measured by the survival time of IG prey corrected using the survival time of thrips offered to the IG predator. There was no significant difference in the propensity for IGP between N. cucumeris and G. liturivorus, but the propensity was significantly higher in A. swirskii than G. liturivorus. The propensity for IGP in a choice test was measured by the prey choice of the IG predator when a conspecific and a heterospecific larva were offered simultaneously as IG prey. Both exotic females consumed the heterospecific larva only. The indigenous female preferentially consumed the heterospecific larva when the heterospecific larva was N. cucumeris, but consumed the conspecific larva when the heterospecific larva was A. swirskii. We concluded that further investigation would be necessary for the exotic mites' risk assessment, since the propensity for IGP of the two exotic females was similar to or higher than that of the indigenous female in both the no-choice and choice tests.}, }
@article {pmid21464900, year = {2011}, author = {deWaard, JR and Hebert, PD and Humble, LM}, title = {A comprehensive DNA barcode library for the looper moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) of British Columbia, Canada.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {e18290}, pmid = {21464900}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; British Columbia ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Gene Library ; Genetic Variation ; Moths/*classification/*genetics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The construction of comprehensive reference libraries is essential to foster the development of DNA barcoding as a tool for monitoring biodiversity and detecting invasive species. The looper moths of British Columbia (BC), Canada present a challenging case for species discrimination via DNA barcoding due to their considerable diversity and limited taxonomic maturity.<br><br>By analyzing specimens held in national and regional natural history collections, we assemble barcode records from representatives of 400 species from BC and surrounding provinces, territories and states. Sequence variation in the barcode region unambiguously discriminates over 93% of these 400 geometrid species. However, a final estimate of resolution success awaits detailed taxonomic analysis of 48 species where patterns of barcode variation suggest cases of cryptic species, unrecognized synonymy as well as young species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: A catalog of these taxa meriting further taxonomic investigation is presented as well as the supplemental information needed to facilitate these investigations.}, }
@article {pmid21460574, year = {2011}, author = {Harris, DJ and Smith, KG and Hanly, PJ}, title = {Occupancy is nine-tenths of the law: occupancy rates determine the homogenizing and differentiating effects of exotic species.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {177}, number = {4}, pages = {535-543}, doi = {10.1086/658990}, pmid = {21460574}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Plants ; United States ; }, abstract = {Biotic homogenization, the loss of local biotic distinctiveness among locations (beta diversity), is a form of global change that can result from the widespread introduction of non-native species. Here, we model this process using only species' occupancy rates--the proportion of sites they occupy--without reference to their spatial arrangement. The nonspatial model unifies many empirical results and reliably explains >90% of the variance in species' effects on beta diversity. It also provides new intuitions and principles, including the conditions under which species' appearance, spread, or extirpation will homogenize or differentiate landscapes. Specifically, the addition or spread of exotic species that are more common than the native background rate (effective occupancy) homogenizes landscapes, while driving such species to extinction regionally or introducing rarer species differentiates them. Given the primacy of occupancy and our model's ability to explain its role, homogenization research can now focus on other factors.}, }
@article {pmid21460571, year = {2011}, author = {Westley, PA}, title = {What invasive species reveal about the rate and form of contemporary phenotypic change in nature.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {177}, number = {4}, pages = {496-509}, doi = {10.1086/658902}, pmid = {21460571}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are opportunities to gain insight into fundamental evolutionary questions, because reproductive isolation and sudden alterations in selection pressures are likely to lead to rapid evolutionary change. Here I investigate the role played by invasive species in revealing the rate and form of contemporary phenotypic change in wild populations by expanding a database of more than 5,500 rates of phenotypic change from 90 species of plants and animals. Invasive species are frequently used as model organisms and thus contribute disproportionately to available rates of phenotypic change. However, the preponderance of these rates is the consequence of extensive study in a small number of species. I found mixed evidence to support the hypothesis that phenotypic change is associated with time depending on the metric of choice (i.e., darwins or haldanes). Insights from both invasive and native species provide evidence for abrupt phenotypic change and suggest that the environment plays a potentially important role in driving trait change in wild populations, although the environmental influence on the observed trajectories remains unclear. Thus, future work should continue to seek an understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings--both genetic and environmental--of how phenotypic variation allows populations to adapt to rapidly changing global environments.}, }
@article {pmid21460564, year = {2011}, author = {Pintor, LM and Brown, JS and Vincent, TL}, title = {Evolutionary game theory as a framework for studying biological invasions.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {177}, number = {4}, pages = {410-423}, doi = {10.1086/658149}, pmid = {21460564}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; *Game Theory ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Although biological invasions pose serious threats to biodiversity, they also provide the opportunity to better understand interactions between the ecological and evolutionary processes structuring populations and communities. However, ecoevolutionary frameworks for studying species invasions are lacking. We propose using game theory and the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) as a conceptual framework for integrating the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of invasions. We suggest that the pathways by which a recipient community may have no ESS provide mechanistic hypotheses for how such communities may be vulnerable to invasion and how invaders can exploit these vulnerabilities. We distinguish among these pathways by formalizing the evolutionary contexts of the invader relative to the recipient community. We model both the ecological and the adaptive dynamics of the interacting species. We show how the ESS concept provides new mechanistic hypotheses for when invasions result in long- or short-term increases in biodiversity, species replacement, and subsequent evolutionary changes.}, }
@article {pmid21460547, year = {2011}, author = {Tingley, R and Phillips, BL and Shine, R}, title = {Establishment success of introduced amphibians increases in the presence of congeneric species.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {177}, number = {3}, pages = {382-388}, doi = {10.1086/658342}, pmid = {21460547}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; *Amphibians ; Animal Migration ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Introduced Species ; Likelihood Functions ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {Darwin's naturalization hypothesis predicts that the success of alien invaders will decrease with increasing taxonomic similarity to the native community. Alternatively, shared traits between aliens and the native assemblage may preadapt aliens to their novel surroundings, thereby facilitating establishment (the preadaptation hypothesis). Here we examine successful and failed introductions of amphibian species across the globe and find that the probability of successful establishment is higher when congeneric species are present at introduction locations and increases with increasing congener species richness. After accounting for positive effects of congeners, residence time, and propagule pressure, we also find that invader establishment success is higher on islands than on mainland areas and is higher in areas with abiotic conditions similar to the native range. These findings represent the first example in which the preadaptation hypothesis is supported in organisms other than plants and suggest that preadaptation has played a critical role in enabling introduced species to succeed in novel environments.}, }
@article {pmid21460540, year = {2011}, author = {Pantel, JH and Leibold, MA and Juenger, TE}, title = {Population differentiation in Daphnia alters community assembly in experimental ponds.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {177}, number = {3}, pages = {314-322}, doi = {10.1086/658345}, pmid = {21460540}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Biota ; Daphnia/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Fresh Water ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Phenotype ; Population Dynamics ; Zooplankton ; }, abstract = {Most studies of community assembly ignore how genetic differentiation within species affects their colonization and extinction. However, genetic differentiation in ecologically relevant traits may be substantial enough to alter the colonization and extinction processes that drive community assembly. We measured significant molecular genetic and quantitative trait differentiation among three Daphnia pulex × pulicaria populations in southwestern Michigan ponds and investigated whether this differentiation could alter the assembly of pond zooplankton communities in experimental mesocosms. In this study, we monitored the invasion success of different D. pulex × pulicaria populations after their introduction into an established zooplankton community. We also monitored the invasion success of a diverse array of zooplankton species into different D. pulex × pulicaria populations. Zooplankton community composition depended on the D. pulex × pulicaria source population. Daphnia pulex × pulicaria from one population failed to invade zooplankton communities, while those from other populations successfully invaded similar communities. If population differentiation in other species plays a role in community assembly similar to that demonstrated in our study, assembly may be more sensitive to evolutionary processes than has been previously generally considered.}, }
@article {pmid21460537, year = {2011}, author = {Fogarty, S and Cote, J and Sih, A}, title = {Social personality polymorphism and the spread of invasive species: a model.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {177}, number = {3}, pages = {273-287}, doi = {10.1086/658174}, pmid = {21460537}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Fitness ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Phenotype ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Ecological invasions are a major worldwide problem exacting tremendous economic and ecological costs. Efforts to explain variability in invasion speed and impact by searching for combinations of ecological conditions and species traits associated with invasions have met with mixed success. We use a simulation model that integrates insights from life-history theory, animal personalities, network theory, and spatial ecology to derive a new mechanism for explaining variation in animal invasion success. We show that spread occurs most rapidly when (1) a species includes a mix of life-history or personality types that differ in density-dependent performance and dispersal tendencies, (2) the differences between types are of intermediate magnitude, and (3) patch connections are intermediate in number and widely spread. Within-species polymorphism in phenotype (e.g., life-history strategies or personality), a feature not included in previous models, is important for overcoming the fact that different traits are associated with success in different stages of the invasion process. Polymorphism in sociability (a personality type) increases the speed of the invasion front, since asocial individuals colonize empty patches and facilitate the local growth of social types that, in turn, induce faster dispersal by asocials at the invasion edge. The results hold implications for the prediction of invasion impacts and the classification of traits associated with invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid21457784, year = {2011}, author = {Maazouzi, C and Piscart, C and Legier, F and Hervant, F}, title = {Ecophysiological responses to temperature of the "killer shrimp" Dikerogammarus villosus: is the invader really stronger than the native Gammarus pulex?.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology}, volume = {159}, number = {3}, pages = {268-274}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.03.019}, pmid = {21457784}, issn = {1531-4332}, mesh = {Animals ; Crustacea/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Global Warming ; Oxygen Consumption ; Species Specificity ; Survival Analysis ; Swimming ; }, abstract = {With global climate changes, biological invasions are considered to be one of the main causes of the decline of freshwater biodiversity. In this context, predicted increases in global temperature may alter the geographical distributions of native and invasive species. The purpose of our study was to examine the metabolic, behavioral and physiological responses to short-term temperature acclimation of two widely distributed species (the most successful European invader, Dikerogammarus villosus, and its main victim, Gammarus pulex), in order to estimate the potential effect of global warming on its invasion of freshwater ecosystems. Our results show that D. villosus is more vulnerable to high temperatures than G. pulex. The native species seems to be best adapted to intermediate temperatures (10-20°C) with a possibility of adjustment to "extreme" temperatures (5-27°C), whereas the "killer shrimp" D. villosus seems best adapted to lower temperatures (5-10°C) with a limited possibility of adjustment above 20°C. In the light of our results, global warming is likely to be less favorable to the invasive species. However, D. villosus showed reduced metabolic and activity rates, associated with higher glycogen content. This adaptive strategy was interpreted as having functional advantages, allowing D. villosus to successfully invade harsh and/or unpredictable biotopes. In addition, our results show that glycogen stores may be used as a powerful indicator of the optimal thermal window for aquatic ectotherms.}, }
@article {pmid21457751, year = {2011}, author = {Wang, W and Liu, H and Li, Z and Guo, Z and Yang, Y}, title = {Invasion dynamics of epidemic with the Allee effect.}, journal = {Bio Systems}, volume = {105}, number = {1}, pages = {25-33}, doi = {10.1016/j.biosystems.2011.03.001}, pmid = {21457751}, issn = {1872-8324}, mesh = {Animals ; Cluster Analysis ; Computer Simulation ; *Disease Transmission, Infectious ; Ecosystem ; *Epidemics ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; *Population Density ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Investigating the likely success of epidemic invasion is important in the epidemic management and control. In the present study, the invasion of epidemic is initially introduced to a predator-prey system, both species of which are considered to be subject to the Allee effect. Mathematically, the invasion dynamics is described by three nonlinear diffusion-reaction equations and the spatial implicit and explicit models are designed. By means of extensive numerical simulations, the results of spatial implicit model show that the Allee effect has an opposite impact on the invasion criteria and local dynamics when that on the different species. As the intensity of the Allee effect increases, the domain of epidemic invasion reduces and the system dynamics is changed from the stable state to the limit cycle and finally becomes the chaotic state when the susceptible prey with the Allee effect, but the domain expands and the system dynamics is changed from limit cycle to a table point when the predator is subject to the Allee effect. Results from the spatial explicit model show that the strong intensity of the Allee effect can lead to the catastrophic global extinction of all species in the case of that on the susceptible prey. While the predator with the Allee effect, the increased intensity of which makes spatial species reach a stable state. Furthermore, numerical simulations reveal a certain relationship between the invasion speed and spatial patterns.}, }
@article {pmid21455253, year = {2011}, author = {Wolinsky, H}, title = {Needles in a haystack. Genomic tools have become powerful tools for conservation biologists to monitor the spread of invasive species.}, journal = {EMBO reports}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {310-313}, pmid = {21455253}, issn = {1469-3178}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Genomics/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid21454772, year = {2011}, author = {Lambertucci, SA and Speziale, KL}, title = {Protecting invaders for profit.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {332}, number = {6025}, pages = {35}, doi = {10.1126/science.332.6025.35-a}, pmid = {21454772}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Commerce/*economics ; Introduced Species/*economics ; }, }
@article {pmid21452166, year = {2011}, author = {Unlu, I and Farajollahi, A and Healy, SP and Crepeau, T and Bartlett-Healy, K and Williges, E and Strickman, D and Clark, GG and Gaugler, R and Fonseca, DM}, title = {Area-wide management of Aedes albopictus: choice of study sites based on geospatial characteristics, socioeconomic factors and mosquito populations.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {67}, number = {8}, pages = {965-974}, doi = {10.1002/ps.2140}, pmid = {21452166}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Female ; Geography ; Male ; *Mosquito Control ; New Jersey ; Population Density ; Research Design ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse), the Asian tiger mosquito, is an introduced invasive species in the United States that is responsible for a significant proportion of service requests to local mosquito control programs. This container-utilizing mosquito is refractory to standard mosquito abatement measures in the United States. This study is part of a USDA-ARS project to develop an area-wide management strategy for Ae. albopictus. The goal was to identify three study sites, similar in socioeconomic parameters, geography and Ae. albopictus abundance, in urban and suburban areas in Mercer and Monmouth counties in New Jersey. Prior service requests and light trap counts and also detailed county maps were used to chose nine preliminary sites (four in Mercer and five in Monmouth) where weekly surveillance for Ae. albopictus was performed throughout the 2008 active season.<br><br>RESULTS: Although outliers were detected, socioeconomic variables in the study sites within each county were fairly consistent. Ae. albopictus abundance was associated with poverty levels and had the highest maxima in Mercer, although average mosquito abundance was similar in urban Mercer and suburban Monmouth.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Three study sites in each county were identified for future studies. The summer-long surveillance also revealed socioeconomic variables critical for the development of integrated mosquito management.}, }
@article {pmid21450734, year = {2011}, author = {Gomez-Mestre, I and Díaz-Paniagua, C}, title = {Invasive predatory crayfish do not trigger inducible defences in tadpoles.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {278}, number = {1723}, pages = {3364-3370}, pmid = {21450734}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology ; Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; *Cues ; Insecta/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/physiology ; Pigmentation/physiology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Ranidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species cause deep impacts on ecosystems worldwide, contributing to the decline and extinction of indigenous species. Effective defences against native biological threats in indigenous species, whether structural or inducible, often seem inoperative against invasive species. Here, we show that tadpoles of the Iberian green frog detect chemical cues from indigenous predators (dragonfly nymphs) and respond by reducing their activity and developing an efficient defensive morphology against them (increased tail depth and pigmentation). Those defensive responses, however, were not activated against a highly damaging invasive predator (red swamp crayfish). Induced defences increased tadpole survival when faced against either indigenous dragonflies or invasive crayfish, so its inactivation in the presence of the invasive predator seems to be due to failure in cue recognition. Furthermore, we tested for local adaptation to the invasive predator by comparing individuals from ponds either exposed to or free from crayfish. In both cases, tadpoles failed to express inducible defences against crayfish, indicating that ca 30 years of contact with the invasive species (roughly 10-15 frog generations) have been insufficient for the evolution of recognition of invasive predator cues.}, }
@article {pmid21449967, year = {2011}, author = {Aronson, RB and Thatje, S and McClintock, JB and Hughes, KA}, title = {Anthropogenic impacts on marine ecosystems in Antarctica.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {1223}, number = {}, pages = {82-107}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05926.x}, pmid = {21449967}, issn = {1749-6632}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Aquatic Organisms/*physiology ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Environmental Pollution ; Food Chain ; Greenhouse Effect/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; Oceans and Seas ; }, abstract = {Antarctica is the most isolated continent on Earth, but it has not escaped the negative impacts of human activity. The unique marine ecosystems of Antarctica and their endemic faunas are affected on local and regional scales by overharvesting, pollution, and the introduction of alien species. Global climate change is also having deleterious impacts: rising sea temperatures and ocean acidification already threaten benthic and pelagic food webs. The Antarctic Treaty System can address local- to regional-scale impacts, but it does not have purview over the global problems that impinge on Antarctica, such as emissions of greenhouse gases. Failure to address human impacts simultaneously at all scales will lead to the degradation of Antarctic marine ecosystems and the homogenization of their composition, structure, and processes with marine ecosystems elsewhere.}, }
@article {pmid21448733, year = {2011}, author = {Brenneis, VE and Sih, A and de Rivera, CE}, title = {Integration of an invasive consumer into an estuarine food web: direct and indirect effects of the New Zealand mud snail.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {167}, number = {1}, pages = {169-179}, pmid = {21448733}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Amphipoda ; Animals ; Astacoidea ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; Diet ; *Fishes ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Isopoda ; New Zealand ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Snails ; }, abstract = {Introduced species interact both directly and indirectly with native species. We examine interactions between the introduced New Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) and native estuarine invertebrates and predators through experiments and field studies. A widely held management concern is that when P. antipodarum, which has low nutritional value, becomes abundant, it replaces nutritious prey in fish diets. We tested two key components of this view: (1) that fish consume, but get little direct nutritional value from P. antipodarum; and (2) that P. antipodarum has an indirect negative effect on fish by reducing the energy derived from native prey. We also examined predation by the native signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus. Laboratory feeding trials showed that both crayfish and fish consume P. antipodarum, a direct effect. Crayfish consumed and successfully digested higher numbers of snails than did fish [Pacific staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus armatus), three spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), and juvenile starry flounder (Platicthys stellatus)]. P. antipodarum occurred at low frequencies in the stomachs of wild-caught fish. More interesting were the indirect effects of this invader, which ran counter to predictions. P. antipodarum presence was associated with no change or an increase in the amount of energy derived from native prey by predators. The presence of P. antipodarum also led to increased consumption of and preference for the native amphipod Americorophium salmonis over the native isopod Gnorimosphaeroma insulare. This is an example of short-term, asymmetric, apparent competition, in which the presence of one prey species (snails) increases predation on another prey species (the amphipod).}, }
@article {pmid21444340, year = {2011}, author = {Doorduin, L and Gravendeel, B and Lammers, Y and Ariyurek, Y and Chin-A-Woeng, T and Vrieling, K}, title = {The complete chloroplast genome of 17 individuals of pest species Jacobaea vulgaris: SNPs, microsatellites and barcoding markers for population and phylogenetic studies.}, journal = {DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {93-105}, pmid = {21444340}, issn = {1756-1663}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*genetics ; Base Pairing/genetics ; Chloroplasts/genetics ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA, Chloroplast/genetics ; Genetic Loci/genetics ; Genetic Markers ; Genetics, Population ; Genome, Chloroplast/*genetics ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Invasive individuals from the pest species Jacobaea vulgaris show different allocation patterns in defence and growth compared with native individuals. To examine if these changes are caused by fast evolution, it is necessary to identify native source populations and compare these with invasive populations. For this purpose, we are in need of intraspecific polymorphic markers. We therefore sequenced the complete chloroplast genomes of 12 native and 5 invasive individuals of J. vulgaris with next generation sequencing and discovered single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and microsatellites. This is the first study in which the chloroplast genome of that many individuals within a single species was sequenced. Thirty-two SNPs and 34 microsatellite regions were found. For none of the individuals, differences were found between the inverted repeats. Furthermore, being the first chloroplast genome sequenced in the Senecioneae clade, we compared it with four other members of the Asteraceae family to identify new regions for phylogentic inference within this clade and also within the Asteraceae family. Five markers (ndhC-trnV, ndhC-atpE, rps18-rpl20, clpP and psbM-trnD) contained parsimony-informative characters higher than 2%. Finally, we compared two procedures of preparing chloroplast DNA for next generation sequencing.}, }
@article {pmid21443553, year = {2011}, author = {Baerwald, MR and Schumer, G and Schreier, BM and May, B}, title = {TaqMan assays for the genetic identification of delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) and wakasagi smelt (Hypomesus nipponensis).}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {784-785}, doi = {10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03011.x}, pmid = {21443553}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; DNA Primers/genetics ; Endangered Species ; *Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Osmeriformes/*genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Species Specificity ; *Taq Polymerase ; }, abstract = {We have developed species-specific TaqMan assays for two California fish species, the threatened delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) and the introduced wakasagi smelt (Hypomesus nipponensis). The assays are capable of correctly identifying each species with 100% accuracy, with no cross-species amplification. We anticipate these assays will prove useful for future scientific studies requiring genetic species identification (e.g. predation of smelt) or monitoring (e.g. detection of delta smelt near water diversions).}, }
@article {pmid21442989, year = {2010}, author = {Huang, D and Sang, WG and Zhu, L and Song, YY and Wang, JP}, title = {[Effects of nitrogen and carbon addition and arbuscular mycorrhiza on alien invasive plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {21}, number = {12}, pages = {3056-3062}, pmid = {21442989}, issn = {1001-9332}, support = {//Intramural NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Ambrosia/drug effects/*growth &amp; development ; Carbon/*pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Nitrogen/*pharmacology ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; }, abstract = {A greenhouse control experiment was conducted to explore the effects of nitrogen and carbon addition and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) on the growth of alien invasive plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed). Nitrogen addition had no significant effects on the morphological indices, biomass and its allocation, and absolute growth rate of A. artemisiifolia, but increased the nitrogen content in the aboveground and underground parts of the plant significantly. Carbon addition increased the content of soil available nitrogen. In this case, the biomass allocation in root system for nutrient (nitrogen) absorption promoted, resulting in a remarkable decrease of branch number, total leaf area, specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf mass ratio. As a result, the total biomass decreased significantly. The symbiosis of A. artemisiifolia and AM fungi had great influence on the common ragweed's soil nitrogen acclimation, which enhanced its resource-capture by the increase of SLA, and this effect was more significant when the soil nitrogen content was low. AM fungi played an important role in the growth of A. artemisiifolia in low-nitrogen environment.}, }
@article {pmid21442739, year = {2011}, author = {Weir, SM and Salice, CJ}, title = {Managing the risk of invasive species: how well do functional traits determine invasion strategy and success?.}, journal = {Integrated environmental assessment and management}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {299-300}, doi = {10.1002/ieam.171}, pmid = {21442739}, issn = {1551-3793}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid21440890, year = {2011}, author = {Ojaveer, H and Kotta, J and Põllumäe, A and Põllupüü, M and Jaanus, A and Vetemaa, M}, title = {Alien species in a brackish water temperate ecosystem: annual-scale dynamics in response to environmental variability.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {111}, number = {7}, pages = {933-942}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2011.03.002}, pmid = {21440890}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Dynamics ; *Seawater ; *Zooplankton ; }, abstract = {Alien species contribute to global change in all marine ecosystems. Environmental variability can affect species distribution and population sizes, and is therefore expected to influence alien species. In this study, we have investigated temporal variability of 11 alien species representing different trophic levels and ecological functions in two gulfs of the brackish Baltic Sea in relation to environmental change. Independent of the invasion time, organism group or the life-history stage, abundance and/or biomass of the investigated alien species was either stable or displayed abrupt increases over time. Timing in population shifts was species-specific and exhibited no generic patterns, indicating that the observed large shifts in environmental parameters have no uniform consequences to the alien biota. In general, the inter-annual dynamics of alien and native species was not largely different, though native species tended to exhibit more diverse variability patterns compared to the alien species. There were no key environmental factors that affected most of the alien species, instead, the effects varied among the studied gulfs and species. Non-indigenous species have caused prominent structural changes in invaded communities as a result of exponential increase in the most recent invasions, as well as increased densities of the already established alien species.}, }
@article {pmid21440268, year = {2011}, author = {Wells, MG and Bailey, SA and Ruddick, B}, title = {The dilution and dispersion of ballast water discharged into Goderich Harbor.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {62}, number = {6}, pages = {1288-1296}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.03.005}, pmid = {21440268}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Coloring Agents/*analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Models, Chemical ; Rhodamines/analysis ; Ships/*methods ; Water Movements ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Observations are presented on dilution and dispersion rates of ballast water discharged under normal operational conditions at the semi-enclosed port of Goderich, Ontario. The ballast water was tagged with Rhodamine-WT dye and microscopic magnetically-attractive tracer particles. Maximum concentrations of dye immediately after discharge were diluted to 1-5% of initial ballast tank concentrations, and within 3 days had decreased to less than 0.1% of initial concentrations. Inside the harbor, there was 10-20% of the ballast water still present after 2 days, consistent with a flushing rate of 0.8-1.15 day(-1). Magnetic particles were collected up to 7.5km outside the harbor after one day, consistent with a dilution factor of order 10(5) outside the harbor. The results of this study are discussed in the context of ballast water discharge standards proposed by the International Maritime Organization to minimize the introduction of aquatic nonindigenous species through ships' ballast water and sediments.}, }
@article {pmid21437484, year = {2011}, author = {Chávez-Moreno, CK and Tecante, A and Casas, A and Claps, LE}, title = {Distribution and habitat in Mexico of Dactylopius Costa (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) and their cacti hosts (Cactaceae: Opuntioideae).}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, pages = {62-71}, doi = {10.1590/s1519-566x2011000100009}, pmid = {21437484}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Cactaceae ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; *Hemiptera ; Mexico ; }, abstract = {The distribution pattern of species of the genus Dactylopius Costa in Mexico was analyzed in relation to the distribution of their host plants (subfamily Opuntioideae) to evaluate the specificity of the insect-host association. The distribution of Dactylopius currently recognized is narrower than that of its hosts and probably is not representative. Therefore, a broader distribution of the Dactylopius species in correspondence with those of their hosts was hypothesized. Insects and their hosts were collected and georeferenced in 14 states of Mexico from 2005 to 2007. The distribution areas, maps, and habitat characteristics of Dactylopius, Opuntia sensu stricto, Nopalea and Cylindropuntia were determined on the basis of field collections and examination of museum collections. This information was complemented with information from the exhaustive examination of microscope slides from a local insect collection, plants from local herbaria, and literature reviews. The current distribution of the genus Dactylopius and its hosts included 22 and 25 states of Mexico, respectively, and Dactylopius had a continuous distribution according to its hosts, broader than recognized hitherto. The new georeferenced records of the five Mexican Dactylopius species are reported. Insects with morphological characteristics of D. confusus combined with those of D. salmianus were identified, as well as insects with characteristics of D. opuntiae combined with those of D. salmianus. These records suggest that the number of local Dactylopius species could be higher than previously thought or that possible new processes of hybridization between native and introduced species may be occurring.}, }
@article {pmid21437262, year = {2011}, author = {Canning-Clode, J and Fofonoff, P and Riedel, GF and Torchin, M and Ruiz, GM}, title = {The effects of copper pollution on fouling assemblage diversity: a tropical-temperate comparison.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {e18026}, pmid = {21437262}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Biofouling ; Copper/*toxicity ; Environmental Pollution ; Humans ; Invertebrates/drug effects ; Multivariate Analysis ; Panama ; *Tropical Climate ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The invasion of habitats by non-indigenous species (NIS) occurs at a global scale and can generate significant ecological, evolutionary, economic and social consequences. Estuarine and coastal ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to pollution from numerous sources due to years of human-induced degradation and shipping. Pollution is considered as a class of disturbance with anthropogenic roots and recent studies have concluded that high frequencies of disturbance may facilitate invasions by increasing the availability of resources.<br><br>To examine the effects of heavy metal pollution as disturbance in shaping patterns of exotic versus native diversity in marine fouling communities we exposed fouling communities to different concentrations of copper in one temperate (Virginia) and one tropical (Panama) region. Diversity was categorized as total, native and non-indigenous and we also incorporated taxonomic and functional richness. Our findings indicate that total fouling diversity decreased with increasing copper pollution, whether taxonomic or functional diversity is considered. Both native and non-indigenous richness decreased with increasing copper concentrations at the tropical site whereas at the temperate site, non-indigenous richness was too low to detect any effect.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Non-indigenous richness decreased with increasing metal concentrations, contradicting previous investigations that evaluate the influence of heavy metal pollution on diversity and invasibility of fouling assemblages. These results provide first insights on how the invasive species pool in a certain region may play a key role in the disturbance vs. non-indigenous diversity relationship.}, }
@article {pmid21435761, year = {2011}, author = {Kowarik, I}, title = {Novel urban ecosystems, biodiversity, and conservation.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {159}, number = {8-9}, pages = {1974-1983}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.022}, pmid = {21435761}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Cities ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Plant Development ; Plants/classification ; Socioeconomic Factors ; }, abstract = {With increasing urbanization the importance of cities for biodiversity conservation grows. This paper reviews the ways in which biodiversity is affected by urbanization and discusses the consequences of different conservation approaches. Cities can be richer in plant species, including in native species, than rural areas. Alien species can lead to both homogenization and differentiation among urban regions. Urban habitats can harbor self-sustaining populations of rare and endangered native species, but cannot replace the complete functionality of (semi-)natural remnants. While many conservation approaches tend to focus on such relict habitats and native species in urban settings, this paper argues for a paradigm shift towards considering the whole range of urban ecosystems. Although conservation attitudes may be challenged by the novelty of some urban ecosystems, which are often linked to high numbers of nonnative species, it is promising to consider their associated ecosystem services, social benefits, and possible contribution to biodiversity conservation.}, }
@article {pmid21434932, year = {2011}, author = {McLeish, M and Guo, D and van Noort, S and Midgley, G}, title = {Life on the edge: rare and restricted episodes of a pan-tropical mutualism adapting to drier climates.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {191}, number = {1}, pages = {210-222}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03683.x}, pmid = {21434932}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Climate ; DNA, Intergenic/chemistry ; DNA, Plant/chemistry ; Ficus/genetics/*physiology ; Genetic Speciation ; Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Tropical Climate ; Wasps/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {• The fig tree-fig wasp obligate pollination mutualism has strong ancestral affinities with tropical communities, but is present in much drier contemporary biomes, especially at higher latitudes at the edge of their range. The extent to which adaptation to environmental variables is evolutionarily conserved and whether environmental differences function in ecological speciation of the mutualism are unknown. • Here we use climate models and phylogenetic reconstructions to test whether the Ficus-fig wasp mutualism has adapted and radiated into drier climates and led to ecological speciation in both plant and insect. • The results showed phylogenetic correspondence between closely related Ficus species with either savanna, forest, or riparian habitat categories, were most strongly explained by both climate and environmental variables. Rare episodes of adaptation to dry apotypic conditions have resulted in substantial radiations into savanna. • Inferences were consistent with predictions of niche conservatism and support the postulate that ecological speciation of the mutualism occurs, but under contrasting and intertwined circumstances among plant-pollinator adaptation and tolerance to the environment.}, }
@article {pmid21434685, year = {2011}, author = {Miller, AW and Frazier, M and Smith, GE and Perry, ES and Ruiz, GM and Tamburri, MN}, title = {Enumerating sparse organisms in ships' ballast water: why counting to 10 is not so easy.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {45}, number = {8}, pages = {3539-3546}, pmid = {21434685}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/classification/*growth &amp; development ; *Biomass ; *Biota ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Plankton/classification/growth &amp; development ; Poisson Distribution ; Ships/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {To reduce ballast water-borne aquatic invasions worldwide, the International Maritime Organization and United States Coast Guard have each proposed discharge standards specifying maximum concentrations of living biota that may be released in ships' ballast water (BW), but these regulations still lack guidance for standardized type approval and compliance testing of treatment systems. Verifying whether BW meets a discharge standard poses significant challenges. Properly treated BW will contain extremely sparse numbers of live organisms, and robust estimates of rare events require extensive sampling efforts. A balance of analytical rigor and practicality is essential to determine the volume of BW that can be reasonably sampled and processed, yet yield accurate live counts. We applied statistical modeling to a range of sample volumes, plankton concentrations, and regulatory scenarios (i.e., levels of type I and type II errors), and calculated the statistical power of each combination to detect noncompliant discharge concentrations. The model expressly addresses the roles of sampling error, BW volume, and burden of proof on the detection of noncompliant discharges in order to establish a rigorous lower limit of sampling volume. The potential effects of recovery errors (i.e., incomplete recovery and detection of live biota) in relation to sample volume are also discussed.}, }
@article {pmid21430078, year = {2011}, author = {Somero, GN}, title = {Comparative physiology: a "crystal ball" for predicting consequences of global change.}, journal = {American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology}, volume = {301}, number = {1}, pages = {R1-14}, doi = {10.1152/ajpregu.00719.2010}, pmid = {21430078}, issn = {1522-1490}, mesh = {Acclimatization/physiology ; Adaptation, Physiological/physiology ; Animals ; Body Temperature Regulation/physiology ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Physiology, Comparative/*methods/*trends ; Stress, Physiological/physiology ; }, abstract = {Comparative physiology offers powerful approaches for developing causal, mechanistic explanations of shifts in biogeographic patterning occurring in concert with global change. These analyses can identify the cellular loci and intensities of stress-induced perturbation and generate predictions about ecosystem alterations in a changing world. Congeneric species adapted to different abiotic conditions offer excellent study systems for these purposes. Several findings have emerged from such comparative studies: 1) In aquatic and terrestrial habitats, the most heat-tolerant ectotherms may be most threatened by further increases in temperature, due to proximity of these species' thermal optima and tolerance limits to current maximal ambient temperatures and limited capacities for acclimatization to higher temperatures. 2) Cardiac function is a "weak link" in acute thermal tolerance. 3) Stress-induced changes in gene expression comprise a graded response involving genes linked to damage repair, lysis of irreversibly damaged molecules, and downregulation of cell proliferation. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses provide "biomarkers" for diagnosing degrees of stress. 4) Different abiotic stresses may have synergistic or opposing effects on gene expression, a complexity needing consideration when developing integrated pictures of effects of global change. 5) Adaptation of proteins can result from one to a few amino acid substitutions, which can occur at many sites in a protein, a discovery with implications for rates of adaptive evolution. 6) Greater thermal tolerance of invasive species may favor their replacement of natives. 7) Losses of protein-coding genes and temperature-responsive gene regulatory abilities in stenothermal ectotherms of the Southern Ocean may lead to broad extinctions.}, }
@article {pmid21426342, year = {2011}, author = {Paterson, RA and Townsend, CR and Poulin, R and Tompkins, DM}, title = {Introduced brown trout alter native acanthocephalan infections in native fish.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {80}, number = {5}, pages = {990-998}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01834.x}, pmid = {21426342}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Acanthocephala/*physiology ; Animals ; Helminthiasis, Animal/epidemiology/*parasitology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Osmeriformes/*parasitology ; Parasite Load ; Population Dynamics ; Trout/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {1. Native parasite acquisition provides introduced species with the potential to modify native host-parasite dynamics by acting as parasite reservoirs (with the 'spillback' of infection increasing the parasite burdens of native hosts) or sinks (with the 'dilution' of infection decreasing the parasite burdens of native hosts) of infection. 2. In New Zealand, negative correlations between the presence of introduced brown trout (Salmo trutta) and native parasite burdens of the native roundhead galaxias (Galaxias anomalus) have been observed, suggesting that parasite dilution is occurring. 3. We used a multiple-scale approach combining field observations, experimental infections and dynamic population modelling to investigate whether native Acanthocephalus galaxii acquisition by brown trout alters host-parasite dynamics in native roundhead galaxias. 4. Field observations demonstrated higher infection intensity in introduced trout than in native galaxias, but only small, immature A. galaxii were present in trout. Experimental infections also demonstrated that A. galaxii does not mature in trout, although parasite establishment and initial growth were similar in the two hosts. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that trout may serve as an infection sink for the native parasite. 5. However, dynamic population modelling predicts that A. galaxii infections in native galaxias should at most only be slightly reduced by dilution in the presence of trout. Rather, model exploration indicates parasite densities in galaxias are highly sensitive to galaxias predation on infected amphipods, and to relative abundances of galaxias and trout. Hence, trout presence may instead reduce parasite burdens in galaxias by either reducing galaxias density or by altering galaxias foraging behaviour.}, }
@article {pmid21424461, year = {2011}, author = {Sylvester, DJ and Bowman, DM}, title = {Navigating the patent landscapes for nanotechnology: English gardens or tangled grounds?.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, volume = {726}, number = {}, pages = {359-378}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-61779-052-2_23}, pmid = {21424461}, issn = {1940-6029}, mesh = {Nanotechnology/ethics/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; *Patents as Topic ; Policy ; }, abstract = {The patent landscape, like a garden, can tell you much about its designers and users: their motivations, biases, and general interests. While both patent landscapes and gardens may appear to the casual observer as refined and ordered, an in-depth exploration of the terrain is likely to reveal unforeseen challenges including, for example, alien species, thickets, and trolls. As this chapter illustrates, patent landscapes are dynamic and have been forced to continually evolve in response to technological innovation. While emerging technologies such as biotechnology and information communication technology have challenged the traditional patent landscape, the overarching framework and design have largely remained intact. But will this always be the case? The aim of this chapter is to highlight how nanotechnology is challenging the existing structures and underlying foundation of the patent landscape and the implications thereof for the technology, industry, and public more generally. The chapter concludes by asking the question whether the current patent landscape will be able to withstand the ubiquitous nature of the technology, or whether nanotechnology will be a catalyst for governments and policy makers for overhauling the current landscape design.}, }
@article {pmid21423759, year = {2011}, author = {Darling, JA}, title = {Interspecific hybridization and mitochondrial introgression in invasive carcinus shore crabs.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {e17828}, pmid = {21423759}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Brachyura/*genetics ; Cluster Analysis ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Gene Pool ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Linkage Disequilibrium/genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Interspecific hybridization plays an important role in facilitating adaptive evolutionary change. More specifically, recent studies have demonstrated that hybridization may dramatically influence the establishment, spread, and impact of invasive populations. In Japan, previous genetic evidence for the presence of two non-native congeners, the European green crab Carcinus maenas and the Mediterranean green crab C. aestuarii, has raised questions regarding the possibility of hybridization between these sister species. Here I present analysis based on both nuclear microsatellites and the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) gene which unambiguously argues for a hybrid origin of Japanese Carcinus. Despite the presence of mitochondrial lineages derived from both C. maenas and C. aestuarii, the Japanese population is panmictic at nuclear loci and has achieved cytonuclear equilibrium throughout the sampled range in Japan. Furthermore, analysis of admixture at nuclear loci indicates dramatic introgression of the C. maenas mitochondrial genome into a predominantly C. aestuarii nuclear background. These patterns, along with inferences drawn from the observational record, argue for a hybridization event pre-dating the arrival of Carcinus in Japan. The clarification of both invasion history and evolutionary history afforded by genetic analysis provides information that may be critically important to future studies aimed at assessing risks posed by invasive Carcinus populations to Japan and the surrounding region.}, }
@article {pmid21423697, year = {2011}, author = {Gaudeul, M and Giraud, T and Kiss, L and Shykoff, JA}, title = {Nuclear and chloroplast microsatellites show multiple introductions in the worldwide invasion history of common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {e17658}, pmid = {21423697}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ambrosia/*genetics ; Bayes Theorem ; Cell Nucleus/*genetics ; Chloroplasts/*genetics ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Chloroplast/genetics ; Genetic Loci/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Haplotypes/genetics ; *Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Population Dynamics ; Principal Component Analysis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ambrosia artemisiifolia is a North American native that has become one of the most problematic invasive plants in Europe and Asia. We studied its worldwide population genetic structure, using both nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers and an unprecedented large population sampling. Our goals were (i) to identify the sources of the invasive populations; (ii) to assess whether all invasive populations were founded by multiple introductions, as previously found in France; (iii) to examine how the introductions have affected the amount and structure of genetic variation in Europe; (iv) to document how the colonization of Europe proceeded; (v) to check whether populations exhibit significant heterozygote deficiencies, as previously observed.<br><br>PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We found evidence for multiple introductions of A. artemisiifolia, within regions but also within populations in most parts of its invasive range, leading to high levels of diversity. In Europe, introductions probably stem from two different regions of the native area: populations established in Central Europe appear to have originated from eastern North America, and Eastern European populations from more western North America. This may result from differential commercial exchanges between these geographic regions. Our results indicate that the expansion in Europe mostly occurred through long-distance dispersal, explaining the absence of isolation by distance and the weak influence of geography on the genetic structure in this area in contrast to the native range. Last, we detected significant heterozygote deficiencies in most populations. This may be explained by partial selfing, biparental inbreeding and/or a Wahlund effect and further investigation is warranted.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This insight into the sources and pathways of common ragweed expansion may help to better understand its invasion success and provides baseline data for future studies on the evolutionary processes involved during range expansion in novel environments.}, }
@article {pmid21419404, year = {2011}, author = {Khuroo, AA and Reshi, ZA and Rashid, I and Dar, GH}, title = {Towards an integrated research framework and policy agenda on biological invasions in the developing world: a case-study of India.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {111}, number = {7}, pages = {999-1006}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2011.02.011}, pmid = {21419404}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {Developing Countries ; Ecosystem ; India ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Plants ; Public Policy ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Scientific literature on biological invasions in the developing world is currently scarce. India, a fast-globalizing country, faces a high risk of biological invasions. However, research and policy efforts on biological invasions in India are presently inadequate.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: To propose an integrated research framework and policy agenda on biological invasions for India.<br><br>METHODS: The framework and agenda, drawn from research insights gained from plant invasion studies in the Kashmir Himalaya (India), adopts a stage-based model for characterization of invasive alien biota in India.<br><br>RESULTS: The research framework explicates crucial information on the origin, purpose and pathway of introduction, residence time, species invasiveness, invasiveness elsewhere, habitat invasibility, latitudinal and altitudinal ranges and ecological and economic impacts of invasive species. The policy agenda highlights an urgent need for regulation of introduction pathways, prioritization of the worst invasive species, shifting from species- to biota-centric approaches, looking beyond political borders, forging interdisciplinary collaboration, launching a national network, and generating public awareness.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Adoption of such an integrated framework and agenda in India, and in other developing countries, can significantly fill the geographical knowledge gaps in invasion biology research-which is crucial in winning the global battle against harmful biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid21418493, year = {2011}, author = {Tobin, PC and Berec, L and Liebhold, AM}, title = {Exploiting Allee effects for managing biological invasions.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {615-624}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01614.x}, pmid = {21418493}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a global and increasing threat to the function and diversity of ecosystems. Allee effects (positive density dependence) have been shown to play an important role in the establishment and spread of non-native species. Although Allee effects can be considered a bane in conservation efforts, they can be a benefit in attempts to manage non-native species. Many biological invaders are subject to some form of an Allee effect, whether due to a need to locate mates, cooperatively feed or reproduce or avoid becoming a meal, yet attempts to highlight the specific exploitation of Allee effects in biological invasions are surprisingly unprecedented. In this review, we highlight current strategies that effectively exploit an Allee effect, and propose novel means by which Allee effects can be manipulated to the detriment of biological invaders. We also illustrate how the concept of Allee effects can be integral in risk assessments and in the prioritization of resources allocated to manage non-native species, as some species beset by strong Allee effects could be less successful as invaders. We describe how tactics that strengthen an existing Allee effect or create new ones could be used to manage biological invasions more effectively.}, }
@article {pmid21418117, year = {2011}, author = {Tinghitella, RM and Zuk, M and Beveridge, M and Simmons, LW}, title = {Island hopping introduces Polynesian field crickets to novel environments, genetic bottlenecks and rapid evolution.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, pages = {1199-1211}, doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02255.x}, pmid = {21418117}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Environment ; *Geography ; Gryllidae/*genetics/physiology ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polynesia ; Population Dynamics ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {Teleogryllus oceanicus, a cricket native to Australia, was introduced to Hawaii where it encounters a novel natural enemy responsible for their recent rapid evolutionary loss of singing ability. To explore how genetic diversity varies across their broad range, their mode of introduction to Hawaii and nonadaptive influences on the sexual signalling system, we assessed variation at seven microsatellite loci in 19 Australian and island populations. Genetic variability was highest in Australia, intermediate in Oceania and lowest in Hawaii, and differentiation among local populations was a clear function of geographical distance. Hawaiian populations are most closely related to those from the Society Islands and Cook Islands, and a neighbour-joining tree based on D(A) is consistent with movement by Polynesian settlers. We found evidence of bottlenecks in six island populations (including three Hawaiian populations), supporting previous findings in which bottlenecks were implicated in the crickets' loss of singing ability.}, }
@article {pmid21417221, year = {2011}, author = {Evans, MA and Fahnenstiel, G and Scavia, D}, title = {Incidental oligotrophication of North American Great Lakes.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {45}, number = {8}, pages = {3297-3303}, doi = {10.1021/es103892w}, pmid = {21417221}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fresh Water/*chemistry ; Great Lakes Region ; Phytoplankton/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Seasons ; Silicon Dioxide/*analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis/prevention &amp; control/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {Phytoplankton production is an important factor in determining both ecosystem stability and the provision of ecosystem goods and services. The expansive and economically important North American Great Lakes are subjected to multiple stressors and understanding their responses to those stresses is important for understanding system-wide ecological controls. Here we show gradual increases in spring silica concentration (an indicator of decreasing growth of the dominant diatoms) in all basins of Lakes Michigan and Huron (USA and Canadian waters) between 1983 and 2008. These changes indicate the lakes have undergone gradual oligotrophication coincident with and anticipated by nutrient management implementation. Slow declines in seasonal drawdown of silica (proxy for seasonal phytoplankton production) also occurred, until recent years, when lake-wide responses were punctuated by abrupt decreases, putting them in the range of oligotrophic Lake Superior. The timing of these dramatic production drops is coincident with expansion of populations of invasive dreissenid mussels, particularly quagga mussels, in each basin. The combined effect of nutrient mitigation and invasive species expansion demonstrates the challenges facing large-scale ecosystems and suggest the need for new management regimes for large ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid21415332, year = {2011}, author = {Vince, G}, title = {Conservation ecology. Embracing invasives.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {331}, number = {6023}, pages = {1383-1384}, doi = {10.1126/science.331.6023.1383}, pmid = {21415332}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; Trees ; }, }
@article {pmid21413512, year = {2010}, author = {Archdeacon, TP and Iles, A and Kline, SJ and Bonar, SA}, title = {Asian fish tapeworm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi in the desert southwestern United States.}, journal = {Journal of aquatic animal health}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {274-279}, doi = {10.1577/H09-009.1}, pmid = {21413512}, issn = {0899-7659}, mesh = {Animals ; Cestoda/*classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Fishes ; Introduced Species ; Rivers ; Southwestern United States/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {The Asian fish tapeworm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidea) is an introduced fish parasite in the southwestern United States and is often considered a serious threat to native desert fishes. Determining the geographic distribution of nonnative fish parasites is important for recovery efforts of native fishes. We examined 1,140 individuals belonging to nine fish species from southwestern U.S. streams and springs between January 2005 and April 2007. The Asian fish tapeworm was present in the Gila River, Salt River, Verde River, San Pedro River, Aravaipa Creek, and Fossil Creek, Arizona, and in Lake Tuendae at Zzyzx Springs and Afton Canyon of the Mojave River, California. Overall prevalence of the Asian fish tapeworm in Arizona fish populations was 19% (range = 0-100%) and varied by location, time, and fish species. In California, the prevalence, abundance, and intensity of the Asian fish tapeworm in Mohave tui chub Gila bicolor mohavensis were higher during warmer months than during cooler months. Three new definitive host species--Yaqui chub G. purpurea, headwater chub G. nigra, and longfin dace agosia chrysogaster--were identified. Widespread occurrence of the Asian fish tapeworm in southwestern U.S. waters suggests that the lack of detection in other systems where nonnative fishes occur is due to a lack of effort as opposed to true absence of the parasite. To limit further spread of diseases to small, isolated systems, we recommend treatment for both endo- and exoparasites when management actions include translocation of fishes.}, }
@article {pmid21413511, year = {2010}, author = {Anderson, ET and Stoskopf, MK and Morris, JA and Clarke, EO and Harms, CA}, title = {Hematology, plasma biochemistry, and tissue enzyme activities of invasive red lionfish captured off North Carolina, USA.}, journal = {Journal of aquatic animal health}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {266-273}, doi = {10.1577/H10-029.1}, pmid = {21413511}, issn = {0899-7659}, mesh = {Animals ; Fishes/*blood/*metabolism ; Gastrointestinal Tract/enzymology ; *Introduced Species ; Kidney/enzymology ; Liver/enzymology ; Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology ; Myocardium/enzymology ; North Carolina ; }, abstract = {The red lionfish Pterois volitans is important not only in the aquarium trade but also as an invasive species in the western Atlantic. Introduced to waters off the southeastern coast of the United States, red lionfish have rapidly spread along much of the East Coast and throughout Bermuda, the Bahamas, and much of the Caribbean. Hematology and plasma biochemistry were evaluated in red lionfish captured from the offshore waters of North Carolina to establish baseline parameters for individual and population health assessment. Blood smears were evaluated for total and differential white blood cell counts, and routine clinical biochemical profiles were performed on plasma samples. To improve the interpretive value of routine plasma biochemistry profiles, tissue enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase [ALP], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT], lactate dehydrogenase [LD], and creatine kinase [CK]) were analyzed from liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, gastrointestinal tract, and heart tissues from five fish. The hematological and plasma biochemical values were similar to those of other marine teleosts except that the estimated white blood cell counts were much lower than those routinely found in many species. The tissue enzyme activity findings suggest that plasma LD, CK, and AST offer clinical relevance in the assessment of red lionfish.}, }
@article {pmid21410529, year = {2011}, author = {Seddon, PJ and Price, MS and Launay, F and Maunder, M and Soorae, P and Molur, S and Armstrong, D and Jordan, M and Dalrymple, S and Genovesi, P}, title = {Frankenstein ecosystems and 21st century conservation agendas: reply to Oliveira-Santos and Fernandez.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {212-3; author reply 213}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01647.x}, pmid = {21410529}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid21410474, year = {2011}, author = {Oduor, AMO and Lankau, RA and Strauss, SY and Gómez, JM}, title = {Introduced Brassica nigra populations exhibit greater growth and herbivore resistance but less tolerance than native populations in the native range.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {191}, number = {2}, pages = {536-544}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03685.x}, pmid = {21410474}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology ; Analysis of Variance ; Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; Ecosystem ; Glucosinolates/analysis ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Mustard Plant/growth &amp; development/immunology/*physiology ; Plant Immunity/*physiology ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Reproduction ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development/immunology/physiology ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Rapid post-introduction evolution has been found in many invasive plant species, and includes changes in defence (resistance and tolerance) and competitive ability traits. Here, we explored the post-introduction evolution of a trade-off between resistance to and tolerance of herbivory, which has received little attention. In a common garden experiment in a native range, nine invasive and 16 native populations of Brassica nigra were compared for growth and defence traits. Invasive populations had higher resistance to, but lower tolerance of, herbivore damage than native populations. Invasive populations survived better and produced more seeds than native ones when released from herbivores; but fitness was equivalent between the regions under ambient herbivory. The invasive populations grew taller, and produced more biomass and lighter seeds than natives, irrespective of insecticide treatment. In addition to supporting the idea of post-introduction rapid evolution of plant traits, our results also contribute to an emerging pattern of both increasing resistance and growth in invasive populations, contrary to the predictions of earlier theories of resistance-growth trade-offs.}, }
@article {pmid21408073, year = {2011}, author = {Harrison, JS and Mondor, EB}, title = {Evidence for an invasive aphid "superclone": extremely low genetic diversity in Oleander aphid (Aphis nerii) populations in the southern United States.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {e17524}, pmid = {21408073}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*genetics ; Genetic Loci/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Nerium/*parasitology ; United States ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The importance of genetic diversity in successful biological invasions is unclear. In animals, but not necessarily plants, increased genetic diversity is generally associated with successful colonization and establishment of novel habitats. The Oleander aphid, Aphis nerii, though native to the Mediterranean region, is an invasive pest species throughout much of the world. Feeding primarily on Oleander (Nerium oleander) and Milkweed (Asclepias spp.) under natural conditions, these plants are unlikely to support aphid populations year round in the southern US. The objective of this study was to describe the genetic variation within and among US populations of A. nerii, during extinction/recolonization events, to better understand the population ecology of this invasive species.<br><br>We used five microsatellite markers to assess genetic diversity over a two year period within and among three aphid populations separated by small (100 km) and large (3,700 km) geographic distances on two host plant species. Here we provide evidence for A. nerii "superclones". Genotypic variation was absent in all populations (i.e., each population consisted of a single multilocus genotype (MLG) or "clone") and the genetic composition of only one population completely changed across years. There was no evidence of sexual reproduction or host races on different plant species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Aphis nerii is a well established invasive species despite having extremely low genetic diversity. As this aphid appears to be obligatorily asexual, it may share more similarities with clonally reproducing invasive plants, than with other animals. Patterns of temporal and geographic genetic variation, viewed in the context of its population dynamics, have important implications for the management of invasive pests and the evolutionary biology of asexual species.}, }
@article {pmid21408056, year = {2011}, author = {Barney, JN and DiTomaso, JM}, title = {Global climate niche estimates for bioenergy crops and invasive species of agronomic origin: potential problems and opportunities.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {e17222}, pmid = {21408056}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biofuels ; *Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The global push towards a more biomass-based energy sector is ramping up efforts to adopt regionally appropriate high-yielding crops. As potential bioenergy crops are being moved around the world an assessment of the climatic suitability would be a prudent first step in identifying suitable areas of productivity and risk. Additionally, this assessment also provides a necessary step in evaluating the invasive potential of bioenergy crops, which present a possible negative externality to the bioeconomy. Therefore, we provide the first global climate niche assessment for the major graminaceous (9), herbaceous (3), and woody (4) bioenergy crops. Additionally, we contrast these with climate niche assessments for North American invasive species that were originally introduced for agronomic purposes as examples of well-intentioned introductions gone awry. With few exceptions (e.g., Saccharum officinarum, Pennisetum purpureum), the bioenergy crops exhibit broad climatic tolerance, which allows tremendous flexibility in choosing crops, especially in areas with high summer rainfall and long growing seasons (e.g., southeastern US, Amazon Basin, eastern Australia). Unsurprisingly, the invasive species of agronomic origin have very similar global climate niche profiles as the proposed bioenergy crops, also demonstrating broad climatic tolerance. The ecoregional evaluation of bioenergy crops and known invasive species demonstrates tremendous overlap at both high (EI≥30) and moderate (EI≥20) climate suitability. The southern and western US ecoregions support the greatest number of invasive species of agronomic origin, especially the Southeastern USA Plains, Mixed Woods Plains, and Mediterranean California. Many regions of the world have a suitable climate for several bioenergy crops allowing selection of agro-ecoregionally appropriate crops. This model knowingly ignores the complex biotic interactions and edaphic conditions, but provides a robust assessment of the climate niche, which is valuable for agronomists, crop developers, and regulators seeking to choose agro-ecoregionally appropriate crops while minimizing the risk of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid21407804, year = {2011}, author = {Schmidt, JP and Drake, JM}, title = {Time since introduction, seed mass, and genome size predict successful invaders among the cultivated vascular plants of Hawaii.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {e17391}, pmid = {21407804}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; *Biomass ; Genome, Plant/*genetics ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Plant Development ; Plant Vascular Bundle/growth &amp; development ; Plants/*genetics ; ROC Curve ; Seeds/*growth &amp; development ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Extensive economic and environmental damage has been caused by invasive exotic plant species in many ecosystems worldwide. Many comparative studies have therefore attempted to predict, from biological traits, which species among the pool of naturalized non-natives become invasive. However, few studies have investigated which species establish and/or become pests from the larger pool of introduced species and controlled for time since introduction. Here we present results from a study aimed at quantifying predicting three classes of invasive species cultivated in Hawaii. Of 7,866 ornamental species cultivated in Hawaii between 1840 and 1999, 420 (5.3%) species naturalized, 141 (1.8%) have been classified as weeds, and 39 (0.5%) were listed by the state of Hawaii as noxious. Of the 815 species introduced >80 years ago, 253 (31%) have naturalized, 90 (11%) are classed as weeds, and 22 (3%) as noxious by the state of Hawaii. Using boosted regression trees we classified each group with nearly 90% accuracy, despite incompleteness of data and the low proportion of naturalized or pest species. Key biological predictors were seed mass and highest chromosome number standardized by genus which, when data on residence time was removed, were able to predict all three groups with 76-82% accuracy. We conclude that, when focused on a single region, screening for potential weeds or noxious plants based on a small set of biological traits can be achieved with sufficient accuracy for policy and management purposes.}, }
@article {pmid21404843, year = {2011}, author = {Ulyshen, MD and Mankin, RW and Chen, Y and Duan, JJ and Poland, TM and Bauer, LS}, title = {Role of emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) larval vibrations in host-quality assessment by Tetrastichus planipennisi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {104}, number = {1}, pages = {81-86}, doi = {10.1603/ec10283}, pmid = {21404843}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Weight ; Coleoptera/*parasitology/physiology ; *Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Larva/parasitology/physiology ; Male ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Sex Ratio ; Vibration ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The biological control agent Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a gregarious larval endoparasitoid of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), an invasive cambium-feeding species responsible for recent, widespread mortality of ash (Fraxinus spp.) in North America. T. planipennisi is known to prefer late-instar emerald ash borer, but the cues used to assess host size by this species and most other parasitoids of concealed hosts remain unknown. We sought to test whether vibrations produced by feeding emerald ash borer vary with larval size and whether there are any correlations between these cues and T. planipennisi progeny number (i.e., brood size) and sex ratio. The amplitudes and rates of 3-30-ms vibrational impulses produced by emerald ash borer larvae of various sizes were measured in the laboratory before presenting the larvae to T. planipennisi. Impulse-rate did not vary with emerald ash borer size, but vibration amplitude was significantly higher for large larvae than for small larvae. T. planipennisi produced a significantly higher proportion of female offspring from large hosts than small hosts and was shown in previous work to produce more offspring overall from large hosts. There were no significant correlations, however, between the T. planipennisi progeny data and the emerald ash borer sound data. Because vibration amplitude varied significantly with host size, however, we are unable to entirely reject the hypothesis that T. planipennisi and possibly other parasitoids of concealed hosts use vibrational cues to assess host quality, particularly given the low explanatory potential of other external cues. Internal chemical cues also may be important.}, }
@article {pmid21404841, year = {2011}, author = {Barak, AV and Elder, P and Fraser, I}, title = {Low-temperature methyl bromide fumigation of emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in ash logs.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {104}, number = {1}, pages = {69-74}, doi = {10.1603/ec10130}, pmid = {21404841}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cold Temperature ; *Coleoptera ; Fraxinus/*parasitology ; *Fumigation ; Hydrocarbons, Brominated/*administration &amp; dosage ; Infrared Rays ; Insect Control/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Larva ; Thermal Conductivity ; Wood/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Ash (Fraxinus spp.) logs, infested with fully developed, cold-acclimated larval and prepupal emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), were fumigated with methyl bromide (MeBr) at 4.4 and 10.0 degrees C for 24 h. Concentrations X time dosages of MeBr obtained were 1579 and 1273 g-h/m3 (24-h exposure) at 4.4 and 10.0 degrees C after applied doses of 112 and 96 g/m3, respectively. MeBr concentrations were simultaneously measured with a ContainIR infrared monitor and Fumiscope thermal conductivity meter calibrated for MeBr to measure the effect of CO2 on Fumiscope concentration readings compared with the infrared (IR) instrument. The presence of CO2 caused false high MeBr readings. With the thermal conductivity meter, CO2 measured 11.36 g/m3 MeBr per 1% CO2 in clean air, whereas the gas-specific infrared ContainIR instrument measured 9.55% CO2 as 4.2 g/m3 MeBr (0.44 g/m3 per 1% CO2). The IR instrument was 0.4% as sensitive to CO2 as the thermal conductivity meter. After aeration, fumigated and control logs were held for 8 wk to capture emerging beetles. No A. planipennis adults emerged from any of the fumigated logs, whereas 262 emerged from control logs (139 and 123/m2 at 4.4 and 10.0 degrees C, respectively). An effective fumigation dose and minimum periodic MeBr concentrations are proposed. The use of a CO2 scrubber in conjunction with nonspecific thermal conductivity instruments is necessary to more accurately measure MeBr concentrations.}, }
@article {pmid21404834, year = {2011}, author = {Hallman, GJ and Myers, SW and Jessup, AJ and Islam, A}, title = {Comparison of in vitro heat and cold tolerances of the new invasive species Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) with three known tephritids.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {104}, number = {1}, pages = {21-25}, doi = {10.1603/ec10357}, pmid = {21404834}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cold Temperature ; *Hot Temperature ; Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; *Tephritidae ; }, abstract = {Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta &amp; White (Diptera: Tephritidae) is spreading throughout central Africa attacking a variety of fruit; quarantines are placed on fruit from this region that are considered hosts. The only phytosanitary treatment that is commercially available is an ionizing irradiation treatment for all Tephritidae at 150 Gy. The development of other treatments, such as heat, cold, or fumigation, usually requires testing tens of thousands of insects at a dose that provides efficacy and may take several years. It may be possible to shorten the time required to develop treatments by comparing tolerance of a new quarantine pest to tolerances of pests with similar behaviors and modes of infestation for which treatment schedules are available. Cold and heat tolerance ofB. invadens was compared with tolerance of Anastrepha ludens (Loew), Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) in vitro. Third-instar B. invadens was no more cold tolerant than the other species when treated in diet at 0.94 +/- 0.65 degrees C and no more heat tolerant than C. capitata when immersed in vials in water at 44.7 +/- 0.1 degrees C. The data at 0.94 +/- 0.65 degrees C was used to include B. invadens in a USDA cold treatment schedule for citrus fruit from Africa so that trade would not be interrupted while protecting U.S. agriculture from this invasive pest.}, }
@article {pmid21404075, year = {2011}, author = {García-Llorente, M and Martín-López, B and Nunes, PA and González, JA and Alcorlo, P and Montes, C}, title = {Analyzing the social factors that influence willingness to pay for invasive alien species management under two different strategies: eradication and prevention.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {48}, number = {3}, pages = {418-435}, pmid = {21404075}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Government Agencies ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Development ; Plants/classification ; Public Policy ; Research ; Risk Management/economics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions occur worldwide, and have been the object of ecological and socio-economic research for decades. However, the manner in which different stakeholder groups identify the problems associated with invasive species and confront invasive species management under different policies remains poorly understood. In this study, we conducted an econometric analysis of the social factors influencing willingness to pay for invasive alien species management under two different regimes: eradication and prevention in the Doñana Natural Protected Area (SW Spain). Controlling for the participation of local residents, tourists and conservationists, email and face-to-face questionnaires were conducted. Results indicated that respondents were more willing to pay for eradication than prevention; and public support for invasive alien species management was influenced by an individual's knowledge and perception of invasive alien species, active interest in nature, and socio-demographic attributes. We concluded that invasive alien species management research should confront the challenges to engage stakeholders and accept any tradeoffs necessary to modify different conservation policies to ensure effective management is implemented. Finally, our willingness to pay estimates suggest the Department of Environment of Andalusian Government has suitable social support to meet the budgetary expenditures required for invasive alien species plans and adequate resources to justify an increase in the invasive alien species management budget.}, }
@article {pmid21392331, year = {2010}, author = {Robinet, C and Roques, A}, title = {Direct impacts of recent climate warming on insect populations.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {132-142}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00196.x}, pmid = {21392331}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*physiology ; Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Demography ; Insecta/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; *Temperature ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Effects of recent climate change have already been detected in many species, and, in particular, in insects. The present paper reviews the key impacts of global warming on insect development and dispersal. The effects of climate change appear to be much more complex than a simple linear response to an average increase in temperature. They can differ between seasons and bioclimatic regions. Earlier flight periods, enhanced winter survival and acceleration of development rates are the major insect responses. Differential response of insects and hosts to warming up might also lead to disruption of their phenological synchrony, but adaptive genetic processes are likely to quickly restore this synchrony. In a number of cases, warming results in removing or relocating the barriers that limit present species' ranges. It is also likely to facilitate the establishment and spread of invasive alien species. Finally, knowledge gaps are identified and future research interests are suggested.}, }
@article {pmid21392329, year = {2010}, author = {Por, FD}, title = {Climate Optimum rejuvenates the Mediterranean marine world.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {112-121}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00194.x}, pmid = {21392329}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biota ; *Climate Change ; *Demography ; Fishes ; Foraminifera ; *Fossils ; Geography/*trends ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Mediterranean Sea ; Mollusca ; Oceanography ; Species Specificity ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The Mediterranean, a sea with an already eventful history, is again undergoing an extreme change. A combination of general warming of the Mediterranean Sea and contact with the Indopacific world through the Suez Canal has set the stage for massive changes in the biota that inhabit this sea. For over a century, tropical species of all taxa have been migrating back into the Mediterranean, suggesting a duplication or restoration of a mid-Pliocene Piacenzian or late Miocene Tortonian situation. Test cases are presented in three major taxa. It is not a serial invasion by individual rogue exotic and damaging species, as often wrongly assumed and asserted. Despite its unique biogeographic magnitude being recognized, an opportunity to study the progress of this phenomenon is being missed. This is because of the changed priorities in research, the acute taxonomic impediment and to the geopolitical difficulties in cooperation. Nonetheless, the limitations of the restoration process are defined and a careful future outlook is presented.}, }
@article {pmid21392328, year = {2010}, author = {Mainka, SA and Howard, GW}, title = {Climate change and invasive species: double jeopardy.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {102-111}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00193.x}, pmid = {21392328}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Public Policy/*trends ; }, abstract = {Two of the key drivers of biodiversity loss today are climate change and invasive species. Climate change is already having a measurable impact on species distributions, reproduction and behavior, and all evidence suggests that things will get worse even if we act tomorrow to mitigate any future increases in greenhouse gas emissions: temperature will increase, precipitation will change, sea level will rise and ocean chemistry will change. At the same time, biological invasions remain an important threat to biodiversity, causing species loss, changes in distribution and habitat degradation. Acting together, the impacts of each of these drivers of change are compounded and interactions between these two threats present even greater challenges to field conservationists as well as policymakers. Similarly, the social and economic impacts of climate change and invasive species, already substantial, will be magnified. Awareness of the links between the two should underpin all biodiversity management planning and policy.}, }
@article {pmid21392325, year = {2010}, author = {Stenseth, NC}, title = {The biological consequences of global change.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {85-86}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00200.x}, pmid = {21392325}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, }
@article {pmid21392324, year = {2010}, author = {Olivera, P and Menezes, D and Trout, R and Buckle, A and Geraldes, P and Jesus, J}, title = {Successful eradication of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and house mouse (Mus musculus) from the island of Selvagem Grande (Macaronesian archipelago), in the Eastern Atlantic.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {70-83}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00186.x}, pmid = {21392324}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {4-Hydroxycoumarins ; Animals ; Atlantic Islands ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Mice ; Pest Control/*methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Population Dynamics ; Portugal ; *Rabbits ; }, abstract = {The Portuguese island of Selvagem Grande (Great Salvage) in Macaronesia is an important seabird breeding station in the eastern Atlantic. Significant populations of Cory's shearwater Calonectris diomedea (Scopoli, 1769), Bulwer's petrel Bulweria bulweria (Jardine &amp; Selby, 1828) and little shearwater Puffinus assimilis baroli (Bonaparte, 1857) are present, and white-faced storm-petrel Pelagodroma marina (Latham, 1790) and Madeiran storm-petrel Oceanodroma castro (Harcourt, 1851) populations are of global significance. Selvagem Grande also provides diverse habitats for an extensive flora, including 11 endemic species. The 270-ha island was also inhabited by two alien invasive mammals: the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) and the house mouse Mus musculus (Linnaeus, 1758). Both are known to have had adverse impacts on breeding seabirds and island vegetation. In 2002, the Natural Park of Madeira conducted a program using brodifacoum bait formulations aimed at rabbit and mouse eradication. Approximately 17 000 individual baiting points were established on a 12.5 × 12.5 m grid. Baits were also applied by hand "seeding" on steep slopes and cliffs where bait stations could not be placed. Rabbits were removed after a month. However, mice persisted for considerably longer and strategic bait applications against them continued for a further six months. Subsequent assessments by trapping, bait takes and systematic observation of signs over three years, has confirmed the removal of both alien invasive species. This paper presents information on these operations, on measures adopted to mitigate adverse impacts of the eradication program on important vertebrate non-target species, including Berthelot's pipit Anthus berthelotii Bolle, 1862 and a species of gecko Tarentola bischoffi Joger, 1984 and on the initial response of the island's ecosystem to the eradication of rabbits and mice.}, }
@article {pmid21392319, year = {2010}, author = {Eason, CT and Murphy, EC and Hix, S and Macmorran, DB}, title = {Development of a new humane toxin for predator control in New Zealand.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {31-36}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00183.x}, pmid = {21392319}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {*Animal Welfare ; Animals ; *Cats ; Methemoglobinemia/*chemically induced/*mortality ; *Mustelidae ; New Zealand ; Pest Control/ethics/*methods ; Pesticides/*poisoning ; Propiophenones/*poisoning ; Regression Analysis ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The endemic fauna of New Zealand evolved in the absence of mammalian predators and their introduction has been responsible for many extinctions and declines. Introduced species including possums (Trichosurus vulpecula Kerr), ship rats (Rattus rattus L.) and stoats (Mustela erminea L.) are targeted to protect native birds. Control methodologies currently rely largely on labor-intensive trapping or the use of increasingly unpopular poisons, or poisons that are linked with low welfare standards. Hence, the development of safer humane predator toxins and delivery systems is highly desirable. Para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) is being developed as a toxin for feral cats (Felis catus L.) and stoats. Carnivores appear to be much more susceptible to PAPP than birds, so it potentially has high target specificity, at least in New Zealand. Pen trials with 20 feral cats and 15 stoats have been undertaken using meat baits containing a proprietary formulation of PAPP. A PAPP dose of 20-34 mg kg(-1) was lethal for feral cats and 37-95 mg kg(-1) was lethal for stoats. Our assessments suggest that PAPP, for the control of feral cats and stoats, is a humane and effective toxin. PAPP causes methaemoglobinaemia, resulting in central nervous system anoxia, lethargy and death.}, }
@article {pmid21390491, year = {2011}, author = {Kaufman, LV and Wright, MG}, title = {Ecological correlates of the non-indigenous parasitoid assemblage associated with a Hawaiian endemic moth.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {166}, number = {4}, pages = {1087-1098}, pmid = {21390491}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/parasitology ; Moths/*parasitology ; Principal Component Analysis ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Understanding what ecological factors might predispose indigenous habitats to invasion by invasive species is an important aspect of conservation and invasive species management, particularly when biological control is considered for suppression of the invasive species. This study seeks to identify ecological factors that might play a role in determining the structure of the parasitoid assemblage associated with caterpillars of the endemic Hawaiian moth Udea stellata (Crambidae). Parasitoids were reared from field-collected U. stellata larvae at 18 locations. Fourteen environmental variables were measured at each site. Two multivariate analyses, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial redundancy analysis (RDA), were used to analyze the parasitoid assemblage across a range of habitats varying in environmental characteristics. The PCA analysis showed that the occurrence of some species were highly correlated, and associated with less disturbed sites, whereas other species were associated with sites of medium and high levels of disturbance. The RDA analysis showed that only three of the measured environmental variables (U. stellata density, elevation, and level of habitat disturbance) significantly explained variability in the parasitoid assemblage among sites. There was greater parasitoid species richness associated with U. stellata larvae at higher elevation sites with a lower degree of habitat disturbance by exotic vegetation. The purposely introduced parasitoid species were associated with the non-target moth at sites located at higher elevations with low levels of disturbance. Multivariate analysis has the potential to provide valuable insights into the identification of important environmental factors that mediate parasitoid assemblage structure and level of parasitism on a particular target or non-target species, and therefore facilitate identification of suitable target habitats or susceptible non-target habitats.}, }
@article {pmid21388172, year = {2011}, author = {Bailey, SA and Deneau, MG and Jean, L and Wiley, CJ and Leung, B and MacIsaac, HJ}, title = {Evaluating efficacy of an environmental policy to prevent biological invasions.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {45}, number = {7}, pages = {2554-2561}, doi = {10.1021/es102655j}, pmid = {21388172}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {*Aquatic Organisms ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Environmental Policy ; Government Regulation ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Ships/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods ; }, abstract = {Enactment of any environmental policy should be followed by an evaluation of its efficacy to ensure optimal utilization of limited resources, yet measuring the success of these policies can be a challenging task owing to a dearth of data and confounding factors. We examine the efficacy of ballast water policies enacted to prevent biological invasions in the Laurentian Great Lakes. We utilize four criteria to assess the efficacy of this environmental regulation: (1) Is the prescribed management action demonstrably effective? (2) Is the management action effective under operational conditions? (3) Can compliance be achieved on a broad scale? (4) Are desired changes observed in the environment? The four lines of evidence resulting from this analysis indicate that the Great Lakes ballast water management program provides robust, but not complete, protection against ship-mediated biological invasions. Our analysis also indicates that corresponding inspection and enforcement efforts should be undertaken to ensure that environmental policies translate into increased environmental protection. Similar programs could be implemented immediately around the world to protect the biodiversity of the many freshwater ecosystems which receive ballast water discharges by international vessels. This general framework can be extended to evaluate efficacy of other environmental policies.}, }
@article {pmid21382380, year = {2011}, author = {Cunniffe, NJ and Gilligan, CA}, title = {A theoretical framework for biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens: Identifying effective strategies.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {278}, number = {1}, pages = {32-43}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.02.023}, pmid = {21382380}, issn = {1095-8541}, support = {BB/B502379/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Plant Diseases/microbiology/prevention &amp; control/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Plants/*microbiology ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {We develop and analyse a flexible compartmental model of the interaction between a plant host, a soil-borne pathogen and a microbial antagonist, for use in optimising biological control. By extracting invasion and persistence thresholds of host, pathogen and biological control agent, performing an equilibrium analysis, and numerical investigation of sensitivity to parameters and initial conditions, we determine criteria for successful biological control. We identify conditions for biological control (i) to prevent a pathogen entering a system, (ii) to eradicate a pathogen that is already present and, if that is not possible, (iii) to reduce the density of the pathogen. Control depends upon the epidemiology of the pathogen and how efficiently the antagonist can colonise particular habitats (i.e. healthy tissue, infected tissue and/or soil-borne inoculum). A sharp transition between totally effective control (i.e. eradication of the pathogen) and totally ineffective control can follow slight changes in biologically interpretable parameters or to the initial amounts of pathogen and biological control agent present. Effective biological control requires careful matching of antagonists to pathosystems. For preventative/eradicative control, antagonists must colonise susceptible hosts. However, for reduction in disease prevalence, the range of habitat is less important than the antagonist's bulking-up efficiency.}, }
@article {pmid21377669, year = {2011}, author = {Campbell, ML}, title = {Assessing biosecurity risk associated with the importation of non-indigenous microalgae.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {111}, number = {7}, pages = {989-998}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2011.02.004}, pmid = {21377669}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {Aquaculture ; Decision Making ; *Introduced Species ; *Microalgae ; New Zealand ; Risk Assessment/methods ; }, abstract = {The importation and use of microalgae as live feeds for aquaculture and research poses significant marine biosecurity risks as it represents a poorly or unregulated mechanism for the introduction of non-native species. In many jurisdictions, the importation of a good is controlled by an Import Health Standard (IHS); however within New Zealand, no IHS explicitly exists for microalgae and no import risk assessments have occurred. This represents an unregulated pathway that requires urgent management attention. To address this problem, an 8-step decision-tree (based on non-probabilistic if/then statements) was developed. The decision-tree applies the same set of criteria to all species and strains, ensuring that future importation of microalgae could be assessed in a consistent, robust, transparent, and defensible manner. To assess the validity of the decision-tree, all New Zealand microalgae imports from 1998 to 2005 were assessed using the decision-tree and then compared against a derived risk assessment for the same dataset. Microalgae imports that pose a risk to New Zealand have been imported and released into the environment, indicating that this unregulated pathway needs improved biosecurity management. Both aquaculture and research agencies are responsible for releasing microalgae imports. The decision-tree was a more conservative method than a derived risk assessment process.}, }
@article {pmid21377619, year = {2011}, author = {Guillemaud, T and Ciosi, M and Lombaert, E and Estoup, A}, title = {Biological invasions in agricultural settings: insights from evolutionary biology and population genetics.}, journal = {Comptes rendus biologies}, volume = {334}, number = {3}, pages = {237-246}, doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.008}, pmid = {21377619}, issn = {1768-3238}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; *Agriculture ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Genetics ; Humans ; Insect Control ; Insecta ; Molecular Biology ; Pest Control, Biological ; Population ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Invasion biology and agriculture are intimately related for several reasons and in particular because many agricultural pest species are recent invaders. In this article we suggest that the reconstruction of invasion routes with population genetics-based methods can address fundamental questions in ecology and practical aspects of the management of biological invasions in agricultural settings. We provide a brief description of the methods used to reconstruct invasion routes and describe their main characteristics. In particular, we focus on a scenario--the bridgehead invasion scenario --which had been overlooked until recently. We show that this scenario, in which an invasive population is the source of other invasive populations, is evolutionarily parsimonious and may have played a crucial role in shaping the distribution of many recent agricultural pests.}, }
@article {pmid21373803, year = {2012}, author = {Gutierrez, JB and Hurdal, MK and Parshad, RD and Teem, JL}, title = {Analysis of the Trojan Y chromosome model for eradication of invasive species in a dendritic riverine system.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {64}, number = {1-2}, pages = {319-340}, pmid = {21373803}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {Animals ; *Extinction, Biological ; Female ; Fishes/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Models, Genetic ; Rivers ; Sex Determination Processes/genetics ; X Chromosome/genetics ; Y Chromosome/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The use of Trojan Y chromosomes has been proposed as a genetic strategy for the eradication of invasive species. The strategy is particularly relevant to invasive fish species that have XY sex determination system and are amenable to sex-reversal. In this paper we study the dynamics of an invasive fish population occupying a dendritic domain in which Trojan individuals bearing multiple Y chromosomes have been released as a means of eradication. We demonstrate the existence of a bounded absorbing set that represents extinction of the invasive species irrespective of the dendritic configuration. The method of analysis used to obtain global estimates could be applied to other population problems and other geometries.}, }
@article {pmid21370974, year = {2011}, author = {Grünwald, NJ and Goss, EM}, title = {Evolution and population genetics of exotic and re-emerging pathogens: novel tools and approaches.}, journal = {Annual review of phytopathology}, volume = {49}, number = {}, pages = {249-267}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095246}, pmid = {21370974}, issn = {1545-2107}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging ; Genetic Speciation ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; *Genetics, Population/methods ; Humans ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Plant Diseases ; Population Dynamics ; Recombination, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Given human population growth and accelerated global trade, the rate of emergence of exotic plant pathogens is bound to increase. Understanding the processes that lead to the emergence of new pathogens can help manage emerging epidemics. Novel tools for analyzing population genetic variation can be used to infer the evolutionary history of populations or species, allowing for the unprecedented reconstruction of the demographic history of pathogens. Specifically, recent advances in the application of coalescent, maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian methods to population genetic data combined with increasing availability of affordable sequencing and parallel computing have created the opportunity to apply these methods to a broad range of questions regarding the evolution of emerging pathogens. These approaches are particularly powerful when used to test multiple competing hypotheses. We provide several examples illustrating how coalescent analysis provides critical insights into understanding migration pathways as well as processes of divergence, speciation, and recombination.}, }
@article {pmid21367448, year = {2011}, author = {Pacios, I and Guerra-García, JM and Baeza-Rojano, E and Cabezas, MP}, title = {The non-native seaweed Asparagopsis armata supports a diverse crustacean assemblage.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {71}, number = {4}, pages = {275-282}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.02.002}, pmid = {21367448}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Crustacea/*classification/growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Multivariate Analysis ; Rhodophyta/*growth &amp; development ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {This is the first study describing the crustacean fauna associated to Asparagopsis armata, a non-native, red seaweed widely distributed along western Mediterranean coasts. First found in Australia and New Zealand, it was introduced naturally through the Strait of Gibraltar and rapidly spread out. A one-year spatio-temporal study (Feb 08-Feb 09) was carried out in the Strait of Gibraltar to characterize the spatio-temporal patterns of the associated crustacean fauna. Maximum biomass of A. armata was measured during April-June, whereas the maximum crustacean abundances were registered from June-October. In total 41 crustacean species were identified. The caprellid Caprella penantis, traditionally associated to non-polluted areas, was more abundant on Tarifa Island (higher values of dissolved oxygen and pH) than in Algeciras (lower oxygen and pH). The gammarid Podocerus variegatus was dominant in Algeciras Bay while Hyale schmidti and Apherusa mediterranea were the most abundant on Tarifa Island. Among isopods, Synisoma nadejda was only found on Tarifa Island. When compared with literature of native algae of the intertidal and shallow sublittoral, the species richness of associated crustaceans was similar in A. armata and the natives. Very little is known about the influence of this algae on altering marine communities, so complete faunistic studies dealing with other groups such as polychaetes or molluscs are necessary to properly address biogeographical, ecological and management programmes dealing with this non-native species.}, }
@article {pmid21366586, year = {2011}, author = {Vašek, M and Jůza, T and Cech, M and Kratochvíl, M and Prchalová, M and Frouzová, J and Ríha, M and Tušer, M and Seďa, J and Kubečka, J}, title = {The occurrence of non-native tubenose goby Proterorhinus semilunaris in the pelagic 0+ year fish assemblage of a central European reservoir.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, pages = {953-961}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02901.x}, pmid = {21366586}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Czech Republic ; Diet ; *Ecosystem ; Gastrointestinal Contents ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {In July 2008, early juvenile tubenose goby Proterorhinus semilunaris were found in nocturnal pelagic waters of the Vranov Reservoir, Czech Republic. Presence of benthic-living prey in the guts of these fish suggested migration between benthic and pelagic habitats.}, }
@article {pmid21365215, year = {2011}, author = {Laframboise, AJ and Katare, Y and Scott, AP and Zielinski, BS}, title = {The effect of elevated steroids released by reproductive male round gobies, Neogobius melanostomus, on olfactory responses in females.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, pages = {260-262}, pmid = {21365215}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Electrophysiology/methods ; Etiocholanolone/*analogs &amp; derivatives/analysis/metabolism ; Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/administration &amp; dosage/analogs &amp; derivatives ; Male ; Olfactory Pathways/physiology ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Reproduction/*physiology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; *Smell ; }, abstract = {The round goby, Neogobius melanostomus, is a highly successful invasive species in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Previous behavioral studies implied that females are attracted by pheromones to the nests of reproductive males, and that males release putative steroidal pheromones--unconjugated as well as conjugated forms of 3α-hydroxy-5β-androstane-11,17-dione (11-O-ETIO)-following stimulation of the hypothalamic--gonadal axis with salmon gonadotropin releasing hormone analog (sGnRHa). In this study, we tested the olfactory system of females in response to extracts containing these released steroids. We compared electrical field potential responses from the olfactory epithelium (electro-olfactogram, EOG) of non-reproductive females to methanol extracts of water that previously held males, collected before and after injection of the males with sGnRHa or saline. The females showed increased EOG responses to the post-injection extracts when males were treated with sGnRHa but not saline. This finding provides further evidence for interactions between male and female N. melanostomus via steroidal reproductive pheromones.}, }
@article {pmid21364993, year = {2011}, author = {Mahon, AR and Barnes, MA and Senapati, S and Feder, JL and Darling, JA and Chang, HC and Lodge, DM}, title = {Molecular detection of invasive species in heterogeneous mixtures using a microfluidic carbon nanotube platform.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {e17280}, pmid = {21364993}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Complex Mixtures/*analysis/genetics ; Dreissena/genetics ; Efficiency ; High-Throughput Screening Assays/instrumentation/methods ; *Introduced Species ; Microfluidic Analytical Techniques/instrumentation/*methods ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Biology/*methods ; *Nanotubes, Carbon/chemistry ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Ships ; Water/analysis/chemistry/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Screening methods to prevent introductions of invasive species are critical for the protection of environmental and economic benefits provided by native species and uninvaded ecosystems. Coastal ecosystems worldwide remain vulnerable to damage from aquatic species introductions, particularly via ballast water discharge from ships. Because current ballast management practices are not completely effective, rapid and sensitive screening methods are needed for on-site testing of ships in transit. Here, we describe a detection technology based on a microfluidic chip containing DNA oligonucleotide functionalized carbon nanotubes. We demonstrate the efficacy of the chip using three ballast-transported species either established (Dreissena bugensis) or of potential threat (Eriocheir sinensis and Limnoperna fortuneii) to the Laurentian Great Lakes. With further refinement for on-board application, the technology could lead to real-time ballast water screening to improve ship-specific management and control decisions.}, }
@article {pmid21364988, year = {2011}, author = {Goldstien, SJ and Dupont, L and Viard, F and Hallas, PJ and Nishikawa, T and Schiel, DR and Gemmell, NJ and Bishop, JD}, title = {Global phylogeography of the widely introduced North West Pacific ascidian Styela clava.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {e16755}, pmid = {21364988}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; DNA, Mitochondrial/analysis/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/analysis/genetics ; Europe ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; New Zealand ; Northwestern United States ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography/methods ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Urochordata/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The solitary ascidian Styela clava Herdman, 1882 is considered to be native to Japan, Korea, northern China and the Russian Federation in the NW Pacific, but it has spread globally over the last 80 years and is now established as an introduced species on the east and west coasts of North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. In eastern Canada it reaches sufficient density to be a serious pest to aquaculture concerns. We sequenced a fragment of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I mitochondrial gene (COI) from a total of 554 individuals to examine the genetic relationships of 20 S. clava populations sampled throughout the introduced and native ranges, in order to investigate invasive population characteristics. The data presented here show a moderate level of genetic diversity throughout the northern hemisphere. The southern hemisphere (particularly New Zealand) displays a greater amount of haplotype and nucleotide diversity in comparison. This species, like many other invasive species, shows a range of genetic diversities among introduced populations independent of the age of incursion. The successful establishment of this species appears to be associated with multiple incursions in many locations, while other locations appear to have experienced rapid expansion from a potentially small population with reduced genetic diversity. These contrasting patterns create difficulties when attempting to manage and mitigate a species that continues to spread among ports and marinas around the world.}, }
@article {pmid21364943, year = {2011}, author = {Sala, E and Kizilkaya, Z and Yildirim, D and Ballesteros, E}, title = {Alien marine fishes deplete algal biomass in the Eastern Mediterranean.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {e17356}, pmid = {21364943}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Biomass ; Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Fishes/*physiology ; Food Chain ; Geologic Sediments/analysis/microbiology ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Population Dynamics ; Turkey ; }, abstract = {One of the most degraded states of the Mediterranean rocky infralittoral ecosystem is a barren composed solely of bare rock and patches of crustose coralline algae. Barrens are typically created by the grazing action of large sea urchin populations. In 2008 we observed extensive areas almost devoid of erect algae, where sea urchins were rare, on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. To determine the origin of those urchin-less 'barrens', we conducted a fish exclusion experiment. We found that, in the absence of fish grazing, a well-developed algal assemblage grew within three months. Underwater fish censuses and observations suggest that two alien herbivorous fish from the Red Sea (Siganus luridus and S. rivulatus) are responsible for the creation and maintenance of these benthic communities with extremely low biomass. The shift from well-developed native algal assemblages to 'barrens' implies a dramatic decline in biogenic habitat complexity, biodiversity and biomass. A targeted Siganus fishery could help restore the macroalgal beds of the rocky infralittoral on the Turkish coast.}, }
@article {pmid21364898, year = {2011}, author = {Yamanoue, Y and Miya, M and Doi, H and Mabuchi, K and Sakai, H and Nishida, M}, title = {Multiple invasions into freshwater by pufferfishes (teleostei: tetraodontidae): a mitogenomic perspective.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {e17410}, pmid = {21364898}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa, Central ; Animals ; Asia, Southeastern ; Ecosystem ; *Fresh Water/parasitology ; Genetic Speciation ; Genome, Mitochondrial/*physiology ; *Genomics/methods ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; South America ; Tetraodontiformes/classification/*genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Pufferfishes of the Family Tetraodontidae are the most speciose group in the Order Tetraodontiformes and mainly inhabit coastal waters along continents. Although no members of other tetraodontiform families have fully discarded their marine lives, approximately 30 tetraodontid species spend their entire lives in freshwaters in disjunct tropical regions of South America, Central Africa, and Southeast Asia. To investigate the interrelationships of tetraodontid pufferfishes and thereby elucidate the evolutionary origins of their freshwater habitats, we performed phylogenetic analysis based on whole mitochondrial genome sequences from 50 tetraodontid species and closely related species (including 31 newly determined sequences). The resulting phylogenies reveal that the family is composed of four major lineages and that freshwater species from the different continents are independently nested in two of the four lineages. A monophyletic origin of the use of freshwater habitats was statistically rejected, and ancestral habitat reconstruction on the resulting tree demonstrates that tetraodontids independently entered freshwater habitats in different continents at least three times. Relaxed molecular-clock Bayesian divergence time estimation suggests that the timing of these invasions differs between continents, occurring at 0-10 million years ago (MA) in South America, 17-38 MA in Central Africa, and 48-78 MA in Southeast Asia. These timings are congruent with geological events that could facilitate adaptation to freshwater habitats in each continent.}, }
@article {pmid21361894, year = {2011}, author = {Hatfield, LA and Gutreuter, S and Boogaard, MA and Carlin, BP}, title = {Multilevel empirical bayes modeling for improved estimation of toxicant formulations to suppress parasitic sea lamprey in the upper great lakes.}, journal = {Biometrics}, volume = {67}, number = {3}, pages = {1153-1162}, pmid = {21361894}, issn = {1541-0420}, support = {R01 CA095955/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 CA095955-07/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Bayes Theorem ; Biometry/methods ; Hazardous Substances/analysis/pharmacology ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Lakes ; *Models, Statistical ; North America ; Pesticides/analysis/*toxicity ; *Petromyzon ; Seasons ; Toxicity Tests ; }, abstract = {Estimation of extreme quantal-response statistics, such as the concentration required to kill 99.9% of test subjects (LC99.9), remains a challenge in the presence of multiple covariates and complex study designs. Accurate and precise estimates of the LC99.9 for mixtures of toxicants are critical to ongoing control of a parasitic invasive species, the sea lamprey, in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. The toxicity of those chemicals is affected by local and temporal variations in water chemistry, which must be incorporated into the modeling. We develop multilevel empirical Bayes models for data from multiple laboratory studies. Our approach yields more accurate and precise estimation of the LC99.9 compared to alternative models considered. This study demonstrates that properly incorporating hierarchical structure in laboratory data yields better estimates of LC99.9 stream treatment values that are critical to larvae control in the field. In addition, out-of-sample prediction of the results of in situ tests reveals the presence of a latent seasonal effect not manifest in the laboratory studies, suggesting avenues for future study and illustrating the importance of dual consideration of both experimental and observational data.}, }
@article {pmid21360375, year = {2011}, author = {Molyneux, RJ and Gardner, DL and Colegate, SM and Edgar, JA}, title = {Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity in livestock: a paradigm for human poisoning?.}, journal = {Food additives &amp; contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure &amp; risk assessment}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {293-307}, doi = {10.1080/19440049.2010.547519}, pmid = {21360375}, issn = {1944-0057}, mesh = {Afghanistan/epidemiology ; Africa/epidemiology ; Animal Feed/analysis ; Animals ; Asia/epidemiology ; Asteraceae/chemistry ; Australia/epidemiology ; Boraginaceae/chemistry ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/epidemiology/veterinary ; Edible Grain/chemistry ; Ethiopia/epidemiology ; Europe/epidemiology ; Fabaceae/chemistry ; Food Contamination/analysis/prevention &amp; control ; Humans ; *Livestock ; Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids/*poisoning ; United States/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Livestock poisoning, primarily liver damage, caused by consumption of plants containing 1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine ester alkaloids (dehydroPAs), and the corresponding N-oxides, is a relatively common occurrence worldwide. Because of the economic impact, extensive investigations of such episodes have been performed, particularly in Australia, South Africa the United States and, more recently, South America. Plant species most commonly involved are members of the families Boraginaceae, Asteraceae and Leguminosae. These may be native species that periodically flourish under particular climatic conditions or introduced species that thrive in the absence of natural control factors such as herbivory and competition. Contamination of grain crops with dehydroPA-producing plants has resulted in large-scale incidents of food poisoning in humans, with high morbidity and mortality, especially in Africa and in central and south Asia, with recent episodes in Afghanistan and possibly Ethiopia. Attention has recently focused on the potential for low levels of dehydroPAs to contaminate many food products in developed countries, possibly leading to progressive, chronic diseases that may not include overt hepatotoxicity. This overview examines the potential for better control of exposure and means of monitoring dehydroPA intake by extrapolation of knowledge gained from animal studies to the human situation.}, }
@article {pmid21353721, year = {2011}, author = {Hulme, PE}, title = {Addressing the threat to biodiversity from botanic gardens.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {168-174}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2011.01.005}, pmid = {21353721}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Botany/methods ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Development ; }, abstract = {Increasing evidence highlights the role that botanic gardens might have in plant invasions across the globe. Botanic gardens, often in global biodiversity hotspots, have been implicated in the early cultivation and/or introduction of most environmental weeds listed by IUCN as among the worst invasive species worldwide. Furthermore, most of the popular ornamental species in living collections around the globe have records as alien weeds. Voluntary codes of conduct to prevent the dissemination of invasive plants from botanic gardens have had limited uptake, with few risk assessments undertaken of individual living collections. A stronger global networking of botanic gardens to tackle biological invasions involving public outreach, information sharing and capacity building is a priority to prevent the problems of the past occurring in the future.}, }
@article {pmid21353670, year = {2011}, author = {Darling, JA and Mahon, AR}, title = {From molecules to management: adopting DNA-based methods for monitoring biological invasions in aquatic environments.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {111}, number = {7}, pages = {978-988}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2011.02.001}, pmid = {21353670}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/classification/genetics ; DNA/*analysis ; Decision Making ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Great Lakes Region ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Risk Assessment/methods ; }, abstract = {Recent technological advances have driven rapid development of DNA-based methods designed to facilitate detection and monitoring of invasive species in aquatic environments. These tools promise to improve on traditional monitoring approaches by enhancing detection sensitivity, reducing analytical turnaround times and monitoring costs, and increasing specificity of target identifications. However, despite the promise of DNA-based monitoring methods, the adoption of these tools in decision-making frameworks remains challenging. Here, rather than explore technical aspects of method development, we examine impediments to effective translation of those methods into management contexts. In addition to surveying current use of DNA-based tools for aquatic invasive species monitoring, we explore potential sources of uncertainty associated with molecular technologies and possibilities for limiting that uncertainty and effectively communicating its implications for decision-making. We pay particular attention to the recent adoption of DNA-based methods for detection of invasive Asian carp species in the United States Great Lakes region, as this example illustrates many of the challenges associated with applying molecular tools to achieve desired management outcomes. Our goal is to provide a useful assessment of the obstacles associated with integrating DNA-based methods into aquatic invasive species management, and to offer recommendations for future efforts aimed at overcoming those obstacles.}, }
@article {pmid21350177, year = {2011}, author = {Ascunce, MS and Yang, CC and Oakey, J and Calcaterra, L and Wu, WJ and Shih, CJ and Goudet, J and Ross, KG and Shoemaker, D}, title = {Global invasion history of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {331}, number = {6020}, pages = {1066-1068}, doi = {10.1126/science.1198734}, pmid = {21350177}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/genetics ; Asia ; Australia ; Bayes Theorem ; Commerce ; Computer Simulation ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; Genes, Insect ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; South America ; Travel ; United States ; }, abstract = {The fire ant Solenopsis invicta is a significant pest that was inadvertently introduced into the southern United States almost a century ago and more recently into California and other regions of the world. An assessment of genetic variation at a diverse set of molecular markers in 2144 fire ant colonies from 75 geographic sites worldwide revealed that at least nine separate introductions of S. invicta have occurred into newly invaded areas and that the main southern U.S. population is probably the source of all but one of these introductions. The sole exception involves a putative serial invasion from the southern United States to California to Taiwan. These results illustrate in stark fashion a severe negative consequence of an increasingly massive and interconnected global trade and travel system.}, }
@article {pmid21347411, year = {2011}, author = {Rodda, GH and Jarnevich, CS and Reed, RN}, title = {Challenges in identifying sites climatically matched to the native ranges of animal invaders.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {e14670}, pmid = {21347411}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Boidae/physiology ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Internationality ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Species distribution models are often used to characterize a species' native range climate, so as to identify sites elsewhere in the world that may be climatically similar and therefore at risk of invasion by the species. This endeavor provoked intense public controversy over recent attempts to model areas at risk of invasion by the Indian Python (Python molurus). We evaluated a number of MaxEnt models on this species to assess MaxEnt's utility for vertebrate climate matching.<br><br>Overall, we found MaxEnt models to be very sensitive to modeling choices and selection of input localities and background regions. As used, MaxEnt invoked minimal protections against data dredging, multi-collinearity of explanatory axes, and overfitting. As used, MaxEnt endeavored to identify a single ideal climate, whereas different climatic considerations may determine range boundaries in different parts of the native range. MaxEnt was extremely sensitive to both the choice of background locations for the python, and to selection of presence points: inclusion of just four erroneous localities was responsible for Pyron et al.'s conclusion that no additional portions of the U.S. mainland were at risk of python invasion. When used with default settings, MaxEnt overfit the realized climate space, identifying models with about 60 parameters, about five times the number of parameters justifiable when optimized on the basis of Akaike's Information Criterion.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: When used with default settings, MaxEnt may not be an appropriate vehicle for identifying all sites at risk of colonization. Model instability and dearth of protections against overfitting, multi-collinearity, and data dredging may combine with a failure to distinguish fundamental from realized climate envelopes to produce models of limited utility. A priori identification of biologically realistic model structure, combined with computational protections against these statistical problems, may produce more robust models of invasion risk.}, }
@article {pmid21347265, year = {2011}, author = {Fernández-Mazuecos, M and Vargas, P}, title = {Genetically depauperate in the continent but rich in oceanic islands: Cistus monspeliensis (Cistaceae) in the Canary Islands.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {e17172}, pmid = {21347265}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Cistus/classification/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Geography ; Haplotypes ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Oceans and Seas ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Spain ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Population genetic theory holds that oceanic island populations are expected to have lower levels of genetic variation than their mainland counterparts, due to founder effect after island colonization from the continent. Cistus monspeliensis (Cistaceae) is distributed in both the Canary Islands and the Mediterranean region. Numerous phylogenetic results obtained in the last years allow performing further phylogeographic analyses in Cistus.<br><br>We analyzed sequences from multiple plastid DNA regions in 47 populations of Cistus monspeliensis from the Canary Islands (21 populations) and the Mediterranean basin (26 populations). The time-calibrated phylogeny and phylogeographic analyses yielded the following results: (1) a single, ancestral haplotype is distributed across the Mediterranean, whereas 10 haplotypes in the Canary Islands; (2) four haplotype lineages are present in the Canarian Islands; (3) multiple colonization events across the archipelago are inferred; (4) the earliest split of intraspecific lineages occurred in the Early to Middle Pleistocene (<930,000 years BP).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The contrasting pattern of cpDNA variation is best explained by genetic bottlenecks in the Mediterranean during Quaternary glaciations, while the Canarian archipelago acted as a refugium of high levels of genetic diversity. Active colonization across the Canarian islands is supported not only by the distribution of C. monspeliensis in five of the seven islands, but also by our phylogeographic reconstruction in which unrelated haplotypes are present on the same island. Widespread distribution of thermophilous habitats on every island, as those found throughout the Mediterranean, has likely been responsible for the successful colonization of C. monspeliensis, despite the absence of a long-distance dispersal mechanism. This is the first example of a plant species with higher genetic variation among oceanic island populations than among those of the continent.}, }
@article {pmid21347207, year = {2010}, author = {Husseneder, C and Ho, HY and Blackwell, M}, title = {Comparison of the bacterial symbiont composition of the formosan subterranean termite from its native and introduced range.}, journal = {The open microbiology journal}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {53-66}, pmid = {21347207}, issn = {1874-2858}, abstract = {We investigated the bacterial composition in the gut of Formosan subterranean termites (FST), Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, collected from southern China (native range) vs. Louisiana, U. S. (introduced range) using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Overall, we identified 213 bacteria ribotypes from thirteen phyla. The enemy release hypothesis could not be invoked to explain invasion success of FST since no pathogens were found among the bacterial gut community regardless of geographic origin. Invasion of new habitats did not significantly change the bacteria composition. Apparently, the tight co-evolutionary link between termites and their gut flora maintains a certain association of species and functional groups. Ribotype richness, bacteria diversity, and proportions of detected phyla were not influenced by geographic origin of FST samples; however, these parameters were affected by storage of the samples. Ethanol storage of termite samples (5 yrs) increased the relative proportions of gram-positive bacteria versus gram-negative bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid21345870, year = {2011}, author = {Florance, D and Webb, JK and Dempster, T and Kearney, MR and Worthing, A and Letnic, M}, title = {Excluding access to invasion hubs can contain the spread of an invasive vertebrate.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {278}, number = {1720}, pages = {2900-2908}, pmid = {21345870}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Northern Territory ; Pest Control/*methods ; Rivers ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Many biological invasions do not occur as a gradual expansion along a continuous front, but result from the expansion of satellite populations that become established at 'invasion hubs'. Although theoretical studies indicate that targeting control efforts at invasion hubs can effectively contain the spread of invasions, few studies have demonstrated this in practice. In arid landscapes worldwide, humans have increased the availability of surface water by creating artificial water points (AWPs) such as troughs and dams for livestock. By experimentally excluding invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) from AWP, we show that AWP provide a resource subsidy for non-arid-adapted toads and serve as dry season refuges and thus invasion hubs for cane toads in arid Australia. Using data on the distribution of permanent water in arid Australia and the dispersal potential of toads, we predict that systematically excluding toads from AWP would reduce the area of arid Australia across which toads are predicted to disperse and colonize under average climatic conditions by 38 per cent from 2,242,000 to 1,385,000 km(2). Our study shows how human modification of hydrological regimes can create a network of invasion hubs that facilitates a biological invasion, and confirms that targeted control at invasion hubs can reduce landscape connectivity to contain the spread of an invasive vertebrate.}, }
@article {pmid21345458, year = {2011}, author = {Leichsenring, J and Lawrence, J}, title = {Effect of mid-oceanic ballast water exchange on virus-like particle abundance during two trans-Pacific voyages.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {62}, number = {5}, pages = {1103-1108}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.034}, pmid = {21345458}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Pacific Ocean ; Regression Analysis ; Salinity ; Seawater/chemistry/*virology ; Ships/*methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Temperature ; Virion/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Water Microbiology ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Ballast water is a potential source of invasive species, including viruses that target a variety of hosts. We sampled ballast during two trans-Pacific voyages and analyzed the efficacy of mid-oceanic exchange in reducing virus-like particle (VLP) abundance. Exchange did not significantly reduce virus abundance during the first voyage (P=0.874), whereas it reduced viral abundance 3.9-fold from 1.8 × 10(7) to 0.47 × 10(7) VLP mL(-1) during the second voyage (P<0.0001). Despite the impact of exchange during the second voyage, virus abundances were not significantly different between exchanged and unexchanged tanks upon arrival in Canada (P=0.363) and Canadian port water samples (P=0.502). Regressions between environmental parameters and VLP abundance uncovered negative correlations between salinity and viral abundance during one, and dissolved oxygen and viral abundance during the second voyage. In summary, ballast tanks are highly variable with respect to total virus abundance, and the efficacy of exchange requires investigation into the dynamics of specific viruses.}, }
@article {pmid21344258, year = {2011}, author = {Grey, EK}, title = {Relative effects of environment and direct species interactions on the population growth rate of an exotic ascidian.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {166}, number = {4}, pages = {935-947}, pmid = {21344258}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Biological ; Population Growth ; *Urochordata ; }, abstract = {The success of exotic species can be influenced by both the abiotic environment and species interactions. Many studies have demonstrated significant effects of either type of factor on aspects of exotic success, but few have considered their relative effects on population growth rate, a more holistic measure of success. To quantify the relative effects of environment and direct competition on an exotic ascidian, Botrylloides violaceus, I manipulated direct contact interactions at four sites with different abiotic environments and tracked individual colonies over 3 years. I tested site and contact treatment effects on survival, growth and fecundity, and then conducted a life table response experiment on a periodic, size-structured population matrix model to test their effects on population growth rate. Both site and contact interaction were important to explaining variation in survival and growth. Contact interactions decreased the survival and growth of larger colonies but unexpectedly increased the survival of small colonies at some sites, which led to relatively weaker and spatially variable effects on overall population growth rates. Site effects on population growth rates were an order of magnitude larger than contact effects, and site variation in winter vital rates made the largest contributions to changes in population growth rate. The results of this study suggest that the abiotic environment plays a larger role in the success of B. violaceus. Thus, environmental variables, such as temperature and salinity, could be used to predict this exotic species' success under different environmental scenarios, including global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid21344257, year = {2011}, author = {Karlson, AM and Näslund, J and Rydén, SB and Elmgren, R}, title = {Polychaete invader enhances resource utilization in a species-poor system.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {166}, number = {4}, pages = {1055-1065}, pmid = {21344257}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Amphipoda/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; *Biodiversity ; *Biomass ; Bivalvia/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Carbon Isotopes/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen Isotopes/metabolism ; Phytoplankton/*metabolism ; Polychaeta/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Ecosystem consequences of biodiversity change are often studied from a species loss perspective, while the effects of invasive species on ecosystem functions are rarely quantified. In this experimental study, we used isotope tracers to measure the incorporation and burial of carbon and nitrogen from a simulated spring phytoplankton bloom by communities of one to four species of deposit-feeding macrofauna found in the species-poor Baltic Sea. The recently invading polychaete Marenzelleria arctia, which has spread throughout the Baltic Sea, grows more rapidly than the native species Monoporeia affinis, Pontoporeia femorata (both amphipods) and Macoma balthica (a bivalve), resulting in higher biomass increase (biomass production) in treatments including the polychaete. Marenzelleria incorporated and buried bloom material at rates similar to the native species. Multi-species treatments generally had higher isotope incorporation, indicative of utilization of bloom material, than expected from monoculture yields of the respective species. The mechanism behind this observed over-yielding was mainly niche complementarity in utilization of the bloom input, and was more evident in communities including the invader. In contrast, multi-species treatments had generally lower biomass increase than expected. This contrasting pattern suggests that there is little overlap in resource use of freshly deposited bloom material between Marenzelleria and the native species but it is likely that interference competition acts to dampen resulting community biomass. In conclusion, an invasive species can enhance incorporation and burial of organic matter from settled phytoplankton blooms, two processes fundamental for marine productivity.}, }
@article {pmid21342746, year = {2012}, author = {Sanon, A and Beguiristain, T and Cébron, A and Berthelin, J and Sylla, SN and Duponnois, R}, title = {Differences in nutrient availability and mycorrhizal infectivity in soils invaded by an exotic plant negatively influence the development of indigenous Acacia species.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {95 Suppl}, number = {}, pages = {S275-9}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.01.025}, pmid = {21342746}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Acacia/*growth &amp; development ; Amaranthus/growth &amp; development ; Biota ; Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Senegal ; Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Plant species (exotic invasive vs native non-invasive) colonization pattern and the relation with the soil nutrient availability and AM fungi abundance, was investigated. Soil samples were collected from two sites: one invaded by the exotic plant, Amaranthus viridis, and one uninvaded site for chemical and AM propagules density analyses. Additionally, we grew five Sahelian Acacia species in soil from the two sites, sterilized or not, to test the involvement of soil biota in the invasion process. While nutrient availability was significantly higher in soil samples from the invaded sites, a drastic reduction in AM fungal community density, was observed. Moreover, Acacia seedlings' growth was severely reduced in soils invaded by Amaranthus and this effect was similar to that of sterilized soil of both origins. The observed growth inhibition was accompanied by reduction of AM colonization and nodulation of the roots. Finally, the influence of soil chemistry and AM symbiosis on exotic plants' invasion processes is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid21342604, year = {2011}, author = {Hatteland, BA and Symondson, WO and King, RA and Skage, M and Schander, C and Solhøy, T}, title = {Molecular analysis of predation by carabid beetles (Carabidae) on the invasive Iberian slug Arion lusitanicus.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {101}, number = {6}, pages = {675-686}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485311000034}, pmid = {21342604}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; DNA/analysis ; DNA Primers ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Gastropoda/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Norway ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Population Density ; *Predatory Behavior ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The invasive Iberian slug, Arion lusitanicus, is spreading through Europe and poses a major threat to horticulture and agriculture. Natural enemies, capable of killing A. lusitanicus, may be important to our understanding of its population dynamics in recently invaded regions. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to study predation on A. lusitanicus by carabid beetles in the field. A first multiplex PCR was developed, incorporating species-specific primers, and optimised in order to amplify parts of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene of large Arion slugs, including A. lusitanicus from the gut contents of the predators. A second multiplex PCR, targeting 12S rRNA mtDNA, detected predation on smaller Arion species and the field slug Deroceras reticulatum. Feeding trials were conducted to measure the effects of digestion time on amplicon detectability. The median detection times (the time at which 50% of samples tested positive) for A. lusitanicus and D. reticulatum DNA in the foreguts of Carabus nemoralis were 22 h and 20 h, respectively. Beetle activity-densities were monitored using pitfall traps, and slug densities were estimated using quadrats. Predation rates on slugs in the field by C. nemoralis in spring ranged from 16-39% (beetles positive for slug DNA) and were density dependent, with numbers of beetles testing positive being positively correlated with densities of the respective slug species. Carabus nemoralis was shown to be a potentially important predator of the alien A. lusitanicus in spring and may contribute to conservation biological control.}, }
@article {pmid21342302, year = {2011}, author = {Turgeon, J and Tayeh, A and Facon, B and Lombaert, E and De Clercq, P and Berkvens, N and Lundgren, JG and Estoup, A}, title = {Experimental evidence for the phenotypic impact of admixture between wild and biocontrol Asian ladybird (Harmonia axyridis) involved in the European invasion.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, pages = {1044-1052}, doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02234.x}, pmid = {21342302}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Coleoptera/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Female ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Pest Control, Biological ; *Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Hybridization can fuel evolutionary processes during biological invasions. The harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis has long been used as a biocontrol agent before the species became invasive worldwide. Previous analysis based on microsatellite data has shown that European invasive populations bear traces of admixture between an eastern North American source, which is at the origin of the worldwide invasion, and biocontrol strains used in Europe. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that this early admixture event may have fostered the European invasion by impacting on the phenotypes of wild European populations. Mean life history traits of experimental F(1) hybrids are compared with pure parental sources and wild European crosses. Our results reveal a biased impact whereby North American beetles benefitted from being admixed with European biocontrol strains. Resemblance between experimental hybrids and wild European invasive crosses further suggests a long-lasting effect of admixture that may still be at work and fostering invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid21342267, year = {2011}, author = {Schlaepfer, MA and Sax, DF and Olden, JD}, title = {The potential conservation value of non-native species.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {428-437}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01646.x}, pmid = {21342267}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Non-native species can cause the loss of biological diversity (i.e., genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity) and threaten the well-being of humans when they become invasive. In some cases, however, they can also provide conservation benefits. We examined the ways in which non-native species currently contribute to conservation objectives. These include, for example, providing habitat or food resources to rare species, serving as functional substitutes for extinct taxa, and providing desirable ecosystem functions. We speculate that non-native species might contribute to achieving conservation goals in the future because they may be more likely than native species to persist and provide ecosystem services in areas where climate and land use are changing rapidly and because they may evolve into new and endemic taxa. The management of non-native species and their potential integration into conservation plans depends on how conservation goals are set in the future. A fraction of non-native species will continue to cause biological and economic damage, and substantial uncertainty surrounds the potential future effects of all non-native species. Nevertheless, we predict the proportion of non-native species that are viewed as benign or even desirable will slowly increase over time as their potential contributions to society and to achieving conservation objectives become well recognized and realized.}, }
@article {pmid21342266, year = {2011}, author = {Johnson, PT and McKenzie, VJ and Peterson, AC and Kerby, JL and Brown, J and Blaustein, AR and Jackson, T}, title = {Regional decline of an iconic amphibian associated with elevation, land-use change, and invasive species.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {556-566}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01645.x}, pmid = {21342266}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Colorado ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Endangered Species ; *Environment ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Rana catesbeiana/microbiology ; *Rana pipiens/microbiology ; Urban Renewal ; }, abstract = {Ecological theory predicts that species with restricted geographic ranges will have the highest probability of extinction, but species with extensive distributions and high population densities can also exhibit widespread population losses. In the western United States populations of northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens)-historically one of the most widespread frogs in North America-have declined dramatically in abundance and geographic distribution. To assess the status of leopard frogs in Colorado and evaluate causes of decline, we coupled statewide surveys of 196 historically occupied sites with intensive sampling of 274 wetlands stratified by land use. We used an information-theoretic approach to evaluate the contributions of factors at multiple spatial extents in explaining the contemporary distribution of leopard frogs. Our results indicate leopard frogs have declined in Colorado, but this decline was regionally variable. The lowest proportion of occupied wetlands occurred in eastern Colorado (2-28%), coincident with urban development and colonization by non-native bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus). Variables at several spatial extents explained observed leopard frog distributional patterns. In low-elevation wetlands introduced fishes, bullfrogs, and urbanization or suburbanization associated negatively with leopard frog occurrence, whereas wetland area was positively associated with occurrence. Leopard frogs were more abundant and widespread west of the Continental Divide, where urban development and bullfrog abundance were low. Although the pathogenic chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) was not selected in our best-supported models, the nearly complete extirpation of leopard frogs from montane wetlands could reflect the individual or interactive effects of Bd and climate patterns. Our results highlight the importance of considering multiple, competing hypotheses to explain species declines, particularly when implicated factors operate at different spatial extents.}, }
@article {pmid21340553, year = {2011}, author = {Lawrence, JM and Samways, MJ and Henwood, J and Kelly, J}, title = {Effect of an invasive ant and its chemical control on a threatened endemic Seychelles millipede.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {731-738}, pmid = {21340553}, issn = {1573-3017}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/drug effects ; Arthropods/*drug effects ; Behavior, Animal ; Ecosystem ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insecticides/*toxicity ; *Introduced Species ; Pyrimidinones/*toxicity ; Seychelles ; }, abstract = {The impact of invasive species on island faunas can be of major local consequence, while their control is an important part of island ecosystem restoration. Among these invasive species are ants, of which some have a disruptive impact on indigenous arthropod populations. Here, we study the impact of the invasive African big-headed ant, Pheidole megacephala, on a small Seychelles island, Cousine, and assess the impact of this ant, and its chemical control, using the commercially available hydramethylnon-based bait, Siege, on the endemic keystone Seychelles giant millipede species, Sechelleptus seychellarum. We found no significant correlations in landscape-scale spatial overlap and abundance between the ant and the millipede. Furthermore, the ant did not attack healthy millipedes, but fed only on dying and dead individuals. The chemical defences of the millipede protected it from ant predation. Ingestion of the bait at standard concentration had no obvious impact on the millipede. The most significant threat to the Seychelles giant millipede in terms of P. megacephala invasion is from possible catastrophic shifts in ecosystem function through ant hemipteran mutualisms which can lead to tree mortality, resulting in alteration of the millipede's habitat.}, }
@article {pmid21339997, year = {2011}, author = {Popa, OP and Iorgu, EI and Krapal, AM and Kelemen, BS and Murariu, D and Popa, LO}, title = {Isolation and characterization of the first microsatellite markers for the endangered relict mussel Hypanis colorata (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Cardiidae).}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {456-461}, pmid = {21339997}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Cardiidae/classification/*genetics ; Endangered Species ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Hypanis colorata (Eichwald, 1829) (Cardiidae: Lymnocardiinae) is a bivalve relict species with a Ponto-Caspian distribution and is under strict protection in Romania, according to national regulations. While the species is depressed in the western Black Sea lagoons from Romania and Ukraine, it is also a successful invader in the middle Dniepr and Volga regions. Establishing a conservation strategy for this species or studying its invasion process requires knowledge about the genetic structure of the species populations. We have isolated and characterized nine polymorphic microsatellite markers in H. colorata. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 28 and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.613 to 1.000. The microsatellites developed in the present study are highly polymorphic and they should be useful for the assessment of genetic variation within this species.}, }
@article {pmid21339812, year = {2011}, author = {Gormley, AM and Forsyth, DM and Griffioen, P and Lindeman, M and Ramsey, DS and Scroggie, MP and Woodford, L}, title = {Using presence-only and presence-absence data to estimate the current and potential distributions of established invasive species.}, journal = {The Journal of applied ecology}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, pages = {25-34}, pmid = {21339812}, issn = {0021-8901}, abstract = {1.Predicting the current and potential distributions of established invasive species is critical for evaluating management options, but methods for differentiating these distributions have received little attention. In particular, there is uncertainty among invasive species managers about the value of information from incidental sightings compared to data from designed field surveys. This study compares the two approaches, and develops a unifying framework, using the case of invasive sambar deer Cervus unicolor in Victoria, Australia.2.We first used 391 incidental sightings of sambar deer and 12 biophysical variables to construct a presence-only habitat suitability model using Maxent. We then used that model to stratify field sampling, with proportionately greater sampling of cells with high predicted habitat suitability. Field sampling, consisting of faecal pellet surveys, sign surveys and camera trapping, was conducted in 80 4-km(2) grid cells. A Bayesian state-space occupancy model was used to predict probability of suitable habitat from the field data.3.The Maxent and occupancy models predicted similar spatial distributions of habitat suitability for sambar deer in Victoria and there was a strong positive correlation between the rankings of cells by the two approaches. The congruence of the two models suggests that any spatial and detection biases in the presence-only data were relatively unimportant in our study.4.We predicted the extent of suitable habitat from the occupancy model using a threshold that gave a false negative error rate of 0·05. The current distribution was the suitable habitat within a kernel that had a 99·5% chance of including the presence locations pooled from incidental sightings and field surveys: the potential distribution was suitable habitat outside that kernel. Several discrete areas of potential distribution were identified as priorities for surveillance monitoring with the aim of detecting and managing incursions of sambar deer.5.Synthesis and applications.Our framework enables managers to robustly estimate the current and potential distributions of established invasive species using either presence-only and/or presence-absence data. Managers can then focus control and/or containment actions within the current distribution and establish surveillance monitoring to detect incursions within the potential distribution.}, }
@article {pmid21337954, year = {2011}, author = {Corn, JL and Mertins, JW and Hanson, B and Snow, S}, title = {First reports of ectoparasites collected from wild-caught exotic reptiles in Florida.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, pages = {94-100}, doi = {10.1603/me10065}, pmid = {21337954}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {Animals ; Boidae/*parasitology ; Female ; Florida ; Iguanas/*parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; *Mites ; *Ticks ; }, abstract = {We collected ectoparasites from 27 of 51 wild-caught, free-ranging exotic reptiles examined in Florida from 2003 to 2008. Sampled animals represented eight species, five of which yielded ectoparasites. Reported new parasite distribution records for the United States include the following: the first collection of the African tick Amblyomma latum (Koch) from a wild-caught animal [ball python, Python regius (Shaw)] in the United States; the first collection of the lizard scale mite Hirstiella stamii (Jack) from any wild-caught animal [green iguana, Iguana iguana (L.)]; and the first collection of the lizard scale mite Geckobia hemidactyli (Lawrence) in the continental United States from a wild-caught tropical house gecko, Hemidactylus mabouia (Moreau de Jonnès). We also report the first collections of the Neotropical ticks Amblyomma rotundatum (Koch) and Amblyomma dissimile (Koch) from wild-caught Burmese pythons, Python molurus bivittatus (Kuhl); the first collections of A. dissimile from a wild-caught African savannah monitor, Varanus exanthematicus (Bosc); and from wild-caught green iguanas in the United States; and the first collections of the native chiggers Eutrombicula splendens (Ewing) and Eutrombicula cinnabaris (Ewing) from wild-caught Burmese pythons. These reports may only suggest the diversity of reptile ectoparasites introduced and established in Florida and the new host-parasite relationships that have developed among exotic and native ectoparasites and established exotic reptiles.}, }
@article {pmid21337019, year = {2011}, author = {Vanderhoeven, S and Piqueray, J and Halford, M and Nulens, G and Vincke, J and Mahy, G}, title = {Perception and understanding of invasive alien species issues by nature conservation and horticulture professionals in Belgium.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, pages = {425-442}, pmid = {21337019}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Agriculture/*methods ; Attitude ; Belgium ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Perception ; *Public Opinion ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {We conducted a survey to determine how two professional sectors in Belgium, horticulture professionals and nature reserve managers (those directly involved in conservation), view the issues associated with invasive plant species. We developed and utilized a questionnaire that addressed the themes of awareness, concept and use of language, availability of information, impacts and, finally, control and available solutions. Using co-inertia analyses, we tested to what extent the perception of invasive alien species (IAS) was dependent upon the perception of Nature in general. Only forty-two percent of respondent horticulture professionals and eighty-two percent of nature reserve managers had a general knowledge of IAS. Many individuals in both target groups nonetheless had an accurate understanding of the scientific issues. Our results therefore suggest that the manner in which individuals within the two groups view, or perceive, the IAS issue was more the result of lack of information than simply biased perceptions of target groups. Though IAS perceptions by the two groups diverged, they were on par with how they viewed Nature in general. The descriptions of IAS by participants converged with the ideas and concepts frequently found in the scientific literature. Both managers and horticulture professionals expressed a strong willingness to participate in programs designed to prevent the spread of, and damage caused by, IAS. Despite this, the continued commercial availability of many invasive species highlighted the necessity to use both mandatory and voluntary approaches to reduce their re-introduction and spread. The results of this study provide stakeholders and conservation managers with practical information on which communication and management strategies can be based.}, }
@article {pmid21334760, year = {2011}, author = {Thompson, K and Davis, MA}, title = {Why research on traits of invasive plants tells us very little.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {155-156}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2011.01.007}, pmid = {21334760}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; *Plant Development ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/classification ; Population Dynamics ; }, }
@article {pmid21333536, year = {2011}, author = {Facon, B and Hufbauer, RA and Tayeh, A and Loiseau, A and Lombaert, E and Vitalis, R and Guillemaud, T and Lundgren, JG and Estoup, A}, title = {Inbreeding depression is purged in the invasive insect Harmonia axyridis.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, pages = {424-427}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.068}, pmid = {21333536}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; Demography ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Fitness/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; *Inbreeding ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Bottlenecks in population size reduce genetic diversity and increase inbreeding, which can lead to inbreeding depression. It is thus puzzling how introduced species, which typically pass through bottlenecks, become such successful invaders. However, under certain theoretical conditions, bottlenecks of intermediate size can actually purge the alleles that cause inbreeding depression. Although this process has been confirmed in model laboratory systems, it has yet to be observed in natural invasive populations. We evaluate whether such purging could facilitate biological invasions by using the world-wide invasion of the ladybird (or ladybug) Harmonia axyridis. We first show that invasive populations endured a bottleneck of intermediate intensity. We then demonstrate that replicate introduced populations experience almost none of the inbreeding depression suffered by native populations. Thus, rather than posing a barrier to invasion as often assumed, bottlenecks, by purging deleterious alleles, can enable the evolution of invaders that maintain high fitness even when inbred.}, }
@article {pmid21331653, year = {2011}, author = {Haight, RG and Homans, FR and Horie, T and Mehta, SV and Smith, DJ and Venette, RC}, title = {Assessing the cost of an invasive forest pathogen: a case study with oak wilt.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, pages = {506-517}, pmid = {21331653}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Ascomycota/*pathogenicity ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Forestry/economics ; Introduced Species/*economics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mycoses/economics/*epidemiology ; Plant Diseases/*economics/microbiology ; Quercus/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Economic assessment of damage caused by invasive alien species provides useful information to consider when determining whether management programs should be established, modified, or discontinued. We estimate the baseline economic damage from an invasive alien pathogen, Ceratocystis fagacearum, a fungus that causes oak wilt, which is a significant disease of oaks (Quercus spp.) in the central United States. We focus on Anoka County, Minnesota, a 1,156 km(2) mostly urban county in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan region. We develop a landscape-level model of oak wilt spread that accounts for underground and overland pathogen transmission. We predict the economic damage of tree mortality from oak wilt spread in the absence of management during the period 2007-2016. Our metric of economic damage is removal cost, which is one component of the total economic loss from tree mortality. We estimate that Anoka County has 5.92 million oak trees and 885 active oak wilt pockets covering 5.47 km(2) in 2007. The likelihood that landowners remove infected oaks varies by land use and ranges from 86% on developed land to 57% on forest land. Over the next decade, depending on the rates of oak wilt pocket establishment and expansion, 76-266 thousand trees will be infected with discounted removal cost of $18-60 million. Although our predictions of removal costs are substantial, they are lower bounds on the total economic loss from tree mortality because we do not estimate economic losses from reduced services and increased hazards. Our predictions suggest that there are significant economic benefits, in terms of damage reduction, from preventing new pocket establishment or slowing the radial growth of existing pockets.}, }
@article {pmid21329550, year = {2011}, author = {Chu, D and Gao, CS and De Barro, P and Zhang, YJ and Wan, FH and Khan, IA}, title = {Further insights into the strange role of bacterial endosymbionts in whitefly, Bemisia tabaci: comparison of secondary symbionts from biotypes B and Q in China.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {101}, number = {4}, pages = {477-486}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485311000083}, pmid = {21329550}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; China ; Hemiptera/*microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; Rickettsia/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; *Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {The percentage infection of secondary symbionts (SS) (Wolbachia, Arsenophonus, Rickettsia, Hamiltonella, Fritschea and Cardinium) in the exotic Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) invaders, commonly known as biotypes B and Q from China, were determined by PCR. In total, 373 biotype B and 1830 biotype Q individuals were screened for the presence of SS. Biotype B was more abundant than biotype Q from 2005 to 2006, and biotype Q was more abundant from 2007 to 2009. Each of the SS, with the exception of Fritschea, was detected in both biotypes B and Q; Fritschea was found in none of the samples examined. For biotype B, the percentage infection of Hamiltonella was the highest (92.0%) followed by Rickettsia (70.2%). For biotype Q, the percentage infection of Hamiltonella was again the highest (73.3%). Arsenophonus was the least common of the SS observed in both biotypes B and Q. The percentage infection of Wolbachia, Rickettsia and Hamiltonella in biotype B was each significantly higher than in biotype Q, whereas the percentage infection of Cardinium in biotype B was significantly lower than in biotype Q. The percentage infection of SS in biotypes B and Q varied from year to year over the period 2005-2009. Furthermore, within biotype Q, two distinct subgroups were identified which differ from each other in terms of their SS complement. We discuss these results in the light of the potentially influential factors and roles of the SS.}, }
@article {pmid21329342, year = {2011}, author = {Azim, ME and Kumarappah, A and Bhavsar, SP and Backus, SM and Arhonditsis, G}, title = {Detection of the spatiotemporal trends of mercury in Lake Erie fish communities: a Bayesian approach.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {45}, number = {6}, pages = {2217-2226}, doi = {10.1021/es103054q}, pmid = {21329342}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Fishes/*metabolism ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; Half-Life ; Mercury/*metabolism ; Models, Chemical ; Ontario ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*metabolism ; Water Pollution, Chemical/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {The temporal trends of total mercury (THg) in four fish species in Lake Erie were evaluated based on 35 years of fish contaminant data. Our Bayesian statistical approach consists of three steps aiming to address different questions. First, we used the exponential and mixed-order decay models to assess the declining rates in four intensively sampled fish species, i.e., walleye (Stizostedion vitreum), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), and white bass (Morone chrysops). Because the two models postulate monotonic decrease of the THg levels, we included first- and second-order random walk terms in our statistical formulations to accommodate nonmonotonic patterns in the data time series. Our analysis identified a recent increase in the THg concentrations, particularly after the mid-1990s. In the second step, we used double exponential models to quantify the relative magnitude of the THg trends depending on the type of data used (skinless-boneless fillet versus whole fish data) and the fish species examined. The observed THg concentrations were significantly higher in skinless boneless fillet than in whole fish portions, while the whole fish portions of walleye exhibited faster decline rates and slower rates of increase relative to the skinless boneless fillet data. Our analysis also shows lower decline rates and higher rates of increase in walleye relative to the other three fish species examined. The food web structural shifts induced by the invasive species (dreissenid mussels and round goby) may be associated with the recent THg trends in Lake Erie fish.}, }
@article {pmid21329214, year = {2011}, author = {Bucklin, A and Steinke, D and Blanco-Bercial, L}, title = {DNA barcoding of marine metazoa.}, journal = {Annual review of marine science}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {471-508}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-080950}, pmid = {21329214}, issn = {1941-1405}, mesh = {Animals ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Ecosystem ; *Genetic Variation ; Oceans and Seas ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {More than 230,000 known species representing 31 metazoan phyla populate the world's oceans. Perhaps another 1,000,000 or more species remain to be discovered. There is reason for concern that species extinctions may out-pace discovery, especially in diverse and endangered marine habitats such as coral reefs. DNA barcodes (i.e., short DNA sequences for species recognition and discrimination) are useful tools to accelerate species-level analysis of marine biodiversity and to facilitate conservation efforts. This review focuses on the usual barcode region for metazoans: a approximately 648 base-pair region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Barcodes have also been used for population genetic and phylogeographic analysis, identification of prey in gut contents, detection of invasive species, forensics, and seafood safety. More controversially, barcodes have been used to delimit species boundaries, reveal cryptic species, and discover new species. Emerging frontiers are the use of barcodes for rapid and increasingly automated biodiversity assessment by high-throughput sequencing, including environmental barcoding and the use of barcodes to detect species for which formal identification or scientific naming may never be possible.}, }
@article {pmid21328010, year = {2011}, author = {Burns, JH and Ashman, TL and Steets, JA and Harmon-Threatt, A and Knight, TM}, title = {A phylogenetically controlled analysis of the roles of reproductive traits in plant invasions.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {166}, number = {4}, pages = {1009-1017}, pmid = {21328010}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; *Plants ; *Pollination ; *Reproduction, Asexual ; *Self-Fertilization ; }, abstract = {Reproductive traits are tightly linked to plant fitness and may therefore be mechanisms driving biological invasions, including the greater success of more phylogenetically novel introduced species in some systems. We present a phylogenetic comparative analysis of "Baker's law'', that introduced plants with the ability to reproduce autogamous or asexually may be better able to establish on introduction. We gathered data from both published and unpublished sources on pollen limitation of 141 species, including 26 introduced species and 115 native species. Our analysis compared differences in the proportion of autonomous autogamy, asexual reproduction, and pollen limitation among native, introduced noninvasive, and introduced invasive plant species, and included the phylogenetic novelty of the introduced species to the native species in that community. Introduced species were more likely to be autogamous than native species, consistent with Baker's law. On the other hand, introduced species were less likely to have the ability to reproduce asexually. Further, among species with no autonomous autogamy, pollen limitation was greater for introduced compared to native species. Such a result is consistent with the idea that plants entering a new continent receive lower quality or quantity of services from resident pollinators than species native to that continent. Finally, more phylogenetically novel invasive species had lower pollen limitation than less novel invasive species, potentially because they experience less competition for pollinators. This is the first evidence that enhanced pollination may be one mechanism driving the greater invasiveness of phylogenetically novel introduced species observed in some systems.}, }
@article {pmid21325332, year = {2011}, author = {MacDougall, AS and Rillig, MC and Klironomos, JN}, title = {Weak conspecific feedbacks and exotic dominance in a species-rich savannah.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {278}, number = {1720}, pages = {2939-2945}, pmid = {21325332}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; British Columbia ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; Population Density ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Whether dominance drives species loss can depend on the power of conspecific self-limitation as dominant populations expand; these limitations can stabilize competitive imbalances that might otherwise cause displacement. We quantify the relative strength of conspecific and heterospecific soil feedbacks in an exotic-dominated savannah, using greenhouse trials and field surveys to test whether dominants are less self-suppressed, highly suppressive of others or both. Soil feedbacks can impact plant abundance, including invasion, but their implications for coexistence in invader-dominated systems are unclear. We found that conspecific feedbacks were significantly more negative than heterospecific ones for all species including the dominant invaders; even the rarest natives performed significantly better in the soils of other species. The strength of these negative feedbacks, however, was approximately 50 per cent stronger for natives and matched their field abundance--the most self-limited natives were rare and narrowly distributed. These results suggest that exotics dominate by interacting with natives carrying heavier conspecific feedback burdens, without cultivating either negative heterospecific effects that suppress natives or positive ones that accelerate their own expansion. These feedbacks, however, could contribute to coexistence because all species were self-limited in their own soils. Although the net impact of this feedback stabilization will probably interact with other factors (e.g. herbivory), soil feedbacks may thus contribute to invader dominance without necessarily being detrimental to species richness.}, }
@article {pmid21324204, year = {2011}, author = {Bastos, AD and Nair, D and Taylor, PJ and Brettschneider, H and Kirsten, F and Mostert, E and von Maltitz, E and Lamb, JM and van Hooft, P and Belmain, SR and Contrafatto, G and Downs, S and Chimimba, CT}, title = {Genetic monitoring detects an overlooked cryptic species and reveals the diversity and distribution of three invasive Rattus congeners in South Africa.}, journal = {BMC genetics}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {26}, pmid = {21324204}, issn = {1471-2156}, mesh = {Africa South of the Sahara ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Cytochromes b/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeography ; Rats/classification/*genetics ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: South Africa's long and extensive trade activity has ensured ample opportunities for exotic species introduction. Whereas the rich biodiversity of endemic southern African fauna has been the focus of many studies, invasive vertebrates are generally overlooked despite potential impacts on biodiversity, health and agriculture. Genetic monitoring of commensal rodents in South Africa which uncovered the presence of Rattus tanezumi, a South-East Asian endemic not previously known to occur in Africa, provided the impetus for expanded studies on all invasive Rattus species present.<br><br>RESULTS: To this end, intensified sampling at 28 South African localities and at one site in Swaziland, identified 149 Rattus specimens. Cytochrome b gene sequencing revealed the presence of two R. tanezumi, seven Rattus rattus and five Rattus norvegicus haplotypes in south Africa. Phylogenetic results were consistent with a single, recent R. tanezumi introduction and indicated that R. norvegicus and R. rattus probably became established following at least two and three independent introductions, respectively. Intra- and inter-specific diversity was highest in informal human settlements, with all three species occurring at a single metropolitan township site. Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus each occurred sympatrically with Rattus tanezumi at one and five sites, respectively. Karyotyping of selected R. rattus and R. tanezumi individuals identified diploid numbers consistent with those reported previously for these cryptic species. Ordination of bioclimatic variables and MaxEnt ecological niche modelling confirmed that the bioclimatic niche occupied by R. tanezumi in south Africa was distinct from that occupied in its naturalised range in south-east Asia suggesting that factors other than climate may influence the distribution of this species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study has highlighted the value of genetic typing for detecting cryptic invasive species, providing historical insights into introductions and for directing future sampling. The apparent ease with which a cryptic species can become established signals the need for broader implementation of genetic monitoring programmes. In addition to providing baseline data and potentially identifying high-risk introduction routes, the predictive power of ecological niche modelling is enhanced when species records are genetically verified.}, }
@article {pmid21320364, year = {2011}, author = {Chu, D and Gao, CS and De Barro, P and Wan, FH and Zhang, YJ}, title = {Investigation of the genetic diversity of an invasive whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in China using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {101}, number = {4}, pages = {467-475}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485311000022}, pmid = {21320364}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; China ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Morocco ; Spain ; }, abstract = {It is often considered that reduced genetic variation due to bottlenecks and founder effects limits the capacity for species to establish in new environments and subsequently spread. The recent invasion (during the past five years) of an alien whitefly, one member of Bemisia tabaci cryptic species complex, referred to as Mediterranean (herein referred to as Q-type) in Shandong Province, China, provides an ideal opportunity to study the changes in genetic variation between its home range in the Mediterranean region and its invasion range. Using both the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) and nuclear (microsatellite) DNA, we show that Q in Shandong likely originated in the western Mediterranean. We also found that the haplotype diversity was low compared with its presumed geographic origin, whereas microsatellite allele diversity showed no such decline. A key factor in invasions is the establishment of females and so bottleneck and founder events can lead to a very rapid and considerable loss of mitochondrial diversity. The lack of haplotype diversity in Shandong supports the interpretation that, at one or more points between the western Mediterranean and China, the invading Q lost haplotype diversity, most probably through the serial process of establishment and redistribution through trade in ornamental plants. However, the loss in haplotype diversity does not necessarily mean that nuclear allelic diversity should also decline. Provided females can mate freely with whichever males are available, allelic diversity can be maintained or even increased relative to the origin of the invader. Our findings may offer some explanation to the apparent paradox between the concept of reduced genetic variation limiting adaptation to new environments and the observed low diversity in successful invaders.}, }
@article {pmid21320363, year = {2011}, author = {Aluja, M and Guillén, L and Rull, J and Höhn, H and Frey, J and Graf, B and Samietz, J}, title = {Is the alpine divide becoming more permeable to biological invasions? - Insights on the invasion and establishment of the Walnut Husk Fly, Rhagoletis completa (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Switzerland.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {101}, number = {4}, pages = {451-465}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485311000010}, pmid = {21320363}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Introduced Species ; Juglans/*parasitology ; Population Dynamics ; Switzerland ; *Tephritidae ; }, abstract = {The Walnut Husk Fly, Rhagoletis completa Cresson (Diptera: Tephritidae), is native to North America (Midwestern US and north-eastern Mexico) and has invaded several European countries in the past decades by likely crossing the alpine divide separating most parts of Switzerland from Italy. Here, we determined its current distribution in Switzerland by sampling walnuts (Juglans regia L.) in ecologically and climatically distinct regions along potential invasion corridors. R. completa was found to be firmly established in most low altitude areas of Switzerland where walnuts thrive, but notably not a single parasitoid was recovered from any of the samples. Infested fruit was recovered in 42 of the 71 localities that were surveyed, with mean fruit infestation rate varying greatly among sites. The incidence of R. completa in Switzerland is closely related to meteorological mean spring temperature patterns influencing growing season length, but not to winter temperatures, reflecting survival potential during hibernation. Importantly, areas in which the fly is absent correspond with localities where the mean spring temperatures fall below 7°C. Historical data records show that the natural cold barrier around the Alpine divide in the central Swiss Alps corresponding to such minimal temperatures has shrunk significantly from a width of more than 40 km before 1990 to around 20 km after 2000. We hypothesize on possible invasion/expansion routes along alpine valleys, dwell on distribution patterns in relation to climate, and outline future research needs as the incursion of R. completa into Switzerland; and, more recently, other European countries, such as Germany, Austria, France and Slovenia, represent an example of alien species that settle first in the Mediterranean Basin and from there become invasive by crossing the Alps.}, }
@article {pmid21320262, year = {2011}, author = {Schaefer, H and Hardy, OJ and Silva, L and Barraclough, TG and Savolainen, V}, title = {Testing Darwin's naturalization hypothesis in the Azores.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {389-396}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01600.x}, pmid = {21320262}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Azores ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; *Plant Development ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/classification/genetics ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a threat for ecosystems worldwide, especially oceanic islands. Predicting the invasive potential of introduced species remains difficult, and only a few studies have found traits correlated to invasiveness. We produced a molecular phylogenetic dataset and an ecological trait database for the entire Azorean flora and find that the phylogenetic nearest neighbour distance (PNND), a measure of evolutionary relatedness, is significantly correlated with invasiveness. We show that introduced plant species are more likely to become invasive in the absence of closely related species in the native flora of the Azores, verifying Darwin's 'naturalization hypothesis'. In addition, we find that some ecological traits (especially life form and seed size) also have predictive power on invasive success in the Azores. Therefore, we suggest a combination of PNND with ecological trait values as a universal predictor of invasiveness that takes into account characteristics of both introduced species and receiving ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid21319545, year = {2011}, author = {Davis, M}, title = {A friend to aliens. Interview by Brendan Borrell.}, journal = {Scientific American}, volume = {304}, number = {2}, pages = {74-77}, pmid = {21319545}, issn = {0036-8733}, mesh = {Animals ; Brassicaceae ; *Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; Hippophae ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; }, }
@article {pmid21318339, year = {2011}, author = {Hill, SB and Kotanen, PM}, title = {Phylogenetic structure predicts capitular damage to Asteraceae better than origin or phylogenetic distance to natives.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {166}, number = {3}, pages = {843-851}, pmid = {21318339}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Asteraceae/classification/*growth &amp; development ; *Biodiversity ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Ontario ; Phylogeny ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Exotic species more closely related to native species may be more susceptible to attack by native natural enemies, if host use is phylogenetically conserved. Where this is the case, the use of phylogenies that include co-occurring native and exotic species may help to explain interspecific variation in damage. In this study, we measured damage caused by pre-dispersal seed predators to common native and exotic plants in the family Asteraceae. Damage was then mapped onto a community phylogeny of this family. We tested the predictions that damage is phylogenetically structured, that exotic plants experience lower damage than native species after controlling for this structure, and that phylogenetically novel exotic species would experience lower damage. Consistent with our first prediction, 63% of the variability in damage was phylogenetically structured. When this structure was accounted for, exotic plants experienced significantly lower damage than native plants, but species origin only accounted for 3% of the variability of capitular damage. Finally, there was no support for the phylogenetic novelty prediction. These results suggest that interactions between exotic plants and their seed predators may be strongly influenced by their phylogenetic position, but not by their relationship to locally co-occurring native species. In addition, the influence of a species' origin on the damage it experiences often may be small relative to phylogenetically conserved traits.}, }
@article {pmid21314880, year = {2011}, author = {Davidson, AM and Jennions, M and Nicotra, AB}, title = {Do invasive species show higher phenotypic plasticity than native species and, if so, is it adaptive? A meta-analysis.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {419-431}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01596.x}, pmid = {21314880}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Fitness ; Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Phenotype ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Do invasive plant species have greater phenotypic plasticity than non-invasive species? And, if so, how does this affect their fitness relative to native, non-invasive species? What role might this play in plant invasions? To answer these long-standing questions, we conducted a meta-analysis using data from 75 invasive/non-invasive species pairs. Our analysis shows that invasive species demonstrate significantly higher phenotypic plasticity than non-invasive species. To examine the adaptive benefit of this plasticity, we plotted fitness proxies against measures of plasticity in several growth, morphological and physiological traits to test whether greater plasticity is associated with an improvement in estimated fitness. Invasive species were nearly always more plastic in their response to greater resource availability than non-invasives but this plasticity was only sometimes associated with a fitness benefit. Intriguingly, non-invasive species maintained greater fitness homoeostasis when comparing growth between low and average resource availability. Our finding that invasive species are more plastic in a variety of traits but that non-invasive species respond just as well, if not better, when resources are limiting, has interesting implications for predicting responses to global change.}, }
@article {pmid21312027, year = {2011}, author = {Rinner, BP and Matson, CW and Islamzadeh, A and McDonald, TJ and Donnelly, KC and Bickham, JW}, title = {Evolutionary toxicology: contaminant-induced genetic mutations in mosquitofish from Sumgayit, Azerbaijan.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {365-376}, pmid = {21312027}, issn = {1573-3017}, support = {ES04917/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Azerbaijan ; Base Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; Cyprinodontiformes/*genetics/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; DNA, Mitochondrial/metabolism ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; *Mutation ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {This study builds on a long-term program that has shown Sumgayit, Azerbaijan to contain wetlands with high levels of a diversity of chemical contaminants. Previous contaminant and biomarker studies of turtles and frogs showed a correlation between somatic chromosomal damage and chemical contaminants at Sumgayit. The objective of this study was to determine if a recently arrived species (mosquitofish) has genetic impacts similar to native species (marsh frogs) thus confirming the pattern is not the result of historical events such as glacial cycles, but is associated with recent chemical contamination. Nucleotide sequences of the mtDNA control region of invasive mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) from Sumgayit were compared to mosquitofish from pristine sites in Europe and Azerbaijan and to native North American populations. Persistent heteroplasmy for a hyper-mutable simple sequence repeat and low haplotype and nucleotide diversities were observed in all invasive populations. However, Sumgayit possessed four de novo haplotypes and heteroplasmic conditions. All of the observed variable nucleotide positions were within or adjacent to a cytosine mononucleotide repeat. This repeat was within a conserved secondary structure; the region likely undergoes expansion and contraction at a rate sufficient to prevent fixation of the common 1/3 heteroplasmy. Whereas the 1/3 heteroplasmy appeared coincident with the establishment of mosquitofish in Europe, other forms of heteroplasmy resulted from contaminant-induced de novo mutations in Sumgayit. We conclude that Sumgayit is a mutational hotspot caused by legacy contaminants from chemical factories from the era of the Soviet Union.}, }
@article {pmid21309212, year = {2010}, author = {Paine, TD and Millar, JG and Daane, KM}, title = {Accumulation of pest insects on eucalyptus in California: random process or smoking gun.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {103}, number = {6}, pages = {1943-1949}, doi = {10.1603/ec10214}, pmid = {21309212}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Eucalyptus/*parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Eucalyptus spp., native to Australia, have been introduced into many parts of the world as important timber and ornamental trees. Although the trees have important silvicultural qualities, they also have generated intense dissatisfaction, particularly among groups of individuals in California. The trees have benefited from the lack of insect pests and diseases in their adventive ranges but that has changed over the past four decades. In California, two species of insect herbivores were introduced between the time trees were first introduced to the state in the middle of the 19th century and 1983. Between 1983 and 2008, an additional 16 Australian insect pests of eucalyptus have become established in the state. The modes or routes of introduction have never been established. However, examinations of different temporal and spatial patterns suggest that the introductions were nonrandom processes. It is possible that they occurred because of increased trade or movement of people, but the hypothesis that there were intentional introductions also must be considered. The rapid accumulation of introduced herbivores on an ornamental plant system in a single state is a cautionary example of what could happen if a major food or fiber crop were intentionally targeted.}, }
@article {pmid21308957, year = {2011}, author = {Kennedy, AJ and Vasudevan, R and Pappas, DD and Weiss, CA and Hendrix, SH and Baney, RH}, title = {Efficacy of non-toxic surfaces to reduce bioadhesion in terrestrial gastropods.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {67}, number = {3}, pages = {318-327}, doi = {10.1002/ps.2068}, pmid = {21308957}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Elastic Modulus ; Estivation ; Glass ; Introduced Species ; Locomotion ; Pest Control/methods ; Silicones ; Snails/*physiology ; Surface Properties ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive species are described as the greatest threat to biodiversity, after habitat destruction and climate change, potentially imposing economic impacts and indigenous species impairment. Commonly applied chemical controls present the potential for legacy contamination and non-target organism injury. This study investigated the effects of different substrates and novel topographical surfaces on the behavioral and mechanical associations of the terrestrial gastropod Otala lactea.<br><br>RESULTS: The gastropod preferentially aestivated on rough glass (61% increase, P < 0.01) relative to smooth glass but avoided a cross-patterned surface tessellation on silicone (82% reduction, P < 0.01) relative to smooth silicone. Significant deviations in turning behavior were found on the cross-patterned topographical surface and hydrophobic Teflon surfaces. The strongest correlation with gastropod adhesion strength to surfaces was found for surface elastic modulus (R = 0.88, P = 0.03), followed by hydrophobicity (R = - 0.71, P = 0.14), but no relationship with roughness (P = 0.36).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Preliminary data suggest surface roughness controlled aestivation behavior while elastic modulus (surface flexibility) controlled adhesion strength. In spite of greater adhesion to high-modulus materials, surface modulus was not a statistically significant controlling factor on gastropod aestivation preference. Understanding and exploiting the behavioral and mechanistic cues that organisms use while attaching to surfaces may lead to more environmentally benign control approaches.}, }
@article {pmid21306459, year = {2011}, author = {Chun, YJ and LE Corre, V and Bretagnolle, F}, title = {Adaptive divergence for a fitness-related trait among invasive Ambrosia artemisiifolia populations in France.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {7}, pages = {1378-1388}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05013.x}, pmid = {21306459}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Ambrosia/*genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; France ; *Genetic Fitness ; *Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phenotype ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; }, abstract = {The impact of natural selection on the adaptive divergence of invasive populations can be assessed by testing the null hypothesis that the extent of quantitative genetic differentiation (Q(ST)) would be similar to that of neutral molecular differentiation (F(ST)). Using eight microsatellite loci and a common garden approach, we compared Q(ST) and F(ST) among ten populations of an invasive species Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed) in France. In a common garden study with varying water and nutrient levels, we measured Q(ST) for five traits (height, total biomass, reproductive allocation, above- to belowground biomass ratio, and days to flowering). Although low F(ST) indicated weak genetic structure and strong gene flow among populations, we found significant diversifying selection (Q(ST) > F(ST)) for reproductive allocation that may be closely related to fitness. It suggests that abiotic conditions may have exerted selection pressure on A. artemisiifolia populations to differentiate adaptively, such that populations at higher altitude or latitude evolved greater reproductive allocation. As previous studies indicate multiple introductions from various source populations of A. artemisiifolia in North America, our results suggest that the admixture of introduced populations may have increased genetic diversity and additive genetic variance, and in turn, promoted the rapid evolution and adaptation of this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid21302814, year = {2010}, author = {Fitzpatrick, MC and Preisser, EL and Porter, A and Elkinton, J and Waller, LA and Carlin, BP and Ellison, AM}, title = {Ecological boundary detection using Bayesian areal wombling.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {12}, pages = {3448-55; discussion 3503-14}, pmid = {21302814}, issn = {0012-9658}, support = {R01 ES015525/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*physiology ; *Bayes Theorem ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; United States ; }, abstract = {The study of ecological boundaries and their dynamics is of fundamental importance to much of ecology, biogeography, and evolution. Over the past two decades, boundary analysis (of which wombling is a subfield) has received considerable research attention, resulting in multiple approaches for the quantification of ecological boundaries. Nonetheless, few methods have been developed that can simultaneously (1) analyze spatially homogenized data sets (i.e., areal data in the form of polygons rather than point-reference data); (2) account for spatial structure in these data and uncertainty associated with them; and (3) objectively assign probabilities to boundaries once detected. Here we describe the application of a Bayesian hierarchical framework for boundary detection developed in public health, which addresses these issues but which has seen limited application in ecology. As examples, we analyze simulated spread data and the historic pattern of spread of an invasive species, the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae), using county-level summaries of the year of first reported infestation and several covariates potentially important to influencing the observed spread dynamics. Bayesian areal wombling is a promising approach for analyzing ecological boundaries and dynamics related to changes in the distributions of native and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid21299823, year = {2011}, author = {Sarmento, RA and Lemos, F and Bleeker, PM and Schuurink, RC and Pallini, A and Oliveira, MG and Lima, ER and Kant, M and Sabelis, MW and Janssen, A}, title = {A herbivore that manipulates plant defence.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {229-236}, pmid = {21299823}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyclopentanes/analysis/metabolism ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Food Chain ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; Introduced Species ; Solanum lycopersicum/*physiology ; Oxylipins/analysis/metabolism ; Plant Diseases/genetics ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Population Dynamics ; Protease Inhibitors/analysis/metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Reproduction ; Salicylic Acid/analysis/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Tetranychidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Phytopathogens and herbivores induce plant defences. Whereas there is evidence that some pathogens suppress these defences by interfering with signalling pathways involved in the defence, such evidence is scarce for herbivores. We found that the invasive spider mite Tetranychus evansi suppresses the induction of the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signalling routes involved in induced plant defences in tomato. This was reflected in the levels of inducible defence compounds, such as proteinase inhibitors, which in mite-infested plants were reduced to even lower levels than the constitutive levels in herbivore-free plants. Additionally, the spider mite suppressed the release of inducible volatiles, which are implicated in plant defence. Consequently, the mites performed much better on previously attacked plants than on non-attacked plants. These findings provide a new perspective on plant-herbivore interactions, plant protection and plant resistance to invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid21299098, year = {2010}, author = {Steiner, SC and Macfarlane, KJ and Price, LM and Willette, DA}, title = {The distribution of seagrasses in Dominica, Lesser Antilles.}, journal = {Revista de biologia tropical}, volume = {58 Suppl 3}, number = {}, pages = {89-98}, pmid = {21299098}, issn = {0034-7744}, mesh = {Atlantic Ocean ; Dominica ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Poaceae/*classification ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Seagrass beds are the largest organism-built marine habitat in Dominica, yet have only been surveyed since 2007. Standardized examinations along a depth gradient between 0 and 24 m, focusing on magnoliophyte species composition and benthic cover of shoots at 17 seagrass bed sites, were carried out between September 10 and December 7, 2008. The Cymodoceaceae Syringodium filiforme (Kuetzing 1860) and Halodule wrightii (Ascherson 1868), as well as the Hydrocharitaceae Halophila decipiens (Ostenfeld 1902), H. stipulacea (Fosskal &amp; Ascherson 1867) and Thalassia testudinum (Banks ex König 1805) displayed distinct regional and horizontal distribution patterns. Syringodium filiforme is the island's dominant seagrass along the western and northern coasts, occurring at depths between 2 and 18 m and with a mean benthic cover ranging from 0.9-10% along the West coast. Along the North coast it grew between 0.2 and 1 m depth with a mean maximum benthic cover of 48.9%. Halodule wrightii grew along the North and West coasts, in depths between 1 and 14m in areas of recent and chronic disturbances. Its delicate morphology and sparse benthic cover (< 0.1%) did not constitute seagrass beds. Halophila decipiens grew along the deep, shallow and lateral margins of west coast S. filiforme beds and monospecifically in depths between 3 and 24m. Halophila stipulacea, an invasive species, was widespread along 45km of the West coast and was found in depths between 5 and 24m. Both Halophila species formed extensive beds at depths beyond the survey limit of 24m thus playing a potentially important role in the resettlement of shallow areas after storms. H. decipiens and H. stipulacea are currently the second and third most common seagrasses on the island respectively, despite their absence along the North coast. T. testudinum was confined to North coast's sheltered reef flats at depths Im or less with mean a benthic cover ranging from 2 to 76%. It grew monospecifically in the most turbulent and in the calmest locations, yet intermixed with S. filiforme in areas of moderate turbulence. Strong surge along the West coast (October 15-16, 2008), associated with Hurricane Omar, caused uprooting and burial of seagrass beds in varying degrees, in particular along the shallow margins between 2 and 10m depth. This event also demonstrated the dynamic nature of Dominica's shallow seagrass bed margins and the resistance level of individual beds to storm disturbances.}, }
@article {pmid21298019, year = {2011}, author = {Rubinoff, D and Holland, BS and San Jose, M and Powell, JA}, title = {Geographic proximity not a prerequisite for invasion: Hawaii not the source of California invasion by light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {e16361}, pmid = {21298019}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Animals ; California ; Genes, Insect/*genetics ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Moths/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The light brown apple moth (LBAM), Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), is native to Australia but invaded England, New Zealand, and Hawaii more than 100 years ago. In temperate climates, LBAM can be a major agricultural pest. In 2006 LBAM was discovered in California, instigating eradication efforts and quarantine against Hawaiian agriculture, the assumption being that Hawaii was the source of the California infestation. Genetic relationships among populations in Hawaii, California, and New Zealand are crucial to understanding LBAM invasion dynamics across the Pacific.<br><br>We sequenced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 1293 LBAM individuals from California (695), Hawaii (448), New Zealand (147), and Australia (3) to examine haplotype diversity and structure among introduced populations, and evaluate the null hypothesis that invasive populations are from a single panmictic source. However, invasive populations in California and New Zealand harbor deep genetic diversity, whereas Hawaii shows low level, shallow diversity.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: LBAM recently has established itself in California, but was in Hawaii and New Zealand for hundreds of generations, yet California and New Zealand show similar levels of genetic diversity relative to Hawaii. Thus, there is no clear relationship between duration of invasion and genetic structure. Demographic statistics suggest rapid expansion occurring in California and past expansions in New Zealand; multiple introductions of diverse, genetically fragmented lineages could contribute to these patterns. Hawaii and California share no haplotypes, therefore, Hawaii is not the source of the California introduction. Paradoxically, Hawaii and California share multiple haplotypes with New Zealand. New Zealand may be the source for the California and Hawaii infestations, but the introductions were independent, and Hawaii was invaded only once. This has significant implications for quarantine, and suggests that probability of invasion is not directly related to geographic distance. Surprisingly, Hawaiian LBAM populations have much lower genetic diversity than California, despite being older.}, }
@article {pmid21295370, year = {2011}, author = {Prach, K and Walker, LR}, title = {Four opportunities for studies of ecological succession.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {119-123}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2010.12.007}, pmid = {21295370}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Biota ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; }, abstract = {Lessons learned from the study of ecological succession have much to offer contemporary environmental problem solving but these lessons are being underutilized. As anthropogenic disturbances increase, succession is more relevant than ever. In this review, we suggest that succession is particularly suitable to address concerns about biodiversity loss, climate change, invasive species, and ecological restoration. By incorporating modern experimental techniques and linking results across environmental gradients with meta-analyses, studies of succession can substantially improve our understanding of other ecological phenomena. Succession can help predict changes in biodiversity and ecosystem services impacted by invasive species and climate change and guide manipulative responses to these disruptions by informing restoration efforts. Succession is still a critical, integrative concept that is central to ecology.}, }
@article {pmid21295315, year = {2011}, author = {Butrón, A and Orive, E and Madariaga, I}, title = {Potential risk of harmful algae transport by ballast waters: the case of Bilbao Harbour.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {62}, number = {4}, pages = {747-757}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.008}, pmid = {21295315}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Dinoflagellida/*growth &amp; development ; Environmental Monitoring ; Harmful Algal Bloom ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Phytoplankton/*growth &amp; development ; Risk Assessment ; Ships/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Ballast water exchange was measured for the first time in Bilbao Harbour, one of the most active of northern Spain. Between 1997 and 2006, 41,900,980.34 ballast water tn were loaded and 13,272,709 tn were discharged. Bilbao Harbour appears to be mainly a source of ballast water, 90% of which would be discharged in European harbours. We estimated that vessels carrying liquid and solid bulk have higher probabilities of exporting ballast water, whereas those with liquid bulk and containers are more likely to introduce it. From 30 potentially harmful phytoplankton species identified to date near harbour facilities, there would be a high risk of exporting at least Alexandrium minutum, Dinophysis sp., Heterosigma akashiwo, Karlodinium sp., Ostreopsis cf. siamensis, Pfiesteria-like and Prorocentrum minimum. Invasion risk by ballast water was tested by analyzing the response of six strains of H. akashiwo from different geographic areas to varying salinity. Results show that successful growth of foreign strains would be possible.}, }
@article {pmid21295292, year = {2011}, author = {McKenzie, LA and Brooks, R and Johnston, EL}, title = {Heritable pollution tolerance in a marine invader.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {111}, number = {7}, pages = {926-932}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2010.12.007}, pmid = {21295292}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Animals ; Bryozoa/*drug effects/genetics ; Copper/*toxicity ; Drug Resistance/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/anatomy &amp; histology/drug effects ; Metamorphosis, Biological/drug effects/genetics ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {The global spread of fouling invasive species is continuing despite the use of antifouling biocides. Furthermore, previous evidence suggests that non-indigenous species introduced via hull fouling may be capable of adapting to metal-polluted environments. Using a laboratory based toxicity assay, we investigated tolerance to copper in the non-indigenous bryozoan Watersipora subtorquata from four source populations. Individual colonies were collected from four sites within Port Hacking (Sydney, Australia) and their offspring exposed to a range of copper concentrations. This approach, using a full-sib, split-family design, tests for a genotype by environment (G×E) interaction. Settlement and complete metamorphosis (recruitment) were measured as ecologically relevant endpoints. Larval sizes were also measured for each colony. Successful recruitment was significantly reduced by the highest copper concentration of 80μgL(-1). While there was no difference in pollution tolerance between sites, there was a significant G×E interaction, with large variation in the response of colony offspring within sites. Larval size differed significantly both between sites and between colonies and was positively correlated with tolerance. The high level of variation in copper tolerance between colonies suggests that there is considerable potential within populations to adapt to elevated copper levels, as tolerance is a heritable trait. Also, colonies that produce large larvae are more tolerant to copper, suggesting that tolerance may be a direct consequence of larger size.}, }
@article {pmid21293950, year = {2011}, author = {Osei, BM and Ellingwood, CD and Hoffmann, JP and Bentil, DE}, title = {Modeling invasive species spread in Lake Champlain via evolutionary computations.}, journal = {Theory in biosciences = Theorie in den Biowissenschaften}, volume = {130}, number = {2}, pages = {145-152}, pmid = {21293950}, issn = {1611-7530}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Computational Biology/methods ; Computers ; Diffusion ; Dreissena ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Models, Genetic ; Models, Statistical ; New York ; Reproducibility of Results ; Vermont ; }, abstract = {We use a reaction diffusion equation, together with a genetic algorithm approach for model selection to develop a general modeling framework for biological invasions. The diffusion component of the reaction diffusion model is generalized to include dispersal and advection. The reaction component is generalized to include both linear and non-linear density dependence, and Allee effect. A combination of the reaction diffusion and genetic algorithm is able to evolve the most parsimonious model for invasive species spread. Zebra mussel data obtained from Lake Champlain, which demarcates the states of New York and Vermont, is used to test the appropriateness of the model. We estimate the minimum wave spread rate of Zebra mussels to be 22.5 km/year. In particular, the evolved models predict an average northward advection rate of 60.6 km/year (SD ± 1.9), which compares very well with the rate calculated from the known hydrologic residence time of 60 km/year. A combination of a reaction diffusion model and a genetic algorithm is, therefore, able to adequately describe some of the hydrodynamic features of Lake Champlain and the spread of a typical invasive species--Zebra mussels within the lake.}, }
@article {pmid21293376, year = {2011}, author = {Schooler, SS and Salau, B and Julien, MH and Ives, AR}, title = {Alternative stable states explain unpredictable biological control of Salvinia molesta in Kakadu.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {470}, number = {7332}, pages = {86-89}, pmid = {21293376}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Biomass ; Ferns/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Floods ; *Fresh Water ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Models, Biological ; Pest Control, Biological/methods/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Plant Weeds/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; South America/ethnology ; Stochastic Processes ; Time Factors ; Weevils/*physiology ; *Wilderness ; }, abstract = {Suppression of the invasive plant Salvinia molesta by the salvinia weevil is an iconic example of successful biological control. However, in the billabongs (oxbow lakes) of Kakadu National Park, Australia, control is fitful and incomplete. By fitting a process-based nonlinear model to thirteen-year data sets from four billabongs, here we show that incomplete control can be explained by alternative stable states--one state in which salvinia is suppressed and the other in which salvinia escapes weevil control. The shifts between states are associated with annual flooding events. In some years, high water flow reduces weevil populations, allowing the shift from a controlled to an uncontrolled state; in other years, benign conditions for weevils promote the return shift to the controlled state. In most described ecological examples, transitions between alternative stable states are relatively rare, facilitated by slow-moving environmental changes, such as accumulated nutrient loading or climate change. The billabongs of Kakadu give a different manifestation of alternative stable states that generate complex and seemingly unpredictable dynamics. Because shifts between alternative stable states are stochastic, they present a potential management strategy to maximize effective biological control: when the domain of attraction to the state of salvinia control is approached, augmentation of the weevil population or reduction of the salvinia biomass may allow the lower state to trap the system.}, }
@article {pmid21293367, year = {2011}, author = {Stone, L}, title = {Theoretical ecology: Waltz of the weevil.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {470}, number = {7332}, pages = {47-49}, pmid = {21293367}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Ferns/*growth &amp; development ; Floods ; *Fresh Water ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Models, Biological ; Papua New Guinea ; Pest Control, Biological/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Plant Weeds/*growth &amp; development ; South America/ethnology ; Stochastic Processes ; Weevils/*physiology ; Wilderness ; }, }
@article {pmid21288369, year = {2011}, author = {Mothapo, NP and Wossler, TC}, title = {Behavioural and chemical evidence for multiple colonisation of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, in the Western Cape, South Africa.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {6}, pmid = {21288369}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Ants/*chemistry/classification/*physiology ; Argentina ; Behavior, Animal ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, is a widespread invasive ant species that has successfully established in nearly all continents across the globe. Argentine ants are characterised by a social structure known as unicoloniality, where territorial boundaries between nests are absent and intraspecific aggression is rare. This is particularly pronounced in introduced populations and results in the formation of large and spatially expansive supercolonies. Although it is amongst the most well studied of invasive ants, very little work has been done on this ant in South Africa. In this first study, we investigate the population structure of Argentine ants in South Africa. We use behavioural (aggression tests) and chemical (CHC) approaches to investigate the population structure of Argentine ants within the Western Cape, identify the number of supercolonies and infer number of introductions.<br><br>RESULTS: Both the aggression assays and chemical data revealed that the Western Cape Argentine ant population can be divided into two behaviourally and chemically distinct supercolonies. Intraspecific aggression was evident between the two supercolonies of Argentine ants with ants able to discriminate among conspecific non-nestmates. This discrimination is linked to the divergence in cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of ants originating from the two supercolonies.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The presence of these two distinct supercolonies is suggestive of at least two independent introductions of this ant within the Western Cape. Moreover, the pattern of colonisation observed in this study, with the two colonies interspersed, is in agreement with global patterns of Argentine ant invasions. Our findings are of interest because recent studies show that Argentine ants from South Africa are different from those identified in other introduced ranges and therefore provide an opportunity to further understand factors that determine the distributional and spread patterns of Argentine ant supercolonies.}, }
@article {pmid21284626, year = {2011}, author = {Conrad, JL and Weinersmith, KL and Brodin, T and Saltz, JB and Sih, A}, title = {Behavioural syndromes in fishes: a review with implications for ecology and fisheries management.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {78}, number = {2}, pages = {395-435}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02874.x}, pmid = {21284626}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Ecology ; *Fisheries ; Fishes/genetics/*physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Neurosecretory Systems/physiology ; Personality ; }, abstract = {This review examines the contribution of research on fishes to the growing field of behavioural syndromes. Current knowledge of behavioural syndromes in fishes is reviewed with respect to five main axes of animal personality: (1) shyness-boldness, (2) exploration-avoidance, (3) activity, (4) aggressiveness and (5) sociability. Compared with other taxa, research on fishes has played a leading role in describing the shy-bold personality axis and has made innovative contributions to the study of the sociability dimension by incorporating social network theory. Fishes are virtually the only major taxon in which behavioural correlations have been compared between populations. This research has guided the field in examining how variation in selection regime may shape personality. Recent research on fishes has also made important strides in understanding genetic and neuroendocrine bases for behavioural syndromes using approaches involving artificial selection, genetic mapping, candidate gene and functional genomics. This work has illustrated consistent individual variation in highly complex neuroendocrine and gene expression pathways. In contrast, relatively little work on fishes has examined the ontogenetic stability of behavioural syndromes or their fitness consequences. Finally, adopting a behavioural syndrome framework in fisheries management issues including artificial propagation, habitat restoration and invasive species, may promote restoration success. Few studies, however, have examined the ecological relevance of behavioural syndromes in the field. Knowledge of how behavioural syndromes play out in the wild will be crucial to incorporating such a framework into management practices.}, }
@article {pmid21283707, year = {2011}, author = {Hu, J and De Barro, P and Zhao, H and Wang, J and Nardi, F and Liu, SS}, title = {An extensive field survey combined with a phylogenetic analysis reveals rapid and widespread invasion of two alien whiteflies in China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {e16061}, pmid = {21283707}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; China ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; *Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: To understand the processes of invasions by alien insects is a pre-requisite for improving management. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a cryptic species complex that contains some of the most invasive pests worldwide. However, extensive field data to show the geographic distribution of the members of this species complex as well as the invasion by some of its members are scarce.<br><br>We used field surveys and published data to assess the current diversity and distribution of B. tabaci cryptic species in China and relate the indigenous members to other Asian and Australian members of the complex. The survey covered the 16 provinces where indigenous B. tabaci occur and extends this with published data for the whole of China. We used molecular markers to identify cryptic species. The evolutionary relationships between the different Asian B. tabaci were reconstructed using Bayesian methods. We show that whereas in the past the exotic invader Middle East-Asia Minor 1 was predominant across China, another newer invader Mediterranean is now the dominant species in the Yangtze River Valley and eastern coastal areas, and Middle East-Asia Minor 1 is now predominant only in the south and south eastern coastal areas. Based on mtCO1 we identified four new cryptic species, and in total we have recorded 13 indigenous and two invasive species from China. Diversity was highest in the southern and southeastern provinces and declined to north and west. Only the two invasive species were found in the northern part of the country where they occur primarily in protected cropping. By 2009, indigenous species were mainly found in remote mountainous areas and were mostly absent from extensive agricultural areas.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Invasions by some members of the whitefly B. tabaci species complex can be rapid and widespread, and indigenous species closely related to the invaders are replaced.}, }
@article {pmid21282159, year = {2011}, author = {Zalasiewicz, J and Williams, M and Fortey, R and Smith, A and Barry, TL and Coe, AL and Bown, PR and Rawson, PF and Gale, A and Gibbard, P and Gregory, FJ and Hounslow, MW and Kerr, AC and Pearson, P and Knox, R and Powell, J and Waters, C and Marshall, J and Oates, M and Stone, P}, title = {Stratigraphy of the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {369}, number = {1938}, pages = {1036-1055}, doi = {10.1098/rsta.2010.0315}, pmid = {21282159}, issn = {1364-503X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change/history ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Geological Phenomena ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Introduced Species/history ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The Anthropocene, an informal term used to signal the impact of collective human activity on biological, physical and chemical processes on the Earth system, is assessed using stratigraphic criteria. It is complex in time, space and process, and may be considered in terms of the scale, relative timing, duration and novelty of its various phenomena. The lithostratigraphic signal includes both direct components, such as urban constructions and man-made deposits, and indirect ones, such as sediment flux changes. Already widespread, these are producing a significant 'event layer', locally with considerable long-term preservation potential. Chemostratigraphic signals include new organic compounds, but are likely to be dominated by the effects of CO(2) release, particularly via acidification in the marine realm, and man-made radionuclides. The sequence stratigraphic signal is negligible to date, but may become geologically significant over centennial/millennial time scales. The rapidly growing biostratigraphic signal includes geologically novel aspects (the scale of globally transferred species) and geologically will have permanent effects.}, }
@article {pmid21281419, year = {2011}, author = {Firn, J and Moore, JL and MacDougall, AS and Borer, ET and Seabloom, EW and HilleRisLambers, J and Harpole, WS and Cleland, EE and Brown, CS and Knops, JM and Prober, SM and Pyke, DA and Farrell, KA and Bakker, JD and O'Halloran, LR and Adler, PB and Collins, SL and D'Antonio, CM and Crawley, MJ and Wolkovich, EM and La Pierre, KJ and Melbourne, BA and Hautier, Y and Morgan, JW and Leakey, AD and Kay, A and McCulley, R and Davies, KF and Stevens, CJ and Chu, CJ and Holl, KD and Klein, JA and Fay, PA and Hagenah, N and Kirkman, KP and Buckley, YM}, title = {Abundance of introduced species at home predicts abundance away in herbaceous communities.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {274-281}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01584.x}, pmid = {21281419}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Biota ; *Introduced Species ; *Magnoliopsida ; Poaceae ; *Population Density ; }, abstract = {Many ecosystems worldwide are dominated by introduced plant species, leading to loss of biodiversity and ecosystem function. A common but rarely tested assumption is that these plants are more abundant in introduced vs. native communities, because ecological or evolutionary-based shifts in populations underlie invasion success. Here, data for 26 herbaceous species at 39 sites, within eight countries, revealed that species abundances were similar at native (home) and introduced (away) sites - grass species were generally abundant home and away, while forbs were low in abundance, but more abundant at home. Sites with six or more of these species had similar community abundance hierarchies, suggesting that suites of introduced species are assembling similarly on different continents. Overall, we found that substantial changes to populations are not necessarily a pre-condition for invasion success and that increases in species abundance are unusual. Instead, abundance at home predicts abundance away, a potentially useful additional criterion for biosecurity programmes.}, }
@article {pmid21280396, year = {2010}, author = {Neely, AH}, title = {"Blame it on the weeds": politics, poverty, and ecology in the new South Africa.}, journal = {Journal of southern African studies}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, pages = {869-887}, doi = {10.1080/03057070.2010.527642}, pmid = {21280396}, issn = {0305-7070}, mesh = {*Agriculture/economics/education/history ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/history ; *Ecology/economics/education/history ; Employment/economics/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/psychology ; *Fires/economics/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Introduced Species/economics/history ; Plant Weeds ; Political Systems/history ; *Poverty/economics/ethnology/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/psychology ; Research/education/history ; Social Conditions/economics/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; *Socioeconomic Factors/history ; South Africa/ethnology ; }, abstract = {In January of 2000, spectacular fires burned in the natural veld of Cape Town, South Africa. As the fire-fighting effort finished, a theory emerged: invasive alien species, trees from other countries, such as Australia and the United States, were to blame for the fires. While the invasive alien hypothesis captured the attention of media and policy makers alike, there was little ecological evidence to support it. This article places the fires of 2000 in a longer history of post-apartheid policy and science surrounding invasive alien floral species, arguing that the fires allowed for a synergy between concerns over poverty relief, nature conservation, and scientific research. The most visible example of this synergy was an increased commitment to the Working for Water programme on the Cape Peninsula, a large-scale employment programme utilising unskilled labour to clear invasive alien species in order to conserve South African water resources. In addition to providing employment for South Africa's poorest citizens, Working for Water provided funding for ecological research about invasive alien species. The studies that resulted from this funding focused on gathering information to make practical suggestions for invasive species control. Although the focus of these studies was on management, the science used was itself as rigorous as it had ever been. In the post-apartheid era, as poverty relief and nature conservation came together, scientists ensured that they would continue to play a role in nature conservation by making their research relevant to both invasive species control and to poverty relief.}, }
@article {pmid21278856, year = {2011}, author = {Diamantidis, AD and Carey, JR and Nakas, CT and Papadopoulos, NT}, title = {Ancestral populations perform better in a novel environment: domestication of medfly populations from five global regions.}, journal = {Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London}, volume = {102}, number = {2}, pages = {334-345}, pmid = {21278856}, issn = {0024-4066}, support = {P01 AG008761/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; P01 AG008761-100003/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; P01 AG022500/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; P01 AG022500-01/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Geographically isolated populations of a species may differ in several aspects of life-history, morphology, behavior, and genetic structure as a result of adaptation in ecologically diverse habitats. We used a global invasive species, the Mediterranean fruit fly to investigate, whether adaptation to a novel environment differs among geographically isolated populations that vary in major life history components such as life span and reproduction. We used wild populations from five global regions (Kenya, Hawaii, Guatemala, Portugal, and Greece). Adult demographic traits were monitored in F(2), F(5), F(7) and F(9) generations in captivity. Although domestication in constant laboratory conditions had a different effect on the mortality and reproductive rates of the different populations, a general trend of decreasing life span and age of first reproduction was observed for most medfly populations tested. However, taking into account longevity of both sexes, age-specific reproductive schedules, and average reproductive rates we found that the ancestral Kenyan population kept the above life history traits stable during domestication compared to the other populations tested. These findings provide important insights in the life-history evolution of this model species, and suggest that ancestral medfly populations perform better than the derived - invasive ones in a novel environment.}, }
@article {pmid21270870, year = {2011}, author = {Shirey, PD and Lamberti, GA}, title = {Regulate trade in rare plants.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {469}, number = {7331}, pages = {465-467}, pmid = {21270870}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Commerce ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Endangered Species/economics/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/trends ; Internet ; Introduced Species/trends ; }, }
@article {pmid21270024, year = {2011}, author = {Heinicke, MP and Diaz, LM and Hedges, SB}, title = {Origin of invasive Florida frogs traced to Cuba.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {407-410}, pmid = {21270024}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/*genetics ; Cuba ; *DNA, Mitochondrial ; Florida ; Genes, RAG-1 ; *Introduced Species ; *Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Two of the earliest examples of successful invasive amphibians are the greenhouse frog (Eleutherodactylus planirostris) and the Cuban treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) in Florida. Although both are generally assumed to be recent introductions, they are widespread on Caribbean islands and also have been proposed as natural colonizers. We obtained nucleotide sequence data for both species and their closest relatives in their native and introduced ranges. Phylogenetic analyses trace the origin of E. planirostris to a small area in western Cuba, while O. septentrionalis is derived from at least two Cuban sources, one probably a remote peninsula in western Cuba. The tropical-to-temperate invasion began with colonization of the Florida Keys followed by human-mediated dispersal within peninsular Florida. The subtropical Keys may have served as an adaptive stepping stone for the successful invasion of the North American continent.}, }
@article {pmid21268970, year = {2010}, author = {Collins, JP}, title = {Amphibian decline and extinction: what we know and what we need to learn.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {92}, number = {2-3}, pages = {93-99}, doi = {10.3354/dao02307}, pmid = {21268970}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Amphibians/*physiology ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Chytridiomycota ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollutants ; *Extinction, Biological ; Introduced Species ; Mycoses/microbiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {For over 350 million yr, thousands of amphibian species have lived on Earth. Since the 1980s, amphibians have been disappearing at an alarming rate, in many cases quite suddenly. What is causing these declines and extinctions? In the modern era (post 1500) there are 6 leading causes of biodiversity loss in general, and all of these acting alone or together are responsible for modern amphibian declines: commercial use; introduced/exotic species that compete with, prey on, and parasitize native frogs and salamanders; land use change; contaminants; climate change; and infectious disease. The first 3 causes are historical in the sense that they have been operating for hundreds of years, although the rate of change due to each accelerated greatly after about the mid-20th century. Contaminants, climate change, and emerging infectious diseases are modern causes suspected of being responsible for the so-called 'enigmatic decline' of amphibians in protected areas. Introduced/exotic pathogens, land use change, and infectious disease are the 3 causes with a clear role in amphibian decline as well as extinction; thus far, the other 3 causes are only implicated in decline and not extinction. The present work is a review of the 6 causes with a focus on pathogens and suggested areas where new research is needed. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a chytrid fungus that is an emerging infectious disease causing amphibian population decline and species extinction. Historically, pathogens have not been seen as a major cause of extinction, but Bd is an exception, which is why it is such an interesting, important pathogen to understand. The late 20th and early 21st century global biodiversity loss is characterized as a sixth extinction event. Amphibians are a striking example of these losses as they disappear at a rate that greatly exceeds historical levels. Consequently, modern amphibian decline and extinction is a lens through which we can view the larger story of biodiversity loss and its consequences.}, }
@article {pmid21268361, year = {2010}, author = {Bobyrev, AE and Burmenskiĭ, VA and Kriksunov, EA and Medvinskiĭ, AB and Nurieva, NI and Rusakov, AV and Allasia, G and Venturino, E}, title = {[Mathematical model of invasion of mysids (Mysidacea) into the Naroch Lake system].}, journal = {Biofizika}, volume = {55}, number = {6}, pages = {1138-1146}, pmid = {21268361}, issn = {0006-3029}, mesh = {Animals ; Crustacea/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Republic of Belarus ; }, abstract = {We present a mathematical model of the invasion of mysid into the Naroch Lake system. The model is parameterized with the use of field observation data. We show that the mysid invasion can lead to an increase in the time-averaged fish population size, and to a decrease in the time-averaged rotifer population size.}, }
@article {pmid21266969, year = {2011}, author = {Sahasrabudhe, S and Motter, AE}, title = {Rescuing ecosystems from extinction cascades through compensatory perturbations.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {170}, pmid = {21266969}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {Food-web perturbations stemming from climate change, overexploitation, invasive species and habitat degradation often cause an initial loss of species that results in a cascade of secondary extinctions, posing considerable challenges to ecosystem conservation efforts. Here, we devise a systematic network-based approach to reduce the number of secondary extinctions using a predictive modelling framework. We show that the extinction of one species can often be compensated by the concurrent removal or population suppression of other specific species, a counterintuitive effect not previously tested in complex food webs. These compensatory perturbations frequently involve long-range interactions that are not evident from local predator-prey relationships. In numerous cases, even the early removal of a species that would eventually go extinct is found to significantly reduce the number of cascading extinctions. These compensatory perturbations only exploit resources available in the system, and illustrate the potential of human intervention combined with predictive modelling for ecosystem management.}, }
@article {pmid21265973, year = {2011}, author = {Ryabov, AB and Blasius, B}, title = {A graphical theory of competition on spatial resource gradients.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {220-228}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01574.x}, pmid = {21265973}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Competitive Behavior ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Phytoplankton/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Resource competition is a fundamental interaction in natural communities. However, little remains known about competition in spatial environments where organisms are able to regulate resource distributions. Here, we analyse the competition of two consumers for two resources in a one-dimensional habitat in which the resources are supplied from opposite sides. We show that the success of an invading species crucially depends on the slope of the resource gradients shaped by the resident. Our analysis reveals that parameter combinations, which lead to coexistence in a uniform environment, may favour alternative stable states in a spatial system, and vice versa. Furthermore, differences in growth rate, mortality or dispersal abilities allow a consumer to coexist stationarily with - or even outcompete - a competitor with lower resource requirements. Applying our theory to a phytoplankton model, we explain shifts in the community structure that are induced by environmental changes.}, }
@article {pmid21265459, year = {2010}, author = {Gray, DR}, title = {Hitchhikers on trade routes: A phenology model estimates the probabilities of gypsy moth introduction and establishment.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {20}, number = {8}, pages = {2300-2309}, doi = {10.1890/09-1540.1}, pmid = {21265459}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; Human Activities ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; *Models, Biological ; Moths/*physiology ; New Zealand ; Russia ; Time Factors ; Transportation ; }, abstract = {As global trade increases so too does the probability of introduction of alien species to new locations. Estimating the probability of an alien species introduction and establishment following introduction is a necessary step in risk estimation (probability of an event times the consequences, in the currency of choice, of the event should it occur); risk estimation is a valuable tool for reducing the risk of biological invasion with limited resources. The Asian gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), is a pest species whose consequence of introduction and establishment in North America and New Zealand warrants over US$2 million per year in surveillance expenditure. This work describes the development of a two-dimensional phenology model (GLS-2d) that simulates insect development from source to destination and estimates: (1) the probability of introduction from the proportion of the source population that would achieve the next developmental stage at the destination and (2) the probability of establishment from the proportion of the introduced population that survives until a stable life cycle is reached at the destination. The effect of shipping schedule on the probabilities of introduction and establishment was examined by varying the departure date from 1 January to 25 December by weekly increments. The effect of port efficiency was examined by varying the length of time that invasion vectors (shipping containers and ship) were available for infection. The application of GLS-2d is demonstrated using three common marine trade routes (to Auckland, New Zealand, from Kobe, Japan, and to Vancouver, Canada, from Kobe and from Vladivostok, Russia).}, }
@article {pmid21265458, year = {2010}, author = {Drake, DA and Mandrak, NE}, title = {Least-cost transportation networks predict spatial interaction of invasion vectors.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {20}, number = {8}, pages = {2286-2299}, doi = {10.1890/09-2005.1}, pmid = {21265458}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Fresh Water ; Great Lakes Region ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Ontario ; *Transportation ; }, abstract = {Human-mediated dispersal among aquatic ecosystems often results in biotic transfer between drainage basins. Such activities may circumvent biogeographic factors, with considerable ecological, evolutionary, and economic implications. However, the efficacy of predictions concerning community changes following inter-basin movements are limited, often because the dispersal mechanism is poorly understood (e.g., quantified only partially). To date, spatial-interaction models that predict the movement of humans as vectors of biotic transfer have not incorporated patterns of human movement through transportation networks. As a necessary first step to determine the role of anglers as invasion vectors across a land-lake ecosystem, we investigate their movement potential within Ontario, Canada. To determine possible model improvements resulting from inclusion of network travel, spatial-interaction models were constructed using standard Euclidean (e.g., straight-line) distance measures and also with distances derived from least-cost routing of human transportation networks. Model comparisons determined that least-cost routing both provided the most parsimonious model and also excelled at forecasting spatial interactions, with a proportion of 0.477 total movement deviance explained. The distribution of movements was characterized by many relatively short to medium travel distances (median = 292.6 km) with fewer lengthier distances (75th percentile = 484.6 km, 95th percentile = 775.2 km); however, even the shortest movements were sufficient to overcome drainage-basin boundaries. Ranking of variables in order of their contribution within the most parsimonious model determined that distance traveled, origin outflow, lake attractiveness, and sportfish richness significantly influence movement patterns. Model improvements associated with least-cost routing of human transportation networks imply that patterns of human-mediated invasion are fundamentally linked to the spatial configuration and relative impedance of human transportation networks, placing increased importance on understanding their contribution to the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid21265457, year = {2010}, author = {Kolbe, JJ and Kearney, M and Shine, R}, title = {Modeling the consequences of thermal trait variation for the cane toad invasion of Australia.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {20}, number = {8}, pages = {2273-2285}, doi = {10.1890/09-1973.1}, pmid = {21265457}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; Australia ; Body Temperature Regulation/*physiology ; Bufonidae/*physiology ; *Cold Temperature ; Demography ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Motor Activity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Mechanistic species distribution models (SDMs) are ideally suited for predicting the nonnative distributions of invasive species, but require accurate parameterization of key functional traits. Importantly, any ability of the invader to acclimate or adapt rapidly to local conditions must be incorporated. Our field and laboratory studies measured phenotypic variation and tested for plasticity in the thermal sensitivity of locomotor performance and low-temperature tolerance of adult cane toads Bufo marinus in eastern Australia. We used a biophysical model to explore the adaptive significance of this variation and how it affected distribution predictions. Laboratory trials showed that geographic differences in low-temperature tolerance (i.e., the critical thermal minimum; CTMin) of field-caught toads reflect thermal acclimation, whereas populations differed in the thermal dependence of locomotor performance even after acclimation. Incorporating low-temperature tolerance as a dimension of the fundamental niche reduced the predicted southern distribution. To test whether these factors predicted to be range limiting were consistent with reduced performance for individuals, we used the biophysical model and daily climate data to conduct "virtual transplants." These models predicted that acclimation reduced cold stress by 32-100% for toads sheltering near the ground surface; toads inside burrows could remain above their CTMin, but the required burrow depth increased with latitude. Low-temperature tolerance of the adult phase may constrain the southern range limit of the cane toad in Australia, and plasticity in this trait may have facilitated the southward range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid21265455, year = {2010}, author = {Holsman, KK and McDonald, PS and Barreyro, PA and Armstrong, DA}, title = {Restoration through eradication? Removal of an invasive bioengineer restores some habitat function for a native predator.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {20}, number = {8}, pages = {2249-2262}, doi = {10.1890/09-1168.1}, pmid = {21265455}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Pacific Ocean ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Washington ; }, abstract = {Invasive aquatic macrophytes increase structural complexity in recipient systems and alter trophic and physical resources; thus, eradication programs that remove plant structure have potential to restore some impaired ecological functions. In this study we evaluate how an invasive ecosystem engineer, Atlantic smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), interferes with the movement and foraging activity of a mobile predator, Dungeness crab (Cancer magister), and whether removal of aboveground cordgrass structure rapidly reestablishes access to foraging habitats. By 2004, smooth cordgrass had invaded >25% of crab foraging habitat in Willapa Bay, Washington (USA), and transformed it into a highly structured landscape. However, by 2007 successful eradication efforts had eliminated most meadows of the cordgrass. In order to investigate the effect of smooth cordgrass on the habitat function of littoral areas for foraging crabs, we integrated field, laboratory, and statistical modeling approaches. We conducted trapping surveys at multiple sites and used a hierarchical model framework to examine patterns in catches prior to and following cordgrass removal (i.e., before-after control-impact design, BACI). Prior to eradication, catches of Dungeness crabs in unstructured habitats were 4-19 times higher than catches in adjacent patches of live cordgrass. In contrast, the results of post-eradication trapping in 2007 indicated similar catch rates of crabs in unstructured habitats and areas formerly invaded by the cordgrass. Subsequent laboratory experiments and video observations demonstrated that the rigid physical structure of smooth cordgrass shoots reduces the ability of Dungeness crabs to access prey resources and increases the risk of stranding. Taken together, these findings suggest that eliminating the structural complexity of invasive macrophytes may rapidly restore some ecological function (i.e., foraging area) for migratory predators like Dungeness crab. However, restoration of affected areas to a preinvasion state will also depend on long-term patterns of succession in invaded areas and the degree of persistence of physical changes that continue to alter biotic characteristics of the habitat. Our work highlights: (1) the efficacy of employing multiple methods of inquiry to evaluate causal relationships through mechanisms of interaction, and (2) the importance of targeting particular ecological functions when identifying both short- and long-term goals of restoration efforts.}, }
@article {pmid21265441, year = {2010}, author = {Jones, HP}, title = {Seabird islands take mere decades to recover following rat eradication.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {20}, number = {8}, pages = {2075-2080}, doi = {10.1890/10-0118.1}, pmid = {21265441}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon/chemistry/metabolism ; Charadriiformes/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/chemistry/metabolism ; Population Growth ; *Rats ; Soil/chemistry ; Spiders/metabolism ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Islands house a majority of the world's biodiversity and are thus critical for biodiversity conservation. Seabird nesting colonies provide nutrients that are integral to maintain island biodiversity and ecosystem function. Invasive rats destroy seabird colonies and thus the island ecosystems that depend on seabird-derived nutrients. After rat eradication, it is unclear how long ecosystem recovery may take, although some speculate on the order of centuries. I looked at ecosystem recovery along a chronosequence of islands that had 12-22 years to recover following rat eradication. I show that soil, plant, and spider marine-derived nitrogen levels and C:N ratios take mere decades to recover even after centuries-long rat invasion. Moreover, active seabird restoration could speed recovery even further, giving much hope to quickly conserve many endemic species on islands worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid21264336, year = {2011}, author = {Chang, AL and Blakeslee, AM and Miller, AW and Ruiz, GM}, title = {Establishment failure in biological invasions: a case history of Littorina littorea in California, USA.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {e16035}, pmid = {21264336}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Gastropoda ; Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species/trends ; North America ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The early stages of biological invasions are rarely observed, but can provide significant insight into the invasion process as well as the influence vectors have on invasion success or failure.<br><br>We characterized three newly discovered populations of an introduced gastropod, Littorina littorea (Linn&#xe9;, 1758), in California, USA, comparing them to potential source populations in native Europe and the North American East Coast, where the snail is also introduced. Demographic surveys were used to assess spatial distribution and sizes of the snail in San Francisco and Anaheim Bays, California. Mitochondrial DNA was sequenced and compared among these nascent populations, and various populations from the North American East Coast and Europe, to characterize the California populations and ascertain their likely source. Demographic and genetic data were considered together to deduce likely vectors for the California populations. We found that the three large California L. littorea populations contained only adult snails and had unexpectedly high genetic diversity rather than showing an extreme bottleneck as typically expected in recent introductions. Haplotype diversity in Californian populations was significantly reduced compared to European populations, but not compared to East Coast populations. Genetic analyses clearly suggested the East Coast as the source region for the California introductions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: The California L. littorea populations were at an early, non-established phase of invasion with no evidence of recruitment. The live seafood trade is the most likely invasion vector for these populations, as it preferentially transports large numbers of adult L. littorea, matching the demographic structure of the introduced California L. littorea populations. Our results highlight continued operation of live seafood trade vectors and the influence of vectors on the demographic and genetic structure of the resulting populations, especially early stages of the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid21257224, year = {2011}, author = {Caro, T and Sherman, PW}, title = {Endangered species and a threatened discipline: behavioural ecology.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {111-118}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2010.12.008}, pmid = {21257224}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecology/economics/trends ; *Endangered Species ; Environmental Pollution ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Sociobiology/economics/trends ; }, abstract = {Behavioural ecologists often see little connection between the current conservation crisis and the future of their discipline. This view is myopic because our abilities to investigate and interpret the adaptive significance and evolutionary histories of behaviours are increasingly being compromised in human-dominated landscapes because of species extinctions, habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, and climate change. In this review, we argue that many central issues in behavioural ecology will soon become prohibitively difficult to investigate and interpret, thus impeding the rapid progress that characterizes the field. To address these challenges, behavioural ecologists should design studies not only to answer basic scientific questions but also to provide ancillary information for protection and management of their study organisms and habitats, and then share their biological insights with the applied conservation community.}, }
@article {pmid21251681, year = {2011}, author = {Farrapeira, CM and Tenório, Dde O and Amaral, FD}, title = {Vessel biofouling as an inadvertent vector of benthic invertebrates occurring in Brazil.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {62}, number = {4}, pages = {832-839}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.12.014}, pmid = {21251681}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biofouling/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Brazil ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Invertebrates/*growth &amp; development ; Ships/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {This article reviews the literature involving benthic invertebrates that are cited in association with hull fouling, reporting the species that occur on the Brazilian coast and evaluating the importance of this vector for the introduction of nonindigenous and cryptogenic invertebrates in Brazil. It discusses some of the strategies that were used by the species that allowed for their overseas transport and made it easier to cross natural barriers that otherwise would have been obstacles to their dispersion. The compiled data list 343 species (65% nonindigenous and 35% cryptogenic), mainly from the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. The traveling fauna, composed mostly of cosmopolitan species (70.3%), is primarily euryhaline and marine stenohaline, with sessile and sedentary habits. After delineating the shipborne species' ecological profiles and traveling strategies and evaluating their overlapping vectors, we concluded that hull vessels were the main vector of introduction to the Brazilian coast for 89.8% of the compiled species.}, }
@article {pmid21251113, year = {2011}, author = {Schrey, AW and Grispo, M and Awad, M and Cook, MB and McCoy, ED and Mushinsky, HR and Albayrak, T and Bensch, S and Burke, T and Butler, LK and Dor, R and Fokidis, HB and Jensen, H and Imboma, T and Kessler-Rios, MM and Marzal, A and Stewart, IR and Westerdahl, H and Westneat, DF and Zehtindjiev, P and Martin, LB}, title = {Broad-scale latitudinal patterns of genetic diversity among native European and introduced house sparrow (Passer domesticus) populations.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, pages = {1133-1143}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05001.x}, pmid = {21251113}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Sparrows/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Introduced species offer unique opportunities to study evolution in new environments, and some provide opportunities for understanding the mechanisms underlying macroecological patterns. We sought to determine how introduction history impacted genetic diversity and differentiation of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), one of the most broadly distributed bird species. We screened eight microsatellite loci in 316 individuals from 16 locations in the native and introduced ranges. Significant population structure occurred between native than introduced house sparrows. Introduced house sparrows were distinguished into one North American group and a highly differentiated Kenyan group. Genetic differentiation estimates identified a high magnitude of differentiation between Kenya and all other populations, but demonstrated that European and North American samples were differentiated too. Our results support previous claims that introduced North American populations likely had few source populations, and indicate house sparrows established populations after introduction. Genetic diversity also differed among native, introduced North American, and Kenyan populations with Kenyan birds being least diverse. In some cases, house sparrow populations appeared to maintain or recover genetic diversity relatively rapidly after range expansion (<50 years; Mexico and Panama), but in others (Kenya) the effect of introduction persisted over the same period. In both native and introduced populations, genetic diversity exhibited large-scale geographic patterns, increasing towards the equator. Such patterns of genetic diversity are concordant with two previously described models of genetic diversity, the latitudinal model and the species diversity model.}, }
@article {pmid21237178, year = {2011}, author = {Roques, L and Soubeyrand, S and Rousselet, J}, title = {A statistical-reaction-diffusion approach for analyzing expansion processes.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {274}, number = {1}, pages = {43-51}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.01.006}, pmid = {21237178}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Animal Migration/physiology ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Diffusion ; France ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Life Cycle Stages/physiology ; Likelihood Functions ; *Models, Biological ; *Models, Statistical ; Moths/*growth &amp; development ; Pinus/parasitology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {In this article, we propose a method for analyzing the spatial variations in the range expansion of the pine processionary moth (PPM), an invasive species in France. Based on binary measurements - the presence or absence of PPM nests - the proposed method allows us to infer the local effect of the environment on PPM population expansion. This effect is estimated at each position x using a parameter F(x) that corresponds to the local PPM fitness. The data type and the two stage PPM life cycle make estimating this parameter difficult. To overcome these difficulties we adopt a mechanistic-statistical approach that combines a statistical model for the observation process with a hierarchical,reaction-diffusion based mechanistic model for the expansion process. Bayesian inference of the parameter F(x) reveals that PPM fitness is spatially heterogeneous and highlights the existence of large regions associated with lower fitness. The factors underlying this lower fitness are yet to be determined.}, }
@article {pmid21232576, year = {2011}, author = {Wang, W and Li, W and Li, Z and Zhang, H}, title = {The effect of colored noise on spatiotemporal dynamics of biological invasion in a diffusive predator-prey system.}, journal = {Bio Systems}, volume = {104}, number = {1}, pages = {48-56}, doi = {10.1016/j.biosystems.2010.12.011}, pmid = {21232576}, issn = {1872-8324}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Spatiotemporal dynamics of a predator-prey system is considered under the assumption that the predator is sensitive to colored noise. Mathematically, the model consists of two coupled diffusion-reactions. By means of extensive numerical simulations, the complex invasion pattern formations of the system are identified. The results show that a geographical invasion emerges without regional persistence when the intensity of colored noise is small. Remarkably, as the noise intensity increases, the species spreads via a patchy invasion only when the system is affected by red noise. Meanwhile, the relationship between local stability and global invasion is also considered. The predator, which becomes extinct in the system without diffusion, could invade locally when the system is affected by white noise. However, the local invasion is not followed by geographical spread.}, }
@article {pmid21224033, year = {2011}, author = {Kovacs, K and Václavík, T and Haight, RG and Pang, A and Cunniffe, NJ and Gilligan, CA and Meentemeyer, RK}, title = {Predicting the economic costs and property value losses attributed to sudden oak death damage in California (2010-2020).}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {92}, number = {4}, pages = {1292-1302}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.12.018}, pmid = {21224033}, issn = {1095-8630}, support = {BB/B502379/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {California ; Censuses ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*economics ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Introduced Species/*economics ; Maps as Topic ; Models, Biological ; Phytophthora/*pathogenicity ; Plant Diseases/*economics/parasitology/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Quercus/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Phytophthora ramorum, cause of sudden oak death, is a quarantined, non-native, invasive forest pathogen resulting in substantial mortality in coastal live oak (Quercus agrifolia) and several other related tree species on the Pacific Coast of the United States. We estimate the discounted cost of oak treatment, removal, and replacement on developed land in California communities using simulations of P. ramorum spread and infection risk over the next decade (2010-2020). An estimated 734 thousand oak trees occur on developed land in communities in the analysis area. The simulations predict an expanding sudden oak death (SOD) infestation that will likely encompass most of northwestern California and warrant treatment, removal, and replacement of more than 10 thousand oak trees with discounted cost of $7.5 million. In addition, we estimate the discounted property losses to single family homes of $135 million. Expanding the land base to include developed land outside as well as inside communities doubles the estimates of the number of oak trees killed and the associated costs and losses. The predicted costs and property value losses are substantial, but many of the damages in urban areas (e.g. potential losses from increased fire and safety risks of the dead trees and the loss of ecosystem service values) are not included.}, }
@article {pmid21223282, year = {2011}, author = {Cleland, EE}, title = {Trait divergence and the ecosystem impacts of invading species.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {189}, number = {3}, pages = {649-652}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03607.x}, pmid = {21223282}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; }, }
@article {pmid21221650, year = {2011}, author = {Dutra, HP and Barnett, K and Reinhardt, JR and Marquis, RJ and Orrock, JL}, title = {Invasive plant species alters consumer behavior by providing refuge from predation.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {166}, number = {3}, pages = {649-657}, pmid = {21221650}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Didelphis/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Feeding Behavior ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Lonicera/*growth &amp; development ; Missouri ; Peromyscus/*physiology ; Raccoons/*physiology ; Weather ; }, abstract = {Understanding the effects of invasive plants on native consumers is important because consumer-mediated indirect effects have the potential to alter the dynamics of coexistence in native communities. Invasive plants may promote changes in consumer pressure due to changes in protective cover (i.e., the architectural complexity of the invaded habitat) and in food availability (i.e., subsidies of fruits and seeds). No experimental studies have evaluated the relative interplay of these two effects. In a factorial experiment, we manipulated cover and food provided by the invasive shrub Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) to evaluate whether this plant alters the foraging activity of native mammals. Using tracking plates to quantify mammalian foraging activity, we found that removal of honeysuckle cover, rather than changes in the fruit resources it provides, reduced the activity of important seed consumers, mice in the genus Peromyscus. Two mesopredators, Procyon lotor and Didelphis virginiana, were also affected. Moreover, we found rodents used L. maackii for cover only on cloudless nights, indicating that the effect of honeysuckle was weather-dependent. Our work provides experimental evidence that this invasive plant species changes habitat characteristics, and in so doing alters the behavior of small- and medium-sized mammals. Changes in seed predator behavior may lead to cascading effects on the seeds that mice consume.}, }
@article {pmid21221648, year = {2011}, author = {Cassini, MH}, title = {Consequences of local Allee effects in spatially structured populations.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {165}, number = {3}, pages = {547-552}, pmid = {21221648}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Female ; Game Theory ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {The ideal free distribution model incorporating the Allee effect was published by Fretwell and Lucas (1970), but went almost unnoticed within the ecological literature. The model is relevant to populations distributed among patchy habitats. It predicts a sporadic but substantial decline in populations at high densities, which in turn induces the rapid growth of new populations. In this paper, I show that the simple process explained by this model can be used to change our view of several phenomena within the field of population ecology, behavioural ecology and conservation. The ecological consequences of the model are well known. A key feature of Fretwell and Lucas's model is what I call the "Allee paradox:" there is a range of local population densities at which local individual fitness is less than the potential mean gain that could be obtained in the environment; however, individuals cannot disperse. This paradox can be used to explain why helping appears before suitable breeding areas are fully occupied, and why breeding females aggregate when male coercion is a reproductive cost. The model also predicts high clustering between related populations, and, in conservation biology, it can identify unfounded concerns about the dangers of extinction, delays in recolonisation processes after human-induced population decline, and latency periods in the initial phases of expansion of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid21212330, year = {2011}, author = {Segura, P}, title = {Ecology. A slimy invader blooms in the rivers of Patagonia.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {331}, number = {6013}, pages = {18}, doi = {10.1126/science.331.6013.18}, pmid = {21212330}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Chile ; Diatoms/*growth &amp; development ; *Eutrophication ; *Introduced Species ; *Rivers ; }, }
@article {pmid21208954, year = {2011}, author = {Mathys, BA and Lockwood, JL}, title = {Contemporary morphological diversification of passerine birds introduced to the Hawaiian archipelago.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {278}, number = {1716}, pages = {2392-2400}, pmid = {21208954}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Weights and Measures ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Passeriformes/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Species that have been introduced to islands experience novel and strong selection pressures after establishment. There is evidence that exotic species diverge from their native source populations; further, a few studies have demonstrated adaptive divergence across multiple exotic populations of a single species. Exotic birds provide a good study system, as they have been introduced to many locations worldwide, and we often know details concerning the propagule origin, time of introduction, and dynamics of establishment and dispersal within the introduced range. These data make them especially conducive to the examination of contemporary evolution. Island faunas have received intense scrutiny, therefore we have expectations concerning the patterns of diversification for exotic species. We examine six passerine bird species that were introduced to the Hawaiian archipelago less than 150 years ago. We find that five of these show morphological divergence among islands from the time since they were established. We demonstrate that some of this divergence cannot be accounted for by genetic drift, and therefore we must consider adaptive evolution to explain it. We also evaluate evolutionary divergence rates and find that these species are diverging at similar rates to those found in published studies of contemporary evolution in native species.}, }
@article {pmid21206907, year = {2010}, author = {Stigall, AL}, title = {Invasive species and biodiversity crises: testing the link in the late devonian.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {12}, pages = {e15584}, pmid = {21206907}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Arthropods ; *Biodiversity ; Fossils ; Genetic Speciation ; Geography ; History, Ancient ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; Mollusca ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {During the Late Devonian Biodiversity Crisis, the primary driver of biodiversity decline was the dramatic reduction in speciation rates, not elevated extinction rates; however, the causes of speciation decline have been previously unstudied. Speciation, the formation of new species from ancestral populations, occurs by two primary allopatric mechanisms: vicariance, where the ancestral population is passively divided into two large subpopulations that later diverge and form two daughter species, and dispersal, in which a small subset of the ancestral population actively migrates then diverges to form a new species. Studies of modern and fossil clades typically document speciation by vicariance in much higher frequencies than speciation by dispersal. To assess the mechanism behind Late Devonian speciation reduction, speciation rates were calculated within stratigraphically constrained species-level phylogenetic hypotheses for three representative clades and mode of speciation at cladogenetic events was assessed across four clades in three phyla: Arthropoda, Brachiopoda, and Mollusca. In all cases, Devonian taxa exhibited a congruent reduction in speciation rate between the Middle Devonian pre-crisis interval and the Late Devonian crisis interval. Furthermore, speciation via vicariance is almost entirely absent during the crisis interval; most episodes of speciation during this time were due to dispersal. The shutdown of speciation by vicariance during this interval was related to widespread interbasinal species invasions. The lack of Late Devonian vicariance is diametrically opposed to the pattern observed in other geologic intervals, which suggests the loss of vicariant speciation attributable to species invasions during the Late Devonian was a causal factor in the biodiversity crisis. Similarly, modern ecosystems, in which invasive species are rampant, may be expected to exhibit similar shutdown of speciation by vicariance as an outcome of the modern biodiversity crisis.}, }
@article {pmid21203776, year = {2011}, author = {Peng, RH and Fang, CM and Li, B and Chen, JK}, title = {Spartina alterniflora invasion increases soil inorganic nitrogen pools through interactions with tidal subsidies in the Yangtze Estuary, China.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {165}, number = {3}, pages = {797-807}, pmid = {21203776}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {China ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*analysis ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Water Movements ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien plants increase both plant N and soil inorganic N pools in many terrestrial ecosystems. This is believed to be the result of altered plant-soil-microbe feedbacks that accelerate N cycling. However, it may also be due to the greater ability of invasive species to uptake lateral N subsidies that can modify ecosystem N dynamics. We conducted manipulative field experiments to determine the impact of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) invasion on the N cycling of salt marsh ecosystems in the Yangtze Estuary, China. The results showed that the aboveground plant N and soil inorganic N pools in S. alterniflora marshes, 14.39 and 3.16 g N m(-2), were significantly higher than those in native common reed (Phragmites australis) marshes, 11.61 and 2.29 g N m(-2). These increases after invasion were explained by a significantly higher uptake of dissolved inorganic N (DIN) from tidal subsidies in S. alterniflora marshes (6.59 g N m(-2)) than from those in P. australis marshes (1.61 g N m(-2)), and not by soil organic N mineralization, which was not significantly different between S. alterniflora (6.45 g N m(-2)) and P. australis marshes (6.84 g N m(-2)) during the growing season. Our study indicated that the ecosystem engineering effects of S. alterniflora, which increases the interception of external N input, can be an alternative mechanism that increases plant N and soil inorganic N pools--especially in ecosystems with ample anthropogenic N subsidies, such as the coastal wetlands of China.}, }
@article {pmid21200433, year = {2010}, author = {Martin, CW and Valentine, MM and Valentine, JF}, title = {Competitive interactions between invasive Nile tilapia and native fish: the potential for altered trophic exchange and modification of food webs.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {12}, pages = {e14395}, pmid = {21200433}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Competitive Behavior ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Fishes ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Plants/metabolism ; Rivers ; Species Specificity ; Tilapia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Recent studies have highlighted both the positive and negative impacts of species invasions. Most of these studies have been conducted on either immobile invasive plants or sessile fauna found at the base of food webs. Fewer studies have examined the impacts of vagile invasive consumers on native competitors. This is an issue of some importance given the controlling influence that consumers have on lower order plants and animals. Here, we present results of laboratory experiments designed to assess the impacts of unintended aquaculture releases of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), in estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico, on the functionally similar redspotted sunfish (Lepomis miniatus). Laboratory choice tests showed that tilapia prefer the same structured habitat that native sunfish prefer. In subsequent interspecific competition experiments, agonistic tilapia displaced sunfish from their preferred structured habitats. When a piscivore (largemouth bass) was present in the tank with both species, the survival of sunfish decreased. Based on these findings, if left unchecked, we predict that the proliferation of tilapia (and perhaps other aggressive aquaculture fishes) will have important detrimental effects on the structure of native food webs in shallow, structured coastal habitats. While it is likely that the impacts of higher trophic level invasive competitors will vary among species, these results show that consequences of unintended releases of invasive higher order consumers can be important.}, }
@article {pmid21199944, year = {2011}, author = {Ellis, BK and Stanford, JA and Goodman, D and Stafford, CP and Gustafson, DL and Beauchamp, DA and Chess, DW and Craft, JA and Deleray, MA and Hansen, BS}, title = {Long-term effects of a trophic cascade in a large lake ecosystem.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {108}, number = {3}, pages = {1070-1075}, pmid = {21199944}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Crustacea/*physiology ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; *Food Chain ; Fresh Water/*chemistry ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Least-Squares Analysis ; Linear Models ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Montana ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Phytoplankton/growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Trout/*physiology ; Zooplankton/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Introductions or invasions of nonnative organisms can mediate major changes in the trophic structure of aquatic ecosystems. Here we document multitrophic level impacts in a spatially extensive system that played out over more than a century. Positive interactions among exotic vertebrate and invertebrate predators caused a substantial and abrupt shift in community composition resulting in a trophic cascade that extended to primary producers and to a nonaquatic species, the bald eagle. The opossum shrimp, Mysis diluviana, invaded Flathead Lake, Montana, the largest freshwater lake in the western United States. Lake trout had been introduced 80 y prior but remained at low densities until nonnative Mysis became established. The bottom-dwelling mysids eliminated a recruitment bottleneck for lake trout by providing a deep water source of food where little was available previously. Lake trout subsequently flourished on mysids and this voracious piscivore now dominates the lake fishery; formerly abundant kokanee were extirpated, and native bull and westslope cutthroat trout are imperiled. Predation by Mysis shifted zooplankton and phytoplankton community size structure. Bayesian change point analysis of primary productivity (27-y time series) showed a significant step increase of 55 mg C m(-2) d(-1) (i.e., 21% rise) concurrent with the mysid invasion, but little trend before or after despite increasing nutrient loading. Mysis facilitated predation by lake trout and indirectly caused the collapse of kokanee, redirecting energy flow through the ecosystem that would otherwise have been available to other top predators (bald eagles).}, }
@article {pmid21199031, year = {2011}, author = {Lockwood, BL and Somero, GN}, title = {Transcriptomic responses to salinity stress in invasive and native blue mussels (genus Mytilus).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {517-529}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04973.x}, pmid = {21199031}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Cell Cycle Checkpoints/genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; Hot Temperature/adverse effects ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Mytilus/genetics/*physiology ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Ornithine Decarboxylase/genetics/metabolism ; *Salinity ; Species Specificity ; Stress, Physiological/*genetics ; Transcriptome/*physiology ; Water-Electrolyte Balance/genetics ; }, abstract = {The invasive marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis has displaced the native congener Mytilus trossulus from central and southern California, but the native species remains dominant at more northerly sites that have high levels of freshwater input. To determine the extent to which interspecific differences in physiological tolerance to low salinity might explain limits to the invasive species' biogeography, we used an oligonucleotide microarray to compare the transcriptional responses of these two species to an acute decrease in salinity. Among 6777 genes on the microarray, 117 genes showed significant changes that were similar between species, and 12 genes showed significant species-specific responses to salinity stress. Osmoregulation and cell cycle control were important aspects of the shared transcriptomic response to salinity stress, whereas the genes with species-specific expression patterns were involved in mRNA splicing, polyamine synthesis, exocytosis, translation, cell adhesion, and cell signalling. Forty-five genes that changed expression significantly during salinity stress also changed expression during heat stress, but the direction of change in expression was typically opposite for the two forms of stress. These results (i) provide insights into the role of changes in gene expression in establishing physiological tolerance to acute decreases in salinity, and (ii) indicate that transcriptomic differences between M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus in response to salinity stress are subtle and involve only a minor fraction of the overall suite of gene regulatory responses.}, }
@article {pmid21199029, year = {2011}, author = {Bock, DG and Zhan, A and Lejeusne, C and MacIsaac, HJ and Cristescu, ME}, title = {Looking at both sides of the invasion: patterns of colonization in the violet tunicate Botrylloides violaceus.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {503-516}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04971.x}, pmid = {21199029}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; Atlantic Ocean ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/*genetics ; Environment ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species/trends ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; North America ; Pacific Ocean ; Phylogeography ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Urochordata/classification/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Understanding the ecological and evolutionary forces that shape the genetic structure of invasive populations and facilitate their expansion across a large spectrum of environments is critical for the prediction of spread and management of ongoing invasions. Here, we study the dynamics of postestablishment colonization in the colonial ascidian Botrylloides violaceus, a notorious marine invader. After its initial introduction from the Northwest Pacific, B. violaceus spread rapidly along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America, impacting both aquaculture facilities and natural ecosystems. We compare genetic diversity and patterns of gene flow among 25 populations (N=679) from the West and East coasts, and evaluate the contribution of sexual vs. asexual reproduction to this species' invasion success using data from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and 13 nuclear polymorphic microsatellite loci. Our results reveal contrasting patterns of spread in the coastal waters of North America. While the West coast was colonized by noncontiguous (long-distance) dispersal, the East coast invasion appears to have occurred through contiguous (stepping-stone) spread. Molecular data further indicate that although dispersal in colonial ascidians is predominantly achieved through sexually produced propagules, aquaculture practices such as high-pressure washing can facilitate fragmentation and potentially exacerbate infestations and spread via asexual propagules. The results presented here suggest that caution should be used against the general assumption that all invasions, even within a single species, exhibit similar patterns of colonization, as highly contrasting dynamics may transpire in different invaded ranges.}, }
@article {pmid21192548, year = {2010}, author = {Bean, MG and Bonner, TH}, title = {Spatial and temporal distribution of the Asian fish tapeworm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidea) in the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte).}, journal = {Journal of aquatic animal health}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {182-189}, doi = {10.1577/H09-019.1}, pmid = {21192548}, issn = {0899-7659}, mesh = {Animals ; Cestoda/*isolation &amp; purification ; Cestode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Endangered Species ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Fishes ; Introduced Species ; New Mexico/epidemiology ; *Rivers ; Texas/epidemiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Recent collections of the Asian fish tapeworm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi in the Rio Grande have raised concern about the potential impacts on Rio Grande endemic and imperiled fishes. The objectives of this study were to determine distribution and definitive hosts of the Asian fish tapeworm within the Rio Grande drainage and to quantify occurrences and abundances. In total, 1,992 fish spanning 11 families were collected and examined for Asian fish tapeworms in the Rio Grande and the Pecos and Devils rivers. The parasite was collected from red shiners Cyprinella lutrensis, Tamaulipas shiners Notropis braytoni, sand shiners N. stramineus, river carpsuckers Carpiodes carpio, plains killifish Fundulus zebrinus, western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis, blue suckers Cycleptus elongatus, blacktail shiners Cyprinella venusta, proserpine shiners Cyprinella proserpina, and Manantial roundnose minnow Dionda argentosa, with the latter four species being new host records. Monthly collections of red shiners from Big Bend National Park exhibited prevalence levels above 15% in January-March and December and below 10% during April-June and October. With over 50% of the Rio Grande icthyofauna in Texas considered imperiled, the occurrence and pathological effects of the Asian fish tapeworm in combination with reduced water quantity and quality and increased habitat fragmentation are of concern for these taxa.}, }
@article {pmid21187380, year = {2011}, author = {Alexander, JM and Kueffer, C and Daehler, CC and Edwards, PJ and Pauchard, A and Seipel, T and , }, title = {Assembly of nonnative floras along elevational gradients explained by directional ecological filtering.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {108}, number = {2}, pages = {656-661}, pmid = {21187380}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Altitude ; Chile ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Geography ; Montana ; Oregon ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Nonnative species richness typically declines along environmental gradients such as elevation. It is usually assumed that this is because few invaders possess the necessary adaptations to succeed under extreme environmental conditions. Here, we show that nonnative plants reaching high elevations around the world are not highly specialized stress tolerators but species with broad climatic tolerances capable of growing across a wide elevational range. These results contrast with patterns for native species, and they can be explained by the unidirectional expansion of nonnative species from anthropogenic sources at low elevations and the progressive dropping out of species with narrow elevational amplitudes--a process that we call directional ecological filtering. Independent data confirm that climatic generalists have succeeded in colonizing the more extreme environments at higher elevations. These results suggest that invasion resistance is not conferred by extreme conditions at a particular site but determined by pathways of introduction of nonnative species. In the future, increased direct introduction of nonnative species with specialized ecophysiological adaptations to mountain environments could increase the risk of invasion. As well as providing a general explanation for gradients of nonnative species richness and the importance of traits such as phenotypic plasticity for many invasive species, the concept of directional ecological filtering is useful for understanding the initial assembly of some native floras at high elevations and latitudes.}, }
@article {pmid21186940, year = {2011}, author = {Darrigran, G and Damborenea, C}, title = {Ecosystem engineering impact of Limnoperna fortunei in South America.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {1-7}, doi = {10.2108/zsj.28.1}, pmid = {21186940}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bivalvia ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Introduced Species ; South America ; }, abstract = {Limnoperna fortunei, or golden mussel, has invaded aquatic ecosystems in the Americas following it introduction from Southeast Asia. It is not only an aggressive invasive species, it is also a very effective ecosystem engineer, altering both ecosystem structure and function, and causes great ecological and economic impacts. This paper describes its impact as an ecosystem engineer (on benthic communities and the water column). A review of the existing scientific literature is presented, and the impact and the mechanisms by which the golden mussel modifies, maintains, and creates new environmental conditions in the invaded South American inland freshwater environments are analyzed. Understanding the ecosystem engineering roles of L. fortunei is important for its management and/or control in the invaded areas, and in cases of future invasions.}, }
@article {pmid21180907, year = {2010}, author = {Vieira, DC and Socolowski, F and Takaki, M}, title = {Seed germination and seedling emergence of the invasive exotic species, Clausena excavata.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, pages = {1015-1020}, doi = {10.1590/s1519-69842010000500014}, pmid = {21180907}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Clausena/*growth &amp; development ; Germination/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Light ; Seedlings/*growth &amp; development ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of light and temperature on seed germination and the effect of light on seedling emergence of Clausena excavata, an invasive exotic species. Seeds were incubated at constant temperatures (10 to 40 ºC), under continuous white light and darkness. Seedling emergence was evaluated under full sun and canopy shade. There was no significant difference between seeds germinated in the presence or absence of light at temperatures between 20 and 35 ºC. Seeds maintained at 20 ºC germinated more slowly than other temperatures. Independent of temperature, seed germination was much more synchronised under white light than under darkness. In the field, emergence occurred in both environments, but a greater percentage was observed under full sun. Seedling emergence occurred at the same rate and synchronisation index under both conditions. C. excavata has a high invader potential in open areas and shaded environments.}, }
@article {pmid21175843, year = {2011}, author = {Bolliger, J and Edwards, TC and Eggenberg, S and Ismail, S and Seidl, I and Kienast, F}, title = {Balancing forest-regeneration probabilities and maintenance costs in dry grasslands of high conservation priority.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {567-576}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01630.x}, pmid = {21175843}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Switzerland ; Trees/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Abandonment of agricultural land has resulted in forest regeneration in species-rich dry grasslands across European mountain regions and threatens conservation efforts in this vegetation type. To support national conservation strategies, we used a site-selection algorithm (MARXAN) to find optimum sets of floristic regions (reporting units) that contain grasslands of high conservation priority. We sought optimum sets that would accommodate 136 important dry-grassland species and that would minimize forest regeneration and costs of management needed to forestall predicted forest regeneration. We did not consider other conservation elements of dry grasslands, such as animal species richness, cultural heritage, and changes due to climate change. Optimal sets that included 95-100% of the dry grassland species encompassed an average of 56-59 floristic regions (standard deviation, SD 5). This is about 15% of approximately 400 floristic regions that contain dry-grassland sites and translates to 4800-5300 ha of dry grassland out of a total of approximately 23,000 ha for the entire study area. Projected costs to manage the grasslands in these optimum sets ranged from CHF (Swiss francs) 5.2 to 6.0 million/year. This is only 15-20% of the current total estimated cost of approximately CHF30-45 million/year required if all dry grasslands were to be protected. The grasslands of the optimal sets may be viewed as core sites in a national conservation strategy.}, }
@article {pmid21173227, year = {2011}, author = {Essl, F and Dullinger, S and Rabitsch, W and Hulme, PE and Hülber, K and Jarošík, V and Kleinbauer, I and Krausmann, F and Kühn, I and Nentwig, W and Vilà, M and Genovesi, P and Gherardi, F and Desprez-Loustau, ML and Roques, A and Pyšek, P}, title = {Socioeconomic legacy yields an invasion debt.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {108}, number = {1}, pages = {203-207}, pmid = {21173227}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Databases, Factual ; Demography ; Europe ; Fungi/*growth &amp; development ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Human Activities/*history ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*economics/*history/*trends ; Invertebrates/*growth &amp; development ; Models, Statistical ; *Plant Development ; Population Dynamics ; Regression Analysis ; Socioeconomic Factors/history ; Time Factors ; Vertebrates/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Globalization and economic growth are widely recognized as important drivers of biological invasions. Consequently, there is an increasing need for governments to address the role of international trade in their strategies to prevent species introductions. However, many of the most problematic alien species are not recent arrivals but were introduced several decades ago. Hence, current patterns of alien-species richness may better reflect historical rather than contemporary human activities, a phenomenon which might be called "invasion debt." Here, we show that across 10 taxonomic groups (vascular plants, bryophytes, fungi, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, terrestrial insects, and aquatic invertebrates) in 28 European countries, current numbers of alien species established in the wild are indeed more closely related to indicators of socioeconomic activity from the year 1900 than to those from 2000, although the majority of species introductions occurred during the second half of the 20th century. The strength of the historical signal varies among taxonomic groups, with those possessing good capabilities for dispersal (birds, insects) more strongly associated with recent socioeconomic drivers. Nevertheless, our results suggest a considerable historical legacy for the majority of the taxa analyzed. The consequences of the current high levels of socioeconomic activity on the extent of biological invasions will thus probably not be completely realized until several decades into the future.}, }
@article {pmid21173219, year = {2011}, author = {Roura-Pascual, N and Hui, C and Ikeda, T and Leday, G and Richardson, DM and Carpintero, S and Espadaler, X and Gómez, C and Guénard, B and Hartley, S and Krushelnycky, P and Lester, PJ and McGeoch, MA and Menke, SB and Pedersen, JS and Pitt, JP and Reyes, J and Sanders, NJ and Suarez, AV and Touyama, Y and Ward, D and Ward, PS and Worner, SP}, title = {Relative roles of climatic suitability and anthropogenic influence in determining the pattern of spread in a global invader.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {108}, number = {1}, pages = {220-225}, pmid = {21173219}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*growth &amp; development ; *Climate ; Commerce ; Computer Simulation ; Databases, Factual ; Ecology/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*trends ; *Models, Biological ; Regression Analysis ; }, abstract = {Because invasive species threaten the integrity of natural ecosystems, a major goal in ecology is to develop predictive models to determine which species may become widespread and where they may invade. Indeed, considerable progress has been made in understanding the factors that influence the local pattern of spread for specific invaders and the factors that are correlated with the number of introduced species that have become established in a given region. However, few studies have examined the relative importance of multiple drivers of invasion success for widespread species at global scales. Here, we use a dataset of >5,000 presence/absence records to examine the interplay between climatic suitability, biotic resistance by native taxa, human-aided dispersal, and human modification of habitats, in shaping the distribution of one of the world's most notorious invasive species, the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile). Climatic suitability and the extent of human modification of habitats are primarily responsible for the distribution of this global invader. However, we also found some evidence for biotic resistance by native communities. Somewhat surprisingly, and despite the often cited importance of propagule pressure as a crucial driver of invasions, metrics of the magnitude of international traded commodities among countries were not related to global distribution patterns. Together, our analyses on the global-scale distribution of this invasive species provide strong evidence for the interplay of biotic and abiotic determinants of spread and also highlight the challenges of limiting the spread and subsequent impact of highly invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid21170749, year = {2011}, author = {Graae, BJ and Ejrnæs, R and Lang, SI and Meineri, E and Ibarra, PT and Bruun, HH}, title = {Strong microsite control of seedling recruitment in tundra.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {166}, number = {2}, pages = {565-576}, pmid = {21170749}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Environment ; Introduced Species ; Microclimate ; Population Density ; Seedlings/*physiology ; Seeds/*physiology ; Sweden ; }, abstract = {The inclusion of environmental variation in studies of recruitment is a prerequisite for realistic predictions of the responses of vegetation to a changing environment. We investigated how seedling recruitment is affected by seed availability and microsite quality along a steep environmental gradient in dry tundra. A survey of natural seed rain and seedling density in vegetation was combined with observations of the establishment of 14 species after sowing into intact or disturbed vegetation. Although seed rain density was closely correlated with natural seedling establishment, the experimental seed addition showed that the microsite environment was even more important. For all species, seedling emergence peaked at the productive end of the gradient, irrespective of the adult niches realized. Disturbance promoted recruitment at all positions along the environmental gradient, not just at high productivity. Early seedling emergence constituted the main temporal bottleneck in recruitment for all species. Surprisingly, winter mortality was highest at what appeared to be the most benign end of the gradient. The results highlight that seedling recruitment patterns are largely determined by the earliest stages in seedling emergence, which again are closely linked to microsite quality. A fuller understanding of microsite effects on recruitment with implications for plant community assembly and vegetation change is provided.}, }
@article {pmid21170527, year = {2011}, author = {Wang, Z and Wu, J and Shang, H and Cheng, J}, title = {Landscape connectivity shapes the spread pattern of the rice water weevil: a case study from Zhejiang, China.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, pages = {254-262}, pmid = {21170527}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Animal Migration ; Animals ; China ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Fresh Water ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Population Dynamics ; Rain ; Weevils/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The spread of invasive species is a complex ecological process that is affected by both the biology of the species and the spatial structure of a landscape. The rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel), a notorious crop pest found in many parts of the world, is one of the most devastating invasive species in China, and has caused enormous economic losses and ecological damage. Little is known, however, as to how habitat and landscape features affect the spatial spread of this pest. Thus, the main goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between the observed spread pattern of L. oryzophilus and landscape structural factors in Zhejiang Province, China between 1993 and 2001. We quantified the invasive spread of the weevil in terms of both the proportion of infected area and spread distance each year as well as landscape structure and connectivity of rice paddies with landscape metrics. Our results showed that the spread of L. oryzophilus took place primarily in the southwest-northeast direction along coastal areas at a speed of about 36 km per year. The composition and spatial arrangement of landscape elements were key determinants of this unique spread pattern. In particular, the connectivity of early rice paddies was crucial for the invasive spread while other factors such as meteorological and geographical conditions may also have been relevant. To control the spread of the pest, we propose four management measures: (1) to implement a landscape-level planning scheme of cropping systems to minimize habitat area and connectivity for the pest, (2) to reduce the source populations at a local scale using integrated control methods, (3) to monitor and report invasive spread in a timely manner, and (4) to strengthen the quarantine system. To be most effective, all four management measures need to be implemented together through an integrated, multi-scaled approach.}, }
@article {pmid21168402, year = {2011}, author = {Slotsbo, S and Hansen, LM and Holmstrup, M}, title = {Low temperature survival in different life stages of the Iberian slug, Arion lusitanicus.}, journal = {Cryobiology}, volume = {62}, number = {1}, pages = {68-73}, doi = {10.1016/j.cryobiol.2010.12.005}, pmid = {21168402}, issn = {1090-2392}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/physiology ; Animals ; Climate ; *Cold Temperature ; Dehydration/mortality ; Ecosystem ; Freezing ; Gastropoda/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Life Cycle Stages/*physiology ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The slug Arion lusitanicus Mabille (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Arionidae) is an invasive species which has spread to most parts of Europe. The area of origin is unknown, but A. lusitanicus seems to cope well with the local conditions in the countries to which it has migrated. It spreads rapidly, occurs often in high densities and has become a serious pest in most European countries. Therefore there is an urgent need for better knowledge of the ecophysiology of A. lusitanicus, such as the influence of climatic conditions, in order to develop prognostic models and strategies for novel pest management practises. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of subzero temperatures in relation to winter survival. A. lusitanicus is shown to be freeze-tolerant in some life stages. Most juveniles and some adult slugs survived being frozen at -1.3°C for 3days, but none of the slugs survived freezing at -3°C. The eggs survived subzero temperatures (down to -2°C) probably by supercooling. Juveniles and adults may also survive in a supercooled state (down to -3°C) but are generally poor supercoolers. Therefore, the winter survival of A. lusitanicus depends to a high degree on migration to habitats protected from low winter temperatures, e.g. under plant litter, buried in the soil or in compost heaps.}, }
@article {pmid21167191, year = {2011}, author = {Tyson, RC and Wilson, JB and Lane, WD}, title = {Beyond diffusion: Modelling local and long-distance dispersal for organisms exhibiting intensive and extensive search modes.}, journal = {Theoretical population biology}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, pages = {70-81}, doi = {10.1016/j.tpb.2010.11.002}, pmid = {21167191}, issn = {1096-0325}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/physiology ; Diffusion ; *Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {The distribution of foragers on the landscape has important consequences to, for example, the spread rate of an invasive species or the outcrossing levels between neighbouring crops. Since forager distribution can be difficult to measure directly, mathematical models are often used to predict the population density of dispersing foragers on the landscape. We model organism movement using a diffusion framework in which the foraging population is divided into two subpopulations engaged in intensive and extensive search modes respectively. Movement in the intensive search mode (ISM) is modeled by diffusion, and movement in the extensive search mode (ESM) is modeled by advection. We show that our model provides a superior fit to organism movement data than more traditional diffusion or diffusion-advection models in which the forager population is considered homogeneous. Our results have implications for the understanding of dispersal in a wide variety of applications.}, }
@article {pmid21166800, year = {2010}, author = {Chang, ZJ and Zhang, XJ and Yang, ZJ and Zhan, HX and Li, X and Liu, C and Zhang, CZ}, title = {Characterization of a partial wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium amphiploid and its reaction to fungal diseases of wheat.}, journal = {Hereditas}, volume = {147}, number = {6}, pages = {304-312}, doi = {10.1111/j.1601-5223.2010.02156.x}, pmid = {21166800}, issn = {1601-5223}, mesh = {Chromosomes, Plant ; DNA, Plant/*genetics ; Elymus/*genetics/microbiology ; *Fungi ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Immunity, Innate ; In Situ Hybridization ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Plant Diseases/microbiology/prevention &amp; control ; Triticum/*genetics/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Partial amphiploids between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Thinopyrum species play an important role in the transfer and use of traits from alien species. A wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium partial amphiploid, TAI8335, and its alien parent were characterized by a combination of genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and cytological observations. Evidence from GISH indicated that the donor parent Th. intermedium possessed seven pairs of S, seven J(s) and 21 J chromosomes. Mitotic observation showed that the majority of TAI8335 plants had 56 chromosomes, but a few had 54 to 55, in some cases with two to three additional telochromosomes. The chromosomes in most pollen mother cells of plants with 2n = 56 formed 28 bivalents, averaging 27.12 in 223 cells, suggesting a basic cytological stability. Sequential GISH patterns using genomic Pseudoroegneria spicata and genomic Th. intermedium DNA as probes revealed that TAI8335 had fourteen chromosomes derived from Th. intermedium and its alien genome consisted of one pair of S-, three pairs of J(s) - and one pair of J-genome chromosomes as well as two translocated chromosome pairs, one being a Robertsonian translocation and another an intercalary translocation, both of which involved J and S genome. Two of the telochromosomes in the aneuploid plants originated from the J genome and one from wheat. Disease screening demonstrated this line was highly resistant to leaf rust, stem rust, stripe rust and powdery mildew. This study showed that the partial amphiploid TAI8335 appears to serve as a novel source for the transfer of resistance genes for multiple fungal pathogens to wheat.}, }
@article {pmid21166715, year = {2011}, author = {Foxcroft, LC and Jarošík, V and Pyšek, P and Richardson, DM and Rouget, M}, title = {Protected-area boundaries as filters of plant invasions.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {400-405}, pmid = {21166715}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; Population Dynamics ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Human land uses surrounding protected areas provide propagules for colonization of these areas by non-native species, and corridors between protected-area networks and drainage systems of rivers provide pathways for long-distance dispersal of non-native species. Nevertheless, the influence of protected-area boundaries on colonization of protected areas by invasive non-native species is unknown. We drew on a spatially explicit data set of more than 27,000 non-native plant presence records for South Africa's Kruger National Park to examine the role of boundaries in preventing colonization of protected areas by non-native species. The number of records of non-native invasive plants declined rapidly beyond 1500 m inside the park; thus, we believe that the park boundary limited the spread of non-native plants. The number of non-native invasive plants inside the park was a function of the amount of water runoff, density of major roads, and the presence of natural vegetation outside the park. Of the types of human-induced disturbance, only the density of major roads outside the protected area significantly increased the number of non-native plant records. Our findings suggest that the probability of incursion of invasive plants into protected areas can be quantified reliably.}, }
@article {pmid21161998, year = {2010}, author = {Radulović, NS and Blagojević, PD}, title = {Plant volatiles providing additional evidences to the occurence of a wild-growing population of Calamintha vardarensis (Greuter et Burdet) Šilić outside of its natural habitat.}, journal = {Chemistry &amp; biodiversity}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {2856-2868}, doi = {10.1002/cbdv.201000144}, pmid = {21161998}, issn = {1612-1880}, mesh = {Cyclohexane Monoterpenes ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Introduced Species ; Lamiaceae/*chemistry ; Menthol/chemistry ; Monoterpenes/chemistry ; Oils, Volatile/*chemistry ; Principal Component Analysis ; }, abstract = {The essential-oil profile of a Calamintha species, wild-growing in the urban settings of the city of Niš (South Serbia) and botanically tentatively identified as C. vardarensis (endemic species native to FYR Macedonia and East Serbia), has been statistically (multivariate statistical analyses) compared with those of other Calamintha species, including two previously investigated C. vardarensis populations, as a means of corroboration of the surprising occurence of this Calamintha population outside of its natural distributional range. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering reveals a close link of C. vardarensis from Niš (with neo-menthol (40.0%), menthone (21.8%), and pulegone (27.2%) as its major oil contributors) and C. vardarensis from FYR Macedonia.}, }
@article {pmid21161550, year = {2011}, author = {Kohout, P and Sýkorová, Z and Bahram, M and Hadincová, V and Albrechtová, J and Tedersoo, L and Vohník, M}, title = {Ericaceous dwarf shrubs affect ectomycorrhizal fungal community of the invasive Pinus strobus and native Pinus sylvestris in a pot experiment.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, pages = {403-412}, pmid = {21161550}, issn = {1432-1890}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Fungi/classification/genetics/growth &amp; development/*isolation &amp; purification ; Host Specificity ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mycorrhizae/classification/genetics/growth &amp; development/*isolation &amp; purification ; Phylogeny ; Pinus/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; Pinus sylvestris/growth &amp; development/*microbiology/physiology ; Seedlings ; Vaccinium/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between ericaceous understorey shrubs and the diversity and abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EcMF) associated with the invasive Pinus strobus and native Pinus sylvestris. Seedlings of both pines were grown in mesocosms and subjected to three treatments simulating different forest microhabitats: (a) grown in isolation and grown with (b) Vaccinium myrtillus or (c) Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Ericaceous plants did not act as a species pool of pine mycobionts and inhibited the ability of the potentially shared species Meliniomyces bicolor to form ectomycorrhizae. Similarly, Ericaceae significantly reduced the formation of Thelephora terrestris ectomycorrhizae in P. sylvestris. EcMF species composition in the mesocosms was strongly affected by both the host species and the presence of an ericaceous neighbour. When grown in isolation, P. strobus root tips were predominantly colonised by Wilcoxina mikolae, whereas those of P. sylvestris were more commonly colonised by Suillus and Rhizopogon spp. Interestingly, these differences were less evident (Suillus + Rhizopogon spp.) or absent (W. mikolae) when the pines were grown with Ericaceae. P. strobus exclusively associated with Rhizopogon salebrosus s.l., suggesting the presence of host specificity at the intrageneric level. Ericaceous plants had a positive effect on colonisation of P. strobus root tips by R. salebrosus s.l. This study demonstrates that the interaction of selective factors such as host species and presence of ericaceous plants may affect the realised niche of the ectomycorrhizal fungi.}, }
@article {pmid21161547, year = {2011}, author = {Isbell, FI and Wilsey, BJ}, title = {Increasing native, but not exotic, biodiversity increases aboveground productivity in ungrazed and intensely grazed grasslands.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {165}, number = {3}, pages = {771-781}, pmid = {21161547}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Cattle ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Introduced Species ; Light ; Plant Roots/physiology ; Poaceae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Species-rich native grasslands are frequently converted to species-poor exotic grasslands or pastures; however, the consequences of these changes for ecosystem functioning remain unclear. Cattle grazing (ungrazed or intensely grazed once), plant species origin (native or exotic), and species richness (4-species mixture or monoculture) treatments were fully crossed and randomly assigned to plots of grassland plants. We tested whether (1) native and exotic plots exhibited different responses to grazing for six ecosystem functions (i.e., aboveground productivity, light interception, fine root biomass, tracer nitrogen uptake, biomass consumption, and aboveground biomass recovery), and (2) biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships depended on grazing or species origin. We found that native and exotic species exhibited different responses to grazing for three of the ecosystem functions we considered. Intense grazing decreased fine root biomass by 53% in exotic plots, but had no effect on fine root biomass in native plots. The proportion of standing biomass consumed by cattle was 16% less in exotic than in native grazed plots. Aboveground biomass recovery was 30% less in native than in exotic plots. Intense grazing decreased aboveground productivity by 25%, light interception by 14%, and tracer nitrogen uptake by 54%, and these effects were similar in native and exotic plots. Increasing species richness from one to four species increased aboveground productivity by 42%, and light interception by 44%, in both ungrazed and intensely grazed native plots. In contrast, increasing species richness did not influence biomass production or resource uptake in ungrazed or intensely grazed exotic plots. These results suggest that converting native grasslands to exotic grasslands or pastures changes ecosystem structure and processes, and the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.}, }
@article {pmid21155787, year = {2010}, author = {Kalogirou, S and Corsini-Foka, M and Sioulas, A and Wennhage, H and Pihl, L}, title = {Diversity, structure and function of fish assemblages associated with Posidonia oceanica beds in an area of the eastern Mediterranean Sea and the role of non-indigenous species.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {77}, number = {10}, pages = {2338-2357}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02817.x}, pmid = {21155787}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {*Alismatales ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; *Fishes ; Greece ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mediterranean Sea ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Temporal and spatial variation in density, biomass and body size of littoral fish species associated with nearshore Posidonia oceanica meadows was studied over an annual cycle in an area of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. A total of 109,350 littoral fishes were collected, belonging to 34 families and 88 species. Density of fishes peaked during the summer due to high numbers of juveniles. Season was a significant factor determining density, although number of species and biomass did not show any obvious seasonal pattern. Throughout the study, schooling planktivorous fish species such as the picarel Spicara smaris, the bogue Boops boops and the damselfish Chromis chromis were dominant, both in terms of density (80%) and biomass (70%). Temporal variation in density and body size of fishes was used to assess the seasonal and ontogenetic habitat use of each species, with their affinity to seagrass assessed by comparing their respective distribution on sand. Four functional guilds were created (juvenile migrants, seagrass residents, seasonal migrants and occasional visitors) to describe the habitat use of P. oceanica meadows by each species. Several species associated with P. oceanica meadows used this habitat mainly as juveniles during summer, although many others were present concurrently as adults and as juveniles. Among the species encountered, 11 were non-indigenous of Indo-Pacific origin, of which three used seagrasses mainly as juveniles and four as residents. The non-indigenous silverstripe blaasop Lagocephalus sceleratus ranked among the 10 most dominant species in terms of biomass (2%) and was classified as a seagrass resident.}, }
@article {pmid21155769, year = {2011}, author = {Blackie, HM and Russell, JC and Clout, MN}, title = {Maternal influence on philopatry and space use by juvenile brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula).}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {80}, number = {2}, pages = {477-483}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01781.x}, pmid = {21155769}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Ecosystem ; Homing Behavior ; Introduced Species ; Mothers ; New Zealand ; Population Dynamics ; Sex Factors ; Trichosurus/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {1. The causes of juvenile sex-biased philopatry and space use in mammals remain poorly understood, and results of previous research have been conflicting. Experimental interventions and manipulations on wild populations are rare, but can play an important role in establishing the factors governing offspring space use. 2. We experimentally removed mothers of independent juvenile brushtail possums from the maternal home range and examined changes in offspring space use with global positioning system collars. We examined the influence of mother absence on philopatric behaviour, and determined whether or not maternal presence affected offspring space use. 3. We fitted a longitudinal linear mixed effects model to demonstrate a change over time in the home range size of juveniles following experimental treatment by the removal of their mothers. When mothers were removed from the natal range, juveniles occupied significantly larger home range areas, with average increases of 175% in 95% kernel density estimates and 289% in minimum convex polygon estimates. This increase occurred within the first month following mother absence and was independent of juvenile sex. Home ranges of control juveniles did not change during the same time period. 4. Changes in the spatial structure of mammalian populations in response to removal of individuals have important implications for pest management. The impacts of management strategies which target particular individuals in a population may counteract conservation benefits through their effect on the space use of survivors. Studies involving experimental removals provide important information on consequences of control and also yield insights into the causes of mammalian space use, philopatric behaviours and ultimately dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid21155096, year = {2010}, author = {Williams, N}, title = {Red List reveals conservation pay-offs.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {20}, number = {22}, pages = {R954-5}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2010.11.006}, pmid = {21155096}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Endangered Species ; Extinction, Biological ; Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid21153743, year = {2011}, author = {Pattison, RR and D'Antonio, CM and Dudley, TL and Allander, KK and Rice, B}, title = {Early impacts of biological control on canopy cover and water use of the invasive saltcedar tree (Tamarix spp.) in western Nevada, USA.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {165}, number = {3}, pages = {605-616}, pmid = {21153743}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Nevada ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Plant Stems/metabolism ; Plant Transpiration ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Tamaricaceae/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Water/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The success of biological control programs is rarely assessed beyond population level impacts on the target organism. The question of whether a biological control agent can either partially or completely restore ecosystem services independent of population level control is therefore still open to discussion. Using observational and experimental approaches, we investigated the ability of the saltcedar leaf beetle [Diorhabda carinulata (Brullé) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)] to reduce the water use of saltcedar trees (Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.) in two sites (Humboldt and Walker Rivers) in Nevada, USA. At these sites D. carinulata defoliated the majority of trees within 25 and 9 km, respectively, of the release location within 3 years. At the Humboldt site, D. carinulata reduced the canopy cover of trees adjacent to the release location by >90%. At a location 4 km away during the first year of defoliation, D. carinulata reduced peak (August) stem water use by 50-70% and stand transpiration (July to late September) by 75% (P = 0.052). There was, however, no reduction in stem water use and stand transpiration during the second year of defoliation due to reduced beetle abundances at that location. At the Walker site, we measured stand evapotranspiration (ET) in the center of a large saltcedar stand and found that ET was highest immediately prior to D. carinulata arrival, dropped dramatically with defoliation, and remained low through the subsequent 2 years of the study. In contrast, near the perimeter of the stand, D. carinulata did not reduce sap flow, partly because of low rates of defoliation but also because of increased water use per unit leaf area in response to defoliation. Taken together, our results provide evidence that in the early stages of population expansion D. carinulata can lead to substantial declines in saltcedar water use. The extent of these declines varies spatially and temporally and is dependent on saltcedar compensatory responses along with D. carinulata population dynamics and patterns of dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid21151562, year = {2010}, author = {deWaard, JR and Mitchell, A and Keena, MA and Gopurenko, D and Boykin, LM and Armstrong, KF and Pogue, MG and Lima, J and Floyd, R and Hanner, RH and Humble, LM}, title = {Towards a global barcode library for Lymantria (Lepidoptera: Lymantriinae) tussock moths of biosecurity concern.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {12}, pages = {e14280}, pmid = {21151562}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Canada ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA/*genetics ; Ecology ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Electronic Data Processing ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Lepidoptera/*genetics ; Likelihood Functions ; Moths ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Detecting and controlling the movements of invasive species, such as insect pests, relies upon rapid and accurate species identification in order to initiate containment procedures by the appropriate authorities. Many species in the tussock moth genus Lymantria are significant forestry pests, including the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar L., and consequently have been a focus for the development of molecular diagnostic tools to assist in identifying species and source populations. In this study we expand the taxonomic and geographic coverage of the DNA barcode reference library, and further test the utility of this diagnostic method, both for species/subspecies assignment and for determination of geographic provenance of populations.<br><br>Cytochrome oxidase I (COI) barcodes were obtained from 518 individuals and 36 species of Lymantria, including sequences assembled and generated from previous studies, vouchered material in public collections, and intercepted specimens obtained from surveillance programs in Canada. A maximum likelihood tree was constructed, revealing high bootstrap support for 90% of species clusters. Bayesian species assignment was also tested, and resulted in correct assignment to species and subspecies in all instances. The performance of barcoding was also compared against the commonly employed NB restriction digest system (also based on COI); while the latter is informative for discriminating gypsy moth subspecies, COI barcode sequences provide greater resolution and generality by encompassing a greater number of haplotypes across all Lymantria species, none shared between species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates the efficacy of DNA barcodes for diagnosing species of Lymantria and reinforces the view that the approach is an under-utilized resource with substantial potential for biosecurity and surveillance. Biomonitoring agencies currently employing the NB restriction digest system would gather more information by transitioning to the use of DNA barcoding, a change which could be made relatively seamlessly as the same gene region underlies both protocols.}, }
@article {pmid21145335, year = {2011}, author = {Burns, AC and Sorensen, PW and Hoye, TR}, title = {Synthesis and olfactory activity of unnatural, sulfated 5β-bile acid derivatives in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus).}, journal = {Steroids}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, pages = {291-300}, pmid = {21145335}, issn = {1878-5867}, support = {CA-76497/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 CA076497/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 CA076497-08/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 CA076497-12/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 CA076497-09/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 CA076497-11/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 CA076497-10A2/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bile Acids and Salts/*chemical synthesis ; Cholic Acids/*chemical synthesis ; Olfactory Mucosa/metabolism ; Petromyzon/*metabolism ; Smell/*physiology ; }, abstract = {A variety of unnatural bile acid derivatives (9a-9f) was synthesized and used to examine the specificity with which the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) olfactory system detects these compounds. These compounds are analogs of petromyzonol sulfate (PS, 1), a component of the sea lamprey migratory pheromone. Both the stereochemical configuration at C5 (i.e., 5α vs. 5β) and the extent and sites of oxygenation (hydroxylation or ketonization) of the bile acid derived steroid skeleton were evaluated by screening the compounds for olfactory activity using electro-olfactogram recording. 5β-Petromyzonol sulfate (9a) elicited a considerable olfactory response at sub-nanomolar concentration. In addition, less oxygenated systems (i.e., 9b-9e) elicited olfactory responses, albeit with less potency. The sea lamprey sex pheromone mimic 9f (5β-3-ketopetromyzonol sulfate) was also examined and found to produce a much lower olfactory response. Mixture studies conducted with 9a and PS (1) suggest that stimulation is occurring via similar modes of activation, demonstrating a relative lack of specificity for recognition of the allo-configuration (i.e., 5α) in sea lamprey olfaction. This attribute could facilitate design of pheromone analogs to control this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid21144538, year = {2011}, author = {Liu, TK and Tsai, TK}, title = {Vessel traffic patterns in the Port of Kaohsiung and the management implications for preventing the introduction of non-indigenous aquatic species.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {62}, number = {3}, pages = {602-608}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.11.016}, pmid = {21144538}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Ships/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Taiwan ; Water Pollution/*prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {Data on shipping traffic in one of the busiest seaports in the world, the Port of Kaohsiung, were analyzed to evaluate the implications for ballast water management. Results show that 67% of the arriving vessels were registered to a flag of convenience, which typically have a lower degree of environmental records. The top five donor countries historically suffer from harmful algal bloom problems. The short journey and busy trading between these countries and Taiwan lead to a higher risk of inoculation. In addition, only 1.4% of all vessels visited more than once every year during the 9-year span, indicating that the port authority encounters many new vessels each year. These findings could influence the design and application of ballast water management strategies as well as highlight the challenges in their implementation. We suggest that an analysis of vessel traffic patterns should be coupled with other useful vessel information to make risk assessment successful.}, }
@article {pmid21143330, year = {2011}, author = {Sacks, BN and Moore, M and Statham, MJ and Wittmer, HU}, title = {A restricted hybrid zone between native and introduced red fox (Vulpes vulpes) populations suggests reproductive barriers and competitive exclusion.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {326-341}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04943.x}, pmid = {21143330}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Foxes/*genetics/*physiology ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Markers ; Haplotypes ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; North America ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Introduced species can threaten native taxa in multiple ways, including competition and hybridization, which can reduce fitness, alter ecological niches or swamp native genomes. Encroachment and hybridization by introduced species also provide opportunities to study the dynamics of invasiveness and hybridization during early stages following contact. We used 33 microsatellites, 51 single nucleotide polymorphisms and a mtDNA marker to characterize the extent and spatial pattern of encroachment and hybridization between a native, endemic subspecies of red fox (Vulpes vulpes patwin) and an introduced red fox population composed of highly admixed, phylogenetically divergent stock, resulting from a century of domestication. Both nuclear and mtDNA markers indicated that hybridization was primarily restricted to a narrow zone where the two populations came into contact. Although a few introgressed genotypes were detected in the interior of the native range, we found no immigrant foxes or F(1) or F(2) hybrids there, suggesting native foxes excluded introduced individuals. We speculate that the observed interbreeding at the periphery was facilitated by low densities. In total, 98% of mtDNA haplotypes in the native range were native and 96% of the nuclear ancestry was estimated to be native. Although the introduced range had expanded fivefold over the past four decades, native and non-native haplotypes from museum samples collected in and near the native range three decades earlier showed a similar geographic distribution as today, suggesting that the native range and hybrid zone were relatively stable. We hypothesize that the monogamous mating system of red foxes and other wild canids may enhance their resistance to hybridization because of greater fitness consequences associated with mate discrimination.}, }
@article {pmid21141669, year = {2010}, author = {Geller, JB and Darling, JA and Carlton, JT}, title = {Genetic perspectives on marine biological invasions.}, journal = {Annual review of marine science}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {367-393}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163745}, pmid = {21141669}, issn = {1941-1405}, mesh = {Animals ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Genetic Phenomena ; Human Activities ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; }, abstract = {The extent to which the geographic distributions of marine organisms have been reshaped by human activities remains underappreciated, and so does, consequently, the impact of invasive species on marine ecosystems. The application of molecular genetic data in fields such as population genetics, phylogeography, and evolutionary biology have improved our ability to make inferences regarding invasion histories. Genetic methods have helped to resolve longstanding questions regarding the cryptogenic status of marine species, facilitated recognition of cryptic marine biodiversity, and provided means to determine the sources of introduced marine populations and to begin to recover the patterns of anthropogenic reshuffling of the ocean's biota. These approaches stand to aid materially in the development of effective management strategies and sustainable science-based policies. Continued advancements in the statistical analysis of genetic data promise to overcome some existing limitations of current approaches. Still other limitations will be best addressed by concerted collaborative and multidisciplinary efforts that recognize the important synergy between understanding the extent of biological invasions and coming to a more complete picture of both modern-day and historical marine biogeography.}, }
@article {pmid21141190, year = {2010}, author = {Wilson, EE and Holway, DA}, title = {Multiple mechanisms underlie displacement of solitary Hawaiian Hymenoptera by an invasive social wasp.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {11}, pages = {3294-3302}, doi = {10.1890/09-1187.1}, pmid = {21141190}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Flowers ; Hawaii ; Hymenoptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Variation in invasion success may result from the divergent evolutionary histories of introduced species compared to those of native taxa. The vulnerability of native biotas to ecological disruption may be especially great on oceanic islands invaded by continental species with unique ecological traits. In part because Hawaii lacks native eusocial insects, social invaders may threaten endemic taxa that are ecologically similar but solitary. Using a combination of field manipulations, molecular analyses, physiological data, and behavioral assays, we identify the mechanisms underlying the displacement of two genera of native solitary Hymenoptera in Hawaii by a social continental invader, the western yellowjacket (Vespula pensylvanica). Experimental removal of V. pensylvanica colonies resulted in increased densities of native Hymenoptera. Endemic Hylaeus bees directly suffer through predation by yellowjackets, and perhaps as a consequence, avoid floral resources occupied by V. pensylvanica. Native Nesodynerus wasps also avoid V. pensylvanica but are negatively affected by yellowjackets not through predation, but through exploitative competition for caterpillar prey. Displacement of native solitary Hymenoptera may be heightened by the ability of V. pensylvanica to prey upon and scavenge honey bees and to rob their honey stores, resources unavailable to endemic bees and wasps because of their specialized niches. Our study provides a unique example of an ecologically generalized social invader that restructures native assemblages of solitary Hymenoptera by interacting with endemic taxa on multiple trophic levels.}, }
@article {pmid21141189, year = {2010}, author = {Prior, KM and Hellmann, JJ}, title = {Impact of an invasive oak gall wasp on a native butterfly: a test of plant-mediated competition.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {11}, pages = {3284-3293}, doi = {10.1890/09-1314.1}, pmid = {21141189}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/physiology ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Lepidoptera/*physiology ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Phytophagous insects commonly interact through shared host plants. These interactions, however, do not occur in accordance with traditional paradigms of competition, and competition in phytophagous insects is still being defined. It remains unclear, for example, if particular guilds of insects are superior competitors or important players in structuring insect communities. Gall-forming insects are likely candidates for such superior competitors because of their ability to manipulate host plants, but their role as competitors is understudied. We investigate the effect of invasive populations of an oak gall wasp, Neuroterus saltatorius, on a native specialist butterfly, Erynnis propertius, as mediated by their shared host plant, Quercus garryana. This gall wasp occurs at high densities in its introduced range, where we stocked enclosures with caterpillars on trees that varied in gall wasp density. Biomass production of butterflies was lower in enclosures on high-density than on low-density trees because overwintering caterpillars were smaller, and fewer of them eclosed into adults the following spring. To see if the gall wasp induced changes in foliar quality, we measured host plant quality before and after gall induction on 30 trees each at two sites. We found a positive relationship between gall wasp density and the percentage change in foliar C:N, a negative relationship between gall wasp density and the percentage change in foliar water at one site, and no relationship between the percentage change in protein-binding capacity (i.e., phenolics) and gall-wasp density. Additionally, there was a negative relationship between foliar quality and butterfly performance. Our results provide evidence for a plant-mediated impact of an invasive oak gall wasp on a native butterfly and suggest that gall wasps could act as superior competitors, especially when they occur at high densities.}, }
@article {pmid21138513, year = {2011}, author = {Vercken, E and Kramer, AM and Tobin, PC and Drake, JM}, title = {Critical patch size generated by Allee effect in gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.).}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {179-186}, pmid = {21138513}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Moths/*physiology ; *Population Density ; *Population Growth ; Time Factors ; United States ; }, abstract = {Allee effects are important dynamical mechanisms in small-density populations in which per capita population growth rate increases with density. When positive density dependence is sufficiently severe (a 'strong' Allee effect), a critical density arises below which populations do not persist. For spatially distributed populations subject to dispersal, theory predicts that the occupied area also exhibits a critical threshold for population persistence, but this result has not been confirmed in nature. We tested this prediction in patterns of population persistence across the invasion front of the European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) in the United States in data collected between 1996 and 2008. Our analysis consistently provided evidence for effects of both population area and density on persistence, as predicted by the general theory, and confirmed here using a mechanistic model developed for the gypsy moth system. We believe this study to be the first empirical documentation of critical patch size induced by an Allee effect.}, }
@article {pmid21129844, year = {2011}, author = {Wimpey, J and Marion, JL}, title = {A spatial exploration of informal trail networks within Great Falls Park, VA.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {92}, number = {3}, pages = {1012-1022}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.015}, pmid = {21129844}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Recreation ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {Informal (visitor-created) trails represent a threat to the natural resources of protected natural areas around the globe. These trails can remove vegetation, displace wildlife, alter hydrology, alter habitat, spread invasive species, and fragment landscapes. This study examines informal and formal trails within Great Falls Park, VA, a sub-unit of the George Washington Memorial Parkway, managed by the U.S. National Park Service. This study sought to answer three specific questions: 1) Are the physical characteristics and topographic alignments of informal trails significantly different from formal trails, 2) Can landscape fragmentation metrics be used to summarize the relative impacts of formal and informal trail networks on a protected natural area? and 3) What can we learn from examining the spatial distribution of the informal trails within protected natural areas? Statistical comparisons between formal and informal trails in this park indicate that informal trails have less sustainable topographic alignments than their formal counterparts. Spatial summaries of the lineal and areal extent and fragmentation associated with the trail networks by park management zones compare park management goals to the assessed attributes. Hot spot analyses highlight areas of high trail density within the park and findings provide insights regarding potential causes for development of dense informal trail networks.}, }
@article {pmid21128787, year = {2011}, author = {Llewellyn, D and Brown, GP and Thompson, MB and Shine, R}, title = {Behavioral responses to immune-system activation in an anuran (the cane toad, Bufo marinus): field and laboratory studies.}, journal = {Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ}, volume = {84}, number = {1}, pages = {77-86}, doi = {10.1086/657609}, pmid = {21128787}, issn = {1537-5293}, mesh = {Animals ; *Body Temperature Regulation ; Bufo marinus/*immunology/*physiology ; Escherichia coli/immunology ; *Feeding Behavior ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/immunology/physiopathology/*veterinary ; Introduced Species ; Lipopolysaccharides/immunology ; *Motor Activity ; Northern Territory ; }, abstract = {The challenges posed by parasites and pathogens evoke behavioral as well as physiological responses. Such behavioral responses are poorly understood for most ectothermic species, including anuran amphibians. We quantified effects of simulated infection (via injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) on feeding, activity, and thermoregulation of cane toads Bufo marinus within their invasive range in tropical Australia. LPS injection reduced feeding rates in laboratory trials. For toads in outdoor enclosures, LPS injection reduced activity and shifted body temperature profiles. Although previous research has attributed such thermal shifts to behavioral fever (elevated body temperatures may help fight infection), our laboratory studies suggest instead that LPS-injected toads stopped moving. In a thermal gradient, LPS-injected toads thus stayed close to whichever end of the gradient (hot or cold) they were first introduced; the introduction site (rather than behavioral thermoregulation) thus determined body temperature regimes. Shifts in thermal profiles of LPS-injected toads in outdoor enclosures also were a secondary consequence of inactivity. Thus, the primary behavioral effects of an immune response in cane toads are reduced rates of activity and feeding. Thermoregulatory modifications also occur but only as a secondary consequence of inactivity.}, }
@article {pmid21127232, year = {2010}, author = {Fernández-Manjarrés, JF and Tschanz, L}, title = {Assisted colonization: protect managed forests.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {330}, number = {6009}, pages = {1319}, doi = {10.1126/science.330.6009.1319-a}, pmid = {21127232}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; *Introduced Species ; *Trees ; }, }
@article {pmid21127231, year = {2010}, author = {Stanley Price, MR}, title = {Assisted colonization: move ahead with models.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {330}, number = {6009}, pages = {1317}, doi = {10.1126/science.330.6009.1317-a}, pmid = {21127231}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Advisory Committees ; Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; Guidelines as Topic ; International Cooperation ; *Introduced Species ; Risk Assessment ; }, }
@article {pmid21126797, year = {2011}, author = {Sutherland, WJ and Bardsley, S and Bennun, L and Clout, M and Côté, IM and Depledge, MH and Dicks, LV and Dobson, AP and Fellman, L and Fleishman, E and Gibbons, DW and Impey, AJ and Lawton, JH and Lickorish, F and Lindenmayer, DB and Lovejoy, TE and Nally, RM and Madgwick, J and Peck, LS and Pretty, J and Prior, SV and Redford, KH and Scharlemann, JP and Spalding, M and Watkinson, AR}, title = {Horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2011.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {10-16}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2010.11.002}, pmid = {21126797}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*trends ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution ; Food ; Humans ; Industry ; }, abstract = {This review describes outcomes of a 2010 horizon-scanning exercise building upon the first exercise conducted in 2009. The aim of both horizon scans was to identify emerging issues that could have substantial impacts on the conservation of biological diversity, and to do so sufficiently early to encourage policy-relevant, practical research on those issues. Our group included professional horizon scanners and researchers affiliated with universities and non- and inter-governmental organizations, including specialists on topics such as invasive species, wildlife diseases and coral reefs. We identified 15 nascent issues, including new greenhouse gases, genetic techniques to eradicate mosquitoes, milk consumption in Asia and societal pessimism.}, }
@article {pmid21126503, year = {2011}, author = {Dobigny, G and Poirier, P and Hima, K and Cabaret, O and Gauthier, P and Tatard, C and Costa, JM and Bretagne, S}, title = {Molecular survey of rodent-borne Trypanosoma in Niger with special emphasis on T. lewisi imported by invasive black rats.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {117}, number = {3}, pages = {183-188}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.11.004}, pmid = {21126503}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Fingerprinting ; DNA, Ribosomal/*analysis/classification/genetics ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Niger ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence ; Rats ; Rodent Diseases/epidemiology/genetics/*parasitology ; Rodentia/genetics/*parasitology ; Trypanosoma lewisi/*classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Invading rodent species can harbor parasites with potential transmission to native rodents and/or humans. To investigate trypanosomes prevalence in rodents, the spleen of 76 rodents from Niger identified by their karyotype was used as a DNA source for Trypanosoma detection using a newly developed qPCR assay. Of the invasive black rat, Rattus rattus, 71% (10/14) were PCR positive as well as 6% (4/62) of native African rodents. Sequences of ~400bp of the SSU rDNA gene identified phylogenetically close Trypanosoma lineages. Trypanosoma lewisi was present in all positive black rats and the sequences displayed 100% similarity with T. lewisi-infected humans in Senegal. T. lewisi was also detected in one Acomys johannis, suggesting a possible transmission to native species. In addition to improved knowledge of Trypanosoma diversity in rodents, our data underscore the introduction of the potentially pathogenic T. lewisi kinetoplastid through the human-mediated invasion of black rats all over West Africa.}, }
@article {pmid21123272, year = {2011}, author = {Sutherland, DR and Glen, AS and de Tores, PJ}, title = {Could controlling mammalian carnivores lead to mesopredator release of carnivorous reptiles?.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {278}, number = {1706}, pages = {641-648}, pmid = {21123272}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Foxes/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Reptiles/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Emerging evidence increasingly illustrates the importance of a holistic, rather than taxon-specific, approach to the study of ecological communities. Considerable resources are expended to manage both introduced and native mammalian carnivores to improve conservation outcomes; however, management can result in unforeseen and sometimes catastrophic outcomes. Varanid lizards are likely to be apex- or mesopredators, but being reptiles are rarely considered by managers and researchers when investigating the impacts of mammalian carnivore management. Instances of mesopredator release have been described for Varanus gouldii as a result of fox and cat management in Australia, with cascading effects on faunal community structure. A meta-analysis showing extensive dietary niche overlap between varanids, foxes and cats plus a review of experimental and circumstantial evidence suggests mesopredator release of V. gouldii and about five other medium to large species of varanid lizard is likely in other regions. This highlights the need for managers to adopt a whole-of-community approach when attempting to manage predators for sustained fauna conservation, and that additional research is required to elucidate whether mesopredator release of varanids is a widespread consequence of carnivore management, altering the intended faunal responses.}, }
@article {pmid21123147, year = {2010}, author = {Weinhold, B}, title = {Do noxious neighbors spread disease?.}, journal = {Environmental health perspectives}, volume = {118}, number = {12}, pages = {a524}, pmid = {21123147}, issn = {1552-9924}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Transmission, Infectious ; Ehrlichiosis/epidemiology/*etiology/transmission ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Lonicera ; *Plant Weeds ; }, }
@article {pmid21117967, year = {2011}, author = {Yang, S and Ferrari, MJ and Shea, K}, title = {Pollinator Behavior Mediates Negative Interactions between Two Congeneric Invasive Plant Species.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {177}, number = {1}, pages = {110-118}, doi = {10.1086/657433}, pmid = {21117967}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Butterflies/*physiology ; Carduus/*physiology ; Competitive Behavior ; Diptera/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Flowers/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Pennsylvania ; *Pollination ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Simultaneously flowering plant species may indirectly interact with each other by influencing the quantity of pollinator visitation and/or the quality of pollen that is transferred. These effects on pollination may depend on how pollinators respond to floral resources at multiple levels. In this study, we demonstrate pollinator-mediated negative interactions between two invasive plants, Carduus acanthoides and Carduus nutans. Using constructed arrays of the two species, alone and in mixture, we quantified pollinator visitation at the patch and individual plant levels and measured seed production. We found that co-occurrence of our species led to a shift in pollinator services at both levels. Greater interference occurred when arrays were small and spacings between neighboring plants were large. A spatially explicit movement model suggests that pollinator foraging behavior, which mediates the interactions between plants, was driven by floral display size rather than species identity per se. Pollinator behavior significantly reduced the proportion of seed set for both species relative to that in single-species arrays. Overall, the dependence of pollinator behavior on patch size, spacing between plants, and patch composition can lead to pollinator-mediated plant interactions that range from facilitative to competitive.}, }
@article {pmid21117949, year = {2011}, author = {Pachepsky, E and Levine, JM}, title = {Density dependence slows invader spread in fragmented landscapes.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {177}, number = {1}, pages = {18-28}, doi = {10.1086/657438}, pmid = {21117949}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Markov Chains ; Models, Biological ; *Plant Development ; Population Density ; Population Growth ; Seeds ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {Patchiness is a defining characteristic of most natural and anthropogenic habitats, yet much of our understanding of how invasions spread has come from models of spatially homogeneous environments. Except for populations with Allee effects, an invader's growth rate when rare and dispersal determine its spread velocity; intraspecific competition has little to no influence. How this result might change with landscape patchiness, however, is poorly understood. We used simulation models and their analytical approximations to explore the effect of density dependence on the spread of annual plant invaders moving through heterogeneous landscapes with gaps in suitable habitat. We found that landscape patchiness and discrete invader population size interacted to generate a strong role for density dependence. Intraspecific competition greatly slowed the spread of invasions through patchy landscapes by regulating how rapidly a population could produce enough seeds to surpass habitat gaps. Populations with continuously varying density showed no such effect of density dependence. We adapted a stochastic dispersal model to approximate spread when gap sizes were small relative to the mean dispersal distance and a Markov chain approximation for landscapes with large gaps. Our work suggests that ecologists must consider reproduction at both low and high densities when predicting invader spread.}, }
@article {pmid21085788, year = {2010}, author = {Oliveira, MD and Hamilton, SK and Calheiros, DF and Jacobi, CM and Latini, RO}, title = {Modeling the potential distribution of the invasive golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei in the Upper Paraguay River system using limnological variables.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {70}, number = {3 Suppl}, pages = {831-840}, doi = {10.1590/s1519-69842010000400014}, pmid = {21085788}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Brazil ; Calcium Carbonate/*analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Mytilidae/classification/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Rivers/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {The invasive golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857), was introduced into the La Plata River estuary and quickly expanded upstream to the North, into the Paraguay and Paraná rivers. An ecological niche modeling approach, based on limnological variables, was used to predict the expansion of the golden mussel in the Paraguay River and its tributaries. We used three approaches to predict the geographic distribution: 1) the spatial distribution of calcium concentration and the saturation index for calcium carbonate (calcite); 2) the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-Set Production (GARP) model; and the 3) Maximum Entropy Method (Maxent) model. Other limnological variables such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) were used in the latter two cases. Important tributaries of the Paraguay River such as the Cuiabá and Miranda/Aquidauana rivers exhibit high risk of invasion, while lower risk was observed in the chemically dilute waters of the middle basin where shell calcification may be limited by low calcium concentrations and carbonate mineral undersaturation.}, }
@article {pmid21085784, year = {2010}, author = {Maia-Barbosa, PM and Barbosa, LG and Brito, SL and Garcia, F and Barros, CF and Souza, MB and Mello, N and Guimarães, AS and Barbosa, FA}, title = {Limnological changes in Dom Helvécio Lake (South-East Brazil): natural and anthropogenic causes.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {70}, number = {3 Suppl}, pages = {795-802}, doi = {10.1590/s1519-69842010000400010}, pmid = {21085784}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Fishes ; Fresh Water/*analysis ; *Introduced Species ; Phytoplankton/*classification ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Zooplankton/*classification ; }, abstract = {In order to verify changes in physical, chemical and biological features of Dom Helvécio Lake (South-East Brazil), this study compares previous and recent data obtained from limnological investigations over three decades. Plankton species composition and density together with environmental data from 1978, 1983, and during 1999 to 2006 showed changes driven by seasonal climatic forces or by anthropogenic causes. Changes in diversity are shown as a consequence of alternation of rainy and dry periods and introduction of exotic fish species. Finally, suggestions are made for improving conservation efforts in the area, through planned actions and monitoring programmes.}, }
@article {pmid21085782, year = {2010}, author = {Van Damme, K and Dumont, HJ}, title = {Cladocera of the Lençóis Maranhenses (NE - Brazil): faunal composition and a reappraisal of Sars' Method.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {70}, number = {3 Suppl}, pages = {755-779}, doi = {10.1590/s1519-69842010000400008}, pmid = {21085782}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Cladocera/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/physiology ; Female ; Fresh Water ; Male ; }, abstract = {We studied the Cladocera of a group of ephemeral interdunal pools in the Lençóis Maranhenses, Maranhão State (NE - Brazil) and recorded 34 species. The fauna was overwhelmingly neotropical, with no evidence of invasive species. Species composition differed in Lagoa da Colher, an acid system. We provide notes on behaviour, morphology and taxonomy of some lesser-known anomopods, with emphasis on the Chydoridae. We figure male Oxyurella longicaudis, Chydorus eurynotus, Disparalona leptorhyncha, Alonella dadayi and A. clathratula. We provide notes on the "Sars' Method", hatching of freshwater crustaceans from dry mud, a simple technique that complements the information of hit-and-run surveys. About half of the total species number (44%) was revived through this method; 18% of species were additional to field-collected samples. The Sars' method also yielded abundant specimens of rare species, useful for identification and studies on behaviour.}, }
@article {pmid21109269, year = {2011}, author = {Cosentino, A and Giacobbe, S}, title = {The new potential invader Linopherus canariensis (Polychaeta: Amphinomidae) in a Mediterranean coastal lake: colonization dynamics and morphological remarks.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {62}, number = {2}, pages = {236-245}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.11.006}, pmid = {21109269}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Polychaeta/*growth &amp; development ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Sicily ; }, abstract = {The newly introduced polychaete Linopherus canariensis Langerhans, 1881 was found in the Lake of Faro (NE Sicily), during a study comparing the macrobenthos in artificial modules with a neighboring sandy bottom assemblage. Of a total of 4465 specimens, almost 6% showed morphological variation related to branchial turfs and mean body size. The sandy bottom exhibited an average density of 41.86 ind L[-1] and a wet biomass of 30.35 mg L[-1], whereas the artificial substratum reached levels of 205.29 ind L[-1] and 318.44 mg L[-1]. The highest estimated immigration rate was 3.7 ind L[-1]d[-1] (5.8 mg L[-1] d[-1]). In the artificial microhabitat, 0.4% of the population showed mid-anterior fragmentation, with anterior- (2%), mid- (< 1%) and posterior- (1%) regenerating lineages, which contributed significantly to the dispersion ability of this species. L. canariensis was a selective micro-deposit feeder, even under conditions of reduced sediments. Linopherus was found to be a new potential invader of stressed environments that is probably tied to the import of oysters.}, }
@article {pmid21091659, year = {2010}, author = {Brumfield, RT}, title = {Speciation genetics of biological invasions with hybridization.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {23}, pages = {5079-5083}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04896.x}, pmid = {21091659}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/genetics ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; *Genetic Speciation ; *Genetics, Population ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The negative effects of human-induced habitat disturbance and modification on multiple dimensions of biological diversity are well chronicled (Turner 1996; Harding et al. 1998; Lawton et al. 1998; Sakai et al. 2001). Among the more insidious consequences is secondary contact between formerly allopatric taxa (Anderson &amp; Hubricht 1938; Perry et al. 2002; Seehausen 2006). How the secondary contact will play out is unpredictable (Ellstrand et al. 2010), but if the taxa are not fully reproductively isolated, hybridization is likely, and if the resulting progeny are fertile, the eventual outcome is often devastating from a conservation perspective (Rhymer &amp; Simberloff 1996; Wolf et al. 2001; McDonald et al. 2008). In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Steeves et al. (2010) present an analysis of hybridization between two avian species, one of which is critically endangered and the other of which is invasive. Their discovery that the endangered species has not yet been hybridized to extinction is promising and not what one would necessarily expect from theory.}, }
@article {pmid21087591, year = {2010}, author = {Scholte, E and Den Hartog, W and Dik, M and Schoelitsz, B and Brooks, M and Schaffner, F and Foussadier, R and Braks, M and Beeuwkes, J}, title = {Introduction and control of three invasive mosquito species in the Netherlands, July-October 2010.}, journal = {Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin}, volume = {15}, number = {45}, pages = {}, pmid = {21087591}, issn = {1560-7917}, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/genetics ; Animals ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; *Commerce ; Diterpenes ; *Introduced Species ; Larva/drug effects ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Netherlands ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Risk Assessment ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {In July 2010, during routine mosquito surveillance inspections at companies that import used tires, three invasive species were found at five locations in the Netherlands: the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti), the Asian tiger mosquito (Ae. albopictus), and the American rock-pool mosquito (Ae. atropalpus). This is the first time that Ae. aegypti is reported from the Netherlands. Mosquito control was initiated one week after the first invasive mosquito was found, using adulticides and larvicides. The available data suggest that the implemented control measures have been effective for this season.}, }
@article {pmid21087259, year = {2011}, author = {Scharfy, D and Funk, A and Olde Venterink, H and Güsewell, S}, title = {Invasive forbs differ functionally from native graminoids, but are similar to native forbs.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {189}, number = {3}, pages = {818-828}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03531.x}, pmid = {21087259}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Chlorophyll/*metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; *Magnoliopsida/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Phosphorus/*metabolism ; *Plant Leaves/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Soil ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {• Exotic plant invasions can alter ecosystem processes, particularly if the invasive species are functionally different from native species. We investigated whether such alterations can be explained by differences in functional traits between native and invasive plants of the same functional group or by differences in functional group affiliation. • We compared six invasive forbs in Europe with six native forbs and six native graminoids in leaf and whole-plant traits, plasticity in response to nutrient supply and interspecific competition, litter decomposition rate, effects on soil nutrient availability, and allelopathy. All traits were measured in a series of pot experiments, and leaf traits additionally in the field. • Invasive forbs differed from native forbs for only a few traits; they had less leaf chlorophyll and lower phosphorus (P) uptake from soil, but they tended to have a stronger allelopathic effect. The invasive forbs differed in many traits from the native graminoids, their leaves had lower tissue densities and a shorter life span, their litter decomposed faster and they had a lower nitrogen-use efficiency. • Our results suggest that invasive forbs have the potential to alter ecosystem properties when invading graminoid-dominated and displacing native graminoids but not when displacing native forbs.}, }
@article {pmid21081913, year = {2010}, author = {Paini, DR and Worner, SP and Cook, DC and De Barro, PJ and Thomas, MB}, title = {Threat of invasive pests from within national borders.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {1}, number = {}, pages = {115}, pmid = {21081913}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {Predicting and ranking potential invasive species present significant challenges to researchers and biosecurity agencies. Here we analyse a worldwide database of pest species assemblages to generate lists of the top 100 insect pests most likely to establish in the United States and each of its 48 contiguous states. For the United States as a whole, all of the top 100 pest species have already established. Individual states however tend to have many more 'gaps' with most states having at least 20 species absent from their top 100 list. For all but one state, every exotic pest species currently absent from a state's top 100 can be found elsewhere in the contiguous United States. We conclude that the immediate threat from known invasive insect pests is greater from within the United States than without. Our findings have potentially significant implications for biosecurity policy, emphasizing the need to consider biosecurity measures beyond established national border interventions.}, }
@article {pmid21080091, year = {2011}, author = {Olowoyo, JO and van Heerden, E and Fischer, JL}, title = {Trace element concentrations from lichen transplants in Pretoria, South Africa.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {663-668}, pmid = {21080091}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Air Pollutants/*analysis ; Ascomycota/*chemistry ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Introduced Species ; Lichens/*chemistry ; Metals, Heavy/analysis ; South Africa ; Trace Elements/*analysis ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the level and possible sources of trace elements in Tshwane metropolis using transplanted lichen thallus of Parmelia sulcata with a view to evaluating the ability of this lichen species to monitor air pollutants from a perceived polluted environment.<br><br>METHODS: Samples of the lichen thalli were transplanted into ten different sites and covered with a net. Samples were exposed for 3&#xa0;months. Concentrations of ten trace elements were determined with the use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.<br><br>RESULTS: A significant difference was observed in the values of elemental concentration in lichen from unpolluted area and those transplanted to all the sites (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01). Variations in values of trace elements recorded in lichen transplant from different sites were also statistically significant (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01). The high traffic sites showed significantly higher elemental concentrations, particularly for Pb, Zn, and Cu than the industrial and residential areas (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Trends in the trace element values from different sites suggested that the elements might have come from anthropogenic sources.}, }
@article {pmid21078094, year = {2010}, author = {Ziȩba, G and Fox, MG and Copp, GH}, title = {The effect of elevated temperature on spawning of introduced pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus in Europe.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {77}, number = {8}, pages = {1850-1855}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02778.x}, pmid = {21078094}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe ; Female ; *Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Random Allocation ; Reproduction/*physiology ; }, abstract = {In an experimental comparison of pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus reproduction under ambient and climate change water temperature regimes, spawning occurred earlier in the season, which is likely to lead to greater young-of-the-year survival with concomitant implications in the U.K. under warmer climatic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid21076965, year = {2011}, author = {Kelehear, C and Brown, GP and Shine, R}, title = {Influence of lung parasites on the growth rates of free-ranging and captive adult cane toads.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {165}, number = {3}, pages = {585-592}, pmid = {21076965}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Bufonidae/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Lung/*parasitology ; Male ; Pest Control, Biological ; Rhabditida Infections/*veterinary ; Rhabditoidea/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Many parasites affect the viability of their hosts, but detailed studies combining empirical data from both the field and the laboratory are limited. Consequently, the nature and magnitude of such effects are poorly known for many important host-parasite systems, including macroparasites of amphibians. We examined the effects of lungworm (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) infections in cane toads (Bufo marinus) within their invasive Australian range. The host-specificity of this parasite suggests that it might serve as a biological control agent for toads in Australia, if infection proves to reduce toad viability. Mark-recapture studies in the field (near Darwin, Northern Territory) revealed lowered growth rates in infected adult toads when compared to uninfected toads, and a laboratory experiment confirmed causality: experimental infection with R. pseudosphaerocephala reduce toad growth rates. In combination with previous work on the current host-parasite system, it is now evident that nematode lungworms reduce the viability of both newly metamorphosed and adult cane toads, and do so in the field as well as in the laboratory. Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala may be a valuable component of a biological control strategy for cane toads in Australia.}, }
@article {pmid21074534, year = {2011}, author = {Crawford, JL and McLeod, BJ and Eckery, DC}, title = {The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and manipulations of the oestrous cycle in the brushtail possum.}, journal = {General and comparative endocrinology}, volume = {170}, number = {3}, pages = {424-448}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.10.024}, pmid = {21074534}, issn = {1095-6840}, mesh = {Animals ; Estrous Cycle ; Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/physiology ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Ovarian Follicle/drug effects ; Ovary/*physiology ; Ovulation/physiology ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Receptors, LHRH/physiology ; Trichosurus/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The main purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive update on what is known about the regulatory mechanisms of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in the brushtail possum, and to report on the outcomes of attempts made to manipulate by hormonal means, these processes in the possum. Over the last 15 years, several unique features of possum reproductive physiology have been discovered. These include an extended follicular phase despite elevated concentrations of FSH during the luteal phase, and early expression of LH receptors on granulosa cells of small antral follicles, suggesting a different mechanism for the selection of a dominant follicle. The use of routine synchronisation protocols that are effective in eutherians has failed to be effective in possums, and so the ability to reliably synchronise oestrus in this species remains a challenge.}, }
@article {pmid21070561, year = {2011}, author = {Clark, GF and Johnston, EL}, title = {Temporal change in the diversity-invasibility relationship in the presence of a disturbance regime.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {52-57}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01550.x}, pmid = {21070561}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; *Biodiversity ; Bryozoa/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; New South Wales ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Disturbance can affect both the diversity and invasibility of communities. Many field studies have found correlations between diversity and susceptibility to invasion, but if both factors independently respond to disturbance then spurious non-causal relationships may be observed. Here, we show that disturbance can cause a temporal shift in the diversity-invasibility relationship. In a field experiment using sessile marine communities, disturbance strongly affected both diversity and invasion such that they were highly correlated. Disturbance facilitated initial invasion, creating a negative diversity-invasibility relationship when the invader first arrived. Over time, disturbance hindered the persistence of invaders, creating a positive diversity-invasibility relationship. We suggest that temporal changes in the diversity-invasibility relationship may have contributed to the 'invasion paradox', a term for the contrasting patterns of experimental and observational studies of the diversity-invasibility relationship.}, }
@article {pmid21069285, year = {2010}, author = {Gonzalo, C and Camargo, JA and Masiero, L and Casellato, S}, title = {Fluoride toxicity and bioaccumulation in the invasive amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus (Sowinsky, 1894): a laboratory study.}, journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {85}, number = {5}, pages = {472-475}, doi = {10.1007/s00128-010-0132-8}, pmid = {21069285}, issn = {1432-0800}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*drug effects/metabolism ; Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Fluorides/metabolism/*toxicity ; Introduced Species ; Laboratories ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {The tolerance of the invasive amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus to fluoride (F[-]) toxicity was examined via laboratory experiments. 96-h LC50 and 240-h NOEC values were estimated to be 5.8 and 0.95 mg F[-]/L, respectively. Average whole-body fluoride content in control amphipods was 27.6 μg F[-]/g dry weight, whereas in exposed amphipods it ranged from 3,637 to 16,994 μg F[-]/g dry weight. All these results indicate that D. villosus is a very sensitive species to fluoride toxicity. Overall it is concluded that the potential risk of invasion for D. villosus in either natural or polluted freshwater ecosystems, exhibiting relatively high fluoride levels (at least ten-fold higher than the average freshwater background level of 0.15 mg F[-]/L), must be low.}, }
@article {pmid21068033, year = {2011}, author = {Cote, J and Fogarty, S and Brodin, T and Weinersmith, K and Sih, A}, title = {Personality-dependent dispersal in the invasive mosquitofish: group composition matters.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {278}, number = {1712}, pages = {1670-1678}, pmid = {21068033}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Body Size ; Cyprinodontiformes/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Personality ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Understanding/predicting ecological invasions is an important challenge in modern ecology because of their immense economical and ecological costs. Recent studies have revealed that within-species variation in behaviour (i.e. animal personality) can shed light on the invasion process. The general hypothesis is that individuals' personality type may affect their colonization success, suggesting that some individuals might be better invaders than others. We have recently shown that, in the invasive mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), social personality trait was an important indicator of dispersal distance, with more asocial individuals dispersing further. Here, we tested how mean personality within a population, in addition to individual personality type, affect dispersal and settlement decisions in the mosquitofish. We found that individual dispersal tendencies were influenced by the population's mean boldness and sociability score. For example, individuals from populations with more asocial individuals or with more bold individuals are more likely to disperse regardless of their own personality type. We suggest that identifying behavioural traits facilitating invasions, even at the group level, can thus have direct applications in pest management.}, }
@article {pmid21061992, year = {2010}, author = {Puterka, GJ and Hammon, RW and Burd, JD and Peairs, FB and Randolph, T and Cooper, WR}, title = {Host associations and incidence of Diuraphis spp. in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States, and pictorial key for their identification.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {103}, number = {5}, pages = {1875-1885}, doi = {10.1603/ec10135}, pmid = {21061992}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Abdomen/anatomy &amp; histology ; Altitude ; Animals ; Aphids/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Edible Grain/parasitology ; Environment ; Head/anatomy &amp; histology ; Oklahoma ; Poaceae/parasitology ; Seasons ; Triticum/*parasitology ; Wyoming ; }, abstract = {The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia Kurdjumov, is an introduced species first identified in 1986 into the United States. It has since become a major pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., and other small grains in the western United States. Three other Diuraphis species, Diuraphis frequens (Walker), Diuraphis mexicana (McVicar Baker), and Diuraphis tritici (Gillette), were already endemic to the United States before the introduction of D. noxia. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence and host associations of these four Diuraphis spp. in the Rocky Mountain region that borders the western Great Plains to better understand their distribution and ecological interactions. In addition, a key to these species with photographs of live or fresh preparations of specimens is presented to aid in their identification. D. noxia was the most widely distributed species in the study area spanning the Rocky Mountain areas of Wyoming, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado. This species was most common in the cereal-producing areas of the Colorado Plateau ecoregion. D. frequens was found to be the predominant species in the Alpine/Aspen Mountain areas of the South Central Rockies and Colorado Rockies ecoregions. The other Diuraphis species were rarely encountered even though their plant hosts occurred in the ecoregions sampled. D. noxia shared common hosts and was found co-infesting grasses with other Diuraphis species. Therefore, the potential exists for D. noxia to impact the other native Diuraphis species.}, }
@article {pmid21061979, year = {2010}, author = {Chong, KF and Lee, CY}, title = {Inter- and intraspecific aggression in the invasive longlegged ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {103}, number = {5}, pages = {1775-1783}, doi = {10.1603/ec09256}, pmid = {21061979}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {*Aggression ; Animals ; Ants/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Body Size ; Ecosystem ; Hand Strength ; Head/anatomy &amp; histology ; Malaysia ; Mandible/physiology ; Pest Control/methods ; Species Specificity ; Urban Renewal ; }, abstract = {The longlegged ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes (Fr. Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), is a highly invasive species that can aggressively displace other ant species. We conducted laboratory assays to examine interspecies aggression of A. gracilipes versus 15 sympatric ant species found in the urban environment and disturbed habitat in Malaysia: Monomorium pharaonis (L.), Monomorium floricola (Jerdon), Monomorium orientale Mayr, Monomorium destructor (Jerdon), Pheidole parva Mayr, Crematogaster sp., Solenopsis geminata (F.), Tapinoma indicum (Forel), Tapinoma melanocephalum (F.), Technomyrmnex butteli Forel, Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith), Paratrechina longicornis (Latrielle), Oecophylla smaragdina (F), Camponotus sp., and Tetraponera rufonigra (Jerdon). A. gracilipes showed aggressive behavior toward all opponent species, except the smallest M. orientale. Opponent species size (body size, head width, and mandible width) was significantly correlated with A. gracilipes aggression level and mortality rate. We also found a significant positive relationship between A. gracilipes aggression level and the mortality of the opponent species. The results suggest that invasive populations of A. gracilipes would have the greatest impact on larger ant species. In addition, we examined the intraspecific aggression of A. gracilipes. We found that A. gracilipes from different localities in Malaysia showed intraspecific aggression toward one another. This finding differs from the results of studies conducted in Christmas Island earlier. Differences in the genetic variability among populations may explain these differing results.}, }
@article {pmid21061955, year = {2010}, author = {Tobin, PC and Diss-Torrance, A and Blackburn, LM and Brown, BD}, title = {What does "local" firewood buy you? Managing the risk of invasive species introduction.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {103}, number = {5}, pages = {1569-1576}, doi = {10.1603/ec10140}, pmid = {21061955}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Camping ; *Coleoptera/physiology ; Ectoparasitic Infestations/classification ; Fires ; Humans ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Wood/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Firewood can serve as a vector in the transport of non-native species, including wood-boring insects that feed within the wood and thus can be transported accidentally. Governments have enacted limitations on the movement of firewood in an effort to limit the anthropogenic movement of non-native species through, for example, recreational camping. Although the movement of invasive species through firewood is a documented invasion pathway, it is not trivial for governments to determine a "safe" allowable distance for moving firewood. We were motivated by this challenge and developed a theoretical simulation to determine the campgrounds that could be potentially exposed to infested firewood based upon the hypothetical distribution of an invasive species and the allowable distance for moving firewood. We extend this concept to the known distributions of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). We illustrate, based upon theoretical and empirical observations, that as the distribution of an invasive species increases, more rigid constraints on the movement of firewood would be required relative to those species that are distributed over a smaller scale. Also, on the level of management within a state, smaller states have far less margin for error than larger ones, as even extremely rigid restrictions on the movement of firewood could have little management effect unless the infested area is spatially limited. These results collectively suggest the potential for a dynamic management strategy that adjusts allowable distances for firewood movement based upon the distribution of the non-native species.}, }
@article {pmid21061642, year = {2010}, author = {Kriksunov, EA and Bobyrev, AE and Burmenskiĭ, VA}, title = {[Resource availability and its role in development of invasion processes].}, journal = {Zhurnal obshchei biologii}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, pages = {436-451}, pmid = {21061642}, issn = {0044-4596}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biota ; Dreissena/physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Fresh Water ; Models, Biological ; Osmeriformes/physiology ; Russia ; }, abstract = {The state of biotic communities inhabiting different water bodies is analyzed aiming to determination of conditions facilitating development of biological invasions. Mass-balance and dynamic models are used to reveal the factors ensuring the invasion of zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, in Naroch Lakes (Byelorussia), and smelt, Osmerus eperlanus, in Lake Syamozero (Karelia). The results obtained indicate that for invasions leading to trophic chain lengthening, the main factor of successful invasion is the availability of resources that are not utilized by aboriginal species. Highest chances for successful invasion belong to invading species feeding on those trophic groups which contribute to the most extent to forming of 'excess' (i.e., available for the invader) production. It is shown that establishment of an alien species in a native community appears to be possible only when total amount of such 'excess' production is higher then some threshold value. Under conditions of spatio-temporal environmental heterogeneity, the timing factor, which determines the exact moment of an alien species intrusion, becomes important as well.}, }
@article {pmid21058556, year = {2010}, author = {Carey, MP and Wahl, DH}, title = {Native fish diversity alters the effects of an invasive species on food webs.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {10}, pages = {2965-2974}, doi = {10.1890/09-1213.1}, pmid = {21058556}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Chlorophyll A ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; Phytoplankton/metabolism ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Aquatic communities have been altered by invasive species, with impacts on native biodiversity and ecosystem function. At the same time, native biodiversity may mitigate the effects of an invader. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a ubiquitous, invasive fish species that strongly influences community and ecosystem processes. We used common carp to test whether the potential effects of an invasive species are altered across a range of species diversity in native communities. In mesocosms, treatments of zero, one, three, and six native fish species were used to represent the nested subset patterns observed in fish communities of lakes in Illinois, USA. The effect of the invader was tested across fish richness treatments by adding common carp to the native community and substituting native biomass with common carp. Native species and intraspecific effects reduced invader growth. The invader reduced native fish growth; however, the negative effect was minimized with increasing native richness. The zooplankton grazer community was modified by a top-down effect from the invader that increased the amount of phytoplankton. Neither the invader nor richness treatments influenced total phosphorus or community metabolism. Overall, the invader reduced resources for native species; and the effect scaled with how the invader was incorporated into the community. Higher native diversity mitigated the impact of the invader, confirming the need to consider biodiversity when predicting the impacts of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid21054887, year = {2010}, author = {Frey, FM and Meyers, R}, title = {Antibacterial activity of traditional medicinal plants used by Haudenosaunee peoples of New York State.}, journal = {BMC complementary and alternative medicine}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {64}, pmid = {21054887}, issn = {1472-6882}, mesh = {Achillea ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Bacteria/*drug effects ; Humans ; *Indians, North American ; Introduced Species ; Ipomoea ; Magnoliopsida ; *Medicine, Traditional ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; New York ; *Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Plants, Medicinal ; Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects ; Solidago ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance, as well as the evolution of new strains of disease causing agents, is of great concern to the global health community. Our ability to effectively treat disease is dependent on the development of new pharmaceuticals, and one potential source of novel drugs is traditional medicine. This study explores the antibacterial properties of plants used in Haudenosaunee traditional medicine. We tested the hypothesis that extracts from Haudenosaunee medicinal plants used to treat symptoms often caused by bacterial infection would show antibacterial properties in laboratory assays, and that these extracts would be more effective against moderately virulent bacteria than less virulent bacteria.<br><br>METHODS: After identification and harvesting, a total of 57 different aqueous extractions were made from 15 plant species. Nine plant species were used in Haudenosaunee medicines and six plant species, of which three are native to the region and three are introduced, were not used in traditional medicine. Antibacterial activity against mostly avirulent (Escherichia coli, Streptococcus lactis) and moderately virulent (Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus) microbes was inferred through replicate disc diffusion assays; and observed and statistically predicted MIC values were determined through replicate serial dilution assays.<br><br>RESULTS: Although there was not complete concordance between the traditional use of Haudenosaunee medicinal plants and antibacterial activity, our data support the hypothesis that the selection and use of these plants to treat disease was not random. In particular, four plant species exhibited antimicrobial properties as expected (Achillea millefolium, Ipomoea pandurata, Hieracium pilosella, and Solidago canadensis), with particularly strong effectiveness against S. typhimurium. In addition, extractions from two of the introduced species (Hesperis matronalis and Rosa multiflora) were effective against this pathogen.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that further screening of plants used in traditional Haudenosaunee medicine is warranted, and we put forward several species for further investigation of activity against S. typhimurium (A. millefolium, H. matronalis, I. pandurata, H. pilosella, R. multiflora, S. canadensis).}, }
@article {pmid21054733, year = {2010}, author = {Litchman, E}, title = {Invisible invaders: non-pathogenic invasive microbes in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {1560-1572}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01544.x}, pmid = {21054733}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Microbiology ; Global Warming ; Hydrobiology ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Although the number of studies on invasive plants and animals has risen exponentially, little is known about invasive microbes, especially non-pathogenic ones. Microbial invasions by viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists occur worldwide but are much harder to detect than invasions by macroorganisms. Invasive microbes have the potential to significantly alter community structure and ecosystem functioning in diverse terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Consequently, increased attention is needed on non-pathogenic invasive microbes, both free-living and symbiotic, and their impacts on communities and ecosystems. Major unknowns include the characteristics that make microbes invasive and properties of the resident communities and the environment that facilitate invasions. A comparison of microbial invasions with invasions of macroorganisms should provide valuable insights into general principles that apply to invasions across all domains of life and to taxon-specific invasion patterns. Invasive microbes appear to possess traits thought to be common in many invasive macroorganisms: high growth rate and resource utilization efficiency, and superior competitive abilities. Invading microorganisms are often similar to native species, but with enhanced performance traits, and tend to spread in lower diversity communities. Global change can exacerbate microbial invasions; therefore, they will likely increase in the future.}, }
@article {pmid21054528, year = {2011}, author = {Oppel, S and Beaven, BM and Bolton, M and Vickery, J and Bodey, TW}, title = {Eradication of invasive mammals on islands inhabited by humans and domestic animals.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {232-240}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01601.x}, pmid = {21054528}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Domestic ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; *Geography ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Public Opinion ; }, abstract = {Non-native invasive mammal species have caused major ecological change on many islands. To conserve native species diversity, invasive mammals have been eradicated from several islands not inhabited by humans. We reviewed the challenges associated with campaigns to eradicate invasive mammals from islands inhabited by humans and domestic animals. On these islands, detailed analyses of the social, cultural, and economic costs and benefits of eradication are required to increase the probability of local communities supporting the eradication campaign. The ecological benefits of eradication (e.g., improvement of endemic species' probability of survival) are difficult to trade-off against social and economic costs due to the lack of a common currency. Local communities may oppose an eradication campaign because of perceived health hazards, inconvenience, financial burdens, religious beliefs, or other cultural reasons. Besides these social challenges, the presence of humans and domestic animals also complicates eradication and biosecurity procedures (measures taken to reduce the probability of unwanted organisms colonizing an island to near zero). For example, houses, garbage-disposal areas, and livestock-feeding areas can provide refuges for certain mammals and therefore can decrease the probability of a successful eradication. Transport of humans and goods to an island increases the probability of inadvertent reintroduction of invasive mammals, and the establishment of permanent quarantine measures is required to minimize the probability of unwanted recolonization after eradication. We recommend a close collaboration between island communities, managers, and social scientists from the inception of an eradication campaign to increase the probability of achieving and maintaining an island permanently free of invasive mammals.}, }
@article {pmid21051051, year = {2010}, author = {Van Hoey, G and Borja, A and Birchenough, S and Buhl-Mortensen, L and Degraer, S and Fleischer, D and Kerckhof, F and Magni, P and Muxika, I and Reiss, H and Schröder, A and Zettler, ML}, title = {The use of benthic indicators in Europe: from the Water Framework Directive to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {60}, number = {12}, pages = {2187-2196}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.09.015}, pmid = {21051051}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; *Environmental Policy ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; Water Pollution/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {The Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) are the European umbrella regulations for water systems. It is a challenge for the scientific community to translate the principles of these directives into realistic and accurate approaches. The aim of this paper, conducted by the Benthos Ecology Working Group of ICES, is to describe how the principles have been translated, which were the challenges and best way forward. We have tackled the following principles: the ecosystem-based approach, the development of benthic indicators, the definition of 'pristine' or sustainable conditions, the detection of pressures and the development of monitoring programs. We concluded that testing and integrating the different approaches was facilitated during the WFD process, which led to further insights and improvements, which the MSFD can rely upon. Expert involvement in the entire implementation process proved to be of vital importance.}, }
@article {pmid21050294, year = {2010}, author = {Steeves, TE and Maloney, RF and Hale, ML and Tylianakis, JM and Gemmell, NJ}, title = {Genetic analyses reveal hybridization but no hybrid swarm in one of the world's rarest birds.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {23}, pages = {5090-5100}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04895.x}, pmid = {21050294}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Birds/*genetics ; Chimera ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Endangered Species ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Genetic Speciation ; *Genetics, Population ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; New Zealand ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Hybridization facilitated by human activities has dramatically altered the evolutionary trajectories of threatened taxa around the globe. Whereas introduced mammalian predators and widespread habitat loss and degradation clearly imperil the recovery and survival of the New Zealand endemic black stilt or kakī (Himantopus novaezelandiae), the risk associated with hybridization between this critically endangered endemic and its self-introduced congener, the pied stilt or poaka (Himantopus himantopus leucocephalus) is less clear. Here, we combine Bayesian admixture analyses of microsatellite data with mitochondrial DNA sequence data to assess the levels of hybridization and introgression between kakī and poaka. We show that birds classified as hybrids on the basis of adult plumage are indeed of hybrid origin and that hybridization between kakī and poaka is both extensive and bidirectional. Despite this, we found almost no evidence for introgression from poaka to kakī, thus negating the popular belief that kakī represent a hybrid swarm. To our knowledge, ours represents the first comprehensive study to document a lack of widespread introgression for a species at risk despite a recent history of extensive bidirectional human-induced hybridization. We attribute this rather surprising result, in part, to reduced reproductive success in female hybrids combined with a transient male-biased kakī sex ratio. To maximize the evolutionary potential of kakī, we use these data to recommend conservation management activities aimed to maintain the genetic integrity and to maximize the genetic diversity of this iconic rare bird.}, }
@article {pmid21049879, year = {2010}, author = {Gavier-Pizarro, GI and Radeloff, VC and Stewart, SI and Huebner, CD and Keuler, NS}, title = {Housing is positively associated with invasive exotic plant species richness in New England, USA.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {20}, number = {7}, pages = {1913-1925}, doi = {10.1890/09-2168.1}, pmid = {21049879}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Housing ; Human Activities ; *Introduced Species ; New England ; Plants/*classification ; }, abstract = {Understanding the factors related to invasive exotic species distributions at broad spatial scales has important theoretical and management implications, because biological invasions are detrimental to many ecosystem functions and processes. Housing development facilitates invasions by disturbing land cover, introducing nonnative landscaping plants, and facilitating dispersal of propagules along roads. To evaluate relationships between housing and the distribution of invasive exotic plants, we asked (1) how strongly is housing associated with the spatial distribution of invasive exotic plants compared to other anthropogenic and environmental factors; (2) what type of housing pattern is related to the richness of invasive exotic plants; and (3) do invasive plants represent ecological traits associated with specific housing patterns? Using two types of regression analysis (best subset analysis and hierarchical partitioning analysis), we found that invasive exotic plant richness was equally or more strongly related to housing variables than to other human (e.g., mean income and roads) and environmental (e.g., topography and forest cover) variables at the county level across New England. Richness of invasive exotic plants was positively related to area of wildland-urban interface (WUI), low-density residential areas, change in number of housing units between 1940 and 2000, mean income, plant productivity (NDVI), and altitudinal range and rainfall; it was negatively related to forest area and connectivity. Plant life history traits were not strongly related to housing patterns. We expect the number of invasive exotic plants to increase as a result of future housing growth and suggest that housing development be considered a primary factor in plans to manage and monitor invasive exotic plant species.}, }
@article {pmid21049877, year = {2010}, author = {Prevéy, JS and Germino, MJ and Huntly, NJ}, title = {Loss of foundation species increases population growth of exotic forbs in sagebrush steppe.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {20}, number = {7}, pages = {1890-1902}, doi = {10.1890/09-0750.1}, pmid = {21049877}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Artemisia/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Lactuca/physiology ; Population Growth ; Seasons ; Soil/analysis ; Tragopogon/physiology ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The invasion and spread of exotic plants following land disturbance threatens semiarid ecosystems. In sagebrush steppe, soil water is scarce and is partitioned between deep-rooted perennial shrubs and shallower-rooted native forbs and grasses. Disturbances commonly remove shrubs, leaving grass-dominated communities, and may allow for the exploitation of water resources by the many species of invasive, tap-rooted forbs that are increasingly successful in this habitat. We hypothesized that exotic forb populations would benefit from increased soil water made available by removal of sagebrush, a foundation species capable of deep-rooting, in semiarid shrub-steppe ecosystems. To test this hypothesis, we used periodic matrix models to examine effects of experimental manipulations of soil water on population growth of two exotic forb species, Tragopogon dubius and Lactuca serriola, in sagebrush steppe of southern Idaho, USA. We used elasticity analyses to examine which stages in the life cycle of T. dubius and L. serriola had the largest relative influence on population growth. We studied the demography of T. dubius and L. serriola in three treatments: (1) control, in which vegetation was not disturbed, (2) shrubs removed, or (3) shrubs removed but winter-spring recharge of deep-soil water blocked by rainout shelters. The short-term population growth rate (Lambda) of T. dubius in the shrub-removal treatment was more than double that of T. dubius in either sheltered or control treatments, both of which had limited soil water. All L. serriola individuals that emerged in undisturbed sagebrush plots died, whereas Lambda of L. serriola was high (Lambda > 2.5) in all shrub-removal plots, whether they had rainout shelters or not. Population growth of both forbs in all treatments was most responsive to flowering and seed production, which are life stages that should be particularly reliant on deep-soil water, as well as seedling establishment, which is important to most plant populations, especially during invasion. These data indicate the importance of native species, in this case the dominant shrub, in influencing soil resources and restricting population growth of exotic plants. These results argue that management of invasive plants should focus not only on removal of nonnatives, but also on reestablishment of important native species.}, }
@article {pmid21047854, year = {2011}, author = {Lindström, T and Håkansson, N and Wennergren, U}, title = {The shape of the spatial kernel and its implications for biological invasions in patchy environments.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {278}, number = {1711}, pages = {1564-1571}, pmid = {21047854}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; *Environment ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Normal Distribution ; Population Dynamics ; Quercus/*physiology ; Ulmus/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Ecological and epidemiological invasions occur in a spatial context. We investigated how these processes correlate to the distance dependence of spread or dispersal between spatial entities such as habitat patches or epidemiological units. Distance dependence is described by a spatial kernel, characterized by its shape (kurtosis) and width (variance). We also developed a novel method to analyse and generate point-pattern landscapes based on spectral representation. This involves two measures: continuity, which is related to autocorrelation and contrast, which refers to variation in patch density. We also analysed some empirical data where our results are expected to have implications, namely distributions of trees (Quercus and Ulmus) and farms in Sweden. Through a simulation study, we found that kernel shape was not important for predicting the invasion speed in randomly distributed patches. However, the shape may be essential when the distribution of patches deviates from randomness, particularly when the contrast is high. We conclude that the speed of invasions depends on the spatial context and the effect of the spatial kernel is intertwined with the spatial structure. This implies substantial demands on the empirical data, because it requires knowledge of shape and width of the spatial kernel, and spatial structure.}, }
@article {pmid21047114, year = {2011}, author = {Curran, M and de Baan, L and De Schryver, AM and Van Zelm, R and Hellweg, S and Koellner, T and Sonnemann, G and Huijbregts, MA}, title = {Toward meaningful end points of biodiversity in life cycle assessment.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {70-79}, doi = {10.1021/es101444k}, pmid = {21047114}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Population Dynamics ; Reference Standards ; }, abstract = {Halting current rates of biodiversity loss will be a defining challenge of the 21st century. To assess the effectiveness of strategies to achieve this goal, indicators and tools are required that monitor the driving forces of biodiversity loss, the changing state of biodiversity, and evaluate the effectiveness of policy responses. Here, we review the use of indicators and approaches to model biodiversity loss in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), a methodology used to evaluate the cradle-to-grave environmental impacts of products. We find serious conceptual shortcomings in the way models are constructed, with scale considerations largely absent. Further, there is a disproportionate focus on indicators that reflect changes in compositional aspects of biodiversity, mainly changes in species richness. Functional and structural attributes of biodiversity are largely neglected. Taxonomic and geographic coverage remains problematic, with the majority of models restricted to one or a few taxonomic groups and geographic regions. On a more general level, three of the five drivers of biodiversity loss as identified by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment are represented in current impact categories (habitat change, climate change and pollution), while two are missing (invasive species and overexploitation). However, methods across all drivers can be greatly improved. We discuss these issues and make recommendations for future research to better reflect biodiversity loss in LCA.}, }
@article {pmid21046320, year = {2010}, author = {Wan, F and Liu, W and Guo, J and Qiang, S and Li, B and Wang, J and Yang, G and Niu, H and Gui, F and Huang, W and Jiang, Z and Wang, W}, title = {Invasive mechanism and control strategy of Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel).}, journal = {Science China. Life sciences}, volume = {53}, number = {11}, pages = {1291-1298}, doi = {10.1007/s11427-010-4080-7}, pmid = {21046320}, issn = {1869-1889}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; *Ageratina/genetics ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; China ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Introduced Species ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {In order to ascertain the invasive mechanism and control strategy of the invasive Crofton weed, Ageratina adenophora, its ecological adaptability and population differentiation, the formation of single dominant population, displacement of native plants and sustainable management strategies were investigated. The present results helped to clarify and explain such issues as the adaptability post invasion, interaction and competition between inter- and intra-species and community resistance, thereby providing important references to researches on other invasive alien species.}, }
@article {pmid21040036, year = {2010}, author = {Randi, E}, title = {Wolves in the Great Lakes region: a phylogeographic puzzle.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {20}, pages = {4386-4388}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04819.x}, pmid = {21040036}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Coyotes/classification/*genetics ; Great Lakes Region ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Phylogeography ; Wolves/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Empirical studies demonstrate that natural hybridization in animals is more common than thought so far (Mallet 2005), particularly among species that originated recently through cycles of population contraction-expansion arising from climate changes over the last glacial period, the Pleistocene. In addition, the post-glacial global growth of human populations has fostered anthropogenic hybridization events, mediated by habitat changes, the persecution of large predators and the introduction of alien species (Allendorf et al. 2001). The Canis lineage shows cases of both natural and anthropogenic hybridization, exacerbating the controversy about the number of species that should be formally validated in the taxonomic lists, the evolutionary role of genetic introgression and the ways to manage hybrids with invading wild or domesticated populations. The study by Wheeldon et al. (2010), published in this issue of Molecular Ecology, adds a new piece to the intricate puzzle of evolution and taxonomy of Canis in North America. They show that sympatric wolves (C. lupus) and coyotes (C. latrans) are not (extensively) hybridizing in the western North American Great Lakes region (GLR). Widespread hybridization between coyotes and a genetically distinct, but closely related, wolf-like population (the eastern wolf) occurred in the northeastern regions of North America. In Wheeldon et al.'s (2010) opinion, these data should prove definitely that two different species of wolf (the western gray wolf C. lupus and the eastern wolf C. lycaon) and their hybrids are distributed across the GLR.}, }
@article {pmid21039496, year = {2010}, author = {Haynes, GD and Gilligan, DM and Grewe, P and Moran, C and Nicholas, FW}, title = {Population genetics of invasive common carp Cyprinus carpio L. in coastal drainages in eastern Australia.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {77}, number = {5}, pages = {1150-1157}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02742.x}, pmid = {21039496}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Carps/*genetics ; Cluster Analysis ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The common carp Cyprinus carpio introduced in two drainages in eastern Australia are largely descended from European common carp, and in a third drainage they descend largely from East Asian common carp. The partial genetic differentiation among the species in those drainages is consistent with their origins.}, }
@article {pmid21039123, year = {2010}, author = {Suárez-Morales, E and Paredes-Trujillo, A and González-Solís, D}, title = {The introduced Asian parasitic copepod Neoergasilus japonicus (Harada) (Cyclopoida: Ergasilidae) from endangered cichlid teleosts in Mexico.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {27}, number = {11}, pages = {851-855}, doi = {10.2108/zsj.27.851}, pmid = {21039123}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; Cichlids/*parasitology ; Copepoda/*physiology/*ultrastructure ; Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; Female ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology ; *Introduced Species ; Mexico/epidemiology ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/epidemiology/parasitology ; }, abstract = {The cyclopoid copepod Neoergasilus japonicus (Harada, 1930) is recorded from three endangered or threatened fish species from southeast Mexico: the tailbar cichlid Vieja hartwegi (Taylor and Miller, 1980); the Angostura cichlid V. breidohri (Werner and Stawikowski, 1987); and the sieve cichlid C. grammodes (Taylor and Miller, 1980). This ectoparasitic copepod is considered, together with most other members of Neoergasilus, an Eastern Asian form. N. japonicus is one of the most widespread parasitic Asian copepods, as it has rapidly invaded Europe and North America, including Mexico. We estimated the prevalence, mean abundance, and intensity of infection of N. japonicus in these cichlid teleosts; our data agree with previous works stating the high prevalence of this ectoparasite. This copepod has a wide range of hosts among freshwater fish taxa, but this is only the second published report from cichlids in the Neotropical region. The three cichlids surveyed, V. hartwegi, V. breidohri, and C. grammodes, are new hosts of this copepod. Its occurrence in Mexico is attributed to different events of introduction by human agency. This is the southernmost record of N. japonicus in continental America. It is a matter of concern that this copepod is parasitizing endangered or threatened endemic cichlids in the Neotropical region. Because its high infective efficiency and ability to shift hosts, this Asian parasite is expected to spread farther southwards into Central and South America.}, }
@article {pmid21038432, year = {2011}, author = {Spearow, JL and Kota, RS and Ostrach, DJ}, title = {Environmental contaminant effects on juvenile striped bass in the San Francisco Estuary, California, USA.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {393-402}, doi = {10.1002/etc.386}, pmid = {21038432}, issn = {1552-8618}, mesh = {Animals ; Bass/*metabolism ; California ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1/metabolism ; Environmental Monitoring ; Liver/metabolism ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/isolation &amp; purification/*toxicity ; Vitellogenins/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/isolation &amp; purification/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {The decline of pelagic organisms in the San Francisco Estuary (SFE) (California, USA) is attributed to several factors, including water diversions, invasive species, and exposure to environmental toxicants. The present study evaluated the effects of environmental contaminants on liver vitellogenin, metallothionein, 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), and benzyloxyresorufin O-deethylase (BROD) activity in juvenile striped bass (Morone saxitilis) in the SFE. Analysis of juvenile striped bass liver extracts revealed site-specific elevations of vitellogenin, metallothionein, and EROD biomarkers across the estuary. Although some striped bass in the estuary showed EROD activity similar to unhandled hatchery controls, several sites in the estuary showed significantly higher EROD activity that was in the range of beta-naphthoflavone (BNF)-injected, positive controls. Overall, EROD activity averaged 283% higher in estuary fish than in hatchery controls. Chemical analyses of extracts from semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) deployed in the estuary for one month showed elevated polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels. Semipermeable membrane devices extract injections-induced metallothionein and BROD in striped bass livers. These data show that environmental exposures are impacting EROD and other biomarkers in the SFE striped bass population. Previous studies in our laboratory have associated poor larval development with maternal transfer of environmental contaminants. Further studies are needed to monitor contaminant exposures by the use of biomarkers and to integrate them into a more effective pelagic species recovery plan in the SFE.}, }
@article {pmid20980320, year = {2010}, author = {Chown, SL}, title = {Temporal biodiversity change in transformed landscapes: a southern African perspective.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {365}, number = {1558}, pages = {3729-3742}, pmid = {20980320}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Africa, Southern ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/trends ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Environmental Pollution/*adverse effects ; *Fires ; Introduced Species ; Plant Development ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; Vertebrates/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Landscape transformation by humans is virtually ubiquitous, with several suggestions being made that the world's biomes should now be classified according to the extent and nature of this transformation. Even those areas that are thought to have a relatively limited human footprint have experienced substantial biodiversity change. This is true of both marine and terrestrial systems of southern Africa, a region of high biodiversity and including several large conservation areas. Global change drivers have had substantial effects across many levels of the biological hierarchy as is demonstrated in this review, which focuses on terrestrial systems. Interactions among drivers, such as between climate change and invasion, and between changing fire regimes and invasion, are complicating attribution of change effects and management thereof. Likewise CO(2) fertilization is having a much larger impact on terrestrial systems than perhaps commonly acknowledged. Temporal changes in biodiversity, and the seeming failure of institutional attempts to address them, underline a growing polarization of world views, which is hampering efforts to address urgent conservation needs.}, }
@article {pmid20980318, year = {2010}, author = {Morris, RJ}, title = {Anthropogenic impacts on tropical forest biodiversity: a network structure and ecosystem functioning perspective.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {365}, number = {1558}, pages = {3709-3718}, pmid = {20980318}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Trees ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Huge areas of diverse tropical forest are lost or degraded every year with dramatic consequences for biodiversity. Deforestation and fragmentation, over-exploitation, invasive species and climate change are the main drivers of tropical forest biodiversity loss. Most studies investigating these threats have focused on changes in species richness or species diversity. However, if we are to understand the absolute and long-term effects of anthropogenic impacts on tropical forests, we should also consider the interactions between species, how those species are organized in networks, and the function that those species perform. I discuss our current knowledge of network structure and ecosystem functioning, highlighting empirical examples of their response to anthropogenic impacts. I consider the future prospects for tropical forest biodiversity, focusing on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in secondary forest. Finally, I propose directions for future research to help us better understand the effects of anthropogenic impacts on tropical forest biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid20980298, year = {2011}, author = {Spence, LA and Ross, JV and Wiser, SK and Allen, RB and Coomes, DA}, title = {Disturbance affects short-term facilitation, but not long-term saturation, of exotic plant invasion in New Zealand forest.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {278}, number = {1711}, pages = {1457-1466}, pmid = {20980298}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Markov Chains ; Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; Population Dynamics ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {We investigate the spread of an exotic herb, Hieracium lepidulum, into a New Zealand Nothofagus forest with the aim of understanding how stand-development of tree populations, propagule pressure and invader persistence, affect invasion across the landscape and within communities. Using data repeatedly collected over 35 years, from 250 locations, we parametrize continuous-time Markov chain models and use these models to examine future projections of the invasion under a range of hypothetical scenarios. We found that the probability of invasion into a stand was relatively high following canopy disturbance and that local abundance of Hieracium was promoted by minor disturbances. However, model predictions extrapolated 45 years into the future show that neither the rate of landscape-level invasion, nor local population growth of Hieracium, was affected much by changing the frequency of canopy disturbance events. Instead, invasion levels were strongly affected by the ability of Hieracium to persist in the understorey following forest canopy closure, and by propagule supply from streams, forest edges and plants already established within the stand. Our results show that disturbance frequency has surprisingly little influence on the long-term trajectory of invasion, while invader persistence strongly determines invasion patterns.}, }
@article {pmid20978281, year = {2010}, author = {Hoffmann, M and Hilton-Taylor, C and Angulo, A and Böhm, M and Brooks, TM and Butchart, SH and Carpenter, KE and Chanson, J and Collen, B and Cox, NA and Darwall, WR and Dulvy, NK and Harrison, LR and Katariya, V and Pollock, CM and Quader, S and Richman, NI and Rodrigues, AS and Tognelli, MF and Vié, JC and Aguiar, JM and Allen, DJ and Allen, GR and Amori, G and Ananjeva, NB and Andreone, F and Andrew, P and Aquino Ortiz, AL and Baillie, JE and Baldi, R and Bell, BD and Biju, SD and Bird, JP and Black-Decima, P and Blanc, JJ and Bolaños, F and Bolivar-G, W and Burfield, IJ and Burton, JA and Capper, DR and Castro, F and Catullo, G and Cavanagh, RD and Channing, A and Chao, NL and Chenery, AM and Chiozza, F and Clausnitzer, V and Collar, NJ and Collett, LC and Collette, BB and Cortez Fernandez, CF and Craig, MT and Crosby, MJ and Cumberlidge, N and Cuttelod, A and Derocher, AE and Diesmos, AC and Donaldson, JS and Duckworth, JW and Dutson, G and Dutta, SK and Emslie, RH and Farjon, A and Fowler, S and Freyhof, J and Garshelis, DL and Gerlach, J and Gower, DJ and Grant, TD and Hammerson, GA and Harris, RB and Heaney, LR and Hedges, SB and Hero, JM and Hughes, B and Hussain, SA and Icochea M, J and Inger, RF and Ishii, N and Iskandar, DT and Jenkins, RK and Kaneko, Y and Kottelat, M and Kovacs, KM and Kuzmin, SL and La Marca, E and Lamoreux, JF and Lau, MW and Lavilla, EO and Leus, K and Lewison, RL and Lichtenstein, G and Livingstone, SR and Lukoschek, V and Mallon, DP and McGowan, PJ and McIvor, A and Moehlman, PD and Molur, S and Muñoz Alonso, A and Musick, JA and Nowell, K and Nussbaum, RA and Olech, W and Orlov, NL and Papenfuss, TJ and Parra-Olea, G and Perrin, WF and Polidoro, BA and Pourkazemi, M and Racey, PA and Ragle, JS and Ram, M and Rathbun, G and Reynolds, RP and Rhodin, AG and Richards, SJ and Rodríguez, LO and Ron, SR and Rondinini, C and Rylands, AB and Sadovy de Mitcheson, Y and Sanciangco, JC and Sanders, KL and Santos-Barrera, G and Schipper, J and Self-Sullivan, C and Shi, Y and Shoemaker, A and Short, FT and Sillero-Zubiri, C and Silvano, DL and Smith, KG and Smith, AT and Snoeks, J and Stattersfield, AJ and Symes, AJ and Taber, AB and Talukdar, BK and Temple, HJ and Timmins, R and Tobias, JA and Tsytsulina, K and Tweddle, D and Ubeda, C and Valenti, SV and van Dijk, PP and Veiga, LM and Veloso, A and Wege, DC and Wilkinson, M and Williamson, EA and Xie, F and Young, BE and Akçakaya, HR and Bennun, L and Blackburn, TM and Boitani, L and Dublin, HT and da Fonseca, GA and Gascon, C and Lacher, TE and Mace, GM and Mainka, SA and McNeely, JA and Mittermeier, RA and Reid, GM and Rodriguez, JP and Rosenberg, AA and Samways, MJ and Smart, J and Stein, BA and Stuart, SN}, title = {The impact of conservation on the status of the world's vertebrates.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {330}, number = {6010}, pages = {1503-1509}, doi = {10.1126/science.1194442}, pmid = {20978281}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Amphibians ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species/statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; Extinction, Biological ; Introduced Species ; Mammals ; Population Dynamics ; *Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {Using data for 25,780 species categorized on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, we present an assessment of the status of the world's vertebrates. One-fifth of species are classified as Threatened, and we show that this figure is increasing: On average, 52 species of mammals, birds, and amphibians move one category closer to extinction each year. However, this overall pattern conceals the impact of conservation successes, and we show that the rate of deterioration would have been at least one-fifth again as much in the absence of these. Nonetheless, current conservation efforts remain insufficient to offset the main drivers of biodiversity loss in these groups: agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species.}, }
@article {pmid20977599, year = {2011}, author = {Tuomainen, U and Candolin, U}, title = {Behavioural responses to human-induced environmental change.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {86}, number = {3}, pages = {640-657}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00164.x}, pmid = {20977599}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; }, abstract = {The initial response of individuals to human-induced environmental change is often behavioural. This can improve the performance of individuals under sudden, large-scale perturbations and maintain viable populations. The response can also give additional time for genetic changes to arise and, hence, facilitate adaptation to new conditions. On the other hand, maladaptive responses, which reduce individual fitness, may occur when individuals encounter conditions that the population has not experienced during its evolutionary history, which can decrease population viability. A growing number of studies find human disturbances to induce behavioural responses, both directly and by altering factors that influence fitness. Common causes of behavioural responses are changes in the transmission of information, the concentration of endocrine disrupters, the availability of resources, the possibility of dispersal, and the abundance of interacting species. Frequent responses are alterations in habitat choice, movements, foraging, social behaviour and reproductive behaviour. Behavioural responses depend on the genetically determined reaction norm of the individuals, which evolves over generations. Populations first respond with individual behavioural plasticity, whereafter changes may arise through innovations and the social transmission of behavioural patterns within and across generations, and, finally, by evolution of the behavioural response over generations. Only a restricted number of species show behavioural adaptations that make them thrive in severely disturbed environments. Hence, rapid human-induced disturbances often decrease the diversity of native species, while facilitating the spread of invasive species with highly plastic behaviours. Consequently, behavioural responses to human-induced environmental change can have profound effects on the distribution, adaptation, speciation and extinction of populations and, hence, on biodiversity. A better understanding of the mechanisms of behavioural responses and their causes and consequences could improve our ability to predict the effects of human-induced environmental change on individual species and on biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid20977511, year = {2010}, author = {Meimberg, H and Milan, NF and Karatassiou, M and Espeland, EK and McKay, JK and Rice, KJ}, title = {Patterns of introduction and adaptation during the invasion of Aegilops triuncialis (Poaceae) into Californian serpentine soils.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {23}, pages = {5308-5319}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04875.x}, pmid = {20977511}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; California ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; *Genetic Fitness ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Poaceae/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Multiple introductions can play a prominent role in explaining the success of biological invasions. One often cited mechanism is that multiple introductions of invasive species prevent genetic bottlenecks by parallel introductions of several distinct genotypes that, in turn, provide heritable variation necessary for local adaptation. Here, we show that the invasion of Aegilops triuncialis into California, USA, involved multiple introductions that may have facilitated invasion into serpentine habitats. Using microsatellite markers, we compared the polymorphism and genetic structure of populations of Ae. triuncialis invading serpentine soils in California to that of accessions from its native range. In a glasshouse study, we also compared phenotypic variation in phenological and fitness traits between invasive and native populations grown on loam soil and under serpentine edaphic conditions. Molecular analysis of invasive populations revealed that Californian populations cluster into three independent introductions (i.e. invasive lineages). Our glasshouse common garden experiment found that all Californian populations exhibited higher fitness under serpentine conditions. However, the three invasive lineages appear to represent independent pathways of adaptation to serpentine soil. Our results suggest that the rapid invasion of serpentine habitats in California may have been facilitated by the existence of colonizing Eurasian genotypes pre-adapted to serpentine soils.}, }
@article {pmid20973907, year = {2010}, author = {Mitchell, CE and Blumenthal, D and Jarošík, V and Puckett, EE and Pyšek, P}, title = {Controls on pathogen species richness in plants' introduced and native ranges: roles of residence time, range size and host traits.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {1525-1535}, pmid = {20973907}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; *Plants/microbiology/virology ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Introduced species escape many pathogens and other enemies, raising three questions. How quickly do introduced hosts accumulate pathogen species? What factors control pathogen species richness? Are these factors the same in the hosts' native and introduced ranges? We analysed fungal and viral pathogen species richness on 124 plant species in both their native European range and introduced North American range. Hosts introduced 400 years ago supported six times more pathogens than those introduced 40 years ago. In hosts' native range, pathogen richness was greater on hosts occurring in more habitat types, with a history of agricultural use and adapted to greater resource supplies. In hosts' introduced range, pathogen richness was correlated with host geographic range size, agricultural use and time since introduction, but not any measured biological traits. Introduced species have accumulated pathogens at rates that are slow relative to most ecological processes, and contingent on geographic and historic circumstance.}, }
@article {pmid20967259, year = {2010}, author = {Huang, QX and Cheng, XY and Mao, ZC and Wang, YS and Zhao, LL and Yan, X and Ferris, VR and Xu, RM and Xie, BY}, title = {MicroRNA discovery and analysis of pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus by deep sequencing.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {10}, pages = {e13271}, pmid = {20967259}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Gene Expression Profiling ; MicroRNAs/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nematoda/*genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are considered to be very important in regulating the growth, development, behavior and stress response in animals and plants in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is an important invasive plant parasitic nematode in Asia. To have a comprehensive knowledge about miRNAs of the nematode is necessary for further in-depth study on roles of miRNAs in the ecological adaptation of the invasive species.<br><br>METHODS AND FINDINGS: Five small RNA libraries were constructed and sequenced by Illumina/Solexa deep-sequencing technology. A total of 810 miRNA candidates (49 conserved and 761 novel) were predicted by a computational pipeline, of which 57 miRNAs (20 conserved and 37 novel) encoded by 53 miRNA precursors were identified by experimental methods. Ten novel miRNAs were considered to be species-specific miRNAs of B. xylophilus. Comparison of expression profiles of miRNAs in the five small RNA libraries showed that many miRNAs exhibited obviously different expression levels in the third-stage dispersal juvenile and at a cold-stressed status. Most of the miRNAs exhibited obviously down-regulated expression in the dispersal stage. But differences among the three geographic libraries were not prominent. A total of 979 genes were predicted to be targets of these authentic miRNAs. Among them, seven heat shock protein genes were targeted by 14 miRNAs, and six FMRFamide-like neuropeptides genes were targeted by 17 miRNAs. A real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the mRNA expression levels of target genes.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Basing on the fact that a negative correlation existed between the expression profiles of miRNAs and the mRNA expression profiles of their target genes (hsp, flp) by comparing those of the nematodes at a cold stressed status and a normal status, we suggested that miRNAs might participate in ecological adaptation and behavior regulation of the nematode. This is the first description of miRNAs in plant parasitic nematodes. The results provide a useful resource for further in-depth study on molecular regulation and evolution of miRNAs in plant parasitic nematodes.}, }
@article {pmid20966264, year = {2010}, author = {Kelehear, C and Jones, HI}, title = {Nematode larvae (order Spirurida) in gastric tissues of Australian anurans: a comparison between the introduced cane toad and sympatric native frogs.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, pages = {1126-1140}, doi = {10.7589/0090-3558-46.4.1126}, pmid = {20966264}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/*parasitology ; Australia ; Body Weight ; Bufo marinus/*parasitology ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Larva ; Male ; Prevalence ; Spirurida/isolation &amp; purification ; Spirurida Infections/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Stomach/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {The outcomes of host-parasite interactions depend heavily on the host's immune response, which, in turn, is governed by previous interactions between the host and parasite, both over the host's life time and over evolutionary time. In the case of species introductions, such as the cane toad (Bufo marinus) to Australia, parasites that are benign to native species of the introduced range may present a major challenge to the introduced species. Stomachs of introduced cane toads and seven species of sympatric native frogs were examined for parasites, and their pathology and biology were compared. Cane toads were host to eight species of third-stage spirurid larvae, six of which also occurred in the stomach wall of four native frog species. In general, encysted nematode larvae attained higher prevalence and species richness in introduced cane toads than in sympatric native frogs. This trend was largely explained by differences in body sizes: larger anurans were more likely to possess infections, and cane toads are inherently larger than native frogs. Encysted larvae in cane toad stomachs provoked a marked pathologic response. All larvae (physalopterine and Physocephalus spp.) were surrounded by concentric layers of dense, fibrous tissue, with considerable cellular infiltration characterized by lymphocytes and polymorphs. Many cysts were invaded by cells and exudate, which, in more advanced cases, became calcified. Some larvae appeared viable; most were in various stages of destruction, and some smaller Physocephalus spp. were mummified. Conversely, pathologic response observed in native frogs was minimal, with little fibrotic reaction surrounding the cysts, and no cellular infiltration. Presumably, the contrast in pathology between introduced and native hosts reflects the long evolutionary association between these nematode larvae and native frogs, whereas the recent exposure of introduced toads to these helminths provokes a severe reaction.}, }
@article {pmid20965660, year = {2011}, author = {Sepúlveda, MA and Muñoz-Zanzi, C and Rosenfeld, C and Jara, R and Pelican, KM and Hill, D}, title = {Toxoplasma gondii in feral American minks at the Maullín river, Chile.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {175}, number = {1-2}, pages = {60-65}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.020}, pmid = {20965660}, issn = {1873-2550}, mesh = {Animals ; Chile ; Demography ; Feces/parasitology ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Mink ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal/epidemiology/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {American mink (Neovison vison) is a widely distributed invasive species in southern Chile. Thirty four feral minks were trapped at two distinct sites (rural and peri-urban), diet analyzed and Toxoplasma gondii exposure compared using PCR and specific antibodies. Serum samples were evaluated using a commercial latex agglutination test where a titer ≥ 1:32 was considered positive. Of 30 mink analyzed, 21 (70%) were positive to T. gondii antibodies, with titers ranging from 1:32 to 1:2048. As expected, adult mink showed higher seroprevalence of exposure to T. gondii (18/21) than young mink (3/9) (P=0.008). There was not statistically significant difference between sex groups (P=0.687). Differences in seroprevalence were observed between the two sample sites with a higher proportion of positive individuals in the peri-urban area, and therefore, closer to human settlements (35.7% vs. 100%, P=0.0001). Individuals positive to T. gondii using PCR and/or serology showed similar differences by site with higher infected individuals in peri-urban areas (58.8% vs. 100%, P=0.007). Diet of American mink based in fecal composition analyses was mainly based on crustaceans (frequency of occurrence: crustaceans=100%, birds and rodents<7%), suggesting that the high observed prevalence of T. gondii infection might be more associated with its aquatic behavior (e.g. ingestion of oocysts in contaminated fresh water) than with their trophic behavior (e.g. preying over species that can have T. gondii cysts in their tissues). As an invasive species potentially subject to routine culling to maintain population sizes under control, minks could be used as a sentinel species to monitor pathogens of public and wildlife health importance, such as T. gondii, in aquatic environments.}, }
@article {pmid20964712, year = {2011}, author = {Rothlisberger, JD and Lodge, DM}, title = {Limitations of gravity models in predicting the spread of Eurasian watermilfoil.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {64-72}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01589.x}, pmid = {20964712}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; *Ferns ; Fresh Water ; *Gravitation ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {The effects of non-native invasive species are costly and environmentally damaging, and resources to slow their spread and reduce their effects are scarce. Models that accurately predict where new invasions will occur could guide the efficient allocation of resources to slow colonization. We assessed the accuracy of a model that predicts the probability of colonization of lakes in Wisconsin by Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum). We based this predictive model on 9 years (1990-1999) of sequence data of milfoil colonization of lakes larger than 25 ha (n =1803). We used milfoil colonization sequence data from 2000 to 2006 to test whether the model accurately predicted the number of lakes that actually were colonized from among the 200 lakes identified as being most likely to be colonized. We found that a lake's predicted probability of colonization was not correlated with whether a lake actually was colonized. Given the low predictability of colonization of specific lakes, we compared the efficacy of preventing milfoil from leaving occupied sites, which does not require predicting colonization probability, with protecting vacant sites from being colonized, which does require predicting colonization probability. Preventing organisms from leaving colonized sites reduced the likelihood of spread more than protecting vacant sites. Although we focused on the spread of a single species in a particular region, our results show the shortcomings of gravity models in predicting the spread of numerous non-native species to a variety of locations via a wide range of vectors.}, }
@article {pmid20961884, year = {2011}, author = {Hall, RJ}, title = {Eating the competition speeds up invasions.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {307-311}, pmid = {20961884}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Competitive Behavior ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Many introduced species engage in intraguild predation (IGP), the consumption of species with which they compete for shared resources. While the factors influencing local persistence of IG predator and prey species are well-understood, using these factors to predict the invasion speed of an introduced IG predator has received less attention. Existing theory predicts that native competitors slow invasions via depletion of shared resources, but this fails to account for additional resources acquired when an invader consumes competitors. Here, I outline a general framework for understanding the effect of IGP on invasion speeds. I find that invaders that consume native competitors may be able to spread where invasion by pure competitors would fail, and that invasion speed increases with increasing levels of IGP. Notably, if the benefit from consuming competitors outweighs the loss of shared resources to competitors, invasion proceeds faster than invasion in the absence of competitors. This may explain empirical observations of rapid spread rates of invaders that feed at multiple trophic levels.}, }
@article {pmid20958814, year = {2010}, author = {Zepeda-Paulo, FA and Simon, JC and Ramírez, CC and Fuentes-Contreras, E and Margaritopoulos, JT and Wilson, AC and Sorenson, CE and Briones, LM and Azevedo, R and Ohashi, DV and Lacroix, C and Glais, L and Figueroa, CC}, title = {The invasion route for an insect pest species: the tobacco aphid in the New World.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {21}, pages = {4738-4752}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04857.x}, pmid = {20958814}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*genetics ; Argentina ; Bayes Theorem ; Brazil ; Chile ; Founder Effect ; France ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Greece ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Biological ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United States ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are rapid evolutionary events in which populations are usually subject to a founder event during introduction followed by rapid adaptation to the new environment. Molecular tools and Bayesian approaches have shown their utility in exploring different evolutionary scenarios regarding the invasion routes of introduced species. We examined the situation for the tobacco aphid, Myzus persicae nicotianae, a recently introduced aphid species in Chile. Using seven microsatellite loci and approximate Bayesian computation, we studied populations of the tobacco aphid sampled from several American and European countries, identifying the most likely source populations and tracking the route of introduction to Chile. Our population genetic data are consistent with available historical information, pointing to an introduction route of the tobacco aphid from Europe and/or from other putative populations (e.g. Asia) with subsequent introduction through North America to South America. Evidence of multiple introductions to North America from different genetic pools, with successive loss of genetic diversity from Europe towards North America and a strong bottleneck during the southward introduction to South America, was also found. Additionally, we examined the special case of a widespread multilocus genotype that was found in all American countries examined. This case provides further evidence for the existence of highly successful genotypes or 'superclones' in asexually reproducing organisms.}, }
@article {pmid20958304, year = {2011}, author = {Kivlin, SN and Hawkes, CV}, title = {Differentiating between effects of invasion and diversity: impacts of aboveground plant communities on belowground fungal communities.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {189}, number = {2}, pages = {526-535}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03494.x}, pmid = {20958304}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Fungi/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Development ; Plants/*microbiology ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Exotic plant species can affect soil microbial communities with the potential for community and ecosystem feedbacks. Yet, separating the effects of exotics from confounded changes in plant community diversity still remains a challenge. We focused on how plant diversity and native or exotic life history affected root fungi because of their significant roles in community and ecosystem processes. Specifically, we examined how fungi colonizing plant roots were affected by plant richness (one, two or four species) replicated across a range of plant community mixtures (natives, exotics, native-exotic mixtures). Fungal biomass inside roots was affected independently by plant richness and mixture, while root fungal community composition was affected only by plant richness. Extraradical networks also increased in size with plant richness. By contrast, plant biomass was a function of plant mixture, with natives consistently smaller than exotics and native-exotic mixtures intermediate. Plant invasions may have an impact on the belowground community primarily through their effects on diversity, at least in the short-term. Disentangling the effects of diversity and invasion on belowground microbial communities can help us to understand both the controllers of belowground resilience and mechanisms of successful colonization and spread of exotic plants.}, }
@article {pmid20958303, year = {2011}, author = {Lankau, RA}, title = {Resistance and recovery of soil microbial communities in the face of Alliaria petiolata invasions.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {189}, number = {2}, pages = {536-548}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03481.x}, pmid = {20958303}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Bacteria/*growth &amp; development ; Biodiversity ; Brassicaceae/*physiology ; Fungi/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Regression Analysis ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invaders can gain ecological advantages because of their evolutionary novelty, but little is known about how these novel advantages will change over time as the invader and invaded community evolve in response to each other. Invasive plants often gain such an advantage through alteration of soil microbial communities. In soil communities sampled from sites along a gradient of invasion history with Alliaria petiolata, microbial richness tended to decline, but the community's resistance to A. petiolata's effects generally increased with increasing history of invasion. However, sensitive microbial taxa appeared to recover in the two oldest sites, leading to an increase in richness, but consequent decrease in resistance. This may be because of evolutionary changes in the A. petiolata populations, which tend to reduce their investment to allelopathic compounds over time. These results show that, over time, microbial communities can develop resistance to an invasive plant but at the cost of lower richness. However, over longer time-scales evolution in the invasive species may allow for the recovery of soil microbial communities.}, }
@article {pmid20957964, year = {2010}, author = {Cavaleri, MA and Sack, L}, title = {Comparative water use of native and invasive plants at multiple scales: a global meta-analysis.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {9}, pages = {2705-2715}, doi = {10.1890/09-0582.1}, pmid = {20957964}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Climate ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Plants/*classification/*metabolism ; Water/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Ecohydrology and invasive ecology have become increasingly important in the context of global climate change. This study presents the first in-depth analysis of the water use of invasive and native plants of the same growth form at multiple scales: leaf, plant, and ecosystem. We reanalyzed data for several hundred native and invasive species from over 40 published studies worldwide to glean global trends and to highlight how patterns vary depending on both scale and climate. We analyzed all pairwise combinations of co-occurring native and invasive species for higher comparative resolution of the likelihood of an invasive species using more water than a native species and tested for significance using bootstrap methods. At each scale, we found several-fold differences in water use between specific paired invasive and native species. At the leaf scale, we found a strong tendency for invasive species to have greater stomatal conductance than native species. At the plant scale, however, natives and invasives were equally likely to have the higher sap flow rates. Available data were much fewer for the ecosystem scale; nevertheless, we found that invasive-dominated ecosystems were more likely to have higher sap flow rates per unit ground area than native-dominated ecosystems. Ecosystem-scale evapotranspiration, on the other hand, was equally likely to be greater for systems dominated by invasive and native species of the same growth form. The inherent disconnects in the determination of water use when changing scales from leaf to plant to ecosystem reveal hypotheses for future studies and a critical need for more ecosystem-scale water use measurements in invasive- vs. native-dominated systems. The differences in water use of native and invasive species also depended strongly on climate, with the greater water use of invasives enhanced in hotter, wetter climates at the coarser scales.}, }
@article {pmid20957156, year = {2010}, author = {Pećarević, M and Danoff-Burg, J and Dunn, RR}, title = {Biodiversity on Broadway--enigmatic diversity of the societies of ants (Formicidae) on the streets of New York City.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {20957156}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; New York City ; }, abstract = {Each year, a larger proportion of the Earth's surface is urbanized, and a larger proportion of the people on Earth lives in those urban areas. The everyday nature, however, that humans encounter in cities remains poorly understood. Here, we consider perhaps the most urban green habitat, street medians. We sampled ants from forty-four medians along three boulevards in New York City and examined how median properties affect the abundance and species richness of native and introduced ants found on them. Ant species richness varied among streets and increased with area but was independent of the other median attributes measured. Ant assemblages were highly nested, with three numerically dominant species present at all medians and additional species present at a subset of medians. The most common ant species were the introduced Pavement ant (Tetramorium caespitum) and the native Thief ant (Solenopsis molesta) and Cornfield ant (Lasius neoniger). The common introduced species on the medians responded differently to natural and disturbed elements of medians. Tetramorium caespitum was most abundant in small medians, with the greatest edge/area ratio, particularly if those medians had few trees, whereas Nylanderia flavipes was most abundant in the largest medians, particularly if they had more trees. Many of the species encountered in Manhattan were similar to those found in other large North American cities, such that a relatively small subset of ant species probably represent most of the encounters humans have with ants in North America.}, }
@article {pmid20952043, year = {2010}, author = {Faria, M and López, MA and Díez, S and Barata, C}, title = {Are native naiads more tolerant to pollution than exotic freshwater bivalve species? An hypothesis tested using physiological responses of three species transplanted to mercury contaminated sites in the Ebro River (NE, Spain).}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {81}, number = {10}, pages = {1218-1226}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.037}, pmid = {20952043}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Bivalvia/*drug effects/physiology ; Corbicula/drug effects/physiology ; DNA Breaks ; Dreissena/drug effects/physiology ; Glutathione/metabolism ; Glutathione Transferase/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Mercury/analysis/metabolism/*toxicity ; Metallothionein/metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; Rivers/chemistry ; Spain ; Unionidae/drug effects/physiology ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/metabolism/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {In the lower Ebro River exist the paradoxical convergence of relatively well preserved river dynamics with the historical presence of a chloralkali plant with a long history of mercury discharges and the recent invasion of foreign bivalves species. Here we performed a comparative study on two alien bivalves, the Zebra mussel and the Asian clam (Dreissena polymorpha and Corbicula fluminea), and one protected species of naiads (Psilunio littoralis), which is the most common species of the freshwater mussel assemblages in this river. Individuals of the three species were transplanted to three sites that included a clean unpolluted upstream site, a contaminated location next to the mercury source and a downstream one. The study focused on digestive gland antioxidant and oxidative stress responses such as antioxidant enzymes, glutathione S transferase, glutathione levels, metallothionein proteins, DNA strand breaks and lipid peroxidation levels. Results evidenced interspecies differences on accumulation levels of mercury, antioxidant defensive systems and oxidative tissue damage. The naiad species, despite of accumulating more mercury showed the greatest antioxidant defensive potential, which was characterized by having high constitutive activities of glutathione S transferase and inducible activities and levels of key antioxidant enzymes and glutathione. Exposed individuals of C. fluminea had moderate levels of metal accumulation, the highest activities of antioxidant enzymes but also high levels of lipid peroxidation. D. polymorpha mussels showed the lowest levels of mercury but the lowest antioxidant responses and consequently the highest levels of oxidative injuries in the DNA and of mortality. Our results support the hypothesis that naiad species might be more tolerant to pollution than exotic species.}, }
@article {pmid20947243, year = {2011}, author = {Monterroso, I and Binimelis, R and Rodríguez-Labajos, B}, title = {New methods for the analysis of invasion processes: multi-criteria evaluation of the invasion of Hydrilla verticillata in Guatemala.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {92}, number = {3}, pages = {494-507}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.017}, pmid = {20947243}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Focus Groups ; Guatemala ; Hydrocharitaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Interviews as Topic ; }, abstract = {The study described in this article incorporates stakeholders' views on aquatic invasion processes and combines expert analysis with information from field work into an evaluation exercise. Management scenarios are designed based on available technical data and stakeholders' perceptions. These scenarios are evaluated using the Social Multi-Criteria Evaluation framework employing the NAIADE model. Two evaluations are carried out, technical and social. Social acceptance of different management scenarios, distribution of costs and benefits, and attribution of responsibility are discussed. The case study was carried out on Lake Izabal, a body of water connected to the Caribbean Sea in Northeastern Guatemala. In 2000, local fishermen reported the presence of an alien species in the lake, the macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata. Two years later, this alien species was established around the entire lakeshore, damaging the ecosystem, endangering native species and the subsistence of local inhabitants through impacts on transportation, fishing practices, and tourism.}, }
@article {pmid20946068, year = {2010}, author = {Evans, TG and Somero, GN}, title = {Phosphorylation events catalyzed by major cell signaling proteins differ in response to thermal and osmotic stress among native (Mytilus californianus and Mytilus trossulus) and invasive (Mytilus galloprovincialis) species of mussels.}, journal = {Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ}, volume = {83}, number = {6}, pages = {984-996}, doi = {10.1086/656192}, pmid = {20946068}, issn = {1537-5293}, mesh = {Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism/physiology ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/metabolism/physiology ; Hot Temperature ; Introduced Species ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism/physiology ; Mytilus/enzymology/metabolism/*physiology ; Osmotic Pressure ; Phosphorylation/physiology ; Protein Kinase C/metabolism/physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism/physiology ; Signal Transduction/physiology ; Stress, Physiological/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Sharp environmental gradients encountered within the intertidal zone have driven the evolution of physiological adaptations that allow its inhabitants to maintain cellular function in the presence of fluctuating abiotic factors. These adaptations are mediated by gene-regulatory networks that, despite their inherent complexity, must remain evolvable and capable of responding to different selection pressures associated with specific ecological niches. Phosphorylation events catalyzed by cell-signaling enzymes represent a parsimonious mechanism to integrate new functional or regulatory properties into these gene-regulatory networks. In this study, proteins phosphorylated on consensus sequences for protein kinases A, B, and C; cyclin-dependent kinases; and mitogen-activated protein kinases, as well as the abundance of phosphorylated stress-activated protein kinase (phospho-SAPK/JNK), were quantified in order to ascertain whether phosphorylation events are divergent among native (Mytilus californianus and Mytilus trossulus) and invasive (Mytilus galloprovincialis) species of mussels that differ in their tolerance toward environmental stress. Abundances of phosphorylated substrate proteins for each of the major signaling proteins that were investigated, as well as the abundance of phospho-SAPK/JNK, differed both within and between species during thermal and osmotic stress. These data suggest that modulating protein function via phosphorylation may be an important mechanism to integrate novel properties into stress-regulatory networks. In turn, differential phosphorylation during environmental stress may contribute to species-specific tolerances toward abiotic stress, interspecies dynamics, and biogeographic patterns in Mytilus congeners.}, }
@article {pmid20943184, year = {2010}, author = {Durán, A and Gryzenhout, M and Drenth, A and Slippers, B and Ahumada, R and Wingfield, BD and Wingfield, MJ}, title = {AFLP analysis reveals a clonal population of Phytophthora pinifolia in Chile.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {114}, number = {9}, pages = {746-752}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2010.06.008}, pmid = {20943184}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Chile ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Phytophthora/classification/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Pinus/microbiology ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; *Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Trees/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Phytophthora pinifolia is the causal agent of the recently discovered needle disease of Pinus radiata in Chile, referred to as "Daño Foliar del Pino" (DFP). The genetic structure of the pathogen population is unknown, which hinders our understanding of its appearance and spread in Chile since 2004. In this study, a population of 88 cultures of P. pinifolia isolated from P. radiata at several localities in Chile was evaluated for genotypic diversity using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Results of the AFLP analyses showed that the P. pinifolia population in Chile consists of two near identical genotypes but with no genetic differentiation based on geography, year of isolation or the part of the tree from which the isolates were obtained. Mating experiments did not lead to the production of gametangia suggesting that the organism is sterile. The fact that a single clonal genotype dominates the population of P. pinifolia in Chile supports the hypothesis that P. pinifolia was recently introduced into this country and that its impact is due to a new and susceptible host encounter.}, }
@article {pmid20943143, year = {2010}, author = {Beilharz, V and Cunnington, JH and Pascoe, IG}, title = {Neoerysiphe kerribeeensis sp. nov. (Ascomycota: Erysiphales), a new species of Neoerysiphe on native and introduced species of Senecio (Asteraceae) in Australia.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {114}, number = {4}, pages = {340-344}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2010.02.002}, pmid = {20943143}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {Ascomycota/*classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Australia ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Senecio/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Anamorphic powdery mildew fungi on introduced taxa of Senecio and Pericallis × hybrida in Australia have previously been identified as Neoerysiphe cumminsiana on the basis of a combination of Euoidium-type conidiophores and lobed mycelial and germ tube appressoria. But, two specimens with chasmothecia on the indigenous Senecio glossanthus did not agree with published descriptions of N. cumminsiana. The teleomorph of the S. glossanthus mildew differed from that of N. cumminsiana in the morphology of its peridial cells, the pigmentation of its appendages, and the morphology and pigmentation of some secondary hyphae. Ribosomal DNA ITS sequences from the two S. glossanthus mildew specimens and five other specimens of Senecio mildews from south-eastern Australia demonstrated that all Australian Senecio mildews are conspecific and distinct from the northern hemisphere Senecio mildew (N. cumminsiana) and from other Neoerysiphe taxa. Based on morphological characters and rDNA sequence data, the Australian Senecio mildew is described as a new species, Neoerysiphe kerribeeensis. This is the first native teleomorphic powdery mildew described from Australia.}, }
@article {pmid20941513, year = {2011}, author = {Swei, A and Ostfeld, RS and Lane, RS and Briggs, CJ}, title = {Effects of an invasive forest pathogen on abundance of ticks and their vertebrate hosts in a California Lyme disease focus.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {166}, number = {1}, pages = {91-100}, pmid = {20941513}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Arthropod Vectors ; California ; Deer ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Ixodes ; Linear Models ; Lizards ; Lyme Disease/transmission ; Peromyscus ; *Phytophthora ; *Plant Diseases ; Population Dynamics ; Sigmodontinae ; Trees/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species, including pathogens, can have important effects on local ecosystems, including indirect consequences on native species. This study focuses on the effects of an invasive plant pathogen on a vertebrate community and Ixodes pacificus, the vector of the Lyme disease pathogen (Borrelia burgdorferi) in California. Phytophthora ramorum, the causative agent of sudden oak death, is a non-native pathogen killing trees in California and Oregon. We conducted a multi-year study using a gradient of SOD-caused disturbance to assess the impact on the dusky-footed woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes) and the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), two reservoir hosts of B. burgdorferi, as well as the impact on the Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) and the western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis), both of which are important hosts for I. pacificus but are not pathogen reservoirs. Abundances of P. maniculatus and S. occidentalis were positively correlated with greater SOD disturbance, whereas N. fuscipes abundance was negatively correlated. We did not find a change in space use by O. hemionus. Our data show that SOD has a positive impact on the density of nymphal ticks, which is expected to increase the risk of human exposure to Lyme disease all else being equal. A positive correlation between SOD disturbance and the density of nymphal ticks was expected given increased abundances of two important hosts: deer mice and western fence lizards. However, further research is needed to integrate the direct effects of SOD on ticks, for example via altered abiotic conditions with host-mediated indirect effects.}, }
@article {pmid20939838, year = {2010}, author = {Phillips, BL and Brown, GP and Shine, R}, title = {Evolutionarily accelerated invasions: the rate of dispersal evolves upwards during the range advance of cane toads.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {23}, number = {12}, pages = {2595-2601}, doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02118.x}, pmid = {20939838}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Bufonidae/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/*physiology ; Environment ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; *Homing Behavior ; Introduced Species ; Male ; }, abstract = {Human activities are changing habitats and climates and causing species' ranges to shift. Range expansion brings into play a set of powerful evolutionary forces at the expanding range edge that act to increase dispersal rates. One likely consequence of these forces is accelerating rates of range advance because of evolved increases in dispersal on the range edge. In northern Australia, cane toads have increased their rate of spread fivefold in the last 70 years. Our breeding trials with toads from populations spanning the species' invasion history in Australia suggest a genetic basis to dispersal rates and interpopulation genetic variation in such rates. Toads whose parents were from the expanding range front dispersed faster than toads whose parents were from the core of the range. This difference reflects patterns found in their field-collected mothers and fathers and points to heritable variance in the traits that have accelerated the toads' rate of invasion across tropical Australia over recent decades. Taken together with demonstrated spatial assortment by dispersal ability occurring on the expanding front, these results point firmly to ongoing evolution as a driving force in the accelerated expansion of toads across northern Australia.}, }
@article {pmid20936280, year = {2011}, author = {Beyer, J and Moy, P and De Stasio, B}, title = {Acute upper thermal limits of three aquatic invasive invertebrates: hot water treatment to prevent upstream transport of invasive species.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, pages = {67-76}, pmid = {20936280}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cladocera ; *Dreissena ; *Hot Temperature ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control/*methods ; Rivers ; Ships ; Water ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {Transport of aquatic invasive species (AIS) by boats traveling up rivers and streams is an important mechanism of secondary spread of AIS into watersheds. Because physical barriers to AIS movement also prevent navigation, alternate methods for preventing spread are necessary while allowing upstream navigation. One promising approach is to lift boats over physical barriers and then use hot water immersion to kill AIS attached to the hull, motor, or fishing gear. However, few data have been published on the acute upper thermal tolerance limits of potential invaders treated in this manner. To test the potential effectiveness of this approach for a planned boat lift on the Fox River of northeastern WI, USA, acute upper thermal limits were determined for three AIS, adult zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha), quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis), and spiny water fleas (Bythotrephes longimanus) from the local area employing temperatures from 32 to 54°C and immersion times from 1 to 20 min. Mortality was determined after immersion followed by a 20-min recovery period. Immersion at 43°C for at least 5 min was required to ensure 100% mortality for all three species, but due to variability in the response by Bythotrephes a 10 min immersion would be more reliable. Overall there were no significant differences between the three species in acute upper thermal limits. Heated water can be an efficient, environmentally sound, and cost effective method of controlling AIS potentially transferred by boats, and our results should have both specific and wide-ranging applications in the prevention of the spread of aquatic invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid20934194, year = {2011}, author = {Bishop, MJ and Hutchings, PA}, title = {How useful are port surveys focused on target pest identification for exotic species management?.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {62}, number = {1}, pages = {36-42}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.09.014}, pmid = {20934194}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/*classification ; Australia ; Commerce ; Data Collection ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Ships/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {Monitoring surveys are an important tool for detecting new arrivals of exotic species, for documenting patterns of invasion, and exotic species impacts. Faced with time and cost constraints, these surveys are increasingly focused on lists of target pest species, identified as being most likely to arrive and cause significant harm. We used the national survey of Australian international ports for introduced marine pests as a case study to assess: (1) the taxonomic rigor of surveys focused on detection of target species; and (2) how the ability of port surveys to inform invasion patterns is dependent on taxonomic approach. Our analysis of the 46 available reports revealed common sub-optimal taxonomic practices that compromised their utility to identify abiotic conditions that are good predictors of biological invasion. Thus, although surveys for target species may provide information on the distribution of a handful of species, they may fail to do much else.}, }
@article {pmid20929896, year = {2010}, author = {Prentis, PJ and Woolfit, M and Thomas-Hall, SR and Ortiz-Barrientos, D and Pavasovic, A and Lowe, AJ and Schenk, PM}, title = {Massively parallel sequencing and analysis of expressed sequence tags in a successful invasive plant.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {106}, number = {6}, pages = {1009-1017}, pmid = {20929896}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {*Expressed Sequence Tags ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/*methods ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Senecio/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive species pose a significant threat to global economies, agriculture and biodiversity. Despite progress towards understanding the ecological factors associated with plant invasions, limited genomic resources have made it difficult to elucidate the evolutionary and genetic factors responsible for invasiveness. This study presents the first expressed sequence tag (EST) collection for Senecio madagascariensis, a globally invasive plant species.<br><br>METHODS: We used pyrosequencing of one normalized and two subtractive libraries, derived from one native and one invasive population, to generate an EST collection. ESTs were assembled into contigs, annotated by BLAST comparison with the NCBI non-redundant protein database and assigned gene ontology (GO) terms from the Plant GO Slim ontologies.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Assembly of the 221,746 sequence reads resulted in 12,442 contigs. Over 50 % (6183) of 12,442 contigs showed significant homology to proteins in the NCBI database, representing approx. 4800 independent transcripts. The molecular transducer GO term was significantly over-represented in the native (South African) subtractive library compared with the invasive (Australian) library. Based on NCBI BLAST hits and literature searches, 40 % of the molecular transducer genes identified in the South African subtractive library are likely to be involved in response to biotic stimuli, such as fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This EST collection is the first representation of the S. madagascariensis transcriptome and provides an important resource for the discovery of candidate genes associated with plant invasiveness. The over-representation of molecular transducer genes associated with defence responses in the native subtractive library provides preliminary support for aspects of the enemy release and evolution of increased competitive ability hypotheses in this successful invasive. This study highlights the contribution of next-generation sequencing to better understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying ecological hypotheses that are important in successful plant invasions.}, }
@article {pmid20927375, year = {2010}, author = {Ignacio, BL and Julio, LM and Junqueira, AO and Ferreira-Silva, MA}, title = {Bioinvasion in a Brazilian bay: filling gaps in the knowledge of southwestern Atlantic biota.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {20927375}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Brazil ; *Ecosystem ; *Marine Biology ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biological invasions are a major cause of global species change. Nevertheless, knowledge about the distribution and ecology of introduced species is regionally biased, and many gaps in knowledge exist for most developing countries.<br><br>To study the zoobenthos on the hard substratum of the Ilha Grande Bay, a survey was conducted on both natural and artificial substrata at three depths and seven sites. The species recorded were classified as native, cryptogenic or introduced. Multivariate analyses were conducted to assess the prevalence of introduced species in these communities and to compare the distribution of species on natural and artificial substrata of this bay to identify possible discrepancies in habitat use. Of the 61 species, 25 were cryptogenic, 10 were introduced and 26 were native. Similar numbers of introduced species were found on both natural and artificial substrata, though the community composition was significantly different between them. We also compared the species composition of the Ilha Grande Bay survey to other inventories taken around the world. The highest similarities were found between the Ilha Grande Bay inventory and the Atlantic coastal region (Tampa Bay, USA and the Gulf of Mexico), American Samoa and Pearl Harbor (USA) inventories.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study presents the first published comprehensive list of hard substratum sessile marine invertebrate species in a Brazilian bay. The high percentage of cryptogenic species reveals gaps in both zoological records and information on introduced species for the Brazilian coast. The introduced species successfully colonized different sites in the Ilha Grande Bay, including both natural and artificial substrata. In addition, we find that artificial structures may not be good surrogates for natural rocky shores and may represent an ecological threat. Comparisons with other inventories suggest a history of broad-scale invasion, though more evidence is needed to support this conclusion.}, }
@article {pmid20924414, year = {2010}, author = {Martins, C and Fontes, LR and Bueno, OC and Martins, VG}, title = {Coptotermes gestroi (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Brazil: possible origins inferred by mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene sequences.}, journal = {Genome}, volume = {53}, number = {9}, pages = {651-657}, doi = {10.1139/g10-044}, pmid = {20924414}, issn = {1480-3321}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Brazil ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; *Genes, Mitochondrial ; *Introduced Species ; Isoptera/classification/enzymology/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The Asian subterranean termite, Coptotermes gestroi, originally from northeast India through Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Indonesian archipelago, is a major termite pest introduced in several countries around the world, including Brazil. We sequenced the mitochondrial COII gene from individuals representing 23 populations. Phylogenetic analysis of COII gene sequences from this and other studies resulted in two main groups: (1) populations of Cleveland (USA) and four populations of Malaysia and (2) populations of Brazil, four populations of Malaysia, and one population from each of Thailand, Puerto Rico, and Key West (USA). Three new localities are reported here, considerably enlarging the distribution of C. gestroi in Brazil: Campo Grande (state of Mato Grosso do Sul), Itajaí (state of Santa Catarina), and Porto Alegre (state of Rio Grande do Sul).}, }
@article {pmid20919631, year = {2010}, author = {Shine, R}, title = {The ecological impact of invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) in Australia.}, journal = {The Quarterly review of biology}, volume = {85}, number = {3}, pages = {253-291}, doi = {10.1086/655116}, pmid = {20919631}, issn = {0033-5770}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bufo marinus/parasitology/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Invertebrates/physiology ; Predatory Behavior ; Toxins, Biological/toxicity ; Vertebrates/parasitology/physiology ; }, abstract = {Although invasive species are viewed as major threats to ecosystems worldwide, few such species have been studied in enough detail to identify the pathways, magnitudes, and timescales of their impact on native fauna. One of the most intensively studied invasive taxa in this respect is the cane toad (Bufo marinus), which was introduced to Australia in 1935. A review of these studies suggests that a single pathway-lethal toxic ingestion of toads by frog-eating predators-is the major mechanism of impact, but that the magnitude of impact varies dramatically among predator taxa, as well as through space and time. Populations of large predators (e.g., varanid and scincid lizards, elapid snakes, freshwater crocodiles, and dasyurid marsupials) may be imperilled by toad invasion, but impacts vary spatially even within the same predator species. Some of the taxa severely impacted by toad invasion recover within a few decades, via aversion learning and longer-term adaptive changes. No native species have gone extinct as a result of toad invasion, and many native taxa widely imagined to be at risk are not affected, largely as a result of their physiological ability to tolerate toad toxins (e.g., as found in many birds and rodents), as well as the reluctance of many native anuran-eating predators to consume toads, either innately or as a learned response. Indirect effects of cane toads as mediated through trophic webs are likely as important as direct effects, but they are more difficult to study. Overall, some Australian native species (mostly large predators) have declined due to cane toads; others, especially species formerly consumed by those predators, have benefited. For yet others, effects have been minor or have been mediated indirectly rather than through direct interactions with the invasive toads. Factors that increase a predator's vulnerability to toad invasion include habitat overlap with toads, anurophagy, large body size, inability to develop rapid behavioral aversion to toads as prey items, and physiological vulnerability to bufotoxins as a result of a lack of coevolutionary history of exposure to other bufonid taxa.}, }
@article {pmid20919591, year = {2010}, author = {Pastoret, PP and Moutou, F}, title = {Invasive species. Part 1: General aspects and biodiversity. Part 2: Concrete examples.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {421-2, 419-20, 423-4}, pmid = {20919591}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; Animals, Wild ; *Biodiversity ; Communicable Disease Control/standards ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Emigration and Immigration ; Humans ; Insecta/physiology ; Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; Pollination ; }, }
@article {pmid20919590, year = {2010}, author = {Kahn, S and Pelgrim, W}, title = {The role of the World Trade Organization and the 'three sisters' (the World Organisation for Animal Health, the International Plant Protection Convention and the Codex Alimentarius Commission) in the control of invasive alien species and the preservation of biodiversity.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {411-417}, doi = {10.20506/rst.29.2.1986}, pmid = {20919590}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Animal Diseases/prevention &amp; control ; Animal Welfare ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Commerce/*organization &amp; administration/standards ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Food Safety ; *International Agencies/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/organization &amp; administration ; International Cooperation ; Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {The missions of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) include the design of surveillance and control methods for infectious transboundary animal diseases (including zoonoses), the provision of guarantees concerning animal health and animal production food safety, and the setting of standards for, and promotion of, animal welfare. The OIE role in setting standards for the sanitary safety of international trade in animals and animal products is formally recognised in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS Agreement). While the primary focus of the OIE is on animal diseases and zoonoses, the OIE has also been working within the WTO framework to examine possible contributions the organisation can make to achieving the goals of the Convention on Biological Diversity, particularly to preventing the global spread of invasive alien species (IAS). However, at the present time, setting standards for invasive species (other than those connected to the cause and distribution of diseases listed by the OIE) is outside the OIE mandate. Any future expansion of the OIE mandate would need to be decided by its Members and resources (expertise and financial contributions) for an extended standard-setting work programme secured. The other international standard-setting organisations referenced by the SPS Agreement are the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). The IPPC mandate and work programme address IAS and the protection of biodiversity. The CAC is not involved in this field.}, }
@article {pmid20919589, year = {2010}, author = {Shimura, J and Coates, D and Mulongoy, JK}, title = {The role of international organisations in controlling invasive species and preserving biodiversity.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {405-410}, doi = {10.20506/rst.29.2.1987}, pmid = {20919589}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Animal Diseases/prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Animals ; Animals, Wild ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/trends ; Endangered Species/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; Humans ; *International Agencies/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/standards/trends ; *International Cooperation/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; *Introduced Species/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species spread through the environment and threaten native biodiversity, assisted by the absence of natural enemies. Alien species may also carry pathogens, which can be transmitted to native species. About half of the known endangered species are under threat from invasive alien species. The Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2008 invited relevant international organisations to work together to fill the gap in the international regulatory framework on invasive alien species. The Convention also reaffirmed the need for capacity and expertise to deal with invasive alien species in many countries, especially in developing countries. In this paper, the authors review the findings of this project.}, }
@article {pmid20919588, year = {2010}, author = {Pascal, M and Le Guyader, H and Simberloff, D}, title = {Biological invasions and the conservation of biodiversity.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {387-403, 367-85}, pmid = {20919588}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Emigration and Immigration ; Geography ; Humans ; Internationality ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data/*trends ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Consideration of definitions of 'biological invasion' and 'biodiversity' shows why invasions have recently generated great interest among conservationists. Many studies show that invasion numbers have increased drastically over the last five centuries, that this exponential increase is not levelling off, and that human activities are the only reason for the phenomenon. Many mechanisms are portrayed in an evolutionary framework and their consequences for biodiversity are described at three levels of life--gene, species and ecosystem. Examples from islands show that insular ecosystems are especially prone to damage from invasions; they also serve as 'laboratories' to elucidate the nature of invasion impacts. An important management approach--eradication--is discussed. Eradicating invaders not only aids understanding of their impacts on native species but also in understanding how ecosystems function. In fact, biological invasions can be seen as 'experiments', providing a rare opportunity to help answer certain fundamental scientific questions.}, }
@article {pmid20919585, year = {2010}, author = {Baker, SJ}, title = {Control and eradication of invasive mammals in Great Britain.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {311-327}, doi = {10.20506/rst.29.2.1981}, pmid = {20919585}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Animals ; Deer/physiology ; Hares/physiology ; Hedgehogs/physiology ; History, 15th Century ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; Humans ; *Introduced Species/history ; Mammals/*physiology ; Mink/physiology ; Rabbits ; Rodentia/physiology ; Sus scrofa/physiology ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {This paper provides a 'long view' of the eradication and control of invasive mammals by reviewing the management of 24 mammalian species that have been introduced into Great Britain since the Neolithic period and have subsequently established free-living populations in the wild. The approach provides examples of the issues faced when managing populations and examines some of the lessons that can be learned from successes and failures. The species are covered in the order of introduction, with the control/eradication of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), coypu (Myocastor coypus) and American mink (Mustela vison) considered in more detail. The species accounts are set within the context of commitments for the control of invasive alien species made by parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity and guidance provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and the Council of Europe. These have led to improvements in the process for assessing risks and co-ordinating action. However, despite some notable cases documented here, there have been few successful eradication programmes carried out in Europe. This paper argues that there is a case for building on the improved frameworks that are being developed in the United Kingdom and elsewhere and for being more ambitious with goals for the management of invasive alien species.}, }
@article {pmid20919584, year = {2010}, author = {Goka, K}, title = {Biosecurity measures to prevent the incursion of invasive alien species into Japan and to mitigate their impact.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {299-310}, doi = {10.20506/rst.29.2.1982}, pmid = {20919584}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Amphibians/*microbiology ; Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Chytridiomycota/classification/genetics/*physiology ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Japan ; Mycoses/microbiology/prevention &amp; control/*veterinary ; Phylogeny ; Pollination ; }, abstract = {The 2004 Japanese 'Invasive Alien Species Act' was enacted to control invasive alien species and prevent the damage that they cause to ecosystems. The Act defines invasive alien species as those recognised as, or suspected of, causing damage to ecosystems, human safety, agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Invasive alien species are carefully regulated: raising, planting, keeping or transporting them is prohibited without the express permission of the relevant minister. The Act represents a revolutionary advance for biological conservation in Japan. However, enforcing the Act is problematic. Dealing with the European bumblebee (Bombus terrestris), for example, involved resolving a bitter dilemma between biological conservation and agricultural productivity. The Act also has a serious loophole; it does not include alien micro-organisms. The incursion of amphibian chytridiomycosis into Japan caused confusion for scientists and the Japanese Government because control of such an alien micro-organism was not anticipated in the Act. Japan faces particular difficulties in attempting to control alien species because of its reliance on imports.}, }
@article {pmid20919583, year = {2010}, author = {Lawton, C and Cown, P and Bertolino, S and Lurz, PW and Peters, AR}, title = {The consequences of introducing non-indigenous species: two case studies, the grey squirrel in Europe and the brushtail possum in New Zealand.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {287-297}, doi = {10.20506/rst.29.2.1983}, pmid = {20919583}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Disease Vectors ; Environment ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; Pest Control ; Sciuridae/*physiology ; Trees ; Trichosurus/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Two examples of the introduction of non-indigenous invasive species are reviewed: the grey squirrel in Europe (United Kingdom, Ireland and Italy) and the brushtail possum in New Zealand. Both have become very successful in their respective non-native habitats since their introductions in the mid-to-late 19th Century. Both species impact extensively on native biodiversity, environmental sustainability, forestry, and agriculture through a range of direct and indirect mechanisms. Management is currently mainly by lethal control, namely poisoning, trapping and shooting. Such methods of control are, however, increasingly contentious for both species, and alternative, non-lethal methods of population control, e.g. fertility control, are being developed. The case studies highlight many of the issues in invasive animal control; for example, prevention being better than control, lack of good understanding of impacts and the success of control measures on reducing impacts, interactive impacts on native biodiversity and ecosystems, the telling influence of public opinion on management options and, lastly, the need to better inform and educate the public.}, }
@article {pmid20919582, year = {2010}, author = {Sanders, CJ and Mellor, PS and Wilson, AJ}, title = {Invasive arthropods.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {273-286}, doi = {10.20506/rst.29.2.1984}, pmid = {20919582}, issn = {0253-1933}, support = {BBS/E/I/00001409/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; /BBS/E/I00001146/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; /BBs/E/I/00001409/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {*Agriculture/economics ; Animals ; Arthropod Vectors/*physiology ; Arthropods/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species/economics ; }, abstract = {Many arthropod species have been transported around the globe and successfully invaded new regions. Invasive arthropods can have severe impacts on animal and human health, agriculture and forestry, and the biodiversity of natural habitats as well as those modified by humans. The economic and environmental effects of invasion can be both direct, through feeding and competition, and indirect, such as the transmission of pathogens. In this paper, the authors consider ten examples that illustrate the main mechanisms of introduction, the characteristics that enable species to rapidly expand their ranges and some of the consequences of their arrival.}, }
@article {pmid20919581, year = {2010}, author = {Hoberg, EP}, title = {Invasive processes, mosaics and the structure of helminth parasite faunas.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {255-272}, pmid = {20919581}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Domestic/parasitology ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Helminthiasis, Animal/parasitology/*transmission ; Helminths/*physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Vertebrates/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {The biosphere in evolutionary and ecological time has been structured by episodes of geographic and host colonisation that have determined distributions of complex assemblages of microparasites and macroparasites, including helminths circulating among vertebrates. Biological invasion is an intricate phenomenon often involving 'extra-range dispersal' and establishment of exotic (non-indigenous) species and populations substantially beyond their native range. Invasion may also involve the expansion or shifting of host and geographic distributions of an endemic (indigenous) species or fauna under changing environmental conditions. Invasions result in faunal interchange occurring under influences from both natural and anthropogenic forces where expansion on spatial/temporal continua bridges continents, regions and landscapes. Drivers for invasion are idiosyncratic, multifactorial, interactive, and opportunistic, with a powerful role for historical contingency. The life history patterns of helminths interact with invasion pathways to determine the potential for introduction. Human-mediated events, such as the global expansion of pathogens linked to development of agriculture, domestication of food animals, and European exploration have had a pervasive influence on the distribution of helminths. Globalisation, broad transport networks and environmental perturbation linked to climate change, along with other drivers, have accelerated these processes. A consequence of invasion and establishment of exotic species is that faunal structure will be a mosaic that includes admixtures of indigenous and non-indigenous species and populations; exemplified by helminth faunas among domestic and free-ranging ungulates and a diversity of host-parasite systems among vertebrates. Contemporary mosaics are evident where human-mediated events have brought assemblages of new invaders and relatively old endemic species into sympatry, highlighting interactions at ecotones, particularly those at borderlands between managed and natural ecosystems. Understanding the historical origins and complex components of mosaics is essential in formulating predictions about future responses to environmental change. Powerful tools are available which support the study of invasive species, the most important being systematics and our capacity to accurately identify parasites and to define evolutionary and biogeographic history. Faunal baselines derived from arrays of biological specimens, integrated surveys and informatics are a permanent record of the biosphere when archived in museum collections. The absence of comprehensive taxonomic inventories of parasites, including molecular-genetic data, limits our ability to recognise the introduction of non-indigenous parasites, and to document patterns of expansion for local faunas under a regime of environmental perturbation.}, }
@article {pmid20919580, year = {2010}, author = {Gherardi, F}, title = {Invasive crayfish and freshwater fishes of the world.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {241-254}, doi = {10.20506/rst.29.2.1973}, pmid = {20919580}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Fresh Water ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {After habitat destruction, invasive alien species are the second leading cause of biodiversity loss, particularly in freshwater ecosystems. They also alter the structure and functioning of ecosystems, lead to biotic homogenisation, and eventually threaten human economies and health. This review aims to synthesise some of the existing information about the world distribution, vectors of spread, and impacts of two important components of freshwater ecosystems, crayfish and fishes. Analysis of the available literature shows that crayfish and fish species, once moved outside their native range, are likely to establish self-reproducing populations, spread from the point of introduction and become invasive. Efforts to manage these populations are difficult and expensive, which warrants the provision of effective preventative measures. Unfortunately, the state of our knowledge of the mechanisms in play in crayfish and fish invasions is still limited, which suggests that much greater attention and investment should be directed to studies in this field.}, }
@article {pmid20919579, year = {2010}, author = {Moutou, F and Pastoret, PP}, title = {Invasive reptiles and amphibians.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {235-40, 227-233}, pmid = {20919579}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Amphibians/*physiology ; Animals ; Anura/physiology ; Bufo marinus/physiology ; Colubridae/physiology ; Humans ; Iguanas/physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Rana catesbeiana/physiology ; Reptiles/*physiology ; Turtles/physiology ; Xenopus laevis/physiology ; }, abstract = {Although they are frequently lumped together, reptiles and amphibians belong to two very different zoological groups. Nevertheless, one fact is clear: while numerous reptile and amphibian species on Earth are in decline, others have taken advantage of trade or human movements to become established in new lands, adopting different, and sometimes unusual, strategies. The authors have taken a few examples from these two zoological groups that illustrate the majority of cases. A brief analysis of the causes and effects of their introductions into new areas reveals connections with economic interests, trade in companion animals, medical research and public health.}, }
@article {pmid20919578, year = {2010}, author = {Brochier, B and Vangeluwe, D and van den Berg, T}, title = {Alien invasive birds.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {217-225}, doi = {10.20506/rst.29.2.1975}, pmid = {20919578}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Birds/*physiology ; Ducks/physiology ; Geese/physiology ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Passeriformes/physiology ; Psittacula/physiology ; Starlings/physiology ; }, abstract = {A bird species is regarded as alien invasive if it has been introduced, intentionally or accidentally, to a location where it did not previously occur naturally, becomes capable of establishing a breeding population without further intervention by humans, spreads and becomes a pest affecting the environment, the local biodiversity, the economy and/or society, including human health. European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) and Red-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer) have been included on the list of '100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species', a subset of the Global Invasive Species Database. The 'Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe' project has selected Canada Goose (Branta canadensis), Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis), Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri) and Sacred Ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus) as among 100 of the worst invasive species in Europe. For each of these alien bird species, the geographic range (native and introduced range), the introduction pathway, the general impacts and the management methods are presented.}, }
@article {pmid20919577, year = {2010}, author = {Moutou, F and Pastoret, PP}, title = {Invasive mammals.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {209-16, 201-8}, pmid = {20919577}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Africa ; Americas ; *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Asia ; Australia ; Europe ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Mammals/*physiology ; Oceania ; }, abstract = {Every region of the world is concerned by potential mammal invasions, as humans are already present on all the world's land masses. All these invasions are a result of species introductions by humans for one reason or another. The authors briefly review the known movements and observed consequences of mammal-related invasions. They take examples from all five continents, as well as from a few island systems. The ancient introduction of game species, and later of domestic species, has been followed more recently by movements of commercial species. We are now seeing the emergence of what are known as entertainment species. In a number of cases, such introductions have led to the establishment of new epidemiological cycles that previously might never have been thought possible. According to current indicators, this phenomenon is not on the wane.}, }
@article {pmid20919576, year = {2010}, author = {Chomel, BB and Sun, B}, title = {Bioterrorism and invasive species.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {193-199}, pmid = {20919576}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {*Agriculture/economics ; Animals ; *Bioterrorism/classification/economics/trends ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Zoonoses/*transmission ; }, abstract = {The risk of dispersing invasive species, especially human pathogens, through acts of bioterrorism, cannot be neglected. However, that risk appears quite low in comparison with the risk of dispersing animal pathogens that could dramatically burden the agricultural economy of food animal producing countries, such as Australia and countries in Europe and North and South America. Although it is not directly related to bioterrorism, the intentional release of non-native species, particularly undesired companion animals or wildlife, may also have a major economic impact on the environment and, possibly, on animal and human health, in the case of accidental release of zoonotic agents.}, }
@article {pmid20891019, year = {2010}, author = {Bowley, LA and Alam, F and Marentette, JR and Balshine, S and Wilson, JY}, title = {Characterization of vitellogenin gene expression in round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {29}, number = {12}, pages = {2751-2760}, doi = {10.1002/etc.324}, pmid = {20891019}, issn = {1552-8618}, mesh = {Animals ; Estradiol/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Perciformes/genetics/*physiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Vitellogenins/biosynthesis/*genetics ; }, abstract = {A growing concern over endocrine disruption in aquatic species has prompted the development of molecular assays to monitor environmental impacts. This study describes the development of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays to characterize the expression of two vitellogenin (Vtg) genes in the invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus). Fragments from the 18SrRNA (housekeeping gene), Vtg II, and Vtg III genes were cloned and sequenced. The qPCR assays were developed to detect hepatic Vtg expression in goby. The assays detected induction of both Vtg genes in nonreproductive males following a two-week laboratory exposure to 17β-estradiol (≥1 mg/kg i.p. injection). The assays were applied to goby from Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario (Canada), including those from sites where feminization and intersex of goby has been documented. Both Vtg genes had significantly higher expression in females compared to males. Male reproductive goby adopt either parental or sneaker tactics; Vtg II expression was higher in sneaker than in parental males but parental and nonreproductive males did not differ from each other. The Vtg III expression was significantly higher in sneaker males followed by parental males and nonreproductive males, respectively. The Vtg II and III expression in nonreproductive males was elevated in the contaminated site with documented intersex. This assay provides an important tool for the use of an invasive species in monitoring endocrine disruption in the Great Lakes region.}, }
@article {pmid20889836, year = {2010}, author = {Tomanek, L and Zuzow, MJ}, title = {The proteomic response of the mussel congeners Mytilus galloprovincialis and M. trossulus to acute heat stress: implications for thermal tolerance limits and metabolic costs of thermal stress.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {213}, number = {Pt 20}, pages = {3559-3574}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.041228}, pmid = {20889836}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Aerobiosis ; Anaerobiosis ; Animals ; Cluster Analysis ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional ; Energy Metabolism ; *Heat-Shock Response ; Models, Biological ; Mytilus/*metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; Pentose Phosphate Pathway ; Principal Component Analysis ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Proteome/metabolism ; *Proteomics ; Signal Transduction ; Species Specificity ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The Mediterranean blue mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, an invasive species in California, has displaced the more heat-sensitive native congener, Mytilus trossulus, from its former southern range, possibly due to climate change. By comparing the response of their proteomes to acute heat stress we sought to identify responses common to both species as well as differences that account for greater heat tolerance in the invasive. Mussels were acclimated to 13°C for four weeks and exposed to acute heat stress (24°C, 28°C and 32°C) for 1 h and returned to 13°C to recover for 24 h. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry we identified 47 and 61 distinct proteins that changed abundance in M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus, respectively. The onset temperatures of greater abundance of some members of the heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 and small Hsp families were lower in M. trossulus. The abundance of proteasome subunits was lower in M. galloprovincialis but greater in M. trossulus in response to heat. Levels of several NADH-metabolizing proteins, possibly linked to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), were lower at 32°C in the cold-adapted M. trossulus whereas proteins generating NADPH, important in ROS defense, were higher in both species. The abundance of oxidative stress proteins was lower at 32°C in M. trossulus only, indicating that its ability to combat heat-induced oxidative stress is limited to lower temperatures. Levels of NAD-dependent deacetylase (sirtuin 5), which are correlated with lifespan, were lower in M. trossulus in response to heat stress. In summary, the expression patterns of proteins involved in molecular chaperoning, proteolysis, energy metabolism, oxidative damage, cytoskeleton and deacetylation revealed a common loci of heat stress in both mussels but also showed a lower sensitivity to high-temperature damage in the warm-adapted M. galloprovincialis, which is consistent with its expanding range in warmer waters.}, }
@article {pmid20889835, year = {2010}, author = {Lockwood, BL and Sanders, JG and Somero, GN}, title = {Transcriptomic responses to heat stress in invasive and native blue mussels (genus Mytilus): molecular correlates of invasive success.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {213}, number = {Pt 20}, pages = {3548-3558}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.046094}, pmid = {20889835}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; Cluster Analysis ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Heat-Shock Response/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Multigene Family/genetics ; Mytilus edulis/*genetics ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Species Specificity ; Unionidae/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are increasingly prevalent in marine ecosystems worldwide. Although many studies have examined the ecological effects of invasives, little is known about the physiological mechanisms that might contribute to invasive success. The mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, a native of the Mediterranean Sea, is a successful invader on the central and southern coasts of California, where it has largely displaced the native congener, Mytilus trossulus. It has been previously shown that thermal responses of several physiological traits may underlie the capacity of M. galloprovincialis to out-compete M. trossulus in warm habitats. To elucidate possible differences in stress-induced gene expression between these congeners, we developed an oligonucleotide microarray with 8874 probes representing 4488 different genes that recognized mRNAs of both species. In acute heat-stress experiments, 1531 of these genes showed temperature-dependent changes in expression that were highly similar in the two congeners. By contrast, 96 genes showed species-specific responses to heat stress, functionally characterized by their involvement in oxidative stress, proteolysis, energy metabolism, ion transport, cell signaling and cytoskeletal reorganization. The gene that showed the biggest difference between the species was the gene for the molecular chaperone small heat shock protein 24, which was highly induced in M. galloprovincialis and showed only a small change in M. trossulus. These different responses to acute heat stress may help to explain--and predict--the invasive success of M. galloprovincialis in a warming world.}, }
@article {pmid20880890, year = {2011}, author = {Fisher, DO and Blomberg, SP}, title = {Correlates of rediscovery and the detectability of extinction in mammals.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {278}, number = {1708}, pages = {1090-1097}, pmid = {20880890}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Mammals/classification/*physiology ; *Probability ; Risk Assessment/methods ; }, abstract = {Extinction is difficult to detect, even in well-known taxa such as mammals. Species with long gaps in their sighting records, which might be considered possibly extinct, are often rediscovered. We used data on rediscovery rates of missing mammals to test whether extinction from different causes is equally detectable and to find which traits affect the probability of rediscovery. We find that species affected by habitat loss were much more likely to be misclassified as extinct or to remain missing than those affected by introduced predators and diseases, or overkill, unless they had very restricted distributions. We conclude that extinctions owing to habitat loss are most difficult to detect; hence, impacts of habitat loss on extinction have probably been overestimated, especially relative to introduced species. It is most likely that the highest rates of rediscovery will come from searching for species that have gone missing during the 20th century and have relatively large ranges threatened by habitat loss, rather than from additional effort focused on charismatic missing species.}, }
@article {pmid20880423, year = {2011}, author = {Zetlmeisl, C and Hermann, J and Petney, T and Glenner, H and Griffiths, C and Taraschewski, H}, title = {Parasites of the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.): implications for reproductive potential and invasion success.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {138}, number = {3}, pages = {394-401}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182010001344}, pmid = {20880423}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Body Weights and Measures ; Brachyura/anatomy &amp; histology/*parasitology/physiology ; Europe ; Helminthiasis, Animal/parasitology ; Helminths/*physiology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions/physiology ; Male ; Reproduction/*physiology ; South Africa ; Testis/physiology ; Thoracica/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The European shore crab, Carcinus maenas, is one of the most successful marine invasive species. Its success has been in part attributed to the loss of parasites, rekindling an interest in host-parasite interactions and impacts on host fitness in this crab. In the present study, we investigated C. maenas populations from Europe, South Africa and Australia for parasites, and assessed their impact on the fitness of male crabs. For the shore crab, testes weight along with success in mating competition is traded off against other life-history traits. We therefore used this parameter as an indicator both for reproductive fitness and a possible resource trade-off in response to parasite infestation. In the native range, crabs infested with Sacculina carcini showed significantly lower testes weight than uninfected crabs. However, helminth parasites did not generally cause reduced testes weights. Crab populations from South Africa and Australia were either parasitized at very low prevalences, or were completely parasite free. However, no population level effect of this parasite release was reflected in testes weight. These findings do not support a severe fitness impact of helminth parasites on C. maenas, which questions the role of parasites on its population dynamics, both in the native area and for invasive success.}, }
@article {pmid20875440, year = {2010}, author = {Kinezaki, N and Kawasaki, K and Shigesada, N}, title = {The effect of the spatial configuration of habitat fragmentation on invasive spread.}, journal = {Theoretical population biology}, volume = {78}, number = {4}, pages = {298-308}, doi = {10.1016/j.tpb.2010.09.002}, pmid = {20875440}, issn = {1096-0325}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Environment ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {To address how the spatial configuration of habitat fragmentation influences the persistence and the rate of spread of an invasive species, we consider three simple periodically fragmented environments, a lattice-like corridor environment, an island-like environment and a striped environment. By numerically analyzing Fisher's equation with a spatially varying diffusion coefficient and the intrinsic growth rate, we find the following. (1) When the scale of fragmentation is sufficiently large, the minimum favorable area needed for successful invasion reduces in the following order: lattice-like corridor, striped and island-like environments. (2) When the scale of fragmentation and the fraction of favorable area are sufficiently large, the spreading speeds along contiguous favorable habitats in the lattice-like corridor and striped environments are faster than the speeds across isolated favorable habitats in the island-like environment and the striped environment. (3) When the periodicity of fragmentation is relaxed by stochastically shifting the boundaries between favorable and unfavorable habitats, the average speed increases with increases in the irregularity of fragmentation.}, }
@article {pmid20875067, year = {2010}, author = {Zhan, A and Macisaac, HJ and Cristescu, ME}, title = {Invasion genetics of the Ciona intestinalis species complex: from regional endemism to global homogeneity.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {21}, pages = {4678-4694}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04837.x}, pmid = {20875067}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Black Sea ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Ciona intestinalis/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Oceans and Seas ; *Phylogeny ; *Phylogeography ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Determining the degree of population connectivity and investigating factors driving genetic exchange at various geographical scales are essential to understanding population dynamics and spread potential of invasive species. Here, we explore these issues in the highly invasive vase tunicate, Ciona intestinalis, a species whose invasion history has been obscured by its poorly understood taxonomy and population genetics. Recent phylogenetic and comparative genomic studies suggest that C. intestinalis is a cryptic species complex consisting of at least three species. We reconstructed phylogenies based on both mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3--NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 region and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 gene) and nuclear (internal transcribed spacer 1) sequences, results of which support four major phylogroups corresponding to the previously reported spA, spB and Ciona spp. (spC) as well as an undescribed cryptic species (spD). While spC and spD remain restricted to their native ranges in the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, respectively, the highly invasive species (spA and spB) have disjunct global distributions. Despite extensive interspecific divergences, we identified low phylogeographical structure within these two invasive species. Haplotype network analyses revealed comparatively limited mutation steps among haplotypes within each species. Population genetic analyses based on two mtDNA fragments and eight unlinked microsatellites illustrated relatively low population differentiation and high population connectivity at both regional and continental scales in the two invasive species. Human-mediated dispersal coupled with a high potential for natural dispersal is probably responsible for the observed genetic homogeneity.}, }
@article {pmid20872171, year = {2010}, author = {Peñuelas, J and Sardans, J and Llusia, J and Owen, SM and Silva, J and Niinemets, U}, title = {Higher allocation to low cost chemical defenses in invasive species of Hawaii.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {36}, number = {11}, pages = {1255-1270}, pmid = {20872171}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; Phenols/chemistry ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Plants/*chemistry/classification ; Tannins/chemistry ; Terpenes/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The capacity to produce carbon-based secondary compounds (CBSC), such as phenolics (including tannins) and terpenes as defensive compounds against herbivores or against neighboring competing plants can be involved in the competition between alien and native plant species. Since the Hawaiian Islands are especially vulnerable to invasions by alien species, we compared total phenolic (TP), total tannin (Tta), and total terpene (TT) leaf contents of alien and native plants on Oahu Island (Hawaii). We analyzed 35 native and 38 alien woody plant species randomly chosen among representative current Hawaiian flora. None of these CBSC exhibited phylogenetic fingerprinting. Alien species had similar leaf TP and leaf Tta contents, and 135% higher leaf TT contents compared with native species. Alien plants had 80% higher leaf TT:N leaf content ratio than native plants. The results suggest that apart from greater growth rate and greater nutrient use, alien success in Oahu also may be linked to greater contents of low cost chemical defenses, such as terpenes, as expected in faster-growing species in resource rich regions. The higher TT contents in aliens may counterbalance their lower investment in leaf structural defenses and their higher leaf nutritional quality. The higher TT provides higher effectiveness in deterring the generalist herbivores of the introduced range, where specialist herbivores are absent. In addition, higher TT contents may favor aliens conferring higher protection against abiotic and biotic stressors. The higher terpene accumulation was independent of the alien species origin, which indicates that being alien either selects for higher terpene contents post-invasion, or that species with high terpene contents are pre-adapted to invasiveness. Although less likely, an originally lower terpene accumulation in Hawaiian than in continental plants that avoids the increased attraction of specialist enemies associated to terpenes may not be discarded.}, }
@article {pmid20870339, year = {2011}, author = {Yemshanov, D and McKenney, DW and de Groot, P and Haugen, D and Pedlar, J and Sidders, D and Joss, B}, title = {A harvest failure approach to assess the threat from an invasive species.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {92}, number = {1}, pages = {205-213}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.002}, pmid = {20870339}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Hymenoptera ; *Introduced Species ; *Pest Control ; Pinus ; Trees ; }, abstract = {We present the idea of using potential infringements on annual allowable harvest targets as an approach to estimate threats from invasive species to the forest products sector. The approach uses present-day harvest levels as a reference level to estimate when and where the impact of a nonnative forest pest could become economically damaging. We use a generic model that simulates spread and damage by nonnative invasive species, basic harvest and forest growth through time. The concept is illustrated with a case study of a new nonnative invasive pest, Sirex noctilio Fabricius on pine resources in eastern Canada. Impacts of invasion on wood supply, in particular, the point at which present-day harvest levels are not attainable, were identified for 77 non-overlapping geographical regions that delimit the primary wood supply areas around large mills and wood processing facilities in eastern Canada. The results identify the minimum area of a pest outbreak that could trigger harvest shortages (approximately 12.5-14 M ha of pine forests in Ontario and Quebec). Beyond this level, the amount of host resource available for harvesting in any given year declines rapidly. The failure to sustain broad-scale harvest targets may be an attractive and intuitive indicator for policy makers and regulators interested in developing control and "slow-the-spread" programs for non-native forest pests.}, }
@article {pmid20868277, year = {2011}, author = {Ragsdale, DW and Landis, DA and Brodeur, J and Heimpel, GE and Desneux, N}, title = {Ecology and management of the soybean aphid in North America.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {56}, number = {}, pages = {375-399}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144755}, pmid = {20868277}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aphids ; *Food Chain ; North America ; Pest Control ; *Glycine max ; }, abstract = {The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, has become the single most important arthropod pest of soybeans in North America. Native to Asia, this invasive species was first discovered in North America in July 2000 and has rapidly spread throughout the northcentral United States, much of southeastern Canada, and the northeastern United States. In response, important elements of the ecology of the soybean aphid in North America have been elucidated, with economic thresholds, sampling plans, and chemical control recommendations widely adopted. Aphid-resistant soybean varieties were available to growers in 2010. The preexisting community of aphid natural enemies has been highly effective in suppressing aphid populations in many situations, and classical biological control efforts have focused on the addition of parasitoids of Asian origin. The keys to sustainable management of this pest include understanding linkages between the soybean aphid and other introduced and native species in a landscape context along with continued development of aphid-resistant varieties.}, }
@article {pmid20860682, year = {2010}, author = {Matesanz, S and Gianoli, E and Valladares, F}, title = {Global change and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in plants.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {1206}, number = {}, pages = {35-55}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05704.x}, pmid = {20860682}, issn = {1749-6632}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Phenotype ; Plants/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Global change drivers create new environmental scenarios and selective pressures, affecting plant species in various interacting ways. Plants respond with changes in phenology, physiology, and reproduction, with consequences for biotic interactions and community composition. We review information on phenotypic plasticity, a primary means by which plants cope with global change scenarios, recommending promising approaches for investigating the evolution of plasticity and describing constraints to its evolution. We discuss the important but largely ignored role of phenotypic plasticity in range shifts and review the extensive literature on invasive species as models of evolutionary change in novel environments. Plasticity can play a role both in the short-term response of plant populations to global change as well as in their long-term fate through the maintenance of genetic variation. In new environmental conditions, plasticity of certain functional traits may be beneficial (i.e., the plastic response is accompanied by a fitness advantage) and thus selected for. Plasticity can also be relevant in the establishment and persistence of plants in novel environments that are crucial for populations at the colonizing edge in range shifts induced by climate change. Experimental studies show taxonomically widespread plastic responses to global change drivers in many functional traits, though there is a lack of empirical support for many theoretical models on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. Future studies should assess the adaptive value and evolutionary potential of plasticity under complex, realistic global change scenarios. Promising tools include resurrection protocols and artificial selection experiments.}, }
@article {pmid20857193, year = {2011}, author = {Omo-Irabor, OO and Olobaniyi, SB and Akunna, J and Venus, V and Maina, JM and Paradzayi, C}, title = {Mangrove vulnerability modelling in parts of Western Niger Delta, Nigeria using satellite images, GIS techniques and Spatial Multi-Criteria Analysis (SMCA).}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {178}, number = {1-4}, pages = {39-51}, pmid = {20857193}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {*Avicennia ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/instrumentation/*methods ; Environmental Pollutants/analysis ; Environmental Pollution/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Geographic Information Systems ; Introduced Species ; Nigeria ; Population Growth ; Remote Sensing Technology ; *Rhizophoraceae ; Risk Assessment ; Rivers/chemistry ; Seawater/chemistry ; Socioeconomic Factors ; *Spacecraft ; }, abstract = {Mangroves are known for their global environmental and socioeconomic value. Despite their importance, mangrove like other ecosystems is now being threatened by natural and human-induced processes that damage them at alarming rates, thereby diminishing the limited number of existing mangrove vegetation. The development of a spatial vulnerability assessment model that takes into consideration environmental and socioeconomic criteria, in spatial and non-spatial formats has been attempted in this study. According to the model, 11 different input parameters are required in modelling mangrove vulnerability. These parameters and their effects on mangrove vulnerability were selected and weighted by experts in the related fields. Criteria identification and selection were mainly based on effects of environmental and socioeconomic changes associated with mangrove survival. The results obtained revealed the dominance of socioeconomic criteria such as population pressure and deforestation, with high vulnerability index of 0.75. The environmental criteria was broadly dispersed in the study area and represents vulnerability indices ranging from 0.00-0.75. This category reflects the greater influence of pollutant input from oil wells and pipelines and minimal contribution from climatic factors. This project has integrated spatial management framework for mangrove vulnerability assessment that utilises information technology in conjunction with expert knowledge and multi-criteria analysis to aid planners and policy/ decision makers in the protection of this very fragile ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid20855619, year = {2010}, author = {Colin, SP and Costello, JH and Hansson, LJ and Titelman, J and Dabiri, JO}, title = {Stealth predation and the predatory success of the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {107}, number = {40}, pages = {17223-17227}, pmid = {20855619}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Cilia/metabolism ; Copepoda ; *Ctenophora/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Plankton ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Shear Strength ; }, abstract = {In contrast to higher metazoans such as copepods and fish, ctenophores are a basal metazoan lineage possessing a relatively narrow set of sensory-motor capabilities. Yet lobate ctenophores can capture prey at rates comparable to sophisticated predatory copepods and fish, and they are capable of altering the composition of coastal planktonic communities. Here, we demonstrate that the predatory success of the lobate ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi lies in its use of cilia to generate a feeding current that continuously entrains large volumes of fluid, yet is virtually undetectable to its prey. This form of stealth predation enables M. leidyi to feed as a generalist predator capturing prey, including microplankton (approximately 50 μm), copepods (approximately 1 mm), and fish larvae (>3 mm). The efficacy and versatility of this stealth feeding mechanism has enabled M. leidyi to be notoriously destructive as a predator and successful as an invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid20854275, year = {2010}, author = {Lachmuth, S and Durka, W and Schurr, FM}, title = {The making of a rapid plant invader: genetic diversity and differentiation in the native and invaded range of Senecio inaequidens.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {18}, pages = {3952-3967}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04797.x}, pmid = {20854275}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Europe ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Senecio/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {To become invasive, exotic species have to succeed in the consecutive phases of introduction, naturalization, and invasion. Each of these phases leaves traces in genetic structure, which may affect the species' success in subsequent phases. We examined this interplay of genetic structure and invasion dynamics in the South African Ragwort (Senecio inaequidens), one of Europe's fastest plant invaders. We used AFLP and microsatellite markers to analyze 19 native African and 32 invasive European populations. In combination with historic data, we distinguished invasion routes and traced them back to the native source areas. This revealed that different introduction sites had markedly different success in the three invasion phases. Notably, an observed lag-phase in Northern Germany was evidently not terminated by factors increasing the invasiveness of the resident population but by invasive spread from another introduction centre. The lineage invading Central Europe was introduced to sites in which winters are more benign than in the native source region. Subsequently, this lineage spread into areas in which winter temperatures match the native climate more closely. Genetic diversity clearly increases with population age in Europe and less clearly decreases with spread rate up to population establishment. This indicates that gene flow along well-connected invasion routes counteracted losses of genetic diversity during rapid spread. In summary, this study suggests that multiple introductions, environmental preadaptation and high gene flow along invasion routes contributed to the success of this rapid invader. More generally, it demonstrates the benefit of combining genetic, historical, and climatic data for understanding biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid20852668, year = {2010}, author = {Hillerislambers, J and Yelenik, SG and Colman, BP and Levine, JM}, title = {California annual grass invaders: the drivers or passengers of change?.}, journal = {The Journal of ecology}, volume = {98}, number = {5}, pages = {1147-1156}, pmid = {20852668}, issn = {0022-0477}, abstract = {The dominance of invasive species is often assumed to reflect their competitive superiority over displaced native species. However, invasive species may be abundant because of their greater tolerance to anthropogenic impacts accompanying their introduction. Thus, invasive species can either be the drivers or passengers of change.We distinguish between these two possibilities in California grasslands currently dominated by Mediterranean annuals (exotics) and subjected to livestock grazing since European settlement. We focused on native annual grasses and forbs, an understudied species-rich component of the California flora, and Mediterranean annual grasses, currently dominant and among the first non-native plants introduced to the area.We established a field experiment with fenced and unfenced blocks in a cattle pasture. We measured concentrations of limiting resources (nitrogen, phosphorus, light and soil moisture) in monoculture plots as an index of competitive ability (i.e. R*). We then quantified grazing impacts on biomass and seed production in grazed vs. ungrazed monoculture plots. Finally, we measured biomass and seed production of each species competing in mixture plots, in the presence and absence of grazers.We found that native and exotic species did not differ in R* indices of competitive ability, i.e. concentrations of limiting resources in ungrazed native monoculture plots did not differ from concentrations in ungrazed exotic monoculture plots. By contrast, exotic annuals suffered less from grazing than native annuals, perhaps reflecting their longer evolutionary history with cattle grazing. Consistent with these results, native and exotic annuals were equally abundant in ungrazed mixtures, but exotic species overwhelmingly dominated grazed mixtures.Species able to draw down nitrogen and light to lower levels in monocultures (i.e. those with lower R* values) dominated biomass and seeds in mixed plots without grazers. However, R* did not predict the relative abundance of species in grazed plots. Moreover, the relative abundance of species in mixtures did not correlate with grazing impacts on their monocultures, implying that grazing alters inter-specific competitive dynamics.Synthesis. We demonstrate that the displacement of native annuals by Mediterranean annual grasses in California may largely have been driven by cattle grazing.}, }
@article {pmid20848880, year = {2010}, author = {Lewbart, GA and Christian, LS and Harms, CA and Van Wettere, AJ}, title = {A comparison of heavy metal concentrations and health assessment in Asian clams Corbicula fluminea from Florida and North Carolina.}, journal = {Journal of aquatic animal health}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {73-77}, doi = {10.1577/H09-041.1}, pmid = {20848880}, issn = {0899-7659}, support = {T32 RR024394/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*chemistry ; Florida ; Metals, Heavy/*analysis ; North Carolina ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The Asian clam Corbicula fluminea was introduced into the United States in 1938 and has since become established in much of the country. This invasive species can compete with native bivalves and compromise industrial water supply systems and power plants. Numerous studies have examined bivalves as bioindicators. The purpose of this study was to compare the heavy metal concentrations of the hard and soft tissues of specimens from Florida and North Carolina and to assess the clams' health by microscopic examination of their soft tissues. Although the sample size was small, this study suggests that the Asian clams from the watersheds examined are healthy and that they accumulate lower levels of heavy metals than have been reported for clams from other, more polluted aquatic environments.}, }
@article {pmid20848310, year = {2011}, author = {Singh, V and Singh, H and Sharma, GP and Raghubanshi, AS}, title = {Eco-physiological performance of two invasive weed congeners (Ageratum conyzoides L. and Ageratum houstonianum Mill.) in the Indo-Gangetic plains of India.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {178}, number = {1-4}, pages = {415-422}, pmid = {20848310}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Ageratum/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; India ; *Introduced Species ; Plant Weeds/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Morphological (easily measureable) and physiological (hard to measure) traits of two closely related invasive alien congeners-Ageratum conyzoides L. and Ageratum houstonianum Mill. were studied with a perspective that which species will be potentially be more successful as an invader in the Indo-Gangetic plains of India. Leaf construction cost (LCC) is considered as a quantifiable measure of energy demand for biomass production and is related to energy use efficiency as it include component of both morphological and physiological traits. We hypothesised that a low LCC would give the invaders growth advantage by utilizing energy efficiently. Low LCC of A. houstonianum on mass basis (0.54 g glucose g(-1)) and area basis (20.48 g m(-2)) gives insight into the success of this invasive weed over A. conyzoides. The present study gives evidence that how the morphological traits are linked to physiological traits that could directly affect invasive attributes of the invader, which in turn would be crucial to prioritize species for ecosystem management.}, }
@article {pmid20843548, year = {2010}, author = {Bradie, JN and Bailey, SA and van der Velde, G and Macisaac, HJ}, title = {Brine-induced mortality of non-indigenous invertebrates in residual ballast water.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {70}, number = {5}, pages = {395-401}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2010.08.003}, pmid = {20843548}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*drug effects ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; Great Lakes Region ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/classification/*drug effects ; Salinity ; Sodium Chloride/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {All transoceanic vessels entering the Great Lakes are required to manage ballast water and ballast tank residuals with ballast water exchange and tank flushing, respectively. While these management procedures effectively reduce the density and richness of biota in ballast waters and thereby reduce the risk of transferring non-indigenous species, some ships are unable to uniformly manage all tanks. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate sodium chloride brine as an emergency treatment for ballast tanks with non-compliant residuals. Invertebrate communities collected from i) Detroit River, ii) exchanged ballast tanks arriving in the Great Lakes, and iii) North Sea ports, were exposed to a range of brine concentrations (15-115‰) until complete mortality was reached. Results indicate that a 1-h exposure to 115‰ brine is a broadly effective treatment (>99.9% mortality) regardless of treatment temperature, taxonomic group, or species' source habitat salinity. A median of 0.00% (range 0.00-5.33) of individuals are expected to survive treatment and the expected number of viable individuals released after treatment is within Canadian and proposed international discharge standards. Before implementation, validation with ship-scale trials is recommended.}, }
@article {pmid20843528, year = {2010}, author = {Malovic, I and Hemmingsen, W and MacKenzie, K}, title = {Trypanosome infections of marine fish in the southern Barents Sea and the invasive red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {60}, number = {12}, pages = {2257-2262}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.08.009}, pmid = {20843528}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Anomura/*parasitology ; Fish Diseases/*epidemiology ; Fishes/*parasitology ; Gadiformes/parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Trypanosomiasis/epidemiology/transmission/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus was introduced to the Barents Sea from the North Pacific in the 1960s. A previous study concluded that it may be indirectly responsible for increased transmission of Trypanosoma murmanense to cod Gadus morhua in the southern Barents Sea by promoting an increase in the population of the leech vector Johanssonia arctica. Eleven species of fish, totalling 681 individuals, caught in October 2002 along the coast of Finnmark, were examined for trypanosome infections. The aims were to investigate changes in levels of infection in cod since 1999-2001, and to extend the sampling to other fish species. Relatively high infection levels were found in cod, haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus and long rough dab Hippoglossoides platessoides, while other species were lightly infected or uninfected. In cod, no significant geographical differences in levels of infection were found, but haddock were significantly more heavily infected in western Finnmark.}, }
@article {pmid20840491, year = {2010}, author = {Okland, B and Skarpaas, O and Schroeder, M and Magnusson, C and Lindelöw, A and Thunes, K}, title = {Is eradication of the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) likely? An evaluation of current contingency plans.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {30}, number = {9}, pages = {1424-1439}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01431.x}, pmid = {20840491}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Norway ; Pinus/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases/parasitology/*prevention &amp; control ; Risk Management ; Tylenchida/*pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {The pinewood nematode (PWN) is one of the worst tree-killing exotic pests in East-Asian countries. The first European record of establishment in Portugal in 1999 triggered extensive surveys and contingency plans for eradication in European countries, including immediate removal of large areas of conifer host trees. Using Norway as an example, we applied a simulation model to evaluate the chance of successful eradication of a hypothetical introduction by the current contingency plan in a northern area where wilting symptoms are not expected to occur. Despite a highly variable spread of nematode infestations in space and time, the probability of successful eradication in 20 years was consistently low (mean 0.035, SE 0.02). The low success did not change significantly by varying the biological parameters in sensitivity analyses (SA), probably due to the late detection of infestations by the survey (mean 14.3 years). SA revealed a strong influence of management parameters. However, a high probability of eradication required unrealistic measures: achieving an eradication probability of 0.99 in 20 years required 10,000 survey samples per year and a host tree removal radius of 8,000 m around each detection point.}, }
@article {pmid20840222, year = {2011}, author = {Bader, CA and Williams, CR}, title = {Eggs of the Australian saltmarsh mosquito, Aedes camptorhynchus, survive for long periods and hatch in instalments: implications for biosecurity in New Zealand.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {70-76}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00908.x}, pmid = {20840222}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {Aedes/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Animals ; Introduced Species ; Longevity ; New Zealand ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Ovum/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Reproduction ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {The Australian saltmarsh mosquito, Aedes camptorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae), is a significant biting pest and disease vector and is the subject of an eradication programme in New Zealand (NZ), where it has been resident for more than 10 years. To better understand the ecology of this common and widespread pest, we studied egg longevity and hatching patterns in the laboratory. By regularly testing for the presence of viable embryos, we found that eggs may last more than 15 months when stored dry (13% viable at this time). Eggs display instalment hatching, with no more than 56% of a batch hatching upon first inundation. Further hatching may occur for at least six inundations and some unhatched eggs may remain viable even after this. Variation in hatching rates can be observed using different water types, with weaker hatching media stimulating lower hatching rates spread over more inundations. By applying average hatching rates to a non-linear model of natural egg attrition, we showed that egg batches exposed to three inundations should be exhausted (zero live eggs present) in approximately 11 months at the conditions tested here. These findings have implications for the current eradication programme for Ae. camptorhynchus in NZ and for our understanding of the ecology of a widespread and common disease vector in Australia.}, }
@article {pmid20836462, year = {2010}, author = {Epanchin, PN and Knapp, RA and Lawler, SP}, title = {Nonnative trout impact an alpine-nesting bird by altering aquatic-insect subsidies.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {8}, pages = {2406-2415}, doi = {10.1890/09-1974.1}, pmid = {20836462}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Finches/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Fresh Water ; Insecta/*physiology ; Nesting Behavior ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Trout/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Adjacent food webs may be linked by cross-boundary subsidies: more-productive donor systems can subsidize consumers in less-productive neighboring recipient systems. Introduced species are known to have direct effects on organisms within invaded communities. However, few studies have addressed the indirect effects of nonnative species in donor systems on organisms in recipient systems. We studied the direct role of introduced trout in altering a lake-derived resource subsidy and their indirect effects in altering a passerine bird's response to that subsidy. We compared the abundance of aquatic insects and foraging Gray-crowned Rosy-Finches (Leucosticte tephrocotis dawsoni, "Rosy-Finch") at fish-containing vs. fishless lakes in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California (USA). Introduced trout outcompeted Rosy-Finches for emerging aquatic insects (i.e., mayflies). Fish-containing lakes had 98% fewer mayflies than did fishless lakes. In lakes without fish, Rosy-Finches showed an aggregative response to emerging aquatic insects with 5.9 times more Rosy-Finches at fishless lakes than at fish-containing lakes. Therefore, the introduction of nonnative fish into the donor system reduced both the magnitude of the resource subsidy and the strength of cross-boundary trophic interactions. Importantly, the timing of the subsidy occurs when Rosy-Finches feed their young. If Rosy-Finches rely on aquatic-insect subsidies to fledge their young, reductions in the subsidy by introduced trout may have decreased Rosy-Finch abundances from historic levels. We recommend that terrestrial recipients of aquatic subsidies be included in conservation and restoration plans for ecosystems with alpine lakes.}, }
@article {pmid20836448, year = {2010}, author = {Dangremond, EM and Pardini, EA and Knight, TM}, title = {Apparent competition with an invasive plant hastens the extinction of an endangered lupine.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {8}, pages = {2261-2271}, doi = {10.1890/09-0418.1}, pmid = {20836448}, issn = {0012-9658}, support = {//Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Lupinus/*physiology ; Peromyscus/physiology ; Poaceae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants may compete with native plants by increasing the pressure of native consumers, a mechanism known as "apparent competition." Apparent competition can be as strong as or stronger than direct competition, but the role of apparent competition has rarely been examined in biological invasions. We used four years of demographic data and seed-removal experiments to determine if introduced grasses caused elevated levels of seed consumption on native plant species in a coastal dune system in California, USA. We show that the endangered, coastal dune plant Lupinus tidestromii experiences high levels of pre-dispersal seed consumption by the native rodent Peromyscus maniculatus due to its proximity to the invasive grass, Ammophila arenaria. We use stage-structured, stochastic population models to project that two of three study populations will decline toward extinction under ambient levels of consumption. For one of these declining populations, a relatively small decrease in consumption pressure should allow for persistence. We show that apparent competition with an invasive species significantly decreases the population growth rate and persistence of a native species. We expect that apparent competition is an important mechanism in other ecosystems because invasive plants often change habitat structure and plant-consumer interactions. Possible implications of the apparent-competition mechanism include selective extinction of species preferred by seed consumers in the presence of an invasive species and biological homogenization of communities toward non-preferred native plant species.}, }
@article {pmid20836441, year = {2010}, author = {Bulleri, F and Balata, D and Bertocci, I and Tamburello, L and Benedetti-Cecchi, L}, title = {The seaweed Caulerpa racemosa on Mediterranean rocky reefs: from passenger to driver of ecological change.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {8}, pages = {2205-2212}, doi = {10.1890/09-1857.1}, pmid = {20836441}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Caulerpa/*physiology ; Conservation of Energy Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {Disentangling the ecological effects of biological invasions from those of other human disturbances is crucial to understanding the mechanisms underlying ongoing biotic homogenization. We evaluated whether the exotic seaweed, Caulerpa racemosa, is the primary cause of degradation (i.e., responsible for the loss of canopy-formers and dominance by algal turfs) on Mediterranean rocky reefs, by experimentally removing the invader alone or the entire invaded assemblage. In addition, we assessed the effects of enhanced sedimentation on the survival and recovery of canopy-forming macroalgae at a relatively pristine location and how their loss affects the ability of C. racemosa to conquer space. C. racemosa did not invade dense canopy stands or influence their recovery in cleared plots. Competition with C. racemosa could not explain the rarity of canopy-forming species at degraded sites. Removing the assemblages invaded by C. racemosa and preventing reinvasion did not trigger the transition from algal turfs to canopies, but it enhanced the cover of morphologically complex erect macroalgae under some circumstances. Once established, C. racemosa, enhancing sediment accumulation, favors algal turfs over erect algal forms and enables them to monopolize space. Our results show that introduced species that rely on disturbance to establish can subsequently become the main drivers of ecological change.}, }
@article {pmid20836440, year = {2010}, author = {Sorte, CJ and Williams, SL and Zerebecki, RA}, title = {Ocean warming increases threat of invasive species in a marine fouling community.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {8}, pages = {2198-2204}, doi = {10.1890/10-0238.1}, pmid = {20836440}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Bryozoa/*physiology ; California ; Ecosystem ; *Global Warming ; Hydrozoa/*physiology ; Oceans and Seas ; Seasons ; Ships ; Urochordata/*physiology ; }, abstract = {We addressed the potential for climate change to facilitate invasions and precipitate shifts in community composition by testing effects of ocean warming on species in a marine fouling community in Bodega Harbor, Bodega Bay, California, USA. First, we determined that introduced species tolerated significantly higher temperatures than natives, suggesting that climate change will have a disproportionately negative impact on native species. Second, we assessed the temperature dependence of survival and growth by exposing juveniles to an ambient control temperature and increased temperatures predicted by ocean warming scenarios (+3 degrees C and +4.5 degrees C) in laboratory mesocosms. We found that responses differed between species, species origins, and demographic processes. Based on the temperature tolerance, survival, and growth results, we predict that, as ocean temperatures increase, native species will decrease in abundance, whereas introduced species are likely to increase in this system. Facilitation of invasions by climate change may already be underway; locally, invasive dominance has increased concurrent with ocean warming over the past approximately 40 years. We suggest that the effects of climate change on communities can occur via both direct impacts on the diversity and abundance of native species and indirect effects due to increased dominance of introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid20833575, year = {2010}, author = {Gachon, CM and Sime-Ngando, T and Strittmatter, M and Chambouvet, A and Kim, GH}, title = {Algal diseases: spotlight on a black box.}, journal = {Trends in plant science}, volume = {15}, number = {11}, pages = {633-640}, doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2010.08.005}, pmid = {20833575}, issn = {1878-4372}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Cyanobacteria/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/*physiology ; Humans ; Phaeophyceae/physiology ; Rhodophyta/physiology ; }, abstract = {Like any other living organisms, algae are plagued by diseases caused by fungi, protists, bacteria or viruses. As aquaculture continues to rise worldwide, pathogens of nori or biofuel sources are becoming a significant economic burden. Parasites are also increasingly being considered of equal importance with predators for ecosystem functioning. Altered disease patterns in disturbed environments are blamed for sudden extinctions, regime shifts, and spreading of alien species. Here we review the biodiversity and impact of pathogens and parasites of aquatic primary producers in freshwater and marine systems. We also cover recent advances on algal defence reactions, and discuss how emerging technologies can be used to reassess the profound, multi-faceted, and so far broadly-overlooked influence of algal diseases on ecosystem properties.}, }
@article {pmid20832931, year = {2011}, author = {Larson, DL and Phillips-Mao, L and Quiram, G and Sharpe, L and Stark, R and Sugita, S and Weiler, A}, title = {A framework for sustainable invasive species management: Environmental, social, and economic objectives.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {92}, number = {1}, pages = {14-22}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.08.025}, pmid = {20832931}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Caulerpa ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; *Environmental Policy ; Euphorbia ; Introduced Species/*economics ; Minnesota ; Models, Theoretical ; Politics ; Population Dynamics ; Social Conditions ; }, abstract = {Applying the concept of sustainability to invasive species management (ISM) is challenging but necessary, given the increasing rates of invasion and the high costs of invasion impacts and control. To be sustainable, ISM must address environmental, social, and economic factors (or "pillars") that influence the causes, impacts, and control of invasive species across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Although these pillars are generally acknowledged, their implementation is often limited by insufficient control options and significant economic and political constraints. In this paper, we outline specific objectives in each of these three "pillars" that, if incorporated into a management plan, will improve the plan's likelihood of sustainability. We then examine three case studies that illustrate how these objectives can be effectively implemented. Each pillar reinforces the others, such that the inclusion of even a few of the outlined objectives will lead to more effective management that achieves ecological goals, while generating social support and long-term funding to maintain projects to completion. We encourage agency directors and policy-makers to consider sustainability principles when developing funding schemes, management agendas, and policy.}, }
@article {pmid20831269, year = {2010}, author = {DiTomaso, JM and Reaser, JK and Dionigi, CP and Doering, OC and Chilton, E and Schardt, JD and Barney, JN}, title = {Biofuel vs bioinvasion: seeding policy priorities.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {44}, number = {18}, pages = {6906-6910}, doi = {10.1021/es100640y}, pmid = {20831269}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {*Biofuels/economics ; California ; Crops, Agricultural/economics ; *Environmental Policy ; Federal Government ; Government Agencies ; *Introduced Species/economics ; Risk Factors ; United States ; }, }
@article {pmid20829775, year = {2010}, author = {Speziale, K and Lambertucci, S}, title = {A call for action to curb invasive species in South America.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {467}, number = {7312}, pages = {153}, doi = {10.1038/467153c}, pmid = {20829775}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Legislation as Topic ; South America ; }, }
@article {pmid20827985, year = {2010}, author = {Chen, J and Quan, WT and Zhou, GH and Wen, ZH}, title = {[The spectrum characteristics of an invasion plant: Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng].}, journal = {Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi = Guang pu}, volume = {30}, number = {7}, pages = {1853-1857}, pmid = {20827985}, issn = {1000-0593}, mesh = {*Ageratina ; China ; *Introduced Species ; *Remote Sensing Technology ; Spatial Analysis ; Spectrum Analysis ; }, abstract = {Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. (EAS) is a toxic invasion plant and has caused significant economic and environmental impacts in China. The EAS has the characteristics of widely distributing and quickly spreading. The traditional detecting and supervising methods become invalid when applied for managing the spatial distribution of EAS. Based on the analyzing results of the spectrum features of EAS, the present paper tried to structure the identifying models by remote sensing. The main objective of this paper is to develop an available method for detecting and mapping the spatial distribution of EAS. The study shows that the spectrum of EAS has two reflecting peaks and one absorbing trough. The corresponding wavelengths of those peaks are 560, 730 and 674 nm, respectively. The absorption characteristics of EAS at 647 nm are that the absorbing depth is 0.504 3-1.910 3, the absorbing width is 13.778 9-17.251 8 nm and the area at the left absorption band is greater than the right, and the corresponding area ratio of left to right is 1.771 9-2.444 1. The white flowers of EAS make the reflectance higher at visible bands, and the first-order derivatives of EAS spectral show a wave peak at 420 nm. Compared with the spectral feature of other representative materials, the absorbing characteristics at 647 nm, such as absorption width and absorption depth, and the peak at 420 nm of derivatives spectral are special features of EAS spectral, which can be used as remotely sensed parameters for detecting and mapping the EAS at florescence.}, }
@article {pmid20826488, year = {2011}, author = {Wanger, TC and Wielgoss, AC and Motzke, I and Clough, Y and Brook, BW and Sodhi, NS and Tscharntke, T}, title = {Endemic predators, invasive prey and native diversity.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {278}, number = {1706}, pages = {690-694}, pmid = {20826488}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Bufonidae/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Population Density ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Interactions between native diversity and invasive species can be more complex than is currently understood. Invasive ant species often substantially reduce diversity in the native ants diversity that act as natural control agents for pest insects. In Indonesia (on the island of Sulawesi), the third largest cacao producer worldwide, we show that a predatory endemic toad (Ingerophrynus celebensis) controls invasive ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) abundance, and positively affects native ant diversity. We call this the invasive-naivety effect (an opposite of enemy release), whereby alien species may not harbour anti-predatory defences against a novel native predator. A positive effect of the toads on native ants may facilitate their predation on insect vectors of cacao diseases. Hence, toads may increase crop yield, but further research is needed on this aspect. Ironically, amphibians are globally the most threatened vertebrate class and are strongly impacted by the conversion of rainforest to cacao plantations in Sulawesi. It is, therefore, crucial to manage cacao plantations to maintain these endemic toads, as they may provide critical ecosystem services, such as invasion resistance and preservation of native insect diversity.}, }
@article {pmid20824307, year = {2010}, author = {Chen, YH and Berlocher, SH and Opp, SB and Roderick, GK}, title = {Post-colonization temporal genetic variation of an introduced fly, Rhagoletis completa.}, journal = {Genetica}, volume = {138}, number = {9-10}, pages = {1059-1075}, pmid = {20824307}, issn = {1573-6857}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Founder Effect ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Loci ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Tephritidae/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Evolutionary biologists have been puzzled by the success of introduced species: despite founder effects that reduce genetic variability, invasive species are still successful at colonizing new environments. It is possible that the evolutionary processes during the post-colonization period may increase the genetic diversity and gene flow among invasive populations over time, facilitating their long-term success. Therefore, genetic diversity and population structure would be expected to show greater temporal variation for successful introduced populations than for native populations. We studied the population genetics of the walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis completa, which was introduced into California from the Midwestern US in the early 1900s. We used microsatellites and allozymes to genotype current and historic fly populations, providing a rare perspective on temporal variability in population genetic parameters. We found that introduced populations showed greater temporal fluctuations in allele frequencies than native populations. Some introduced populations also showed an increase in genetic diversity over time, indicating multiple introductions had occurred. Population genetic structure decreased in both native and introduced populations over time. Our study demonstrates that introduced species are not at equilibrium and post-colonization processes may be important in ameliorating the loss of genetic diversity associated with biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid20822556, year = {2011}, author = {Rao, Q and Luo, C and Zhang, H and Guo, X and Devine, GJ}, title = {Distribution and dynamics of Bemisia tabaci invasive biotypes in central China.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {101}, number = {1}, pages = {81-88}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485310000428}, pmid = {20822556}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Gene Frequency ; Genes, Insect ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; Genotype ; Hemiptera/classification/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Homology ; }, abstract = {The tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), causes severe crop losses in many agricultural systems. The worst of these losses are often associated with the invasion and establishment of specific whitefly biotypes. In a comprehensive survey of biotypes present in central China between 2005 and 2007, we obtained 191 samples of B. tabaci from 19 districts in Hubei province and its surrounds. Biotypes were identified by RAPD-PCR and by sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (mtCO1). We determined that these central Chinese haplotypes included the world's two most invasive B. tabaci biotypes (B and Q) and two indigenous biotypes (ZHJ1 and ZHJ3). The B biotype shared >99.7% identity with other Chinese B biotypes and the Q biotype shared >99.5% of its identity with Q samples from the Mediterranean, USA, Africa and East Asia. By 2007, the Q biotype was dominant over much of Hubei province and appeared to be supplanting all other biotypes, although both the invasive and indigenous biotypes existed in sympatry in some regions. The invasion and rapid establishment of the Q biotype in China mirrors events elsewhere in the world, and we suggest that this is a consequence of its reproductive isolation, its polyphagous nature and its broad-spectrum resistance to insecticides. Its dominance has severe implications for the sustainability of some insecticide groups and for the production of a number of crops.}, }
@article {pmid20821025, year = {2010}, author = {Forslund, H and Wikström, SA and Pavia, H}, title = {Higher resistance to herbivory in introduced compared to native populations of a seaweed.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {164}, number = {3}, pages = {833-840}, pmid = {20821025}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; *Feeding Behavior ; Gastropoda/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Phenols/metabolism ; Seaweed/metabolism/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Non-indigenous species (NIS) are important components of global change, and in order to manage such species it is important to understand which factors affect their success. Interactions with enemies in the new range have been shown to be important for the outcome of introductions, but thus far most studies on NIS-enemy interactions have considered only specialist herbivores in terrestrial systems. Here we present the results from the first biogeographic study that compares herbivore resistance between populations in the native and new region of a non-indigenous seaweed. We show that low consumption of the non-indigenous seaweed by a generalist herbivore is caused by higher chemical defence levels and herbivore resistance in the new range-and not by the failure of the herbivore to recognise the non-indigenous seaweed as a suitable host. Since most seaweed-herbivore interactions are dominated by generalist herbivores, this pattern could be common in marine communities. Our results also reveal that traits used to predict the invasive potential of species, such as their resistance to enemies, can change during the invasion process, but not always in the way predicted by dominant theories.}, }
@article {pmid20809406, year = {2011}, author = {Manea, A and Leishman, MR}, title = {Competitive interactions between native and invasive exotic plant species are altered under elevated carbon dioxide.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {165}, number = {3}, pages = {735-744}, pmid = {20809406}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Carbon Dioxide/*analysis/metabolism ; Germination ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Development ; Plant Leaves/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Plants/anatomy &amp; histology/metabolism ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {We hypothesized that the greater competitive ability of invasive exotic plants relative to native plants would increase under elevated CO(2) because they typically have traits that confer the ability for fast growth when resources are not limiting and thus are likely to be more responsive to elevated CO(2). A series of competition experiments under ambient and elevated CO(2) glasshouse conditions were conducted to determine an index of relative competition intensity for 14 native-invasive exotic species-pairs. Traits including specific leaf area, leaf mass ratio, leaf area ratio, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate and root weight ratio were measured. Competitive rankings within species-pairs were not affected by CO(2) concentration: invasive exotic species were more competitive in 9 of the 14 species-pairs and native species were more competitive in the remaining 5 species-pairs, regardless of CO(2) concentration. However, there was a significant interaction between plant type and CO(2) treatment due to reduced competitive response of native species under elevated compared with ambient CO(2) conditions. Native species had significantly lower specific leaf area and leaf area ratio under elevated compared with ambient CO(2). We also compared traits of more-competitive with less-competitive species, regardless of plant type, under both CO(2) treatments. More-competitive species had smaller leaf weight ratio and leaf area ratio, and larger relative growth rate and net assimilation rate under both ambient and elevated CO(2) conditions. These results suggest that growth and allocation traits can be useful predictors of the outcome of competitive interactions under both ambient and elevated CO(2) conditions. Under predicted future atmospheric CO(2) conditions, competitive rankings among species may not change substantially, but the relative success of invasive exotic species may be increased. Thus, under future atmospheric CO(2) conditions, the ecological and economic impact of some invasive exotic plants may be even greater than under current conditions.}, }
@article {pmid20808959, year = {2010}, author = {Labbé, GM and Nimmo, DD and Alphey, L}, title = {piggybac- and PhiC31-mediated genetic transformation of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse).}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {4}, number = {8}, pages = {e788}, pmid = {20808959}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Attachment Sites, Microbiological ; Female ; Genes, Reporter ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics ; Integrases/genetics ; Luminescent Proteins/genetics ; Male ; Microinjections/methods ; Plasmids ; *Recombination, Genetic ; *Transformation, Genetic ; Transposases/genetics ; Red Fluorescent Protein ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is a vector of several arboviruses including dengue and chikungunya. This highly invasive species originating from Southeast Asia has travelled the world in the last 30 years and is now established in Europe, North and South America, Africa, the Middle East and the Caribbean. In the absence of vaccine or antiviral drugs, efficient mosquito control strategies are crucial. Conventional control methods have so far failed to control Ae. albopictus adequately.<br><br>Germline transformation of Aedes albopictus was achieved by micro-injection of embryos with a piggyBac-based transgene carrying a 3xP3-ECFP marker and an attP site, combined with piggyBac transposase mRNA and piggyBac helper plasmid. Five independent transgenic lines were established, corresponding to an estimated transformation efficiency of 2-3%. Three lines were re-injected with a second-phase plasmid carrying an attB site and a 3xP3-DsRed2 marker, combined with PhiC31 integrase mRNA. Successful site-specific integration was observed in all three lines with an estimated transformation efficiency of 2-6%.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Both piggybac- and site-specific PhiC31-mediated germline transformation of Aedes albopictus were successfully achieved. This is the first report of Ae. albopictus germline transformation and engineering, a key step towards studying and controlling this species using novel molecular techniques and genetic control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid20808770, year = {2010}, author = {Zhang, Q and Yang, R and Tang, J and Yang, H and Hu, S and Chen, X}, title = {Positive feedback between mycorrhizal fungi and plants influences plant invasion success and resistance to invasion.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {8}, pages = {e12380}, pmid = {20808770}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {DNA, Plant/metabolism ; *Feedback, Physiological ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/metabolism/*microbiology ; Spores, Fungal/physiology ; }, abstract = {Negative or positive feedback between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and host plants can contribute to plant species interactions, but how this feedback affects plant invasion or resistance to invasion is not well known. Here we tested how alterations in AMF community induced by an invasive plant species generate feedback to the invasive plant itself and affect subsequent interactions between the invasive species and its native neighbors. We first examined the effects of the invasive forb Solidago canadensis L. on AMF communities comprising five different AMF species. We then examined the effects of the altered AMF community on mutualisms formed with the native legume forb species Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl. and on the interaction between the invasive and native plants. The host preferences of the five AMF were also assessed to test whether the AMF form preferred mutualistic relations with the invasive and/or the native species. We found that S. canadensis altered AMF spore composition by increasing one AMF species (Glomus geosporum) while reducing Glomus mosseae, which is the dominant species in the field. The host preference test showed that S. canadensis had promoted the abundance of AMF species (G. geosporum) that most promoted its own growth. As a consequence, the altered AMF community enhanced the competitiveness of invasive S. canadensis at the expense of K. striata. Our results demonstrate that the invasive S. canadensis alters soil AMF community composition because of fungal-host preference. This change in the composition of the AMF community generates positive feedback to the invasive S. canadensis itself and decreases AM associations with native K. striata, thereby making the native K. striata less dominant.}, }
@article {pmid20807339, year = {2011}, author = {Hulme, PE}, title = {Contrasting impacts of climate-driven flowering phenology on changes in alien and native plant species distributions.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {189}, number = {1}, pages = {272-281}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03446.x}, pmid = {20807339}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; England ; Flowers/*growth &amp; development ; Introduced Species ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {• Plant phenology is particularly sensitive to climate and a key indicator of environmental change. Globally, first flowering dates (FFDs) have advanced by several days per decade in response to recent climate warming, but, while earlier flowering should allow plant distributions to increase, a link between FFD and range changes has not been observed. • Here I show for 347 species that the extent to which FFD has responded to climate warming is linked to the degree to which their relative distributions have changed over 30 yr across the British Isles. • Native plant species whose phenology did not track climate change declined in distribution, whereas species that became more widespread all exhibited earlier flowering. In contrast, alien neophytes showed both a stronger phenological response to warming and a more marked increase in distribution, but no link between the two. • These trends were consistent both for relative changes in the national distribution and for local abundance. At the national scale, the more recently an alien species became established in Britain, the more likely it was to increase in distribution irrespective of FFD, suggesting that recent changes in alien species distributions are decoupled from climate and driven by other factors.}, }
@article {pmid20803198, year = {2011}, author = {Jellyman, PG and Clearwater, SJ and Clayton, JS and Kilroy, C and Blair, N and Hickey, CW and Biggs, BJ}, title = {Controlling the invasive diatom Didymosphenia geminata: an ecotoxicity assessment of four potential biocides.}, journal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {61}, number = {1}, pages = {115-127}, doi = {10.1007/s00244-010-9589-z}, pmid = {20803198}, issn = {1432-0703}, mesh = {Animals ; Chlorophyta/*drug effects ; Copper Sulfate/toxicity ; Daphnia/*drug effects ; Diatoms/*drug effects ; Dicarboxylic Acids/toxicity ; Edetic Acid/toxicity ; Herbicides/*toxicity ; Introduced Species ; New Zealand ; *Oncorhynchus mykiss ; *Perciformes ; Pinus/toxicity ; Plant Oils/toxicity ; Rivers ; Toxicity Tests, Acute ; }, abstract = {In 2004, an invasive mat-forming freshwater diatom, Didymosphenia geminata (didymo), was found in New Zealand causing concern with regard to potential consequences for local freshwater ecosystems. A four-stage research program was initiated to identify methods to control D. geminata. This article reports the results of Stage 2, in which four potential control compounds [Gemex™ (a chelated copper formulation), EDTA, Hydrothol®191, and Organic Interceptor™ (a pine oil formulation)] selected in Stage 1 were evaluated for their biocidal efficacy on D. geminata and effects on non-target organisms using both artificial stream and laboratory trials. Artificial stream trials evaluated the mortality rates of D. geminata and fishes to three concentrations of the four biocides, whereas laboratory toxicity trials tested the response of green alga and cladocera to a range of biocide concentrations and exposure times. In artificial stream trials, Gemex and Organic Interceptor were the most effective biocides against D. geminata for a number of measured indices; however, exposure of fishes to Organic Interceptor resulted in high mortality rates. Laboratory toxicity testing indicated that Gemex might negatively affect sensitive stream invertebrates, based on the cladoceran sensitivity at the proposed river control dose. A decision support matrix evaluated the four biocides based on nine criteria stipulated by river stakeholders (effectiveness, non-target species impacts, stalk removal, degradation profile, risks to health and safety, ease of application, neutralization potential, cost, and local regulatory requirements) and Gemex was identified as the product warranting further refinement prior to an in-river trial.}, }
@article {pmid20800936, year = {2010}, author = {Paul-Pont, I and de Montaudouin, X and Gonzalez, P and Jude, F and Raymond, N and Paillard, C and Baudrimont, M}, title = {Interactive effects of metal contamination and pathogenic organisms on the introduced marine bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum in European populations.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {158}, number = {11}, pages = {3401-3410}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2010.07.028}, pmid = {20800936}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*drug effects/microbiology/parasitology ; Cadmium/metabolism/*toxicity ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Metallothionein/metabolism ; Trematoda/pathogenicity ; Vibrio/pathogenicity ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {In natural environment, marine organisms are concomitantly exposed to pollutants and multiple disease agents resulting in detrimental interactions. The present study evaluated interactive effects of metal contamination (cadmium) and pathogenic organisms (trematode parasites Himasthla elongata and pathogenic bacteria Vibrio tapetis) singularly and in combination on the bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum, an introduced species to Europe, under laboratory controlled conditions. After 7 days, metal bioaccumulation and pathogen load were analyzed as well as metallothionein (MT) response and hemocyte concentrations and activities. Results showed that infection by opportunistic pathogens affects metal accumulation, leading to maximal Cd accumulation in co-infected clams. Among stressors only V. tapetis induced significant effects on immune parameters whereas a particular interaction "trematode-bacteria" was shown on MT responses. Despite low trematode infection in agreement with the resistant status of R. philippinarum to these macroparasites, significant interaction with bacteria and metal occurred. Such results highlight the necessity of taking pathogens into account in ecotoxicological studies.}, }
@article {pmid20739091, year = {2010}, author = {Kueffer, C}, title = {Transdisciplinary research is needed to predict plant invasions in an era of global change.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {25}, number = {11}, pages = {619-620}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2010.08.001}, pmid = {20739091}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Human Activities ; *Interdisciplinary Communication ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; *Research Design ; }, }
@article {pmid20739043, year = {2010}, author = {Stenger, DC and Sisterson, MS and French, R}, title = {Population genetics of Homalodisca vitripennis reovirus validates timing and limited introduction to California of its invasive insect host, the glassy-winged sharpshooter.}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {407}, number = {1}, pages = {53-59}, doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2010.08.002}, pmid = {20739043}, issn = {1096-0341}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Entomology/methods ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Flow ; Hemiptera/*classification/*virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; RNA, Viral/*genetics ; Reoviridae/*classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {As RNA viruses evolve rapidly, we hypothesized that a virus could serve as a surrogate to discriminate recently separated populations of an invasive insect species. Homalodisca vitripennis reovirus (HoVRV) was used as a surrogate to assess population structure of glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS), an invasive species detected in California ~20 years ago. HoVRV nucleotide sequence polymorphism revealed a bottleneck in the introduced population, yielded population age estimates consistent with timing of GWSS discovery in California, suggested gene flow within the native range but not among native and introduced populations, and could potentially pinpoint source of the introduced population. Collectively, the data support use of a virus surrogate to define critical attributes of invasive species populations, with the caveat that life history of the surrogate must be closely linked to that of the host.}, }
@article {pmid20737846, year = {2010}, author = {Loebmann, D and Mai, AC and Lee, JT}, title = {The invasion of five alien species in the Delta do Parnaíba Environmental Protection Area, Northeastern Brazil.}, journal = {Revista de biologia tropical}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, pages = {909-923}, doi = {10.15517/rbt.v58i2.5254}, pmid = {20737846}, issn = {0034-7744}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Crustacea/classification/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/classification/*physiology ; Mollusca/classification/*physiology ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Marine biological invasions have been regarded as one of the major causes of native biodiversity loss, with shipping and aquaculture being the leading contributors for the introductions of alien species in aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, five aquatic alien species (one mollusk, three crustaceans and one fish species) were detected during dives, shore searches and from the fisheries on the coast of the Delta do Parnaíba Environmental Protection Area, in the States of Piauí and Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil. The species were the bicolor purse-oyster Isognomon bicolor, the whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, the giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, the Indo-Pacific swimming crab Charybdis hellerii and, the muzzled blenny Omobranchus punctatus. Ballast water (I. bicolor, C. hellerii, and O. punctatus) and aquaculture activities (L. vannamei and M. rosenbergii) in adjacent areas are the most likely vectors of introduction. All exotic species found have potential impact risks to the environment because they are able to compete against native species for resources (food and habitat). Isognomon bicolor share the same habitat and food items with the native bivalve species of mussels and barnacles. Litopenaeus vannamei share the same habitat and food items with the native penaeids such as the pinkspot shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis, the Southern brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus subtilis, and the Southern white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti, and in the past few years L. vannamei was responsible for a viral epidemics in the cultivation tanks that could be transmitted to native penaeid shrimps. Charybdis hellerii is also able to cause impacts on the local fisheries as the species can decrease the populations of native portunid crabs which are commercialized in the studied region. Macrobrachium rosenbergii may be sharing natural resources with the Amazon River prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum. Omobranchus punctatus shares habit with the native redlip blenny Ophioblennius atlanticus and other fishes, such as the frillfin goby Bathigobius soporator Some immediate remedial measures to prevent further introductions from ballast water and shrimp farm ponds should be: (i) to prevent the release of ballast water by ship/vessels in the region; (ii) to reroute all effluent waters from shrimp rearing facilities through an underground or above-ground dry well; (iii) to install adequate sand and gravel filter which will allow passage of water but not livestock; (iv) outdoor shrimp pounds located on floodable land should be diked, and; (v) to promote environmental awareness of those directly involved with ballast water (crews of ship/vessels) and shrimp farms in the region.}, }
@article {pmid20735792, year = {2011}, author = {Tompkins, DM and Dunn, AM and Smith, MJ and Telfer, S}, title = {Wildlife diseases: from individuals to ecosystems.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {80}, number = {1}, pages = {19-38}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01742.x}, pmid = {20735792}, issn = {1365-2656}, support = {//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animal Diseases/*parasitology ; Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Parasites/physiology ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/*parasitology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {1. We review our ecological understanding of wildlife infectious diseases from the individual host to the ecosystem scale, highlighting where conceptual thinking lacks verification, discussing difficulties and challenges, and offering potential future research directions. 2. New molecular approaches hold potential to increase our understanding of parasite interactions within hosts. Also, advances in our knowledge of immune systems makes immunological parameters viable measures of parasite exposure, and useful tools for improving our understanding of causal mechanisms. 3. Studies of transmission dynamics have revealed the importance of heterogeneity in host behaviour and physiology, and of contact processes operating at different spatial and temporal scales. An important future challenge is to determine the key transmission mechanisms maintaining the persistence of different types of diseases in the wild. 4. Regulation of host populations is too complex to consider parasite effects in isolation from other factors. One solution is to seek a unified understanding of the conditions under which (and the ecological rules determining when) population scale impacts of parasites can occur. 5. Good evidence now shows that both direct effects of parasites, and trait mediated indirect effects, frequently mediate the success of invasive species and their impacts on recipient communities. A wider exploration of these effects is now needed. 6. At the ecosystem scale, research is needed to characterize the circumstances and conditions under which both fluxes in parasite biomass, and trait mediated effects, are significant in ecosystem processes, and to demonstrate that parasites do indeed increase 'ecosystem health'. 7. There is a general need for more empirical testing of predictions and subsequent development of theory in the classic research cycle. Experimental field studies, meta-analyses, the collection and analysis of long-term data sets, and data constrained modelling, will all be key to advancing our understanding. 8. Finally, we are only now beginning to understand the importance of cross-scale interactions associated with parasitism. Such interactions may offer key insights into bigger picture questions such as when and how different regulatory factors are important, when disease can cause species extinctions, and what characteristics are indicative of functionally resilient ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid20735451, year = {2011}, author = {Anderson, EP and Maldonado-Ocampo, JA}, title = {A regional perspective on the diversity and conservation of tropical Andean fishes.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {30-39}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01568.x}, pmid = {20735451}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; Extinction, Biological ; *Fishes ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Power Plants ; Tropical Climate ; Water Pollution ; }, abstract = {The tropical Andes harbor an extraordinarily varied concentration of species in a landscape under increasing pressure from human activities. Conservation of the region's native plants and animals has received considerable international attention, but the focus has been on terrestrial biota. The conservation of freshwater fauna, particularly the conservation of fishes, has not been emphasized. Tropical Andean fishes are among the most understudied vertebrates in the world. We estimate that between 400 and 600 fish species inhabit the diverse aquatic environments in the region. Nearly 40% of these species are endemic. Tropical Andean fishes are vulnerable to ongoing environmental changes related to deforestation, water withdrawals, water pollution, species introductions, and hydropower development. Additionally, their distributions and population dynamics may be affected by hydrologic alterations and warmer water temperatures associated with projected climate change. Presently, at least three species are considered extinct, some populations are endangered, and some species are likely to decline or disappear. The long-term persistence of tropical Andean fishes will depend on greater consideration of freshwater systems in regional conservation initiatives.}, }
@article {pmid20735378, year = {2011}, author = {Martin, LJ and Murray, BR}, title = {A predictive framework and review of the ecological impacts of exotic plant invasions on reptiles and amphibians.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {86}, number = {2}, pages = {407-419}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00152.x}, pmid = {20735378}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Amphibians/*physiology ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Plants/*classification ; Reptiles/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The invasive spread of exotic plants in native vegetation can pose serious threats to native faunal assemblages. This is of particular concern for reptiles and amphibians because they form a significant component of the world's vertebrate fauna, play a pivotal role in ecosystem functioning and are often neglected in biodiversity research. A framework to predict how exotic plant invasion will affect reptile and amphibian assemblages is imperative for conservation, management and the identification of research priorities. Here, we present a new predictive framework that integrates three mechanistic models. These models are based on exotic plant invasion altering: (1) habitat structure; (2) herbivory and predator-prey interactions; (3) the reproductive success of reptile and amphibian species and assemblages. We present a series of testable predictions from these models that arise from the interplay over time among three exotic plant traits (growth form, area of coverage, taxonomic distinctiveness) and six traits of reptiles and amphibians (body size, lifespan, home range size, habitat specialisation, diet, reproductive strategy). A literature review provided robust empirical evidence of exotic plant impacts on reptiles and amphibians from each of the three model mechanisms. Evidence relating to the role of body size and diet was less clear-cut, indicating the need for further research. The literature provided limited empirical support for many of the other model predictions. This was not, however, because findings contradicted our model predictions but because research in this area is sparse. In particular, the small number of studies specifically examining the effects of exotic plants on amphibians highlights the pressing need for quantitative research in this area. There is enormous scope for detailed empirical investigation of interactions between exotic plants and reptile and amphibian species and assemblages. The framework presented here and further testing of predictions will provide a basis for informing and prioritising environmental management and exotic plant control efforts.}, }
@article {pmid20734620, year = {2010}, author = {Lin, ZQ and Terry, N and Gao, S and Mohamed, S and Ye, ZH}, title = {Vegetation changes and partitioning of selenium in 4-year-old constructed wetlands treating agricultural drainage.}, journal = {International journal of phytoremediation}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {255-267}, doi = {10.1080/15226510903563868}, pmid = {20734620}, issn = {1522-6514}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Biomass ; Carbon/metabolism ; *Drainage, Sanitary ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Organ Specificity ; Plant Development ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Plant Shoots/growth &amp; development ; Plants/*metabolism ; Selenium/*isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid ; *Water Purification ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {The knowledge of selenium (Se) partitioning in treatment wetlands and wetland vegetation management are essential for long-term effective operation of constructed wetlands treating Se-laden agricultural tile-drainage in central California. In this field study, samples from different compartments of treatment wetlands were collected and the vegetation change in each wetland cell was examined four years after the wetland's inception. The results showed that saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) and rabbitfoot grass (Polypogon monspeliensis) were less competitive than cattail (Typha latifolia) and saltmarsh bulrush (Scirpus robustus). Over 90% of the wetland cell originally vegetated with saltgrass or rabbitfoot grass was occupied by invasive plants--i.e., when invasive species were not controlled in the wetlands. More Se was likely found in sediments from vegetated regions, compared to the unvegetated areas of the wetland cell. Particularly, rhizosphere sediments accumulated about 4-fold more Se than non-rhizosphere sediments. Among the total Se retained in the wetland 90% of the total Se was partitioned in the top 10-cm layer of sediment. The Se accumulation in plant materials accounted for about 2% of the total Se mass retained in each wetland cell. This field study demonstrated that wetland plants play significant roles in the treatment of Se-laden agricultural drainage.}, }
@article {pmid20730987, year = {2010}, author = {Dillen, K and Mitchell, PD and Van Looy, T and Tollens, E}, title = {The western corn rootworm, a new threat to European agriculture: opportunities for biotechnology?.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {66}, number = {9}, pages = {956-966}, doi = {10.1002/ps.1966}, pmid = {20730987}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Administrative Personnel ; *Agriculture/economics ; Animals ; *Biotechnology ; *Coleoptera ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Regression Analysis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: During the early 1990s, the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte (WCR), a maize pest, invaded the European continent. The continuous spread of the pest has introduced a new constraint into European maize production. As the damage caused by the invasive species is highly variable and different crop protection (CP) strategies are available, farmers' optimal strategies are not obvious. This study uses a simulation model to assess the competitiveness of different CP strategies in seven Central European countries.<br><br>RESULTS: Results indicate a high degree of heterogeneity in the profitability of different CP strategies, depending on the production parameters in each country. In general, crop rotation and Bt maize offer the best solutions to farmers, but, in continuous (non-rotated) maize cultivation, chemical CP options may capture part of the market. For Austrian continuous maize production it is found that not deregulating Bt maize implies that farmers forego revenues of up to euro 59 ha(-1).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In the presence of WCR, producing maize by an economically sound method requires incorporating country- and farm-specific characteristics into the decision framework. Also, not deregulating Bt maize has direct monetary consequences for many farmers that could influence total maize output and resistance management.}, }
@article {pmid20730353, year = {2010}, author = {Christo, SW and Absher, TM and Boehs, G}, title = {Morphology of the larval shell of three oyster species of the genus Crassostrea Sacco, 1897 (Bivalvia: Ostreidae).}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {70}, number = {3}, pages = {645-650}, doi = {10.1590/s1519-69842010000300023}, pmid = {20730353}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; Crassostrea/*classification/growth &amp; development/*ultrastructure ; Female ; Larva/classification/growth &amp; development/ultrastructure ; Male ; }, abstract = {In this study we describe the morphology of the larval shell of three oyster species of Crassostrea genus. Two species, C. rhizophorae and C. brasiliana, are native to the Brazilian coast, and C. gigas is an introduced species. Samples of laboratory reared larvae, obtained through artificial fertilisation, were collected at intervals during the cultivation process for analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Prodissoconch morphology was observed in relation to the presence, position, form and number of teeth in the three larval stages: D-shaped larva, umbo larva and pediveliger. Characteristic of D-shaped larvae of C. rhizophorae was the total absence of teeth in the provinculum area while C. brasiliana and C. gigas had two anterior and two posterior teeth in each valve. In the umbo larval phase, the three species had the same number of teeth in each valve: two posterior and two anterior teeth in the right valve and three posterior and three anterior in the left valve. In the pediveliger stage the three species could be differentiated by the number of anterior teeth of the right valve: C. rhizophorae had two teeth, C. brasiliana one tooth and C. gigas three teeth.}, }
@article {pmid20723048, year = {2010}, author = {Estoup, A and Guillemaud, T}, title = {Reconstructing routes of invasion using genetic data: why, how and so what?.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {19}, pages = {4113-4130}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04773.x}, pmid = {20723048}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; Computer Simulation ; Ecology/*methods ; Genetics, Population/*methods ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Models, Genetic ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {Detailed knowledge about the geographical pathways followed by propagules from their source to the invading populations--referred to here as routes of invasion-provides information about the history of the invasion process and the origin and genetic composition of the invading populations. The reconstruction of invasion routes is required for defining and testing different hypotheses concerning the environmental and evolutionary factors responsible for biological invasions. In practical terms, it facilitates the design of strategies for controlling or preventing invasions. Most of our knowledge about the introduction routes of invasive species is derived from historical and observational data, which are often sparse, incomplete and, sometimes, misleading. In this context, population genetics has proved a useful approach for reconstructing routes of introduction, highlighting the complexity and the often counterintuitive nature of the true story. This approach has proved particularly useful since the recent development of new model-based methods, such as approximate Bayesian computation, making it possible to make quantitative inferences in the complex evolutionary scenarios typically encountered in invasive species. In this review, we summarize some of the fundamental aspects of routes of invasion, explain why the reconstruction of these routes is useful for addressing both practical and theoretical questions, and comment on the various reconstruction methods available. Finally, we consider the main insights obtained to date from studies of invasion routes.}, }
@article {pmid20718846, year = {2010}, author = {Burton, OJ and Phillips, BL and Travis, JM}, title = {Trade-offs and the evolution of life-histories during range expansion.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {1210-1220}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01505.x}, pmid = {20718846}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate Change ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Selection, Genetic ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {During range-advance, individuals on the expanding edge of the population face a unique selective environment. In this study, we use a three-trait trade-off model to explore the evolution of dispersal, reproduction and competitive ability during range expansion. We show that range expansion greatly affects the evolution of life-history traits due to differing selection pressures at the front of the range compared with those found in stationary and core populations. During range expansion, dispersal and reproduction are selected for on the expanding population front, whereas traits associated with fitness at equilibrium density (competitive ability) show dramatic declines. Additionally, we demonstrate that the presence of a competing species can considerably reduce the extent to which dispersal is selected upwards at an expanding front. These findings have important implications for understanding both the rate of spread of invasive species and the range-shifting dynamics of native species in response to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid20715973, year = {2010}, author = {Pearson, DE}, title = {Trait- and density-mediated indirect interactions initiated by an exotic invasive plant autogenic ecosystem engineer.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {176}, number = {4}, pages = {394-403}, doi = {10.1086/656274}, pmid = {20715973}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; Centaurea/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Fertility ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Predatory Behavior ; Spiders/*physiology ; Tephritidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Indirect interactions are important for structuring ecological systems. However, research on indirect effects has been heavily biased toward top-down trophic interactions, and less is known about other indirect-interaction pathways. As autogenic ecosystem engineers, plants can serve as initiators of nontrophic indirect interactions that, like top-down pathways, can involve both trait-mediated indirect interactions (TMIIs) and density-mediated indirect interactions (DMIIs). Using microcosms, I examined a plant --> predator --> consumer interaction pathway involving the exotic autogenic ecosystem engineer Centaurea maculosa; native Dictyna spiders (which exhibit density and trait [web-building] responses to C. maculosa); Dictyna's insect prey, Urophora affinis; and Urophora's host plant (a secondary receiver species) to quantify DMIIs and TMIIs in an autogenic engineered pathway. Both DMIIs and TMIIs were strong enough to reduce Urophora populations, but only DMIIs, which were 4.3 times stronger than TMIIs, were strong enough to also reduce Urophora's fecundity and increase the fecundity of its host plant. Prior field studies support these results, suggesting that the differences between DMIIs and TMIIs are even stronger in nature. This study illustrates that autogenic ecosystem engineers can initiate powerful indirect interactions that generally parallel predator-initiated interactions but also differ in important functional ways.}, }
@article {pmid20715629, year = {2010}, author = {Zhang, W and Hendrix, PF and Snyder, BA and Molina, M and Li, J and Rao, X and Siemann, E and Fu, S}, title = {Dietary flexibility aids Asian earthworm invasion in North American forests.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {7}, pages = {2070-2079}, doi = {10.1890/09-0979.1}, pmid = {20715629}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Energy Resources ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; North America ; Oligochaeta/*classification/*physiology ; Trees/*physiology ; }, abstract = {On a local scale, invasiveness of introduced species and invasibility of habitats together determine invasion success. A key issue in invasion ecology has been how to quantify the contribution of species invasiveness and habitat invasibility separately. Conventional approaches, such as comparing the differences in traits and/or impacts of species between native and/or invaded ranges, do not determine the extent to which the performance of invaders is due to either the effects of species traits or habitat characteristics. Here we explore the interaction between two of the most widespread earthworm invaders in the world (Asian Amynthas agrestis and European Lumbricus rubellus) and study the effects of species invasiveness and habitat invasibility separately through an alternative approach of "third habitat" in Tennessee, USA. We propose that feeding behaviors of earthworms will be critical to invasion success because trophic ecology of invasive animals plays a key role in the invasion process. We found that (1) the biomass and isotopic abundances (delta13C and delta15N) of A. agrestis were not impacted by either direct effects of L. rubellus competition or indirect effects of L. rubellus-preconditioned habitat; (2) A. agrestis disrupted the relationship between L. rubellus and soil microorganisms and consequently hindered litter consumption by L. rubellus; and (3) compared to L. rubellus, A. agrestis shifted its diet more readily to consume more litter, more soil gram-positive (G+) bacteria (which may be important for litter digestion), and more non-microbial soil fauna when soil microorganisms were depleted. In conclusion, A. agrestis showed strong invasiveness through its dietary flexibility through diet shifting and superior feeding behavior and its indirectly negative effect of habitat invasibility on L. rubellus via changes in the soil microorganism community. In such context, our results expand on the resource fluctuation hypothesis and support the superior competitor hypothesis. This work presents additional approaches in invasion ecology, provides some new dimensions for further research, and contributes to a greater understanding of the importance of interactions between multiple invading species.}, }
@article {pmid20711801, year = {2011}, author = {Madder, M and Thys, E and Achi, L and Touré, A and De Deken, R}, title = {Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: a most successful invasive tick species in West-Africa.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {53}, number = {2}, pages = {139-145}, pmid = {20711801}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Acaricides ; Africa, Western ; Animals ; Arthropod Vectors/microbiology/*physiology ; Babesia bovis ; Cattle ; Drug Resistance ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control ; Population Density ; Rhipicephalus/microbiology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is known to be a highly reproductive and efficient vector of Babesia bovis, two characters which make this tick a threat to livestock keeping in many continents. The authors identified this tick in Ivory Coast, West Africa, in 2007, and hypothesized the spread to be minimal, as this tick was not observed in previous years. To determine the extent of its distribution and to a lesser extent the possible impact of the tick on the livelihoods of Ivorian smallholders, a cross-sectional survey was carried out in the Abidjan and Agboville Departments of Ivory Coast, in April 2008. The results of the study reveal that the newly introduced tick has almost completely displaced all indigenous Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) species in the study area and gave rise to unsuccessful tick control, inappropriate pesticide use, loss of milk production and even increased mortality in dairy cattle.}, }
@article {pmid20706576, year = {2010}, author = {Gasc, A and Duryea, MC and Cox, RM and Kern, A and Calsbeek, R}, title = {Invasive predators deplete genetic diversity of island lizards.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {8}, pages = {e12061}, pmid = {20706576}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Genetic Variation ; Heterozygote ; Lizards/*genetics ; Male ; Population Density ; *Predatory Behavior ; Rats ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can dramatically impact natural populations, especially those living on islands. Though numerous examples illustrate the ecological impact of invasive predators, no study has examined the genetic consequences for native populations subject to invasion. Here we capitalize on a natural experiment in which a long-term study of the brown anole lizard (Anolis sagrei) was interrupted by rat invasion. An island population that was devastated by rats recovered numerically following rat extermination. However, population genetic analyses at six microsatellite loci suggested a possible loss of genetic diversity due to invasion when compared to an uninvaded island studied over the same time frame. Our results provide partial support for the hypothesis that invasive predators can impact the genetic diversity of resident island populations.}, }
@article {pmid20689852, year = {2010}, author = {Fautin, D and Dalton, P and Incze, LS and Leong, JA and Pautzke, C and Rosenberg, A and Sandifer, P and Sedberry, G and Tunnell, JW and Abbott, I and Brainard, RE and Brodeur, M and Eldredge, LG and Feldman, M and Moretzsohn, F and Vroom, PS and Wainstein, M and Wolff, N}, title = {An overview of marine biodiversity in United States waters.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {8}, pages = {e11914}, pmid = {20689852}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Classification ; Oceans and Seas ; *Seawater/microbiology/virology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Marine biodiversity of the United States (U.S.) is extensively documented, but data assembled by the United States National Committee for the Census of Marine Life demonstrate that even the most complete taxonomic inventories are based on records scattered in space and time. The best-known taxa are those of commercial importance. Body size is directly correlated with knowledge of a species, and knowledge also diminishes with distance from shore and depth. Measures of biodiversity other than species diversity, such as ecosystem and genetic diversity, are poorly documented. Threats to marine biodiversity in the U.S. are the same as those for most of the world: overexploitation of living resources; reduced water quality; coastal development; shipping; invasive species; rising temperature and concentrations of carbon dioxide in the surface ocean, and other changes that may be consequences of global change, including shifting currents; increased number and size of hypoxic or anoxic areas; and increased number and duration of harmful algal blooms. More information must be obtained through field and laboratory research and monitoring that involve innovative sampling techniques (such as genetics and acoustics), but data that already exist must be made accessible. And all data must have a temporal component so trends can be identified. As data are compiled, techniques must be developed to make certain that scales are compatible, to combine and reconcile data collected for various purposes with disparate gear, and to automate taxonomic changes. Information on biotic and abiotic elements of the environment must be interactively linked. Impediments to assembling existing data and collecting new data on marine biodiversity include logistical problems as well as shortages in finances and taxonomic expertise.}, }
@article {pmid20689846, year = {2010}, author = {Gordon, DP and Beaumont, J and MacDiarmid, A and Robertson, DA and Ahyong, ST}, title = {Marine biodiversity of Aotearoa New Zealand.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {8}, pages = {e10905}, pmid = {20689846}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; New Zealand ; Oceans and Seas ; *Seawater ; }, abstract = {The marine-biodiversity assessment of New Zealand (Aotearoa as known to Māori) is confined to the 200 nautical-mile boundary of the Exclusive Economic Zone, which, at 4.2 million km(2), is one of the largest in the world. It spans 30 degrees of latitude and includes a high diversity of seafloor relief, including a trench 10 km deep. Much of this region remains unexplored biologically, especially the 50% of the EEZ deeper than 2,000 m. Knowledge of the marine biota is based on more than 200 years of marine exploration in the region. The major oceanographic data repository is the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), which is involved in several Census of Marine Life field projects and is the location of the Southwestern Pacific Regional OBIS Node; NIWA is also data manager and custodian for fisheries research data owned by the Ministry of Fisheries. Related data sources cover alien species, environmental measures, and historical information. Museum collections in New Zealand hold more than 800,000 registered lots representing several million specimens. During the past decade, 220 taxonomic specialists (85 marine) from 18 countries have been engaged in a project to review New Zealand's entire biodiversity. The above-mentioned marine information sources, published literature, and reports were scrutinized to give the results summarized here for the first time (current to 2010), including data on endemism and invasive species. There are 17,135 living species in the EEZ. This diversity includes 4,315 known undescribed species in collections. Species diversity for the most intensively studied phylum-level taxa (Porifera, Cnidaria, Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, Kinorhyncha, Echinodermata, Chordata) is more or less equivalent to that in the ERMS (European Register of Marine Species) region, which is 5.5 times larger in area than the New Zealand EEZ. The implication is that, when all other New Zealand phyla are equally well studied, total marine diversity in the EEZ may be expected to equal that in the ERMS region. This equivalence invites testable hypotheses to explain it. There are 177 naturalized alien species in New Zealand coastal waters, mostly in ports and harbours. Marine-taxonomic expertise in New Zealand covers a broad number of taxa but is, proportionately, at or near its lowest level since the Second World War. Nevertheless, collections are well supported by funding and are continually added to. Threats and protection measures concerning New Zealand's marine biodiversity are commented on, along with potential and priorities for future research.}, }
@article {pmid20689844, year = {2010}, author = {Coll, M and Piroddi, C and Steenbeek, J and Kaschner, K and Ben Rais Lasram, F and Aguzzi, J and Ballesteros, E and Bianchi, CN and Corbera, J and Dailianis, T and Danovaro, R and Estrada, M and Froglia, C and Galil, BS and Gasol, JM and Gertwagen, R and Gil, J and Guilhaumon, F and Kesner-Reyes, K and Kitsos, MS and Koukouras, A and Lampadariou, N and Laxamana, E and López-Fé de la Cuadra, CM and Lotze, HK and Martin, D and Mouillot, D and Oro, D and Raicevich, S and Rius-Barile, J and Saiz-Salinas, JI and San Vicente, C and Somot, S and Templado, J and Turon, X and Vafidis, D and Villanueva, R and Voultsiadou, E}, title = {The biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: estimates, patterns, and threats.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {8}, pages = {e11842}, pmid = {20689844}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Classification ; Computer Graphics ; Endangered Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Mediterranean Sea ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The Mediterranean Sea is a marine biodiversity hot spot. Here we combined an extensive literature analysis with expert opinions to update publicly available estimates of major taxa in this marine ecosystem and to revise and update several species lists. We also assessed overall spatial and temporal patterns of species diversity and identified major changes and threats. Our results listed approximately 17,000 marine species occurring in the Mediterranean Sea. However, our estimates of marine diversity are still incomplete as yet-undescribed species will be added in the future. Diversity for microbes is substantially underestimated, and the deep-sea areas and portions of the southern and eastern region are still poorly known. In addition, the invasion of alien species is a crucial factor that will continue to change the biodiversity of the Mediterranean, mainly in its eastern basin that can spread rapidly northwards and westwards due to the warming of the Mediterranean Sea. Spatial patterns showed a general decrease in biodiversity from northwestern to southeastern regions following a gradient of production, with some exceptions and caution due to gaps in our knowledge of the biota along the southern and eastern rims. Biodiversity was also generally higher in coastal areas and continental shelves, and decreases with depth. Temporal trends indicated that overexploitation and habitat loss have been the main human drivers of historical changes in biodiversity. At present, habitat loss and degradation, followed by fishing impacts, pollution, climate change, eutrophication, and the establishment of alien species are the most important threats and affect the greatest number of taxonomic groups. All these impacts are expected to grow in importance in the future, especially climate change and habitat degradation. The spatial identification of hot spots highlighted the ecological importance of most of the western Mediterranean shelves (and in particular, the Strait of Gibraltar and the adjacent Alboran Sea), western African coast, the Adriatic, and the Aegean Sea, which show high concentrations of endangered, threatened, or vulnerable species. The Levantine Basin, severely impacted by the invasion of species, is endangered as well. This abstract has been translated to other languages (File S1).}, }
@article {pmid20689840, year = {2010}, author = {Fujikura, K and Lindsay, D and Kitazato, H and Nishida, S and Shirayama, Y}, title = {Marine biodiversity in Japanese waters.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {8}, pages = {e11836}, pmid = {20689840}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Classification ; Information Systems ; Japan ; Oceans and Seas ; *Seawater ; }, abstract = {To understand marine biodiversity in Japanese waters, we have compiled information on the marine biota in Japanese waters, including the number of described species (species richness), the history of marine biology research in Japan, the state of knowledge, the number of endemic species, the number of identified but undescribed species, the number of known introduced species, and the number of taxonomic experts and identification guides, with consideration of the general ocean environmental background, such as the physical and geological settings. A total of 33,629 species have been reported to occur in Japanese waters. The state of knowledge was extremely variable, with taxa containing many inconspicuous, smaller species tending to be less well known. The total number of identified but undescribed species was at least 121,913. The total number of described species combined with the number of identified but undescribed species reached 155,542. This is the best estimate of the total number of species in Japanese waters and indicates that more than 70% of Japan's marine biodiversity remains un-described. The number of species reported as introduced into Japanese waters was 39. This is the first attempt to estimate species richness for all marine species in Japanese waters. Although its marine biota can be considered relatively well known, at least within the Asian-Pacific region, considering the vast number of different marine environments such as coral reefs, ocean trenches, ice-bound waters, methane seeps, and hydrothermal vents, much work remains to be done. We expect global change to have a tremendous impact on marine biodiversity and ecosystems. Japan is in a particularly suitable geographic situation and has a lot of facilities for conducting marine science research. Japan has an important responsibility to contribute to our understanding of life in the oceans.}, }
@article {pmid20688282, year = {2010}, author = {Durbec, M and The, BN and Grey, J and Harrod, C and Stolzenberg, N and Chappaz, R and Cavalli, L}, title = {Biological influences on inter- and intraspecific isotopic variability among paired chondrostome fishes.}, journal = {Comptes rendus biologies}, volume = {333}, number = {8}, pages = {613-621}, doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2010.05.002}, pmid = {20688282}, issn = {1768-3238}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Cyprinidae/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; France ; Invertebrates ; Isotopes ; Natural History ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Population ; Species Specificity ; Specimen Handling ; }, abstract = {This study aimed at examining resource partitioning both at the inter- and intraspecific levels between paired chondrostome fishes: Chondrostoma nasus, the nase, C. toxostoma, the sofie, and their hybrid. The study was performed in the south of France and concerned a main river (the Durance River) and a tributary (the Buech River). In these rivers, C. nasus was an introduced species, originating in central Europe, and C. toxostoma was an endemic congener, in the south of France. Stable isotope analysis was used to analyse trophic and spatial niches. Isotopic differences indicated that individuals from the three taxa (C. nasus, C. toxostoma and their hybrid) have different spatial origins. At the interspecific level, the different chondrostomes originating from the Buech River showed a high level of trophic niche overlap. At the intraspecific level, nase individuals originating from the different spatial origins showed a resource polymorphism; differences in morphology were associated with variation in behaviour and life history traits. Their coexistence was a likely outcome of resource polymorphism. This study provides an example of the importance of considering the link between intra- and interspecific interactions to gain an understanding of the mechanisms driving the coexistence of species-pairs.}, }
@article {pmid20685711, year = {2011}, author = {O'Brien, VA and Moore, AT and Young, GR and Komar, N and Reisen, WK and Brown, CR}, title = {An enzootic vector-borne virus is amplified at epizootic levels by an invasive avian host.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {278}, number = {1703}, pages = {239-246}, pmid = {20685711}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {R01 AI057569/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI057569/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Alphavirus/*physiology ; Alphavirus Infections/epidemiology/transmission/*veterinary ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Arthropod Vectors/virology ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*virology ; Cimicidae/physiology/virology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Sparrows/immunology/parasitology/*virology ; Swallows/immunology/parasitology/virology ; }, abstract = {Determining the effect of an invasive species on enzootic pathogen dynamics is critical for understanding both human epidemics and wildlife epizootics. Theoretical models suggest that when a naive species enters an established host-parasite system, the new host may either reduce ('dilute') or increase ('spillback') pathogen transmission to native hosts. There are few empirical data to evaluate these possibilities, especially for animal pathogens. Buggy Creek virus (BCRV) is an arthropod-borne alphavirus that is enzootically transmitted by the swallow bug (Oeciacus vicarius) to colonially nesting cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota). In western Nebraska, introduced house sparrows (Passer domesticus) invaded cliff swallow colonies approximately 40 years ago and were exposed to BCRV. We evaluated how the addition of house sparrows to this host-parasite system affected the prevalence and amplification of a bird-associated BCRV lineage. The infection prevalence in house sparrows was eight times that of cliff swallows. Nestling house sparrows in mixed-species colonies were significantly less likely to be infected than sparrows in single-species colonies. Infected house sparrows circulated BCRV at higher viraemia titres than cliff swallows. BCRV detected in bug vectors at a site was positively associated with virus prevalence in house sparrows but not with virus prevalence in cliff swallows. The addition of a highly susceptible invasive host species has led to perennial BCRV epizootics at cliff swallow colony sites. The native cliff swallow host confers a dilution advantage to invasive sparrow hosts in mixed colonies, while at the same sites house sparrows may increase the likelihood that swallows become infected.}, }
@article {pmid20680644, year = {2011}, author = {Lankau, RA}, title = {Intraspecific variation in allelochemistry determines an invasive species' impact on soil microbial communities.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {165}, number = {2}, pages = {453-463}, pmid = {20680644}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Biomass ; Brassicaceae/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Fungi/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Glucosinolates/chemistry/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/growth &amp; development ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; *Soil Microbiology ; Soil Pollutants/*analysis/chemistry/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Trees/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can benefit from altered species interactions in their new range, and by interfering with species interactions among native competitors. Since exotic invasions are generally studied at the species level, relatively little is known about intraspecific variation in the traits that determine an invader's effect on native species. Alliaria petiolata is a widespread and aggressive invader of forest understories that succeeds in part by interfering with mutualistic interactions between native plants and soil fungi. Here, I show that the impact of A. petiolata on soil microbial communities varied among individuals due to variation in their allelochemical concentrations. The differential impacts translated into varied effects on native tree growth, partly because A. petiolata's allelochemicals preferentially affected the most mutualistic fungal taxa. These results highlight the importance of considering the spatial and temporal variation in an invasive species' impacts for understanding and managing the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid20676914, year = {2011}, author = {Takakura, K and Matsumoto, T and Nishida, T and Nishida, S}, title = {Effective range of reproductive interference exerted by an alien dandelion, Taraxacum officinale, on a native congener.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {124}, number = {2}, pages = {269-276}, pmid = {20676914}, issn = {1618-0860}, mesh = {Fluorescent Dyes ; Japan ; Pollen/*physiology ; Pollination/*physiology ; Reproduction/physiology ; Seeds/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Taraxacum/classification/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Reproductive interference (RI), defined as the fitness cost of interspecific sexual interactions, such as interspecific pollen transfer (IPT) in plants, is ecologically important. Theoretically, RI could result in competitive exclusion, as it operates in a frequency-dependent manner. Additionally, IPT may have a greater range than resource competition, although information about the range of IPT is lacking. In the present study, we measured the range of IPT exerted by Taraxacum officinale (an alien species) on a native dandelion, T. japonicum. We used two approaches. In one, we analyzed the RI effect on a native seed set at three spatial scales. In the second, we tracked IPT from alien to native flower heads using fluorescent pigments as markers. We estimated that pollination distances were in the order of several meters. These distances exceeded the mean distance from each native plant to the nearest alien. As hypothesized, the effect of RI reached farther than neighboring individuals. These data indicate the spatial range from which alien dandelions should be removed to allow the conservation of natives.}, }
@article {pmid20674144, year = {2010}, author = {Yemshanov, D and Koch, FH and Ben-Haim, Y and Smith, WD}, title = {Detection capacity, information gaps and the design of surveillance programs for invasive forest pests.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {91}, number = {12}, pages = {2535-2546}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.07.009}, pmid = {20674144}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Animals ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Statistical ; Pinus/*parasitology ; Population Dynamics ; Uncertainty ; United States ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Integrated pest risk maps and their underlying assessments provide broad guidance for establishing surveillance programs for invasive species, but they rarely account for knowledge gaps regarding the pest of interest or how these can be reduced. In this study we demonstrate how the somewhat competing notions of robustness to uncertainty and potential knowledge gains could be used in prioritizing large-scale surveillance activities. We illustrate this approach with the example of an invasive pest recently detected in North America, Sirex noctilio Fabricius. First, we formulate existing knowledge about the pest into a stochastic model and use the model to estimate the expected utility of surveillance efforts across the landscape. The expected utility accounts for the distribution, abundance and susceptibility of the host resource as well as the value of timely S. noctilio detections. Next, we make use of the info-gap decision theory framework to explore two alternative pest surveillance strategies. The first strategy aims for timely, certain detections and attempts to maximize the robustness to uncertainty about S. noctilio behavior; the second strategy aims to maximize the potential knowledge gain about the pest via unanticipated (i.e., opportune) detections. The results include a set of spatial outputs for each strategy that can be used independently to prioritize surveillance efforts. However, we demonstrate an alternative approach in which these outputs are combined via the Pareto ranking technique into a single priority map that outlines the survey regions with the best trade-offs between both surveillance strategies.}, }
@article {pmid20673121, year = {2010}, author = {Abril, S and Oliveras, J and Gómez, C}, title = {Effect of temperature on the development and survival of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {97}, pmid = {20673121}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Female ; Larva ; Male ; Oviposition/physiology ; Pupa ; Survival Analysis ; *Temperature ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The influence of temperature on the developmental times and survival of insects can largely determine their distribution. For invasive species, like the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), these data are essential for predicting their potential range based on mechanistic models. In the case of this species, such data are too scarce and incomplete to make accurate predictions based on its physiological needs. This research provides comprehensive new data about brood survival and developmental times at a wide range of temperatures under laboratory conditions. Temperature affected both the complete brood development from egg to adult worker and each of the immature stages separately. The higher the temperature, the shorter the development times. Brood survival from egg to adult was low, with the maximum survival rate being only 16% at 26 degrees C. Temperature also affected survival of each of the immature stages differently: eggs were negatively affected by high temperatures, while larvae were negatively affected by low temperatures, and the survival of pupae was apparently independent of environmental temperature. At 32 degrees C no eggs survived, while at 18 degrees C less than 2% of the eggs hatched into larva. The data from the present study are essential for developing prediction models about the distribution range of this tramp species based on its physiological needs in relation to temperature.}, }
@article {pmid20667077, year = {2010}, author = {Cornuet, JM and Ravigné, V and Estoup, A}, title = {Inference on population history and model checking using DNA sequence and microsatellite data with the software DIYABC (v1.0).}, journal = {BMC bioinformatics}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {401}, pmid = {20667077}, issn = {1471-2105}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Base Sequence ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Computer Simulation ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genetics, Population ; Humans ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; *Software ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) is a recent flexible class of Monte-Carlo algorithms increasingly used to make model-based inference on complex evolutionary scenarios that have acted on natural populations. The software DIYABC offers a user-friendly interface allowing non-expert users to consider population histories involving any combination of population divergences, admixtures and population size changes. We here describe and illustrate new developments of this software that mainly include (i) inference from DNA sequence data in addition or separately to microsatellite data, (ii) the possibility to analyze five categories of loci considering balanced or non balanced sex ratios: autosomal diploid, autosomal haploid, X-linked, Y-linked and mitochondrial, and (iii) the possibility to perform model checking computation to assess the "goodness-of-fit" of a model, a feature of ABC analysis that has been so far neglected.<br><br>RESULTS: We used controlled simulated data sets generated under evolutionary scenarios involving various divergence and admixture events to evaluate the effect of mixing autosomal microsatellite, mtDNA and/or nuclear autosomal DNA sequence data on inferences. This evaluation included the comparison of competing scenarios and the quantification of their relative support, and the estimation of parameter posterior distributions under a given scenario. We also considered a set of scenarios often compared when making ABC inferences on the routes of introduction of invasive species to illustrate the interest of the new model checking option of DIYABC to assess model misfit.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our new developments of the integrated software DIYABC should be particularly useful to make inference on complex evolutionary scenarios involving both recent and ancient historical events and using various types of molecular markers in diploid or haploid organisms. They offer a handy way for non-expert users to achieve model checking computation within an ABC framework, hence filling up a gap of ABC analysis. The software DIYABC V1.0 is freely available at http://www1.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/diyabc.}, }
@article {pmid20666997, year = {2010}, author = {Gonçalves da Silva, A and Eberhard, JR and Wright, TF and Avery, ML and Russello, MA}, title = {Genetic evidence for high propagule pressure and long-distance dispersal in monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) invasive populations.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {16}, pages = {3336-3350}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04749.x}, pmid = {20666997}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {S06 GM008136/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Connecticut ; Female ; Florida ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Parakeets/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {The monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) is a successful invasive species that does not exhibit life history traits typically associated with colonizing species (e.g., high reproductive rate or long-distance dispersal capacity). To investigate this apparent paradox, we examined individual and population genetic patterns of microsatellite loci at one native and two invasive sites. More specifically, we aimed at evaluating the role of propagule pressure, sexual monogamy and long-distance dispersal in monk parakeet invasion success. Our results indicate little loss of genetic variation at invasive sites relative to the native site. We also found strong evidence for sexual monogamy from patterns of relatedness within sites, and no definite cases of extra-pair paternity in either the native site sample or the examined invasive site. Taken together, these patterns directly and indirectly suggest that high propagule pressure has contributed to monk parakeet invasion success. In addition, we found evidence for frequent long-distance dispersal at an invasive site (approximately 100 km) that sharply contrasted with previous estimates of smaller dispersal distance made in the native range (approximately 2 km), suggesting long-range dispersal also contributes to the species' spread within the United States. Overall, these results add to a growing body of literature pointing to the important role of propagule pressure in determining, and thus predicting, invasion success, especially for species whose life history traits are not typically associated with invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid20666262, year = {2010}, author = {Waddle, JH and Dorazio, RM and Walls, SC and Rice, KG and Beauchamp, J and Schuman, MJ and Mazzotti, FJ}, title = {A new parameterization for estimating co-occurrence of interacting species.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, pages = {1467-1475}, doi = {10.1890/09-0850.1}, pmid = {20666262}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Probability ; *Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Models currently used to estimate patterns of species co-occurrence while accounting for errors in detection of species can be difficult to fit when the effects of covariates on species occurrence probabilities are included. The source of the estimation problems is the particular parameterization used to specify species co-occurrence probability. We develop a new parameterization for estimating patterns of co-occurrence of interacting species that allows the effects of covariates to be specified quite naturally without estimation problems. In our model, the occurrence of one species is assumed to depend on the occurrence of another, but the occurrence of the second species is not assumed to depend on the presence of the first species. This pattern of co-occurrence, wherein one species is dominant and the other is subordinate, can be produced by several types of ecological interactions (predator-prey, parasitism, and so on). A simulation study demonstrated that estimates of species occurrence probabilities were unbiased in samples of 50-100 locations and three surveys per location, provided species are easily detected (probability of detection > or = 0.5). Higher sample sizes (>200 locations) are needed to achieve unbiasedness when species are more difficult to detect. An analysis of data from treefrog surveys in southern Florida indicated that the occurrence of Cuban treefrogs, an invasive predator species, was highest near the point of its introduction and declined with distance from that location. Sites occupied by Cuban treefrogs were 9.0 times less likely to contain green treefrogs and 15.7 times less likely to contain squirrel treefrogs compared to sites without Cuban treefrogs. The detection probabilities of native treefrog species did not depend on the presence of Cuban treefrogs, suggesting that the native treefrog species are naive to the introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid20666258, year = {2010}, author = {Mac Nally, R and Thomson, JR and Kimmerer, WJ and Feyrer, F and Newman, KB and Sih, A and Bennett, WA and Brown, L and Fleishman, E and Culberson, SD and Castillo, G}, title = {Analysis of pelagic species decline in the upper San Francisco Estuary using multivariate autoregressive modeling (MAR).}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, pages = {1417-1430}, doi = {10.1890/09-1724.1}, pmid = {20666258}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Fishes/*growth &amp; development ; Multivariate Analysis ; Population Dynamics ; San Francisco ; }, abstract = {Four species of pelagic fish of particular management concern in the upper San Francisco Estuary, California, USA, have declined precipitously since ca. 2002: delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus), longfin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys), striped bass (Morone saxatilis), and threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense). The estuary has been monitored since the late 1960s with extensive collection of data on the fishes, their pelagic prey, phytoplankton biomass, invasive species, and physical factors. We used multivariate autoregressive (MAR) modeling to discern the main factors responsible for the declines. An expert-elicited model was built to describe the system. Fifty-four relationships were built into the model, only one of which was of uncertain direction a priori. Twenty-eight of the proposed relationships were strongly supported by or consistent with the data, while 26 were close to zero (not supported by the data but not contrary to expectations). The position of the 2 per thousand isohaline (a measure of the physical response of the estuary to freshwater flow) and increased water clarity over the period of analyses were two factors affecting multiple declining taxa (including fishes and the fishes' main zooplankton prey): Our results were relatively robust with respect to the form of stock-recruitment model used and to inclusion of subsidiary covariates but may be enhanced by using detailed state-space models that describe more fully the life-history dynamics of the declining species.}, }
@article {pmid20666257, year = {2010}, author = {Teck, SJ and Halpern, BS and Kappel, CV and Micheli, F and Selkoe, KA and Crain, CM and Martone, R and Shearer, C and Arvai, J and Fischhoff, B and Murray, G and Neslo, R and Cooke, R}, title = {Using expert judgment to estimate marine ecosystem vulnerability in the California Current.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, pages = {1402-1416}, doi = {10.1890/09-1173.1}, pmid = {20666257}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {California ; *Ecosystem ; *Seawater ; }, abstract = {As resource management and conservation efforts move toward multi-sector, ecosystem-based approaches, we need methods for comparing the varying responses of ecosystems to the impacts of human activities in order to prioritize management efforts, allocate limited resources, and understand cumulative effects. Given the number and variety of human activities affecting ecosystems, relatively few empirical studies are adequately comprehensive to inform these decisions. Consequently, management often turns to expert judgment for information. Drawing on methods from decision science, we offer a method for eliciting expert judgment to (1) quantitatively estimate the relative vulnerability of ecosystems to stressors, (2) help prioritize the management of stressors across multiple ecosystems, (3) evaluate how experts give weight to different criteria to characterize vulnerability of ecosystems to anthropogenic stressors, and (4) identify key knowledge gaps. We applied this method to the California Current region in order to evaluate the relative vulnerability of 19 marine ecosystems to 53 stressors associated with human activities, based on surveys from 107 experts. When judging the relative vulnerability of ecosystems to stressors, we found that experts primarily considered two criteria: the ecosystem's resistance to the stressor and the number of species or trophic levels affected. Four intertidal ecosystems (mudflat, beach, salt marsh, and rocky intertidal) were judged most vulnerable to the suite of human activities evaluated here. The highest vulnerability rankings for coastal ecosystems were invasive species, ocean acidification, sea temperature change, sea level rise, and habitat alteration from coastal engineering, while offshore ecosystems were assessed to be most vulnerable to ocean acidification, demersal destructive fishing, and shipwrecks. These results provide a quantitative, transparent, and repeatable assessment of relative vulnerability across ecosystems to any ongoing or emerging human activity. Combining these results with data on the spatial distribution and intensity of human activities provides a systematic foundation for ecosystem-based management.}, }
@article {pmid20666244, year = {2010}, author = {Jones, HP}, title = {Prognosis for ecosystem recovery following rodent eradication and seabird restoration in an island archipelago.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, pages = {1204-1216}, doi = {10.1890/09-1172.1}, pmid = {20666244}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; New Zealand ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Prognosis ; *Rodentia ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are widespread and can have devastating effects on biota, especially insular biota. Invasive species eradications are increasingly employed to promote island recovery to preinvasion states. However, it remains unclear if additional restoration actions may be required on islands that were once heavily reliant on seabird guano for ecosystem functions. Active seabird augmentation has been suggested as necessary to exact ecosystem recovery on contemporary timescales in some cases. I use two experiments on offshore islands in Cook Strait, New Zealand, to test the hypothesis that seabird restoration will restore island ecosystem functioning following invasive rodent removal. The first is a small-scale single-island fertilization experiment that simulates seabird recovery. This experiment tested the recovery potential of offshore islands and was used to infer the density of seabirds needed to elicit ecosystem recovery. The second is a large-scale natural experiment that takes advantage of eight islands with differing rodent eradication and seabird restoration histories. I compared ecosystem functioning variables (delta 15N, C:N ratios in soil, plants, and spiders, as well as arthropod abundance and diversity) on two islands that had rodents eradicated and two islands undergoing seabird augmentation with two control islands (never invaded by rodents) and two positive control islands (currently invaded by rodents). The results suggest that islands do have the potential for recovery given nutrient amendments, but that islands with rodents eradicated and islands undergoing seabird augmentation have not recovered most of their ecosystem function. Finer, intra-island analysis showed that seabird restoration projects have the potential to speed the recovery process, but that the projects on the studied seabird restoration islands were not advanced enough to produce island-wide recovery. The results suggest that high seabird densities (5-10 burrows/m2) are needed to promote recovery to never-invaded control levels. Seabird augmentation, through chick translocation and/or social facilitation with decoys, vocalization playbacks, and/or mirrors can supplement passive seabird recovery on islands where seabirds have been extirpated or extremely reduced by invasive predators. Such restoration efforts may be necessary to promote ecosystem recovery on contemporary timescales.}, }
@article {pmid20666243, year = {2010}, author = {Heleno, R and Lacerda, I and Ramos, JA and Memmott, J}, title = {Evaluation of restoration effectiveness: community response to the removal of alien plants.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, pages = {1191-1203}, doi = {10.1890/09-1384.1}, pmid = {20666243}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Plant invasions are a key cause of biodiversity loss and motivate many restoration programs worldwide. We assessed restoration success of an invaded forest in the Azores using two complementary experimental designs: a before-after control-impact (BACI) design compared a restored and a control (unmanipulated) site over three years, while a control-impact (CI) design evaluated the short-term effects of restoration on restored-control replicated pairs. In both designs, a food web approach was used to evaluate both structural and functional aspects of the restoration. Two years after removing alien plants from the BACI design, there were increases in the abundance of native seeds (110%), herbivorous insects (85%), insect parasitoids (5%), and birds (7%) in the experimental plot compared to the unmanipulated plot. In the CI design, five experimental plots were weeded and paired with five adjacent unmanipulated plots. Immediately following the removal of alien plants within the experimental plots, there was a significant decrease in native plant species, likely attributed to the effect of disturbance. Nevertheless, the production of native seeds increased by 35% in year 1, and seed production of the focal endemic plant, Ilex perado (holly), increased 159% in year 2. Weeding increased the survivorship and growth of seedlings transplanted into the plots, particularly those of alien species. Both experiments provide evidence of the positive effects of weeding cascading through the food web from native plants to herbivorous insects, insect parasitoids, and birds. Two aspects that could prove critical to the outcome of restoration programs deserve further attention: most bird-dispersed seeds were alien, and weeding favored alien over native seedling growth.}, }
@article {pmid20664762, year = {2010}, author = {Heluta, V and Takamatsu, S and Harada, M and Voytyuk, S}, title = {Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of Eurasian Neoerysiphe species infecting Asteraceae and Geranium.}, journal = {Persoonia}, volume = {24}, number = {}, pages = {81-92}, pmid = {20664762}, issn = {1878-9080}, abstract = {Because Eurasian samples of Neoerysiphe collected on the Asteraceae were not identical in morphology, the molecular and morphological differences among these specimens were compared with those of the American N. cumminsiana. Neoerysiphe on Asteraceae was found to consist of at least four different species. Three of them are described as new species, viz. N. hiratae, N. joerstadii, and N. nevoi. Neoerysiphe hiratae is a Japanese species parasitizing hosts belonging to the genera Cacalia and Ligularia (tribe Senecioneae). Neoerysiphe joerstadii was found in Israel on Phagnalon rupestre (tribe Gnaphalieae). Neoerysiphe nevoi was recorded in Israel and Ukraine on a number of hosts in different genera but all belonging to tribe Cichorieae. Thus, Eurasian Neoerysiphe species infecting the Asteraceae are strongly specialised to particular tribes of this family. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the three new species were not closely allied. Neoerysiphe hiratae is related to the American N. cumminsiana and species belonging to Oidium subg. Striatoidium. Neoerysiphe nevoi is sister to N. geranii, and N. joerstadii is allied to N. galii. In addition, Ukrainian Neoerysiphe samples on Geranium were phylogenetically and morphologically identical to Japanese samples of N. geranii, and this fungus seems to be an invasive species in Ukraine.}, }
@article {pmid20656304, year = {2010}, author = {Shen, PP and Tan, YH and Huang, LM and Zhang, JL and Yin, JQ}, title = {Occurrence of brackish water phytoplankton species at a closed coral reef in Nansha Islands, South China Sea.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {60}, number = {10}, pages = {1718-1725}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.06.028}, pmid = {20656304}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Biomass ; Chlorophyll/analysis/metabolism ; Chlorophyll A ; *Coral Reefs ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; *Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Pacific Ocean ; Phytoplankton/classification/metabolism/*physiology ; Water/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {The phytoplankton assemblage of Zhubi Reef, a closed coral reef in Nansha Islands (South China Sea, SCS) was studied in June 2007. A total of 92 species belonging to 53 genera and four phyla have been identified. The dominant taxa in the lagoon were the diatom Chaetoceros and cyanobacteria Nostoc and Microcystis, while in reef flats were cyanobacteria Trichodesmium erythraeum, dinoflagellates Gymnodinium and Prorocentrum. The species richness and diversity were consistently lower in the lagoon than in reef flats. Classification and nMDS ordination also revealed significant dissimilarity in phytoplankton community structure between the reef flat and lagoon, with statistical difference in species composition and abundance between them (ANOSIM, p=0.025). Nutrient concentrations also spatially varied, with ammonium-enrichment in the lagoon, while high Si-concentration existed in reef flat areas. Both nutrient levels and currents in SCS may play important roles in determining the composition and distribution of microalgae in Zhubi Reef and SCS.}, }
@article {pmid20655073, year = {2010}, author = {Olenina, I and Wasmund, N and Hajdu, S and Jurgensone, I and Gromisz, S and Kownacka, J and Toming, K and Vaiciūte, D and Olenin, S}, title = {Assessing impacts of invasive phytoplankton: the Baltic Sea case.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {60}, number = {10}, pages = {1691-1700}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.06.046}, pmid = {20655073}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Baltic States ; Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Phytoplankton/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {There is an increasing understanding and requirement to take into account the effects of invasive alien species (IAS) in environmental quality assessments. While IAS are listed amongst the most important factors threatening marine biodiversity, information on their impacts remains unquantified, especially for phytoplankton species. This study attempts to assess the impacts of invasive alien phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea during 1980-2008. A bioinvasion impact assessment method (BPL - biopollution level index) was applied to phytoplankton monitoring data collected from eleven sub-regions of the Baltic Sea. BPL takes into account abundance and distribution range of an alien species and the magnitude of the impact on native communities, habitats and ecosystem functioning. Of the 12 alien/cryptogenic phytoplankton species recorded in the Baltic Sea only one (the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum) was categorized as an IAS, causing a recognizable environmental effect.}, }
@article {pmid20653904, year = {2010}, author = {Krebs, C and Mahy, G and Matthies, D and Schaffner, U and Tiébré, MS and Bizoux, JP}, title = {Taxa distribution and RAPD markers indicate different origin and regional differentiation of hybrids in the invasive Fallopia complex in central-western Europe.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {215-223}, doi = {10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00219.x}, pmid = {20653904}, issn = {1438-8677}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; *Chimera ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Geography ; Germany ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Phenotype ; Polygonaceae/classification/*genetics ; *Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {Interspecific hybridization can be a driving force for evolutionary processes during plant invasions, by increasing genetic variation and creating novel gene combinations, thereby promoting genetic differentiation among populations of invasive species in the introduced range. We examined regional genetic structure in the invasive Fallopia complex, consisting of F. japonica var. japonica, F. sachalinensis and their hybrid F. x bohemica, in seven regions in Germany and Switzerland using RAPD analysis and flow cytometry. All individuals identified as F. japonica var. japonica had the same RAPD phenotype, while F. sachalinensis (11 RAPD phenotypes for 11 sampled individuals) and F. x bohemica (24 RAPD phenotypes for 32 sampled individuals) showed high genotypic diversity. Bayesian cluster analysis revealed three distinct genetic clusters. The majority of F. x bohemica individuals were assigned to a unique genetic cluster that differed from those of the parental species, while the other F. x bohemica individuals had different degrees of admixture to the three genetic clusters. At the regional scale, the occurrence of male-fertile F. sachalinensis coincided with the distribution of F. x bohemica plants showing a high percentage of assignment to both parental species, suggesting that they originated from hybridization between the parental species. In contrast, in regions where male-fertile F. sachalinensis were absent, F. x bohemica belonged to the non-admixed genetic group, indicating multiple introductions of hybrids or sexual reproduction among hybrids. We also found regional differentiation in the gene pool of F. x bohemica, with individuals within the same region more similar to each other than to individuals from different regions.}, }
@article {pmid20653282, year = {2010}, author = {Sharma, GP and Kumar, M and Raghubanshi, AS}, title = {Urbanization and road-use determines Calotropis procera distribution in the eastern Indo-Gangetic plain, India.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, pages = {194-197}, pmid = {20653282}, issn = {0044-7447}, mesh = {Calotropis/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; India ; Transportation ; *Urbanization ; }, }
@article {pmid20652671, year = {2010}, author = {Grenier, JL and Davis, JA}, title = {Water quality in South San Francisco Bay, California: current condition and potential issues for the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project.}, journal = {Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {206}, number = {}, pages = {115-147}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-6260-7_6}, pmid = {20652671}, issn = {0179-5953}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; San Francisco ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {The SBSPRP is an extensive tidal wetland restoration project that is underway at the margin of South San Francisco Bay, California. The Project, which aims to restore former salt ponds to tidal marsh and manage other ponds for water bird support, is taking place in the context of a highly urbanized watershed and an Estuary already impacted by chemical contaminants. There is an intimate relationship between water quality in the watershed, the Bay, and the transitional wetland areas where the Project is located. The Project seeks to restore habitat for endangered and endemic species and to provide recreational opportunities for people. Therefore, water quality and bioaccumulation of contaminants in fish and wildlife is an important concern for the success of the Project. Mercury, PCBs, and PBDEs are the persistent contaminants of greatest concern in the region. All of these contaminants are present at elevated concentrations both in the abiotic environment and in wildlife. Dioxins, pyrethroids, PAHs, and selenium are also problematic. Organochlorine insecticides have historically impacted the Bay, and they remain above thresholds for concern in a small proportion of samples. Emerging contaminants, such as PFCs and non-PBDE flame retardants, are also an important water quality issue. Beyond chemical pollutants, other concerns for water quality in South San Francisco Bay exist, and include biological constituents, especially invasive species, and chemical attributes, such as dissolved oxygen and salinity. Future changes, both from within the Project and from the Bay and watershed, are likely to influence water quality in the region. Project actions to restore wetlands could worsen, improve, or not affect the already impaired water quality in South Bay. Accelerated erosion of buried sediment as a consequence of Project restoration actions is a potentially serious regional threat to South Bay water and sediment quality. Furthermore, the planned restoration of salt ponds to tidal marsh has raised concerns about possible increased net production of methylmercury and its subsequent accumulation in the food web. This concern applies not only to the restored marshes, but also to the South Bay as a whole, which could be affected on a regional scale. The ponds that are converted to tidal marsh will sequester millions of cubic meters of sediment. Sequestration of sediment in marshes could remove contaminated sediment from the active zone of the Bay but could also create marshes with contaminated food webs. Some of the ponds will not be restored to marsh but will be managed for use by water birds. Therefore, the effect of dense avian populations on eutrophication and the introduction of pathogens should be considered. Water quality in the Project also could be affected by external changes, such as human population growth and climate change. To address these many concerns related to water quality, the SBSPRP managers, and others faced with management of wetland restoration at a regional scale, should practice adaptive management and ongoing monitoring for water quality, particularly monitoring bioaccumulation of contaminants in the food web.}, }
@article {pmid20652596, year = {2010}, author = {Collins, A and Hart, EM and Molofsky, J}, title = {Differential response to frequency-dependent interactions: an experimental test using genotypes of an invasive grass.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {164}, number = {4}, pages = {959-969}, pmid = {20652596}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; Environment ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Theoretical ; Mycorrhizae/genetics/physiology ; Phalaris/genetics/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Positive feedbacks have been suggested as a means for non-indigenous species to successfully invade novel environments. Frequency-dependent feedbacks refer to a species performance being dependent on its local abundance in the population; however, frequency dependence is often described as a monolithic trait of a species rather than examining the variation in response for individual genotypes and fitness traits. Here, we investigate frequency-dependent outcomes for individual genotypes and fitness-related traits for the invasive grass Phalaris arundinacea. We tested for competition-mediated frequency dependence by establishing hexagonal arrays with the center target plant surrounded by either same, different or no genotype neighbors to determine how changing the small-scale frequency neighborhood-influenced invasion success. We used a Bayesian ANOVA approach which allowed us to easily accommodate our non-normal dataset and found that same neighbor plots had greater biomass production than different neighbor plots. Target plants also had greater stem height and aboveground biomass when surrounded by same genotype neighbors. A greenhouse experiment did not support the hypothesis that increased mycorrhizal associations were the cause of positive frequency dependence. We devised a frequency-dependent metric to quantify the extent of fitness-related differences for individual genotypes and found that individual genotypes showed a range of both positive and negative responses to different frequency treatments; however, only positive responses were statistically significant. The small-scale genotypic neighborhood had no effect for the fitness-related traits of leaf number, belowground biomass and total biomass. We demonstrate that individual invasive genotypes respond differently to changing frequency neighborhoods and that growth responses do not respond with the same direction and magnitude. A range of frequency-dependent responses may allow genotypes to invade a wide range of environments.}, }
@article {pmid20649638, year = {2010}, author = {Wiens, JJ and Ackerly, DD and Allen, AP and Anacker, BL and Buckley, LB and Cornell, HV and Damschen, EI and Jonathan Davies, T and Grytnes, JA and Harrison, SP and Hawkins, BA and Holt, RD and McCain, CM and Stephens, PR}, title = {Niche conservatism as an emerging principle in ecology and conservation biology.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {1310-1324}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01515.x}, pmid = {20649638}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology/*trends ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The diversity of life is ultimately generated by evolution, and much attention has focused on the rapid evolution of ecological traits. Yet, the tendency for many ecological traits to instead remain similar over time [niche conservatism (NC)] has many consequences for the fundamental patterns and processes studied in ecology and conservation biology. Here, we describe the mounting evidence for the importance of NC to major topics in ecology (e.g. species richness, ecosystem function) and conservation (e.g. climate change, invasive species). We also review other areas where it may be important but has generally been overlooked, in both ecology (e.g. food webs, disease ecology, mutualistic interactions) and conservation (e.g. habitat modification). We summarize methods for testing for NC, and suggest that a commonly used and advocated method (involving a test for phylogenetic signal) is potentially problematic, and describe alternative approaches. We suggest that considering NC: (1) focuses attention on the within-species processes that cause traits to be conserved over time, (2) emphasizes connections between questions and research areas that are not obviously related (e.g. invasives, global warming, tropical richness), and (3) suggests new areas for research (e.g. why are some clades largely nocturnal? why do related species share diseases?).}, }
@article {pmid20627901, year = {2010}, author = {Song, L and Chow, WS and Sun, L and Li, C and Peng, C}, title = {Acclimation of photosystem II to high temperature in two Wedelia species from different geographical origins: implications for biological invasions upon global warming.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {61}, number = {14}, pages = {4087-4096}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/erq220}, pmid = {20627901}, issn = {1460-2431}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Biomass ; China ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Fluorescence ; *Global Warming ; *Hot Temperature ; Light ; Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes/metabolism ; Photochemical Processes ; Photosynthesis ; Photosystem II Protein Complex/*metabolism ; Temperature ; Wedelia/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; }, abstract = {More intense, more frequent, and longer heat waves are expected in the future due to global warming, which could have dramatic ecological impacts. However, few studies have involved invasive species. The aims of this study were to examine the effect of extreme heating (40/35 degrees C for 30 d) on the growth and photosynthesis of an alien invasive species Wedelia trilobata and its indigenous congener (Wedelia chinensis) in South China, and to determine the development of this invasive species and its potential adaptive mechanism. In comparison with W. chinensis, W. trilobata suffered less inhibition of the relative growth rate (RGR) and biomass production due to high temperature, which was consistent with the changes of photosystem II (PSII) activity and net photosynthetic rate (P(n)). High temperature caused a partial inhibition of PSII, but the adverse effect was more severe in W. chinensis. Measurement of the minimum fluorescence (F(o)) versus temperature curves showed that W. trilobata had a higher inflexion temperature of F(o) (T(i)), indicating greater thermostability of the photosynthetic apparatus. Moreover, comparisons of absorbed light energy partitioning revealed that W. trilobata increased xanthophyll-dependent thermal dissipation (Phi(NPQ)) under high temperature, while retaining the higher fraction of absorbed light allocated to photochemistry (Phi(PSII)) relative to W. chinensis. The results suggest that the invasive W. trilobata has a high thermostability of its photosynthetic apparatus and an effective regulating mechanism in energy partitioning of PSII complexes to minimize potential damage and to retain greater capability for carbon assimilation. These factors confer greater heat stress tolerance compared with the native species. Therefore, the invasive W. trilobata may become more aggressive with the increasingly extreme heat climates.}, }
@article {pmid20626543, year = {2010}, author = {Michie, LJ and Mallard, F and Majerus, ME and Jiggins, FM}, title = {Melanic through nature or nurture: genetic polymorphism and phenotypic plasticity in Harmonia axyridis.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {23}, number = {8}, pages = {1699-1707}, doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02043.x}, pmid = {20626543}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Coleoptera/genetics/*physiology ; Environment ; *Genetic Variation ; Melanins/*genetics ; *Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Genetic/*genetics ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Individuals can adapt to heterogeneity in their environment through either local adaptation or phenotypic plasticity. Colour forms of the ladybird Harmonia axyridis are a classic example of local adaptation, in which the frequency of melanic forms varies greatly between populations. In some populations, there are also large seasonal changes in allele frequency, with melanism being costly in summer and beneficial in winter. We report that the non-melanic morph of H. axyridis dramatically increases its degree of melanization at cold temperatures. Furthermore, there is genetic variation in reaction norms, with different families responding to temperature in different ways. Variation at different spatial and temporal scales appears to have selected for either genetic or phenotypically plastic adaptations, which may be important in thermoregulation. As melanism is known to have a large effect on fitness in H. axyridis, this plasticity of melanization may have hastened its spread as an invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid20624310, year = {2010}, author = {Nicastro, KR and Zardi, GI and McQuaid, CD and Stephens, L and Radloff, S and Blatch, GL}, title = {The role of gaping behaviour in habitat partitioning between coexisting intertidal mussels.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {17}, pmid = {20624310}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Animals ; Dehydration ; *Ecosystem ; Mytilus/*physiology ; Perna/*physiology ; South Africa ; Species Specificity ; Stress, Physiological ; Water/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Environmental heterogeneity plays a major role in invasion and coexistence dynamics. Habitat segregation between introduced species and their native competitors is usually described in terms of different physiological and behavioural abilities. However little attention has been paid to the effects of behaviour in habitat partitioning among invertebrates, partially because their behavioural repertoires, especially marine benthic taxa, are extremely limited. This study investigates the effect of gaping behaviour on habitat segregation of the two dominant mussel species living in South Africa, the invasive Mytilus galloprovincialis and the indigenous Perna perna. These two species show partial habitat segregation on the south coast of South Africa, the lower and upper areas of the mussel zone are dominated by P. perna and M. galloprovincialis respectively, with overlap in the middle zone. During emergence, intertidal mussels will either keep the valves closed, minimizing water loss and undergoing anaerobic metabolism, or will periodically open the valves maintaining a more efficient aerobic metabolism but increasing the risk of desiccation.<br><br>RESULTS: Our results show that, when air exposed, the two species adopt clearly different behaviours. M. galloprovincialis keeps the shell valves closed, while P. perna periodically gapes. Gaping behaviour increased water loss in the indigenous species, and consequently the risk of desiccation. The indigenous species expressed significantly higher levels of stress protein (Hsp70) than M. galloprovincialis under field conditions and suffered significantly higher mortality rates when exposed to air in the laboratory. In general, no intra-specific differences were observed in relation to intertidal height. The absence of gaping minimises water loss but exposes the invasive species to other stresses, probably related to anoxic respiration.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Gaping affects tolerance to desiccation, thus influencing the vertical zonation of the two species. Valve closure exposes the invasive species to higher stress and associated energy demands, but it minimizes water loss, allowing this species to dominate the upper mussel zone, where the gaping indigenous P. perna cannot survive. Thus even very simple behaviour can influence the outcome of interactions between indigenous and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid20617653, year = {2010}, author = {Toy, SJ and Newfield, MJ}, title = {The accidental introduction of invasive animals as hitchhikers through inanimate pathways: a New Zealand perspective.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {123-133}, doi = {10.20506/rst.29.1.1970}, pmid = {20617653}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Commerce ; *Communicable Disease Control ; International Cooperation ; New Zealand ; Quarantine ; *Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Risk Management ; *Travel ; }, abstract = {Hitchhiker organisms have been known since the earliest days of international travel, but changes in global trade mean that there are more now than ever before. They include a number of serious invasive species and are among the most difficult of quarantine problems to manage. Invasive animals transported as hitchhikers, other than plant pests, fall largely outside the international frameworks for biosecurity risk analysis. However, this is not necessarily a barrierto either risk analysis or effective management. While there are a number of challenges in managing hitchhiker organisms, the risk analysis tools that are needed already exist. However, opening up access to appropriate information, increasing international cooperation and developing new biosecurity treatments suitable for large-volume pathways will enable significant improvements.}, }
@article {pmid20617652, year = {2010}, author = {Barrat, J and Richomme, C and Moinet, M}, title = {The accidental release of exotic species from breeding colonies and zoological collections.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {113-122}, doi = {10.20506/rst.29.1.1968}, pmid = {20617652}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Animals, Zoo ; *Biodiversity ; Breeding ; Communicable Disease Control ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Female ; Male ; Pest Control/*methods ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Exotic species have often been introduced into a new country in zoological or botanical gardens or on game and fur farms. When accidentally or deliberately released, these alien species can become invasive and have negative impacts on native plant and animal communities and human activities. This article focuses on a selection of such invasive species: principally the American mink (Neovison vison), but also the coypu (Myocastor coypus), muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), raccoon (Procyon lotor) and African sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus). In each of these cases, the authors describe the biological characteristics and life history of the species, in relation to its invasive capacity, the origins and establishment of non-native populations, the environmental consequences and possible control measures. The main negative impacts observed are the destruction of habitat, the introduction and/or spread of pathogens and changes in the composition of native communities with consequent effects on biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid20617649, year = {2010}, author = {Hoffmann, I}, title = {Livestock biodiversity.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {73-86}, doi = {10.20506/rst.29.1.1966}, pmid = {20617649}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Agriculture/*methods/trends ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic/*genetics/physiology ; *Biodiversity ; Breeding/methods ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Population Dynamics ; Selection, Genetic ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {This paper describes the institutional background against which invasiveness is considered with regard to livestock genetic diversity. The human-made nature and extensive spread of a few domesticated animal species for global food production is a feature of agricultural diversity that complicates the simple, negative view of invasive species. The different impacts of livestock species on natural biodiversity, of breed diversity within species, and of within-breed diversity on agricultural biodiversity are discussed. Livestock production continues to threaten natural biodiversity. The increasing demand for food of animal origin, the productivity and technology differentials, as well as the information and awareness bias, tend to favour international high-output breeds over local breeds. This will increase their 'invasiveness' in the market economy if current policy distortions continue. Several measures are proposed to control genetic erosion through uncontrolled gene flow. Countries are responsible not only for control of invasive alien species under the Convention on Biological Diversity but also for sustainable use and conservation of animal genetic resources, and for food security; they must balance trade-offs between these broad policy objectives.}, }
@article {pmid20617646, year = {2010}, author = {Moutou, F and Pastoret, PP}, title = {Defining an invasive species.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {37-45, 27-35, 47-56}, pmid = {20617646}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; Animals, Wild ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Pest Control, Biological ; Population Control ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The definition of an invasive species will depend on the viewpoint of the observer, who in some cases may be responsible for introducing the species. History has taught us that humans are the species that has invaded the largest surface area of the planet. So, before going on to propose a few definitions, this article describes three different examples or types of example in which domestic animal species, wild animal species and microorganisms (for biological pest control) have been transported intentionally. By doing so, this paper uses a variety of situations to support the definitions. A contemporary argument would counter a strictly biogeographical definition with a more ecological definition. The two are probably complementary. In any case, these definitions should remain practical. The consequences of species movements vary. However, their health impacts should not be underestimated.}, }
@article {pmid20617645, year = {2010}, author = {Pastoret, PP and Moutou, F}, title = {Invasive species. Part 1: general aspects and biodiversity. Part 2: concrete examples.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {19-22, 15-8}, pmid = {20617645}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; *Biodiversity ; *Communicable Disease Control ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Endangered Species ; }, abstract = {The problem of invasive species is of interest to researchers in a variety of different fields, including biology, epidemiology, agriculture, public health and even human sciences. It is an issue that affects all regions of the world to a greater or lesser extent. It can also have detrimental effects on animal health and biodiversity. For example, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (lUCN) reported that 625 (51%) of known endangered species are threatened because of invasive (alien) species.}, }
@article {pmid20617644, year = {2010}, author = {Vallat, B}, title = {Invasive species. Part 1: general aspects and biodiversity. Part 2: concrete examples. Preface.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {11-2, 9-10, 13-4}, pmid = {20617644}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; *Biodiversity ; *Communicable Disease Control ; }, }
@article {pmid20617298, year = {2010}, author = {Rödder, D and Lötters, S}, title = {Explanative power of variables used in species distribution modelling: an issue of general model transferability or niche shift in the invasive Greenhouse frog (Eleutherodactylus planirostris).}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {97}, number = {9}, pages = {781-796}, pmid = {20617298}, issn = {1432-1904}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/*physiology ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Phylogeny ; Population ; Ranidae/physiology ; United States ; }, abstract = {The use of species distribution models (SDMs) to predict potential distributions of species is steadily increasing. A necessary assumption when projecting models throughout space or time is that climatic niches are conservative, but recent findings of niche shifts during biological invasion of particular plant and animal species have indicated that this assumption is not categorically valid. One reason for observed shifts may relate to variable selection for modelling. In this study, we assess differences in climatic niches in the native and invasive ranges of the Greenhouse frog (Eleutherodactylus planirostris). We analyze which variables are more 'conserved' in comparison to more 'relaxed' variables (i.e. subject to niche shift) and how they influence transferability of SDMs developed with Maxent on the basis of ten bioclimatic layers best describing the climatic requirements of the target species. We focus on degrees of niche similarity and conservatism using Schoener's index and Hellinger distance. Significance of results are tested with null models. Results indicate that the degrees of niche similarity and conservatism vary greatly among the predictive variables. Some shifts can be attributed to active habitat selection, whereas others apparently reflect variation in the availability of climate conditions or biotic interactions between the frogs' native and invasive ranges. Patterns suggesting active habitat selection also vary among variables. Our findings evoke considerable implications on the transferability of SDMs over space and time, which is strongly affected by the choice and number of predictors. The incorporation of 'relaxed' predictors not or only indirectly correlated with biologically meaningful predictors may lead to erroneous predictions when projecting SDMs. We recommend thorough assessments of invasive species' ecology for the identification biologically meaningful predictors facilitating transferability.}, }
@article {pmid20602118, year = {2010}, author = {Cheng, BS and Hovel, KA}, title = {Biotic resistance to invasion along an estuarine gradient.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {164}, number = {4}, pages = {1049-1059}, pmid = {20602118}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biota ; Bivalvia/physiology ; California ; Cestoda/physiology ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Invertebrates/classification/*physiology ; Palinuridae/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Seawater ; Species Specificity ; Zosteraceae/physiology ; }, abstract = {Biotic resistance is the ability of native communities to repel the establishment of invasive species. Predation by native species may confer biotic resistance to communities, but the environmental context under which this form of biotic resistance occurs is not well understood. We evaluated several factors that influence the distribution of invasive Asian mussels (Musculista senhousia) in Mission Bay, a southern California estuary containing an extensive eelgrass (Zostera marina) habitat. Asian mussels exhibit a distinct spatial pattern of invasion, with extremely high densities towards the back of Mission Bay (up to 4,000 m(-2)) in contrast with near-complete absence at sites towards the front of the bay. We established that recruits arrived at sites where adult mussels were absent and found that dense eelgrass does not appear to preclude Asian mussel growth and survival. Mussel survival and growth were high in predator-exclusion plots throughout the bay, but mussel survival was low in the front of the bay when plots were open to predators. Additional experiments revealed that consumption by spiny lobsters (Panulirus interruptus) and a gastropod (Pteropurpura festiva) likely are the primary factors responsible for resistance to Asian mussel invasion. However, biotic resistance was dependent on location within the estuary (for both species) and also on the availability of a hard substratum (for P. festiva). Our findings indicate that biotic resistance in the form of predation may be conferred by higher order predators, but that the strength of resistance may strongly vary across estuarine gradients and depend on the nature of the locally available habitat.}, }
@article {pmid20597298, year = {2010}, author = {Delaney, DG and Leung, B}, title = {An empirical probability model of detecting species at low densities.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {1162-1172}, doi = {10.1890/09-0309.1}, pmid = {20597298}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura ; *Models, Statistical ; New England ; Population Density ; *Sample Size ; }, abstract = {False negatives, not detecting things that are actually present, are an important but understudied problem. False negatives are the result of our inability to perfectly detect species, especially those at low density such as endangered species or newly arriving introduced species. They reduce our ability to interpret presence-absence survey data and make sound management decisions (e.g., rapid response). To reduce the probability of false negatives, we need to compare the efficacy and sensitivity of different sampling approaches and quantify an unbiased estimate of the probability of detection. We conducted field experiments in the intertidal zone of New England and New York to test the sensitivity of two sampling approaches (quadrat vs. total area search, TAS), given different target characteristics (mobile vs. sessile). Using logistic regression we built detection curves for each sampling approach that related the sampling intensity and the density of targets to the probability of detection. The TAS approach reduced the probability of false negatives and detected targets faster than the quadrat approach. Mobility of targets increased the time to detection but did not affect detection success. Finally, we interpreted two years of presence-absence data on the distribution of the Asian shore crab (Hemigrapsus sanguineus) in New England and New York, using our probability model for false negatives. The type of experimental approach in this paper can help to reduce false negatives and increase our ability to detect species at low densities by refining sampling approaches, which can guide conservation strategies and management decisions in various areas of ecology such as conservation biology and invasion ecology.}, }
@article {pmid20597286, year = {2010}, author = {Aslan, CE and Rejmánek, M}, title = {Avian use of introduced plants: ornithologist records illuminate interspecific associations and research needs.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {1005-1020}, doi = {10.1890/08-2128.1}, pmid = {20597286}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; *Ecosystem ; *Plants ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United States ; }, abstract = {Introduced species have the potential to impact processes central to the organization of ecological communities. Although hundreds of nonnative plant species have naturalized in the United States, only a small percentage of these have been studied in their new biotic communities. Their interactions with resident (native and introduced) bird species remain largely unexplored. As a group, citizen scientists such as ornithologists possess a wide range of experiences. They may offer insights into the prevalence and form of bird interactions with nonnative plants on a broad geographic scale. We surveyed 173 ornithologists from four U.S. states, asking them to report observations of bird interactions with nonnative plants. The primary goal of the survey was to obtain information useful in guiding future empirical research. In all, 1143 unique bird-plant interactions were reported, involving 99 plant taxa and 168 bird species. Forty-seven percent of reported interactions concerned potential dispersal (feeding on seeds or fruits). Remaining "habitat interactions" involved bird use of plants for nesting, perching, woodpecking, gleaning, and other activities. We utilized detrended correspondence analysis to ordinate birds with respect to the plants they reportedly utilize. Results illuminate the new guilds formed by these interactions. We assessed the existing level of knowledge about invasiveness of those plants reported most often in feeding interactions, identifying information gaps for biological invasions research priority. To exemplify the usefulness of citizen science data, we utilized survey results to guide field research on invasiveness in some of these plant species and observed both qualitatively and quantitatively strong agreement between survey reports and our empirical data. Questionnaire reports are therefore heuristically informative for the fields of both avian ecology and invasion biology.}, }
@article {pmid20597283, year = {2010}, author = {Woodford, DJ and McIntosh, AR}, title = {Evidence of source-sink metapopulations in a vulnerable native galaxiid fish driven by introduced trout.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {967-977}, doi = {10.1890/08-1909.1}, pmid = {20597283}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; New Zealand ; *Osmeriformes ; Population Dynamics ; *Trout ; }, abstract = {Introduced predators with patchy distributions can create demographic sinks within native prey populations. Such invasions may give rise to source-sink metapopulations if there are still sources of native species colonists in the landscape. In New Zealand, introduced brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhychus mykiss) are linked with declines in native non-diadromous galaxiids but co-occur with these galaxiids in some locations. We investigated whether trout create sinks in Galaxias vulgaris populations, and whether trout-free reaches could act as sources, allowing persistence in the sink habitat. We conducted quantitative seasonal monitoring of G. vulgaris population structure across two subcatchments of the Waimakariri River, South Island. Two trout-free and seven trout-invaded sites in the Porter River catchment and two trout-free and five trout-invaded sites in the Broken River catchment were monitored over two winters and the adjoining summer. Spatially continuous monitoring of young-of-the-year (YOY) galaxiid distributions and apparent survival across the Broken River catchment was also undertaken. Galaxias vulgaris YOY recruitment was high in trout-free reaches, indicating positive population growth. Galaxias vulgaris was absent from three trout-invaded sites, and the remaining invaded sites had significantly depleted juvenile recruitment. Information-theoretic model selection indicated that trout, rather than habitat, drove recruitment failure. Trout-invaded sites could be divided into "sinks" that retained no YOY galaxiids, indicating no local recruitment, and "pseudosinks," which had very few recruits. Absence of small G. vulgaris at sink sites suggested population maintenance through immigration of adults from sources, whereas pseudosink sites appear capable of self-recruitment at low carrying capacities. Trout-free reaches appear to act as sources in a river network but are susceptible to future invasions by trout. Thus, not only may invasive species cause source-sink metapopulations in native species, but also the potential of refugia for natives (sources) to become future sinks highlights the vulnerability of these metapopulations when invasive predators are the principal demographic driver.}, }
@article {pmid20596887, year = {2010}, author = {Zeman, P and Lynen, G}, title = {Conditions for stable parapatric coexistence between Boophilus decoloratus and B. microplus ticks: a simulation study using the competitive Lotka-Volterra model.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, pages = {409-426}, pmid = {20596887}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; *Competitive Behavior ; Computer Simulation ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Rhipicephalus/*physiology ; Tanzania ; }, abstract = {The autochthonous tick Boophilus decoloratus, and the invasive species Bo. microplus, the tick most threatening the livestock industry in Africa, show complex interactions in their interspecific rivalry. This study was conducted to specify the conditions under which the two competitors can co-exist in equilibrium, and to provide insight into their climate-dependant parapatric distribution in Tanzania. A model of the Lotka-Volterra type was used, taking into account population dispersal and interactions of various kinds. If the model allowed for immunity-mediated competition on cattle, reproductive interference, and an external mortality factor, it explained fairly well the field observation that the borderline between these ticks loosely follows the 22-23°C isotherm and the 58 mm isohyet (i.e. ~700 mm of annual rainfall total). Simulations fully compatible with the pattern of real co-existing populations of Bo. decoloratus and Bo. microplus, characterized by a pronounced population density trough and mutual exclusion of the two ticks on cattle in an intermediary zone between their distributional ranges, were, however, achieved only if the model also implemented a hypothetical factor responsible for some mortality upon encounter of one tick with the other, interpretable as an interaction through a shared pathogen(s). This study also demonstrated the importance of non-cattle hosts, enabling the autochthon to avoid competition with Bo. microplus, for the behaviour of the modelled system. The simulations indicate that a substantial reduction of wildlife habitats and consequently of Bo. decoloratus refugia, may accelerate the replacement of Bo. decoloratus with Bo. microplus much faster than climatic changes might do.}, }
@article {pmid20585807, year = {2010}, author = {Flanagan, RJ and Mitchell, RJ and Karron, JD}, title = {Increased relative abundance of an invasive competitor for pollination, Lythrum salicaria, reduces seed number in Mimulus ringens.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {164}, number = {2}, pages = {445-454}, pmid = {20585807}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Introduced Species ; Lythrum/*physiology ; Mimulus/*physiology ; Pollen ; *Pollination ; Seeds/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {When exotic plant species share pollinators with native species, competition for pollination may lower the reproductive success of natives by reducing the frequency and/or quality of visits they receive. Exotic species often become numerically dominant in plant communities, and the relative abundance of these potential competitors for pollination may be an important determinant of their effects on the pollination and reproductive success of co-occurring native species. Our study experimentally tests whether the presence and abundance of an invasive exotic, Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae), influences reproductive success of a co-flowering native species, Mimulus ringens L. (Phrymaceae). We also examine the mechanisms of competition for pollination and how they may be altered by changes in competitor abundance. We found that the presence of Lythrum salicaria lowered mean seed number in Mimulus ringens fruits. This effect was most pronounced when the invasive competitor was highly abundant, decreasing the number of seeds per fruit by 40% in 2006 and 33% in 2007. Reductions in the number of seeds per fruit were likely due to reduced visit quality resulting from Mimulus pollen loss when bees foraged on neighboring Lythrum plants. This study suggests that visit quality to natives may be influenced by the presence and abundance of invasive flowering plants.}, }
@article {pmid20583719, year = {2010}, author = {Byers, JE and Wright, JT and Gribben, PE}, title = {Variable direct and indirect effects of a habitat-modifying invasive species on mortality of native fauna.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {6}, pages = {1787-1798}, doi = {10.1890/09-0712.1}, pmid = {20583719}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Arcidae/*physiology ; Caulerpa/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Longevity ; New South Wales ; }, abstract = {Habitat-modifying invasive species can influence rates of predation on native prey either directly by providing protective structure or indirectly by modifying traits of prey species responding to the habitat. The alga Caulerpa taxifolia is one of the most successful invasive species of shallow-water marine systems globally, often provisioning habitat in areas previously lacking in vegetated structure. We experimentally evaluated the direct effect of Caulerpa to provide refuge for the native clam Anadara trapezia and how this balances with its influence on two trait-mediated indirect interactions that may increase Anadara's susceptibility to predators. Specifically, Caulerpa's alteration of physical and chemical properties of the surrounding water and sediment deteriorate Anadara's condition and predator resistance properties and also cause Anadara, though normally buried, to project from beneath the sediment, exposing it to predators. Our results show that Anadara are somewhat (but not consistently) protected from predators by living among Caulerpa. Shallow burial depth did not counteract this protective effect. However at times of year when predator activity diminishes and conducive environmental conditions develop, negative effects of Caulerpa habitat such as hypoxia and lowered flow may dominate. Under such situations, poor clam condition accentuates Anadara's susceptibility to mortality. Ultimately, a slight and inconsistent positive effect of Caulerpa to protect Anadara from predators is exceeded by the strong negative effect of Caulerpa on clam mortality, which is heightened by clams' weakened condition produced by chronic exposure to Caulerpa. Our results show that invasive habitat-modifying species can affect mortality of native species not simply through obvious positive direct effects of their protective structure, but indirectly through contrasting negative modification of the traits of prey species responding to the habitat.}, }
@article {pmid20583704, year = {2010}, author = {Phillips, BL and Brown, GP and Shine, R}, title = {Life-history evolution in range-shifting populations.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {6}, pages = {1617-1627}, doi = {10.1890/09-0910.1}, pmid = {20583704}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; Demography ; Models, Biological ; Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Most evolutionary theory does not deal with populations expanding or contracting in space. Invasive species, climate change, epidemics, and the breakdown of dispersal barriers, however, all create populations in this kind of spatial disequilibrium. Importantly, spatial disequilibrium can have important ecological and evolutionary outcomes. During continuous range expansion, for example, populations on the expanding front experience novel evolutionary pressures because frontal populations are assorted by dispersal ability and have a lower density of conspecifics than do core populations. These conditions favor the evolution of traits that increase rates of dispersal and reproduction. Additionally, lowered density on the expanding front eventually frees populations on the expanding edge from specialist, coevolved enemies, permitting higher investment into traits associated with dispersal and reproduction rather than defense against pathogens. As a result, the process of range expansion drives rapid life-history evolution, and this seems to occur despite ongoing serial founder events that have complex effects on genetic diversity at the expanding front. Traits evolving on the expanding edge are smeared across the landscape as the front moves through, leaving an ephemeral signature of range expansion in the life-history traits of a species across its newly colonized range. Recent studies suggest that such nonequilibrium processes during recent population history may have contributed to many patterns usually ascribed to evolutionary forces acting in populations at spatial equilibrium.}, }
@article {pmid20579674, year = {2010}, author = {Curado, G and Rubio-Casal, AE and Figueroa, E and Castillo, JM}, title = {Germination and establishment of the invasive cordgrass Spartina densiflora in acidic and metal polluted sediments of the Tinto River.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {60}, number = {10}, pages = {1842-1848}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.05.022}, pmid = {20579674}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Germination/*physiology ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Metals ; Poaceae/*physiology ; *Rivers ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Heavy metal pollution is common in rivers in the vicinity of mining areas. In these polluted environments, the survival of alien species with a high tolerance to metals may be favored. The Tinto River (Southwest Iberian Peninsula) is an excellent natural laboratory for the study of plants' responses to acidic and metal polluted sediments. This work analyzes the tolerance of the alien species Spartina densiflora to low pH and high metal loads in the Tinto River. The main aim of this study was to determine if this alien species can invade landward along the banks of the Tinto River. S. densiflora seeds were able to germinate in heavy metal polluted aerobic sediments even at pH 2. However, these conditions decreased S. densiflora final germination, altered germination dynamics, decreased aerial and subterranean growth rates, and prevented its establishment.}, }
@article {pmid20577762, year = {2010}, author = {Menke, SB and Suarez, AV and Tillberg, CV and Chou, CT and Holway, DA}, title = {Trophic ecology of the invasive argentine ant: spatio-temporal variation in resource assimilation and isotopic enrichment.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {164}, number = {3}, pages = {763-771}, pmid = {20577762}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; }, abstract = {Studies of food webs often employ stable isotopic approaches to infer trophic position and interaction strength without consideration of spatio-temporal variation in resource assimilation by constituent species. Using results from laboratory diet manipulations and monthly sampling of field populations, we illustrate how nitrogen isotopes may be used to quantify spatio-temporal variation in resource assimilation in ants. First, we determined nitrogen enrichment using a controlled laboratory experiment with the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile). After 12 weeks, worker δ(15)N values from colonies fed an animal-based diet had δ(15)N values that were 5.51% greater compared to colonies fed a plant-based diet. The shift in δ(15)N values in response to the experimental diet occurred within 10 weeks. We next reared Argentine ant colonies with or without access to honeydew-producing aphids and found that after 8 weeks workers from colonies without access to aphids had δ(15)N values that were 6.31% larger compared to colonies with access to honeydew. Second, we sampled field populations over a 1-year period to quantify spatio-temporal variability in isotopic ratios of L. humile and those of a common native ant (Solenopsis xyloni). Samples from free-living colonies revealed that fluctuations in δ(15)N were 1.6-2.4‰ for L. humile and 1.8-2.9‰ for S. xyloni. Variation was also detected among L. humile castes: time averaged means of δ(15)N varied from 1.2 to 2.5‰ depending on the site, with δ(15)N values for queens ≥ workers > brood. The estimated trophic positions of L. humile and S. xyloni were similar within a site; however, trophic position for each species differed significantly at larger spatial scales. While stable isotopes are clearly useful for examining the trophic ecology of arthropod communities, our results suggest that caution is warranted when making ecological interpretations when stable isotope collections come from single time periods or life stages.}, }
@article {pmid20576028, year = {2010}, author = {van Kleunen, M and Dawson, W and Schlaepfer, D and Jeschke, JM and Fischer, M}, title = {Are invaders different? A conceptual framework of comparative approaches for assessing determinants of invasiveness.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {947-958}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01503.x}, pmid = {20576028}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Ecology/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {What determines invasiveness of alien organisms is among the most interesting and urgent questions in ecology. In attempts to answer this question, researchers compare invasive alien species either to native species or to non-invasive alien species, and this is done in either the introduced or native ranges. However, inferences that can be drawn from these comparisons differ considerably, and failure to recognize this could hamper the search for determinants of invasiveness. To increase awareness about this issue, we present a framework of the various comparisons that can be used to test for determinants of invasiveness, and the specific questions each comparison can address. Moreover, we discuss how different comparisons complement each other, and therefore should be used in concert. For progress in invasion biology, it is crucial to realize that different comparisons address different biological questions and that some questions can only be answered unambiguously by combining them.}, }
@article {pmid20575988, year = {2010}, author = {Franklin, K and Molina-Freaner, F}, title = {Consequences of buffelgrass pasture development for primary productivity, perennial plant richness, and vegetation structure in the drylands of Sonora, Mexico.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, pages = {1664-1673}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01540.x}, pmid = {20575988}, issn = {1523-1739}, support = {1K12 GM000708/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Mexico ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {In large parts of northern Mexico native plant communities are being converted to non-native buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) pastures, and this conversion could fundamentally alter primary productivity and species richness. In Sonora, Mexico land conversion is occurring at a regional scale along a rainfall-driven gradient of primary productivity, across which native plant communities transition from desert scrub to thorn scrub. We used a paired sampling design to compare a satellite-derived index of primary productivity, richness of perennial plant species, and canopy-height profiles of native plant communities with buffelgrass pastures. We sampled species richness across a gradient of primary productivity in desert scrub and thorn scrub vegetation to examine the influence of site productivity on the outcomes of land conversion. We also examined the influence of pasture age on species richness of perennial plants. Index values of primary productivity were lower in buffelgrass pastures than in native vegetation, which suggests a reduction in primary productivity. Land conversion reduced species richness by approximately 50% at local and regional scales, reduced tree and shrub cover by 78%, and reduced canopy height. Land conversion disproportionately reduced shrub species richness, which reflects the common practice among Sonoran ranchers of conserving certain tree and cactus species. Site productivity did not affect the outcomes of land conversion. The age of a buffelgrass pasture was unrelated to species richness within the pasture, which suggests that passive recovery of species richness to preconversion levels is unlikely. Our findings demonstrate that land conversion can result in large losses of plant species richness at local and regional scales and in substantial changes to primary productivity and vegetation structure, which casts doubt on the feasibility of restoring native plant communities without active intervention on the part of land managers.}, }
@article {pmid20568643, year = {2010}, author = {Liu, X and Marshall, JL and Stary, P and Edwards, O and Puterka, G and Dolatti, L and El Bouhssini, M and Malinga, J and Lage, J and Smith, CM}, title = {Global phylogenetics of Diuraphis noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae), an invasive aphid species: evidence for multiple invasions into North America.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {103}, number = {3}, pages = {958-965}, doi = {10.1603/ec09376}, pmid = {20568643}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Animals ; Aphids/*genetics ; Genome, Insect ; Geography ; North America ; *Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The Russian wheat aphid, Diruaphis noxia (Kudjumov) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is globally one of the most devastating pests of bread wheat, Tritium aestivum L., durum wheat, Triticum turgidum L., and barley, Hordeum vulgare L. Several sources of D. noxia resistance have been incorporated in commercial wheat and barley genotypes, but up to eight virulent biotypes, defined based on their ability to damage different wheat and barley genotypes, now occur across the western United States since the first appearance of D. noxia in North America in 1986. Critical to the study of D. noxia and other invasive species is an understanding of the number and origin of invasions that have occurred, as well as the rate or potential of postinvasion adaptation and geographic range expansion. The goal of this study was to determine whether D. noxia biotypes are by-products of a single invasion or multiple invasions into North America. We used the genome-wide technique of amplified fragment length polymorphisms, in combination with 22 collections of D. noxia from around the world, to assess this question, as well as patterns of genetic divergence. We found multiple lines of evidence that there have been at least two D. noxia invasions of different origin into North America, each resulting in subsequent postinvasion diversification that has since yielded multiple biotypes.}, }
@article {pmid20565861, year = {2010}, author = {Lambertini, C and Riis, T and Olesen, B and Clayton, JS and Sorrell, BK and Brix, H}, title = {Genetic diversity in three invasive clonal aquatic species in New Zealand.}, journal = {BMC genetics}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {52}, pmid = {20565861}, issn = {1471-2156}, mesh = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Biological Evolution ; Environment ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Hydrobiology ; New Zealand ; Phylogeny ; Plants/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Elodea canadensis, Egeria densa and Lagarosiphon major are dioecious clonal species which are invasive in New Zealand and other regions. Unlike many other invasive species, the genetic variation in New Zealand is very limited. Clonal reproduction is often considered an evolutionary dead end, even though a certain amount of genetic divergence may arise due to somatic mutations. The successful growth and establishment of invasive clonal species may be explained not by adaptability but by pre-existing ecological traits that prove advantageous in the new environment. We studied the genetic diversity and population structure in the North Island of New Zealand using AFLPs and related the findings to the number of introductions and the evolution that has occurred in the introduced area.<br><br>RESULTS: Low levels of genetic diversity were found in all three species and appeared to be due to highly homogeneous founding gene pools. Elodea canadensis was introduced in 1868, and its populations showed more genetic structure than those of the more recently introduced of E. densa (1946) and L. major (1950). Elodea canadensis and L. major, however, had similar phylogeographic patterns, in spite of the difference in time since introduction.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a certain level of geographically correlated genetic structure in the absence of sexual reproduction, and in spite of random human dispersal of vegetative propagules, can be reasonably attributed to post-dispersal somatic mutations. Direct evidence of such evolutionary events is, however, still insufficient.}, }
@article {pmid20561262, year = {2010}, author = {Cook, DC and Liu, S and Murphy, B and Lonsdale, W}, title = {Adaptive approaches to biosecurity governance.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {30}, number = {9}, pages = {1303-1314}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01439.x}, pmid = {20561262}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Australia ; Introduced Species/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Risk Management/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; }, abstract = {This article discusses institutional changes that may facilitate an adaptive approach to biosecurity risk management where governance is viewed as a multidisciplinary, interactive experiment acknowledging uncertainty. Using the principles of adaptive governance, evolved from institutional theory, we explore how the concepts of lateral information flows, incentive alignment, and policy experimentation might shape Australia's invasive species defense mechanisms. We suggest design principles for biosecurity policies emphasizing overlapping complementary response capabilities and the sharing of invasive species risks via a polycentric system of governance.}, }
@article {pmid20554053, year = {2010}, author = {McLeish, MJ and van Noort, S and Tolley, KA}, title = {African parasitoid fig wasp diversification is a function of Ficus species ranges.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, pages = {122-134}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2010.05.025}, pmid = {20554053}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Ficus/*parasitology ; *Genetic Speciation ; *Host Specificity ; Likelihood Functions ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Wasps/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Host specificity is a fundamental property implicit in obligate insect-plant associations. Rigid life history constraints exhibited by parasitoid fig wasps are believed to select for specialization directed at fig trees and this is supported by evidence of phenotypic adaptation to figs and partial co-speciation with the fig wasps they attack. Conversely, the ability to colonize such novel communities occurs under relaxed specificity, a behavior typified by more generalist groups such as parasitoids. The specificity directed towards Ficus species by Sycoryctinae parasitoid fig wasps is important in order to understand how this form of specialization influences their diversification and interactions with other fig wasp guilds. We use genetic distance analyses and reconstruct ancestral patterns of Ficus trait association with two genera of Sycoryctinae parasitoid fig wasps to identify evolutionary conservatism in Ficus species utilization. Ancestral state reconstructions of (i) affiliate Ficus subsection and (ii) syconia diameters of natal Ficus species indicate contrasting Ficus species ranges between Arachonia and Sycoryctes parasitoid genera. This work demonstrates that parasitoid speciation is not tightly constrained to Ficus speciation and rather a function of Ficus range limitations. Ficus evolution, ecology, and functional compatibility between parasitoid and Ficus traits appear to constrain parasitoid Ficus utilization. These results suggest that contrasting ecological settings and potential number of hosts available impose different ramifications for the evolution of parasitoid host specificity and so to the species interactions within the communities to which they belong.}, }
@article {pmid20553694, year = {2010}, author = {Coutts, AD and Valentine, JP and Edgar, GJ and Davey, A and Burgess-Wilson, B}, title = {Removing vessels from the water for biofouling treatment has the potential to introduce mobile non-indigenous marine species.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {60}, number = {9}, pages = {1533-1540}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.04.015}, pmid = {20553694}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Biofouling/*prevention &amp; control ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; Marine Biology/*methods ; Ships/*methods ; }, abstract = {Vessels found contaminated with biofouling non-indigenous marine species are predominantly removed from the water and treated in vessel maintenance facilities (i.e., slipways, travel lifts and dry-docks). Using pre-fouled settlement plates to simulate a vessel's removal from the water for treatment, we demonstrate that a range of mobile organisms (including non-indigenous marine species) may be lost to the marine environment as a consequence of this process. We also determined that different levels of biofouling (primary, secondary and tertiary) and emersion durations (0.5, 5 and 15 min) affected the abundance and composition of mobile taxa lost to the marine environment. Primary biofouling plates lost 3.2% of total animals, secondary plates lost 19.8% and tertiary plates lost 8.2%, while hanging duration had only minor effects. The results suggest that removing vessels contaminated with biofouling non-indigenous marine species from the water for treatment may not be as biosecure as is currently recognised.}, }
@article {pmid20552335, year = {2011}, author = {Pitt, WC and Driscoll, LC and Sugihara, RT}, title = {Efficacy of rodenticide baits for the control of three invasive rodent species in Hawaii.}, journal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {60}, number = {3}, pages = {533-542}, doi = {10.1007/s00244-010-9554-x}, pmid = {20552335}, issn = {1432-0703}, mesh = {Animals ; Feeding Behavior/*drug effects ; Female ; Hawaii ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Mice ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rodent Control/*methods ; Rodenticides/*toxicity ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {We tested the efficacy and palatability of nine commercial rodenticide bait formulations on Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans), roof rats (R. rattus), and house mice (Mus musculus). Efficacy varied by rodenticide tested and rodent species. Generally, rodenticides were more effective against mice than for either of the rat species, and mice tended to consume more rodenticide bait than the laboratory chow alternative food. Efficacy was generally highest for the second-generation anticoagulants tested; however, this varied across products and one-first-generation rodenticide had similar effectiveness. Bait acceptance (palatability) also varied both by rodenticide and by rodent species. Acceptance was the lowest for the acute rodenticides. Bait acceptance appeared to substantially affect the efficacy of rodenticides; materials that were not well accepted produced lower mortality rates. Rodenticide products currently registered for use in Hawaii performed less effectively in this study than other available products not yet registered. Although markets for rodent control products for use on islands are limited, there are advantages to having additional products registered for island use in agriculture, conservation, and public health.}, }
@article {pmid20550814, year = {2010}, author = {Leblanc, L and Vargas, RI and Rubinoff, D}, title = {Attraction of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) and endemic and introduced nontarget insects to BioLure bait and its individual components in Hawaii.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {39}, number = {3}, pages = {989-998}, doi = {10.1603/EN09287}, pmid = {20550814}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ceratitis capitata ; *Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Putrescine ; }, abstract = {BioLure, a synthetic food attractant for Mediterranean fruit fly [Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)], is composed of three chemicals (ammonium acetate, trimethylamine hydrochloride, and putrescine). We deployed these components together and in separate MultiLure traps across predominantly native forests, non-native forests, farmlands, orchards, and residential areas on the islands of Hawaii and Maui, to evaluate attraction of C. capitata and nontarget insects. Large numbers (as many as 186 per trap per day) of mainly saprophagous nontarget flies (primarily Drosophilidae, Chloropidae, Lonchaeidae, Neriidae, Otitidae, and Calliphoridae) were attracted to BioLure. Very few predators, parasitoids, or pollinators were attracted. Native species, predominantly drosophilid and calliphorid flies, were attracted in large numbers in endemic forests, but mostly (at least 88%) introduced species were collected in orchards, backyards, and non-native forest. A comparison of attraction to the three separate components versus combined components in traps revealed that ammonium acetate and, to a lesser extent, putrescine are the key components attractive to nontarget species. Omitting the putrescine ingredient from BioLure did not drastically decrease C. capitata catches but reduced nontarget captures by 20%.}, }
@article {pmid20550634, year = {2010}, author = {Chelaifa, H and Mahé, F and Ainouche, M}, title = {Transcriptome divergence between the hexaploid salt-marsh sister species Spartina maritima and Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {10}, pages = {2050-2063}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04637.x}, pmid = {20550634}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Comparative Genomic Hybridization ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Gene Library ; Genes, Plant ; Genome, Plant ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Poaceae/classification/*genetics ; Polyploidy ; RNA, Plant/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are ideal model systems to investigate the evolutionary processes associated with their ecological success by comparison with closely related species. In this article, we explore transcriptome evolution following divergence between two closely related salt-marsh species, the invasive Spartina alterniflora (native to the East-American Atlantic coast, introduced in several continents) and the declining Spartina maritima (native to the Euro-African Atlantic coast). We have explored the utility of cross-species hybridization microarrays using rice (Oryza sativa) oligo-microarrays to compare leaf expression patterns between these species. Coding sequence comparisons from 10 nuclear genes (2256 bp) revealed that nucleotide divergence between Spartina and Oryza range from 8% to 14%. More than 70% of the 60-mer oligonucleotide sequences spotted on the rice microarray exhibited stable and repeatable patterns when hybridized against Spartina RNA. In total, 9353 (44.5%) genes on the array hybridized with both species S. maritima and S. alterniflora. Among these genes, 1247 genes were found to be differentially expressed between the two Spartina species, most of them (957) being up-regulated in S. alterniflora. In particular, developmental and cellular growth genes (gene ontology, biological process) were highly up-regulated in S. alterniflora and down-regulated in S. maritima, whereas genes involved in stress response were up-regulated in S. maritima. Our findings indicate the suitability of cross-species microarray hybridization between Spartina and O. sativa and reveal the extent of leaf transcriptome evolution that took place during the divergence between S. alterniflora and S. maritima. Expression patterns are consistent with the morphological differentiation and differential expansion of the two species.}, }
@article {pmid20549330, year = {2010}, author = {Suckling, DM and Stringer, LD and Bunn, B and El-Sayed, AM and Vander Meer, RK}, title = {Trail pheromone disruption of red imported fire ant.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {36}, number = {7}, pages = {744-750}, pmid = {20549330}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Behavior, Animal ; Pheromones/*physiology ; Sesquiterpenes/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), is considered one of the most aggressive and invasive species in the world. Toxic bait systems are used widely for control, but they also affect non-target ant species and cannot be used in sensitive ecosystems such as organic farms and national parks. The fire ant uses recruitment pheromones to organize the retrieval of large food resources back to the colony, with Z,E-alpha-farnesene responsible for the orientation of workers along trails. We prepared Z,E-alpha-farnesene, (91% purity) from extracted E,E-alpha-farnesene and demonstrated disruption of worker trail orientation after presentation of an oversupply of this compound from filter paper point sources (30 microg). Trails were established between queen-right colony cells and food sources in plastic tubs. Trail-following behavior was recorded by overhead webcam, and ants were digitized before and after presentation of the treatment, using two software approaches. The linear regression statistic, r(2) was calculated. Ants initially showed high linear trail integrity (r(2) = 0.75). Within seconds of presentation of the Z,E-alpha-farnesene treatment, the trailing ants showed little or no further evidence of trail following behavior in the vicinity of the pheromone source. These results show that trailing fire ants become disorientated in the presence of large amounts of Z,E-alpha-farnesene. Disrupting fire ant recruitment to resources may have a negative effect on colony size or other effects yet to be determined. This phenomenon was demonstrated recently for the Argentine ant, where trails were disrupted for two weeks by using their formulated trail pheromone, Z-9-hexadecenal. Further research is needed to establish the long term effects and control potential for trail disruption in S. invicta.}, }
@article {pmid20549068, year = {2010}, author = {Souza, A and Sandrin, CZ and Calió, MF and Meirelles, ST and Pivello, VR and Figueiredo-Ribeiro, RC}, title = {Seasonal variation of soluble carbohydrates and starch in Echinolaena inflexa, a native grass species from the Brazilian savanna, and in the invasive grass Melinis minutiflora.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {70}, number = {2}, pages = {395-404}, doi = {10.1590/s1519-69842010000200023}, pmid = {20549068}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {*Biomass ; Carbohydrates/*analysis ; Poaceae/*chemistry/classification ; *Seasons ; Starch/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Echinolaena inflexa (Poir.) Chase is an abundant C3 grass species with high biomass production in the Brazilian savanna (cerrado); Melinis minutiflora Beauv. is an African C4 forage grass widespread in cerrado and probably displacing some native herbaceous species. In the present work, we analysed seasonally the content and composition of soluble carbohydrates, the starch amounts and the above-ground biomass (phytomass) of E. inflexa and M. minutiflora plants harvested in two transects at 5 and 130 m from the border in a restrict area of cerrado at the Biological Reserve and Experimental Station of Mogi-Guaçu (SP, Brazil). Results showed that water soluble carbohydrates and starch amounts from the shoots of both species varied according to the time of the year, whilst in the underground organs, variations were observed mainly in relation to the transects. Marked differences in the pattern of the above-ground biomass production between these two grasses relative to their location in the Reserve were also observed, with two peaks of the invasive species (July and January) at the Reserve border. The differences in carbohydrate accumulation, partitioning and composition of individual sugars concerning time of the year and location in the Reserve were more related to the annual growth cycle of both grasses and possibly to specific physiological responses of M. minutiflora to disturbed environments in the Reserve border.}, }
@article {pmid20545733, year = {2010}, author = {Chun, YJ and van Kleunen, M and Dawson, W}, title = {The role of enemy release, tolerance and resistance in plant invasions: linking damage to performance.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {937-946}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01498.x}, pmid = {20545733}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; *Ecosystem ; *Plant Development ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {An explanation for successful invasion is that invasive alien species sustain less pressure from natural enemies than co-occurring native species. Using meta-analysis, we examined whether invasive species: (1) incur less damage, (2) exhibit better performance in the presence of enemies, and (3) tolerate damage more than native species. Invasive alien species did not incur less damage than native species overall. The performance of invasive alien species was reduced compared to natives in the presence of enemies, indicating the invasive alien species were less tolerant to damage than native species. However, there was no overall difference in performance of invasive alien and native species with enemies present. The damage and degree of reduction in performance of invasive alien relative to native species did not depend on relatedness to natives. Our results suggest aliens may not always experience enemy release, and enemy release may not always result in greater plant performance.}, }
@article {pmid20545732, year = {2010}, author = {Wallach, AD and Johnson, CN and Ritchie, EG and O'Neill, AJ}, title = {Predator control promotes invasive dominated ecological states.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {1008-1018}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01492.x}, pmid = {20545732}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Biodiversity ; *Food Chain ; Mammals/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Wolves/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are regarded as one of the top five drivers of the global extinction crisis. In response, extreme measures have been applied in an attempt to control or eradicate invasives, with little success overall. We tested the idea that state shifts to invasive dominance are symptomatic of losses in ecosystem resilience, due to the suppression of apex predators. This concept was investigated in Australia where the high rate of mammalian extinctions is largely attributed to the destructive influence of invasive species. Intensive pest control is widely applied across the continent, simultaneously eliminating Australia's apex predator, the dingo (Canis lupus dingo). We show that predator management accounts for shifts between two main ecosystem states. Lethal control fractures dingo social structure and leads to bottom-up driven increases in invasive mesopredators and herbivores. Where control is relaxed, dingoes re-establish top-down regulation of ecosystems, allowing for the recovery of biodiversity and productivity.}, }
@article {pmid20544434, year = {2010}, author = {Tøttrup, AP and Chan, BK and Koskinen, H and Høeg, JT}, title = {'Flying barnacles': implications for the spread of non-indigenous species.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {26}, number = {5}, pages = {577-582}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2010.489203}, pmid = {20544434}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Africa ; Animal Migration/*physiology ; Animals ; Charadriiformes/*physiology ; Environmental Monitoring ; Europe ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Middle East ; Plastics ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; Thoracica/*classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The presence of adult barnacles of Fistulobalanus pallidus (Darwin) and Fistulobalanus albicostatus (Pilsbry) attached to field-readable plastic leg rings on the Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus in Northern Europe is reported. L. fuscus is a long-distance palaearctic migrant, breeding in temperate areas spreading widely over inland and marine habitats outside the breeding season. The species is known to perform long-distance migration to Africa and the Middle East. Combining present knowledge on the birds' migratory pattern and the home range of the barnacle species, it is concluded that the cypris larvae of F. pallidus must have settled in African waters, whereas the area where F. albicostatus settled on the bird leg rings is less certain. The barnacles were of adult size and must thus have been attached for a period of no less than 2 months. More than 30 individual barnacles could occur together on a single field-readable plastic leg ring. The barnacles could therefore, if ported alive to a new area, reproduce successfully and thus either introduce the species or genetically affect other native populations. This may pose a new and wholly unexpected transportation pathway for barnacles as invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid20539752, year = {2010}, author = {Miller, BW and Breckheimer, I and McCleary, AL and Guzmán-Ramirez, L and Caplow, SC and Jones-Smith, JC and Walsh, SJ}, title = {Using stylized agent-based models for population-environment research: A case study from the Galápagos Islands.}, journal = {Population and environment}, volume = {75}, number = {4}, pages = {279-287}, pmid = {20539752}, issn = {0199-0039}, support = {R24 HD050924/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; T32 HD007168/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; T32 HD007168-30/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; T32 HD007168-31/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Agent Based Models (ABMs) are powerful tools for population-environment research but are subject to trade-offs between model complexity and abstraction. This study strikes a compromise between abstract and highly specified ABMs by designing a spatially explicit, stylized ABM and using it to explore policy scenarios in a setting that is facing substantial conservation and development challenges. Specifically, we present an ABM that reflects key Land Use / Land Cover (LULC) dynamics and livelihood decisions on Isabela Island in the Galápagos Archipelago of Ecuador. We implement the model using the NetLogo software platform, a free program that requires relatively little programming experience. The landscape is composed of a satellite-derived distribution of a problematic invasive species (common guava) and a stylized representation of the Galápagos National Park, the community of Puerto Villamil, the agricultural zone, and the marine area. The agent module is based on publicly available data and household interviews, and represents the primary livelihoods of the population in the Galápagos Islands - tourism, fisheries, and agriculture. We use the model to enact hypothetical agricultural subsidy scenarios aimed at controlling invasive guava and assess the resulting population and land cover dynamics. Findings suggest that spatially explicit, stylized ABMs have considerable utility, particularly during preliminary stages of research, as platforms for (1) sharpening conceptualizations of population-environment systems, (2) testing alternative scenarios, and (3) uncovering critical data gaps.}, }
@article {pmid20536824, year = {2010}, author = {Perrings, C and Burgiel, S and Lonsdale, M and Mooney, H and Williamson, M}, title = {International cooperation in the solution to trade-related invasive species risks.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {1195}, number = {}, pages = {198-212}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05453.x}, pmid = {20536824}, issn = {1749-6632}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Humans ; International Cooperation/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Plants ; Transportation/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; }, abstract = {In this paper, we consider the factors behind the growth of invasive species as a global problem, and the scope for international cooperation and coordination in addressing that problem. This is limited by the terms of the various international agreements governing trade, health, and biodiversity. The default strategy in most cases has two parts: border protection and the control of or adaptation to introduced species that have escaped detection at the border. Most invasive species policy involves unilateral national defensive action as opposed to coordinated international action. We argue that an important part of the solution to the problem lies in global coordination and cooperation in the management of both pathways and sanitary and phytosanitary risks at all scales. More particularly, because invasive species are an externality of trade, transport, and travel that involve public goods, they require collective regulation of international markets that goes beyond that admitted under the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. We argue that it is important to bring that agreement into conformity with the International Health Regulations (IHR), and to develop an international mechanism to generate and disseminate information on invasive species risks and their impacts.}, }
@article {pmid20536821, year = {2010}, author = {Martin, LB and Hopkins, WA and Mydlarz, LD and Rohr, JR}, title = {The effects of anthropogenic global changes on immune functions and disease resistance.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {1195}, number = {}, pages = {129-148}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05454.x}, pmid = {20536821}, issn = {1749-6632}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollutants/*adverse effects/immunology ; Host-Parasite Interactions/drug effects/*immunology ; Humans ; Stress, Physiological/drug effects/*immunology ; }, abstract = {Humans are changing the environmental conditions of our planet, and animal immune functions are being affected by these modifications. For instance, a diversity of chemical contaminants is entering ecosystems and modifying immune functions directly or indirectly through altered host-parasite interactions. Also, global temperature changes have caused outbreaks of disease that have decimated and even extirpated some host species, outcomes partially driven via immune alterations. Finally, some invasive species are immunologically distinct or impose stress on native species, factors that may facilitate the establishment of nonnative hosts as well as parasite transmission to native species. Here, we summarize the known and likely effects of pollutants, nonnative species introductions, and increases in ambient temperature on host immune functions and infections. We then identify future directions for research given our sparse knowledge of immune variation in natural populations. In sum, we advocate integrative, multidisciplinary work at diverse spatial and temporal scales to assess and prevent anthropogenic global changes from further compromising animal immune functions.}, }
@article {pmid20534565, year = {2010}, author = {Duan, F and March, JC}, title = {Engineered bacterial communication prevents Vibrio cholerae virulence in an infant mouse model.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {107}, number = {25}, pages = {11260-11264}, pmid = {20534565}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Cholera/microbiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Escherichia coli/genetics/metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics ; Flagellin ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Intestines/microbiology ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Time Factors ; Vibrio cholerae/*genetics/*pathogenicity ; Virulence ; }, abstract = {To investigate the possibility of using commensal bacteria as signal mediators for inhibiting the disease cholera, we stably transformed Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (Nissle) to express the autoinducer molecule cholera autoinducer 1 (CAI-1) (shown previously to prevent virulence when present with another signaling molecule, autoinducer 2, at high concentrations) and determined the effect on Vibrio cholerae virulence gene expression and colonization in an infant mouse model. We found that pretreatment of mice for 8 h with Nissle engineered to express CAI-1 (Nissle-cqsA) greatly increased the mice's survival (92%) from ingestion of V. cholerae. Pretreatment with Nissle-cqsA for only 4 h increased survival by 77%, whereas ingesting Nissle-cqsA at the same time as V. cholerae increased survival rates by 27%. Immunostaining revealed an 80% reduction in cholera toxin binding to the intestines of mice pretreated for 8 h with Nissle-cqsA. Further, the numbers of V. cholerae in treated mouse intestines was reduced by 69% after 40 h. This finding points to an easily administered and inexpensive approach where commensal bacteria are engineered to communicate with invasive species and potentially prevent human disease.}, }
@article {pmid20534543, year = {2010}, author = {Pysek, P and Jarosík, V and Hulme, PE and Kühn, I and Wild, J and Arianoutsou, M and Bacher, S and Chiron, F and Didziulis, V and Essl, F and Genovesi, P and Gherardi, F and Hejda, M and Kark, S and Lambdon, PW and Desprez-Loustau, ML and Nentwig, W and Pergl, J and Poboljsaj, K and Rabitsch, W and Roques, A and Roy, DB and Shirley, S and Solarz, W and Vilà, M and Winter, M}, title = {Disentangling the role of environmental and human pressures on biological invasions across Europe.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {107}, number = {27}, pages = {12157-12162}, pmid = {20534543}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Europe ; Fungi/growth &amp; development ; Geography ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; Invertebrates/growth &amp; development ; Mammals/growth &amp; development ; Models, Biological ; Plant Development ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Regression Analysis ; }, abstract = {The accelerating rates of international trade, travel, and transport in the latter half of the twentieth century have led to the progressive mixing of biota from across the world and the number of species introduced to new regions continues to increase. The importance of biogeographic, climatic, economic, and demographic factors as drivers of this trend is increasingly being realized but as yet there is no consensus regarding their relative importance. Whereas little may be done to mitigate the effects of geography and climate on invasions, a wider range of options may exist to moderate the impacts of economic and demographic drivers. Here we use the most recent data available from Europe to partition between macroecological, economic, and demographic variables the variation in alien species richness of bryophytes, fungi, vascular plants, terrestrial insects, aquatic invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Only national wealth and human population density were statistically significant predictors in the majority of models when analyzed jointly with climate, geography, and land cover. The economic and demographic variables reflect the intensity of human activities and integrate the effect of factors that directly determine the outcome of invasion such as propagule pressure, pathways of introduction, eutrophication, and the intensity of anthropogenic disturbance. The strong influence of economic and demographic variables on the levels of invasion by alien species demonstrates that future solutions to the problem of biological invasions at a national scale lie in mitigating the negative environmental consequences of human activities that generate wealth and by promoting more sustainable population growth.}, }
@article {pmid20532919, year = {2010}, author = {Minton, MS and Mack, RN}, title = {Naturalization of plant populations: the role of cultivation and population size and density.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {164}, number = {2}, pages = {399-409}, pmid = {20532919}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Agricultural Irrigation ; Echinochloa/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Fagopyrum/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Fertility ; Germination ; Helianthus/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; Trifolium/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Field experimentation is required to assess the effects of environmental stochasticity on small immigrant plant populations-a widely understood but largely unexplored aspect of predicting any species' likelihood of naturalization and potential invasion. Cultivation can mitigate this stochasticity, although the outcome for a population under cultivation nevertheless varies enormously from extinction to persistence. Using factorial experiments, we investigated the effects of population size, density, and cultivation (irrigation) on the fate of founder populations for four alien species with different life history characteristics (Echinochloa frumentacea, Fagopyrum esculentum, Helianthus annuus, and Trifolium incarnatum) in eastern Washington, USA. The fate of founder populations was highly variable within and among the 3 years of experimentation and illustrates the often precarious environment encountered by plant immigrants. Larger founder populations produced more seeds (P < 0.001); the role of founder population size, however, differed among years. Irrigation resulted in higher percent survival (P < 0.001) and correspondingly larger net reproductive rate (R(0); P < 0.001). But the minimum level of irrigation for establishment, R(0) > 1, differed among years and species. Sowing density did not affect the likelihood of establishment for any species. Our results underscore the importance of environmental stochasticity in determining the fate of founder populations and the potential of cultivation and large population size in countering the long odds against naturalization. Any implementation of often proposed post-immigration field trials to assess the risk of an alien species becoming naturalized, a requisite step toward invasion, will need to assess different sizes of founder populations and the extent and character of cultivation (intentional or unintentional) that the immigrants might receive.}, }
@article {pmid20528157, year = {2010}, author = {Masuda, R and Lin, LK and Pei, KJ and Chen, YJ and Chang, SW and Kaneko, Y and Yamazaki, K and Anezaki, T and Yachimori, S and Oshida, T}, title = {Origins and founder effects on the Japanese masked palm civet Paguma larvata (Viverridae, Carnivora), revealed from a comparison with its molecular phylogeography in Taiwan.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {499-505}, doi = {10.2108/zsj.27.499}, pmid = {20528157}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/genetics ; *Demography ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Haplotypes ; Japan ; *Phylogeny ; Taiwan ; Viverridae/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The source areas of the Japanese populations of the masked palm civet Paguma larvata (Viverridae, Carnivora), an alien species in Japan, have not been identified. In the present study, to reveal their origins and genetic features, we determined the full mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequences (1,140 base-pairs) of a total of 206 individuals of P. larvata from the Honshu and Shikoku islands of Japan (186 animals) and Taiwan (20 animals), and investigated their molecular phylogeography and the genetic relationships between populations in these countries. We found that each animal from Japan exhibited one of four haplotypes (JA1, JA2, JA4, and JA5), and that JA1 and JA4 were more frequent in eastern Honshu and Shikoku-central Honshu, respectively. By contrast, six haplotypes consisting of four new types (TW1, TW2, TW3, and TW4) and the previously reported two types (JA1 and JA4) were identified from 20 animals from native populations in Taiwan. Within Taiwan, one haplotype set (JA1, TW1, and TW2) was distributed in the western region, while a second (JA4, TW3, and TW4) was found in the eastern region; these regions are separated by high mountain ranges. Our comparison of haplotype distributions strongly demonstrated that the eastern Japanese populations originated from animals of western Taiwan, and that the western Japanese populations originated from those of eastern Taiwan. In addition, the lower genetic variability and particular distribution patterns of haplotypes in Japan showed founder effects, which may have resulted from multiple introductions of P. larvata to Japan from Taiwan.}, }
@article {pmid20524140, year = {2010}, author = {Rosen, GE and Smith, KF}, title = {Summarizing the evidence on the international trade in illegal wildlife.}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {24-32}, pmid = {20524140}, issn = {1612-9210}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Commerce/economics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/transmission/*veterinary ; Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; Crime ; Endangered Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; International Cooperation ; Registries ; Risk ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {The global trade in illegal wildlife is a multi-billion dollar industry that threatens biodiversity and acts as a potential avenue for invasive species and disease spread. Despite the broad-sweeping implications of illegal wildlife sales, scientists have yet to describe the scope and scale of the trade. Here, we provide the most thorough and current description of the illegal wildlife trade using 12 years of seizure records compiled by TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network. These records comprise 967 seizures including massive quantities of ivory, tiger skins, live reptiles, and other endangered wildlife and wildlife products. Most seizures originate in Southeast Asia, a recently identified hotspot for future emerging infectious diseases. To date, regulation and enforcement have been insufficient to effectively control the global trade in illegal wildlife at national and international scales. Effective control will require a multi-pronged approach including community-scale education and empowering local people to value wildlife, coordinated international regulation, and a greater allocation of national resources to on-the-ground enforcement.}, }
@article {pmid20503860, year = {2010}, author = {Altieri, AH and van Wesenbeeck, BK and Bertness, MD and Silliman, BR}, title = {Facilitation cascade drives positive relationship between native biodiversity and invasion success.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {5}, pages = {1269-1275}, doi = {10.1890/09-1301.1}, pmid = {20503860}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Bivalvia ; Brachyura ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Poaceae ; Rhode Island ; }, abstract = {The pervasive impact of invasive species has motivated considerable research to understand how characteristics of invaded communities, such as native species diversity, affect the establishment of invasive species. Efforts to identify general mechanisms that limit invasion success, however, have been frustrated by disagreement between landscape-scale observations that generally find a positive relationship between native diversity and invasibility and smaller-scale experiments that consistently reveal competitive interactions that generate the opposite relationship. Here we experimentally elucidate the mechanism explaining the large-scale positive associations between invasion success and native intertidal diversity revealed in our landscape-scale surveys of New England shorelines. Experimental manipulations revealed this large-scale pattern is driven by a facilitation cascade where ecosystem-engineering species interact nonlinearly to enhance native diversity and invasion success by alleviating thermal stress and substrate instability. Our findings reveal that large-scale diversity-invasion relationships can be explained by small-scale positive interactions that commonly occur across multiple trophic levels and functional groups. We argue that facilitation has played an important but unrecognized role in the invasion of other well studied systems, and will be of increasing importance with anticipated climate change.}, }
@article {pmid20502480, year = {2011}, author = {Sloop, CM and Ayres, DR and Strong, DR}, title = {Spatial and temporal genetic structure in a hybrid cordgrass invasion.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {106}, number = {4}, pages = {547-556}, pmid = {20502480}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Chimera/*genetics ; Chromosomes, Plant/genetics ; *Genetic Structures ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Poaceae/*genetics ; San Francisco ; }, abstract = {Invasive hybrids and their spread dynamics pose unique opportunities to study evolutionary processes. Invasive hybrids of native Spartina foliosa and introduced S. alterniflora have expanded throughout San Francisco Bay intertidal habitats within the past 35 years by deliberate plantation and seeds floating on the tide. Our goals were to assess spatial and temporal scales of genetic structure in Spartina hybrid populations within the context of colonization history. We genotyped adult and seedling Spartina using 17 microsatellite loci and mapped their locations in three populations. All sampled seedlings were hybrids. Bayesian ordination analysis distinguished hybrid populations from parent species, clearly separated the population that originated by plantation from populations that originated naturally by seed and aligned most seedlings within each population. Population genetic structure estimated by analysis of molecular variance was substantial (F(ST)=0.21). Temporal genetic structure among age classes varied highly between populations. At one population, the divergence between adults and 2004 seedlings was low (F(ST)=0.02) whereas at another population this divergence was high (F(ST)=0.26). This latter result was consistent with local recruitment of self-fertilized seed produced by only a few parental plants. We found fine-scale spatial genetic structure at distances less than ∼200 m, further supporting local seed and/or pollen dispersal. We posit a few self-fertile plants dominating local recruitment created substantial spatial genetic structure despite initial long-distance, human dispersal of hybrid Spartina through San Francisco Bay. Fine-scale genetic structure may more strongly develop when local recruits are dominated by the offspring of a few self-fertile plants.}, }
@article {pmid20497328, year = {2010}, author = {Cibrián-Jaramillo, A and Daly, AC and Brenner, E and Desalle, R and Marler, TE}, title = {When North and South don't mix: genetic connectivity of a recently endangered oceanic cycad, Cycas micronesica, in Guam using EST-microsatellites.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {12}, pages = {2364-2379}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04638.x}, pmid = {20497328}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; Cycas/*genetics ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Endangered Species ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; *Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Guam ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Subject to environmental changes and recurrent isolation in the last ca. 250 Ma, cycads are often described as relicts of a previously common lineage, with populations characterized by low genetic variation and restricted gene flow. We found that on the island of Guam, the endemic Cycas micronesica has most of the genetic variation of 14 EST-microsatellites distributed within each of 18 genetic populations, from 24 original sampling sites. There were high levels of genetic variation in terms of total number of alleles and private alleles, and moderate levels of inbreeding. Restricted but ongoing gene flow among populations within Guam reveals a genetic mosaic, probably more typical of cycads than previously assumed. Contiguous cycad populations in the north of Guam had higher self-recruitment rates compared to fragmented populations in the south, with no substantial connection between them except for one population. Guam's genetic mosaic may be explained by the influence of forest continuity, seed size, edaphic differences, and human transport of cycads. Also important are the extent of synchrony among flushes of reproductive female seed-bearing sporophylls and restricted pollen movement by an obligate mutualist and generalist insects. An NADH EST-locus under positive selection may reflect pressure from edaphic differences across Guam. This and three other loci are ideal candidates for ecological genomic studies. Given this species' vulnerability due to the recent introduction of the cycad aulacaspis scale, we also identify priority populations for ex situ conservation, and provide a genetic baseline for understanding the effects of invasive species on cycads in the Western Pacific, and islands in general.}, }
@article {pmid20496600, year = {2010}, author = {Tantawi, TI and Williams, KA and Villet, MH}, title = {An accidental but safe and effective use of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in maggot debridement therapy in Alexandria, Egypt.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, pages = {491-494}, doi = {10.1603/me09183}, pmid = {20496600}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Debridement/*methods ; Diabetic Foot/therapy ; Diptera/*pathogenicity ; Egypt ; Humans ; Larva/anatomy &amp; histology/*genetics ; Myiasis/*parasitology/*therapy ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rabbits/parasitology ; Wound Healing ; Wounds and Injuries/therapy ; }, abstract = {The calliphorid fly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann), is known to cause serious malign myiasis in animals, whereas its sibling species Lucilia sericata (Meigen) is commonly a carrion breeder and is used in maggot debridement therapy (MDT). The current study reports an accidental involvement of L. cuprina in MDT in Alexandria, Egypt, that has proved to be safe and effective. In November 2008, the laboratory colonies of L. sericata (the species regularly used in MDT) at the Faculty of Science, Alexandria University were renewed by Lucilia flies collected as third instar larvae on exposed rabbit carcasses. Flies from the new colonies were successfully used to heal the diabetic foot wounds of two patients at Alexandria Main University Hospital. Analysis of DNA sequences and adult and larval morphology then revealed that these flies were and still are L. cuprina. Breeding of this species in carrion in Alexandria is a new record. Despite the safety of this strain of L. cuprina in MDT, entomologists rearing blow flies for the purpose of wound debridement should regularly maintain high quality assurance of their species' identity to avoid possible clinical complications that may result from the introduction of an unexpected and invasive species to their laboratory colonies.}, }
@article {pmid20487386, year = {2010}, author = {Landis, WG and Andersen, MC}, title = {Ecological risk assessment: population scale and invasive species.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {162-164}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01375.x}, pmid = {20487386}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecology ; Humans ; Risk Assessment/methods ; }, }
@article {pmid20483433, year = {2010}, author = {Wright, DA and Gensemer, RW and Mitchelmore, CL and Stubblefield, WA and van Genderen, E and Dawson, R and Orano-Dawson, CE and Bearr, JS and Mueller, RA and Cooper, WJ}, title = {Shipboard trials of an ozone-based ballast water treatment system.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {60}, number = {9}, pages = {1571-1583}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.04.010}, pmid = {20483433}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Bacteria/drug effects ; Introduced Species ; Oxidants, Photochemical/toxicity ; Ozone/*chemistry/toxicity ; Plankton/drug effects ; Ships/*methods ; Water Purification/*methods ; }, abstract = {Legislation introduced by the United Nations International Maritime Organization (IMO) has focused primarily on standards defining successful treatments designed to remove invasive species entrained in ballast water. An earlier shipboard study found that ozone introduced into salt water ballast resulted in the formation of bromine compounds, measured as total residual oxidants (TRO) that were toxic to both bacteria and plankton. However, the diffuser system employed to deliver ozone to the ballast water tanks resulted in patchiness in TRO distribution and toxicity to entrained organisms. In this follow-up study, the shipboard diffuser system was replaced by a single Venturi-type injection system designed to deliver a more homogeneous biocide distribution. Within-tank variability in TRO levels and associated toxicity to zooplankton, phytoplankton and marine bacteria was measured via a matrix of tubes deployed to sample different locations in treated and untreated (control) tanks. Three trials were conducted aboard the oil tanker S/T Prince William Sound in the Strait of Juan de Fuca off Port Angeles, Washington State, USA, between June and December 2007. Mortalities of plankton and bacteria and oxidant concentrations were recorded for treated and untreated ballast water up to 3days following treatment, and residual toxicity beyond this period was measured by bioassay of standard test organisms. Results indicated uniform compliance with current IMO standards, but only partial compliance with other existing and pending ballast water legislation.}, }
@article {pmid20482584, year = {2010}, author = {Diez, JM and Dickie, I and Edwards, G and Hulme, PE and Sullivan, JJ and Duncan, RP}, title = {Negative soil feedbacks accumulate over time for non-native plant species.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {803-809}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01474.x}, pmid = {20482584}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {New Zealand ; Phylogeny ; *Plants ; *Soil ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The enemy release hypothesis is a common explanation for species invasions, suggesting that introduced species benefit from leaving behind natural enemies in the native range. However, any such advantage may attenuate over time. In this study, we test a prediction of this more dynamic enemy release hypothesis: that non-native plant species that became established longer ago exhibit stronger negative feedbacks with the soil. Consistent with declining enemy release over time, we found increasingly negative soil feedbacks for species established longer ago in New Zealand. Negative soil feedbacks were also stronger for more widespread species, but weaker for more locally abundant species, suggesting that species accumulate negative interactions as they spread and can be locally regulated by these interactions. We also present data to support the common assumption that relatives have similar impacts on and responses to soil communities. Together, these data highlight the dynamic nature of novel interactions arising from species introductions.}, }
@article {pmid20480767, year = {2010}, author = {McFarland, MJ and Vasquez, IR and Vutran, M and Schmitz, M and Brobst, RB}, title = {Use of biosolids to enhance rangeland forage quality.}, journal = {Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation}, volume = {82}, number = {5}, pages = {455-461}, doi = {10.2175/106143009x12529484815872}, pmid = {20480767}, issn = {1061-4303}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Fertilizers ; *Plant Development ; Sewage ; Soil ; United States ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods ; Water ; }, abstract = {Biosolids land application was demonstrated to be a potentially cost-effective means for restoring forage productivity and enhancing soil-moisture-holding capacity on disturbed rangelands. By land-applying aerobically digested, anaerobically digested, composted, and lime-stabilized biosolids on rangeland test plots at rates of up to 20 times (20X) the estimated nitrogen-based agronomic rate, forage yields were found to increase from 132.8 kg/ha (118.2 lb/ac) (control plots) to 1182.3 kg/ha (1052.8 lb/ac). Despite the environmental benefits associated with increased forage yield (e.g., reduced soil erosion, improved drainage, and enhanced terrestrial carbon sequestration), the type of forage generated both before and after biosolids land application was found to be dominated by invasive weeds, all of which were characterized as having fair to poor nutritional value. Opportunistic and shallow rooting invasive weeds not only have marginal nutritional value, they also limit the establishment of native perennial grasses and thus biodiversity. Many of the identified invasive species (e.g., Cheatgrass) mature early, a characteristic that significantly increases the fuel loads that support the increased frequency and extent of western wildfires.}, }
@article {pmid20473621, year = {2010}, author = {Martin, LB and Alam, JL and Imboma, T and Liebl, AL}, title = {Variation in inflammation as a correlate of range expansion in Kenyan house sparrows.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {164}, number = {2}, pages = {339-347}, pmid = {20473621}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Acute-Phase Reaction/chemically induced/veterinary ; Animals ; Body Size ; Corticosterone/blood ; Female ; Freund's Adjuvant/pharmacology ; Haptoglobins/metabolism ; Introduced Species ; Male ; Muramidase/blood ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Sparrows/*immunology/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Many introduced animals harbor fewer parasites than native ones. This "enemy release" can select for individuals that bias resources away from parasite resistance traits, including immune functions, and towards traits that enhance success in new areas. One vertebrate example that supports this hypothesis involves house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and Eurasian tree sparrows (Passer montanus) introduced to St. Louis, MO, USA, over 150 years ago. Since ca. 1850, house sparrows have colonized most of North America whereas tree sparrows have expanded little from the area of introduction. The more successful house sparrows now exhibit weaker inflammatory responses than the less successful tree sparrows, which supports the possibility that diminished investments in immune defense may have been conducive to the initial colonization by the more successful species. The goal of the present study was to determine whether damped inflammation generally facilitates invasion by comparing inflammatory markers between house sparrows invading Kenya and a native congener. House sparrows arrived in Mombasa, Kenya, about 50 years ago whereas rufous sparrows (Passer ruficinctus) are native but ecologically similar. We predicted that if inflammation mediated invasion success, Kenyan house sparrows would mount weaker inflammatory responses than the native species. Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), a strong inflammatory stimulus, increased body mass in house sparrows, a result unprecedented in any other vertebrate. Haptoglobin (Hp), a multi-functional acute phase protein, was elevated by CFA in both species but rufous sparrows maintained more Hp than house sparrows irrespective of treatment. Lysozyme, a broadly effective antimicrobial enzyme, was reduced by CFA in both species, but not differentially so. Corticosterone was unaffected by CFA in either species, but elevated in both relative to free-living individuals.}, }
@article {pmid20466005, year = {2010}, author = {Bertin, S and Scolari, F and Guglielmino, CR and Bonizzoni, M and Bonomi, A and Marchini, D and Gomulski, LM and Gasperi, G and Malacrida, AR and Matessi, C}, title = {Sperm storage and use in polyandrous females of the globally invasive fruitfly, Ceratitis capitata.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {56}, number = {11}, pages = {1542-1551}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.05.006}, pmid = {20466005}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Animals ; Ceratitis capitata/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Genitalia, Female/physiology ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Reproduction ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Spermatozoa/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The medfly, Ceratitis capitata, is an invasive species in which polyandry, associated with sperm precedence, is a common behaviour in the wild. In this species, characterized by internal fertilization, we disclose how the sperm from two males are stored in the female storage organs and how they are used in terms of paternity outcome. The experiments were designed to furnish comparable and unbiased estimates of sperm numbers and progeny in twice-mated females. Results are incorporated in a model through which it is possible to relate the amount of stored sperm with the progeny of twice-mated females. The results show that polyandrous medfly females conserve equal amounts of sperm from the two males to fertilize their eggs. However, we observed a clear advantage of the second male's sperm in siring progeny, which interestingly decreases in favor of the first male as ovipositions progress. The results enable us to exclude differential sperm mortality and suggest that it is the mechanics governing the storage organs which causes the initial, but decreasing second male sperm precedence during the female reproductive life. These outcomes allow us to correlate sperm use in polyandrous females with the mating strategies and invasiveness of this fly.}, }
@article {pmid20462120, year = {2010}, author = {Carvalheiro, LG and Buckley, YM and Memmott, J}, title = {Diet breadth influences how the impact of invasive plants is propagated through food webs.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {4}, pages = {1063-1074}, doi = {10.1890/08-2092.1}, pmid = {20462120}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Diet ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Insecta/*physiology ; Plants/*classification/parasitology ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants are considered a major cause of ecosystem degradation worldwide. While their impacts on native plants have been widely reported, there is little information on how these impacts propagate through food webs and affect species at higher trophic levels. Using a quantitative food web approach we evaluated the impacts of an invasive plant on plant-herbivore-parasitoid communities, asking specifically how diet breadth influences the propagation of such impacts. Measuring the impact of the alien plant at the plant level seriously underestimated the community-level effect of this weed as it also caused changes in the abundance of native herbivores and parasitoids, along with a decrease in parasitoid species richness. The invading plant affected specialist and generalist subsets of communities differently, having significant and strong negative impacts on the abundance of all specialists with no negative effect on generalist consumers. Specialist consumer decline led to further disruptions of top-down regulatory mechanisms, releasing generalist species from competition via shared natural enemies. Plant invasion also significantly increased the evenness of species abundance of all trophic levels in the food webs, as well as the evenness of species interaction frequency. Extending impact evaluation to higher trophic levels and considering changes in trophic diversity within levels is hence essential for a full evaluation of the consequences of invasion by alien plants. Moreover, information on diet breadth of species in the invaded community should be taken into account when evaluating/predicting the impacts on any introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid20462118, year = {2010}, author = {Strecker, AL and Arnott, SE}, title = {Complex interactions between regional dispersal of native taxa and an invasive species.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {4}, pages = {1035-1047}, doi = {10.1890/08-0065.1}, pmid = {20462118}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Crustacea/*physiology ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; *Fresh Water ; Predatory Behavior ; Time Factors ; Zooplankton/*physiology ; }, abstract = {In the event of an environmental disturbance, dispersal of native taxa may provide species and genetic diversity to ecosystems, increasing the likelihood that there will be species and genotypes present that are less vulnerable to the disturbance. This may allow communities to maintain functioning during a disturbance and may be particularly important when the perturbation is novel to the system, such as the establishment of an invasive species. We examined how dispersal of native species may influence crustacean zooplankton communities in freshwater lakes invaded by the invertebrate predator, Bythotrephes longimanus. Using large enclosures, we experimentally tested the effect of dispersal on zooplankton community abundance, richness, and composition in (1) a community invaded by Bythotrephes, (2) the same community with the invader removed, and (3) a community that was never invaded. Dispersal increased zooplankton community abundance and richness; however, these effects were usually only significant in the invader-removed treatment. Dispersal tended to make the invader-removed communities more similar to never-invaded communities in abundance, richness, and composition. Dispersal had little effect on zooplankton abundance in the invaded community; however, richness significantly increased, and the community composition changed to resemble a never-invaded community by the end of the experiment. Our results have implications for understanding the role of dispersal during transitory states in communities. Dispersal of native taxa may be particularly important during the period between the arrival and broad-scale establishment of Bythotrephes, as dispersal through space or time (i.e., from resting eggs) may rapidly increase zooplankton abundance when the invader is absent or in low abundances. Overall, our results suggest that communities with strong local predatory and competitive interactions may be closed to immigration from colonists, but that invasive species may alter the conditions under which species can establish. These results have implications for the interaction of native and invasive species across broad spatial scales, as regional dispersal of native taxa may forestall the local extirpation of native species. In particular, transient phases that result from variable persistence of invaders within habitats or across a region may permit native colonists to successfully establish, and thus increase local and regional resistance to future disturbance.}, }
@article {pmid20456224, year = {2010}, author = {Sanders, NJ}, title = {Population-level traits that affect, and do not affect, invasion success.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {6}, pages = {1079-1081}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04551.x}, pmid = {20456224}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Arabidopsis/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {What allows some species to successfully colonize a novel environment while others fail? Numerous studies in invasion biology have sought to answer this question, but those studies have tended to focus on traits of species or individuals (e.g. body size, seed size, seed number), and these traits have largely been found to be weak predictors of invasion success. However, characteristics of colonizing populations (e.g. genetic diversity, density, age structure) might also be important for successful establishment, as the authors of a study published in this issue of Molecular Ecology show (Crawford &amp; Whitney 2010). By experimentally manipulating the density and genetic diversity of colonizing populations of Arabidopsis thaliana, the authors found that genetic diversity, but not population density, increased colonization success. Importantly, the effects of genetic diversity on colonization success were both additive and non-additive, suggesting that traits associated with particular genotypes and complimentarity among genotypes contribute to colonization success. This research highlights the importance of considering within-species variation and characteristics of entire populations in predicting colonization success.}, }
@article {pmid20456222, year = {2010}, author = {Neigel, JE}, title = {Where are they now? The fates of two genetic lineages in an introduced Hawaiian reef fish.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {6}, pages = {1073-1074}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04536.x}, pmid = {20456222}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cytochromes b/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Hawaii ; Perciformes/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Humans, both wittingly and unwittingly, have been transporting marine organisms beyond their native ranges for centuries (Ruiz et al. 1997). A central challenge of invasion biology is to identify the factors that determine whether introduced species fail to become established, become benign members of a community, or spread so far and reach such densities as to be considered invasive. Organismal features such as physiological tolerance, niche breadth and fecundity are critical, but by themselves are inaccurate predictors of the fates of introduced species (Sakai et al. 2001). The size, age distribution, and genetic makeup of founder populations are also important, but because they are usually unknown they are most often viewed as sources of uncertainty. For marine species with planktonic larvae, the challenge is even greater because the consequences of a planktonic phase for dispersal and population viability are not well understood. In this issue, Gaither et al. (2010a) present a remarkable account of the introduction of a reef fish for which the number and genetic makeup of the founders are known. Between 1956 and 1961, the Division of Fish and Game for the Territory of Hawaii introduced 12 non-indigenous fish species into Hawaiian waters to establish commercial and sport fisheries. The introduction of Lutjanus kasmira, the bluestriped snapper, was the most successful (Fig. 1). There were two releases of fish from French Polynesia. In 1958, 2431 fish from the Marquesas Islands were released on Oahu, followed in 1961 with an additional 728 fish from the Society Islands. The blue striped snapper rapidly spread to the other Hawaiian Islands, reaching the northwestern end of the archipelago by 1992. The choice of the Marquesas as one of two sources for the introduction was fortuitous. Gaither et al. (2010b) found that the Marquesas population is genetically distinct from all other Indo-Pacific populations of L. kasmira. Mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of fish from the Marquesas belong to a separate lineage that diverged from others in the species roughly half a Ma. Allele frequencies for several nuclear loci are also distinct. This provided Gaither et al. (2010a) with an extraordinary opportunity to examine what became of the mixed genetic heritage of Hawaiian blue striped snappers after 50 years.}, }
@article {pmid20455926, year = {2010}, author = {Epanchin-Niell, RS and Hastings, A}, title = {Controlling established invaders: integrating economics and spread dynamics to determine optimal management.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {528-541}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01440.x}, pmid = {20455926}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Pest Control/*economics ; Population Dynamics ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {We review studies that address economically optimal control of established invasive species. We describe three important components for determining optimal invasion management: invasion dynamics, costs of control efforts and a monetary measure of invasion damages. We find that a management objective that explicitly considers both costs and damages is most appropriate for determining economically optimal strategies, but also leads to large challenges due to uncertainty in components of the management problem. To address uncertainty, some studies have included stochasticity in their models; others have quantified the value of information or focused on decision-making with limited information. Our synthesis shows how invasion characteristics, such as costs, damages, pattern of spread and invasion and landscape size, affect optimal control strategies and goals in systematic ways. We find that even for simple questions, such as whether control should be applied at the centre of an invasion or to satellite patches, the answer depends on the details of a particular invasion. Future work should seek to better quantify key components of this problem, determine best management in the face of limited information, improve understanding of spatial aspects of invasion control and design approaches to improve the feasibility of achieving regional control goals.}, }
@article {pmid20454658, year = {2010}, author = {Lind, EM and Parker, JD}, title = {Novel weapons testing: are invasive plants more chemically defended than native plants?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {5}, pages = {e10429}, pmid = {20454658}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Larva/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*chemistry/genetics ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; Trees ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Exotic species have been hypothesized to successfully invade new habitats by virtue of possessing novel biochemistry that repels native enemies. Despite the pivotal long-term consequences of invasion for native food-webs, to date there are no experimental studies examining directly whether exotic plants are any more or less biochemically deterrent than native plants to native herbivores.<br><br>In a direct test of this hypothesis using herbivore feeding assays with chemical extracts from 19 invasive plants and 21 co-occurring native plants, we show that invasive plant biochemistry is no more deterrent (on average) to a native generalist herbivore than extracts from native plants. There was no relationship between extract deterrence and length of time since introduction, suggesting that time has not mitigated putative biochemical novelty. Moreover, the least deterrent plant extracts were from the most abundant species in the field, a pattern that held for both native and exotic plants. Analysis of chemical deterrence in context with morphological defenses and growth-related traits showed that native and exotic plants had similar trade-offs among traits.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Overall, our results suggest that particular invasive species may possess deterrent secondary chemistry, but it does not appear to be a general pattern resulting from evolutionary mismatches between exotic plants and native herbivores. Thus, fundamentally similar processes may promote the ecological success of both native and exotic species.}, }
@article {pmid20443027, year = {2010}, author = {Swope, SM and Parker, IM}, title = {Widespread seed limitation affects plant density but not population trajectory in the invasive plant Centaurea solstitialis.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {164}, number = {1}, pages = {117-128}, pmid = {20443027}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Centaurea/*growth &amp; development/parasitology ; Feeding Behavior ; Flowers/growth &amp; development ; Geography ; Germination ; Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Plant Weeds/*growth &amp; development/parasitology ; Population Density ; Seedlings/*growth &amp; development ; Seeds/*growth &amp; development/parasitology ; }, abstract = {In some plant populations, the availability of seeds strongly regulates recruitment. However, a scarcity of germination microsites, granivory or density-dependent mortality can reduce the number of plants that germinate or survive to flower. The relative strengths of these controls are unknown for most plant populations and for exotic invaders in particular. We conducted a seed addition experiment with a granivore exclusion treatment in a field setting to explore how these factors interact to regulate populations of the widespread invader Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle) at three study sites across the plant's range in California. We coupled the experimental approach with observational studies within established C. solstitialis populations to estimate seed rain, recruitment and mortality at natural densities. Seed limitation occurred in both experimental and observational plots in all populations. Although vertebrate granivores were active at each site, they had no effect on C. solstitialis recruitment. Density increased mortality, but the effect was variable and weak relative to its effect on fecundity. The seed limitation that was evident at the seedling stage persisted to flowering. Seed-limited populations such as these ought to be highly sensitive to losses to seed predators, and many biological control agents, including those established for C. solstitialis, are seed predators. However, flowering plant density was decoupled from seed production by a strong compensatory response in the surviving plants; seed production was nearly constant in plots across all seed addition levels. Thus, flowering plant density is reduced by the established biocontrol agents, but seed production compensates to replace the population every generation, and no long-term decline is predicted.}, }
@article {pmid20437952, year = {2010}, author = {Miller, TE and Tenhumberg, B}, title = {Contributions of demography and dispersal parameters to the spatial spread of a stage-structured insect invasion.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {620-633}, doi = {10.1890/09-0426.1}, pmid = {20437952}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Florida ; Insect Control ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Uncertainty ; *Weevils ; }, abstract = {Stage-structured models that integrate demography and dispersal can be used to identify points in the life cycle with large effects on rates of population spatial spread, information that is vital in the development of containment strategies for invasive species. Current challenges in the application of these tools include: (1) accounting for large uncertainty in model parameters, which may violate assumptions of "local" perturbation metrics such as sensitivities and elasticities, and (2) forecasting not only asymptotic rates of spatial spread, as is usually done, but also transient spatial dynamics in the early stages of invasion. We developed an invasion model for the Diaprepes root weevil (DRW; Diaprepes abbreviatus [Coleoptera: Curculionidae]), a generalist herbivore that has invaded citrus-growing regions of the United States. We synthesized data on DRW demography and dispersal and generated predictions for asymptotic and transient peak invasion speeds, accounting for parameter uncertainty. We quantified the contributions of each parameter toward invasion speed using a "global" perturbation analysis, and we contrasted parameter contributions during the transient and asymptotic phases. We found that the asymptotic invasion speed was 0.02-0.028 km/week, although the transient peak invasion speed (0.03-0.045 km/week) was significantly greater. Both asymptotic and transient invasions speeds were most responsive to weevil dispersal distances. However, demographic parameters that had large effects on asymptotic speed (e.g., survival of early-instar larvae) had little effect on transient speed. Comparison of the global analysis with lower-level elasticities indicated that local perturbation analysis would have generated unreliable predictions for the responsiveness of invasion speed to underlying parameters. Observed range expansion in southern Florida (1992-2006) was significantly lower than the invasion speed predicted by the model. Possible causes of this mismatch include overestimation of dispersal distances, demographic rates, and spatiotemporal variation in parameter values. This study demonstrates that, when parameter uncertainty is large, as is often the case, global perturbation analyses are needed to identify which points in the life cycle should be targets of management. Our results also suggest that effective strategies for reducing spread during the asymptotic phase may have little effect during the transient phase.}, }
@article {pmid20437951, year = {2010}, author = {DeMeester, JE and DeB Richter, D}, title = {Differences in wetland nitrogen cycling between the invasive grass Microstegium vimineum and a diverse plant community.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {609-619}, doi = {10.1890/09-0283.1}, pmid = {20437951}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Biomass ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Poaceae/*metabolism ; Polygonum/metabolism ; Soil/analysis ; Water/analysis ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Wetlands are valuable for buffering waterways from excess nitrogen, yet these habitats are often dominated by invasive plant species. There is little understanding as to how various invasive species alter ecosystem nitrogen cycling, especially if one invasive overtakes an entire community of plants. Microstegium vimineum is a nonnative annual grass from Asia that is dominating riparian wetlands in the southeastern United States. To evaluate M. vimineum impacts on the N cycle, we used six paired plots, one invaded by M. vimineum and the other carefully weeded of M. vimineum; removal allowed the establishment of a diverse plant community consisting of Polygonum, Juncus, and Carex species. In the paired plots, we estimated (1) N uptake and accumulation in vegetation biomass, (2) rates of decomposition and N release from plant detritus, (3) mineral soil N mineralization and nitrification, (4) root zone redox potential, and (5) soil water concentrations of inorganic N. The M. vimineum community accumulated approximately half the annual N biomass of the diverse community, 5.04 vs. 9.36 g N x m(-2) x yr(-1), respectively (P = 0.05). Decomposition and release of N from M. vimineum detritus was much less than in the diverse community, 1.19 vs. 5.24 g N x m(-2) x yr(-1). Significantly higher inorganic soil N persisted beneath M. vimineum during the dormant season, although rates of soil N mineralization estimated by in situ incubations were relatively similar in all plots. Microstegium vimineum invasion thus appears to greatly diminish within-ecosystem circulation of N through the understory plants of these wetlands, whereas invasion effects on ecosystem N losses may derive more from enhanced denitrification (due to lower redox potential under M. vimineum plots) than due to leaching. Microstegium vimineum's dominance and yet slower internal cycling of N are counterintuitive to conventional thinking that ecosystems with high N contain vegetation that quickly uptake and release N.}, }
@article {pmid20437950, year = {2010}, author = {Andrew, ME and Ustin, SL}, title = {The effects of temporally variable dispersal and landscape structure on invasive species spread.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {593-608}, doi = {10.1890/09-0034.1}, pmid = {20437950}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {California ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Lepidium ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Weather ; }, abstract = {Many invasive species are too widespread to realistically eradicate. For such species, a viable management strategy is to slow the rate of spread. However, to be effective, this will require detailed spread data and an understanding of the influence of environmental conditions and landscape structure on invasion rates. We used a time series of remotely sensed distribution maps and a spatial simulation model to study spread of the invasive Lepidium latifolium (perennial pepperweed) in California's Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. L. latifolium is a noxious weed and exhibited rapid, explosive spread. Annual infested area and empirical dispersal kernels were derived from the remotely sensed distributions in order to assess the influence of weather conditions on spread and to parameterize the simulation model. Spread rates and dispersal distances were highest for nascent infestations and in years with wet springs. Simulations revealed that spread rates were more strongly influenced by the length of long-distance dispersal than by temporal variation in its likelihood. It is thus important to capture long-distance dispersal and the conditions that facilitate spread when collecting data to parameterize spread models. Additionally, management actions performed in high-spread years, targeting long-distance recruits, can effectively contain infestations. Corridors were relatively unimportant to spread rates; their effectiveness at enhancing rate of spread was limited by the species' dispersal ability and the time needed to travel through the corridor. In contrast, habitat abundance and shape surrounding the introduction site strongly influenced invasion dynamics. Satellite patches invading large areas of invasible habitat present especially high risk.}, }
@article {pmid20430971, year = {2010}, author = {Butchart, SH and Walpole, M and Collen, B and van Strien, A and Scharlemann, JP and Almond, RE and Baillie, JE and Bomhard, B and Brown, C and Bruno, J and Carpenter, KE and Carr, GM and Chanson, J and Chenery, AM and Csirke, J and Davidson, NC and Dentener, F and Foster, M and Galli, A and Galloway, JN and Genovesi, P and Gregory, RD and Hockings, M and Kapos, V and Lamarque, JF and Leverington, F and Loh, J and McGeoch, MA and McRae, L and Minasyan, A and Hernández Morcillo, M and Oldfield, TE and Pauly, D and Quader, S and Revenga, C and Sauer, JR and Skolnik, B and Spear, D and Stanwell-Smith, D and Stuart, SN and Symes, A and Tierney, M and Tyrrell, TD and Vié, JC and Watson, R}, title = {Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {328}, number = {5982}, pages = {1164-1168}, doi = {10.1126/science.1187512}, pmid = {20430971}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/trends ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; *Internationality ; Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; Trees ; Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {In 2002, world leaders committed, through the Convention on Biological Diversity, to achieve a significant reduction in the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. We compiled 31 indicators to report on progress toward this target. Most indicators of the state of biodiversity (covering species' population trends, extinction risk, habitat extent and condition, and community composition) showed declines, with no significant recent reductions in rate, whereas indicators of pressures on biodiversity (including resource consumption, invasive alien species, nitrogen pollution, overexploitation, and climate change impacts) showed increases. Despite some local successes and increasing responses (including extent and biodiversity coverage of protected areas, sustainable forest management, policy responses to invasive alien species, and biodiversity-related aid), the rate of biodiversity loss does not appear to be slowing.}, }
@article {pmid20426344, year = {2010}, author = {Phillips, BL and Kelehear, C and Pizzatto, L and Brown, GP and Barton, D and Shine, R}, title = {Parasites and pathogens lag behind their host during periods of host range advance.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, pages = {872-881}, doi = {10.1890/09-0530.1}, pmid = {20426344}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bufonidae/*parasitology ; Climate Change ; *Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Helminthiasis, Animal/parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Rhabditida/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The process of rapid range expansion (as seen in many invasive species, and in taxa responding to climate change) may substantially disrupt host-parasite dynamics. Parasites and pathogens can have strong regulatory effects on their host population and, in doing so, exert selection pressure on host life history. We construct a simple individual-based model of host-parasite dynamics during range expansion. This model shows that the parasites and pathogens of a range-expanding host are likely to be absent from the host's invasion front, because stochastic events (serial founder events) in low-density frontal populations result in local extinctions or transmission failure of the parasite/pathogen and, hence, a preponderance of uninfected hosts in the invasion vanguard. This pattern is true for both density-dependent and density-independent transmission rates, although it is exacerbated in the case of density-dependent transmission because, in this case, transmission rates also decline on the front. Data from field surveys on the prevalence of lungworms (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) in invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) support these predictions, in showing that toads in newly invaded areas of tropical Australia lack the parasite, which only arrives 1-3 years after the toads themselves. The resultant "honeymoon phase" immediately post-invasion, when individuals in the invasion-front population are virtually pathogen-free, may lead to altered host population dynamics on the invasion front, causing, for example, high densities in invasion-front populations, followed by a decline in numbers as parasites and pathogens arrive and begin to reduce host viability. The honeymoon phase may ultimately impact the evolution of life-history investment strategies in both host and parasite on the invasion vanguard, as hosts are released from immune challenges and parasites continuously expand into a favorable and unoccupied niche.}, }
@article {pmid20419316, year = {2010}, author = {Esque, TC and Kaye, JP and Eckert, SE and Defalco, LA and Tracy, CR}, title = {Short-term soil inorganic N pulse after experimental fire alters invasive and native annual plant production in a Mojave Desert shrubland.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {164}, number = {1}, pages = {253-263}, pmid = {20419316}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Ambrosia/growth &amp; development ; Arizona ; *Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Introduced Species ; Larrea/growth &amp; development ; Nitrogen/*analysis ; Plant Shoots/growth &amp; development ; Poaceae ; Soil/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Post-fire changes in desert vegetation patterns are known, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Theory suggests that pulse dynamics of resource availability confer advantages to invasive annual species, and that pulse timing can influence survival and competition among species. Precipitation patterns in the American Southwest are predicted to shift toward a drier climate, potentially altering post-fire resource availability and consequent vegetation dynamics. We quantified post-fire inorganic N dynamics and determined how annual plants respond to soil inorganic nitrogen variability following experimental fires in a Mojave Desert shrub community. Soil inorganic N, soil net N mineralization, and production of annual plants were measured beneath shrubs and in interspaces during 6 months following fire. Soil inorganic N pools in burned plots were up to 1 g m(-2) greater than unburned plots for several weeks and increased under shrubs (0.5-1.0 g m(-2)) more than interspaces (0.1-0.2 g m(-2)). Soil NO(3) (-)-N (nitrate-N) increased more and persisted longer than soil NH(4) (+)-N (ammonium-N). Laboratory incubations simulating low soil moisture conditions, and consistent with field moisture during the study, suggest that soil net ammonification and net nitrification were low and mostly unaffected by shrub canopy or burning. After late season rains, and where soil inorganic N pools were elevated after fire, productivity of the predominant invasive Schismus spp. increased and native annuals declined. Results suggest that increased N availability following wildfire can favor invasive annuals over natives. Whether the short-term success of invasive species following fire will direct long-term species composition changes remains to be seen, yet predicted changes in precipitation variability will likely interact with N cycling to affect invasive annual plant dominance following wildfire.}, }
@article {pmid20411732, year = {2010}, author = {Palacio-Núñez, J and Verdú, JR and Numa, C and Jiménez-García, D and Olmos Oropeza, G and Galante, E}, title = {Freshwater fish's spatial patterns in isolated water springs in North-eastern Mexico.}, journal = {Revista de biologia tropical}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, pages = {413-426}, doi = {10.15517/rbt.v58i1.5219}, pmid = {20411732}, issn = {0034-7744}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/classification/*physiology ; *Fresh Water ; Mexico ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The Media Luna lake-spring was selected as representative of all thermal or no thermal springs in the zone of Valley of Rioverde, a semi-arid vegetation in the North-eastern of Mexico. This system is inhabited by 11 fish species, of which six are native. Four of the native species are endemic to the region and threatened due to touristic pressure and to the introduction of exotic species. The objectives were to determine the characteristics that influence the spatial distribution of the fish species, to analyze their spatial distribution patterns, and to describe the relationships between the different species. The general aim was to establish some basis for the conservation of these fish communities and their habitat. Several sessions were initiated in 1992 through direct observation. Later, between 1998 and 1999 five systematically seasonal sampling sessions were conducted (54 subaquatic transects/session). Finally, the data was updated by sampling in summer 2002 and winter 2006. Through the analysis was performed only for endemics of the region, like Ataeniobius toweri Meek, Cualac tessellatus Miller, Cichlasoma bartoni Bean and C. labridens Pellegrin, in at least one life stage, showed correlation with habitat variables or with other species. For these species, patterns of spatial aggregation and association with other species were observed. These results show a certain degree of specialization of endemic species to some microhabitat characteristics, as well as a significant interaction with other native species which they coexist. In addition, some significant relations between endemic and alien species suggest an antagonist relation. Management actions focused in the touristic use of the spring represent the main threat for these species, followed by an adequate management of exotic species. This study provides basis for future responsible management of these wetlands, where tourism and conservation can be combined.}, }
@article {pmid20411278, year = {2011}, author = {Fotiou, C and Damialis, A and Krigas, N and Halley, JM and Vokou, D}, title = {Parietaria judaica flowering phenology, pollen production, viability and atmospheric circulation, and expansive ability in the urban environment: impacts of environmental factors.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, pages = {35-50}, pmid = {20411278}, issn = {1432-1254}, mesh = {Air Movements ; Cities ; Climate Change ; Flowers/genetics/*physiology ; Greece ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; Metals, Heavy/analysis ; Parietaria/genetics/*physiology ; Phenotype ; Pollen/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Parietaria judaica (Urticaceae) grows abundantly in urban areas of the Mediterranean region. Its pollen is a major allergy source. We studied the species' distribution and abundance in and around Thessaloniki (Greece), pollen production and pollen season. We also examined how urban pollution affects pollen viability. Our ultimate goal was to obtain an estimate of the species' performance and ability to expand under different environmental conditions related to climate change. We mapped P. judaica and the other Urticaceae species. In a north- and a south-facing population, we recorded the progress of P. judaica flowering and estimated the pollen content per flower, shoot and surface unit. We concurrently assessed atmospheric circulation of Urticaceae pollen. We estimated P. judaica pollen viability and Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in plants collected from sites differing in traffic intensity. P. judaica is the most abundant Urticaceae species in the area; its occurrence has increased dramatically over the last 100 years. Production of flowers is intense in spring and autumn. Flowering started 12 days earlier in the south-facing population in spring, and 3 days later in autumn. Pollen production was higher in spring and in the south-facing population. Flower and pollen production were positively correlated with the size of the plant and the flower, respectively. Copper and lead concentrations in plants were positively correlated with pollen viability, which was higher for plants collected from high-traffic sites. P. judaica has a high phenotypic plasticity; this is a feature that promotes success of expansive and invasive species. It is also well adapted to warm and polluted urban environments. The climatic change forecast for the Mediterranean region could provoke earlier, longer, and more pronounced flowering and, consequently, more P. judaica pollen in the air. In return, this would result in increased severity of Parietaria pollinosis.}, }
@article {pmid20410039, year = {2010}, author = {Mineur, F and Davies, AJ and Maggs, CA and Verlaque, M and Johnson, MP}, title = {Fronts, jumps and secondary introductions suggested as different invasion patterns in marine species, with an increase in spread rates over time.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {277}, number = {1694}, pages = {2693-2701}, pmid = {20410039}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Atlantic Ocean ; Biodiversity ; Eukaryota/*physiology ; Geography ; Mediterranean Sea ; Regression Analysis ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Not all introduced (invasive) species in a region will spread from a single point of introduction. Long-distance dispersal or further introductions can obscure the pattern of spread, but the regional importance of such processes is difficult to gauge. These difficulties are further compounded when information on the multiple scale process of invasive species range expansion is reduced to one-dimensional estimates of spread (e.g. km yr(-1)). We therefore compared the results of two different metrics of range expansion: maximum linear rate of spread and accumulation of occupied grid squares (50 x 50 km) over time. An analysis of records for 54 species of introduced marine macrophytes in the Mediterranean and northeast Atlantic revealed cases where the invasion process was probably missed (e.g. Atlantic Bonnemaisonia hamifera) and suggested cases of secondary introductions or erratic jump dispersal (Dasysiphonia sp. and Womersleyella setacea). A majority of species analysed showed evidence for an accumulation of invaded sites without a clear invasion front. Estimates of spread rate are increasing for more recent introductions. The increase is greater than can be accounted for by temporally varying search effort and implies a historical increase in vector efficiency and/or a decreased resistance of native communities to invasion.}, }
@article {pmid20406644, year = {2010}, author = {Pisanu, B and Marsot, M and Marmet, J and Chapuis, JL and Réale, D and Vourc'h, G}, title = {Introduced Siberian chipmunks are more heavily infested by ixodid ticks than are native bank voles in a suburban forest in France.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {40}, number = {11}, pages = {1277-1283}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.03.012}, pmid = {20406644}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Animals ; Arvicolinae/*parasitology ; Female ; France ; Male ; Rodent Diseases/*parasitology ; Sciuridae/*parasitology ; Tick Infestations/parasitology/*veterinary ; Ticks/*physiology ; Trees ; }, abstract = {By serving as hosts for native vectors, introduced species can surpass native hosts in their role as major reservoirs of local pathogens. During a 4-year longitudinal study, we investigated factors that affected infestation by ixodid ticks on both introduced Siberian chipmunks Tamias sibiricus barberi and native bank voles Myodes glareolus in a suburban forest (Forêt de Sénart, Ile-de-France). Ticks were counted on adult bank voles and on adult and young chipmunks using regular monthly trapping sessions, and questing ticks were quantified by dragging. At the summer peak of questing Ixodes ricinus availability, the average tick load was 27-69 times greater on adult chipmunks than on adult voles, while average biomass per hectare of chipmunks and voles were similar. In adult chipmunks, individual effects significantly explained 31% and 24% of the total variance of tick larvae and nymph burdens, respectively. Male adult chipmunks harboured significantly more larvae and nymphs than adult females, and than juveniles born in spring and in summer. The higher tick loads, and more specifically the ratio of nymphs over larvae, observed in chipmunks may be caused by a higher predisposition--both in terms of susceptibility and exposure--to questing ticks. Tick burdens were also related to habitat and seasonal variation in age- and sex-related space use by both rodents. Introduced chipmunks may thus have an important role in the dynamics of local vector-borne pathogens compared with native reservoir hosts such as bank voles.}, }
@article {pmid20405808, year = {2010}, author = {Fabiszewski, AM and Umbanhowar, J and Mitchell, CE}, title = {Modeling landscape-scale pathogen spillover between domesticated and wild hosts: Asian soybean rust and kudzu.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {582-592}, doi = {10.1890/08-0820.1}, pmid = {20405808}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Environmental Monitoring ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Models, Biological ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Pueraria/*microbiology ; Glycine max/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Many emerging pathogens infect both domesticated and wild host species, creating the potential for pathogen transmission between domesticated and wild populations. This common situation raises the question of whether managing negative impacts of disease on a focal host population (whether domesticated, endangered, or pest) requires management of only the domesticated host, only the wild host, or both. To evaluate the roles of domesticated and wild hosts in the dynamics of shared pathogens, we developed a spatially implicit model of a pathogen transmitted by airborne spores between two host species restricted to two different landscape patch types. As well as exploring the general dynamics and implications of the model, we fully parameterized our model for Asian soybean rust, a multihost infectious disease that emerged in the United States in 2004. The rust fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi infects many legume species, including soybeans (Glycine max) and the nonnative invasive species kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata). Our model predicts that epidemics are driven by the host species that is more abundant in the landscape. In managed landscapes, this will generally be the domesticated host. However, many pathogens overwinter on a wild host, which acts as the source of initial inoculum at the start of the growing season. Our model predicts that very low local densities of infected wild hosts, surviving in landscape patches separate from the domesticated host, are sufficient to initiate epidemics in the domesticated host, such that managing epidemics by reducing wild host local density may not be feasible. In contrast, managing to reduce pathogen infection of a domesticated host can reduce disease impacts on wild host populations.}, }
@article {pmid20405796, year = {2010}, author = {Ryder, TB and Reitsma, R and Evans, B and Marra, PP}, title = {Quantifying avian nest survival along an urbanization gradient using citizen- and scientist-generated data.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {419-426}, doi = {10.1890/09-0040.1}, pmid = {20405796}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Nesting Behavior/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; *Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Despite the increasing pace of urbanization little is known about the factors that limit bird populations (i.e., population-level processes) within the urban/suburban land-use matrix. Here, we report rates of nest survival within the matrix of an urban land-use gradient in the greater Washington, D.C., USA, area for five common songbirds using data collected by scientists and citizens as part of a project called Neighborhood Nestwatch. Using program MARK, we modeled the effects of species, urbanization at multiple spatial scales (canopy cover and impervious surface), and observer (citizen vs. scientist) on nest survival of four open-cup and one cavity-nesting species. In addition, artificial nests were used to determine the relative impacts of specific predators along the land-use gradient. Our results suggest that predation on nests within the land-use matrix declines with urbanization but that there are species-specific differences. Moreover, variation in nest survival among species was best explained by urbanization metrics measured at larger "neighborhood" spatial scales (e.g., 1000 m). Trends were supported by data from artificial nests and suggest that variable predator communities (avian vs. mammalian) are one possible mechanism to explain differential nest survival. In addition, we assessed the quality of citizen science data and show that citizens had no negative effect on nest survival and provided estimates of nest survival comparable to Smithsonian biologists. Although birds nesting within the urban matrix experienced higher nest survival, individuals also faced a multitude of other challenges such as contaminants and invasive species, all of which could reduce adult survival.}, }
@article {pmid20405790, year = {2010}, author = {Jones, CC and Acker, SA and Halpern, CB}, title = {Combining local- and large-scale models to predict the distributions of invasive plant species.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {311-326}, doi = {10.1890/08-2261.1}, pmid = {20405790}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Logistic Models ; *Models, Statistical ; *Plant Development ; Population Dynamics ; United States ; }, abstract = {Habitat distribution models are increasingly used to predict the potential distributions of invasive species and to inform monitoring. However, these models assume that species are in equilibrium with the environment, which is clearly not true for most invasive species. Although this assumption is frequently acknowledged, solutions have not been adequately addressed. There are several potential methods for improving habitat distribution models. Models that require only presence data may be more effective for invasive species, but this assumption has rarely been tested. In addition, combining modeling types to form "ensemble" models may improve the accuracy of predictions. However, even with these improvements, models developed for recently invaded areas are greatly influenced by the current distributions of species and thus reflect near- rather than long-term potential for invasion. Larger scale models from species' native and invaded ranges may better reflect long-term invasion potential, but they lack finer scale resolution. We compared logistic regression (which uses presence/absence data) and two presence-only methods for modeling the potential distributions of three invasive plant species on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington, USA. We then combined the three methods to create ensemble models. We also developed climate envelope models for the same species based on larger scale distributions and combined models from multiple scales to create an index of near- and long-term invasion risk to inform monitoring in Olympic National Park (ONP). Neither presence-only nor ensemble models were more accurate than logistic regression for any of the species. Larger scale models predicted much greater areas at risk of invasion. Our index of near- and long-term invasion risk indicates that < 4% of ONP is at high near-term risk of invasion while 67-99% of the Park is at moderate or high long-term risk of invasion. We demonstrate how modeling results can be used to guide the design of monitoring protocols and monitoring results can in turn be used to refine models. We propose that, by using models from multiple scales to predict invasion risk and by explicitly linking model development to monitoring, it may be possible to overcome some of the limitations of habitat distribution models.}, }
@article {pmid20394756, year = {2010}, author = {Suzuki-Ohno, Y and Inoue, MN and Ohno, K}, title = {Applying geographic profiling used in the field of criminology for predicting the nest locations of bumble bees.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {265}, number = {2}, pages = {211-217}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.04.010}, pmid = {20394756}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Criminology/*methods ; Feeding Behavior ; Geography ; Models, Biological ; *Nesting Behavior ; }, abstract = {We tested whether geographic profiling (GP) can predict multiple nest locations of bumble bees. GP was originally developed in the field of criminology for predicting the area where an offender most likely resides on the basis of the actual crime sites and the predefined probability of crime interaction. The predefined probability of crime interaction in the GP model depends on the distance of a site from an offender's residence. We applied GP for predicting nest locations, assuming that foraging and nest sites were the crime sites and the offenders' residences, respectively. We identified the foraging and nest sites of the invasive species Bombus terrestris in 2004, 2005, and 2006. We fitted GP model coefficients to the field data of the foraging and nest sites, and used GP with the fitting coefficients. GP succeeded in predicting about 10-30% of actual nests. Sensitivity analysis showed that the predictability of the GP model mainly depended on the coefficient value of buffer zone, the distance at the mode of the foraging probability. GP will be able to predict the nest locations of bumble bees in other area by using the fitting coefficient values measured in this study. It will be possible to further improve the predictability of the GP model by considering food site preference and nest density.}, }
@article {pmid20392715, year = {2010}, author = {Dick, JT and Armstrong, M and Clarke, HC and Farnsworth, KD and Hatcher, MJ and Ennis, M and Kelly, A and Dunn, AM}, title = {Parasitism may enhance rather than reduce the predatory impact of an invader.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {636-638}, pmid = {20392715}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Acanthocephala/*physiology ; Amphipoda/*physiology ; Animals ; Female ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Male ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can have profound impacts on communities and it is increasingly recognized that such effects may be mediated by parasitism. The 'enemy release' hypothesis posits that invaders may be successful and have high impacts owing to escape from parasitism. Alternatively, we hypothesize that parasites may increase host feeding rates and hence parasitized invaders may have increased community impacts. Here, we investigate the influence of parasitism on the predatory impact of the invasive freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex. Up to 70 per cent of individuals are infected with the acanthocephalan parasite Echinorhynchus truttae, but parasitized individuals were no different in body condition to those unparasitized. Parasitized individuals consumed significantly more prey (Asellus aquaticus; Isopoda) than did unparasitized individuals. Both parasitized and unparasitized individuals displayed Type-II functional responses (FRs), with the FR for parasitized individuals rising more steeply, with a higher asymptote, compared with unparasitized individuals. While the parasite reduced the fitness of individual females, we predict a minor effect on population recruitment because of low parasite prevalence in the peak reproductive period. The parasite thus has a large per capita effect on predatory rate but a low population fitness effect, and thus may enhance rather than reduce the impact of this invader.}, }
@article {pmid20392517, year = {2010}, author = {Gilman, SE and Urban, MC and Tewksbury, J and Gilchrist, GW and Holt, RD}, title = {A framework for community interactions under climate change.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, pages = {325-331}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2010.03.002}, pmid = {20392517}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Climate Change ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Predicting the impacts of climate change on species is one of the biggest challenges that ecologists face. Predictions routinely focus on the direct effects of climate change on individual species, yet interactions between species can strongly influence how climate change affects organisms at every scale by altering their individual fitness, geographic ranges and the structure and dynamics of their community. Failure to incorporate these interactions limits the ability to predict responses of species to climate change. We propose a framework based on ideas from global-change biology, community ecology, and invasion biology that uses community modules to assess how species interactions shape responses to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid20388272, year = {2010}, author = {Kaufman, LV and Wright, MG}, title = {Parasitism of a Hawaiian endemic moth by invasive and purposely introduced Hymenoptera species.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, pages = {430-439}, doi = {10.1603/EN09083}, pmid = {20388272}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Larva/parasitology ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The impact of invasive alien species on native organisms is a cause for serious concern. This concern is especially relevant in the Hawaiian archipelago because of its high level of endemicity, severe impacts of accidental introductions of invasive species, and long history of purposeful biological control introductions. Results from a previous study showed that the parasitoid assemblage associated with an endemic moth Udea stellata (Butler) comprised seven species: three adventive species, two purposely introduced species, and two of unknown origin. The objectives of this study were to assess the parasitism levels of alien wasps on populations of U. stellata at different sites and to determine the specific stages that were used by the spectrum of parasitoid species that attack U. stellata. Standardized collections of wild larvae were conducted at eight sites located on the islands of Kauai, Oahu, and Hawaii. In total, 3,531 larvae were collected in a 2-yr survey. Of these, 8.0% were collected as first instar, 23.0% as second instar, 39.0% as third instar, 21.0% as fourth instar, 7.1% as fifth instar, and 1.8% as sixth instar. Of the larvae that survived laboratory rearing, 43.0% were parasitized. Information collected in the surveys was complemented with data from life-table studies to determine stage-specific parasitism. All larval stages were susceptible to parasitism by at least one parasitoid species; second and third instars were susceptible to attack by all seven parasitoid species. Adventive parasitoids rather than purposely introduced ones were responsible for the greater part of the apparent mortality observed. At low and low-medium elevations, the parasitoid assemblage was dominated by adventive species. The two purposely introduced parasitoids were present in remote relatively undisturbed sites on the islands Kauai and Hawaii. The sometimes high parasitism rates by adventive species found in this study were shown to have minimal effect at the population level in our life table study; therefore, care should be taken when interpreting field parasitism data. Carefully addressing current ecological impacts of alien parasitoids on native species is of particular importance for developing more efficient means to quantify the risks of future biological control introductions.}, }
@article {pmid20387033, year = {2010}, author = {Perry, LG and Blumenthal, DM and Monaco, TA and Paschke, MW and Redente, EF}, title = {Immobilizing nitrogen to control plant invasion.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {163}, number = {1}, pages = {13-24}, pmid = {20387033}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Nitrogen/*chemistry ; *Plant Development ; Soil/*analysis ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Increased soil N availability may often facilitate plant invasions. Therefore, lowering N availability might reduce these invasions and favor desired species. Here, we review the potential efficacy of several commonly proposed management approaches for lowering N availability to control invasion, including soil C addition, burning, grazing, topsoil removal, and biomass removal, as well as a less frequently proposed management approach for lowering N availability, establishment of plant species adapted to low N availability. We conclude that many of these approaches may be promising for lowering N availability by stimulating N immobilization, even though most are generally ineffective for removing N from ecosystems (excepting topsoil removal). C addition and topsoil removal are the most reliable approaches for lowering N availability, and often favor desired species over invasive species, but are too expensive or destructive, respectively, for most management applications. Less intensive approaches, such as establishing low-N plant species, burning, grazing and biomass removal, are less expensive than C addition and may lower N availability if they favor plant species that are adapted to low N availability, produce high C:N tissue, and thus stimulate N immobilization. Regardless of the method used, lowering N availability sufficiently to reduce invasion will be difficult, particularly in sites with high atmospheric N deposition or agricultural runoff. Therefore, where feasible, the disturbances that result in high N availability should be limited in order to reduce invasions by nitrophilic weeds.}, }
@article {pmid20383530, year = {2010}, author = {Leisnham, PT and Juliano, SA}, title = {Interpopulation differences in competitive effect and response of the mosquito Aedes aegypti and resistance to invasion by a superior competitor.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {164}, number = {1}, pages = {221-230}, pmid = {20383530}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {R01 AI044793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01-AI-44793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Competitive Behavior ; Female ; Florida ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; New Orleans ; Oviparity ; Population Growth ; }, abstract = {Geographic variation in species interactions can have major effects on species distributions and can be important for the resistance of resident communities to invasive species. We tested the hypothesis that coexistence or replacement of a resident North American mosquito Aedes aegypti with the invasive Aedes albopictus is affected by interpopulation variation in the inherent competitive ability of A. aegypti and variation in the fecundity-size relationship. We postulated that such variation creates differential population-level outcomes of competition with A. albopictus. We compared competitive abilities of eight North American populations of A. aegypti, four populations sympatric to A. albopictus, and four populations allopatric to A. albopictus. Competition among larvae from each A. aegypti population and a single A. albopictus population was tested in laboratory microcosms in a response-surface design. We found origin of A. aegypti influences its competitive response to competition from A. albopictus and competitive effect on A. albopictus. A. aegypti from allopatric sites preformed better in competition with A. albopictus than did A. aegypti from sympatric sites because they had a stronger average effect on A. albopictus. This average was strongly influenced by the allopatric population from Miami. Competitive effect and response were uncorrelated among populations, indicating inconsistent ranking of A. aegypti in competitive effect and response. Although A. albopictus is generally a superior competitor to A. aegypti, a stronger competitive effect of particular A. aegypti populations on invading A. albopictus may contribute to competition-mediated biotic resistance to the invader. These results suggest that interpopulation variation in competitive ability of A. aegypti may contribute to failure of A. albopictus to invade parts of the southeastern United States and offer evidence of a contribution to biotic resistance by an inferior competitor. Geographic variation in competitive ability may be common and one general cause of variation in invasion success and impact.}, }
@article {pmid20383375, year = {2010}, author = {Budnik, LT and Fahrenholtz, S and Kloth, S and Baur, X}, title = {Halogenated hydrocarbon pesticides and other volatile organic contaminants provide analytical challenges in global trading.}, journal = {Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {936-942}, doi = {10.1039/b918428g}, pmid = {20383375}, issn = {1464-0333}, mesh = {Animals ; *Commerce ; Environmental Exposure/prevention &amp; control ; *Fumigation ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Humans ; Hydrocarbons, Halogenated/*analysis ; Pesticides/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Protection against infestation of a container cargo by alien species is achieved by mandatory fumigation with pesticides. Most of the effective fumigants are methyl and ethyl halide gases that are highly toxic and are a risk to both human health and the environment. There is a worldwide need for a reliable and robust analytical screening procedure for these volatile chemicals in a multitude of health and environmental scenarios. We have established a highly sensitive broad spectrum mass spectrometry method combined with thermal desorption gas chromatography to detect, identify and quantify volatile pesticide residues. Using this method, 1201 random ambient air samples taken from freight containers arriving at the biggest European ports of Hamburg and Rotterdam were analyzed over a period of two and a half years. This analytical procedure is a valuable strategy to measure air pollution from these hazardous chemicals, to help in the identification of pesticides in the new mixtures/formulations that are being adopted globally and to analyze expired breath samples after suspected intoxication in biomonitoring.}, }
@article {pmid20380196, year = {2010}, author = {Kay, AD and Zumbusch, T and Heinen, JL and Marsh, TC and Holway, DA}, title = {Nutrition and interference competition have interactive effects on the behavior and performance of Argentine ants.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {1}, pages = {57-64}, doi = {10.1890/09-0908.1}, pmid = {20380196}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Food availability often influences competitive outcomes through effects on consumer growth. Although it has received less attention, food availability may also affect competition through nutritional effects on behavior. One hypothesis linking nutrition and competition in ants posits that increased access to carbohydrates favors greater investment in worker traits that underlie behavioral dominance. We tested this hypothesis by varying dietary protein:carbohydrate (P:C) ratios and levels of interspecific interference for Argentine ants (Linepithema humile), a widespread invasive species. As predicted, colonies facing interference increased patrolling more when reared on low P:C diets; this result is the first demonstration of an interactive effect of nutrition and interference on ant colonies. Several results suggest that this dietary effect on patrolling was due primarily to changes in colony size rather than worker behavior. Colonies on lower P:C diets had lower worker mortality and larger final colony sizes. Diet had little effect on per capita patrolling, and worker behavior in performance assays depended more on previous exposure to interference than on diet. Our findings indicate that dietary P:C ratios can influence Argentine ant performance in a competitive environment and suggest a mechanism by which monopolization of carbohydrate-rich resources can help invasive ants displace native ant competitors.}, }
@article {pmid20372180, year = {2011}, author = {Brennan, AC and Tabah, DA and Harris, SA and Hiscock, SJ}, title = {Sporophytic self-incompatibility in Senecio squalidus (Asteraceae): S allele dominance interactions and modifiers of cross-compatibility and selfing rates.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {106}, number = {1}, pages = {113-123}, pmid = {20372180}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Alleles ; Crosses, Genetic ; Gene Frequency ; *Germination ; Senecio/*genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Understanding genetic mechanisms of self-incompatibility (SI) and how they evolve is central to understanding the mating behaviour of most outbreeding angiosperms. Sporophytic SI (SSI) is controlled by a single multi-allelic locus, S, which is expressed in the diploid (sporophyte) plant to determine the SI phenotype of its haploid (gametophyte) pollen. This allows complex patterns of independent S allele dominance interactions in male (pollen) and female (pistil) reproductive tissues. Senecio squalidus is a useful model for studying the genetic regulation and evolution of SSI because of its population history as an alien invasive species in the UK. S. squalidus maintains a small number of S alleles (7-11) with a high frequency of dominance interactions. Some S. squalidus individuals also show partial selfing and/or greater levels of cross-compatibility than expected under SSI. We previously speculated that these might be adaptations to invasiveness. Here we describe a detailed characterization of the regulation of SSI in S. squalidus. Controlled crosses were used to determine the S allele dominance hierarchy of six S alleles and effects of modifiers on cross-compatibility and partial selfing. Complex dominance interactions among S alleles were found with at least three levels of dominance and tissue-specific codominance. Evidence for S gene modifiers that increase selfing and/or cross-compatibility was also found. These empirical findings are discussed in the context of theoretical predictions for maintenance of S allele dominance interactions, and the role of modifier loci in the evolution of SI.}, }
@article {pmid20368340, year = {2010}, author = {Yazaki, K and Sano, Y and Fujikawa, S and Nakano, T and Ishida, A}, title = {Response to dehydration and irrigation in invasive and native saplings: osmotic adjustment versus leaf shedding.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {30}, number = {5}, pages = {597-607}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpq010}, pmid = {20368340}, issn = {0829-318X}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; Dehydration ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Plant Leaves/chemistry/metabolism ; Plant Transpiration/physiology ; Psidium/*physiology ; Trema/*physiology ; Water/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {To clarify the mechanism underlying successful invasion by tree species into xeric sites on Japan's Bonin Islands, we compared the water use of an alien species, Psidium cattleianum, which is rapidly expanding on ridge sites with shallow soil, with that of a native species, Trema orientalis. We hypothesized that there is a trade-off between leaf shedding with low cavitation resistance (frequent xylem cavitation plus refilling ability) and leaf osmotic adjustment with high cavitation resistance (cessation of xylem cavitation plus canopy leaf retention), indicating contrasting strategies for drought tolerance and water use in semi-arid regions. We examined leaf turnover, leaf gas exchange, leaf water potential and water distribution in stem xylem conduits using cryo-scanning electron microscopy for the saplings of both species under three cycles of artificial drought and sudden pulse irrigation. Invasive P. cattleianum saplings were highly resistant to cavitation in stem xylem conduits, retained their leaves and exhibited effective leaf osmotic adjustment under the drought treatment. In contrast, native T. orientalis saplings exhibited xylem cavitation, conspicuous leaf shedding and less effective leaf osmotic adjustment under the drought treatment. Leaf gas exchange rate recovered more rapidly in P. cattleianum saplings than in T. orientalis saplings immediately following pulse irrigation after a period without irrigation, especially in the first drought cycle. Embolized conduits in T. orientalis were refilled by pulse irrigation, and leaf gas exchange rate recovered following refilling. The two tree species showed contrasting strategies for drought tolerance and water use along a trade-off axis. Cavitation avoidance and effective leaf osmotic adjustment in P. cattleianum saplings under drought conditions partially support their survival at the xeric ridge sites on the Bonin Islands. Our results help to explain the success of P. cattleianum in its invasion of a sub-arid environment.}, }
@article {pmid20367320, year = {2010}, author = {Clusella-Trullas, S and Terblanche, JS and Chown, SL}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity of locomotion performance in the seed harvester Messor capensis (Formicidae).}, journal = {Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ}, volume = {83}, number = {3}, pages = {519-530}, doi = {10.1086/651387}, pmid = {20367320}, issn = {1537-5293}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Energy Metabolism/*physiology ; Locomotion/*physiology ; Oxygen Consumption ; }, abstract = {Temperature dependence, energetics, and speed of locomotion have important implications for the ecology and evolution of ants. Here, we report the results of a full-factorial study investigating the responses of active metabolic rate (AMR), voluntary locomotion speed, and cost of transport (COT) to three temperature acclimations (7-10 d; 20 degrees, 25 degrees, and 30 degrees C) and three test temperature treatments (2 h; 20 degrees, 25 degrees, and 30 degrees C) in a seed-harvester ant, Messor capensis. By using a strong-inference approach, we assessed these trait responses in the context of the beneficial acclimation hypothesis and its alternatives. Results showed that AMR was not affected by acclimation temperature, indicating limited phenotypic plasticity for this trait. By contrast, voluntary running speed was consistently higher when ants were acclimated at 25 degrees C, providing support for the optimal acclimation hypothesis. COT was not affected by acclimation or treatment temperature. In addition, while AMR was repeatable and similar across temperatures (r=0.371-0.683), the repeatabilities of running speed (r=0.191-0.826) and COT (298 J kg(-1)m (-1)) were highly variable, suggesting constraints on ant locomotion under certain thermal conditions. Minimum COT (298 J kg(-1) m(-1)) in M. capensis was well within the range of values for other terrestrial arthropods of a similar body size. This study emphasizes the need to investigate a variety of performance traits rather than a single one and to expand the limited body of work on plasticity of insect locomotion.}, }
@article {pmid20352265, year = {2010}, author = {Wright, JT and Byers, JE and Koukoumaftsis, LP and Ralph, PJ and Gribben, PE}, title = {Native species behaviour mitigates the impact of habitat-forming invasive seaweed.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {163}, number = {2}, pages = {527-534}, pmid = {20352265}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Arcidae/*physiology ; Austria ; Caulerpa/*physiology ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen/chemistry/metabolism ; Population Density ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Habitat-forming invasive species cause large, novel changes to the abiotic environment. These changes may elicit important behavioural responses in native fauna, yet little is known about mechanisms driving this behaviour and how such trait-mediated responses influence the fitness of native species. Low dissolved oxygen is a key abiotic change created by the habitat-forming invasive seaweed, Caulerpa taxifolia, which influences an important behavioural response (burrowing depth) in the native infaunal bivalve Anadara trapezia. In Caulerpa-colonised areas, Anadara often emerged completely from the sediment, and we experimentally demonstrate that water column hypoxia beneath the Caulerpa canopy is the mechanism instigating this "pop-up" behaviour. Importantly, pop-up in Caulerpa allowed similar survivorship to that in unvegetated sediment; however, when we prevented Anadara from popping-up, they suffered >50% mortality in just 1 month. Our findings not only highlight the substantial environmental alteration by Caulerpa, but also an important role for the behaviour of native species in mitigating the effects of habitat-forming invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid20347454, year = {2010}, author = {Golubkov, S and Alimov, A}, title = {Ecosystem changes in the Neva Estuary (Baltic Sea): natural dynamics or response to anthropogenic impacts?.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {61}, number = {4-6}, pages = {198-204}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.02.014}, pmid = {20347454}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication/*physiology ; Finland ; Fishes/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Food Chain ; *Human Activities ; Invertebrates/classification/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen/chemistry/metabolism ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {The Neva Estuary situated in the eastern Gulf of Finland is one of the largest estuaries of the Baltic Sea with a large conurbation, St. Petersburg, situated on its coast. Eutrophication, alien species and large-scale digging and dumping of bottom sediment are the most prominent anthropogenic impacts on its ecosystem. However, many ecosystem responses, which are traditionally attribute to these impacts, are related to natural dynamics of the ecosystem. Fluctuations in discharge of the Neva River, intrusions of bottom hypoxic waters from the western part of the Gulf of Finland, higher summer temperatures and a shorter period of ice cover are climatic mediated factors inducing adverse changes in its ecosystem from the 1980s onwards. The main ecosystem responses to these factors are 2-3-fold increase of trophic status, deterioration of native zoobenthic communities and establishment of alien species, as well as the many fold decrease of fish catch and the population of ringed seal in the region.}, }
@article {pmid20347451, year = {2010}, author = {Costa-Dias, S and Sousa, R and Antunes, C}, title = {Ecological quality assessment of the lower Lima Estuary.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {61}, number = {4-6}, pages = {234-239}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.02.019}, pmid = {20347451}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Ecology/*methods ; Environmental Pollution/analysis ; Invertebrates/classification/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Oceans and Seas ; Portugal ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Management ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Monitoring biotic factors is gaining in importance within Europe, due in large extent to the ecological approach of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the importance attributed to biological elements in the assessment of quality status. Despite its ecological importance, the Lima Estuary is subjected to a range of perturbations, including urban, agricultural and industrial waste discharge, dredging activities, and introduction of non-indigenous invasive species. This work uses macrozoobenthic data to study the ecological status of the lower Lima Estuary where most disturbance factors are concentrated. We were able to verify consistent differences along space, and to identify different degrees of disturbance in the estuarine area. These results allow us to suggest cost-effective approaches to monitor this estuarine area, aiming on contributing to effective management actions.}, }
@article {pmid20337691, year = {2010}, author = {Hickey, V}, title = {The quagga mussel crisis at Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Nevada (U.S.A.).}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {931-937}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01490.x}, pmid = {20337691}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/*methods ; *Demography ; Nevada ; Population Dynamics ; *Recreation ; }, abstract = {Parks are cornerstones of conservation; and non-native invasive species drive extensive changes to biological diversity in parks. Knowing this, national park staff at Lake Mead National Recreation Area in the southwestern United States had a program in place for early detection of the non-native, invasive quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis). Upon finding the mussel in January 2007, managers moved quickly to access funding and the best available science to implement a response. Managers considered four options--doing nothing, closing the park, restricting movement on the lakes, and educating and enforcing park visitors--and decided to focus on education and enforcing existing laws. Nonetheless, quagga spread throughout the park and soon began to appear throughout the western United States. I examined why efforts to control the expansion failed and determined the general lessons to be learned from this case. Concentrating human visitation on the lakes through land-use zoning opened a pathway for invasion, reduced management options, and led to the rapid spread of quagga. To reconcile competing mandates to protect nature and provide recreation, zoning in parks has become a common practice worldwide. It reduces stress on some areas of a park by restricting and thus concentrating human activity in particular areas. Concentrating the human activity in one area does three things: cements pathways that repeatedly import and export vectors of non-native invasive species; creates the disturbed area necessary to enable non-native invasive species to gain a foothold; and, establishes a source of invasions that, without appropriate controls, can quickly spread to a park's wilderness areas.}, }
@article {pmid20337686, year = {2010}, author = {Mitrovich, MJ and Matsuda, T and Pease, KH and Fisher, RN}, title = {Ants as a measure of effectiveness of habitat conservation planning in southern California.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, pages = {1239-1248}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01486.x}, pmid = {20337686}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; California ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {In the United States multispecies habitat conservation plans were meant to be the solution to conflicts between economic development and protection of biological diversity. Although now widely applied, questions exist concerning the scientific credibility of the conservation planning process and effectiveness of the plans. We used ants to assess performance of one of the first regional conservation plans developed in the United States, the Orange County Central-Coastal Natural Community Conservation Plan (NCCP), in meeting its broader conservation objectives of biodiversity and ecosystem-level protection. We collected pitfall data on ants for over 3 years on 172 sites established across a network of conservation lands in coastal southern California. Although recovered native ant diversity for the study area was high, site-occupancy models indicated the invasive and ecologically disruptive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) was present at 29% of sites, and sites located within 200 m of urban and agricultural areas were more likely to have been invaded. Within invaded sites, native ants were largely displaced, and their median species richness declined by more than 60% compared with uninvaded sites. At the time of planning, 24% of the 15,133-ha reserve system established by Orange County NCCP fell within 200 m of an urban or agricultural edge. With complete build out of lands surrounding the reserve, the proportion of the reserve system vulnerable to invasion will grow to 44%. Our data indicate that simply protecting designated areas from development is not enough. If habitat conservation plans are to fulfill their conservation promise of ecosystem-level protection, a more-integrated and systematic approach to the process of habitat conservation planning is needed.}, }
@article {pmid20337679, year = {2010}, author = {Tablado, Z and Tella, JL and Sánchez-Zapata, JA and Hiraldo, F}, title = {The paradox of the long-term positive effects of a North American crayfish on a European community of predators.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, pages = {1230-1238}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01483.x}, pmid = {20337679}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Diet ; *Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Spain ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasions of non-native species are one of the major causes of losses of native species. In some cases, however, non-natives may also have positive effects on native species. We investigated the potential facilitative effects of the North American red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) on the community of predators in southwestern Spain. To do so, we examined the diets of predators in the area and their population trends since introduction of the crayfish. Most predator species consumed red swamp crayfish, which sometimes occurred in over 50% of their diet samples. Moreover, the abundance of species preying on crayfish increased significantly in the area as opposed to the abundance of herbivores and to predator populations in other areas of Europe, where those predators are even considered threatened. Thus, we report the first case in which one non-native species is both beneficial because it provides prey for threatened species and detrimental because it can drive species at lower trophic levels to extinction. Increases in predator numbers that are associated with non-native species of prey, especially when some of these predators are also invasive non-natives, may increase levels of predation on other species and produce cascading effects that threaten native biota at longer temporal and larger spatial scales. Future management plans should include the complexity of interactions between invasive non-natives and the entire native community, the feasibility of successful removal of non-native species, and the potential social and economic interests in the area.}, }
@article {pmid20337670, year = {2010}, author = {Larson, ER and Olden, JD}, title = {Latent extinction and invasion risk of crayfishes in the southeastern United States.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {1099-1110}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01462.x}, pmid = {20337670}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Astacoidea/classification/genetics/*physiology ; Body Size/physiology ; *Demography ; *Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; *Extinction, Biological ; Fertility/physiology ; Kentucky ; Missouri ; Population Dynamics ; Principal Component Analysis ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Crayfishes are both a highly imperiled invertebrate group as well as one that has produced many invasive species, which have negatively affected freshwater ecosystems throughout the world. We performed a trait analysis for 77 crayfishes from the southeastern United States in an attempt to understand which biological and ecological traits make these species prone to imperilment or invasion, and to predict which species may face extinction or become invasive in the future. We evaluated biological and ecological traits with principal coordinate analysis and classification trees. Invasive and imperiled crayfishes occupied different positions in multivariate trait space, although crayfishes invasive at different scales (extraregional vs. extralimital) were also distinct. Extraregional crayfishes (large, high fecundity, habitat generalists) were most distinct from imperiled crayfishes (small, low fecundity, habitat specialists), thus supporting the "two sides of the same coin" hypothesis. Correct classification rates for assignment of crayfishes as invasive or imperiled were high (70-80%), even when excluding the highly predictive but potentially confounding trait of range size (75-90%). We identified a number of species that, although not currently listed as imperiled or found outside their native range, possess many of the life-history and ecological traits characteristic of currently invasive or imperiled taxa. Such species exhibit a high latent risk of extinction or invasion and consequently should be the focus of proactive conservation or management strategies. Our results illustrate the utility of trait-based approaches for taxonomic groups such as invertebrates, for which detailed species-specific data are rare and conservation resources are chronically limited.}, }
@article {pmid20233190, year = {2010}, author = {Nilsson, C and Brown, RL and Jansson, R and Merritt, DM}, title = {The role of hydrochory in structuring riparian and wetland vegetation.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {85}, number = {4}, pages = {837-858}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00129.x}, pmid = {20233190}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*genetics ; Rivers ; *Seed Dispersal ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Hydrochory, or the passive dispersal of organisms by water, is an important means of propagule transport, especially for plants. During recent years, knowledge about hydrochory and its ecological consequences has increased considerably and a substantial body of literature has been produced. Here, we review this literature and define the state of the art of the discipline. A substantial proportion of species growing in or near water have propagules (fruits, seeds or vegetative units) able to disperse by water, either floating, submerged in flowing water, or with the help of floating vessels. Hydrochory can enable plants to colonize sites out of reach with other dispersal vectors, but the timing of dispersal and mechanisms of establishment are important for successful establishment. At the population level, hydrochory may increase the effective size and longevity of populations, and control their spatial configuration. Hydrochory is also an important source of species colonizing recruitment-limited riparian and wetland communities, contributing to maintenance of community species richness. Dispersal by water may even influence community composition in different landscape elements, resulting in landscape-level patterns. Genetically, hydrochory may reduce spatial aggregation of genetically related individuals, lead to high gene flow among populations, and increase genetic diversity in populations receiving many propagules. Humans have impacted hydrochory in many ways. For example, dams affect hydrochory by reducing peak flows and hence dispersal capacity, altering the timing of dispersal, and by presenting physical barriers to dispersal, with consequences for riverine plant communities. Hydrochory has been inferred to be an important vector for the spread of many invasive species, but there is also the potential for enhancing ecosystem restoration by improving or restoring water dispersal pathways. Climate change may alter the role of hydrochory by modifying the hydrology of water-bodies as well as conditions for propagule release and plant colonization.}, }
@article {pmid20231983, year = {2010}, author = {Figueroa, D and de Los Ríos, P}, title = {First report of Craspedacusta sowerbii (Cnidaria) (Lankester, 1880) for Patagonian waters (38 degrees S, Chile): a possible presence of invasive species and its potential ecological implications.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, pages = {227-228}, doi = {10.1590/s1519-69842010000100032}, pmid = {20231983}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; Chile ; *Cnidaria/classification ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; }, }
@article {pmid20231954, year = {2010}, author = {Santos, CM and Eskinazi-Sant'Anna, E}, title = {The introduced snail Melanoides Tuberculatus (Muller, 1774) (Mollusca: Thiaridae) in aquatic ecosystems of the Brazilian semiarid Northeast (Piranhas-Assu River basin, State of Rio Grande do Norte).}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, pages = {1-7}, doi = {10.1590/s1519-69842010000100003}, pmid = {20231954}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Rivers ; Snails/classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Records of the gastropod Melanoides tuberculatus (Müller, 1774), family Thiaridae, in the Piranhas-Assu River basin in Rio Grande do Norte reveal the dispersal of this native Southeast Asian and East African species into aquatic environments of the Brazilian semiarid region, including artificial environments (reservoirs) and lotic systems. The eutrophic conditions of the local waterbodies appear to favor the present situation, where this invasive species reaches extremely high densities, sometimes over 10,000 ind x m(-2) as in Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves Reservoir. These observations indicate the immediate need for new studies on the spatial distribution of the species and its potential impact on the biodiversity and water quality of the waterbodies of the semiarid region of the state. Implantation of regular and systematic monitoring of the aquatic resources of the region is urgently required.}, }
@article {pmid20229242, year = {2010}, author = {Thébault, A and Frey, B and Mitchell, EA and Buttler, A}, title = {Species-specific effects of polyploidisation and plant traits of Centaurea maculosa and Senecio inaequidens on rhizosphere microorganisms.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {163}, number = {4}, pages = {1011-1020}, pmid = {20229242}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Carbon/analysis ; Centaurea/genetics/*microbiology ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Plant Roots/*microbiology ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; *Polyploidy ; Senecio/genetics/*microbiology ; Soil Microbiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant species represent a threat to terrestrial ecosystems, but their effects on the soil biota and the mechanisms involved are not yet well understood. Many invasive species have undergone polyploidisation, leading to the coexistence of various cytotypes in the native range, whereas, in most cases, only one cytotype is present in the introduced range. Since genetic variation within a species can modify soil rhizosphere communities, we studied the effects of different cytotypes and ranges (native diploid, native tetraploid and introduced tetraploid) of Centaurea maculosa and Senecio inaequidens on microbial biomass carbon, rhizosphere total DNA content and bacterial communities of a standard soil in relation to plant functional traits. There was no overall significant difference in microbial biomass between cytotypes. The variation of rhizosphere total DNA content and bacterial community structure according to cytotype was species specific. The rhizosphere DNA content of S. inaequidens decreased with polyploidisation in the native range but did not vary for C. maculosa. In contrast, the bacterial community structure of C. maculosa was affected by polyploidisation and its diversity increased, whereas there was no significant change for S. inaequidens. Traits of S. inaequidens were correlated to the rhizosphere biota. Bacterial diversity and total DNA content were positively correlated with resource allocation to belowground growth and late flowering, whereas microbial biomass carbon was negatively correlated to investment in reproduction. There were no correlations between traits of the cytotypes of C. maculosa and corresponding rhizosphere soil biota. This study shows that polyploidisation may affect rhizosphere bacterial community composition, but that effects vary among plant species. Such changes may contribute to the success of invasive polyploid genotypes in the introduced range.}, }
@article {pmid20228206, year = {2011}, author = {Liu, XY and Wu, W and Wang, ET and Zhang, B and Macdermott, J and Chen, WX}, title = {Phylogenetic relationships and diversity of β-rhizobia associated with Mimosa species grown in Sishuangbanna, China.}, journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology}, volume = {61}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {334-342}, doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.020560-0}, pmid = {20228206}, issn = {1466-5034}, mesh = {Burkholderia/classification/*genetics ; China ; Cluster Analysis ; Cupriavidus/classification/*genetics ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Introduced Species ; Mimosa/*microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phenotype ; *Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {In order to investigate the genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with various exotic and invasive species in tropical mainland China, 116 bacterial isolates were obtained from Mimosa root nodules collected from Sishuangbanna and Yuanjiang districts of Yunnan province. Isolated rhizobia were characterized by RFLP analysis of 16S rRNA genes, SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins and BOX-PCR. Most of the isolated strains were identified as β-rhizobia belonging to diverse populations of Burkholderia and Cupriavidus, and the phylogenetic relationships of their 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that they were closely related to one of four β-rhizobia species: Burkholderia phymatum, B. mimosarum, B. caribensis or Cupriavidus taiwanensis. Additionally, among the 116 isolates, 53 different whole-cell SDS-PAGE profiles and 30 distinct BOX-PCR genotypic patterns were detected, which demonstrated the genetic and phenotypic diversity found within these Burkholderia and Cupriavidus strains. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that β-rhizobia are extant and possibly widespread on the Chinese mainland and nodulate easily with Mimosa plants. We also find it especially interesting that this appears to be the first report from mainland China of Cupriavidus symbionts of Mimosa. These records enrich our knowledge and understanding of the geographical distribution and diversity of these bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid20226596, year = {2010}, author = {Rejmanek, D and Miller, MA and Grigg, ME and Crosbie, PR and Conrad, PA}, title = {Molecular characterization of Sarcocystis neurona strains from opossums (Didelphis virginiana) and intermediate hosts from Central California.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {170}, number = {1-2}, pages = {20-29}, pmid = {20226596}, issn = {1873-2550}, support = {Z01 AI001017-02//Intramural NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigens, Protozoan/chemistry/genetics ; Base Sequence ; California/epidemiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Protozoan/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry/genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Opossums/*parasitology ; Otters/*parasitology ; *Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Polymorphism, Genetic/*genetics ; Sarcocystis/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Sarcocystosis/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Sarcocystis neurona is a significant cause of neurological disease in horses and other animals, including the threatened Southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis). Opossums (Didelphis virginiana), the only known definitive hosts for S. neurona in North America, are an introduced species in California. S. neurona DNA isolated from sporocysts and/or infected tissues of 10 opossums, 6 horses, 1 cat, 23 Southern sea otters, and 1 harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) with natural infections was analyzed based on 15 genetic markers, including the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) region; the 25/396 marker; S. neurona surface antigen genes (snSAGs) 2, 3, and 4; and 10 different microsatellites. Based on phylogenetic analysis, most of the S. neurona strains segregated into three genetically distinct groups. Additionally, fifteen S. neurona samples from opossums and several intermediate hosts, including sea otters and horses, were found to be genetically identical across all 15 genetic markers, indicating that fatal encephalitis in Southern sea otters and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in horses is strongly linked to S. neurona sporocysts shed by opossums.}, }
@article {pmid20217218, year = {2011}, author = {Steinman, AD and Ogdahl, ME and Ruetz, CR}, title = {An environmental assessment of a small shallow lake (Little Black Lake, MI) threatened by urbanization.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {173}, number = {1-4}, pages = {193-209}, pmid = {20217218}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Animals ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; Chlorophyll A ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Eutrophication ; Fresh Water ; Michigan ; Phytoplankton/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; *Urbanization ; Zooplankton/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; }, abstract = {A limnological survey was conducted of Little Black Lake, MI, and its tributaries during summer 2007. This small, shallow lake is located in a rapidly developing area of west Michigan. As such, our analytical approach and recommendations can serve as a model for other similar systems threatened by urbanization. Soluble reactive phosphorus and nitrate concentrations in both the inflows to (during baseflow) and Little Black Lake itself were low (≤0.007 and ≤270 mg/L, respectively). Nutrient concentrations increased during stormflow conditions, although the magnitude of the increase depended on the nutrient and sampling location. Macrophyte growth was extensive throughout most parts of the lake, with Chara and Potamogeton spp. present in most sites; based on the coefficient of conservatism, plant composition was indicative of good water quality conditions. Chlorophyll a concentration averaged 1.7 μg/L in Little Black Lake, with cryptophytes and cyanobacteria being the most dominant members (by biovolume) of the phytoplankton community. The fish community in Little Black Lake was dominated by bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and pumpkinseed (L. gibbosus), with no invasive species observed. Overall, abiotic and biotic conditions indicate that Little Black Lake is in good ecological health despite increasing pressures of urbanization in its watershed. To maintain this status, it is recommended that the local municipalities develop a comprehensive watershed management plan and implement best management practices to limit nonpoint source pollutant loading to Little Black Lake.}, }
@article {pmid20213148, year = {2010}, author = {Sperfeld, E and Schmidtke, A and Gaedke, U and Weithoff, G}, title = {Productivity, herbivory, and species traits rather than diversity influence invasibility of experimental phytoplankton communities.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {163}, number = {4}, pages = {997-1010}, pmid = {20213148}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Cryptophyta ; Cylindrospermopsis ; *Ecosystem ; *Phytoplankton ; Rotifera ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a major threat to natural biodiversity; hence, understanding the mechanisms underlying invasibility (i.e., the susceptibility of a community to invasions by new species) is crucial. Invasibility of a resident community may be affected by a complex but hitherto hardly understood interplay of (1) productivity of the habitat, (2) diversity, (3) herbivory, and (4) the characteristics of both invasive and resident species. Using experimental phytoplankton microcosms, we investigated the effect of nutrient supply and species diversity on the invasibility of resident communities for two functionally different invaders in the presence or absence of an herbivore. With increasing nutrient supply, increased herbivore abundance indicated enhanced phytoplankton biomass production, and the invasion success of both invaders showed a unimodal pattern. At low nutrient supply (i.e., low influence of herbivory), the invasibility depended mainly on the competitive abilities of the invaders, whereas at high nutrient supply, the susceptibility to herbivory dominated. This resulted in different optimum nutrient levels for invasion success of the two species due to their individual functional traits. To test the effect of diversity on invasibility, a species richness gradient was generated by random selection from a resident species pool at an intermediate nutrient level. Invasibility was not affected by species richness; instead, it was driven by the functional traits of the resident and/or invasive species mediated by herbivore density. Overall, herbivory was the driving factor for invasibility of phytoplankton communities, which implies that other factors affecting the intensity of herbivory (e.g., productivity or edibility of primary producers) indirectly influence invasions.}, }
@article {pmid20194165, year = {2010}, author = {Fessl, B and Young, GH and Young, RP and Rodríguez-Matamoros, J and Dvorak, M and Tebbich, S and Fa, JE}, title = {How to save the rarest Darwin's finch from extinction: the mangrove finch on Isabela Island.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {365}, number = {1543}, pages = {1019-1030}, pmid = {20194165}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; Female ; Finches/*growth &amp; development ; Male ; Nesting Behavior ; Pest Control ; Population Density ; Predatory Behavior ; Rats ; }, abstract = {Habitat destruction and predation by invasive alien species has led to the disappearance of several island populations of Darwin's finches but to date none of the 13 recognized species have gone extinct. However, driven by rapid economic growth in the Galápagos, the effects of introduced species have accelerated and severely threatened these iconic birds. The critically endangered mangrove finch (Camarhynchus heliobates) is now confined to three small mangroves on Isabela Island. During 2006-2009, we assessed its population status and monitored nesting success, both before and after rat poisoning. Population size was estimated at around only 100 birds for the two main breeding sites, with possibly 5-10 birds surviving at a third mangrove. Before rat control, 54 per cent of nests during incubation phase were predated with only 18 per cent of nests producing fledglings. Post-rat control, nest predation during the incubation phase fell to 30 per cent with 37 per cent of nests producing fledglings. During the nestling phase, infestation by larvae of the introduced parasitic fly (Philornis downsi) caused 14 per cent additional mortality. Using population viability analysis, we simulated the probability of population persistence under various scenarios of control and showed that with effective management of these invasive species, mangrove finch populations should start to recover.}, }
@article {pmid20190120, year = {2010}, author = {Sehgal, RN}, title = {Deforestation and avian infectious diseases.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {213}, number = {6}, pages = {955-960}, pmid = {20190120}, issn = {1477-9145}, support = {EF-0430146//PHS HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bird Diseases/*epidemiology/transmission ; *Birds ; Climate Change ; Communicable Diseases/*epidemiology/transmission ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Zoonoses/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {In this time of unprecedented global change, infectious diseases will impact humans and wildlife in novel and unknown ways. Climate change, the introduction of invasive species, urbanization, agricultural practices and the loss of biodiversity have all been implicated in increasing the spread of infectious pathogens. In many regards, deforestation supersedes these other global events in terms of its immediate potential global effects in both tropical and temperate regions. The effects of deforestation on the spread of pathogens in birds are largely unknown. Birds harbor many of the same types of pathogens as humans and in addition can spread infectious agents to humans and other wildlife. It is thought that avifauna have gone extinct due to infectious diseases and many are presently threatened, especially endemic island birds. It is clear that habitat degradation can pose a direct threat to many bird species but it is uncertain how these alterations will affect disease transmission and susceptibility to disease. The migration and dispersal of birds can also change with habitat degradation, and thus expose populations to novel pathogens. Some recent work has shown that the results of landscape transformation can have confounding effects on avian malaria, other haemosporidian parasites and viruses. Now with advances in many technologies, including mathematical and computer modeling, genomics and satellite tracking, scientists have tools to further research the disease ecology of deforestation. This research will be imperative to help predict and prevent outbreaks that could affect avifauna, humans and other wildlife worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid20190117, year = {2010}, author = {Hayes, TB and Falso, P and Gallipeau, S and Stice, M}, title = {The cause of global amphibian declines: a developmental endocrinologist's perspective.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {213}, number = {6}, pages = {921-933}, pmid = {20190117}, issn = {1477-9145}, support = {//Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; }, mesh = {*Amphibians/physiology ; Animals ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollutants/adverse effects ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Population Dynamics ; Reproduction/physiology ; }, abstract = {Greater than 70% of the world's amphibian species are in decline. We propose that there is probably not a single cause for global amphibian declines and present a three-tiered hierarchical approach that addresses interactions among and between ultimate and proximate factors that contribute to amphibian declines. There are two immediate (proximate) causes of amphibian declines: death and decreased recruitment (reproductive failure). Although much attention has focused on death, few studies have addressed factors that contribute to declines as a result of failed recruitment. Further, a great deal of attention has focused on the role of pathogens in inducing diseases that cause death, but we suggest that pathogen success is profoundly affected by four other ultimate factors: atmospheric change, environmental pollutants, habitat modification and invasive species. Environmental pollutants arise as likely important factors in amphibian declines because they have realized potential to affect recruitment. Further, many studies have documented immunosuppressive effects of pesticides, suggesting a role for environmental contaminants in increased pathogen virulence and disease rates. Increased attention to recruitment and ultimate factors that interact with pathogens is important in addressing this global crisis.}, }
@article {pmid20188434, year = {2010}, author = {Potts, SG and Biesmeijer, JC and Kremen, C and Neumann, P and Schweiger, O and Kunin, WE}, title = {Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, pages = {345-353}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007}, pmid = {20188434}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Crops, Agricultural ; Human Activities ; *Pollination ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Pollinators are a key component of global biodiversity, providing vital ecosystem services to crops and wild plants. There is clear evidence of recent declines in both wild and domesticated pollinators, and parallel declines in the plants that rely upon them. Here we describe the nature and extent of reported declines, and review the potential drivers of pollinator loss, including habitat loss and fragmentation, agrochemicals, pathogens, alien species, climate change and the interactions between them. Pollinator declines can result in loss of pollination services which have important negative ecological and economic impacts that could significantly affect the maintenance of wild plant diversity, wider ecosystem stability, crop production, food security and human welfare.}, }
@article {pmid20186417, year = {2011}, author = {Lin, G and Li, WT and Ruan, S}, title = {Spreading speeds and traveling waves in competitive recursion systems.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {62}, number = {2}, pages = {165-201}, pmid = {20186417}, issn = {1432-1416}, mesh = {*Competitive Behavior ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Biological ; Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted ; Population Density ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {This paper is concerned with the spreading speeds and traveling wave solutions of discrete time recursion systems, which describe the spatial propagation mode of two competitive invaders. We first establish the existence of traveling wave solutions when the wave speed is larger than a given threshold. Furthermore, we prove that the threshold is the spreading speed of one species while the spreading speed of the other species is distinctly slower compared to the case when the interspecific competition disappears. Our results also show that the interspecific competition does affect the spread of both species so that the eventual population densities at the coexistence domain are lower than the case when the competition vanishes.}, }
@article {pmid20186292, year = {2010}, author = {Yue, GH and Li, JL and Wang, CM and Xia, JH and Wang, GL and Feng, JB}, title = {High prevalence of multiple paternity in the invasive crayfish species, Procambarus clarkii.}, journal = {International journal of biological sciences}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {107-115}, pmid = {20186292}, issn = {1449-2288}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Astacoidea/genetics/*physiology ; Body Size ; China ; *Environment ; Female ; Genotype ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Reproduction/genetics ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Reproductive strategy is a central feature of the ecology of invasive species as it determines the potential for population increase and range expansion. The red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, has invaded many countries and caused serious problems in freshwater ecosystems. However, little is known about the effects of environmental conditions on crayfish paternity and offspring traits in the wild. We studied these reproductive characteristics of P. clarkii in wild populations from two different habitats (ponds and ditches) in three locations with different environmental conditions in China. Genotyping of 1,436 offspring and 30 mothers of 30 broods was conducted by using four microsatellites. An analysis of genotyping results revealed that gravid females were the exclusive mother of the progeny they tended. Twenty-nine of 30 mothers had mated with multiple (2-4) males, each of which contributed differently to the number of offspring in a brood. The average number of fathers per brood and the number of offspring per brood were similar (P>0.05) among six sampling sites, indicating that in P. clarkii multiple paternity and offspring number per brood are independent of environmental conditions studied. Indirect benefits from increasing the genetic diversity of broods, male and sperm competition, and cryptic female choice are a possible explanation for the high level multiple paternity and different contribution of fathers to offspring in this species.}, }
@article {pmid20184650, year = {2010}, author = {Fritz, SA and Purvis, A}, title = {Selectivity in mammalian extinction risk and threat types: a new measure of phylogenetic signal strength in binary traits.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {1042-1051}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01455.x}, pmid = {20184650}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/genetics/*physiology ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; *Extinction, Biological ; Mammals/genetics/*physiology ; Models, Theoretical ; *Phylogeny ; Risk Assessment/methods ; }, abstract = {The strength of phylogenetic signal in extinction risk can give insight into the mechanisms behind species' declines. Nevertheless, no existing measure of phylogenetic pattern in a binary trait, such as extinction-risk status, measures signal strength in a way that can be compared among data sets. We developed a new measure for phylogenetic signal of binary traits, D, which simulations show gives robust results with data sets of more than 50 species, even when the proportion of threatened species is low. We applied D to the red-list status of British birds and the world's mammals and found that the threat status for both groups exhibited moderately strong phylogenetic clumping. We also tested the hypothesis that the phylogenetic pattern of species threatened by harvesting will be more strongly clumped than for those species threatened by either habitat loss or invasive species because the life-history traits mediating the effects of harvesting show strong evolutionary pattern. For mammals, our results supported our hypothesis; there was significant but weaker phylogenetic signal in the risk caused by the other two drivers (habitat loss and invasive species). We conclude that D is likely to be a useful measure of the strength of phylogenetic pattern in many binary traits.}, }
@article {pmid20184567, year = {2010}, author = {Schweiger, O and Biesmeijer, JC and Bommarco, R and Hickler, T and Hulme, PE and Klotz, S and Kühn, I and Moora, M and Nielsen, A and Ohlemüller, R and Petanidou, T and Potts, SG and Pyšek, P and Stout, JC and Sykes, MT and Tscheulin, T and Vilà, M and Walther, GR and Westphal, C and Winter, M and Zobel, M and Settele, J}, title = {Multiple stressors on biotic interactions: how climate change and alien species interact to affect pollination.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {85}, number = {4}, pages = {777-795}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00125.x}, pmid = {20184567}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Development ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {Global change may substantially affect biodiversity and ecosystem functioning but little is known about its effects on essential biotic interactions. Since different environmental drivers rarely act in isolation it is important to consider interactive effects. Here, we focus on how two key drivers of anthropogenic environmental change, climate change and the introduction of alien species, affect plant-pollinator interactions. Based on a literature survey we identify climatically sensitive aspects of species interactions, assess potential effects of climate change on these mechanisms, and derive hypotheses that may form the basis of future research. We find that both climate change and alien species will ultimately lead to the creation of novel communities. In these communities certain interactions may no longer occur while there will also be potential for the emergence of new relationships. Alien species can both partly compensate for the often negative effects of climate change but also amplify them in some cases. Since potential positive effects are often restricted to generalist interactions among species, climate change and alien species in combination can result in significant threats to more specialist interactions involving native species.}, }
@article {pmid20174474, year = {2010}, author = {Dejean, A and Fisher, BL and Corbara, B and Rarevohitra, R and Randrianaivo, R and Rajemison, B and Leponce, M}, title = {Spatial distribution of dominant arboreal ants in a malagasy coastal rainforest: gaps and presence of an invasive species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {e9319}, pmid = {20174474}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/classification/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; Competitive Behavior ; Geography ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Madagascar ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Spatial Behavior/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Trees/*parasitology ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {We conducted a survey along three belt transects located at increasing distances from the coast to determine whether a non-random arboreal ant assemblage, such as an ant mosaic, exists in the rainforest on the Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. In most tropical rainforests, very populous colonies of territorially dominant arboreal ant species defend absolute territories distributed in a mosaic pattern. Among the 29 ant species recorded, only nine had colonies large enough to be considered potentially territorially dominant; the remaining species had smaller colonies and were considered non-dominant. Nevertheless, the null-model analyses used to examine the spatial structure of their assemblages did not reveal the existence of an ant mosaic. Inland, up to 44% of the trees were devoid of dominant arboreal ants, something not reported in other studies. While two Crematogaster species were not associated with one another, Brachymyrmex cordemoyi was positively associated with Technomyrmex albipes, which is considered an invasive species-a non-indigenous species that has an adverse ecological effect on the habitats it invades. The latter two species and Crematogaster ranavalonae were mutually exclusive. On the other hand, all of the trees in the coastal transect and at least 4 km of coast were occupied by T. albipes, and were interconnected by columns of workers. Technomyrmex albipes workers collected from different trees did not attack each other during confrontation tests, indicating that this species has formed a supercolony along the coast. Yet interspecific aggressiveness did occur between T. albipes and Crematogaster ranavalonae, a native species which is likely territorially dominant based on our intraspecific confrontation tests. These results suggest that the Masoala rainforest is threatened by a potential invasion by T. albipes, and that the penetration of this species further inland might be facilitated by the low density of native, territorially dominant arboreal ants normally able to limit its progression.}, }
@article {pmid20170339, year = {2010}, author = {Jiang, L and Tan, J and Pu, Z}, title = {An experimental test of Darwin's naturalization hypothesis.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {175}, number = {4}, pages = {415-423}, doi = {10.1086/650720}, pmid = {20170339}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Gram-Positive Bacteria ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; *Serratia marcescens ; *Tetrahymena pyriformis ; }, abstract = {One of the oldest ideas in invasion biology, known as Darwin's naturalization hypothesis, suggests that introduced species are more successful in communities in which their close relatives are absent. We conducted the first experimental test of this hypothesis in laboratory bacterial communities varying in phylogenetic relatedness between resident and invading species with and without a protist bacterivore. As predicted, invasion success increased with phylogenetic distance between the invading and the resident bacterial species in both the presence and the absence of protistan bacterivory. The frequency of successful invader establishment was best explained by average phylogenetic distance between the invader and all resident species, possibly indicating limitation by the availability of the unexploited niche (i.e., organic substances in the medium capable of supporting the invader growth); invader abundance was best explained by phylogenetic distance between the invader and its nearest resident relative, possibly indicating limitation by the availability of the unexploited optimal niche (i.e., the subset of organic substances supporting the best invader growth). These results were largely driven by one resident bacterium (a subspecies of Serratia marcescens) posting the strongest resistance to the alien bacterium (another subspecies of S. marcescens). Overall, our findings support phylogenetic relatedness as a useful predictor of species invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid20167753, year = {2010}, author = {Stokstad, E}, title = {Invasive species. Biologists rush to protect Great Lakes from onslaught of carp.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {327}, number = {5968}, pages = {932}, doi = {10.1126/science.327.5968.932}, pmid = {20167753}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; *Fresh Water ; Great Lakes Region ; Population Dynamics ; Rivers ; *Zooplankton ; }, }
@article {pmid20164098, year = {2010}, author = {Colautti, RI and Eckert, CG and Barrett, SC}, title = {Evolutionary constraints on adaptive evolution during range expansion in an invasive plant.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {277}, number = {1689}, pages = {1799-1806}, pmid = {20164098}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Demography ; Flowers ; Genetic Variation ; Lythrum/*genetics/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions may expose populations to strong selection for local adaptation along geographical gradients in climate. However, evolution during contemporary timescales can be constrained by low standing genetic variation and genetic correlations among life-history traits. We examined limits to local adaptation associated with northern migration of the invasive wetland plant purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) using a selection model incorporating a trade-off between flowering time and size at reproduction, and common garden experiments of populations sampled along a latitudinal transect of approximately 1200 km in eastern North America. A strong trade-off between flowering time and size at reproduction caused early-flowering plants to be smaller with reduced seed production in northern populations. Northward spread was associated with a decline in genetic variance within populations and an increase in genetic skew for flowering time and size, with limited genetic variation for small, early-flowering genotypes. These patterns were predicted by our selection model of local adaptation to shorter growing seasons and were not consistent with expectations from non-adaptive processes. Reduced fecundity may limit population growth and rates of spread in northern populations. Identifying genetic constraints on key life-history traits can provide novel insights into invasion dynamics and the causes of range limits in introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid20163550, year = {2010}, author = {Gaither, MR and Bowen, BW and Toonen, RJ and Planes, S and Messmer, V and Earle, J and Ross Robertson, D}, title = {Genetic consequences of introducing allopatric lineages of Bluestriped Snapper (Lutjanus kasmira) to Hawaii.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {6}, pages = {1107-1121}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04535.x}, pmid = {20163550}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Founder Effect ; Gene Frequency ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Hawaii ; Introns ; Perciformes/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {A half century ago the State of Hawaii began a remarkable, if unintentional, experiment on the population genetics of introduced species, by releasing 2431 Bluestriped Snappers (Lutjanus kasmira) from the Marquesas Islands in 1958 and 728 conspecifics from the Society Islands in 1961. By 1992 L. kasmira had spread across the entire archipelago, including locations 2000 km from the release site. Genetic surveys of the source populations reveal diagnostic differences in the mtDNA control region (d = 3.8%; phi(ST) = 0.734, P < 0.001) and significant allele frequency differences at nuclear DNA loci (F(ST) = 0.49; P < 0.001). These findings, which indicate that source populations have been isolated for approximately half a million years, set the stage for a survey of the Hawaiian Archipelago (N = 385) to determine the success of these introductions in terms of genetic diversity and breeding behaviour. Both Marquesas and Society mtDNA lineages were detected at each survey site across the Hawaiian Archipelago, at about the same proportion or slightly less than the original 3.4:1 introduction ratio. Nuclear allele frequencies and parentage tests demonstrate that the two source populations are freely interbreeding. The introduction of 2431 Marquesan founders produced only a slight reduction in mtDNA diversity (17%), while the 728 Society founders produced a greater reduction in haplotype diversity (41%). We find no evidence of genetic bottlenecks between islands of the Hawaiian Archipelago, as expected under a stepping-stone model of colonization, from the initial introduction site. This species rapidly colonized across 2000 km without loss of genetic diversity, illustrating the consequences of introducing highly dispersive marine species.}, }
@article {pmid20163491, year = {2010}, author = {Crowder, DW and Horowitz, AR and De Barro, PJ and Liu, SS and Showalter, AM and Kontsedalov, S and Khasdan, V and Shargal, A and Liu, J and Carrière, Y}, title = {Mating behaviour, life history and adaptation to insecticides determine species exclusion between whiteflies.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, pages = {563-570}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01666.x}, pmid = {20163491}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Hemiptera/*drug effects/*physiology ; *Insecticide Resistance ; Insecticides/*pharmacology ; Models, Biological ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {1. Negative interspecific interactions, such as resource competition or reproductive interference, can lead to the displacement of species (species exclusion). 2. Here, we investigated the effect of life history, mating behaviour and adaptation to insecticides on species exclusion between cryptic whitefly species that make up the Bemisia tabaci species complex. We conducted population cage experiments independently in China, Australia, the United States and Israel to observe patterns of species exclusion between an invasive species commonly referred to as the B biotype and three other species commonly known as biotypes ZHJ1, AN and Q. 3. Although experimental conditions and species varied between regions, we were able to predict the observed patterns of exclusion in each region using a stochastic model that incorporated data on development time, mating behaviour and resistance to insecticides. 4. Between-species variation in mating behaviour was a more significant factor affecting species exclusion than variation in development time. Specifically, the ability of B to copulate more effectively than other species resulted in a faster rate of population increase for B, as well as a reduced rate of population growth for other species, leading to species exclusion. The greater ability of B to evolve resistance to insecticides also contributed to exclusion of other species in some cases. 5. Results indicate that an integrative analysis of the consequences of variation in life-history traits, mating behaviours and adaption to insecticides could provide a robust framework for predicting species exclusion following whitefly invasions.}, }
@article {pmid20156191, year = {2010}, author = {Morrissey, D and O'Sullivan, GC and Tangney, M}, title = {Tumour targeting with systemically administered bacteria.}, journal = {Current gene therapy}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {3-14}, doi = {10.2174/156652310790945575}, pmid = {20156191}, issn = {1875-5631}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*chemistry ; *Drug Delivery Systems ; Genetic Engineering ; Genetic Vectors/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Neoplasms/*drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Challenges for oncology practitioners and researchers include specific treatment and detection of tumours. The ideal anti-cancer therapy would selectively eradicate tumour cells, whilst minimising side effects to normal tissue. Bacteria have emerged as biological gene vectors with natural tumour specificity, capable of homing to tumours and replicating locally to high levels when systemically administered. This property enables targeting of both the primary tumour and secondary metastases. In the case of invasive pathogenic species, this targeting strategy can be used to deliver genes intracellularly for tumour cell expression, while non-invasive species transformed with plasmids suitable for bacterial expression of heterologous genes can secrete therapeutic proteins locally within the tumour environment (cell therapy approach). Many bacterial genera have been demonstrated to localise to and replicate to high levels within tumour tissue when intravenously (IV) administered in rodent models and reporter gene tagging of bacteria has permitted real-time visualisation of this phenomenon. Live imaging of tumour colonising bacteria also presents diagnostic potential for this approach. The nature of tumour selective bacterial colonisation appears to be tumour origin- and bacterial species- independent. While originally a correlation was drawn between anaerobic bacterial colonisation and the hypoxic nature of solid tumours, it is recently becoming apparent that other elements of the unique microenvironment within solid tumours, including aberrant neovasculature and local immune suppression, may be responsible. Here, we consider the pre-clinical data supporting the use of bacteria as a tumour-targeting tool, recent advances in the area, and future work required to develop it into a beneficial clinical tool.}, }
@article {pmid20155374, year = {2010}, author = {Godoy, O and Castro-Díez, P and Van Logtestijn, RS and Cornelissen, JH and Valladares, F}, title = {Leaf litter traits of invasive species slow down decomposition compared to Spanish natives: a broad phylogenetic comparison.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {162}, number = {3}, pages = {781-790}, pmid = {20155374}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Phylogeny ; Plants/*metabolism ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Leaf traits related to the performance of invasive alien species can influence nutrient cycling through litter decomposition. However, there is no consensus yet about whether there are consistent differences in functional leaf traits between invasive and native species that also manifest themselves through their "after life" effects on litter decomposition. When addressing this question it is important to avoid confounding effects of other plant traits related to early phylogenetic divergences and to understand the mechanism underlying the observed results to predict which invasive species will exert larger effects on nutrient cycling. We compared initial leaf litter traits, and their effect on decomposability as tested in standardized incubations, in 19 invasive-native pairs of co-familial species from Spain. They included 12 woody and seven herbaceous alien species representative of the Spanish invasive flora. The predictive power of leaf litter decomposition rates followed the order: growth form > family > status (invasive vs. native) > leaf type. Within species pairs litter decomposition tended to be slower and more dependent on N and P in invaders than in natives. This difference was likely driven by the higher lignin content of invader leaves. Although our study has the limitation of not representing the natural conditions from each invaded community, it suggests a potential slowing down of the nutrient cycle at ecosystem scale upon invasion.}, }
@article {pmid20151986, year = {2010}, author = {Maris, V and Béchet, A}, title = {From adaptive management to adjustive management: a pragmatic account of biodiversity values.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {966-973}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01437.x}, pmid = {20151986}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Cultural Evolution ; Ethical Theory ; France ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Social Values ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {The conservation of biodiversity poses an exceptionally difficult problem in that it needs to be effective in a context of double uncertainty: scientific (i.e., how to conserve biodiversity) and normative (i.e., which biodiversity to conserve and why). Although adaptive management offers a promising approach to overcome scientific uncertainty, normative uncertainty is seldom tackled by conservation science. We expanded on the approach proposed by adaptive-management theorists by devising an integrative and iterative approach to conservation that encompasses both types of uncertainty. Inspired by environmental pragmatism, we suggest that moral values at stake in biodiversity conservation are plastic and that a plurality of individual normative positions can coexist and evolve. Moral values should thus be explored through an experimental process as additional parameters to be incorporated in the traditional adaptive-management approach. As such, moral values should also be monitored by environmental ethicists working side by side with scientists and managers on conservation projects. Acknowledging the diversity of moral values and integrating them in a process of collective deliberation will help overcome the normative uncertainty. We used Dewey's distinction between adaptation and adjustment to offer a new paradigm built around what we call adjustive management, which reflects both the uncertainty and the likely evolution of the moral values humans attribute to biodiversity. We illustrate how this paradigm relates to practical conservation decisions by exploring the case of the Sacred Ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus), an alien species in France that is the target of an eradication plan undertaken with little regard for moral issues. We propose that a more satisfying result of efforts to control Sacred Ibis could have been reached by rerouting the traditional feedback loop of adaptive management to include a normative inquiry. This adjustive management approach now needs to be tested in real-case conservation programs.}, }
@article {pmid20149648, year = {2010}, author = {Eberhardt, TL and Catallo, WJ and Shupe, TF}, title = {Hydrothermal transformation of Chinese privet seed biomass to gas-phase and semi-volatile products.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {101}, number = {11}, pages = {4198-4204}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.064}, pmid = {20149648}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Biomass ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Ligustrum/*embryology ; Seeds/*chemistry ; Volatilization ; }, abstract = {Hydrothermal (HT) treatment of seeds from Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense), a non-native and invasive species in the southeastern United States, was examined with respect to the generation of gas-phase and semi-volatile organic chemicals of industrial importance from a lipid-rich biomass resource. Aqueous seed slurries were transformed into biphasic liquid systems comprised of a milky aqueous phase overlain by a black organic layer. Present in the headspace were elevated levels of CO(2) and acetic acid. Analysis of the semi-volatiles by GC-MS showed the formation of alkyl substituted benzenes, oxygenated cyclic alkenes, phenol, substituted phenolics, and alkyl substituted pyridines. Compared to immature seeds, mature seeds gave high relative amounts of oxygenated cyclic alkenes (cyclopentenones) and alkyl pyridines. The presence of fatty acids in the HT products likely resulted from both lipid hydrolysis reactions and the inherent stability of fatty acids under HT treatment conditions. Estimates of lignin and protein contents showed no definite trend that could be linked to the HT data. The proportion of aromatic HT products appeared to derive primarily from the proportion of extractives. Thus, variations in extractives yields impact HT product yields and thereby demonstrate the importance of timing in feedstock collection to favor targeted HT products.}, }
@article {pmid20149095, year = {2010}, author = {Goldstien, SJ and Schiel, DR and Gemmell, NJ}, title = {Regional connectivity and coastal expansion: differentiating pre-border and post-border vectors for the invasive tunicate Styela clava.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, pages = {874-885}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04527.x}, pmid = {20149095}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Ecosystem ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Microsatellite Repeats ; New Zealand ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Urochordata/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The dramatic increase in marine bio-invasions, particularly of non-indigenous ascidians, has highlighted the vulnerability of marine ecosystems and the productive sectors that rely on them. A critical issue in managing invasive species is determining the relative roles of ongoing introductions, versus the local movement of propagules from established source populations. Styela clava (Herdman, 1882), the Asian clubbed tunicate, once restricted to the Pacific shores of Asia and Russia, is now abundant throughout the northern and southern hemispheres and has had significant economic impact in at least one site of incursion. In 2005 S. clava was identified in New Zealand. The recent introduction of this species, coupled with its restricted distribution, provided an ideal model to compare and contrast the introduction and expansion process. In this study, the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) gene and 11 microsatellite markers were used to test the regional genetic structure and diversity of 318 S. clava individuals from 10 populations within New Zealand. Both markers showed significant differentiation between the northern and southern populations, indicative of minimal pre- or post-border connectivity. Additional statistics further support pre- and post-border differentiation among Port and Harbour populations (i.e. marinas and aquaculture farms). We conclude that New Zealand receives multiple introductions, and that the primary vector for pre-border incursions and post-border spread is most likely the extensive influx of recreational vessels that enter northern marinas independent of the Port. This is a timely reminder of the potential for hull-fouling organisms to expand their range as climates change and open new pathways.}, }
@article {pmid20148357, year = {2010}, author = {Sardans, J and Llusià, J and Niinemets, U and Owen, S and Peñuelas, J}, title = {Foliar mono- and sesquiterpene contents in relation to leaf economic spectrum in native and alien species in Oahu (Hawai'i).}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {210-226}, pmid = {20148357}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Climate ; Hawaii ; Monoterpenes/*metabolism ; Plant Leaves/classification/*metabolism ; Plants/classification/*metabolism ; Sesquiterpenes/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Capacity for terpene production may confer advantage in protection against abiotic stresses such as heat and drought, and also against herbivore and pathogen attack. Plant invasive success has been intense in the Hawaiian islands, but little is known about terpene content in native and alien plant species on these islands. We conducted a screening of leaf terpene concentrations in 35 native and 38 alien dominant plant species on Oahu island. Ten (29%) of the 35 native species and 15 (39%) of the 38 alien species contained terpenes in the leaves. This is the first report of terpene content for the ten native species, and for 10 of the 15 alien species. A total of 156 different terpenes (54 monoterpenes and 102 sesquiterpenes) were detected. Terpene content had no phylogenetic significance among the studied species. Alien species contained significantly more terpenes in leaves (average+/-SE=1965+/-367 microg g(-1)) than native species (830+/-227 microg g(-1)). Alien species showed significantly higher photosynthetic capacity, N content, and lower Leaf Mass Area (LMA) than native species, and showed higher total terpene leaf content per N and P leaf content. Alien species, thus, did not follow the expected pattern of "excess carbon" in comparison with native species. Instead, patterns were consistent with the "nutrient driven synthesis" hypothesis. Comparing alien and native species, the results also support the modified Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis that suggests that alien success may be favored by a defense system based on an increase in concentrations of less costly defenses (terpenes) against generalist herbivores.}, }
@article {pmid20148265, year = {2010}, author = {Xu, W and Faisal, M}, title = {Gene expression profiling during the byssogenesis of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha).}, journal = {Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG}, volume = {283}, number = {4}, pages = {327-339}, pmid = {20148265}, issn = {1617-4623}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Dreissena/*genetics/physiology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; }, abstract = {Since its invasion to the North American waters 20 years ago, the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) has negatively impacted the ecosystems through its firm underwater adhesion. The molecular mechanisms governing the functions of the zebra mussel byssus, the main structure responsible for maintaining the underwater adhesion, have received little attention. Our previously developed zebra mussel foot byssus cDNA microarray was applied in this study to identify the genes involved in different stages of the byssal threads generation. Byssal threads of zebra mussels were manually severed under laboratory conditions and the formation of new byssal threads was followed over a 3 week course. By comparing the gene expression profiles in different stages of byssal threads generation (byssogenesis) to their baseline values, we found that the number of unique byssus genes differentially expressed at 12-h, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 21 days post-treatment was 13, 13, 20, 17, 16, 20, and 29, respectively. Comparisons were also made between two subsequent samples (e.g., 12 h vs. 1, 1 vs. 2 days, 2 vs. 3 days, and so on). Seven differentially expressed genes were selected for validation by using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and the results were consistent with those from the microarray analysis. By using fluorescent in situ hybridization, we found that two microarray identified genes, BG15_F03-DPFP and BG16_H05-EGP, were expressed in two major byssus glands located in the zebra mussel foot: the stem-forming gland and plaque-forming gland, respectively. Moreover, the qRT-PCR of seven microarray identified genes with different zebra mussel samples suggested that they were also expressed in other mussel tissues beside the foot, albeit at much lower levels. This suggested that the microarray identified genes were produced primarily by the foot, and were likely associated with byssogenesis. The differentially expressed genes identified in this study indicated that multiple molecules are involved in byssogenesis, most likely performing multiple functions during the generation of byssal threads. These results obtained herein represent the first logical step toward understanding underwater attachment mechanisms employed by this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid20146854, year = {2010}, author = {Nehme, ME and Keena, MA and Zhang, A and Baker, TC and Xu, Z and Hoover, K}, title = {Evaluating the use of male-produced pheromone components and plant volatiles in two trap designs to monitor Anoplophora glabripennis.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {169-176}, doi = {10.1603/EN09177}, pmid = {20146854}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Appetitive Behavior/*drug effects ; Coleoptera/*drug effects ; Female ; Insect Control/methods ; Male ; Plant Extracts/*pharmacology ; Sex Attractants/*pharmacology ; Volatile Organic Compounds/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), commonly known as the Asian longhorned beetle, is a wood-boring invasive species introduced from Asia to North America and Europe in solid wood packing material. Efficient monitoring traps are needed to assess population density and dispersal in the field and to detect new introductions at ports of entry. For this purpose, we conducted field trapping experiments in China in the summers of 2007 and 2008. In 2007, we tested Intercept panel traps hung on poplar trees. In 2008, we used Intercept panel traps hung on poplar trees, screen sleeve traps wrapped around poplar trunks, and Intercept panel traps hung on bamboo poles 20 m away from host trees. Traps were baited with A. glabripennis male-produced pheromone alone or in different combinations with plant volatiles. Traps baited with the male-produced pheromone alone caught significantly more females than control traps in both years. The addition of a mixture of (-)-linalool, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, linalool oxide, trans-caryophyllene, and trans-pinocarveol to the pheromone significantly increased trap catches of females, 85% of which were virgin. Screen sleeve traps baited with a combination of (-)-linalool and the pheromone caught the highest number of beetles overall in 2008, whereas traps placed on bamboo polls caught the lowest number. Although the logistics for the most effective implementation of a trapping program using a mixture of the pheromone and plant volatiles require additional studies, these results indicate that this pheromone has considerable promise as a monitoring tool for A. glabripennis in the field.}, }
@article {pmid20145303, year = {2010}, author = {Hulák, M and Kaspar, V and Kozák, P and Buric, M and Filipová, L and Petrusek, A}, title = {Cross-species amplification of microsatellite markers in the invasive spiny-cheek crayfish (Orconectes limosus): assessment and application.}, journal = {Journal of applied genetics}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {73-78}, pmid = {20145303}, issn = {1234-1983}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; *Breeding ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The North American spiny-cheek crayfish, Orconectes limosus (Cambaridae), endangered in its native range, is a widespread invasive species in European waters and conservationally important carrier of crayfish plague. However, its population structure is poorly known, and no informative genetic markers for the species are available. We tested cross-species transfer of microsatellite loci to spiny-cheek crayfish from 5 other crayfish species. Variability of 10 successfully amplifying loci derived from 4 species was then tested in 60 individuals of O. limosus originating from 3 natural populations: the river Danube at Bogyiszló in Hungary, a pond in Starý Klíèov, and the brook Eernovický, both in the Czech Republic. The allele number within the populations ranged from 4 to 10 alleles per locus, while heterozygosity levels varied from 0.650 to 0.900 for H(o) and from 0.660 to 0.890 for H(e). No linkage disequilibrium and no null alleles were detected. The selected markers are useful for assessing population structure, intraspecific variation, and paternity studies in spiny-cheek crayfish.}, }
@article {pmid20140674, year = {2010}, author = {Magee, TK and Ringold, PL and Bollman, MA and Ernst, TL}, title = {Index of alien impact: a method for evaluating potential ecological impact of alien plant species.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {759-778}, pmid = {20140674}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Models, Theoretical ; Oregon ; *Plant Development ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Alien plant species are stressors to ecosystems and indicators of reduced ecosystem integrity. The magnitude of the stress reflects not only the quantity of aliens present, but also the quality of their interactions with native ecosystems. We develop an Index of Alien Impact (IAI) to estimate the collective ecological impact of in situ alien species. IAI summarizes the frequency of occurrence and potential ecological impact (Invasiveness-Impact Score (I (i))) of individual alien species for all aliens present in a particular location or community type. A component metric, I (i), is based on ecological species traits (life history, ecological amplitude, and ability to alter ecosystem processes) that reflect mechanisms, which can increase impact to ecosystem structure and function. While I (i) is less complex than some other multi-metric rankings of alien impact, it compares well to these metrics and to qualitative judgments. IAI can be adapted for different ecological settings by modifying the set of species traits incorporated in I (i) to reflect properties likely to breach biotic and abiotic barriers or alter ecosystem function in a particular region or community type of interest. To demonstrate our approach, we created versions of IAI and I (i), applicable to the diverse streamside vegetation of a river basin (19,631 km(2)) spanning low-elevation arid to mesic montane habitats in eastern Oregon, USA. In this demonstration effort, we (1) evaluate relationships of IAI to metrics describing invasion level, and (2) illustrate the potential utility of IAI for prioritizing alien species management activities and informing restoration goals.}, }
@article {pmid20136871, year = {2010}, author = {Egoh, BN and Reyers, B and Carwardine, J and Bode, M and O'Farrell, PJ and Wilson, KA and Possingham, HP and Rouget, M and de Lange, W and Richardson, DM and Cowling, RM}, title = {Safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystem services in the Little Karoo, South Africa.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {1021-1030}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01442.x}, pmid = {20136871}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics/*methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Models, Theoretical ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Global declines in biodiversity and the widespread degradation of ecosystem services have led to urgent calls to safeguard both. Responses to this urgency include calls to integrate the needs of ecosystem services and biodiversity into the design of conservation interventions. The benefits of such integration are purported to include improvements in the justification and resources available for these interventions. Nevertheless, additional costs and potential trade-offs remain poorly understood in the design of interventions that seek to conserve biodiversity and ecosystem services. We sought to investigate the synergies and trade-offs in safeguarding ecosystem services and biodiversity in South Africa's Little Karoo. We used data on three ecosystem services--carbon storage, water recharge, and fodder provision--and data on biodiversity to examine several conservation planning scenarios. First, we investigated the amount of each ecosystem service captured incidentally by a conservation plan to meet targets for biodiversity only while minimizing opportunity costs. We then examined the costs of adding targets for ecosystem services into this conservation plan. Finally, we explored trade-offs between biodiversity and ecosystem service targets at a fixed cost. At least 30% of each ecosystem service was captured incidentally when all of biodiversity targets were met. By including data on ecosystem services, we increased the amount of services captured by at least 20% for all three services without additional costs. When biodiversity targets were reduced by 8%, an extra 40% of fodder provision and water recharge were obtained and 58% of carbon could be captured for the same cost. The opportunity cost (in terms of forgone production) of safeguarding 100% of the biodiversity targets was about US$500 million. Our results showed that with a small decrease in biodiversity target achievement, substantial gains for the conservation of ecosystem services can be achieved within our biodiversity priority areas for no extra cost.}, }
@article {pmid20136746, year = {2010}, author = {Stohlgren, TJ and Ma, P and Kumar, S and Rocca, M and Morisette, JT and Jarnevich, CS and Benson, N}, title = {Ensemble habitat mapping of invasive plant species.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {224-235}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01343.x}, pmid = {20136746}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Alaska ; California ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Logistic Models ; Models, Biological ; *Plant Development ; Plant Leaves ; Trees ; Wyoming ; }, abstract = {Ensemble species distribution models combine the strengths of several species environmental matching models, while minimizing the weakness of any one model. Ensemble models may be particularly useful in risk analysis of recently arrived, harmful invasive species because species may not yet have spread to all suitable habitats, leaving species-environment relationships difficult to determine. We tested five individual models (logistic regression, boosted regression trees, random forest, multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), and maximum entropy model or Maxent) and ensemble modeling for selected nonnative plant species in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks, Wyoming; Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California, and areas of interior Alaska. The models are based on field data provided by the park staffs, combined with topographic, climatic, and vegetation predictors derived from satellite data. For the four invasive plant species tested, ensemble models were the only models that ranked in the top three models for both field validation and test data. Ensemble models may be more robust than individual species-environment matching models for risk analysis.}, }
@article {pmid20133569, year = {2010}, author = {Van Bocxlaer, I and Loader, SP and Roelants, K and Biju, SD and Menegon, M and Bossuyt, F}, title = {Gradual adaptation toward a range-expansion phenotype initiated the global radiation of toads.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {327}, number = {5966}, pages = {679-682}, doi = {10.1126/science.1181707}, pmid = {20133569}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Africa ; Animals ; Asia ; Australia ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; *Bufonidae/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/genetics/physiology ; Genetic Speciation ; Geography ; Likelihood Functions ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; South America ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Recent studies have identified range expansion as a potential driver of speciation. Yet it remains poorly understood how, under identical extrinsic settings, differential tendencies for geographic movement of taxa originate and subsequently affect diversification. We identified multiple traits that predict large distributional ranges in extant species of toads (Bufonidae) and used statistical methods to define and phylogenetically reconstruct an optimal range-expansion phenotype. Our results indicate that lineage-specific range-shifting abilities increased through an accumulation of adaptive traits that culminated in such a phenotype. This initiated the episode of global colonization and triggered the major radiation of toads. Evolution toward a range-expansion phenotype might be crucial to understanding both ancient widespread radiations and the evolutionary background of contemporary invasive species such as the cane toad.}, }
@article {pmid20133353, year = {2010}, author = {Launey, S and Brunet, G and Guyomard, R and Davaine, P}, title = {Role of introduction history and landscape in the range expansion of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in the Kerguelen Islands.}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {101}, number = {3}, pages = {270-283}, doi = {10.1093/jhered/esp130}, pmid = {20133353}, issn = {1465-7333}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Trout/*genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Human-mediated biological invasions constitute interesting case studies to understand evolutionary processes, including the role of founder effects. Population expansion of newly introduced species can be highly dependant on barriers caused by landscape features, but identifying these barriers and their impact on genetic structure is a relatively recent concern in population genetics and ecology. Salmonid populations of the Kerguelen Islands archipelago are a favorable model system to address these questions as these populations are characterized by a simple history of introduction, little or no anthropogenic influence, and demographic monitoring since the first introductions. We analyzed genetic variation at 10 microsatellite loci in 19 populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in the Courbet Peninsula (Kerguelen Islands), where the species, introduced in 3 rivers only, has colonized the whole water system in 40 years. Despite a limited numbers of introductions, trout populations have maintained a genetic diversity comparable with what is found in hatchery or wild populations in Europe, but they are genetically structured. The main factor explaining the observed patterns of genetic diversity is the history of introductions, with each introduced population acting as a source for colonization of nearby rivers. Correlations between environmental and genetic parameters show that within each "source population" group, landscape characteristics (type of coast, accessibility of river mouth, distances between rivers, river length ...) play a role in shaping directions and rates of migration, and thus the genetic structure of the colonizing populations.}, }
@article {pmid20126652, year = {2010}, author = {Willis, CG and Ruhfel, BR and Primack, RB and Miller-Rushing, AJ and Losos, JB and Davis, CC}, title = {Favorable climate change response explains non-native species' success in Thoreau's woods.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {e8878}, pmid = {20126652}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Massachusetts ; Plants/*classification ; }, abstract = {Invasive species have tremendous detrimental ecological and economic impacts. Climate change may exacerbate species invasions across communities if non-native species are better able to respond to climate changes than native species. Recent evidence indicates that species that respond to climate change by adjusting their phenology (i.e., the timing of seasonal activities, such as flowering) have historically increased in abundance. The extent to which non-native species success is similarly linked to a favorable climate change response, however, remains untested. We analyzed a dataset initiated by the conservationist Henry David Thoreau that documents the long-term phenological response of native and non-native plant species over the last 150 years from Concord, Massachusetts (USA). Our results demonstrate that non-native species, and invasive species in particular, have been far better able to respond to recent climate change by adjusting their flowering time. This demonstrates that climate change has likely played, and may continue to play, an important role in facilitating non-native species naturalization and invasion at the community level.}, }
@article {pmid20121847, year = {2010}, author = {Samways, MJ and Sharratt, NJ}, title = {Recovery of endemic dragonflies after removal of invasive alien trees.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {267-277}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01427.x}, pmid = {20121847}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Insecta ; Male ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Because dragonflies are very sensitive to alien trees, we assessed their response to large-scale restoration of riparian corridors. We compared three types of disturbance regime--alien invaded, cleared of alien vegetation, and natural vegetation (control)--and recorded data on 22 environmental variables. The most significant variables in determining dragonfly assemblages were percentage of bank cover and tree canopy cover, which indicates the importance of vegetation architecture for these dragonflies. This finding suggests that it is important to restore appropriate marginal vegetation and sunlight conditions. Recovery of dragonfly assemblages after the clearing of alien trees was substantial. Species richness and abundance at restored sites matched those at control sites. Dragonfly assemblage patterns reflected vegetation succession. Thus, initially eurytopic, widespread species were the main beneficiaries of the removal of alien trees, and stenotopic, endemic species appeared after indigenous vegetation recovered over time. Important indicator species were the two national endemics (Allocnemis leucosticta and Pseudagrion furcigerum), which, along with vegetation type, can be used to monitor return of overall integrity of riparian ecology and to make management decisions. Endemic species as a whole responded positively to restoration, which suggests that indigenous vegetation recovery has major benefits for irreplaceable and widespread generalist species.}, }
@article {pmid20121015, year = {2009}, author = {Delgado, JA and Jimenez, MD and Gomez, A}, title = {Samara size versus dispersal and seedling establishment in Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle.}, journal = {Journal of environmental biology}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {183-186}, pmid = {20121015}, issn = {0254-8704}, mesh = {Ailanthus/*growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Germination ; }, abstract = {We have specifically carried out a greenhouse experiment to assess relationship between samara weight and seed success. Relationship assessed as dispersal potential, germination level, germination rate and early seedling mass for the invasive species Ailanthus altissima. For this purpose, we considered two close stands as seeds source. We found no correlation between samara size and neither germination level, germination rate, nor seedling mass, but a positive correlation with samara projected area. These results suggest that samara weight is not directly related to germination, dispersal and invasion potential neither. Nevertheless, stands differed in the invasion potential of their samaras; one stand presented samaras with higher projected area per weight unit whereas the other one presented samaras that produced heavier seedlings. Whatever the origin, (genetic or environmental) of this differences it should be advantageous for a colonizing invader species such as A. altissima since it could imply a wider range of habitats susceptible to invasion.}, }
@article {pmid20120482, year = {2009}, author = {Chandra, A}, title = {Diversity among Stylosanthes species: habitat, edaphic and agro-climatic affinities leading to cultivar development.}, journal = {Journal of environmental biology}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {471-478}, pmid = {20120482}, issn = {0254-8704}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Biodiversity ; Breeding ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fabaceae/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Genetic Variation ; India ; Regeneration ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Since the introduction of Stylosanthes, a range legume, in India in early seventies extensive efforts have been made for its evaluation and adaptation. However limited germplasm and narrow genetic base were major impediments in its wider adaptations. Of late, introduction of several new improved germplasm including newly identified species, cultivars and bred materials from Australia, Colombia, Brazil and Ethiopia and their evaluation at selected centers under different agro-climatic conditions improved the existing scenario as many lines including S. scabra RRR as well as newly introduced species S. seabrana has shown great promise for diverse agro-climatic zones. Because of concerted efforts which was largely generated from the recently concluded Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) stylo project and background study during the period of early eighties Stylosanthes has been considered as the most important tropical legume which not only improve the soil fertility but also provide nutritive forage. Two species namely S. hamata and S. scabra largely contribute to the supply of forages for cattle, buffalo, goats and sheep. As a nitrogen fixing legume, the plant helps replenish soil nutrients when used in ley farming, mixed and inter-cropping systems. The scenario has largely changed due to the better performance of newly introduced S. seabrana species which possessed high seedling vigour high nutritional parameters and better adaptation under rain-fed situations in heavy clay and cracking soil types. It provides good foliage and being erect and low sticky in nature showed compatibility for mixed cropping. Results also demonstrated reasonable yield in first year by all four major species which ultimately geared up in second year of growth. This was stable in S. hamata and S. viscosa for another two years whereas other two species namely S. scabra and S. seabrana indicated enhanced yield in consecutive years.}, }
@article {pmid21622385, year = {2010}, author = {Blanchard, ML and Barney, JN and Averill, KM and Mohler, CL and Ditommaso, A}, title = {Does polyembryony confer a competitive advantage to the invasive perennial vine Vincetoxicum rossicum (Apocynaceae)?.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, pages = {251-260}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.0900232}, pmid = {21622385}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {Determining which traits may allow some introduced plant species to become invasive in their new environment continues to be a key question in invasion biology. Vincetoxicum rossicum is an invasive, perennial vine colonizing natural and seminatural habitats primarily in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. More than half its seeds exhibit polyembryony, a relatively uncommon condition in which a single seed produces multiple seedlings. For evaluating the potential consequences of polyembryony on invasiveness, V. rossicum plants derived from seeds of three embryonic classes-singlets, doublets, and triplets (one, two, and three seedlings per seed, respectively)-were paired in all combinations intraspecifically and with the co-occurring native herbs Solidago canadensis and Asclepias syriaca in a greenhouse study. Vincetoxicum rossicum biomass was 25-55% greater and follicle production 55-100% greater under intraspecific competition compared with interspecific competition. However, within a competitive environment, follicle production varied little. Regardless of competitive environment, V. rossicum originating from seeds with a greater number of embryos typically performed no better than plants arising from seed with fewer embryos (singlets = doublets = triplets)-except intraspecifically where doublets outperformed singlets, and with S. canadensis where triplets outperformed singlets. Our findings suggest that overall performance and fitness of V. rossicum is higher in monocultures than in mixed stands and that its ability to invade new habitats may not be attributable to the production of polyembryonic seeds.}, }
@article {pmid20105153, year = {2010}, author = {Pautasso, M and Dehnen-Schmutz, K and Holdenrieder, O and Pietravalle, S and Salama, N and Jeger, MJ and Lange, E and Hehl-Lange, S}, title = {Plant health and global change--some implications for landscape management.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {85}, number = {4}, pages = {729-755}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00123.x}, pmid = {20105153}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Air Pollution ; Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Commerce ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fires ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Plant Development ; Plants/*genetics ; Trees/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Global change (climate change together with other worldwide anthropogenic processes such as increasing trade, air pollution and urbanization) will affect plant health at the genetic, individual, population and landscape level. Direct effects include ecosystem stress due to natural resources shortage or imbalance. Indirect effects include (i) an increased frequency of natural detrimental phenomena, (ii) an increased pressure due to already present pests and diseases, (iii) the introduction of new invasive species either as a result of an improved suitability of the climatic conditions or as a result of increased trade, and (iv) the human response to global change. In this review, we provide an overview of recent studies on terrestrial plant health in the presence of global change factors. We summarize the links between climate change and some key issues in plant health, including tree mortality, changes in wildfire regimes, biological invasions and the role of genetic diversity for ecosystem resilience. Prediction and management of global change effects are complicated by interactions between globalization, climate and invasive plants and/or pathogens. We summarize practical guidelines for landscape management and draw general conclusions from an expanding body of literature.}, }
@article {pmid20102659, year = {2010}, author = {Hernández-L, N and Barragán, AR and Dupas, S and Silvain, JF and Dangles, O}, title = {Wing shape variations in an invasive moth are related to sexual dimorphism and altitude.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {100}, number = {5}, pages = {529-541}, doi = {10.1017/S000748530999054X}, pmid = {20102659}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {*Altitude ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Ecuador ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Moths/*anatomy &amp; histology ; *Sex Characteristics ; Wings, Animal/*anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Wing morphology has great importance in a wide variety of aspects of an insect's life. Here, we use a geometric morphometric approach to test the hypothesis that variation, in insect wing morphology patterns, occurs between sexes and along altitudinal gradients for invasive species, despite their recent association to this environment. We explored the variation in wing morphology between 12 invasive populations of the invasive potato pest, Tecia solanivora, at low and high altitude in the central highlands of Ecuador. After characterizing sexual dimorphism in wing shape, we investigated if moths at higher elevations differ in wing morphology from populations at lower altitudes. Results indicate wing shape and size differences between sexes and between altitudinal ranges. Females showed larger, wider wings than males, while high altitude moths showed larger, narrow-shaped wings by comparison to low-altitude moths. GLM analyses confirmed altitude was the only significant determinant of this gradient. Our study confirms a sexual dimorphism in size and wing shape for the potato moth. It also confirms and extends predictions of morphological changes with altitude to an invasive species, suggesting that wing morphology variation is an adapted response contributing to invasion success of the potato moth in mountainous landscapes. Ours is one of the first studies on the morphology of invasive insects and represents a valuable contribution to the study of insect invasions because it both offers empirical support to previous genetic studies on T. solanivora as well as proving broader insight into the mechanisms behind morphological evolution of a recently introduced pest.}, }
@article {pmid20101962, year = {2009}, author = {Yu, JJ and Zou, W and He, Y and Xu, ZH}, title = {[Fast catalogue of alien invasive weeds by Vis/NIR spectroscopy].}, journal = {Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi = Guang pu}, volume = {29}, number = {11}, pages = {2955-2958}, pmid = {20101962}, issn = {1000-0593}, mesh = {Introduced Species ; Least-Squares Analysis ; Plant Weeds/*classification ; Principal Component Analysis ; *Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; Support Vector Machine ; }, abstract = {The feasibility of visible and short-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (VIS/WNIR) techniques as means for the nondestructive and fast detection of alien invasive weeds was evaluated. Selected sensitive bands were found validated. In the present study, 3 kinds of alien invasive weeds, Veronica persica, Veronica polita, and Veronica arvensis Linn, and one kind of local weed, Lamiaceae amplexicaule Linn, were employed. The results showed that visible and NIR (Vis/NIR) technology could be introduced in classification of the alien invasive weeds or local weed with the similar outline. Thirty x 4 weeds samples were randomly selected for the calibration set, while the remaining 20 x 4 samples for the prediction set. Smoothing methods of moving average and standard normal variate (SNV) were used to pretreat spectra data. Based on principal components analysis, soft independent models of class analogy (SIMCA) were applied to make the model. Four frontal principal components of each catalogues were applied as the input of SIMCA, and with a significance level of 0.05, recognition ratio of 78.75% was obtained. The average prediction result is 90% except for Veronica polita. According to the modeling power of each spectra data in SIMCA, some possible sensitive bands, 496-521, 589-626 and 789-926 nm, were founded. By using these possible sensitive bands as the inputs of least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM), and setting the result of LS-SVM as the object function value of genetic algorithm (GA), mutational rate, crossover rate and population size were set up as 0.9, 0.5 and 50 respectively. Finally recognition ratio of 95.63% was obtained. The prediction results of 95.63% indicated that the selected wavelengths reflected the main characteristics of the four weeds, which proposed a new way to accelerate the research on cataloguing alien invasive weeds.}, }
@article {pmid20096926, year = {2010}, author = {Martínez-Lüscher, J and Holmer, M}, title = {Potential effects of the invasive species Gracilaria vermiculophylla on Zostera marina metabolism and survival.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, pages = {345-349}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2009.12.009}, pmid = {20096926}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; Gracilaria/*physiology ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/*physiology ; Population Density ; Temperature ; Water ; Zosteraceae/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The potential threat to seagrasses of the invasive algae, Gracilaria vermiculophylla was assessed through metabolic indicators under experimental conditions. Net leaf photosynthesis (LNP) and dark respiration (LDR) were measured from leaf segments of Zostera marina shoots under different loads of G. vermiculophylla (control, low 2.2kg FW m(-2) and high 4kg FW m(-2)) in mesocosm experiments separated in tanks at four temperatures (19, 23.5, 26 and 30 degrees C). LNP decreased in the presence of the high density G. vermiculophylla mat (25% on average), being the most severe reductions at 30 degrees C (35% less in high). LDR did not respond significantly to differences in algal biomass, whereas a progressive increase was found with increasing temperatures (3.4 times higher at 30 degrees C than at 19 degrees C). Sulphide in porewater was measured weekly in order clarify the role of sediment conditions on seagrass metabolism, and increased both with algal biomass (29% in high) and temperature (from 0.5mM at 26 degrees C to 2.6mM at 30 degrees C), but changes in LNP and LDR were not correlated with sulphide concentrations. Seagrass survival rates showed decreasing trend with algal biomass at all the temperatures (from 74% to 21% survival). G. vermiculophylla showed harmful effects on Z. marina metabolism and survival with synergistic effects of temperature suggesting greater impact of invasive species under future higher water temperatures.}, }
@article {pmid20087457, year = {2009}, author = {Maréchal, JP and Hellio, C}, title = {Challenges for the development of new non-toxic antifouling solutions.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {4623-4637}, pmid = {20087457}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/drug effects/metabolism ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Biofouling/*prevention &amp; control ; Biological Products/chemical synthesis/metabolism/pharmacology ; Disinfectants/chemistry/pharmacology ; Polymers/chemistry/pharmacology ; Trialkyltin Compounds/chemistry/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Marine biofouling is of major economic concern to all marine industries. The shipping trade is particularly alert to the development of new antifouling (AF) strategies, especially green AF paint as international regulations regarding the environmental impact of the compounds actually incorporated into the formulations are becoming more and more strict. It is also recognised that vessels play an extensive role in invasive species propagation as ballast waters transport potentially threatening larvae. It is then crucial to develop new AF solutions combining advances in marine chemistry and topography, in addition to a knowledge of marine biofoulers, with respect to the marine environment. This review presents the recent research progress made in the field of new non-toxic AF solutions (new microtexturing of surfaces, foul-release coatings, and with a special emphasis on marine natural antifoulants) as well as the perspectives for future research directions.}, }
@article {pmid20086053, year = {2010}, author = {Kaluza, P and Kölzsch, A and Gastner, MT and Blasius, B}, title = {The complex network of global cargo ship movements.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {7}, number = {48}, pages = {1093-1103}, pmid = {20086053}, issn = {1742-5662}, mesh = {Humans ; Oceans and Seas ; *Ships ; *Transportation ; }, abstract = {Transportation networks play a crucial role in human mobility, the exchange of goods and the spread of invasive species. With 90 per cent of world trade carried by sea, the global network of merchant ships provides one of the most important modes of transportation. Here, we use information about the itineraries of 16 363 cargo ships during the year 2007 to construct a network of links between ports. We show that the network has several features that set it apart from other transportation networks. In particular, most ships can be classified into three categories: bulk dry carriers, container ships and oil tankers. These three categories do not only differ in the ships' physical characteristics, but also in their mobility patterns and networks. Container ships follow regularly repeating paths whereas bulk dry carriers and oil tankers move less predictably between ports. The network of all ship movements possesses a heavy-tailed distribution for the connectivity of ports and for the loads transported on the links with systematic differences between ship types. The data analysed in this paper improve current assumptions based on gravity models of ship movements, an important step towards understanding patterns of global trade and bioinvasion.}, }
@article {pmid20084454, year = {2010}, author = {Nagaki, K and Terada, K and Wakimoto, M and Kashihara, K and Murata, M}, title = {Centromere targeting of alien CENH3s in Arabidopsis and tobacco cells.}, journal = {Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {203-211}, pmid = {20084454}, issn = {1573-6849}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/*genetics ; *Centromere ; Histones/analysis/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plant Proteins/analysis/*genetics ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Sequence Alignment ; Nicotiana/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The centromere is a region utilized for spindle attachment on a eukaryotic chromosome and essential for accurate chromatid segregation. In most eukaryotes, centromeres have specific DNA sequences and are capable of assembling specific proteins to form a complex called the kinetochore. Among these proteins, centromeric histone H3 (CENH3) is one of the most fundamental, since CENH3s have been found in all investigated functional centromeres and recruits other centromeric proteins. In this study, the localization of alien CENH3s were analyzed in Arabidopsis and tobacco-cultured cells to determine the interaction between species-specific centromeric DNA and CENH3. Results showed that CENH3 of Arabidopsis and tobacco were localized on centromeres in the tobacco-cultured cells, unlike the case with CENH3 of rice and Luzula. In addition to these CENH3s, CENH3 of Luzula was partially localized in the Arabidopsis cultured cells. These data suggest that only evolutionally close CENH3s are able to target centromeres in alien species. Furthermore, the ability to target alien centromeres of histone fold domains was investigated using amino-terminal deleted CENH3s.}, }
@article {pmid20078770, year = {2010}, author = {Salmon, A and Ainouche, ML}, title = {Polyploidy and DNA methylation: new tools available.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, pages = {213-215}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04461.x}, pmid = {20078770}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*DNA Methylation ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Genome, Plant ; *Polyploidy ; Taraxacum/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Most plant species are recent or ancient polyploids (displaying at least one round of genome duplication in their history). Cultivated species (e.g. wheat, cotton, canola, sugarcane, coffee) and invasive species are often relatively recent polyploids, and frequently of hybrid origin (i.e. allopolyploids). Despite the genetic bottleneck occurring during the allopolyploid speciation process, the formation of such species from two divergent lineages leads to fixed heterozygosity decisive to their success. New phenotypes and new niche occupation are usually associated with this mode of speciation, as a result of both genomic rearrangements and gene expression changes of different magnitudes depending on the different polyploid species investigated. These gene expression changes affecting newly formed polyploid species may result from various, interconnected mechanisms, including (i) functional interactions between the homoeologous copies and between their products, that are reunited in the same nucleus and cell; (ii) the fate of duplicated copies, selective pressure on one of the parental copy being released which could lead to gene loss, pseudogenization, or alternatively, to subfunctionalization or neofunctionalization; and (iii) epigenetic landscape changes that in turn affect gene expression. As one of the interrelated processes leading to epigenetic regulation of gene expression, the DNA methylation status of newly formed species appears to be consistently affected following both hybridization and genome doubling. In this issue, Verhoeven et al. have investigated the fate of DNA methylation patterns that could affect naturally occurring new asexual triploid lineages of dandelions. As a result of such a ploidy level change, the authors demonstrate stably transmitted DNA methylation changes leading to unique DNA methylation patterns in each newly formed lineage. Most studies published to date on plant DNA methylation polymorphism were performed using restriction enzymes sensitive to methylation. Recently, new high-throughput methods were made available, thanks to the development of 'next-generation sequencing' techniques. The combination of these methods offers powerful and promising tools to investigate epigenetic variation in both model and non-model systems.}, }
@article {pmid20077127, year = {2010}, author = {Weidenhamer, JD and Callaway, RM}, title = {Direct and indirect effects of invasive plants on soil chemistry and ecosystem function.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, pages = {59-69}, pmid = {20077127}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Glycine/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; Herbicides/metabolism ; Plant Weeds/*metabolism ; Plants/*metabolism ; Soil/*analysis ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants have a multitude of impacts on plant communities through their direct and indirect effects on soil chemistry and ecosystem function. For example, plants modify the soil environment through root exudates that affect soil structure, and mobilize and/or chelate nutrients. The long-term impact of litter and root exudates can modify soil nutrient pools, and there is evidence that invasive plant species may alter nutrient cycles differently from native species. The effects of plants on ecosystem biogeochemistry may be caused by differences in leaf tissue nutrient stoichiometry or secondary metabolites, although evidence for the importance of allelochemicals in driving these processes is lacking. Some invasive species may gain a competitive advantage through the release of compounds or combinations of compounds that are unique to the invaded community—the “novel weapons hypothesis.” Invasive plants also can exert profound impact on plant communities indirectly through the herbicides used to control them. Glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide in the world, often is used to help control invasive weeds, and generally is considered to have minimal environmental impacts. Most studies show little to no effect of glyphosate and other herbicides on soil microbial communities. However, herbicide applications can reduce or promote rhizobium nodulation and mycorrhiza formation. Herbicide drift can affect the growth of non-target plants, and glyphosate and other herbicides can impact significantly the secondary chemistry of plants at sublethal doses. In summary, the literature indicates that invasive species can alter the biogeochemistry of ecosystems, that secondary metabolites released by invasive species may play important roles in soil chemistry as well as plant-plant and plant-microbe interactions, and that the herbicides used to control invasive species can impact plant chemistry and ecosystems in ways that have yet to be fully explored.}, }
@article {pmid20066052, year = {2010}, author = {Huber, SK and Owen, JP and Koop, JA and King, MO and Grant, PR and Grant, BR and Clayton, DH}, title = {Ecoimmunity in Darwin's finches: invasive parasites trigger acquired immunity in the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {e8605}, pmid = {20066052}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis/immunology ; Ecology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Poxviridae/*immunology ; Songbirds/*immunology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive parasites are a major threat to island populations of animals. Darwin's finches of the Galápagos Islands are under attack by introduced pox virus (Poxvirus avium) and nest flies (Philornis downsi). We developed assays for parasite-specific antibody responses in Darwin's finches (Geospiza fortis), to test for relationships between adaptive immune responses to novel parasites and spatial-temporal variation in the occurrence of parasite pressure among G. fortis populations.<br><br>We developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the presence of antibodies in the serum of Darwin's finches specific to pox virus or Philornis proteins. We compared antibody levels between bird populations with and without evidence of pox infection (visible lesions), and among birds sampled before nesting (prior to nest-fly exposure) versus during nesting (with fly exposure). Birds from the Pox-positive population had higher levels of pox-binding antibodies. Philornis-binding antibody levels were higher in birds sampled during nesting. Female birds, which occupy the nest, had higher Philornis-binding antibody levels than males. The study was limited by an inability to confirm pox exposure independent of obvious lesions. However, the lasting effects of pox infection (e.g., scarring and lost digits) were expected to be reliable indicators of prior pox infection.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first demonstration, to our knowledge, of parasite-specific antibody responses to multiple classes of parasites in a wild population of birds. Darwin's finches initiated acquired immune responses to novel parasites. Our study has vital implications for invasion biology and ecological immunology. The adaptive immune response of Darwin's finches may help combat the negative effects of parasitism. Alternatively, the physiological cost of mounting such a response could outweigh any benefits, accelerating population decline. Tests of the fitness implications of parasite-specific immune responses in Darwin's finches are urgently needed.}, }
@article {pmid20063170, year = {2010}, author = {MacDonald, AA and Kotanen, PM}, title = {The effects of disturbance and enemy exclusion on performance of an invasive species, common ragweed, in its native range.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {162}, number = {4}, pages = {977-986}, pmid = {20063170}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Ambrosia/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Insecta ; Insecticides ; Invertebrates/classification/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Ontario ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction/physiology ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; Vertebrates/classification/growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) is an abundant weed in its native North America, despite supporting a wide range of natural enemies. Here, we tested whether these enemies have significant impacts on the performance of this plant in its native range. We excluded enemies from the three principal life-history stages (seed, seedling, and adult) of this annual in a series of field experiments; at the adult stage, we also manipulated soil disturbance and conspecific density. We then measured the consequences of these treatments for growth, survival, and reproduction. Excluding fungi and vertebrate granivores from seeds on the soil surface did not increase germination relative to control plots. Seedling survivorship was only slightly increased by the exclusion of molluscs and other herbivores. Insecticide reduced damage to leaves of adult plants, but did not improve growth or reproduction. Growth and survivorship of adults were strongly increased by disturbance, while higher conspecific density reduced performance in disturbed plots. These results indicate ragweed is insensitive to attack by many of its natural enemies, helping to explain its native-range success. In addition, they suggest that even though ragweed lost most of its insect folivores while invading Europe, escape from these enemies is unlikely to have provided a significant demographic advantage; instead, disturbance is likely to have been a much more important factor in its invasion. Escape from enemies should not be assumed to explain the success of exotic species unless improved performance also can be demonstrated; native-range studies can help achieve this goal.}, }
@article {pmid20056867, year = {2010}, author = {Chen, I}, title = {Invasion biology. Gaps in moth logic.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {327}, number = {5962}, pages = {136}, doi = {10.1126/science.327.5962.136}, pmid = {20056867}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; California ; *Crops, Agricultural ; *Insect Control ; *Moths ; United States ; United States Department of Agriculture ; }, }
@article {pmid20056866, year = {2010}, author = {Chen, I}, title = {Invasion biology. From Medfly to moth: raising a buzz of dissent.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {327}, number = {5962}, pages = {134-136}, doi = {10.1126/science.327.5962.134}, pmid = {20056866}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Australia ; California ; *Ceratitis capitata ; *Crops, Agricultural ; *Insect Control ; Insecticides ; *Moths ; Pest Control, Biological ; Public Policy ; }, }
@article {pmid20049104, year = {2009}, author = {Lougheed, T}, title = {Invasive species: Pallet-able change in Canada.}, journal = {Environmental health perspectives}, volume = {117}, number = {11}, pages = {A489}, doi = {10.1289/ehp.117-a489}, pmid = {20049104}, issn = {1552-9924}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; China ; Coleoptera ; Commerce/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Government Agencies/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Humans ; Insect Control/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; International Cooperation/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Product Packaging/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*standards ; United States ; Wood/*microbiology ; }, }
@article {pmid20044794, year = {2010}, author = {Kunz, PY and Kienle, C and Gerhardt, A}, title = {Gammarus spp. in aquatic ecotoxicology and water quality assessment: toward integrated multilevel tests.}, journal = {Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {205}, number = {}, pages = {1-76}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-5623-1_1}, pmid = {20044794}, issn = {0179-5953}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*physiology ; Animals ; Biological Assay ; Ecotoxicology/*methods ; Water/*chemistry/*standards ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {The amphipod genus Gammarus is widespread and is structurally and functionally important in epigean freshwaters of the Northern Hemisphere. Its presence is crucial, because macroinvertebrate feeding is a major rate-limiting step in the processing of stream detrius. In addition, Gammarus interacts with multiple trophic levels bu functioning as prey, predator, herbivore, detritivore, and shredder. Such a broad span of ecosystem participation underlines the importance of Gammarus to pollutants and other disturbances may render it a valuable indicator for ecosystem health. This review summarizes the vast number of studies conducted with Gammarus spp. for evaluating aquatic ecotoxicology endpoints and examines the suitability of this native invertabrate species for the assessment of stream ecosystem health in the Northern Hemisphere. Numerous papers have been published on how pollutants affect gammarind behavior (i.e., mating, predator avoidance), reproduction, development, feeding activity, population structure, as well as the consequences of pollution on host-parasite, predator-prey, or native-invasive species interactions. Some biochemical and molecular biomarkers have already been established, such as the measurement of vitellogenin-like proteins, metallothioneins, alkali-labile phosphates (in proteins), and lipogenic enzyme activities for assessing endocrine distribution and detoxification mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid20043406, year = {2009}, author = {Maceda-Veiga, A and Salvadó, H and Vinyoles, D and De Sostoa, A}, title = {Outbreaks of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in redtail barbs Barbus haasi in a Mediterranean stream during drought.}, journal = {Journal of aquatic animal health}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {189-194}, doi = {10.1577/H08-054.1}, pmid = {20043406}, issn = {0899-7659}, mesh = {Animals ; Ciliophora/*classification ; Ciliophora Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Cyprinidae/*microbiology ; Disease Outbreaks/*veterinary ; Droughts ; Mediterranean Region/epidemiology ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {In 2008, inland waterways in Catalonia (northeast Iberian Peninsula, Spain) experienced one of the worst droughts recorded in this region in recent decades. During this period, an epizootic of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis was detected for the first time in a Mediterranean stream, with 21% prevalence in a population of redtail barbs Barbus haasi. Environmental features and the fish population in this stream were compared during 2007-2009. Fish density and the average fish size were reduced significantly after the outbreak of I. multifiliis in this population. During 2008, parasitized fish were significantly larger than nonparasitized fish. In addition, a significant, positive correlation was found between parasite load and fish size. The origin of I. multifiliis is unknown, but an introduced species detected in April 2007 may have carried it. The combination of stress to the redtail barbs due to suboptimal conditions and favorable environmental conditions for parasite multiplication (e.g., suitable water temperature and low water flow) could have enhanced fish susceptibility to the parasite in April 2008. Further studies are needed to establish the incidence of freshwater fish diseases in Mediterranean watersheds, and water management policies should be reviewed to improve the conservation of native fish fauna.}, }
@article {pmid21594183, year = {2010}, author = {R Kirkendall, L and Faccoli, M}, title = {Bark beetles and pinhole borers (Curculionidae, Scolytinae, Platypodinae) alien to Europe.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {56}, pages = {227-251}, pmid = {21594183}, issn = {1313-2970}, abstract = {Invasive bark beetles are posing a major threat to forest resources around the world. DAISIE's web-based and printed databases of invasive species in Europe provide an incomplete and misleading picture of the alien scolytines and platypodines. We present a review of the alien bark beetle fauna of Europe based on primary literature through 2009. We find that there are 18 Scolytinae and one Platypodinae species apparently established in Europe, from 14 different genera. Seventeen species are naturalized. We argue that Trypodendron laeve, commonly considered alien in Europe, is a native species; conversely, we hypothesize that Xyleborus pfeilii, which has always been treated as indigenous, is an alien species from Asia. We also point out the possibility that the Asian larch bark beetle Ips subelongatus is established in European Russia. We show that there has been a marked acceleration in the rate of new introductions to Europe, as is also happening in North America: seven alien species were first recorded in the last decade.We present information on the biology, origins, and distributions of the alien species. All but four are polyphagous, and 11 are inbreeders: two traits which increase invasiveness. Eleven species are native to Asia, six to the Americas, and one is from the Canary Islands. The Mediterranean is especially favorable for invasives, hosting a large proportion of the aliens (9/19). Italy, France and Spain have the largest numbers of alien species (14, 10 and 7, respectively). We point out that the low numbers for at least some countries is likely due to under-reporting.Finally, we discuss the difficulties associated with identifying newly invasive species. Lack of good illustrations and keys hinder identification, particularly for species coming from Asia and Oceania.}, }
@article {pmid20038656, year = {2010}, author = {Sloggett, JJ and Davis, AJ}, title = {Eating chemically defended prey: alkaloid metabolism in an invasive ladybird predator of other ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {213}, number = {2}, pages = {237-241}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.037127}, pmid = {20038656}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Alkaloids/chemistry/*metabolism ; Animals ; Bridged-Ring Compounds/chemistry/metabolism ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/chemistry/metabolism ; Larva/physiology ; Molecular Structure ; Piperidines/chemistry/metabolism ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {By comparison with studies of herbivore physiological adaptation to plant allelochemicals, work on predator physiological adaptation to potentially toxic prey has been very limited. Such studies are important in understanding how evolution could shape predator diets. An interesting question is the specificity of predator adaptation to prey allelochemicals, given that many predators consume diverse prey with different chemical defences. The ladybird Harmonia axyridis, an invasive species in America, Europe and Africa, is considered a significant predatory threat to native invertebrates, particularly other aphid-eating ladybirds of which it is a strong intraguild predator. Although ladybirds possess species-specific alkaloid defences, H. axyridis exhibits high tolerance for allospecific ladybird prey alkaloids. Nonetheless, it performs poorly on species with novel alkaloids not commonly occurring within its natural range. We examined alkaloid fate in H. axyridis larvae after consumption of two other ladybird species, one containing an alkaloid historically occurring within the predator's native range (isopropyleine) and one containing a novel alkaloid that does not (adaline). Our results indicate that H. axyridis rapidly chemically modifies the alkaloid to which it has been historically exposed to render it less harmful: this probably occurs outside of the gut. The novel, more toxic alkaloid persists in the body unchanged for longer. Our results suggest metabolic alkaloid specialisation, in spite of the diversity of chemically defended prey that the predator consumes. Physiological adaptations appear to have made H. axyridis a successful predator of other ladybirds; however, limitations are imposed by its physiology when it eats prey with novel alkaloids.}, }
@article {pmid20033217, year = {2010}, author = {Tibbets, TM and Krist, AC and Hall, RO and Riley, LA}, title = {Phosphorus-mediated changes in life history traits of the invasive New Zealand mudsnail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum).}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {163}, number = {3}, pages = {549-559}, pmid = {20033217}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; Carbon/metabolism ; Diet/*veterinary ; Eukaryota/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Food ; Geography ; New Zealand ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Phosphorus, Dietary/*pharmacology ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction/drug effects/physiology ; Rivers ; Snails/*drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {Understanding the mechanisms that species use to succeed in new environments is vital to predicting the extent of invasive species impacts. Food quality is potentially important because it can affect population dynamics by affecting life history traits. The New Zealand mudsnail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, is a worldwide invader. We examined how mudsnail growth rate and fecundity responded to the C:P ratio of algal food in laboratory conditions. Mudsnails fed low-P algae (C:P 1,119) grew more slowly, matured later, produced smaller offspring, and grew to a smaller adult size than snails reared on algae with high levels of P. A relatively small increase in algal C:P (203-270) significantly increased mudsnail age at maturity. We suggest that the relatively high body P requirements of mudsnails make them susceptible to allocation trade-offs between growth and reproduction under P-limited conditions. The elemental composition of algae varies greatly in nature, and over half of the rock biofilms in streams surveyed within the introduced range of mudsnails in the Greater Yellowstone Area had C:P ratios above which could potentially pose P limitation of life history traits. High growth rate and fecundity are common traits of many species that become invasive and are also associated with high-P demands. Therefore, fast-growing consumers with high P demands, such as mudsnails, are potentially more sensitive to P limitation suggesting that limitation of growth and reproduction by food quality is an important factor in understanding the resource demands of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid20033159, year = {2010}, author = {Chan-Halbrendt, C and Lin, T and Yang, F and Sisior, G}, title = {Hawaiian residents' preferences for Miconia control program attributes using conjoint choice experiment and latent class analysis.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {250-260}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-009-9415-4}, pmid = {20033159}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Hawaii ; Humans ; *Melastomataceae ; *Pest Control ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Soil ; Statistics as Topic ; }, abstract = {Invasive species control or eradication is an important issue. On the islands of Hawaii, this problem is exceedingly evident when it comes to Miconia calvescens (Miconia). Adequate funding is needed to control or eradicate this invasive plant, but with the limited amount of funding available for the fight against Miconia, it is important to make sure that the fund is being spent in a way that addresses the needs or preferences of the Hawaiian residents. Using the conjoint choice experiment method, we designed a survey that would measure the Hawaiian residents' willingness to support Miconia control program attributes. The attributes focused on were cost, biodiversity loss, extent of spread and soil erosion. Latent class approach was used to assess the surveyed population to see the different preferences by individual classes. The results show three different classes or groups of individuals with varying preferences for a control program of which cost and erosion were the top preferred attributes among the classes. These groups were defined by their socio-demographics of income, the length of residency and exposure to farming/gardening activities. Even with a preference for lower cost, a group showed willingness to pay more ($2.40) for a program that reduces erosion from high to low. Finally, the biodiversity attribute had very low consideration from a majority of the respondents showing the need for educating the public regarding its importance in preserving the unique environment in Hawaii.}, }
@article {pmid20028474, year = {2010}, author = {Chun, YJ and Fumanal, B and Laitung, B and Bretagnolle, F}, title = {Gene flow and population admixture as the primary post-invasion processes in common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) populations in France.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {185}, number = {4}, pages = {1100-1107}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03129.x}, pmid = {20028474}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Ambrosia/*genetics ; Bayes Theorem ; Cluster Analysis ; France ; Gene Flow/*genetics ; *Gene Pool ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; Principal Component Analysis ; }, abstract = {*An improved inference of the evolutionary history of invasive species may be achieved by analyzing the genetic variation and population differentiation of recently established populations and their ancestral (historical) populations. Employing this approach, we investigated the role of gene flow in the post-invasion evolution of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia). *Using eight microsatellite loci, we compared genetic diversity and structure among nine pairs of historical and recent populations in France. Historical populations were reconstructed from herbarium specimens dated from the late 19th to early 20th century, whereas recent populations were collected within the last 5 yr. *Recent populations showed greater allelic and genetic diversity than did historical populations. Recent populations exhibited a lower level of population differentiation, shorter genetic distances among populations and more weakly structured populations than did historical populations. *Our results suggest that currently invasive populations have arisen from active gene flow and the subsequent admixture of historical populations, incorporating new alleles from multiple introductions.}, }
@article {pmid20026429, year = {2010}, author = {Henry, A and Thongsripong, P and Fonseca-Gonzalez, I and Jaramillo-Ocampo, N and Dujardin, JP}, title = {Wing shape of dengue vectors from around the world.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {207-214}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2009.12.001}, pmid = {20026429}, issn = {1567-7257}, mesh = {Aedes/*anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/virology ; Animals ; Dengue Virus/growth &amp; development ; Female ; Geography ; Insect Vectors/*anatomy &amp; histology/genetics ; Male ; Organ Size ; Phylogeny ; Regression Analysis ; Reproducibility of Results ; Species Specificity ; Wings, Animal/*anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Wing shape is increasingly utilized in species identification and characterization. For dengue vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, it could be used as a complement for ensuring accurate diagnostic of damaged specimens. However, the impact of world migration on wing shape is unknown. Has the spread of these invasive species increased shape variation to the extent of producing interspecific overlapping? To answer this question, the geometric patterns of wing venation in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were compared between natural populations from the Pacific Islands, North and South America and South East Asia. The geometry of 178 female and 174 male wings were described at 13 anatomical landmarks, and processed according to Procrustes superposition, partial warps and subsequent multivariate analyzes. The variation of shape did not produce significant interspecific overlapping. Regardless of geographic origin, Ae. aegypti was recognized as Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus as Ae. albopictus. Some significant geographic differentiation was observed in Colombia for Ae. aegypti and in Thailand for Ae. albopictus. Globally, the morphology of these mosquitoes, for both size and shape, appeared well preserved. Strong canalizing mechanisms could account for the observed patterns of relatively uniform morphology, which could also be attributed to sporadic, recurrent mixing of populations, thwarting phenotypic drift.}, }
@article {pmid20022346, year = {2010}, author = {Tomaru, A and Kawachi, M and Demura, M and Fukuyo, Y}, title = {Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis shows that bacterial communities change with mid-ocean ballast water exchange.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {60}, number = {2}, pages = {299-302}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.11.019}, pmid = {20022346}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Bacteria/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Colony Count, Microbial ; *Ecosystem ; *Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater/*microbiology ; *Ships ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Ships carry ballast water for better stability and to control trim. However, the discharge of ballast water near ports is known to transport invasive species from one coastal area to another. The exchange of ballast water on the high seas is supposed to reduce such invasions of exotic species. In this study, we used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to analyze the composition of the bacterial community in ballast water before and after such a mid-ocean exchange, and we also measured total bacterial counts. Our findings confirmed that the ballast water was replaced by the mid-ocean exchange, as indicated by the marked change in the composition of the bacterial community. There was also a significant decrease in bacterial abundance after the mid-ocean exchange. Finally, our findings support the incubation hypothesis, because the composition of the bacterial communities changed over time within the same ballast water.}, }
@article {pmid20021551, year = {2010}, author = {Atlan, A and Barat, M and Legionnet, AS and Parize, L and Tarayre, M}, title = {Genetic variation in flowering phenology and avoidance of seed predation in native populations of Ulex europaeus.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {362-371}, doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01908.x}, pmid = {20021551}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; Flowers/*physiology ; Fruit/*parasitology/physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Moths/physiology ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; *Predatory Behavior ; Seeds ; Ulex/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Weevils/physiology ; }, abstract = {The genetic variation in flowering phenology may be an important component of a species' capacity to colonize new environments. In native populations of the invasive species Ulex europaeus, flowering phenology has been shown to be bimodal and related to seed predation. The aim of the present study was to determine if this bimodality has a genetic basis, and to investigate whether the polymorphism in flowering phenology is genetically linked to seed predation, pod production and growth patterns. We set up an experiment raising maternal families in a common garden. Based on mixed analyses of variance and correlations among maternal family means, we found genetic differences between the two main flowering types and confirmed that they reduced seed predation in two different ways: escape in time or predator satiation. We suggest that this polymorphism in strategy may facilitate maintain high genetic diversity for flowering phenology and related life-history traits in native populations of this species, hence providing high evolutionary potential for these traits in invaded areas.}, }
@article {pmid20015316, year = {2010}, author = {Chown, SL and Gaston, KJ}, title = {Body size variation in insects: a macroecological perspective.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {85}, number = {1}, pages = {139-169}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00097.x}, pmid = {20015316}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Insecta/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Body size is a key feature of organisms and varies continuously because of the effects of natural selection on the size-dependency of resource acquisition and mortality rates. This review provides a critical and synthetic overview of body size variation in insects from a predominantly macroecological (large-scale temporal and spatial) perspective. Because of the importance of understanding the proximate determinants of adult size, it commences with a brief summary of the physiological mechanisms underlying adult body size and its variation, based mostly on findings for the model species Drosophila melanogaster and Manduca sexta. Variation in nutrition and temperature have variable effects on critical weight, the interval to cessation of growth (or terminal growth period) and growth rates, so influencing final adult size. Ontogenetic and phylogenetic variation in size, compensatory growth, scaling at the intra- and interspecific levels, sexual size dimorphism, and body size optimisation are then reviewed in light of their influences on individual and species body size frequency distributions. Explicit attention is given to evolutionary trends, including gigantism, Cope's rule and the rates at which size change has taken place, and to temporal ecological trends such as variation in size with succession and size-selectivity during the invasion process. Large-scale spatial variation in size at the intraspecific, interspecific and assemblage levels is considered, with special attention being given to the mechanisms proposed to underlie clinal variation in adult body size. Finally, areas particularly in need of additional research are identified.}, }
@article {pmid20015260, year = {2010}, author = {Bartz, R and Heink, U and Kowarik, I}, title = {Proposed definition of environmental damage illustrated by the cases of genetically modified crops and invasive species.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {675-681}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01385.x}, pmid = {20015260}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; *Plants, Genetically Modified ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {The introduction of non-native plant species and the release of genetically modified (GM) crops can induce environmental changes at gene to ecosystem levels. Regulatory frameworks such as the Convention on Biological Diversity or the EU Deliberate Release Directive aim to prevent environmental damage but do not define the term. Although ecologists and conservationists often refer to environmental effects of GM crops or invasive species as damage, most authors do not disclose their normative assumptions or explain why some environmental impacts are regarded as detrimental and others are not. Thus far, a concise definition of environmental damage is missing and is necessary for a transparent assessment of environmental effects or risks. Therefore, we suggest defining environmental damage as a significant adverse effect on a biotic or abiotic conservation resource (i.e., a biotic or abiotic natural resource that is protected by conservational or environmental legislation) that has an impact on the value of the conservation resource, the conservation resource as an ecosystem component, or the sustainable use of the conservation resource. This definition relies on three normative assumptions: only concrete effects on a conservation resource can be damages; only adverse effects that lead to a decrease in the value of the conservation resource can be damages; and only significant adverse effects constitute damage to a conservation resource. Applying this definition within the framework of environmental risk assessment requires further normative determinations, for example, selection of a threshold to distinguish between adverse and significant adverse effects and approaches for assessing the environmental value of conservation resources. Such determinations, however, are not part of the definition of environmental damage. Rather they are part of the definition's operationalization through assessment procedures, which must be grounded in a comprehensible definition of environmental damage.}, }
@article {pmid20014577, year = {2009}, author = {Hui, C and McGeoch, MA and Reyers, B and le Roux, PC and Greve, M and Chown, SL}, title = {Extrapolating population size from the occupancy-abundance relationship and the scaling pattern of occupancy.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {19}, number = {8}, pages = {2038-2048}, doi = {10.1890/08-2236.1}, pmid = {20014577}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Eswatini ; Lesotho ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {The estimation of species abundances at regional scales requires a cost-efficient method that can be applied to existing broadscale data. We compared the performance of eight models for estimating species abundance and community structure from presence-absence maps of the southern African avifauna. Six models were based on the intraspecific occupancy-abundance relationship (OAR); the other two on the scaling pattern of species occupancy (SPO), which quantifies the decline in species range size when measured across progressively finer scales. The performance of these models was examined using five tests: the first three compared the predicted community structure against well-documented macroecological patterns; the final two compared published abundance estimates for rare species and the total regional abundance estimate against predicted abundances. Approximately two billion birds were estimated as occurring in South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland. SPO models outperformed the OAR models, due to OAR models assuming environmental homogeneity and yielding scale-dependent estimates. Therefore, OAR models should only be applied across small, homogenous areas. By contrast, SPO models are suitable for data at larger spatial scales because they are based on the scale dependence of species range size and incorporate environmental heterogeneity (assuming fractal habitat structure or performing a Bayesian estimate of occupancy). Therefore, SPO models are recommended for assemblage-scale regional abundance estimation based on spatially explicit presence-absence data.}, }
@article {pmid20013871, year = {2010}, author = {Witmer, GW and Snow, NP and Burke, PW}, title = {Potential attractants for detecting and removing invading Gambian giant pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus).}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {66}, number = {4}, pages = {412-416}, doi = {10.1002/ps.1892}, pmid = {20013871}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/physiology ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Female ; Florida ; Gambia ; Male ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Rodent Control/*methods ; Rodentia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Native to Africa, Gambian giant pouched rats (Gambian rats; Cricetomys gambianus Waterh.) are a threatening invasive species on a Florida island, Grassy Key. Gambian giant pouched rats shifted from a domestic pet to invading species after suspected release from a pet breeder. Because of the large size of Gambian rats (weighing up to 2.8 kg), they pose a serious threat to native species (particularly nesting species) and agricultural crops, especially if Gambian rats invade mainland Florida. Also, Gambian rats pose a threat from disease, as they were implicated in a monkeypox outbreak in the midwestern United States in 2003. The United States Department of Agriculture's Wildlife Services has initiated eradication and detection efforts in the Florida Keys, but trapping the sparse population of Gambian rats has proven difficult.<br><br>RESULTS: Fifteen attractants that could be used in traps for capturing or detecting single or paired Gambian rats were tested. It was found that conspecific scents (i.e. feces and urine) from other Gambian rats were the best treatment for attracting single and paired Gambian rats. Single Gambian rats explored more attractant types than paired Gambian rats.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Effective attractants for use with Gambian rats have been identified, and multiple attractant types should be used to capture or detect the sparse population. It is recommended that mainly urine and feces from Gambian rats be used, but peanut butter, anise, ginger and fatty acid scent could also be useful for attracting the currently small population of Gambian rats on Grassy Key.}, }
@article {pmid20007367, year = {2009}, author = {Winter, M and Schweiger, O and Klotz, S and Nentwig, W and Andriopoulos, P and Arianoutsou, M and Basnou, C and Delipetrou, P and Didziulis, V and Hejda, M and Hulme, PE and Lambdon, PW and Pergl, J and Pysek, P and Roy, DB and Kühn, I}, title = {Plant extinctions and introductions lead to phylogenetic and taxonomic homogenization of the European flora.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {106}, number = {51}, pages = {21721-21725}, pmid = {20007367}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Europe ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Phylogeny ; Plants/*classification ; }, abstract = {Human activities have altered the composition of biotas through two fundamental processes: native extinctions and alien introductions. Both processes affect the taxonomic (i.e., species identity) and phylogenetic (i.e., species evolutionary history) structure of species assemblages. However, it is not known what the relative magnitude of these effects is at large spatial scales. Here we analyze the large-scale effects of plant extinctions and introductions on taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of floras across Europe, using data from 23 regions. Considering both native losses and alien additions in concert reveals that plant invasions since AD 1500 exceeded extinctions, resulting in (i) increased taxonomic diversity (i.e., species richness) but decreased phylogenetic diversity within European regions, and (ii) increased taxonomic and phylogenetic similarity among European regions. Those extinct species were phylogenetically and taxonomically unique and typical of individual regions, and extinctions usually were not continent-wide and therefore led to differentiation. By contrast, because introduced alien species tended to be closely related to native species, the floristic differentiation due to species extinction was lessened by taxonomic and phylogenetic homogenization effects. This was especially due to species that are alien to a region but native to other parts of Europe. As a result, floras of many European regions have partly lost and will continue to lose their uniqueness. The results suggest that biodiversity needs to be assessed in terms of both species taxonomic and phylogenetic identity, but the latter is rarely used as a metric of the biodiversity dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid20003608, year = {2010}, author = {Gerard, PJ and Goldson, SL and Hardwick, S and Addison, PJ and Willoughby, BE}, title = {The bionomics of an invasive species Sitona lepidus during its establishment in New Zealand.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {100}, number = {3}, pages = {339-346}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485309990411}, pmid = {20003608}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecology ; Larva ; Medicago/parasitology ; New Zealand ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Rain ; Seasons ; Weevils/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The egg, larval, pupal and adult abundance of the clover root weevil Sitona lepidus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was monitored at three sites for the first ten years following the discovery of this exotic pest in the Waikato region of New Zealand. The species went through an initial boom and bust cycle at two sites, with populations reaching up to 1800 larvae m-2. Thereafter, winter larval populations were relatively stable, ranging between 450-750 m-2. Unlike in the Northern Hemisphere, S. lepidus was found to have two generations a year in the Waikato region of New Zealand. Pasture white clover content at the time of peak adult numbers was positively related to the subsequent peak larval populations for each generation. The factors contributing to the emergence of S. lepidus as one of the most important pasture pests in New Zealand are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid20003263, year = {2009}, author = {Smith, MA and Fisher, BL}, title = {Invasions, DNA barcodes, and rapid biodiversity assessment using ants of Mauritius.}, journal = {Frontiers in zoology}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {31}, pmid = {20003263}, issn = {1742-9994}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Using an understudied taxon (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) found on a tropical island (Mauritius) where native flora and fauna have been threatened by 400 years of habitat modification and introduced species, we tested whether estimated incidences of diversity and complementarity were similar when measured by standard morphological alpha-taxonomy or phylogenetic diversity (PD) based on a standardized mitochondrial barcode and corroborating nuclear marker.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that costs related to site loss (considered loss of evolutionary history measured as loss of barcode PD) were not significantly different from predictions made either a) using standard morphology-based taxonomy, or b) measured using a nuclear marker. Integrating morphology and barcode results permitted us to identify a case of initially morphologically-cryptic variation as a new and endemic candidate species. However, barcode estimates of the relative importance of each site or network of sites were dramatically affected when the species in question was known to be indigenous or introduced.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study goes beyond a mere demonstration of the rapid gains possible for diversity assessment using a standardized DNA barcode. Contextualization of these gains with ecological and natural history information is necessary to calibrate this wealth of standardized information. Without such an integrative approach, critical opportunities to advance knowledge will be missed.}, }
@article {pmid20002494, year = {2010}, author = {van Kleunen, M and Weber, E and Fischer, M}, title = {A meta-analysis of trait differences between invasive and non-invasive plant species.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {235-245}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01418.x}, pmid = {20002494}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Plant Development ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {A major aim in ecology is identifying determinants of invasiveness. We performed a meta-analysis of 117 field or experimental-garden studies that measured pair-wise trait differences of a total of 125 invasive and 196 non-invasive plant species in the invasive range of the invasive species. We tested whether invasiveness is associated with performance-related traits (physiology, leaf-area allocation, shoot allocation, growth rate, size and fitness), and whether such associations depend on type of study and on biogeographical or biological factors. Overall, invasive species had significantly higher values than non-invasive species for all six trait categories. More trait differences were significant for invasive vs. native comparisons than for invasive vs. non-invasive alien comparisons. Moreover, for comparisons between invasive species and native species that themselves are invasive elsewhere, no trait differences were significant. Differences in physiology and growth rate were larger in tropical regions than in temperate regions. Trait differences did not depend on whether the invasive alien species originates from Europe, nor did they depend on the test environment. We conclude that invasive alien species had higher values for those traits related to performance than non-invasive species. This suggests that it might become possible to predict future plant invasions from species traits.}, }
@article {pmid20002231, year = {2010}, author = {Senn, HV and Swanson, GM and Goodman, SJ and Barton, NH and Pemberton, JM}, title = {Phenotypic correlates of hybridisation between red and sika deer (genus Cervus).}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {79}, number = {2}, pages = {414-425}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01633.x}, pmid = {20002231}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Weight/physiology ; Deer/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Female ; Hybridization, Genetic/*physiology ; Jaw/anatomy &amp; histology ; Kidney/physiology ; Linear Models ; Male ; Organ Size/physiology ; *Phenotype ; Pregnancy ; }, abstract = {1. Hybridisation with an invasive species has the potential to alter the phenotype and hence the ecology of a native counterpart. 2. Here data from populations of native red deer Cervus elaphus and invasive sika deer Cervus nippon in Scotland is used to assess the extent to which hybridisation between them is causing phenotypic change. This is done by regression of phenotypic traits against genetic hybrid scores. 3. Hybridisation is causing increases in the body weight of sika-like deer and decreases in the body weight of red-like females. Hybridisation is causing increases in jaw length and increases in incisor arcade breadth in sika-like females. Hybridisation is also causing decreases in incisor arcade breadth in red-like females. 4. There is currently no evidence that hybridisation is causing changes in the kidney fat weight or pregnancy rates of either population. 5. Increased phenotypic similarity between the two species is likely to lead to further hybridisation. The ecological consequences of this are difficult to predict.}, }
@article {pmid19997121, year = {2010}, author = {Dutech, C and Fabreguettes, O and Capdevielle, X and Robin, C}, title = {Multiple introductions of divergent genetic lineages in an invasive fungal pathogen, Cryphonectria parasitica, in France.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, pages = {220-228}, doi = {10.1038/hdy.2009.164}, pmid = {19997121}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Aesculus/*microbiology ; Ascomycota/classification/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; France ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Recombination, Genetic ; }, abstract = {The occurrence of multiple introductions may be a crucial factor in the successful establishment of invasive species, but few studies focus on the introduction of fungal pathogens, despite their significant effect on invaded habitats. Although Cryphonectria parasitica, the chestnut blight fungus introduced in North America and Europe from Asia during the 20th century, caused dramatic changes in its new range, the history of its introduction is not well retraced in Europe. Using 10 microsatellite loci, we investigated the genetic diversity of 583 isolates in France, where several introductions have been hypothesized. Our analyses showed that the seven most frequent multilocus genotypes belonged to three genetic lineages, which had a different and geographically limited distribution. These results suggest that different introduction events occurred in France. Genetic recombination was low among these lineages, despite the presence of the two mating types in each chestnut stand analysed. The spatial distribution of lineages suggests that the history of introductions in France associated with the slow expansion of the disease has contributed to the low observed rate of recombination among the divergent lineages. However, we discuss the possibility that environmental conditions or viral interactions could locally reduce recombination among genotypes.}, }
@article {pmid19968796, year = {2010}, author = {Schlaepfer, DR and Glättli, M and Fischer, M and van Kleunen, M}, title = {A multi-species experiment in their native range indicates pre-adaptation of invasive alien plant species.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {185}, number = {4}, pages = {1087-1099}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03114.x}, pmid = {19968796}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; Flowers/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Germination/physiology ; Likelihood Functions ; Linear Models ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Principal Component Analysis ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {*To understand prerequisites of biological invasions, it is imperative to know whether species have traits that pre-adapt them to become invasive elsewhere. However, few experimental studies have explicitly tested this by comparing traits between invasive and noninvasive species in their native range instead of in the nonnative range. *We used native plant material of 14 European congeneric pairs of herbaceous species that were all introduced to North America, and of which one species per pair is invasive. *In our germination and common garden experiment with and without fertilizer addition, the invasive species germinated faster, produced more biomass and had a higher proportion of flowering plants than the noninvasive congeners. *Our results indicate that species traits, which lead to a high plant performance in the native range, can confer pre-adaptation to become invasive. We suggest that such traits may be especially relevant for use in risk-assessment protocols before introduction elsewhere.}, }
@article {pmid19965343, year = {2009}, author = {Shao, KT}, title = {Marine biodiversity and fishery sustainability.}, journal = {Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {527-531}, pmid = {19965343}, issn = {0964-7058}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture/economics/methods ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Fisheries/economics ; *Fishes/genetics ; Humans ; Oceans and Seas ; Seafood/economics/*supply &amp; distribution ; *Shellfish/economics ; Taiwan ; }, abstract = {Marine fish is one of the most important sources of animal protein for human use, especially in developing countries with coastlines. Marine fishery is also an important industry in many countries. Fifty years ago, many people believed that the ocean was so vast and so resilient that there was no way the marine environment could be changed, nor could marine fishery resources be depleted. Half a century later, we all agree that the depletion of fishery resources is happening mainly due to anthropogenic factors such as overfishing, habitat destruction, pollution, invasive species introduction, and climate change. Since overfishing can cause chain reactions that decrease marine biodiversity drastically, there will be no seafood left after 40 years if we take no action. The most effective ways to reverse this downward trend and restore fishery resources are to promote fishery conservation, establish marine-protected areas, adopt ecosystem-based management, and implement a "precautionary principle." Additionally, enhancing public awareness of marine conservation, which includes eco-labeling, fishery ban or enclosure, slow fishing, and MPA (marine protected areas) enforcement is important and effective. In this paper, we use Taiwan as an example to discuss the problems facing marine biodiversity and sustainable fisheries.}, }
@article {pmid19959253, year = {2010}, author = {Lejeusne, C and Chevaldonné, P and Pergent-Martini, C and Boudouresque, CF and Pérez, T}, title = {Climate change effects on a miniature ocean: the highly diverse, highly impacted Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {250-260}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2009.10.009}, pmid = {19959253}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Mediterranean Sea ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Little doubt is left that climate change is underway, strongly affecting the Earth's biodiversity. Some of the greatest challenges ahead concern the marine realm, but it is unclear to what extent changes will affect marine ecosystems. The Mediterranean Sea could give us some of the answers. Data recovered from its shores and depths have shown that sea temperatures are steadily increasing, extreme climatic events and related disease outbreaks are becoming more frequent, faunas are shifting, and invasive species are spreading. This miniature ocean can serve as a giant mesocosm of the world's oceans, with various sources of disturbances interacting synergistically and therefore providing an insight into a major unknown: how resilient are marine ecosystems, and how will their current functioning be modified?}, }
@article {pmid19956684, year = {2009}, author = {Rödder, D and Schmidtlein, S and Veith, M and Lötters, S}, title = {Alien invasive slider turtle in unpredicted habitat: a matter of niche shift or of predictors studied?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {4}, number = {11}, pages = {e7843}, pmid = {19956684}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Area Under Curve ; Climate ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Models, Theoretical ; North America ; Population Dynamics ; Software ; Turtles/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Species Distribution Models (SDMs) aim on the characterization of a species' ecological niche and project it into geographic space. The result is a map of the species' potential distribution, which is, for instance, helpful to predict the capability of alien invasive species. With regard to alien invasive species, recently several authors observed a mismatch between potential distributions of native and invasive ranges derived from SDMs and, as an explanation, ecological niche shift during biological invasion has been suggested. We studied the physiologically well known Slider turtle from North America which today is widely distributed over the globe and address the issue of ecological niche shift versus choice of ecological predictors used for model building, i.e., by deriving SDMs using multiple sets of climatic predictor.<br><br>PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In one SDM, predictors were used aiming to mirror the physiological limits of the Slider turtle. It was compared to numerous other models based on various sets of ecological predictors or predictors aiming at comprehensiveness. The SDM focusing on the study species' physiological limits depicts the target species' worldwide potential distribution better than any of the other approaches.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a natural history-driven understanding is crucial in developing statistical models of ecological niches (as SDMs) while "comprehensive" or "standard" sets of ecological predictors may be of limited use.}, }
@article {pmid19939492, year = {2010}, author = {Sutherland, WJ and Clout, M and Côté, IM and Daszak, P and Depledge, MH and Fellman, L and Fleishman, E and Garthwaite, R and Gibbons, DW and De Lurio, J and Impey, AJ and Lickorish, F and Lindenmayer, D and Madgwick, J and Margerison, C and Maynard, T and Peck, LS and Pretty, J and Prior, S and Redford, KH and Scharlemann, JP and Spalding, M and Watkinson, AR}, title = {A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2010.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1-7}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2009.10.003}, pmid = {19939492}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Aerosols ; Animals ; Atmosphere ; Charcoal ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*trends ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution ; Forecasting ; Genetic Engineering ; Humans ; Nitrogen ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen ; Seawater ; Telemetry ; Tissue Engineering ; Volcanic Eruptions ; }, abstract = {Horizon scanning identifies emerging issues in a given field sufficiently early to conduct research to inform policy and practice. Our group of horizon scanners, including academics and researchers, convened to identify fifteen nascent issues that could affect the conservation of biological diversity. These include the impacts of and potential human responses to climate change, novel biological and digital technologies, novel pollutants and invasive species. We expect to repeat this process and collation annually.}, }
@article {pmid19925873, year = {2010}, author = {Dole, SA and Jordal, BH and Cognato, AI}, title = {Polyphyly of Xylosandrus Reitter inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial genes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae).}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, pages = {773-782}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2009.11.011}, pmid = {19925873}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Insect ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Weevils/*classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {The Xyleborina ambrosia beetle genus Xylosandrus contains 54 species, several of which are of economic importance. The monophyly of the genus was tested using a data set comprised of multiple gene loci: 28S rDNA; the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI); and the nuclear genes arginine kinase (ArgK), rudimentary (CAD), and Elongation Factor 1alpha (EF-1alpha). The nuclear protein-coding genes CAD and ArgK were used for the first time in phylogenetics of Scolytinae. Analyses were performed using Parsimony and Bayesian optimality criteria. Our analyses included 43 specimens representing 15 Xylosandrus species and 20 species from Amasa, Anisandrus, Cnestus, Euwallacea and Xyleborus, and two species from the outgroup genus Coccotrypes. All analyses recovered a polyphyletic Xylosandrus. Several species of Xylosandrus were consistently placed in clades with the genera Anisandrus and Cnestus with high support values (100% bootstrap support). Among these, was the economically important invasive species X. mutilatus, which was consistently recovered as part of the "Cnestus" clade. In our analyses, both CAD and ArgK demonstrated phylogenetic utility across varying nodal depths. Despite the selection of genes with signals at complementary phylogenetic depths, the data set used herein did not resolve the phylogeny of Xylosandrus and related genera. Since the taxon sample available for molecular work represents only a fraction of Xylosandrus species, a complete revision that combines molecular and morphological data in a total evidence approach is recommended for the genus.}, }
@article {pmid19924530, year = {2010}, author = {Olivier, HM and Moon, BR}, title = {The effects of atrazine on spotted salamander embryos and their symbiotic alga.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, pages = {654-661}, pmid = {19924530}, issn = {1573-3017}, mesh = {Ambystoma/*embryology ; Animals ; Atrazine/*toxicity ; Clutch Size/drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/drug effects ; Eukaryota/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Herbicides/*toxicity ; Larva/drug effects ; *Symbiosis ; Time Factors ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Worldwide amphibian declines have been a concern for biologists for the past several decades. The causes of such declines may include habitat loss, invasive species, pathogens, and man-made chemicals. Agricultural herbicides, in particular, are known to interfere with reproduction in amphibians and are likely contributing to population declines. We tested the effects of the herbicide atrazine on developing spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) and their symbiotic green alga Oophila amblystomatis. We exposed spotted salamander egg masses to atrazine at concentrations of 0 microg/L (control), 50, 100, 200, and 400 microg/L. Algae were eliminated in all atrazine treatments. Hatching success was significantly lower for atrazine-treated egg masses than for the controls, and was inversely related to atrazine concentration. The highest developmental stage reached by the embryos was significantly lower in the atrazine treatments than in the controls, and was inversely related to atrazine concentration. These results indicate that atrazine exposure affected spotted salamanders both directly by causing pathologies and mortality in embryos and indirectly by eliminating their symbiotic alga.}, }
@article {pmid19919554, year = {2010}, author = {Kim, CS and Schaible, GD and Lewandrowski, J and Vasavada, U}, title = {Managing invasive species in the presence of endogenous technological change with uncertainty.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {250-260}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01312.x}, pmid = {19919554}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Animals ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Population ; *Public Policy ; Research/economics ; Technology/*economics ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {This research incorporates the development and adoption of an induced technology under uncertainty into a conceptual dynamic model to more broadly examine efficient policies for mitigating invasive species infestations. We find that under optimal policy, marginal costs of adopting conventional control measures are equal to the sum of the marginal benefits from development and adoption of new technology, as well as the use of conventional control measures. This result implies that a resource allocation designed for controlling invasive species is not adequate when an induced technology is not considered. Our results also reveal that the shadow values associated with the probabilities of developing and then adopting an induced technology increase as the shadow values associated with the stock of an invasive species population increase.}, }
@article {pmid19916786, year = {2010}, author = {Everard, K and Seabloom, EW and Harpole, WS and de Mazancourt, C}, title = {Plant water use affects competition for nitrogen: why drought favors invasive species in California.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {175}, number = {1}, pages = {85-97}, doi = {10.1086/648557}, pmid = {19916786}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; California ; *Droughts ; Models, Theoretical ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Plant Development ; Plants/*metabolism ; Population Dynamics ; Water/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Abstract: Classic resource competition theory typically treats resource supply rates as independent; however, nutrient supplies can be affected by plants indirectly, with important consequences for model predictions. We demonstrate this general phenomenon by using a model in which competition for nitrogen is mediated by soil moisture, with competitive outcomes including coexistence and multiple stable states as well as competitive exclusion. In the model, soil moisture regulates nitrogen availability through soil moisture dependence of microbial processes, leaching, and plant uptake. By affecting water availability, plants also indirectly affect nitrogen availability and may therefore alter the competitive outcome. Exotic annual species from the Mediterranean have displaced much of the native perennial grasses in California. Nitrogen and water have been shown to be potentially limiting in this system. We parameterize the model for a Californian grassland and show that soil moisture-mediated competition for nitrogen can explain the annual species' dominance in drier areas, with coexistence expected in wetter regions. These results are concordant with larger biogeographic patterns of grassland invasion in the Pacific states of the United States, in which annual grasses have invaded most of the hot, dry grasslands in California but perennial grasses dominate the moister prairies of northern California, Oregon, and Washington.}, }
@article {pmid19916065, year = {2010}, author = {Funk, JL and Throop, HL}, title = {Enemy release and plant invasion: patterns of defensive traits and leaf damage in Hawaii.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {162}, number = {4}, pages = {815-823}, pmid = {19916065}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Geography ; Hawaii ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Insecta/*physiology ; Light ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Phenols/metabolism ; Plant Development ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development/metabolism/*parasitology ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/classification/metabolism/*parasitology ; Reproduction/physiology ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; Water/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Invasive species may be released from consumption by their native herbivores in novel habitats and thereby experience higher fitness relative to native species. However, few studies have examined release from herbivory as a mechanism of invasion in oceanic island systems, which have experienced particularly high loss of native species due to the invasion of non-native animal and plant species. We surveyed putative defensive traits and leaf damage rates in 19 pairs of taxonomically related invasive and native species in Hawaii, representing a broad taxonomic diversity. Leaf damage by insects and pathogens was monitored in both wet and dry seasons. We found that native species had higher leaf damage rates than invasive species, but only during the dry season. However, damage rates across native and invasive species averaged only 2% of leaf area. Native species generally displayed high levels of structural defense (leaf toughness and leaf thickness, but not leaf trichome density) while native and invasive species displayed similar levels of chemical defenses (total phenolics). A defense index, which integrated all putative defense traits, was significantly higher for native species, suggesting that native species may allocate fewer resources to growth and reproduction than do invasive species. Thus, our data support the idea that invasive species allocate fewer resources to defense traits, allowing them to outperform native species through increased growth and reproduction. While strong impacts of herbivores on invasion are not supported by the low damage rates we observed on mature plants, population-level studies that monitor how herbivores influence recruitment, mortality, and competitive outcomes are needed to accurately address how herbivores influence invasion in Hawaii.}, }
@article {pmid19911580, year = {2009}, author = {Fan, P and Marston, A}, title = {How can phytochemists benefit from invasive plants?.}, journal = {Natural product communications}, volume = {4}, number = {10}, pages = {1407-1416}, pmid = {19911580}, issn = {1934-578X}, mesh = {*Demography ; Ecosystem ; Plants/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {The phenomenon of invasive alien species has become one of the greatest threats to the biological diversity of the planet, placing major constraints on development. In order to provide the tools needed to address this pervasive issue, the current knowledge on invasive species must be further developed with a cross-sectoral and multi-disciplinary approach. Recent theories of invasion propose that exotic plants probably produce secondary metabolites which can be allelopathic, anti-herbivore, anti-microbial and which are either unique or underrepresented in the plants' new range. This review attempts to attract the attention of phytochemists to study either the mechanisms of plant invasion or to use this widespread plant resource for humans.}, }
@article {pmid19911125, year = {2009}, author = {Zhang, R and Zhang, Y and Jiang, Y}, title = {Threat and management strategies of potentially invasive insects in China.}, journal = {Science in China. Series C, Life sciences}, volume = {52}, number = {10}, pages = {903-910}, doi = {10.1007/s11427-009-0126-0}, pmid = {19911125}, issn = {1862-2798}, mesh = {Animal Migration/*physiology ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; China ; Databases, Factual ; Geography ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insecta/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The Global Invasive Species Database, GISD, comprises 27 species of the most significant invasive alien insects in the world (through November, 2005), 6 of which are originally native to China, 11 are established in China, and 10 have a potential invasion threat to China. This paper discusses these species in terms of distribution, harmfulness and dispersal ways, and finds that: (i) Information regarding invasive insects in the GISD remains inadequate. Such harmful invasive species as Opogona sacchari (Bojer), Oracella acuta (Lobdell), and Dendroctonus valens LeConte are not included. (ii) Ten species of invasive insects, particularly Lasius neglectus Van Loon and Linepithema humile (Mayr) which become established in areas near China, have the potential to become established in China. (iii) Special attention should be paid to species from Asia and the Americas because of their greater likelihood of becoming established in China. Finally, some management strategies including legislation, quarantine, early warning, prevention and control are suggested.}, }
@article {pmid19902260, year = {2010}, author = {le Roux, PC and McGeoch, MA}, title = {Interaction intensity and importance along two stress gradients: adding shape to the stress-gradient hypothesis.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {162}, number = {3}, pages = {733-745}, pmid = {19902260}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Poaceae/*physiology ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {The stress-gradient hypothesis (SGH) predicts that the community-wide prevalence of positive interactions, relative to negative interactions, is greater under more severe environmental conditions. Because the frequency of positive and negative interactions within a community is the aggregate of multiple pair-wise interactions, one approach to testing the SGH is to examine how pair-wise interactions vary along severity gradients. While the SGH suggests that the net outcome of an interaction should monotonically become more positive with increasing environmental severity, recent studies have suggested that the severity-interaction relationship (SIR) may rather be unimodal. We tested which of the proposed shapes of the SIR best fits the variation in the interaction between two species along two types of severity gradients on sub-Antarctic Marion Island. This was done by comparing the performance of the grass Agrostis magellanica in the presence and absence of the cushion plant Azorella selago, along both species' entire altitudinal ranges (transects spanning 4-8 km), and along a shorter (transect = 0.4 km) wind exposure gradient. Along the altitudinal transects the relative intensity, but not the absolute intensity or the importance, of the Azorella selago-Agrostis magellanica interaction increased with altitude, consistently forming a plateau-shaped SIR with a positive asymptote. Thus, while the performance of Agrostis magellanica was negatively affected by Azorella selago at low altitudes, the grass benefited from growing on the cushion plant under greater environmental severity. Along the wind exposure gradient the intensity of the interaction also became more positive with increasing environmental severity for most performance measures. This suggests that the switch from a net negative to a net positive interaction can occur across both short and long distances. Therefore, this study provides strong evidence for a plateau-shaped SIR, and confirms that the SIR is unimodal along the particular non-resource severity gradients of this study.}, }
@article {pmid19901385, year = {2009}, author = {Singer, A and Kauhala, K and Holmala, K and Smith, GC}, title = {Rabies in northeastern Europe--the threat from invasive raccoon dogs.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {1121-1137}, doi = {10.7589/0090-3558-45.4.1121}, pmid = {19901385}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/virology ; Disease Reservoirs/*veterinary/virology ; Europe ; Female ; Foxes/*virology ; Hibernation ; Male ; *Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Rabies/epidemiology/transmission/*veterinary ; Raccoon Dogs/*virology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is the main terrestrial wildlife rabies vector in Europe. However, recently the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides)--an invasive species originating from East Asia--has become increasingly important as secondary host, especially in the Baltic States. This imposes problems on neighboring rabies-free countries (such as Finland), where the density of each of the two vector species on its own might be too low to sustain a long-term rabies epizootic, but the community of vectors could be large enough to support a rabies epizootic. In this modeling study, we analyzed rabies epizootics in a community of foxes and raccoon dogs. We focused on the impact of density and behavioral differences (hibernation) between the two vector species. We found that rabies could persist in the community, even if the disease would not spread in the single vector species because its density was too low. Epizootics in the community were stronger than expected for single species, and raccoon dogs were usually the major rabies host. If raccoon dog territory density was high, invasive raccoon dogs could even outcompete native foxes because of apparent competition via the rabies virus. The enhancement in disease risk and disease intensity caused by raccoon dogs suggests that current strategies to control wildlife rabies in Europe should be reviewed, and that oral rabies vaccination also should target raccoon dogs after they emerge from hibernation.}, }
@article {pmid19895977, year = {2009}, author = {Field, IC and Meekan, MG and Buckworth, RC and Bradshaw, CJ}, title = {Chapter 4. Susceptibility of sharks, rays and chimaeras to global extinction.}, journal = {Advances in marine biology}, volume = {56}, number = {}, pages = {275-363}, doi = {10.1016/S0065-2881(09)56004-X}, pmid = {19895977}, issn = {0065-2881}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Elasmobranchii ; *Extinction, Biological ; Human Activities ; Oceans and Seas ; Reproduction ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; }, abstract = {Marine biodiversity worldwide is under increasing threat, primarily as a result of over-harvesting, pollution and climate change. Chondrichthyan fishes (sharks, rays and chimaeras) have a perceived higher intrinsic risk of extinction compared to other fish. Direct fishing mortality has driven many declines, even though some smaller fisheries persist without associated declines. Mixed-species fisheries are of particular concern, as is illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. The lack of specific management and reporting mechanisms for the latter means that many chondrichthyans might already be susceptible to extinction from stochastic processes entirely unrelated to fishing pressure itself. Chondrichthyans might also suffer relatively more than other marine taxa from the effects of fishing and habitat loss and degradation given coastal habitat use for specific life stages. The effects of invasive species and pollution are as yet too poorly understood to predict their long-term role in affecting chondrichthyan population sizes. The spatial distribution of threatened chondrichthyan species under World Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List criteria are clustered mainly in (1) south-eastern South America; (2) western Europe and the Mediterranean; (3) western Africa; (4) South China Sea and Southeast Asia and (5) south-eastern Australia. To determine which ecological and life history traits predispose chondrichthyans to being IUCN Red-Listed, and to examine the role of particular human activities in exacerbating threat risk, we correlated extant marine species' Red List categorisation with available ecological (habitat type, temperature preference), life history (body length, range size) and human-relationship (whether commercially or game-fished, considered dangerous to humans) variables. Threat risk correlations were constructed using generalised linear mixed-effect models to account for phylogenetic relatedness. We also contrasted results for chondrichthyans to marine teleosts to test explicitly whether the former group is intrinsically more susceptible to extinction than fishes in general. Around 52% of chondrichthyans have been Red-Listed compared to only 8% of all marine teleosts; however, listed teleosts were in general placed more frequently into the higher-risk categories relative to chondrichthyans. IUCN threat risk in both taxa was positively correlated with body size and negatively correlated albeit weakly, with geographic range size. Even after accounting for the positive influence of size, Red-Listed teleosts were still more likely than chondrichthyans to be classified as threatened. We suggest that while sharks might not have necessarily experienced the same magnitude of deterministic decline as Red-Listed teleosts, their larger size and lower fecundity (not included in the analysis) predispose chondrichthyans to a higher risk of extinction overall. Removal of these large predators can elicit trophic cascades and destabilise the relative abundance of smaller species. Predator depletions can lead to permanent shifts in marine communities and alternate equilibrium states. Climate change might influence the phenology and physiology of some species, with the most probable response being changes in the timing of migrations and shifts in distribution. The synergistic effects among harvesting, habitat changes and climate-induced forcings are greatest for coastal chondrichthyans with specific habitat requirements and these are currently the most likely candidates for extinction. Management of shark populations must take into account the rate at which drivers of decline affect specific species. Only through the detailed collection of data describing demographic rates, habitat affinities, trophic linkages and geographic ranges, and how environmental stressors modify these, can extinction risk be more precisely estimated and reduced. The estimation of minimum viable population sizes, below which rapid extinction is more likely due to stochastic processes, is an important component of this endeavour and should accompany many of the current approaches used in shark management worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid19889038, year = {2009}, author = {Darling, JA and Folino-Rorem, NC}, title = {Genetic analysis across different spatial scales reveals multiple dispersal mechanisms for the invasive hydrozoan Cordylophora in the Great Lakes.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {23}, pages = {4827-4840}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04405.x}, pmid = {19889038}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Great Lakes Region ; Hydrozoa/*genetics ; Larva/genetics ; Likelihood Functions ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; Reproduction/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Discerning patterns of post-establishment spread by invasive species is critically important for the design of effective management strategies and the development of appropriate theoretical models predicting spatial expansion of introduced populations. The globally invasive colonial hydrozoan Cordylophora produces propagules both sexually and vegetatively and is associated with multiple potential dispersal mechanisms, making it a promising system to investigate complex patterns of population structure generated throughout the course of rapid range expansion. Here, we explore genetic patterns associated with the spread of this taxon within the North American Great Lakes basin. We collected intensively from eight harbours in the Chicago area in order to conduct detailed investigation of local population expansion. In addition, we collected from Lakes Michigan, Erie, and Ontario, as well as Lake Cayuga in the Finger Lakes of upstate New York in order to assess genetic structure on a regional scale. Based on data from eight highly polymorphic microsatellite loci we examined the spatial extent of clonal genotypes, assessed levels of neutral genetic diversity, and explored patterns of migration and dispersal at multiple spatial scales through assessment of population level genetic differentiation (pairwise F(ST) and factorial correspondence analysis), Bayesian inference of population structure, and assignment tests on individual genotypes. Results of these analyses indicate that Cordylophora populations in this region spread predominantly through sexually produced propagules, and that while limited natural larval dispersal can drive expansion locally, regional expansion likely relies on anthropogenic dispersal vectors.}, }
@article {pmid19887472, year = {2010}, author = {Lavergne, S and Muenke, NJ and Molofsky, J}, title = {Genome size reduction can trigger rapid phenotypic evolution in invasive plants.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {105}, number = {1}, pages = {109-116}, pmid = {19887472}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genome, Plant ; Genotype ; Geography ; Phalaris/*genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Phenotype ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The study of rapid evolution in invasive species has highlighted the fundamental role played by founder events, emergence of genetic novelties through recombination and rapid response to new selective pressures. However, whether rapid adaptation of introduced species can be driven by punctual changes in genome organization has received little attention. In plants, variation in genome size, i.e. variation in the amount of DNA per monoploid set of chromosomes through loss or gain of repeated DNA sequences, is known to influence a number of physiological, phenological and life-history features. The present study investigated whether change in genome size has contributed to the evolution of greater potential of vegetative growth in invasive populations of an introduced grass.<br><br>METHODS: The study was based on the recent demonstration that invasive genotypes of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) occurring in North America have emerged from recombination between introduced European strains. The genome sizes of more than 200 invasive and native genotypes were measured and their genome size was related to their phenotypic traits measured in a common glasshouse environment. Population genetics data were used to infer phylogeographical relationships between study populations, and the evolutionary history of genome size within the study species was inferred.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Invasive genotypes had a smaller genome than European native genotypes from which they are derived. This smaller genome size had phenotypic effects that increased the species' invasive potential, including a higher early growth rate, due to a negative relationship between genome size and rate of stem elongation. Based on inferred phylogeographical relationships of invasive and native populations, evolutionary models were consistent with a scenario of genome reduction by natural selection during the invasion process, rather than a scenario of stochastic change.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Punctual reduction in genome size could cause rapid changes in key phenotypic traits that enhance invasive ability. Although the generality of genome size variation leading to phenotypic evolution and the specific genomic mechanisms involved are not known, change in genome size may constitute an important but previously under-appreciated mechanism of rapid evolutionary change that may promote evolutionary novelties over short time scales.}, }
@article {pmid19886475, year = {2009}, author = {Lessard, JP and Fordyce, JA and Gotelli, NJ and Sanders, NJ}, title = {Invasive ants alter the phylogenetic structure of ant communities.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {90}, number = {10}, pages = {2664-2669}, doi = {10.1890/09-0503.1}, pmid = {19886475}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*genetics/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Invasive species displace native species and potentially alter the structure and function of ecological communities. In this study, we compared the generic composition of intact and invaded ant communities from 12 published studies and found that invasive ant species alter the phylogenetic structure of native ant communities. Intact ant communities were phylogenetically evenly dispersed, suggesting that competition structures communities. However, in the presence of an invasive ant species, these same communities were phylogenetically clustered. Phylogenetic clustering in invaded communities suggests that invasive species may act as strong environmental filters and prune the phylogenetic tree of native species in a nonrandom manner, such that only a few closely related taxa can persist in the face of a biological invasion. Taxa that were displaced by invasive ant species were evenly dispersed in the phylogeny, suggesting that diversity losses from invasive ant species are not clustered in particular lineages. Collectively, these results suggest that there is strong phylogenetic structuring in intact native ant communities, but the spread of invasive species disassembles those communities above and beyond the effect of simple reductions in diversity.}, }
@article {pmid19878485, year = {2010}, author = {Walshe, T and Burgman, M}, title = {A framework for assessing and managing risks posed by emerging diseases.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {236-249}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01305.x}, pmid = {19878485}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Australia ; *Risk Management ; }, abstract = {Frameworks for analyzing the risks of emerging diseases and invasive species often have relied on unstructured estimates of likelihoods and consequences. We suggest a flexible alternative that offers more transparent analysis without need for additional data. Its strength lies in explicit and complementary treatment of technical and social judgments. We describe a system in which cognitive maps, Bayes nets, and multicriteria analysis can be used in tandem to structure a problem, identify exposure pathways, combine data and expert judgement to estimate the likelihoods, and assess consequences of alternative decisions. These tools may be employed in participatory settings or as part of standard regulatory practice. We illustrate this approach with an assessment of the management of an emerging disease that poses a hazard to Australia.}, }
@article {pmid19876551, year = {2009}, author = {Ramos, MV and Pereira, DA and Souza, DP and Araújo, ES and Freitas, CD and Cavalheiro, MG and Matos, MP and Carvalho, AF}, title = {Potential of laticifer fluids for inhibiting Aedes aegypti larval development: evidence for the involvement of proteolytic activity.}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {104}, number = {6}, pages = {805-812}, doi = {10.1590/s0074-02762009000600001}, pmid = {19876551}, issn = {1678-8060}, mesh = {Aedes/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Apocynaceae/*chemistry ; Cysteine Proteases/isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Euphorbia/*chemistry ; Insect Proteins/*drug effects/physiology ; Larva/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Latex/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {It has been shown previously that the laticifer fluid of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. is highly toxic to the egg hatching and larval development of Aedes aegypti L. In the present study, the larvicidal potential of other laticifer fluids obtained from Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br., Plumeria rubra L. and Euphorbia tirucalli L. was evaluated. We attempted to correlate larvicidal activity with the presence of endogenous proteolytic activity in the protein fraction of the fluids. After collection, the fluids were processed by centrifugation and dialysis to obtain the soluble laticifer protein (LP) fractions and eliminate water insoluble and low molecular mass molecules. LP did not visibly affect egg hatching at the doses assayed. LP from Cr. grandiflora exhibited the highest larval toxicity, while P. rubra was almost inactive. E. tirucalli was slightly active, but its activity could not be correlated to proteins since no protein was detected in the fluid. The larvicidal effects of LP from C. procera and Cr. grandiflora showed a significant relationship with the proteolytic activity of cysteine proteinases, which are present in both materials. A purified cysteine proteinase (papain) from the latex of Carica papaya (obtained from Sigma) was similarly effective, whereas trypsin and chymotrypsin (both serine proteinases) were ineffective. The results provide evidence for the involvement of cysteine proteinase activity in the larvicidal action of some laticifer fluids. C. procera is an invasive species found in areas infested with Ae. aegypti and thus could prove useful for combating mosquito proliferation. This is the first report to present evidence for the use of proteolytic enzymes as chemical agents to destroy Ae. aegypti larvae.}, }
@article {pmid19864293, year = {2010}, author = {Nelis, LC and Wootton, JT}, title = {Treatment-based Markov chain models clarify mechanisms of invasion in an invaded grassland community.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {277}, number = {1681}, pages = {539-547}, pmid = {19864293}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Chile ; Conservation of Natural Resources/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; *Geography ; Markov Chains ; *Models, Biological ; *Plant Development ; Population Dynamics ; Rabbits/*physiology ; }, abstract = {What are the relative roles of mechanisms underlying plant responses in grassland communities invaded by both plants and mammals? What type of community can we expect in the future given current or novel conditions? We address these questions by comparing Markov chain community models among treatments from a field experiment on invasive species on Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile. Because of seed dispersal, grazing and disturbance, we predicted that the exotic European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) facilitates epizoochorous exotic plants (plants with seeds that stick to the skin an animal) at the expense of native plants. To test our hypothesis, we crossed rabbit exclosure treatments with disturbance treatments, and sampled the plant community in permanent plots over 3 years. We then estimated Markov chain model transition probabilities and found significant differences among treatments. As hypothesized, this modelling revealed that exotic plants survive better in disturbed areas, while natives prefer no rabbits or disturbance. Surprisingly, rabbits negatively affect epizoochorous plants. Markov chain dynamics indicate that an overall replacement of native plants by exotic plants is underway. Using a treatment-based approach to multi-species Markov chain models allowed us to examine the changes in the importance of mechanisms in response to experimental impacts on communities.}, }
@article {pmid19860549, year = {2009}, author = {Irlich, UM and Terblanche, JS and Blackburn, TM and Chown, SL}, title = {Insect rate-temperature relationships: environmental variation and the metabolic theory of ecology.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {174}, number = {6}, pages = {819-835}, doi = {10.1086/647904}, pmid = {19860549}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate ; *Energy Metabolism ; Insecta/classification/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; *Models, Theoretical ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Much of the recent discussion concerning the form and underlying mechanistic basis of metabolic rate-temperature and development rate-temperature relationships has been precipitated by the development of the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE). Empirical tests of the theory's fundamental equation are an essential component of establishing its validity. Here, we test the temperature component of the fundamental equation of the MTE as it applies to metabolic rate and development rate, using insects as model organisms. Specifically, we test (i) whether mean activation energies, E, approximate the 0.65 eV value proposed by the proponents of the MTE and whether the range of values is tightly constrained between 0.6 and 0.7 eV, as they have argued; (ii) whether phylogenetic signal is apparent in the rate-temperature relationships; (iii) whether the slopes of the rate-temperature relationships show consistent, directional variation associated with environmental variables; and (iv) whether intra- and interspecific rate-temperature relationships differ significantly. Because the majority of activation energy values fell outside the predicted range and rate-temperature relationships showed consistent directional variation correlated with large-scale climatic variation, we conclude that data from insects provide only limited support for the MTE. In consequence, we consider alternative explanations for variation in rate-temperature relationships.}, }
@article {pmid19856021, year = {2009}, author = {Loehle, C and Wigley, TB and Schilling, E and Tatum, V and Beebe, J and Vance, E and Van Deusen, P and Weatherford, P}, title = {Achieving conservation goals in managed forests of the southeastern coastal plain.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, pages = {1136-1148}, pmid = {19856021}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Forestry/history ; History, 20th Century ; Southeastern United States ; }, abstract = {Managed forests are a primary land use within the Coastal Plain of the southern United States. These forests are generally managed under standards, guidelines, or regulations to conserve ecosystem functions and services. Economic value of commercial forests provides incentives for landowners to maintain forests rather than convert them to other uses that have substantially reduced environmental benefits. In this review, we describe the historical context of commercial forest management in the southern United States Coastal Plain, describe how working forests are managed today, and examine relationships between commercial forest management and maintenance of functional aquatic and wetland systems and conservation of biological diversity. Significant challenges for the region include increasing human population and urbanization and concomitant changes in forest area and structure, invasive species, and increased interest in forest biomass as an energy feedstock. Research needs include better information about management of rare species and communities and quantification of relationships between ecosystem attributes and forest management, including biomass production and harvest. Incentives and better information may help commercial forest managers in the Coastal Plain more efficiently contribute to landscape-scale conservation goals.}, }
@article {pmid19852397, year = {2009}, author = {Chew, MK}, title = {The monstering of tamarisk: how scientists made a plant into a problem.}, journal = {Journal of the history of biology}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {231-266}, pmid = {19852397}, issn = {0022-5010}, mesh = {Botany/*history ; Ecology/*history ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Hydrocharitaceae ; Pueraria ; *Tamaricaceae ; United States ; }, abstract = {Dispersal of biota by humans is a hallmark of civilization, but the results are often unforeseen and sometimes costly. Like kudzu vine in the American South, some examples become the stuff of regional folklore. In recent decades, "invasion biology," conservation-motivated scientists and their allies have focused largely on the most negative outcomes and often promoted the perception that introduced species are monsters. However, cases of monstering by scientists preceded the rise of popular environmentalism. The story of tamarisk (Tamarix spp.), flowering trees and shrubs imported to New England sometime before 1818, provides an example of scientific "monstering" and shows how slaying the monster, rather than allaying its impacts, became a goal in itself. Tamarisks' drought and salt tolerance suggested usefulness for both coastal and inland erosion control, and politicians as well as academic and agency scientists promoted planting them in the southern Great Plains and Southwest. But when erosion control efforts in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas became entangled with water shortages, economic development during the Depression and copper mining for national defense during World War Two, federal hydrologists moved quickly to recast tamarisks as water-wasting foreign monsters. Demonstrating significant water salvage was difficult and became subsidiary to focusing on ways to eradicate the plants, and a federal interagency effort devoted specifically to the latter purpose was organized and continued until it, in turn, conflicted with regional environmental concerns in the late 1960s.}, }
@article {pmid19849709, year = {2010}, author = {Xu, CY and Julien, MH and Fatemi, M and Girod, C and Van Klinken, RD and Gross, CL and Novak, SJ}, title = {Phenotypic divergence during the invasion of Phyla canescens in Australia and France: evidence for selection-driven evolution.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {32-44}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01395.x}, pmid = {19849709}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; France ; Genetic Variation ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Selection, Genetic ; Verbenaceae/classification/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Rapid adaptive evolution has been advocated as a mechanism that promotes invasion. Demonstrating adaptive evolution in invasive species requires rigorous analysis of phenotypic shifts driven by selection. Here, we document selection-driven evolution of Phyla canescens, an Argentine weed, in two invaded regions (Australia and France). Invasive populations possessed similar or higher diversity than native populations, and displayed mixed lineages from different sources, suggesting that genetic bottlenecks in both countries might have been alleviated by multiple introductions. Compared to native populations, Australian populations displayed more investment in sexual reproduction, whereas French populations possessed enhanced vegetative reproduction and growth. We partitioned evolutionary forces (selection vs. stochastic events) using two independent methods. Results of both analyses suggest that the pattern of molecular and phenotypic variability among regions was consistent with selection-driven evolution, rather than stochastic events. Our findings indicate that selection has shaped the evolution of P. canescens in two different invaded regions.}, }
@article {pmid19845861, year = {2009}, author = {Holt, RD}, title = {Up against the edge: invasive species as testbeds for basic questions about evolution in heterogeneous environments.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {21}, pages = {4347-4348}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04358.x}, pmid = {19845861}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Bromus/*genetics ; *Ecosystem ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Yogi Berra is often credited with having opined that 'prediction is very difficult, especially about the future'. There is no discipline for which this statement holds with more force than invasion biology, where it has been historically very challenging to predict the fate of introduced species (Williamson 2006). Some species after introduction quickly go extinct. Other relatively similar species may persist, but with little spread from their initial beachheads. Yet others can become aggressive invaders, with devastating consequences for native communities and ecosystems. This lack of predictability may of course sometimes reflect a simple lack of knowledge, both about key features of a species' basic biology, and about the environmental and community milieu in which invasion occurs (Williamson 2006). However, unpredictability may also arise from a fundamental fact about populations of living organisms - they almost always contain genetic variation, and so are not fixed entities responding to an environmental template, but instead labile in how they cope with the environment, over many spatial and temporal scales. Chance vicissitudes in the origination, maintenance and spatial organization of genetic variation could play a large role in generating the observed unpredictability in the fates of introduced species. The degree to which a particular introduced species becomes 'invasive'- to the extent of coming to the attention of worried land managers, governmental officials and the public - may reflect in part its capacity for adaptive evolution across a wide range of environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid19844795, year = {2010}, author = {Navia, D and Ochoa, R and Welbourn, C and Ferragut, F}, title = {Adventive eriophyoid mites: a global review of their impact, pathways, prevention and challenges.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {51}, number = {1-3}, pages = {225-255}, pmid = {19844795}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Mites/*growth &amp; development ; Pest Control/economics/*methods ; Plant Diseases/economics/*parasitology/prevention &amp; control ; Plants/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Eriophyoids have high potential as adventive mite species (AMS) because their small size make them difficult to detect, and can be easily distributed in world trade. Economic, social and environmental impact from adventive eriophyoid mites has been significant. Considerable attention has been given to adventive insect species while adventive mites have received little attention and little information is available for eriophyoids. This paper summarizes information on adventive eriophyoid mites, their impact, and the history of some important invasions. The status of adventive species of eriophyoids introduced as biological control agents of weeds is presented. A list of eriophyoid mites reported as invasive species worldwide is given. Pathways of concern and biosecurity actions to reduce the risk of eriophyoid mites are discussed. The need to raise public awareness of the risk and importance of these tiny organisms as AMS is emphasized. Scientific and technical challenges to deal with adventive eriophyoids are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid19841946, year = {2010}, author = {Llewelyn, J and Phillips, BL and Alford, RA and Schwarzkopf, L and Shine, R}, title = {Locomotor performance in an invasive species: cane toads from the invasion front have greater endurance, but not speed, compared to conspecifics from a long-colonised area.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {162}, number = {2}, pages = {343-348}, pmid = {19841946}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Body Size ; Bufo marinus/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Female ; Locomotion/*physiology ; Male ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Cane toads (Bufo marinus) are now moving about 5 times faster through tropical Australia than they did a half-century ago, during the early phases of toad invasion. Radio-tracking has revealed higher daily rates of displacement by toads at the invasion front compared to those from long-colonised areas: toads from frontal populations follow straighter paths, move more often, and move further per displacement than do toads from older (long-established) populations. Are these higher movement rates of invasion-front toads associated with modified locomotor performance (e.g. speed, endurance)? In an outdoor raceway, toads collected from the invasion front had similar speeds, but threefold greater endurance, compared to conspecifics collected from a long-established population. Thus, increased daily displacement in invasion-front toads does not appear to be driven by changes in locomotor speed. Instead, increased dispersal is associated with higher endurance, suggesting that invasion-front toads tend to spend more time moving than do their less dispersive conspecifics. Whether this increased endurance is a cause or consequence of behavioural shifts associated with rapid dispersal is unclear. Nonetheless, shifts in endurance between frontal and core populations of this invasive species point to the complex panoply of traits affected by selection for increased dispersal ability on expanding population fronts.}, }
@article {pmid19841945, year = {2010}, author = {Juliano, SA and Lounibos, LP and Nishimura, N and Greene, K}, title = {Your worst enemy could be your best friend: predator contributions to invasion resistance and persistence of natives.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {162}, number = {3}, pages = {709-718}, pmid = {19841945}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {R01 AI044793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-03/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01-AI44793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Native predators are postulated to have an important role in biotic resistance of communities to invasion and community resilience. Effects of predators can be complex, and mechanisms by which predators affect invasion success and impact are understood for only a few well-studied communities. We tested experimentally whether a native predator limits an invasive species' success and impact on a native competitor for a community of aquatic insect larvae in water-filled containers. The native mosquito Aedes triseriatus alone had no significant effect on abundance of the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus. The native predatory midge Corethrella appendiculata, at low or high density, significantly reduced A. albopictus abundance. This effect was not caused by trait-mediated oviposition avoidance of containers with predators, but instead was a density-mediated effect caused by predator-induced mortality. The presence of this predator significantly reduced survivorship of the native species, but high predator density also significantly increased development rate of the native species when the invader was present, consistent with predator-mediated release from interspecific competition with the invader. Thus, a native predator can indirectly benefit its native prey when a superior competitor invades. This shows the importance of native predators as a component of biodiversity for both biotic resistance to invasion and resilience of a community perturbed by successful invasion.}, }
@article {pmid19835648, year = {2010}, author = {Matthee, S and McGeoch, MA and Krasnov, BR}, title = {Parasite-specific variation and the extent of male-biased parasitism; an example with a South African rodent and ectoparasitic arthropods.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {137}, number = {4}, pages = {651-660}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182009991338}, pmid = {19835648}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/*physiology ; Ectoparasitic Infestations/parasitology/*veterinary ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Male ; Mice ; Mites/physiology ; Murinae/*parasitology ; Phthiraptera/physiology ; Population Density ; Rodent Diseases/*parasitology ; Sex Factors ; Siphonaptera/physiology ; South Africa ; Ticks/physiology ; }, abstract = {We asked whether the occurrence and the extent of host gender-biased parasitism vary among higher parasite taxa, among individual species within these taxa and within parasite species among localities. To answer this question, we studied prevalence, abundance, species richness and the level of aggregation of ectoparasites (ticks, mites, lice and fleas) collected from male and female striped mice (Rhabdomys pumilio) in 9 localities of the Western Cape Province of South Africa. We used meta-analyses to compare parasitological variables between male and female hosts across localities for individual parasite species and higher taxa as well as across parasite species within a higher taxon. Whenever gender-biased parasitism was found, it indicated higher infestation of male than female hosts (except 1 low abundant mite species). We found that the occurrence and extent of gender-biased infestation varied mainly within a parasite species among localities and among parasite species within a higher taxon but not among parasite taxa. Our results suggest that the extent of a gender-biased pattern of parasite infestation of the same host may not only involve host-related mechanisms but also depends on biological features of a particular parasite species.}, }
@article {pmid19831082, year = {2009}, author = {Lee, JE and Chown, SL}, title = {Breaching the dispersal barrier to invasion: quantification and management.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {19}, number = {7}, pages = {1944-1959}, doi = {10.1890/08-2157.1}, pmid = {19831082}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Geography ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Seeds ; Temperature ; Travel ; }, abstract = {Globalization has resulted in unprecedented movements of people, goods, and alien species across the planet. Although the impacts of biological invasions are widely appreciated, a bias exists in research effort to post-dispersal processes because of the difficulties of measuring propagule pressure. The Antarctic provides an ideal model system in which to investigate propagule movements because of the region's isolation and small number of entry routes. Here we investigated the logistics operations of the South African National Antarctic Programme (SANAP) and quantified the initial dispersal of alien species into the region. We found that over 1400 seeds from 99 taxa are transported into the Antarctic each field season in association with SANAP passenger luggage and cargo. The first ever assessment of propagule drop-off indicated that 30-50% of these propagules will enter the recipient environment. Many of the taxa include cosmopolitan weeds and known aliens in the Antarctic, indicating that logistics operations form part of a globally self-perpetuating cycle moving alien species between areas of human disturbance. In addition, propagules of some taxa native to the Antarctic region were also found, suggesting that human movements may be facilitating intra-regional homogenization. Several relatively simple changes in biosecurity policy that could significantly reduce the threat of introduction of nonnative species are suggested.}, }
@article {pmid19831062, year = {2009}, author = {Fitzpatrick, MC and Preisser, EL and Ellison, AM and Elkinton, JS}, title = {Observer bias and the detection of low-density populations.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {19}, number = {7}, pages = {1673-1679}, doi = {10.1890/09-0265.1}, pmid = {19831062}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Models, Biological ; *Observer Variation ; Population Density ; Tsuga/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Monitoring programs increasingly are used to document the spread of invasive species in the hope of detecting and eradicating low-density infestations before they become established. However, interobserver variation in the detection and correct identification of low-density populations of invasive species remains largely unexplored. In this study, we compare the abilities of volunteer and experienced individuals to detect low-density populations of an actively spreading invasive species, and we explore how interobserver variation can bias estimates of the proportion of sites infested derived from occupancy models that allow for both false negative and false positive (misclassification) errors. We found that experienced individuals detected small infestations at sites where volunteers failed to find infestations. However, occupancy models erroneously suggested that experienced observers had a higher probability of falsely detecting the species as present than did volunteers. This unexpected finding is an artifact of the modeling framework and results from a failure of volunteers to detect low-density infestations rather than from false positive errors by experienced observers. Our findings reveal a potential issue with site occupancy models that can arise when volunteer and experienced observers are used together in surveys.}, }
@article {pmid19826904, year = {2010}, author = {Navajas, M and Navia, D}, title = {DNA-based methods for eriophyoid mite studies: review, critical aspects, prospects and challenges.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {51}, number = {1-3}, pages = {257-271}, pmid = {19826904}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/chemistry/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Mites/classification/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; }, abstract = {Besides their potential for species identification, DNA-based methods are also routinely used for addressing ecological, evolutionary, phylogenetic and genetic questions to study several groups of Acari. However, in contrast to other plant-feeding mites and despite the economical relevance of many species of Eriophyoidea, very few scientists have dared so far to use DNA methods for the study of this group of mites; their very small size certainly has influenced this. In this review we examine the main techniques that have been used to study eriophyoid mites and discuss the results from the literature where DNA methods have provided significant advances to address several essential questions of the eriophyoid biology, e.g., to clarify suspect synonymies, to test hypothesis of cryptic species, to examine the occurrence of biotypes, especially in relation to virus ability or host-plant associations, to understand colonization patterns of invasive species, and for uses as biological control agents against invasive plants. We discuss these questions which might be related to agricultural issues, together with more fundamental aspects as the revision of the phylogeny of the Eriophyoidea. We discuss on the advantages as well as limitations of the most commonly used genetic markers and emphasize prospects and challenges of new molecular approaches. Much is now expected from molecular techniques in many fields of biology and for virtually all taxa. Eriophyoids should not be the exception.}, }
@article {pmid19825300, year = {2009}, author = {Leblanc, L and Rubinoff, D and Vargas, RI}, title = {Attraction of nontarget species to fruit fly (Diptera: tephritidae) male lures and decaying fruit flies in traps in hawaii.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {38}, number = {5}, pages = {1446-1461}, doi = {10.1603/022.038.0513}, pmid = {19825300}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Butanones/pharmacology ; Eugenol/analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology ; Hawaii ; *Insect Control ; Insecta/drug effects ; Male ; *Tephritidae ; }, abstract = {Synthetic male lures are commonly used to monitor and mass trap pestiferous fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae). However, there has been much dispute as to the nontarget impacts of such lures on beneficial and native insects. To evaluate nontarget attraction effects, traps baited with Cue-Lure and methyl eugenol were maintained and emptied weekly in a range of native and non-native forest and commercial orchard and backyard sites on Hawaii and Maui Islands. Lure trap captures were compared against those from unbaited control traps and traps artificially baited with decaying fruit flies to mimic the effect of accumulation of dead trapped target flies in male lure traps. Cue-Lure did not attract nontargets, and methyl eugenol attracted low but significant numbers of five species of flower-associated insects (honey bees, syrphid flies, nitidulid beetles, and endemic crambid moths) and two endemic Hawaiian species of sciarids (Diptera) and mirids (Hemiptera). Saprophagous nontargets, mostly Diptera, were abundant and diverse in traps baited with decaying flies and in male lure traps where accumulation of dead flies occurred but not in male lure traps with few or no fruit fly captures. Most of the previously published records of attraction to methyl eugenol are shown to actually be secondary attraction to decaying fruit flies. Endemic nontargets were collected in native and adjacent forest, but almost exclusively invasive species were attracted to traps placed in non-native habitats. Attraction of flower-associated species may be minimized if methyl eugenol traps are placed in trees after flowering season in orchards.}, }
@article {pmid19819410, year = {2009}, author = {Yassin, A and David, JR and Bitner-Mathé, BC}, title = {Phenotypic variability of natural populations of an invasive drosophilid, Zaprionus indianus, on different continents: comparison of wild-living and laboratory-grown flies.}, journal = {Comptes rendus biologies}, volume = {332}, number = {10}, pages = {898-908}, doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2009.06.003}, pmid = {19819410}, issn = {1768-3238}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology ; Animals ; Animals, Laboratory/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals, Wild/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Body Size ; Brazil ; Climate ; Drosophilidae/*anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Egypt ; Female ; Male ; Phenotype ; Sex Characteristics ; Wings, Animal/anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic variability in nature is the most important feature for Darwinian adaptation, yet it has been rarely investigated in invasive species. Zaprionus indianus is an Afrotropical drosophilid species that have recently invaded the Palearctic and the Neotropical regions. Here, we compared the variability of three size-related traits and one meristic trait the sternopleural (STP) bristle number, between wild-collected flies living under different conditions: a stressful Mediterranean environment in Egypt, and a benign tropical environment in Brazil. From each population, a F(1) generation was also grown under the stable conditions of the laboratory. Variability of size in nature had a variance 13 times greater than in the laboratory, but not affected by different climates. By contrast, STP variability was identical in nature and in the laboratory. Sexual dimorphism was also investigated with contrasting results between traits. It is suggested that the very high invasiveness of Z. indianus might be related to a better capacity to survive adverse conditions.}, }
@article {pmid19810700, year = {2009}, author = {Xuan, TD and Toyama, T and Fukuta, M and Khanh, TD and Tawata, S}, title = {Chemical interaction in the invasiveness of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.).}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {57}, number = {20}, pages = {9448-9453}, doi = {10.1021/jf902310j}, pmid = {19810700}, issn = {1520-5118}, mesh = {Plant Extracts/*analysis ; Poaceae/*chemistry/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Rhizome/chemistry/growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {From gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), numerous plant growth inhibitors were found in the rhizome and root exudates of cogongrass, one of the most problematic weeds in the world. iso-Eugenol, iso-ferulic acid, linoleic acid, ferulic acid, and vanillin were the major chemicals in the rhizome (88.1-392.2 microg/g of fresh root), while 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenol was the principle substance (872.6 microg/plant) in the root exudates. In fields, the use of cutting and plowing reduced weed biomass and weed density of cogongrass >70%. However, the alternative invasion of beggar tick might be a problem, because its density and biomass increased 33.3 and 62.5%, respectively. Chemicals from cogongrass showed selective effects against tested invasive species. Of them, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol was the most potent (78.3-100% of inhibition), followed by iso-eugenol and 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenol. These compounds may play important roles in the invasiveness of cogongrass and might be promising parent constituents of synthesis to develop novel herbicides for control of invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid19805163, year = {2009}, author = {Colwell, RK and Rangel, TF}, title = {Hutchinson's duality: the once and future niche.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {106 Suppl 2}, number = {Suppl 2}, pages = {19651-19658}, pmid = {19805163}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {The duality between "niche" and "biotope" proposed by G. Evelyn Hutchinson provides a powerful way to conceptualize and analyze biogeographical distributions in relation to spatial environmental patterns. Both Joseph Grinnell and Charles Elton had attributed niches to environments. Attributing niches, instead, to species, allowed Hutchinson's key innovation: the formal severing of physical place from environment that is expressed by the duality. In biogeography, the physical world (a spatial extension of what Hutchinson called the biotope) is conceived as a map, each point (or cell) of which is characterized by its geographical coordinates and the local values of n environmental attributes at a given time. Exactly the same n environmental attributes define the corresponding niche space, as niche axes, allowing reciprocal projections between the geographic distribution of a species, actual or potential, past or future, and its niche. In biogeographical terms, the realized niche has come to express not only the effects of species interactions (as Hutchinson intended), but also constraints of dispersal limitation and the lack of contemporary environments corresponding to parts of the fundamental niche. Hutchinson's duality has been used to classify and map environments; model potential species distributions under past, present, and future climates; study the distributions of invasive species; discover new species; and simulate increasingly more realistic worlds, leading to spatially explicit, stochastic models that encompass speciation, extinction, range expansion, and evolutionary adaptation to changing environments.}, }
@article {pmid19799487, year = {2010}, author = {Lafferty, KD and Hathaway, SA and Wegmann, AS and Shipley, FS and Backlin, AR and Helm, J and Fisher, RN}, title = {Stomach nematodes (Mastophorus muris) in rats (Rattus rattus) are associated with coconut (Cocos nucifera) habitat at Palmyra Atoll.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {96}, number = {1}, pages = {16-20}, doi = {10.1645/GE-2180.1}, pmid = {19799487}, issn = {1937-2345}, mesh = {Animals ; Cocos/*growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Linear Models ; Male ; Nematode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Polynesia/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Rats/*parasitology ; Rodent Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Stomach Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Black rats (Rattus rattus) and their stomach nematodes (Mastophorus muris) were historically introduced to islets at Palmyra Atoll in the central Pacific Line Islands. To investigate patterns of parasitism, we trapped rats and quantified nematodes on 13 islets of various sizes and habitat types. Most rats were parasitized (59%) with an average of 12 worms per infected rat. Islet size did not greatly influence parasite population biology. Nematodes also did not appear to affect rat condition (weight to skull length). The only strong and consistent factor associated with the mean abundance of nematodes in rats was habitat (dominant cover and locally dominant plant species). Thus, nematodes were much more abundant in rats from sites dominated by coconut trees (Cocos nucifera). Coconut trees may also be an introduced species at Palmyra Atoll.}, }
@article {pmid19796357, year = {2009}, author = {Godoy, O and Castro-Díez, P and Valladares, F and Costa-Tenorio, M}, title = {Different flowering phenology of alien invasive species in Spain: Evidence for the use of an empty temporal niche?.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {803-811}, doi = {10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00185.x}, pmid = {19796357}, issn = {1435-8603}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Flowers/*growth &amp; development ; Mediterranean Region ; Seasons ; Spain ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Flowering phenology is an important and poorly understood plant trait that may possibly be related to the invasiveness potential of alien species. The present work evaluates whether flowering time of invasive alien species is a key trait to overcome the climatic filters operating in continental Mediterranean ecosystems of Spain (characterised by summer drought and low temperatures in winter). We conducted comparisons between the flowering phenology of the invasive species in their native range and in Spain, and between flowering phenology of 91 coexisting invasive-native species pairs. For the alien species, geographical change from the native to the invaded region did not result in shifts in the start and the length of the flowering period. Overall, climatic conditions in the native range of species selected for a flowering pattern is maintained after translocation of the species to another region. Flowering of tropical and temperate invasive alien species peaked in summer, which contrasts with the spring flowering of native and invasive alien species of Mediterranean climate origin. By exploiting this new temporal niche, these invasive alien species native to tropical and temperate regions benefit from reduced competition with natives for abiotic and biotic resources. We suggest that human-mediated actions have reduced the strength of the summer drought filter in particular microhabitats, permitting the invasion of many summer-flowering aliens.}, }
@article {pmid19793202, year = {2009}, author = {Zidana, H and Turner, GF and Van Oosterhout, C and Hänfling, B}, title = {Elevated mtDNA diversity in introduced populations of Cynotilapia afra (Günther 1894) in Lake Malawi National Park is evidence for multiple source populations and hybridization.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {21}, pages = {4380-4389}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04362.x}, pmid = {19793202}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cichlids/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Malawi ; Male ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Genetic variation in many invasive species shows little or no signs of a founder event, suggesting that high genetic diversity may facilitate establishment success. The rocky-shore, plankton-feeding cichlid fish Cynotilapia afra is endemic to Lake Malawi, but naturally absent from many suitable sites. In the 1960s, this species was introduced to the southern areas of the lake, presumably as a result of the aquarium fish trade. It has now become established on a number of rocky areas within the Lake Malawi National Park. Here, we analysed DNA sequence variation in the mitochondrial control region of six native and four introduced populations of C. afra, and three populations of the closely-related and hybridizing Pseudotropheus zebra. In contrast to previous studies of Lake Malawi rock dwelling cichlids, network analyses suggested that native populations of C. afra showed high levels of lineage sorting in mtDNA. Introduced populations showed higher sequence and haplotype diversity than their native counterparts. Our analyses suggested that the elevated gene diversity was largely attributed to the fact that the introduced C. afra populations were derived from several genetically distinct and geographically separate populations, and to a lesser extent because of introgressive hybridization with native P. zebra. The establishment and spread of C. afra may be partly because of its ability to occupy a vacant ecological niche, but it may also have been facilitated by its enhanced genetic diversity.}, }
@article {pmid19791599, year = {2009}, author = {Klepzig, KD and Adams, AS and Handelsman, J and Raffa, KF}, title = {Symbioses: a key driver of insect physiological processes, ecological interactions, evolutionary diversification, and impacts on humans.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {67-77}, doi = {10.1603/022.038.0109}, pmid = {19791599}, issn = {0046-225X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Agriculture ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; Insecta/*genetics/*physiology ; Pest Control, Biological ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Symbiosis is receiving increased attention among all aspects of biology because of the unifying themes it helps construct across ecological, evolutionary, developmental, semiochemical, and pest management theory. Insects show a vast array of symbiotic relationships with a wide diversity of microorganisms. These relationships may confer a variety of benefits to the host (macrosymbiont), such as direct or indirect nutrition, ability to counter the defenses of plant or animal hosts, protection from natural enemies, improved development and reproduction, and communication. Benefits to the microsymbiont (including a broad range of fungi, bacteria, mites, nematodes, etc.) often include transport, protection from antagonists, and protection from environmental extremes. Symbiotic relationships may be mutualistic, commensal, competitive, or parasitic. In many cases, individual relationships may include both beneficial and detrimental effects to each partner during various phases of their life histories or as environmental conditions change. The outcomes of insect-microbial interactions are often strongly mediated by other symbionts and by features of the external and internal environment. These outcomes can also have important effects on human well being and environmental quality, by affecting agriculture, human health, natural resources, and the impacts of invasive species. We argue that, for many systems, our understanding of symbiotic relationships will advance most rapidly where context dependency and multipartite membership are integrated into existing conceptual frameworks. Furthermore, the contribution of entomological studies to overall symbiosis theory will be greatest where preoccupation with strict definitions and artificial boundaries is minimized, and integration of emerging molecular and quantitative techniques is maximized. We highlight symbiotic relations involving bark beetles to illustrate examples of the above trends.}, }
@article {pmid19791598, year = {2009}, author = {Dilling, C and Lambdin, P and Grant, J and Rhea, R}, title = {Community response of insects associated with eastern hemlock to imidacloprid and horticultural oil treatments.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {53-66}, doi = {10.1603/022.038.0108}, pmid = {19791598}, issn = {0046-225X}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Imidazoles/*pharmacology ; *Industrial Oils ; Insecta/*drug effects ; Insecticides/*pharmacology ; Neonicotinoids ; Nitro Compounds/*pharmacology ; Population Dynamics ; *Tsuga ; }, abstract = {The hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, is an invasive species reducing the populations of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis L. Carrière, throughout the eastern United States. Systemic imidacloprid and horticultural oil are the primary chemicals used to control infestations of this invasive pest; however, the impact of these two chemicals on nontarget canopy insects is unknown. This study was initiated in November 2005 to assess the effects of (1) imidacloprid soil drench, (2) imidacloprid soil injection, (3) imidacloprid tree injections, and (4) horticultural oil applications on multiple levels of organization (composition, overall specimen abundance and species richness, guild specimen abundance and species richness, and individual species) within the phytophagous and transient canopy insect community. Community composition differed significantly among treatments based on analysis of similarity. Mean species richness and specimen abundance were significantly reduced by one or more treatments. Soil drench applications significantly reduced species richness for the detritivore and phytophaga guilds. Furthermore, specimen abundance for species in the detritivore, fungivore, phytophaga, scavenger, and transient phytophaga guilds was significantly lower in the soil drench treatment. This trend was consistent in all insect guilds examined, with the exception of the hematophaga guild that was not significantly lower than for species on the control trees. Of the 293 species documented to be associated with eastern hemlocks, 33 species were found to be directly effected by one or more of the chemical treatments.}, }
@article {pmid19787407, year = {2010}, author = {Oliveira, NM and Hilker, FM}, title = {Modelling disease introduction as biological control of invasive predators to preserve endangered prey.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {72}, number = {2}, pages = {444-468}, doi = {10.1007/s11538-009-9454-2}, pmid = {19787407}, issn = {1522-9602}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Basic Reproduction Number ; Birds/*physiology ; Cats ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission/*virology ; *Food Chain ; Geography ; Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/*physiology ; *Models, Biological ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a significant cause of bio-diversity loss particularly in island ecosystems. It has been suggested to release pathogenic parasites as an efficient control measure of these mostly immune-naïve populations. In order to explore the potential impacts of such bio-control approach, we construct and investigate mathematical models describing disease dynamics in a host population that acts as a predator embedded in a simple food chain. The consequences of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) introduction into a closed ecosystem are addressed using a bi-trophic system, comprising an indigenous prey (birds) and an introduced predator (cats). Our results show that FIV is unlikely to fully eradicate cats on sub-Antarctic islands, but it can be efficient in depressing their population size, allowing for the recovery of the endangered prey. Depending on the ecological setting and disease transmission mode (we consider proportionate mixing as well as mass action), successful pathogen invasion can induce population oscillations that are not possible in the disease-free predator-prey system. These fluctuations can be seen as a mixed blessing from a management point of view. On the one hand, they may increase the extinction risk of the birds. On the other hand, they provide an opportunity to eradicate cats more easily in combination with other methods such as trapping or culling.}, }
@article {pmid19781975, year = {2009}, author = {Chen, J and Cannon, CH and Hu, H}, title = {Tropical botanical gardens: at the in situ ecosystem management frontier.}, journal = {Trends in plant science}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, pages = {584-589}, doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2009.08.010}, pmid = {19781975}, issn = {1878-4372}, mesh = {Agriculture/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Botany/*methods ; Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Environment, Controlled ; Forestry/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods ; *Plant Development ; Plants/classification ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; *Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Tropical botanical gardens (TBGs) should have a leading role in in situ conservation by directly promoting several initiatives, including the reintroduction of important or valuable native species, focused habitat restoration, 'assisted migration' of species that are vulnerable to climate change, and creative local collaboration with governments, NGOs and indigenous peoples. Compared with temperate gardens, TBGs face heightened challenges for ex situ conservation, including greater absolute amounts of biodiversity, need for resource mobilization, risk of introducing invasive species and potential genetic introgression within living collections. Meanwhile, the ecosystems surrounding TBGs have undergone widespread and rapid conversion. Here, we provide several illustrations of the effectiveness of TBGs in achieving their mission of preserving tropical biodiversity at the frontier of in situ ecosystem management.}, }
@article {pmid19780987, year = {2009}, author = {Parisod, C and Salmon, A and Zerjal, T and Tenaillon, M and Grandbastien, MA and Ainouche, M}, title = {Rapid structural and epigenetic reorganization near transposable elements in hybrid and allopolyploid genomes in Spartina.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {184}, number = {4}, pages = {1003-1015}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03029.x}, pmid = {19780987}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {CpG Islands ; DNA Methylation ; *DNA Transposable Elements ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; *Genome, Plant ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Poaceae/*genetics ; *Polyploidy ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {*Transposable elements (TE) induce structural and epigenetic alterations in their host genome, with major evolutionary implications. These alterations are examined here in the context of allopolyploid speciation, on the recently formed invasive species Spartina anglica, which represents an excellent model to contrast plant genome dynamics following hybridization and genome doubling in natural conditions. *Methyl-sensitive transposon display was used to investigate the structural and epigenetic dynamics of TE insertion sites for several elements, and to contrast it with comparable genome-wide methyl-sensitive amplified polymorphism analyses. *While no transposition burst was detected, we found evidence of major structural and CpG methylation changes in the vicinity of TE insertions accompanying hybridization, and to a lesser extent, genome doubling. Genomic alteration appeared preferentially in the maternal subgenome, and the environment of TEs was specifically affected by large maternal-specific methylation changes, demonstrating that TEs fuel epigenetic alterations at the merging of diverged genomes. *Such genome changes indicate that nuclear incompatibilities in Spartina trigger immediate alterations, which are TE-specific with an important epigenetic component. Since most of this reorganization is conserved after genome doubling that produced a fertile invasive species, TEs certainly play a central role in the shock-induced dynamics of the genome during allopolyploid speciation.}, }
@article {pmid19769136, year = {2009}, author = {La Sorte, FA and Pysek, P}, title = {Extra-regional residence time as a correlate of plant invasiveness: European archaeophytes in North America.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {90}, number = {9}, pages = {2589-2597}, doi = {10.1890/08-1528.1}, pmid = {19769136}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Demography ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Human Activities ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*classification ; Reproduction ; United States ; }, abstract = {Human activities have degraded biogeographical barriers to dispersal resulting in the spread and naturalization of increasing numbers of nonnative invasive species. One correlate of invasiveness within a region is residence time or time since introduction. Plant species that were introduced into Europe prior to AD 1500 (European archaeophytes) that were subsequently introduced into North America provide a unique opportunity to examine the effect of extra-regional residence time (i.e., residence time that occurred in a nonnative region before a species was introduced into a new region). Here, we examine how nonnative species with extensive extra-regional residence times have affected beta diversity among states in the contiguous United States of America based on an analysis of occupancy and distance decay of similarity. State floras contained an average of 3106 +/- 922 species (mean +/- SD) with 2318 +/- 757 species classified as native, 180 +/- 43 species as European archaeophyte, and 608 -236 species as other exotic with no European archaeophyte association. For European archaeophytes, 42% were identified as noxious weeds in the United States with 8% identified as agricultural and 14% as natural-area weeds (20%, 2%, and 13% for other exotics, respectively). In strong contrast to natives and other exotics, European archaeophytes were more widespread and presented weaker distance-decay patterns. Thus, European archaeophytes were more likely to become noxious weeds, particularly within agricultural areas, and were associated with significant losses in beta diversity. We suggest that this outcome is a consequence of extra-regional residence time, which allowed for the selection of species or the evolution of traits that favored the colonization of arable habitats associated with early agricultural activities in Europe, habitats that are widespread, resource rich, and uniformly distributed in the United States. Our findings suggest that a long-term trajectory can be established, with residence time in one region building biological and geographical potential, often in direct association with anthropogenic activities, for invasions in new regions. When predicting or managing for potential invaders within a region, identifying extra-regional residence time and its consequences is critical when assessing a species' long-term invasive potential.}, }
@article {pmid19769119, year = {2009}, author = {Leisnham, PT and Lounibos, LP and O'Meara, GF and Juliano, SA}, title = {Interpopulation divergence in competitive interactions of the mosquito Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {90}, number = {9}, pages = {2405-2413}, pmid = {19769119}, issn = {0012-9658}, support = {R01 AI044793-05A2/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01-AI-44793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-08/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-07/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Body Size ; *Ecosystem ; Fertility ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Geographic variation in species interactions can have major effects on distributions. Effects of such variation can be particularly evident for invasive species, in which variation in competitive ability can influence invasive success and impacts. We tested the hypothesis that coexistence or exclusion of the resident mosquito Aedes aegypti results from variation among local populations of the invasive Aedes albopictus in competitive interactions with A. aegypti. We also examined the role of variation in fecundity-size relationships in these competitive interactions. We compared competitive abilities of nine North American populations of A. albopictus, three populations from each of three site types: extinction of A. aegypti following A. albopictus invasion, coexistence following A. albopictus invasion, and A. albopictus allopatric to A. aegypti. Competition among larvae from each A. albopictus population and a single A. aegypti population was tested in laboratory microcosms in a response surface design. We found interpopulation differences in competitive ability of A. albopictus, but no strong patterns among site types. Extinction sites had steeper average fecundity-size relationships than coexistence sites and allopatric sites, but this did not translate into superior population performance. Certain individual A. albopictus populations had exceptionally large competitive effects on A. aegypti or poor competitive responses to competition from A. aegypti, but competitive effect and response were not correlated. These results suggest that interpopulation variation in the competitive ability of A. albopictus may only partly explain the geographic pattern of coexistence with or extinction of A. aegypti. Environmental differences among regions may affect the competitive ability of A. albopictus and influence its invasion success and impact.}, }
@article {pmid19769105, year = {2009}, author = {Zipkin, EF and Kraft, CE and Cooch, EG and Sullivan, PJ}, title = {When can efforts to control nuisance and invasive species backfire?.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {19}, number = {6}, pages = {1585-1595}, doi = {10.1890/08-1467.1}, pmid = {19769105}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Population control through harvest has the potential to reduce the abundance of nuisance and invasive species. However, demographic structure and density-dependent processes can confound removal efforts and lead to undesirable consequences, such as overcompensation (an increase in abundance in response to harvest) and instability (population cycling or chaos). Recent empirical studies have demonstrated the potential for increased mortality (such as that caused by harvest) to lead to overcompensation and instability in plant, insect, and fish populations. We developed a general population model with juvenile and adult stages to help determine the conditions under which control harvest efforts can produce unintended outcomes. Analytical and simulation analyses of the model demonstrated that the potential for overcompensation as a result of harvest was significant for species with high fecundity, even when annual stage-specific survivorship values were fairly low. Population instability as a result of harvest occurred less frequently and was only possible with harvest strategies that targeted adults when both fecundity and adult survivorship were high. We considered these results in conjunction with current literature on nuisance and invasive species to propose general guidelines for assessing the risks associated with control harvest based on life history characteristics of target populations. Our results suggest that species with high per capita fecundity (over discrete breeding periods), short juvenile stages, and fairly constant survivorship rates are most likely to respond undesirably to harvest. It is difficult to determine the extent to which overcompensation and instability could occur during real-world removal efforts, and more empirical removal studies should be undertaken to evaluate population-level responses to control harvests. Nevertheless, our results identify key issues that have been seldom acknowledged and are potentially generic across taxa.}, }
@article {pmid19769104, year = {2009}, author = {McEachern, AK and Thomson, DM and Chess, KA}, title = {Climate alters response of an endemic island plant to removal of invasive herbivores.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {19}, number = {6}, pages = {1574-1584}, doi = {10.1890/08-1574.1}, pmid = {19769104}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Acanthaceae/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; California ; Cattle ; *Climate ; *Deer ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; }, abstract = {Islands experience higher rates of species extinction than mainland ecosystems, with biological invasions among the leading causes; they also serve as important model systems for testing ideas in basic and applied ecology. Invasive removal programs on islands are conservation efforts that can also be viewed as powerful manipulative experiments, but few data are available to evaluate their effects. We collected demographic and herbivore damage data for Castilleja mollis Pennell, an endangered plant endemic to Santa Rosa Island, California, over a 12-year period before, during, and after the implementation of control for introduced cattle, deer, and elk. We used these long-term data to explore mechanisms underlying herbivore effects, assess the results of herbivore reduction at the scales of both individual plants and populations, and determine how temporal variability in herbivory and plant demography influenced responses to herbivore removals. For individual plants, herbivore effects mediated by disturbance were greater than those of grazing. Deer and elk scraping of the ground substantially increased plant mortality and dormancy and reduced flowering and growth. Stem damage from browsing did not affect survivorship but significantly reduced plant growth and flower production. Herbivore control successfully lowered damage rates, which declined steeply between 1997 and 2000 and have remained relatively low. Castilleja mollis abundances rose sharply after 1997, suggesting a positive effect of herbivore control, but then began to decline steadily again after 2003. The recent decline appears to be driven by higher mean growing season temperatures; interestingly, not only reductions in scraping damage but a period of cooler conditions were significant in explaining increases in C. mollis populations between 1997 and 2002. Our results demonstrate strong effects of introduced herbivores on both plant demography and population dynamics and show that climate-driven variation may counteract and mask positive responses to herbivore removal. Regional mean temperatures already have risen significantly over the last 50 years, suggesting that climate change could increasingly swamp the effects of management targeted at other environmental problems. Similar interactions between climate and invasive species will play an even greater role in future management, with long-term data sets like this critical to quantifying such effects.}, }
@article {pmid19769092, year = {2009}, author = {Kagawa, A and Sack, L and Duarte, K and James, S}, title = {Hawaiian native forest conserves water relative to timber plantation: species and stand traits influence water use.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {19}, number = {6}, pages = {1429-1443}, doi = {10.1890/08-1704.1}, pmid = {19769092}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Eucalyptus/*physiology ; Forestry ; Fraxinus/*physiology ; Hawaii ; Myrtaceae/*physiology ; *Plant Transpiration ; Water/physiology ; }, abstract = {Tropical forests are becoming increasingly alien-dominated through the establishment of timber plantations and secondary forests. Despite widespread recognition that afforestation results in increased evapotranspiration and lower catchment yields, little is known of the impacts of timber plantations on water balance relative to native forest. Native forest trees have been claimed to use water conservatively and enhance groundwater recharge relative to faster-growing alien species, and this argument should motivate native forest preservation and restoration. However, data have been available primarily for leaf-level gas exchange rather than for whole-plant and stand levels. We measured sap flow of dominant tree and tree fern species over eight weeks in native Metrosideros polymorpha forest and adjacent alien timber plantations on the island of Hawai'i and estimated total stand transpiration. Metrosideros polymorpha had the lowest values of sap flux density and whole-tree water use (200 kg m(-2) sapwood d(-1), or 8 kg/d for trees of 35 cm mean diameter at breast height, D), substantially less than timber species Eucalyptus saligna or Fraxinus uhdei (33 and 34 kg/d for trees of 73 and 30 cm mean D, respectively). At the stand level, E. saligna and F. uhdei trees had three- and ninefold higher water use, respectively, than native M. polymorpha trees. Understory Cibotium tree ferns were most abundant in M. polymorpha-dominated forest where they accounted for 70% of water use. Overall, F. uhdei plantation had the highest water use at 1.8 mm/d, more than twice that of either E. saligna plantation or M. polymorpha forest. Forest water use was influenced by species composition, stem density, tree size, sapwood allocation, and understory contributions. Transpiration varied strongly among forest types even within the same wet tropical climate, and in this case, native forest had strikingly conservative water use. Comparisons of vegetation cover in water use should provide additional resolution to ecosystem valuation and land management decisions.}, }
@article {pmid19765990, year = {2009}, author = {Freed, LA and Cann, RL}, title = {Negative effects of an introduced bird species on growth and survival in a native bird community.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {19}, number = {20}, pages = {1736-1740}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2009.08.044}, pmid = {19765990}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Competitive Behavior ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Hawaii ; Male ; Passeriformes/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Exploitative competition is a major determinant of community structure in natural assemblages [1, 2], but, introduced species are rarely competitors that lead to extinction of native species [3, 4]. Here we document strong community-wide competition from the Japanese white-eye (Zosterops japonicus) on native Hawaiian passerine birds. Introduced in 1929 [5], white-eye successfully invaded old-growth forest and coexisted with eight native species [6], overlapping multiple foraging substrates with each but evidencing no agonistic interactions [7]. The endangered Hawaii akepa (Loxops coccineus coccineus) was viable during 1987-1999 but became nonviable during 2000-2006 in association with an abrupt increase in white-eyes [7]. We show that after 2000, juveniles of every native bird species measured had lower mass and shorter bills and tarsi. For most species, lower mass led to decreased juvenile survival, and shorter bills to decreased survival of second-year and older adults. Lower survival of smaller birds represents normalizing selection that is restoring previous size means to future generations [8]. Birds at a nearby site with fewer white-eyes had normal size. White-eye had less stunting of bills and did not suffer the survival consequences of native species. Exploitative competition for food between native birds and an introduced species requires intensive management to prevent further declines.}, }
@article {pmid19762641, year = {2009}, author = {Melbourne, BA and Hastings, A}, title = {Highly variable spread rates in replicated biological invasions: fundamental limits to predictability.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {325}, number = {5947}, pages = {1536-1539}, doi = {10.1126/science.1176138}, pmid = {19762641}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Forecasting ; Linear Models ; Models, Statistical ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Stochastic Processes ; *Tribolium/physiology ; }, abstract = {Although mean rates of spread for invasive species have been intensively studied, variance in spread rates has been neglected. Variance in spread rates can be driven exogenously by environmental variability or endogenously by demographic or genetic stochasticity in reproduction, survival, and dispersal. Endogenous variability is likely to be important in spread but has not been studied empirically. We show that endogenously generated variance in spread rates is remarkably high between replicated invasions of the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum in laboratory microcosms. The observed variation between replicate invasions cannot be explained by demographic stochasticity alone, which indicates inherent limitations to predictability in even the simplest ecological settings.}, }
@article {pmid19762116, year = {2009}, author = {Valéry, L and Fritz, H and Lefeuvre, JC and Simberloff, D}, title = {Invasive species can also be native..}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {24}, number = {11}, pages = {585; author reply 586}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2009.07.003}, pmid = {19762116}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Demography ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid19761486, year = {2009}, author = {Leger, EA}, title = {Sowing (and mapping) the wild oats.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {18}, pages = {3759-3760}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04303.x}, pmid = {19761486}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Environment ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Poaceae/*genetics ; *Quantitative Trait Loci ; }, abstract = {Both ecological and molecular methods have been applied to the study of locally adapted populations. While Clausen et al. (1940) were the pioneers of field transplant studies, the work of Robert Allard et al. on the invasive species Avena barbata is a classic example of using molecular evidence to infer adaptation via correlation of particular alleles with environmental gradients. In a new study published in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Latta (2009) combines ecological methods (reciprocal environment studies) with quantitative genetic techniques (recombinant inbred lines and quantitative trait analysis) to provide new evidence for local adaptation within this well known system. The conclusions are orthogonal to the original hypothesis, and instead, provide evidence that factors other than local adaptation were likely responsible for the historically observed patterns. This new evidence suggests that one ecotype is generally more fit than the other in both a moist and a dry environment, and accordingly, it appears to be increasing in frequency in historically surveyed populations.}, }
@article {pmid19606125, year = {2009}, author = {Pysek, P and Hulme, PE}, title = {Invasion biology is a discipline that's too young to die.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {460}, number = {7253}, pages = {324}, doi = {10.1038/460324b}, pmid = {19606125}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology/*trends ; *Ecosystem ; Population Dynamics ; }, }
@article {pmid19759894, year = {2009}, author = {Collins, PW and Latta, BC and Roemer, GW}, title = {Does the order of invasive species removal matter? The case of the eagle and the pig.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {4}, number = {9}, pages = {e7005}, pmid = {19759894}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Behavior, Animal ; California ; Eagles ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Foxes ; Male ; Population Density ; *Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Swine ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive species are recognized as a primary driver of native species endangerment and their removal is often a key component of a conservation strategy. Removing invasive species is not always a straightforward task, however, especially when they interact with other species in complex ways to negatively influence native species. Because unintended consequences may arise if all invasive species cannot be removed simultaneously, the order of their removal is of paramount importance to ecological restoration. In the mid-1990s, three subspecies of the island fox Urocyon littoralis were driven to near extinction on the northern California Channel Islands owing to heightened predation by golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos. Eagles were lured to the islands by an abundant supply of feral pigs Sus scrofa and through the process of apparent competition pigs indirectly facilitated the decline in foxes. As a consequence, both pigs and eagles had to be removed to recover the critically endangered fox. Complete removal of pigs was problematic: removing pigs first could force eagles to concentrate on the remaining foxes, increasing their probability of extinction. Removing eagles first was difficult: eagles are not easily captured and lethal removal was politically distasteful.<br><br>Using prey remains collected from eagle nests both before and after the eradication of pigs, we show that one pair of eagles that eluded capture did indeed focus more on foxes. These results support the premise that if the threat of eagle predation had not been mitigated prior to pig removal, fox extinction would have been a more likely outcome.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: If complete eradication of all interacting invasive species is not possible, the order in which they are removed requires careful consideration. If overlooked, unexpected consequences may result that could impede restoration.}, }
@article {pmid19750809, year = {2009}, author = {Riascos, JM and Guzmán, N and Laudien, J and Oliva, ME and Heilmayer, O and Ortlieb, L}, title = {Long-term parasitic association between the boring polychaete Polydora bioccipitalis and Mesodesma donacium.}, journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms}, volume = {85}, number = {3}, pages = {209-215}, doi = {10.3354/dao02078}, pmid = {19750809}, issn = {0177-5103}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*parasitology ; Fossils ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*physiology ; Polychaeta/*physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Polydora and related genera are common pests for molluscs. Establishing differences between native species and recent invaders provides the basis for understanding the effect of parasites and has implications for resource management. P. biocipitalis has been reported as a recently introduced species to the Chilean-Peruvian coast, raising concerns about its threat to native bivalve species. In contrast, studies on the infestation of P. bioccipitalis on the surf clam Mesodesma donacium, one of the most important species for shellfisheries, suggest a long-term parasitic relationship. The present study analyses infested (i.e. blistered) fossil shells of M. donacium deposited during the Holocene and Middle Pleistocene epochs and critically reviews evidence supporting the hypothesis of the recent introduction of P. bioccipitalis to the Chilean-Peruvian coast. The blistering pattern seen on fossil and recent shells can be considered species-specific for the infestation of M. donacium by P. bioccipitalis. No evidence was actually found on vectors, introduction pathways or distribution range to support the status of P. bioccipitalis as an introduced species. On the contrary, our findings point to a long-term association, at least for several hundred thousand years, between M. donacium and P. bioccipitalis.}, }
@article {pmid19743915, year = {2010}, author = {Wagner, DL and Van Driesche, RG}, title = {Threats posed to rare or endangered insects by invasions of nonnative species.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {55}, number = {}, pages = {547-568}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085516}, pmid = {19743915}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Endangered Species ; *Lepidoptera ; North America ; *Pest Control, Biological ; }, abstract = {Endangerment factors are reviewed for 57 U.S. federally listed insects and 116 rare eastern North American lepidopterans to determine the importance of invasive species relative to 15 other recognized endangerment factors. Invasive plants, social insects (especially ants), and vertebrate grazers and predators repeatedly were identified as groups directly or indirectly threatening native insect biodiversity. Among rare eastern North American lepidopterans, the (mostly indirect) consequences of the establishment of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) surfaced as a general threat. Remote islands, especially those with high human visitation, stand out as being highly threatened by invasives. In the worst cases, impacts from invasive species cascade through a community and destabilize existing trophic interconnections and alter basic ecosystem properties, changing hydrology, nutrient cycles, soil chemistry, fire susceptibility, and light availability, and precipitate myriad other changes in biotic and abiotic parameters. Invasive ants and herbivorous insects provide some of the most dramatic examples of such insect-induced invasional cascades.}, }
@article {pmid19740923, year = {2010}, author = {Carrasco, LR and Baker, R and Macleod, A and Knight, JD and Mumford, JD}, title = {Optimal and robust control of invasive alien species spreading in homogeneous landscapes.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {7}, number = {44}, pages = {529-540}, pmid = {19740923}, issn = {1742-5662}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Insect Control ; *Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Uncertainty ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Government agencies lack robust modelling tools to manage the spread of invasive alien species (IAS). In this paper, we combine optimal control and simulation methods with biological invasion spread theory to estimate the type of optimal policy and switching point of control efforts against a spreading IAS. We employ information-gap (info-gap) theory to assess how the optimal solutions differ from a policy that is most robustly immune to unacceptable outcomes. The model is applied to the potential invasion of the Colorado potato beetle in the UK. Under no uncertainty, we demonstrate that for many of the parameter combinations the optimal control policy corresponds to slowing down the invasion. The info-gap analysis shows that eradication policies identified as optimal under no uncertainty are robustly the best policies even under severe uncertainty, i.e. even if they are likely to turn into slowing down policies. We also show that the control of satellite colonies, if identified as optimal under no uncertainty, will also be a robust slowing down policy for IAS that can spread by long distance dispersal even for relatively ineffective control measures. The results suggest that agencies adopt management strategies that are robustly optimal, despite the severe uncertainties they face.}, }
@article {pmid19739374, year = {2009}, author = {Baythavong, BS and Stanton, ML and Rice, KJ}, title = {Understanding the consequences of seed dispersal in a heterogeneous environment.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {90}, number = {8}, pages = {2118-2128}, doi = {10.1890/08-0307.1}, pmid = {19739374}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Geraniaceae/*physiology ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Seeds/*physiology ; Soil ; Water ; }, abstract = {Plant distributions are in part determined by environmental heterogeneity on both large (landscape) and small (several meters) spatial scales. Plant populations can respond to environmental heterogeneity via genetic differentiation between large distinct patches, and via phenotypic plasticity in response to heterogeneity occurring at small scales relative to dispersal distance. As a result, the level of environmental heterogeneity experienced across generations, as determined by seed dispersal distance, may itself be under selection. Selection could act to increase or decrease seed dispersal distance, depending on patterns of heterogeneity in environmental quality with distance from a maternal home site. Serpentine soils, which impose harsh and variable abiotic stress on non-adapted plants, have been partially invaded by Erodium cicutarium in northern California, USA. Using nearby grassland sites characterized as either serpentine or non-serpentine, we collected seeds from dense patches of E. cicutarium on both soil types in spring 2004 and subsequently dispersed those seeds to one of four distances from their maternal home site (0, 0.5, 1, or 10 m). We examined distance-dependent patterns of variation in offspring lifetime fitness, conspecific density, soil availability, soil water content, and aboveground grass and forb biomass. ANOVA revealed a distinct fitness peak when seeds were dispersed 0.5 m from their maternal home site on serpentine patches. In non-serpentine patches, fitness was reduced only for seeds placed back into the maternal home site. Conspecific density was uniformly high within 1 m of a maternal home site on both soils, whereas soil water content and grass biomass were significantly heterogeneous among dispersal distances only on serpentine soils. Structural equation modeling and multigroup analysis revealed significantly stronger direct and indirect effects linking abiotic and biotic variation to offspring performance on serpentine soils than on non-serpentine soils, indicating the potential for soil-specific selection on seed dispersal distance in this invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid19736226, year = {2009}, author = {Sumpter, JP}, title = {Protecting aquatic organisms from chemicals: the harsh realities.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {367}, number = {1904}, pages = {3877-3894}, doi = {10.1098/rsta.2009.0106}, pmid = {19736226}, issn = {1364-503X}, abstract = {Tens of thousands of man-made chemicals are in everyday use in developed countries. A high proportion of these, or their transformation products, probably reach the aquatic environment. A considerable amount is known about the environmental concentrations of some of these chemicals (such as metals), especially the regulated ones, but little or nothing is known about the majority. In densely populated countries, most or all rivers will receive both diffuse (e.g. agricultural runoff) and point source (e.g. sewage treatment plant effluent) inputs, and hence be contaminated with complex, ill-defined mixtures of chemicals. Most freshwater organisms will be exposed, to varying degrees, to this contamination. The number of species exposed is in the thousands, and quite possibly tens of thousands. Little is known about whether or not these species are adversely affected by the chemicals present in their environment. Often it is not even known what species are present, let alone whether they are affected by the chemicals present. In a few high-profile cases (e.g. tributyl tin causing imposex in molluscs and oestrogens 'feminizing' male fish), chemicals have undoubtedly adversely affected aquatic species, occasionally leading to population crashes. Whether or not other chemicals are affecting less visible species (such as most invertebrates) is largely unknown. It is possible that only very few chemicals in the freshwater environment are adversely affecting wildlife, but it is equally possible that some effects of chemicals are, as yet, undiscovered (and may remain so). Nor it is clear which chemicals may pose the greatest risk to aquatic organisms. All these uncertainties leave much to chance, yet designing a regulatory system that would better protect aquatic organisms from chemicals is difficult. A more flexible and intelligent strategy may improve the current situation. Finally, the risk due to chemicals is put into context with the many other threats, such as alien species and new diseases that undoubtedly can pose significant risks to aquatic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid19732395, year = {2010}, author = {Yemshanov, D and Koch, FH and Ben-Haim, Y and Smith, WD}, title = {Robustness of risk maps and survey networks to knowledge gaps about a new invasive pest.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {261-276}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01284.x}, pmid = {19732395}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Animals ; *Communication ; Data Collection ; Humans ; *Hymenoptera ; North America ; Plague ; Population Groups ; Probability ; Risk ; Risk Assessment ; Trees ; *Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {In pest risk assessment it is frequently necessary to make management decisions regarding emerging threats under severe uncertainty. Although risk maps provide useful decision support for invasive alien species, they rarely address knowledge gaps associated with the underlying risk model or how they may change the risk estimates. Failure to recognize uncertainty leads to risk-ignorant decisions and miscalculation of expected impacts as well as the costs required to minimize these impacts. Here we use the information gap concept to evaluate the robustness of risk maps to uncertainties in key assumptions about an invading organism. We generate risk maps with a spatial model of invasion that simulates potential entries of an invasive pest via international marine shipments, their spread through a landscape, and establishment on a susceptible host. In particular, we focus on the question of how much uncertainty in risk model assumptions can be tolerated before the risk map loses its value. We outline this approach with an example of a forest pest recently detected in North America, Sirex noctilio Fabricius. The results provide a spatial representation of the robustness of predictions of S. noctilio invasion risk to uncertainty and show major geographic hotspots where the consideration of uncertainty in model parameters may change management decisions about a new invasive pest. We then illustrate how the dependency between the extent of uncertainties and the degree of robustness of a risk map can be used to select a surveillance network design that is most robust to knowledge gaps about the pest.}, }
@article {pmid19728834, year = {2010}, author = {Suckling, DM and Brockerhoff, EG}, title = {Invasion biology, ecology, and management of the light brown apple moth (Tortricidae).}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {55}, number = {}, pages = {285-306}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085311}, pmid = {19728834}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Insect Control ; *Moths/physiology ; Plants/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), the light brown apple moth (LBAM), is an important leafroller pest with an exceptionally wide host range that includes many horticultural crops and other woody and herbaceous plants. LBAM is native to southeastern Australia but has invaded Western Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, much of England, and in 2007, it was confirmed as established in California. The discovery of this pest in California has led to a major detection and regulatory effort because of concerns about economic and environmental impacts. Its recent discovery in Sweden is also of note. LBAM has often been intercepted on imports of fruit and other plant parts, and it has the potential to become a successful invader in temperate and subtropical regions worldwide. The importance of the insect has prompted development of classical biological control programs together with a wide variety of other management interventions that can be used in integrated pest management or integrated pest eradication.}, }
@article {pmid19725768, year = {2010}, author = {Westbrook, CJ and Reiskind, MH and Pesko, KN and Greene, KE and Lounibos, LP}, title = {Larval environmental temperature and the susceptibility of Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) to Chikungunya virus.}, journal = {Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {241-247}, pmid = {19725768}, issn = {1557-7759}, support = {T32 AI007538/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI-044793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/*virology ; Animals ; Chikungunya virus/*physiology ; *Environment ; Female ; Larva/growth &amp; development/virology ; Male ; Survival Analysis ; *Temperature ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {A key feature in the recent widespread epidemic of the mosquito-borne alphavirus chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was the important role of Aedes albopictus, formerly regarded as a secondary vector, compared to the presumed primary vector Aedes aegypti. Ae. albopictus, a container-inhabiting mosquito, is an invasive species that occurs over a wide geographic range spanning tropical and temperate latitudes. In this study we examine the effects of a broad range of larval rearing temperatures on CHIKV infection, dissemination, and viral titer in Florida F(1) Ae. albopictus. Adults from larvae reared at 18 degrees C, 24 degrees C, and 32 degrees C differed significantly in size, development time, and CHIKV infection rate. Adult females with the largest body size were produced from the coolest temperature, took the longest to mature, and six times more likely to be infected with CHIKV than females reared at 32 degrees C. There was also a significant effect of rearing temperature on viral dissemination, resulting in an increase in population dissemination at the coolest temperature. This study indicates that climate factors, such as temperature, experienced at the larval stage, can influence the competence of adult females to vector arboviruses.}, }
@article {pmid19722273, year = {2010}, author = {Boronow, KE and Langkilde, T}, title = {Sublethal effects of invasive fire ant venom on a native lizard.}, journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological genetics and physiology}, volume = {313}, number = {1}, pages = {17-23}, doi = {10.1002/jez.570}, pmid = {19722273}, issn = {1932-5231}, mesh = {Alabama ; Animals ; Ant Venoms/*pharmacology ; Ants/*physiology ; Arkansas ; Bite Force ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Hemolysis/drug effects ; Insect Bites and Stings/physiopathology ; Lizards/*physiology ; Locomotion/physiology ; Male ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can impose novel selection pressures on natives, such as toxins to which native taxa are not adapted. Native species may survive such invasions by evolving mechanisms to avoid toxin exposure or increase toxin tolerance. Red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) employ an alkaloid-based venom to defend their colonies and capture prey. In this study we aim to characterize the sublethal effects of invasive fire ant venom on a native vertebrate, the eastern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus), and to determine whether lizard populations that have been exposed to these fire ants for approximately 35 generations have increased physiological resistance to the venom. We documented the sublethal impact of fire ant venom on fence lizard performance by naturally exposing lizards to fire ant stings and recording changes in three fitness-relevant measures: bite force, righting ability, and sprint speed. We also measured blood hemolysis induced by the venom. To test for the development of physiological resistance to fire ant venom we compared whole-body performance and hemolysis for two populations of lizards with different fire ant invasion histories. Fire ant venom showed no dosage-dependent sublethal effects on performance. In addition, there is no evidence that lizards have evolved increased physiological resistance: the impact of fire ant venom on whole-body performance and hemolysis did not differ between the naïve and experienced populations. Lizards may instead rely on adaptive shifts in escape behavior and morphology following invasion to survive fire ant attack.}, }
@article {pmid21622360, year = {2009}, author = {Costea, M and Stefanovic, S}, title = {Cuscuta jepsonii (Convolvulaceae): An invasive weed or an extinct endemic?.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {96}, number = {9}, pages = {1744-1750}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.0800425}, pmid = {21622360}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {Despite their ecological significance, parasitic plants face more conservation challenges than do autotrophic plants. This is especially true for the groups that include weedy or invasive species such as Cuscuta. While approximately half of the Cuscuta (dodders) species may require conservation measures, the genus as a whole is sometimes posted on governmental lists of noxious or quarantine weeds. Our study challenges this stereotype and uses the case of C. jepsonii (Jepson's dodder) to illustrate the precarious biodiversity and conservation status faced by many dodder species. Until now, Jepson's dodder has been known only from its type collection. Consequently, its phylogenetic affinities, morphological variation, and ecology have remained unknown, and the species is currently ambiguously considered either synonymous to the invasive North American weed C. indecora or to an extinct endemic from California. Using molecular data from newly found collections, we infer that C. jepsonii belongs to C. californica species complex, instead of C. indecora clade. Also, we discuss the conservation of this species within the broader biological and ecological context of Cuscuta in general.}, }
@article {pmid21105593, year = {2009}, author = {Horak, IG and Nyangiwe, N and De Matos, C and Neves, L}, title = {Species composition and geographic distribution of ticks infesting cattle, goats and dogs in a temperate and in a subtropical region of south-east Africa.}, journal = {The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, pages = {263-276}, doi = {10.4102/ojvr.v76i3.28}, pmid = {21105593}, issn = {0030-2465}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Dogs ; Female ; Goat Diseases/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Goats ; Male ; Mozambique/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Species Specificity ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Ticks/classification/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The species and distribution of ticks infesting cattle, goats and dogs in the eastern region of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa and Maputo Province, Mozambique were determined from collections made from these animals at 72 localities in the former region and 30 in the latter. Eleven ixodid and one argasid species were recovered in the Eastern Cape Province and 15 ixodid species in Maputo Province. The most common ticks infesting cattle and goats in both provinces were Amblyomma hebraeum, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi. The dominant species on dogs were Haemaphysalis elliptica and Rhipicephalus simus. The geographic distributions of the major species and some of the minor species in both regions were plotted. The partial or complete displacement of the indigenous tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus by the introduced species R. (B.) microplus was a major feature of both surveys.}, }
@article {pmid19717222, year = {2009}, author = {Mount, A and Pickering, CM}, title = {Testing the capacity of clothing to act as a vector for non-native seed in protected areas.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {91}, number = {1}, pages = {168-179}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.08.002}, pmid = {19717222}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; *Clothing ; Humans ; *Seeds ; }, abstract = {Although humans are a major mechanism for short and long distance seed dispersal, there is limited research testing clothing as a vector. The effect of different types of material (sports vs hiking socks), or different items of clothing (boots, socks, laces vs legs) or the same item (socks) worn in different places on seed composition were assessed in Kosciuszko National Park, Australia. Data was analyzed using Repeated Measures ANOVA, independent and paired t-tests, Multi-dimensional Scaling Ordinations and Analysis of Similarity. A total of 24,776 seeds from 70 taxa were collected from the 207 pieces of clothing sampled, with seed identified from 31 native and 19 non-native species. Socks worn off-track collected more native seeds while those worn on roadsides collected more non-native seeds. Sports socks collected a greater diversity of seeds and more native seeds than hiking socks. Boots, uncovered socks and laces collect more seeds than covered socks and laces, resulting in 17% fewer seeds collected when wearing trousers. With seeds from over 179 species (134 recognized weeds) collected on clothing in this, and nine other studies, it is clear that clothing contributes to unintended human mediated seed dispersal, including for many invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid19712994, year = {2009}, author = {Walther, GR and Roques, A and Hulme, PE and Sykes, MT and Pysek, P and Kühn, I and Zobel, M and Bacher, S and Botta-Dukát, Z and Bugmann, H and Czúcz, B and Dauber, J and Hickler, T and Jarosík, V and Kenis, M and Klotz, S and Minchin, D and Moora, M and Nentwig, W and Ott, J and Panov, VE and Reineking, B and Robinet, C and Semenchenko, V and Solarz, W and Thuiller, W and Vilà, M and Vohland, K and Settele, J}, title = {Alien species in a warmer world: risks and opportunities.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {24}, number = {12}, pages = {686-693}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2009.06.008}, pmid = {19712994}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Global Warming ; Plants ; Risk Factors ; }, abstract = {Climate change and biological invasions are key processes affecting global biodiversity, yet their effects have usually been considered separately. Here, we emphasise that global warming has enabled alien species to expand into regions in which they previously could not survive and reproduce. Based on a review of climate-mediated biological invasions of plants, invertebrates, fishes and birds, we discuss the ways in which climate change influences biological invasions. We emphasise the role of alien species in a more dynamic context of shifting species' ranges and changing communities. Under these circumstances, management practices regarding the occurrence of 'new' species could range from complete eradication to tolerance and even consideration of the 'new' species as an enrichment of local biodiversity and key elements to maintain ecosystem services.}, }
@article {pmid19708968, year = {2009}, author = {Oliver, M and Luque-Larena, JJ and Lambin, X}, title = {Do rabbits eat voles? Apparent competition, habitat heterogeneity and large-scale coexistence under mink predation.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {1201-1209}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01375.x}, pmid = {19708968}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; Arvicolinae/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Mink/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Rabbits/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Habitat heterogeneity is predicted to profoundly influence the dynamics of indirect interspecific interactions; however, despite potentially significant consequences for multi-species persistence, this remains almost completely unexplored in large-scale natural landscapes. Moreover, how spatial habitat heterogeneity affects the persistence of interacting invasive and native species is also poorly understood. Here we show how the persistence of a native prey (water vole, Arvicola terrestris) is determined by the spatial distribution of an invasive prey (European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus) and directly infer how this is defined by the mobility of a shared invasive predator (American mink, Neovison vison). This study uniquely demonstrates that variation in habitat connectivity in large-scale natural landscapes creates spatial asynchrony, enabling coexistence between apparent competitive native and invasive species. These findings highlight that unexpected interactions may be involved in species declines, and also that in such cases habitat heterogeneity should be considered in wildlife management decisions.}, }
@article {pmid19706431, year = {2009}, author = {Lankau, RA and Nuzzo, V and Spyreas, G and Davis, AS}, title = {Evolutionary limits ameliorate the negative impact of an invasive plant.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {106}, number = {36}, pages = {15362-15367}, pmid = {19706431}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Brassicaceae/*chemistry/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Illinois ; Population Dynamics ; Regression Analysis ; Selection, Genetic ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; Toxins, Biological/analysis/*biosynthesis ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can quickly transform biological communities due to their high abundance and strong impacts on native species, in part because they can be released from the ecological forces that limit native populations. However, little is known about the long-term dynamics of invasions; do invaders maintain their dominant status over long time spans, or do new ecological and evolutionary forces eventually develop to limit their populations? Alliaria petiolata is a Eurasian species that aggressively invades North American forest understories, in part due to the production of toxic phytochemicals. Here we document a marked decline in its phytotoxin production and a consequent decline in their impact on three native species, across a 50+ year chronosequence of Alliaria petiolata invasion. Genetic evidence suggests that these patterns result from natural selection for decreased phytotoxin production rather than founder effects during introduction and spread. These patterns are consistent with the finding of slowing A. petiolata population growth and rebounding native species abundance across a separate chronosequence in Illinois, U.S. These results suggest that this invader is developing evolutionary limits in its introduced range and highlight the importance of understanding the long-term processes that shape species invasions and their impacts.}, }
@article {pmid19704862, year = {2009}, author = {Newcombe, G and Shipunov, A and Eigenbrode, S and Raghavendra, AKh and Ding, H and Anderson, CL and Menjivar, R and Crawford, M and Schwarzländer, M}, title = {Endophytes influence protection and growth of an invasive plant.}, journal = {Communicative &amp; integrative biology}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {29-31}, pmid = {19704862}, issn = {1942-0889}, abstract = {We investigated the symbiotic activities of fungal endophytes isolated from spotted knapweed, Centaurea stoebe. Previously, an analysis of community similarity had demonstrated differences in the endophyte communities of C. stoebe in its native and invaded ranges. Here, we found that specific endophytes can exert positive effects on their host, whereas others exert negative effects. Endophytes produced metabolites that inhibited germination of a competitor of C. stoebe. Endophytes also repelled a specialist insect herbivore, perhaps by producing biologically active volatiles. Yet other endophytes acted as cryptic pathogens of C. stoebe, suppressing its germination, reducing its growth, increasing the abundance of a generalist insect herbivore, and delaying or suppressing its flowering. Since, as reported here, endophytes are not functionally interchangeable, previously reported community differences could be contributing to the invasiveness of C. stoebe.}, }
@article {pmid19699752, year = {2009}, author = {Hui, C}, title = {On the scaling patterns of species spatial distribution and association.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {261}, number = {3}, pages = {481-487}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.08.015}, pmid = {19699752}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Understanding how species distribution (occupancy and spatial autocorrelation) and association (that is, multi-species co-distribution) change across scales is fundamental to unlocking the pattern formation in population ecology and macroecology. Based on the Bayesian rule and join-count statistics, I present here a mathematical model that can demonstrate the effect of spatial scale on the observation of species distribution and association. Results showed that the intensity of spatial autocorrelation and species association declines when the grain in the spatial analysis increases, although the category of species distribution (aggregated or segregated) and association (positive or negative) remains the same. Random distribution and species independence were proved to be scale-free. Regardless of the possible patterns of species distribution and association, species tend to be randomly distributed and independent from each other when scaling-up (an increasing grain), reflecting a percolation process. This model, thus, grasps the statistical essence of species scaling pattern and presents a step forward for unveiling mechanisms behind species distributional and macroecological patterns.}, }
@article {pmid19694129, year = {2009}, author = {Minor, ES and Tessel, SM and Engelhardt, KA and Lookingbill, TR}, title = {The role of landscape connectivity in assembling exotic plant communities: a network analysis.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {90}, number = {7}, pages = {1802-1809}, doi = {10.1890/08-1015.1}, pmid = {19694129}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Maryland ; *Models, Biological ; Trees/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Landscape fragmentation and exotic species invasions are two modern-day forces that have strong and largely irreversible effects on native diversity worldwide. The spatial arrangement of habitat fragments is critical in affecting movement of individuals through a landscape, but little is known about how invasive species respond to landscape configuration relative to native species. This information is crucial for managing the global threat of invasive species spread. Using network analysis and partial Mantel tests to control for covarying environmental conditions, we show that forest plant communities in a fragmented landscape have spatial structure that is best captured by a network representation of landscape connectivity. This spatial structure is less pronounced in invasive species and exotic species dispersed by animals. Our research suggests that invasive species can spread more easily in fragmented landscapes than native species, which may make communities more homogeneous over time.}, }
@article {pmid19694120, year = {2009}, author = {Huey, RB and Pascual, M}, title = {Partial thermoregulatory compensation by a rapidly evolving invasive species along a latitudinal cline.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {90}, number = {7}, pages = {1715-1720}, doi = {10.1890/09-0097.1}, pmid = {19694120}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Body Temperature Regulation/*physiology ; California ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; Drosophila/*genetics/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Oregon ; Seasons ; Washington ; }, abstract = {In fewer than two decades after invading the Americas, the European fly Drosophila subobscura evolved latitudinal clines in several traits. Moreover, its chromosomal inversion frequencies at given localities have shifted with climate warming. Temperature may have driven the evolution of both geographic clines and within-site shifts. Nevertheless, whether body temperature (Tb) of active flies actually varies geographically and temporally is unknown: if these flies are effective behavioral thermoregulators, they might maintain relatively constant Tb when active, independent of season and latitude. To evaluate these possibilities, we monitored activity and estimated Tb of active flies in all seasons and at five sites (37-49 degrees N) in western North America. Latitudinal and seasonal shifts in activity are conspicuous. Flies have longer activity seasons (and are much more active) at higher latitudes. Flies are generally active only at midday in cool seasons, and only early and late in the day (if active at all) in warm seasons. Despite these behavioral shifts active flies have much lower Tb in cooler seasons and at higher latitudes. The observed pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that geographic shifts in Tb may be an evolutionary driver of latitudinal clines in this invading species.}, }
@article {pmid19692403, year = {2009}, author = {Vilà, M and Bartomeus, I and Dietzsch, AC and Petanidou, T and Steffan-Dewenter, I and Stout, JC and Tscheulin, T}, title = {Invasive plant integration into native plant-pollinator networks across Europe.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {276}, number = {1674}, pages = {3887-3893}, pmid = {19692403}, issn = {0962-8452}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Insecta/*physiology ; Plants/*classification ; Pollination/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The structure of plant-pollinator networks has been claimed to be resilient to changes in species composition due to the weak degree of dependence among mutualistic partners. However, detailed empirical investigations of the consequences of introducing an alien plant species into mutualistic networks are lacking. We present the first cross-European analysis by using a standardized protocol to assess the degree to which a particular alien plant species (i.e. Carpobrotus affine acinaciformis, Impatiens glandulifera, Opuntia stricta, Rhododendron ponticum and Solanum elaeagnifolium) becomes integrated into existing native plant-pollinator networks, and how this translates to changes in network structure. Alien species were visited by almost half of the pollinator species present, accounting on average for 42 per cent of the visits and 24 per cent of the network interactions. Furthermore, in general, pollinators depended upon alien plants more than on native plants. However, despite the fact that invaded communities received more visits than uninvaded communities, the dominant role of alien species over natives did not translate into overall changes in network connectance, plant linkage level and nestedness. Our results imply that although supergeneralist alien plants can play a central role in the networks, the structure of the networks appears to be very permeable and robust to the introduction of invasive alien species into the network.}, }
@article {pmid19689892, year = {2009}, author = {Wang, Y and Ding, J and Wheeler, GS and Purcell, MF and Zhang, G}, title = {Heterapoderopsis bicallosicollis (Coleoptera: Attelabidae): a potential biological control agent for Triadica sebifera.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, pages = {1135-1144}, doi = {10.1603/022.038.0421}, pmid = {19689892}, issn = {0046-225X}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Euphorbiaceae/*parasitology ; Female ; Food Preferences ; Geography ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Life Cycle Stages ; Oviposition ; Temperature ; Weevils/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Native to China, Chinese tallow, Triadica sebifera L. Small (Euphorbiaceae), is an invasive plant in the southeastern United States. The leaf-rolling weevil, Heterapoderopsis bicallosicollis Voss, is a common herbivore attacking this plant in China. To evaluate its potential as a biological control agent of T. sebifera, biology and host specificity of this weevil were studied in China. H. bicallosicollis occurs over a wide, native, geographic range and its immatures successfully develop at 15-35 degrees C, indicating its physiological potential to establish and persist throughout the range of climatic conditions where the target plant grows in the United States. Adults make feeding holes on leaves. Before oviposition, the female makes a sealed leaf roll called a nidus and then lays one to two eggs inside. Eggs, larvae, and pupae develop within nidi, and larvae survive only when they develop inside the nidi. This requirement makes the weevil highly host specific to T. sebifera. In laboratory no-choice tests of 54 species from eight families, adults fed on only 3 plant species, T. sebifera, Sapium chihsinianum S. K. Lee, and Phyllanthus urinaria L. and only oviposited on T. sebifera. These results were confirmed where, in multiple-choice tests, adults only oviposited on T. sebifera. Given that T. sebifera is the only species in the genus Triadica in the United States, the results of this study suggest that H. bicallosicollis is a potential biological control agent of T. sebifera and should be considered to be imported into quarantine in the United States for further tests on native North American species.}, }
@article {pmid19688925, year = {2009}, author = {Pitt, JP and Worner, SP and Suarez, AV}, title = {Predicting Argentine ant spread over the heterogeneous landscape using a spatially explicit stochastic model.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, pages = {1176-1186}, doi = {10.1890/08-1777.1}, pmid = {19688925}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Forecasting ; Geography ; *Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {The characteristics of spread for an invasive species should influence how environmental authorities or government agencies respond to an initial incursion. High-resolution predictions of how, where, and the speed at which a newly established invasive population will spread across the surrounding heterogeneous landscape can greatly assist appropriate and timely risk assessments and control decisions. The Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) is a worldwide invasive species that was inadvertently introduced to New Zealand in 1990. In this study, a spatially explicit stochastic simulation model of species dispersal, integrated with a geographic information system, was used to recreate the historical spread of L. humile in New Zealand. High-resolution probabilistic maps simulating local and human-assisted spread across large geographic regions were used to predict dispersal rates and pinpoint at-risk areas. The spatially explicit simulation model was compared with a uniform radial spread model with respect to predicting the observed spread of the Argentine ant. The uniform spread model was more effective predicting the observed populations early in the invasion process, but the simulation model was more successful later in the simulation. Comparison between the models highlighted that different search strategies may be needed at different stages in an invasion to optimize detection and indicates the influence that landscape suitability can have on the long-term spread of an invasive species. The modeling and predictive mapping methodology used can improve efforts to predict and evaluate species spread, not only in invasion biology, but also in conservation biology, diversity studies, and climate change studies.}, }
@article {pmid19659556, year = {2010}, author = {Burgman, MA and Wintle, BA and Thompson, CA and Moilanen, A and Runge, MC and Ben-Haim, Y}, title = {Reconciling uncertain costs and benefits in Bayes nets for invasive species management.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {277-284}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01273.x}, pmid = {19659556}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Decision Making ; Environment ; Humans ; *Probability ; Queensland ; *Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Bayes nets are used increasingly to characterize environmental systems and formalize probabilistic reasoning to support decision making. These networks treat probabilities as exact quantities. Sensitivity analysis can be used to evaluate the importance of assumptions and parameter estimates. Here, we outline an application of info-gap theory to Bayes nets that evaluates the sensitivity of decisions to possibly large errors in the underlying probability estimates and utilities. We apply it to an example of management and eradication of Red Imported Fire Ants in Southern Queensland, Australia and show how changes in management decisions can be justified when uncertainty is considered.}, }
@article {pmid19654609, year = {2010}, author = {Guillemaud, T and Beaumont, MA and Ciosi, M and Cornuet, JM and Estoup, A}, title = {Inferring introduction routes of invasive species using approximate Bayesian computation on microsatellite data.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {104}, number = {1}, pages = {88-99}, doi = {10.1038/hdy.2009.92}, pmid = {19654609}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Bayes Theorem ; Coleoptera/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Computer Simulation ; Genetics, Population/methods ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Determining the routes of introduction provides not only information about the history of an invasion process, but also information about the origin and construction of the genetic composition of the invading population. It remains difficult, however, to infer introduction routes from molecular data because of a lack of appropriate methods. We evaluate here the use of an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) method for estimating the probabilities of introduction routes of invasive populations based on microsatellite data. We considered the crucial case of a single source population from which two invasive populations originated either serially from a single introduction event or from two independent introduction events. Using simulated datasets, we found that the method gave correct inferences and was robust to many erroneous beliefs. The method was also more efficient than traditional methods based on raw values of statistics such as assignment likelihood or pairwise F(ST). We illustrate some of the features of our ABC method, using real microsatellite datasets obtained for invasive populations of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. Most computations were performed with the DIYABC program (http://www1.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/diyabc/).}, }
@article {pmid21628299, year = {2009}, author = {Harmon-Threatt, AN and Burns, JH and Shemyakina, LA and Knight, TM}, title = {Breeding system and pollination ecology of introduced plants compared to their native relatives.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {96}, number = {8}, pages = {1544-1550}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.0800369}, pmid = {21628299}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {Identifying how plant-enemy interactions contribute to the success of introduced species has been a subject of much research, while the role of plant-pollinator interactions has received less attention. The ability to reproduce in new environments is essential for the successful establishment and spread of introduced species. Introduced plant species that are not capable of autonomous self-fertilization and are unable to attract resident pollinators may suffer from pollen limitation. Our study quantifies the degree of autogamy and pollination ecology of 10 closely related pairs of native and introduced plant species at a single site near St. Louis, Missouri, USA. Most of these species pairs had similar capacities for autogamy; however, of those that differed, the introduced species were more autogamous than their native congeners. Most introduced plants have pollinator visitation rates similar to those of their native congeners. Of the 20 species studied, only three had significant pollen limitation. We suggest that the success of most introduced plant species is because they are highly autogamous or because their pollinator visitation rates are similar to those of their native relatives. Understanding and identifying traits related to pollination success that are key in successful introductions may allow better understanding and prediction of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid19644109, year = {2009}, author = {Norton, DA}, title = {Species invasions and the limits to restoration: learning from the New Zealand experience.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {325}, number = {5940}, pages = {569-571}, doi = {10.1126/science.1172978}, pmid = {19644109}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/trends ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Forecasting ; New Zealand ; Pest Control ; Plant Development ; *Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Species invasions impose key biotic thresholds limiting the success of ecological restoration projects. These thresholds may be difficult to reverse and will have long-term consequences for restoration because of invasion legacies such as extinctions; because most invasive species cannot be eliminated given current technology and resources; and because even when controlled to low levels, invasive species continue to exert substantial pressure on native biodiversity. Restoration outcomes in the face of biological invasions are likely to be novel and will require long-term resource commitment, as any letup in invasive species management will result in the loss of the conservation gains achieved.}, }
@article {pmid19641999, year = {2009}, author = {Peres, WA and Buckup, PA and Kantek, DL and Bertollo, LA and Moreira-Filho, O}, title = {Chromosomal evidence of downstream dispersal of Astyanax fasciatus (Characiformes, Characidae) associated with river shed interconnection.}, journal = {Genetica}, volume = {137}, number = {3}, pages = {305-311}, pmid = {19641999}, issn = {1573-6857}, mesh = {Animal Migration/*physiology ; Animals ; Brazil ; Chromosomes/chemistry/genetics ; Cytogenetic Analysis/methods ; Drainage, Sanitary ; Fishes/*genetics/*physiology ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Population Dynamics ; *Rivers ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {In the 1960s, as a part of the construction of the Furnas Hydroelectric Power Dam, Minas Gerais, Brazil, the Rio Piumhi was diverted from the Rio Grande drainage to the São Francisco River basin, with the resulting introduction of species from one basin to the other. Chromosomal characteristics of various populations of Astyanax fasciatus sensu Eigenmann from the transect region were studied using cytogenetic techniques, with the goal to identify and map the dispersal of invasive species in the Rio São Francisco. Populations of the Rio Grande and Rio Piumhi are distinct from those of the São Francisco basin based on chromosome markers associated to the heterochromatin, Ag-NORs, 18S rDNA, 5S rDNA, and As-51 satellite DNA sites. Individuals with karyomorph originally present in the Piumhi drainage are now present in the São Francisco basin, downstream from the transposition channel. This expansion of the distribution corroborates a hypothesis of progressive substitution of native populations by the invasive Piumhi form.}, }
@article {pmid19636605, year = {2009}, author = {Keller, BD and Gleason, DF and McLeod, E and Woodley, CM and Airamé, S and Causey, BD and Friedlander, AM and Grober-Dunsmore, R and Johnson, JE and Miller, SL and Steneck, RS}, title = {Climate change, coral reef ecosystems, and management options for marine protected areas.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, pages = {1069-1088}, pmid = {19636605}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Seawater ; }, abstract = {Marine protected areas (MPAs) provide place-based management of marine ecosystems through various degrees and types of protective actions. Habitats such as coral reefs are especially susceptible to degradation resulting from climate change, as evidenced by mass bleaching events over the past two decades. Marine ecosystems are being altered by direct effects of climate change including ocean warming, ocean acidification, rising sea level, changing circulation patterns, increasing severity of storms, and changing freshwater influxes. As impacts of climate change strengthen they may exacerbate effects of existing stressors and require new or modified management approaches; MPA networks are generally accepted as an improvement over individual MPAs to address multiple threats to the marine environment. While MPA networks are considered a potentially effective management approach for conserving marine biodiversity, they should be established in conjunction with other management strategies, such as fisheries regulations and reductions of nutrients and other forms of land-based pollution. Information about interactions between climate change and more "traditional" stressors is limited. MPA managers are faced with high levels of uncertainty about likely outcomes of management actions because climate change impacts have strong interactions with existing stressors, such as land-based sources of pollution, overfishing and destructive fishing practices, invasive species, and diseases. Management options include ameliorating existing stressors, protecting potentially resilient areas, developing networks of MPAs, and integrating climate change into MPA planning, management, and evaluation.}, }
@article {pmid19630983, year = {2009}, author = {Fitzpatrick, BM and Johnson, JR and Kump, DK and Shaffer, HB and Smith, JJ and Voss, SR}, title = {Rapid fixation of non-native alleles revealed by genome-wide SNP analysis of hybrid tiger salamanders.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {176}, pmid = {19630983}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Alleles ; Ambystoma/*genetics ; Animals ; California ; Chimera/*genetics ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetics, Population ; *Genome-Wide Association Study ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hybrid zones represent valuable opportunities to observe evolution in systems that are unusually dynamic and where the potential for the origin of novelty and rapid adaptation co-occur with the potential for dysfunction. Recently initiated hybrid zones are particularly exciting evolutionary experiments because ongoing natural selection on novel genetic combinations can be studied in ecological time. Moreover, when hybrid zones involve native and introduced species, complex genetic patterns present important challenges for conservation policy. To assess variation of admixture dynamics, we scored a large panel of markers in five wild hybrid populations formed when Barred Tiger Salamanders were introduced into the range of California Tiger Salamanders.<br><br>RESULTS: At three of 64 markers, introduced alleles have largely displaced native alleles within the hybrid populations. Another marker (GNAT1) showed consistent heterozygote deficits in the wild, and this marker was associated with embryonic mortality in laboratory F2's. Other deviations from equilibrium expectations were idiosyncratic among breeding ponds, consistent with highly stochastic demographic effects.<br><br>CONCLUSION: While most markers retain native and introduced alleles in expected proportions, strong selection appears to be eliminating native alleles at a smaller set of loci. Such rapid fixation of alleles is detectable only in recently formed hybrid zones, though it might be representative of dynamics that frequently occur in nature. These results underscore the variable and mosaic nature of hybrid genomes and illustrate the potency of recombination and selection in promoting variable, and often unpredictable genetic outcomes. Introgression of a few, strongly selected introduced alleles should not necessarily affect the conservation status of California Tiger Salamanders, but suggests that genetically pure populations of this endangered species will be difficult to maintain.}, }
@article {pmid19627321, year = {2009}, author = {Tallamy, DW and Shropshire, KJ}, title = {Ranking lepidopteran use of native versus introduced plants.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {941-947}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01202.x}, pmid = {19627321}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Lepidoptera/*physiology ; Plants/classification/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {In light of the wide-scale replacement of native plants in North America with introduced, invasive species and noninvasive ornamental plants that evolved elsewhere, we compared the value of native and introduced plants in terms of their ability to serve as host plants for Lepidoptera. Insect herbivores such as Lepidoptera larvae are critically important components of terrestrial food webs and any reduction in their biomass or diversity due to the loss of acceptable host plants is predicted to reduce the production of the many insectivores in higher trophic levels. We conducted an exhaustive search of host records in the literature. We used the data we gathered to rank all 1385 plant genera that occur in the mid-Atlantic states of the United States by their ability to support Lepidoptera richness. Statistical comparisons were made with Welch's test for equality of means. Woody plants supported more species of moths and butterflies than herbaceous plants, native plants supported more species than introduced plants, and native woody plants with ornamental value supported more Lepidoptera species than introduced woody ornamentals. All these differences were highly significant. Our rankings provide a relative measure that will be useful for restoration ecologists, landscape architects and designers, land managers, and landowners who wish to raise the carrying capacity of particular areas by selecting plants with the greatest capacity for supporting biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid19627315, year = {2009}, author = {Kingsford, RT and Watson, JE and Lundquist, CJ and Venter, O and Hughes, L and Johnston, EL and Atherton, J and Gawel, M and Keith, DA and Mackey, BG and Morley, C and Possingham, HP and Raynor, B and Recher, HF and Wilson, KA}, title = {Major conservation policy issues for biodiversity in Oceania.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {834-840}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01287.x}, pmid = {19627315}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Environment ; Environmental Pollution ; Humans ; Oceania ; }, abstract = {Oceania is a diverse region encompassing Australia, Melanesia, Micronesia, New Zealand, and Polynesia, and it contains six of the world's 39 hotspots of diversity. It has a poor record for extinctions, particularly for birds on islands and mammals. Major causes include habitat loss and degradation, invasive species, and overexploitation. We identified six major threatening processes (habitat loss and degradation, invasive species, climate change, overexploitation, pollution, and disease) based on a comprehensive review of the literature and for each developed a set of conservation policies. Many policies reflect the urgent need to deal with the effects of burgeoning human populations (expected to increase significantly in the region) on biodiversity. There is considerable difference in resources for conservation, including people and available scientific information, which are heavily biased toward more developed countries in Oceania. Most scientific publications analyzed for four threats (habitat loss, invasive species, overexploitation, and pollution) are from developed countries: 88.6% of Web of Science publications were from Australia (53.7%), New Zealand (24.3%), and Hawaiian Islands (10.5%). Many island states have limited resources or expertise. Even countries that do (e.g., Australia, New Zealand) have ongoing and emerging significant challenges, particularly with the interactive effects of climate change. Oceania will require the implementation of effective policies for conservation if the region's poor record on extinctions is not to continue.}, }
@article {pmid19625616, year = {2009}, author = {Wilson, EE and Mullen, LM and Holway, DA}, title = {Life history plasticity magnifies the ecological effects of a social wasp invasion.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {106}, number = {31}, pages = {12809-12813}, pmid = {19625616}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Predatory Behavior ; Seasons ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {An unresolved question in ecology concerns why the ecological effects of invasions vary in magnitude. Many introduced species fail to interact strongly with the recipient biota, whereas others profoundly disrupt the ecosystems they invade through predation, competition, and other mechanisms. In the context of ecological impacts, research on biological invasions seldom considers phenotypic or microevolutionary changes that occur following introduction. Here, we show how plasticity in key life history traits (colony size and longevity), together with omnivory, magnifies the predatory impacts of an invasive social wasp (Vespula pensylvanica) on a largely endemic arthropod fauna in Hawaii. Using a combination of molecular, experimental, and behavioral approaches, we demonstrate (i) that yellowjackets consume an astonishing diversity of arthropod resources and depress prey populations in invaded Hawaiian ecosystems and (ii) that their impact as predators in this region increases when they shift from small annual colonies to large perennial colonies. Such trait plasticity may influence invasion success and the degree of disruption that invaded ecosystems experience. Moreover, postintroduction phenotypic changes may help invaders to compensate for reductions in adaptive potential resulting from founder events and small population sizes. The dynamic nature of biological invasions necessitates a more quantitative understanding of how postintroduction changes in invader traits affect invasion processes.}, }
@article {pmid19625300, year = {2009}, author = {Brook, BW and Akçakaya, HR and Keith, DA and Mace, GM and Pearson, RG and Araújo, MB}, title = {Integrating bioclimate with population models to improve forecasts of species extinctions under climate change.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {5}, number = {6}, pages = {723-725}, pmid = {19625300}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Australia ; Biodiversity ; Climate ; *Climate Change ; *Extinction, Biological ; Forecasting ; *Models, Biological ; *Plants ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Climate change is already affecting species worldwide, yet existing methods of risk assessment have not considered interactions between demography and climate and their simultaneous effect on habitat distribution and population viability. To address this issue, an international workshop was held at the University of Adelaide in Australia, 25-29 May 2009, bringing leading species distribution and population modellers together with plant ecologists. Building on two previous workshops in the UK and Spain, the participants aimed to develop methodological standards and case studies for integrating bioclimatic and metapopulation models, to provide more realistic forecasts of population change, habitat fragmentation and extinction risk under climate change. The discussions and case studies focused on several challenges, including spatial and temporal scale contingencies, choice of predictive climate, land use, soil type and topographic variables, procedures for ensemble forecasting of both global climate and bioclimate models and developing demographic structures that are realistic and species-specific and yet allow generalizations of traits that make species vulnerable to climate change. The goal is to provide general guidelines for assessing the Red-List status of large numbers of species potentially at risk, owing to the interactions of climate change with other threats such as habitat destruction, overexploitation and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid19617504, year = {2009}, author = {Wilson, S and Doster, AR and Hoffman, JD and Hygnstrom, SE}, title = {First record of Pseudorabies in feral swine in Nebraska.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {874-876}, doi = {10.7589/0090-3558-45.3.874}, pmid = {19617504}, issn = {0090-3558}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/virology ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Female ; Herpesvirus 1, Suid/immunology ; Male ; Nebraska/epidemiology ; Pseudorabies/*epidemiology/transmission ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/*epidemiology/transmission ; Transportation ; }, abstract = {In 2007, two new populations of feral swine were discovered in Nance and Valley counties, Nebraska, USA. Necropsies and serologic testing was done on two individuals from the Nance County herd. Results indicated that a lactating sow had positive antibodies for pseudorabies virus (PRV). Investigations conducted by Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Law Enforcement division confirmed that the infected individual was transported illegally to Nebraska, USA, from Texas, USA. All domestic swine herds located within an 8 km radius of the infected individual tested negative for antibodies to PRV. Our results provide a clear example of how diseases can spread because of anthropogenic activities and highlight the need for disease surveillance and monitoring in the import of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid19615855, year = {2009}, author = {Schliebs, S and Defoin-Platel, M and Worner, S and Kasabov, N}, title = {Integrated feature and parameter optimization for an evolving spiking neural network: exploring heterogeneous probabilistic models.}, journal = {Neural networks : the official journal of the International Neural Network Society}, volume = {22}, number = {5-6}, pages = {623-632}, doi = {10.1016/j.neunet.2009.06.038}, pmid = {19615855}, issn = {1879-2782}, mesh = {*Action Potentials ; Algorithms ; Animals ; *Artificial Intelligence ; Bayes Theorem ; Ceratitis capitata ; Databases, Factual ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Models, Statistical ; *Neural Networks, Computer ; Neurons/physiology ; Normal Distribution ; Software ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {This study introduces a quantum-inspired spiking neural network (QiSNN) as an integrated connectionist system, in which the features and parameters of an evolving spiking neural network are optimized together with the use of a quantum-inspired evolutionary algorithm. We propose here a novel optimization method that uses different representations to explore the two search spaces: A binary representation for optimizing feature subsets and a continuous representation for evolving appropriate real-valued configurations of the spiking network. The properties and characteristics of the improved framework are studied on two different synthetic benchmark datasets. Results are compared to traditional methods, namely a multi-layer-perceptron and a naïve Bayesian classifier (NBC). A previously used real world ecological dataset on invasive species establishment prediction is revisited and new results are obtained and analyzed by an ecological expert. The proposed method results in a much faster convergence to an optimal solution (or a close to it), in a better accuracy, and in a more informative set of features selected.}, }
@article {pmid19610395, year = {2009}, author = {El-Sayed, AM and Suckling, DM and Byers, JA and Jang, EB and Wearing, CH}, title = {Potential of "lure and kill" in long-term pest management and eradication of invasive species.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {102}, number = {3}, pages = {815-835}, doi = {10.1603/029.102.0301}, pmid = {19610395}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insecta/*drug effects ; Insecticides/*toxicity ; *Odorants ; }, abstract = {"Lure and kill" technology has been used for several decades in pest management and eradication of invasive species. In lure and kill, the insect pest attracted by a semiochemical lure is not "entrapped" at the source of the attractant as in mass trapping, but instead the insect is subjected to a killing agent, which eliminates affected individuals from the population after a short period. In past decades, a growing scientific literature has been published on this concept. This article provides the first review on the potential of lure and kill in long-term pest management and eradication of invasive species. We present a summary of lure and kill, either when used as a stand-alone control method or in combination with other methods. We discuss its efficacy in comparison with other control methods. Several case studies in which lure and kill has been used with the aims of long-term pest management (e.g., pink bollworm, Egyptian cotton leafworm, codling moth, apple maggot, biting flies, and bark beetles) or the eradication of invasive species (e.g., tephritid fruit flies and boll weevils) are provided. Subsequently, we identify essential knowledge required for successful lure and kill programs that include lure competitiveness with natural odor source; lure density; lure formulation and release rate; pest population density and risk of immigration; and biology and ecology of the target species. The risks associated with lure and kill, especially when used in the eradication programs, are highlighted. We comment on the cost-effectiveness of this technology and its strengths and weaknesses, and list key reasons for success and failure. We conclude that lure and kill can be highly effective in controlling small, low-density, isolated populations, and thus it has the potential to add value to long-term pest management. In the eradication of invasive species, lure and kill offers a major advantage in effectiveness by its being inverse density dependent and it provides some improvements in efficacy over related control methods. However, the inclusion of insecticides or sterilants in lure and kill formulations presents a major obstacle to public acceptance.}, }
@article {pmid19609437, year = {2009}, author = {Padrón, B and Traveset, A and Biedenweg, T and Díaz, D and Nogales, M and Olesen, JM}, title = {Impact of alien plant invaders on pollination networks in two archipelagos.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {4}, number = {7}, pages = {e6275}, pmid = {19609437}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Plants ; *Pollen ; Spain ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Mutualistic interactions between plants and animals promote integration of invasive species into native communities. In turn, the integrated invaders may alter existing patterns of mutualistic interactions. Here we simultaneously map in detail effects of invaders on parameters describing the topology of both plant-pollinator (bi-modal) and plant-plant (uni-modal) networks. We focus on the invader Opuntia spp., a cosmopolitan alien cactus. We compare two island systems: Tenerife (Canary Islands) and Menorca (Balearic Islands). Opuntia was found to modify the number of links between plants and pollinators, and was integrated into the new communities via the most generalist pollinators, but did not affect the general network pattern. The plant uni-modal networks showed disassortative linkage, i.e. species with many links tended to connect to species with few links. Thus, by linking to generalist natives, Opuntia remained peripheral to network topology, and this is probably why native network properties were not affected at least in one of the islands. We conclude that the network analytical approach is indeed a valuable tool to evaluate the effect of invaders on native communities.}, }
@article {pmid19604296, year = {2010}, author = {Nentwig, W and Kühnel, E and Bacher, S}, title = {A generic impact-scoring system applied to alien mammals in Europe.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {302-311}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01289.x}, pmid = {19604296}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Ecology ; Europe ; *Mammals ; }, abstract = {We present a generic scoring system that compares the impact of alien species among members of large taxonomic groups. This scoring can be used to identify the most harmful alien species so that conservation measures to ameliorate their negative effects can be prioritized. For all alien mammals in Europe, we assessed impact reports as completely as possible. Impact was classified as either environmental or economic. We subdivided each of these categories into five subcategories (environmental: impact through competition, predation, hybridization, transmission of disease, and herbivory; economic: impact on agriculture, livestock, forestry, human health, and infrastructure). We assigned all impact reports to one of these 10 categories. All categories had impact scores that ranged from zero (minimal) to five (maximal possible impact at a location). We summed all impact scores for a species to calculate "potential impact" scores. We obtained "actual impact" scores by multiplying potential impact scores by the percentage of area occupied by the respective species in Europe. Finally, we correlated species' ecological traits with the derived impact scores. Alien mammals from the orders Rodentia, Artiodactyla, and Carnivora caused the highest impact. In particular, the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), muskrat (Ondathra zibethicus), and sika deer (Cervus nippon) had the highest overall scores. Species with a high potential environmental impact also had a strong potential economic impact. Potential impact also correlated with the distribution of a species in Europe. Ecological flexibility (measured as number of different habitats a species occupies) was strongly related to impact. The scoring system was robust to uncertainty in knowledge of impact and could be adjusted with weight scores to account for specific value systems of particular stakeholder groups (e.g., agronomists or environmentalists). Finally, the scoring system is easily applicable and adaptable to other taxonomic groups.}, }
@article {pmid19604295, year = {2010}, author = {Bode, M and Wintle, B}, title = {How to build an efficient conservation fence.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {182-188}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01291.x}, pmid = {19604295}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; }, abstract = {Barriers are used to achieve diverse objectives in conservation and biosecurity. In conservation management, fences are often erected to exclude introduced predators and to contain diseased animals or invasive species. Planning an efficient conservation fence involves a number of decisions, including the size and design of the enclosure. We formulated the first general framework for building a fence that minimizes long-term management costs by balancing the expense of constructing a more secure barrier against the costs of coping with more frequent failures. The approach systematically considers the range of potential solutions to a well-defined fencing problem and results in a solution that maximizes conservation return on investment. We illustrated this method by designing efficient fences to address two different conservation goals: exclusion of invasive predators from populations of threatened eastern barred bandicoots (Perameles gunnii) and maintenance of isolated populations of healthy Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii). A systematic approach to conservation fencing allows the best fence design to be chosen quantitatively and defensibly. It also facilitates conservation decisions at a strategic level by allowing fencing to be compared transparently with alternative conservation management actions.}, }
@article {pmid19602088, year = {2009}, author = {Bischoff, PJ and Wetmore, S}, title = {Seasonal abundances of naked amoebae in biofilms on shells of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) with comparative data from rock scrapings.}, journal = {The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology}, volume = {56}, number = {4}, pages = {397-399}, doi = {10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00415.x}, pmid = {19602088}, issn = {1550-7408}, mesh = {Amoebida/*growth &amp; development/isolation &amp; purification ; Animals ; *Biofilms ; Dreissena/*parasitology ; Environmental Monitoring ; Geologic Sediments/*parasitology ; New York ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {In North America, zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) are notoriously known as invasive species. The abundance of naked amoebae sampled from the shells of zebra mussels was compared with abundances from rock scrapings at approximately monthly intervals for 1 year. The sites were 2 km apart along the same shoreline. No significant difference in abundance of naked amoebae (F = 1.44; P <or= 0.270) was detected for the two sampling sites. The combined data showed a minimum density of naked amoebae in winter, followed by peaks in early spring. The percent encysted increased from a low of 1% in the summer to 80% in early winter.}, }
@article {pmid19593446, year = {2009}, author = {Liu, X and Li, Y}, title = {Aquaculture enclosures relate to the establishment of feral populations of introduced species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {4}, number = {7}, pages = {e6199}, pmid = {19593446}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquaculture ; Humans ; *Rana catesbeiana ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Many species introduced by humans for social and economic benefits have invaded new ranges by escaping from captivity. Such invasive species can negatively affect biodiversity and economies. Understanding the factors that relate to the establishment of feral populations of introduced species is therefore of great importance for managing introduced species. The American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) is one species that has escaped from farms, and it is now found in the wild in China. In this study, we examined influences of two types of bullfrog farm (termed simple and elaborate farm enclosures) on the establishment of feral populations of this species in 137 water bodies in 66 plots in four provinces of China. The likelihood of establishment of bullfrog populations in water bodies in plots with simple enclosures (49/89 = 55.1%) was higher than those with elaborate enclosures (3/48 = 6.3%). Based on the Akaike Information Criterion, the minimum adequate model of generalized linear mixed models with a binomial error structure and a logit link function showed that the establishment or failure of bullfrog populations in water bodies was positively correlated with the presence of a simple enclosure, the number of bullfrogs raised and the presence of permanent water in a plot, but negatively correlated with distance from a bullfrog farm and the occurrence of frequent hunting. Results therefore suggest that a simple farm enclosure can increase the establishment of feral bullfrog populations compared with an elaborate enclosure. Our findings are the first to quantify the importance of improving farming enclosures to control and minimize the risk from introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid19584006, year = {2009}, author = {Fonseca, DM and Smith, JL and Kim, HC and Mogi, M}, title = {Population genetics of the mosquito Culex pipiens pallens reveals sex-linked asymmetric introgression by Culex quinquefasciatus.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {1197-1203}, pmid = {19584006}, issn = {1567-7257}, support = {R01 GM063258/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 GM063258-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01GMO63258//PHS HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Acetylcholinesterase/genetics ; Animals ; Asia ; Culex/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*genetics ; Disease Vectors ; Female ; *Gene Flow ; Genes, Insect ; Genetic Speciation ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genitalia, Male/anatomy &amp; histology ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Sex Factors ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The Culex pipiens complex in Asia includes a temperate subspecies, Culex pipiens pallens, of uncertain taxonomic status. The shape of the male genitalia suggests it is a hybrid between Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus. We studied populations of Cx. p. pallens in Japan, Korea, and China and compared them to local populations of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. p. pipiens. We examined variation in a nuclear intron in the acetylcholinesterase-2 gene [ACE] and eight microsatellite loci. We found a distinct microsatellite signature for Cx. p. pallens indicating restricted gene flow between Eastern and Western populations of Cx. pipiens, supporting the existence of two subspecies. Furthermore, a multilocus genotype analysis revealed current hybridization between Cx. p. pallens and Cx. quinquefasciatus in southern Japan, Republic of Korea, and China but not in Hokkaido, in northern Japan. Surprisingly, however, we found that the sex-linked ACE locus in chromosome I has introgressed asymmetrically through the males such that all male Cx. p. pallens have a copy of the Cx. quinquefasciatus ACE locus. This result highlights some of the potential consequences of hybridization between local and introduced species to disease transmission worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid19582397, year = {2009}, author = {van Wilgen, NJ and Roura-Pascual, N and Richardson, DM}, title = {A quantitative climate-match score for risk-assessment screening of reptile and amphibian introductions.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, pages = {590-607}, pmid = {19582397}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {*Amphibians ; Animals ; California ; *Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Florida ; Forecasting ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; *Reptiles ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Assessing climatic suitability provides a good preliminary estimate of the invasive potential of a species to inform risk assessment. We examined two approaches for bioclimatic modeling for 67 reptile and amphibian species introduced to California and Florida. First, we modeled the worldwide distribution of the biomes found in the introduced range to highlight similar areas worldwide from which invaders might arise. Second, we modeled potentially suitable environments for species based on climatic factors in their native ranges, using three sources of distribution data. Performance of the three datasets and both approaches were compared for each species. Climate match was positively correlated with species establishment success (maximum predicted suitability in the introduced range was more strongly correlated with establishment success than mean suitability). Data assembled from the Global Amphibian Assessment through NatureServe provided the most accurate models for amphibians, while ecoregion data compiled by the World Wide Fund for Nature yielded models which described reptile climatic suitability better than available point-locality data. We present three methods of assigning a climate-match score for use in risk assessment using both the mean and maximum climatic suitabilities. Managers may choose to use different methods depending on the stringency of the assessment and the available data, facilitating higher resolution and accuracy for herpetofaunal risk assessment. Climate-matching has inherent limitations and other factors pertaining to ecological interactions and life-history traits must also be considered for thorough risk assessment.}, }
@article {pmid19580030, year = {2009}, author = {Gren, IM and Isacs, L and Carlsson, M}, title = {Costs of alien invasive species in Sweden.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, pages = {135-140}, doi = {10.1579/0044-7447-38.3.135}, pmid = {19580030}, issn = {0044-7447}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Costs and Cost Analysis ; Sweden ; }, abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to present calculations of total costs of 13 alien invasive species (AIS) in Sweden. All species are subject to control by Swedish public authorities, and estimates for most AIS include either damage cost or actual control cost. The results indicate a total annual cost between approximately 1620 and 5080 million SEK, which correspond to SEK 175 and SEK 565 per capita in Sweden. The estimates are well within the range of similar calculations for other countries, but differ with respect to the composition of costs of different AIS. Whereas costs for the agricultural and forestry sectors dominate in most other studies, the costs of AIS in Sweden are more equally divided among different categories. The results also indicate that the highest costs are attributable to unintentionally introduced AIS and that the most reliable cost estimates are related to human and animal health.}, }
@article {pmid19577817, year = {2009}, author = {Pejchar, L and Mooney, HA}, title = {Invasive species, ecosystem services and human well-being.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {497-504}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.016}, pmid = {19577817}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Great Lakes Region ; Hawaii ; Humans ; Population Dynamics ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Although the effects of invasive alien species (IAS) on native species are well documented, the many ways in which such species impact ecosystem services are still emerging. Here we assess the costs and benefits of IAS for provisioning, regulating and cultural services, and illustrate the synergies and tradeoffs associated with these impacts using case studies that include South Africa, the Great Lakes and Hawaii. We identify services and interactions that are the least understood and propose a research and policy framework for filling the remaining knowledge gaps. Drawing on ecology and economics to incorporate the impacts of IAS on ecosystem services into decision making is key to restoring and sustaining those life-support services that nature provides and all organisms depend upon.}, }
@article {pmid19577654, year = {2009}, author = {Bariche, M and Bernardi, G}, title = {Lack of a genetic bottleneck in a recent Lessepsian bioinvader, the blue-barred parrotfish, Scarus ghobban.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {53}, number = {2}, pages = {592-595}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2009.06.017}, pmid = {19577654}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Mediterranean Sea ; Perciformes/classification/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The present study investigates the genetic diversity of Scarus ghobban, a recently introduced parrotfish in the Mediterranean Sea via the Suez Canal. Two mitochondrial and one nuclear DNA regions were sequenced and phylogenetic relationships investigated, from samples collected from Lebanon and across its natural range. Scarus ghobban clustered in two major clades, Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean, indicating strong population structure, or cryptic speciation. Expectedly, Mediterranean samples clustered with Indian Ocean-Red Sea individuals. However, unlike other recent Lessepsian invaders, S. ghobban displayed high genetic diversity. These results underscore that genetic diversity is a poor predictor of success of an invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid19565773, year = {2009}, author = {Liu, CY and Zhang, SQ and Jiang, HX and Wang, H}, title = {[Spatiotemporal dynamics and landscape pattern of alien species Spartina alterniflora in Yancheng coastal wetlands of Jiangsu Province, China].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {901-908}, pmid = {19565773}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Geographic Information Systems ; Oceans and Seas ; Poaceae/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Satellite Communications ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Based on the 1992-2007 remote sensing images and field survey data, and by using the landscape ecology theories and the method of conversion matrix, the spatiotemporal dynamics and landscape pattern of Spartina alterniflora in Yancheng coastal wetlands were analyzed by GIS. The results showed that the total area of S. alterniflora along the whole coastal beaches of Yancheng increased from 3561 hm2 in 1992 to 14491 hm2 in 2007, with a growth rate of 306.94%. In 1992-2007, the total area of S. alterniflora conversion-in and conversion-out was 26291 hm2 and 15361 hm2, respectively, and the S. alterniflora community in the core area of Yancheng National Nature Reserve expanded from 597 hm2 to 2814 hm2, with an annual growth rate of 24.74%. The S. alterniflora community transformed from scattered patches in estuarine regions into continuous belt pattern mainly distributed in the periphery of coastal wetlands from Sheyang River to Liangduo River. Its centroid moved to the southeast, with a distance of 2.92 km. The average area of patches increased from 1992 to 2002, and then decreased from 2002 to 2007. The largest patch index and area-weighted contiguity index increased year by year, and the shape of patches tended to be more regular.}, }
@article {pmid19558391, year = {2009}, author = {Koch, FH and Yemshanov, D and McKenney, DW and Smith, WD}, title = {Evaluating critical uncertainty thresholds in a spatial model of forest pest invasion risk.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {29}, number = {9}, pages = {1227-1241}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01251.x}, pmid = {19558391}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Animals ; Risk Assessment ; Stochastic Processes ; *Trees ; *Uncertainty ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {Pest risk maps can provide useful decision support in invasive species management, but most do not adequately consider the uncertainty associated with predicted risk values. This study explores how increased uncertainty in a risk model's numeric assumptions might affect the resultant risk map. We used a spatial stochastic model, integrating components for entry, establishment, and spread, to estimate the risks of invasion and their variation across a two-dimensional landscape for Sirex noctilio, a nonnative woodwasp recently detected in the United States and Canada. Here, we present a sensitivity analysis of the mapped risk estimates to variation in key model parameters. The tested parameter values were sampled from symmetric uniform distributions defined by a series of nested bounds (+/-5%, ... , +/-40%) around the parameters' initial values. The results suggest that the maximum annual spread distance, which governs long-distance dispersal, was by far the most sensitive parameter. At +/-15% or larger variability bound increments for this parameter, there were noteworthy shifts in map risk values, but no other parameter had a major effect, even at wider bounds of variation. The methodology presented here is generic and can be used to assess the impact of uncertainties on the stability of pest risk maps as well as to identify geographic areas for which management decisions can be made confidently, regardless of uncertainty.}, }
@article {pmid19557337, year = {2009}, author = {XIE, B and CHENG, X and SHI, J and ZHANG, Q and DAI, S and CHENG, FX and LUO, Y}, title = {Mechanisms of invasive population establishment and spread of pinewood nematodes in China.}, journal = {Science in China. Series C, Life sciences}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, pages = {587-594}, doi = {10.1007/s11427-009-0071-y}, pmid = {19557337}, issn = {1006-9305}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Ecosystem ; Genetics, Population ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Nematoda/genetics/*pathogenicity ; Pinus/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {This paper summarizes the results of our study of the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). By population genetic analysis, it was determined that there was no genetic bottle caused by the founder effect and genetic drift in the Chinese invasive population. Multiple invasions with large amounts of nematodes from different sources led to rich genetic diversity in the invasive population. Keeping high genetic diversity in the invasive process may be one of the genetic mechanisms in its successful invasion. By testing interspecies competition, it was shown that, with high fecundity and a strong competitive ability, B. xylophilus outcompeted the native species B. mucronatus in the natural ecosystem during the invasion process. Competitive displacement may be one of the ecological mechanisms of B. xylophilus's invasion. In addition, an unequal interspecific hybridization with introgress was in favor of the invasive species which also accelerated the replacement of B. mucronatus by B. xylophilus. The structures, functions and evolutions of a few important genes that are closely related to the ecological adaptation of pinewood nematodes were studied to explore the molecular mechanism of its ecological adaptations. Further, the resistance and resilience mechanism of the pine ecosystem invaded by pinewood nematodes was also investigated. The results of these studies uncovered a portion of the genetic and ecological mechanisms of PWN's successful invasion and laid a foundation for further study to obtain a comprehensive interpretation of the mechanisms of the nematode invasion. The results also provided a scientific basis for effectively controlling the occurrence and spread of pine wilt disease which is caused by nematodes. Various aspects requiring further investigation are considered.}, }
@article {pmid19555413, year = {2009}, author = {Xavier, R and Santos, AM and Lima, FP and Branco, M}, title = {Invasion or invisibility: using genetic and distributional data to investigate the alien or indigenous status of the Atlantic populations of the peracarid isopod, Stenosoma nadejda (Rezig 1989).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {15}, pages = {3283-3290}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04260.x}, pmid = {19555413}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Isopoda/classification/*genetics ; Mediterranean Sea ; Portugal ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spain ; }, abstract = {The peracarid isopod, Stenosoma nadejda (Rezig 1989), until recently considered to be endemic of the Mediterranean region, was first reported in the Atlantic coast of southern Spain in 2001, and in 2006 abundant populations were discovered throughout the southwestern Portuguese coast. This fast expansion was intriguing because, as a direct brooder, this species has limited mechanisms for dispersal, such as rafting on seaweeds. Did S. nadejda recently extend its range into the Atlantic or was it overlooked in the past? We examined the patterns of genetic diversity and population differentiation accordingly by sequencing the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mitochondrial gene from 75 individuals collected in five locations in Atlantic Iberia and one in the Mediterranean. Our results indicate that the newly discovered Atlantic populations of S. nadejda appear to be old and have long persisted on Atlantic shores rather than being a recent introduction. High levels of genetic diversity and geographic structure were uncovered in what was initially suspected to be an 'invasive' species. Recent changes in population dynamics may have made S. nadejda more conspicuous in the Atlantic shores, or a more comprehensive survey led to the recognition of this species where it was not expected.}, }
@article {pmid19549297, year = {2009}, author = {Rochlin, I and Iwanejko, T and Dempsey, ME and Ninivaggi, DV}, title = {Geostatistical evaluation of integrated marsh management impact on mosquito vectors using before-after-control-impact (BACI) design.}, journal = {International journal of health geographics}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {35}, pmid = {19549297}, issn = {1476-072X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Culicidae ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/methods/standards/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Insect Vectors ; Mosquito Control/methods/*standards/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In many parts of the world, salt marshes play a key ecological role as the interface between the marine and the terrestrial environments. Salt marshes are also exceedingly important for public health as larval habitat for mosquitoes that are vectors of disease and significant biting pests. Although grid ditching and pesticides have been effective in salt marsh mosquito control, marsh degradation and other environmental considerations compel a different approach. Targeted habitat modification and biological control methods known as Open Marsh Water Management (OMWM) had been proposed as a viable alternative to marsh-wide physical alterations and chemical control. However, traditional larval sampling techniques may not adequately assess the impacts of marsh management on mosquito larvae. To assess the effectiveness of integrated OMWM and marsh restoration techniques for mosquito control, we analyzed the results of a 5-year OMWM/marsh restoration project to determine changes in mosquito larval production using GIS and geostatistical methods.<br><br>METHODS: The following parameters were evaluated using "Before-After-Control-Impact" (BACI) design: frequency and geographic extent of larval production, intensity of larval production, changes in larval habitat, and number of larvicide applications. The analyses were performed using Moran's I, Getis-Ord, and Spatial Scan statistics on aggregated before and after data as well as data collected over time. This allowed comparison of control and treatment areas to identify changes attributable to the OMWM/marsh restoration modifications.<br><br>RESULTS: The frequency of finding mosquito larvae in the treatment areas was reduced by 70% resulting in a loss of spatial larval clusters compared to those found in the control areas. This effect was observed directly following OMWM treatment and remained significant throughout the study period. The greatly reduced frequency of finding larvae in the treatment areas led to a significant decrease (approximately 44%) in the number of times when the larviciding threshold was reached. This reduction, in turn, resulted in a significant decrease (approximately 74%) in the number of larvicide applications in the treatment areas post-project. The remaining larval habitat in the treatment areas had a different geographic distribution and was largely confined to the restored marsh surface (i.e. filled-in mosquito ditches); however only approximately 21% of the restored marsh surface supported mosquito production.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The geostatistical analysis showed that OMWM demonstrated considerable potential for effective mosquito control and compatibility with other natural resource management goals such as restoration, wildlife habitat enhancement, and invasive species abatement. GPS and GIS tools are invaluable for large scale project design, data collection, and data analysis, with geostatistical methods serving as an alternative or a supplement to the conventional inference statistics in evaluating the project outcome.}, }
@article {pmid19548895, year = {2009}, author = {Chun, YJ and Nason, JD and Moloney, KA}, title = {Comparison of quantitative and molecular genetic variation of native vs. invasive populations of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L., Lythraceae).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {14}, pages = {3020-3035}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04254.x}, pmid = {19548895}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/genetics ; Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Drift ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Lythrum/*genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Phenotype ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Study of adaptive evolutionary changes in populations of invasive species can be advanced through the joint application of quantitative and population genetic methods. Using purple loosestrife as a model system, we investigated the relative roles of natural selection, genetic drift and gene flow in the invasive process by contrasting phenotypical and neutral genetic differentiation among native European and invasive North American populations (Q(ST) - F(ST) analysis). Our results indicate that invasive and native populations harbour comparable levels of amplified fragment length polymorphism variation, a pattern consistent with multiple independent introductions from a diverse European gene pool. However, it was observed that the genetic variation reduced during subsequent invasion, perhaps by founder effects and genetic drift. Comparison of genetically based quantitative trait differentiation (Q(ST)) with its expectation under neutrality (F(ST)) revealed no evidence of disruptive selection (Q(ST) > F(ST)) or stabilizing selection (Q(ST) < F(ST)). One exception was found for only one trait (the number of stems) showing significant sign of stabilizing selection across all populations. This suggests that there are difficulties in distinguishing the effects of nonadaptive population processes and natural selection. Multiple introductions of purple loosestrife may have created a genetic mixture from diverse source populations and increased population genetic diversity, but its link to the adaptive differentiation of invasive North American populations needs further research.}, }
@article {pmid19548024, year = {2009}, author = {Vincent, KR and Friedman, JM and Griffin, ER}, title = {Erosional consequence of saltcedar control.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {218-227}, pmid = {19548024}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments ; New Mexico ; *Trees ; United States ; }, abstract = {Removal of nonnative riparian trees is accelerating to conserve water and improve habitat for native species. Widespread control of dominant species, however, can lead to unintended erosion. Helicopter herbicide application in 2003 along a 12-km reach of the Rio Puerco, New Mexico, eliminated the target invasive species saltcedar (Tamarix spp.), which dominated the floodplain, as well as the native species sandbar willow (Salix exigua Nuttall), which occurred as a fringe along the channel. Herbicide application initiated a natural experiment testing the importance of riparian vegetation for bank stability along this data-rich river. A flood three years later eroded about 680,000 m(3) of sediment, increasing mean channel width of the sprayed reach by 84%. Erosion upstream and downstream from the sprayed reach during this flood was inconsequential. Sand eroded from channel banks was transported an average of 5 km downstream and deposited on the floodplain and channel bed. Although vegetation was killed across the floodplain in the sprayed reach, erosion was almost entirely confined to the channel banks. The absence of dense, flexible woody stems on the banks reduced drag on the flow, leading to high shear stress at the toe of the banks, fluvial erosion, bank undercutting, and mass failure. The potential for increased erosion must be included in consideration of phreatophyte control projects.}, }
@article {pmid19548023, year = {2009}, author = {Griffith, B and Scott, JM and Adamcik, R and Ashe, D and Czech, B and Fischman, R and Gonzalez, P and Lawler, J and McGuire, AD and Pidgorna, A}, title = {Climate change adaptation for the US National Wildlife Refuge System.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, pages = {1043-1052}, pmid = {19548023}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; United States ; }, abstract = {Since its establishment in 1903, the National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS) has grown to 635 units and 37 Wetland Management Districts in the United States and its territories. These units provide the seasonal habitats necessary for migratory waterfowl and other species to complete their annual life cycles. Habitat conversion and fragmentation, invasive species, pollution, and competition for water have stressed refuges for decades, but the interaction of climate change with these stressors presents the most recent, pervasive, and complex conservation challenge to the NWRS. Geographic isolation and small unit size compound the challenges of climate change, but a combined emphasis on species that refuges were established to conserve and on maintaining biological integrity, diversity, and environmental health provides the NWRS with substantial latitude to respond. Individual symptoms of climate change can be addressed at the refuge level, but the strategic response requires system-wide planning. A dynamic vision of the NWRS in a changing climate, an explicit national strategic plan to implement that vision, and an assessment of representation, redundancy, size, and total number of units in relation to conservation targets are the first steps toward adaptation. This adaptation must begin immediately and be built on more closely integrated research and management. Rigorous projections of possible futures are required to facilitate adaptation to change. Furthermore, the effective conservation footprint of the NWRS must be increased through land acquisition, creative partnerships, and educational programs in order for the NWRS to meet its legal mandate to maintain the biological integrity, diversity, and environmental health of the system and the species and ecosystems that it supports.}, }
@article {pmid19544731, year = {2009}, author = {Bax, NJ and Thresher, RE}, title = {Ecological, behavioral, and genetic factors influencing the recombinant control of invasive pests.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, pages = {873-888}, doi = {10.1890/07-1588.1}, pmid = {19544731}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Female ; *Genetic Engineering ; Male ; *Models, Genetic ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; *Sex Ratio ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a major threat to biodiversity, cost the world economy billions of dollars annually, and are often difficult, if not impossible, to control using current approaches. Recombinant technologies could revolutionize management of such pests but would be subject to a range of genetic, behavioral, and ecological factors that could limit their efficacy or applicability. We use a realistically parameterized combined population dynamics/genetics model to assess the potential of, and constraints on, a suite of recombinant approaches that have been suggested for pest control. We show that, of the options suggested to date, a genetic construct that distorts operational sex ratios by sterilizing, killing, or sex-changing one gender and being inherited through the other, is not only potentially the most effective means of pest control, but also one that remains effective over the widest range of ecological and behavioral conditions. All methods, however, are sensitive in particular to the degree of density dependence in the pest population and to operational issues such as maximum copy number and stocking levels, which affect introgression rates. Optimal investment strategies for an integrated pest management program that includes the nonlinear interactions of recombinant strategies and complementary management options can be assessed through the sensitivity analyses. The subtle effects of even minor variability in some parameters, such as extra mortality due to the presence of the construct, further suggest that genetic techniques be applied in an active adaptive management framework, so that strategies can be regularly optimized as the impacts of a release program are assessed.}, }
@article {pmid19538550, year = {2009}, author = {Keller, SR and Sowell, DR and Neiman, M and Wolfe, LM and Taylor, DR}, title = {Adaptation and colonization history affect the evolution of clines in two introduced species.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {183}, number = {3}, pages = {678-690}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02892.x}, pmid = {19538550}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Geography ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Silene/*genetics/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Phenotypic and genetic clines have long been synonymous with adaptive evolution. However, other processes (for example, migration, range expansion, invasion) may generate clines in traits or loci across geographical and environmental gradients. It is therefore important to distinguish between clines that represent adaptive evolution and those that result from selectively neutral demographic or genetic processes. We tested for the differentiation of phenotypic traits along environmental gradients using two species in the genus Silene, whilst statistically controlling for colonization history and founder effects. We sampled seed families from across the native and introduced ranges, genotyped individuals and estimated phenotypic differentiation in replicated common gardens. The results suggest that post-glacial expansion of S. vulgaris and S. latifolia involved both neutral and adaptive genetic differentiation (clines) of life history traits along major axes of environmental variation in Europe and North America. Phenotypic clines generally persisted when tested against the neutral expectation, although some clines disappeared (and one cline emerged) when the effects of genetic ancestry were statistically removed. Colonization history, estimated using genetic markers, is a useful null model for tests of adaptive trait divergence, especially during range expansion and invasion when selection and gene flow may not have reached equilibrium.}, }
@article {pmid19538342, year = {2009}, author = {Mikheyev, AS and Bresson, S and Conant, P}, title = {Single-queen introductions characterize regional and local invasions by the facultatively clonal little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {14}, pages = {2937-2944}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04213.x}, pmid = {19538342}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Africa, Central ; Alleles ; Animals ; Ants/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Genetic Markers ; *Genotype ; Hawaii ; Male ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Parthenogenesis/genetics ; Population Density ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Clonal reproduction may facilitate the spread of invasive species by reducing the minimum population size necessary for successful establishment. We used microsatellite markers to reconstruct the composition of founding populations in two regional (Central Africa and Hawaii) and 23 local (near a Gabonese oilfield) invasions of the facultatively parthenogenetic little fire ant. Central Africa had a single dominant queen clone, which appears to have initiated the regional infestation, and then produced numerous other clones by rare sexual reproduction. This interpretation of the data was also supported by the genotype of a worker from the first collection in Africa (Gabon 1913). We found only a single queen clone in Hawaii, likewise indicating a single-clone introduction, most likely from an earlier infestation in Florida. Single-clone introductions also gave rise to the vast majority (92%) of local infestations at our oilfield study site. These results suggest the unusual, largely clonal, reproductive strategy of the little fire ant may enhance its success as an invasive species. However, the occasional sexual production of novel genotypes after the initial introduction may provide genetic flexibility that overcomes shortcomings of pure clonality.}, }
@article {pmid19537553, year = {2009}, author = {Dewhirst, S and Lutscher, F}, title = {Dispersal in heterogeneous habitats: thresholds, spatial scales, and approximate rates of spread.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {90}, number = {5}, pages = {1338-1345}, doi = {10.1890/08-0115.1}, pmid = {19537553}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Plants ; Population Growth ; }, abstract = {What is the effect of landscape heterogeneity on the spread rate of populations? Several spatially explicit simulation models address this question for particular cases and find qualitative insights (e.g., extinction thresholds) but no quantitative relationships. We use a time-discrete analytic model and find general quantitative relationships for the invasion threshold, i.e., the minimal percentage of suitable habitat required for population spread. We investigate how, on the relevant spatial scales, this threshold depends on the relationship between dispersal ability and fragmentation level. The invasion threshold increases with fragmentation level when there is no Allee effect, but it decreases with fragmentation in the presence of an Allee effect. We obtain simple formulas for the approximate spread rate of a population in heterogeneous landscapes from averaging techniques. Comparison with spatially explicit simulations shows an excellent agreement between approximate and true values. We apply our results to the spread of trees and give some implications for the control of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid19537542, year = {2009}, author = {Harrington, LA and Harrington, AL and Yamaguchi, N and Thom, MD and Ferreras, P and Windham, TR and Macdonald, DW}, title = {The impact of native competitors on an alien invasive: temporal niche shifts to avoid interspecific aggression?.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {90}, number = {5}, pages = {1207-1216}, doi = {10.1890/08-0302.1}, pmid = {19537542}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Aggression ; Animals ; Ferrets/*physiology ; Mink/*physiology ; Otters/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {The American mink, Neovison vison, is an established, alien invasive species in the United Kingdom that originally colonized the country at a time when two native mustelids (otters, Lutra lutra, and polecats, Mustela putorius) were largely absent. Both of these species are now recovering their populations nationally. We compared the relative abundance and the behavior of mink in the 1990s and in the 2000s in an area of southern England where both otters and polecats were absent in the 1990s but reappeared in the intervening years. We found that mink were still abundant in the 2000s in the presence of otters and polecats, but that they appeared to have altered some aspects of their behavior. In accordance with previous studies, we found that mink consumed fewer fish in the presence of otters. We also found that mink were predominantly nocturnal in the 1990s (in the absence of competitors) but were predominantly diurnal in the 2000s (in the presence of competitors). We hypothesize that this temporal shift may be an avoidance mechanism allowing the coexistence of mink with the otter and the polecat, although we are unable to attribute the shift to one or the other species. We also found that mink in the presence of competitors weighed less but remained the same size, suggesting the possibility of a competitor-mediated decline in overall body condition. This is one of very few field studies demonstrating a complete temporal shift in apparent response to competitors. The implications of this study are that recovering otter populations may not lead to significant and long-term reductions in the number of invasive mink in the United Kingdom as has been suggested in the media, although we cannot exclude the possibility of a decline in mink in the longer-term.}, }
@article {pmid19537540, year = {2009}, author = {LeBrun, EG and Plowes, RM and Gilbert, LE}, title = {Indirect competition facilitates widespread displacement of one naturalized parasitoid of imported fire ants by another.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {90}, number = {5}, pages = {1184-1194}, doi = {10.1890/08-0852.1}, pmid = {19537540}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Pest Control, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Texas ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Species abundances in natural systems are usually close to some equilibrium, making mechanisms that maintain or prevent species coexistence difficult to discern. Biological control projects provide an opportunity to observe systems transition between equilibriums as a result of the influence of the newly introduced species. In the southeastern United States and Texas, species of phorid fly parasitoids are being sequentially introduced as control agents for imported fire ants. The first two species introduced, Pseudacteon tricuspis and P. curvatus, partition the host niche based upon body size and co-exist broadly in their native range in Argentina, indicating they would form a co-existing and complementary suite of parasitoids in North America. This study examines the interaction between these parasitoids at multiple temporal and spatial scales. Surprisingly, data at all scales reveal that as P. curvatus establishes at a site it competitively displaces P. tricuspis. However, the speed of this reduction appears to differ between ecoregions, suggesting that the rate of displacement depends on environment. At the site where P. curvatus has been established the longest, this population interaction approaches complete displacement. Tests of potential mechanisms causing this displacement reveal that direct competition for host workers alters the operational sex ratio of the P. tricuspis population, but the strength of this effect is insufficient to explain the displacement. Experiments reveal the operation of a strong, indirect effect whereby locally common species preempt reproductive opportunities from rarer species by inducing host behavioral defenses. Finally, a re-examination of published data from their native range reveals that a previously overlooked negative relationship between the densities of these two species also exists there, suggesting that the same processes as those reported here also operate in South America.}, }
@article {pmid19528053, year = {2009}, author = {Gregory, MR}, title = {Environmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings--entanglement, ingestion, smothering, hangers-on, hitch-hiking and alien invasions.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {364}, number = {1526}, pages = {2013-2025}, pmid = {19528053}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollutants/*analysis ; Fisheries/economics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Invertebrates/*growth &amp; development ; Oceans and Seas ; *Plastics ; Ships/economics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Species Specificity ; *Waste Products ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {Over the past five or six decades, contamination and pollution of the world's enclosed seas, coastal waters and the wider open oceans by plastics and other synthetic, non-biodegradable materials (generally known as 'marine debris') has been an ever-increasing phenomenon. The sources of these polluting materials are both land- and marine-based, their origins may be local or distant, and the environmental consequences are many and varied. The more widely recognized problems are typically associated with entanglement, ingestion, suffocation and general debilitation, and are often related to stranding events and public perception. Among the less frequently recognized and recorded problems are global hazards to shipping, fisheries and other maritime activities. Today, there are rapidly developing research interests in the biota attracted to freely floating (i.e. pelagic) marine debris, commonly known as 'hangers-on and hitch-hikers' as well as material sinking to the sea floor despite being buoyant. Dispersal of aggressive alien and invasive species by these mechanisms leads one to reflect on the possibilities that ensuing invasions could endanger sensitive, or at-risk coastal environments (both marine and terrestrial) far from their native habitats.}, }
@article {pmid19523386, year = {2009}, author = {Ma, M and Bors, EK and Dickinson, ES and Kwiatkowski, MA and Sousa, GL and Henry, RP and Smith, CM and Towle, DW and Christie, AE and Li, L}, title = {Characterization of the Carcinus maenas neuropeptidome by mass spectrometry and functional genomics.}, journal = {General and comparative endocrinology}, volume = {161}, number = {3}, pages = {320-334}, pmid = {19523386}, issn = {1095-6840}, support = {R01 DK071801-03S1/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DK071801-02S1/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; P20 RR016463-09/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; R25 ES016254-04/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; P20 RR016463-05/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; P20 RR016463-09S2/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DK071801-04S3/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DK071801-03/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; P20 RR016463-07S1/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; P20 RR016463-09S3/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; P20 RR016463-09S1/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; 1R01 DK071801/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; P20 RR016463-10/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DK071801-04/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R25 ES016254-03/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; P20 RR016463-02/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DK071801-05/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DK071801-01A1/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; P20 RR016463-06S1/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; P20 RR016463-04/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; R25 ES016254-02/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; P20 RR016463-02S1/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; P20 RR016463-01/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; P20 RR016463/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DK071801-04S2/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; P20 RR016463-05S1/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; P20 RR-016463/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; R25 ES016254/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; P20 RR016463-08/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; P20 RR016463-03/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; P20 RR016463-07/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DK071801-02/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DK071801/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; P20 RR016463-06/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura/*genetics/*metabolism ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Female ; Genomics/methods ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry/methods ; Neuropeptides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; }, abstract = {Carcinus maenas, commonly known as the European green crab, is one of the best-known and most successful marine invasive species. While a variety of natural and anthropogenic mechanisms are responsible for the geographic spread of this crab, its ability to adapt physiologically to a broad range of salinities, temperatures and other environmental factors has enabled its successful establishment in new habitats. To extend our understanding of hormonal control in C. maenas, including factors that allow for its extreme adaptability, we have undertaken a mass spectral/functional genomics investigation of the neuropeptides used by this organism. Via a strategy combining MALDI-based high resolution mass profiling, biochemical derivatization, and nanoscale separation coupled to tandem mass spectrometric sequencing, 122 peptide paracrines/hormones were identified from the C. maenas central nervous system and neuroendocrine organs. These peptides include 31 previously described Carcinus neuropeptides (e.g. NSELINSILGLPKVMNDAamide [beta-pigment dispersing hormone] and PFCNAFTGCamide [crustacean cardioactive peptide]), 49 peptides only described in species other than the green crab (e.g. pQTFQYSRGWTNamide [Arg(7)-corazonin]), and 42 new peptides de novo sequenced here for the first time (e.g. the pyrokinins TSFAFSPRLamide and DTGFAFSPRLamide). Of particular note are large collections of FMRFamide-like peptides (25, including nine new isoforms sequenced de novo) and A-type allatostatin peptides (25, including 10 new sequences reported here for the first time) in this study. Also of interest is the identification of two SIFamide isoforms, GYRKPPFNGSIFamide and VYRKPPFNGSIFamide, the latter peptide known previously only from members of the astacidean genus Homarus. Using transcriptome analyses, 15 additional peptides were characterized, including an isoform of bursicon beta and a neuroparsin-like peptide. Collectively, the data presented in this study not only greatly expand the number of identified C. maenas neuropeptides, but also provide a framework for future investigations of the physiological roles played by these molecules in this highly adaptable species.}, }
@article {pmid19509337, year = {2009}, author = {Richardson, DM and Hellmann, JJ and McLachlan, JS and Sax, DF and Schwartz, MW and Gonzalez, P and Brennan, EJ and Camacho, A and Root, TL and Sala, OE and Schneider, SH and Ashe, DM and Clark, JR and Early, R and Etterson, JR and Fielder, ED and Gill, JL and Minteer, BA and Polasky, S and Safford, HD and Thompson, AR and Vellend, M}, title = {Multidimensional evaluation of managed relocation.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {106}, number = {24}, pages = {9721-9724}, pmid = {19509337}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Managed relocation (MR) has rapidly emerged as a potential intervention strategy in the toolbox of biodiversity management under climate change. Previous authors have suggested that MR (also referred to as assisted colonization, assisted migration, or assisted translocation) could be a last-alternative option after interrogating a linear decision tree. We argue that numerous interacting and value-laden considerations demand a more inclusive strategy for evaluating MR. The pace of modern climate change demands decision making with imperfect information, and tools that elucidate this uncertainty and integrate scientific information and social values are urgently needed. We present a heuristic tool that incorporates both ecological and social criteria in a multidimensional decision-making framework. For visualization purposes, we collapse these criteria into 4 classes that can be depicted in graphical 2-D space. This framework offers a pragmatic approach for summarizing key dimensions of MR: capturing uncertainty in the evaluation criteria, creating transparency in the evaluation process, and recognizing the inherent tradeoffs that different stakeholders bring to evaluation of MR and its alternatives.}, }
@article {pmid19500875, year = {2009}, author = {Lahti, DC and Johnson, NA and Ajie, BC and Otto, SP and Hendry, AP and Blumstein, DT and Coss, RG and Donohue, K and Foster, SA}, title = {Relaxed selection in the wild.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {487-496}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.010}, pmid = {19500875}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Fishes/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics ; Orchidaceae/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics ; Phenotype ; Population Dynamics ; Sciuridae/genetics/physiology ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Natural populations often experience the weakening or removal of a source of selection that had been important in the maintenance of one or more traits. Here we refer to these situations as 'relaxed selection,' and review recent studies that explore the effects of such changes on traits in their ecological contexts. In a few systems, such as the loss of armor in stickleback, the genetic, developmental and ecological bases of trait evolution are being discovered. These results yield insights into whether and how fast a trait is reduced or lost under relaxed selection. We provide a prospectus and a framework for understanding relaxed selection and trait loss in natural populations. We also examine its implications for applied issues, such as antibiotic resistance and the success of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid19496414, year = {2009}, author = {Kesavaraju, B and Afify, A and Gaugler, R}, title = {Growth and survival of invasive Aedes albopictus larvae on Diospyros virginiana leaves.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {465-470}, doi = {10.1603/033.046.0308}, pmid = {19496414}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {Aedes/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Animals ; Diospyros/microbiology ; Environment ; Feeding Behavior ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Linear Models ; Plant Leaves/microbiology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Studies on the interactions of exotic species with their invaded environment are imperative in understanding their invasion biology. Larvae of container mosquitoes such as the invasive Aedes albopictus (Skuse) feed on microorganisms that subsist on allochthonous inputs like leaves. Ae. albopictus are vectors for many diseases including West Nile virus and are rapidly expanding their distribution in the United States. We tested the larval performance ofAe. albopictus at different larval densities in maple, oak, American elm, and persimmon. Survival was significantly lower and days to pupation were significantly higher with persimmon leaves compared with all others. In a follow-up experiment, we compared the performance of Ae. albopictus in different amounts of oak and persimmon and different ratios of persimmon + oak. The linear model for the growth rate (defined by larval head width) showed a positive slope as the amount of oak leaves increased in oak treatment, but there was no significant slope for persimmon. In the persimmon + oak combination, as the ratio of persimmon to oak increased, the growth rates of the larvae decreased. Lack of a significant slope for survival rate in combination with the results from the growth rate indicated that persimmon was a poor nutritional resource for Ae. albopictus.}, }
@article {pmid19492061, year = {2009}, author = {Glass, GE and Gardner-Santana, LC and Holt, RD and Chen, J and Shields, TM and Roy, M and Schachterle, S and Klein, SL}, title = {Trophic garnishes: cat-rat interactions in an urban environment.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {e5794}, pmid = {19492061}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Baltimore ; Cats/*physiology ; Cities ; Competitive Behavior ; Ecosystem ; Models, Statistical ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Rats/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Community interactions can produce complex dynamics with counterintuitive responses. Synanthropic community members are of increasing practical interest for their effects on biodiversity and public health. Most studies incorporating introduced species have been performed on islands where they may pose a risk to the native fauna. Few have examined their interactions in urban environments where they represent the majority of species. We characterized house cat (Felis catus) predation on wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), and its population effects in an urban area as a model system. Three aspects of predation likely to influence population dynamics were examined; the stratum of the prey population killed by predators, the intensity of the predation, and the size of the predator population.<br><br>Predation pressure was estimated from the sizes of the rat and cat populations, and the characteristics of rats killed in 20 alleys. Short and long term responses of rat population to perturbations were examined by removal trapping. Perturbations removed an average of 56% of the rats/alley but had no negative long-term impact on the size of the rat population (49.6+/-12.5 rats/alley and 123.8+/-42.2 rats/alley over two years). The sizes of the cat population during two years (3.5 animals/alley and 2.7 animals/alley) also were unaffected by rat population perturbations. Predation by cats occurred in 9/20 alleys. Predated rats were predominantly juveniles and significantly smaller (144.6 g+/-17.8 g) than the trapped rats (385.0 g+/-135.6 g). Cats rarely preyed on the larger, older portion of the rat population.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The rat population appears resilient to perturbation from even substantial population reduction using targeted removal. In this area there is a relatively low population density of cats and they only occasionally prey on the rat population. This occasional predation primarily removes the juvenile proportion of the rat population. The top predator in this urban ecosystem appears to have little impact on the size of the prey population, and similarly, reduction in rat populations doesn't impact the size of the cat population. However, the selected targeting of small rats may locally influence the size structure of the population which may have consequences for patterns of pathogen transmission.}, }
@article {pmid19484285, year = {2009}, author = {Hogan, DM and Walbridge, MR}, title = {Recent land cover history and nutrient retention in riparian wetlands.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, pages = {62-72}, pmid = {19484285}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Agriculture/*history/trends ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; History, 20th Century ; Iron/analysis ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Poaceae/metabolism ; Suburban Population ; Urbanization/*history/trends ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Wetland ecosystems are profoundly affected by altered nutrient and sediment loads received from anthropogenic activity in their surrounding watersheds. Our objective was to compare a gradient of agricultural and urban land cover history during the period from 1949 to 1997, with plant and soil nutrient concentrations in, and sediment deposition to, riparian wetlands in a rapidly urbanizing landscape. We observed that recent agricultural land cover was associated with increases in Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) concentrations in a native wetland plant species. Conversely, recent urban land cover appeared to alter receiving wetland environmental conditions by increasing the relative availability of P versus N, as reflected in an invasive, but not a native, plant species. In addition, increases in surface soil Fe content suggests recent inputs of terrestrial sediments associated specifically with increasing urban land cover. The observed correlation between urban land cover and riparian wetland plant tissue and surface soil nutrient concentrations and sediment deposition, suggest that urbanization specifically enhances the suitability of riparian wetland habitats for the invasive species Japanese stiltgrass [Microstegium vimenium (Trinius) A. Camus].}, }
@article {pmid21628262, year = {2009}, author = {Zalapa, JE and Brunet, J and Guries, RP}, title = {Patterns of hybridization and introgression between invasive Ulmus pumila (Ulmaceae) and native U. rubra.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {96}, number = {6}, pages = {1116-1128}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.0800334}, pmid = {21628262}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {Natural hybridization between introduced species and their native congeners occurs frequently and can create serious conservation concerns. Ulmus pumila (Siberian elm) is an introduced Asian elm species that has naturalized in the United States and is now considered invasive in 41 states. Red elm (U. rubra), a native to the eastern United States, often occurs in sympatry with Siberian elm, and the two species are thought to hybridize. Here, we genetically characterized reference populations of the two elm species to identify species-specific microsatellite alleles. These markers were used to classify individuals in putative hybrid zones as parental species or hybrids, assess the extent of hybridization, and track patterns of introgression. We identified nine U. rubra, 32 U. pumila, and 51 hybrid individuals in our hybrid zones. Of the 51 hybrids, 35 were classified as first-generation hybrids and 16 as backcrosses. The majority of the backcrosses (88%) were introgressed toward U. pumila. Our classification of genotypes was consistent whether we used manual classification, principal coordinate analyses or Bayesian clustering. We observed greater genetic diversity and new combination of alleles in the hybrids. Our study indicates widespread hybridization between U. pumila and U. rubra and an asymmetric pattern of introgression toward U. pumila.}, }
@article {pmid20735560, year = {2009}, author = {Doupé, RG and Knott, MJ and Schaffer, J and Burrows, DW}, title = {Investigational piscivory of some juvenile Australian freshwater fishes by the introduced Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {74}, number = {10}, pages = {2386-2400}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02254.x}, pmid = {20735560}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Body Size/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; Tilapia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Experimental tanks were used to observe predatory effects in three different size classes of Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus (one of the world's most widespread exotic species and generally regarded to be a herbivore or both herbivore and detritivore) when tested against 10 juvenile Australian freshwater fish species, and significant levels of predation against all were recorded. There was a general trend for larger O. mossambicus to kill more prey and this was also reflected in a separate series of experiments using juvenile barramundi Lates calcarifer over a range of size classes. Predatory effects by O. mossambicus broadly reflected the accepted models of predator-prey interactions, being that mortality (and survival) was closely related to relative body size and mouth gape limitation. Experimental evidence for piscivory in O. mossambicus was supported by field sampling that detected prey fish remains in 16% of all fish surveyed (n = 176). The recognition of active piscivory by O. mossambicus in laboratory and field situations is the first such evidence, and suggests a need to re-evaluate the nature of their effects in introduced environments.}, }
@article {pmid19478255, year = {2009}, author = {Botto-Mahan, C and Acuña-Retamar, M and Campos, R and Cattan, PE and Solari, A}, title = {European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are naturally infected with different Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes.}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {80}, number = {6}, pages = {944-946}, pmid = {19478255}, issn = {1476-1645}, mesh = {Animals ; Chagas Disease/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Chile/epidemiology ; Disease Reservoirs/*parasitology ; Genotype ; Rabbits/*parasitology ; Trypanosoma cruzi/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, presents a complex life cycle, cycling between reduviid vectors and wild and domestic mammals. The European rabbit is an introduced species in America, but its role as reservoir in the wild transmission cycle of Chagas disease remains unknown. We used polymerase chain reaction, Southern blot, and hybridization tests to detect infection and characterize genotypes in rabbits from a hyperendemic area of Chagas disease in Chile. Results show 38% of infection with different genotypes. We provide evidence that rabbits are naturally infected with T. cruzi, which may have important epidemiologic consequences for the wild transmission cycle.}, }
@article {pmid19465575, year = {2009}, author = {Rodriguez-Cabal, MA and Stuble, KL and Nuñez, MA and Sanders, NJ}, title = {Quantitative analysis of the effects of the exotic Argentine ant on seed-dispersal mutualisms.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {499-502}, pmid = {19465575}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Biodiversity ; Body Size ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Models, Statistical ; Population Dynamics ; Seeds/anatomy &amp; histology/*metabolism ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Although it is increasingly clear that exotic invasive species affect seed-dispersal mutualisms, a synthetic examination of the effect of exotic invasive species on seed-dispersal mutualisms is lacking. Here, we review the impacts of the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) on seed dispersal. We found that sites with L. humile had 92 per cent fewer native ant seed dispersers than did sites where L. humile was absent. In addition, L. humile did not replace native seed dispersers, as rates of seed removal and seedling establishment were all lower in the presence of L. humile than in its absence. We conclude that potential shifts in plant diversity and concomitant changes in ecosystem function may be a consequence of Argentine ant invasions, as well as invasions by other ant species. Because very few studies have examined the effects of non-ant invasive species on seed-dispersal mutualisms, the prevalence of disruption of seed-dispersal mutualisms by invasive species is unclear.}, }
@article {pmid19463060, year = {2009}, author = {Gras, R and Devaurs, D and Wozniak, A and Aspinall, A}, title = {An individual-based evolving predator-prey ecosystem simulation using a fuzzy cognitive map as the behavior model.}, journal = {Artificial life}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {423-463}, doi = {10.1162/artl.2009.Gras.012}, pmid = {19463060}, issn = {1064-5462}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Cluster Analysis ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Fuzzy Logic ; Game Theory ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {We present an individual-based predator-prey model with, for the first time, each agent behavior being modeled by a fuzzy cognitive map (FCM), allowing the evolution of the agent behavior through the epochs of the simulation. The FCM enables the agent to evaluate its environment (e.g., distance to predator or prey, distance to potential breeding partner, distance to food, energy level) and its internal states (e.g., fear, hunger, curiosity), and to choose several possible actions such as evasion, eating, or breeding. The FCM of each individual is unique and is the result of the evolutionary process. The notion of species is also implemented in such a way that species emerge from the evolving population of agents. To our knowledge, our system is the only one that allows the modeling of links between behavior patterns and speciation. The simulation produces a lot of data, including number of individuals, level of energy by individual, choice of action, age of the individuals, and average FCM associated with each species. This study investigates patterns of macroevolutionary processes, such as the emergence of species in a simulated ecosystem, and proposes a general framework for the study of specific ecological problems such as invasive species and species diversity patterns. We present promising results showing coherent behaviors of the whole simulation with the emergence of strong correlation patterns also observed in existing ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid19459891, year = {2009}, author = {Hoeinghaus, DJ and Agostinho, AA and Gomes, LC and Pelicice, FM and Okada, EK and Latini, JD and Kashiwaqui, EA and Winemiller, KO}, title = {Effects of river impoundment on ecosystem services of large tropical rivers: embodied energy and market value of artisanal fisheries.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, pages = {1222-1231}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01248.x}, pmid = {19459891}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Brazil ; *Ecosystem ; *Fisheries ; Fishes ; Fresh Water ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Applying the ecosystem services concept to conservation initiatives or in managing ecosystem services requires understanding how environmental impacts affect the ecology of key species or functional groups providing the services. We examined effects of river impoundments, one of the leading threats to freshwater biodiversity, on an important ecosystem service provided by large tropical rivers (i.e., artisanal fisheries). The societal and economic importance of this ecosystem service in developing countries may provide leverage to advance conservation agendas where future impoundments are being considered. We assessed impoundment effects on the energetic costs of fisheries production (embodied energy) and commercial market value of the artisanal fishery of the Paraná River, Brazil, before and after formation of Itaipu Reservoir. High-value migratory species that dominated the fishery before the impoundment was built constituted a minor component of the contemporary fishery that is based heavily on reservoir-adapted introduced species. Cascading effects of river impoundment resulted in a mismatch between embodied energy and market value: energetic costs of fisheries production increased, whereas market value decreased. This was partially attributable to changes in species functional composition but also strongly linked to species identities that affected market value as a result of consumer preferences even when species were functionally similar. Similar trends are expected in other large tropical rivers following impoundment. In addition to identifying consequences of a common anthropogenic impact on an important ecosystem service, our assessment provides insight into the sustainability of fisheries production in tropical rivers and priorities for regional biodiversity conservation.}, }
@article {pmid19459890, year = {2009}, author = {Keller, RP and Zu Ermgassen, PS and Aldridge, DC}, title = {Vectors and timing of freshwater invasions in Great Britain.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {23}, number = {6}, pages = {1526-1534}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01249.x}, pmid = {19459890}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Fresh Water ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Nonindigenous freshwater species cause large ecological and economic impacts in Great Britain. In response the government is in the process of implementing a broad, new nonindigenous species strategy. We assembled a list of all nonindigenous freshwater species that are or were established in Great Britain, their date of first record, and their vector of introduction. This list provides a baseline against which the success of new policies can be assessed. Because the biota of Great Britain has been well recorded, our results provide a highly resolved case study of the vectors and drivers of species transport and establishment. A total of 117 nonindigenous freshwater species are currently established in Great Britain; a further 17 species were once established but are now extirpated. Between 1800 and 2000 the number of established species increased at an accelerating rate, and this increase correlated with the growth in human population and gross domestic product. The construction of large reservoirs in Great Britain occurred over a short period and overlapped high rates of new species establishment, indicating that habitat modification may have been an important driver of establishment. Nonindigenous species now account for 24% of fish, 12% of plant, 54% of amphibian, and 88% of decapod crustacean freshwater species richness in Great Britain. The ornamental trades have been responsible for the greatest percentages of intentionally (73%) and unintentionally (34%) introduced species that have become established. Shipping and aquaculture have also been strong vectors. These vectors should be prioritized for management within the new nonindigenous species strategy.}, }
@article {pmid19459367, year = {2009}, author = {Zhao, JJ and Ouyang, ZY and Zheng, H and Xu, WH and Wang, XK}, title = {[Species composition and spatial structure of plants in urban parks of Beijing].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {298-306}, pmid = {19459367}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; China ; Cities ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Plant Development ; Plants/*classification ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {By the method of stratified random sampling, the species composition and spatial structure of the plants in 53 parks in Beijing urban area were investigated, aimed to provide basic information for the protection of plant diversity in the parks and the management of the parks. A total of 492 plant species belong to 96 families and 283 genera were recorded. Based on the data of 21 investigation items about the trees, shrubs, and grasses in the study area and related statistical analyses, the plant structural patterns commonly seen in the green space of the parks of Beijing urban area were introduced. Among the plants in the parks, native species occupied 53.86% of the total. The chorological composition of the genera embraced broad kinds of geographical elements in China, and the predominance of dominant plants was remarkable. In most green patches of the parks, herbaceous species were more abundant and had higher coverage, shrubs had relatively low coverage and were less beneath tree canopy, and trees and shrubs had lower species richness and density. The canopy breadth and the diameter of breast height of trees as well as the breadth of shrubs and the heights of trees and shrubs were basically at the second grade, but the canopy structure of the trees were better, with good conditions of sunlight and growth. The crown missing of the shrubs was relatively low. It was suggested from correlation analyses and document survey of Beijing parks construction history that park landscape design, alien species introduction; and cultivation management were the main factors affecting the species composition and spatial structure of the plants in Beijing urban parks.}, }
@article {pmid19457021, year = {2009}, author = {Alto, BW and Kesavaraju, B and Juliano, SA and Lounibos, LP}, title = {Stage-dependent predation on competitors: consequences for the outcome of a mosquito invasion.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {78}, number = {5}, pages = {928-936}, pmid = {19457021}, issn = {1365-2656}, support = {R01 AI044793-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-05A2/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01-AI-44793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Body Size ; Ceratopogonidae/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Larva/physiology ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {1. Predator-mediated coexistence occurs when predation allows competitors to coexist, due to preferential consumption of a superior competitor relative to an inferior competitor. Differences between the native treehole mosquito (Aedes triseriatus) and the co-occurring Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) in anti-predatory larval behaviours account, in part, for the greater vulnerability of this invasive species to native predatory midge (Corethrella appendiculata). We test the hypothesis that stage-dependent differences in the sizes of A. albopictus and A. triseriatus larvae, relative to the size-limited C. appendiculata, contribute to differential consumption and the likelihood of predator-mediated coexistence of these competitors. 2. In all instars, larvae of A. triseriatus were larger than A. albopictus of the same stage. Third and fourth instar C. appendiculata selectively consumed late-stage A. albopictus in preference to same-stage A. triseriatus. Small, early-stage prey larvae did not differ in vulnerability to predation, but large, late-stage larvae differed significantly in vulnerability to predation, probably owing to size-limited predation by fourth instar C. appendiculata. This effect was less pronounced for third instar C. appendiculata. 3. Prey size, in conjunction with anti-predatory behavioural responses, alters the probability of predator-mediated coexistence. A stage-structured predation model showed that equally vulnerable early stages reduce the range of environmental conditions (productivities) in which predator-mediated coexistence is possible, increasing the likelihood of both competitive exclusion of the resident species or failure of the invasive to establish. These results underscore the importance of stage-dependent interspecific differences in predator-prey interactions for determining how predators may affect community composition.}, }
@article {pmid19456264, year = {2009}, author = {Berglund, H and Järemo, J and Bengtsson, G}, title = {Endemism predicts intrinsic vulnerability to nonindigenous species on islands.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {174}, number = {1}, pages = {94-101}, doi = {10.1086/598501}, pmid = {19456264}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; *Geography ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {While numerous efforts have been made to identify and quantify factors controlling invasibility of biological communities, less attention has been given to analyzing the expressions of vulnerability to nonindigenous species (NIS). Using the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List database for birds, mammals, and amphibians and the Invasive Species Specialist Group global invasive species database as sources of information, we developed a new indicator for the relative intrinsic vulnerability of islands to NIS. It was calculated from the residuals to the global relationship between the impact of NIS and their exposure to the islands. The impact of NIS was expressed as the proportion of indigenous species threatened by NIS, and the exposure was the number of invasive NIS per number of native species. The residuals corresponded to the variability in impact, about 60%, that was not explained by exposure. The proportion of endemic species on the islands was positively correlated with the relative intrinsic vulnerability and explained about 60% of its variability. The robust relationship between endemism and intrinsic vulnerability reinforces the role of long-term isolation for the fate of island indigenous species to biological invasions and is useful in identifying vulnerable environments without having a specific invader in mind.}, }
@article {pmid19453617, year = {2009}, author = {Hauser, CE and McCarthy, MA}, title = {Streamlining 'search and destroy': cost-effective surveillance for invasive species management.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {683-692}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01323.x}, pmid = {19453617}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*growth &amp; development ; Australia ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/economics/*methods ; Geography ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Invasive species surveillance has typically been targeted to where the species is most likely to occur. However, spatially varying environmental characteristics and land uses may affect more than just the probability of occurrence. Biodiversity or economic value, and the ease of detection and control are also likely to vary. We incorporate these factors into a detection and treatment model of a low-density invader to determine the surveillance strategy that minimizes expected management costs. Sites with a high probability of invader occurrence and great benefits associated with detection warrant intensive surveillance; however, the optimum investment is a nonlinear function of these factors. Environments where the invader is relatively easy to detect are prioritized for surveillance, although only a moderate investment is necessary to ensure a high probability of detection. Intensive surveillance effort may be allocated to other sites if the probability of occurrence, budget and/or expected benefits is sufficiently high.}, }
@article {pmid19451120, year = {2009}, author = {Memmott, J}, title = {Food webs: a ladder for picking strawberries or a practical tool for practical problems?.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {364}, number = {1524}, pages = {1693-1699}, pmid = {19451120}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology/methods ; Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; *Food Chain ; Greenhouse Effect ; Pest Control, Biological ; Plants ; Pollination ; Research Design ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {While food webs have provided a rich vein of research material over the last 50 years, they have largely been the subject matter of the pure ecologist working in natural habitats. While there are some notable exceptions to this trend, there are, as I explain in this paper, many applied questions that could be answered using a food web approach. The paper is divided into two halves. The first half provides a brief review of six areas where food webs have begun to be used as an applied tool: restoration ecology, alien species, biological control, conservation ecology, habitat management and global warming. The second half outlines five areas in which a food web approach could prove very rewarding: urban ecology, agroecology, habitat fragmentation, cross-habitat food webs and ecosystem services.}, }
@article {pmid19450706, year = {2009}, author = {Paupy, C and Delatte, H and Bagny, L and Corbel, V and Fontenille, D}, title = {Aedes albopictus, an arbovirus vector: from the darkness to the light.}, journal = {Microbes and infection}, volume = {11}, number = {14-15}, pages = {1177-1185}, doi = {10.1016/j.micinf.2009.05.005}, pmid = {19450706}, issn = {1769-714X}, mesh = {Aedes/classification/physiology/*virology ; *Alphavirus Infections/prevention &amp; control/transmission/virology ; Animals ; *Arbovirus Infections/prevention &amp; control/transmission/virology ; Arboviruses ; Chikungunya virus ; Global Health ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/classification/physiology/*virology ; Mosquito Control ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894), is an invasive species that can be found on all continents. The species, originally considered a secondary vector of viruses such as Dengue viruses, has recently been suggested to play a role in the transmission of Chikungunya virus in several countries bordering the Indian Ocean, Central Africa and Europe. Here we review the current geographic range and the relevant biological traits of A. albopictus in order to explain its rapid spread. We examine and discuss recent changes in its role as a vector, particularly in the transmission of arboviruses, and its importance in the current and future emergence of pathogens. Finally, we report conventional and innovative ways to control A. albopictus.}, }
@article {pmid19450273, year = {2009}, author = {Trucchi, E and Sbordoni, V}, title = {Unveiling an ancient biological invasion: molecular analysis of an old European alien, the crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata).}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {109}, pmid = {19450273}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Italy ; *Phylogeny ; Porcupines/*genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biological invasions can be considered one of the main threats to biodiversity, and the recognition of common ecological and evolutionary features among invaders can help developing a predictive framework to control further invasions. In particular, the analysis of successful invasive species and of their autochthonous source populations by means of genetic, phylogeographic and demographic tools can provide novel insights into the study of biological invasion patterns. Today, long-term dynamics of biological invasions are still poorly understood and need further investigations. Moreover, distribution and molecular data on native populations could contribute to the recognition of common evolutionary features of successful aliens.<br><br>RESULTS: We analyzed 2,195 mitochondrial base pairs, including Cytochrome b, Control Region and rRNA 12S, in 161 Italian and 27 African specimens and assessed the ancient invasive origin of Italian crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) populations from Tunisia. Molecular coalescent-based Bayesian analyses proposed the Roman Age as a putative timeframe of introduction and suggested a retention of genetic diversity during the early phases of colonization. The characterization of the native African genetic background revealed the existence of two differentiated clades: a Mediterranean group and a Sub-Saharan one. Both standard population genetic and advanced molecular demography tools (Bayesian Skyline Plot) did not evidence a clear genetic signature of the expected increase in population size after introduction. Along with the genetic diversity retention during the bottlenecked steps of introduction, this finding could be better described by hypothesizing a multi-invasion event.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Evidences of the ancient anthropogenic invasive origin of the Italian Hystrix cristata populations were clearly shown and the native African genetic background was preliminary described. A more complex pattern than a simple demographic exponential growth from a single propagule seems to have characterized this long-term invasion.}, }
@article {pmid19449707, year = {2009}, author = {Belmaker, J and Brokovich, E and China, V and Golani, D and Kiflawi, M}, title = {Estimating the rate of biological introductions: Lessepsian fishes in the Mediterranean.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {90}, number = {4}, pages = {1134-1141}, doi = {10.1890/07-1904.1}, pmid = {19449707}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; Markov Chains ; Mediterranean Sea ; Monte Carlo Method ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Sampling issues preclude the direct use of the discovery rate of exotic species as a robust estimate of their rate of introduction. Recently, a method was advanced that allows maximum-likelihood estimation of both the observational probability and the introduction rate from the discovery record. Here, we propose an alternative approach that utilizes the discovery record of native species to control for sampling effort. Implemented in a Bayesian framework using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations, the approach provides estimates of the rate of introduction of the exotic species, and of additional parameters such as the size of the species pool from which they are drawn. We illustrate the approach using Red Sea fishes recorded in the eastern Mediterranean, after crossing the Suez Canal, and show that the two approaches may lead to different conclusions. The analytical framework is highly flexible and could provide a basis for easy modification to other systems for which first-sighting data on native and introduced species are available.}, }
@article {pmid19449699, year = {2009}, author = {Seifert, EK and Bever, JD and Maron, JL}, title = {Evidence for the evolution of reduced mycorrhizal dependence during plant invasion.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {90}, number = {4}, pages = {1055-1062}, doi = {10.1890/08-0419.1}, pmid = {19449699}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Hypericum/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/*microbiology ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Plant Roots/anatomy &amp; histology/microbiology ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Introduced species inevitably experience novel selection pressures in their new environments as a result of changes in mutualist and antagonist relationships. While most previous work has examined how escape from specialist enemies has influenced herbivore or pathogen resistance of exotic species, post-introduction shifts in exotic dependence on mutualists have not been considered. In a common environment, we compared dependence on AM fungi of North American and European populations of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort), a forb native to Europe. Introduced North American populations responded less to inoculation with AM fungi than did European populations. Root architecture was strongly correlated with mycorrhizal response, and introduced populations had finer root architecture than native populations. Finally, introduced populations exhibited decreased root and increased reproductive allocation relative to European populations, consistent with a transition to a weedier life history; however, biomass allocation patterns were uncorrelated with mycorrhizal response. These findings are the first demonstration of a genetically based reduction of mycorrhizal dependence and shift in root architecture in an introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid19449678, year = {2009}, author = {Long, JD and Trussell, GC and Elliman, T}, title = {Linking invasions and biogeography: isolation differentially affects exotic and native plant diversity.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {90}, number = {4}, pages = {863-868}, doi = {10.1890/08-1337.1}, pmid = {19449678}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; Geography ; Massachusetts ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {The role of native species diversity in providing biotic resistance to invasion remains controversial, with evidence supporting both negative and positive relationships that are often scale dependent. Across larger spatial scales, positive relationships suggest that exotic and native species respond similarly to factors other than diversity. In the case of island habitats, such factors may include island size and isolation from the mainland. However, previous island studies exploring this issue examined only a few islands or islands separated by extreme distances. In this study, we surveyed exotic and native plant diversity on 25 islands separated by <15 km in Boston Harbor. Exotic and native species richness were positively correlated. Consistent with island biogeography theory, species richness of both groups was positively related to area and negatively related to isolation. However, the isolation effect was significantly stronger for native species. This differential effect of isolation on native species translated into exotic species representing a higher proportion of all plant species on more distant islands. The community similarity of inner harbor islands vs. outer harbor islands was greater for exotic species, indicating that isolation had a weaker influence on individual exotic species. These results contrast with recent work focusing on similarities between exotic and native species and highlight the importance of studies that use an island biogeographic approach to better understand those factors influencing the ecology of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid19449630, year = {2009}, author = {Vayssieres, JF and Sinzogan, A and Korie, S and Ouagoussounon, I and Thomas-Odjo, A}, title = {Effectiveness of spinosad bait sprays (GF-120) in controlling mango-infesting fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Benin.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {102}, number = {2}, pages = {515-521}, doi = {10.1603/029.102.0208}, pmid = {19449630}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Benin ; Drug Combinations ; Insect Control/methods ; Insecticides/*pharmacology ; Larva/drug effects ; Macrolides/*pharmacology ; Mangifera/*parasitology ; Tephritidae/*drug effects ; Time ; }, abstract = {Effectiveness of GF-120 (Dow Chemical) Fruit Fly Bait containing the insecticide spinosad in controlling mango-infesting fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) was assessed by comparing treated orchards with untreated orchards. Twelve mango, Mangifera indica L., plantations located in six villages (two similar orchards per village: one orchard treated and orchard untreated) scattered in the Borgou department (northern Benin) were monitored weekly with fly traps, and the fruit was sampled twice for larval infestation at the beginning and in the middle of May in both 2006 and 2007. The two main mango fruit fly pests are Ceratitis cosyra (Walker) and Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta &amp; White, an invasive species that recently spread throughout West Africa. In both the 2006 and 2007 seasons, C. cosyra had the earliest peak of abundance, and the difference between treated and untreated orchards, in terms of mean number of flies trapped per week and per trap, was significant only in 2007. B. invadens populations quickly increased with the onset of the rains, from mid-May onward, with no significant difference between treated and untreated orchards. In 2006 and 2007, the larval infestation by B. invadens was significantly lower in plots treated with GF-120 than in untreated control plots. GF-120 provided an 81% reduction in the number of pupae per kilogram of fruit after weekly applications for 7 wk in 2006 and an 89% reduction after 10 wk of weekly applications in 2007. The possibility of integrating GF120 bait sprays in an integrated pest management package is discussed in relation to market requirements.}, }
@article {pmid19444475, year = {2009}, author = {Schutzenhofer, MR and Valone, TJ and Knight, TM}, title = {Herbivory and population dynamics of invasive and native Lespedeza.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {161}, number = {1}, pages = {57-66}, pmid = {19444475}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; *Food Chain ; Insecta/drug effects/physiology ; Insecticides/toxicity ; Lespedeza/*growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Missouri ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Some exotic plants are able to invade habitats and attain higher fitness than native species, even when the native species are closely related. One explanation for successful plant invasion is that exotic invasive plant species receive less herbivory or other enemy damage than native species, and this allows them to achieve rapid population growth. Despite many studies comparing herbivory and fitness of native and invasive congeners, none have quantified population growth rates. Here, we examined the contribution of herbivory to the population dynamics of the invasive species, Lespedeza cuneata, and its native congener, L. virginica, using an herbivory reduction experiment. We found that invasive L. cuneata experienced less herbivory than L. virginica. Further, in ambient conditions, the population growth rate of L. cuneata (lambda = 20.4) was dramatically larger than L. virginica (lambda = 1.7). Reducing herbivory significantly increased fitness of only the largest L. virginica plants, and this resulted in a small but significant increase in its population growth rate. Elasticity analysis showed that the growth rate of these species is most sensitive to changes in the seed production of small plants, a vital rate that is relatively unaffected by herbivory. In all, these species show dramatic differences in their population growth rates, and only 2% of that difference can be explained by their differences in herbivory incidence. Our results demonstrate that to understand the importance of consumers in explaining the relative success of invasive and native species, studies must determine how consumer effects on fitness components translate into population-level consequences.}, }
@article {pmid19442674, year = {2009}, author = {Kikuchi, S and Saito, Y and Ryuto, H and Fukunishi, N and Abe, T and Tanaka, H and Tsujimoto, H}, title = {Effects of heavy-ion beams on chromosomes of common wheat, Triticum aestivum.}, journal = {Mutation research}, volume = {669}, number = {1-2}, pages = {63-66}, doi = {10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.05.001}, pmid = {19442674}, issn = {0027-5107}, mesh = {Cell Survival/radiation effects ; *Chromosome Aberrations ; Chromosomes, Plant/*radiation effects ; Heavy Ions/*adverse effects ; Neon ; Nitrogen ; Seeds/genetics/growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; Triticum/*genetics/growth &amp; development/*radiation effects ; X-Rays ; }, abstract = {To investigate the nature of plant chromosomes irradiated by heavy-ion beams, the effects of nitrogen (N) and neon (Ne) ion beams on hexaploid wheat chromosomes were compared with those of X-ray. Chromosome aberrations, such as short, ring and dicentric chromosomes appeared in high frequency. The average numbers of chromosome breaks at LD-50 by irradiation with X-ray, N and Ne ion beams were 32, 20 and 20, respectively. These values may be underestimated because chromosome rearrangement without change in chromosome morphology was not counted. Thus, we subsequently used a wheat line with a pair of extra chromosomes from an alien species (Leymus racemosus) and observed the fate of the irradiated marker chromosomes by genomic in situ hybridization. This analysis revealed that 50Gy of neon beam induced about eight times more breaks than those induced by X-ray. This result suggests that heavy-ion beams induce chromosome rearrangement in high frequency rather than loss of gene function. This suggests further that most of the novel mutations produced by ion beam irradiation, which have been used in plant breeding, may not be caused by ordinary gene disruption but by chromosome rearrangements.}, }
@article {pmid19432650, year = {2009}, author = {McMahon, SM and Dietze, MC and Hersh, MH and Moran, EV and Clark, JS}, title = {A predictive framework to understand forest responses to global change.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {1162}, number = {}, pages = {221-236}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04495.x}, pmid = {19432650}, issn = {1749-6632}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; *Climate ; Forecasting ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Trees/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Forests are one of Earth's critical biomes. They have been shown to respond strongly to many of the drivers that are predicted to change natural systems over this century, including climate, introduced species, and other anthropogenic influences. Predicting how different tree species might respond to this complex of forces remains a daunting challenge for forest ecologists. Yet shifts in species composition and abundance can radically influence hydrological and atmospheric systems, plant and animal ranges, and human populations, making this challenge an important one to address. Forest ecologists have gathered a great deal of data over the past decades and are now using novel quantitative and computational tools to translate those data into predictions about the fate of forests. Here, after a brief review of the threats to forests over the next century, one of the more promising approaches to making ecological predictions is described: using hierarchical Bayesian methods to model forest demography and simulating future forests from those models. This approach captures complex processes, such as seed dispersal and mortality, and incorporates uncertainty due to unknown mechanisms, data problems, and parameter uncertainty. After describing the approach, an example by simulating drought for a southeastern forest is offered. Finally, there is a discussion of how this approach and others need to be cast within a framework of prediction that strives to answer the important questions posed to environmental scientists, but does so with a respect for the challenges inherent in predicting the future of a complex biological system.}, }
@article {pmid19432648, year = {2009}, author = {Riegl, B and Bruckner, A and Coles, SL and Renaud, P and Dodge, RE}, title = {Coral reefs: threats and conservation in an era of global change.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {1162}, number = {}, pages = {136-186}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04493.x}, pmid = {19432648}, issn = {1749-6632}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Fisheries ; *Marine Biology ; *Seawater ; }, abstract = {Coral reefs are iconic, threatened ecosystems that have been in existence for approximately 500 million years, yet their continued ecological persistence seems doubtful at present. Anthropogenic modification of chemical and physical atmospheric dynamics that cause coral death by bleaching and newly emergent diseases due to increased heat and irradiation, as well as decline in calcification caused by ocean acidification due to increased CO(2), are the most important large-scale threats. On more local scales, overfishing and destructive fisheries, coastal construction, nutrient enrichment, increased runoff and sedimentation, and the introduction of nonindigenous invasive species have caused phase shifts away from corals. Already approximately 20% of the world's reefs are lost and approximately 26% are under imminent threat. Conservation science of coral reefs is well advanced, but its practical application has often been lagging. Societal priorites, economic pressures, and legal/administrative systems of many countries are more prone to destroy rather than conserve coral-reef ecosystems. Nevertheless, many examples of successful conservation exist from the national level to community-enforced local action. When effectively managed, protected areas have contributed to regeneration of coral reefs and stocks of associated marine resources. Local communities often support coral-reef conservation in order to raise income potential associated with tourism and/or improved resource levels. Coral reefs create an annual income in S-Florida alone of over $4 billion. Thus, no conflict between development, societal welfare, and coral-reef conservation needs to exist. Despite growing threats, it is not too late for decisive action to protect and save these economically and ecologically high-value ecosystems. Conservation science plays a critical role in designing effective strategies.}, }
@article {pmid19432647, year = {2009}, author = {Lovett, GM and Tear, TH and Evers, DC and Findlay, SE and Cosby, BJ and Dunscomb, JK and Driscoll, CT and Weathers, KC}, title = {Effects of air pollution on ecosystems and biological diversity in the eastern United States.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {1162}, number = {}, pages = {99-135}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04153.x}, pmid = {19432647}, issn = {1749-6632}, mesh = {Air Pollutants ; *Air Pollution ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Geography ; Trees ; United States ; }, abstract = {Conservation organizations have most often focused on land-use change, climate change, and invasive species as prime threats to biodiversity conservation. Although air pollution is an acknowledged widespread problem, it is rarely considered in conservation planning or management. In this synthesis, the state of scientific knowledge on the effects of air pollution on plants and animals in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States is summarized. Four air pollutants (sulfur, nitrogen, ozone, and mercury) and eight ecosystem types ranging from estuaries to alpine tundra are considered. Effects of air pollution were identified, with varying levels of certainty, in all the ecosystem types examined. None of these ecosystem types is free of the impacts of air pollution, and most are affected by multiple pollutants. In aquatic ecosystems, effects of acidity, nitrogen, and mercury on organisms and biogeochemical processes are well documented. Air pollution causes or contributes to acidification of lakes, eutrophication of estuaries and coastal waters, and mercury bioaccumulation in aquatic food webs. In terrestrial ecosystems, the effects of air pollution on biogeochemical cycling are also very well documented, but the effects on most organisms and the interaction of air pollution with other stressors are less well understood. Nevertheless, there is strong evidence for effects of nitrogen deposition on plants in grasslands, alpine areas, and bogs, and for nitrogen effects on forest mycorrhizae. Soil acidification is widespread in forest ecosystems across the eastern United States and is likely to affect the composition and function of forests in acid-sensitive areas over the long term. Ozone is known to cause reductions in photosynthesis in many terrestrial plant species. For the most part, the effects of these pollutants are chronic, not acute, at the exposure levels common in the eastern United States. Mortality is often observed only at experimentally elevated exposure levels or in combination with other stresses such as drought, freezing, or pathogens. The notable exceptions are the acid/aluminum effects on aquatic organisms, which can be lethal at levels of acidity observed in many surface waters in the region. Although the effects are often subtle, they are important to biological conservation. Changes in species composition caused by terrestrial or aquatic acidification or eutrophication can propagate throughout the food webs to affect many organisms beyond those that are directly sensitive to the pollution. Likewise, sublethal doses of toxic pollutants may reduce the reproductive success of the affected organisms or make them more susceptible to potentially lethal pathogens. Many serious gaps in knowledge that warrant further research were identified. Among those gaps are the effects of acidification, ozone, and mercury on alpine systems, effects of nitrogen on species composition of forests, effects of mercury in terrestrial food webs, interactive effects of multiple pollutants, and interactions among air pollution and other environmental changes such as climate change and invasive species. These gaps in knowledge, coupled with the strong likelihood of impacts on ecosystems that have not been studied in the region, suggests that current knowledge underestimates the actual impact of air pollutants on biodiversity. Nonetheless, because known or likely impacts of air pollution on the biodiversity and function of natural ecosystems are widespread in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions, the effects of air pollution should be considered in any long-term conservation strategy. It is recommended that ecologically relevant standards, such as "critical loads," be adopted for air pollutants and the importance of long-term monitoring of air pollution and its effects is emphasized.}, }
@article {pmid19432643, year = {2009}, author = {Holmes, TP and Aukema, JE and Von Holle, B and Liebhold, A and Sills, E}, title = {Economic impacts of invasive species in forests: past, present, and future.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {1162}, number = {}, pages = {18-38}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04446.x}, pmid = {19432643}, issn = {1749-6632}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics/methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Environmental Monitoring/*economics/methods ; Greenhouse Effect ; Trees/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions by nonnative species are a by-product of economic activities, with the vast majority of nonnative species introduced by trade and transport of products and people. Although most introduced species are relatively innocuous, a few species ultimately cause irreversible economic and ecological impacts, such as the chestnut blight that functionally eradicated the American chestnut across eastern North America. Assessments of the economic costs and losses induced by nonnative forest pests are required for policy development and need to adequately account for all of the economic impacts induced by rare, highly damaging pests. To date, countrywide economic evaluations of forest-invasive species have proceeded by multiplying a unit value (price) by a physical quantity (volume of forest products damaged) to arrive at aggregate estimates of economic impacts. This approach is inadequate for policy development because (1) it ignores the dynamic impacts of biological invasions on the evolution of prices, quantities, and market behavior, and (2) it fails to account for the loss in the economic value of nonmarket ecosystem services, such as landscape aesthetics, outdoor recreation, and the knowledge that healthy forest ecosystems exist. A review of the literature leads one to anticipate that the greatest economic impacts of invasive species in forests are due to the loss of nonmarket values. We proposed that new methods for evaluating aggregate economic damages from forest-invasive species need to be developed that quantify market and nonmarket impacts at microscales that are then extended using spatially explicit models to provide aggregate estimates of impacts. Finally, policies that shift the burden of economic impacts from taxpayers and forest landowners onto parties responsible for introducing or spreading invasives, whether through the imposition of tariffs on products suspected of imposing unacceptable risks on native forest ecosystems or by requiring standards on the processing of trade products before they cross international boundaries, may be most effective at reducing their impacts.}, }
@article {pmid19431938, year = {2009}, author = {Thiele, J and Kollmann, J and Andersen, UR}, title = {Ecological and socioeconomic correlates of plant invasions in Denmark: the utility of environmental assessment data.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, pages = {89-94}, doi = {10.1579/0044-7447-38.2.89}, pmid = {19431938}, issn = {0044-7447}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Denmark ; Ecosystem ; Geographic Information Systems ; *Plant Development ; *Socioeconomic Factors ; }, abstract = {Control of plant invasions requires regional knowledge of invasive species' distribution and the factors that promote their spread. We studied the distribution of invasive alien plants in Denmark at 2 spatial scales ("site" and "municipality") based on habitat descriptions and species lists from 2343 sites recorded within environmental assessments for planned infrastructure projects and conservation management. We created a Geographic Information System database of the sites and supplemented the field data with information on traffic routes, water courses, and socioeconomic indicators from the respective municipalities. The percentage of invaded sites within a municipality decreased with increasing tax percentage and it increased with (sub-)urbanity. The number of invasive species at the sites was positively correlated with resident plant diversity, disturbance, and proximity to traffic routes. We conclude that current plant invasions in Denmark are mainly an anthropogenic (sub-)urban phenomenon. The results are discussed with respect to the utility of environmental assessment data for studying plant invasions and improving control of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid19431296, year = {2009}, author = {Panov, VE and Alexandrov, B and Arbaciauskas, K and Binimelis, R and Copp, GH and Grabowski, M and Lucy, F and Leuven, RS and Nehring, S and Paunović, M and Semenchenko, V and Son, MO}, title = {Assessing the risks of aquatic species invasions via European inland waterways: from concepts to environmental indicators.}, journal = {Integrated environmental assessment and management}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {110-126}, doi = {10.1897/ieam_2008-034.1}, pmid = {19431296}, issn = {1551-3777}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Europe ; Fishes ; Human Activities ; International Cooperation ; Plants ; Rivers ; Transportation ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {Over the past century, the potential for aquatic species to expand their ranges in Europe has been enhanced both as a result of the construction of new canals and because of increased international trade. A complex network of inland waterways now connects some previously isolated catchments in southern (Caspian, Azov, Black, Mediterranean seas) and northern (Baltic, North, Wadden, White seas) Europe, and these waterways act as corridors for nonnative species invasions. We have developed a conceptual risk assessment model for invasive alien species introductions via European inland waterways, with specific protocols that focus on the development of environmental indicators within the socioeconomic context of the driving forces-pressures-state-impact-response framework. The risk assessment protocols and water quality indicators on alien species were tested for selected ecosystems within 3 main European invasion corridors, and these can be recommended for application as part of the Common Implementation Strategy of the European Commission Water Framework Directive, which aims to provide a holistic risk-based management of European river basins. The conceptual structure of the online Risk Assessment Toolkit for aquatic invasive alien species is provided and includes 3 main interlinked components: online risk assessment protocols, an early warning system, and an information transmitter for risk communication to end users.}, }
@article {pmid19421314, year = {2009}, author = {DeVaney, SC and McNyset, KM and Williams, JB and Peterson, AT and Wiley, EO}, title = {A tale of four "carp": invasion potential and ecological niche modeling.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, pages = {e5451}, pmid = {19421314}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Carps/classification/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive species are a serious problem in ecosystems, but are difficult to eradicate once established. Predictive methods can be key in determining which areas are of concern regarding invasion by such species to prevent establishment [1]. We assessed the geographic potential of four Eurasian cyprinid fishes (common carp, tench, grass carp, black carp) as invaders in North America via ecological niche modeling (ENM). These "carp" represent four stages of invasion of the continent (a long-established invader with a wide distribution, a long-established invader with a limited distribution, a spreading invader whose distribution is expanding, and a newly introduced potential invader that is not yet established), and as such illustrate the progressive reduction of distributional disequilibrium over the history of species' invasions.<br><br>We used ENM to estimate the potential distributional area for each species in North America using models based on native range distribution data. Environmental data layers for native and introduced ranges were imported from state, national, and international climate and environmental databases. Models were evaluated using independent validation data on native and invaded areas. We calculated omission error for the independent validation data for each species: all native range tests were highly successful (all omission values <7%); invaded-range predictions were predictive for common and grass carp (omission values 8.8 and 19.8%, respectively). Model omission was high for introduced tench populations (54.7%), but the model correctly identified some areas where the species has been successful; distributional predictions for black carp show that large portions of eastern North America are at risk.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: ENMs predicted potential ranges of carp species accurately even in regions where the species have not been present until recently. ENM can forecast species' potential geographic ranges with reasonable precision and within the short screening time required by proposed U.S. invasive species legislation.}, }
@article {pmid19419984, year = {2009}, author = {Hagman, M and Phillips, BL and Shine, R}, title = {Fatal attraction: adaptations to prey on native frogs imperil snakes after invasion of toxic toads.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {276}, number = {1668}, pages = {2813-2818}, pmid = {19419984}, issn = {0962-8452}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Anura ; Australia ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Snakes/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Adaptations that enhance fitness in one situation can become liabilities if circumstances change. In tropical Australia, native snake species are vulnerable to the invasion of toxic cane toads. Death adders (Acanthophis praelongus) are ambush foragers that (i) attract vertebrate prey by caudal luring and (ii) handle anuran prey by killing the frog then waiting until the frog's chemical defences degrade before ingesting it. These tactics render death adders vulnerable to toxic cane toads (Bufo marinus), because toads elicit caudal luring more effectively than do native frogs, and are more readily attracted to the lure. Moreover, the strategy of delaying ingestion of a toad after the strike does not prevent fatal poisoning, because toad toxins (unlike those of native frogs) do not degrade shortly after the prey dies. In our laboratory and field trials, half of the death adders died after ingesting a toad, showing that the specialized predatory behaviours death adders use to capture and process prey render them vulnerable to this novel prey type. The toads' strong response to caudal luring also renders them less fit than native anurans (which largely ignored the lure): all toads bitten by adders died. Together, these results illustrate the dissonance in behavioural adaptations that can arise following the arrival of invasive species, and reveal the strong selection that occurs when mutually naive species first interact.}, }
@article {pmid19419055, year = {2008}, author = {Rodrigo Rojas, J and Rodríguez, O}, title = {[Diversity and ichthyofaunistic abundance of the Rio Grande de Térraba, south of Costa Rica].}, journal = {Revista de biologia tropical}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, pages = {1429-1447}, pmid = {19419055}, issn = {0034-7744}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Biomass ; Costa Rica ; Fishes/*classification ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Rivers ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The diversity, abundance and distributional pattern of freshwater fish communities in the Térraba River, south Costa Rica, were investigated from the early dry season of 2004 to early rain season of 2005. There have been no preview studies on the freshwater fish distribution in Térraba. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine fish species richness, abundance and distribution there. Fish sampling was done using a combination of gears such as gill net, fine mesh net and visual observation. Thirty three species, 26 genera and 14 families were collected in four sampling sites along the river. The number and biomass captured during the entire study was 984 individuals and 147 410.9 g respectively. Most of them are carnivorous species (48%), 33.3% are omnivorous and 12% detritivorous, and only two species are herbivorous. The most important species in relative abundance (56.5%) and biomass (53.7%) in the study area was the machaca (Brycon behreae). It should be clear that although the list of fish species that occur in Térraba River is reasonably complete, knowledge of their ichthyogeographic history patterns is superficial. The main community component was secondary freshwater species; with 17 invading brackish water species and one introduced species (tilapia O. niloticus). Nine species are reported for the first time in this river. The diversity index H' varied from 2.32 (El Brujo) to 1.67 (Coto), a similar pattern was also showed for the other indexes. Most of our results were similar to those of previous studies on freshwater fish distribution elsewhere, however no significant correlation between species distribution and environmental variables was found, and we hypothesized that the depth and water velocity and geomorphological are major environmental variables that influence the fish distribution. Our findings are opposed to the tendency, for species composition, to increase from upstream to the mouth of the river, which is probably due to two major human activities (discharge of waste of pineapple fields and sediments in the main channel). These activities could constitute in the future a real threat for the fish population and other aquatic organisms. Growth rates, competition, predation pressures, community organization, biotic versus physical factors in relation to distribution, and many other aspects of fish biology remain to be studied. Future surveys will involve more quantitative surveys in different seasons and over time to monitor the long-term variation in the diversity and abundance of freshwater fish species in Térraba.}, }
@article {pmid21564976, year = {2009}, author = {Steven G, N and Subramanyam, R}, title = {Testing plant barcoding in a sister species complex of pantropical Acacia (Mimosoideae, Fabaceae).}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {9 Suppl s1}, number = {}, pages = {172-180}, doi = {10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02642.x}, pmid = {21564976}, issn = {1755-098X}, abstract = {Acacia species are quite difficult to differentiate using morphological characters. Routine identification of Acacia samples is important in order to distinguish invasive species from rare species or those of economic importance, particularly in the forest industry. The genus Acacia is quite abundant and diverse comprising approximately 1355 species, which is currently divided into three subgenera: subg. Acacia (c. 161 species), subg. Aculiferum (c. 235 species), and subg. Phyllodineae (c. 960 species). It would be prudent to utilize DNA barcoding in the accurate and efficient identification of acacias. The objective of this research is to test barcoding in discriminating multiple populations among a sister-species complex in pantropical Acacia subg. Acacia, across three continents. Based on previous research, we chose three cpDNA regions (rbcL, trnH-psbA and matK). Our results show that all three regions (rbcL, matK and trnH-psbA) can distinguish and support the newly proposed genera of Vachellia Wight &amp; Arn. from Acacia Mill., discriminate sister species within either genera and differentiate biogeographical patterns among populations from India, Africa and Australia. A morphometric analysis confirmed the cryptic nature of these sister species and the limitations of a classification based on phenetic data. These results support the claim that DNA barcoding is a powerful tool for taxonomy and biogeography with utility for identifying cryptic species, biogeograhic patterns and resolving classifications at the rank of genera and species.}, }
@article {pmid21564973, year = {2009}, author = {Saunders, GW}, title = {Routine DNA barcoding of Canadian Gracilariales (Rhodophyta) reveals the invasive species Gracilaria vermiculophylla in British Columbia.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {9 Suppl s1}, number = {}, pages = {140-150}, doi = {10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02639.x}, pmid = {21564973}, issn = {1755-098X}, abstract = {As part of an extensive DNA-based floristic survey of marine macroalgae in Canadian waters, an unexpected sequence for a Gracilaria sp. was generated from British Columbia. Before further molecular analyses and corresponding morphological/anatomical observations this mystery sequence was temporarily entered into our database as Gracilaria BCsp. Continued sampling uncovered this species from four additional locations. A timely collaboration with international colleagues introduced sequences from the invasive Gracilaria vermiculophylla into our cytochrome c oxidase I alignments - these a perfect match to BCsp indicating that this species occurs in British Columbia. A discussion of the origin of this taxon in Canadian waters, whether natural or introduced, is provided.}, }
@article {pmid19401773, year = {2009}, author = {Naddafi, R and Eklöv, P and Pettersson, K}, title = {Stoichiometric constraints do not limit successful invaders: zebra mussels in Swedish lakes.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {e5345}, pmid = {19401773}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; Carbon/metabolism ; Dreissena/*growth &amp; development/metabolism/pathogenicity ; *Ecosystem ; Food Analysis ; Fresh Water ; Models, Biological ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Regression Analysis ; Sweden ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Elemental imbalances of carbon (C): nitrogen (N): phosphorus (P) ratios in food resources can constrain the growth of grazers owning to tight coupling between growth rate, RNA allocation and biomass P content in animals. Testing for stoichiometric constraints among invasive species is a novel challenge in invasion ecology to unravel how a successful invader tackles ecological barriers in novel ecosystems.<br><br>We examined the C:P and N:P ratios and the condition factor of a successful invader in lakes, the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), collected from two Swedish lakes. Concurrently, we analyzed the elemental composition of the food (seston) and tissue of the mussels in which nutrient composition of food and mussels varied over time. Zebra mussel condition factor was weakly related to the their own tissue N:P and C:P ratios, although the relation with the later ratio was not significant. Smaller mussels had relatively lower tissue N:P ratio and higher condition factor. There was no difference in C:P and N:P ratios between seston and mussels' tissues. Our results indicated that the variation in nutrient stoichiometry of zebra mussels can be explained by food quality and quantity.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our study suggests that fitness of invasive zebra mussels is not constrained by nutrient stoichiometry which is likely to be important for their proliferation in novel ecosystems. The lack of imbalance in C:P and N:P ratios between seston and mussels along with high tissue C:P ratio of the mussel allow them to tolerate potential P limitation and maintain high growth rate. Moreover, zebra mussels are able to change their tissue C:P and N:P ratios in response to the variation in elemental composition of their food. This can also help them to bypass potential nutrient stoichiometric constraints. Our finding is an important step towards understanding the mechanisms contributing to the success of exotic species from stoichiometric principles.}, }
@article {pmid19386410, year = {2009}, author = {Davidovitch, L and Stoklosa, R and Majer, J and Nietrzeba, A and Whittle, P and Mengersen, K and Ben-Haim, Y}, title = {Info-gap theory and robust design of surveillance for invasive species: the case study of Barrow Island.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {90}, number = {8}, pages = {2785-2793}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.03.011}, pmid = {19386410}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Australia ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Geography ; Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {Surveillance for invasive non-indigenous species (NIS) is an integral part of a quarantine system. Estimating the efficiency of a surveillance strategy relies on many uncertain parameters estimated by experts, such as the efficiency of its components in face of the specific NIS, the ability of the NIS to inhabit different environments, and so on. Due to the importance of detecting an invasive NIS within a critical period of time, it is crucial that these uncertainties be accounted for in the design of the surveillance system. We formulate a detection model that takes into account, in addition to structured sampling for incursive NIS, incidental detection by untrained workers. We use info-gap theory for satisficing (not minimizing) the probability of detection, while at the same time maximizing the robustness to uncertainty. We demonstrate the trade-off between robustness to uncertainty, and an increase in the required probability of detection. An empirical example based on the detection of Pheidole megacephala on Barrow Island demonstrates the use of info-gap analysis to select a surveillance strategy.}, }
@article {pmid19384412, year = {2009}, author = {Buddenhagen, CE and Chimera, C and Clifford, P}, title = {Assessing biofuel crop invasiveness: a case study.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {e5261}, pmid = {19384412}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Bioelectric Energy Sources ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth &amp; development ; Hawaii ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: There is widespread interest in biofuel crops as a solution to the world's energy needs, particularly in light of concerns over greenhouse-gas emissions. Despite reservations about their adverse environmental impacts, no attempt has been made to quantify actual, relative or potential invasiveness of terrestrial biofuel crops at an appropriate regional or international scale, and their planting continues to be largely unregulated.<br><br>Using a widely accepted weed risk assessment system, we analyzed a comprehensive list of regionally suitable biofuel crops to show that seventy percent have a high risk of becoming invasive versus one-quarter of non-biofuel plant species and are two to four times more likely to establish wild populations locally or be invasive in Hawaii or in other locations with a similar climate.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Because of climatic and ecological similarities, predictions of biofuel crop invasiveness in Hawaii are applicable to other vulnerable island and subtropical ecosystems worldwide. We demonstrate the utility of an accessible and scientifically proven risk assessment protocol that allows users to predict if introduced species will become invasive in their region of interest. Other evidence supports the contention that propagule pressure created by extensive plantings will exacerbate invasions, a scenario expected with large-scale biofuel crop cultivation. Proactive measures, such as risk assessments, should be employed to predict invasion risks, which could then be mitigated via implementation of appropriate planting policies and adoption of the "polluter-pays" principle.}, }
@article {pmid19378400, year = {2008}, author = {Marrs, RA and Sforza, R and Hufbauer, RA}, title = {Evidence for multiple introductions of Centaurea stoebe micranthos (spotted knapweed, asteraceae) to North America.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {19}, pages = {4197-4208}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03903.x}, pmid = {19378400}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Centaurea/*genetics ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Genetic Drift ; *Genetic Variation ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; North America ; Ploidies ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Invasive species' success may depend strongly on the genetic resources they maintain through the invasion process. We ask how many introductions have occurred in the North American weed Centaurea stoebe micranthos (Asteraceae), and explore whether genetic diversity and population structure have changed as a result of introduction. We surveyed individuals from 15 European native range sites and 11 North American introduced range sites at six polymorphic microsatellite loci. No significant difference existed in the total number of alleles or in the number of private alleles found in each range. Shannon-Weaver diversity of phenotype frequencies was also not significantly different between the ranges, while expected heterozygosity was significantly higher in the invasive range. Population structure was similar between the native range and the invasive range, and isolation by distance was not significant in either range. Traditional assignment methods did not allocate any North American individuals to the sampled European populations, while Bayesian assignment methods grouped individuals into nine genetic clusters, with three of them shared between North America and Europe. Invasive individuals tended to have genetically admixed profiles, while natives tended to assign more strongly to a single cluster. Many North American individuals share assignment with Romania and Bulgaria, suggesting two separate invasions that have undergone gene flow in North America. Samples from three other invasive range sites were genetically distinct, possibly representing three other unique introductions. Multiple introductions and the maintenance of high genetic diversity through the introduction process may be partially responsible for the invasive success of C. stoebe micranthos.}, }
@article {pmid19376137, year = {2009}, author = {Kotani, K and Kakinaka, M and Matsuda, H}, title = {Dynamic economic analysis on invasive species management: some policy implications of catchability.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences}, volume = {220}, number = {1}, pages = {1-14}, doi = {10.1016/j.mbs.2009.03.009}, pmid = {19376137}, issn = {1879-3134}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Decision Support Techniques ; *Models, Biological ; *Models, Economic ; Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted ; Pest Control/*economics/*methods ; *Policy Making ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The problem of controlling invasive species has emerged as a global issue. In response to invasive species threats, governments often propose eradication. This article challenges the eradication view by studying optimal strategies for controlling invasive species in a simple dynamic model. The analysis mainly focuses on deriving policy implications of catchability in a situation where a series of controlling actions incurs operational costs that derive from the fact that catchability depends on the current stock size of invasive species. We analytically demonstrate that the optimal policy changes drastically, depending on the sensitivity of catchability in response to a change in the stock size, as well as on the initial stock. If the sensitivity of catchability is sufficiently high, the constant escapement policy with some interior target level is optimal. In contrast, if the sensitivity of catchability is sufficiently low, there could exist a threshold of the initial stock which differentiates the optimal action between immediate eradication and giving-up without any control. In the intermediate range, immediate eradication, giving-up without any control, or more complex policies may be optimal. Numerical analysis is employed to present economic intuitions and insights in both analytically tractable and intractable cases.}, }
@article {pmid19357981, year = {2010}, author = {Gaonkar, CA and Sawant, SS and Anil, AC and Venkat, K and Harkantra, SN}, title = {Mumbai harbour, India: gateway for introduction of marine organisms.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {163}, number = {1-4}, pages = {583-589}, pmid = {19357981}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Animals ; India ; *Marine Biology ; Polychaeta/*classification ; Zooplankton/classification ; }, abstract = {Ships have been identified as one of the important vectors in the translocation of organisms from one bioregion to another leading to bioinvasion. In this context, harbours serve as a gateway for the introduction of alien species. Surveys were carried out in the vicinity of ports of Mumbai for macrobenthic fauna, zooplankton and hard substratum community on three different occasions during 2001-2002. The study shows that 14 polychaete species are recently introduced to this area. Mytilopsis sallei, a bivalve, which is an invasive species in the Indian context continued to be present but was restricted to enclosed docks, indicating preference for embayed water bodies. The polychaete Protula tubularia was abundant in the hard substratum community and is being reported as a possible ship-mediated introduction.}, }
@article {pmid19352719, year = {2009}, author = {Kimbro, DL and Grosholz, ED and Baukus, AJ and Nesbitt, NJ and Travis, NM and Attoe, S and Coleman-Hulbert, C}, title = {Invasive species cause large-scale loss of native California oyster habitat by disrupting trophic cascades.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {160}, number = {3}, pages = {563-575}, pmid = {19352719}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Brachyura/*physiology ; California ; *Food Chain ; Gastropoda/*physiology ; Marine Biology ; Ostreidae/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Seasons ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Although invasive species often resemble their native counterparts, differences in their foraging and anti-predator strategies may disrupt native food webs. In a California estuary, we showed that regions dominated by native crabs and native whelks have low mortality of native oysters (the basal prey), while regions dominated by invasive crabs and invasive whelks have high oyster mortality and are consequently losing a biologically diverse habitat. Using field experiments, we demonstrated that the invasive whelk's distribution is causally related to a large-scale pattern of oyster mortality. To determine whether predator-prey interactions between crabs (top predators) and whelks (intermediate consumers) indirectly control the pattern of oyster mortality, we manipulated the presence and invasion status of the intermediate and top trophic levels in laboratory mesocosms. Our results show that native crabs indirectly maintain a portion of the estuary's oyster habitat by both consuming native whelks (density-mediated trophic cascade) and altering their foraging behavior (trait-mediated trophic cascade). In contrast, invasive whelks are naive to crab predators and fail to avoid them, thereby inhibiting trait-mediated cascades and their invasion into areas with native crabs. Similarly, when native crabs are replaced with invasive crabs, the naive foraging strategy and smaller size of invasive crabs prevents them from efficiently consuming adult whelks, thereby inhibiting strong density-mediated cascades. Thus, while trophic cascades allow native crabs, whelks, and oysters to locally co-exist, the replacement of native crabs and whelks by functionally similar invasive species results in severe depletion of native oysters. As coastal systems become increasingly invaded, the mismatch of evolutionarily based strategies among predators and prey may lead to further losses of critical habitat that support marine biodiversity and ecosystem function.}, }
@article {pmid19351070, year = {2009}, author = {Bagny, L and Delatte, H and Elissa, N and Quilici, S and Fontenille, D}, title = {Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) vectors of arboviruses in Mayotte (Indian Ocean): distribution area and larval habitats.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, pages = {198-207}, doi = {10.1603/033.046.0204}, pmid = {19351070}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; *Aedes/virology ; Alphavirus Infections/*transmission ; Animals ; Arboviruses/physiology ; *Chikungunya virus ; Comoros ; *Ecosystem ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Larva ; Pupa ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions generally induce profound effects on the structure of resident communities. In Mayotte, where Aedes aegypti and Ae. lilii were already present, the recent introduction of Ae. albopictus raises public health concerns because it may affect the risk of arbovirus transmission. Entomological surveys were carried out in six locations on the island following a transect defined by a gradient from urban to rural habitats during a dry and a wet season. A total of 438 larval habitats containing Aedes spp. immature stages were surveyed. We evaluated the characteristics of larval habitats and analyzed the field distribution of Aedes spp. throughout Mayotte using generalized linear models. Artificial containers used for water storage were significantly more productive for Ae. albopictus immature stages than for Ae. aegypti ones. Most of natural larval habitats collected were colonized by Ae. aegypti, and it was also the most common Aedes species encountered in rural habitats. Conversely, Ae. albopictus greatly predominated in urban and suburban habitats and during the dry season. Ae. lilii was uncommon and occurred preferentially in leaf axillae and dead leaves on the ground. Ae. albopictus has rapidly colonized the inhabited areas of Mayotte. A displacement of Ae. aegypti populations by Ae. albopictus populations in urban areas might be happening. The increasing urbanization seems to greatly favor the presence of the invasive species. Thus, arbovirus surveillance programs should focus, as a priority, on areas where this vector is present because of a higher risk of emergence of an epidemic source of arboviruses.}, }
@article {pmid19350945, year = {2009}, author = {Clark, PF and Mortimer, DN and Law, RJ and Averns, JM and Cohen, BA and Wood, D and Rose, MD and Fernandes, AR and Rainbow, PS}, title = {Dioxin and PCB contamination in Chinese mitten crabs: human consumption as a control mechanism for an invasive species.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {43}, number = {5}, pages = {1624-1629}, doi = {10.1021/es802935a}, pmid = {19350945}, issn = {0013-936X}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura/*chemistry/growth &amp; development ; China ; *Diet ; Dioxins/*analysis ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental Pollutants/*analysis ; *Food Analysis ; Humans ; Meat/analysis ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/*analysis ; Population Dynamics ; Rivers ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {The Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis is an invasive species in North American and northeastern European rivers and estuaries, especially the Thames, England, with the potential to cause considerable ecological and structural environmental damage. The brown meat of sexually ripe mitten crabs is highly prized in far eastern restaurants, suggesting that harvesting for culinary purposes offers a potential population control mechanism. We have analyzed tissues of Thames and Dutch mitten crabs for potentially toxic dietary contaminants, showing that the brown meat contains raised concentrations of dioxins (polychlorinated dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans) and PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), organochlorines which are chronic toxins. We have compared estimated daily intakes of these toxins by consumers of meals of mitten crab brown meat against their suggested European Tolerable Daily Intakes (TDI), concluding that a male adult or female beyond childbearing age could consume several portions per week derived from Thames crabs, but fewer from the Dutch crabs. With a caveat that excessive consumption of mitten crab brown meat could lead to exposures of potential concern, particularly in the case of children and women of child-bearing age, it does appear that the harvesting of mitten crabs from the Thames for culinary use need not be discouraged.}, }
@article {pmid19346358, year = {2009}, author = {Wüst, PK and Horn, MA and Henderson, G and Janssen, PH and Rehm, BH and Drake, HL}, title = {Gut-associated denitrification and in vivo emission of nitrous oxide by the earthworm families megascolecidae and lumbricidae in new zealand.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {11}, pages = {3430-3436}, pmid = {19346358}, issn = {1098-5336}, mesh = {Acetylene/metabolism ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Carbohydrates/analysis ; Carboxylic Acids/analysis ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics ; Gastrointestinal Tract/chemistry/*microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; New Zealand ; Nitrates/*metabolism ; Nitrites/metabolism ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Nitrous Oxide/*metabolism ; Oligochaeta/*microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Previous studies have documented the capacity of European earthworms belonging to the family Lumbricidae to emit the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N(2)O), an activity attributed primarily to the activation of ingested soil denitrifiers. To extend the information base to earthworms in the Southern Hemisphere, four species of earthworms in New Zealand were examined for gut-associated denitrification. Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodea rosea (introduced species of Lumbricidae) emitted N(2)O, whereas emission of N(2)O by Octolasion cyaneum (an introduced species of Lumbricidae) and emission of N(2)O by Octochaetus multiporus (a native species of Megascolecidae) were variable and negligible, respectively. Exposing earthworms to nitrite or nitrate and acetylene significantly increased the amount of N(2)O emitted, implicating denitrification as the primary source of N(2)O and indicating that earthworms emitted dinitrogen (N(2)) in addition to N(2)O. The alimentary canal displayed a high capacity to produce N(2)O when it was supplemented with nitrite, and alimentary canal contents contained large amounts of carbohydrates and organic acids indicative of fermentation (e.g., succinate, acetate, and formate) that could serve as sources of reductant for denitrification. nosZ encodes a portion of the terminal oxidoreductase used in denitrification. The nosZ sequences detected in the alimentary canals of L. rubellus and O. multiporus were similar to those retrieved from soil and were distantly related to sequences of uncultured soil bacteria and genera common in soils (i.e., Bradyrhizobium, Azospirillum, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Pseudomonas, Oligotropha, and Sinorhizobium). These findings (i) suggest that the capacity to emit N(2)O and N(2) is a general trait of earthworms and not geographically restricted, (ii) indicate that species belonging to different earthworm families (i.e., Megascolecidae and Lumbricidae) may not have equal capacities to emit N(2)O, and (iii) also corroborate previous findings that link this capacity to denitrification in the alimentary canal.}, }
@article {pmid19341133, year = {2009}, author = {Alexander, JM and Edwards, PJ and Poll, M and Parks, CG and Dietz, H}, title = {Establishment of parallel altitudinal dines in traits of native and introduced forbs.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {90}, number = {3}, pages = {612-622}, doi = {10.1890/08-0453.1}, pmid = {19341133}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Acclimatization/physiology ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; *Altitude ; Asteraceae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Seeds ; Selection, Genetic ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Due to altered ecological and evolutionary contexts, we might expect the responses of alien plants to environmental gradients, as revealed through patterns of trait variation, to differ from those of the same species in their native range. In particular, the spread of alien plant species along such gradients might be limited by their ability to establish clinal patterns of trait variation. We investigated trends in growth and reproductive traits in natural populations of eight invasive Asteraceae forbs along altitudinal gradients in their native and introduced ranges (Valais, Switzerland, and Wallowa Mountains, Oregon, USA). Plants showed similar responses to altitude in both ranges, being generally smaller and having fewer inflorescences but larger seeds at higher altitudes. However, these trends were modified by region-specific effects that were independent of species status (native or introduced), suggesting that any differential performance of alien species in the introduced range cannot be interpreted without a fully reciprocal approach to test the basis of these differences. Furthermore, we found differences in patterns of resource allocation to capitula among species in the native and the introduced areas. These suggest that the mechanisms underlying trait variation, for example, increasing seed size with altitude, might differ between ranges. The rapid establishment of clinal patterns of trait variation in the new range indicates that the need to respond to altitudinal gradients, possibly by local adaptation, has not limited the ability of these species to invade mountain regions. Studies are now needed to test the underlying mechanisms of altitudinal clines in traits of alien species.}, }
@article {pmid19341130, year = {2009}, author = {Pintor, LM and Sih, A and Kerby, JL}, title = {Behavioral correlations provide a mechanism for explaining high invader densities and increased impacts on native prey.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {90}, number = {3}, pages = {581-587}, doi = {10.1890/08-0552.1}, pmid = {19341130}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Aggression ; Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Female ; *Food Chain ; Male ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The fact that superabundant invasive pests are also sometimes highly aggressive represents an interesting paradox. Strong intraspecific aggression should result in high intraspecific competition and limit the densities reached by exotic species. One mechanism that can allow invaders to attain high densities despite high intraspecific aggression, involves positive correlations between aggression and other behaviors such as foraging activity. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to quantify the ecological implications of correlations between aggressiveness and foraging activity among groups of exotic signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) at low and high densities. Our results showed that high invader densities increased intraspecific aggression and per capita interactions between crayfish, but also increased foraging activity and impacts on preferred prey. As a result, exotic crayfish did not show density-dependent reductions in per capita feeding or growth rates. We suggest that the positive correlation between aggression and activity is part of an aggression syndrome whereby some individuals are generally more aggressive/active than others across situations. An aggression syndrome can couple aggressive behaviors important to population establishment of invasive species with foraging activity that enhances the ability of invaders to attain high densities and have large impacts on invaded communities.}, }
@article {pmid19338634, year = {2009}, author = {Primack, RB and Miller-Rushing, AJ}, title = {The role of botanical gardens in climate change research.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {182}, number = {2}, pages = {303-313}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02800.x}, pmid = {19338634}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Gardening ; *Greenhouse Effect ; *Plants ; Research Design ; }, abstract = {Botanical gardens have a unique set of resources that allows them to host important climate change research projects not easily undertaken elsewhere. These resources include controlled growing conditions, living collections with broad taxonomic representation, meticulous record-keeping, networks spanning wide geographic areas, and knowledgeable staff. Indeed, botanical gardens have already contributed significantly to our understanding of biological responses to climate change, particularly the effects of temperature on the timing of flowering and leaf-out. They have also made significant contributions to the understanding of the relationships among climate, physiology, and anatomy. Gardens are finding new uses for traditional research tools such as herbarium specimens and historical photographs, which are increasingly being used to obtain information on past plant behavior. Additional work on invasive species and comparative studies of responses to climatic variation are providing insights on important ecological, evolutionary, and management questions. With their large collections of plant species from throughout the world and excellent herbaria, botanical gardens are well positioned to expand their current activities to continue to provide leadership in climate change research and education.}, }
@article {pmid19335877, year = {2009}, author = {Holzer, B and Keller, L and Chapuisat, M}, title = {Genetic clusters and sex-biased gene flow in a unicolonial Formica ant.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {69}, pmid = {19335877}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*genetics ; Behavior, Animal ; Computational Biology ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Gene Flow ; Genes, Insect ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Animal societies are diverse, ranging from small family-based groups to extraordinarily large social networks in which many unrelated individuals interact. At the extreme of this continuum, some ant species form unicolonial populations in which workers and queens can move among multiple interconnected nests without eliciting aggression. Although unicoloniality has been mostly studied in invasive ants, it also occurs in some native non-invasive species. Unicoloniality is commonly associated with very high queen number, which may result in levels of relatedness among nestmates being so low as to raise the question of the maintenance of altruism by kin selection in such systems. However, the actual relatedness among cooperating individuals critically depends on effective dispersal and the ensuing pattern of genetic structuring. In order to better understand the evolution of unicoloniality in native non-invasive ants, we investigated the fine-scale population genetic structure and gene flow in three unicolonial populations of the wood ant F. paralugubris.<br><br>RESULTS: The analysis of geo-referenced microsatellite genotypes and mitochondrial haplotypes revealed the presence of cryptic clusters of genetically-differentiated nests in the three populations of F. paralugubris. Because of this spatial genetic heterogeneity, members of the same clusters were moderately but significantly related. The comparison of nuclear (microsatellite) and mitochondrial differentiation indicated that effective gene flow was male-biased in all populations.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The three unicolonial populations exhibited male-biased and mostly local gene flow. The high number of queens per nest, exchanges among neighbouring nests and restricted long-distance gene flow resulted in large clusters of genetically similar nests. The positive relatedness among clustermates suggests that kin selection may still contribute to the maintenance of altruism in unicolonial populations if competition occurs among clusters.}, }
@article {pmid21628232, year = {2009}, author = {Lin, J and Gibbs, JP and Smart, LB}, title = {Population genetic structure of native versus naturalized sympatric shrub willows (Salix; Salicaceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {96}, number = {4}, pages = {771-785}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.0800321}, pmid = {21628232}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {Vegetative propagation of an introduced species can contribute significantly to its ability to spread and become naturalized, potentially in competition with native species. This study focused on the naturalization of a willow shrub, Salix purpurea, which was introduced to the United States from Europe and is commonly sympatric with the native shrub willow, S. eriocephala. Both species are capable of vegetative and sexual reproduction, but little is known about their relative frequency, nor the impact of clonal propagation on population-level genetic diversity. We analyzed genotypes at several microsatellite loci in 993 individuals belonging to 30 subpopulations of S. eriocephala and 28 subpopulations of S. purpurea in areas of sympatry across three watersheds to compare their genetic diversity and genetic structure. Our results revealed six subpopulations of S. purpurea containing plants with identical multilocus genotypes, while clonal individuals were rare among S. eriocephala populations. These species are dioecious with relatively high levels of heterozygosity, but S. eriocephala had much higher allelic diversity and genotypic diversity than did S. purpurea. These results strongly suggest that vegetative propagation has contributed to the naturalization of S. purpurea and has resulted in higher levels of genetic differentiation among S. purpurea populations than among native S. eriocephala populations.}, }
@article {pmid21452584, year = {2009}, author = {Booker, F and Muntifering, R and McGrath, M and Burkey, K and Decoteau, D and Fiscus, E and Manning, W and Krupa, S and Chappelka, A and Grantz, D}, title = {The ozone component of global change: potential effects on agricultural and horticultural plant yield, product quality and interactions with invasive species.}, journal = {Journal of integrative plant biology}, volume = {51}, number = {4}, pages = {337-351}, doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00805.x}, pmid = {21452584}, issn = {1744-7909}, mesh = {Agriculture/*standards ; Biomass ; Fabaceae/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Genetic Variation/drug effects ; Herbicides/pharmacology ; *Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; Solanum lycopersicum/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; North Carolina ; Ozone/*toxicity ; Photosynthesis/drug effects ; *Plant Development ; Plants/*drug effects/genetics ; Reproduction/drug effects ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The productivity, product quality and competitive ability of important agricultural and horticultural plants in many regions of the world may be adversely affected by current and anticipated concentrations of ground-level ozone (O3). Exposure to elevated O3 typically results in suppressed photosynthesis, accelerated senescence, decreased growth and lower yields. Various approaches used to evaluate O3 effects generally concur that current yield losses range from 5% to 15% among sensitive plants. There is, however, considerable genetic variability in plant responses to O3. To illustrate this, we show that ambient O3 concentrations in the eastern United States cause substantially different levels of damage to otherwise similar snap bean cultivars. Largely undesirable effects of O3 can also occur in seed and fruit chemistry as well as in forage nutritive value, with consequences for animal production. Ozone may alter herbicide efficacy and foster establishment of some invasive species. We conclude that current and projected levels of O3 in many regions worldwide are toxic to sensitive plants of agricultural and horticultural significance. Plant breeding that incorporates O3 sensitivity into selection strategies will be increasingly necessary to achieve sustainable production with changing atmospheric composition, while reductions in O3 precursor emissions will likely benefit world food production and reduce atmospheric concentrations of an important greenhouse gas.}, }
@article {pmid19324817, year = {2009}, author = {Lee, JE and Janion, C and Marais, E and Jansen van Vuuren, B and Chown, SL}, title = {Physiological tolerances account for range limits and abundance structure in an invasive slug.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {276}, number = {1661}, pages = {1459-1468}, pmid = {19324817}, issn = {0962-8452}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology ; Animals ; Climate ; *Demography ; Gastropoda/*physiology ; Geography ; Salinity ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Despite the importance of understanding the mechanisms underlying range limits and abundance structure, few studies have sought to do so. Here we use a terrestrial slug species, Deroceras panormitanum, that has invaded a remote, largely predator-free, Southern Ocean island as a model system to do so. Across Marion Island, slug density does not conform to an abundant centre distribution. Rather, abundance structure is characterized by patches and gaps. These are associated with this desiccation-sensitive species' preference for biotic and drainage line habitats that share few characteristics except for their high humidity below the vegetation surface. The coastal range margin has a threshold form, rapidly rising from zero to high density. Slugs do not occur where soil-exchangeable Na values are higher than 3000 mg kg(-1), and in laboratory experiments, survival is high below this value but negligible above it. Upper elevation range margins are a function of the inability of this species to survive temperatures below an absolute limit of -6.4 degrees C, which is regularly exceeded at 200 m altitude, above which slug density declines to zero. However, the linear decline in density from the coastal peak is probably also a function of a decline in performance or time available for activity. This is probably associated with an altitudinal decline in mean annual soil temperature. These findings support previous predictions made regarding the form of density change when substrate or climatic factors set range limits.}, }
@article {pmid19324783, year = {2009}, author = {Engel, K and Tollrian, R}, title = {Inducible defences as key adaptations for the successful invasion of Daphnia lumholtzi in North America?.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {276}, number = {1663}, pages = {1865-1873}, pmid = {19324783}, issn = {0962-8452}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Daphnia/anatomy &amp; histology/drug effects/*physiology ; Environment, Controlled ; Female ; Fishes/metabolism ; North America ; Phenotype ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The mechanisms underlying successful biological invasions often remain unclear. In the case of the tropical water flea Daphnia lumholtzi, which invaded North America, it has been suggested that this species possesses a high thermal tolerance, which in the course of global climate change promotes its establishment and rapid spread. However, D. lumholtzi has an additional remarkable feature: it is the only water flea that forms rigid head spines in response to chemicals released in the presence of fishes. These morphologically (phenotypically) plastic traits serve as an inducible defence against these predators. Here, we show in controlled mesocosm experiments that the native North American species Daphnia pulicaria is competitively superior to D. lumholtzi in the absence of predators. However, in the presence of fish predation the invasive species formed its defences and became dominant. This observation of a predator-mediated switch in dominance suggests that the inducible defence against fish predation may represent a key adaptation for the invasion success of D. lumholtzi.}, }
@article {pmid19324631, year = {2009}, author = {Hoban, SM and McCleary, TS and Schlarbaum, SE and Romero-Severson, J}, title = {Geographically extensive hybridization between the forest trees American butternut and Japanese walnut.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {324-327}, pmid = {19324631}, issn = {1744-9561}, mesh = {DNA, Plant/*genetics ; Demography ; Genetic Markers ; Genotype ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Juglans/*genetics ; United States ; }, abstract = {We investigate the question of naturally occurring interspecific hybrids between two forest trees: the native North American butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) and the introduced Japanese walnut (Juglans ailantifolia Carrière). Using nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers, we provide evidence for 29 F(1) and 22 advanced generation hybrids in seven locations across the eastern and southern range of the native species. Two locations show extensive admixture (95% J. ailantifolia and hybrids) while other locations show limited admixture. Hybridization appears to be asymmetrical with 90.9 per cent of hybrids having J. ailantifolia as the maternal parent. This is, to our knowledge, the first genetic data supporting natural hybridization between these species. The long-term outcome of introgression could include loss of native diversity, but could also include transfer of useful traits from the introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid19324453, year = {2009}, author = {Ricciardi, A and Simberloff, D}, title = {Assisted colonization is not a viable conservation strategy.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, pages = {248-253}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2008.12.006}, pmid = {19324453}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Human Activities ; Models, Biological ; Plants ; }, abstract = {A potential conservation strategy increasingly discussed by conservation biologists is the translocation of species to favorable habitat beyond their native range to protect them from human-induced threats, such as climate change. Even if preceded by careful risk assessment, such action is likely to produce myriad unintended and unpredictable consequences. Accurate risk assessment is impeded by contingency: the impacts of introduced species vary over time and space under the influence of local environmental variables, interspecific interactions and evolutionary change. Some impacts, such as native species extinctions, are large and irrevocable. Here we argue that conservation biologists have not yet developed a sufficient understanding of the impacts of introduced species to make informed decisions regarding species translocations.}, }
@article {pmid19323855, year = {2010}, author = {Jenner, WH and Kuhlmann, U and Mason, PG and Cappuccino, N}, title = {Comparative life tables of leek moth, Acrolepiopsis assectella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae), in its native range.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {100}, number = {1}, pages = {87-97}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485309006804}, pmid = {19323855}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Fertility/physiology ; Life Cycle Stages/*physiology ; *Life Tables ; Linear Models ; Mortality ; Moths/*physiology ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {Leek moth, Acrolepiopsis assectella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae), is an invasive alien species in eastern Canada, the larvae of which mine the green tissues of Allium spp. This study was designed to construct and analyse life tables for leek moth within its native range. Stage-specific mortality rates were estimated for the third leek moth generation at three sites in Switzerland from 2004 to 2006 to identify some of the principle factors that inhibit leek moth population growth in areas of low pest density. The contribution of natural enemies to leek moth mortality was measured by comparing mortality on caged and uncaged leeks. Total pre-imaginal mortality on uncaged plants was 99.6%, 99.1% and 96.4% in 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively. Variation in mortality was greater among years than among sites. Total larval mortality was greater than that in the eggs and pupae. This was due largely to the high mortality (up to 83.3%) of neonates during the brief period between egg hatch and establishment of the feeding mine. Leek moth pupal mortality was significantly greater on uncaged than on caged leeks, indicating an impact by natural enemies, and this pattern was consistent over all three years of study. In contrast, the other life stages did not show consistently higher mortality rates on uncaged plants. This observation suggests that the pupal stage may be particularly vulnerable to natural enemies and, therefore, may be the best target for classical biological control in Canada.}, }
@article {pmid19323226, year = {2009}, author = {Strauss, SY and Stanton, ML and Emery, NC and Bradley, CA and Carleton, A and Dittrich-Reed, DR and Ervin, OA and Gray, LN and Hamilton, AM and Rogge, JH and Harper, SD and Law, KC and Pham, VQ and Putnam, ME and Roth, TM and Theil, JH and Wells, LM and Yoshizuka, EM}, title = {Cryptic seedling herbivory by nocturnal introduced generalists impacts survival, performance of native and exotic plants.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {90}, number = {2}, pages = {419-429}, doi = {10.1890/07-1533.1}, pmid = {19323226}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Gastropoda/*physiology ; Magnoliopsida/*physiology ; Seedlings/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Although much of the theory on the success of invasive species has been geared at escape from specialist enemies, the impact of introduced generalist invertebrate herbivores on both native and introduced plant species has been underappreciated. The role of nocturnal invertebrate herbivores in structuring plant communities has been examined extensively in Europe, but less so in North America. Many nocturnal generalists (slugs, snails, and earwigs) have been introduced to North America, and 96% of herbivores found during a night census at our California Central Valley site were introduced generalists. We explored the role of these herbivores in the distribution, survivorship, and growth of 12 native and introduced plant species from six families. We predicted that introduced species sharing an evolutionary history with these generalists might be less vulnerable than native plant species. We quantified plant and herbivore abundances within our heterogeneous site and also established herbivore removal experiments in 160 plots spanning the gamut of microhabitats. As 18 collaborators, we checked 2000 seedling sites every day for three weeks to assess nocturnal seedling predation. Laboratory feeding trials allowed us to quantify the palatability of plant species to the two dominant nocturnal herbivores at the site (slugs and earwigs) and allowed us to account for herbivore microhabitat preferences when analyzing attack rates on seedlings. The relationship between local slug abundance and percent cover of five common plant taxa at the field site was significantly negatively associated with the mean palatability of these taxa to slugs in laboratory trials. Moreover, seedling mortality of 12 species in open-field plots was positively correlated with mean palatability of these taxa to both slugs and earwigs in laboratory trials. Counter to expectations, seedlings of native species were neither more vulnerable nor more palatable to nocturnal generalists than those of introduced species. Growth comparison of plants within and outside herbivore exclosures also revealed no differences between native and introduced plant species, despite large impacts of herbivores on growth. Cryptic nocturnal predation on seedlings was common and had large effects on plant establishment at our site. Without intensive monitoring, such predation could easily be misconstrued as poor seedling emergence.}, }
@article {pmid19323224, year = {2009}, author = {Vogelsang, KM and Bever, JD}, title = {Mycorrhizal densities decline in association with nonnative plants and contribute to plant invasion.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {90}, number = {2}, pages = {399-407}, doi = {10.1890/07-2144.1}, pmid = {19323224}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Carduus/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Gnaphalium/microbiology/*physiology ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Population Density ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Belowground interactions between herbaceous native species and nonnative species is a poorly understood but emerging area of interest to invasive-species researchers. Positive feedback dynamics are commonly observed in many invaded systems and have been suspected in California grasslands, where native plants associate strongly with soil mutualists such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In response to disturbance, invading nonnative plants proliferate, and to the degree these species associate weakly with soil mutualists, we would expect mutualist efficacy to degrade over time. Degraded mutualist efficacy would negatively impact mutualist-dependent native species or their recruitment following a disturbance. We investigated the feedback dynamics of soil conditioned both with native and nonnative herbaceous communities of southern California grasslands to test this degraded mutualist hypothesis. Using a mesocosm approach, we inoculated each community with live soil originating from a remnant native grassland and varied the plant communities (i.e., native or nonnative) along a plant-species-richness gradient. After one year, we then used this conditioned soil for reciprocal feedback tests on a native and nonnative indicator species. We show that a native herbaceous forb (Gnaphalium californicum) grows best in soil conditioned by a diverse mix of other native species that includes G. californicum but is inhibited by soil conditioned by a diverse mix of nonnative species. We also show that an invasive, nonnative herbaceous forb (Carduus pycnocephalus) exhibits strong growth in soil lacking arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and in soil conditioned by a diverse mix of nonnative species that include C. pycnocephalus, and that it is inhibited by the same soil that best promotes the native, G. californicum. Separate bioassays for mycorrhizal density show a reduction of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the nonnative-conditioned soil relative to the native-conditioned soil, which suggests that nonnative species do not promote the growth of mycorrhizal fungi in the same way that native species do. The growth patterns resulting from the vegetative history of these distinct soil communities provide evidence of a biotic feedback mechanism that may account for the maintenance of persistent communities of nonnative (and often invasive) plants ubiquitous throughout California grasslands.}, }
@article {pmid21564689, year = {2009}, author = {Muñoz, J and Green, AJ and Figuerola, J and Amat, F and Rico, C}, title = {Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in the brine shrimp Artemia (Branchiopoda, Anostraca).}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {547-550}, doi = {10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02360.x}, pmid = {21564689}, issn = {1755-098X}, abstract = {The brine shrimp Artemia is a complex genus containing sexual species and parthenogenetic lineages. Artemia franciscana is native to America and its cysts (diapausing eggs) are used worldwide as a food source in aquaculture. As a consequence, this anostracan has become an invasive species in many hypersaline aquatic ecosystems of other continents. Parthenogenetic Artemia lineages occur only in the Old World. Ten and five microsatellite markers were developed to characterize two populations for A. franciscana and two populations for diploid parthenogenetic Artemia, respectively. For A. franciscana the number of alleles ranged from 11 to 58 per locus, while for parthenogens the number of alleles ranged from three to 10. The levels of heterozygosity in A. franciscana and in parthenogens ranged from 0.115 to 0.976 and from 0.000 to 0.971, respectively. These microsatellite loci showed a high population assignment power, which will be useful for future studies of population genetics and invasive processes in Artemia.}, }
@article {pmid20735572, year = {2009}, author = {Kitano, S and Hasegawa, K and Maekawa, K}, title = {Evidence for interspecific hybridization between native white-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis and non-native brown trout Salmo trutta on Hokkaido Island, Japan.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, pages = {467-473}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02095.x}, pmid = {20735572}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Japan ; Male ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Trout/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Hybrids between native white-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis and non-native brown trout Salmo trutta were identified in streams of Hokkaido, Japan, using both appearance and genetic characters. The DNA analyses indicated that the specimens were hybrids between female S. leucomaenis and male S. trutta. Occurrence of such hybrids implies increased mating opportunities between these species in wild streams.}, }
@article {pmid21141032, year = {2009}, author = {Gedan, KB and Silliman, BR and Bertness, MD}, title = {Centuries of human-driven change in salt marsh ecosystems.}, journal = {Annual review of marine science}, volume = {1}, number = {}, pages = {117-141}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163930}, pmid = {21141032}, issn = {1941-1405}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Time Factors ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {Salt marshes are among the most abundant, fertile, and accessible coastal habitats on earth, and they provide more ecosystem services to coastal populations than any other environment. Since the Middle Ages, humans have manipulated salt marshes at a grand scale, altering species composition, distribution, and ecosystem function. Here, we review historic and contemporary human activities in marsh ecosystems--exploitation of plant products; conversion to farmland, salt works, and urban land; introduction of non-native species; alteration of coastal hydrology; and metal and nutrient pollution. Unexpectedly, diverse types of impacts can have a similar consequence, turning salt marsh food webs upside down, dramatically increasing top down control. Of the various impacts, invasive species, runaway consumer effects, and sea level rise represent the greatest threats to salt marsh ecosystems. We conclude that the best way to protect salt marshes and the services they provide is through the integrated approach of ecosystem-based management.}, }
@article {pmid20948597, year = {2009}, author = {Cumming, GS}, title = {Current themes and recent advances in modelling species occurrences.}, journal = {F1000 biology reports}, volume = {1}, number = {}, pages = {94}, pmid = {20948597}, issn = {1757-594X}, abstract = {Recent years have seen a huge expansion in the range of methods and approaches that are being used to predict species occurrences. This expansion has been accompanied by many improvements in statistical methods, including more accurate ways of comparing models, better null models, methods to cope with autocorrelation, and greater awareness of the importance of scale and prevalence. However, the field still suffers from problems with incorporating temporal variation, overfitted models and poor out-of-sample prediction, confusion between explanation and prediction, simplistic assumptions, and a focus on pattern over process. The greatest advances in recent years have come from integrative studies that have linked species occurrence models with other themes and topics in ecology, such as island biogeography, climate change, disease geography, and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid20735531, year = {2009}, author = {Záhorská, E and Kovác, V and Falka, I and Beyer, K and Katina, S and Copp, GH and Gozlan, RE}, title = {Morphological variability of the Asiatic cyprinid, topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva, in its introduced European range.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {74}, number = {1}, pages = {167-185}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02121.x}, pmid = {20735531}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyprinidae/*anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; *Phenotype ; Regression Analysis ; }, abstract = {To assess the spatial variability in external morphology of non-native populations of topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva within an ontogenetic context, triple regression analysis (distance-based measurements) was applied to data from eight European populations (two Slovak, four Romanian, one English and one French). The data from Slovakia were also subjected to geometrical analysis (co-ordinates-based measurements) to obtain a more complex picture of the species' overall morphology. Great phenotypic variability was observed, being expressed not only in the formation of different definite phenotypes but also in the manner by which the phenotypes are achieved. Thus, both the definite phenotype and the patterns of development in invasive P. parva may be highly influenced by environmental conditions. Such great morphological (phenotypic) variability is likely to be one of the attributes that make this species such a successful invader.}, }
@article {pmid21669837, year = {2008}, author = {Stillman, JH and Colbourne, JK and Lee, CE and Patel, NH and Phillips, MR and Towle, DW and Eads, BD and Gelembuik, GW and Henry, RP and Johnson, EA and Pfrender, ME and Terwilliger, NB}, title = {Recent advances in crustacean genomics.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {48}, number = {6}, pages = {852-868}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icn096}, pmid = {21669837}, issn = {1540-7063}, abstract = {Crustaceans are a diverse and ancient group of arthropods that have long been studied as interesting model systems in biology, especially for understanding animal evolution and physiology and for environmentally relevant studies. Like many model systems, advances in DNA-sequencing methodologies have led to a large amount of genomics-related projects. The purpose of this article is to highlight the genome projects and functional genomics (transcriptomics) projects that are currently underway in crustacean biology. Specifically, we have surveyed the amount of publicly available DNA sequence data (both genomic and EST data) across all crustacean taxa for which a significant number of DNA sequences have been generated. Several ongoing projects are presented including the ecology of invasive species, thermal physiology, ion and water balance, ecology and evolutionary biology, and developmental biology.}, }
@article {pmid21669834, year = {2008}, author = {Pratt, MC}, title = {Living where the flow is right: How flow affects feeding in bryozoans.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {48}, number = {6}, pages = {808-822}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icn052}, pmid = {21669834}, issn = {1540-7063}, abstract = {Bryozoans are suspension feeding colonial animals that remain attached to the substratum or other surfaces. How well a bryozoan can feed in a particular flow regime could help determine the distribution and abundance of that bryozoan. I tested how velocity of flow affects feeding rate in four species of bryozoans in the laboratory and how these species perform in different flow regimes in the field. I found that one species, Membranipora membranacea, had a higher ingestion rate than did the other three species at all velocities of flow tested. Membranipora also had a higher rate of ingestion at intermediate velocities, while velocity did not have as strong an effect on ingestion rate in the other three species. As predicted from the feeding experiments, all four species generally had greater abundance, attained a larger size, grew faster, and survived longer in flow regimes in which feeding is higher. Also as predicted, Membranipora had greater abundance, attained a larger size, grew faster, and survived longer than did the other three species both in slower and faster flow regimes in the field. Understanding how flow affects feeding can help predict the distribution and abundance of bryozoans in the field. Because especially efficient filterers like Membranipora can grow faster and have higher survival under a wide range of conditions of flow, this species may be able to outcompete many other species or take advantage of ephemeral habitats, thereby becoming a potentially effective invasive species as has been seen in the Gulf of Maine.}, }
@article {pmid21628165, year = {2008}, author = {Schachner, LJ and Mack, RN and Novak, SJ}, title = {Bromus tectorum (Poaceae) in midcontinental United States: Population genetic analysis of an ongoing invasion.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {95}, number = {12}, pages = {1584-1595}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.0800225}, pmid = {21628165}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {Biological invasions can be substantially influenced by the genetic sampling associated with a species' introduction. As a result, we assessed the genetic and evolutionary consequences of the entry and spread of the invasive grass Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) across the United States midcontinent through an analysis of 54 populations, using enzyme electrophoresis. On average, these populations display 1.04 alleles per locus (A), 4.1% percent polymorphic loci per population (%P) and an expected mean heterozygosity (H(exp)) value of 0.009. Heterozygotes, which have been rarely reported for B. tectorum in North America, occur in three populations in the midcontinent and are likely novel multilocus genotypes that arose postimmigration. The midcontinent distribution of multilocus genotypes suggests that plant immigrants came directly from either the native range or the eastern United States, or both. Continued dispersal of preadapted genotypes and the assembly of populations that are genetic admixtures may enhance this invasion by increasing both the genetic diversity within populations and the selection of novel genotypes arising from occasional outcrossing. The potential for postimmigration evolution in most species points to the largely unrecognized need to block the introduction of new, potentially aggressive genotypes of an alien species already in the United States.}, }
@article {pmid21628163, year = {2008}, author = {Park, MG and Blossey, B}, title = {Importance of plant traits and herbivory for invasiveness of Phragmites australis (Poaceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {95}, number = {12}, pages = {1557-1568}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.0800023}, pmid = {21628163}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {Biological invasions change native plant communities, but theory predicting whether introductions create naturalized or invasive species is lacking. Focusing on either plant traits or interactions of introduced plants with native biota creates unreliable results, and improvements may require integration of trait- and interaction-based approaches. To assess the importance of plant traits and herbivory on invasiveness, we incorporated herbivore effects in comparisons of growth and phenology of invasive Phragmites australis and its native congener P. australis subsp. americanus. Our results were influenced by venue (field or common garden), with extended life span and optimized leaf-age structure of introduced P. australis indicating greater potential for resource capture. Attack by introduced gallflies affected expression of plant traits, but we found no consistent effect of aphid attack. Origin did not affect leaf emergence or stem height, but preferential gallfly attack stunted native P. australis and delayed senescence. Greater resource capture and lower attack by nonnative herbivores could give introduced P. australis an advantage over the native subspecies. Our results demonstrating the importance of plant traits as well as their modification by interactions with natural enemies questions whether the outcome of plant introductions can be predicted.}, }
@article {pmid20396576, year = {2008}, author = {Phillips, AJ and Alves, A and Pennycook, SR and Johnston, PR and Ramaley, A and Akulov, A and Crous, PW}, title = {Resolving the phylogenetic and taxonomic status of dark-spored teleomorph genera in the Botryosphaeriaceae.}, journal = {Persoonia}, volume = {21}, number = {}, pages = {29-55}, pmid = {20396576}, issn = {1878-9080}, abstract = {Species in the Botryosphaeriaceae are common plant pathogens and saprobes found on a variety of mainly woody hosts. Teleomorphs typically have hyaline, aseptate ascospores. However, some have been reported with brown ascospores and their taxonomic status is uncertain. A multi-gene approach (SSU, ITS, LSU, EF1-alpha and beta-tubulin) was used to resolve the correct phylogenetic position of the dark-spored 'Botryosphaeria' teleomorphs and related asexual species. Neodeightonia and Phaeobotryon are reinstated for species with brown ascospores that are either 1-septate (Neodeightonia) or 2-septate (Phaeobotryon). Phaeobotryosphaeria is reinstated for species with brown, aseptate ascospores that bear an apiculus at either end. The status of Sphaeropsis is clarified and shown to be the anamorph of Phaeobotryosphaeria. Two new genera, namely Barriopsis for species having brown, aseptate ascospores without apiculi and Spencermartinsia for species having brown, 1-septate ascospores with an apiculus at either end are introduced. Species of Dothiorella have brown, 1-septate ascospores and differ from Spencermartinsia in the absence of apiculi. These six genera can also be distinguished from one another based on morphological characters of their anamorphs. Although previously placed in the Botryosphaeriaceae, Dothidotthia, was shown to belong in the Pleosporales, and the new family Dothidotthiaceae is introduced to accommodate it.}, }
@article {pmid21586021, year = {2008}, author = {Nicot, A and Dubois, MP and Debain, C and David, P and Jarne, P}, title = {Characterization of 15 microsatellite loci in the pulmonate snail Pseudosuccinea columella (Mollusca, Gastropoda).}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {1281-1284}, doi = {10.1111/j.1755-0998.2007.02065.x}, pmid = {21586021}, issn = {1755-098X}, abstract = {We characterized 15 new variable microsatellites in the freshwater snail Pseudosuccinea (Lymnaea) columella, as well as conditions for multiplexing and simultaneously genotyping sets of loci. Two to six alleles were detected per locus over the six populations studied. Gene diversity ranged from 0.000 to 0.498, but essentially no heterozygous individuals were observed. This resulted in extremely high F(IS) estimates, and therefore high selfing rates. The F(ST) estimates ranged from 0.18 to 1 among populations, but was generally high. These markers will constitute efficient tools for investigating the population structure of this invasive species. Cross-species amplification was on the whole unsuccessful.}, }
@article {pmid21396065, year = {2008}, author = {Chen, Y}, title = {Global potential distribution of an invasive species, the yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) under climate change.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, pages = {166-175}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00095.x}, pmid = {21396065}, issn = {1749-4869}, abstract = {Changes to the Earth's climate may affect the distribution of countless species. Understanding the potential distribution of known invasive species under an altered climate is vital to predicting impacts and developing management policy. The present study employs ecological niche modeling to construct the global potential distribution range of the yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) using past, current and future climate scenarios. Three modeling algorithms, GARP, BioClim and Environmental Distance, were used in a comparative analysis. Output from the models suggest firstly that this insect originated from south Asia, expanded into Europe and then into Afrotropical regions, after which it formed its current distribution. Second, the invasive risk of A. gracilipes under future climatic change scenarios will become greater because of an extension of suitable environmental conditions in higher latitudes. Third, when compared to the GARP model, BioClim and Environmental Distance models were better at modeling a species' ancestral distribution. These findings are discussed in light of the predictive accuracy of these models.}, }
@article {pmid21585930, year = {2008}, author = {Fournier, D and Dubois, D and Aron, S}, title = {Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from the invasive ant Pheidole megacephala.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {919-922}, doi = {10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02116.x}, pmid = {21585930}, issn = {1755-098X}, abstract = {We report the characterization of eight microsatellite markers in the big-headed ant Pheidole megacephala, a pest ant registered in the list of '100 of the world's worst invasive alien species'. An enrichment protocol was used to isolate microsatellite loci, and polymorphism was explored with 36 individuals collected in an invasive population from Australia and 20 individuals collected in a population from the native mainland location in South Africa. These primers showed a number of alleles per locus ranging from two to 10, and expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.083 to 0.826. Moreover, results of cross-species amplification are reported in five other Pheidole species and in seven other ants of the subfamily Myrmicinae.}, }
@article {pmid21585929, year = {2008}, author = {Loiseau, A and Rahelinirina, S and Rahalison, L and Konečný, A and Duplantier, JM and Brouat, C}, title = {Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in Rattus rattus.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {916-918}, doi = {10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02115.x}, pmid = {21585929}, issn = {1755-098X}, abstract = {We isolated and characterized 10 microsatellite loci in the black rat Rattus rattus (Muridae, Rodentia), a widespread invasive species largely known to cause serious problems in agriculture and human health. Polymorphism was studied in two populations, one from Madagascar and one from Senegal. It ranged from three to 12 alleles in Madagascar, and from two to five alleles in Senegal. Together with the loci previously adapted from Rattus norvegicus, this set of markers should allow the conduct of thorough studies on the genetic structure of natural populations of R. rattus.}, }
@article {pmid21632393, year = {2008}, author = {Drenovsky, RE and Martin, CE and Falasco, MR and James, JJ}, title = {Variation in resource acquisition and utilization traits between native and invasive perennial forbs.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {95}, number = {6}, pages = {681-687}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.2007408}, pmid = {21632393}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {Understanding the functional traits that allow invasives to outperform natives is a necessary first step in improving our ability to predict and manage the spread of invaders. In nutrient-limited systems, plant competitive ability is expected to be closely tied to the ability of a plant to exploit nutrient-rich microsites and use these captured nutrients efficiently. The broad objective of this work was to compare the ability of native and invasive perennial forbs to acquire and use nutrients from nutrient-rich microsites. We evaluated morphological and physiological responses among four native and four invasive species exposed to heterogeneous (patch) or homogeneous (control) nutrient distribution. Invasives, on average, allocated more biomass to roots and allocated proportionately more root length to nutrient-rich microsites than did natives. Invasives also had higher leaf N, photosynthetic rates, and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency than natives, regardless of treatment. While these results suggest multiple traits may contribute to the success of invasive forbs in low-nutrient environments, we also observed large variation in these traits among native forbs. These observations support the idea that functional trait variation in the plant community may be a better predictor of invasion resistance than the functional group composition of the plant community.}, }
@article {pmid21396056, year = {2008}, author = {Neronov, VM and Khlyap, LA and Bobrov, VV and Warshavsky, AA}, title = {Alien species of mammals and their impact on natural ecosystems in the biosphere reserves of Russia.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {83-94}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00084.x}, pmid = {21396056}, issn = {1749-4869}, abstract = {The paper analyses the results of a survey of 37 Russian biosphere reserves using questionnaires concerning the presence of alien species of mammals, their pathways of penetration, and their impacts on protected ecosystems. The penetration of alien mammals into terrestrial ecosystems of Russia is extensive, both in places with maximum human environmental impact (inhabited areas and agricultural lands) and in biosphere reserves with minimal human impact. There are 62 mammal species registered as alien in Russian ecosystems and they account for 22% of the terrestrial mammal fauna of Russia. The percentage of alien species in biosphere reserves is 32.6% at most. In most regions, Castor fiber, Ondatra zibethicus, Nyctereutes procyonoides, Canis familiaris, Neovison vison and Sus scrofa are very dangerous, and both Castor fiber and Sus scrofa can have environment-forming impacts.}, }
@article {pmid21396055, year = {2008}, author = {Szaro, RC}, title = {Endangered species and nature conservation: science issues and challenges.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {75-82}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00075.x}, pmid = {21396055}, issn = {1749-4869}, abstract = {The issues and challenges facing us in ensuring the survival of as many species and ecosystems as possible call for a renewed research focus to address how to improve management strategies and policy making now and into the future. The key issues to be addressed by activities of the International Union of Forest Research Organization's (IUFRO) Task Force on Endangered Species and Nature Conservation include such issues as: (i) preventing species from being listed by maintaining species populations at sufficient levels that they do not require listing; (ii) recovering threatened and endangered species; (iii) developing management practices and strategies; (iv) balancing actions affecting suites of threatened or endangered species; (v) developing conservation strategies for species without definitive taxonomic treatments; (vi) dealing with global change; (vii) dealing with invasive species; and (viii) restoring critical habitats.}, }
@article {pmid21585826, year = {2008}, author = {Yassin, A and Capy, P and Madi-Ravazzi, L and Ogereau, D and David, JR}, title = {DNA barcode discovers two cryptic species and two geographical radiations in the invasive drosophilid Zaprionus indianus.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {491-501}, doi = {10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.02020.x}, pmid = {21585826}, issn = {1755-098X}, abstract = {Comparing introduced to ancestral populations within a phylogeographical context is crucial in any study aiming to understand the ecological genetics of an invasive species. Zaprionus indianus is a cosmopolitan drosophilid that has recently succeeded to expand its geographical range upon three continents (Africa, Asia and the Americas). We studied the distribution of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes for two genes (CO-I and CO-II) among 23 geographical populations. mtDNA revealed the presence of two well-supported phylogenetic lineages (phylads), with bootstrap value of 100%. Phylad I included three African populations, reinforcing the African-origin hypothesis of the species. Within phylad II, a distinct phylogeographical pattern was discovered: Atlantic populations (from the Americas and Madeira) were closer to the ancestral African populations than to Eastern ones (from Madagascar, Middle East and India). This means that during its passage from endemism to cosmopolitanism, Z. indianus exhibited two independent radiations, the older (the Eastern) to the East, and the younger (the Atlantic) to the West. Discriminant function analysis using 13 morphometrical characters was also able to discriminate between the two molecular phylads (93.34 ± 1.67%), although detailed morphological analysis of male genitalia using scanning electron microscopy showed no significant differences. Finally, crossing experiments revealed the presence of reproductive barrier between populations from the two phylads, and further between populations within phylad I. Hence, a bona species status was assigned to two new, cryptic species: Zaprionus africanus and Zaprionus gabonicus, and both were encompassed along with Z. indianus and Zaprionus megalorchis into the indianus complex. The ecology of these two species reveals that they are forest dwellers, which explains their restricted endemic distribution, in contrast to their relative cosmopolitan Z. indianus, known to be a human-commensal. Our results reconfirm the great utility of mtDNA at both inter- and intraspecific analyses within the frame of an integrated taxonomical project.}, }
@article {pmid21585792, year = {2008}, author = {Estes-Zumpf, WA and Rachlow, JL and Waits, LP}, title = {PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Ten polymorphic microsatellite markers for the pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis).}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {360-362}, doi = {10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01956.x}, pmid = {21585792}, issn = {1755-098X}, abstract = {We developed 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis). Nine of the 10 loci amplified reliably and had a low frequency of null alleles. Number of alleles per locus ranged from four to 12, and observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.26 to 0.89 and from 0.63 to 0.88, respectively. These loci will be useful in determining population genetic structure and assessing patterns of gene flow in the pygmy rabbit.}, }
@article {pmid21356709, year = {2008}, author = {Pang, K and Martindale, MQ}, title = {Comb jellies (ctenophora): a model for Basal metazoan evolution and development.}, journal = {CSH protocols}, volume = {2008}, number = {}, pages = {pdb.emo106}, doi = {10.1101/pdb.emo106}, pmid = {21356709}, abstract = {INTRODUCTIONCtenophores, or comb jellies, are a group of marine organisms whose unique biological features and phylogenetic placement make them a key taxon for understanding animal evolution. These gelatinous creatures are clearly distinct from cnidarian medusae (i.e., jellyfish). Key features present in the ctenophore body plan include biradial symmetry, an oral-aboral axis delimited by a mouth and an apical sensory organ, two tentacles, eight comb rows composed of interconnected cilia, and thick mesoglea. Other morphological features include definitive muscle cells, a nerve net, basal lamina, a sperm acrosome, and light-producing photocytes. Aspects of their development made them attractive to experimental embryologists as early as the 19th century. Recently, because of their role as an invasive species, studies on their role in ecology and fisheries-related fields have increased. Although the phylogenetic placement of ctenophores with respect to other animals has proven difficult, it is clear that, along with poriferans, placozoans, and cnidarians, ctenophores are one of the earliest diverging extant animal groups. It is important to determine if some of the complex features of ctenophores are examples of convergence or if they were lost in other animal branches. Because ctenophores are amenable to modern technical approaches, they could prove to be a highly useful emerging model.}, }
@article {pmid21636383, year = {2007}, author = {Tiébré, MS and Bizoux, JP and Hardy, OJ and Bailey, JP and Mahy, G}, title = {Hybridization and morphogenetic variation in the invasive alien Fallopia (Polygonaceae) complex in Belgium.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {94}, number = {11}, pages = {1900-1910}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.94.11.1900}, pmid = {21636383}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {The invasive alien knotweeds, Fallopia spp. (Polygonaceae), are some of the most troublesome invasive species in Europe and North America. Invasive success in Fallopia may be enhanced by multiple hybridization events. We examined the pattern of hybridization and its evolutionary consequences in Belgium with a concerted analysis of ploidy levels (chromosome counts and flow cytometry), morphological variation, and genetic variation (RAPDs). At least four taxa with different ploidy levels were part of the pattern of invasion in Belgium. Hybrid F. ×bohemica with various chromosome numbers restored the genotypic diversity that was lacking in the parental species. Hybrid genotypes were mainly assigned to a specific genetic pool and not to a mixture between the genetic pools of the putative parental species as would be expected for hybrids. Parental species and hexaploid hybrids differed significantly for a set of well-defined morphological characters, enabling future researchers to distinguish these taxa. On the basis of our results, the importance of hybridization has probably been underestimated in large parts of the adventive range of alien Fallopia species, pointing to the need for concerted molecular and morphological analyses in the study of the evolutionary consequences of hybridization.}, }
@article {pmid21636464, year = {2007}, author = {Grimsby, JL and Tsirelson, D and Gammon, MA and Kesseli, R}, title = {Genetic diversity and clonal vs. sexual reproduction in Fallopia spp. (Polygonaceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {94}, number = {6}, pages = {957-964}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.94.6.957}, pmid = {21636464}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {Although fundamental to the study of invasion mechanisms, the relationship between mode of reproduction and plant invasion is not well understood. Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed), a highly aggressive invasive plant in both Europe and North America, serves as a model species for examining this relationship. In Britain, F. japonica var. japonica is a single female clone reproducing solely through vegetative growth or obligate hybridization with other Fallopia spp. In the U.S., however, there is more evidence for sexual reproduction. Here, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed, and three Massachusetts populations were sampled at regular intervals. The amount of sexual and clonal reproduction in each population was determined based on within-population genetic diversity. Clonal growth was apparent, but the populations together contained 26 genotypes and had evidence of sexual reproduction. One genotype that was present in all populations matched the single aggressive British clone of F. japonica var. japonica. Also, a potentially diagnostic marker for the F. sachalinensis genome provided evidence of inter- and intraspecific sexual reproduction and introgression. These differences observed in U.S. populations compared to European populations have significant implications for management of Fallopia spp. in the U.S. and underscore the importance of regional studies of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid21396022, year = {2007}, author = {Xie, Y and Wang, S}, title = {Conservation status of Chinese species: (2) Invertebrates.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {79-88}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2007.00046.x}, pmid = {21396022}, issn = {1749-4869}, abstract = {A total of 2441 invertebrate species were evaluated using the IUCN Red List Criteria and Regional Guidelines. Approximately 30 experts were involved in this project, which covered a wide range of species, including jellyfish, corals, planarians, snails, mollusks, bivalves, decapods, benthic crustaceans, arachnids (spiders, scorpions), butterflies, moths, beetles, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sea stars, acorn worms and lancelets. In general, invertebrate species in China were found to be severely threatened, with 0.9% being critically endangered, 13.44% endangered and 20.63% vulnerable. All species of hermatypic corals and planarians are threatened. More than 80% of evaluated species face serious threat due to habitat destruction by coral collection, logging, non-woody vegetation collection, timber plantations, non-timber plantations, extraction and/or livestock. Other threats are intrinsic factors, harvesting by humans, alien invasive species and pollution. The main intrinsic factors contributing to the high levels of threat are limited dispersal and restricted range. No conservation measures have been taken for 70% of the threatened invertebrates evaluated. Existing conservation measures include: strengthening of national and international legislation (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), increasing public awareness, studying population trends/monitoring, and establishment of protected areas. The major conservation measure employed is strengthening of policies. Relative to the situation worldwide (2006 IUCN Red List), there is little information available about invertebrate extinctions in China.}, }
@article {pmid21636422, year = {2007}, author = {Grotkopp, E and Rejmánek, M}, title = {High seedling relative growth rate and specific leaf area are traits of invasive species: phylogenetically independent contrasts of woody angiosperms.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {94}, number = {4}, pages = {526-532}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.94.4.526}, pmid = {21636422}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {Understanding causal factors of exotic species invasions is important not only for prevention and prioritizing control efforts, but also for providing valuable insights into the underlying biology of contrasting life-history strategies. In seedling growth analyses, invasive woody species were compared with less-invasive woody species commonly cultivated in California using phylogenetically corrected procedures (12 phylogenetically independent contrasts). Invasive species were hypothesized to have higher seedling relative growth rates (RGRs) and specific leaf areas (SLAs) than did related less-invasive species. In phylogenetically independent contrasts conducted among taxa within families, high seedling RGRs and SLAs have significant positive associations with woody plant invasiveness. For contrasts containing species invasive in mediterranean regions, invasive species had significantly larger root biomass allocation than did less-invasive species. Optimization of fast seedling growth (high RGR) associated with opportunistic resource acquisition (high SLA) and increased root allocation to survive summer drought may be critical for the success of plant invaders in regions with mediterranean climates.}, }
@article {pmid21396006, year = {2006}, author = {Zhang, Z and Xie, Y and Wu, Y}, title = {Human disturbance, climate and biodiversity determine biological invasion at a regional scale.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, pages = {130-138}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2006.00029.x}, pmid = {21396006}, issn = {1749-4869}, abstract = {Many factors may affect biological invasion, but their effects have not been quantitatively calculated. Recent studies on the relationship between biodiversity and biological invasion are still controversial. Native biodiversity and alien species diversity are often positively correlated in large-scale observation studies, but negatively correlated in small-scale experimental studies. By using partial correlation and principal component regression methods, we found that human disturbance, climate, native biodiversity and their interactions explained, respectively, 30.3, 34.6, 26.4 and 4.4% of the variation in alien species diversity (ASD) and 50.3, 22.2, 10.8 and 5.5% of the variation in the relative invasibility of alien species (RIA = ASD/native biodiversity) at the regional scale in China. The correlation between ASD and native biodiversity is positive, but the correlation between RIA and native biodiversity is negative. Island and coastal provinces have suffered heavier biological invasions than inland provinces. These findings indicate that biological invasion is mostly determined by human disturbance and favorable climate, but less determined by native biodiversity. A disturbance-dependent niche-vacancy hypothesis is proposed to explain the contradictory observations in large-and small-scale studies.}, }
@article {pmid21642167, year = {2006}, author = {Pergl, J and Perglová, I and Pysek, P and Dietz, H}, title = {Population age structure and reproductive behavior of the monocarpic perennial Heracleum mantegazzianum (Apiaceae) in its native and invaded distribution ranges.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {93}, number = {7}, pages = {1018-1028}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.93.7.1018}, pmid = {21642167}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {Many invasive species are benign in their native region-are there interactions between their key traits and the new habitats that explain invasion success? The giant perennial herb Heracleum mantegazzianum is a problematic invader in Europe and is also naturalized in North America. We compared its population structure and reproductive behavior in the native (W. Caucasus) and invaded (Czech Republic) areas in managed (pastures) and unmanaged sites. The age structure of the populations and age at flowering were analyzed using herb-chronology, a method based on counting annual rings in the secondary xylem of roots. The species was strictly monocarpic; most plants in unmanaged sites in the invaded range flowered in the third and fourth yr (maximum 12 yr). In unmanaged habitats, plants from the native range flowered later than those from the invaded range. In both ranges, flowering was delayed in managed sites where the population density was higher and most plants flowered around the fifth year. Reproductive output of individual plants was neither related to population density nor to age at flowering. More favorable climatic conditions in the invaded region, together with increased chances for dispersal in a densely colonized central Europe, seemed to allow the massive invasion.}, }
@article {pmid21672742, year = {2006}, author = {Levin, LA}, title = {Recent progress in understanding larval dispersal: new directions and digressions.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {282-297}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icj024}, pmid = {21672742}, issn = {1540-7063}, abstract = {Larvae have been difficult to study because their small size limits our ability to understand their behavior and the conditions they experience. Questions about larval transport focus largely on (a) where they go [dispersal] and (b) where they come from [connectivity]. Mechanisms of transport have been intensively studied in recent decades. As our ability to identify larval sources develops, the consequences of connectivity are garnering more consideration. Attention to transport and connectivity issues has increased dramatically in the past decade, fueled by changing motivations that now include management of fisheries resources, understanding of the spread of invasive species, conservation through the design of marine reserves, and prediction of climate-change effects. Current progress involves both technological advances and the integration of disciplines and approaches. This review focuses on insights gained from physical modeling, chemical tracking, and genetic approaches. I consider how new findings are motivating paradigm shifts concerning (1) life-history consequences; (2) the openness of marine populations, self-recruitment, and population connectivity; (3) the role of behavior; and (4) the significance of variability in space and time. A challenge for the future will be to integrate methods that address dispersal on short (intragenerational) timescales such as elemental fingerprinting and numerical simulations with those that reflect longer timescales such as gene flow estimates and demographic modeling. Recognition and treatment of the continuum between ecological and evolutionary timescales will be necessary to advance the mechanistic understanding of larval and population dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid21646208, year = {2006}, author = {Sugiura, S and Abe, T and Makino, S}, title = {Loss of extrafloral nectary on an oceanic island plant and its consequences for herbivory.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {93}, number = {3}, pages = {491-495}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.93.3.491}, pmid = {21646208}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {Two Hibiscus (Malvaceae) species coexist on the oceanic Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands: Hibiscus glaber (an endemic species) and H. tiliaceus (the ancestral non-endemic species). Hibiscus tiliaceus produces extrafloral nectar from the sepals, while H. glaber does not. To clarify the effects of extrafloral nectar loss on Hibiscus-insect relationships, we examined herbivory and insect communities on flower buds of H. glaber and H. tiliaceus. Larvae of the endemic moth Rehimena variegata (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) attacked 20% of the flower buds on H. glaber, while less than 0.2% of buds on H. tiliaceus were attacked. Introduced species of ants frequently visited the flower buds of H. tiliaceus to collect extrafloral nectar from the sepal, while they rarely visited those of H. glaber. Therefore, extrafloral nectar on H. tiliaceus sepals may function as a facultative defense against flower bud herbivory. The loss of extrafloral nectaries of H. glaber sepals may be related to the original paucity of native herbivores and ants on the Bonin Islands.}, }
@article {pmid21646179, year = {2006}, author = {Muth, NZ and Pigliucci, M}, title = {Traits of invasives reconsidered: phenotypic comparisons of introduced invasive and introduced noninvasive plant species within two closely related clades.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {93}, number = {2}, pages = {188-196}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.93.2.188}, pmid = {21646179}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {In attempting to determine the traits associated with invasive plant species, ecologists have often used species native to the invaded range as "control species." Because many native species themselves are aggressive colonizers, comparisons using this type of control do not necessarily yield information relevant to distinctions between invasive and noninvasive species. Here we implement an alternative study design that compares phenological, architectural, size, and fitness traits of several introduced invasive species to introduced noninvasive species within two genera of Asteraceae (Crepis and Centaurea). While there were many significant differences between the genera, there were few shared attributes among invasive or noninvasive congeners, even for traits as seemingly important as the number of inflorescences produced and the size of seed heads. Instead, the results suggest that differences in invasiveness between closely related species is better explained as the result of complex trait interactions and specific introduction histories.}, }
@article {pmid21652462, year = {2005}, author = {Mal, TK and Lovett-Doust, J}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity in vegetative and reproductive traits in an invasive weed, Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae), in response to soil moisture.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {92}, number = {5}, pages = {819-825}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.92.5.819}, pmid = {21652462}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {In colonizing species, high phenotypic plasticity can contribute to survival and propagation in heterogenous adventive environments, and it has been suggested as a predictor of invasiveness. Observation of natural populations of an invasive species, Lythrum salicaria salicaria, indicated extensive variation in its growth and reproductive traits. Phenotypic plasticity of different life history traits of L. salicaria was investigated using vegetative clones of each of 12 genotypes from one population in Ontario, Canada. We chose soil moisture as the treatment factor because of its importance in wetland species and raised all 12 genotypes in each of four soil moisture treatments. We examined an array of vegetative and reproductive traits, including root and shoot mass, shoot and inflorescence length, total seed set, floral mass, and morphometric variables. All observed vegetative as well as reproductive traits demonstrated significant phenotypic plasticity in response to soil moisture treatment. Even the stigma-anther separation involved significant genotype by environment interactions, suggesting that soil moisture may modify the relative positions of anthers and stigma. Compared to vegetative traits, most reproductive traits demonstrated crossing reaction norms, implying that the average differences in those traits among genotypes vary with the environment maintaining the genetic variation in a population.}, }
@article {pmid21680452, year = {2003}, author = {Lee, CE and Remfert, JL and Gelembiuk, GW}, title = {Evolution of physiological tolerance and performance during freshwater invasions.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {439-449}, doi = {10.1093/icb/43.3.439}, pmid = {21680452}, issn = {1540-7063}, abstract = {Invasive species that penetrate habitat boundaries are likely to experience strong selection and rapid evolution. This study documents evolutionary shifts in tolerance and performance following the invasion of fresh water by the predominantly estuarine and salt marsh copepod Eurytemora affinis. Common-garden experiments were performed on freshwater-invading (Lake Michigan) and ancestral saline (St. Lawrence marsh) populations to measure shifts in adult survival (at 0, 5, and 25 PSU), and survival during development and development time (both using full-sib clutches split across 0, 5, 15, and 25 PSU). Results showed clear evidence of heritable shifts in tolerance and performance associated with freshwater invasions. The freshwater population exhibited a gain in low-salinity tolerance and a reduction in high-salinity tolerance relative to the saline population, suggesting tradeoffs. These tradeoffs were supported by negative genetic correlations between survival at fresh (0 PSU) versus higher salinities. Mortality in response to salinity occurred primarily before metamorphosis, suggesting that selection in response to salinity had acted primarily on the early life-history stages. The freshwater population exhibited curious patterns of life-history evolution across salinities, relative to the saline population, of retarded development to metamorphosis but accelerated development from metamorphosis to adulthood. This pattern might reflect tradeoffs between development rate and survival in fresh water at the early life-history stages, but some other selective force acting on later life-history stages. Significant effects of clutch (genotype) and clutch-by-salinity interaction (G × E) on survival and development time in both populations indicated ample genetic variation as substrate for natural selection. Variation for high-salinity tolerance was present in the freshwater population despite negative genetic correlations between high- and low-salinity tolerance. Results implicate the importance of natural selection and document the evolution of reaction norms during freshwater invasions.}, }
@article {pmid21659153, year = {2003}, author = {Forman, J and Kesseli, RV}, title = {Sexual reproduction in the invasive species Fallopia japonica (Polygonaceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {90}, number = {4}, pages = {586-592}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.90.4.586}, pmid = {21659153}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {Fallopia japonica (Polygonaceae) is an invasive perennial plant, well known in North America for its ability to spread aggressively via vegetative reproduction. The contribution of sexual reproduction to the distribution of this species is not well documented, and as a result, F. japonica is treated solely as a clonal species. To investigate the role of sexual reproduction in this species, germination experiments were conducted using seed collected from 29 parents from field sites in Massachusetts and from four greenhouse-grown cultivars. Results showed that wild F. japonica produce large quantities of seed that typically have high germinability. This seed is viable whether sown immediately after collection or subjected to various conditions during the winter season and germinated the following spring. Cultivars of F. japonica also produce viable seed and can thus contribute to the invasiveness of this species. In addition, wild F. japonica seedlings were observed at several field sites, with several of these seedlings surviving the winter and resprouting the following spring. That sexual reproduction and seedling survival occur in the wild has strong implications for the development of management strategies for this species.}, }
@article {pmid19719673, year = {2003}, author = {Plant, L and Lam, C and Conway, PL and O'Riordan, K}, title = {Gastrointestinal microbial community shifts observed following oral administration of a Lactobacillus fermentum strain to mice.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {43}, number = {2}, pages = {133-140}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01052.x}, pmid = {19719673}, issn = {1574-6941}, abstract = {The indigenous gastrointestinal microbiota acts as an integral defense against the colonisation of orally introduced microbes. Whilst this can be important in host protection, some introduced species, including lactobacilli, can have a positive impact on existing microbial communities. The interaction of a candidate probiotic strain of Lactobacillus fermentum within the gastrointestinal tract was monitored in a mouse model and its effect on the indigenous microbiota observed. L. fermentum KLD was administered via oro-gastric doses to mice with both a specific pathogen-free (SPF) and an ampicillin-depleted gut microbiota, containing no detectable lactobacilli. Its persistence was monitored by detection in faecal homogenates using culturing methods and polymerase chain reaction with L. fermentum specific primers. Microbial population shifts were observed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). L. fermentum KLD was detected within the gastrointestinal tract of SPF mice for up to 36 h, and for greater than 11 days in the ampicillin-treated mice. The administration resulted in substantial changes within the host Lactobacillus levels, determined by DGGE of 16S rDNA from faecal samples. Denaturing gradient profiles, from faecal samples collected at a range of pre- and post-dose intervals of groups of 10 SPF mice, indicated that several other constituents of the gastrointestinal community also fluctuated following dosing. These included Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium, which increased following KLD administration. The indigenous microbiota affected the persistence of L. fermentum KLD and in SPF mice the administration of this strain induced significant shifts in the indigenous microbial community.}, }
@article {pmid21665744, year = {2002}, author = {McDowell, SC}, title = {Photosynthetic characteristics of invasive and noninvasive species of Rubus (Rosaceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {89}, number = {9}, pages = {1431-1438}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.89.9.1431}, pmid = {21665744}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {The prolific amount of growth and reproduction in invasive plants may be achieved by greater net photosynthesis and/or resource-use efficiency. I tested the hypotheses that leaf-level photosynthetic capacity and resource-use efficiency were greater in two invasive species of Rubus as compared with two noninvasive species that have overlapping distributions in the Pacific Northwest. The invasive species had significantly higher photosynthetic capacity and maintained net photosynthesis (A) over a longer period of the year than the noninvasive species. The construction cost (CC) of leaf tissue per unit leaf mass was comparable among the four species, but the invasive species allocated less nitrogen (N) per unit leaf mass. On a leaf area basis, both leaf CC and N were higher for the invasive species. The specific leaf area (SLA) was also lower in the invasive species, indicating less photosynthetic area per gram leaf tissue. The invasive species achieved high A at lower resource investments than the noninvasive species, including having higher maximum photosynthetic rate (A(max)) per unit dark respiration (R(d)), greater A(max) per unit leaf N (photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency), and greater water-use efficiency as measured by instantaneous rates of A per unit transpiration (A/E) and by integrated A/E inferred from stable carbon isotope ratios (δ(13)C). Using discriminant analysis, these photosynthetic characteristics were found to be powerful in distinguishing between the invasive and noninvasive Rubus. A(max) and A/E were identified as the most useful variables for distinguishing between the species, and therefore, may be important factors contributing to the success of these invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid21669658, year = {2001}, author = {Nagel, JM and Griffin, KL}, title = {Construction cost and invasive potential: comparing Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae) with co-occurring native species along pond banks.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {88}, number = {12}, pages = {2252-2258}, pmid = {21669658}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) is a nonindigenous invasive species characterized by prolific growth and abundance in marshy and riparian habitats across North America. Given its invasive success, we hypothesized this species may require less energy and/or use energy more efficiently for biomass construction than co-occurring noninvasive plant species. We measured leaf construction cost (CC), leaf mass per unit area (LMA), and leaf organic nitrogen and carbon content of L. salicaria and the five most abundant co-occurring species, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Erigeron philadelphicus, Asclepias syriaca, Spiraea latifolia, and Solidago graminifolia, along dammed ponds in the Black Rock Forest, Cornwall, New York, USA. Lythrum salicaria, which was highly abundant (2.52 individuals/m(2)), exhibited significantly lower area-based leaf CC (44.47 ± 4.24 g glucose/m(2) leaf) than relatively less abundant species, suggesting energetics may influence its invasive success. Conversely, least abundant Solidago graminifolia (0.67 individuals/m(2)) exhibited the significantly highest leaf CC per unit leaf area (141.87 ± 39.21 g glucose/m(2) leaf). Overall, a negative correlation between species abundance and area-based leaf CC (r(2) = 0.73) indicated low energy requirements and/or high energy efficiency may influence relative abundance in the plant species studied. As it correlates with species abundance in this study, CC may be a useful tool for evaluating invasive potential.}, }
@article {pmid21657518, year = {1999}, author = {}, title = {News Briefs: Habitat loss, invasive species, and overharvesting have put one of every eight plant species at risk of extinction worldwide.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {33}, number = {23}, pages = {490A}, doi = {10.1021/es993108r}, pmid = {21657518}, issn = {0013-936X}, }
@article {pmid21650637, year = {1998}, author = {Pelley, J}, title = {Executive order targets invasive species blamed for altering ecosystems.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {32}, number = {23}, pages = {531A}, doi = {10.1021/es983839b}, pmid = {21650637}, issn = {0013-936X}, }
@article {pmid21708644, year = {1997}, author = {Gallagher, K and Schierenbeck, K and D'Antonio, C}, title = {Hybridization and introgression in Carpobrotus spp. (Aizoaceae) in California. II. Allozyme evidence.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {84}, number = {7}, pages = {905}, pmid = {21708644}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {Morphological evidence has indicated that hybridization and introgression are occurring between Carpobrotus edulis L., a nonindigenous, invasive species in California (Bolus), and its putative native congener, C. chilensis. The identification of allozyme markers has enabled us to quantify hybridization and the extent of introgression between these species. Samples from 20 individuals of each of five morphological types (both parent species and three hybrid phenotypes) were collected from 39 populations along the coast of California from the Mexico to Oregon borders. Ten enzyme systems revealed a total of 17 resolvable loci, eight of which were polymorphic for the genus. Five of the polymorphic loci easily differentiate C. edulis and C. chilensis. Allele frequencies among the morphologically defined types are consistent with estimations of allele frequency changes due to first- and second-generation backcrossing. In comparison to long-lived, herbaceous perennials and widespread species, C. edulis and intermediate types have more variation in their populations (P = 41.73, Ap = 2.11, Ho = 0.246, and P = 38.13, Ap = 2.06, Ho = 0.216, respectively) than C. chilensis (P = 11.76, Ap = 2.00, Ho = 0.082). Indirect estimates of gene flow indicate four of the five morphological types are outcrossing. Gene flow between previously allopatric species may have broad implications if it results in an increase in fitness; further experimentation is needed to determine the ultimate ecological consequences of this phenomenon and its possible threat to limited, remaining natural habitat in California.}, }
@article {pmid21227856, year = {1987}, author = {Vitousek, PM and Loope, LL and Stone, CP}, title = {Introduced species in Hawaii. biological effects and opportunities for ecological research.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {7}, pages = {224-227}, doi = {10.1016/0169-5347(87)90026-7}, pmid = {21227856}, issn = {0169-5347}, abstract = {The articles in this volume illustrate that the Hawaiian islands are perhaps the most extraordinary living museum of evolution on the planet. However, Hawaii's value as a museum has diminished as the products of millions of years of evolutionary radiation have been lost to habitat destruction and biological invasions by exotic species. Human-caused habitat destruction can largely be controlled in parks and preserves, but exotic species do not respect park boundaries and can degrade native communities within protected areas. On the other hand, invasions by exotic species provide a dynamic laboratory of ecological processes at the same time as they erode the value of the evolutionary museum.}, }
@article {pmid21227831, year = {1987}, author = {Pimm, SL}, title = {Determining the effects of introduced species.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {106-108}, doi = {10.1016/0169-5347(87)90169-8}, pmid = {21227831}, issn = {0169-5347}, abstract = {People have moved species around the world for millenia, sometimes by accident, but often with considerable enthusiasm. English garden birds in New Zealand are merely quaint curiosities introduced by settlers wanting the familiar species of their former homes. Some introductions have been devastating - goats or rabbits on various islands, for example. Other introductions, such as those of genetically engineered organisms, present potential problems yet to be considered in any detail. What should we expect the impact of introduced species to be?}, }
@article {pmid19871143, year = {1941}, author = {Lucké, B and Schlumberger, H}, title = {TRANSPLANTABLE EPITHELIOMAS OF THE LIP AND MOUTH OF CATFISH : I. PATHOLOGY. TRANSPLANTATION TO ANTERIOR CHAMBER OF EYE AND INTO CORNEA.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental medicine}, volume = {74}, number = {5}, pages = {397-408}, pmid = {19871143}, issn = {0022-1007}, abstract = {The catfish (Ameiurus nebulosus) taken from streams near Philadelphia, is commonly afflicted with an epithelial tumor bearing some resemblance to epithelioma of the lip in man. This neoplasm usually occurs as solitary or multiple, large, red, fleshy masses upon the lips or dental plates, and by reason of its size, may prevent closure of the mouth. The tumor is comprised of epithelial cells, often in papillary arrangement, supported by a delicate vascularized connective tissue stroma. The larger growths frequently invade adjacent normal tissues and force their way into vessels where they are found as emboli. The clinical course of the tumor is one of relatively slow but progressive growth. This neoplasm has been observed from the time of its inception in a number of animals. Thus it has been learned that the proliferative stage of the neoplastic process is preceded and accompanied by a striking vascular reaction. Intense hyperemia invariably occurs in that region of the mucosal surface which later becomes the site of neoplastic proliferation. Furthermore, by direct microscopic observation of the living tumors the atypical structure and arrangement of the blood vessels become apparent. A study of the significance of these vascular phenomena in their relation to the inception and growth of the tumor is now in progress. It has been found possible to transmit the catfish tumor to fish of the same species by implanting fragments of the tumor into the anterior chamber of the eye. Also, by taking advantage of an anatomical peculiarity of the catfish cornea, it has been possible to embed the tumor fragments in normal tissue where it could still be readily observed both in the gross and microscopically. The growth of the transplants in the eye has been followed by periodic examination of the living tumor by means of the slit lamp microscope. In the anterior chamber, the tumor characteristically forms dense membranes which spread over the inner surface of the cornea. In this manner growth continues until the tumor fills the chamber. Between the two layers of the cornea, tumor growth is expansive. Attempts to transplant the tumor to the anterior chamber of two other species of fish and to frogs, were unsuccessful. Implantation of the catfish epithelioma in alien species of fish excited no exudative response, whereas in a less closely related species of animal, the leopard frog, a pronounced exudative reaction resulted.}, }
@article {pmid19871091, year = {1941}, author = {Greene, HS}, title = {HETEROLOGOUS TRANSPLANTATION OF MAMMALIAN TUMORS : II. THE TRANSFER OF HUMAN TUMORS TO ALIEN SPECIES.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental medicine}, volume = {73}, number = {4}, pages = {475-486}, pmid = {19871091}, issn = {0022-1007}, abstract = {The successful heterologous transplantation of several human tumors, including a breast carcinoma, a carcinoma of the colon, a melanotic sarcoma, and a fibrosarcoma, has been reported. Histologically, the appearance of the transplants of the carcinomata differed from that of the spontaneous tumors, but the directly observed growth of the transplanted fragments together with the presence of invasion in microscopic sections afforded proof of successful transfer. Transplants of the sarcomata, on the other hand, were morphologically identical with the primary tumors, and in the case of the fibrosarcoma serial passage to a second generation of animals was successfully performed.}, }
@article {pmid19871090, year = {1941}, author = {Greene, HS}, title = {HETEROLOGOUS TRANSPLANTATION OF MAMMALIAN TUMORS : I. THE TRANSFER OF RABBIT TUMORS TO ALIEN SPECIES.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental medicine}, volume = {73}, number = {4}, pages = {461-474}, pmid = {19871090}, issn = {0022-1007}, abstract = {A series of experiments was undertaken in an attempt to transplant rabbit tumors to animals of alien species using the anterior chamber of the eye as an inoculation site. The uterine tumor H-31 and the breast tumors T-36 and B-240 were successfully transplanted to all the various animals tried, including guinea pigs, swine, goats, and sheep, and the H-31 and T-36 tumors were maintained by serial transfer in the two first species. On the other hand, all attempts to transfer the Brown-Pearce tumor to guinea pigs were unsuccessful. The growth characteristics of the transplanted tumors were generally similar to those observed in the natural host, but noteworthy exceptions occurred. The tumors obtained a blood supply from the foreign host and invaded the periorbital tissues but did not metastasize. Histologically, the cellular morphology of the rabbit tumors was retained, but variations in parenchymal-stromal relations characterized the form of growth in different species.}, }
@article {pmid19871026, year = {1940}, author = {Lucké, B and Schlumberger, H}, title = {HETEROTRANSPLANTATION OF FROG CARCINOMA; CHARACTER OF GROWTH IN THE EYES OF ALIEN SPECIES.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental medicine}, volume = {72}, number = {3}, pages = {311-320}, pmid = {19871026}, issn = {0022-1007}, abstract = {Transplantation into foreign hosts of the kidney carcinoma of leopard frogs has been investigated by grafting the tumor in the anterior chamber of two other species belonging to the same family of frogs (green frog, bullfrog), of a species from a different family (the toad), and of animals of different classes of cold-blooded vertebrates (goldfish, alligator). In the eyes of frogs of alien species, the kidney carcinoma became established as readily as in the eye of the natural host. In toads, the proportion of successful transplantation was slightly less. No progressive growth of transplanted tumor occurred in the fish or the reptile, although in fish characteristic tumor acini persisted and a few mitoses were to be found long after implantation. In the alligator the transplants deteriorated much more rapidly. Thus the success of transplantation into alien species decreased as the relationship to the original species became more distant. An inflammatory reaction to the tumor graft appeared in the eye of reptiles and fish, but no such reaction occurred in amphibians. The character and rate of growth of transplants were followed by continued direct examination with the microscope and were found to be practically the same in the eye of alien species as in the original species. Nor were differences in the finer structure of the tumor observed in the several species. The neoplastic cells retained their acinar arrangement, supported by stroma which developed quite as well from the tissues of alien hosts as from those of the natural host. It was possible to engraft the tumor in the eye of the natural host, then to transplant it into the eye of another species, and finally to retransplant it in the original species. In this way the tumor has been propagated for 443 days. A tissue culture of the tumor has been successfully transplanted into the eye of an alien host. Thus these results demonstrate that, among cold-blooded vertebrates, the humors and tissues of the eye have a high degree of tolerance for foreign tumor grafts.}, }
@article {pmid19870798, year = {1938}, author = {Lucké, B}, title = {CARCINOMA IN THE LEOPARD FROG: ITS PROBABLE CAUSATION BY A VIRUS.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental medicine}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, pages = {457-468}, doi = {10.1084/jem.68.4.457}, pmid = {19870798}, issn = {0022-1007}, abstract = {An epithelial tumor with acidophilic intranuclear inclusions frequently occurs in the kidneys of leopard frogs. This tumor usually has the appearance of an infiltrating and destructive adenocarcinoma, which, when large, not uncommonly metastasizes; less often it is more orderly and adenomatous. When inoculated as living fragments or cell suspensions into the lymph sacs, the cranial cavity, or the abdomen, no significant local growth results and the implanted material is resorbed. However, in approximately 20 per cent of the frogs surviving inoculation for more than 6 months, tumors develop in the kidney, which are like the "spontaneous" neoplasms. The incidence far exceeds that in the controls. Desiccated and glycerinated tumor injected into the abdomen gives the same result as inoculation with living tumor; in somewhat over 20 per cent of animals surviving more than 6 months kidney tumors occur. In alien species of frogs, no such tumors are produced by inoculation either with living or with desiccated tumor. These experiments indicate the probability that the kidney tumor of the leopard frog is caused by an inclusion-forming, organ-specific virus.}, }
@article {pmid19867459, year = {1911}, author = {Lambert, RA and Hanes, FM}, title = {THE CULTIVATION OF TISSUE IN PLASMA FROM ALIEN SPECIES.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental medicine}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {129-138}, pmid = {19867459}, issn = {0022-1007}, abstract = {1. Rat sarcoma may be cultivated in mouse plasma and guinea pig plasma, and the growth differs only in extent from that observed in rat plasma. The cells may show active wandering in guinea pig plasma after thirty days, if transferred at proper intervals to fresh medium. 2. Rabbit plasma is less suitable than that of guinea pigs and mice for the growth of rat sarcoma; growth is slow, but it may continue for twelve days. 3. The duration of growth of rat sarcoma in dog plasma is from two to three days. 4. The duration of the growth of rat sarcoma in pigeon plasma is four to five days. Transferring the tissue to fresh pigeon plasma does not lengthen the period of activity. 5. No growth whatever is observed of mouse and rat tissues in goat plasma. Studies of the fate of the cells indicate the presence in goat serum of a substance toxic for these tissues. 6. In preparations of rat sarcoma in human plasma, liquefaction of fibrin is regularly observed. The phenomena of growth consist in an outwandering of cells along the cover glass, and, after four to six days, the formation of giant cells. Such giant cells are produced in larger number in the cultivation of rat spleen. 7. The degree of suitability of the different kinds of alien plasma used as culture media for mouse and rat tissues does not go hand in hand with the closeness of relationship of the species. 8. Rat spleen may be cultivated as readily in foreign plasma as the virulent transplantable tumors.}, }
@article {pmid19323196, year = {2009}, author = {Yokomizo, H and Possingham, HP and Thomas, MB and Buckley, YM}, title = {Managing the impact of invasive species: the value of knowing the density-impact curve.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, pages = {376-386}, doi = {10.1890/08-0442.1}, pmid = {19323196}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Insecta ; *Models, Biological ; Pest Control/economics/methods ; Plant Development ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {Economic impacts of invasive species worldwide are substantial. Management strategies have been incorporated in population models to assess the effectiveness of management for reducing density, with the implicit assumption that economic impact of the invasive species will also decline. The optimal management effort, however, is that which minimizes the sum of both the management and impact costs. The relationship between population density and economic impact (what we call the "density-impact curve") is rarely examined in a management context and could take several nonlinear forms. Here we determine the effects of population dynamics and density-impact curves of different shapes on optimal management effort and discover cases where management is either highly effective or a waste of resources. When an inaccurate density-impact curve is used, the increase in total costs due to over- or underinvestment in management can be large. We calculate the increase in total costs incurred if the density-impact curve is incorrect and find that the greater the maximum impact caused by an invasive species, the more important it is not only to reduce its density, but also to know the shape of the density-impact relationship accurately. Lack of information regarding the relationship between density and economic impact causes the most acute problems for invaders that cause high impact at low density, where management typically will be too little, too late. For species that are only problematic at high density, ignorance of the density-impact curve can lead to overinvestment in management with little reduction in impact.}, }
@article {pmid19323195, year = {2009}, author = {Ibáñez, I and Silander, JA and Wilson, AM and LaFleur, N and Tanaka, N and Tsuyama, I}, title = {Multivariate forecasts of potential distributions of invasive plant species.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, pages = {359-375}, doi = {10.1890/07-2095.1}, pmid = {19323195}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; Berberis/*growth &amp; development ; Celastrus/*growth &amp; development ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Euonymus/*growth &amp; development ; Forecasting ; *Models, Biological ; Multivariate Analysis ; New England ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The fact that plant invasions are an ongoing process makes generalizations of invasive spread extraordinarily challenging. This is particularly true given the idiosyncratic nature of invasions, in which both historical and local conditions affect establishment success and hinder our ability to generate guidelines for early detection and eradication of invasive species. To overcome these limitations we have implemented a comprehensive approach that examines plant invasions at three spatial scales: regional, landscape, and local levels. At each scale, in combination with the others, we have evaluated the role of key environmental variables such as climate, landscape structure, habitat type, and canopy closure in the spread of three commonly found invasive woody plant species in New England, Berberis thunbergii, Celastrus orbiculatus, and Euonymus alatus. We developed a spatially explicit hierarchical Bayesian model that allowed us to take into account the ongoing nature of the spread of invasive species and to incorporate presence/absence data from the species' native ranges as well as from the invaded regions. Comparisons between predictions from climate-only models with those from the multiscale forecasts emphasize the importance of including landscape structure in our models of invasive species' potential distributions. In addition, predictions generated using only native range data performed substantially worse than those that incorporated data from the target range. This points out important limitations in extrapolating distributional ranges from one region to another.}, }
@article {pmid19323191, year = {2009}, author = {Schwilk, DW and Keeley, JE and Knapp, EE and McIver, J and Bailey, JD and Fettig, CJ and Fiedler, CE and Harrod, RJ and Moghaddas, JJ and Outcalt, KW and Skinner, CN and Stephens, SL and Waldrop, TA and Yaussy, DA and Youngblood, A}, title = {The National Fire and Fire Surrogate study: effects of fuel reduction methods on forest vegetation structure and fuels.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, pages = {285-304}, doi = {10.1890/07-1747.1}, pmid = {19323191}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Fires ; Forestry/*methods ; Population Density ; Seasons ; *Trees/anatomy &amp; histology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Changes in vegetation and fuels were evaluated from measurements taken before and after fuel reduction treatments (prescribed fire, mechanical treatments, and the combination of the two) at 12 Fire and Fire Surrogate (FFS) sites located in forests with a surface fire regime across the conterminous United States. To test the relative effectiveness of fuel reduction treatments and their effect on ecological parameters we used an information-theoretic approach on a suite of 12 variables representing the overstory (basal area and live tree, sapling, and snag density), the understory (seedling density, shrub cover, and native and alien herbaceous species richness), and the most relevant fuel parameters for wildfire damage (height to live crown, total fuel bed mass, forest floor mass, and woody fuel mass). In the short term (one year after treatment), mechanical treatments were more effective at reducing overstory tree density and basal area and at increasing quadratic mean tree diameter. Prescribed fire treatments were more effective at creating snags, killing seedlings, elevating height to live crown, and reducing surface woody fuels. Overall, the response to fuel reduction treatments of the ecological variables presented in this paper was generally maximized by the combined mechanical plus burning treatment. If the management goal is to quickly produce stands with fewer and larger diameter trees, less surface fuel mass, and greater herbaceous species richness, the combined treatment gave the most desirable results. However, because mechanical plus burning treatments also favored alien species invasion at some sites, monitoring and control need to be part of the prescription when using this treatment.}, }
@article {pmid19323180, year = {2009}, author = {Rinella, MJ and Maxwell, BD and Fay, PK and Weaver, T and Sheley, RL}, title = {Control effort exacerbates invasive-species problem.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {155-162}, doi = {10.1890/07-1482.1}, pmid = {19323180}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Euphorbia/*drug effects/*physiology ; Herbicides/*pharmacology ; Montana ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Ecosystem managers face a difficult decision when managing invasive species. If they use aggressive practices to reduce invader abundances, they will likely reduce invaders' competitive impacts on natives. But it is often difficult or impossible to reduce invaders without damaging natives. So a critical question becomes: Which is worse for native biota, invaders or things done to control invaders? We attempted to answer this question for a common scenario. We studied several grassland natives exhibiting long-term coexistence with an invader and asked how aggressive management (herbicide use) affected the natives. Whether or not grazing was excluded, one-time herbicide use made two native forbs exceedingly rare for our entire 16-year study period. Herbicide also made several other native forbs rare, but only when grazing was excluded, and there is evidence that the dominant invader became more abundant in response to the decreases in native-forb abundances. Throughout the world, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are receiving herbicide applications for exotic-species control. Some of the applications are doubtless warranted because they target small invader patches or larger areas with virtually no remaining natives. However, other herbicide applications occur where large native populations occur, and our data suggest that these applications can be ill advised. Our cautionary tale is told using an herbicide-treated grassland, but our results should be considered wherever invasive-species management damages native species.}, }
@article {pmid19317845, year = {2009}, author = {Rollins, LA and Woolnough, AP and Wilton, AN and Sinclair, R and Sherwin, WB}, title = {Invasive species can't cover their tracks: using microsatellites to assist management of starling (Sturnus vulgaris) populations in Western Australia.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {8}, pages = {1560-1573}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04132.x}, pmid = {19317845}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Cluster Analysis ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Female ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Linear Models ; Male ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Starlings/*genetics ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are known to cause environmental and economic damage, requiring management by control agencies worldwide. These species often become well established in new environments long before their detection, resulting in a lack of knowledge regarding their history and dynamics. When new invasions are discovered, information regarding the source and pathway of the invasion, and the degree of connectivity with other populations can greatly benefit management strategies. Here we use invasive common starling (Sturnus vulgaris) populations from Australia to demonstrate that genetic techniques can provide this information to aid management, even when applied to highly vagile species over continental scales. Analysis of data from 11 microsatellites in 662 individuals sampled at 17 localities across their introduced range in Australia revealed four populations. One population consisted of all sampling sites from the expansion front in Western Australia, where control efforts are focused. Despite evidence of genetic exchange over both contemporary and historical timescales, gene flow is low between this population and all three more easterly populations. This suggests that localized control of starlings on the expansion front may be an achievable goal and the long-standing practice of targeting select proximal eastern source populations may be ineffective on its own. However, even with low levels of gene flow, successful control of starlings on the expansion front will require vigilance, and genetic monitoring of this population can provide essential information to managers. The techniques used here are broadly applicable to invasive populations worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid19309502, year = {2009}, author = {Broz, AK and Manter, DK and Bowman, G and Müller-Schärer, H and Vivanco, JM}, title = {Plant origin and ploidy influence gene expression and life cycle characteristics in an invasive weed.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {33}, pmid = {19309502}, issn = {1471-2229}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Centaurea/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; Genetics, Population ; Genome, Plant ; Genomic Instability ; Geography ; Phenotype ; *Polyploidy ; Seeds/genetics/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ecological, evolutionary and physiological studies have thus far provided an incomplete picture of why some plants become invasive; therefore we used genomic resources to complement and advance this field. In order to gain insight into the invasive mechanism of Centaurea stoebe we compared plants of three geo-cytotypes, native Eurasian diploids, native Eurasian tetraploids and introduced North American tetraploids, grown in a common greenhouse environment. We monitored plant performance characteristics and life cycle habits and characterized the expression of genes related to constitutive defense and genome stability using quantitative PCR.<br><br>RESULTS: Plant origin and ploidy were found to have a significant effect on both life cycle characteristics and gene expression, highlighting the importance of comparing appropriate taxonomic groups in studies of native and introduced plant species. We found that introduced populations of C. stoebe exhibit reduced expression of transcripts related to constitutive defense relative to their native tetraploid counterparts, as might be expected based on ideas of enemy release and rapid evolution. Measurements of several vegetative traits were similar for all geo-cytotypes; however, fecundity of tetraploids was significantly greater than diploids, due in part to their polycarpic nature. A simulation of seed production over time predicts that introduced tetraploids have the highest fecundity of the three geo-cytotypes.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that characterizing gene expression in an invasive species using populations from both its native and introduced range can provide insight into the biology of plant invasion that can complement traditional measurements of plant performance. In addition, these results highlight the importance of using appropriate taxonomic units in ecological genomics investigations.}, }
@article {pmid19304814, year = {2009}, author = {Mitchell, RJ and Flanagan, RJ and Brown, BJ and Waser, NM and Karron, JD}, title = {New frontiers in competition for pollination.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {103}, number = {9}, pages = {1403-1413}, pmid = {19304814}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Animals ; Earth, Planet ; Models, Biological ; Pollen/physiology ; Pollination/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Co-flowering plant species frequently share pollinators. Pollinator sharing is often detrimental to one or more of these species, leading to competition for pollination. Perhaps because it offers an intriguing juxtaposition of ecological opposites - mutualism and competition - within one relatively tractable system, competition for pollination has captured the interest of ecologists for over a century.<br><br>SCOPE: Our intent is to contemplate exciting areas for further work on competition for pollination, rather than to exhaustively review past studies. After a brief historical summary, we present a conceptual framework that incorporates many aspects of competition for pollination, involving both the quantity and quality of pollination services, and both female and male sex functions of flowers. Using this framework, we contemplate a relatively subtle mechanism of competition involving pollen loss, and consider how competition might affect plant mating systems, overall reproductive success and multi-species interactions. We next consider how competition for pollination might be altered by several emerging consequences of a changing planet, including the spread of alien species, climate change and pollinator declines. Most of these topics represent new frontiers whose exploration has just begun.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Competition for pollination has served as a model for the integration of ecological and evolutionary perspectives in the study of species interactions. Its study has elucidated both obvious and more subtle mechanisms, and has documented a range of outcomes. However, the potential for this interaction to inform our understanding of both pure and applied aspects of pollination biology has only begun to be realized.}, }
@article {pmid19302354, year = {2009}, author = {Zalewski, A and Piertney, SB and Zalewska, H and Lambin, X}, title = {Landscape barriers reduce gene flow in an invasive carnivore: geographical and local genetic structure of American mink in Scotland.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {8}, pages = {1601-1615}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04131.x}, pmid = {19302354}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Gene Flow ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; *Geography ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Mink/*genetics ; Scotland ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {To be effective, management programmes geared towards halting or reversing the spread of invasive species must focus on defined and defensible areas. This requires knowledge of the dispersal of non-native species targeted for control to better understand invasion and recolonisation scenarios. We investigated the genetic structure of invasive American mink (Neovison vison) in Scotland, and incorporated landscape genetic approaches to examine resultant patterns in relation to geographical features that may influence dispersal. Populations of mink sampled from 10 sites in two regions (Argyll and Northeast Scotland) show a distinct genetic structure. First, the majority of pairwise population comparisons yielded F(ST) values that were significantly greater than zero. Second, AMOVA revealed that most of the genetic variance was attributable to differences among regions. Assignment tests placed 89 or more of individuals into their sampled region. Bayesian clustering methods grouped samples into two clusters according to their region of origin. Wombling approach identified the Cairngorms Mountains as a major impediment to gene flow between the regions. Mantel pairwise correlations between genetic and geographical distances estimated as least-cost distance assuming a linear increase in the cost of movement with increasing elevation were higher than Euclidean distances or distance along waterways. Spatial autocorrelation analyses revealed stronger spatial structuring for females than for males. These results suggest that gene flow by American mink is restricted by landscape features (mountain ranges) and that eradication attempt should in the first instance break down the connectivity between management units separated by mountains.}, }
@article {pmid19302094, year = {2009}, author = {Holzman, JP and Bohonak, AJ and Kirkendall, LR and Gottlieb, D and Harari, AR and Kelley, ST}, title = {Inbreeding variability and population structure in the invasive haplodiploid palm-seed borer (Coccotrypes dactyliperda).}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {22}, number = {5}, pages = {1076-1087}, doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01722.x}, pmid = {19302094}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; *Inbreeding ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Regression Analysis ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {We investigated the mating system and population genetic structure of the invasive haplodiploid palm-seed borer Coccotrypes dactyliperda in California. We focused on whether these primarily inbreeding beetles have a 'mixed-breeding' system that includes occasional outbreeding, and whether local inbreeding coefficients (F(IS)) varied with dominant environmental factors. We also analysed the genetic structure of C. dactyliperda populations across local and regional scales. Based on the analysis of genetic variation at seven microsatellite loci in 1034 individual beetles from 59 populations, we found both high rates of inbreeding and plentiful evidence of mixed-breeding. F(IS) ranged from -0.56 to 0.90, the highest variability reported within any animal species. There was a negative correlation between F(IS) and latitude, suggesting that some latitude-associated factor affecting mating decisions influenced inbreeding rates. Multiple regressions suggested that precipitation, but not temperature, may be an important correlate. Finally, we found highly significant genetic differentiation among sites, even over short geographic distances (< 1000 m).}, }
@article {pmid19294926, year = {2009}, author = {Langkilde, T}, title = {Invasive fire ants alter behavior and morphology of native lizards.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {90}, number = {1}, pages = {208-217}, doi = {10.1890/08-0355.1}, pmid = {19294926}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Hindlimb/anatomy &amp; histology ; Lizards/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Nonnative species introductions are becoming more common, but long-term consequences of the novel pressures imposed by invaders on native species remain poorly known. The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, is an invasive species with potential global impact. Comparison of lizards across the invasive range within the United States reveals novel antipredator strategies and altered morphologies that mitigate potentially lethal attack by these ants, within 70 years of their introduction. The likelihood that adult lizards will behaviorally respond to fire ant attack increases with time since invasion, but hatchlings exhibit high levels of antipredator behavior irrespective of their site of origin. Adults and hatchlings from sites invaded longer ago also have relatively longer hind limbs. This trait increases the effectiveness of behavioral strategies for removing ants and is likely an adaptive response to minimize envenomation during attack. The observed changes are not correlated with habitat, exposure to fire ants, or latitude, arguing against phenotypic plasticity and learning as causal mechanisms, and museum specimens show that morphological differences were not evident prior to fire ant invasion. These data contribute to our growing awareness that ecological invasions can prompt adaptive responses, altering the nature of interactions between invaders and the natives they contact.}, }
@article {pmid19289194, year = {2009}, author = {Dunn, AM}, title = {Parasites and biological invasions.}, journal = {Advances in parasitology}, volume = {68}, number = {}, pages = {161-184}, doi = {10.1016/S0065-308X(08)00607-6}, pmid = {19289194}, issn = {0065-308X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Host-Parasite Interactions/physiology ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/*transmission ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; }, abstract = {There is considerable current interest in the role that parasites can play in biological invasions. This review looks at the fate of parasites during a biological invasion and at their impact on native and invasive hosts, and asks whether parasites can mediate invasion success. An introduced species may lose its parasites as a result of the introduction and such release from its natural enemies may be an important factor determining invasion success. In addition, an introduced species may acquire parasites from its new environment or it may introduce novel parasites to hosts in the new range. As a result of local adaptation, parasites tend to have a differential effect on native versus invading hosts. The relative impact on the fitness of natives and invaders can be important for the outcome of an invasion and may, for example, reverse the pattern of competitive dominance seen in uninfected hosts. Parasites may mediate invasion success through their effect on host fitness and thus on host population growth and stability. Furthermore, by modifying host-host interactions (including competition and predation), parasites can be important factors that determine the success of an invasion and its impact on the recipient community.}, }
@article {pmid19283070, year = {2009}, author = {Lortie, CJ and Munshaw, M and Zikovitz, A and Hierro, J}, title = {Cage matching: head to head competition experiments of an invasive plant species from different regions as a means to test for differentiation.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {e4823}, pmid = {19283070}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; *Centaurea/growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; }, abstract = {Many hypotheses are prevalent in the literature predicting why some plant species can become invasive. However, in some respects, we lack a standard approach to compare the breadth of various studies and differentiate between alternative explanations. Furthermore, most of these hypotheses rely on 'changes in density' of an introduced species to infer invasiveness. Here, we propose a simple method to screen invasive plant species for potential differences in density effects between novel regions. Studies of plant competition using density series are a fundamental tool applied to virtually every aspect of plant population ecology to better understand evolution. Hence, we use a simple density series with substitution contrasting the performance of Centaurea solstitialis in monoculture (from one region) to mixtures (seeds from two regions). All else being equal, if there is no difference between the introduced species in the two novel regions compared, Argentina and California, then there should be no competitive differences between intra and inter-regional competition series. Using a replicated regression design, seeds of each species were sown in the greenhouse at 5 densities in monoculture and mixed and grown till onset of flowering. Centaurea seeds from California had higher germination while seedlings had significantly greater survival than Argentina. There was no evidence for density dependence in any measure for the California region but negative density dependence was detected in the germination of seeds from Argentina. The relative differences in competition also differed between regions with no evidence of differential competitive effects of seeds from Argentina in mixture versus monoculture while seeds from California expressed a relative cost in germination and relative growth rate in mixtures with Argentina. In the former instance, lack of difference does not mean 'no ecological differences' but does suggest that local adaptation in competitive abilities has not occurred. Importantly, this method successfully detected differences in the response of an invasive species to changes in density between novel regions which suggests that it is a useful preliminary means to explore invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid19263842, year = {2008}, author = {Armistead, JS and Nishimura, N and Escher, RL and Lounibos, LP}, title = {Larval competition between Aedes japonicus and Aedes atropalpus (Diptera: Culicidae) in simulated rock pools.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {238-246}, pmid = {19263842}, issn = {1081-1710}, support = {R01 AI044793-05A2/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI-044793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-08/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-07/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*physiology ; Animals ; Female ; Fertility ; Larva/physiology ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; Wings, Animal/anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {The success of an invasive species becoming established in a new region often depends on its interactions with ecologically similar resident species. The propensity of the newly-established mosquito Aedes japonicus to inhabit rock pools throughout the eastern United States provides a natural setting for interspecific larval competition with the native Aedes atropalpus. A laboratory experiment conducted in simulated rock pools to evaluate larval interactions between and within these two species suggested that the performance of both species was more significantly impacted by intraspecific conditions than interspecific conditions of the same mosquito density. Aedes atropalpus was apparently more sensitive to larval densities than Ae. japonicus because it reproduces autogenously, requiring a lengthened period of larval development to obtain nutrient reserves for egg development, which may ultimately put Ae. atropalpus at a disadvantage under larval conditions of competition and limited resources. Excessively stressful experimental conditions, as evidenced by reduced body size, and thus fecundity and estimated finite rate of increase, may have obscured the effects of larval competition between these species. The impact of larval competition between these species in rock pool communities warrants further investigation under more ecologically realistic experimental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid19263086, year = {2009}, author = {Leisnham, PT and Juliano, SA}, title = {Spatial and temporal patterns of coexistence between competing Aedes mosquitoes in urban Florida.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {160}, number = {2}, pages = {343-352}, pmid = {19263086}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {R01 AI044793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-07/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01-AI-44793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Cities ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Florida ; Population Density ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Understanding mechanisms fostering coexistence between invasive and resident species is important in predicting ecological, economic, or health impacts of invasive species. The mosquito Aedes aegypti coexists at some urban sites in southeastern United States with invasive Aedes albopictus, which is often superior in interspecific competition. We tested predictions for three hypotheses of species coexistence: seasonal condition-specific competition, aggregation among individual water-filled containers, and colonization-competition tradeoff across spatially partitioned habitat patches (cemeteries) that have high densities of containers. We measured spatial and temporal patterns of abundance for both species among water-filled resident cemetery vases and experimentally positioned standard cemetery vases and ovitraps in metropolitan Tampa, Florida. Consistent with the seasonal condition-specific competition hypothesis, abundances of both species in resident and standard cemetery vases were higher early in the wet season (June) versus late in the wet season (September), but the proportional increase of A. albopictus was greater than that of A. aegypti, presumably due to higher dry-season egg mortality and strong wet-season competitive superiority of larval A. albopictus. Spatial partitioning was not evident among cemeteries, a result inconsistent with the colonization-competition tradeoff hypothesis, but both species were highly independently aggregated among standard cemetery vases and ovitraps, which is consistent with the aggregation hypothesis. Densities of A. aegypti but not A. albopictus differed among land use categories, with A. aegypti more abundant in ovitraps in residential areas compared to industrial and commercial areas. Spatial partitioning among land use types probably results from effects of land use on conditions in both terrestrial and aquatic-container environments. These results suggest that both temporal and spatial variation may contribute to local coexistence between these Aedes in urban areas.}, }
@article {pmid19260343, year = {2009}, author = {De Silva, SS and Nguyen, TT and Turchini, GM and Amarasinghe, US and Abery, NW}, title = {Alien species in aquaculture and biodiversity: a paradox in food production.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {24-28}, doi = {10.1579/0044-7447-38.1.24}, pmid = {19260343}, issn = {0044-7447}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture/*methods ; Asia ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Fishes/*physiology ; Fresh Water ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Aquaculture is seen as an alternative to meeting the widening gap in global rising demand and decreasing supply for aquatic food products. Asia, the epicenter of the global aquaculture industry, accounts for over 90% of the global aquaculture production quantity and about 80% of the value. Asian aquaculture, as with global aquaculture, is dependent to a significant extent on alien species, as is the case for all the major food crops and husbanded terrestrial animals. However, voluntary and or accidental introduction of exotic aquatic species (alien species) is known to negatively impact local biodiversity. In this relatively young food production industry, mitigating the dependence on alien species, and thereby minimizing potential negative impacts on biodiversity, is an imperative for a sustainable future. In this context an attempt is made in this synthesis to understand such phenomena, especially with reference to Asian inland finfish, the mainstay of global aquaculture production. It is pointed out that there is potential for aquaculture, which is becoming an increasingly important food production process, not to follow the past path of terrestrial food crops and husbanded animals in regard to their negative influences on biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid19247498, year = {2009}, author = {Robinet, C and Roques, A and Pan, H and Fang, G and Ye, J and Zhang, Y and Sun, J}, title = {Role of human-mediated dispersal in the spread of the pinewood nematode in China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, pages = {e4646}, pmid = {19247498}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Climate ; Humans ; Nematoda/*growth &amp; development ; Pinus/classification/*parasitology ; Species Specificity ; Transportation ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Intensification of world trade is responsible for an increase in the number of alien species introductions. Human-mediated dispersal promotes not only introductions but also expansion of the species distribution via long-distance dispersal. Thus, understanding the role of anthropogenic pathways in the spread of invading species has become one of the most important challenges nowadays.<br><br>We analysed the invasion pattern of the pinewood nematode in China based on invasion data from 1982 to 2005 and monitoring data on 7 locations over 15 years. Short distance spread mediated by long-horned beetles was estimated at 7.5 km per year. Infested sites located further away represented more than 90% of observations and the mean long distance spread was estimated at 111-339 km. Railways, river ports, and lakes had significant effects on the spread pattern. Human population density levels explained 87% of the variation in the invasion probability (P<0.05). Since 2001, the number of new records of the nematode was multiplied by a factor of 5 and the spread distance by a factor of 2. We combined a diffusion model to describe the short distance spread with a stochastic, individual based model to describe the long distance jumps. This combined model generated an error of only 13% when used to predict the presence of the nematode. Under two climate scenarios (stable climate or moderate warming), projections of the invasion probability suggest that this pest could expand its distribution 40-55% by 2025.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides evidence that human-induced dispersal plays a fundamental role in the spread of the pinewood nematode, and appropriate control measures should be taken to stop or slow its expansion. This model can be applied to Europe, where the nematode had been introduced later, and is currently expanding its distribution. Similar models could also be derived for other species that could be accidentally transported by humans.}, }
@article {pmid19245491, year = {2009}, author = {Žydelis, R and Wallace, BP and Gilman, EL and Werner, TB}, title = {Conservation of marine megafauna through minimization of fisheries bycatch.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {608-616}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01172.x}, pmid = {19245491}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/*methods ; Fisheries/*methods/*standards ; *Introduced Species ; *Marine Biology ; *Turtles ; }, abstract = {Many populations of marine megafauna, including seabirds, sea turtles, marine mammals, and elasmobranchs, have declined in recent decades due largely to anthropogenic mortality. To successfully conserve these long-lived animals, efforts must be prioritized according to feasibility and the degree to which they address threats with the highest relative impacts on population dynamics. Recently, Wilcox and Donlan (2007, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment) and Donlan and Wilcox (2008, Biological Invasions) proposed a conservation strategy of "compensatory mitigation" in which fishing industries offset bycatch of seabirds and sea turtles by funding eradication of invasive mammalian predators from the terrestrial reproductive sites of these marine animals. Although this is a creative and conceptually compelling approach, we find it flawed as a conservation tool because it has narrow applicability among marine megafauna, it does not address the most pervasive threats to marine megafauna, and it is logistically and financially infeasible. Invasive predator eradication does not adequately offset the most pressing threat to most marine megafauna populations--fisheries bycatch. For seabird populations, fisheries bycatch and invasive predators infrequently are overlapping threats. Invasive predators have limited population-level impacts on sea turtles and marine mammals and no impacts on elasmobranchs, all of which are threatened by bycatch. Implementing compensatory mitigation in marine fisheries is unrealistic due to inadequate monitoring, control, and surveillance in the majority of fleets. Therefore, offsetting fisheries bycatch with eradication of invasive predators would be less likely to reverse population declines than reducing bycatch. We recommend that efforts to mitigate bycatch in marine capture fisheries should address multiple threats to sensitive bycatch species groups, but these efforts should first institute proven bycatch avoidance and reduction methods before considering compensatory mitigation.}, }
@article {pmid19245490, year = {2009}, author = {Wilcox, C and Donlan, CJ}, title = {Need for a clear and fair evaluation of biodiversity offsets for fisheries bycatch.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {770-772}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01173.x}, pmid = {19245490}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Fisheries/*methods/*standards ; *Introduced Species ; *Marine Biology ; *Turtles ; }, }
@article {pmid19236448, year = {2009}, author = {Nuzzo, VA and Maerz, JC and Blossey, B}, title = {Earthworm invasion as the driving force behind plant invasion and community change in northeastern North American forests.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {966-974}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01168.x}, pmid = {19236448}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; North America ; Oligochaeta/*physiology ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {Identification of factors that drive changes in plant community structure and contribute to decline and endangerment of native plant species is essential to the development of appropriate management strategies. Introduced species are assumed to be driving causes of shifts in native plant communities, but unequivocal evidence supporting this view is frequently lacking. We measured native vegetation, non-native earthworm biomass, and leaf-litter volume in 15 forests in the presence and absence of 3 non-native plant species (Microstegium vimineum, Alliaria petiolata, Berberis thunbergii) to assess the general impact of non-native plant and earthworm invasions on native plant communities in northeastern United States. Non-native plant cover was positively correlated with total native plant cover and non-native earthworm biomass. Earthworm biomass was negatively associated with cover of native woody and most herbaceous plants and with litter volume. Graminoid cover was positively associated with non-native earthworm biomass and non-native plant cover. These earthworm-associated responses were detected at all sites despite differences in earthworm species and abundance, composition of the native plant community, identity of invasive plant species, and geographic region. These patterns suggest earthworm invasion, rather than non-native plant invasion, is the driving force behind changes in forest plant communities in northeastern North America, including declines in native plant species, and earthworm invasions appear to facilitate plant invasions in these forests. Thus, a focus on management of invasive plant species may be insufficient to protect northeastern forest understory species.}, }
@article {pmid19236447, year = {2009}, author = {Perry, G and Vice, D}, title = {Forecasting the risk of brown tree snake dispersal from Guam: a mixed transport-establishment model.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {992-1000}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01169.x}, pmid = {19236447}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Forecasting ; Guam ; *Models, Biological ; Snakes/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) is a devastating invader that has ecologically and economically affected Guam and is poised to disperse further. Interdiction efforts are being conducted on Guam and some of the potential receiving sites, but no tools exist for evaluating the potential for snake incursion; thus, the amount of effort that should be invested in protecting particular sites is unknown. We devised a model that predicts the relative risk of establishment of the brown tree snake (BTS) at a given site. To calculate overall risk, we incorporated in the model information on the likelihood of an organism entering the transportation system, avoiding detection, surviving to arrive at another location, and establishing at the receiving end. On the basis of documented rates of snake arrival at receiving sites, the model produced realistic predictions of invasion risk. Model outputs can thus be used to prioritize interdiction efforts to focus on especially vulnerable receiving locations. We provide examples of the utility of the model in evaluating the impacts of changes in transportation parameters. Finally, the model can be used to evaluate the impacts that BTS establishment at an additional site and that creation of a new source of snakes would have. The use of qualitative inputs allows the model to be adapted by substituting data on other invasive species or transportation systems.}, }
@article {pmid19234550, year = {2009}, author = {Archak, S and Gaikwad, AB and Swamy, KR and Karihaloo, JL}, title = {Genetic analysis and historical perspective of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) introduction into India.}, journal = {Genome}, volume = {52}, number = {3}, pages = {222-230}, doi = {10.1139/G08-119}, pmid = {19234550}, issn = {0831-2796}, mesh = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Anacardium/classification/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), introduced into India about 400 years ago, is distributed widely in the coastal regions as spontaneous populations as well as in cultivation. Despite the plant's commercial exploitation, little is known about its actual introduction and diversification. We attempted to construct these events by investigating the level of genetic variation and genetic structure of cashew populations collected from different geographical regions of India. A total of 91 individuals from four populations were analysed using AFLP markers and morphometric data. AFLP analysis based on 354 polymorphic loci revealed Indian cashew to have low but relatively substantial genetic diversity for an introduced species (H(E) = 0.262 and I(S) = 0.404). Twenty-seven qualitative and quantitative traits also revealed the existence of considerable morphometric variation (24% around the mean values). Bayesian cluster analysis based on AFLP data did not indicate the existence of definite population differentiation. Morphometric analysis allocated 12% variation among all four populations, whereas AFLP variation observed in cashew individuals was entirely within populations. The results, supporting the possibility of cashew having been introduced into India repeatedly over a period of time but at a single location (west coast), are discussed and their implications for germplasm management are described.}, }
@article {pmid19234133, year = {2009}, author = {Hammons, DL and Kurtural, SK and Newman, MC and Potter, DA}, title = {Invasive Japanese beetles facilitate aggregation and injury by a native scarab pest of ripening fruits.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {106}, number = {10}, pages = {3686-3691}, pmid = {19234133}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Fermentation ; Fruit/microbiology/*parasitology ; Vitis/microbiology/*parasitology ; Volatilization ; Yeasts ; }, abstract = {Invasive species' facilitation, or benefiting, of native species is rarely considered in biological invasion literature but could have serious economic consequences should a non-native herbivore facilitate injury by a native pest of high-value crops. Japanese beetle (JB), Popillia japonica, a polyphagous scarab, facilitates feeding by the obligate fruit-feeding native green June beetle (GJB), Cotinis nitida, by biting into intact grape berries that GJB, which has blunt spatulate mandibles, is otherwise unable to exploit. Here, we show JB further facilitates GJB by contaminating fruits with yeasts, and by creating infection courts for yeasts associated with GJB, that elicit volatiles exploited as aggregation kairomones by GJB. Traps baited with combinations of grapes and beetles were used to show that fruits injured by JB alone, or in combination with GJB, become highly attractive to both sexes of GJB. Such grapes emit high amounts of fermentation compounds compared with intact grapes. Beetle feeding on grape mash induced the same volatiles as addition of winemaker's yeast, and similar attraction of GJB in the field. Eight yeast species were isolated and identified from JB collected from grapevine foliage. Establishment and spread of JB throughout fruit-growing regions of the United States is likely to elevate the pest status of GJB and other pests of ripening fruits in vineyards and orchards.}, }
@article {pmid19197473, year = {2008}, author = {Pinto-Coelho, RM and Bezerra-Neto, JF and Miranda, F and Mota, TG and Resck, R and Santos, AM and Maia-Barbosa, PM and Mello, NA and Marques, MM and Campos, MO and Barbosa, FA}, title = {The inverted trophic cascade in tropical plankton communities: impacts of exotic fish in the Middle Rio Doce lake district, Minas Gerais, Brazil.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {68}, number = {4 Suppl}, pages = {1025-1037}, doi = {10.1590/s1519-69842008000500010}, pmid = {19197473}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Eutrophication ; Fishes/*classification ; Food Chain ; Fresh Water ; Phytoplankton/classification ; Plankton/*chemistry ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Seasons ; *Tropical Climate ; Zooplankton/classification ; }, abstract = {The present study deals with the ecological impacts of the introduction of two alien species of piscivorous fish in several lakes of the Middle Rio Doce lake district in Minas Gerais, Brazil. It was demonstrated that these effects were not restricted only to the fish community. The introduction of the predatory red piranha Pygocentrus nattereri and the tucunaré Cichla cf. ocellaris caused not only a sharp decrease in the number of native fish species, but also major shifts in other trophic levels. Just after the fish were introduced, most lakes began to show conspicuous changes in phytoplankton species composition, in which Cyanophyceae gradually came to dominate. The zooplankton community lost several species, and in some cases, such as Lake Carioca, all the cladoceran species disappeared. On the other hand, invertebrate predators, represented by the dipteran Chaoboridae, boomed in the lake, with higher densities of exotic species, probably as a result of the 'ecological release' by reduction of the original fish fauna. There was a general trend of species loss in different trophic levels. All these changes are apparently associated with decreases in water quality. The present situation in these lakes demands new approaches to the management and conservation of these ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid19227071, year = {2008}, author = {Boldor, D and Balasubramanian, S and Purohit, S and Salvi, D and Gutierrez-Wing, MT and Rusch, KA and Sabliov, CM}, title = {A continuous microwave system for prevention of invasive species during de-ballasting operation--death kinetics.}, journal = {The Journal of microwave power and electromagnetic energy : a publication of the International Microwave Power Institute}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, pages = {61-78}, doi = {10.1080/08327823.2007.11688587}, pmid = {19227071}, issn = {0832-7823}, mesh = {Animals ; Artemia/*radiation effects ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Eukaryota/*radiation effects ; Larva/radiation effects ; *Microwaves ; Ostreidae/*radiation effects ; *Seawater ; Temperature ; Water Purification/*methods ; }, abstract = {A continuous microwave heating system was tested for its effectiveness at removing potentially invasive organisms during deballasting operations. Four different organisms, namely Nannochloropsis oculata (microalgae), Artemia nauplii, Artemia adults and Crassosstrea virginica (oyster larvae) normally found in ballast water were investigated in a controlled study to quantify their survival after continuous microwave heating of synthetic ballast water. The experiments were performed in the microwave system using a 2 x 2 factorial design with power (2.5 and 4.5 kW) and flow rate (1.0 and 2.0 lpm) and the organisms subsequently subjected to different holding times. The control treatment was performed in a water bath using the same temperatures and holding times as in the case of the microwave treatment. Overall, the results obtained indicated that the microwave system was more effective in eliminating the organisms when compared with the control treatment. In most cases there were no survivors present after the microwave treatment at holding times above 100 s, and temperatures as low as 50 degrees C particularly for oyster larvae and Artemia adults. The results are promising, indicating that this technology has the potential to be an effective tool in controlling/preventing the introduction of invasive species into native environments.}, }
@article {pmid19227068, year = {2008}, author = {Boldor, D and Ortego, J and Rusch, KA}, title = {An analysis of dielectric properties of synthetic ballast water at frequencies ranging from 300 to 3000 MHz.}, journal = {The Journal of microwave power and electromagnetic energy : a publication of the International Microwave Power Institute}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, pages = {27-38}, doi = {10.1080/08327823.2007.11688589}, pmid = {19227068}, issn = {0832-7823}, mesh = {Animals ; Artemia/radiation effects ; Electric Capacitance ; Electric Conductivity ; Eukaryota/radiation effects ; *Microwaves ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Temperature ; Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Ballast water presents an important vector for introduction of aquatic invasive species in the coastal waters around the world. Currently there are no established technologies proven to completely eliminate this problem due to the particularities of the ballasting and de-ballasting operations (extremely large volumes of water, efficiency at destroying macro and micro organisms, environmental issues associated with chemical treatments). Continuous microwave heating presents a potential solution to this problem, but the design of suitable applicators depends on the dielectric properties of the ballast water to be processed. The study presented in this paper is focused on the dielectric properties (dielectric constant--epsilon'; dielectric loss--epsilon") of synthetic ballast water inoculated with four organisms at seven different temperatures in the frequency range of 300 to 3000 MHz. The dielectric properties of the mixtures were determined using a network analyzer and a dielectric probe kit using the open-ended coaxial probe method. Numerical analysis was performed on data collected across all frequencies involved with an emphasis placed on F.C.C. allotted frequencies of 433, 915 and 2450 MHz. The dielectric constant was relatively independent of frequency and the organism used, but it showed a remarkable decrease with temperature. The dielectric loss showed an extreme decrease with increasing frequency, marked differences between the different organisms and between different growth stages of the same organism, and a large relatively linear increase with increasing temperature.}, }
@article {pmid19226790, year = {2008}, author = {Grozea, I and Carabet, A and Chirita, R and Badea, AM}, title = {Natural enemies in control of invasive species Diabrotica virgifera Virgifera from maize crops.}, journal = {Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences}, volume = {73}, number = {3}, pages = {501-508}, pmid = {19226790}, issn = {1379-1176}, mesh = {Agriculture/methods ; Animals ; Cockroaches/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Larva ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; Pupa ; Soil/*parasitology ; Zea mays/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {The invasive Diabrotico virgifera virgifera Le Conte (western corn rootworm) species has become a very important pest of maize growing areas from Europe. Incidence of this pest in Europe and Romania attract the specialist's attention and European organisms regarding substantial changes which save the yield. Current trends in control regard the using natural enemies' because non-pollutants effects. In this way it follows protection of useful scale from agroecosystems and their exploitation in control of invasive population. It were take the soil and surface samples for establish the presence of control biological agents. The maximum appearance period of invasive species (July, August) is very important in establishing the analogy with appearance of predator's species. From natural enemies of Diabrotica virgifera can be notice follow species: Speira diademata, Argiope bruennichi, Theridion impressum (Arachnida: Araneae), Coccinella sp., Pseudophomus rufipes (Insecta: Coleoptera). The spider species Argiope bruennichi (Araneae: Araneidae) and Theridion impressum (Araneae: Theriidae) are able to diminish significantly population of adults, especially in appearance of maize silk. The aim of the theme we approach is to find solutions to the issues created by invasive species Diabrotica virgifera virgifera using an ecological alternative of the chemical methods, as an-polluting biological methods. In a period when easily apply to chemical substances we consider that is absolutely necessary the introduction of these biological methods.}, }
@article {pmid19226789, year = {2008}, author = {Ulrichs, C and Dinnesen, S and Nedelev, T and Hummel, HE and Modic, S and Urek, G}, title = {Monitoring Diabrotica v. virgifera (Col.: Chrysomelidae) in southeastern Slovenia: increasing population trend and host spectrum expansion.}, journal = {Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences}, volume = {73}, number = {3}, pages = {493-499}, pmid = {19226789}, issn = {1379-1176}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*pathogenicity ; Cucurbita/drug effects/parasitology ; Cucurbitaceae/*parasitology ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Female ; Flowers/drug effects/parasitology ; Insect Control/methods ; Insecticides/toxicity ; Larva ; Pest Control, Biological ; Pheromones/pharmacology ; Population Density ; Seasons ; Slovenia ; }, abstract = {Ever since the western corn rootworm (WCR) (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera), an alien invasive species from North America, has been introduced into Europe on at least 3 separate occasions, it spread within 15 years over the entire area of south-eastern and central Europe (except Denmark). Until quite recently, Zea mays L. was the only known host plant whereas in North America WCR also attacks members of the plant family Cucurbitaceae. In August of 2006, we were able to validate these findings also in the Old World by observing WCR visiting blossoms of oil pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.). Beside this first report of WCR on this regionally and economically important crop, a population increase in Gaberje near Lendava, Eastern Slovenia, was observed. Some future consequences of multiple hosts for integrated pest management (IPM) of WCR are being discussed.}, }
@article {pmid19223966, year = {2009}, author = {Daehler, CC}, title = {Short lag times for invasive tropical plants: evidence from experimental plantings in Hawai'i.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, pages = {e4462}, pmid = {19223966}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; *Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The lag time of an invasion is the delay between arrival of an introduced species and its successful spread in a new area. To date, most estimates of lag times for plants have been indirect or anecdotal, and these estimates suggest that plant invasions are often characterized by lag times of 50 years or more. No general estimates are available of lag times for tropical plant invasions. Historical plantings and documentation were used to directly estimate lag times for tropical plant invasions in Hawai'i.<br><br>Historical planting records for the Lyon Arboretum dating back to 1920 were examined to identify plants that have since become invasive pests in the Hawaiian Islands. Annual reports describing escape from plantings were then used to determine the lag times between initial plantings and earliest recorded spread of the successful invaders. Among 23 species that eventually became invasive pests, the average lag time between introduction and first evidence of spread was 14 years for woody plants and 5 years for herbaceous plants.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These direct estimates of lag times are as much as an order of magnitude shorter than previous, indirect estimates, which were mainly based on temperate plants. Tropical invaders may have much shorter lag times than temperate species. A lack of direct and deliberate observations may have also inflated many previous lag time estimates. Although there have been documented cases of long lag times due to delayed arrival of a mutualist or environmental changes over time, this study suggests that most successful invasions are likely to begin shortly after arrival of the plant in a suitable habitat, at least in tropical environments. Short lag times suggest that controlled field trials may be a practical element of risk assessment for plant introductions.}, }
@article {pmid19220798, year = {2009}, author = {Yemshanov, D and Koch, FH and McKenney, DW and Downing, MC and Sapio, F}, title = {Mapping invasive species risks with stochastic models: a cross-border United States-Canada application for Sirex noctilio fabricius.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {29}, number = {6}, pages = {868-884}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01203.x}, pmid = {19220798}, issn = {1539-6924}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; *Hymenoptera ; Risk Assessment ; *Stochastic Processes ; United States ; }, abstract = {Nonindigenous species have caused significant impacts to North American forests despite past and present international phytosanitary efforts. Though broadly acknowledged, the risks of pest invasions are difficult to quantify as they involve interactions between many factors that operate across a range of spatial and temporal scales: the transmission of invading organisms via various pathways, their spread and establishment in new environments. Our study presents a stochastic simulation approach to quantify these risks and associated uncertainties through time in a unified fashion. We outline this approach with an example of a forest pest recently detected in North America, Sirex noctilio Fabricius. We simulate new potential entries of S. noctilio as a stochastic process, based on recent volumes of marine shipments of commodities from countries where S. noctilio is established, as well as the broad dynamics of foreign marine imports. The results are then linked with a spatial model that simulates the spread of S. noctilio within the geographical distribution of its hosts (pines) while incorporating existing knowledge about its behavior in North American landscapes. Through replications, this approach yields a spatial representation of S. noctilio risks and uncertainties in a single integrated product. The approach should also be appealing to decisionmakers, since it accounts for projected flows of commodities that may serve as conduits for pest entry. Our 30-year forecasts indicate high establishment probability in Ontario, Quebec, and the northeastern United States, but further southward expansion of S. noctilio is uncertain, ultimately depending on the impact of recent international treatment standards for wood packing materials.}, }
@article {pmid19219509, year = {2009}, author = {O'Malley, L and Korniss, G and Caraco, T}, title = {Ecological invasion, roughened fronts, and a competitor's extreme advance: integrating stochastic spatial-growth models.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, pages = {1160-1188}, doi = {10.1007/s11538-009-9398-6}, pmid = {19219509}, issn = {1522-9602}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Monte Carlo Method ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {Both community ecology and conservation biology seek further understanding of factors governing the advance of an invasive species. We model biological invasion as an individual-based, stochastic process on a two-dimensional landscape. An ecologically superior invader and a resident species compete for space preemptively. Our general model includes the basic contact process and a variant of the Eden model as special cases. We employ the concept of a "roughened" front to quantify effects of discreteness and stochasticity on invasion; we emphasize the probability distribution of the front-runner's relative position. That is, we analyze the location of the most advanced invader as the extreme deviation about the front's mean position. We find that a class of models with different assumptions about neighborhood interactions exhibits universal characteristics. That is, key features of the invasion dynamics span a class of models, independently of locally detailed demographic rules. Our results integrate theories of invasive spatial growth and generate novel hypotheses linking habitat or landscape size (length of the invading front) to invasion velocity, and to the relative position of the most advanced invader.}, }
@article {pmid19216616, year = {2009}, author = {Ramalho, AC and da Silva, RJ and Schwartz, HO and Péres, AK}, title = {Helminths from an introduced species (Tupinambis merianae), and two endemic species (Trachylepis atlantica and Amphisbaena ridley) from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {95}, number = {4}, pages = {1026-1028}, doi = {10.1645/GE-1689.1}, pmid = {19216616}, issn = {1937-2345}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Digestive System/*parasitology ; Geography ; Helminthiasis, Animal/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Helminths/classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; Lizards/*parasitology ; Prevalence ; }, abstract = {The present study reports the occurrence of helminths in the introduced species Tupinambis merianae (tegu lizard), and in two endemic species Trachylepis atlantica (small lizard) and Amphisbaena ridleyi (two-head-snake lizard), from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Nine species of helminths were found, mainly in the digestive tract and accessory organs, with the following prevalence (P) and mean infection intensity (MII). Tupinambis merianae: Diaphanocephalus galeatus (P = 96%, MII = 20.5), Spinicauda spinicauda (P = 100%, MII = 197.8), and Oochoristica sp.l (P = 20%, MII = 4.4). Trachylepis atlantica: Moaciria alvarengai (P = 20%, MII = 1.4), S. spinicauda (P = 92%, MII = 22.1), Mesocoelium monas (P = 4%, MII = 3.0), Platynosomum sp. (P = 8%, MII = 7.0), and Oochoristica sp.2 (P = 16%, MII = 1.25). Amphisbaena ridleyi: Aplectana albae (P = 96%, MII = 143.4), Thelandros alvarengai (P = 4%, MII = 1.0), Me. monas (P = 44%, MII = 2.8), Platynosomum sp. (P = 36%; MII = 13.8), and Oochoristica sp.2 (P = 48%; MII = 2.17). More than 80% of T. merianae were infected with 2, or more, helminth species. In Tr. atlantica, single-species infections were present in 50% of the specimens, but co-occurrence of 2 parasites was also high (41.7%). In A. ridleyi, multiple infections were more common, with up to 5 parasite species present. The helminth fauna observed allowed us to conclude that helminths can be carried together with their host when they colonize new geographic localities and that these introduced helminths can, in turn, colonize endemic, or native, hosts.}, }
@article {pmid19214625, year = {2009}, author = {Andreu, J and Vilà, M and Hulme, PE}, title = {An assessment of stakeholder perceptions and management of noxious alien plants in Spain.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {43}, number = {6}, pages = {1244-1255}, pmid = {19214625}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Ecology ; Environment ; Environmental Pollution ; Fires ; Noxae ; *Perception/classification ; Plants/*classification ; *Public Opinion ; Spain ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Despite biological invasions being a worldwide phenomenon causing significant ecological, economic, and human welfare impacts, there is limited understanding regarding how environmental managers perceive the problem and subsequently manage alien species. Spanish environmental managers were surveyed using questionnaires to (1) analyze the extent to which they perceive plant invasions as a problem; (2) identify the status, occurrence, and impacts of noxious alien plant species; (3) assess current effort and expenditure targeting alien plant management; and, finally, (4) identify the criteria they use to set priorities for management. In comparison to other environmental concerns, plant invasions are perceived as only moderately problematic and mechanical control is the most valued and frequently used strategy to cope with plant invasions in Spain. Based on 70 questionnaires received, 193 species are considered noxious, 109 of which have been the subject of management activities. More than 90% of species are found in at least one protected area. According to respondents, the most frequently managed species are the most widespread across administrative regions and the ones perceived as causing the highest impacts. The perception of impact seems to be independent of their invasion status, since only half of the species identified as noxious are believed to be invasive in Spain, while 43% of species thought to only be casual aliens are causing a high impact. Records of management costs are poor and the few data indicate that the total actual expenditure amounted to 50,492,437 euros in the last decade. The majority of respondents stated that management measures are insufficient to control alien plants due to limited economic resources, lack of public awareness and support, and an absence of coordination among different public administrations. Managers also expressed their concern about the fact that much scientific research is concerned with the ecology of alien plants rather than with specific cost-efficient strategies to manage alien species.}, }
@article {pmid19214589, year = {2009}, author = {McNatty, A and Abbott, KL and Lester, PJ}, title = {Invasive ants compete with and modify the trophic ecology of hermit crabs on tropical islands.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {160}, number = {1}, pages = {187-194}, pmid = {19214589}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Anomura/chemistry/*physiology ; Ants/*physiology ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Geography ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; Polynesia ; Population Dynamics ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can dramatically alter trophic interactions. Predation is the predominant trophic interaction generally considered to be responsible for ecological change after invasion. In contrast, how frequently competition from invasive species contributes to the decline of native species remains controversial. Here, we demonstrate how the trophic ecology of the remote atoll nation of Tokelau is changing due to competition between invasive ants (Anoplolepis gracilipes) and native terrestrial hermit crabs (Coenobita spp.) for carrion. A significant negative correlation was observed between A. gracilipes and hermit crab abundance. On islands with A. gracilipes, crabs were generally restricted to the periphery of invaded islands. Very few hermit crabs were found in central areas of these islands where A. gracilipes abundances were highest. Ant exclusion experiments demonstrated that changes in the abundance and distribution of hermit crabs on Tokelau are a result of competition. The ants did not kill the hermit crabs. Rather, when highly abundant, A. gracilipes attacked crabs by spraying acid and drove crabs away from carrion resources. Analysis of naturally occurring N and C isotopes suggests that the ants are effectively lowering the trophic level of crabs. According to delta(15) N values, hermit crabs have a relatively high trophic level on islands where A. gracilipes have not invaded. In contrast, where these ants have invaded we observed a significant decrease in delta(15) N for all crab species. This result concurs with our experiment in suggesting long-term exclusion from carrion resources, driving co-occurring crabs towards a more herbivorous diet. Changes in hermit crab abundance or distribution may have major ramifications for the stability of plant communities. Because A. gracilipes have invaded many tropical islands where the predominant scavengers are hermit crabs, we consider that their competitive effects are likely to be more prominent in structuring communities than predation.}, }
@article {pmid19207262, year = {2009}, author = {Brandt, M and Van Wilgenburg, E and Tsutsui, ND}, title = {Global-scale analyses of chemical ecology and population genetics in the invasive Argentine ant.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, pages = {997-1005}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04056.x}, pmid = {19207262}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Ants/*genetics ; Argentina ; *Ecological and Environmental Phenomena ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Heterozygote ; Hydrocarbons/metabolism ; Integumentary System ; *Internationality ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Data ; }, abstract = {Ants are some of the most abundant and ecologically successful terrestrial organisms, and invasive ants rank among the most damaging invasive species. The Argentine ant is a particularly well-studied invader, in part because of the extreme social structure of introduced populations, known as unicoloniality. Unicolonial ants form geographically vast supercolonies, within which territorial behaviour and intraspecific aggression are absent. Because the extreme social structure of introduced populations arises from the widespread acceptance of conspecifics, understanding how this colonymate recognition occurs is key to explaining their success as invaders. Here, we present analyses of Argentine ant recognition cues (cuticular hydrocarbons) and population genetic characteristics from 25 sites across four continents and the Hawaiian Islands. By examining both hydrocarbon profiles and microsatellite genotypes in the same individual ants, we show that native and introduced populations differ in several respects. Both individual workers and groups of nestmates in the introduced range possess less diverse chemical profiles than ants in the native range. As previous studies have reported, we also find that introduced populations possess much lower levels of genetic diversity than populations in the native range. Interestingly, the largest supercolonies on several continents are strikingly similar to each other, suggesting that they arose from a shared introduction pathway. This high similarity suggests that these geographically far-flung ants may still recognize and accept each other as colonymates, thus representing distant nodes of a single, widely distributed supercolony. These findings shed light on the behaviour and sociality of these unicolonial invaders, and pose new questions about the history and origins of introduced populations.}, }
@article {pmid19207260, year = {2009}, author = {Pringle, A and Adams, RI and Cross, HB and Bruns, TD}, title = {The ectomycorrhizal fungus Amanita phalloides was introduced and is expanding its range on the west coast of North America.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, pages = {817-833}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04030.x}, pmid = {19207260}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Alleles ; Amanita/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Base Sequence ; California ; DNA, Intergenic/genetics ; Europe ; Genetic Loci/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Haplotypes/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mycorrhizae/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; North America ; Phylogeny ; Seawater/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {The deadly poisonous Amanita phalloides is common along the west coast of North America. Death cap mushrooms are especially abundant in habitats around the San Francisco Bay, California, but the species grows as far south as Los Angeles County and north to Vancouver Island, Canada. At different times, various authors have considered the species as either native or introduced, and the question of whether A. phalloides is an invasive species remains unanswered. We developed four novel loci and used these in combination with the EF1α and IGS loci to explore the phylogeography of the species. The data provide strong evidence for a European origin of North American populations. Genetic diversity is generally greater in European vs. North American populations, suggestive of a genetic bottleneck; polymorphic sites of at least two loci are only polymorphic within Europe although the number of individuals sampled from Europe was half the number sampled from North America. Endemic alleles are not a feature of North American populations, although alleles unique to different parts of Europe were common and were discovered in Scandinavian, mainland French, and Corsican individuals. Many of these endemic European haplotypes were found together at single sites in California. Early collections of A. phalloides dated prior to 1963 and annotated using sequences of the ITS locus proved to be different species of Amanita. The first Californian collections that we confirmed as A. phalloides were made from the Del Monte Hotel (now the Naval Postgraduate School) in Monterey, and on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, in 1938 and in 1945. These historical data are used in combination with data on A. phalloides' current distribution to estimate a rate of spread for A. phalloides in California. Many species of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi have been introduced across and among continents, but with this evidence, the death cap becomes the only known invasive EM fungus in North America.}, }
@article {pmid19205465, year = {2009}, author = {Wagley, S and Koofhethile, K and Rangdale, R}, title = {Prevalence and potential pathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) harvested from the River Thames estuary, England.}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {72}, number = {1}, pages = {60-66}, doi = {10.4315/0362-028x-72.1.60}, pmid = {19205465}, issn = {0362-028X}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura/*microbiology ; Colony Count, Microbial ; *Consumer Product Safety ; England ; Food Contamination/*analysis ; Fresh Water ; Prevalence ; Seasons ; Shellfish/*microbiology ; Vibrio parahaemolyticus/*isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) have been described as an alien invasive species in the River Thames, United Kingdom, and elsewhere in Europe. The crabs can cause considerable physical damage to the riverbeds and threaten native ecosystems. Trapping has been considered an option, but such attempts to control mitten crab populations in Germany in the 1930s failed. In the United Kingdom, it has been suggested that commercial exploitation of the species could be employed as a control option. This study was conducted as part of a larger program to assess the suitability of a commercial Chinese mitten crab fishery in the River Thames. Crabs and water samples from the River Thames between 2003 and 2006 were examined for the human pathogenic bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus. All samples throughout this testing period were positive for V. parahaemolyticus. The putative pathogenicity markers, thermostable direct hemolysin and thermostable direct-related hemolysin, were detected in one sample, indicating that the crabs possessed the potential to cause V. parahaemolyticus-associated illness if consumed without further processing. Levels of V. parahaemolyticus were higher during the summer than in the winter. This is the first study of V. parahaemolyticus prevalence in European-adapted Chinese mitten crabs.}, }
@article {pmid19205174, year = {2008}, author = {Robbins, AM and Eckelmann, CM and Quiñones, M}, title = {Forest fires in the insular Caribbean.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {37}, number = {7-8}, pages = {528-534}, doi = {10.1579/0044-7447-37.7.528}, pmid = {19205174}, issn = {0044-7447}, mesh = {Caribbean Region ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Disasters/prevention &amp; control ; Ecosystem ; *Fires/prevention &amp; control ; Geographic Information Systems ; Satellite Communications ; *Trees ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {This paper presents a summary of the forest fire reports in the insular Caribbean derived from both management reports and an analysis of publicly available Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrodiometer (MODIS) satellite active fire products from the region. A vast difference between the amount of fires reported by land managers and fire points in the MODIS Fire Information for Resource Management System data can be observed. Future research is recommended to better understand the nature of these differences. While there is a general lack of available statistical data on forest fires in the Caribbean, a few general observations can be made: Forest fires occur mainly in dry forest types (500 to 1000 mm of mean annual rainfall). These are also the areas where most human settlements are located. Lowland high forests and montane forests with higher rainfall (1000 and more mm y(-1)) are less susceptible to forest fire, but they can burn in exceptionally dry years. Most of the dry forest ecosystems in the Caribbean can be considered to be fire-sensitive ecosystems, while the pine forests in the Caribbean (Cuba, Dominican Republic, and the Bahamas) are maintained by wildfires. In fire-sensitive ecosystems, uncontrolled burning often encourages the spread of alien invasive species. A Caribbean Fire Management Cooperation Strategy was developed between 2005 and 2006 under auspices of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. This regional strategy aims to strengthen Caribbean fire management networking by encouraging closer collaboration among countries with similar ecological conditions. The strategy for the Caribbean identifies a number of research, training, and management activities to improve wildfire management capacity in the Caribbean.}, }
@article {pmid19200153, year = {2009}, author = {Li, D and Wang, G and Chen, L and Lü, F and Shen, Z}, title = {Effects of irradiance and temperature on the photosynthesis and vegetative propagation of Caulerpa serrulata.}, journal = {Journal of integrative plant biology}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, pages = {147-154}, doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00762.x}, pmid = {19200153}, issn = {1744-7909}, mesh = {Caulerpa/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; *Light ; Oxygen/metabolism ; *Photosynthesis ; *Regeneration ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The photosynthetic oxygen evolution of Caulerpa serrulata was determined with oxygen electrodes. The effects of light and temperature on the growth and regeneration of fragmented C. serrulata thalli were analyzed. The regenerating rate and establishment of different sizes and portions of C. serrulata were studied. The results showed that the light saturation point of C. serrulata was 200 micromol photons/m(2) per s and the optimum growth temperature was 25-30 degrees C. Under these conditions, the maximum photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate was 15.1 +/- 0.29 mg O(2)/mg Chl a/h, the growth rate and elongation rate reached the highest values, 4.67 +/- 0.09 mg FW/d and 0.78 +/- 0.01 mm/d, respectively. The fragmented C. serrulata thalli was regenerated at 20-35 degrees C and survived at 15 degrees C and 200 micromol photons/m(2) per s. A different survival rate was detected according to fragment size. All of these results indicated that C. serrulata was a candidate to become an invasive species if introduced into a new place. Therefore, we should pay more attention to C. serrulata for its potential threat to marine ecosystem when it is sold for aquarium use.}, }
@article {pmid19192175, year = {2009}, author = {Fournier, D and de Biseau, JC and Aron, S}, title = {Genetics, behaviour and chemical recognition of the invading ant Pheidole megacephala.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {186-199}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04018.x}, pmid = {19192175}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Aggression ; Animals ; Ants/*chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Australia ; *Behavior, Animal ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Lipids/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Introduced species often become ecologically dominant, displacing native species and posing a serious threat to ecosystem function and global biodiversity. Ants are among the most widespread and damaging alien species; introductions are often accompanied by population-level behavioural and genetic changes contributing to their success. We investigated the genetic structure, chemical profile and nestmate recognition in introduced populations of the invasive big-headed ant, Pheidole megacephala, in Australia. Behavioural analyses show that workers are not aggressive towards conspecifics from different nests, even at large geographical scales (up to 3000 km) and between populations encompassing a wide range of environmental conditions. By contrast, interactions with workers of other species invariably result in agonistic behaviours. Genetic analyses reveal that populations have low genetic diversity. No genetic differentiation occurs among nests of the same population; differentiation between populations, though significant, remains weak. Chemical analyses indicate that cuticular lipids are similar between colonies of a population, and that differentiation between populations is low. Altogether, these results indicate that the big-headed ant P. megacephala forms a large unicolonial population across northern/eastern Australia.}, }
@article {pmid19184225, year = {2009}, author = {Hagman, M and Shine, R}, title = {Factors influencing responses to alarm pheromone by larvae of invasive cane toads, Bufo marinus.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {265-271}, pmid = {19184225}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Animal Communication ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Bufo marinus/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Habituation, Psychophysiologic ; Larva/physiology ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Population Density ; Temperature ; Water ; }, abstract = {If pheromonal communication systems of invasive species differ from those of native biota, it may be possible to control the invader by exploiting that difference. When injured, the larvae of cane toads, Bufo marinus, an invasive species of major concern in tropical Australia, produce species-specific chemical cues that alert conspecific tadpoles to danger. Repeated exposure to the alarm chemical reduces tadpole survival rates and body sizes at metamorphosis and, thus, could help control toad populations. To evaluate the feasibility of this approach, we need to know how the intensity of toad tadpole response to the alarm chemical is affected by factors such as water temperature, time of day, larval stage and feeding history, geographic origin of the tadpoles, and habituation. Information on these topics may enable us to optimize deployment, so that tadpoles encounter pheromone at the times and places that confer maximum effect. In our studies, tadpole density, nutritional state, larval stage, and geographic origin had little effect on the intensity of the alarm response, but tadpoles reacted most strongly in higher water temperatures and during daylight hours. Repeated, once-daily exposure to pheromone did not induce habituation, but repeated exposure at 15-min intervals did not elicit further responses after 2 h total exposure. The insensitivity of response to most factors tested means that the effectiveness of the pheromone as a control agent should be relatively robust.}, }
@article {pmid19180352, year = {2009}, author = {Dafforn, KA and Johnston, EL and Glasby, TM}, title = {Shallow moving structures promote marine invader dominance.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {277-287}, doi = {10.1080/08927010802710618}, pmid = {19180352}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Construction Materials ; *Ecosystem ; Invertebrates/physiology ; *Marine Biology ; *Motion ; Oceans and Seas ; *Seawater ; Surface Properties ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {Global increases in urban development have resulted in severe habitat modification in many estuaries. Most are now dominated by artificial structures, which might have a myriad of effects on native species. The provision of extra hard substrata presents additional free space, and recent research suggests non-indigenous epifauna may be able to exploit these artificial structures (particularly pontoons) more effectively than native species. The early development of fouling assemblages was compared on settlement plates attached to fixed or moving experimental structures at depths of 0.5 m and 2 m. Invertebrate invaders as a group were disproportionately more numerous on shallow, moving plates (essentially floating surfaces) than on deeper plates, whereas native epifauna were less numerous than invaders in all treatments. Importantly, however, individual invasive species showed differing effects of movement and depth. Future management strategies should take into account the potential for shallow, moving structures to enhance invader dominance and strongly consider using fixed structures to reduce opportunities for invaders.}, }
@article {pmid19178981, year = {2009}, author = {Wilson, JR and Dormontt, EE and Prentis, PJ and Lowe, AJ and Richardson, DM}, title = {Something in the way you move: dispersal pathways affect invasion success.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {136-144}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2008.10.007}, pmid = {19178981}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Genetic Variation ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are caused by human-mediated extra-range dispersal and, unlike natural extra-range dispersal, are often the result of multiple introductions from multiple sources to multiple locations. The processes and opportunities that result in propagules moving from one area to another can be used more broadly to differentiate all types of extra-range dispersal. By examining key properties of dispersal pathways (notably propagule pressure, genetic diversity and the potential for simultaneous movement of coevolved species), the establishment and evolutionary trajectories of extra-range dispersal can be better understood. Moreover, elucidation of the mechanistic properties of dispersal pathways is crucial for scientists and managers who wish to assist, minimise or prevent future movements of organisms.}, }
@article {pmid19175500, year = {2009}, author = {Senn, HV and Pemberton, JM}, title = {Variable extent of hybridization between invasive sika (Cervus nippon) and native red deer (C. elaphus) in a small geographical area.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, pages = {862-876}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04051.x}, pmid = {19175500}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Deer/*genetics ; Female ; Gene Pool ; Genetic Loci/genetics ; Genetic Markers ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Geography ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Inbreeding ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Scotland ; }, abstract = {Instances of hybridization between endemic and alien species pose a threat to species integrity but also provide us with an opportunity to study the dynamics of gene flow between two species as they first meet. Here, we used variation at 22 highly differentiated microsatellite loci and one mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) marker in a sample of 735 individuals, to investigate the genetic consequences of an introduction of Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon) for native red deer (C. elaphus) on the Kintyre Peninsula in Scotland. We investigated population structure, estimated null-allele frequency and assigned individual hybrid scores using a Bayesian clustering algorithm implemented in structure 2.2. The dataset clearly divided into two clusters and generally, introgression into red and sika was low. However at one site, West Loch Awe, 43% of individuals were hybrids. MtDNA introgression indicated that hybridization was occurring between red-deer hinds and sika-deer stags. We argue that the pattern of differential introgression across the study area is primarily due to the rarity of hybridization events between the two species and the limited time the two species have been in contact (< 120 years). This contrasts with the causes of classic mosaic hybrid zones (selection induced by habitat variability). Currently, it seems possible that, in time, the level of hybridization found at West Loch Awe could also be found across the whole of the peninsula.}, }
@article {pmid19171152, year = {2009}, author = {Marais, E and Terblanche, JS and Chown, SL}, title = {Life stage-related differences in hardening and acclimation of thermal tolerance traits in the kelp fly, Paractora dreuxi (Diptera, Helcomyzidae).}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {55}, number = {4}, pages = {336-343}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.11.016}, pmid = {19171152}, issn = {1879-1611}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Animals ; Diptera/*physiology ; Indian Ocean Islands ; Larva/physiology ; Life Cycle Stages/*physiology ; South Africa ; Survival Analysis ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {It is widely appreciated that physiological tolerances differ between life stages. However, few studies have examined stage-related differences in acclimation and hardening. In addition, the behavioural responses involved in determining the form and extent of the short-term phenotypic response are rarely considered. Here, we investigate life stage differences in the acclimation and hardening responses of the survival of a standard heat shock (SHS) and standard low temperature (or cold) shock (SCS), and the crystallization temperature (or supercooling point, SCP) of adults and larvae of the sub-Antarctic kelp fly, Paractora dreuxi. These stages live in the same habitat, but differ substantially in their mobility and thus environmental temperatures experienced. Results showed that neither acclimation nor hardening affected the lower lethal limits in larvae or adults. Adults showed an increase in survival of upper lethal limits after low temperature acclimation, whilst larvae showed a consistent lack of response. The acclimationxhardening interaction significantly affected the SCP in adults, but no response to either acclimation or hardening was found in the larvae. This study further demonstrates the complexities of thermal tolerance responses in P. dreuxi.}, }
@article {pmid19170899, year = {2009}, author = {Vellinga, EC and Wolfe, BE and Pringle, A}, title = {Global patterns of ectomycorrhizal introductions.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {181}, number = {4}, pages = {960-973}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02728.x}, pmid = {19170899}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Ascomycota/physiology ; Basidiomycota/physiology ; Eucalyptus/microbiology ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; Pinus/microbiology ; Trees/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Plants have often been moved across the globe with intact root systems. These roots are likely to have housed symbiotic ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi and the movement of plants may have facilitated the introduction of EM fungi.Here, we report data compiled from a newly created database of EM fungal introductions.We estimate the magnitude of EM fungal introductions around the world and examine patterns associated with these introductions. We also use the data to develop a framework for understanding the invasion biology of EM fungi.At least 200 species of basidiomycete and ascomycete EM fungi have been moved from native ranges to novel habitats. The majority of recorded introductions are associated with Pinus or Eucalyptus plantations in the southern hemisphere. Most introduced species appear to be constrained from spreading in novel habitats and associate only with their introduced hosts. Aspects of life history, including host range, may influence the ability of EM species to establish or invade. Human-caused introductions of EM fungi are a common and global phenomenon.The mechanisms controlling EM fungi in novel habitats and potential impacts of EM fungal introductions are almost entirely unknown.}, }
@article {pmid19170821, year = {2009}, author = {Fernández Iriarte, PJ and Balanyà, J and Pascual, M and Mestres, F and Hasson, ER and Fontdevila, A and Serra, L}, title = {Tracking the origin of an invasive species: Drosophila subobscura in Argentina.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {650-658}, doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01659.x}, pmid = {19170821}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Argentina ; Chromosomes/genetics ; Drosophila/classification/*physiology ; Genes, Lethal/genetics ; Genetics, Population ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are excellent opportunities to study the evolutionary forces leading to the adaptation of a species to a new habitat. Knowledge of the introduction history of colonizing species helps tracking colonizing routes and assists in defining management strategies for invasive species. The Palearctic species Drosophila subobscura is a good model organism for tracking colonizations since it was detected in Chile and western North America three decades ago and later on in the Atlantic coast of Argentina. To unravel the origin of the Argentinean colonizers two populations have been analysed with several genetic markers. Chromosomal arrangements and microsatellite alleles found in Argentina are almost similar to those observed in Chile and USA. The lethal allelism test demonstrates that the lethal gene associated with the O(5) inversions in Argentina is identical to that found in Chile and USA, strongly supporting the hypothesis that all the American colonizing populations originated from the same colonization event. A secondary bottleneck is detected in the Argentinean populations and the genetic markers suggest that these populations originated from the invasion of 80-150 founding individuals from Chile.}, }
@article {pmid19168211, year = {2009}, author = {Olabarria, C and Rodil, IF and Incera, M and Troncoso, JS}, title = {Limited impact of Sargassum muticum on native algal assemblages from rocky intertidal shores.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {67}, number = {3}, pages = {153-158}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.12.007}, pmid = {19168211}, issn = {0141-1136}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/*physiology ; Sargassum/*physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Invasive species represent a serious threat to natural ecosystems through a range of negative effects on native species in the region invaded. The invasive species Sargassum muticum has invaded several temperate regions worldwide including the Galician rocky shoreline (northwestern Spain) in Western Europe. The main aim of this study was to assess if colonization by S. muticum has any effect on native algal assemblages by experimental removal of S. muticum. We predicted that in those plots where S. muticum plants were removed, the structure of native algal assemblages would differ from that in plots where S. muticum plants were untouched. In addition, we predicted that the effect of Sargassum removal would be more important than other causes of variability at the small scale investigated. Results indicated limited impact of S. muticum on native assemblages. The impact was only evident on the total number of native taxa and two understory morpho-functional groups, filamentous and foliose algae, rather than on the entire macroalgal assemblages.}, }
@article {pmid19168068, year = {2009}, author = {Matthee, S and Krasnov, BR}, title = {Searching for generality in the patterns of parasite abundance and distribution: ectoparasites of a South African rodent, Rhabdomys pumilio.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {39}, number = {7}, pages = {781-788}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.12.003}, pmid = {19168068}, issn = {1879-0135}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/classification/*parasitology/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Ectoparasitic Infestations/*epidemiology/veterinary ; Epidemiologic Methods ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Rodent Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Rodentia/parasitology ; South Africa/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {We studied abundance and distribution of seven ectoparasite species (fleas Chiastopsylla rossi and Dynopsyllus ellobius, a louse Polyplax arvicanthis, mites Androlaelaps fahrenholzi and Laelaps giganteus and two ticks Haemaphysalis elliptica and Hyalomma truncatum) exploiting the same populations of the rodent host Rhabdomys pumilio in South Africa. We considered three general patterns of abundance and distribution, namely (i) aggregated distribution of parasites amongst individual hosts; (ii) positive relationships between mean parasite abundance and their prevalence; and (iii) applicability of a simple epidemiological model based on mean parasite abundance and its variance to predict the observed patterns of prevalence. Our aims were to evaluate the relative role of host- versus parasite-associated factors by looking at similarity amongst different parasites in these patterns. In general, all parasites demonstrated strong similarity in each of the three patterns of abundance and distribution. However, the strength of these patterns differed amongst parasite species. We conclude that these patterns are driven mainly by hosts, but differences are caused by differences between various life-history traits of parasite species. Our results support the idea that general laws apply to parasite population ecology.}, }
@article {pmid19161686, year = {2008}, author = {Elkinton, JS and Preisser, E and Boettner, G and Parry, D}, title = {Factors influencing larval survival of the invasive browntail moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in relict North American populations.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {37}, number = {6}, pages = {1429-1437}, doi = {10.1603/0046-225x-37.6.1429}, pmid = {19161686}, issn = {0046-225X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cold Climate ; *Cold Temperature ; *Ecosystem ; Larva ; Moths/*physiology ; New England ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Scant attention has been paid to invasive species whose range and abundance has decreased after an initial range expansion. One such species is the browntail moth Euproctis chrysorrhoea L, which was discovered in the eastern United States in 1897. Its range expanded until 1914; after 1915, however, its range contracted and now it persists in only two isolated coastal locations. Although a biological control agent has been implicated in this range collapse, cold inland winter temperatures may also help to restrict browntail moth populations. We surveyed coastal versus inland habitats in Maine and Massachusetts for browntail moth overwintering mortality and larval density per web. We also performed an experiment assessing these same variables in coastal versus inland habitats on different host plant species and at different initial larval densities. We also analyzed temperature records to assess whether winter temperatures correlated with changes in the invasive range. Overwintering mortality was lower in coastal populations for both the experimental populations and in the Maine field survey. Experimental populations in Cape Cod coastal areas also had lower rates of fall mortality and higher larval densities, suggesting that coastal areas are better year-round habitats than inland areas. There were no consistent differences between coastal and inland populations in their response to larval density or host plant, although overall survival in both areas was higher at low initial larval densities and affected by host identity. There was also no difference in two measures of the coldest winter temperatures during browntail moth's expansion and contraction. Our results show that climate affects browntail moth, but suggest that winter temperatures cannot explain both the rapid expansion and subsequent collapse of this pest.}, }
@article {pmid19160941, year = {2008}, author = {Waisel, Y and Eshel, A and Keynan, N and Langgut, D}, title = {Ambrosia: a new impending disaster for the israeli allergic population.}, journal = {The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {856-857}, pmid = {19160941}, issn = {1565-1088}, mesh = {Ambrosia/*adverse effects/classification/growth &amp; development ; Female ; Humans ; Israel/epidemiology ; Male ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/epidemiology/*etiology ; }, abstract = {The pollen of Ambrosia (ragweed) is one of the major causes of pollen-induced allergy worldwide. This genus of plants has apparently evolved in North America but later spread into Europe and Asia. Flowering of the Ambrosias starts in mid-July and continues throughout the autumn and is a cause of major morbidity to allergic sensitized patients. The invasion of new species of Ambrosia into Israel is still in progress. Plants of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (American short ragweed), Ambrosia trifida (American giant ragweed), Ambrosia confertifolia, Ambrosia grayi and Ambrosia tenuifolia are increasingly found in Israel, mainly in the Hula valley in the eastern Galilee and near the Alexander River in the Sharon plain. From experience it is known that the time it takes to eradicate a new invasive species is limited. Action should be taken immediately or this new invasion will spread and cause a significantly increased burden of morbidity and increased health costs in Israel.}, }
@article {pmid19160479, year = {2008}, author = {Wang, C and Li, C and Li, S}, title = {Mitochondrial DNA-inferred population structure and demographic history of the mitten crab (Eriocheir sensu stricto) found along the coast of mainland China.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {15}, pages = {3515-3527}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03850.x}, pmid = {19160479}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura/classification/*genetics ; China ; Cytochromes c/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Gene Flow ; Geography ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The mitten crab, Eriocheir sensu stricto, is economically important in East Asia, although it is an invasive species in Europe and North America. Little is known about its population structure and historical demography in its native range, especially along the Pacific coast of China. We collected mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit II and cytochrome b sequences from 154 individuals distributed in the rivers along the Chinese coast and 15 individuals from Japan. Phylogenetic analysis resulted in three major monophyletic groups: northern China, southern China and Japan. Negligible migration was detected among those groups by coalescent analysis. Hence, we support the recognition of three species: Eriocheir hepuensis in southern China, Eriocheir sinensis in northern China and Eriocheir japonica in Japan. The populations in the middle (the Oujiang and Minjiang Rivers) possess a mixture of haplotypes similar to either the northern or the southern haplotypes. We believe that secondary intergradation as the most likely cause of the clinal variation based on examining the genetic variation in the latitudinal space. The estimated divergence time between E. sinensis and E. hepuensis is 2.24 million years ago (Ma), while the divergence time between E. japonica and E. sinensis is 1.83 Ma. Both are in the late Pliocene, suggesting that land bridges associated with low sea level during that time might have severed as vicariant barriers for speciation. The divergence of the northern population and the 'northern haplotypes' in the middle population was estimated at 0.12 Ma, while the time separating the southern population and the 'southern haplotypes' in the middle populations was estimated as 0.16 Ma, implicating possible secondary contact in the late Pleistocene.}, }
@article {pmid19156442, year = {2009}, author = {Rius, M and Turon, X and Marshall, DJ}, title = {Non-lethal effects of an invasive species in the marine environment: the importance of early life-history stages.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {159}, number = {4}, pages = {873-882}, pmid = {19156442}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Marine Biology ; Population Dynamics ; Queensland ; Reproduction/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Spermatozoa/physiology ; Survival Analysis ; Urochordata/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Studies examining the effects of invasive species have focussed traditionally on the direct/lethal effects of the invasive on the native community but there is a growing recognition that invasive species may also have non-lethal effects. In terrestrial systems, non-lethal effects of invasive species can disrupt early life-history phases (such as fertilisation, dispersal and subsequent establishment) of native species, but in the marine environment most studies focus on adult rather than early life-history stages. Here, we examine the potential for an introduced sessile marine invertebrate (Styela plicata) to exert both lethal and non-lethal effects on a native species (Microcosmus squamiger) across multiple early life-history stages. We determined whether sperm from the invasive species interfered with the fertilisation of eggs from the native species and found no effect. However, we did find strong effects of the invasive species on the post-fertilisation performance of the native species. The invasive species inhibited the settlement of native larvae and, in the field, the presence of the invasive species was associated with a ten-fold increase in the post-settlement mortality of the native species, as well as an initial reduction of growth in the native. Our results suggest that larvae of the native species avoid settling near the invasive species due to reduced post-settlement survival in its presence. Overall, we found that invasive species can have complex and pervasive effects (both lethal and non-lethal) across the early life-history stages of the native species, which are likely to result in its displacement and to facilitate further invasion.}, }
@article {pmid19153813, year = {2009}, author = {Migeon, A and Ferragut, F and Escudero-Colomar, LA and Fiaboe, K and Knapp, M and de Moraes, GJ and Ueckermann, E and Navajas, M}, title = {Modelling the potential distribution of the invasive tomato red spider mite, Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae).}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {48}, number = {3}, pages = {199-212}, pmid = {19153813}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Africa ; Animals ; Climate ; Geography ; Mediterranean Region ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Software ; Tetranychidae/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Weather ; }, abstract = {Predicting the potential geographical distribution of a species is particularly important for pests with strong invasive abilities. Tetranychus evansi Baker &amp; Pritchard, possibly native to South America, is a spider mite pest of solanaceous crops. This mite is considered an invasive species in Africa and Europe. A CLIMEX model was developed to predict its global distribution. The model results fitted the known records of T. evansi except for some records in dry locations. Dryness as well as excess moisture stresses play important roles in limiting the spread of the mite in the tropics. In North America and Eurasia its potential distribution appears to be essentially limited by cold stress. Detailed potential distribution maps are provided for T. evansi in the Mediterranean Basin and in Japan. These two regions correspond to climatic borders for the species. Mite establishment in these areas can be explained by their relatively mild winters. The Mediterranean region is also the main area where tomato is grown in open fields in Europe and where the pest represents a threat. According to the model, the whole Mediterranean region has the potential to be extensively colonized by the mite. Wide expansion of the mite to new areas in Africa is also predicted. Agricultural issues highlighted by the modelled distribution of the pest are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid19153796, year = {2009}, author = {Duke, SO and Blair, AC and Dayan, FE and Johnson, RD and Meepagala, KM and Cook, D and Bajsa, J}, title = {Is (-)-catechin a novel weapon of spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe)?.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {141-153}, pmid = {19153796}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {Antioxidants/chemistry/pharmacology/*toxicity ; Catechin/chemistry/pharmacology/*toxicity ; Centaurea/*chemistry ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; Ecosystem ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Poaceae/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The novel weapons hypothesis states that some invasive weed species owe part of their success as invaders to allelopathy mediated by allelochemicals that are new to the native species. Presumably, no resistance has evolved among the native species to this new allelochemical (i.e., the novel weapon). In their native habitat, however, the plants that co-evolved with these invasive species have theoretically evolved defenses that obviate the allelochemical advantage. Previous studies have claimed that catechin is such a novel weapon of spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe = C. maculosa), an invasive species in the non-native habitat of North America. These studies indicated that (-)-catechin is more phytotoxic than (+)-catechin. Other studies have not found sufficient catechin in field soils to support this theory. We report that (-)-catechin and (+)-catechin are essentially equal, but poorly phytotoxic to a variety of plant species in bioassays without soil. In a dose/response experiment with Montana soils, we found the lowest dose for a growth reduction of two native Montana grasses (Koeleria macrantha and Festuca idahoensis) by a racemic mixture of (+/-)-catechin that ranged from about 25 to 50 mM, concentrations, orders of magnitude higher than expected in nature. Autoclaving the soil before adding the catechin did not affect the activity of catechin. We found (-)-catechin to be a potent antioxidant, in contrast to a previous claim that it acts as an allelochemical by causing oxidative stress. Our findings suggest that catechin is not a novel weapon of spotted knapweed and that other allelochemical(s) or alternative mechanisms must be found to explain the success of this species as an invader in North America.}, }
@article {pmid19153768, year = {2009}, author = {Kandori, I and Hirao, T and Matsunaga, S and Kurosaki, T}, title = {An invasive dandelion unilaterally reduces the reproduction of a native congener through competition for pollination.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {159}, number = {3}, pages = {559-569}, pmid = {19153768}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Pollination ; Reproduction ; Taraxacum/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The impact of invasive alien species on native species is of increasing global concern. Invasive plants have various negative effects on natives through competition; however, relatively little is known about competition for pollination. The relationship between Japanese native dandelions (Taraxacum spp.) and invasive congeners may be a typical case of such an interaction. For example, native dandelions are being replaced by invasive congeners, especially in urban and suburban areas of Japan. To explain this phenomenon, we hypothesized that when natives are mixed with attractive invasives, natives may suffer from reduced seed set because invasives deprive natives of pollinators or because pollinators frequently move between species, resulting in interspecific pollen transfer. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effect of the invasive dandelion T. officinale on the pollination and seed set of the native T. japonicum using artificial arrays of monospecific and mixed-species plots as well as natural populations. Taraxacum officinale attracted more pollinator visits, perhaps because it produced more nectar than T. japonicum. The number of pollinator visits to T. japonicum was reduced when the congeners were grown together, and pollinators moved frequently between the two species. The proportion of seed set for T. japonicum was reduced in the presence of T. officinale in both artificial arrays and natural populations. These results support our hypothesis that interspecific competition for pollination plays an important role in the recent replacement of native dandelions by invasive congeners in Japan. Because invasive dandelions are apomicts, negative effects are incurred only by sexual natives. Thus, this system can be recognized as a rare case of interspecific interaction through pollination.}, }
@article {pmid19152088, year = {2009}, author = {Wan, F and Zhang, G and Liu, S and Luo, C and Chu, D and Zhang, Y and Zang, L and Jiu, M and Lü, Z and Cui, X and Zhang, L and Zhang, F and Zhang, Q and Liu, W and Liang, P and Lei, Z and Zhang, Y}, title = {Invasive mechanism and management strategy of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B: progress report of 973 Program on invasive alien species in China.}, journal = {Science in China. Series C, Life sciences}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {88-95}, doi = {10.1007/s11427-008-0135-4}, pmid = {19152088}, issn = {1006-9305}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; China ; Hemiptera/classification/*genetics/*physiology ; *Insect Control ; }, abstract = {Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B, called a "superbug", is one of the most harmful biotypes of this species complex worldwide. In this report, the invasive mechanism and management of B. tabaci biotype B, based on our 5-year studies, are presented. Six B. tabaci biotypes, B, Q, ZHJ1, ZHJ2, ZHJ3 and FJ1, have been identified in China. Biotype B dominates the other biotypes in many regions of the country. Genetic diversity in biotype B might be induced by host plant, geographical conditions, and/or insecticidal application. The activities of CarE (carboxylesterase) and GSTs (glutathione-S-transferase) in biotype B reared on cucumber and squash were greater than on other host plants, which might have increased its resistance to insecticides. The higher activities of detoxification enzymes in biotype B might be induced by the secondary metabolites in host plants. Higher adaptive ability of biotype B adults to adverse conditions might be linked to the expression of heat shock protein genes. The indigenous B. tabaci biotypes were displaced by the biotype B within 225 d. The asymmetric mating interactions and mutualism between biotype B and begomoviruses via its host plants speed up widespread invasion and displacement of other biotypes. B. tabaci biotype B displaced Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) after 4-7 generations under glasshouse conditions. Greater adaptive ability of the biotype B to adverse conditions and its rapid population increase might be the reasons of its successful displacement of T. vaporariorum. Greater ability of the biotype B to switch to different host plants may enrich its host plants, which might enable it to better compete with T. vaporariorum. Native predatory natural enemies possess greater ability to suppress B. tabaci under field conditions. The kairomones in the 3rd and 4th instars of biotype B may provide an important stimulus in host searching and location by its parasitoids. The present results provide useful information in explaining the mechanisms of genetic diversity, evolution and molecular eco-adaptation of biotype B. Furthermore, it provides a base for sustainable management of B. tabaci using biological and ecological measures.}, }
@article {pmid19143826, year = {2009}, author = {Latimer, AM and Banerjee, S and Sang, H and Mosher, ES and Silander, JA}, title = {Hierarchical models facilitate spatial analysis of large data sets: a case study on invasive plant species in the northeastern United States.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {144-154}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01270.x}, pmid = {19143826}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; Berberis/physiology ; Celastrus/*physiology ; Euonymus/physiology ; *Models, Theoretical ; New England ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Rosa/physiology ; }, abstract = {Many critical ecological issues require the analysis of large spatial point data sets - for example, modelling species distributions, abundance and spread from survey data. But modelling spatial relationships, especially in large point data sets, presents major computational challenges. We use a novel Bayesian hierarchical statistical approach, 'spatial predictive process' modelling, to predict the distribution of a major invasive plant species, Celastrus orbiculatus, in the northeastern USA. The model runs orders of magnitude faster than traditional geostatistical models on a large data set of c. 4000 points, and performs better than generalized linear models, generalized additive models and geographically weighted regression in cross-validation. We also use this approach to model simultaneously the distributions of a set of four major invasive species in a spatially explicit multivariate model. This multispecies analysis demonstrates that some pairs of species exhibit negative residual spatial covariation, suggesting potential competitive interaction or divergent responses to unmeasured factors.}, }
@article {pmid19140431, year = {2008}, author = {Mezhzherin, SV and Vlasenko, RP and Garbar, AV}, title = {[Genetic structure and peculiarities of earthworms Aporrectodea (superspecies) caliginosa (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) complex on the territory of Ukraine].}, journal = {TSitologiia i genetika}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {50-57}, pmid = {19140431}, issn = {0564-3783}, mesh = {Animals ; Chromosomes/genetics ; *Diploidy ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Heterozygote ; Karyotyping ; Oligochaeta/enzymology/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Polyploidy ; Quantitative Trait Loci/*genetics ; Ukraine ; }, abstract = {The investigation of genetic structure of Aporrectodea caliginosa--A. trapezoides diploid--polyploid complex on the territory of Ukraine has been done both with biochemical gene marking of 6 loci (Aat, Es-1,-2,-3, -4, Mdh) and karyotyping. All 646 individuals of 21 samples were analyzed on the biochemical gene level. Karyotype preparations were received from 70 specimens. As a result diploid amphimictic A. caliginosa individuals (2n = 36) forming panmictic populations and triploid (2n = 54) A. trapezoides ones represented by 20 supposed clones were clearly differentiated in 157 specimens. A clear tendency of triploid form domination in the steppe zone of Ukraine where they form 70% in comparison to 12% of all A. (superspecies) caliginosa in the northern forest regions was detected. Taking into account the constant heterozygosity of the investigated loci and chromosome reaction in meiosis, the clone forms are allotriploids formed as a result of close species hybridization, but according to allele pools the amphimictic species living in Ukraine is absent. It means that either apomictic clones of A. trapezoides are not of the local origin and their appearance in the fauna of Ukraine is the result of earthworm introduction into the arid steppe regions or amphimictic A. caliginosa is an invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid19128322, year = {2009}, author = {Heleno, RH and Ceia, RS and Ramos, JA and Memmott, J}, title = {Effects of alien plants on insect abundance and biomass: a food-web approach.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {410-419}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01129.x}, pmid = {19128322}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Food Chain ; Insecta/*physiology ; Plants/*classification ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The replacement of native plants by alien species is likely to affect other trophic levels, particularly phytophagous insects. Nevertheless, the effect of alien plants on insect biomass has not yet been quantified. Given their critical role in transferring energy from plants to higher trophic levels, if alien plants do affect insect biomass, this could have far-reaching consequences for community structure. We used 35 food webs to evaluate the impacts of alien plants on insect productivity in a native forest in the Azores. Our food webs quantified plants, insect herbivores, and their parasitoids, which allowed us to test the effects of alien plants on species richness and evenness, insect abundance, insect biomass, and food-web structure. Species richness of plants and insects, along with plant species evenness, declined as the level of plant invasion increased. Nevertheless, none of the 4 quantitative food-web descriptors (number of links, link density, connectance, and interaction evenness) varied significantly with plant invasion independent of the size of the food web. Overall, insect abundance was not significantly affected by alien plants, but insect biomass was significantly reduced. This effect was due to the replacement of large insects on native plants with small insects on alien plants. Furthermore, the impact of alien plants was sufficiently severe to invert the otherwise expected pattern of species-richness decline with increased elevation. We predict a decrease in insect productivity by over 67% if conservation efforts fail to halt the invasion of alien plants in the Azores.}, }
@article {pmid19121037, year = {2009}, author = {Tharayil, N and Bhowmik, P and Alpert, P and Walker, E and Amarasiriwardena, D and Xing, B}, title = {Dual purpose secondary compounds: phytotoxin of Centaurea diffusa also facilitates nutrient uptake.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {181}, number = {2}, pages = {424-434}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02647.x}, pmid = {19121037}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Biological Transport/physiology ; Centaurea/*metabolism ; Hydroxyquinolines/*metabolism ; Iron Deficiencies ; Phosphorus/deficiency ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Toxins, Biological/*pharmacokinetics ; }, abstract = {Traits that allow more efficient foraging for a deficient resource could increase the competitiveness of a species in resource-poor habitats. Considering the metal-nutrient mobilization ability of many allelochemicals, it is hypothesized that, along with the reported toxic effect on the neighbors, these compounds could be directly involved in resource acquisition by the allelopathic plant. Using nutrient manipulation treatments in hydroponic culture, this hypothesis was tested using Centaurea diffusa, an invasive species that produces the putative phytotoxin 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ). The exudation of 8HQ by C. diffusa was very limited and transient. It was further shown that: C. diffusa utilizes 8HQ for its own acquisition of iron, a nutrient deficient in many of its alkaline, invaded habitats; there possibly exists a unique mechanism for the uptake of the 8HQ-complexed iron (Fe) in C. diffusa, which is novel to the nongraminaceous species; although phytotoxic at very low concentrations, the toxic effect of 8HQ showed a conditional response in the presence of metals, and was significantly reduced when 8HQ was complexed with copper (Cu) and Fe. This study, in addition to elucidating one of the possible adaptive mechanisms conferring competitive advantage to C. diffusa, also outlines measures to negate the phytotoxicity of its putative allelochemical. The results indicate that the exudation of 8HQ by C. diffusa could be primarily for nutrient acquisition.}, }
@article {pmid19120985, year = {2008}, author = {Tzika, AC and Rosa, SF and Fabiani, A and Snell, HL and Snell, HM and Marquez, C and Tapia, W and Rassmann, K and Gentile, G and Milinkovitch, MC}, title = {Population genetics of Galápagos land iguana (genus Conolophus) remnant populations.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {23}, pages = {4943-4952}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03967.x}, pmid = {19120985}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Cluster Analysis ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecuador ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Iguanas/*genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The Galápagos land iguanas (genus Conolophus) have faced significant anthropogenic disturbances since the 17th century, leading to severe reduction of some populations and the extinction of others. Conservation activities, including the repatriation of captive-bred animals to depleted areas, have been ongoing since the late 1970s, but genetic information has not been extensively incorporated. Here we use nine species-specific microsatellite loci of 703 land iguanas from the six islands where the species occur today to characterize the genetic diversity within, and the levels of genetic differentiation among, current populations as well as test previous hypotheses about accidental translocations associated with early conservation efforts. Our analyses indicate that (i) five populations of iguanas represent distinct conservation units (one of them being the recently discovered rosada form) and could warrant species status, (ii) some individuals from North Seymour previously assumed to be from the natural Baltra population appear related to both Isabela and Santa Cruz populations, and (iii) the five different management units exhibit considerably different levels of intrapopulation genetic diversity, with the Plaza Sur and Santa Fe populations particularly low. Although the initial captive breeding programmes, coupled with intensive efforts to eradicate introduced species, saved several land iguana populations from extinction, our molecular results provide objective data for improving continuing in situ species survival plans and population management for this spectacular and emblematic reptile.}, }
@article {pmid19099032, year = {2008}, author = {Vora, N}, title = {Impact of anthropogenic environmental alterations on vector-borne diseases.}, journal = {Medscape journal of medicine}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {238}, pmid = {19099032}, issn = {1934-1997}, mesh = {Animals ; Communicable Diseases/*epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Disease Reservoirs/*parasitology ; *Disease Vectors ; Environment ; Humans ; Internationality ; Population Surveillance/*methods ; }, abstract = {The spread of infectious vector-borne diseases involves at least 3 organisms: a parasite, a vector, and a host. Alterations to the natural environment may change the context within which these entities interact, thus potentially affecting vector-borne disease epidemiology. In this review, examples are presented in which human-driven ecological changes may be contributing to the spread of vector-borne diseases. Such changes include deforestation, agriculture and animal husbandry, water control projects, urbanization, loss of biodiversity, introduction of alien species, and climate change. The global environment is currently being degraded at an alarming pace, potentially placing human populations at increasing risk for unnecessary and preventable outbreaks of vector-borne diseases. Further research is needed to improve our ability to predict and prevent emergence and reemergence of vector-borne diseases from environmental alterations.}, }
@article {pmid19086291, year = {2008}, author = {Blumenthal, D and Chimner, RA and Welker, JM and Morgan, JA}, title = {Increased snow facilitates plant invasion in mixedgrass prairie.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {179}, number = {2}, pages = {440-448}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02475.x}, pmid = {19086291}, issn = {0028-646X}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Poaceae/*physiology ; *Snow ; Soil/analysis ; Water/chemistry ; Wyoming ; }, abstract = {Although global change is known to influence plant invasion, little is known about interactions between altered precipitation and invasion. In the North American mixedgrass prairie, invasive species are often abundant in wet and nitrogen (N)-rich areas, suggesting that predicted changes in precipitation and N deposition could exacerbate invasion. Here, this possibility was tested by seeding six invasive species into experimental plots of mixedgrass prairie treated with a factorial combination of increased snow, summer irrigation, and N addition. Without added snow, seeded invasive species were rarely observed. Snow addition increased average above-ground biomass of Centaurea diffusa from 0.026 to 66 g m(-2), of Gypsophila paniculata from 0.1 to 7.3 g m(-2), and of Linaria dalmatica from 5 to 101 g m(-2). Given added snow, summer irrigation increased the density of G. paniculata, and N addition increased the density and biomass of L. dalmatica. Plant density responses mirrored those of plant biomass, indicating that increases in biomass resulted, in part, from increases in recruitment. In contrast to seeded invasive species, resident species did not respond to snow addition. These results suggest that increases in snowfall or variability of snowfall may exacerbate forb invasion in the mixedgrass prairie.}, }
@article {pmid19084257, year = {2009}, author = {Kokociński, M and Dziga, D and Spoof, L and Stefaniak, K and Jurczak, T and Mankiewicz-Boczek, J and Meriluoto, J}, title = {First report of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin in the shallow, eutrophic lakes of western Poland.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {74}, number = {5}, pages = {669-675}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.027}, pmid = {19084257}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Alkaloids ; Aphanizomenon/metabolism ; Bacterial Toxins/*isolation &amp; purification ; Cyanobacteria Toxins ; Cylindrospermopsis/metabolism ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fresh Water/chemistry/*microbiology ; Marine Toxins/*isolation &amp; purification ; Microcystins/*isolation &amp; purification ; Phytoplankton/metabolism ; Poland ; Uracil/*analogs &amp; derivatives/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Cyanobacterial dominance in eutrophic lakes causes water quality problems due to the production of toxins harmful to humans and animals, as well as a number of odorous compounds. Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a potent cytotoxic cyanobacterial metabolite involved in triggering illness in humans. The occurrence of CYN has been mostly associated with tropical and subtropical cyanobacteria. We analyzed CYN concentration and phytoplankton assemblages of three lakes located in western Poland during the summers of 2006 and 2007. CYN was detected in 46% of our samples using the HPLC and LC-MS/MS methods. CYN concentrations were in the range of 0.16-1.8 microg L(-1) and exceeded the drinking water guideline value of 1 microgL(-1) in two samples. This is the first report of CYN occurrence in this part of Europe and provides further evidence that this toxin is common not only in subtropical and tropical regions. The lakes were dominated by Planktothrix agardhii but the occurrence of the CYN investigated here might be associated with the invasive species Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and/or native Aphanizomenon gracile.}, }
@article {pmid19064909, year = {2008}, author = {King, JR and Tschinkel, WR}, title = {Experimental evidence that human impacts drive fire ant invasions and ecological change.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {105}, number = {51}, pages = {20339-20343}, pmid = {19064909}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are often closely associated with human impacts and it is difficult to determine whether either or both are responsible for the negative impacts on native communities. Here, we show that human activity, not biological invasion, is the primary driver of negative effects on native communities and of the process of invasion itself. In a large-scale experiment, we combined additions of the exotic fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, with 2 disturbance treatments, mowing and plowing, in a fully crossed factorial design. Results indicate that plowing, in the absence of fire ants, greatly diminished total native ant abundance and diversity, whereas fire ants, even in the absence of disturbance, diminished some, but not all, native ant abundance and diversity. Transplanted fire ant colonies were favored by disturbance. In the absence of disturbance and on their own, fire ants do not invade the forest habitats of native ants. Our results demonstrate that fire ants are "passengers" rather than "drivers" of ecological change. We propose that fire ants may be representative of other invasive species that would be better described as disturbance specialists. Current pest management and conservation strategies should be reassessed to better account for the central role of human impacts in the process of biological invasion.}, }
@article {pmid19063758, year = {2009}, author = {Sequeira, RV and Shields, A and Moore, A and De Barro, P}, title = {Inter-seasonal population dynamics and pest status of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B in an Australian cropping system.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {99}, number = {4}, pages = {325-335}, doi = {10.1017/S000748530800638X}, pmid = {19063758}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Crops, Agricultural/*parasitology ; *Demography ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; Nymph/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Queensland ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {Bemisia tabaci, biotype B, commonly known as the silverleaf whitefly (SLW) is an alien species that invaded Australia in the mid-90s. This paper reports on the invasion ecology of SLW and the factors that are likely to have contributed to the first outbreak of this major pest in an Australian cotton cropping system. Population dynamics of SLW within whitefly-susceptible crop (cotton and cucurbit) and non-crop vegetation (sowthistle, Sonchus spp.) components of the cropping system were investigated over four consecutive growing seasons (September-June) 2001/02-2004/05 in the Emerald Irrigation Area (EIA) of Queensland, Australia. Based on fixed geo-referenced sampling sites, variation in spatial and temporal abundance of SLW within each system component was quantified to provide baseline data for the development of ecologically sustainable pest management strategies. Parasitism of large (3rd and 4th instars) SLW nymphs by native aphelinid wasps was quantified to determine the potential for natural control of SLW populations. Following the initial outbreak in 2001/02, SLW abundance declined and stabilised over the next three seasons. The population dynamics of SLW is characterised by inter-seasonal population cycling between the non-crop (weed) and cotton components of the EIA cropping system. Cotton was the largest sink for and source of SLW during the study period. Over-wintering populations dispersed from weed host plant sources to cotton in spring followed by a reverse dispersal in late summer and autumn to broad-leaved crops and weeds. A basic spatial source-sink analysis showed that SLW adult and nymph densities were higher in cotton fields that were closer to over-wintering weed sources throughout spring than in fields that were further away. Cucurbit fields were not significant sources of SLW and did not appear to contribute significantly to the regional population dynamics of the pest. Substantial parasitism of nymphal stages throughout the study period indicates that native parasitoid species and other natural enemies are important sources of SLW mortality in Australian cotton production systems. Weather conditions and use of broad-spectrum insecticides for pest control are implicated in the initial outbreak and on-going pest status of SLW in the region.}, }
@article {pmid19061036, year = {2008}, author = {Fusari, LM and Roque, FO and Hamada, N}, title = {Sponge-dwelling chironomids in the upper Paraná river (Brazil): little known but potentially threatened species.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {37}, number = {5}, pages = {522-527}, doi = {10.1590/s1519-566x2008000500004}, pmid = {19061036}, issn = {1519-566X}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Chironomidae/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Fresh Water ; Larva ; Male ; Porifera/*parasitology ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {In this paper, we provide a checklist of chironomids living in freshwater sponges in the upper Paraná River (Brazil) and we call attention to the problem of complete substitution of extensive areas covered by freshwater sponges by banks of the invasive alien species Limnoperna fortunei (golden mussel). We describe a new species of Oukuriella based on male adults and also describe an unusual larva of Chironomidae that probably belongs to the Stenochironomus complex.}, }
@article {pmid19040651, year = {2009}, author = {Arroyo-Rodríguez, V and Pineda, E and Escobar, F and Benítez-Malvido, J}, title = {Value of small patches in the conservation of plant-species diversity in highly fragmented rainforest.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {729-739}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01120.x}, pmid = {19040651}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Demography ; Mexico ; *Plants ; Population Density ; Regression Analysis ; Species Specificity ; *Trees ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {We evaluated the importance of small (<5 ha) forest patches for the conservation of regional plant diversity in the tropical rainforest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. We analyzed the density of plant species (number of species per 0.1 ha) in 45 forest patches of different sizes (1-700 ha) in 3 landscapes with different deforestation levels (4, 11, and 24% forest cover). Most of the 364 species sampled (360 species, 99%) were native to the region, and only 4 (1%) were human-introduced species. Species density in the smallest patches was high and variable; the highest (84 species) and lowest (23 species) number of species were recorded in patches of up to 1.8 ha. Despite the small size of these patches, they contained diverse communities of native plants, including endangered and economically important species. The relationship between species density and area was significantly different among the landscapes, with a significant positive slope only in the landscape with the highest deforestation level. This indicates that species density in a patch of a given size may vary among landscapes that have different deforestation levels. Therefore, the conservation value of a patch depends on the total forest cover remaining in the landscape. Our findings revealed, however, that a great portion of regional plant diversity was located in very small forest patches (<5 ha), most of the species were restricted to only a few patches (41% of the species sampled were distributed in only 1-2 patches, and almost 70% were distributed in 5 patches) and each landscape conserved a unique plant assemblage. The conservation and restoration of small patches is therefore necessary to effectively preserve the plant diversity of this strongly deforested and unique Neotropical region.}, }
@article {pmid19040456, year = {2009}, author = {Elliott, GN and Chou, JH and Chen, WM and Bloemberg, GV and Bontemps, C and Martínez-Romero, E and Velázquez, E and Young, JP and Sprent, JI and James, EK}, title = {Burkholderia spp. are the most competitive symbionts of Mimosa, particularly under N-limited conditions.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {762-778}, doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01799.x}, pmid = {19040456}, issn = {1462-2920}, mesh = {Alphaproteobacteria/classification/growth &amp; development/*isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Betaproteobacteria/classification/growth &amp; development/*isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics ; Genes, rRNA ; Mexico ; Mimosa/*microbiology ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Papua New Guinea ; Phylogeny ; Puerto Rico ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; *Symbiosis ; Taiwan ; }, abstract = {Bacteria isolated from Mimosa nodules in Taiwan, Papua New Guinea, Mexico and Puerto Rico were identified as belonging to either the alpha- or beta-proteobacteria. The beta-proteobacterial Burkholderia and Cupriavidus strains formed effective symbioses with the common invasive species Mimosa diplotricha, M. pigra and M. pudica, but the alpha-proteobacterial Rhizobium etli and R. tropici strains produced a range of symbiotic phenotypes from no nodulation through ineffective to effective nodulation, depending on Mimosa species. Competition studies were performed between three of the alpha-proteobacteria (R. etli TJ167, R. tropici NGR181 and UPRM8021) and two of the beta-rhizobial symbionts (Burkholderia mimosarum PAS44 and Cupriavidus taiwanensis LMG19424) for nodulation of these invasive Mimosa species. Under flooded conditions, B. mimosarum PAS44 out-competed LMG19424 and all three alpha-proteobacteria to the point of exclusion. This advantage was not explained by initial inoculum levels, rates of bacterial growth, rhizobia-rhizobia growth inhibition or individual nodulation rate. However, the competitive domination of PAS44 over LMG19424 was reduced in the presence of nitrate for all three plant hosts. The largest significant effect was for M. pudica, in which LMG19424 formed 57% of the nodules in the presence of 0.5 mM potassium nitrate. In this host, ammonium also had a similar, but lesser, effect. Comparable results were also found using an N-containing soil mixture, and environmental N levels are therefore suggested as a factor in the competitive success of the bacterial symbiont in vivo.}, }
@article {pmid19034562, year = {2009}, author = {Vaghti, MG and Holyoak, M and Williams, A and Talley, TS and Fremier, AK and Greco, SE}, title = {Understanding the ecology of blue elderberry to inform landscape restoration in semiarid river corridors.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {43}, number = {1}, pages = {28-37}, pmid = {19034562}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Rivers ; Sambucus/*physiology ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {Societal constraints often limit full process restoration in large river systems, making local rehabilitation activities valuable for regeneration of riparian vegetation. A target of much mitigation and restoration is the federally threatened Valley elderberry longhorn beetle and its sole host plant, blue elderberry, in upper riparian floodplain environments. However, blue elderberry ecology is not well understood and restoration attempts typically have low success rates. We determined broad-scale habitat characteristics of elderberry in altered systems and examined associated plant species composition in remnant habitat. We quantified vegetation community composition in 139 remnant riparian forest patches along the Sacramento River and elderberry stem diameters along this and four adjacent rivers. The greatest proportion of plots containing elderberry was located on higher and older floodplain surfaces and in riparian woodlands dominated by black walnut. Blue elderberry saplings and shrubs with stems <5.0 cm in diameter were rare, suggesting a lack of recruitment. A complex suite of vegetation was associated with blue elderberry, including several invasive species which are potentially outcompeting seedlings for light, water, or other resources. Such lack of recruitment places increased importance on horticultural restoration for the survival of an imperiled species. These findings further indicate a need to ascertain whether intervention is necessary to maintain functional and diverse riparian woodlands, and a need to monitor vegetative species composition over time, especially in relation to flow regulation.}, }
@article {pmid19034526, year = {2009}, author = {Monty, A and Mahy, G}, title = {Clinal differentiation during invasion: Senecio inaequidens (Asteraceae) along altitudinal gradients in Europe.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {159}, number = {2}, pages = {305-315}, pmid = {19034526}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {*Altitude ; Asteraceae/*physiology ; Europe ; }, abstract = {The dynamics of plant population differentiation may be integral in predicting aspects of introduced species invasion. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that European populations of Senecio inaequidens (Asteraceae), an invasive species with South African origins, differentiated during migration from two independent introduction sites into divergent altitudinal and climatic zones. We carried out 2 years of common garden experiments with eight populations sampled from Belgian and ten populations from French altitudinal transects. The Belgian transect followed a temperature and precipitation gradient. A temperature and summer drought gradient characterized the French transect. We evaluated differentiation and clinal variation in plants germinated from field-collected seed using the following traits: days to germination, days to flowering, height at maturity, final plant height and aboveground biomass. Results showed that S. inaequidens populations differentiated in growth traits during invasion. During the 1st year of sampling, the results indicated clinal variation for growth traits along both the Belgium and French altitudinal transects. Data from the 2nd year of study demonstrated that with increasing altitude, a reduction in three growth traits, including plant height at maturity, final plant height and aboveground biomass, was detected along the French transect, but no longer along the Belgian one. Phenological traits did not exhibit a clear clinal variation along altitudinal transects. The possible evolutionary causes for the observed differentiation are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid19033284, year = {2009}, author = {Godoy, O and Richardson, DM and Valladares, F and Castro-Díez, P}, title = {Flowering phenology of invasive alien plant species compared with native species in three Mediterranean-type ecosystems.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {103}, number = {3}, pages = {485-494}, pmid = {19033284}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Climate ; Flowers/*physiology ; Geography ; Mediterranean Region ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Pollination ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Flowering phenology is a potentially important component of success of alien species, since elevated fecundity may enhance invasiveness. The flowering patterns of invasive alien plant species and related natives were studied in three regions with Mediterranean-type climate: California, Spain and South Africa's Cape region.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 227 invasive-native pairs were compared for seven character types across the regions, with each pair selected on the basis that they shared the same habitat type within a region, had a common growth form and pollination type, and belonged to the same family or genus.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Invasive alien plant species have different patterns of flowering phenology from native species in the three regions. Whether the alien species flower earlier, later or at the same time as natives depends on the climatic regime in the native range of the aliens and the proportion of species in the invasive floras originating from different regions. Species invading at least two of the regions displayed the same flowering pattern, showing that flowering phenology is a conservative trait. Invasive species with native ranges in temperate climates flower earlier than natives, those from Mediterranean-type climates at the same time, and species from tropical climates flower later. In California, where the proportion of invaders from the Mediterranean Basin is high, the flowering pattern did not differ between invasive and native species, whereas in Spain the high proportion of tropical species results in a later flowering than natives, and in the Cape region early flowering than natives was the result of a high proportion of temperate invaders.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Observed patterns are due to the human-induced sympatry of species with different evolutionary histories whose flowering phenology evolved under different climatic regimes. The severity of the main abiotic filters imposed by the invaded regions (e.g. summer drought) has not been strong enough (yet) to shift the flowering pattern of invasive species to correspond with that of native relatives. It does, however, determine the length of the flowering season and the type of habitat invaded by summer-flowering aliens. Results suggest different implications for impacts at evolutionary time scales among the three regions.}, }
@article {pmid19023599, year = {2009}, author = {Kaufman, LV and Wright, MG}, title = {The impact of exotic parasitoids on populations of a native Hawaiian moth assessed using life table studies.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {159}, number = {2}, pages = {295-304}, pmid = {19023599}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Hawaii ; Larva/parasitology ; Mortality ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Pest Control, Biological ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The impact of alien species on native organisms is a cause for concern worldwide, with biological invasions commonplace today. Suppression efforts targeting many invasive species have included introductions of biological control agents. The numerous releases of biological control agents in the Hawaiian archipelago have resulted in considerable concern for non-target impacts, due to high levels of non-target parasitism observed to occur in some cases. This study investigated the impact of introduced Hymenoptera parasitoids on a Hawaiian moth. The endemic Hawaiian moth Udea stellata (Butler) has seven alien parasitoids associated with it, two purposely introduced, three adventive, and two of uncertain origin. The objective of this study was to determine the relative contribution of the seven parasitoid species to the population dynamics of U. stellata by constructing partial life tables. Marginal attack rates and associated k-values were calculated to allow comparison of mortality factors between experimental sites. Sentinel larvae were deployed on potted host plants and left in the field for 3-day intervals in open and exclusion treatments. The factors that contributed to total mortality in the open treatment were: disappearance (42.1%), death due to unknown reasons during rearing (16.5%) and parasitism (4.9%). The open treatment incurred significantly higher larval disappearance compared to the exclusion treatment (7.8%), which suggests that in large part disappearance is the result of predation. Adventive parasitoids inflicted greater total larval mortality attributable to parasitism (97.0%) than purposely introduced species (3.0%).}, }
@article {pmid19023075, year = {2008}, author = {van Leeuwen, JF and Froyd, CA and van der Knaap, WO and Coffey, EE and Tye, A and Willis, KJ}, title = {Fossil pollen as a guide to conservation in the Galapagos.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {322}, number = {5905}, pages = {1206}, doi = {10.1126/science.1163454}, pmid = {19023075}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology/methods ; Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; *Fossils ; Humans ; Magnoliopsida ; *Pollen ; }, abstract = {Paleoecological evidence from the past 8000 years in the Galápagos Islands shows that six presumed introduced or doubtfully native species (Ageratum conyzoides, Borreria laevis/Diodia radula-type, Brickellia diffusa, Cuphea carthagenensis, Hibiscus diversifolius, and Ranunculus flagelliformis) are in fact native to the archipelago. Fossil pollen and macrofossils from four sites in the highlands of Santa Cruz Island reveal that all were present thousands of years before the advent of human impact, refuting their classification as introduced species. These findings have substantial implications not only for conservation in Galápagos but for the management of introduced species and pantropical weeds in general.}, }
@article {pmid19018280, year = {2008}, author = {Leal, WS and Ishida, Y}, title = {GP-9s are ubiquitous proteins unlikely involved in olfactory mediation of social organization in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {3}, number = {11}, pages = {e3762}, pmid = {19018280}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {1U01AI05826-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Ants/*genetics ; *Behavior, Animal ; Biological Transport ; Carrier Proteins/*genetics/*physiology ; Circular Dichroism ; Hemolymph/metabolism ; Insect Proteins/*genetics/*physiology ; Ligands ; Lipids/chemistry ; Mass Spectrometry/methods ; *Olfactory Perception ; Pheromones/metabolism ; Receptors, Odorant/*genetics ; Smell/genetics ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {The red imported fire ant (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta, is an invasive species, accidentally introduced in the United States that can cause painful (sometimes life-threatening) stings to human, pets, and livestock. Their colonies have two social forms: monogyne and polygyne that have a single and multiple functional queens, respectively. A major gene (Gp-9), identified as a putative pheromone-binding protein on the basis of a modest amino acid sequence identity, has been suggested to influence the expression of colony social organization. Monogyne queens are reported to possess only the GP-9B alleles, whereas polygyne queens possess both GP-9B and GP-9b. Thus, both social forms are reported to express GP-9B, with GP-9b being a marker expressed in polygynes but it is absent in monogynes. Here, we report two types of polygyne colonies, one that does not express GP-9b (monogyne-like) and the other expressing both proteins, GP-9B and GP-9b. Given their expression pattern, GP-9s are hemolymph proteins, which are more likely to be involved in the transport of lipids and small ligands within the homocoel. GP-9B existed in two forms, one of them is phosphorylated. The helical-rich content of the protein resembles the secondary structures of a beetle hemolymph protein and moth pheromone-binding proteins. An olfactory role is unlikely given the lack of specific expression in the sensillar lymph. In marked contrast to GP-9s, a chemosensory protein, SinvCSP, is demonstrated to be specifically expressed in the antennae. Within the antennae, expression of SinvCSP is restricted to the last two segments, which are known to house olfactory sensilla.}, }
@article {pmid19010448, year = {2009}, author = {Box, A and Sureda, A and Deudero, S}, title = {Antioxidant response of the bivalve Pinna nobilis colonised by invasive red macroalgae Lophocladia lallemandii.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology &amp; pharmacology : CBP}, volume = {149}, number = {4}, pages = {456-460}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.10.107}, pmid = {19010448}, issn = {1532-0456}, mesh = {Animals ; Antioxidants/*metabolism ; Bivalvia/*metabolism/parasitology ; Catalase/metabolism ; Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism ; Glutathione Transferase/metabolism ; Malondialdehyde/metabolism ; Oxidative Stress/*physiology ; Rhodophyta/pathogenicity ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Invasive species represent a risk to natural ecosystems and a biodiversity hazard. The present work aims to determine the antioxidant enzyme response - superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), the phase II detoxifying enzyme - glutathione S-transferase (GST) - and markers of oxidative damage - thioredoxin reductase (TR) and malondialdehyde (MDA) - in gills and digestive gland of Pinna nobilis and to study the antioxidant response effects in the bivalve colonised by the invasive macroalgae Lophocladia lallemandii. Colonised specimens were collected in a control area without L. lallemandii and another area completely colonised by L. lallemandii. All enzyme activities were found to be present in gills and digestive gland, with some tissue differences. CAT and SOD activities were higher in gills than digestive gland, whereas GST activity and MDA levels were higher in digestive gland. The presence of L. lallemandii induced a significant increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes in both gills and digestive gland, except for CAT activity in gills. GST and TR activities were also increased in both tissues, as well as the MDA concentration. We can conclude that the presence of L. lallemandii colonising P. nobilis induces a biological stress and oxidative damage to the fan mussel.}, }
@article {pmid19006579, year = {2009}, author = {Gómez, NN and Venette, RC and Gould, JR and Winograd, DF}, title = {A unified degree day model describes survivorship of Copitarsia corruda Pogue &amp; Simmons (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at different constant temperatures.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {99}, number = {1}, pages = {65-72}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485308006111}, pmid = {19006579}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Male ; *Models, Biological ; Moths/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Survival Analysis ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Predictions of survivorship are critical to quantify the probability of establishment by an alien invasive species, but survival curves rarely distinguish between the effects of temperature on development versus senescence. We report chronological and physiological age-based survival curves for a potentially invasive noctuid, recently described as Copitarsia corruda Pogue &amp; Simmons, collected from Peru and reared on asparagus at six constant temperatures between 9.7 and 34.5 degrees C. Copitarsia spp. are not known to occur in the United States but are routinely intercepted at ports of entry. Chronological age survival curves differ significantly among temperatures. Survivorship at early age after hatch is greatest at lower temperatures and declines as temperature increases. Mean longevity was 220 (+/-13 SEM) days at 9.7 degrees C. Physiological age survival curves constructed with developmental base temperature (7.2 degrees C) did not correspond to those constructed with a senescence base temperature (5.9 degrees C). A single degree day survival curve with an appropriate temperature threshold based on senescence adequately describes survivorship under non-stress temperature conditions (5.9-24.9 degrees C).}, }
@article {pmid19001426, year = {2009}, author = {Prider, J and Watling, J and Facelli, JM}, title = {Impacts of a native parasitic plant on an introduced and a native host species: implications for the control of an invasive weed.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {103}, number = {1}, pages = {107-115}, pmid = {19001426}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Cytisus/*growth &amp; development ; Lauraceae/*physiology ; Leptospermum/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; South Australia ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: While invasive species may escape from natural enemies in the new range, the establishment of novel biotic interactions with species native to the invaded range can determine their success. Biological control of plant populations can be achieved by manipulation of a species' enemies in the invaded range. Interactions were therefore investigated between a native parasitic plant and an invasive legume in Mediterranean-type woodlands of South Australia.<br><br>METHODS: The effects of the native stem parasite, Cassytha pubescens, on the introduced host, Cytisus scoparius, and a co-occurring native host, Leptospermum myrsinoides, were compared. The hypothesis that the parasitic plant would have a greater impact on the introduced host than the native host was tested. In a field study, photosynthesis, growth and survival of hosts and parasite were examined.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: As predicted, Cassytha had greater impacts on the introduced host than the native host. Dead Cytisus were associated with dense Cassytha infections but mortality of Leptospermum was not correlated with parasite infection. Cassytha infection reduced the photosynthetic rates of both hosts. Infected Cytisus showed slower recovery of photosystem II efficiency, lower transpiration rates and reduced photosynthetic biomass in comparison with uninfected plants. Parasite photosynthetic rates and growth rates were higher when growing on the introduced host Cytisus, than on Leptospermum.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Infection by a native parasitic plant had strong negative effects on the physiology and above-ground biomass allocation of an introduced species and was correlated with increased plant mortality. The greater impact of the parasite on the introduced host may be due to either the greater resources that this host provides or increased resistance to infection by the native host. This disparity of effects between introduced host and native host indicates the potential for Cassytha to be exploited as a control tool.}, }
@article {pmid18978940, year = {2008}, author = {Fridley, JD}, title = {Of Asian forests and European fields: Eastern U.S. plant invasions in a global floristic context.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {3}, number = {11}, pages = {e3630}, pmid = {18978940}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acclimatization/physiology ; *Agriculture ; Asia ; Databases, Factual ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Europe ; Flowers/classification/*physiology ; Geography ; Models, Biological ; Movement/physiology ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/classification ; Trees/*physiology ; United States ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biogeographic patterns of species invasions hold important clues to solving the recalcitrant 'who', 'where', and 'why' questions of invasion biology, but the few existing studies make no attempt to distinguish alien floras (all non-native occurrences) from invasive floras (rapidly spreading species of significant management concern), nor have invasion biologists asked whether particular habitats are consistently invaded by species from particular regions.<br><br>Here I describe the native floristic provenances of the 2629 alien plant taxa of the Eastern Deciduous Forest of the Eastern U.S. (EUS), and contrast these to the subset of 449 taxa that EUS management agencies have labeled 'invasive'. Although EUS alien plants come from all global floristic regions, nearly half (45%) have native ranges that include central and northern Europe or the Mediterranean (39%). In contrast, EUS invasive species are most likely to come from East Asia (29%), a pattern that is magnified when the invasive pool is restricted to species that are native to a single floristic region (25% from East Asia, compared to only 11% from northern/central Europe and 2% from the Mediterranean). Moreover, East Asian invaders are mostly woody (56%, compared to just 23% of the total alien flora) and are significantly more likely to invade intact forests and riparian areas than European species, which dominate managed or disturbed ecosystems.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These patterns suggest that the often-invoked 'imperialist dogma' view of global invasions equating invasion events with the spread of European colonialism is at best a restricted framework for invasion in disturbed ecosystems. This view must be superseded by a biogeographic invasion theory that is explicitly habitat-specific and can explain why particular world biotas tend to dominate particular environments.}, }
@article {pmid18959331, year = {2008}, author = {Hui, C and McGeoch, MA}, title = {Does the self-similar species distribution model lead to unrealistic predictions?.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {10}, pages = {2946-2952}, doi = {10.1890/07-1451.1}, pmid = {18959331}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Probability ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {J. Harte et al. demonstrated that the power law form of the species-area relationship may be derived from a bisected, self-similar landscape and a community-level probability rule. Harte's self-similarity model has been widely applied in modeling species distributions. However, R. D. Maddux showed that this self-similarity model generates biologically unrealistic predictions. We resolve the Harte-Maddux debate by demonstrating that the problems identified by Maddux result from an assumption that the probability of occurrence of a species at one scale is independent of its probability of occurrence at the next. We refer to this as a "non-heritage assumption." By altering this assumption to one in which each species in the community has an occupancy status that is partially inherited across scales (a scale-heritage assumption), the predictions of the self-similarity model are neither mathematically inconsistent nor biologically unrealistic. Harte's self-similarity model remains an important framework for modeling species distributions. Our results illustrate the importance of considering patterns of species co-occurrence, and the way in which species occupancy patterns change with scale, when modeling species distributions.}, }
@article {pmid18959305, year = {2008}, author = {Barber, NA and Marquis, RJ and Tori, WP}, title = {Invasive prey impacts the abundance and distribution of native predators.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {10}, pages = {2678-2683}, doi = {10.1890/08-0395.1}, pmid = {18959305}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds/*growth &amp; development ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Moths/*physiology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {While an extensive literature exists on the negative effects of invasive species, little is known about their facilitative effects on native species, particularly the role of invasives as trophic subsidies to native predators. The invasive gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) undergoes periodic outbreaks during which it represents a super-abundant food source for predators capable of consuming it, particularly native cuckoos (Coccyzus erythropthalmus and C. americanus). We examined how gypsy moth outbreaks affect the abundance and distribution of cuckoos using the North American Breeding Bird Survey and 29 years of U.S. Forest Service gypsy moth defoliation records. Abundances of both Black-billed and Yellow-billed Cuckoos were significantly above average during outbreaks, but populations were average or below average in preceding and subsequent years, suggesting that cuckoos are immigrating to defoliations during outbreak years. Spatial analyses showed that cuckoo abundances approximately 40-150 km outside of defoliation areas were significantly below average, and these under-occupied breeding areas extended in all four compass directions around outbreaks. This result supports the idea that cuckoos locate gypsy moth outbreaks during a post-migratory nomadic phase. By shifting the annual distribution of cuckoos, gypsy moths may be shifting the trophic impact of cuckoos across large distances, which could affect native insect herbivores and plants.}, }
@article {pmid18959304, year = {2008}, author = {Preisser, EL and Elkinton, JS}, title = {Exploitative competition between invasive herbivores benefits a native host plant.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {10}, pages = {2671-2677}, doi = {10.1890/08-0299.1}, pmid = {18959304}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Food Chain ; Hemiptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Tsuga/*growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Although biological invasions are of considerable concern to ecologists, relatively little attention has been paid to the potential for and consequences of indirect interactions between invasive species. Such interactions are generally thought to enhance invasives' spread and impact (i.e., the "invasional meltdown" hypothesis); however, exotic species might also act indirectly to slow the spread or blunt the impact of other invasives. On the east coast of the United States, the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae, HWA) and elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa, EHS) both feed on eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). Of the two insects, HWA is considered far more damaging and disproportionately responsible for hemlock mortality. We describe research assessing the interaction between HWA and EHS, and the consequences of this interaction for eastern hemlock. We conducted an experiment in which uninfested hemlock branches were experimentally infested with herbivores in a 2 x 2 factorial design (either, both, or neither herbivore species). Over the 2.5-year course of the experiment, each herbivore's density was approximately 30% lower in mixed- vs. single-species treatments. Intriguingly, however, interspecific competition weakened rather than enhanced plant damage: growth was lower in the HWA-only treatment than in the HWA + EHS, EHS-only, or control treatments. Our results suggest that, for HWA-infested hemlocks, the benefit of co-occurring EHS infestations (reduced HWA density) may outweigh the cost (increased resource depletion).}, }
@article {pmid18953574, year = {2009}, author = {Pattison, RR and Mack, RN}, title = {Environmental constraints on the invasion of Triadica sebifera in the eastern United States: an experimental field assessment.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {158}, number = {4}, pages = {591-602}, pmid = {18953574}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Biomass ; Climate ; *Environment ; Euphorbiaceae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Germination/physiology ; Maryland ; Rain ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; Southeastern United States ; }, abstract = {Identifying the environmental constraints that affect the distribution of an invasive species is fundamental to its effective control. Triadica sebifera (Chinese tallow tree) has invaded the southeastern United States, but its potential for further range and habitat extension has been unresolved. We explored experimentally environmental factors in macro- and microhabitats that affect its persistence at five widely separated sites along the Atlantic seaboard of the United States and at two sites inland; three sites occur well beyond the tree's current range. At each site, seeds and young vegetative plants (0.5-0.65 m tall) of T. sebifera were placed in four microhabitats (closed-canopy upland, closed-canopy lowland, open-canopy upland, and open-canopy lowland). Plant growth, leaf CO(2) assimilation rates, leaf N concentrations and delta(13)C ratios, and stem water potential were measured for two growing seasons. Percent seed germination was consistently higher in open-canopy microhabitats and lowest at northern and inland sites. T. sebifera grew in all open-canopy microhabitats, even 300-500 km beyond its current distribution. Plant growth in closed-canopy habitats was lower, attributable to lower carbon gain per unit leaf area in shaded compared with open-canopy environments, especially at northern and inland sites. Neither competition, other than canopy shade, nor grazing was a key constraint on distribution at any scale. Our results demonstrate that T. sebifera is dispersal limited at landscape scales but limited locally by dispersal and overstory shade; it has yet to occupy the full extent of its new range in North America. Quantifying environmental factors both within and well beyond a species' current range can effectively highlight the limits on its distribution.}, }
@article {pmid18951652, year = {2008}, author = {Funk, JL and Cleland, EE and Suding, KN and Zavaleta, ES}, title = {Restoration through reassembly: plant traits and invasion resistance.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {23}, number = {12}, pages = {695-703}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2008.07.013}, pmid = {18951652}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Plants ; }, abstract = {One of the greatest challenges for ecological restoration is to create or reassemble plant communities that are resistant to invasion by exotic species. We examine how concepts pertaining to the assembly of plant communities can be used to strengthen resistance to invasion in restored communities. Community ecology theory predicts that an invasive species will be unlikely to establish if there is a species with similar traits present in the resident community or if available niches are filled. Therefore, successful restoration efforts should select native species with traits similar to likely invaders and include a diversity of functional traits. The success of trait-based approaches to restoration will depend largely on the diversity of invaders, on the strength of environmental factors and on dispersal dynamics of invasive and native species.}, }
@article {pmid18950474, year = {2009}, author = {Pathikonda, S and Ackleh, AS and Hasenstein, KH and Mopper, S}, title = {Invasion, disturbance, and competition: modeling the fate of coastal plant populations.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {164-173}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01073.x}, pmid = {18950474}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Cyclonic Storms ; Iris/*physiology ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Seawater ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Wetland habitats are besieged by biotic and abiotic disturbances such as invasive species, hurricanes, habitat fragmentation, and salinization. Predicting how these factors will alter local population dynamics and community structure is a monumental challenge. By examining ecologically similar congeners, such as Iris hexagona and I. pseudacorus (which reproduce clonally and sexually and tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions), one can identify life-history traits that are most influential to population growth and viability. We combined empirical data and stage-structured matrix models to investigate the demographic responses of native (I. hexagona) and invasive (I. pseudacorus) plant populations to hurricanes and salinity stress in freshwater and brackish wetlands. In our models I. hexagona and I. pseudacorus responded differently to salinity stress, and species coexistence was rare. In 82% of computer simulations of freshwater marsh, invasive iris populations excluded the native species within 50 years, whereas native populations excluded the invasive species in 99% of the simulations in brackish marsh. The occurrence of hurricanes allowed the species to coexist, and species persistence was determined by the length of time it took the ecosystem to recover. Rapid recovery (2 years) favored the invasive species, whereas gradual recovery (30 years) favored the native species. Little is known about the effects of hurricanes on competitive interactions between native and invasive plant species in marsh ecosystems. Our models contribute new insight into the relationship between environmental disturbance and invasion and demonstrate how influential abiotic factors such as climate change will be in determining interspecific interactions.}, }
@article {pmid18949831, year = {2008}, author = {Moore, CJ}, title = {Synthetic polymers in the marine environment: a rapidly increasing, long-term threat.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {108}, number = {2}, pages = {131-139}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.025}, pmid = {18949831}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {Animals ; Bathing Beaches/economics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/standards ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods/standards ; Marine Biology ; Oceans and Seas ; *Plastics/chemistry/toxicity ; Refuse Disposal/economics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/standards ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry/toxicity ; Water Pollution/*prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {Synthetic polymers, commonly known as plastics, have been entering the marine environment in quantities paralleling their level of production over the last half century. However, in the last two decades of the 20th Century, the deposition rate accelerated past the rate of production, and plastics are now one of the most common and persistent pollutants in ocean waters and beaches worldwide. Thirty years ago the prevailing attitude of the plastic industry was that "plastic litter is a very small proportion of all litter and causes no harm to the environment except as an eyesore" [Derraik, J.G.B., 2002. The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 44(9), 842-852]. Between 1960 and 2000, the world production of plastic resins increased 25-fold, while recovery of the material remained below 5%. Between 1970 and 2003, plastics became the fastest growing segment of the US municipal waste stream, increasing nine-fold, and marine litter is now 60-80% plastic, reaching 90-95% in some areas. While undoubtedly still an eyesore, plastic debris today is having significant harmful effects on marine biota. Albatross, fulmars, shearwaters and petrels mistake floating plastics for food, and many individuals of these species are affected; in fact, 44% of all seabird species are known to ingest plastic. Sea turtles ingest plastic bags, fishing line and other plastics, as do 26 species of cetaceans. In all, 267 species of marine organisms worldwide are known to have been affected by plastic debris, a number that will increase as smaller organisms are assessed. The number of fish, birds, and mammals that succumb each year to derelict fishing nets and lines in which they become entangled cannot be reliably known; but estimates are in the millions. We divide marine plastic debris into two categories: macro, >5 mm and micro, <5 mm. While macro-debris may sometimes be traced to its origin by object identification or markings, micro-debris, consisting of particles of two main varieties, (1) fragments broken from larger objects, and (2) resin pellets and powders, the basic thermoplastic industry feedstocks, are difficult to trace. Ingestion of plastic micro-debris by filter feeders at the base of the food web is known to occur, but has not been quantified. Ingestion of degraded plastic pellets and fragments raises toxicity concerns, since plastics are known to adsorb hydrophobic pollutants. The potential bioavailability of compounds added to plastics at the time of manufacture, as well as those adsorbed from the environment are complex issues that merit more widespread investigation. The physiological effects of any bioavailable compounds desorbed from plastics by marine biota are being directly investigated, since it was found 20 years ago that the mass of ingested plastic in Great Shearwaters was positively correlated with PCBs in their fat and eggs. Colonization of plastic marine debris by sessile organisms provides a vector for transport of alien species in the ocean environment and may threaten marine biodiversity. There is also potential danger to marine ecosystems from the accumulation of plastic debris on the sea floor. The accumulation of such debris can inhibit gas exchange between the overlying waters and the pore waters of the sediments, and disrupt or smother inhabitants of the benthos. The extent of this problem and its effects have recently begun to be investigated. A little more than half of all thermoplastics will sink in seawater.}, }
@article {pmid18946699, year = {2009}, author = {Gren, IM and Campos, M and Edsman, L and Bohman, P}, title = {Incomes, attitudes, and occurrences of invasive species: an application to signal crayfish in Sweden.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {43}, number = {2}, pages = {210-220}, pmid = {18946699}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries/*economics ; *Models, Econometric ; Population Dynamics ; Regression Analysis ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Sweden ; }, abstract = {This article analyzes and carries out an econometric test of the explanatory power of economic and attitude variables for occurrences of the nonnative signal crayfish in Swedish waters. Signal crayfish are a carrier of plague which threatens the native noble crayfish with extinction. Crayfish are associated with recreational and cultural traditions in Sweden, which may run against environmental preferences for preserving native species. Econometric analysis is carried out using panel data at the municipality level with economic factors and attitudes as explanatory variables, which are derived from a simple dynamic harvesting model. A log-normal model is used for the regression analysis, and the results indicate significant impacts on occurrences of waters with signal crayfish of changes in both economic and attitude variables. Variables reflecting environmental and recreational preferences have unexpected signs, where the former variable has a positive and the latter a negative impact on occurrences of waters with signal crayfish. These effects are, however, counteracted by their respective interaction effect with income.}, }
@article {pmid18944275, year = {2001}, author = {Gottwald, TR and Hughes, G and Graham, JH and Sun, X and Riley, T}, title = {The citrus canker epidemic in Florida: the scientific basis of regulatory eradication policy for an invasive species.}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {91}, number = {1}, pages = {30-34}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.1.30}, pmid = {18944275}, issn = {0031-949X}, }
@article {pmid18943873, year = {2003}, author = {Anderson, RL}, title = {Changing forests and forest management policy in relation to dealing with forest diseases.}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {93}, number = {8}, pages = {1041-1043}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.8.1041}, pmid = {18943873}, issn = {0031-949X}, abstract = {The forest landscape of the United States has changed over time, as has public concern for the trees, water, and wildlife. Early in the history of the United States, forests were viewed as an encumbrance and an inexhaustible resource, used to meet the needs of a growing nation. Around 1900, it became clear that old approaches were not sustainable and forest pathology saw its beginning. Annual lumber production increased from 5.4 billion to 44.5 billion board feet. Forest pathologists were called upon to help manage forests for a variety of products, with a focus on decays of wood and wood products. Projection of timber famine stirred public concern, and a number of laws were enacted to deal with the issue. Pathologists were called upon to deal with many of the issues associated with intensive management, and new pests such as chestnut blight and white pine blister rust demanded attention. Then pathologists were called upon to help manage for multiple benefits, and the issues became more complex. Pests such as mistletoes, root diseases, rusts, nursery pests, and urban pests presented new challenges. Concepts such as landscape level assessments, ecosystem management, and multiple-use led to the management of forests to provide for a complex variety of needs. Management objectives vary across the landscape, and pathologists find themselves working with managers who want to maximize fiber production, those that manage areas set aside for special purposes, and all combinations in between. Issues such as acceptable levels of pests, nonnative invasive species, landowner values, visual and watershed quality, and best management practices must be considered in an ever-changing landscape.}, }
@article {pmid18941789, year = {2009}, author = {Johnson, PT and Olden, JD and Solomon, CT and Vander Zanden, MJ}, title = {Interactions among invaders: community and ecosystem effects of multiple invasive species in an experimental aquatic system.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {159}, number = {1}, pages = {161-170}, pmid = {18941789}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Chlorophyll A ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/metabolism ; *Fresh Water ; Snails/*physiology ; }, abstract = {With ecosystems increasingly supporting multiple invasive species, interactions among invaders could magnify or ameliorate the undesired consequences for native communities and ecosystems. We evaluated the individual and combined effects of rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) and Chinese mystery snails [Bellamya (=Cipangopaludina) chinensis] on native snail communities (Physa, Helisoma and Lymnaea sp.) and ecosystem attributes (algal chlorophyll a and nutrient concentrations). Both invaders are widespread in the USA and commonly co-occur within northern temperate lakes, underscoring the importance of understanding their singular and joint effects. An outdoor mesocosm experiment revealed that while the two invaders had only weakly negative effects upon one another, both negatively affected the abundance and biomass of native snails, and their combined presence drove one native species to extinction and reduced a second by >95%. Owing to its larger size and thicker shell, adult Bellamya were protected from crayfish attack relative to native species (especially Physa and Lymnaea), suggesting the co-occurrence of these invaders in nature could have elevated consequences for native communities. The per capita impacts of Orconectes (a snail predator) on native snails were substantially greater than those of Bellamya (a snail competitor). Crayfish predation also had a cascading effect by reducing native snail biomass, leading to increased periphyton growth. Bellamya, in contrast, reduced periphyton biomass, likely causing a reduction in growth by native lymnaeid snails. Bellamya also increased water column N:P ratio, possibly because of a low P excretion rate relative to native snail species. Together, these findings highlight the importance of understanding interactions among invasive species, which can have significant community- and ecosystem-level effects.}, }
@article {pmid18941786, year = {2009}, author = {Gribben, PE and Wright, JT and O'Connor, WA and Doblin, MA and Eyre, B and Steinberg, PD}, title = {Reduced performance of native infauna following recruitment to a habitat-forming invasive marine alga.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {158}, number = {4}, pages = {733-745}, pmid = {18941786}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Arcidae/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Caulerpa/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Oxygen/analysis ; Phytoplankton/growth &amp; development ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Seawater/chemistry ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Despite well-documented negative impacts of invasive species on native biota, evidence for the facilitation of native organisms, particularly by habitat-forming invasive species, is increasing. However, most of these studies are conducted at the population or community level, and we know little about the individual fitness consequences of recruitment to habitat-forming invasive species and, consequently, whether recruitment to these habitats is adaptive. We determined the consequences of recruitment to the invasive green alga Caulerpa taxifolia on the native soft-sediment bivalve Anadara trapezia and nearby unvegetated sediment. Initially, we documented the growth and survivorship of A. trapezia following a natural recruitment event, to which recruitment to C. taxifolia was very high. After 12 months, few clams remained in either habitat, and those that remained showed little growth. Experimental manipulations of recruits demonstrated that all performance measures (survivorship, growth and condition) were significantly reduced in C. taxifolia sediments compared to unvegetated sediments. Exploration of potential mechanisms responsible for the reduced performance in C. taxifolia sediments showed that water flow and water column dissolved oxygen (DO) were significantly reduced under the canopy of C. taxifolia and that sediment anoxia was significantly higher and sediment sulphides greater in C. taxifolia sediments. However, phytoplankton abundance (an indicator of food supply) was significantly higher in C. taxifolia sediments than in unvegetated ones. Our results demonstrate that recruitment of native species to habitat-forming invasive species can reduce growth, condition and survivorship and that studies conducted at the community level may lead to erroneous conclusions about the impacts of invaders and should include studies on life-history traits, particularly juveniles.}, }
@article {pmid18941785, year = {2009}, author = {Caño, L and Escarré, J and Vrieling, K and Sans, FX}, title = {Palatability to a generalist herbivore, defence and growth of invasive and native Senecio species: testing the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {159}, number = {1}, pages = {95-106}, pmid = {18941785}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Feeding Behavior/*drug effects/physiology ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids/metabolism/toxicity ; Senecio/*growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Snails/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {This paper tests the prediction that introduced plants may become successful invaders because they experience evolutionary changes in growth and defence in their new range [evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis (EICA)]. Interspecific and intraspecific binary feeding choices were offered to the snail Helix aspersa. The choices were between: (1) plants of the invasive Senecio inaequidens and Senecio pterophorus derived from populations in the introduced range (Europe) and plants of three indigenous species (Senecio jacobea, Senecio vulgaris and Senecio malacitanus) from populations in Europe; (2) plants of the invasive S. inaequidens and S. pterophorus from populations in the introduced range (Europe) and from populations in the native range (South Africa). We did not find a clear pattern of preference for indigenous or alien species of Senecio. However, we found that European invasive populations of S. inaequidens and S. pterophorus were less palatable than South African native populations. Moreover, in contrast to the predictions of the EICA hypothesis, the invasive genotypes of both species also showed a higher total concentration of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, and in the case of S. inaequidens we also found higher growth than in native genotypes. Our results are discussed with respect to the refinement of the EICA hypothesis that takes into account the difference between specialist and generalist herbivores and between qualitative and quantitative defences. We conclude that invasive populations of S. inaequidens and S. pterophorus are less palatable than native populations, suggesting that genetic differentiation associated with founding may occur and contribute to the plants' invasion success by selecting the best-defended genotypes in the introduced range.}, }
@article {pmid18937534, year = {2009}, author = {Mackey, MJ and Boone, MD}, title = {Single and interactive effects of malathion, overwintered green frog tadpoles, and cyanobacteria on gray treefrog tadpoles.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {637-643}, doi = {10.1897/08-232.1}, pmid = {18937534}, issn = {0730-7268}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/*growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Cyanobacteria ; Ecosystem ; Insecticides/*pharmacology ; Larva/drug effects/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Malathion/*pharmacology ; Metamorphosis, Biological/drug effects ; Predatory Behavior ; Seasons ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Amphibian population declines around the world are associated with invasive species, pesticides, pathogens, habitat destruction, or a combination of factors. Because contamination is widespread, it represents a relevant environmental stress that can affect the ability of organisms to deal with other factors present in the environment. We examined the effects of the insecticide malathion, larger tadpole competitors (green frogs, Rana clamitans), and a toxic cyanobacteria (Anabaena spp.) on tadpoles of Cope's gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) reared from hatching through metamorphosis in outdoor mesocosms. The response of mass at metamorphosis and time to metamorphosis was significantly affected by exposure to malathion and presence of overwintered green frog tadpoles. Malathion generally led to increased mass at metamorphosis, earlier time to metamorphosis, and increased activity during larval development. These results likely stem from short-term increases in periphyton associated with malathion exposure (although these effects were nonsignificant). Exposure of gray treefrogs to overwintered green frog tadpoles led to an earlier time to metamorphosis without differences in mass at metamorphosis and was associated with increased activity in gray treefrogs. Survival of gray treefrogs was significantly affected by an interaction of green frog and malathion, indicating nonadditive effects of these treatments. Exposure to cyanobacteria had a significant negative effect on green frogs but no effect on treefrogs. Malathion had the strongest effect on the community, but our results indicated that some factors can interact in ways not predicted by single factors alone.}, }
@article {pmid18923872, year = {2008}, author = {Sainsbury, AW and Deaville, R and Lawson, B and Cooley, WA and Farelly, SS and Stack, MJ and Duff, P and McInnes, CJ and Gurnell, J and Russell, PH and Rushton, SP and Pfeiffer, DU and Nettleton, P and Lurz, PW}, title = {Poxviral disease in red squirrels Sciurus vulgaris in the UK: spatial and temporal trends of an emerging threat.}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {305-316}, pmid = {18923872}, issn = {1612-9210}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Outbreaks ; Disease Reservoirs ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Female ; Geographic Information Systems ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Poxviridae Infections/epidemiology/transmission/*veterinary ; Sciuridae/*virology ; Sex Distribution ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {The squirrel poxvirus (SQPV) is the probable mediator of apparent competition between the introduced invading gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) and the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) in the UK, and modeling studies have shown that this viral disease has had a significant impact on the decline of the red squirrel in the UK. However, given our limited understanding of the epidemiology of the disease, and more generally the effects of invasive species on parasite ecology, there is a need to investigate the transmission dynamics and the relative pathogenicity of the virus between species. We aimed to increase our knowledge of these processes through an empirical study in which we: (i) used pathological signs and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to diagnose SQPV disease in red squirrels found dead during scanning surveillance between 1993 and 2005; (ii) detected antibody to SQPV using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the same animals; and (iii) mapped cases of the disease, and the gray squirrel distribution, using a geographical information system. We analyzed the distribution of cases of SQPV disease according to woodland type, a measure of squirrel density. SQPV disease occurred only in areas of England also inhabited by seropositive gray squirrels, and as the geographical range of gray squirrels expanded, SQPV disease occurred in these new gray squirrel habitats, supporting a role for the gray squirrel as a reservoir host of the virus. There was a delay between the establishment of invading gray squirrels and cases of the disease in red squirrels which implies gray squirrels must reach a threshold number or density before the virus is transmitted to red squirrels. The spatial and temporal trend in SQPV disease outbreaks suggested that SQPV disease will have a significant effect on Scottish populations of red squirrels within 25 years. The even spread of cases of disease across months suggested a direct rather than vector-borne transmission route is more likely. Eight juvenile and sub-adult free-living red squirrels apparently survived exposure to SQPV by mounting an immune response, the first evidence of immunity to SQPV in free-living red squirrels, which possibly suggests a changing host-parasite relationship and that the use of a vaccine may be an effective management tool to protect remnant red squirrel populations.}, }
@article {pmid18853223, year = {2009}, author = {Lovell, SJ and Drake, LA}, title = {Tiny stowaways: analyzing the economic benefits of a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency permit regulating ballast water discharges.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {546-555}, pmid = {18853223}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Animals ; Cholera/epidemiology/etiology/prevention &amp; control ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Fishes ; *Government Regulation ; Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Viral/etiology/prevention &amp; control ; Humans ; Ships/standards ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/*economics/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Water Microbiology/standards ; Water Pollution/economics/prevention &amp; control ; Water Supply/economics/*standards ; }, abstract = {The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed permitting ballast water discharges--a benefit of which would be to reduce the economic damages associated with the introduction and spread of aquatic invasive species. Research on ship-borne aquatic invasive species has been conducted in earnest for decades, but determining the economic damages they cause remains troublesome. Furthermore, with the exception of harmful algal blooms, the economic consequences of microscopic invaders have not been studied, despite their potentially great negative effects. In this paper, we show how to estimate the economic benefits of preventing the introduction and spread of harmful bacteria, microalgae, and viruses delivered in U.S. waters. Our calculations of net social welfare show the damages from a localized incident, cholera-causing bacteria found in shellfish in the Gulf of Mexico, to be approximately $706,000 (2006$). On a larger scale, harmful algal species have the potential to be transported in ships' ballast tanks, and their effects in the United States have been to reduce commercial fisheries landings and impair water quality. We examine the economic repercussions of one bloom-forming species. Finally, we consider the possible translocation within the Great Lakes of a virus that has the potential to harm commercial and recreational fisheries. These calculations illustrate an approach to quantifying the benefits of preventing invasive aquatic microorganisms from controls on ballast water discharges.}, }
@article {pmid18853191, year = {2009}, author = {Crossland, MR and Alford, RA and Shine, R}, title = {Impact of the invasive cane toad (Bufo marinus) on an Australian frog (Opisthodon ornatus) depends on minor variation in reproductive timing.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {158}, number = {4}, pages = {625-632}, pmid = {18853191}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; Bufo marinus/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Oviposition ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Ranidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are widely viewed as unmitigated ecological catastrophes, but the reality is more complex. Theoretically, invasive species could have negligible or even positive effects if they sufficiently reduce the intensity of processes regulating native populations. Understanding such mechanisms is crucial to predicting ultimate ecological impacts. We used a mesocosm experiment to quantify the impact of eggs and larvae of the introduced cane toad (Bufo marinus) on fitness-related traits (number, size and time of emergence of metamorphs) of a native Australian frog species (Opisthodon ornatus). The results depended upon the timing of oviposition of the two taxa, and hence the life-history stages that came into contact. Growth and survival of O. ornatus tadpoles were enhanced when they preceded B. marinus tadpoles into ponds, and reduced when they followed B. marinus tadpoles into ponds, relative to when tadpoles of both species were added to ponds simultaneously. The dominant tadpole-tadpole interaction is competition, and the results are consistent with competitive priority effects. However, these priority effects were reduced or reversed when O. ornatus tadpoles encountered B. marinus eggs. Predation on toxic toad eggs reduced the survival of O. ornatus and B. marinus. The consequent reduction in tadpole densities allowed the remaining O. ornatus tadpoles to grow more rapidly and to metamorphose at larger body sizes (>60% disparity in mean mass). Thus, exposure to B. marinus eggs reduced the number of O. ornatus metamorphs, but increased their body sizes. If the increased size at metamorphosis more than compensates for the reduced survival, the effective reproductive output of native anurans may be increased rather than decreased by the invasive toad. Minor interspecific differences in the seasonal timing of oviposition thus have the potential to massively alter the impact of invasive cane toads on native anurans.}, }
@article {pmid18850294, year = {2009}, author = {Rogowski, DL and Soucek, DJ and Levengood, JM and Johnson, SR and Chick, JH and Dettmers, JM and Pegg, MA and Epifanio, JM}, title = {Contaminant concentrations in Asian carps, invasive species in the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {157}, number = {1-4}, pages = {211-222}, pmid = {18850294}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Animals ; Arsenic/*metabolism ; Carps/*metabolism ; Diet ; Environmental Monitoring ; Food Chain ; Geography ; Illinois ; Rivers/*chemistry ; Selenium/*metabolism ; Unionidae/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Populations of invasive fishes quickly reach extremely high biomass. Before control methods can be applied, however, an understanding of the contaminant loads of these invaders carry is needed. We investigated differences in concentrations of selected elements in two invasive carp species as a function of sampling site, fish species, length and trophic differences using stable isotopes (delta (15)N, delta (13)C). Fish were collected from three different sites, the Illinois River near Havana, Illinois, and two sites in the Mississippi River, upstream and downstream of the Illinois River confluence. Five bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and five silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) from each site were collected for muscle tissue analyses. Freshwater mussels (Amblema plicata) previously collected in the same areas were used as an isotopic baseline to standardize fish results among sites. Total fish length, trophic position, and corrected (13)C, were significantly related to concentrations of metals in muscle. Fish length explained the most variation in metal concentrations, with most of that variation related to mercury levels. This result was not unexpected because larger fish are older, giving them a higher probability of exposure and accumulation of contaminants. There was a significant difference in stable isotope profiles between the two species. Bighead carp occupied a higher trophic position and had higher levels of corrected (13)C than silver carp. Additionally bighead carp had significantly lower concentrations of arsenic and selenium than silver carp. Stable isotope ratios of nitrogen in Asian carp were at levels that are more commonly associated with higher-level predators, or from organisms in areas containing high loads of wastewater effluent.}, }
@article {pmid18847440, year = {2008}, author = {Elmendorf, SC and Moore, KA}, title = {Use of community-composition data to predict the fecundity and abundance of species.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {1523-1532}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01051.x}, pmid = {18847440}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; California ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Environment ; Fertility/physiology ; *Models, Biological ; *Neural Networks, Computer ; Poaceae/physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Species distribution models are critical tools for the prediction of invasive species spread and conservation of biodiversity. The majority of species distribution models have been built with environmental data. Community ecology theory suggests that species co-occurrence data could also be used to predict current and potential distributions of species. Species assemblages are the products of biotic and environmental constraints on the distribution of individual species and as a result may contain valuable information for niche modeling. We compared the predictive ability of distribution models of annual grassland plants derived from either environmental or community-composition data. Composition-based models were built with the presence or absence of species at a site as predictors of site quality, whereas environment-based models were built with soil chemistry, moisture content, above-ground biomass, and solar radiation as predictors. The reproductive output of experimentally seeded individuals of 4 species and the abundance of 100 species were used to evaluate the resulting models. Community-composition data were the best predictors of both the site-specific reproductive output of sown individuals and the site-specific abundance of existing populations. Successful community-based models were robust to omission of data on the occurrence of rare species, which suggests that even very basic survey data on the occurrence of common species may be adequate for generating such models. Our results highlight the need for increased public availability of ecological survey data to facilitate community-based modeling at scales relevant to conservation.}, }
@article {pmid18842566, year = {2008}, author = {Gumm, JM and Snekser, JL and Itzkowitz, M}, title = {Conservation and conflict between endangered desert fishes.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {655-658}, pmid = {18842566}, issn = {1744-9561}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Killifishes ; Male ; *Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction ; *Territoriality ; Texas ; }, abstract = {Conservation of naturally sympatric endangered species requires unique considerations. While impacts of invasive species garner much attention, interactions between endangered species must also be managed. The endangered Leon Springs pupfish, Cyprinodon bovinus, has suffered a population decline due to decreasing natural habitat. As breeding habitat is lost, C. bovinus is also adversely affected by the sympatric, endangered Pecos gambusia, Gambusia nobilis. Here, we document interactions between these species, finding significantly more G. nobilis accumulated at pupfish spawning events than randomly distributed on breeding grounds in the absence of spawning. As a known egg predator, our results suggest that G. nobilis presence at spawnings may further decrease pupfish numbers while also altering the evolutionary dynamics of C. bovinus breeding tactics. Habitat restoration may decrease Gambusia concentrations or influence C. bovinus breeding behaviour and increase the number of territorial males resulting in viable population sizes for both critically endangered fishes.}, }
@article {pmid18840872, year = {2009}, author = {Cohen, IM and Ackerman, JD}, title = {Oeceoclades maculata, an alien tropical orchid in a Caribbean rainforest.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {104}, number = {3}, pages = {557-563}, pmid = {18840872}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Caribbean Region ; *Orchidaceae/growth &amp; development ; *Rain ; Soil ; Species Specificity ; *Trees ; *Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Undisturbed forest habitat can be relatively impenetrable to invasive, non-native species. Orchids are not commonly regarded as invasive, but some species have become invasive and these generally depend on habitat disturbance. One of the most aggressive orchids is Oeceoclades maculata, a terrestrial species with remarkable ecological amplitude. Originally from tropical Africa, it is now widespread in the neotropics. By associating its local distribution with land-use history and habitat characteristics, it was determined whether O. maculata is dependent on habitat disturbance. It was also investigated whether this exotic orchid occupies the same habitat space as two sympatric native species.<br><br>METHODS: Six 10 m x 500 m transects were censused in June 2007 on the 16-ha Luquillo Forest Dynamics Plot, located in the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico. The plot had been mapped for historical land use, topography and soil type.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Oeceoclades maculata was the most abundant of three orchid species surveyed and was found in all four historical cover classes. In cover class 3 (50-80 % forest cover in 1936), 192 of 343 plants were found at a density of 0.48 plants per 5 x 5 m subplot. Over 93 % of the 1200 subplots surveyed were composed of Zarzal or Cristal soil types, and O. maculata was nearly evenly distributed in both. The orchid was most common on relatively flat terrain. The distribution and abundance of two sympatric orchid species were negatively associated with that of the invasive species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Oeceoclades maculata does penetrate 'old growth' forest but is most abundant in areas with moderate levels of past disturbance. Soil type makes little difference, but slope of terrain can be important. The negative association between O. maculata and native species may reflect differences in habitat requirements or a negative interaction perhaps at the mycorrhizal level.}, }
@article {pmid18840661, year = {2008}, author = {Terblanche, JS and Marais, E and Hetz, SK and Chown, SL}, title = {Control of discontinuous gas exchange in Samia cynthia: effects of atmospheric oxygen, carbon dioxide and moisture.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {211}, number = {Pt 20}, pages = {3272-3280}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.022467}, pmid = {18840661}, issn = {0022-0949}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon Dioxide/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Gases/chemistry/metabolism ; Humidity ; Moths/*metabolism ; Oxygen/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Oxygen Consumption ; Respiration ; Trachea/physiology ; }, abstract = {The evolution of discontinuous gas exchange (DGE) in insects is highly controversial. Adaptive hypotheses which have obtained experimental support include a water savings mechanism for living in dry environments (hygric hypothesis), a reduction in oxidative damage due to a high-performance oxygen delivery system (oxidative damage hypothesis), and the need for steep intratracheal partial pressure gradients to exchange gases under the hypercapnic and/or hypoxic conditions potentially encountered in subterranean environments (chthonic hypothesis). However, few experimental studies have simultaneously assessed multiple competing hypotheses within a strong inference framework. Here, we present such a study at the species level for a diapausing moth pupa, Samia cynthia. Switching gas conditions from controlled normoxic, normocapnic and intermediate humidity to either high or low oxygen, high or low moisture, elevated carbon dioxide, or some combination of these, revealed that DGE was abandoned under all conditions except high oxygen, and high or low gas moisture levels. Thus, support is found for the oxidative damage hypothesis when scored as maintenance of DGE. Modulation of DGE under either dry or hyperoxic conditions suggested strong support for the oxidative damage hypothesis and some limited support for the hygric hypothesis. Therefore, this study demonstrates that the DGE can be maintained and modulated in response to several environmental variables. Further investigation is required using a strong-inference, experimental approach across a range of species from different habitats to determine how widespread the support for the oxidative damage hypothesis might be.}, }
@article {pmid18839773, year = {2008}, author = {Dangles, O and Carpio, C and Barragan, AR and Zeddam, JL and Silvain, JF}, title = {Temperature as a key driver of ecological sorting among invasive pest species in the tropical Andes.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {18}, number = {7}, pages = {1795-1809}, doi = {10.1890/07-1638.1}, pmid = {18839773}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Demography ; Ecuador ; Larva/physiology ; Moths/*physiology ; Ovum/physiology ; Pupa/physiology ; Temperature ; *Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a major threat to the sustainable provision of ecosystem products and services, both in natural and agricultural ecosystems. To understand the spatial arrangement of species successively introduced into the same ecosystem, we examined the tolerance to temperature and analyzed the field distribution of three potato tuber moths (PTM, Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), that were introduced in Ecuador since the 1980s. We studied physiological responses to constant temperatures of the three PTM species under laboratory conditions and modeled consequences for their overall population dynamics. We then compared our predictions to field abundances of PTM adults collected in 42 sites throughout central Ecuador. Results showed that the three PTM species differed with respect to their physiological response to temperature. Symmetrischema tangolias was more cold tolerant while Tecia solanivora had the highest growth rates at warmer temperatures. Phthorimaea operculella showed the poorest physiological performance across the range of tested temperatures. Overall, field distributions agree with predictions based on physiological experiments and life table analyses. At elevations >3000 m, the most cold-tolerant species, S. tangolias, was typically dominant and often the only species present. This species may therefore represent a biological sensor of climate change. At low elevations (<2700 m), T. solanivora was generally the most abundant species, probably due to its high fecundity at high temperatures. At mid elevations, the three species co-occurred, but P. operculella was generally the least abundant species. Consistent with these qualitative results, significant regression analyses found that the best predictors of field abundance were temperature and a species x temperature interaction term. Our results suggest that the climatic diversity in agricultural landscapes can directly affect the community composition following sequential invasions. In the tropical Andes, as in other mountain ecosystems, the wide range of thermal environments found along elevational gradients may be one reason why the risks of invasion by successively introduced pest species could increase in the near future. More data on potential biological risks associated with climatic warming trends in mountain systems are therefore urgently needed, especially in developing nations where such studies are lacking.}, }
@article {pmid18831157, year = {2008}, author = {De Valpine, P and Cuddington, K and Hoopes, MF and Lockwood, JL}, title = {Is spread of invasive species regulated? Using ecological theory to interpret statistical analysis.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {9}, pages = {2377-2383}, doi = {10.1890/07-0090.1}, pmid = {18831157}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Demography ; Ecology/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; }, abstract = {We investigate a recent proposal that invasive species display patterns of spatial "spread regulation" analogous to density-dependent regulation of population abundances. While invasive species do offer valuable tests of ecological theories about spatial spread, we argue that the statistical approach used in the study is not useful, and that the proposed definition of "spread regulation" is likely to be confusing. While concepts of negative feedbacks in spatial spread may be reasonable, the proposed definition of "spread regulation" encompasses accelerating, constant, or decelerating spread. There is no compelling biological or practical reason to adopt such a definition. Moreover, we show that the statistical patterns (from time series of ratios of newly to recently invaded sites) proposed as evidence of spread regulation are predictable from basic diffusion models or other common models of constant spread with some stochasticity in dynamics and/or observations. Because such a wide range of processes would generate the observed patterns, no clear biological conclusions emerge from the proposed approach to spread analysis. When regarded in the context of the impacts and management of invasive species, the proposed regulation concept has the potential to create costly misunderstandings.}, }
@article {pmid18828658, year = {2008}, author = {Shimatani, Y and Takeshita, T and Tatsuzawa, S and Ikeda, T and Masuda, R}, title = {Genetic identification of mammalian carnivore species in the Kushiro Wetland, eastern Hokkaido, Japan, by analysis of fecal DNA.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {25}, number = {7}, pages = {714-720}, doi = {10.2108/zsj.25.714}, pmid = {18828658}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/genetics ; Carnivora/*classification/*genetics ; DNA/*analysis/genetics ; Feces/chemistry ; *Food Chain ; Japan ; Mammals ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Species Specificity ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {To identify mammalian carnivore species distributed in the Kushiro Wetland, eastern Hokkaido, Japan, we developed molecular-genetic methods for identification of the species from fecal samples collected from the field. Species-specific primers and PCR programs were established for five native and six alien species of carnivores: Martes zibellina, Mustela nivalis, Mustela erminea, Vulpes vulpes, and Nyctereutes procyonoides as native species, and Neovison vison, Martes melampus, Mustela itatsi, Canis familiaris, Felis catus, and Procyon lotor as alien species in Hokkaido. Touchdown PCR, in which the annealing temperature is decreased 1 degrees C every cycle, was more effective for some species from which fecal DNA was not amplified species-specifically with standard PCR programs. Of 405 fecal samples collected from the Kushiro Wetland, the species of origin of 246 samples were successfully identified: 88 samples for N. vison, 140 for M. zibellina, 13 for V. vulpes, four for C. familiaris and one for F. catus. The results show the particular applicability of this method to monitoring M. zibellina and N. vison. In addition, methods to PCR-amplify DNA from two crayfish species (Pacifastacus leniusculus and Cambaroides japonicus) were developed to determine whether the carnivore fecal samples contained detectable DNA from the prey crayfishes. DNA from P. leniusculus was amplified from feces of N. vison identified in the present study, but no DNA from C. japonicus was detected. This indicates that N. vison preys on the alien species P. leniusculus.}, }
@article {pmid18826028, year = {2008}, author = {Civitello, DJ and Flory, SL and Clay, K}, title = {Exotic grass invasion reduces survival of Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis ticks (Acari: Ixodidae).}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {5}, pages = {867-872}, doi = {10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[867:egirso]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {18826028}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Ixodidae/*physiology ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Soil ; Time Factors ; United States ; }, abstract = {Exotic plants often invade areas of high human activity, such as along trails, roads, and forest edges, and in disturbed riparian areas. These same habitat types are also favored by ticks. This convergence suggests that habitat modifications caused by exotic plant invasions may mediate disease vector habitat quality, indirectly affecting human disease risk at the local spatial scale. We tested the hypothesis that experimental invasions of Japanese stiltgrass, Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus, alter soil surface microclimate conditions, thereby reducing habitat quality for ticks. Microstegium is an exotic annual grass that is highly invasive throughout the eastern United States where the vector ticks Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus) and Dermancentor variabilis (Say) occur. Ticks (n=100 per species) were introduced into experimentally invaded and native vegetation control plots (n=5 per treatment). D. variabilis mortality rate increased 173% and A. americanum mortality rate increased 70% in the invaded plots relative to those in control plots. Microstegium invasion also resulted in a 13.8% increase in temperature and an 18.8% decrease in humidity, which are known to increase tick mortality. We predict that areas invaded by Microstegium will have lower densities of host-seeking ticks and therefore reduced human disease risk. Our results emphasize the role of invasive species in mediating disease vector populations, the unpredictable consequences of biological invasions, and the need for integrative management strategies that can simultaneous address exotic plant invasions and vector-borne disease.}, }
@article {pmid18811364, year = {1998}, author = {Chown, SL and Gremmen, NJ and Gaston, KJ}, title = {Ecological biogeography of southern ocean islands: species-area relationships, human impacts, and conservation.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {152}, number = {4}, pages = {562-575}, doi = {10.1086/286190}, pmid = {18811364}, issn = {0003-0147}, abstract = {Previous studies have concluded that southern ocean islands are anomalous because past glacial extent and current temperature apparently explain most variance in their species richness. Here, the relationships between physical variables and species richness of vascular plants, insects, land and seabirds, and mammals were reexamined for these islands. Indigenous and introduced species were distinguished, and relationships between the latter and human occupancy variables were investigated. Most variance in indigenous species richness was explained by combinations of area and temperature (56%)-vascular plants; distance (nearest continent) and vascular plant species richness (75%)-insects; area and chlorophyll concentration (65%)-seabirds; and indigenous insect species richness and age (73%)-land birds. Indigenous insects and plants, along with distance (closest continent), explained most variance (70%) in introduced land bird species richness. A combination of area and temperature explained most variance in species richness of introduced vascular plants (73%), insects (69%), and mammals (69%). However, there was a strong relationship between area and number of human occupants. This suggested that larger islands attract more human occupants, increasing the risk of propagule transfer, while temperature increases the chance of propagule establishment. Consequently, human activities on these islands should be regulated more tightly.}, }
@article {pmid18809408, year = {2008}, author = {Saito, T and Bjørnson, S}, title = {Effects of a microsporidium from the convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), on three non-target coccinellids.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {99}, number = {3}, pages = {294-301}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2008.08.005}, pmid = {18809408}, issn = {1096-0805}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*microbiology ; Disease Transmission, Infectious ; Female ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Larva/microbiology ; Longevity ; Male ; Microsporidia/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Microsporidiosis/physiopathology/transmission/*veterinary ; Ovum/microbiology ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Sex Ratio ; Trophozoites/microbiology ; }, abstract = {A microsporidium from Hippodamia convergens was transmitted horizontally to three non-target coccinellid hosts (Adalia bipunctata L., Coccinella septempunctata L. and Harmonia axyridis Pallas) under laboratory conditions. For all species examined, microsporidia-infected larvae took significantly longer to develop than did uninfected larvae but the microsporidium had no effect on larval mortality. Adult sex ratios of uninfected and microsporidia-infected adults were about 1:1 (female symbol:male symbol) and did not differ significantly. At the end of a 90-day trial, microsporidia-infected H. convergens produced significantly fewer eggs and did not live as long as uninfected individuals. Differences in fecundity and longevity were not observed for the three non-target coccinellids that were examined. Mean spore counts from smear preparations of microsporidia-infected A. bipunctata did not differ significantly from H. convergens, suggesting that A. bipunctata (a native coccinellid) is a suitable host for the microsporidium but infection was lighter in C. septempunctata and H. axyridis (introduced species). Vertical transmission of the pathogen was observed during the 90-day trial by examining eggs and larvae that were produced by microsporidia-infected adults. For all species examined, 100% vertical transmission of the pathogen was eventually observed. Three eugregarines were found in two adult A. bipunctata: Gregarine A trophozoites are similar in size to those of Gregarina katherina Watson (described earlier from Coccinella spp.), Gregarine B trophozoites are similar in size to those of Gregarine A but are morphology distinct, and Gregarine C trophozoites are similar in size to G. barbarara Watson (described earlier from A. bipunctata).}, }
@article {pmid18805813, year = {2008}, author = {Clusella-Trullas, S and Chown, SL}, title = {Investigating onychophoran gas exchange and water balance as a means to inform current controversies in arthropod physiology.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {211}, number = {Pt 19}, pages = {3139-3146}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.021907}, pmid = {18805813}, issn = {0022-0949}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/anatomy &amp; histology/*metabolism ; Behavior, Animal ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; Humidity ; Oxygen/*metabolism ; Partial Pressure ; Temperature ; Water/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Several controversies currently dominate the fields of arthropod metabolic rate, gas exchange and water balance, including the extent to which modulation of gas exchange reduces water loss, the origins of discontinuous gas exchange, the relationship between metabolic rate and life-history strategies, and the causes of Palaeozoic gigantism. In all of these areas, repeated calls have been made for the investigation of groups that might most inform the debates, especially of taxa in key phylogenetic positions. Here we respond to this call by investigating metabolic rate, respiratory water loss and critical oxygen partial pressure (Pc) in the onychophoran Peripatopsis capensis, a member of a group basal to the arthropods, and by synthesizing the available data on the Onychophora. The rate of carbon dioxide release (VCO2) at 20 degrees C in P. capensis is 0.043 ml CO2 h(-1), in keeping with other onychophoran species; suggesting that low metabolic rates in some arthropod groups are derived. Continuous gas exchange suggests that more complex gas exchange patterns are also derived. Total water loss in P. capensis is 57 mg H2O h(-1) at 20 degrees C, similar to modern estimates for another onychophoran species. High relative respiratory water loss rates (approximately 34%; estimated using a regression technique) suggest that the basal condition in arthropods may be a high respiratory water loss rate. Relatively high Pc values (5-10% O2) suggest that substantial safety margins in insects are also a derived condition. Curling behaviour in P. capensis appears to be a strategy to lower energetic costs when resting, and the concomitant depression of water loss is a proximate consequence of this behaviour.}, }
@article {pmid18801250, year = {2008}, author = {Manrique, V and Cuda, JP and Overholt, WA and Diaz, R}, title = {Temperature-dependent development and potential distribution of Episimus utilis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a candidate biological control agent of Brazilian peppertree (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) in Florida.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, pages = {862-870}, doi = {10.1603/0046-225x(2008)37[862:tdapdo]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {18801250}, issn = {0046-225X}, mesh = {Anacardiaceae/*physiology ; Animals ; Florida ; Geographic Information Systems ; Linear Models ; Moths/*growth &amp; development ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Regression Analysis ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The invasive Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi), native to South America, is widely established throughout central and south Florida. The defoliating leaflet-roller Episimus utilis Zimmerman was selected as potential biocontrol agent of this invasive species. The objectives of this study were to determine development rate and survival of E. utilis at seven constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 33, and 35 degrees C) and generate prediction maps of the number of generations per year this species may exhibit in the United States. The rate of development of E. utilis as a function of temperature was modeled using linear regression to estimate a lower developmental threshold of 9.6 degrees C and the degree-day requirement of 588. The Logan nonlinear regression model was used to estimate an upper developmental threshold of 33 degrees C. Cold tolerance of E. utilis was examined using all insect stages, and each stage was exposed to three constant temperatures (10, 5, 0 degrees C) for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 d (or until all insects died). The pupal stage was the most cold tolerant with 100% mortality after 12 d at 0 degrees C. The pupal lethal times at 5 (Ltime50 = 10 d, Ltime90 = 28 d) and 0 degrees C (Ltime50 = 5 d, Ltime90 = 9 d) were used to generate isothermal lines to predict favorable regions for E. utilis establishment. A GIS map was generated to predict the number of generations of E. utilis (range, 0.5-9.8) across all Brazilian peppertree range in the United States. The potential for establishment of E. utilis and its probable distribution in the continental United States was examined.}, }
@article {pmid18797931, year = {2008}, author = {Whitcraft, CR and Levin, LA and Talley, D and Crooks, JA}, title = {Utilization of invasive tamarisk by salt marsh consumers.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {158}, number = {2}, pages = {259-272}, pmid = {18797931}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Invertebrates/*metabolism/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Multivariate Analysis ; Nitrogen Isotopes/metabolism ; *Tamaricaceae ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Plant invasions of coastal wetlands are rapidly changing the structure and function of these systems globally. Alteration of litter dynamics represents one of the fundamental impacts of an invasive plant on salt marsh ecosystems. Tamarisk species (Tamarix spp.), which extensively invade terrestrial and riparian habitats, have been demonstrated to enter food webs in these ecosystems. However, the trophic impacts of the relatively new invasion of tamarisk into marine ecosystem have not been assessed. We evaluated the trophic consequences of invasion by tamarisk for detrital food chains in the Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve salt marsh using litter dynamics techniques and stable isotope enrichment experiments. The observations of a short residence time for tamarisk combined with relatively low C:N values indicate that tamarisk is a relatively available and labile food source. With an isotopic (15N) enrichment of tamarisk, we demonstrated that numerous macroinvertebrate taxonomic and trophic groups, both within and on the sediment, utilized 15N derived from labeled tamarisk detritus. Infaunal invertebrate species that took up no or limited 15N from labeled tamarisk (A. californica, enchytraeid oligochaetes, coleoptera larvae) occurred in lower abundance in the tamarisk-invaded environment. In contrast, species that utilized significant 15N from the labeled tamarisk, such as psychodid insects, an exotic amphipod, and an oniscid isopod, either did not change or occurred in higher abundance. Our research supports the hypothesis that invasive species can alter the trophic structure of an environment through addition of detritus and can also potentially impact higher trophic levels by shifting dominance within the invertebrate community to species not widely consumed.}, }
@article {pmid18793101, year = {2009}, author = {Vargo, EL and Husseneder, C}, title = {Biology of subterranean termites: insights from molecular studies of Reticulitermes and Coptotermes.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {54}, number = {}, pages = {379-403}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.ento.54.110807.090443}, pmid = {18793101}, issn = {0066-4170}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Ecosystem ; *Isoptera/classification/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Phylogeny ; Population Density ; Reproduction ; Social Dominance ; }, abstract = {Molecular genetic techniques have made contributions to studies on subterranean termites at all levels of biological organization. Most of this work has focused on Reticulitermes and Coptotermes, two ecologically and economically important genera. DNA sequence data have significantly improved our understanding of the systematics and taxonomy of these genera. Techniques of molecular biology have provided important new insights into the process of caste differentiation. Population genetic markers, primarily microsatellites, have furthered our understanding of the life history, population biology, community ecology, and invasion biology of subterranean termites. Recent results on the behavioral ecology of subterranean termites reveal a picture different from long-held views, especially those concerning colony breeding structures and foraging ranges. As additional molecular tools and genomic resources become available, and as more subterranean termite researchers incorporate molecular techniques into their approaches, we can expect accelerating advances in all aspects of the biology of this group.}, }
@article {pmid18792662, year = {2008}, author = {Gröning, J and Hochkirch, A}, title = {Reproductive interference between animal species.}, journal = {The Quarterly review of biology}, volume = {83}, number = {3}, pages = {257-282}, doi = {10.1086/590510}, pmid = {18792662}, issn = {0033-5770}, mesh = {Animal Communication ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Male ; Population Density ; Reproduction/physiology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Although sexual interactions between species (reproductive interference) have been reported from a wide range of animal taxa, their potential for determining species coexistence is often disregarded. Here, we review evidence from laboratory and field studies illustrating that heterospecific sexual interactions are frequently associated with fitness loss and can have severe ecological and evolutionary consequences. We define reproductive interference as any kind of interspecific interaction during the process of mate acquisition that adversely affects the fitness of at least one of the species involved and that is caused by incomplete species recognition. We distinguish seven types of reproductive interference: signal jamming, heterospecific rivalry, misdirected courtship, heterospecific mating attempts, erroneous female choice, heterospecific mating, and hybridization. We then discuss the sex-specific costs of these types and highlight two typical features of reproductive interference: density-dependence and asymmetry. Similar to competition, reproductive interference can lead to displacement of one species (sexual exclusion), spatial, temporal, or habitat segregation, changes in life history parameters, and reproductive character displacement. In many cases, patterns of coexistence might be shaped by reproductive interference rather than by resource competition, as the presence of a few heterospecifics might substantially decrease reproductive success. Therefore, interspecific sexual interactions should receive more attention in ecological research. Reproductive interference has mainly been discussed in the context of invasive species or hybrid zones, whereas its influence on naturally-occurring sympatric species pairs has rarely been addressed. To improve our knowledge of the ecological significance of reproductive interference, findings from laboratory experiments should be validated in the field. Future studies should also focus on ecological mechanisms, such as temporal spatial, or habitat partitioning, that might enable sexually interacting species to coexist. Reproductive interference also has implications for the management of endangered species, which can be threatened by sexual interactions with invasive or common species. Studies of reproductive interference might even provide new insights for biological pest control.}, }
@article {pmid18782749, year = {2009}, author = {Chiron, F and Shirley, S and Kark, S}, title = {Human-related processes drive the richness of exotic birds in Europe.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {276}, number = {1654}, pages = {47-53}, pmid = {18782749}, issn = {0962-8452}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Biodiversity ; Birds/*physiology ; *Environment ; Europe ; Geography ; Humans ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Both human-related and natural factors can affect the establishment and distribution of exotic species. Understanding the relative role of the different factors has important scientific and applied implications. Here, we examined the relative effect of human-related and natural factors in determining the richness of exotic bird species established across Europe. Using hierarchical partitioning, which controls for covariation among factors, we show that the most important factor is the human-related community-level propagule pressure (the number of exotic species introduced), which is often not included in invasion studies due to the lack of information for this early stage in the invasion process. Another, though less important, factor was the human footprint (an index that includes human population size, land use and infrastructure). Biotic and abiotic factors of the environment were of minor importance in shaping the number of established birds when tested at a European extent using 50 x 50 km2 grid squares. We provide, to our knowledge, the first map of the distribution of exotic bird richness in Europe. The richest hotspot of established exotic birds is located in southeastern England, followed by areas in Belgium and The Netherlands. Community-level propagule pressure remains the major factor shaping the distribution of exotic birds also when tested for the UK separately. Thus, studies examining the patterns of establishment should aim at collecting the crucial and hard-to-find information on community-level propagule pressure or develop reliable surrogates for estimating this factor. Allowing future introductions of exotic birds into Europe should be reconsidered carefully, as the number of introduced species is basically the main factor that determines the number established.}, }
@article {pmid18782725, year = {2008}, author = {Gillespie, RG and Claridge, EM and Goodacre, SL}, title = {Biogeography of the fauna of French Polynesia: diversification within and between a series of hot spot archipelagos.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {363}, number = {1508}, pages = {3335-3346}, pmid = {18782725}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; Geography ; Geological Phenomena ; *Geology ; Models, Genetic ; *Phylogeny ; Polynesia ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The islands of French Polynesia cover an area the size of Europe, though total land area is smaller than Rhode Island. Each hot spot archipelago (Societies, Marquesas, Australs) is chronologically arranged. With the advent of molecular techniques, relatively precise estimations of timing and source of colonization have become feasible. We compile data for the region, first examining colonization (some lineages dispersed from the west, others from the east). Within archipelagos, blackflies (Simulium) provide the best example of adaptive radiation in the Societies, though a similar radiation occurs in weevils (Rhyncogonus). Both lineages indicate that Tahiti hosts the highest diversity. The more remote Marquesas show clear examples of adaptive radiation in birds, arthropods and snails. The Austral Islands, though generally depauperate, host astonishing diversity on the single island of Rapa, while lineages on other islands are generally widespread but with large genetic distances between islands. More recent human colonization has changed the face of Polynesian biogeography. Molecular markers highlight the rapidity of Polynesian human (plus commensal) migrations and the importance of admixture from other populations during the period of prehistoric human voyages. However, recent increase in traffic has brought many new, invasive species to the region, with the future of the indigenous biota uncertain.}, }
@article {pmid18777190, year = {2009}, author = {Gass, RJ and Rickenbach, M and Schulte, LA and Zeuli, K}, title = {Cross-boundary coordination on forested landscapes: investigating alternatives for implementation.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {43}, number = {1}, pages = {107-117}, pmid = {18777190}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Focus Groups ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Iowa ; Male ; *Private Sector ; *Trees ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {Cross-boundary coordination is a tool for ecosystem management whereby landowners voluntarily coordinate management practices toward economic and/or ecological landscape-scale outcomes (e.g., fiber, invasive species control, habitat). Past research indicates that it may be particularly applicable on landscapes that include small forest landholdings. To explore alternatives by which coordination might occur, we conducted seven focus groups with landowners (n=51) who actively manage their forests in southwest Wisconsin and northeast Iowa. Focus group participants were presented with three hypothetical alternatives to coordinate with their neighbors; landowners could self-organize, work with a natural resource professional (i.e., forester), or work with an organization to complete a cross-boundary practice. In this article, we focus on the latter two alternatives and the role of two social theories--principal-agent and cooperation--in explaining landowners' evaluations of these alternatives. Key findings are that (1) cross-boundary coordination has the potential to alleviate problems between landowners and resource professionals inherent to their typical working relationship, and (2) social relationships are a major factor contributing to landowners' willingness to participate. We posit that cross-boundary coordination offers a non-economic incentive for landowners to work together as it may reduce the uncertainty associated with hiring a resource professional. At the same time, professionals can provide a bridging function among landowners who are unacquainted. To achieve these outcomes and expand the adoption of cross-boundary coordination, we suggest four guidelines. First, foster dialogue among landowners toward shared cognition and oversight. Second, match landowners' practices and objectives such that there are clear benefits to all. Third, develop relationships through low risk activities where possible. Fourth, do not expect on-going commitments.}, }
@article {pmid18771472, year = {2008}, author = {Rackham, O}, title = {Ancient woodlands: modern threats.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {180}, number = {3}, pages = {571-586}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02579.x}, pmid = {18771472}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Air Pollutants/adverse effects ; Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; Fires ; Forestry ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; Plant Diseases ; Sunlight ; *Trees/growth &amp; development/microbiology/parasitology ; }, abstract = {This review discusses the following adverse influences on long-established forests, wood-pastures, and savannas in Europe and other continents: destruction and fragmentation; depletion; pollution and eutrophication; fire and lack of fire; excessive shade; excessive numbers of deer; invasive species and cultivars; infilling of savanna; climate change; and globalization of plant diseases. Human influences on the world's mainland forests and savannas have been pervasive throughout the Holocene, to the extent that recovering 'virgin forest' becomes a somewhat nebulous conservation objective. Present and future threats arise both from increasing human activities and from withdrawal of the human activities that have shaped forests in the past. The severity of different threats depends on so many factors, especially the properties of different plants and animals, that generalization is impossible; however, in the long term, spread of pathogens is probably the most serious threat.}, }
@article {pmid18767627, year = {2008}, author = {Keeley, JE and Brennan, T and Pfaff, AH}, title = {Fire severity and ecosytem responses following crown fires in California shrublands.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {18}, number = {6}, pages = {1530-1546}, doi = {10.1890/07-0836.1}, pmid = {18767627}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {California ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Models, Theoretical ; Rosaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Satellite Communications ; }, abstract = {Chaparral shrublands burn in large high-intensity crown fires. Managers interested in how these wildfires affect ecosystem processes generally rely on surrogate measures of fire intensity known as fire severity metrics. In shrublands burned in the autumn of 2003, a study of 250 sites investigated factors determining fire severity and ecosystem responses. Using structural equation modeling we show that stand age, prefire shrub density, and the shortest interval of the prior fire history had significant direct effects on fire severity, explaining > 50% of the variation in severity. Fire severity per se is of interest to resource managers primarily because it is presumed to be an indicator of important ecosystem processes such as vegetative regeneration, community recovery, and erosion. Fire severity contributed relatively little to explaining patterns of regeneration after fire. Two generalizations can be drawn: fire severity effects are mostly shortlived, i.e., by the second year they are greatly diminished, and fire severity may have opposite effects on different functional types. Species richness exhibited a negative relationship to fire severity in the first year, but fire severity impacts were substantially less in the second postfire year and varied by functional type. Much of this relationship was due to alien plants that are sensitive to high fire severity; at all scales from 1 to 1000 m2, the percentage of alien species in the postfire flora declined with increased fire severity. Other aspects of disturbance history are also important determinants of alien cover and richness as both increased with the number of times the site had burned and decreased with time since last fire. A substantial number of studies have shown that remote-sensing indices are correlated with field measurements of fire severity. Across our sites, absolute differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR) was strongly correlated with field measures of fire severity and with fire history at a site but relative dNBR was not. Despite being correlated with fire severity, absolute dNBR showed little or no relationship with important ecosystem responses to wildfire such as shrub resprouting or total vegetative regeneration. These findings point to a critical need for further research on interpreting remote sensing indices as applied to postfire management of these shrublands.}, }
@article {pmid18767535, year = {2008}, author = {Salmenkova, EA}, title = {[Population genetic processes in introduction of fish].}, journal = {Genetika}, volume = {44}, number = {7}, pages = {874-884}, pmid = {18767535}, issn = {0016-6758}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Animals ; Fishes/*genetics ; *Founder Effect ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Introductions of alien species (populations) acquired a global scale, becoming a major factor of environmental change. Population-genetic and ecological studies of these species promote understanding of evolutionary change and mechanisms of adaptation of the species introduced into a novel environment. This knowledge is of interest also with regard to conservation biology in connection with restoring endangered or extinct populations. The transplanted populations are subject to the founder effect and gene drift, which entails loss of genetic variation, inbreeding depression, and reduction of fitness of the introduced species. However, the decrease in the quantitative variability (additive genetic variance, which is directly affected by selection) prove to be significantly less than the loss in neutral molecular genetic variation. Maintenance of genetic variation at the level providing establishment of the invasive species requires a high number of introduced individuals and multiple introductions from different populations of the species. Introductions are accompanied by hybridization and genetic introgression of the invader with the indigenous species, which augments the variability and viability of the former, but are extremely deleterious to the latter. Adaptive changes of morphological and ecological traits and the formation of the population-genetic structure in the new area occur very rapidly. The allied genetic divergence of the introduced population from the donor one may be directly or indirectly associated with the adaptation processes. Transplantation of anadromous salmonid species among hatcheries undertaken to increase the population numbers (i.e., introductions within the natural range) were of low efficiency owing to conservative local adaptations and low fitness of the transplanted fish. However, sometimes these transplantations were successful, if they involved geographically close populations with common origin and common evolutionary history. Numerous studies yield negative genetic, ecological, and ecosystemic effects of introduction of alien species and populations, which should be taken into account when planning transplantations.}, }
@article {pmid18764873, year = {2009}, author = {Migheli, Q and Balmas, V and Komoñ-Zelazowska, M and Scherm, B and Fiori, S and Kopchinskiy, AG and Kubicek, CP and Druzhinina, IS}, title = {Soils of a Mediterranean hot spot of biodiversity and endemism (Sardinia, Tyrrhenian Islands) are inhabited by pan-European, invasive species of Hypocrea/Trichoderma.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {35-46}, doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01736.x}, pmid = {18764873}, issn = {1462-2920}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer ; Genes, rRNA ; Genotype ; Hypocrea/*classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; Italy ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Fungal/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Soil Microbiology ; Trichoderma/*classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {We have used a Mediterranean hot spot of biodiversity (the Island of Sardinia) to investigate the impact of abiotic factors on the distribution of species of the common soil fungus Trichoderma. To this end, we isolated 482 strains of Hypocrea/Trichoderma from 15 soils comprising undisturbed and disturbed environments (forest, shrub lands and undisturbed or extensively grazed grass steppes respectively). Isolates were identified at the species level by the oligonucleotide BarCode for Hypocrea/Trichoderma (TrichOKEY), sequence similarity analysis (Trichoblast) and phylogenetic inferences. The majority of the isolates were positively identified as pan-European and/or pan-global Hypocrea/Trichoderma species from sections Trichoderma and Pachybasium, comprising H. lixii/T. harzianum, T. gamsii, T. spirale, T. velutinum, T. hamatum, H. koningii/T. koningii, H. virens/T. virens, T. tomentosum, H. semiorbis, H. viridescens/T. viridescens, H. atroviridis/T. atroviride, T. asperellum, H. koningiopsis/T. koningiopsis and Trichoderma sp. Vd2. Only one isolate represented a new, undescribed species belonging to the Harzianum-Catoptron Clade. Internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis revealed only one potentially endemic internal transcribed spacer 1 allele of T. hamatum. All other species exhibited genotypes that were already found in Eurasia or in other continents. Only few cases of correlation of species occurrence with abiotic factors were recorded. The data suggest a strong reduction of native Hypocrea/Trichoderma diversity, which was replaced by extensive invasion of species from Eurasia, Africa and the Pacific Basin.}, }
@article {pmid18763570, year = {2008}, author = {Yang, R and Yu, G and Tang, J and Chen, X}, title = {Effects of metal lead on growth and mycorrhizae of an invasive plant species (Solidago canadensis L.).}, journal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, pages = {739-744}, doi = {10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62121-x}, pmid = {18763570}, issn = {1001-0742}, mesh = {Biomass ; Humans ; *Lead/adverse effects/metabolism ; Mycorrhizae/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Random Allocation ; *Soil Pollutants ; Solidago/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {It is less known whether and how soil metal lead (Pb) impacts the invasion of exotic plants. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to estimate the effects of lead on the growth and mycorrhizae of an invasive species (Solidago canadensis L.) in a microcosm system. Each microcosm unit was separated into HOST and TEST compartments by a replaceable mesh screen that allowed arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal hyphae rather than plant roots to grow into the TEST compartments. Three Pb levels (control, 300, and 600 mg/kg soil) were used in this study to simulate ambient soil and two pollution sites where S. canadensis grows. Mycorrhizal inoculum comprised five indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species (Glomus mosseae, Glomus versiform, Glomus diaphanum, Glomus geosporum, and Glomus etunicatum). The 15N isotope tracer was used to quantify the mycorrhizally mediated nitrogen acquisition of plants. The results showed that S. canadensis was highly dependent on mycorrhizae. The Pb additions significantly decreased biomass and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization (root length colonized, RLC%) but did not affect spore numbers, N (including total N and 15N) and P uptake. The facilitating efficiency of mycorrhizae on nutrient acquisition was promoted by Pb treatments. The Pb was mostly sequestered in belowground of plant (root and rhizome). The results suggest that the high efficiency of mycorrhizae on nutrient uptake might give S. canadensis a great advantage over native species in Pb polluted soils.}, }
@article {pmid18713419, year = {2008}, author = {Wang, G and Jiang, G and Yu, S and Li, Y and Liu, H}, title = {Invasion possibility and potential effects of Rhus typhina on Beijing municipality.}, journal = {Journal of integrative plant biology}, volume = {50}, number = {5}, pages = {522-530}, doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00660.x}, pmid = {18713419}, issn = {1744-7909}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; China ; *Cities ; Geography ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Rhus/*growth &amp; development ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Rhus typhina, an alien species introduced from North America, was identified as a main afforestation species in Beijing municipality. However, its invasiveness is still at odds. To clarify this problem, we applied the North American Screening System and the Australian Screening System to preliminarily predict its invasion possibility. Both screening systems gave the same recommendation to "reject". The geographical distribution was surveyed, with the population features of R. typhina against the native plant communities being assessed. With anthropogenic assistance, R. typhina has been scattered on almost all habitats from downtown to mountains, including roadsides, farmlands and protected areas. As a clonal shrub, R. typhina possessed a high spreading rate, varying from 6.3 m/3 years at sterile habitats to 6.7 m/3 years at fertile ones. Significantly lower species richness, individual density and diversity were observed in the R. typhina community than those of the native Vitex negundo Linn.var. heterophylla (Franch.) Rehd. community at both sterile and fertile habitats. Continual wide plantation of R. typhina may further foster its population expansion, which helps the species to overcome spatial isolation. The fact that each root fragment can develop into a new individual makes R. typhina very difficult to be eradicated once established. From a biological point of view, we believe that R. typhina is a plant invader in Beijing. We therefore suggest the government should remove the name of R. typhina from the main tree species list in afforesting Beijing.}, }
@article {pmid18712343, year = {2008}, author = {Qi, LL and Pumphrey, MO and Friebe, B and Chen, PD and Gill, BS}, title = {Molecular cytogenetic characterization of alien introgressions with gene Fhb3 for resistance to Fusarium head blight disease of wheat.}, journal = {TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik}, volume = {117}, number = {7}, pages = {1155-1166}, pmid = {18712343}, issn = {0040-5752}, mesh = {Chromosome Banding ; Chromosomes, Plant ; Crosses, Genetic ; *Fusarium ; *Genes, Plant ; Genetic Markers ; Immunity, Innate/genetics ; In Situ Hybridization ; Inbreeding ; Plant Diseases/*genetics/microbiology ; Poaceae/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Translocation, Genetic ; Triticum/*genetics/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance was identified in the alien species Leymus racemosus, and wheat-Leymus introgression lines with FHB resistance were reported previously. Detailed molecular cytogenetic analysis of alien introgressions T01, T09, and T14 and the mapping of Fhb3, a new gene for FHB resistance, are reported here. The introgression line T09 had an unknown wheat-Leymus translocation chromosome. A total of 36 RFLP markers selected from the seven homoeologous groups of wheat were used to characterize T09 and determine the homoeologous relationship of the introgressed Leymus chromosome with wheat. Only short arm markers for group 7 detected Leymus-specific fragments in T09, whereas 7AS-specific RFLP fragments were missing. C-banding and genomic in situ hybridization results indicated that T09 has a compensating Robertsonian translocation T7AL.7Lr#1S involving the long arm of wheat chromosome 7A and the short arm of Leymus chromosome 7Lr#1 substituting for chromosome arm 7AS of wheat. Introgression lines T01 (2n = 44) and T14 (2n = 44) each had two pairs of independent translocation chromosomes. T01 had T4BS.4BL-7Lr#1S + T4BL-7Lr#1S.5Lr#1S. T14 had T6BS.6BL-7Lr#1S + T6BL.5Lr#1S. These translocations were recovered in the progeny of the irradiated line Lr#1 (T5Lr#1S.7Lr#1S). The three translocation lines, T01, T09, and T14, and the disomic addition 7Lr#1 were consistently resistant to FHB in greenhouse point-inoculation experiments, whereas the disomic addition 5Lr#1 was susceptible. The data indicated that at least one novel FHB resistance gene from Leymus, designated Fhb3, resides in the distal region of the short arm of chromosome 7Lr#1, because the resistant translocation lines share a common distal segment of 7Lr#1S. Three PCR-based markers, BE586744-STS, BE404728-STS, and BE586111-STS, specific for 7Lr#1S were developed to expedite marker-assisted selection in breeding programs.}, }
@article {pmid18707424, year = {2002}, author = {Grotkopp, E and Rejmánek, M and Rost, TL}, title = {Toward a causal explanation of plant invasiveness: seedling growth and life-history strategies of 29 pine (Pinus) species.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {159}, number = {4}, pages = {396-419}, doi = {10.1086/338995}, pmid = {18707424}, issn = {1537-5323}, abstract = {We studied 29 pine (Pinus) species to test the hypothesis that invasive species in disturbed habitats have distinct attributes. Seedling relative growth rate (RGR) and measures of invasiveness were positively associated across species as well as within phylogenetically independent contrasts. High RGR, small seed masses, and short generation times characterize pine species that are successful invaders in disturbed habitats. Discriminant analysis and logistic regression revealed that RGR was the most significant factor among these life-history traits separating invasive and noninvasive species. We also explored the causes of differences in RGR among invasive and noninvasive species. While net assimilation rate, leaf mass ratio, and specific leaf area (SLA) were all found to be contributing positively to RGR, SLA was found to be the main component responsible for differences in RGR between invasive and noninvasive pines. We investigated differences in SLA further by studying leaf anatomy, leaf density, and leaf thickness. We also evaluated relative leaf production rate as an important aspect of SLA. We proposed a hypothetical causal network of all relevant variables.}, }
@article {pmid18705370, year = {2008}, author = {Feener, DH and Orr, MR and Wackford, KM and Longo, JM and Benson, WW and Gilbert, LE}, title = {Geographic variation in resource dominance-discovery in Brazilian ant communities.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {7}, pages = {1824-1836}, doi = {10.1890/07-0659.1}, pmid = {18705370}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/parasitology/*physiology ; Brazil ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Social Dominance ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {A predictive framework for the ecology of species invasions requires that we learn what limits successful invaders in their native range. The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) is invasive in the United States, Puerto Rico, Australia, New Zealand, and China. Solenopsis invicta appears to be a superior competitor in its introduced range, where it can cause the local extirpation of native species, but little is known about its competitive ability in its native range in South America. Here we examine the competitive ability of S. invicta for food resources in three widely separated Brazilian ant communities. Each of these communities contains 20-40 ant species, 8-10 of which were common and frequently interacted with S. invicta. S. invicta at all three sites was attacked by several species-specific phorid parasitoids, and at one site, two other species were attacked by their own specialized parasitoids. We examined interactions in these local communities for evidence that trade-offs among ant species between resource dominance and resource discovery, and between resource dominance and parasitoid vulnerability facilitate local coexistence. The trade-off between resource dominance and resource discovery was strong and significant only at Santa Genebra, where parasitoids had no effect on the outcome of confrontations at resources. At Bonito, parasitoids significantly reduced the ability of S. invicta, which was the top-ranked behavioral dominant, from defending and usurping food resources from subordinate species. In the Pantanal, S. invicta ranked behind three other ant species in a linear hierarchy of behavioral dominance, and lost the majority of its interactions with a fourth more subordinate species, Paratrechina fulva, another invasive species. Parasitoids of S. invicta were uncommon in the Pantanal, and did not affect its low position in the hierarchy relative to the other two sites. Parasitoids, however, did affect the ability of Linepithema angulatum, the top-ranked behavioral dominant in this community, from defending and usurping resources from behavioral subordinates. These results indicate that both interspecific competition and trait-mediated indirect effects of phorid parasitoids affect the ecological success of the red imported fire ant in its native range, but that the relative importance of these factors varies geographically.}, }
@article {pmid18695220, year = {2008}, author = {Jackson, JB}, title = {Colloquium paper: ecological extinction and evolution in the brave new ocean.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {105 Suppl 1}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {11458-11465}, pmid = {18695220}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecology ; *Extinction, Biological ; Fossils ; *Marine Biology ; Oceans and Seas ; Water Pollutants ; }, abstract = {The great mass extinctions of the fossil record were a major creative force that provided entirely new kinds of opportunities for the subsequent explosive evolution and diversification of surviving clades. Today, the synergistic effects of human impacts are laying the groundwork for a comparably great Anthropocene mass extinction in the oceans with unknown ecological and evolutionary consequences. Synergistic effects of habitat destruction, overfishing, introduced species, warming, acidification, toxins, and massive runoff of nutrients are transforming once complex ecosystems like coral reefs and kelp forests into monotonous level bottoms, transforming clear and productive coastal seas into anoxic dead zones, and transforming complex food webs topped by big animals into simplified, microbially dominated ecosystems with boom and bust cycles of toxic dinoflagellate blooms, jellyfish, and disease. Rates of change are increasingly fast and nonlinear with sudden phase shifts to novel alternative community states. We can only guess at the kinds of organisms that will benefit from this mayhem that is radically altering the selective seascape far beyond the consequences of fishing or warming alone. The prospects are especially bleak for animals and plants compared with metabolically flexible microbes and algae. Halting and ultimately reversing these trends will require rapid and fundamental changes in fisheries, agricultural practice, and the emissions of greenhouse gases on a global scale.}, }
@article {pmid18694765, year = {2008}, author = {Cristofol, M and Roques, L}, title = {Biological invasions: deriving the regions at risk from partial measurements.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences}, volume = {215}, number = {2}, pages = {158-166}, doi = {10.1016/j.mbs.2008.07.004}, pmid = {18694765}, issn = {0025-5564}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Logistic Models ; *Models, Biological ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {We consider the problem of forecasting the regions at higher risk for newly introduced invasive species. Favourable and unfavourable regions may indeed not be known a priori, especially for exotic species whose hosts in native range and newly-colonised areas can be different. Assuming that the species is modelled by a logistic-like reaction-diffusion equation, we prove that the spatial arrangement of the favourable and unfavourable regions can theoretically be determined using only partial measurements of the population density: (1) a local 'spatio-temporal' measurement, during a short time period and, (2) a 'spatial' measurement in the whole region susceptible to colonisation. We then present a stochastic algorithm which is proved analytically, and then on several numerical examples, to be effective in deriving these regions.}, }
@article {pmid18664415, year = {2008}, author = {Broennimann, O and Guisan, A}, title = {Predicting current and future biological invasions: both native and invaded ranges matter.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, pages = {585-589}, pmid = {18664415}, issn = {1744-9561}, mesh = {*Centaurea ; Europe ; *Geography ; *Greenhouse Effect ; *Models, Biological ; North America ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The classical approach to predicting the geographical extent of species invasions consists of training models in the native range and projecting them in distinct, potentially invasible areas. However, recent studies have demonstrated that this approach could be hampered by a change of the realized climatic niche, allowing invasive species to spread into habitats in the invaded ranges that are climatically distinct from those occupied in the native range. We propose an alternative approach that involves fitting models with pooled data from all ranges. We show that this pooled approach improves prediction of the extent of invasion of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) in North America on models based solely on the European native range. Furthermore, it performs equally well on models based on the invaded range, while ensuring the inclusion of areas with similar climate to the European niche, where the species is likely to spread further. We then compare projections from these models for 2080 under a severe climate warming scenario. Projections from the pooled models show fewer areas of intermediate climatic suitability than projections from the native or invaded range models, suggesting a better consensus among modelling techniques and reduced uncertainty.}, }
@article {pmid18662220, year = {2008}, author = {Ciosi, M and Miller, NJ and Kim, KS and Giordano, R and Estoup, A and Guillemaud, T}, title = {Invasion of Europe by the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera: multiple transatlantic introductions with various reductions of genetic diversity.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {16}, pages = {3614-3627}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03866.x}, pmid = {18662220}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; DNA/genetics ; Europe ; Founder Effect ; Gene Frequency ; Genes, Insect ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Microsatellite Repeats ; North America ; }, abstract = {The early stages of invasion involve demographic bottlenecks that may result in lower genetic variation in introduced populations as compared to source population/s. Low genetic variability may decrease the adaptive potential of such populations in their new environments. Previous population genetic studies of invasive species have reported varying levels of losses of genetic variability in comparisons of source and invasive populations. However, intraspecific comparisons are required to assess more thoroughly the repeatability of genetic consequences of colonization events. Descriptions of invasive species for which multiple introductions from a single source population have been demonstrated may be particularly informative. The western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, native to North America and invasive in Europe, offers us an opportunity to analyse multiple introduction events within a single species. We investigated within- and between-population variation at eight microsatellite markers in WCR in North America and Europe to investigate the routes by which WCR was introduced into Europe, and to assess the effect of introduction events on genetic variation. We detected five independent introduction events from the northern USA into Europe. The diversity loss following these introductions differed considerably between events, suggesting substantial variation in introduction, foundation and/or establishment conditions. Genetic variability at evolutionarily neutral loci does not seem to underlie the invasive success of WCR in Europe. We also showed that the introduction of WCR into Europe resulted in the redistribution of genetic variance from the intra- to the interpopulational level contrary to most examples of multiple introductions.}, }
@article {pmid18658235, year = {2008}, author = {McDonald, DB and Parchman, TL and Bower, MR and Hubert, WA and Rahel, FJ}, title = {An introduced and a native vertebrate hybridize to form a genetic bridge to a second native species.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {105}, number = {31}, pages = {10837-10842}, pmid = {18658235}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Bayes Theorem ; Cypriniformes/*genetics ; DNA Primers/genetics ; *Genetics, Population ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Wyoming ; }, abstract = {The genetic impacts of hybridization between native and introduced species are of considerable conservation concern, while the possibility of reticulate evolution affects our basic understanding of how species arise and shapes how we use genetic data to understand evolutionary diversification. By using mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) sequences and 467 amplified fragment-length polymorphism nuclear DNA markers, we show that the introduced white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) has hybridized with two species native to the Colorado River Basin--the flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis) and the bluehead sucker (Catostomus discobolus). Hybrids between the flannelmouth sucker and white sucker have facilitated introgression between the two native species, previously isolated by reproductive barriers, such that individuals exist with contributions from all three genomes. Most hybrids had the mitochondrial haplotype of the introduced white sucker, emphasizing its pivotal role in this three-way hybridization. Our findings highlight how introduced species can threaten the genetic integrity of not only one species but also multiple previously reproductively isolated species. Furthermore, this complex three-way reticulate (as opposed to strictly bifurcating) evolution suggests that seeking examples in other vertebrate systems might be productive. Although the present study involved an introduced species, similar patterns of hybridization could result from natural processes, including stream capture or geological formations (e.g., the Bering land bridge).}, }
@article {pmid18652686, year = {2008}, author = {Russello, MA and Avery, ML and Wright, TF}, title = {Genetic evidence links invasive monk parakeet populations in the United States to the international pet trade.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {217}, pmid = {18652686}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Domestic ; Animals, Wild/*genetics ; *Commerce ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Parakeets/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; South America ; United States ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Severe ecological and economic impacts caused by some invasive species make it imperative to understand the attributes that permit them to spread. A notorious crop pest across its native range in South America, the monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) has become established on four other continents, including growing populations in the United States. As a critical first step to studying mechanisms of invasion success in this species, here we elucidated the geographical and taxonomic history of the North American invasions of the monk parakeet. Specifically, we conducted a genetic assessment of current monk parakeet taxonomy based on mitochondrial DNA control region sequences from 73 museum specimens. These data supported comparative analyses of mtDNA lineage diversity in the native and naturalized ranges of the monk parakeet and allowed for identification of putative source populations.<br><br>RESULTS: There was no molecular character support for the M. m. calita, M. m. cotorra, and M. m. monachus subspecies, while the Bolivian M. m. luchsi was monophyletic and diagnosably distinct. Three haplotypes sampled in the native range were detected within invasive populations in Florida, Connecticut, New Jersey and Rhode Island, the two most common of which were unique to M. m. monachus samples from eastern Argentina and bordering areas in Brazil and Uruguay.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The lack of discrete morphological character differences in tandem with the results presented here suggest that M. m. calita, M. m. cotorra and M. m. monachus are in need of formal taxonomic revision. The genetic distinctiveness of M. m. luchsi is consistent with previous recommendations of allospecies status for this taxon. The geographic origins of haplotypes sampled in the four U.S. populations are concordant with trapping records from the mid-20th century and suggest that propagule pressure exerted by the international pet bird trade contributed to the establishment of invasive populations in the United States.}, }
@article {pmid18642512, year = {2008}, author = {Beaucournu, JC and Pisanu, B and Chapuis, JL}, title = {[Enderleinellus tamiasis Fahrenholz, 1916 (Anoplura: Enderleinellidae), an introduced species, and a new sucking louse for the French fauna].}, journal = {Parasite (Paris, France)}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {175-178}, doi = {10.1051/parasite/2008152175}, pmid = {18642512}, issn = {1252-607X}, mesh = {Animals ; Anoplura/*classification ; Female ; France ; Lice Infestations/parasitology/*veterinary ; Male ; *Phylogeny ; Rodent Diseases/*parasitology ; Sciuridae/*parasitology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {A new sucking louse is recorded for the French Anopluran fauna, Enderleinellus tomiasis found on the introduced Sciurid Tamias sibiricus. This observation highlights the maintenance of parasites when introduced with their hosts and when their hosts settle into a novel environments. It suggests a common origin for two out of four populations of Siberian chipmunks examined. The authors describe the morphological criteria that allow the distinction between the two species of Enderleinellus and each infecting a sciurid host found in our country.}, }
@article {pmid18634490, year = {2008}, author = {Smith, GC and Thulke, HH and Fooks, AR and Artois, M and Macdonald, DW and Eisinger, D and Selhorst, T}, title = {What is the future of wildlife rabies control in Europe?.}, journal = {Developments in biologicals}, volume = {131}, number = {}, pages = {283-289}, pmid = {18634490}, issn = {1424-6074}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/*virology ; Computer Simulation ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Disease Outbreaks/economics/veterinary ; Europe ; Forecasting ; Models, Biological ; Rabies/economics/prevention &amp; control/*veterinary ; Rabies Vaccines/*administration &amp; dosage/*economics ; Vaccination/economics/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Over the last fifteen years or so, classical rabies in terrestrial wildlife has been eliminated from large areas of Western Europe. Over the next few years, terrestrial rabies is likely to occur only east of a line from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea; the overall aim is to eliminate terrestrial rabies from the whole European Union. Elimination of rabies from the less rich countries of Eastern Europe, and the protection of Europe against a resurgence of rabies in the longer term requires modifications to existing OIE and WHO strategies. Here we discuss the options available to eliminate rabies in wildlife while taking account of financial cost, and how to maintain a 'cordon sanitaire' along the eastern boundary of the EU in order to protect the rabies-free areas from rabies incursion. Minimising financial costs at the national level is obviously essential, considering the competing priorities for development and health. This could be achieved either by increasing external funding (for example by the EU) and/or by changing the currently agreed vaccination strategy to reduce costs; any such change must not substantially reduce the chances of rabies elimination. A cordon sanitaire might be placed outside the economic area of the EU, to protect the whole of the EU, or it might be placed within the easternmost countries to ensure logistical consistency of vaccination. Policy must also anticipate an emergency due to rabies breaking out in a previously freed region. Strategic planning may be complicated by the increasing range and abundance of the raccoon dog, an introduced species that is increasingly important as a host for fox rabies. It is argued here that models help to evaluate altemative strategies, exploring options for optimising costs by minimising bait density and frequency or by reducing the vaccination area.}, }
@article {pmid18627455, year = {2008}, author = {Rosenthal, DM and Ramakrishnan, AP and Cruzan, MB}, title = {Evidence for multiple sources of invasion and intraspecific hybridization in Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv. in North America.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {21}, pages = {4657-4669}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03844.x}, pmid = {18627455}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Alleles ; California ; DNA, Chloroplast/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Oregon ; Poaceae/*genetics ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {We compared the levels and distribution of genetic diversity in Eurasian and North American populations of Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv. (false brome), a newly invasive perennial bunchgrass in western North America. Our goals were to identify source regions for invasive populations, determine the number of independent invasion events, and assess the possibility that postinvasion bottlenecks and hybridization have affected patterns of genetic diversity in the invaded range. We tested the hypothesis that this Eurasian grass was accidentally introduced into two areas in Oregon and one site in California by examining nuclear microsatellites and chloroplast haplotype variation in 23 introduced and 25 native populations. In the invaded range, there was significantly lower allelic richness (R(S)), observed heterozygosity (H(O)) and within-population gene diversity (H(S)), although a formal test failed to detect a significant genetic bottleneck. Most of the genetic variation existed among populations in the native range but within populations in the invaded range. All of the allelic variation in the invaded range could be explained based on alleles found in western European populations. The distribution of identified genetic clusters in the North American populations and the unique alleles associated with them is consistent with two historical introductions in Oregon and a separate introduction to California. Further analyses of population structure indicate that intraspecific hybridization among genotypes from geographically distinct regions of western Europe occurred following colonization in Oregon. The California populations, however, are more likely to be derived from one or perhaps several genetically similar regions in the native range. The emergence and spread of novel recombinant genotypes may be facilitating the rapid spread of this invasive species in Oregon.}, }
@article {pmid18624229, year = {2008}, author = {Rumi, A and Gregoric, DE and Núñez, V and Darrigran, GA}, title = {[Latin American malacology. Freshwater mollusks from Argentina].}, journal = {Revista de biologia tropical}, volume = {56}, number = {1}, pages = {77-111}, pmid = {18624229}, issn = {0034-7744}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; *Biodiversity ; Bivalvia/*classification ; Fresh Water ; Gastropoda/*classification ; Geography ; }, abstract = {A report and an updated list with comments on the species of freshwater molluscs of Argentina which covers an area of 2 777 815 km2 is presented. Distributions of Gastropoda and Bivalvia families, endemic, exotic, invasive as well as entities of sanitary importance are also studied and recommendations on their conservation are provided. Molluscs related to the Del Plata Basin have been thoroughly studied in comparison to others areas of the country. This fauna exhibits relatively the biggest specific richness and keeps its affinity with the fauna of other regions of the basin in areas of Paraguay and Brasil. The 4 500 records of molluscs considered in this paper arise from the study of the collections of Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Buenos Aires; Museo de La Plata, La Plata and Fundación "Miguel Lillo", Tucumán. These institutions keep very important collections of molluscs in southern South America. Field information has recently been obtained and localities cited by other authors are also included in the data base. Until today, 166 species have been described, 101 belonging to 10 families of Gastropoda and 65 to 7 of Bivalvia. Families with highest specific richness are Lithoglyphidae (22) and Sphaeriidae (25), respectively. The number of endemic species (those present only in Argentina) by family is: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae (1), Cochliopidae (10), Lithoglyphidae (11), Thiariidae (3), Chilinidae (11), Lymnaeidae (2) and Physidae (2?); Bivalvia: Hyriidae (1?); Etheriidae (1?) and Sphaeriidae (10). Families with a distribution that comprise almost the whole country are: the Sphaeriidae and the gastropods Cochliopidae, Chilinidae and Lymnaeidae. Families Erodonidae and Solecurtidae (Bivalvia) were registered in mixohaline environments from Buenos Aires province. Gastropod families Thiaridae and Glacidorbiidae show a very restricted distribution. The rest of the families are present mainly in the center and north of the country. Species of sanitary interest are the propagators of: schistosomiasis -Biomphalaria peregrina, B. straminea y B. tenagophila, Planorbidae-, fasciolasis -Lymnaea viatrix and L. columnella, Lymnaeidae- and dermatitis -Chilina gibbosa and C. fluminea, Chilinidae. Invasive species are: Corbicula fluminea (Corbiculidae) and Limnoperna fortunei (Mytilidae). The construction of new areas for the protection and conservation of the high risk endemic species of freshwater molluscs is a priority. It is necessary to give special attention to the species of the patagonic mountain range and of the mesopotamic area of the Del Plata Basin.}, }
@article {pmid18616747, year = {2008}, author = {Bancroft, BA and Baker, NJ and Blaustein, AR}, title = {A meta-analysis of the effects of ultraviolet B radiation and its synergistic interactions with pH, contaminants, and disease on amphibian survival.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {987-996}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00966.x}, pmid = {18616747}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Amphibians/*physiology ; Animals ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/drug effects/radiation effects ; Extinction, Biological ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Larva/drug effects/radiation effects ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*adverse effects ; }, abstract = {Human alterations to natural systems have resulted in a loss of biological diversity around the world. Amphibian population losses have been more severe than those of birds and mammals. Amphibian population declines are likely due to many factors including habitat loss, disease, contaminants, introduced species and ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation. The effect of UVB, however, varies widely among species and can vary within populations of the same species or at different life-history stages. This variation has often led to opposing conclusions about how UVB affects amphibians. We used meta-analysis techniques to explore the overall effects of UVB radiation on survival in amphibians. We also used recently developed factorial meta-analytic techniques to quantify potential interactions between UVB radiation and other stressors on amphibians. Ultraviolet-B radiation reduced survival of amphibians by 1.9-fold compared with shielded controls. Larvae were more susceptible to damage from UVB radiation compared with embryos, and salamanders were more susceptible compared with frogs and toads. Furthermore, UVB radiation interacted synergistically with other environmental stressors and resulted in greater than additive effects on survival when 2 stressors were present. Our results suggest that UVB radiation is an important stressor in amphibians, particularly in light of potential synergisms between UVB and other stressors in amphibian habitats.}, }
@article {pmid18616546, year = {2008}, author = {Marais, E and Chown, SL}, title = {Beneficial acclimation and the Bogert effect.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {1027-1036}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01213.x}, pmid = {18616546}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Body Temperature ; Cold Temperature ; Diptera/*physiology ; Larva/physiology ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Few studies have examined the extent to which phenotypic plasticity in a given trait might be influenced by behavioural responses to an environmental cue. Regulatory behaviour might eliminate environmental variation such that little selection for physiological change would take place. Here, to test this Bogert effect on acclimation, we use two life-stages of a kelp fly that inhabit the same habitat, but differ profoundly in their behaviour. We predicted that when denied opportunities for behavioural regulation, mobile, though brachypterous adults would show a performance advantage in most thermal environments following acclimation to their preferred temperature(s). By contrast, in the less mobile larvae, that have a broader thermal preference, beneficial acclimation would be more evident. Ordered factor anova with orthogonal polynomial contrasts revealed that adults recovered faster from chill coma following any one of six short-term temperature treatments if they had been acclimated at low temperature, whilst larvae showed beneficial acclimation.}, }
@article {pmid18613581, year = {2008}, author = {Johnson, KD and O'Neal, ME and Bradshaw, JD and Rice, ME}, title = {Is preventative, concurrent management of the soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and bean leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) possible?.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {101}, number = {3}, pages = {801-809}, doi = {10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[801:ipcmot]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {18613581}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/*pathogenicity ; Coleoptera/*pathogenicity ; Fabaceae/*parasitology ; Geography ; Insecticides/*toxicity ; Iowa ; Neonicotinoids ; Nitriles/toxicity ; Nitro Compounds/toxicity ; North Carolina ; Oxazines/toxicity ; Pyrethrins/toxicity ; Glycine max/*parasitology ; Thiamethoxam ; Thiazoles/toxicity ; }, abstract = {In Iowa, the management of insect pests in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., has been complicated by the arrival of the invasive species soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and occasional outbreaks of bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Förster) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), populations leading to economic losses. Several insecticide programs designed to reduce abundance of the overwintered and first generation C. trifurcata and the incidence of bean pod mottle virus were evaluated over 3 yr (2004-2006) for their impacts on A. glycines populations, at three locations in Iowa (Floyd, Lucas, and Story counties). There was no significant overlap of either overwintered (early May) or the first (early July) generations of C. trifurcata with A. glycines, because aphids were first detected in June and they did not reach economically damaging levels until August, if at all. During this study, insecticides targeting the overwintered population or the first generation of C. trifurcata provided a limited impact on A. glycines populations compared with untreated controls, and they did not prevent economic populations from occurring. Furthermore, the highest populations of A. glycines were frequently observed when a low rate of lambda-cyhalothrin (178 ml/ha) was applied targeting the overwintered population of C. trifurcata. Soybean yields were not protected by any of the insecticide treatments. Our results indicate that the use of either early season foliar or seed-applied insecticides for C. trifurcata management is of limited value for A. glycines management.}, }
@article {pmid18612654, year = {2008}, author = {Rodgers, VL and Wolfe, BE and Werden, LK and Finzi, AC}, title = {The invasive species Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) increases soil nutrient availability in northern hardwood-conifer forests.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {157}, number = {3}, pages = {459-471}, pmid = {18612654}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Brassicaceae/*physiology ; Fungi/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Magnoliopsida/*physiology ; Nitrogen/analysis/*metabolism ; Phosphorus/analysis/*metabolism ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Soil/*analysis ; Soil Microbiology ; Time Factors ; Tracheophyta/*physiology ; Trees/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The invasion of non-native plants can alter the diversity and activity of soil microorganisms and nutrient cycling within forests. We used field studies to analyze the impact of a successful invasive groundcover, Alliaria petiolata, on fungal diversity, soil nutrient availability, and pH in five northeastern US forests. We also used laboratory and greenhouse experiments to test three mechanisms by which A. petiolata may alter soil processes: (1) the release of volatile, cyanogenic glucosides from plant tissue; (2) the exudation of plant secondary compounds from roots; and (3) the decomposition of litter. Fungal community composition was significantly different between invaded and uninvaded soils at one site. Compared to uninvaded plots, plots invaded by A. petiolata were consistently and significantly higher in N, P, Ca and Mg availability, and soil pH. In the laboratory, the release of volatile compounds from the leaves of A. petiolata did not significantly alter soil N availability. Similarly, in the greenhouse, the colonization of native soils by A. petiolata roots did not alter soil nutrient cycling, implying that the exudation of secondary compounds has little effect on soil processes. In a leaf litter decomposition experiment, however, green rosette leaves of A. petiolata significantly increased the rate of decomposition of native tree species. The accelerated decomposition of leaf litter from native trees in the presence of A. petiolata rosette leaves shows that the death of these high-nutrient-content leaves stimulates decomposition to a greater extent than any negative effect that secondary compounds may have on the activity of the microbes decomposing the native litter. The results presented here, integrated with recent related studies, suggest that this invasive plant may change soil nutrient availability in such a way as to create a positive feedback between site occupancy and continued proliferation.}, }
@article {pmid18605780, year = {2008}, author = {Fazio, G and Moné, H and Lecomte-Finiger, R and Sasal, P}, title = {Differential gene expression analysis in European eels (Anguilla anguilla, L. 1758) naturally infected by macroparasites.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {94}, number = {3}, pages = {571-577}, doi = {10.1645/GE-1316.1}, pmid = {18605780}, issn = {0022-3395}, mesh = {Anguilla/*genetics/*parasitology ; Animals ; Eye/metabolism ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/genetics/parasitology/*physiopathology ; Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling/*veterinary ; Gills/enzymology ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics ; Liver/metabolism ; Metallothionein/genetics ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/epidemiology/genetics/parasitology/*physiopathology ; Prevalence ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Rod Opsins/genetics ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/genetics ; Stress, Physiological/genetics/veterinary ; Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta/genetics ; Water-Electrolyte Balance/genetics ; }, abstract = {We analyzed the relationships between the macroparasite community of the European eel and the expression of genes involved in the host physiology during its continental life. The genes studied are implicated in (1) host response to environmental stress, i.e., heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and metallothionein (MT); (2) osmoregulation, i.e., beta thyroid hormone receptor (betaTHR) and Na+/K+ATPase; and (3) silvering, i.e., betaTHR, freshwater rod opsin (FWO), and deep-sea rod opsin (DSO). All were enumerated by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The epizootiological results for 93 yellow eels caught in the Salses-Leucate Lagoon (France) included 11 species: 1 nematode, 2 acanthocephalans, 1 monogenean, and 7 digeneans. The molecular results revealed (1) a significant negative relationship between digenean abundance and the expression level of all the tested genes, except FWO; (2) a significant negative relationship between the abundance of the nematode Anguillicola crassus and the expression level of the Na+/K+ATPase gene; and (3) a significant positive relationship between the A. crassus abundance and the expression level of the MT gene. Eels infected with digeneans had, on average, a lower level of expressed genes. We hypothesize that the parasites may disturb the eel's ability to withstand environmental stress and delay their migration to the Sargasso Sea because of degeneration of the gut. We further propose that the effect of the invasive species, A. crassus, on the gene expression was mainly linked to an increased trophic activity of infected eels. Moreover, it is possible that the parasite may have an effect on the fish's migratory behavior, which is tied to reproductive purposes. Additional work, including an experimental approach, is required to confirm our hypotheses.}, }
@article {pmid18594790, year = {2008}, author = {Kanbe, Y and Okada, I and Yoneda, M and Goka, K and Tsuchida, K}, title = {Interspecific mating of the introduced bumblebee Bombus terrestris and the native Japanese bumblebee Bombus hypocrita sapporoensis results in inviable hybrids.}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {95}, number = {10}, pages = {1003-1008}, pmid = {18594790}, issn = {0028-1042}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/classification/genetics/*physiology ; Copulation ; Crosses, Genetic ; Documentation ; Environment ; Europe ; Female ; Genotype ; Japan ; Larva/genetics ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Nesting Behavior ; Ovum/physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The bumblebee Bombus terrestris is not only an effective pollinator, but also a potential invasive alien species outside its native range. Recently, nearly 30% of queens of the Japanese native species Bombus hypocrita sapporoensis and B. hypocrita hypocrita were estimated to copulate with B. terrestris males in the field, suggesting that indigenous bumblebees could be genetically deteriorated through hybrid production with the introduced species. In this study, we evaluated hybrid production between the introduced B. terrestris and the indigenous B. hypocrita sapporoensis under laboratory conditions. The hatching rate of eggs derived from interspecific matings was 0% and 8.6% depending on the direction of the cross, which was significantly lower than that from intraspecific matings of B. terrestris (76.9%) and B. hypocrita sapporoensis (78.9%). Genetic studies using microsatellite markers revealed that both haploid and diploid individuals were present in the egg stage, whereas all hatched larvae were haploid. In addition, histological studies revealed that eggs derived from interspecific matings terminated development 2 days after oviposition. These results strongly suggested that eggs derived from interspecific matings are inviable due to post-mating isolation mechanisms. Mass release of exotic pollinators could cause serious population declines of native bumblebee species.}, }
@article {pmid18589975, year = {2008}, author = {Boldor, D and Balasubramanian, S and Purohit, S and Rusch, KA}, title = {Design and implementation of a continuous microwave heating system for ballast water treatment.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {42}, number = {11}, pages = {4121-4127}, doi = {10.1021/es7024752}, pmid = {18589975}, issn = {0013-936X}, mesh = {Animals ; Artemia/*radiation effects ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Crassostrea/*radiation effects ; Eukaryota/*radiation effects ; Hot Temperature ; Larva/radiation effects ; *Microwaves ; *Ships ; Water Purification/*methods ; }, abstract = {A continuous microwave system to treat ballast water inoculated with different invasive species was designed and installed atthe Louisiana State University Agricultural Center. The effectiveness of the system to deliver the required heating loads to inactivate the organisms present was studied. The targeted organisms were microalgae (Nannochloropsis oculata), zooplankton at two different growth stages (newly hatched brine shrimp-Artemia nauplii and adult Artemia), and oyster larvae (Crassosstrea virginica). The system was tested at two different flow rates (1 and 2 liters per min) and power levels (2.5 and 4.5 kW). Temperature profiles indicate that, depending on the species present and the growth stage, the maximum temperature increase will vary from 11.8 to 64.9 degrees C. The continuous microwave heating system delivered uniform and near-instantaneous heating at the outlet proving its effectiveness. The power absorbed and power efficiency varied for the species present. More than 80% power utilization efficiency was obtained at all flow rate and microwave power combinations for microalgae, Artemia nauplii and adults. Test results indicated that microwave treatment can be an effective tool for ballast water treatment, and current high treatment costs notwithstanding, this technique can be added as supplemental technology to the palette of existing treatment methods.}, }
@article {pmid18584259, year = {2008}, author = {Fleury, BG and Lages, BG and Barbosa, JP and Kaiser, CR and Pinto, AC}, title = {New hemiketal steroid from the introduced soft coral Chromonephthea braziliensis is a chemical defense against predatory fishes.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {34}, number = {8}, pages = {987-993}, pmid = {18584259}, issn = {0098-0331}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*chemistry/*physiology ; Environment ; Fishes/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Steroids/*analysis/*isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; Sterols/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Recent studies show that chemical defenses in the exotic soft coral Chromonephthea braziliensis Ofwegen (Nephtheidae, Alcyonacea) can be one of the reasons for the success of this introduced species. We report for the first time the detailed composition of the monohydroxylated sterol fraction and a new hemiketal steroid, 23-keto-cladiellin-A, isolated from the unpalatable hexane extract from C. braziliensis. Bioassay-guided fractionation of this extract revealed that this hemiketal steroid exhibits potent feeding deterrent properties against a natural assemblage of fishes at the natural concentration. The major sterol fraction, containing the monohydroxylated sterols, was inactive in the bioassay. The results suggest that this active molecule may be driving the observed success of the invasion of this soft coral along the Brazilian Atlantic coast.}, }
@article {pmid18584133, year = {2008}, author = {Wekesa, VW and Knapp, M and Delalibera, I}, title = {Side-effects of pesticides on the life cycle of the mite pathogenic fungus Neozygites floridana.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {46}, number = {1-4}, pages = {287-297}, pmid = {18584133}, issn = {1572-9702}, mesh = {Animals ; Entomophthorales/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Female ; Fungicides, Industrial/*pharmacology ; Insecticides/*pharmacology ; Plant Leaves/parasitology ; Spores, Fungal/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Tetranychidae/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {The tomato red spider mite, Tetranychus evansi Baker and Pritchard, is an invasive species in Africa causing considerable damage to Solanaceous crops. The fungal pathogen Neozygites floridana Weiser and Muma from Brazil has been considered a potential candidate for introduction into Africa for the control of T. evansi. To be incorporated in the tomato production system, N. floridana has to be compatible with the pesticides used for the control of other pests and diseases. Pesticides used in tomatoes that might affect the fungus were therefore studied by the use of different methods. Two insecticides (Lambda-cyhalothrin and Methomyl), two acaricides (Propargite and Abamectin), and two fungicides (Captan and Mancozeb) were tested in two concentrations: the mean commercial rate (CR) and 50% of the mean commercial rate (CR/2). Fungus-killed mite cadavers or the substrates used for sporulation (leaf discs and coverslips) were either immersed or sprayed with the pesticides before testing their effects on sporulation, germination of primary conidia and infectivity of N. floridana. Direct immersion of cadavers, coverslips or leaf discs into pesticides affected sporulation and germination stronger than the spray tower method, although infectivity of capilliconidia was neither affected by the method of application nor the concentration of the pesticides. The fungicides Captan and Mancozeb resulted in a high reduction in sporulation and germination at both concentrations. Propargite did not inhibit sporulation but affected germination of primary conidia. Methomyl and Abamectin resulted in less effects on N. floridana.}, }
@article {pmid18582986, year = {2008}, author = {Brook, BW and Sodhi, NS and Bradshaw, CJ}, title = {Synergies among extinction drivers under global change.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {23}, number = {8}, pages = {453-460}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2008.03.011}, pmid = {18582986}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Extinction, Biological ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {If habitat destruction or overexploitation of populations is severe, species loss can occur directly and abruptly. Yet the final descent to extinction is often driven by synergistic processes (amplifying feedbacks) that can be disconnected from the original cause of decline. We review recent observational, experimental and meta-analytic work which together show that owing to interacting and self-reinforcing processes, estimates of extinction risk for most species are more severe than previously recognised. As such, conservation actions which only target single-threat drivers risk being inadequate because of the cascading effects caused by unmanaged synergies. Future work should focus on how climate change will interact with and accelerate ongoing threats to biodiversity, such as habitat degradation, overexploitation and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid18577088, year = {2008}, author = {Pyke, CR and Thomas, R and Porter, RD and Hellmann, JJ and Dukes, JS and Lodge, DM and Chavarria, G}, title = {Current practices and future opportunities for policy on climate change and invasive species.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {585-592}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00956.x}, pmid = {18577088}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Bioelectric Energy Sources ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*trends ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Phalaris/physiology ; Poaceae/physiology ; *Public Policy ; Rodentia/physiology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Climate change and invasive species are often treated as important, but independent, issues. Nevertheless, they have strong connections: changes in climate and societal responses to climate change may exacerbate the impacts of invasive species, whereas invasive species may affect the magnitude, rate, and impact of climate change. We argue that the design and implementation of climate-change policy in the United States should specifically consider the implications for invasive species; conversely, invasive-species policy should address consequences for climate change. The development of such policies should be based on (1) characterization of interactions between invasive species and climate change, (2) identification of areas where climate-change policies could negatively affect invasive-species management, and (3) identification of areas where policies could benefit from synergies between climate change and invasive-species management.}, }
@article {pmid18577087, year = {2008}, author = {Lee, H and Reusser, DA and Olden, JD and Smith, SS and Graham, J and Burkett, V and Dukes, JS and Piorkowski, RJ and McPhedran, J}, title = {Integrated monitoring and information systems for managing aquatic invasive species in a changing climate.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {575-584}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00955.x}, pmid = {18577087}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Databases, Factual/*standards ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Greenhouse Effect ; Models, Biological ; *Water ; }, abstract = {Changes in temperature, precipitation, and other climatic drivers and sea-level rise will affect populations of existing native and non-native aquatic species and the vulnerability of aquatic environments to new invasions. Monitoring surveys provide the foundation for assessing the combined effects of climate change and invasions by providing baseline biotic and environmental conditions, although the utility of a survey depends on whether the results are quantitative or qualitative, and other design considerations. The results from a variety of monitoring programs in the United States are available in integrated biological information systems, although many include only non-native species, not native species. Besides including natives, we suggest these systems could be improved through the development of standardized methods that capture habitat and physiological requirements and link regional and national biological databases into distributed Web portals that allow drawing information from multiple sources. Combining the outputs from these biological information systems with environmental data would allow the development of ecological-niche models that predict the potential distribution or abundance of native and non-native species on the basis of current environmental conditions. Environmental projections from climate models can be used in these niche models to project changes in species distributions or abundances under altered climatic conditions and to identify potential high-risk invaders. There are, however, a number of challenges, such as uncertainties associated with projections from climate and niche models and difficulty in integrating data with different temporal and spatial granularity. Even with these uncertainties, integration of biological and environmental information systems, niche models, and climate projections would improve management of aquatic ecosystems under the dual threats of biotic invasions and climate change.}, }
@article {pmid18577086, year = {2008}, author = {Bierwagen, BG and Thomas, R and Kane, A}, title = {Capacity of management plans for aquatic invasive species to integrate climate change.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {568-574}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00954.x}, pmid = {18577086}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods/*standards ; *Greenhouse Effect ; United States ; *Water ; }, abstract = {The consequences of climate change will affect aquatic ecosystems, including aquatic invasive species (AIS) that are already affecting these ecosystems. Effects on AIS include range shifts and more frequent overwintering of species. These effects may create new challenges for AIS management. We examined available U.S. state AIS management plans to assess each program's capacity to adapt to climate-change effects. We scored the adaptive capacity of AIS management plans on the basis of whether they addressed potential impacts resulting from climate change; demonstrated a capacity to adapt to changing conditions; provided for monitoring strategies; provided for plan revisions; and described funding for implementation. Most plans did not mention climate change specifically, but some did acknowledge climatic boundaries of species and ecosystem sensitivities to changing conditions. Just under half the plans mentioned changing environmental conditions as a factor, most frequently as part of research activities. Activities associated with monitoring showed the highest capacity to include information on changing conditions, and future revisions to management plans are likely to be the easiest avenue through which to address climate-change effects on AIS management activities. Our results show that programs have the capacity to incorporate information about climate-change effects and that the adaptive-management framework may be an appropriate approach.}, }
@article {pmid18577085, year = {2008}, author = {Mueller, JM and Hellmann, JJ}, title = {An assessment of invasion risk from assisted migration.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {562-567}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00952.x}, pmid = {18577085}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Crustacea ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes ; Greenhouse Effect ; *Human Activities ; Models, Biological ; United States ; }, abstract = {To reduce the risk of extinction due to climate change, some ecologists have suggested human-aided translocation of species, or assisted migration (AM), to areas where climate is projected to become suitable. Such intentional movement, however, may create new invasive species if successful introductions grow out of control and cause ecologic or economic damage. We assessed this risk by surveying invasive species in the United States and categorizing invaders based on origin. Because AM will involve moving species on a regional scale within continents (i.e., range shifts), we used invasive species with an intracontinental origin as a proxy for species that would be moved through AM. We then determined whether intracontinental invasions were more prevalent or harmful than intercontinental invasions. Intracontinental invasions occurred far less frequently than invasions from other continents, but they were just as likely to have had severe effects. Fish and crustaceans pose a particularly high threat of intracontinental invasion. We conclude that the risk of AM to create novel invasive species is small, but assisted species that do become invasive could have large effects. Past experience with species reintroductions may help inform policy regarding AM.}, }
@article {pmid18577084, year = {2008}, author = {Rahel, FJ and Bierwagen, B and Taniguchi, Y}, title = {Managing aquatic species of conservation concern in the face of climate change and invasive species.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {551-561}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00953.x}, pmid = {18577084}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Demography ; Fishes ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Human Activities ; Invertebrates ; Mammals ; Models, Biological ; Plants ; }, abstract = {The difficult task of managing species of conservation concern is likely to become even more challenging due to the interaction of climate change and invasive species. In addition to direct effects on habitat quality, climate change will foster the expansion of invasive species into new areas and magnify the effects of invasive species already present by altering competitive dominance, increasing predation rates, and enhancing the virulence of diseases. In some cases parapatric species may expand into new habitats and have detrimental effects that are similar to those of invading non-native species. The traditional strategy of isolating imperiled species in reserves may not be adequate if habitat conditions change beyond historic ranges or in ways that favor invasive species. The consequences of climate change will require a more active management paradigm that includes implementing habitat improvements that reduce the effects of climate change and creating migration barriers that prevent an influx of invasive species. Other management actions that should be considered include providing dispersal corridors that allow species to track environmental changes, translocating species to newly suitable habitats where migration is not possible, and developing action plans for the early detection and eradication of new invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid18577083, year = {2008}, author = {Hershner, C and Havens, KJ}, title = {Managing invasive aquatic plants in a changing system: strategic consideration of ecosystem services.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {544-550}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00957.x}, pmid = {18577083}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Anseriformes ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Oceans and Seas ; *Plants ; *Water ; }, abstract = {Climate change is projected to increase stress for many coastal plant communities. Along large portions of the North American coast, habitat degradation from anthropogenic changes to the environment already threaten the community structure of tidal marshes and submerged aquatic grass beds. The potential loss of ecological services historically provided by these communities has been a long-standing rationale for aggressive control of invading plants such as Phragmites australis and Hydrilla verticillata. Increasing evidence of ecological services provided by invasive species such as P. australis and H. verticillata suggest that, in the face of increasing stress, it may be prudent to take a more pragmatic approach regarding the effect of these species on coastal ecosystems. The notable resilience of these species to control efforts and their competitive success and comparative vigor in stressed systems and capacity to provide at least some beneficial services combine to suggest some invasive species may have a useful role in managed coastal ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid18577082, year = {2008}, author = {Hellmann, JJ and Byers, JE and Bierwagen, BG and Dukes, JS}, title = {Five potential consequences of climate change for invasive species.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {534-543}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00951.x}, pmid = {18577082}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Human Activities ; }, abstract = {Scientific and societal unknowns make it difficult to predict how global environmental changes such as climate change and biological invasions will affect ecological systems. In the long term, these changes may have interacting effects and compound the uncertainty associated with each individual driver. Nonetheless, invasive species are likely to respond in ways that should be qualitatively predictable, and some of these responses will be distinct from those of native counterparts. We used the stages of invasion known as the "invasion pathway" to identify 5 nonexclusive consequences of climate change for invasive species: (1) altered transport and introduction mechanisms, (2) establishment of new invasive species, (3) altered impact of existing invasive species, (4) altered distribution of existing invasive species, and (5) altered effectiveness of control strategies. We then used these consequences to identify testable hypotheses about the responses of invasive species to climate change and provide suggestions for invasive-species management plans. The 5 consequences also emphasize the need for enhanced environmental monitoring and expanded coordination among entities involved in invasive-species management.}, }
@article {pmid18577081, year = {2008}, author = {Rahel, FJ and Olden, JD}, title = {Assessing the effects of climate change on aquatic invasive species.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {521-533}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00950.x}, pmid = {18577081}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes/physiology ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Invertebrates/physiology ; Plants ; Sodium Chloride/chemistry ; Temperature ; *Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Different components of global environmental change are typically studied and managed independently, although there is a growing recognition that multiple drivers often interact in complex and nonadditive ways. We present a conceptual framework and empirical review of the interactive effects of climate change and invasive species in freshwater ecosystems. Climate change is expected to result in warmer water temperatures, shorter duration of ice cover, altered streamflow patterns, increased salinization, and increased demand for water storage and conveyance structures. These changes will alter the pathways by which non-native species enter aquatic systems by expanding fish-culture facilities and water gardens to new areas and by facilitating the spread of species during floods. Climate change will influence the likelihood of new species becoming established by eliminating cold temperatures or winter hypoxia that currently prevent survival and by increasing the construction of reservoirs that serve as hotspots for invasive species. Climate change will modify the ecological impacts of invasive species by enhancing their competitive and predatory effects on native species and by increasing the virulence of some diseases. As a result of climate change, new prevention and control strategies such as barrier construction or removal efforts may be needed to control invasive species that currently have only moderate effects or that are limited by seasonally unfavorable conditions. Although most researchers focus on how climate change will increase the number and severity of invasions, some invasive coldwater species may be unable to persist under the new climate conditions. Our findings highlight the complex interactions between climate change and invasive species that will influence how aquatic ecosystems and their biota will respond to novel environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid18577080, year = {2008}, author = {Bierwagen, BG and Rahel, FJ and Thomas, R}, title = {A synthesis of climate-change effects on aquatic invasive species. Introduction.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {518-520}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00958.x}, pmid = {18577080}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Plants/*metabolism ; Public Policy ; *Water ; }, }
@article {pmid18575620, year = {2008}, author = {Silva, N and Smith, WC}, title = {Inverse correlation of population similarity and introduction date for invasive ascidians.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {3}, number = {6}, pages = {e2552}, pmid = {18575620}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {R01 HD038701/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; HD038701/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; DNA/isolation &amp; purification ; DNA Primers ; Marine Biology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Population Dynamics ; Urochordata/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The genomes of many marine invertebrates, including the purple sea urchin and the solitary ascidians Ciona intestinalis and Ciona savignyi, show exceptionally high levels of heterozygosity, implying that these populations are highly polymorphic. Analysis of the C. savignyi genome found little evidence to support an elevated mutation rate, but rather points to a large population size contributing to the polymorphism level. In the present study, the relative genetic polymorphism levels in sampled populations of ten different ascidian species were determined using a similarity index generated by AFLP analysis. The goal was to determine the range of polymorphism within the populations of different species, and to uncover factors that may contribute to the high level of polymorphism. We observe that, surprisingly, the levels of polymorphism within these species show a negative correlation with the reported age of invasive populations, and that closely related species show substantially different levels of genetic polymorphism. These findings show exceptions to the assumptions that invasive species start with a low level of genetic polymorphism that increases over time and that closely related species have similar levels of genetic polymorphism.}, }
@article {pmid18566088, year = {2008}, author = {Jeschke, JM and Strayer, DL}, title = {Usefulness of bioclimatic models for studying climate change and invasive species.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {1134}, number = {}, pages = {1-24}, doi = {10.1196/annals.1439.002}, pmid = {18566088}, issn = {0077-8923}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Greenhouse Effect ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Bioclimatic models (also known as envelope models or, more broadly, ecological niche models or species distribution models) are used to predict geographic ranges of organisms as a function of climate. They are widely used to forecast range shifts of organisms due to climate change, predict the eventual ranges of invasive species, infer paleoclimate from data on species occurrences, and so forth. Several statistical techniques (including general linear models, general additive models, climate envelope models, classification and regression trees, and genetic algorithms) have been used in bioclimatic modeling. Recently developed techniques tend to perform better than older techniques, although it is unlikely that any single statistical approach will be optimal for all applications and species. Proponents of bioclimatic models have stressed their apparent predictive power, whereas opponents have identified the following unreasonable model assumptions: biotic interactions are unimportant in determining geographic ranges or are constant over space and time; the genetic and phenotypic composition of species is constant over space and time; and species are unlimited in their dispersal. In spite of these problematic assumptions, bioclimatic models often successfully fit present-day ranges of species. Their ability to forecast the effects of climate change or the spread of invaders has rarely been tested adequately, however, and we urge researchers to tie the evaluation of bioclimatic models more closely to their intended uses.}, }
@article {pmid18564378, year = {2008}, author = {Fox, CW and Scheibly, KL and Reed, DH}, title = {Experimental evolution of the genetic load and its implications for the genetic basis of inbreeding depression.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {62}, number = {9}, pages = {2236-2249}, doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00441.x}, pmid = {18564378}, issn = {0014-3820}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; Female ; Genes, Recessive ; *Genetic Load ; *Inbreeding ; Male ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {The degree to which, and rapidity with which, inbreeding depression can be purged from a population has important implications for conservation biology, captive breeding practices, and invasive species biology. The degree and rate of purging also informs us regarding the genetic mechanisms underlying inbreeding depression. We examine the evolution of mean survival and inbreeding depression in survival following serial inbreeding in a seed-feeding beetle, Stator limbatus, which shows substantial inbreeding depression at all stages of development. We created two replicate serially inbred populations perpetuated by full-sib matings and paired with outbred controls. The genetic load for the probability that an egg produces an adult was purged at approximately 0.45-0.50 lethal equivalents/generation, a reduction of more than half after only three generations of sib-mating. After serial inbreeding we outcrossed all beetles then measured (1) larval survival of outcrossed beetles and (2) inbreeding depression. Survival of outcrossed beetles evolved to be higher in the serially inbred populations for all periods of development. Inbreeding depression and the genetic load were significantly lower in the serially inbred than control populations. Inbreeding depression affecting larval survival of S. limbatus is largely due to recessive deleterious alleles of large effect that can be rapidly purged from a population by serial sib-mating. However, the effectiveness of purging varied among the periods of egg/larval survival and likely varies among other unstudied fitness components. This study presents novel results showing rapid and extensive purging of the genetic load, specifically a reduction of as much as 72% in only three generations of sib-mating. However, the high rate of extinction of inbred lines, despite the lines being reared in a benign laboratory environment, indicates that intentional purging of the genetic load of captive endangered species will not be practical due to high rates of subpopulation extinction.}, }
@article {pmid18559180, year = {2008}, author = {Buczkowski, G and Bennett, GW}, title = {Detrimental effects of highly efficient interference competition: invasive Argentine ants outcompete native ants at toxic baits.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, pages = {741-747}, doi = {10.1603/0046-225x(2008)37[741:deohei]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {18559180}, issn = {0046-225X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *Competitive Behavior ; *Insecticides ; }, abstract = {The Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) is an invasive species that disrupts the balance of natural ecosystems by displacing indigenous ant species throughout its introduced range. Previous studies that examined the mechanisms by which Argentine ants attain ecological dominance showed that superior interference and exploitation competition are key to the successful displacement of native ant species. The objective of this research was to test the hypothesis that effective interference competition by Argentine ants may also be detrimental to the survival of Argentine ant colonies where Argentine ants and native ants compete at toxic baits used to slow the spread of Argentine ants. To study this hypothesis, we examined the competitive interactions between Argentine ants and native odorous house ants, Tapinoma sessile, in the presence and absence of toxic baits. Results showed that Argentine ants aggressively outcompete T. sessile from toxic baits through efficient interference competition and monopolize bait resources. This has severe negative consequences for the survival of Argentine ants as colonies succumb to the toxic effects of the bait. In turn, T. sessile avoid areas occupied by Argentine ants, give up baits, and consequently suffer minimal mortality. Our results provide experimental evidence that highly efficient interference competition may have negative consequences for Argentine ants in areas where toxic baits are used and may provide a basis for designing innovative management programs for Argentine ants. Such programs would have the double benefit of selectively eliminating the invasive species while simultaneously protecting native ants from the toxic effects of baits.}, }
@article {pmid18545706, year = {2008}, author = {Roberge, C and Blanchet, S and Dodson, JJ and Guderley, H and Bernatchez, L}, title = {Disturbance of social hierarchy by an invasive species: a gene transcription study.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {3}, number = {6}, pages = {e2408}, pmid = {18545706}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Gene Expression Profiling ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Salmon/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Trout/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ecological and evolutionary changes in native populations facing invasion by exotic species are increasingly reported. Recently, it has been shown that competition with exotic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) disrupts dominance hierarchies within groups of native Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The genetic and molecular actors underlying phenotypic plasticity are poorly understood.<br><br>METHODOLOGY: Here, we aimed at identifying the genetic and molecular actors contributing to this plastic loss of dominance hierarchies as well as at identifying genes implicated in behaviours related to social dominance. By using microarrays, we compared the genome-wide gene transcription profiles in brains of dominant versus subordinate juvenile Atlantic salmon in presence or absence of a competitive rainbow trout.<br><br>PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Adding the trout competitor resulted in dominant and subordinate salmon being more similar, both behaviourally and at the level of brain gene transcription patterns. Genes for which transcription levels differed between dominant and subordinate salmon in the absence of exotic trout were mainly over-expressed in dominant salmon and included genes implicated in protein turnover, neuronal structural change and oxygen transport.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our study provides one of the few examples demonstrating a close interplay between behavioural plasticity and gene transcription, therefore contributing to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes in an ecologically relevant context.}, }
@article {pmid18544008, year = {2008}, author = {Ng, CA and Berg, MB and Jude, DJ and Janssen, J and Charlebois, PM and Amaral, LA and Gray, KA}, title = {Chemical amplification in an invaded food web: seasonality and ontogeny in a high-biomass, low-diversity ecosystem.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {27}, number = {10}, pages = {2186-2195}, doi = {10.1897/07-636.1}, pmid = {18544008}, issn = {0730-7268}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Biomass ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Illinois ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis ; Seasons ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {The global spread of invasive species is changing the structure of aquatic food webs worldwide. The North American Great Lakes have proved particularly vulnerable to this threat. In nearshore areas, invasive benthic species such as dreissenid mussels and round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) have gained dominance in recent years. Such species are driving the flow of energy and material from the water column to the benthic zone, with dramatic effect on nutrient and contaminant cycling. Here, we develop a stage-structured model of a benthified food web in Lake Michigan with seasonal resolution and show how its bioaccumulation patterns differ from expected ones. Our model suggests that contaminant recycling through the consumption of lipid-rich fish eggs and mussel detritus is responsible for these differences. In southern Lake Michigan's Calumet Harbor (Chicago, IL, USA), round gobies have nitrogen isotope signatures with considerable spread, with some values higher than their predators and others lower than their prey. Contrary to patterns observed in linear pelagic systems, we predict that polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in these fish decrease with increasing size due to the lipid- and benthos-enriched diets of smaller fish. We also present here round goby PCB concentrations measured in 2005 after an invasional succession in Calumet Harbor and demonstrate how the change from one invasive mussel species to another may have led to a decrease in round goby PCB accumulation. Our results suggest that benthic-dominated systems differ from pelagic ones chiefly due to the influence of detritus and that these effects are exacerbated in systems with low species diversity and high biomass.}, }
@article {pmid18543623, year = {2008}, author = {Lohrer, AM and Chiaroni, LD and Hewitt, JE and Thrush, SF}, title = {Biogenic disturbance determines invasion success in a subtidal soft-sediment system.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {5}, pages = {1299-1307}, doi = {10.1890/07-0421.1}, pmid = {18543623}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Fishes ; *Geologic Sediments ; New Zealand ; Oceans and Seas ; Sea Urchins/*physiology ; Seasons ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Theoretically, disturbance and diversity can influence the success of invasive colonists if (1) resource limitation is a prime determinant of invasion success and (2) disturbance and diversity affect the availability of required resources. However, resource limitation is not of overriding importance in all systems, as exemplified by marine soft sediments, one of Earth's most widespread habitat types. Here, we tested the disturbance-invasion hypothesis in a marine soft-sediment system by altering rates of biogenic disturbance and tracking the natural colonization of plots by invasive species. Levels of sediment disturbance were controlled by manipulating densities of burrowing spatangoid urchins, the dominant biogenic sediment mixers in the system. Colonization success by two invasive species (a gobiid fish and a semelid bivalve) was greatest in plots with sediment disturbance rates < 500 cm(3) x m(-2) x d(-1), at the low end of the experimental disturbance gradient (0 to > 9000 cm(3) x m(-2) x d(-1)). Invasive colonization declined with increasing levels of sediment disturbance, counter to the disturbance-invasion hypothesis. Increased sediment disturbance by the urchins also reduced the richness and diversity of native macrofauna (particularly small, sedentary, surface feeders), though there was no evidence of increased availability of resources with increased disturbance that would have facilitated invasive colonization: sediment food resources (chlorophyll a and organic matter content) did not increase, and space and access to overlying water were not limited (low invertebrate abundance). Thus, our study revealed the importance of biogenic disturbance in promoting invasion resistance in a marine soft-sediment community, providing further evidence of the valuable role of bioturbation in soft-sediment systems (bioturbation also affects carbon processing, nutrient recycling, oxygen dynamics, benthic community structure, and so on.). Bioturbation rates are influenced by the presence and abundance of large burrowing species (like spatangoid urchins). Therefore, mass mortalities of large bioturbators could inflate invasion risk and alter other aspects of ecosystem performance in marine soft-sediment habitats.}, }
@article {pmid18534612, year = {2008}, author = {Jumbam, KR and Jackson, S and Terblanche, JS and McGeoch, MA and Chown, SL}, title = {Acclimation effects on critical and lethal thermal limits of workers of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {54}, number = {6}, pages = {1008-1014}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.03.011}, pmid = {18534612}, issn = {0022-1910}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Hot Temperature ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {For the Argentine ant Linepithema humile, bioclimatic models often predict narrower optimal temperature ranges than those suggested by behavioural and physiological studies. Although water balance characteristics of workers of this species have been thoroughly studied, gaps exist in current understanding of its thermal limits. We investigated critical thermal minima and maxima and upper and lower lethal limits following acclimation to four temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 degrees C; 12L:12D photoperiod) in adult workers of the Argentine ant, L. humile, collected from Stellenbosch, South Africa. At an ecologically relevant rate of temperature change of 0.05 degrees Cmin(-1), CTMax varied between 38 and 40 degrees C, and CTMin varied between 0 and 0.8 degrees C. In both cases the response to acclimation was weak. A significant time by exposure temperature interaction was found for upper and lower lethal limits, with a more pronounced effect of acclimation at longer exposure durations. Upper lethal limits varied between 37 and 44 degrees C, whilst lower lethal limits varied between -4 and -10.5 degrees C, with an acclimation effect more pronounced for upper than lower lethal limits. A thermal envelope for workers of the Argentine ant is provided, demonstrating that upper thermal limits do likely contribute to distributional limits, but that lower lethal limits and limits to activity likely do not, or at least for workers who are not exposed simultaneously to the demands of load carriage and successful foraging behaviour.}, }
@article {pmid18533426, year = {2008}, author = {Roiz, D and Eritja, R and Molina, R and Melero-Alcibar, R and Lucientes, J}, title = {Initial distribution assessment of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Barcelona, Spain, area.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {347-352}, doi = {10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[347:idaoaa]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {18533426}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Demography ; Mosquito Control ; Spain ; }, abstract = {The invasive species Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse 1894) (Diptera: Culicidae) has reached several European countries, including Albania, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, Switzerland, The Netherlands, and recently Spain (Med. Vet. Entomol. 20: 150-152, 2006). Here, we present the initial characterization of the distribution of Ae. albopictus in the municipality of Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain, where it was found for the first time in the Iberian Peninsula. An ovitrap sampling campaign was developed from September to December 2004 to assess the spatial distribution and abundance of Ae. albopictus to evaluate the potential of an eradication attempt. The population of Ae. albopictus in the whole area was shown to be widespread within the municipality, and it included at least another one neighboring town, so authorities were advised to develop large-scale control measures. Some indirect evidence was collected on the introduction means and date.}, }
@article {pmid18522330, year = {2008}, author = {Pankratova, EM and Trefilova, LV and Ziablykh, RIu and Ustiuzhanin, IA}, title = {[Cyanobacterium Nostoc paludosum Kütz as a basis of creation of agriculturally useful microbial associations by the example of bacteria of the genus Rhizobium].}, journal = {Mikrobiologiia}, volume = {77}, number = {2}, pages = {266-272}, pmid = {18522330}, issn = {0026-3656}, mesh = {Agriculture/*methods ; Extracellular Space/microbiology ; Fabaceae/metabolism/microbiology ; Nitrogen Fixation ; *Nostoc/physiology ; Plant Roots/metabolism/microbiology ; *Rhizobium/physiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Different species of Rhizobium were successfully introduced into the extracellular slime of Nostoc paludosum (Kütz) Elenk, strain 18; cyanobacteria did not eliminate them and exhibited no specificity to the introduced species. Both partners were shown to exist in a self-sufficient manner in an artificial consortium, the stability of which is determined by the technology of growing the cultures in collections. Cyanobacteria act as carriers of introduced satellites, providing contact with the inoculated material through the slime, and increase the nitrogen-fixing ability of legume plants due to the increase of the number and activity of nodules. The fact of penetration of cyanobacterial hormogonia into the nodules has been noted. The treatment of seeds by the consortium resulted in an increase of the harvest as compared with the standard methods of nitragin treatment of legumes.}, }
@article {pmid18517304, year = {2000}, author = {Kurose, N and Abramov, AV and Masuda, R}, title = {Intrageneric diversity of the cytochrome B gene and phylogeny of eurasian species of the genus mustela (mustelidae, carnivora).}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {17}, number = {5}, pages = {673-679}, doi = {10.2108/zsj.17.673}, pmid = {18517304}, issn = {0289-0003}, abstract = {To illuminate molecular phylogenetic relationships among Eurasian species of the genus Mustela (Mustelidae, Carnivora), we determined nucleotide sequences of the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene region (1,140 base pairs). Molecular phylogenetic trees, constructed using the neighbor-joining and the maximum likelihood methods, showed the common topology of species relationships to each other. The American mink M. vison first branched off and was positioned very remotely from the other species of Mustela. Excluding M. vison, the ermine M. erminea first split from the rest of the species. Two small body-sized weasels, the least weasel M. nivalis and the mountain weasel M. altaica, comprised one cluster (named "the small weasel group"). The other species formed another cluster, where the remarkably close relationships among the domestic ferret M. furo, the European polecat M. putorius, and the steppe polecat M. eversmanni were noticed with 87-94% bootstrap values (named "the ferret group"), supporting the history that the ferret was domesticated from M. putorius and/or M. eversmanni. The European mink M. lutreola was the closest to the ferret group. The genetic distance between the Siberian weasel M. sibirica and the Japanese weasel M. itatsi corresponded to differences of interspecific level, while the two species were relatively close to M. lutreola and the ferret group. These results provide invaluable insight for understanding the evolution of Mustela as well as for investigating the hybridization status between native and introduced species for conservation.}, }
@article {pmid18510835, year = {2008}, author = {Basener, W and Brooks, B and Radin, M and Wiandt, T}, title = {Rat instigated human population collapse on easter island.}, journal = {Nonlinear dynamics, psychology, and life sciences}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {227-240}, pmid = {18510835}, issn = {1090-0578}, abstract = {In this paper we develop an invasive species differential equations model for the population collapse on Easter Island. This model, motivated by recent archaeological results of T. Hunt, allows us to examine the role of rats in the collapse. In Hunt's theory, the decline of resources was accelerated by Polynesian rats and not merely the result of the overuse by the island's human population. Hunt uses archaeological data which suggests a different timeline for the settlement and the long term population dynamics of Easter Island. Our goal is to estimate the plausibility of Hunt's hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid18499217, year = {2008}, author = {Guerlet, E and Ledy, K and Giambérini, L}, title = {Is the freshwater gammarid, Dikerogammarus villosus, a suitable sentinel species for the implementation of histochemical biomarkers?.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {72}, number = {5}, pages = {697-702}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.013}, pmid = {18499217}, issn = {0045-6535}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*physiology ; Animals ; Biomarkers/*analysis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry, Physical ; Copper/metabolism ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Fresh Water ; Histocytochemistry ; Lipid Metabolism/drug effects ; Lipofuscin/metabolism ; Lysosomes/metabolism ; Monte Carlo Method ; Peroxisomes/metabolism ; Principal Component Analysis ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Water Pollution/*adverse effects ; }, abstract = {In order to enlarge the range of potential sentinel species for the implementation of a multiple biomarker approach, spatial and monthly morphological variations of four cellular compartments and contents were assessed during two years in the hepatopancreatic caeca of the freshwater gammarid, Dikerogammarus villosus (Crustacea, Amphipoda), using histochemistry coupled to image analysis. Among the three study sites, the second one, located in a reservoir receiving the overheated and copper-contaminated waters of a nuclear power plant, was the most anthropised. During this passive biomonitoring survey, unsaturated neutral lipids were more abundant, the surface densities of the lysosomal and peroxisomal systems were, respectively less and more important, and lipofuscin granules tended to accumulate in the amphipods from the second site compared to both others. Nonetheless, in this context, the present cellular biomarker suite, analysed through an integrative approach, was not powerful enough to highlight spatial heterogeneity significantly. This may partly result from particularities in the patterns of metal accumulation and copper physiological requirements of amphipods (haemocyanin synthesis). Nevertheless, we think that the use of this Ponto-Caspian non-indigenous species in biomonitoring surveys deserves further investigation, owing to its current position in freshwater and brackish European ecosystems, considering both biomass and functioning. Cellular responses could be studied in parallel with endpoints at other levels of the biological organization to compose a more powerful biomarker suite. Furthermore, comparing biological responses to environmental stress in this invasive species and less competitive autochthonous gammarids could be of great interest.}, }
@article {pmid18494312, year = {2006}, author = {Avalos, G and Hoell, K and Gardner, J and Anderson, S and Lee, C}, title = {Impact of the invasive plant Syzigium jambos (Myrtaceae) on patterns of understory seedling abundance in a Tropical Premontane Forest, Costa Rica.}, journal = {Revista de biologia tropical}, volume = {54}, number = {2}, pages = {415-421}, doi = {10.15517/rbt.v54i2.13883}, pmid = {18494312}, issn = {0034-7744}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Costa Rica ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Myrtaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Seedlings/*physiology ; Trees/*physiology ; Tropical Climate ; *Water Supply ; }, abstract = {Habitat fragmentation, along with other human-induced disturbances, increase the vulnerability of native habitats to be invaded by aggressive, ecologically released, exotic species. Syzigium jambos (L.) Alston (Myrtaceae, Rose Apple) is an important invader still spreading throughout Hawaii, the Antilles, Central and South America. This study examines the effects of S. jambos on plant understory diversity in a 25 ha Tropical Premontane Moist Forest in Atenas, Alajuela, Costa Rica, a protected watershed that supplies drinking water for several human communities. Our final objective is to develop a management strategy combining water protection with the preservation of a representative sample of the original plant diversity in the area. Thirty 2 x 2 m plots were distributed throughout the Municipal Forest maintaining a minimum of 10 m between plots, and 2 m from trails, to sample all understory seedlings and saplings of S. jambos, Coffea arabica (coffee) and tree seedlings. We found a clear dominance of S. jambos over all other understory plants. Of the total 1,285 sampled plants, S. jambos comprised 51%, coffee seedlings represented 14.78%, being the rest tree seedlings. Syzigium jambos had the highest density (5.46 plants/m2, S.D. = 6.44) compared to tree (3.67 plants/m2, S.D. = 3.44) and coffee seedlings (1.58 plants/m2, S.D. = 2.13). There was a highly significant negative relationship between the relative abundance of S. jambos and tree (r2 = 0.52, p < 0.00001) and coffee seedlings (r2 = 0.28, p < 0.002). The abundance of coffee seedlings did not affect the abundance of tree seedlings (r2 = 0.01, p < 0.58). Since the canopy of the Municipal Forest is relatively closed and composed of a monolayer of trees with almost no overlapping crowns, we found no relationship between canopy cover and the abundance of S. jambos. The height distribution indicated that the majority of S. jambos individuals were seedlings and saplings (height < or = 1.5 m), with only 4.6% classified as adults, (height > or = 2 m). The results show a clear role of S. jambos as an aggressive, invasive species within the Municipal Forest. This invasion is enhanced by both the ecological characteristics of the species and the fragmentation of the forest by coffee farming around the site. Among a variety of management possibilities, an ecosystem-level approach of manually removing S. jambos over time while replanting native species appears to be the preferred strategy, given the intended continued use of the Municipal Forest as a source of drinking water and as a representative sample of the original vegetation of the area.}, }
@article {pmid18492644, year = {2008}, author = {Kolbe, JJ and Larson, A and Losos, JB and de Queiroz, K}, title = {Admixture determines genetic diversity and population differentiation in the biological invasion of a lizard species.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {434-437}, pmid = {18492644}, issn = {1744-9561}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry ; Ecosystem ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Lizards/*genetics/physiology ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Southeastern United States ; }, abstract = {Molecular genetic analyses show that introduced populations undergoing biological invasions often bring together individuals from genetically disparate native-range source populations, which can elevate genotypic variation if these individuals interbreed. Differential admixture among multiple native-range sources explains mitochondrial haplotypic diversity within and differentiation among invasive populations of the lizard Anolis sagrei. Our examination of microsatellite variation supports the hypothesis that lizards from disparate native-range sources, identified using mtDNA haplotypes, form genetically admixed introduced populations. Furthermore, within-population genotypic diversity increases with the number of sources and among-population genotypic differentiation reflects disparity in their native-range sources. If adaptive genetic variation is similarly restructured, then the ability of invasive species to adapt to new conditions may be enhanced.}, }
@article {pmid18491146, year = {2008}, author = {Dassonville, N and Vanderhoeven, S and Vanparys, V and Hayez, M and Gruber, W and Meerts, P}, title = {Impacts of alien invasive plants on soil nutrients are correlated with initial site conditions in NW Europe.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {157}, number = {1}, pages = {131-140}, pmid = {18491146}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnesium/analysis ; Manganese/analysis ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Plant Development ; Plants/*metabolism ; Potassium/analysis ; *Soil ; Species Specificity ; Zinc/analysis ; }, abstract = {Alien invasive plants are capable of modifying ecosystem function. However, it is difficult to make generalisations because impacts often appear to be species- and site-specific. In this study, we examined the impacts of seven highly invasive plant species in NW Europe (Fallopia japonica, Heracleum mantegazzianum, Impatiens glandulifera, Prunus serotina, Rosa rugosa, Senecio inaequidens, Solidago gigantea) on nutrient pools in the topsoil and the standing biomass. We tested if the impacts follow predictable patterns, across species and sites or, alternatively, if they are entirely idiosyncratic. To that end, we compared invaded and adjacent uninvaded plots in a total of 36 sites with widely divergent soil chemistry and vegetation composition. For all species, invaded plots had increased aboveground biomass and nutrient stocks in standing biomass compared to uninvaded vegetation. This suggests that enhanced nutrient uptake may be a key trait of highly invasive plant species. The magnitude and direction of the impact on topsoil chemical properties were strongly site-specific. A striking finding is that the direction of change in soil properties followed a predictable pattern. Thus, strong positive impacts (higher topsoil nutrient concentrations in invaded plots compared to uninvaded ones) were most often found in sites with initially low nutrient concentrations in the topsoil, while negative impacts were generally found under the opposite conditions. This pattern was significant for potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, manganese and nitrogen. The particular site-specific pattern in the impacts that we observed provides the first evidence that alien invasive species may contribute to a homogenisation of soil conditions in invaded landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid18488632, year = {2008}, author = {Bogich, T and Shea, K}, title = {A state-dependent model for the optimal management of an invasive metapopulation.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {748-761}, doi = {10.1890/07-0642.1}, pmid = {18488632}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Insect Control ; *Models, Biological ; Moths/*physiology ; North America ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Management of invasive species involves choosing between different management strategy options, but often the best strategy for a particular scenario is not obvious. We illustrate the use of optimization methods to determine the most efficient management strategy using one of the most devastating invasive forest pests in North America, the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), as a case study. The optimization approach involves the application of stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) to a metapopulation framework with different infestation patch sizes, with the goal of minimizing infestation spread. We use a novel "moving window" approach as a way to address a spatially explicit problem without being explicitly spatial. We examine results for two cases in order to develop general rules of thumb for management. We explore a model with limited parameter information and then assess how strategies change with specific parameterization for the gypsy moth. The model results in a complex but stable, state-dependent management strategy for a multiyear management program that is robust even under situations of uncertainty. The general rule of thumb for the basic model consists of three strategies: eradicating medium-density infestations, reducing large-density infestations, and reducing the colonization rate from the main infestation, depending on the state of the system. With specific gypsy moth parameterization, reducing colonization decreases in importance relative to the other two strategies. The application of this model to gypsy moth management emphasizes the importance of managing based on the state of the system, and if applied to a specific geographic area, has the potential to substantially improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of current gypsy moth eradication programs, helping to slow the spread of this pest. Additionally, the approach used for this particular invasive species can be extended to the optimization of management programs for the spread of other invasive and problem species exhibiting metapopulation dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid18488601, year = {2008}, author = {Williams, NS and Hahs, AK and Morgan, JW}, title = {A dispersal-constrained habitat suitability model for predicting invasion of alpine vegetation.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {347-359}, doi = {10.1890/07-0868.1}, pmid = {18488601}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*physiology ; Australia ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Developing tools to predict the location of new biological invasions is essential if exotic species are to be controlled before they become widespread. Currently, alpine areas in Australia are largely free of exotic plant species but face increasing pressure from invasive species due to global warming and intensified human use. To predict the potential spread of highly invasive orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum) from existing founder populations on the Bogong High Plains in southern Australia, we developed an expert-based, spatially explicit, dispersal-constrained, habitat suitability model. The model combines a habitat suitability index, developed from disturbance, site wetness, and vegetation community parameters, with a phenomenological dispersal kernel that uses wind direction and observed dispersal distances. After generating risk maps that defined the relative suitability of H. aurantiacum establishment across the study area, we intensively searched several locations to evaluate the model. The highest relative suitability for H. aurantiacum establishment was southeast from the initial infestations. Native tussock grasslands and disturbed areas had high suitability for H. aurantiacum establishment. Extensive field searches failed to detect new populations. Time-step evaluation using the location of populations known in 1998-2000, accurately assigned high relative suitability for locations where H. aurantiacum had established post-2003 (AUC [area under curve] = 0.855 +/- 0.035). This suggests our model has good predictive power and will improve the ability to detect populations and prioritize areas for ongoing monitoring.}, }
@article {pmid18488600, year = {2008}, author = {Burns, JH}, title = {Demographic performance predicts invasiveness of species in the Commelinaceae under high-nutrient conditions.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {335-346}, doi = {10.1890/07-0568.1}, pmid = {18488600}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Commelinaceae/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction/physiology ; Water ; }, abstract = {Demographic models are powerful tools for making predictions about the relative importance of transitions from one life stage (e.g., seeds) to another (e.g., nonreproductives); however, they have never been used to compare the relative performance of invasive and noninvasive taxa. I use demographic models parameterized from common garden experiments to develop hypotheses about the role of different life stage transitions in determining differences in performance in invasive and noninvasive congeners in the Commelinaceae. I also extended nested life table response experiment (LTRE) analyses to accommodate interactions between nested and unnested factors. Invasive species outperformed their noninvasive congeners, especially under high-nutrient conditions. This difference in performance did not appear to be due to differences in elasticities of vital rates, but rather to differences in the magnitude of stage transitions. Self-compatible invasive species had greater fecundity in high-nutrient environments and a shorter time to first reproduction, and all invasive species had greater vegetative reproduction than their noninvasive congeners. Thus greater opportunism in sexual and asexual reproduction explained the greater performance of invasive species under high-nutrient conditions. Similar common garden experiments could become a useful tool to predict potential invaders from pools of potential introductions. I show that short-term and controlled experiments considering multiple nutrient environments may accurately predict invasiveness of nonnative plant species.}, }
@article {pmid18488599, year = {2008}, author = {Pearson, DE and Fletcher, RJ}, title = {Mitigating exotic impacts: restoring deer mouse populations elevated by an exotic food subsidy.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {321-334}, doi = {10.1890/07-0766.1}, pmid = {18488599}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Centaurea/drug effects ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Food ; Food Chain ; Herbicides/pharmacology ; Insecta/*physiology ; Peromyscus/*physiology ; Pest Control ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The threat posed by exotic organisms to native systems has led to extensive research on exotic invaders, yet management of invasives has progressed relatively slowly. This is partly due to poor understanding of how exotic species management influences native organisms. To address this shortfall, we experimentally evaluated the efficacy of an invasives management tool for restoring native deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) populations elevated by exotic species. The exotic insects, Urophora spp., were introduced in North America for biological control of the Eurasian invader, spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), but instead of controlling C. maculosa, Urophora have become an important food resource that doubles P. maniculatus populations, with substantial indirect effects on other organisms. We hypothesized that herbicide suppression of Urophora's host plant would reduce the Urophora food resource and restore P. maniculatus populations to natural levels. Prior to treatment, mouse populations did not differ between controls and treatments, but following treatment, P. maniculatus were half as abundant where treatment reduced Urophora. Peromyscus maniculatus is insensitive to direct herbicide effects, and herbicide-induced habitat changes could not explain the P. maniculatus response. Treatment-induced reductions of the Urophora food resource offered the most parsimonious explanation for the mouse response: Multistate mark-recapture models indicated that P. maniculatus survival declined where Urophora were removed, and survival rates were more correlated with variation in population size than movement rates. Other demographic and reproductive parameters (sex ratios, reproductive status, pregnancy rates, and juvenile recruitment) were unaffected by treatment. These results suggest the Urophora biocontrol elevated P. maniculatus survival, and the herbicide treatment restored mouse populations by removing the exotic food and reducing survival. This work illustrates the importance of mechanistic understandings of community and population ecology for improving invasive species management.}, }
@article {pmid18467157, year = {2008}, author = {Prentis, PJ and Wilson, JR and Dormontt, EE and Richardson, DM and Lowe, AJ}, title = {Adaptive evolution in invasive species.}, journal = {Trends in plant science}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {288-294}, doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2008.03.004}, pmid = {18467157}, issn = {1360-1385}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Plant ; Genomics ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Mutation ; Plants/*genetics ; Polyploidy ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Many emerging invasive species display evidence of rapid adaptation. Contemporary genetic studies demonstrate that adaptation to novel environments can occur within 20 generations or less, indicating that evolutionary processes can influence invasiveness. However, the source of genetic or epigenetic variation underlying these changes remains uncharacterised. Here, we review the potential for rapid adaptation from standing genetic variation and from new mutations, and examine four types of evolutionary change that might promote or constrain rapid adaptation during the invasion process. Understanding the source of variation that contributes to adaptive evolution in invasive plants is important for predicting future invasion scenarios, identifying candidate genes involved in invasiveness, and, more generally, for understanding how populations can evolve rapidly in response to novel and changing environments.}, }
@article {pmid18459384, year = {2008}, author = {Reay-Jones, FP and Wilson, LT and Reagan, TE and Legendre, BL and Way, MO}, title = {Predicting economic losses from the continued spread of the Mexican rice borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {101}, number = {2}, pages = {237-250}, doi = {10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[237:PELFTC]2.0.CO;2}, pmid = {18459384}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Agriculture/*economics ; Animals ; Demography ; Insect Control/methods ; Insecticides ; Louisiana ; Mexico ; Moths/*physiology ; Oryza/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; Saccharum/*parasitology ; Texas ; Water ; }, abstract = {The Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is an invasive species that originated from Mexico, and it is threatening to cause major economic losses to sugarcane, Saccharum spp., and rice, Oryza sativa L., industries in Louisiana. The insect is expected to reach sugarcane and rice production areas in Louisiana by 2008, and infest all of Louisiana sugarcane and rice industries by 2035. When all sugarcane in Louisiana becomes infested, annual yield losses of $220 million would be expected for a cultivar of comparable susceptibility to LCP 85-384 (assuming this cultivar is planted on 100% of the production area). This also assumes the use of the current practice of rainfed production and one application of insecticide, which is presently used by farmers in Louisiana. Irrigation with 30 cm of water is predicted to reduce estimated losses by 29%, whereas four applications of a biorational insecticide such as tebufenozide are expected to reduce the loss in revenue by 53%. The use of the resistant 'HoCP 85-845' would reduce the projected loss in revenue by 24%. Combining all three management tactics on sugarcane, anticipated net loss in revenue would decrease by 66%. The rice industry in Louisiana is projected to suffer from a loss in revenue of $45 million when the entire state is infested. A 77% reduction in loss in revenue is expected with one application of lambda-cyhalothrin. A quarantine on east Texas sugarcane is estimated to save the Louisiana industry between $1.1 billion and $3.2 billion (depending on management) during the time needed for the insect to fully invade the state's sugarcane and rice producing area by natural migration rather than by accidental introduction. The rapid deployment of appropriate management tactics will have a key role in reducing the anticipated economic impact of E. loftini once it becomes a pest in Louisiana sugarcane and rice.}, }
@article {pmid18448249, year = {2009}, author = {de Celis, J and Amadeo, NE and Cukierman, AL}, title = {In situ modification of activated carbons developed from a native invasive wood on removal of trace toxic metals from wastewater.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {161}, number = {1}, pages = {217-223}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.075}, pmid = {18448249}, issn = {0304-3894}, mesh = {Carbon/*analysis/*chemistry ; Metals/*analysis/toxicity ; Models, Chemical ; Prosopis/*chemistry ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*isolation &amp; purification ; Water Purification/*methods ; Wood/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Activated carbons were developed by phosphoric acid activation of sawdust from Prosopis ruscifolia wood, an indigenous invasive species of degraded lands, at moderate conditions (acid/precursor ratio=2, 450 degrees C, 0.5h). For in situ modification of their characteristics, either a self-generated atmosphere or flowing air was used. The activated carbons developed in the self-generated atmosphere showed higher BET surface area (2281m2/g) and total pore volume (1.7cm3/g) than those obtained under flowing air (1638m2/g and 1.3cm3/g). Conversely, the latter possessed a higher total amount of surface acidic/polar oxygen groups (2.2meq/g) than the former (1.5meq/g). To evaluate their metal sorption capability, adsorption isotherms of Cu(II) ion from model solutions were determined and properly described by the Langmuir model. Maximum sorption capacity (Xm) for the air-derived carbons (Xm=0.44mmol/g) almost duplicated the value for those obtained in the self-generated atmosphere (Xm=0.24mmol/g), pointing to a predominant effect of the surface functionalities on metal sequestering behaviour. The air-derived carbons also demonstrated a superior effectiveness in removing Cd(II) ions as determined from additional assays in equilibrium conditions. Accordingly, effective phosphoric acid-activated carbons from Prosopis wood for toxic metals removal from wastewater may be developed by in situ modification of their characteristics operating under flowing air.}, }
@article {pmid18443825, year = {2008}, author = {Madjidian, JA and Morales, CL and Smith, HG}, title = {Displacement of a native by an alien bumblebee: lower pollinator efficiency overcome by overwhelmingly higher visitation frequency.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {156}, number = {4}, pages = {835-845}, pmid = {18443825}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Body Size ; Ecosystem ; Flowers/physiology ; Head/anatomy &amp; histology ; Magnoliopsida/*physiology ; *Pollination ; Tongue/anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions might constitute a major threat to mutualisms. Introduced pollinators might competitively displace their native counterparts, which in turn affects the pollination of native plants, if native and alien visitors differ in pollinator effectiveness. Since its invasion in 1994 into south-west Argentina, the introduced European bumblebee Bombus ruderatus has continuously increased in abundance, along with a simultaneous decrease in the abundance of the native Bombus dahlbomii. The latter is the only native bumblebee species of the temperate forests of southern South America, and the main pollinator of the endemic herb Alstroemeria aurea. In order to evaluate the impact of the ongoing displacement of the native by the alien bumblebee, we compared the pollinator effectiveness (i.e., the combination of pollinator efficiency per visit and visitation frequency) between both bumblebee species, as well as related pollinator traits that might account for potential differences in pollinator efficiency. Native Bombus dahlbomii, which has a larger body and spent more time per flower, was the more efficient pollinator compared to Bombus ruderatus, both in terms of quantity and quality of pollen deposited per visit. However, Bombus ruderatus was a much more frequent flower visitor than Bombus dahlbomii. As a consequence, Bombus ruderatus is nowadays a more effective pollinator of A. aurea than its native congener. Despite the lack of evidence of an increase in seed set at the population level, comparisons with historical records of Bombus dahlbomii abundances prior to Bombus ruderatus' invasion suggest that the overall pollination intensity of A. aurea might in fact have risen as a consequence of this invasion. Field experiments like these, that incorporate the natural variation in abundance of native and alien species, are powerful means to demonstrate that the consequences of invasions are more complex than previous manipulated and controlled experiments have suggested.}, }
@article {pmid18422638, year = {2008}, author = {Keller, SR and Taylor, DR}, title = {History, chance and adaptation during biological invasion: separating stochastic phenotypic evolution from response to selection.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {852-866}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01188.x}, pmid = {18422638}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Selection, Genetic ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {Introduced species often exhibit changes in genetic variation, population structure, selection regime and phenotypic traits as they colonize and expand into new ranges. For these reasons, species invasions are increasingly recognized as promising systems for studying adaptive evolution over contemporary time scales. However, changes in phenotypic traits during invasion occur under non-equilibrium demographic conditions and may reflect the influences of prior evolutionary history and chance events, as well as selection. We briefly review the evidence for phenotypic evolution and the role of selection during invasion. While there is ample evidence for evolutionary change, it is less clear if selection is the primary mechanism. We then discuss the likelihood that stochastic events shift phenotypic distributions during invasion, and argue that hypotheses of adaptation should be tested against appropriate null models. We suggest two experimental frameworks for separating stochastic evolution from adaptation: statistically accounting for phenotypic variation among putative invasion sources identified by using phylogenetic or assignment methods and by comparing estimates of differentiation within and among ranges for both traits and neutral markers (Q(ST) vs. F(ST)). Designs that incorporate a null expectation can reveal the role of history and chance in the evolutionary process, and provide greater insights into evolution during species invasions.}, }
@article {pmid18419912, year = {2008}, author = {Husseneder, C and Powell, JE and Grace, JK and Vargo, EL and Matsuura, K}, title = {Worker size in the formosan subterranean termite in relation to colony breeding structure as inferred from molecular markers.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, pages = {400-408}, doi = {10.1603/0046-225x(2008)37[400:wsitfs]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {18419912}, issn = {0046-225X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomarkers/*metabolism ; Body Size/*physiology ; Isoptera/*physiology ; Reproduction/physiology ; }, abstract = {The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, is an invasive species that originated in China and has been introduced to Hawaii and the U.S. mainland. Colonies are headed either by a pair of reproductives (simple families) or by varying numbers of inbreeding reproductives (extended families), and therefore have variable degrees of inbreeding. Worker size also varies among colonies of Formosan termites. We tested whether variation in worker size can be explained by the breeding system. Workers were collected from colonies from three geographically separated populations (China, Hawaii, and Louisiana), and body weight and head size were measured. Microsatellite genotyping was used to establish whether colonies were simple or extended families and to determine the heterozygosity of workers and their degree of inbreeding relative to their colony (F (IC), sensitive to the number of reproductives). All Chinese colonies contained multiple inbreeding neotenics. In Hawaii, 37% of the colonies were simple families and 63% were extended families, both having considerable degrees of inbreeding. In Louisiana, 57% of the colonies were simple families, which were mostly headed by unrelated pairs, and 43% were extended families. In simple families, size and body weight of workers were not associated with F (IC) or heterozygosity. In extended families of two populations, both size parameters were negatively correlated with F (IC); however, heterozygosity was not associated with worker size in any of the populations. This suggests that the number of reproductives within colonies has a stronger influence on worker size than the individuals' genetic diversity in Formosan subterranean termite colonies.}, }
@article {pmid18419574, year = {2008}, author = {Franks, SJ and Pratt, PD and Dray, FA and Simms, EL}, title = {Selection on herbivory resistance and growth rate in an invasive plant.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {171}, number = {5}, pages = {678-691}, doi = {10.1086/587078}, pmid = {18419574}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; Demography ; Florida ; Insecta/*physiology ; Melaleuca/chemistry/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; *Models, Biological ; *Phenotype ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; *Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {The evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis proposes that invasive species evolve decreased defense and increased competitive ability following natural enemy release. Previous tests of EICA examined the result of evolution by comparing individuals from home and introduced ranges, but no previous study of this hypothesis has examined the process of evolution by analyzing patterns of selection. On the basis of EICA, there should be selection for competitive ability without herbivores and selection for defense with herbivores. Selection on competitive ability should be stronger for genotypes accustomed to herbivores (home range genotypes), and selection on defense should be stronger for genotypes unaccustomed to herbivores (introduced range genotypes). Using a field experiment, we tested these hypotheses for the invasive plant Melaleuca quinquenervia. There was a negative genetic correlation between resistance and growth, indicating a trade-off. However, selection for stem elongation (an indicator of competitive ability) was always positive, and selection on resistance was always negative and did not depend on genotype source or the presence of herbivores. The patterns of selection found in this study contrast with predictions from EICA and accurately predict the lack of evolutionary change in growth and resistance following the introduction of this species from Australia to Florida.}, }
@article {pmid18402584, year = {2008}, author = {Brooke, Mde L and Butchart, SH and Garnett, ST and Crowley, GM and Mantilla-Beniers, NB and Stattersfield, AJ}, title = {Rates of movement of threatened bird species between IUCN red list categories and toward extinction.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {417-427}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00905.x}, pmid = {18402584}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Databases, Factual ; *Extinction, Biological ; International Agencies ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {In recent centuries bird species have been deteriorating in status and becoming extinct at a rate that may be 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than in prehuman times. We examined extinction rates of bird species designated critically endangered in 1994 and the rate at which species have moved through the IUCN (World Conservation Union) Red List categories of extinction risk globally for the period 1988-2004 and regionally in Australia from 1750 to 2000. For Australia we drew on historical accounts of the extent and condition of species habitats, spread of invasive species, and changes in sighting frequencies. These data sets permitted comparison of observed rates of movement through the IUCN Red List categories with novel predictions based on the IUCN Red List criterion E, which relates to explicit extinction probabilities determined, for example, by population viability analysis. The comparison also tested whether species listed on the basis of other criteria face a similar probability of moving to a higher threat category as those listed under criterion E. For the rate at which species moved from vulnerable to endangered, there was a good match between observations and predictions, both worldwide and in Australia. Nevertheless, species have become extinct at a rate that, although historically high, is 2 (Australia) to 10 (globally) times lower than predicted. Although the extinction probability associated with the critically endangered category may be too high, the shortfall in realized extinctions can also be attributed to the beneficial impact of conservation intervention. These efforts may have reduced the number of global extinctions from 19 to 3 and substantially slowed the extinction trajectory of 33 additional critically endangered species. Our results suggest that current conservation action benefits species on the brink of extinction, but is less targeted at or has less effect on moderately threatened species.}, }
@article {pmid18397867, year = {2008}, author = {Chown, SL and Gaston, KJ}, title = {Macrophysiology for a changing world.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {275}, number = {1642}, pages = {1469-1478}, pmid = {18397867}, issn = {0962-8452}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Greenhouse Effect ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Phylogeny ; Physiological Phenomena/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) has identified climate change, habitat destruction, invasive species, overexploitation and pollution as the major drivers of biodiversity loss and sources of concern for human well-being. Understanding how these drivers operate and interact and how they might be mitigated are among the most pressing questions facing humanity. Here, we show how macrophysiology--the investigation of variation in physiological traits over large geographical, temporal and phylogenetic scales--can contribute significantly to answering these questions. We do so by demonstrating, for each of the MA drivers, how a macrophysiological approach can or has helped elucidate the impacts of these drivers and their interactions. Moreover, we illustrate that a large-scale physiological perspective can provide insights into previously unrecognized threats to diversity, such as the erosion of physiological variation and stress tolerance, which are a consequence of the removal of large species and individuals from the biosphere. In so doing we demonstrate that environmental physiologists have much to offer the scientific quest to resolve major environmental problems.}, }
@article {pmid18397252, year = {2008}, author = {Gamarra, JG and He, F}, title = {Spatial scaling of mountain pine beetle infestations.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {77}, number = {4}, pages = {796-801}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01389.x}, pmid = {18397252}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Cluster Analysis ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; *Demography ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; Pinus/*parasitology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Spatial Behavior/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {1. The relationship between occupancy and spatial contagion during the spread of eruptive and invasive species demands greater study, as it could lead to improved prediction of ecosystem damage. 2. We applied a recently developed model that links occupancy and its fractal dimension to model the spatial distribution of mountain pine beetle infestations in British Columbia, Canada. We showed that the distribution of infestation was scale-invariant in at least 24 out of 37 years (mostly in epidemic years), and presented some degree of scale-invariance in the rest. There was a general logarithmic relationship between fractal dimension and infestation occupancy. Based on the scale-invariance assumption, we further assessed the interrelationships for several landscape metrics, such as correlation length, maximum cluster size, total edge length and total number of clusters. 3. The scale-invariance assumption allows fitting the above metrics, and provides a framework to establish the scaling relationship between occupancy and spatial contagion. 4. We concluded that scale-invariance dominates the spread of mountain pine beetle. In this context, spatial aggregation can be predicted from occupancy, hence occupancy is the only variable one needs to know in order to predict the spatial distributions of populations. This supports the hypothesis that fractal dispersal kernels may be abundant among outbreaks of pests and invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid18393950, year = {2008}, author = {Murat, C and Zampieri, E and Vizzini, A and Bonfante, P}, title = {Is the Perigord black truffle threatened by an invasive species? We dreaded it and it has happened!.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {178}, number = {4}, pages = {699-702}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02449.x}, pmid = {18393950}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Ascomycota/genetics/*physiology ; China ; Genetic Variation ; Italy ; Phylogeny ; }, }
@article {pmid18392694, year = {2008}, author = {Feng, YL and Fu, GL and Zheng, YL}, title = {Specific leaf area relates to the differences in leaf construction cost, photosynthesis, nitrogen allocation, and use efficiencies between invasive and noninvasive alien congeners.}, journal = {Planta}, volume = {228}, number = {3}, pages = {383-390}, pmid = {18392694}, issn = {0032-0935}, mesh = {Energy Metabolism/radiation effects ; Light ; Magnoliopsida/*physiology/radiation effects ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Peperomia/*physiology/radiation effects ; Photosynthesis/*physiology/radiation effects ; Plant Leaves/*physiology/radiation effects ; }, abstract = {Comparisons between invasive and native species may not characterize the traits of invasive species, as native species might be invasive elsewhere if they were introduced. In this study, invasive Oxalis corymbosa and Peperomia pellucida were compared with their respective noninvasive alien congeners. We hypothesized that the invasive species have higher specific leaf (SLA) than their respective noninvasive alien congeners, and analyzed the physiological and ecological consequences of the higher SLA. Higher SLA was indeed the most important trait for the two invaders, which was associated with their lower leaf construction cost, higher nitrogen (N) allocation to photosynthesis and photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE). The higher N allocation to photosynthesis of the invaders in turn increased their PNUE, N content in photosynthesis, biochemical capacity for photosynthesis, and therefore light-saturated photosynthetic rate. The above resource capture-, use- and growth-related traits may facilitate the two invaders' invasion, while further comparative studies on a wider range of invasive and noninvasive congeners are needed to understand the generality of this pattern and to fully assess the competitive advantages afforded by these traits.}, }
@article {pmid18375762, year = {2008}, author = {Zavala, JA and Casteel, CL and Delucia, EH and Berenbaum, MR}, title = {Anthropogenic increase in carbon dioxide compromises plant defense against invasive insects.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {105}, number = {13}, pages = {5129-5133}, pmid = {18375762}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Glycine max/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), a consequence of anthropogenic global change, can profoundly affect the interactions between crop plants and insect pests and may promote yet another form of global change: the rapid establishment of invasive species. Elevated CO2 increased the susceptibility of soybean plants grown under field conditions to the invasive Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) and to a variant of western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) resistant to crop rotation by down-regulating gene expression related to defense signaling [lipoxygenase 7 (lox7), lipoxygenase 8 (lox8), and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (acc-s)]. The down-regulation of these genes, in turn, reduced the production of cysteine proteinase inhibitors (CystPIs), which are specific deterrents to coleopteran herbivores. Beetle herbivory increased CystPI activity to a greater degree in plants grown under ambient than under elevated CO2. Gut cysteine proteinase activity was higher in beetles consuming foliage of soybeans grown under elevated CO2 than in beetles consuming soybeans grown in ambient CO2, consistent with enhanced growth and development of these beetles on plants grown in elevated CO2. These findings suggest that predicted increases in soybean productivity under projected elevated CO2 levels may be reduced by increased susceptibility to invasive crop pests.}, }
@article {pmid18368255, year = {2008}, author = {Silva, LD and Bonani, JP}, title = {[Occurrence of Stethorus (Stethotrus) minutalus Gordon &amp; Chapin (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) preying Bemisia tabaci biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton plant in Brazil].}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {86-88}, doi = {10.1590/s1519-566x2008000100013}, pmid = {18368255}, issn = {1519-566X}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Gossypium/*parasitology ; Hemiptera/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {This report has the objective of registering, for the first time in Brazil, the predator Stethorus (Stethorus) minutalus Gordon &amp; Chapin (Scymninae, Stethorini). Larvae and adults were observed feeding on eggs and nymphs of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), on cotton plants under greenhouse condition in Piracicaba, SP. Probably, this coccinelid is an introduced species in the Country.}, }
@article {pmid18367291, year = {2008}, author = {Pysek, P and Richardson, DM and Pergl, J and Jarosík, V and Sixtová, Z and Weber, E}, title = {Geographical and taxonomic biases in invasion ecology.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, pages = {237-244}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2008.02.002}, pmid = {18367291}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Classification ; *Ecosystem ; *Geography ; Internationality ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species come from most taxonomic groups, and invasion biology is searching for robust cross-taxon generalizations and principles. An analysis of 2,670 papers dealing with 892 invasive species showed that all major groups of invaders are well studied, but that most information on the mechanisms of invasion has emerged from work on a limited number of the most harmful invaders. A strong geographical bias, with Africa and Asia understudied, inhibits a balanced understanding of invasion, because we might be lacking knowledge of specific invasion mechanisms from poorly studied, regionally specific habitats. International cooperation is required to achieve a more geographically balanced picture of biological invasions. Invasive species with the greatest impact are best studied, but more studies of species that are naturalized but not (yet) invasive are needed to improve understanding of the mechanisms acting during the naturalization phase of invasions and leading to successful invasion.}, }
@article {pmid18360791, year = {2009}, author = {Poulet, N and Balaresque, P and Aho, T and Björklund, M}, title = {Genetic structure and dynamics of a small introduced population: the pikeperch, Sander lucioperca, in the Rhône delta.}, journal = {Genetica}, volume = {135}, number = {1}, pages = {77-86}, pmid = {18360791}, issn = {1573-6857}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Evolution, Molecular ; France ; Gene Frequency ; Heterozygote ; Inbreeding ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Perches/*genetics ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Population Dynamics ; Rivers ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {Genetic data on introduced populations may help us to understand how these species succeed in colonising new territories. The pikeperch is a predatory fish widely introduced in Europe and has at times been considered as an invasive species. However, little is known about the genetics of both native and introduced populations. In the present study, we surveyed an introduced pikeperch population from the Rhône River delta, a habitat that has been highly modified for agricultural purposes. Using six microsatellites, we genotyped 93 individuals distributed among four hydraulically connected water bodies: the Rhône River, an irrigation canal, a drainage canal and a brackish lagoon. Population isolation were revealed by significant genetic distances and bottleneck highlighted by population monitoring. However, values of allelic richness and unbiased expected heterozygosity observed in these populations were similar, or even higher, compare to 18 native populations from the Baltic Sea drainage. It may be explained by multiple introductions in the Rhône drainage but also by demographic strategy that would have facilitated population persistence in this fragmented habitat. Similarly, heterozygote deficits (revealed by F(IS) values) have been detected, but were also found in native populations suggesting that mating among relatives could also result from a mating behavior of the species, maybe reinforce here by the reduced carrying capacity of the artificial canals and their respective isolation. Despite harsh environmental conditions and suspected inbreeding, the pikeperch has successfully maintained viable populations in the Rhône delta. Our study suggests that one of the factors in this invasive success, apart from its ecology, could be the maintenance of a good level of genetic diversity in introduced pikeperch populations. This genetic diversity probably stem from both its popularity as game fish and food resource which led to numerous stocking and an increasing propagule pressure and the reproductive strategy of the species.}, }
@article {pmid18348628, year = {2008}, author = {Palma, AT and Silva, MG and Muñoz, CA and Cartes, C and Jaksic, FM}, title = {Effect of prolonged exposition to pulp mill effluents on the invasive aquatic plant Egeria densa and other primary producers: a mesocosm approach.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {387-396}, doi = {10.1897/07-194R2.1}, pmid = {18348628}, issn = {0730-7268}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Industrial Waste/*adverse effects ; Magnoliopsida/*drug effects ; Models, Biological ; Paper ; Seasons ; Time Factors ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/adverse effects ; }, abstract = {The recent disappearance of the aquatic plant Egeria densa, a Brazilian native invasive species, from a wetland in southern Chile prompted several efforts to unveil the origin of this phenomenon. Because these changes occurred by the time a newly built pulp mill started its operations in the area, a reasonable doubt for a cause-effect relationship is plausible. We implemented a mesocosm approach to directly evaluate the effect of treated pulp mill effluents (PMEs) on several growth-related parameters of E. densa as well as other primary producers. We hypothesize that effluent, at a dilution similar to that detected in the zone of the wetland where the negative environmental impacts were evident, has a significant negative effect on this aquatic plant as well as on other primary producers inside a mesocosm system. After a prolonged (months) exposure to both 0% PME with pure river water and a 4 to 5% (v/v) dilution of treated PME, no effect on E. densa was measured. Furthermore, plants exposed to effluent exhibited a significantly greater general growth rate. Coincidently, chlorophyll a concentration in the water column and periphyton biomass also changed over time, but without any pattern attributable to the effluent. Values of the autotrophic index obtained from the periphyton growth pattern did not suggest enrichment of the system with organic matter. Our results only refer to the direct effect of mill effluents on several biotic responses, but they represent an important advance toward generation of the scientific knowledge necessary to understand how the ecosystem functions while receiving this and other unquantified sources of water.}, }
@article {pmid18342365, year = {2008}, author = {Vázquez-Luis, M and Sanchez-Jerez, P and Bayle-Sempere, JT}, title = {Changes in amphipod (Crustacea) assemblages associated with shallow-water algal habitats invaded by Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea in the western Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {65}, number = {5}, pages = {416-426}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.01.006}, pmid = {18342365}, issn = {0141-1136}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*physiology ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Caulerpa/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Mediterranean Sea ; }, abstract = {The effects of the invasive species Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea (hereafter C. racemosa) on amphipod assemblages associated with shallow-water rocky habitats were studied. Two habitats located along the SE Iberian Peninsula were compared; invaded and non-invaded. The results showed that growth of C. racemosa affects habitat structure, influencing the species composition and biomass of macroalgae, and detritus accumulation. In turn, such changes in habitat features affected the associated amphipod assemblages with different ecological requirements. However, the species richness of amphipods was relatively high in both habitats, while the species composition of amphipods changed completely. For example, some species such as Ampithoe ramondi and Hyale schmidti did not colonize invaded habitats, while others such as Apocorophium acutum were favoured by the spread of C. racemosa. Habitat invasion by C. racemosa can have an important influence on biotic assemblages, modifying both habitat structure and the associated fauna, with unknown effects on the overall ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid18334202, year = {2008}, author = {Facon, B and Pointier, JP and Jarne, P and Sarda, V and David, P}, title = {High genetic variance in life-history strategies within invasive populations by way of multiple introductions.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, pages = {363-367}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2008.01.063}, pmid = {18334202}, issn = {0960-9822}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; *Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Martinique ; Population Dynamics ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Snails/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions represent major threats to biodiversity as well as large-scale evolutionary experiments. Invasive populations have provided some of the best known examples of contemporary evolution [3-6], challenging the classical view that invasive species are genetically depauperate because of founder effects. Yet the origin of trait genetic variance in invasive populations largely remains a mystery, precluding a clear understanding of how evolution proceeds. In particular, despite the emerging molecular evidence that multiple introductions commonly occur in the same place, their contribution to the evolutionary potential of invasives remains unclear. Here, by using a long-term field survey, mtDNA sequences, and a large-scale quantitative genetic experiment on freshwater snails, we document how a spectacular adaptive potential for key ecological traits can be accumulated in invasive populations. We provide the first direct evidence that multiple introductions are primarily responsible for such an accumulation and that sexual reproduction amplifies this effect by generating novel trait combinations. Thus bioinvasions, destructive as they may be, are not synonyms of genetic uniformity and can be hotspots of evolutionary novelty.}, }
@article {pmid18312498, year = {2008}, author = {Feng, YL}, title = {Photosynthesis, nitrogen allocation and specific leaf area in invasive Eupatorium adenophorum and native Eupatorium japonicum grown at different irradiances.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {133}, number = {2}, pages = {318-326}, doi = {10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01072.x}, pmid = {18312498}, issn = {1399-3054}, mesh = {Electron Transport/radiation effects ; Eupatorium/*growth &amp; development/*radiation effects ; *Light ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Photosynthesis/*radiation effects ; Plant Leaves/*metabolism/*radiation effects ; Plant Stomata/radiation effects ; }, abstract = {The mechanisms underlying biological invasions are still not well elucidated. In this study, ecophysiological traits of invasive Eupatorium adenophorum and native E. japonicum were compared at 10 irradiances in field. I hypothesized that the invader may allocate a higher fraction of leaf nitrogen (N) to photosynthesis and have higher light-saturated photosynthetic rate (P(max)) and specific leaf area (SLA) than E. japonicum. The invader had a significantly higher ability to acclimate to high irradiance than E. japonicum, while it showed a similar shade-tolerant ability. The invader indeed allocated a higher fraction of leaf N to photosynthesis than E. japonicum, which, with its high leaf N content (N(A)), resulted in a higher N content in photosynthesis (N(P)), contributing to its higher biochemical capacity for photosynthesis and P(max). However, the invader had a significantly lower SLA than E. japonicum, contributing to its higher P(max) but increasing its area-based leaf construction cost. The abilities to acclimate to a wider range of irradiance and to allocate a higher fraction of leaf N to photosynthesis, and the higher P(max), N(A), N(P) and leaf area ratio may contribute to the invasion of the invader. High SLA is not always necessary for invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid18308929, year = {2008}, author = {Kurle, CM and Croll, DA and Tershy, BR}, title = {Introduced rats indirectly change marine rocky intertidal communities from algae- to invertebrate-dominated.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {105}, number = {10}, pages = {3800-3804}, pmid = {18308929}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Alaska ; Animals ; Birds/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/*physiology ; Geography ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Rats ; *Water Movements ; }, abstract = {It is widely recognized that trophic interactions structure ecological communities, but their effects are usually only demonstrated on a small scale. As a result, landscape-level documentations of trophic cascades that alter entire communities are scarce. Islands invaded by animals provide natural experiment opportunities both to measure general trophic effects across large spatial scales and to determine the trophic roles of invasive species within native ecosystems. Studies addressing the trophic interactions of invasive species most often focus on their direct effects. To investigate both the presence of a landscape-level trophic cascade and the direct and indirect effects of an invasive species, we examined the impacts of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) introduced to the Aleutian Islands on marine bird densities and marine rocky intertidal community structures through surveys conducted on invaded and rat-free islands throughout the entire 1,900-km archipelago. Densities of birds that forage in the intertidal were higher on islands without rats. Marine intertidal invertebrates were more abundant on islands with rats, whereas fleshy algal cover was reduced. Our results demonstrate that invasive rats directly reduce bird densities through predation and significantly affect invertebrate and marine algal abundance in the rocky intertidal indirectly via a cross-community trophic cascade, unexpectedly changing the intertidal community structure from an algae- to an invertebrate-dominated system.}, }
@article {pmid18305962, year = {2008}, author = {Calcaterra, LA and Livore, JP and Delgado, A and Briano, JA}, title = {Ecological dominance of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, in its native range.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {156}, number = {2}, pages = {411-421}, pmid = {18305962}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Argentina ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Despite the widespread impacts invasive species can have in introduced populations, little is known about competitive mechanisms and dominance hierarchies between invaders and similar taxa in their native range. This study examines interactions between the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, and other above-ground foraging ants in two habitats in northeastern Argentina. A combination of pitfall traps and baits was used to characterize the ant communities, their dominance relationships, and to evaluate the effect of phorid flies on the interactions. Twenty-eight ant species coexisted with S. invicta in a gallery forest gap, whereas only ten coexisted with S. invicta in a xerophytic forest grassland. S. invicta was the most numerically dominant species in the richest and complex habitat (gallery forest); however it performed better as discoverer and dominator in the simpler habitat. S. invicta was active during day and night. In spite of its poor capacity to discover resources, S. invicta showed the highest ecological dominance and the second-best behavioral dominance after Camponotus blandus. S. invicta won 78% of the interactions with other ants, mostly against its most frequent competitor, Pheidole cf. obscurithorax, dominating baits via mass recruitment and chemical aggression. P. cf. obscurithorax was the best food discoverer. S. invicta won 80% of the scarce interactions with Linepithema humile. Crematogaster quadriformis was one of the fastest foragers and the only ant that won an equal number of contests against S. invicta. The low presence of phorid flies affected the foraging rate of S. invicta, but not the outcome of interspecific interactions. This study revealed that the red imported fire ant ecologically dominated other terrestrial ants in its native range; however, other species were able to be numerically dominant or co-dominant in its presence.}, }
@article {pmid18286192, year = {2008}, author = {Barney, JN and Whitlow, TH and Lembo, AJ}, title = {Revealing historic invasion patterns and potential invasion sites for two non-native plant species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {e1635}, pmid = {18286192}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {California ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Japan ; *Plants ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The historical spatio-temporal distribution of invasive species is rarely documented, hampering efforts to understand invasion dynamics, especially at regional scales. Reconstructing historical invasions through use of herbarium records combined with spatial trend analysis and modeling can elucidate spreading patterns and identify susceptible habitats before invasion occurs. Two perennial species were chosen to contrast historic and potential phytogeographies: Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum), introduced intentionally across the US; and mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), introduced largely accidentally to coastal areas. Spatial analysis revealed that early in the invasion, both species have a stochastic distribution across the contiguous US, but east of the 90(th) meridian, which approximates the Mississippi River, quickly spread to adjacent counties in subsequent decades. In contrast, in locations west of the 90(th) meridian, many populations never spread outside the founding county, probably a result of encountering unfavorable environmental conditions. Regression analysis using variables categorized as environmental or anthropogenic accounted for 24% (Japanese knotweed) and 30% (mugwort) of the variation in the current distribution of each species. Results show very few counties with high habitat suitability (>/=80%) remain un-invaded (5 for Japanese knotweed and 6 for mugwort), suggesting these perennials are reaching the limits of large-scale expansion. Despite differences in initial introduction loci and pathways, Japanese knotweed and mugwort demonstrate similar historic patterns of spread and show declining rates of regional expansion. Invasion mitigation efforts should be concentrated on areas identified as highly susceptible that border invaded regions, as both species demonstrate secondary expansion from introduction loci.}, }
@article {pmid18284735, year = {2007}, author = {Calixto, AA and Harris, MK and Knutson, A and Barr, CL}, title = {Native ant responses to Solenopsis invicta buren reduction using broadcast baits.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {36}, number = {5}, pages = {1112-1123}, doi = {10.1603/0046-225x(2007)36[1112:nartsi]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {18284735}, issn = {0046-225X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *Biodiversity ; *Competitive Behavior ; Feeding Behavior ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Methoprene ; Pilot Projects ; Texas ; }, abstract = {A pilot study was conducted to investigate the impact of Solenopsis invicta management with an insect growth regulator bait (s-methoprene) on native ant species and to determine the responses of these species to S. invicta reduction. This invasive species alters the diversity and structure of different trophic levels of arthropod assemblages. Despite advances in S. invicta management using biological control agents, poison baits remain as the primary tool for effective fire ant management. However, the effect of these products on native ants is relatively unknown. Understanding these effects is critical to the development of S. invicta management strategies that include conservation of native ants. Native ants compete with S. invicta to some degree and can bolster efforts to release and establish exotic biological control agents to more effectively manage S. invicta. The study was carried out in Mumford, TX. Two treatments were used: a bait treatment that reduced S. invicta densities and a control. The treatments were randomly assigned to 1.33-ha blocks, replicated four times, and periodically inspected using complementary sampling techniques (pitfall traps, baited vials, manual collections, and nest surveys). Sixteen ant species were found among the two treatments. After S. invicta reduction, significant increases in densities of several other ant species were observed. Species within the assemblage shifted from the dominance by S. invicta to the dominance of the native pyramid ant, Dorymyrmex flavus McCook, which showed the most significant increase in bait treated blocks and was found to persist at densities significantly higher than the control for >2 yr after the last bait treatment. A temporary change in diversity was observed, indicating that use of a poison bait for S. invicta management benefited numerous resident species in the ant assemblage.}, }
@article {pmid18283938, year = {2008}, author = {Reiskind, MH and Wilson, ML}, title = {Interspecific competition between larval Culex restuans Theobald and Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) in Michigan.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {20-27}, doi = {10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[20:icblcr]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {18283938}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {Animals ; Culex/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Larva/physiology ; Michigan ; Population Density ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Many invasive species succeed in becoming established in new locations because of their competitive superiority to native species. This has been shown in several examples involving mosquitoes. In this study, we examined the interspecific competition between mosquito larvae of a well-established, non-native species, Culex pipiens, and those of its ecologically similar, native congener Culex restuans. Small but significant differences in survival, growth, and development rates were found in Cx. restuans as a response to varying proportions of Cx. pipiens, suggesting that Cx. restuans is a slightly superior competitor. However, the overall differences between the species were small, and they may be nearly ecological equivalents as larvae. Nevertheless, the observed seasonal pattern of feeding and oviposition activity suggests some phenological avoidance of competition, thus demanding further study of the interaction of these two species.}, }
@article {pmid18278340, year = {2007}, author = {Santos-Wisniewski, MJ and Silva, LC and Leone, IC and Laudares-Silva, R and Rocha, O}, title = {First record of the occurrence of Ceratium furcoides (Levander) Langhans 1925, an invasive species in the hydroelectricity power plant Furnas Reservoir, MG, Brazil.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {67}, number = {4}, pages = {791-793}, doi = {10.1590/s1519-69842007000400033}, pmid = {18278340}, issn = {1519-6984}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Dinoflagellida ; Fresh Water ; Population Density ; *Power Plants ; }, }
@article {pmid18275466, year = {2008}, author = {Feng, YL}, title = {Nitrogen allocation and partitioning in invasive and native Eupatorium species.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {132}, number = {3}, pages = {350-358}, doi = {10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.01019.x}, pmid = {18275466}, issn = {1399-3054}, mesh = {Ageratina/metabolism ; Carboxylic Acids/metabolism ; Energy Metabolism ; Eupatorium/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {There is a trade-off between nitrogen (N) allocation to photosynthesis and to defence. Invasive species may reduce N allocation to defence because of the absence of natural enemies. Thus, I hypothesised that invasive species may allocate a higher fraction of total leaf N to photosynthesis and have higher light-saturated photosynthetic rate (P(max)) and photosynthetic N-use efficiency (PNUE) than closely related native species. To test these hypotheses, invasive Eupatorium adenophorum and native E. chinense and E. heterophyllum were compared in a limestone shrub. Unlike expectation, the invader did not allocate a higher fraction of leaf N to photosynthesis than the natives. However, it was more efficient in photosynthetic N partitioning than the natives. It partitioned a higher fraction of the photosynthetic N to carboxylation and showed higher use efficiency of the photosynthetic N, while the natives partitioned a higher fraction of the photosynthetic N to light-harvesting components. Total leaf N content was not significantly different among the three studied invasive and native species. For the invader, the higher fraction of leaf N allocated to carboxylation resulted in the higher N content in carboxylation and in both carboxylation and bioenergetics, which led to higher P(max), and therefore to higher PNUE, water-use efficiency, respiration efficiency and apparent quantum yield. These physiological advantages of the invader and its higher leaf area ratio may contribute to its invasiveness.}, }
@article {pmid18271722, year = {2008}, author = {Urban, MC and Phillips, BL and Skelly, DK and Shine, R}, title = {A toad more traveled: the heterogeneous invasion dynamics of cane toads in Australia.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {171}, number = {3}, pages = {E134-48}, doi = {10.1086/527494}, pmid = {18271722}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Australia ; Biological Evolution ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Models, Biological ; Population Density ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {To predict the spread of invasive species, we need to understand the mechanisms that underlie their range expansion. Assuming random diffusion through homogeneous environments, invasions are expected to progress at a constant rate. However, environmental heterogeneity is expected to alter diffusion rates, especially by slowing invasions as populations encounter suboptimal environmental conditions. Here, we examine how environmental and landscape factors affect the local invasion speeds of cane toads (Chaunus [Bufo] marinus) in Australia. Using high-resolution cane toad data, we demonstrate heterogeneous regional invasion dynamics that include both decelerating and accelerating range expansions. Toad invasion speed increased in regions characterized by high temperatures, heterogeneous topography, low elevations, dense road networks, and high patch connectivity. Regional increases in the toad invasion rate might be caused by environmental conditions that facilitate toad reproduction and movement, by the evolution of long-distance dispersal ability, or by some combination of these factors. In any case, theoretical predictions that neglect environmental influences on dispersal at multiple spatial scales may prove to be inaccurate. Early predictions of cane toad range expansion rates that assumed constant diffusion across homogeneous landscapes already have been proved wrong. Future attempts to predict range dynamics for invasive species should consider heterogeneity in (1) the environmental factors that determine dispersal rates and (2) the mobility of invasive populations because dispersal-relevant traits can evolve in exotic habitats. As an invasive species spreads, it is likely to encounter conditions that influence dispersal rates via one or both of these mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid18271628, year = {2008}, author = {Aizen, MA and Morales, CL and Morales, JM}, title = {Invasive mutualists erode native pollination webs.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {e31}, pmid = {18271628}, issn = {1545-7885}, mesh = {Animals ; Insecta/physiology ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; *Pollination ; Species Specificity ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Plant-animal mutualisms are characterized by weak or asymmetric mutual dependences between interacting species, a feature that could increase community stability. If invasive species integrate into mutualistic webs, they may alter web structure, with consequences for species persistence. However, the effect of alien mutualists on the architecture of plant-pollinator webs remains largely unexplored. We analyzed the extent of mutual dependency between interacting species, as a measure of mutualism strength, and the connectivity of 10 paired plant-pollinator webs, eight from forests of the southern Andes and two from oceanic islands, with different incidences of alien species. Highly invaded webs exhibited weaker mutualism than less-invaded webs. This potential increase in network stability was the result of a disproportionate increase in the importance and participation of alien species in the most asymmetric interactions. The integration of alien mutualists did not alter overall network connectivity, but links were transferred from generalist native species to super-generalist alien species during invasion. Therefore, connectivity among native species declined in highly invaded webs. These modifications in the structure of pollination webs, due to dominance of alien mutualists, can leave many native species subject to novel ecological and evolutionary dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid18261149, year = {2008}, author = {Milbau, A and Stout, JC}, title = {Factors associated with alien plants transitioning from casual, to naturalized, to invasive.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {308-317}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00877.x}, pmid = {18261149}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Databases, Factual ; *Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Ireland ; Logistic Models ; *Models, Theoretical ; Odds Ratio ; Phylogeny ; *Plant Development ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {To explain current plant invasions, or predict future ones, more knowledge on which factors increase the probability of alien species becoming naturalized and subsequently invasive is needed. We created a database of the alien plants in seminatural habitats in Ireland that included data on taxonomy, invasive status, invasion history, distribution, and biological and ecological plant characteristics. We used information from this database to determine the importance of these factors in increasing the ability of species to become naturalized and invasive. More specifically, we used two multiple logistic regressions to identify factors that distinguish naturalized from casual alien plant species and invasive from noninvasive, naturalized alien species. Clonal growth, moisture-indicator value, nitrogen-indicator value, native range, and date of first record affected (in order of decreasing importance) the probability of naturalization. Factors that distinguished invasive from noninvasive species were ornamental introduction, hermaphrodite flowers, pollination mode, being invasive elsewhere, onset of flowering season, moisture-indicator value, native range, and date of first record. Incorporation of phylogenetic information had little influence on the results, suggesting that the capacity of alien species to naturalize and become invasive evolved largely independently in several phylogenetic lineages. Whereas some of the variables were important for both transitions, others were only important for naturalization or for invasion. This emphasizes the importance of studying different stages of the invasion process when looking for mechanisms of becoming a successful invasive plant, instead of simply comparing invasive with noninvasive alien species. Our results also suggest that a combination of species traits and other variables is likely to produce the most accurate prediction of invasions.}, }
@article {pmid18260515, year = {2007}, author = {Bevins, SN}, title = {Timing of resource input and larval competition between invasive and native container-inhabiting mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae).}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, pages = {252-262}, doi = {10.3376/1081-1710(2007)32[252:torial]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {18260515}, issn = {1081-1710}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Competitive Behavior ; Diet ; Female ; Insect Vectors/*physiology ; Larva/physiology ; Male ; Ochlerotatus/*physiology ; Wings, Animal/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Container-inhabiting mosquito species are subject to both intraspecific and interspecific competition during larval development in resource-limited habitats. The arrival of an invasive species, Aedes albopictus, in the U.S. has altered competitive interactions among container-inhabiting mosquito species and, in some cases, has led to displacement of these species. Resource enrichment of container habitats has been shown to alleviate competitive interactions and to promote species co-existence; however, the importance of the timing of enrichment has yet to be explored. Larval competition between Ae. albopictus and a native species, Ochlerotatus triseriatus, was explored when resources were added either gradually or in a single pulse. Replacement series experiments revealed that Ae. albopictus was able to outcompete and displace Oc. triseriatus via resource monopolization when all resources were made available simultaneously; however, when the same resource amount was added over time, survival was high for both species, leading to co-existence. Timing of resource input also had an effect in monospecific treatments, indicating that intraspecific competition impacts survival as well. Duration of larval development was influenced by both species presence and by timing of resource input for Oc. triseriatus. These results indicate competitive outcome is condition-specific and that timing of resource input can determine whether a dominant invasive competitor displaces a native species, or if the two species are able to co-exist. Both intraspecific and interspecific competition occur at different temporal scales due to species-specific differences in larval developmental time. Timing of resource availability in container habitats can impact mosquito survival via competitive interactions, which can ultimately influence vector population size and behavior, possibly influencing vector-borne disease transmission.}, }
@article {pmid18254855, year = {2008}, author = {Keller, RP and Frang, K and Lodge, DM}, title = {Preventing the spread of invasive species: economic benefits of intervention guided by ecological predictions.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {80-88}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00811.x}, pmid = {18254855}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fresh Water ; Models, Biological ; Models, Economic ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {Preventing the invasion of freshwater aquatic species is the surest way to reduce their impacts, but it is also often expensive. Hence, the most efficient prevention programs will rely on accurate predictions of sites most at risk of becoming invaded and concentrate resources at those sites. Using data from Vilas County, Wisconsin (U.S.A.), collected in the 1970s, we constructed a predictive occurrence model for rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) and applied it to an independent data set of 48 Vilas County lakes to predict which of these were most likely to become invaded between 1975 and 2005. We nested this invasion model within an economic framework to determine whether targeted management, derived from our quantitative predictions of likely invasion sites, would increase the economic value of lakes in the independent data set. Although the optimum expenditure on lake protection was high, protecting lakes at this level would have produced net economic benefits of at least $6 million over the last 30 years. We did not attempt to determine the value of nonmarket benefits of protection; thus, our results are likely to underestimate the total benefits from preventing invasions. Our results demonstrate that although few data are available early in an invasion, these data may be sufficient to support targeted, effective, and economically rational management. In addition, our results show that ecological predictions are becoming sufficiently accurate that their application in management can produce net economic benefits.}, }
@article {pmid18254850, year = {2008}, author = {Perry, D and Perry, G}, title = {Improving interactions between animal rights groups and conservation biologists.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {27-35}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00845.x}, pmid = {18254850}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Animal Rights ; *Bioethics ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Public Policy ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are often considered to be a major threat to biodiversity, leading conservation biologists to often recommend their complete eradication. Animal rights groups typically categorically oppose killing animals, and their opposition has brought eradication attempts of gray squirrels in northern Italy (Europe) and mute swans in Vermont to a halt. As a result native red squirrels may disappear from Europe and ecosystem-wide impacts are expected to be caused by the swan. In contrast, cooperation between managers and animal rights groups has resulted in a successful control program for feral pigs in Fort Worth, Texas (U.S.A.). The philosophical differences between animal rights and conservation biologists' views make cooperation seem unlikely, yet documented cases of cooperation have been beneficial for both groups. We recommend that managers dealing with invasive species should consult with social scientists and ethicists to gain a better understanding of the implications of some of their policy decisions. In addition, we recommend that animal rights groups do more to support alternatives to lethal control, which are often excluded by economic limitations. Prevention of arrival of invasive species via application of the precautionary principle may be an especially productive avenue for such collaboration because it fits the goals and values of both groups.}, }
@article {pmid18253803, year = {2008}, author = {Lee, JM and Hillen, T and Lewis, MA}, title = {Continuous traveling waves for prey-taxis.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {70}, number = {3}, pages = {654-676}, doi = {10.1007/s11538-007-9271-4}, pmid = {18253803}, issn = {0092-8240}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Models, Biological ; Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Spatially moving predators are often considered for biological control of invasive species. The question arises as to whether introduced predators are able to stop an advancing pest or foreign population. In recent studies of reaction-diffusion models, it has been shown that the prey invasion can only be stopped if the prey dynamics observes an Allee effect. In this paper, we include prey-taxis into the model. Prey-taxis describe the active movement of predators to regions of high prey density. This effect leads to the observation that predators are drawn away from the leading edge of a prey invasion where its density is low. This leads to counterintuitive result that prey-taxis can actually reduce the likelihood of effective biocontrol.}, }
@article {pmid18248448, year = {2008}, author = {Stohlgren, TJ and Barnett, DT and Jarnevich, CS and Flather, C and Kartesz, J}, title = {The myth of plant species saturation.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {313-22; discussion 322-6}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01153.x}, pmid = {18248448}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Geography ; Northwestern United States ; *Plants ; Southwestern United States ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Plant species assemblages, communities or regional floras might be termed 'saturated' when additional immigrant species are unsuccessful at establishing due to competitive exclusion or other inter-specific interactions, or when the immigration of species is off-set by extirpation of species. This is clearly not the case for state, regional or national floras in the USA where colonization (i.e. invasion by exotic species) exceeds extirpation by roughly a 24 to 1 margin. We report an alarming temporal trend in plant invasions in the Pacific Northwest over the past 100 years whereby counties highest in native species richness appear increasingly invaded over time. Despite the possibility of some increased awareness and reporting of native and exotic plant species in recent decades, historical records show a significant, consistent long-term increase in exotic species (number and frequency) at county, state and regional scales in the Pacific Northwest. Here, as in other regions of the country, colonization rates by exotic species are high and extirpation rates are negligible. The rates of species accumulation in space in multi-scale vegetation plots may provide some clues to the mechanisms of the invasion process from local to national scales.}, }
@article {pmid18234526, year = {2008}, author = {Price, DK and Muir, C}, title = {Conservation implications of hybridization in Hawaiian picture-winged Drosophila.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, pages = {1217-1226}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2007.12.003}, pmid = {18234526}, issn = {1055-7903}, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila/*genetics ; Genetic Techniques ; Hawaii ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Wings, Animal ; }, abstract = {In this review, we discuss the importance of hybridization among species for the conservation of Hawaiian picture-winged Drosophila. Hybridization can be a positive evolutionary process that creates new species and increases the adaptation of populations and species through the spread of adaptive alleles and traits. Conversely, hybridization can disrupt the genetic integrity of species or populations and this may be most detrimental among taxa that are recently hybridizing due to recent ecological changes. The loss of biodiversity in Hawaiian Drosophila through hybridization may be facilitated by habitat alteration and introduced species that reduce population sizes and alter geographic distributions of native species. We briefly review the evidence for hybridization in the genus Drosophila and then focus on hybridization in the Hawaiian picture-winged Drosophila. We examine three general approaches for identifying hybrids and for assessing the factors that appear to contribute to hybridization and the potential ecological and evolutionary outcomes of hybrids in natural populations. Overall, the potential for hybridization among species will likely increase the risk of extinction for Hawaiian picture-winged Drosophila species. Thus, it is important to consider the potential for hybridization among species when developing plans for the conservation of Hawaiian Drosophila.}, }
@article {pmid18229850, year = {2007}, author = {Menke, SB and Fisher, RN and Jetz, W and Holway, DA}, title = {Biotic and abiotic controls of Argentine ant invasion success at local and landscape scales.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {88}, number = {12}, pages = {3164-3173}, doi = {10.1890/07-0122.1}, pmid = {18229850}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Argentina ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Rain ; Seasons ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Although the ecological success of introduced species hinges on biotic interactions and physical conditions, few experimental studies--especially on animals--have simultaneously investigated the relative importance of both types of factors. The lack of such research may stem from the common assumption that native and introduced species exhibit similar environmental tolerances. Here we combine experimental and spatial modeling approaches (1) to determine the relative importance of biotic and abiotic controls of Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) invasion success, (2) to examine how the importance of these factors changes with spatial scale in southern California (USA), and (3) to assess how Argentine ants differ from native ants in their environmental tolerances. A factorial field experiment that combined native ant removal with irrigation revealed that Argentine ants failed to invade any dry plots (even those lacking native ants) but readily invaded all moist plots. Native ants slowed the spread of Argentine ants into irrigated plots but did not prevent invasion. In areas without Argentine ants, native ant species showed variable responses to irrigation. At the landscape scale, Argentine ant occurrence was positively correlated with minimum winter temperature (but not precipitation), whereas native ant diversity increased with precipitation and was negatively correlated with minimum winter temperature. These results are of interest for several reasons. First, they demonstrate that fine-scale differences in the physical environment can eclipse biotic resistance from native competitors in determining community susceptibility to invasion. Second, our results illustrate surprising complexities with respect to how the abiotic factors limiting invasion can change with spatial scale, and third, how native and invasive species can differ in their responses to the physical environment. Idiosyncratic and scale-dependent processes complicate attempts to forecast where introduced species will occur and how their range limits may shift as a result of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid18229847, year = {2007}, author = {Capers, RS and Selsky, R and Bugbee, GJ and White, JC}, title = {Aquatic plant community invasibility and scale-dependent patterns in native and invasive species richness.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {88}, number = {12}, pages = {3135-3143}, doi = {10.1890/06-1911.1}, pmid = {18229847}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; *Plant Development ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Invasive species richness often is negatively correlated with native species richness at the small spatial scale of sampling plots, but positively correlated in larger areas. The pattern at small scales has been interpreted as evidence that native plants can competitively exclude invasive species. Large-scale patterns have been understood to result from environmental heterogeneity, among other causes. We investigated species richness patterns among submerged and floating-leaved aquatic plants (87 native species and eight invasives) in 103 temperate lakes in Connecticut (northeastern USA) and found neither a consistently negative relationship at small (3-m2) scales, nor a positive relationship at large scales. Native species richness at sampling locations was uncorrelated with invasive species richness in 37 of the 60 lakes where invasive plants occurred; richness was negatively correlated in 16 lakes and positively correlated in seven. No correlation between native and invasive species richness was found at larger spatial scales (whole lakes and counties). Increases in richness with area were uncorrelated with abiotic heterogeneity. Logistic regression showed that the probability of occurrence of five invasive species increased in sampling locations (3 m2, n = 2980 samples) where native plants occurred, indicating that native plant species richness provided no resistance against invasion. However, the probability of three invasive species' occurrence declined as native plant density increased, indicating that density, if not species richness, provided some resistance with these species. Density had no effect on occurrence of three other invasive species. Based on these results, native species may resist invasion at small spatial scales only in communities where density is high (i.e., in communities where competition among individuals contributes to community structure). Most hydrophyte communities, however, appear to be maintained in a nonequilibrial condition by stress and/or disturbance. Therefore, most aquatic plant communities in temperate lakes are likely to be vulnerable to invasion.}, }
@article {pmid18214390, year = {2008}, author = {Arribére, MA and Ribeiro Guevara, S and Bubach, DF and Arcagni, M and Vigliano, PH}, title = {Selenium and mercury in native and introduced fish species of patagonian lakes, Argentina.}, journal = {Biological trace element research}, volume = {122}, number = {1}, pages = {42-63}, doi = {10.1007/s12011-007-8059-6}, pmid = {18214390}, issn = {0163-4984}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Catfishes/metabolism ; Environment ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes/*metabolism ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; Liver/*chemistry ; Mercury/*analysis ; Muscles/*chemistry ; Perches/metabolism ; Selenium/*analysis ; Trout/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; }, abstract = {A survey of mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) contents was performed in fish collected from lakes located in two National Parks of the northern patagonian Andean range. Two native species, catfish (Diplomystes viedmensis) and creole perch (Percichthys trucha), and three introduced species, brown trout (Salmo trutta), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), were caught from lakes Nahuel Huapi, Moreno, Traful, Espejo Chico, and Guillelmo belonging to Nahuel Huapi National Park and from lakes Futalaufquen and Rivadavia, Los Alerces National Park. In lake Moreno, fish diet items were analyzed and rainbow trout grown in a farm. Hg and Se were measured in muscle and liver tissues by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The average concentrations in muscle of Hg for all species, ages, and lakes are between 0.4 to 1.0 microg g(-1) dry weight (DW) with a few fish, mainly native, exceeding the United States Environmental Protection Agency health advisory for freshwater fish limited consumption, and from 0.8 to 1.5 microg g(-1) DW for Se. Average concentrations in liver of Hg in all species range from 0.4 to 0.9 microg g(-1) DW. Brown trout, the top predator in these lakes, showed the lowest average Hg burden in both tissues. Se concentrations in the liver of brown and rainbow trout, up to 279 microg g(-1) DW, are higher than those expected for nearly pristine lakes, exceeding 20 microg g(-1) DW, the threshold concentration associated with Se toxicity. These species show lower Hg contents in muscle, suggesting a possible detoxification of Hg by a Se-rich diet. Creole perch and velvet catfish livers have lower Se concentrations, with a narrower span of values (2.3 to 8.5 microg g(-1) and 3.3 to 5.5 microg g(-1) DW respectively).}, }
@article {pmid18213454, year = {2008}, author = {Ge, S and Carruthers, RI and Spencer, DF and Yu, Q}, title = {Canopy assessment of biochemical features by ground-based hyperspectral data for an invasive species, giant reed (Arundo donax).}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {147}, number = {1-3}, pages = {271-278}, pmid = {18213454}, issn = {0167-6369}, mesh = {Carbon/metabolism ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Population Dynamics ; Spectrum Analysis/*methods ; }, abstract = {This study explored the potential use of hyperspectral data in the non-destructive assessment of chlorophyll, carbon, and nitrogen content of giant reed at the canopy level. We found that pseudoabsorption and derivatives of original hyperspectral data were able to describe the relationship between spectral data and measured biochemical characteristics. Based on correlogram analyses of ground-based hyperspectral data, we found that derivatives of pseudoabsorption were the best predictors of chlorophyll, carbon, and nitrogen content of giant reed canopies. Within the visible region, spectral data significantly correlated with chlorophyll content at both 461 nm and 693 nm wavelengths. Within the near-infrared region, carbon levels correlated with hyperspectral data at five causal wavelengths: 1038 nm, 1945 nm, 1132 nm, 1525 nm, and 1704 nm. The best spectral wavelength for estimating nitrogen content was 1542 nm. Such relationships between nutrient content and spectral data were best represented by exponential functions in most situations.}, }
@article {pmid18207306, year = {2009}, author = {McKee, GJ and Goodhue, RE and Zalom, FG and Carter, CA and Chalfant, JA}, title = {Population dynamics and the economics of invasive species management: the greenhouse whitefly in California-grown strawberries.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {90}, number = {1}, pages = {561-570}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.12.011}, pmid = {18207306}, issn = {0301-4797}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Female ; Fragaria/*growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Hemiptera/drug effects/growth &amp; development/*pathogenicity ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insecticides/toxicity ; Models, Biological ; Oviposition ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {In agriculture, relatively few efficacious control measures may be available for an invasive pest. In the case of a new insect pest, insecticide use decisions are affected by regulations associated with its registration, insect population dynamics, and seasonal market price cycles. We assess the costs and benefits of environmental regulations designed to regulate insecticide applications on an invasive species. We construct a bioeconomic model, based on detailed scientific data, of management decisions for a specific invasion: greenhouse whiteflies in California-grown strawberries. The empirical model integrates whitefly population dynamics, the effect of whitefly feeding on strawberry yields, and weekly strawberry price. We use the model to assess the optimality of alternative treatment programs on a simulated greenhouse whitefly population. Our results show that regulations may lead growers to "under-spray" when placed in an economic context, and provide some general lessons about the design of optimal invasive species control policies.}, }
@article {pmid18206912, year = {2008}, author = {Mahdjoub, T and Menu, F}, title = {Prolonged diapause: a trait increasing invasion speed?.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {251}, number = {2}, pages = {317-330}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.12.002}, pmid = {18206912}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Metamorphosis, Biological ; Models, Biological ; *Population Dynamics ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are considered to be the second cause of biodiversity erosion, and one challenge is to determine the life history traits that cause an increased invasion capacity. Prolonged diapause is a major trait in evolution and insect population dynamics, but its effects on invasion speed remain unknown. From a recently developed mathematical approach (integro-difference equations) applied to the insect dormancy, we show that despite a dispersal cost, bet-hedging diapause strategies with low (0.1-0.2) prolonged diapause frequency (emergence after 1 or 2 years) can have a higher invasion speed than a simple diapause strategy (emergence after 1 year) when the environmental stochasticity is sufficiently high. In such conditions, prolonged diapause is a trait supporting invasion capacity by increasing population stochastic growth rate. This conclusion, which applies to a large range of demographic parameters, is in opposition to the usual view that prolonged dormancy is an alternative strategy to dispersal. However, prolonged diapause does not support invasion if the level of environmental stochasticity is low. Therefore, conclusion about its influence on invasion ability needs a good knowledge of environmental stochasticity in the introduction area of considered species.}, }
@article {pmid18197772, year = {2008}, author = {van Kleunen, M and Manning, JC and Pasqualetto, V and Johnson, SD}, title = {Phylogenetically independent associations between autonomous self-fertilization and plant invasiveness.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {171}, number = {2}, pages = {195-201}, doi = {10.1086/525057}, pmid = {18197772}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Breeding ; Environment ; Fertilization/physiology ; Fruit/growth &amp; development ; Iridaceae/classification/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Phylogeny ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Many plant species have been introduced from their native ranges to new continents, but few have become naturalized or, ultimately, invasive. It has been predicted that species that do not require the presence of compatible mates and the services of pollinators for reproduction will be favored in establishment after long-distance dispersal. We tested whether this hypothesis, generally referred to as Baker's law, holds for South African species of Iridaceae (iris family) that have been introduced in other regions for horticultural purposes. Fruit and seed production of flowers from which pollinators had been experimentally excluded was assessed for 10 pairs of species from nine different genera or subgenera. Each species pair comprised one naturalized and one nonnaturalized species, all of which are used in international horticulture. On average, species of Iridaceae that have become naturalized outside their native ranges showed a higher capacity for autonomous fruit and seed production than congeneric species that have not become naturalized. This was especially true for the naturalized species that are considered to be invasive weeds. These results provide strong evidence for the role of autonomous seed production in increasing potential invasiveness in plants.}, }
@article {pmid18194168, year = {2008}, author = {Ficetola, GF and Bonin, A and Miaud, C}, title = {Population genetics reveals origin and number of founders in a biological invasion.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {773-782}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03622.x}, pmid = {18194168}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Cytochromes b/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/genetics ; Europe ; Female ; *Founder Effect ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Models, Genetic ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Population Dynamics ; Rana catesbeiana/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Propagule pressure is considered the main determinant of success of biological invasions: when a large number of individuals are introduced into an area, the species is more likely to establish and become invasive. Nevertheless, precise data on propagule pressure exist only for a small sample of invasive species, usually voluntarily introduced. We studied the invasion of the American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, into Europe, a species that is considered a major cause of decline for native amphibians. For this major invader with scarce historical data, we used population genetics data (a partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene) to infer the invasion history and to estimate the number of founders of non-native populations. Based on differences between populations, at least six independent introductions from the native range occurred in Europe, followed by secondary translocations. Genetic diversity was strongly reduced in non-native populations, indicating a very strong bottleneck during colonization. We used simulations to estimate the precise number of founders and found that most non-native populations derive from less than six females. This capability of invasion from a very small number of propagules challenges usual management strategies; species with such ability should be identified at an early stage of introduction.}, }
@article {pmid18192584, year = {2008}, author = {Shilton, CM and Brown, GP and Benedict, S and Shine, R}, title = {Spinal arthropathy associated with Ochrobactrum anthropi in free-ranging cane toads (Chaunus [Bufo] marinus) in Australia.}, journal = {Veterinary pathology}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {85-94}, doi = {10.1354/vp.45-1-85}, pmid = {18192584}, issn = {0300-9858}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bone Diseases, Infectious/microbiology/pathology/*veterinary ; Bufonidae/*microbiology/physiology ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/pathology/*veterinary ; Male ; Ochrobactrum anthropi/*isolation &amp; purification ; Spine/*pathology ; }, abstract = {Inflammatory or degenerative pathology involving the vertebral bodies and/or ventral intervertebral joints has been described in numerous species, both captive and free ranging, including mammals, birds, and snakes, although never in amphibians. We described 15 cases of a newly recognized spinal arthropathy in adult cane toads (Chaunus [Bufo] marinus), an invasive species in Australia. Grossly appreciable lesions consisted primarily of ventral proliferation of bone and cartilage that resulted in ankylosis. Histologic examination of the entire vertebral columns of the 15 affected toads revealed 13 toads to have lesions at multiple intervertebral sites, totalling 41 intervertebral joints with lesions. Most lesions involved bone and cartilage proliferation that resulted in fusion of the joint, with (n = 15) or without (n = 9) associated pyogranulomatous inflammation. In the remaining 17 affected joints, histologic lesions were characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage without joint fusion. In addition, in one of these joints, there was also hemorrhage and pyogranulomatous inflammation. Bacterial culture of affected joints in 9 toads and grossly normal joints in 4 control toads resulted in isolation of Ochrobactrum anthropi in 7 affected toads but in none of the controls (P < .01). We proposed an interaction between degenerative and bacterial etiologies in the pathogenesis of this condition. Invasive toads may be predisposed to this condition because of their large size; increased rates of movement; and, possibly, immunosuppression resulting from inhabiting a novel environment.}, }
@article {pmid18188603, year = {2008}, author = {Bartomeus, I and Vilà, M and Santamaría, L}, title = {Contrasting effects of invasive plants in plant-pollinator networks.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {155}, number = {4}, pages = {761-770}, pmid = {18188603}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Aizoaceae/*physiology ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Insecta/classification/*physiology ; Opuntia/*physiology ; Pollen ; Pollination/*physiology ; Reproduction/physiology ; }, abstract = {The structural organization of mutualism networks, typified by interspecific positive interactions, is important to maintain community diversity. However, there is little information available about the effect of introduced species on the structure of such networks. We compared uninvaded and invaded ecological communities, to examine how two species of invasive plants with large and showy flowers (Carpobrotus affine acinaciformis and Opuntia stricta) affect the structure of Mediterranean plant-pollinator networks. To attribute differences in pollination to the direct presence of the invasive species, areas were surveyed that contained similar native plant species cover, diversity and floral composition, with or without the invaders. Both invasive plant species received significantly more pollinator visits than any native species and invaders interacted strongly with pollinators. Overall, the pollinator community richness was similar in invaded and uninvaded plots, and only a few generalist pollinators visited invasive species exclusively. Invasive plants acted as pollination super generalists. The two species studied were visited by 43% and 31% of the total insect taxa in the community, respectively, suggesting they play a central role in the plant-pollinator networks. Carpobrotus and Opuntia had contrasting effects on pollinator visitation rates to native plants: Carpobrotus facilitated the visit of pollinators to native species, whereas Opuntia competed for pollinators with native species, increasing the nestedness of the plant-pollinator network. These results indicate that the introduction of a new species to a community can have important consequences for the structure of the plant-pollinator network.}, }
@article {pmid18182611, year = {2008}, author = {Martin, M}, title = {Comparing invasive species to metastatic cancers inspires new insights for modelers.}, journal = {Journal of the National Cancer Institute}, volume = {100}, number = {2}, pages = {88-89}, doi = {10.1093/jnci/djm315}, pmid = {18182611}, issn = {1460-2105}, mesh = {Brain Neoplasms/pathology ; Ecology ; Fractals ; Glioma/pathology ; Humans ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; *Models, Statistical ; *Neoplasm Invasiveness ; *Neoplasm Metastasis ; *Trees ; }, }
@article {pmid18182118, year = {2008}, author = {Badyaev, AV and Oh, KP}, title = {Environmental induction and phenotypic retention of adaptive maternal effects.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {3}, pmid = {18182118}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Arizona ; *Biological Evolution ; *Environment ; Female ; Finches/*genetics/physiology ; Male ; Montana ; Oviposition ; Phenotype ; Selection, Genetic ; Sex Characteristics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The origin of complex adaptations is one of the most controversial questions in biology. Environmental induction of novel phenotypes, where phenotypic retention of adaptive developmental variation is enabled by organismal complexity and homeostasis, can be a starting point in the evolution of some adaptations, but empirical examples are rare. Comparisons of populations that differ in historical recurrence of environmental induction can offer insight into its evolutionary significance, and recent colonization of North America by the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) provides such an opportunity.<br><br>RESULTS: In both native (southern Arizona) and newly established (northern Montana, 18 generations) populations, breeding female finches exhibit the same complex adaptation - a sex-bias in ovulation sequence - in response to population-specific environmental stimulus of differing recurrence. We document that, in the new population, the adaptation is induced by a novel environment during females' first breeding and is subsequently retained across breeding attempts. In the native population, first-breeding females expressed a precise adaptive response to a recurrent environmental stimulus without environmental induction. We document strong selection on environmental cue recognition in both populations and find that rearrangement of the same proximate mechanism - clustering of oocytes that become males and females - can enable an adaptive response to distinct environmental stimuli.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The results show that developmental plasticity induced by novel environmental conditions confers significant fitness advantages to both maternal and offspring generations and might play an important role not only in the successful establishment of this invasive species across the widest ecological range of extant birds, but also can link environmental induction and genetic inheritance in the evolution of novel adaptations.}, }
@article {pmid18179440, year = {2008}, author = {Tzika, AC and Koenig, S and Miller, R and Garcia, G and Remy, C and Milinkovitch, MC}, title = {Population structure of an endemic vulnerable species, the Jamaican boa (Epicrates subflavus).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, pages = {533-544}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03588.x}, pmid = {18179440}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Animals ; Boidae/classification/*genetics ; Cytochromes b/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/*genetics ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Jamaica ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The Jamaican boa (Epicrates subflavus; also called Yellow boa) is an endemic species whose natural populations greatly and constantly declined since the late 19th century, mainly because of predation by introduced species, human persecution, and habitat destruction. In-situ conservation of the Jamaican boa is seriously hindered by the lack of information on demographic and ecological parameters as well as by a poor understanding of the population structure and species distribution in the wild. Here, using nine nuclear microsatellite loci and a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from 87 wild-born individuals, we present the first molecular genetic analyses focusing on the diversity and structure of the natural populations of the Jamaican boa. A model-based clustering analysis of multilocus microsatellite genotypes identifies three groups that are also significantly differentiated on the basis of F-statistics. Similarly, haplotypic network reconstruction methods applied on the cytochrome b haplotypes isolated here identify two well-differentiated haplogroups separated by four to six fixed mutations. Bayesian and metaGA analyses of the mitochondrial data set combined with sequences from other Boidae species indicate that rooting of the haplotypic network occurs most likely between the two defined haplogroups. Both analyses (based on nuclear and mitochondrial markers) underline an Eastern vs. (Western + Central) pattern of differentiation in agreement with geological data and patterns of differentiation uncovered in other vertebrate and invertebrate Jamaican species. Our results provide important insights for improving management of ex-situ captive populations and for guiding the development of proper in-situ species survival and habitat management plans for this spectacular, yet poorly known and vulnerable, snake.}, }
@article {pmid18179429, year = {2008}, author = {Cameron, EK and Bayne, EM and Coltman, DW}, title = {Genetic structure of invasive earthworms Dendrobaena octaedra in the boreal forest of Alberta: insights into introduction mechanisms.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {5}, pages = {1189-1197}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03603.x}, pmid = {18179429}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Alberta ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligochaeta/*genetics ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Population genetic studies can help to determine whether invasive species are established via single vs. multiple introduction events and also to distinguish among various colonization scenarios. We used this approach to investigate the introduction of Dendrobaena octaedra, a non-native earthworm species, to the boreal forest of northern Alberta. The spread of non-native earthworms in forested systems is not well understood, although bait abandonment and vehicular transport are believed to be important. Mitochondrial DNA sequencing revealed that multiple introductions of this species have occurred in northern Alberta, although individual populations may have been established by either single or multiple invaders introduced on one or more occasions. There was no relationship between genetic distances and either geographical distances or distances along road networks, suggesting that human-mediated jump dispersal is more common than diffusive spread via road networks or via active dispersal. As well, genetic diversity was significantly greater at boat launches than roads, indicating that multiple introductions may be more likely to occur at those locations. Focusing management efforts on areas where multiple introductions are likely to occur may help to reduce invasive species' potential for adaptive evolution and subsequent rapid spread.}, }
@article {pmid18177337, year = {2008}, author = {Paini, DR and Funderburk, JE and Reitz, SR}, title = {Competitive exclusion of a worldwide invasive pest by a native. Quantifying competition between two phytophagous insects on two host plant species.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, pages = {184-190}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01324.x}, pmid = {18177337}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Capsicum/*parasitology ; *Ecosystem ; Hemiptera/*growth &amp; development ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Raphanus/*parasitology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {1. High competitive ability is believed to be an important characteristic of invasive species. Many animal studies have compared the competitive ability of invasive species with a native species that is being displaced, but few have looked at systems where an invasive species has failed to establish itself. These types of studies are important to determine if competition is relevant not only to invading species but also to the biotic resistance of a community. 2. The thrips species F. occidentalis is a highly invasive pest that has spread from its original range (the western states of the USA) to a worldwide distribution. Despite this, F. occidentalis is largely absent or occurs in low numbers in the eastern states of the USA, where the native F. tritici dominates. It is possible that F. tritici is competitively excluding F. occidentalis from this region. 3. Larval competition between these two thrips species was tested on two known plant hosts, Capsicum annuum (a crop plant), and Raphanus raphanistrum (an invasive weed), using a response surface design with number of larvae surviving as the response variable. The response surface design allowed competition models to be fit to data using maximum likelihood estimation, thus generating quantitative values for interspecific competition. 4. On both plant hosts, the native F. tritici did not experience significant interspecific competition from the invasive F. occidentalis. In contrast, F. occidentalis did experience significant interspecific competition from F. tritici. Competition from F. tritici larvae on F. occidentalis larvae was estimated to be 1.72 times (on C. annuum) and 1.76 times (on R. raphanistrum) the effect of intraspecific competition. The invasive F. occidentalis appears to be competitively excluded by the native F. tritici. 5. This study confirms the importance of competition in the biotic resistance of a community and is one of the few animal studies to not only test for competition in an apparently resistant ecosystem but also to quantify the level of interspecific competition between two animal species.}, }
@article {pmid18177327, year = {2008}, author = {Griffen, BD and Guy, T and Buck, JC}, title = {Inhibition between invasives: a newly introduced predator moderates the impacts of a previously established invasive predator.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, pages = {32-40}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01304.x}, pmid = {18177327}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*growth &amp; development ; Brachyura/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Diet ; *Ecosystem ; Marine Biology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {1. With continued globalization, species are being transported and introduced into novel habitats at an accelerating rate. Interactions between invasive species may provide important mechanisms that moderate their impacts on native species. 2. The European green crab Carcinus maenas is an aggressive predator that was introduced to the east coast of North America in the mid-1800 s and is capable of rapid consumption of bivalve prey. A newer invasive predator, the Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus, was first discovered on the Atlantic coast in the 1980s, and now inhabits many of the same regions as C. maenas within the Gulf of Maine. Using a series of field and laboratory investigations, we examined the consequences of interactions between these predators. 3. Density patterns of these two species at different spatial scales are consistent with negative interactions. As a result of these interactions, C. maenas alters its diet to consume fewer mussels, its preferred prey, in the presence of H. sanguineus. Decreased mussel consumption in turn leads to lower growth rates for C. maenas, with potential detrimental effects on C. maenas populations. 4. Rather than an invasional meltdown, this study demonstrates that, within the Gulf of Maine, this new invasive predator can moderate the impacts of the older invasive predator.}, }
@article {pmid18173508, year = {2008}, author = {Benkman, CW and Siepielski, AM and Parchman, TL}, title = {The local introduction of strongly interacting species and the loss of geographic variation in species and species interactions.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {395-404}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03368.x}, pmid = {18173508}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Animals ; *Demography ; *Ecosystem ; *Genetic Variation ; Geography ; North America ; Passeriformes/*genetics/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Species introductions into nearby communities may seem innocuous, however, these introductions, like long-distance introductions (e.g. trans- and intercontinental), can cause extinctions and alter the evolutionary trajectories of remaining community members. These 'local introductions' can also more cryptically homogenize formerly distinct populations within a species. We focus on several characteristics and the potential consequences of local introductions. First, local introductions are commonly successful because the species being introduced is compatible with existing abiotic and biotic conditions; many nearby communities differ because of historical factors and the absence of certain species is simply the result of barriers to dispersal. Moreover, the species with which they interact most strongly (e.g. prey) may have, for example, lost defences making the establishment even more likely. The loss or absence of defences is especially likely when the absent species is a strongly interacting species, which we argue often includes mammals in terrestrial communities. Second, the effects of the introduction may be difficult to detect because the community is likely to converge onto nearby communities that naturally have the introduced species (hence the perceived innocuousness). This homogenization of formerly distinct populations eliminates the geographic diversity of species interactions and the geographic potential for speciation, and reduces regional species diversity. We illustrate these ideas by focusing on the introduction of tree squirrels into formerly squirrel-less forest patches. Such introductions have eliminated incipient species of crossbills (Loxia spp.) co-evolving in arms races with conifers and will likely have considerable impacts on community structure and ecosystem processes.}, }
@article {pmid18173507, year = {2008}, author = {Suarez, AV and Tsutsui, ND}, title = {The evolutionary consequences of biological invasions.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {351-360}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03456.x}, pmid = {18173507}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {A major challenge of invasion biology is the development of a predictive framework that prevents new invasions. This is inherently difficult because different biological characteristics are important at the different stages of invasion: opportunity/transport, establishment and spread. Here, we draw from recent research on a variety of taxa to examine the evolutionary causes and consequences of biological invasions. The process of introduction may favour species with characteristics that promote success in highly disturbed, human-dominated landscapes, thus exerting novel forms of selection on introduced populations. Moreover, evidence is accumulating that multiple introductions can often be critical to the successful establishment and spread of introduced species, as they may be important sources of genetic variation necessary for adaptation in new environments or may permit the introduction of novel traits. Thus, not only should the introduction of new species be prevented, but substantial effort should also be directed to preventing the secondary introduction of previously established species (and even movement of individuals among introduced populations). Modern molecular techniques can take advantage of genetic changes postintroduction to determine the source of introduced populations and their vectors of spread, and to elucidate the mechanisms of success of some invasive species. Moreover, the growing availability of genomic tools will permit the identification of underlying genetic causes of invasive success.}, }
@article {pmid18173485, year = {2007}, author = {Kolbe, JJ and Glor, RE and Schettino, LR and Lara, AC and Larson, A and Losos, JB}, title = {Multiple sources, admixture, and genetic variation in introduced anolis lizard populations.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, pages = {1612-1625}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00826.x}, pmid = {18173485}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Florida ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Lizards/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are classically thought to suffer from reduced within-population genetic variation compared to their native-range sources due to founder effects and population bottlenecks during introduction. Reduction in genetic variation in introduced species may limit population growth, increase the risk of extinction, and constrain adaptation, hindering the successful establishment and spread of an alien species. Results of recent empirical studies, however, show higher than expected genetic variation, rapid evolution, and multiple native-range sources in introduced populations, which challenge the classical scenario of invasive-species genetics. With mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data, we examined the molecular genetics of 10 replicate introductions of 8 species of Anolis lizards. Eighty percent of introductions to Florida and the Dominican Republic were from multiple native-range source populations. MtDNA haplotypes restricted to different geographically distinct populations in the native range of a species commonly occurred as intrapopulation polymorphisms in introduced populations. Two-thirds of introduced populations had two or more sources, and admixture elevated genetic variation in half of the introduced populations above levels typical of native-range populations. The mean pairwise sequence divergence among haplotypes sampled within introduced populations was nearly twice that within native-range populations (2.6% vs. 1.4%). The dynamics of introductions from multiple sources and admixture explained the observed genetic contrasts between native and introduced Anolis populations better than the classical scenario for most introduced populations. Elevated genetic variation through admixture occurred regardless of the mode or circumstances of an introduction. Little insight into the number of sources or amount of genetic variation in introduced populations was gained by knowing the number of physical introductions, the size of a species' non-native range, or whether it was a deliberate or accidental introduction. We hypothesize that elevated genetic variation through admixture of multiple sources is more common in biological invasions than previously thought. We propose that introductions follow a sequential, two-step process involving a reduction in genetic variation due to founder effects and population bottlenecks followed by an increase in genetic variation if admixture of individuals from multiple native-range sources occurs.}, }
@article {pmid18173477, year = {2007}, author = {van Kleunen, M and Johnson, SD}, title = {Effects of self-compatibility on the distribution range of invasive European plants in North America.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, pages = {1537-1544}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00765.x}, pmid = {18173477}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; Europe ; North America ; *Plants ; Pollen ; Reproduction ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Many plant species have been introduced to new continents, but only a small subset of these have become invasive. It has been predicted that self-compatible species, particularly those that do not need the services of pollinators, are more likely to establish and spread after long-distance dispersal. We tested whether this hypothesis, commonly called Baker's law, applies to 361 species that have invaded the United States from Europe. Species capable of autonomous seed production occurred in significantly more states than species requiring a pollen vector. Moreover, of the species that are not capable of autonomous seed production, self-compatible species occurred in significantly more states than those that are not self-compatible. The positive effect of autonomous seed production on the range of invasion was larger for abiotically pollinated species than for biotically pollinated species and for monocarpic species than for polycarpic species. These results support Baker's law, and we recommend that screening protocols for predicting invasiveness of species considered for introduction should include assessment of their breeding system.}, }
@article {pmid18160175, year = {2008}, author = {Armstrong, DP and Seddon, PJ}, title = {Directions in reintroduction biology.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {20-25}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2007.10.003}, pmid = {18160175}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding/*methods ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Reintroductions are attempts to return species to parts of their historical ranges where they were extirpated, and might involve release of either captive-bred or wild-caught individuals. The poor success rate of reintroductions worldwide has led to frequent calls for greater monitoring, and since 1990 there has been an exponential increase in the number of peer-reviewed publications related to reintroduction. However, these publications have largely been descriptive accounts or have addressed questions retrospectively based on the available data. Here, we advocate a more strategic approach where research and monitoring targets questions that are identified a priori. We propose ten key questions for reintroduction biology, with different questions focusing at the population, metapopulation and ecosystem level. We explain the conceptual framework behind each question, provide suggestions for the best methods to address them, and identify links with the related disciplines of restoration ecology and invasion biology. We conclude by showing how the framework of questions can be used to encourage a more integrated approach to reintroduction biology.}, }
@article {pmid18157078, year = {2007}, author = {Voisin, M and Daguin, C and Engel, C and Grulois, D and Javanaud, C and Viard, F}, title = {[Introduction and establishment processes of marine species: a study case with the Japanese brown kelp Undaria pinnatifida].}, journal = {Journal de la Societe de biologie}, volume = {201}, number = {3}, pages = {259-266}, doi = {10.1051/jbio:2007037}, pmid = {18157078}, issn = {1295-0661}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Geography ; Japan ; Kelp/classification/*physiology ; Undaria/classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The number of biological introductions has increased since the 1970's and is now considered as the second major cause of the biodiversity erosion, after fragmentation or disappearance of habitat. Beyond the threat they represent for the ecosystem equilibrium, introduced species are interesting models to study fundamental issues in ecology and evolution like the processes of dispersal and adaptation to novel environments. In this context, species introduced over a large geographic range and spectrum of habitats provide an excellent opportunity for comparing the mechanisms that promote introduction and settlement between different environments. In this paper, based on a case study, the worldwide introduction of the brown alga Undaria pinnatifida, and on the use of molecular tools, we aim at examining several processes promoting or occurring during biological introductions. Our results showed that i) multiple processes can account for the success of the pandemic introduction of this alga, highlighting the necessity to study introduced species in relation with the ecosystem they invaded, ii) the recurrence of introductions is a critical component in the dynamics of settlement and iii) human activities can play a major role not only during the primary introduction but also for the sustainable settlement of introduced species in natural environments by providing reservoir of migrants. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the complexity of mechanisms occurring in biological invasion require spatial but also long-term analysis.}, }
@article {pmid18093925, year = {2007}, author = {Tillberg, CV and Holway, DA and Lebrun, EG and Suarez, AV}, title = {Trophic ecology of invasive Argentine ants in their native and introduced ranges.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {104}, number = {52}, pages = {20856-20861}, pmid = {18093925}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Ants ; Behavior, Animal ; California ; *Ecology ; Food Chain ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Models, Statistical ; Models, Theoretical ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; *Population Dynamics ; Social Behavior ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Although the ecological effects of invasions often become obvious soon after introduced species become established, more gradual effects may take years to manifest and can thus require long-term data for quantification. We analyzed an 8-year record of stable isotope data on Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) from southern California to infer how the trophic position of this widespread invasive species changes over time as native ant species are displaced. We couple this longitudinal analysis with a biregional comparison of stable isotope data (delta(15)N) on ants from Argentina (native range) and California (introduced range) to quantify (i) how the trophic position of L. humile differs between native and introduced populations, and (ii) how relative trophic position as estimated by delta(15)N values of Argentine ants compare with those of other ants at the same site. Both long-term and biregional comparisons indicate that the Argentine ant's relative trophic position is reduced at sites with a longer history of occupation. Over the course of 8 years, the relative trophic position of L. humile remained high at the leading edge of an invasion front but declined, on average, behind the front as native ants disappeared. Relative to native populations, where L. humile is among the most carnivorous of ants, Argentine ants from California occupied lower trophic positions. These results support the hypothesis that Argentine ants shift their diet after establishment as a result of resource depletion and increasing reliance on plant-based resources, especially honeydew-producing Hemiptera. Our results demonstrate the value of long-term and biregional data in uncovering ecological effects of invasions.}, }
@article {pmid18091770, year = {2008}, author = {Cheng, XY and Cheng, FX and Xu, RM and Xie, BY}, title = {Genetic variation in the invasive process of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Aphelenchida: Aphelenchoididae) and its possible spread routes in China.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {100}, number = {4}, pages = {356-365}, doi = {10.1038/sj.hdy.6801082}, pmid = {18091770}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Animals ; China ; DNA, Helminth/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Phylogeny ; Trees/*parasitology ; Tylenchida/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is an invasive species that causes a destructive forest disease-pine wilt disease. This disease has been prevalent in some countries in Asia since the 1970s. An amplified fragment length polymorphism survey was used to compare the genetic variation of native and invasive nematode populations in China and to examine the changes in genetic diversity during the invasion process. The genetic diversity of Chinese populations was slightly higher than that of American populations. Analysis of groups sampled from different invasive stages in China, showed that no obvious change in genetic diversity. Hence, genetic drift and founder effects are not obvious in the invasion process. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Chinese pinewood nematode populations were closer to Japanese populations than to American populations. On the basis of the genetic relationships among samples, two major invasion pathways in China are suggested. One is from Guangdong to Anhui and Zhejiang, and the other is from Guangdong to Jiangsu and then from Jiangsu to Hubei, Guizhong and Congqing. The results imply that it is important to reinforce both domestic and international quarantine to control the spread of pinewood nematode.}, }
@article {pmid18089520, year = {2008}, author = {Bollache, L and Dick, JT and Farnsworth, KD and Montgomery, WI}, title = {Comparison of the functional responses of invasive and native amphipods.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, pages = {166-169}, pmid = {18089520}, issn = {1744-9561}, mesh = {Amphipoda/*physiology ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Population Density ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {While we can usually understand the impacts of invasive species on recipient communities, invasion biology lacks methodologies that are potentially more predictive. Such tools should ideally be straightforward and widely applicable. Here, we explore an approach that compares the functional responses (FRs) of invader and native amphipod crustaceans. Dikerogammarus villosus is a Ponto-Caspian amphipod currently invading Europe and poised to invade North America. Compared with other amphipods that it actively replaces in freshwaters, D. villosus exhibited significantly greater predation, consuming significantly more prey with a higher type II FR. This corroborates the known dramatic field impacts of D. villosus on invaded communities. In another species, FRs were nearly identical in invasive and native ranges. We thus propose that if FRs of other taxa and trophic groups follow such general patterns, this methodology has potential in predicting future invasive species impacts.}, }
@article {pmid18083843, year = {2007}, author = {Rayner, MJ and Hauber, ME and Imber, MJ and Stamp, RK and Clout, MN}, title = {Spatial heterogeneity of mesopredator release within an oceanic island system.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {104}, number = {52}, pages = {20862-20865}, pmid = {18083843}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Birds ; Cats ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Geography ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Rats ; Regression Analysis ; }, abstract = {Predator-prey communities are ubiquitous in ecology, but introduced predators can drive native species to extinction within island systems, prompting the eradication of such exotics. Ecological theory predicts that elimination of top-introduced predators from islands can lead to the counterintuitive decline of native prey populations through the ecological release of smaller introduced species in a process termed "mesopredator release." We show, in accordance with mesopredator release theory and counter to conservation goals for a New Zealand island reserve, that initial eradication of cats on Little Barrier Island led to reduced breeding success of Cook's petrels, which also are vulnerable to predation by a mesopredator, the Pacific rat. The rat's impact on prey productivity varied with elevation within the island. Rat eradication was followed by a rise in petrel productivity, in support of both ecological theory and practical conservation management goals. It appears that interactions among introduced predators, native prey, and environmental gradients can drive counterintuitive and spatially heterogeneous responses to predator eradications from islands. Location-specific, ecosystem-level understanding is essential for predicting the outcomes of such restoration management techniques.}, }
@article {pmid18077250, year = {2008}, author = {Alto, BW and Lounibos, LP and Mores, CN and Reiskind, MH}, title = {Larval competition alters susceptibility of adult Aedes mosquitoes to dengue infection.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {275}, number = {1633}, pages = {463-471}, pmid = {18077250}, issn = {0962-8452}, support = {R01 AI044793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-07/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01-AI-044793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/growth &amp; development/physiology/*virology ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Body Weights and Measures ; *Competitive Behavior ; *Dengue Virus ; Female ; Insect Vectors/physiology/*virology ; Larva/physiology/virology ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Wings, Animal/anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Dengue, the most important human arboviral disease, is transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti and, to a lesser extent, by Aedes albopictus. The current distributions of these invasive species overlap and are affected by interspecific larval competition in their container habitats. Here we report that competition also enhances dengue infection and dissemination rates in one of these two vector species. We determined the effects of competition on adult A. aegypti and A. albopictus, comparing their susceptibility to infection with a Southeast Asian strain of dengue-2 virus. High levels of intra- or interspecific competition among larvae enhanced the susceptibility of A. albopictus to dengue virus infection and potential for transmission, as indicated by disseminated infections. Doubling the number of competing larvae (A. albopictus or A. aegypti), led to a significant (more than 60%) increase in the proportion of A. albopictus with disseminated dengue-2 infection. Competition-enhanced vector competence appears to result from a reduction in 'barriers' (morphological or physiological) to virus infection and dissemination and may contribute to the importance of A. albopictus in dengue transmission. Similar results for other unrelated arboviruses suggest that larval competition, common in mosquitoes, should be considered in estimates of vector competence for pathogens that infect humans.}, }
@article {pmid18074026, year = {2007}, author = {Lu, M and Miller, DR and Sun, JH}, title = {Cross-attraction between an exotic and a native pine bark beetle: a novel invasion mechanism?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {2}, number = {12}, pages = {e1302}, pmid = {18074026}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; Pheromones/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Volatilization ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aside from the ecological impacts, invasive species fascinate ecologists because of the unique opportunities that invasives offer in the study of community ecology. Some hypotheses have been proposed to illustrate the mechanisms that allow exotics to become invasive. However, positive interactions between exotic and native insects are rarely utilized to explain invasiveness of pests.<br><br>Here, we present information on a recently formed association between a native and an exotic bark beetle on their shared host, Pinus tabuliformis, in China. In field examinations, we found that 35-40% of P. tabuliformis attacked by an exotic bark beetle, Dendroctonus valens, were also attacked by a native pine bark beetle, Hylastes parallelus. In the laboratory, we found that the antennal and walking responses of H. parallelus to host- and beetle-produced compounds were similar to those of the exotic D. valens in China. In addition, D. valens was attracted to volatiles produced by the native H. parallelus.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We report, for the first time, facilitation between an exotic and a native bark beetle seems to involve overlap in the use of host attractants and pheromones, which is cross-attraction. The concept of this interspecific facilitation could be explored as a novel invasive mechanism which helps explain invasiveness of not only exotic bark beetles but also other introduced pests in principle. The results reported here also have particularly important implications for risk assessments and management strategies for invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid18062323, year = {2007}, author = {Wang, S and Zhang, RZ and Zhang, F}, title = {[Research progress on biology and ecology of Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {9}, pages = {2117-2126}, pmid = {18062323}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Animal Migration/*physiology ; Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) with its native in Asia is one of the most important predatory ladybird beetles, and used worldwide as a biological control agent. This paper summarized the recent decades research progress at home and abroad on its life history, reproductive strategies, and predatory and cannibalism behaviors, and analysed the prospects of its utilization. Based on the review of its artificial reproduction, insecticide interaction, and impact as an invasive species, some useful measures were suggested to prevent the beetle from its potential risk to ecological banlance.}, }
@article {pmid18055409, year = {2008}, author = {Terblanche, JS and White, CR and Blackburn, TM and Marais, E and Chown, SL}, title = {Scaling of gas exchange cycle frequency in insects.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {127-129}, pmid = {18055409}, issn = {1744-9561}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Weight/physiology ; Insecta/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Pulmonary Gas Exchange/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Previously, it has been suggested that insect gas exchange cycle frequency (fC) is mass independent, making insects different from most other animals where periods typically scale as mass-0.25. However, the claim for insects is based on studies of only a few closely related taxa encompassing a relatively small size range. Moreover, it is not known whether the type of gas exchange pattern (discontinuous versus cyclic) influences the fC-mass scaling relationship. Here, we analyse a large database to examine interspecific fC-mass scaling. In addition, we investigate the effect of mode of gas exchange on the fC-scaling relationship using both conventional and phylogenetically independent approaches. Cycle frequency is scaled as mass(-0.280) (when accounting for phylogenetic non-independence and gas exchange pattern), which did not differ significantly from mass(-0.25). The slope of the fC-mass relationship was shallower with a significantly lower intercept for the species showing discontinuous gas exchange than for those showing the cyclic pattern, probably due to lower metabolic rates in the former. Insects therefore appear no different from other animals insofar as the scaling of gas exchange fC is concerned, although gas exchange fC may scale in distinct ways for different patterns.}, }
@article {pmid18051644, year = {2007}, author = {Blumenthal, DM and Hufbauer, RA}, title = {Increased plant size in exotic populations: a common-garden test with 14 invasive species.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {88}, number = {11}, pages = {2758-2765}, doi = {10.1890/06-2115.1}, pmid = {18051644}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Plant Development ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The "evolution of increased competitive ability" (EICA) hypothesis predicts that exotic species will adapt to reduced herbivore pressure by losing costly defenses in favor of competitive ability. Previous studies often support the prediction that plants from exotic populations will be less well defended than plants from native populations. However, results are mixed with respect to the question of whether plants from exotic populations have become more competitive. In a common-garden experiment involving plants from two native and two exotic populations of 14 different invasive species, we tested whether exotic plants generally grow larger than conspecific native plants, and whether patterns of relative growth depend on the intensity of competition. We found a quite consistent pattern of larger exotic than native plants, but only in the absence of competition. These results suggest that invasive species may often evolve increased growth, and that increased growth may facilitate adaptation to noncompetitive environments.}, }
@article {pmid18030342, year = {2007}, author = {Lin, W and Zhou, G and Cheng, X and Xu, R}, title = {Fast economic development accelerates biological invasions in China.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {2}, number = {11}, pages = {e1208}, pmid = {18030342}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *Climate ; Ecology ; *Economics ; *Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Increasing levels of global trade and intercontinental travel have been cited as the major causes of biological invasion. However, indirect factors such as economic development that affect the intensity of invasion have not been quantitatively explored. Herein, using principal factor analysis, we investigated the relationship between biological invasion and economic development together with climatic information for China from the 1970s to present. We demonstrate that the increase in biological invasion is coincident with the rapid economic development that has occurred in China over the past three decades. The results indicate that the geographic prevalence of invasive species varies substantially on the provincial scale, but can be surprisingly well predicted using the combination of economic development (R(2) = 0.378) and climatic factors (R(2) = 0.347). Economic factors are proven to be at least equal to if not more determinant of the occurrence of invasive species than climatic factors. International travel and trade are shown to have played a less significant role in accounting for the intensity of biological invasion in China. Our results demonstrate that more attention should be paid to economic factors to improve the understanding, prediction and management of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid18004595, year = {2008}, author = {Heller, NE and Sanders, NJ and Shors, JW and Gordon, DM}, title = {Rainfall facilitates the spread, and time alters the impact, of the invasive Argentine ant.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {155}, number = {2}, pages = {385-395}, pmid = {18004595}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; California ; *Ecosystem ; Population Dynamics ; *Rain ; Seasons ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Climate change may exacerbate invasions by making conditions more favorable to introduced species relative to native species. Here we used data obtained during a long-term biannual survey of the distribution of ant species in a 481-ha preserve in northern California to assess the influence of interannual variation in rainfall on the spread of invasive Argentine ants, Linepithema humile, and the displacement of native ant species. Since the survey began in 1993, Argentine ants have expanded their range into 74 new hectares. Many invaded hectares were later abandoned, so the range of Argentine ants increased in some years and decreased in others. Rainfall predicted both range expansion and interannual changes in the distribution of Argentine ants: high rainfall, particularly in summer months, promoted their spread in the summer. This suggests that an increase in rainfall will promote a wider distribution of Argentine ants and increase their spread into new areas in California. Surprisingly, the distribution of two native ant species also increased following high rainfall, but only in areas of the preserve that were invaded by L. humile. Rainfall did not have a negative impact on total native ant species richness in invaded areas. Instead, native ant species richness in invaded areas increased significantly over the 13 years of observation. This suggests that the impact of Argentine ants on naïve ant communities may be most severe early in the invasion process.}, }
@article {pmid17978068, year = {2007}, author = {Kilpatrick, AM and Kramer, LD and Jones, MJ and Marra, PP and Daszak, P and Fonseca, DM}, title = {Genetic influences on mosquito feeding behavior and the emergence of zoonotic pathogens.}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {77}, number = {4}, pages = {667-671}, pmid = {17978068}, issn = {0002-9637}, support = {N01-AI-25490/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Culex/*genetics/virology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*genetics/virology ; Microsatellite Repeats ; West Nile virus/growth &amp; development ; Zoonoses/*transmission/virology ; }, abstract = {The feeding behavior of vectors influences the likelihood of pathogen invasion and the exposure of humans to vector-borne zoonotic pathogens. We used multilocus microsatellite genetic typing of an introduced mosquito vector and DNA sequencing of mosquito blood meals to determine the impact of hybrid ancestry on feeding behavior and the emergence of West Nile virus (WNV). The probability of ancestry of Culex pipiens mosquitoes from two bionomically divergent forms, form molestus and form pipiens, influenced the probability that they fed on humans but did not explain a late summer feeding shift from birds to humans. We used a simple model to show that the occurrence of pure form molestus mosquitoes would have decreased the likelihood of WNV invasion (R(0) in bird populations) 3- to 8-fold, whereas the occurrence of pure forms pipiens mosquitoes would have halved human exposure compared with the hybrids that are present. Data and modeling suggest that feeding preferences may be influenced by genetic ancestry and contribute to the emergence of vector-borne pathogens transmitted by introduced species, including malaria, and dengue, Chikungunya, yellow fever, and West Nile viruses.}, }
@article {pmid17955295, year = {2007}, author = {Santaclara, FJ and Espiñeira, M and Vieites, JM}, title = {Molecular detection of Xenostrobus securis and Mytillus galloprovincialis larvae in Galician Coast (Spain).}, journal = {Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {722-732}, pmid = {17955295}, issn = {1436-2228}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/genetics ; DNA Primers/chemistry ; Larva/classification/genetics/physiology ; Mytilidae/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Mytilus/classification/genetics/physiology ; Oceans and Seas ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods/*veterinary ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Seawater/*analysis ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spain ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The mussel species Xenostrobus securis from New Zealand was detected in the Spanish coast recently, in the mouth of the Verdugo River into the Vigo Ria. In view of the great importance of the farm mussel sector in this region, the presence of this alien species greatly concerned producers and administration authorities, because of its potential medium- or long-term effects on the autochthonous species, Mytilus galloprovincialis, an important marine resource widely exploited in this location. The goal of this study was to develop a DNA-based technique to identify X. securis and M. galloprovincialis larvae in plankton samples, which would allow monitoring for the presence of X. securis in different points of the Vigo Ria. The techniques used were simplex and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and fragment analysis. The application of this system to planktonic samples could be an effective means to assess the presence of the alien species, allowing monitoring if its dispersion is increasing, or on the contrary, if its distribution is restricted to the mouth of the Verdugo River, where X. securis was first detected. In addition, the application of this system at different times could be useful to assess the presence of larvae of these two species in the plankton.}, }
@article {pmid17951585, year = {2007}, author = {Van Kleunen, M and Nänni, I and Donaldson, JS and Manning, JC}, title = {The role of beetle marks and flower colour on visitation by monkey beetles (hopliini) in the greater cape floral region, South Africa.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {100}, number = {7}, pages = {1483-1489}, pmid = {17951585}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Color Perception/physiology ; Contrast Sensitivity/physiology ; Flowers/chemistry/*physiology ; Odorants ; Pigmentation/*physiology ; Pollination/physiology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A deviation from the classical beetle pollination syndrome of dull-coloured flowers with an unpleasant scent is found in the Greater Cape Floral Region of South Africa. Here, monkey beetles (Scarabaeidae) visit brightly coloured, odourless flowers with conspicuous dark spots and centres (beetle marks). The role of flower colour and markings in attracting monkey beetles is still poorly understood.<br><br>METHODS: Artificial model flowers with different marking patterns were used to test the effect of beetle marks on visitation by monkey beetles. To test whether monkey beetles are conditioned to the colour of the local matrix species, model flowers of different colours were placed in populations of three differently coloured species of Iridaceae.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Among all three matrix species the presence of dark markings of some kind (either centres or spots) increased visitation rates but the different matrix species differed in whether the effect was due to a dark centre or to dark spots. Monkey beetles were not conditioned for the colour of the matrix species: model colour was not significant in the Hesperantha vaginata and in the Romulea monadelpha matrices, whereas yellow model flowers were preferred over orange ones in the orange-flowered Sparaxis elegans matrix.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to demonstrate that beetle marks attract pollinating monkey beetles in the Greater Cape Floral Region. In contrast to plants with the classical beetle pollination syndrome that use floral scent as the most important attractant of pollinating beetles, plants with the monkey beetle pollination syndrome rely on visual signals, and, in some areas at least, monkey beetles favour flowers with dark beetle markings over unmarked flowers.}, }
@article {pmid17951431, year = {2007}, author = {Brown, GP and Shilton, C and Phillips, BL and Shine, R}, title = {Invasion, stress, and spinal arthritis in cane toads.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {104}, number = {45}, pages = {17698-17700}, pmid = {17951431}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/physiopathology/*veterinary ; Australia ; *Bufo marinus ; Disease Models, Animal ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Population Density ; Spinal Diseases/physiopathology/*veterinary ; Spine/*pathology ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {The impact of invasive species on biodiversity has attracted considerable study, but impacts of the invasion process on the invaders themselves remain less clear. Invading species encounter conditions different from those in their ancestral habitats and are subject to intense selection for rapid dispersal. The end result may be significant stress on individual organisms, with consequent health problems. Our studies on invasive cane toads in Australia reveal severe spinal arthritis in approximately 10% of large adult toads, associated with the same factors (large body size, frequent movement, and relatively long legs) that have enabled toads to invade so rapidly across the Australian tropics.}, }
@article {pmid17949739, year = {2008}, author = {Gray, EM and Chown, SL}, title = {Bias, precision and accuracy in the estimation of cuticular and respiratory water loss: a case study from a highly variable cockroach, Perisphaeria sp.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {169-179}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.08.014}, pmid = {17949739}, issn = {0022-1910}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Bias ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Cockroaches/*physiology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Water Loss, Insensible/*physiology ; }, abstract = {We compared the precision, bias and accuracy of two techniques that were recently proposed to estimate the contributions of cuticular and respiratory water loss to total water loss in insects. We performed measurements of VCO2 and VH2O in normoxia, hyperoxia and anoxia using flow through respirometry on single individuals of the highly variable cockroach Perisphaeria sp. to compare estimates of cuticular and respiratory water loss (CWL and RWL) obtained by the VH2O-VCO2 y-intercept method with those obtained by the hyperoxic switch method. Precision was determined by assessing the repeatability of values obtained whereas bias was assessed by comparing the methods' results to each other and to values for other species found in the literature. We found that CWL was highly repeatable by both methods (R0.88) and resulted in similar values to measures of CWL determined during the closed-phase of discontinuous gas exchange (DGE). Repeatability of RWL was much lower (R=0.40) and significant only in the case of the hyperoxic method. RWL derived from the hyperoxic method is higher (by 0.044 micromol min(-1)) than that obtained from the method traditionally used for measuring water loss during the closed-phase of DGE, suggesting that in the past RWL may have been underestimated. The very low cuticular permeability of this species (3.88 microg cm(-2) h(-1) Torr(-1)) is reasonable given the seasonally hot and dry habitat where it lives. We also tested the hygric hypothesis proposed to account for the evolution of discontinuous gas exchange cycles and found no effect of respiratory pattern on RWL, although the ratio of mean VH2O to VCO2 was higher for continuous patterns compared with discontinuous ones.}, }
@article {pmid17944847, year = {2007}, author = {Okada, M and Ahmad, R and Jasieniuk, M}, title = {Microsatellite variation points to local landscape plantings as sources of invasive pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana) in California.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {16}, number = {23}, pages = {4956-4971}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03568.x}, pmid = {17944847}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {California ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Poaceae/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {International trade in horticultural plants is a major pathway of introduction of invasive species. Pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana) is an invasive species of horticultural origin that is native to South America but cultivated as an ornamental in regions with Mediterranean climates worldwide. To gain insight into the introduction history of invasive populations in California, we analysed microsatellite marker variation in cultivated and invasive C. selloana. We sampled 275 cultivated plants from diverse sources and 698 invasive plants from 33 populations in four geographical regions of California. A model-based Bayesian clustering analysis identified seven distinct gene pools in cultivated C. selloana. Probabilities of assignment of invasive individuals to cultivated gene pools indicated that two gene pools accounted for the genomic origin of 78% of the invasive C. selloana sampled. Extensive admixture between cultivated source gene pools was detected within invasive individuals. Sources of admixed invasive individuals are probably landscape plantings. Consistent with the Bayesian assignment results indicating that multiple cultivated gene pools and landscape plantings are probable sources of invasive populations, F(ST) and neighbour-joining clustering analyses indicated multiple escapes from shared sources in each geographical region. No isolation by distance or geographical trend in reduction of genetic diversity was evident. Furthermore, a generally random and discontinuous distribution of proportional assignments of invasive populations to cultivated gene pools suggests that introductions occurred recurrently within each geographical region. Our results strongly suggest that dispersal through local landscape plantings has contributed to the range expansion of invasive C. selloana in California.}, }
@article {pmid17943344, year = {2008}, author = {Foxcroft, LC and Richardson, DM and Wilson, JR}, title = {Ornamental plants as invasive aliens: problems and solutions in Kruger National Park, South Africa.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {32-51}, pmid = {17943344}, issn = {0364-152X}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Plant Development ; Population Dynamics ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {The most widespread invasive alien plant species in South Africa's Kruger National Park (KNP) were either introduced unintentionally along rivers and roads, or intentionally for use as ornamentals. We examine the spatial distribution of ornamental alien plants in KNP, look at the link between human population size, history, and species richness, and show how the distribution of particular species reflects the likely history of ornamental plantings. Results are used to assess whether past management actions have been appropriately directed. Two hundred and fifty-eight alien species have been recorded in the 36 tourist camps and staff villages. The number of staff housed in villages explains much of the diversity of cultivated alien plant species. Older camps also tend to have more ornamental alien plant species. However, the lack of a strong link between camp age and number of cultivated species suggests that ornamental plants have been widely spread around the KNP by humans. We also show that increased camp activity (either size or age) has led to more ornamental species, while, with the notable exception of Skukuza, camp activity has had a much smaller effect on the number of noncultivated species. Noncultivated species tend to be naturally dispersed, as opposed to directly spread by humans between camps. Past management prioritized certain species on the basis of their potential to invade KNP and on the prevailing national legislation. These species were removed manually and follow-up control was carried out. Once the priority species were deemed to be under control, less invasive species were targeted. All alien species were removed from vacated houses, regardless of the potential invasiveness of the species.}, }
@article {pmid17932787, year = {2009}, author = {Liu, Q and Guo, Z}, title = {Molecular cloning and characterization of a profilin gene BnPFN from Brassica nigra that expressing in a pollen-specific manner.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, pages = {135-139}, pmid = {17932787}, issn = {0301-4851}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mustard Plant/*genetics/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Plant Components, Aerial/chemistry ; Plant Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Pollen/*chemistry ; Profilins/*genetics/metabolism ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Tissue Array Analysis ; }, abstract = {Brassica nigra is a newly found invasive species in Zhejiang Province, China. It distributes alongside the roads, in vegetable fields and on riversides. When it blooms, some natives there will suffer from allergic rhinitis. We designed gene-specific primer pairs according to reported profilin genes and successfully isolated their homolog from flower bud cDNA of B. nigra. The gene, designated BnPFN, was submitted to GenBank under accession number EU004073. BnPFN was 405 bp in length encoding 134 amino acids. Expression analysis of BnPFN gene was carried out by means of RT-PCR. The results showed that BnPFN express only in anthers and pollens, and there was no detection in roots, leaves, stems, sepals, petals and pistils. We suggest that BnPFN is a pollen-specific gene and may be responsible for pollen anaphylactic reactions in those invading areas when B. nigra blooms.}, }
@article {pmid17920635, year = {2007}, author = {Hall, RJ and Hastings, A}, title = {Minimizing invader impacts: striking the right balance between removal and restoration.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {249}, number = {3}, pages = {437-444}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.09.003}, pmid = {17920635}, issn = {0022-5193}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; Costs and Cost Analysis/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; *Models, Econometric ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Programming, Linear ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can cause severe damage in their introduced range; this damage often persists even after removal of the invader. In order to efficiently allocate a limited budget between invader removal and restoration of habitat from which the invader has been removed, it is vital to quantify the impacts of the invasion within an economic context. Here we develop optimal management strategies for biological invasions, which minimize both the direct economic costs of removal and restoration, and the ecological costs of present and future damage caused by the invasion. We demonstrate how this can be formulated as a linear programming problem, enabling the fast and efficient computation of optimal solutions. Using a simple example, we outline some general principles for the optimal control of an invader that damages its environment. Notably, we show that the most effective strategies often switch the priority of removal and restoration over time, and outline the conditions under which restoration is prioritized over removal. The proportion of total funds allocated to restoration will depend on the annual budget, the persistence of damage, and the relative costs of damage, removal and restoration.}, }
@article {pmid17918415, year = {2007}, author = {Sanders, NJ and Weltzin, JF and Crutsinger, GM and Fitzpatrick, MC and Nuñez, MA and Oswalt, CM and Lane, KE}, title = {Insects mediate the effects of propagule supply and resource availability on a plant invasion.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {88}, number = {9}, pages = {2383-2391}, doi = {10.1890/06-1449.1}, pmid = {17918415}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Carbon/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Insecta/*physiology ; Lespedeza/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Soil/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are a global threat to biodiversity and the functioning of natural ecosystems. Here, we report on a two-year experiment aimed at elucidating the combined and relative effects of three key controls on plant invasions: propagule supply, soil nitrogen (N) availability, and herbivory by native insects. We focus on the exotic species Lespedeza cuneata, a Rank 1 invasive species. Propagule supply and soil N-availability interacted to control the density and foliar cover of L. cuneata. In low N plots, density and foliar cover of L. cuneata were higher in the propagule addition plots than in the plots to which propagules were not added. Surprisingly, this interaction was significant only when the abundance of herbivores was experimentally reduced. This experiment provides evidence that native insect herbivores mediate the interactive effects of propagule supply and resources on invasion by a widespread invasive plant species.}, }
@article {pmid17916267, year = {2007}, author = {Kenis, M and Rabitsch, W and Auger-Rozenberg, MA and Roques, A}, title = {How can alien species inventories and interception data help us prevent insect invasions?.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {97}, number = {5}, pages = {489-502}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485307005184}, pmid = {17916267}, issn = {0007-4853}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Austria ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Databases, Factual ; Environment ; Europe ; Feeding Behavior ; *Insect Control ; Insecta/classification/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {Information relevant to invasion processes and invasive alien insect species management in Central Europe was extracted from two databases: a compilation of two inventories of alien insects in Austria and Switzerland, and a list of interceptions of non-indigenous plant pests in Europe gathered by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) for the period 1995-2004. For one-third of the insects established in Switzerland and Austria, the region of origin is unclear. Others come mainly from North America, Asia and the Mediterranean region. Among the intercepted insects, 40% were associated with commodities from Asia, 32% from Europe and only 2% from North America. Sternorrhyncha, Coleoptera and Psocoptera were particularly well represented in the alien fauna compared to the native fauna. In the interception database, Sternorrhyncha were also well represented but Diptera accounted for the highest number of records. Sap feeders and detritivores were the dominant feeding niches in the alien insect fauna. In contrast, external defoliators, stem borers, gall makers, root feeders, predators and parasitoids were underrepresented. Nearly 40% of the alien insects in Switzerland and Austria live only indoors. Another 15% live outdoors but exclusively or predominantly on exotic plants. Less than 20% are found mainly in 'natural' environments. The majority of introductions of alien insects in Europe are associated with the international trade in ornamental plants. An economic impact was found for 40% of the alien insects in Switzerland and Austria, whereas none is known to have an ecological impact. The implications of these observations for further studies and the management of alien species in Europe are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid17916263, year = {2007}, author = {Girardoz, S and Tomov, R and Eschen, R and Quicke, DL and Kenis, M}, title = {Two methods of assessing the mortality factors affecting the larvae and pupae of Cameraria ohridella in the leaves of Aesculus hippocastanum in Switzerland and Bulgaria.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {97}, number = {5}, pages = {445-453}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485307005111}, pmid = {17916263}, issn = {0007-4853}, mesh = {Aesculus/*parasitology ; Animals ; Bulgaria ; Entomology/methods ; Larva/parasitology/physiology ; Mortality ; Moths/*growth &amp; development/parasitology/physiology ; Plant Leaves/parasitology ; Pupa/parasitology/physiology ; Seasons ; Switzerland ; }, abstract = {The horse-chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella, is an invasive alien species defoliating horse-chestnut, a popular ornamental tree in Europe. This paper presents quantitative data on mortality factors affecting larvae and pupae of the leaf miner in Switzerland and Bulgaria, both in urban and forest environments. Two sampling methods were used and compared: a cohort method, consisting of the surveying of pre-selected mines throughout their development, and a grab sampling method, consisting of single sets of leaves collected and dissected at regular intervals. The total mortality per generation varied between 14 and 99%. Mortality was caused by a variety of factors, including parasitism, host feeding, predation by birds and arthropods, plant defence reaction, leaf senescence, intra-specific competition and inter-specific competition with a fungal disease. Significant interactions were found between mortality factors and sampling methods, countries, environments and generation. No mortality factor was dominant throughout the sites, generations and methods tested. Plant defence reactions constituted the main mortality factor for the first two larval stages, whereas predation by birds and arthropods and parasitism were more important in older larvae and pupae. Mortality caused by leaf senescence was often the dominant mortality factor in the last annual generation. The cohort method detected higher mortality rates than the grab sampling method. In particular, mortality by plant defence reaction and leaf senescence were better assessed using the cohort method, which is, therefore, recommended for life table studies on leaf miners.}, }
@article {pmid17913144, year = {2007}, author = {Cook, DC and Thomas, MB and Cunningham, SA and Anderson, DL and De Barro, PJ}, title = {Predicting the economic impact of an invasive species on an ecosystem service.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {1832-1840}, doi = {10.1890/06-1632.1}, pmid = {17913144}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bees/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/methods ; Crops, Agricultural/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Mites/*growth &amp; development ; Pollination ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Quantifying the impact of alien invasive species on ecosystem services is an essential step in developing effective practices and policy for invasive species management. Here we develop a stochastic bioeconomic model that enables the economic impact of an invasive pest to be estimated before its arrival, based on relatively poorly specified ecological and economic parameters. We developed the model by using a hypothetical invasion of the varroa bee mite (Varroa destructor) into Australia and the negative flow-on effects that it would have on pollination by reducing honey bee populations, giving rise to a loss of pollination services, reduced crop yields, and additional production costs. If the mite were to continue to be prevented from entering the country over the next 30 years, we estimate that the economic costs avoided would be U.S. $16.4-38.8 million (Aus $21.3-50.5 million) per year. We suggest that current invasion response funding arrangements in Australia, which do not acknowledge these avoided damages, require amendment.}, }
@article {pmid17913143, year = {2007}, author = {Rinella, MJ and Pokorny, ML and Rekaya, R}, title = {Grassland invader responses to realistic changes in native species richness.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {1824-1831}, doi = {10.1890/06-1881.1}, pmid = {17913143}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Centaurea/*growth &amp; development ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The importance of species richness for repelling exotic plant invasions varies from ecosystem to ecosystem. Thus, in order to prioritize conservation objectives, it is critical to identify those ecosystems where decreasing richness will most greatly magnify invasion risks. Our goal was to determine if invasion risks greatly increase in response to common reductions in grassland species richness. We imposed treatments that mimic management-induced reductions in grassland species richness (i.e., removal of shallow- and/or deep-rooted forbs and/or grasses and/or cryptogam layers). Then we introduced and monitored the performance of a notorious invasive species (i.e., Centaurea maculosa). We found that, on a per-gram-of-biomass basis, each resident plant group similarly suppressed invader growth. Hence, with respect to preventing C. maculosa invasions, maintaining overall productivity is probably more important than maintaining the productivity of particular plant groups or species. But at the sites we studied, all plant groups may be needed to maintain overall productivity because removing forbs decreased overall productivity in two of three years. Alternatively, removing forbs increased productivity in another year, and this led us to posit that removing forbs may inflate the temporal productivity variance as opposed to greatly affecting time-averaged productivity. In either case, overall productivity responses to single plant group removals were inconsistent and fairly modest, and only when all plant groups were removed did C. maculosa growth increase substantially over a no-removal treatment. As such, it seems that intense disturbances (e.g., prolonged drought, overgrazing) that deplete multiple plant groups may often be a prerequisite for C. maculosa invasion.}, }
@article {pmid17908213, year = {2008}, author = {Dlugosch, KM and Parker, IM}, title = {Founding events in species invasions: genetic variation, adaptive evolution, and the role of multiple introductions.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {431-449}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03538.x}, pmid = {17908213}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; *Biological Evolution ; *Demography ; *Founder Effect ; Gene Flow/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Hypericum/genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Population Dynamics ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; Species Specificity ; Verbascum/genetics ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are predicted to suffer from reductions in genetic diversity during founding events, reducing adaptive potential. Integrating evidence from two literature reviews and two case studies, we address the following questions: How much genetic diversity is lost in invasions? Do multiple introductions ameliorate this loss? Is there evidence for loss of diversity in quantitative traits? Do invaders that have experienced strong bottlenecks show adaptive evolution? How do multiple introductions influence adaptation on a landscape scale? We reviewed studies of 80 species of animals, plants, and fungi that quantified nuclear molecular diversity within introduced and source populations. Overall, there were significant losses of both allelic richness and heterozygosity in introduced populations, and large gains in diversity were rare. Evidence for multiple introductions was associated with increased diversity, and allelic variation appeared to increase over long timescales (~100 years), suggesting a role for gene flow in augmenting diversity over the long-term. We then reviewed the literature on quantitative trait diversity and found that broad-sense variation rarely declines in introductions, but direct comparisons of additive variance were lacking. Our studies of Hypericum canariense invasions illustrate how populations with diminished diversity may still evolve rapidly. Given the prevalence of genetic bottlenecks in successful invading populations and the potential for adaptive evolution in quantitative traits, we suggest that the disadvantages associated with founding events may have been overstated. However, our work on the successful invader Verbascum thapsus illustrates how multiple introductions may take time to commingle, instead persisting as a 'mosaic of maladaptation' where traits are not distributed in a pattern consistent with adaptation. We conclude that management limiting gene flow among introduced populations may reduce adaptive potential but is unlikely to prevent expansion or the evolution of novel invasive behaviour.}, }
@article {pmid17907422, year = {2007}, author = {Gonik, MM and Bobyrev, AE and Burmenskiĭ, VA and Kriksunov, EA and Li, BL and Malchow, H and Medvinskiĭ, AB and Sterligova, OP}, title = {[Invasion of an intermediate predator: the dynamics of fish populations in the mathematical model of a trophic chain (as applied to the Syamozero lake)].}, journal = {Biofizika}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, pages = {760-768}, pmid = {17907422}, issn = {0006-3029}, mesh = {Animals ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Fresh Water ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Russia ; }, abstract = {We present a mathematical model of the dynamics of a spatially heterogeneous predator-prey population system. A prototype of the model system is the Syamozero lake fish community. We study the impact of the invader, an intermediate predator, on the dynamics of the fish community. We show that the invasion can lead to the appearance of chaotic oscillations in the population density. We show also that different dynamical regimes resulting from the invasion, i.e., stationary, non-chaotic oscillatory and chaotic ones, can coexist. The "choice" of a specific regime therewith depends on the initial invader density. Our analysis of solutions of the mathematical models shows that the successful invasion of the alien species takes place solely in the absence of the competition between the invaders and the native species.}, }
@article {pmid17906891, year = {2007}, author = {Stewart, GB and Pullin, AS and Tyler, C}, title = {The effectiveness of asulam for bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) control in the United Kingdom: a meta-analysis.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {40}, number = {5}, pages = {747-760}, pmid = {17906891}, issn = {0364-152X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Herbicides/pharmacology ; Pteridium/drug effects/*growth &amp; development ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) is a major problem for livestock-based extensive agriculture, conservation, recreation, and game management globally. It is an invasive species often achieving dominance to the detriment of other species. Control is essential to maintain plant communities such as grassland and lowland heath or if extensive grazing by domestic stock, particularly sheep, is to be viable on upland margins. Bracken is managed primarily by herbicide application or cutting but other techniques including rolling, burning, and grazing are also utilized. Here we evaluate the evidence regarding the effectiveness of asulam for the control of bracken. Thirteen studies provided data for meta-analyses which demonstrate that application of the herbicide asulam reduces bracken abundance. Subgroup analyses indicate that the number of treatments had an important impact, with multiple follow-up treatments more effective than one or two treatments. Management practices should reflect the requirement for repeated follow-up. There is insufficient available experimental evidence for quantitative analysis of the effectiveness of other management interventions, although this results from lack of reporting in papers where cutting and comparisons of cutting and asulam application are concerned. Systematic searching and meta-analytical synthesis have effectively demonstrated the limits of current knowledge, based on recorded empirical evidence, and increasing the call for more rigorous monitoring of bracken control techniques. Lack of experimental evidence on the effectiveness of management such as rolling or grazing with hardy cattle breeds contrasts with the widespread acceptance of their use through dissemination of experience.}, }
@article {pmid17889900, year = {2008}, author = {Terblanche, JS and Clusella-Trullas, S and Deere, JA and Chown, SL}, title = {Thermal tolerance in a south-east African population of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes (Diptera, Glossinidae): implications for forecasting climate change impacts.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {114-127}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.08.007}, pmid = {17889900}, issn = {0022-1910}, support = {AI-52456/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; *Climate ; Geography ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Kenya ; Motor Activity/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Survival Analysis ; *Temperature ; Tsetse Flies/*physiology ; Zambia ; }, abstract = {For tsetse (Glossina spp.), the vectors of human and animal trypanosomiases, the physiological mechanisms linking variation in population dynamics with changing weather conditions have not been well established. Here, we investigate high- and low-temperature tolerance in terms of activity limits and survival in a natural population of adult Glossina pallidipes from eastern Zambia. Due to increased interest in chilling flies for handling and aerial dispersal in sterile insect technique control and eradication programmes, we also provide further detailed investigation of low-temperature responses. In wild-caught G. pallidipes, the probability of survival for 50% of the population at low-temperatures was at 3.7, 8.9 and 9.6 degrees C (95% CIs: +/-1.5 degrees C) for 1, 2 and 3 h treatments, respectively. At high temperatures, it was estimated that treatments at 37.9, 36.2 and 35.6 degrees C (95% CIs: +/-0.5 degrees C) would yield 50% population survival for 1, 2 and 3 h, respectively. Significant effects of time and temperature were detected at both temperature extremes (GLZ, p<0.05 in all cases) although a time-temperature interaction was only detected at high temperatures (p<0.0001). We synthesized data from four other Kenyan populations and found that upper critical thermal limits showed little variation among populations and laboratory treatments (range: 43.9-45.0 degrees C; 0.25 degrees C/min heating rate), although reduction to more ecologically relevant heating rates (0.06 degrees C/min) reduce these values significantly from approximately 44.4 to 40.6 degrees C, thereby providing a causal explanation for why tsetse distribution may be high-temperature limited. By contrast, low-temperature limits showed substantial variation among populations and acclimation treatments (range: 4.5-13.8 degrees C; 0.25 degrees C/min), indicating high levels of inter-population variability. Ecologically relevant cooling rates (0.06 degrees C/min) suggest tsetses are likely to experience chill coma temperatures under natural conditions (approximately 20-21 degrees C). The results from acute hardening experiments in the Zambian population demonstrate limited ability to improve low-temperature tolerance over short (hourly) timescales after non-lethal pre-treatments. In flies which survived chilling, recovery times were non-linear with plateaus between 2-6 and 8-12 degrees C. Survival times ranged between 4 and 36 h and did not vary between flies which had undergone chill coma by comparison with flies which had not, even after factoring body condition into the analyses (p>0.5 in all cases). However, flies with low chill coma values had the highest body water and fat content, indicating that when energy reserves are depleted, low-temperature tolerance may be compromised. Overall, these results suggest that physiological mechanisms may provide insight into tsetse population dynamics, hence distribution and abundance, and support a general prediction for reduced geographic distribution under future climate warming scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid17883490, year = {2007}, author = {Foster, JT and Robinson, SK}, title = {Introduced birds and the fate of hawaiian rainforests.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, pages = {1248-1257}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00781.x}, pmid = {17883490}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Birds/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; Extinction, Biological ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Hawaii ; Seeds ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {The Hawaiian Islands have lost nearly all their native seed dispersers, but have gained many frugivorous birds and fleshy-fruited plants through introductions. Introduced birds may not only aid invasions of exotic plants but also may be the sole dispersers of native plants. We assessed seed dispersal at the ecotone between native- and exotic-dominated forests and quantified bird diets, seed rain from defecated seeds, and plant distributions. Introduced birds were the primary dispersers of native seeds into exotic-dominated forests, which may have enabled six native understory plant species to become reestablished. Some native plant species are now as common in exotic forest understory as they are in native forest. Introduced birds also dispersed seeds of two exotic plants into native forest, but dispersal was localized or establishment minimal. Seed rain of bird-dispersed seeds was extensive in both forests, totaling 724 seeds of 9 native species and 2 exotics with over 85% of the seeds coming from native plants. Without suitable native dispersers, most common understory plants in Hawaiian rainforests now depend on introduced birds for dispersal, and these introduced species may actually facilitate perpetuation, and perhaps in some cases restoration, of native forests. We emphasize, however, that restoration of native forests by seed dispersal from introduced birds, as seen in this study, depends on the existence of native forests to provide a source of seeds and protection from the effects of ungulates. Our results further suggest that aggressive control of patches of non-native plants within otherwise native-dominated forests may be an important and effective conservation strategy.}, }
@article {pmid17879125, year = {2007}, author = {Binimelis, R and Monterroso, I and Rodríguez-Labajos, B}, title = {A social analysis of the bioinvasions of Dreissena polymorpha in Spain and Hydrilla verticillata in Guatemala.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {555-566}, pmid = {17879125}, issn = {0364-152X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conflict, Psychological ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Dreissena ; *Ecosystem ; Guatemala ; Humans ; *Hydrocharitaceae ; *Social Environment ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Human agency plays a key role in the processes of biological invasions. This comprises not only the human role in the configuration of driving forces or in the perception of the impacts, but also the conceptualization of alien species themselves as an environmental problem. This paper examines different stakeholders' positions in bioinvasion processes at different scales, and it looks at their relevance for the management of invasive species. It compares two cases: the invasion process of Dreissena polymorpha in the Ebro River in Spain and the case of Hydrilla verticillata in Lake Izabal, Guatemala. Our results are structured according to impacts and to management options. The discussion focuses on the relevance of incorporating the different stakeholders' interests and values in the analysis and management of biological invasions. Although social analysis of stakeholders' positions is necessary in order to foster management actions, it also reveals conflicts on the relevant criteria and on the very definition of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid17878931, year = {2007}, author = {Beadell, JS and Atkins, C and Cashion, E and Jonker, M and Fleischer, RC}, title = {Immunological change in a parasite-impoverished environment: divergent signals from four island taxa.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {2}, number = {9}, pages = {e896}, pmid = {17878931}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Birds/genetics/immunology/*parasitology ; Heterozygote ; }, abstract = {Dramatic declines of native Hawaiian avifauna due to the human-mediated emergence of avian malaria and pox prompted an examination of whether island taxa share a common altered immunological signature, potentially driven by reduced genetic diversity and reduced exposure to parasites. We tested this hypothesis by characterizing parasite prevalence, genetic diversity and three measures of immune response in two recently-introduced species (Neochmia temporalis and Zosterops lateralis) and two island endemics (Acrocephalus aequinoctialis and A. rimitarae) and then comparing the results to those observed in closely-related mainland counterparts. The prevalence of blood parasites was significantly lower in 3 of 4 island taxa, due in part to the absence of certain parasite lineages represented in mainland populations. Indices of genetic diversity were unchanged in the island population of N. temporalis; however, allelic richness was significantly lower in the island population of Z. lateralis while both allelic richness and heterozygosity were significantly reduced in the two island-endemic species examined. Although parasite prevalence and genetic diversity generally conformed to expectations for an island system, we did not find evidence for a pattern of uniformly altered immune responses in island taxa, even amongst endemic taxa with the longest residence times. The island population of Z. lateralis exhibited a significantly reduced inflammatory cell-mediated response while levels of natural antibodies remained unchanged for this and the other recently introduced island taxon. In contrast, the island endemic A. rimitarae exhibited a significantly increased inflammatory response as well as higher levels of natural antibodies and complement. These measures were unchanged or lower in A. aequinoctialis. We suggest that small differences in the pathogenic landscape and the stochastic history of mutation and genetic drift are likely to be important in shaping the unique immunological profiles of small isolated populations. Consequently, predicting the impact of introduced disease on the many other endemic faunas of the remote Pacific will remain a challenge.}, }
@article {pmid17878142, year = {2007}, author = {Terblanche, JS and Deere, JA and Clusella-Trullas, S and Janion, C and Chown, SL}, title = {Critical thermal limits depend on methodological context.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {274}, number = {1628}, pages = {2935-2942}, pmid = {17878142}, issn = {0962-8452}, support = {R01 AI052456/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI-52456/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; *Body Temperature Regulation ; *Temperature ; Time Factors ; Tsetse Flies/*physiology ; }, abstract = {A full-factorial study of the effects of rates of temperature change and start temperatures was undertaken for both upper and lower critical thermal limits (CTLs) using the tsetse fly, Glossina pallidipes. Results show that rates of temperature change and start temperatures have highly significant effects on CTLs, although the duration of the experiment also has a major effect. Contrary to a widely held expectation, slower rates of temperature change (i.e. longer experimental duration) resulted in poorer thermal tolerance at both high and low temperatures. Thus, across treatments, a negative relationship existed between duration and upper CTL while a positive relationship existed between duration and lower CTL. Most importantly, for predicting tsetse distribution, G. pallidipes suffer loss of function at less severe temperatures under the most ecologically relevant experimental conditions for upper (0.06 degrees C min(-1); 35 degrees C start temperature) and lower CTL (0.06 degrees C min(-1); 24 degrees C start temperature). This suggests that the functional thermal range of G. pallidipes in the wild may be much narrower than previously suspected, approximately 20-40 degrees C, and highlights their sensitivity to even moderate temperature variation. These effects are explained by limited plasticity of CTLs in this species over short time scales. The results of the present study have broad implications for understanding temperature tolerance in these and other terrestrial arthropods.}, }
@article {pmid17878138, year = {2007}, author = {Grover, CD and Kay, AD and Monson, JA and Marsh, TC and Holway, DA}, title = {Linking nutrition and behavioural dominance: carbohydrate scarcity limits aggression and activity in Argentine ants.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {274}, number = {1628}, pages = {2951-2957}, pmid = {17878138}, issn = {0962-8452}, mesh = {*Aggression ; Animals ; Ants/metabolism/*physiology ; *Behavior, Animal ; Competitive Behavior ; Diet ; Feeding Behavior ; *Social Dominance ; Sucrose/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Predicting the outcome of competitive interactions is a fundamental goal in ecology. Ecological stoichiometry, which relates nutrient balance to ecological processes, provides a framework for identifying mechanistic links among macronutrient availability, nutritional physiology and competitive performance. Because carbohydrates serve as a principal metabolic fuel, carbohydrate scarcity may impinge upon behaviours affecting competitive dominance (e.g. aggression, activity) to a greater extent than deficiencies of protein or other nutrients used preferentially for growth. Here, we tested this prediction with a diet manipulation study involving laboratory colonies of Argentine ants (Linepithema humile), a widespread and aggressive invasive species. The availability of both sucrose and insect prey influenced brood production and worker survival after three months. However, colonies became less aggressive and less active only when deprived of sucrose (but not prey). Scarcity of sucrose (but not prey) was also associated with reduced fat mass in individual workers. These data provide the first experimental support that carbohydrate scarcity compromises aggression and activity in ants, and illustrate, in principle, how access to carbohydrate-rich resources (e.g. plant exudates, hemipteran honeydew) might influence behavioural investments that contribute to competitive performance. Such investments might be especially important for invasive ants, given their aggressiveness and tendency to interact with honeydew-producing Hemiptera.}, }
@article {pmid17868296, year = {2008}, author = {Winkler, G and Dodson, JJ and Lee, CE}, title = {Heterogeneity within the native range: population genetic analyses of sympatric invasive and noninvasive clades of the freshwater invading copepod Eurytemora affinis.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {415-430}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03480.x}, pmid = {17868296}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Animals ; Copepoda/*genetics ; *Demography ; *Genetic Heterogeneity ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Haplotypes/genetics ; North America ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are often composed of highly differentiated populations or sibling species distributed across their native ranges. This study analysed patterns of distribution and the evolutionary and demographic histories of populations within the native range of the copepod species complex Eurytemora affinis. Genetic structure was analysed for samples from 17 locations from both the invaded and native ranges in the St Lawrence River drainage basin, using 652 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene. This study revealed a high degree of heterogeneity in genetic structure and habitat type in the native range, as well as a bias in the sources of invasive populations. Two genetically distinct clades showed a pattern of niche partitioning within the St Lawrence basin. The noninvasive North Atlantic clade primarily occupied the central portion of the St Lawrence Middle Estuary, whereas the invasive Atlantic clade was more prevalent along the margins, in the upstream reaches of the estuary and downstream salt marshes. Habitat partitioning and genetic subdivision was also present within the Atlantic clade. The freshwater populations were genetically more proximate to the Atlantic clade populations in the estuary than to those in the salt marsh, suggesting the estuary as the source of the invasive populations. The freshwater invading populations showed evidence of a modest population bottleneck. Populations from both clades showed genetic signatures of demographic population expansions that preceded the timing of the last glacial maximum, supporting the St Lawrence as a secondary contact zone between the two clades. Additional analyses on physiological and evolutionary properties of populations in the native range, along with analysis of the selection regime within native habitats, might yield insights into the evolutionary potential to invade.}, }
@article {pmid17854973, year = {2008}, author = {Ranjan, R}, title = {Introduction: special issue on the economics of invasive species management.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {89}, number = {4}, pages = {271-272}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.05.021}, pmid = {17854973}, issn = {0301-4797}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*economics/*methods ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, }
@article {pmid17852067, year = {2007}, author = {Neves, CS and Rocha, RM and Pitombo, FB and Roper, JJ}, title = {Use of artificial substrata by introduced and cryptogenic marine species in Paranaguá Bay, southern Brazil.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {23}, number = {5-6}, pages = {319-330}, doi = {10.1080/08927010701399174}, pmid = {17852067}, issn = {0892-7014}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Biodiversity ; Brazil ; *Hydrozoa/classification/growth &amp; development ; Marine Biology/*methods ; *Polychaeta/classification/growth &amp; development ; Species Specificity ; Substrate Specificity ; *Thoracica/classification/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Ports are important locations for the introduction of marine species, while marinas and pontoons often serve as secondary habitats for these species. In a marina near Paranaguá Port, a major international port in southern Brazil, the encrusting community was studied to (i) identify possibly introduced species, and (ii) examine the use of artificial substrata by these species. Samples (20 x 20 cm) were taken from fibreglass floats (boardwalks and boat hulls) and concrete columns. A total of 85 species were found of which 50 were classified into three categories: four introduced, 33 cryptogenic and 13 native. The introduced species were the hydrozoan Garveia franciscana (on floats, boats and submerged concrete), the polychaete Polydora cornuta (more abundant on floats and submerged concrete) and the barnacles Amphibalanus reticulatus (equally abundant on the three substrata) and Striatobalanus amaryllis (only on floats and submerged concrete). Organisms were most abundant on floating boardwalks, while species richness and composition were similar to that on boat hulls (32 and 37, respectively), which are an important vector for intraregional transport. All substrata supported at least three of the four introduced, and many of the cryptogenic species. The proportion of introduced to the total number of species was greater than observed in other ports. This demonstrates that the introduction potential is great in Paranaguá Bay, especially considering that this study was restricted to one site and sampled only hard substrata. None of the introduced species has yet been identified as invasive, but all are generalists with respect to substratum, indicating their invasive potential. The ability to colonise stable concrete walls shows that they could also colonise the natural granite rocky substrata in the bay, and the ability to colonise floating surfaces indicate their capability of spreading in the region on the hulls of recreational boats.}, }
@article {pmid17850541, year = {2007}, author = {Cooke, DE}, title = {Tracking the sudden oak death pathogen.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {16}, number = {18}, pages = {3735-3736}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03430.x}, pmid = {17850541}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Genotype ; Phytophthora/genetics/*physiology ; *Plant Diseases ; *Quercus ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are, by definition, unwelcome and pathogenic ones, especially so. Tracing the origins and spread of Phytophthora ramorum, the devastating 'Sudden Oak Death' pathogen, in the forests and nurseries of Oregon has revealed differences between forest and nursery pathogen populations that suggest discrete sources of primary inoculum initiate each type of outbreak. New information on the ecology and evolution of this pathogen is presented that helps gauge the effectiveness of quarantine and eradication programmes.}, }
@article {pmid17850270, year = {2007}, author = {Dlugosch, KM and Parker, IM}, title = {Molecular and quantitative trait variation across the native range of the invasive species Hypericum canariense: evidence for ancient patterns of colonization via pre-adaptation?.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {16}, number = {20}, pages = {4269-4283}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03508.x}, pmid = {17850270}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Africa ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Europe ; *Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Hypericum/classification/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {To understand the success of invasive species, it is important to know whether colonization events are facilitated by adaptive evolution or are limited to sites where a species is pre-adapted to thrive. Studies of the ancient colonization patterns of an invader in its native range provide an opportunity to examine its natural history of adaptation and colonization. This study uses molecular (internal transcribed spacer sequence and amplified fragment length polymorphism) and common garden approaches to assess the ancient patterns of establishment and quantitative trait evolution in the invasive shrub Hypericum canariense. This species has an unusually small and discrete native range in the Canary Islands. Our data reveal two genetic varieties with divergent life histories and different colonization patterns across the islands. Although molecular divergence within each variety is large (pairwise FST from 0.18 to 0.32 between islands) and nearly as great as divergence between them, life-history traits show striking uniformity within varieties. The discrepancy between molecular and life-history trait divergence points to the action of stabilizing selection within varieties and the influence of pre-adaptation on patterns of colonization. The colonization history of H. canariense reflects how the relationship between selective environments in founding and source populations can dictate establishment by particular lineages and their subsequent evolutionary stasis or change.}, }
@article {pmid17850249, year = {2007}, author = {Prentis, PJ and White, EM and Radford, IJ and Lowe, AJ and Clarke, AR}, title = {Can hybridization cause local extinction: a case for demographic swamping of the Australian native Senecio pinnatifolius by the invasive Senecio madagascariensis?.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {176}, number = {4}, pages = {902-912}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02217.x}, pmid = {17850249}, issn = {0028-646X}, mesh = {Australia ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; Extinction, Biological ; Genetic Variation ; Hybridization, Genetic/*physiology ; Senecio/*genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Hybridization between native and invasive species can have several outcomes, including enhanced weediness in hybrid progeny, evolution of new hybrid lineages and decline of hybridizing species. Whether there is a decline of hybridizing species largely depends on the relative frequencies of parental taxa and the viability of hybrid progeny. Here, the individual- and population-level consequences of hybridization between the Australian native Senecio pinnatifolius and the exotic Senecio madagascariensis were investigated with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, and this information was used to estimate the annual loss of viable seeds to hybridization. A high frequency (range 8.3-75.6%) of hybrids was detected in open pollinated seeds of both species, but mature hybrids were absent from sympatric populations. A hybridization advantage was observed for S. madagascariensis, where significantly more progeny than expected were sired based on proportional representation of the two species in sympatric populations. Calculations indicated that S. pinnatifolius would produce less viable seed than S. madagascariensis, if hybridization was frequency dependent and S. madagascariensis reached a frequency of between 10 and 60%. For this native-exotic species pair, prezygotic isolating barriers are weak, but low hybrid viability maintains a strong postzygotic barrier to introgression. As a result of asymmetric hybridization, S. pinnatifolius would appear to be under threat if S. madagascariensis increases numerically in areas of contact.}, }
@article {pmid17825600, year = {2007}, author = {Guarino, M}, title = {Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumour invasion.}, journal = {The international journal of biochemistry &amp; cell biology}, volume = {39}, number = {12}, pages = {2153-2160}, doi = {10.1016/j.biocel.2007.07.011}, pmid = {17825600}, issn = {1357-2725}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Movement/physiology ; Epithelium/*pathology ; Extracellular Matrix/metabolism ; Humans ; Mesoderm/*pathology ; Models, Biological ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neoplasms/metabolism/*pathology/physiopathology ; rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Carcinoma invasion implies potentiality to metastasize distantly but, despite its clinical importance, it is still a poorly understood process. There is increasing evidence pointing to a role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition by which tumour cells would weaken E-cadherin-dependent intercellular adhesion and enhance motility, thus becoming able to penetrate into surrounding tissues. The activated tissue microenvironment at the advancing tumour front seems to provide the appropriate stimuli for triggering this change. The binding of growth factors and extracellular matrix molecules to tumour cell membrane receptors generates cascades of intracellular signals that could ultimately promote the down-regulation of E-cadherin and the activation of the cytoskeleton. Therefore, cells lose intercellular junctions and emanate cytoplasmic extensions that protrude from the basal surface into the stromal compartment through interruptions of the basement membrane. These protrusions establish new contacts with the interstitial matrix and, finally, the contraction of the cytoskeleton allows cell translocation into the stroma. Here, repeated cycles of spatially and temporally coordinated protrusive and contractile events ensure the locomotion of invading cells. Invasion predicts the ability to generate metastasis, therefore epithelial-mesenchymal transition could provide new insights on the mechanisms underlying this detrimental process. Furthermore, since deregulated proteins known to be involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition seem associated with cancer progression, they could potentially be utilized as prognostic markers or therapeutic targets. Thus, in addition to increasing our knowledge of tumour invasion biology, studying epithelial-mesenchymal transition will, in the future, offer novel opportunities to define clinical parameters and pharmacological treatment.}, }
@article {pmid17825102, year = {2007}, author = {Bonett, RM and Kozak, KH and Vieites, DR and Bare, A and Wooten, JA and Trauth, SE}, title = {The importance of comparative phylogeography in diagnosing introduced species: a lesson from the seal salamander, Desmognathus monticola.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {7}, pmid = {17825102}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Animals ; Appalachian Region ; Arkansas ; *Biodiversity ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Likelihood Functions ; *Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Statistical Distributions ; Urodela/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In most regions of the world human influences on the distribution of flora and fauna predate complete biotic surveys. In some cases this challenges our ability to discriminate native from introduced species. This distinction is particularly critical for isolated populations, because relicts of native species may need to be conserved, whereas introduced species may require immediate eradication. Recently an isolated population of seal salamanders, Desmognathus monticola, was discovered on the Ozark Plateau, approximately 700 km west of its broad continuous distribution in the Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America. Using Nested Clade Analysis (NCA) we test whether the Ozark isolate results from population fragmentation (a natural relict) or long distance dispersal (a human-mediated introduction).<br><br>RESULTS: Despite its broad distribution in the Appalachian Mountains, the primary haplotype diversity of D. monticola is restricted to less than 2.5% of the distribution in the extreme southern Appalachians, where genetic diversity is high for other co-distributed species. By intensively sampling this genetically diverse region we located haplotypes identical to the Ozark isolate. Nested Clade Analysis supports the hypothesis that the Ozark population was introduced, but it was necessary to include haplotypes that are less than or equal to 0.733% divergent from the Ozark population in order to arrive at this conclusion. These critical haplotypes only occur in < 1.2% of the native distribution and NCA excluding them suggest that the Ozark population is a natural relict.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our analyses suggest that the isolated population of D. monticola from the Ozarks is not native to the region and may need to be extirpated rather than conserved, particularly because of its potential negative impacts on endemic Ozark stream salamander communities. Diagnosing a species as introduced may require locating nearly identical haplotypes in the known native distribution, which may be a major undertaking. Our study demonstrates the importance of considering comparative phylogeographic information for locating critical haplotypes when distinguishing native from introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid17824431, year = {2007}, author = {Lach, L}, title = {A mutualism with a native membracid facilitates pollinator displacement by Argentine ants.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {88}, number = {8}, pages = {1994-2004}, doi = {10.1890/06-1767.1}, pmid = {17824431}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Pollen/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Proteaceae/*physiology ; Seeds ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The loss of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services are major threats posed by the spread of alien invasive species. Invasive ants are frequently associated with declines in the diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods but also may affect plants through their attraction to floral nectar and tending of hemipterans. Protea nitida is a tree native to the South African fynbos that hosts a native membracid, Beaufortiana sp., which is tended by ants. Here I compare Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) to native ants in their attraction to P. nitida inflorescences in the presence and absence of the membracid, and their effects on other floral arthropod visitors, seed set, and ovule predation. Argentine ant discovery of inflorescences increased at least 13-fold when membracids were present on the branch, whereas native ant discovery of inflorescences was only doubled by membracid presence at one site in one study year and was unaffected in the other three site-years. Excluding Argentine ants from inflorescences resulted in an increase in several arthropod taxa and potential pollinators; native ant exclusion had no positive effects. Thus the mutualism between Argentine ants and the membracid is facilitating pollinator deterrence by the ants. Though Argentine ants were not associated with a decline in P. nitida seed set or ovule predation, declines in generalist insect pollinators may have ramifications for the 83% of fynbos plants that are insect pollinated. Pitfall traps showed that Argentine ants were not more abundant than native ants in non-invaded sites. Focusing only on abundance on the ground and displacement of ground-dwelling arthropod fauna may lead to an underestimate of the effects of invasive ants on their adopted communities.}, }
@article {pmid17804148, year = {2008}, author = {Fernandez, L}, title = {NAFTA and member country strategies for maritime trade and marine invasive species.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {89}, number = {4}, pages = {308-321}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.06.016}, pmid = {17804148}, issn = {0301-4797}, mesh = {Commerce ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Marine Biology ; *Models, Theoretical ; North America ; Pacific Ocean ; Population Dynamics ; Risk Assessment ; *Ships ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Maritime shipping has two vectors of spreading marine invasive species: ballast water inside the ship and biofouling on the hulls outside the ship. While some attention has focused on ballast water, virtually none is focused on biofouling. This paper offers a quantitative analysis of economic incentives for shippers and regulating ports to address both pollution vectors. The strategies to address the vectors are induced by incentive mechanisms involving liability, subsidies and taxes. Results show these offer ample incentives in order to truly foster abatement of both vectors. Data from North America's Pacific coast is included in the analysis.}, }
@article {pmid17784919, year = {2008}, author = {Carroll, SP}, title = {Facing change: forms and foundations of contemporary adaptation to biotic invasions.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {361-372}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03484.x}, pmid = {17784919}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics/physiology ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Demography ; *Ecosystem ; *Genetic Variation ; Hemiptera/genetics/physiology ; *Phenotype ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Ongoing adaptation in native populations to anthropogenic change both facilitates and challenges ecologically appropriate and sustainable management. Human disturbance promotes adaptive responses at the genomic, individual and population levels. Traits vary widely in whether adaptation occurs through plasticity or evolution, and these modes interact within and among traits. For example, plasticity in one trait may be adaptive because it permits homeostasis and lessens the intensity of selection in another. Both opportunity and catastrophe generate adaptive responses. Recently evolved adaptations characterize the responses of many native species to biotic invasions. Several well-known examples involve native phytophagous insects colonizing introduced plants. For example, our studies of North American and Australian soapberry bugs on nonindigenous plants demonstrate both diversifying and homogenizing contemporary evolution. Modes of adaptation differ among traits and populations and as a function of the host on which they develop. The genetic architecture of the evolving adaptations involves a substantial degree of nonadditive genetic variation. One important consequence of contemporary adaptation may be an enhanced capacity of native communities to provide adaptive biological control of invasive species. Conservation scientists may manipulate adaptation to achieve conservation goals, but must also decide how deeply they wish to attempt to control the phenotypes and genotypes of other species.}, }
@article {pmid17767994, year = {2008}, author = {D'Evelyn, ST and Tarui, N and Burnett, K and Roumasset, JA}, title = {Learning-by-catching: uncertain invasive-species populations and the value of information.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {89}, number = {4}, pages = {284-292}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.04.027}, pmid = {17767994}, issn = {0301-4797}, mesh = {Animals ; Colubridae/growth &amp; development ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/*methods ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {This paper develops a model of invasive species control when the species' population size is unknown. In the face of an uncertain population size, a resource manager's species-control efforts provide two potential benefits: (1) a direct benefit of possibly reducing the population of invasive species, and (2) an indirect benefit of information acquisition (due to learning about the population size, which reduces uncertainty). We provide a methodology that takes into account both of these benefits, and show how optimal management decisions are altered in the presence of the indirect benefit of learning. We then apply this methodology to the case of controlling the Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis) on the island of Saipan. We find that the indirect benefit--the value of information to reduce uncertainty--is likely to be quite large.}, }
@article {pmid17766029, year = {2008}, author = {Ranjan, R and Marshall, E and Shortle, J}, title = {Optimal renewable resource management in the presence of endogenous risk of invasion.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {89}, number = {4}, pages = {273-283}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.05.022}, pmid = {17766029}, issn = {0301-4797}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {In this paper we examine the optimal management of a renewable resource that is at risk from alien species invasion. The objective of this paper is to derive implications for optimal management of a resource when options exist for both preventing the arrival of an invasive species and mitigating the impact of that arrival. Uncertainty about the timing and nature of an invasion can have important implications for the choice of management strategy, and a key feature of this analysis is an explicit treatment of that uncertainty.}, }
@article {pmid17765388, year = {2008}, author = {van Wilgen, BW and Reyers, B and Le Maitre, DC and Richardson, DM and Schonegevel, L}, title = {A biome-scale assessment of the impact of invasive alien plants on ecosystem services in South Africa.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {89}, number = {4}, pages = {336-349}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.06.015}, pmid = {17765388}, issn = {0301-4797}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; *Plant Development ; Population Dynamics ; South Africa ; Water Supply/analysis ; }, abstract = {This paper reports an assessment of the current and potential impacts of invasive alien plants on selected ecosystem services in South Africa. We used data on the current and potential future distribution of 56 invasive alien plant species to estimate their impact on four services (surface water runoff, groundwater recharge, livestock production and biodiversity) in five terrestrial biomes. The estimated reductions in surface water runoff as a result of current invasions were >3000 million m(3) (about 7% of the national total), most of which is from the fynbos (shrubland) and grassland biomes; the potential reductions would be more than eight times greater if invasive alien plants were to occupy the full extent of their potential range. Impacts on groundwater recharge would be less severe, potentially amounting to approximately 1.5% of the estimated maximum reductions in surface water runoff. Reductions in grazing capacity as a result of current levels of invasion amounted to just over 1% of the potential number of livestock that could be supported. However, future impacts could increase to 71%. A 'biodiversity intactness index' (the remaining proportion of pre-modern populations) ranged from 89% to 71% for the five biomes. With the exception of the fynbos biome, current invasions have almost no impact on biodiversity intactness. Under future levels of invasion, however, these intactness values decrease to around 30% for the savanna, fynbos and grassland biomes, but to even lower values (13% and 4%) for the two karoo biomes. Thus, while the current impacts of invasive alien plants are relatively low (with the exception of those on surface water runoff), the future impacts could be very high. While the errors in these estimates are likely to be substantial, the predicted impacts are sufficiently large to suggest that there is serious cause for concern.}, }
@article {pmid17763746, year = {2007}, author = {Chu, D and Zhang, YJ and Wan, FH}, title = {[Application of molecular marker techniques in invasion ecology].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {6}, pages = {1383-1387}, pmid = {17763746}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Plant Development ; Plants/*genetics ; Population Dynamics ; *Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; }, abstract = {Alien invasive species can cause huge economic loss in agricultural and forestry production, and threaten biodiversity and human health. The research of invasion ecology is of significance in understanding the invasion mechanisms of alien invasive species and in developing corresponding sustainable control methods. Molecular marker is regarded as a useful tool in approaching some essential issues in the research of invasion ecology. In this paper, the applications of molecular marker techniques in the studies of identification, geographic distribution, invasive source, spread pattern, genetic variation, hybridization, and gene introgression of alien invasive species were reviewed, and the application prospects were discussed.}, }
@article {pmid17727894, year = {2007}, author = {Karlsson, P and Jonsson, T and Jonsson, A}, title = {Food web structure and interaction strength pave the way for vulnerability to extinction.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {249}, number = {1}, pages = {77-92}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.07.013}, pmid = {17727894}, issn = {0022-5193}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Biodiversity ; *Competitive Behavior ; Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Food Chain ; Models, Biological ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {This paper focuses on how food web structure and interactions among species affects the vulnerability, due to environmental variability, to extinction of species at different positions in model food webs. Vulnerability is here not measured by a traditional extinction threshold but is instead inspired by the IUCN criteria for endangered species: an observed rapid decline in population abundance. Using model webs influenced by stochasticity with zero autocorrelation, we investigate the ecological determinants of species vulnerability, i.e. the trophic interactions between species and food web structure and how these interact with the risk of sudden drops in abundance of species. We find that (i) producers fulfil the criterion of vulnerable species more frequently than other species, (ii) food web structure is related to vulnerability, and (iii) the vulnerability of species is greater when involved in a strong trophic interaction than when not. We note that our result on the relationship between extinction risk and trophic position of species contradict previous suggestions and argue that the main reason for the discrepancy probably is due to the fact that we study the vulnerability to environmental stochasticity and not extinction risk due to overexploitation, habitat destruction or interactions with introduced species. Thus, we suggest that the vulnerability of species to environmental stochasticity may be differently related to trophic position than the vulnerability of species to other factors. Earlier research on species extinctions has looked for intrinsic traits of species that correlate with increased vulnerability to extinction. However, to fully understand the extinction process we must also consider that species interactions may affect vulnerability and that not all extinctions are the result of long, gradual reductions in species abundances. Under environmental stochasticity (which importance frequently is assumed to increase as a result of climate change) and direct and indirect interactions with other species some extinctions may occur rapidly and apparently unexpectedly. To identify the first declines of population abundances that may escalate and lead to extinctions as early as possible, we need to recognize which species are at greatest risk of entering such dangerous routes and under what circumstances. This new perspective may contribute to our understanding of the processes leading to extinction of populations and eventually species. This is especially urgent in the light of the current biodiversity crisis where a large fraction of the world's biodiversity is threatened.}, }
@article {pmid17723260, year = {2008}, author = {Moffitt, LJ and Stranlund, JK and Osteen, CD}, title = {Robust detection protocols for uncertain introductions of invasive species.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {89}, number = {4}, pages = {293-299}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.06.018}, pmid = {17723260}, issn = {0301-4797}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Risk Assessment ; Species Specificity ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {Two important features of real-world port inspections of shipping containers for invasive species are the general absence of underlying economic considerations and the climate of severe uncertainty that surrounds the likelihood of invasive species introductions. In this article we propose and illustrate a method for determining inspection protocols that address both of these issues. We seek inspection protocols that are robust in the sense that they maximize the range of uncertainty over which the expected loss from the introduction of an invasive species plus the costs of inspections do not exceed some critical value. These inspection strategies are practical and provide ready alternatives to existing protocols.}, }
@article {pmid17720585, year = {2007}, author = {Schmeller, DS and Pagano, A and Plénet, S and Veith, M}, title = {Introducing water frogs--is there a risk for indigenous species in France?.}, journal = {Comptes rendus biologies}, volume = {330}, number = {9}, pages = {684-690}, doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2007.04.005}, pmid = {17720585}, issn = {1631-0691}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Female ; France ; Geography ; Male ; *Rana ridibunda ; Ranidae/classification ; Sex Ratio ; Spain ; }, abstract = {The ecological success of introduced species in their new environments is difficult to predict. Recently, the water frog species Rana ridibunda has raised interest, as different genetic lineages were introduced to various European countries. The aim of the present study was to analyze the potential invasiveness of R. ridibunda and assess the risk of replacement for indigenous water frog species. The investigation of over 700 water frogs from 22 locations in southern France and four locations in Spain shows that the competition with indigenous species is mainly limited to a particular habitat type, characterized by high-oxygen and low-salinity freshwater. The competitive strength of R. ridibunda may be related to a higher growth rate and longevity as compared to the indigenous species R. grafi and R. perezi. Our data suggest that R. ridibunda is a risk to the diversity of indigenous water frog assemblages in France. Future monitoring needs to clarify the distribution of R. ridibunda, its ecological niche, and the risk status for indigenous water frog species.}, }
@article {pmid17713985, year = {2007}, author = {Wilson, KA and Underwood, EC and Morrison, SA and Klausmeyer, KR and Murdoch, WW and Reyers, B and Wardell-Johnson, G and Marquet, PA and Rundel, PW and McBride, MF and Pressey, RL and Bode, M and Hoekstra, JM and Andelman, S and Looker, M and Rondinini, C and Kareiva, P and Shaw, MR and Possingham, HP}, title = {Conserving biodiversity efficiently: what to do, where, and when.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {5}, number = {9}, pages = {e223}, pmid = {17713985}, issn = {1545-7885}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/*methods ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Mediterranean Region ; }, abstract = {Conservation priority-setting schemes have not yet combined geographic priorities with a framework that can guide the allocation of funds among alternate conservation actions that address specific threats. We develop such a framework, and apply it to 17 of the world's 39 Mediterranean ecoregions. This framework offers an improvement over approaches that only focus on land purchase or species richness and do not account for threats. We discover that one could protect many more plant and vertebrate species by investing in a sequence of conservation actions targeted towards specific threats, such as invasive species control, land acquisition, and off-reserve management, than by relying solely on acquiring land for protected areas. Applying this new framework will ensure investment in actions that provide the most cost-effective outcomes for biodiversity conservation. This will help to minimise the misallocation of scarce conservation resources.}, }
@article {pmid17711834, year = {2007}, author = {Leung, B and Mandrak, NE}, title = {The risk of establishment of aquatic invasive species: joining invasibility and propagule pressure.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {274}, number = {1625}, pages = {2603-2609}, pmid = {17711834}, issn = {0962-8452}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Dreissena/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are increasingly becoming a policy priority. This has spurred researchers and managers to try to estimate the risk of invasion. Conceptually, invasions are dependent both on the receiving environment (invasibility) and on the ability to reach these new areas (propagule pressure). However, analyses of risk typically examine only one or the other. Here, we develop and apply a joint model of invasion risk that simultaneously incorporates invasibility and propagule pressure. We present arguments that the behaviour of these two elements of risk differs substantially--propagule pressure is a function of time, whereas invasibility is not--and therefore have different management implications. Further, we use the well-studied zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) to contrast predictions made using the joint model to those made by separate invasibility and propagule pressure models. We show that predictions of invasion progress as well as of the long-term invasion pattern are strongly affected by using a joint model.}, }
@article {pmid17710317, year = {2007}, author = {Silva, CI and Augusto, SC and Sofia, SH and Moscheta, IS}, title = {[Bee diversity in Tecoma stans (L.) Kunth (Bignoniaceae): importance for pollination and fruit production].}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {331-341}, doi = {10.1590/s1519-566x2007000300002}, pmid = {17710317}, issn = {1519-566X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bees ; *Biodiversity ; *Fruit ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {Tecoma stans (L.) Kunth is an exotic plant in Brazil, commonly distributed in urban areas, which is considered an invasive species in crop and pasture areas. In this study, the floral biology and the behavior of bees in flowers of T. stans from three urban areas in southeastern Brazil were investigated. In all study sites, T. stans was an important food resource to the Apoidea to 48 species of bees. Centris tarsata Smith and Exomalopsis fulvofasciata Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were the effective pollinators more abundant, while Scaptotrigona depilis Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) was the more frequent robber species. The most part of T. stans visitors (87.5%) exploited exclusively nectar, which varied in sugar concentration depending on the day period and flower phase. In all flower stages, higher averages of nectar concentration (26.4% to 32.7%) occurred from 10 am to 2 pm. The presence of osmophore in the petals and protandry were detected. In two urban areas the number of visitors varied significantly during the day. The greatest abundance of pollinators occurred when pollen availability was higher and flowers showed receptive stigma, which could be contributing to the reproductive success of T. stans. The results indicate that the production of fruits increased in plants that received a higher number of effective pollinators.}, }
@article {pmid17702354, year = {2007}, author = {Raikow, DE and Landrum, PE and Reid, DE}, title = {Aquatic invertebrate resting egg sensitivity to glutaraldehyde and sodium hypochlorite.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {26}, number = {8}, pages = {1770-1773}, doi = {10.1897/06-582r.1}, pmid = {17702354}, issn = {0730-7268}, mesh = {Animals ; Disinfectants/metabolism/*toxicity ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Eggs/*analysis/toxicity ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Glutaral/metabolism/*toxicity ; Invertebrates/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Sodium Hypochlorite/metabolism/*toxicity ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Ballast tank treatment technologies are currently in development to reduce the risk of acquiring or transporting viable aquatic organisms that could be introduced to ecosystems and become invasive. Aquatic invertebrate resting eggs represent a challenge to such technologies because of morphological and biochemical adaptations to stress that also protect eggs from artificial stressors. To evaluate the potential efficacy of chemical biocides for ballast tank treatment, the present study examined the acute toxicity of glutaraldehyde and sodium hypochlorite on resting eggs of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia mendotae and marine brine shrimp (Artemia sp.). Glutaraldehyde was toxic to resting eggs of Artemia sp., as indicated by a lethal concentration to 90% of organisms (LC90) of 95% confidence interval (226 +/- 10 mg/L). Daphnia mendotae, in contrast, displayed erratic responses to glutaraldehyde. Sodium hypochlorite was similarly toxic to resting eggs of Artemia sp. and D. mendotae, which displayed LC90s of 86.5 +/- 3.0 and 78.3 +/- 1.6 mg/L, respectively. Burial in sediment protected resting eggs from toxicants. The present results corroborate those from previous investigations of resting egg sensitivity to artificial stressors, supporting the conclusions that resting eggs are less sensitive than other life stages to artificial stressors and that chemical biocide concentrations effective against other life stages may be ineffective against resting stages.}, }
@article {pmid17698152, year = {2007}, author = {Pranovi, F and Da Ponte, F and Torricelli, P}, title = {Application of biotic indices and relationship with structural and functional features of macrobenthic community in the lagoon of Venice: an example over a long time series of data.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {54}, number = {10}, pages = {1607-1618}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.06.010}, pmid = {17698152}, issn = {0025-326X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods/*standards ; *Invertebrates ; Italy ; Oceans and Seas ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {In the context of the application of WFD, a scientific debate is growing about the applicability of biotic indices in coastal and transitional waters. In the present work, the question about the discriminating power of different biotic indices and the relationships with the structure and functioning of the macrobenthic community in a transitional environment is discussed. A time series of samples collected during the last 70 years in the lagoon of Venice, reflecting different environmental conditions (a sort of 'pristine state' in 1935, the distrophic crisis in 1988 and subsequent modifications in 1990, the invasion by an alien species and the developing of high impacting fishery in 1999) has been used. The comparison of results obtained by applying different biotic indices, such as AMBI, Bentix and BOPA, shows differences in the discriminating power of indices and a general overestimation of environmental conditions. Discrepancies between environmental status as indicated by biotic indices and the structure and functioning of the benthic community have been highlighted.}, }
@article {pmid17688508, year = {2007}, author = {Hooten, MB and Wikle, CK and Dorazio, RM and Royle, JA}, title = {Hierarchical spatiotemporal matrix models for characterizing invasions.}, journal = {Biometrics}, volume = {63}, number = {2}, pages = {558-567}, doi = {10.1111/j.1541-0420.2006.00725.x}, pmid = {17688508}, issn = {0006-341X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Biometry ; Columbidae ; Ecology/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Ecosystem ; *Models, Statistical ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; United States ; }, abstract = {The growth and dispersal of biotic organisms is an important subject in ecology. Ecologists are able to accurately describe survival and fecundity in plant and animal populations and have developed quantitative approaches to study the dynamics of dispersal and population size. Of particular interest are the dynamics of invasive species. Such nonindigenous animals and plants can levy significant impacts on native biotic communities. Effective models for relative abundance have been developed; however, a better understanding of the dynamics of actual population size (as opposed to relative abundance) in an invasion would be beneficial to all branches of ecology. In this article, we adopt a hierarchical Bayesian framework for modeling the invasion of such species while addressing the discrete nature of the data and uncertainty associated with the probability of detection. The nonlinear dynamics between discrete time points are intuitively modeled through an embedded deterministic population model with density-dependent growth and dispersal components. Additionally, we illustrate the importance of accommodating spatially varying dispersal rates. The method is applied to the specific case of the Eurasian Collared-Dove, an invasive species at mid-invasion in the United States at the time of this writing.}, }
@article {pmid17686728, year = {2007}, author = {Chown, SL and Slabber, S and McGeouch, M and Janion, C and Leinaas, HP}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity mediates climate change responses among invasive and indigenous arthropods.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {274}, number = {1625}, pages = {2531-2537}, pmid = {17686728}, issn = {0962-8452}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Hot Temperature ; Insecta/*physiology ; Phenotype ; Water/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Synergies between global change and biological invasion have been identified as a major potential threat to global biodiversity and human welfare. The global change-type drought characteristic of many temperate terrestrial ecosystems is especially significant because it will apparently favour invasive over indigenous species, adding to the burden of conservation and compromising ecosystem service delivery. However, the nature of and mechanisms underlying this synergy remain poorly explored. Here we show that in a temperate terrestrial ecosystem, invasive and indigenous springtail species differ in the form of their phenotypic plasticity such that warmer conditions promote survival of desiccation in the invasive species and reduce it in the indigenous ones. These differences are consistent with significant declines in the densities of indigenous species and little change in those of invasive species in a manipulative field experiment that mimicked climate change trends. We suggest that it is not so much the extent of phenotypic plasticity that distinguishes climate change responses among these invasive and indigenous species, as the form that this plasticity takes. Nonetheless, this differential physiological response provides support for the idea that in temperate terrestrial systems experiencing global change-type drought, invasive species may well be at an advantage relative to their indigenous counterparts.}, }
@article {pmid17676375, year = {2008}, author = {Zhu, P and Li, Q and Wang, G}, title = {Unique microbial signatures of the alien Hawaiian marine sponge Suberites zeteki.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {55}, number = {3}, pages = {406-414}, pmid = {17676375}, issn = {0095-3628}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Biodiversity ; Cyanobacteria/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Gene Library ; Hawaii ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Suberites/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species poses a threat to the world's oceans. Alien sponges account for the majority of introduced marine species in the isolated Hawaiian reef ecosystems. In this study, cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent techniques were applied to investigate microbial consortia associated with the alien Hawaiian marine sponge Suberites zeteki. Its microbial communities were diverse with representatives of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, alpha- and gamma-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chlamydiae, Planctomycetes, and Cyanobacteria. Specifically, the genus Chlamydia was identified for the first time from marine sponges, and two genera (Streptomyces and Rhodococcus) were added to the short list of culturable actinobacteria from sponges. Culturable microbial communities were dominated by Bacillus species (63%) and contained actinobacterial species closely affiliated with those from habitats other than marine sponges. Cyanobacterial clones were clustered with free-living cyanobacteria from water column and other environmental samples; they show no affiliation with other sponge-derived cyanobacteria. The low sequence similarity of Planctomycetes, Chlamydiae, and alpha-Proteobacteria clones to other previously described sequences suggested that S. zeteki may contain new lineages of these bacterial groups. The microbial diversity of S. zeteki was different from that of other studied marine sponges. This is the first report on microbial communities of alien marine invertebrate species. For the first time, it provides an insight into microbial structure within alien marine sponges in the Hawaiian marine ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid17673331, year = {2007}, author = {Roman, J and Darling, JA}, title = {Paradox lost: genetic diversity and the success of aquatic invasions.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, pages = {454-464}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2007.07.002}, pmid = {17673331}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Demography ; *Founder Effect ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; }, abstract = {There is mounting evidence that reduced genetic diversity in invasive populations is not as commonplace as expected. Recent studies indicate that high propagule vectors, such as ballast water and shellfish transplantations, and multiple introductions contribute to the elimination of founder effects in the majority of successful aquatic invasions. Multiple introductions, in particular, can promote range expansion of introduced populations through both genetic and demographic mechanisms. Closely related to vectors and corridors of introduction, propagule pressure can play an important role in determining the genetic outcome of introduction events. Even low-diversity introductions have numerous means of avoiding the negative impact of diversity loss. The interaction of high propagule vectors and multiple introductions reveal important patterns associated with invasion success and deserve closer scrutiny.}, }
@article {pmid17673330, year = {2007}, author = {Didham, RK and Tylianakis, JM and Gemmell, NJ and Rand, TA and Ewers, RM}, title = {Interactive effects of habitat modification and species invasion on native species decline.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, pages = {489-496}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2007.07.001}, pmid = {17673330}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Different components of global environmental change are often studied and managed independently, but mounting evidence points towards complex non-additive interaction effects between drivers of native species decline. Using the example of interactions between land-use change and biotic exchange, we develop an interpretive framework that will enable global change researchers to identify and discriminate between major interaction pathways. We formalise a distinction between numerically mediated versus functionally moderated causal pathways. Despite superficial similarity of their effects, numerical and functional pathways stem from fundamentally different mechanisms of action and have fundamentally different consequences for conservation management. Our framework is a first step toward building a better quantitative understanding of how interactions between drivers might mitigate or exacerbate the net effects of global environmental change on biotic communities in the future.}, }
@article {pmid17658918, year = {2007}, author = {Whittle, AJ and Lenhart, S and Gross, LJ}, title = {Optimal control for management of an invasive plant species.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {101-112}, doi = {10.3934/mbe.2007.4.101}, pmid = {17658918}, issn = {1547-1063}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Ecology ; Environment ; Models, Statistical ; Models, Theoretical ; *Plant Development ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; *Population Dynamics ; *Systems Biology ; Systems Theory ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Invasive plant populations typically consist of a large (main) focus and several smaller outlier populations. Management of the spread of invasives requires repeated control measures, constrained by limited funding and effort. Posing this as a control problem, we investigate whether it is best to apply control to the main focus, the outlier populations, or some combination of these. We first formulate and solve a discrete-time optimal control problem to determine where control is best applied over a finite time horizon. However, if limited funds are available for control, this optimal solution may not be feasible. In this case, we add an additional constraint to account for the fixed budget and solve the new optimality system. Our results have a variety of practical implications for invasive species management.}, }
@article {pmid17650252, year = {2007}, author = {Towns, DR and Parrish, GR and Tyrrell, CL and Ussher, GT and Cree, A and Newman, DG and Whitaker, AT and Westbrooke, I}, title = {Responses of Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) to removal of introduced Pacific rats from islands.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {1021-1031}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00742.x}, pmid = {17650252}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Constitution ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Female ; Geography ; Male ; New Zealand ; Population Dynamics ; Rats ; Reptiles/*physiology ; Seasons ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Invasive mammalian predators such as rats are now widespread on islands, but hypotheses about their effects have rarely been tested. Circumstantial evidence from New Zealand indicates that, when introduced to islands, Pacific rats (Rattus exulans) have negative effects on endemic plants, invertebrates, birds, and reptiles, including the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). We tested the effects of Pacific rats on tuatara by comparing the demographic structure and body condition of tuatara populations on three islands before and after removal of rats and on a fourth island where rats remained. In the presence of rats, juvenile tuatara constituted on average 0-5% of the sample tuatara populations. When Pacific rats were removed after at least 200 years' occupancy, the proportion of juvenile tuatara increased 3.5- to 17-fold and body condition of adult males and females also improved (sometimes dramatically). We predict that, unless Pacific rats are removed from Taranga Island, the tuatara population will collapse because of low population density and the lack of juvenile recruitment. Our results demonstrate that when invasive species exert subtle effects on recruitment and body condition, the effects on populations of long-lived endemic species may only become apparent long after the invasion.}, }
@article {pmid17650249, year = {2007}, author = {von der Lippe, M and Kowarik, I}, title = {Long-distance dispersal of plants by vehicles as a driver of plant invasions.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {986-996}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00722.x}, pmid = {17650249}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; Germany ; *Motor Vehicles ; *Plants ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Roadsides are preferential migration corridors for invasive plant species and can act as starting points for plant invasions into adjacent habitats. Rapid spread and interrupted distribution patterns of introduced plant species indicate long-distance dispersal along roads. The extent to which this process is due to species' migration along linear habitats or, alternatively, to seed transport by vehicles has not yet been tested systematically. We tested this by sampling seeds inside long motorway tunnels to exclude nontraffic dispersal. Vehicles transported large amounts of seeds. The annual seed rain caused by vehicles on the roadsides of five different tunnel lanes within three tunnels along a single urban motorway in Berlin, Germany, ranged from 635 to 1579 seeds/m(2)/year. Seeds of non-native species accounted for 50.0% of the 204 species and 54.4% of the total 11,818 seeds trapped inside the tunnels. Among the samples were 39 (19.1%) highly invasive species that exhibit detrimental effects on native biodiversity in some parts of the world. By comparing the flora in the tunnel with that adjacent to the tunnel entrances we confirmed long-distance dispersal events (>250 m) for 32.3% of the sampled species. Seed sources in a radius of 100 m around the entrances of the tunnels had no significant effect on species richness and species composition of seed samples from inside the tunnels, indicating a strong effect of long-distance dispersal by vehicles. Consistently, the species composition of the tunnel seeds was more similar to the regional roadside flora of Berlin than to the local flora around the tunnel entrances. Long-distance dispersal occurred significantly more frequently in seeds of non-native (mean share 38.5%) than native species (mean share 4.1%). Our results showed that long-distance dispersal by vehicles was a routine rather than an occasional mechanism. Dispersal of plants by vehicles will thus accelerate plant invasions and induce rapid changes in biodiversity patterns.}, }
@article {pmid17640769, year = {2007}, author = {Cotton, S and Wedekind, C}, title = {Control of introduced species using Trojan sex chromosomes.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, pages = {441-443}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2007.06.010}, pmid = {17640769}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Cichlids/*genetics ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; *Sex Chromosomes ; Sex Determination Processes/*genetics ; Sex Ratio ; }, abstract = {To control introduced exotic species that have predominantly genetic, but environmentally reversible, sex determination (e.g. many species of fish), Gutierrez and Teem recently modeled the use of carriers of Trojan Y chromosomes--individuals who are phenotypically sex reversed from their genotype. Repeated introduction of YY females into wild populations should produce extreme male-biased sex ratios and eventual elimination of XX females, thus leading to population extinction. Analogous dynamics are expected in systems in which sex determination is influenced by one or a few major genes on autosomes.}, }
@article {pmid17640765, year = {2007}, author = {Sax, DF and Stachowicz, JJ and Brown, JH and Bruno, JF and Dawson, MN and Gaines, SD and Grosberg, RK and Hastings, A and Holt, RD and Mayfield, MM and O'Connor, MI and Rice, WR}, title = {Ecological and evolutionary insights from species invasions.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, pages = {465-471}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2007.06.009}, pmid = {17640765}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates ; Plants ; Vertebrates ; }, abstract = {Species invasions provide numerous unplanned and frequently, but imperfectly, replicated experiments that can be used to better understand the natural world. Classic studies by Darwin, Grinnell, Elton and others on these species-invasion experiments provided invaluable insights for ecology and evolutionary biology. Recent studies of invasions have resulted in additional insights, six of which we discuss here; these insights highlight the utility of using exotic species as 'model organisms'. We also discuss a nascent hypothesis that might provide a more general, predictive understanding of invasions and community assembly. Finally, we emphasize how the study of invasions can help to inform our understanding of applied problems, such as extinction, ecosystem function and the response of species to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid17637905, year = {2007}, author = {Lougheed, T}, title = {Rooting out invasive species: lessons from down under.}, journal = {Environmental health perspectives}, volume = {115}, number = {7}, pages = {A352-7}, doi = {10.1289/ehp.115-a352}, pmid = {17637905}, issn = {0091-6765}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Food Chain ; New Zealand ; Risk Assessment ; Species Specificity ; }, }
@article {pmid17637849, year = {2005}, author = {Juliano, SA and Lounibos, LP}, title = {Ecology of invasive mosquitoes: effects on resident species and on human health.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, pages = {558-574}, pmid = {17637849}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {R01 AI044793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI044793-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R15 AI051374/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R15 AI051374-01A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Investigations of biological invasions focus on patterns and processes that are related to introduction, establishment, spread and impacts of introduced species. This review focuses on the ecological interactions operating during invasions by the most prominent group of insect vectors of disease, mosquitoes. First, we review characteristics of non-native mosquito species that have established viable populations, and those invasive species that have spread widely and had major impacts, testing whether biotic characteristics are associated with the transition from established non-native to invasive. Second, we review the roles of interspecific competition, apparent competition, predation, intraguild predation and climatic limitation as causes of impacts on residents or as barriers to invasion. We concentrate on the best-studied invasive mosquito, Aedes albopictus, evaluating the application of basic ecological theory to invasions by Aedes albopictus. We develop a model based on observations of Aedes albopictus for effects of resource competition and predation as barriers to invasion, evaluating which community and ecosystem characteristics favour invasion. Third, we evaluate the ways in which invasive mosquitoes have contributed to outbreaks of human and animal disease, considering specifically whether invasive mosquitoes create novel health threats, or modify disease transmission for existing pathogen-host systems.}, }
@article {pmid17633420, year = {2007}, author = {Roiz, D and Eritja, R and Escosa, R and Lucientes, J and Marquès, E and Melero-Alcíbar, R and Ruiz, S and Molina, R}, title = {A survey of mosquitoes breeding in used tires in Spain for the detection of imported potential vector species.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {10-15}, doi = {10.3376/1081-1710(2007)32[10:asombi]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {17633420}, issn = {1081-1710}, mesh = {Aedes/classification/growth &amp; development ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Anopheles/classification/growth &amp; development ; Breeding ; Culex/classification/growth &amp; development ; Culicidae/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Europe ; Female ; Geography ; Insect Vectors/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Male ; Ochlerotatus/classification/growth &amp; development ; Spain ; }, abstract = {The used tire trade has facilitated the introduction, spread, and establishment of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, and other mosquito species in several countries of America, Africa, Oceania, and Europe. A strategy for detecting these imported mosquito vectors was developed in Spain during 2003-2004 by EVITAR (multidisciplinary network for the study of viruses transmitted by arthropods and rodents). A survey in 45 locations found no invasive species. Eight autochthonous species of mosquitoes were detected in used tires, including Culex pipiens, Cx. hortensis, Cx. modestus, Anopheles atroparvus, An. claviger, Culiseta longiareolata, Cs. annulata, and Aedes caspius. Dominant species were Cx. pipiens and Cs. longiareolata. Aedes caspius was found in only once, near its natural breeding habitat. Considering the recent discovery of an established population of Ae. albopictus in Catalonia, the increasing commerce of used tires in Spain for recycling, storage, and recapping might greatly contribute to the rapid spread of this species across the Iberian Peninsula.}, }
@article {pmid17628806, year = {2007}, author = {Storey, KB and Storey, JM and Churchill, TA}, title = {Freezing and anoxia tolerance of slugs: a metabolic perspective.}, journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology}, volume = {177}, number = {8}, pages = {833-840}, pmid = {17628806}, issn = {0174-1578}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Alanine/metabolism ; Anaerobiosis/physiology ; Animals ; Aspartic Acid/metabolism ; Body Temperature Regulation/physiology ; Energy Metabolism/physiology ; Freezing ; Gastropoda/*physiology ; Glucose/metabolism ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; *Oxygen ; Species Specificity ; Succinic Acid/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Freezing survival was assessed in three species of terrestrial slugs, a holarctic but native North American species, Deroceras laeve, and two species introduced from Europe, D. reticulatum and Arion circumscriptus. The introduced species showed very poor freezing survival. Supercooling points of the introduced species were quite high (approximately -3 degrees C) and their freezing survival was very poor, limited to short-term freezing at -1.2 to -1.5 degrees C and low ice contents (23-44%). D. laeve showed a significant elevation of supercooling point between slugs collected in the autumn (-4.8 degrees C +/- 0.5) and those collected early in the spring (-3.1 degrees C +/- 0.4). This species also showed substantial freezing survival which was greater for spring-collected slugs (100% survival of 1 h freezing at -2 degrees C with an ice content of 65%) than for autumn animals (100% survival for 1 h at -1 degrees C with approximately 40% ice). Carbohydrate and amino acid responses to freezing and anoxia exposures were compared in the two Deroceras species. D. laeve showed a strong hyperglycemic response to freezing, a 100-fold increase in glucose levels that suggested that glucose may have a cryoprotective function in this species. D. reticulatum did not accumulate glucose and neither species produced glycerol or lactate. Both species showed typical responses to anoxia (aspartate and glutamate catabolism, alanine and succinate accumulation) and D. laeve also showed this pattern during freezing, suggesting a natural switch to anaerobiosis to support freezing survival.}, }
@article {pmid17624372, year = {2007}, author = {Flagella, MM and Verlaque, M and Soria, A and Buia, MC}, title = {Macroalgal survival in ballast water tanks.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {54}, number = {9}, pages = {1395-1401}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.05.015}, pmid = {17624372}, issn = {0025-326X}, mesh = {*Environment ; Eukaryota/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Ships ; Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Despite a large amount of research into invasive species and their introductions, there have been no studies focused on macroalgal transport in ballast water. To address this, we collected replicate samples of ballast water from 12 ships in two Mediterranean harbours (Naples and Salerno). Filtered samples were kept in culture for a month at Mediterranean mean conditions (18 degrees C, 12:12h LD, 60micromol photons m(-2)s(-1)). Fifteen macroalgal taxa were cultured and differed according to the geographic origin of the ballast water. Most of the cultured algae were widely distributed species (e.g. Ulva spp. and Acinetospora-phase). However, Ulva ohnoi Hiraoka and Shimada, described from Japan, was hitherto unknown in the Mediterranean Sea. We show for the first time that ballast water can be an important vector for the transport of microscopic stages of macroalgae and that this can be a vector for the introduction of alien species.}, }
@article {pmid17615894, year = {2007}, author = {Gui, FR and Guo, JY and Wan, FH}, title = {[Application of ISSR molecular marker in invasive plant species study].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {919-927}, pmid = {17615894}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Competitive Behavior ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Markers ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeny ; Plant Development ; Plants/*genetics ; *Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; }, abstract = {Alien species invasion is one of the most important drivers of worldwide environmental change, which may result in environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, and food and water shortage. It may also increase the possibility and severity of natural disasters, and damage international trade and benefits. In last two decades, DNA-based molecular markers were widely used to detect the genetic diversity of invaded alien species. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) is a microsatellite-based technique, with the superiorities of simple, quick, reliable, and generating higher levels of DNA polymorphism, and being used as a new molecular marker for genetic study. This paper introduced the principles, characteristics and procedures of ISSR, and summarized its applications in studying the genetic structure, genetic diversity, origin, distribution mode, phylogenesis, and breeding features of invasive plants.}, }
@article {pmid17611622, year = {2007}, author = {Le Roux, JJ and Wieczorek, AM and Wright, MG and Tran, CT}, title = {Super-genotype: global monoclonality defies the odds of nature.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {2}, number = {7}, pages = {e590}, pmid = {17611622}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Environment ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genotype ; Hawaii ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Genetic ; Pennisetum/classification/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Selection, Genetic ; South Africa ; Transcription, Genetic ; }, abstract = {The ability to respond to natural selection under novel conditions is critical for the establishment and persistence of introduced alien species and their ability to become invasive. Here we correlated neutral and quantitative genetic diversity of the weed Pennisetum setaceum Forsk. Chiov. (Poaceae) with differing global (North American and African) patterns of invasiveness and compared this diversity to native range populations. Numerous molecular markers indicate complete monoclonality within and among all of these areas (F(ST) = 0.0) and is supported by extreme low quantitative trait variance (Q(ST) = 0.00065-0.00952). The results support the general-purpose-genotype hypothesis that can tolerate all environmental variation. However, a single global genotype and widespread invasiveness under numerous environmental conditions suggests a super-genotype. The super-genotype described here likely evolved high levels of plasticity in response to fluctuating environmental conditions during the Early to Mid Holocene. During the Late Holocene, when environmental conditions were predominantly constant but extremely inclement, strong selection resulted in only a few surviving genotypes.}, }
@article {pmid17604623, year = {2008}, author = {Cengiz, S and Cavas, L}, title = {Removal of methylene blue by invasive marine seaweed: Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {99}, number = {7}, pages = {2357-2363}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2007.05.011}, pmid = {17604623}, issn = {0960-8524}, mesh = {Adsorption ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Kinetics ; *Marine Biology ; Methylene Blue/*isolation &amp; purification ; Seaweed/*metabolism ; Thermodynamics ; }, abstract = {Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea is one of the well-known invasive species in the Mediterranean Sea. In the present study, dried biomass of C. racemosa var. cylindracea was shown to have adsorption capacity for methylene blue. The adsorption reached equilibrium at 90 min for all studied concentrations (5-100mg/L). The pseudo-second-order model is well in line with our experimental results. There was a sharp increase in the adsorbed dye amount per adsorbent amount from 3.3 to 16.7 g/L, then a slight increase up to 66.7 g/L was observed. Langmuir and Freundlich's models were applied to the data related to adsorption isotherm. According to Langmuir's model data, the observed maximum adsorption capacity (qm) was 5.23 mg/g at 18 degrees C. The enthalpy of adsorption was found to be 33 kJ/mol, which indicated a chemical adsorption between dye molecules and C. racemosa var. cylindracea functional groups.}, }
@article {pmid17598527, year = {2007}, author = {Van Mele, P and Vayssières, JF and Van Tellingen, E and Vrolijks, J}, title = {Effects of an African weaver ant, Oecophylla longinoda, in controlling mango fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Benin.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {100}, number = {3}, pages = {695-701}, doi = {10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100[695:eoaawa]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {17598527}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Benin ; Feeding Behavior ; Fruit/economics/parasitology ; Mangifera/*parasitology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Predatory Behavior ; Tephritidae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Six mango, Mangifera indica L., plantations around Parakou, northern Benin, were sampled at 2-wk intervals for fruit fly damage from early April to late May in 2005. Mean damage ranged from 1 to 24% with a weaver ant, Oecophylla longinoda (Latreille), being either abundant or absent. The fruit fly complex is made up of Ceratitis spp. and Bactrocera invadens Drew et al., a new invasive species in West Africa. In 2006, Ceratitis spp. peaked twice in the late dry season in early April and early May, whereas B. invadens populations quickly increased at the onset of the rains, from mid-May onward. Exclusion experiments conducted in 2006 with 'Eldon', 'Kent', and 'Gouverneur' confirmed that at high ant abundance levels, Oecophylla significantly reduced fruit fly infestation. Although fruit fly control methods are still at an experimental stage in this part of the world, farmers who tolerated weaver ants in their orchard were rewarded by significantly better fruit quality. Conservation biological control with predatory ants such as Oecophylla in high-value tree crops has great potential for African and Asian farmers. Implications for international research for development at the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research level are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid17597417, year = {2008}, author = {Pu, R and Gong, P and Tian, Y and Miao, X and Carruthers, RI and Anderson, GL}, title = {Invasive species change detection using artificial neural networks and CASI hyperspectral imagery.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {140}, number = {1-3}, pages = {15-32}, pmid = {17597417}, issn = {0167-6369}, mesh = {*Cedrus ; *Neural Networks, Computer ; Nevada ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {For monitoring and controlling the extent and intensity of an invasive species, a direct multi-date image classification method was applied in invasive species (salt cedar) change detection in the study area of Lovelock, Nevada. With multidate Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) hyperspectral data sets, two types of hyperspectral CASI input data and two classifiers have been examined and compared for mapping and monitoring the salt cedar change. The two types of input data are all two-date original CASI bands and 12 principal component images (PCs) derived from the two-date CASI images. The two classifiers are an artificial neural network (ANN) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The experimental results indicate that (1) the direct multitemporal image classification method applied in land cover change detection is feasible either with original CASI bands or PCs, but a better accuracy was obtained from the CASI PCA transformed data; (2) with the same inputs of 12 PCs, the ANN outperforms the LDA due to the ANN's non-linear property and ability of handling data without a prerequisite of a certain distribution of the analysis data.}, }
@article {pmid17594425, year = {2007}, author = {Broennimann, O and Treier, UA and Müller-Schärer, H and Thuiller, W and Peterson, AT and Guisan, A}, title = {Evidence of climatic niche shift during biological invasion.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {701-709}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01060.x}, pmid = {17594425}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Area Under Curve ; Centaurea/*physiology ; *Climate ; *Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Models, Theoretical ; North America ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Niche-based models calibrated in the native range by relating species observations to climatic variables are commonly used to predict the potential spatial extent of species' invasion. This climate matching approach relies on the assumption that invasive species conserve their climatic niche in the invaded ranges. We test this assumption by analysing the climatic niche spaces of Spotted Knapweed in western North America and Europe. We show with robust cross-continental data that a shift of the observed climatic niche occurred between native and non-native ranges, providing the first empirical evidence that an invasive species can occupy climatically distinct niche spaces following its introduction into a new area. The models fail to predict the current invaded distribution, but correctly predict areas of introduction. Climate matching is thus a useful approach to identify areas at risk of introduction and establishment of newly or not-yet-introduced neophytes, but may not predict the full extent of invasions.}, }
@article {pmid17594049, year = {2008}, author = {Batten, KM and Scow, KM and Espeland, EK}, title = {Soil microbial community associated with an invasive grass differentially impacts native plant performance.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {55}, number = {2}, pages = {220-228}, pmid = {17594049}, issn = {0095-3628}, mesh = {Bacteria/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Fatty Acids/analysis ; *Plant Development ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Plants/microbiology ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Soil/analysis ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {This study is one of the first to show that invasive plant-induced changes in the soil microbial community can negatively impact native plant performance. This greenhouse experiment tested whether soil microbial communities specific to the rhizospheres of an invasive grass (Aegilops triuncialis) and two native plants (Lasthenia californica and Plantago erecta) affected invasive and/or native plant performance. Each of these species were grown in separate pots for 2 months to prime the soils with plant-specific rhizosphere microbial communities. Each plant species was then planted in native- and invasive-primed soil, and effects on plant performance were monitored. At 5 months, differences in microbial biomarker fatty acids between invaded and native soils mirrored previous differences found in field-collected soil. L. californica performance was significantly reduced when grown in invaded soil compared to native soil (flowering date was delayed, aboveground biomass decreased, specific root length increased, and root mass ratio increased). In contrast, P. erecta and A. triuncialis performance were unaffected when grown in invaded vs native soil. These results suggest that in some cases, invasion-induced changes in the soil microbial community may contribute to a positive feedback loop, leading to the increased dominance of invasive species in an ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid17590385, year = {2007}, author = {Urabe, M and Ogawa, K and Nakatsugawa, T and Nakai, K and Tanaka, M and Wang, G}, title = {Morphological description of two bucephalid trematodes collected from freshwater fishes in the Uji River, Kyoto, Japan.}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {56}, number = {4}, pages = {269-272}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2007.05.002}, pmid = {17590385}, issn = {1383-5769}, mesh = {Animals ; Catfishes/*parasitology ; Female ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology ; Fresh Water ; Japan ; Male ; Trematoda/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Trematode Infections/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The morphology of two species of bucephalids (Bucephalidae; Digenea; Trematoda), which since 1999 has caused a fish disease at the Uji River, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, is described. Parabucephalopsis parasiluri Wang, 1985 was first recorded in the Uji River in 2000, and Prosorhynchoides ozakii (Nagaty, 1937) in 2005. The definitive host of both species is the Lake Biwa catfish (Silurus biwaensis), and the second intermediate hosts include many fish species from several families. P. parasiluri is an introduced parasite that invaded with its first intermediate host, golden mussels (Limnoperna fortunei), from the Asian continent. P. ozakii may also be an introduced species, although its first intermediate host has not been identified.}, }
@article {pmid17584252, year = {2007}, author = {Terblanche, JS and Janion, C and Chown, SL}, title = {Variation in scorpion metabolic rate and rate-temperature relationships: implications for the fundamental equation of the metabolic theory of ecology.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {1602-1612}, doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01322.x}, pmid = {17584252}, issn = {1010-061X}, support = {AI-52456/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Basal Metabolism/genetics ; *Ecology ; Energy Metabolism ; Scorpions/*genetics/*metabolism ; South Africa ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The fundamental equation of the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) indicates that most of the variation in metabolic rate are a consequence of variation in organismal size and environmental temperature. Although evolution is thought to minimize energy costs of nutrient transport, its effects on metabolic rate via adaptation, acclimatization or acclimation are considered small, and restricted mostly to variation in the scaling constant, b(0). This contrasts strongly with many conclusions of evolutionary physiology and life-history theory, making closer examination of the fundamental equation an important task for evolutionary biologists. Here we do so using scorpions as model organisms. First, we investigate the implications for the fundamental equation of metabolic rate variation and its temperature dependence in the scorpion Uroplectes carinatus following laboratory acclimation. During 22 days of acclimation at 25 degrees C metabolic rates declined significantly (from 127.4 to 78.2 microW; P = 0.0001) whereas mean body mass remained constant (367.9-369.1 mg; P = 0.999). In field-fresh scorpions, metabolic rate-temperature (MRT) relationships varied substantially within and among individuals, and therefore had low repeatability values (tau = 0.02) and no significant among-individual variation (P = 0.181). However, acclimation resulted in a decline in within-individual variation of MRT slopes which subsequently revealed significant differences among individuals (P = 0.0031) and resulted in a fourfold increase in repeatability values (tau = 0.08). These results highlight the fact that MRT relationships can show substantial, directional variation within individuals over time. Using a randomization model we demonstrate that the reduction in metabolic rate with acclimation while body mass remains constant causes a decline both in the value of the mass-scaling exponent and the coefficient of determination. Furthermore, interspecific comparisons of activation energy, E, demonstrated significant variation in scorpions (0.09-1.14 eV), with a mean value of 0.77 eV, significantly higher than the 0.6-0.7 eV predicted by the fundamental equation. Our results add to a growing body of work questioning both the theoretical basis and empirical support for the MTE, and suggest that alternative models of metabolic rate variation incorporating explicit consideration of life history evolution deserve further scrutiny.}, }
@article {pmid17555210, year = {2007}, author = {Schutzenhofer, MR and Knight, TM}, title = {Population-level effects of augmented herbivory on Lespedeza cuneata: implications for biological control.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {965-971}, doi = {10.1890/06-1282}, pmid = {17555210}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Insecta ; *Lespedeza ; }, abstract = {Invasive species pose significant ecological costs, and therefore successful management techniques are important. One commonly employed method is biological control. The success of biological control depends largely on whether additional inflicted damage can successfully reduce the fitness and population growth rate of a target species. Here, we simulate herbivory on the invasive Lespedeza cuneata and create stage-structured projection models to determine if augmented herbivory by a leaf-chewing biological control agent would regulate the population growth rate of this species. We found that augmented herbivory influenced stage transitions of plants in the smallest stage class, causing higher mortality and reduced growth. No other effect was found on stage transitions or fecundities, despite manipulation of herbivory at exceptionally high levels (up to 80% leaf loss). None of the clipping treatments significantly reduced the population growth rate of L. cuneata. We conclude that biological control by a leaf chewing herbivore would not likely be successful, even if an exceptionally large amount of each plant were consumed. We suggest that this approach, a combination of simulated herbivory and demographic modeling, will provide essential information for understanding the utility of biological control to curb the population growth of invasive plant species.}, }
@article {pmid17553772, year = {2007}, author = {Rogers, AD and Murphy, EJ and Johnston, NM and Clarke, A}, title = {Introduction. Antarctic ecology: from genes to ecosystems. Part 2. Evolution, diversity and functional ecology.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {362}, number = {1488}, pages = {2187-2189}, pmid = {17553772}, issn = {0962-8436}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; *Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {The Antarctic biota has evolved over the last 100 million years in increasingly isolated and cold conditions. As a result, Antarctic species, from micro-organisms to vertebrates, have adapted to life at extremely low temperatures, including changes in the genome, physiology and ecological traits such as life history. Coupled with cycles of glaciation that have promoted speciation in the Antarctic, this has led to a unique biota in terms of biogeography, patterns of species distribution and endemism. Specialization in the Antarctic biota has led to trade-offs in many ecologically important functions and Antarctic species may have a limited capacity to adapt to present climate change. These include the direct effects of changes in environmental parameters and indirect effects of increased competition and predation resulting from altered life histories of Antarctic species and the impacts of invasive species. Ultimately, climate change may alter the responses of Antarctic ecosystems to harvesting from humans. The unique adaptations of Antarctic species mean that they provide unique models of molecular evolution in natural populations. The simplicity of Antarctic communities, especially from terrestrial systems, makes them ideal to investigate the ecological implications of climate change, which are difficult to identify in more complex systems.}, }
@article {pmid17553768, year = {2007}, author = {Chown, SL and Convey, P}, title = {Spatial and temporal variability across life's hierarchies in the terrestrial Antarctic.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {362}, number = {1488}, pages = {2307-2331}, pmid = {17553768}, issn = {0962-8436}, mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; *Ecosystem ; Oceans and Seas ; Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Soil ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Antarctica and its surrounding islands lie at one extreme of global variation in diversity. Typically, these regions are characterized as being species poor and having simple food webs. Here, we show that terrestrial systems in the region are nonetheless characterized by substantial spatial and temporal variations at virtually all of the levels of the genealogical and ecological hierarchies which have been thoroughly investigated. Spatial variation at the individual and population levels has been documented in a variety of genetic studies, and in mosses it appears that UV-B radiation might be responsible for within-clump mutagenesis. At the species level, modern molecular methods have revealed considerable endemism of the Antarctic biota, questioning ideas that small organisms are likely to be ubiquitous and the taxa to which they belong species poor. At the biogeographic level, much of the relatively small ice-free area of Antarctica remains unsurveyed making analyses difficult. Nonetheless, it is clear that a major biogeographic discontinuity separates the Antarctic Peninsula and continental Antarctica, here named the 'Gressitt Line'. Across the Southern Ocean islands, patterns are clearer, and energy availability is an important correlate of indigenous and exotic species richness, while human visitor numbers explain much of the variation in the latter too. Temporal variation at the individual level has much to do with phenotypic plasticity, and considerable life-history and physiological plasticity seems to be a characteristic of Antarctic terrestrial species. Environmental unpredictability is an important driver of this trait and has significantly influenced life histories across the region and probably throughout much of the temperate Southern Hemisphere. Rapid climate change-related alterations in the range and abundance of several Antarctic and sub-Antarctic populations have taken place over the past several decades. In many sub-Antarctic locations, these have been exacerbated by direct and indirect effects of invasive alien species. Interactions between climate change and invasion seem set to become one of the most significant conservation problems in the Antarctic. We conclude that despite the substantial body of work on the terrestrial biodiversity of the Antarctic, investigations of interactions between hierarchical levels remain scarce. Moreover, little of the available information is being integrated into terrestrial conservation planning, which lags far behind in this region by comparison with most others.}, }
@article {pmid17551520, year = {2007}, author = {Schmid-Hempel, P and Schmid-Hempel, R and Brunner, PC and Seeman, OD and Allen, GR}, title = {Invasion success of the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, despite a drastic genetic bottleneck.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {99}, number = {4}, pages = {414-422}, doi = {10.1038/sj.hdy.6801017}, pmid = {17551520}, issn = {0018-067X}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Bees/*genetics/*physiology ; Cluster Analysis ; Crosses, Genetic ; Diploidy ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Heterozygote ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; *Models, Genetic ; New Zealand ; Phylogeny ; Tasmania ; }, abstract = {In early 1992, the European bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, was first seen in Tasmania and currently has spread to most of the island. Here, we report on the genetic structure, using micro-satellites, of the invading population from samples collected in the years 1998-2000, a few years after the first sighting of the species in its new area. The data show that the Tasmanian population has a very low genetic diversity, with less than half of the allelic richness (Richness=2.89 alleles; H(exp)=0.591) and lower levels of heterozygosity as compared to populations in New Zealand (4.24 alleles; H(exp)=0.729) and Europe (5.08 alleles; H(exp)=0.826). In addition, the genetic data suggest that the invasion must have happened once, probably around late 1991, and was the result of very few, perhaps only two, individuals arriving in Tasmania. Furthermore, these founders came from the New Zealand population. Today, the population in the south of Tasmania seems to act as a source population from which individuals migrate into other parts of the state. A similar source-sink structure seems also the case for New Zealand. The data show that B. terrestris is a highly invasive species capable of establishing itself even after a dramatic genetic bottleneck. B. terrestris may be an invasive species due to the haplo-diploid sex determination system, which exposes recessive, deleterious mutations to selection. Offspring of such purged lines may then be able to tolerate high levels of inbreeding.}, }
@article {pmid17548831, year = {2007}, author = {Daskalov, GM and Grishin, AN and Rodionov, S and Mihneva, V}, title = {Trophic cascades triggered by overfishing reveal possible mechanisms of ecosystem regime shifts.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {104}, number = {25}, pages = {10518-10523}, pmid = {17548831}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {Animals ; Ctenophora/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries/*methods ; Fishes/physiology ; *Food Chain ; *Marine Biology ; Models, Theoretical ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Large-scale transitions between alternative states in ecosystems are known as regime shifts. Once described as healthy and dominated by various marine predators, the Black Sea ecosystem by the late 20th century had experienced anthropogenic impacts such as heavy fishing, cultural eutrophication, and invasions by alien species. We studied changes related to these "natural experiments" to reveal the mechanisms of regime shifts. Two major shifts were detected, the first related to a depletion of marine predators and the second to an outburst of the alien comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi; both shifts were triggered by intense fishing resulting in system-wide trophic cascades. The complex nature of ecosystem responses to human activities calls for more elaborate approaches than currently provided by traditional environmental and fisheries management. This implies challenging existing practices and implementing explanatory models of ecosystem interactions that can better reconcile conservation and ecosystem management ideals.}, }
@article {pmid17547204, year = {2007}, author = {Cooper, WJ and Jones, AC and Whitehead, RF and Zika, RG}, title = {Sunlight-induced photochemical decay of oxidants in natural waters: implications in ballast water treatment.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {41}, number = {10}, pages = {3728-3733}, doi = {10.1021/es062975a}, pmid = {17547204}, issn = {0013-936X}, mesh = {Absorption ; Buffers ; Half-Life ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Kinetics ; Oxidants/*chemistry ; *Photolysis ; Quantum Theory ; Seasons ; *Ships ; *Sunlight ; Water/*chemistry ; *Water Purification ; }, abstract = {The transport and discharge of ship ballast water has been recognized as a major vector for the introduction of invasive species. Chemical oxidants, long used in drinking water and wastewater treatment, are alternative treatment methods for the control of invasive species currently being tested for use on ships. One concern when a ballasted vessel arrives in port is the adverse effects of residual oxidant in the treated water. The most common oxidants include chlorine (HOCl/OCl-), bromine (HOBr/OBr-), ozone (03), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and monochloramine (NH2Cl). The present study was undertaken to evaluate the sunlight-mediated photochemical decomposition of these oxidants. Sunlight photodecomposition was measured at various pH using either distilled water or oligotrophic Gulf Stream water for specific oxidants. For selected oxidants, quantum yields at specific wavelengths were obtained. An environmental photochemical model, GCSOLAR, also provided predictions of the fate (sunlight photolysis half-lives) of HOCI/OCl-, HOBr/OBr-, ClO2, and NH2Cl for two different seasons at latitude 40 degrees and in water with two different concentrations of chromophoric dissolved organic matter. These data are useful in assessing the environmental fate of ballast water treatment oxidants if they were to be discharged in port.}, }
@article {pmid17546475, year = {2007}, author = {Baeumer, B and Kovács, M and Meerschaert, MM}, title = {Fractional reproduction-dispersal equations and heavy tail dispersal kernels.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {69}, number = {7}, pages = {2281-2297}, doi = {10.1007/s11538-007-9220-2}, pmid = {17546475}, issn = {0092-8240}, mesh = {*Algorithms ; Computer Simulation ; Fourier Analysis ; *Models, Biological ; Normal Distribution ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Probability ; Reproduction ; Statistical Distributions ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {Reproduction-Dispersal equations, called reaction-diffusion equations in the physics literature, model the growth and spreading of biological species. Integro-Difference equations were introduced to address the shortcomings of this model, since the dispersal of invasive species is often more widespread than what the classical RD model predicts. In this paper, we extend the RD model, replacing the classical second derivative dispersal term by a fractional derivative of order 1<alpha</=2. Fractional derivative models are used in physics to model anomalous super-diffusion, where a cloud of particles spreads faster than the classical diffusion model predicts. This paper also establishes a connection between the new RD model and a corresponding ID equation with a heavy tail dispersal kernel. The general theory developed here accommodates a wide variety of infinitely divisible dispersal kernels that adapt to any scale. Each one corresponds to a generalised RD model with a different dispersal operator. The connection established here between RD and ID equations can also be exploited to generate convergent numerical solutions of RD equations along with explicit error bounds.}, }
@article {pmid17536407, year = {2007}, author = {Parker, IM and Gilbert, GS}, title = {When there is no escape: the effects of natural enemies on native, invasive, and noninvasive plants.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {88}, number = {5}, pages = {1210-1224}, doi = {10.1890/06-1377}, pmid = {17536407}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Fungi/*growth &amp; development/pathogenicity ; *Plant Development ; Plants/microbiology ; Plants, Edible/*growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Population Dynamics ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {An important question in the study of biological invasions is the degree to which successful invasion can be explained by release from control by natural enemies. Natural enemies dominate explanations of two alternate phenomena: that most introduced plants fail to establish viable populations (biotic resistance hypothesis) and that some introduced plants become noxious invaders (natural enemies hypothesis). We used a suite of 18 phylogenetically related native and nonnative clovers (Trifolium and Medicago) and the foliar pathogens and invertebrate herbivores that attack them to answer two questions. Do native species suffer greater attack by natural enemies relative to introduced species at the same site? Are some introduced species excluded from native plant communities because they are susceptible to local natural enemies? We address these questions using three lines of evidence: (1) the frequency of attack and composition of fungal pathogens and herbivores for each clover species in four years of common garden experiments, as well as susceptibility to inoculation with a common pathogen; (2) the degree of leaf damage suffered by each species in common garden experiments; and (3) fitness effects estimated using correlative approaches and pathogen removal experiments. Introduced species showed no evidence of escape from pathogens, being equivalent to native species as a group in terms of infection levels, susceptibility, disease prevalence, disease severity (with more severe damage on introduced species in one year), the influence of disease on mortality, and the effect of fungicide treatment on mortality and biomass. In contrast, invertebrate herbivores caused more damage on native species in two years, although the influence of herbivore attack on mortality did not differ between native and introduced species. Within introduced species, the predictions of the biotic resistance hypothesis were not supported: the most invasive species showed greater infection, greater prevalence and severity of disease, greater prevalence of herbivory, and greater effects of fungicide on biomass and were indistinguishable from noninvasive introduced species in all other respects. Therefore, although herbivores preferred native over introduced species, escape from pest pressure cannot be used to explain why some introduced clovers are common invaders in coastal prairie while others are not.}, }
@article {pmid17536395, year = {2007}, author = {Meiners, SJ}, title = {Native and exotic plant species exhibit similar population dynamics during succession.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {88}, number = {5}, pages = {1098-1104}, doi = {10.1890/06-1505}, pmid = {17536395}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Plant Development ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/genetics ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {A growing body of literature has led to the debate in invasion biology whether exotic species perform within communities differently than native taxa due to inherent advantages. To address this issue, the population dynamics of native and exotic plant species were assessed from a 48-year record of permanent plot data from the Hutcheson Memorial Forest Center (New Jersey, USA) to determine rate of increase, lag time, maximum frequency, and the year of peak frequency. Overall, native and exotic species exhibited very similar population dynamics. Rates of increase and length of lag times were similar between native and exotic taxa but were strongly influenced by plant life form. Short-lived species were characterized by rapid population growth rates and short lag times. Growth rates decreased and lag times increased with species longevity. Overall, correlations between population metrics were the same in native and exotic taxa, suggesting similar trade-offs in life history patterns. The one difference observed was that, in native species, peak frequency was negatively associated with the year of peak frequency (i.e., early-successional species tended to become more abundant), while there was no relationship in exotic species. These analyses show that exotic species behave in essentially the same way as native taxa within dynamic communities. This suggests that abundant native and exotic plant species are exploiting the same range of ecological strategies resulting in similar roles within communities.}, }
@article {pmid17534664, year = {2007}, author = {Feng, YL and Auge, H and Ebeling, SK}, title = {Invasive Buddleja davidii allocates more nitrogen to its photosynthetic machinery than five native woody species.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {153}, number = {3}, pages = {501-510}, pmid = {17534664}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Animals ; Berberis/metabolism ; Betula/metabolism ; Buddleja/*metabolism ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cornus/metabolism ; Crataegus/metabolism ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Photosynthesis/*physiology ; Sambucus nigra/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The general-purpose genotype hypothesis and the hypothesis of the evolution of invasiveness predict that invasive species are characterized by particular traits that confer invasiveness. However, these traits are still not well-defined. In this study, ecophysiological traits of eight populations of the invasive shrub Buddleja davidii from a wide range of European locations and five co-occurring native woody species in Germany were compared in a common garden experiment. We hypothesized that the invader has higher resource capture ability and utilization efficiency than the natives. No differences were detected among the eight populations of B. davidii in any of the traits evaluated, indicating that the invader did not evolve during range expansion, thus providing support to the general-purpose genotype hypothesis. The invader showed significantly higher maximum electron transport rate, maximum carboxylation rate, carboxylation efficiency, light-saturated photosynthetic rate (P(max)) and photosynthetic nitrogen utilization efficiency (PNUE) than the five natives. Leaf nitrogen content was not significantly different between the invader and the natives, but the invader allocated more nitrogen to the photosynthetic machinery than the natives. The increased nitrogen content in the photosynthetic machinery resulted in a higher resource capture ability and utilization efficiency in the invader. At the same intercellular CO(2) concentration, P (max) was significantly higher in the invader than in the natives, again confirming the importance of the higher nitrogen allocation to photosynthesis. The invader reduced metabolic cost by increasing the ratio of P (max) to dark respiration rate (R (d)), but it did not reduce carbon cost by increasing the specific leaf area and decreasing leaf construction cost. The higher nitrogen allocation to the photosynthetic machinery, P(max), PNUE and P(max)/R(d) may facilitate B. davidii invasion, although studies involving a wide range of invasive species are needed to understand the generality of this pattern and to fully assess the ecological advantages afforded by these features.}, }
@article {pmid17531050, year = {2007}, author = {Abdelkrim, J and Pascal, M and Samadi, S}, title = {Establishing causes of eradication failure based on genetics: case study of ship rat eradication in Ste. Anne archipelago.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {719-730}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00696.x}, pmid = {17531050}, issn = {0888-8892}, mesh = {Animals ; Gene Frequency ; *Genetic Variation ; Martinique ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rats ; *Rodent Control ; Ships ; }, abstract = {Determining the causes of a failed eradication of a pest species is important because it enables an argued adjustment of the methodologies used and the improvement of the protocols for future attempts. We examined how molecular monitoring can help distinguish between the two main reasons for an eradication failure (i.e., survival of some individuals vs. recolonization after eradication). We investigated genetic variation in seven microsatellite loci in ship rat (Rattus rattus) populations from four islets off the Martinique coast (French Caribbean). In 1999 an eradication attempt was conducted on the four islets. Three years later rats were observed again on two of them. We compared the genetic signatures of the populations before and after the eradication attempt. On one of the islands, the new rat population was likely a subset of the pre-eradication population. A weak genetic differentiation was found between them, with almost no new alleles observed in the new population and moderate F(ST) values (0.15). Moreover, assignment procedures clustered the two populations together. In contrast, on the other islet, many new alleles were observed after the eradication attempt, resulting in an increase in genetic diversity (from 2.57 to 3.57 mean number of alleles per locus) and strong F(ST) values (0.39). Moreover, genetic clustering clearly separated the two samples (i.e., before and after the eradication attempt) in two different populations. Thus, to achieve long-term eradication on these islets, it seems necessary to redevelop the eradication procedure to avoid individuals surviving and to prevent reinvasion, probably from the mainland, by installing permanent trapping and poisoning devices and conducting regular monitoring. We strongly encourage wildlife managers conducting eradication campaigns to integrate molecular biological tools in their protocols, which can be done easily for most common invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid17524552, year = {2008}, author = {Jaeger, JA and Bertiller, R and Schwick, C and Müller, K and Steinmeier, C and Ewald, KC and Ghazoul, J}, title = {Implementing landscape fragmentation as an indicator in the Swiss Monitoring System Of Sustainable Development (Monet).}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {88}, number = {4}, pages = {737-751}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.03.043}, pmid = {17524552}, issn = {0301-4797}, mesh = {Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Switzerland ; *Urban Renewal ; }, abstract = {There is an increasing need and interest in including indicators of landscape fragmentation in monitoring systems of sustainable landscape management. Landscape fragmentation due to transportation infrastructure and urban development threatens human and environmental well-being by noise and pollution from traffic, reducing the size and viability of wildlife populations, facilitating the spread of invasive species, and impairing the scenic and recreational qualities of the landscape. This paper provides the rationale, method, and data for including landscape fragmentation in monitoring systems, using as an example the Swiss Monitoring System of Sustainable Development (Monet). We defined and compared four levels of fragmentation analysis, or fragmentation geometries (FGs), each based on different fragmenting elements, e.g., only anthropogenic, or combinations of anthropogenic and natural elements. As each FG has specific strengths and weaknesses, the most appropriate choice of FG depends on the context and objectives of a study. We present data on the current degree of landscape fragmentation for the five ecoregions and 26 cantons in Switzerland for all four FGs. Our results show that the degree of landscape fragmentation as quantified by the effective mesh size method is strongly supported by the postulates and indicator selection criteria of Monet, and we identify the most suitable FG focusing on the land area below 2,100 m (e.g., excluding lakes) and allowing for an equitable comparison of fragmentation degrees among regions that differ in area covered by lakes and high mountains. For a more detailed analysis of landscape fragmentation in the context of environmental impact assessments and strategic environmental assessments, a combination of all four FGs may provide a more informative tool than any single FG.}, }
@article {pmid17522835, year = {2007}, author = {Lohithaswa, HC and Feltus, FA and Singh, HP and Bacon, CD and Bailey, CD and Paterson, AH}, title = {Leveraging the rice genome sequence for monocot comparative and translational genomics.}, journal = {TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik}, volume = {115}, number = {2}, pages = {237-243}, pmid = {17522835}, issn = {0040-5752}, mesh = {Allium/classification/genetics ; Base Composition ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Plant ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; *Genome, Plant ; Genomics ; Musa/classification/genetics ; Oryza/classification/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Common genome anchor points across many taxa greatly facilitate translational and comparative genomics and will improve our understanding of the Tree of Life. To add to the repertoire of genomic tools applicable to the study of monocotyledonous plants in general, we aligned Allium and Musa ESTs to Oryza BAC sequences and identified candidate Allium-Oryza and Musa-Oryza conserved intron-scanning primers (CISPs). A random sampling of 96 CISP primer pairs, representing loci from 11 of the 12 chromosomes in rice, were tested on seven members of the order Poales and on representatives of the Arecales, Asparagales, and Zingiberales monocot orders. The single-copy amplification success rates of Allium (31.3%), Cynodon (31.4%), Hordeum (30.2%), Musa (37.5%), Oryza (61.5%), Pennisetum (33.3%), Sorghum (47.9%), Zea (33.3%), Triticum (30.2%), and representatives of the palm family (32.3%) suggest that subsets of these primers will provide DNA markers suitable for comparative and translational genomics in orphan crops, as well as for applications in conservation biology, ecology, invasion biology, population biology, systematic biology, and related fields.}, }
@article {pmid17509727, year = {2007}, author = {Desprez-Loustau, ML and Robin, C and Buée, M and Courtecuisse, R and Garbaye, J and Suffert, F and Sache, I and Rizzo, DM}, title = {The fungal dimension of biological invasions.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, pages = {472-480}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2007.04.005}, pmid = {17509727}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Fungi ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Fungi represent an essential component of biodiversity, not only because of the large number of species, but also for their ecological, evolutionary and socio-economic significance. Yet, until recently, fungi received scant consideration in ecology, especially invasion ecology. Their under-representation is largely the result of a lack of scientific knowledge of fungal biodiversity and ecology. With the exception of pathogenic fungi, which cause emergent infectious diseases, the impact of fungal invasions is often difficult to quantify owing to limited baseline data on fungal communities. Here, we aim to raise awareness among mycologists and ecologists of the fungal dimension of invasions and of the need to intensify research in fungal ecology to address issues of future introductions.}, }
@article {pmid17507930, year = {2007}, author = {LaDeau, SL and Kilpatrick, AM and Marra, PP}, title = {West Nile virus emergence and large-scale declines of North American bird populations.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {447}, number = {7145}, pages = {710-713}, doi = {10.1038/nature05829}, pmid = {17507930}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*mortality/*virology ; Birds/classification/*physiology/*virology ; Data Collection ; Maryland/epidemiology ; North America/epidemiology ; Population Density ; Songbirds/classification/physiology/virology ; Survival Rate ; West Nile Fever/epidemiology/mortality/*veterinary ; West Nile virus/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Emerging infectious diseases present a formidable challenge to the conservation of native species in the twenty-first century. Diseases caused by introduced pathogens have had large impacts on species abundances, including the American chestnut, Hawaiian bird species and many amphibians. Changes in host population sizes can lead to marked shifts in community composition and ecosystem functioning. However, identifying the impacts of an introduced disease and distinguishing it from other forces that influence population dynamics (for example, climate) is challenging and requires abundance data that extend before and after the introduction. Here we use 26 yr of Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data to determine the impact of West Nile virus (WNV) on 20 potential avian hosts across North America. We demonstrate significant changes in population trajectories for seven species from four families that concur with a priori predictions and the spatio-temporal intensity of pathogen transmission. The American crow population declined by up to 45% since WNV arrival, and only two of the seven species with documented impact recovered to pre-WNV levels by 2005. Our findings demonstrate the potential impacts of an invasive species on a diverse faunal assemblage across broad geographical scales, and underscore the complexity of subsequent community response.}, }
@article {pmid17505873, year = {2007}, author = {de-Camino-Beck, T and Lewis, MA}, title = {A new method for calculating net reproductive rate from graph reduction with applications to the control of invasive species.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {69}, number = {4}, pages = {1341-1354}, doi = {10.1007/s11538-006-9162-0}, pmid = {17505873}, issn = {0092-8240}, mesh = {Carduus/growth &amp; development ; Matricaria/growth &amp; development ; *Models, Biological ; *Plant Development ; }, abstract = {Matrix models are widely used for demographic analysis of age and stage structured biological populations. Dynamic properties of the model can be summarized by the net reproductive rate R (0). In this paper, we introduce a new method to calculate and analyze the net reproductive rate directly from the life cycle graph of the matrix. We show, with examples, how our method of analysis of R (0) can be used in the design of strategies for controlling invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid17494407, year = {2007}, author = {Gerhardt, F and Collinge, SK}, title = {Abiotic constraints eclipse biotic resistance in determining invasibility along experimental vernal pool gradients.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {922-933}, doi = {10.1890/05-1146}, pmid = {17494407}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Magnoliopsida/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; Water ; }, abstract = {Effective management of invasive species requires that we understand the mechanisms determining community invasibility. Successful invaders must tolerate abiotic conditions and overcome resistance from native species in invaded habitats. Biotic resistance to invasions may reflect the diversity, abundance, or identity of species in a community. Few studies, however, have examined the relative importance of abiotic and biotic factors determining community invasibility. In a greenhouse experiment, we simulated the abiotic and biotic gradients typically found in vernal pools to better understand their impacts on invasibility. Specifically, we invaded plant communities differing in richness, identity, and abundance of native plants (the "plant neighborhood") and depth of inundation to measure their effects on growth, reproduction, and survival of five exotic plant species. Inundation reduced growth, reproduction, and survival of the five exotic species more than did plant neighborhood. Inundation reduced survival of three species and growth and reproduction of all five species. Neighboring plants reduced growth and reproduction of three species but generally did not affect survival. Brassica rapa, Centaurea solstitialis, and Vicia villosa all suffered high mortality due to inundation but were generally unaffected by neighboring plants. In contrast, Hordeum marinum and Lolium multiflorum, whose survival was unaffected by inundation, were more impacted by neighboring plants. However, the four measures describing plant neighborhood differed in their effects. Neighbor abundance impacted growth and reproduction more than did neighbor richness or identity, with growth and reproduction generally decreasing with increasing density and mass of neighbors. Collectively, these results suggest that abiotic constraints play the dominant role in determining invasibility along vernal pool and similar gradients. By reducing survival, abiotic constraints allow only species with the appropriate morphological and physiological traits to invade. In contrast, biotic resistance reduces invasibility only in more benign environments and is best predicted by the abundance, rather than diversity, of neighbors. These results suggest that stressful environments are not likely to be invaded by most exotic species. However, species, such as H. marinum, that are able to invade these habitats require careful management, especially since these environments often harbor rare species and communities.}, }
@article {pmid17494386, year = {2007}, author = {Costello, C and Drake, JM and Lodge, DM}, title = {Evaluating an invasive species policy: ballast water exchange in the Great Lakes.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {655-662}, doi = {10.1890/06-0190}, pmid = {17494386}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Environment ; Great Lakes Region ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Ships ; Water ; }, abstract = {Improvements in environmental policy require an accurate diagnosis of the shortcomings of existing policy. We develop a model for assessing the efficacy of policy instruments aimed at reducing the introduction of nonindigenous species. The model identifies and accounts for several features of the nonindigenous species introduction-detection process that complicate interpretations of monitoring data. Specifically, the model includes explicit attention to the pathway of introduction, a probabilistic description of species detection, and the possibility of attenuation of species introductions over time. We apply this theoretical model to the case of mid-ocean ballast water exchange, which was implemented by the United States in 1990 for the North American Great Lakes. Contrary to other authors who take the recent increase in discoveries of nonindigeneous species (NIS) in the Great Lakes as evidence that ballast water exchange is ineffective, we find that the observed detection record could just as plausibly be explained by a lag of a few years between introduction and detection, even if ballast water exchange was 100% effective. Model results suggest that, under current monitoring regimes, several more years of data would be required to make a conclusive evaluation of ballast water exchange. Better estimation of the lag time between introduction and detection, and a shortening of that lag time with better monitoring, would allow more precise and timely evaluation of the efficacy of ballast water exchange and other policy instruments.}, }
@article {pmid17493704, year = {2007}, author = {Chambers, JQ and Asner, GP and Morton, DC and Anderson, LO and Saatchi, SS and Espírito-Santo, FD and Palace, M and Souza, C}, title = {Regional ecosystem structure and function: ecological insights from remote sensing of tropical forests.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {22}, number = {8}, pages = {414-423}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2007.05.001}, pmid = {17493704}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Ecology/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; South America ; Trees/*physiology ; *Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Ecological studies in tropical forests have long been plagued by difficulties associated with sampling the crowns of large canopy trees and large inaccessible regions, such as the Amazon basin. Recent advances in remote sensing have overcome some of these obstacles, enabling progress towards tackling difficult ecological problems. Breakthroughs have helped transform the dialog between ecology and remote sensing, generating new regional perspectives on key environmental gradients and species assemblages with ecologically relevant measures such as canopy nutrient and moisture content, crown area, leaf-level drought responses, woody tissue and surface litter abundance, phenological patterns, and land-cover transitions. Issues that we address here include forest response to altered precipitation regimes, regional disturbance and land-use patterns, invasive species and landscape carbon balance.}, }
@article {pmid17489455, year = {2007}, author = {LeBrun, EG and Tillberg, CV and Suarez, AV and Folgarait, PJ and Smith, CR and Holway, DA}, title = {An experimental study of competition between fire ants and Argentine ants in their native range.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {88}, number = {1}, pages = {63-75}, doi = {10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[63:aesocb]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {17489455}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Argentina ; Carbon Isotopes ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; Isotope Labeling ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; }, abstract = {An understanding of why introduced species achieve ecological success in novel environments often requires information about the factors that limit the abundance of these taxa in their native ranges. Although numerous recent studies have evaluated the importance of natural enemies in this context, relatively few have examined how ecological success may result from differences in the magnitude of interference competition between communities in the native and introduced ranges of nonnative species. Here we examine how native-range competitive environments may relate to invasion success for two important invasive species, the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) and the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile), in a region of native-range sympatry. At two study sites in northern Argentina, we used stable-isotope analysis, a variety of observational approaches, and two different reciprocal removal experiments to test (1) whether S. invicta competes asymmetrically with L. humile (as suggested by the 20th century pattern of replacement in the southeastern United States) and (2) the extent to which these two species achieve behavioral and numerical dominance. Stable-isotope analysis and activity surveys indicated that S. invicta and L. humile are both omnivores and forage during broadly overlapping portions of the diel cycle. Short-term removal experiments at baits revealed no competitive asymmetry between S. invicta and L. humile. Longer-term colony removal experiments illustrated that S. invicta and L. humile experience an approximately equal competitive release upon removal of the other. Our results indicate that neither S. invicta nor L. humile achieves the same degree of behavioral or ecological dominance where they co-occur in native populations as they do in areas where either is common in their introduced range. These results strongly suggest that interspecific competition is an important limiting factor for both S. invicta and L. humile in South America.}, }
@article {pmid17489263, year = {2007}, author = {Fitzpatrick, BM and Shaffer, HB}, title = {Introduction history and habitat variation explain the landscape genetics of hybrid tiger salamanders.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, pages = {598-608}, doi = {10.1890/06-0369}, pmid = {17489263}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Ecosystem ; Time Factors ; Urodela/*genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Genetic introgression from introduced species into native populations is a growing challenge for biological conservation, and one that raises unique practical and ethical issues. Here, we describe the extent of introgression between native California tiger salamanders (Ambystoma californiense) and introduced barred tiger salamanders (A. tigrinum mavortium) relative to habitat, distance from introduction sites, and watershed boundaries. We used ancestry informative markers (AIMs) to characterize the degree of introgression at 85 sites within the range of A. californiense. Eight unlinked markers showed concordant patterns, indicating that different chromosomal segments are introgressing at similar rates. The current distribution of introduced alleles is largely contained in the Salinas Valley, California. Within it, the distribution of nonnative alleles was best explained at a broad geographic scale by the history of introductions, with limited introgression beyond 12 km from multiple independent release sites. The spatial transition from highly admixed to nearly pure native populations was abrupt, suggesting either cryptic barriers to dispersal or locally rapid displacement of natives by an advancing hybrid swarm. At a more ecological level, highly modified perennial breeding ponds had higher introduced allele frequencies than more natural seasonal ponds, suggesting greater invasion success in perennial breeding ponds. Management favoring natural habitat characteristics may substantially decrease the rate of spread of introduced alleles.}, }
@article {pmid17489253, year = {2007}, author = {Chabrerie, O and Roulier, F and Hoeblich, H and Sebert-Cuvillier, E and Closset-Kopp, D and Leblanc, I and Jaminon, J and Decocq, G}, title = {Defining patch mosaic functional types to predict invasion patterns in a forest landscape.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, pages = {464-481}, doi = {10.1890/06-0614}, pmid = {17489253}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; France ; Prunus/physiology ; Time Factors ; Trees/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Alien plant invasions contribute significantly to global changes by often affecting biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Operational methods for identifying landscape attributes that promote or constrain plant invasions are urgently needed to predict their future spread and manage them efficiently. We combined landscape and functional ecology concepts to define patch mosaic functional types (PMFTs) as groups of cells showing the same response to a plant invasion in a heterogeneous forest landscape. The invasion of a European temperate forest by the American black cherry (Prunus serotina) has been chosen as a case study. A set of variables was collected, mapped using a Geographic Information System, and analyzed with multivariate analyses to correlate landscape traits with Prunus serotina abundance in each cell of a grid overlaid on the forest. A risk index was derived and mapped for three invasion levels: seedling colonization, tree establishment, and ecosystem invasion. Five PMFTs were identified and characterized by a set of traits related to soil properties, land use, disturbance, and invasion history. Scots pine plantations on podzols were the most invasible, while cells dominated by hydromorphic or calcareous soils were the most resistant. Most colonized patch mosaics provided suitable conditions for future establishment and invasion. Being strongly spatially connected, suitable patches provide corridors for Prunus serotina to colonize new parts of the forest. Conversely, the most resistant PMFTs were spatially agglomerated in the south of the forest and could act as a barrier. Colonization, establishment, and invasion risk maps were finally obtained by combining partial risks associated with each landscape trait at the cell scale. Within a heterogeneous landscape, we defined and organized PMFTs into a hierarchy, according to their associated risk for colonization, establishment, or invasion by a given invasive species. Each hierarchical level should be associated with a management strategy aiming at reducing one or more partial risk. Monitoring safe areas, extending cutting rotations, harvesting recently colonized stands tree by tree, promoting a multilayered understory vegetation, cutting down reproducing alien trees, favoring shade-tolerant, fast-growing, native tree species, removing alien trees at the leading edge, and proposing soil enrichment or irrigation in heavily invaded areas are recommended.}, }
@article {pmid17485126, year = {2007}, author = {Whittington, RJ and Chong, R}, title = {Global trade in ornamental fish from an Australian perspective: the case for revised import risk analysis and management strategies.}, journal = {Preventive veterinary medicine}, volume = {81}, number = {1-3}, pages = {92-116}, doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.04.007}, pmid = {17485126}, issn = {0167-5877}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia/epidemiology ; *Commerce ; Communicable Disease Control ; Disease Notification ; Fish Diseases/*epidemiology/*transmission ; Fishes ; International Cooperation ; *Legislation, Veterinary ; Quarantine ; *Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Risk Management ; }, abstract = {Over 1 billion ornamental fish comprising more than 4000 freshwater and 1400 marine species are traded internationally each year, with 8-10 million imported into Australia alone. Compared to other commodities, the pathogens and disease translocation risks associated with this pattern of trade have been poorly documented. The aim of this study was to conduct an appraisal of the effectiveness of risk analysis and quarantine controls as they are applied according to the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) agreement in Australia. Ornamental fish originate from about 100 countries and hazards are mostly unknown; since 2000 there have been 16-fold fewer scientific publications on ornamental fish disease compared to farmed fish disease, and 470 fewer compared to disease in terrestrial species (cattle). The import quarantine policies of a range of countries were reviewed and classified as stringent or non-stringent based on the levels of pre-border and border controls. Australia has a stringent policy which includes pre-border health certification and a mandatory quarantine period at border of 1-3 weeks in registered quarantine premises supervised by government quarantine staff. Despite these measures there have been many disease incursions as well as establishment of significant exotic viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoal and metazoan pathogens from ornamental fish in farmed native Australian fish and free-living introduced species. Recent examples include Megalocytivirus and Aeromonas salmonicida atypical strain. In 2006, there were 22 species of alien ornamental fish with established breeding populations in waterways in Australia and freshwater plants and molluscs have also been introduced, proving a direct transmission pathway for establishment of pathogens in native fish species. Australia's stringent quarantine policies for imported ornamental fish are based on import risk analysis under the SPS agreement but have not provided an acceptable level of protection (ALOP) consistent with government objectives to prevent introduction of pests and diseases, promote development of future aquaculture industries or maintain biodiversity. It is concluded that the risk analysis process described by the Office International des Epizooties under the SPS agreement cannot be used in a meaningful way for current patterns of ornamental fish trade. Transboundary disease incursions will continue and exotic pathogens will become established in new regions as a result of the ornamental fish trade, and this will be an international phenomenon. Ornamental fish represent a special case in live animal trade where OIE guidelines for risk analysis need to be revised. Alternatively, for countries such as Australia with implied very high ALOP, the number of species traded and the number of sources permitted need to be dramatically reduced to facilitate hazard identification, risk assessment and import quarantine controls.}, }
@article {pmid17479844, year = {2007}, author = {Loo, SE and Mac Nally, R and Lake, PS}, title = {Forecasting New Zealand Mudsnail invasion range: model comparisons using native and invaded ranges.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {181-189}, doi = {10.1890/1051-0761(2007)017[0181:fnzmir]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {17479844}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Australia ; New Zealand ; North America ; Snails/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Evaluations of the potential distribution of invasive species can increase the efficiency of their management by focusing prevention measures. Generally, ecological models are built using occurrence data from a species' native range to predict the distribution in areas that the species may invade. However, historical and geographical constraints can limit a species' native distribution. Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Production (GARP), an ecological niche modeling program, was used to predict the potential distribution of the invasive, freshwater New Zealand mudsnail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, in Australia and North America. We compared the strength of the predictions made by models built with data from the snail's native range in New Zealand to models built with data from the locations invaded by the species. A time-series analysis of the Australian models demonstrated that range-of-invasion data can make better predictions about the potential distribution of invasive species than models built with native range data. Large differences among the model forecasts indicate that uncritical choice of the data set used in training the GARP models can result in misleading predictions. The models predict a large expansion in the range of P. antipodarum in both Australia and North America unless prevention measures are implemented rapidly.}, }
@article {pmid17479758, year = {2007}, author = {Pangle, KL and Peacor, SD and Johannsson, OE}, title = {Large nonlethal effects of an invasive invertebrate predator on zooplankton population growth rate.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {88}, number = {2}, pages = {402-412}, doi = {10.1890/06-0768}, pmid = {17479758}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cladocera ; *Ecosystem ; Great Lakes Region ; Population Growth ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Zooplankton ; }, abstract = {We conducted a study to determine the contribution of lethal and nonlethal effects to a predator's net effect on a prey's population growth rate in a natural setting. We focused on the effects of an invasive invertebrate predator, Bythotrephes longimanus, on zooplankton prey populations in Lakes Michigan and Erie. Field data taken at multiple dates and locations in both systems indicated that the prey species Daphnia mendotae, Daphnia retrocurva, and Bosmina longirostris inhabited deeper portions of the water column as Bythotrephes biomass increased, possibly as an avoidance response to predation. This induced migration reduces predation risk but also can reduce birth rate due to exposure to cooler temperatures. We estimated the nonlethal (i.e., resulting from reduced birth rate) and lethal (i.e., consumptive) effects of Bythotrephes on D. mendotae and Bosmina longirostris. These estimates used diel field survey data of the vertical gradient of zooplankton prey density, Bythotrephes density, light intensity, and temperature with growth and predation rate models derived from laboratory studies. Results indicate that nonlethal effects played a substantial role in the net effect of Bythotrephes on several prey population growth rates in the field, with nonlethal effects on the same order of magnitude as or greater (up to 10-fold) than lethal effects. Our results further indicate that invasive species can have strong nonlethal, behaviorally based effects, despite short evolutionary coexistence with prey species.}, }
@article {pmid17465919, year = {2007}, author = {Leger, EA and Rice, KJ}, title = {Assessing the speed and predictability of local adaptation in invasive California poppies (Eschscholzia californica).}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {1090-1103}, doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01292.x}, pmid = {17465919}, issn = {1010-061X}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Biological Evolution ; California ; Chile ; Environment ; Eschscholzia/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Fertility ; Multivariate Analysis ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Insight into the speed and predictability of local adaptation can be gained by studying organisms, such as invasive species, that have recently expanded their geographical ranges. Common garden studies were designed to address these issues with the California poppy, Eschscholzia californica, collected from a wide range of environments in both its native (California) and invasive (Chile) ranges. We found similar patterns of plant trait variation along similar abiotic gradients in plants collected from both areas. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that coastal plants from both areas tended to be shorter, smaller plants with smaller seeds and flowers that germinate and flower later than plants collected from inland locations. In addition, size and fecundity traits in both native and invasive poppies were correlated with average rainfall totals; the plants that grew the largest and were the most fecund during the first year of growth originated from the driest areas. This parallel variation suggests that these traits are adaptive and that these patterns have evolved in Chile during the 110-150 years since introduction.}, }
@article {pmid17465118, year = {2004}, author = {García-Hansen, I and Cortés-Altamirano, R and Sierra-Beltrán, AP}, title = {[The red tide caused by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense in the Colombian Pacific coast (2001)].}, journal = {Revista de biologia tropical}, volume = {52 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {59-68}, pmid = {17465118}, issn = {0034-7744}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Colombia ; *Dinoflagellida/isolation &amp; purification/ultrastructure ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Eutrophication ; *Marine Toxins ; Pacific Ocean ; *Phytoplankton/isolation &amp; purification/ultrastructure ; Population Density ; Sodium Chloride/analysis ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {From April 26th to May 15th 2001, a large algae bloom was observed off Tumaco Bay on the Pacific coast of Colombia. This was the first harmful algae bloom (HAB) reported in the region, and reached Gorgona Island, about 120 km north. A year later, starting March 2002, an offshore HAB developed from Cabo Corrientes North to Solano Bay. The typical abundance during the blooms reached 7.5 x 10(6) cells l(-1) for the 2001 event and 1.6 x 10(6) cells l(-1) for the 2002 event. During both events, low temperature and high salinity were recorded. Typical measurements in the area are 27-27.5 degrees C and 30-31.5 psu. Values observed during the two events were 24-24.6 degrees C and 33-34 psu; 3 degrees C below normal and more than 2.5 psu above average values. These conditions are indicative of local upwelling processes at the time of the events. On both occasions, cells corresponding to the Alexandrium catenella/fundeyense/tamarense complex represented 99-100% of the biomass. It was difficult to differentiate the cells from A. catenella, but the presence of short chains of only 4 cells (single cells represented most of the biomass) was suggestive of A. tamarense. Shape, dimensions, and detailed structure of the apical pore complex, first apical plate, posterior sulcal plate, and position of the ventral pore on plate 1' of cells were consistent with the description of A. tamarense, which has not been reported in the tropical East Pacific. The Control Center of Pacific Contamination of the Maritime General Direction of the Colombian Navy has been monitoring the area since 1994 without finding this species or HABs. This leads us to consider the two events as caused by recently introduced species, where local upwelling processes favor permanent and cyclic HABs. However, during these two events, there were no reports of effects on marine biota or of human poisoning, probably because the blooms occurred some distance offshore and far from exploited shellfish beds.}, }
@article {pmid17460672, year = {2007}, author = {Funk, JL and Vitousek, PM}, title = {Resource-use efficiency and plant invasion in low-resource systems.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {446}, number = {7139}, pages = {1079-1081}, doi = {10.1038/nature05719}, pmid = {17460672}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; Carbon/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Food ; Hawaii ; Light ; Photosynthesis/drug effects/radiation effects ; *Plant Development ; Plant Leaves/drug effects/metabolism/radiation effects ; Plants/drug effects/*metabolism/radiation effects ; Rain ; Trees/drug effects/growth &amp; development/metabolism/radiation effects ; Water/analysis/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {No species can maximize growth, reproduction and competitive ability across all environments, so the success of invasive species is habitat-dependent. Nutrient-rich habitats often experience more invasion than resource-poor habitats, a pattern consistent with traits generally associated with successful invaders (high growth rates, early reproduction and many offspring). However, invaders do colonize resource-poor environments, and the mechanisms that allow their success in these systems are poorly understood. Traits associated with resource conservation are widespread among species adapted to resource-poor environments, and invasive species may succeed in low-resource environments by employing resource conservation traits such as high resource-use efficiency (RUE; carbon assimilation per unit of resource). We investigated RUE in invasive and native species from three habitats in Hawaii where light, water or nutrient availability was limiting to plant growth. Here we show that across multiple growth forms and broad taxonomic diversity invasive species were generally more efficient than native species at using limiting resources on short timescales and were similarly efficient when RUE measures were integrated over leaf lifespans. Our data challenge the idea that native species generally outperform invasive species under conditions of low resource availability, and suggest that managing resource levels is not always an effective strategy for invasive species control.}, }
@article {pmid17457652, year = {2007}, author = {Cook, A and Marion, G and Butler, A and Gibson, G}, title = {Bayesian inference for the spatio-temporal invasion of alien species.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {69}, number = {6}, pages = {2005-2025}, doi = {10.1007/s11538-007-9202-4}, pmid = {17457652}, issn = {0092-8240}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Heracleum ; Markov Chains ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Monte Carlo Method ; Stochastic Processes ; Time Factors ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {In this paper we develop a Bayesian approach to parameter estimation in a stochastic spatio-temporal model of the spread of invasive species across a landscape. To date, statistical techniques, such as logistic and autologistic regression, have outstripped stochastic spatio-temporal models in their ability to handle large numbers of covariates. Here we seek to address this problem by making use of a range of covariates describing the bio-geographical features of the landscape. Relative to regression techniques, stochastic spatio-temporal models are more transparent in their representation of biological processes. They also explicitly model temporal change, and therefore do not require the assumption that the species' distribution (or other spatial pattern) has already reached equilibrium as is often the case with standard statistical approaches. In order to illustrate the use of such techniques we apply them to the analysis of data detailing the spread of an invasive plant, Heracleum mantegazzianum, across Britain in the 20th Century using geo-referenced covariate information describing local temperature, elevation and habitat type. The use of Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling within a Bayesian framework facilitates statistical assessments of differences in the suitability of different habitat classes for H. mantegazzianum, and enables predictions of future spread to account for parametric uncertainty and system variability. Our results show that ignoring such covariate information may lead to biased estimates of key processes and implausible predictions of future distributions.}, }
@article {pmid17450303, year = {2007}, author = {Allen, EB and Temple, PJ and Bytnerowicz, A and Arbaugh, MJ and Sirulnik, AG and Rao, LE}, title = {Patterns of understory diversity in mixed coniferous forests of southern California impacted by air pollution.}, journal = {TheScientificWorldJournal}, volume = {7 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {247-263}, doi = {10.1100/tsw.2007.72}, pmid = {17450303}, issn = {1537-744X}, mesh = {Air Pollutants/*analysis ; *Air Pollution ; *Biodiversity ; California ; Carbon/analysis ; Geography ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Nitrogen/*analysis ; Ozone/*analysis ; Soil ; *Tracheophyta ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {The forests of the San Bernardino Mountains have been subject to ozone and nitrogen (N) deposition for some 60 years. Much work has been done to assess the impacts of these pollutants on trees, but little is known about how the diverse understory flora has fared. Understory vegetation has declined in diversity in response to elevated N in the eastern U.S. and Europe. Six sites along an ozone and N deposition gradient that had been part of a long-term study on response of plants to air pollution beginning in 1973 were resampled in 2003. Historic ozone data and leaf injury scores confirmed the gradient. Present-day ozone levels were almost half of these, and recent atmospheric N pollution concentrations confirmed the continued air pollution gradient. Both total and extractable soil N were higher in sites on the western end of the gradient closer to the urban source of pollution, pH was lower, and soil carbon (C) and litter were higher. The gradient also had decreasing precipitation and increasing elevation from west to east. However, the dominant tree species were the same across the gradient. Tree basal area increased during the 30-year interval in five of the sites. The two westernmost sites had 30-45% cover divided equally between native and exotic understory herbaceous species, while the other sites had only 3-13% cover dominated by native species. The high production is likely related to higher precipitation at the western sites as well as elevated N. The species richness was in the range of 24 to 30 in four of the sites, but one site of intermediate N deposition had 42 species, while the easternmost, least polluted site had 57 species. These were primarily native species, as no site had more than one to three exotic species. In three of six sites, 20-40% of species were lost between 1973 and 2003, including the two westernmost sites. Two sites with intermediate pollution had little change in total species number over 30 years, and the easternmost site had more species in 2003. The easternmost site is also the driest and has the most sunlight filtering to the forest floor, possibly accounting for the higher species richness. The confounding effects of the precipitation gradient and possibly local disturbances do not show a simple correlation of air pollution with patterns of native and invasive species cover and richness. Nevertheless, the decline of native species and dominance by exotic species in the two westernmost polluted sites is cause for concern that air pollution is affecting the understory vegetation adversely.}, }
@article {pmid17447556, year = {2007}, author = {Raikow, DF and Reid, DF and Blatchley, ER and Jacobs, G and Landrum, PF}, title = {Effects of proposed physical ballast tank treatments on aquatic invertebrate resting eggs.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {717-725}, doi = {10.1897/06-403r.1}, pmid = {17447556}, issn = {0730-7268}, mesh = {Animals ; *Artemia ; *Daphnia ; Hot Temperature ; Ovum/*drug effects/*radiation effects ; Oxygen/analysis ; *Ships ; Time Factors ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Water/administration &amp; dosage/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Adaptations in aquatic invertebrate resting eggs that confer protection from natural catastrophic events also could confer protection from treatments applied to ballast water for biological invasion vector management. To evaluate the potential efficacy of physical ballast water treatment methods, the present study examined the acute toxicity of heat (flash and holding methods), ultraviolet (UV) radiation (254 nm), and deoxygenation (acute and chronic) on resting eggs of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia mendotae and the marine brine shrimp Artemia sp. Both D. mendotae and Artemia sp. were similarly sensitive to flash exposures of heat (100% mortality at 70 degrees C), but D. mendotae were much more sensitive to prolonged exposures. Exposure to 4,000 mJ/cm2 of UV radiation resulted in mortality rates of 59% in Artemia sp. and 91% in D. mendotae. Deoxygenation to an oxygen concentration of 1 mg/L was maximally toxic to both species. Deoxygenation suppressed hatching of D. mendotae resting eggs at oxygen concentrations of less than 5.5 mg/L and of Artemia sp. resting eggs at concentrations of less than 1 mg/L. Results suggest that UV radiation and deoxygenation are not viable treatment methods with respect to invertebrate resting eggs because of the impracticality of producing sufficient UV doses and the suppression of hatching at low oxygen concentrations. Results also suggest that the treatment temperatures required to kill resting eggs are much higher than those reported to be effective against other invertebrate life stages and species. The results, however, do not preclude the effectiveness of these treatments against other organisms or life stages. Nevertheless, if ballast tank treatment systems employing the tested methods are intended to include mitigation of viable resting eggs, then physical removal of large resting eggs and ephippia via filtration would be a necessary initial step.}, }
@article {pmid17447123, year = {2007}, author = {Zhao, LL and Wei, W and Kang, L and Sun, JH}, title = {Chemotaxis of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, to volatiles associated with host pine, Pinus massoniana, and its vector Monochamus alternatus.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {33}, number = {6}, pages = {1207-1216}, pmid = {17447123}, issn = {0098-0331}, mesh = {Animals ; Chemotactic Factors/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Chemotaxis/*drug effects ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Insect Vectors/physiology ; Larva/physiology ; Pinus/*physiology ; Terpenes/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Tylenchida/*drug effects/physiology ; Xylem/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the most important invasive species in pine forests of Asia, is transported to new pine hosts by beetles of the genus Monochamus. Third-stage dispersal juveniles (J(III)) aggregate in pupal chambers around the vector as it matures. We demonstrated that the ratio of three terpenes (alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and longifolene at 1:2.7:1.1) released by larval Monochamus alternatus strongly attract J(III), whereas the different ratio (1:0.1:0.01) of these three terpenes found in healthy xylem of Pinus massoniana attracts only the propagative stage (J(n)) of the nematode. We suggest that the volatiles produced by the host plants could be the basis of a chemoecological relationship between plant parasitic nematodes and their vector insects. Capture of J(III) with terpene-baited trap tubes deployed for 2 hr in the field was demonstrated. This technique may lead to the development of rapid sampling methodologies for use at either ports-of-entry or in the field.}, }
@article {pmid17443968, year = {2007}, author = {Tain, L and Perrot-Minnot, MJ and Cézilly, F}, title = {Differential influence of Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala) on brain serotonergic activity in two congeneric host species.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {68-71}, pmid = {17443968}, issn = {1744-9561}, mesh = {Acanthocephala/*physiology ; Amphipoda/metabolism/*parasitology ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Brain/*metabolism ; Host-Parasite Interactions/physiology ; Light ; Serotonin/*metabolism ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The physiological mechanisms by which parasites with complex life cycles manipulate the behaviour of their intermediate hosts are still poorly understood. In Burgundy, eastern France, the acanthocephalan parasite Pomphorhynchus laevis inverses reaction to light in its amphipod host Gammarus pulex, but not in Gammarus roeseli, a recent invasive species. Here, we show that this difference in manipulation actually reflects a difference in the ability of the parasite to alter brain serotonergic (5-HT) activity of the two host species. Injection of 5-HT in uninfected individuals of both host species was sufficient to inverse reaction to light. However, a difference in brain 5-HT immunocytochemical staining levels between infected and uninfected individuals was observed only in G. pulex. Local adaptation of the parasite to the local host species might explain its inability to manipulate the behaviour and nervous system of the invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid17443957, year = {2007}, author = {Fullard, JH and Ratcliffe, JM and ter Hofstede, H}, title = {Neural evolution in the bat-free habitat of Tahiti: partial regression in an anti-predator auditory system.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {26-28}, pmid = {17443957}, issn = {1744-9561}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Chiroptera ; Ecosystem ; Hearing/*physiology ; Moths/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior ; Sensory Receptor Cells/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Noctuid moths endemic to the mountains of Tahiti have evolved in an environment without bats and these insects have lost a defensive behaviour against these predators, the acoustic startle response (ASR). The ASR in noctuid moths is presumed to be activated by a single auditory receptor neuron (A2 cell) and we report that while this cell still exists in endemic species and possesses similar sensitivity thresholds compared to the A2 cell of recently introduced species, it exhibits reduced firing activity to ASR-evoking sounds. This partial neural regression suggests that the evolutionary disappearance of the ASR in these insects is incomplete and that sensoribehavioural integration decays gradually following the removal of stabilizing selective forces.}, }
@article {pmid17437562, year = {2007}, author = {Réale, D and Reader, SM and Sol, D and McDougall, PT and Dingemanse, NJ}, title = {Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {82}, number = {2}, pages = {291-318}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00010.x}, pmid = {17437562}, issn = {1464-7931}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecology ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Male ; Species Specificity ; Temperament/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Temperament describes the idea that individual behavioural differences are repeatable over time and across situations. This common phenomenon covers numerous traits, such as aggressiveness, avoidance of novelty, willingness to take risks, exploration, and sociality. The study of temperament is central to animal psychology, behavioural genetics, pharmacology, and animal husbandry, but relatively few studies have examined the ecology and evolution of temperament traits. This situation is surprising, given that temperament is likely to exert an important influence on many aspects of animal ecology and evolution, and that individual variation in temperament appears to be pervasive amongst animal species. Possible explanations for this neglect of temperament include a perceived irrelevance, an insufficient understanding of the link between temperament traits and fitness, and a lack of coherence in terminology with similar traits often given different names, or different traits given the same name. We propose that temperament can and should be studied within an evolutionary ecology framework and provide a terminology that could be used as a working tool for ecological studies of temperament. Our terminology includes five major temperament trait categories: shyness-boldness, exploration-avoidance, activity, sociability and aggressiveness. This terminology does not make inferences regarding underlying dispositions or psychological processes, which may have restrained ecologists and evolutionary biologists from working on these traits. We present extensive literature reviews that demonstrate that temperament traits are heritable, and linked to fitness and to several other traits of importance to ecology and evolution. Furthermore, we describe ecologically relevant measurement methods and point to several ecological and evolutionary topics that would benefit from considering temperament, such as phenotypic plasticity, conservation biology, population sampling, and invasion biology.}, }
@article {pmid17432383, year = {2007}, author = {Wright, DA and Dawson, R and Cutler, SJ and Cutler, HG and Orano-Dawson, CE}, title = {Screening of natural product biocides for control of non-indigenous species.}, journal = {Environmental technology}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {309-319}, doi = {10.1080/09593332808618790}, pmid = {17432383}, issn = {0959-3330}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Products/*toxicity ; *Cyprinidae ; Disinfectants/*toxicity ; Invertebrates/*drug effects ; Larva/drug effects ; Molecular Structure ; Naphthoquinones ; Pest Control/*methods ; Phaeophyceae/*drug effects ; Quinones/*toxicity ; *Ships ; Toxicity Tests ; Vitamin K 3 ; }, abstract = {Several benzo-, naphtho- and anthraquinones were tested for their efficacy as biocides in controlling aquatic nuisance species in ships' ballast water. A requirement of this application was broad spectrum aquatic toxicity, coupled with a relatively rapid rate of degradation, in order to comply with coastal discharge requirements. Compounds were screened using a suite of toxicity bioassays designed to establish their relative toxicity to an array of planktonic organisms including larval bivalves Dreissena and Crassostrea, various developmental stages of the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis, brine shrimp larvae (Artemia salina), the freshwater invasive water flea Bythotrephes, larval sheepshead minnows CCyprinodon variegates) and two unicellular algal genera Isochrysis and Neochloris.. The majority of the data were recorded as the lowest concentration of the test compound resulting in complete mortality or inactivation of test organisms (LC ,m). The naphthoquinones juglone, plumbagin, menadione and naphthazarin showed the highest toxicity to the broadest range of organisms, often at levels much less than 1 mg l(-1), and most of the attention was focused on this group. While plumbagin and juglone appeared overall to be the most toxic compounds, it was concluded that menadione was probably the most cost-effective candidate compound for shipboard use for controlling invasive species in ballast water, particularly in view of the large volumes of water that would require treatment.}, }
@article {pmid17406681, year = {2007}, author = {Costedoat, C and Pech, N and Chappaz, R and Gilles, A}, title = {Novelties in hybrid zones: crossroads between population genomic and ecological approaches.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {e357}, pmid = {17406681}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cyprinidae/genetics ; *Ecology ; *Genetics, Population ; *Genomics ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Interspecific hybridization is widespread, occurring in a taxonomically diverse array of species. The Cyprinidae family, which displays more than 30% hybridization, is a good candidate for studies of processes underlying isolation and speciation, such as genetic exchange between previously isolated lineages. This is particularly relevant in the case of recent hybridization between an invasive species, Chondrostoma nasus nasus (from Eastern Europe), and C. toxostoma toxostoma (a threatened species endemic to southern France), in which bidirectional introgressive hybridization has been demonstrated.<br><br>We studied 128 specimens from reference populations and 1495 hybrid zone specimens (two years of sampling and four stations), using five molecular markers (one mitochondrial gene, four nuclear introns), morphology (meristic and plastic characters) and life history traits (weight, size, coefficient of condition, sex, age, shoaling). We identified 65 hybrid combinations and visualized spatial and temporal changes in composition. The direction of mitochondrial introgression was density-dependent in favor of the rarer species and we demonstrate that the sexual selection hypothesis is a preponderant explanation in the asymmetry of introgression. Despite genomic evolution in the hybrid zone, convergence was observed for body shape and coefficient of condition, indicating changes in foraging behavior with respect to reference populations, reflecting strong environmental pressure.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The complex rules of hybrid zone dynamics are established very early in the contact zone. We propose "inheritance from the rare species" as a new evolutionary hypothesis for animal models. The endemic species was not assimilated by the invasive species. Survival rates for this species were highest in the middle of the river (the warmest part) due to a trade-off between food availability and fecundity. The environment-independent hybrid combination may result from nuclear-mitochondrial interactions involving the Tpi1b gene or a gene linked to this gene (Chromosome 16). This genomic region is also responsible for shoaling behavior in Danio rerio and is a promising zone for studies of changes in population dynamics and advances in integrated studies of hybrid zones.}, }
@article {pmid17400266, year = {2007}, author = {Krkosek, M and Lauzon-Guay, JS and Lewis, MA}, title = {Relating dispersal and range expansion of California sea otters.}, journal = {Theoretical population biology}, volume = {71}, number = {4}, pages = {401-407}, doi = {10.1016/j.tpb.2007.01.008}, pmid = {17400266}, issn = {0040-5809}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; California ; *Demography ; Models, Statistical ; *Otters ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Linking dispersal and range expansion of invasive species has long challenged theoretical and quantitative ecologists. Subtle differences in dispersal can yield large differences in geographic spread, with speeds ranging from constant to rapidly increasing. We developed a stage-structured integrodifference equation (IDE) model of the California sea otter range expansion that occurred between 1914 and 1986. The non-spatial model, a linear matrix population model, was coupled to a suite of candidate dispersal kernels to form stage-structured IDEs. Demographic and dispersal parameters were estimated independent of range expansion data. Using a single dispersal parameter, alpha, we examined how well these stage-structured IDEs related small scale demographic and dispersal processes with geographic population expansion. The parameter alpha was estimated by fitting the kernels to dispersal data and by fitting the IDE model to range expansion data. For all kernels, the alpha estimate from range expansion data fell within the 95% confidence intervals of the alpha estimate from dispersal data. The IDE models with exponentially bounded kernels predicted invasion velocities that were captured within the 95% confidence bounds on the observed northbound invasion velocity. However, the exponentially bounded kernels yielded range expansions that were in poor qualitative agreement with range expansion data. An IDE model with fat (exponentially unbounded) tails and accelerating spatial spread yielded the best qualitative match. This model explained 94% and 97% of the variation in northbound and southbound range expansions when fit to range expansion data. These otters may have been fat-tailed accelerating invaders or they may have followed a piece-wise linear spread first over kelp forests and then over sandy habitats. Further, habitat-specific dispersal data could resolve these explanations.}, }
@article {pmid17391269, year = {2007}, author = {Drescher, J and Blüthgen, N and Feldhaar, H}, title = {Population structure and intraspecific aggression in the invasive ant species Anoplolepis gracilipes in Malaysian Borneo.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {1453-1465}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03260.x}, pmid = {17391269}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Aggression/*physiology ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Ants/*genetics/*physiology ; DNA Primers ; Gene Frequency ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Geography ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Malaysia ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are one of the main sources of the ongoing global loss of biodiversity. Invasive ants are known as particularly damaging invaders and their introductions are often accompanied by population-level behavioural and genetic changes that may contribute to their success. Anoplolepis gracilipes is an invasive ant that has just recently received increased attention due to its negative impact on native ecosystems. We examined the behaviour and population structure of A. gracilipes in Sabah, Malaysia. A total of 475 individuals from 24 colonies were genotyped with eight microsatellite markers. Intracolonial relatedness was high, ranging from 0.37 to 1 (mean +/- SD: 0.82 +/- 0.04), while intercolonial relatedness was low (0.0 +/- 0.02, range -0.5-0.76). We compared five distinct sampling regions in Sabah and Brunei. A three-level hierarchical F-analysis revealed high genetic differentiation among colonies within the same region, but low genetic differentiation within colonies or across regions. Overall levels of heterozygosity were unusually high (mean H(O) = 0.95, mean H(E) = 0.71) with two loci being entirely heterozygous, indicating an unusual reproductive system in this species. Bioassays revealed a negative correlation between relatedness and aggression, suggesting kinship as one factor facilitating supercolony formation in this species. Furthermore, we genotyped one individual per nest from Sabah (22 nests), Sarawak (one nest), Brunei (three nests) and the Philippines (two nests) using two mitochondrial DNA markers. We found six haplotypes, two of which included 82.1% of all sequences. Our study shows that the sampled area in Sabah consists of a mosaic of differently interrelated nests in different stages of colony establishment. While some of the sampled colonies may belong to large supercolonies, others are more likely to represent recently introduced or dispersed propagules that are just beginning to expand.}, }
@article {pmid17391264, year = {2007}, author = {Gonthier, P and Nicolotti, G and Linzer, R and Guglielmo, F and Garbelotto, M}, title = {Invasion of European pine stands by a North American forest pathogen and its hybridization with a native interfertile taxon.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {1389-1400}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03250.x}, pmid = {17391264}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Agaricales/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA Primers ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Demography ; Geography ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Italy ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {It was recently reported that North American (NA) individuals of the forest pathogen Heterobasidion annosum were found in a single pine stand near Rome, in association with the movement of US troops during World War II. Here, we report on some aspects of the invasion biology of this pathogen in Italian coastal pinewoods, and on its interaction with native (EU) Heterobasidion populations. Spores of Heterobasidion were sampled using woody traps in pine stands along 280 km of coast around Rome. DNA of single-spore colonies was characterized by two sets of nuclear and one set of mitochondrial taxon-specific polymerase chain reaction primers. NA spores were found not only in a single site, but in many locations over a wide geographic area. Invasion occurred at an estimated rate of 1.3 km/year through invasion corridors provided by single trees, and not necessarily by sizable patches of forests. Within the 100-km long range of expansion, the NA taxon was dominant in all pure pine stands. Because abundance of the EU taxon is low and identical among stands within and outside the area invaded by NA individuals, we infer that the exotic population has invaded habitats mostly unoccupied by the native species. Discrepancy between a mitochondrial and a nuclear marker occurred in 3.8% of spores from one site, a mixed oak-pine forest where both taxa were equally represented. Combined phylogenetic analyses on nuclear and mitochondrial loci confirmed these isolates were recombinant. The finding of hybrids indicates that genetic interaction between NA and EU Heterobasidion taxa is occurring as a result of their current sympatry.}, }
@article {pmid17391191, year = {2007}, author = {Foxcroft, LC and Rouget, M and Richardson, DM}, title = {Risk assessment of riparian plant invasions into protected areas.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {412-421}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00673.x}, pmid = {17391191}, issn = {0888-8892}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Plant Development ; Population Dynamics ; Risk Assessment ; South Africa ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Protected areas are becoming increasingly isolated. River corridors represent crucial links to the surrounding landscape but are also major conduits for invasion of alien species. We developed a framework to assess the risk that alien plants in watersheds adjacent to a protected area will invade the protected area along rivers. The framework combines species- and landscape-level approaches and has five key components: (1) definition of the geographical area of interest, (2) delineation of the domain into ecologically meaningful zones, (3) identification of the appropriate landscape units, (4) categorization of alien species and mapping of their distribution and abundance, and (5) definition of management options. The framework guides the determination of species distribution and abundance through successive, easily followed steps, providing the means for the assessment of areas of concern. We applied the framework to Kruger National Park (KNP) in South Africa. We recorded 231 invasive alien plant species (of which 79 were major invaders) in the domain. The KNP is facing increasing pressure from alien species in the upper regions of the drainage areas of neighboring watersheds. On the basis of the climatic modeling, we showed that most major riparian invaders have the ability to spread across the KNP should they be transported down the rivers. With this information, KNP managers can identify areas for proactive intervention, monitoring, and resource allocation. Even for a very large protected area such as the KNP, sustainable management of biodiversity will depend heavily on the response of land managers upstream managing alien plants. We suggest that this framework is applicable to plants and other passively dispersed species that invade protected areas situated at the end of a drainage basin.}, }
@article {pmid17390823, year = {2006}, author = {Hoffmann, ZP and Buzsáki, K and Béres, I}, title = {Spreading and germination of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) in Hungary.}, journal = {Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences}, volume = {71}, number = {3 Pt A}, pages = {797-801}, pmid = {17390823}, issn = {1379-1176}, mesh = {*Biomass ; Cyperus/*adverse effects/*growth &amp; development ; *Germination ; Hungary ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Seeds/*growth &amp; development ; Zea mays/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) is a cosmopolitan, tropical, subtropical plant. On the basis of Ujvarosi life-form it is a G2 perennial plant, overwintering with tubers in the soil. It occurs in all continents: along Eastern and Western coastlines of Africa and even in South-Africa, North and South America, Japan, India, Near-Eastern countries, Western, Southern and Eastern Europe. It has been spread since the 70's in Europe, but its remarkable occurrence was between 1980 and 1995 years. Nowadays it occurs in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Austria, Croatia, Switzerland, Italy and Hungary among the European countries. The first occurrence of C. esculentus was observed in Hungary in 1993, at the surroundings of Keszthely and H&amp;viz towns in a maize-ecosystem (Dancza 1994). It can be presumed, that its import happened with Gladiolus tubers and seed-grain of maize. At present C. esculentus occurs in four regions and surroundings of 20 habitations of Hungary. Somogy county is the most infected area, where it occurs on 10,000 hectares. C. esculentus took the 16th place in the important order of weeds of the world in the 70's. On the basis of EPPO IAS Panel at present this weed specics is considered as one of the most harmful invasive species of the world, due to its severe economic injury. Most harmful effect of C. esculentus is expressed in spring-sown hoed cultures, mainly in maize. Beside this it also occurs in sunflower, potato and sugarbeet cultures. C. esculentus has a good competitive ability by reducing crop quality and quantity. Vegetative reproduction is dominant in spreading but its propagation by seeds is also presumed in Hungary. Cool, rainy weather favours for the vegetative reproduction, while warm, dry one for the flowering. It has a 1-1.5 mm long fruit with one seed. One clustering can contain 600 seeds. According to Lapham (1985) there are areas in Zimbabwe where one can find 100 million C. esculentus seeds in a hectare. At a 1-2% germination rate it means 1-2 millions seedlings for a hectare, therefore its generative reproduction may be also considerable. The aim of our study was to examine germination characteristics and the possibility of generative spreading of C. esculentus. Germination tests were carried out in petri dishes under laboratory conditions with different thousand grain weight seeds. Average thousand grain weight and germination percentage was 0.154 and 60%, respectively. Experiments were repeated with lower thousand grain weight seeds (0.069) on sandy soil, where lower germination rate (2%) was obtained. On the basis of these results generative propagation and spreading of C. esculentus can be easily presumed.}, }
@article {pmid17389221, year = {2007}, author = {Urban, MC and Phillips, BL and Skelly, DK and Shine, R}, title = {The cane toad's (Chaunus [Bufo] marinus) increasing ability to invade Australia is revealed by a dynamically updated range model.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {274}, number = {1616}, pages = {1413-1419}, pmid = {17389221}, issn = {0962-8452}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Bufo marinus ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; *Models, Statistical ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Invasive species threaten biological diversity throughout the world. Understanding the dynamics of their spread is critical to mitigating this threat. In Australia, efforts are underway to control the invasive cane toad (Chaunus [Bufo] marinus). Range models based on their native bioclimatic envelope suggest that the cane toad is nearing the end of its invasion phase. However, such models assume a conserved niche between native and invaded regions and the absence of evolution to novel habitats. Here, we develop a dynamically updated statistical model to predict the growing extent of cane toad range based on their current distribution in Australia. Results demonstrate that Australian cane toads may already have the ability to spread across an area that almost doubles their current range and that triples projections based on their native distribution. Most of the expansion in suitable habitat area has occurred in the last decade and in regions characterized by high temperatures. Increasing use of extreme habitats may indicate that novel ecological conditions have facilitated a broader realized niche or that toad populations at the invasion front have evolved greater tolerance to extreme abiotic conditions. Rapid evolution to novel habitats combined with ecological release from native enemies may explain why some species become highly successful global invaders. Predicting species ranges following invasion or climate change may often require dynamically updated range models that incorporate a broader realization of niches in the absence of natural enemies and evolution in response to novel habitats.}, }
@article {pmid17375272, year = {2007}, author = {Smith, KL and Jones, ML}, title = {When are historical data sufficient for making watershed-level stream fish management and conservation decisions?.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {135}, number = {1-3}, pages = {291-311}, pmid = {17375272}, issn = {0167-6369}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Data Collection ; *Decision Making ; Environment Design ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes/classification/*physiology ; *Fresh Water ; Great Lakes Region ; Population Surveillance ; Risk Assessment ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; United States ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Addressing landscape-level threats to stream fishes such as habitat and hydrological alterations requires adequate watershed-level species inventories. Where watershed-level ichthyofaunal surveys are prohibitively expensive, existing (historical) data sources may provide an option for compiling species lists. However, it is critical that managers consider potential biases or limitations of species lists compiled from existing data. Here we assess the suitability of species lists compiled from existing data sources for making watershed-level fish management and conservation decisions. For nine Great Lakes watersheds, we developed existing species lists by compiling all available federal and state agency and museum fish survey data. We then compared the size and species composition of existing species lists to current species lists compiled from intensive field surveys, conducted in 2002, of the same watersheds. Species lists compiled from commonly available existing data sources, such as state and federal agency and museum data, missed many species detected during our 2002 field surveys. In most watersheds, more than 10 species were missed (range 5-21) on existing lists. Sampling over multiple years and seasons increased the size of both current (field) and existing species lists. Existing species lists compiled from surveys conducted over multiple years and seasons included an average of 15 species not captured during the 2002 field surveys. However, such multiyear existing datasets are rare and not available for many watersheds. In addition, species lists compiled from older existing surveys (e.g., before 1984) did not accurately represent current species composition of the watersheds and our results indicate several apparent misidentifications or errors on these lists. Lastly, while most game species were detected on existing lists, migratory species and recently introduced species were commonly missed on these lists. We conclude with recommendations for using existing data for watershed-level stream fish management and conservation decisions.}, }
@article {pmid17371764, year = {2007}, author = {McGraw, EA and O'Neill, SL}, title = {Wolbachia: invasion biology in South pacific butterflies.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {R220-1}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.038}, pmid = {17371764}, issn = {0960-9822}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Butterflies/genetics/*microbiology/physiology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/microbiology ; Female ; Geography ; Male ; Pacific Ocean ; Sex Ratio ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia ensdosymbionts are well known for their ability to manipulate the population biology and development of their hosts. One of the less studied outcomes of Wolbachia infection with this symbiont is the selective killing of male embryos. Recent work on butterflies living on different South Pacific islands is beginning to help us understand the complexity of the co-evolutionary interactions between these partners.}, }
@article {pmid17368475, year = {2007}, author = {Terblanche, JS and Marais, E and Chown, SL}, title = {Stage-related variation in rapid cold hardening as a test of the environmental predictability hypothesis.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {53}, number = {5}, pages = {455-462}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.01.006}, pmid = {17368475}, issn = {0022-1910}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Age Factors ; Animals ; *Cold Temperature ; Diptera/*physiology ; Hot Temperature ; Larva ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The environmental predictability (EP) hypothesis proposes that rapid cold hardening (RCH) might be common in temperate species incapable of surviving freezing events and which also dwell in unpredictable environments. The kelp fly Paractora dreuxi serves as a useful model organism to test this prediction at an intra-specific level because larvae and adults show different responses to low temperature despite occupying a similar unpredictable thermal environment. Here, using acclimation temperatures, which simulated seasonal temperature variation, we find little evidence for RCH in the freeze-intolerant adults but a limited RCH response in freeze-tolerant larvae. In the relatively short-lived adults, survival of -11 degrees C generally did not improve after 2h pre-treatments at -4, -2, 0, 10, 20 or 25 degrees C either in summer- (10 degrees C) or winter (0 degrees C)-acclimated individuals. By contrast, survival of summer-acclimated larvae to -7.6 degrees C was significantly improved by approximately 37% and 30% with -2 and 0 degrees C pre-treatments, respectively. The finding that summer-acclimated larvae showed RCH whereas this was not the case in the winter-acclimated larvae partially supports the predictions of the EP hypothesis. However, the EP hypothesis also predicts that the adults should have demonstrated an RCH response, yet they did not do so. Rather, it seems likely that they avoid stressful environments by behavioural thermoregulation. Differences in responses among the adults and larvae are therefore to some extent predictable from differences in their feeding requirements and behaviour. These results show that further studies of RCH should take into account the way in which differences among life stages influence the interaction between phenotypic plasticity and environmental variability and predictability.}, }
@article {pmid17367788, year = {2007}, author = {Corkum, LD and Belanger, RM}, title = {Use of chemical communication in the management of freshwater aquatic species that are vectors of human diseases or are invasive.}, journal = {General and comparative endocrinology}, volume = {153}, number = {1-3}, pages = {401-417}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.01.037}, pmid = {17367788}, issn = {0016-6480}, mesh = {*Animal Communication ; Animals ; Astacoidea/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects/physiology ; Chemoreceptor Cells/physiology ; Chemotaxis/drug effects/*physiology ; Diptera/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Disease Vectors ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Fresh Water ; Humans ; Life Cycle Stages/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Olfactory Pathways/anatomy &amp; histology ; Reproduction/*drug effects/physiology ; Stimulation, Chemical ; }, abstract = {Chemical communication occurs when both originator (signaller) and one or more receiver(s) possess specializations for chemical exchange of information. Chemical information can be used by a wide variety of species to locate food and mates, avoid predators and engage in social interactions. In this review, we focus on chemical signalling between mates or cues from nest sites or hosts by selected aquatic pest species and indicate how chemical information can be used to manage pests. The pests are vectors of disease (blood-sucking insects) or invasive species (crayfishes and fishes) that have exhibited detrimental effects on indigenous species. Pheromones released by females attract and stimulate males in some taxa (insects, crayfish, goldfish, and crucian carp), whereas pheromones released by males attract females in others (round goby, sea lamprey). Other chemicals (e.g., habitat odours or odours given off by developmental stages of conspecifics) can affect oviposition decisions of pest species. In areas of aquatic environments where other cues may be limited (e.g., visual), freshwater organisms may rely solely on chemical signals or in concert with environmental cues for reproduction. Once the chemical structure of odour attractants are identified and shown to lure conspecifics to traps, odorants or their blends can be used to control the aquatic pests. There is promise for the application of pheromone traps to control the malarian vector (Anopheles gambiae) or invasive species such as signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus), sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) by disrupting the reproductive behaviours of these species.}, }
@article {pmid17363106, year = {2007}, author = {Thomas, MB and Reid, AM}, title = {Are exotic natural enemies an effective way of controlling invasive plants?.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, pages = {447-453}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2007.03.003}, pmid = {17363106}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Australasia ; Environment ; *Introduced Species ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Plants ; United States ; Weed Control/*methods ; }, abstract = {Classical biological control (the introduction of exotic natural enemies) is often advocated as a tool for managing invasive species. Here, we review the effectiveness of biocontrol and explore the factors that determine whether it is an appropriate response to the invasive species problem. Although there have been some successes, biocontrol is generally poorly evaluated and, in many cases, its impact is unknown. In particular, there is limited understanding of the nature of the invasive species problem and no clear targets against which 'success' can be gauged. In addition, exotic natural enemies could act as invasive species in their own right. To improve the role of biocontrol in invasive species management, we need a better ecological understanding of the impacts of both the biocontrol agents and the target invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid17360447, year = {2007}, author = {Lavergne, S and Molofsky, J}, title = {Increased genetic variation and evolutionary potential drive the success of an invasive grass.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {104}, number = {10}, pages = {3883-3888}, pmid = {17360447}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {Climate ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Plant ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Geography ; North America ; Phalaris/*genetics ; Phenotype ; Recombination, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Despite the increasing biological and economic impacts of invasive species, little is known about the evolutionary mechanisms that favor geographic range expansion and evolution of invasiveness in introduced species. Here, we focus on the invasive wetland grass Phalaris arundinacea L. and document the evolutionary consequences that resulted from multiple and uncontrolled introductions into North America of genetic material native to different European regions. Continental-scale genetic variation occurring in reed canarygrass' European range has been reshuffled and recombined within North American introduced populations, giving rise to a number of novel genotypes. This process alleviated genetic bottlenecks throughout reed canarygrass' introduced range, including in peripheral populations, where depletion of genetic diversity is expected and is observed in the native range. Moreover, reed canarygrass had higher genetic diversity and heritable phenotypic variation in its invasive range relative to its native range. The resulting high evolutionary potential of invasive populations allowed for rapid selection of genotypes with higher vegetative colonization ability and phenotypic plasticity. Our results show that repeated introductions of a single species may inadvertently create harmful invaders with high adaptive potential. Such invasive species may be able to evolve in response to changing climate, allowing them to have increasing impact on native communities and ecosystems in the future. More generally, multiple immigration events may thus trigger future adaptation and geographic spread of a species population by preventing genetic bottlenecks and generating genetic novelties through recombination.}, }
@article {pmid17346848, year = {2007}, author = {Vellend, M and Harmon, LJ and Lockwood, JL and Mayfield, MM and Hughes, AR and Wares, JP and Sax, DF}, title = {Effects of exotic species on evolutionary diversification.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, pages = {481-488}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2007.02.017}, pmid = {17346848}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Fossils ; Genetic Variation ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Exotic species invasions create almost ideal conditions for promoting evolutionary diversification: establishment of allopatric populations in new environmental conditions; altered ecological opportunities for native species; and new opportunities for hybridization between previously allopatric taxa. Here, we review recent studies of the evolutionary consequences of species invasions, revealing abundant and widespread examples of exotic species promoting evolutionary diversification via increased genetic differentiation among populations of both exotic and native species and the creation of new hybrid lineages. Our review indicates that, although the well-documented reductions to biodiversity caused by exotic species might outweigh the increases resulting from diversification, a complete understanding of the net effects of exotic species on biodiversity in the long term will require consideration of both.}, }
@article {pmid17335857, year = {2007}, author = {Olenin, S and Minchin, D and Daunys, D}, title = {Assessment of biopollution in aquatic ecosystems.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {55}, number = {7-9}, pages = {379-394}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.01.010}, pmid = {17335857}, issn = {0025-326X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Fresh Water ; Population Dynamics ; Water Pollutants/*analysis ; }, abstract = {The introduction of alien species (AS) in marine environments is a factor of disturbance that can be viewed as a pollution agent. Using basic information on abundance and distribution of alien species, we developed an index that classifies AS impacts on native species, communities, habitats and ecosystem functioning. This method can be used to evaluate impact at five different levels of biopollution, fitting within the existing schemes for water quality assessment. Both spatial and temporal comparisons are possible. The assessments may also be used to evaluate management performance where avoidance measures were necessary and assist in preventing further unwanted introductions. Such assessments made for the same areas over time provide opportunities for measuring change in biopollution. We have tested the method using four different well-studied areas within the Baltic Sea (brackish to freshwater environments) for two different times, 20 years apart. Further developments of the scheme may be needed to cover some specific cases and taxonomic groups according to their life history.}, }
@article {pmid17334917, year = {2007}, author = {Aldrich, JR and Khrimian, A and Camp, MJ}, title = {Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates attract Stink bugs and tachinid parasitoids.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {801-815}, pmid = {17334917}, issn = {0098-0331}, mesh = {Alkenes/*metabolism ; Animals ; Insecta/*physiology ; Male ; Pheromones/*metabolism ; Reproducibility of Results ; }, abstract = {Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid17330472, year = {2006}, author = {Guo, SL and Fang, F and Ni, L and Chen, W and Shi, L}, title = {[Photosynthetic characteristics and coenological survey of Lactuca serriola in its invaded area].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {12}, pages = {2316-2320}, pmid = {17330472}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Photosynthesis/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Lactuca serriola, a national class quarantine object, is a new invasive species in the coastal area of Southeast China. The coenological survey showed that because of its big individual, L. serriola could easily form dominant population in its invaded area, and its main accompany species were Conyza canadensis, C. bonarinisis, Bidentis bipinnata, Oenothera laciniata, Ipomoea hederacea, Setaria viridis, Daucus carota, Xanthium sibiricum, Erigeron annuus, L. indica, Humulus scandens, Solanum nigrum and Aster sublatus. The measurements with LCA-4 portable photosynthesis and transpiration system (ADC, England) revealed that the net photosynthetic rate of L. serriola was as high as 21.22 +/- 0.45 micromol CO2 x m(-2) x s(-1), being slightly lower than that of E. annuus and C. bonarinisis, similar to that of C. canadensis, and higher than that of Chenopodium album, Plantago virginica and L. indica. Based on the photosynthesis-light response equation, the theoretic light compensation point of L. serriola was 37.58 micromol m(-2) x s(-1), its theoretic light saturation point was 1 480 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1), and theoretic maximal net photosynthetic rate was 20.81 micromol CO2 x m(-2) x s(-1). A distinct "noon break" phenomenon was observed in L. serriola photosynthesis, which might result from the high stomatal resistance against high light intensity and temperature. The main factors affecting the net photosynthetic rate of L. serriola were leaf photosynthetic active radiation, stomatal conductance, and leaf transpiration rate.}, }
@article {pmid19069863, year = {2007}, author = {Wani, PA and Nawchoo, IA and Wafai, BA}, title = {Improvement of sexual destination in Atropa acuminata Royle (Solanaceae)--a critically endangered medicinal plant of Northwestern Himalaya.}, journal = {Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {778-782}, doi = {10.3923/pjbs.2007.778.782}, pmid = {19069863}, issn = {1028-8880}, mesh = {Atropa/embryology/*physiology ; Germination ; India ; Plant Growth Regulators/physiology ; *Plants, Medicinal ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Good seed set is no guarantee of absolute sexual destination in plants. Seed viability and seed vigour are crucial phases in the life cycle of every sexually reproducing plant. The present study was an attempt to improve the sexual destination-the germination and seedling survival of Atropa acuminata Royle (Solanaceae), an endemic and extremely restricted sub-alpine medicinal plant of North West Himalayas under ex situ conditions at (1580 m) with an aim to develop a successful germination protocol and agrotechnique in order to revegetate disturbed areas. Among various treatments given to the seeds, GA3, Scarification, warm water treatment and chilling at 4 degrees C for 90 days were found to be most effective with percentage germination of 73.3 +/- 18.80, 79.95 +/- 9.40, 66.6 +/- 6.6, 45 +/- 7.07 (X +/- SE), respectively. The results reveal that the seeds do not germinate unless specific environmental signals or events occur which trigger the genetic and hormonal response of the seeds thereby facilitating their germination. The diversity and the extent of the dormancy mechanisms encountered here suggest that under harsh conditions, natural selection may favour seeds with a genetic system for dormancy and delayed germination. A relation was observed between seed size/weight, % age germination and subsequent seedling survival. Seedling survival is also effected by specific habitat requirement and stiff intra and inter-specific competition particularly the whimsical behaviour of Sambucus wigthiana (an alien species which grows in the vicinity of Atropa) is beyond the ken of Atropa, adding fuel to the already burning candle apart from habitat fragmentation and herbivory.}, }
@article {pmid17324630, year = {2007}, author = {Corsi, I and Pastore, AM and Lodde, A and Palmerini, E and Castagnolo, L and Focardi, S}, title = {Potential role of cholinesterases in the invasive capacity of the freshwater bivalve, Anodonta woodiana (Bivalvia: Unionacea): a comparative study with the indigenous species of the genus, Anodonta sp.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology &amp; pharmacology : CBP}, volume = {145}, number = {3}, pages = {413-419}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.01.011}, pmid = {17324630}, issn = {1532-0456}, mesh = {Animals ; Anodonta/*enzymology/physiology ; Chlorpyrifos/toxicity ; Cholinesterases/*physiology ; Female ; Fresh Water ; Gills/enzymology ; Gonads/enzymology ; Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology ; Substrate Specificity ; Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide/toxicity ; }, abstract = {To address the potential role of cholinesterase enzymes in the invasive capacity of species, the present study investigated ChE activity in the invasive freshwater bivalve Anodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834) comparing it with that of the indigenous species, Anodonta sp. (Linnaeus, 1758). The invasive capacity of pests has often been linked to their ecological plasticity and high intrinsic genetic variability; however the role played by molecular and cellular mechanisms, generally known as an organism's response to pollution, is unclear. Different substrates and selective ChE enzyme inhibitors were investigated in digestive gland, foot, gonad, adductor muscle and gill tissues while sensitivity to four organophosphate (OP) insecticides was investigated in vitro only in adductor muscle. The invasive species (A. woodiana) showed significantly greater (at least one order of magnitude) ChE activity than the endemic species (Anodonta sp.) (p<0.05) using acetylthiocholine (ASCh) as substrate and the activity was more widely distributed in tissues involved in movement (adductor muscle and foot), respiration, feeding (gills) and reproduction (gonads). Moreover, only the invasive species, A. woodiana, showed detectable ChE (vs. ASCh) activity in gill tissue. No substrate specificity was observed in any tissue of either species as already described for other bivalve species. ChE activity was not inhibited by Iso-OMPA but showed high sensitivity to BW248c51 and eserine. Both species showed moderate to low sensitivities in vitro to OP insecticides in the range 10(-7)-10(-2) M. Calculated IC(50) for fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos was in the range 10(-6)-10(-3) M in muscle of A. woodiana while a higher inhibition was observed for fenitrothion (10(-7) M) and lower for chlorpyrifos (10(-2) M) in the indigenous species Anodonta sp. Similar IC(50) of 10(-5)-10(-6) M were observed for DFP and azamethiphos in both species. The hypotheses of other authors that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is involved in the control of many essential functions, such as frontal ciliary activity of gill epithelium, temperature resistance, ciliary activity for transport of suspended particulate, valve opening and embryo development, suggest that the high catalytic efficiency of the invasive species may endow it with a competitive advantage over the endemic species. In view of the peculiar reproductive strategy of these mussels, higher ChE vs. ASCh activity in gonads of the invasive species could also favour glochidium production and embryo development under a wider range of environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid17318698, year = {2007}, author = {Longcore, T and Rich, C and Müller-Schwarze, D}, title = {Management by assertion: beavers and songbirds at Lake Skinner (Riverside County, California).}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, pages = {460-471}, pmid = {17318698}, issn = {0364-152X}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Models, Theoretical ; *Rodentia ; *Songbirds ; Tamaricaceae ; }, abstract = {Management of ecological reserve lands should rely on the best available science to achieve the goal of biodiversity conservation. "Adaptive Resource Management" is the current template to ensure that management decisions are reasoned and that decisions increase understanding of the system being managed. In systems with little human disturbance, certain management decisions are clear; steps to protect native species usually include the removal of invasive species. In highly modified systems, however, appropriate management steps to conserve biodiversity are not as readily evident. Managers must, more than ever, rely upon the development and testing of hypotheses to make rational management decisions. We present a case study of modern reserve management wherein beavers (Castor canadensis) were suspected of destroying habitat for endangered songbirds (least Bell's vireo, Vireo bellii pusillus, and southwestern willow flycatcher, Empidonax traillii extimus) and for promoting the invasion of an exotic plant (tamarisk, Tamarix spp.) at an artificial reservoir in southern California. This case study documents the consequences of failing to follow the process of Adaptive Resource Management. Managers made decisions that were unsupported by the scientific literature, and actions taken were likely counterproductive. The opportunity to increase knowledge of the ecosystem was lost. Uninformed management decisions, essentially "management by assertion," undermine the long-term prospects for biodiversity conservation.}, }
@article {pmid17312996, year = {2006}, author = {Gong, P and Xu, B and Liang, S}, title = {Remote sensing and geographic information systems in the spatial temporal dynamics modeling of infectious diseases.}, journal = {Science in China. Series C, Life sciences}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, pages = {573-582}, pmid = {17312996}, issn = {1006-9305}, support = {R01-AI-43961/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Communicable Disease Control ; Communicable Diseases/*epidemiology ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; *Models, Biological ; Schistosomiasis/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Similar to species immigration or exotic species invasion, infectious disease transmission is strengthened due to the globalization of human activities. Using schistosomiasis as an example, we propose a conceptual model simulating the spatio-temporal dynamics of infectious diseases. We base the model on the knowledge of the interrelationship among the source, media, and the hosts of the disease. With the endemics data of schistosomiasis in Xichang, China, we demonstrate that the conceptual model is feasible; we introduce how remote sensing and geographic information systems techniques can be used in support of spatio-temporal modeling; we compare the different effects caused to the entire population when selecting different groups of people for schistosomiasis control. Our work illustrates the importance of such a modeling tool in supporting spatial decisions. Our modeling method can be directly applied to such infectious diseases as the plague, lyme disease, and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. The application of remote sensing and geographic information systems can shed light on the modeling of other infectious disease and invasive species studies.}, }
@article {pmid17308949, year = {2007}, author = {Bampfylde, CJ and Lewis, MA}, title = {Biological control through intraguild predation: case studies in pest control, invasive species and range expansion.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, pages = {1031-1066}, doi = {10.1007/s11538-006-9158-9}, pmid = {17308949}, issn = {0092-8240}, mesh = {Animals ; Competitive Behavior ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Intraguild predation (IGP), the interaction between species that eat each other and compete for shared resources, is ubiquitous in nature. We document its occurrence across a wide range of taxonomic groups and ecosystems with particular reference to non-indigenous species and agricultural pests. The consequences of IGP are complex and difficult to interpret. The purpose of this paper is to provide a modelling framework for the analysis of IGP in a spatial context. We start by considering a spatially homogeneous system and find the conditions for predator and prey to exclude each other, to coexist and for alternative stable states. Management alternatives for the control of invasive or pest species through IGP are presented for the spatially homogeneous system. We extend the model to include movement of predator and prey. In this spatial context, it is possible to switch between alternative stable steady states through local perturbations that give rise to travelling waves of extinction or control. The direction of the travelling wave depends on the details of the nonlinear intraguild interactions, but can be calculated explicitly. This spatial phenomenon suggests means by which invasions succeed or fail, and yields new methods for spatial biological control. Freshwater case studies are used to illustrate the outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid17305855, year = {2007}, author = {Vandergast, AG and Bohonak, AJ and Weissman, DB and Fisher, RN}, title = {Understanding the genetic effects of recent habitat fragmentation in the context of evolutionary history: phylogeography and landscape genetics of a southern California endemic Jerusalem cricket (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Stenopelmatus).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {977-992}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03216.x}, pmid = {17305855}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; California ; Computer Simulation ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry ; *Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Orthoptera/classification/*genetics/physiology ; *Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Habitat loss and fragmentation due to urbanization are the most pervasive threats to biodiversity in southern California. Loss of habitat and fragmentation can lower migration rates and genetic connectivity among remaining populations of native species, reducing genetic variability and increasing extinction risk. However, it may be difficult to separate the effects of recent anthropogenic fragmentation from the genetic signature of prehistoric fragmentation due to previous natural geological and climatic changes. To address these challenges, we examined the phylogenetic and population genetic structure of a flightless insect endemic to cismontane southern California, Stenopelmatus'mahogani' (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae). Analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequence data suggest that diversification across southern California began during the Pleistocene, with most haplotypes currently restricted to a single population. Patterns of genetic divergence correlate with contemporary urbanization, even after correcting for (geographical information system) GIS-based reconstructions of fragmentation during the Pleistocene. Theoretical simulations confirm that contemporary patterns of genetic structure could be produced by recent urban fragmentation using biologically reasonable assumptions about model parameters. Diversity within populations was positively correlated with current fragment size, but not prehistoric fragment size, suggesting that the effects of increased drift following anthropogenic fragmentation are already being seen. Loss of genetic connectivity and diversity can hinder a population's ability to adapt to ecological perturbations commonly associated with urbanization, such as habitat degradation, climatic changes and introduced species. Consequently, our results underscore the importance of preserving and restoring landscape connectivity for long-term persistence of low vagility native species.}, }
@article {pmid17300733, year = {2007}, author = {Fisk, DL and Latta, LC and Knapp, RA and Pfrender, ME}, title = {Rapid evolution in response to introduced predators I: rates and patterns of morphological and life-history trait divergence.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {22}, pmid = {17300733}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Body Size ; California ; Daphnia/*genetics/physiology ; *Food Chain ; Genetic Variation ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/*physiology ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Introduced species can have profound effects on native species, communities, and ecosystems, and have caused extinctions or declines in native species globally. We examined the evolutionary response of native zooplankton populations to the introduction of non-native salmonids in alpine lakes in the Sierra Nevada of California, USA. We compared morphological and life-history traits in populations of Daphnia with a known history of introduced salmonids and populations that have no history of salmonid introductions.<br><br>RESULTS: Our results show that Daphnia populations co-existing with fish have undergone rapid adaptive reductions in body size and in the timing of reproduction. Size-related traits decreased by up to 13 percent in response to introduced fish. Rates of evolutionary change are as high as 4,238 darwins (0.036 haldanes).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Species introductions into aquatic habitats can dramatically alter the selective environment of native species leading to a rapid evolutionary response. Knowledge of the rates and limits of adaptation is an important component of understanding the long-term effects of alterations in the species composition of communities. We discuss the evolutionary consequences of species introductions and compare the rate of evolution observed in the Sierra Nevada Daphnia to published estimates of evolutionary change in ecological timescales.}, }
@article {pmid17296212, year = {2007}, author = {Boukal, DS and Sabelis, MW and Berec, L}, title = {How predator functional responses and Allee effects in prey affect the paradox of enrichment and population collapses.}, journal = {Theoretical population biology}, volume = {72}, number = {1}, pages = {136-147}, doi = {10.1016/j.tpb.2006.12.003}, pmid = {17296212}, issn = {0040-5809}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Mortality ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {In Rosenzweig-MacArthur models of predator-prey dynamics, Allee effects in prey usually destabilize interior equilibria and can suppress or enhance limit cycles typical of the paradox of enrichment. We re-evaluate these conclusions through a complete classification of a wide range of Allee effects in prey and predator's functional response shapes. We show that abrupt and deterministic system collapses not preceded by fluctuating predator-prey dynamics occur for sufficiently steep type III functional responses and strong Allee effects (with unstable lower equilibrium in prey dynamics). This phenomenon arises as type III functional responses greatly reduce cyclic dynamics and strong Allee effects promote deterministic collapses. These collapses occur with decreasing predator mortality and/or increasing susceptibility of the prey to fall below the threshold Allee density (e.g. due to increased carrying capacity or the Allee threshold itself). On the other hand, weak Allee effects (without unstable equilibrium in prey dynamics) enlarge the range of carrying capacities for which the cycles occur if predators exhibit decelerating functional responses. We discuss the results in the light of conservation strategies, eradication of alien species, and successful introduction of biocontrol agents.}, }
@article {pmid17292932, year = {2007}, author = {Ackleh, AS and Allen, LJ and Carter, J}, title = {Establishing a beachhead: a stochastic population model with an Allee effect applied to species invasion.}, journal = {Theoretical population biology}, volume = {71}, number = {3}, pages = {290-300}, doi = {10.1016/j.tpb.2006.12.006}, pmid = {17292932}, issn = {0040-5809}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Biodiversity ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Spatial Behavior/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Stochastic Processes ; Territoriality ; }, abstract = {We formulated a spatially explicit stochastic population model with an Allee effect in order to explore how invasive species may become established. In our model, we varied the degree of migration between local populations and used an Allee effect with variable birth and death rates. Because of the stochastic component, population sizes below the Allee effect threshold may still have a positive probability for successful invasion. The larger the network of populations, the greater the probability of an invasion occurring when initial population sizes are close to or above the Allee threshold. Furthermore, if migration rates are low, one or more than one patch may be successfully invaded, while if migration rates are high all patches are invaded.}, }
@article {pmid17288493, year = {2006}, author = {Proudfoot, AT and Bradberry, SM and Vale, JA}, title = {Sodium fluoroacetate poisoning.}, journal = {Toxicological reviews}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {213-219}, doi = {10.2165/00139709-200625040-00002}, pmid = {17288493}, issn = {1176-2551}, mesh = {Acute Disease ; Animals ; Fluoroacetates/pharmacokinetics/*poisoning ; Global Health ; Humans ; Nervous System Diseases/chemically induced/pathology/therapy ; Poisoning/epidemiology/*etiology/therapy ; Rodenticides/pharmacokinetics/*poisoning ; }, abstract = {Sodium fluoroacetate was introduced as a rodenticide in the US in 1946. However, its considerable efficacy against target species is offset by comparable toxicity to other mammals and, to a lesser extent, birds and its use as a general rodenticide was therefore severely curtailed by 1990. Currently, sodium fluoroacetate is licensed in the US for use against coyotes, which prey on sheep and goats, and in Australia and New Zealand to kill unwanted introduced species. The extreme toxicity of fluoroacetate to mammals and insects stems from its similarity to acetate, which has a pivotal role in cellular metabolism. Fluoroacetate combines with coenzyme A (CoA-SH) to form fluoroacetyl CoA, which can substitute for acetyl CoA in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and reacts with citrate synthase to produce fluorocitrate, a metabolite of which then binds very tightly to aconitase, thereby halting the cycle. Many of the features of fluoroacetate poisoning are, therefore, largely direct and indirect consequences of impaired oxidative metabolism. Energy production is reduced and intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle subsequent to citrate are depleted. Among these is oxoglutarate, a precursor of glutamate, which is not only an excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS but is also required for efficient removal of ammonia via the urea cycle. Increased ammonia concentrations may contribute to the incidence of seizures. Glutamate is also required for glutamine synthesis and glutamine depletion has been observed in the brain of fluoroacetate-poisoned rodents. Reduced cellular oxidative metabolism contributes to a lactic acidosis. Inability to oxidise fatty acids via the tricarboxylic acid cycle leads to ketone body accumulation and worsening acidosis. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion results in inhibition of high energy-consuming reactions such as gluconeogenesis. Fluoroacetate poisoning is associated with citrate accumulation in several tissues, including the brain. Fluoride liberated from fluoroacetate, citrate and fluorocitrate are calcium chelators and there are both animal and clinical data to support hypocalcaemia as a mechanism of fluoroacetate toxicity. However, the available evidence suggests the fluoride component does not contribute. Acute poisoning with sodium fluoroacetate is uncommon. Ingestion is the major route by which poisoning occurs. Nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain are common within 1 hour of ingestion. Sweating, apprehension, confusion and agitation follow. Both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias have been reported and nonspecific ST- and T-wave changes are common, the QTc may be prolonged and hypotension may develop. Seizures are the main neurological feature. Coma may persist for several days. Although several possible antidotes have been investigated, they are of unproven value in humans. The immediate, and probably only, management of fluoroacetate poisoning is therefore supportive, including the correction of hypocalcaemia.}, }
@article {pmid17287070, year = {2008}, author = {Ranjan, R}, title = {Environmental restoration of invaded ecosystems: how much versus how often?.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {86}, number = {4}, pages = {616-626}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.12.030}, pmid = {17287070}, issn = {0301-4797}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; *Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {This paper derives the optimal level of restorative efforts required to restore environments degraded by invasive species invasion. Specific attention is focused on a case when restoration faces the risk of failure through relapse of the restored environment caused by repeat invasions. The level of restored environment may also play a role in its future improvement or susceptibility to failure. The tradeoff between the optimal level of environmental quality and number of restorative efforts required to attain that given environmental quality is highlighted.}, }
@article {pmid17257736, year = {2007}, author = {Juliá, R and Holland, DW and Guenthner, J}, title = {Assessing the economic impact of invasive species: the case of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solsitialis L.) in the rangelands of Idaho, USA.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {85}, number = {4}, pages = {876-882}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.10.024}, pmid = {17257736}, issn = {0301-4797}, mesh = {Agriculture/*economics ; Centaurea/*growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Idaho ; *Models, Economic ; }, abstract = {Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solsitialis L.) is an invasive weed that creates problems for the management of Idaho's rangelands. A bioeconomic approach combined with an input-output economic model is used to estimate direct and secondary economic costs of the weed in relation to its interference with agricultural and non-agricultural benefits that rangelands provide. Direct economic costs of the infestations were estimated to be of 8.2 million '05 dollars per year, and secondary costs of 4.5 million '05 dollars per year, for a total of 12.7 million '05 dollars; agricultural related economic impacts accounted for 79% of this total cost, and non-agricultural for 21%.}, }
@article {pmid17255487, year = {2007}, author = {Stokstad, E}, title = {Invasive species. Feared quagga mussel turns up in western United States.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {315}, number = {5811}, pages = {453}, doi = {10.1126/science.315.5811.453}, pmid = {17255487}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dreissena ; *Ecosystem ; *Fresh Water ; Pest Control ; Rivers ; Southwestern United States ; }, }
@article {pmid17245420, year = {2007}, author = {Williams, DA and Muchugu, E and Overholt, WA and Cuda, JP}, title = {Colonization patterns of the invasive Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolius, in Florida.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {98}, number = {5}, pages = {284-293}, doi = {10.1038/sj.hdy.6800936}, pmid = {17245420}, issn = {0018-067X}, mesh = {Anacardiaceae/*genetics ; Brazil ; DNA, Chloroplast/*genetics ; Demography ; Florida ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are believed to spread through a process of stratified dispersal consisting of short-distance diffusive spread around established foci and human mediated long-distance jumps. Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolius), native to South America, was introduced twice as an ornamental plant into Florida, USA, just over 100 years ago. A previous study indicated that these two introductions were from genetically differentiated source populations in the native range. In this study, we took advantage of these contrasting genetic signatures to study the spatial spread of Brazilian peppertree across its entire range in Florida. A combination of spatial genetic and geostatistical analyses using chloroplast and nuclear microsatellite markers revealed evidence for both diffusive dispersal and long-distance jumps. Chloroplast DNA haplotype distributions and extensive bands of intra-specific hybridization revealed extensive dispersal by both introduced populations across the state. The strong genetic signature around the original introduction points, the presence of a general southeast to northwest genetic cline, and evidence for short-distance genetic spatial autocorrelation provided evidence of diffusive dispersal from an advancing front, probably by birds and small mammals. In the northernmost part of the range, there were patches having a high degree of ancestry from each introduction, suggesting long-distance jump dispersal, probably by the movement of humans. The evidence for extensive movement throughout the state suggests that Brazilian peppertree will be capable of rapidly recolonizing areas from which it has been eradicated. Concerted eradication efforts over large areas or the successful establishment of effective biocontrol agents over a wide area will be needed to suppress this species.}, }
@article {pmid17239404, year = {2007}, author = {Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A}, title = {Global change and marine communities: alien species and climate change.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {55}, number = {7-9}, pages = {342-352}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.11.014}, pmid = {17239404}, issn = {0025-326X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Marine Biology ; Oceans and Seas ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic influences on the biosphere since the advent of the industrial age are increasingly causing global changes. Climatic change and the rising concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are ranking high in scientific and public agendas, and other components of global change are also frequently addressed, among which are the introductions of non indigenous species (NIS) in biogeographic regions well separated from the donor region, often followed by spectacular invasions. In the marine environment, both climatic change and spread of alien species have been studied extensively; this review is aimed at examining the main responses of ecosystems to climatic change, taking into account the increasing importance of biological invasions. Some general principles on NIS introductions in the marine environment are recalled, such as the importance of propagule pressure and of development stages during the time course of an invasion. Climatic change is known to affect many ecological properties; it interacts also with NIS in many possible ways. Direct (proximate) effects on individuals and populations of altered physical-chemical conditions are distinguished from indirect effects on emergent properties (species distribution, diversity, and production). Climatically driven changes may affect both local dispersal mechanisms, due to the alteration of current patterns, and competitive interactions between NIS and native species, due to the onset of new thermal optima and/or different carbonate chemistry. As well as latitudinal range expansions of species correlated with changing temperature conditions, and effects on species richness and the correlated extinction of native species, some invasions may provoke multiple effects which involve overall ecosystem functioning (material flow between trophic groups, primary production, relative extent of organic material decomposition, extent of benthic-pelagic coupling). Some examples are given, including a special mention of the situation of the Mediterranean Sea, where so many species have been introduced recently, and where some have spread in very large quantities. An increasing effort by marine scientists is required, not only to monitor the state of the environment, but also to help predicting future changes and finding ways to mitigate or manage them.}, }
@article {pmid17223137, year = {2007}, author = {Minchin, D}, title = {Aquaculture and transport in a changing environment: overlap and links in the spread of alien biota.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {55}, number = {7-9}, pages = {302-313}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.11.017}, pmid = {17223137}, issn = {0025-326X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquaculture ; *Biodiversity ; *Environment ; Marine Biology ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Transportation ; }, abstract = {Aquaculture has been practiced for some millennia. The speed and access of different transport modes in the spread of cultured species, their pests, parasites, diseases and associates, has changed over this time. There now exists an overlap and interlinking of different transport networks with further routes planned. Coupled with environmental changes and habitat alterations alien biota are presented with further opportunities to become more widely distributed. The certainty of the responsible pathway for the arrival of an alien species is not always easily deduced unless imported directly. A scheme for classifying different levels of certainty is proposed. Aquaculture itself consists of different cultivation intensities ranging from part to all of a species life-history and are classified accordingly in this account. It is inevitable that further species intended for cultivation will be utilized in different world regions and that other biota, some considered to be harmful, will also be transmitted. Nevertheless there are codes of practice such as those used by the IMO and ICES that can reduce some risks.}, }
@article {pmid17222869, year = {2007}, author = {Galil, BS}, title = {Loss or gain? Invasive aliens and biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {55}, number = {7-9}, pages = {314-322}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.11.008}, pmid = {17222869}, issn = {0025-326X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Chlorophyta/growth &amp; development ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/physiology ; *Marine Biology ; Mediterranean Sea ; Mollusca/physiology ; Penaeidae/physiology ; }, abstract = {More than 500 alien species were listed from the Mediterranean Sea. Though no extinction of a native species is known, sudden decline in abundance, and even local extirpations, concurrent with proliferation of aliens, had been recorded. Examination of the profound ecological impacts of some of the most conspicuous invasive alien species underscores their role, among multiple anthropogenic stressors, in altering the infralittoral communities. Local population losses and niche contraction of native species may not induce immediate extirpation, but they augur reduction of genetic diversity, loss of functions, processes, and habitat structure, increase the risk of decline and extinction, and lead to biotic homogenization. The relevant environmental policy and management framework is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid17222862, year = {2007}, author = {Slabber, S and Worland, MR and Leinaas, HP and Chown, SL}, title = {Acclimation effects on thermal tolerances of springtails from sub-Antarctic Marion Island: indigenous and invasive species.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {53}, number = {2}, pages = {113-125}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.10.010}, pmid = {17222862}, issn = {0022-1910}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Animals ; Body Temperature/*physiology ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Crystallization ; Freezing ; Indian Ocean Islands ; Insecta/*physiology ; South Africa ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Collembola are abundant and functionally significant arthropods in sub-Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems, and their importance has increased as a consequence of the many invasive alien species that have been introduced to the region. It has also been predicted that current and future climate change will favour alien over indigenous species as a consequence of more favourable responses to warming in the former. It is therefore surprising that little is known about the environmental physiology of sub-Antarctic springtails and that few studies have explicitly tested the hypothesis that invasive species will outperform indigenous ones under warmer conditions. Here we present thermal tolerance data on three invasive (Pogonognathellus flavescens, Isotomurus cf. palustris, Ceratophysella denticulata) and two indigenous (Cryptopygus antarcticus, Tullbergia bisetosa) species of springtails from Marion Island, explicitly testing the idea that consistent differences exist between the indigenous and invasive species both in their absolute limits and the ways in which they respond to acclimation (at temperatures from 0 to 20 degrees C). Phenotypic plasticity is the first in a series of ways in which organisms might respond to altered environments. Using a poorly explored, but highly appropriate technique, we demonstrate that in these species the crystallization temperature (Tc) is equal to the lower lethal temperature. We also show that cooling rate (1 degree C min(-1); 0.1 degrees C min(-1); 0.5 degrees C h(-1) from 5 to -1 degrees C followed by 0.1 degrees C min(-1)) has little effect on Tc. The indigenous species typically have low Tcs (c. -20 to -13 degrees C depending on the acclimation temperature), whilst those of the invasive species tend to be higher (c. -12 to -6 degrees C) at the lower acclimation temperatures. However, Ceratophysella denticulata is an exception with a low Tc (c. -20 to -18 degrees C), and in P. flavescens acclimation to 20 degrees C results in a pronounced decline in Tc. In general, the invasive and alien species do not differ substantially in acclimation effects on Tc (with the exception of the strong response in P. flavescens). Upper lethal temperatures (ULT50) are typically higher in the invasive (33-37 degrees C) than in the indigenous (30-33 degrees C) species and the response to acclimation differs among the two groups. The indigenous species show either a weak response to acclimation or ULT50 declines with increasing acclimation temperature, whereas in the invasive species ULT50 increases with acclimation temperature. These findings support the hypothesis that many invasive species will be favoured by climate change (warming and drying) at Marion Island. Moreover, manipulative field experiments have shown abundance changes in the indigenous and invasive springtail species in the direction predicted by the physiological data.}, }
@article {pmid17217341, year = {2007}, author = {Herborg, LM and Weetman, D and van Oosterhout, C and Hänfling, B}, title = {Genetic population structure and contemporary dispersal patterns of a recent European invader, the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {231-242}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03133.x}, pmid = {17217341}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Brachyura/*genetics ; *Demography ; Europe ; Founder Effect ; Genetic Drift ; *Genetics, Population ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Genetic studies of recently established populations are challenging because the assumption of equilibrium underlying many analyses is likely to be violated. Using microsatellites, we investigated determinants of genetic structure and migration among invasive European-Chinese mitten crab populations, applying a combination of traditional population genetic analyses and nonequilibrium Bayesian methods. Consistent with their recent history, invasive populations showed much lower levels of genetic diversity than a native Chinese population, indicative of recent bottlenecks. Population differentiation was generally low but significant and especially pronounced among recently established populations. Significant differentiation among cohorts from the same geographical location (River Thames) suggests the low effective population size and associated strong genetic drift that would be anticipated from a very recent colonization. An isolation-by-distance pattern appears to be driven by an underlying correlation between geographical distance and population age, suggesting that cumulative homogenizing gene flow reduces founder bottleneck-associated genetic differentiation between longer-established populations. This hypothesis was supported by a coalescent analysis, which supported a drift + gene flow model as more likely than a model excluding gene flow. Furthermore, admixture analysis identified several recent migrants between the UK and Continental European population clusters. Admixture proportions were significantly predicted by the volume of shipping between sites, indicating that human-mediated transport remains a significant factor for dispersal of mitten crabs after the initial establishment of populations. Our study highlights the value of nonequilibrium methods for the study of invasive species, and also the importance of evaluating nonequilibrium explanations for isolation by distance patterns.}, }
@article {pmid17215010, year = {2007}, author = {Drake, LA and Doblin, MA and Dobbs, FC}, title = {Potential microbial bioinvasions via ships' ballast water, sediment, and biofilm.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {55}, number = {7-9}, pages = {333-341}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.11.007}, pmid = {17215010}, issn = {0025-326X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms ; Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; *Ships ; *Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {A prominent vector of aquatic invasive species to coastal regions is the discharge of water, sediments, and biofilm from ships' ballast-water tanks. During eight years of studying ships arriving to the lower Chesapeake Bay, we developed an understanding of the mechanisms by which invasive microorganisms might arrive to the region via ships. Within a given ship, habitats included ballast water, unpumpable water and sediment (collectively known as residuals), and biofilms formed on internal surfaces of ballast-water tanks. We sampled 69 vessels arriving from foreign and domestic ports, largely from Western Europe, the Mediterranean region, and the US East and Gulf coasts. All habitats contained bacteria and viruses. By extrapolating the measured concentration of a microbial metric to the estimated volume of ballast water, biofilm, or residual sediment and water within an average vessel, we calculated the potential total number of microorganisms contained by each habitat, thus creating a hierarchy of risk of delivery. The estimated concentration of microorganisms was greatest in ballast water>>sediment and water residuals>>biofilms. From these results, it is clear microorganisms may be transported within ships in a variety of ways. Using temperature tolerance as a measure of survivability and the temperature difference between ballast-water samples and the water into which the ballast water was discharged, we estimated 56% of microorganisms could survive in the lower Bay. Extrapolated delivery and survival of microorganisms to the Port of Hampton Roads in lower Chesapeake Bay shows on the order of 10(20) microorganisms (6.8 x 10(19) viruses and 3.9 x 10(18) bacteria cells) are discharged annually to the region.}, }
@article {pmid17210609, year = {2007}, author = {Tiébré, MS and Vanderhoeven, S and Saad, L and Mahy, G}, title = {Hybridization and sexual reproduction in the invasive alien Fallopia (Polygonaceae) complex in Belgium.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {99}, number = {1}, pages = {193-203}, pmid = {17210609}, issn = {0305-7364}, mesh = {Belgium ; Flow Cytometry ; Flowers/*physiology ; Germination/physiology ; Hybridization, Genetic/*physiology ; Polygonaceae/*physiology ; Reproduction/physiology ; Seedlings/cytology/physiology ; Seeds/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The knotweed complex, Fallopia spp. (Polygonaceae), belongs to the most troublesome invasive species in Europe and North America. Vegetative regeneration is widely recognized as the main mode of reproduction in the adventive regions. However, the contribution of sexual reproduction to the success of these invasive species has only been detailed for the British Isles. An examination was made as to how hybridization may influence the sexual reproduction of the complex in Belgium and to determine how it may contribute to the dispersal of the species.<br><br>METHODS: Studies were made of floral biology, reproductive success, seed rain, seed bank, germination capacity, seedling survival and dispersal capacity in order to characterize the reproductive biology of the species. Moreover, chromosome counts and flow cytometry were used to assess the hybrid status of seedlings produced by sexual reproduction.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: In the area investigated, extensive sexual reproduction by hybridization within the complex, including one horticultural species, was demonstrated. A small percentage of seeds may be dispersed outside the maternal clone (>16 m) allowing the formation of genetically differentiated individuals. Seed germination was possible even after a winter cold period.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The extensive sexual reproduction by hybridization could further contribute to the dramatic invasive success of knotweeds in Belgium and should not be underestimated when considering control and management measures.}, }
@article {pmid17207569, year = {2007}, author = {Marrs, RH and Galtress, K and Tong, C and Cox, ES and Blackbird, SJ and Heyes, TJ and Pakeman, RJ and Le Duc, MG}, title = {Competing conservation goals, biodiversity or ecosystem services: element losses and species recruitment in a managed moorland-bracken model system.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {85}, number = {4}, pages = {1034-1047}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.11.011}, pmid = {17207569}, issn = {0301-4797}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Calluna/growth &amp; development ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Pteridium/growth &amp; development ; Soil/analysis ; }, abstract = {Conservation management in Europe is often geared towards restoring semi-natural ecosystems, where the objective is to reverse succession and re-establish early-successional communities, to comply with national and international conservation targets. At the same time, it is increasingly recognised that ecosystems provide services that contribute to other, possibly conflicting policy requirements. Few attempts have been made to define these conflicts. Here, we assess some potential conflicts using a Calluna vulgaris-dominated moorland invaded by bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) as a model system, where the current policy is to reverse this process and restore moorland. We examined impacts of bracken control treatments on services (stocks and losses of C and mineral nutrients), litter turnover and biodiversity within a designed experiment over 7 years. Bracken litter was >2000 g m(-2) in untreated plots, and treatments reduced this quantity, and its element content, to varying degrees. Cutting twice per year was the most successful treatment in reducing bracken litter and its element content, increasing litter turnover, and increasing both mass and diversity of non-bracken vegetation. Diversity was greatest where bracken litter had been reduced, but species composition was also influenced by light sheep grazing. There was a significant loss of some chemical elements from bracken that could not be accounted for in other pools, and hence potentially lost from the system. In absolute terms large amounts of C and N were lost, but when expressed as a percentage of the total amount in the system, Mg was potentially more important with losses of almost a third of the Mg in the surface soil-vegetation system. There is, therefore, a potential dilemma between controlling a mid-successional invasive species for conservation policy objectives, especially when that species has evolved to sequester nutrients, and the negative effect of increasing environmental costs in terms of carbon accounting required, the potential input of nutrients to aquatic systems, and long-term nutrient loss. There is, therefore, a need to balance conservation goals against potential damage to biogeochemical structure and function.}, }
@article {pmid17205906, year = {2006}, author = {Clavero, M and García-Berthou, E}, title = {Homogenization dynamics and introduction routes of invasive freshwater fish in the Iberian Peninsula.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {2313-2324}, doi = {10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2313:hdairo]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {17205906}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Europe ; *Fishes ; Fresh Water ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Nonnative invasive species are one of the main global threats to biodiversity. The understanding of the traits characterizing successful invaders and invasion-prone ecosystems is increasing, but our predictive ability is still limited. Quantitative information on biotic homogenization and particularly its temporal dynamics is even scarcer. We used freshwater fish distribution data in the Iberian Peninsula in four periods (before human intervention, 1991, 1995, and 2001) to assess the temporal dynamics of biotic homogenization among river basins. The percentage of introduced species among fish faunas has increased in recent times (from 41.8% in 1991 to 52.5% in 2001), leading to a clear increase in the similarity of community composition among basins. The mean Jaccard's index increase (a measure of biotic homogenization) from the pristine situation to the present (17.1%) was similar to that for Californian fish but higher than for other studies. However, biotic homogenization was found to be a temporally dynamic process, with finer temporal grain analyses detecting transient stages of biotic differentiation. Introduced species assemblages were spatially structured along a latitudinal gradient in the Iberian Peninsula, with species related to sport fishing being characteristic of northern basins. Although the comparison of fish distributions in the Iberian Peninsula and France showed significant and generalized biotic homogenization, nonnative assemblages of northeastern Iberian basins were more similar to those of France than to those of the rest of the Iberian Peninsula, indicating a main introduction route. Species introduced to the Iberian Peninsula tended to be mainly piscivores or widely introduced species that previously had been introduced to France. Our results indicate that the simultaneous analysis of the spatial distribution of introduced assemblages (excluding native species that reflect other biogeographical patterns) and their specific traits can be an effective tool to detect introduction and invasion routes and to predict future invaders from donor regions.}, }
@article {pmid17205888, year = {2006}, author = {Lodge, DM and Williams, S and MacIsaac, HJ and Hayes, KR and Leung, B and Reichard, S and Mack, RN and Moyle, PB and Smith, M and Andow, DA and Carlton, JT and McMichael, A}, title = {Biological invasions: recommendations for U.S. policy and management.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {2035-2054}, doi = {10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2035:birfup]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {17205888}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecology ; Federal Government ; Humans ; Public Policy ; Risk Assessment ; United States ; }, abstract = {The Ecological Society of America has evaluated current U.S. national policies and practices on biological invasions in light of current scientific knowledge. Invasions by harmful nonnative species are increasing in number and area affected; the damages to ecosystems, economic activity, and human welfare are accumulating. Without improved strategies based on recent scientific advances and increased investments to counter invasions, harm from invasive species is likely to accelerate. Federal leadership, with the cooperation of state and local governments, is required to increase the effectiveness of prevention of invasions, detect and respond quickly to new potentially harmful invasions, control and slow the spread of existing invasions, and provide a national center to ensure that these efforts are coordinated and cost effective. Specifically, the Ecological Society of America recommends that the federal government take the following six actions: (1) Use new information and practices to better manage commercial and other pathways to reduce the transport and release of potentially harmful species; (2) Adopt more quantitative procedures for risk analysis and apply them to every species proposed for importation into the country; (3) Use new cost-effective diagnostic technologies to increase active surveillance and sharing of information about invasive species so that responses to new invasions can be more rapid and effective; (4) Create new legal authority and provide emergency funding to support rapid responses to emerging invasions; (5) Provide funding and incentives for cost-effective programs to slow the spread of existing invasive species in order to protect still uninvaded ecosystems, social and industrial infrastructure, and human welfare; and (6) Establish a National Center for Invasive Species Management (under the existing National Invasive Species Council) to coordinate and lead improvements in federal, state, and international policies on invasive species. Recent scientific and technical advances provide a sound basis for more cost-effective national responses to invasive species. Greater investments in improved technology and management practices would be more than repaid by reduced damages from current and future invasive species. The Ecological Society of America is committed to assist all levels of government and provide scientific advice to improve all aspects of invasive-species management.}, }
@article {pmid17203341, year = {2007}, author = {Smith, PG}, title = {Characteristics of urban natural areas influencing winter bird use in southern Ontario, Canada.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {39}, number = {3}, pages = {338-352}, pmid = {17203341}, issn = {0364-152X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; *Ecosystem ; Ontario ; Population Dynamics ; *Seasons ; Species Specificity ; *Urbanization ; }, abstract = {Characteristics of urban natural areas and surrounding landscapes were identified that best explain winter bird use for 28 urban natural areas in southern Ontario, Canada. The research confirms for winter birds the importance of area (size) and natural vegetation, rather than managed, horticultural parkland, within urban natural areas as well as percent urban land use and natural habitat in surrounding landscapes. Alien bird density and percent ground feeding species increased with percent surrounding urban land use. Higher percent forest cover was associated with higher percentages of forest, bark feeding, small (<20 g) and insectivorous species. Natural area size (ha) was related to higher species richness, lower evenness and higher percentages of insectivorous, forest interior, area-sensitive, upper canopy, bark feeding, and non-resident species. Higher number of habitat types within natural areas and percent natural habitat in surrounding landscapes were also associated with higher species richness. Common, resident bird species dominated small areas (<6.5 ha), while less common non-residents increased with area, indicative of a nested distribution. Areas at least 6.5 ha and more generally >20 ha start to support some area-sensitive species. Areas similar to rural forests had >25% insectivores, >25% forest interior species, >25% small species, and <5% alien species. Indicator species separated urban natural areas from rural habitats and ordination placed urban natural areas along a gradient between urban development and undisturbed, rural forests. More attention is needed on issues of winter bird conservation in urban landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid17197422, year = {2007}, author = {Elam, DR and Ridley, CE and Goodell, K and Ellstrand, NC}, title = {Population size and relatedness affect fitness of a self-incompatible invasive plant.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, pages = {549-552}, pmid = {17197422}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {California ; Crosses, Genetic ; Ecosystem ; Raphanus/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {One of the lingering paradoxes in invasion biology is how founder populations of an introduced species are able to overcome the limitations of small size and, in a "reversal of fortune," proliferate in a new habitat. The transition from colonist to invader is especially enigmatic for self-incompatible species, which must find a mate to reproduce. In small populations, the inability to find a mate can result in the Allee effect, a positive relationship between individual fitness and population size or density. Theoretically, the Allee effect should be common in founder populations of self-incompatible colonizing species and may account for the high rate of failed introductions, but little supporting evidence exists. We created a field experiment to test whether the Allee effect affects the maternal fitness of a self-incompatible invasive species, wild radish (Raphanus sativus). We created populations of varying size and relatedness. We measured maternal fitness in terms of both fruit set per flower and seed number per fruit. We found that both population size and the level of genetic relatedness among individuals influence maternal reproductive success. Our results explicitly define an ecological genetic obstacle faced by populations of an exotic species on its way to becoming invasive. Such a mechanistic understanding of the invasions of species that require a mate can and should be exploited for both controlling current outbreaks and reducing their frequency in the future.}, }
@article {pmid17197072, year = {2007}, author = {Bentil, DE and Osei, BM and Ellingwood, CD and Hoffmann, JP}, title = {Analysis of a Schnute postulate-based unified growth model for model selection in evolutionary computations.}, journal = {Bio Systems}, volume = {90}, number = {2}, pages = {467-474}, pmid = {17197072}, issn = {0303-2647}, support = {R01 GM072001/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 GM072001-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; GM 72001/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Bivalvia ; Diffusion ; Evolution, Molecular ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Models, Theoretical ; Pattern Recognition, Automated ; Population Growth ; Software ; *Systems Biology ; }, abstract = {In order to evaluate the feasibility of a combined evolutionary algorithm-information theoretic approach to select the best model from a set of candidate invasive species models in ecology, and/or to evolve the most parsimonious model from a suite of competing models by comparing their relative performance, it is prudent to use a unified model that covers a myriad of situations. Using Schnute's postulates as a starting point [Schnute, J., 1981. A versatile growth model with statistically stable parameters, Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 38, 1128-1140], we present a single, unified model for growth that can be successfully utilized for model selection in evolutionary computations. Depending on the parameter settings, the unified equation can describe several growth mechanisms. Such a generalized model mechanism, which encompasses a suite of competing models, can be successfully implemented in evolutionary computational algorithms to evolve the most parsimonious model that best fits ground truth data. We have done exactly this by testing the effectiveness of our reaction-diffusion-advection (RDA) model in an evolutionary computation model selection algorithm. The algorithm was validated (with success) against field data sets of the Zebra mussel invasion of Lake Champlain in the United States.}, }
@article {pmid17190819, year = {2007}, author = {Keller, RP and Lodge, DM and Finnoff, DC}, title = {Risk assessment for invasive species produces net bioeconomic benefits.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {104}, number = {1}, pages = {203-207}, pmid = {17190819}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {*Commerce ; *Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Econometric ; *Plants ; Quarantine ; *Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {International commerce in live organisms presents a policy challenge for trade globalization; sales of live organisms create wealth, but some nonindigenous species cause harm. To reduce damage, some countries have implemented species screening to limit the introduction of damaging species. Adoption of new risk assessment (RA) technologies has been slowed, however, by concerns that RA accuracy remains insufficient to produce positive net economic benefits. This concern arises because only a small proportion of all introduced species escape, spread, and cause harm (i.e., become invasive), so a RA will exclude many noninvasive species (which provide a net economic benefit) for every invasive species correctly identified. Here, we develop a simple cost:benefit bioeconomic framework to quantify the net benefits from applying species prescreening. Because invasive species are rarely eradicated, and their damages must therefore be borne for long periods, we have projected the value of RA over a suitable range of policy time horizons (10-500 years). We apply the model to the Australian plant quarantine program and show that this RA program produces positive net economic benefits over the range of reasonable assumptions. Because we use low estimates of the financial damage caused by invasive species and high estimates of the value of species in the ornamental trade, our results underestimate the net benefit of the Australian plant quarantine program. In addition, because plants have relatively low rates of invasion, applying screening protocols to animals would likely demonstrate even greater benefits.}, }
@article {pmid17181816, year = {2006}, author = {Pierce, S and Ceriani, RM and Villa, M and Cerabolini, B}, title = {Quantifying relative extinction risks and targeting intervention for the orchid flora of a natural park in the European preAlps.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, pages = {1804-1810}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00539.x}, pmid = {17181816}, issn = {0888-8892}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Extinction, Biological ; Geography ; Italy ; Orchidaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Management ; }, abstract = {Conservation currently relies largely on hindsight because demographic studies identify population decline after the event. Nevertheless, the degree of aggregation within a population is an "instantaneous" characteristic with the potential to identify populations presently at greatest risk of genetic impoverishment (via Allee effects and in-breeding depression) and local decline. We sought to determine the relative extinction risk for sympatric orchid species throughout Monte Barro natural park (Lecco, Italy), based on an index of dispersion (I) calculated from the size and location of subpopulations (recorded with GPS and mapped with GIS). Three population dispersion types were identified: (1) highly aggregated and locally abundant (large subpopulations restricted to particular sites; e.g., Gymnadenia conopsea [L.] R.Br.; I=54.5); (2) widespread and moderately aggregated (opportunistic throughout the elevational range of the mountain; e.g., Listera ovata[L.] R.Br.; I=18.9); and (3) weakly aggregated and locally rare (small, highly diffuse subpopulations; e.g., endemic Ophrys benacensis [Reisigl] O. &amp; E. Danesch &amp; Ehrend.; I=4.4). Type 1 populations are more likely to respond to in situ intervention, whereas type 2 are relatively invasive species for which conservation intervention is not necessary, and type 3 are rare species that are least likely to respond to habitat management, for which ex situ conservation and population reinforcement would be most appropriate. Although our methodology provides only a "snapshot" of aboveground patterns of population dispersion, it can help target the application of in situ and ex situ conservation activities proactively and is of particular utility for parks for which a rapid assessment of local extinction risks is needed.}, }
@article {pmid17181809, year = {2006}, author = {Mercado-Silva, N and Olden, JD and Maxted, JT and Hrabik, TR and Vander Zanden, MJ}, title = {Forecasting the spread of invasive rainbow smelt in the Laurentian Great Lakes region of North America.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, pages = {1740-1749}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00508.x}, pmid = {17181809}, issn = {0888-8892}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Female ; *Food Chain ; Forecasting ; Fresh Water ; Maine ; Male ; *Models, Biological ; Ontario ; Osmeriformes/*growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {Rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) have invaded many North American lakes, often resulting in the extirpation of native fish populations. Yet, their invasion is incipient and provides the rationale for identifying ecosystems likely to be invaded and where management and prevention efforts should be focused. To predict smelt presence and absence, we constructed a classification-tree model based on habitat data from 354 lakes in the native range for smelt in southern Maine. Maximum lake depth, lake area, and Secchi depth (surrogate measure of lake productivity) were the most important predictors. We then used our model to identify lakes vulnerable to invasion in three regions outside the smelt's native range: northern Maine (52 of 244 lakes in the non-native range), Ontario (4447 of 8110), and Wisconsin (553 of 5164). We further identified a subset of lakes with a strong potential for impact (potential-impact lakes) based on the presence of fish species that are affected by rainbow smelt. Ninety-four percent of vulnerable lakes in the non-native range in Maine are also potential-impact lakes, as are 94% and 58% of Ontario and Wisconsin's vulnerable lakes, respectively. Our modeling approach can be applied to other invaders and regions to identify invasion-prone ecosystems, thus aiding in the management of invasive species and the efficient allocation of invasive species mitigation and prevention resources.}, }
@article {pmid17181799, year = {2006}, author = {McGeoch, MA and Chown, SL and Kalwij, JM}, title = {A global indicator for biological invasion.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, pages = {1635-1646}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00579.x}, pmid = {17181799}, issn = {0888-8892}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/*trends ; Environment ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Humans ; *International Agencies ; *International Cooperation ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {"Trends in invasive alien species" is one of only two indicators of threat to biodiversity that form part of the Convention on Biological Diversity's (CBD) framework for monitoring progress toward its "2010 target" (i.e., the commitment to achieve by 2010 a significant reduction in the current rate of biodiversity loss). To date, however, there is no fully developed indicator for invasive alien species (IAS) that combines trends, derived from a standard set of methods, across species groups, ecosystems, and regions. Here we provide a rationale for the form and characteristics of an indicator of trends in IAS that will meet the 2010 framework goal and targets for this indicator. We suggest single and composite indicators that include problem-status and management-status measures that are designed to be flexible, readily disaggregated, and as far as possible draw on existing data. The single indicators at national and global scales are number of IAS and numbers of operational management plans for IAS. Global trends in IAS are measured as the progress of nations toward the targets of stabilizing IAS numbers and the implementation of IAS management plans. The proposed global indicator thus represents a minimum information set that most directly addresses the indicator objective and simultaneously aims to maximize national participation. This global indicator now requires testing to assess its accuracy, sensitivity, and tractability. Although it may not be possible to achieve the desired objective for a global indicator of biological invasion by 2010 as comprehensively as desired, it seems possible to obtain trend estimates for a component of the taxa, ecosystems, and regions involved. Importantly, current indicator development initiatives will also contribute to developing the mechanisms necessary for monitoring global trends in IAS beyond 2010.}, }
@article {pmid17162946, year = {2006}, author = {Elias, SP and Lubelczyk, CB and Rand, PW and Lacombe, EH and Holman, MS and Smith, RP}, title = {Deer browse resistant exotic-invasive understory: an indicator of elevated human risk of exposure to Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in southern coastal Maine woodlands.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {43}, number = {6}, pages = {1142-1152}, doi = {10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[1142:dbreua]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {17162946}, issn = {0022-2585}, support = {U50/CCU114672/CC/ODCDC CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Ixodidae/*physiology ; Linear Models ; Maine ; Mammals/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {We evaluated the relationships between forest understory structure and the abundance of questing adult and nymphal blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), in three Maine towns endemic for Lyme disease, 2001-2003. In fragmented New England woodlands, over-abundant white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman, overbrowse palatable species, allowing browse-resistant exotic-invasive species to replace native forest understory structures. We predicted there would be more ticks in plots dominated by exotic-invasive shrubs (such as Japanese barberry, Berberis thunbergii DC) than in plots dominated by native shrubs, ferns, or open understory. We assessed canopy composition and closure, tree basal area, litter composition, percentage of coverage and stem density of understory species, litter depth, soil moisture, and abundance of small mammals and white-tailed deer pellet groups. We used generalized linear mixed model analysis of covariance to determine the effect of understory structure on tick counts, controlling for continuous habitat and host covariates and adjusting for random spatial effects. There were twice as many adults and nearly twice as many nymphs in plots dominated by exotic-invasives than in plots dominated by native shrubs. Both adult and nymphal counts were lowest in open understory with coniferous litter. Adults were positively associated with increasing litter depth, medium soil moisture, and increasing abundance of white-footed deer mice, Peromyscus leucopus Rafinesque, and deer pellet group counts. Nymphs were positively associated with increasing litter depth, moderately wet soil, and mice. We concluded that deer browse-resistant exotic-invasive understory vegetation presented an elevated risk of human exposure to the vector tick of Lyme disease.}, }
@article {pmid17148329, year = {2006}, author = {Procheş, S}, title = {Latitudinal and longitudinal barriers in global biogeography.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {69-72}, pmid = {17148329}, issn = {1744-9561}, mesh = {Animals ; *Chiroptera ; *Cycadopsida ; Geography ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Due to changes in climate and continental arrangement, plant and animal assemblages faced different dispersal barriers at different moments in Earth's history. It is generally accepted that groups which diversified during times of Gondwanan-Laurasian separation show different distribution patterns from those of more recent origin. Here I present principal component-derived maps for two globally distributed groups, with ca 1000 species each. Gymnosperm assemblages perfectly illustrate the existence of southern and northern components, corresponding to the Gondwanan and Laurasian temperate floras at the time when angiosperms started becoming dominant in the tropics, thus imposing a latitudinal barrier. Bat (chiropteran) assemblages indicate that the major biogeographical barrier in their Cenozoic dispersal was the longitudinal separation between the Old and New World.}, }
@article {pmid17148324, year = {2006}, author = {Sinclair, BJ and Chown, SL}, title = {Caterpillars benefit from thermal ecosystem engineering by wandering albatrosses on sub-Antarctic Marion Island.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {51-54}, pmid = {17148324}, issn = {1744-9561}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Biomass ; Birds/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Engineering ; Geography ; *Heating ; Moths/*growth &amp; development ; *Nesting Behavior ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Wandering albatrosses (Diomedea exulans) nest on Southern Ocean islands, building elevated nests upon which they incubate eggs and raise chicks, and which the chicks occupy through winter. The nests support high invertebrate biomass, including larvae of the flightless moth Pringleophaga marioni. Here we argue that high biomass of P. marioni in the nests is not associated with nutrient loading as previously suspected, but that higher temperatures in the nests increase growth and feeding rate, and decrease deleterious repeated cold exposure, providing fitness advantages for P. marioni. Thus, wandering albatrosses may be serving as thermal engineers, modifying temperature and therefore enabling better resource use by P. marioni.}, }
@article {pmid17148226, year = {2005}, author = {Cappuccino, N and Carpenter, D}, title = {Invasive exotic plants suffer less herbivory than non-invasive exotic plants.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {435-438}, pmid = {17148226}, issn = {1744-9561}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Massachusetts ; New York ; Ontario ; Phylogeny ; *Plant Development ; Plants/classification ; }, abstract = {We surveyed naturally occurring leaf herbivory in nine invasive and nine non-invasive exotic plant species sampled in natural areas in Ontario, New York and Massachusetts, and found that invasive plants experienced, on average, 96% less leaf damage than non-invasive species. Invasive plants were also more taxonomically isolated than non-invasive plants, belonging to families with 75% fewer native North American genera. However, the relationship between taxonomic isolation at the family level and herbivory was weak. We suggest that invasive plants may possess novel phytochemicals with anti-herbivore properties in addition to allelopathic and anti-microbial characteristics. Herbivory could be employed as an easily measured predictor of the likelihood that recently introduced exotic plants may become invasive.}, }
@article {pmid17145643, year = {2006}, author = {Gregory, P and Hamilton, G and Borjan, M and Robson, M}, title = {Vulnerability assessment of New Jersey's food supply to invasive species: the New Jersey IMPORT project.}, journal = {New solutions : a journal of environmental and occupational health policy : NS}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {289-299}, doi = {10.2190/48P7-N187-3Q5U-7258}, pmid = {17145643}, issn = {1048-2911}, support = {ES05022/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; ES07148/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Commerce/*economics ; Crops, Agricultural ; Food Contamination/*economics ; Food Microbiology ; Food Supply/*economics ; Humans ; Insect Control/economics ; *Internationality ; New Jersey ; Pest Control/*economics ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {The United States' environment and economy have been severely impacted by unintentionally introduced biological organisms for the last 100 years. Our ecosystems and biological reserves of conservation importance are regularly invaded by non-indigenous species. To help prevent future invaders from entering the ports, this project undertaken at the Port of Elizabeth proposed to: 1. Catalog the different vegetable and fruit crops entering this country; 2. Evaluate the potential risk to New Jersey crops that an introduced exotic pest might pose; and 3. Evaluate the potential that imported crops entering the U.S. have for harboring exotic pests. The New Jersey IMPORT report, or Invasive Management Promoting Open and Responsible Trade project, details a newly designed ecological risk assessment tool to evaluate entry potential of invasive pests at the Port of Elizabeth. Risk designations were assigned to shipments of four fruits; seven vegetables; and two field/forage crops based on: i) Country of origin; ii) Amounts of commodities imported; and iii) Endemic pests present in exporting countries. Between 5,000 and 180,000 tons of crops were imported into the Port of Elizabeth from October 2001 to 2003. Pest risk analyses were drafted for twenty-five intercepted insects taken from the Port Information Network. In addition, eighteen pest risk analyses were drafted for invasive fungi, bacteria, and viruses of global concern as alerted by ProMed Digest. It was concluded that three crops imported remain at high risk: apples, peppers, and tomatoes. Peaches, soybeans, lettuce, sweet corn, potatoes, squash, and eggplant imported were considered moderate risk. Blueberries, cranberries, and alfalfa were considered low risk.}, }
@article {pmid17136630, year = {2007}, author = {Underwood, EC and Ustin, SL and Ramirez, CM}, title = {A comparison of spatial and spectral image resolution for mapping invasive plants in coastal california.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {63-83}, pmid = {17136630}, issn = {0364-152X}, mesh = {California ; *Ecosystem ; Geographic Information Systems ; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/*methods ; Pattern Recognition, Automated ; *Plant Development ; Subtraction Technique ; }, abstract = {We explored the potential of detecting three target invasive species: iceplant (Carpobrotus edulis), jubata grass (Cortaderia jubata), and blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. We compared the accuracy of mapping six communities (intact coastal scrub, iceplant invaded coastal scrub, iceplant invaded chaparral, jubata grass invaded chaparral, blue gum invaded chaparral, and intact chaparral) using four images with different combinations of spatial and spectral resolution: hyperspectral AVIRIS imagery (174 wavebands, 4 m spatial resolution), spatially degraded AVIRIS (174 bands, 30 m), spectrally degraded AVIRIS (6 bands, 4 m), and both spatially and spectrally degraded AVIRIS (6 bands, 30 m, i.e., simulated Landsat ETM data). Overall success rates for classifying the six classes was 75% (kappa 0.7) using full resolution AVIRIS, 58% (kappa 0.5) for the spatially degraded AVIRIS, 42% (kappa 0.3) for the spectrally degraded AVIRIS, and 37% (kappa 0.3) for the spatially and spectrally degraded AVIRIS. A true Landsat ETM image was also classified to illustrate that the results from the simulated ETM data were representative, which provided an accuracy of 50% (kappa 0.4). Mapping accuracies using different resolution images are evaluated in the context of community heterogeneity (species richness, diversity, and percent species cover). Findings illustrate that higher mapping accuracies are achieved with images possessing high spectral resolution, thus capturing information across the visible and reflected infrared solar spectrum. Understanding the tradeoffs in spectral and spatial resolution can assist land managers in deciding the most appropriate imagery with respect to target invasives and community characteristics.}, }
@article {pmid17111234, year = {2007}, author = {Malacrida, AR and Gomulski, LM and Bonizzoni, M and Bertin, S and Gasperi, G and Guglielmino, CR}, title = {Globalization and fruitfly invasion and expansion: the medfly paradigm.}, journal = {Genetica}, volume = {131}, number = {1}, pages = {1-9}, doi = {10.1007/s10709-006-9117-2}, pmid = {17111234}, issn = {0016-6707}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Ceratitis capitata/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Genetics, Population ; *Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The phytophagous insects of the Tephritidae family commonly referred to as "true fruit flies" offer different case histories of successful invasions. Mankind has played an important role in altering the distributions of some of the more polyphagous and oligophagous species. However, the question arises why only a few species have become major invaders. The understanding of traits underlying adaptation in different environments is a major topic in invasion biology. Being generalists or specialists, along the K-r gradient of the growth curve, make a difference in term of food resources exploitation and interspecies competition and displacement. The species of the genus Ceratitis are good examples of r-strategists. The genetic and biological data of the most notorious Ceratitis species, the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (medfly), are reviewed to investigate the traits and behaviours that make the medfly an important invader. It can be learnt from medfly, that invasions in a modern global trade network tend to be due to multiple introductions. This fact allows a maintenance or enhancement of genetic variability in the adventive populations, which in turn increases their potential invasiveness. Our current knowledge of the medfly genome opens the way for future studies on functional genomics.}, }
@article {pmid17098708, year = {2006}, author = {Fu, SL and Tang, ZX and Zhang, HQ and Yang, ZJ and Ren, ZL}, title = {[Transfer of a rye small chromosomal segment with powdery mildew-resistant gene(s) into common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)].}, journal = {Yi chuan = Hereditas}, volume = {28}, number = {11}, pages = {1396-1400}, doi = {10.1360/yc-006-1396}, pmid = {17098708}, issn = {0253-9772}, mesh = {Chromatin/metabolism ; Chromosomes, Plant/*genetics ; *Gene Transfer Techniques ; Immunity, Innate/*genetics ; In Situ Hybridization ; Plant Diseases/genetics/immunology/*microbiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Secale/cytology/*genetics/*immunology/microbiology ; Triticum/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The advanced progeny lines (BC1F5) from the monosomic addition lines between common wheat cultivar Mianyang 11, which is highly susceptible to powdery mildew, and an inbred rye line R12 were analyzed for selection of wheat-rye translocations. Based on a rye-specific repetitive sequence of pSc20H, which spread over all chromosomes of rye but did not existed in wheat, a set of PCR primer was designed and used to identify the rye chromosome segments in wheat. From 300 of the BC1F5 progeny lines 70 were found to contain chromosome composition of rye. An advanced line, 96II691-830-98, originated from 6R monosomic addition line was observed to be immune to powdery mildew, different from its wheat parent Mianyang 11. A small segment of rye chromosome at telomere in a pair of wheat chromosome in the line was found by means of GISH. The results indicated that a small segment of rye chromosome 6R carrying the gene(s) for resistance to powdery mildew has been transferred into common wheat. In the progeny of monosomic addition lines a high frequency of wheat-alien species translocation with various segments of chromosomes could be found by application of both PCR and GISH technique.}, }
@article {pmid17080362, year = {2006}, author = {Deere, JA and Chown, SL}, title = {Testing the beneficial acclimation hypothesis and its alternatives for locomotor performance.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {168}, number = {5}, pages = {630-644}, doi = {10.1086/508026}, pmid = {17080362}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Animals ; Atlantic Islands ; *Environment ; Locomotion/*physiology ; Mites/*physiology ; *Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The beneficial acclimation hypothesis (BAH) is controversial. While physiological work all but assumes that the BAH is true, recent studies have shown that support for the BAH is typically wanting. The latter have been criticized for assessing the benefits of developmental plasticity rather than acclimation. Here we examine the BAH within a strong inference framework for five congeneric species of ameronothroid oribatid mites that occupy marine to terrestrial habitats. We do so by assessing responses of maximum speed, optimum temperature, and performance breadth, measured from -10 degrees C to 35 degrees C, to four treatment temperatures (0 degrees , 5 degrees , 10 degrees , and 15 degrees C). We show that the BAH and its alternatives often make similar empirical predictions. Weak beneficial acclimation is characteristic of one of the more marine species. In the other two upper-shore and marine species, evidence exists for deleterious acclimation and the colder-is-better hypothesis. In the two fully terrestrial species, there is no plasticity. Lack of plasticity is beneficial when cue reliability is low or costs of plasticity are high, and the former seems plausible in terrestrial habitats. However, weak plasticity in the upper-shore/marine species and the absence of plasticity in the terrestrial species might also be a consequence of phylogenetic constraint.}, }
@article {pmid17076585, year = {2006}, author = {Peacor, SD and Allesina, S and Riolo, RL and Pascual, M}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity opposes species invasions by altering fitness surface.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {4}, number = {11}, pages = {e372}, pmid = {17076585}, issn = {1545-7885}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Models, Theoretical ; Phenotype ; *Predatory Behavior ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Understanding species invasion is a central problem in ecology because invasions of exotic species severely impact ecosystems, and because invasions underlie fundamental ecological processes. However, the influence on invasions of phenotypic plasticity, a key component of many species interactions, is unknown. We present a model in which phenotypic plasticity of a resident species increases its ability to oppose invaders, and plasticity of an invader increases its ability to displace residents. Whereas these effects are expected due to increased fitness associated with phenotypic plasticity, the model additionally reveals a new and unforeseen mechanism by which plasticity affects invasions: phenotypic plasticity increases the steepness of the fitness surface, thereby making invasion more difficult, even by phenotypically plastic invaders. Our results should apply to phenotypically plastic responses to any fluctuating environmental factors including predation risk, and to other factors that affect the fitness surface such as the generalism of predators. We extend the results to competition, and argue that phenotypic plasticity's effect on the fitness surface will destabilize coexistence at local scales, but stabilize coexistence at regional scales. Our study emphasizes the need to incorporate variable interaction strengths due to phenotypic plasticity into invasion biology and ecological theory on competition and coexistence in fragmented landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid17073933, year = {2006}, author = {Bely, AE and Weisblat, DA}, title = {Lessons from leeches: a call for DNA barcoding in the lab.}, journal = {Evolution &amp; development}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {491-501}, doi = {10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.00122.x}, pmid = {17073933}, issn = {1520-541X}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Laboratory ; Animals, Wild ; DNA/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; Genetic Variation ; Leeches/classification/enzymology/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Many evolution of development labs study organisms that must be periodically collected from the wild. Whenever this is the case, there is the risk that different field collections will recover genetically different strains or cryptic species. Ignoring this potential for genetic variation may introduce an uncontrolled source of experimental variability, leading to confusion or misinterpretation of the results. Leeches in the genus Helobdella have been a workhorse of annelid developmental biology for 30 years. Nearly all early Helobdella research was based on a single isolate, but in recent years isolates from multiple field collections and multiple sites across the country have been used. To assess the genetic distinctness of different isolates, we obtained specimens from most Helobdella laboratory cultures currently or recently in use and from some of their source field sites. From these samples, we sequenced part of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI). Sequence divergences and phylogenetic analyses reveal that, collectively, the Helobdella development community has worked on five distinct species from two major clades. Morphologically similar isolates that were thought to represent the same species (H. robusta) actually represent three species, two of which coexist at the same locality. Another isolate represents part of a species complex (the "H. triserialis" complex), and yet another is an invasive species (H. europaea). We caution researchers similarly working on multiple wild-collected isolates to preserve voucher specimens and to obtain from these a molecular "barcode," such as a COI gene sequence, to reveal genetic variation in animals used for research.}, }
@article {pmid17069386, year = {2006}, author = {Drechsler, M and Johst, K and Wätzold, F and Westphal, MI}, title = {Integrating economic costs into the analysis of flexible conservation management strategies.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {1959-1966}, doi = {10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1959:iecita]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {17069386}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Butterflies/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; Matricaria ; *Models, Biological ; *Models, Economic ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Flexible conservation management, where measures (e.g., mowing of meadows, removing invasive species) are selected in each decision period depending on the current state of the ecological system, is generally perceived as superior to fixed management, where the same measure is applied in each decision period independent of the current state of the system. In past comparisons of fixed and flexible conservation strategies the additional costs that arise only in flexible strategies have usually been ignored. In this paper, we present a framework to integrate costs of flexible management into the evaluation of flexible conservation strategies. Using the example of an endangered butterfly species we demonstrate that the costs of flexible management may reverse the rank order of flexible and fixed conservation strategies, such that fixed strategies may lead to better ecological results than flexible ones for the same financial budget.}, }
@article {pmid17069375, year = {2006}, author = {Roura-Pascual, N and Suarez, AV and McNyset, K and Gómez, C and Pons, P and Touyama, Y and Wild, AL and Gascon, F and Peterson, AT}, title = {Niche differentiation and fine-scale projections for Argentine ants based on remotely sensed data.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {1832-1841}, doi = {10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1832:ndafpf]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {17069375}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Japan ; Models, Biological ; North America ; Portugal ; South America ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Modeling ecological niches of species is a promising approach for predicting the geographic potential of invasive species in new environments. Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) rank among the most successful invasive species: native to South America, they have invaded broad areas worldwide. Despite their widespread success, little is known about what makes an area susceptible--or not--to invasion. Here, we use a genetic algorithm approach to ecological niche modeling based on high-resolution remote-sensing data to examine the roles of niche similarity and difference in predicting invasions by this species. Our comparisons support a picture of general conservatism of the species' ecological characteristics, in spite of distinct geographic and community contexts.}, }
@article {pmid17067735, year = {2007}, author = {Mgidi, TN and Le Maitre, DC and Schonegevel, L and Nel, JL and Rouget, M and Richardson, DM}, title = {Alien plant invasions--incorporating emerging invaders in regional prioritization: a pragmatic approach for Southern Africa.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {84}, number = {2}, pages = {173-187}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.05.018}, pmid = {17067735}, issn = {0301-4797}, mesh = {Acacia/*growth &amp; development ; Australia ; Biodiversity ; Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Eswatini ; Geography ; Lesotho ; Lythrum/*growth &amp; development ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; South Africa ; United States ; }, abstract = {Plant invasions are a serious threat to natural and semi-natural ecosystems worldwide. Most management-orientated research on invasions focuses on invaders that are already widespread and often have major impacts. This paper deals with "emerging" invaders-those alien species with the potential to become important problems without timely intervention. A climate matching procedure was developed to define areas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland that could be invaded by 28 plant species that had previously been classified as emerging invaders. Information on the location of populations of these species in the study area was combined with information on their distributions (as native or alien) in parts of Australia and the United States of America. These two countries had the best available distribution data for this study. They also share many invasive alien plant species with South Africa. Climatic data obtained for weather stations near points of known occurrence in these countries were used to define the climatically suitable areas for each species in the study area. Almost 80% of the remaining natural environment in southern Africa was found to be vulnerable to invasion by at least one of these species, 50% by six or more and 24% by 16 or more species. The most vulnerable areas are the highveld grasslands and the eastern escarpment. The emerging invaders with the greatest potential range included Acacia podalyriifolia and Cortaderia selloana. The globally important invaders Ulex europaeus and Lythrum salicaria had a more limited invasion potential but could still become major invaders. There was no relationship between the extent of the climatically suitable areas for the different species and an expert ranking of their invasion potential, emphasising the uncertainties inherent in making expert assessments based on very little information. The methods used in this analysis establish a protocol for future modelling exercises to assess the invasion potential of other emerging invaders.}, }
@article {pmid17067061, year = {2006}, author = {Gingrich, JB and Donovall, LR and Lake, RW}, title = {An updated checklist and brief notes on the mosquitoes of Delaware.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {550-552}, doi = {10.2987/8756-971X(2006)22[550:AUCABN]2.0.CO;2}, pmid = {17067061}, issn = {8756-971X}, mesh = {Aedes ; Animals ; Anopheles ; Culex ; *Culicidae ; Delaware ; }, abstract = {The latest checklist of Delaware mosquito species was published in 1951 and included 39 species from 10 genera. Since that time, 18 additional species have been recorded, including two newly introduced species, one species that was derived from a new species complex, one species resurrected from taxonomy, and 14 species that represented new observations. Brief notes are provided for the 18 additional species included in this checklist.}, }
@article {pmid17066782, year = {2006}, author = {El-Sayed, AM and Suckling, DM and Wearing, CH and Byers, JA}, title = {Potential of mass trapping for long-term pest management and eradication of invasive species.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {99}, number = {5}, pages = {1550-1564}, doi = {10.1603/0022-0493-99.5.1550}, pmid = {17066782}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera ; Female ; Insect Control/*methods ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Moths ; Population Density ; Sex Attractants ; Tephritidae ; Time Factors ; Weevils ; }, abstract = {Semiochemical-based pest management programs comprise three major approaches that are being used to provide environmentally friendly control methods of insect pests: mass trapping, "lure and kill," and mating disruption. In this article, we review the potential of mass trapping in long-term pest management as well as in the eradication of invasive species. We discuss similarities and differences between mass trapping and other two main approaches of semiochemical-based pest management programs. We highlight several study cases where mass trapping has been used either in long-term pest management [e.g., codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.); pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders); bark beetles, palm weevils, corn rootworms (Diabrotica spp.); and fruit flies] or in eradication of invasive species [e.g., gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.); and boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman). We list the critical issues that affect the efficacy of mass trapping and compare these with previously published models developed to investigate mass trapping efficacy in pest control. We conclude that mass trapping has good potential to suppress or eradicate low-density, isolated pest populations; however, its full potential in pest management has not been adequately realized and therefore encourages further research and development of this technology.}, }
@article {pmid17054495, year = {2006}, author = {Thulin, CG and Simberloff, D and Barun, A and McCracken, G and Pascal, M and Islam, MA}, title = {Genetic divergence in the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus), a widely distributed invasive species.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {15}, number = {13}, pages = {3947-3956}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03084.x}, pmid = {17054495}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Founder Effect ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Herpestidae/*genetics ; India ; Jamaica ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; }, abstract = {The combination of founder events, random drift and new selective forces experienced by introduced species typically lowers genetic variation and induces differentiation from the ancestral population. Here, we investigate microsatellite differentiation between introduced and native populations of the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus). Many expectations based on introduction history, such as loss of alleles and relationships among populations, are confirmed. Nevertheless, when applying population assignment methods to our data, we observe a few specimens that are incorrectly assigned and/or appear to have a mixed ancestry, despite estimates of substantial population differentiation. Thus, we suggest that population assignments of individuals should be viewed as tentative and that there should be agreement among different algorithms before assignments are applied in conservation or management. Further, we find no congruence between previously reported morphological differentiation and the sorting of microsatellite variation. Some introduced populations have retained much genetic variation while others have not, irrespective of morphology. Finally, we find alleles from the sympatric grey mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii) in one small Indian mongoose within the native range, suggesting an alternative explanation for morphological differentiation involving a shift in female preferences in allopatry.}, }
@article {pmid17040392, year = {2006}, author = {Emblidge Fromme, A and Dybdahl, MF}, title = {Resistance in introduced populations of a freshwater snail to native range parasites.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {19}, number = {6}, pages = {1948-1955}, doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01149.x}, pmid = {17040392}, issn = {1010-061X}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Population Dynamics ; Snails/*parasitology ; Trematoda/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Introduced species provide an opportunity to examine responses to novel ecological conditions, in particular to the absence of co-evolved enemies. Introduced populations could evolve lower investment in resistance or could down-regulate their immune system as a plastic response to enemy absence. The response might have consequences for the success of introduced species. Assuming a trade-off between resistance and traits related to demographic success, an evolved change or reallocation from resistance could increase the chances of invasions. On the other hand, introduced populations could have increased resistance as a correlate of greater vigour and competitive ability among successful invaders [Sampling Bias hypothesis (SBH)]. These hypotheses make different predictions about investment in resistance in introduced populations. Using a New Zealand clonal snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum), we examined the resistance of three introduced genotypes (one from the US and two from Europe) to several populations of a native range parasite (Microphallus sp.). One genotype (Euro A) was resistant to all native range parasite populations, consistent with the SBH. However, two remaining genotypes (Euro C and US 1) were less susceptible to parasite populations that were allopatric to their source populations. Furthermore, resistance of one genotype (US 1) collected from the introduced range was indistinguishable from its resistance when collected from the range of the parasite. Hence, there was no evidence for decreased resistance in the absence of native enemies, which is inconsistent with hypotheses that envision reduced allocation to resistance or a trade-off between competitive ability and resistance.}, }
@article {pmid17028329, year = {2006}, author = {Wegmann, D and Currat, M and Excoffier, L}, title = {Molecular diversity after a range expansion in heterogeneous environments.}, journal = {Genetics}, volume = {174}, number = {4}, pages = {2009-2020}, pmid = {17028329}, issn = {0016-6731}, mesh = {Computer Simulation ; Demography ; *Environment ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Models, Genetic ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Recent range expansions have probably occurred in many species, as they often happen after speciation events, after ice ages, or after the introduction of invasive species. While it has been shown that range expansions lead to patterns of molecular diversity distinct from those of a pure demographic expansion, the fact that many species do live in heterogeneous environments has not been taken into account. We develop here a model of range expansion with a spatial heterogeneity of the environment, which is modeled as a gamma distribution of the carrying capacities of the demes. By allowing temporal variation of these carrying capacities, our model becomes a new metapopulation model linking ecological parameters to molecular diversity. We show by extensive simulations that environmental heterogeneity induces a loss of genetic diversity within demes and increases the degree of population differentiation. We find that metapopulations with low average densities are much more affected by environmental heterogeneity than metapopulations with high average densities, which are relatively insensitive to spatial and temporal variations of the environment. Spatial heterogeneity is shown to have a larger impact on genetic diversity than temporal heterogeneity. Overall, temporal heterogeneity and local extinctions are not found to leave any specific signature on molecular diversity that cannot be produced by spatial heterogeneity.}, }
@article {pmid17018770, year = {2006}, author = {Hintz, M and Bartholmes, C and Nutt, P and Ziermann, J and Hameister, S and Neuffer, B and Theissen, G}, title = {Catching a 'hopeful monster': shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) as a model system to study the evolution of flower development.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {57}, number = {13}, pages = {3531-3542}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/erl158}, pmid = {17018770}, issn = {0022-0957}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Capsella/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Flowers/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Genes, Homeobox ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Capsella is a small genus within the mustard family (Brassicaceae). Its three species, however, show many evolutionary trends also observed in other Brassicaceae (including Arabidopsis) and far beyond, including transitions from a diploid, self-incompatible, obligatory outcrossing species with comparatively large and attractive flowers but a restricted distribution to a polyploid, self-compatible, predominantly selfing, invasive species with floral reductions. All these evolutionary transitions may have contributed to the fact that Capsella bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse) has become one of the most widely distributed flowering plants on our planet. In addition, Capsella bursa-pastoris shows a phenomenon that, although rare, could be of great evolutionary importance, specifically the occurrence of a homeotic variety found in relatively stable populations in the wild. Several lines of evidence suggest that homeotic changes played a considerable role in floral evolution, but how floral homeotic varieties are established in natural populations has remained a highly controversial topic among evolutionary biologists. Due to its close relationship with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, numerous experimental tools are available for studying the genus Capsella, and further tools are currently being developed. Hence, Capsella provides great opportunities to investigate the evolution of flower development from molecular developmental genetics to field ecology and biogeography, and from morphological refinements to major structural transitions.}, }
@article {pmid17016748, year = {2007}, author = {Bergquist, E and Evangelista, P and Stohlgren, TJ and Alley, N}, title = {Invasive species and coal bed methane development in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {128}, number = {1-3}, pages = {381-394}, pmid = {17016748}, issn = {0167-6369}, mesh = {*Coal Mining ; Methane/*analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; Wyoming ; }, abstract = {One of the fastest growing areas of natural gas production is coal bed methane (CBM) due to the large monetary returns and increased demand for energy from consumers. The Powder River Basin, Wyoming is one of the most rapidly expanding areas of CBM development with projections of the establishment of up to 50,000 wells. CBM disturbances may make the native ecosystem more susceptible to invasion by non-native species, but there are few studies that have been conducted on the environmental impacts of this type of resource extraction. To evaluate the potential effects of CBM development on native plant species distribution and patterns of non-native plant invasion, 36 modified Forest Inventory and Analysis plots (each comprised of four 168-m2 subplots) were established in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming. There were 73 168-m2 subplots on control sites; 42 subplots on secondary disturbances; 14 on major surface disturbances; eight on well pads; and seven on sites downslope of CBM wells water discharge points. Native plant species cover ranged from 39.5 +/- 2.7% (mean +/- 1 SE) in the secondary disturbance subplots to 17.7 +/- 7.5% in the pad subplots. Non-native plant species cover ranged from 31.0 +/- 8.4% in the discharge areas to 14.7 +/- 8.9% in the pad subplots. The control subplots had significantly less non-native species richness than the combined disturbance types. The combined disturbance subplots had significantly greater soil salinity than the control sites. These results suggest that CBM development and associated disturbances may facilitate the establishment of non-native plants. Future research and management decisions should consider the accumulative landscape-scale effects of CBM development on preserving native plant diversity.}, }
@article {pmid17009759, year = {2006}, author = {Griffen, BD and Byers, JE}, title = {Intraguild predation reduces redundancy of predator species in multiple predator assemblage.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {75}, number = {4}, pages = {959-966}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01115.x}, pmid = {17009759}, issn = {0021-8790}, mesh = {Amphipoda/physiology ; Animals ; Brachyura/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {1. Interference between predator species frequently decreases predation rates, lowering the risk of predation for shared prey. However, such interference can also occur between conspecific predators. 2. Therefore, to understand the importance of predator biodiversity and the degree that predator species can be considered functionally interchangeable, we determined the degree of additivity and redundancy of predators in multiple- and single-species combinations. 3. We show that interference between two invasive species of predatory crabs, Carcinus maenas and Hemigrapsus sanguineus, reduced the risk of predation for shared amphipod prey, and had redundant per capita effects in most multiple- and single-species predator combinations. 4. However, when predator combinations with the potential for intraguild predation were examined, predator interference increased and predator redundancy decreased. 5. Our study indicates that trophic structure is important in determining how the effects of predator species combine and demonstrates the utility of determining the redundancy, as well as the additivity, of multiple predator species.}, }
@article {pmid17002766, year = {2006}, author = {Krivánek, M and Pysek, P and Jarosík, V}, title = {Planting history and propagule pressure as predictors of invasion by woody species in a temperate region.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, pages = {1487-1498}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00477.x}, pmid = {17002766}, issn = {0888-8892}, mesh = {Czech Republic ; *Ecosystem ; Forestry ; Population Dynamics ; Trees/*physiology ; }, abstract = {We studied 28 alien tree species currently planted for forestry purposes in the Czech Republic to determine the probability of their escape from cultivation and naturalization. Indicators of propagule pressure (number of administrative units in which a species is planted and total planting area) and time of introduction into cultivation were used as explanatory variables in multiple regression models. Fourteen species escaped from cultivation, and 39% of the variance was explained by the number of planting units and the time of introduction, the latter being more important. Species introduced early had a higher probability of escape than those introduced later, with more than 95% probability of escape for those introduced before 1801 and <5% for those introduced after 1892. Probability of naturalization was more difficult to predict, and eight species were misclassified. A model omitting two species with the largest influence on the model yielded similar predictors of naturalization as did the probability of escape. Both phases of invasion therefore appear to be driven by planting and introduction history in a similar way. Our results demonstrate the importance of forestry for recruitment of invasive trees. Six alien forestry trees, classified as invasive in the Czech Republic, are currently reported in nature reserves. In addition, forestry authorities want to increase the diversity of alien species and planting area in the country.}, }
@article {pmid17000023, year = {2006}, author = {Anderson, NJ and Bugmann, H and Dearing, JA and Gaillard, MJ}, title = {Linking palaeoenvironmental data and models to understand the past and to predict the future.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {21}, number = {12}, pages = {696-704}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2006.09.005}, pmid = {17000023}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; Climate ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; *Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {Complex, process-based dynamic models are used to attempt to mimic the intrinsic variability of the natural environment, ecosystem functioning and, ultimately, to predict future change. Palaeoecological data provide the means for understanding past ecosystem change and are the main source of information for validating long-term model behaviour. As global ecosystems become increasingly stressed by, for example, climate change, human activities and invasive species, there is an even greater need to learn from the past and to strengthen links between models and palaeoecological data. Using examples from terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, we suggest that better interactions between modellers and palaeoecologists can help understand the complexity of past changes. With increased synergy between the two approaches, there will be a better understanding of past and present environmental change and, hence, an improvement in our ability to predict future changes.}, }
@article {pmid16990536, year = {2006}, author = {Raghu, S and Anderson, RC and Daehler, CC and Davis, AS and Wiedenmann, RN and Simberloff, D and Mack, RN}, title = {Ecology. Adding biofuels to the invasive species fire?.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {313}, number = {5794}, pages = {1742}, doi = {10.1126/science.1129313}, pmid = {16990536}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Biomass ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Energy-Generating Resources ; *Environment ; Herbicides ; Pest Control, Biological ; *Poaceae/growth &amp; development ; United States ; }, }
@article {pmid16989510, year = {2006}, author = {Laikre, L and Palme, A and Josefsson, M and Utter, F and Ryman, N}, title = {Release of alien populations in Sweden.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, pages = {255-261}, doi = {10.1579/05-a-060r.1}, pmid = {16989510}, issn = {0044-7447}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; Fishes ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Sweden ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Introduction of alien species is a major threat to biological diversity. Although public attention typically focuses on the species level, guidelines from the Convention of Biological Diversity define alien species to include entities below species level. This inclusion recognizes that release of nonlocal populations of native species may also result in negative effects on biodiversity. In practice, little is known about the extent, degree of establishment, or the effects on natural gene pools of such releases. Existing information on the releases in Sweden shows that alien populations are spread to a great extent. The most commonly released species include brown trout, Atlantic salmon, Arctic char, common whitefish, Scots pine, Norway spruce, mallard duck, gray partridge, and pheasant. Although millions of forest trees, fish, and birds are released annually, poor documentation makes the geographic and genetic origin of these populations, as well as the sites where they have been released, largely unclear. We provide recommendations for urgently needed first steps relating to the risks and problems associated with release of alien populations.}, }
@article {pmid16989504, year = {2006}, author = {Josefsson, M}, title = {The spread of alien species is considered to be one of the greatest threats to biological diversity.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, pages = {213}, doi = {10.1579/0044-7447(2006)35[213:e]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {16989504}, issn = {0044-7447}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Genetics, Population ; Population Dynamics ; }, }
@article {pmid16973856, year = {2006}, author = {Guo, J}, title = {Invasive species. The Galapagos Islands kiss their goat problem goodbye.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {313}, number = {5793}, pages = {1567}, doi = {10.1126/science.313.5793.1567}, pmid = {16973856}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Cats ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Culicidae/virology ; *Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; *Goats ; Plant Development ; Population Dynamics ; Rats ; West Nile virus ; }, }
@article {pmid16959635, year = {2006}, author = {Roman, J}, title = {Diluting the founder effect: cryptic invasions expand a marine invader's range.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {273}, number = {1600}, pages = {2453-2459}, pmid = {16959635}, issn = {0962-8452}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura/*genetics ; Canada ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Ecosystem ; *Founder Effect ; *Gene Flow ; Geography ; United States ; }, abstract = {Most invasion histories include an estimated arrival time, followed by range expansion. Yet, such linear progression may not tell the entire story. The European green crab (Carcinus maenas) was first recorded in the US in 1817, followed by an episodic expansion of range to the north. Its population has recently exploded in the Canadian Maritimes. Although it has been suggested that this northern expansion is the result of warming sea temperatures or cold-water adaptation, Canadian populations have higher genetic diversity than southern populations, indicating that multiple introductions have occurred in the Maritimes since the 1980s. These new genetic lineages, probably from the northern end of the green crab's native range in Europe, persist in areas that were once thought to be too cold for the original southern invasion front. It is well established that ballast water can contain a wide array of nonindigenous species. Ballast discharge can also deliver genetic variation on a level comparable to that of native populations. Such gene flow not only increases the likelihood of persistence of invasive species, but it can also rapidly expand the range of long-established nonindigenous species.}, }
@article {pmid16958902, year = {2006}, author = {Strauss, SY and Lau, JA and Carroll, SP}, title = {Evolutionary responses of natives to introduced species: what do introductions tell us about natural communities?.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {357-374}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00874.x}, pmid = {16958902}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Mollusca/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions dramatically affect the distribution, abundance and reproduction of many native species. Because of these ecological effects, exotic species can also influence the evolution of natives exposed to novel interactions with invaders. Evolutionary changes in natives in response to selection from exotics are usually overlooked, yet common responses include altered anti-predator defenses, changes in the spectrum of resources and habitats used, and other adaptations that allow native populations to persist in invaded areas. Whether a native population is capable of responding evolutionarily to selection from invaders will depend on the demographic impact of the invader, the genetic architecture and genetic variability of the native population and potentially the history of previous invasions. In some cases, natives will fail to evolve or otherwise adapt, and local or global extinction will result. In other cases, adaptive change in natives may diminish impacts of invaders and potentially promote coexistence between invaders and natives. Here, we review the evidence for evolutionary responses of native species to novel community members. We also discuss how the effects of introduced species may differ from those caused by natural range expansions of native species. Notably, introduced species may come from remote biotas with no previous evolutionary history with the native community. In addition, the rate of addition of introduced species into communities is much greater than all but the most extreme cases of historical biotic exchange. Understanding the evolutionary component of exotic/native species interactions is critical to recognizing the long-term impacts of biological invasions, and to understanding the role of evolutionary processes in the assembly and dynamics of natural communities.}, }
@article {pmid16950405, year = {2007}, author = {Yokomizo, H and Haccou, P and Iwasa, Y}, title = {Optimal conservation strategy in fluctuating environments with species interactions: resource-enhancement of the native species versus extermination of the alien species.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {244}, number = {1}, pages = {46-58}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.06.031}, pmid = {16950405}, issn = {0022-5193}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/*methods ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Alien species are often a major threat to native species. We consider optimal conservation strategies for a population whose viability is affected both by an alien species (such as a competitor, a predator, or a pathogen) and by random fluctuations of the environment (e.g. precipitation, temperature). We assume that the survivorship of the native population can be improved by providing resources such as food and shelter, and also by an extermination effort that decreases the abundance of the alien species. These efforts decrease the extinction probability of the native population, but they are accompanied by economic costs. We search for the optimal strategy that minimizes the weighted sum of the extinction probability and the economic costs over a single year. We derive conditions under which investment should be made in both resource-enhancement and extermination, and examine how the optimal effort levels change with parameters. When the optimal strategy includes both types of efforts, the optimal extermination effort level turns out to be independent of the density and economic value of the native species, or the variance of the environmental fluctuation. Furthermore, the optimal resource-enhancement effort is then independent of the density of the alien species. However, the parameter dependencies greatly change if one of the efforts becomes zero. We also examine the situation in which the impact of the alien species is uncertain. The optimal extermination effort increases with the uncertainty of this impact except when the cost of extermination is very high.}, }
@article {pmid19259533, year = {2006}, author = {Eyualem-Abebe,  and Baldwin, JG and Adams, B and Hope, D and Gardner, S and Huettel, R and Mullin, P and Powers, T and Sharma, J and Ye, W and Thomas, WK}, title = {A position paper on the electronic publication of nematode taxonomic manuscripts.}, journal = {Journal of nematology}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, pages = {305-311}, pmid = {19259533}, issn = {0022-300X}, abstract = {Several nematode species have now attained 'model organism' status, yet there remain many niches in basic biological inquiry for which nematodes would be ideal model systems of study. However, furthering the model system approach is hindered by lack of information on nematode biodiversity. The shortage of taxonomic resources to inventory and characterize biodiversity hinders research programs in invasion biology, ecosystem functioning, conservation biology, and many others. The disproportion between numbers of species to be described and numbers of available taxonomic specialists is greater for Nematoda than for any other metazoan phylum. A partial solution to the taxonomic impediment is the adoption of recent advances in electronic publishing. Electronic publishing has the potential to increase the rate at which taxonomic papers are published, the breadth of their distribution, and the type, quantity, quality, and accessibility of data. We propose that the Journal of Nematology implement the advantageous aspects of electronic publication as a means to help ameliorate the limitations of an underdeveloped taxonomy and empower the nematological disciplines currently hindered by it.}, }
@article {pmid16937805, year = {2006}, author = {Inglis, GJ and Hurren, H and Oldman, J and Haskew, R}, title = {Using habitat suitability index and particle dispersion models for early detection of marine invaders.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {1377-1390}, doi = {10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1377:uhsiap]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {16937805}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Models, Statistical ; New Zealand ; Oceans and Seas ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Eradication and control of invasive species are often possible only if populations are detected when they are small and localized. To be efficient, detection surveys should be targeted at locations where there is the greatest risk of incursions. We examine the utility of habitat suitability index (HSI) and particle dispersion models for targeting sampling for marine pests. Habitat suitability index models are a simple way to identify suitable habitat when species distribution data are lacking. We compared the performance of HSI models with statistical models derived from independent data from New Zealand on the distribution of two nonindigenous bivalves: Theora lubrica and Musculista senhousia. Logistic regression models developed using the HSI scores as predictors of the presence/absence of Theora and Musculista explained 26.7% and 6.2% of the deviance in the data, respectively. Odds ratios for the HSI scores were greater than unity, indicating that they were genuine predictors of the presence/ absence of each species. The fit and predictive accuracy of each logistic model were improved when simulated patterns of dispersion from the nearest port were added as a predictor variable. Nevertheless, the combined model explained, at best, 46.5% of the deviance in the distribution of Theora and correctly predicted 56% of true presences and 50% of all cases. Omission errors were between 6% and 16%. Although statistical distribution models built directly from environmental predictors always outperformed the equivalent HSI models, the gain in model fit and accuracy was modest. High residual deviance in both types of model suggests that the distributions realized by Theora and Musculista in the field data were influenced by factors not explicitly modeled as explanatory variables and by error in the environmental data used to project suitable habitat for the species. Our results highlight the difficulty of accurately predicting the distribution of invasive marine species that exhibit low habitat occupancy and patchy distributions in time and space. Although the HSI and statistical models had utility as predictors of the likely distribution of nonindigenous marine species, the level of spatial accuracy achieved with them may be well below expectations for sensitive surveillance programs.}, }
@article {pmid16937804, year = {2006}, author = {Burns, JH}, title = {Relatedness and environment affect traits associated with invasive and noninvasive introduced Commelinaceae.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {1367-1376}, doi = {10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1367:raeata]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {16937804}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Commelinaceae/*genetics/*physiology ; Demography ; *Environment ; Species Specificity ; United States ; }, abstract = {Understanding the traits of invasive species may improve the ability to predict, prevent, and manage invasions. I compared morphological and performance traits of five congeneric pairs of invasive and noninvasive Commelinaceae across a factorial experiment using a range of water and nutrient availabilities. Invasive species had greater fecundity and vegetative reproduction than their noninvasive relatives. The invasive species also had higher relative growth rates, greater specific leaf area, and more plastic root-to-shoot ratios than noninvasive species. However, whether a trait was associated with invasiveness often depended on both environment and relatedness. Invasives had greater sexual and vegetative reproduction, higher specific leaf area, and greater relative growth rates than noninvasive congeners, but only in some environments. Differences between invasive and noninvasive taxa were greatest at high nutrient availabilities. These results suggest that studies of invasive species' traits must incorporate information on conditions under which the trait was measured. In addition, incorporating information on relatedness improved our ability to detect associations between species traits, such as specific leaf area and relative growth rate, and invasiveness, suggesting that such information may be required for a complete understanding of what makes a species invasive.}, }
@article {pmid16937802, year = {2006}, author = {Seabloom, EW and Williams, JW and Slayback, D and Stoms, DM and Viers, JH and Dobson, AP}, title = {Human impacts, plant invasion, and imperiled plant species in California.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {1338-1350}, doi = {10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1338:hipiai]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {16937802}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {California ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Human Activities ; Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/genetics ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are one of the fastest growing conservation problems. These species homogenize the world's flora and fauna, threaten rare and endemic species, and impose large economic costs. Here, we examine the distribution of 834 of the more than 1000 exotic plant taxa that have become established in California, USA. Total species richness increases with net primary productivity; however, the exotic flora is richest in low-lying coastal sites that harbor large numbers of imperiled species, while native diversity is highest in areas with high mean elevation. Weedy and invasive exotics are more tightly linked to the distribution of imperiled species than the overall pool of exotic species. Structural equation modeling suggests that while human activities, such as urbanization and agriculture, facilitate the initial invasion by exotic plants, exotics spread ahead of the front of human development into areas with high numbers of threatened native plants. The range sizes of exotic taxa are an order of magnitude smaller than for comparable native taxa. The current small range size of exotic species implies that California has a significant "invasion debt" that will be paid as exotic plants expand their range and spread throughout the state.}, }
@article {pmid16927104, year = {2006}, author = {Wilsey, BJ and Polley, HW}, title = {Aboveground productivity and root-shoot allocation differ between native and introduced grass species.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {150}, number = {2}, pages = {300-309}, pmid = {16927104}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Biomass ; Carbon/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Plant Shoots/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Plant species in grasslands are often separated into groups (C(4) and C(3) grasses, and forbs) with presumed links to ecosystem functioning. Each of these in turn can be separated into native and introduced (i.e., exotic) species. Although numerous studies have compared plant traits between the traditional groups of grasses and forbs, fewer have compared native versus introduced species. Introduced grass species, which were often introduced to prevent erosion or to improve grazing opportunities, have become common or even dominant species in grasslands. By virtue of their abundances, introduced species may alter ecosystems if they differ from natives in growth and allocation patterns. Introduced grasses were probably selected nonrandomly from the source population for forage (aboveground) productivity. Based on this expectation, aboveground production is predicted to be greater and root mass fraction to be smaller in introduced than native species. We compared root and shoot distribution and tissue quality between introduced and native C(4) grass species in the Blackland Prairie region of Central Texas, USA, and then compared differences to the more well-studied divergence between C(4) grasses and forbs. Comparisons were made in experimental monocultures planted with equal-sized transplants on a common soil type and at the same density. Aboveground productivity and C:N ratios were higher, on average, in native grasses than in native forbs, as expected. Native and introduced grasses had comparable amounts of shallow root biomass and tissue C:N ratios. However, aboveground productivity and total N were lower and deep root biomass and root mass fraction were greater in native than introduced grasses. These differences in average biomass distribution and N could be important to ecosystems in cases where native and introduced grasses have been exchanged. Our results indicate that native-introduced status may be important when interpreting species effects on grassland processes like productivity and plant N accumulation.}, }
@article {pmid16925656, year = {2006}, author = {Hartley, S and Harris, R and Lester, PJ}, title = {Quantifying uncertainty in the potential distribution of an invasive species: climate and the Argentine ant.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {1068-1079}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00954.x}, pmid = {16925656}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Decision Making ; *Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Maps of a species' potential range make an important contribution to conservation and invasive species risk analysis. Spatial predictions, however, should be accompanied by an assessment of their uncertainty. Here, we use multimodel inference to generate confidence intervals that incorporate both the uncertainty involved in model selection as well as the error associated with model fitting. In the case of the invasive Argentine ant, we found that it was most likely to occur where the mean daily temperature in mid-winter was 7-14 degrees C and maximum daily temperatures during the hottest month averaged 19-30 degrees C. Uninvaded regions vulnerable to future establishment include: southern China, Taiwan, Zimbabwe, central Madagascar, Morocco, high-elevation Ethiopia, Yemen and a number of oceanic islands. Greatest uncertainty exists over predictions for China, north-east India, Angola, Bolivia, Lord Howe Island and New Caledonia. Quantifying the costs of different errors (false negatives vs. false positives) was considered central for connecting modelling to decision-making and management processes.}, }
@article {pmid16924404, year = {2007}, author = {Gilchrist, GW and Lee, CE}, title = {All stressed out and nowhere to go: does evolvability limit adaptation in invasive species? An introduction to the symposium at the SSE/ASN/SSB meeting, June 2004.}, journal = {Genetica}, volume = {129}, number = {2}, pages = {127-132}, doi = {10.1007/s10709-006-9009-5}, pmid = {16924404}, issn = {0016-6707}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Introduced and invasive species are major threats native species and communities and, quite naturally, most scientists and managers think of them in terms of ecological problems. However, species introductions are also experiments in evolution, both for the alien species and for the community that they colonize. We focus here on the introduced species because these offer opportunities to study the properties that allow a species to succeed in a novel habitat and the constraints that limit range expansion. Moreover, an increasing body of evidence from diverse taxa suggests that the introduced species often undergo rapid and observable evolutionary change in their new habitat. Evolution requires genetic variation, which may be decreased or expanded during an invasion, and an evolutionary mechanism such as genetic drift or natural selection. In this volume, we seek to understand how natural selection produces adaptive evolution during invasions. Key questions include what is the role of biotic and abiotic stress in driving adaptation, and what is the source of genetic variation in introduced populations.}, }
@article {pmid16924403, year = {2007}, author = {Carroll, SP}, title = {Brave New World: the epistatic foundations of natives adapting to invaders.}, journal = {Genetica}, volume = {129}, number = {2}, pages = {193-204}, doi = {10.1007/s10709-006-9014-8}, pmid = {16924403}, issn = {0016-6707}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; *Epistasis, Genetic ; Female ; Florida ; Hemiptera/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; Sapindus/parasitology ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Classical examples indicated rapid evolution to be both rare and largely anthropogenic. As the pace and scale of human disturbance increase, such evolution is becoming more the norm. Genetically based adaptation may underlie successful biological invasions, and may likewise characterize responses in natives to invasives. Recent published studies confirm that natives are adapting morphologically, behaviorally, physiologically and life historically to selection from invasive species. Some of the processes involved are evident in our studies of recent host shifts to invasive plants by native soapberry bugs in North America and Australia. On both continents populations have differentiated extensively in fitness traits. Genetic architecture of these adaptations involves a surprising degree of non-additive variation (epistasis, dominance), a result that in theory may reflect a history of colonization by a small number of individuals followed by population growth. Such "founder-flush" events may unleash extraordinary evolutionary potential, and their importance will be clarified as more studies take advantage of the accidental perturbation experiments that biotic invasions represent. From a conservation standpoint, rapid evolution in natives will present challenges for ecologically appropriate and sustainable management, but at the same time may enhance the capacity of the native community to act in the biological control of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid16922325, year = {2006}, author = {Thuiller, W and Richardson, DM and Rouget, M and Procheş, S and Wilson, JR}, title = {Interactions between environment, species traits, and human uses describe patterns of plant invasions.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {87}, number = {7}, pages = {1755-1769}, doi = {10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1755:ibesta]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {16922325}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Demography ; *Environment ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; *Plants/genetics ; South Africa ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Although invasive alien species (IAS) are a major threat to biodiversity, human health, and economy, our understanding of the factors controlling their distribution and abundance is limited. Here, we determine how environmental factors, land use, life-history traits of the invaders, residence time, origin, and human usage interact to shape the spatial pattern of invasive alien plant species in South Africa. Relationships between the environmental factors and the extrinsic and intrinsic attributes of species were investigated using RLQ analysis, a multivariate method for relating a species-attribute table to an environmental table by way of a species presence/absence table. We then clustered species according to their position on the RLQ axes, and tested these groups for phylogenetic independence. The first three axes of the RLQ explained 99% of the variation and were strongly related to the species attributes. The clustering showed that, after accounting for environmental factors, the spatial pattern of IAS in South Africa was driven by human uses, life forms, and reproductive traits. The seven clusters of species strongly reflected geographical distribution, but also intrinsic species attributes and patterns of human use. Two of the clusters, centered on the genera Acacia and Opuntia, were phylogenetically non-independent. The remaining clusters comprised species of diverse taxonomic affinities, but sharing traits facilitating invasion in particular habitats. This information is useful for assessing the extent to which the potential spread of recent introductions can be predicted by considering the interaction of their biological attributes, region of origin, and human use.}, }
@article {pmid16922216, year = {2006}, author = {Reeves, GH and Bisson, PA and Rieman, BE and Benda, LE}, title = {Postfire logging in riparian areas.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {994-1004}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00502.x}, pmid = {16922216}, issn = {0888-8892}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods ; Disasters ; Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Forestry/*methods ; *Geography ; *Trees ; *Water ; }, abstract = {We reviewed the behavior of wildfire in riparian zones, primarily in the western United States, and the potential ecological consequences of postfire logging. Fire behavior in riparian zones is complex, but many aquatic and riparian organisms exhibit a suite of adaptations that allow relatively rapid recovery after fire. Unless constrained by other factors, fish tend to rebound relatively quickly, usually within a decade after a wildfire. Additionally, fire and subsequent erosion events contribute wood and coarse sediment that can create and maintain productive aquatic habitats over time. The potential effects of postfire logging in riparian areas depend on the landscape context and disturbance history of a site; however available evidence suggests two key management implications: (1) fire in riparian areas creates conditions that may not require intervention to sustain the long-term productivity of the aquatic network and (2) protection of burned riparian areas gives priority to what is left rather than what is removed. Research is needed to determine how postfire logging in riparian areas has affected the spread of invasive species and the vulnerability of upland forests to insect and disease outbreaks and how postfire logging will affect the frequency and behavior of future fires. The effectiveness of using postfire logging to restore desired riparian structure and function is therefore unproven, but such projects are gaining interest with the departure of forest conditions from those that existed prior to timber harvest, fire suppression, and climate change. In the absence of reliable information about the potential consequence of postfire timber harvest, we conclude that providing postfire riparian zones with the same environmental protections they received before they burned isjustified ecologically Without a commitment to monitor management experiments, the effects of postfire riparian logging will remain unknown and highly contentious.}, }
@article {pmid16922212, year = {2006}, author = {Lindenmayer, DB and Noss, RF}, title = {Salvage logging, ecosystem processes, and biodiversity conservation.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {949-958}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00497.x}, pmid = {16922212}, issn = {0888-8892}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Disasters ; Ecosystem ; *Forestry/economics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/methods ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {We summarize the documented and potential impacts of salvage logging--a form of logging that removes trees and other biological material from sites after natural disturbance. Such operations may reduce or eliminate biological legacies, modify rare postdisturbance habitats, influence populations, alter community composition, impair natural vegetation recovery, facilitate the colonization of invasive species, alter soil properties and nutrient levels, increase erosion, modify hydrological regimes and aquatic ecosystems, and alter patterns of landscape heterogeneity These impacts can be assigned to three broad and interrelated effects: (1) altered stand structural complexity; (2) altered ecosystem processes and functions; and (3) altered populations of species and community composition. Some impacts may be different from or additional to the effects of traditional logging that is not preceded by a large natural disturbance because the conditions before, during, and after salvage logging may differ from those that characterize traditional timber harvesting. The potential impacts of salvage logging often have been overlooked, partly because the processes of ecosystem recovery after natural disturbance are still poorly understood and partly because potential cumulative effects of natural and human disturbance have not been well documented. Ecologically informed policies regarding salvage logging are needed prior to major natural disturbances so that when they occur ad hoc and crisis-mode decision making can be avoided. These policies should lead to salvage-exemption zones and limits on the amounts of disturbance-derived biological legacies (e.g., burned trees, logs) that are removed where salvage logging takes place. Finally, we believe new terminology is needed. The word salvage implies that something is being saved or recovered, whereas from an ecological perspective this is rarely the case.}, }
@article {pmid16913942, year = {2006}, author = {Richards, CL and Bossdorf, O and Muth, NZ and Gurevitch, J and Pigliucci, M}, title = {Jack of all trades, master of some? On the role of phenotypic plasticity in plant invasions.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {981-993}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00950.x}, pmid = {16913942}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecology ; Environment ; Genetic Markers ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; *Phenotype ; Plant Development ; *Plants/genetics ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Invasion biologists often suggest that phenotypic plasticity plays an important role in successful plant invasions. Assuming that plasticity enhances ecological niche breadth and therefore confers a fitness advantage, recent studies have posed two main hypotheses: (1) invasive species are more plastic than non-invasive or native ones; (2) populations in the introduced range of an invasive species have evolved greater plasticity than populations in the native range. These two hypotheses largely reflect the disparate interests of ecologists and evolutionary biologists. Because these sciences are typically interested in different temporal and spatial scales, we describe what is required to assess phenotypic plasticity at different levels. We explore the inevitable tradeoffs of experiments conducted at the genotype vs. species level, outline components of experimental design required to identify plasticity at different levels, and review some examples from the recent literature. Moreover, we suggest that a successful invader may benefit from plasticity as either (1) a Jack-of-all-trades, better able to maintain fitness in unfavourable environments; (2) a Master-of-some, better able to increase fitness in favourable environments; or (3) a Jack-and-master that combines some level of both abilities. This new framework can be applied when testing both ecological or evolutionary oriented hypotheses, and therefore promises to bridge the gap between the two perspectives.}, }
@article {pmid16913932, year = {2006}, author = {Simberloff, D}, title = {Invasional meltdown 6 years later: important phenomenon, unfortunate metaphor, or both?.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {912-919}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00939.x}, pmid = {16913932}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecology ; *Metaphor ; Population Dynamics ; Terminology as Topic ; }, abstract = {Cases in which introduced species facilitate one another's establishment, spread, and impacts are increasingly noted, and several experimental studies have provided strong evidence of a population-level impact. However, a full 'invasional meltdown', in which interspecific facilitation leads to an accelerating increase in the number of introduced species and their impact, has yet to be conclusively demonstrated. The great majority of suggested instances of 'invasional meltdown' remain simply plausible scenarios of long-term consequences based on short-term observations of facilitatory interactions between individuals of two species. There is a particular dearth of proven instances in which two invasive species each enhance the impact and/or probability of establishment and spread of the other. By contrast, in many authenticated cases, at least one partner is aided. The metaphor of meltdown focused attention on facilitation in invasion and has probably helped inspire recent studies. As have other metaphors from invasion biology and other sciences, 'meltdown' has struck a responsive chord with writers for the lay public; some have stretched it well beyond its meaning as understood by invasion biologists. There is no evidence that this hyperbole has impeded scientific understanding or caused loss of scientific credibility.}, }
@article {pmid16903098, year = {2006}, author = {Keeley, JE}, title = {Fire management impacts on invasive plants in the western United States.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {375-384}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00339.x}, pmid = {16903098}, issn = {0888-8892}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Fires/*prevention &amp; control ; *Plants ; United States ; }, abstract = {Fire management practices affect alien plant invasions in diverse ways. I considered the impact of six fire management practices on alien invasions: fire suppression, forest fuel reduction, prescription burning in crown-fire ecosystems, fuel breaks, targeting of noxious aliens, and postfire rehabilitation. Most western United States forests have had fire successfully excluded for unnaturally long periods of time, and this appears to have favored the exclusion of alien plant species. Forest fuel reduction programs have the potential for greatly enhancing forest vulnerability to alien invasions. In part this is due to the focus on reestablishing pre-Euro-American fire regimes on a landscape that differs from pre-Euro-American landscapes in the abundance of aggressive non-native species. We may be forced to choose between restoring "natural"fire regimes or altering fire regimes to favor communities of native species. Intensive grazing in many western forests may exacerbate the alien problem after fire and temporally decoupling grazing and fire restoration may reduce the alien threat. Many shrubland ecosystems such as the Intermountain West sagebrush steppe or California chaparral have a natural, high-intensity crown fire regime that is less amenable to forest restoration tactics. Historical use of prescribed fire for type conversion of shrublands to more useful grazing lands has played some role in the massive annual grass invasion that threatens these shrublands. Fuel breaks pose a special invasive plant risk because they promote alien invasion along corridors into wildland areas. Use of prescription burning to eliminate noxious aliens has had questionable success, particularly when applied to disturbance-dependent annuals, and success is most likely when coupled with ecosystem restoration that alters the competitive balance between aliens and natives. Artificial seeding of alien species as a form of postfire stabilization appears to cause more problems than it solves and may even enhance alien invasion.}, }
@article {pmid16902136, year = {2006}, author = {Freeman, AS and Byers, JE}, title = {Divergent induced responses to an invasive predator in marine mussel populations.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {313}, number = {5788}, pages = {831-833}, doi = {10.1126/science.1125485}, pmid = {16902136}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Biological Evolution ; *Brachyura ; Cues ; *Ecosystem ; Mytilus edulis/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics/*physiology ; New England ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Selection, Genetic ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Invasive species may precipitate evolutionary change in invaded communities. In southern New England (USA) the invasive Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, preys on mussels (Mytlius edulis), but the crab has not yet invaded northern New England. We show that southern New England mussels express inducible shell thickening when exposed to waterborne cues from Hemigrapsus, whereas naïve northern mussel populations do not respond. Yet, both populations thicken their shells in response to a long-established crab, Carcinus maenas. Our findings are consistent with the rapid evolution of an inducible morphological response to Hemigrapsus within 15 years of its introduction.}, }
@article {pmid16895444, year = {2006}, author = {Shirley, SM and Kark, S}, title = {Amassing efforts against alien invasive species in Europe.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {4}, number = {8}, pages = {e279}, pmid = {16895444}, issn = {1545-7885}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Ecology/*methods/trends ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Geography ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, }
@article {pmid16877323, year = {2006}, author = {Nicole, MC and Zeneli, G and Lavallée, R and Rioux, D and Bauce, E and Morency, MJ and Fenning, TM and Séguin, A}, title = {White pine weevil (Pissodes strobi) biological performance is unaffected by the jasmonic acid or wound-induced defense response in Norway spruce (Picea abies).}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {26}, number = {11}, pages = {1377-1389}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/26.11.1377}, pmid = {16877323}, issn = {0829-318X}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cyclopentanes/*pharmacology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oxylipins ; Picea/genetics/*parasitology ; Pinus/genetics/*parasitology ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; Plant Stems/parasitology ; Quebec ; Weevils/drug effects/*pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {In eastern Canada, the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi Peck) is a pest of several native pine and spruce species and of the introduced species, Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst). We evaluated the feeding activities, oviposition and rate of adult emergence of white pine weevil on field-grown Norway spruce subjected to jasmonic acid or wounding pretreatments. We also monitored the host-plant reaction to white pine weevil attack, jasmonic acid and wounding treatments by quantifying several mono- and sesquiterpenes in bark and characterizing some molecular aspects of the terpenoid response. Two cDNA sequences were identified that had a high percentage of identity with genes encoding monoterpene or sesquiterpene synthases. Both putative terpene synthase genes showed distinctive profiles in Norway spruce bark and needles following all treatments. Although the Norway spruce trees showed different physiological responses to mechanical wounding and white pine weevil attack, transcript activity of the gene encoding terpenoid synthase and consequent accumulation of terpenoid resin did not significantly affect the weevils' feeding activities, oviposition or rate of adult emergence.}, }
@article {pmid16869437, year = {2006}, author = {Harwell, MA and Gentile, JH}, title = {Ecological significance of residual exposures and effects from the Exxon Valdez oil spill.}, journal = {Integrated environmental assessment and management}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, pages = {204-246}, doi = {10.1897/1551-3793(2006)2[204:esorea]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {16869437}, issn = {1551-3777}, mesh = {Accidents ; Alaska ; Animals ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; Petroleum/*adverse effects ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis/toxicity ; Risk Assessment ; Ships ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {An ecological significance framework is used to assess the ecological condition of Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, USA, in order to address the current management question: 17 y following the Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS), are there any remaining and continuing ecologically significant exposures or effects on the PWS ecosystem caused by EVOS? We examined the extensive scientific literature funded by the Exxon Valdez Trustees or by ExxonMobil to assess exposures and effects from EVOS. Criteria to assess ecological significance include whether a change in a valued ecosystem component (VEC) is sufficient to affect the structure, function, and/or health of the system and whether such a change exceeds natural variability. The EVOS occurred on 24 March 1989, releasing over 250,000 barrels of crude oil into PWS. Because PWS is highly dynamic, the residual oil was largely eliminated in the first few years, and now only widely dispersed, highly weathered, or isolated small pockets of residual contamination remain. Many other sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exist in PWS from past or present human activities or natural oil seeps. Multiple-lines-of-evidence analyses indicate that residual PAHs from EVOS no longer represent an ecologically significant exposure risk to PWS. To assess the ecological significance of any residual effects from EVOS, we examined the literature on more than 20 VECs, including primary producers, filter feeders, fish and bird primary consumers, fish and bird top predators, a bird scavenger, mammalian primary consumers and top predators, biotic communities, ecosystem-level properties of trophodynamics and biogeochemical processes, and landscape-level properties of habitat mosaic and wilderness quality. None of these has any ecologically significant effects that are detectable at present, with the exception of 1 pod of orcas and possibly 1 subpopulation of sea otters; however, in both those cases, PWS-wide populations appear to have fully recovered. Many other stressors continue to affect PWS adversely, including climate and oceanographic variability, increased tourism and shipping, invasive species, the 1964 earthquake, and overexploitation of marine resources, with associated cascading effects on populations of PWS fish and predators. We conclude that the PWS ecosystem has now effectively recovered from EVOS.}, }
@article {pmid16859805, year = {2006}, author = {Strayer, DL and Eviner, VT and Jeschke, JM and Pace, ML}, title = {Understanding the long-term effects of species invasions.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {21}, number = {11}, pages = {645-651}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2006.07.007}, pmid = {16859805}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {We describe here the ecological and evolutionary processes that modulate the effects of invasive species over time, and argue that such processes are so widespread and important that ecologists should adopt a long-term perspective on the effects of invasive species. These processes (including evolution, shifts in species composition, accumulation of materials and interactions with abiotic variables) can increase, decrease, or qualitatively change the impacts of an invader through time. However, most studies of the effects of invasive species have been brief and lack a temporal context; 40% of recent studies did not even state the amount of time that had passed since the invasion. Ecologists need theory and empirical data to enable prediction, understanding and management of the acute and chronic effects of species invasions.}, }
@article {pmid16858586, year = {2006}, author = {Chen, YH and Opp, SB and Berlocher, SH and Roderick, GK}, title = {Are bottlenecks associated with colonization? Genetic diversity and diapause variation of native and introduced Rhagoletis completa populations.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {149}, number = {4}, pages = {656-667}, pmid = {16858586}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; Juglans/parasitology ; Midwestern United States ; Pacific States ; Tephritidae/*genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {The success of invasive species appears to be a paradox: despite experiencing strong population bottlenecks, invasive species are able to successfully establish in new environments. We studied how the walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis completa, was able to successfully colonize California from the Midwestern United States, by examining genetic diversity and diapause variation of native and introduced fly populations. Climate plays an important role in the successful establishment of introduced insects, because insect diapause is highly dependent upon external climatic conditions. We examined if: (1) fly populations show signs of a population bottleneck, (2) native and introduced flies differ in diapause length when exposed to California and Midwestern climatic conditions, and (3) population genetic diversity is related to variation in diapause length. We assessed if fly diapause conformed more to a model of establishment by local adaptation or to a model of a highly plastic "general-purpose genotype". Our results indicate that only two populations close to the original introduced location showed signs of a population bottleneck, and native and introduced populations did not differ in genetic diversity. Genetic diversity increased in the northern introduced populations, suggesting that multiple introductions have occurred. Flies emerged about 2 weeks earlier under the Midwestern treatment than the California treatment, and introduced flies emerged about a week earlier than native flies. All flies emerged when walnuts are typically available in California. Although variance in diapause length differed between populations, it did not vary between populations or regions. Furthermore, genetic diversity was not associated with diapause variation. Therefore, multiple introductions and a "general-purpose genotype" appear to have facilitated the fly's invasion into California.}, }
@article {pmid16839768, year = {2007}, author = {Giulianini, PG and Bierti, M and Lorenzon, S and Battistella, S and Ferrero, EA}, title = {Ultrastructural and functional characterization of circulating hemocytes from the freshwater crayfish Astacus leptodactylus: cell types and their role after in vivo artificial non-self challenge.}, journal = {Micron (Oxford, England : 1993)}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {49-57}, doi = {10.1016/j.micron.2006.03.019}, pmid = {16839768}, issn = {0968-4328}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*cytology/*immunology ; Cell Count ; Cytoplasmic Granules/ultrastructure ; Hemocytes/classification/enzymology/*immunology/*ultrastructure ; Microscopy ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Microspheres ; Monophenol Monooxygenase/analysis ; *Phagocytosis ; }, abstract = {The freshwater crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) is an important aquacultured decapod species as well as an invasive species in some European countries. In the current investigation we characterized the different classes of circulating blood cells in A. leptodactylus by means of light and electron microscopy analysis and we explored their reaction to different latex beads particles in vivo by total and differential cell counts at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4h after injections. We identified hemocytes by granule size morphometry as hyaline hemocytes with no or rare tiny granules, small granule hemocytes, unimodal medium diameter granule hemocytes and both small and large granule containing hemocytes. The latter granular hemocytes showed the strongest phenoloxidase l-DOPA reactivity both in granules and cytoplasm. A. leptodactylus respond to foreign particles with strong cellular immune responses. All treatments elicited a total hemocyte increase with a conspicuous recruitment of large granule containing hemocytes. All hemocyte types mounted some phagocytic response but the small granule hemocytes were the only ones involved in phagocytic response to all foreign particles with the highest percentages. These results (1) depict the variability in decapod hemocyte functional morphology; (2) identify the small granule hemocyte as the major phagocytic cell; (3) suggest that the rather rapid recruitment of large granule hemocyte in all treatments plays a relevant role by this hemocyte type in defense against foreign particles, probably in nodule formation.}, }
@article {pmid16836110, year = {2006}, author = {Shi, G and Ma, C}, title = {[Biological characteristics of alien plants successful invasion].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {727-732}, pmid = {16836110}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {*Competitive Behavior ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Emigration and Immigration ; *Plant Development ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/genetics ; }, abstract = {How the traits of invasive plants determine their invasiveness is one of the major issues in invasion biology. Invasive plants usually have higher ability of adaptation, reproduction and dispersal, and thus, make them exploit a great diversity of habitats. Phenotypic plasticity and genetic differentiation are the two major strategies that alien invasive plants can adapt habitat heterogeneity. The polymorphism of invasive plants and the diversity of their dispersal way enable them occupying invaded habitat quickly, and dispersing with a far range. The breeding strategies that agamogenesis and amphigenesis can coexist and trade off according to the habitat and invasive stage can not only promote the invasive population erupted massively, but also directly affect the dispersal mechanism and regulate the genetic structure of the population. Efficient competition of resource utilization and interfering competition based on allelopathy make invasive plants more invasively.}, }
@article {pmid16829570, year = {2006}, author = {Pimm, S and Raven, P and Peterson, A and Sekercioglu, CH and Ehrlich, PR}, title = {Human impacts on the rates of recent, present, and future bird extinctions.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {103}, number = {29}, pages = {10941-10946}, pmid = {16829570}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds/classification/*physiology ; Europe ; Humans ; Population ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Unqualified, the statement that approximately 1.3% of the approximately 10,000 presently known bird species have become extinct since A.D. 1500 yields an estimate of approximately 26 extinctions per million species per year (or 26 E/MSY). This is higher than the benchmark rate of approximately 1 E/MSY before human impacts, but is a serious underestimate. First, Polynesian expansion across the Pacific also exterminated many species well before European explorations. Second, three factors increase the rate: (i) The number of known extinctions before 1800 is increasing as taxonomists describe new species from skeletal remains. (ii) One should calculate extinction rates over the years since taxonomists described the species. Most bird species were described only after 1850. (iii) Some species are probably extinct; there is reluctance to declare them so prematurely. Thus corrected, recent extinction rates are approximately 100 E/MSY. In the last decades, the rate is <50 E/MSY, but would be 150 E/MSY were it not for conservation efforts. Increasing numbers of extinctions are on continents, whereas previously most were on islands. We predict a 21st century rate of approximately 1,000 E/MSY. Extinction threatens 12% of bird species; another 12% have small geographical ranges and live where human actions rapidly destroy their habitats. If present forest losses continue, extinction rates will reach 1,500 E/MSY by the century's end. Invasive species, expanding human technologies, and global change will harm additional species. Birds are poor models for predicting extinction rates for other taxa. Human actions threaten higher fractions of other well known taxa than they do birds. Moreover, people take special efforts to protect birds.}, }
@article {pmid16827014, year = {2006}, author = {Hawbaker, TJ and Radeloff, VC and Clayton, MK and Hammer, RB and Gonzalez-Abraham, CE}, title = {Road development, housing growth, and landscape fragmentation in northern Wisconsin: 1937-1999.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {1222-1237}, doi = {10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1222:rdhgal]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {16827014}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Motor Vehicles ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {Roads remove habitat, alter adjacent areas, and interrupt and redirect ecological flows. They subdivide wildlife populations, foster invasive species spread, change the hydrologic network, and increase human use of adjacent areas. At broad scales, these impacts cumulate and define landscape patterns. The goal of this study was to improve our understanding of the dynamics of road networks over time, and their effects on landscape patterns, and identify significant relationships between road changes and other land-use changes. We mapped roads from aerial photographs from five dates between 1937 and 1999 in 17 townships in predominantly forested landscapes in northern Wisconsin, U.S.A. Patch-level landscape metrics were calculated on terrestrial area outside of a 15-m road-effect zone. We used generalized least-squares regression models to relate changes in road density and landscape pattern to concurrent changes in housing density. Rates of change and relationships were compared among three ecological regions. Our results showed substantial increases in both road density and landscape fragmentation during the study period. Road density more than doubled, and median, mean, and largest patch size were reduced by a factor of four, while patch shape became more regular. Increases in road density varied significantly among ecological subsections and were positively related to increases in housing density. Fragmentation was largely driven by increases in road density, but housing density had a significantly positive relationship with largest patch area and patch shape. Without protection of roadless areas, our results suggest road development is likely to continue in the future, even in areas where road construction is constrained by the physical environment. Recognizing the dynamic nature of road networks is important for understanding and predicting their ecological impacts over time and understanding where other types of development are likely to occur in the future. Historical perspectives of development can provide guidance in prioritizing management efforts to defragment landscapes and mitigate the ecological impacts of past road development.}, }
@article {pmid16814824, year = {2006}, author = {Hastings, A and Hall, RJ and Taylor, CM}, title = {A simple approach to optimal control of invasive species.}, journal = {Theoretical population biology}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, pages = {431-435}, doi = {10.1016/j.tpb.2006.05.003}, pmid = {16814824}, issn = {0040-5809}, mesh = {*Plant Development ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {The problem of invasive species and their control is one of the most pressing applied issues in ecology today. We developed simple approaches based on linear programming for determining the optimal removal strategies of different stage or age classes for control of invasive species that are still in a density-independent phase of growth. We illustrate the application of this method to the specific example of invasive Spartina alterniflora in Willapa Bay, WA. For all such systems, linear programming shows in general that the optimal strategy in any time step is to prioritize removal of a single age or stage class. The optimal strategy adjusts which class is the focus of control through time and can be much more cost effective than prioritizing removal of the same stage class each year.}, }
@article {pmid16813340, year = {2006}, author = {Gevrey, M and Worner, SP}, title = {Prediction of global distribution of insect pest species in relation to climate by using an ecological informatics method.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {99}, number = {3}, pages = {979-986}, doi = {10.1603/0022-0493-99.3.979}, pmid = {16813340}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ceratitis capitata ; *Climate ; Models, Biological ; *Moths ; }, abstract = {The aim of this work was to predict the worldwide distribution of two pest species-Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), the Mediterranean fruit fly, and Lymantria dispar (L.), the gypsy moth-based on climatic factors. The distribution patterns of insect pests have most often been investigated using classical statistical models or ecoclimatic assessment models such as CLIMEX. In this study, we used an artificial neural network, the multilayer perceptron, trained using the backpropagation algorithm, to model the distribution of each species. The data matrix used to model the distribution of each species was divided into three data sets to (1) develop and train the model, (2) validate the model and prevent over-fitting, and (3) test each model on novel data. The percentage of correct predictions of the global distribution of each species was high for Mediterranean fruit fly for the three data sets giving 95.8, 81.5, and 80.6% correct predictions, respectively, and 96.8, 84.3, and 81.5 for the gypsy moth. Kappa statistics used to test the level of significance of the results were highly significant (in all cases P < 0.0001). A sensitivity analysis applied to each model based on the calculation of the derivatives of each of a large number of input variables showed that the variables that contributed most to explaining the distribution of C. capitata were annual average temperature and annual potential evapotranspiration. For L. dispar, the average minimum temperature and minimum daylength range were the main explanatory variables. The ANN models and methods developed in this study offer powerful additional predictive approaches in invasive species research.}, }
@article {pmid16796564, year = {2006}, author = {Regan, TJ and McCarthy, MA and Baxter, PW and Dane Panetta, F and Possingham, HP}, title = {Optimal eradication: when to stop looking for an invasive plant.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {759-766}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00920.x}, pmid = {16796564}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Data Collection/economics/methods ; Endpoint Determination ; Environmental Monitoring/economics ; Models, Statistical ; *Pest Control ; *Plant Development ; Population Dynamics ; Reference Values ; *Seeds ; }, abstract = {The notion of being sure that you have completely eradicated an invasive species is fanciful because of imperfect detection and persistent seed banks. Eradication is commonly declared either on an ad hoc basis, on notions of seed bank longevity, or on setting arbitrary thresholds of 1% or 5% confidence that the species is not present. Rather than declaring eradication at some arbitrary level of confidence, we take an economic approach in which we stop looking when the expected costs outweigh the expected benefits. We develop theory that determines the number of years of absent surveys required to minimize the net expected cost. Given detection of a species is imperfect, the optimal stopping time is a trade-off between the cost of continued surveying and the cost of escape and damage if eradication is declared too soon. A simple rule of thumb compares well to the exact optimal solution using stochastic dynamic programming. Application of the approach to the eradication programme of Helenium amarum reveals that the actual stopping time was a precautionary one given the ranges for each parameter.}, }
@article {pmid16790463, year = {2006}, author = {Abe, T}, title = {Threatened pollination systems in native flora of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {98}, number = {2}, pages = {317-334}, pmid = {16790463}, issn = {0305-7364}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Feeding Behavior ; Flowers/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*physiology ; *Geography ; Insecta/physiology ; Japan ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/anatomy &amp; histology/classification ; Pollen/physiology ; Reproduction/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Various alien species have been introduced to the Ogasawara Islands (Japan). A survey was made investigating whether the native pollination systems fit an 'island syndrome' (biasing the flora to dioecy, with subdued, inconspicuous flowers) and whether alien species have disrupted the native pollination network.<br><br>METHODS: Flower visitors and floral traits were determined in the field (12 islands) and from the literature. Associations among floral traits such as sexual expression, flower colour and flower shape were tested.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Among the 269 native flowering plants, 74.7 % are hermaphroditic, 13.0 % are dioecious and 7.1 % are monoecious. Classification by flower colour revealed that 36.0 % were white, 21.6 % green and 13.8 % yellow. Woody species (trees and shrubs) comprised 36.5 % of the flora and were associated with dioecy and white flowers. Solitary, endemic small bees were the dominant flower visitors and visited 66.7 % of the observed species on satellite islands where the native pollination networks are preserved. In contrast to the situation on the satellite islands, introduced honeybees were the most dominant pollinator (visiting 60.1 % of observed species) on the two main islands, Chichi-jima and Haha-jima, and had spread to satellite islands near Chichi-jima Island.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The island syndrome for pollination systems in the Ogasawara Islands was evident in a high percentage of dioecious species, the subdued colour of the native flora and solitary flower visitors on satellite islands. The shape and colour adaptations of several flowers suggested native pollination niches for long-proboscis moths and carpenter bees. However, the domination and expansion of introduced honeybees have the potential for disruption of the native pollination network in the two main, and several satellite, islands of the Ogasawara Islands.}, }
@article {pmid16788038, year = {2006}, author = {Braby, CE and Somero, GN}, title = {Following the heart: temperature and salinity effects on heart rate in native and invasive species of blue mussels (genus Mytilus).}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {209}, number = {Pt 13}, pages = {2554-2566}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.02259}, pmid = {16788038}, issn = {0022-0949}, mesh = {Acclimatization/physiology ; Heart Rate/drug effects/*physiology ; Mytilus/classification/*physiology ; Sodium Chloride/*pharmacology ; Species Specificity ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The three species of blue mussels, Mytilus trossulus Gould 1850, M. edulis Linnaeus 1758 and M. galloprovincialis Lamarck 1819, have distinct global distribution patterns that are hypothesized to reflect differences in their tolerances of temperature and salinity. We examined effects on heart rate (beats min(-1)) of acute exposure and acclimation to different combinations of temperature and salinity to test this hypothesis and, in the context of the invasive success of M. galloprovincialis, to gain insights into the factors that may explain the replacement of the temperate Pacific native, M. trossulus, by this Mediterranean Sea invader along much of the California coast. Heart rate of M. trossulus was significantly higher than that of M. galloprovincialis, consistent with evolutionary adaptation to a lower habitat temperature (temperature compensation) in the former species. Heart rates of M. trossulus/M. galloprovincialis hybrids were intermediate between those of the parental species. Following acclimation to 14 degrees C and 21 degrees C, heart rates of all species exhibited partial compensation to temperature. Heart rate increased with rising temperature until a high temperature was reached at which point activity fell sharply, the high critical temperature (H(crit)). H(crit) increased with increasing acclimation temperature and differed among species in a pattern that reflected their probable evolutionary adaptation temperatures: M. galloprovincialis is more heat tolerant than the other two congeners. Ability to sustain heart function in the cold also reflected evolutionary history: M. trossulus is more cold tolerant than M. galloprovincialis. Heart rates for all three congeners decreased gradually in response to acute reductions in salinity until a low salinity (S(crit)) was reached at which heart rate dropped precipitously. S(crit) decreased with decreasing salinity of acclimation and was generally lowest for M. galloprovincialis. Mortality during acclimation under common garden conditions was greatest in M. trossulus and was highest at high acclimation temperatures and salinities. These intrinsic differences in basal heart rate, thermal and salinity responses, acclimatory capacity, and survivorship are discussed in the contexts of the species' biogeographic patterning and, for the invasive species M. galloprovincialis, the potential for further range expansion along the Pacific coast of North America.}, }
@article {pmid16780441, year = {2006}, author = {Mealor, BA and Hild, AL}, title = {Potential selection in native grass populations by exotic invasion.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {2291-2300}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02931.x}, pmid = {16780441}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Centaurea ; *Genetics, Population ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; Poaceae/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; *Selection, Genetic ; United States ; }, abstract = {Ecological impacts of invasive plant species are well documented, but the genetic response of native species to invasive dominance has been often overlooked. Invasive plants can drastically alter site conditions where they reach dominance, potentially exerting novel selective pressures on persistent native plant populations. Do native plant populations in old exotic invasions show evidence of selection when compared to conspecific populations in adjacent, noninvaded areas? We employ amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis to screen a large number of loci from two native grass species (Hesperostipa comata (Trin. &amp; Rupr.) Barkworth and Sporobolus airoides Torr.) that occur in old infestations of the invasive forb Acroptilon repens. We then compare observed locus by locus F(ST) values with distributions of F(ST) estimated from simulation models under expectation of neutrality. We also compare the proportion of loci possibly linked to selection and those not linked to selection which exhibit parallel trends in divergence between two community types (invaded, noninvaded). Few loci (H. comata, 2.6%; S. airoides, 8.7%) in the two native grasses may be linked to genes under the influence of selection. Also, loci linked to selection showed a greater portion of parallel trends in divergence than neutral loci. Genetic similarities between community types were less than genetic similarity within community types suggesting differentiation in response to community alteration. These results indicate that a small portion of scored AFLP loci may be linked to genes undergoing selection tied to community dominance by an invasive species. We propose that native plants in communities dominated by exotic invasives may be undergoing natural selection.}, }
@article {pmid16777750, year = {2006}, author = {Phillips, BL and Shine, R}, title = {An invasive species induces rapid adaptive change in a native predator: cane toads and black snakes in Australia.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {273}, number = {1593}, pages = {1545-1550}, pmid = {16777750}, issn = {0962-8452}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; Drug Resistance ; Elapidae/*physiology ; Environmental Exposure ; Learning ; Toxins, Biological/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Rapid environmental change due to human activities has increased rates of extinction, but some species may be able to adapt rapidly enough to deal with such changes. Our studies of feeding behaviour and physiological resistance to toxins reveal surprisingly rapid adaptive responses in Australian black snakes (Pseudechis porphyriacus) following the invasion of a lethally toxic prey item, the cane toad (Bufo marinus). Snakes from toad-exposed localities showed increased resistance to toad toxin and a decreased preference for toads as prey. Separate laboratory experiments suggest that these changes are not attributable to learning (we were unable to teach naive snakes to avoid toxic prey) or to acquired resistance (repeated sub-lethal doses did not enhance resistance). These results strongly suggest that black snake behaviour and physiology have evolved in response to the presence of toads, and have done so rapidly. Toads were brought to Australia in 1935, so these evolved responses have occurred in fewer than 23 snake generations.}, }
@article {pmid16777727, year = {2006}, author = {Hall, RJ and Hastings, A and Ayres, DR}, title = {Explaining the explosion: modelling hybrid invasions.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {273}, number = {1592}, pages = {1385-1389}, pmid = {16777727}, issn = {0962-8452}, mesh = {Computational Biology ; *Ecosystem ; Fertility ; Genotype ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; *Models, Genetic ; Poaceae/*genetics/physiology ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {The emergence of hybrids between native and introduced species is an increasingly widespread problem which can alter entire ecosystems. We present a general model for the hybridization of two plant species to investigate the conditions under which hybrid invasions can occur, and the ecological and genetic consequences of such hybridizations. We find that parental compatibility and fecundity are important determinants of whether (and at what rate) hybrid genotypes emerge. Enhanced hybrid fitness traits affect both the population's genetic structure and total rate of increase, with rapid selection for the fittest genotype. Conversely, if different genotypes maximize different life-history characteristics, the ensuing population can be genetically very variable. The model provides a novel approach to evaluate the contributions of population dynamic and genetic processes in the study of hybrid invasions.}, }
@article {pmid16768855, year = {2006}, author = {Taraschewski, H}, title = {Hosts and parasites as aliens.}, journal = {Journal of helminthology}, volume = {80}, number = {2}, pages = {99-128}, doi = {10.1079/joh2006364}, pmid = {16768855}, issn = {0022-149X}, mesh = {Air Sacs/parasitology ; Animals ; Cattle ; *Ecology ; Eels/parasitology ; Fasciola hepatica ; Fascioliasis/transmission ; Fish Diseases/parasitology ; Genetic Variation ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Nematoda ; Nematode Infections/transmission ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/*transmission ; Population Dynamics ; Sheep ; }, abstract = {Over the past decades, various free-living animals (hosts) and their parasites have invaded recipient areas in which they had not previously occurred, thus gaining the status of aliens or exotics. In general this happened to a low extent for hundreds of years. With variable frequency, invasions have been followed by the dispersal and establishment of non-indigenous species, whether host or parasite. In the literature thus far, colonizations by both hosts and parasites have not been treated and reviewed together, although both are usually interwoven in various ways. As to those factors permitting invasive success and colonization strength, various hypotheses have been put forward depending on the scientific background of respective authors and on the conspicuousness of certain invasions. Researchers who have tried to analyse characteristic developmental patterns, the speed of dispersal or the degree of genetic divergence in populations of alien species have come to different conclusions. Among parasitologists, the applied aspects of parasite invasions, such as the negative effects on economically important hosts, have long been at the centre of interest. In this contribution, invasions by hosts as well as parasites are considered comparatively, revealing many similarities and a few differences. Two helminths, the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, of cattle and sheep and the swimbladder nematode, Anguillicola crassus, of eels are shown to be useful as model parasites for the study of animal invasions and environmental global change. Introductions of F. hepatica have been associated with imports of cattle or other grazing animals. In various target areas, susceptible lymnaeid snails serving as intermediate hosts were either naturally present and/or were introduced from the donor continent of the parasite (Europe) and/or from other regions which were not within the original range of the parasite, partly reflecting progressive stages of a global biota change. In several introduced areas, F. hepatica co-occurs with native or exotic populations of the congeneric F. gigantica, with thus far unknown implications. Over the fluke's extended range, in addition to domestic stock animals, wild native or naturalized mammals can also serve as final hosts. Indigenous and displaced populations of F. hepatica, however, have not yet been studied comparatively from an evolutionary perspective. A. crassus, from the Far East, has invaded three continents, without the previous naturalization of its natural host Anguilla japonica, by switching to the respective indigenous eel species. Local entomostrac crustaceans serve as susceptible intermediate hosts. The novel final hosts turned out to be naive in respect to the introduced nematode with far reaching consequences for the parasite's morphology (size), abundance and pathogenicity. Comparative infection experiments with Japanese and European eels yielded many differences in the hosts' immune defence, mirroring coevolution versus an abrupt host switch associated with the introduction of the helminth. In other associations of native hosts and invasive parasites, the elevated pathogenicity of the parasite seems to result from other deficiencies such as a lack of anti-parasitic behaviour of the naïve host compared to the donor host which displays distinct behavioural patterns, keeping the abundance of the parasite low. From the small amount of available literature, it can be concluded that the adaptation of certain populations of the novel host to the alien parasite takes several decades to a century or more. Summarizing all we know about hosts and parasites as aliens, tentative patterns and principles can be figured out, but individual case studies teach us that generalizations should be avoided.}, }
@article {pmid16761609, year = {2006}, author = {St John, MG and Wall, DH and Hunt, HW}, title = {Are soil mite assemblages structured by the identity of native and invasive alien grasses?.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {87}, number = {5}, pages = {1314-1324}, doi = {10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1314:asmasb]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {16761609}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Mites/classification/*growth &amp; development ; *Phylogeny ; Poaceae/classification/*parasitology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Random Allocation ; Soil/*parasitology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Associations between plants and animals in aboveground communities are often predictable and specific. This has been exploited for the purposes of estimating the diversity of animal species based on the diversity of plant species. The introduction of invasive alien plants into an ecosystem can result in dramatic changes in both the native plant and animal assemblages. Few data exist at the species level to determine whether belowground animal assemblages share the same degree of association to plants. The hypotheses that soil mites (Acari) form assemblages specifically associated with different native grass species in an unmanipulated natural ecosystem and that invasive alien grasses will impact soil mite assemblage composition in this setting were tested. Soil mites sampled beneath five native and two invasive alien species of grasses at the Konza Prairie Biological Station, Kansas, USA, were similarly abundant, species rich, diverse, and taxonomically distinct. No mite species had affinities for a specific grass species. There was no evidence from analysis of similarity, canonical correspondence analysis, or a nonparametric assemblage analysis that the assemblage composition of soil mites was specific to grass species. Results suggest that soil mite assemblages were more related to characteristics of the plant assemblage as a whole or prevailing soil conditions. The most recent invasive alien grass did not support a successionally younger mite fauna, based on the ratio of mesostigmatid to oribatid mites, and neither of the two invasive grasses influenced mite assemblage structure, possibly because they had not yet substantially altered the soil environment. Our results suggest that extrapolations of soil mite diversity based on assumptions of plant specificity would be invalid.}, }
@article {pmid16758218, year = {2006}, author = {Gribben, PE and Wright, JT}, title = {Sublethal effects on reproduction in native fauna: are females more vulnerable to biological invasion?.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {149}, number = {2}, pages = {352-361}, pmid = {16758218}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Animals ; Arcidae/*physiology ; Caulerpa/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; Oocytes/physiology ; Reproduction/physiology ; Sex Ratio ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Although invasive species are a major threat to survivorship of native species, we know little about their sublethal effects. In soft-sediment marine systems, mat-forming invasive species often have positive effects, facilitating recruitment and enhancing the diversity and abundance of native invertebrates. However, because mat-forming invasive species change the habitat in which they invade, and benthic invertebrates are sensitive to environmental disturbance, important sublethal effects on native species may exist. Using a model marine system we show that the widespread mat-forming invasive alga Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh has strong negative effects on the reproductive traits of a native bivalve Anadara trapezia (Deshayes, 1840) (e.g. timing of reproductive development and spawning, and follicle and gamete production) even though the invader has positive effects on recruitment. Moreover, gender specific responses occurred and indicated that females were more susceptible to invasion than males. Our results indicate that sublethal effects of an invasive species on reproductive traits will have severe consequences for fitness of the native species.}, }
@article {pmid16750541, year = {2006}, author = {Deere, JA and Sinclair, BJ and Marshall, DJ and Chown, SL}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity of thermal tolerances in five oribatid mite species from sub-Antarctic Marion Island.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {52}, number = {7}, pages = {693-700}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.03.009}, pmid = {16750541}, issn = {0022-1910}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Hot Temperature ; Indian Ocean Islands ; Microclimate ; Mites/*physiology ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {The extent to which phenotypic plasticity might mediate short-term responses to environmental change is controversial. Nonetheless, theoretical work has made the prediction that plasticity should be common, especially in predictably variable environments by comparison with those that are either stable or unpredictable. Here we examine these predictions by comparing the phenotypic plasticity of thermal tolerances (supercooling point (SCP), lower lethal temperature (LLT), upper lethal temperature (ULT)), following acclimation at either 0, 5, 10 or 15 degrees C, for seven days, of five, closely-related ameronothroid mite species. These species occupy marine and terrestrial habitats, which differ in their predictability, on sub-Antarctic Marion Island. All of the species showed some evidence of pre-freeze mortality (SCPs -9 to -23 degrees C; LLTs -3 to -15 degrees C), though methodological effects might have contributed to the difference between the SCPs and LLTs, and the species are therefore considered moderately chill tolerant. ULTs varied between 36 degrees C and 41 degrees C. Acclimation effects on SCP and LLT were typically stronger in the marine than in the terrestrial species, in keeping with the prediction of strong acclimation responses in species from predictably variable environments, but weaker responses in species from unpredictable environments. The converse was found for ULT. These findings demonstrate that acclimation responses vary among traits in the same species. Moreover, they suggest that there is merit in assessing the predictability of changes in high and low environmental temperatures separately.}, }
@article {pmid16741821, year = {2006}, author = {Chessman, BC and Thurtell, LA and Royal, MJ}, title = {Bioassessment in a harsh environment: a comparison of macroinvertebrate assemblages at reference and assessment sites in an Australian inland river system.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {119}, number = {1-3}, pages = {303-330}, pmid = {16741821}, issn = {0167-6369}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Geography ; Invertebrates/growth &amp; development ; *Rivers ; Water Pollution/analysis ; }, abstract = {The Lachlan River system of inland New South Wales, which extends into semi-arid areas, is prone to natural extremes of climate and water quality and has been almost entirely modified since European settlement in Australia. We used this system as a proving ground for the mainly qualitative bioassessment metrics for river macroinvertebrates that are used widely in Australia--the EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) index, the SIGNAL (Stream Invertebrate Grade Number Average Level) biotic index and the AUSRIVAS O/E (Australian River Assessment System Observed over Expected) index--plus a recently developed qualitative index, the observed proportion of potential taxa (OPP). We tested these metrics on their ability to discriminate between sites judged to be less disturbed by human activities (reference sites) and sites selected by a semi-random process and therefore expected to have a higher average level of human disturbance (assessment sites). All metrics except the AUSRIVAS O/E index differed significantly between the two types of sites at higher altitudes, with SIGNAL showing the greatest discrimination. Assessment at these altitudes was more effective if based on composite data from multiple mesohabitats rather than data from single mesohabitats. No metric differentiated the two types of sites in the more arid, lowland, floodplain region of the river system. We suggest that Australia relies too heavily on bioassessment concepts developed to assess water pollution in well-watered regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Effective assessment of human impacts on macroinvertebrates in the rivers of inland Australia requires a better understanding of the roles of flow regimes, including flood and drought sequences, and of microhabitat structure and invasive alien species. Quantitative approaches may also be required.}, }
@article {pmid16741793, year = {2006}, author = {Underwood, EC and Mulitsch, MJ and Greenberg, JA and Whiting, ML and Ustin, SL and Kefauver, SC}, title = {Mapping invasive aquatic vegetation in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta using hyperspectral imagery.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {121}, number = {1-3}, pages = {47-64}, pmid = {16741793}, issn = {0167-6369}, mesh = {California ; Eichhornia/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Fresh Water ; Hydrocharitaceae/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Spectrum Analysis/*methods ; }, abstract = {The ecological and economic impacts associated with invasive species are of critical concern to land managers. The ability to map the extent and severity of invasions would be a valuable contribution to management decisions relating to control and monitoring efforts. We investigated the use of hyperspectral imagery for mapping invasive aquatic plant species in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in the Central Valley of California, at two spatial scales. Sixty-four flightlines of HyMap hyperspectral imagery were acquired over the study region covering an area of 2,139 km(2) and field work was conducted to acquire GPS locations of target invasive species. We used spectral mixture analysis to classify two target invasive species; Brazilian waterweed (Egeria densa), a submerged invasive, and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), a floating emergent invasive. At the relatively fine spatial scale for five sites within the Delta (average size 51 ha) average classification accuracies were 93% for Brazilian waterweed and 73% for water hyacinth. However, at the coarser, Delta-wide scale (177,000 ha) these accuracy results were 29% for Brazilian waterweed and 65% for water hyacinth. The difference in accuracy is likely accounted for by the broad range in water turbidity and tide heights encountered across the Delta. These findings illustrate that hyperspectral imagery is a promising tool for discriminating target invasive species within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta waterways although more work is needed to develop classification tools that function under changing environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid16711058, year = {2006}, author = {Bishop, MJ and Peterson, CH}, title = {When r-selection may not predict introduced-species proliferation: predation of a nonnative oyster.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {718-730}, doi = {10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[0718:wrmnpi]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {16711058}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura ; China ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Crassostrea ; Ecosystem ; *Food Preferences ; Predatory Behavior ; United States ; }, abstract = {Predicting outcomes of species introductions may be enhanced by integrating life-history theory with results of contained experiments that compare ecological responses of exotic and analogue native species to dominant features of the recipient environment. An Asian oyster under consideration for introduction to the Chesapeake Bay, USA, the rapidly growing Suminoe oyster (Crassostrea ariakensis), may not be as successful an invader as its r-selected life history suggests if the trade-off for rapid growth and maturation is lower investment in defenses against blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) predation than the native Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). In laboratory trials, blue crabs simultaneously offered equal numbers of Suminoe and Eastern oysters consumed more nonnatives, irrespective of whether the crabs had previous experience with Suminoe oysters as prey. Satiated blue crabs consumed nearly three times as many Suminoe oysters as Eastern oysters of 25-mm shell height, and eight times as many of 35-mm shell height. Despite blue crabs consuming small (30 mm) Suminoe oysters at twice the rate of large (40 mm) Suminoe oysters, when 40-mm Suminoe were paired with 30-mm Eastern oysters, seven times as many of the larger (Suminoe) oysters were consumed. The greater susceptibility of C. ariakensis than C. virginica to blue crab predation appears to be based upon the biomechanics of shell strength rather than active selection of a more attractive food. Much less force was required to crush shells of Suminoe than Eastern oysters of similar shell height. Tissue transplant experiments demonstrated greater predation on oyster tissues in weaker C. ariakensis shells independent of tissue identity, and duration of handling time before rejection of C. virginica exceeded the time to crush C. ariakensis. These results, coupled with the present importance of blue crab predation in limiting recovery of native Eastern oysters, imply a role for blue crabs in inhibiting Suminoe oysters, if introduced, from attaining high adult densities required to restore a fishery, provide appreciable reef habitat, and reduce turbidity through filtration. Thus, in high-predation environments, allocation of resources to rapid growth and development rather than to predation defenses reflects a life-history trade-off that may promote early stages of invasion, yet prevent attainment of dense adult populations.}, }
@article {pmid16706911, year = {2006}, author = {Wonham, MJ and Pachepsky, E}, title = {A null model of temporal trends in biological invasion records.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {663-672}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00913.x}, pmid = {16706911}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Models, Statistical ; Population Dynamics ; Survival ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a growing aspect of global biodiversity change. In many regions, introduced species richness increases supralinearly over time. This does not, however, necessarily indicate increasing introduction rates or invasion success. We develop a simple null model to identify the expected trend in invasion records over time. For constant introduction rates and success, the expected trend is exponentially increasing. Model extensions with varying introduction rate and success can also generate exponential distributions. We then analyse temporal trends in aquatic, marine and terrestrial invasion records. Most data sets support an exponential distribution (15/16) and the null invasion model (12/16). Thus, our model shows that no change in introduction rate or success need be invoked to explain the majority of observed trends. Further, an exponential trend does not necessarily indicate increasing invasion success or 'invasional meltdown', and a saturating trend does not necessarily indicate decreasing success or biotic resistance.}, }
@article {pmid16706043, year = {2006}, author = {Liu, Y and Xie, L and Luo, S and Chen, S and Zeng, R}, title = {[Allelopathy of invasive weeds: a simulation study with cellular automata model].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, pages = {229-232}, pmid = {16706043}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; Pheromones/*pharmacology ; Poaceae/classification/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Cellular automata model is a simulation approach to describe the complicate behavior of a system, and suitable to study the spatial and temporal dynamics of plant community. In this paper, the model was used to simulate the different sensitivity toall invasion process of an allelochemicals-containing exotic species to the community of two native species with different sensitivity to allelochemicals, and the spatial and temporal dynamics of native and invasive species. The simulation was conducted by biological response and negative exponential distribution models, and the results showed that exotic species could successfully invade the community of two native species with different sensitivity to allelochemicals, but only coexist with one sensitive and one resistant species. The resistance of plant community to invasive weeds depended on its species function structure.}, }
@article {pmid16701488, year = {2006}, author = {Facon, B and Genton, BJ and Shykoff, J and Jarne, P and Estoup, A and David, P}, title = {A general eco-evolutionary framework for understanding bioinvasions.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {130-135}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2005.10.012}, pmid = {16701488}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Studies of bioinvasions have revealed various strategies of invasion, depending on the ecosystem invaded and the alien species concerned. Here, we consider how migration (as a demographic factor), as well as ecological and evolutionary changes, affect invasion success. We propose three main theoretical scenarios that depend on how these factors generate the match between an invader and its new environment. Our framework highlights the features that are common to, or differ among, observed invasion cases, and clarifies some general trends that have been previously highlighted in bioinvasions. We also suggest some new directions of research, such as the assessment of the time sequence of demographic, genetic and environmental changes, using detailed temporal surveys.}, }
@article {pmid16701420, year = {2005}, author = {Didham, RK and Tylianakis, JM and Hutchison, MA and Ewers, RM and Gemmell, NJ}, title = {Are invasive species the drivers of ecological change?.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {20}, number = {9}, pages = {470-474}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2005.07.006}, pmid = {16701420}, issn = {0169-5347}, abstract = {Invasive species are widely accepted as one of the leading direct causes of biodiversity loss. However, much of the evidence for this contention is based on simple correlations between exotic dominance and native species decline in degraded systems. Although appealing, direct causality is not the only possible interpretation. A plausible alternative hypothesis is that exotic dominance could be the indirect consequence of habitat modification driving native species loss. In a new paper, MacDougall and Turkington now provide the first direct test of whether invasive species are the drivers of community change, or merely 'passengers' along for the environmental ride.}, }
@article {pmid16701372, year = {2005}, author = {Simberloff, D}, title = {The politics of assessing risk for biological invasions: the USA as a case study.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, pages = {216-222}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2005.02.008}, pmid = {16701372}, issn = {0169-5347}, abstract = {The current regulation of biological invasions rests on an unwarranted presumption (that the invader will cause no harm) and on risk assessment procedures that are narrowly focused, subjective, often arbitrary and unquantified, and subject to political interference. Although this current approach dominates international treaties and most national policies, it has not stemmed the rising tide of biological invasions, as evidenced by several examples from the USA. Technical advances in measuring and predicting impacts of introduced species will improve risk assessments. Additionally, focusing squarely on the risks associated not only with a proposed species introduction, but also on the goals of the introduction and on alternative ways of achieving them, would lead to more-informed decisions permitting the introduction of a species and fewer problematic invaders. In assessing the alternatives to introductions, the precautionary principle should be given heavy weight, as should the distribution of possible costs and benefits.}, }
@article {pmid16701353, year = {2005}, author = {Clavero, M and García-Berthou, E}, title = {Invasive species are a leading cause of animal extinctions.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {110}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2005.01.003}, pmid = {16701353}, issn = {0169-5347}, }
@article {pmid16701317, year = {2004}, author = {Lee, KA and Klasing, KC}, title = {A role for immunology in invasion biology.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {19}, number = {10}, pages = {523-529}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2004.07.012}, pmid = {16701317}, issn = {0169-5347}, abstract = {Invasive species are of increasing conservation and economic concern, yet mechanisms underlying invasions remain poorly understood. We propose that variation in immune defences might help explain why only some introduced populations become invasive. Introduced species escape many of their native diseases, but also face novel pathogens that can induce costly, and sometimes deadly, immune responses in naïve hosts. Therefore, favouring less resource-demanding and dangerous defence mechanisms and allocating a greater proportion of resources to growth and reproduction should favour invasion. Specifically, we argue that successful invaders should reduce costly systemic inflammatory responses, which are associated with fever and metabolic and behavioural changes, and rely more heavily on less expensive antibody-mediated immunity. Here we provide supporting arguments for this hypothesis and generate predictions that are testable using tools from the growing field of ecological immunology.}, }
@article {pmid16701309, year = {2004}, author = {Gurevitch, J and Padilla, DK}, title = {Are invasive species a major cause of extinctions?.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {19}, number = {9}, pages = {470-474}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2004.07.005}, pmid = {16701309}, issn = {0169-5347}, abstract = {The link between species invasions and the extinction of natives is widely accepted by scientists as well as conservationists, but available data supporting invasion as a cause of extinctions are, in many cases, anecdotal, speculative and based upon limited observation. We pose the question, are aliens generally responsible for widespread extinctions? Our goal is to prompt a more critical synthesis and evaluation of the available data, and to suggest ways to take a more scientific, evidence-based approach to understanding the impact of invasive species on extinctions. Greater clarity in our understanding of these patterns will help us to focus on the most effective ways to reduce or mitigate extinction threats from invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid16701087, year = {2006}, author = {Traveset, A and Richardson, DM}, title = {Biological invasions as disruptors of plant reproductive mutualisms.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {208-216}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2006.01.006}, pmid = {16701087}, issn = {0169-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Predatory Behavior ; *Reproduction ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Invasive alien species affect the composition and functioning of invaded ecosystems in many ways, altering ecological interactions that have arisen over evolutionary timescales. Specifically, disruptions to pollination and seed-dispersal mutualistic interactions are often documented, although the profound implications of such impacts are not widely recognized. Such disruptions can occur via the introduction of alien pollinators, seed dispersers, herbivores, predators or plants, and we define here the many potential outcomes of each situation. The frequency and circumstances under which each category of mechanisms operates are also poorly known. Most evidence is from population-level studies, and the implications for global biodiversity are difficult to predict. Further insights are needed on the degree of resilience in interaction networks, but the preliminary picture suggests that invasive species frequently cause profound disruptions to plant reproductive mutualisms.}, }
@article {pmid16689962, year = {2006}, author = {Aubry, S and Labaune, C and Magnin, F and Roche, P and Kiss, L}, title = {Active and passive dispersal of an invading land snail in Mediterranean France.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, pages = {802-813}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01100.x}, pmid = {16689962}, issn = {0021-8790}, mesh = {Animals ; France ; Geography ; *Humidity ; Locomotion/*physiology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Seasons ; Snails/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {1. Land snail dispersal abilities are considered poor; however, the current invasion of the French Mediterranean region by Xeropicta derbentina (Krynicki 1836), as well as the past invasions of this region by several other species, seems to contradict this view. 2. Using a multilevel approach, from individual experimentation to landscape analysis, the dispersal abilities and mechanisms allowing the passive dispersal of X. derbentina are studied. 3. The colonization of Provence occurred by stratified diffusion, where short-range active dispersal occurs side by side with long-range passive dispersal. 4. Active dispersal is not as limited as previously thought. In the field, the capture-mark-recapture method recorded a maximum distance covered of 42 m in 6 months within a radius of 38 m from the original release point. 5. Temperature and humidity, and therefore the time of year, influence the main type of dispersal. Dispersal is active during wet periods and essentially passive in dry and hot months. 6. Heat avoidance behaviour is one of the mechanisms allowing passive dispersal. 7. Passive dispersal via human activities is the main determinant of X. derbentina distribution within the landscape. In comparison to other species, X. derbentina is found more often in the vicinity of a communication route. 8. These results show that land snails can cover large distances in a lifetime. The potential for active and passive dispersal described in this paper enables X. derbentina to be a successful invasive species and explains the rapid spread and current distribution of this species.}, }
@article {pmid16689960, year = {2006}, author = {Keeler, MS and Chew, FS and Goodale, BC and Reed, JM}, title = {Modelling the impacts of two exotic invasive species on a native butterfly: top-down vs. bottom-up effects.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, pages = {777-788}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01098.x}, pmid = {16689960}, issn = {0021-8790}, mesh = {Animals ; Brassicaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Butterflies/*physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Female ; Fertility ; *Models, Biological ; Oviposition ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Stochastic Processes ; *Wasps ; }, abstract = {1. Exotic invasive species can influence population dynamics of native species through top-down or bottom-up forces. The present study examined separate and interactive effects of multiple exotic species invasions on the native mustard white butterfly, Pieris napi oleracea Harris (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), using a stochastic simulation model. 2. P. n. oleracea populations in North America have decreased regionally since the 1860s. Competition with an exotic congener (P. rapae L.), loss of native host plants and parasitism by the introduced broconid wasp (Cotesia glomerata L.), have been suggested to be independently responsible for its decline. The present study examined these hypotheses, as well as an alternative, invasion by an exotic crucifer, garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata[Bieb.] Cavara &amp; Grande). 3. A stochastic simulation model of P. n. oleracea population dynamics revealed that decreasing the number of host plants available for oviposition and larval development (i.e. habitat loss), sharply reduced the probability of populations persistence and decreased population size for those that persisted. 4. Simulated invasion by garlic mustard also substantially decreased both probability of persistence (= 0 at approximately 50% cover) and mean population size. Persistence probability never reached zero under any C. glomerata scenarios, even when larval mortality in the second generation due to parasitism was 100%. The impact of garlic mustard was intensified by the addition of C. glomerata parasitism. 5. Results suggest that bottom-up forces, loss of host plants through forest understorey loss and/or garlic mustard invasion are the most important forces driving P. n. oleracea population decline. Parasitism by C. glomerata may interact to reduce P. n. oleracea populations more rapidly, but appears insufficient alone to cause local extinction.}, }
@article {pmid16689947, year = {2006}, author = {Gaston, KJ and Borges, PA and He, F and Gaspar, C}, title = {Abundance, spatial variance and occupancy: arthropod species distribution in the Azores.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, pages = {646-656}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01085.x}, pmid = {16689947}, issn = {0021-8790}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Azores ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Male ; *Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Soil ; Trees/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {1. The positive abundance-occupancy and abundance-variance relationships are two of the most widely documented patterns in population and community ecology. 2. Recently, a general model has been proposed linking the mean abundance, the spatial variance in abundance, and the occupancy of species. A striking feature of this model is that it consists explicitly of the three variables abundance, variance and occupancy, and no extra parameters are involved. However, little is known about how well the model performs. 3. Here, we show that the abundance-variance-occupancy model fits extremely well to data on the abundance, variance and occupancy of a large number of arthropod species in natural forest patches in the Azores, at three spatial extents, and distinguishing between species of different colonization status. Indeed, virtually all variation about the bivariate abundance-occupancy and abundance-variance relationships is effectively explained by the third missing variable (variance in abundance in the case of the abundance-occupancy relationship, and occupancy in the case of the abundance-variance relationship). 4. Introduced species tend to exhibit lower densities, less spatial variance in these densities, and occupy fewer sites than native and endemic species. None the less, they all lie on the same bivariate abundance-occupancy and abundance-variance, and trivariate abundance-variance-occupancy, relationships. 5. Density, spatial variance in density, and occupancy appear to be all the things one needs to know to describe much of the spatial distribution of species.}, }
@article {pmid16687681, year = {2006}, author = {Terblanche, JS and Klok, CJ and Krafsur, ES and Chown, SL}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity and geographic variation in thermal tolerance and water loss of the tsetse Glossina pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae): implications for distribution modelling.}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {74}, number = {5}, pages = {786-794}, pmid = {16687681}, issn = {0002-9637}, support = {R01 AI052456/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI-52456/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI052456-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/physiology ; Animals ; Environment ; Female ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/genetics/physiology ; Kenya/epidemiology ; Male ; *Models, Statistical ; Population Density ; Rain ; Temperature ; Tropical Climate ; Trypanosomiasis/epidemiology/transmission ; Tsetse Flies/*genetics/*physiology ; Water Loss, Insensible ; }, abstract = {Using the tsetse, Glossina pallidipes, we show that physiologic plasticity (resulting from temperature acclimation) accounts for among-population variation in thermal tolerance and water loss rates. Critical thermal minimum (CT(Min)) was highly variable among populations, seasons, and acclimation treatments, and the full range of variation was 9.3 degrees C (maximum value = 3.1 x minimum). Water loss rate showed similar variation (max = 3.7 x min). In contrast, critical thermal maxima (CT(Max)) varied least among populations, seasons, and acclimation treatments, and the full range of variation was only approximately 1 degree C. Most of the variation among the four field populations could be accounted for by phenotypic plasticity, which in the case of CT(Min), develops within 5 days of temperature exposure and is lost rapidly on return to the original conditions. Limited variation in CT(Max) supports bioclimatic models that suggest tsetse are likely to show range contraction with warming from climate change.}, }
@article {pmid16643296, year = {2006}, author = {Schwartz, MW and Hoeksema, JD and Gehring, CA and Johnson, NC and Klironomos, JN and Abbott, LK and Pringle, A}, title = {The promise and the potential consequences of the global transport of mycorrhizal fungal inoculum.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {501-515}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00910.x}, pmid = {16643296}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Classification ; Ecology ; *Guidelines as Topic ; Mycorrhizae/*growth &amp; development/*pathogenicity ; Population Dynamics ; Research/trends ; Risk Assessment ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Advances in ecology during the past decade have led to a much more detailed understanding of the potential negative consequences of species' introductions. Moreover, recent studies of mycorrhizal symbionts have led to an increased knowledge of the potential utility of fungal inoculations in agricultural, horticultural and ecological management. The intentional movement of mycorrhizal fungal species is growing, but the concomitant potential for negative ecological consequences of invasions by mycorrhizal fungi is poorly understood. We assess the degree to which introductions of mycorrhizal fungi may lead to unintended negative, and potentially costly, consequences. Our purpose is to make recommendations regarding appropriate management guidelines and highlight top priority research needs. Given the difficulty in discerning invasive species problems associated with mycorrhizal inoculations, we recommend the following. First, careful assessment documenting the need for inoculation, and the likelihood of success, should be conducted prior to inoculation because inoculations are not universally beneficial. Second, invasive species problems are costly and often impossible to control by the time they are recognized. We recommend using local inoculum sources whenever possible. Third, non-sterile cultures of inoculum can result in the movement of saprobes and pathogens as well as mutualists. We recommend using material that has been produced through sterile culture when local inoculum is not available. Finally, life-history characteristics of inoculated fungi may provide general guidelines relative to the likelihood of establishment and spread. We recommend that, when using non-local fungi, managers choose fungal taxa that carry life-history traits that may minimize the likelihood of deleterious invasive species problems. Additional research is needed on the potential of mycorrhizal fungi to spread to non-target areas and cause ecological damage.}, }
@article {pmid16638004, year = {2006}, author = {Duyck, PF and David, P and Quilici, S}, title = {Climatic niche partitioning following successive invasions by fruit flies in La Réunion.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {75}, number = {2}, pages = {518-526}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01072.x}, pmid = {16638004}, issn = {0021-8790}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Ceratitis capitata/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Humidity ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Reunion ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; Tephritidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {1. Biological invasions have profound effects on community structure. The community composition following invasions can be influenced by the habitat diversity and the species' responses to abiotic factors. 2. We evaluated the tolerance to climatic factors and analysed the field distribution of four polyphagous fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of La Réunion Island (three exotic species that successively invaded the island and the endemic species Ceratitis catoirii) in order to evaluate the opportunities of coexistence by niche differentiation. 3. Atmospheric humidity and immersion in water in the laboratory greatly influence the survival of fruit fly pupae. While C. catoirii and C. rosa are very sensitive to desiccation, C. capitata and especially Bactrocera zonata are relatively tolerant. B. zonata also tolerated immersion in water much longer than did C. rosa and C. catoirii, that in turn were more resistant than C. capitata. Overall, field distributions agree with the predictions based on this study of humidity combined with previous data on the effects of temperature. 4. Climatic niche partitioning promotes coexistence between some but not all pairs of invasive species. Thus, C. rosa can coexist with both C. capitata and B. zonata at the regional scale, while climatic niches are not different enough to promote coexistence of the latter two species. The endemic species has no private climatic niche either and this now very rare species could be in the process of extinction. 5. By promoting coexistence or not, climatic diversity in invaded areas can directly affect the community composition following invasions.}, }
@article {pmid16626467, year = {2006}, author = {Reinhart, KO and Callaway, RM}, title = {Soil biota and invasive plants.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {170}, number = {3}, pages = {445-457}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01715.x}, pmid = {16626467}, issn = {0028-646X}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Mycorrhizae/physiology ; Nitrogen Fixation ; *Plant Development ; Plants/microbiology ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Interactions between plants and soil biota resist invasion by some nonnative plants and facilitate others. In this review, we organize research and ideas about the role of soil biota as drivers of invasion by nonnative plants and how soil biota may fit into hypotheses proposed for invasive success. For example, some invasive species benefit from being introduced into regions of the world where they encounter fewer soil-borne enemies than in their native ranges. Other invasives encounter novel but strong soil mutualists which enhance their invasive success. Leaving below-ground natural enemies behind or encountering strong mutualists can enhance invasions, but indigenous enemies in soils or the absence of key soil mutualists can help native communities resist invasions. Furthermore, inhibitory and beneficial effects of soil biota on plants can accelerate or decelerate over time depending on the net effect of accumulating pathogenic and mutualistic soil organisms. These 'feedback' relationships may alter plant-soil biota interactions in ways that may facilitate invasion and inhibit re-establishment by native species. Although soil biota affect nonnative plant invasions in many different ways, research on the topic is broadening our understanding of why invasive plants can be so astoundingly successful and expanding our perspectives on the drivers of natural community organization.}, }
@article {pmid16612668, year = {2006}, author = {Rancic, D and Stevanovic, B and Petanović, R and Magud, B and Tosevski, I and Gassmann, A}, title = {Anatomical injury induced by the eriophyid mite Aceria anthocoptes on the leaves of Cirsium arvense.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, pages = {243-253}, doi = {10.1007/s10493-006-0013-3}, pmid = {16612668}, issn = {0168-8162}, mesh = {Animals ; Cirsium/anatomy &amp; histology/cytology/*parasitology/ultrastructure ; Female ; Mites/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Plant Leaves/cytology/*parasitology/*ultrastructure ; }, abstract = {Anatomical injury of the leaves of the invasive species, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., caused by the eriophyid mite Aceria anthocoptes (Nal.), which is the only eriophyid mite that has been recorded on C. arvense worldwide, is described. The injury induced by the mite feeding on the leaves of C. arvense results in visible russeting and bronzing of the leaves. Other conspicuous deformations are folding and distortion of the leaf blade and curling of leaf edge, as well as gradual drying of leaves. The anatomical injury of the mature leaves of field-collected plants was limited to the epidermis of the lower leaf surface. However, on young leaves of experimentally infested plants, rust mite injuries extend to epidermal cells on both leaf surfaces and to those of deeper mesophyll layers. On these leaves, lesions on the lower leaf surface even affected the phloem of the vascular bundles. Leaf damage induced by A. anthocoptes is discussed with regard to the mite's potential as a biological control agent of C. arvense.}, }
@article {pmid16586140, year = {2006}, author = {Meloche, C and Murphy, SD}, title = {Managing tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) in parks and protected areas: a case study of Rondeau Provincial Park (Ontario, Canada).}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {37}, number = {6}, pages = {764-772}, pmid = {16586140}, issn = {0364-152X}, mesh = {*Ailanthus/adverse effects/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Ecosystem ; Forestry/*methods ; Glycine/*analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology ; Herbicides/*pharmacology ; Ontario ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {The Carolinian Life Zone in southwestern Ontario, Canada is valued because it represents an almost disjunct ecosystem (i.e., one that is typical of the mid-Atlantic United States, rather than the rest of Canada or the nearby states in the United States). The landscape of the Carolinian Life Zone has undergone dramatic transformation, especially in recent decades as agriculture, urbanization, and recreation have intensified. One of the most apparent changes is the invasion of exotic plant species that exacerbates the need for mass restoration efforts. Within the Carolinian Life Zone, Rondeau Provincial Park has experienced an influx of nonindigenous, invasive species in recent years. Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) is one example. The infestation is still relatively localized to (mainly) the park, slowly spreading, and manageable as long as something is done immediately. We examined the effects of hand-pulling and mulching, cut stump and glyphosate application, cut stump alone, and the EZJect Capsule Injection System (using glyphosate) on the management of A. altissima within the park. Cut stump and glyphosate treatment was most effective and efficient in its control of young A. altissima shoots because it limits disturbance and has acceptable capital and operating costs. Hand-pulling and mulching was the second choice, mainly because of the risk of additional disturbance that increased shoot densities 1 year after treatment. Cut stump alone was not effective, worsened the infestation, and is not recommended for this species. The EZJect system was effective at managing mature, seed-producing shoots, although the somewhat higher capital costs mean that the system probably should be purchased for management of several invasive tree species to make it more cost-effective.}, }
@article {pmid16573324, year = {2006}, author = {Rutledge, CE and O'Neil, RJ}, title = {Soybean plant stage and population growth of soybean aphid.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {99}, number = {1}, pages = {60-66}, doi = {10.1093/jee/99.1.60}, pmid = {16573324}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Aphids/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Female ; Population Growth ; Reproduction/physiology ; Glycine max/*growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Survival Analysis ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, is a newly invasive species of aphid in North America. Previous studies disagree as to whether soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., plant stage has an impact on aphid intrinsic rate of increase. Therefore, the growth rate of soybean aphids on soybean plants of different stages was examined at two different scales in the field. A planting date experiment was used to measure the population growth of soybean aphids on plants of different stages. Clip-cages were used to measure life history characteristics of individual aphids on plants of different stages. No differences were found in the population growth or dynamics of soybean aphids in the planting date experiment. The life history characteristics of individual aphids also showed no significant difference when feeding on different growth stages of soybean plants. The impact of these findings on soybean aphid management is discussed and the possible reasons why the results differ from previous estimates of the aphid growth-plant stage relationship are considered.}, }
@article {pmid16555190, year = {2006}, author = {Chown, SL and Storey, KB}, title = {Linking molecular physiology to ecological realities.}, journal = {Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ}, volume = {79}, number = {2}, pages = {314-323}, doi = {10.1086/499989}, pmid = {16555190}, issn = {1522-2152}, mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Energy Metabolism ; Oxygen ; }, abstract = {Although molecular physiology and ecology have drifted apart as a consequence of early separation in the questions posed and techniques used, there is a resurgence of interest in forging links between them. Here we explore the reasons for this renewed interest and provide four examples of how this is happening. Specifically, we examine links between molecular physiology and ecological realities in insect responses to thermal stress, vertebrate responses to anoxia, metabolic fuel use and torpor in mammals, and the recently developed "metabolic theory of ecology." Several novel insights are emerging from integrated approaches to these problems that might not have come forward from any single perspective on them. Nonetheless, prospects for linking molecular physiology and ecological realities are likely to remain poor if greater focus is not given to developing these links. Mostly, this is a consequence of the differing approaches and "languages" adopted by these fields. We discuss approaches by which the prospects for synthetic work might be improved.}, }
@article {pmid16546313, year = {2006}, author = {Holt, J}, title = {Score averaging for alien species risk assessment: a probabilistic alternative.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {81}, number = {1}, pages = {58-62}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.09.018}, pmid = {16546313}, issn = {0301-4797}, mesh = {*Environment ; Logistic Models ; Models, Biological ; *Risk Assessment ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {In many biological risk assessment problems and specifically those involving invasive alien species and quarantine pests, ordinal scoring systems are used as a basis for risk quantification. Frequently, the problem is disaggregated into a series of components to allow a more structured and systematic evaluation. Each component is then scored and an overall measure of risk calculated from the set of scores. No satisfactory method exists to compute an overall measure of risk and most practitioners have resorted to score-averaging. Here we describe an approach involving the linear mapping of scores to notional probabilities to allow the use of conditional probability to derive an overall measure. Initial results give better discrimination between high and low risk cases and closer correspondence with independent expert judgement than does score-averaging.}, }
@article {pmid16537130, year = {2006}, author = {Ishtiaq, F and Beadell, JS and Baker, AJ and Rahmani, AR and Jhala, YV and Fleischer, RC}, title = {Prevalence and evolutionary relationships of haematozoan parasites in native versus introduced populations of common myna Acridotheres tristis.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {273}, number = {1586}, pages = {587-594}, pmid = {16537130}, issn = {0962-8452}, support = {R01 GM063258/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; 1R01GM063258/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Cytochromes b/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/chemistry/genetics ; Haemosporida/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; India/epidemiology ; Malaria, Avian/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Phylogeny ; Plasmodium/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Prevalence ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Starlings ; }, abstract = {The success of introduced species is frequently explained by their escape from natural enemies in the introduced region. We tested the enemy release hypothesis with respect to two well studied blood parasite genera (Plasmodium and Haemoproteus) in native and six introduced populations of the common myna Acridotheres tristis. Not all comparisons of introduced populations to the native population were consistent with expectations of the enemy release hypothesis. Native populations show greater overall parasite prevalence than introduced populations, but the lower prevalence in introduced populations is driven by low prevalence in two populations on oceanic islands (Fiji and Hawaii). When these are excluded, prevalence does not differ significantly. We found a similar number of parasite lineages in native populations compared to all introduced populations. Although there is some evidence that common mynas may have carried parasite lineages from native to introduced locations, and also that introduced populations may have become infected with novel parasite lineages, it may be difficult to differentiate between parasites that are native and introduced, because malarial parasite lineages often do not show regional or host specificity.}, }
@article {pmid16532333, year = {2006}, author = {Wikström, SA and Steinarsdóttir, MB and Kautsky, L and Pavia, H}, title = {Increased chemical resistance explains low herbivore colonization of introduced seaweed.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {148}, number = {4}, pages = {593-601}, pmid = {16532333}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Fucus/*physiology ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The success of introduced species is often attributed to release from co-evolved enemies in the new range and a subsequent decreased allocation to defense (EICA), but these hypotheses have rarely been evaluated for systems with low host-specificity of enemies. Here, we compare herbivore utilization of the brown seaweed, Fucus evanescens, and its coexisting competitors both in its native and new ranges, to test certain predictions derived from these hypotheses in a system dominated by generalist herbivores. While F. evanescens was shown to be a preferred host in its native range, invading populations supported a less diverse herbivore fauna and it was less preferred in laboratory choice experiments with important herbivores, when compared to co-occurring seaweeds. These results are consistent with the enemy release hypothesis, despite the fact that the herbivore communities in both regions were mainly composed of generalist species. However, in contrast to the prediction of EICA, analysis of anti-grazing compounds indicated a higher allocation to defense in introduced compared to native F. evanescens. The results suggest that the invader is subjected to less intense enemy control in the new range, but that this is due to an increased allocation to defense rather than release from specialized herbivores. This indicates that increased resistance to herbivory might be an important strategy for invasion success in systems dominated by generalist herbivores.}, }
@article {pmid16519319, year = {2006}, author = {Raikow, DE and Reid, DE and Maynard, EE and Landrum, PE}, title = {Sensitivity of aquatic invertebrate resting eggs to SeaKleen (Menadione): a test of potential ballast tank treatment options.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {552-559}, doi = {10.1897/05-142r1.1}, pmid = {16519319}, issn = {0730-7268}, mesh = {Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/veterinary ; Animals ; Artemia/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Copepoda/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Daphnia/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Light ; Pest Control/*methods ; Rotifera/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Ships ; Vitamin K 3/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {The introduction of aquatic species in resting life stages by the release of ballast water is a less well-known but potentially important invasive species vector. Best-management practices designed to minimize transport of ballast water cannot eliminate this threat, because residual water and sediment are retained in ballast tanks after draining. To evaluate the potential efficacy of chemical treatment of residual material in ship ballast tanks, the present study examined the acute toxicity of the proposed biocide SeaKleen (menadione; Garnett, Watkinsville, GA, USA) on resting eggs of Brachionus plicatilis (a marine rotifer), a freshwater copepod, Daphnia mendotae (a freshwater cladoceran), and Artemia sp. (a marine brine shrimp). SeaKleen was toxic to resting eggs of all taxa. Daphnia mendotae resting eggs encased in protective ephippia were the least sensitive, as indicated by a 24-h lethal concentration of toxicant to 90% of organisms of 8.7 mg/L (95% confidence interval, +/- 0.1 mg/L). SeaKleen induced teratogenic effects in D. mendotae and Artemia sp. Exposure to sunlight quickly degraded SeaKleen, which lost all toxicity after 72 h outdoors. SeaKleen increased in toxicity slightly after 72 h in darkness. Burial of D. mendotae ephippia in natural lake sediment reduced SeaKleen toxicity by a factor of 20. Reduced toxicity in the presence of sediment raises serious doubts as to the potential for this, or any, chemical biocide to kill aquatic invertebrate resting stages buried in sediment retained in ship ballast tanks.}, }
@article {pmid16514478, year = {2006}, author = {Forbis, TA and Provencher, L and Frid, L and Medlyn, G}, title = {Great Basin land management planning using ecological modeling.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {62-83}, pmid = {16514478}, issn = {0364-152X}, mesh = {Climate ; *Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecology/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Fires ; Plant Development ; United States ; }, abstract = {This report describes a land management modeling effort that analyzed potential impacts of proposed actions under an updated Bureau of Land Management Resource Management Plan that will guide management for 20 years on 4.6 million hectares in the Great Basin ecoregion of the United States. State-and-transition models that included vegetation data, fire histories, and many parameters (i.e., rates of succession, fire return intervals, outcomes of management actions, and invasion rates of native and nonnative invasive species) were developed through workshops with scientific experts and range management specialists. Alternative restoration scenarios included continuation of current management, full fire suppression, wildfire use in designated fire use zones, wildfire use in resilient vegetation types only, restoration with a tenfold budget increase, no restoration treatments, and no livestock grazing. Under all the scenarios, cover of vegetation states with native perennial understory declined and was replaced by tree-invaded and weed-dominated states. The greatest differences among alternative management scenarios resulted from the use of fire as a tool to maintain native understory. Among restoration scenarios, only the scenario assuming a tenfold budget increase had a more desirable outcome than the current management scenario. Removal of livestock alone had little effect on vegetation resilience. Rather, active restoration was required. The predictive power of the model was limited by current understanding of Great Basin vegetation dynamics and data needs including statistically valid monitoring of restoration treatments, invasiveness and invasibility, and fire histories. The authors suggest that such computer models can be useful tools for systematic analysis of potential impacts in land use planning. However, for a modeling effort to be productive, the management situation must be conducive to open communication among land management agencies and partner entities, including nonprofit organizations.}, }
@article {pmid16506989, year = {2005}, author = {Deines, AM and Chen, VC and Landis, WG}, title = {Modeling the risks of nonindigenous species introductions using a patch-dynamics approach incorporating contaminant effects as a disturbance.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, pages = {1637-1651}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00680.x}, pmid = {16506989}, issn = {0272-4332}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Models, Biological ; Risk ; Species Specificity ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {The establishment and spread of invasive or nonindigenous species has caused concern from stakeholders in affected areas, and has prompted many field and modeling studies. We used stochastic two species, circular three patch dynamic models to investigate the patterns of invasion and impacts upon the affected species. Both persistent and degradable toxicants were incorporated as parts of the model system to act as disturbance regimens. There is a clear series of patterns that result from these simulations. Competition increases population variability, but decreases the number of distinct outcomes possible from the same initial conditions. Isolation of the patch of the introduction was the main determinant of successful establishment through a process we call the beachhead effect. Coexistence of species was often possible in local patches, contrary to the analytical solutions of Lotka-Volterra equations and numerous modeling studies. Contaminants and their resultant disturbances are important as contributors to the stochastic nature of models. The stochasticity leads to a variety of outcomes from some sets of initial conditions. Different outcomes have different probabilities of occurrence and are dependent upon the specific initial conditions of the simulation. A clear pattern that is apparent is the "beachhead effect," where the invasive establishes a population within a relatively remote patch before migrating to the remainder of the landscape. We make predictions and provide specific research hypotheses as to the causes and effects of invasive species establishment, spread, and impacts.}, }
@article {pmid16506985, year = {2005}, author = {Bossenbroek, JM and McNulty, J and Keller, RP}, title = {Can ecologists heat up the discussion on invasive species risk?.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, pages = {1595-1597}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00697.x}, pmid = {16506985}, issn = {0272-4332}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Communication ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Greenhouse Effect ; Public Policy ; Risk ; Species Specificity ; United States ; }, }
@article {pmid16503186, year = {2006}, author = {Peribáñez, MA and Elrío, ML and Gracia, MJ and Fernández de Luco, D and Castillo, JA and Lucientes, J and Cia, I}, title = {Phyllodistomum folium (Trematoda: Gorgoderidae) infecting zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in the Ebro River, Spain.}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {55}, number = {2}, pages = {143-145}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2005.12.002}, pmid = {16503186}, issn = {1383-5769}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Reservoirs ; Dreissena/*parasitology ; Prevalence ; Rivers ; Spain/epidemiology ; Trematoda/*growth &amp; development/ultrastructure ; }, abstract = {Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) were first found in the Ebro River (Spain) in Ribaroja reservoir, in the summer of 2001. This paper reports a study to detect parasites in this bivalve species. From September 2003 to August 2004, a total of 1380 zebra mussels were collected and dissected or sectioned in paraffin and haematoxylin and eosin staining. We observed the presence of Phyllodistomum folium (Olfers, 1816) in two hosts (prevalence 0.14%). Sporocysts containing metacercariae were located within the gill lamellae. One of the mussels was collected in January and the other one in July. In both cases the shell length was >2 cm. P. folium had not been previously reported in Spain and D. polymorpha is its only known intermediate host. It represents a new invasive species in this river basin, presumably introduced together with the zebra mussels.}, }
@article {pmid16502001, year = {2006}, author = {Lewis, KC and Bazzaz, FA and Liao, Q and Orians, CM}, title = {Geographic patterns of herbivory and resource allocation to defense, growth, and reproduction in an invasive biennial, Alliaria petiolata.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {148}, number = {3}, pages = {384-395}, pmid = {16502001}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Animals ; Brassicaceae/metabolism/parasitology/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Flowers ; Geography ; Glucosinolates/*biosynthesis ; Hungary ; Massachusetts ; Reproduction/physiology ; }, abstract = {We investigated geographic patterns of herbivory and resource allocation to defense, growth, and reproduction in an invasive biennial, Alliaria petiolata, to test the hypothesis that escape from herbivory in invasive species permits enhanced growth and lower production of defensive chemicals. We quantified herbivore damage, concentrations of sinigrin, and growth and reproduction inside and outside herbivore exclusion treatments, in field populations in the native and invasive ranges. As predicted, unmanipulated plants in the native range (Hungary, Europe) experienced greater herbivore damage than plants in the introduced range (Massachusetts and Connecticut, USA), providing evidence for enemy release, particularly in the first year of growth. Nevertheless, European populations had consistently larger individuals than US populations (rosettes were, for example, eightfold larger) and also had greater reproductive output, but US plants produced larger seeds at a given plant height. Moreover, flowering plants showed significant differences in concentrations of sinigrin in the invasive versus native range, although the direction of the difference was variable, suggesting the influence of environmental effects. Overall, we observed less herbivory, but not increased growth or decreased defense in the invasive range. Geographical differences in performance and leaf chemistry appear to be due to variation in the environment, which could have masked evolved differences in allocation.}, }
@article {pmid16494231, year = {2006}, author = {Minier, C and Abarnou, A and Jaouen-Madoulet, A and Le Guellec, AM and Tutundjian, R and Bocquené, G and Leboulenger, F}, title = {A pollution-monitoring pilot study involving contaminant and biomarker measurements in the Seine Estuary, France, using zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha).}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {112-119}, doi = {10.1897/05-161r.1}, pmid = {16494231}, issn = {0730-7268}, mesh = {Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism ; Animals ; Biomarkers/analysis ; Dreissena/*metabolism ; Environmental Monitoring ; France ; Gills/enzymology/metabolism ; Hemocytes/drug effects ; Lysosomes/drug effects ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/*analysis/metabolism ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/*analysis/metabolism ; Rivers ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) is an invasive species that has proliferated in European and North American rivers and lakes during the last century. In this study, D. polymorpha has been used to provide information on contamination levels and biological effects in the Seine Estuary (France). The bivalves accumulated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to a high degree with values reaching 800 ng/g dry weight for PCBs (sum of 20 congeners), and 1,000 ng/g dry weight of PAHs (sum of 14 compounds) in the whole body. These values are among the highest reported of PCBs and, to a lesser extent, of PAHs in other contaminated areas in the world. Toxic equivalent quantities of PCBs and PAHs detected in zebra mussels varied from 20 to 40 pg dioxin equivalents/g dry weight for PCBs and up to 120 ng benzo[a]pyrene equivalents/ g dry weight for PAHs, indicating a high potential risk for animals feeding on them. Biological impacts, such as altered condition index, decreased lysosomal stability, and high levels of multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) proteins also were detected in mussels living downstream of Rouen, the main city of the Seine Estuary. Taken together, these results indicate that the Seine Estuary is a heavily polluted area with the potential to cause deleterious health effects in some endogenous living organisms. This study also shows that chemical and biological measurements bring different but complementary results that can help diagnose environmental health.}, }
@article {pmid16492195, year = {2006}, author = {Sikder, IU and Mal-Sarkar, S and Mal, TK}, title = {Knowledge-based risk assessment under uncertainty for species invasion.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {239-252}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00714.x}, pmid = {16492195}, issn = {0272-4332}, mesh = {Animals ; *Environment ; Knowledge Bases ; Models, Biological ; *Risk Assessment ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Management of invasive species depends on developing prevention and control strategies through comprehensive risk assessment frameworks that need a thorough analysis of exposure to invasive species. However, accurate exposure analysis of invasive species can be a daunting task because of the inherent uncertainty in invasion processes. Risk assessment of invasive species under uncertainty requires potential integration of expert judgment with empirical information, which often can be incomplete, imprecise, and fragmentary. The representation of knowledge in classical risk models depends on the formulation of a precise probabilistic value or well-defined joint distribution of unknown parameters. However, expert knowledge and judgments are often represented in value-laden terms or preference-ordered criteria. We offer a novel approach to risk assessment by using a dominance-based rough set approach to account for preference order in the domains of attributes in the set of risk classes. The model is illustrated with an example showing how a knowledge-centric risk model can be integrated with the dominance-based principle of rough set to derive minimal covering "if ... , then...," decision rules to reason over a set of possible invasion scenarios. The inconsistency and ambiguity in the data set is modeled using the rough set concept of boundary region adjoining lower and upper approximation of risk classes. Finally, we present an extension of rough set to evidence a theoretic interpretation of risk measures of invasive species in a spatial context. In this approach, the multispecies interactions in an invasion risk are approximated with imprecise probability measures through a combination of spatial neighborhood information of risk estimation in terms of belief and plausibility.}, }
@article {pmid16492190, year = {2006}, author = {Stohlgren, TJ and Schnase, JL}, title = {Risk analysis for biological hazards: what we need to know about invasive species.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {163-173}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00707.x}, pmid = {16492190}, issn = {0272-4332}, mesh = {Animals ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Risk Assessment ; Risk Management/economics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Risk analysis for biological invasions is similar to other types of natural and human hazards. For example, risk analysis for chemical spills requires the evaluation of basic information on where a spill occurs; exposure level and toxicity of the chemical agent; knowledge of the physical processes involved in its rate and direction of spread; and potential impacts to the environment, economy, and human health relative to containment costs. Unlike typical chemical spills, biological invasions can have long lag times from introduction and establishment to successful invasion, they reproduce, and they can spread rapidly by physical and biological processes. We use a risk analysis framework to suggest a general strategy for risk analysis for invasive species and invaded habitats. It requires: (1) problem formation (scoping the problem, defining assessment endpoints); (2) analysis (information on species traits, matching species traits to suitable habitats, estimating exposure, surveys of current distribution and abundance); (3) risk characterization (understanding of data completeness, estimates of the "potential" distribution and abundance; estimates of the potential rate of spread; and probable risks, impacts, and costs); and (4) risk management (containment potential, costs, and opportunity costs; legal mandates and social considerations and information science and technology needs).}, }
@article {pmid16491517, year = {2006}, author = {Turner, D and Patterson, M}, title = {The language of fighting invasive species.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {311}, number = {5763}, pages = {951}, pmid = {16491517}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Language ; *Pest Control ; Swine ; }, }
@article {pmid16490255, year = {2006}, author = {Zhong, Y and Weininger, M and Pirbhai, M and Dong, F and Zhong, G}, title = {Inhibition of staurosporine-induced activation of the proapoptotic multidomain Bcl-2 proteins Bax and Bak by three invasive chlamydial species.}, journal = {The Journal of infection}, volume = {53}, number = {6}, pages = {408-414}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinf.2005.12.028}, pmid = {16490255}, issn = {1532-2742}, mesh = {*Apoptosis ; Blotting, Western ; Chlamydia/*pathogenicity ; Enzyme Inhibitors/*pharmacology ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/drug effects/*metabolism/physiology ; Staurosporine/*pharmacology ; bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein/drug effects/*metabolism ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {It has been reported that all major chlamydial species can inhibit host cell apoptosis and the Chlamydia trachomatis antiapoptotic activity is correlated with inhibition of activation of the proapoptotic multidomain Bcl-2 proteins Bax and Bak and degradation of BH3-only domain Bcl-2 proteins such as Puma. The current study is to test whether the more invasive species can also suppress host apoptosis through inhibition of Bax and Bak activation. We compared the effects of the three invasive chlamydial species C. muridarum, C. caviae, C. psittaci with that of C. trachomatis on host cell Bax and Bak activation. We found that these chlamydial species not only failed to activate Bax and Bak but also significantly inhibited Bax and Bak activation, mitochondrial cytochrome c release and caspase 3 activation induced by staurosporine. These results have demonstrated that inhibition of host cell apoptosis pathways mediated by Bax and Bak activation is a common property of the major chlamydial species.}, }
@article {pmid16488863, year = {2006}, author = {Mikheyev, AS and Mueller, UG}, title = {Invasive species: customs intercepts reveal what makes a good ant stowaway.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {R129-31}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.001}, pmid = {16488863}, issn = {0960-9822}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Commerce ; Ecology ; }, abstract = {A recent analysis of decades of US customs intercepts has revealed which ants had an opportunity to become established in the United States, providing insights into the requisite traits that enable an ant species to become a successful invader.}, }
@article {pmid16484476, year = {2006}, author = {Clergeau, P and Nuñez, MA}, title = {The language of fighting invasive species.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {311}, number = {5763}, pages = {951}, doi = {10.1126/science.311.5763.951b}, pmid = {16484476}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Language ; *Pest Control ; *Public Opinion ; }, }
@article {pmid16482148, year = {2006}, author = {Phillips, BL and Brown, GP and Webb, JK and Shine, R}, title = {Invasion and the evolution of speed in toads.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {439}, number = {7078}, pages = {803}, doi = {10.1038/439803a}, pmid = {16482148}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Bufo marinus/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Extremities/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; History, 20th Century ; Motor Activity/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Cane toads (Bufo marinus) are large anurans (weighing up to 2 kg) that were introduced to Australia 70 years ago to control insect pests in sugar-cane fields. But the result has been disastrous because the toads are toxic and highly invasive. Here we show that the annual rate of progress of the toad invasion front has increased about fivefold since the toads first arrived; we find that toads with longer legs can not only move faster and are the first to arrive in new areas, but also that those at the front have longer legs than toads in older (long-established) populations. The disaster looks set to turn into an ecological nightmare because of the negative effects invasive species can have on native ecosystems; over many generations, rates of invasion will be accelerated owing to rapid adaptive change in the invader, with continual 'spatial selection' at the expanding front favouring traits that increase the toads' dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid16466738, year = {2006}, author = {Chown, SL and Marais, E and Picker, MD and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Gas exchange characteristics, metabolic rate and water loss of the Heelwalker, Karoophasma biedouwensis (Mantophasmatodea: Austrophasmatidae).}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {52}, number = {5}, pages = {442-449}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2005.12.004}, pmid = {16466738}, issn = {0022-1910}, mesh = {Animals ; Basal Metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; Female ; Insecta/*metabolism ; Male ; Water/*metabolism ; Water Loss, Insensible ; }, abstract = {This study presents the first physiological information for a member of the wingless Mantophasmatodea, or Heelwalkers. This species shows cyclic gas exchange with no evidence of a Flutter period (more typical of discontinuous gas exchange in insects) and no indication that the spiracles are fully occluded during quiescent metabolism. Standard metabolic rate at 20 degrees C was 21.32+/-2.73 microl CO(2)h(-1) (mean+/-S.E.), with a Q(10) (10-25 degrees C) of 1.7. Increases in V()CO(2) associated with variation in mass and with trial temperature were modulated by an increase in burst period volume and a decline in cycle frequency. Total water loss rate, determined by infrared gas analysis, was 0.876+/-0.08 mg H(2)Oh(-1) (range 0.602-1.577, n=11) whilst cuticular water loss rate, estimated by linear regression of total water loss rate and metabolic rate, was 0.618+/-0.09 mg H(2)Oh(-1) (range 0.341-1.363, n=11). Respiratory water loss rate was therefore no more than 29% of the total rate of water loss. Both total water loss rate and estimated cuticular water loss rate were significantly repeatable, with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.745 and 0.553, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid16463174, year = {2006}, author = {Smith, KG}, title = {Keystone predators (eastern newts, Notophthalmus viridescens) reduce the impacts of an aquatic invasive species.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {148}, number = {2}, pages = {342-349}, pmid = {16463174}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Animals ; Anura/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Bufo marinus/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Larva/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Notophthalmus viridescens/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Predation, competition, and their interaction are known to be important factors that influence the structure of ecological communities. In particular, in those cases where a competitive hierarchy exists among prey species, the presence of certain keystone predators can result in enhanced diversity in the prey community. However, little is known regarding the influence of keystone predator presence on invaded prey communities. Given the widespread occurrence of invasive species and substantial concern regarding their ecological impacts, studies on this topic are needed. In this study I used naturalistic replications of an experimental tadpole assemblage to assess the influence of predatory eastern newts, Notophthalmus viridescens, on the outcome of interspecific competition among native and nonindigenous tadpoles. When newts were absent, the presence of the tadpoles of one invasive species, the Cuban treefrog, Osteopilus septentrionalis, resulted in decreased survival and growth rate of the dominant native species, Bufo terrestris, and dominance of the tadpole assemblage by O. septentrionalis. However, the presence of one adult newt generally reduced or eliminated the negative impacts of O. septentrionalis tadpoles, resulting in comparable survival and performance of native species in invaded and noninvaded treatments. Differential mortality among the tadpole species suggests that newts preyed selectively on O. septentrionalis tadpoles, supporting the hypothesis that newts acted as keystone predators in the invaded assemblage. The presence of nonindigenous larval cane toads, Bufo marinus, did not significantly affect native species, and this species was not negatively affected by the presence of newts. Collectively, these results suggest that eastern newts significantly modified the competitive hierarchy of the invaded tadpole assemblage and reduced the impacts of a competitively superior invasive species. If general, these results suggest that the presence of certain species may be an essential factor regulating the ecological impacts of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid16458350, year = {2006}, author = {Tang, Z and Butkus, MA and Xie, YF}, title = {Crumb rubber filtration: a potential technology for ballast water treatment.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {61}, number = {4}, pages = {410-423}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2005.06.003}, pmid = {16458350}, issn = {0141-1136}, mesh = {Animals ; Filtration/*methods/*standards ; Particle Size ; Phytoplankton/isolation &amp; purification ; *Rubber ; *Seawater ; Ships/*methods ; Water Purification/*methods ; Zooplankton/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {The removal of turbidity, particles, phytoplankton and zooplankton in water by crumb rubber filtration was investigated. A substantial reduction was achieved. Of the three variables, filter depth, media size and filtration rate, media size had the most significant influence. Smaller media size favored higher removal efficiency of all targeted matter. There was no apparent relationship between removal efficiency and filter depth. Higher filtration rate resulted in lower removal efficiency and higher head loss. Compared with conventional granular media filters, crumb rubber filters required less backwash, and developed lower head loss. Consequently crumb rubber filters could be run for a longer time or allow a higher filtration rate. The results also indicate that the crumb rubber filtration alone did not achieve the target removal of invasive species. However, crumb rubber filtration could potentially be used as a primary treatment technology to enhance the efficiency of a secondary treatment process (e.g., disinfection).}, }
@article {pmid16456628, year = {2006}, author = {Tyler, C and Pullin, AS and Stewart, GB}, title = {Effectiveness of management interventions to control invasion by Rhododendron ponticum.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, pages = {513-522}, pmid = {16456628}, issn = {0364-152X}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Forestry ; Herbicides/*administration &amp; dosage ; Humans ; *Rhododendron/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Rhododendron ponticum is an invasive species in many countries, including the United Kingdom, Ireland, Belgium, and France. It poses a serious threat to native flora and fauna, as it is capable of altering entire seminatural communities through its vigorous spread. Control is essential if the conservation value of some communities, such as oak woodland and lowland heath, are to be successfully maintained. Commonly used interventions are herbicide application, herbicide application postcut, and cutting (manual or mechanical) alone. Various techniques have been developed to apply these interventions, but often retreatment of the area is required, increasing the cost of control. Here, we evaluate the effectiveness of some commonly used interventions for R. ponticum control using a systematic review methodology. Eleven studies provided data for statistical analysis. Meta-analyses of captured data show that postcut application of the herbicide Glyphosate or applying the herbicides Metsulfuron-methyl or Imazapyr (no cut) can effectively reduce a R. ponticum stand. There is insufficient available experimental evidence for effectiveness of any other intervention. The systematic review process has demonstrated the lack of replicated studies with controls or long-term monitoring and increases the call for more rigorous monitoring of all conservation management interventions. The quality of experimental evidence of the effectiveness of some interventions contrasts with the acceptance of their use through dissemination of experience. The collection and objective review of experience will require active collaboration of organizations concerned with R. ponticum control.}, }
@article {pmid16451716, year = {2006}, author = {Njoroge, GN and Bussmann, RW}, title = {Diversity and utilization of antimalarial ethnophytotherapeutic remedies among the Kikuyus (Central Kenya).}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {8}, pmid = {16451716}, issn = {1746-4269}, mesh = {Antimalarials/*therapeutic use ; Ethnobotany ; Female ; Humans ; Kenya ; Malaria/*prevention &amp; control ; Male ; *Medicine, African Traditional ; *Phytotherapy ; Plant Preparations/*therapeutic use ; Plant Structures ; Plants, Medicinal ; }, abstract = {Plants in Kenya are becoming increasingly important as sources of traditional medicines. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that malaria kills about 2.7 million people every year, 90% of who are from Africa. Malaria continues to be a national concern in Kenya as it plays a major role in the high mortality rates being experienced currently. The use and mis-use of chloroquine to prevent and treat falciparium malaria has led to widespread appearance of chloroquine resistant parasites in Kenya and other tropical countries. These factors and the rising costs of non-chloroquine drugs have made the local people to turn to traditional remedies for management of this menace. This paper examines the current utilization of traditional plant medicines in managing malaria menace in Central Kenya. The results show both indigenous and introduced species are in use indicating traditional medicinal practices in this region are dynamic. In total 58 species in 54 genera and 33 families were identified. The family Rubiaceae was found to have the highest number of reported species. Use of the various taxa is compared between five districts within Central Province of Kenya. The commonest species in this pharmacopoeia are: Caesalpinia volkensii Harms, Strychnos henningsii Gilg, Ajuga remota Benth., Warbugia ugandensis Sprague and Olea europaea L. The first three species are used in all the five districts while the others are restricted in some of the districts. In 74% of the anti-malarial plant species reported in this study, the remedies are obtained in destructive manner and may need conservation measures to ensure sustainable utilization. The results of this study become a basis for selecting plants for further pharmacological and phytochemical studies in developing new and locally relevant anti-malarial agents.}, }
@article {pmid16450179, year = {2006}, author = {Denslow, JS and Uowolo, AL and Hughes, RF}, title = {Limitations to seedling establishment in a mesic Hawaiian forest.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {148}, number = {1}, pages = {118-128}, pmid = {16450179}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; Light ; Population Dynamics ; Seedlings/*growth &amp; development ; Soil ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {While invasive species may be visible indicators of plant community degradation, they may not constitute the only, or even the primary, limitation to stand regeneration. We used seed-augmentation and grass-removal experiments under different canopy conditions to assess the relative importance of dispersal limitation, resource availability, and competition on seedling establishment in the understory shrubs Sophora chrysophilla, Dodonea viscosa, and Pipturus albidus in a montane mesic forest in Hawaii. The study location was an Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha forest at 1000-1500 m elevation on the leeward side of Hawaii Island; it is a closed-canopy forest historically subject to logging and grazing by cattle and sheep and currently dominated by the exotic grass, Ehrharta stipoides, in the herb layer. Seedling establishment after 1 and 2 years was strongly dispersal limited in Sophora and Dodonea, but not in Acacia, a non-augmented species in which abundant seedlings established, nor in Pipterus, in which only one seedling established in 2 years. Grass cover reduced seedling establishment in Acacia, Sophora, and Dodonea and, for the latter two species, seedling establishment was substantially greater in the warmer, more moist forest at the lowest elevation. Light, moisture, and resin-captured N and P were more strongly affected by elevation and canopy composition than by grass cover, but in most cases seedling establishment was not positively correlated with resource availability. Limitations to the establishment of woody seedlings in this forest-grassland mixture vary among species; however, both dispersal limitation and competition from a shade-tolerant grass are important deterrents to regeneration in these forests.}, }
@article {pmid16449560, year = {2006}, author = {Fields, PA and Rudomin, EL and Somero, GN}, title = {Temperature sensitivities of cytosolic malate dehydrogenases from native and invasive species of marine mussels (genus Mytilus): sequence-function linkages and correlations with biogeographic distribution.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {209}, number = {Pt 4}, pages = {656-667}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.02036}, pmid = {16449560}, issn = {0022-0949}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Demography ; Enzyme Stability ; Geography ; Malate Dehydrogenase/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Mytilus/*enzymology ; Population Dynamics ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Denaturation ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Species Specificity ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {The blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, a native of the Mediterranean Sea, has invaded the west coast of North America in the past century, displacing the native blue mussel, Mytilus trossulus, from most of its former habitats in central and southern California. The invasive success of M. galloprovincialis is conjectured to be due, in part, to physiological adaptations that enable it to outperform M. trossulus at high temperatures. We have examined the structure and function of the enzyme cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (cMDH) from these species, as well as from the more distantly related ribbed mussel, Mytilus californianus, to characterize the effects of temperature on kinetic properties thought to exhibit thermal adaptation. The M. trossulus cMDH ortholog differs from the other cMDHs in a direction consistent with cold adaptation, as evidenced by a higher and more temperature-sensitive Michaelis-Menten constant for the cofactor NADH (Km(NADH)). This difference results from minor changes in sequence: the M. trossulus ortholog differs from the M. galloprovincialis ortholog by only two substitutions in the 334 amino acid monomer, and the M. californianus and M. trossulus orthologs differ by five substitutions. In each case, only one of these substitutions is non-conservative. To test the effects of individual substitutions on kinetic properties, we used site-directed mutagenesis to create recombinant cMDHs. Recombinant wild-type M. trossulus cMDH (rWT) has high Km(NADH) compared with mutants incorporating the non-conservative substitutions found in M. californianus and M. galloprovincialis - V114H and V114N, respectively - demonstrating that these mutations are responsible for the differences found in substrate affinity. Turnover number (kcat) is also higher in rWT compared with the two mutants, consistent with cold adaptation in the M. trossulus ortholog. Conversely, rWT and V114H appear more thermostable than V114N. Based on a comparison of Km(NADH) and kcat values among the orthologs, we propose that immersion temperatures are of greater selective importance in adapting kinetic properties than the more extreme temperatures that occur during emersion. The relative warm adaptation of M. galloprovincialis cMDH may be one of a suite of physiological characters that enhance the competitive ability of this invasive species in warm habitats.}, }
@article {pmid16440609, year = {2005}, author = {Bradley, M and Kutz, SJ and Jenkins, E and O'Hara, TM}, title = {The potential impact of climate change on infectious diseases of Arctic fauna.}, journal = {International journal of circumpolar health}, volume = {64}, number = {5}, pages = {468-477}, doi = {10.3402/ijch.v64i5.18028}, pmid = {16440609}, issn = {1239-9736}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic/microbiology ; Arctic Regions/epidemiology ; *Biodiversity ; Birds/microbiology ; Cold Climate ; Disease Outbreaks ; Fishes/microbiology ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Infections/*epidemiology/*microbiology/transmission ; Insect Vectors ; }, abstract = {Climate change is already affecting Arctic species including infectious disease agents and greater changes are expected. Some infectious diseases are already increasing but future changes are difficult to predict because of the complexity of host-agent-environment relationships. However mechanisms related to climate change that will influence disease patterns are understood. Warmer temperatures will benefit free living bacteria and parasites whose survival and development is limited by temperature. Warmer temperatures could promote survivability, shorter development rates and transmission. Insects such as mosquitoes and ticks that transmit disease agents may also benefit from climate change as well as the diseases they spread. Climate change will have significant impacts on biodiversity. Disease agents of species that benefit from warming will likely become more prevalent. Host species stressed by changing environmental conditions may be more vulnerable to disease agents. Warming could lead to increased agriculture and other economic opportunities in the Arctic bringing people, domestic food animals, pets and invasive species and their disease agents into Northern regions. Climate warming may also favor the release of persistent environmental pollutants some of which can affect the immune system and may favor increased rates of some diseases.}, }
@article {pmid16433325, year = {2006}, author = {Pelley, J}, title = {Biodiversity: friend or foe of invasive species?.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, pages = {10}, doi = {10.1021/es0630238}, pmid = {16433325}, issn = {0013-936X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Fishes/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Geography ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Risk Assessment ; }, }
@article {pmid16425799, year = {2005}, author = {Lepich, T and Wilk, R and Dabek, J and Piwowarczyk, A and Kuczera, B and Gielecki, JS}, title = {[Transplantation of islets of langerhans--alternative or solution in type 1 diabetes treatment?].}, journal = {Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960)}, volume = {58}, number = {7-8}, pages = {437-441}, pmid = {16425799}, issn = {0043-5147}, mesh = {Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology/*surgery ; Humans ; Islets of Langerhans/growth &amp; development ; *Islets of Langerhans Transplantation ; *Stem Cell Transplantation ; Tissue and Organ Procurement/methods ; Transplantation, Heterologous ; }, abstract = {Diabetes mellitus is severe disease caused by partial or total lack of insulin leading to microangiopathy. Methods of treatment used today do not protect patients from the complications of disease. The proposed alternative of the treatment is transplantation of the pancreas islets. Till June 2003, 705 transplantation were performed worldwide. Allotransplant trials were described so far, while xenotransplants may appear as an alternative using alien species donors. Immune incompatibility of a human and animals is a major problem in the method, which can be solved by the use of genetically modified animals. In vitro genetic modifications of the pancreatic islets were already undertaken. New perspective arose with the development of the "stem cells" technology--differentiation of the primary cells into the Langerhans islets cells. Contemporary data show positive value of the method and give new perspective in the treatment of diabetes mellitus with respect to its rising morbidity.}, }
@article {pmid16425047, year = {2006}, author = {Gruner, DS and Taylor, AD}, title = {Richness and species composition of arboreal arthropods affected by nutrients and predators: a press experiment.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {147}, number = {4}, pages = {714-724}, pmid = {16425047}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; Food Chain ; Insecta/*physiology ; Myrtaceae/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; }, abstract = {A longstanding goal for ecologists is to understand the processes that maintain biological diversity in communities, yet few studies have investigated the combined effects of predators and resources on biodiversity in natural ecosystems. We fertilized nutrient limited plots and excluded insectivorous birds in a randomized block design, and examined the impacts on arthropods associated with the dominant tree in the Hawaiian Islands, Metrosideros polymorpha (Myrtaceae). After 33 months, the species load (per foliage mass) of herbivores and carnivores increased with fertilization, but rarified richness (standardized to abundance) did not change. Fertilization depressed species richness of arboreal detritivores, and carnivore richness dropped in caged, unfertilized plots, both because of the increased dominance of common, introduced species with treatments. Herbivore species abundance distributions were more equitable than other trophic levels following treatments, and fertilization added specialized native species without changing relativized species richness. Overall, bird removal and nutrient addition treatments on arthropod richness acted largely independently, but with countervailing influences that obscured distinct top-down and bottom-up effects on different trophic levels. This study demonstrates that species composition, biological invasions, and the individuality of species traits may complicate efforts to predict the interactive effects of resources and predation on species diversity in food webs.}, }
@article {pmid16387862, year = {2006}, author = {Arim, M and Abades, SR and Neill, PE and Lima, M and Marquet, PA}, title = {Spread dynamics of invasive species.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {103}, number = {2}, pages = {374-378}, pmid = {16387862}, issn = {0027-8424}, abstract = {Species invasions are a principal component of global change, causing large losses in biodiversity as well as economic damage. Invasion theory attempts to understand and predict invasion success and patterns of spread. However, there is no consensus regarding which species or community attributes enhance invader success or explain spread dynamics. Experimental and theoretical studies suggest that regulation of spread dynamics is possible; however, the conditions for its existence have not yet been empirically demonstrated. If invasion spread is a regulated process, the structure that accounts for this regulation will be a main determinant of invasion dynamics. Here we explore the existence of regulation underlying changes in the rate of new site colonization. We employ concepts and analytical tools from the study of abundance dynamics and show that spread dynamics are, in fact, regulated processes and that the regulation structure is notably consistent among invasions occurring in widely different contexts. We base our conclusions on the analysis of the spread dynamics of 30 species invasions, including birds, amphibians, fish, invertebrates, plants, and a virus, all of which exhibited similar regulation structures. In contrast to current beliefs that species invasions are idiosyncratic phenomena, here we provide evidence that general patterns do indeed exist.}, }
@article {pmid19212462, year = {2006}, author = {Chown, SL and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Physiological Diversity in Insects: Ecological and Evolutionary Contexts.}, journal = {Advances in insect physiology}, volume = {33}, number = {}, pages = {50-152}, pmid = {19212462}, issn = {0065-2806}, support = {R01 AI052456/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI052456-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, }
@article {pmid16367845, year = {2006}, author = {Hawley, DM and Hanley, D and Dhondt, AA and Lovette, IJ}, title = {Molecular evidence for a founder effect in invasive house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) populations experiencing an emergent disease epidemic.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {263-275}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02767.x}, pmid = {16367845}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Animals ; Finches/*genetics ; *Founder Effect ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Carrier Screening ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; North America ; }, abstract = {The impact of founder events on levels of genetic variation in natural populations remains a topic of significant interest. Well-documented introductions provide a valuable opportunity to examine how founder events influence genetic diversity in invasive species. House finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) are passerine birds native to western North America, with the large eastern North American population derived from a small number of captive individuals released in the 1940s. Previous comparisons using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers found equivalent levels of diversity in eastern and western populations, suggesting that any genetic effects of the founder event were ameliorated by the rapid growth of the newly established population. We used an alternative marker system, 10 highly polymorphic microsatellites, to compare levels of genetic diversity between four native and five introduced house finch populations. In contrast to the AFLP comparisons, we found significantly lower allelic richness and heterozygosity in introduced populations across all loci. Three out of five introduced populations showed significant reductions in the ratio of the number of alleles to the allele size range, a within-population characteristic of recent bottlenecks. Finally, native and introduced populations showed significant pairwise differences in allele frequencies in every case, with stronger isolation by distance within the introduced than native range. Overall, our results provide compelling molecular evidence for a founder effect during the introduction of eastern house finches that reduced diversity levels at polymorphic microsatellite loci and may have contributed to the emergence of the Mycoplasma epidemic which recently swept the eastern range of this species.}, }
@article {pmid16363155, year = {2005}, author = {Simard, F and Nchoutpouen, E and Toto, JC and Fontenille, D}, title = {Geographic distribution and breeding site preference of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: culicidae) in Cameroon, Central Africa.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, pages = {726-731}, doi = {10.1093/jmedent/42.5.726}, pmid = {16363155}, issn = {0022-2585}, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Arboviruses ; Cameroon ; *Demography ; *Environment ; Geography ; Insect Vectors/*physiology ; Larva/physiology ; Oviposition/physiology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Presence in Cameroon of the recently introduced Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) in association with the indigenous Aedes aegypti (L.) raises public heath concerns because it might alter the risk of arbovirus transmission. The breeding site and distribution of the two Stegomyia species are updated and reported following entomological surveys carried out in 22 localities throughout Cameroon, with a total of 1,353 containers with water visited. Ae. aegypti was found in every location sampled, showing higher infestation rates in northern Cameroon. Breeding populations of Ae. albopictus were observed in all 19 southern localities, up to the Adamaoua mountains, but the species was not recorded further north. In the area where both species are present, they were often sampled in the same larval developmental sites, suggesting convergent habitat segregation. The most frequently encountered artificial and natural breeding sites were used tires, discarded tins and plastic containers, abandoned car parts, brick holes, dead leaves on the ground, tree holes, and rock pools. Further monitoring of the demographic as well as geographic expansion of Ae. albopictus in this Afrotropical environment and its relationships with indigenous Ae. aegypti should provide insight into the biology of this highly invasive species and help to implement arboviruses surveillance programs in the area.}, }
@article {pmid16357259, year = {2005}, author = {Schoener, TW and Losos, JB and Spiller, DA}, title = {Island biogeography of populations: an introduced species transforms survival patterns.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {310}, number = {5755}, pages = {1807-1809}, doi = {10.1126/science.1120165}, pmid = {16357259}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bahamas ; Birds ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Geography ; *Lizards ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Plant Development ; *Plants/anatomy &amp; histology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; *Trees/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Population phenomena, which provide much of the underlying basis for the theoretical structure of island biogeography, have received little direct study. We determined a key population trait-survival-in the Bahamian lizard Anolis sagrei on islands with an experimentally introduced predatory lizard and on neighboring unmanipulated islands. On unmanipulated islands, survival declined with several variables, most notably vegetation height: The island with the shortest vegetation had nearly the highest survival recorded for any lizard. On islands with the introduced predator, which forages mostly on the ground, A. sagrei shifted to taller vegetation; unlike on unmanipulated islands, its survival was very low on islands with the shortest vegetation but was higher on the others. Thus, species introduction radically changed a resident species' relation of survival to a key island-biogeographical variable.}, }
@article {pmid16341893, year = {2006}, author = {Whitmire, SL and Tobin, PC}, title = {Persistence of invading gypsy moth populations in the United States.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {147}, number = {2}, pages = {230-237}, pmid = {16341893}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Moths/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; United States ; }, abstract = {Exotic invasive species are a mounting threat to native biodiversity, and their effects are gaining more public attention as each new species is detected. Equally important are the dynamics of exotic invasives that are previously well established. While the literature reports many examples of the ability of a newly arrived exotic invader to persist prior to detection and population growth, we focused on the persistence dynamics of an established invader, the European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) in the United States. The spread of gypsy moth is largely thought to be the result of the growth and coalescence of isolated colonies in a transition zone ahead of the generally infested area. One important question is thus the ability of these isolated colonies to persist when subject to Allee effects and inimical stochastic events. We analyzed the US gypsy moth survey data and identified isolated colonies of gypsy moth using the local indicator of spatial autocorrelation. We then determined region-specific probabilities of colony persistence given the population abundance in the previous year and its relationship to a suite of ecological factors. We observed that colonies in Wisconsin, US, were significantly more likely to persist in the following year than in other geographic regions of the transition zone, and in all regions, the abundance of preferred host tree species and land use category did not appear to influence persistence. We propose that differences in region-specific rates of persistence may be attributed to Allee effects that are differentially expressed in space, and that the inclusion of geographically varying Allee effects into colony-invasion models may provide an improved paradigm for addressing the establishment and spread of gypsy moth and other invasive exotic species.}, }
@article {pmid16336053, year = {2005}, author = {Gewin, V}, title = {Eco-defense against invasions.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {3}, number = {12}, pages = {e429}, pmid = {16336053}, issn = {1545-7885}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecology/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; }, abstract = {Characterizing patterns of invasion across space, time, and taxonomic group will help reveal how invasive species affect ecosystem function and individual native species}, }
@article {pmid16334307, year = {2005}, author = {Husseneder, C and Messenger, MT and Su, NY and Grace, JK and Vargo, EL}, title = {Colony social organization and population genetic structure of an introduced population of formosan subterranean termite from New Orleans, Louisiana.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {98}, number = {5}, pages = {1421-1434}, doi = {10.1093/jee/98.5.1421}, pmid = {16334307}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; DNA/analysis ; Genetics, Population ; Isoptera/*genetics/*physiology ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Louisiana ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, is an invasive species in many parts of the world, including the U.S. mainland. The reasons for its invasive success may have to do with the flexible social and spatial organization of colonies. We investigated the population and breeding structure of 14 C. formosanus colonies in Louis Armstrong Park, New Orleans, LA. This population has been the focus of extensive study for many years, providing the opportunity to relate aspects of colony breeding structure to previous findings on colony characteristics such as body weight and number of workers, wood consumption, and intercolony aggression. Eight colonies were headed by a single pair of outbred reproductives (simple families), whereas six colonies were headed by low numbers of multiple kings and/or queens that were likely the neotenic descendants of the original colony (extended families). Within the foraging area of one large extended family colony, we found genetic differentiation among different collection sites, suggesting the presence of separate reproductive centers. No significant difference between simple family colonies and extended family colonies was found in worker body weight, soldier body weight, foraging area, population size, or wood consumption. However, level of inbreeding within colonies was negatively correlated with worker body weight and positively correlated with wood consumption. Also, genetic distance between colonies was positively correlated with aggression levels, suggesting a genetic basis to nestmate discrimination cues in this termite population. No obvious trait associated with colony reproductive structure was found that could account for the invasion success of this species.}, }
@article {pmid16332204, year = {2006}, author = {Morse, JG and Hoddle, MS}, title = {Invasion biology of thrips.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {51}, number = {}, pages = {67-89}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151044}, pmid = {16332204}, issn = {0066-4170}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Insecta/growth &amp; development/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Insecticides ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Thrips are among the stealthiest of insect invaders due to their small size and cryptic habits. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing IPM systems owing to irruptive outbreaks that require remediation with insecticides, leading to the development of insecticide resistance. Several challenges surface when attempting to manage incursive thrips species. Foremost among these is early recognition, followed by rapid and accurate identification of emergent pest species, elucidation of the region of origin, development of a management program, and the closing of conduits for global movement of thrips. In this review, we examine factors facilitating invasion by thrips, damage caused by these insects, pre- and post-invasion management tactics, and challenges looming on the horizon posed by invasive Thysanoptera, which continually challenge the development of sustainable management practices.}, }
@article {pmid16315593, year = {2005}, author = {Zhang, L and Liu, D and Yan, Z and Zheng, Y}, title = {Alien DNA introgression and wheat DNA rearrangements in a stable wheat line derived from the early generation of distant hybridization.}, journal = {Science in China. Series C, Life sciences}, volume = {48}, number = {5}, pages = {424-433}, doi = {10.1360/062004-45}, pmid = {16315593}, issn = {1006-9305}, mesh = {Base Sequence ; Biological Transport/genetics ; DNA, Plant/*metabolism ; *Gene Rearrangement ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; Glutens ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plant Proteins/genetics ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; Secale/*genetics ; Telomere/genetics ; Triticum/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Polyploidy has been found to be common in plants. Bread or common wheat (Triticum aestivum L., 2n=42) is a good example of allopolyploid made up of three diploid genomes A, B and D. In recent years, by the study of mimicking the origination of common wheat, it was found that changes of DNA sequence and gene expression occurred at the early stages of artificial allohexaploid between tetraploid wheat and Aegilops tauschii, which was probably favorable to genetic diploidization of new synthetic hexaploid wheat. Common wheat 99L2 is a new line stable in genetic, which was derived from the early self-pollinated generation of wide hybrids between common wheat and rye. In this study, it was found that at least two rye DNA segments had been introgressed into 99L2. This result suggested that a mechanism of alien DNA introgression may exist, which was different from the traditional mechanism of chromosome pairing and DNA recombination between wheat and alien species. Meanwhile, during the introgression process of alien rye DNA segments, the changes in DNA sequences of wheat itself occurred.}, }
@article {pmid16313587, year = {2005}, author = {Grapputo, A and Boman, S and Lindström, L and Lyytinen, A and Mappes, J}, title = {The voyage of an invasive species across continents: genetic diversity of North American and European Colorado potato beetle populations.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {14}, number = {14}, pages = {4207-4219}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02740.x}, pmid = {16313587}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cluster Analysis ; *Coleoptera ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Demography ; Europe ; *Founder Effect ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; North America ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; *Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The paradox of successful invading species is that they are likely to be genetically depauperate compared to their source population. This study on Colorado potato beetles is one of the few studies of the genetic consequences of continent-scale invasion in an insect pest. Understanding gene flow, population structure and the potential for rapid evolution in native and invasive populations offers insights both into the dynamics of small populations that become successful invaders and for their management as pests. We used this approach to investigate the invasion of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) from North America to Europe. The beetles invaded Europe at the beginning of the 20th century and expanded almost throughout the continent in about 30 years. From the analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, we found the highest genetic diversity in beetle populations from the central United States. The European populations clearly contained only a fraction of the genetic variability observed in North American populations. European populations show a significant reduction at nuclear markers (AFLPs) and are fixed for one mitochondrial haplotype, suggesting a single successful founder event. Despite the high vagility of the species and the reduction of genetic diversity in Europe, we found a similar, high level of population structure and low gene flow among populations on both continents. Founder events during range expansion, agricultural management with crop rotation, and selection due to insecticide applications are most likely the causes partitioning genetic diversity in this species.}, }
@article {pmid16292276, year = {2005}, author = {Marris, E}, title = {Invasive species: shoot to kill.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {438}, number = {7066}, pages = {272-273}, doi = {10.1038/438272a}, pmid = {16292276}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/*methods ; Ecology/economics/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Herbicides/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology ; Plant Development ; Plants/drug effects ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; United States ; }, }
@article {pmid16268948, year = {2005}, author = {Stepien, CA and Brown, JE and Neilson, ME and Tumeo, MA}, title = {Genetic diversity of invasive species in the Great Lakes versus their Eurasian source populations: insights for risk analysis.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {1043-1060}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00655.x}, pmid = {16268948}, issn = {0272-4332}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia ; Bivalvia/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Founder Effect ; Fresh Water ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Marine Biology ; North America ; Perches/genetics ; Perciformes/genetics ; Population Dynamics ; Risk ; }, abstract = {Combining DNA variation data and risk assessment procedures offers important diagnostic and monitoring tools for evaluating the relative success of exotic species invasions. Risk assessment may allow us to understand how the numbers of founding individuals, genetic variants, population sources, and introduction events affect successful establishment and spread. This is particularly important in habitats that are "hotbeds" for invasive species--such as the North American Great Lakes. This study compares genetic variability and its application to risk assessment within and among three Eurasian groups and five species that successfully invaded the Great Lakes during the mid 1980s through early 1990s; including zebra and quagga mussels, round and tubenose gobies, and the ruffe. DNA sequences are compared from exotic and native populations in order to evaluate the role of genetic diversity in invasions. Close relatives are also examined, since they often invade in concert and several are saline tolerant and are likely to spread to North American estuaries. Results show that very high genetic diversity characterizes the invasions of all five species, indicating that they were founded by very large numbers of propagules and underwent no founder effects. Genetic evidence points to multiple invasion sources for both dreissenid and goby species, which appears related to especially rapid spread and widespread colonization success in a variety of habitats. In contrast, results show that the ruffe population in the Great Lakes originated from a single founding population source from the Elbe River drainage. Both the Great Lakes and the Elbe River populations of ruffe have similar genetic diversity levels--showing no founder effect, as in the other invasive species. In conclusion, high genetic variability, large numbers of founders, and multiple founding sources likely significantly contribute to the risk of an exotic species introduction's success and persistence.}, }
@article {pmid16252517, year = {2005}, author = {Debboun, M and Green, TJ and Rueda, LM and Hall, RD}, title = {Relative abundance of tree hole-breeding mosquitoes in Boone County, Missouri, USA, with emphasis on the vector potential of Aedes triseriatus for canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis (Spirurida: Filariidae).}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {274-278}, doi = {10.2987/8756-971X(2005)21[274:RAOTHM]2.0.CO;2}, pmid = {16252517}, issn = {8756-971X}, mesh = {Aedes/*parasitology ; Animals ; Culicidae/parasitology ; Dirofilaria immitis/physiology ; Dirofilariasis/*transmission ; Dog Diseases/parasitology/*transmission ; Dogs/parasitology ; Female ; Insect Vectors/*parasitology ; Missouri ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Aedes (Protomacleaya) triseriatus currently shares its habitat in the USA with the introduced species Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus. In the late 1980s, before the introduction of these 2 species, Ae. triseriatus was the dominant tree hole- and artificial container-breeding mosquito in central Missouri. Aedes triseriatus represented 89% of the mosquito immatures collected from water-filled tree holes and artificial containers at 3 forested field sites in central Missouri, from May to October, 1986 to 1988. Laboratory-reared female Ae. triseriatus were able to support larval development of Dirofilaria immitis (canine heartworm) to the infective 3rd larval stage. A blood meal from a microfilaremic Collie-mix dog was sufficient to infect adult female mosquitoes, indicating that Ae. triseriatus is a possible vector of canine heartworm in central Missouri. Confirmation of the vector status of this species depends on the yet-to-be observed transmission of D. immitis by Ae. triseriatus in the field, possibly by experimental infection of dogs by wild-caught mosquitoes. Defining the role of this species in epizootic outbreaks could contribute toward accurate risk assessment as the abundance of Ae. triseriatus increases and decreases in response to the success of Ae. albopictus, Ae. japonicus, or other introduced container-breeding mosquitoes.}, }
@article {pmid16247699, year = {2005}, author = {Loh, R and Bitner-Mathé, BC}, title = {Variability of wing size and shape in three populations of a recent Brazilian invader, Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae), from different habitats.}, journal = {Genetica}, volume = {125}, number = {2-3}, pages = {271-281}, doi = {10.1007/s10709-005-0367-1}, pmid = {16247699}, issn = {0016-6707}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Drosophilidae/*anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*genetics ; Environment ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Male ; Phenotype ; Wings, Animal/anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an African species that was introduced in Brazil near the end of the 1990's decade. To evaluate the adaptive potential of morphological traits in natural populations of this recently introduced species, we have investigated wing size and shape variation at Rio de Janeiro populations only two years after the first record of Z. indianus in Brazil. Significant genetic differences among populations from three distinct ecological habitats were detected. The heritability and evolvability estimates show that, even with the population bottleneck that should have occurred during the invasion event, an appreciable amount of additive genetic variation for wing size and shape was retained. Our results also indicated a greater influence of environmental variation on wing size than on wing shape. The importance of quantitative genetic variability and plasticity in the successful establishment and dispersal of Z. indianus in the Brazilian territory is then discussed.}, }
@article {pmid16247689, year = {2005}, author = {Pinceel, J and Jordaens, K and Van Houtte, N and Bernon, G and Backeljau, T}, title = {Population genetics and identity of an introduced terrestrial slug: Arion subfuscus s.l. in the North-East USA (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Arionidae).}, journal = {Genetica}, volume = {125}, number = {2-3}, pages = {155-171}, doi = {10.1007/s10709-005-5816-3}, pmid = {16247689}, issn = {0016-6707}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Europe ; Founder Effect ; Gastropoda/classification/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; New England ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Several European species of the terrestrial slug genus Arion have been introduced into North America. A case in point is the species complex A. subfuscus s.l. which has become one of the most abundant slug taxa in North America. In Europe this complex consists of at least two cryptic species, viz. A. fuscus and A. subfuscus s.s., the latter of which is further subdivided in five strongly divergent mtDNA lineages (A. subfuscus S1-S5). In order to determine which of these A. subfsucus s.l. taxa are present in the NE USA and in order to assess their population genetic structure, we compared mtDNA, nDNA and allozyme variation between populations from the NE USA and Europe. Our results show that (1) at least A. subfuscus S1 has become successfully established in the NE USA, (2) founder effects are the most likely explanation for the loss of a large amount of molecular genetic variation in populations from the NE USA (i.e. a loss of 96% of the 16S rDNA haplotypes, 67% of the ITS1 alleles and 46% of the alleles at polymorphic allozyme loci), and (3) part of the remaining genetic variation in NE USA populations was probably due to multiple introductions from the British Isles and the European mainland, and the hybrid structure of most of these source populations. Apparently, the extreme loss of molecular genetic variation in this introduced species has not prevented it from successfully establishing and spreading in novel environments.}, }
@article {pmid16238822, year = {2006}, author = {Rushton, SP and Lurz, PW and Gurnell, J and Nettleton, P and Bruemmer, C and Shirley, MD and Sainsbury, AW}, title = {Disease threats posed by alien species: the role of a poxvirus in the decline of the native red squirrel in Britain.}, journal = {Epidemiology and infection}, volume = {134}, number = {3}, pages = {521-533}, pmid = {16238822}, issn = {0950-2688}, mesh = {Animals ; Demography ; Incidence ; Models, Theoretical ; Poxviridae Infections/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Sciuridae/*virology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Red squirrels are declining in the United Kingdom. Competition from, and squirrel poxvirus (SQPV) disease carried by, grey squirrels are assumed to be determining the decline. We analyse the incidence of disease and changes in distribution of the two species in Cumbria, from 1993 to 2003 and compare these to the predictions of an individual-based (IB) spatially explicit disease model simulating the dynamics of both squirrel species and SQPV in the landscape. Grey squirrels increased whilst red squirrels declined over 10 years. The incidence of disease in red squirrels was related to the time since grey squirrels arrived in the landscape. Analysis of rates of decline in red squirrel populations in other areas showed that declines are 17-25 times higher in regions where SQPV is present in grey squirrel populations than in those where it is not. The IB model predicted spatial overlap of 3-4 years between the species that was also observed in the field. The model predictions matched the observed data best when contact rates and rates of infection between the two species were low. The model predicted that a grey squirrel population control of >60% effective kill was needed to stop the decline in red squirrel populations in Cumbria.}, }
@article {pmid16224008, year = {2005}, author = {Blumenthal, D}, title = {Ecology. Interrelated causes of plant invasion.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {310}, number = {5746}, pages = {243-244}, doi = {10.1126/science.1114851}, pmid = {16224008}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Environment ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {In his or her Perspective, Blumenthal discusses how plants from high-resource habitats are often poorly defended, nutritious, and strongly regulated by enemies. Consequently, these species may benefit the most by entering new habits to escape their natural enemies. This hypothesis predicts that high-resource invasive species may be particularly susceptible to biological control and that increases in resource availability will favor exotic plants.}, }
@article {pmid16222803, year = {2005}, author = {Castells, E and Berhow, MA and Vaughn, SF and Berenbaum, MR}, title = {Geographic variation in alkaloid production in Conium maculatum populations experiencing differential herbivory by Agonopterix alstroemeriana.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {8}, pages = {1693-1709}, pmid = {16222803}, issn = {0098-0331}, mesh = {Alkaloids/biosynthesis/*chemistry ; Animals ; Conium/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Illinois ; Larva ; Molecular Structure ; Moths/*physiology ; New York ; Washington ; }, abstract = {Conium maculatum, a Eurasian weed naturalized in North America, contains high concentrations of piperidine alkaloids that act as chemical defenses against herbivores. C. maculatum was largely free from herbivory in the United States, until approximately 30 yr ago, when it was reassociated via accidental introduction with a monophagous European herbivore, the oecophorid caterpillar Agonopterix alstroemeriana. At present, A. alstroemeriana is found in a continuum of reassociation time and intensities with C. maculatum across the continent; in the Pacific Northwest, A. alstroemeriana can cause severe damage, resulting in some cases in complete defoliation. Studies in biological control and invasion biology have yet to determine whether plants reassociated with a significant herbivore from the area of indigeneity increase their chemical defense investment in areas of introduction. In this study, we compared three locations in the United States (New York, Washington, and Illinois) where C. maculatum experiences different levels of herbivory by A. alstroemeriana to determine the association between the intensity of the interaction, as measured by damage, and chemical defense production. Total alkaloid production in C. maculatum was positively correlated with A. alstroemeriana herbivory levels: plants from New York and Washington, with higher herbivory levels, invested two and four times more N to alkaloid synthesis than did plants from Illinois. Individual plants with lower concentrations of alkaloids from a single location in Illinois experienced more damage by A. alstroemeriana, indicative of a preference on the part of the insect for plants with less chemical defense. These results suggest that A. alstroemeriana may act either as a selective agent or inducing agent for C. maculatum and increase its toxicity in its introduced range.}, }
@article {pmid16214740, year = {2005}, author = {Armstrong, KF and Ball, SL}, title = {DNA barcodes for biosecurity: invasive species identification.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {360}, number = {1462}, pages = {1813-1823}, pmid = {16214740}, issn = {0962-8436}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Databases, Genetic ; Electronic Data Processing/*methods ; Insecta/genetics ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/*methods ; New Zealand ; *Security Measures ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Biosecurity encompasses protecting against any risk through 'biological harm', not least being the economic impact from the spread of pest insects. Molecular diagnostic tools provide valuable support for the rapid and accurate identification of morphologically indistinct alien species. However, these tools currently lack standardization. They are not conducive to adaptation by multiple sectors or countries, or to coping with changing pest priorities. The data presented here identifies DNA barcodes as a very promising opportunity to address this. DNA of tussock moth and fruit fly specimens intercepted at the New Zealand border over the last decade were reanalysed using the cox1 sequence barcode approach. Species identifications were compared with the historical dataset obtained by PCR-RFLP of nuclear rDNA. There was 90 and 96% agreement between the methods for these species, respectively. Improvements included previous tussock moth 'unknowns' being placed to family, genera or species and further resolution within fruit fly species complexes. The analyses highlight several advantages of DNA barcodes, especially their adaptability and predictive value. This approach is a realistic platform on which to build a much more flexible system, with the potential to be adopted globally for the rapid and accurate identification of invasive alien species.}, }
@article {pmid16202088, year = {2005}, author = {Lindholm, AK and Breden, F and Alexander, HJ and Chan, WK and Thakurta, SG and Brooks, R}, title = {Invasion success and genetic diversity of introduced populations of guppies Poecilia reticulata in Australia.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {3671-3682}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02697.x}, pmid = {16202088}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Phylogeny ; Poecilia/*genetics ; Queensland ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Singapore ; }, abstract = {High genetic diversity is thought to characterize successful invasive species, as the potential to adapt to new environments is enhanced and inbreeding is reduced. In the last century, guppies, Poecilia reticulata, repeatedly invaded streams in Australia and elsewhere. Quantitative genetic studies of one Australian guppy population have demonstrated high additive genetic variation for autosomal and Y-linked morphological traits. The combination of colonization success, high heritability of morphological traits, and the possibility of multiple introductions to Australia raised the prediction that neutral genetic diversity is high in introduced populations of guppies. In this study we examine genetic diversity at nine microsatellite and one mitochondrial locus for seven Australian populations. We used mtDNA haplotypes from the natural range of guppies and from domesticated varieties to identify source populations. There were a minimum of two introductions, but there was no haplotype diversity within Australian populations, suggesting a founder effect. This was supported by microsatellite markers, as allelic diversity and heterozygosity were severely reduced compared to one wild source population, and evidence of recent bottlenecks was found. Between Australian populations little differentiation of microsatellite allele frequencies was detected, suggesting that population admixture has occurred historically, perhaps due to male-biased gene flow followed by bottlenecks. Thus success of invasion of Australia and high additive genetic variance in Australian guppies are not associated with high levels of diversity at molecular loci. This finding is consistent with the release of additive genetic variation by dominance and epistasis following inbreeding, and with disruptive and negative frequency-dependent selection on fitness traits.}, }
@article {pmid16195879, year = {2005}, author = {Genton, BJ and Kotanen, PM and Cheptou, PO and Adolphe, C and Shykoff, JA}, title = {Enemy release but no evolutionary loss of defence in a plant invasion: an inter-continental reciprocal transplant experiment.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {146}, number = {3}, pages = {404-414}, pmid = {16195879}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Ambrosia/*parasitology/*physiology ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Flowers ; France ; Fungi ; Insecta ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; United States ; }, abstract = {When invading new regions exotic species may escape from some of their natural enemies. Reduced top-down control ("enemy release") following this escape is often invoked to explain demographic expansion of invasive species and also may alter the selective regime for invasive species: reduced damage can allow resources previously allocated to defence to be reallocated to other functions like growth and reproduction. This reallocation may provide invaders with an "evolution of increased competitive ability" over natives that defend themselves against specialist enemies. We tested for enemy release and the evolution of increased competitive ability in the North American native ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia: Asteraceae), which currently is invading France. We found evidence of enemy release in natural field populations from the invaded and native ranges. Further we carried out a reciprocal transplant experiment, comparing several life history traits of plants from two North American (Ontario and South Carolina) and one French population in four common gardens on both continents. French and Canadian plants had similar flowering phenologies, flowering earlier than plants from further south in the native range. This may suggest that invasive French plants originated from similar latitudes to the Canadian population sampled. As with natural populations, experimental plants suffered far less herbivore damage in France than in Ontario. This difference in herbivory translated into increased growth but not into increased size or vigour. Moreover, we found that native genotypes were as damaged as invading ones in all experimental sites, suggesting no evolutionary loss of defence against herbivores.}, }
@article {pmid16169694, year = {2006}, author = {Thring, TS and Weitz, FM}, title = {Medicinal plant use in the Bredasdorp/Elim region of the Southern Overberg in the Western Cape Province of South Africa.}, journal = {Journal of ethnopharmacology}, volume = {103}, number = {2}, pages = {261-275}, doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.013}, pmid = {16169694}, issn = {0378-8741}, mesh = {Aged ; *Artemisia ; Ethnobotany ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phytotherapy/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Plants, Medicinal/*classification ; *Ruta ; South Africa ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {There are many individuals in the Bredasdorp/Elim area who still use plants as medicines to treat many conditions. This study aimed to document some of this knowledge and present an inventory of all the plants in use in the area. Over 40 individuals were interviewed from old age homes, community centres for the elderly as well as people who were known for their knowledge in this matter. The information was gathered by means of questionnaires. In total, 36 plant species from 19 families were found to be in general use in the area. Only 58% of these plants are indigenous to South Africa, 33% are introduced species and 9% are naturalized species. The dominant families were Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Alliaceae and the Solanaceae. Many of the plants in use are commonly used in traditional medicine around South Africa and share many of the same uses. Some uses, which have not been seen in the consulted literature, have also been documented. A more structured questionnaire was used to determine which plants were most popular for particular ailments. It was found that Artemisia afra and Ruta graveolens were the most popular.}, }
@article {pmid16154585, year = {2005}, author = {Schilman, PE and Lighton, JR and Holway, DA}, title = {Respiratory and cuticular water loss in insects with continuous gas exchange: comparison across five ant species.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {51}, number = {12}, pages = {1295-1305}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2005.07.008}, pmid = {16154585}, issn = {0022-1910}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/physiology ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Ants/metabolism/*physiology ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; Hypoxia/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Temperature ; Water Loss, Insensible/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Respiratory water loss (RWL) in insects showing continuous emission of CO(2) is poorly studied because few methodologies can measure it. Comparisons of RWL between insects showing continuous and discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGC) are therefore difficult. We used two recently developed methodologies (the hyperoxic switch and correlation between water-loss and CO(2) emission rates) to compare cuticular permeabilities and rates of RWL in five species of ants, the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) and four common native ant competitors. Our results showed that RWL in groups of ants with moderate levels of activity and continuous gas exchange were similar across the two measurement methods, and were similar to published values on insects showing the DGC. Furthermore, ants exposed to anoxia increased their total water loss rates by 50-150%. These results suggest that spiracular control under continuous gas exchange can be as effective as the DGC in reducing RWL. Finally, the mesic-adapted Argentine ant showed significantly higher rates of water loss and cuticular permeability compared to four ant species native to dry environments. Physiological limitations may therefore be responsible for restricting the distribution of this invasive species in seasonally dry environments.}, }
@article {pmid16153724, year = {2005}, author = {Smith, DL and Waller, LA and Russell, CA and Childs, JE and Real, LA}, title = {Assessing the role of long-distance translocation and spatial heterogeneity in the raccoon rabies epidemic in Connecticut.}, journal = {Preventive veterinary medicine}, volume = {71}, number = {3-4}, pages = {225-240}, pmid = {16153724}, issn = {0167-5877}, support = {R01 AI047498/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI047498/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Connecticut/epidemiology ; Rabies/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control/*veterinary ; Rabies virus ; *Raccoons ; Rivers ; Space-Time Clustering ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Spatial heterogeneity and long-distance translocation (LDT) play important roles in the spatio-temporal dynamics and management of emerging infectious diseases and invasive species. We assessed the influence of LDT events on the invasive spread of raccoon rabies through Connecticut. We identified several putative LDT events, and developed a network-model to evaluate whether they became new foci for epidemic spread. LDT was fairly common, but many of the LDTs were isolated events that did not spread. Two putative LDT events did appear to become nascent foci that affected the epidemic in surrounding townships. In evaluating the role of LDT, we simultaneously revisited the problem of spatial heterogeneity. The spread of raccoon rabies is associated with forest cover--rabies moves up to three-times slower through the most heavily forested townships compared with those with less forestation. Forestation also modified the effect of rivers. In the best overall model, rabies did not cross the river separating townships that were heavily forested, and the spread slowed substantially between townships that were lightly forested. Our results suggest that spatial heterogeneity can be used to enhance the effects of rabies control by focusing vaccine bait distribution along rivers in lightly forested areas. LDT events are a concern, but this analysis suggests that at a local scale they can be isolated and managed.}, }
@article {pmid16151860, year = {2006}, author = {Prater, MR and Obrist, D and Arnone, JA and DeLucia, EH}, title = {Net carbon exchange and evapotranspiration in postfire and intact sagebrush communities in the Great Basin.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {146}, number = {4}, pages = {595-607}, pmid = {16151860}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Artemisia/*physiology ; Atmosphere ; Bromus/growth &amp; development ; Carbon/*metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Fires ; Great Lakes Region ; Plant Transpiration/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Rain ; Soil ; Time Factors ; Triticum/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Invasion of non-native annuals across the Intermountain West is causing a widespread transition from perennial sagebrush communities to fire-prone annual herbaceous communities and grasslands. To determine how this invasion affects ecosystem function, carbon and water fluxes were quantified in three, paired sagebrush and adjacent postfire communities in the northern Great Basin using a 1-m3 gas exchange chamber. Most of the plant cover in the postfire communities was invasive species including Bromus tectorum L., Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn and Sisymbrium altissimum L. Instantaneous morning net carbon exchange (NCE) and evapotranspiration (ET) in native shrub plots were greater than either intershrub or postfire plots. Native sagebrush communities were net carbon sinks (mean NCE 0.2-4.3 micromol m-2 s-1) throughout the growing season. The magnitude and seasonal variation of NCE in the postfire communities were controlled by the dominant species and availability of soil moisture. Net C exchange in postfire communities dominated by perennial bunchgrasses was similar to sagebrush. However, communities dominated by annuals (cheatgrass and mustard) had significantly lower NCE than sagebrush and became net sources of carbon to the atmosphere (NCE declined to -0.5 micromol m-2 s-1) with increased severity of the summer drought. Differences in the patterns of ET led to lower surface soil moisture content and increased soil temperatures during summer in the cheatgrass-dominated community compared to the adjacent sagebrush community. Intensive measurements at one site revealed that temporal and spatial patterns of NCE and ET were correlated most closely with changes in leaf area in each community. By altering the patterns of carbon and water exchange, conversion of native sagebrush to postfire invasive communities may disrupt surface-atmosphere exchange and degrade the carbon storage capacity of these systems.}, }
@article {pmid16115499, year = {2005}, author = {Peirano, A and Damasso, V and Montefalcone, M and Morri, C and Bianchi, CN}, title = {Effects of climate, invasive species and anthropogenic impacts on the growth of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile in Liguria (NW Mediterranean Sea).}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {50}, number = {8}, pages = {817-822}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.02.011}, pmid = {16115499}, issn = {0025-326X}, mesh = {Alismatales/drug effects/*growth &amp; development ; *Climate ; Cluster Analysis ; *Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Italy ; Mediterranean Sea ; Petroleum/*toxicity ; Population Dynamics ; Regression Analysis ; Temperature ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Eight shallow water Posidonia oceanica meadows were sampled in June 1999 along 300 km of the Ligurian coast and were compared through shoot density and lepidochronology. The growth of the seagrass was examined in the light of climate fluctuations and local stresses, colonisation by alien, invasive alga Caulerpa taxifolia, and effects of the oil spill from the tanker "Haven", and other anthropogenic impacts. Both shoot density and lepidochronology pointed to a generalised state of regression of all the meadows. The analysis of long-term growth curves of the rhizomes showed a positive trend parallel to the increase of air temperature. Two main groups of meadows were individuated on the basis of growth curve similarity. The first included four meadows, namely Ventimiglia, Imperia, Noli and Prelo, that were characterised by average values of rhizome growth of 8-9.1 mmyear(-1) and shoot density greater than 200 shootsm(-2). Although the Imperia meadow was the only one where the alien invasive alga C. taxifolia was found, it did not show differences for rhizome growth in comparison to the other meadows. The second group was formed by meadows that had suffered past anthropogenic impacts: Arenzano and Monterosso al Mare. They showed higher rhizome growth rates (9.4-10.6 mmyear(-1)) and shoot densities between 200 and 100 shootsm(-2). At Arenzano, where "Haven" oil was stranded in April 1991, no rhizome older than 8 years was found, thus confirming the shoot mortality induced by the oil spill event. The two last meadows exhibited growth curves very different from all the others: Portovenere, is a shallow meadow where P. oceanica merely survives in an extremely degraded situation with highest rhizome growth rate (12 mmyear(-1)), the other, Riva Trigoso, is the only meadow implanted on rock and had the lowest growth rates (7.1 mm year(-1)).}, }
@article {pmid16096901, year = {2005}, author = {Kawamoto, Y}, title = {NRAMP1 polymorphism in a hybrid population between Japanese and Taiwanese macaques in Wakayama, Japan.}, journal = {Primates; journal of primatology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {203-206}, pmid = {16096901}, issn = {0032-8332}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cation Transport Proteins/*genetics ; DNA Primers ; Genotype ; Haplotypes/genetics ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Japan ; Macaca/*genetics/physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology ; }, abstract = {A macaque population produced by the hybridization of native Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and introduced Taiwanese macaques (M. cyclopis) in Wakayama Prefecture was shown to possess three DNA haplotypes of the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1). Based on genotyping and comparison with M. fuscata populations, it was revealed that the introduced M. cyclopis population was polymorphic for the NRAMP1 locus. Extensive crossbreeding of the introduced species with the native species was confirmed using this genetic marker and the proportion of M. cyclopis genes was 57.4%. Results of statistical tests suggested non-random mating in the hybrid population.}, }
@article {pmid16093268, year = {2005}, author = {Finlayson, CM}, title = {Plant ecology of Australia's tropical floodplain wetlands: a review.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {96}, number = {4}, pages = {541-555}, doi = {10.1093/aob/mci209}, pmid = {16093268}, issn = {0305-7364}, mesh = {Australia ; Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Geography ; Humidity ; *Plant Development ; *Rain ; Temperature ; *Tropical Climate ; *Water Movements ; }, abstract = {AIMS: Despite the biodiversity values of the freshwater floodplains of northern Australia being widely recognized, there has not been a concomitant investment in developing the extent of knowledge of the basic functions and ecological processes that underpin the ecological character of these habitats. This review addresses the extent of our knowledge on the plant ecology of these wetlands and covers: the relationships between the climate and the hydrological regime on the floodplain; the vegetation patterns, succession and adaptation; and primary production.<br><br>SCOPE: Information is available on the seasonal, but less regularly on the inter-annual, dynamics of the macrophytic vegetation and its evident inter-relationship with the extent, depth and duration of inundation by seasonal flooding. The available scientifically collected information on plant distribution and relationship with the water regime could be complemented by more attention to traditional knowledge. The productivity of the vegetation is high-the dominant wetland grass species have an annual dry weight production of 0.5-2.1 kg m-2 and the surrounding riparian (Melaleuca) trees contribute litterfall of 0.7-1.5 kg (dry weight) m-2 year-1, approximately 70% due to leaf-fall. The availability of dissolved oxygen in the water is known to vary diurnally and seasonally, at least in some habitats. The importance of seasonal differences in the availability of dissolved oxygen for the growth of micro- and macrophytic vegetation has not been investigated. The seasonal distribution and growth of plant species on a few floodplains have been investigated, and maps at scales of 1:10,000 to 1:100,000 are available for these. However, only on a few occasions have longer term analyses been conducted and long-term changes in the vegetation measured and assessed. Species lists and categorization of growth strategies and forms are available and provide a basis for further ecological investigation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Despite the large investment in managing the many pressures that have degraded the ecological character of these highly valued wetlands, the fundamental ecological processes that underpin the biodiversity values have not received the same level of attention. Further information on plant growth and the environmental factors that drive seasonal and annual changes in vegetation distribution and productivity is required to assist managers in attending to changes due to increasing invasive species and changes in fire regimes.}, }
@article {pmid16041613, year = {2005}, author = {Hickerson, CA and Anthony, CD and Walton, BM}, title = {Edge effects and intraguild predation in native and introduced centipedes: evidence from the field and from laboratory microcosms.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {146}, number = {1}, pages = {110-119}, pmid = {16041613}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/*physiology ; Environment ; *Predatory Behavior ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Human alteration of habitat has increased the proportion of forest edge in areas of previously continuous forest. This edge habitat facilitates invasion of exotic species into remaining fragments. The ability of native species to resist invasion varies and may depend on intrinsic variables such as dispersal and reproductive rates as well as external factors such as rate of habitat change and the density of populations of introduced species in edge habitat. We examined the distributional and competitive relationships of two members of the class Chilopoda, Scolopocryptops sexspinosus, a centipede native to the eastern US, and Lithobius forficatus, an exotic centipede introduced from Europe. We found that L. forficatus was most abundant in edge habitat and S. sexspinosus was most abundant in the interior habitat at our field sites. Although L. forficatus was present in habitat interiors at 11 of 12 sites, there was no correlation between fragment size and numbers of L. forficatus in interior habitat. The native centipede was rarely found occupying fragment edges. We used laboratory microcosms to examine potential competitive interactions and to indirectly assess prey preferences of the two species. In microcosms both species consumed similar prey, but the native centipede, S. sexspinosus, acted as an intraguild predator on the introduced centipede. Native centipedes were competitively superior in both intraspecific and interspecific pairings. Our results suggest that intraguild predation may aid native centipedes in resisting invasion of introduced centipedes from edge habitat.}, }
@article {pmid16033118, year = {2005}, author = {Kaufman, PE and Harrington, LC and Waldron, JK and Rutz, DA}, title = {The importance of agricultural tire habitats for mosquitoes of public health importance in New York State.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {171-176}, doi = {10.2987/8756-971X(2005)21[171:TIOATH]2.0.CO;2}, pmid = {16033118}, issn = {8756-971X}, mesh = {Aedes ; Animals ; Anopheles ; Culex ; *Culicidae ; *Dairying ; Environment ; Humans ; Insect Vectors ; Larva ; Mosquito Control ; New York ; Ochlerotatus ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {The presence of mosquito species breeding in agricultural "bunker tires" on dairy farms in New York state was evaluated. Twelve species of mosquitoes (Aedes vexans, Anopheles barberi, An. punctipenriis, An. perplexens, Culex pipiens pipiens, Cx. restuans, Cx. salinarius, Cx. territans, Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis, Ochlerotatus atropalpus, Oc. japonicus japonicus, and Oc. triseriatus) were collected from 8 New York state dairy farms in 2001 and from 17 dairy farms in 2002. All but 2 of these species have been found naturally infected with arboviruses and could be important vectors affecting human and animal health. Because of the potential public and animal health importance of the invasive species Oc. j. japonicus, active surveillance to identify breeding sites and distribution of this mosquito is essential. In 2001, Oc. j. japonicus was recovered from 5 of 8 central New York dairy farms surveyed. In 2002, Oc. j. japonicus was recovered from 4 of the same dairy farms plus an additional dairy out of 5 surveyed. This species appears to be established on dairy farms in the south, central, and eastern regions of New York state, with greatest abundance in the southeastern region. A single Oc. j. japonicus larva was collected from the northern region on the final sampling date in September 2002. Our data demonstrate that agricultural tire habitats can be productive breeding sites for arbovirus vectors. As a consequence, these habitats should not be ignored in vector control and surveillance programs.}, }
@article {pmid16026814, year = {2005}, author = {Thiébaut, G}, title = {Does competition for phosphate supply explain the invasion pattern of Elodea species?.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {39}, number = {14}, pages = {3385-3393}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.05.036}, pmid = {16026814}, issn = {0043-1354}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; France ; Geologic Sediments/analysis/chemistry ; Hydrocharitaceae/drug effects/growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Phosphates/*metabolism ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Plantago/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Ranunculus/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism/*toxicity ; Water Supply ; }, abstract = {Two invasive aquatic plants, Elodea canadensis and Elodea nuttallii, occurred in north-eastern France. In this study, we examine the influence of phosphorus availability in soft water streams to explain the invasion pattern of exotic species (E. nuttallii and E. canadensis) compared to native plants (Callitriche platycarpa, Ranunculus peltatus). Total phosphorus was measured in these four aquatic macrophytes. Sediment total phosphorus and water-soluble reactive phosphorus were also analysed each season in 2001. Phosphorus content in the two invasive species and in R. peltatus was higher than in C. platycarpa. Elodea species are adapted to the seasonal phosphorus fluctuations as well as R. peltatus and exhibited high phosphorus storage ability. The high fluctuation availability of resources in space or/and time favoured the spread of the invasive plants and confirms the theory of invasibility of Davis et al. [2000. Fluctuating resources in plant communities: a general theory of invasibility. J. Ecol. 88, 528-534]. The eutrophication process increases the invasibility of E. nuttallii's, while inducing competition between E. nuttallii and native macrophyte species.}, }
@article {pmid16025356, year = {2005}, author = {Donlan, CJ and Knowlton, J and Doak, DF and Biavaschi, N}, title = {Nested communities, invasive species and Holocene extinctions: evaluating the power of a potential conservation tool.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {145}, number = {3}, pages = {475-485}, pmid = {16025356}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecology/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Geography ; Mammals/*physiology ; Mexico ; *Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {General ecological methods and models that require a minimum amount of information yet are still able to inform conservation planning are particularly valuable. Nested subset analysis has been advocated as such a tool for the prediction of extinction-prone species and populations. However, such advocacy has not been without skepticism and debate, and in the majority of published examples assessing extinction vulnerability, actual extinctions are based on assumptions rather than direct evidence. Here, we empirically test the power of nested subset analysis to predict extinction-prone species, using documented Holocene insular mammal extinctions on three island archipelagos off the west coast of North America. We go on to test whether the introduction of invasive mammals promotes nestedness on islands via extinction. While all three archipelagos were significantly nested before and after the extinction events, nested subset analysis largely failed to predict extinction patterns. We also failed to detect any correlations between the degree of nestedness at the genus-level with area, isolation, or species richness and extinction risk. Biogeography tools, such as nested subset analysis, must be critically evaluated before they are prescribed widely for conservation planning. For these island archipelagos, it appears detailed natural history and taxa-specific ecology may prove critical in predicting patterns of extinction risk.}, }
@article {pmid16022706, year = {2005}, author = {Reed, RN}, title = {An ecological risk assessment of nonnative boas and pythons as potentially invasive species in the United States.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {753-766}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00621.x}, pmid = {16022706}, issn = {0272-4332}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; *Boidae/anatomy &amp; histology/microbiology/parasitology/physiology ; Commerce ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Fertility ; Male ; Models, Statistical ; Risk Assessment ; Species Specificity ; United States ; }, abstract = {The growing international trade in live wildlife has the potential to result in continuing establishment of nonnative animal populations in the United States. Snakes may pose particularly high risks as potentially invasive species, as exemplified by the decimation of Guam's vertebrate fauna by the accidentally introduced brown tree snake. Herein, ecological and commercial predictors of the likelihood of establishment of invasive populations were used to model risk associated with legal commercial imports of 23 species of boas, pythons, and relatives into the United States during the period 1989-2000. Data on ecological variables were collected from multiple sources, while data on commercial variables were collated from import records maintained by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Results of the risk-assessment models indicate that species including boa constrictors (Boa constrictor), ball pythons (Python regius), and reticulated pythons (P. reticulatus) may pose particularly high risks as potentially invasive species. Recommendations for reducing risk of establishment of invasive populations of snakes and/or pathogens include temporary quarantine of imports to increase detection rates of nonnative pathogens, increasing research attention to reptile pathogens, reducing the risk that nonnative snakes will reach certain areas with high numbers of federally listed species (such as the Florida Keys), and attempting to better educate individuals purchasing reptiles.}, }
@article {pmid16005019, year = {2006}, author = {Morozov, A and Petrovskii, S and Li, BL}, title = {Spatiotemporal complexity of patchy invasion in a predator-prey system with the Allee effect.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {238}, number = {1}, pages = {18-35}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.05.021}, pmid = {16005019}, issn = {0022-5193}, mesh = {Animals ; *Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Models, Biological ; *Models, Statistical ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Invasion of an exotic species initiated by its local introduction is considered subject to predator-prey interactions and the Allee effect when the prey growth becomes negative for small values of the prey density. Mathematically, the system dynamics is described by two nonlinear diffusion-reaction equations in two spatial dimensions. Regimes of invasion are studied by means of extensive numerical simulations. We show that, in this system, along with well-known scenarios of species spread via propagation of continuous population fronts, there exists an essentially different invasion regime which we call a patchy invasion. In this regime, the species spreads over space via irregular motion and interaction of separate population patches without formation of any continuous front, the population density between the patches being nearly zero. We show that this type of the system dynamics corresponds to spatiotemporal chaos and calculate the dominant Lyapunov exponent. We then show that, surprisingly, in the regime of patchy invasion the spatially average prey density appears to be below the survival threshold. We also show that a variation of parameters can destroy this regime and either restore the usual invasion scenario via propagation of continuous fronts or brings the species to extinction; thus, the patchy spread can be qualified as the invasion at the edge of extinction. Finally, we discuss the implications of this phenomenon for invasive species management and control.}, }
@article {pmid15995886, year = {2005}, author = {Forshay, K and Morzaria-Luna, HN and Hale, B and Predick, K}, title = {Landowner satisfaction with the Wetlands Reserve Program in Wisconsin.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {248-257}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-004-0093-y}, pmid = {15995886}, issn = {0364-152X}, mesh = {*Community Participation ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Fresh Water ; Humans ; Motivation ; *Personal Satisfaction ; Plants ; Public Opinion ; Recreation ; Wisconsin ; }, abstract = {We evaluated ecological monitoring data and landowner perceptions to the federally funded Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) in a three-county region in Wisconsin. We surveyed landowner satisfaction, involvement, participation, and use of the WRP restoration sites. We found that landowners are satisfied with the overall program (mean, 3.6 +/- 0.2 [SE], on a scale of 1-5, with 5 being completely satisfied). WRP restorations significantly increased the area of wetland within the sites surveyed, the increase was primarily of fresh meadow (736.32 ha after restoration). Satisfaction is related to landowner participation during restoration and to the economic incentives provided by the WRP, Landowner satisfaction and the number of plant communities after restoration are unrelated to each other or to restoration and easement costs per hectare. Survey participants recommended some changes to the WRP, including a reduction in the tax rate of land enrolled in the WRP, approval for permanent deer stands, and increased communication with WRP officials during the restoration. Monitoring information collected for WRP restoration sites does not allow assessment of whether WRP sites are functionally equivalent to natural sites. We suggest that the WRP require a more rigorous monitoring program, including guidelines for invasive species control. Managers should also encourage collaborations with external researchers and consider restorations within an experimental framework.}, }
@article {pmid15977903, year = {2005}, author = {Telfer, S and Bown, KJ and Sekules, R and Begon, M and Hayden, T and Birtles, R}, title = {Disruption of a host-parasite system following the introduction of an exotic host species.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {130}, number = {Pt 6}, pages = {661-668}, doi = {10.1017/s0031182005007250}, pmid = {15977903}, issn = {0031-1820}, mesh = {Animals ; Arvicolinae/*microbiology/parasitology ; Bartonella/*physiology ; Bartonella Infections/epidemiology/veterinary ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Insect Vectors ; Ireland/epidemiology ; Muridae/*microbiology/parasitology ; Rodent Diseases/epidemiology/microbiology ; Siphonaptera/physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The potential of biological invasions to threaten native ecosystems is well recognized. Here we describe how an introduced species impacts on native host-parasite dynamics by acting as an alternative host. By sampling sites across an invasion front in Ireland, we quantified the influence of the introduced bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) on the epidemiology of infections caused by flea-transmitted haemoparasites of the genus Bartonella in native wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus). Bartonella infections were detected on either side of the front but occurred exclusively in wood mice, despite being highly prevalent in both rodent species elsewhere in Europe. Bank vole introduction has, however, affected the wood mouse-Bartonella interaction, with the infection prevalence of both Bartonella birtlesii and Bartonella taylorii declining significantly with increasing bank vole density. Whilst flea prevalence in wood mice increases with wood mouse density in areas without bank voles, no such relationship is detected in invaded areas. The results are consistent with the dilution effect hypothesis. This predicts that for vector-transmitted parasites, the presence of less competent host species may reduce infection prevalence in the principal host. In addition we found a negative relationship between B. birtlesii and B. taylorii prevalences, indicating that these two microparasites may compete within hosts.}, }
@article {pmid15973547, year = {2005}, author = {Errard, C and Delabie, J and Jourdan, H and Hefetz, A}, title = {Intercontinental chemical variation in the invasive ant Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) (Hymenoptera Formicidae): a key to the invasive success of a tramp species.}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {92}, number = {7}, pages = {319-323}, pmid = {15973547}, issn = {0028-1042}, mesh = {*Aggression ; Animals ; Ants/*classification/*genetics/physiology ; Geography ; Phylogeny ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Unicoloniality emerges as a feature that characterizes successful invasive species. Its underlying mechanism is reduced intraspecific aggression while keeping interspecific competitiveness. To that effect, we present here a comparative behavioural and chemical study of the invasive ant Wasmannia auropunctata in parts of its native and introduced ranges. We tested the hypothesis that introduced populations (New Caledonia archipelago) have reduced intraspecific aggression relative to native populations (e.g., Ilhéus area, Brazil) and that this correlates with reduced variability in cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs). As predicted, there was high intraspecific aggression in the Brazilian populations, but no intraspecific aggression among the New Caledonian populations. However, New Caledonian worker W. auropunctata remained highly aggressive towards ants of other invasive species. The chemical data corresponded with the behaviour. While CHCs of ants from the regions of Brazil diverged, the profiles of ants from various localities in New Caledonia showed high uniformity. We suggest that in New Caledonia W. auropunctata appears to behave as a single supercolony, whereas in its native range it acts as a multicolonial species. The uniformity of recognition cues in the New Caledonia ants may reflect a process whereby recognition alleles became fixed in the population, but may also be the consequence of a single introduction event and subsequent aggressive invasion of the ecosystem. Chemical uniformity coupled with low intraspecific but high interspecific aggression, lend credence to the latter hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid15943379, year = {2005}, author = {Fan, J and Li, J and Cheng, G}, title = {[Alien species invasion in Southern China and its countermeasures].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {568-572}, pmid = {15943379}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; China ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Plant Development ; }, abstract = {Alien species invasion may cause serious ecological damage, resulting in ecological crisis and biodiversity comedown, and further menacing existing human environment. At present, the invasion of alien species has brought very serious damage to China's environment and society. The direct annual loss of its agro-forestry industry accounts for 574 billion RMB. Taking the alien species in Southern China as an example, this paper analyzed the bio-invasion approaches, mechanics and damages, and aiming at the characters of invaded area and concerned ecosystems and species, proposed several prevention measurements, i.e., pay attention to the phenomena of bio-invasion and to the basic researches on it; intensify the legislation and establish scientific strategies for introducing alien species; enforce the quarantine on invasive species and establish countrywide monitoring system on alien species; enhance people's defending consciousness; and strengthen international cooperation and collaboration.}, }
@article {pmid15938749, year = {2005}, author = {Peck, LS}, title = {Prospects for surviving climate change in Antarctic aquatic species.}, journal = {Frontiers in zoology}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {9}, pmid = {15938749}, issn = {1742-9994}, abstract = {Maritime Antarctic freshwater habitats are amongst the fastest changing environments on Earth. Temperatures have risen around 1 degrees C and ice cover has dramatically decreased in 15 years. Few animal species inhabit these sites, but the fairy shrimp Branchinecta gaini typifies those that do. This species survives up to 25 degrees C daily temperature fluctuations in summer and passes winter as eggs at temperatures down to -25 degrees C. Its annual temperature envelope is, therefore around 50 degrees C. This is typical of Antarctic terrestrial species, which exhibit great physiological flexibility in coping with temperature fluctuations. The rapidly changing conditions in the Maritime Antarctic are enhancing fitness in these species by increasing the time available for feeding, growth and reproduction, as well as increasing productivity in lakes. The future problem these animals face is via displacement by alien species from lower latitudes. Such invasions are now well documented from sub-Antarctic sites. In contrast the marine Antarctic environment has very stable temperatures. However, seasonality is intense with very short summers and long winter periods of low to no algal productivity. Marine animals grow slowly, have long generation times, low metabolic rates and low levels of activity. They also die at temperatures between +5 degrees C and +10 degrees C. Failure of oxygen supply mechanisms and loss of aerobic scope defines upper temperature limits. As temperature rises, their ability to perform work declines rapidly before lethal limits are reached, such that 50% of populations of clams and limpets cannot perform essential activities at 2-3 degrees C, and all scallops are incapable of swimming at 2 degrees C. Currently there is little evidence of temperature change in Antarctic marine sites. Models predict average global sea temperatures will rise by around 2 degrees C by 2100. Such a rise would take many Antarctic marine animals beyond their survival limits. Animals have 3 mechanisms for coping with change: they can 1) use physiological flexibility, 2) evolve new adaptations, 3) migrate to better sites. Antarctic marine species have poor physiological scopes, long generation times and live on a continent whose coastline covers fewer degrees of latitude than all others. On all 3 counts Antarctic marine species have poorer prospects than most large faunal groups elsewhere.}, }
@article {pmid15927327, year = {2005}, author = {Gerard, C and Poullain, V}, title = {Variation in the response of the invasive species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Smith) to natural (cyanobacterial toxin) and anthropogenic (herbicide atrazine) stressors.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {138}, number = {1}, pages = {28-33}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2005.02.028}, pmid = {15927327}, issn = {0269-7491}, mesh = {Animals ; Atrazine/*toxicity ; Herbicides/*toxicity ; Life Cycle Stages/drug effects ; Locomotion/drug effects ; Marine Toxins ; Microcystins ; Peptides, Cyclic/*toxicity ; Snails/*drug effects ; Toxicity Tests ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {In the context of increasing freshwater pollution, the impact on life-traits (survival, growth and fecundity) and locomotion of Potamopyrgus antipodarum of a 5-week field-concentration exposure to the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR and the triazine herbicide, atrazine was studied. Whatever the age of exposed snails (juveniles, subadults, adults), microcystin-LR induced a decrease in survival, growth and fecundity but had no effect on locomotion. Atrazine induced a decrease in locomotory activity but had no significant effect on the life-traits. These results are discussed in terms of consequences to field populations.}, }
@article {pmid15920670, year = {2005}, author = {Pimentel, D}, title = {Aquatic nuisance species in the New York State Canal and Hudson River systems and the Great Lakes Basin: an economic and environmental assessment.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, pages = {692-702}, pmid = {15920670}, issn = {0364-152X}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Eukaryota ; Fresh Water ; Great Lakes Region ; Invertebrates ; New York ; Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {A total of 154 aquatic alien species have invaded the New York State Canal and Hudson River systems and a total of 162 aquatic species have invaded the Great Lakes Basin. Some of these invasive species are causing significant damage and control costs in both aquatic ecosystems. In the New York State Canal and Hudson River systems, the nonindigenous species are causing an estimated 500 million dollars in economic losses each year. The economic and environmental situation in the Great Lakes Basin is far more serious from nonindigenous species, with losses estimated to be about 5.7 billion dollars per year. Commercial and sport fishing suffer the most from the biological invasions, with about 400 million dollars in losses reported for the New York State Canal and Hudson River systems and 4.5 billion dollars in losses reported for the Great Lakes Basin.}, }
@article {pmid15907926, year = {2005}, author = {Klok, CJ and Chown, SL}, title = {Temperature- and body mass-related variation in cyclic gas exchange characteristics and metabolic rate of seven weevil species: Broader implications.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {51}, number = {7}, pages = {789-801}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2005.03.007}, pmid = {15907926}, issn = {0022-1910}, mesh = {Animals ; *Body Weight ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Energy Metabolism/*physiology ; Indian Ocean Islands ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Pulmonary Gas Exchange/*physiology ; Regression Analysis ; *Respiratory Physiological Phenomena ; Species Specificity ; *Temperature ; Time Factors ; Weevils/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The influence of temperature on metabolic rate and characteristics of the gas exchange patterns of flightless, sub-Antarctic Ectemnorhinus-group species from Heard and Marion islands was investigated. All of the species showed cyclic gas exchange with no Flutter period, indicating that these species are not characterized by discontinuous gas exchange cycles. Metabolic rate estimates were substantially lower in this study than in a previous one of a subset of the species, demonstrating that open-system respirometry methods provide more representative estimates of standard metabolic rate than do many closed-system methods. We recommend that the latter, and especially constant-pressure methods, either be abandoned for estimates of standard metabolic rate in insects, or have their outputs subject to careful scrutiny, given the wide availability of the former. V(.)CO(2) increase with an increase in temperature (range: 0-15 degrees C) was modulated by an increase in cycle frequency, but typically not by an increase in burst volume. Previous investigations of temperature-related changes in cyclic gas exchange (both cyclic and discontinuous) in several other insect species were therefore substantiated. Interspecific mass-scaling of metabolic rate (ca. 0.466-0.573, excluding and including phylogenetic non-independence, respectively) produced an exponent lower than 0.75 (but not distinguishable from it or from 0.67). The increase of metabolic rate with mass was modulated by an increase in burst volume and not by a change in cycle frequency, in keeping with investigations of species showing discontinuous gas exchange. These findings are discussed in the context of the emerging macrophysiological metabolic theory of ecology.}, }
@article {pmid15895160, year = {2005}, author = {Brugnoli, E and Clemente, J and Boccardi, L and Borthagaray, A and Scarabino, F}, title = {Golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) distribution in the main hydrographical basins of Uruguay: update and predictions.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {77}, number = {2}, pages = {235-244}, doi = {10.1590/s0001-37652005000200004}, pmid = {15895160}, issn = {0001-3765}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Bivalvia ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Rivers ; Uruguay ; }, abstract = {Limnoperna fortunei, an Asiatic rivers bivalve has become a worldwide problematic invasive species causing several water quality and macrofouling problems. In the Neotropical region it was first recorded in 1991 in the Rio de la Plata coast, Buenos Aires province. Since this, it showed a quick upstream invasion into the principals aquatic systems of the Plata Basin. Nevertheless, there is not a study about its invasion and distribution process in aquatic systems of Uruguay. We describe the new records of Limnoperna fortunei in Uruguayan coast of Rio de la Plata, Santa Lucia, Negro and Uruguay Rivers. With these results we aim to estimate its distributional limits for Uruguay main hydrographical basins. We also deal with the role of salinity as the main abiotic factor in limiting the east distribution of this mussel in Uruguayan coast of Rio de la Plata and as a potential determinant of the "new" colonization on the Atlantic and the Merin Lagoon Basins. Its presence in the ecosystems not only can cause changes at the ecosystem level but also endanger the associated community, favoring the displacement and the disappearance of endemic species.}, }
@article {pmid15881973, year = {2005}, author = {Ashizawa, AE and Hicks, HE and De Rosa, CT}, title = {Human health research and policy development: experience in the Great Lakes region.}, journal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health}, volume = {208}, number = {1-2}, pages = {7-13}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.01.002}, pmid = {15881973}, issn = {1438-4639}, mesh = {Adult ; Community-Institutional Relations ; *Environment ; *Environmental Health ; Environmental Pollutants/*poisoning ; Female ; Fisheries ; Food Contamination ; Great Lakes Region ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Knowledge ; Male ; Mercury Poisoning ; *Policy Making ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/*poisoning ; Pregnancy ; Recreation ; Safety ; Sex Factors ; }, abstract = {As a direct outgrowth of industrial and agricultural activities, the quality of the Great Lakes ecosystem has declined significantly because of toxic substances in the water, eutrophication, overfishing, and invasive species that have been introduced into the waterways. Although measures have been adopted to restore the health of the ecosystem, contamination of Great Lakes sport fish continues arising from conditions that still prevail, but on a more limited scale. As a consequence, the Great Lakes states have issued guidelines for the public in the form of health advisories for fish consumption to encourage practices that will minimize exposure to contaminants found in Great Lakes sport fish. Scientific research has strongly influenced many policy decisions, including the development of laws, rules, and guidelines applicable to public health not only in regard to fish advisories but also other issues impacting human health. This paper proposes to outline how policy has been influenced by scientific findings and the far-reaching effect that these decisions have had on the health status of the public in the Great Lakes area and its potential for influencing the nation as a whole and our global neighbors. Within the Great Lakes basin, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and mercury are the subject of the greatest number of fish advisories. Great Lakes-based researchers have studied populations residing in the Great Lakes basin to determine their level of awareness concerning fish consumption health advisories. They found that almost 50% of the residents who consumed Great Lakes sport fish were aware of sport fish consumption advisories. Of those with awareness, almost 60% were males and only about 40% were females. The researchers attributed the greater awareness among males to the health advisory materials that males receive with their fishing licenses and to their contact with fishing-related groups. The lower level of awareness among women regarding fish consumption advisories subsequently prompted the researchers to recommend targeting risk communication programs for female consumers of Great Lakes sport fish, particularly women of reproductive age. The Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services subsequently followed the recommendation and developed uniform outreach materials for women, minorities, and the general public to be used by the Great Lakes states. The policy change directing educational materials to at-risk groups (e.g., women of reproductive age and minorities) is a direct outgrowth of the finding of low awareness about fish advisories among women who were interviewed.}, }
@article {pmid15849267, year = {2005}, author = {Jeschke, JM and Strayer, DL}, title = {Invasion success of vertebrates in Europe and North America.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {102}, number = {20}, pages = {7198-7202}, pmid = {15849267}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*trends ; *Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; North America ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; Vertebrates/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Species become invasive if they (i) are introduced to a new range, (ii) establish themselves, and (iii) spread. To address the global problems caused by invasive species, several studies investigated steps ii and iii of this invasion process. However, only one previous study looked at step i and examined the proportion of species that have been introduced beyond their native range. We extend this research by investigating all three steps for all freshwater fish, mammals, and birds native to Europe or North America. A higher proportion of European species entered North America than vice versa. However, the introduction rate from Europe to North America peaked in the late 19th century, whereas it is still rising in the other direction. There is no clear difference in invasion success between the two directions, so neither the imperialism dogma (that Eurasian species are exceptionally successful invaders) is supported, nor is the contradictory hypothesis that North America offers more biotic resistance to invaders than Europe because of its less disturbed and richer biota. Our results do not support the tens rule either: that approximately 10% of all introduced species establish themselves and that approximately 10% of established species spread. We find a success of approximately 50% at each step. In comparison, only approximately 5% of native vertebrates were introduced in either direction. These figures show that, once a vertebrate is introduced, it has a high potential to become invasive. Thus, it is crucial to minimize the number of species introductions to effectively control invasive vertebrates.}, }
@article {pmid15836643, year = {2005}, author = {Durka, W and Bossdorf, O and Prati, D and Auge, H}, title = {Molecular evidence for multiple introductions of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata, Brassicaceae) to North America.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {1697-1706}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02521.x}, pmid = {15836643}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Brassicaceae/*genetics ; *Demography ; Gene Frequency ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; North America ; }, abstract = {Invasive species offer excellent model systems for studying rapid evolutionary change. In this context, molecular markers play an important role because they provide information about pathways of introduction, the amount of genetic variation introduced, and the extent to which founder effects and inbreeding after population bottlenecks may have contributed to evolutionary change. Here, we studied microsatellite variation in eight polymorphic loci among and within 27 native and 26 introduced populations of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), a European herb which is a current serious invader in North American deciduous forests. Overall, introduced populations were genetically less diverse. However, considerable variability was present and when compared to the probable source regions, no bottleneck was evident. Observed heterozygosity was very low and resulted in high inbreeding coefficients, which did not differ significantly between native and introduced populations. Thus, selfing seems to be equally dominant in both ranges. Consequently, there was strong population differentiation in the native (F(ST) = 0.704) and the introduced (F(ST) = 0.789) ranges. The high allelic diversity in the introduced range strongly suggests multiple introductions of Alliaria petiolata to North America. Out of six European regions, the British Isles, northern Europe, and central Europe had significantly higher proportions of alleles, which are common to the introduced range, and are therefore the most probable source regions. The genetic diversity established by multiple introductions, and the lack of inbreeding depression in this highly selfing species, may have contributed to the invasion success of Alliaria petiolata.}, }
@article {pmid15812673, year = {2005}, author = {Salgado-Maldonado, G and Aguilar-Aguilar, R and Cabañas-Carranza, G and Soto-Galera, E and Mendoza-Palmero, C}, title = {Helminth parasites in freshwater fish from the Papaloapan river basin, Mexico.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {96}, number = {2}, pages = {69-89}, pmid = {15812673}, issn = {0932-0113}, mesh = {Animals ; Fish Diseases/*epidemiology/*parasitology ; Fishes/classification/parasitology ; Helminthiasis, Animal/*epidemiology/*parasitology ; Helminths/classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; Mexico/epidemiology ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {A checklist based on previously published records and original data is presented for the helminth parasites reported in 35 fish species from nine families from the Rio Papaloapan basin, east Mexico. The checklist contains 85 taxa from 39 helminth families. Trematodes and nematodes were the most abundant taxonomic groups. The helminth fauna in the fish of the Papaloapan River basin predominantly consists of Neotropical species that are largely autogenic. The introduced species Centrocestus formosanus was the most widely distributed helminth, infecting 16 host species. Ten of the recorded helminth species have only been found in fish from the Papaloapan. This inventory contributes 157 new host records, and reports the presence of 30 helminth species in the Papaloapan for the first time . This inventory shows the richness of helminth parasite species in the fish of the Papaloapan River basin in comparison with the other hydrological basins in Mexico. It also demonstrates that this fauna is typically Neotropical and quite similar to that from the neighboring basins of the Grijalva-Usumacinta system and the Yucatan Peninsula. The data also suggest highly effective transmission between environments within the same basin and that the regional parasite fauna is strongly influenced by fish community composition.}, }
@article {pmid15773943, year = {2005}, author = {Salmon, A and Ainouche, ML and Wendel, JF}, title = {Genetic and epigenetic consequences of recent hybridization and polyploidy in Spartina (Poaceae).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {1163-1175}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02488.x}, pmid = {15773943}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {*DNA Methylation ; DNA, Plant/*genetics ; Genome, Plant ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Plant Leaves/genetics ; Poaceae/*genetics ; *Polyploidy ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {To study the consequences of hybridization and genome duplication on polyploid genome evolution and adaptation, we used independently formed hybrids (Spartina x townsendii and Spartina x neyrautii) that originated from natural crosses between Spartina alterniflora, an American introduced species, and the European native Spartina maritima. The hybrid from England, S. x townsendii, gave rise to the invasive allopolyploid, salt-marsh species, Spartina anglica. Recent studies indicated that allopolyploid speciation may be associated with rapid genetic and epigenetic changes. To assess this in Spartina, we performed AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) and MSAP (methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism) on young hybrids and the allopolyploid. By comparing the subgenomes in the hybrids and the allopolyploid to the parental species, we inferred structural changes that arose repeatedly in the two independently formed hybrids. Surprisingly, 30% of the parental methylation patterns are altered in the hybrids and the allopolyploid. This high level of epigenetic regulation might explain the morphological plasticity of Spartina anglica and its larger ecological amplitude. Hybridization rather than genome doubling seems to have triggered most of the methylation changes observed in Spartina anglica.}, }
@article {pmid15768637, year = {2005}, author = {}, title = {[The problem of invaders in the Caspian Sea in the context of the findings of new zoo- and phytoplankton species from the Black Sea].}, journal = {Izvestiia Akademii nauk. Seriia biologicheskaia}, volume = {}, number = {1}, pages = {78-87}, pmid = {15768637}, issn = {1026-3470}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Oceans and Seas ; Phytoplankton/*physiology ; Russia ; Zooplankton/*physiology ; }, abstract = {In April 2004, an expedition to the Caspian Sea discovered the species in the Middle Caspian not previously described in this sea. These species preliminary identified as Oithona similis Claus 1963, Sagitta setosa Muller 1847, and Calanus euxinus (Hulsemann) are the main representatives of edible plankton of the Black Sea; most likely they were introduced into the Caspian Sea with ballast waters of ships passing through the Volga-Don Canal. At present, it is difficult to say if these species will be established in the Caspian Sea; if so, they will clearly become a valuable food resource for planktophagous fish in the Caspian Sea. In addition, we discovered two diatom species typical for the Black Sea phytoplankton, Pseudo-nitschia seriata (Cleve) H. Peragullo and M. Peragullo and Cerataulina pelagica (Cleve) Hendey which invaded the Caspian Sea in recent years. Pseudo-nitschia seriata synthesizes a toxin (domoic acid) and can become harmful for the basin in the case of mass bloom. We discuss the problem of spontaneous invasion of alien species from the Black Sea and their effect on the Caspian ecosystem in the context of these findings.}, }
@article {pmid15744419, year = {2004}, author = {Gomiero, LM and Braga, FM}, title = {Feeding of introduced species of Cichla (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in Volta Grande reservoir, River Grande (MG/SP).}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {64}, number = {4}, pages = {787-795}, doi = {10.1590/s1519-69842004000500008}, pmid = {15744419}, issn = {1519-6984}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Cichlids/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Female ; Fresh Water ; Gastrointestinal Contents ; Male ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Both species studied, Cichla cf. ocellaris and Cichla monoculus, fed mainly on fish, the first on Cichla spp., Plagioscion squamosissimus, and Tilapia rendalli, and the second, Cichla monoculus, on Cichla spp. Both diets indicated a strong correlation among the food items. Remarkable ontogenetic change was noted in both species diet: the young fed on crustaceans and insects while the adults fed mainly on fishes. The species studied, which are highly adapted to a brief life span, cause serious damage to the fish communities by predation, competition, and cascade effects throughout the whole trophic chain.}, }
@article {pmid15743033, year = {2004}, author = {Poyraz, A and Akyürek, N and Gönül, II and Erdem, O}, title = {P21 and Bax expression in cutaneous malignant melanomas: correlation with histologic prognostic parameters.}, journal = {Journal of experimental &amp; clinical cancer research : CR}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {625-631}, pmid = {15743033}, issn = {0392-9078}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Apoptosis ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Cycle Proteins/*biosynthesis/*physiology ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; *DNA Damage ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Melanoma/*diagnosis/*metabolism/pathology ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/*biosynthesis/metabolism/*physiology ; Skin Neoplasms/*diagnosis/*metabolism ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; }, abstract = {In response to DNA damage, p53 accumulates and regulates expression of several genes, including cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. Cells then undergo p21 dependent cell cycle arrest, which allows DNA damage repair and apoptosis. Bax is a death promoter member of the bcl-2 family which plays a central role in the regulation and commitment to programmed cell death. Breslow thickness is the most important factor in predicting prognosis for cutaneous malignant melanoma. In order to define the role of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors and apoptosis regulators in invasion of malignant melanoma we investigated the expression of p21 and bax proteins. We observed that significant high p21 expression was associated with increasing Breslow thickness (Spearman correlation analysis, p=0.01). Additionally, Clark level I and II tumours expressed significantly lower p21 positivity than Clark level III, IV and V (p=0.006). Similarly, thick tumors showed a higher bax expression (p=0.012). Our results suggested that the role of p21 expression is more complicated in melanocytic skin cancers and abnormal regulation or abnormal function of cell cycle regulators occurred in the development and progression of malignant melanoma. In order to understand the role of bax expression in thick malignant melanomas and invasion biology, comparative analytic studies with other apoptosis regulators are needed.}, }
@article {pmid15729656, year = {2005}, author = {Figuerola, J and Green, AJ and Michot, TC}, title = {Invertebrate eggs can fly: evidence of waterfowl-mediated gene flow in aquatic invertebrates.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {165}, number = {2}, pages = {274-280}, doi = {10.1086/427092}, pmid = {15729656}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Bryozoa/*genetics/physiology ; Cladocera/*genetics/physiology ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry ; *Gene Flow ; Genotype ; Geography ; Microsatellite Repeats ; North America ; Ovum/physiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Waterfowl often have been assumed to disperse freshwater aquatic organisms between isolated wetlands, but no one has analyzed the impact of this transport on the population structure of aquatic organisms. For three cladocerans (Daphnia ambigua, Daphnia laevis, and Sida crystallina) and one bryozoan (Cristatella mucedo), we estimated the genetic distances between populations across North America using sequences of several mitochondrial DNA genes and genotypic frequencies at allozyme and microsatellite loci. Waterfowl movements across North America (estimated from band recovery data) explained a significant proportion of the gene flow occurring between populations across the continent for three of the four species, even after controlling for geographic distances between localities. The fourth species, S. crystallina, has propagules less likely to survive desiccation or ingestion by birds. Differences in the capacity to exploit bird-mediated transport are likely to have important consequences for the ecology of aquatic communities and the spread of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid15691495, year = {2005}, author = {Dessaint, F and Chauvel, B and Bretagnolle, F}, title = {[Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.): expansion history of a "biological pollutant" in France].}, journal = {Medecine sciences : M/S}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {207-209}, doi = {10.1051/medsci/2005212207}, pmid = {15691495}, issn = {0767-0974}, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Ambrosia/growth &amp; development ; France ; }, abstract = {In France, common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is an invasive species, which most probably originates from North America. This plant is responsible for human health problems as the pollen causes allergic rhinitis and seasonal asthma; in addition, it engenders agronomical problems as the efficient herbicide treatments are few. Consequently, various departments of the Rhône-Alpes region set up eradication programs for common ragweed. The species is distributed over a large range of ecological environments (road margins, embankments, river beds) and does not seem to be dependent on soil properties. Its ability to occupy different environments varies with the geographic location. Common ragweed was cultivated in botanical gardens during the XVIIIth century but seems to have arrived in France in seed lots during the XIXth century. It therefore began its "invasion" as a crop weed. Because of its late emergence date (late March), common ragweed is most frequently found in spring crops as well as during the inter-crop season. Its "natural" dispersal mechanisms are rudimentary; its seeds are probably dispersed mostly during the transport of material (soil, gravel, compost...), irrigation and especially via harvest combines. The development history of this species in France is scarcely known. The examination of herbarium collections helped to partially reconstruct the history of the species. According to the first results, the species arrived in several locations and at different dates in France. However, common ragweed spread most successfully in the Lyons region because of reasons still unknown.}, }
@article {pmid15688213, year = {2005}, author = {Johnson, MT and Follett, PA and Taylor, AD and Jones, VP}, title = {Impacts of biological control and invasive species on a non-target native Hawaiian insect.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {142}, number = {4}, pages = {529-540}, pmid = {15688213}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Diptera/*pathogenicity ; Environment ; Hawaii ; Hemiptera/*growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; *Pest Control ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {The potential for classical biological control to cause unintended harm to native species was evaluated in the case of the endemic Hawaiian koa bug, Coleotichus blackburniae White (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae), and parasitoids introduced to Hawaii for control of an agricultural pest, the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Parasitism of C. blackburniae eggs, nymphs and adults by biocontrol agents was quantified across a wide range of habitats and compared to other sources of mortality. Egg mortality due to the biocontrol agent Trissolcus basalis Wollaston (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) was low (maximum 26%) and confined to elevations below 500 m on a single host plant. Predation, mainly by alien spiders and ants, was the greatest source of egg mortality (maximum 87%). Parasitism of adult C. blackburniae by the biocontrol agent Trichopoda pilipes (F.) (Diptera: Tachinidae) was near zero at 21 of 24 sites surveyed. Three sites with high bug density had higher levels of T. pilipes parasitism, reaching maxima of 70% among adult female bugs, 100% among males and 50% among fifth instars. Male-biased parasitism indicated that T. pilipes is adapted to using male aggregation pheromone for finding C. blackburniae hosts. The relative impacts of biocontrol agents and other sources of mortality were compared using life tables. Invasive species, particularly generalist egg predators, had the greatest impacts on C. blackburniae populations. Effects of intentionally introduced parasitoids were relatively minor, although the tachinid T. pilipes showed potential for large impacts at individual sites. In retrospect, non-target attacks by biological control agents on C. blackburniae were predictable, but the environmental range and magnitude of impacts would have been difficult to foresee.}, }
@article {pmid15657121, year = {2005}, author = {Grosholz, ED}, title = {Recent biological invasion may hasten invasional meltdown by accelerating historical introductions.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, pages = {1088-1091}, pmid = {15657121}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Brachyura/growth &amp; development ; Mollusca/growth &amp; development ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are rapidly producing planet-wide changes in biodiversity and ecosystem function. In coastal waters of the U.S., >500 invaders have become established, and new introductions continue at an increasing rate. Although most species have little impact on native communities, some initially benign introductions may occasionally turn into damaging invasions, although such introductions are rarely documented. Here, I demonstrate that a recently introduced crab has resulted in the rapid spread and increase of an introduced bivalve that had been rare in the system for nearly 50 yr. This increase has occurred through the positive indirect effects of predation by the introduced crab on native bivalves. I used field and laboratory experiments to show that the mechanism is size-specific predation interacting with the different reproductive life histories of the native (protandrous hermaphrodite) and the introduced (dioecious) bivalves. These results suggest that positive interactions among the hundreds of introduced species that are accumulating in coastal systems could result in the rapid transformation of previously benign introductions into aggressively expanding invasions. Even if future management efforts reduce the number of new introductions, given the large number of species already present, there is a high potential for positive interactions to produce many future management problems. Given that invasional meltdown is now being documented in natural systems, I suggest that coastal systems may be closer to this threshold than currently believed.}, }
@article {pmid15644262, year = {2005}, author = {Breaux, A and Cochrane, S and Evens, J and Martindale, M and Pavlik, B and Suer, L and Benner, D}, title = {Wetland ecological and compliance assessments in the San Francisco Bay Region, California, USA.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {74}, number = {3}, pages = {217-237}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.08.017}, pmid = {15644262}, issn = {0301-4797}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Data Collection ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Engineering ; *Environment Design ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Guideline Adherence ; Quality Control ; San Francisco ; Water Pollution/*prevention &amp; control ; Water Supply ; }, abstract = {The San Francisco Bay Region of the California Regional Water Quality Control Board (SFB CRWQCB) and the San Francisco District of the US Army Corps of Engineers (US ACOE) are looking for an expeditious means to determine whether regulated wetland projects produce ecologically valuable systems and remain in compliance with their permits (i.e. fulfill their legal requirements) until project completion. A study was therefore undertaken in which 20 compensatory wetland mitigation projects in the San Francisco Bay Region were reviewed and assessed for both permit compliance and habitat function, and this was done using a rapid assessment method adapted for this purpose. Thus, in addition to determining compliance and function, a further goal of this study was to test the efficacy of the assessment method, which, if useful, could be applied not only to mitigation projects, but also to restoration projects and natural wetland systems. Survey results suggest that most projects permitted 5 or more years ago are in compliance with their permit conditions and are realizing their intended habitat functions. The larger restoration sites or those situated between existing wetland sites tend to be more successful and offer more benefits to wildlife than the smaller isolated ones. These results are consistent with regulatory experience suggesting that economies of scale could be realized both with (1) large scale regional wetland restoration sites, through which efforts are combined to control invasive species and share costs, and (2) coordinated efforts by regulatory agencies to track project information and to monitor the increasing number and size of mitigation and restoration sites. In regard to the assessment methods, we find that their value lies in providing a consistent protocol for evaluations, but that the ultimate assessment will rely heavily on professional judgment, regulatory experience, and the garnering of pre-assessment information.}, }
@article {pmid15643962, year = {2005}, author = {Provan, J and Murphy, S and Maggs, CA}, title = {Tracking the invasive history of the green alga Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {189-194}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02384.x}, pmid = {15643962}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Base Sequence ; Chile ; Chlorophyta/*classification/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; DNA/genetics ; DNA Primers ; Demography ; Europe ; Genome ; Geography ; Introns/genetics ; Japan ; Seawater ; United States ; }, abstract = {The spread of nonindigenous species into new habitats is having a drastic effect on natural ecosystems and represents an increasing threat to global biodiversity. In the marine environment, where data on the movement of invasive species is scarce, the spread of alien seaweeds represents a particular problem. We have employed a combination of plastid microsatellite markers and DNA sequence data from three regions of the plastid genome to trace the invasive history of the green alga Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides. Extremely low levels of genetic variation were detected, with only four haplotypes present in the species' native range in Japan and only two of these found in introduced populations. These invasive populations displayed a high level of geographical structuring of haplotypes, with one haplotype localized in the Mediterranean and the other found in Northwest Atlantic, northern European and South Pacific populations. Consequently, we postulate that there have been at least two separate introductions of C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides from its native range in the North Pacific.}, }
@article {pmid15641384, year = {2004}, author = {Barac, A and Kellner, K and De Klerk, N}, title = {Land user participation in developing a computerised decision support system for combating desertification.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {99}, number = {1-3}, pages = {223-231}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-004-4022-6}, pmid = {15641384}, issn = {0167-6369}, mesh = {*Community Participation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Data Collection ; Databases, Factual ; *Decision Support Techniques ; Humans ; Knowledge ; Namibia ; Plants ; *Software ; }, abstract = {Combating desertification in natural rangelands has recently become a priority in large parts of southern Africa. Rangeland managers, farmers, scientists, conservationists and land users have been applying a variety of restoration technologies to address this problem. Bush encroachment, as part of the desertification process, involves the natural replacement of the herbaceous plant cover by undesirable problem woody species. The active and passive restoration technologies that are applied, are mainly based on indigenous knowledge and include the chemical, mechanical or manual reclamation of unproductive rangelands, as well as the combating of woody and alien species encroachment. Indigenous practices and knowledge play a major role in the effectiveness and success rate of these technologies. This project faces the challenge of bringing together both local and scientific knowledge in a single user-friendly, computerised Decision Support System (DSS) which is directly accessible by land users to support them in the process of decision making, concerning the combating of desertification. Case studies from central and northern Namibia were used to combine qualitative and quantitative data to develop this Decision Support System. The DSS currently consists of two databases and an expert system, which evaluates the results of land users' management practices, and provides easily accessible information and advice for participants in the system, based on the incorporated data. The DSS is also linked to national and international web sites and databases to offer a wider range of information on technologies concerning agricultural and conservation practices.}, }
@article {pmid15641380, year = {2004}, author = {Pellanti, M and Abbey, B and Karl, S}, title = {Restoring the Great Basin Desert, U.S.A.: integrating science, management, and people.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {99}, number = {1-3}, pages = {169-179}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-004-4017-3}, pmid = {15641380}, issn = {0167-6369}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; Bromus/growth &amp; development ; Community Participation ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Desert Climate ; Fires ; Humans ; Science ; United States ; }, abstract = {The Great Basin Desert lies between the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the west and the Rocky Mountains to the east. Nearly 60% of the area's deserts and mountains (roughly 30 million ha) are managed by the U. S. Department of Interior's Bureau of Land Management. This area is characterized by low annual precipitation, diverse desert plant communities, and local economies that depend on the products (livestock grazing, recreation, mining, etc.) produced by these lands. The ecological and economic stability of the Great Basin is increasingly at risk due to the expansion of fire-prone invasive species and increase in wildfires. To stem this loss of productivity and diversity in the Great Basin, the BLM initiated the "Great Basin Restoration Initiative" in 1999 after nearly 0.7 million ha of the Great Basin burned in wildfires. The objective of the Great Basin Restoration Initiative is to restore plant community diversity and structure by improving resiliency to disturbance and resistance to invasive species over the long-term. To accomplish this objective, a strategic plan has been developed that emphasizes local participation and reliance on appropriate science to ensure that restoration is accomplished in an economical and ecologically appropriate manner. If restoration in the Great Basin is not successful, desertification and the associated loss of economic stability and ecological integrity will continue to threaten the sustainability of natural resources and people in the Great Basin.}, }
@article {pmid15615677, year = {2004}, author = {Roura-Pascual, N and Suarez, AV and Gómez, C and Pons, P and Touyama, Y and Wild, AL and Peterson, AT}, title = {Geographical potential of Argentine ants (Linepithema humile Mayr) in the face of global climate change.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {271}, number = {1557}, pages = {2527-2535}, pmid = {15615677}, issn = {0962-8452}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Climate ; *Demography ; *Environment ; Forecasting ; Geography ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Determining the spread and potential geographical distribution of invasive species is integral to making invasion biology a predictive science. We assembled a dataset of over 1000 occurrences of the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile), one of the world's worst invasive alien species. Native to central South America, Argentine ants are now found in many Mediterranean and subtropical climates around the world. We used this dataset to assess the species' potential geographical and ecological distribution, and to examine changes in its distributional potential associated with global climate change, using techniques for ecological niche modelling. Models developed were highly predictive of the species' overall range, including both the native distributional area and invaded areas worldwide. Despite its already widespread occurrence, L. humile has potential for further spread, with tropical coastal Africa and southeast Asia apparently vulnerable to invasion. Projecting ecological niche models onto four general circulation model scenarios of future (2050s) climates provided scenarios of the species' potential for distributional expansion with warming climates: generally, the species was predicted to retract its range in tropical regions, but to expand at higher latitude areas.}, }
@article {pmid15615627, year = {2005}, author = {Korniss, G and Caraco, T}, title = {Spatial dynamics of invasion: the geometry of introduced species.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {233}, number = {1}, pages = {137-150}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.09.018}, pmid = {15615627}, issn = {0022-5193}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Competitive Behavior ; Ecology ; Models, Biological ; *Models, Statistical ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Many exotic species combine low probability of establishment at each introduction with rapid population growth once introduction does succeed. To analyse this phenomenon, we note that invaders often cluster spatially when rare, and consequently an introduced exotic's population dynamics should depend on locally structured interactions. Ecological theory for spatially structured invasion relies on deterministic approximations, and determinism does not address the observed uncertainty of the exotic-introduction process. We take a new approach to the population dynamics of invasion and, by extension, to the general question of invasibility in any spatial ecology. We apply the physical theory for nucleation of spatial systems to a lattice-based model of competition between plant species, a resident and an invader, and the analysis reaches conclusions that differ qualitatively from the standard ecological theories. Nucleation theory distinguishes between dynamics of single- and multi-cluster invasion. Low introduction rates and small system size produce single-cluster dynamics, where success or failure of introduction is inherently stochastic. Single-cluster invasion occurs only if the cluster reaches a critical size, typically preceded by a number of failed attempts. For this case, we identify the functional form of the probability distribution of time elapsing until invasion succeeds. Although multi-cluster invasion for sufficiently large systems exhibits spatial averaging and almost-deterministic dynamics of the global densities, an analytical approximation from nucleation theory, known as Avrami's law, describes our simulation results far better than standard ecological approximations.}, }
@article {pmid15602569, year = {2005}, author = {Frankham, R}, title = {Resolving the genetic paradox in invasive species.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {94}, number = {4}, pages = {385}, doi = {10.1038/sj.hdy.6800634}, pmid = {15602569}, issn = {0018-067X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Animals ; Genetics, Population ; Selection, Genetic ; Vertebrates/*genetics ; }, }
@article {pmid15602519, year = {2004}, author = {Aldhous, P}, title = {Invasive species: the toads are coming!.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {432}, number = {7019}, pages = {796-798}, doi = {10.1038/432796a}, pmid = {15602519}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Biodiversity ; Bufo marinus/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; }, }
@article {pmid15573991, year = {2004}, author = {Wang, J and Feng, Y and Liang, H}, title = {[Adaptation of Eupatorium adenophorum photosynthetic characteristics to light intensity].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {1373-1377}, pmid = {15573991}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Asteraceae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; Ecology ; *Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; *Sunlight ; }, abstract = {As an invasive species, Eupatorium adenophorum threatens the biodiversity security in Southwest China. To explore its light adaptation characteristics and related eco-physiological mechanism, this paper studied the physiological and morphological properties, e. g., gas exchange, fluorescence kinetics, chlorophyll content and specific leaf weight (SLW), of E. adenophorum grown in Xishuangbanna, China, during the dry season under four light regimes (100%, 36%, 12.5% and 4.5% full sunshine). Under full sunshine, the Fv/Fm and phiPS II decreased with increasing diurnal light intensity, but quickly re-increased when light intensity decreased, indicating that photoinhibition was occurred but not serious. E. adenophorum under full sunshine could increase excessive light energy dissipation through the enhancement of diurnal thermal dissipation and anti-oxidation and the reversible inactivation of PS II reaction center, increase light energy utilization, and decrease light absorption by increasing SLW and decreasing chlorophyll concentration. All these processes enabled E. adenophorum to avoid the photodamage of photosynthetic apparatus. Under low light intensities (36%, 12.5% and 4.5% of full sunshine), E. adenophorum had a higher light absorption and utilization efficiency through decreasing SLW and diurnal thermal dissipation, increasing chlorophyll concentration, and keeping high photosynthetic capacity. The effective dissipation of excessive light energy under high light and the sufficient absorption of light energy under low light allowed E. adenophorum to utilize light energy effectively and grow healthily in a wide range of light intensity, which might be one of the reasons that made E. adenophorum a vigorous invader.}, }
@article {pmid15569943, year = {2004}, author = {Phillips, BL and Shine, R}, title = {Adapting to an invasive species: toxic cane toads induce morphological change in Australian snakes.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {101}, number = {49}, pages = {17150-17155}, pmid = {15569943}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Amphibian Venoms ; Animals ; *Anura ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Environment ; *Snakes/genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {The arrival of invasive species can devastate natural ecosystems, but the long-term effects of invasion are less clear. If native organisms can adapt to the presence of the invader, the severity of impact will decline with time. In Australia, invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) are highly toxic to most snakes that attempt to eat them. Because snakes are gape-limited predators with strong negative allometry for head size, maximum relative prey mass (and thus, the probability of eating a toad large enough to be fatal) decreases with an increase in snake body size. Thus, the arrival of toads should exert selection on snake morphology, favoring an increase in mean body size and a decrease in relative head size. We tested these predictions with data from specimens of four species of Australian snakes, collected over >80 years. Geographic information system layers provided data on the duration of toad exposure for each snake population, as well as environmental variables (latitude, precipitation, and temperature). As predicted, two toad-vulnerable species (Pseudechis porphyriacus and Dendrelaphis punctulatus) showed a steady reduction in gape size and a steady increase in body length with time since exposure to toads. In contrast, two species at low risk from toads (Hemiaspis signata and Tropidonophis mairii) showed no consistent change in these morphological traits as a function of the duration of toad exposure. These results provide strong evidence of adaptive changes in native predators as a result of the invasion of toxic prey.}, }
@article {pmid15549401, year = {2004}, author = {Allison, SD and Vitousek, PM}, title = {Rapid nutrient cycling in leaf litter from invasive plants in Hawai'i.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {141}, number = {4}, pages = {612-619}, pmid = {15549401}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; *Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/*metabolism ; Plants/*metabolism ; Soil/analysis ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Physiological traits that contribute to the establishment and spread of invasive plant species could also have impacts on ecosystem processes. The traits prevalent in many invasive plants, such as high specific leaf areas, rapid growth rates, and elevated leaf nutrient concentrations, improve litter quality and should increase rates of decomposition and nutrient cycling. To test for these ecosystem impacts, we measured initial leaf litter properties, decomposition rates, and nutrient dynamics in 11 understory plants from the Hawaiian islands in control and nitrogen + phosphorus fertilized plots. These included five common native species, four of which were ferns, and six aggressive invasive species, including five angiosperms and one fern. We found a 50-fold variation in leaf litter decay rates, with natives decaying at rates of 0.2-2.3 year(-1) and invaders at 1.4-9.3 year(-1). This difference was driven by very low decomposition rates in native fern litter. Fertilization significantly increased the decay rates of leaf litter from two native and two invasive species. Most invasive litter types lost nitrogen and phosphorus more rapidly and in larger quantities than comparable native litter types. All litter types except three native ferns lost nitrogen after 100 days of decomposition, and all litter types except the most recalcitrant native ferns lost >50% of initial phosphorus by the end of the experiment (204-735 days). If invasive understory plants displace native species, nutrient cycling rates could increase dramatically due to rapid decomposition and nutrient release from invasive litter. Such changes are likely to cause a positive feedback to invasion in Hawai'i because many invasive plants thrive on nutrient-rich soils.}, }
@article {pmid15547645, year = {2004}, author = {Chown, SL and Sinclair, BJ and Leinaas, HP and Gaston, KJ}, title = {Hemispheric asymmetries in biodiversity--a serious matter for ecology.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {2}, number = {11}, pages = {e406}, pmid = {15547645}, issn = {1545-7885}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Cold Temperature ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecology/*methods ; Geography ; Humans ; Insecta ; Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Although the poles are less diverse than the tropics, this decline shows substantial asymmetries between the hemispheres, suggesting that responses to environmental change may differ substantially in the north and the south.}, }
@article {pmid15530528, year = {2004}, author = {Wotton, DM and O'Brien, C and Stuart, MD and Fergus, DJ}, title = {Eradication success down under: heat treatment of a sunken trawler to kill the invasive seaweed Undaria pinnatifida.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {49}, number = {9-10}, pages = {844-849}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.05.001}, pmid = {15530528}, issn = {0025-326X}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Hot Temperature ; New Zealand ; Pest Control/*methods ; Ships ; Undaria/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Eradication of invasive species is difficult in the marine environment, and there have only been a few successes. We report the successful eradication of the invasive seaweed Undaria pinnatifida from a sunken trawler in the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. New heat-treatment methods were developed as the most cost effective and environmentally acceptable option to kill Undaria. Monitoring of the trawler for three years after it sank found no Undaria after the vessel was treated. Key factors in the success of the eradication programme included: early detection, a rapid response, pre-existing knowledge of Undaria, an adaptive management approach, targeting of multiple life history stages, and the cooperation of the vessel's insurer.}, }
@article {pmid15530511, year = {2004}, author = {Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A and Galil, BS}, title = {A uniform terminology on bioinvasions: a chimera or an operative tool?.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {49}, number = {9-10}, pages = {688-694}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.08.011}, pmid = {15530511}, issn = {0025-326X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environment ; *Marine Biology ; Policy Making ; Population Dynamics ; *Terminology as Topic ; }, abstract = {A consensual set of definitions regarding bioinvasions is essential in order to facilitate discourse among the science, policy and management communities dealing with the issue. Considering both the mode of entry and the extent of the impact of an alien species into a new environment, a set of key terms is proposed as an operative tool for marine scientists.}, }
@article {pmid15528424, year = {2004}, author = {Normile, D}, title = {Invasive species. Expanding trade with China creates ecological backlash.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {306}, number = {5698}, pages = {968-969}, doi = {10.1126/science.306.5698.968}, pmid = {15528424}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *Commerce ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Internationality ; Pest Control ; Plants ; United States ; }, }
@article {pmid15521459, year = {2004}, author = {Estoup, A and Beaumont, M and Sennedot, F and Moritz, C and Cornuet, JM}, title = {Genetic analysis of complex demographic scenarios: spatially expanding populations of the cane toad, Bufo marinus.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {58}, number = {9}, pages = {2021-2036}, doi = {10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00487.x}, pmid = {15521459}, issn = {0014-3820}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Bayes Theorem ; Bufo marinus/*genetics/physiology ; DNA Primers ; *Demography ; Founder Effect ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; *Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Inferring the spatial expansion dynamics of invading species from molecular data is notoriously difficult due to the complexity of the processes involved. For these demographic scenarios, genetic data obtained from highly variable markers may be profitably combined with specific sampling schemes and information from other sources using a Bayesian approach. The geographic range of the introduced toad Bufo marinus is still expanding in eastern and northern Australia, in each case from isolates established around 1960. A large amount of demographic and historical information is available on both expansion areas. In each area, samples were collected along a transect representing populations of different ages and genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci. Five demographic models of expansion, differing in the dispersal pattern for migrants and founders and in the number of founders, were considered. Because the demographic history is complex, we used an approximate Bayesian method, based on a rejection-regression algorithm, to formally test the relative likelihoods of the five models of expansion and to infer demographic parameters. A stepwise migration-foundation model with founder events was statistically better supported than other four models in both expansion areas. Posterior distributions supported different dynamics of expansion in the studied areas. Populations in the eastern expansion area have a lower stable effective population size and have been founded by a smaller number of individuals than those in the northern expansion area. Once demographically stabilized, populations exchange a substantial number of effective migrants per generation in both expansion areas, and such exchanges are larger in northern than in eastern Australia. The effective number of migrants appears to be considerably lower than that of founders in both expansion areas. We found our inferences to be relatively robust to various assumptions on marker, demographic, and historical features. The method presented here is the only robust, model-based method available so far, which allows inferring complex population dynamics over a short time scale. It also provides the basis for investigating the interplay between population dynamics, drift, and selection in invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid15503388, year = {2004}, author = {Niimi, AJ}, title = {Environmental and economic factors can increase the risk of exotic species introductions to the Arctic region through increased ballast water discharge.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {33}, number = {5}, pages = {712-718}, pmid = {15503388}, issn = {0364-152X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Arctic Regions ; Commerce ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Population Dynamics ; Risk Assessment ; *Ships ; Survival Analysis ; Temperature ; Transportation ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid ; }, abstract = {The effects of global warming can increase the risk of exotic species introductions in eastern Canadian Arctic waters by reducing surface ice cover and allow increased access to commercial vessels. Ballast water discharged by incoming overseas vessels is an important means for introducing species on a global scale. Analyses of air temperatures at Churchill, Manitoba between 1943 and 2002 indicated an increase in mean temperature within the past decade. Churchill is the only major northern port in this region where grain has been exported on a limited basis due to the short navigation season. Economic analyses of grain exported from Canadian and U.S. ports indicated some cost advantages for using northern ports. The Hudson Bay region is vulnerable to increased exotic species introductions because of its southerly location. Current ballast water exchange measures to reduce the risk of introductions may not be effective because most vessels enter the region with ballast, and the ballast exchange zone is located relatively close to coastal areas where the habitat could be favorable for an introduced species to become established. The probability of a large crab species introduced to this region from northern European waters is discussed. The risk of ballast water-related exotic species introduction to this region may be reduced by expanding the types of cargo handled and developing a strong import market. This approach would accommodate an increase in the number of vessels with cargo, and substantially reduce the volume of ballast carried to this region.}, }
@article {pmid15466541, year = {2004}, author = {Weir, BS and Turner, SJ and Silvester, WB and Park, DC and Young, JM}, title = {Unexpectedly diverse Mesorhizobium strains and Rhizobium leguminosarum nodulate native legume genera of New Zealand, while introduced legume weeds are nodulated by Bradyrhizobium species.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {10}, pages = {5980-5987}, pmid = {15466541}, issn = {0099-2240}, mesh = {Alphaproteobacteria/classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Bradyrhizobium/classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Fabaceae/*microbiology ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genetic Variation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; New Zealand ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rhizobium leguminosarum/classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {The New Zealand native legume flora are represented by four genera, Sophora, Carmichaelia, Clianthus, and Montigena. The adventive flora of New Zealand contains several legume species introduced in the 19th century and now established as serious invasive weeds. Until now, nothing has been reported on the identification of the associated rhizobia of native or introduced legumes in New Zealand. The success of the introduced species may be due, at least in part, to the nature of their rhizobial symbioses. This study set out to address this issue by identifying rhizobial strains isolated from species of the four native legume genera and from the introduced weeds: Acacia spp. (wattles), Cytisus scoparius (broom), and Ulex europaeus (gorse). The identities of the isolates and their relationship to known rhizobia were established by comparative analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA, atpD, glnII, and recA gene sequences. Maximum-likelihood analysis of the resultant data partitioned the bacteria into three genera. Most isolates from native legumes aligned with the genus Mesorhizobium, either as members of named species or as putative novel species. The widespread distribution of strains from individual native legume genera across Mesorhizobium spp. contrasts with previous reports implying that bacterial species are specific to limited numbers of legume genera. In addition, four isolates were identified as Rhizobium leguminosarum. In contrast, all sequences from isolates from introduced weeds aligned with Bradyrhizobium species but formed clusters distinct from existing named species. These results show that native legume genera and these introduced legume genera do not have the same rhizobial populations.}, }
@article {pmid15383873, year = {2004}, author = {Bestelmeyer, BT and Herrick, JE and Brown, JR and Trujillo, DA and Havstad, KM}, title = {Land management in the American southwest: a state-and-transition approach to ecosystem complexity.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {38-51}, pmid = {15383873}, issn = {0364-152X}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Models, Theoretical ; Plants ; Policy Making ; Soil ; Southwestern United States ; State Government ; }, abstract = {State-and-transition models are increasingly being used to guide rangeland management. These models provide a relatively simple, management-oriented way to classify land condition (state) and to describe the factors that might cause a shift to another state (a transition). There are many formulations of state-and-transition models in the literature. The version we endorse does not adhere to any particular generalities about ecosystem dynamics, but it includes consideration of several kinds of dynamics and management response to them. In contrast to previous uses of state-and-transition models, we propose that models can, at present, be most effectively used to specify and qualitatively compare the relative benefits and potential risks of different management actions (e.g., fire and grazing) and other factors (e.g., invasive species and climate change) on specified areas of land. High spatial and temporal variability and complex interactions preclude the meaningful use of general quantitative models. Forecasts can be made on a case-by-case basis by interpreting qualitative and quantitative indicators, historical data, and spatially structured monitoring data based on conceptual models. We illustrate how science- based conceptual models are created using several rangeland examples that vary in complexity. In doing so, we illustrate the implications of designating plant communities and states in models, accounting for varying scales of pattern in vegetation and soils, interpreting the presence of plant communities on different soils and dealing with our uncertainty about how those communities were assembled and how they will change in the future. We conclude with observations about how models have helped to improve management decision-making.}, }
@article {pmid15383872, year = {2004}, author = {Burger, J and Carletta, MA and Lowrie, K and Miller, KT and Greenberg, M}, title = {Assessing ecological resources for remediation and future land uses on contaminated lands.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {1-10}, pmid = {15383872}, issn = {0364-152X}, support = {ESO 5022/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; *Ecology ; *Environment ; *Environmental Pollutants ; Mammals ; Policy Making ; Reptiles ; }, abstract = {Increasingly, the public and governmental agencies are concerned about remediating and reclaiming contaminated sites. Understanding the ecological resources on-site and valuing those resources in terms of future uses is important for determining suitable future land uses. In this article, we suggest the major categories of natural resource information required by managers, policy makers, and the general public for making initial future land-use determinations. We then use a dataset of 25 Department of Energy (DOE) sites slated for remediation to explore whether such data are readily available and whether the data can be used to assess natural resource value. Although information is available for almost all sites on federally endangered and threatened species, this information is less available for state-listed species. Biodiversity information is available only for some sites for birds (N = 17), mammals (N = 15), reptiles (N = 14), amphibians (N = 13), and plants (N = 11) and is almost nonexistent for invertebrates (N = 2). Some information is available for invasive species (N = 9). The number of available habitats is directly related to total acres and nonindustrial acres. Biodiversity of birds, mammals, and reptiles (but not amphibians) is directly related to both total acres and total nonindustrial acres of sites. These data suggest that even over a wide geographical area (from eastern to western United States), biodiversity relates to habitat size and number of habitats available. This information will be useful not only to DOE managers but also to natural resource trustees, ecologists, state and federal regulators, and the general public in the discourse over future uses of these lands.}, }
@article {pmid15357808, year = {2004}, author = {Andersen, MC and Adams, H and Hope, B and Powell, M}, title = {Risk analysis for invasive species: general framework and research needs.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {893-900}, doi = {10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00487.x}, pmid = {15357808}, issn = {0272-4332}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Health ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; *Risk Assessment ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency ; }, abstract = {A joint workshop was convened by the Society for Risk Analysis Ecological Risk Assessment Specialty Group and the Ecological Society of America Theoretical Ecology Section to provide independent scientific input into the formulation of methods and processes for risk assessment of invasive species. In breakout sessions on (1) the effects of invasive species on human health, (2) effects on plants and animals, (3) risk analysis issues and research needs related to entry and establishment of invasive species, and (4) risk analysis issues and research needs related to the spread and impacts of invasive species, workshop participants discussed an overall approach to risk assessment for invasive species. Workshop participants agreed on the need for empirical research on areas in which data are lacking, including potential invasive species, native species and habitats that may be impacted by invasive species, important biological processes and phenomena such as dispersal, and pathways of entry and spread for invasive species. Participants agreed that theoretical ecology can inform the process of risk assessment for invasive species by providing guidelines and conceptual models, and can contribute to improved decision making by providing a firm biological basis for risk assessments.}, }
@article {pmid15357806, year = {2004}, author = {Marvier, M and Kareiva, P and Neubert, MG}, title = {Habitat destruction, fragmentation, and disturbance promote invasion by habitat generalists in a multispecies metapopulation.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {869-878}, doi = {10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x}, pmid = {15357806}, issn = {0272-4332}, mesh = {Competitive Behavior ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Population Dynamics ; Risk Assessment ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Species invasions are extremely common and are vastly outpacing the ability of resource agencies to address each invasion, one species at a time. Management actions that target the whole landscape or ecosystem may provide more cost-effective protection against the establishment of invasive species than a species-by-species approach. To explore what ecosystem-level actions might effectively reduce invasions, we developed a multispecies, multihabitat metapopulation model. We assume that species that successfully establish themselves outside their native range tend to be habitat generalists and that a tradeoff exists between competitive ability and habitat breadth, such that habitat specialists are competitively superior to habitat generalists. In this model, habitat destruction, fragmentation, and short-term disturbances all favor invasion by habitat generalists, despite the inferior competitive abilities of generalist species. Our model results illustrate that providing relatively undisturbed habitat and preventing further habitat degradation and fragmentation can provide a highly cost-effective defense against invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid15357805, year = {2004}, author = {Maguire, LA}, title = {What can decision analysis do for invasive species management?.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {859-868}, doi = {10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00484.x}, pmid = {15357805}, issn = {0272-4332}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Decision Making ; *Decision Support Techniques ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Hawaii ; Models, Statistical ; Policy Making ; Population Dynamics ; Risk ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Management ; Swine ; }, abstract = {Decisions about management of invasive species are difficult for all the reasons typically addressed by multiattribute decision analysis: uncertain outcomes, multiple and conflicting objectives, and many interested parties with differing views on both facts and values. This article illustrates how the tools of multiattribute analysis can improve management of invasive species, with an emphasis on making explicit the social values and preferences that must inform invasive species management. Risk assessment protocols developed previously for invasive species management typically suffer from two interacting flaws: (1) separating risk assessment from risk management, thus disrupting essential connections between the social values at stake in invasive species decisions and the scientific knowledge necessary to predict the likely impacts of management actions, and (2) relying on expert judgment about risk framed in qualitative and value-laden terms, inadvertently mixing the expert's judgment about what is likely to happen with personal preferences. Using the values structuring and probability-modeling elements of formal decision analysis can remedy these difficulties and make invasive species management responsive to both good science and public values. The management of feral pigs in Hawaiian ecosystems illustrates the need for such an integrated approach.}, }
@article {pmid15357804, year = {2004}, author = {Landis, WG}, title = {Ecological risk assessment conceptual model formulation for nonindigenous species.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {847-858}, doi = {10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00483.x}, pmid = {15357804}, issn = {0272-4332}, mesh = {Animals ; Brachyura ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental Pollution ; Models, Biological ; Models, Theoretical ; Risk ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Washington ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {This article addresses the application of ecological risk assessment at the regional scale to the prediction of impacts due to invasive or nonindigenous species (NIS). The first section describes risk assessment, the decision-making process, and introduces regional risk assessment. A general conceptual model for the risk assessment of NIS is then presented based upon the regional risk assessment approach. Two diverse examples of the application of this approach are presented. The first example is based upon the dynamics of introduced plasmids into bacteria populations. The second example is the application risk assessment approach to the invasion of a coastal marine site of Cherry Point, Washington, USA by the European green crab. The lessons learned from the two examples demonstrate that assessment of the risks of invasion of NIS will have to incorporate not only the characteristics of the invasive species, but also the other stresses and impacts affecting the region of interest.}, }
@article {pmid15357803, year = {2004}, author = {Bartell, SM and Nair, SK}, title = {Establishment risks for invasive species.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {833-845}, doi = {10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00482.x}, pmid = {15357803}, issn = {0272-4332}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Coleoptera ; Demography ; Ecology/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Insect Control ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Probability ; Pupa/physiology ; Risk ; Risk Assessment ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {This article presents a quantitative methodology for evaluating the probability of invasive pest species establishing persistent populations. The estimation of pest establishment relies on data and information describing the biology and ecology of the pest and its interactions with potential host species and the regional environment. This information is developed using a model construct borrowed from theoretical population ecology. The methodology for estimating the probability of pest establishment is part of an overall framework that explores the implications of reductions in pest invasions on subsequent establishment. The risk reduction framework integrates the engineering aspects of different technologies for reducing pest entry, the biology and ecology of pest species, the suitability of potentially susceptible hosts, and the quality of available habitats. The methodology for estimating the risk of establishment is presented using an example pest, the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), which has been introduced into the United States via solid wood packing materials (SWPM) used in international commerce. Uncertainties inherent to the estimation of model parameters that determine the risk of establishment are defined, quantified, and propagated through the population model. Advantages and limitations of the proposed methodology are discussed along with recommendations to make the approach more useful in the management of risks posed by the establishment of pest populations.}, }
@article {pmid15357802, year = {2004}, author = {Neubert, MG and Parker, IM}, title = {Projecting rates of spread for invasive species.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {817-831}, doi = {10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00481.x}, pmid = {15357802}, issn = {0272-4332}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Cytisus ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Models, Theoretical ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Population Density ; *Population Dynamics ; Risk ; Risk Assessment ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {All else being equal, the faster an invading species spreads, the more dangerous its invasion. The projection of spread rate therefore ought to be a central part of the determination of invasion risk. Originally formulated in the 1970s to describe the spatial spread of advantageous alleles, integrodifference equation (IDE) models have since been co-opted by population biologists to describe the spread of populations. More recently, they have been modified to include population structure and environmental variability. We review how IDE models are formulated, how they are parameterized, and how they can be analyzed to project spread rates and the sensitivity of those rates to changes in model parameters. For illustrative purposes, we apply these models to Cytisus scoparius, a large shrub in the legume family that is considered a noxious invasive species in eastern and western North America, Chile, Australia, and New Zealand.}, }
@article {pmid15357801, year = {2004}, author = {With, KA}, title = {Assessing the risk of invasive spread in fragmented landscapes.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {803-815}, doi = {10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00480.x}, pmid = {15357801}, issn = {0272-4332}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Geography ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Risk ; Risk Assessment ; Systems Theory ; }, abstract = {Little theoretical work has investigated how landscape structure affects invasive spread, even though broad-scale disturbances caused by habitat loss and fragmentation are believed to facilitate the spread of exotic species. Neutral landscape models (NLMs), derived from percolation theory in the field of landscape ecology, provide a tool for assessing the risk of invasive spread in fragmented landscapes. A percolation-based analysis of the potential for invasive spread in fragmented landscapes predicts that invasive spread may be enormously enhanced beyond some threshold level of habitat loss, which depends upon the species' dispersal abilities and the degree of habitat fragmentation. Assuming that invasive species spread primarily through disturbed areas of the landscape, poor dispersers may spread better in landscapes in which disturbances are concentrated in space, whereas good dispersers are predicted to spread better in landscapes where disturbances are small and dispersed (i.e., fragmented landscape). Assessing the risk of invasive spread in fragmented landscapes ultimately requires understanding the relative effects of landscape structure on processes that contribute to invasive spread--dispersal (successful colonization) and demography (successful establishment). Colonization success is predicted to be highest when >20% of the landscape has been disturbed, particularly if disturbances are large or aggregated in space, because propagules are more likely to encounter sites suitable for colonization and establishment. However, landscape pattern becomes less important for predicting colonization success if species are capable of occasional long-distance dispersal events. Invasive species are also more likely to persist and achieve positive population growth rates (successful establishment) in landscapes with clumped disturbance patterns, which can then function as population sources that produce immigrants that invade other landscapes. Finally, the invasibility of communities may be greatest in landscapes with a concentrated pattern of disturbance, especially below some critical threshold of biodiversity. Below the critical biodiversity threshold, the introduction of a single species can trigger a cascade of extinctions among indigenous species. The application of NLMs may thus offer new insights and opportunities for the management and restoration of landscapes so as to slow the spread of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid15357799, year = {2004}, author = {Andersen, MC and Adams, H and Hope, B and Powell, M}, title = {Risk assessment for invasive species.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {787-793}, doi = {10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00478.x}, pmid = {15357799}, issn = {0272-4332}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecology ; Food Inspection/*methods ; Global Health ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Public Health/methods ; Risk ; Risk Assessment/*methods ; United States ; }, abstract = {Although estimates vary, there is a broad agreement that invasive species impose major costs on the U.S. economy, as well as posing risks to nonmarket environmental goods and services and to public health. The domestic effort to manage risks associated with invasive species is coordinated by the National Invasive Species Council (NISC), which is charged with developing a science-based process to evaluate risks associated with the introduction and spread of invasive species. Various international agreements have also elevated invasive species issues onto the international policy agenda. The World Trade Organization (WTO) Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement establishes rights and obligations to adhere to the discipline of scientific risk assessment to ensure that SPS measures are applied only to the extent required to protect human, animal, and plant health, and do not constitute arbitrary or unjustifiable technical barriers to trade. Currently, however, the field of risk assessment for invasive species is in its infancy. Therefore, there is a pressing need to formulate scientifically sound methods and approaches in this emerging field, while acknowledging that the demand for situation-specific empirical evidence is likely to persistently outstrip supply. To begin addressing this need, the Society for Risk Analysis Ecological Risk Assessment Specialty Group and the Ecological Society of America Theoretical Ecology Section convened a joint workshop to provide independent scientific input into the formulation of methods and processes for risk assessment of invasive species to ensure that the analytic processes used domestically and internationally will be firmly rooted in sound scientific principles.}, }
@article {pmid15357393, year = {2004}, author = {Overstreet, RM and Curran, SS}, title = {Defeating diplostomoid dangers in USA catfish aquaculture.}, journal = {Folia parasitologica}, volume = {51}, number = {2-3}, pages = {153-165}, doi = {10.14411/fp.2004.019}, pmid = {15357393}, issn = {0015-5683}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture/*methods ; Birds/*parasitology ; Catfishes ; Fish Diseases/*parasitology/pathology ; Histological Techniques ; Life Cycle Stages/*physiology ; Snails/*parasitology ; Southeastern United States ; Trematoda/anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development/pathogenicity ; Trematode Infections/pathology/prevention &amp; control/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Diplostomoid digenean metacercariae have caused widescale mortalities of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), at aquaculture farms in Louisiana, Mississippi and Arkansas, USA. Originally, based on a tentative diagnosis, the industry considered the primary harmful agent to be an introduced species from Europe, Bolbophorus confusus (Krause, 1914), frequently reported from the American white pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin. Our group has now shown, using ITS 1-2 plus three more-conservative gene fragments, that two sympatric species of Bolbophorus exist in the American white pelican. One, B. damnificus Overstreet et Curran, 2002, infects the musculature of catfish, and the other, probably not B. confusus, does not infect catfish. However, at least four other pathogenic diplostomoids and a clinostomoid infect the catfish, and they use at least four different snail hosts, including the planorbids Planorbella trivolvis (Say) and Gyraulus parvus (Say), the physid Physella gyrina (Say) and a lymnaeid. Two metacercariae, B. damnificus and Bursacetabulus pelecanus Dronen, Tehrany et Wardle, 1999, infect the catfish and mature in the pelican; two others, Austrodiplostomum compactum (Lutz, 1928) and Hysteromorpha cf. triloba (Rudolphi, 1819), mature in cormorants; one, Diplostomum sp., matures in seagulls and at least one, Clinostomum marginatum (Rudolphi, 1819), matures in herons, egrets and other wading birds. Consequently, management of catfish ponds relative to digenean infections requires considerable biological information on the fish, bird, and snail hosts as well as the parasites.}, }
@article {pmid15356629, year = {2004}, author = {Kolbe, JJ and Glor, RE and Rodríguez Schettino, L and Lara, AC and Larson, A and Losos, JB}, title = {Genetic variation increases during biological invasion by a Cuban lizard.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {431}, number = {7005}, pages = {177-181}, doi = {10.1038/nature02807}, pmid = {15356629}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Body Constitution ; Caribbean Region ; Cuba ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Environment ; Florida ; Founder Effect ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; Geography ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Hawaii ; Lizards/*genetics/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; Taiwan ; }, abstract = {A genetic paradox exists in invasion biology: how do introduced populations, whose genetic variation has probably been depleted by population bottlenecks, persist and adapt to new conditions? Lessons from conservation genetics show that reduced genetic variation due to genetic drift and founder effects limits the ability of a population to adapt, and small population size increases the risk of extinction. Nonetheless, many introduced species experiencing these same conditions during initial introductions persist, expand their ranges, evolve rapidly and become invasive. To address this issue, we studied the brown anole, a worldwide invasive lizard. Genetic analyses indicate that at least eight introductions have occurred in Florida from across this lizard's native range, blending genetic variation from different geographic source populations and producing populations that contain substantially more, not less, genetic variation than native populations. Moreover, recently introduced brown anole populations around the world originate from Florida, and some have maintained these elevated levels of genetic variation. Here we show that one key to invasion success may be the occurrence of multiple introductions that transform among-population variation in native ranges to within-population variation in introduced areas. Furthermore, these genetically variable populations may be particularly potent sources for introductions elsewhere. The growing problem of invasive species introductions brings considerable economic and biological costs. If these costs are to be mitigated, a greater understanding of the causes, progression and consequences of biological invasions is needed.}, }
@article {pmid15355242, year = {2005}, author = {Clarke, AR and Armstrong, KF and Carmichael, AE and Milne, JR and Raghu, S and Roderick, GK and Yeates, DK}, title = {Invasive phytophagous pests arising through a recent tropical evolutionary radiation: the Bactrocera dorsalis complex of fruit flies.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {}, pages = {293-319}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130428}, pmid = {15355242}, issn = {0066-4170}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Genetic Variation ; Insect Control ; Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; *Tephritidae/physiology ; *Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {The Bactrocera dorsalis complex of tropical fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) contains 75 described species, largely endemic to Southeast Asia. Within the complex are a small number of polyphagous pests of international significance, including B. dorsalis sensu stricto, B. papayae, B. carambolae, and B. philippinensis. Most species within the complex were described in 1994 and since then substantial research has been undertaken in developing morphological and molecular diagnostic techniques for their recognition. Such techniques can now resolve most taxa adequately. Genetic evidence suggests that the complex has evolved in only the last few million years, and development of a phylogeny of the group is considered a high priority to provide a framework for future evolutionary and ecological studies. As model systems, mating studies on B. dorsalis s.s. and B. cacuminata have substantially advanced our understanding of insect use of plant-derived chemicals for mating, but such studies have not been applied to help resolve the limits of biological species within the complex. Although they are commonly regarded as major pests, there is little published evidence documenting economic losses caused by flies of the B. dorsalis complex. Quantification of economic losses caused by B. dorsalis complex species is urgently needed to prioritize research for quarantine and management. Although they have been documented as invaders, relatively little work has been done on the invasion biology of the complex and this is an area warranting further work.}, }
@article {pmid15338413, year = {2004}, author = {Yasuda, H and Evans, EW and Kajita, Y and Urakawa, K and Takizawa, T}, title = {Asymmetric larval interactions between introduced and indigenous ladybirds in North America.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {141}, number = {4}, pages = {722-731}, pmid = {15338413}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Aphids ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Larva/physiology ; Observation ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Utah ; }, abstract = {Understanding the mechanisms that result in the success of introduced species will contribute to predicting future invasions and managing invaded systems. We examined interactions between larvae of two predatory ladybird species recently introduced to North America, Coccinella septempunctata (CS) and Harmonia axyridis (HA), and two indigenous ladybirds, Coccinella transversoguttata (CT) and Hippodamia convergens (HC). By pairing young and old larvae in the laboratory at low and high levels of aphid availability, we assessed the degree of asymmetry in intraguild predation (IGP), the strength of competitive effects on growth and development of larvae escaping predation, and the nature of attack and escape behavior among the species. Interactions were generally asymmetric, with larvae of introduced species acting most frequently as intraguild predators and larvae of indigenous species serving most frequently as intraguild prey (the two Coccinella spp., however, preyed on each other at similar rates). Because they were especially aggressive and because other larvae were least successful in escaping their attacks, larvae of HA had stronger negative effects on larvae of the two indigenous species than did larvae of CS. Such negative effects, expressed most strongly when aphid availability was low, were especially adverse for the smaller of the two indigenous species, HC. In general, older larvae interacted with each other more strongly than young larvae did, and older larvae had especially strong negative effects on young larvae when interactions occurred between age classes. Our results suggest that HA more than CS may represent a threat to indigenous ladybirds as an intraguild predator, and that IGP in turn may play a stronger role for HA than for C. septempunctata in promoting the successful invasion of North America.}, }
@article {pmid15338267, year = {2004}, author = {Moore, RD and Griffiths, RA and O'Brien, CM and Murphy, A and Jay, D}, title = {Induced defences in an endangered amphibian in response to an introduced snake predator.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {141}, number = {1}, pages = {139-147}, pmid = {15338267}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Anura/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Body Size/physiology ; Body Weights and Measures ; *Cues ; *Ecosystem ; Larva/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Mediterranean Islands ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Snakes/*physiology ; Tail/anatomy &amp; histology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Introduced species have contributed significantly to the extinction of endemic species on islands. They also create new selection pressures on their prey that may result in modified life history strategies. Introduced viperine snakes (Natrix maura) have been implicated in the decline of the endemic midwife toad of Mallorca (Alytes muletensis). A comparison of A. muletensis tadpoles in natural pools with and without snakes showed that those populations subject to snake predation possessed longer tails with narrower tail fins but deeper tail muscles. Field and laboratory experiments showed that these changes in tail morphology could be induced by chemical and tactile cues from snakes. Populations of tadpoles that were subject to snake predation also displayed clear bimodal size-frequency distributions, with intermediate-sized tadpoles missing from the pools completely. Tadpoles in pools frequented by snakes developed faster in relation to their body size than those in pools without snakes. Variation in morphology between toad populations may therefore be caused by a combination of size-selective predation and tadpole plasticity. The results of this study indicate that the introduction of alien species can result in selection for induced defences, which may facilitate coexistence between predator and prey under certain conditions.}, }
@article {pmid15334975, year = {2004}, author = {Wang, P and Liang, W and Kong, C and Jiang, Y and Zhang, M and Zhang, C}, title = {[Chemical mechanism of exotic weed invasion].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {707-711}, pmid = {15334975}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Centaurea/chemistry/*growth &amp; development ; Festuca/chemistry/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The ecological and economic impacts of exotic invasive weeds have been followed with interest. A successful invasion of exotic weeds depends not only on their bio-ecological traits, but also on some specific mechanisms of invasion. The clarification of the invasive mechanism of exotic weeds will be beneficial to predict and manage on them. In the process of establishment, reproduction and spreading, an exotic species has to become dominant in the interactions with native ones at new habitats, and then invades successfully. Among invasive mechanisms, the chemical interaction between exotic and native weeds should not be neglected. Previous studies showed that allelopathy plays an important role in exotic weed invasion. In fact, plants are able to defend or inhibit animals, plants and microbes from new habitats by using some specific chemicals. The chemical mechanism of exotic weed invasion might involve each aspect of plant chemical ecology. Therefore, chemical ecological characteristics of exotic weeds should be regarded as one of the most significant factors on predicting invasive species. The studies on chemical mechanism of exotic weed invasion will be one of the important aspects in future.}, }
@article {pmid15326330, year = {2004}, author = {Withgott, J}, title = {Ecological Society of America meeting. Are invasive species born bad?.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {305}, number = {5687}, pages = {1100-1101}, doi = {10.1126/science.305.5687.1100b}, pmid = {15326330}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Asia ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Plant Development ; Selection, Genetic ; United States ; }, }
@article {pmid15322899, year = {2004}, author = {Mills, MD and Rader, RB and Belk, MC}, title = {Complex interactions between native and invasive fish: the simultaneous effects of multiple negative interactions.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {141}, number = {4}, pages = {713-721}, pmid = {15322899}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Body Size ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; Cyprinidae/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Cyprinodontiformes/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Utah ; }, abstract = {We suggest that the ultimate outcome of interactions between native species and invasive species (extinction or coexistence) depends on the number of simultaneous negative interactions (competition and predation), which depends on relative body sizes of the species. Multiple simultaneous interactions may constrain the ability of native species to trade fitness components (i.e., reduced growth for reduced risk of predation) causing a spiral to extinction. We found evidence for five types of interactions between the adults and juveniles of introduced western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and the juveniles of native least chub (Iotichthys phlegethontis). We added ten large (23-28 mm) and seven small (9-13 mm) young-of-the-year (YOY) least chub to replicate enclosures with zero, low, and high densities of mosquitofish in a desert spring ecosystem. Treatments with mosquitofish reduced the average survival of least chub by one-third. No small YOY least chub survived in enclosures with high mosquitofish densities. We also performed two laboratory experiments to determine mortality to predation, aggressiveness, and habitat selection of least chub in the presence of mosquitofish. Mean mortality of least chub due to predation by large mosquitofish was 69.7% over a 3-h trial. Least chub were less aggressive, selected protected habitats (Potamogeton spp.), and were more stationary in the presence of mosquitofish where the dominance hierarchy was large mosquitofish>>large least chub approximately small mosquitofish>>small least chub. Least chub juveniles appear to be figuratively caught in a vice. Rapid growth to a size refuge could reduce the risk of predation, but the simultaneous effects of competition decreased least chub growth and prolonged the period when juveniles were vulnerable to mosquitofish predation.}, }
@article {pmid15303758, year = {2004}, author = {Wuertz, S and Okabe, S and Hausner, M}, title = {Microbial communities and their interactions in biofilm systems: an overview.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {49}, number = {11-12}, pages = {327-336}, pmid = {15303758}, issn = {0273-1223}, mesh = {Bacteria/*growth &amp; development ; *Biofilms ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis ; Genetics, Population ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Population Dynamics ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {Several important advances have been made in the study of biofilm microbial populations relating to their spatial structure (or architecture), their community structure, and their dependence on physicochemical parameters. With the knowledge that hydrodynamic forces influence biofilm architecture came the realization that metabolic processes may be enhanced if certain spatial structures can be forced. An example is the extent of plasmid-mediated horizontal gene transfer in biofilms. Recent in situ work in defined model systems has shown that the biofilm architecture plays a role for genetic transfer by bacterial conjugation in determining how far the donor cells can penetrate the biofilm. Open channels and pores allow for more efficient donor transport and hence more frequent cell collisions leading to rapid spread of the genes by horizontal gene transfer. Such insight into the physical environment of biofilms can be utilized for bioenhancement of catabolic processes by introduction of mobile genetic elements into an existing microbial community. If the donor organisms themselves persist, bioaugmentation can lead to successful establishment of newly introduced species and may be a more successful strategy than biostimulation (the addition of nutrients or specific carbon sources to stimulate the authochthonous population) as shown for an enrichment culture of nitrifying bacteria added to rotating disk biofilm reactors using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and microelectrode measurements of NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, and O2. However, few studies have been carried out on full-scale systems. Bioaugmentation and bioenhancement are most successful if a constant selective pressure can be maintained favoring the promulgation of the added enrichment culture. Overall, knowledge gain about microbial community interactions in biofilms continues to be driven by the availability of methods for the rapid analysis of microbial communities and their activities. Molecular tools can be grouped into those suitable for ex situ and in situ community analysis. Non-spatial community analysis, in the sense of assessing changes in microbial populations as a function of time or environmental conditions, relies on general fingerprinting methods, like DGGE and T-RFLP, performed on nucleic acids extracted from biofilm. These approaches have been most useful when combined with gene amplification, cloning and sequencing to assemble a phylogenetic inventory of microbial species. It is expected that the use of oligonucleotide microarrays will greatly facilitate the analysis of microbial communities and their activities in biofilms. Structure-activity relationships can be explored using incorporation of 13C-labeled substrates into microbial DNA and RNA to identify metabolically active community members. Finally, based on the DNA sequences in a biofilm, FISH probes can be designed to verify the abundance and spatial location of microbial community members. This in turn allows for in situ structure/function analysis when FISH is combined with microsensors, microautoradiography, and confocal laser scanning microscopy with advanced image analysis.}, }
@article {pmid15299986, year = {2004}, author = {Baroniene, V and Liagiene, D}, title = {[Distribution and growing possibilities of the medicinal woody plants in Lithuania].}, journal = {Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)}, volume = {40}, number = {8}, pages = {710-713}, pmid = {15299986}, issn = {1648-9144}, mesh = {Climate ; Humans ; Lithuania ; Phytotherapy/*trends ; Plant Preparations ; *Plants, Medicinal/classification/growth &amp; development ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The objective of the work was to collect and to publicize data about distribution and growing possibilities of native, introduced and suitable for introduction woody plants, containing some established medicinal properties, as a resource of material for medicinal preparations. It was established that 748 species of medicinal woody plants could be grown under Lithuanian climatic conditions: there are 65 native species of medicinal trees and shrubs, 421 introduced species and in addition 262 species of woody plants can be introduced. Out of all these plants, 368 species (49%) can be easily propagated and grown and are winter-hardy. The growing of 285 species (38%) is more difficult to some degree because of their more complicated propagation or care or less hardiness. Ninety-five species (13%) can be grown only in specialized collections. Thus, there are 262 species of woody medicinal plants, which can be introduced into Lithuania. In total 368 species of woody plants are promising as the resources of medicinal preparations in a broad scale and 285 species have medium perspectives.}, }
@article {pmid15288544, year = {2004}, author = {Smital, T and Luckenbach, T and Sauerborn, R and Hamdoun, AM and Vega, RL and Epel, D}, title = {Emerging contaminants--pesticides, PPCPs, microbial degradation products and natural substances as inhibitors of multixenobiotic defense in aquatic organisms.}, journal = {Mutation research}, volume = {552}, number = {1-2}, pages = {101-117}, doi = {10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.006}, pmid = {15288544}, issn = {0027-5107}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Drug Resistance, Multiple/*drug effects/genetics ; Fishes/*physiology ; Mollusca ; Pesticides/*toxicity ; Petroleum/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; Xenobiotics/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {The environmental presence of chemosensitizers or inhibitors of the multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) defense system in aquatic organisms could cause increase in intracellular accumulation and toxic effects of other xenobiotics normally effluxed by MXR transport proteins (P-glycoprotein (P-gps), MRPs). MXR inhibition with concomitant detrimental effects has been shown in several studies with aquatic organisms exposed to both model MXR inhibitors and environmental pollutants. The presence of MXR inhibitors has been demonstrated in environmental samples from polluted locations at concentrations that could abolish P-gp transport activity. However, it is not clear whether the inhibition observed after exposure to environmental samples is a result of saturation of MXR transport proteins by numerous substrates present in polluted waters or results from the presence of powerful MXR inhibitors. And are potent environmental MXR inhibitors natural or man-made chemicals? As a consequence of these uncertainties, no official action has been taken to monitor and control the release and presence of MXR inhibitors into aquatic environments. In this paper we present our new results addressing these critical questions. Ecotoxicological significance of MXR inhibition was supported in in vivo studies that demonstrated an increase in the production of mutagenic metabolites by mussels and an increase in the number of sea urchin embryos with apoptotic cells after exposure to model MXR inhibitors. We also demonstrated that MXR inhibitors are present among both conventional and emerging man-made pollutants: some pesticides and synthetic musk fragrances show extremely high MXR inhibitory potential at environmentally relevant concentrations. In addition, we emphasized the biological transformation of crude oil hydrocarbons into MXR inhibitors by oil-degrading bacteria, and the risk potentially caused by powerful natural MXR inhibitors produced by invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid15278843, year = {2004}, author = {Holt, RD}, title = {Temporal variation can facilitate niche evolution in harsh sink environments.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {164}, number = {2}, pages = {187-200}, doi = {10.1086/422343}, pmid = {15278843}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Environment ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {We examine the impact of temporal variation on adaptive evolution in "sink" environments, where a species encounters conditions outside its niche. Sink populations persist because of recurrent immigration from sources. Prior studies have highlighted the importance of demographic constraints on adaptive evolution in sinks and revealed that adaptation is less likely in harsher sinks. We examine two complementary models of population and evolutionary dynamics in sinks: a continuous-state quantitative-genetics model and an individual-based model. In the former, genetic variance is fixed; in the latter, genetic variance varies because of mutation, drift, and sampling. In both models, a population in a constant harsh sink environment can exist in alternative states: local maladaptation (phenotype comparable to immigrants from the source) or adaptation (phenotype near the local optimum). Temporal variation permits transitions between these states. We show that moderate amounts of temporal variation can facilitate adaptive evolution in sinks, permitting niche evolution, particularly for slow or autocorrelated variation. Such patterns of temporal variation may particularly pertain to sinks caused by biotic interactions (e.g., predation). Our results are relevant to the evolutionary dynamics of species' ranges, the fate of exotic invasive species, and the evolutionary emergence of infectious diseases into novel hosts.}, }
@article {pmid15278432, year = {2004}, author = {Rajaniemi, TK and Reynolds, HL}, title = {Root foraging for patchy resources in eight herbaceous plant species.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {141}, number = {3}, pages = {519-525}, pmid = {15278432}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Biomass ; Micronutrients/metabolism ; *Plant Development ; Plant Roots/*growth &amp; development ; *Soil ; }, abstract = {The root foraging strategy of a plant species can be characterized by measuring foraging scale, precision, and rate. Trade-offs among these traits have been predicted to contribute to coexistence of competitors. We tested for trade-offs among root foraging scale (total root mass and length of structural roots), precision (ln-ratio of root lengths in resource-rich and resource-poor patches), and rate (days required for roots to reach a resource-rich patch, or growth rate of roots within a resource-rich patch) in eight co-occurring species. We found that root foraging scale and precision were positively correlated, as were foraging scale and the rate of reaching patches. High relative growth rate of a species did not contribute to greater scale, precision, or rate of root foraging. Introduced species had greater foraging scale, precision, and rate than native species. The positive correlations between foraging scale and foraging precision and rate may give larger species a disproportionate advantage in competition for patchy soil resources, leading to size asymmetric competition below ground.}, }
@article {pmid15257390, year = {2004}, author = {Barbaresi, S and Tricarico, E and Gherardi, F}, title = {Factors inducing the intense burrowing activity of the red-swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, an invasive species.}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {91}, number = {7}, pages = {342-345}, doi = {10.1007/s00114-004-0533-9}, pmid = {15257390}, issn = {0028-1042}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; }, abstract = {The burrowing activity of the invasive red-swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, was studied along a 25-m-long transect in an irrigation ditch system in Italy. Our objective was to understand the factors inducing this species' intense digging, which can result in bank collapse and consequently in severe damage to both agricultural fields and natural ecosystems. Burrow morphology and position, together with their occupancy by crayfish and digging, were recorded once every 6 h for 10 consecutive days. The majority of burrows were simple, although a few had a chimney and were constructed at a farther distance from the water surface than simple burrows. Burrow occupancy and digging, together with their plugged/unplugged status, were constant throughout a 24-h cycle and were not related to any abiotic parameter of the habitat. Crayfish occupied and dug a burrow for a relatively short time (6 h on average). Once abandoned, old burrows were rarely reoccupied and often collapsed, while crayfish excavated new ones. As a result, the overall number of burrows increased. This massive use of banks by P. clarkii seems to be related to soil composition and humidity, which favour crayfish digging but also cause the easy collapse of burrows.}, }
@article {pmid15252729, year = {2004}, author = {Langkilde, T and Shine, R}, title = {Competing for crevices: interspecific conflict influences retreat-site selection in montane lizards.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {140}, number = {4}, pages = {684-691}, pmid = {15252729}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Agonistic Behavior/physiology ; Animals ; Body Weights and Measures ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; *Environment ; Lizards/*physiology ; Nesting Behavior/*physiology ; New South Wales ; Observation ; Social Dominance ; }, abstract = {Direct interference competition between sympatric taxa affects habitat use and shelter-site selection in species within most major vertebrate lineages. However, studies on interspecific social interference in reptiles largely have been confined to research on interactions between non-native (invasive) species and native fauna. Does interspecific interference also influence habitat use within natural assemblages of reptiles? We studied five broadly sympatric species of viviparous montane skinks within the genera Egernia and Eulamprus in southeastern Australia. Previous work has shown strong interspecific overlap in abiotic attributes of shelter-sites for these taxa, but no joint occupancy of retreats. Laboratory trials in which we manipulated the identity of co-occurring lizards revealed frequent displacement from "preferred" (hotter) shelters, with interspecific interactions more intense than intraspecific conflicts. The five species displayed a linear interspecific dominance hierarchy, with larger species displacing smaller taxa. Field manipulations confirmed that interspecific interactions between these species affect shelter-site use. We conclude that direct agonistic encounters between individuals of different species strongly influence habitat use by lizards within this assemblage.}, }
@article {pmid15245397, year = {2004}, author = {Buczkowski, G and Vargo, EL and Silverman, J}, title = {The diminutive supercolony: the Argentine ants of the southeastern United States.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {2235-2242}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02261.x}, pmid = {15245397}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Aggression/*physiology ; Animals ; Ants/*genetics/physiology ; California ; Demography ; Gene Frequency ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Population Dynamics ; Southeastern United States ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Native to Argentina and Brazil, the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) is an invasive species that has become established on six continents and many oceanic islands. In several parts of its introduced range, including the western United States, southern Europe and Chile, the Argentine ant is unicolonial, forming extensive supercolonies. We examined population genetic structure and intercolony aggression in two regions of the introduced range of this species in the United States: California and the southeastern United States. Our results show that the southeastern L. humile population has high genotypic variability and strong intercolony aggression relative to the California population. In the California population, intercolony aggression was absent and 23 alleles were found across seven polymorphic microsatellite loci. However, in the Southeast, aggression between colonies was high and 47 alleles were present across the same seven loci in an equal number of colonies. We suggest that distinctly different colonization patterns for California and the Southeast may be responsible for the striking disparity in the genetic diversity of introduced populations. Southeastern colonies may have descended from multiple, independent introductions from the native range, undergoing a bottleneck at each introduction. In contrast, the California supercolony may have originated from one or more colonies inhabiting the southeastern United States, thus experiencing a double bottleneck. The differences in present-day distribution patterns between California and the Southeast may be due to the combined effect of two factors: lower winter temperatures in the Southeast and/or competition with another successful and widely distributed ant invader, the fire ant Solenopsis invicta.}, }
@article {pmid15164274, year = {2004}, author = {Dech, JP and Nosko, P}, title = {Rapid growth and early flowering in an invasive plant, purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) during an El Niño spring.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, pages = {26-31}, pmid = {15164274}, issn = {0020-7128}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Climate ; *Flowers ; Lythrum/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Ontario ; Rain ; Seasons ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Phenological shifts may play a role in the success of invasive species, especially in association with climatic variability. We studied the response of a North American population of the invasive plant, Lythrum salicaria L., to changes in local climate associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation Event (ENSO) of 1997-1998. For L. salicaria plants at two wetland sites near North Bay, Ontario, Canada, we made weekly observations of flowering phenology and monthly measurements of aboveground biomass during the 1997 and 1998 growing seasons (April-October). Reproductive output was measured as cumulative length and biomass of inflorescences at the end of the growing season. Temperature and precipitation during the 1997 growing season were typical for the region and provided good baseline data for comparison to the full effects of the ENSO event in 1998, which increased spring temperatures and reduced precipitation in the study area. In response to these conditions, populations of L. salicaria began to flower 14 days earlier (Julian day = 181 +/- 10) in 1998 than in 1997 (Julian day = 195 +/- 12), and accumulated more aboveground biomass early in the growing season (P < 0.05). However, by the end of the growing season, there were no significant differences between years in aboveground biomass or total inflorescence lengths, and senescence of plants occurred at similar times for both growing seasons. Advances in spring phenology during ENSO events offer several potential advantages to L. salicaria, and could have a significant impact on biological control programs initiated for this species in North America.}, }
@article {pmid15154467, year = {2004}, author = {Petrice, TR and Strazanac, JS and Butler, L}, title = {A survey of hymenopteran parasitoids of forest macrolepidoptera in the central Appalachians.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, pages = {451-459}, doi = {10.1093/jee/97.2.451}, pmid = {15154467}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Appalachian Region ; *Hymenoptera/classification/growth &amp; development ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; *Lepidoptera/classification/growth &amp; development ; Population Density ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {In 1995 and 1996, we conducted a study of the hymenopteran parasitoids of macrolepidopteran larvae in the George Washington National Forest (GWNF), Augusta County, Virginia, and the Monongahela National Forest (MNF), Pocahontas County, West Virginia. Macrolepidopteran larvae were collected from canopy foliage and from under canvas bands placed around tree boles. A total of 115 macrolepidopteran species and 5,235 individual larvae were reared. Forty-two percent (2,221) of the larvae were gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lymantriidae). A total of 43 primary and secondary (hyperparasitoid) hymenopteran parasitoid species were reared from 46 macrolepidopteran species. Hymenopteran families represented included Ichneumonidae (23 species), Braconidae (19), Eulophidae (6), Perilampidae (1), and Trigonalidae (1). We reared 41 and 28 parasitoid species from the GWNF and the MNF, respectively, with 19 species reared from both forests. Many parasitoid species were collected infrequently, suggesting that they are relatively rare on the sampled hosts. The introduced species Cotesia melanoscela (Ratzeburg) (Braconidae), and Euplectrus bicolor (Swederus) (Eulophidae) were among the most commonly reared parasitoids, the latter reared from native hosts. The four most commonly reared native parasitoids were Meteorus hyphantriae, Riley (Braconidae), Microplitis near hyphantriae (Ashmead) (Braconidae), Aleiodes preclarus Marsh &amp; Shaw, and Euplectrus maculiventris (Westwood) (Eulophidae). A total of 53 new hymenopteran parasitoid-macrolepidopteran host records were documented. Results from this study will be used to evaluate long-term treatment effects of regional applications of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, and the gypsy moth fungus Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu &amp; Soper on hymenopteran parasitoids of macrolepidopteran larvae.}, }
@article {pmid15136741, year = {2004}, author = {Vredenburg, VT}, title = {Reversing introduced species effects: Experimental removal of introduced fish leads to rapid recovery of a declining frog.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {101}, number = {20}, pages = {7646-7650}, pmid = {15136741}, issn = {0027-8424}, support = {R01 ES012067/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; R01ES012067/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Ecology ; Larva ; *Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Population ; Population Density ; Predatory Behavior ; *Ranidae ; }, abstract = {Amphibian population declines and extinctions are occurring even in the world's least impacted areas. The introduction and spread of nonnative predators is one of many proposed causes of amphibian declines. Correlational studies have shown a negative relationship between introduced fishes and declining amphibians, but little direct experimental evidence is available. This study experimentally manipulated the presence and absence of widely introduced salmonids rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) to test the hypothesis that their introduction has contributed to the decline of the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa). From 1996 to 2003, the introduced trout were removed from 5 lakes in a remote protected area of the Sierra Nevada, and 16 nearby lakes were used as controls, 8 with introduced trout and 8 without. To determine the vulnerable life stage, rainbow trout were placed in cages in three lakes containing amphibians. Removal of introduced trout resulted in rapid recovery of frog populations, and, in the caging experiment, tadpoles were found to be vulnerable to trout predation. Together, these experiments illustrate that introduced trout are effective predators on R. muscosa tadpoles and suggest (i) that the introduction of trout is the most likely mechanism responsible for the decline of this mountain frog and (ii) that these negative effects can be reversed.}, }
@article {pmid15107570, year = {2004}, author = {Shinozaki, Y and Yoshizawa, K and Murata, K and Shiibashi, T and Kimura, J and Maruyama, S and Hayama, Y and Yoshida, H and Nogami, S}, title = {The first record of sucking louse, Neohaematopinus callosciuri, infesting pallas squirrels in Japan.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {66}, number = {3}, pages = {333-335}, doi = {10.1292/jvms.66.333}, pmid = {15107570}, issn = {0916-7250}, mesh = {Animals ; Anoplura/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Female ; Japan ; Lice Infestations/*veterinary ; Male ; Sciuridae/*parasitology ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {A species of sucking louse, Neohaematopinus callosciuri, was found for the first time in Japan. The species was found on an invasive species of squirrel, Pallas squirrel, Callosciurus erythraeus, in the Kamakura district, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. A total of 52 lice were obtained from 22 of 104 squirrels captured. The lice were about three times more prevalent in male squirrels than in females and were detected most frequently in the winter. As N. callosciuri has never been reported on wild animals in Japan, this species probably was introduced into Japan along with their host, Pallas squirrels.}, }
@article {pmid15067121, year = {2004}, author = {Brown, KA and Gurevitch, J}, title = {Long-term impacts of logging on forest diversity in Madagascar.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {101}, number = {16}, pages = {6045-6049}, pmid = {15067121}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {Madagascar ; Species Specificity ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Ecological perturbations can either be necessary for maintaining tropical forest diversity or responsible for its decline, depending on the scale, nature, and frequency of the disturbance. Anthropogenic disturbances such as logging and subsistence agriculture may promote the establishment of nonnative, invasive plant species, potentially affecting forest structure and diversity even long after the perturbation has ceased. We investigated the impacts of logging 50 and 150 years ago on tropical forest vegetation in Madagascar, a "hotspot" of biodiversity. Logging was the overriding factor influencing establishment of nonnative plants. Sites once logged never recovered native species diversity because of the dominance and persistence of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid15058387, year = {2004}, author = {Norris, K and Harper, N}, title = {Extinction processes in hot spots of avian biodiversity and the targeting of pre-emptive conservation action.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {271}, number = {1535}, pages = {123-130}, pmid = {15058387}, issn = {0962-8452}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Geography ; }, abstract = {Hot spots of endemism are regarded as important global sites for conservation as they are rich in threatened endemic species and currently experiencing extensive habitat loss. Targeting pre-emptive conservation action to sites that are currently relatively intact but which would be vulnerable to particular human activities if they occurred in the future is, however, also valuable but has received less attention. Here, we address this issue by using data on Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs). First, we identify the ecological factors that affect extinction risk in the face of particular human activities, and then use these insights to identify EBAs that should be priorities for pre-emptive conservation action. Threatened endemic species in EBAs are significantly more likely to be habitat specialists or relatively large-bodied than non-threatened species, when compared across avian families. Increasing habitat loss causes a significant increase in extinction risk among habitat specialists, but we found no evidence to suggest that the presence of alien species/human exploitation causes a significant increase in extinction risk among large-bodied species. This suggests that these particular human activities are contributing to high extinction risk among habitat specialists, but not among large-bodied species. Based on these analyses, we identify 39 EBAs containing 570 species (24% of the total in EBAs) that are not currently threatened with severe habitat loss, but would be ecologically vulnerable to future habitat loss should it occur. We show that these sites tend to be poorly represented in existing priority setting exercises involving hot spots, suggesting that vulnerability must be explicitly included within these exercises if such sites are to be adequately protected.}, }
@article {pmid15051245, year = {2004}, author = {Weis, JS and Weis, P}, title = {Metal uptake, transport and release by wetland plants: implications for phytoremediation and restoration.}, journal = {Environment international}, volume = {30}, number = {5}, pages = {685-700}, doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2003.11.002}, pmid = {15051245}, issn = {0160-4120}, mesh = {Adsorption ; Animals ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Metals, Heavy/*analysis/*metabolism ; Plant Leaves ; Poaceae/*chemistry/growth &amp; development ; Water Purification/*methods ; Water Supply ; }, abstract = {Marshes have been proposed as sites for phytoremediation of metals. The fate of metals within plant tissues is a critical issue for effectiveness of this process. In this paper we review studies that investigate the effects of plants on metals in wetlands. While most of these marsh plant species are similar in metal uptake patterns and in concentrating metals primarily in roots, some species retain more of their metal burden in below ground structures than other species, which redistribute a greater proportion of metals into above ground tissues, especially leaves. Storage in roots is most beneficial for phytostabilization of the metal contaminants, which are least available when concentrated below ground. Plants may alter the speciation of metals and may also suffer toxic effects as a result of accumulating them. Metals in leaves may be excreted through salt glands and thereby returned to the marsh environment. Metal concentrations of leaf and stem litter may become enriched in metals over time, due in part to cation adsorption or to incorporation of fine particles with adsorbed metals. Several studies suggest that metals in litter are available to deposit feeders and, thus, can enter estuarine food webs. Marshes, therefore, can be sources and well as sinks for metal contaminants. Phragmites australis, an invasive species in the northeast U.S. sequesters more metals below ground than the native Spartina alterniflora, which also releases more via leaf excretion. This information is important for the siting and use of wetlands for phytoremediation as well as for marsh restoration efforts.}, }
@article {pmid15041419, year = {2004}, author = {Endresen, &#xd8; and Lee Behrens, H and Brynestad, S and Bjørn Andersen, A and Skjong, R}, title = {Challenges in global ballast water management.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {48}, number = {7-8}, pages = {615-623}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.01.016}, pmid = {15041419}, issn = {0025-326X}, mesh = {*Environment ; Models, Theoretical ; Oceans and Seas ; *Risk Assessment ; *Ships ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid ; }, abstract = {Ballast water management is a complex issue raising the challenge of merging international regulations, ship's specific configurations along with ecological conservation. This complexity is illustrated in this paper by considering ballast water volume, discharge frequency, ship safety and operational issues aligned with regional characteristics to address ecological risk for selected routes. A re-estimation of ballast water volumes gives a global annual level of 3500 Mton. Global ballast water volume discharged into open sea originating from ballast water exchange operations is estimated to approximately 2800 Mton. Risk based decision support systems coupled to databases for different ports and invasive species characteristics and distributions can allow for differentiated treatment levels while maintaining low risk levels. On certain routes, the risk is estimated to be unacceptable and some kind of ballast water treatment or management should be applied.}, }
@article {pmid15016441, year = {2004}, author = {Dehnen-Schmutz, K and Perrings, C and Williamson, M}, title = {Controlling Rhododendron ponticum in the British Isles: an economic analysis.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, pages = {323-332}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2003.12.009}, pmid = {15016441}, issn = {0301-4797}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Data Collection ; Ecology ; Environment ; Forestry ; Humans ; *Models, Economic ; Pest Control/*economics ; Rhododendron/*growth &amp; development ; Social Conditions ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {What resources should be committed to the control of invasive species? This study is based on a survey of nature conservation and forestry authorities, wildlife trusts and private landowners which investigated the extent of the ecological and economic impacts of the invasive non-native plant Rhododendron ponticum in the British Isles. There are data on 52,000 ha of land affected by R. ponticum, more than 30,000 ha of it in nature reserves. For nearly all nature reserves, displacement of native species and habitat changes were both reported. In 2001, respondents controlled 1275 ha of R. ponticum at a cost of pound 670,924. To test the optimality of this, we apply a model of social expenditure. The external costs of R. ponticum control are estimated from the probability that it will spread to contiguous sites and the damage done on invaded sites. These are then used to calculate the socially optimal level of expenditure on R. ponticum control, and the funding gap it identified by comparing the result with current levels of expenditure. The results suggest that a socially optimal level of control effort requires a significant increase in social funding for R. ponticum control, although the size of the increase varies between landholders.}, }
@article {pmid15012372, year = {1999}, author = {Lattin, JD}, title = {Bionomics of the Anthocoridae.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {44}, number = {}, pages = {207-231}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.ento.44.1.207}, pmid = {15012372}, issn = {0066-4170}, abstract = {The family Anthocoridae (Hemiptera:Heteroptera) contains between 400 and 600 species distributed worldwide, chiefly on the continents but also on oceanic islands. They are small (1.4-4.5 mm) and common to a wide variety of habitats. Many are found in cryptic habitats such as galls, several widespread genera are surface feeders on small arthropods (Anthocoris, Orius, and Tetraphleps), and others can be found in ant nests and, especially, under bark. Wing polymorphism is common in this family, often associated with the cryptic habit. Most known species are predaceous, though some take plant food as well (e.g. Orius insidiosus, Orius pallidicornis). A few of these are believed to be entirely phytophagous (Paratriphleps laeviusculus). Their small size and often generalized feeding habits have resulted in about 30 introduced species, mostly accidental. A few have been introduced deliberately as biological control agents (Anthocoris spp., Montandoniola moraguesi, O. insidiosus, Orius tristicolor, and Tetraphleps spp.). Most nonindigenous species seem to have been distributed as a result of human activities, especially commerce. The predaceous habits of many Anthocoridae have attracted the attention of researchers who work in agroecosystems. Integrated pest management programs often include these predators, which has given us greater knowledge about these species than those found in natural ecosystems. Exciting discoveries about the attractiveness to these bugs of certain volatile plant and arthropod compounds are opening new areas of investigation into their chemical ecology. The reactions of these tiny predators will surely become better understood as a result.}, }
@article {pmid14997379, year = {2004}, author = {Rose, M and Hermanutz, L}, title = {Are boreal ecosystems susceptible to alien plant invasion? Evidence from protected areas.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {139}, number = {3}, pages = {467-477}, pmid = {14997379}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Monte Carlo Method ; Newfoundland and Labrador ; *Plant Development ; Population Dynamics ; Soil/analysis ; }, abstract = {Although biological invasion by alien species is a major contributor to loss of indigenous biological diversity, few studies have examined the susceptibility of the boreal biome to invasion. Based on studies of other ecosystems, we hypothesized that alien plants will be restricted to disturbed areas near human activity and will not be found in natural areas of boreal ecosystems in Gros Morne National Park (Canada), a protected area experiencing a wide range of disturbance regimes. The distribution of alien plants in the region was evaluated using surveys, and study sites were established in naturally and anthropogenically disturbed habitats that had been invaded. Within study sites, randomization tests evaluated the importance of disturbance to alien plant invasion by examining changes in environmental conditions and species abundance within various disturbance regimes, while the importance of site characteristics limiting the distribution of alien plants were examined using Canonical Correspondence Analysis. Consistent with studies in a variety of biomes, areas of high disturbance and human activity had the greatest abundance of resources and the highest percentage of alien species. However, contrary to our hypothesis, natural areas of boreal ecosystems were found susceptible to alien plant invasion. Vegetation types vulnerable to invasion include forests, riparian areas, fens, and alpine meadows. Natural disturbance occurring in these vegetation types caused increases in bare ground and/or light availability facilitating alien plant invasion. Although high soil pH was associated with alien plants in these areas, disturbance was not found to cause changes in soil pH, suggesting susceptibility to invasion is pre-determined by bedrock geology or other factors influencing soil pH. Moose (Alces alces), a non-native herbivore, acts as the primary conduit for alien plant invasion in GMNP by dispersing propagules and creating or prolonging disturbance by trampling and browsing vegetation. The recurrent nature of disturbance within the boreal biome and its interaction with site conditions and herbivores enables alien plants to persist away from areas of high human activity. Managers of natural lands should monitor such interactions to decrease the invasion potential of alien plants.}, }
@article {pmid14986391, year = {2003}, author = {Xie, Z and Chen, Z and Fan, D and Xiong, G}, title = {[Global consequences and control strategies of biological invasion].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {1795-1798}, pmid = {14986391}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Quarantine ; }, abstract = {Biological invasion is a worldwide ecological phenomenon, but its mechanism is still not very clear. Invasive species give impacts on native species and ecosystems through competitions, predations, changing habitats, and dispersing diseases. They pose an increasing threat to the composition and structure of natural communities across the globe. Biological invasion has been greatly damaging the ecological and evolutionary integrity of natural ecosystems, which will weaken the functions of the ecosystems and frequently cause natural disasters. A better understanding of the causes, patterns, predictability, consequences, and management options associated with this threat to biodiversity is necessary to guide managers, policy makers, researchers, and general publics. Biological invasion also causes huge economic losses, and 137 billion dollar losses per year from biological invasion were estimated in USA. Invasive diseases impair human health and kill thousands and thousands of people, and invasive bacteria lead to so serious social panic and turbulence that people could feel uneasy even when eating and sleeping. Biological invasion largely decreases global biodiversity, which will threaten the survival and development of our descendants. Three steps are used in prevention and control of biological invasions. Comprehensive quarantine is the most effective way to prevent exotic invasion by accident. Ecological evaluation and monitoring is helpful to avoid disasters from species introduction. Physical methods, chemical approaches and biological controls are used to eradicate and control the spread of invaded species. Before biological controls are chosen, risk analysis of controlling organism is needed. Ideally, there should be both pre-eradication assessment to tailor removal to avoid unwanted ecological effects and post-removal assessment of eradication effects on both the target organism and the invaded ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid14961333, year = {2001}, author = {Holland, BS}, title = {Invasion without a bottleneck: Microsatellite variation in natural and invasive populations of the brown mussel Perna perna (L).}, journal = {Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {3}, number = {5}, pages = {407-415}, doi = {10.1007/s1012601-0060-z}, pmid = {14961333}, issn = {1436-2228}, abstract = {Population-level genetic diversity of the brown mussel Perna perna was investigated using nuclear microsatellite markers in 6 natural and 6 invasive populations. A total of 448 individuals from 12 populations spanning the natural and introduced ranges of the brown mussel were scored for 2 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Wright's hierarchical F statistics (F(ST)), Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, Nei's genetic distance, and other descriptive statistics were used to quantify geographic population subdivision, and to estimate the number of migrants per generation. F(ST) values (0.007-0.042) revealed that genetic partitioning among populations was low. Microsatellite data revealed a slight difference in observed heterozygosity and no statistically significant differences in expected heterozygosity or allelic diversity between natural and introduced populations. Effective numbers of migrants (N(em)) per generation ranged from 6 to 35 individuals. The potential significance of an invasive species with high genetic variation in terms of the risk of establishment and conservation implications is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid14758534, year = {2004}, author = {Hager, HA}, title = {Competitive effect versus competitive response of invasive and native wetland plant species.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {139}, number = {1}, pages = {140-149}, pmid = {14758534}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Plant Development ; Population Dynamics ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development ; Water Supply ; }, abstract = {Non-native plants can have adverse effects on ecosystem structure and processes by invading and out-competing native plants. I examined the hypothesis that mature plants of non-native and native species exert differential effects on the growth of conspecific and heterospecific seedlings by testing predictions that (1) invasive vegetation has a stronger suppressive effect on seedlings than does native vegetation, (2) seedlings of invasive species are better able to grow in established vegetation than are native seedlings, and (3) invasive species facilitate conspecific and inhibit heterospecific seedling growth. I measured growth rates and interaction intensities for seedlings of four species that were transplanted into five wetland monoculture types: invasive Lythrum salicaria; native L. alatum, Typha angustifolia, T. latifolia; unvegetated control. Invasive L. salicaria had the strongest suppressive effect on actual and per-individual bases, but not on a per-gram basis. Seedlings of T. latifolia were better able to grow in established vegetation than were those of L. salicaria and T. angustifolia. These results suggest that L. salicaria is not a good invader of established vegetation, but once established, it is fairly resistant to invasion. Thus, it is likely that disturbance of established vegetation facilitates invasion by L. salicaria, allowing it to compete with other species in even-aged stands where its high growth rate and consequent production of aboveground biomass confer a competitive advantage.}, }
@article {pmid14753624, year = {2003}, author = {Halstead, JM and Michaud, J and Hallas-Burt, S and Gibbs, JP}, title = {Hedonic analysis of effects of a nonnative invader (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) on New Hampshire (USA) lakefront properties.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, pages = {391-398}, pmid = {14753624}, issn = {0364-152X}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; Forecasting ; *Magnoliopsida ; *Models, Theoretical ; New Hampshire ; Pest Control ; Population Dynamics ; Recreation ; Risk Assessment ; Ships ; Swimming ; *Water Supply ; }, abstract = {Introduced species are a major threat to the planet's ecosystems and one of the major causes of species extinction. This study deals with some of the economic impacts of one of these "invaders," variable milfoil. Variable milfoil can clog water-bodies, cause boating and swimming hazards, and crowd out native species. This study analyzed the effects of variable milfoil on shoreline property values at selected New Hampshire lakes. Results indicate that property values on lakes experiencing milfoil infestation may be considerably lower than similar properties on uninfested lakes. Results are highly sensitive to specification (variable selection) of the hedonic equation.}, }
@article {pmid14740288, year = {2004}, author = {Myers, JA and Vellend, M and Gardescu, S and Marks, PL}, title = {Seed dispersal by white-tailed deer: implications for long-distance dispersal, invasion, and migration of plants in eastern North America.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {139}, number = {1}, pages = {35-44}, pmid = {14740288}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Animals ; *Deer ; Feeding Behavior ; *Movement ; North America ; Plants, Edible ; Population Dynamics ; *Seeds ; Territoriality ; }, abstract = {For many plant species in eastern North America, short observed seed dispersal distances (ranging up to a few tens of meters) fail to explain rapid rates of invasion and migration. This discrepancy points to a substantial gap in our knowledge of the mechanisms by which seeds are dispersed long distances. We investigated the potential for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimm.), the dominant large herbivore in much of eastern North America, to disperse seeds via endozoochory. This is the first comprehensive study of seed dispersal by white-tailed deer, despite a vast body of research on other aspects of their ecology. More than 70 plant species germinated from deer feces collected over a 1-year period in central New York State, USA. Viable seeds included native and alien herbs, shrubs, and trees, including several invasive introduced species, from the full range of habitat types in the local flora. A mean of >30 seeds germinated per fecal pellet group, and seeds were dispersed during all months of the year. A wide variety of presumed dispersal modes were represented (endo- and exozoochory, wind, ballistic, ant, and unassisted). The majority were species with small-seeded fruits having no obvious adaptations for dispersal, underscoring the difficulty of inferring dispersal ability from diaspore morphology. Due to their broad diet, wide-ranging movements, and relatively long gut retention times, white-tailed deer have tremendous potential for effecting long-distance seed dispersal via ingestion and defecation. We conclude that white-tailed deer represent a significant and previously unappreciated vector of seed dispersal across the North American landscape, probably contributing an important long-distance component to the seed shadows of hundreds of plant species, and providing a mechanism to help explain rapid rates of plant migration.}, }
@article {pmid14737709, year = {2003}, author = {Rouget, M and Richardson, DM}, title = {Inferring process from pattern in plant invasions: a semimechanistic model incorporating propagule pressure and environmental factors.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {162}, number = {6}, pages = {713-724}, doi = {10.1086/379204}, pmid = {14737709}, issn = {0003-0147}, mesh = {*Environment ; Geography ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Seedlings/*physiology ; South Africa ; Species Specificity ; Trees/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Propagule pressure is intuitively a key factor in biological invasions: increased availability of propagules increases the chances of establishment, persistence, naturalization, and invasion. The role of propagule pressure relative to disturbance and various environmental factors is, however, difficult to quantify. We explored the relative importance of factors driving invasions using detailed data on the distribution and percentage cover of alien tree species on South Africa's Agulhas Plain (2,160 km2). Classification trees based on geology, climate, land use, and topography adequately explained distribution but not abundance (canopy cover) of three widespread invasive species (Acacia cyclops, Acacia saligna, and Pinus pinaster). A semimechanistic model was then developed to quantify the roles of propagule pressure and environmental heterogeneity in structuring invasion patterns. The intensity of propagule pressure (approximated by the distance from putative invasion foci) was a much better predictor of canopy cover than any environmental factor that was considered. The influence of environmental factors was then assessed on the residuals of the first model to determine how propagule pressure interacts with environmental factors. The mediating effect of environmental factors was species specific. Models combining propagule pressure and environmental factors successfully predicted more than 70% of the variation in canopy cover for each species.}, }
@article {pmid14703916, year = {2003}, author = {Loehle, C}, title = {Competitive displacement of trees in response to environmental change or introduction of exotics.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {106-115}, pmid = {14703916}, issn = {0364-152X}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environmental Monitoring ; Forecasting ; *Greenhouse Effect ; *Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Trees/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Various global change factors such as natural and anthropogenic climate change, tropospheric ozone, CO2, SO2, and nitrogen deposition affect forest growth, but in species-specific ways. Since even small differences in growth rates between competing species can lead to eventual competitive exclusion, it is important to know the rate at which displacement might occur. Similarly, invasive species may displace native species and cause their extinction. A simulation study of displacement velocity was conducted. Competitive displacement between pairs of similar tree species in which one species has a growth advantage produced trajectories that fit an exponential decay model, leading to the use of the half-life as a useful summary statistic. At any given level of growth differential, the half-life for shade-tolerant species was found to be much longer than for shade-intolerant species due to the ability of shade-tolerant species to survive even when their growth is very slow. Trees with longer life-spans also persisted longer, but this effect was weaker than the shade-tolerance effect. Disturbances speeded up displacement by increasing tumover. For short-lived, intolerant species with a 20% disturbance rate and 20% growth suppression, the estimate of an approximately 100-year half-life could be considered a precipitous rate of decline, with a risk of extinction at about 500 years. In the absence of disturbance, and with a 20% growth reduction or differential between competing species, half-lives for species replacement ranged from 100+ to nearly 800 years. With lesser growth differentials, half-lives are much longer. Such gradual competitive displacement processes will be very difficult to detect in the field over periods of even decades. Results of this study have implications for exotic species invasions. It is predicted that intact forest is not truly resistant to invasion, but that invasion of shade-tolerant tree species should be very slow. Invasion of shade-intolerant species is predicted to be accelerated by disturbance, as has been frequently observed. Results of the simulations were supported by data compiled from several parts of the world.}, }
@article {pmid14700193, year = {2003}, author = {Rigaud, T and Moret, Y}, title = {Differential phenoloxidase activity between native and invasive gammarids infected by local acanthocephalans: differential immunosuppression?.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {127}, number = {Pt 6}, pages = {571-577}, doi = {10.1017/s0031182003004050}, pmid = {14700193}, issn = {0031-1820}, mesh = {Acanthocephala/*growth &amp; development/immunology ; Animals ; Crustacea/*enzymology/immunology/*parasitology ; Female ; France ; Hemolymph/enzymology/immunology/parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Immunosuppression Therapy ; Male ; Monophenol Monooxygenase/immunology/*metabolism ; Regression Analysis ; }, abstract = {Manipulative endoparasites can alter the behaviour and the physiology of their intermediate hosts in ways that increase the probability of successful transmission to the final host. This requires that the parasite is able to circumvent its host's immune defence. Successful immune evasion may depend on host-parasite coevolutionary history and the appearance of new hosts invading the local host population may promote local parasite maladaptation. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of 2 acanthocephalan parasites, Pomphorhynchus laevis and Polymorphus minutus, on the immunity of their local and new invasive gammarid intermediate hosts, respectively Gammarus pulex and Gammarus roeseli. We found that infection by each parasite was correlated with a decrease, at different degrees, of the standing level of immune defence in local hosts--measured as the phenoloxidase (PO) enzyme activity--whereas invasive hosts infected by P. laevis had their PO-enzyme activity enhanced. These results suggest that these acanthocephalans evade their local host immune response through immunosuppression but cannot evade the immune response of their new invasive host. The potential role of this maladaptation on the success of invasive species is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid14699045, year = {2004}, author = {Briskie, JV and Mackintosh, M}, title = {Hatching failure increases with severity of population bottlenecks in birds.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {101}, number = {2}, pages = {558-561}, pmid = {14699045}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Genetic Variation ; Population Dynamics ; *Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Severe bottlenecks can reduce genetic diversity and increase inbreeding as individuals are forced to mate with close relatives, but it is unknown at what minimum population size the negative fitness consequences of bottlenecks are expressed. The New Zealand avifauna contains a large number of species that have gone through bottlenecks of varying severity, providing an exceptional opportunity to test this question by using the comparative method. Using decreased hatchability as a measure of fitness costs, we found that hatching failure was significantly greater among both native and introduced species that had passed through bottlenecks of <150 individuals. Comparisons between pre- and postbottleneck populations of introduced species suggest that hatching problems arise even in populations founded by <600 individuals. Our study confirms that hatching failure is widespread and persistent among birds passing through severe bottlenecks and that the population sizes at which this fitness cost is expressed are several times greater than the number of individuals currently used to found most new populations of endangered species. We recommend that conservation managers revise the protocols they use for reintroductions or they may unwittingly reduce the long-term viability of the species they are trying to save.}, }
@article {pmid14667361, year = {2003}, author = {Drake, JM}, title = {The paradox of the parasites: implications for biological invasion.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {270 Suppl 2}, number = {Suppl 2}, pages = {S133-5}, pmid = {14667361}, issn = {0962-8452}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; Parasites/*pathogenicity ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The enemy-release hypothesis for biological invasions supposes that invasive species may be more successful in their introduced ranges than in their native ranges owing to the absence of coevolved natural enemies. Recent studies supporting this hypothesis have found that introduced plants and animals are less parasitized in their introduced ranges than in their native ranges. Expanding on this theory, I hypothesize that the role of enemy release may differ among the introduction, establishment and spread phases of an invasion. I present a simple model indicating that parasite release is unlikely to greatly affect the chance of establishment in populations with and without an immune subpopulation. The specific numerical relationship between the number of individuals introduced and the chance of establishment depends on a relationship between virulence, here conceptualized as the chance for the extinction of a lineage, and the fraction of the population infected at introduction. These results support the idea of a 'filter effect' in which different biological processes regulate the different phases of an invasion.}, }
@article {pmid14653636, year = {2003}, author = {Mawhinney, WA}, title = {Restoring biodiversity in the Gwydir Wetlands through environmental flows.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {48}, number = {7}, pages = {73-81}, pmid = {14653636}, issn = {0273-1223}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; Disasters ; Ecosystem ; *Environment Design ; Environmental Monitoring ; New South Wales ; Plant Development ; *Rivers ; Water Movements ; *Water Supply ; }, abstract = {As part of the Water Reforms process, environmental flow rules have been progressively implemented in New South Wales rivers. The Integrated Monitoring of Environmental Flows (IMEF) is a major project established to better understand how rivers and associated wetlands respond to environmental water allocations. The results presented here represent the vegetation data collected for the testing of the hypothesis that "protecting or restoring a portion of freshes and high flows and otherwise maintaining natural flow variability will replenish anabranches and riverine wetlands, restoring their biodiversity". The study site is the Ramsar listed Gwydir Wetlands, located on the Gingham and Gwydir (Big Leather) Watercourses in the Lower Gwydir Valley, 100 km west of Moree. The expansion of irrigated agriculture in the lower Gwydir valley has severely altered flow regimes in the wetlands. The spread of the weed Phyla canescens (Lippia) is of major concern to landholders in the Gwydir Wetlands. Results indicate that Paspalum distichum (Water couch) and Eleocharis plana (Ribbed spike-rush) can maintain dominance over Phyla canescens if flooding occurs on a semi-regular basis. Conversely, Eichhornia crassipes (Water hyacinth) is a rampant noxious weed of open water in the Gwydir Wetlands, and has quickly spread in areas that are inundated for long periods. Management of this weed requires periodic drying of the wetlands to cause desiccation and death of the plants. The flooding requirement of individual species and plant associations in the Gwydir Wetlands are currently not fully understood. By providing better information on the consequence of different flows, the IMEF project will help to develop better management strategies to shift the dominance from introduced species such as P. canescens and E. crassipes to more desirable native plant species.}, }
@article {pmid14629385, year = {2003}, author = {Tsutsui, ND and Kauppinen, SN and Oyafuso, AF and Grosberg, RK}, title = {The distribution and evolutionary history of Wolbachia infection in native and introduced populations of the invasive argentine ant (Linepithema humile).}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {3057-3068}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01979.x}, pmid = {14629385}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*microbiology ; Base Sequence ; Bayes Theorem ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; *Genetics, Population ; *Geography ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Wolbachia/*genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia pipientis is a maternally transmitted bacterium that often alters the life history of its insect host to maximize transmission to subsequent generations. Here we report on the frequency and distribution of Wolbachia infection in a widespread invasive species, the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile). We screened 1175 individual Argentine ants from 89 nests on five continents and several islands, including numerous locations in both the native (South American) and introduced ranges. We detected Wolbachia in four of 11 native populations, but only one of 21 introduced populations was infected. In the Argentine ant's native range, the distribution of Wolbachia supergroups A and B was nonoverlapping. By coupling infection frequency data with behaviourally defined colony boundaries, we show that infected and uninfected colonies are often adjacent to one another, supporting the proposition that little female-mediated gene flow occurs among Argentine ant colonies. We also conduct a phylogenetic analysis, and show that the Wolbachia infecting both native and introduced populations of Argentine ants belong to two lineages that appear to be specialized on infecting New World ants. One other lineage of Wolbachia has undergone frequent, recent episodes of horizontal transmission between distantly related, introduced insect hosts.}, }
@article {pmid14595554, year = {2004}, author = {Dunstan, PK and Johnson, CR}, title = {Invasion rates increase with species richness in a marine epibenthic community by two mechanisms.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {138}, number = {2}, pages = {285-292}, pmid = {14595554}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environment ; *Invertebrates ; Marine Biology ; Mortality ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {It is widely believed that, when extrinsic conditions are similar, the likelihood of species invading established assemblages decreases with increasing species richness of the recipient community. Here we show that, for a sessile marine invertebrate community, invasion of patches increases with richness of the patch. We show that invasions can increase with local species richness by two distinct mechanisms. In the first, opportunistic colonisers with traits typical of invasive species colonise species-rich patches at higher rates because speciose patches are dominated by small colonies and mortality rates of small colonies are greater than that of large ones. Thus, mortality provides bare space for opportunists to colonise more frequently in species-rich patches. In the second, some species avoid colonising open areas of free space but preferentially associate with established colonies of particular other species, and a given preferred associate is more likely to occur in species-rich than in species-poor patches. These patterns are the result of particular properties of individual species and local species dynamics, and show that reduced risk of invasion is not necessarily an intrinsic property of species-rich communities. We conclude that resistance to invasion will be determined by the properties of the particular component species and emergent dynamics of the recipient community, and not by an aggregate community property such as richness.}, }
@article {pmid14595028, year = {2003}, author = {Seabloom, EW and Harpole, WS and Reichman, OJ and Tilman, D}, title = {Invasion, competitive dominance, and resource use by exotic and native California grassland species.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {100}, number = {23}, pages = {13384-13389}, pmid = {14595028}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {California ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Light ; Nitrates/metabolism ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Seeds ; Soil ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The dynamics of invasive species may depend on their abilities to compete for resources and exploit disturbances relative to the abilities of native species. We test this hypothesis and explore its implications for the restoration of native ecosystems in one of the most dramatic ecological invasions worldwide, the replacement of native perennial grasses by exotic annual grasses and forbs in 9.2 million hectares of California grasslands. The long-term persistence of these exotic annuals has been thought to imply that the exotics are superior competitors. However, seed-addition experiments in a southern California grassland revealed that native perennial species, which had lower requirements for deep soil water, soil nitrate, and light, were strong competitors, and they markedly depressed the abundance and fecundity of exotic annuals after overcoming recruitment limitations. Native species reinvaded exotic grasslands across experimentally imposed nitrogen, water, and disturbance gradients. Thus, exotic annuals are not superior competitors but rather may dominate because of prior disturbance and the low dispersal abilities and extreme current rarity of native perennials. If our results prove to be general, it may be feasible to restore native California grassland flora to at least parts of its former range.}, }
@article {pmid14566557, year = {2004}, author = {Holway, DA and Suarez, AV}, title = {Colony-structure variation and interspecific competitive ability in the invasive Argentine ant.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {138}, number = {2}, pages = {216-222}, pmid = {14566557}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {*Aggression ; Animals ; *Ants ; Female ; Male ; Phenotype ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {The success of some invasive species may depend on phenotypic changes that occur following introduction. In Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) introduced populations typically lack intraspecific aggression, but native populations display such behavior commonly. We employ three approaches to examine how this behavioral shift might influence interspecific competitive ability. In a laboratory experiment, we reared colonies of Forelius mccooki with pairs of Argentine ant colonies that either did or did not exhibit intraspecific aggression. F. mccooki reared with intraspecifically non-aggressive pairs of Argentine ants produced fewer eggs, foraged less actively, and supported fewer living workers than those reared with intraspecifically aggressive pairs. At natural contact zones between competing colonies of L. humile and F. mccooki, the introduction of experimental Argentine ant colonies that fought with conspecific field colonies caused L. humile to abandon baits in the presence of F. mccooki, whereas the introduction of colonies that did not fight with field colonies of Argentine ants resulted in L. humile retaining possession of baits. Additional evidence for the potential importance of colony- structure variation comes from the Argentine ant's native range. At a site along the Rio de la Plata in Argentina, we found an inverse relationship between ant richness and density of L. humile (apparently a function of local differences in colony structure) in two different years of sampling.}, }
@article {pmid14558589, year = {2003}, author = {Courchamp, F and Chapuis, JL and Pascal, M}, title = {Mammal invaders on islands: impact, control and control impact.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, pages = {347-383}, doi = {10.1017/s1464793102006061}, pmid = {14558589}, issn = {1464-7931}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; *Geography ; Mammals/*physiology ; Population Control ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {The invasion of ecosystems by exotic species is currently viewed as one of the most important sources of biodiversity loss. The largest part of this loss occurs on islands, where indigenous species have often evolved in the absence of strong competition, herbivory, parasitism or predation. As a result, introduced species thrive in those optimal insular ecosystems affecting their plant food, competitors or animal prey. As islands are characterised by a high rate of endemism, the impacted populations often correspond to local subspecies or even unique species. One of the most important taxa concerning biological invasions on islands is mammals. A small number of mammal species is responsible for most of the damage to invaded insular ecosystems: rats, cats, goats, rabbits, pigs and a few others. The effect of alien invasive species may be simple or very complex, especially since a large array of invasive species, mammals and others, can be present simultaneously and interact among themselves as well as with the indigenous species. In most cases, introduced species generally have a strong impact and they often are responsible for the impoverishment of the local flora and fauna. The best response to these effects is almost always to control the alien population, either by regularly reducing their numbers, or better still, by eradicating the population as a whole from the island. Several types of methods are currently used: physical (trapping, shooting), chemical (poisoning) and biological (e.g. directed use of diseases). Each has its own set of advantages and disadvantages, depending on the mammal species targeted. The best strategy is almost always to combine several methods. Whatever the strategy used, its long-term success is critically dependent on solid support from several different areas, including financial support, staff commitment, and public support, to name only a few. In many cases, the elimination of the alien invasive species is followed by a rapid and often spectacular recovery of the impacted local populations. However, in other cases, the removal of the alien is not sufficient for the damaged ecosystem to revert to its former state, and complementary actions, such as species re-introduction, are required. A third situation may be widespread: the sudden removal of the alien species may generate a further disequilibrium, resulting in further or greater damage to the ecosystem. Given the numerous and complex population interactions among island species, it is difficult to predict the outcome of the removal of key species, such as a top predator. This justifies careful pre-control study and preparation prior to initiating the eradication of an alien species, in order to avoid an ecological catastrophe. In addition, long-term monitoring ofthe post-eradication ecosystem is crucial to assess success and prevent reinvasion.}, }
@article {pmid14558455, year = {2003}, author = {Pagano, A and Dubois, A and Lesbarrères, D and Lodé, T}, title = {Frog alien species: a way for genetic invasion?.}, journal = {Comptes rendus biologies}, volume = {326 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {S85-92}, doi = {10.1016/s1631-0691(03)00043-x}, pmid = {14558455}, issn = {1631-0691}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Europe ; France ; Genetic Markers ; Genetic Variation ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Rana ridibunda/classification/*genetics ; Ranidae/classification/*genetics ; Species Specificity ; Turkey ; }, abstract = {European water frogs are characterized by anthropic introductions and Rana ridibunda may be considered as an invasive species. As such translocations may result in introgression of exotic genes in native populations, i.e. genetic pollution, we studied genetic characteristics (on 11 allozymic loci) of natural versus introduced water frogs. Our study contributed to (1) disclose 3 genetic markers allowing the identification of exotic frogs; (2) quantify the proportion of exotic frogs found in natural populations; and (3) suggest how genetic pollution may arise in these frogs.}, }
@article {pmid14557868, year = {2004}, author = {Huxman, TE and Cable, JM and Ignace, DD and Eilts, JA and English, NB and Weltzin, J and Williams, DG}, title = {Response of net ecosystem gas exchange to a simulated precipitation pulse in a semi-arid grassland: the role of native versus non-native grasses and soil texture.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {141}, number = {2}, pages = {295-305}, pmid = {14557868}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Arizona ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Particle Size ; Photosynthesis/physiology ; Plant Transpiration/physiology ; Poaceae/metabolism/*physiology ; *Rain ; Seasons ; *Soil ; Time Factors ; Water/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Physiological activity and structural dynamics in arid and semi-arid ecosystems are driven by discrete inputs or "pulses" of growing season precipitation. Here we describe the short-term dynamics of ecosystem physiology in experimental stands of native (Heteropogon contortus) and invasive (Eragrostis lehmanniana) grasses to an irrigation pulse across two geomorphic surfaces with distinctly different soils: a Pleistocene-aged surface with high clay content in a strongly horizonated soil, and a Holocene-aged surface with low clay content in homogenously structured soils. We evaluated whole-ecosystem and leaf-level CO2 and H2O exchange, soil CO2 efflux, along with plant and soil water status to understand potential constraints on whole-ecosystem carbon exchange during the initiation of the summer monsoon season. Prior to the irrigation pulse, both invasive and native grasses had less negative pre-dawn water potentials (Psipd), greater leaf photosynthetic rates (Anet) and stomatal conductance (gs), and greater rates of net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) on the Pleistocene surface than on the Holocene. Twenty-four hours following the experimental application of a 39 mm irrigation pulse, soil CO2 efflux increased leading to all plots losing CO2 to the atmosphere over the course of a day. Invasive species stands had greater evapotranspiration rates (ET) immediately following the precipitation pulse than did native stands, while maximum instantaneous NEE increased for both species and surfaces at roughly the same rate. The differential ET patterns through time were correlated with an earlier decline in NEE in the invasive species as compared to the native species plots. Plots with invasive species accumulated between 5% and 33% of the carbon that plots with the native species accumulated over the 15-day pulse period. Taken together, these results indicate that system CO2 efflux (both the physical displacement of soil CO2 by water along with plant and microbial respiration) strongly controls whole-ecosystem carbon exchange during precipitation pulses. Since CO2 and H2O loss to the atmosphere was partially driven by species effects on soil microclimate, understanding the mechanistic relationships between the soil characteristics, plant ecophysiological responses, and canopy structural dynamics will be important for understanding the effects of shifting precipitation and vegetation patterns in semi-arid environments.}, }
@article {pmid14510202, year = {2003}, author = {Greenway, M}, title = {Suitability of macrophytes for nutrient removal from surface flow constructed wetlands receiving secondary treated sewage effluent in Queensland, Australia.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {121-128}, pmid = {14510202}, issn = {0273-1223}, mesh = {Biodegradation, Environmental ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota ; Filtration ; Nitrogen/isolation &amp; purification ; Phosphorus/isolation &amp; purification ; *Plants ; Queensland ; Water Movements ; Water Purification/*methods ; }, abstract = {From a botanical perspective the major difference between waste stabilisation ponds and wetlands is the dominance of algae or floating plants in the former and emergent plants in the latter. Algae, floating and submerged plants remove nutrients directly from the water column whereas emergent species remove nutrients from the sediment. Water depth is a crucial factor in determining which plant types will become established. Surface flow constructed wetlands offer the greatest potential to grow a wide variety of different types of macrophytes. In assessing the suitability of plant species for nutrient removal, consideration must be given not only to nutrient uptake for growth but also storage of nutrients as plant biomass. A survey of macrophytes in 15 surface flow constructed wetlands treating secondary effluent was conducted in Queensland; 63 native species and 14 introduced species were found. Emergent species have been able to tolerate deeper water than in their natural environment and permanent waterlogging. All species grew well in the higher nutrient enriched wastewater. Submerged, floating leaved-attached and free floating species had the highest tissue nutrient content, followed by aquatic creepers. All these species remove nutrients from the water column. Emergent species had lower nutrient content but a greater biomass and were therefore able to store more nutrients per unit area of wetland. In order to maximise the efficiency of constructed wetlands for nutrient removal, a range of species should be used. Native species should be selected in preference to introduced/exotic species.}, }
@article {pmid14503581, year = {2003}, author = {Ovruski, S and Schliserman, P and Aluja, M}, title = {Native and introduced host plants of Anastrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northwestern Argentina.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {96}, number = {4}, pages = {1108-1118}, doi = {10.1093/jee/96.4.1108}, pmid = {14503581}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Citrus ; *Fruit ; Moraceae ; Myrtaceae ; Rosaceae ; Tephritidae/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Wild or commercially grown, native and exotic fruit were collected in 30 localities in the Tucumán province (NW Argentina) from January 1990 to December 1995 to determine their status as hosts of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) and/or Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), the only two fruit fly species of economic and quarantine importance in Argentina. A total of 84,094 fruit (3,466.1 kg) representing 33 species (7 native and 26 exotic) in 15 plant families were sampled. We determined the following 17 host plant associations: Annona cherimola Miller (Annonaceae), Citrus paradisi Macfadyn (Rutaceae), Diospyros kaki L. (Ebenaceae), Eugenia uniflora L., Psidium guajava L., Myrcianthes pungens (Berg) Legrand (Myrtaceae), Ficus carica L. (Moraceae), Juglans australis Grisebach (Juglandaceae), Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl., Prunus armeniaca L., P. domestica L., and P. persica (L.) Batsch (Rosaceae) were infested by both A. fraterculus and C. capitata. Citrus aurantium L., Citrus reticulata Blanco, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae), and Passiflora caerulea L. (Passifloraceae) were only infested by Ceratitis capitata. Out of a total of 99,627 adults that emerged from pupae, 69,180 (approximately 69.5%) were Anastrepha fraterculus, 30,138 (approximately 30.2%) were C. capitata, and 309 (approximately 0.3%) were an unidentified Anastrepha species. Anastrepha fraterculus predominated in native plant species while C. capitata did so in introduced species. Infestation rates (number of larvae/kg of fruit) varied sharply from year to year and between host plant species (overall there was a significant negative correlation between fruit size and infestation level). We provide information on fruiting phenology of all the reported hosts and discuss our findings in light of their practical (e.g., management of A. fraterculus and C. capitata in citrus groves) implications.}, }
@article {pmid13677368, year = {2003}, author = {Ashford, DA and Savage, HM and Hajjeh, RA and McReady, J and Bartholomew, DM and Spiegel, RA and Vorndam, V and Clark, GG and Gubler, DG}, title = {Outbreak of dengue fever in Palau, Western Pacific: risk factors for infection.}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, pages = {135-140}, pmid = {13677368}, issn = {0002-9637}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aedes/classification/virology ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Animals ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dengue/*epidemiology/*etiology ; Dengue Virus/isolation &amp; purification ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Insect Vectors ; Male ; Medical Records ; Middle Aged ; Palau/epidemiology ; Rain ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Between January and June 1995, an outbreak of dengue fever occurred in Palau, an island nation of 32,000 inhabitants in the Western Pacific. To determine the magnitude of this outbreak and to determine modifiable risk factors to guide control strategies, we established active surveillance at the national hospital and private clinics, reviewed available clinical records, and conducted serologic and entomologic surveys. Between January 1 and July 1, 1995, 817 case-patients with acute febrile illness with body or joint aches and one of the following: headache, rash, nausea, vomiting, or hemorrhagic manifestations presented to health facilities in Palau. The epidemic peaked in the second week of April 1995. Of 338 case-patients tested, 254 (75%) had positive serologic results by an IgM capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Dengue 4 virus was isolated from 78 (51%) of 154 serum samples tested. Blood samples collected during a cross-sectional survey were tested for IgM antibody and yielded an attack ratio of 27% (95% confidence interval = 23-31%). Potential vectors included the introduced species Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, and the native species Ae. hensilli. Significant risk factors (P < or = 0.05) for infection included age < 20 years, the presence of food or water pans for animals on the property, taro farming, the presence of Ae. aegypti on the property, and presence of Ae. scutellaris group mosquitoes (Ae. Hensilli, Ae. albopictus, and a native species). This was the first outbreak of dengue 4 virus in the Western Pacific, and the first documented epidemic of dengue in Palau since 1988.}, }
@article {pmid12966954, year = {2003}, author = {Pelley, J}, title = {Invasive species drives selenium poisoning.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {37}, number = {15}, pages = {275A-276A}, doi = {10.1021/es032529c}, pmid = {12966954}, issn = {0013-936X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; *Bivalvia ; Body Burden ; *Food Chain ; Great Lakes Region ; Population Dynamics ; Risk Assessment ; Selenium/*pharmacokinetics/*poisoning ; Tissue Distribution ; Water Pollutants/*pharmacokinetics/*poisoning ; }, }
@article {pmid12963289, year = {2003}, author = {Swaminathan, MS}, title = {Bio-diversity: an effective safety net against environmental pollution.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {126}, number = {3}, pages = {287-291}, doi = {10.1016/s0269-7491(03)00241-0}, pmid = {12963289}, issn = {0269-7491}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Bioterrorism ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Health ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; *Environmental Pollution ; }, abstract = {Biodiversity is the feedstock for the biotechnology industry. Hence, the conservation, enhancement and sustainable and equitable use of biodiversity should be accorded high priority in all national environment protection programmes. Lichens serve as useful indicators of environmental health. Similarly, several blue green algae help to sequester salt from water. There is need for the more widespread use of such biomonitoring and bioremediation agents. Bioprospecting research designed to identify novel metabolites must be rooted in the principle of equity in sharing benefits with the holders of traditional knowledge. There is need for greater vigil against alien invasive species, since with growing world trade in food grains and other agricultural commodities, there is an increasing possibility of introducing new pests, weeds and harmful micro-organisms. Finally, biological scientists should place emphasis on their ethical responsibility for the consequences of their research, since otherwise bioterrorism could become a major threat to human security.}, }
@article {pmid12958360, year = {2003}, author = {Bais, HP and Vepachedu, R and Gilroy, S and Callaway, RM and Vivanco, JM}, title = {Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion: from molecules and genes to species interactions.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {301}, number = {5638}, pages = {1377-1380}, doi = {10.1126/science.1083245}, pmid = {12958360}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Arabidopsis/genetics/*physiology ; Ascorbic Acid/pharmacology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Signaling ; Catechin/*metabolism/*toxicity ; Cell Death ; Cell Survival ; Centaurea/genetics/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Europe ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genome, Plant ; Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology ; Plant Roots/cytology/metabolism ; Poaceae/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Soil/analysis ; United States ; }, abstract = {Here we present evidence that Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed), an invasive species in the western United States, displaces native plant species by exuding the phytotoxin (-)-catechin from its roots. Our results show inhibition of native species' growth and germination in field soils at natural concentrations of (-)-catechin. In susceptible species such as Arabidopsis thaliana, the allelochemical triggers a wave of reactive oxygen species (ROS) initiated at the root meristem, which leads to a Ca2+ signaling cascade triggering genome-wide changes in gene expression and, ultimately, death of the root system. Our results support a "novel weapons hypothesis" for invasive success.}, }
@article {pmid12943775, year = {2003}, author = {Medeiros, JR and Campos, LB and Mendonça, SC and Davin, LB and Lewis, NG}, title = {Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from invasive species of the Azores, Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum.}, journal = {Phytochemistry}, volume = {64}, number = {2}, pages = {561-565}, doi = {10.1016/s0031-9422(03)00338-8}, pmid = {12943775}, issn = {0031-9422}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents/*chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Azores ; Cattle ; Flowers/chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Oils, Volatile/*chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/*pharmacology ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Rosales/*chemistry ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Staphylococcus epidermidis/drug effects ; Thrombin/antagonists &amp; inhibitors ; Zingiberaceae/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {The compositions of the essential oils from the leaves and flowers of Hedychium gardnerianum and from the leaves of Pittosporum undulatum growing on San Miguel Island (Azores) were investigated, and the compounds were identified by GC-MS analyses. The oils in the leaves and flowers of H. gardnerianum were rich in alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and alpha-cadinol, whereas that from P. undulatum was found to contain monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and alkanes, of which the sesquiterpenes, calamenene (41.4%), farnesol (10.9%), spathulenol (5.6%) and beta-selinene (5.2%) and the diterpene (8beta,13beta)-kaur-16-ene (10.7%) were the major components. Their potential antimicrobial activities were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and those with the highest activities against S. aureus and S. epidermis were from H. gardnerianum; none had activity against P. aeruginosa. Additionally, the essential oils from Pittosporum undulatum had good antithrombin activity whereas that from H. gardnerianum did not.}, }
@article {pmid12922064, year = {2003}, author = {Dale, VH and Adams, WM}, title = {Plant reestablishment 15 years after the debris avalanche at Mount St Helens, Washington.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {313}, number = {1-3}, pages = {101-113}, doi = {10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00332-2}, pmid = {12922064}, issn = {0048-9697}, mesh = {Ecosystem ; Mortality ; *Plant Development ; Population Dynamics ; Tracheophyta/growth &amp; development ; Trees ; *Volcanic Eruptions ; }, abstract = {Vegetation has slowly reestablished on the debris avalanche deposit in the 15 years after the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens that created a 60-km(2) debris avalanche, the largest landslide in recorded history. There has been a gradual increase in species richness and cover, but only 61% of the species present on the mountain before the eruption have established on the debris avalanche deposit. Plant cover averages 38% and is extremely patchy. Life form composition changed over successional time, because part of the avalanche deposit was invaded by introduced plant species aerially seeded to reduce erosion, the site offers the opportunity to compare successional processes occurring with and without introduced species. Long-term recovery trends and effects of nonnative species on succession are important to understand since plant reestablishment practices often rely on nonnative species for enhancing vegetation recovery of denuded sites along road sides, strip mines, or other human-generated clearing. Fifteen years after the eruption and 10 years since the invasion by introduced species, plots invaded by nonnative species had greater vegetation cover and more native plant richness than plots that were not inundated. Significantly greater mortality of conifers occurred in the plots dominated by introduced species shortly after the invasion of those species, but no difference in conifer mortality occurred in the last 5 years. Even so, the plots dominated by introduced species still have fewer conifer trees. Thus, the short-term pulse of conifer mortality after the invasion of introduced species may have long-term effects on the recovery of the dominant vegetation. It will likely be decades before there is 100% plant cover on the debris avalanche deposit and a century or more before full recovery of the vegetation system.}, }
@article {pmid12905115, year = {2003}, author = {Lee, CE and Petersen, CH}, title = {Effects of developmental acclimation on adult salinity tolerance in the freshwater-invading copepod Eurytemora affinis.}, journal = {Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, pages = {296-301}, doi = {10.1086/375433}, pmid = {12905115}, issn = {1522-2152}, mesh = {Acclimatization/drug effects/*physiology ; Animal Migration ; Animals ; Copepoda/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Fresh Water ; Massachusetts ; Seawater ; Selection, Genetic ; Sodium Chloride/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Invasive species are commonly thought to have broad tolerances that enable them to colonize new habitats, but this assumption has rarely been tested. In particular, the relative importance of acclimation (plasticity) and adaptation for invasion success are poorly understood. This study examined effects of short-term and developmental acclimation on adult salinity tolerance in the copepod Eurytemora affinis. This microcrustacean occurs in estuarine and salt marsh habitats but has invaded freshwater habitats within the past century. Effects of short-term acclimation were determined by comparing adult survival in response to acute versus gradual salinity change to low salinity (fresh water). Effects of developmental acclimation on adult tolerance were determined using a split-brood 4 x 2 factorial experimental design for one brackish-water population from Edgartown Great Pond, Massachusetts. Twenty full-sib clutches were split and reared at four salinities (fresh, 5, 10, and 27 practical salinity units [PSU]). On reaching adulthood, clutches from three of the salinity treatments (no survivors at fresh) were split into low- (fresh) and high- (40 PSU) salinity stress treatments, at which survival was measured for 24 h. Short-term acclimation of adults did not appear to have a long-term affect on low-salinity tolerance, given that gradual transfers to fresh water enhanced survival relative to acute transfers in the short term (after 7 h) but not over a longer period of 8 d. Developmental acclimation had contrasting effects on low- versus high-salinity tolerance. Namely, rearing salinity had a significant effect on tolerance of high-salinity (40 PSU) stress but no significant effect on tolerance of low-salinity (freshwater) stress. In addition, there was a significant effect of clutch on survival under freshwater conditions, indicating a genetic component to low-salinity tolerance but no significant clutch effect in response to high salinity. While developmental acclimation might enhance survival at higher salinities, the minimal effect of acclimation and significant effect of clutch on low-salinity tolerance suggest the importance of natural selection during freshwater invasion events.}, }
@article {pmid12855784, year = {2003}, author = {Stokstad, E}, title = {Invasive species. Can well-timed jolts keep out unwanted exotic fish?.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {301}, number = {5630}, pages = {157-159}, doi = {10.1126/science.301.5630.157}, pmid = {12855784}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Carps ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Electricity ; *Fishes ; Fresh Water ; United States ; }, }
@article {pmid12846333, year = {2003}, author = {Carruthers, RI}, title = {Invasive species research in the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {59}, number = {6-7}, pages = {827-834}, doi = {10.1002/ps.616}, pmid = {12846333}, issn = {1526-498X}, mesh = {Agriculture/*methods ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Fungi/growth &amp; development ; Insecta/growth &amp; development ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; *Plant Development ; Plant Diseases/microbiology/parasitology ; Plants/microbiology/parasitology ; *Research Design ; United States ; *United States Department of Agriculture ; }, abstract = {Invasive pests cause huge losses both to agricultural production systems and to the natural environment through displacing native species and decreasing biodiversity. It is now estimated that many thousand exotic insect, weed and pathogen species have been established in the USA and that these invasive species are responsible for a large portion of the $130 billion losses estimated to be caused by pests each year. The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) has responded with extensive research and action programs aimed at understanding these problems and developing new management approaches for their control. This paper provides an overview of some of the ARS research that has been conducted on invasive species over the past few years and addresses both different categories of research and some specific pest systems of high interest to the US Department of Agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid12846317, year = {2003}, author = {Quimby, PC and DeLoach, CJ and Wineriter, SA and Goolsby, JA and Sobhian, R and Boyette, CD and Abbas, HK}, title = {Biological control of weeds: research by the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service: selected case studies.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {59}, number = {6-7}, pages = {671-680}, doi = {10.1002/ps.700}, pmid = {12846317}, issn = {1526-498X}, mesh = {Agriculture/*methods ; Animals ; Insecta/*growth &amp; development ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; *Plant Development ; Plant Diseases/parasitology ; Plants/parasitology ; *Research Design ; United States ; *United States Department of Agriculture ; }, abstract = {Research by the USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS) on biological control of weeds has been practiced for many years because of its inherent ecological and economic advantages. Today, it is further driven by ARS adherence to Presidential Executive Order 13112 (3 February 1999) on invasive species and to USDA-ARS policy toward developing technology in support of sustainable agriculture with reduced dependence on non-renewable petrochemical resources. This paper reports examples or case studies selected to demonstrate the traditional or classical approach for biological control programs using Old World arthropods against Tamarix spp, Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav) ST Blake and Galium spurium L/G aparine L, and the augmentative approach with a native plant pathogen against Pueraria lobata Ohwi = P montana. The examples illustrated various conflicts of interest with endangered species and ecological complexities of arthropods with associated microbes such as nematodes.}, }
@article {pmid12843401, year = {2003}, author = {Fargione, J and Brown, CS and Tilman, D}, title = {Community assembly and invasion: an experimental test of neutral versus niche processes.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {100}, number = {15}, pages = {8916-8920}, pmid = {12843401}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; Nitrates/metabolism ; Poaceae/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Seasons ; Soil/analysis ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {A species-addition experiment showed that prairie grasslands have a structured, nonneutral assembly process in which resident species inhibit, via resource consumption, the establishment and growth of species with similar resource use patterns and in which the success of invaders decreases as diversity increases. In our experiment, species in each of four functional guilds were introduced, as seed, into 147 prairie-grassland plots that previously had been established and maintained to have different compositions and diversities. Established species most strongly inhibited introduced species from their own functional guild. Introduced species attained lower abundances when functionally similar species were abundant and when established species left lower levels of resources unconsumed, which occurred at higher [corrected] species richness. Residents of the C4 grass functional guild, the dominant guild in nearby native grasslands, reduced the major limiting resource, soil nitrate, to the lowest levels in midsummer and exhibited the greatest inhibitory effect on introduced species. This simple mechanism of greater competitive inhibition of invaders that are similar to established abundant species could, in theory, explain many of the patterns observed in plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid12831478, year = {2003}, author = {Abbott, RJ and James, JK and Milne, RI and Gillies, AC}, title = {Plant introductions, hybridization and gene flow.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {358}, number = {1434}, pages = {1123-1132}, pmid = {12831478}, issn = {0962-8436}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Alleles ; Biological Evolution ; Genetic Markers ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Population Dynamics ; Senecio/*genetics/physiology ; Species Specificity ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Many regional floras contain a high proportion of recently introduced plant species. Occasionally, hybridization between an introduced species and another species (introduced or native) can result in interspecific gene flow. This may occur even in instances where the F(1) hybrid shows very high sterility, but occasionally produces a few viable gametes. We provide examples of gene flow occurring between some rhododendrons recently introduced to the British flora, and between an introduced and native Senecio species. Neutral molecular markers have normally been employed to obtain evidence of interspecific gene flow, but the challenge now is to isolate and characterize functional introgressed genes and to determine how they affect the fitness of introgressants and whether they improve adaptation to novel habitats allowing introgressants to expand the range of a species. We outline a candidate gene approach for isolating and characterizing an allele of the RAY gene in Senecio vulgaris, which is believed to have introgressed from S. squalidus, and which causes the production of ray florets in flower heads. We discuss the effects of this introgressed allele on individual fitness, including those that originate directly from the production of ray florets plus those that may arise from pleiotropy and/or linkage.}, }
@article {pmid12824069, year = {2003}, author = {Kingston, N and Waldren, S}, title = {The plant communities and environmental gradients of Pitcairn Island: the significance of invasive species and the need for conservation management.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {92}, number = {1}, pages = {31-40}, doi = {10.1093/aob/mcg106}, pmid = {12824069}, issn = {0305-7364}, mesh = {*Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Pitcairn Island ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/classification ; Population Dynamics ; Trees/physiology ; }, abstract = {Quantitative surveys of the vegetation of south-east Polynesian Islands are rarely undertaken owing to time and logistical restrictions; however they are fundamental in determining the conservation status of fragile island ecosystems. The aim of the research was to document quantitatively the vegetation of Pitcairn Island by investigating whether clearly definable plant communities existed on the island, and the underlying environmental gradients influencing these communities. Initially, 10 x 10 m quadrats were taken from all areas of the island, with environmental parameters recorded for each quadrat. The vegetation was then mapped from high altitude vantage points. Two-way indicator species analysis was used to identify distinct plant communities, and canonical correspondence analysis was used to determine the underlying environmental gradients. The vegetation consists of 14 plant communities: four coastal, six forest, two fernland and two scrub communities. Large areas are covered by non-native scrub vegetation, and by monospecific Syzygium jambos (rose-apple) plantations. Less than 30 % of the island is covered by native forest, and these areas are limited to remote valleys. Fernlands also cover large areas, including both eroding areas and ridge tops. Coastal vegetation comprises rock and cliff communities with limited strand vegetation. The major environmental gradient affecting the composition of the plant communities is altitude, but anthropogenic influences also have a large effect, owing to forest clearance and introduced species. The light environment is affected by the canopy species, and determines what ground flora can develop. Identification of distinct plant communities has allowed for a system of nature reserves to be suggested, which conserve all of these plant communities and a significant proportion of the threatened plant species.}, }
@article {pmid12803900, year = {2003}, author = {Gaston, KJ and Jones, AG and Hänel, C and Chown, SL}, title = {Rates of species introduction to a remote oceanic island.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {270}, number = {1519}, pages = {1091-1098}, pmid = {12803900}, issn = {0962-8452}, mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Islands ; *Ecosystem ; Insecta/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The introduction of species to areas beyond the limits of their natural distributions has a major homogenizing influence, making previously distinct biotas more similar. The scale of introductions has frequently been commented on, but their rate and spatial pervasiveness have been less well quantified. Here, we report the findings of a detailed study of pterygote insect introductions to Gough Island, one of the most remote and supposedly pristine temperate oceanic islands, and estimate the rate at which introduced species have successfully established. Out of 99 species recorded from Gough Island, 71 are established introductions, the highest proportion documented for any Southern Ocean island. Estimating a total of approximately 233 landings on Gough Island since first human landfall, this equates to one successful establishment for every three to four landings. Generalizations drawn from other areas suggest that this may be only one-tenth of the number of pterygote species that have arrived at the island, implying that most landings may lead to the arrival of at least one alien. These rates of introduction of new species are estimated to be two to three orders of magnitude greater than background levels for Gough Island, an increase comparable to that estimated for global species extinctions (many of which occur on islands) as a consequence of human activities.}, }
@article {pmid12803635, year = {2003}, author = {Bleeker, W}, title = {Hybridization and Rorippa austriaca (Brassicaceae) invasion in Germany.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {1831-1841}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01854.x}, pmid = {12803635}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Cluster Analysis ; DNA Primers ; DNA, Chloroplast/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genetics, Population ; *Geography ; Germany ; Hybridization, Genetic/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Principal Component Analysis ; Rorippa/*genetics/*physiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Introgressive hybridization between the invasive Rorippa austriaca and the native R. sylvestris in Germany has been studied using chloroplast DNA (trnL intron) and amplified fragment length polymorphism. Three hybrid zones between the invasive and native species were located in the Ruhr Valley (Mülheim) and at the River Main near Würzburg (Randersacker, Winterhausen). In each hybrid zone hybridization was indicated by additivity of region-specific amplified fragment length polymorphism markers proving independent hybridization events. The hybrids were either morphologically intermediate (R. x armoracioides) or were close to R. sylvestris. The trnL intron of R. austriaca is characterized by a species-specific deletion. This diagnostic chloroplast marker of R. austriaca was detected in three individuals of R. sylvestris providing evidence for introgression of the invasive chloroplast into the native species. Bidirectional introgression of R. austriaca markers into R. sylvestris and of R. sylvestris markers into R. austriaca was detected in the amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. Some of the invasive R. austriaca populations showed high within-population variation. A possible association among introgression, within-population variation and invasion success is discussed. The morphologically intermediate hybrid R. x armoracioides is currently spreading in northern Germany. It forms large populations without its parent species R. austriaca and R. sylvestris. It is concluded that hybridization between invasive R. austriaca and native R. sylvestris may lead to the evolution of a new invasive species R. x armoracioides.}, }
@article {pmid12803628, year = {2003}, author = {Walker, NF and Hulme, PE and Hoelzel, AR}, title = {Population genetics of an invasive species, Heracleum mantegazzianum: implications for the role of life history, demographics and independent introductions.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {1747-1756}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01866.x}, pmid = {12803628}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {DNA Primers ; England ; Founder Effect ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Heracleum/*genetics/*physiology ; Likelihood Functions ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The population genetic structure of an invasive, nonindigenous riparian weed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) in the northeast of England was investigated using microsatellite DNA markers. Data were used to assess the size and frequency of introductions into three catchments and the subsequent spread. We sampled 13 populations, including a remote population (Perivale, London) for comparison. Five loci were screened and considerable variation was found. Results revealed greater overall variation between populations from different catchments than those in the same catchment, and suggested the generation of population structure in the relatively short time since the initial introduction. Between-catchment variation may reflect population structure generated by local founders as the species spread and may indicate a large initial founder population at the time of the introduction into Britain, or multiple introductions. Within-catchment variation was consistent with expectations based on the water-borne dispersal of seeds in this species, and the relatively small dispersal range of likely pollinators. Independent introductions stand out in some cases as exceptions to the general pattern. Taken together the results are consistent with a relatively large initial founder population, and the subsequent spread of the species in local founder populations, followed by some level of inbreeding within local populations and novel introductions in some localities.}, }
@article {pmid12781741, year = {2003}, author = {Perry, LG and Neuhauser, C and Galatowitsch, SM}, title = {Founder control and coexistence in a simple model of asymmetric competition for light.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {222}, number = {4}, pages = {425-436}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5193(03)00055-9}, pmid = {12781741}, issn = {0022-5193}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Competitive Behavior ; Ecosystem ; *Light ; *Models, Biological ; *Plant Development ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Size asymmetry in plant light acquisition complicates predictions of competitive outcomes in light-limited communities. We present a mathematically tractable model of asymmetric competition for light and discuss its implications for predicting outcomes of competition during establishment in two-, three-, and many-species communities. In contrast to the resource-reduction model of symmetric competition for a single resource, the model we present predicts that outcomes of asymmetric competition for light will sometimes depend on the timing of establishment and the consequent hierarchy among species in canopy position. Competitive outcomes in the model depend on the minimum light requirements (L(c)) and self-shading of species lower in the canopy compared to the light available (L(out)(*)) beneath species higher in the canopy. Succession progresses towards species with decreasing values for L(c), but arrested successions occur when initial dominants have relatively high values for L(c) but low values for L(out)(*), leading to founder control. A theoretically limitless number of species may coexist in competition for light when dominance is founder controlled. These model predictions have implications for an array of applied ecological questions, including methods to control invasive species in light-limited restored ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid19265992, year = {2003}, author = {Duncan, LW and Graham, JH and Dunn, DC and Zellers, J and McCoy, CW and Nguyen, K}, title = {Incidence of Endemic Entomopathogenic Nematodes Following Application of Steinernema riobrave for Control of Diaprepes abbreviatus.}, journal = {Journal of nematology}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {178-186}, pmid = {19265992}, issn = {0022-300X}, abstract = {Control of Diaprepes abbreviatus by endemic and exotic entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) was monitored during 2000-2001 in two citrus orchards in central Florida (Bartow and Poinciana). Caged sentinel insect larvae were buried beneath citrus trees for 7 days at 1 to 2-month intervals from April to October each year. At Bartow, the survey occurred in experimental plots that were (i) not treated with commercial EPN, (ii) treated twice annually since 1998 with commercially formulated Steinernema riobrave, or (iii) treated twice annually with S. riobrave and liquid fertilization (15 times/year) occurred in place of dry fertilizer (3 times/year) used in the other treatments. Four endemic EPN species, in addition to S. riobrave, were recovered from the sandy soil at Bartow: S. diaprepesi, Heterorhabditis zealandica, H. indica, and H. bacteriophora. Mean insect mortality in control plots was 39.4% (range = 13% to 74%), with seasonal maxima in May to July each year. Endemic EPN were recovered from 55% (range = 22% to 81%) of the cadavers each month. Total numbers of endemic EPN recovered in all plots during 2 years were directly related to the numbers of adult weevils (D. abbreviatus and Pachnaeus litus) captured in modified Tedder's traps and inversely related to recovery of S. riobrave. Insect mortality was higher and cadavers containing endemic EPN were more numerous in untreated control plots than in S. riobrave-treated plots, except during months in which S. riobrave was applied. In treated plots, endemic EPN were recovered from cadavers at twice the rate of S. riobrave. Suppression of endemic EPN in plots treated with S. riobrave, combined with inferior persistence by the introduced species, may have attenuated the net efficacy of S. riobrave against D. abbreviatus. In contrast, H. indica was the only endemic nematode recovered from the sandy clay loam soil at Poinciana, where the average mortality of D. abbreviatus was 12% (range 3% to 20%) and incidence of H. indica did not exceed 8%. Results of these surveys suggest that the regional patterns in the abundance and damage to citrus caused by D. abbreviatus in Florida are regulated by endemic EPN and other soilborne enemies of the weevil.}, }
@article {pmid12735951, year = {2003}, author = {Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A and Savini, D}, title = {Biological invasions as a component of global change in stressed marine ecosystems.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {46}, number = {5}, pages = {542-551}, doi = {10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00363-6}, pmid = {12735951}, issn = {0025-326X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Chlorophyta ; Commerce ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Humans ; Mediterranean Sea ; Population Dynamics ; Transportation ; Travel ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions in marine environment are the lesser known aspect of global change. However, recent events which occurred in the Mediterranean Sea demonstrate that they represent a serious ecological and economical menace leading to biodiversity loss, ecosystem unbalancing, fishery and tourism impairment. In this paper we review marine bioinvasions using examples taken from the Mediterranean/Black Sea region. Particular attention is given to the environmental status of the receiving area as a fundamental pre-requisite for the colonisation success of alien species. The spread of the tropical algae belonging to the genus Caulerpa in the northwestern basin of the Mediterranean Sea has been facilitated by pre-existing conditions of instability of the Posidonia oceanica endemic ecosystem in relation to stress of both natural and anthropogenic origin. Human interventions caused long-term modification in the Black Sea environment, preparing a fertile ground for mass bioinvasion of aquatic nuisance species which, in some cases, altered the original equilibrium of the entire basin. Finally, the Venice lagoon is presented as the third example of an environment subjected to high propagule pressure and anthropogenic forcing and bearing the higher "diversity" of non-indigenous species compared to the other Mediterranean lagoons. Stressed environments are easily colonised by alien species; understanding the links between human and natural disturbance and massive development of non-indigenous species will help prevent marine bioinvasions, that are already favoured by global oceanic trade.}, }
@article {pmid12721836, year = {2003}, author = {Siemann, E and Rogers, WE}, title = {Reduced resistance of invasive varieties of the alien tree Sapium sebiferum to a generalist herbivore.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {135}, number = {3}, pages = {451-457}, pmid = {12721836}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Euphorbiaceae/*genetics/*growth &amp; development ; Feeding Behavior ; Grasshoppers/*growth &amp; development ; Plants, Edible/*growth &amp; development ; Population Dynamics ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Invasive plants are often larger in their introduced range compared to their native range. This may reflect an evolved reduction in defense and increase in growth in response to low herbivory in their introduced range. Key elements of this scenario include genetic differences in defense and growth yet uniformly low rates of herbivory in the field that dissociate defense and herbivore damage for alien species. We conducted a laboratory experiment with Melanoplus angustipennis grasshoppers and Chinese Tallow Tree seedlings (Sapium sebiferum) from its native range (China) and its introduced range (Texas, USA) where it is invasive. We caged grasshoppers with pairs of Sapium seedlings from the same continent or different continents. The amounts of leaf area removed from Texas and China seedlings, and their height growth rates, were indistinguishable when both seedlings in the pair were from the same continent. However, when grasshoppers had a choice between seedlings from different continents, they removed more Texas Sapium foliage than China Sapium foliage and height growth rates were higher for China Sapium seedlings compared to Texas seedlings. Grasshopper growth rates increased with greater Sapium foliage consumption. In a common garden in Texas, Sapium seedlings from Texas grew 40% faster than those from China. Chewing insect herbivores removed little Sapium foliage in the field experiment. Although grasshoppers preferred to feed on Texas Sapium when offered a choice in the laboratory, extremely low herbivory levels in the field may have allowed the Texas seedlings to outperform the China seedlings in the common garden. These results demonstrate post-invasion genetic differences in herbivore resistance and growth of an invasive plant species together with a decoupling of defense and herbivore choice in the introduced range.}, }
@article {pmid12699533, year = {2003}, author = {Getu, E and A Overholt, W and Kairu, E and Omwega, CO}, title = {Evidence of the establishment of Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of cereal stemborers, and its host range expansion in Ethiopia.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {93}, number = {2}, pages = {125-129}, doi = {10.1079/BER2003226}, pmid = {12699533}, issn = {0007-4853}, mesh = {Animals ; Crops, Agricultural/*parasitology ; Edible Grain/*parasitology ; Ethiopia ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Hymenoptera/*physiology ; Male ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; }, abstract = {Three lepidopteran cereal stemborers, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Crambidae), Busseola fusca Fuller, and Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Noctuidae) were collected from maize and sorghum in Ethiopia. The noctuid stemborers are indigenous to Africa while C. partellus is an introduced species from Asia. In 1999, the Asian stemborer parasitoid, Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Braconidae) was found to be widespread in Ethiopia, even though it had never been released in the country. In addition to attacking Chilo partellus, Cotesia flavipes was reared from B. fusca and S. calamistis. The origin of C. flavipes in Ethiopia may have been Somalia where it was released in 1997 near the border with eastern Ethiopia. Percent parasitism of borers by C. flavipes was higher in eastern Ethiopia than other surveyed regions, and parasitism was higher in 2000 than 1999. Parasitism was higher when cereals were intercropped with other plants and when wild grass hosts of stemborers were present.}, }
@article {pmid12676203, year = {2003}, author = {Laurence, JA and Andersen, CP}, title = {Ozone and natural systems: understanding exposure, response, and risk.}, journal = {Environment international}, volume = {29}, number = {2-3}, pages = {155-160}, doi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00158-7}, pmid = {12676203}, issn = {0160-4120}, mesh = {Air Pollutants/*adverse effects ; Animals ; Chemical Precipitation ; *Food Chain ; Oxidants, Photochemical/*adverse effects ; Ozone/*adverse effects ; Research/trends ; Risk Assessment ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Research aimed at understanding the response of plants to ozone has been conducted for over four decades but little of it has addressed intact natural systems. Even so, there is sufficient scientific information at this time to support air quality standards that will protect natural terrestrial ecosystems from ozone. What is unknown is the risk associated with continued exposure of natural systems, including both above- and below-ground components, in combination with other stresses including changing temperature and precipitation, elevated carbon dioxide, pests and pathogens, invasive species, and other activities that may fragment the landscape. Research to support an assessment of the ecological risk associated with ozone as it exists, in a milieu of stresses, must include endpoints beyond those addressed in the past, primarily productivity and species composition. To estimate the risk to society of ozone impacts on natural systems, endpoints such as the integrity of soil food webs, the quantity and quality of water supplied from terrestrial ecosystems, wildlife and recreational values, and the transfer and fate of carbon, nutrients, and water within the systems must be quantified. Not only will this research provide the basis for a sound estimate of risk, but also it will improve our understanding of fundamental ecosystem processes.}, }
@article {pmid12675820, year = {2003}, author = {Zeisset, I and Beebee, TJ}, title = {Population genetics of a successful invader: the marsh frog Rana ridibunda in Britain.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {639-646}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01775.x}, pmid = {12675820}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; DNA/chemistry/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Hungary ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Rana ridibunda/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {We investigated the genetic outcome of successful invasion by an alien species, the marsh frog Rana ridibunda, in Britain. Twelve adults translocated from Hungary into Kent (Romney) in 1935 resulted rapidly in a large localized population. A further successful translocation in 1973 from Romney to Sussex (Lewes), together with other range extensions, provided an opportunity to test bottleneck effects during colonization events. Romney and Lewes frogs had similar genetic diversities to those in Hungary at 14 random amplified polymorphic DNA marker (RAPD) and five microsatellite loci. The introduced populations were, however, differentiated genetically from each other and from a reference population in Hungary. Fitness assessments (larval growth and survival) revealed no differences between the Lewes and Romney populations. Despite starting with few founders, significant bottleneck effects on R. ridibunda in Britain were therefore undetectable, presumably because population expansions were rapid immediately after the translocations.}, }
@article {pmid12647862, year = {2003}, author = {Wheeler, GS and Massey, LM and Southwell, IA}, title = {Dietary influences on terpenoids sequestered by the biological control agent Oxyops vitiosa: effect of plant volatiles from different Melaleuca quinquenervia chemotypes and laboratory host species.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {189-208}, pmid = {12647862}, issn = {0098-0331}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/chemistry/*physiology ; Diet ; *Feeding Behavior ; Larva ; Melaleuca/*chemistry/growth &amp; development ; *Pest Control ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; *Plants, Edible ; }, abstract = {The weevil Oxyops vitiosa is an Australian species imported to Florida, USA, for the biological control of the invasive species Melaleuca quinquenervia. The larvae of this species feed on the leaves of their host and produce a shiny orange secretion that covers their integument. Previous results indicated that a major component of this secretion, viridiflorol, is sequestered from the host plant and repels a generalist predator, the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. When the larvae fed on a different chemotype of M. quinquenervia, which lacked viridiflorol but was rich in a different sesquiterpene, (E)-nerolidol, similar protection occurred. Solvent washes of these larvae indicated that (E)-nerolidol was sequestered from M. quinquenervia leaves and repelled S. invicta workers when applied to dog food baits at physiological concentrations (17.5, 35.0, and 52.5 microg/mg). Additionally, beta-caryophyllene also repelled S. invicta workers when applied to dog food baits at concentrations that approximated those in the O. vitiosa larval secretions (3.5 and 35 microg/mg). When the O. vitiosa larvae were fed leaves from laboratory hosts (nonfield hosts), similar repellent activity was found. This activity was traced to several of the same compounds (e.g., 1,8-cineole, viridiflorol) found to be active in their field host M. quinquenervia. These weevil larvae are opportunistic, sequestering the primary terpenoids in their host leaves that confer antipredator activity.}, }
@article {pmid12647111, year = {2003}, author = {Pysek, P and Sádlo, J and Mandák, B and Jarosík, V}, title = {Czech alien flora and the historical pattern of its formation: what came first to Central Europe?.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {135}, number = {1}, pages = {122-130}, pmid = {12647111}, issn = {0029-8549}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Czech Republic ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Europe ; Flowers ; History, 15th Century ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, Medieval ; *Plants ; Population Dynamics ; *Reproduction ; Survival ; }, abstract = {Temporal patterns of immigration to the country were analysed using 668 alien species in the flora of the Czech Republic for which the dates of the first record were available (64.8% of the total number of 1031 so-called neophytes, i.e. aliens introduced after the year 1500). After a period of initial slow increase lasting to the 1840s, the accumulation of neophytes over time could be best fitted by a linear model that explained 97% of the variance. The intensity of floristic research, which varied between periods, did not significantly affect the overall increase in the number of aliens. The effect of species traits on the year of introduction was evaluated, with continent of origin, introduction type (deliberate or accidental), life history, Grime's life strategy, onset of flowering, mode of dispersal and propagule size as explanatory variables. Species of European origin and CSR strategists arrived earlier than those with other origins and strategies. Deliberately introduced species appeared earlier than accidental arrivals, and those cultivated for utilitary reasons on average arrived earlier than ornamentals. Species capable of early flowering were remarkably more prevalent among early newcomers. A separate analysis of accidentally introduced American species also identified life history as a significant predictor of immigration time, with annuals being introduced earlier than biennials and perennials. The data contribute to an understanding of a crucial stage of the invasion process that has received little attention in the literature. The model "early alien" to Central Europe is a European species with a CSR strategy deliberately brought for cultivation as a utilitary plant. Once it escaped from cultivation, its establishment in the wild was favoured by its ability to flower early and, therefore, complete the life cycle.}, }
@article {pmid12624987, year = {2002}, author = {Chen, X and Li, P}, title = {[Mating system and inbreeding retrogression of casuarina equisetifolia plantation, an introduced species in Xiamen].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {1377-1380}, pmid = {12624987}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Biological Evolution ; China ; Ecosystem ; *Inbreeding ; Magnoliopsida/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Casuarina equisetifolia, an introduced species, is a good shelter species planted along coastlines due to its enduring sandy and saline habitats. Decline was, however, observed in C. equisetifolia plantations in many areas since 1980's. Mating system and inbreeding retrogression of a plantation of C. equisetifolia in Xiamen and their roles in the decline of C. equisetifolia forests were thus researched using allozyme technique. Multilocus outcrossing rate was 0.622, lower than that expected from related species, indicating a mixed-mating system, and more inbreeding caused through this introduction. Calculations from electrophoresis data showed that very a high inbreeding retrogression occurred in the C. equisetifolia plantation, indicating that inbreeding an its subsequent retrogression played an important role in the decline of C. equisetifolia plantation. Alleviating the decline through genotype species-introduction was also proposed.}, }
@article {pmid12615995, year = {2003}, author = {Costello, CJ and Solow, AR}, title = {On the pattern of discovery of introduced species.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {100}, number = {6}, pages = {3321-3323}, pmid = {12615995}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Models, Biological ; Species Specificity ; United States ; }, abstract = {Introductions of nonindigenous species can have significant effects. It is commonly claimed that the rate of species introductions to the United States has increased over time. This claim is based in part on the increasing rate of discoveries of introduced species. This discovery rate is influenced by factors other than the introduction rate. These include the sampling rate and population growth in the introduced species. In this article, we show that the discovery rate can increase even when there is no increase in either the introduction rate or the sampling rate. This suggests that the basis for some claims regarding an increasing rate of introductions may be invalid.}, }
@article {pmid12604772, year = {2003}, author = {Sanders, NJ and Gotelli, NJ and Heller, NE and Gordon, DM}, title = {Community disassembly by an invasive species.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {100}, number = {5}, pages = {2474-2477}, pmid = {12604772}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Ants/*classification/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Invasive species pose serious threats to community structure and ecosystem function worldwide. The impacts of invasive species can be more pervasive than simple reduction of species numbers. By using 7 years of data in a biological preserve in northern California, we documented the disassembly of native ant communities during an invasion by the Argentine ant. In sites without the Argentine ant, native ant communities exhibit significant species segregation, consistent with competitive dynamics. In sites with the Argentine ant, native ant communities appear random or weakly aggregated in species co-occurrence. Comparisons of the same sites before and after invasion indicate that the shift from a structured to a random community is rapid and occurs within a year of invasion. Our results show that invasive species not only reduce biodiversity but rapidly disassemble communities and, as a result, alter community organization among the species that persist.}, }
@article {pmid12604060, year = {2003}, author = {Elliott, M}, title = {Biological pollutants and biological pollution--an increasing cause for concern.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {275-280}, doi = {10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00423-X}, pmid = {12604060}, issn = {0025-326X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Fishes ; *Invertebrates ; Pest Control ; Population Dynamics ; Ships ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; }, abstract = {There are increasing concerns regarding the delivery, movement and presence of non-indigenous or invasive species into marine and estuarine areas. Such introductions can be on a large scale such as the movement to higher latitudes of species as the result of global warming. Alternatively, such species can be introduced into a marine or estuarine area as the result of small-scale events, such as the liberation from waste-water discharges, aquaculture or ballast-water discharge. However, if such introductions lead to a successful colonisation then they can become a wide-scale problem. This paper considers the introduction of such non-indigenous and invasive species as biological pollution and biological pollutants and it discusses the definitions and concepts used in assessing and managing marine pollution in relation to these terms.}, }
@article {pmid12588720, year = {2003}, author = {Isnard, S and Rowe, N and Speck, T}, title = {Growth habit and mechanical architecture of the sand dune-adapted climber Clematis flammula var. maritima L.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {91}, number = {4}, pages = {407-417}, pmid = {12588720}, issn = {0305-7364}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology ; Clematis/anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development ; Models, Biological ; Plant Stems/anatomy &amp; histology/*growth &amp; development ; Silicon Dioxide ; Stress, Mechanical ; }, abstract = {Clematis flammula var. maritima is a woody lianoid plant that grows on coastal sand dunes in the Mediterranean region. Older perennial stems are present as extensive underground axes. These generate surface growth of shorter-lived stems producing monospecific trellises above the surface of the sand. Despite its sand dune habitat and shortage of host support plants, this variety of Clematis shows mechanical characteristics during growth that are closely comparable with those of scandent woody lianas. A significant decrease in the value of structural Young's modulus is observed from the aerial trellis-forming shoots (1.619 +/- 0.492 GN m(-2)) to emergent axes (0.855 +/- 0.253 GN m(-2)) and underground woody stems (0.470 +/- 0.113 GN m(-2)). Biomechanical and developmental observations indicate that most emergent branches are optimized geometrically and mechanically in relation to their points of emergence from the sand, with increases in structural Young's modulus and the second moment of area around the surface of the sand. Lianoid plants, physiologically capable of withstanding sand dune environments, might represent acceptable natural or introduced species for dune stabilization and conservation.}, }
@article {pmid12586117, year = {2003}, author = {Lewis, PN and Hewitt, CL and Riddle, M and McMinn, A}, title = {Marine introductions in the Southern Ocean: an unrecognised hazard to biodiversity.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, pages = {213-223}, doi = {10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00364-8}, pmid = {12586117}, issn = {0025-326X}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Fishes ; Invertebrates ; *Movement ; Population Dynamics ; Recreation ; Risk Assessment ; *Ships ; }, abstract = {This study investigated the potential for transport of organisms between Hobart, Macquarie Island and the Antarctic continent by ships used in support of Antarctic science and tourism. Northward transport of plankton in ballast water is more likely than southward transport because ballast is normally loaded in the Antarctic and unloaded at the home port. Culturing of ballast water samples revealed that high-latitude hitchhikers were able to reach greater diversities when cultured at temperate thermal conditions than at typical Southern Ocean temperatures, suggesting the potential for establishment in the Tasmanian coastal environment. Several known invasive species were identified among fouling communities on the hulls of vessels that travel between Hobart and the Southern Ocean. Southward transport of hull fouling species is more likely than northward transport due to the accumulation of assemblages during the winter period spent in the home port of Hobart. This study does not prove that non-indigenous marine species have, or will be, transported and established as a consequence of Antarctic shipping but illustrates that the potential exists. Awareness of the potential risk and simple changes to operating procedures may reduce the chance of introductions in the future.}, }
@article {pmid12573068, year = {2002}, author = {Amarasekare, P}, title = {Interference competition and species coexistence.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {269}, number = {1509}, pages = {2541-2550}, pmid = {12573068}, issn = {0962-8452}, mesh = {Animals ; *Competitive Behavior ; *Ecosystem ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Interference competition is ubiquitous in nature. Yet its effects on resource exploitation remain largely unexplored for species that compete for dynamic resources. Here, I present a model of exploitative and interference competition with explicit resource dynamics. The model incorporates both biotic and abiotic resources. It considers interference competition both in the classical sense (i.e. each species suffers a net reduction in per capita growth rate via interference from, and interference on, the other species) and in the broad sense (i.e. each species suffers a net reduction in per capita growth rate via interference from, but can experience an increase in growth rate via interference on, the other species). Coexistence cannot occur under classical interference competition even when the species inferior at resource exploitation is superior at interference. Such a trade-off can, however, change the mechanism of competitive exclusion from dominance by the superior resource exploiter to a priority effect. Now the inferior resource exploiter can exclude the superior resource exploiter provided it has a higher initial abundance. By contrast, when interference is beneficial to the interacting species, coexistence is possible via a trade-off between exploitation and interference. These results hold regardless of whether the resource is biotic or abiotic, indicating that the outcome of exploitative and interference competition does not depend on the exact nature of resource dynamics. The model makes two key predictions. First, species that engage in costly interference mechanisms (e.g. territoriality, overgrowth or undercutting, allelopathy and other forms of chemical competition) should not be able to coexist unless they also engage in beneficial interference mechanisms (e.g. predation or parasitism). Second, exotic invasive species that displace native biota should be superior resource exploiters that have strong interference effects on native species with little or negative cost. The first prediction provides a potential explanation for patterns observed in several natural systems, including plants, aquatic invertebrates and insects. The second prediction is supported by data on invasive plants and vertebrates.}, }
@article {pmid12571595, year = {2003}, author = {Torchin, ME and Lafferty, KD and Dobson, AP and McKenzie, VJ and Kuris, AM}, title = {Introduced species and their missing parasites.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {421}, number = {6923}, pages = {628-630}, doi = {10.1038/nature01346}, pmid = {12571595}, issn = {0028-0836}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animal Population Groups/*parasitology/*physiology ; Animals ; Biomass ; Body Constitution ; *Ecosystem ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Models, Biological ; Parasites/*isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Probability ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Damage caused by introduced species results from the high population densities and large body sizes that they attain in their new location. Escape from the effects of natural enemies is a frequent explanation given for the success of introduced species. Because some parasites can reduce host density and decrease body size, an invader that leaves parasites behind and encounters few new parasites can experience a demographic release and become a pest. To test whether introduced species are less parasitized, we have compared the parasites of exotic species in their native and introduced ranges, using 26 host species of molluscs, crustaceans, fishes, birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles. Here we report that the number of parasite species found in native populations is twice that found in exotic populations. In addition, introduced populations are less heavily parasitized (in terms of percentage infected) than are native populations. Reduced parasitization of introduced species has several causes, including reduced probability of the introduction of parasites with exotic species (or early extinction after host establishment), absence of other required hosts in the new location, and the host-specific limitations of native parasites adapting to new hosts.}, }
@article {pmid12539143, year = {2003}, author = {Cooman, K and Gajardo, M and Nieto, J and Bornhardt, C and Vidal, G}, title = {Tannery wastewater characterization and toxicity effects on Daphnia spp.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {45-51}, doi = {10.1002/tox.10094}, pmid = {12539143}, issn = {1520-4081}, mesh = {Ammonia ; Animals ; Chromium Compounds/toxicity ; Clothing ; *Daphnia ; Industrial Waste/*adverse effects ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Sulfides/toxicity ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*adverse effects ; }, abstract = {Tannery wastewater contains large quantities of organic and inorganic compounds, including toxic substances such as sulfides and chromium salts. The evaluation of wastewater quality in Chile nowadays is based on chemical specific measurements and toxicity tests. The goal of this research was to characterize tannery wastewater and to relate its physical/chemical parameters with its acute toxicity effect on Daphnia pulex. To distinguish the most important toxic compounds, physical/chemical techniques were applied to a grab sample of a final effluent based on the Phase I toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedure. In addition, the toxicity of a beamhouse effluent after an activated sludge reactor treatment was investigated on Daphnia magna (introduced species) and D. pulex (native species). Effluent from different tannery processes (soaking, beamhouse, tanning and final) demonstrated high values of chemical organic demand (COD; 2840-27,600 mg L(-1)), chloride (1813-16,500 mg L(-1)), sulfate (230-35,200 mg L(-1)), and total solids (8600-87,100 mg L(-1)). All effluents showed extremely toxic effects on D. pulex, with 24-h mean lethal values (LC(50)) ranging from 0.36% to 3.61%. The Phase I TIE profile showed that toxicity was significantly reduced by air stripping, filtration, and a cationic exchange resin, with toxicity reductions ranging between 46% and 76%. The aerobically treated beamhouse effluent showed significantly less toxicity for both species (43%-74%). The chemical parameters demonstrated that the remaining toxicity of the treated beamhouse effluent was associated with its ammonia (120 mg N-NH(3) L(-1)) and chloride (11,300 mg Cl(-) L(-1)) contents.}, }
@article {pmid12538869, year = {2003}, author = {Tsutsui, ND and Suarez, AV and Grosberg, RK}, title = {Genetic diversity, asymmetrical aggression, and recognition in a widespread invasive species.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {100}, number = {3}, pages = {1078-1083}, pmid = {12538869}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {Aggression ; Alleles ; Animals ; Ants/*genetics/*physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; Founder Effect ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The evolution and persistence of cooperative social units depends on the ability to distinguish group members from nonmembers. The precision of discrimination, in turn, relies on variation in the labels that individuals use to recognize group members. However, this same variation can be selected against if individuals that are rejected as nonmembers incur a high cost. Here we provide evidence that selection against individuals from genetically diverse groups has contributed to the formation of the unicolonial colony structure that characterizes introduced populations of the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile). Studies in both the laboratory and the field showed that individuals from less genetically diverse colonies attack individuals from more diverse colonies and that attackers survived agonistic encounters more than six times as often as recipients of aggression. This selection, in concert with reductions in genetic diversity after a founder event, likely creates a barrier to the establishment of new, genetically diverse introductions from the native range and may reduce genetic diversity within established populations in the introduced range.}, }
@article {pmid12530174, year = {2002}, author = {Alho, CJ and Schneider, M and Vasconcellos, LA}, title = {Degree of threat to the biological diversity in the Ilha Grande State Park (RJ) and guidelines for conservation.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {62}, number = {3}, pages = {375-385}, doi = {10.1590/s1519-69842002000300001}, pmid = {12530174}, issn = {1519-6984}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; Brazil ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Mammals ; Population Density ; Recreation ; Trees/*classification ; }, abstract = {The State Park of Ilha Grande is only a part (5,594 hectares) of the entire island (19,300 hectares) which is located off the south coast of Rio de Janeiro state, between the cities of Mangaratiba and Angra dos Reis. Approximately half of the Park area (47%) is covered by dense Atlantic forest. The secondary forest growth is in a process of ecological succession close to attaining maturity (43%) and the remaining part (10%) is composed of human-altered areas (1%), rocky outcrops with herbaceous vegetation (7%), mangroves and beaches (2%). The fauna is well represented but already shows signs of degradation with introduced species. The analysis of the degree of threat has shown that the dense forest habitat has a relatively stable status of conservation while the secondary forest, the mangrove and the herbaceous vegetation on rocky outcrops (and their fauna) are categorized as vulnerable. The area altered by human occupation is considered threatened. Since the coastal area where Ilha Grande is located is well known for its beautiful scenery (known as the green coast, because of the contrast between the ocean and the Atlantic forest covering the Serra do Mar mountain chain). There is a strong possibility for tourism to become the means in which to achieve economic sustainability for conservation. Contradictorily, tourism is also the major threat to local biodiversity and its landscape units. Because tourism is not organized and controlled, during high season the numbers grow above local capacity, giving rise to a proliferation of hotels, guesthouses and camping grounds. The resulting untreated open sewage, random garbage disposal and other harmful activities form the major threats to biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid12520381, year = {2003}, author = {Simberloff, D and Relva, MA and Nunez, M}, title = {Introduced species and management of a Nothofagus/Austrocedrus forest.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {263-275}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-002-2794-4}, pmid = {12520381}, issn = {0364-152X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Deer ; Fires ; *Magnoliopsida ; Population Dynamics ; *Tracheophyta ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {Isla Victoria (Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina), a large island dominated by native Nothofagus and Austrocedrus forest, has old plantations of many introduced tree species, some of which are famed invaders of native ecosystems elsewhere. There are also large populations of introduced deer and shrubs that may interact in a complex way with the introduced trees, as well as a recently arrived population of wild boar. Long-standing concern that the introduced trees will invade and transform native forest may be unwarranted, as there is little evidence of progressive invasion, even close to the plantations, despite over 50 years of opportunity. Introduced and native shrubs allow scattered introduced trees to achieve substantial size in abandoned pastures, but in almost all areas neither the trees nor the shrubs appear to be spreading beyond these sites. These shrub communities may be stable rather than successional, but the technology for restoring them to native forest is uncertain and probably currently impractical. Any attempt to remove the exotic tree seedlings and saplings from native forest would probably create the very conditions that would favor colonization by exotic plants rather than native trees, while simply clear-cutting the plantations would be unlikely to lead to regeneration of Nothofagus or Austrocedrus. The key to maintaining native forest is preventing catastrophic fire, as several introduced trees and shrubs would be favored over native dominant trees in recolonization. Deer undoubtedly interact with both native and introduced trees and shrubs, but their net effect on native forest is not yet clear, and specific management of deer beyond the current hunting by staff is unwarranted, at least if preventing tree invasion is the goal. The steep terrain and shallow soil make the recently arrived boar a grave threat to the native forest. Eradication is probably feasible and should be attempted quickly.}, }
@article {pmid12510589, year = {2002}, author = {Mirkin, BM and Naumova, LG}, title = {[The vegetation adventivisation through perspective of modern ecological ideas].}, journal = {Zhurnal obshchei biologii}, volume = {63}, number = {6}, pages = {500-508}, pmid = {12510589}, issn = {0044-4596}, mesh = {*Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Population Dynamics ; Seeds ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Results of study of vegetation adventivisation (increase in proportion of invasive species) correspond to the theory of present ecology that denies general universal laws. Diverse features of invasive species play different role under various ecological conditions and at various time and space scale. The invasibility of communities under various conditions is determined by combination of different biotic and abiotic factors though it is obvious that most of invasive species are characterized with the high seed production, well developed vegetative propagation, windblown pollination, high plasticity and effective use of resources, low consumption by herbivores. The definition of an "ideal invasive species" or an "ideal invasible community" is impossible. The regularities of vegetation adventivisation can be observed clearly only at very large scale.}, }
@article {pmid12495482, year = {2002}, author = {Leung, B and Lodge, DM and Finnoff, D and Shogren, JF and Lewis, MA and Lamberti, G}, title = {An ounce of prevention or a pound of cure: bioeconomic risk analysis of invasive species.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {269}, number = {1508}, pages = {2407-2413}, pmid = {12495482}, issn = {0962-8452}, mesh = {Animals ; Bivalvia/*classification/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Fresh Water ; *Models, Econometric ; Population Dynamics ; Risk Assessment ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {Numbers of non-indigenous species--species introduced from elsewhere - are increasing rapidly worldwide, causing both environmental and economic damage. Rigorous quantitative risk-analysis frameworks, however, for invasive species are lacking. We need to evaluate the risks posed by invasive species and quantify the relative merits of different management strategies (e.g. allocation of resources between prevention and control). We present a quantitative bioeconomic modelling framework to analyse risks from non-indigenous species to economic activity and the environment. The model identifies the optimal allocation of resources to prevention versus control, acceptable invasion risks and consequences of invasion to optimal investments (e.g. labour and capital). We apply the model to zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha), and show that society could benefit by spending up to US$324 000 year(-1) to prevent invasions into a single lake with a power plant. By contrast, the US Fish and Wildlife Service spent US$825 000 in 2001 to manage all aquatic invaders in all US lakes. Thus, greater investment in prevention is warranted.}, }
@article {pmid12495480, year = {2002}, author = {Memmott, J and Waser, NM}, title = {Integration of alien plants into a native flower-pollinator visitation web.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {269}, number = {1508}, pages = {2395-2399}, pmid = {12495480}, issn = {0962-8452}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Flowers ; Insecta/classification/*physiology ; *Plant Development ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/classification ; *Pollen ; }, abstract = {Introduced alien species influence many ecosystem services, including pollination of plants by animals. We extend the scope of recent 'single species' studies by analysing how alien plant species integrate themselves into a native flower visitation web. Historical records for a community in central USA show that 456 plant species received visits from 1429 insect and 1 hummingbird species, yielding 15 265 unique interactions. Aliens comprised 12.3% of all plant species, whereas only a few insects were alien. On average, the flowers of alien plants were visited by significantly fewer animal species than those of native plants. Most of these visitors were generalists, visiting many other plant species. The web of interactions between flowers and visitors was less richly connected for alien plants than for natives; nonetheless, aliens were well integrated into the native web. Because most visitors appear to be pollinators, this integration implies possible competitive and facilitative interactions between native and alien plants, mediated through animal visitors to flowers.}, }
@article {pmid12493868, year = {2003}, author = {Ziska, LH}, title = {Evaluation of the growth response of six invasive species to past, present and future atmospheric carbon dioxide.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {54}, number = {381}, pages = {395-404}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/erg027}, pmid = {12493868}, issn = {0022-0957}, mesh = {Atmosphere ; Biomass ; Canada ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; Ecology ; *Plant Development ; Plants/metabolism ; United States ; }, abstract = {The response of plant species to future atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations [CO(2)] has been determined for hundreds of crop and tree species. However, no data are currently available regarding the response of invasive weedy species to past or future atmospheric [CO(2)]. In the current study, the growth of six species which are widely recognized as among the most invasive weeds in the continental United States, Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.), perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis L.), spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam.), and yellow star thistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) were grown from seed at either 284, 380 or 719 micromol mol(-1) [CO(2)] until the onset of sexual reproduction (i.e. the vegetative period). The CO(2) concentrations corresponded roughly to the CO(2) concentrations which existed at the beginning of the 20th century, the current [CO(2)], and the future [CO(2)] projected for the end of the 21st century, respectively. The average stimulation of plant biomass among invasive species from current to future [CO(2)] averaged 46%, with the largest response (+72%) observed for Canada thistle. However, the growth response among these species to the recent [CO(2)] increase during the 20th century was significantly higher, averaging 110%, with Canada thistle again (+180%) showing the largest response. Overall, the CO(2)-induced stimulation of growth for these species during the 20th century (285-382 micromol mol(-1)) was about 3x greater than for any species examined previously. Although additional data are needed, the current study suggests the possibility that recent increases in atmospheric CO(2) during the 20th century may have been a factor in the selection of these species.}, }
@article {pmid12481916, year = {2002}, author = {Bunn, SE and Arthington, AH}, title = {Basic principles and ecological consequences of altered flow regimes for aquatic biodiversity.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {492-507}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-002-2737-0}, pmid = {12481916}, issn = {0364-152X}, mesh = {Animals ; Disasters ; Fishes ; *Food Chain ; Forecasting ; Invertebrates ; *Models, Theoretical ; Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Rain ; Seasons ; *Water Movements ; }, abstract = {The flow regime is regarded by many aquatic ecologists to be the key driver of river and floodplain wetland ecosystems. We have focused this literature review around four key principles to highlight the important mechanisms that link hydrology and aquatic biodiversity and to illustrate the consequent impacts of altered flow regimes: Firstly, flow is a major determinant of physical habitat in streams, which in turn is a major determinant of biotic composition; Secondly, aquatic species have evolved life history strategies primarily in direct response to the natural flow regimes; Thirdly, maintenance of natural patterns of longitudinal and lateral connectivity is essential to the viability of populations of many riverine species; Finally, the invasion and success of exotic and introduced species in rivers is facilitated by the alteration of flow regimes. The impacts of flow change are manifest across broad taxonomic groups including riverine plants, invertebrates, and fish. Despite growing recognition of these relationships, ecologists still struggle to predict and quantify biotic responses to altered flow regimes. One obvious difficulty is the ability to distinguish the direct effects of modified flow regimes from impacts associated with land-use change that often accompanies water resource development. Currently, evidence about how rivers function in relation to flow regime and the flows that aquatic organisms need exists largely as a series of untested hypotheses. To overcome these problems, aquatic science needs to move quickly into a manipulative or experimental phase, preferably with the aims of restoration and measuring ecosystem response.}, }
@article {pmid12474902, year = {2002}, author = {Jung, V and Thibaut, T and Meinesz, A and Pohnert, G}, title = {Comparison of the wound-activated transformation of caulerpenyne by invasive and noninvasive Caulerpa species of the Mediterranean.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {10}, pages = {2091-2105}, pmid = {12474902}, issn = {0098-0331}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Chlorophyta/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Esterases/pharmacology ; Marine Toxins/metabolism ; Sesquiterpenes/*metabolism ; Wounds and Injuries/pathology ; }, abstract = {The invasive green alga, Caulerpa taxifolia, that has spread rapidly after its introduction into the Mediterranean and the North American Pacific, reacts to wounding by transforming its major metabolite caulerpenyne. This wound-activated reaction involves the transformation of the bis-enol acetate moiety of 1, releasing reactive 1,4-dialdehydes. The ability to perform this transformation is found also in both the noninvasive Mediterranean C. prolifera and the invasive C. racemosa. Trapping experiments, as well as transformation of the model substrate geranyl acetate, suggest that all three investigated Caulerpa spp. rely on esterases that act upon wounding of the algae by subsequently removing the three acetate residues of caulerpenyne. The resulting reactive 1,4-dialdehyde oxytoxin 2 can be identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and is unstable in the wounded tissue. Caulerpenyne transformation occurs rapidly, and severe tissue damage caused degradation of more than 50% of the stored caulerpenyne within 1 min in all three algae. Prevention of the enzymatic reaction before extraction, by shock freezing the tissue with liquid nitrogen, was used for the determination of the caulerpenyne content in intact algae. It gives about twofold higher values compared to an established methanol extraction protocol. The speed and mechanism of the wound-activated transformation, as well as the caulerpenyne content in intact tissue of invasive and noninvasive Caulerpa spp., are comparable. Thus, this enzymatic transformation, despite being fast and efficient, is likely not the key for the success of the investigated invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid12424378, year = {2002}, author = {Kolar, CS and Lodge, DM}, title = {Ecological predictions and risk assessment for alien fishes in North America.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {298}, number = {5596}, pages = {1233-1236}, doi = {10.1126/science.1075753}, pmid = {12424378}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Discriminant Analysis ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; *Fishes/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Forecasting ; Models, Biological ; *Models, Statistical ; Multivariate Analysis ; Regression Analysis ; Risk Assessment ; Seawater ; Sodium Chloride ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Methods of risk assessment for alien species, especially for nonagricultural systems, are largely qualitative. Using a generalizable risk assessment approach and statistical models of fish introductions into the Great Lakes, North America, we developed a quantitative approach to target prevention efforts on species most likely to cause damage. Models correctly categorized established, quickly spreading, and nuisance fishes with 87 to 94% accuracy. We then identified fishes that pose a high risk to the Great Lakes if introduced from unintentional (ballast water) or intentional pathways (sport, pet, bait, and aquaculture industries).}, }
@article {pmid12422019, year = {2002}, author = {Stachowicz, JJ and Terwin, JR and Whitlatch, RB and Osman, RW}, title = {Linking climate change and biological invasions: Ocean warming facilitates nonindigenous species invasions.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {99}, number = {24}, pages = {15497-15500}, pmid = {12422019}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Ciona intestinalis/physiology ; *Climate ; Connecticut ; Ecosystem ; Seasons ; *Seawater ; Species Specificity ; *Temperature ; Urochordata/classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The spread of exotic species and climate change are among the most serious global environmental threats. Each independently causes considerable ecological damage, yet few data are available to assess whether changing climate might facilitate invasions by favoring introduced over native species. Here, we compare our long-term record of weekly sessile marine invertebrate recruitment with interannual variation in water temperature to assess the likely effect of climate change on the success and spread of introduced species. For the three most abundant introduced species of ascidian (sea squirt), the timing of the initiation of recruitment was strongly negatively correlated with winter water temperature, indicating that invaders arrived earlier in the season in years with warmer winters. Total recruitment of introduced species during the following summer also was positively correlated with winter water temperature. In contrast, the magnitude of native ascidian recruitment was negatively correlated with winter temperature (more recruitment in colder years) and the timing of native recruitment was unaffected. In manipulative laboratory experiments, two introduced compound ascidians grew faster than a native species, but only at temperatures near the maximum observed in summer. These data suggest that the greatest effects of climate change on biotic communities may be due to changing maximum and minimum temperatures rather than annual means. By giving introduced species an earlier start, and increasing the magnitude of their growth and recruitment relative to natives, global warming may facilitate a shift to dominance by nonnative species, accelerating the homogenization of the global biota.}, }
@article {pmid12404813, year = {2002}, author = {Beveridge, I}, title = {Australian hookworms (Ancylostomatoidea): a review of the species present, their distributions and biogeographical origins.}, journal = {Parassitologia}, volume = {44}, number = {1-2}, pages = {83-88}, pmid = {12404813}, issn = {0048-2951}, mesh = {*Ancylostomatoidea/classification/physiology ; Ancylostomiasis/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission/veterinary ; Animal Migration ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic/parasitology ; Animals, Wild/parasitology ; Asia ; Australia/epidemiology ; Emigration and Immigration ; Europe/ethnology ; Humans ; Mammals/blood/parasitology ; Species Specificity ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {Ancylostomatoidea or hookworms recorded in Australia are reviewed and the attempt is made to provide the biogeographical background to their occurrence. The poor representation of this nematode superfamily is probably a reflection of the fact that they are primarily parasites of Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Insectivora, Rodentia, Edentata, Proboscoidea and primates, eutherian mammals which are either absent from the Australian fauna or which have only recently reached the continent. The principal genera of hookworms recorded to date from Australia are Ancylostoma, Bunostomum, Necator and Uncinaria. The majority of the ancylostomatoid fauna is represented by introduced species of man and domestic animals. Native or endemic species of hookworms are restricted to members of the genus Uncinaria with two species occurring in rodents and pinnipeds. Only a single endemic species of hookworm is known, U. hydromyidis, which is found in the small intestine of a rat. Significant problems remain in understanding the systematics, epidemiology and evolutionary relationships of the Australian ancylostomatoid fauna.}, }
@article {pmid12396221, year = {2002}, author = {Tourchin, ME and Lafferty, KD and Kuris, AM}, title = {Parasites and marine invasions.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {124 Suppl}, number = {}, pages = {S137-51}, doi = {10.1017/s0031182002001506}, pmid = {12396221}, issn = {0031-1820}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecology ; Endemic Diseases ; Food Chain ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Models, Theoretical ; Parasites/classification/*growth &amp; development ; *Seawater ; Snails/parasitology/physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Introduced marine species are a major environmental and economic problem. The rate of these biological invasions has substantially increased in recent years due to the globalization of the world's economies. The damage caused by invasive species is often a result of the higher densities and larger sizes they attain compared to where they are native. A prominent hypothesis explaining the success of introduced species is that they are relatively free of the effects of natural enemies. Most notably, they may encounter fewer parasites in their introduced range compared to their native range. Parasites are ubiquitous and pervasive in marine systems, yet their role in marine invasions is relatively unexplored. Although data on parasites of marine organisms exist, the extent to which parasites can mediate marine invasions, or the extent to which invasive parasites and pathogens are responsible for infecting or potentially decimating native marine species have not been examined. In this review, we present a theoretical framework to model invasion success and examine the evidence for a relationship between parasite presence and the success of introduced marine species. For this, we compare the prevalence and species richness of parasites in several introduced populations of marine species with populations where they are native. We also discuss the potential impacts of introduced marine parasites on native ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid12395845, year = {2002}, author = {Uveges, JL and Corbett, AL and Mal, TK}, title = {Effects of lead contamination on the growth of lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife).}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {120}, number = {2}, pages = {319-323}, doi = {10.1016/s0269-7491(02)00144-6}, pmid = {12395845}, issn = {0269-7491}, mesh = {Lead/*toxicity ; Lythrum/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Ohio ; Soil Pollutants/*toxicity ; Toxicity Tests ; }, abstract = {The ability of individual species to tolerate or accumulate heavy metal pollutants has been investigated widely. Although invasive species may become established more easily in disturbed environments, relatively little is known about how an ability to tolerate pollutants might give invasive species a competitive advantage. This study is part of a series of experiments investigating native and invasive species interactions with chemical pollution and other forms of disturbance. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of lead on the growth of Lythrum salicaria. We exposed plants to different concentrations of lead and measured different growth parameters, such as biomass, length, leaf number, and biomass allocation to roots. For most measures, plants grown in lead-free conditions were larger than plants exposed to lead. Plants in the low (500 mg/l) and medium (1,000 mg/l) lead treatments did not differ from each other, while plants in the high (2,000 mg/l) lead treatment were significantly smaller. However, the biomass allocation to roots was not significantly different among treatments. Although their growth is affected, individuals of Lythrum salicaria demonstrated tolerance to lead contamination, which may aid in their colonization in lead-polluted wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid12296945, year = {2002}, author = {Downie, DA}, title = {Locating the sources of an invasive pest, grape phylloxera, using a mitochondrial DNA gene genealogy.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {2013-2026}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01584.x}, pmid = {12296945}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Europe ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Hemiptera/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Pest Control, Biological ; *Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; South America ; United States ; Vitis/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Range expansions through human introductions have increased with global commerce and have led to the extinction of native species, alterations in community structure and pest status of the invasive species. Inferring the evolutionary history of invasive species can help to build a firmer footing for management tactics. This study used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence comparisons of samples collected from the native and introduced ranges of a pest herbivore of cultivated grapes, grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch, Phylloxeridae) to infer the sources and pattern of introductions into worldwide viticulture. Introductions into viticulture from its native North American range first occurred in the mid-19th century. The pattern of spread has suggested a focus of introduction into France, but independent introductions may have occurred elsewhere. The results show that the introduced population represents a limited subsample of the native genetic diversity. The data suggest that most grape phylloxera in viticulture, including all European, have originated in the northeastern USA where the grape species Vitis riparia dominates. There was evidence for independent introductions into South Africa and California. Most California haplotypes were most closely related to native grape phylloxera from the Atlantic Coast on V. vulpina. It is likely that subsequent spread from California into Australia, New Zealand and Peru has occurred.}, }
@article {pmid12295948, year = {1998}, author = {Holt, A}, title = {Hawaii's reptilian nightmare.}, journal = {World conservation}, volume = {}, number = {1}, pages = {31-32}, pmid = {12295948}, mesh = {Americas ; *Animal Population Groups ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Developed Countries ; *Environment ; Hawaii ; North America ; Public Policy ; United States ; }, }
@article {pmid12189830, year = {2001}, author = {Soto-Pinto, L and Romero-Alvarado, Y and Caballero-Nieto, J and Segura Warnholtz, G}, title = {Woody plant diversity and structure of shade-grown-coffee plantations in northern Chiapas, Mexico.}, journal = {Revista de biologia tropical}, volume = {49}, number = {3-4}, pages = {977-987}, pmid = {12189830}, issn = {0034-7744}, mesh = {*Coffee ; *Crops, Agricultural ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Mexico ; Plants/classification ; Wood ; }, abstract = {Shade-grown coffee is an agricultural system that contains some forest-like characteristics. However, structure and diversity are poorly known in shade coffee systems. In 61 coffee-growers' plots of Chiapas, Mexico, structural variables of shade vegetation and coffee yields were measured, recording species and their use. Coffee stands had five vegetation strata. Seventy seven woody species mostly used as wood were found (mean density 371.4 trees per hectare). Ninety percent were native species (40% of the local flora), the remaining were introduced species, mainly fruit trees/shrubs. Diametric distribution resembles that of a secondary forest. Principal Coordinates Analysis grouped plots in four classes by the presence of Inga, however the majority of plots are diverse. There was no difference in equitability among groups or coffee yields. Coffee yield was 835 g clean coffee per shrub, or ca. 1,668 kg ha-1. There is a significant role of shade-grown coffee as diversity refuge for woody plants and presumably associated fauna as well as an opportunity for shade-coffee growers to participate in the new biodiversity-friendly-coffee market.}, }
@article {pmid12171648, year = {2002}, author = {Bale, JS}, title = {Insects and low temperatures: from molecular biology to distributions and abundance.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {357}, number = {1423}, pages = {849-862}, pmid = {12171648}, issn = {0962-8436}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Animals ; Cold Climate ; *Cold Temperature ; Freezing ; Insecta/genetics/*physiology ; Pest Control ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Insects are the most diverse fauna on earth, with different species occupying a range of terrestrial and aquatic habitats from the tropics to the poles. Species inhabiting extreme low-temperature environments must either tolerate or avoid freezing to survive. While much is now known about the synthesis, biochemistry and function of the main groups of cryoprotectants involved in the seasonal processes of acclimatization and winter cold hardiness (ice-nucleating agents, polyols and antifreeze proteins), studies on the structural biology of these compounds have been more limited. The recent discovery of rapid cold-hardening, ice-interface desiccation and the daily resetting of critical thermal thresholds affecting mortality and mobility have emphasized the role of temperature as the most important abiotic factor, acting through physiological processes to determine ecological outcomes. These relationships are seen in key areas such as species responses to climate warming, forecasting systems for pest outbreaks and the establishment potential of alien species in new environments.}, }
@article {pmid12144677, year = {2002}, author = {Castilla, JC and Collins, AG and Meyer, CP and Guiñez, R and Lindberg, DR}, title = {Recent introduction of the dominant tunicate, Pyura praeputialis (Urochordata, Pyuridae) to Antofagasta, Chile.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {1579-1584}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01524.x}, pmid = {12144677}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Chile ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Mitochondria/enzymology ; Phylogeny ; South Africa ; Urochordata/classification/*genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The large sessile tunicate Pyura stolonifera (Pleurogona: Stolibranchiata: Pyuridae), has been regarded as a complex taxon with disjointed distributions, including Australia (Pyura stolonifera praeputialis), South Africa (Pyura stolonifera stolonifera) and South America (Chile, Antofagasta: Pyura sp., the 'piure de Antofagasta'), and has been cited under at least five taxonomic combinations. The 'piure de Antofagasta' is a competitively dominant species in rocky intertidal habitats and shows a limited geographical range (60-70 km) exclusively inside the Bay of Antofagasta. Using cytochrome oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial sequence data from Pyura specimens of the three taxa we tested whether the Chilean taxon represents: (i) a Gondwana relict; (ii) a more recently divergent species; or (iii) a recently introduced species. The results suggest that the Chilean taxon is a recent introduction to Chile from Australian populations and that Pyura stolonifera praeputialis, from Australia, and the 'piure de Antofagasta' are geographical populations of a single species: Pyura praeputialis; whereas the South African taxon represents a second species: Pyura stolonifera.}, }
@article {pmid12071313, year = {2001}, author = {Araújo, FG and Santos, LN}, title = {Distribution of fish assemblages in Lajes reservoir, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {61}, number = {4}, pages = {563-576}, doi = {10.1590/s1519-69842001000400006}, pmid = {12071313}, issn = {1519-6984}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Environment ; Fishes/*classification ; *Fresh Water ; Population Density ; }, abstract = {Spatial distribution of fish assemblages in Lajes Reservoir, a 30 km2 impoundment in Rio de Janeiro State (Lat. 22 degrees 42'-22 degrees 50'S; Long. 43 degrees 53'-44 degrees 05'W) was assessed to detect patterns of available habitat use by the fish. A standardized monthly sampling program was carried out from January to December 1994 at three zones of the reservoir (upper, near tributary mouths; middle; and lower, near the dam). Fishes were caught by gillnets, (50 m long, 3 m height), with mesh ranging having from 25 to 45 mm between knots, submerged during 12 hours. A total of 5,089 fishes were collected comprising 15 species, 14 genera and 9 families. Loricariichthys spixii, Astyanax bimaculatus, Parauchenipterus striatulus. Astyanax fasciatus parahybae, Oligosarchus hepsetus, Rhamdia parahybace, Hypostomus affinis. and Geophagus brasiliensis were the most abundant species, each contributing above 1% of the total number. Loricariichthys spixii was the dominant species, contributing over 80% of total number and biomass. Fish abundance, number of species, and biomass were higher in the upper zone, but differences from this overall pattern were shown by some species. Loricariichthys spixii and Rhamdia parahybae were more abundant in the upper zone, while all other species showed no differences in their abundance among the zones. Seasonal environmental variables of temperature, pH, transparency, and water level did not show a clear association with fish occurrence. Most fish used the different zones of the reservoir with no clear sign of spatial separation. High dominance of L. spixii. reduced abundance of reolific species Leporinus copelandii and Cyphocharax gilberti, and presence of introduced species such as Cichla monoculus and Tilapia rendallalli are indications of antropic effects in the fish community.}, }
@article {pmid12030978, year = {2002}, author = {Kwon, JA and Morden, CW}, title = {Population genetic structure of two rare tree species (Colubrina oppositifolia and Alphitonia ponderosa, Rhamnaceae) from Hawaiian dry and mesic forests using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {991-1001}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01497.x}, pmid = {12030978}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Colubrina/classification/*genetics ; DNA Primers/genetics ; Genes, Plant ; Genetics, Population ; Hawaii ; Phylogeny ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; Rhamnaceae/classification/*genetics ; Trees/classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {Hawaiian dry and mesic forests contain an increasingly rare assemblage of species due to habitat destruction, invasive alien weeds and exotic pests. Two rare Rhamnaceae species in these ecosystems, Colubrina oppositifolia and Alphitonia ponderosa, were examined using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to determine the genetic structure of the populations and the amount of variation relative to other native Hawaiian species. Relative variation is lower than with other Hawaiian species, although this is probably not a consequence of genetic bottleneck. Larger populations of both species contain the highest levels of genetic diversity and smaller populations generally the least as determined by number of polymorphic loci, estimated heterozygosity, and Shannon's index of genetic diversity. Populations on separate islands were readily discernible for both species as were two populations of C. oppositifolia on Hawai'i island (North and South Kona populations). Substructure among Kaua'i subpopulations of A. ponderosa that were ecologically separated was also evident. Although population diversity is thought to have remained at predisturbance levels, population size continues to decline as recruitment is either absent or does not keep pace with senescence of mature plants. Recovery efforts must focus on control of alien species if these and other endemic dry and mesic forest species are to persist.}, }
@article {pmid12028732, year = {2002}, author = {Perry, WL and Lodge, DM and Feder, JL}, title = {Importance of hybridization between indigenous and nonindigenous freshwater species: an overlooked threat to North American biodiversity.}, journal = {Systematic biology}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, pages = {255-275}, doi = {10.1080/10635150252899761}, pmid = {12028732}, issn = {1063-5157}, mesh = {Animals ; Crosses, Genetic ; Crustacea/classification ; *Ecosystem ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Fishes/*classification/*physiology ; Male ; North America ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Biodiversity of North American freshwaters is among the greatest in the world. However, due to extensive habitat degradation, pollution, and introductions of nonindigenous species, this biodiversity is also among the most endangered. Unlike habitat degradation and pollution, nonindigenous species represent a permanent loss of biodiversity because their removal or control is often impossible. Most species introduced into nonnative North American ranges, however, are not from Eurasia but have been introduced from geographically isolated regions within North America. Although the ecological effects of introduced species have been widely documented, the effects of hybridization, especially between closely related species, represents an equally serious mechanism of extinction but is much less studied. Identification of which species are likely to hybridize after contact is of critical importance to prevent the further loss of native species. Molecular phylogenetics serves as a powerful tool to identify freshwater species at risk of introgression, if we can assume that genetic distance is a good predictor of the potential for hybridization. Although not a thorough review of all cases of hybridization, this article documents the extent and effects of hybridization in fishes, crayfishes, mussels, and other invertebrates in light of the currently accepted phylogenetic relationships. We suggest this approach may be the first step in addressing the potential threat of hybridization between many of the closely related species in North American fresh waters.}, }
@article {pmid12020373, year = {2002}, author = {Paine, TD and Paine, TD and Millar, JG}, title = {Insect pests of eucalypts in California: implications of managing invasive species.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {92}, number = {2}, pages = {147-152}, doi = {10.1079/BER2002151}, pmid = {12020373}, issn = {0007-4853}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Coleoptera ; *Eucalyptus ; *Hemiptera ; *Insect Control ; }, abstract = {For the first 150 years following their introduction, eucalypts planted in the California landscape were free of both insect pests and diseases. In the last 15 years, numerous herbivorous insect species have been introduced accidentally into the State and have caused significant damage to the trees. Several of these species, e.g. Phoracantha semipunctata (Fabricius), Phoracantha recurva Newman (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Gonipterus scutellatus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), have also been introduced into other parts of the world where eucalypts are grown, whereas others, e.g. Glycaspsis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Spondyliaspidae) and Eucalyptolyma maideni Froggatt (Hemiptera: Spondyliaspidae), are currently restricted to California and Australia. Research programmes have provided management solutions to individual pest problems, but as more pest species are introduced, these solutions must be integrated across broad geographic, horticultural, and economic scales, in a systems approach.}, }
@article {pmid12000133, year = {2002}, author = {Pazoutová, S and Bogo, A}, title = {Rediscovery of Claviceps sorghi (Ascomycotina: Clavicipitaceae) in India.}, journal = {Mycopathologia}, volume = {153}, number = {2}, pages = {99-101}, pmid = {12000133}, issn = {0301-486X}, mesh = {Claviceps/*classification/genetics ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/analysis/genetics ; India ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Poaceae/microbiology ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; }, abstract = {During last twenty years, endemic Claviceps sorghi was largely replaced in India by an introduced species Claviceps africana. Recently, C. sorghi was found and isolated from Sorghum bicolor (Gulbarga, Karnataka). Macroconidia were smaller than in the type description, 7.6-14.5 (avg. 11.4) x 3.8-6.1 (avg. 4.8) microm; microconidia were rounded to oval, 2.5-3 microm in diameter. When plated, only the macroconidia underwent secondary conidiation. Sporulation was maintained only in cultures grown on sucrose-asparagine medium T2. Mycelium was reduced to sparse hyphae with numerous short conidiophores soon obscured by yeastlike conidial mass. RAPD patterns of isolates GUL, MH74 (Maharashtra), NAP7 and NAP5 (Andhra Pradesh) with 6 primers were almost identical and distinct from those of C. africana. Sequence of rDNA containing ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region for isolate GUL (AJ306621) corresponded to that of the authentic material of C. sorghi (AJ242869) confirming thus the presence of C. sorghi in Central India.}, }
@article {pmid11976671, year = {2002}, author = {Barnes, DK}, title = {Biodiversity: invasions by marine life on plastic debris.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {416}, number = {6883}, pages = {808-809}, doi = {10.1038/416808a}, pmid = {11976671}, issn = {0028-0836}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Bryozoa ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Humans ; Hydra ; Ice ; Mollusca ; Oceans and Seas ; Plankton ; *Plastics ; Temperature ; Thoracica ; Water Pollution ; }, abstract = {Colonization by alien species poses one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity. Here I investigate the colonization by marine organisms of drift debris deposited on the shores of 30 remote islands from the Arctic to the Antarctic (across all oceans) and find that human litter more than doubles the rafting opportunities for biota, particularly at high latitudes. Although the poles may be protected from invasion by freezing sea surface temperatures, these may be under threat as the fastest-warming areas anywhere are at these latitudes.}, }
@article {pmid11960763, year = {2002}, author = {Polley, HW and Tischler, CR and Johnson, HB and Derner, JD}, title = {Growth rate and survivorship of drought: CO2 effects on the presumed tradeoff in seedlings of five woody legumes.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {383-391}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/22.6.383}, pmid = {11960763}, issn = {0829-318X}, mesh = {Acacia/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Biomass ; Carbon Dioxide/physiology ; Dehydration ; Fabaceae/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Gleditsia/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Photosynthesis/physiology ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Plant Transpiration/physiology ; Prosopis/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Seedlings/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Time Factors ; Trees/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {Traits that promote rapid growth and seedling recruitment when water is plentiful may become a liability when seedlings encounter drought. We tested the hypothesis that CO2 enrichment reinforces any tradeoff between growth rate and drought tolerance by exaggerating interspecific differences in maximum relative growth rate (RGR) and survivorship of drought among seedlings of five woody legumes. We studied invasive species of grasslands that differ in distribution along a rainfall gradient. Survivorship of drought at ambient CO2 concentration ([CO2]) was negatively related to RGR in well-watered seedlings in one of two experiments, but the relationship was weak because interspecific differences in RGR were small. Contrary to our hypothesis, there was no significant relationship among well-watered seedlings between RGR at ambient [CO2] and either the relative or absolute increase in RGR at elevated [CO2]. As predicted, however, CO2 enrichment reinforced interspecific differences in survivorship of seedlings exposed to similar rates of soil water depletion. Doubling [CO2] improved seedling survivorship of the most drought-tolerant species throughout the period of soil water depletion, but did not consistently affect survivorship of more drought-sensitive species. Midday xylem pressure potentials of drought-treated seedlings were less negative at elevated [CO2] than at ambient [CO2], but no other measured trait was consistently correlated with improved survivorship at high [CO2]. Carbon dioxide enrichment may not reinforce species differences in RGR, but could exaggerate interspecific differences in drought tolerance. To the extent that seedling persistence in grasslands correlates with drought survivorship, our results indicate a positive effect of CO2 enrichment on recruitment of woody legumes that are currently tolerant of drought.}, }
@article {pmid11935916, year = {2001}, author = {Fuselier, L}, title = {Impacts of Oreochromis mossambicus (Perciformes: Cichlidae) upon habitat segregation among cyprinodontids (Cyprinodontiformes) of a species flock in Mexico.}, journal = {Revista de biologia tropical}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, pages = {647-655}, pmid = {11935916}, issn = {0034-7744}, mesh = {Agonistic Behavior ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cyprinodontiformes/*physiology ; Environment ; Models, Biological ; *Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Tilapia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Five species of Cyprinodon in Laguna Chichancanab, Yucatan, Mexico comprise a young species flock whose ecology and evolution has not been thoroughly studied, but whose existence is threatened with extinction. Species flocks evolve in isolated areas where predators and competitors are absent. Since the description of the Chichancanab flock, Oreochromis mossambicus, a species introduced into the lake for which I examined habitat in the 1980's, has become common throughout the basin. I assessed relative abundance of flock species in the lake. examined habitat use and segregation among the three most common flock species and examined the affects of O. mossambicus upon flock species habitat use. Cyprinodon beltrani was the most abundant flock species in 1997, followed by C. maya and C. labiosus; C. verecundus and C. simus were rare. Cyprinodon beltrani was found in shallow water, nearshore, over thick beds of submerged Chara, and little emergent vegetation. Cyprinodon beltrani exhibited diurnal variation in nearshore habitat use. In the field, the habitat use of C. beltrani and O. mossambicus broadly overlapped. In aquarium experiments, three flock species exhibited habitat use segregation and C. beltrani and C. labiosus showed agonistic behaviors that strengthened segregation. Cyprinodon maya differed from C. beltrani and C. labiosus by its greater dispersion of individuals and use of areas higher in the water column. The presence of O. mossambicus caused a shift in habitat use by C. maya and C. labiosus that put these species into habitat occupied by C. beltrani. The presence of introduced species has caused a significant perturbation of the conditions that fomented speciation of the Chichancanab flock 8,000 years ago.}, }
@article {pmid11910088, year = {2002}, author = {Withgott, J}, title = {Invasive species. California tries to rub out the monster of the lagoon.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {295}, number = {5563}, pages = {2201-2202}, doi = {10.1126/science.295.5563.2201}, pmid = {11910088}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Australia ; Biomass ; California ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Food Chain ; Herbicides/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology ; Mediterranean Region ; Seawater/*parasitology ; Seaweed/drug effects/*physiology ; }, }
@article {pmid11883681, year = {2002}, author = {Boudouresque, CF and Verlaque, M}, title = {Biological pollution in the Mediterranean Sea: invasive versus introduced macrophytes.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, pages = {32-38}, doi = {10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00150-3}, pmid = {11883681}, issn = {0025-326X}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Plant Development ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Water Pollution ; }, abstract = {The authors have listed 85 species of macrophytes that have probably been introduced to the Mediterranean. Among them, nine species can be considered as invasive, i.e., playing a conspicuous role in the recipient ecosystems, taking the place of keystone species and/or being economically harmful: Acrothamnion preissii, Asparagopsis armata, Lophocladia lallemandii, Womersleyella setacea (Rhodophyta), Sargassum muticum, Stypopodium schimperi (Fucophyceae), Caulerpa racemosa, Caulerpa taxifolia and Halophila stipulacea (Plantae). These data fit well the Williamson and Fitter's "tens rule", which states that, on average, 1 out of 10 introduced species becomes invasive. Though some features (e.g. life traits, geographical origin) can increase the likelihood of a successful invasion, the success of invaders is far from being predictable. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the number of introduced species to the Mediterranean has nearly doubled every 20 years. Should these kinetics continue, and according to the tens rule, it can be expected that 5-10 newly introduced macrophytes shall become invasive in the next 20 years.}, }
@article {pmid11878025, year = {2001}, author = {Josefsson, M and Andersson, B}, title = {The environmental consequences of alien species in the Swedish lakes Mälaren, Hjälmaren, Vänern and Vättern.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {30}, number = {8}, pages = {514-521}, doi = {10.1579/0044-7447-30.8.514}, pmid = {11878025}, issn = {0044-7447}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biomass ; Birds ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Fishes ; *Fresh Water ; Invertebrates ; Mink ; Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Sweden ; }, abstract = {Twenty alien species have become established in the lakes Mälaren, Vänern, Vättern and Hjälmaren. Intentional introductions include fish and the signal crayfish from North America, ornamental plants, and the Canada goose. Unintentional introductions include the crayfish plague introduced with infected crayfish, the zebra mussel, and Chinese mitten crab introduced with ballast water. The introduction of pathogens and parasites, in particular the crayfish plague, to the lakes has had the greatest environmental and socioeconomic effects and has contributed to the decimation of the indigenous noble crayfish. The stocking of brown trout and salmon with origins from different biogeographical regions has contributed to the extinction of relict indigenous fish species in L. Vänern. Although major ecosystem damage caused by the introduction of alien species, with the exception of the crayfish plague, has not occurred in the four large Swedish lakes, local problems of considerable dignity occur occasionally.}, }
@article {pmid11801200, year = {2001}, author = {Kikvidze, Z and Ohsawa, M}, title = {Richness of Colchic vegetation: comparison between refugia of south-western and East Asia.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {1}, number = {}, pages = {6}, pmid = {11801200}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Climate ; Cycadopsida/classification/*growth &amp; development ; *Environment ; Geography ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; Georgia (Republic) ; Japan ; Magnoliopsida/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Random Allocation ; Russia ; Turkey ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Colchis is one of the species-rich refugia and a centre of biological diversity in western Eurasia. We analysed patterns of richness, endemism and invasions in relation to taxonomy (family membership), life form, certain habitats in the Colchis, and compared them to patterns found for Japan.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that in the Colchis perennials are significantly over-represented in endemic species, and that they typically occur on limestone soils and in alpine tall herbaceous vegetation. The Asteraceae produce significantly large number of both endemic and alien species, whereas the Poaceae are over-represented in alien species but under-represented in endemics. Likewise, the Apiaceae are over-represented in endemics, whereas the Euphorbiaceae are over-represented in alien species. Similar patterns have been found in Yakushima, Japan. The Morisita-Horn index of similarity between these two sites was 0.83 (based on family size). Although the flora of Adjara comprised of fewer families than the flora of Yakushima, the largest families are richer in species in the flora of Adjara than in the flora of Yakushima.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Floristic analysis of refugia of western Eurasia and their comparison with geographically distant areas can provide useful data for plant ecological and evolutionary studies. Potentially, such studies can produce testable hypotheses on plant migrations and on their historical geography. For example, the data presented in this study indicate that more severe conditions in the Pleistocene and geographical isolation of the Colchis may be responsible for the higher relative importance of adaptive radiation in the shaping of its modern flora.}, }
@article {pmid11757287, year = {2001}, author = {Liu, Z and Zhao, W}, title = {Shifting-sand control in central Tibet.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, pages = {376-380}, pmid = {11757287}, issn = {0044-7447}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Air Movements ; Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Plants ; Silicon Dioxide ; *Soil ; Tibet ; }, abstract = {The middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo, the Lhasa, and the Nianchu rivers form the center of politics, economy, and culture in the Tibetan Autonomous Region. Due to the fragility of the natural environment and overexploitation of land by the local people, desertification is becoming a serious problem in the valleys. Shifting sands cover an area of 578 km2 and have caused problems such as damage to farmland and grassland, traffic blockage and burying of water projects. This paper discusses strategies and techniques for combating shifting sands, including reformation of the agricultural structure, exploitation of new sources of energy, and combinations of mechanical and biotic measures. Using mechanical measures, straw barriers, and gravel layer covers, artificial vegetation can be established on the mobile sand dune by sowing and planting introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid11746038, year = {2001}, author = {Cohen, MM}, title = {Frog decline, frog malformations, and a comparison of frog and human health.}, journal = {American journal of medical genetics}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, pages = {101-109}, doi = {10.1002/ajmg.10002}, pmid = {11746038}, issn = {0148-7299}, mesh = {Animals ; Congenital Abnormalities/*etiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Limb Deformities, Congenital/genetics ; Ranidae/*genetics/*physiology ; Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects ; }, abstract = {The decline in frog populations and the increase in the frequency of frog malformations are discussed. Topics considered for analysis include chytridiomycosis, retinoids, UV-B radiation, chemical contaminants, environmental threats, introduced invasive species and predation, unsustainable use, and enigmatic decline. Care must be taken to distinguish between hypotheses, laboratory experiments, and the findings in feral frog populations. Clearly, the causes of population decline and malformations are heterogeneous. The subject of frogs and humans is addressed under three subheadings: the importance of frogs to human societies, medical implications of frog studies, and a comparison of frog and human disease factors.}, }
@article {pmid11736996, year = {2001}, author = {Suárez, M and González-Zorn, B and Vega, Y and Chico-Calero, I and Vázquez-Boland, JA}, title = {A role for ActA in epithelial cell invasion by Listeria monocytogenes.}, journal = {Cellular microbiology}, volume = {3}, number = {12}, pages = {853-864}, doi = {10.1046/j.1462-5822.2001.00160.x}, pmid = {11736996}, issn = {1462-5814}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Base Sequence ; COS Cells ; Caco-2 Cells ; Cell Line ; Chlorocebus aethiops ; DNA, Bacterial ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/cytology/metabolism/microbiology ; Gene Expression ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Listeria monocytogenes/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/methods ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis ; Peptide Termination Factors ; Trans-Activators ; Vero Cells ; }, abstract = {We assessed the role of the actin-polymerizing protein, ActA, in host cell invasion by Listeria monocytogenes. An in frame DeltaactA mutant was constructed in a hyperinvasive strain of prfA* genotype, in which all genes of the PrfA-dependent virulence regulon, including actA, are highly expressed in vitro. Loss of ActA production in prfA* bacteria reduced entry into Caco-2, HeLa, MDCK and Vero epithelial cells to basal levels. Reintroduction of actA into the DeltaactA prfA* mutant fully restored invasiveness, demonstrating that ActA is involved in epithelial cell invasion. ActA did not contribute to internalization by COS-1 fibroblasts and Hepa 1-6 hepatocytes. Expression of actA in Listeria innocua was sufficient to promote entry of this non-invasive species into epithelial cell lines, but not into COS-1 and Hepa 1-6 cells, indicating that ActA directs an internalization pathway specific for epithelial cells. Scanning electron microscopy of infected Caco-2 human enterocytes suggested that this pathway involves microvilli. prfA* bacteria, but not wild-type bacteria (which express PrfA-dependent genes very weakly in vitro) or prfA* DeltaactA bacteria, efficiently invaded differentiated Caco-2 cells via their apical surface. Microvilli played an active role in the phagocytosis of the prfA* strain, and actA was required for their remodelling into pseudopods mediating bacterial uptake. Thus, ActA appears to be a multifunctional virulence factor involved in two important aspects of Listeria pathogenesis: actin-based motility and host cell tropism and invasion.}, }
@article {pmid11731343, year = {2001}, author = {Stratton, LC and Goldstein, G}, title = {Carbon uptake, growth and resource-use efficiency in one invasive and six native Hawaiian dry forest tree species.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {21}, number = {18}, pages = {1327-1334}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/21.18.1327}, pmid = {11731343}, issn = {0829-318X}, mesh = {Anacardiaceae/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Carbon Dioxide/physiology ; Hawaii ; Nitrogen/physiology ; Photosynthesis/physiology ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Seasons ; Trees/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {Photosynthetic gas exchange, nitrogen- and water-use efficiency, leaf water potential and seasonal patterns of leaf production were studied in seven, dominant dry-forest species from the island of Lana'i, Hawaii, including the rapidly colonizing, non-native Schinus terebinthifolius (Raddi). We evaluated whether unique physiological characteristics of the invasive species explain its capacity to rapidly invade dry forests throughout the Hawaiian Islands. Apparent anomalies in stable carbon isotope data (delta13C) relative to other results led us to study effects of environmental conditions and physiological performance during leaf expansion on delta13C. Species that expanded all their foliage at the beginning of the wet season had more negative leaf delta13C values during the dry season than species with continuous leaf expansion. Among species, S. terebinthifolius had a strong seasonal pattern of leaf production and the most negative delta13C (-29 per thousand). With respect to almost every trait measured, S. terebinthifolius fell at an end of the range of values for the native species. Rapid growth of S. terebinthifolius in this ecosystem may be partially explained by its high maximum CO2 assimilation rates (15 micromol m-2 s-1), low leaf mass per area, high photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency per unit leaf mass or area and large decrease in stomatal conductance during the dry season. Relative to the native species, the invasive species exhibited striking phenotypic plasticity, including high rates of stem growth and water and CO2 uptake during the wet season, and maintenance of leaves and high leaf water potentials, as a result of reduced water loss, during the dry season, enabling it to utilize available resources effectively.}, }
@article {pmid11729086, year = {2002}, author = {Gillespie, RG and Roderick, GK}, title = {Arthropods on islands: colonization, speciation, and conservation.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {}, pages = {595-632}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145244}, pmid = {11729086}, issn = {0066-4170}, mesh = {Animals ; *Arthropods ; *Biological Evolution ; Humans ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Islands have traditionally been considered to be any relatively small body of land completely surrounded by water. However, their primary biological characteristic, an extended period of isolation from a source of colonists, is common also to many situations on continents. Accordingly, theories and predictions developed for true islands have been applied to a huge array of systems, from rock pools, to single tree species in forests, to oceanic islands. Here, we examine the literature on islands in the broadest sense (i.e., whether surrounded by water or any other uninhabitable matrix) as it pertains to terrestrial arthropods. We categorize islands according to the features they share. The primary distinction between different island systems is "darwinian" islands (formed de novo) and "fragment" islands. In the former, the islands have never been in contact with the source of colonists and have abundant "empty" ecological niche space. On these islands, species numbers will initially increase through immigration, the rate depending on the degree of isolation. If isolation persists, over time species formation will result in "neo-endemics." When isolation is extreme, the ecological space will gradually be filled through speciation (rather than immigration) and adaptive radiation of neo-endemics. Fragment islands are fundamentally different. In these islands, the ecological space will initially be filled as a consequence of connection to the source of colonists prior to insularization. Species numbers will decrease following fragmentation through the process of relaxation. If these islands become more isolated, species will eventually arise through relictualization with the formation of "paleo-endemics." Given sufficient time, this process can result in generic level endemism on ancient fragment islands, a phenomenon well illustrated in Madagascar and New Zealand. Recognizing the distinction between the different kinds of islands is fundamental for understanding emerging patterns on each, in particular speciation, biodiversity (e.g., neo-endemics versus paleo-endemics), and conservation (e.g., naiveté in interactions with alien species).}, }
@article {pmid11729073, year = {2002}, author = {Potter, DA and Held, DW}, title = {Biology and management of the Japanese beetle.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {47}, number = {}, pages = {175-205}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145153}, pmid = {11729073}, issn = {0066-4170}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/metabolism/*physiology ; Ecology ; Insect Control/*methods ; Japan ; }, abstract = {The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, an introduced scarab, has become the most widespread and destructive insect pest of turf, landscapes, and nursery crops in the eastern United States. It also damages many fruit, garden, and field crops. This review emphasizes recent research on the beetle's biology and management. Adults feed on leaves, flowers, or fruits of more than 300 plant species. Adaptations mediating their host finding, dietary range, mating, and oviposition are discussed. We also address abiotic and biotic factors affecting population dynamics of the root-feeding larvae. Japanese beetle grubs are widely controlled with preventive soil insecticides, but options for remedial control of adults and larvae presently are limited. Advances in understanding host plant resistance, entomopathogens, and other biorational approaches may provide more options for integrated management. Despite ongoing regulatory efforts, the Japanese beetle remains a threat as an invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid11703076, year = {2001}, author = {Mathies, T and Felix, TA and Lance, VA}, title = {Effects of trapping and subsequent short-term confinement stress on plasma corticosterone in the brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) on Guam.}, journal = {General and comparative endocrinology}, volume = {124}, number = {1}, pages = {106-114}, doi = {10.1006/gcen.2001.7694}, pmid = {11703076}, issn = {0016-6480}, mesh = {Animals ; Corticosterone/*blood ; Female ; Guam ; Male ; Progesterone/blood ; Radioimmunoassay ; Snakes/*metabolism ; Stress, Psychological/*blood ; Testosterone/blood ; }, abstract = {The effects of capture in a live trap and subsequent handling stress on plasma concentrations of corticosterone and other sex steroids were examined in wild male and female brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis), an introduced species on Guam that has been implicated in the extirpation or decline of many of that island's vertebrate species. Males and females that spent 1 night in a trap had plasma levels of corticosterone about four and two times higher, respectively, than those of the respective free-ranging controls. Mean plasma levels of corticosterone of snakes that had spent 3 nights in a trap were intermediate between, but not significantly different from, those of snakes that had spent 1 night in a trap and free-ranging snakes, suggesting that some acclimation to capture occurred during this period. Snakes that were taken from traps and held in collecting bags for 10 min and 2 h prior to blood sampling had levels of corticosterone about two and three times higher, respectively, than those of control snakes that were taken from traps and bled immediately. Concentrations of plasma corticosterone in free-ranging females were about two times higher than those of males but were well within the range of basal levels observed in other reptiles. Few snakes of potential reproductive size were reproductive (males: 1 of 35; females: 2 of 33), and plasma concentrations of testosterone and progesterone in nonreproductive males and females, respectively, were accordingly low. The possible relationship between corticosterone and these sex steroids, therefore, could not be adequately assessed, although there was a positive relationship between plasma progesterone and corticosterone in the nonreproductive females. Nonetheless, as a prerequisite for studies on the seasonal hormonal cycles of this species on Guam, our observations raise the possibility that the stress caused by trapping could affect the levels of other sex steroids and that, therefore, such studies should use free-ranging individuals.}, }
@article {pmid11555258, year = {2001}, author = {Tsutsui, ND and Suarez, AV and Holway, DA and Case, TJ}, title = {Relationships among native and introduced populations of the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) and the source of introduced populations.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {2151-2161}, doi = {10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01363.x}, pmid = {11555258}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Ants/classification/*genetics ; Argentina ; Brazil ; Cytochrome b Group/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Likelihood Functions ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) is a damaging invasive species that has become established in many Mediterranean-type ecosystems worldwide. To identify likely sources of introduced populations we examined the relationships among native Linepithema populations from Argentina and Brazil and introduced populations of L. humile using mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence data and nuclear microsatellite allele frequencies. The mitochondrial phylogeny revealed that the populations in Brazil were only distantly related to both the introduced populations and the native populations in Argentina, and confirmed that populations in Brazil, previously identified as L. humile, are likely a different species. The microsatellite-based analysis provided resolution among native and introduced populations of L. humile that could not be resolved using the mitochondrial sequences. In the native range, colonies that were geographically close to one another tended to be genetically similar, whereas more distant colonies were genetically different. Most samples from the introduced range were genetically similar, although some exceptions were noted. Most introduced populations were similar to native populations from the southern Rio Parana and were particularly similar to a population from Rosario, Argentina. These findings implicate populations from the southern Rio Parana as the most likely source of introduced populations. Moreover, these data suggest that current efforts to identify natural enemies of the Argentine ant for biological control should focus on native populations in the southern Rio Parana watershed.}, }
@article {pmid11546863, year = {2001}, author = {Palumbi, SR}, title = {Humans as the world's greatest evolutionary force.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {293}, number = {5536}, pages = {1786-1790}, doi = {10.1126/science.293.5536.1786}, pmid = {11546863}, issn = {0036-8075}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics/physiology ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Biotechnology/economics ; *Drug Resistance/genetics/physiology ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Selection, Genetic ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {In addition to altering global ecology, technology and human population growth also affect evolutionary trajectories, dramatically accelerating evolutionary change in other species, especially in commercially important, pest, and disease organisms. Such changes are apparent in antibiotic and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) resistance to drugs, plant and insect resistance to pesticides, rapid changes in invasive species, life-history change in commercial fisheries, and pest adaptation to biological engineering products. This accelerated evolution costs at least $33 billion to $50 billion a year in the United States. Slowing and controlling arms races in disease and pest management have been successful in diverse ecological and economic systems, illustrating how applied evolutionary principles can help reduce the impact of humankind on evolution.}, }
@article {pmid11509730, year = {2001}, author = {Henneman, ML and Memmott, J}, title = {Infiltration of a Hawaiian community by introduced biological control agents.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {293}, number = {5533}, pages = {1314-1316}, doi = {10.1126/science.1060788}, pmid = {11509730}, issn = {0036-8075}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Hawaii ; Larva/physiology ; Moths/*parasitology/*physiology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Plants ; Trees ; Wasps/*physiology ; }, abstract = {To examine the community-wide effects of introduced biocontrol agents on Kauai Island, Hawaii, we constructed quantitative food webs showing interactions among plants, moths, and moth parasitoids in a native forest. Eighty-three percent of parasitoids reared from native moths were biological control agents, 14% were accidental immigrants, and 3% were native species. Although parasitism by biological control agents reached 28% in some species of moth, all biocontrol agents reared had been released before 1945. This study highlights the importance of considering the potential damage caused by an introduced control agent, in addition to that caused by the target alien species.}, }
@article {pmid11504030, year = {2001}, author = {Jojola-Elverum, SM and Shivik, JA and Clark, L}, title = {Importance of bacterial decomposition and carrion substrate to foraging brown treesnakes.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {7}, pages = {1315-1331}, pmid = {11504030}, issn = {0098-0331}, mesh = {Animals ; Cadaver ; *Colubridae ; Enterobacter/*metabolism ; *Odorants ; Pest Control ; Postmortem Changes ; *Predatory Behavior ; Smell ; }, abstract = {Brown treesnakes are an invasive species to the island of Guam that have caused extensive ecological and economic damage. Efforts to control the snake population have included trapping using live mouse lures, but for logistical and economic reasons a synthetic lure is needed. When searching for live food, brown treesnakes use both visual and odor cues. However, when searching for carrion, odor cues are sufficient. Attempts to develop synthetic lures based on chemical reconstruction of the complex carrion odor have not succeeded. We provide evidence that a microbial-substrate interaction is important for bait take by brown treesnakes. Microbial cultures taken from mouse carrion indicate that Enterobacter agglomerans is the predominant bacterium, and field tests suggest that this organism may be important to odor production that attracts brown treesnakes. This information may prove useful in the development of microbial-based biological reactors that could be formulated to produce a continuous stream of odor of sufficient complexity so as to be attractive to foraging snakes.}, }
@article {pmid11467422, year = {2000}, author = {Neubert, MG and Kot, M and Lewis, MA}, title = {Invasion speeds in fluctuating environments.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {267}, number = {1453}, pages = {1603-1610}, pmid = {11467422}, issn = {0962-8452}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Models, Biological ; Periodicity ; Predatory Behavior ; Seasons ; Stochastic Processes ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are increasingly frequent and have dramatic ecological and economic consequences. A key to coping with invasive species is our ability to predict their rates of spread. Traditional models of biological invasions assume that the environment is temporally constant. We examine the consequences for invasion speed of periodic and stochastic fluctuations in population growth rates and in dispersal distributions.}, }
@article {pmid11447241, year = {2001}, author = {Tsujimoto, H}, title = {Production of near-isogenic lines and marked monosomic lines in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Chinese Spring.}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {92}, number = {3}, pages = {254-259}, doi = {10.1093/jhered/92.3.254}, pmid = {11447241}, issn = {0022-1503}, mesh = {Alleles ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosome Segregation ; *Crosses, Genetic ; *Genetic Markers ; Homozygote ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Monosomy ; Morphogenesis ; Plant Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Polyploidy ; Triticum/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Sixteen near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying a marker gene were produced by the recurrent backcrossing method in the genetic background of common wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Chinese Spring (CS). Three genes from alien species showed segregation distortion. In NILs carrying a marker gene of rye (Secale cereale) or Aegilops caudata, the alien chromosome segments were detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The NILs were grown with replications and the effect of marker genes on plant morphology in the genetic background of CS was investigated. These NILs were further crossed with the corresponding monosomics of CS and 13 monosomic lines whose monosome carries a respective marker gene were established and named "marked monosomics." Many of the marked monosomics were distinguishable from the disomic NILs because of the different dosage effect of the genes. The NILs are utilized for studies on gene isolation or gene regulation. Marked monosomics are useful not only for monosomic analysis but also for production of homologous chromosome substitution lines because chromosome observation is not required.}, }
@article {pmid11430657, year = {2001}, author = {Tsutsui, ND and Case, TJ}, title = {Population genetics and colony structure of the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) in its native and introduced ranges.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {55}, number = {5}, pages = {976-985}, doi = {10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[0976:pgacso]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {11430657}, issn = {0014-3820}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*genetics/physiology ; Argentina ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Social Behavior ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Introduced species often possess low levels of genetic diversity relative to source populations as a consequence of the small population sizes associated with founder events. Additionally, native and introduced populations of the same species can possess divergent genetic structuring at both large and small geographic scales. Thus, genetic systems that have evolved in the context of high diversity may function quite differently in genetically homogeneous introduced populations. Here we conduct a genetic analysis of native and introduced populations of the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) in which we show that the population-level changes that have occurred during introduction have produced marked changes in the social structure of this species. Native populations of the Argentine ant are characterized by a pattern of genetic isolation by distance, whereas this pattern is absent in introduced populations. These differences appear to arise both from the effects of recent range expansion in the introduced range as well as from differences in gene flow within each range. Relatedness within nests and colonies is lower in the introduced range than in the native range as a consequence of the widespread genetic similarity that typifies introduced populations. In contrast, nestmates and colony-mates in the native range are more closely related, and local genetic differentiation is evident. Our results shed light on the problem posed for kin selection theory by the low levels of relatedness that are characteristic of many unicolonial species and suggest that the loss of genetic variation may be a common mechanism for the transition to a unicolonial colony structure.}, }
@article {pmid11419141, year = {2001}, author = {Gippel, CJ}, title = {Australia's environmental flow initiative: filling some knowledge gaps and exposing others.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {43}, number = {9}, pages = {73-88}, pmid = {11419141}, issn = {0273-1223}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; Data Collection ; *Disasters ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Interinstitutional Relations ; Risk Assessment ; Water Movements ; Water Pollution/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Many of Australia's river systems have been seriously degraded by inappropriate management of regulated flows. Other systems are facing threats from future water resources developments. There is a lack of information available to aid in allocation of environmental flows to rivers in order that they are managed in an ecologically sustainable manner. The Environmental Flows Initiative (EFI) is a major Australia-wide R&amp;D program into environmental flows, funded through the Natural Heritage Trust (NHT), and administered by Environment Australia (EA). The program aims to identify environmental values, undertake targeted research to identify risks to river systems and flow requirements to sustain environmental values, to trial flow management options, and to evaluate these trials. The NHT relies on matching funding provided by the State and Territory authorities, and supports integrative approaches with emphasis on works on-the-ground where possible. While the EFI will close significant knowledge gaps, other gaps remain. Some of these relate to development and validation of rapid assessment techniques, understanding the importance of flow variability and how to define it, manipulation of flows to control alien species, developing a system of prioritising rivers for environmental flows, and enhancing flows with other catchment, channel and floodplain rehabilitation measures.}, }
@article {pmid11380888, year = {2001}, author = {Meunier, C and Tirard, C and Hurtrez-Boussès, S and Durand, P and Bargues, MD and Mas-Coma, S and Pointier, JP and Jourdane, J and Renaud, F}, title = {Lack of molluscan host diversity and the transmission of an emerging parasitic disease in Bolivia.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {1333-1340}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01284.x}, pmid = {11380888}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Animals ; Bolivia ; Europe ; *Genetics, Population ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Snails/*genetics/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {Fasciolosis is a re-emerging parasitic disease that affects an increasing number of people in developing countries. The most severe endemic affects the Bolivian Altiplano, where the liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) and its hermaphroditic snail host, Lymnaea truncatula, have been introduced from Europe. To achieve a better understanding of the epidemiological situation and the consequences of the colonization event of this invasive species, genetic analysis of Bolivian snail populations was needed. Here we compare the genetic diversity and population structure of snail samples from the Bolivian Altiplano with samples from the Old World at six polymorphic microsatellite loci. Whereas some variability exists in the snail populations from the Old World, we observe only a single genotype of L. truncatula in the Bolivian Altiplano. We discuss the possible explanations for such a reduction in genetic variability, and, given the high natural parasitism pressures exerted on the snail populations, we discuss the relevance of this result for host-parasite interactions.}, }
@article {pmid11406142, year = {2001}, author = {Sutherst, RW}, title = {The vulnerability of animal and human health to parasites under global change.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {31}, number = {9}, pages = {933-948}, doi = {10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00203-x}, pmid = {11406142}, issn = {0020-7519}, mesh = {Africa, Northern/epidemiology ; Animals ; Climate ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Health ; Humans ; *Models, Theoretical ; Parasites/*growth &amp; development ; Parasitic Diseases/*epidemiology ; Queensland/epidemiology ; Social Change ; Tick Infestations ; Ticks/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The term 'global change' is used to encompass all of the significant drivers of environmental change as experienced by hosts, parasites and parasite managers. The term includes changes in climate and climate variability, atmospheric composition, land use and land cover including deforestation and urbanisation, bio-geochemistry, globalisation of trade and transport, the spread of alien species, human health and technology. A subset of land use issues relates to the management of protective technologies in relation to residues in food and the environment and the emergence of resistance. Another is the question of changing biodiversity of both parasites and their associated natural enemies, and the effects on the host--parasite relationship and on parasite management. A framework for studying impacts of global change is proposed and illustrated with field data, and CLIMEX and simulation modelling of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus in Australia. Parasitology suffers from the perception that the key impacts of global change will be driven by changes at lower trophic levels, with parasitic interactions being treated as secondary effects. This is incorrect because the environment mediates host-parasite interactions as much as it affects parasites directly. Parasitologists need to strive for holistic solutions to the management of animal and human health, within a wider context of overall management of those systems, if they are to make a meaningful contribution to global efforts aimed at coping with global change.}, }
@article {pmid11379625, year = {2001}, author = {Waage, JK and Reaser, JK}, title = {A global strategy to defeat invasive species.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {292}, number = {5521}, pages = {1486}, doi = {10.1126/science.292.5521.1486a}, pmid = {11379625}, issn = {0036-8075}, mesh = {Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *International Cooperation ; }, }
@article {pmid11359688, year = {2001}, author = {Rose, JB and Epstein, PR and Lipp, EK and Sherman, BH and Bernard, SM and Patz, JA}, title = {Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on water- and foodborne diseases caused by microbiologic agents.}, journal = {Environmental health perspectives}, volume = {109 Suppl 2}, number = {Suppl 2}, pages = {211-221}, pmid = {11359688}, issn = {0091-6765}, mesh = {Bacterial Infections/etiology/prevention &amp; control ; Cholera/transmission ; *Climate ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention &amp; control/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Environmental Monitoring/methods/standards ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Female ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; Male ; Protozoan Infections/etiology/prevention &amp; control ; Recreation ; Seafood/microbiology/*poisoning ; Sewage/adverse effects ; United States/epidemiology ; Virus Diseases/etiology/prevention &amp; control ; Waste Management ; Water Microbiology ; Water Pollution/*adverse effects/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Water Supply ; }, abstract = {Exposure to waterborne and foodborne pathogens can occur via drinking water (associated with fecal contamination), seafood (due to natural microbial hazards, toxins, or wastewater disposal) or fresh produce (irrigated or processed with contaminated water). Weather influences the transport and dissemination of these microbial agents via rainfall and runoff and the survival and/or growth through such factors as temperature. Federal and state laws and regulatory programs protect much of the U.S. population from waterborne disease; however, if climate variability increases, current and future deficiencies in areas such as watershed protection, infrastructure, and storm drainage systems will probably increase the risk of contamination events. Knowledge about transport processes and the fate of microbial pollutants associated with rainfall and snowmelt is key to predicting risks from a change in weather variability. Although recent studies identified links between climate variability and occurrence of microbial agents in water, the relationships need further quantification in the context of other stresses. In the marine environment as well, there are few studies that adequately address the potential health effects of climate variability in combination with other stresses such as overfishing, introduced species, and rise in sea level. Advances in monitoring are necessary to enhance early-warning and prevention capabilities. Application of existing technologies, such as molecular fingerprinting to track contaminant sources or satellite remote sensing to detect coastal algal blooms, could be expanded. This assessment recommends incorporating a range of future scenarios of improvement plans for current deficiencies in the public health infrastructure to achieve more realistic risk assessments.}, }
@article {pmid11348080, year = {2001}, author = {Erickson, BE}, title = {Stopping invasive species.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {35}, number = {7}, pages = {142A}, doi = {10.1021/es012316s}, pmid = {11348080}, issn = {0013-936X}, mesh = {*Animal Population Groups ; Animals ; Commerce ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environment ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; *Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Transportation ; }, }
@article {pmid11344295, year = {2001}, author = {Novacek, MJ and Cleland, EE}, title = {The current biodiversity extinction event: scenarios for mitigation and recovery.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {98}, number = {10}, pages = {5466-5470}, pmid = {11344295}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Environmental Health ; Humans ; *Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The current massive degradation of habitat and extinction of species is taking place on a catastrophically short timescale, and their effects will fundamentally reset the future evolution of the planet's biota. The fossil record suggests that recovery of global ecosystems has required millions or even tens of millions of years. Thus, intervention by humans, the very agents of the current environmental crisis, is required for any possibility of short-term recovery or maintenance of the biota. Many current recovery efforts have deficiencies, including insufficient information on the diversity and distribution of species, ecological processes, and magnitude and interaction of threats to biodiversity (pollution, overharvesting, climate change, disruption of biogeochemical cycles, introduced or invasive species, habitat loss and fragmentation through land use, disruption of community structure in habitats, and others). A much greater and more urgently applied investment to address these deficiencies is obviously warranted. Conservation and restoration in human-dominated ecosystems must strengthen connections between human activities, such as agricultural or harvesting practices, and relevant research generated in the biological, earth, and atmospheric sciences. Certain threats to biodiversity require intensive international cooperation and input from the scientific community to mitigate their harmful effects, including climate change and alteration of global biogeochemical cycles. In a world already transformed by human activity, the connection between humans and the ecosystems they depend on must frame any strategy for the recovery of the biota.}, }
@article {pmid11344292, year = {2001}, author = {Mooney, HA and Cleland, EE}, title = {The evolutionary impact of invasive species.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {98}, number = {10}, pages = {5446-5451}, pmid = {11344292}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Geography ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Since the Age of Exploration began, there has been a drastic breaching of biogeographic barriers that previously had isolated the continental biotas for millions of years. We explore the nature of these recent biotic exchanges and their consequences on evolutionary processes. The direct evidence of evolutionary consequences of the biotic rearrangements is of variable quality, but the results of trajectories are becoming clear as the number of studies increases. There are examples of invasive species altering the evolutionary pathway of native species by competitive exclusion, niche displacement, hybridization, introgression, predation, and ultimately extinction. Invaders themselves evolve in response to their interactions with natives, as well as in response to the new abiotic environment. Flexibility in behavior, and mutualistic interactions, can aid in the success of invaders in their new environment.}, }
@article {pmid11305307, year = {2001}, author = {Ferber, D}, title = {Invasive species. Will black carp be the next zebra mussel?.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {292}, number = {5515}, pages = {203}, doi = {10.1126/science.292.5515.203}, pmid = {11305307}, issn = {0036-8075}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; *Carps ; *Ecosystem ; Fish Diseases/*prevention &amp; control ; Fishes ; Mississippi ; Mollusca ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Snails/parasitology ; Trematoda ; Trematode Infections/prevention &amp; control/*veterinary ; }, }
@article {pmid11304955, year = {2001}, author = {Cesco, H and Lambert, A and Crivelli, AJ}, title = {[Pseudorascora parva (Teleostei, Cyprinidae), an invasive species, a new vector for the maintenance and dissemination of anguillicolosis in France?]].}, journal = {Parasite (Paris, France)}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {75-76}, doi = {10.1051/parasite/2001081075}, pmid = {11304955}, issn = {1252-607X}, mesh = {Anguilla/parasitology ; Animals ; Cyprinidae/*parasitology ; Disease Reservoirs/*veterinary ; Dracunculoidea/growth &amp; development/*isolation &amp; purification ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology/transmission ; France/epidemiology ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission/*veterinary ; Larva ; Prevalence ; Spirurida Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Pseudorasbora parva (Pisces, Cyprinidae) is an invasive species from eastern Asia. Known in France since 1983, it has only been observed since 1993 in the Rhône delta where large populations occur. 203 specimens of that fish species have been examined for L3-larvae of Anguillicola crassus. 35% of the fish were found to be infected.}, }
@article {pmid11292873, year = {2001}, author = {Ernest, SK and Brown, JH}, title = {Delayed compensation for missing keystone species by colonization.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {292}, number = {5514}, pages = {101-104}, doi = {10.1126/science.292.5514.101}, pmid = {11292873}, issn = {0036-8075}, mesh = {Animals ; Arizona ; Body Constitution ; Body Weight ; Desert Climate ; Dipodomys/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Plants ; Rodentia/*physiology ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Because individual species can play key roles, the loss of species through extinction or their gain through colonization can cause major changes in ecosystems. For almost 20 years after kangaroo rats were experimentally removed from a Chihuahuan desert ecosystem in the United States, other rodent species were unable to compensate and use the available resources. This changed abruptly in 1995, when an alien species of pocket mouse colonized the ecosystem, used most of the available resources, and compensated almost completely for the missing kangaroo rats. These results demonstrate the importance of individual species and of colonization and extinction events in the structure and dynamics of ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid11254992, year = {2001}, author = {Heuts, BA and Brunt, TM}, title = {Transitive predatory relationships of spider species (Arachnida, Araneae) in laboratory tests.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {53}, number = {1-2}, pages = {57-64}, doi = {10.1016/s0376-6357(00)00138-8}, pmid = {11254992}, issn = {1872-8308}, abstract = {Interspecific predation of spiders was studied in the laboratory in view of possible competition in the wild. Certain species killed other species even if handicapped by smaller size. Thirty eight spider species were involved in such a relationship and their predatory relationships were significantly reliable and transitive ('linear' or 'non-triangular'). A theridiid species (Theridion tinctum) showed the highest rank in terms of killing seven 'beta species', i.e. species capable of killing at least one alien species of larger size than themselves. Another theridiid (Steatoda grossa) obtained the second rank by killing five beta species. Experiments in both the wild and laboratory may, further, investigate other factors than body size that may be relevant to competition, such as behaviour-related characteristics (e.g. web structure and biting speed) and ecological factors (e.g. different susceptibilities of the species to parasite or predator attack).}, }
@article {pmid11245943, year = {2001}, author = {Kolar, CS and Lodge, DM}, title = {Progress in invasion biology: predicting invaders.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {199-204}, doi = {10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02101-2}, pmid = {11245943}, issn = {1872-8383}, abstract = {Predicting which species are probable invaders has been a long-standing goal of ecologists, but only recently have quantitative methods been used to achieve such a goal. Although restricted to few taxa, these studies reveal clear relationships between the characteristics of releases and the species involved, and the successful establishment and spread of invaders. For example, the probability of bird establishment increases with the number of individuals released and the number of release events. Also, the probability of plant invasiveness increases if the species has a history of invasion and reproduces vegetatively. These promising quantitative approaches should be more widely applied to allow us to predict patterns of invading species more successfully.}, }
@article {pmid11243319, year = {2001}, author = {Kilbride, KM and Paveglio, FL}, title = {Long-term fate of glyphosate associated with repeated rodeo applications to control smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in Willapa Bay, Washington.}, journal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {40}, number = {2}, pages = {179-183}, doi = {10.1007/s002440010161}, pmid = {11243319}, issn = {0090-4341}, mesh = {Glycine/*adverse effects/*analogs &amp; derivatives ; Herbicides/*adverse effects ; Humans ; Poaceae/drug effects/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Soil Pollutants/*analysis ; Time Factors ; Washington ; Glyphosate ; }, abstract = {Cordgrasses (Spartina sp.) are exotic, invasive species that threaten to degrade the intertidal zones of estuaries along the West Coast of North America. Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies primarily focus on the use of aerial and ground applications of Rodeo in conjunction with mowing, but IPM treatments over multiple years usually are necessary to control Spartina. Although information exists regarding the short-term fate and effects to marine biota of a single Rodeo application to control Spartina, little information is available regarding the fate and biotic effects associated with repeated Rodeo applications necessary for control. Consequently, we conducted a 3-year study to assess the short- and long-term fate and potential effects to marine biota associated with repeated applications of Rodeo to control smooth cordgrass in a southwestern Washington estuary. At each of three intertidal locations in Willapa Bay, we established plots on exposed mudflats and along the edge of a Spartina meadow that were hand sprayed with Rodeo (5% solution) and LI-700 (2% solution) during July 1997 and 1998. Glyphosate concentrations in sediment from mudflat plots declined 88% to 96% from 1 day posttreatment in 1997 to 1 year after the second Rodeo applications in 1999. In contrast, glyphosate concentrations in Spartina plots increased 231% to 591% from 1997 to 1999 because Spartina rhizomes likely did not readily metabolize or exude it. Comparison of concentrations from mudflat and Spartina plots with toxicity test values for marine biota indicates that under worst-case conditions short- and long-term detrimental effects to aquatic biota from repeated application of Rodeo for Spartina control would be highly unlikely.}, }
@article {pmid11164358, year = {2001}, author = {Stokes, T}, title = {How invasive species become bullies.}, journal = {Trends in plant science}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {10}, doi = {10.1016/s1360-1385(00)01815-x}, pmid = {11164358}, issn = {1360-1385}, mesh = {Biomass ; *Ecology ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; }, }
@article {pmid11158600, year = {2001}, author = {Suarez, AV and Holway, DA and Case, TJ}, title = {Patterns of spread in biological invasions dominated by long-distance jump dispersal: Insights from Argentine ants.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, pages = {1095-1100}, pmid = {11158600}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Argentina ; Climate ; Geography ; Population Density ; Population Growth ; South America ; }, abstract = {Invading organisms may spread through local movements (giving rise to a diffusion-like process) and by long-distance jumps, which are often human-mediated. The local spread of invading organisms has been fit with varying success to models that couple local population growth with diffusive spread, but to date no quantitative estimates exist for the relative importance of local dispersal relative to human-mediated long-distance jumps. Using a combination of literature review, museum records, and personal surveys, we reconstruct the invasion history of the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile), a widespread invasive species, at three spatial scales. Although the inherent dispersal abilities of Argentine ants are limited, in the last century, human-mediated dispersal has resulted in the establishment of this species on six continents and on many oceanic islands. Human-mediated jump dispersal has also been the primary mode of spread at a continental scale within the United States. The spread of the Argentine ant involves two discrete modes. Maximum distances spread by colonies undergoing budding reproduction averaged 150 m/year, whereas annual jump-dispersal distances averaged three orders of magnitude higher. Invasions that involve multiple dispersal processes, such as those documented here, are undoubtedly common. Detailed data on invasion dynamics are necessary to improve the predictive power of future modeling efforts.}, }
@article {pmid11119318, year = {2000}, author = {Silveira, AC}, title = {[Current situation with chagas disease vector control in the Americas].}, journal = {Cadernos de saude publica}, volume = {16 Suppl 2}, number = {}, pages = {35-42}, pmid = {11119318}, issn = {0102-311X}, mesh = {Americas/epidemiology ; Animals ; Chagas Disease/epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control/*transmission ; Humans ; *Insect Control ; *Insect Vectors ; *Triatominae/classification ; }, abstract = {This article identifies and describes various epidemiological aspects in the natural transmission of Chagas disease in the Americas. It also examines the relative importance of the principal vector species in the disease's transmission and the control levels that are feasible in each instance. Estimations of the population at risk, number of infected cases, and number of chronic cases are presented. Prospects for control are discussed on the basis of past results to predict the expected results with introduced species like Triatoma infestans in the Southern Cone and Rhodnius prolixus in Central America and with the other autochthonous species in areas where they are found. Finally, the article discusses the role of other transmission mechanisms in the maintenance of endemic Chagas disease.}, }
@article {pmid11087031, year = {2000}, author = {Simberloff, D}, title = {Global climate change and introduced species in United States forests.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {262}, number = {3}, pages = {253-261}, doi = {10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00527-1}, pmid = {11087031}, issn = {0048-9697}, mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Genotype ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Plant Diseases ; Species Specificity ; *Trees/classification/genetics/growth &amp; development ; United States ; }, abstract = {Introduced species already cause billions of dollars of damage annually in United States forests, plus massive ecological damage whose economic value has often not been estimated. The variety of impacts is staggering and includes herbivory, predation, disease, parasitism, competition, habitat destruction, hybridization, and changed disturbance regimes and nutrient cycles. How global climate change will affect these impacts has scarcely been assessed. Range changes of existing introduced species will be prominent, as many species' biogeographic ranges are set primarily by climate. Similarly, some species that might otherwise not have survived will be able to establish populations in a changed climate. It is more difficult to predict what the impacts of the introduced species will be. What is most needed are studies of the combined impacts of changing climate, CO2, and nutrients. Certain aspects of the biology of introduced species, such as evolution and autonomous dispersal, greatly complicate the prediction of spread and impact of introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid11081510, year = {2000}, author = {Smith, SD and Huxman, TE and Zitzer, SF and Charlet, TN and Housman, DC and Coleman, JS and Fenstermaker, LK and Seemann, JR and Nowak, RS}, title = {Elevated CO2 increases productivity and invasive species success in an arid ecosystem.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {408}, number = {6808}, pages = {79-82}, doi = {10.1038/35040544}, pmid = {11081510}, issn = {0028-0836}, mesh = {*Carbon Dioxide ; *Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Nevada ; Plants ; Poaceae ; Rosales ; }, abstract = {Arid ecosystems, which occupy about 20% of the earth's terrestrial surface area, have been predicted to be one of the most responsive ecosystem types to elevated atmospheric CO2 and associated global climate change. Here we show, using free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology in an intact Mojave Desert ecosystem, that new shoot production of a dominant perennial shrub is doubled by a 50% increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration in a high rainfall year. However, elevated CO2 does not enhance production in a drought year. We also found that above-ground production and seed rain of an invasive annual grass increases more at elevated CO2 than in several species of native annuals. Consequently, elevated CO2 might enhance the long-term success and dominance of exotic annual grasses in the region. This shift in species composition in favour of exotic annual grasses, driven by global change, has the potential to accelerate the fire cycle, reduce biodiversity and alter ecosystem function in the deserts of western North America.}, }
@article {pmid11072626, year = {2000}, author = {Thouzeau, G and Chauvaud, L and Grall, J and Guérin, L}, title = {[Role of biotic interactions on the growth of pre-recruitment and development of Pecten maximus (L.) in the Bay of Breast].}, journal = {Comptes rendus de l'Academie des sciences. Serie III, Sciences de la vie}, volume = {323}, number = {9}, pages = {815-825}, doi = {10.1016/s0764-4469(00)01232-4}, pmid = {11072626}, issn = {0764-4469}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; France ; *Mollusca ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Seawater ; *Snails ; }, abstract = {Biotic interactions within benthic megafauna were studied from quantitative dredge samples to investigate their role in the persistence of low scallop, Pecten maximus, stocks in the Bay of Brest. The distributions of 148 species of the megafauna and of four age classes of Pecten maximus were sampled. Suspension feeders dominate all megabenthic assemblages within the bay. This domination can be related to Crepidula fornicata spreading in the bay; however, no direct competition for food between scallops and the slipper limpet (introduced species) has been observed. On the other hand, Crepidula spreading leads to major changes in sediment type (silting) in the bay owing to biodeposit production, and silting would be a major factor inducing the decrease in Pecten maximus distribution. Predation would not be limiting. Within 10 years, one may predict a strong decrease in the area colonized by scallops in the bay.}, }
@article {pmid11019364, year = {2000}, author = {Pigeot, J and Miramand, P and Garcia-Meunier, P and Guyot, T and Séguignes, M}, title = {[Presence if a new oyster predator, Ocinebrellus inornatus (Recluz, 1851), in the shellfish culture bay of Marennes-Oleron].}, journal = {Comptes rendus de l'Academie des sciences. Serie III, Sciences de la vie}, volume = {323}, number = {8}, pages = {697-703}, doi = {10.1016/s0764-4469(00)00166-9}, pmid = {11019364}, issn = {0764-4469}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; *Mollusca ; *Ostreidae ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {The muricid gastropod, Ocinebrellus inornatus, originates from the coasts of the Korean Sea and southern Japan. This species has been regularly sampled in the bay of Marennes-Oléron (France) since spring 1997, and allowed us to validate the taxonomic status of a previous report of the species in the bay in April 1995. O. inornatus was sampled only in the bay of Marennes-Oléron and has not been observed in the other areas along the Charente-Maritime coast. O. inornatus lives mainly in the same biotope as the local muricid Ocenebra erinacea (i.e. the level of Fucus serratus between MLWN and ELWS) Now, this alien species seems to be very well settled in the bay of Marennes-Oléron, where it causes damage to the farming oyster beds. In the areas of highest densities of Ocinebrellus inornatus, the local species Ocenebra erinacea is observed in comparatively reduced numbers. The probable causes of introduction of O. inornatus in the bay are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid10998517, year = {2000}, author = {Zedler, JB}, title = {Progress in wetland restoration ecology.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {402-407}, doi = {10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01959-5}, pmid = {10998517}, issn = {1872-8383}, abstract = {It takes more than water to restore a wetland. Now, scientists are documenting how landscape setting, habitat type, hydrological regime, soil properties, topography, nutrient supplies, disturbance regimes, invasive species, seed banks and declining biodiversity can constrain the restoration process. Although many outcomes can be explained post hoc, we have little ability to predict the path that sites will follow when restored in alternative ways, and no insurance that specific targets will be met. To become predictive, bolder approaches are now being developed, which rely more on field experimentation at multiple spatial and temporal scales, and in many restoration contexts.}, }
@article {pmid10991897, year = {2000}, author = {Schmidt-Adam, G and Young, AG and Murray, BG}, title = {Low outcrossing rates and shift in pollinators in New Zealand pohutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa; Myrtaceae).}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {87}, number = {9}, pages = {1265-1271}, pmid = {10991897}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {New Zealand pohutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa), a member of the Myrtaceae, is a large, mass-flowering tree endemic to northern New Zealand coastlines. Mainland populations have been reduced to fragmented stands, and the original suite of bird pollinators has been largely replaced by introduced species. The native pollinator fauna on several offshore islands is largely intact and includes three species of the New Zealand honeyeaters (Meliphagidae) and native, solitary bees. We estimated multilocus outcrossing rates for three mainland and two island populations and found that they were among the lowest in the Myrtaceae (t(m) = 0.22-0.53). The shift in pollinators had no measurable effect on the mating system. Mass-flowering facilitates geitonogamous selfing, and inbreeding depression in seedling height was detectable at 6 mo of growth. F(s) [Wright's (1965) Fixation Index] was consistently higher than F(m) in all populations, indicating that selection may eliminate selfed offspring from populations prior to achieving reproductive maturity. Results suggest that increased selfing in mainland populations due to pollinator changes is not responsible for current patterns of poor regeneration of this species.}, }
@article {pmid10991892, year = {2000}, author = {Cain, ML and Milligan, BG and Strand, AE}, title = {Long-distance seed dispersal in plant populations.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {87}, number = {9}, pages = {1217-1227}, pmid = {10991892}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {Long-distance seed dispersal influences many key aspects of the biology of plants, including spread of invasive species, metapopulation dynamics, and diversity and dynamics in plant communities. However, because long-distance seed dispersal is inherently hard to measure, there are few data sets that characterize the tails of seed dispersal curves. This paper is structured around two lines of argument. First, we argue that long-distance seed dispersal is of critical importance and, hence, that we must collect better data from the tails of seed dispersal curves. To make the case for the importance of long-distance seed dispersal, we review existing data and models of long-distance seed dispersal, focusing on situations in which seeds that travel long distances have a critical impact (colonization of islands, Holocene migrations, response to global change, metapopulation biology). Second, we argue that genetic methods provide a broadly applicable way to monitor long-distance seed dispersal; to place this argument in context, we review genetic estimates of plant migration rates. At present, several promising genetic approaches for estimating long-distance seed dispersal are under active development, including assignment methods, likelihood methods, genealogical methods, and genealogical/demographic methods. We close the paper by discussing important but as yet largely unexplored areas for future research.}, }
@article {pmid10954804, year = {2000}, author = {Marco, DE and Páez, SA}, title = {Invasion of Gleditsia triacanthos in Lithraea ternifolia Montane Forests of Central Argentina.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {409-419}, doi = {10.1007/s002670010098}, pmid = {10954804}, issn = {1432-1009}, abstract = {/ The aim of this work is to study the invasion system constituted by the alien species Gleditsia triacanthos and the native dominant Lithraea ternifolia in montane forests of central Argentina, considering life history and demographic traits of both the alien and the native species and different site conditions for population growth (good and bad sites). Matrix models are applied to project the consequences of differences in vital rates for population growth. Analyzing these models helps identify which life cycle transitions contributed most to population growth. Obtained population growth rates are considered to assess predicted rates of spread using the reaction-diffusion (R-D) model. G. triacanthos presents many of the life history traits that confer plants high potential for invasiveness: fast growth, clonal and sexual reproduction, short juvenile period, high seed production, and high seed germinability. These traits would ensure G. triacanthos invasive success and the displacement of the slow-growing, relatively less fecund native L. ternifolia. However, since disturbance and environmental heterogeneity complicate the invasibility pattern of G. triacanthos in these montane forests, the outcome of the invasion process is not straightforward as could be if only life history traits were considered.Great variation in demographic parameters was observed between populations of each species at good and bad sites. Though both good and bad sites signified increasing or at least stable populations for G. triacanthos, for L. ternifolia bad sites represented local extinction. Analyzing the results of matrices models helps design the optimal management for the conservation of L. ternifolia populations while preventing the invasion by G. triacanthos. The predicted asymptotic rate of spread for G. triacanthos at the good site was fourfold greater than the predicted one for L. ternifolia, although the difference was much smaller considering the bad site. The usefulness of the R-D model to study this invasion system is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid10917841, year = {2000}, author = {Pennisi, E}, title = {Ecology. When fire ants move in, others leave.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {289}, number = {5477}, pages = {231}, doi = {10.1126/science.289.5477.231}, pmid = {10917841}, issn = {0036-8075}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; United States ; }, abstract = {Researchers have uncovered new evidence about the long-range, and potentially long-term, ecological damage being wrought by an invasive species of fire ant. The red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta displaces other ant species and upsets the structures of native communities of ants--disruptions that appear to be permanent, they report in the July issue of Ecology Letters. The drop in biodiversity could represent a significant loss, experts note, because of the critical role ants play in recycling nutrients and other biological material.}, }
@article {pmid10904399, year = {2000}, author = {Evans, DE and Martins, JR and Guglielmone, AA}, title = {A review of the ticks (Acari, ixodida) of Brazil, their hosts and geographic distribution - 1. The state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil.}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {95}, number = {4}, pages = {453-470}, doi = {10.1590/s0074-02762000000400003}, pmid = {10904399}, issn = {0074-0276}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Domestic/parasitology ; Cattle/*parasitology ; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Dogs ; Host-Parasite Interactions/physiology ; Humans ; Ixodes/pathogenicity/physiology ; Residence Characteristics ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Ticks/*classification/physiology ; }, abstract = {A review of the ticks (Acari, Ixodida) of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, was completed as a step towards a definitive list (currently indicated as 12) of such species, their hosts and distribution. The ticks: Argas miniatus (poultry), Ixodes loricatus (opossums), Amblyomma aureolatum (dogs), A. calcaratum (anteaters), A. cooperi (capybaras), A. nodosum (anteaters), A. tigrinum (dogs) (Neotropical) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (dogs) (introduced, cosmopolitan, Afrotropical) were confirmed as present, in addition to the predominant, Boophilus microplus (cattle) (introduced, pan-tropical, Oriental). Of the further 18 species thus far reported in the literature as present in the state, but unavailable for examination: only Ornithodoros brasiliensis (humans and their habitations) (Neotropical), Ixodes affinis (deer) (Nearctic/Neotropical) and I. auritulus (birds) (Nearctic/Neotropical/Afrotropical/ Australasian) are considered likely; 13 species would benefit from corroborative local data but the majority appear unlikely; reports of A. maculatum (Nearctic/Neotropical, but circum-Caribbean) are considered erroneous; the validity of A. fuscum is in doubt. The very recent, first known report of the tropical Anocentor nitens (horses)(Nearctic/Neotropical), but still apparent absence of the tropical A. cajennense (catholic) (Nearctic/Neotropical) and the sub-tropical/temperate Ixodes pararicinus (cattle) (Neotropical) in Rio Grande do Sul are important for considerations on their current biogeographical distribution and its dynamics in South America. The state has relatively long established, introduced ("exotic"), Old World tick species (B. microplus, R. sanguineus) that continue to represent significant pests and disease vectors to their traditional, introduced domestic animal hosts, cattle and urban dogs. There are also indigenous, New World ticks (A. miniatus, O. brasiliensis, A. aureolatum, A. nitens), as both long established and possibly newly locally introduced species in the state, that should be considered as potential and emergent pests and pathogen vectors to humans and their more recently acquired, introduced domestic animal hosts; rural poultry, dogs and horses.}, }
@article {pmid10902849, year = {2000}, author = {Urbansky, ET and Magnuson, ML and Kelty, CA and Brown, SK}, title = {Perchlorate uptake by salt cedar (Tamarix ramosissima) in the Las Vegas wash riparian ecosystem.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {256}, number = {2-3}, pages = {227-232}, doi = {10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00489-7}, pmid = {10902849}, issn = {0048-9697}, mesh = {Chromatography, Ion Exchange ; Environmental Monitoring ; Perchlorates/*pharmacokinetics ; Plants/*chemistry/metabolism ; Tissue Distribution ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; *Water Supply ; }, abstract = {Perchlorate ion (ClO4-) has been identified in samples of dormant salt cedar (Tamarix ramosissima) growing in the Las Vegas Wash. Perchlorate is an oxidant, but its reduction is kinetically hindered. Concern over thyroid effects caused the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to add perchlorate to the drinking water Contaminant Candidate List (CCL). Beginning in 2001, utilities will look for perchlorate under the Unregulated Contaminants Monitoring Rule (UCMR). In wood samples acquired from the same plant growing in a contaminated stream, perchlorate concentrations were found as follows: 5-6 microg g(-1) in dry twigs extending above the water and 300 microg g(-1) in stalks immersed in the stream. Perchlorate was leached from samples of wood, and the resulting solutions were analyzed by ion chromatography after clean-up. The identification was confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry after complexation of perchlorate with decyltrimethylammonium cation. Because salt cedar is regarded as an invasive species, there are large scale programs aimed at eliminating it. However, this work suggests that salt cedar might play a role in the ecological distribution of perchlorate as an environmental contaminant. Consequently, a thorough investigation of the fate and transport of perchlorate in tamarisks is required to assess the effects that eradication might have on perchlorate-tainted riparian ecosystems, such as the Las Vegas Wash. This is especially important since water from the wash enters Lake Mead and the Colorado River and has the potential to affect the potable water source of tens of millions of people as well as irrigation water used on a variety of crops, including much of the lettuce produced in the USA.}, }
@article {pmid10902340, year = {2000}, author = {McQuate, GT and Follett, PA and Yoshimoto, JM}, title = {Field infestation of rambutan fruits by internal-feeding pests in Hawaii.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {93}, number = {3}, pages = {846-851}, doi = {10.1603/0022-0493-93.3.846}, pmid = {10902340}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; *Diptera ; *Fruit ; Hawaii ; Larva ; }, abstract = {More than 47,000 mature fruits of nine different varieties of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) were harvested from orchards in Hawaii to assess natural levels of infestation by tephritid fruit flies and other internal feeding pests. Additionally, harvested, mature fruits of seven different rambutan varieties were artificially infested with eggs or first-instars of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), or oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) to assess host suitability. When all varieties were combined over two field seasons of sampling, fruit infestation rates were 0.021% for oriental fruit fly, 0.097% for Cryptophlebia spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and 0.85% for pyralids (Lepidoptera). Species of Cryptophlebia included both C. illepida (Butler), the native Hawaiian species, and C. ombrodelta (Lower), an introduced species from Australia. Cryptophlebia spp. had not previously been known to attack rambutan. The pyralid infestation was mainly attributable to Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliere), a species also not previously recorded on rambutan in Hawaii. Overall infestation rate for other moths in the families Blastobasidae, Gracillariidae, Tineidae, and Tortricidae was 0.061%. In artificially infested fruits, both species of fruit fly showed moderately high survivorship for all varieties tested. Because rambutan has such low rates of infestation by oriental fruit fly and Cryptophlebia spp., the two primary internal-feeding regulatory pests of rambutan in Hawaii, it may be amenable to the alternative treatment efficacy approach to postharvest quarantine treatment.}, }
@article {pmid10876668, year = {1999}, author = {Li, HJ and Zhu, ZQ and Du, LQ and Guo, BH and Shi, YS and Tang, SX and Li, YW and Jia, X}, title = {[Detection of alien chromatins introgressed into wheat in mitotic interphase] [In Process Citation].}, journal = {Yi chuan xue bao = Acta genetica Sinica}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {666-672}, pmid = {10876668}, issn = {0379-4172}, abstract = {Fluorescent in situ hybridization of biotin labelled total genomic DNA from alien species as probes was applied to illustrate chromatin behaviors of Secale cereale L., Thinopyrum intermedium Host., Avana fatua L., and Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Candagy introgressed into wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in interphase cells. A pair of 1RS chromosome arms in 1BL/1RS translocations were visible as discrete domains traversing through the interphase nucleolus. The substitution and addition 1R chromosomes as well as the translocated chromosome segments of Th. intermedium and A. avena appeared as bright spots in interphase. In callli derived from immature embryos of a hybrid between T. durum-D. villosum amphidiploid and T. aestivum, seven D. villosum originated chromatins presented nearly consecutive trend from spots to domains. Chromatins from both parents did not tend to mix with each other at interphase of the hybrid calli. It is feasible to count the number of alien chromosomes and chromosome segments in the case of addition, substitution and/or translocation at interphase. As far as more alien chromosomes are considered, it seems not reliable to analyze the interphase nucleolus alone because some of the signals might be overlapped by chromatins of wheat. Neither S. cereale satellited chromosome 1R nor D. villosum 1V chromosome involving within the envelop of interphase nucleolus were associated with nucleoli, suggesting that their functions in the formation of nucleoli are inhibited in the wheat background.}, }
@article {pmid10860969, year = {2000}, author = {Ellstrand, NC and Schierenbeck, KA}, title = {Hybridization as a stimulus for the evolution of invasiveness in plants?.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {97}, number = {13}, pages = {7043-7050}, pmid = {10860969}, issn = {0027-8424}, abstract = {Invasive species are of great interest to evolutionary biologists and ecologists because they represent historical examples of dramatic evolutionary and ecological change. Likewise, they are increasingly important economically and environmentally as pests. Obtaining generalizations about the tiny fraction of immigrant taxa that become successful invaders has been frustrated by two enigmatic phenomena. Many of those species that become successful only do so (i) after an unusually long lag time after initial arrival, and/or (ii) after multiple introductions. We propose an evolutionary mechanism that may account for these observations. Hybridization between species or between disparate source populations may serve as a stimulus for the evolution of invasiveness. We present and review a remarkable number of cases in which hybridization preceded the emergence of successful invasive populations. Progeny with a history of hybridization may enjoy one or more potential genetic benefits relative to their progenitors. The observed lag times and multiple introductions that seem a prerequisite for certain species to evolve invasiveness may be a correlate of the time necessary for previously isolated populations to come into contact and for hybridization to occur. Our examples demonstrate that invasiveness can evolve. Our model does not represent the only evolutionary pathway to invasiveness, but is clearly an underappreciated mechanism worthy of more consideration in explaining the evolution of invasiveness in plants.}, }
@article {pmid10826173, year = {2000}, author = {Peck, SL and McQuate, GT}, title = {Field tests of environmentally friendly malathion replacements to suppress wild Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) populations.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {93}, number = {2}, pages = {280-289}, doi = {10.1603/0022-0493-93.2.280}, pmid = {10826173}, issn = {0022-0493}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents ; *Bacterial Toxins ; *Diptera ; Environment ; *Eosine I Bluish ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Macrolides ; *Malathion ; }, abstract = {This article reports a large-scale field test of two environmentally friendly malathion replacements on wild populations of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratatis capitata (Wiedemann): spinosad, a bacteria-derived toxin, and phloxine B, a red dye with phototoxic properties. The comparison test was conducted on 11 coffee fields infested with wild populations of Mediterranean fruit fly on the Hawaiian island of Kauai with 8-wk protein bait sprays with and without toxicants. To assess effectiveness, adults were trapped and larval infestation levels were evaluated with fruit collections. Malathion was found to be the most effective treatment. However, the two replacements gave significant levels of control, and because they are environmentally safer, should be considered for eradicating incipient populations of this invasive species of fruit fly. Cage tests were also conducted to ensure that the wild flies consumed the bait and to assess how long the bait-toxicant combination remained effective in the field. Although spinosad and phloxine B were found to be effective up to 1 wk, malathion remained effective at least 2 wk.}, }
@article {pmid10811892, year = {2000}, author = {Tsutsui, ND and Suarez, AV and Holway, DA and Case, TJ}, title = {Reduced genetic variation and the success of an invasive species.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {97}, number = {11}, pages = {5948-5953}, pmid = {10811892}, issn = {0027-8424}, support = {P30 CA023100/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; 5P0CA23100-16/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aggression ; Alleles ; Animals ; Ants/*genetics/physiology ; Argentina ; Bermuda ; *Gene Frequency ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Social Behavior ; United States ; }, abstract = {Despite the severe ecological and economic damage caused by introduced species, factors that allow invaders to become successful often remain elusive. Of invasive taxa, ants are among the most widespread and harmful. Highly invasive ants are often unicolonial, forming supercolonies in which workers and queens mix freely among physically separate nests. By reducing costs associated with territoriality, unicolonial species can attain high worker densities, allowing them to achieve interspecific dominance. Here we examine the behavior and population genetics of the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) in its native and introduced ranges, and we provide a mechanism to explain its success as an invader. Using microsatellite markers, we show that a population bottleneck has reduced the genetic diversity of introduced populations. This loss is associated with reduced intraspecific aggression among spatially separate nests, and leads to the formation of interspecifically dominant supercolonies. In contrast, native populations are more genetically variable and exhibit pronounced intraspecific aggression. Although reductions in genetic diversity are generally considered detrimental, these findings provide an example of how a genetic bottleneck can lead to widespread ecological success. In addition, these results provide insights into the origin and evolution of unicoloniality, which is often considered a challenge to kin selection theory.}, }
@article {pmid10803551, year = {2000}, author = {Antón, A and Serrano, T and Angulo, E and Ferrero, G and Rallo, A}, title = {The use of two species of crayfish as environmental quality sentinels: the relationship between heavy metal content, cell and tissue biomarkers and physico-chemical characteristics of the environment.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {247}, number = {2-3}, pages = {239-251}, doi = {10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00493-3}, pmid = {10803551}, issn = {0048-9697}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/anatomy &amp; histology/*drug effects/*metabolism ; Biomarkers ; Cadmium/pharmacokinetics/toxicity ; Chromium/pharmacokinetics/toxicity ; Copper/pharmacokinetics/toxicity ; Digestive System/drug effects/pathology ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Geologic Sediments ; Metals, Heavy/*pharmacokinetics/*toxicity ; Spain ; Species Specificity ; Tissue Distribution ; Water Pollutants/*pharmacokinetics/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {In systems as heavily disturbed as rivers, the use of biological sentinels is a most interesting way of obtaining continuous assessment of environmental quality. This study seeks to establish the value of such sentinels of two species of crayfish: the native crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes, Lereboullet 1858) and an introduced species, signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus, Dana 1852), by comparing the habitat quality (water and sediments) and heavy metal contents in crayfish with the degree of stress manifested by the animals, measured by cell and tissue biomarkers. For this purpose a histological study of the digestive gland was carried out together with measurements of heavy metal contents in samples from various points of the river network of Bizkaia (Spain), selected on the basis of their degree of disturbance. The results establish a positive correlation between these environmental conditions, the cell and tissue biomarkers of the digestive gland (thinning of the digestive epithelium, enlargement of digestive lysosomes) and the heavy metal contents of the animals (converted to an index of pollutant load).}, }
@article {pmid10740893, year = {2000}, author = {Richardson, DM and Allsopp, N and D'Antonio, CM and Milton, SJ and Rejmánek, M}, title = {Plant invasions--the role of mutualisms.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {75}, number = {1}, pages = {65-93}, doi = {10.1017/s0006323199005435}, pmid = {10740893}, issn = {1464-7931}, mesh = {Animals ; Fungi ; Insecta ; Nitrogen Fixation ; *Plant Diseases ; *Plants/microbiology ; Seeds ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Many introduced plant species rely on mutualisms in their new habitats to overcome barriers to establishment and to become naturalized and, in some cases, invasive. Mutualisms involving animal-mediated pollination and seed dispersal, and symbioses between plant roots and microbiota often facilitate invasions. The spread of many alien plants, particularly woody ones, depends on pollinator mutualisms. Most alien plants are well served by generalist pollinators (insects and birds), and pollinator limitation does not appear to be a major barrier for the spread of introduced plants (special conditions relating to Ficus and orchids are described). Seeds of many of the most notorious plant invaders are dispersed by animals, mainly birds and mammals. Our review supports the view that tightly coevolved, plant-vertebrate seed dispersal systems are extremely rare. Vertebrate-dispersed plants are generally not limited reproductively by the lack of dispersers. Most mycorrhizal plants form associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi which, because of their low specificity, do not seem to play a major role in facilitating or hindering plant invasions (except possibly on remote islands such as the Galapagos which are poor in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi). The lack of symbionts has, however, been a major barrier for many ectomycorrhizal plants, notably for Pinus spp. in parts of the southern hemisphere. The roles of nitrogen-fixing associations between legumes and rhizobia and between actinorhizal plants and Frankia spp. in promoting or hindering invasions have been virtually ignored in the invasions literature. Symbionts required to induce nitrogen fixation in many plants are extremely widespread, but intentional introductions of symbionts have altered the invasibility of many, if not most, systems. Some of the world's worst invasive alien species only invaded after the introduction of symbionts. Mutualisms in the new environment sometimes re-unite the same species that form partnerships in the native range of the plant. Very often, however, different species are involved, emphasizing the diffuse nature of many (most) mutualisms. Mutualisms in new habitats usually duplicate functions or strategies that exist in the natural range of the plant. Occasionally, mutualisms forge totally novel combinations, with profound implications for the behaviour of the introduced plant in the new environment (examples are seed dispersal mutualisms involving wind-dispersed pines and cockatoos in Australia; and mycorrhizal associations involving plant roots and fungi). Many ecosystems are becoming more susceptible to invasion by introduced plants because: (a) they contain an increasing array of potential mutualistic partners (e.g. generalist frugivores and pollinators, mycorrhizal fungi with wide host ranges, rhizobia strains with infectivity across genera); and (b) conditions conductive for the establishment of various alien/alien synergisms are becoming more abundant. Incorporating perspectives on mutualisms in screening protocols will improve (but not perfect) our ability to predict whether a given plant species could invade a particular habitat.}, }
@article {pmid10715611, year = {2000}, author = {van der Schalie, WH and Gentile, JH}, title = {Ecological risk assessment: implications of hormesis.}, journal = {Journal of applied toxicology : JAT}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {131-139}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1099-1263(200003/04)20:2&lt;131::aid-jat644&gt;3.0.co;2-4}, pmid = {10715611}, issn = {0260-437X}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*drug effects ; Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; *Ecology ; Environmental Pollutants/*adverse effects ; Humans ; Risk Assessment/methods ; }, abstract = {Hormesis is a widespread phenomenon across many taxa and chemicals, and, at the single species level, issues regarding the application of hormesis to human health and ecological risk assessment are similar. For example, convincing the public of a 'beneficial' effect of environmental chemicals may be problematic, and the design and analysis of laboratory studies may require modifications to detect hormesis. However, interpreting the significance of hormesis for even a single species in an ecological risk assessment can be complicated by considerations of competition with other species, predation effects, etc. Ecological risk assessments involve more than a single species; they may involve communities of hundreds or thousands of species as well as a range of ecological processes. Applying hormetic adjustments to threshold effect levels for chemicals derived from sensitivity distributions for a large number of species is impractical. For ecological risks, chemical stressors are frequently of lessor concern than physical stressors such as habitat alteration or biological stressors such as introduced species, but the relevance of hormesis to non-chemical stressors is unclear. Although ecological theories such as the intermediate disturbance hypothesis offer some intriguing similarities between chemical hormesis and hormetic-like responses resulting from physical disturbances, mechanistic explanations are lacking. Further exploration of the relevance of hormesis to ecological risk assessment is desirable. Aspects deserving additional attention include developing a better understanding of the hormetic effects of chemical mixtures, the relevance of hormesis to physical and biological stressors and the development of criteria for determining when hormesis is likely to be relevant to ecological risk assessments.}, }
@article {pmid10685911, year = {2000}, author = {Negro, JJ and Tella, JL and Blanco, G and Forero, MG and Garrido-Fernández, J}, title = {Diet explains interpopulation variation of plasma carotenoids and skin pigmentation in nestling white storks.}, journal = {Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ}, volume = {73}, number = {1}, pages = {97-101}, doi = {10.1086/316724}, pmid = {10685911}, issn = {1522-2152}, mesh = {Adsorption ; Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Carotenoids/blood/*pharmacokinetics ; Diet ; Pigmentation/*physiology ; Skin Physiological Phenomena ; Tissue Distribution ; }, abstract = {Carotenoids have a dietary origin in birds, but mechanisms by which they are absorbed in the gut, transported in the blood, metabolized at various sites, and deposited in the integument remain poorly understood. Variation in both plasma carotenoid levels and external color may reflect different access to dietary carotenoids or individual physiological differences in the uptake and deposition of carotenoids. We compared total plasma carotenoid concentration in nestling white storks (Ciconia ciconia) from 11 Spanish colonies in two consecutive years. The main food item in one of the colonies was the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), a recently introduced species. Storks in the remaining colonies ate a variety of foods but no crayfish. Total plasma carotenoid levels in the colony where crayfish were consumed were about five times higher than in any other colony. These differences were maintained after controlling for the significant interyear variability, as well as for sex, age, and body mass of birds. Skin pigmentation also differed, being intensely orange in storks that consumed crayfish but white (unpigmented) in the remaining individuals. With thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and electronic absorption spectroscopy, astaxanthin was confirmed as the major carotenoid in crayfish as well as in the plasma, skin, and body fat of crayfish-eating storks, whereas lutein was the main carotenoid in plasma samples from the other colonies. These results indicate that a newly available carotenoid in the environment, astaxanthin, can be absorbed in large quantities from the gut and be transported in the blood before deposition in different tissues.}, }
@article {pmid10675266, year = {2000}, author = {Holway, DA and Case, TJ}, title = {Mechanisms of dispersed central-place foraging in polydomous colonies of the Argentine ant.}, journal = {Animal behaviour}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, pages = {433-441}, doi = {10.1006/anbe.1999.1329}, pmid = {10675266}, issn = {0003-3472}, abstract = {Many species of ants occupy multiple nests, a condition known as polydomy. Because of their decentralized structure, polydomous colonies may be removed from some of the constraints associated with classic central-place foraging. We used laboratory and field experiments to assess the mechanisms involved in dispersed central-place foraging in polydomous colonies of the Argentine ant Linepithema humile, a widespread invasive species. Both in the laboratory and in the field, Argentine ants established new nests at sites located near food. Laboratory colonies of L. humile redistributed workers, brood and resources among nests in response to the spatial heterogeneity of food resources. In addition, laboratory colonies formed recruitment trails between nests in the context of foraging, providing a mechanism for the transport of material between nests. This highly flexible system of allocating nests, workers and brood throughout a colony's foraging area potentially increases foraging efficiency and competitive ability. The importance of polydomy as a determinant of competitive ability is underscored by its prevalence among ecologically dominant ants, including most, if not all, highly invasive species. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.}, }
@article {pmid10652557, year = {2000}, author = {Ricciardi, I and MacIsaac, HJ}, title = {Recent mass invasion of the North American Great Lakes by Ponto-Caspian species.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {62-65}, doi = {10.1016/s0169-5347(99)01745-0}, pmid = {10652557}, issn = {1872-8383}, abstract = {The North American Great Lakes have been invaded and dramatically altered by more than 145 alien species. Many invasions have occurred during the past few decades because of the release of Eurasian ballast water from transoceanic ships. Current regulations require ships to exchange foreign ballast with highly saline water before entering the Great Lakes; this procedure should prevent colonization by strictly freshwater species, but species with broad salinity tolerance might survive transport in exchanged water. A recent series of invasions by euryhaline organisms from the Black and Caspian Seas region signals a new phase in the transformation of the Great Lakes - one that supports the concept of an 'invasional meltdown'.}, }
@article {pmid10646903, year = {2000}, author = {Stewart, TH and Sage, RD and Stewart, AF and Cameron, DW}, title = {Breast cancer incidence highest in the range of one species of house mouse, Mus domesticus.}, journal = {British journal of cancer}, volume = {82}, number = {2}, pages = {446-451}, pmid = {10646903}, issn = {0007-0920}, mesh = {Animals ; Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology/genetics/virology ; DNA, Neoplasm/*genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Immunosuppression Therapy ; Incidence ; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/*epidemiology/genetics/virology ; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental ; Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/pathogenicity ; *Mice ; Retroviridae Infections/*complications ; Tumor Virus Infections/*complications ; *Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {Incidence of human breast cancer (HBC) varies geographically, but to date no environmental factor has explained this variation. Previously, we reported a 44% reduction in the incidence of breast cancer in women fully immunosuppressed following organ transplantation (Stewart et al (1995) Lancet 346: 796-798). In mice infected with the mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV), immunosuppression also reduces the incidence of mammary tumours. DNA with 95% identity to MMTV is detected in 40% of human breast tumours (Wang et al (1995) Cancer Res 55: 5173-5179). These findings led us to ask whether the incidence of HBC could be correlated with the natural ranges of different species of wild mice. We found that the highest incidence of HBC worldwide occurs in lands where Mus domesticus is the resident native or introduced species of house mouse. Given the similar responses of humans and mice to immunosuppression, the near identity between human and mouse MTV DNA sequences, and the close association between HBC incidence and mouse ranges, we propose that humans acquire MMTV from mice. This zoonotic theory for a mouse-viral cause of HBC allows testable predictions and has potential importance in prevention.}, }
@article {pmid10600613, year = {1999}, author = {McGlynn, TP}, title = {Non-native Ants Are Smaller than Related Native Ants.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {154}, number = {6}, pages = {690-699}, doi = {10.1086/303270}, pmid = {10600613}, issn = {1537-5323}, abstract = {I compare the sizes of non-native and native ants to evaluate how worker size may be related to the ability of a species to invade new habitats. I compare the size of 78 non-native ant species belonging to 26 genera with the size of native congeneric species; native ants are larger than non-native ants in 22 of 26 genera. Ants were sorted by genera into fighting and nonfighting groups, based on observations of interspecific interactions with other ant species. In all of the genera with monomorphic worker castes that fight during competition, the non-native species were smaller than the native species. The genera that engage in combat had a higher frequency of significantly smaller size in non-native ants. I selected Wasmannia auropunctata for further studies, to compare native and non-native populations. Specimens of W. auropunctata from non-native populations were smaller than conspecific counterparts from its native habitat. I consider hypotheses to explain why non-native ants are smaller in size than native ants, including the role of colony size in interspecific fights, changes in life history, the release from intraspecific fighting, and climate. The discovery that fighting non-natives are smaller than their closest native relatives may provide insight into the mechanisms for success of non-native species, as well as the role of worker size and colony size during interspecific competition.}, }
@article {pmid10577730, year = {1999}, author = {Hoberg, EP and Monsen, KJ and Kutz, S and Blouin, MS}, title = {Structure, biodiversity, and historical biogeography of nematode faunas in holarctic ruminants: morphological and molecular diagnoses for Teladorsagia boreoarcticus n. sp. (Nematoda: Ostertagiinae), a dimorphic cryptic species in muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus).}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {85}, number = {5}, pages = {910-934}, pmid = {10577730}, issn = {0022-3395}, mesh = {Abomasum/parasitology ; Animals ; Arctic Regions ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Male ; Northwest Territories ; Phylogeny ; Reindeer/parasitology ; Ruminants/*parasitology ; Sequence Alignment/veterinary ; Trichostrongyloidea/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics ; Trichostrongyloidiasis/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Discovery of the ostertagiine nematode Teladorsagia boreoarcticus n. sp. in muskoxen, Ovibos moschatus, from the central Canadian Arctic highlights the paucity of knowledge about the genealogical and numerical diversity of nematode faunas characteristic of artiodactyls at high latitudes across the Holarctic. Teladorsagia boreoarcticus is a dimorphic cryptic species distinguished from Teladorsagia circumcincta/Teladorsagia trifurcata in domestic sheep by a 13% divergence in the ND4 region of mitochondrial DNA, constant differences in the synlophe, and significantly longer esophageal valve, spicules, gubernaculum, and bursa. Teladorsagia boreoarcticus represents an archaic component of the North American fauna and may have a Holarctic distribution in muskoxen and caribou. Recognition of T. boreoarcticus in muskoxen, in part, corroborates hypotheses for the existence of a cryptic species complex of Teladorsagia spp. among Caprinae and Cervidae at high latitudes and indicates the importance of climatological determinants during the late Tertiary and Pleistocene on diversification of the fauna. Also reinforced is the concept of the North American fauna as a mosaic of endemic and introduced species. Discovery of a previously unrecognized species of Teladorsagia has additional implications and clearly indicates that (1) our knowledge is incomplete relative to potentially pathogenic nematodes that could be exchanged among domestic and wild caprines; (2) we do not have sufficient knowledge of the fauna to understand the ecological control mechanisms (limitations) on dissemination and host range; and (3) an understanding of historical and geographical influences on the genealogical diversity and distribution of nematode faunas in domestic and wild ruminants is requisite to define the interface between agricultural and natural ecosystems across the Holarctic.}, }
@article {pmid10542453, year = {1999}, author = {Bergstrom, DM and Chown, SL}, title = {Life at the front: history, ecology and change on southern ocean islands.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {472-477}, doi = {10.1016/s0169-5347(99)01688-2}, pmid = {10542453}, issn = {1872-8383}, abstract = {Terrestrial ecosystems of southern ocean islands have enjoyed renewed attention recently owing to the discovery that their climates are changing dramatically. This has led to an enhanced understanding of the biogeography of this region, and an increased awareness that these ecosystems provide unrivalled opportunities for investigating the impacts of environmental change on interactions between invasive and indigenous species. Recent studies have revealed increases in the abundance of established alien species and in the strength of their negative impacts on local biota, especially through indirect interactions. Also, increases in island temperature and human visitor frequency are likely to result in increasing numbers of successful alien colonization events.}, }
@article {pmid10509140, year = {1999}, author = {Andersson, AC and Thulin, CG and Tegelström, H}, title = {Applicability of rabbit microsatellite primers for studies of hybridisation between an introduced and a native hare species.}, journal = {Hereditas}, volume = {130}, number = {3}, pages = {309-315}, doi = {10.1111/j.1601-5223.1999.00309.x}, pmid = {10509140}, issn = {0018-0661}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; DNA Primers/genetics ; Female ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Rabbits/*genetics ; Species Specificity ; Sweden ; }, abstract = {Introduced species may hybridise with relatives in the native fauna or flora and thereby compete for matings and transmit alien DNA. Such interference may contaminate unique genepools, disturb existing ecological balances and may ultimately result in the extinction of the native species. In Sweden, the introduced brown hare (Lepus europaeus Pall.) hybridise with the native mountain hare (L. timidus L.), both relatively common members of the present Swedish fauna. This hybridisation has resulted in the transmission of mitochondrial DNA from the mountain hare to the brown hare, but absence of species differences in karyotype and allozymes have prevented investigations of the amount of nuclear gene flow. More polymorphic genetic markers are needed to analyse evidence of hybridisation in the nuclear genome. The conservation of microsatellite loci across taxa usually enables PCR amplification of microsatellites in closely related species with the same primers. We have used five microsatellite primer pairs, developed for the European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) to amplify microsatellites in the two species of hare in Sweden. The obtained allelic variation was used to construct a genetic distance tree based on the amount of shared alleles between all pairs of individuals (shared-allele index). This method offered sufficient differences to arrange all individuals in two groups, one for each species. Identification of individual hybrids based on the number of alleles shared between the species is not possible with these five microsatellite markers.}, }
@article {pmid10501860, year = {1999}, author = {Hertling, UM and Lubke, RA}, title = {Use of Ammophila arenaria for Dune Stabilization in South Africa and Its Current Distribution-Perceptions and Problems.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {467-482}, doi = {10.1007/s002679900247}, pmid = {10501860}, issn = {1432-1009}, abstract = {/ This paper examines the use of the European dune pioneer plant Ammophila arenaria (marram or European beach grass) for dune stabilization in South Africa in the past and present, its present distribution in South Africa, and the perceptions of coastal management agencies and the public about its further use. The planting of A. arenaria became the most important means of dune stabilization, by human intervention, along the South African Cape coast in this century. Its modern distribution from the semiarid west coast to the subtropical shores of the Eastern Cape extends through various climatic zones. Although historical data are missing for some areas, there is no indication of its unaided spread. A. arenaria occurs at most sites because of its prior planting. The South African climate appears to affect its vigor. However, concern about the use of the alien grass has been raised since it has proved to be a highly invasive species in other parts of the world, particularly along the North American west coast and in Tasmania. While the CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) promotes its use, CNC (Cape Nature Conservation) follows a policy that restricts the use of any alien plant, including A. arenaria, and requests further research on its invasive properties. Although a questionnaire survey shows that stabilization sites featuring large areas of A. arenaria are accepted by the South African public, current coastal management practices need to be analyzed critically. A thorough investigation of the potential invasiveness of A. arenaria on South African coastal dunes will be essential and shed new light on the American A. arenaria problem.KEY WORDS: Ammophila arenaria; Marram; European beach grass; Dune stabilization; South Africa; Coastal managementhttp://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00267/bibs/24n4p467.html</HEA}, }
@article {pmid10431392, year = {1999}, author = {Valcic, S and Montenegro, G and Mujica, AM and Avila, G and Franzblau, S and Singh, MP and Maiese, WM and Timmermann, BN}, title = {Phytochemical, morphological, and biological investigations of propolis from Central Chile.}, journal = {Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. C, Journal of biosciences}, volume = {54}, number = {5-6}, pages = {406-416}, doi = {10.1515/znc-1999-5-617}, pmid = {10431392}, issn = {0939-5075}, support = {ES06694/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; T37 TW00036/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States ; U01 TW 00316/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bees ; Benzene Derivatives/*chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; Chile ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Mycobacterium avium/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Phenols/*chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/pharmacology ; Plant Leaves ; Plants/*chemistry ; Pollen ; Propolis/*chemistry ; Staphylococcus aureus/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Propolis from central Chile was investigated for its plant origin by microscopical analysis of pollen grains and leaf fragments found in the sample. The pollen grains that appear with significant higher frequency in the sample corresponded to four native and two introduced species, whereas leaf fragments corresponded to four native species. Seventeen phenolic compounds that belong to the phenylpropane, benzaldehyde, dihydrobenzofuran, or benzopyran classes, were isolated from an organic extract that was found to have a moderate growth inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium avium, M. tuberculosis, and two strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The components responsible for activity were determined.}, }
@article {pmid10407433, year = {1999}, author = {Holway, DA and Suarez, AV}, title = {Animal behavior: an essential component of invasion biology.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {328-330}, doi = {10.1016/s0169-5347(99)01636-5}, pmid = {10407433}, issn = {1872-8383}, abstract = {A major challenge of invasion biology lies in the development of a predictive understanding of invasion processes. Attempts to identify the proximate causes of invasion success or to predict rates of spread seldom emphasize behavioral characteristics. Recent experimental work, however, illustrates that insight into the proximate causes of animal invasions often hinges on a careful assessment of behavioral mechanisms. For this reason, behavioral analyses should be more fully integrated into research on biological invasions. In addition to enhancing a general understanding of invasion processes, such approaches provide potentially underused opportunities for basic research in animal behavior.}, }
@article {pmid10405400, year = {1999}, author = {Sato, S and Kanamoto, T and Inoue, M}, title = {Abiotrophia elegans strains comprise 8% of the nutritionally variant streptococci isolated from the human mouth.}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {37}, number = {8}, pages = {2553-2556}, pmid = {10405400}, issn = {0095-1137}, mesh = {*Food Microbiology ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genes, rRNA ; Humans ; Mouth/*microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Streptococcaceae/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Ninety-one isolates of nutritionally variant streptococci (NVS) that were previously isolated from the human mouth were regarded as consisting of 7 Streptococcus defectivus isolates, 78 Streptococcus adjacens isolates, and 6 Gemella morbillorum isolates. However, recent references to the taxonomic reclassification of NVS, from S. defectivus to Abiotrophia defectiva and from S. adjacens to Abiotrophia adiacens, and the newly introduced species Abiotrophia elegans as a third Abiotrophia species, emphasize the need for genetic analyses for identification of NVS. When PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and phylogenetic distances were examined based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, the results indicated that 7 of the 91 NVS isolates were closely related to A. elegans. These seven isolates consisted of four isolates previously identified as G. morbillorum and three isolates previously identified as S. adjacens. Two isolates previously identified as G. morbillorum were related to A. adiacens. In biochemical tests, A. elegans and the seven isolates related to it possessed arginine dihydrolase (ADH) activity but the other Abiotrophia species did not. As a result, A. elegans strains comprised 8% of the 91 NVS isolates. Our findings suggest that A. elegans, A. adiacens, and A. defectiva exist in the human mouth in proportions of about 1:11:1 and that A. elegans can be genetically distinguished from the other two Abiotrophia species by PCR-RFLP analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences and can be biochemically distinguished by ADH activity.}, }
@article {pmid10383667, year = {1999}, author = {Surridge, AK and Bell, DJ and Ibrahim, KM and Hewitt, GM}, title = {Population structure and genetic variation of european wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in east anglia.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {82 (Pt 5)}, number = {}, pages = {479-487}, doi = {10.1038/sj.hdy.6885110}, pmid = {10383667}, issn = {1365-2540}, abstract = {The European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is an introduced species in Britain, and populations have been profoundly influenced by both man and disease. In stable environmental conditions, distinct social behaviour is observed, and this social structure leads to significant genetic structuring at the intrapopulation level. In this study, European wild rabbits were sampled from 17 sites across the East Anglian region of Britain and genotyped with nine microsatellite loci. Genotypical proportions deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, reflecting a degree of population subdivision and non-random mating. Several estimates of measures of population genetic structure revealed that populations are genetically distinct and have small effective population sizes. These distinctive properties are seen to be the combined effects of the social structure and random drift acting on bottlenecked populations after myxomatosis. It is concluded that the genetic structure seen in rabbit populations today is unlikely to reflect historical structuring present before myxomatosis, but that it results from recent events.}, }
@article {pmid10381865, year = {1999}, author = {Sansonetti, PJ and Phalipon, A}, title = {M cells as ports of entry for enteroinvasive pathogens: mechanisms of interaction, consequences for the disease process.}, journal = {Seminars in immunology}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {193-203}, doi = {10.1006/smim.1999.0175}, pmid = {10381865}, issn = {1044-5323}, mesh = {Antigens/metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Epithelial Cells/*cytology ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa/cytology/microbiology ; Intracellular Membranes/immunology ; Phagocytosis ; }, abstract = {M cells are key sites of antigen sampling for the mucosal-associated lymphoid system (MALT) and consequently are essential components of the structures serving as inductive sites for mucosal immunity. In addition, they have recently been recognized as major sites of adherence and major ports of entry for enteric pathogens. In the case of enteroinvasive pathogens, such as Salmonella, Yersinia and Shigella, few clinical evidences, but lots of experimental data indicate that, at least at the early stage of infection, M cells of the follicular associated epithelium transport the pathogens. This has significantly altered our view on the pathogenesis of enteroinvasive infections. Crossing the epithelial barrier seems an achievable task for these bacteria which express adherence and invasion mechanisms which have often been well characterized in epithelial cell lines. These systems seem to be also used for entering and crossing M cells, although reproducible in vitro assays for M cell infection are now required. Having crossed the epithelial lining, the bacteria face phagocytic cells, particularly the macrophages that are present in the follicle dome. Depending on the capacity to survive in the presence of macrophages, and how this survival is achieved by a given invasive species, the outcome of infection can be dramatically affected. In consequence, M cells can be considered as pathogen translocators toward immunocompetent areas of the gut, thus opening the possibility to harness this property in order to design new mucosal vaccines or vaccine vectors.}, }
@article {pmid10322518, year = {1999}, author = {Dukes, JS and Mooney, HA}, title = {Does global change increase the success of biological invaders?.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {135-139}, doi = {10.1016/s0169-5347(98)01554-7}, pmid = {10322518}, issn = {1872-8383}, abstract = {Biological invasions are gaining attention as a major threat to biodiversity and an important element of global change. Recent research indicates that other components of global change, such as increases in nitrogen deposition and atmospheric CO2 concentration, favor groups of species that share certain physiological or life history traits. New evidence suggests that many invasive species share traits that will allow them to capitalize on the various elements of global change. Increases in the prevalence of some of these biological invaders would alter basic ecosystem properties in ways that feed back to affect many components of global change.}, }
@article {pmid10091131, year = {1999}, author = {Stegelmeier, BL and Edgar, JA and Colegate, SM and Gardner, DR and Schoch, TK and Coulombe, RA and Molyneux, RJ}, title = {Pyrrolizidine alkaloid plants, metabolism and toxicity.}, journal = {Journal of natural toxins}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {95-116}, pmid = {10091131}, issn = {1058-8108}, mesh = {Animals ; Carcinogens ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Food Contamination ; Humans ; Liver/drug effects/*pathology ; Plant Poisoning/*diagnosis/pathology ; Plants, Medicinal/toxicity ; Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids/pharmacokinetics/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {More than 350 PAs have been identified in over 6,000 plants in the Boraginaceae, Compositae, and Leguminosae families (Table 1). About half of the identified PAs are toxic and several have been shown to be carcinogenic in rodents. PA-containing plants have worldwide distribution, and they probably are the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock, wildlife, and humans. In many locations, PA-containing plants are introduced species that are considered invasive, noxious weeds. Both native and introduced PA-containing plants often infest open ranges and fields, replacing nutritious plants. Many are not palatable and livestock avoid eating them if other forages are available. However, as they invade fields or crops, plant parts or seeds can contaminate prepared feeds and grains which are then readily eaten by many animals. Human poisonings most often are a result of food contamination or when PA-containing plants areused for medicinal purposes. This is a review of current information on the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and molecular mechanisms of PA toxicity. Additional discussion includes current and future research objectives with an emphasis on the development of better diagnostics, pyrrole kinetics, and the effects of low dose PA exposure.}, }
@article {pmid10051683, year = {1999}, author = {Steadman, DW and White, JP and Allen, J}, title = {Prehistoric birds from New Ireland, Papua New Guinea: extinctions on a large Melanesian island.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {96}, number = {5}, pages = {2563-2568}, pmid = {10051683}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification ; Geography ; *Paleontology ; Papua New Guinea ; }, abstract = {At least 50 species of birds are represented in 241 bird bones from five late Pleistocene and Holocene archaeological sites on New Ireland (Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea). The bones include only two of seabirds and none of migrant shorebirds or introduced species. Of the 50 species, at least 12 (petrel, hawk, megapode, quail, four rails, cockatoo, two owls, and crow) are not part of the current avifauna and have not been recorded previously from New Ireland. Larger samples of bones undoubtedly would indicate more extirpated species and refine the chronology of extinction. Humans have lived on New Ireland for ca. 35,000 years, whereas most of the identified bones are 15,000 to 6,000 years old. It is suspected that most or all of New Ireland's avian extinction was anthropogenic, but this suspicion remains undetermined. Our data show that significant prehistoric losses of birds, which are well documented on Pacific islands more remote than New Ireland, occurred also on large, high, mostly forested islands close to New Guinea.}, }
@article {pmid9751735, year = {1998}, author = {Petren, K and Case, TJ}, title = {Habitat structure determines competition intensity and invasion success in gecko lizards.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {95}, number = {20}, pages = {11739-11744}, pmid = {9751735}, issn = {0027-8424}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Ecosystem ; Environment, Controlled ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Insecta ; Lizards/*physiology ; Male ; Social Behavior ; Species Specificity ; Territoriality ; }, abstract = {Species diversity is correlated with structural complexity in many animal communities; however, experimental tests of the mechanisms underlying this important relationship are rare, especially in terrestrial communities. We manipulated physical features of the habitat of gecko lizards and measured the effect on exploitation competition for insects. Increasing both the dispersion of food resources and microhabitat topography dramatically reduced interspecific competition. Adding topographic structure reduced the advantages of the larger, faster, invasive species. Interindividual spacing decreased, but intraspecific agonistic interference increased in the more territorial, resident species. Human structural alterations of the environment facilitate invasion and competitive displacement in this system. Physical microhabitat structure can potentially affect species interactions through a variety of complex mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid9646519, year = {1998}, author = {Swales, S and Storey, AW and Roderick, ID and Figa, BS and Bakowa, KA and Tenakanai, CD}, title = {Biological monitoring of the impacts of the Ok Tedi copper mine on fish populations in the Fly River system, Papua New Guinea.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {214}, number = {}, pages = {99-111}, doi = {10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00057-6}, pmid = {9646519}, issn = {0048-9697}, mesh = {Animals ; *Copper/analysis ; Environment ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Fishes ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; Humans ; Metals, Heavy/analysis ; *Mining ; Papua New Guinea ; Population Dynamics ; Tissue Distribution ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; }, abstract = {Monitoring of the impacts of the Ok Tedi copper mine on fish populations in the Fly River system in Papua New Guinea has recorded approx. 100 species of fish representing 32 families. Fish catches have shown considerable temporal and spatial variability but, since the commencement of mine operations and the input of mine-derived waste material into the headwaters of the system, long-term monitoring has revealed significant reductions in fish catches at most riverine sites in the Ok Tedi, upper and middle Fly River. However, no significant declines in fish catches have been recorded in the lower Fly or delta areas. Possible mechanisms accounting for the declines in fish catches in the river are discussed. Although catches in some floodplain habitats have also declined, these changes are thought to be associated with the effects of natural climatic phenomena, particularly El Nino droughts. Introduced species and increased commercial and artisanal fishing may also have had an effect. Levels of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium were found to be elevated in tissues from a range of fish species taken from riverine and floodplain sites sampled in the Ok Tedi and Fly Rivers. Metal levels were generally much higher in liver and kidney than from flesh. There was a general trend for metal concentrations to decrease with distance downstream from the mine, suggesting a mine-related effect. Significantly higher metal concentrations were recorded at 'impact' compared to 'control' sites. The intake of dietary copper by humans consuming fish taken from the river is well within guidelines set by the World Health Organisation and does not constitute a health risk. Ok Tedi Mining Limited has recently initiated a programme of mitigation works aimed at reducing the adverse effects of mine wastes on the river environment.}, }
@article {pmid9175546, year = {1997}, author = {Havens, KJ and Priest, WI and Berquist, H}, title = {Investigation and Long-Term Monitoring of Phragmites australis Within Virginia's Constructed Wetland Sites.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {599-605}, doi = {10.1007/s002679900052}, pmid = {9175546}, issn = {1432-1009}, abstract = {/ The use of constructed wetlands to replace natural wetlands is becoming pandemic. An investigation using global positioning system technology to map the vegetated communities of 15 of the largest constructed wetlands in Virginia reveals that 80% are colonized by the invasive species, Phragmites australis Trin., and/or aggressive species, Typha spp. Tidally influenced wetlands that have subtidal perimeter ditches have significantly less (P < 0.05) P. australis in the wetland interior than those without perimeter ditches. Fractured regression analyses show that 6 years after construction, P. australis invasion can be extensive. Linear regression analysis suggests that, if conditions remain favorable for P. australis colonization, constructed wetlands could be overrun in 40 years. KEY WORDS: Phragmites australis; Mitigation; Constructed wetlands; Invasive species; Global positioning system}, }
@article {pmid18811254, year = {1997}, author = {Duncan, RP}, title = {The role of competition and introduction effort in the success of passeriform birds introduced to New Zealand.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {149}, number = {5}, pages = {903-915}, doi = {10.1086/286029}, pmid = {18811254}, issn = {0003-0147}, abstract = {The finding that passeriform birds introduced to the islands of Hawaii and Saint Helena were more likely to successfully invade when fewer other introduced species were present has been interpreted as strong support for the hypothesis that interspecific competition influences invasion success. I tested whether invasions were more likely to succeed when fewer species were present using the records of passeriform birds introduced to four acclimatization districts in New Zealand. I also tested whether introduction effort, measured as the number of introductions and the total number of birds released, could predict invasion outcomes, a result previously established for all birds introduced to New Zealand. I found patterns consistent with both competition and introduction effort as explanations for invasion success. However, data supporting the two explanations were confounded such that the greater success of invaders arriving when fewer other species were present could have been due to a causal relationship between invasion success and introduction effort. Hence, without data on introduction effort, previous studies may have overestimated the degree to which the number of potential competitors could independently explain invasion outcomes and may therefore have overstated the importance of competition in structuring introduced avian assemblages. Furthermore, I suggest that a second pattern in avian invasion success previously attributed to competition, the morphological overdispersion of successful invaders, could also arise as an artifact of variation in introduction effort.}, }
@article {pmid9172841, year = {1997}, author = {Gasnier, N and Cabaret, J and Chartier, C and Reche, B}, title = {Species diversity in gastrointestinal nematode communities of dairy goats: species-area and species-climate relationships.}, journal = {Veterinary research}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {55-64}, pmid = {9172841}, issn = {0928-4249}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Climate ; Dairying ; France/epidemiology ; Goat Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Goats ; Nematoda/*classification ; Nematode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Rain ; Regression Analysis ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Gastrointestinal nematode communities (12 species) of dairy goats were studied in four regions located in the centre of the western part of France. These regions had very similar annual mean temperatures (11 to 12.5 degrees C) but had rainfall accumulations ranging from 600 to 1330 mm per year. Breeding management (area of pastures, number of goats in the flock, the age of the farm, and the size of the initial goat population) was investigated only in the driest region. The number of helminth species and Shannon diversity index were positively correlated to the permanent pasture area and negatively to the age of the farm. Evenness was negatively correlated to the age of the farm and increased with the increasing levels of rainfall. The results are interpreted in the following terms: i) large areas of permanent pasture include a large array of environments favourable to the development of the free-living stages of various species of nematodes; ii) age of the farm is unfavourable to the maintenance of all introduced species as the farms are helminth-isolated and infestation can only occur during the grazing season thus imposing the necessity of successive annual recolonization of the pastures; and iii) free-living stages are very susceptible to dryness and survive better in areas with heavy rainfall.}, }
@article {pmid9109202, year = {1997}, author = {Moore, HD and Jenkins, NM and Wong, C}, title = {Immunocontraception in rodents: a review of the development of a sperm-based immunocontraceptive vaccine for the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis).}, journal = {Reproduction, fertility, and development}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {125-129}, doi = {10.1071/r96053}, pmid = {9109202}, issn = {1031-3613}, mesh = {Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Antigens/genetics/immunology ; Contraception, Immunologic/*veterinary ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pest Control/*methods ; *Sciuridae ; Spermatozoa/*immunology ; *Vaccines/administration &amp; dosage ; }, abstract = {The strategy for developing contraceptive vaccines for wild rodents will depend on the species. In rats and mice, high all-year birth rates, high levels of dispersal and promiscous mating systems suggest that, if immunocontraception was used alone, > 90% of the population would have to sterilized to achieve the desired control. In Britain, the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) may be a better candidate to investigate the feasibility of a contraceptive vaccine in rodents. This introduced species is a seasonal breeder with a much lower population turnover than rats or mice. As well as causing damage to woodland, it has ousted the native red squirrel (S. valgaris) from most of the UK. A human and selective method for the control of grey squirrels is therefore highly desirable. Numerous sperm-specific antigens have been identified on rodent spermatozoa. Monoclonal antibodies to particular components block sperm-egg interactions in laboratory animals and cross-react with grey squirrel spermatozoa. In vitro fertilization assays indicate that squirrel sperm-egg binding may be inhibited also. Currently, a cDNA library obtained from grey squirrel testis is being screened to identify genes encoding specific sperm antigens involved in fertilization. Methods of enhancing immunogenicity after oral immunization using microparticle carriers and immune-stimulating complexes are currently under investigation.}, }
@article {pmid8972859, year = {1996}, author = {Doelling, JH and Pikaard, CS}, title = {Species-specificity of rRNA gene transcription in plants manifested as a switch in RNA polymerase specificity.}, journal = {Nucleic acids research}, volume = {24}, number = {23}, pages = {4725-4732}, pmid = {8972859}, issn = {0305-1048}, mesh = {Arabidopsis/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Brassica/genetics ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/*metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Luciferases/metabolism ; Solanum lycopersicum/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Point Mutation ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protoplasts ; RNA Polymerase I/*metabolism ; RNA Polymerase II/*metabolism ; RNA, Plant/*genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/*genetics ; Species Specificity ; TATA Box ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; }, abstract = {Rapid evolution of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene promoters often prevents their recognition in a foreign species. Unlike animal systems, we show that foreign plant rRNA gene promoters are recognized in an alien species, but tend to program transcription by a different polymerase. In plants, RNA polymerase I transcripts initiate at a TATATA element (+1 is underlined) important for promoter strength and start-site selection. However, transcripts initiate from +32 following transfection of a tomato promoter into Arabidopsis. The rRNA gene promoter of a more closely related species, Brassica oleracea, programs both +1 and +29 transcription. A point mutation at +2 improving the identity between the Brassica and Arabidopsis promoters increases +1 transcription, indicating a role for the initiator element in species-specificity. Brassica +29 transcripts can be translated to express a luciferase reporter gene, implicating RNA polymerase II. TATA mutations that disrupt TATA-binding protein (TBP) interactions inhibit +29 transcription and luciferase expression. Co-expressed TBP proteins bearing compensatory mutations restore +29 transcription and luciferase activity, suggesting a direct TBP-TATA interaction. Importantly, +1 transcription is unaffected by the TATA mutations, suggesting that in the context of pol I recognition, the TATA-containing initiator element serves a function other than TBP binding.}, }
@article {pmid8875908, year = {1996}, author = {Zaidi, BR and Imam, SH and Greene, RV}, title = {Accelerated Biodegradation of High and Low Concentrations of p-Nitrophenol (PNP) by Bacterial Inoculation in Industrial Wastewater: The Role of Inoculum Size on Acclimation Period.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {33}, number = {5}, pages = {292-296}, doi = {10.1007/s002849900116}, pmid = {8875908}, issn = {1432-0991}, abstract = {The effect of inoculum size on the acclimation period and rate and extent of p-nitrophenol (PNP) degradation at high (1-10 mg/L) and low (26 &amp;mgr;g/L) concentrations for two bacteria was determined in defined media as well as industrial wastewater. Increased inoculum size did not affect the acclimation period of either bacterium at high (1-10 mg/L) PNP concentrations. At low PNP concentrations (26 &amp;mgr;g/L), the two bacteria behaved differently. The acclimation period was shortened and both the rate and extent of mineralization of PNP were enhanced by increasing the Corynebacterium sp. inoculum size from 3 x 10(5) to 3 x 10(6) cells/ml. Addition of phosphate or elimination of predators also reduced the acclimation period. Conversely, increasing the inoculum size from 3 x 10(5) to 5 x 10(6) cells/ml of Pseudomonas putida lengthened the acclimation period and reduced both the rate and extent of mineralization. It is suggested that, in a given environment, the success of an introduced species to enhance the degradation of a chemical depends upon (i) concentration of the chemical, (ii) selection of an appropriate microorganism, and (iii) utilization of a suitable inoculum size.}, }
@article {pmid8858357, year = {1996}, author = {Haller, EM and Auer-Grumbach, P and Stuenzner, D and Kessler, HH and Pierer, K and Zenz, H and Muellner, K}, title = {Evaluation of two nonculture antigen tests and three serotests for detection of anti-chlamydial antibodies in the diagnosis of ocular chlamydial infections.}, journal = {Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie}, volume = {234}, number = {8}, pages = {510-514}, pmid = {8858357}, issn = {0721-832X}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antibodies, Bacterial/*analysis ; Antigens, Bacterial/*analysis ; Chlamydia trachomatis/genetics/*immunology ; Conjunctivitis, Inclusion/*diagnosis ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct/methods ; Humans ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Immunoglobulin A/analysis ; Immunoglobulin G/analysis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Serologic Tests/methods ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of chlamydial conjuctivitis is difficult in chronic diseases because chlamydial elementary bodies are mostly undetectable in conjunctival scrapings by cell culture. We therefore compared two nonculture antigen tests and three different serotests for anti-chlamydial antibodies with McCoy cell culture, the "gold standard" of chlamydial diagnosis. Conjunctival scrapings and serum samples of 93 patients attending the outpatient eye clinic in Graz because of chronic follicular conjunctivitis were tested.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 558 conjunctival scrapings and 93 serum samples were investigated. Chlamydial antigen detection was done by McCoy cell culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR; Amplicor, Roche), and direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA; Microtrak, Syva). Antichlamydial IgA and IgG antibodies in the sera were detected by an immunoperoxidase assay (IPAzyme, Savyon) and two different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (SeroELISA, Savyon and rELISA, medac).<br><br>RESULTS: Cell culture and PCR yielded identical results. The positivity rate for chlamydial conjunctivitis was 8.6% (8 of 93 patients). PCR proved most sensitive and most specific. IPAzyme was 75% sensitive for IgA and 100% for IgG; SeroELISA and rELISA were less sensitive. IPAzyme was 81% specific for IgA and 47.3% for IgG. SeroELISA and rELISA were less specific for IgA, but more specific for IgG. Post-test likelihood of disease was greatest in IPAzyme.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: PCR proved to be a good alternative to cell culture; DFA is useful for quick diagnosis. Genus-specific serotests cannot compete with chlamydial antigen detection. They differ in sensitivity and specificity because of the antigen type they present. They are still of only supportive value in cases where chlamydial antigen detection is not possible. Recently introduced species-specific antibody tests should be of greater value.}, }
@article {pmid8812177, year = {1996}, author = {Caquet, T and Lagadic, L and Jonot, O and Baturo, W and Kilanda, M and Simon, P and Le Bras, S and Echaubard, M and Ramade, F}, title = {Outdoor experimental ponds (mesocosms) designed for long-term ecotoxicological studies in aquatic environment.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {125-133}, doi = {10.1006/eesa.1996.0053}, pmid = {8812177}, issn = {0147-6513}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Electric Conductivity ; Fresh Water ; Goldfish ; Guidelines as Topic ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Lymnaea ; Nitrates/*toxicity ; Phosphates/*toxicity ; Phthiraptera ; Phytoplankton/drug effects ; Reproduction/drug effects ; Species Specificity ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Outdoor artificial ponds (mesocosms) of 12 m3 were designed for long-term ecotoxicological studies. Sediment, macrophytes (Typha angustifolia and Elodea canadensis), and free and caged freshwater snails [Lymnaea palustris (Müller)] and wood lice (Asellus aquaticus L.) were collected in nearby natural ecosystems and introduced in the mesocosms. Sixty goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) were caged in each pond. Introduced species developed and reproduced in every mesocosm. Animal species (mainly insects and amphibians) spontaneously colonized the ponds, developed, and reproduced. The resulting communities qualitatively resemble those living in natural lentic systems in the surrounding area. Homogenity in physical and chemical conditions and in abundance of phytoplanktonic, periphytic, and macroinvertebrate communities between the different mesocosms was assessed during the stabilization period (8 months). Except for periphyton biomass, no divergent evolution was observed between the ponds. Mesocosm water was slightly eutrophic, alkaline (mean pH: 8.47 +/- 0.09), and moderately hard and mineralized. The homogenous and realistic environmental conditions and high ecological representativity of the outdoor experimental ponds were suitable for extensive ecotoxicological studies. Considerations on the choice and origin of introduced species and on possible interactive effects of the transfer of organisms from natural environments, maintainance conditions, and pollutant exposure are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid8890371, year = {1996}, author = {Bartley, DM and Subasinghe, RP}, title = {Historical aspects of international movement of living aquatic species.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {387-400}, doi = {10.20506/rst.15.2.929}, pmid = {8890371}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Animals ; *Aquaculture ; Fish Diseases/transmission ; *Fisheries ; *Fishes ; International Cooperation ; }, abstract = {The use of exotic aquatic species to increase both the level of food production and the income generated by this production has been an established practice since the mid 19th century. At present, advances in husbandry have enabled large-scale movements of many different species over great distances. Despite a gradual fall in the volume of such movements since the 1960s, the practice still persists and continues to generate controversy in regard to the protection of native biological diversity, the spread of pests and disease, and socio-economic factors. The author presents the results of a recent international questionnaire on species introductions, distributed in an attempt to gain further insight into the uses and effects of introduced species. Information was received on 654 introductions of aquatic organisms, mostly fish. Aquaculture was the main reason for most introductions, followed by the creation of fisheries, the ornamental fish trade, research, biological control, accident, natural diffusion, and the provision of bait and forage. National governments were responsible for 40% of the introductions, with the private sector accounting for 18%, individuals another 15% and international organisations 7%, with the remaining 20% being of unknown source. The impact and benefits of many of the introductions reported were unclear. Most introductions (62%) probably did not result in the establishment of the exotic species in natural waters. Respondents reported that 63% of the introductions probably had no effect on th ecosystem: 25% of the impacts were judged positive, while for 58% the nature of the impact (positive or negative) was undetermined. Furthermore, 62% of the introductions probably had no effect on the socio-economic system: 40% of the impacts were beneficial, while in 55% of cases the respondents were undecided whether or not the impact was beneficial. The authors recommend that planning, regulation and monitoring of introductions of aquatic species be imposed through adherence to international and national codes of practice. This will help to maximise benefits from the use of exotic species in the future.}, }
@article {pmid18470239, year = {1995}, author = {Chen, Q and Conner, RL and Laroche, A}, title = {Identification of the parental chromosomes of the wheat-alien amphiploid Agrotana by genomic in situ hybridization.}, journal = {Genome}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, pages = {1163-1169}, doi = {10.1139/g95-154}, pmid = {18470239}, issn = {0831-2796}, abstract = {Labelled total genomic DNA from four alien species, Thinopyrum ponticum (Host) Beauv. (2n = 70, genomes J1J1J1J2J2), Th. bessarabicum (Savul. &amp;Rayss) Love (2n = 14, genome J), Th. elongatum (Host) Beauv. (2n = 14, genome E), and Haynaldia villosa (L.) Schur. (2n = 14, genome V), were used as probes in combination with blocking wheat DNA for in situ hybridization of the chromosomes of Agrotana, a wheat-alien hybrid (2n = 56) of unknown origin. The results showed that genomic DNA probes from Th. ponticum and Th. bessarabicum both clearly revealed 16 alien and 40 wheat chromosomes in Agrotana, indicating that the J genome present in these two species has a high degree of homology with the alien chromosomes in Agrotana. Biotinylated genomic DNA probe from Th. elongatum identified 10 chromosomes from Agrotana, while some regions of six other chromosomes yielded a weak or no signal. The probe from H. villosa produced no differential labelling of the chromosomes of Agrotana. The genomic formula of Agrotana was designated as AABBDDJJ. We suggest that the alien parent donor species of Agrotana is Th. ponticum rather than Th. bessarabicum. Genomic relationships of the three Thinopyrum species are discussed in relation to the distribution of GISH signals in the chromosomes of Agrotana.}, }
@article {pmid8564006, year = {1995}, author = {Feldman, RA and Freed, LA and Cann, RL}, title = {A PCR test for avian malaria in Hawaiian birds.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {663-673}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294x.1995.tb00267.x}, pmid = {8564006}, issn = {0962-1083}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Birds/*parasitology ; DNA Primers/genetics ; DNA, Protozoan/blood/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Hawaii ; Humans ; Malaria, Avian/*diagnosis/*parasitology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plasmodium/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Plasmodium gallinaceum/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods/statistics &amp; numerical data/*veterinary ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; }, abstract = {The decline of native Hawaiian forest birds since European contact is attributed to factors ranging from habitat destruction to interactions with introduced species. Remaining populations of Hawaiian honeycreepers (Fringillidae: Drepanidinae) are most abundant and diverse in high elevation refuges above the normal range of disease-carrying mosquitoes. Challenge experiments suggest that honeycreepers are highly susceptible to avian malaria (Plasmodium sp.) but resistance exists in some species. In order to detect low levels of malarial infection and quantify prevalence of Plasmodium in high elevation natural populations of Hawaiian birds, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based diagnostic test was developed that identifies rRNA genes of Plasmodium in avian blood samples. Quantitative competitive PCR (QC-PCR) experiments indicate that the detection limit of our test is an order of magnitude greater than that reported for human malaria DNA blot tests. Compared with standard histological methods, the PCR test detected a higher prevalence of diseased birds at mid-elevations. Malaria was detected in three species of native birds living in a high elevation wildlife refuge on the island of Hawaii and in four species from Maui. Our results show that avian malaria is more widespread in Hawaiian forests than previously thought, a finding that has important conservation implications for these threatened species.}, }
@article {pmid7528784, year = {1994}, author = {Savage, HM and Smith, GC}, title = {Identification of damaged adult female specimens of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti in the New World.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {440-442}, pmid = {7528784}, issn = {8756-971X}, mesh = {Aedes/*classification ; Americas ; Animals ; Entomology/*methods ; Female ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Two introduced species of Aedes (Stegomyia), Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti, occur in the New World. Three characters, easily and simultaneously observed from an anteroventral view, allow for rapid and reliable specific identification of most specimens that lack the characteristic scutal scale patterns. These 3 characters are the presence or absence of pale scales on the clypeus; the presence or absence of a narrow, median line of pale scales on the anterior face of the midfemora; and the pattern of pale and dark scales on abdominal sterna III-V.}, }
@article {pmid8346627, year = {1993}, author = {Ridsdill-Smith, TJ}, title = {Effects of avermectin residues in cattle dung on dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) reproduction and survival.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {48}, number = {1-4}, pages = {127-137}, doi = {10.1016/0304-4017(93)90150-l}, pmid = {8346627}, issn = {0304-4017}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthelmintics/*toxicity ; Australia ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Cattle ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Feces/*parasitology ; Ivermectin/*analogs &amp; derivatives/toxicity ; Reproduction/drug effects ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Scarabaeine dung beetles feeding on dung from cattle treated with an injection of avermectin at a therapeutic dose to control internal parasites, show larval mortality, mortality of immature adults, reduced egg production, and inhibited ovariole development for periods of 1-4 weeks following treatment. In winter rainfall regions of Australia, feeding by newly emerged adults of an introduced species, Onthophagus binodis, resulted in shredding of cattle dung between December and May. Production of brood masses and eggs resulted in dung being buried from September to November. Feeding by newly emerged adults of a native species, Onthophagus ferox, resulted in dung being buried in May and June, and production of brood masses for breeding resulted in dung burial between September and November. There are thus 2-6 months of the year when injection of cattle with avermectin would affect mortality of newly emerged beetles, and 3 months of the year when avermectin treatment of cattle would affect dung beetle oviposition or larval survival. Beetles were attracted to fresh dung for 2-4 days, and most had left the pad within a week. There are no data to indicate the effects of avermectin residues in dung on dung beetle populations and on beetle fitness. Tests should be done to determine if avermectins in slow release devices have a greater effect on dung beetles than injections, and to determine what effects both have on dung beetle populations.}, }
@article {pmid8458407, year = {1993}, author = {Regal, PJ}, title = {The true meaning of 'exotic species' as a model for genetically engineered organisms.}, journal = {Experientia}, volume = {49}, number = {3}, pages = {225-234}, pmid = {8458407}, issn = {0014-4754}, mesh = {Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Containment of Biohazards ; Ecology ; Environment ; *Genetic Engineering ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {The exotic or non-indigenous species model for deliberately introduced genetically engineered organisms (GEOs) has often been misunderstood or misrepresented. Yet proper comparisons of of ecologically competent GEOs to the patterns of adaptation of introduced species have been highly useful among scientists in attempting to determine how to apply biological theory to specific GEO risk issues, and in attempting to define the probabilities and scale of ecological risks with GEOs. In truth, the model predicts that most projects may be environmentally safe, but a significant minority may be very risky. The model includes a history of institutional follies that also should remind workers of the danger of oversimplifying biological issues, and warn against repeating the sorts of professional misjudgements that have too often been made in introducing organisms to new settings. We once expected that the non-indigenous species model would be refined by more analysis of species eruptions, ecological genetics, and the biology of select GEOs themselves, as outlined. But there has been political resistance to the effective regulation of GEOs, and a bureaucratic tendency to focus research agendas on narrow data collection. Thus there has been too little promotion by responsible agencies of studies to provide the broad conceptual base for truly science-based regulation. In its presently unrefined state, the non-indigenous species comparison would overestimate the risks of GEOs if it were (mis)applied to genetically disrupted, ecologically crippled GEOs, but in some cases of wild-type organisms with novel engineered traits, it could greatly underestimate the risks. Further analysis is urgently needed.}, }
@article {pmid18469979, year = {1993}, author = {Bai, D and Knott, DR}, title = {The effects of level of 2,4-D and time in culture on regeneration rate and chromosome numbers of regenerants from calli of the hybrid Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring ph1b x Thinopyrum ponticum (2n = 10x = 70).}, journal = {Genome}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, pages = {166-172}, doi = {10.1139/g93-022}, pmid = {18469979}, issn = {0831-2796}, abstract = {Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Barkworth &amp;D. R. Dewey (2n = 10x = 70) has excellent resistance for both leaf and stem rusts. Long-term callus cultures were established from the immature embryos of a hybrid between Triticum aestivum L. (2n = 6x = 42) x Th. ponticum. They were maintained in culture for over 2 years and continued to grow and have organogenetic capacity. With increasing time on a maintenance medium, the plant regeneration rates of the hybrid calli decreased when transferred to regeneration media containing 0.1, 0.2, or 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D, but the rate of decrease was much higher at 0.5 mg/L than at either 0.1 or 0.2 mg/L 2,4-D. After 3 months of subculture, the highest plant regeneration rate was obtained on the medium containing 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D (1.11 plantlets/callus), while on the 24th month of subculture the highest plant regeneration rate was obtained on the medium containing 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D (0.20 plantlets/callus). Thus, it was shown that as the calli aged it was important to reduce the level of 2,4-D in the regeneration medium. Over 2 years, a total of 667 regenerants were successfully transferred and grown to maturity. Chromosome numbers in root-tip cells were determined for 539 regenerants and ranged from 36 to 70. Telocentric chromosomes were frequent. A fertile plant was found among the regenerants after 15 months of subculture. It had 56 chromosomes with 2.15 (1-6) univalents, 22.76 (17-26) closed bivalents, 3.55 (1-9) open bivalents, and 0.41 (0-3) trivalents and was highly resistant to stem rust race 15B-1. Callus culture of wide hybrids can be used to introgress characters from alien species into wheat.}, }
@article {pmid1421496, year = {1992}, author = {Maharaj, R and Appleton, CC and Miller, RM}, title = {Snail predation by larvae of Sepedon scapularis Adams (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), a potential biocontrol agent of snail intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis in South Africa.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {183-187}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2915.1992.tb00604.x}, pmid = {1421496}, issn = {0269-283X}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Bulinus/*physiology ; Diptera/*physiology ; *Disease Vectors ; Larva/physiology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Snails/*physiology ; South Africa ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Malacophagous larvae of the fly Sepedon scapularis Adams were shown experimentally to be effective predators of three species of aquatic pulmonate snails tested as prey: Bulinus africanus (Krauss) an important intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium (Bilharz), Bulinus tropicus (Krauss) and the invasive species Physa acuta Draparnaud. Survival of S. scapularis larvae from instar to instar was negatively affected by the size of prey snails, since larvae tended to be asphyxiated by the mucous secretions of the snails, or by the larval hydrofuge hairs becoming entangled in snail faeces. In experiments to test the choice of S.scapularis larvae for different species and sizes of snails, B.africanus was significantly disfavoured compared with the other two snail species. Small snails (< 3 mm) were more frequently killed by all three larval instars of S.scapularis. First instars killed few, if any, large snails (> 7 mm), whereas second and third instars preyed effectively on all sizes of snails. Third instars killed significantly more snails than younger instars. For larvae offered only one species of snail as prey, the mean total number of snails killed per larva during its entire development was 49 B.africanus, 45 B.tropicus or 34 P.acuta. It is concluded that S.scapularis is potentially useful as a biological control agent for use against indigenous Bulinus and exotic Physa snails.}, }
@article {pmid1780133, year = {1991}, author = {Braack, LE}, title = {Spread in South Africa of the Oriental latrine fly Chrysomya megacephala. (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), an introduced species closely resembling Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve.}, journal = {The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research}, volume = {58}, number = {4}, pages = {311-312}, pmid = {1780133}, issn = {0030-2465}, mesh = {Animals ; *Diptera/classification ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Chrysomya megacephala, also known as the Oriental latrine fly, is indigenous to south-east Asia. During the 1970's it successfully invaded Africa and South America, and more recently during the 1980's also established itself in the United States of America. Although the first specimens from South Africa were collected from the south-western Cape Province in 1978, no published data appears to exist on its subsequent spread or status in southern Africa. During May 1991 a specimen of C. megacephala was incidentally captured near Beaufort West, Cape Province, South Africa, which prompted re-examination of blow-flies captured in the Kruger National Park during 1984. In this way it was found that C. megacephala was already well established in the south-eastern Transvaal by mid-1984. Adult C. megacephala can easily be confused with C. bezziana and medical/veterinary entomologists and veterinarians should take note of the existence of this species and the fact that it is probably widespread throughout southern Africa at this state.}, }
@article {pmid1896848, year = {1991}, author = {Carey, JR}, title = {Establishment of the Mediterranean fruit fly in California.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {253}, number = {5026}, pages = {1369-1373}, doi = {10.1126/science.1896848}, pmid = {1896848}, issn = {0036-8075}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Diptera/physiology ; Los Angeles ; Models, Biological ; *Pest Control ; Population Growth ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Principles of invasion biology are brought to bear on the question of whether the medfly is established in California. Since its first discovery in 1975, the pest has been captured in the Los Angeles Basin in nine separate years including every year from 1986 through 1990. The trend has become distinct--the intervals between captures are decreasing, the numbers captured are increasing, and the area over which they are detected is expanding. In addition, appearances are seasonal and captures in recent years have occurred in many of the same cities and neighborhoods where medflies were found several years before. Evidence suggests that the medfly may be established in the Los Angeles area and that previous eradication programs did not eradicate the medfly from California. It follows that detection, exclusion, and eradication protocols may need to be reexamined.}, }
@article {pmid1679525, year = {1991}, author = {Perl, A and Aviv, D and Galun, E}, title = {Nuclear-organelle interaction in Solanum: interspecific cybridizations and their correlation with a plastome dendrogram.}, journal = {Molecular &amp; general genetics : MGG}, volume = {228}, number = {1-2}, pages = {193-200}, pmid = {1679525}, issn = {0026-8925}, mesh = {Blotting, Southern ; Cell Nucleus/chemistry ; Chloroplasts ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA/*analysis/isolation &amp; purification ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Extrachromosomal Inheritance ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Phylogeny ; *Plants, Edible ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Protoplasts ; }, abstract = {Alloplasmic compatibility, namely the functional interaction between the nuclear genome of a given species with plastomes and chondriomes of alien species, is of considerable relevance in plant biology. The genus Solanum encompasses a wide spectrum of species and is therefore suitable for a study of this compatibility. We thus chose the nuclear genome of Solanum tuberosum (potato) and organelles (chloroplast and mitochondria) from 14 other Solanum species to initiate an investigation of intrageneric nucleus/organelle interactions. An assessment of the diversity of the chloroplast DNAs from these 15 species resulted in the construction of a plastome dendrogram (phylogenetic tree). In parallel we extended a previous study and performed ten additional fusion combinations by the "donor-recipient protoplast fusion" procedure, using potato protoplasts as recipients and protoplasts from any of ten other Solanum species as donors. We found that two fusion combinations did not yield cybrids and that the chloroplasts of S. polyadenium and the mitochondria (or mitochondrial components) from S. tarijense could not be transferred to cybrids bearing potato nuclei. In general, there is a correlation, albeit not perfect, between the cybridization data and the plastome dendrogram. These results furnish valuable information toward future transfer of plasmone-encoded breeding traits from wild Solanum species into potato. This information should also be useful for the planning of asymmetric protoplast fusion between potato and wild accessions for the improvement of pathogen and stress resistance of potato cultivars.}, }
@article {pmid16348222, year = {1990}, author = {Stewart, GJ and Sinigalliano, CD}, title = {Detection of horizontal gene transfer by natural transformation in native and introduced species of bacteria in marine and synthetic sediments.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {56}, number = {6}, pages = {1818-1824}, pmid = {16348222}, issn = {0099-2240}, abstract = {Both naturally occurring marine sediments and artificial sediments were used as supports for natural transformation of marine bacteria. While transformation of Pseudomonas stutzeri ZoBell suspended in artificial seawater was not detected when recipient cells and rifampin resistance DNA were loaded onto sterile sediment columns, transformation could be detected at frequencies 4 to 20 times that of spontaneous resistance when recipient cells and rifampin resistance DNA were loaded onto sterile sediment columns. Treatment of these columns with DNase I reduced transformation frequencies to levels comparable to those of spontaneous-resistance frequencies. Sediments with higher organic contents supported higher frequencies of transformation than did those with lower amounts of organic matter. Transformation was also detected when recipient cells and DNA were loaded on columns prepared from nonsterile sediments, although the frequencies of transformation were lower than when sterile sediments were used. Finally, nonsterilized sediments that were not supplemented with laboratory strains did not support detectable levels of transformation in sediment columns, but when these same sediments were transferred to filters and placed on complex media, transformation was detected at a frequency three times that for spontaneous resistance. This transformation frequency was partially reduced to levels near that for spontaneous resistance by the addition of DNase I to sediment filters. These results indicate that marine sediments facilitate the uptake and expression of exogenous DNA by transformable marine bacteria and that sediments are a more likely niche for natural transformation than the water column in the marine environment.}, }
@article {pmid2383225, year = {1990}, author = {Sambraus, HH}, title = {[The selection of sexual partners of different species by mammals].}, journal = {Berliner und Munchener tierarztliche Wochenschrift}, volume = {103}, number = {6}, pages = {188-192}, pmid = {2383225}, issn = {0005-9366}, mesh = {Animals ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Mammals/*physiology ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; *Sexual Partners ; }, abstract = {It appears biologically sensible that every animal seeks its mating partner within its own species. Sexual contact with alien species may occur when animals are isolated from members of their own species, particularly, however, after they have been raised in the environment of alien species. Copulations of this nature do not, as a rule, result in offspring, although an entire series of bastards among closely related species is known. Among domestic animals bastardization is partly planned systematically as this has advantages in comparison to original forms. Sodomy, i.e. interspecific sexual contact between a human being and an animal, was already described in ancient times.}, }
@article {pmid2574887, year = {1989}, author = {Diamond, JM}, title = {The present, past and future of human-caused extinctions.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {325}, number = {1228}, pages = {469-76; discussion 476-7}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.1989.0100}, pmid = {2574887}, issn = {0962-8436}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Birds ; *Ecology ; Genetics, Population ; Humans ; Population ; }, abstract = {This paper re-evaluates whether we are really at the start of a mass extinction caused by humans. I consider the present, past and future of human-caused extinctions. As regards the present, estimates of extinction rates based on Red Data Books underestimate real values by a large factor, because the books evaluate only those species that have attracted specific attention and searches. Especially in tropical areas with few resident biologists, many poorly known species go extinct without having been the object of specific attention, and others disappear even before being described. A 'green list' of species known to be secure is needed to complement 'red books' of species known to be extinct. As regards the past, it is now clear that the first arrival of humans at any oceanic island with no previous human inhabitants has always precipitated a mass extinction in the island biota. Well-known victims include New Zealand's moas, Madagascar's giant lemurs, and scores of bird species on Hawaii and other tropical Pacific islands. Late-Pleistocene or Holocene extinctions of large mammals after the first arrival of humans in North America, South America and Australia may also have been caused by humans. Hence human-caused mass extinction is not a hypothesis for the future but an event that has been underway for thousands of years. As regards the future, consideration of the main mechanisms of human-caused extinctions (overhunting, effects of introduced species, habitat destruction, and secondary ripple effects) indicates that the rate of extinction is accelerating.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, }
@article {pmid3044354, year = {1988}, author = {Benedettelli, S and Hart, GE}, title = {Genetic analysis of Triticeae shikimate dehydrogenase.}, journal = {Biochemical genetics}, volume = {26}, number = {3-4}, pages = {287-301}, pmid = {3044354}, issn = {0006-2928}, mesh = {Alcohol Oxidoreductases/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Chromosome Mapping ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Electrophoresis, Starch Gel ; Genes ; Isoenzymes/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Plants/enzymology/*genetics ; Triticum/enzymology/genetics ; }, abstract = {Starch gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing (IEF) were used to investigate the genetic control of Triticeae shikimate dehydrogenase-1 (SKDH-1). Studies of wheat-alien species chromosome addition lines established that Skdh-1 of Hordeum vulgare cv. Betzes is located in chromosome 5H, Skdh-V1 of Dasypyrum villosum in 5V, Skdh-R1 of Secale cereale cvs. Dakold and King II in 5R, and Skdh-S1(1) of Triticum longissimum in 5S1S. Also, the chromosomal locations of the genes that encode SKDH-1 in T. aestivum cv. Chinese Spring, T. umbellulatum, and S. cereale cv. Imperial, determined earlier using zone electrophoresis, were reconfirmed using IEF. Zone electrophoresis and IEF do not differ markedly in their ability to detect the expression of alien Skdh-1 genes in wheat-alien species chromosome addition lines. However, IEF may be superior to zone electrophoresis as a technique for detecting and analyzing SKDH-1 genetic variants within Triticeae species; among the species studied, IEF generally resolved two or more isozymes per Skdh-1 allele present, while zone electrophoresis resolved only one.}, }
@article {pmid3691059, year = {1987}, author = {Sinnott, JM}, title = {Modes of perceiving and processing information in birdsong (Agelaius phoeniceus, Molothrus ater, and Homo sapiens).}, journal = {Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)}, volume = {101}, number = {4}, pages = {355-366}, pmid = {3691059}, issn = {0735-7036}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; *Auditory Perception ; *Birds ; Humans ; Male ; Species Specificity ; Territoriality ; *Vocalization, Animal ; }, abstract = {In a previous study I examined the abilities of red-winged blackbirds and brown-headed cowbirds trained with a go-right/go-left procedure to identify conspecific and alien song themes (Sinnott, 1980). Results showed that each bird species exhibited superior identification of conspecific final "trill" or "whistle" elements, relative to the alien species. The present study extends these results by examining human perception of these same song stimuli, by examining the effects of tutoring birds with alien final song elements, and by using latency analyses to investigate processing modes that are not apparent from analyses of percent-correct scores. Results suggest three different processing modes: First, humans attend primarily to the final song elements. Second, birds identifying alien songs attend primarily to the introductory elements and disregard information in the final elements. Third, birds identifying conspecific songs process both the initial and final elements, but their response latencies indicate that they direct their attention primarily to the initial elements and process the final elements without investing more time than do the alien birds that fixate on the initial elements. Conspecific special processing is discussed in relation to various psychophysical, ethological, and psycholinguistic frameworks. Human perception of birdsong is discussed in relation to backward recognition masking.}, }
@article {pmid3507521, year = {1986}, author = {Bartnett, RE}, title = {The perspective of Aedes albopictus from the administrative viewpoint.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {418-419}, pmid = {3507521}, issn = {8756-971X}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Ecology ; Insect Vectors ; *Mosquito Control ; Texas ; United States ; }, abstract = {Mosquito control administrators should consider a newly introduced species in view of local conditions. Aedes albopictus was discovered in Harris County while surveying for Aedes aegypti. Recognizing a potential threat to public health, local and state officials were notified of the discovery. Questions posed by the introduction of a foreign species requires a cooperative application of research resources. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) should serve as the coordinator of this effort.}, }
@article {pmid3979027, year = {1985}, author = {Petrinovich, L}, title = {Factors influencing song development in the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys).}, journal = {Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)}, volume = {99}, number = {1}, pages = {15-29}, pmid = {3979027}, issn = {0735-7036}, support = {HD 04343/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; *Birds/physiology ; Female ; *Learning/physiology ; Male ; Sex Factors ; Social Behavior ; Social Isolation ; Testosterone/pharmacology ; *Vocalization, Animal/drug effects/physiology ; }, abstract = {Nestling white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli) were hand-reared in sound-isolation chambers under a variety of conditions. The songs of total isolates were compared with songs of birds tutored with song, and the number of inputs sufficient for a bird to produce a normal song was explored. The flexibility of the song learning system was investigated with a range of tape-recorded tutor songs: alien dialects, alien subspecies, alien species, alternating alien dialects, and an aberrant song. Adult songs were obtained for 40 males and 7 testosterone-injected females. All of the tutor songs could be learned. Also, some birds learned elements of an alien species' song. Birds tutored with two songs copied one or the other, were bilingual, or sang a hybrid of the two. No bird presented with fewer than 120 songs learned the tutor song; 2 birds tutored with 252 songs copied the tutor song. It is concluded that the song learning system is quite flexible, hat the results obtained with tape-tutors are very different from those with social tutors, and that there may be an interaction between total number of song inputs and the number presented on a single day. Some implications of these data for physiological mechanisms and the possible functional significance of the acquisition system are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid2862716, year = {1985}, author = {Baljer, G}, title = {[Pathogenesis, clinical aspects and diagnosis of the most important enteric bacterial diseases in animals].}, journal = {Tierarztliche Praxis}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {141-150}, pmid = {2862716}, issn = {0303-6286}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/isolation &amp; purification ; Bacterial Infections/diagnosis/etiology/physiopathology/*veterinary ; Campylobacter fetus/pathogenicity ; Clostridium perfringens/pathogenicity ; Diarrhea/veterinary ; Enteritis/diagnosis/etiology/physiopathology/*veterinary ; Enterotoxins/analysis ; Escherichia coli/pathogenicity ; Humans ; Mycobacterium/pathogenicity ; Paratuberculosis ; Salmonella/pathogenicity ; Serologic Tests ; Shigella/pathogenicity ; Species Specificity ; Treponema/pathogenicity ; Vibrio cholerae/pathogenicity ; Yersinia enterocolitica/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {There are adhesive and invasive species among enteropathogenic bacteria for animals. Most frequently isolated adhesive bacteria are enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Salmonella, T. hyodysenteriae, M. paratuberculosis, Y. enterocolitica, Cl. perfringens and C. jejuni bacteria represent the most important invasive germs. The main clinical finding connected with bacterial enteritis is diarrhoea resp. dysentery. Evaluation of feces consistency, time of appearance and accompanying symptoms (e.g. fever, colic) allow a clinical suspective diagnosis, however a definitive diagnosis must be based on the demonstration of the causative agent. In addition to known cultural, microscopic, biochemical and serological diagnostic methods, the demonstration of virulence factors (enterotoxin formation, adhesive pili) plays an important role in diagnosis of enteropathogenic bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid6576449, year = {1983}, author = {Sharples, FE}, title = {Spread of organisms with novel genotypes: thoughts from an ecological perspective.}, journal = {Recombinant DNA technical bulletin}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {43-56}, pmid = {6576449}, issn = {0196-0229}, mesh = {Animal Population Groups/genetics ; Animals ; Bacteria ; *DNA, Recombinant ; Drug Resistance ; Ecology ; *Environment ; Environmental Health ; *Genetic Engineering ; Insecta/genetics ; Plants/genetics ; Risk ; }, abstract = {One category of objection to the release of organisms produced by genetic engineering is based on the fear that such organisms may persist in the environment and damage existing ecosystems. An assessment of environmental risk thus involves an ecological question analogous to the introduction of exotic species which has been known to produce serious ecological disruptions. An investigation of the literature on exotic introductions reveals, however, that foreign species do not invariably produce adverse changes. Ecologists believe that only a fraction of immigrating species actually produces ecological dislocation while the majority probably fail to penetrate existing biotic assemblages. Stressed or simplified environments are, however, more vulnerable to successful invasion. Unfortunately, because very little information has ever been collected to document the number or causes of failed introductions, it is impossible to quantify the probability that any introduced species will or will not cause serious disturbance purely on the basis of historical evidence. The development and spread of genotypes that confer resistance to chemical control agents in insects and microorganisms is also analogous to genetic engineering in that human activity contributes to the spread of new genotypes. In both groups of organisms, resistant genotypes can come to predominate in even geographically widespread populations with great rapidity. Resistance to pesticides in insects is usually found to be determined by single genes. In bacteria, antibiotic resistance genes are usually, if not always, associated with the extrachromosomal genetic elements known as plasmids. Bacteria seem to be able to transmit plasmid-borne genes between species and genera with facility. The ease with which new genes can be inserted into bacteria via plasmid vectors in recombinant technology is thus a two-edged sword. It may be very difficult to keep inserted genes isolated in single bacterial strains. The evaluation of the literature on which this report is based suggests that an ecological approach for risk assessment is appropriate. Microorganisms, for which genetic engineering is of most immediate importance, exhibit the same ecological properties as higher organisms. The proportion of an organism's genome which is novel has no direct correlation with the magnitude of impact such a change may have in economic, medical, or ecological terms. Meaningful probabilities for persistence of engineered organisms in the environment will have to be generated by experiment, probably with model microbial ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid7063246, year = {1982}, author = {Sosinina, EF}, title = {[Parasite-host relations of fleas and rodents].}, journal = {Parazitologiia}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {62-68}, pmid = {7063246}, issn = {0031-1847}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Rodentia/*parasitology ; Siphonaptera/*physiology ; USSR ; }, abstract = {Not infrequently lice can reach great abundance on rodents. The distribution of lice on animals is uneven. The infection with lice depends not only on the physiological and ecological properties of the host but also on the environmental conditions. The distribution of lice on rodents can be affected by the development of transport communications. If a population of rodents is parasitized by two species of specific lice, they belong to different genera. On single animals only one species of lice occurs as a rule; if two species occur, then one of them is dominant. In this way decreases the interspecific competition between lice. Seasonal and age changes in lice infection are associated with those in host's biology and behaviour under certain climatic conditions. It is clearly displayed in rodents breeding once a year. The infection with lice increase with the rise in rodents abundance. Along with the confirmation of the general rule of poor infection with specific parasites at the borders of the species distribution a case of high infection with lice at the border of the host's distribution was noted. In addition to specific lice, alien species are recorded on small mammals which appear due to exchange of parasites between hosts. Examples are given all conquering new hosts by lice; as a result close species of lice can parasitize phylogenetically distant hosts.}, }
@article {pmid7338970, year = {1981}, author = {Hathaway, SC and Blackmore, DK and Marshall, RB}, title = {Leptospirosis in free-living species in New Zealand.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {489-496}, doi = {10.7589/0090-3558-17.4.489}, pmid = {7338970}, issn = {0090-3558}, mesh = {*Animal Population Groups ; Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology ; Birds ; Leptospirosis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Muridae ; New Zealand ; Opossums ; Rats ; Rodent Diseases/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {A total of 1296 free-living mammals and birds of 12 species was examined for serologic and bacteriologic evidence of leptospiral infection. Endemic infection with serovar ballum was found in several introduced species of mammals. Endemic ballum infection is not recognized in the same species in Great Britain, their country of origin. Possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) were found to have a high prevalence of infection with balcanica, a serovar that has been isolated from possums in Australia and from cattle, pigs and humans in Eastern Europe. Free-living lagomorphs and deer were both serologically and bacteriologically negative. Waterfowl were bacteriologically negative, and only one serological titre was found.}, }
@article {pmid17816611, year = {1981}, author = {Diamond, JM and Veitch, CR}, title = {Extinctions and introductions in the new zealand avifauna: cause and effect?.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {211}, number = {4481}, pages = {499-501}, doi = {10.1126/science.211.4481.499}, pmid = {17816611}, issn = {0036-8075}, abstract = {New Zealand, like many other islands, has suffered extinctions of native species and successful introductions of exotic species. It has been uncertain whether the introductions caused the extinctions or whether the extinctions permitted the introductions. On New Zealand's Hauraki Gulf islands, which are unusual in their near lack of introduced mammalian predators and complete lack of mammalian browsers, exotic bird species abundant in mainland New Zealand forest and reaching these islands are virtually absent from unmodified forest. Exotic bird species disappeared from Cuvier Island's forest after elimination of mammalian predators and browsers. Hence extinctions of native species were not due to competition from introduced species but to other factors (such as mammalian predators and habitat alteration). Only after decimation of native species and forest alteration by browsing mammals could exotic birds invade forest.}, }
@article {pmid550836, year = {1979}, author = {Kimber, G and Sears, ER}, title = {Uses of wheat aneuploids.}, journal = {Basic life sciences}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {427-443}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4613-3069-1_22}, pmid = {550836}, issn = {0090-5542}, mesh = {Breeding ; *Diploidy ; Genes ; Triticum/*genetics ; }, abstract = {There is available in wheat a unique series of aneuploids ranging from all 21 possible monosomics to complex types that are simultaneously deficient for one chromosome and duplicate for another. Furthermore, lines with chromosomes from related alien species either added to or substituted for wheat chromosomes are in common cytological use. This contribution condiders the use of this range of material in studies designed to elucidate the evolutionary relationships of the species, in investigations of the genetics of a polyploid with cytological diploidization, and in potential breeding manipulations.}, }
@article {pmid727316, year = {1978}, author = {Chang, KP}, title = {Leishmania infection of human skin fibroblasts in vitro: absence of phagolysosomal fusion after induced phagocytosis of promastigotes, and their intracellular transformation.}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {1084-1096}, doi = {10.4269/ajtmh.1978.27.1084}, pmid = {727316}, issn = {0002-9637}, mesh = {Fibroblasts/immunology/pathology ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Leishmania/*parasitology ; Leishmaniasis/*immunology/pathology ; Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/immunology ; Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology ; *Phagocytosis ; Skin/*immunology/pathology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Cellular interactions between human skin fibroblasts and promastigotes of two leishmanial species were studied in vitro by light and electron microscopy. Fibroblasts were found to become infected by the species with a history of causing mucocutaneous infection, but not by that of the visceral type or Leishmania donovani. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that promastigotes of the invasive species entered fibroblasts flagellum-end first through pseudopodia-like structures formed on the host cell surface, reminiscent of "induced phagocytosis." Ingested promastigotes became lodged in vacuoles that did not fuse with secondary lysosomes prelabeled with an electron-dense marker for identification. Transformation of promastigotes into amastigotes occurred among those located within host cells and was influenced by the ambient temperature. Intracellular parasite populations gradually decreased during a 3-week period in vitro, although dividing forms were occasionally seen at all incubation temperatures (32--37 degrees C). There was evidence that viable amastigotes were liberated by cytolysis and/or exocytosis of some infected cells. It is postulated that invasion of non-phagocytic cells by promastigotes and their subsequent transformation therein may allow them to escape from the often fatal consequence of direct confrontation with mononuclear phagocytes, and may be a survival mechanism associated with this parasite stage during the early host-parasite interaction in natural infection.}, }
@article {pmid562154, year = {1977}, author = {Miley, WM and Burack, G}, title = {Strength of aggressive display in Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) toward a conspecific, an alien species (Macropodus opercularis), and a mirror image as affected by prior conspecific visual experience.}, journal = {Behavioral biology}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {267-272}, doi = {10.1016/s0091-6773(77)90352-2}, pmid = {562154}, issn = {0091-6773}, mesh = {*Aggression ; Animals ; *Fishes ; Humans ; Male ; Reaction Time ; Social Environment ; Social Isolation ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; *Visual Perception ; }, }
@article {pmid1073205, year = {1976}, author = {Kimber, G}, title = {The use of aneuploids in studies of genetics, breeding, and evolution in wheat.}, journal = {Basic life sciences}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {103-116}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4684-2886-5_11}, pmid = {1073205}, issn = {0090-5542}, mesh = {Aneuploidy ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Mapping ; Genetic Engineering ; Genetic Variation ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Mitosis ; Phenotype ; Triticum/*genetics ; }, abstract = {In wheat a unique series of aneuploids is available, ranging from all 21 possible monosomics to complex types which are simultaneously deficient for one chromosome and duplicate for another. Furthermore, lines with chromosomes from related, alien species either added to or substituted for wheat chromosomes are in common cytological use. This contribution considers the use of this range of material in studies designed to elucidate the evolutionary relationships of the species, investigations of the genetics of a polyploid with cytological diploidization, and in potential breeding manipulations.}, }
@article {pmid1225289, year = {1975}, author = {Manwell, C and Baker, CM}, title = {Molecular genetics of avian proteins. XIII. Protein polymorphism in three species of Australian passerines.}, journal = {Australian journal of biological sciences}, volume = {28}, number = {5-6}, pages = {545-557}, doi = {10.1071/bi9750545}, pmid = {1225289}, issn = {0004-9417}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Australia ; Biological Evolution ; *Birds ; Egg Proteins/analysis ; Erythrocytes/enzymology ; Esterases/analysis ; Genetic Variation ; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/blood ; Hemoglobins/analysis ; Heterozygote ; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase/blood ; Nesting Behavior ; Phenotype ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Proteins/*analysis ; }, abstract = {An introduced species, the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), and two Australian native species, the welcome swallow (Hirundo tahitica neoxena) and the fairy martin (Petrochelidon ariel), have moderately low levels of protein polymorphism compared with domesticated or semi-wild 'managed' species of birds. Genetically varient proteins in these birds include transferrin, esterase, phosphoglucomutase, NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Egg-white protein polymorphism confirms heterogeneity of egg colour, markings and shape, and suggests that approximately 10% of the 'clutches' in house sparrow nests represent infidelity (intraspecific nest parasitism). For the four enzymes capable of supplying reduced NADP for reductive biosyntheses in growth and detoxification, the house sparrow has more heterozygosity (29%) than either the welcome swallow (9-4%) or the fairy martin (2-3%) and the difference is highly significant statistically. The results are discussed in relation to possible biochemical correlates of MacArthur and Wilson's (1967) evolutionary strategies or r or K selection.}, }
@article {pmid5391311, year = {1969}, author = {Hoogstraal, H and Lim, BL and Anastos, G}, title = {Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) bispinosa Neumann (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): evidence for consideration as an introduced species in the Malay peninsula and Borneo.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {55}, number = {5}, pages = {1075-1077}, pmid = {5391311}, issn = {0022-3395}, mesh = {Animals ; *Artiodactyla ; Borneo ; *Carnivora ; Malaysia ; *Ticks ; }, }
@article {pmid5642846, year = {1968}, author = {Blair-West, JR and Coghlan, JP and Denton, DA and Nelson, JF and Orchard, E and Scoggins, BA and Wright, RD and Myers, K and Junqueira, CL}, title = {Physiological, morphological and behavioural adaptation to a sodium deficient environment by wild native Australian and introduced species of animals.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {217}, number = {5132}, pages = {922-928}, doi = {10.1038/217922a0}, pmid = {5642846}, issn = {0028-0836}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; Adrenal Glands/cytology ; Aldosterone/blood ; Animal Feed ; *Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Australia ; *Behavior, Animal ; Ecology ; Feces/analysis ; Female ; Homeostasis ; Lactation ; Male ; Marsupialia ; Parotid Gland/cytology ; Potassium/urine ; Pregnancy ; Rabbits ; Salivary Glands/cytology ; Seasons ; Sheep ; *Sodium/urine ; Stress, Physiological ; }, }
@article {pmid6058348, year = {1967}, author = {Cairns, RB and Werboff, J}, title = {Behavior development in the dog: an interspecific analysis.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {158}, number = {3804}, pages = {1070-1072}, doi = {10.1126/science.158.3804.1070}, pmid = {6058348}, issn = {0036-8075}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Dogs ; *Rabbits ; Social Isolation ; Sound ; *Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Young dogs were maintained in isolation from other dogs and under varying degrees of exposure to an alien species (mature rabbits). Parametric observations indicate that an interspecific social attachment develops during the initial hours of co-habitation. The later social interaction patterns of the dogs were influenced, but not irrevocably fixed, by the early cross-specific rearing experience.}, }
@article {pmid14311463, year = {1965}, author = {BEATLEY, JC}, title = {ECOLOGY OF THE NAVADA TEST SITE. II. STATUS OF INTRODUCED SPECIES. UCLA12-554.}, journal = {UCLA [reports]. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission}, volume = {94}, number = {}, pages = {1-39}, pmid = {14311463}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecology ; *Introduced Species ; *Plants ; *Radiation Effects ; }, }
@article {pmid14470857, year = {1962}, author = {MASON, WA and GREEN, PC}, title = {The effects of social restriction on the behavior of rhesus monkeys. IV. Responses to a novel environment and to an alien species.}, journal = {Journal of comparative and physiological psychology}, volume = {55}, number = {}, pages = {363-368}, doi = {10.1037/h0044807}, pmid = {14470857}, issn = {0021-9940}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior ; *Emigrants and Immigrants ; *Environment ; *Haplorhini ; *Macaca mulatta ; }, }